{"id": "PMID:335781", "title": "Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of circulating mononuclear cells in patients with myelomatosis.", "content": "The ultrastructure of blood mononuclear cells from two IgG myeloma patients was studied, and cells reacting with anti-idiotypic serum and polyspecific anti-Ig serum were characterized by immunoperoxidase techniques. Abnormal, mononuclear cells were present in the blood of both patients, which morphologically were classified as atypical small to medium-sized lymphocytes, polymorphic immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts), predominantly of the lymphoplasmocytic type and atypical, plasmocytic cells or myeloma cells. Immunocytochemical observations showed that most of the abnormal cells, including atypical small to medium-sized lymphocytes, reacted with anti-idiotypic and polyspecific anti-Ig serum. Periods of relapse and remission were correlated with an increase and decrease, respectively, of the number of abnormal cells and cells which reacted with anti-idiotype and anti-Ig serum. The observations indicate that circulating lymphoid cells are part of the myeloma clone.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of circulating mononuclear cells in patients with myelomatosis. The ultrastructure of blood mononuclear cells from two IgG myeloma patients was studied, and cells reacting with anti-idiotypic serum and polyspecific anti-Ig serum were characterized by immunoperoxidase techniques. Abnormal, mononuclear cells were present in the blood of both patients, which morphologically were classified as atypical small to medium-sized lymphocytes, polymorphic immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts), predominantly of the lymphoplasmocytic type and atypical, plasmocytic cells or myeloma cells. Immunocytochemical observations showed that most of the abnormal cells, including atypical small to medium-sized lymphocytes, reacted with anti-idiotypic and polyspecific anti-Ig serum. Periods of relapse and remission were correlated with an increase and decrease, respectively, of the number of abnormal cells and cells which reacted with anti-idiotype and anti-Ig serum. The observations indicate that circulating lymphoid cells are part of the myeloma clone."}
{"id": "PMID:335783", "title": "Limiting factors in bacterial phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Limiting factors in neutrophil phagocytosis were studied using a sensitive assay by which attachment, ingestion and intracellular killing of bacteria could be separated. Phagocytosis was found to be limited by the attachment capacity of neutrophils. Ingestion and intracellular killing proceeded at a constant rate proportional to the number of bacteria attached to the neutrophils.", "contents": "Limiting factors in bacterial phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Limiting factors in neutrophil phagocytosis were studied using a sensitive assay by which attachment, ingestion and intracellular killing of bacteria could be separated. Phagocytosis was found to be limited by the attachment capacity of neutrophils. Ingestion and intracellular killing proceeded at a constant rate proportional to the number of bacteria attached to the neutrophils."}
{"id": "PMID:335784", "title": "Binding of aggregated IgG to nephritogenic type 12 streptococci: influence of serum, C1 and C4.", "content": "The uptake of aggregated IgG by type 12, M protein positive (M + ve) streptococci was high in the presence of fresh serum, while the uptake by type 12, M-ve, type 1 and type 2, M + ve or M-ve streptococci was inhibited. Serum heated to 56 degrees C for 30 min inhibited the uptake of aggregated IgG by all strains tested. Purified C1q or macromolecular C1 added to heat-treated serum restituted the uptake of aggregated IgG. It was shown that C1 and C4 in fresh serum influenced the uptake of aggregated IgG by streptococci, resulting in the distinct reaction patterns observed.", "contents": "Binding of aggregated IgG to nephritogenic type 12 streptococci: influence of serum, C1 and C4. The uptake of aggregated IgG by type 12, M protein positive (M + ve) streptococci was high in the presence of fresh serum, while the uptake by type 12, M-ve, type 1 and type 2, M + ve or M-ve streptococci was inhibited. Serum heated to 56 degrees C for 30 min inhibited the uptake of aggregated IgG by all strains tested. Purified C1q or macromolecular C1 added to heat-treated serum restituted the uptake of aggregated IgG. It was shown that C1 and C4 in fresh serum influenced the uptake of aggregated IgG by streptococci, resulting in the distinct reaction patterns observed."}
{"id": "PMID:335788", "title": "Pizotifen as an antidepressant.", "content": "In a double-blind study the therapeutic effect and tolerance of pizotifen was compared with placebo in 20 outpatients of both sexes suffering from light to moderate depression. Pizotifen seems to possess certain antidepressive effects in dosages of 4-10 mg daily. These properties, and the well-documented effect of pizotifen in migraine, could make it an alternative in treating patients suffering from the often seen combination of vascular headache/depression.", "contents": "Pizotifen as an antidepressant. In a double-blind study the therapeutic effect and tolerance of pizotifen was compared with placebo in 20 outpatients of both sexes suffering from light to moderate depression. Pizotifen seems to possess certain antidepressive effects in dosages of 4-10 mg daily. These properties, and the well-documented effect of pizotifen in migraine, could make it an alternative in treating patients suffering from the often seen combination of vascular headache/depression."}
{"id": "PMID:335789", "title": "Effect of chlorpromazine treatment on prolactin levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of psychotic patients.", "content": "In psychotic patients, levels of prolactin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma were determined by radioimmunoassay before and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment with chlorpromazine (CPZ). CPZ was given in one of three randomly selected fixed doses: 200, 400 or 600 mg per day. Before treatment, low levels of immunoreactive prolactin-like material (PRL) were found in the CSF of most patients. The concentration in CSF was about 20% of the plasma level. In CSF but not in plasma, the pre-treatment level of PRL was significantly higher in women than in men. During CPZ treatment, the PRL levels in CSF as well as in plasma were significantly elevated in both sexes after 2 as well as 4 weeks. The elevation was significantly greater in women, and was similar at the two time intervals studied. There was a significantly positive relationship between the dose of CPZ and the PRL elevation in both body fluids in both men and women. Before treatment no significant correlation between the PRL levels in CSF and plasma in either sex could be observed. During treatment, there was a significant correlation between the change in PRL levels in CSF and plasma in both men and women. CPZ treatment did not increase the levels of total protein, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or oestradiol-(17-beta) in either the CSF or the plasma.", "contents": "Effect of chlorpromazine treatment on prolactin levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of psychotic patients. In psychotic patients, levels of prolactin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma were determined by radioimmunoassay before and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment with chlorpromazine (CPZ). CPZ was given in one of three randomly selected fixed doses: 200, 400 or 600 mg per day. Before treatment, low levels of immunoreactive prolactin-like material (PRL) were found in the CSF of most patients. The concentration in CSF was about 20% of the plasma level. In CSF but not in plasma, the pre-treatment level of PRL was significantly higher in women than in men. During CPZ treatment, the PRL levels in CSF as well as in plasma were significantly elevated in both sexes after 2 as well as 4 weeks. The elevation was significantly greater in women, and was similar at the two time intervals studied. There was a significantly positive relationship between the dose of CPZ and the PRL elevation in both body fluids in both men and women. Before treatment no significant correlation between the PRL levels in CSF and plasma in either sex could be observed. During treatment, there was a significant correlation between the change in PRL levels in CSF and plasma in both men and women. CPZ treatment did not increase the levels of total protein, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or oestradiol-(17-beta) in either the CSF or the plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:335790", "title": "Evaluation of the combination of tryptophan and ECT in the treatment of depression. I. Clinical analysis.", "content": "A double-blind evaluation of the antidepressant efficacy of treatment with a combination of orally administered L-tryptophan (L-TP) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was made in patients suffering from endogenous depression. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups, one treated with L-TP (6 g daily) and unilateral ECT, the other with placebo and unilateral ECT. L-TP treatment was initiated at least 1 day before the first ECT and terminated 4 days after the last ECT. There was a good agreement between the two groups in several measures of antidepressant efficacy: doctors' and patients' ratings of depressive symptoms, and doctors' global rating of therapeutic effect 4 days and 1 month after the last ECT. In the L-TP group, however, there was a significantly better effect on retardation symptoms in the nurses' rating scale. This difference, which is not consistent with other measures of amelioration, contributes, at most, to a marginal therapeutic addition to the antidepressant effect of ECT. It is concluded that oral administration of L-TP, in the dose of 6 g daily, is not of practical value for potentiating the antidepressant efficacy of ECT.", "contents": "Evaluation of the combination of tryptophan and ECT in the treatment of depression. I. Clinical analysis. A double-blind evaluation of the antidepressant efficacy of treatment with a combination of orally administered L-tryptophan (L-TP) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was made in patients suffering from endogenous depression. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups, one treated with L-TP (6 g daily) and unilateral ECT, the other with placebo and unilateral ECT. L-TP treatment was initiated at least 1 day before the first ECT and terminated 4 days after the last ECT. There was a good agreement between the two groups in several measures of antidepressant efficacy: doctors' and patients' ratings of depressive symptoms, and doctors' global rating of therapeutic effect 4 days and 1 month after the last ECT. In the L-TP group, however, there was a significantly better effect on retardation symptoms in the nurses' rating scale. This difference, which is not consistent with other measures of amelioration, contributes, at most, to a marginal therapeutic addition to the antidepressant effect of ECT. It is concluded that oral administration of L-TP, in the dose of 6 g daily, is not of practical value for potentiating the antidepressant efficacy of ECT."}
{"id": "PMID:335792", "title": "Site of origin of deep vein thrombus in the calf.", "content": "A phlebographic technique is described for demonstrating as fully as possible the stem and muscle veins of the calf. The findings in 103 examinations containing calf thrombus demonstrated by this method are presented. It is concluded that calf vein thrombosis is as likely to originate in stem veins as from the soleal muscle veins.", "contents": "Site of origin of deep vein thrombus in the calf. A phlebographic technique is described for demonstrating as fully as possible the stem and muscle veins of the calf. The findings in 103 examinations containing calf thrombus demonstrated by this method are presented. It is concluded that calf vein thrombosis is as likely to originate in stem veins as from the soleal muscle veins."}
{"id": "PMID:335793", "title": "Comparison of postoperative coumarin, dextran 40 and subcutaneous heparin in the prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "A double-blind study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of several preventive regimens in postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The regimens consisted of postoperative (p.o.) acenocoumarin, dextran 40 + p.o. acenocoumarin, subcutaneous (s.c.) heparin alone and s.c. heparin + p.o. acenocoumarin. The 313 patients studied were stratified according to age (40-60 vs. less than 60 years) and type of operation (laparotomy, thoracotomy, hip replacement). Dextran 40 + p.o. acenocoumarin was more effective than p.o. acenocoumarin alone, which acted as control. Subcutaneous heparin alone or together with p.o. acenocoumarin was not more effective than p.o. acenocoumarin alone during the first part of the study, when about 4000 IU twice daily were administered accidentally. When the dose had been changed to 5000 IU twice daily, better results were obtained (DVT) incidence 5.9%). The results were strongly influenced by age and type of operation. Almost no DVT occurred in patients below 60 years of age with elective abdominal surgery. The incidence of perfusion disturbances in lung scans in patients with DVT was lowest in those treated with s.c. heparin in combination with acenocoumarin.", "contents": "Comparison of postoperative coumarin, dextran 40 and subcutaneous heparin in the prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis. A double-blind study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of several preventive regimens in postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The regimens consisted of postoperative (p.o.) acenocoumarin, dextran 40 + p.o. acenocoumarin, subcutaneous (s.c.) heparin alone and s.c. heparin + p.o. acenocoumarin. The 313 patients studied were stratified according to age (40-60 vs. less than 60 years) and type of operation (laparotomy, thoracotomy, hip replacement). Dextran 40 + p.o. acenocoumarin was more effective than p.o. acenocoumarin alone, which acted as control. Subcutaneous heparin alone or together with p.o. acenocoumarin was not more effective than p.o. acenocoumarin alone during the first part of the study, when about 4000 IU twice daily were administered accidentally. When the dose had been changed to 5000 IU twice daily, better results were obtained (DVT) incidence 5.9%). The results were strongly influenced by age and type of operation. Almost no DVT occurred in patients below 60 years of age with elective abdominal surgery. The incidence of perfusion disturbances in lung scans in patients with DVT was lowest in those treated with s.c. heparin in combination with acenocoumarin."}
{"id": "PMID:335794", "title": "Controlled clinical study on antihypertensive treatment with a diuretic and methyldopa compared with a beta-blocking agent and hydralazine.", "content": "Twenty-eight previously untreated patients with essential hypertension were included in a randomized double-blind cross-over study comparing the results of treatment with the established combination of a thiazide and methyldopa (regimen A) with the combination of a beta-receptor blocker and hydralazine (regimen B). Three patients each developed intolerable side-effects on each regimen but they were all treated successfully on the alternative regimen. The remaining 22 patients obtained a significant reduction in BP at rest and during exercise on both treatments, with no significant difference between the two schedules. Heart rate was significantly reduced at rest and during exercise with regimen B, while a significant reduction was also obtained following exercise on regimen A. There was no significant difference between the two regimens as to tolerable side-effects during treatment, which were registered in about 60% of the patients on each scheme. However, 64% of the patients were treated satisfactorily without side-effects on either regimen. It is concluded that the combination of a beta-blocking agent and hydralazine is without obvious advantages compared with the combination of thiazide and methyldopa in obtaining initial BP control in patients with essential hypertension.", "contents": "Controlled clinical study on antihypertensive treatment with a diuretic and methyldopa compared with a beta-blocking agent and hydralazine. Twenty-eight previously untreated patients with essential hypertension were included in a randomized double-blind cross-over study comparing the results of treatment with the established combination of a thiazide and methyldopa (regimen A) with the combination of a beta-receptor blocker and hydralazine (regimen B). Three patients each developed intolerable side-effects on each regimen but they were all treated successfully on the alternative regimen. The remaining 22 patients obtained a significant reduction in BP at rest and during exercise on both treatments, with no significant difference between the two schedules. Heart rate was significantly reduced at rest and during exercise with regimen B, while a significant reduction was also obtained following exercise on regimen A. There was no significant difference between the two regimens as to tolerable side-effects during treatment, which were registered in about 60% of the patients on each scheme. However, 64% of the patients were treated satisfactorily without side-effects on either regimen. It is concluded that the combination of a beta-blocking agent and hydralazine is without obvious advantages compared with the combination of thiazide and methyldopa in obtaining initial BP control in patients with essential hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:335795", "title": "Glucose tolerance and insulin release in hypertensive patients treated with the cardioselective beta-receptor blocking agent metoprolol.", "content": "Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were studied under fasting conditions and following an i.v. and an oral glucose load, respectively, in nine males with moderate hypertension before treatment, after one month on placebo and after three months on the cardioselective beta-receptor blocking agent metoprolol. The studies were performed under metabolic ward conditions. The reproducibility of blood glucose and plasma insulin values following an i.v. glucose load was very good. Medication with metoprolol caused no changes in the fasting levels of blood glucose or plasma insulin, nor in the blood glucose response following a glucose load given i.v. or orally. The initial and total integrated insulin response to the i.v. administration of glucose was similar before and during metroprolol. Following oral glucose both the total integrated blood glucose response and the insulin response were unaffected by treatment with metoprolol.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance and insulin release in hypertensive patients treated with the cardioselective beta-receptor blocking agent metoprolol. Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were studied under fasting conditions and following an i.v. and an oral glucose load, respectively, in nine males with moderate hypertension before treatment, after one month on placebo and after three months on the cardioselective beta-receptor blocking agent metoprolol. The studies were performed under metabolic ward conditions. The reproducibility of blood glucose and plasma insulin values following an i.v. glucose load was very good. Medication with metoprolol caused no changes in the fasting levels of blood glucose or plasma insulin, nor in the blood glucose response following a glucose load given i.v. or orally. The initial and total integrated insulin response to the i.v. administration of glucose was similar before and during metroprolol. Following oral glucose both the total integrated blood glucose response and the insulin response were unaffected by treatment with metoprolol."}
{"id": "PMID:335796", "title": "Bone marrow kinetic studies on three patients with myelomatosis. Indications for malignant proliferation within both the plasma cell and lymphoid cell compartments.", "content": "The proliferative activity has been studied in lymphocyte and plasma cell populations of purified bone marrow from three myeloma patients. In one of them, proliferation was also recorded in blood lymphocytes. Immunofluorescence studies, using idiotypic antisera against the M-component, were performed to identify lymphocytes and plasma cells belonging to the malignant cell clone. Pulse incubations with 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) were made in vitro. Autoradiographic analyses revealed a higher overall 3H-TdR labelling index in the myeloma cell populations than in normal control cell populations. A few labelled plasma cells were observed in the myeloma cases (2.5-5%) but the major fraction (11.5-14%) and intensity of labelled cells were found among the lymphoid cells. This indicates that the proliferation of malignant cells in myeloma occurs not only within the plasma cell but also in the lymphoid cell population. The results provide additional support for the assumption that B-lymphocytes are part of the malignant cell clone in myelomatosis and most likely precursors to the myeloma plasma cells.", "contents": "Bone marrow kinetic studies on three patients with myelomatosis. Indications for malignant proliferation within both the plasma cell and lymphoid cell compartments. The proliferative activity has been studied in lymphocyte and plasma cell populations of purified bone marrow from three myeloma patients. In one of them, proliferation was also recorded in blood lymphocytes. Immunofluorescence studies, using idiotypic antisera against the M-component, were performed to identify lymphocytes and plasma cells belonging to the malignant cell clone. Pulse incubations with 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) were made in vitro. Autoradiographic analyses revealed a higher overall 3H-TdR labelling index in the myeloma cell populations than in normal control cell populations. A few labelled plasma cells were observed in the myeloma cases (2.5-5%) but the major fraction (11.5-14%) and intensity of labelled cells were found among the lymphoid cells. This indicates that the proliferation of malignant cells in myeloma occurs not only within the plasma cell but also in the lymphoid cell population. The results provide additional support for the assumption that B-lymphocytes are part of the malignant cell clone in myelomatosis and most likely precursors to the myeloma plasma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:335798", "title": "The architecture of the musculo-fibrous apparatus in the human orbit.", "content": "Combining the thick serial (60 mu) histological section technique with the 0.5 cm cleared section technique, a definite structural organization in orbital connective tissue and adipose tissue components lying in between, is revealed. Additionally, an interindividual uniformity and bilateral symmetry in the human orbital connective tissue structures was found. Finally, using the reconstruction technique it became clear that each eye muscle has its own connective tissue system in the orbit and that its architecture highly differs dependent on, which orbital area is approached. It is conceivable that in future the spatial architecture of the musculo-fibrous apparatus in the human orbit might prove to be of importance for clinical diagnosis and surgical approach.", "contents": "The architecture of the musculo-fibrous apparatus in the human orbit. Combining the thick serial (60 mu) histological section technique with the 0.5 cm cleared section technique, a definite structural organization in orbital connective tissue and adipose tissue components lying in between, is revealed. Additionally, an interindividual uniformity and bilateral symmetry in the human orbital connective tissue structures was found. Finally, using the reconstruction technique it became clear that each eye muscle has its own connective tissue system in the orbit and that its architecture highly differs dependent on, which orbital area is approached. It is conceivable that in future the spatial architecture of the musculo-fibrous apparatus in the human orbit might prove to be of importance for clinical diagnosis and surgical approach."}
{"id": "PMID:335800", "title": "Multilocular lesions in the therapy of cerebral palsy.", "content": "The cerebral pareses occurring in early childhood or produced subsequently by trauma or spontaneous cerebral haemorrhages, present a heterogenous symptomatic picture. In the forefront we find the spastic pareses associated with extra-pyramidal motor hyperkinesia (athetosis, dystonia, ballism). 36 C.P.-patients were surveyed from 1--4 years after operative intervention. It is shown that better results can be obtained when multilocular lesions during a single session in correspondence with the dominant group of symptoms are performed (thalamic and subthalamic target points of the extrapyramidal motor nuclei and dentate nucleus). The results are presented. Continuous physical therapy after the operation and a reasonable intellectual level are essential for improvement.", "contents": "Multilocular lesions in the therapy of cerebral palsy. The cerebral pareses occurring in early childhood or produced subsequently by trauma or spontaneous cerebral haemorrhages, present a heterogenous symptomatic picture. In the forefront we find the spastic pareses associated with extra-pyramidal motor hyperkinesia (athetosis, dystonia, ballism). 36 C.P.-patients were surveyed from 1--4 years after operative intervention. It is shown that better results can be obtained when multilocular lesions during a single session in correspondence with the dominant group of symptoms are performed (thalamic and subthalamic target points of the extrapyramidal motor nuclei and dentate nucleus). The results are presented. Continuous physical therapy after the operation and a reasonable intellectual level are essential for improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:335805", "title": "Combined transtentorial dentatotomy with pulvinarotomy in cerebral palsy.", "content": "For frequently associated spasticity with involuntary movements in cerebral palsy operations on cerebellar nuclei or on the pulvinar of the thalamus are recommended. We combined both approaches in 45 patients. The combination was possible after experiences with transtentorial dentatotomy, in which the electrodes are introduced into the deep structures of the cerebellum from a burr-hole on the lambdoid suture. The same lambdoid approach may equally well be applied for introducing electrodes into the pulvinar of the thalamus. The lesion in the pulvinar may moreover be combined with the target in the centrum medianum or in the nuclei VIM-VCP or VOP. Lesions are always asymmetric and multilocular. Their influence on the clinical picture is quite favourable.", "contents": "Combined transtentorial dentatotomy with pulvinarotomy in cerebral palsy. For frequently associated spasticity with involuntary movements in cerebral palsy operations on cerebellar nuclei or on the pulvinar of the thalamus are recommended. We combined both approaches in 45 patients. The combination was possible after experiences with transtentorial dentatotomy, in which the electrodes are introduced into the deep structures of the cerebellum from a burr-hole on the lambdoid suture. The same lambdoid approach may equally well be applied for introducing electrodes into the pulvinar of the thalamus. The lesion in the pulvinar may moreover be combined with the target in the centrum medianum or in the nuclei VIM-VCP or VOP. Lesions are always asymmetric and multilocular. Their influence on the clinical picture is quite favourable."}
{"id": "PMID:335806", "title": "Neurosurgical treatment of spasticity and dyskinesias.", "content": "122 Patients suffering from spasticity and/or dyskinesias underwent a total of 171 operations: 88 stereotactic dentatolyses, 24 posterior partial rootlet section D12-S1 or L1-S1, 16 posterior partial root section D12-S1 or L1-S1, 16 posterior cervical rhizotomies, 21 stereotactic pulvinolyses, 6 stereotactic associated V.L. thalamolysis and pulvinolysis. Results and indications are discussed.", "contents": "Neurosurgical treatment of spasticity and dyskinesias. 122 Patients suffering from spasticity and/or dyskinesias underwent a total of 171 operations: 88 stereotactic dentatolyses, 24 posterior partial rootlet section D12-S1 or L1-S1, 16 posterior partial root section D12-S1 or L1-S1, 16 posterior cervical rhizotomies, 21 stereotactic pulvinolyses, 6 stereotactic associated V.L. thalamolysis and pulvinolysis. Results and indications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:335808", "title": "Long-term assessment of stereotactic dentatotomy for spasticity and other disorders.", "content": "In the 60's stereotactic electrocoagulation of the dentate nucleus became a promising approach in the neurosurgical treatment of muscular hypertonicity, particularly when spasticity was evident. A relatively satisfactory improvement of spasticity has been reported earlier as a result and the authors were supporting these clinical results in previous publications. A long-term assessment of the results obtained in a large series of patients would permit a better evaluation of the effect of the operation. Analysing 109 stereotactic electrocoagulations of the dentate nucleus on 50 patients mainly in cases of cerebral palsy over a period of more than 10 years (most patients underwent a bilateral dentatotomy), the authors give a more realistic appreciation of the results, which depend on the criteria chosen. In 30% of the cases a clear improvement in the spasticity was obtained, and in 50% of all cases, nursing and rehabilitation were facilitated. The stereotactic dentatotomy never completely cured the spasticity and spectacular results were never observed, but the operation can be performed without complications and an unexpected neurological deficit did not occur. The role of the stereotactic dentatotomy and other neurosurgical methods in the treatment of spasticity has to be evaluated more critically.", "contents": "Long-term assessment of stereotactic dentatotomy for spasticity and other disorders. In the 60's stereotactic electrocoagulation of the dentate nucleus became a promising approach in the neurosurgical treatment of muscular hypertonicity, particularly when spasticity was evident. A relatively satisfactory improvement of spasticity has been reported earlier as a result and the authors were supporting these clinical results in previous publications. A long-term assessment of the results obtained in a large series of patients would permit a better evaluation of the effect of the operation. Analysing 109 stereotactic electrocoagulations of the dentate nucleus on 50 patients mainly in cases of cerebral palsy over a period of more than 10 years (most patients underwent a bilateral dentatotomy), the authors give a more realistic appreciation of the results, which depend on the criteria chosen. In 30% of the cases a clear improvement in the spasticity was obtained, and in 50% of all cases, nursing and rehabilitation were facilitated. The stereotactic dentatotomy never completely cured the spasticity and spectacular results were never observed, but the operation can be performed without complications and an unexpected neurological deficit did not occur. The role of the stereotactic dentatotomy and other neurosurgical methods in the treatment of spasticity has to be evaluated more critically."}
{"id": "PMID:335811", "title": "Computerized graphic display of results of subcortical stimulation during stereotactic surgery.", "content": "An on-line computer programme is described and illustrated which is capable of displaying graphically in the form of Woolsey-type figurine charts stimulation-induced responses obtained during stereotactic surgery. Not only can these data then be optimally utilized for lesion localization but also the programme includes facilities for a variety of types of analysis of the tape-stored data pooled from all patients studied.", "contents": "Computerized graphic display of results of subcortical stimulation during stereotactic surgery. An on-line computer programme is described and illustrated which is capable of displaying graphically in the form of Woolsey-type figurine charts stimulation-induced responses obtained during stereotactic surgery. Not only can these data then be optimally utilized for lesion localization but also the programme includes facilities for a variety of types of analysis of the tape-stored data pooled from all patients studied."}
{"id": "PMID:335812", "title": "A computer programme system for stereotactic neurosurgery.", "content": "A computer programme system is reported which allows a simulation of a stereotactic operation. It incorporates the determination of intracerebral structures and the electrode tract by means of boney reference points as well as the calculation of the parameters for the stereotactic apparatus. It contains further a library of brain sections, by which the electrode tract within the target structures can be shown on a computer display.", "contents": "A computer programme system for stereotactic neurosurgery. A computer programme system is reported which allows a simulation of a stereotactic operation. It incorporates the determination of intracerebral structures and the electrode tract by means of boney reference points as well as the calculation of the parameters for the stereotactic apparatus. It contains further a library of brain sections, by which the electrode tract within the target structures can be shown on a computer display."}
{"id": "PMID:335819", "title": "EEG and evoked potential approaches to the study of neuropeptides.", "content": "EEG and event related potential (ERP) phenomena were considered here from the standpoint of possible applications to investigations of the central effects of neuropeptides in man. These electrophysiological phenomena were viewed from the standpoint that they provide an accessible intermediate level of observation between behavior and detailed neuronal events. Several general methodological issues were discussed. An attempt was made to describe the EEG and ERP phenomena that may be pertinent to future neuropeptide studies and to consider their functional significance. Available data concerning electrophysiological effects of neuropeptides were also discussed. Suggestions for future research were made, which emphasized comprehensive recording of EEG and ERP phenomena to permit examination of the patterning of electrocerebral events.", "contents": "EEG and evoked potential approaches to the study of neuropeptides. EEG and event related potential (ERP) phenomena were considered here from the standpoint of possible applications to investigations of the central effects of neuropeptides in man. These electrophysiological phenomena were viewed from the standpoint that they provide an accessible intermediate level of observation between behavior and detailed neuronal events. Several general methodological issues were discussed. An attempt was made to describe the EEG and ERP phenomena that may be pertinent to future neuropeptide studies and to consider their functional significance. Available data concerning electrophysiological effects of neuropeptides were also discussed. Suggestions for future research were made, which emphasized comprehensive recording of EEG and ERP phenomena to permit examination of the patterning of electrocerebral events."}
{"id": "PMID:335831", "title": "Acetaldehyde metabolism in vivo during ethanol oxidation.", "content": "The liver is the primary site for the oxidation of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde (AcH) in the rat. Only a small amount of the total AcH formed in this organ escapes into the rest of the body, but this amount increases with increasing hepatic ethanol concentrations. The bulk of the hepatic AcH output is eliminated extrahepatically, thus drastically changing the AcH level from that initially leaving the liver. Nevertheless, the extrahepatic blood AcH levels can be used as relatively accurate indicators of the corresponding hepatic AcH levels, since they are highly correlated with them. Significant levels of brain AcH occur only at very high arterial blood AcH concentrations.", "contents": "Acetaldehyde metabolism in vivo during ethanol oxidation. The liver is the primary site for the oxidation of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde (AcH) in the rat. Only a small amount of the total AcH formed in this organ escapes into the rest of the body, but this amount increases with increasing hepatic ethanol concentrations. The bulk of the hepatic AcH output is eliminated extrahepatically, thus drastically changing the AcH level from that initially leaving the liver. Nevertheless, the extrahepatic blood AcH levels can be used as relatively accurate indicators of the corresponding hepatic AcH levels, since they are highly correlated with them. Significant levels of brain AcH occur only at very high arterial blood AcH concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:335835", "title": "The acute effects of ethanol on liver and brain tryptophan metabolism.", "content": "1. The effects of acute ethanol administration of liver and brain tryptophan metabolism are reviewed. 2. Ethanol enhances the activity of rat liver tryptophan pyrrolase by increasing the availability of circulating free tryptophan to the liver by catecholamine-mediated lipolysis followed by displacement of protein-bound serum tryptophan. 3. The response of the mouse liver enzyme to ethanol is strain-dependent. Ethanol activates the enzyme in CBA/CA but not in C57/BL mice. 4. Ethanol exerts a biphasic effect on the concentrations of rat brain tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindol-3-ylacetic acid. 5. Both aspects of this biphasic effect are associated with an altered availability of circulating free tryptophan. 6. The initial enhancement  by ethanol of brain tryptophan metabolism may be due to the above-mentioned lipolytic mechanism, whereas the subsequent decrease in brain indoles may be caused by the enhanced tryptophan pyrrolase activity. 7. Brain tryptophan metabolism is decreased by ethanol in CBA/CA whereas no change is observed in that in C57/BL mice. 8. These results are discussed in relation to previous work on the acute effects of ethanol on rat and mouse brain 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism.", "contents": "The acute effects of ethanol on liver and brain tryptophan metabolism. 1. The effects of acute ethanol administration of liver and brain tryptophan metabolism are reviewed. 2. Ethanol enhances the activity of rat liver tryptophan pyrrolase by increasing the availability of circulating free tryptophan to the liver by catecholamine-mediated lipolysis followed by displacement of protein-bound serum tryptophan. 3. The response of the mouse liver enzyme to ethanol is strain-dependent. Ethanol activates the enzyme in CBA/CA but not in C57/BL mice. 4. Ethanol exerts a biphasic effect on the concentrations of rat brain tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindol-3-ylacetic acid. 5. Both aspects of this biphasic effect are associated with an altered availability of circulating free tryptophan. 6. The initial enhancement  by ethanol of brain tryptophan metabolism may be due to the above-mentioned lipolytic mechanism, whereas the subsequent decrease in brain indoles may be caused by the enhanced tryptophan pyrrolase activity. 7. Brain tryptophan metabolism is decreased by ethanol in CBA/CA whereas no change is observed in that in C57/BL mice. 8. These results are discussed in relation to previous work on the acute effects of ethanol on rat and mouse brain 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:335836", "title": "Biologically important thiol-disulfide reactions and the role of cyst(e)ine in proteins: an evolutionary perspective.", "content": "Selected aspects of the reactions of thiols and disulfides are reviewed in an evolutionary context with special emphasis on the implications of the transition from a reducing to an oxidizing atmosphere on the earth. It is argued that thiols were important in prebiotic chemistry and in primitive metabolism but that disulfides, owing to their general instability in a reducing environment, came to be of importance as structural links in proteins only after the transition to an oxidizing atmosphere. The occurrence of glutathione is reviewed and discussed in terms of the role of glutathione in maintaining a reducing intracellular environment. The occurrence of cysteine and cystine in intracellular and extracellular proteins of bacteria and of animals is examined in terms of the redox state of the environment in which the protein functions. Thiol-disulfide changes associated with the dormant state are described and the role of cellular water content in dormancy is discussed. The potential significance of reactions between thiols and products of oxidative metabolism is discussed with special emphasis upon thiol additions to carbonyl and alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl groups and their possible role in steroid-receptor interaction.", "contents": "Biologically important thiol-disulfide reactions and the role of cyst(e)ine in proteins: an evolutionary perspective. Selected aspects of the reactions of thiols and disulfides are reviewed in an evolutionary context with special emphasis on the implications of the transition from a reducing to an oxidizing atmosphere on the earth. It is argued that thiols were important in prebiotic chemistry and in primitive metabolism but that disulfides, owing to their general instability in a reducing environment, came to be of importance as structural links in proteins only after the transition to an oxidizing atmosphere. The occurrence of glutathione is reviewed and discussed in terms of the role of glutathione in maintaining a reducing intracellular environment. The occurrence of cysteine and cystine in intracellular and extracellular proteins of bacteria and of animals is examined in terms of the redox state of the environment in which the protein functions. Thiol-disulfide changes associated with the dormant state are described and the role of cellular water content in dormancy is discussed. The potential significance of reactions between thiols and products of oxidative metabolism is discussed with special emphasis upon thiol additions to carbonyl and alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl groups and their possible role in steroid-receptor interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:335837", "title": "Synthesis and application of cleavable and hydrophilic crosslinking reagents.", "content": "Bifunctional imidoesters are due to their mild reaction especially suitable for the crosslinking of proteins. Most often used are diimidates with a medium span (4 or 6 CH2-groups). Reagents with a wider span might be of interest. In such a case, however, the bridge should be more hydrophilic. Bifunctional imidoesters have, therefore, been prepared from dinitriles NC-(CH2)2-X-(CH2)2-CN; X being -O-, -O-(CH2)n-O- or -O-(CH2)m-O-(CH2)n-O-. The bridge of diimidoesters can also be labelled by coloured or fluorescent groups. Diimidoesters containing -S-S-bonds in the bridge can be cleaved more easily after their reaction with proteins. Dimethyl-3.3' -(8- delta -dithiahexamethylenedioxy)-dipropionimidate, a \"long\", cleavable and more hydrophilic diimidate, is a promising new reagent. In cases, where HS-(CH2)3-C(=NH)-OCH3- HC1 is is used for crosslinking of proteins, this reagent can possibly be replaced by 2-iminothiolane hydrochloride, a cyclic thioimidate, which is easier to prepare and to handle.", "contents": "Synthesis and application of cleavable and hydrophilic crosslinking reagents. Bifunctional imidoesters are due to their mild reaction especially suitable for the crosslinking of proteins. Most often used are diimidates with a medium span (4 or 6 CH2-groups). Reagents with a wider span might be of interest. In such a case, however, the bridge should be more hydrophilic. Bifunctional imidoesters have, therefore, been prepared from dinitriles NC-(CH2)2-X-(CH2)2-CN; X being -O-, -O-(CH2)n-O- or -O-(CH2)m-O-(CH2)n-O-. The bridge of diimidoesters can also be labelled by coloured or fluorescent groups. Diimidoesters containing -S-S-bonds in the bridge can be cleaved more easily after their reaction with proteins. Dimethyl-3.3' -(8- delta -dithiahexamethylenedioxy)-dipropionimidate, a \"long\", cleavable and more hydrophilic diimidate, is a promising new reagent. In cases, where HS-(CH2)3-C(=NH)-OCH3- HC1 is is used for crosslinking of proteins, this reagent can possibly be replaced by 2-iminothiolane hydrochloride, a cyclic thioimidate, which is easier to prepare and to handle."}
{"id": "PMID:335839", "title": "Crosslinked insulins: preparation, properties, and application.", "content": "Crosslinked insulins have proved to be valuable for structure-function studies and as proinsulin models. In the first part of the paper, a short review of the literature on analytical investigations, the preparation of A1-B1- and A1-B29-crosslinked derivatives, their biological activities in vivo and in vitro, and CD-spectral properties is given. The results of reduction/reoxidation studies with insulin derivatives containing irreversible and cleavable crosslinks are summarized. In the second part, new A1-B29-crosslinked monomers and 3 symmetrical dimers, linked between A1-A'1, B1-B'1 and B29-B'29, are described, as well as some results of tritium-labelling and of enzymatic degradation experiments with A1-B29-linked insulins.", "contents": "Crosslinked insulins: preparation, properties, and application. Crosslinked insulins have proved to be valuable for structure-function studies and as proinsulin models. In the first part of the paper, a short review of the literature on analytical investigations, the preparation of A1-B1- and A1-B29-crosslinked derivatives, their biological activities in vivo and in vitro, and CD-spectral properties is given. The results of reduction/reoxidation studies with insulin derivatives containing irreversible and cleavable crosslinks are summarized. In the second part, new A1-B29-crosslinked monomers and 3 symmetrical dimers, linked between A1-A'1, B1-B'1 and B29-B'29, are described, as well as some results of tritium-labelling and of enzymatic degradation experiments with A1-B29-linked insulins."}
{"id": "PMID:335840", "title": "Protein thiol-disulfide interchange and interfacing with biological systems.", "content": "Disulfide-containing proteins offer unique advantages for mechanistic studies of the formation of native three-dimensional structure from unordered, reduced precursors. The main advantage is that covalent intermediates are formed; by characterizing these intermediates, one obtains substantial information about the reaction pathway. Thiol-disulfide interchange is a major component of most oxidative mechanisms carrying thiol to disulfide; thus, it required some attention in its own right. Afinsen's descriptions of a \"shuffle-ase\" enzyme led us to examine the rates of the uncatalyzed exchange under physiologically plausible conditions. Somewhat surprisingly, we found that the rates for formation of several native proteins in uncatalyzed systems containing GSSG and GSH are as great as with the \"shuffle-ase\" enzyme, suggesting that a substantial portion of biological thiol oxidations proceed by uncatalyzed exchange. While thiol-disulfide exchange of course results in no net change in the oxidation level of a system, catalytic linkage of thiol or disulfide to other redox systems provides a mechanism for achieving net changes.", "contents": "Protein thiol-disulfide interchange and interfacing with biological systems. Disulfide-containing proteins offer unique advantages for mechanistic studies of the formation of native three-dimensional structure from unordered, reduced precursors. The main advantage is that covalent intermediates are formed; by characterizing these intermediates, one obtains substantial information about the reaction pathway. Thiol-disulfide interchange is a major component of most oxidative mechanisms carrying thiol to disulfide; thus, it required some attention in its own right. Afinsen's descriptions of a \"shuffle-ase\" enzyme led us to examine the rates of the uncatalyzed exchange under physiologically plausible conditions. Somewhat surprisingly, we found that the rates for formation of several native proteins in uncatalyzed systems containing GSSG and GSH are as great as with the \"shuffle-ase\" enzyme, suggesting that a substantial portion of biological thiol oxidations proceed by uncatalyzed exchange. While thiol-disulfide exchange of course results in no net change in the oxidation level of a system, catalytic linkage of thiol or disulfide to other redox systems provides a mechanism for achieving net changes."}
{"id": "PMID:335842", "title": "Identification of binding sites on the E. coli ribosome by affinity labeling.", "content": "Both electrophilic and photolabile derivatives of several different types of ribosomal ligands have been used in affinity labeling studies on the Escherichia coli ribosome. These studies have resulted in the localization of the peptidyl transferase center within a region of the 50S subunit, and the localization of the mRNA binding site within one of two regions on the 30S particle. In addition, labeling data have been obtained for GTP and streptomycin affinity labels. The affinity labeling results are discussed along with the results of other studies, and procedures are suggested for improving the resolving power of the affinity labeling technique as applied to ribosomes.", "contents": "Identification of binding sites on the E. coli ribosome by affinity labeling. Both electrophilic and photolabile derivatives of several different types of ribosomal ligands have been used in affinity labeling studies on the Escherichia coli ribosome. These studies have resulted in the localization of the peptidyl transferase center within a region of the 50S subunit, and the localization of the mRNA binding site within one of two regions on the 30S particle. In addition, labeling data have been obtained for GTP and streptomycin affinity labels. The affinity labeling results are discussed along with the results of other studies, and procedures are suggested for improving the resolving power of the affinity labeling technique as applied to ribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:335844", "title": "Disulfide bonds: key to wheat protein functionality.", "content": "Disulfide bonds in wheat proteins are major factors that determine the properties of the proteins and their functionality in wheat flour. The gliadin proteins contain mostly intramolecular disulfide bonds. In contrast, the high-molecular-weight glutenins are formed by disulfide linkages of several diverse polypeptide chains which have been separated and characterized. The linkage of these proteins in a fairly linear array contributes to the unique viscoelastic properties of glutenin. The glutenin has been separated into two fractions differing in molecular weight. The amount of highest molecular weight component is correlated with the rheological behavior of the flours from different wheat varieties. Various oxidizing and reducing agents are widely used to alter the functional behavior of wheat proteins by the action on sulfhydryl and disulfide groups.", "contents": "Disulfide bonds: key to wheat protein functionality. Disulfide bonds in wheat proteins are major factors that determine the properties of the proteins and their functionality in wheat flour. The gliadin proteins contain mostly intramolecular disulfide bonds. In contrast, the high-molecular-weight glutenins are formed by disulfide linkages of several diverse polypeptide chains which have been separated and characterized. The linkage of these proteins in a fairly linear array contributes to the unique viscoelastic properties of glutenin. The glutenin has been separated into two fractions differing in molecular weight. The amount of highest molecular weight component is correlated with the rheological behavior of the flours from different wheat varieties. Various oxidizing and reducing agents are widely used to alter the functional behavior of wheat proteins by the action on sulfhydryl and disulfide groups."}
{"id": "PMID:335853", "title": "[More on nutrition of children and youth in the 18th and 19th century, chiefly based on memoirs and contemporary recollections (author's transl)].", "content": "378 remarks on nutrition of children and youth found in personal recollections, letters a. s. o. of 42 authors of the 18th and 19th century are added to a former published sum of 760 items. Again, more mentions of protein (meat, fish a. s. o), fat and sugar are written down in the 19th century, compared with the three centuries before.", "contents": "[More on nutrition of children and youth in the 18th and 19th century, chiefly based on memoirs and contemporary recollections (author's transl)]. 378 remarks on nutrition of children and youth found in personal recollections, letters a. s. o. of 42 authors of the 18th and 19th century are added to a former published sum of 760 items. Again, more mentions of protein (meat, fish a. s. o), fat and sugar are written down in the 19th century, compared with the three centuries before."}
{"id": "PMID:335858", "title": "Experimental models for the study of diabetogenesis in laboratory animals.", "content": "The normal process of glucose-induced insulin release involves three major steps. First, glucose is identified by the pancreatic B-cell as an insulinotropic factor. Second, calcium accumulation in a critical cellular site triggers the release process. Third, a microtubular-microfilamentous system serves as the effector system for the translocation and eventual extrusion of secretory granules. It is possible to interfere rather specifically with each of these events. For instance, fasting results in an impairment of the process of glucose identification. Various pharmacological agents, including organic calcium-antagonists may uncouple the metabolic process of glucose recognition form the effector response. Last, experimental alterations of the B-cell microtubular-microfilamentous system cause severe disturbances in the dynamics of insulin release. It is proposed that such experimental models may help to elucidate the primary lesion in different types of spontaneous diabetes mellitus in laboratory animals.", "contents": "Experimental models for the study of diabetogenesis in laboratory animals. The normal process of glucose-induced insulin release involves three major steps. First, glucose is identified by the pancreatic B-cell as an insulinotropic factor. Second, calcium accumulation in a critical cellular site triggers the release process. Third, a microtubular-microfilamentous system serves as the effector system for the translocation and eventual extrusion of secretory granules. It is possible to interfere rather specifically with each of these events. For instance, fasting results in an impairment of the process of glucose identification. Various pharmacological agents, including organic calcium-antagonists may uncouple the metabolic process of glucose recognition form the effector response. Last, experimental alterations of the B-cell microtubular-microfilamentous system cause severe disturbances in the dynamics of insulin release. It is proposed that such experimental models may help to elucidate the primary lesion in different types of spontaneous diabetes mellitus in laboratory animals."}
{"id": "PMID:335859", "title": "[Human myopathy and animal muscular dystrophy].", "content": "Two hereditary muscular dystrophies similar to human progressive muscular dystrophy (P.M.D. Duchenne type) have been isolated in animals, one in mouse, the other in chicken. The decrease in the activity of glycogenolytic enzymes is similar to that observed in denervated muscle. Isozymic fetal types for several muscular enzymes have been observed as well in chicken as in man, but this fetal type may also be found in neurogenic atrophy. The release in circulation of muscle enzymes seems more specific. But the origin of the genetic lesion is still unknown. We describe here the three different theories about this problem: i.e. neurogenic, vascular, or myogenic. This last theory implies a trouble of membrane permeability.", "contents": "[Human myopathy and animal muscular dystrophy]. Two hereditary muscular dystrophies similar to human progressive muscular dystrophy (P.M.D. Duchenne type) have been isolated in animals, one in mouse, the other in chicken. The decrease in the activity of glycogenolytic enzymes is similar to that observed in denervated muscle. Isozymic fetal types for several muscular enzymes have been observed as well in chicken as in man, but this fetal type may also be found in neurogenic atrophy. The release in circulation of muscle enzymes seems more specific. But the origin of the genetic lesion is still unknown. We describe here the three different theories about this problem: i.e. neurogenic, vascular, or myogenic. This last theory implies a trouble of membrane permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:335863", "title": "Ventricular arrhythmia 24 hours before and after maximal treadmill testing.", "content": "To determine if maximal exercise treadmill testing influences the occurence of ventricular arrhythmia in the hours after exercise, 45 myocardial infarction and 22 angina pectoris patients (New York Heart Association Class I-II), and 23 normal subjects were examined with 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic Holter recordings before and after exercise testing. Comparison of qualitative and quantitative ventricular arrhythmia detected during identical chronological two-, four-, and 20- or more hour periods, before and after exercise testing in each patient, revealed no statistically significant difference in any patient group. The prevalence of ventricular ectopy in 80 per cent of ischemic heart disease patients and 30 per cent of normal subjects as detected by 24-hour Holter recordings was similar to previous studies. It is concluded that in ambulatory ischemic heart disease patients (New York Heart Association Class I-II) and normal subjects, maximal treadmill testing does not significantly affect the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia in the hours after exercise.", "contents": "Ventricular arrhythmia 24 hours before and after maximal treadmill testing. To determine if maximal exercise treadmill testing influences the occurence of ventricular arrhythmia in the hours after exercise, 45 myocardial infarction and 22 angina pectoris patients (New York Heart Association Class I-II), and 23 normal subjects were examined with 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic Holter recordings before and after exercise testing. Comparison of qualitative and quantitative ventricular arrhythmia detected during identical chronological two-, four-, and 20- or more hour periods, before and after exercise testing in each patient, revealed no statistically significant difference in any patient group. The prevalence of ventricular ectopy in 80 per cent of ischemic heart disease patients and 30 per cent of normal subjects as detected by 24-hour Holter recordings was similar to previous studies. It is concluded that in ambulatory ischemic heart disease patients (New York Heart Association Class I-II) and normal subjects, maximal treadmill testing does not significantly affect the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia in the hours after exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:335864", "title": "Heparin neutralizing activity and coronary artery disease.", "content": "It has been previously shown and confirmed in the present investigation that the disaggregation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregates occurs at a slow rate more frequently in the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) of men with coronary artery disease. ADP-induced platelet aggregation was studied in the citrated PRP of 32 men (21 with and 11 without coronary artery disease) to determine the relation between release of heparin neutralizing activity (HNA) from platelets and the rate of platelet diaggregation. Each of the five PRP with slow (less than 10 per cent) disaggregation were from men with coronary artery disease. Platelets from these five PRP released from 34 to 51 per cent of their content of HNA during ADP-induced aggregation in contrast to the 27 PRP with more rapid disaggregation, only three of which had a detectable release of HNA. Of the latter 27 PRP, 21 had a second phase of aggregation which usually reached a peak of light transmission less than that of the first phase. These data are consistent with (but do not prove) the hypothesis that HNA released during aggreation may be one of the factors tending to prevent disaggregation of ADP-induced platelet aggregates.", "contents": "Heparin neutralizing activity and coronary artery disease. It has been previously shown and confirmed in the present investigation that the disaggregation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregates occurs at a slow rate more frequently in the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) of men with coronary artery disease. ADP-induced platelet aggregation was studied in the citrated PRP of 32 men (21 with and 11 without coronary artery disease) to determine the relation between release of heparin neutralizing activity (HNA) from platelets and the rate of platelet diaggregation. Each of the five PRP with slow (less than 10 per cent) disaggregation were from men with coronary artery disease. Platelets from these five PRP released from 34 to 51 per cent of their content of HNA during ADP-induced aggregation in contrast to the 27 PRP with more rapid disaggregation, only three of which had a detectable release of HNA. Of the latter 27 PRP, 21 had a second phase of aggregation which usually reached a peak of light transmission less than that of the first phase. These data are consistent with (but do not prove) the hypothesis that HNA released during aggreation may be one of the factors tending to prevent disaggregation of ADP-induced platelet aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:335866", "title": "Computer analysis of the orthogonal electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram in 257 patients with aortic valve disease.", "content": "In most electrocardiographic studies of left ventricular hypertrophy the hypertrophy has had different causes. This study examined the performance of the Frank orthogonal electrocardiogram in 257 patients with aortic valve disease, 90 with predominant aortic stenosis and the remaining 167 with predominant aortic insufficiency. Optimal measurements suggested for routine electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular overload resulted in recognition of 64 percent of cases of aortic stenosis and 74 percent of cases of aortic insufficiency with a 6 percent false positive rate. Multivariate analysis techniques improved performance: 82 percent of the aortic stenosis records and 78 percent of the aortic insufficiency records were correctly recognized as showing left ventricular overload; the false positive rate was 5 percent. Although many electrocardiographic measurements were significantly correlated with the aortic valve gradient, correlations were not high enough for use in predicting the severity of the aortic stenosis. Comparison of electrocardiographic variables in aortic stenosis and aortic insufficiency demonstrated a wide overlap between groups, and the electrocardiographic changes of aortic stenosis could not be differentiated from those of aortic insufficiency.", "contents": "Computer analysis of the orthogonal electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram in 257 patients with aortic valve disease. In most electrocardiographic studies of left ventricular hypertrophy the hypertrophy has had different causes. This study examined the performance of the Frank orthogonal electrocardiogram in 257 patients with aortic valve disease, 90 with predominant aortic stenosis and the remaining 167 with predominant aortic insufficiency. Optimal measurements suggested for routine electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular overload resulted in recognition of 64 percent of cases of aortic stenosis and 74 percent of cases of aortic insufficiency with a 6 percent false positive rate. Multivariate analysis techniques improved performance: 82 percent of the aortic stenosis records and 78 percent of the aortic insufficiency records were correctly recognized as showing left ventricular overload; the false positive rate was 5 percent. Although many electrocardiographic measurements were significantly correlated with the aortic valve gradient, correlations were not high enough for use in predicting the severity of the aortic stenosis. Comparison of electrocardiographic variables in aortic stenosis and aortic insufficiency demonstrated a wide overlap between groups, and the electrocardiographic changes of aortic stenosis could not be differentiated from those of aortic insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:335867", "title": "Effect of the vasodilator trimazosin versus placebo on exercise performance in chronic left ventricular failure.", "content": "The effect of the vasodilator trimazosin versus placebo on exercise duration until marked dyspnea was evaluated in a double blind randomized study in 16 patients with chronic left ventricular failure despite digitalis and diuretic therapy. Trimazosin caused a reduction in resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures and in resting product of systolic blood pressure times heart rate. The improvement in exercise duration from the average of values during the baseline and single blind placebo periods was greater after 3 and 6 weeks of trimazosin therapy (300 and 450 mg daily) after 3 and 6 weeks of double blind placebo therapy (P is less than 0.025). Four of eight patients receiving trimazosin had disappearance of pulmonary venous congestion on chest roentgenography compared with none of eight patients receiving placebo. These preliminary data suggest that trimazosin may be effective in treating chronic left ventricular failure.", "contents": "Effect of the vasodilator trimazosin versus placebo on exercise performance in chronic left ventricular failure. The effect of the vasodilator trimazosin versus placebo on exercise duration until marked dyspnea was evaluated in a double blind randomized study in 16 patients with chronic left ventricular failure despite digitalis and diuretic therapy. Trimazosin caused a reduction in resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures and in resting product of systolic blood pressure times heart rate. The improvement in exercise duration from the average of values during the baseline and single blind placebo periods was greater after 3 and 6 weeks of trimazosin therapy (300 and 450 mg daily) after 3 and 6 weeks of double blind placebo therapy (P is less than 0.025). Four of eight patients receiving trimazosin had disappearance of pulmonary venous congestion on chest roentgenography compared with none of eight patients receiving placebo. These preliminary data suggest that trimazosin may be effective in treating chronic left ventricular failure."}
{"id": "PMID:335868", "title": "Pathophysiological aspects of coxsackievirus B intestinal infection.", "content": "Our findings reveal that intestinal infection with coxsackie B5 results in decreased intestinal epithelial cell division in association with an increase in carbohydrate (glucose) and amino acid (leucine) absorption in the small intestine. These findings are contrasted with those occurring during Salmonella infection, which results in increased intestinal cell division rate but decreased carbohydrate (glucose) absorption. The changes in intestinal function and physiology that have been described occurred during an asymptomatic viral infection characterized by normal intestinal histology. A reasonable hypothesis is that these pathophysiological changes may be due not only to a variety of local factors but also to hormonal effects induced by systemic spread of coxsackievirus B.", "contents": "Pathophysiological aspects of coxsackievirus B intestinal infection. Our findings reveal that intestinal infection with coxsackie B5 results in decreased intestinal epithelial cell division in association with an increase in carbohydrate (glucose) and amino acid (leucine) absorption in the small intestine. These findings are contrasted with those occurring during Salmonella infection, which results in increased intestinal cell division rate but decreased carbohydrate (glucose) absorption. The changes in intestinal function and physiology that have been described occurred during an asymptomatic viral infection characterized by normal intestinal histology. A reasonable hypothesis is that these pathophysiological changes may be due not only to a variety of local factors but also to hormonal effects induced by systemic spread of coxsackievirus B."}
{"id": "PMID:335870", "title": "Properties of the Ames Salmonella mutants lodged in the gastrointestinal tract of gnotobiotic rats.", "content": "An association of the histidine auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium (strain TA1538) within the gastrointestinal tract of otherwise germ-free Sprague-Dawley rats is maintained during observations for up to 7 months. The bacteria exceed concentrations of 10(7)/g in the forestomach and exceed concentrations of 10(8)/g in the lower bowel and feces. When carcinogens are ingested, the number of revertants in the feces increases. The ingestion of structurally related compounds which are not mutagenic to the bacteria in vitro and for which no evidence of carcinogenicity exists does not increase the number of revertants in the feces. The numbers of salmonella are increased by the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacteroides fragilis but the salmonella disappear from the gastrointestinal tract when the rats are conventionalized. With the additional flora, there is a decrease in the number of revertants appearing in the feces in response to a given dose of carcinogen. This decrease may reflect an effect of the flora on the activity of the metabolic pathway responsible for the presence of the ultimate carcinogen or it may simply be an effect on the salmonella mutants themselves.", "contents": "Properties of the Ames Salmonella mutants lodged in the gastrointestinal tract of gnotobiotic rats. An association of the histidine auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium (strain TA1538) within the gastrointestinal tract of otherwise germ-free Sprague-Dawley rats is maintained during observations for up to 7 months. The bacteria exceed concentrations of 10(7)/g in the forestomach and exceed concentrations of 10(8)/g in the lower bowel and feces. When carcinogens are ingested, the number of revertants in the feces increases. The ingestion of structurally related compounds which are not mutagenic to the bacteria in vitro and for which no evidence of carcinogenicity exists does not increase the number of revertants in the feces. The numbers of salmonella are increased by the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacteroides fragilis but the salmonella disappear from the gastrointestinal tract when the rats are conventionalized. With the additional flora, there is a decrease in the number of revertants appearing in the feces in response to a given dose of carcinogen. This decrease may reflect an effect of the flora on the activity of the metabolic pathway responsible for the presence of the ultimate carcinogen or it may simply be an effect on the salmonella mutants themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:335871", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase-positive malignant lymphoma. A subtype of B-cell lymphomas.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was evaluated histochemically and cytochemically in concert with immunologic technics in 60 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and lymphocytic leukemias. Surface membranes of neoplastic cells were positive for ALP only in certain B-cell malignancies: 3 of 6 lymphocytic lymphomas of intermediate differentiation, 4 of 13 nodular lymphomas, and 1 of 7 Burkett's lymphomas. All other B-cell tumors, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, and diffuse \"histiocytic\" lymphoma, were ALP-negative. The neoplastic cells of Sezary syndrome and lymphoblastic lymphoma were also consistently negative for ALP. In control lymph nodes ALP-positive lymphocytes were present only in primary follicles and in mantle zones of secondary follicles. ALP-positive lymphomas appear to be neoplastic counterparts of these normal lymphocytes, not only cytochemically, but also with respect to their morphologic and immunologic characteristics. Furthermore, histochemical inhibition tests suggested that the ALP activity demonstrated may reflect a newly recognized, unique isoenzyme.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase-positive malignant lymphoma. A subtype of B-cell lymphomas. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was evaluated histochemically and cytochemically in concert with immunologic technics in 60 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and lymphocytic leukemias. Surface membranes of neoplastic cells were positive for ALP only in certain B-cell malignancies: 3 of 6 lymphocytic lymphomas of intermediate differentiation, 4 of 13 nodular lymphomas, and 1 of 7 Burkett's lymphomas. All other B-cell tumors, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, and diffuse \"histiocytic\" lymphoma, were ALP-negative. The neoplastic cells of Sezary syndrome and lymphoblastic lymphoma were also consistently negative for ALP. In control lymph nodes ALP-positive lymphocytes were present only in primary follicles and in mantle zones of secondary follicles. ALP-positive lymphomas appear to be neoplastic counterparts of these normal lymphocytes, not only cytochemically, but also with respect to their morphologic and immunologic characteristics. Furthermore, histochemical inhibition tests suggested that the ALP activity demonstrated may reflect a newly recognized, unique isoenzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:335872", "title": "Acute pulmonary complications in systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunofluorescence and light microscopic study.", "content": "Lung tissue obtained from eight consecutive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by severe, acute pulmonary disease was studied by both light and immunofluorescence microscopy. Light microscopic examination disclosed interstitial pneumonia in four cases, cytomegalovirus pneumonitis in one case, bronchiolitis and peribronchiolitis in one case, pulmonary infarction in one case and focal atelectasis in the remaining case. Direct immunofluorescence examination revealed focally bound immunoglobulins or complement (C3) within pleural and/or pneumocyte nuclei in each specimen. Immunohistologic studies in these cases may thus suggest a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus with acute pulmonary complications, despite the lack of specificity of the pathologic changes seen by light microscopy.", "contents": "Acute pulmonary complications in systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunofluorescence and light microscopic study. Lung tissue obtained from eight consecutive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by severe, acute pulmonary disease was studied by both light and immunofluorescence microscopy. Light microscopic examination disclosed interstitial pneumonia in four cases, cytomegalovirus pneumonitis in one case, bronchiolitis and peribronchiolitis in one case, pulmonary infarction in one case and focal atelectasis in the remaining case. Direct immunofluorescence examination revealed focally bound immunoglobulins or complement (C3) within pleural and/or pneumocyte nuclei in each specimen. Immunohistologic studies in these cases may thus suggest a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus with acute pulmonary complications, despite the lack of specificity of the pathologic changes seen by light microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:335874", "title": "\"Lennert's lymphoma\" with transformation to malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type (immunoblastic sarcoma).", "content": "Two cases of a recently described lymphoproliferative disorder called \"Lennert's lymphoma\" are presented. In both cases, the proliferation evolved into a frank malignant lymphoma of large lymphoid cells. This phenomenon has not been previously reported to occur in this disease. Immunohistologic study of the biopsy material in both cases suggest that it may be a T-cell proliferation. The possibility that \"Lennert's lymphoma\" is not a neoplasm but an abnormal immune reaction with similarities to angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy is raised. Whatever its nature, the potential for \"Lennert's lymphoma\" to transform into a frankly malignant tumor is documented.", "contents": "\"Lennert's lymphoma\" with transformation to malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type (immunoblastic sarcoma). Two cases of a recently described lymphoproliferative disorder called \"Lennert's lymphoma\" are presented. In both cases, the proliferation evolved into a frank malignant lymphoma of large lymphoid cells. This phenomenon has not been previously reported to occur in this disease. Immunohistologic study of the biopsy material in both cases suggest that it may be a T-cell proliferation. The possibility that \"Lennert's lymphoma\" is not a neoplasm but an abnormal immune reaction with similarities to angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy is raised. Whatever its nature, the potential for \"Lennert's lymphoma\" to transform into a frankly malignant tumor is documented."}
{"id": "PMID:335875", "title": "Preleukemic granulocytic sarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Report of two cases.", "content": "Granulocytic sarcoma, or chloroma, is a tumor composed of immature cells of the myeloid series, which usually occurs as a secondary manifestation of acute myelocytic leukemia. Unique problems in interpretation of these lesions arise when the leukemic picture is absent in peripheral blood and bone marrow. In these cases, granulocytic sarcoma is usually misinterpreted as \"reticulum cell sarcoma\". Two cases of this neoplasm involving the small intestine and stomach, are reported. Signs of leukemia appeared terminally. The value of cytochemical stains in the differential diagnosis and the possible benefits of early recognition and treatment are emphasized.", "contents": "Preleukemic granulocytic sarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Report of two cases. Granulocytic sarcoma, or chloroma, is a tumor composed of immature cells of the myeloid series, which usually occurs as a secondary manifestation of acute myelocytic leukemia. Unique problems in interpretation of these lesions arise when the leukemic picture is absent in peripheral blood and bone marrow. In these cases, granulocytic sarcoma is usually misinterpreted as \"reticulum cell sarcoma\". Two cases of this neoplasm involving the small intestine and stomach, are reported. Signs of leukemia appeared terminally. The value of cytochemical stains in the differential diagnosis and the possible benefits of early recognition and treatment are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:335877", "title": "Immunofluorescence tests in immune technics and applications.", "content": "The value of clinical laboratory tests as aids in diagnosis and prognosis depends on their sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Few tests fulfill the desirable criteria for use as screening tests in the asymptomatic, normal population. In the symptomatic patient a test of high sensitivity for detecting disease has great clinical value since a negative result tends to exclude the index diagnosis for consideration at that point in time. A test of high specificity for a single disease invariably has decreased sensitivity but has diagnostic value when positive. Data on the indirect immunofluorescent antinuclear antibody test (FANA) provide criteria to justify its wide application as a clinical laboratory test. A negative FANA result essentially excludes active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Quantitation by serum titration of the positive FANA and attention to the nuclear fluorescence patterns provide indices of specificity for diagnosis of the various FANA-positive autoimmune diseases. Similarly, negative results of indirect fluorescent antibody tests for antithyroid antibodies essentially exclude Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and a negative test for antimitochondrial antibodies in biliary cirrhosis tends to exclude the surgically amenable form due to biliary stones.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence tests in immune technics and applications. The value of clinical laboratory tests as aids in diagnosis and prognosis depends on their sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Few tests fulfill the desirable criteria for use as screening tests in the asymptomatic, normal population. In the symptomatic patient a test of high sensitivity for detecting disease has great clinical value since a negative result tends to exclude the index diagnosis for consideration at that point in time. A test of high specificity for a single disease invariably has decreased sensitivity but has diagnostic value when positive. Data on the indirect immunofluorescent antinuclear antibody test (FANA) provide criteria to justify its wide application as a clinical laboratory test. A negative FANA result essentially excludes active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Quantitation by serum titration of the positive FANA and attention to the nuclear fluorescence patterns provide indices of specificity for diagnosis of the various FANA-positive autoimmune diseases. Similarly, negative results of indirect fluorescent antibody tests for antithyroid antibodies essentially exclude Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and a negative test for antimitochondrial antibodies in biliary cirrhosis tends to exclude the surgically amenable form due to biliary stones."}
{"id": "PMID:335878", "title": "T- and B-cells in immunologic diseases.", "content": "Three major subpopulations of lymphocytes have been identified in human peripheral blood: thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes, bursa-equivalent (B) lymphocytes, and null (neither T nor B) lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes are commonly identified by a surface receptor for sheep erythrocytes, and by heterologous antisera raised against human thymus cells and absorbed with human B-cell leukemias or lymphoblastoid cell lines. B-lymphocytes are routinely enumerated by immunofluorescent staining technics for surface immunoglobulin, or by assays for the receptor for C3. Null cells bear a receptor for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin, and are killer (K) cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Accurate quantitation of T- and B-cells in disease states has been hampered by marked contamination of monocytes in populations of peripheral blood lymphocytes purified by density gradients, binding of autologous immunoglobulin to the surface of non-B cells, and disease-associated alterations of T- and B-cell surface markers. Assays for peripheral blood T- and B-cells may be of significant clinical value in the early diagnosis of lymphocytosis of unknown origin, congenital immunodeficiency disorders, organ transplant rejection crises, and Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "T- and B-cells in immunologic diseases. Three major subpopulations of lymphocytes have been identified in human peripheral blood: thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes, bursa-equivalent (B) lymphocytes, and null (neither T nor B) lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes are commonly identified by a surface receptor for sheep erythrocytes, and by heterologous antisera raised against human thymus cells and absorbed with human B-cell leukemias or lymphoblastoid cell lines. B-lymphocytes are routinely enumerated by immunofluorescent staining technics for surface immunoglobulin, or by assays for the receptor for C3. Null cells bear a receptor for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin, and are killer (K) cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Accurate quantitation of T- and B-cells in disease states has been hampered by marked contamination of monocytes in populations of peripheral blood lymphocytes purified by density gradients, binding of autologous immunoglobulin to the surface of non-B cells, and disease-associated alterations of T- and B-cell surface markers. Assays for peripheral blood T- and B-cells may be of significant clinical value in the early diagnosis of lymphocytosis of unknown origin, congenital immunodeficiency disorders, organ transplant rejection crises, and Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:335879", "title": "Father-to-son transmission of hypogonadism with anosmia: Kallmann's syndrome.", "content": "Gonadal and olfactory features of Kallmann's syndrome, usually considered to be inherited as an X-linked recessive trait, were found in a father and son who both had cryptorchidism, hypogonadism, and hyposmia. The father's fertility had been induced with chorionic gonadotropin, leading to the birth of three children. Olfactory and gonadal functions were normal in the mother and two siblings. The father had low basal plasma testosterone and subnormal follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). The affected son and his healthy brother were prepubertal. Their basal plasma total and free testosterone, serum FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH), and response to LH-RH were similar. The clinical presentation and formal olfactory function studies were considered most helpful for the suggestive diagnosis of Kallmann's syndrome in children. The occurrence of this syndrome in this family is consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance.", "contents": "Father-to-son transmission of hypogonadism with anosmia: Kallmann's syndrome. Gonadal and olfactory features of Kallmann's syndrome, usually considered to be inherited as an X-linked recessive trait, were found in a father and son who both had cryptorchidism, hypogonadism, and hyposmia. The father's fertility had been induced with chorionic gonadotropin, leading to the birth of three children. Olfactory and gonadal functions were normal in the mother and two siblings. The father had low basal plasma testosterone and subnormal follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). The affected son and his healthy brother were prepubertal. Their basal plasma total and free testosterone, serum FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH), and response to LH-RH were similar. The clinical presentation and formal olfactory function studies were considered most helpful for the suggestive diagnosis of Kallmann's syndrome in children. The occurrence of this syndrome in this family is consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance."}
{"id": "PMID:335880", "title": "Primary pulmonary hypoplasia: report of a case with polyhydramnios.", "content": "We describe a case of extreme primary pulmonary hypoplasia. No other congenital anomalies and none of the conditions known to be associated with pulmonary hypoplasia were present. Pregnancy had been complicated by substantial polyhydramnios. The hypoplasia was due to a marked deficiency of the respiratory parenchyma in the presence of normal upper airways and bronchi. Virtually no parenchymal development had occurred and there were very few bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. The changes differ from those seen in pulmonary hypoplasia secondary to congenital diaphragmatic hernia, bilateral renal agenesis, anomalies of the urinary outflow tracts, and malformations of the thoracic cavity, in which the pulmonary hypoplasia appears to be compressive in nature. While neither the etiology or pathogenesis of the pulmonary hypoplasia are apparent in this case, the presence of substantial polyhydramnios during pregnancy suggests the possibility that the developing lungs may offer an important surface area for reabsorption and recycling of constituents of amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Primary pulmonary hypoplasia: report of a case with polyhydramnios. We describe a case of extreme primary pulmonary hypoplasia. No other congenital anomalies and none of the conditions known to be associated with pulmonary hypoplasia were present. Pregnancy had been complicated by substantial polyhydramnios. The hypoplasia was due to a marked deficiency of the respiratory parenchyma in the presence of normal upper airways and bronchi. Virtually no parenchymal development had occurred and there were very few bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. The changes differ from those seen in pulmonary hypoplasia secondary to congenital diaphragmatic hernia, bilateral renal agenesis, anomalies of the urinary outflow tracts, and malformations of the thoracic cavity, in which the pulmonary hypoplasia appears to be compressive in nature. While neither the etiology or pathogenesis of the pulmonary hypoplasia are apparent in this case, the presence of substantial polyhydramnios during pregnancy suggests the possibility that the developing lungs may offer an important surface area for reabsorption and recycling of constituents of amniotic fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:335881", "title": "Diabetes mellitus, islet-cell antibodies, and HLA-B8 in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Evidence that autoimmune mechanisms may provide a possible explanation for the occurrence of some types of diabetes mellitus has included the clinical association of diabetes with other autoimmune conditions and the serologic demonstration of organ-specific antibodies. This article reports the case of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus accompanied by diabetes and the presence of antibodies to pancreatic islet cells. This represents further evidence that autoimmune activity may play a role in the etiology of diabetes mellitus, which is especially interesting in light of recent HLA antigen studies that show a possible genetic link between the two diseases.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus, islet-cell antibodies, and HLA-B8 in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Evidence that autoimmune mechanisms may provide a possible explanation for the occurrence of some types of diabetes mellitus has included the clinical association of diabetes with other autoimmune conditions and the serologic demonstration of organ-specific antibodies. This article reports the case of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus accompanied by diabetes and the presence of antibodies to pancreatic islet cells. This represents further evidence that autoimmune activity may play a role in the etiology of diabetes mellitus, which is especially interesting in light of recent HLA antigen studies that show a possible genetic link between the two diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:335884", "title": "Effect of somatostatin on meal-induced gastric secretion in duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "The effect of somatostatin, a growth hormone releasing-inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH) on basal and meal-, pentagastrin-, or histamine-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion was studied in six duodenal ulcer patients. Intravenous GH-RIH infused in graded doses ranging from 0.62 to 5.0 microgram/kg/hr produced a dose-related inhibition of pentagastrin-induced acid secretion reaching about 15% of control level at the dose of 5.0 microgram/kg/hr. Acid inhibition was paralleled by a decrease in the pepsin output and accompanied by a dose-dependent reduction in serum growth hormone and insulin levels measured by radioimmunoassay. GH-RIH used in a single dose of 2.5 microgram/kg/hr produced about 85% inhibition of acid secretion induced by a meal (measured by intragastric titration) accompanied by a significant decrease in serum gastrin and insulin levels. The effect of GH-RIH on histamine-stimulated secretion was very modest and observed only after stopping the GH-RIH infusion. Thus GH-RIH suppressed acid and pepsin secretion induced by pentagastrin and a meal, and this effect was accompanied by a suppression of serum growth hormone and gastrin levels which may contribute to the inhibition of gastric secretion observed.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin on meal-induced gastric secretion in duodenal ulcer patients. The effect of somatostatin, a growth hormone releasing-inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH) on basal and meal-, pentagastrin-, or histamine-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion was studied in six duodenal ulcer patients. Intravenous GH-RIH infused in graded doses ranging from 0.62 to 5.0 microgram/kg/hr produced a dose-related inhibition of pentagastrin-induced acid secretion reaching about 15% of control level at the dose of 5.0 microgram/kg/hr. Acid inhibition was paralleled by a decrease in the pepsin output and accompanied by a dose-dependent reduction in serum growth hormone and insulin levels measured by radioimmunoassay. GH-RIH used in a single dose of 2.5 microgram/kg/hr produced about 85% inhibition of acid secretion induced by a meal (measured by intragastric titration) accompanied by a significant decrease in serum gastrin and insulin levels. The effect of GH-RIH on histamine-stimulated secretion was very modest and observed only after stopping the GH-RIH infusion. Thus GH-RIH suppressed acid and pepsin secretion induced by pentagastrin and a meal, and this effect was accompanied by a suppression of serum growth hormone and gastrin levels which may contribute to the inhibition of gastric secretion observed."}
{"id": "PMID:335885", "title": "Isolation of Vibrio alginolyticus from wounds and blood of a burn patient.", "content": "Isolation of Vibrio alginolyticus from the wounds and blood of a burn patient is reported. Numerous tissue biopsy sites as well as one blood culture yielded the organism. The case history and a review of the hospital course of the patient is provided where relevant to the presence and identification of the organism. The bacteriologic, biochemical, and anti-microbial identification of the organism is described. Taxonomy, habitat, and pathogenicity of V. alginolyticus are discussed.", "contents": "Isolation of Vibrio alginolyticus from wounds and blood of a burn patient. Isolation of Vibrio alginolyticus from the wounds and blood of a burn patient is reported. Numerous tissue biopsy sites as well as one blood culture yielded the organism. The case history and a review of the hospital course of the patient is provided where relevant to the presence and identification of the organism. The bacteriologic, biochemical, and anti-microbial identification of the organism is described. Taxonomy, habitat, and pathogenicity of V. alginolyticus are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:335886", "title": "Fetal immunoglobulin synthesis following maternal immunosuppression.", "content": "Cord blood levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgM, IgD, and IgG classes and IgA and IgA subclasses were determined in the offspring of seven mothers who received azathioprine and/or prednisone during the entire pregnancy. Five of these women received the immunosuppressive therapy following kidney transplantation, and two received immunosuppressive therapy because of disseminated systemic lupus erythematosus. The fetuses appeared to have intact humeral immune function in that they had normal cord blood immunoglobulin concentrations and in one case responded with increased synthesis of IgA and IgM following premature rupture of the membranes.", "contents": "Fetal immunoglobulin synthesis following maternal immunosuppression. Cord blood levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgM, IgD, and IgG classes and IgA and IgA subclasses were determined in the offspring of seven mothers who received azathioprine and/or prednisone during the entire pregnancy. Five of these women received the immunosuppressive therapy following kidney transplantation, and two received immunosuppressive therapy because of disseminated systemic lupus erythematosus. The fetuses appeared to have intact humeral immune function in that they had normal cord blood immunoglobulin concentrations and in one case responded with increased synthesis of IgA and IgM following premature rupture of the membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:335889", "title": "The structure of mononuclear phagocytes differentiating in vivo. III. The effect of particulate foreign substances.", "content": "The response of mononuclear phagocytes to three inert particles--barium sulfate, talc, and thorium dioxide--was studied by correlated light and electron microscopy. All three particles induced maturation of the mononuclear phagocytes, which proceeded to the stage of the mature macrophage and required 7 to 9 days. Once established, maturation persisted as long as 45 days, as did the inert particles. The resultant lesions, dense aggregates of mature macrophages, were termed mature granulomas. The resultant maturation differed from that produced by digestible bacteria in tempo and extent but not in pattern.", "contents": "The structure of mononuclear phagocytes differentiating in vivo. III. The effect of particulate foreign substances. The response of mononuclear phagocytes to three inert particles--barium sulfate, talc, and thorium dioxide--was studied by correlated light and electron microscopy. All three particles induced maturation of the mononuclear phagocytes, which proceeded to the stage of the mature macrophage and required 7 to 9 days. Once established, maturation persisted as long as 45 days, as did the inert particles. The resultant lesions, dense aggregates of mature macrophages, were termed mature granulomas. The resultant maturation differed from that produced by digestible bacteria in tempo and extent but not in pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:335890", "title": "Profile of intracytoplasmic lysozyme in normal tissues, myeloproliferative disorders, hairy cell leukemia, and other pathologic processes. An immunoperoxidase study of paraffin sections and smears.", "content": "Intracytoplasmic lysozyme (muramidase) may be readily identified in paraffin sections of tissues fixed in formalin or Zenker's acetic acid and in smears of peripheral blood or bone marrow using an immunoperoxidase technique. Sites of intracellular lysozyme in normal human tissues and in various specimens from patients with myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders, hairy cell leukemia, granulomatous diseases, toxoplasmic lymphadenitis, and other pathologic processes were defined by this method. Intracellular lysozyme was demonstrated in mature and immature neutrophilic and eosinophilic myeloid cells, in monocytic cells, and in some types of histiocytes and had a limited distribution in normal tissues. The neoplastic cells of hairy cell leukemia were devoid of intracytoplasmic lysozyme. Identification of intracellular lysozyme, as determined by  the immunoperoxidase technique, was compared with various cytochemical methods, particularly chloroacetate esterase and alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase studies, for detection and characterization of myeloid cells, monocytes, and histiocytes.", "contents": "Profile of intracytoplasmic lysozyme in normal tissues, myeloproliferative disorders, hairy cell leukemia, and other pathologic processes. An immunoperoxidase study of paraffin sections and smears. Intracytoplasmic lysozyme (muramidase) may be readily identified in paraffin sections of tissues fixed in formalin or Zenker's acetic acid and in smears of peripheral blood or bone marrow using an immunoperoxidase technique. Sites of intracellular lysozyme in normal human tissues and in various specimens from patients with myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders, hairy cell leukemia, granulomatous diseases, toxoplasmic lymphadenitis, and other pathologic processes were defined by this method. Intracellular lysozyme was demonstrated in mature and immature neutrophilic and eosinophilic myeloid cells, in monocytic cells, and in some types of histiocytes and had a limited distribution in normal tissues. The neoplastic cells of hairy cell leukemia were devoid of intracytoplasmic lysozyme. Identification of intracellular lysozyme, as determined by  the immunoperoxidase technique, was compared with various cytochemical methods, particularly chloroacetate esterase and alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase studies, for detection and characterization of myeloid cells, monocytes, and histiocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:335891", "title": "Radiosensitivity of T and B lymphocytes. V. Effects of whole-body irradiation on numbers of recirculating T cells and sensitization to primary skin grafts in mice.", "content": "Whole-body exposure of mice to 50, 100, 300, or 500 rads results in an acute dose-related decrease in the number of viable recirculating T cells. The magnitude of this decrement becomes more pronounced with the passage of time. The dose-response relationship over this range of dosages appears to consist of three components: a steep drop between 0 and 50 rads, a plateau between 50 and 500 rads, and a second drop between 300 and 500 rads. The residual radioresistant cells are able to recognize a histoincompatible skin graft during the initial 5 days after irradiation. Low to moderate doses (50 to 300 rads) abrogate the partial tolerance noted in nonirradiated recipients exposed to the skin graft for 5 days and then regrafted from the same donor source 25 days after complete removal of the primary graft. A large (500 rads) dose results in prolonged graft survival in comparison with the nonirradiated group. It is suggested that the subpopulation fo recirculating T cells which develops partial tolerance during a 5-day exposure to a homograft is more radiosensitive than the effector subpopulation which is involved in graft rejection.", "contents": "Radiosensitivity of T and B lymphocytes. V. Effects of whole-body irradiation on numbers of recirculating T cells and sensitization to primary skin grafts in mice. Whole-body exposure of mice to 50, 100, 300, or 500 rads results in an acute dose-related decrease in the number of viable recirculating T cells. The magnitude of this decrement becomes more pronounced with the passage of time. The dose-response relationship over this range of dosages appears to consist of three components: a steep drop between 0 and 50 rads, a plateau between 50 and 500 rads, and a second drop between 300 and 500 rads. The residual radioresistant cells are able to recognize a histoincompatible skin graft during the initial 5 days after irradiation. Low to moderate doses (50 to 300 rads) abrogate the partial tolerance noted in nonirradiated recipients exposed to the skin graft for 5 days and then regrafted from the same donor source 25 days after complete removal of the primary graft. A large (500 rads) dose results in prolonged graft survival in comparison with the nonirradiated group. It is suggested that the subpopulation fo recirculating T cells which develops partial tolerance during a 5-day exposure to a homograft is more radiosensitive than the effector subpopulation which is involved in graft rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:335892", "title": "Antropyloric G-cell hyperplasia in hypercalcemic rabbits bearing the VX2 carcinoma.", "content": "The number of distribution and the numbers of G cells in the antropyloric region of the rabbit stomach were mapped employing immunoperoxidase localization and morphometric quantitation and compared to similar analyses in hypercalcemic rabbits bearing the VX2 carcinoma. In normal animals, G cells were confined to the lower third of the antropyloric mucosa, where they were randomyly distributed within the mucosal glands. In contrast, tumor-bearing animals showed an extension of these cells into the middle third of the antropyloric mucosa. The absolute counts of G cells in control rabbits were 5.3 +/- 0.78 (mean +/- SE) per unit area, while those in hypercalcemic tumor-bearing rabbits were 11.9 +/- 0.46, a statistically significant increase. It is concluded that rabbits bearing VX2 carcinoma have G-cell hyperplasia.", "contents": "Antropyloric G-cell hyperplasia in hypercalcemic rabbits bearing the VX2 carcinoma. The number of distribution and the numbers of G cells in the antropyloric region of the rabbit stomach were mapped employing immunoperoxidase localization and morphometric quantitation and compared to similar analyses in hypercalcemic rabbits bearing the VX2 carcinoma. In normal animals, G cells were confined to the lower third of the antropyloric mucosa, where they were randomyly distributed within the mucosal glands. In contrast, tumor-bearing animals showed an extension of these cells into the middle third of the antropyloric mucosa. The absolute counts of G cells in control rabbits were 5.3 +/- 0.78 (mean +/- SE) per unit area, while those in hypercalcemic tumor-bearing rabbits were 11.9 +/- 0.46, a statistically significant increase. It is concluded that rabbits bearing VX2 carcinoma have G-cell hyperplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:335893", "title": "Differentiation in human myeloblastic leukemia studied in cell culture.", "content": "Normal adult hemopoiesis orginates in pluripotent stem cells; among the early differentiated descendents of such cells are progenitors committed to the erythropoietic, granulopoietic, or megakaryocytic pathways of myeloid differentiation. These may be detected in cell culture by developmental techniques, in which progenitors form colonies in viscid or semisolid media in response to appropriate stimulation. Certain diseases of hemopoiesis also originate in pluripotent stem cells; these include chronic myeloblastic leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, polycythemia vera, and idiopathic myelofibrosis-the clonal hemopathies. The hypothesis is advanced that the distribution of cell classes among patients with clonal hemopathies is determined both by the differentiation potential of each pluripotent stem cell maintaining an abnormal clone and by random events occurring during clonal expansion. The latter process may account for the large variations observed between patients when committed progenitors are assayed in cultures of marrow from patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). This variation may also be used to estimate lineage relationships in the clonal hemopathies. When applied to myelopoiesis in AML, obvious differences from the normal are not detected. The analysis is consistent with the view that the blast cell population in AML is distinct from the leukemic myelopoiesis occurring within an abnormal clone. A new assay procedure is described for progenitor cells related to blast cell proliferation. Finally, these concepts are used to develop a model for the pathogenesis and cellular characteristics of AML.", "contents": "Differentiation in human myeloblastic leukemia studied in cell culture. Normal adult hemopoiesis orginates in pluripotent stem cells; among the early differentiated descendents of such cells are progenitors committed to the erythropoietic, granulopoietic, or megakaryocytic pathways of myeloid differentiation. These may be detected in cell culture by developmental techniques, in which progenitors form colonies in viscid or semisolid media in response to appropriate stimulation. Certain diseases of hemopoiesis also originate in pluripotent stem cells; these include chronic myeloblastic leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, polycythemia vera, and idiopathic myelofibrosis-the clonal hemopathies. The hypothesis is advanced that the distribution of cell classes among patients with clonal hemopathies is determined both by the differentiation potential of each pluripotent stem cell maintaining an abnormal clone and by random events occurring during clonal expansion. The latter process may account for the large variations observed between patients when committed progenitors are assayed in cultures of marrow from patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). This variation may also be used to estimate lineage relationships in the clonal hemopathies. When applied to myelopoiesis in AML, obvious differences from the normal are not detected. The analysis is consistent with the view that the blast cell population in AML is distinct from the leukemic myelopoiesis occurring within an abnormal clone. A new assay procedure is described for progenitor cells related to blast cell proliferation. Finally, these concepts are used to develop a model for the pathogenesis and cellular characteristics of AML."}
{"id": "PMID:335894", "title": "Preleukemia. Cytogenetic clues in some confusing disorders.", "content": "A number of disease states are considered \"preleukemic\" because they carry a significantly increased risk for the subsequent development of frank leukemia. These include a variety of cytopenias, myeloproliferative disorders, and childhood syndromes. Cytogenetic data suggest that these preleukemic disorders may not be qualitatively different from leukemia but simply represent quantitative differences in the degree of selective growth advantage enjoyed by a proliferating abnormal hemic population. Recent chromosome studies have indicated that a) this proliferation is characteristically clonal in both preleukemia and leukemia, apparently resulting from a heritable change in a marrow stem cell that allows it to escape to some degree from normal growth regulation; b) genetic instability in the clone, with additional genetic change, may often underlie clinical progression from the relative indolence of preleukemia or chronic leukemia to an aggressive stage comparable to acute leukemia; and c) certain specific chromosome segments carry genes important in the acquisition of growth advantage by hematopoietic stem cells, and many of these are common to both preleukemia and leukemia. Expansion of hemic clones may also be influenced significantly by alterations in the growth control mechanisms themselves. For instance, in various preleukemic states, preexisting marrow hypoplasia may permit clones with only minimal selective advantage to reach demonstrable size. Chromosome findings may help to establish the diagnosis and prognosis in preleukemic disorders, but additional long-term data are needed.", "contents": "Preleukemia. Cytogenetic clues in some confusing disorders. A number of disease states are considered \"preleukemic\" because they carry a significantly increased risk for the subsequent development of frank leukemia. These include a variety of cytopenias, myeloproliferative disorders, and childhood syndromes. Cytogenetic data suggest that these preleukemic disorders may not be qualitatively different from leukemia but simply represent quantitative differences in the degree of selective growth advantage enjoyed by a proliferating abnormal hemic population. Recent chromosome studies have indicated that a) this proliferation is characteristically clonal in both preleukemia and leukemia, apparently resulting from a heritable change in a marrow stem cell that allows it to escape to some degree from normal growth regulation; b) genetic instability in the clone, with additional genetic change, may often underlie clinical progression from the relative indolence of preleukemia or chronic leukemia to an aggressive stage comparable to acute leukemia; and c) certain specific chromosome segments carry genes important in the acquisition of growth advantage by hematopoietic stem cells, and many of these are common to both preleukemia and leukemia. Expansion of hemic clones may also be influenced significantly by alterations in the growth control mechanisms themselves. For instance, in various preleukemic states, preexisting marrow hypoplasia may permit clones with only minimal selective advantage to reach demonstrable size. Chromosome findings may help to establish the diagnosis and prognosis in preleukemic disorders, but additional long-term data are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:335897", "title": "Biofeedback: a guide to the clinical literature.", "content": "Biofeedback is defined and its historical development briefly described. Major literature reviews and comprehensive bibliographical resources are noted, and the literature is surveyed in regard to clinical applications, related relaxation techniques, and issues such as placebo effect, regression to the mean effect, differences between training for a specific or a generalized response, and the importance of theory in the use of biofeedback.", "contents": "Biofeedback: a guide to the clinical literature. Biofeedback is defined and its historical development briefly described. Major literature reviews and comprehensive bibliographical resources are noted, and the literature is surveyed in regard to clinical applications, related relaxation techniques, and issues such as placebo effect, regression to the mean effect, differences between training for a specific or a generalized response, and the importance of theory in the use of biofeedback."}
{"id": "PMID:335898", "title": "Somatostatin inhibition of glucose-induced electrical activity in cultured rat islet cells.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies of rat islet cells in monolayer culture were undertaken to determine the role of transmembranous ionic fluxes in the inhibitory action of somatostatin on insulin release. In the presence of somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SRIF) (2.5 nM), hyperpolarization occured with or without glucose (16.6 mM) in the medium. SRIF also inhibited the incidence of glucose-induced spike activity. The inhibitory action of SRIF occurred within 5 min and was readily reversible. An increase in extracellular K+ (5-13 mM) or Ca2+ (2.3-4.6 mM) prevented SRIF inhibition of glucose-induced electrical activity. The secretory response of cultured islets to glucose (16.6 mM) was completely inhibited by SRIF (2.5 nM). The presence of high [Ca2+]o or [k+]o enhanced insulin release in the presence of SRIF and glucose. Although phentolamine (5.0 microgram/ml) did not block the inhibition of glucose-induced electrical responses by SRIF, it prevented the inhibitory action of epinephrine (0.2 microgram/ml). It is concluded that the primary action of SRIF is to alter transmembranous cationic fluxes, as manifested by hyperpolarization and a decrease in the incidence of spike activity, which may prevent glucose from eliciting a normal secretory response.", "contents": "Somatostatin inhibition of glucose-induced electrical activity in cultured rat islet cells. Electrophysiological studies of rat islet cells in monolayer culture were undertaken to determine the role of transmembranous ionic fluxes in the inhibitory action of somatostatin on insulin release. In the presence of somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SRIF) (2.5 nM), hyperpolarization occured with or without glucose (16.6 mM) in the medium. SRIF also inhibited the incidence of glucose-induced spike activity. The inhibitory action of SRIF occurred within 5 min and was readily reversible. An increase in extracellular K+ (5-13 mM) or Ca2+ (2.3-4.6 mM) prevented SRIF inhibition of glucose-induced electrical activity. The secretory response of cultured islets to glucose (16.6 mM) was completely inhibited by SRIF (2.5 nM). The presence of high [Ca2+]o or [k+]o enhanced insulin release in the presence of SRIF and glucose. Although phentolamine (5.0 microgram/ml) did not block the inhibition of glucose-induced electrical responses by SRIF, it prevented the inhibitory action of epinephrine (0.2 microgram/ml). It is concluded that the primary action of SRIF is to alter transmembranous cationic fluxes, as manifested by hyperpolarization and a decrease in the incidence of spike activity, which may prevent glucose from eliciting a normal secretory response."}
{"id": "PMID:335899", "title": "Sites of cholinergic vasoconstriction in trout gills.", "content": "Sites of cholinergic vasoconstriction were investigated in isolated saline-perfused holobranchs of trout (Salmo gairdneri and S. trutta). Acetylcholine (ACh) always increased overall branchial vascular resistance (BVR) and, in addition, decreased the proportion of the total inflow appearing at the outflow cannula from the efferent arch artery. Since this was observed in both constant pressure and constant flow situations, it was concluded that ACh exerted most of its effect at a site downstream from the secondary lamellae, probably at the bases of the efferent filament arteries. Prussian blue dye injections indicated that, in addition, ACh caused a marked reduction in flow to the distal halves of the filaments and that flow within the proximal secondary lamellae was restricted during ACh administration to the inner and outer marginal channels of the lamellae. The results are discussed in terms of recent findings concerning the vascular anatomy of teleost gills.", "contents": "Sites of cholinergic vasoconstriction in trout gills. Sites of cholinergic vasoconstriction were investigated in isolated saline-perfused holobranchs of trout (Salmo gairdneri and S. trutta). Acetylcholine (ACh) always increased overall branchial vascular resistance (BVR) and, in addition, decreased the proportion of the total inflow appearing at the outflow cannula from the efferent arch artery. Since this was observed in both constant pressure and constant flow situations, it was concluded that ACh exerted most of its effect at a site downstream from the secondary lamellae, probably at the bases of the efferent filament arteries. Prussian blue dye injections indicated that, in addition, ACh caused a marked reduction in flow to the distal halves of the filaments and that flow within the proximal secondary lamellae was restricted during ACh administration to the inner and outer marginal channels of the lamellae. The results are discussed in terms of recent findings concerning the vascular anatomy of teleost gills."}
{"id": "PMID:335900", "title": "A survey of tardive dyskinesia in psychiatric outpatients.", "content": "The authors found a high prevalence--43.4% of tardive dyskinesia in a sample of psychiatric outpatients, a population previously thought to be at nominal risk for development of this syndrome. There was no significant relationship between the presence of dyskinesia and age, sex, years of neuroleptic use, or various organic factors. The effects of dentures and of drug combinations are discussed, and it is noted that structured scales of dyskinesia and videotope recordings are important tools in diagnosing and following the course of dyskinesia.", "contents": "A survey of tardive dyskinesia in psychiatric outpatients. The authors found a high prevalence--43.4% of tardive dyskinesia in a sample of psychiatric outpatients, a population previously thought to be at nominal risk for development of this syndrome. There was no significant relationship between the presence of dyskinesia and age, sex, years of neuroleptic use, or various organic factors. The effects of dentures and of drug combinations are discussed, and it is noted that structured scales of dyskinesia and videotope recordings are important tools in diagnosing and following the course of dyskinesia."}
{"id": "PMID:335901", "title": "1977 annivesaries.", "content": "The author recalls this year's anniversaries of events and individuals prominent in the history of medicine, psychiatry, and psychology and examines their practical and theoretical contributions.", "contents": "1977 annivesaries. The author recalls this year's anniversaries of events and individuals prominent in the history of medicine, psychiatry, and psychology and examines their practical and theoretical contributions."}
{"id": "PMID:335902", "title": "Lithium treatment of patients with affective illness associated with organic brain symptoms.", "content": "Lithium was used to treat the manic symptoms of affective disorder in three patients with associated organic brain syndromes. In all three cases neuropsychological testing permitted evaluation of the degree of dysfunction during the acute and follow-up periods of treatment. Lithium was effective in controlling the manic symptoms of all three patients, and there was no evidence that it caused further organic deterioration.", "contents": "Lithium treatment of patients with affective illness associated with organic brain symptoms. Lithium was used to treat the manic symptoms of affective disorder in three patients with associated organic brain syndromes. In all three cases neuropsychological testing permitted evaluation of the degree of dysfunction during the acute and follow-up periods of treatment. Lithium was effective in controlling the manic symptoms of all three patients, and there was no evidence that it caused further organic deterioration."}
{"id": "PMID:335903", "title": "The treatment of perceptual disturbances in schizophrenia with naloxone hydrochloride.", "content": "The authors treated 12 schizophrenic patients who had overt hallucinatory symptoms with intravenously administered naloxone hydrochloride, a narcotic antagonist purported to have antihallucinatory properties. They found no evidence of the effectiveness of naloxone in preventing hallucinations over that of placebo when administered in a randomized, double-blind fashion.", "contents": "The treatment of perceptual disturbances in schizophrenia with naloxone hydrochloride. The authors treated 12 schizophrenic patients who had overt hallucinatory symptoms with intravenously administered naloxone hydrochloride, a narcotic antagonist purported to have antihallucinatory properties. They found no evidence of the effectiveness of naloxone in preventing hallucinations over that of placebo when administered in a randomized, double-blind fashion."}
{"id": "PMID:335904", "title": "John Stuart Mill on the liberty of the mentally ill: a historical note.", "content": "The author discusses the quote from Mill's On Liberty that is often cited by libertarians in opposition to involuntary commitment of the mentally ill. This quote has been taken out of context; other statements in the document indicate that Mill excluded from his libertarian credo those \"without the ordinary amount of understanding,\" i.e., those people who would now be considered mentally ill.", "contents": "John Stuart Mill on the liberty of the mentally ill: a historical note. The author discusses the quote from Mill's On Liberty that is often cited by libertarians in opposition to involuntary commitment of the mentally ill. This quote has been taken out of context; other statements in the document indicate that Mill excluded from his libertarian credo those \"without the ordinary amount of understanding,\" i.e., those people who would now be considered mentally ill."}
{"id": "PMID:335906", "title": "Suture technic and suture-holding capacity. A model study and a theoretical analysis.", "content": "The suture-holding capacity (SHC) of six representative surgical suture materials was analyzed. The single loop, the far-and-near, and the near-and-near suture technics were used in the study. The SHC was found to depend on: (1) the coefficient of friction between the suture strand and the tissue; (2) the distensibility of tied and untied fiber; (3) the holding capacity of the knot used; and (4) the strength of the untied strand. Knot-holding capacity (KHC) was of the greatest importance when the single loop technic was used and when the friction between the suture strand and the tissue was low. When the near-and-near or the far-and-near technic was used, the SHC was influenced little by the strength of the knot, especially when the coefficient of friction between strand and tissue was high. The near-and-near suture technic produced the strongest sutures for all materials except Dexon, for which the far-and-near technic produced the strongest sutures. With a correct suture and tying technic, one can optimally use the strength of the suture material and one can use thin strands.", "contents": "Suture technic and suture-holding capacity. A model study and a theoretical analysis. The suture-holding capacity (SHC) of six representative surgical suture materials was analyzed. The single loop, the far-and-near, and the near-and-near suture technics were used in the study. The SHC was found to depend on: (1) the coefficient of friction between the suture strand and the tissue; (2) the distensibility of tied and untied fiber; (3) the holding capacity of the knot used; and (4) the strength of the untied strand. Knot-holding capacity (KHC) was of the greatest importance when the single loop technic was used and when the friction between the suture strand and the tissue was low. When the near-and-near or the far-and-near technic was used, the SHC was influenced little by the strength of the knot, especially when the coefficient of friction between strand and tissue was high. The near-and-near suture technic produced the strongest sutures for all materials except Dexon, for which the far-and-near technic produced the strongest sutures. With a correct suture and tying technic, one can optimally use the strength of the suture material and one can use thin strands."}
{"id": "PMID:335912", "title": "Intraocular pressure reduction during treatment with pilocarpine and systemic propranolol. A comparative double-masked study.", "content": "Propranolol, pilocarpine, and placebo were tested on eight patients with ocular hypertension. The trial was performed in a randomized double-masked cross-over manner utilizing the double dummy technique. After 1 week's treatment with 40 mg propranolol administered orally twice daily a statistically significant decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) was seen. Also after application of 2% pilocarpine eyedrops three times a day IOP was significantly reduced. Propranolol decreased the IOP to about the same extent as pilocarpine. Simultaneous administration of propranolol and pilocarpine caused a further decrease in IOP which was statistically significant compared with the corresponding values during administration of pilocarpine alone. The combination of pilocarpine and propranolol lowered IOP slightly more than propranolol alone. The difference was not, however, statistically significant. During treatment with propranolol a significant decrease in heart rate was observed and a slight reduction of systemic blood pressure. It is concluded that propranolol can additively decrease IOP during treatment with pilocarpine.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure reduction during treatment with pilocarpine and systemic propranolol. A comparative double-masked study. Propranolol, pilocarpine, and placebo were tested on eight patients with ocular hypertension. The trial was performed in a randomized double-masked cross-over manner utilizing the double dummy technique. After 1 week's treatment with 40 mg propranolol administered orally twice daily a statistically significant decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) was seen. Also after application of 2% pilocarpine eyedrops three times a day IOP was significantly reduced. Propranolol decreased the IOP to about the same extent as pilocarpine. Simultaneous administration of propranolol and pilocarpine caused a further decrease in IOP which was statistically significant compared with the corresponding values during administration of pilocarpine alone. The combination of pilocarpine and propranolol lowered IOP slightly more than propranolol alone. The difference was not, however, statistically significant. During treatment with propranolol a significant decrease in heart rate was observed and a slight reduction of systemic blood pressure. It is concluded that propranolol can additively decrease IOP during treatment with pilocarpine."}
{"id": "PMID:335923", "title": "The maxillary interincisal diastema and its relationship to the superior labial frenum and intermaxillary suture.", "content": "From the analysis of histories, dental casts, and cephalograms of 471 children of the Burlington Growth Centre sample, interrelationships between the degree of spacing, crowding, diastema and frenum and suture type were derived and the following conclusions were drawn: 1. Suture type remains more constant through development than frenum type. 2. Frenum type is reasonably constant but may change from low to medium or high attachments, but only to a higher level of attachment. 3. Frenum and suture type are related; frenum types 5 and 6 (low attachment) are associated with spacing and with suture types 3 and 4. 4. The primary factors contributing to maxillary diastema appear to be degree of spacing or crowding in most cases, the specific types of sutures and frenum making a minor contribution.", "contents": "The maxillary interincisal diastema and its relationship to the superior labial frenum and intermaxillary suture. From the analysis of histories, dental casts, and cephalograms of 471 children of the Burlington Growth Centre sample, interrelationships between the degree of spacing, crowding, diastema and frenum and suture type were derived and the following conclusions were drawn: 1. Suture type remains more constant through development than frenum type. 2. Frenum type is reasonably constant but may change from low to medium or high attachments, but only to a higher level of attachment. 3. Frenum and suture type are related; frenum types 5 and 6 (low attachment) are associated with spacing and with suture types 3 and 4. 4. The primary factors contributing to maxillary diastema appear to be degree of spacing or crowding in most cases, the specific types of sutures and frenum making a minor contribution."}
{"id": "PMID:335924", "title": "Comparative study of acute effects of albuterol and isoproterenol sulphate aerosols in bronchial asthma.", "content": "Albuterol, a new bronchodilator drug known to cause beta2-adrenergic receptor stimulation, was compared with isoproterenol sulphate for their pulmonary and cardiovascular effects in patients suffering from bronchial asthma. In a double-blind manner 24 patients received as aerosol 170 micrograms of Albuterol or 150 micrograms of Isoproterenol or placebo on three different days. Spirometric, plethysmographic, heart rate and blood pressure measurements were made at 1, 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 300 and 360 minutes after drug inhalation. Baseline values for the various indices were not significantly different before administration of the drugs. Results demonstrate that Albuterol is an effective bronchodilator and its bronchodilating effect is significantly superior and of longer duration than that of Isoproterenol. Albuterol did not produce any significant changes in blood pressure and pulse rate, thus confirming its selectivity for beta2 receptors.", "contents": "Comparative study of acute effects of albuterol and isoproterenol sulphate aerosols in bronchial asthma. Albuterol, a new bronchodilator drug known to cause beta2-adrenergic receptor stimulation, was compared with isoproterenol sulphate for their pulmonary and cardiovascular effects in patients suffering from bronchial asthma. In a double-blind manner 24 patients received as aerosol 170 micrograms of Albuterol or 150 micrograms of Isoproterenol or placebo on three different days. Spirometric, plethysmographic, heart rate and blood pressure measurements were made at 1, 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 300 and 360 minutes after drug inhalation. Baseline values for the various indices were not significantly different before administration of the drugs. Results demonstrate that Albuterol is an effective bronchodilator and its bronchodilating effect is significantly superior and of longer duration than that of Isoproterenol. Albuterol did not produce any significant changes in blood pressure and pulse rate, thus confirming its selectivity for beta2 receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:335926", "title": "Absorption of horseradish peroxidase by neonatal pig intestinal epithelium: effect of Escherichia coli (055B5) on absorption.", "content": "The pathway of macromolecular transport through the neonatal pig small intestinal epithelium was examined, utilizing the cytochemical marker horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The marker was found adsorbed to the apical microvillous of the enterocytes, within apical tubules, and cytoplasmic vacuoles. Extracellular absorbed marker assumed a spherical appearance within the subepithelial spaces but was dispersed within the capillary lumens. Uptake of HRP into the enterocyte occurred in 48-hour old neonatal pigs, but transport into the circulation was not observed. Adherence of Escherichia coli to the surface of the ileal enterocyte did not totally inhibit HRP uptake. The E coli adhered to the surface of the enterocyte or within intercellular vacuoles appeared to be static in as much as they were not involved in the transepithelial migration of envacuolated HRP.", "contents": "Absorption of horseradish peroxidase by neonatal pig intestinal epithelium: effect of Escherichia coli (055B5) on absorption. The pathway of macromolecular transport through the neonatal pig small intestinal epithelium was examined, utilizing the cytochemical marker horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The marker was found adsorbed to the apical microvillous of the enterocytes, within apical tubules, and cytoplasmic vacuoles. Extracellular absorbed marker assumed a spherical appearance within the subepithelial spaces but was dispersed within the capillary lumens. Uptake of HRP into the enterocyte occurred in 48-hour old neonatal pigs, but transport into the circulation was not observed. Adherence of Escherichia coli to the surface of the ileal enterocyte did not totally inhibit HRP uptake. The E coli adhered to the surface of the enterocyte or within intercellular vacuoles appeared to be static in as much as they were not involved in the transepithelial migration of envacuolated HRP."}
{"id": "PMID:335927", "title": "Resistance of neonatal calves given colostrum diet to oral challenge with a septicemia-producing Escherichia coli.", "content": "Twenty Holstein-Friesian male calves were obtained within 4 hours after bith (colostrum deprived) and allotted to 1 of 4 groups, each given a different feeding: colostrum, milk replacer, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and saline solution (0.85% NaCl). Each calf was fed 2 L of the respective diets every 12 hours. Rectal temperatures were recorded and blood samples were collected immediately before each feeding. At approximately 27 hours of age, all calves were inoculated orally with 1.5 X 10(10) viable organisms of a septicemia-producing Escherichia coli serotype O26: K60:NM. Within 8 hours, all calves had diarrhea. Coli-septicemia (E coli cultured from liver, spleen, and cardiac blood) was present in 1 of the 5 calves fed colostrum, in 5 or the 5 calves fed milk replacer, in 5 of the 5 calves fed PVP, and in 4 of the 5 calves fed saline solution. At necropsy of the calves (12 to 48 hours after oral inoculation), the same organism was isolated by cultural technique from small intestines of 19 of the 20 calves. Serum immunoglobulin G concentrations increased (P less than 0.01) in calves fed the colostrum diet in sharp contrast to the agammaglobulinemia occurring in calves fed the milk replacer, PVP, or saline solution. Results indicate that colostrum fed to the calf soon after birth provides protection from colisepticemia, but does not prevent the diarrhea of colibacillosis.", "contents": "Resistance of neonatal calves given colostrum diet to oral challenge with a septicemia-producing Escherichia coli. Twenty Holstein-Friesian male calves were obtained within 4 hours after bith (colostrum deprived) and allotted to 1 of 4 groups, each given a different feeding: colostrum, milk replacer, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and saline solution (0.85% NaCl). Each calf was fed 2 L of the respective diets every 12 hours. Rectal temperatures were recorded and blood samples were collected immediately before each feeding. At approximately 27 hours of age, all calves were inoculated orally with 1.5 X 10(10) viable organisms of a septicemia-producing Escherichia coli serotype O26: K60:NM. Within 8 hours, all calves had diarrhea. Coli-septicemia (E coli cultured from liver, spleen, and cardiac blood) was present in 1 of the 5 calves fed colostrum, in 5 or the 5 calves fed milk replacer, in 5 of the 5 calves fed PVP, and in 4 of the 5 calves fed saline solution. At necropsy of the calves (12 to 48 hours after oral inoculation), the same organism was isolated by cultural technique from small intestines of 19 of the 20 calves. Serum immunoglobulin G concentrations increased (P less than 0.01) in calves fed the colostrum diet in sharp contrast to the agammaglobulinemia occurring in calves fed the milk replacer, PVP, or saline solution. Results indicate that colostrum fed to the calf soon after birth provides protection from colisepticemia, but does not prevent the diarrhea of colibacillosis."}
{"id": "PMID:335928", "title": "Use of the indirect fluorescent antibody test in the detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus antibodies in bovine serum.", "content": "The indirect fluorescent antibody test was adapted for identifying bovine respiratory syncytial virus and its specific antibody, using goat turbinate (GTU) cells. The virus caused maximal cytopathic effects in GTU cells 4 to 8 days postinfection, but fluorescence was not readily detected during this period. Fluorescence was maximal in infected GTU cells at 24 to 36 hours postinfection, but could be detected 48 hours postinfection. Bovine serums (331) which had been submitted to the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory were tested for antibodies to this virus, and 73.6% were found to be positive.", "contents": "Use of the indirect fluorescent antibody test in the detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus antibodies in bovine serum. The indirect fluorescent antibody test was adapted for identifying bovine respiratory syncytial virus and its specific antibody, using goat turbinate (GTU) cells. The virus caused maximal cytopathic effects in GTU cells 4 to 8 days postinfection, but fluorescence was not readily detected during this period. Fluorescence was maximal in infected GTU cells at 24 to 36 hours postinfection, but could be detected 48 hours postinfection. Bovine serums (331) which had been submitted to the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory were tested for antibodies to this virus, and 73.6% were found to be positive."}
{"id": "PMID:335933", "title": "Influence of abdominal pressure and sympathetic vasoconstriction on the cardiovascular response to positive end-expiratory pressure.", "content": "The role of changes in abdominal pressure and sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction in the cardiovascular response to positive end-expiratory pressure was evaluated in 9 mongrel dogs. When the abdomen was widely opened, the decrease in cardiac output caused by positive end-expiratory pressure was the same as that found during control studies. When the abdomen was tightly bound, cardiac output was higher at any positive end-expiratory pressure than in control state (P less than 0.01), but the percent decrease produced by increasing positive end-expiratory pressure was the same. alpha-Adrenergic blockade with phenoxybenzamine produced a significantly greater decrease in cardiac output at any given positive end-expiratory pressure and thus appeared to inhibit the previously operative peripheral vascular adjustments to positive end-expiratory pressure. The major compensatory mechanism in the cardiovascular response to positive end-expiratory pressure thus appears to be mediated via alpha-adrenergic sympathetic factors.", "contents": "Influence of abdominal pressure and sympathetic vasoconstriction on the cardiovascular response to positive end-expiratory pressure. The role of changes in abdominal pressure and sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction in the cardiovascular response to positive end-expiratory pressure was evaluated in 9 mongrel dogs. When the abdomen was widely opened, the decrease in cardiac output caused by positive end-expiratory pressure was the same as that found during control studies. When the abdomen was tightly bound, cardiac output was higher at any positive end-expiratory pressure than in control state (P less than 0.01), but the percent decrease produced by increasing positive end-expiratory pressure was the same. alpha-Adrenergic blockade with phenoxybenzamine produced a significantly greater decrease in cardiac output at any given positive end-expiratory pressure and thus appeared to inhibit the previously operative peripheral vascular adjustments to positive end-expiratory pressure. The major compensatory mechanism in the cardiovascular response to positive end-expiratory pressure thus appears to be mediated via alpha-adrenergic sympathetic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:335934", "title": "Leukocytic response to inhaled bacteria.", "content": "Using histologic techniques, we have quantified the amount of infiltration of bronchi and alveoli by polymorphonuclear leukocytes during the 4 hours after an aerosol inoculation of mice with bacteria. Although the lungs of animals challenged with Staphylococcus aureus differed little from those of animals exposed only to a water aerosol, the lungs of animals exposed to Klebsiella pneumoniae or to Escherichia coli demonstrated significantly greater polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltrations in bronchi and alveoli 2 and 4 hours afer exposure. These results suggest that the polymorphonuclear leukocyte may contribute to the early defense of the lung against some bacteria.", "contents": "Leukocytic response to inhaled bacteria. Using histologic techniques, we have quantified the amount of infiltration of bronchi and alveoli by polymorphonuclear leukocytes during the 4 hours after an aerosol inoculation of mice with bacteria. Although the lungs of animals challenged with Staphylococcus aureus differed little from those of animals exposed only to a water aerosol, the lungs of animals exposed to Klebsiella pneumoniae or to Escherichia coli demonstrated significantly greater polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltrations in bronchi and alveoli 2 and 4 hours afer exposure. These results suggest that the polymorphonuclear leukocyte may contribute to the early defense of the lung against some bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:335935", "title": "Pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium xenopi:two case reports.", "content": "Two cases of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium xenopi are presented. One represents the first case report of Mycobacterium xenopi isolated from surgically resected lung tissue in the United States. The epidemiologic, bacteriologic, and clinical aspects of the disease are presented.", "contents": "Pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium xenopi:two case reports. Two cases of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium xenopi are presented. One represents the first case report of Mycobacterium xenopi isolated from surgically resected lung tissue in the United States. The epidemiologic, bacteriologic, and clinical aspects of the disease are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:335936", "title": "Subsensitivity to the bronchodilator action of albuterol produced by chronic administration.", "content": "Evidence of bronchodilator subsensitivity was sought in studies using the specific beta2 adrenergic agonist, albuterol. After a period of 1 or 2 weeks off all oral sympathomimetic agents, the mean response of the patients to the first dose of albuterol was consistently greater than the response after a period during which the drug had been administered regularly. Maximal decrease in response occurred after 2 weeks' of treatment, and there was no further decrease after prolonged treatment with the same dose of albuterol for periods as long as 1 year.", "contents": "Subsensitivity to the bronchodilator action of albuterol produced by chronic administration. Evidence of bronchodilator subsensitivity was sought in studies using the specific beta2 adrenergic agonist, albuterol. After a period of 1 or 2 weeks off all oral sympathomimetic agents, the mean response of the patients to the first dose of albuterol was consistently greater than the response after a period during which the drug had been administered regularly. Maximal decrease in response occurred after 2 weeks' of treatment, and there was no further decrease after prolonged treatment with the same dose of albuterol for periods as long as 1 year."}
{"id": "PMID:335938", "title": "The tween opacity test as an aid in classification of mycobacteria.", "content": "The Tween opacity test can be used to differentiate (1) Mycobacterium flavescens from Mycobacterium gordonae and Mycobacterium szulgai, and (2) nonphotochromogenic strains of Mycobacterium kansaii from strains of the Mycobacterium terrae complex.", "contents": "The tween opacity test as an aid in classification of mycobacteria. The Tween opacity test can be used to differentiate (1) Mycobacterium flavescens from Mycobacterium gordonae and Mycobacterium szulgai, and (2) nonphotochromogenic strains of Mycobacterium kansaii from strains of the Mycobacterium terrae complex."}
{"id": "PMID:335940", "title": "The bioavailability of folic acid added to wine.", "content": "Folate deficiency is a frequent cause of anemia in alcoholics, but little attention has been paid to its prevention. Folic acid was readily soluble in wines of high ethanol content at concentrations of 10 microgram/ml. Lactobacillus casei folate activity of folic acid added to wines was well maintained during a month's storage at room temperature and fell to 61% to 66% of original activity after 3 months. Pteroylglutamic acid, 10 microgram/ml, added to wines and given in doses of the beverages (4 ml/kg body weight that caused inebriation, was well absorbed by six normal human volunteers (mean maximal increment in serum folate concentration +/- SEM, 71 +/- 8 ng/ml) and by seven recently intoxicated chronic alcoholics (mean increment, 94 +/- 4 ng/ml). Folate deficiency in alcoholics could be prevented by the fortification of alcoholic beverages with the vitamin.", "contents": "The bioavailability of folic acid added to wine. Folate deficiency is a frequent cause of anemia in alcoholics, but little attention has been paid to its prevention. Folic acid was readily soluble in wines of high ethanol content at concentrations of 10 microgram/ml. Lactobacillus casei folate activity of folic acid added to wines was well maintained during a month's storage at room temperature and fell to 61% to 66% of original activity after 3 months. Pteroylglutamic acid, 10 microgram/ml, added to wines and given in doses of the beverages (4 ml/kg body weight that caused inebriation, was well absorbed by six normal human volunteers (mean maximal increment in serum folate concentration +/- SEM, 71 +/- 8 ng/ml) and by seven recently intoxicated chronic alcoholics (mean increment, 94 +/- 4 ng/ml). Folate deficiency in alcoholics could be prevented by the fortification of alcoholic beverages with the vitamin."}
{"id": "PMID:335942", "title": "Renin-aldosterone profiling in hypertension.", "content": "Renin-aldosterone profiling was used to classify patients with hypertension: 243 patients with essential hypertension were classified by renin-urinary sodium indexing; 107 were reclassified by response to administration of furosemide and intravenous saline; 45 were further classified by response to a low-sodium diet. Arbitrary \"normal ranges\" were determined in 89, 32, and 38 volunteers, respectively. Patients with low-renin apparently do not have \"high-volume\" hypertension. Rather, they show a primary renal abnormality in renin secretion and become relatively deficient in angiotensin II and aldosterone when they are subjected to diuresis. They can maintain aldosterone secretion under normal conditions because their adrenal aldosterone receptor is supersensitive to angiotensin II. No evidence of abnormal sympathetic neural activity was found among the renin subgroups. Renin-aldosterone profiling in current clinical practice seems useful mainly in the detection of patients with curable forms of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone/renin ratios may be particularly helpful in diagnosis when obtained after a patient has undergone expansion or contraction of his extracellular fluid volume.", "contents": "Renin-aldosterone profiling in hypertension. Renin-aldosterone profiling was used to classify patients with hypertension: 243 patients with essential hypertension were classified by renin-urinary sodium indexing; 107 were reclassified by response to administration of furosemide and intravenous saline; 45 were further classified by response to a low-sodium diet. Arbitrary \"normal ranges\" were determined in 89, 32, and 38 volunteers, respectively. Patients with low-renin apparently do not have \"high-volume\" hypertension. Rather, they show a primary renal abnormality in renin secretion and become relatively deficient in angiotensin II and aldosterone when they are subjected to diuresis. They can maintain aldosterone secretion under normal conditions because their adrenal aldosterone receptor is supersensitive to angiotensin II. No evidence of abnormal sympathetic neural activity was found among the renin subgroups. Renin-aldosterone profiling in current clinical practice seems useful mainly in the detection of patients with curable forms of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone/renin ratios may be particularly helpful in diagnosis when obtained after a patient has undergone expansion or contraction of his extracellular fluid volume."}
{"id": "PMID:335946", "title": "Toxicity of radiolytic products from 60 Co-treated starch on microorganisms.", "content": "The radiolytic products of a 60Co-irradiated starch are sensitive to the action of catalase, peroxidase and ferrous ions: extracts of irradiated starch so treated loss their toxicity for Escherichia coli. After eliminating the reductones, the toxic activity is attributed to the peroxides and more especially to hydrogen peroxide. Artificial reconstitution of an irradiated starch extract confirms this conclusion and reveals a secondary toxic action of formaldehyde.", "contents": "Toxicity of radiolytic products from 60 Co-treated starch on microorganisms. The radiolytic products of a 60Co-irradiated starch are sensitive to the action of catalase, peroxidase and ferrous ions: extracts of irradiated starch so treated loss their toxicity for Escherichia coli. After eliminating the reductones, the toxic activity is attributed to the peroxides and more especially to hydrogen peroxide. Artificial reconstitution of an irradiated starch extract confirms this conclusion and reveals a secondary toxic action of formaldehyde."}
{"id": "PMID:335947", "title": "Specular microscopic evaluation of donor corneal endothelium.", "content": "The corneal endothelium of intact isolated globes can be histologically evaluated with a specular microscope. The best observations are made within 6 to 8 postmortem hours; however, useful observations have been demonstrated up to 19 postmortem hours in a moist chamber stored eye at 4 C. The technique takes only a few minutes and enables one to see individual endothelial cell changes at magnifications of 120X to 400X. Endothelial screening can be done with this system for such changes as guttata, low cell populations, and trauma.", "contents": "Specular microscopic evaluation of donor corneal endothelium. The corneal endothelium of intact isolated globes can be histologically evaluated with a specular microscope. The best observations are made within 6 to 8 postmortem hours; however, useful observations have been demonstrated up to 19 postmortem hours in a moist chamber stored eye at 4 C. The technique takes only a few minutes and enables one to see individual endothelial cell changes at magnifications of 120X to 400X. Endothelial screening can be done with this system for such changes as guttata, low cell populations, and trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:335948", "title": "Suturing technique for extraocular muscle surgery.", "content": "A method for suturing extraocular muscles is presented which provides a safe, anatomically perfect means of reattaching extraocular muscles after recession, resection, or after disinsertion at retinal surgery.", "contents": "Suturing technique for extraocular muscle surgery. A method for suturing extraocular muscles is presented which provides a safe, anatomically perfect means of reattaching extraocular muscles after recession, resection, or after disinsertion at retinal surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:335943", "title": "[Current importance of resistance of group A streptococci to tetracyclines].", "content": "The resistance of group A streptococci to tetracyclines is a long-standing phenomenon, observed in numerous countries. Sixty strains of group A streptococcus, isolated in 1975 and 6976 at the Claude Bernard Hospital, were tested against natural and semi-synthetic tetracyclines and penicillin G. Whilst sensitivity to the latter was constant, approximately 30% of strains were resistant to tetracyclines. Amongst them, minocycline was nevertheless a little more active than natural tetracycline and doxycycline. The mechanism of this resistance would seem to be extra-chomosomal.", "contents": "[Current importance of resistance of group A streptococci to tetracyclines]. The resistance of group A streptococci to tetracyclines is a long-standing phenomenon, observed in numerous countries. Sixty strains of group A streptococcus, isolated in 1975 and 6976 at the Claude Bernard Hospital, were tested against natural and semi-synthetic tetracyclines and penicillin G. Whilst sensitivity to the latter was constant, approximately 30% of strains were resistant to tetracyclines. Amongst them, minocycline was nevertheless a little more active than natural tetracycline and doxycycline. The mechanism of this resistance would seem to be extra-chomosomal."}
{"id": "PMID:335955", "title": "[Study of the transmissibility of multiple drug resistance and the capacity to ferment lactose in a clinical strain of Kl. pneumoniae].", "content": "The donor properties of K. pneumoniae PI 220 with multiple drug resistance were studied. It was shown that the above strain carried 2 plasmids, i.e. R-plasmid pPI 220 controling resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and sulphanylamides and plasmid pPI 221 controlling lactose fermentation. Both plasmids can be transfered on conjugation to strain E. coli P678 at a temperture of 28 degrees C at a rate of 10(-5) for pPI 220 and 10(-4) for pPI 221. The drug resistance controlled by pPI 221 was transfered mainly in a \"blocks\" simultaneously to 6 drugs. Deletion of plasmid pPI 220 was observed rarely. The donor properties of the strain were defined by the conjugative plasmid pPI 220 controlling the self-transfer and mobilization of plasmid pPI 221 incapable of the self-transfer. E. coli P678 (pPI 220) (PPI 221) acquired the donor properties and transfered both plasmids to E. coli J62 on crossing simultaneously at a rate of 10(-2), as well as to S. typhimurium LT2 and P. rettgeri at a rate of 10(-5). In all the recipient strains studied the transfered plasmids were unstable and segregated also simultaneously at a rate being the highest for P. retgari PI 230. The clones with stable preservation of the plasmids could be obtained by selection.", "contents": "[Study of the transmissibility of multiple drug resistance and the capacity to ferment lactose in a clinical strain of Kl. pneumoniae]. The donor properties of K. pneumoniae PI 220 with multiple drug resistance were studied. It was shown that the above strain carried 2 plasmids, i.e. R-plasmid pPI 220 controling resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and sulphanylamides and plasmid pPI 221 controlling lactose fermentation. Both plasmids can be transfered on conjugation to strain E. coli P678 at a temperture of 28 degrees C at a rate of 10(-5) for pPI 220 and 10(-4) for pPI 221. The drug resistance controlled by pPI 221 was transfered mainly in a \"blocks\" simultaneously to 6 drugs. Deletion of plasmid pPI 220 was observed rarely. The donor properties of the strain were defined by the conjugative plasmid pPI 220 controlling the self-transfer and mobilization of plasmid pPI 221 incapable of the self-transfer. E. coli P678 (pPI 220) (PPI 221) acquired the donor properties and transfered both plasmids to E. coli J62 on crossing simultaneously at a rate of 10(-2), as well as to S. typhimurium LT2 and P. rettgeri at a rate of 10(-5). In all the recipient strains studied the transfered plasmids were unstable and segregated also simultaneously at a rate being the highest for P. retgari PI 230. The clones with stable preservation of the plasmids could be obtained by selection."}
{"id": "PMID:335956", "title": "[Use of a semisynthetic broad-spectrum penicillin (ampicillin) in surgical practice].", "content": "Parenterally ampicillin was used for the treatment of 87 patients with lung and abdominal diseases, liver abscesses, extremity phlegmonas, osteomyelitis and other diseases. The antibiotic was administered intravenously and intramuscularly. High efficacy of the treatment was observed in all the cases with ampicillin sensitive microflora. In some cases a satisfactory therapeutic effect was observed only with the use of ampicillin in combination with other antibiotics and aminoglycosides in particular. No side effects of the antibiotic were registered.", "contents": "[Use of a semisynthetic broad-spectrum penicillin (ampicillin) in surgical practice]. Parenterally ampicillin was used for the treatment of 87 patients with lung and abdominal diseases, liver abscesses, extremity phlegmonas, osteomyelitis and other diseases. The antibiotic was administered intravenously and intramuscularly. High efficacy of the treatment was observed in all the cases with ampicillin sensitive microflora. In some cases a satisfactory therapeutic effect was observed only with the use of ampicillin in combination with other antibiotics and aminoglycosides in particular. No side effects of the antibiotic were registered."}
{"id": "PMID:335957", "title": "[Clinical use of rubomycin in neuroblastoma in children].", "content": "The results of treatment of 23 children at the age of 7 months to 11 years suffering from neuroblastoma are presented; 22 patients with tumors, relapses or metastases were subjected to the treatment and 1 child was treated prophylactically after radical operation. Four patients were subjected to roentgen therapy in addition to the treatment with rubomycin. The antibiotic was administered intravenously in doses of 0.7--1.5 mg/kg in 1--3 days or daily. The caurse dose (3--12 mg/kg) was determined by the treatment efficiency and the side reactions. The objective effect was observed in 68 per cent of the patients, including the pronounced objective effect (marks 3 and 2) in 41 per cent of the cases. Leucopenia (less than 4000 cells in 1 mm3 of the blood). thrombocytopenia, vomiting (or nousea) and changes in the ECG were registered in 20 (87 per cent), 4,9 and 2 patients respectively. When the results of the treatment were positive, repeated courses of the therapy within 1.5--2 years were carried out; 18 patients died within 4 months to 2 years after the first course of the treatment with rubomycin because of the disease development. No signs of the disease were observed in 4 children with in 3--6 years of observation.", "contents": "[Clinical use of rubomycin in neuroblastoma in children]. The results of treatment of 23 children at the age of 7 months to 11 years suffering from neuroblastoma are presented; 22 patients with tumors, relapses or metastases were subjected to the treatment and 1 child was treated prophylactically after radical operation. Four patients were subjected to roentgen therapy in addition to the treatment with rubomycin. The antibiotic was administered intravenously in doses of 0.7--1.5 mg/kg in 1--3 days or daily. The caurse dose (3--12 mg/kg) was determined by the treatment efficiency and the side reactions. The objective effect was observed in 68 per cent of the patients, including the pronounced objective effect (marks 3 and 2) in 41 per cent of the cases. Leucopenia (less than 4000 cells in 1 mm3 of the blood). thrombocytopenia, vomiting (or nousea) and changes in the ECG were registered in 20 (87 per cent), 4,9 and 2 patients respectively. When the results of the treatment were positive, repeated courses of the therapy within 1.5--2 years were carried out; 18 patients died within 4 months to 2 years after the first course of the treatment with rubomycin because of the disease development. No signs of the disease were observed in 4 children with in 3--6 years of observation."}
{"id": "PMID:335958", "title": "Comparative susceptibility of Candida albicans to amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester.", "content": "The in vitro antifungal activities of amphotericin B (AMB) and amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) were compared against 465 clinical isolates of Candida albicans. AMB and AME possessed comparable activity against half of the strains, but against the remainder of the strains the activity of AME was slightly lower than that of AMB. Rarely did AME show superior antifungal activity to AMB.", "contents": "Comparative susceptibility of Candida albicans to amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester. The in vitro antifungal activities of amphotericin B (AMB) and amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) were compared against 465 clinical isolates of Candida albicans. AMB and AME possessed comparable activity against half of the strains, but against the remainder of the strains the activity of AME was slightly lower than that of AMB. Rarely did AME show superior antifungal activity to AMB."}
{"id": "PMID:335959", "title": "In-use evaluation of a prediluted quantitative antibiotic susceptibility test device.", "content": "An antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) device is described. Minimum inhibitory concentration results on 1,294 clinical isolates with seven antibiotics were rapid, reliable, and reproducible. Agreement with the disk diffusion test was 90%. Interlaboratory agreement for the AST was 94%. The AST provides minimum inhibitory concentration capability without the necessity of prior weighing and dilution of antibiotics.", "contents": "In-use evaluation of a prediluted quantitative antibiotic susceptibility test device. An antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) device is described. Minimum inhibitory concentration results on 1,294 clinical isolates with seven antibiotics were rapid, reliable, and reproducible. Agreement with the disk diffusion test was 90%. Interlaboratory agreement for the AST was 94%. The AST provides minimum inhibitory concentration capability without the necessity of prior weighing and dilution of antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:335960", "title": "Clinical and bacteriological evaluation of netilmicin in gram-negative infections.", "content": "A preliminary study was conducted with netilmicin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic. Its effectiveness was evaluated in vitro against 546 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical material. Its effectiveness against gentamicin-susceptible strains was roughly similar to that of gentamicin and other newer aminoglycoside antibiotics. Cross-resistance to netilmicin was found in 9 of 44 gentamicin-resistant strains. A favorable clinical response was observed in 70% of the patients treated with a dose of netilmicin ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 mg/kg. However, the appearance of granular casts was seen in 7 of 10 patients receiving the higher dosage of netilmicin (7.5 mg/kg) and a rise in blood urea nitrogen or serum creatinine levels was observed in 5 of these patients.", "contents": "Clinical and bacteriological evaluation of netilmicin in gram-negative infections. A preliminary study was conducted with netilmicin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic. Its effectiveness was evaluated in vitro against 546 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical material. Its effectiveness against gentamicin-susceptible strains was roughly similar to that of gentamicin and other newer aminoglycoside antibiotics. Cross-resistance to netilmicin was found in 9 of 44 gentamicin-resistant strains. A favorable clinical response was observed in 70% of the patients treated with a dose of netilmicin ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 mg/kg. However, the appearance of granular casts was seen in 7 of 10 patients receiving the higher dosage of netilmicin (7.5 mg/kg) and a rise in blood urea nitrogen or serum creatinine levels was observed in 5 of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:335961", "title": "Agar shake tube technique for simultaneous determination of aerobic and anaerobic susceptibility to antibiotics.", "content": "The broth dilution method of determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics has been adapted to an agar shake tube technique with semisolid media. This permits the simultaneous determination of the aerobic and anaerobic MICs for facultatively anaerobic bacteria such as staphylococci.", "contents": "Agar shake tube technique for simultaneous determination of aerobic and anaerobic susceptibility to antibiotics. The broth dilution method of determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics has been adapted to an agar shake tube technique with semisolid media. This permits the simultaneous determination of the aerobic and anaerobic MICs for facultatively anaerobic bacteria such as staphylococci."}
{"id": "PMID:335962", "title": "Cyclic thymineless death significantly increases frequency of R-plasmid elimination.", "content": "Thymine starvation of Escherichia coli strain C600 thy (R46) eliminated the R plasmid at a frequency of 17%. This was increased fourfold, to 68%, after the same culture was subjected to an additional three cycles of growth followed by thymineless death.", "contents": "Cyclic thymineless death significantly increases frequency of R-plasmid elimination. Thymine starvation of Escherichia coli strain C600 thy (R46) eliminated the R plasmid at a frequency of 17%. This was increased fourfold, to 68%, after the same culture was subjected to an additional three cycles of growth followed by thymineless death."}
{"id": "PMID:335963", "title": "Chartreusin: production and microbiological assay.", "content": "Chartreusin was produced in the fermentation liquors of Streptomyces chartreusis at peak concentrations of 200 to 300 mug/ml. The titers could be increased by 200 to 300% or more by incorporating d-fucose, a part of the chartreusin molecule, into the fermentation media. A microbiological assay with Sarcina lutea could detect concentrations of the drug of 0.5 to 1.0 mug/ml.", "contents": "Chartreusin: production and microbiological assay. Chartreusin was produced in the fermentation liquors of Streptomyces chartreusis at peak concentrations of 200 to 300 mug/ml. The titers could be increased by 200 to 300% or more by incorporating d-fucose, a part of the chartreusin molecule, into the fermentation media. A microbiological assay with Sarcina lutea could detect concentrations of the drug of 0.5 to 1.0 mug/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:335964", "title": "Unusual effects of penicillin G and chloramphenicol on the growth of Moraxella osloensis.", "content": "Growth of exponential-phase liquid cultures of Moraxella osloensis was inhibited by 0.5 U of penicillin G per ml. For this organism, low concentrations of penicillin acted primarily in a bacteriostatic rather than in a bactericidal manner. At higher concentrations of penicillin some killing did take place, but the rate of killing was rather slow and appeared to be independent of penicillin concentration. Microscopic observation of cells from penicillin-treated cultures showed little or no cellular swelling or lysis. The total cell count did not decrease significantly during 6 h of incubation in 5,000 U of penicillin per ml. The rates of respiration, nucleic acid synthesis, and protein synthesis were not affected by the presence of penicillin. Attempts to counteract the bactericidal action of high concentrations of penicillin with growth inhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol were unsuccessful, since chloramphenicol itself was more bactericidal than penicillin for M. osloensis.", "contents": "Unusual effects of penicillin G and chloramphenicol on the growth of Moraxella osloensis. Growth of exponential-phase liquid cultures of Moraxella osloensis was inhibited by 0.5 U of penicillin G per ml. For this organism, low concentrations of penicillin acted primarily in a bacteriostatic rather than in a bactericidal manner. At higher concentrations of penicillin some killing did take place, but the rate of killing was rather slow and appeared to be independent of penicillin concentration. Microscopic observation of cells from penicillin-treated cultures showed little or no cellular swelling or lysis. The total cell count did not decrease significantly during 6 h of incubation in 5,000 U of penicillin per ml. The rates of respiration, nucleic acid synthesis, and protein synthesis were not affected by the presence of penicillin. Attempts to counteract the bactericidal action of high concentrations of penicillin with growth inhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol were unsuccessful, since chloramphenicol itself was more bactericidal than penicillin for M. osloensis."}
{"id": "PMID:335965", "title": "Inhibition of acetylating activity in an enzymatic assay for aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "The radioenzymatic technique using aminoglycoside-6'-acetyltransferase is suitable for determining serum concentrations of aminoglycoside antibiotics that have a 6'-amino group. Standard curves constructed for each drug in normal human serum are generally satisfactory, but we encountered a pool of human serum (designated IN pool) that inhibited the acetylating activity of the assay. Standard curves for amikacin, kanamycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin in the acetylating assay were all abnormal with standards prepared in the IN pool. Acetylating activity was also inhibited with amikacin standards prepared in a filtrate of this serum pool. Heat inactivation (56 degrees C for 30 min) of the IN pool did not eliminate the problem. When the IN pool was diluted 1:10 in normal human serum, the standard curve obtained with amikacin was comparable to the curve with standards prepared in normal human serum. With amikacin standards prepared in a 1:2 dilution of the IN pool in normal human serum, an intermediate level of acetylating activity was observed. When this IN pool was used for the preparation of gentamicin and amikacin standards in a bioassay with Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 27799 as the test strain, valid standard curves and concentrations were obtained. Furthermore, no differences in the biological activity of amikacin were observed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Bacillus subtilis as the test strain. Excellent agreement between the microbial assay and the enzymatic assay was obtained with serum specimens tested for gentamicin (r = 0.89), tobramycin (r = 0.96), and amikacin (r = 0.96). The results obtained with the IN pool illustrate the need for regular use of check samples of known performance, independent from the standards, when determining antibiotic levels in serum.", "contents": "Inhibition of acetylating activity in an enzymatic assay for aminoglycoside antibiotics. The radioenzymatic technique using aminoglycoside-6'-acetyltransferase is suitable for determining serum concentrations of aminoglycoside antibiotics that have a 6'-amino group. Standard curves constructed for each drug in normal human serum are generally satisfactory, but we encountered a pool of human serum (designated IN pool) that inhibited the acetylating activity of the assay. Standard curves for amikacin, kanamycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin in the acetylating assay were all abnormal with standards prepared in the IN pool. Acetylating activity was also inhibited with amikacin standards prepared in a filtrate of this serum pool. Heat inactivation (56 degrees C for 30 min) of the IN pool did not eliminate the problem. When the IN pool was diluted 1:10 in normal human serum, the standard curve obtained with amikacin was comparable to the curve with standards prepared in normal human serum. With amikacin standards prepared in a 1:2 dilution of the IN pool in normal human serum, an intermediate level of acetylating activity was observed. When this IN pool was used for the preparation of gentamicin and amikacin standards in a bioassay with Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 27799 as the test strain, valid standard curves and concentrations were obtained. Furthermore, no differences in the biological activity of amikacin were observed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Bacillus subtilis as the test strain. Excellent agreement between the microbial assay and the enzymatic assay was obtained with serum specimens tested for gentamicin (r = 0.89), tobramycin (r = 0.96), and amikacin (r = 0.96). The results obtained with the IN pool illustrate the need for regular use of check samples of known performance, independent from the standards, when determining antibiotic levels in serum."}
{"id": "PMID:335966", "title": "Rapid microdilution-colorimetric assay for yeast susceptibility to fluorocytosine.", "content": "Acid production by certain yeast species through the fermentation of glucose was used as the basis of an in vitro test for measuring susceptibility of these organisms to 5-fluorocytosine. Serial dilutions of 5-fluorocytosine in yeast nitrogen base broth, with bromothymol blue indicator dye, were made on microtiter plates. A fixed-concentration suspension of yeast cells was added to successive wells of the plates, and the color change from blue to yellow, indicating generation of acid, was noted. Eighteen hours after inoculation the lowest concentration of 5-fluorocytosine that completely inhibited the production of acid was recorded as the minimum inhibitory concentration. The results were reproducible in multiple trials with organisms of the genera Candida, Torulopsis, and Saccharomyces. This test is a rapid, inexpensive alternative to current 48- to 72-h methods in which broth turbidity is used as the end point.", "contents": "Rapid microdilution-colorimetric assay for yeast susceptibility to fluorocytosine. Acid production by certain yeast species through the fermentation of glucose was used as the basis of an in vitro test for measuring susceptibility of these organisms to 5-fluorocytosine. Serial dilutions of 5-fluorocytosine in yeast nitrogen base broth, with bromothymol blue indicator dye, were made on microtiter plates. A fixed-concentration suspension of yeast cells was added to successive wells of the plates, and the color change from blue to yellow, indicating generation of acid, was noted. Eighteen hours after inoculation the lowest concentration of 5-fluorocytosine that completely inhibited the production of acid was recorded as the minimum inhibitory concentration. The results were reproducible in multiple trials with organisms of the genera Candida, Torulopsis, and Saccharomyces. This test is a rapid, inexpensive alternative to current 48- to 72-h methods in which broth turbidity is used as the end point."}
{"id": "PMID:335967", "title": "Amikacin and cephalothin: empiric regimen for granulocytopenic cancer patients.", "content": "Amikacin (15 mg/kg per day) was used in combination with cephalothin (7 g/m(2) per day) as an empiric regimen for de novo febrile (>101 degrees F [38.3 degrees C]) episodes in 93 granulocytopenic (<1,000/mm(3)) cancer patients. Both drugs were given intravenously in four equal doses every 6 h. The response rate for all documented infections was 83%, including 11 of 17 (65%) bacteremias. Escherichia coli (14 cases) was the most common pathogen, whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2 cases) caused fewer infections. Mean amikacin serum levels were 8.7 mug/ml at 1 h and 2.2 mug/ml at 5 h. Failure of bone marrow recovery in association with a bacteremia was a bad prognostic sign (only two of eight improving). Ototoxicity occurred in two (2%) patients, whereas presumed antibiotic-induced nephrotoxicity developed in six (7%) patients. Surveillance cultures (nose, gums axilla, and rectum) of all hospitalized patients revealed no significant change in the incidence of amikacin resistance. The combination of amikacin and cephalothin in this dose and schedule was safe and efficacious in these granulocytopenic patients.", "contents": "Amikacin and cephalothin: empiric regimen for granulocytopenic cancer patients. Amikacin (15 mg/kg per day) was used in combination with cephalothin (7 g/m(2) per day) as an empiric regimen for de novo febrile (>101 degrees F [38.3 degrees C]) episodes in 93 granulocytopenic (<1,000/mm(3)) cancer patients. Both drugs were given intravenously in four equal doses every 6 h. The response rate for all documented infections was 83%, including 11 of 17 (65%) bacteremias. Escherichia coli (14 cases) was the most common pathogen, whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2 cases) caused fewer infections. Mean amikacin serum levels were 8.7 mug/ml at 1 h and 2.2 mug/ml at 5 h. Failure of bone marrow recovery in association with a bacteremia was a bad prognostic sign (only two of eight improving). Ototoxicity occurred in two (2%) patients, whereas presumed antibiotic-induced nephrotoxicity developed in six (7%) patients. Surveillance cultures (nose, gums axilla, and rectum) of all hospitalized patients revealed no significant change in the incidence of amikacin resistance. The combination of amikacin and cephalothin in this dose and schedule was safe and efficacious in these granulocytopenic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:335968", "title": "Results of a clinical trial of cefoxitin, a new cephamycin antibiotic.", "content": "Cefoxitin was administered intravenously to 143 patients, 67% of whom were seriously ill. The rate of cure or improvement was 93%. The study was conducted in two phases; the first was an open, controlled clinical comparison of cefoxitin and cephalothin. In this phase, 28 patients received cefoxitin and 29 received cephalothin. In the second phase, cefoxitin alone was used for the treatment of an additional 115 patients. Twenty bacteremic patients treated with cefoxitin were cured or improved in 95% of cases. The infecting organism was eradicated in all bacteremic patients. All of 14 anaerobic or predominantly anaerobic infections were cured or improved. The infecting anaerobic organism was eliminated in 86% of the cases. Twenty-five patients infected by cephalothin-resistant, cefoxitin-susceptible gram-negative rods were cured. Three patients each with infective endocarditis and osteomyelitis were cured. The incidence of adverse experiences was: 1.4% drug eruption; 2% each asymptomatic serum transaminase elevation and leukopenia; and 2.5% asymptomatic eosinophilia. The incidence of severe thrombophlebitis was 5%. No permanent or serious adverse reactions were encountered. Although the numbers of patients in some categories were too small to permit statistical evaluation, I feel that cefoxitin may be a useful new antibiotic for treatment of infections caused by cehalothin-resistant bacteria and by anaerobic organisms.", "contents": "Results of a clinical trial of cefoxitin, a new cephamycin antibiotic. Cefoxitin was administered intravenously to 143 patients, 67% of whom were seriously ill. The rate of cure or improvement was 93%. The study was conducted in two phases; the first was an open, controlled clinical comparison of cefoxitin and cephalothin. In this phase, 28 patients received cefoxitin and 29 received cephalothin. In the second phase, cefoxitin alone was used for the treatment of an additional 115 patients. Twenty bacteremic patients treated with cefoxitin were cured or improved in 95% of cases. The infecting organism was eradicated in all bacteremic patients. All of 14 anaerobic or predominantly anaerobic infections were cured or improved. The infecting anaerobic organism was eliminated in 86% of the cases. Twenty-five patients infected by cephalothin-resistant, cefoxitin-susceptible gram-negative rods were cured. Three patients each with infective endocarditis and osteomyelitis were cured. The incidence of adverse experiences was: 1.4% drug eruption; 2% each asymptomatic serum transaminase elevation and leukopenia; and 2.5% asymptomatic eosinophilia. The incidence of severe thrombophlebitis was 5%. No permanent or serious adverse reactions were encountered. Although the numbers of patients in some categories were too small to permit statistical evaluation, I feel that cefoxitin may be a useful new antibiotic for treatment of infections caused by cehalothin-resistant bacteria and by anaerobic organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:335969", "title": "Cholesterol-reducing bacterium from human feces.", "content": "An anaerobic, gram-positive diplobacillus that reduces cholesterol to coprostanol was isolated from human feces and rat cecal contents. The isolates closely resemble a cholesterol-reducing organism isolated by Eyssen et al. (H. Eyssen et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 36:412-421, 1973) from a rat's cecum. These organisms would not form colonies and were isolated and cultivated in an anaerobic medium containing homogenized pork brains (naturally high in cholesterol). These organisms require free or esterified cholesterol for growth. They were isolated by serially diluting feces or cecal contents and inoculating brain medium. Colony-forming organisms, which did not reduce cholesterol, were eliminated by addition of inhibitory agents to the brain medium cultures. This serial dilution procedure was performed until a pure culture of a cholesterol-reducing organism was obtained.", "contents": "Cholesterol-reducing bacterium from human feces. An anaerobic, gram-positive diplobacillus that reduces cholesterol to coprostanol was isolated from human feces and rat cecal contents. The isolates closely resemble a cholesterol-reducing organism isolated by Eyssen et al. (H. Eyssen et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 36:412-421, 1973) from a rat's cecum. These organisms would not form colonies and were isolated and cultivated in an anaerobic medium containing homogenized pork brains (naturally high in cholesterol). These organisms require free or esterified cholesterol for growth. They were isolated by serially diluting feces or cecal contents and inoculating brain medium. Colony-forming organisms, which did not reduce cholesterol, were eliminated by addition of inhibitory agents to the brain medium cultures. This serial dilution procedure was performed until a pure culture of a cholesterol-reducing organism was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:335970", "title": "Recovery of spores of Clostridium botulinum in yeast extract agar and pork infusion agar after heat treatment.", "content": "Yeast extract agar, pork infusion agar, and modifications of these media were used to recover heated Clostridium botulinum spores. The D- and z-values were determined. Two type A strains and one type B strain of C. botulinum were studied. In all cases the D-values were largest when the spores were recovered in yeast extract agar, compared to the D-values for spores recovered in pork infusion agar. The z-values for strains 62A and A16037 were largest when the spores were recovered in pork infusion agar. The addition of sodium bicarbonate and sodium thioglycolate to pork infusion agar resulted in D-values for C. botulinum 62A spores similar to those for the same spores recovered in yeast extract agar. The results suggest that sodium bicarbonate and sodium thioglycolate should be added to recovery media for heated C. botulinum spores to obtain maximum plate counts.", "contents": "Recovery of spores of Clostridium botulinum in yeast extract agar and pork infusion agar after heat treatment. Yeast extract agar, pork infusion agar, and modifications of these media were used to recover heated Clostridium botulinum spores. The D- and z-values were determined. Two type A strains and one type B strain of C. botulinum were studied. In all cases the D-values were largest when the spores were recovered in yeast extract agar, compared to the D-values for spores recovered in pork infusion agar. The z-values for strains 62A and A16037 were largest when the spores were recovered in pork infusion agar. The addition of sodium bicarbonate and sodium thioglycolate to pork infusion agar resulted in D-values for C. botulinum 62A spores similar to those for the same spores recovered in yeast extract agar. The results suggest that sodium bicarbonate and sodium thioglycolate should be added to recovery media for heated C. botulinum spores to obtain maximum plate counts."}
{"id": "PMID:335971", "title": "Filtration removal of endotoxin (pyrogens) in solution in different states of aggregation.", "content": "Bacterial lipopolysaccharides are recognized as the major cause of pyrogenic reactions from parenteral solutions. Molecular filtration was used to remove these pyrogenic molecules (endotoxins) from contaminated parenteral solutions. Because bacterial lipopolysaccharides can exist in different states of aggregation, depending on the composition of the solution they are suspended in, the full range of possible states of aggregation was examined by using filters with a wide range of pore sizes. Filters of different pore sizes retained endotoxin lipopolysaccharide presumed to be in the vesicle form, the micelle form, or the detergent-solubilized form in aqueous solutions. Endotoxins (pyrogens) were successfully removed from artificially contaminated solutions of concentrated antibiotics by using filters of 10,000-nominal-molecular-weight limit.", "contents": "Filtration removal of endotoxin (pyrogens) in solution in different states of aggregation. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides are recognized as the major cause of pyrogenic reactions from parenteral solutions. Molecular filtration was used to remove these pyrogenic molecules (endotoxins) from contaminated parenteral solutions. Because bacterial lipopolysaccharides can exist in different states of aggregation, depending on the composition of the solution they are suspended in, the full range of possible states of aggregation was examined by using filters with a wide range of pore sizes. Filters of different pore sizes retained endotoxin lipopolysaccharide presumed to be in the vesicle form, the micelle form, or the detergent-solubilized form in aqueous solutions. Endotoxins (pyrogens) were successfully removed from artificially contaminated solutions of concentrated antibiotics by using filters of 10,000-nominal-molecular-weight limit."}
{"id": "PMID:335972", "title": "Comparison of four-hour and twenty-four-hour refrigerated storage of nonpotable water for fecal coliform analysis.", "content": "The problem of extending the storage time of water samples for fecal coliform analysis was addressed. Included in this report is a literature review of the storage problem. Twenty-eight samples were analyzed in replicate to determine the effect of 24-h storage of water samples at 4 degrees C. A new statistical approach to data analysis, coupled with the concept of practical acceptability, is presented. According to our results, many samples can successfully be stored at 4 degrees C for 24 h.", "contents": "Comparison of four-hour and twenty-four-hour refrigerated storage of nonpotable water for fecal coliform analysis. The problem of extending the storage time of water samples for fecal coliform analysis was addressed. Included in this report is a literature review of the storage problem. Twenty-eight samples were analyzed in replicate to determine the effect of 24-h storage of water samples at 4 degrees C. A new statistical approach to data analysis, coupled with the concept of practical acceptability, is presented. According to our results, many samples can successfully be stored at 4 degrees C for 24 h."}
{"id": "PMID:335973", "title": "Application of the rapid lysine decarboxylase test for early isolation and detection of salmonellae in sewage and other wastewaters.", "content": "A method for early isolation and detection of salmonellae in sewage and other wastewaters by using the rapid lysine decarboxylase test as a single biochemical reaction for screening the suspected Salmonella colonies is described. By this method, Salmonella isolation and identification can be completed within 2 to 3 days in contrast to the 5 to 7 days required for the conventional method.", "contents": "Application of the rapid lysine decarboxylase test for early isolation and detection of salmonellae in sewage and other wastewaters. A method for early isolation and detection of salmonellae in sewage and other wastewaters by using the rapid lysine decarboxylase test as a single biochemical reaction for screening the suspected Salmonella colonies is described. By this method, Salmonella isolation and identification can be completed within 2 to 3 days in contrast to the 5 to 7 days required for the conventional method."}
{"id": "PMID:335974", "title": "Retention of bacteria in liquid films at agar surfaces.", "content": "The number of bacteria retained by agar dipslides immersed in bacterial suspensions was dependent solely on suspension population density and was unaffected by the nutrient status of the agar surface or liquid, disturbance of the liquid, or bacterial motility and chemotaxis.", "contents": "Retention of bacteria in liquid films at agar surfaces. The number of bacteria retained by agar dipslides immersed in bacterial suspensions was dependent solely on suspension population density and was unaffected by the nutrient status of the agar surface or liquid, disturbance of the liquid, or bacterial motility and chemotaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:335975", "title": "Aerobic plate count and Escherichia coli determination on frozen ground-beef patties.", "content": "The aerobic plate count and Escherichia coli content of 604 samples of frozen ground-beef patties is reported. The results are discussed with regard to existing and proposed microbiological standards for raw meats.", "contents": "Aerobic plate count and Escherichia coli determination on frozen ground-beef patties. The aerobic plate count and Escherichia coli content of 604 samples of frozen ground-beef patties is reported. The results are discussed with regard to existing and proposed microbiological standards for raw meats."}
{"id": "PMID:335982", "title": "Influence of continuous positive airways pressure treatment on ductus arteriosus shung assessed by echocardiography.", "content": "In a preterm infant with the respiratory distress syndrome complicated by patent ductus arteriosus, continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) treatment relieved the signs of cardiac decompensation associated with left-to-right shunt. Echocardiography enabled the change in left atrial size, an indirect measure of the shunt, to be followed. In this way the rapid effect of CPAP in reducing left-to-right shunting could be monitored. This noninvasive technique could have many applications in neonatology.", "contents": "Influence of continuous positive airways pressure treatment on ductus arteriosus shung assessed by echocardiography. In a preterm infant with the respiratory distress syndrome complicated by patent ductus arteriosus, continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) treatment relieved the signs of cardiac decompensation associated with left-to-right shunt. Echocardiography enabled the change in left atrial size, an indirect measure of the shunt, to be followed. In this way the rapid effect of CPAP in reducing left-to-right shunting could be monitored. This noninvasive technique could have many applications in neonatology."}
{"id": "PMID:335983", "title": "Early neonatal bacteraemia. Comparison of group B streptococcal, other Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections.", "content": "All cases of neonatal bacteraemia associated with clinical illness occurring at Hammersmith Hospital, over a 9-year period, 1967-1975 inclusive, have been reviewed. The infants studied were those born in the hospital's maternity unit and those admitted from other hospitals from a wide area round London who were ill or of low birthweight. Positive blood cultures occurred in 91 infants, 47 of them in the first 48 hours of life. These 47 infants were analysed separately and divided into three groups, 13 with group B streptococcal infections, 11 with other Gram-positive infections, and 23 with Gram-negative infections. There were no significant differences in birthweight or gestation, in mortality, in incidence of clinically diagnosed respiratory distress syndrome or recurrent apnoea, or in the need for mechanical ventilation between the three groups. The age at which a diagnosis of infection was suspected, and the age at death were both significantly earlier in the group infected with group B streptococcus than in those obtained with other organisms (P less than 0-01 for both comparisons). There were no significant differences in the incidence of hyaline membrane formation or pneumonia seen at necropsy among the three groups. In some of the earliest deaths in the Gram-negative bacteraemic group, Gram-negative rods comprised the bulk of the hyaline membrane as did cocci in the group B streptoccal group.", "contents": "Early neonatal bacteraemia. Comparison of group B streptococcal, other Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections. All cases of neonatal bacteraemia associated with clinical illness occurring at Hammersmith Hospital, over a 9-year period, 1967-1975 inclusive, have been reviewed. The infants studied were those born in the hospital's maternity unit and those admitted from other hospitals from a wide area round London who were ill or of low birthweight. Positive blood cultures occurred in 91 infants, 47 of them in the first 48 hours of life. These 47 infants were analysed separately and divided into three groups, 13 with group B streptococcal infections, 11 with other Gram-positive infections, and 23 with Gram-negative infections. There were no significant differences in birthweight or gestation, in mortality, in incidence of clinically diagnosed respiratory distress syndrome or recurrent apnoea, or in the need for mechanical ventilation between the three groups. The age at which a diagnosis of infection was suspected, and the age at death were both significantly earlier in the group infected with group B streptococcus than in those obtained with other organisms (P less than 0-01 for both comparisons). There were no significant differences in the incidence of hyaline membrane formation or pneumonia seen at necropsy among the three groups. In some of the earliest deaths in the Gram-negative bacteraemic group, Gram-negative rods comprised the bulk of the hyaline membrane as did cocci in the group B streptoccal group."}
{"id": "PMID:335985", "title": "Surgical jaundice in infancy.", "content": "The surgery of congenital malformations of the biliary system has undergone a revolutionary change during the past decade. Although Kasai's hepatic portoenterostomy operation for biliary atresia is the most dramatic example, radical departures from conventional surgical treatment also have been advocated for choledochal cyst, Caroli's disease, congenital perforation of the bile ducts and biliary hypoplasia. This communication describes the lesions responsible for obstructive jaundice in the early months of life, briefly reviews standard treatment and consolidates the available information about the new operative procedures currently proposed for congenital anomalies of the biliary tract.", "contents": "Surgical jaundice in infancy. The surgery of congenital malformations of the biliary system has undergone a revolutionary change during the past decade. Although Kasai's hepatic portoenterostomy operation for biliary atresia is the most dramatic example, radical departures from conventional surgical treatment also have been advocated for choledochal cyst, Caroli's disease, congenital perforation of the bile ducts and biliary hypoplasia. This communication describes the lesions responsible for obstructive jaundice in the early months of life, briefly reviews standard treatment and consolidates the available information about the new operative procedures currently proposed for congenital anomalies of the biliary tract."}
{"id": "PMID:335986", "title": "Human renal allograft blood flow and early renal function.", "content": "Renal allograft blood flow (RBF) was measured at operation by electromagnetic flow meter and probes in 45 patients (34 cadaver donors and 11 living related donors). Mean RBF in 26 patients without acute tubular necrosis (ATN), was 412 +/- 80 ml/min and in 19 patients with ATN, 270 +/- 100 ml/min (p less than .001). Only two of 24 transplants (8%) with RBF greater than 350 ml/min had ATN; whereas, 17 of 21 transplants (81 per cent) with RBF less than 350 ml/min had ATN (p less than .001). In cadaver donor transplants, RBF did not correlate with duration of ATN, warm ischemia time, total ischemia time, pulsatile perfusion time or renal vascular resistance during perfusion. Measurement of renal allograft blood flow can predict presence or absence of postoperative ATN in 87% of patients.", "contents": "Human renal allograft blood flow and early renal function. Renal allograft blood flow (RBF) was measured at operation by electromagnetic flow meter and probes in 45 patients (34 cadaver donors and 11 living related donors). Mean RBF in 26 patients without acute tubular necrosis (ATN), was 412 +/- 80 ml/min and in 19 patients with ATN, 270 +/- 100 ml/min (p less than .001). Only two of 24 transplants (8%) with RBF greater than 350 ml/min had ATN; whereas, 17 of 21 transplants (81 per cent) with RBF less than 350 ml/min had ATN (p less than .001). In cadaver donor transplants, RBF did not correlate with duration of ATN, warm ischemia time, total ischemia time, pulsatile perfusion time or renal vascular resistance during perfusion. Measurement of renal allograft blood flow can predict presence or absence of postoperative ATN in 87% of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:335987", "title": "Lymphocyte monitoring as a predictor of renal allograft rejection.", "content": "The ability to predict acute renal allograft rejection episodes or infectious potentials by immunologic monitoring was studied in 15 renal transplant recipients. Specifically, total circulating erythrocyte- (E) and erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosetting cells were serially studied for the first two months after transplantation and related to immunosuppressive therapy and rejection activity. Total circulating, E-rosetting cells (T cells) were noted to be significantly depressed if rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin (RAHTG) was used in the immunosuppression protocol. The rate at which these T cells repopulated the circulation was measured by calculating their slope (delta total E-rosettes/delta time). Patients with acute rejection had an average slope of 3.2 +/- 0.68 compared to those without rejection, whose slope was 0.74 +/- 0.35 (p less than 0.01). The rapid repopulation of T cells occurred about 10 days before clinical parameters of rejection were evident. The incidence of infection was greater in those patients with total E-rosettes less than 200/mm3. Serial monitoring of total E-rosetting cells after transplantation provides a diagnostic tool for predicting ensuing rejections and can also be used to gain information concerning the susceptibility to infection.", "contents": "Lymphocyte monitoring as a predictor of renal allograft rejection. The ability to predict acute renal allograft rejection episodes or infectious potentials by immunologic monitoring was studied in 15 renal transplant recipients. Specifically, total circulating erythrocyte- (E) and erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosetting cells were serially studied for the first two months after transplantation and related to immunosuppressive therapy and rejection activity. Total circulating, E-rosetting cells (T cells) were noted to be significantly depressed if rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin (RAHTG) was used in the immunosuppression protocol. The rate at which these T cells repopulated the circulation was measured by calculating their slope (delta total E-rosettes/delta time). Patients with acute rejection had an average slope of 3.2 +/- 0.68 compared to those without rejection, whose slope was 0.74 +/- 0.35 (p less than 0.01). The rapid repopulation of T cells occurred about 10 days before clinical parameters of rejection were evident. The incidence of infection was greater in those patients with total E-rosettes less than 200/mm3. Serial monitoring of total E-rosetting cells after transplantation provides a diagnostic tool for predicting ensuing rejections and can also be used to gain information concerning the susceptibility to infection."}
{"id": "PMID:335988", "title": "The effect of serum ALG concentrations on results following renal transplantation.", "content": "Seventy-three recipients of renal allografts from cadaver donors, and 121 recipients of kidneys from living related donors were studied to determine whether there were any differences in posttransplant results between patients that had a high average serum concentration of ALG (>/=800 microg/ml) during the two weeks of ALG therapy and patients that had low serum levels (</=799 microg/ml). Cadaver kidney recipients who had high serum ALG levels (average 1126 microg/ml) had significantly fewer rejection episodes three months posttransplant and less kidney loss three and six months posttransplant when compared to patients with low serum ALG concentrations (average 629 microg/ml). The tendencies after three and six months favored the group with high serum ALG levels, but the differences were not statistically significant. There were also significantly fewer rejection episodes and less kidney loss at three months in the group with serum ALG levels >/=800 microg/ml when high risk patients with diabetes mellitus were excluded. There were significantly also fewer rejection episodes at three months in recipients of living related kidney grafts that had serum ALG levels >/=800 microg/ml. When high risk diabetics or patients older than 40 were excluded from the related recipients, the number of rejection episodes was still significantly less in patients with high serum ALG levels. There was significantly less kidney loss 24 and more months posttransplant in recipients of kidneys from living related donors whether or not high risk patients were excluded. These results support previous reports from the University of Minnesota indicating ALG is a safe and effective immunosuppressive agent in renal allograft recipients.", "contents": "The effect of serum ALG concentrations on results following renal transplantation. Seventy-three recipients of renal allografts from cadaver donors, and 121 recipients of kidneys from living related donors were studied to determine whether there were any differences in posttransplant results between patients that had a high average serum concentration of ALG (>/=800 microg/ml) during the two weeks of ALG therapy and patients that had low serum levels (</=799 microg/ml). Cadaver kidney recipients who had high serum ALG levels (average 1126 microg/ml) had significantly fewer rejection episodes three months posttransplant and less kidney loss three and six months posttransplant when compared to patients with low serum ALG concentrations (average 629 microg/ml). The tendencies after three and six months favored the group with high serum ALG levels, but the differences were not statistically significant. There were also significantly fewer rejection episodes and less kidney loss at three months in the group with serum ALG levels >/=800 microg/ml when high risk patients with diabetes mellitus were excluded. There were significantly also fewer rejection episodes at three months in recipients of living related kidney grafts that had serum ALG levels >/=800 microg/ml. When high risk diabetics or patients older than 40 were excluded from the related recipients, the number of rejection episodes was still significantly less in patients with high serum ALG levels. There was significantly less kidney loss 24 and more months posttransplant in recipients of kidneys from living related donors whether or not high risk patients were excluded. These results support previous reports from the University of Minnesota indicating ALG is a safe and effective immunosuppressive agent in renal allograft recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:335989", "title": "High dose (bolus) intravenous methylprednisolone at the time of kidney homotransplantation.", "content": "A completely randomized double-blind study of bolus methylprednisolone versus dextrose in water, administered at the time of human kidney transplantation, has failed to demonstrate any beneficial effect of the steroid therapy. No differences were observed in the number of complete, irreversible graft rejections, the number of acute rejection episodes, or the number of postoperative steroid boluses administered in the treated or the control groups. Similarly, there were no differences in the mean serum creatinines at 30, 60, 90 days post-transplantation. There was a slight increase in mortality and incidence of complications in the group of patients receiving an intravenous bolus of methylprednisolone at the time of transplantation as compared to controls. The failure to demonstrate any beneficial effect and the slight increased mortality and morbidity associated with the bolus methylprednisolone dosage makes this therapy unjustifiable.", "contents": "High dose (bolus) intravenous methylprednisolone at the time of kidney homotransplantation. A completely randomized double-blind study of bolus methylprednisolone versus dextrose in water, administered at the time of human kidney transplantation, has failed to demonstrate any beneficial effect of the steroid therapy. No differences were observed in the number of complete, irreversible graft rejections, the number of acute rejection episodes, or the number of postoperative steroid boluses administered in the treated or the control groups. Similarly, there were no differences in the mean serum creatinines at 30, 60, 90 days post-transplantation. There was a slight increase in mortality and incidence of complications in the group of patients receiving an intravenous bolus of methylprednisolone at the time of transplantation as compared to controls. The failure to demonstrate any beneficial effect and the slight increased mortality and morbidity associated with the bolus methylprednisolone dosage makes this therapy unjustifiable."}
{"id": "PMID:335995", "title": "Trachea-innominate artery fistula: successful management of 3 consecutive patients.", "content": "Trachea-innominate artery fistula is an uncommon but frequently fatal complication of tracheostomy. Three successive patients who developed this complication while receiving ventilatory assistance through a tracheostomy tube were successfully managed, with long-term survival. Bleeding was controlled by direct digital pressure on the innominate artery or by hyperinflation of the balloon cuff of the tracheostomy tube. In 2 patients, replacement of the tracheostomy tube with an orotracheal tube improved direct access to the innominate artery for digital compression. Late follow-up examination of the right carotid circulation revealed complete reversal of flow in the right internal and common carotid arteries in the 2 patients studied.", "contents": "Trachea-innominate artery fistula: successful management of 3 consecutive patients. Trachea-innominate artery fistula is an uncommon but frequently fatal complication of tracheostomy. Three successive patients who developed this complication while receiving ventilatory assistance through a tracheostomy tube were successfully managed, with long-term survival. Bleeding was controlled by direct digital pressure on the innominate artery or by hyperinflation of the balloon cuff of the tracheostomy tube. In 2 patients, replacement of the tracheostomy tube with an orotracheal tube improved direct access to the innominate artery for digital compression. Late follow-up examination of the right carotid circulation revealed complete reversal of flow in the right internal and common carotid arteries in the 2 patients studied."}
{"id": "PMID:335997", "title": "Calcium-antagonists and islet function X. Effect of suloctidie.", "content": "Suloctidil (0.5 to 5.0 micrometer) inhibits insulin release evoked by glucose or alpha-ketoisocaproate in pancreatic islets. The drug also inhibits basal and glucose-stimulated 45calcium net uptake by the islets. In an artificial system, suloctidil inhibits A23187-mediated calcium translocation. It is proposed that the inhibitory action of suloctidil upon islet function may be due to interference with B-cell native ionophoretic system(s).", "contents": "Calcium-antagonists and islet function X. Effect of suloctidie. Suloctidil (0.5 to 5.0 micrometer) inhibits insulin release evoked by glucose or alpha-ketoisocaproate in pancreatic islets. The drug also inhibits basal and glucose-stimulated 45calcium net uptake by the islets. In an artificial system, suloctidil inhibits A23187-mediated calcium translocation. It is proposed that the inhibitory action of suloctidil upon islet function may be due to interference with B-cell native ionophoretic system(s)."}
{"id": "PMID:335998", "title": "Diet and probucol in lowering cholesterol concentrations. Additive effects on plasma cholesterol concentrations in patients with familial type ii hyperlipoproteinemia.", "content": "Probucol [4,4-(isopropylidendithio bis)(2,6-di-t-butylphenol)], as as an adjunct to diet, was evaluated for its effect on lowering the plasma cholesterol level in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (type II). The trial had a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. About half of the 30 patients responded to a low-cholesterol modified-fat diet with a decrease in the plasma cholesterol level of approximately 13%. When probucol was added to the diet of the responders, their plasma cholesterol level was lowered a further 13%. Patients who did not respond to the diet did show reduced plasma cholesterol concentrations when receiving probucol plus the diet. Analysis of the cholesterol content of the various lipoprotein fractions showed that the low-density lipoproteins accounted for most of the total plasma cholesterol level decrease. There was, as expected, no effect on plasma triglyceride concentrations. Neither the 7-dehydrocholesterol nor the desmosterol level was increased in the plasma of patients treated with probucol for three months. Probucol is useful as an adjunct to diet in lowering plasma cholesterol levels in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. The drug was well tolerated by all patients.", "contents": "Diet and probucol in lowering cholesterol concentrations. Additive effects on plasma cholesterol concentrations in patients with familial type ii hyperlipoproteinemia. Probucol [4,4-(isopropylidendithio bis)(2,6-di-t-butylphenol)], as as an adjunct to diet, was evaluated for its effect on lowering the plasma cholesterol level in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (type II). The trial had a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. About half of the 30 patients responded to a low-cholesterol modified-fat diet with a decrease in the plasma cholesterol level of approximately 13%. When probucol was added to the diet of the responders, their plasma cholesterol level was lowered a further 13%. Patients who did not respond to the diet did show reduced plasma cholesterol concentrations when receiving probucol plus the diet. Analysis of the cholesterol content of the various lipoprotein fractions showed that the low-density lipoproteins accounted for most of the total plasma cholesterol level decrease. There was, as expected, no effect on plasma triglyceride concentrations. Neither the 7-dehydrocholesterol nor the desmosterol level was increased in the plasma of patients treated with probucol for three months. Probucol is useful as an adjunct to diet in lowering plasma cholesterol levels in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. The drug was well tolerated by all patients."}
{"id": "PMID:335999", "title": "Cholera-like diarrhea in Canada. Report of a case associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and a toxin-producing Aeromonas hydrophila.", "content": "A 67-year-old Indian patient was admitted with an acute cholera-like illness. Toxigenic Escherichia coli producing both heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins grew from cultures of feces. In addition, an Aeromonas hydrophila producing a cytotoxic toxin was also isolated from this patient's feces. The unusual severity of this patient's illness may have resulted from coinfection with these two toxigenic organisms, although any role of the toxin produced by a hydrophila is speculative.", "contents": "Cholera-like diarrhea in Canada. Report of a case associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and a toxin-producing Aeromonas hydrophila. A 67-year-old Indian patient was admitted with an acute cholera-like illness. Toxigenic Escherichia coli producing both heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins grew from cultures of feces. In addition, an Aeromonas hydrophila producing a cytotoxic toxin was also isolated from this patient's feces. The unusual severity of this patient's illness may have resulted from coinfection with these two toxigenic organisms, although any role of the toxin produced by a hydrophila is speculative."}
{"id": "PMID:336000", "title": "[The Corynebacterium pyogenes infection in cattle. 1. Incidence of the pathogen].", "content": "Reported are the incidence of Corynebacterium pyogenes together with different pathological changes as well as the existence of latent Corynebacterium pyogenes infections and their widespread occurrence. Corynebacterium pyogenes was established from 609 in 2,130 samples of pathological processes, accounting for 28.6%. The pathogen was cultivated from various processes, including enlarged tail lymph nodes (61.1%), tail phlegmons (56.3%), abscesses (49.1%), epiphysiolyses (45.2%), liver abscesses (31.8%), panaritia at beginning of fattening (20.5%), aborted foetuses (14.9%), foetal membranes in cases of incarcerated placenta (12.0%), and panaritia on end of fattening (3.4%). The same pathogenic microorganism was recorded from nine per cent of apparently intact heifer udders, before pasturing. Corynebacterium pyogenes was cultivated also from nasal mucous membrane (8.4%) and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (37.2%). The highest detection rate was 71.6%, obtained from the tonsils.", "contents": "[The Corynebacterium pyogenes infection in cattle. 1. Incidence of the pathogen]. Reported are the incidence of Corynebacterium pyogenes together with different pathological changes as well as the existence of latent Corynebacterium pyogenes infections and their widespread occurrence. Corynebacterium pyogenes was established from 609 in 2,130 samples of pathological processes, accounting for 28.6%. The pathogen was cultivated from various processes, including enlarged tail lymph nodes (61.1%), tail phlegmons (56.3%), abscesses (49.1%), epiphysiolyses (45.2%), liver abscesses (31.8%), panaritia at beginning of fattening (20.5%), aborted foetuses (14.9%), foetal membranes in cases of incarcerated placenta (12.0%), and panaritia on end of fattening (3.4%). The same pathogenic microorganism was recorded from nine per cent of apparently intact heifer udders, before pasturing. Corynebacterium pyogenes was cultivated also from nasal mucous membrane (8.4%) and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (37.2%). The highest detection rate was 71.6%, obtained from the tonsils."}
{"id": "PMID:336001", "title": "[The Corynebacterium pyogenes infection of cattle. 2. Tenacity of Corynebacterium pyogenes].", "content": "Some common agents were tested for their effectiveness against Corynebacterium pyogenes. The pathogen proved most susceptable to Wofasteril. All germs were killed within ten minutes by a 0.005% solution. Equally good action was recorded from all the other tested agents as well (lactic acid, Lugol's solution, formalin, cupric sulphate, alcohol, and aethacridine. Other studies were conducted with the view to testing the survival capacity of Corynebacterium pyogenes in different media and storage conditions. The pathogen survived three months in routine media and mastitis secretion at room temperature. Regrowth of 38 in 50 strains took place after nine months of refrigerator storage in slanting blood agar tubes with paraffin plugs. Germs sampled from mastitis secretion and stored in a refrigerator were cultivable even after one year had elapsed. The detectability rate of Corynebacterium pyogenes did not change over months by storage of wound infection material at 12 degrees C below zero. The pathogen remained detectable five days from artificial contamination of cattle skin.", "contents": "[The Corynebacterium pyogenes infection of cattle. 2. Tenacity of Corynebacterium pyogenes]. Some common agents were tested for their effectiveness against Corynebacterium pyogenes. The pathogen proved most susceptable to Wofasteril. All germs were killed within ten minutes by a 0.005% solution. Equally good action was recorded from all the other tested agents as well (lactic acid, Lugol's solution, formalin, cupric sulphate, alcohol, and aethacridine. Other studies were conducted with the view to testing the survival capacity of Corynebacterium pyogenes in different media and storage conditions. The pathogen survived three months in routine media and mastitis secretion at room temperature. Regrowth of 38 in 50 strains took place after nine months of refrigerator storage in slanting blood agar tubes with paraffin plugs. Germs sampled from mastitis secretion and stored in a refrigerator were cultivable even after one year had elapsed. The detectability rate of Corynebacterium pyogenes did not change over months by storage of wound infection material at 12 degrees C below zero. The pathogen remained detectable five days from artificial contamination of cattle skin."}
{"id": "PMID:336002", "title": "The treatment of depression with L-5-hydroxytryptophan versus imipramine. Results of two open and one double-blind study.", "content": "In the last few years several open studies supported the hypothesis that L-5-HTP may be an effective antidepressant. Because of the lack of a controlled double-blind trial we started our own investigations to confirm this hypothesis in L-5-HTP. In 1972 we performed two open dose finding trials with L-5-HTP in combination with Benzerazide. These open studies were followed by a double-blind trial comparing L-5-HTP in combination with Benzerazide to Imipramine in 30 patients. Assessments were carried out on day 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20. For data collection we used the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the AMP-system, a Global Rating Scale of Severity of Depression and a Brief Rating Scale for the Behaviour on the ward. In this article we report only a part of the results, mainly on the findings with the AMP-system and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. During our double-blind trial we could not find any significant difference in efficacy of L-5-HTP and Imipramine. The same was found in an open trial. Furthermore the L-5-HTP results showed no difference compared with the results of an Imipramine treatment in 40 patients in earlier double-blind studies. L-5-HTP and Imipramine caused different patterns of side effects. L-5-HTP caused mainly gastrointestinal side effects and Imipramine caused mainly dryness of the mouth and tremor. The gastrointestinal side effects caused by L-5-HTP seemed to be dose dependent.", "contents": "The treatment of depression with L-5-hydroxytryptophan versus imipramine. Results of two open and one double-blind study. In the last few years several open studies supported the hypothesis that L-5-HTP may be an effective antidepressant. Because of the lack of a controlled double-blind trial we started our own investigations to confirm this hypothesis in L-5-HTP. In 1972 we performed two open dose finding trials with L-5-HTP in combination with Benzerazide. These open studies were followed by a double-blind trial comparing L-5-HTP in combination with Benzerazide to Imipramine in 30 patients. Assessments were carried out on day 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20. For data collection we used the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the AMP-system, a Global Rating Scale of Severity of Depression and a Brief Rating Scale for the Behaviour on the ward. In this article we report only a part of the results, mainly on the findings with the AMP-system and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. During our double-blind trial we could not find any significant difference in efficacy of L-5-HTP and Imipramine. The same was found in an open trial. Furthermore the L-5-HTP results showed no difference compared with the results of an Imipramine treatment in 40 patients in earlier double-blind studies. L-5-HTP and Imipramine caused different patterns of side effects. L-5-HTP caused mainly gastrointestinal side effects and Imipramine caused mainly dryness of the mouth and tremor. The gastrointestinal side effects caused by L-5-HTP seemed to be dose dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:336004", "title": "Management of early postoperative complications of arterial repairs.", "content": "Of 1,703 patients undergoing arterial procedures during a three-year period, 81 (4.7%) required reoperation within 72 hours because of early complications. Thrombosis (58 patients) and hemorrhage (19 patients) were the most frequent complications encountered. Reoperation was successful in salvaging a successful outcome in the majority of patients after both hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications. The results seem to justify a continued aggressive approach to the management of early complications following vascular reconstructive procedures.", "contents": "Management of early postoperative complications of arterial repairs. Of 1,703 patients undergoing arterial procedures during a three-year period, 81 (4.7%) required reoperation within 72 hours because of early complications. Thrombosis (58 patients) and hemorrhage (19 patients) were the most frequent complications encountered. Reoperation was successful in salvaging a successful outcome in the majority of patients after both hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications. The results seem to justify a continued aggressive approach to the management of early complications following vascular reconstructive procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:336005", "title": "Vascular access in a University transplant and dialysis program. Results, costs, and manpower implications.", "content": "Vascular access has become the most common operation performed at North Carolina Memorial Hospital, Chapel Hill. Three hundred vascular access procedures performed between 1971 and 1975 were reviewed as to results, costs, and manpower commitment. Subcutaneous radial arterial venous fistula was the procedure of choice, with a 67% two-year patency and the lowest incidence of complications. An average of 1.7 operations per patient was necessary to maintain access. Patients used an average of 19 hospital days per year of dialysis for vascular access and an average of 35 hospital days per year of dialysis for all medical problems. Cost of hospitalization averaged $6,818 per patient per year of dialysis, and for vascular access alone averaged $3,452 per patient per year of dialysis. To create and maintain vascular access, 1,000 hours of operating room time were required, at an expense of $200,000. Vascular access in support of patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis requires a massive commitment of dollars, time, and personnel.", "contents": "Vascular access in a University transplant and dialysis program. Results, costs, and manpower implications. Vascular access has become the most common operation performed at North Carolina Memorial Hospital, Chapel Hill. Three hundred vascular access procedures performed between 1971 and 1975 were reviewed as to results, costs, and manpower commitment. Subcutaneous radial arterial venous fistula was the procedure of choice, with a 67% two-year patency and the lowest incidence of complications. An average of 1.7 operations per patient was necessary to maintain access. Patients used an average of 19 hospital days per year of dialysis for vascular access and an average of 35 hospital days per year of dialysis for all medical problems. Cost of hospitalization averaged $6,818 per patient per year of dialysis, and for vascular access alone averaged $3,452 per patient per year of dialysis. To create and maintain vascular access, 1,000 hours of operating room time were required, at an expense of $200,000. Vascular access in support of patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis requires a massive commitment of dollars, time, and personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:336006", "title": "Innominate artery endarterectomy. A 16-year experience.", "content": "Transsternal endarterectomy was performed in 34 of 37 patients with symptomatic atherosclerosis of the innominate artery, with a mortality of 6%. Thirty of the 32 survivors are asymptomatic at an average of 6.1 years postoperatively. Six of these patients who had ulcerated, nonstenotic atherosclerotic lesions have had complete cessation of preoperative transient ischemic attacks. Normal arterial patency has been maintained for follow-up periods varying from seven months to 16 years.", "contents": "Innominate artery endarterectomy. A 16-year experience. Transsternal endarterectomy was performed in 34 of 37 patients with symptomatic atherosclerosis of the innominate artery, with a mortality of 6%. Thirty of the 32 survivors are asymptomatic at an average of 6.1 years postoperatively. Six of these patients who had ulcerated, nonstenotic atherosclerotic lesions have had complete cessation of preoperative transient ischemic attacks. Normal arterial patency has been maintained for follow-up periods varying from seven months to 16 years."}
{"id": "PMID:336007", "title": "The rapid concentration and purification of influenza virus from allantoic fluid.", "content": "Influenza virus was quantitatively recovered from infectious allantoic fluid by precipitation with 8 percent (wt/vol) polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-6000). Virus concentrated by PEG-6000 treatment was rapidly purified by gel permeation chromatography through controlled pore glass beads. The purity of virus preparations achieved by this method, when judged by three independent criteria, was comparable to virus preparations purified by conventional density gradient procedures.", "contents": "The rapid concentration and purification of influenza virus from allantoic fluid. Influenza virus was quantitatively recovered from infectious allantoic fluid by precipitation with 8 percent (wt/vol) polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-6000). Virus concentrated by PEG-6000 treatment was rapidly purified by gel permeation chromatography through controlled pore glass beads. The purity of virus preparations achieved by this method, when judged by three independent criteria, was comparable to virus preparations purified by conventional density gradient procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:336008", "title": "[In vivo and in vitro studies of a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus isolated from Euxoa scandens, Riley (Noctuidae, Agrotinae)(author's transl)].", "content": "A virus isolated from the larvaes of Euxoa scandens (Noctuidae, Agrotinae) was studied by histological and histochemical techniques, and by electron microscopic observation of virus suspensions and ultrathin sections of infected tissues. Our studies demonstrated that the virus in icosahedral in shape, measures 70 nm and belongs to the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus group. Only the midgut cells of the larvae were found to be infected and the virus particles were localized in inclusion bodies most of which had a paraspherical, polyhedral shape. It was possible to infect Lymantria dispar L. cells in vitro with free virus or with extracts obtained from the diseased larvae. The virogenic stroma and the first small inclusion bodies in this stroma were detected in the cytoplasm at 18 and 36 hours post infection, respectively. These polyhedra had a cubical shape, reached their maximum size after 48 hours and were located in the cytoplasm of over 90 percent of the cells.", "contents": "[In vivo and in vitro studies of a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus isolated from Euxoa scandens, Riley (Noctuidae, Agrotinae)(author's transl)]. A virus isolated from the larvaes of Euxoa scandens (Noctuidae, Agrotinae) was studied by histological and histochemical techniques, and by electron microscopic observation of virus suspensions and ultrathin sections of infected tissues. Our studies demonstrated that the virus in icosahedral in shape, measures 70 nm and belongs to the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus group. Only the midgut cells of the larvae were found to be infected and the virus particles were localized in inclusion bodies most of which had a paraspherical, polyhedral shape. It was possible to infect Lymantria dispar L. cells in vitro with free virus or with extracts obtained from the diseased larvae. The virogenic stroma and the first small inclusion bodies in this stroma were detected in the cytoplasm at 18 and 36 hours post infection, respectively. These polyhedra had a cubical shape, reached their maximum size after 48 hours and were located in the cytoplasm of over 90 percent of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:336009", "title": "California encephalitis virus transmission by arctic and domestic mosquitoes.", "content": "A zero passage arctic mosquito isolate of California encephalitis (CE) virus (showshoe hare subtype) was transmitted by wild-caught Aedes communis mosquitoes after 13 days incubation at 13 degrees and 23 degrees C, AFTER 20 days incubation at 13 degrees C, when mosquitoes imbibed 1 mouse LD50 in a blood meal. Transmission occurred after 20 days incubation at 13 degrees and 23 degrees C when mosquitoes were injected intrathoracially with 1 or 0.1 mouse LD50. Virus was also transmitted by A. aegypti 13 days after infection with 100 mouse LD50 by feeding or intrathoracic injection, and incubation at 13 degrees C. Virus antigen was detected in salivary glands of 42 percent virus-positive A communis mosquitoes by direct immunofluorescence, and in 50 percent or less of A aegypti mosquitoes by immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence, with somewhat greater regularity by the indirect than the direct technique.", "contents": "California encephalitis virus transmission by arctic and domestic mosquitoes. A zero passage arctic mosquito isolate of California encephalitis (CE) virus (showshoe hare subtype) was transmitted by wild-caught Aedes communis mosquitoes after 13 days incubation at 13 degrees and 23 degrees C, AFTER 20 days incubation at 13 degrees C, when mosquitoes imbibed 1 mouse LD50 in a blood meal. Transmission occurred after 20 days incubation at 13 degrees and 23 degrees C when mosquitoes were injected intrathoracially with 1 or 0.1 mouse LD50. Virus was also transmitted by A. aegypti 13 days after infection with 100 mouse LD50 by feeding or intrathoracic injection, and incubation at 13 degrees C. Virus antigen was detected in salivary glands of 42 percent virus-positive A communis mosquitoes by direct immunofluorescence, and in 50 percent or less of A aegypti mosquitoes by immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence, with somewhat greater regularity by the indirect than the direct technique."}
{"id": "PMID:336010", "title": "[Histopathology of lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "The current histological classification of lymphogranulomatosis is presented. The possibility of the occurrence of the cellular phase of nodular sclerosis is discussed. In contrast to the current opinion on the origin of Berezovsky-Sternberg giant cells from reticular cells, the evidence in favour of their lymphocytic genesis is presented. Some problems of therapeutic pathomorphosis and thanatogenesis of patients with lymphogranulomatosis when current methods of treatment (radiation and polychemotherapy) are used are considered.", "contents": "[Histopathology of lymphogranulomatosis]. The current histological classification of lymphogranulomatosis is presented. The possibility of the occurrence of the cellular phase of nodular sclerosis is discussed. In contrast to the current opinion on the origin of Berezovsky-Sternberg giant cells from reticular cells, the evidence in favour of their lymphocytic genesis is presented. Some problems of therapeutic pathomorphosis and thanatogenesis of patients with lymphogranulomatosis when current methods of treatment (radiation and polychemotherapy) are used are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:336013", "title": "Clinical comparison of 10 percent and 25 percent intravenous sodium fluorescein solutions.", "content": "Sodium fluorescein solutions, 3 ml of 25% solution and 5 ml of 10% solution, were compared with a double-blind crossover method in a group of 41 normal volunteers and in a group of 42 patients who had diverse ophthalmic disorders. Following injection of the solutions into the antecubital vein, visualization, serial fluorescein angiograms, and five-minute phase angiograms were studied and compared. The untoward reactions reported in both studies were of types usually associated with sodium fluorescein, the most common of which was a mild, transient nausea. On the basis of our results, there is no significant difference in the incidence and severity of adverse reactions between the 10% and 25% solutions. In the volunteer study, the 25% solution was significantly superior in visualization and paired comparison (P less than .001) in the patient study, the 25% solution was significantly superior in angiogram quality (P less than .01), five-minute phase angiogram (P less than .05), and paired comparison (P less than .005). The overall superiority of the 25% concentration in a 3-ml volume was demonstrated both subjectively and objectively in the volunteer study and in the patient study.", "contents": "Clinical comparison of 10 percent and 25 percent intravenous sodium fluorescein solutions. Sodium fluorescein solutions, 3 ml of 25% solution and 5 ml of 10% solution, were compared with a double-blind crossover method in a group of 41 normal volunteers and in a group of 42 patients who had diverse ophthalmic disorders. Following injection of the solutions into the antecubital vein, visualization, serial fluorescein angiograms, and five-minute phase angiograms were studied and compared. The untoward reactions reported in both studies were of types usually associated with sodium fluorescein, the most common of which was a mild, transient nausea. On the basis of our results, there is no significant difference in the incidence and severity of adverse reactions between the 10% and 25% solutions. In the volunteer study, the 25% solution was significantly superior in visualization and paired comparison (P less than .001) in the patient study, the 25% solution was significantly superior in angiogram quality (P less than .01), five-minute phase angiogram (P less than .05), and paired comparison (P less than .005). The overall superiority of the 25% concentration in a 3-ml volume was demonstrated both subjectively and objectively in the volunteer study and in the patient study."}
{"id": "PMID:336014", "title": "Karl Wittmaack: his life, temporal bone collection, and publications. On the 100th anniversary of his birth.", "content": "Karl Wittmaack (1876-1972) was professor for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology at the universities of Jena (1908-1925) and Hamburg (1926-1946). He contributed a lot of pioneer work to experimental pathology of the ear. He left a unique collection of serial sections of temporal bones from animals (55,000 slides) and man (102, 000 slides). This paper gives some data on Wittmaack's life, his temporal bone collection and the unpublished list of his publications.", "contents": "Karl Wittmaack: his life, temporal bone collection, and publications. On the 100th anniversary of his birth. Karl Wittmaack (1876-1972) was professor for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology at the universities of Jena (1908-1925) and Hamburg (1926-1946). He contributed a lot of pioneer work to experimental pathology of the ear. He left a unique collection of serial sections of temporal bones from animals (55,000 slides) and man (102, 000 slides). This paper gives some data on Wittmaack's life, his temporal bone collection and the unpublished list of his publications."}
{"id": "PMID:336015", "title": "[To Wittmaack's theory of \"hearing without the organ of Corti\" (author's transl)].", "content": "1911 Wittmaack had shown by experiments in cats that the organ of Corti is independent from the cochlear nerve but dependent from a normal internal auditory artery. Similar findings he could observe in his temporal bone collection in cases of acoustic nerve tumors. On the other hand many human cases with the compression phenomenon of the organ of Corti had intact cochlear nerve fibers and neurons, and nearly normal hearing. Thus Wittmaack concluded that some parameters of hearing are transmitted by the nerve endings in the organ of Corti without the haircells. This hypothesis is discussed by means of examples of Wittmaack's temporal bone collection in the light of our present knowledge.", "contents": "[To Wittmaack's theory of \"hearing without the organ of Corti\" (author's transl)]. 1911 Wittmaack had shown by experiments in cats that the organ of Corti is independent from the cochlear nerve but dependent from a normal internal auditory artery. Similar findings he could observe in his temporal bone collection in cases of acoustic nerve tumors. On the other hand many human cases with the compression phenomenon of the organ of Corti had intact cochlear nerve fibers and neurons, and nearly normal hearing. Thus Wittmaack concluded that some parameters of hearing are transmitted by the nerve endings in the organ of Corti without the haircells. This hypothesis is discussed by means of examples of Wittmaack's temporal bone collection in the light of our present knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:336017", "title": "Serological responses in experimental bovine tuberculosis.", "content": "Five two-year-old heifers were each inoculated intravenously with 0.02 mg M. bovis strain AN5. Clinical, haematological and microbiological observations were made during the course of the experiment and antibody levels were measured before and after infection by means of the indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) and bentonite flocculation tests. All cattle developed M. bovis infection varying in severity from peracute tuberculous pneumonia resulting in death within 33 days to chronic progressive generalised tuberculosis. Only cattle developing peracute or acute forms of tuberculosis showed marked haematological changes characterised by leucopenia with lymphopenia. Bacteraemia was detected in the two cattle with peracute tuberculosis 22 days after infection. Anti-mycobacterial antibody was detected after infection in all cattle but fluctuated markedly during the course of the disease. Of a total of 61 serum samples examined from all cattle after inoculation with M. bovis, only 38 were positive to the IFA test and 30 to the bentonite flocculation test. Only 18 were positive to both tests at any one time. IgM was the predominant type of anti-mycobacterial antibody detected by the IFA test and this was found to cross-react with M. avium in almost every sample.", "contents": "Serological responses in experimental bovine tuberculosis. Five two-year-old heifers were each inoculated intravenously with 0.02 mg M. bovis strain AN5. Clinical, haematological and microbiological observations were made during the course of the experiment and antibody levels were measured before and after infection by means of the indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) and bentonite flocculation tests. All cattle developed M. bovis infection varying in severity from peracute tuberculous pneumonia resulting in death within 33 days to chronic progressive generalised tuberculosis. Only cattle developing peracute or acute forms of tuberculosis showed marked haematological changes characterised by leucopenia with lymphopenia. Bacteraemia was detected in the two cattle with peracute tuberculosis 22 days after infection. Anti-mycobacterial antibody was detected after infection in all cattle but fluctuated markedly during the course of the disease. Of a total of 61 serum samples examined from all cattle after inoculation with M. bovis, only 38 were positive to the IFA test and 30 to the bentonite flocculation test. Only 18 were positive to both tests at any one time. IgM was the predominant type of anti-mycobacterial antibody detected by the IFA test and this was found to cross-react with M. avium in almost every sample."}
{"id": "PMID:336020", "title": "Depression: a multivariate study of Sir Aubrey Lewis's data on melancholia.", "content": "Principal component analyses were carried out on 51 items abstracted from Lewis's 1934 and 1936 papers. The first component was bipolar, differentiating between endogenous items and those that were mainly neurotic. The distributions of the first component scores by cluster indicated that there were two separate clusters of patients, one mainly endogenous, the other neurotic. It was concluded that Lewis's data indicate that there are at least two qualitatively different depressive illnesses. Further component analyses were carried out using the 25 endogenous items. The first component was a general one of endogenous depression. The distributions of its scores were bimodal, indicating that there were two groups of patients, those who suffered from endogenous depression and those who did not. These analyses indicated that endogenous depression is a categorical illness.", "contents": "Depression: a multivariate study of Sir Aubrey Lewis's data on melancholia. Principal component analyses were carried out on 51 items abstracted from Lewis's 1934 and 1936 papers. The first component was bipolar, differentiating between endogenous items and those that were mainly neurotic. The distributions of the first component scores by cluster indicated that there were two separate clusters of patients, one mainly endogenous, the other neurotic. It was concluded that Lewis's data indicate that there are at least two qualitatively different depressive illnesses. Further component analyses were carried out using the 25 endogenous items. The first component was a general one of endogenous depression. The distributions of its scores were bimodal, indicating that there were two groups of patients, those who suffered from endogenous depression and those who did not. These analyses indicated that endogenous depression is a categorical illness."}
{"id": "PMID:336016", "title": "Effect of renal transplantation on uremic deafness: a long-term study.", "content": "In order to investigate the influence of a functioning transplant on uremic hearing loss, audiometrical controls were performed on 13 patients before and after renal transplantation. During renal dialysis treatment there was a marked hearing loss for the higher frequencies between 2 000 and 8 000 Hz. Hearing capacity improved to normal after transplantation, the best audiometric results being obtained 21.4 (8-42) months after surgery. There was a significant improvement in hearing especially for middle- and high-tone frequencies. It is assumed that uremic toxins, possibly responsible for sensorineural hearing loss in patients with chronic renal failure may be sufficiently removed by a functioning transplant.", "contents": "Effect of renal transplantation on uremic deafness: a long-term study. In order to investigate the influence of a functioning transplant on uremic hearing loss, audiometrical controls were performed on 13 patients before and after renal transplantation. During renal dialysis treatment there was a marked hearing loss for the higher frequencies between 2 000 and 8 000 Hz. Hearing capacity improved to normal after transplantation, the best audiometric results being obtained 21.4 (8-42) months after surgery. There was a significant improvement in hearing especially for middle- and high-tone frequencies. It is assumed that uremic toxins, possibly responsible for sensorineural hearing loss in patients with chronic renal failure may be sufficiently removed by a functioning transplant."}
{"id": "PMID:336021", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: IX. Laboratory examination of unidentified suspected tissue fragments found at aircraft sites.", "content": "The identification of victims of an aircraft accident may be very difficult because of the degree of fragmentation associated with the accident. Periodically, the Divisions of Aerospace Pathology and Toxicology have been asked to identify tissue, bone, or bloodstains of undetermined origin. Usually this request has been precipitated by situations in which a) it is questionable whether an aircraft has sustained a bird strike, b) unidentified pieces of tissue are found floating at sea, or c) fragments of bone, tissue, or blood-stained flight apparel are found near a crash site. Preliminary studies have shown that gross examination and the methods and procedures used in forensic serology may also be applied in aircraft investigation with very good results. These methods are used as an aid to confirm the identity of the victims involved.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: IX. Laboratory examination of unidentified suspected tissue fragments found at aircraft sites. The identification of victims of an aircraft accident may be very difficult because of the degree of fragmentation associated with the accident. Periodically, the Divisions of Aerospace Pathology and Toxicology have been asked to identify tissue, bone, or bloodstains of undetermined origin. Usually this request has been precipitated by situations in which a) it is questionable whether an aircraft has sustained a bird strike, b) unidentified pieces of tissue are found floating at sea, or c) fragments of bone, tissue, or blood-stained flight apparel are found near a crash site. Preliminary studies have shown that gross examination and the methods and procedures used in forensic serology may also be applied in aircraft investigation with very good results. These methods are used as an aid to confirm the identity of the victims involved."}
{"id": "PMID:336031", "title": "Spontaneous pituitary adenomas in aging rats. A light microscopic, immunocytological and fine structural study.", "content": "The structural features of 26 spontaneous pituitary tumors in aging female Long-Evans rats have been investigated by different morphologic techniques including immunoperoxidase staining and electron microscopy. By light microscopy, the tumors corresponded to chromophobic-sparsely granulated acidophilic adenomas, containing numerous pigment granules and showing congestion as well as focal hemorrhages. Positive cytoplasmic staining was obtained with Herlant's erythrosin as well as with Brookes' carmoisine methods, used to detect secretory granules of prolactin cells. Immunoperoxidase technique revealed the presence of immunoreactive prolactin in the cytoplasm of many adenoma cells. Growth hormone and TSH immuno-stainings were negative. By electron microscopy, the tumors were found to consist of prolactin cells exhibiting marked variability in subcellular morphology and differing considerably from non-tumorous resting prolactin cells. A decrease in size and number of secretory granules, proliferation of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, formation of \"Nebenkerne\", accumulation of free ribosomes, prominence of Golgi complex and the presence of misplaced exocytosis were characteristic features of the adenoma cells and were interpreted as indicating enhanced secretory activity. Crinophagy and transformation of secretory granules into pigment deposits were striking findings in many adenomas. Since all the adenomas seemed to derive from prolactin cells and belong to the same tumor class, it is assumed that prolactin cells in female Long-Evans rats are more susceptible to oncogenic stimuli than other hypophysial cell types.", "contents": "Spontaneous pituitary adenomas in aging rats. A light microscopic, immunocytological and fine structural study. The structural features of 26 spontaneous pituitary tumors in aging female Long-Evans rats have been investigated by different morphologic techniques including immunoperoxidase staining and electron microscopy. By light microscopy, the tumors corresponded to chromophobic-sparsely granulated acidophilic adenomas, containing numerous pigment granules and showing congestion as well as focal hemorrhages. Positive cytoplasmic staining was obtained with Herlant's erythrosin as well as with Brookes' carmoisine methods, used to detect secretory granules of prolactin cells. Immunoperoxidase technique revealed the presence of immunoreactive prolactin in the cytoplasm of many adenoma cells. Growth hormone and TSH immuno-stainings were negative. By electron microscopy, the tumors were found to consist of prolactin cells exhibiting marked variability in subcellular morphology and differing considerably from non-tumorous resting prolactin cells. A decrease in size and number of secretory granules, proliferation of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, formation of \"Nebenkerne\", accumulation of free ribosomes, prominence of Golgi complex and the presence of misplaced exocytosis were characteristic features of the adenoma cells and were interpreted as indicating enhanced secretory activity. Crinophagy and transformation of secretory granules into pigment deposits were striking findings in many adenomas. Since all the adenomas seemed to derive from prolactin cells and belong to the same tumor class, it is assumed that prolactin cells in female Long-Evans rats are more susceptible to oncogenic stimuli than other hypophysial cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:336035", "title": "Mutants of yeast specifically resistant to petite induction by fluorinated pyrimidines.", "content": "Induction of the cytoplasmic petite mutation in yeast by 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) is known to depend on the incorporation of 5FU into some species of RNA; 5FC is active only following deamination to 5FU. Several mutants ahve now been isolated which are resistant to petite mutagenesis by 5FU but remain sensitive to growth inhibition by this analogue. They fall into two classes: those in class I are also resistant to mutagenesis by 5FC, while class II mutants retain partial sensitivity to the latter agent. The growth of both classes is sensitive to 5FC. The behavior of class II mutants requires that exogenous 5FU is specifically excluded from the site of synthesis of the target RNA involved in petite mutagenesis, while 5FC has access to it. The most likely explanation is that the RNA concerned is synthesized in the mitochondria, and that the mitochondrial membranes of class II mutants are impermeable to 5FU but not 5FC. This is supported by the finding that the membrane-active agent dimethylsulfoxide restored 5FU sensitivity to this class of mutants. No such effect was observed with class I mutants, and these are thought to have altered mitochondrial RNA-synthesizing systems which are unable to recognize fluorinated nucleotides.", "contents": "Mutants of yeast specifically resistant to petite induction by fluorinated pyrimidines. Induction of the cytoplasmic petite mutation in yeast by 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) is known to depend on the incorporation of 5FU into some species of RNA; 5FC is active only following deamination to 5FU. Several mutants ahve now been isolated which are resistant to petite mutagenesis by 5FU but remain sensitive to growth inhibition by this analogue. They fall into two classes: those in class I are also resistant to mutagenesis by 5FC, while class II mutants retain partial sensitivity to the latter agent. The growth of both classes is sensitive to 5FC. The behavior of class II mutants requires that exogenous 5FU is specifically excluded from the site of synthesis of the target RNA involved in petite mutagenesis, while 5FC has access to it. The most likely explanation is that the RNA concerned is synthesized in the mitochondria, and that the mitochondrial membranes of class II mutants are impermeable to 5FU but not 5FC. This is supported by the finding that the membrane-active agent dimethylsulfoxide restored 5FU sensitivity to this class of mutants. No such effect was observed with class I mutants, and these are thought to have altered mitochondrial RNA-synthesizing systems which are unable to recognize fluorinated nucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:336036", "title": "Kinetics of nitrogenase of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Heterotropic interactions between magnesium-adenosine 5'-diphosphate and magnesium-adenosine 5'-triphosphate.", "content": "The effects of MgADP and MgATP on the kinetics of a pre-steady-state electron-transfer reaction and on the steady-state kinetics of H2 evulution for nitrogenase proteins of K. pneumoniae were studied. MgADP was a competitive inhibitor of MgATP in the MgATP-induced electron transfer from the Fe-protein to the Mo-Fe-protein. A dissociation constant K'i = 20 micron was determined for MgADP. The release of MgADP or a coupled conformation change in the Fe-protein of K.pneumoniae occurred with a rate comparable with that of electron transfer, k approximately 2 X 10(2)S-1. Neither homotropic nor heterotropic interactions involving MgATP and MgADP were observed for this reaction. Steady-state kinetic data for H2 evolution exhibited heterotropic effects between MgADP and MgATP. The data have been fitted to symmetry and sequential-type models involving conformation changes in two identical subunits. The data suggest that the enzyme can bind up to molecules of either MgATP or MgADP, but is unable to bind both nucleotides simultaneously. The control of H2 evolution by the MgATP/MgADP ratio is not at the level of electron transfer between the Fe- and Mo-Fe-proteins.", "contents": "Kinetics of nitrogenase of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Heterotropic interactions between magnesium-adenosine 5'-diphosphate and magnesium-adenosine 5'-triphosphate. The effects of MgADP and MgATP on the kinetics of a pre-steady-state electron-transfer reaction and on the steady-state kinetics of H2 evulution for nitrogenase proteins of K. pneumoniae were studied. MgADP was a competitive inhibitor of MgATP in the MgATP-induced electron transfer from the Fe-protein to the Mo-Fe-protein. A dissociation constant K'i = 20 micron was determined for MgADP. The release of MgADP or a coupled conformation change in the Fe-protein of K.pneumoniae occurred with a rate comparable with that of electron transfer, k approximately 2 X 10(2)S-1. Neither homotropic nor heterotropic interactions involving MgATP and MgADP were observed for this reaction. Steady-state kinetic data for H2 evolution exhibited heterotropic effects between MgADP and MgATP. The data have been fitted to symmetry and sequential-type models involving conformation changes in two identical subunits. The data suggest that the enzyme can bind up to molecules of either MgATP or MgADP, but is unable to bind both nucleotides simultaneously. The control of H2 evolution by the MgATP/MgADP ratio is not at the level of electron transfer between the Fe- and Mo-Fe-proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:336037", "title": "The aminoacylation of transfer ribonucleic acid. Recognition of methionine by Escherichia coli methionyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase.", "content": "The mechanism of the recognition of methionine by Escherichia coli methionyl-tRNA synthetase was examined by a kinetic study of the recognition of methionine analogues in the ATP-PPi exchange reaction and the tRNA-aminoacylation reaction. The results show that the recognition mechanism consists of three parts: (1) the recognition of the size, shape and chemical nature of the amino acid side chain at the methionine-binding stage of the reaction; (2) the recognition of the length of the side chain at the stage of aminoacyl-adenylate complex-formation; (3) the recognition of the sulphur atom in the side chain at the stage of methionyl-tRNA formation. It is proposed that the sulphur atom interacts with the enzyme to induce a conformational change. A model of the active site incorporating the mechanism of methionine recognition is presented.", "contents": "The aminoacylation of transfer ribonucleic acid. Recognition of methionine by Escherichia coli methionyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase. The mechanism of the recognition of methionine by Escherichia coli methionyl-tRNA synthetase was examined by a kinetic study of the recognition of methionine analogues in the ATP-PPi exchange reaction and the tRNA-aminoacylation reaction. The results show that the recognition mechanism consists of three parts: (1) the recognition of the size, shape and chemical nature of the amino acid side chain at the methionine-binding stage of the reaction; (2) the recognition of the length of the side chain at the stage of aminoacyl-adenylate complex-formation; (3) the recognition of the sulphur atom in the side chain at the stage of methionyl-tRNA formation. It is proposed that the sulphur atom interacts with the enzyme to induce a conformational change. A model of the active site incorporating the mechanism of methionine recognition is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:336038", "title": "The apparent molecular weights of human intestinal aminopeptidase, enterokinase and maltase in native duodenal fluid.", "content": "The apparent molecular weights of human intestinal aminopeptidase, enterokinase and maltase in native duodenal fluid were estimated by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 under different conditions of operational buffer and temperature. No evidence for environmentally induced changes in molecular form was found.", "contents": "The apparent molecular weights of human intestinal aminopeptidase, enterokinase and maltase in native duodenal fluid. The apparent molecular weights of human intestinal aminopeptidase, enterokinase and maltase in native duodenal fluid were estimated by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 under different conditions of operational buffer and temperature. No evidence for environmentally induced changes in molecular form was found."}
{"id": "PMID:336055", "title": "[Possible combinations of antidotal therapy in rats following intoxication with phosphoric acid esters (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to improve or supplement the currently used therapy of poisoning with phosphoric acid esters, a protein free extract from calf blood containing low-molecular subtances (Actihaemyl, Solcseryl) has been tested in female Wistar rats. After poisoning with paraoxon, DFP and soman, a combination of Solcoseryl, Toxogonin and atropine sulfate prolonged the time until exitus, improved the overall rate of survival and considerably shortened the phase of regeneration of the experimental animals even when they had been intoxicated with high doses of poison.", "contents": "[Possible combinations of antidotal therapy in rats following intoxication with phosphoric acid esters (author's transl)]. In order to improve or supplement the currently used therapy of poisoning with phosphoric acid esters, a protein free extract from calf blood containing low-molecular subtances (Actihaemyl, Solcseryl) has been tested in female Wistar rats. After poisoning with paraoxon, DFP and soman, a combination of Solcoseryl, Toxogonin and atropine sulfate prolonged the time until exitus, improved the overall rate of survival and considerably shortened the phase of regeneration of the experimental animals even when they had been intoxicated with high doses of poison."}
{"id": "PMID:336056", "title": "[The bronchodilatory effect of fenoterol-HBr in comparison to the new beta2-bronchodilator (NAB 365, clenbuterol-HCl) (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of 4-amino-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol hydrochloride (clenbuterol-HCl NAB 365, Spiropent) in comparison to fenoterol HBr was tested in a doubleblind trial in 30 patients with asthma bronchiale. 3 times daily for 7 days 15 patients inhaled 24 microgram NAB 365 or 5 mg fenoterol HBr respectively. The bronchospasmolytical effect proved optimal as one day after inhalation both test groups showed a significant decrease of resistance in the respiratory system. A quantitative difference of efficacy between the tested bronchodilators did not materialize.", "contents": "[The bronchodilatory effect of fenoterol-HBr in comparison to the new beta2-bronchodilator (NAB 365, clenbuterol-HCl) (author's transl)]. The effect of 4-amino-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol hydrochloride (clenbuterol-HCl NAB 365, Spiropent) in comparison to fenoterol HBr was tested in a doubleblind trial in 30 patients with asthma bronchiale. 3 times daily for 7 days 15 patients inhaled 24 microgram NAB 365 or 5 mg fenoterol HBr respectively. The bronchospasmolytical effect proved optimal as one day after inhalation both test groups showed a significant decrease of resistance in the respiratory system. A quantitative difference of efficacy between the tested bronchodilators did not materialize."}
{"id": "PMID:336052", "title": "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with levamisole. A controlled trial.", "content": "Levamisole, an anthelminthic agent with immunostimulatory properties, was used in a double-blind, controlled therapeutic trial in rheumatoid arthritis. Patients received either levamisole 100 mg 4 days a week, or placebo, for a period of 4 months. Significant improvement in the treated group, as compared with the control group, was found in the number of tender and swollen joints, grip strength, range of joint motion, sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein. On double-blind global evaluation by the examining physicians, 9 of 14 patients on levamisole and none of 13 on placebo were considered to have improved. Adverse effects did not differ in frequency between the two groups except for mild alteration in taste, which was more common with levamisole.", "contents": "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with levamisole. A controlled trial. Levamisole, an anthelminthic agent with immunostimulatory properties, was used in a double-blind, controlled therapeutic trial in rheumatoid arthritis. Patients received either levamisole 100 mg 4 days a week, or placebo, for a period of 4 months. Significant improvement in the treated group, as compared with the control group, was found in the number of tender and swollen joints, grip strength, range of joint motion, sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein. On double-blind global evaluation by the examining physicians, 9 of 14 patients on levamisole and none of 13 on placebo were considered to have improved. Adverse effects did not differ in frequency between the two groups except for mild alteration in taste, which was more common with levamisole."}
{"id": "PMID:336057", "title": "[Experience with a locally applicable antirheumatic (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical trials with 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethyl-N-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-anthranilate (etofenamate, active principle of Rheumon Gel) were carried out on a total of 69 patients suffering from extra-articular rheumatic complaints and painful spinal syndromes as well as from post-operative and post-accident complaints. Criteria for assessment included spontaneous pain, pressure pain and pain on movement and also limitation in joint mobility. The new gel formulation proved to have a good analgesic efficacy both in a double blind trial against placebo gel and the open study. Those patients treated with Rheumon Gel showed improvement in the symptoms spontaneous pain and pain on movement, in a large number of which patients showing improvement, in a large number of which patients showing improvement the spontaneous pain was completely eliminated. The differences in therapeutic effect compared to the placebo group as well as those of the final clinical assessment were statistically significant. Particularly good therapeutic results were observed in extra-articular rheumatic complaints and in activated arthroses. The skin tolerance of Rheumon Gel was found to be excellent. The gel form permits good and rapid penetration through the skin. The nursing staff also willingly administered the product because of its pleasant protective properties for skin and clothing.", "contents": "[Experience with a locally applicable antirheumatic (author's transl)]. Clinical trials with 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethyl-N-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-anthranilate (etofenamate, active principle of Rheumon Gel) were carried out on a total of 69 patients suffering from extra-articular rheumatic complaints and painful spinal syndromes as well as from post-operative and post-accident complaints. Criteria for assessment included spontaneous pain, pressure pain and pain on movement and also limitation in joint mobility. The new gel formulation proved to have a good analgesic efficacy both in a double blind trial against placebo gel and the open study. Those patients treated with Rheumon Gel showed improvement in the symptoms spontaneous pain and pain on movement, in a large number of which patients showing improvement, in a large number of which patients showing improvement the spontaneous pain was completely eliminated. The differences in therapeutic effect compared to the placebo group as well as those of the final clinical assessment were statistically significant. Particularly good therapeutic results were observed in extra-articular rheumatic complaints and in activated arthroses. The skin tolerance of Rheumon Gel was found to be excellent. The gel form permits good and rapid penetration through the skin. The nursing staff also willingly administered the product because of its pleasant protective properties for skin and clothing."}
{"id": "PMID:336053", "title": "Septic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint. Unique clinical and radiographic features and a favorable outcome.", "content": "Seven patients (eight shoulders) with sepsis of the glenohumeral joint were studied clinically and radiographically. Despite the advanced age of the patients, the presence of gram-negative organisms, and multiple risk factors in each patient (including serious chronic underlying diseases), needle drainage and parenteral antibiotics were all that were required for successful management, provided early diagnosis with prompt institution of antibiotics and drainage occurred. Contrast arthrography safely guided therapy and revealed rotator cuff tears in four of six shoulders as well as frequent extra-articular extensions of the disease. A nonleukemic patient with Aeromonas hydrophilia sepsis and arthritis is reported who survived with eradication of infection and preservation of joint function. A poor prognosis for shoulder sepsis is not substantiated.", "contents": "Septic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint. Unique clinical and radiographic features and a favorable outcome. Seven patients (eight shoulders) with sepsis of the glenohumeral joint were studied clinically and radiographically. Despite the advanced age of the patients, the presence of gram-negative organisms, and multiple risk factors in each patient (including serious chronic underlying diseases), needle drainage and parenteral antibiotics were all that were required for successful management, provided early diagnosis with prompt institution of antibiotics and drainage occurred. Contrast arthrography safely guided therapy and revealed rotator cuff tears in four of six shoulders as well as frequent extra-articular extensions of the disease. A nonleukemic patient with Aeromonas hydrophilia sepsis and arthritis is reported who survived with eradication of infection and preservation of joint function. A poor prognosis for shoulder sepsis is not substantiated."}
{"id": "PMID:336060", "title": "The study and control of environmental radioactivity and its relevance to the control of other environmental contaminants.", "content": "The history of radioactivity as an environmental contaminant is briefly traced. The basic principles concerning radiological protection and their application to the natural environment are reviewed. The relevance of these aspects of radiological protection philosophy and methodology to the control of other environmental contaminants is examined, especially the development and application of basic standards to waste disposal situations. It is concluded that many of the control procedures developed for radioactivity could be applied with advantage to other potential pollutants.", "contents": "The study and control of environmental radioactivity and its relevance to the control of other environmental contaminants. The history of radioactivity as an environmental contaminant is briefly traced. The basic principles concerning radiological protection and their application to the natural environment are reviewed. The relevance of these aspects of radiological protection philosophy and methodology to the control of other environmental contaminants is examined, especially the development and application of basic standards to waste disposal situations. It is concluded that many of the control procedures developed for radioactivity could be applied with advantage to other potential pollutants."}
{"id": "PMID:336061", "title": "[Experience with stereotaxic brain surgery for spasmodic torticollis].", "content": "For diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, a differentiation of torticollis spasmodicus into horizontal, rotatory, and horizontal-rotatory forms is advisable. They are supplemented by an additional retrocollis component, by further signs of torsion dystonia, and by a pure form of retrocollis. The 24 patients treated by the authors stereotactically are classified accordingly. The stereotactic exclusion of target points in the thalamus (ventro-oral nuclei, mainly V.o.i., H1, nucleus interstitialis Cajal) brought about a removal in 20.8 per cent, considerable improvement in another 20.8 per cent, a satisfactory improvement in 16.8 per cent, and a positive effect on the wryneck symptoms in 25 per cent. In 16.6 per cent of the cases no change could be achieved. Side-effects were not observed. The recommended therapeutic order ranges from peripheral interventions (injections, separating of the muscle branch of the N. accessorius) to the stereotactic operations and finally cervical rhizotomy (in rare cases).", "contents": "[Experience with stereotaxic brain surgery for spasmodic torticollis]. For diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, a differentiation of torticollis spasmodicus into horizontal, rotatory, and horizontal-rotatory forms is advisable. They are supplemented by an additional retrocollis component, by further signs of torsion dystonia, and by a pure form of retrocollis. The 24 patients treated by the authors stereotactically are classified accordingly. The stereotactic exclusion of target points in the thalamus (ventro-oral nuclei, mainly V.o.i., H1, nucleus interstitialis Cajal) brought about a removal in 20.8 per cent, considerable improvement in another 20.8 per cent, a satisfactory improvement in 16.8 per cent, and a positive effect on the wryneck symptoms in 25 per cent. In 16.6 per cent of the cases no change could be achieved. Side-effects were not observed. The recommended therapeutic order ranges from peripheral interventions (injections, separating of the muscle branch of the N. accessorius) to the stereotactic operations and finally cervical rhizotomy (in rare cases)."}
{"id": "PMID:336062", "title": "[Utilization of magneto-biological effects in neurosurgery].", "content": "After referring to the application of magnetoes used until now for fixation of ferromagnetic substancies in aneurysms, the new results obtained with externally exployed magnetic fields are discussed. Target site is calculated according to stereotactic principles. In the magnetic field the circulating blood is influenced in such a manner, that in the anode region clotting will occure, wherease in the region of cathode the clotting will be inhibited. After developing the appropiate equipment, these conditions were studied  on the basis of experimentally produced aneurysms in thyroid arteries of animals as well as in 30 ptients. It is assumed, that magnetic fields increase the immunoresistance of the organism and also exert a direct influence on the growth of tumourcells.", "contents": "[Utilization of magneto-biological effects in neurosurgery]. After referring to the application of magnetoes used until now for fixation of ferromagnetic substancies in aneurysms, the new results obtained with externally exployed magnetic fields are discussed. Target site is calculated according to stereotactic principles. In the magnetic field the circulating blood is influenced in such a manner, that in the anode region clotting will occure, wherease in the region of cathode the clotting will be inhibited. After developing the appropiate equipment, these conditions were studied  on the basis of experimentally produced aneurysms in thyroid arteries of animals as well as in 30 ptients. It is assumed, that magnetic fields increase the immunoresistance of the organism and also exert a direct influence on the growth of tumourcells."}
{"id": "PMID:336070", "title": "A preliminary study of intravenous methanol extraction residue of BCG in treatment of advanced cancer.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with advanced cancer not reacting to conventional therapy were treated with 97 courses of i.v. MER (methanol extraction residue of BCG). MER was administered by i.v. infusion over a 4-h period, twice a week, in dosages varying from 0.05 mg to 1.25 mg. The skin reactivity to 5 recall antigens was evaluated in the patients. All patients except 4 were anergic. Twelve patients had no side-effects. Anergic patients had less side-effects than ergic patients. The side-effects recorded in the others were fever, chills, vomiting and tachycardia. The reaction subsided within 24 h after treatment and was tolerable for most patients. In 2 patients an objective improvement was observed. No changes in cutaneous reactivity, renal and hepatic functions were found. A significant increase in peripheral leucocyte count was noted in two patients and slight a increase in the remainder.", "contents": "A preliminary study of intravenous methanol extraction residue of BCG in treatment of advanced cancer. Twenty-four patients with advanced cancer not reacting to conventional therapy were treated with 97 courses of i.v. MER (methanol extraction residue of BCG). MER was administered by i.v. infusion over a 4-h period, twice a week, in dosages varying from 0.05 mg to 1.25 mg. The skin reactivity to 5 recall antigens was evaluated in the patients. All patients except 4 were anergic. Twelve patients had no side-effects. Anergic patients had less side-effects than ergic patients. The side-effects recorded in the others were fever, chills, vomiting and tachycardia. The reaction subsided within 24 h after treatment and was tolerable for most patients. In 2 patients an objective improvement was observed. No changes in cutaneous reactivity, renal and hepatic functions were found. A significant increase in peripheral leucocyte count was noted in two patients and slight a increase in the remainder."}
{"id": "PMID:336071", "title": "Pitfalls in the use of the lung colony assay to assess T-cell function in irradiated mice.", "content": "Mice depleted of T lymphocytes by thymectomy, whole-body irradiation and bone-marrow reconstitution showed a marked increase in susceptibility to the development of lung colonies after i.v. injection of cells of an immunogenic fibrosarcoma. However, a similar increase was observed in unthymectomized, irradiated and reconstituted mice that had recovered their T-cell function, as evidenced by rejection of allogeneic skin grafts. In both thymectomized and unthymectomized mice subjected to whole-body irradiation, the lung-colony-forming efficiency was high 1 day after irradiation, declined to a minimum at 7 days, and thereafter increased again, unless the animals were held in a pathogen-free environment. Reconstitution of T-cell-depleted mice with thymocytes and/or a thymic lobe graft tended to increase further, rather than reduce, lung-colony-forming efficiency. Induction of profound lymphopenia, by irradiation of the whole body except the thorax, did not significantly increase lung colony yields. These studies show that the lung colony assay is not a reliable method of assessing T-cell function in irradiated mice.", "contents": "Pitfalls in the use of the lung colony assay to assess T-cell function in irradiated mice. Mice depleted of T lymphocytes by thymectomy, whole-body irradiation and bone-marrow reconstitution showed a marked increase in susceptibility to the development of lung colonies after i.v. injection of cells of an immunogenic fibrosarcoma. However, a similar increase was observed in unthymectomized, irradiated and reconstituted mice that had recovered their T-cell function, as evidenced by rejection of allogeneic skin grafts. In both thymectomized and unthymectomized mice subjected to whole-body irradiation, the lung-colony-forming efficiency was high 1 day after irradiation, declined to a minimum at 7 days, and thereafter increased again, unless the animals were held in a pathogen-free environment. Reconstitution of T-cell-depleted mice with thymocytes and/or a thymic lobe graft tended to increase further, rather than reduce, lung-colony-forming efficiency. Induction of profound lymphopenia, by irradiation of the whole body except the thorax, did not significantly increase lung colony yields. These studies show that the lung colony assay is not a reliable method of assessing T-cell function in irradiated mice."}
{"id": "PMID:336073", "title": "Chronic leg ulcers treated by the pinch graft method.", "content": "Forty-nine patients with chronic leg ulcers were treated by pinch grafting. The initial success of this procedure was high for both gravitational and arterio-sclerotic ulcers. Over half the grafted gravitational ulcers and 70% of grafted arteriosclerotic ulcers were intact after 2 years. Some grafts remained stable for 6 years. Arteritic ulcers did not respond as well; none of the grafted ulcers survived more than 6 months. Pinch grafting is still a simple, cheap and effective therapy offering prolonged graft stability as well as quicker healing to those patients who are not fit for more extensive surgery.", "contents": "Chronic leg ulcers treated by the pinch graft method. Forty-nine patients with chronic leg ulcers were treated by pinch grafting. The initial success of this procedure was high for both gravitational and arterio-sclerotic ulcers. Over half the grafted gravitational ulcers and 70% of grafted arteriosclerotic ulcers were intact after 2 years. Some grafts remained stable for 6 years. Arteritic ulcers did not respond as well; none of the grafted ulcers survived more than 6 months. Pinch grafting is still a simple, cheap and effective therapy offering prolonged graft stability as well as quicker healing to those patients who are not fit for more extensive surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:336074", "title": "Evolution of the lesion of discoid lupus erythematosus: a comparison with lichen planus.", "content": "The tissue processes leading to the development of the epidermal changes in the lesion of discoid lupus erythematosus have been studied. Typical lesions in fifteen patients have been examined using cell kinetic and immunofluorescence techniques. The results suggest that a very active repair mechanism is operative within the epidermis with heightened epidermopoiesis and epidermal cell migration. The findings have been contrasted with those of previous similar studies of lichen planus. It is suggested that a major difference between the gross and microscopic appearance in the two diseases may be partially on the basis of differing patterns of immunoprotein deposition.", "contents": "Evolution of the lesion of discoid lupus erythematosus: a comparison with lichen planus. The tissue processes leading to the development of the epidermal changes in the lesion of discoid lupus erythematosus have been studied. Typical lesions in fifteen patients have been examined using cell kinetic and immunofluorescence techniques. The results suggest that a very active repair mechanism is operative within the epidermis with heightened epidermopoiesis and epidermal cell migration. The findings have been contrasted with those of previous similar studies of lichen planus. It is suggested that a major difference between the gross and microscopic appearance in the two diseases may be partially on the basis of differing patterns of immunoprotein deposition."}
{"id": "PMID:336076", "title": "The endocrine pancreas in small-for-dates infants.", "content": "In a small series of pregnancies complicated by severe fetal growth retardation we found reduction of fetal endocrine pancreatic tissues and of the insulin producing beta cells.", "contents": "The endocrine pancreas in small-for-dates infants. In a small series of pregnancies complicated by severe fetal growth retardation we found reduction of fetal endocrine pancreatic tissues and of the insulin producing beta cells."}
{"id": "PMID:336077", "title": "Effect of clomiphene on prolactin secretion and lactation in puerperal women.", "content": "Clomiphene citrate treatment neither inhibited milk secretion nor had a suppresive effect on serum prolactin levels in 10 puerperal women.", "contents": "Effect of clomiphene on prolactin secretion and lactation in puerperal women. Clomiphene citrate treatment neither inhibited milk secretion nor had a suppresive effect on serum prolactin levels in 10 puerperal women."}
{"id": "PMID:336078", "title": "Treatment of the premenstrual syndrome.", "content": "A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, parallel group study in hospital and general practice has shown that a combination of belladonna alkaloids, ergotamine tartrate, and phenobarbitone (Bellergal) was effective in treating troublesome symptoms of the premenstrual syndrome of which fatigue, tender breasts, nervousness, irritability, lethargy and listlessness were improved to a statistically significant degree. The drug was given three times daily and caused no side effects.", "contents": "Treatment of the premenstrual syndrome. A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, parallel group study in hospital and general practice has shown that a combination of belladonna alkaloids, ergotamine tartrate, and phenobarbitone (Bellergal) was effective in treating troublesome symptoms of the premenstrual syndrome of which fatigue, tender breasts, nervousness, irritability, lethargy and listlessness were improved to a statistically significant degree. The drug was given three times daily and caused no side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:336079", "title": "Peripheral retinal ablation in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a three-year interim report of a randomised, controlled study using the argon laser.", "content": "A randomised controlled trial is reported of 94 patients with a symmetrical proliferative diabetic retinopathy involving the optic disc, who were treated by a peripheral retinal ablation technique using the argon laser. A highly significant difference in mean cumulative deterioration of visual acuity and blindness was shown in all but the late stages of the disease process between treated and untreated eyes. The untreated eyes exhibited far worse results. The earlier photocoagulation is initiated in the course of the proliferative process in this disease to control or preferably eliminate optic disc neovascularisation, the better the visual prognosis.", "contents": "Peripheral retinal ablation in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a three-year interim report of a randomised, controlled study using the argon laser. A randomised controlled trial is reported of 94 patients with a symmetrical proliferative diabetic retinopathy involving the optic disc, who were treated by a peripheral retinal ablation technique using the argon laser. A highly significant difference in mean cumulative deterioration of visual acuity and blindness was shown in all but the late stages of the disease process between treated and untreated eyes. The untreated eyes exhibited far worse results. The earlier photocoagulation is initiated in the course of the proliferative process in this disease to control or preferably eliminate optic disc neovascularisation, the better the visual prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:336080", "title": "A microbiological study of neonatal conjunctivae and conjunctivitis.", "content": "To investigate the importance of chlamydiae, ureaplasmas, Mycoplasma hominis, and anaerobic bacteria in the pathogenesis of neonatal conjunctivitis in the Harrow population conjunctival specimens from 104 infants with conjunctivitis and 104 similar healthy neonates were examined. The incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis was 8-2%, and no case of neomycin-resistant disease occurred during the study. Staphylococcus aureus, viridans Streptococci, and Escherichia coli were the only micro-organisms isolated significantly more frequently from affected than from control eyes, which suggests that these bacteria may be a cause of the conjunctivitis. All cultures for chlamydiae, M. hominis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and anaerobic bacteria were negative. The mother's race, social status, illness, and obstetric events were found to have no effect on the incidence, time of onset of conjunctivitis, or micro-organisms isolated. The clinical characteristics of conjunctivitis were also not related to the micro-organisms isolated. No potential pathogens were isolated from 63-5% of the eyes showing conjunctivitis. The results suggest that some of these cases may be caused by chemical irritation, and the possibility of an infectious aetiology is also discussed.", "contents": "A microbiological study of neonatal conjunctivae and conjunctivitis. To investigate the importance of chlamydiae, ureaplasmas, Mycoplasma hominis, and anaerobic bacteria in the pathogenesis of neonatal conjunctivitis in the Harrow population conjunctival specimens from 104 infants with conjunctivitis and 104 similar healthy neonates were examined. The incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis was 8-2%, and no case of neomycin-resistant disease occurred during the study. Staphylococcus aureus, viridans Streptococci, and Escherichia coli were the only micro-organisms isolated significantly more frequently from affected than from control eyes, which suggests that these bacteria may be a cause of the conjunctivitis. All cultures for chlamydiae, M. hominis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and anaerobic bacteria were negative. The mother's race, social status, illness, and obstetric events were found to have no effect on the incidence, time of onset of conjunctivitis, or micro-organisms isolated. The clinical characteristics of conjunctivitis were also not related to the micro-organisms isolated. No potential pathogens were isolated from 63-5% of the eyes showing conjunctivitis. The results suggest that some of these cases may be caused by chemical irritation, and the possibility of an infectious aetiology is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336084", "title": "A nuclear magnetic resonance study of secondary and tertiary structure in yeast tRNAPhe.", "content": "We present experimental evidence which confirms recently proposed ring current prediction methods for assigning hydrogen-bond proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra from tRNA (Robillard, G. T., Tarr, C. E., Vosman, F., & Berendsen, H. J. C. (1976) Nature (London) 262, 363-369; Robillard, G. T., Tarr, C. E., Vosman, F., & Sussman, J. L. (1977) Biophys. Chem. 6, 291-298). The evidence is a series of temperature-dependent studies on yeast tRNAPhe monitoring both the high- and low-field NMR spectral regions, which are correlated with independent optical and temperature-jump (temp-jump) studies performed under identical ionic strength conditions. Using assignments derived from the new prediction methods, the melting patterns of the hydrogen-bonded resonances agree with those expected on the basis of optical, temp-jump, and NMR studies on the high-field spectral region. The implication of these results is that previous assignment procedures are at least partially incorrect and, therefore, studies based on those procedures must be reexamined.", "contents": "A nuclear magnetic resonance study of secondary and tertiary structure in yeast tRNAPhe. We present experimental evidence which confirms recently proposed ring current prediction methods for assigning hydrogen-bond proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra from tRNA (Robillard, G. T., Tarr, C. E., Vosman, F., & Berendsen, H. J. C. (1976) Nature (London) 262, 363-369; Robillard, G. T., Tarr, C. E., Vosman, F., & Sussman, J. L. (1977) Biophys. Chem. 6, 291-298). The evidence is a series of temperature-dependent studies on yeast tRNAPhe monitoring both the high- and low-field NMR spectral regions, which are correlated with independent optical and temperature-jump (temp-jump) studies performed under identical ionic strength conditions. Using assignments derived from the new prediction methods, the melting patterns of the hydrogen-bonded resonances agree with those expected on the basis of optical, temp-jump, and NMR studies on the high-field spectral region. The implication of these results is that previous assignment procedures are at least partially incorrect and, therefore, studies based on those procedures must be reexamined."}
{"id": "PMID:336090", "title": "Ca2+ transport mediated by a synthetic neutral Ca2+ -ionophore in biological membranes.", "content": "The effect of a synthetic neutral ligand on the Ca2+ permeability of several biological membranes has been investigated. The ligand had been previously shown to possess Ca2+ -ionophoric activities in artificial phospholipid membranes. The neutral ionophore is able to transport Ca2+ across the membranes of erythrocytes and sarcoplasmic reticulum, when lipophilic anions such as tetraphenylborate and carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) are present, presumably to facilitate the diffusion of the charged Ca2+ -ionophore complex across the hydrophobic core of the membrane. In mitochondria, the neutral ionophore promotes the active transport of Ca2+ in response to the negative membrane potential generated by respiration, in the presence of the specific inhibitor of the natural carrier ruthenium red.", "contents": "Ca2+ transport mediated by a synthetic neutral Ca2+ -ionophore in biological membranes. The effect of a synthetic neutral ligand on the Ca2+ permeability of several biological membranes has been investigated. The ligand had been previously shown to possess Ca2+ -ionophoric activities in artificial phospholipid membranes. The neutral ionophore is able to transport Ca2+ across the membranes of erythrocytes and sarcoplasmic reticulum, when lipophilic anions such as tetraphenylborate and carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) are present, presumably to facilitate the diffusion of the charged Ca2+ -ionophore complex across the hydrophobic core of the membrane. In mitochondria, the neutral ionophore promotes the active transport of Ca2+ in response to the negative membrane potential generated by respiration, in the presence of the specific inhibitor of the natural carrier ruthenium red."}
{"id": "PMID:336091", "title": "Proline transport activity in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles of different buoyant densities.", "content": "Cytoplasmic membrane vesicles prepared by lysis of Escherichia coli W 3110 spheroplasts in a French press at 0 degrees C are heterogeneous with respect to density due to membrane protein aggregation as a result of lateral phase separation of membrane phospholipids and to the presence of more or less outer membrane. These different vesicle classes can be separated on isopycnic density gradients. Assays for various membrane-associated functions show that the membranes differ not only with respect to density and structure but also with respect to function. The proline transport system (as detected by uptake experiments with the artificial electron donor ascorbate-phenazine methosulfate) shows maximal activities in membrane fractions that have considerably higher densities than the normal cytoplasmic membrane. This is always the case, whether vesicles are isolated from membranes that exhibit a temperature-induced protein aggregation or not. A correlation between high proline transport activity and the presence of vesicles with double membranes (consisting of outer and inner membrane) has been established. The possibility that the outer membrane protects the transport system in the cytoplasmic membrane during the isolation of vesicles is discussed.", "contents": "Proline transport activity in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles of different buoyant densities. Cytoplasmic membrane vesicles prepared by lysis of Escherichia coli W 3110 spheroplasts in a French press at 0 degrees C are heterogeneous with respect to density due to membrane protein aggregation as a result of lateral phase separation of membrane phospholipids and to the presence of more or less outer membrane. These different vesicle classes can be separated on isopycnic density gradients. Assays for various membrane-associated functions show that the membranes differ not only with respect to density and structure but also with respect to function. The proline transport system (as detected by uptake experiments with the artificial electron donor ascorbate-phenazine methosulfate) shows maximal activities in membrane fractions that have considerably higher densities than the normal cytoplasmic membrane. This is always the case, whether vesicles are isolated from membranes that exhibit a temperature-induced protein aggregation or not. A correlation between high proline transport activity and the presence of vesicles with double membranes (consisting of outer and inner membrane) has been established. The possibility that the outer membrane protects the transport system in the cytoplasmic membrane during the isolation of vesicles is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336092", "title": "Transport of [14C]Gly-Pro in a proline peptidase mutant of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The transport of [14C]Gly-Pro was examined using a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium (strain TN87) deficient in an X-Pro dipeptidase and an X-Pro-Y iminopeptidase. The dipeptide was taken up by one saturable transport system having a Km of 5.3-10(-7)M and a V of 1.4 nmol/mg dry wt cell per min. The uptake of Gly-Pro was not inhibited by amino acids or tripeptides and the transport system exhibited a rather broad side chain specificity for dipeptides. Dipeptides containing hydrophobic residues were the most potent inhibitors of this dipeptide transport system exhibiting Ki values between 10(-8) and 10(-7) M. In contrast, dipeptides containing glycine residues were particularly weak inhibitors. Finally, Gly-Pro was found to be in the intact form inside the cell and was concentrated more than 1000-fold.", "contents": "Transport of [14C]Gly-Pro in a proline peptidase mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. The transport of [14C]Gly-Pro was examined using a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium (strain TN87) deficient in an X-Pro dipeptidase and an X-Pro-Y iminopeptidase. The dipeptide was taken up by one saturable transport system having a Km of 5.3-10(-7)M and a V of 1.4 nmol/mg dry wt cell per min. The uptake of Gly-Pro was not inhibited by amino acids or tripeptides and the transport system exhibited a rather broad side chain specificity for dipeptides. Dipeptides containing hydrophobic residues were the most potent inhibitors of this dipeptide transport system exhibiting Ki values between 10(-8) and 10(-7) M. In contrast, dipeptides containing glycine residues were particularly weak inhibitors. Finally, Gly-Pro was found to be in the intact form inside the cell and was concentrated more than 1000-fold."}
{"id": "PMID:336093", "title": "Structural heterogeneity of the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The cytoplasmic and outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria can be isolated from spheroplasts, and separated on sucrose density gradients. Lysis of spheroplasts causes extensive membrane fragmentation and since the characteristics of the fragments obtained by different lysis procedures need not be identical, the influence of the disruption method on membrane composition has been examined. Spheroplasts of Escherichia coli J5 were lysed by osmotic shock, which did not significantly separate the cytoplasmic and outer membranes, but resulted in mixed membrane vesicles. Lysis in the French press and by sonication caused extensive membrane fragmentation and separation. Sonication, however, also caused some fusion between fragments of the outer and the cytoplasmic membranes; this intermembrane fusion increased with sonication time. When the cytoplasmic and outer membranes were well separated and intermembrane fusion was minimal or absent, the cytoplasmic and outer membrane fragments were heterogeneous with respect to density and ovarll phospholipid, protein and lipopolysaccharide composition. In addition, cytoplasmic, but not outer, membrane fragments were also heterogeneous with respect to protein composition. It is concluded, therefore, that membrane fragments obtained from the cytoplasmic and outer membranes are heterogeneous independently of the lysis procedures used to obtain these fragments. Possible reasons for this heterogeneity are discussed.", "contents": "Structural heterogeneity of the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of Escherichia coli. The cytoplasmic and outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria can be isolated from spheroplasts, and separated on sucrose density gradients. Lysis of spheroplasts causes extensive membrane fragmentation and since the characteristics of the fragments obtained by different lysis procedures need not be identical, the influence of the disruption method on membrane composition has been examined. Spheroplasts of Escherichia coli J5 were lysed by osmotic shock, which did not significantly separate the cytoplasmic and outer membranes, but resulted in mixed membrane vesicles. Lysis in the French press and by sonication caused extensive membrane fragmentation and separation. Sonication, however, also caused some fusion between fragments of the outer and the cytoplasmic membranes; this intermembrane fusion increased with sonication time. When the cytoplasmic and outer membranes were well separated and intermembrane fusion was minimal or absent, the cytoplasmic and outer membrane fragments were heterogeneous with respect to density and ovarll phospholipid, protein and lipopolysaccharide composition. In addition, cytoplasmic, but not outer, membrane fragments were also heterogeneous with respect to protein composition. It is concluded, therefore, that membrane fragments obtained from the cytoplasmic and outer membranes are heterogeneous independently of the lysis procedures used to obtain these fragments. Possible reasons for this heterogeneity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336094", "title": "Rearrangement of intramembranous particles and fusion promoted in chicken erythrocytes by intracellular Ca2+.", "content": "Ca2+ was introduced into fresh and ATP-depleted chicken erythrocytes through the aid of the inophore A23187. Intracellular Ca2+ (10-40 mM) induced fusion in ATP-depleted cells after 30-60 min incubation at 37 degrees C, but not in fresh cells. Fresh cells underwent a higher degree of haemolysis than ATP-depleted cells after accumulation of Ca2+. Uptake of Ca2+ was the same in these two systems. Intracellular Ca2+ induced rearrangement of intramembranous particles, as revealed by freeze-etching studies. The intramembranous particles in the protoplasmic face of fractured membranes obtained from fresh cells incubated with 1 mM of Ca2+ were more scattered and their density was lower than in control cells. Incubation with higher concentrations of Ca2+ (10-40 mM) induced transient changes in the intramembranous particles' density with the appearance of protrusions and depressions on the protoplasmic and exoplasmic faces of the fractured membranes, respectively. These effects were reversible upon removal of Ca2+ by washing the cells with ethyleneglycol bis(alpha-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid; rearrangement of intramembranous particles was less evident after accumulation of Ca2+ in ATP-depleted cells, whose fractured membranes did not contain any protrusions or depressions. Transferring Ca2+-loaded cells to the cold caused the formation of large smooth areas devoid of intramembranous particles in the protoplasmic face of the fractured membranes. Cells containing Ca2+ appeared spherical, and removal of Ca2+ restored the normal oval shape of chicken erythrocytes.", "contents": "Rearrangement of intramembranous particles and fusion promoted in chicken erythrocytes by intracellular Ca2+. Ca2+ was introduced into fresh and ATP-depleted chicken erythrocytes through the aid of the inophore A23187. Intracellular Ca2+ (10-40 mM) induced fusion in ATP-depleted cells after 30-60 min incubation at 37 degrees C, but not in fresh cells. Fresh cells underwent a higher degree of haemolysis than ATP-depleted cells after accumulation of Ca2+. Uptake of Ca2+ was the same in these two systems. Intracellular Ca2+ induced rearrangement of intramembranous particles, as revealed by freeze-etching studies. The intramembranous particles in the protoplasmic face of fractured membranes obtained from fresh cells incubated with 1 mM of Ca2+ were more scattered and their density was lower than in control cells. Incubation with higher concentrations of Ca2+ (10-40 mM) induced transient changes in the intramembranous particles' density with the appearance of protrusions and depressions on the protoplasmic and exoplasmic faces of the fractured membranes, respectively. These effects were reversible upon removal of Ca2+ by washing the cells with ethyleneglycol bis(alpha-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid; rearrangement of intramembranous particles was less evident after accumulation of Ca2+ in ATP-depleted cells, whose fractured membranes did not contain any protrusions or depressions. Transferring Ca2+-loaded cells to the cold caused the formation of large smooth areas devoid of intramembranous particles in the protoplasmic face of the fractured membranes. Cells containing Ca2+ appeared spherical, and removal of Ca2+ restored the normal oval shape of chicken erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:336095", "title": "Chemical aminoacylation of transfer ribonucleic acid. The reaction of Escherichia coli tRNA with ethyl N-benzyloxycarbonylorthoglycinate.", "content": "The alpha-carbethoxypentadecyltrimethylammonium (Septonex) salt of tRNA (Ib) was condensed with ethyl N-benzyloxycarbonylorthoglycinate (II) in dimethylformamide in vacuo and in the presence of H3PO4 as catalyst. Pancreatic RNAase degradation and phenylalanine acceptor activity showed a 55--60% conversion to the 2',3'-cyclic orthoglycinate derivative of tRNA (IIIb). The orthoester grouping of IIIb was quantitatively hydrolyzed in 80% formic acid at 0 degrees C for 15 min to give 2'(3')-O-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl)glycyl tRNA (IVb). The latter was stripped at pH 8.8 to give tRNA whose behavior on DEAE cellulose column and gel electrophoresis was similar to that of starting tRNA. The phenylalanine acceptor activity amounted to almost 80% of the starting tRNA.", "contents": "Chemical aminoacylation of transfer ribonucleic acid. The reaction of Escherichia coli tRNA with ethyl N-benzyloxycarbonylorthoglycinate. The alpha-carbethoxypentadecyltrimethylammonium (Septonex) salt of tRNA (Ib) was condensed with ethyl N-benzyloxycarbonylorthoglycinate (II) in dimethylformamide in vacuo and in the presence of H3PO4 as catalyst. Pancreatic RNAase degradation and phenylalanine acceptor activity showed a 55--60% conversion to the 2',3'-cyclic orthoglycinate derivative of tRNA (IIIb). The orthoester grouping of IIIb was quantitatively hydrolyzed in 80% formic acid at 0 degrees C for 15 min to give 2'(3')-O-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl)glycyl tRNA (IVb). The latter was stripped at pH 8.8 to give tRNA whose behavior on DEAE cellulose column and gel electrophoresis was similar to that of starting tRNA. The phenylalanine acceptor activity amounted to almost 80% of the starting tRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:336096", "title": "Physiological studies on a temperature-sensitive Escherichia coli mutant with an altered RNA polymerase beta'-subunit.", "content": "Some in vivo properties of an Escherichia coli temperature-sensitive mutant (JE10092) with an altered RNA polymerase beta'-subunit are described. RNA synthesis, unlike many peviously isolated temperature-sensitive mutants, stops immediately after the shift to the nonpermissive temperature (43 degrees C). DNA synthesis, protein synthesis and nucleoside triphosphate formation continue after the shift. RNA synthesis is recovered immediately upon transfer to the permissive temperature (30 degrees C). The function of the beta'-subunit in genetic transcription is discussed.", "contents": "Physiological studies on a temperature-sensitive Escherichia coli mutant with an altered RNA polymerase beta'-subunit. Some in vivo properties of an Escherichia coli temperature-sensitive mutant (JE10092) with an altered RNA polymerase beta'-subunit are described. RNA synthesis, unlike many peviously isolated temperature-sensitive mutants, stops immediately after the shift to the nonpermissive temperature (43 degrees C). DNA synthesis, protein synthesis and nucleoside triphosphate formation continue after the shift. RNA synthesis is recovered immediately upon transfer to the permissive temperature (30 degrees C). The function of the beta'-subunit in genetic transcription is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336097", "title": "Synthesis of inducible enzymes in irradiated yeast cells. Ultraviolet effects on transcription and the influence of recovery processes.", "content": "The induced synthesis of arginase was measured in several yeast strains after ultraviolet light irradiation. There was an exponential dose-related reduction which was the same in all cell lines tested. This sensitivity is compatible with the size of the arginase structural gene if it is assumed that one pyrimidine dimer suffices for blocking transcription. The ultraviolet-induced synthesis inhibition is susceptible to photoreactivation and liquid holding recovery. The latter process is absent in a rad2 mutant and reduced in a rad9 mutant.", "contents": "Synthesis of inducible enzymes in irradiated yeast cells. Ultraviolet effects on transcription and the influence of recovery processes. The induced synthesis of arginase was measured in several yeast strains after ultraviolet light irradiation. There was an exponential dose-related reduction which was the same in all cell lines tested. This sensitivity is compatible with the size of the arginase structural gene if it is assumed that one pyrimidine dimer suffices for blocking transcription. The ultraviolet-induced synthesis inhibition is susceptible to photoreactivation and liquid holding recovery. The latter process is absent in a rad2 mutant and reduced in a rad9 mutant."}
{"id": "PMID:336100", "title": "The mode of condensation of aspartic acid and dihydroxyacetone phosphate in quinolinate synthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Dihydroxy [3-14C]acetone phosphate was prepared enzymatically from [1-14C]glucose and use as a substrate in a partially purified quinolinate synthetase system prepared from Escherichia coli mutants. Carbon-by-carbon degradation of the resulting [14C]quinolinate showed that 96% of the 14C was located in carbon-4, indicating that carbon-3 of dihydroxyacetone phosphate condenses with carbon-3 of aspartate in quinolinate synthesis in E. coli.", "contents": "The mode of condensation of aspartic acid and dihydroxyacetone phosphate in quinolinate synthesis in Escherichia coli. Dihydroxy [3-14C]acetone phosphate was prepared enzymatically from [1-14C]glucose and use as a substrate in a partially purified quinolinate synthetase system prepared from Escherichia coli mutants. Carbon-by-carbon degradation of the resulting [14C]quinolinate showed that 96% of the 14C was located in carbon-4, indicating that carbon-3 of dihydroxyacetone phosphate condenses with carbon-3 of aspartate in quinolinate synthesis in E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:336101", "title": "[Sequential Edman degredation].", "content": "Since Edman's first publication in 1950, the stepwise degradation of proteins and peptides is universally performed by protein chemists. We extensively reviewed the different manual degradations. We take two examples of manual degradation: a semi-micromethod and a micromethod in order to illustrate the evolution of manual degradation. The \"dansyl-Edman\" procedure proposed by Hartley in 1963 completes the manual N-terminal determination of peptides. We describe the different procedures of identification of PTH-amino acids: paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography under high pressure and various modified Edman degradation procedures. Possibilities and limits of the liquid phase Sequenator of Edman reported in 1967 and the solid phase Sequencer of Laursen reported in 1971 are also considered in detail.", "contents": "[Sequential Edman degredation]. Since Edman's first publication in 1950, the stepwise degradation of proteins and peptides is universally performed by protein chemists. We extensively reviewed the different manual degradations. We take two examples of manual degradation: a semi-micromethod and a micromethod in order to illustrate the evolution of manual degradation. The \"dansyl-Edman\" procedure proposed by Hartley in 1963 completes the manual N-terminal determination of peptides. We describe the different procedures of identification of PTH-amino acids: paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography under high pressure and various modified Edman degradation procedures. Possibilities and limits of the liquid phase Sequenator of Edman reported in 1967 and the solid phase Sequencer of Laursen reported in 1971 are also considered in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:336102", "title": "[Phospholipid composition of E. coli cells and membranes under repression and derepression of alkaline phosphatase biosynthesis].", "content": "Lipid composition of E. coli membranes and cells in conditions of repression, derepression and constitutive synthesis of alkaline phosphatase is studied. The identity of qualitative composition of phospholipids and neutral lipids in these conditions is demonstrated. Derepressed and constitutive enzyme syntheses are correlating, a certain increase of phosphatidylglycerol in the total phospholipid pool being more pronounced in cells, than in membranes. The enzyme synthesis correlates also with the increase of 14C-label incorporation into lipids.", "contents": "[Phospholipid composition of E. coli cells and membranes under repression and derepression of alkaline phosphatase biosynthesis]. Lipid composition of E. coli membranes and cells in conditions of repression, derepression and constitutive synthesis of alkaline phosphatase is studied. The identity of qualitative composition of phospholipids and neutral lipids in these conditions is demonstrated. Derepressed and constitutive enzyme syntheses are correlating, a certain increase of phosphatidylglycerol in the total phospholipid pool being more pronounced in cells, than in membranes. The enzyme synthesis correlates also with the increase of 14C-label incorporation into lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:336108", "title": "Decrease of lysosomal enzymes in macrophages incubated with supernatants of mixed culture of allograft donor and recipient lymphocytes.", "content": "Incubation of mouse peritoneal macrophages (thioglycollate-induced) for 72 hours with the supernatant of a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) between skin allograft donor and recipient results in a decrease of macrophage acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2.) and beta glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31). The alteration of these lysosomal enzymes is not explained by a loss of cell viability.", "contents": "Decrease of lysosomal enzymes in macrophages incubated with supernatants of mixed culture of allograft donor and recipient lymphocytes. Incubation of mouse peritoneal macrophages (thioglycollate-induced) for 72 hours with the supernatant of a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) between skin allograft donor and recipient results in a decrease of macrophage acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2.) and beta glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31). The alteration of these lysosomal enzymes is not explained by a loss of cell viability."}
{"id": "PMID:336109", "title": "Positive cross-match for B-lymphocyte antigens (IA like) and kidney allograft behaviour.", "content": "We describe six cases of kidney graft performed against a positive anti-B lymphocyte cross-match. These antibodies were found after retrospective and systematic screening of the effect of the recipient sera upon donor frozen B lymphocytes. As opposed to the consequences of anti-HLA \"SD\" preimmunisation, none of the transplantation rapported here failed by acute rejection. The benefic role of anti-B lymphocyte antibodies \"Ia like\" present at the time of grafting is then suggested.", "contents": "Positive cross-match for B-lymphocyte antigens (IA like) and kidney allograft behaviour. We describe six cases of kidney graft performed against a positive anti-B lymphocyte cross-match. These antibodies were found after retrospective and systematic screening of the effect of the recipient sera upon donor frozen B lymphocytes. As opposed to the consequences of anti-HLA \"SD\" preimmunisation, none of the transplantation rapported here failed by acute rejection. The benefic role of anti-B lymphocyte antibodies \"Ia like\" present at the time of grafting is then suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:336110", "title": "Clinical and polygraphic effects of d.1 5 HTP on narcolepsy-cataplexy.", "content": "d.1 5 hydroxy-trytophan (600 mg a day) or a placebo were administered during 4 weeks following a double blind cross over design to 11 narcoleptic-cataplectic patients. Daily number of cataplectic and narcoleptic attacks did not vary. The 36 hours polygraphic recordings performed at the end of each treatment exhibit: a trend toward a decrease of the duration of the day time sleep and a significant increase of the duration of the night sleep.", "contents": "Clinical and polygraphic effects of d.1 5 HTP on narcolepsy-cataplexy. d.1 5 hydroxy-trytophan (600 mg a day) or a placebo were administered during 4 weeks following a double blind cross over design to 11 narcoleptic-cataplectic patients. Daily number of cataplectic and narcoleptic attacks did not vary. The 36 hours polygraphic recordings performed at the end of each treatment exhibit: a trend toward a decrease of the duration of the day time sleep and a significant increase of the duration of the night sleep."}
{"id": "PMID:336112", "title": "Toxic effects of fatty acids on yeast cells: dependence of inhibitory effects on fatty acid concentration.", "content": "The yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis, and Candida lipolytica were used to investigate the action of different concentrations of fatty acids (from acetic to myristic acid) on cell growth, division, uptake of inorganic phosphate, and substrate oxidation. The former two yeasts were found to undergo an inhibition of growth, cell division, and phosphate uptake at lower acid concentrations and to experience the inhibition of substrate oxidation at higher acid concentrations. The concentration dependence of the action of fatty acids can be classified into four categories: 1) subthreshold concentrations which do not inhibit growth and have either no effect on, or stimulate, oxygen consumption; 2) threshold concentrations which lower the rate of growth, cell division, and phosphate uptake but do not inhibit the oxidation of carbon substrate; 3) above-threshold concentrations which inhibit partially even substrate oxidation, and 4) microbicide concentrations. Candida lipolytica displays the same sensitivity toward the action of fatty acids as the above yeast species; however, the threshold concentrations are higher and can be quickly lowered owing to oxidation by the yeast. The concentrations of fatty acids found in the medium after cultivations of yeast with n-alkanes are of the same order as limiting concentrations; the formation of acids with twelve and less carbons in the molecule can thus be assumed to be one of the basic reasons for lowering of biomass yields during cultivations on these hydrocarbons.", "contents": "Toxic effects of fatty acids on yeast cells: dependence of inhibitory effects on fatty acid concentration. The yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis, and Candida lipolytica were used to investigate the action of different concentrations of fatty acids (from acetic to myristic acid) on cell growth, division, uptake of inorganic phosphate, and substrate oxidation. The former two yeasts were found to undergo an inhibition of growth, cell division, and phosphate uptake at lower acid concentrations and to experience the inhibition of substrate oxidation at higher acid concentrations. The concentration dependence of the action of fatty acids can be classified into four categories: 1) subthreshold concentrations which do not inhibit growth and have either no effect on, or stimulate, oxygen consumption; 2) threshold concentrations which lower the rate of growth, cell division, and phosphate uptake but do not inhibit the oxidation of carbon substrate; 3) above-threshold concentrations which inhibit partially even substrate oxidation, and 4) microbicide concentrations. Candida lipolytica displays the same sensitivity toward the action of fatty acids as the above yeast species; however, the threshold concentrations are higher and can be quickly lowered owing to oxidation by the yeast. The concentrations of fatty acids found in the medium after cultivations of yeast with n-alkanes are of the same order as limiting concentrations; the formation of acids with twelve and less carbons in the molecule can thus be assumed to be one of the basic reasons for lowering of biomass yields during cultivations on these hydrocarbons."}
{"id": "PMID:336116", "title": "Comparison of daily versus intermittent chlorambucil and prednisone therapy in the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Ninety-six patients with stage III and stage IV chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were randomized into one of three treatment schedules. Prednisone was common to all three schedules and was given daily in an initial dosage of 0.8 mg/kg for the first 14 days, with successive halving of the daily dose on days 15 and 29 for a total 6-wk course. Prednisone was then given once a month at 0.8 mg/kg once a day for each of 7 consecutive days. Schedule I was prednisone plus chlorambucil (CLB) given as a once-a-month dose of 0.4-0.8 mg/kg; schedule II was both drugs, but the CLB was given as a daily dose of 0.08 mg/kg; schedule III was prednisone alone. Complete and partial remission (CR + PR) was 47% for schedule I, 38% for schedule II, and 11% for schedule III. Patients who responded (CR + PR) in each of the treatment schedules survived longer than the nonresponders. Complete remission was obtained in both CLB treatment schedules, but not with the prednisone alone regimen. Although overall survival was best in the intermittent CLB arm, there was no significant difference in survival time between the three treatment schedules. Toxicity was minimal in all three regimens. Augmentation of the intermittent monthly CLB, even to 1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg, was tolerated without undue marrow toxicity. About 22% of these patients either had diabetes mellitus at the time of entry on the study or manifested hyperglycemia during the course of treatment and observation.", "contents": "Comparison of daily versus intermittent chlorambucil and prednisone therapy in the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ninety-six patients with stage III and stage IV chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were randomized into one of three treatment schedules. Prednisone was common to all three schedules and was given daily in an initial dosage of 0.8 mg/kg for the first 14 days, with successive halving of the daily dose on days 15 and 29 for a total 6-wk course. Prednisone was then given once a month at 0.8 mg/kg once a day for each of 7 consecutive days. Schedule I was prednisone plus chlorambucil (CLB) given as a once-a-month dose of 0.4-0.8 mg/kg; schedule II was both drugs, but the CLB was given as a daily dose of 0.08 mg/kg; schedule III was prednisone alone. Complete and partial remission (CR + PR) was 47% for schedule I, 38% for schedule II, and 11% for schedule III. Patients who responded (CR + PR) in each of the treatment schedules survived longer than the nonresponders. Complete remission was obtained in both CLB treatment schedules, but not with the prednisone alone regimen. Although overall survival was best in the intermittent CLB arm, there was no significant difference in survival time between the three treatment schedules. Toxicity was minimal in all three regimens. Augmentation of the intermittent monthly CLB, even to 1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg, was tolerated without undue marrow toxicity. About 22% of these patients either had diabetes mellitus at the time of entry on the study or manifested hyperglycemia during the course of treatment and observation."}
{"id": "PMID:336117", "title": "Progenitor cells in canine cyclic hematopoiesis.", "content": "Granulocytic (colony-forming units in culture, or CFU-c) and erythrocytic (erythropoietin-responsive cells, or ERC) progenitor cells in canine cyclic hematopoiesis (CH) have been shown to fluctuate over the cycle and in the same phases as one another. The ERC cycle is preceded by 3 or 4 days by a rise in serum erythroid-stimulating activity and is followed by a reticulocytosis. During the cycle CFU-c show a differential sensitivity to two sera, one normal and one containing elevated amounts of colony-stimulating activity. The proliferation rate of CFU-c also fluctuates from well above normal to considerably less than normal over the cycle. These results are discussed in the light of present knowledge of the pathogenesis of canine CH. We suggest that these results support the contention that CH is a disorder of hemopoietic stem cells and that the cycling of humoral factors and peripheral blood cells may follow as a consequence.", "contents": "Progenitor cells in canine cyclic hematopoiesis. Granulocytic (colony-forming units in culture, or CFU-c) and erythrocytic (erythropoietin-responsive cells, or ERC) progenitor cells in canine cyclic hematopoiesis (CH) have been shown to fluctuate over the cycle and in the same phases as one another. The ERC cycle is preceded by 3 or 4 days by a rise in serum erythroid-stimulating activity and is followed by a reticulocytosis. During the cycle CFU-c show a differential sensitivity to two sera, one normal and one containing elevated amounts of colony-stimulating activity. The proliferation rate of CFU-c also fluctuates from well above normal to considerably less than normal over the cycle. These results are discussed in the light of present knowledge of the pathogenesis of canine CH. We suggest that these results support the contention that CH is a disorder of hemopoietic stem cells and that the cycling of humoral factors and peripheral blood cells may follow as a consequence."}
{"id": "PMID:336118", "title": "Experimental design and statistical analysis of an in-use test of germicidal detergents.", "content": "Present methodology for the in-use testing of germicidal detergents is too time-consuming for routine use by a hospital environmentalist. A simplified experimental design and statistical analysis, amenable to routine use, is presented for the in-use testing of germicidal detergents against water alone. As an illustration of our methodology we evaluated two germicidal detergents versus water alone. Under our conditions of use, it was found that water alone was equally and significantly as effective (p less than 0.001) as the two germicidal detergents in reducing microbial contamination of floors.", "contents": "Experimental design and statistical analysis of an in-use test of germicidal detergents. Present methodology for the in-use testing of germicidal detergents is too time-consuming for routine use by a hospital environmentalist. A simplified experimental design and statistical analysis, amenable to routine use, is presented for the in-use testing of germicidal detergents against water alone. As an illustration of our methodology we evaluated two germicidal detergents versus water alone. Under our conditions of use, it was found that water alone was equally and significantly as effective (p less than 0.001) as the two germicidal detergents in reducing microbial contamination of floors."}
{"id": "PMID:336125", "title": "Effect of intrahypothalamic phentolamine on hypothermia produced by peripheral noradrenaline in the pigeon.", "content": "1 The effect of intrahypothalamic phentolamine (1 and 1 microliter of a 10 microgram/microliter solution) on hypothermia induced by intramuscular injection of noradrenaline (NA, 2 mg/kg) at different times (2, 10, 20 min) after phentolamine was investigated in pigeons. 2 Administration of phentolamine shortly before NA was shown to attenuate hypothermic responses to NA. 3 It is suggested that the attenuation is due to blockade of central hypothermic effects of intramuscular NA. 4 The mapping of injection sites in the brains was carried out.", "contents": "Effect of intrahypothalamic phentolamine on hypothermia produced by peripheral noradrenaline in the pigeon. 1 The effect of intrahypothalamic phentolamine (1 and 1 microliter of a 10 microgram/microliter solution) on hypothermia induced by intramuscular injection of noradrenaline (NA, 2 mg/kg) at different times (2, 10, 20 min) after phentolamine was investigated in pigeons. 2 Administration of phentolamine shortly before NA was shown to attenuate hypothermic responses to NA. 3 It is suggested that the attenuation is due to blockade of central hypothermic effects of intramuscular NA. 4 The mapping of injection sites in the brains was carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:336126", "title": "Modification, by aspirin and indomethacin, of the haemodynamic and prostaglandin releasing effects of E. coli endotoxin in the dog.", "content": "1 Dogs treated with aspirin (10 mg/kg) or indomethacin (1.5 mg/kg) 45 min before, and 3 h after, an LD50 dose (1 mg/kg) of E. coli endotoxin were alive 72 h later. 2 Although all dogs in both treated groups survived, only those treated with indomethacin were protected against the fall in blood pressure 1-2 min following endotoxin. 3 Endotoxin increased the level of prostaglandin F2alpha in both the mixed venous and arterial blood. No increase was observed in the aspirin and indomethacin-treated groups. 4 Aspirin and indomethacin treatment did not modify thrombocytopaenia or blood coagulation parameters following endotoxin.", "contents": "Modification, by aspirin and indomethacin, of the haemodynamic and prostaglandin releasing effects of E. coli endotoxin in the dog. 1 Dogs treated with aspirin (10 mg/kg) or indomethacin (1.5 mg/kg) 45 min before, and 3 h after, an LD50 dose (1 mg/kg) of E. coli endotoxin were alive 72 h later. 2 Although all dogs in both treated groups survived, only those treated with indomethacin were protected against the fall in blood pressure 1-2 min following endotoxin. 3 Endotoxin increased the level of prostaglandin F2alpha in both the mixed venous and arterial blood. No increase was observed in the aspirin and indomethacin-treated groups. 4 Aspirin and indomethacin treatment did not modify thrombocytopaenia or blood coagulation parameters following endotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:336128", "title": "Delusional depressions: natural history and response to treatment.", "content": "A review of the abundant literature concerning the distinction between delusional and non-delusional depressions, especially of the work of Aubrey Lewis, reveals that before the introduction of specific therapies most in-patients with major depressive illness eventually recovered; the small percentage who did not almost all came from the delusional group. The dichotomy lost its clinical significance after the introduction of ECT, as both groups were equally responsive. However, accumulating evidence indicates that unipolar delusional depressives are significantly less responsive to tricyclic anti-depressant therapy than non-delusional depressives. The presence or absence of delusional thinking should be considered as a significant criterion in the classification of depressive disorders, and the presence or absence of delusional thinking should influence the choice of treatment for severely depressed patients.", "contents": "Delusional depressions: natural history and response to treatment. A review of the abundant literature concerning the distinction between delusional and non-delusional depressions, especially of the work of Aubrey Lewis, reveals that before the introduction of specific therapies most in-patients with major depressive illness eventually recovered; the small percentage who did not almost all came from the delusional group. The dichotomy lost its clinical significance after the introduction of ECT, as both groups were equally responsive. However, accumulating evidence indicates that unipolar delusional depressives are significantly less responsive to tricyclic anti-depressant therapy than non-delusional depressives. The presence or absence of delusional thinking should be considered as a significant criterion in the classification of depressive disorders, and the presence or absence of delusional thinking should influence the choice of treatment for severely depressed patients."}
{"id": "PMID:336132", "title": "Does the peritoneum need to be closed at laparotomy?", "content": "Closure of vertical laparotomy wounds was randomized between a two-layer technique of continuous catgut to peritoneum and continuous nylon to sheath and a one-layer technique in which the peritoneal suture line was omitted. In 162 two-layer closures there were 4 burst abdomens and 7 wound hernias (6.8 per cent wound failures); in 164 one-layer closures there were 5 burst abdomens and 7 hernias (7.3 per cent failures). Of 21 patients in this series with jaundice, the abdominal wounds dehisced in 3, and 4 patients developed incisional hernias (33.3 per cent failures) compared with a 5.2 per cent failure rate in the 305 non-jaundiced patients (P less than 0.01). Closure of the peritoneum as a separate layer, as widely advised and practised, appears to play no significant role in the healing of the laparotomy wound.", "contents": "Does the peritoneum need to be closed at laparotomy? Closure of vertical laparotomy wounds was randomized between a two-layer technique of continuous catgut to peritoneum and continuous nylon to sheath and a one-layer technique in which the peritoneal suture line was omitted. In 162 two-layer closures there were 4 burst abdomens and 7 wound hernias (6.8 per cent wound failures); in 164 one-layer closures there were 5 burst abdomens and 7 hernias (7.3 per cent failures). Of 21 patients in this series with jaundice, the abdominal wounds dehisced in 3, and 4 patients developed incisional hernias (33.3 per cent failures) compared with a 5.2 per cent failure rate in the 305 non-jaundiced patients (P less than 0.01). Closure of the peritoneum as a separate layer, as widely advised and practised, appears to play no significant role in the healing of the laparotomy wound."}
{"id": "PMID:336134", "title": "Cryoprecipitated plasma perfusion preservation and cold storage preservation of duct-ligated pancreatic allografts.", "content": "It has been shown previously that, at least in dogs, a vascularized pancreatic allograft with ligation of the pancreatic duct can maintain normal beta-cell function for at least 5 years. In this study common organ preservation techniques, as used in human cadaveric kidney transplantation, were applied to canine pancreatic allografts to determine the influence of 24-hour preservation on beta-cell function, graft survival and histological appearances. Three groups of dogs were compared: group A consisted of 9 dogs with fresh grafts; group B consisted of 5 dogs who received grafts preserved for 24 hours by pulsatile hypothermic cryoprecipitated plasma perfusion; and group C was composed of 5 animals who received grafts that had been flushed with Collins' solution followed by hypothermic storage for 24 hours. It appeared that both preservation methods were equally effective and that preservation did not alter either the graft's function or its histological appearance. No significant differences after transplantation were observed in the endocrine function tests of the three groups when compared with the preoperative values; neither was there a significant difference in the mean graft survival time between the groups.", "contents": "Cryoprecipitated plasma perfusion preservation and cold storage preservation of duct-ligated pancreatic allografts. It has been shown previously that, at least in dogs, a vascularized pancreatic allograft with ligation of the pancreatic duct can maintain normal beta-cell function for at least 5 years. In this study common organ preservation techniques, as used in human cadaveric kidney transplantation, were applied to canine pancreatic allografts to determine the influence of 24-hour preservation on beta-cell function, graft survival and histological appearances. Three groups of dogs were compared: group A consisted of 9 dogs with fresh grafts; group B consisted of 5 dogs who received grafts preserved for 24 hours by pulsatile hypothermic cryoprecipitated plasma perfusion; and group C was composed of 5 animals who received grafts that had been flushed with Collins' solution followed by hypothermic storage for 24 hours. It appeared that both preservation methods were equally effective and that preservation did not alter either the graft's function or its histological appearance. No significant differences after transplantation were observed in the endocrine function tests of the three groups when compared with the preoperative values; neither was there a significant difference in the mean graft survival time between the groups."}
{"id": "PMID:336135", "title": "Treatment of borderline diabetes: controlled trial using carbohydrate restriction and phenformin.", "content": "A five-year therapeutic trial of carbohydrate restriction with or without phenformin (50 mg/day) was performed in men with borderline diabetes. The aim of treatment was to diminish the enhanced risk of cardiovascular disease and deterioration of glucose tolerance. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality were not significantly affected by any form of treatment, alone or in combination. The predominant risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and for overall mortality was the initial blood pressure level. The baseline plasma cholesterol concentration significantly predicted the onset of intermittent claudication. One implication of the results is that hypotensive treatment, supplemented when necessary with hypolipidaemic treatment, may be more effective in preventing the progression of arterial disease in people with mild to moderate glucose intolerance than conventional antidiabetic therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of borderline diabetes: controlled trial using carbohydrate restriction and phenformin. A five-year therapeutic trial of carbohydrate restriction with or without phenformin (50 mg/day) was performed in men with borderline diabetes. The aim of treatment was to diminish the enhanced risk of cardiovascular disease and deterioration of glucose tolerance. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality were not significantly affected by any form of treatment, alone or in combination. The predominant risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and for overall mortality was the initial blood pressure level. The baseline plasma cholesterol concentration significantly predicted the onset of intermittent claudication. One implication of the results is that hypotensive treatment, supplemented when necessary with hypolipidaemic treatment, may be more effective in preventing the progression of arterial disease in people with mild to moderate glucose intolerance than conventional antidiabetic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:336141", "title": "Bacteriology of abscesses of the central nervous system: a multicentre prospective study.", "content": "Pus from 46 patients with abscesses of the central nervous system (CNS) was examined for bacteria; bacteria were found in all patients. Streptococci were isolated from 36 patients and most isolates were Streptococcus milleri, Lancefield Group F, Ottens and Winkler type O III. Staphylococci were isolated from nine patients, organisms of the bacteroides group from 11, Proteus spp from seven, Klebsiella aerogenes from one, and Haemophilus aphrophilus from one. Pure cultures predominated over mixed cultures. Streptococci were isolated from abscesses of all types, and at all sites, but members of the Enterobacteriaceae and of the bacteroides group were isolated, in mixed cultures, principally from abscesses of the temporal lobe secondary to infection of the middle ear. Staphylococci predominated in abscesses that followed accidental or surgical trauma. Compared with fully sensitive control organisms, microbes infecting half the patients were resistant to penicillin. The prognosis of abscess of the CNS is grave, and the microbiological findings have important consequences for treatment. Prompt inoculation of specimens to culture plates and prompt incubation are mandatory if bacteria are to be cultured. Inhibitors of antimicrobial agents should be added to culture media if antibiotics have been administered. Provided that the site of the abscess and the antecedent history are ascertainable, the neurosurgeon should be able to start appropriate treatment while awaiting the results of culture.", "contents": "Bacteriology of abscesses of the central nervous system: a multicentre prospective study. Pus from 46 patients with abscesses of the central nervous system (CNS) was examined for bacteria; bacteria were found in all patients. Streptococci were isolated from 36 patients and most isolates were Streptococcus milleri, Lancefield Group F, Ottens and Winkler type O III. Staphylococci were isolated from nine patients, organisms of the bacteroides group from 11, Proteus spp from seven, Klebsiella aerogenes from one, and Haemophilus aphrophilus from one. Pure cultures predominated over mixed cultures. Streptococci were isolated from abscesses of all types, and at all sites, but members of the Enterobacteriaceae and of the bacteroides group were isolated, in mixed cultures, principally from abscesses of the temporal lobe secondary to infection of the middle ear. Staphylococci predominated in abscesses that followed accidental or surgical trauma. Compared with fully sensitive control organisms, microbes infecting half the patients were resistant to penicillin. The prognosis of abscess of the CNS is grave, and the microbiological findings have important consequences for treatment. Prompt inoculation of specimens to culture plates and prompt incubation are mandatory if bacteria are to be cultured. Inhibitors of antimicrobial agents should be added to culture media if antibiotics have been administered. Provided that the site of the abscess and the antecedent history are ascertainable, the neurosurgeon should be able to start appropriate treatment while awaiting the results of culture."}
{"id": "PMID:336143", "title": "Comparison of RPR 'teardrop' card test, VDRL and FTA-ABS tests results on sera from persons with suspected yaws in Columbia.", "content": "A small study comparing results of the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) teardrop card test performed in the field, with results of Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) tests performed in the laboratory on venous blood specimens from the same suspected yaws patients was undertaken in Columbia in July 1975. The results suggest that the RPR teardrop card test may be used to screen for infectious, or potentially infectious, yaws patients under field conditions, but that it will not reliably detect patients with VDRL titres of 1:2 or less, or all patients in whom sera are reactive in the FTA-ABS test.", "contents": "Comparison of RPR 'teardrop' card test, VDRL and FTA-ABS tests results on sera from persons with suspected yaws in Columbia. A small study comparing results of the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) teardrop card test performed in the field, with results of Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) tests performed in the laboratory on venous blood specimens from the same suspected yaws patients was undertaken in Columbia in July 1975. The results suggest that the RPR teardrop card test may be used to screen for infectious, or potentially infectious, yaws patients under field conditions, but that it will not reliably detect patients with VDRL titres of 1:2 or less, or all patients in whom sera are reactive in the FTA-ABS test."}
{"id": "PMID:336144", "title": "Neurosyphilis.", "content": "In patients with abnormal neuropsychiatric symptoms and a reactive fluorescent treponemal antibody absoption (FTA-ABS) test in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum, a normal CSF cell count and total protein concentration does not exlude late syphilis involving the central nervous system. In these patients, the presence of plasma cells in the CSF cytogram, increased concentration of CSF immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoelectrophoretic abnormalities in the precipitates of the IgG and of the Fab fragments of IgG in the CSF immunoelectropherogram, and an increased serum level of immunoglobulin M (IgM) suggest an active, potentially treatable neurosyphilis.", "contents": "Neurosyphilis. In patients with abnormal neuropsychiatric symptoms and a reactive fluorescent treponemal antibody absoption (FTA-ABS) test in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum, a normal CSF cell count and total protein concentration does not exlude late syphilis involving the central nervous system. In these patients, the presence of plasma cells in the CSF cytogram, increased concentration of CSF immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoelectrophoretic abnormalities in the precipitates of the IgG and of the Fab fragments of IgG in the CSF immunoelectropherogram, and an increased serum level of immunoglobulin M (IgM) suggest an active, potentially treatable neurosyphilis."}
{"id": "PMID:336146", "title": "The Viennese contribution to venereology.", "content": "A history of venereology in Vienna from the first manifestations of the French disease in 1498 until the first half of the twentieth century is described. Notable events were the founding of the old Vienna School by van Swieten in the years after 1745, followed by the revival one hundred years later by von Hebra of the scientific basis for dermatovenereology. An account is given of teachers and discoverers of venereological importance after von Hebra and Sigmund to Arzt. The importance of Landsteiner's and Wagner von Jauregg's contributions finalise the historical account.", "contents": "The Viennese contribution to venereology. A history of venereology in Vienna from the first manifestations of the French disease in 1498 until the first half of the twentieth century is described. Notable events were the founding of the old Vienna School by van Swieten in the years after 1745, followed by the revival one hundred years later by von Hebra of the scientific basis for dermatovenereology. An account is given of teachers and discoverers of venereological importance after von Hebra and Sigmund to Arzt. The importance of Landsteiner's and Wagner von Jauregg's contributions finalise the historical account."}
{"id": "PMID:336151", "title": "Receptive fields of cutaneous mechanoceptive neurons in the frog, Discoglossus pictus, following skin transplantation at larval stages.", "content": "The receptive fields of individual spinal ganglion cells were mapped in frogs in which a large patch of belly skin had been transplanted to the back prior to metamorphosis. Wiping reflexes aimed at the belly could be elicited both from regenerated normal and transplanted belly skin. We concluded that the sensory neurons mediating misdirected responses could not be the same ones as those mediating normal wipes, since unit receptive fields were either on normal or on grafted belly skin, but never both. A proposed mechanism for explaining the origin of cutaneous reflex connections on the basis of selective innervation of peripheral tissues could hereby be discarded.", "contents": "Receptive fields of cutaneous mechanoceptive neurons in the frog, Discoglossus pictus, following skin transplantation at larval stages. The receptive fields of individual spinal ganglion cells were mapped in frogs in which a large patch of belly skin had been transplanted to the back prior to metamorphosis. Wiping reflexes aimed at the belly could be elicited both from regenerated normal and transplanted belly skin. We concluded that the sensory neurons mediating misdirected responses could not be the same ones as those mediating normal wipes, since unit receptive fields were either on normal or on grafted belly skin, but never both. A proposed mechanism for explaining the origin of cutaneous reflex connections on the basis of selective innervation of peripheral tissues could hereby be discarded."}
{"id": "PMID:336152", "title": "Simple \"planilabe\" for rapid establishment of the stereotaxic horizontal zero plane in rabbits.", "content": "A device for rapid determination of the stereotaxic horizontal zero plane in the rabbit is described. The instrument is designed to provide reference points needed to establish the appropriate relative position of the commonly used calvarial landmarks, bregma and lambda, in a single operation.", "contents": "Simple \"planilabe\" for rapid establishment of the stereotaxic horizontal zero plane in rabbits. A device for rapid determination of the stereotaxic horizontal zero plane in the rabbit is described. The instrument is designed to provide reference points needed to establish the appropriate relative position of the commonly used calvarial landmarks, bregma and lambda, in a single operation."}
{"id": "PMID:336162", "title": "Safety evaluation of Aspergillus fumigatus grown on cassava for use as an animal feed.", "content": "A safety evaluation of Aspergillus fumigatus I21, grown in a cassava carbohydrate and salts medium, was undertaken. Male weanling rats were fed the fungus at 20, 30 and 40% of the diet for 90 days. A control group was given soybean oil meal as the sole source of protein. Weekly determinations of the body weights and feed consumptions were made. A few days prior to termination of the feeding study, a kidney function test was undertaken on the rats. At the end of the feeding period hematology, blood biochemistry, urine analyses and histopathology studies of various tissues were carried out, and organs were weighed. Rats fed A. fumigatus I21 gained less weight than the controls, but kidney weights were increased. Increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase were not related to dose level. The blood urea nitrogen was increased for the rats fed 40% of the fungus. Rats fed 30 and 40% of the fungus I21 showed a significant drop in albumin. Deficiency in methionine or other essential amino acids through a limited feed consumption may have caused a decrease in albumin synthesis. Rats fed the highest level of the fungus showed increases in neutrophils and monocytes concomitant with decreases in lymphocytes and eosinophils which may be a response to stress. The urine analyses did not reveal any significant differences. The test rats were capable of concentrating urine adequately when deprived of water for 24 hours. No significant differences between the control and experimental groups were found by histopathological examinations.", "contents": "Safety evaluation of Aspergillus fumigatus grown on cassava for use as an animal feed. A safety evaluation of Aspergillus fumigatus I21, grown in a cassava carbohydrate and salts medium, was undertaken. Male weanling rats were fed the fungus at 20, 30 and 40% of the diet for 90 days. A control group was given soybean oil meal as the sole source of protein. Weekly determinations of the body weights and feed consumptions were made. A few days prior to termination of the feeding study, a kidney function test was undertaken on the rats. At the end of the feeding period hematology, blood biochemistry, urine analyses and histopathology studies of various tissues were carried out, and organs were weighed. Rats fed A. fumigatus I21 gained less weight than the controls, but kidney weights were increased. Increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase were not related to dose level. The blood urea nitrogen was increased for the rats fed 40% of the fungus. Rats fed 30 and 40% of the fungus I21 showed a significant drop in albumin. Deficiency in methionine or other essential amino acids through a limited feed consumption may have caused a decrease in albumin synthesis. Rats fed the highest level of the fungus showed increases in neutrophils and monocytes concomitant with decreases in lymphocytes and eosinophils which may be a response to stress. The urine analyses did not reveal any significant differences. The test rats were capable of concentrating urine adequately when deprived of water for 24 hours. No significant differences between the control and experimental groups were found by histopathological examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:336163", "title": "An experimental model of candida endophthalmitis.", "content": "With the more widespread use of hyperalimentation, systemic steroids and broad spectrum antibiotics, particularly in immunologically suppressed patients, Candida endophthalmitis is becoming more common. The drugs that are used to treat it are very toxic; treatment should be stopped as soon as possible. We wished to know if the clinical appearance of a lesion could be related to the number of organisms in it. We injected 16 rabbits intravenously with a suspension of Candida Albicans and produced typical ocular lesions in all of them. The fundi were observed by indirect ophthamoscopy and periodically groups of rabbits were killed and quantitative cultures of their eyes were made. Our results show that this experimental model gives reproducible results. We found that when the lesions are beginning to regress, culture shows either no or very little growth. If, in the human, the ophthalmoscopic appearance of a lesion is similarly related, it could be a guide in deciding the need to continue treatment.", "contents": "An experimental model of candida endophthalmitis. With the more widespread use of hyperalimentation, systemic steroids and broad spectrum antibiotics, particularly in immunologically suppressed patients, Candida endophthalmitis is becoming more common. The drugs that are used to treat it are very toxic; treatment should be stopped as soon as possible. We wished to know if the clinical appearance of a lesion could be related to the number of organisms in it. We injected 16 rabbits intravenously with a suspension of Candida Albicans and produced typical ocular lesions in all of them. The fundi were observed by indirect ophthamoscopy and periodically groups of rabbits were killed and quantitative cultures of their eyes were made. Our results show that this experimental model gives reproducible results. We found that when the lesions are beginning to regress, culture shows either no or very little growth. If, in the human, the ophthalmoscopic appearance of a lesion is similarly related, it could be a guide in deciding the need to continue treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:336165", "title": "A rapid method for the determination of cellular protein in the presence of elemental sulfur.", "content": "Cellular protein in the presence of elemental sulfur is determined by the Folin reagent after treatment with benzene. Using this procedure a generation time of 46.2 +/- 4.2 h was observed for Thiobacillus acidophilus grown on elemental sulfur.", "contents": "A rapid method for the determination of cellular protein in the presence of elemental sulfur. Cellular protein in the presence of elemental sulfur is determined by the Folin reagent after treatment with benzene. Using this procedure a generation time of 46.2 +/- 4.2 h was observed for Thiobacillus acidophilus grown on elemental sulfur."}
{"id": "PMID:336166", "title": "Complex medium toxicity to some DNA repair-deficient strains of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The recovery of several strains of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 which had first been grown in minimal medium varies when the organisms are grown on minimal medium agar and complex medium agar. The strains tested included mutants with deficiencies in DNA-repair systems (uvrB-and rec-), a deep rough (rfa-) mutant, and a double mutant carrying both the uvrB- and the rfa-mutation. The uvrB- and rec-mutations imparted sensitivity to complex medium agar. The rfa-mutation suppressed the sensitivity of the uvrB-mutant to complex medium agar. Differences in colony-forming ability were not observed when the bacteria were first grown in the complex medium broth.", "contents": "Complex medium toxicity to some DNA repair-deficient strains of Salmonella typhimurium. The recovery of several strains of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 which had first been grown in minimal medium varies when the organisms are grown on minimal medium agar and complex medium agar. The strains tested included mutants with deficiencies in DNA-repair systems (uvrB-and rec-), a deep rough (rfa-) mutant, and a double mutant carrying both the uvrB- and the rfa-mutation. The uvrB- and rec-mutations imparted sensitivity to complex medium agar. The rfa-mutation suppressed the sensitivity of the uvrB-mutant to complex medium agar. Differences in colony-forming ability were not observed when the bacteria were first grown in the complex medium broth."}
{"id": "PMID:336168", "title": "Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients: report of two successful pregnancies in a patient with impaired renal function.", "content": "Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients is common and, in spite of several potential problems, overall maternal and fetal outcome has been good in patients with transplants that are functioning well. The presence of renal impairment or hypertension, or both, usually leads to complications, especially in the mother. A patient is described who had a baseline creatinine clearance of about 35 mL/min-1.73 m2 and two successful pregnancies. Renal function deteriorated in the 3rd trimester of the first pregnancy but was reversible; permanent loss of function occurred in the 3rd trimester of the second pregnancy. The potential fetal and maternal risks and details of management of pregnant transplant recipients are reviewed.", "contents": "Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients: report of two successful pregnancies in a patient with impaired renal function. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients is common and, in spite of several potential problems, overall maternal and fetal outcome has been good in patients with transplants that are functioning well. The presence of renal impairment or hypertension, or both, usually leads to complications, especially in the mother. A patient is described who had a baseline creatinine clearance of about 35 mL/min-1.73 m2 and two successful pregnancies. Renal function deteriorated in the 3rd trimester of the first pregnancy but was reversible; permanent loss of function occurred in the 3rd trimester of the second pregnancy. The potential fetal and maternal risks and details of management of pregnant transplant recipients are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:336174", "title": "Effects of continuous or discontinuous maintenance therapy on subsequent remission maintenance in childhood leukemia.", "content": "This study was designed to determine if resistance to a standard drug during the second remission of children with acute leukemia was reduced by discontinuation of therapy during the initial remission. The initial maintenance therapy was either 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), methotrexate (MTX), or cyclophosphamide (CYC) given continuously to relapse or discontinued (at random) at 2 or 6 months. Following the initial relapse and after induction of a second complete remission, 72 evaluable patients received (continuously to relapse) either 6-MP (53 patients) or CYC (19 patients) for the second remission maintenance. Resistance of 6-MP occurred during the second maintenance, regardless of the drug used during the initial maintenance, in that the length of second remissions was significantly shorter than the length of first remissions. However, this resistance was most pronounced in patients who initially relapsed while on continuous 6-MP maintenance (medium duration of remission [MDR] of 9 weeks). Patients whose initial relapse occurred after the discontinuation of 6-MP had a MDR of 23 weeks and patients whose second remission was maintained with CYC (after relapse from initial continuous remission on 6-MP) had a MDR of 25 weeks.", "contents": "Effects of continuous or discontinuous maintenance therapy on subsequent remission maintenance in childhood leukemia. This study was designed to determine if resistance to a standard drug during the second remission of children with acute leukemia was reduced by discontinuation of therapy during the initial remission. The initial maintenance therapy was either 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), methotrexate (MTX), or cyclophosphamide (CYC) given continuously to relapse or discontinued (at random) at 2 or 6 months. Following the initial relapse and after induction of a second complete remission, 72 evaluable patients received (continuously to relapse) either 6-MP (53 patients) or CYC (19 patients) for the second remission maintenance. Resistance of 6-MP occurred during the second maintenance, regardless of the drug used during the initial maintenance, in that the length of second remissions was significantly shorter than the length of first remissions. However, this resistance was most pronounced in patients who initially relapsed while on continuous 6-MP maintenance (medium duration of remission [MDR] of 9 weeks). Patients whose initial relapse occurred after the discontinuation of 6-MP had a MDR of 23 weeks and patients whose second remission was maintained with CYC (after relapse from initial continuous remission on 6-MP) had a MDR of 25 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:336176", "title": "Chemotherapy of malignant mesothelioma.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with malignant mesothelioma are described as to mode of presentation, symptoms, method of diagnosis and histology, Beginning in 1972, 10 patients were treated with drug combination including Adriamycin, Dacarbazine (DTIC), Cytoxan, and vincristine. Median survival of these patients was 9.5 months. Twelve patients who were treated with other modes of therapy had a median survival of about 4.75 months. One patient died after 22 days in the hospital, for whom a diagnosis was made at autopsy. While historical retrospective controls involving 13 patients are of limited value in assessing the usefulness of a new treatment, the authors feel that combination chemotherapy in 10 patients has shown enough activity to warrant further study. In addition, wide local resection, where possible, probably increases survival.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of malignant mesothelioma. Twenty-three patients with malignant mesothelioma are described as to mode of presentation, symptoms, method of diagnosis and histology, Beginning in 1972, 10 patients were treated with drug combination including Adriamycin, Dacarbazine (DTIC), Cytoxan, and vincristine. Median survival of these patients was 9.5 months. Twelve patients who were treated with other modes of therapy had a median survival of about 4.75 months. One patient died after 22 days in the hospital, for whom a diagnosis was made at autopsy. While historical retrospective controls involving 13 patients are of limited value in assessing the usefulness of a new treatment, the authors feel that combination chemotherapy in 10 patients has shown enough activity to warrant further study. In addition, wide local resection, where possible, probably increases survival."}
{"id": "PMID:336177", "title": "Experience with the use of adriamycin in combination with other anticancer agents using a weekly schedule, with particular reference to lack of cardiac toxicity.", "content": "Two hundred and seven patients have been treated using a weekly regimen of adriamycin in combination with various other anticancer agents. Thirty-six of these patients have received between 600 and 1000 mg/m2 of Adriamycin and 27 have received more than 1000 mg/m2 of the agents. While electrocardiographic abnormalities were relatively common in this group of patients, no patient developed evidence of a cardiomyopathy. Significant remission rates were seen with patients having malignant lymphomas, carcinoma of the breast, various soft tissue sarcomas, and carcinoma of the ovary. We now have data on 149 patients given Adriamycin weekly who have received over 600 mg/m2 of the drug. Sixty-four of these patients have received over 1000 mg/m2 of Adriamycin. Eight patients were suspected of having an Adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy and this was believed to be likely in only four of these patients. One patient died of a cardiomyopathy apparently induced by Adriamycin. It is our opinion that Adriamycin can be given with only a slight risk of developing a severe cardiomyopathy, in doses greater than 600 mg/m2, either as a single agent or in combination with methotrexate, Cytoxan, vincristine, or 5-fluorouracil, if the Adriamycin is given weekly.", "contents": "Experience with the use of adriamycin in combination with other anticancer agents using a weekly schedule, with particular reference to lack of cardiac toxicity. Two hundred and seven patients have been treated using a weekly regimen of adriamycin in combination with various other anticancer agents. Thirty-six of these patients have received between 600 and 1000 mg/m2 of Adriamycin and 27 have received more than 1000 mg/m2 of the agents. While electrocardiographic abnormalities were relatively common in this group of patients, no patient developed evidence of a cardiomyopathy. Significant remission rates were seen with patients having malignant lymphomas, carcinoma of the breast, various soft tissue sarcomas, and carcinoma of the ovary. We now have data on 149 patients given Adriamycin weekly who have received over 600 mg/m2 of the drug. Sixty-four of these patients have received over 1000 mg/m2 of Adriamycin. Eight patients were suspected of having an Adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy and this was believed to be likely in only four of these patients. One patient died of a cardiomyopathy apparently induced by Adriamycin. It is our opinion that Adriamycin can be given with only a slight risk of developing a severe cardiomyopathy, in doses greater than 600 mg/m2, either as a single agent or in combination with methotrexate, Cytoxan, vincristine, or 5-fluorouracil, if the Adriamycin is given weekly."}
{"id": "PMID:336178", "title": "Adjuvant cancer chemotherapy after resection of carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "A prospective randomized trial was conducted by the Veterans Administration Surgical Adjuvant Group in an attempt to discern the value of prolonged intermittent courses of adjuvant cancer chemotherapy after a successful curative resection of a carcinoma of the lung in men. Four hundred and seventeen patients were randomized into three groups; 132 patients received cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), regimen A; 142 patients received cyclophosphamide alternating with methotrexate, regimen b; and 143 patients received no additional therapy, the controls. The patients in the two treatment groups received an average of 7.1 drug courses. No drug mortality was noted, but toxic symptoms of varying severity were seen after 43.6% of the drug courses. Five-year survival in the two treatment groups was 24.9% (regiment A) and 25.7% (regimen B), respectively, and 23.5% in the control group. No treatment benefit was associated with adjuvant chemotherapy in this trial.", "contents": "Adjuvant cancer chemotherapy after resection of carcinoma of the lung. A prospective randomized trial was conducted by the Veterans Administration Surgical Adjuvant Group in an attempt to discern the value of prolonged intermittent courses of adjuvant cancer chemotherapy after a successful curative resection of a carcinoma of the lung in men. Four hundred and seventeen patients were randomized into three groups; 132 patients received cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), regimen A; 142 patients received cyclophosphamide alternating with methotrexate, regimen b; and 143 patients received no additional therapy, the controls. The patients in the two treatment groups received an average of 7.1 drug courses. No drug mortality was noted, but toxic symptoms of varying severity were seen after 43.6% of the drug courses. Five-year survival in the two treatment groups was 24.9% (regiment A) and 25.7% (regimen B), respectively, and 23.5% in the control group. No treatment benefit was associated with adjuvant chemotherapy in this trial."}
{"id": "PMID:336179", "title": "Clinical trial of nafoxidine in adrenalectomized patients with advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Antiestrogen compounds are relatively new in the treatment of breast cancer. A clinical trial of Nafoxidine therapy is being pursued in our institution. In a selected group of patients with metastatic breast cancer who had, in the past, undergone adrenalectomy, Nafoxidine therapy produced objective tumor regression in six out of ten patients. Of the six patients whose tumors contained demonstrable estrogen receptors, four showed regression (67%), one patient had stable disease, and one showed tumor progression. Of the four patients in whom estrogen receptor estimation was not done, two had, in the past, shown regression after endocrine therapy and they also showed regression of tumor with Nafoxidine therapy. In patients with metastatic breast carcinoma, who have undergone adrenalectomy in the past, a therapeutic trial with Nafoxidine may be worthwhile particularly in patients who have demonstrable estrogen receptor in the tumor of those who have in the past shown regression of tumor after endocrine therapy.", "contents": "Clinical trial of nafoxidine in adrenalectomized patients with advanced breast cancer. Antiestrogen compounds are relatively new in the treatment of breast cancer. A clinical trial of Nafoxidine therapy is being pursued in our institution. In a selected group of patients with metastatic breast cancer who had, in the past, undergone adrenalectomy, Nafoxidine therapy produced objective tumor regression in six out of ten patients. Of the six patients whose tumors contained demonstrable estrogen receptors, four showed regression (67%), one patient had stable disease, and one showed tumor progression. Of the four patients in whom estrogen receptor estimation was not done, two had, in the past, shown regression after endocrine therapy and they also showed regression of tumor with Nafoxidine therapy. In patients with metastatic breast carcinoma, who have undergone adrenalectomy in the past, a therapeutic trial with Nafoxidine may be worthwhile particularly in patients who have demonstrable estrogen receptor in the tumor of those who have in the past shown regression of tumor after endocrine therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:336180", "title": "Combined therapy for metastatic extradural tumors of the spine.", "content": "The effectiveness of combined modality therapy was studied in 29 patients with metastatic extradural spinal tumor who had had a previous diagnosis of malignancy. Dexamethasone was begun upon suspicion of the diagnosis in a dose of 40 mg daily. Following emergency myelography, in all patients without rapid progression, dexamethasone in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, when appropriate, was instituted. If deterioration occurred, decompressive laminectomy was performed. Five ambulatory patients had neurological function preserved and the condition of seven nonambulatory patients was improved to ambulation at discharge with a combination of dexamethasone, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. These were patients with prostatic carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, or breast carcinoma. In five patients who failed medical therapy decompressive laminectomy was successful. In patients with metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma, nonsurgical therapy failed and all underwent surgical decompression with a favorable outcome in only two of 10 patients.", "contents": "Combined therapy for metastatic extradural tumors of the spine. The effectiveness of combined modality therapy was studied in 29 patients with metastatic extradural spinal tumor who had had a previous diagnosis of malignancy. Dexamethasone was begun upon suspicion of the diagnosis in a dose of 40 mg daily. Following emergency myelography, in all patients without rapid progression, dexamethasone in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, when appropriate, was instituted. If deterioration occurred, decompressive laminectomy was performed. Five ambulatory patients had neurological function preserved and the condition of seven nonambulatory patients was improved to ambulation at discharge with a combination of dexamethasone, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. These were patients with prostatic carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, or breast carcinoma. In five patients who failed medical therapy decompressive laminectomy was successful. In patients with metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma, nonsurgical therapy failed and all underwent surgical decompression with a favorable outcome in only two of 10 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:336181", "title": "A Phase II study of autologous irradiated tumor cells plus BCG in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.", "content": "Eighteen patients with surgically incurable metastatic malignant melanoma were treated with a mixture of irradiated (15,000 rads) autologous tumors cells (1-2 X 10(8)) and BCG (Glaxo, 2-4.5 X 10(6) organisms), which was injected intradermally (in five divided doses) every 2 weeks (X5). Four of 18 (22%) evaluable patients achieved objective remissions. It is concluded that this treatment regimen does not have general clinical application because the remissions were infrequent, of shor duration (median, 3 months) and occurred only in patients with minimal, nonvisceral tumor burdens.", "contents": "A Phase II study of autologous irradiated tumor cells plus BCG in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. Eighteen patients with surgically incurable metastatic malignant melanoma were treated with a mixture of irradiated (15,000 rads) autologous tumors cells (1-2 X 10(8)) and BCG (Glaxo, 2-4.5 X 10(6) organisms), which was injected intradermally (in five divided doses) every 2 weeks (X5). Four of 18 (22%) evaluable patients achieved objective remissions. It is concluded that this treatment regimen does not have general clinical application because the remissions were infrequent, of shor duration (median, 3 months) and occurred only in patients with minimal, nonvisceral tumor burdens."}
{"id": "PMID:336182", "title": "Familial immunopathies: report of nine families and survey of literature.", "content": "Nineteen individuals are reported who represent nine familial instances of various immunopathies. Multiple myeloma was diagnosed in 10 members of five families, lanthanic (idiopathic) paraproteinemia in five members of two families and either myeloma or lanthanic paraproteinemia in four members of the remaining two families. The parent-child relationship occurred in three instances, siblings were affected in three, and first cousins in three families. Immunochemical studies revealed IgG paraprotein in nine cases; IgA  in three; IgMl type in three subjects belonging to the same family; Bence-Jones protein in one case and biclonal paraproteinemia, IgGk plus IgAl in one. Three individual cases of lanthanic paraproteinemia, discovered in a prospective study of 76 relatives of subjects with immunopathies, suggest that there may be a higher frequency of immunopathies among family members than observed in the general population of comparable age. The published reports on familial paraproteinemias are reviewed..", "contents": "Familial immunopathies: report of nine families and survey of literature. Nineteen individuals are reported who represent nine familial instances of various immunopathies. Multiple myeloma was diagnosed in 10 members of five families, lanthanic (idiopathic) paraproteinemia in five members of two families and either myeloma or lanthanic paraproteinemia in four members of the remaining two families. The parent-child relationship occurred in three instances, siblings were affected in three, and first cousins in three families. Immunochemical studies revealed IgG paraprotein in nine cases; IgA  in three; IgMl type in three subjects belonging to the same family; Bence-Jones protein in one case and biclonal paraproteinemia, IgGk plus IgAl in one. Three individual cases of lanthanic paraproteinemia, discovered in a prospective study of 76 relatives of subjects with immunopathies, suggest that there may be a higher frequency of immunopathies among family members than observed in the general population of comparable age. The published reports on familial paraproteinemias are reviewed.."}
{"id": "PMID:336183", "title": "Polyhistioma: a malignant tumor of bone and extraskeletal tissues.", "content": "Polyhistioma, a neoplasm whose basic cells are small and round like those of Ewing's sarcoma, but which differentiate into various mesenchymal structures, most often bone, is described. Those cases that produce cartilage have been called mesenchymal chondrosarcoma; the others therefore are mostly urecognized. The name \"polyhistioma\" is suggested in the hope that with this terminology more of these tumors will be diagnosed. Polyhistiomas are not excessively rare; they affect bone and soft tissue. Half the patients with polyhistiomas died within 2 years. Treatment has resulted in survival of over 20 years. Thirty-eight of the 144 patients with polyhistioma have survived 5 years or more following first definitive treatment. Thirty-seven cases of the disease are presented.", "contents": "Polyhistioma: a malignant tumor of bone and extraskeletal tissues. Polyhistioma, a neoplasm whose basic cells are small and round like those of Ewing's sarcoma, but which differentiate into various mesenchymal structures, most often bone, is described. Those cases that produce cartilage have been called mesenchymal chondrosarcoma; the others therefore are mostly urecognized. The name \"polyhistioma\" is suggested in the hope that with this terminology more of these tumors will be diagnosed. Polyhistiomas are not excessively rare; they affect bone and soft tissue. Half the patients with polyhistiomas died within 2 years. Treatment has resulted in survival of over 20 years. Thirty-eight of the 144 patients with polyhistioma have survived 5 years or more following first definitive treatment. Thirty-seven cases of the disease are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:336184", "title": "Histiocytic lymphoma with sclerosis arising from a nodular lymphoma with a special stromal reaction.", "content": "Histiocytic lymphoma with sclerosis was found together with a small nodular lymphoma in a cervical lymph node biopsy from a 48-year-old man. Since the cellular origin of this entity is unclear and its ultrastructure has not been described before, we processed formalin-fixed samples for electron microscopy, which revealed three cell types: small lymphocytes with cleaved nuclei, large lymphocytes with vesticular noncleaved nuclei, and mesenchymal stromal cells occasionally bearing desmosomes or hemidesmosomes. In addition, there was an increase of the intercellular connective tissue, which consisted of a mixture of normal and fibrous long spacing collagen fibers. The results indicate that histiocytic lymphoma with sclerosis can evolve from a nodular lymphoma, and that diagnostic information can be obtained by electron microscopy of tissue samples previously fixed in formalin.", "contents": "Histiocytic lymphoma with sclerosis arising from a nodular lymphoma with a special stromal reaction. Histiocytic lymphoma with sclerosis was found together with a small nodular lymphoma in a cervical lymph node biopsy from a 48-year-old man. Since the cellular origin of this entity is unclear and its ultrastructure has not been described before, we processed formalin-fixed samples for electron microscopy, which revealed three cell types: small lymphocytes with cleaved nuclei, large lymphocytes with vesticular noncleaved nuclei, and mesenchymal stromal cells occasionally bearing desmosomes or hemidesmosomes. In addition, there was an increase of the intercellular connective tissue, which consisted of a mixture of normal and fibrous long spacing collagen fibers. The results indicate that histiocytic lymphoma with sclerosis can evolve from a nodular lymphoma, and that diagnostic information can be obtained by electron microscopy of tissue samples previously fixed in formalin."}
{"id": "PMID:336185", "title": "An ultrastructural study of seven cardiac myxomas.", "content": "Seven cardiac myxomas (CM) were studied by light and electron microscopy (EM) and their features compared with previously reported CM. Tumor cells were enmeshed within abundant stroma composed of fine electron dense granules. These cells were present either singly or more often in closely apposed small groups. The most distinctive ultrastructural feature in all seven CM was the presence of numerous cytoplasmic filaments. Our findings did not support a distinct separation into multiple cell types that could be clearly classified since the tumor cells had combined features of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. There has been no agreement on the principal cell type observed in CM, which has resulted in numerous theories about their histogenesis. Although the cell of origin of CM remains elusive, we fell that CM arise from primitive mesenchymal cells with multipotential capabilities for cell differentiation. Evidence is presented supporting the fact that CM are neoplasms and not thrombi. CM rarely recur but no bona fide metastasis has been reported.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of seven cardiac myxomas. Seven cardiac myxomas (CM) were studied by light and electron microscopy (EM) and their features compared with previously reported CM. Tumor cells were enmeshed within abundant stroma composed of fine electron dense granules. These cells were present either singly or more often in closely apposed small groups. The most distinctive ultrastructural feature in all seven CM was the presence of numerous cytoplasmic filaments. Our findings did not support a distinct separation into multiple cell types that could be clearly classified since the tumor cells had combined features of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. There has been no agreement on the principal cell type observed in CM, which has resulted in numerous theories about their histogenesis. Although the cell of origin of CM remains elusive, we fell that CM arise from primitive mesenchymal cells with multipotential capabilities for cell differentiation. Evidence is presented supporting the fact that CM are neoplasms and not thrombi. CM rarely recur but no bona fide metastasis has been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:336186", "title": "A rapid in vitro method for measuring cell proliferation in human breast cancer.", "content": "A method has been developed for studying in vitro the cell proliferation kinetics of human breast cancer, Surgical specimens from primary tumors were studied in 56 patients. Viable cell suspensions for assay were obtained by the dissociation of tumor tissue with collagenase. Mean Labeling indices of 2.43 +/- S.D 2.05 and 4.48 +/- S.D. 3.73, respectiviely, were found after incubation with 3HTdR for 2 hours and 24 hours. Mean S-times of 21.9 +/- S.D. 4.3 hours were estimated by 3H and 14C-TdR double-labeling. The kinetic data have been validated by parallel labeling studies in vivo and in vitro in four patients. The processing of autoradiographs using gold latensification provided slides for kinetic analysis within 3 days. The assay offers a method that is useful in the planning and monitoring of drug therapy.", "contents": "A rapid in vitro method for measuring cell proliferation in human breast cancer. A method has been developed for studying in vitro the cell proliferation kinetics of human breast cancer, Surgical specimens from primary tumors were studied in 56 patients. Viable cell suspensions for assay were obtained by the dissociation of tumor tissue with collagenase. Mean Labeling indices of 2.43 +/- S.D 2.05 and 4.48 +/- S.D. 3.73, respectiviely, were found after incubation with 3HTdR for 2 hours and 24 hours. Mean S-times of 21.9 +/- S.D. 4.3 hours were estimated by 3H and 14C-TdR double-labeling. The kinetic data have been validated by parallel labeling studies in vivo and in vitro in four patients. The processing of autoradiographs using gold latensification provided slides for kinetic analysis within 3 days. The assay offers a method that is useful in the planning and monitoring of drug therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:336188", "title": "Inhibitory effects of selenium on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and methylazoxymethanol colon carcinogenesis: correlative studies on selenium effects on the mutagenicity and sister chromatid exchange rates of selected carcinogens.", "content": "Selenium (Se) inhibition of either the activation of test compounds and/or mutagenic events elicited by activated compounds is suggested by experimental rat assays, mutagenesis assays, and assays with human lymphocytes in culture. The colon tumor incidence in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-treated rats was reduced from 87% to 40% by 4 ppm Se supplements in the drinking water. Supplemental Se decreased the total number of colon tumors induced by DMH more than three-fold and by methylazoxymethanol (MAM) almost two-fold. Coexposure of Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538 to an effective molar ratio of Se/2-acetylaminofluorene=10, Se/N-OH-acetylaminofluorene=10 and SE/N-OH-aminofluorene=300 reduced the mutagenicity to 65, 68, and 61% of their respective controls with mutagen alone. With a molar ratio of Se/N-OH-AAF=100, Se reduced the activity to 28% of the mutagenicity of N-OH-AAF alone. Preliminary data indicating MAM is mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA 1535 and His G 46(6837) are presented. In toxicity studies exposure of human lymphocyte cultures to 1.3 X 10(-9) to 1.6 X 10(-5) M Se yielded sister chromatid exchange (SCE) rates equivalent to background levels of 6--7 SCE per cell. The SCE frequencies of lymphocytes cultured with Se and selected carcinogens are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of selenium on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and methylazoxymethanol colon carcinogenesis: correlative studies on selenium effects on the mutagenicity and sister chromatid exchange rates of selected carcinogens. Selenium (Se) inhibition of either the activation of test compounds and/or mutagenic events elicited by activated compounds is suggested by experimental rat assays, mutagenesis assays, and assays with human lymphocytes in culture. The colon tumor incidence in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-treated rats was reduced from 87% to 40% by 4 ppm Se supplements in the drinking water. Supplemental Se decreased the total number of colon tumors induced by DMH more than three-fold and by methylazoxymethanol (MAM) almost two-fold. Coexposure of Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538 to an effective molar ratio of Se/2-acetylaminofluorene=10, Se/N-OH-acetylaminofluorene=10 and SE/N-OH-aminofluorene=300 reduced the mutagenicity to 65, 68, and 61% of their respective controls with mutagen alone. With a molar ratio of Se/N-OH-AAF=100, Se reduced the activity to 28% of the mutagenicity of N-OH-AAF alone. Preliminary data indicating MAM is mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA 1535 and His G 46(6837) are presented. In toxicity studies exposure of human lymphocyte cultures to 1.3 X 10(-9) to 1.6 X 10(-5) M Se yielded sister chromatid exchange (SCE) rates equivalent to background levels of 6--7 SCE per cell. The SCE frequencies of lymphocytes cultured with Se and selected carcinogens are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336190", "title": "Chemoimmunotherapy of metastatic large bowel cancer: nonspecific stimulation with BCG and levamisole.", "content": "The administration of two chemoimmunotherapy programs to 103 consecutive patients with metastatic colorectal cancer resulted in improved survival for patients who achieved either objective tumor regressions or disease stabilization for more than 8 weeks. Objective tumor regression was observed in 47% of patients treated with the Ftorafur-methyl-CCNU-methotrexate-Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (FTOR-MeM-BCG) program and in 34% of patients treated with the 5-fluorouracil-methotrexate-Baker's antifol (FU-M-BAF) +/- Levamisole program. The combinated median duration of survival for patients who achieved objective tumor regression and disease stabilization with FTOR-MeM-BCG was 13 months compared with 6 months for patients who had progression of disease (p = 0.001). The corresponding values for patients treated with FU-M-BAF +/- levamisole were 11 months and seven months, respectively (p = 0.001). While the role of BCG immunotherapy in these results remains speculative, the administration of levamisole immunotherapy did not appear to have influenced results significantly. Patients who presented at diagnosis with Dukes A, B and C lesions, and therefore had longer disease-free intervals, responded more frequently to chemoimmunotherapy and survived longer than patients who presented at diagnosis with Dukes D lesions. Similarly, greater antitumor effect was observed in patients with lower pretreatment plasma CEA levels evaluation of these pretreatment characteristics may have insignificant implications for the design of future clinical trials.", "contents": "Chemoimmunotherapy of metastatic large bowel cancer: nonspecific stimulation with BCG and levamisole. The administration of two chemoimmunotherapy programs to 103 consecutive patients with metastatic colorectal cancer resulted in improved survival for patients who achieved either objective tumor regressions or disease stabilization for more than 8 weeks. Objective tumor regression was observed in 47% of patients treated with the Ftorafur-methyl-CCNU-methotrexate-Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (FTOR-MeM-BCG) program and in 34% of patients treated with the 5-fluorouracil-methotrexate-Baker's antifol (FU-M-BAF) +/- Levamisole program. The combinated median duration of survival for patients who achieved objective tumor regression and disease stabilization with FTOR-MeM-BCG was 13 months compared with 6 months for patients who had progression of disease (p = 0.001). The corresponding values for patients treated with FU-M-BAF +/- levamisole were 11 months and seven months, respectively (p = 0.001). While the role of BCG immunotherapy in these results remains speculative, the administration of levamisole immunotherapy did not appear to have influenced results significantly. Patients who presented at diagnosis with Dukes A, B and C lesions, and therefore had longer disease-free intervals, responded more frequently to chemoimmunotherapy and survived longer than patients who presented at diagnosis with Dukes D lesions. Similarly, greater antitumor effect was observed in patients with lower pretreatment plasma CEA levels evaluation of these pretreatment characteristics may have insignificant implications for the design of future clinical trials."}
{"id": "PMID:336192", "title": "Tumor biology and clinical trials: the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award Lecture.", "content": "Laboratory research is often described as basic and clinical research, prognostic or empirical. In this address, the point is made that research may be clinical or laboratory. Good clinical research may give important biological answers. Breast cancer clinical trials are decribed in terms of their biological interpretation. A list of significant biological questions that need answering are presented.", "contents": "Tumor biology and clinical trials: the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award Lecture. Laboratory research is often described as basic and clinical research, prognostic or empirical. In this address, the point is made that research may be clinical or laboratory. Good clinical research may give important biological answers. Breast cancer clinical trials are decribed in terms of their biological interpretation. A list of significant biological questions that need answering are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:336193", "title": "Increased expression of actin-like protein in human and ethylnitrosourea-induced tumors of the nervous system.", "content": "Twenty-one human intracranial tumors comprising 15 astrocytomas and 6 meningiomas and 26 ethylnitrosourea-induced rat neural tumors comprising 7 astrocytomas and 9 schwannomas were examined by indirect immunofluorescence for reactivity with a human anti-actin antibody. In cryostat sections both human and rat astrocytomas showed an increased reaction with the anti-actin antibody compared to normal astrocytes, and the reaction with astrocytomas was greater  than that with meningiomas. Malignant rat schwannomas also showed prominent anti-actin staining contrasting with the negative reaction in normal Schwann cells. These in vivo observations were paralleled by concurrent studies with impression films and in vitro monolayer cultures of tumor tissue. The results, reviewed in the light pfo previous studies of anti-actin antibody reactivity with other nonneural tumors, suggest that an enhanced actin expression in vivo may be a general feature of the neoplastic state and that this increased expression may be more pronounced in malignant than in benign tumors.", "contents": "Increased expression of actin-like protein in human and ethylnitrosourea-induced tumors of the nervous system. Twenty-one human intracranial tumors comprising 15 astrocytomas and 6 meningiomas and 26 ethylnitrosourea-induced rat neural tumors comprising 7 astrocytomas and 9 schwannomas were examined by indirect immunofluorescence for reactivity with a human anti-actin antibody. In cryostat sections both human and rat astrocytomas showed an increased reaction with the anti-actin antibody compared to normal astrocytes, and the reaction with astrocytomas was greater  than that with meningiomas. Malignant rat schwannomas also showed prominent anti-actin staining contrasting with the negative reaction in normal Schwann cells. These in vivo observations were paralleled by concurrent studies with impression films and in vitro monolayer cultures of tumor tissue. The results, reviewed in the light pfo previous studies of anti-actin antibody reactivity with other nonneural tumors, suggest that an enhanced actin expression in vivo may be a general feature of the neoplastic state and that this increased expression may be more pronounced in malignant than in benign tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:336194", "title": "Initiation and characterization of cultured tumor lines from spontaneous reticulum cell sarcoma of SJL/J mice.", "content": "Three reticulum cell sarcoma lines (LA1, LA6, and LA8) have been established from SJL/J spontaneous \"Hodgkin's-like\" reticulum cell sarcoma. All cultures are lymphoid with blast-like morphology by light and electron microscopy and produce the type B neoplasm (Dunn classification) when injected into young SJL/J mice. Identification of these tumors as lymphocytic and monocytic was investigated by surface markers, histochemical staining, and phagocytic function. LA6 and LA8 bear receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin complement receptors; Thy 1.2 antigens and surface immunoglobulin were not detected on any of the three lines. No lines were able to synthesize immunoglobulin or phagocytose Degalon beads. Histochemical staining was presumptive of lymphocytes or lymphoblasts with slight differences between the lines. Although a T- or B-cell classification cannot definitively be made for these tumors lines because of their lack of specific markers, the results are consistent with an immature B-cell origin for the SJL/J reticulum cell sarcoma.", "contents": "Initiation and characterization of cultured tumor lines from spontaneous reticulum cell sarcoma of SJL/J mice. Three reticulum cell sarcoma lines (LA1, LA6, and LA8) have been established from SJL/J spontaneous \"Hodgkin's-like\" reticulum cell sarcoma. All cultures are lymphoid with blast-like morphology by light and electron microscopy and produce the type B neoplasm (Dunn classification) when injected into young SJL/J mice. Identification of these tumors as lymphocytic and monocytic was investigated by surface markers, histochemical staining, and phagocytic function. LA6 and LA8 bear receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin complement receptors; Thy 1.2 antigens and surface immunoglobulin were not detected on any of the three lines. No lines were able to synthesize immunoglobulin or phagocytose Degalon beads. Histochemical staining was presumptive of lymphocytes or lymphoblasts with slight differences between the lines. Although a T- or B-cell classification cannot definitively be made for these tumors lines because of their lack of specific markers, the results are consistent with an immature B-cell origin for the SJL/J reticulum cell sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:336207", "title": "Responsiveness to humoral factors of mouse marrow colony forming cells after treatment with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Humoral factors affecting granulopoiesis have been detected by culturing bone marrow cells in intraperitoneal diffusion chambers. This study investigated the possibility that treatment with drugs alters the ability of cells to respond to these factors. Three days after treatment with 200 mg kg-1 cyclophosphamide, donor marrow cells were more responsive than normal cells to the factors produced in cyclophosphamide pretreated hosts. The optimum timing of host pretreatment for maximum colony stimulation also differed for cells from cyclophosphamide treated and untreated donors and these effects were found to depend on the dose of drug given to the animals.", "contents": "Responsiveness to humoral factors of mouse marrow colony forming cells after treatment with cyclophosphamide. Humoral factors affecting granulopoiesis have been detected by culturing bone marrow cells in intraperitoneal diffusion chambers. This study investigated the possibility that treatment with drugs alters the ability of cells to respond to these factors. Three days after treatment with 200 mg kg-1 cyclophosphamide, donor marrow cells were more responsive than normal cells to the factors produced in cyclophosphamide pretreated hosts. The optimum timing of host pretreatment for maximum colony stimulation also differed for cells from cyclophosphamide treated and untreated donors and these effects were found to depend on the dose of drug given to the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:336208", "title": "Cell cycle characteristics of synchronized and asynchronous populations of human cells and effect of cooling of selected mitotic cells.", "content": "The method of synchronizing cells by means of mitotic selection has been adapted to the human line NHIK 3025. Increase in cell number as a function of time in asynchronous and synchronous populations was studied as well as mitotic index as a function of time after selection of synchronized populations. Phase durations of the cell cycle of synchronous populations were determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation and scintillation counting. The relative phase durations of exponentially growing asynchronous populations were determined by mathematical analysis of DNA-histograms recorded by flow cytofluorimetry. Both the generation time and the various phase durations of the cell cycle were found to be the same in asynchronous and synchronous populations. It was found that NHIK 3025 cells are damaged by cooling to 4 and 0 degrees C so that cooling of selected cells in order to increase the yield would reduce the quality of the synchronized populations.", "contents": "Cell cycle characteristics of synchronized and asynchronous populations of human cells and effect of cooling of selected mitotic cells. The method of synchronizing cells by means of mitotic selection has been adapted to the human line NHIK 3025. Increase in cell number as a function of time in asynchronous and synchronous populations was studied as well as mitotic index as a function of time after selection of synchronized populations. Phase durations of the cell cycle of synchronous populations were determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation and scintillation counting. The relative phase durations of exponentially growing asynchronous populations were determined by mathematical analysis of DNA-histograms recorded by flow cytofluorimetry. Both the generation time and the various phase durations of the cell cycle were found to be the same in asynchronous and synchronous populations. It was found that NHIK 3025 cells are damaged by cooling to 4 and 0 degrees C so that cooling of selected cells in order to increase the yield would reduce the quality of the synchronized populations."}
{"id": "PMID:336210", "title": "Planning the suicide experiments.", "content": "Suicide experiments involve a great degree of uncertainty in the counting of cell colonies. This work studies from a statistical point of view the precision of the estimation as a function of the number of experimental units which are used. Assuming that the colony numbers in recipients follow a Poisson distribution, we give the necessary number of recipients (a) to determine with a given accuracy the percentage of DNA synthesizing cells (S cells), (b) to test whether or not a cell population is quiescent, and (c) to compare the percentages of S cells in two cell populations.", "contents": "Planning the suicide experiments. Suicide experiments involve a great degree of uncertainty in the counting of cell colonies. This work studies from a statistical point of view the precision of the estimation as a function of the number of experimental units which are used. Assuming that the colony numbers in recipients follow a Poisson distribution, we give the necessary number of recipients (a) to determine with a given accuracy the percentage of DNA synthesizing cells (S cells), (b) to test whether or not a cell population is quiescent, and (c) to compare the percentages of S cells in two cell populations."}
{"id": "PMID:336211", "title": "A catecholaminergic neuron connecting the first two optic neuropiles (lamina ganglionaris and medulla externa) of the crayfish pacifastacus leniusculus.", "content": "The crustacean optic neuropiles, the lamina ganglionaris and especially the medulla externa, show a specific pattern of green fluorescence with the fluorescence histochemical method of Falck-Hillarp. Normally, only the terminals and the cell bodies fluoresce, but in reserpine-treated animals exogenous catecholamines are taken up by the whole adrenergic neuron and are thus visualized as a whole. Incubating crayfish optic neuropiles in dopamine or alpha-methylnoradrenaline after reserpine treatment demonstrated a tangential neuron connecting the lamina and the medulla externa. The morphology of this tangential neuron differs from the two types of tangential neurons, Tan1 and Tan2, previously characterized with Golgi techniques. The catecholaminergic neuron thus constitutes, a third tangential neuron type.", "contents": "A catecholaminergic neuron connecting the first two optic neuropiles (lamina ganglionaris and medulla externa) of the crayfish pacifastacus leniusculus. The crustacean optic neuropiles, the lamina ganglionaris and especially the medulla externa, show a specific pattern of green fluorescence with the fluorescence histochemical method of Falck-Hillarp. Normally, only the terminals and the cell bodies fluoresce, but in reserpine-treated animals exogenous catecholamines are taken up by the whole adrenergic neuron and are thus visualized as a whole. Incubating crayfish optic neuropiles in dopamine or alpha-methylnoradrenaline after reserpine treatment demonstrated a tangential neuron connecting the lamina and the medulla externa. The morphology of this tangential neuron differs from the two types of tangential neurons, Tan1 and Tan2, previously characterized with Golgi techniques. The catecholaminergic neuron thus constitutes, a third tangential neuron type."}
{"id": "PMID:336212", "title": "Immunofluorescence study of LH-RH producing cells in the human fetal hypothalamus.", "content": "The use of antibodies to synthetic LH-RH has enabled the detection by immunofluorescence of hypothalamic LH-RH producing cells in the human fetus. The perikarya of these cells are located in the pericommissural and peroptic regions, in the lamina terminalis and in the premamillary region. Reactive axons occur in the median eminence. The first LH-RH producing cells are seen as early as nine weeks of gestation. The specificity of immunocytological reaction has been controlled.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence study of LH-RH producing cells in the human fetal hypothalamus. The use of antibodies to synthetic LH-RH has enabled the detection by immunofluorescence of hypothalamic LH-RH producing cells in the human fetus. The perikarya of these cells are located in the pericommissural and peroptic regions, in the lamina terminalis and in the premamillary region. Reactive axons occur in the median eminence. The first LH-RH producing cells are seen as early as nine weeks of gestation. The specificity of immunocytological reaction has been controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:336213", "title": "Proliferation of lamellar whorls in arcuate neurons of the hypothalamus of male rats treated with estradiol benzoate or cyproterone acetate.", "content": "The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (AH) of male rats which had been treated either with estradiol benzoate (E2B) or cyproterone acetate (CPA) was examined ultrastructurally for the presence of whorls of endoplasmic reticulum. The incidence of whorl containing neurons (WCN) was 2-4 times higher in the AH of animals treated for 2-3 weeks with E2B or for 2 weeks with CPA than in the AH of oil treated controls. CPA is a powerful anti-androgen while E2B acts both peripherally and centrally to limit testosterone production. These findings, together with previous evidence that whorls proliferate in AH of male rats deprived of androgen by morphine treatment or castration, suggest that steroid feedback (androgen alone or both androgen and estrogen) plays an important role in AH whorl preliferation. The possibility that WCN may be LH-RH containing neurons is suggested by the close correspondence between the number and location of WCN within AH as determined in this study and the distribution of LH-RH containing cells reported by others.", "contents": "Proliferation of lamellar whorls in arcuate neurons of the hypothalamus of male rats treated with estradiol benzoate or cyproterone acetate. The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (AH) of male rats which had been treated either with estradiol benzoate (E2B) or cyproterone acetate (CPA) was examined ultrastructurally for the presence of whorls of endoplasmic reticulum. The incidence of whorl containing neurons (WCN) was 2-4 times higher in the AH of animals treated for 2-3 weeks with E2B or for 2 weeks with CPA than in the AH of oil treated controls. CPA is a powerful anti-androgen while E2B acts both peripherally and centrally to limit testosterone production. These findings, together with previous evidence that whorls proliferate in AH of male rats deprived of androgen by morphine treatment or castration, suggest that steroid feedback (androgen alone or both androgen and estrogen) plays an important role in AH whorl preliferation. The possibility that WCN may be LH-RH containing neurons is suggested by the close correspondence between the number and location of WCN within AH as determined in this study and the distribution of LH-RH containing cells reported by others."}
{"id": "PMID:336214", "title": "Sexual difference in LH-cells of the neonatal rats as revealed by immunocytochemistry.", "content": "Localization and number of pituitary LH-cells were studied in neonatal male and female rats (from the birth to 12th day) applying anti-HCG serum in immunoenzymological procedures. The cells increased in number with developing age after birth. The cells in males and females were equal in number until 4 days of age, wheres thereafter the increase of the cell number in females exceeded that in males. After birth, the cells are mainly concentrated ventrally, being ventro-lateral in the anterior region but converging into the medial-ventral area in the posterior part of the gland. Some dispersion in a dorsal direction is also noted in the latter region. At birth the cells begin to appear in the dorsal area in the anterior portion, as well as in the posterior portion, particularly in the area close to the intermediate lobe and in the zone adjacent ot the residual lumen. This was particularly evident in females after 4 days of age. Thus it is concluded that in rats the sexual differences in the pituitary become apparent after the 4th day of postnatal life.", "contents": "Sexual difference in LH-cells of the neonatal rats as revealed by immunocytochemistry. Localization and number of pituitary LH-cells were studied in neonatal male and female rats (from the birth to 12th day) applying anti-HCG serum in immunoenzymological procedures. The cells increased in number with developing age after birth. The cells in males and females were equal in number until 4 days of age, wheres thereafter the increase of the cell number in females exceeded that in males. After birth, the cells are mainly concentrated ventrally, being ventro-lateral in the anterior region but converging into the medial-ventral area in the posterior part of the gland. Some dispersion in a dorsal direction is also noted in the latter region. At birth the cells begin to appear in the dorsal area in the anterior portion, as well as in the posterior portion, particularly in the area close to the intermediate lobe and in the zone adjacent ot the residual lumen. This was particularly evident in females after 4 days of age. Thus it is concluded that in rats the sexual differences in the pituitary become apparent after the 4th day of postnatal life."}
{"id": "PMID:336215", "title": "FITC-labelled antibody staining of tropomyosin-containing fibrils in smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, prefusion myoblasts, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and 3T3 cells in culture.", "content": "FITC-labelled antibodies to purified chicken gizzard smooth muscle tropomyosin were prepared and used to stain muscle and non-muscle cells in culture. Skeletal muscle myoblasts stained both diffusely throughout the cytoplasm and in fine filamentous structures. Once myotubes developed the staining was localized exclusively in the I-band region of the myofibrils. Similarly, cardiac muscle cells stained in the I-band alone. Primary and subcultured smooth muscle cells, irrespective of their state of differentiation, stained exclusively in long, straight fibrils. The staining of the fibrils was interrupted with stained regions 1-2 micrometer long and unstained spacings 0.5 micrometer. Interrupted fibrils were also observed in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, however their staining reaction was very weak (almost indistinguishable from that with pre-immune serum) and they were few in number. 3T3 cells demonstrated moderate staining in interrupted fibrils. Sheaths of very fine fibrils staining with a similar intensity were also found throught the cytoplasm. Interruptions in these fine fibrils were often aligned to give the whole cell a striated appearance. Sheaths of fibrils were not found in the other cell types studied.", "contents": "FITC-labelled antibody staining of tropomyosin-containing fibrils in smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, prefusion myoblasts, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and 3T3 cells in culture. FITC-labelled antibodies to purified chicken gizzard smooth muscle tropomyosin were prepared and used to stain muscle and non-muscle cells in culture. Skeletal muscle myoblasts stained both diffusely throughout the cytoplasm and in fine filamentous structures. Once myotubes developed the staining was localized exclusively in the I-band region of the myofibrils. Similarly, cardiac muscle cells stained in the I-band alone. Primary and subcultured smooth muscle cells, irrespective of their state of differentiation, stained exclusively in long, straight fibrils. The staining of the fibrils was interrupted with stained regions 1-2 micrometer long and unstained spacings 0.5 micrometer. Interrupted fibrils were also observed in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, however their staining reaction was very weak (almost indistinguishable from that with pre-immune serum) and they were few in number. 3T3 cells demonstrated moderate staining in interrupted fibrils. Sheaths of very fine fibrils staining with a similar intensity were also found throught the cytoplasm. Interruptions in these fine fibrils were often aligned to give the whole cell a striated appearance. Sheaths of fibrils were not found in the other cell types studied."}
{"id": "PMID:336216", "title": "Immunofluorescence-microscopic demonstration of myosin and actin in salivary glands and exocrine pancreas of the rat.", "content": "Actin and myosin were localized in various salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual, lingual and Harderian gland) and the exocrine pancrease of rats by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using specific rabbit antibodies against chicken gizzard myosin and actin. A bright immunofluorescent staining with both antibodies were observed at three main sites: (1) In myoepithelial cells of all salivary glands, (2) in secretory gland cells underneath the cell membrane bordering the acinar lumen (except Harderian and mucous lingual gland), and (3) in epithelial cells of the various secretory ducts (of all glands) in similar distribution as in acinar cells. The present immunohistochemical findings in acinar cells could lend further support to a concept suggesting that myosin and actin are involved in the process of transport and exocytosis of secretory granules.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence-microscopic demonstration of myosin and actin in salivary glands and exocrine pancreas of the rat. Actin and myosin were localized in various salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual, lingual and Harderian gland) and the exocrine pancrease of rats by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using specific rabbit antibodies against chicken gizzard myosin and actin. A bright immunofluorescent staining with both antibodies were observed at three main sites: (1) In myoepithelial cells of all salivary glands, (2) in secretory gland cells underneath the cell membrane bordering the acinar lumen (except Harderian and mucous lingual gland), and (3) in epithelial cells of the various secretory ducts (of all glands) in similar distribution as in acinar cells. The present immunohistochemical findings in acinar cells could lend further support to a concept suggesting that myosin and actin are involved in the process of transport and exocytosis of secretory granules."}
{"id": "PMID:336217", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of the vasopressinergic and the oxytocinergic neurons in the human hypothalamus.", "content": "The human hypothalamic-neurohypophysial hormone-producing nuclei were investigated with the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique at the light microscopic level. The  size, shape and location of the supraoptic, paraventricular, accessory supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei were determined. It was demonstrated in the human hypothalamus, as well as in the hypothalamus of other mammals, that vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesized in separate neurons. In each of the nuclei of the magnocellular neurosecretory system, the distribution, ratios and structural features of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons were determined. It was shown that the human suprachiasmatic nuclei contain numerous neurophysin-vasopressin-producing neurons.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of the vasopressinergic and the oxytocinergic neurons in the human hypothalamus. The human hypothalamic-neurohypophysial hormone-producing nuclei were investigated with the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique at the light microscopic level. The  size, shape and location of the supraoptic, paraventricular, accessory supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei were determined. It was demonstrated in the human hypothalamus, as well as in the hypothalamus of other mammals, that vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesized in separate neurons. In each of the nuclei of the magnocellular neurosecretory system, the distribution, ratios and structural features of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons were determined. It was shown that the human suprachiasmatic nuclei contain numerous neurophysin-vasopressin-producing neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:336218", "title": "Immunohistochemical identification of gastrointestinal neurotensin cells in human embryos.", "content": "The endocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) system of 10 human embryos was studied with special reference to neurotensin-immunoreactive cells. These cells are first present in the ileal and jejunal mucosa of 12 to 13 week old embryos. Thereafter the neurotensin-immunoreactive cells are found regularly in these segments of the gut with an increasing number towards the terminal ileum. At about the twentieth week of gestation, the neurotensin cells are detected also in the lower duodenum, i.e. the distribution pattern is more extensive in this age than in younger embryos or in adults.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical identification of gastrointestinal neurotensin cells in human embryos. The endocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) system of 10 human embryos was studied with special reference to neurotensin-immunoreactive cells. These cells are first present in the ileal and jejunal mucosa of 12 to 13 week old embryos. Thereafter the neurotensin-immunoreactive cells are found regularly in these segments of the gut with an increasing number towards the terminal ileum. At about the twentieth week of gestation, the neurotensin cells are detected also in the lower duodenum, i.e. the distribution pattern is more extensive in this age than in younger embryos or in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:336219", "title": "The prolactin and growth-hormone producing cells of the guinea-pig pituitary. Electron microscopic study using immunocytochemical means.", "content": "Different immunohistochemical techniques were used to identify the prolactin and growth hormone producing cells (STH cells) in the pituitary of normal guinea pigs at the ultrastructural level. Prolactin cells revealed two main aspects: 1. Cells with granules from 2500 to 3500 A in diameter some of which are irregularly shaped. These granulations are scattered throughout the whole cytoplasm. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is well developed and organized in parallel lamellae. 2. In cells of the second type the granules are less numerous and smaller in diameter (1800 to 2500 A) and the rough endoplasmic reticulum is less well developed. The cytoplasm of the STH cells contains many more round granules (generally grouped) which also range from 2500 to 3500 A in diameter. The prolactin molecules and the STH molecules are essentially confined to the granules but with the immunocytochemical technique before embedding a slightly diffuse reaction appeared in the entire cytoplasm. These results are discussed.", "contents": "The prolactin and growth-hormone producing cells of the guinea-pig pituitary. Electron microscopic study using immunocytochemical means. Different immunohistochemical techniques were used to identify the prolactin and growth hormone producing cells (STH cells) in the pituitary of normal guinea pigs at the ultrastructural level. Prolactin cells revealed two main aspects: 1. Cells with granules from 2500 to 3500 A in diameter some of which are irregularly shaped. These granulations are scattered throughout the whole cytoplasm. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is well developed and organized in parallel lamellae. 2. In cells of the second type the granules are less numerous and smaller in diameter (1800 to 2500 A) and the rough endoplasmic reticulum is less well developed. The cytoplasm of the STH cells contains many more round granules (generally grouped) which also range from 2500 to 3500 A in diameter. The prolactin molecules and the STH molecules are essentially confined to the granules but with the immunocytochemical technique before embedding a slightly diffuse reaction appeared in the entire cytoplasm. These results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336221", "title": "On the occurrence of nucleosome phasing in chromatin.", "content": "We have found that DNAase I digestion of yeast, HeLa and chicken erythrocyte nuclei produces a pattern of DNA fragments spaced 10 bases apart and extending to at least 300 bases. This \"extended ladder\" of DNA fragments is most clearly seen with yeast, and least clearly with chicken erythrocytes. The appearance of regular and discrete bands at sizes much larger than the repeat size shows that the core particles (140 bp of DNA + H2A, H2B, H3 H4) in at least some fraction of chromatin are spaced in a particular fashion, by discrete lengths of spacer DNA, and not randomly. Based on the abundance of small repeats in yeast and from experiments with nucleosome oligomers, we conclude that the extended ladder and nucleosomal phasing probably arise mainly from regions in the chromatin in which nucleosome cores are closely packed or closely spaced (140-160 bp X n). Contributions from less closely packed but still accurately phased nucleosomes, however, cannot be entirely excluded.", "contents": "On the occurrence of nucleosome phasing in chromatin. We have found that DNAase I digestion of yeast, HeLa and chicken erythrocyte nuclei produces a pattern of DNA fragments spaced 10 bases apart and extending to at least 300 bases. This \"extended ladder\" of DNA fragments is most clearly seen with yeast, and least clearly with chicken erythrocytes. The appearance of regular and discrete bands at sizes much larger than the repeat size shows that the core particles (140 bp of DNA + H2A, H2B, H3 H4) in at least some fraction of chromatin are spaced in a particular fashion, by discrete lengths of spacer DNA, and not randomly. Based on the abundance of small repeats in yeast and from experiments with nucleosome oligomers, we conclude that the extended ladder and nucleosomal phasing probably arise mainly from regions in the chromatin in which nucleosome cores are closely packed or closely spaced (140-160 bp X n). Contributions from less closely packed but still accurately phased nucleosomes, however, cannot be entirely excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:336231", "title": "Mutagenesis by 4-nitrobenzofurazans and furoxans.", "content": "15 nitrobenzofurazans and 10 nitrobenzofuroxans synthesized primarily for testing as potential anti-rheumatic drugs were also tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. The method used involved placing each compound in a \"well\" cut out of a plate of selective medium previously seeded with the appropriate tester strain, and then adding a rat liver microsome/cofactor mixture to one of the two wells on each plate. This method is considerably cheaper and more convenient than the conventional agar overlay technique, but in the present series of experiments failed to detect 4 compounds which could be detected by the overlay technique. Using a combination of the two techniques, 21 of the 25 compounds tested were found to be mutagenic. All 10 benzofuroxans and 9 of the 15 benzofurazans were detected as direct-acting mutagens with at least one of the two tester strains. Two of the benzofurazans gave positive results only in the presence of rat liver microsomes, and hence are pro-mutagens. One of the 4 benzofurazans which gave negative results for mutagenicity in these tests was found to be an efficient inhibitor of a neutral protease activity found in rheumatic synovial fluid, and may therefore have some potential as an anti-rheumatic drug.", "contents": "Mutagenesis by 4-nitrobenzofurazans and furoxans. 15 nitrobenzofurazans and 10 nitrobenzofuroxans synthesized primarily for testing as potential anti-rheumatic drugs were also tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. The method used involved placing each compound in a \"well\" cut out of a plate of selective medium previously seeded with the appropriate tester strain, and then adding a rat liver microsome/cofactor mixture to one of the two wells on each plate. This method is considerably cheaper and more convenient than the conventional agar overlay technique, but in the present series of experiments failed to detect 4 compounds which could be detected by the overlay technique. Using a combination of the two techniques, 21 of the 25 compounds tested were found to be mutagenic. All 10 benzofuroxans and 9 of the 15 benzofurazans were detected as direct-acting mutagens with at least one of the two tester strains. Two of the benzofurazans gave positive results only in the presence of rat liver microsomes, and hence are pro-mutagens. One of the 4 benzofurazans which gave negative results for mutagenicity in these tests was found to be an efficient inhibitor of a neutral protease activity found in rheumatic synovial fluid, and may therefore have some potential as an anti-rheumatic drug."}
{"id": "PMID:336233", "title": "[Problems in perfusion and preservation of the rat kidney isolated for the purpose of transplantation].", "content": "AA. performed an experimental trial on rats in order to demonstrate damages derived from organ perfusion (kidney) with endo- and extracellular electrolitic solutions. M/E values of structural alterations of the cells allowed the standardisation of renal perfusion methods for transplantation.", "contents": "[Problems in perfusion and preservation of the rat kidney isolated for the purpose of transplantation]. AA. performed an experimental trial on rats in order to demonstrate damages derived from organ perfusion (kidney) with endo- and extracellular electrolitic solutions. M/E values of structural alterations of the cells allowed the standardisation of renal perfusion methods for transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:336234", "title": "Reticuloendothelial phagocytic response to bacterial challenge after traumatic shock.", "content": "Resistance to intravenous (IV) and intraperitoneal (IP) bacterial challenge during periods of reticuloendothelial (RE) depression following trauma as well as the influence of bacteremia on RE phagocytosis were studied. The experimental shock model utilized was the anesthetized (2 mg/100 g sodium pentobarbital) male rat subjected to nonlethal Noble-Collip drum trauma. During post-traumatic RE depression (60 min after injury) rats were challenged IV or IP with Escherichia coli (1.02 X 10(10)). The clearance half-time of the bacterial load injected intravenously in controls was 1.23 +/- 0.10 min. In contrast, the half-time was 3.62 +/- 0.69 min after sublethal trauma (p less than 0.005) and associated with prolonged blood bacterial retention. Pulmonary localization of E. coli administered either IV or IP was elevated in traumatized rats. Comparison of routes of bacterial challenge with respect to blood levels of viable bacteria suggested lower host bacterial resistance to the IP injection as opposed to the IV route of administration. Production of experimental bacteremia in normal rats resulted in a 39% depression (p less than 0.01) of RE test colloid clearance rate accompanied by a 49% increase (p less than 0.01) in pulmonary colloid localization. The data suggest that depressed systemic RE clearance capacity following trauma may decrease systemic resistance to septicemia, and that severe bacteremia may further undermine the functional state of the reticuloendothelial system.", "contents": "Reticuloendothelial phagocytic response to bacterial challenge after traumatic shock. Resistance to intravenous (IV) and intraperitoneal (IP) bacterial challenge during periods of reticuloendothelial (RE) depression following trauma as well as the influence of bacteremia on RE phagocytosis were studied. The experimental shock model utilized was the anesthetized (2 mg/100 g sodium pentobarbital) male rat subjected to nonlethal Noble-Collip drum trauma. During post-traumatic RE depression (60 min after injury) rats were challenged IV or IP with Escherichia coli (1.02 X 10(10)). The clearance half-time of the bacterial load injected intravenously in controls was 1.23 +/- 0.10 min. In contrast, the half-time was 3.62 +/- 0.69 min after sublethal trauma (p less than 0.005) and associated with prolonged blood bacterial retention. Pulmonary localization of E. coli administered either IV or IP was elevated in traumatized rats. Comparison of routes of bacterial challenge with respect to blood levels of viable bacteria suggested lower host bacterial resistance to the IP injection as opposed to the IV route of administration. Production of experimental bacteremia in normal rats resulted in a 39% depression (p less than 0.01) of RE test colloid clearance rate accompanied by a 49% increase (p less than 0.01) in pulmonary colloid localization. The data suggest that depressed systemic RE clearance capacity following trauma may decrease systemic resistance to septicemia, and that severe bacteremia may further undermine the functional state of the reticuloendothelial system."}
{"id": "PMID:336235", "title": "In vitro effects of E. coli endotoxin on fatty acid and lactate oxidation in canine myocardium.", "content": "We studied the in vitro effect of E. coli endotoxin on the oxidation of palmitate, palmitoyl CoA, and lactate by canine heart homogenate. Heart homogenates were incubated in calcium-free Krebs-Ringer-phosphate buffer in the presence of a 14C-labeled substrate. Oxidation of the individual substrate was calculated from the rate of 14CO2 production. The rate of oxidation of palmitate, palmitoyl CoA, and lactate was proportionally inhibited by increasing amounts (80-800 microgram) of endotoxin. The decrease in substrate oxidation could be mimicked by adding calcium chloride to the tissue preparation, and could be effectively prevented by the chelating agent, EDTA. Ionic calcium was released from tissue stores during incubation of the tissue preparation with endotoxin. These findings demonstrate that E. coli endotoxin inhibits substrate oxidation by heart homogenates when incubated under in vitro conditions. The data also suggest that the inhibition may be mediated by ionic calcium released from the tissue in response to the action of endotoxin.", "contents": "In vitro effects of E. coli endotoxin on fatty acid and lactate oxidation in canine myocardium. We studied the in vitro effect of E. coli endotoxin on the oxidation of palmitate, palmitoyl CoA, and lactate by canine heart homogenate. Heart homogenates were incubated in calcium-free Krebs-Ringer-phosphate buffer in the presence of a 14C-labeled substrate. Oxidation of the individual substrate was calculated from the rate of 14CO2 production. The rate of oxidation of palmitate, palmitoyl CoA, and lactate was proportionally inhibited by increasing amounts (80-800 microgram) of endotoxin. The decrease in substrate oxidation could be mimicked by adding calcium chloride to the tissue preparation, and could be effectively prevented by the chelating agent, EDTA. Ionic calcium was released from tissue stores during incubation of the tissue preparation with endotoxin. These findings demonstrate that E. coli endotoxin inhibits substrate oxidation by heart homogenates when incubated under in vitro conditions. The data also suggest that the inhibition may be mediated by ionic calcium released from the tissue in response to the action of endotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:336237", "title": "Leukocyte response and hypoglycemia in superlethal endotoxic shock.", "content": "This laboratory has documented a progressively developing hypoglycemia associated with systemic hypotension, hepatosplanchnic pathology, and death in endotoxin-shocked dogs. Recent data documented accelerated uptake of glucose in blood following endotoxin, with certain components of the buffy coat responsible for the increased uptake. The present study utilizing the awake dog assayed a possible protective role of leukocytes against the lethal effects of endotoxin. Animals were divided into paired groups: saline controls (Group I) and endotoxin experimentals (Group II). Group II animals were injected intravenously with sublethal doses of E. coli endotoxin on 2 successive days (Days 1 and 2), LD100 on the third day, and 2 X LD100 on Day 4. The control group received equal volumes of saline on Days 1, 2, and 3, but on Day 4 received a superlethal dose of endotoxin identical to the experimental group. The awake dog became febrile and exhibited initial leukopenia with subsequent marked leukocytosis in response to endotoxin. Lethal hypoglycemia was not seen in animals demonstrating initial leukocytosis (zero time) on the day of superlethal endotoxin challenge, while animals with initial normal leukocyte counts died with low glucose concentrations (mean, 40 mg%). Results suggest that an initial leukocytosis and sustained gluconeogenic function are important factors in survivability to endotoxin shock.", "contents": "Leukocyte response and hypoglycemia in superlethal endotoxic shock. This laboratory has documented a progressively developing hypoglycemia associated with systemic hypotension, hepatosplanchnic pathology, and death in endotoxin-shocked dogs. Recent data documented accelerated uptake of glucose in blood following endotoxin, with certain components of the buffy coat responsible for the increased uptake. The present study utilizing the awake dog assayed a possible protective role of leukocytes against the lethal effects of endotoxin. Animals were divided into paired groups: saline controls (Group I) and endotoxin experimentals (Group II). Group II animals were injected intravenously with sublethal doses of E. coli endotoxin on 2 successive days (Days 1 and 2), LD100 on the third day, and 2 X LD100 on Day 4. The control group received equal volumes of saline on Days 1, 2, and 3, but on Day 4 received a superlethal dose of endotoxin identical to the experimental group. The awake dog became febrile and exhibited initial leukopenia with subsequent marked leukocytosis in response to endotoxin. Lethal hypoglycemia was not seen in animals demonstrating initial leukocytosis (zero time) on the day of superlethal endotoxin challenge, while animals with initial normal leukocyte counts died with low glucose concentrations (mean, 40 mg%). Results suggest that an initial leukocytosis and sustained gluconeogenic function are important factors in survivability to endotoxin shock."}
{"id": "PMID:336238", "title": "Protection against endotoxin shock and impaired glucose homeostasis with ATP.", "content": "ATP-Mg++ (10 mumoles/100 g, iv) increased the LD50 for Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in male Holtzman rats (300 +/- 10 g) from 1.3 to 6.0 mg/rat. While endotoxin at 3 mg/rat iv 5 hr previously induced hypoglycemia to 12 +/- 4 mg/dl, ATP cotreatment blunted the hypoglycemia; i.e., plasma glucose values were 78 +/- 6 mg/dl. ATP treatment prevented the depression in gluconeogenesis induced by endotoxin as evaluated in vivo by the conversion of 14C-alanine to 14C-glucose. ATP treatment also reduced the hypercatabolism of U-14 C-glucose to 14CO2 in vivo and by epididymal fat pads in vitro. A role for ATP in preventing disruption of glucose homeostasis and development of endotoxin shock via counteracting insulin is suggested.", "contents": "Protection against endotoxin shock and impaired glucose homeostasis with ATP. ATP-Mg++ (10 mumoles/100 g, iv) increased the LD50 for Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in male Holtzman rats (300 +/- 10 g) from 1.3 to 6.0 mg/rat. While endotoxin at 3 mg/rat iv 5 hr previously induced hypoglycemia to 12 +/- 4 mg/dl, ATP cotreatment blunted the hypoglycemia; i.e., plasma glucose values were 78 +/- 6 mg/dl. ATP treatment prevented the depression in gluconeogenesis induced by endotoxin as evaluated in vivo by the conversion of 14C-alanine to 14C-glucose. ATP treatment also reduced the hypercatabolism of U-14 C-glucose to 14CO2 in vivo and by epididymal fat pads in vitro. A role for ATP in preventing disruption of glucose homeostasis and development of endotoxin shock via counteracting insulin is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:336239", "title": "Discrete membranous subaortic stenosis. Report of 31 patients, review of the literature, and delineation of management.", "content": "The presentation, management, and follow-up of 31 patients with discrete membranous subaortic stenosis (DMSS) is presented. DMSS comprised 16% of 185 patients with congenital left ventricular (LV) obstruction. Only one patient was older than 40 years. The rarity of DMSS in older patients in both our population and in the literature is noted, and possible explanations are discussed. One-quarter of these patients had dyspnea, chest pain, or syncope combined with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and strain, and these all had peak LV outflow gradients (PSG) greater than 85 mm Hg. One-quarter had neither symptoms nor electrocardiographic abnormalities and all had PSG less than 90 mm Hg. Bacterial endocarditis was found in 13%, and in 13% an immediate family member also had congenital LV obstruction. Following surgical resection (25 patients), 18 were asymptomatic, two had residual fibromuscular obstruction, and four developed new fibromuscular obstruction after from one to six years (leading in one to late sudden death). Thus, even after resection, these patients require continued re-evaluation for residual or new LV obstruction.", "contents": "Discrete membranous subaortic stenosis. Report of 31 patients, review of the literature, and delineation of management. The presentation, management, and follow-up of 31 patients with discrete membranous subaortic stenosis (DMSS) is presented. DMSS comprised 16% of 185 patients with congenital left ventricular (LV) obstruction. Only one patient was older than 40 years. The rarity of DMSS in older patients in both our population and in the literature is noted, and possible explanations are discussed. One-quarter of these patients had dyspnea, chest pain, or syncope combined with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and strain, and these all had peak LV outflow gradients (PSG) greater than 85 mm Hg. One-quarter had neither symptoms nor electrocardiographic abnormalities and all had PSG less than 90 mm Hg. Bacterial endocarditis was found in 13%, and in 13% an immediate family member also had congenital LV obstruction. Following surgical resection (25 patients), 18 were asymptomatic, two had residual fibromuscular obstruction, and four developed new fibromuscular obstruction after from one to six years (leading in one to late sudden death). Thus, even after resection, these patients require continued re-evaluation for residual or new LV obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:336241", "title": "Migratory traumatic cardiovascular foreign bodies.", "content": "Six cases of cardiovascular foreign bodies secondary to trauma are presented. The various modes of entry and travel within the vascular are reviewed. Routine radiographic examination and angiography are shown to be the most useful techniques in defining the location and subsequent course of the foreign body in the vascular system.", "contents": "Migratory traumatic cardiovascular foreign bodies. Six cases of cardiovascular foreign bodies secondary to trauma are presented. The various modes of entry and travel within the vascular are reviewed. Routine radiographic examination and angiography are shown to be the most useful techniques in defining the location and subsequent course of the foreign body in the vascular system."}
{"id": "PMID:336242", "title": "A comprehensive classification of kinetic methods of analysis used in clinical chemistry.", "content": "This paper presents a comprehensive classification of kinetic methods of analysis used in clinical chemistry. Objectives of the presentation are to place kinetic methods into perspective with other analytical appraoches, to identify concisely what is and is not a kinetic method, to group different kinetic methods into categories that identify important differences in operational and performance characteristics, and to suggest terminology that can identify the different approaches without ambiguity. In addition to these major objectives, the paper includes a brief historical development of the kinetic approach that covers the period from 1881 to the present, and discusses some current terminology that is believed to be ambiguous and misleading. I suggest that the detection step in analytical methods can be divided into two general categories, called equilibrium and kinetic methods. The kinetic methods are then subdivided into two general categories called fixed sensor-signal and variable sensor-signal methods. Each of these groups is then subdivided into one-point, two-point, and multi-point methods, which are then further subdivided according to what types of blanks are used, what variables are measured, and how the measured data are used to compute enzyme activity or analyte concentration. The paper identifies some commercial instruments that represent different approaches and briefly discusses relative merits of different approaches.", "contents": "A comprehensive classification of kinetic methods of analysis used in clinical chemistry. This paper presents a comprehensive classification of kinetic methods of analysis used in clinical chemistry. Objectives of the presentation are to place kinetic methods into perspective with other analytical appraoches, to identify concisely what is and is not a kinetic method, to group different kinetic methods into categories that identify important differences in operational and performance characteristics, and to suggest terminology that can identify the different approaches without ambiguity. In addition to these major objectives, the paper includes a brief historical development of the kinetic approach that covers the period from 1881 to the present, and discusses some current terminology that is believed to be ambiguous and misleading. I suggest that the detection step in analytical methods can be divided into two general categories, called equilibrium and kinetic methods. The kinetic methods are then subdivided into two general categories called fixed sensor-signal and variable sensor-signal methods. Each of these groups is then subdivided into one-point, two-point, and multi-point methods, which are then further subdivided according to what types of blanks are used, what variables are measured, and how the measured data are used to compute enzyme activity or analyte concentration. The paper identifies some commercial instruments that represent different approaches and briefly discusses relative merits of different approaches."}
{"id": "PMID:336243", "title": "Measurement of carbamazepine and its epoxide metabolite by high-performance liquid chromatography, and a comparison of assay techniques for the analysis of carbamazepine.", "content": "We describe a modified high-performance liquid-chromatographic method for the simultaneous analysis of carbamazepine andits biologically active metabolite, carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide. Concentrations of both these compounds in the plasma of 35 epileptic patients receiving chronic carbamazepine therapy are presented. Concentrations of carbamazepine in plasma were related to those of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide (r - 0.495, P less than 0.05). Total daily doses of carbamazepine were better correlated with plasma concentrations of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide (r = 0.714, P less than 0.001) than of carbamazepine (r = 0.269, P greater than 0.05). Close correlations were found between results of the three assay procedures we used to measure plasma carbamazepine concentrations: high-performance liquid chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and enzyme immunoassay. Correlation coefficients exceeded 0.97 and regression slopes were near unity, indicating that all three procedures were individually specific for the quantification of plasma carbamazepine.", "contents": "Measurement of carbamazepine and its epoxide metabolite by high-performance liquid chromatography, and a comparison of assay techniques for the analysis of carbamazepine. We describe a modified high-performance liquid-chromatographic method for the simultaneous analysis of carbamazepine andits biologically active metabolite, carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide. Concentrations of both these compounds in the plasma of 35 epileptic patients receiving chronic carbamazepine therapy are presented. Concentrations of carbamazepine in plasma were related to those of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide (r - 0.495, P less than 0.05). Total daily doses of carbamazepine were better correlated with plasma concentrations of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide (r = 0.714, P less than 0.001) than of carbamazepine (r = 0.269, P greater than 0.05). Close correlations were found between results of the three assay procedures we used to measure plasma carbamazepine concentrations: high-performance liquid chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and enzyme immunoassay. Correlation coefficients exceeded 0.97 and regression slopes were near unity, indicating that all three procedures were individually specific for the quantification of plasma carbamazepine."}
{"id": "PMID:336244", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay for hepatitis B and its comparison to other methods.", "content": "A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for the qualitative detection of hepatitis B surface antigenemia is presented and the results compared to the counter-immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay methods for detection of the same antigen. The enzyme-antibody conjugate was prepared from horseradish peroxidase coupled with antibodies to three sub-types of hepatitis B virus. Polystyrene plastic tubes were used as the solid-phase support. The results of the enzyme immunoassay compare favorably with radioimmunoassay and exceed counterimmunoelectrophoresis in sensitivity.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay for hepatitis B and its comparison to other methods. A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for the qualitative detection of hepatitis B surface antigenemia is presented and the results compared to the counter-immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay methods for detection of the same antigen. The enzyme-antibody conjugate was prepared from horseradish peroxidase coupled with antibodies to three sub-types of hepatitis B virus. Polystyrene plastic tubes were used as the solid-phase support. The results of the enzyme immunoassay compare favorably with radioimmunoassay and exceed counterimmunoelectrophoresis in sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:336245", "title": "Bromocriptine suppression of plasma growth hormone in acromegaly.", "content": "Twelve acromegalic patients were studied in one or more of three protocols to establish the response of plasma growth hormone (hGH) concentraions to (a) a single oral test dose of bromocriptine, (b) incremental dose therapy from 10 mg/day to 40 mg/day over 4 weeks, and (c) sustained therapy with 20 mg/day over a 3 month period. Ten of the patients studied had previously been treated by yttrium implantation, external pituitary irradiation or surgical hypophysectomy. A high incidence of side effects including postural hypotension, hallucinations and peripheral vasospasm was noted reducing the numbers of patients completing the three protocols. Suppression of hGH concentrations was disappointing; significant reductions in hGH concentraions occurred in five of eleven patients in response to a single test dose of bromocriptine, and in only one of seven patients treated with the drug over a sustained period. An impression of clinical improvement was gained in one patient, but there was no associated reduction in plasma hGH concentrations. It seems likely that acromegalic patients who have failed to respond to conventional treatment may be more resistant to bromocriptine therapy.", "contents": "Bromocriptine suppression of plasma growth hormone in acromegaly. Twelve acromegalic patients were studied in one or more of three protocols to establish the response of plasma growth hormone (hGH) concentraions to (a) a single oral test dose of bromocriptine, (b) incremental dose therapy from 10 mg/day to 40 mg/day over 4 weeks, and (c) sustained therapy with 20 mg/day over a 3 month period. Ten of the patients studied had previously been treated by yttrium implantation, external pituitary irradiation or surgical hypophysectomy. A high incidence of side effects including postural hypotension, hallucinations and peripheral vasospasm was noted reducing the numbers of patients completing the three protocols. Suppression of hGH concentrations was disappointing; significant reductions in hGH concentraions occurred in five of eleven patients in response to a single test dose of bromocriptine, and in only one of seven patients treated with the drug over a sustained period. An impression of clinical improvement was gained in one patient, but there was no associated reduction in plasma hGH concentrations. It seems likely that acromegalic patients who have failed to respond to conventional treatment may be more resistant to bromocriptine therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:336255", "title": "A self-adjusting randomization plan for allocation of patients into two treatment groups.", "content": "This paper presents a self-adjusting randomization plan which is thought to be useful in controlled stratified randomized clinical trials. The method assures an optimal balance of treatments within each subgroup of patients. An imbalance caused by a high number of dropouts in one treatment group will be counteracted by the self-adjusting nature of the method. The method has been tested in computer-simulated trials and has been shown to produce better results than conventional plans for stratified randomized clinical trials. The method does not involve any complicated calculations and its use in a running clinical trial has shown that it is easy to handle.", "contents": "A self-adjusting randomization plan for allocation of patients into two treatment groups. This paper presents a self-adjusting randomization plan which is thought to be useful in controlled stratified randomized clinical trials. The method assures an optimal balance of treatments within each subgroup of patients. An imbalance caused by a high number of dropouts in one treatment group will be counteracted by the self-adjusting nature of the method. The method has been tested in computer-simulated trials and has been shown to produce better results than conventional plans for stratified randomized clinical trials. The method does not involve any complicated calculations and its use in a running clinical trial has shown that it is easy to handle."}
{"id": "PMID:336256", "title": "Metabolism of l-bunolol.", "content": "The metabolism of l-bunolol, a new beta-blocking drug, was studied in man after single oral 3-mg doses of 3H-labeled compound. Absorption from the gut was rapid and virtually complete. Peak levels of bunolol and of dihydrobunolol, an active metabolite, were observed at 1 hr. Excretion of the administered radioactivity was mainly into the urine (78% in 4 days), with only 3% appearing in the feces. Bunolol, bunolol glucuronide, bunolol sulfate, dihydrobunolol, and dihydrobunolol glucuronide were identified and quantified in the plasma. These compounds represented 82% of the radioactivity in plasma at 30 min and 55% at 24 hr. Plasma half-lives (+/-S.D.) were estimated to be 6.1 +/- 0.3 hr for bunolol, 9.1 +/- 1.9 hr for bunolol glucuronide, 17.4 +/- 2.5 hr for bunolol sulfate, 7.1 +/- 0.5 hr for dihydrobunolol, and 7.7 +/- 0.8 hr for dihydrobunolol glucuronide.", "contents": "Metabolism of l-bunolol. The metabolism of l-bunolol, a new beta-blocking drug, was studied in man after single oral 3-mg doses of 3H-labeled compound. Absorption from the gut was rapid and virtually complete. Peak levels of bunolol and of dihydrobunolol, an active metabolite, were observed at 1 hr. Excretion of the administered radioactivity was mainly into the urine (78% in 4 days), with only 3% appearing in the feces. Bunolol, bunolol glucuronide, bunolol sulfate, dihydrobunolol, and dihydrobunolol glucuronide were identified and quantified in the plasma. These compounds represented 82% of the radioactivity in plasma at 30 min and 55% at 24 hr. Plasma half-lives (+/-S.D.) were estimated to be 6.1 +/- 0.3 hr for bunolol, 9.1 +/- 1.9 hr for bunolol glucuronide, 17.4 +/- 2.5 hr for bunolol sulfate, 7.1 +/- 0.5 hr for dihydrobunolol, and 7.7 +/- 0.8 hr for dihydrobunolol glucuronide."}
{"id": "PMID:336257", "title": "Guanabenz and methyldopa on hypertension and cardiac performance.", "content": "In previous placebo-controlled studies, guanabenz was shown to be a safe and effective antihypertensive drug without acute effects on cardiac function. In view of its therapeutic advantages, a double-blind comparison of guanabenz with methyldopa was performed in a group of 36 patients over 6 mo. Both drugs produced statistically and clinically significant decreases in blood pressure with similar side effects. No laboratory or electrocardiographic abnormalities were found other than positive Coombs' tests which developed in 3 patients during methyldopa therapy. Cardiac performance in 26 of the patients, as measured by noninvasive techniques, showed no significant changes from either drug except for a progressive and statistically significant increase in systolic time interval (QS2) and the ratio of the pre-ejection period to left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) during methyldopa therapy. For an additional 6 mo, continued efficacy and safety were shown under open conditions in those patients who had received guanabenz. The study suggests that guanabenz may be an important new antihypertensive drug because of effectiveness, absence of adverse cardiac effects, and paucity of side effects.", "contents": "Guanabenz and methyldopa on hypertension and cardiac performance. In previous placebo-controlled studies, guanabenz was shown to be a safe and effective antihypertensive drug without acute effects on cardiac function. In view of its therapeutic advantages, a double-blind comparison of guanabenz with methyldopa was performed in a group of 36 patients over 6 mo. Both drugs produced statistically and clinically significant decreases in blood pressure with similar side effects. No laboratory or electrocardiographic abnormalities were found other than positive Coombs' tests which developed in 3 patients during methyldopa therapy. Cardiac performance in 26 of the patients, as measured by noninvasive techniques, showed no significant changes from either drug except for a progressive and statistically significant increase in systolic time interval (QS2) and the ratio of the pre-ejection period to left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) during methyldopa therapy. For an additional 6 mo, continued efficacy and safety were shown under open conditions in those patients who had received guanabenz. The study suggests that guanabenz may be an important new antihypertensive drug because of effectiveness, absence of adverse cardiac effects, and paucity of side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:336264", "title": "Physiologic consequences of mechanical ventilation.", "content": "Mechanical ventilatory support with a variety of devices and techniques has saved many lives; however, it remains the responsibility of those charged with the care of patients suffering from respiratory failure to be thoroughly familiar with these techniques and their complications.", "contents": "Physiologic consequences of mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilatory support with a variety of devices and techniques has saved many lives; however, it remains the responsibility of those charged with the care of patients suffering from respiratory failure to be thoroughly familiar with these techniques and their complications."}
{"id": "PMID:336269", "title": "[Robert Schumann as a patient in Bonn-Endenich].", "content": "Although there exists a voluminous biographic literature on Robert Schumann, there are only few informations on the last 2 years of his life, which he spent in the sanatorium Endenich near Bonn/Rh. Schumann, suffering from a recurring psychosis since 1833 at least, had been received there after a suicidal attempt on March 4th, 1854. His physical and psychical state deteriorated permanently and Schumann died on July 29th, 1856, somatically and mentally disordered. Up to now there exists no clear diagnosis, but there is every reason to believe that Schumann was suffering from a schizophrenic psychosis, combined with a cardiac and circulatory disease.", "contents": "[Robert Schumann as a patient in Bonn-Endenich]. Although there exists a voluminous biographic literature on Robert Schumann, there are only few informations on the last 2 years of his life, which he spent in the sanatorium Endenich near Bonn/Rh. Schumann, suffering from a recurring psychosis since 1833 at least, had been received there after a suicidal attempt on March 4th, 1854. His physical and psychical state deteriorated permanently and Schumann died on July 29th, 1856, somatically and mentally disordered. Up to now there exists no clear diagnosis, but there is every reason to believe that Schumann was suffering from a schizophrenic psychosis, combined with a cardiac and circulatory disease."}
{"id": "PMID:336270", "title": "Psychiatry and history: aspects of history of psychiatry.", "content": "Psychiatry has asked and has been helped from many sides. As far as history is concerned, it was interested, almost exclusively, as long as it was history of psychiatry. In this paper an attempt has been made to show that history and, especially, philosophy of history could offer substantial help, particularly as teachers of methodology and hermeneutics.", "contents": "Psychiatry and history: aspects of history of psychiatry. Psychiatry has asked and has been helped from many sides. As far as history is concerned, it was interested, almost exclusively, as long as it was history of psychiatry. In this paper an attempt has been made to show that history and, especially, philosophy of history could offer substantial help, particularly as teachers of methodology and hermeneutics."}
{"id": "PMID:336271", "title": "[Elaboration of the psychosomatic phenomenon: observations on the biography of Blaise Pascal].", "content": "The paper aims to take a closer look at some of the problems surrounding the 'psychosomatic phenomenon'. The origin, development and effects of the phenomenon, as well as the way in which one individual managed to overcome it, are illustrated in the example of the French philosopher and physicist, Blaise Pascal. The authors hold the view that the psychosomatic phenomenon is rooted in disturbances in the early identification processes of the infant. Somatic symptoms flare up whenever the individual, in a phase of disorganization, becomes dominated by his psychosomatic phenomenon. If, however, the person concerned has the ability to go through with the suffering involved in experiencing and elaborating these early defects, thus giving them a psychic dimension, he may be able to overcome them and in this way even attain to creativity. The genius Pascal is an extreme example of one who had this ability and so gained access to his own truth, which he found in God.", "contents": "[Elaboration of the psychosomatic phenomenon: observations on the biography of Blaise Pascal]. The paper aims to take a closer look at some of the problems surrounding the 'psychosomatic phenomenon'. The origin, development and effects of the phenomenon, as well as the way in which one individual managed to overcome it, are illustrated in the example of the French philosopher and physicist, Blaise Pascal. The authors hold the view that the psychosomatic phenomenon is rooted in disturbances in the early identification processes of the infant. Somatic symptoms flare up whenever the individual, in a phase of disorganization, becomes dominated by his psychosomatic phenomenon. If, however, the person concerned has the ability to go through with the suffering involved in experiencing and elaborating these early defects, thus giving them a psychic dimension, he may be able to overcome them and in this way even attain to creativity. The genius Pascal is an extreme example of one who had this ability and so gained access to his own truth, which he found in God."}
{"id": "PMID:336273", "title": "The electroencephalogram in dementia.", "content": "The EEG in normal aging and in dementia due to a variety of diseases has been described. In dementia due to degenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and deficiency states, the diffuseness of the abnormalities observed has been emphasized; whereas with cerebrovascular disease and with intracranial massess, the focal nature of the changes has been stressed. Although a normal EEG does not rule out the diagnosis of dementia especially in its early stages, the EECG can nevertheless be a significant instrument in the identification or organic processes when the diagnosis is uncertain, in differentiating diffuse from focal cerebral lesions, and in following the course of the disease. Because electroencephalography is easily performed, is safe, and can be frequently repeated, it should be considered one of the more useful tools in the clinical evaluation of patients with dementia.", "contents": "The electroencephalogram in dementia. The EEG in normal aging and in dementia due to a variety of diseases has been described. In dementia due to degenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and deficiency states, the diffuseness of the abnormalities observed has been emphasized; whereas with cerebrovascular disease and with intracranial massess, the focal nature of the changes has been stressed. Although a normal EEG does not rule out the diagnosis of dementia especially in its early stages, the EECG can nevertheless be a significant instrument in the identification or organic processes when the diagnosis is uncertain, in differentiating diffuse from focal cerebral lesions, and in following the course of the disease. Because electroencephalography is easily performed, is safe, and can be frequently repeated, it should be considered one of the more useful tools in the clinical evaluation of patients with dementia."}
{"id": "PMID:336277", "title": "Choline acetyltransferase.", "content": "Acetylcholine is essential to neural function. It synthesis is catalyzed by choline acetyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for the acetylation of choline by acetyl coenzye A, a reaction favored slightly thermodymodynamically and not at all kinetically. An analytically pure enzyme still has not been obtained; however, method of purification have been greatly improved recently. Numerous inhibitors of the enzyme have been synthesized and their structure-action relationships examained. Evidence has been accumulated showing the essential involvement of an imidazole group in the active site of choline acetyltransferase. The literature regarding the controversial role to thiol groups in choline acetyltransferase is reviewed. Recently, derivatives of coenzyme A have been introduced as inhibitors of this enzyme and the specificity of coenzyme A binding has been examined. Possible mechanisms responsible for the control fo acetylcholine synthesis are discussed.", "contents": "Choline acetyltransferase. Acetylcholine is essential to neural function. It synthesis is catalyzed by choline acetyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for the acetylation of choline by acetyl coenzye A, a reaction favored slightly thermodymodynamically and not at all kinetically. An analytically pure enzyme still has not been obtained; however, method of purification have been greatly improved recently. Numerous inhibitors of the enzyme have been synthesized and their structure-action relationships examained. Evidence has been accumulated showing the essential involvement of an imidazole group in the active site of choline acetyltransferase. The literature regarding the controversial role to thiol groups in choline acetyltransferase is reviewed. Recently, derivatives of coenzyme A have been introduced as inhibitors of this enzyme and the specificity of coenzyme A binding has been examined. Possible mechanisms responsible for the control fo acetylcholine synthesis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336278", "title": "Dynamic light scattering of biopolymers and biocolloids.", "content": "Widespread applications of dynamic light scattering techniques to the study of macromolecular Brownian motion have yielded not only a valuable store of factual information concerning solution conformations and conformational changes, but have also provided an important window through which to view the dynamics of internal modes of motion. These techniques have coincided with a resurgence of interest in the solution physical chemistry of macromolecules, including hydrodynamic properties, and the profound effect of intermolecular interactions on both the disposition and dynamics of macromolecules in solution.", "contents": "Dynamic light scattering of biopolymers and biocolloids. Widespread applications of dynamic light scattering techniques to the study of macromolecular Brownian motion have yielded not only a valuable store of factual information concerning solution conformations and conformational changes, but have also provided an important window through which to view the dynamics of internal modes of motion. These techniques have coincided with a resurgence of interest in the solution physical chemistry of macromolecules, including hydrodynamic properties, and the profound effect of intermolecular interactions on both the disposition and dynamics of macromolecules in solution."}
{"id": "PMID:336282", "title": "The pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)  is a human disease manifested by destructive thrombocytopenia due to a circulating antiplatelet antibody. The antibody is of IgG type and is produced primarily in the spleen and bone marrow. After binding of the antibody to a platelet-associated antigen, phagocytosis is triggered either via the Fc portion of the attached antibody or as a consequence of fixation of the third component of complement (C3). The spleen is the prime area of platelet destruction due to its unique milieu. The large intrasplenic platelet pool is subjected to high local antiplatelet antibody concentrations in an environment teeming with phagocytic cells. In addition, the stagnant blood-flow characteristics of the spleen allow ample time for antibody sensitization and phagocytosis. Similar circumstances may occur in the bone marrow. In patients with \"severe\" disease and high antibody titers, the liver also becomes an important area of platelet destruction. The nature of the platelet-associated antigen is presently unknown but may differ from patient to patient. A pathogenetic model is proposed on the basis of presently available data.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)  is a human disease manifested by destructive thrombocytopenia due to a circulating antiplatelet antibody. The antibody is of IgG type and is produced primarily in the spleen and bone marrow. After binding of the antibody to a platelet-associated antigen, phagocytosis is triggered either via the Fc portion of the attached antibody or as a consequence of fixation of the third component of complement (C3). The spleen is the prime area of platelet destruction due to its unique milieu. The large intrasplenic platelet pool is subjected to high local antiplatelet antibody concentrations in an environment teeming with phagocytic cells. In addition, the stagnant blood-flow characteristics of the spleen allow ample time for antibody sensitization and phagocytosis. Similar circumstances may occur in the bone marrow. In patients with \"severe\" disease and high antibody titers, the liver also becomes an important area of platelet destruction. The nature of the platelet-associated antigen is presently unknown but may differ from patient to patient. A pathogenetic model is proposed on the basis of presently available data."}
{"id": "PMID:336283", "title": "Psychophysical and psychometric approaches to sensory evaluation.", "content": "Sensory evaluation has recently utilized the methods developed by psychophysicists and psychometricians, who week to represent data in terms of various scales and mathematical formulations. This review covers the development of ratio scaling to develop relations between sensory and instrumental measures of food, the use of multivariate psychophysical procedures which relate a variety of physical variables to a single sensory response, and the use of multidimensional scaling to relate different sensory percepts to each other. Each of these approaches is nascent in applications to sensory evaluation, although the mathematics and formulations are very developed. Each approach gives the experimenter insights into subjective and objective correlations and the manner in which the panelist perceives relations among stimuli. The treatment of the reported literature for each approach follows the same course: necessary conditions for its application to sensory evaluation, experiences with model systems and real foods, and potential uses and limitations in sensory evaluation.", "contents": "Psychophysical and psychometric approaches to sensory evaluation. Sensory evaluation has recently utilized the methods developed by psychophysicists and psychometricians, who week to represent data in terms of various scales and mathematical formulations. This review covers the development of ratio scaling to develop relations between sensory and instrumental measures of food, the use of multivariate psychophysical procedures which relate a variety of physical variables to a single sensory response, and the use of multidimensional scaling to relate different sensory percepts to each other. Each of these approaches is nascent in applications to sensory evaluation, although the mathematics and formulations are very developed. Each approach gives the experimenter insights into subjective and objective correlations and the manner in which the panelist perceives relations among stimuli. The treatment of the reported literature for each approach follows the same course: necessary conditions for its application to sensory evaluation, experiences with model systems and real foods, and potential uses and limitations in sensory evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:336286", "title": "Toxicants in plants and plant products.", "content": "Toxicants are widely distributed in plants and plant products, including intentionally added, incidentally added, and naturally occurring food toxicants. This review covers the toxicity of some food additives: the distribution, residues, toxicity, and methods of removal of some pesticides and toxic metals; and the presence of naturally occurring toxicants in plants and plant products. Extensive review has been done, particularly on natural toxicants. However, there are still extensive gaps in our knowledge pertaining to effect upon the health of many of the substances known to be present in natural plant food products, as well as even the identity of many natural chemical components of plant foods and their potential toxicological significance. An understanding of their presence, formation, and toxicity is important as far as public health is concerned.", "contents": "Toxicants in plants and plant products. Toxicants are widely distributed in plants and plant products, including intentionally added, incidentally added, and naturally occurring food toxicants. This review covers the toxicity of some food additives: the distribution, residues, toxicity, and methods of removal of some pesticides and toxic metals; and the presence of naturally occurring toxicants in plants and plant products. Extensive review has been done, particularly on natural toxicants. However, there are still extensive gaps in our knowledge pertaining to effect upon the health of many of the substances known to be present in natural plant food products, as well as even the identity of many natural chemical components of plant foods and their potential toxicological significance. An understanding of their presence, formation, and toxicity is important as far as public health is concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:336288", "title": "The analysis of essential oils and extracts (oleoresins) from seasonings--a critical review.", "content": "A critical review of the analytical methods employed for the determination of the relevant components of seasonings is presented. Where the available methods were inadequate, new ones have been devised. Particular emphasis has been placed on those methods of analysis that provide a rapid and sufficiently accurate appraisal of seasoning extracts and essential oils from seasonings under routine control laboratory conditions. At the same time, the margin of error of these methods has been determined. The individual seasoning extracts were assessed according to the following criteria: (1) essential oil--cardamom, laurel leaves, cloves, origanum (marjoram), sage, and thyme; (2) essential oil and nonvolatile lipids--dillseed, coriander, caraway, mace, nutmeg, pimento (allspice), and celery seed; (3) essential oil and/or pungent ingredients--capsicum, ginger, and pepper; (4) essential oil and/or coloring matter--turmeric (curcuma) and paprika; (5) essential oil and other components--garlic, onion, and cinnamon.", "contents": "The analysis of essential oils and extracts (oleoresins) from seasonings--a critical review. A critical review of the analytical methods employed for the determination of the relevant components of seasonings is presented. Where the available methods were inadequate, new ones have been devised. Particular emphasis has been placed on those methods of analysis that provide a rapid and sufficiently accurate appraisal of seasoning extracts and essential oils from seasonings under routine control laboratory conditions. At the same time, the margin of error of these methods has been determined. The individual seasoning extracts were assessed according to the following criteria: (1) essential oil--cardamom, laurel leaves, cloves, origanum (marjoram), sage, and thyme; (2) essential oil and nonvolatile lipids--dillseed, coriander, caraway, mace, nutmeg, pimento (allspice), and celery seed; (3) essential oil and/or pungent ingredients--capsicum, ginger, and pepper; (4) essential oil and/or coloring matter--turmeric (curcuma) and paprika; (5) essential oil and other components--garlic, onion, and cinnamon."}
{"id": "PMID:336289", "title": "Determination of vitamin A in foods--a review.", "content": "Formerly, few foods were routinely analyzed for vitamin A, but recent emphasis on nutrient requirements, nutrient labeling, and use of dietary convenience foods has created need for determining vitamin A in a variety of foods. There are many vitamin A methods--some suitable for certain products only. For regulatory purposes, the FDA specifies the AOAC method where it is applicable. However, some food analysts and organizations continue with their own vitamin A methods. If possible, a single, widely applicable general method should be used for vitamin A in foods. Vitamin A may be determined by spectrophotometric, colorimetric, and fluorometric procedures. Sometimes chromatography is required as an important part of the method. Colorimetric procedures with SbCl3 are now most widely used to measure vitamin A (retinol) in foods. If vitamin A content is high enough and extracts sufficiently free of interfering substances, spectrophotometric or flurometric methods are satisfactory. Methods in various stages of development for determining vitamin A in foods are based on flurospectrophotometry, gas-liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and automation. To estimate total vitamin A nutritional value of certain foods may also require determination of vitamin A isomerization and contents of carotenes, cryptoxanthin, reinaldehyde, and apo-carotenal.", "contents": "Determination of vitamin A in foods--a review. Formerly, few foods were routinely analyzed for vitamin A, but recent emphasis on nutrient requirements, nutrient labeling, and use of dietary convenience foods has created need for determining vitamin A in a variety of foods. There are many vitamin A methods--some suitable for certain products only. For regulatory purposes, the FDA specifies the AOAC method where it is applicable. However, some food analysts and organizations continue with their own vitamin A methods. If possible, a single, widely applicable general method should be used for vitamin A in foods. Vitamin A may be determined by spectrophotometric, colorimetric, and fluorometric procedures. Sometimes chromatography is required as an important part of the method. Colorimetric procedures with SbCl3 are now most widely used to measure vitamin A (retinol) in foods. If vitamin A content is high enough and extracts sufficiently free of interfering substances, spectrophotometric or flurometric methods are satisfactory. Methods in various stages of development for determining vitamin A in foods are based on flurospectrophotometry, gas-liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and automation. To estimate total vitamin A nutritional value of certain foods may also require determination of vitamin A isomerization and contents of carotenes, cryptoxanthin, reinaldehyde, and apo-carotenal."}
{"id": "PMID:336290", "title": "Organic food.", "content": "\"Organic\" or \"organically grown\" foods are commonly represented as \"food grown without pesticides; grown without artificial fertilizers; grown in soil whose humus content is increased by the additions of organic matter; grown in soil whose mineral content is increased with applications of natural mineral fertilizers; has not been treated with preservatives, hormones, antibiotics etc.\" The substitution of \"organic\" for \"chemical\" fertilizers during the growth of plants produces no change in the nutritional or chemical properties of foods. All foods are made of \"chemicals.\" Traces of pesticides have been reported to be present in about 20 to 30% of both \"organic\" and conventional foods. These traces are usually within the official tolerance levels. Such levels are set low enough to protect consumers adequately. Indeed, there is no record of a single case of injury to a consumer resulting from the application of pesticides to food crops at permitted levels.", "contents": "Organic food. \"Organic\" or \"organically grown\" foods are commonly represented as \"food grown without pesticides; grown without artificial fertilizers; grown in soil whose humus content is increased by the additions of organic matter; grown in soil whose mineral content is increased with applications of natural mineral fertilizers; has not been treated with preservatives, hormones, antibiotics etc.\" The substitution of \"organic\" for \"chemical\" fertilizers during the growth of plants produces no change in the nutritional or chemical properties of foods. All foods are made of \"chemicals.\" Traces of pesticides have been reported to be present in about 20 to 30% of both \"organic\" and conventional foods. These traces are usually within the official tolerance levels. Such levels are set low enough to protect consumers adequately. Indeed, there is no record of a single case of injury to a consumer resulting from the application of pesticides to food crops at permitted levels."}
{"id": "PMID:336301", "title": "Biopsy in vesicobullous disorders.", "content": "Through actual case illustration, I have tried to present the way biopsy of a vesicobullous lesion would be approached by the dermatopathologist. I did not intend this article to be a comprehensive review and, because of the limitation of space, have ommited the more unusual bullous dermatoses. Comprehensive reviews of the role of immunofluorescence in vesicobullous disorders can be found in the Archives of Dermatology and Progress in Dermatology.", "contents": "Biopsy in vesicobullous disorders. Through actual case illustration, I have tried to present the way biopsy of a vesicobullous lesion would be approached by the dermatopathologist. I did not intend this article to be a comprehensive review and, because of the limitation of space, have ommited the more unusual bullous dermatoses. Comprehensive reviews of the role of immunofluorescence in vesicobullous disorders can be found in the Archives of Dermatology and Progress in Dermatology."}
{"id": "PMID:336304", "title": "Comparative bronchodilator responses to atropine and terbutaline in asthma and chronic bronchitis.", "content": "We have compared bronchodilator responses to atropine and terbutaline in 39 chronic bronchitics and 16 stable asthmatics. Fasting subjects were given either 1.05 mg atropine of 5.0 mg terbutaline orally. Pulmonary function was assessed using the peak responses, namely: three 60-minute intervals for terbutaline and three 30-minute intervals for atropine. A subgroup of five reactive bronchitis patients was given a placebo with no response. Areas under the percent response-time interval curve were compared. Both patient groups responded to the same degree to atropine and terbutaline with respect to reduction of airway resistance. However, the FEV1 and V50 responses to terbutaline were markedly enhanced compared to atropine in the asthmatics while equal to the atropine response in the bronchitis patients. Thus, atropine appears to exert its effect upon both large and small airways in bronchitis, but predominantly on large airways in asthma. The results are consistent with a state of enhanced vagal tone in small airways in bronchitis compared to asthma, but other explanations are conceivable.", "contents": "Comparative bronchodilator responses to atropine and terbutaline in asthma and chronic bronchitis. We have compared bronchodilator responses to atropine and terbutaline in 39 chronic bronchitics and 16 stable asthmatics. Fasting subjects were given either 1.05 mg atropine of 5.0 mg terbutaline orally. Pulmonary function was assessed using the peak responses, namely: three 60-minute intervals for terbutaline and three 30-minute intervals for atropine. A subgroup of five reactive bronchitis patients was given a placebo with no response. Areas under the percent response-time interval curve were compared. Both patient groups responded to the same degree to atropine and terbutaline with respect to reduction of airway resistance. However, the FEV1 and V50 responses to terbutaline were markedly enhanced compared to atropine in the asthmatics while equal to the atropine response in the bronchitis patients. Thus, atropine appears to exert its effect upon both large and small airways in bronchitis, but predominantly on large airways in asthma. The results are consistent with a state of enhanced vagal tone in small airways in bronchitis compared to asthma, but other explanations are conceivable."}
{"id": "PMID:336305", "title": "Comparison of the bronchodilator effects of aerosol fenoterol and isoproterenol.", "content": "Aerosolized fenoterol in a dosage of 400 microgram was compared to isoproterenol 150 microgram in 31 asthmatic subjects during the course of a double-blind parallel 90-day study. Bronchodilator activities of the two drugs were evaluated for up to 6 hours on days 1, 45 and 90. Analysis of the data revealed that fenoterol consistently produced a significantly greater increase in FEV1, FEF25-75% and Gaw/VL. Specific airway conductance increased on each test day 25 percent or more above baseline for over three hours after use of fenoterol and for only one hour after use of isoproterenol. Fenoterol has less effect upon the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, but produced a greater incidence of shaking compared to isoproterenol. Patients used fenoterol less frequently than isoproterenol which can be attributed to the former having a greater peak effect and time course of bronchodilation. The therapeutic efficacy of fenoterol was sustained throughout this three-month study, and suggests that this relatively selective beta2 adrenergic drug will provide a well tolerated, alternative aerosol for chronic use in asthma.", "contents": "Comparison of the bronchodilator effects of aerosol fenoterol and isoproterenol. Aerosolized fenoterol in a dosage of 400 microgram was compared to isoproterenol 150 microgram in 31 asthmatic subjects during the course of a double-blind parallel 90-day study. Bronchodilator activities of the two drugs were evaluated for up to 6 hours on days 1, 45 and 90. Analysis of the data revealed that fenoterol consistently produced a significantly greater increase in FEV1, FEF25-75% and Gaw/VL. Specific airway conductance increased on each test day 25 percent or more above baseline for over three hours after use of fenoterol and for only one hour after use of isoproterenol. Fenoterol has less effect upon the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, but produced a greater incidence of shaking compared to isoproterenol. Patients used fenoterol less frequently than isoproterenol which can be attributed to the former having a greater peak effect and time course of bronchodilation. The therapeutic efficacy of fenoterol was sustained throughout this three-month study, and suggests that this relatively selective beta2 adrenergic drug will provide a well tolerated, alternative aerosol for chronic use in asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:336306", "title": "Aerosol administration of fenoterol hydrobromide (Th 1165a) in subjects with reversible obstructive airway disease.", "content": "Bronchodilatory and side effects of fenoterol hydrobromide (Th1165a; hydroxyphenylorciprenaline; Berotec) and isoproterenol given by inhalation were compared in a double-blind crossover study involving 20 volunteer subjects with reversible obstructive disease of the airways. Subjects inhaled medications from aerosol canisters containing fenoterol hydrobromide (0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, or 0.4 mg) or isoproterenol (0.15 mg) or an inert placebo propellant in a random sequence of five testing days. All active drugs substantially increased the forced expiratory volume in one second, the mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the forced vital capacity, and the specific conductance. The onset of bronchodilation after both fenoterol and isoproterenol was rapid, but the effect from fenoterol lasted much longer, up to eight hours. None of the medications cuased significant tachycardia or hypertension. After inhalation of 0.1 mg of fenoterol hydrobromide, none of the subjects reported nervousness, headache, tremor, or nausea, incontrast with results reported for isoproterenol, higher aerosol doses fo fenoterol, or oral administration of fenoterol. No additional therapeutic benefit was found in the administration of higher doses of fenoterol.", "contents": "Aerosol administration of fenoterol hydrobromide (Th 1165a) in subjects with reversible obstructive airway disease. Bronchodilatory and side effects of fenoterol hydrobromide (Th1165a; hydroxyphenylorciprenaline; Berotec) and isoproterenol given by inhalation were compared in a double-blind crossover study involving 20 volunteer subjects with reversible obstructive disease of the airways. Subjects inhaled medications from aerosol canisters containing fenoterol hydrobromide (0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, or 0.4 mg) or isoproterenol (0.15 mg) or an inert placebo propellant in a random sequence of five testing days. All active drugs substantially increased the forced expiratory volume in one second, the mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the forced vital capacity, and the specific conductance. The onset of bronchodilation after both fenoterol and isoproterenol was rapid, but the effect from fenoterol lasted much longer, up to eight hours. None of the medications cuased significant tachycardia or hypertension. After inhalation of 0.1 mg of fenoterol hydrobromide, none of the subjects reported nervousness, headache, tremor, or nausea, incontrast with results reported for isoproterenol, higher aerosol doses fo fenoterol, or oral administration of fenoterol. No additional therapeutic benefit was found in the administration of higher doses of fenoterol."}
{"id": "PMID:336307", "title": "Neuropsychologic effects of continuous oxygen therapy in the aged.", "content": "This study investigated the effects of continuous therapy with oxygen on the neuropsychologic functioning of aged subjects professing problems with their memory. Nineteen men (mean age, 71 years) were evaluated on eight neuropsychologic measures during three different periods of time. Subjects were tested before any treatment, after a month of continuous therapy with oxygen, and after a period of sham treatment. The results indicated statistically significant improvement in the Wechsler Memory Quotient and, with one exception, improvement in all other measurements in favor of the treatment with oxygen. Differences between the results of this investigation and those of other studies are discussed, along with the factors possibly accounting for these differences.", "contents": "Neuropsychologic effects of continuous oxygen therapy in the aged. This study investigated the effects of continuous therapy with oxygen on the neuropsychologic functioning of aged subjects professing problems with their memory. Nineteen men (mean age, 71 years) were evaluated on eight neuropsychologic measures during three different periods of time. Subjects were tested before any treatment, after a month of continuous therapy with oxygen, and after a period of sham treatment. The results indicated statistically significant improvement in the Wechsler Memory Quotient and, with one exception, improvement in all other measurements in favor of the treatment with oxygen. Differences between the results of this investigation and those of other studies are discussed, along with the factors possibly accounting for these differences."}
{"id": "PMID:336308", "title": "New tests for the detection of obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Abnormalities in small airways appear to be important in the evolution of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Patients with these pathologic lesions may have normal values for airway resistance and forced expiratory volume in one second. Two new tests, the closing volume (CV) and the dependence of maximal flow on density, are believed to be sensitive to abnormalities in the peripheral airways. The CV test detects an increased nonuniformity of changes in volume of pulmonary units. Reduced dependence of flow on density is believed to result from an increase in the peripheral component of the losses of driving pressure which determine maximal expiratory flow. Both tests differentiate smokers with normal conventional spirometric data from age-matched nonsmokers. Although this evidence suggests that these tests can be used to detect abnormalities in small airways, there is very little pathologic confirmation of this belief. The clinical significance of abnormalities in the results of either of these tests in an otherwise normal person has not yet been determined.", "contents": "New tests for the detection of obstructive pulmonary disease. Abnormalities in small airways appear to be important in the evolution of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Patients with these pathologic lesions may have normal values for airway resistance and forced expiratory volume in one second. Two new tests, the closing volume (CV) and the dependence of maximal flow on density, are believed to be sensitive to abnormalities in the peripheral airways. The CV test detects an increased nonuniformity of changes in volume of pulmonary units. Reduced dependence of flow on density is believed to result from an increase in the peripheral component of the losses of driving pressure which determine maximal expiratory flow. Both tests differentiate smokers with normal conventional spirometric data from age-matched nonsmokers. Although this evidence suggests that these tests can be used to detect abnormalities in small airways, there is very little pathologic confirmation of this belief. The clinical significance of abnormalities in the results of either of these tests in an otherwise normal person has not yet been determined."}
{"id": "PMID:336312", "title": "[Management of ureteral stenoses and urinary fistulas following kidney transplantation].", "content": "The treatment of strictures and fistulas at the lower ureter after kidney transplantation was simple and could be achieved by reimplantation into the bladder. Proximal urinary fistulas caused early abdominal symptoms. The i.v. urogram showed a dilated renal pelvis without drainage into the ureter. The anatomical findings were in all cases strictures or total obstruction of the ureter beneath the pelvic junction and a rupture of the renal pelvis or calix. Adequate therapy consisted of ureteroureterostomy with the recipient ureter and nephrostomy splintage.", "contents": "[Management of ureteral stenoses and urinary fistulas following kidney transplantation]. The treatment of strictures and fistulas at the lower ureter after kidney transplantation was simple and could be achieved by reimplantation into the bladder. Proximal urinary fistulas caused early abdominal symptoms. The i.v. urogram showed a dilated renal pelvis without drainage into the ureter. The anatomical findings were in all cases strictures or total obstruction of the ureter beneath the pelvic junction and a rupture of the renal pelvis or calix. Adequate therapy consisted of ureteroureterostomy with the recipient ureter and nephrostomy splintage."}
{"id": "PMID:336314", "title": "Indications and contra-indications for perforation keratoplasty.", "content": "Thirty years' experience with perforating keratoplasty has shown us new indications for this technique, but certainly also new contra-indications. At first the prognosis of perforating keratoplasty improved because of better surgical techniques, so that the number of indications increased. Recently a better prognosis for heavily vascularized eyes has become possible thanks to HLA-matched donor material.", "contents": "Indications and contra-indications for perforation keratoplasty. Thirty years' experience with perforating keratoplasty has shown us new indications for this technique, but certainly also new contra-indications. At first the prognosis of perforating keratoplasty improved because of better surgical techniques, so that the number of indications increased. Recently a better prognosis for heavily vascularized eyes has become possible thanks to HLA-matched donor material."}
{"id": "PMID:336315", "title": "First experiences with HLA-matched corneal grafts in high risk cases.", "content": "In highly vascularized corneas the number of graft failures caused by irreversible rejections is higher than in non-or slightly vascularized corneas. The importance of antigen compatibility is demonstrated, especially in these 'high risk' cases. Ten highly vascularized corneas were grafted with HLA-matched donor material; only one reversible rejection was seen in this group. Nine non-or slightly vascularized corneas were grafted with donor material chosen a random. Retrospective HLA matching was performed. Three irreversible rejections were seen in this group. The number of HLA incompatibilities was high.", "contents": "First experiences with HLA-matched corneal grafts in high risk cases. In highly vascularized corneas the number of graft failures caused by irreversible rejections is higher than in non-or slightly vascularized corneas. The importance of antigen compatibility is demonstrated, especially in these 'high risk' cases. Ten highly vascularized corneas were grafted with HLA-matched donor material; only one reversible rejection was seen in this group. Nine non-or slightly vascularized corneas were grafted with donor material chosen a random. Retrospective HLA matching was performed. Three irreversible rejections were seen in this group. The number of HLA incompatibilities was high."}
{"id": "PMID:336322", "title": "[MK-231 (Sulindac) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "MK-231 (Sulindac), 200-400 mg daily, was given to 25 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The therapeutic response was good and there were no side effects at all. The drug should be used more frequently than heretofore in the drug treatment of symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[MK-231 (Sulindac) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. MK-231 (Sulindac), 200-400 mg daily, was given to 25 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The therapeutic response was good and there were no side effects at all. The drug should be used more frequently than heretofore in the drug treatment of symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:336351", "title": "[Scientific theoretical models in dentistry].", "content": "Developments leading to modern medicine only began about 150 years ago. The foundation of this progress was laid by the introduction of scientific working methods into practical and theoretical medicine. The principal methodical procedures are described in the present work, defined and examined as to its scientific basis. Examples from dental, oral, and maxillo-facial surgery are given as proof that the models used in the definition of present day biological research are helpful not only give accuracy to content recognized by scientific method but also to assure transition from theoretical to practical science.", "contents": "[Scientific theoretical models in dentistry]. Developments leading to modern medicine only began about 150 years ago. The foundation of this progress was laid by the introduction of scientific working methods into practical and theoretical medicine. The principal methodical procedures are described in the present work, defined and examined as to its scientific basis. Examples from dental, oral, and maxillo-facial surgery are given as proof that the models used in the definition of present day biological research are helpful not only give accuracy to content recognized by scientific method but also to assure transition from theoretical to practical science."}
{"id": "PMID:336352", "title": "[Free autologous skin implantations in plastic periodontal surgery].", "content": "From 1972 to 1974, 25 autologous skin transplantations were carried out within the framework of complex periodontal therapy. Prior to the operation, ischemia and mobility of the marginal gingiva were found in all patients in the region of the lower incisors. After the operation, the gingiva had broadened by 5.6 to 6.6 mm. The grafts shrank after the operation. In two cases the graft failed and was rejected. The transplanted skin does not change in color, although keratinization of the transplanted skin is considerably reduced.", "contents": "[Free autologous skin implantations in plastic periodontal surgery]. From 1972 to 1974, 25 autologous skin transplantations were carried out within the framework of complex periodontal therapy. Prior to the operation, ischemia and mobility of the marginal gingiva were found in all patients in the region of the lower incisors. After the operation, the gingiva had broadened by 5.6 to 6.6 mm. The grafts shrank after the operation. In two cases the graft failed and was rejected. The transplanted skin does not change in color, although keratinization of the transplanted skin is considerably reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:336354", "title": "A female case of Kallmann's syndrome.", "content": "A case of 20-year-old woman with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia is reported, since very few female cases of Kallmann's syndrome have been reported so far in Japan. Three uncles on the father's side had no children. Height was 168 cm, and arm span 165 cm. The olfactory test revealed complete anosmia. Bone age was 13 year. Chromosome was 46 XX and normal karyotype. Basal levels of serum FSH, LH and estrogens (E1, E2 and E3) were low. Serum FSH and LH levels rose slightly only after LH-RH administration, and did not increase in clomiphene test. Plasma estrogens did not increase after daily injection of 150 IU of HMG for 3 successive days. The response of serum GH to arginine infusion was normal, while that to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was poor.", "contents": "A female case of Kallmann's syndrome. A case of 20-year-old woman with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia is reported, since very few female cases of Kallmann's syndrome have been reported so far in Japan. Three uncles on the father's side had no children. Height was 168 cm, and arm span 165 cm. The olfactory test revealed complete anosmia. Bone age was 13 year. Chromosome was 46 XX and normal karyotype. Basal levels of serum FSH, LH and estrogens (E1, E2 and E3) were low. Serum FSH and LH levels rose slightly only after LH-RH administration, and did not increase in clomiphene test. Plasma estrogens did not increase after daily injection of 150 IU of HMG for 3 successive days. The response of serum GH to arginine infusion was normal, while that to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was poor."}
{"id": "PMID:336355", "title": "Chemistry and physiology of inhibin--a review.", "content": "Several reports have appeared on the presence of inhibin, the second testicular hormone postulated by McCullagh, in such sources as testicular extracts, seminal plasma, rete testis fluid, spermatozoa as well as ovarian follicular fluid. The resurgence, in recent years, of interest in the physiology of inhibin is reviewed in the historical perspective of earlier work. This survey presents an outline of the general findings on the nature and characterization of this substance. Studies relating to its exact site of production as well as its site of action are briefly described and discussed.", "contents": "Chemistry and physiology of inhibin--a review. Several reports have appeared on the presence of inhibin, the second testicular hormone postulated by McCullagh, in such sources as testicular extracts, seminal plasma, rete testis fluid, spermatozoa as well as ovarian follicular fluid. The resurgence, in recent years, of interest in the physiology of inhibin is reviewed in the historical perspective of earlier work. This survey presents an outline of the general findings on the nature and characterization of this substance. Studies relating to its exact site of production as well as its site of action are briefly described and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336356", "title": "A critical review of current methods for induction of parturition in the mare.", "content": "The efficacy and safety of oxytocin, dexamethasone and prostaglandin, used alone or in combination as inducing agents, are discussed. It is contended that insufficient evidence exists to support the routine application of any of these methods in practice. Oxytocin has been the most widely used and it is claimed by some to be free from side effects. However, the synthetic prostaglandin analogue, fluprostenol, seems to pose the least risk to the foetus and dexamethasone appears to be either ineffective, or too dangerous to use at all. The main indications for induced foaling are managerial convenience or for research and teaching purposes. There are few clinical indications, although ventral rupture and cases of prolonged gestation have been mentioned by various workers. It is considered that foetal maturity is the pre-requisite before a decision to induce should be made in practice, and 3 criteria are essential: 1) a gestational length of greater than 320 days, 2) substantial mammary development, 3) the presence of colostrum in the mammae.", "contents": "A critical review of current methods for induction of parturition in the mare. The efficacy and safety of oxytocin, dexamethasone and prostaglandin, used alone or in combination as inducing agents, are discussed. It is contended that insufficient evidence exists to support the routine application of any of these methods in practice. Oxytocin has been the most widely used and it is claimed by some to be free from side effects. However, the synthetic prostaglandin analogue, fluprostenol, seems to pose the least risk to the foetus and dexamethasone appears to be either ineffective, or too dangerous to use at all. The main indications for induced foaling are managerial convenience or for research and teaching purposes. There are few clinical indications, although ventral rupture and cases of prolonged gestation have been mentioned by various workers. It is considered that foetal maturity is the pre-requisite before a decision to induce should be made in practice, and 3 criteria are essential: 1) a gestational length of greater than 320 days, 2) substantial mammary development, 3) the presence of colostrum in the mammae."}
{"id": "PMID:336357", "title": "Circular dichroism studies of the binding of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucoside and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside to lac repressor.", "content": "The binding of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucoside and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside to Escherichia coli lac repressor was investigated by circular dichroism in the wavelength range 300--400 nm corresponding to the o-nitrophenyl chromophores. The CD signal of both ligands drastically changed when they bound to lac repressor due to the asymmetric interaction of the o-nitrophenyl ring with chemical groups of protein. The CD spectra of bound ligands indicate close similarity between the environment of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucoside and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside on lac repressor. The CD signal is used to calculate the binding parameters (K and n) to lac repressor. It is demonstrated that the limited proteolytic digestion of lac repressor which gives a 'core protein' does not affect the environment of both ligands on the protein.", "contents": "Circular dichroism studies of the binding of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucoside and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside to lac repressor. The binding of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucoside and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside to Escherichia coli lac repressor was investigated by circular dichroism in the wavelength range 300--400 nm corresponding to the o-nitrophenyl chromophores. The CD signal of both ligands drastically changed when they bound to lac repressor due to the asymmetric interaction of the o-nitrophenyl ring with chemical groups of protein. The CD spectra of bound ligands indicate close similarity between the environment of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucoside and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside on lac repressor. The CD signal is used to calculate the binding parameters (K and n) to lac repressor. It is demonstrated that the limited proteolytic digestion of lac repressor which gives a 'core protein' does not affect the environment of both ligands on the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:336358", "title": "Studies on the transcription complex of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.", "content": "To study the chain elongation phase of enzymatic RNA synthesis ternary transcription complexes with T7 DNA or poly[dA) - (dT)] as template were isolated by gel exclusion chromatography. The DNA in these complexes contains single-stranded regions which are recognized by a single-strand-specific nuclease from Neurospora crassa. The non-codogenic DNA strand in the poly[(dA) - (dT)] ternary complex is preferentially hydrolysed by the nuclease. The polymerase protects predominantly the codogenic strand in this complex from digestion by DNAse I. In the T7 DNA ternary complex a DNA fragment with a chain length of approximately 26 nucleotides and an RNA fragment of about 22 nucleotides are protected by polymerase from digestion by DNAse and RNAse.", "contents": "Studies on the transcription complex of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. To study the chain elongation phase of enzymatic RNA synthesis ternary transcription complexes with T7 DNA or poly[dA) - (dT)] as template were isolated by gel exclusion chromatography. The DNA in these complexes contains single-stranded regions which are recognized by a single-strand-specific nuclease from Neurospora crassa. The non-codogenic DNA strand in the poly[(dA) - (dT)] ternary complex is preferentially hydrolysed by the nuclease. The polymerase protects predominantly the codogenic strand in this complex from digestion by DNAse I. In the T7 DNA ternary complex a DNA fragment with a chain length of approximately 26 nucleotides and an RNA fragment of about 22 nucleotides are protected by polymerase from digestion by DNAse and RNAse."}
{"id": "PMID:336359", "title": "Interrelation between transfer RNA and amino-acid-activating sites of methionyl transfer RNA synthetase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Binding of tRNA(Met/f) to the monomeric trypsin-modified methionyl-tRNA synthetase turns off the methionine-dependent isotopic ATP--PPi exchange. In the case of the dimeric native methionyltRNA synthetase, one anticooperatively bound tRNA(Met/f) inhibits the exchange by only 50%. These behaviours of tRNA do not require the integrity of the 3'-terminal adenosine. Esterification by methionine of the 3' end of tRNA reinforces the affinity of tRNA(Met/f)for the enzymes. In the case of the native enzyme, due to this effect, a second binding mode for methionyl-tRNA may be demonstrated through the isotopic exchange. This additional binding of tRNA corresponds to the expression of the anticooperatively blocked tRNA binding site. Methionine reverses competitively the reinforcing effect of the esterified methionyl moiety on tRNA binding. It is concluded that after esterification of tRNA, the aminoacyl residue still binds the enzyme, probably within the methionine activating site. The latter behaviour may account for the observation that excess methionine accelerates the aminoacylation turnover rate of tRNA(Met/f).", "contents": "Interrelation between transfer RNA and amino-acid-activating sites of methionyl transfer RNA synthetase from Escherichia coli. Binding of tRNA(Met/f) to the monomeric trypsin-modified methionyl-tRNA synthetase turns off the methionine-dependent isotopic ATP--PPi exchange. In the case of the dimeric native methionyltRNA synthetase, one anticooperatively bound tRNA(Met/f) inhibits the exchange by only 50%. These behaviours of tRNA do not require the integrity of the 3'-terminal adenosine. Esterification by methionine of the 3' end of tRNA reinforces the affinity of tRNA(Met/f)for the enzymes. In the case of the native enzyme, due to this effect, a second binding mode for methionyl-tRNA may be demonstrated through the isotopic exchange. This additional binding of tRNA corresponds to the expression of the anticooperatively blocked tRNA binding site. Methionine reverses competitively the reinforcing effect of the esterified methionyl moiety on tRNA binding. It is concluded that after esterification of tRNA, the aminoacyl residue still binds the enzyme, probably within the methionine activating site. The latter behaviour may account for the observation that excess methionine accelerates the aminoacylation turnover rate of tRNA(Met/f)."}
{"id": "PMID:336360", "title": "The involvement of protein L16 on ribosomal peptidyl transferase activity.", "content": "Radioactive ribosomes from Escherichia coli were treated with increasing concentrations of NH4Cl in the presence of 50% ethanol. The resulting particles were tested for peptidyl transferase activity as well as for the binding of (U)C-A-C-C-A-Leu-Ac, (U)C-A-C-C-A-Leu, chloramphenicol, lincomycin and erythromycin. At the same time the proteins present in the particles were quantitatively estimated and the amount of each related to the residual activity displayed by the treated ribosomes. It was found that the loss of protein L16 closely paralleled the inactivation of the particles implying an important role for this protein in the structure of the peptidyl transferase center.", "contents": "The involvement of protein L16 on ribosomal peptidyl transferase activity. Radioactive ribosomes from Escherichia coli were treated with increasing concentrations of NH4Cl in the presence of 50% ethanol. The resulting particles were tested for peptidyl transferase activity as well as for the binding of (U)C-A-C-C-A-Leu-Ac, (U)C-A-C-C-A-Leu, chloramphenicol, lincomycin and erythromycin. At the same time the proteins present in the particles were quantitatively estimated and the amount of each related to the residual activity displayed by the treated ribosomes. It was found that the loss of protein L16 closely paralleled the inactivation of the particles implying an important role for this protein in the structure of the peptidyl transferase center."}
{"id": "PMID:336361", "title": "On the distribution and packing of RNA and protein ribosomes.", "content": "From the analysis of the measured radii of gyration of the RNA (Rg = 6.6 +/- 0.3 nm) and protein (Rg = 10.2 +/- 0.5 nm) components of the 50-S subparticle of Escherichia coli ribosomes it is concluded that proteins containing a large amount of hydrodynamically bound water are located on the periphery of the tightly packed RNA. We found that the common features of the measured X-ray scattering curves of the E. coli 70-S ribosome, its 30-S and 50-S subparticles and wheat 80-S ribosomes in the region of scattering angles corresponding to scattering vectors mu from 1 to 5 nm-1 reflect features of the RNA compact packing. A hypothesis is proposed that the compact packing of RNA helices in the range of Bragg distances of 4.5--2.0 nm is a general structural feature of all ribosomal particles.", "contents": "On the distribution and packing of RNA and protein ribosomes. From the analysis of the measured radii of gyration of the RNA (Rg = 6.6 +/- 0.3 nm) and protein (Rg = 10.2 +/- 0.5 nm) components of the 50-S subparticle of Escherichia coli ribosomes it is concluded that proteins containing a large amount of hydrodynamically bound water are located on the periphery of the tightly packed RNA. We found that the common features of the measured X-ray scattering curves of the E. coli 70-S ribosome, its 30-S and 50-S subparticles and wheat 80-S ribosomes in the region of scattering angles corresponding to scattering vectors mu from 1 to 5 nm-1 reflect features of the RNA compact packing. A hypothesis is proposed that the compact packing of RNA helices in the range of Bragg distances of 4.5--2.0 nm is a general structural feature of all ribosomal particles."}
{"id": "PMID:336363", "title": "The effect of modification of cytosines in Escherichia coli 16-S rRNA on reconstitution and function of 30-S ribosomes.", "content": "O-Methylhydroxylamine (methoxyamine) was used for selective modification of cytosine residues in Escherichia coli 16-S rRNA. It was shown that cytosines accessible for methoxyamination are randomly distributed along the 16-S rRNA chain. Preparations of methoxyaminated 16-S rRNA, containing 2--130 modified cytosines/chain, still retained the ability to bind 30-S proteins, but the physical assembly of reconstituted particles was incorrect. The protein compositions of the reconstituted and native particles did not differ qualitatively from each other. However, the amount of protein in reconstituted particles decreased with an increasing number of methoxyaminated cytosines in 16-S rRNA. The particles obtained sedimented slower than native 30-S subunits, lost their ability to associate with 50-S ribosomes and to bind native phage f2 RNA. In contrast, modification of 16-S rRNA did not affect binding of poly(U) by reconstituted particles.", "contents": "The effect of modification of cytosines in Escherichia coli 16-S rRNA on reconstitution and function of 30-S ribosomes. O-Methylhydroxylamine (methoxyamine) was used for selective modification of cytosine residues in Escherichia coli 16-S rRNA. It was shown that cytosines accessible for methoxyamination are randomly distributed along the 16-S rRNA chain. Preparations of methoxyaminated 16-S rRNA, containing 2--130 modified cytosines/chain, still retained the ability to bind 30-S proteins, but the physical assembly of reconstituted particles was incorrect. The protein compositions of the reconstituted and native particles did not differ qualitatively from each other. However, the amount of protein in reconstituted particles decreased with an increasing number of methoxyaminated cytosines in 16-S rRNA. The particles obtained sedimented slower than native 30-S subunits, lost their ability to associate with 50-S ribosomes and to bind native phage f2 RNA. In contrast, modification of 16-S rRNA did not affect binding of poly(U) by reconstituted particles."}
{"id": "PMID:336365", "title": "The palmityl binding sites of fatty acid synthetase from yeast.", "content": "Fatty acid synthetase was covalently labelled with [14C]palmitic acid from [14C]palmityl-CoA. Tryptic and peptic digestion of the [14C]palmityl enzyme resulted in the formation of radioactive palmityl peptides carrying the long-chain acyl residue both in oxygen-ester and thio-ester linkage. The lipophilic palmityl peptides were purified by column and thin-layer chromatography using organic lolvent systems. Peptides arising from the acyl carrier protein, the condensing enzyme and the palmityl transferase were identified and characterized. The amino acid sequence of a 4'-phosphopant-etheine-containing peptide was established. It comprises 13 residues and shows a high degree of homology with the acyl carrier protein from Escherichia coli. A heptapeptide and an octapeptide from the palmityl transferase active site were partially sequenced. The identical amino acid composition of palmityl transferase and malonyl transferase core peptides is briefly discussed.", "contents": "The palmityl binding sites of fatty acid synthetase from yeast. Fatty acid synthetase was covalently labelled with [14C]palmitic acid from [14C]palmityl-CoA. Tryptic and peptic digestion of the [14C]palmityl enzyme resulted in the formation of radioactive palmityl peptides carrying the long-chain acyl residue both in oxygen-ester and thio-ester linkage. The lipophilic palmityl peptides were purified by column and thin-layer chromatography using organic lolvent systems. Peptides arising from the acyl carrier protein, the condensing enzyme and the palmityl transferase were identified and characterized. The amino acid sequence of a 4'-phosphopant-etheine-containing peptide was established. It comprises 13 residues and shows a high degree of homology with the acyl carrier protein from Escherichia coli. A heptapeptide and an octapeptide from the palmityl transferase active site were partially sequenced. The identical amino acid composition of palmityl transferase and malonyl transferase core peptides is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336367", "title": "Topography of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L12 in situ.", "content": "The ionization constants of each individual free amino group of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L12 as it exists on the native intact 50-S subunit has been determined. All these amino groups are exposed and have pK values varying from 9.7 to 11.0. The amino terminus, on the other hand, is unreactive and therefore appears to be buried. In addition, the reactivities indicate that the aminoterminal region of residues 1--59 undergoes a pH-dependent conformational change on the 50-S subunit.", "contents": "Topography of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L12 in situ. The ionization constants of each individual free amino group of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L12 as it exists on the native intact 50-S subunit has been determined. All these amino groups are exposed and have pK values varying from 9.7 to 11.0. The amino terminus, on the other hand, is unreactive and therefore appears to be buried. In addition, the reactivities indicate that the aminoterminal region of residues 1--59 undergoes a pH-dependent conformational change on the 50-S subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:336368", "title": "Endonucleolytic cleavage of parental DNA and T4 late-gene expression: distribution analysis of single-strand and double-strand breaks.", "content": "In order to investigate the dependency of late transcription on concurrent DNA replication during bacteriophage T4 development, we analyzed the endonucleolytic cleavage kinetics of the DNA of a T4 mutant lacking DNA polymerase, DNA ligase and exonuclease by using the sucrose gradient sedimentation technique. Our results can be summarized as follows. 1. The single-strand endonucleolytic cleavage of the T4 mutant DNA is not a random process. 2. The number of single-strand nicks reaches a plateau level of 10--12 nicks/molecule. 3. The occurrence of a double-strand break is delayed and their number is at any time lower than the number of single-strand nicks. 4. The circular permutation T4 genome, as computer-simulated by the Monte Carlo method, produces a smoothing of the discrete distribution which would be expected if nicks were localized in the promoter sites of late transcription units. We conclude that our findings support the model which relates single-strand DNA nicks to the late transcription initiation sites.", "contents": "Endonucleolytic cleavage of parental DNA and T4 late-gene expression: distribution analysis of single-strand and double-strand breaks. In order to investigate the dependency of late transcription on concurrent DNA replication during bacteriophage T4 development, we analyzed the endonucleolytic cleavage kinetics of the DNA of a T4 mutant lacking DNA polymerase, DNA ligase and exonuclease by using the sucrose gradient sedimentation technique. Our results can be summarized as follows. 1. The single-strand endonucleolytic cleavage of the T4 mutant DNA is not a random process. 2. The number of single-strand nicks reaches a plateau level of 10--12 nicks/molecule. 3. The occurrence of a double-strand break is delayed and their number is at any time lower than the number of single-strand nicks. 4. The circular permutation T4 genome, as computer-simulated by the Monte Carlo method, produces a smoothing of the discrete distribution which would be expected if nicks were localized in the promoter sites of late transcription units. We conclude that our findings support the model which relates single-strand DNA nicks to the late transcription initiation sites."}
{"id": "PMID:336369", "title": "Synthesis of transfer RNA during the synchronous nuclear division cycle in Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "1. The synthesis of tRNA during the synchronous nuclear division cycle in plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum has been investigated using an isotope dilution procedure and compared to the pattern of synthesis of rRNA. 2. The synthesis of both tRNA stops during mitosis. As the genes for the two types of RNA are not linked, this finding suggests that cessation of synthesis during nuclear division is a common characteristic of all types of transcription, supporting earlier work using pulse labelling and autoradiography to investigate the same problem.", "contents": "Synthesis of transfer RNA during the synchronous nuclear division cycle in Physarum polycephalum. 1. The synthesis of tRNA during the synchronous nuclear division cycle in plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum has been investigated using an isotope dilution procedure and compared to the pattern of synthesis of rRNA. 2. The synthesis of both tRNA stops during mitosis. As the genes for the two types of RNA are not linked, this finding suggests that cessation of synthesis during nuclear division is a common characteristic of all types of transcription, supporting earlier work using pulse labelling and autoradiography to investigate the same problem."}
{"id": "PMID:336372", "title": "beta-D-Galactoside transport in Escherichia coli: substrate recognition.", "content": "1. A number of galactosides and other sugar compounds were examined as inhibitors of facilitated or active transport by the lactose permease system of Escherichia coli. Efficient inhibition required an alpha- or beta-anomeric galactopyranosyl ring of D-configuration, a free 6-hydroxyl group, and a certain aglycone size which was reached, for example, by monosaccharide or nitrophenyl substituents. 2. Aromatic alpha-D-galactopyranosides acted as high-affinity inhibitors (Ki, below 50 micrometer). At least two of them were not transported, in contrast to alpha-galactoside disaccharides and to aromatic beta-D-galactopyranosides. 3. beta-D-Galactoside transport was not significantly inhibited by specific inhibitors and transitionstate analogues of beta-galactosidase (D-galactal, D-galactonolascone). 4. The beta-D-galactopyranoside, lactitol, and alpha-D-galactopyranoside, galactinol, were not efficiently bound by the lactose permease system, although the maximal rate of uptake of lacitol was similar to that of lactose. By comparison with several structurally related D-galactopyranosides, the decreased affinity was attributed to an effect of the membrane/water interface. A model for substrate recognition by the lactose permease system is presented.", "contents": "beta-D-Galactoside transport in Escherichia coli: substrate recognition. 1. A number of galactosides and other sugar compounds were examined as inhibitors of facilitated or active transport by the lactose permease system of Escherichia coli. Efficient inhibition required an alpha- or beta-anomeric galactopyranosyl ring of D-configuration, a free 6-hydroxyl group, and a certain aglycone size which was reached, for example, by monosaccharide or nitrophenyl substituents. 2. Aromatic alpha-D-galactopyranosides acted as high-affinity inhibitors (Ki, below 50 micrometer). At least two of them were not transported, in contrast to alpha-galactoside disaccharides and to aromatic beta-D-galactopyranosides. 3. beta-D-Galactoside transport was not significantly inhibited by specific inhibitors and transitionstate analogues of beta-galactosidase (D-galactal, D-galactonolascone). 4. The beta-D-galactopyranoside, lactitol, and alpha-D-galactopyranoside, galactinol, were not efficiently bound by the lactose permease system, although the maximal rate of uptake of lacitol was similar to that of lactose. By comparison with several structurally related D-galactopyranosides, the decreased affinity was attributed to an effect of the membrane/water interface. A model for substrate recognition by the lactose permease system is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:336373", "title": "Immunological properties of a high molecular weight component from yeast cell autolysate in dogs and evaluation of its potential role in human dextran reactions.", "content": "A high molecular weight component (HMC) of autolysate from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells was prepared. HMC was found to be immunogenic in dogs, inducing hemagglutinating antibody formation. Upon HMC challenge of immunized dogs, systemic anaphylactoid reactions were observed in 4/5 animals. The most prominent symptom was decreased cardiac output. Decrease in mean arterial pressure and increase in pulmonary arterial pressure were also observed. Consumption of total serum complement activity amounted to 22% of initial values. HMC also exhibited mitogenic activity in lymphocyte cultures from nonimmunized and immunized dogs. Since yeast autolysate is used as nitrogen source for Leuconostoc mesenteroides in the production of clinical B 512 dextran it is a theoretically possible trace contaminant of such solutions. Therefore, dogs hyperimmunized with HMC were also challenged with clinical dextran. No anaphylactoid signs were observed. These data suggest a negligible causal role of macromolecular contaminants derived from yeast cell autolysate in rare human anaphylactoid reactions following infusion of clinical dextran.", "contents": "Immunological properties of a high molecular weight component from yeast cell autolysate in dogs and evaluation of its potential role in human dextran reactions. A high molecular weight component (HMC) of autolysate from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells was prepared. HMC was found to be immunogenic in dogs, inducing hemagglutinating antibody formation. Upon HMC challenge of immunized dogs, systemic anaphylactoid reactions were observed in 4/5 animals. The most prominent symptom was decreased cardiac output. Decrease in mean arterial pressure and increase in pulmonary arterial pressure were also observed. Consumption of total serum complement activity amounted to 22% of initial values. HMC also exhibited mitogenic activity in lymphocyte cultures from nonimmunized and immunized dogs. Since yeast autolysate is used as nitrogen source for Leuconostoc mesenteroides in the production of clinical B 512 dextran it is a theoretically possible trace contaminant of such solutions. Therefore, dogs hyperimmunized with HMC were also challenged with clinical dextran. No anaphylactoid signs were observed. These data suggest a negligible causal role of macromolecular contaminants derived from yeast cell autolysate in rare human anaphylactoid reactions following infusion of clinical dextran."}
{"id": "PMID:336377", "title": "Disposition of valproic acid in man.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of valproic acid (VPA) have been studied in 6 healthy subjects following a single 600 mg dose, and after multiple doses over 12 days (1200 mg daily) of enteric-coated sodium valproate. A time lag before absorption of 1 to 2 h was observed in each subject, and then absorption was rapid, peak concentrations being recorded 3 to 4 h after administration of the dose. The plasma level decline was biphasic with a terminal half-life of 15.9 +/- 2.6 h in the single dose and 17.3 +/- 3.0 h in the multiple dose experiments. There was no evidence of dose dependent kinetics or autoinduction. Total plasma clearance was 0.0064 +/- 0.0011 l/kg X h. The apparent volume of distribution was small at 0.15 +/- 0.2 l/kg. The mean steady state plasma concentration (Css) reached after 4 days was 81.3 +/- 13.0 microgram/ml. Css observed was lower than Css predicted (99.2 +/- 14.7 microgram/ml) from single dose kinetics (p less than 0.001). The difference was probably due to a reduction in plasma protein binding at higher concentrations. VPA concentration in saliva was between 0.4 and 4.5% of the total plasma concentration and was not equal to the concentration of unbound drug in plasma (6.7 +/- 0.8% unbound). 3.2% of the dose was excreted in urine as the parent drug and 21.2% as conjugated metabolites.", "contents": "Disposition of valproic acid in man. The pharmacokinetics of valproic acid (VPA) have been studied in 6 healthy subjects following a single 600 mg dose, and after multiple doses over 12 days (1200 mg daily) of enteric-coated sodium valproate. A time lag before absorption of 1 to 2 h was observed in each subject, and then absorption was rapid, peak concentrations being recorded 3 to 4 h after administration of the dose. The plasma level decline was biphasic with a terminal half-life of 15.9 +/- 2.6 h in the single dose and 17.3 +/- 3.0 h in the multiple dose experiments. There was no evidence of dose dependent kinetics or autoinduction. Total plasma clearance was 0.0064 +/- 0.0011 l/kg X h. The apparent volume of distribution was small at 0.15 +/- 0.2 l/kg. The mean steady state plasma concentration (Css) reached after 4 days was 81.3 +/- 13.0 microgram/ml. Css observed was lower than Css predicted (99.2 +/- 14.7 microgram/ml) from single dose kinetics (p less than 0.001). The difference was probably due to a reduction in plasma protein binding at higher concentrations. VPA concentration in saliva was between 0.4 and 4.5% of the total plasma concentration and was not equal to the concentration of unbound drug in plasma (6.7 +/- 0.8% unbound). 3.2% of the dose was excreted in urine as the parent drug and 21.2% as conjugated metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:336378", "title": "Controlled trial of acebutolol in hypertension.", "content": "Acebutolol, a new cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, has been evaluated for the treatment of hypertension. Thirty eight previously untreated male patients with essential hypertension received placebo treatment during a 4-week run-in period, and then they were randomly (double-bind) allocated either to continued placebo treatment for three 4-week periods or to treatment with acebutolol 400, 600, and 1200 mg daily, respectively, for three 4-week periods. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at the end of each 4-week period. Treatment with acebutolol produced statistically significant reductions in blood pressure and heart rate as compared to the placebo regimen.", "contents": "Controlled trial of acebutolol in hypertension. Acebutolol, a new cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, has been evaluated for the treatment of hypertension. Thirty eight previously untreated male patients with essential hypertension received placebo treatment during a 4-week run-in period, and then they were randomly (double-bind) allocated either to continued placebo treatment for three 4-week periods or to treatment with acebutolol 400, 600, and 1200 mg daily, respectively, for three 4-week periods. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at the end of each 4-week period. Treatment with acebutolol produced statistically significant reductions in blood pressure and heart rate as compared to the placebo regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:336379", "title": "Long term effect of timolol and hydrochlorothiazide, or hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride, in essential hypertension.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with mild to moderate hypertension were treated for up to 60 weeks with hydrochlorothiazide and either placebo, timolol, or timolol and amiloride. The effect of adding timolol and amiloride to hydrochlorothiazide was evaluated in a double blind trial. In 22 of the 24 patients a supine diastolic blood pressure below or equal to 95 mm Hg was produced by hydrochlorothiazide and timolol. Replacing a potassium supplement with amiloride increased the antihypertensive effect.", "contents": "Long term effect of timolol and hydrochlorothiazide, or hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride, in essential hypertension. Twenty-four patients with mild to moderate hypertension were treated for up to 60 weeks with hydrochlorothiazide and either placebo, timolol, or timolol and amiloride. The effect of adding timolol and amiloride to hydrochlorothiazide was evaluated in a double blind trial. In 22 of the 24 patients a supine diastolic blood pressure below or equal to 95 mm Hg was produced by hydrochlorothiazide and timolol. Replacing a potassium supplement with amiloride increased the antihypertensive effect."}
{"id": "PMID:336381", "title": "The regional localisation of a new potent centrally acting antihypertensive agent R 28935 and its less active threo-isomer R29814 in the cat brain.", "content": "Systemic administration of the centrally acting antihypertensive agent R 28935 to cats resulted in a long lasting decrease of mean arterial pressure (+/-30%) whereas the same dose of the threo-isomer R 29814 was ineffective. The antihypertensive activity was due to the unaltered drug. In spite of an identical log P, pKa, dose and a comparable plasma level, the concentration of R 28935 in all the brain areas tested was about twice that of the threo-isomer, suggesting a stereoselective uptake and/or binding of R 28935.", "contents": "The regional localisation of a new potent centrally acting antihypertensive agent R 28935 and its less active threo-isomer R29814 in the cat brain. Systemic administration of the centrally acting antihypertensive agent R 28935 to cats resulted in a long lasting decrease of mean arterial pressure (+/-30%) whereas the same dose of the threo-isomer R 29814 was ineffective. The antihypertensive activity was due to the unaltered drug. In spite of an identical log P, pKa, dose and a comparable plasma level, the concentration of R 28935 in all the brain areas tested was about twice that of the threo-isomer, suggesting a stereoselective uptake and/or binding of R 28935."}
{"id": "PMID:336382", "title": "Prostacyclin (PGI2) is a weak contractor of coronary arteries of the pig.", "content": "The actions of prostacyclin (PGI2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) and arachidonic acid have been examined on isolated coronary arteries from pigs. Arachidonate metabolites contracted this tissue, the order of potency being PGH2 greater than PGE2 greater than PGI2 suggesting that the coronary vasoconstrictor effects of PGH2 are limited by metabolism to PGI2. Sodium arachidonate and linoleate weakly relaxed porcine coronary arteries, but the former induced a secondary prolonged contraction: only the contraction was abolished by indomethacin. Thus the relaxation induced by fatty acids does not depend on metabolism to prostaglandin-like substances.", "contents": "Prostacyclin (PGI2) is a weak contractor of coronary arteries of the pig. The actions of prostacyclin (PGI2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) and arachidonic acid have been examined on isolated coronary arteries from pigs. Arachidonate metabolites contracted this tissue, the order of potency being PGH2 greater than PGE2 greater than PGI2 suggesting that the coronary vasoconstrictor effects of PGH2 are limited by metabolism to PGI2. Sodium arachidonate and linoleate weakly relaxed porcine coronary arteries, but the former induced a secondary prolonged contraction: only the contraction was abolished by indomethacin. Thus the relaxation induced by fatty acids does not depend on metabolism to prostaglandin-like substances."}
{"id": "PMID:336383", "title": "Effects of methylxanthine drugs on pyrogen-induced hyperthermia.", "content": "The hyperthermic response to pyrogen was not potentiated by caffeine or theophylline administered i.p. into cats or rabbit. Injection of these drugs into the anterior hypothalamus or into the third cerebral ventricle in cats was also without effect on pyrexia. These results support the hypothesis that cyclic AMP in the anterior hypothalamus does not mediate pyrogen-induced hyperthermia in cats.", "contents": "Effects of methylxanthine drugs on pyrogen-induced hyperthermia. The hyperthermic response to pyrogen was not potentiated by caffeine or theophylline administered i.p. into cats or rabbit. Injection of these drugs into the anterior hypothalamus or into the third cerebral ventricle in cats was also without effect on pyrexia. These results support the hypothesis that cyclic AMP in the anterior hypothalamus does not mediate pyrogen-induced hyperthermia in cats."}
{"id": "PMID:336386", "title": "Stimulation of cell division in ectopic liver tissue following partial removal of the lung.", "content": "Autografts of liver were implanted into the left lung (Xenopus laevis). Subsequent removal of the right lung stimulated increased mitotic activity in the lung and in the liver graft.", "contents": "Stimulation of cell division in ectopic liver tissue following partial removal of the lung. Autografts of liver were implanted into the left lung (Xenopus laevis). Subsequent removal of the right lung stimulated increased mitotic activity in the lung and in the liver graft."}
{"id": "PMID:336387", "title": "A procedure for the rapid freezing of whole embryos.", "content": "A procedure for the rapid freezing of whole chick embryos for histochemical treatment is described. The problems of deformation during preparation for quenching and orientation for sectioning have been largely overcome by placing embryos inside lengths of chicken trachea. The subsequent disorientation of tissues that follows cracking and shattering due to the rapid freezing of whole embryos is avoided. The method permitted a more precise identification of the position and time of appearance of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and myosin antibody immunofluorescence in serially sectioned embryos.", "contents": "A procedure for the rapid freezing of whole embryos. A procedure for the rapid freezing of whole chick embryos for histochemical treatment is described. The problems of deformation during preparation for quenching and orientation for sectioning have been largely overcome by placing embryos inside lengths of chicken trachea. The subsequent disorientation of tissues that follows cracking and shattering due to the rapid freezing of whole embryos is avoided. The method permitted a more precise identification of the position and time of appearance of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and myosin antibody immunofluorescence in serially sectioned embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:336391", "title": "[Pharmacological pecularities of natural and synthetic alpha-adrenomimetic substances II].", "content": "The comparative examination of noradrenaline, octopamine, Privin and 2-phenylethylamine on the isolated rat vas deferens made under controlled conditions (1) has been extended by introducing more complex experimental conditions. Pretreatment of the animal with reserpine does not change the response to Privin, while the response to the maximal doses of noradrenaline is reduced; the response to octopamine remains unchanged while that of 2-phenyl-ethylamine is abolished.", "contents": "[Pharmacological pecularities of natural and synthetic alpha-adrenomimetic substances II]. The comparative examination of noradrenaline, octopamine, Privin and 2-phenylethylamine on the isolated rat vas deferens made under controlled conditions (1) has been extended by introducing more complex experimental conditions. Pretreatment of the animal with reserpine does not change the response to Privin, while the response to the maximal doses of noradrenaline is reduced; the response to octopamine remains unchanged while that of 2-phenyl-ethylamine is abolished."}
{"id": "PMID:336413", "title": "Microsurgical reconstruction of the uterin tube in sterilized patients.", "content": "Increasing requests for reversal of sterilization prompt a re-evaluation of guidelines for sterilization and for methods of reconstruction. The method of nonmicroscopic (gross) reconstruction is examined, and its frequent failures are felt to be in consequence of surgically induced distortion and damage to physiologic function. Microsurgery minimizes these failings and results in a doubled pregnancy rate. Microsurgical procedures are described and illustrated, and criteria are given for selection of candidates.", "contents": "Microsurgical reconstruction of the uterin tube in sterilized patients. Increasing requests for reversal of sterilization prompt a re-evaluation of guidelines for sterilization and for methods of reconstruction. The method of nonmicroscopic (gross) reconstruction is examined, and its frequent failures are felt to be in consequence of surgically induced distortion and damage to physiologic function. Microsurgery minimizes these failings and results in a doubled pregnancy rate. Microsurgical procedures are described and illustrated, and criteria are given for selection of candidates."}
{"id": "PMID:336414", "title": "Comparison of two techniques of suturing in microsurgical anastomosis of the rabbit oviduct.", "content": "Microsurgical reconstruction of the rabbit oviduct was undertaken utilizing either through-and-through sutures including the mucosa, or sutures penetrating the serosa and myosalpinx but not the mucosa. Patency and pregnancy rates did not seem to vary with the suturing technique. However, scanning electron microscopic observation revealed abnormal mucosal fold patterns at 3 weeks after surgery. Fibrinous exudates over the surface of the intraluminal sutures increased with time until the entire surface was thickly veiled by 9 weeks. The observation also revealed regeneration of epithelial cells along the suture. These cells included many abnormal forms such as giant cells and misshapen cells. The majority of these were nonciliated. In theory, the intraluminal suture could form a nidus for epithelial hyperplasia which might cause future tubal obstruction. However, the patency and pregnancy rates obtained with through-and-through suturing were similar to those obtained when the endosalpinx was excluded, both in this study and in previous studies from these laboratories.", "contents": "Comparison of two techniques of suturing in microsurgical anastomosis of the rabbit oviduct. Microsurgical reconstruction of the rabbit oviduct was undertaken utilizing either through-and-through sutures including the mucosa, or sutures penetrating the serosa and myosalpinx but not the mucosa. Patency and pregnancy rates did not seem to vary with the suturing technique. However, scanning electron microscopic observation revealed abnormal mucosal fold patterns at 3 weeks after surgery. Fibrinous exudates over the surface of the intraluminal sutures increased with time until the entire surface was thickly veiled by 9 weeks. The observation also revealed regeneration of epithelial cells along the suture. These cells included many abnormal forms such as giant cells and misshapen cells. The majority of these were nonciliated. In theory, the intraluminal suture could form a nidus for epithelial hyperplasia which might cause future tubal obstruction. However, the patency and pregnancy rates obtained with through-and-through suturing were similar to those obtained when the endosalpinx was excluded, both in this study and in previous studies from these laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:336416", "title": "Immunodetection of a human chorionic gonadotropin-like substance in human sperm.", "content": "The presence of a human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-like substance in human spermatozoa is reported. A highly sensitive immunocytochemical procedure was utilized (double-antibody immunofluorescence technique). Rabbit anti-hCG or rabbit anti-hCG beta-subunit was used as the first antibody. A positive fluorescence reaction was found in all human specimens analyzed and in positive controls (choriocarcinoma cells). No fluorescence was detected in other species studied (sheep, pig, goat, horse, bull, and guinea pig), nor in the negative controls. These findings open a new research area on the physiologic role of this hCG-like substance in human reproduction.", "contents": "Immunodetection of a human chorionic gonadotropin-like substance in human sperm. The presence of a human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-like substance in human spermatozoa is reported. A highly sensitive immunocytochemical procedure was utilized (double-antibody immunofluorescence technique). Rabbit anti-hCG or rabbit anti-hCG beta-subunit was used as the first antibody. A positive fluorescence reaction was found in all human specimens analyzed and in positive controls (choriocarcinoma cells). No fluorescence was detected in other species studied (sheep, pig, goat, horse, bull, and guinea pig), nor in the negative controls. These findings open a new research area on the physiologic role of this hCG-like substance in human reproduction."}
{"id": "PMID:336417", "title": "[Effect of monoamine levels on gonadotropin releasing hormone concentration in the hypothalamus, pituitary gonadotropic fuction and ovarian ovulatory and hormonal function].", "content": "Daily administration of 0.25 mg reserpine during 14 days reduces the noradrenaline and dopamine level in the hypothalamus by 21--47 per cent and the LH level in the blood. The amount of Gn-RH in the supra-and retrochiasmatic portions of the hypothalamus is significantly increased thereby indicating an inhibition of the RH release into the blood of portal vein. The same course of 0.5--0.75 mg reserpine reduces the level of catecholamines by 51--82 per cent, the Gn-Rh content decreasing in the preoptic, supra-and retrochiasmatic areas along with further decrease of LH level in the blood. This is due, probably, to disturbance of both synthesis and release of Gn-RH. Consequently, the catecholamines activate primarily the release and then the synthesis of Gn-RH. The level of gonadotropins in hypophysis undergoes no essential alterations under the influence of reserpine, the animals develop a constant diestrus, great major yellow bodies appearing in the ovaires while the number of folliculi reduces. The hormonal activity of ovaries at that (secretion of estrogens and progesterone) decreases.", "contents": "[Effect of monoamine levels on gonadotropin releasing hormone concentration in the hypothalamus, pituitary gonadotropic fuction and ovarian ovulatory and hormonal function]. Daily administration of 0.25 mg reserpine during 14 days reduces the noradrenaline and dopamine level in the hypothalamus by 21--47 per cent and the LH level in the blood. The amount of Gn-RH in the supra-and retrochiasmatic portions of the hypothalamus is significantly increased thereby indicating an inhibition of the RH release into the blood of portal vein. The same course of 0.5--0.75 mg reserpine reduces the level of catecholamines by 51--82 per cent, the Gn-Rh content decreasing in the preoptic, supra-and retrochiasmatic areas along with further decrease of LH level in the blood. This is due, probably, to disturbance of both synthesis and release of Gn-RH. Consequently, the catecholamines activate primarily the release and then the synthesis of Gn-RH. The level of gonadotropins in hypophysis undergoes no essential alterations under the influence of reserpine, the animals develop a constant diestrus, great major yellow bodies appearing in the ovaires while the number of folliculi reduces. The hormonal activity of ovaries at that (secretion of estrogens and progesterone) decreases."}
{"id": "PMID:336418", "title": "The role of passenger lymphocytes in rat skin allografts.", "content": "Alloantibody formation (as measured by the haemagglutination assay) and graft rejection time were measured in HO rats receiving skin grafts from the Ag-B incompatible DA or (HO X DA)F1 strain. Pretreatment of the graft donor with irradiation (1 000 R) or thoracic duct drainage for 5 days, though reducing the level of circulating lymphocytes in these rats drastically, did not impair the host immune responses. Irradiation of graft donors with 1 500 rads did reduce the alloantibody response in the DA leads to HO combination, but this dose also impaired proper graft healing. Lymphocytes injected subcutaneously in small doses (0.3 and 3 X 10(6)) cells) immunized the recipients efficiently for a haemagglutinin response; however, the response developed in a much quicker tempo than the response after skin grafting. Skin grafts varying in size by a factor of approx. 4 evoked alloantibody formation of identical magnitude. On the basis of this and other recent evidence, it is suggested that the antigenicity of rat skin is not critically dependent on the presence of passenger lymphocytes in it.", "contents": "The role of passenger lymphocytes in rat skin allografts. Alloantibody formation (as measured by the haemagglutination assay) and graft rejection time were measured in HO rats receiving skin grafts from the Ag-B incompatible DA or (HO X DA)F1 strain. Pretreatment of the graft donor with irradiation (1 000 R) or thoracic duct drainage for 5 days, though reducing the level of circulating lymphocytes in these rats drastically, did not impair the host immune responses. Irradiation of graft donors with 1 500 rads did reduce the alloantibody response in the DA leads to HO combination, but this dose also impaired proper graft healing. Lymphocytes injected subcutaneously in small doses (0.3 and 3 X 10(6)) cells) immunized the recipients efficiently for a haemagglutinin response; however, the response developed in a much quicker tempo than the response after skin grafting. Skin grafts varying in size by a factor of approx. 4 evoked alloantibody formation of identical magnitude. On the basis of this and other recent evidence, it is suggested that the antigenicity of rat skin is not critically dependent on the presence of passenger lymphocytes in it."}
{"id": "PMID:336427", "title": "[Significance of iontophoresis in dermatology. With special reference to the management of lymphedemas].", "content": "The development of modern medicine has very often pushed older methods of treatment to the background. It will be tried to represent the importance of iontophoresis as a special form of electrotherapy for dermatology according to studies of literature and own observations. Iontophoresis is for most of the 40 to 50 dermatologic indications named in literature without any importance for the present. This is also to be said for their diagnostic and experimental application. Because of the synergistic effect of the galvanic current and the medicament sluiced in, iontophoresis is said to be recommended following literature, for the treatment of the rest of therapeutically only with difficulty to be influenced idiopathic hyperhidrosis manuum et pedum, constitutional hypertrichosis, the lymphedema and also the induratio penis plastica and of thrombophlebitis. It will be reported about own experiences in the treatment of lymphedema.", "contents": "[Significance of iontophoresis in dermatology. With special reference to the management of lymphedemas]. The development of modern medicine has very often pushed older methods of treatment to the background. It will be tried to represent the importance of iontophoresis as a special form of electrotherapy for dermatology according to studies of literature and own observations. Iontophoresis is for most of the 40 to 50 dermatologic indications named in literature without any importance for the present. This is also to be said for their diagnostic and experimental application. Because of the synergistic effect of the galvanic current and the medicament sluiced in, iontophoresis is said to be recommended following literature, for the treatment of the rest of therapeutically only with difficulty to be influenced idiopathic hyperhidrosis manuum et pedum, constitutional hypertrichosis, the lymphedema and also the induratio penis plastica and of thrombophlebitis. It will be reported about own experiences in the treatment of lymphedema."}
{"id": "PMID:336431", "title": "Papular dermatitis herpetiformis. Report of a case with localized, facial lesions.", "content": "A male patient with unusual clinical features of dermatitis herpetiformis is reported. The eruption consisting mainly of erythematous papules developed symmetrically around the mouth and later around the eyes, and has been circumscribed within these areas for 4 years. The dermatitis herpetiformis nature of the lesion was confirmed by direct immunofluorescent testing.", "contents": "Papular dermatitis herpetiformis. Report of a case with localized, facial lesions. A male patient with unusual clinical features of dermatitis herpetiformis is reported. The eruption consisting mainly of erythematous papules developed symmetrically around the mouth and later around the eyes, and has been circumscribed within these areas for 4 years. The dermatitis herpetiformis nature of the lesion was confirmed by direct immunofluorescent testing."}
{"id": "PMID:336444", "title": "[The heterotopic heart transplantation: first clinical experiences (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten patients, all men, have been operated of heterotopic heart transplantation since the end of 1974. Ages ranged from 59 to 24 years with an average of 38 years. Six of them suffered from ischaemic heart disease, two from cardiomiopathy and two from rheumatic heart disease. All of them presented end stage cardiac disease. The first two patients underwent to left ventricular bypass only, in the remaining eight a right and left bypass was performed. At the present time, June 1977, 6 of the original 10 patients are alive all of them in functional class I. Five of them have resumed a full time job, the sixth will be soon able to do so. Four patients died. There were no deaths from acute rejection, but three died from infection, and the fourth one from a pulmonary embolus, 4 months after transplantation. There has been only one episode of acute rejection which has responded well to the treatment. The advantages of the heterotopic versus the orthotopic cardiac transplantation are discussed.", "contents": "[The heterotopic heart transplantation: first clinical experiences (author's transl)]. Ten patients, all men, have been operated of heterotopic heart transplantation since the end of 1974. Ages ranged from 59 to 24 years with an average of 38 years. Six of them suffered from ischaemic heart disease, two from cardiomiopathy and two from rheumatic heart disease. All of them presented end stage cardiac disease. The first two patients underwent to left ventricular bypass only, in the remaining eight a right and left bypass was performed. At the present time, June 1977, 6 of the original 10 patients are alive all of them in functional class I. Five of them have resumed a full time job, the sixth will be soon able to do so. Four patients died. There were no deaths from acute rejection, but three died from infection, and the fourth one from a pulmonary embolus, 4 months after transplantation. There has been only one episode of acute rejection which has responded well to the treatment. The advantages of the heterotopic versus the orthotopic cardiac transplantation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336446", "title": "[The effects of tolamolol on excito-conduction in men (author's transl)].", "content": "The electrophysiologic effects of tolamolol (UK-6558-01), a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent, were studied using the endocavitarian electrocardiography and the extrastimulus method. The drug was infused intravenously in the dose of 20 mg (0,23-0,36 mg per kilogram). Tolamolol resulted in: -- prolongation of sinus cycle length in 17 patients (P less than 0.001); -- prolongation of correct sinus node recovery time in 16 patients (P less than 0.001); -- there was no significant modification in intra-atrial conduction (P less than 0.3), while atrail effective refractory period was slightly lengthened (P less than 0.03); -- in A-V node conduction was prolonged in 17 patients (P less than 0.001) and the effective functional refractory periods were prolonged in all patients (P less than 0.001); -- a A-V block of 2 degrees grade appears in 17 patients at a more prolonged cycle length (P less than 0.001). Tolamolol had no effect on His-Purkinje system conduction time as well as the relative refractory period, measured before and after the drug in 2 patients. In 6 patients, during the induction of extrastimuli an \"echo zone\" appeared; after tolamolol its duration was reduced in 4 patients, in one unchanged and in one abolished. The therapeutical properties of this drug are discussed on the basis of such experimental data.", "contents": "[The effects of tolamolol on excito-conduction in men (author's transl)]. The electrophysiologic effects of tolamolol (UK-6558-01), a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent, were studied using the endocavitarian electrocardiography and the extrastimulus method. The drug was infused intravenously in the dose of 20 mg (0,23-0,36 mg per kilogram). Tolamolol resulted in: -- prolongation of sinus cycle length in 17 patients (P less than 0.001); -- prolongation of correct sinus node recovery time in 16 patients (P less than 0.001); -- there was no significant modification in intra-atrial conduction (P less than 0.3), while atrail effective refractory period was slightly lengthened (P less than 0.03); -- in A-V node conduction was prolonged in 17 patients (P less than 0.001) and the effective functional refractory periods were prolonged in all patients (P less than 0.001); -- a A-V block of 2 degrees grade appears in 17 patients at a more prolonged cycle length (P less than 0.001). Tolamolol had no effect on His-Purkinje system conduction time as well as the relative refractory period, measured before and after the drug in 2 patients. In 6 patients, during the induction of extrastimuli an \"echo zone\" appeared; after tolamolol its duration was reduced in 4 patients, in one unchanged and in one abolished. The therapeutical properties of this drug are discussed on the basis of such experimental data."}
{"id": "PMID:336448", "title": "Specific inhibition of human group I pepsins by two pepsin inhibitiors.", "content": "Two pepsin-inhibitors, a peptide produced by Streptomyces EF-44-201 and a peptide produced by Actinomycetes have been found to inactivate completely the human group I pepsin, but to have little activity against the group II pepsins.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of human group I pepsins by two pepsin inhibitiors. Two pepsin-inhibitors, a peptide produced by Streptomyces EF-44-201 and a peptide produced by Actinomycetes have been found to inactivate completely the human group I pepsin, but to have little activity against the group II pepsins."}
{"id": "PMID:336450", "title": "Tolerance to lactose among lactase-deficient American Indians.", "content": "To determine the amount of lactose that could be tolerated in a meal, 59 lactase-deficient American Indians, ranging in age from 5 to 62, were given graded doses of lactose. The diagnosis of lactase deficiency had beeen documented previously by showing increased breath hydrogen after an oral lactose load (2 g per kg, maximum 50 g). With this load, 88% of the subjects had symptoms. On 6 consecutive mornings, each subject was given a breakfast that contained graded doses of lactose ranging from 0 to 18 g. The order of the breakfasts was randomized and the contents were double-blinded. Symptoms, which were assessed by a \"blinded\" observer, were present after 9% of the breakfasts at all dosage levels, including the lactose-free breakfast. Thus, under the conditions of this study, a modest amount of lactose, equivalent to that present in 1 to 1 1/2 glasses of milk, when taken with a meal, is well tolerated by the lactase-deficient American Indian.", "contents": "Tolerance to lactose among lactase-deficient American Indians. To determine the amount of lactose that could be tolerated in a meal, 59 lactase-deficient American Indians, ranging in age from 5 to 62, were given graded doses of lactose. The diagnosis of lactase deficiency had beeen documented previously by showing increased breath hydrogen after an oral lactose load (2 g per kg, maximum 50 g). With this load, 88% of the subjects had symptoms. On 6 consecutive mornings, each subject was given a breakfast that contained graded doses of lactose ranging from 0 to 18 g. The order of the breakfasts was randomized and the contents were double-blinded. Symptoms, which were assessed by a \"blinded\" observer, were present after 9% of the breakfasts at all dosage levels, including the lactose-free breakfast. Thus, under the conditions of this study, a modest amount of lactose, equivalent to that present in 1 to 1 1/2 glasses of milk, when taken with a meal, is well tolerated by the lactase-deficient American Indian."}
{"id": "PMID:336452", "title": "Gastrointestinal and systemic toxicity of fecal extracts from hamsters with clindamycin-induced colitis.", "content": "The production of toxic substances by intestinal bacteria is one pathogenic mechanism proposed for antibiotic-associated colitis. We demonstrated the presence of a toxic substance(s) in the feces of hamsters developing clindamycin-induced enterocolitis. Suspensions derived from cecal contents of clindamycin-treated animals induced a hemorrhagic ileocecitis and death within 2 to 4 days after being given orogastrically to hamsters. Intraperitoneal injection of sterile filtrates of these suspensions produced an exudative peritonitis, intraabdominal hemorrhages, and death of 80 to 100% of hamsters within 1 day. These effects were not seen with intraperitoneal injection of clindamycin or endotoxin, only small amounts of which were present in the filtrate. Incubation of the filtrate in vitro with polyvalent clostridial antitoxin neuralized its toxicity. In vitro incubation of the filtrate with normal equine serum did not reduce its in vivo toxicity. The toxic substance(s) contained in the filtrate was heat-labile and produced morphological changes in Y-1 adrenal cell cultures characteristic of heat-labile enterotoxins. Cecal filtrates obtained from saline-treated animals produced none of these effects. These preliminary studies suggest that enterotoxin-like substances, possibly produced by clostridia, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of clindamycin-induced colitis in the hamster.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal and systemic toxicity of fecal extracts from hamsters with clindamycin-induced colitis. The production of toxic substances by intestinal bacteria is one pathogenic mechanism proposed for antibiotic-associated colitis. We demonstrated the presence of a toxic substance(s) in the feces of hamsters developing clindamycin-induced enterocolitis. Suspensions derived from cecal contents of clindamycin-treated animals induced a hemorrhagic ileocecitis and death within 2 to 4 days after being given orogastrically to hamsters. Intraperitoneal injection of sterile filtrates of these suspensions produced an exudative peritonitis, intraabdominal hemorrhages, and death of 80 to 100% of hamsters within 1 day. These effects were not seen with intraperitoneal injection of clindamycin or endotoxin, only small amounts of which were present in the filtrate. Incubation of the filtrate in vitro with polyvalent clostridial antitoxin neuralized its toxicity. In vitro incubation of the filtrate with normal equine serum did not reduce its in vivo toxicity. The toxic substance(s) contained in the filtrate was heat-labile and produced morphological changes in Y-1 adrenal cell cultures characteristic of heat-labile enterotoxins. Cecal filtrates obtained from saline-treated animals produced none of these effects. These preliminary studies suggest that enterotoxin-like substances, possibly produced by clostridia, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of clindamycin-induced colitis in the hamster."}
{"id": "PMID:336453", "title": "Evaluation of carbenoxolone sodium in the treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "content": "A double blind trial involving 21 patients on carbenoxolone and 23 patients on placebo was conducted under endoscopic control to assess the healing of duodenal ulcers over a period of 6 weeks. The two groups were adequately matched with the exception that larger ulcers predominated in the carbenoxolone group. Relief of symptoms showed poor correlation with ulcer healing. Fourteen of the 21 patients in the carbenoxolone group and 7 of the 23 in the placebo group showed endoscopic evidence of complete healing. The result is highly significant (P less than 0.016) and confirms the therapeutic efficacy of carbenoxolone sodium positioned-release capsules in the treatment of duodenal ulcers. Side effects of carbenoxolone therapy in the form of weight gain, rise in diastolic blood pressure and hypokalaemia were observed, but with adequate monitoring and appropriate countermeasures, no patient suffered any ill effects.", "contents": "Evaluation of carbenoxolone sodium in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. A double blind trial involving 21 patients on carbenoxolone and 23 patients on placebo was conducted under endoscopic control to assess the healing of duodenal ulcers over a period of 6 weeks. The two groups were adequately matched with the exception that larger ulcers predominated in the carbenoxolone group. Relief of symptoms showed poor correlation with ulcer healing. Fourteen of the 21 patients in the carbenoxolone group and 7 of the 23 in the placebo group showed endoscopic evidence of complete healing. The result is highly significant (P less than 0.016) and confirms the therapeutic efficacy of carbenoxolone sodium positioned-release capsules in the treatment of duodenal ulcers. Side effects of carbenoxolone therapy in the form of weight gain, rise in diastolic blood pressure and hypokalaemia were observed, but with adequate monitoring and appropriate countermeasures, no patient suffered any ill effects."}
{"id": "PMID:336454", "title": "[The effect of therapeutic doses of gamma radiation on candida albicans cells in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of side effects of radiotherapy in genital carcinomas on a concomitant vaginal yeast infection was investigated by subjecting candida albicans cells in vitro to the effects of gamma radiation. Agar plates with a defined number of candida albicans cells were irradiated with the conventional gynaecological sources of radium applicators and tele-cobalt. The experimental incubation of the agar plates showed that the number and growth of the yeast colonies were either completely inhibited or stunted by the effect of the radiation. There were also mutations in the cell morphology, animal pathogenecity and sensitivity to antimycotic drugs. The clinical implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of therapeutic doses of gamma radiation on candida albicans cells in vitro (author's transl)]. The problem of side effects of radiotherapy in genital carcinomas on a concomitant vaginal yeast infection was investigated by subjecting candida albicans cells in vitro to the effects of gamma radiation. Agar plates with a defined number of candida albicans cells were irradiated with the conventional gynaecological sources of radium applicators and tele-cobalt. The experimental incubation of the agar plates showed that the number and growth of the yeast colonies were either completely inhibited or stunted by the effect of the radiation. There were also mutations in the cell morphology, animal pathogenecity and sensitivity to antimycotic drugs. The clinical implications of these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336458", "title": "Recombination pathway specificity of Chi.", "content": "Chi in phage lambda is a genetic element increasing the rate of recombination in its vicinity. Chi activity requires the wild-type functions of both the recA and the recB genes of E. coli. In terms of the pathway concept for recombination, Chi is active in the RecBC pathway and inactive in the Red, RecE., and RecF pathways.", "contents": "Recombination pathway specificity of Chi. Chi in phage lambda is a genetic element increasing the rate of recombination in its vicinity. Chi activity requires the wild-type functions of both the recA and the recB genes of E. coli. In terms of the pathway concept for recombination, Chi is active in the RecBC pathway and inactive in the Red, RecE., and RecF pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:336459", "title": "The timing of UV mutagenesis in yeast: a pedigree analysis of induced recessive mutation.", "content": "The mechanism of UV-induced mutation in eukaryotes was studied in individual yeast cells by a procedure that combined pedigree analysis and tetrad analysis. The technique involved the induction of recessive lethals and semilethals in G1 diploid cells. Induced frequencies were 25 and 61 percent at survival levels of 90 and 77 percent, respectively. No evidence of gross chromosome aberrations was detected. Recessive mutations that affect only one strand or that affect both strands of the DNA molecule are induced much at random among a population of cells, and both types can occur within the same cell. However, the data confirm that two-strand mutations are in the majority after a low level of irradiation. The simplest explanation involves a mechanism whereby most mutations are fixed in both strands prior to the first round of post-irradiation DNA replication. The recessive mutational consequences of irradiation are exhausted at the conclusion of the first post-irradiation cell division, although dominant-lethal sectoring continues at a high level through the second post-irradiation division. It is concluded that pyrimidine dimers that persist to the second round of DNA replication are rare or ineffective.", "contents": "The timing of UV mutagenesis in yeast: a pedigree analysis of induced recessive mutation. The mechanism of UV-induced mutation in eukaryotes was studied in individual yeast cells by a procedure that combined pedigree analysis and tetrad analysis. The technique involved the induction of recessive lethals and semilethals in G1 diploid cells. Induced frequencies were 25 and 61 percent at survival levels of 90 and 77 percent, respectively. No evidence of gross chromosome aberrations was detected. Recessive mutations that affect only one strand or that affect both strands of the DNA molecule are induced much at random among a population of cells, and both types can occur within the same cell. However, the data confirm that two-strand mutations are in the majority after a low level of irradiation. The simplest explanation involves a mechanism whereby most mutations are fixed in both strands prior to the first round of post-irradiation DNA replication. The recessive mutational consequences of irradiation are exhausted at the conclusion of the first post-irradiation cell division, although dominant-lethal sectoring continues at a high level through the second post-irradiation division. It is concluded that pyrimidine dimers that persist to the second round of DNA replication are rare or ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:336485", "title": "[Effects of pretreatment with carteolol on metabolic changes induced by coronary artery ligation in dog left ventricular wall (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of coronary artery ligation on myocardial glycogenolysis were studied in the endo- and epicardial layers of the left ventricular wall in dogs pretreated with 10 or 100 microgram/kg (i.v.) of carteolol, a potent beta-adrenergic blocking agent. Coronary artery ligation was performed by ligating one of the small branches of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In control (saline-pretreated) dogs, an increase in phosphorylase alpha activity and an increase in breakdown of glycogen were observed in both endo- and epicardial layers after coronary artery ligation. In the presence of 10 or 100 microgram/kg of carteolol, however, increases in phosphorylase alpha activity and increase in breakdown of glycogen were not observed in either the endo or epicardial layers. These results indicate that pretreatment of the dog with carteolol inhibits the increase in glycogenolysis caused by coronary artery ligation. Nevertheless, carteolol did not completely inhibit the coronary artery ligation-induced increase in glucose-6-phosphate and lactate levels, and the coronary artery ligation-induced decrease in phosphocreatine level, particularly in the endocardial layers.", "contents": "[Effects of pretreatment with carteolol on metabolic changes induced by coronary artery ligation in dog left ventricular wall (author's transl)]. Effects of coronary artery ligation on myocardial glycogenolysis were studied in the endo- and epicardial layers of the left ventricular wall in dogs pretreated with 10 or 100 microgram/kg (i.v.) of carteolol, a potent beta-adrenergic blocking agent. Coronary artery ligation was performed by ligating one of the small branches of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In control (saline-pretreated) dogs, an increase in phosphorylase alpha activity and an increase in breakdown of glycogen were observed in both endo- and epicardial layers after coronary artery ligation. In the presence of 10 or 100 microgram/kg of carteolol, however, increases in phosphorylase alpha activity and increase in breakdown of glycogen were not observed in either the endo or epicardial layers. These results indicate that pretreatment of the dog with carteolol inhibits the increase in glycogenolysis caused by coronary artery ligation. Nevertheless, carteolol did not completely inhibit the coronary artery ligation-induced increase in glucose-6-phosphate and lactate levels, and the coronary artery ligation-induced decrease in phosphocreatine level, particularly in the endocardial layers."}
{"id": "PMID:336486", "title": "Transforming activity of plasmid and chromosomal DNA in Escherichia coli.", "content": "An auxotrophic strain of Escherichia coli with the recB recC sbcB genotype was transformed by chromosomal DNA of the prototrophic strain and by plasmid DNA carrying genes for antibiotic resistance (R1 drd19). The donor plasmid DNA obtained by cell lysis in the presence of Triton X-100 and subsequent centrifugation in a caesium chloride-ethidium bromide gradient was shown to have a circular molecule and to retain its completeness after penetration into the recipient. Experiments with mixtures or plasmid and chromosomal DNA indicate a competition between these two DNA types during the transformation reaction in the given system.", "contents": "Transforming activity of plasmid and chromosomal DNA in Escherichia coli. An auxotrophic strain of Escherichia coli with the recB recC sbcB genotype was transformed by chromosomal DNA of the prototrophic strain and by plasmid DNA carrying genes for antibiotic resistance (R1 drd19). The donor plasmid DNA obtained by cell lysis in the presence of Triton X-100 and subsequent centrifugation in a caesium chloride-ethidium bromide gradient was shown to have a circular molecule and to retain its completeness after penetration into the recipient. Experiments with mixtures or plasmid and chromosomal DNA indicate a competition between these two DNA types during the transformation reaction in the given system."}
{"id": "PMID:336487", "title": "Specificity of trans-inhibition of amino acid transport in baker's yeast.", "content": "The trans-inhibition potency of intracellular amino acids on the transport of various amino acids follows the same sequence, viz. Pro(Lys), Phe, Glu, Ala, Gly, Leu, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. The same sequence was found for the reciprocal of trans-inhibition constants. It appears that the intracellular amino acid itself or a derivative thereof acts on a component that is common to all amino acid transport systems of baker's yeast.", "contents": "Specificity of trans-inhibition of amino acid transport in baker's yeast. The trans-inhibition potency of intracellular amino acids on the transport of various amino acids follows the same sequence, viz. Pro(Lys), Phe, Glu, Ala, Gly, Leu, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. The same sequence was found for the reciprocal of trans-inhibition constants. It appears that the intracellular amino acid itself or a derivative thereof acts on a component that is common to all amino acid transport systems of baker's yeast."}
{"id": "PMID:336488", "title": "Effect of phosphate on ergot alkaloid synthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus.", "content": "High concentration of inorganic phosphate in the culture medium of Aspergillus fumigatus inhibited ergot alkaloid synthesis. Addition of L-tryptophan but not mevalonate or 5-methyltryptophan to the above culture restored the alkaloid synthesis to the level found in normal cultures. The decrease in alkaloid synthesis in the fungus accompanies an increase in cell mass, cellular protein and sterol content. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were significantly increased in the high-phosphate culture.", "contents": "Effect of phosphate on ergot alkaloid synthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus. High concentration of inorganic phosphate in the culture medium of Aspergillus fumigatus inhibited ergot alkaloid synthesis. Addition of L-tryptophan but not mevalonate or 5-methyltryptophan to the above culture restored the alkaloid synthesis to the level found in normal cultures. The decrease in alkaloid synthesis in the fungus accompanies an increase in cell mass, cellular protein and sterol content. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were significantly increased in the high-phosphate culture."}
{"id": "PMID:336495", "title": "[Tertiary malaria with acute lung edema in a Turkish child].", "content": "In the past 10-15 years there has been a continuous increase of imported cases of malaria in the Federal Republic of Germany. The case of a two-year-old child of a Turkish foreign worker with severe tertian malaria complicated by pulmonary edema is described. In general tertian malaria is rarely fatal to adults, but in children the primary attack can be life threatening.", "contents": "[Tertiary malaria with acute lung edema in a Turkish child]. In the past 10-15 years there has been a continuous increase of imported cases of malaria in the Federal Republic of Germany. The case of a two-year-old child of a Turkish foreign worker with severe tertian malaria complicated by pulmonary edema is described. In general tertian malaria is rarely fatal to adults, but in children the primary attack can be life threatening."}
{"id": "PMID:336496", "title": "[Covering of skin defect wounds with a synthetic skin substitute. Conditioning of defect wounds of various origins with a synthetic skin substitute as a preparation for skin transplantation].", "content": "Treatment of large skin defects with a synthetic substitute for homograft skin is described. Defect wounds of different genesis, particularly with heavy infections, were treated with the synthetic skin substitute Epigard (Parke-Davis). An advantage is an easy wound dressing and good condition of the wound ground with development of a sufficient vascularization and cleaning of the wound bed for the reconstructive procedures keeping the wound ready for autotransplantation.", "contents": "[Covering of skin defect wounds with a synthetic skin substitute. Conditioning of defect wounds of various origins with a synthetic skin substitute as a preparation for skin transplantation]. Treatment of large skin defects with a synthetic substitute for homograft skin is described. Defect wounds of different genesis, particularly with heavy infections, were treated with the synthetic skin substitute Epigard (Parke-Davis). An advantage is an easy wound dressing and good condition of the wound ground with development of a sufficient vascularization and cleaning of the wound bed for the reconstructive procedures keeping the wound ready for autotransplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:336498", "title": "[Analgesia with mild side effects].", "content": "The efficacy of nefopam, a novel analgesic agent, was compared to pentazocine in a double blind study in 40 cancer patients with chronic pain. Both drugs were administered orally for 10 days. Pain relief after nefopam was at least as good as after pentazocine. Side efftects after nefopam were different in nature and less frequent than after pentazocine; respiratory depression or sedation were no observed.", "contents": "[Analgesia with mild side effects]. The efficacy of nefopam, a novel analgesic agent, was compared to pentazocine in a double blind study in 40 cancer patients with chronic pain. Both drugs were administered orally for 10 days. Pain relief after nefopam was at least as good as after pentazocine. Side efftects after nefopam were different in nature and less frequent than after pentazocine; respiratory depression or sedation were no observed."}
{"id": "PMID:336499", "title": "[Cytopherometry in neurologic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytopherometry in neurologic diseases is discussed with regard to antigenic reactivity, the formation of cytokines and the direct changes of electrophoretic mobility of immune-competent cells. The Macrophage-Electrophoresis-Mobility (MEM) test, the variants of the method and additional techniques produced some results of diagnostic and immunpathologic value. A general and unspecific sensitization during cellular immune reaction in lesions of the nervous parenchyma was detectable. Using adequate antigens and extended methods of characterisation in the test system, differentiated reactivity, mainly of the inflammatory diseases and in some pathogenetic processes - including a defect of cell-membrane - was found. Typical findings were shown with the MEM-LAD (linoleic acid depression) test in M.S. This technique led to novel pathogenetic, family-genetic and therapeutic aspects. Similar diagnostic progress in various types of brain tumors was shown by using tumorassociated antigens. Analysis of specific factors of cellular immunity was extented by developing a thymosine assay and direct assessment of cytokines, especially fo the MSF (macrophage slowing factor) in the MSF assay. The thymosine assay may prove valuable for the cellular basis of immunologic processes (in particular myasthenia and therapeutic thymectomy). With the direct MSF assay a differentiated high MSF activity in the CSF in chronic neuroimmunologic processes and particularly in M.S. was shown which led to novel aspects of the immunology of the CSF. The characteristics of the MSF, found after column-chromatographic fractionation, showed identical zytokine activity in CSF and the supernatants of lymphocyte-antigen-incubation which lay in the lower range of molecular weight of migration inhibitory lymphokines.", "contents": "[Cytopherometry in neurologic diseases (author's transl)]. Cytopherometry in neurologic diseases is discussed with regard to antigenic reactivity, the formation of cytokines and the direct changes of electrophoretic mobility of immune-competent cells. The Macrophage-Electrophoresis-Mobility (MEM) test, the variants of the method and additional techniques produced some results of diagnostic and immunpathologic value. A general and unspecific sensitization during cellular immune reaction in lesions of the nervous parenchyma was detectable. Using adequate antigens and extended methods of characterisation in the test system, differentiated reactivity, mainly of the inflammatory diseases and in some pathogenetic processes - including a defect of cell-membrane - was found. Typical findings were shown with the MEM-LAD (linoleic acid depression) test in M.S. This technique led to novel pathogenetic, family-genetic and therapeutic aspects. Similar diagnostic progress in various types of brain tumors was shown by using tumorassociated antigens. Analysis of specific factors of cellular immunity was extented by developing a thymosine assay and direct assessment of cytokines, especially fo the MSF (macrophage slowing factor) in the MSF assay. The thymosine assay may prove valuable for the cellular basis of immunologic processes (in particular myasthenia and therapeutic thymectomy). With the direct MSF assay a differentiated high MSF activity in the CSF in chronic neuroimmunologic processes and particularly in M.S. was shown which led to novel aspects of the immunology of the CSF. The characteristics of the MSF, found after column-chromatographic fractionation, showed identical zytokine activity in CSF and the supernatants of lymphocyte-antigen-incubation which lay in the lower range of molecular weight of migration inhibitory lymphokines."}
{"id": "PMID:336502", "title": "Insulin and glucagon: plasma levels and pancreatic release in the genetically obese Zucker rat.", "content": "Circulating levels of insulin and glucagon, as well as their release from isolated pancreatic islets, have been measured in Zucker rats to examine the effect of genotype, sex and diet. The obese animals had higher plasma insulin levels and enhanced release from islets when compared to lean controls. Conversely, obese animals, despite no significant differences in fed plasma levels of glucagon, showed substantially reduced release from islets. Diet had no main effect on any of these parameters.", "contents": "Insulin and glucagon: plasma levels and pancreatic release in the genetically obese Zucker rat. Circulating levels of insulin and glucagon, as well as their release from isolated pancreatic islets, have been measured in Zucker rats to examine the effect of genotype, sex and diet. The obese animals had higher plasma insulin levels and enhanced release from islets when compared to lean controls. Conversely, obese animals, despite no significant differences in fed plasma levels of glucagon, showed substantially reduced release from islets. Diet had no main effect on any of these parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:336505", "title": "Calcium antagonists and islet function. XI. Effect of nifedipine.", "content": "Nifedipine inhibits calcium-45 net uptake and glucose-induced insulin release in rat pancreatic islets, without affecting glucose oxidation and calcium-45 efflux. These findings are compatible with the view that nifedipine inhibits the entry of calcium in the B cell, by interfering with the plasma membrane ionophoretic channels.", "contents": "Calcium antagonists and islet function. XI. Effect of nifedipine. Nifedipine inhibits calcium-45 net uptake and glucose-induced insulin release in rat pancreatic islets, without affecting glucose oxidation and calcium-45 efflux. These findings are compatible with the view that nifedipine inhibits the entry of calcium in the B cell, by interfering with the plasma membrane ionophoretic channels."}
{"id": "PMID:336507", "title": "Sequence determination of protein S9 from the Escherichia coli ribosome.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of ribosomal protein S9 of Escherichia coli has been established. The protein was digested with trypsin and Staphylococcus aureus protease and the resulting peptides were separated by ion exchange chromatography on a new Dowex 50W-X7 microcolumn or a small phosphocellulose column. If necessary, they were rechromatographed on purified cellulose thin-layer plates on a preparative scale. The sequences of the peptides were determined by the micro dansyl-Edman technique, whereas the alignments of the tryptic peptides were mainly established from large cyanogen bromide fragments which were sequenced by the automatic Edman degradation process. Protein S9 is 128 amino acids long and has the following composition: Asx7, Thr5, Ser7, Glx16, Pro3, Gly13, Ala10, Val10, Met3, Ile7, Leu9, Tyr5, Phe4, His1, Lys10, Arg18. The molecular weight as calculated from the amino acid composition is 14 569. A total of 92.6 mg of the lyophilized protein was used for the determination of the primary structure of S9. Most of the material was needed to isolate sufficient amounts of the CNBr-fragments for the automatic degradation in the sequenator.", "contents": "Sequence determination of protein S9 from the Escherichia coli ribosome. The complete amino acid sequence of ribosomal protein S9 of Escherichia coli has been established. The protein was digested with trypsin and Staphylococcus aureus protease and the resulting peptides were separated by ion exchange chromatography on a new Dowex 50W-X7 microcolumn or a small phosphocellulose column. If necessary, they were rechromatographed on purified cellulose thin-layer plates on a preparative scale. The sequences of the peptides were determined by the micro dansyl-Edman technique, whereas the alignments of the tryptic peptides were mainly established from large cyanogen bromide fragments which were sequenced by the automatic Edman degradation process. Protein S9 is 128 amino acids long and has the following composition: Asx7, Thr5, Ser7, Glx16, Pro3, Gly13, Ala10, Val10, Met3, Ile7, Leu9, Tyr5, Phe4, His1, Lys10, Arg18. The molecular weight as calculated from the amino acid composition is 14 569. A total of 92.6 mg of the lyophilized protein was used for the determination of the primary structure of S9. Most of the material was needed to isolate sufficient amounts of the CNBr-fragments for the automatic degradation in the sequenator."}
{"id": "PMID:336508", "title": "Secondary structures of proteins from the 30S subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome.", "content": "The secondary structures of the proteins S4, S6, S8, S9, S12, S13, S15, S16, S18, S20 and S21 from the subunit of the E. coli ribosome were predicted according to four different methods. From the resultant diagrams indicating regions of helix, turn, extended structure and random coil, average values for the respective secondary structures could be calculated for each protein. Using the known relative distances for residues in the helical, turn and sheet or allowed random conformations, estimates are made of the maximum possible lengths of the proteins in order to correlate these with results obtained from antibody binding studies to the 30S subunit as determined by electron microscopy. The influence of amino acid changes on the predicted secondary structures of proteins from a few selected mutants was studied. The altered residues tend to be structurally conservative or to induce only minimal local changes.", "contents": "Secondary structures of proteins from the 30S subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome. The secondary structures of the proteins S4, S6, S8, S9, S12, S13, S15, S16, S18, S20 and S21 from the subunit of the E. coli ribosome were predicted according to four different methods. From the resultant diagrams indicating regions of helix, turn, extended structure and random coil, average values for the respective secondary structures could be calculated for each protein. Using the known relative distances for residues in the helical, turn and sheet or allowed random conformations, estimates are made of the maximum possible lengths of the proteins in order to correlate these with results obtained from antibody binding studies to the 30S subunit as determined by electron microscopy. The influence of amino acid changes on the predicted secondary structures of proteins from a few selected mutants was studied. The altered residues tend to be structurally conservative or to induce only minimal local changes."}
{"id": "PMID:336509", "title": "Preparation of (S)2-methylsuccinate and (2S,3S) [2,3-2H]2-methylsuccinate by biohydrogenation of 2-methylfumarate.", "content": "2-Methylfumarate can be hydrogenated by resting cells of Proteus mirabilis under an atmosphere of hydrogen gas. Optically pure (S)2-methylsuccinate is formed in a yield greater than 95%. The hydrogen addition, presumably catalyzed by the fumarate reductase, occurs in a trans fashion, as with succinate dehydrogenase of mammalian systems. Only one reactive enzyme-substrate complex with 2-methylfumarate seems to be possible.", "contents": "Preparation of (S)2-methylsuccinate and (2S,3S) [2,3-2H]2-methylsuccinate by biohydrogenation of 2-methylfumarate. 2-Methylfumarate can be hydrogenated by resting cells of Proteus mirabilis under an atmosphere of hydrogen gas. Optically pure (S)2-methylsuccinate is formed in a yield greater than 95%. The hydrogen addition, presumably catalyzed by the fumarate reductase, occurs in a trans fashion, as with succinate dehydrogenase of mammalian systems. Only one reactive enzyme-substrate complex with 2-methylfumarate seems to be possible."}
{"id": "PMID:336510", "title": "The complete amino acid sequence of protein S16 from Escherichia coli.", "content": "This paper presents the experimental details which led to the elucidation of the complete primary structure of S16, a protein which belongs to the small subunit of E. coli ribosomes. Protein S16 was digested with trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, and the staphylococcal protease. The resulting peptides were purified on paper and their amino acid composition and sequence were determined. Automatic Edman degradation with a modified sequenator on the complete protein yielded information from the 56N-terminal residues. The combination of all these results led to the following complete amino acid sequence: Met-Val-Thr-Ile-Arg-Leu-Ala-Arg-His-Gly-Ala-Lys-Lys-Arg-Pro-Phe-Tyr-Gln-Val-Val-Val-Ala-Asp-Ser-Arg--Asn-Ala-Arg-Asn-Gly-Arg-Phe-Ile-Glu-Arg-Val-Gly-Phe-Phe-Asn-Pro-Ile-Ala-Ser-Glu-Lys-Glu-Glu-Gly-Thr-Arg-Leu-Asp-Leu-Asp-Arg-Ile-Ala-His-Trp-Val-Gly-Gln-Gly-Ala-Thr-Ile-Ser-Asp-Arg-Val-Ala-Ala-Leu-Ile-Lys-Glu-Val-Asn-Lys-Ala-Ala. The molecular weight derived from the sequence amounts to 9 162.", "contents": "The complete amino acid sequence of protein S16 from Escherichia coli. This paper presents the experimental details which led to the elucidation of the complete primary structure of S16, a protein which belongs to the small subunit of E. coli ribosomes. Protein S16 was digested with trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, and the staphylococcal protease. The resulting peptides were purified on paper and their amino acid composition and sequence were determined. Automatic Edman degradation with a modified sequenator on the complete protein yielded information from the 56N-terminal residues. The combination of all these results led to the following complete amino acid sequence: Met-Val-Thr-Ile-Arg-Leu-Ala-Arg-His-Gly-Ala-Lys-Lys-Arg-Pro-Phe-Tyr-Gln-Val-Val-Val-Ala-Asp-Ser-Arg--Asn-Ala-Arg-Asn-Gly-Arg-Phe-Ile-Glu-Arg-Val-Gly-Phe-Phe-Asn-Pro-Ile-Ala-Ser-Glu-Lys-Glu-Glu-Gly-Thr-Arg-Leu-Asp-Leu-Asp-Arg-Ile-Ala-His-Trp-Val-Gly-Gln-Gly-Ala-Thr-Ile-Ser-Asp-Arg-Val-Ala-Ala-Leu-Ile-Lys-Glu-Val-Asn-Lys-Ala-Ala. The molecular weight derived from the sequence amounts to 9 162."}
{"id": "PMID:336513", "title": "Anorexia nervosa and the hypothalamus.", "content": "A new name, \"puberal starvation-amenorrhea\", is proposed as more descriptive of the syndrome and less committal concerning its etiology. Though the etiology remains uncertain, a growing body of evidence--deranged hormonal secretory patterns, deficient thermal and water regulation, and other physiologic abnormalities--indicates that a specific hypothalamic dysfunction is responsible for this bizarre, sometimes lethal disease.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa and the hypothalamus. A new name, \"puberal starvation-amenorrhea\", is proposed as more descriptive of the syndrome and less committal concerning its etiology. Though the etiology remains uncertain, a growing body of evidence--deranged hormonal secretory patterns, deficient thermal and water regulation, and other physiologic abnormalities--indicates that a specific hypothalamic dysfunction is responsible for this bizarre, sometimes lethal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:336514", "title": "Dental problems in the elderly.", "content": "Since the personal physician is likely to see the elderly patient far more often than the dentist does, he may be the first to spot signs of ill-fitting dentures, poor chewing ability, drug effects on the mouth, leukoplakia, and other oral problems described here.", "contents": "Dental problems in the elderly. Since the personal physician is likely to see the elderly patient far more often than the dentist does, he may be the first to spot signs of ill-fitting dentures, poor chewing ability, drug effects on the mouth, leukoplakia, and other oral problems described here."}
{"id": "PMID:336520", "title": "The adoptive secondary response to human serum albumin under conditions of high antigen pressure. The response of high and low avidity B cell subsets.", "content": "Thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) from (AS2 x AS)F1 rats previously injected with human serum albumin (HSA) were transferred to 900 r irradiated syngeneic recipients which were challenged with various doses of soluble HSA (s-HSA). TDL from partially tolerant rats, which were deficient in high avidity B cells, produced a maximum PFC response to the largest challenge dose (1 g s-HSA). In contrast, high avidity B cells from primed donors were optimally stimulated by 1 microgram and maximally inhibited by 1 mg s-HSA (day 7 PFC). An additional increase in antigen concentration by 1000 fold failed to diminish the PFC numbers further. Plaque inhibition profiles indicated that these antibody forming cells resisting inhibition were of the same high avidity as those triggered by low doses of antigen. The inability of s-HSA to completely inhibit antibody synthesis is discussed with regard to current views on B cell inactivation. Evidence is also presented which indicates that the standard haemolysis-in-gel test may fail to detect many low avidity antibody forming cells to proteins.", "contents": "The adoptive secondary response to human serum albumin under conditions of high antigen pressure. The response of high and low avidity B cell subsets. Thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) from (AS2 x AS)F1 rats previously injected with human serum albumin (HSA) were transferred to 900 r irradiated syngeneic recipients which were challenged with various doses of soluble HSA (s-HSA). TDL from partially tolerant rats, which were deficient in high avidity B cells, produced a maximum PFC response to the largest challenge dose (1 g s-HSA). In contrast, high avidity B cells from primed donors were optimally stimulated by 1 microgram and maximally inhibited by 1 mg s-HSA (day 7 PFC). An additional increase in antigen concentration by 1000 fold failed to diminish the PFC numbers further. Plaque inhibition profiles indicated that these antibody forming cells resisting inhibition were of the same high avidity as those triggered by low doses of antigen. The inability of s-HSA to completely inhibit antibody synthesis is discussed with regard to current views on B cell inactivation. Evidence is also presented which indicates that the standard haemolysis-in-gel test may fail to detect many low avidity antibody forming cells to proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:336521", "title": "IgG anti-hapten antibody secretion in vitro commences after extensive precursor proliferation.", "content": "We have investigated whether the intermediate cells that arise in primed mice after boosting require further cycles of division in culture before maturation into IgG antibody secreting cells. Killing of dividing cells between days 1--4 in culture, by exposure to BUdR-uv irradiation ablated the high IgG response observed on day 5 in control cultures. After T cell removal and replacement by a soluble factor (TRF) similar results were obtained. Thus B cell division over an extended period occurs prior to the appearance of IgG secreting cells. Furthermore, autoradiography of plaques from cultures briefly exposed to [3H]thymidine before harvest showed that some antibody secreting cells were synthesizing DNA at the time of assay.", "contents": "IgG anti-hapten antibody secretion in vitro commences after extensive precursor proliferation. We have investigated whether the intermediate cells that arise in primed mice after boosting require further cycles of division in culture before maturation into IgG antibody secreting cells. Killing of dividing cells between days 1--4 in culture, by exposure to BUdR-uv irradiation ablated the high IgG response observed on day 5 in control cultures. After T cell removal and replacement by a soluble factor (TRF) similar results were obtained. Thus B cell division over an extended period occurs prior to the appearance of IgG secreting cells. Furthermore, autoradiography of plaques from cultures briefly exposed to [3H]thymidine before harvest showed that some antibody secreting cells were synthesizing DNA at the time of assay."}
{"id": "PMID:336522", "title": "Protection of mice against malaria by a killed vaccine: differences in effectiveness against P. yoelii and P. berghei.", "content": "(C57BI x Balb/c)F1 mice are normally killed by a strain of the malaria P. yoelii, but they can be fully protected by a killed vaccine. The best results were obtained with saponin-lysed parasitized cells subsequently fixed with 0-06% formalin and injected intravenously with the adjuvant B. pertussis, though good protection was also obtained without the adjuvant. The protection was specific and at least partly mediated by a serum factor. A similar regime gives little or no protection against P. berghei. Possible reasons for this difference are considered and the mechanisms by which vaccination works against P. yoelii are discussed.", "contents": "Protection of mice against malaria by a killed vaccine: differences in effectiveness against P. yoelii and P. berghei. (C57BI x Balb/c)F1 mice are normally killed by a strain of the malaria P. yoelii, but they can be fully protected by a killed vaccine. The best results were obtained with saponin-lysed parasitized cells subsequently fixed with 0-06% formalin and injected intravenously with the adjuvant B. pertussis, though good protection was also obtained without the adjuvant. The protection was specific and at least partly mediated by a serum factor. A similar regime gives little or no protection against P. berghei. Possible reasons for this difference are considered and the mechanisms by which vaccination works against P. yoelii are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336523", "title": "The immunodepressive effect of Friend virus III. Effects on spleen T cells.", "content": "We have examined various T lymphocyte functions in the spleens of mice infected 4 days previously with Friend viurs (FV) in order to analyse its effect on the antibody response. We have found (a) that infection does not reduce the percentage of T lymphocytes in the spleen, nor their ability to respond to PHA, (b) that infected spleen cells mediate allogeneic augmentation of the primary response to SRBC in vitro, even though their own depressed response cannot be restored via the allogeneic effect, and (c) that infected spleen cells restore responses to SRBC by both allogeneic and syngeneic spleen cell cultures depleted of T lymphocytes. These results suggest that FV does not affect spleen T lymphocyte proliferation of helper function. Since macrophages from infected spleens cooperate normally in the response to SRBC in vitro, we conclude that the immune defect resides in the B lymphocytes.", "contents": "The immunodepressive effect of Friend virus III. Effects on spleen T cells. We have examined various T lymphocyte functions in the spleens of mice infected 4 days previously with Friend viurs (FV) in order to analyse its effect on the antibody response. We have found (a) that infection does not reduce the percentage of T lymphocytes in the spleen, nor their ability to respond to PHA, (b) that infected spleen cells mediate allogeneic augmentation of the primary response to SRBC in vitro, even though their own depressed response cannot be restored via the allogeneic effect, and (c) that infected spleen cells restore responses to SRBC by both allogeneic and syngeneic spleen cell cultures depleted of T lymphocytes. These results suggest that FV does not affect spleen T lymphocyte proliferation of helper function. Since macrophages from infected spleens cooperate normally in the response to SRBC in vitro, we conclude that the immune defect resides in the B lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:336524", "title": "Appearance of non-specific suppressor T cells during in vitro culture.", "content": "It was found that when normal mouse spleen cells were cultured for 4 days they were capable of non-specifically suppressing the in vitro antibody response of non-precultured spleen. The suppression was mediated by a subpopulation of viable, non-adherent, T lymphocytes with the surface phenotype Ly-1+, Ly-2- and Ia-. Furthermore, it appeared that the suppressor cells were responding to foetal calf serum antigens present in the tissue culture medium and were subsequently inactivating either B lymphocytes or accessory cells required for antibody formation, which had passively absorbed these antigens.", "contents": "Appearance of non-specific suppressor T cells during in vitro culture. It was found that when normal mouse spleen cells were cultured for 4 days they were capable of non-specifically suppressing the in vitro antibody response of non-precultured spleen. The suppression was mediated by a subpopulation of viable, non-adherent, T lymphocytes with the surface phenotype Ly-1+, Ly-2- and Ia-. Furthermore, it appeared that the suppressor cells were responding to foetal calf serum antigens present in the tissue culture medium and were subsequently inactivating either B lymphocytes or accessory cells required for antibody formation, which had passively absorbed these antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:336538", "title": "Liability to hydrophobic and charge interaction of smooth Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS sensitized with anti-MS immunoglobulin G and complement.", "content": "Sensitization of smooth Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS bacteria with hyper-immune anti-MS immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies increased the liability to hydrophobic interaction as assessed by the affinity for a column of Octyl-Sepharose. After sensitization, the material originally eluted with 1 M (NH4)SO4 in a 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) was not desorbed until the ionic strength was reduced to nil, and 0.1% (vol/vol) Triton X-100 in the 0.01 M phosphate buffer was used as eluant. Furthermore, by including positively charged bis-trimethylamino-polyethylene glycol (PEG) or negatively charged bis-sulfoamino-PEG in an aqueous two-phase system of dextran T500 and PEG 6000, the partition of the IgG-sensitized bacteria was affected by either of the polymers, whereas that of the parent bacteria was not. The hydrophobic effect of IgG binding was enhanced by complement. With heat-inactivated complement, the effect of IgG was diminished. The F(ab')2 fragment showed a much lower capacity to promote a hydrophobic interaction than the complete IgG molecule.", "contents": "Liability to hydrophobic and charge interaction of smooth Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS sensitized with anti-MS immunoglobulin G and complement. Sensitization of smooth Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS bacteria with hyper-immune anti-MS immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies increased the liability to hydrophobic interaction as assessed by the affinity for a column of Octyl-Sepharose. After sensitization, the material originally eluted with 1 M (NH4)SO4 in a 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) was not desorbed until the ionic strength was reduced to nil, and 0.1% (vol/vol) Triton X-100 in the 0.01 M phosphate buffer was used as eluant. Furthermore, by including positively charged bis-trimethylamino-polyethylene glycol (PEG) or negatively charged bis-sulfoamino-PEG in an aqueous two-phase system of dextran T500 and PEG 6000, the partition of the IgG-sensitized bacteria was affected by either of the polymers, whereas that of the parent bacteria was not. The hydrophobic effect of IgG binding was enhanced by complement. With heat-inactivated complement, the effect of IgG was diminished. The F(ab')2 fragment showed a much lower capacity to promote a hydrophobic interaction than the complete IgG molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:336539", "title": "Effect of some R factors on the sensitivity of rough Enterobacteriaceae to human serum.", "content": "Eight plasmids out of 26 tested confer partial serum resistance to Escherichia coli K-12 strains (Bhs character). Four Bhs+ plasmids were tested in a rough Salmonella typhimurium host, and three conferred partial serum resistance to this host as well. Plasmids representative of 19 different incompatibility groups were examined; the Bhs+ property was found in some (but not all) representatives of groups N, O, S, T, W, and F'lac (FI), and there was no apparent association between other plasmid markers and Bhs. It is likely that more than one mechanism can promote the Bhs+ phenotype and that Bhs genes are responsible for modifications of the surface structures involved in serum sensitivity.", "contents": "Effect of some R factors on the sensitivity of rough Enterobacteriaceae to human serum. Eight plasmids out of 26 tested confer partial serum resistance to Escherichia coli K-12 strains (Bhs character). Four Bhs+ plasmids were tested in a rough Salmonella typhimurium host, and three conferred partial serum resistance to this host as well. Plasmids representative of 19 different incompatibility groups were examined; the Bhs+ property was found in some (but not all) representatives of groups N, O, S, T, W, and F'lac (FI), and there was no apparent association between other plasmid markers and Bhs. It is likely that more than one mechanism can promote the Bhs+ phenotype and that Bhs genes are responsible for modifications of the surface structures involved in serum sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:336540", "title": "Cellular source of interferons in the circulation of mice with delayed hypersensitivity.", "content": "The cellular origins of type I and type II interferons released into the circulation of mice with delayed hypersensitivity were investigated. We determined the effect of treatment with various immunosuppressive agents, including cyclophosphamide, cycloheximide, antithymocyte serum, and whole-body X-irradiation, on the release of interferons after intravenous injection of specific (old tuberculin) or nonspecific (lipopolysaccharide) stimuli. The results suggest that (i) a heterogeneous population of lymphocytes (T and B cells) produces type II interferon, (ii) type I interferon is produced by a different cell population, and (iii) type II interferon is produced de novo after challenge with old tuberculin of mice sensitized with Mycobacterium bovis BCG.", "contents": "Cellular source of interferons in the circulation of mice with delayed hypersensitivity. The cellular origins of type I and type II interferons released into the circulation of mice with delayed hypersensitivity were investigated. We determined the effect of treatment with various immunosuppressive agents, including cyclophosphamide, cycloheximide, antithymocyte serum, and whole-body X-irradiation, on the release of interferons after intravenous injection of specific (old tuberculin) or nonspecific (lipopolysaccharide) stimuli. The results suggest that (i) a heterogeneous population of lymphocytes (T and B cells) produces type II interferon, (ii) type I interferon is produced by a different cell population, and (iii) type II interferon is produced de novo after challenge with old tuberculin of mice sensitized with Mycobacterium bovis BCG."}
{"id": "PMID:336541", "title": "Hemagglutination of human group A erythrocytes by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from adults with diarrhea: correlation with colonization factor.", "content": "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) of several different serotypes isolated from adults with diarrhea and known to possess the colonization factor antigen (CFA) were found to cause mannose-resistant hemagglutination (HA) of human group A erythrocytes. CFA-negative E. coli isolated during the same study did not possess the mannose-resistant hemagglutinin, although some non-ETEC, CFA-negative isolates did exhibit mannose-sensitive HA activity. The mannoseresistant hemagglutinin of ETEC was found to possess many characteristics previously associated with CFA, which is a surface-associated fimbriate heatlabile antigen, and the functionally and morphologically similar K88 and K99 antigens of animal-specific ETEC. Mannose-resistant HA and CFA titers were maximal when ETEC cells were grown on an agar medium (CFA agar) composed primarily of 1% Casamino Acids and 0.15% yeast extract, pH 7.4. Neither CFA nor HA were produced at a growth temperature of 18 degrees C; HA was completely inhibited by pretreatment of CFA-positive cells with the anti-CFA serum. The mannose-resistant hemagglutinin was lost spontaneously and simultaneously with CFA when clinical ETEC isolates were passaged on artificial medium in the laboratory, indicating plasmid control of both entities. The mannose-resistant hemagglutinin of ETEC was shown to be thermolabile, i.e., sensitive to heating at 65 degrees C, as was the CFA. Also, there was correlation between possession of CFA, as detected serologically and by demonstration of biological activity (adherence in the infant rabbit small intestine), presence of CFA-type fimbriae, and the ability of various E. coli isolates to cause mannose-resistant HA of human group A erythrocytes. These results indicate that the mannose-resistant HA of ETEC is another manifestation of CFA.", "contents": "Hemagglutination of human group A erythrocytes by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from adults with diarrhea: correlation with colonization factor. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) of several different serotypes isolated from adults with diarrhea and known to possess the colonization factor antigen (CFA) were found to cause mannose-resistant hemagglutination (HA) of human group A erythrocytes. CFA-negative E. coli isolated during the same study did not possess the mannose-resistant hemagglutinin, although some non-ETEC, CFA-negative isolates did exhibit mannose-sensitive HA activity. The mannoseresistant hemagglutinin of ETEC was found to possess many characteristics previously associated with CFA, which is a surface-associated fimbriate heatlabile antigen, and the functionally and morphologically similar K88 and K99 antigens of animal-specific ETEC. Mannose-resistant HA and CFA titers were maximal when ETEC cells were grown on an agar medium (CFA agar) composed primarily of 1% Casamino Acids and 0.15% yeast extract, pH 7.4. Neither CFA nor HA were produced at a growth temperature of 18 degrees C; HA was completely inhibited by pretreatment of CFA-positive cells with the anti-CFA serum. The mannose-resistant hemagglutinin was lost spontaneously and simultaneously with CFA when clinical ETEC isolates were passaged on artificial medium in the laboratory, indicating plasmid control of both entities. The mannose-resistant hemagglutinin of ETEC was shown to be thermolabile, i.e., sensitive to heating at 65 degrees C, as was the CFA. Also, there was correlation between possession of CFA, as detected serologically and by demonstration of biological activity (adherence in the infant rabbit small intestine), presence of CFA-type fimbriae, and the ability of various E. coli isolates to cause mannose-resistant HA of human group A erythrocytes. These results indicate that the mannose-resistant HA of ETEC is another manifestation of CFA."}
{"id": "PMID:336542", "title": "Protection against challenge with Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin by immunization of rats with cholera toxin/toxoid.", "content": "Rats were used to study dose-response curves to intestinal challenge with cholera toxin or Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Prior immunization with cholera toxin/toxoid induced significant and equal protection against both toxins.", "contents": "Protection against challenge with Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin by immunization of rats with cholera toxin/toxoid. Rats were used to study dose-response curves to intestinal challenge with cholera toxin or Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Prior immunization with cholera toxin/toxoid induced significant and equal protection against both toxins."}
{"id": "PMID:336543", "title": "Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin: comparison of antitoxin assays and serum antitoxin levels.", "content": "The mouse adrenal tumor cells (Y-1 strain) and the Chinese hamster ovary cells, two routinely used tissue culture assays for Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), were used to detect serum antitoxin responses in culture-positive patients from several well-defined sources. There was no correlation between a significant antitoxin response and isolation of LT-producing E. coli in two \"domestic\" diarrheal outbreaks. Serum samples from a third group of individuals in a rural cholera-endemic area consistently demonstrated significant rises in neutralizing antibody to LT.", "contents": "Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin: comparison of antitoxin assays and serum antitoxin levels. The mouse adrenal tumor cells (Y-1 strain) and the Chinese hamster ovary cells, two routinely used tissue culture assays for Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), were used to detect serum antitoxin responses in culture-positive patients from several well-defined sources. There was no correlation between a significant antitoxin response and isolation of LT-producing E. coli in two \"domestic\" diarrheal outbreaks. Serum samples from a third group of individuals in a rural cholera-endemic area consistently demonstrated significant rises in neutralizing antibody to LT."}
{"id": "PMID:336544", "title": "Suppression of immunity to Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection.", "content": "After injection of 10(8) live Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) into the left hind footpad of mice, there is development of local swelling attributable to a granuloma of the cell-mediated immunity type. Concomitant intravenous inoculation of live MLM delays and may even suppress footpad swelling, the effects being proportional to the intravenous dose of organisms. Concomitant footpad infection and intravenous inoculation of 10(9) dead MLM also delays footpad swelling, but over a period of months the feet become excessively swollen. The excessive swelling is due to local enhancement of infection as evidenced by an increase in the number of MLM per footpad. Attempts were made to prevent such immunosuppression by splenectomy or treatment with BCG. Splenectomy was entirely without effect, but 10(7) live BCG administered intravenously 2 to 4 weeks before dead MLM prevented enhancement of infection. The mediator of the immunosuppressive mechanism that results in enhanced infection remains to be elucidated, but it is unlikely to be antibody or immune complexes.", "contents": "Suppression of immunity to Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection. After injection of 10(8) live Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) into the left hind footpad of mice, there is development of local swelling attributable to a granuloma of the cell-mediated immunity type. Concomitant intravenous inoculation of live MLM delays and may even suppress footpad swelling, the effects being proportional to the intravenous dose of organisms. Concomitant footpad infection and intravenous inoculation of 10(9) dead MLM also delays footpad swelling, but over a period of months the feet become excessively swollen. The excessive swelling is due to local enhancement of infection as evidenced by an increase in the number of MLM per footpad. Attempts were made to prevent such immunosuppression by splenectomy or treatment with BCG. Splenectomy was entirely without effect, but 10(7) live BCG administered intravenously 2 to 4 weeks before dead MLM prevented enhancement of infection. The mediator of the immunosuppressive mechanism that results in enhanced infection remains to be elucidated, but it is unlikely to be antibody or immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:336545", "title": "Isolation and properties of complement-resistant strains of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Several strains that were resistant to the bactericidal action of antibody and complement were isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 W3110/SM by selecting them through the medium containing antiserum and complement. They can be agglutinated by antiserum against the parent strain and showed similar immune adherence reactivity to the parent when sensitized with this antiserum. Few differences were found in the compositions of phospholipids and proteins between both inner and outer membranes of these strains and those of the parent. However, there were fewer short-chain and more long-chain fatty acids in these strains than in the parent. It was also found that unsaturated fatty acide decreased and saturated and cyclopropanoic acids increased in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol in both inner and outer membranes of one of these strains when compared with those from the parent. Therefore, the resistance of these strains to the complement-mediated bactericidal action was considered to be due to the rigidity of their membrane structures which might repel the insertion of membrane-attack complement complex C5b-9, although they could fix the earlier complement components up to the step of the formation of C4b,2a,3b complex enzyme.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of complement-resistant strains of Escherichia coli K-12. Several strains that were resistant to the bactericidal action of antibody and complement were isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 W3110/SM by selecting them through the medium containing antiserum and complement. They can be agglutinated by antiserum against the parent strain and showed similar immune adherence reactivity to the parent when sensitized with this antiserum. Few differences were found in the compositions of phospholipids and proteins between both inner and outer membranes of these strains and those of the parent. However, there were fewer short-chain and more long-chain fatty acids in these strains than in the parent. It was also found that unsaturated fatty acide decreased and saturated and cyclopropanoic acids increased in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol in both inner and outer membranes of one of these strains when compared with those from the parent. Therefore, the resistance of these strains to the complement-mediated bactericidal action was considered to be due to the rigidity of their membrane structures which might repel the insertion of membrane-attack complement complex C5b-9, although they could fix the earlier complement components up to the step of the formation of C4b,2a,3b complex enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:336546", "title": "Mouse virulence of Salmonella typhimurium mutants deficient in two major outer membrane proteins.", "content": "The role of several outer membrane components as virulence factors is well established. We have now isolated spontaneous mutants and conjugational hybrids of smooth mouse virulent Salmonella typhimurium deficient in two major outer-membrane proteins. The lack of the 34,000- and/or 36,000-dalton proteins was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mutants and recombinants were then tested for their mouse virulence by intraperitoneal inoculation and were found to be as virulent as the parent strain.", "contents": "Mouse virulence of Salmonella typhimurium mutants deficient in two major outer membrane proteins. The role of several outer membrane components as virulence factors is well established. We have now isolated spontaneous mutants and conjugational hybrids of smooth mouse virulent Salmonella typhimurium deficient in two major outer-membrane proteins. The lack of the 34,000- and/or 36,000-dalton proteins was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mutants and recombinants were then tested for their mouse virulence by intraperitoneal inoculation and were found to be as virulent as the parent strain."}
{"id": "PMID:336547", "title": "Nocardia infections in congenitally athymic (nude) mice and in other inbred mouse strains.", "content": "The mortality rate and histopathological features of Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia brasiliensis infections in congenitally athymic (nude) mice of ICR and C3H/eB origins were quite different from what we found for Swiss white mice and other inbred mouse strains (namely, C57/BL/6J, New Zealand Black, BALB/c, CBA/LAC, and C3H/eB). The immunocompetent littermates of the congenitally athymic mice occupied an intermediate position between their athymic siblings and Swiss white mice in terms of their responses to both these organisms. Macrophage ingestion and destruction of N. brasiliensis, as demonstrated by electron microscopy, was found to occur. The T-lymphocyte appears to be an essential component in normal mouse resistance to infection by both N. asteroides and N. brasiliensis.", "contents": "Nocardia infections in congenitally athymic (nude) mice and in other inbred mouse strains. The mortality rate and histopathological features of Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia brasiliensis infections in congenitally athymic (nude) mice of ICR and C3H/eB origins were quite different from what we found for Swiss white mice and other inbred mouse strains (namely, C57/BL/6J, New Zealand Black, BALB/c, CBA/LAC, and C3H/eB). The immunocompetent littermates of the congenitally athymic mice occupied an intermediate position between their athymic siblings and Swiss white mice in terms of their responses to both these organisms. Macrophage ingestion and destruction of N. brasiliensis, as demonstrated by electron microscopy, was found to occur. The T-lymphocyte appears to be an essential component in normal mouse resistance to infection by both N. asteroides and N. brasiliensis."}
{"id": "PMID:336548", "title": "Characterization of the attachment of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) to cultured mammalian cells and the potential relationship of attachment to pathogenicity.", "content": "The interaction of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) with 19 different cultured mammalian cell types was examined. These types included cells derived from testis, kidney, spleen, lung, epidermis, cervix, urethra, and nerve tissue of human, rabbit, or rat origins. They represented normal and malignant cells, epithelial and fibroblastic morphology, cell lines, and cell strains, Large numbers of organisms attached to the cultured cells; this attachment prolonged the time of retention of active treponemal motility. Attachment was examined in terms of the number of treponemes inoculated, cultured cells present, and actively growing versus stationary cultured cells; the motility of the treponemes; the viability of the cultured cells; and the different cell passages. In sharp contrast to the attachment of T. pallidum, 11 nonpathogenic treponemes failed to attach to cultured cells. Immune syphilitic rabbit serum prevented the attachment of T. pallidum to cultured cells, as indicated by phase contrast microscopy and rabbit inoculations. This blockage of attachment by immune serum occurred without interfering with active motility of the organisms. Results are discussed in terms of the potential relationship of attachment to the pathogenicity of T pallidum.", "contents": "Characterization of the attachment of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) to cultured mammalian cells and the potential relationship of attachment to pathogenicity. The interaction of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) with 19 different cultured mammalian cell types was examined. These types included cells derived from testis, kidney, spleen, lung, epidermis, cervix, urethra, and nerve tissue of human, rabbit, or rat origins. They represented normal and malignant cells, epithelial and fibroblastic morphology, cell lines, and cell strains, Large numbers of organisms attached to the cultured cells; this attachment prolonged the time of retention of active treponemal motility. Attachment was examined in terms of the number of treponemes inoculated, cultured cells present, and actively growing versus stationary cultured cells; the motility of the treponemes; the viability of the cultured cells; and the different cell passages. In sharp contrast to the attachment of T. pallidum, 11 nonpathogenic treponemes failed to attach to cultured cells. Immune syphilitic rabbit serum prevented the attachment of T. pallidum to cultured cells, as indicated by phase contrast microscopy and rabbit inoculations. This blockage of attachment by immune serum occurred without interfering with active motility of the organisms. Results are discussed in terms of the potential relationship of attachment to the pathogenicity of T pallidum."}
{"id": "PMID:336549", "title": "Toxin from the culture filtrate of Shigella dysenteriae that causes morphological changes in Chinese hamster ovary cells and is distinct from the neurotoxin.", "content": "A toxin that causes morphological changes in Chinese hamster ovary cells was isolated from a culture filtrate of Shigella dysenteriae 1. It was partially purified by successive column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, Bio-Gel A-5m, and hydroxylapatite. The toxin was separated from neurotoxin by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column chromatography and was not lethal for mice.", "contents": "Toxin from the culture filtrate of Shigella dysenteriae that causes morphological changes in Chinese hamster ovary cells and is distinct from the neurotoxin. A toxin that causes morphological changes in Chinese hamster ovary cells was isolated from a culture filtrate of Shigella dysenteriae 1. It was partially purified by successive column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, Bio-Gel A-5m, and hydroxylapatite. The toxin was separated from neurotoxin by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column chromatography and was not lethal for mice."}
{"id": "PMID:336550", "title": "Adherence pharyngeal and skin strains of group A streptococci to human skin and oral epithelial cells.", "content": "Group A streptococci isolated from skin adhere in greater numbers to human skin epithelial cells than to cells obtained from buccal mucosa whereas streptococci isolated from a throat tend to adhere in greater numbers to buccal epithelial cells than to skin epithelial cells in vitro. M protein-producing strains of group A streptococci did not adhere in significantly greater numbers than M-negative strains. Lipoteichoic acid inhibited binding of streptococci to skin epithelial cells as well as was previously shown for oral epithelial cells. Our results suggest that lipoteichoic acid is more centrally involved than M protein in binding streptococci to skin and mucosal surfaces.", "contents": "Adherence pharyngeal and skin strains of group A streptococci to human skin and oral epithelial cells. Group A streptococci isolated from skin adhere in greater numbers to human skin epithelial cells than to cells obtained from buccal mucosa whereas streptococci isolated from a throat tend to adhere in greater numbers to buccal epithelial cells than to skin epithelial cells in vitro. M protein-producing strains of group A streptococci did not adhere in significantly greater numbers than M-negative strains. Lipoteichoic acid inhibited binding of streptococci to skin epithelial cells as well as was previously shown for oral epithelial cells. Our results suggest that lipoteichoic acid is more centrally involved than M protein in binding streptococci to skin and mucosal surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:336551", "title": "Antigenic cross-reactivity between Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) and Leishmania donovani.", "content": "Antigenic cross-reactivity was demonstrated between Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) and Leishmania donovani, using delayed hypersensitivity as a criterion.", "contents": "Antigenic cross-reactivity between Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) and Leishmania donovani. Antigenic cross-reactivity was demonstrated between Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) and Leishmania donovani, using delayed hypersensitivity as a criterion."}
{"id": "PMID:336552", "title": "Surgical pocket therapy.", "content": "(1) Periodontal pockets can be treated successfully by several modalities of surgery. (2) Periodontal pocket walls do not have to be eliminated surgically in order to stop the progress of periodontal disease. (3) A residual defect which can be probed beyond 3 mm at the site of a previous peridontal pocket, does not signify a progressive lesion as long as it does not appear inflamed or contain, exudate and bleeds when probed. (4) The most important aspect of all pocket therapy is to make the exposed root surface biologically acceptable to the surrounding soft tissues. (5) The gingiva should be so closely adapted to the teeth at the end of the healing following treatment that subgingival plaque does not colonize to the extent of being recognizable clinically. (6) Frequent professional prophylaxis is of paramount importance for success of all pocket therapy.", "contents": "Surgical pocket therapy. (1) Periodontal pockets can be treated successfully by several modalities of surgery. (2) Periodontal pocket walls do not have to be eliminated surgically in order to stop the progress of periodontal disease. (3) A residual defect which can be probed beyond 3 mm at the site of a previous peridontal pocket, does not signify a progressive lesion as long as it does not appear inflamed or contain, exudate and bleeds when probed. (4) The most important aspect of all pocket therapy is to make the exposed root surface biologically acceptable to the surrounding soft tissues. (5) The gingiva should be so closely adapted to the teeth at the end of the healing following treatment that subgingival plaque does not colonize to the extent of being recognizable clinically. (6) Frequent professional prophylaxis is of paramount importance for success of all pocket therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:336553", "title": "The causes of heroin addiction. A review of the literature. Part I.", "content": "The causes of heroin addiction have been studied and debated, and many theories have evolved. This article reviews the extensive literature on the subject and groups the material under the categories of Psychological, Pharmacological, Genetic, Socilogical, Social Protest, The Family, and Stepping Stone theories.", "contents": "The causes of heroin addiction. A review of the literature. Part I. The causes of heroin addiction have been studied and debated, and many theories have evolved. This article reviews the extensive literature on the subject and groups the material under the categories of Psychological, Pharmacological, Genetic, Socilogical, Social Protest, The Family, and Stepping Stone theories."}
{"id": "PMID:336554", "title": "Evaluation of the immune response in mice infected with Mycobacterium marinum.", "content": "Foot pad infection of mice with Mycobacterium marinum carried out with a view to comparing the immune response on the humoral level of such mice, with that observed previously in mice infected with M. leprae, indicated that there was a similarity in terms of the first appearance and proliferation of immunocytes and the time at which the peak and decline in the antibody-producing cells occurred. The significant difference appeared to be in the immunoglobulin G response, which was absent in the M. leprae infected mice, but occurred simultaneously with the immunoglobulin M response at a high level, both during a primary and after a secondary challenge administered 15 days post-primary infection in the M. marinum infected mice. Further confirmation was obtained through additional studies on the specific immunoglobulin levels and determination of both immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies by hemagglutination. Although the growth temperature requirement of the two organisms and their ability to initiate infection in areas of the body with lower temperatures are similar, it is suggested that the type of infection induced by each one of these species in the mouse may disallow the serious consideration of the M. marinum infection model as a possible alternative experimental model for studying the role of host immunity to M. leprae infections in mice.", "contents": "Evaluation of the immune response in mice infected with Mycobacterium marinum. Foot pad infection of mice with Mycobacterium marinum carried out with a view to comparing the immune response on the humoral level of such mice, with that observed previously in mice infected with M. leprae, indicated that there was a similarity in terms of the first appearance and proliferation of immunocytes and the time at which the peak and decline in the antibody-producing cells occurred. The significant difference appeared to be in the immunoglobulin G response, which was absent in the M. leprae infected mice, but occurred simultaneously with the immunoglobulin M response at a high level, both during a primary and after a secondary challenge administered 15 days post-primary infection in the M. marinum infected mice. Further confirmation was obtained through additional studies on the specific immunoglobulin levels and determination of both immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies by hemagglutination. Although the growth temperature requirement of the two organisms and their ability to initiate infection in areas of the body with lower temperatures are similar, it is suggested that the type of infection induced by each one of these species in the mouse may disallow the serious consideration of the M. marinum infection model as a possible alternative experimental model for studying the role of host immunity to M. leprae infections in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:336555", "title": "Are all nonsolid Mycobacterium leprae dead? Does a negative finding in the mouse foot pad indicate that there is actually no growth of M. leprae in the animals?", "content": "Ever since the discovery of the foot pad technic for growth of M. leprae in mice, investigators have overemphasized the laboratory results in clinical applications. Overenthusiasm has led to some dire results in the leprosy field. Two well-known examples can be cited, which are based on the presumption that: a) all the nonsolidly stained M. leprae are dead, and b) that a negative finding in the mouse foot pad indicates no growth of M. leprae in the animals. The former led clinical investigators to claim a false emergence of drug resistance after one year's treatment with a potent antileprosy drug, B663, which was almost abandoned for later clinical use. The latter led investigators to introduce a low-dose drug treatment, which resulted in a worldwide appearance of DDS resistance in leprosy. This paper outlines the reasoning that not all nonsolid M. leprae are dead, and that not all the organisms in the foot pads are detectable by the present standard foot pad/ M. leprae technic.", "contents": "Are all nonsolid Mycobacterium leprae dead? Does a negative finding in the mouse foot pad indicate that there is actually no growth of M. leprae in the animals? Ever since the discovery of the foot pad technic for growth of M. leprae in mice, investigators have overemphasized the laboratory results in clinical applications. Overenthusiasm has led to some dire results in the leprosy field. Two well-known examples can be cited, which are based on the presumption that: a) all the nonsolidly stained M. leprae are dead, and b) that a negative finding in the mouse foot pad indicates no growth of M. leprae in the animals. The former led clinical investigators to claim a false emergence of drug resistance after one year's treatment with a potent antileprosy drug, B663, which was almost abandoned for later clinical use. The latter led investigators to introduce a low-dose drug treatment, which resulted in a worldwide appearance of DDS resistance in leprosy. This paper outlines the reasoning that not all nonsolid M. leprae are dead, and that not all the organisms in the foot pads are detectable by the present standard foot pad/ M. leprae technic."}
{"id": "PMID:336556", "title": "Freeze-etching study of human and murine leprosy bacilli.", "content": "Morphologic features of the electron transparent zone (ETZ) material around human and murine leprosy bacilli were examined by a freeze-etching technic. The ETZ around human leprosy bacilli is composed of spherical droplets of hydrophobic material. These are always liquid at body temperature and they never show crystalline lamellar structure even at the temperature of liquid nitrogen. The ETZ around murine leprosy bacilli is composed of ribbon-like or membranous crystalline structures. This material is solid and crystalline at the body temperature of mice, and this solid material is the chief cause of the random arrangement of murine leprosy bacilli inside the cytoplasm of murine lepra cells. This crystalline structure has also been observed around murine leprosy bacilli grown on cell-free culture media.", "contents": "Freeze-etching study of human and murine leprosy bacilli. Morphologic features of the electron transparent zone (ETZ) material around human and murine leprosy bacilli were examined by a freeze-etching technic. The ETZ around human leprosy bacilli is composed of spherical droplets of hydrophobic material. These are always liquid at body temperature and they never show crystalline lamellar structure even at the temperature of liquid nitrogen. The ETZ around murine leprosy bacilli is composed of ribbon-like or membranous crystalline structures. This material is solid and crystalline at the body temperature of mice, and this solid material is the chief cause of the random arrangement of murine leprosy bacilli inside the cytoplasm of murine lepra cells. This crystalline structure has also been observed around murine leprosy bacilli grown on cell-free culture media."}
{"id": "PMID:336557", "title": "Culture and phagocytic characteristics of Schwann cells in vitro. A possible model substrate for cultivation of M. leprae.", "content": "Tissue cultures of five acoustic and four spinal schwannomas demonstrated good growth and migration of Schwann cells within two to four days. Two types of cells corresponding to Antoni type A tissue and Antoni type B tissue were clearly recognized. Both these cell types showed avid phagocytosis when the cultures were inoculated with mycobacteria, either ICRC bacilli or M. leprae. The phagocytic index was 95% at the end of two hours. The Schwann cells grown in vitro also showed intense acid phosphatase reaction with Gomori's stain, suggesting lysosomal activity. Neither this nor any phagocytosis was evidenced by fetal fibroblasts cultured similarly. Cells from two spinal neurofibromas grew and migrated slowly in vitro and were mainly fibroblasts.", "contents": "Culture and phagocytic characteristics of Schwann cells in vitro. A possible model substrate for cultivation of M. leprae. Tissue cultures of five acoustic and four spinal schwannomas demonstrated good growth and migration of Schwann cells within two to four days. Two types of cells corresponding to Antoni type A tissue and Antoni type B tissue were clearly recognized. Both these cell types showed avid phagocytosis when the cultures were inoculated with mycobacteria, either ICRC bacilli or M. leprae. The phagocytic index was 95% at the end of two hours. The Schwann cells grown in vitro also showed intense acid phosphatase reaction with Gomori's stain, suggesting lysosomal activity. Neither this nor any phagocytosis was evidenced by fetal fibroblasts cultured similarly. Cells from two spinal neurofibromas grew and migrated slowly in vitro and were mainly fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:336564", "title": "Radiation induced alterations in the endotoxin of S. typhimurium.", "content": "The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of S. typhimurium has been shown to be significantly detoxified after in vivo irradiation at 500 krad. Radiation is thus a useful method for converting endotoxin into toxoid. The structural alterations in the detoxified LPS are shown to be mainly in the lipid A molecule, resulting in the loss of beta-hydroxymyristic acid.", "contents": "Radiation induced alterations in the endotoxin of S. typhimurium. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of S. typhimurium has been shown to be significantly detoxified after in vivo irradiation at 500 krad. Radiation is thus a useful method for converting endotoxin into toxoid. The structural alterations in the detoxified LPS are shown to be mainly in the lipid A molecule, resulting in the loss of beta-hydroxymyristic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:336566", "title": "Sensitization of Escherichia coli C to gamma-radiation by 5-bromouracil incorporation.", "content": "Escherichia coli C cells, unifilarly substituted with 5-bromouracil (BrUra) were 2-25 times as sensitive as unsubstituted cells to killing by gamma-irradiation under aerobic conditions. The yield of DNA double-strand breaks in BrUra-substituted cells was increased by a factor only 1-55, suggesting that other lesions also contribute to cell-killing. Alkaline sucrose density gradient analysis of the 3H-thymine labelled DNA strand showed there was less repair of gamma-ray-induced single-strand breaks when BrUra was in the complementary strand. Since there are  more of these unrepaired breaks than can be accounted for by BrUra-induced DNA double-strand breakage, some fraction of the lethal events in BrUra-substituted E. coli cells may be unrepaired DNA single-strand breaks.", "contents": "Sensitization of Escherichia coli C to gamma-radiation by 5-bromouracil incorporation. Escherichia coli C cells, unifilarly substituted with 5-bromouracil (BrUra) were 2-25 times as sensitive as unsubstituted cells to killing by gamma-irradiation under aerobic conditions. The yield of DNA double-strand breaks in BrUra-substituted cells was increased by a factor only 1-55, suggesting that other lesions also contribute to cell-killing. Alkaline sucrose density gradient analysis of the 3H-thymine labelled DNA strand showed there was less repair of gamma-ray-induced single-strand breaks when BrUra was in the complementary strand. Since there are  more of these unrepaired breaks than can be accounted for by BrUra-induced DNA double-strand breakage, some fraction of the lethal events in BrUra-substituted E. coli cells may be unrepaired DNA single-strand breaks."}
{"id": "PMID:336567", "title": "Bacterial radiosensitization by 8-methoxypsoralen.", "content": "8-Methoxypsoralen has been shown to act as a radiosensitizer of hypoxic bacterial cells with uvrA, recA and uvrB and/or lexA mutations. No effect of the drug on the radiosensitivity of oxic bacteria with these mutations was observed. This drug differs from O2 and electron-affinic radiosensitizers in that its effect is not purely dose-modifying and can exceed the oxygen effect in certain mutants.", "contents": "Bacterial radiosensitization by 8-methoxypsoralen. 8-Methoxypsoralen has been shown to act as a radiosensitizer of hypoxic bacterial cells with uvrA, recA and uvrB and/or lexA mutations. No effect of the drug on the radiosensitivity of oxic bacteria with these mutations was observed. This drug differs from O2 and electron-affinic radiosensitizers in that its effect is not purely dose-modifying and can exceed the oxygen effect in certain mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:336568", "title": "Radiosensitization of Serratia marcescens by bipyridinium compounds.", "content": "Bipyridinium compounds (viologens) have been shown to  radiosensitize hypoxic Serratia marcescens cells by two components. These can be separated on the basis that only the one-electron reduced form of the compounds can penetrate the bacterium cell wall. One component is  associated with sensitization at the membrane and the other with an internal site. The efficiency of sensitization at the membrane-associated site follows the order of increasing one-electron reduction potentials of the compounds. The one-electron reduced forms of the bipyridinium compounds are involved in a mechanism that reduces the initial level of sensitization. No additivity in sensitization is found on combining the bipyridinium compounds with other radiosensitizers, PNAP and Ro 07-0582 at concentrations of each, which  will give sensitization to the level associated with the membrane site. It is concluded that all these  electron-affinic compounds sensitize this site. The protective effect of added glycerol on sensitization by viologens is related to protection at the membrane-associated site.", "contents": "Radiosensitization of Serratia marcescens by bipyridinium compounds. Bipyridinium compounds (viologens) have been shown to  radiosensitize hypoxic Serratia marcescens cells by two components. These can be separated on the basis that only the one-electron reduced form of the compounds can penetrate the bacterium cell wall. One component is  associated with sensitization at the membrane and the other with an internal site. The efficiency of sensitization at the membrane-associated site follows the order of increasing one-electron reduction potentials of the compounds. The one-electron reduced forms of the bipyridinium compounds are involved in a mechanism that reduces the initial level of sensitization. No additivity in sensitization is found on combining the bipyridinium compounds with other radiosensitizers, PNAP and Ro 07-0582 at concentrations of each, which  will give sensitization to the level associated with the membrane site. It is concluded that all these  electron-affinic compounds sensitize this site. The protective effect of added glycerol on sensitization by viologens is related to protection at the membrane-associated site."}
{"id": "PMID:336579", "title": "A mathematical description of causative factors and prevention of elevated intraocular pressure after keratoplasty.", "content": "In keratoplasty with grafts the same size as the recipient bed, tight sutures and thick recipient corneal periphery distort the angle and may collapse the filtering meshwork. This can cause very high postoperative pressures, which can be avoided by the use of donor grafts larger than the recipient bed. These relationships can be mathematically predicted.", "contents": "A mathematical description of causative factors and prevention of elevated intraocular pressure after keratoplasty. In keratoplasty with grafts the same size as the recipient bed, tight sutures and thick recipient corneal periphery distort the angle and may collapse the filtering meshwork. This can cause very high postoperative pressures, which can be avoided by the use of donor grafts larger than the recipient bed. These relationships can be mathematically predicted."}
{"id": "PMID:336581", "title": "Steroid-induced glaucoma and cataract in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Fifteen kidney transplant recipients were studied ophthalmologically for periods of one to five years following the transplantation. All subjects received maintenance immunosuppressive therapy which included azathioprine (IMURAN) and corticosteroids. Two patients developed posterior subcapsular cataracts. Seven patients (47%) developed increased intraocular pressure and one of these had glaucomatous field loss and disk cupping. The increased intraocular pressure responded favorably to topical treatment while the patients were under continuous treatment with systemic steroids and immunosuppressive drugs.", "contents": "Steroid-induced glaucoma and cataract in renal transplant recipients. Fifteen kidney transplant recipients were studied ophthalmologically for periods of one to five years following the transplantation. All subjects received maintenance immunosuppressive therapy which included azathioprine (IMURAN) and corticosteroids. Two patients developed posterior subcapsular cataracts. Seven patients (47%) developed increased intraocular pressure and one of these had glaucomatous field loss and disk cupping. The increased intraocular pressure responded favorably to topical treatment while the patients were under continuous treatment with systemic steroids and immunosuppressive drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:336585", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of a new neuronal peptide (VIP).", "content": "The vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) represents a neuronal peptide of wide-spread occurrence. By electron microscopic immunocytochemistry VIP has been localized to the granules of the terminals of p-type neurons. This localizations lends support to the postulate that VIP may be a neurotransmitter.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of a new neuronal peptide (VIP). The vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) represents a neuronal peptide of wide-spread occurrence. By electron microscopic immunocytochemistry VIP has been localized to the granules of the terminals of p-type neurons. This localizations lends support to the postulate that VIP may be a neurotransmitter."}
{"id": "PMID:336588", "title": "Reduction of Salmonella and fecal contamination of pork during swine slaughter.", "content": "Experiments were designed to reduce Salmonella and fecal contamination of pork, using several sanitizing methods and agents. Sanitizing the hauling vehicle and holding pens with chlorine or quaternary ammonium compounds proved ineffective in reducing carcass contamination. When the eviscerator wore a plastic glove and sanitized his knife in 82-C water before using it on each carcass, contamination was reduced about 50%. Sanitizing the eviscerator's knife in 500-ppm chlorine solution adjusted to a pH of 6.0, or in 25-ppm iodine solution reduced contamination approximately 75%.", "contents": "Reduction of Salmonella and fecal contamination of pork during swine slaughter. Experiments were designed to reduce Salmonella and fecal contamination of pork, using several sanitizing methods and agents. Sanitizing the hauling vehicle and holding pens with chlorine or quaternary ammonium compounds proved ineffective in reducing carcass contamination. When the eviscerator wore a plastic glove and sanitized his knife in 82-C water before using it on each carcass, contamination was reduced about 50%. Sanitizing the eviscerator's knife in 500-ppm chlorine solution adjusted to a pH of 6.0, or in 25-ppm iodine solution reduced contamination approximately 75%."}
{"id": "PMID:336590", "title": "Salmonella-associated conjunctivitis in a cat.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium-associated conjunctivitis in an adult female cat was characterized by epiphora and blepharospasm. The cat also harbored intestinal S typhimurium, as did one other cat in the same shipment of 7 cats obtained from a commercial cat dealer. The 3 isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cephaloridine, cephalothin, streptomycin, triple sulfonamides, and tetracycline. All 3 isolates were capable of transferring a part of the antibiotic resistance pattern to an Escherichia coli K-12 recipient. Salmonella were not recovered from the conjunctiva or fecal flora of either cat after 10 days of therapy with chloramphenicol.", "contents": "Salmonella-associated conjunctivitis in a cat. Salmonella typhimurium-associated conjunctivitis in an adult female cat was characterized by epiphora and blepharospasm. The cat also harbored intestinal S typhimurium, as did one other cat in the same shipment of 7 cats obtained from a commercial cat dealer. The 3 isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cephaloridine, cephalothin, streptomycin, triple sulfonamides, and tetracycline. All 3 isolates were capable of transferring a part of the antibiotic resistance pattern to an Escherichia coli K-12 recipient. Salmonella were not recovered from the conjunctiva or fecal flora of either cat after 10 days of therapy with chloramphenicol."}
{"id": "PMID:336591", "title": "Yersiniosis in captive exotic mammals.", "content": "Within a 2 1/2-month period, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection occurred in 3 blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas), 1 dik-dik (Madoqua kirkii), and 1 giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) at the National Zoological Park, Washington, DC. Lesions consisted of fibrinonecrotic enteritis and peritonitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, and embolic pyogranulomatous lesions in the liver, spleen, and lungs. Feed contaminated with the feces of wild rats and pigeons was thought to be the source of infection.", "contents": "Yersiniosis in captive exotic mammals. Within a 2 1/2-month period, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection occurred in 3 blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas), 1 dik-dik (Madoqua kirkii), and 1 giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) at the National Zoological Park, Washington, DC. Lesions consisted of fibrinonecrotic enteritis and peritonitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, and embolic pyogranulomatous lesions in the liver, spleen, and lungs. Feed contaminated with the feces of wild rats and pigeons was thought to be the source of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:336592", "title": "Uptake of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyguanosine by Escherichia coli and its competition by guanosine.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of a new nucleoside antibiotic, 2'-amino-2'-deoxyguanosine (2AG), is reversed by guanosine and other purine nucleosides. 2AG is apparently taken up by E. coli by a mechanism different from that of guanosine; guanosine inhibits this uptake non-competitively. Insensitive E. coli strains and the resistant mutant obtained from the sensitive strain also took up 2AG.", "contents": "Uptake of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyguanosine by Escherichia coli and its competition by guanosine. The antibacterial activity of a new nucleoside antibiotic, 2'-amino-2'-deoxyguanosine (2AG), is reversed by guanosine and other purine nucleosides. 2AG is apparently taken up by E. coli by a mechanism different from that of guanosine; guanosine inhibits this uptake non-competitively. Insensitive E. coli strains and the resistant mutant obtained from the sensitive strain also took up 2AG."}
{"id": "PMID:336593", "title": "Mechanism of growth inhibition by 2'-amino-2'-deoxyguanosine in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The mechanism of inhibition of Escherichia coli by the new nucleoside antibiotic, 2'-amino-2'-deoxyguanosine (2AG), is described. Upon the addition of 2AG, the syntheses of macromolecules continued for 15 minutes. After this lag time, protein synthesis sharply decreased, Rna synthesis slightly decreased, but DNA synthesis was not affected. Tritiated 2AG was readily incorporated into the acid-soluble fraction of cells in the form of the mono-, di- and triphosphates. In the acid-soluble fraction, radioactivity was found only in the RNA fraction. The major part of the radioactivity was found to be guanylate; only 25% existed as the nucleotide of 2AG. In resistant strains of E. coli, there was a lower degree of phosphorylating activity and less incorporation of 2AG into RNA per unit of cell mass increase. These results suggest that 2AG inhibits growth by its incorporation into RNA and the subsequent distrubance of RNA function causing a block in protein synthesis.", "contents": "Mechanism of growth inhibition by 2'-amino-2'-deoxyguanosine in Escherichia coli. The mechanism of inhibition of Escherichia coli by the new nucleoside antibiotic, 2'-amino-2'-deoxyguanosine (2AG), is described. Upon the addition of 2AG, the syntheses of macromolecules continued for 15 minutes. After this lag time, protein synthesis sharply decreased, Rna synthesis slightly decreased, but DNA synthesis was not affected. Tritiated 2AG was readily incorporated into the acid-soluble fraction of cells in the form of the mono-, di- and triphosphates. In the acid-soluble fraction, radioactivity was found only in the RNA fraction. The major part of the radioactivity was found to be guanylate; only 25% existed as the nucleotide of 2AG. In resistant strains of E. coli, there was a lower degree of phosphorylating activity and less incorporation of 2AG into RNA per unit of cell mass increase. These results suggest that 2AG inhibits growth by its incorporation into RNA and the subsequent distrubance of RNA function causing a block in protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:336596", "title": "Differentiation of rennet from other milk-clotting enzymes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to differentiate animal rennet and other milk-clotting enzymes. After electrophoresis, the separated components were visualized by staining with aniline blue-black. Two prominent proteins were found in calf and bovine rennet, while only 1 major protein was observed in pepsin and enzymes of microbial origin. These patterns provided a basis for distinguishing animal rennet and the other enzymes as well as a means of identifying each type of enzyme by the characteristic pattern shown.", "contents": "Differentiation of rennet from other milk-clotting enzymes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to differentiate animal rennet and other milk-clotting enzymes. After electrophoresis, the separated components were visualized by staining with aniline blue-black. Two prominent proteins were found in calf and bovine rennet, while only 1 major protein was observed in pepsin and enzymes of microbial origin. These patterns provided a basis for distinguishing animal rennet and the other enzymes as well as a means of identifying each type of enzyme by the characteristic pattern shown."}
{"id": "PMID:336598", "title": "Effects of a protease inhibitor on biosynthesis of Escherichia coli proteins.", "content": "A protease inhibitor, tosyl-L-lysine chloromethylketone, altered the composition of newly synthesized protein in Escherichia coli; a significant portion of the proteins synthesized sedimented rapidly, presumably forming aggregates of the abnormal proteins. Protein I of the outer membrane was only slightly synthesized under these conditions.", "contents": "Effects of a protease inhibitor on biosynthesis of Escherichia coli proteins. A protease inhibitor, tosyl-L-lysine chloromethylketone, altered the composition of newly synthesized protein in Escherichia coli; a significant portion of the proteins synthesized sedimented rapidly, presumably forming aggregates of the abnormal proteins. Protein I of the outer membrane was only slightly synthesized under these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:336599", "title": "Reconstitution and purification of flagellar filaments from Caulobacter crescentus.", "content": "Filaments from isolated flagella of Caulobacter crescentus have been purified by successive dissociation and reconstitution. After the second and third reconstitutions from subunits in 0.8 M sodium citrate, filament preparations contained only two proteins, flagellin A (26,000 daltons) and flagellin B (28,000 daltons). There was some enrichment for flagellin A during reconstitution by this procedure, since isolated flagella contained flagellin A and flagellin B in a ratio of approximately 3.8:1 and filaments after the third reconstitution contained the two proteins in a ratio of 5.0:1.", "contents": "Reconstitution and purification of flagellar filaments from Caulobacter crescentus. Filaments from isolated flagella of Caulobacter crescentus have been purified by successive dissociation and reconstitution. After the second and third reconstitutions from subunits in 0.8 M sodium citrate, filament preparations contained only two proteins, flagellin A (26,000 daltons) and flagellin B (28,000 daltons). There was some enrichment for flagellin A during reconstitution by this procedure, since isolated flagella contained flagellin A and flagellin B in a ratio of approximately 3.8:1 and filaments after the third reconstitution contained the two proteins in a ratio of 5.0:1."}
{"id": "PMID:336600", "title": "Anaerobic electron transport in anaerobic flagellum formation in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Flagellum formation by ubiquinone- and menaquinone-deficient mutant strains of Escherichia coli K-12 was studied under both aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. Ubiquinone was found to be obligatory for aerobic flagellum formation but could be replaced by menaquinone for anaerobic flagellum formation. A mutant devoid of both quinones was immotile aerobically as well as anaerobically. Hence, the respective electron transport system is obligatory for flagellum formation in Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Anaerobic electron transport in anaerobic flagellum formation in Escherichia coli. Flagellum formation by ubiquinone- and menaquinone-deficient mutant strains of Escherichia coli K-12 was studied under both aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. Ubiquinone was found to be obligatory for aerobic flagellum formation but could be replaced by menaquinone for anaerobic flagellum formation. A mutant devoid of both quinones was immotile aerobically as well as anaerobically. Hence, the respective electron transport system is obligatory for flagellum formation in Escherichia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:336601", "title": "Selection of yeast auxotrophs by thymidylate starvation.", "content": "A rapid procedure for the recovery of Saccharomyces cerevisiae auxotrophs was developed by exploiting the protection of these mutants from thymineless death when a required metabolite was withheld. The method can be used for thymidine 5'-monophosphate-requiring auxotrophs or wild-type strains blocked in de novo synthesis of thymidylate by folate antagonists.", "contents": "Selection of yeast auxotrophs by thymidylate starvation. A rapid procedure for the recovery of Saccharomyces cerevisiae auxotrophs was developed by exploiting the protection of these mutants from thymineless death when a required metabolite was withheld. The method can be used for thymidine 5'-monophosphate-requiring auxotrophs or wild-type strains blocked in de novo synthesis of thymidylate by folate antagonists."}
{"id": "PMID:336602", "title": "Formation of HfrH-type donor cells as a result of integrative suppression by R-F recombinant plasmids.", "content": "Three recombinant plasmids, resulting from recombination between an R plasmid of the FI incompatibility group and the F of HfrH, were introduced in a temperature-sensitive dnaA mutant to isolate Hfr-type-donors. All of the temperature-insensitive clones isolated from two of the three recombinant plasmids had the same origin and transfer pattern as the parental HfrH strain.", "contents": "Formation of HfrH-type donor cells as a result of integrative suppression by R-F recombinant plasmids. Three recombinant plasmids, resulting from recombination between an R plasmid of the FI incompatibility group and the F of HfrH, were introduced in a temperature-sensitive dnaA mutant to isolate Hfr-type-donors. All of the temperature-insensitive clones isolated from two of the three recombinant plasmids had the same origin and transfer pattern as the parental HfrH strain."}
{"id": "PMID:336603", "title": "Isolation of a lambdadcys transducing bacteriophage and its use in determining the regulation of cysteine messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A defective specialized lambda transducing phage carrying the cysJ, cysI, cysH, and cysD genes has been isolated from a secondary-site lysogen. Deoxyribonucleic acid-ribonucleic acid (DNA-RNA) hybridization studies utilizing this phage have been carried out to detect cysteine-specific messenger RNA (cys mRNA) synthesized in vivo. A vivo. A 3.5- to 9-fold increase in the rate of synthesis of cys mRNA has been detected in the derepressed wild-type (Cys+) strain grown on glutathione compared with a repressed control grown on cystine. Pleiotropic cysE and cysB mutants grown on glutathione were found to possess rates of synthesis of cys mRNA that were significantly lower than their derepressed isogenic parent. The addition of O-acetyl-L-serine to the cysE strain produced a 5.5-fold increase in the rate of synthesis of cys mRNA. These results indicate that cysteine biosynthesis is controlled at the level of transcription by the inducer O-acetylserine, the cysB protein and cyst(e)ine.", "contents": "Isolation of a lambdadcys transducing bacteriophage and its use in determining the regulation of cysteine messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12. A defective specialized lambda transducing phage carrying the cysJ, cysI, cysH, and cysD genes has been isolated from a secondary-site lysogen. Deoxyribonucleic acid-ribonucleic acid (DNA-RNA) hybridization studies utilizing this phage have been carried out to detect cysteine-specific messenger RNA (cys mRNA) synthesized in vivo. A vivo. A 3.5- to 9-fold increase in the rate of synthesis of cys mRNA has been detected in the derepressed wild-type (Cys+) strain grown on glutathione compared with a repressed control grown on cystine. Pleiotropic cysE and cysB mutants grown on glutathione were found to possess rates of synthesis of cys mRNA that were significantly lower than their derepressed isogenic parent. The addition of O-acetyl-L-serine to the cysE strain produced a 5.5-fold increase in the rate of synthesis of cys mRNA. These results indicate that cysteine biosynthesis is controlled at the level of transcription by the inducer O-acetylserine, the cysB protein and cyst(e)ine."}
{"id": "PMID:336604", "title": "Thymineless death in Escherichia coli dnaB mutants and in a dnaB dnaG double mutant.", "content": "The interference of dnaB mutations of Escherichia coli with thymineless death is described. All the isogenic Thy- dnaB mutants of E. coli we have tested show a remarkable immunity towards cell death induced by thymine deprivation at the nonpermissive temperature. We have also constructed and tested an isogenic double dnaB dnaG mutant. It loses its viability in the absence of thymine at both permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. The role of the dnaB gene product is discussed.", "contents": "Thymineless death in Escherichia coli dnaB mutants and in a dnaB dnaG double mutant. The interference of dnaB mutations of Escherichia coli with thymineless death is described. All the isogenic Thy- dnaB mutants of E. coli we have tested show a remarkable immunity towards cell death induced by thymine deprivation at the nonpermissive temperature. We have also constructed and tested an isogenic double dnaB dnaG mutant. It loses its viability in the absence of thymine at both permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. The role of the dnaB gene product is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336605", "title": "Genetic mapping of the F plasmid gene that promotes degradation of stable ribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli.", "content": "F+ Escherichi coli cells that contain an srnA mutant allele degrade their stable ribonucleic acid (RNA) extensively after RNA synthesis is blocked at 42 degrees C. The relevant gene promoting degradation of stable RNA, srnB+, or its promoter was mapped between 1.7 and 2.8 kilobases on the F plasmid by using deleted F' plasmids and chimeric plasmids composed of pSC101 and fragments of F plasmid.", "contents": "Genetic mapping of the F plasmid gene that promotes degradation of stable ribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli. F+ Escherichi coli cells that contain an srnA mutant allele degrade their stable ribonucleic acid (RNA) extensively after RNA synthesis is blocked at 42 degrees C. The relevant gene promoting degradation of stable RNA, srnB+, or its promoter was mapped between 1.7 and 2.8 kilobases on the F plasmid by using deleted F' plasmids and chimeric plasmids composed of pSC101 and fragments of F plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:336606", "title": "Inhibitory action of a non-metabolizable fatty acid on the growth of Escherichia coli: role of metabolism and outer membrane integrity.", "content": "The inhibitory action of decanoic acid on both Escherichia coli K-12/154 (normal lipopolysaccharide) and E. coli RC59 (defective lipopolysaccharide) was studied. A correlation was found between the doubling time of E. coli 154 growing in different media and the lethal effect of 0.4% decanoic acid on this bacterium. Decanoic acid (0.4%) exerted a lytic action on glucose-starved and NaN3-inhibited cells of E. coli 154 and RC59. Exponentially growing cultures of both strains were not affected by the addition of 0.4% methyldecanoate, but cells of E. coli RC59 reaching the stationary phase were attacked by that compound. A bactericidal action of 0.4% methyldecanoate on exponential E. coli 154 and RC59 was observed when sodium azide was also present in the media. Concentrations lower than 0.01% methyldecanoate had a lytic effect on spheroplasts from E. coli 154 and RC59. These results indicate that the inhibitory action of a non-metabolizable fatty acid on E. coli depends on the cellular metabolic activity and the outer membrane integrity.", "contents": "Inhibitory action of a non-metabolizable fatty acid on the growth of Escherichia coli: role of metabolism and outer membrane integrity. The inhibitory action of decanoic acid on both Escherichia coli K-12/154 (normal lipopolysaccharide) and E. coli RC59 (defective lipopolysaccharide) was studied. A correlation was found between the doubling time of E. coli 154 growing in different media and the lethal effect of 0.4% decanoic acid on this bacterium. Decanoic acid (0.4%) exerted a lytic action on glucose-starved and NaN3-inhibited cells of E. coli 154 and RC59. Exponentially growing cultures of both strains were not affected by the addition of 0.4% methyldecanoate, but cells of E. coli RC59 reaching the stationary phase were attacked by that compound. A bactericidal action of 0.4% methyldecanoate on exponential E. coli 154 and RC59 was observed when sodium azide was also present in the media. Concentrations lower than 0.01% methyldecanoate had a lytic effect on spheroplasts from E. coli 154 and RC59. These results indicate that the inhibitory action of a non-metabolizable fatty acid on E. coli depends on the cellular metabolic activity and the outer membrane integrity."}
{"id": "PMID:336607", "title": "Genetic analysis of components involved in vitamin B12 uptake in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The products of three genes are involved in cyanocobalamin (B(12)) uptake in Escherichia coli. btuB (formerly bfe), located at min 88 on the Escherichia coli linkage map, codes for a protein component of the outer membrane which serves as receptor for B(12), the E colicins, and bacteriophage BF23. Four phenotypic classes of mutants varying in response to these agents were found to carry mutations that, based on complementation and reversion analyses, reside in the single btuB cistron. In one mutant class, ligand binding to the receptor appeared to be normal, but subsequent B(12) uptake was defective. The level of receptor and rate of uptake were responsive to btuB gene dosage. Previous studies showed that the tonB product was necessary for energy-dependent B(12) uptake but not for its binding. Other than those in tonB, no mutations that conferred insensitivity to group B colicins affected B(12) utilization. The requirement for the btuB and tonB products could be bypassed by elevated levels of B(12) (>1 muM) or by mutations compromising the integrity of the outer membrane as a permeability barrier. Utilization of elevated B(12) concentrations in strains lacking the btuB-tonB uptake system was dependent on the function of the btuC product. This gene was located at 37.7 min on the linkage map, with the order pps-btuC-pheS. Strains altered in btuC but with an intact btuB-tonB system were only slightly impaired in B(12) utilization, being defective in its accumulation. This defect was manifested as inability to retain B(12), such that intracellular label was almost completely lost by exchange or efflux. It is proposed that btuC encodes a transport system for B(12) in the periplasm.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of components involved in vitamin B12 uptake in Escherichia coli. The products of three genes are involved in cyanocobalamin (B(12)) uptake in Escherichia coli. btuB (formerly bfe), located at min 88 on the Escherichia coli linkage map, codes for a protein component of the outer membrane which serves as receptor for B(12), the E colicins, and bacteriophage BF23. Four phenotypic classes of mutants varying in response to these agents were found to carry mutations that, based on complementation and reversion analyses, reside in the single btuB cistron. In one mutant class, ligand binding to the receptor appeared to be normal, but subsequent B(12) uptake was defective. The level of receptor and rate of uptake were responsive to btuB gene dosage. Previous studies showed that the tonB product was necessary for energy-dependent B(12) uptake but not for its binding. Other than those in tonB, no mutations that conferred insensitivity to group B colicins affected B(12) utilization. The requirement for the btuB and tonB products could be bypassed by elevated levels of B(12) (>1 muM) or by mutations compromising the integrity of the outer membrane as a permeability barrier. Utilization of elevated B(12) concentrations in strains lacking the btuB-tonB uptake system was dependent on the function of the btuC product. This gene was located at 37.7 min on the linkage map, with the order pps-btuC-pheS. Strains altered in btuC but with an intact btuB-tonB system were only slightly impaired in B(12) utilization, being defective in its accumulation. This defect was manifested as inability to retain B(12), such that intracellular label was almost completely lost by exchange or efflux. It is proposed that btuC encodes a transport system for B(12) in the periplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:336608", "title": "Osmotic imbalance in inositol-starved spheroplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Physiological states associated with inositol starvation of spheroplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated and compared with conditions preceding death of starved whole cells. In the absence of synthesis of inositol-containing lipids, cell surface expansion terminated after one doubling of whole cells. In spheroplasts, cessation of membrane expansion was apparently followed by rapid development of an osmotic imbalance, causing lysis. Continued synthesis and accumulation of cytoplasmic constituents within the limited cell volume were implicated as a cause of the osmotic imbalance. In whole cells, an increase in internal osmotic pressure also follows termination of membrane and cell wall expansion. The cell wall prevents lysis, allowing a state of increasing cytoplasmic osmotic pressure to persist in the period preceding onset of inositol-less death.", "contents": "Osmotic imbalance in inositol-starved spheroplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Physiological states associated with inositol starvation of spheroplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated and compared with conditions preceding death of starved whole cells. In the absence of synthesis of inositol-containing lipids, cell surface expansion terminated after one doubling of whole cells. In spheroplasts, cessation of membrane expansion was apparently followed by rapid development of an osmotic imbalance, causing lysis. Continued synthesis and accumulation of cytoplasmic constituents within the limited cell volume were implicated as a cause of the osmotic imbalance. In whole cells, an increase in internal osmotic pressure also follows termination of membrane and cell wall expansion. The cell wall prevents lysis, allowing a state of increasing cytoplasmic osmotic pressure to persist in the period preceding onset of inositol-less death."}
{"id": "PMID:336609", "title": "Isolation of a metK mutant with a temperature-sensitive S-adenosylmethionine synthetase.", "content": "An Escherichia coli metK mutant, designated metK110, was isolated among spontaneous ethionine-resistant organisms selected at 42 degrees C. The S-adenosylmethionine synthetase activity of this mutant was present at lower levels than in the corresponding wild-type strain and was more labile than the wild-type enzyme when heated or dialyzed. A mixture of mutant and wild-type enzyme preparations had an activity equal to the sum of the component activities. These facts strongly suggest that the mutated gene in this strain is the structural gene for this enzyme. Genetic mapping experiments placed the metK110 mutation near or at the site of other known metK mutants (i.e., 63 min), confirming its designation as a metK mutant. A revised gene order has been established for this region, i.e., metC glc speC metK speB serA.", "contents": "Isolation of a metK mutant with a temperature-sensitive S-adenosylmethionine synthetase. An Escherichia coli metK mutant, designated metK110, was isolated among spontaneous ethionine-resistant organisms selected at 42 degrees C. The S-adenosylmethionine synthetase activity of this mutant was present at lower levels than in the corresponding wild-type strain and was more labile than the wild-type enzyme when heated or dialyzed. A mixture of mutant and wild-type enzyme preparations had an activity equal to the sum of the component activities. These facts strongly suggest that the mutated gene in this strain is the structural gene for this enzyme. Genetic mapping experiments placed the metK110 mutation near or at the site of other known metK mutants (i.e., 63 min), confirming its designation as a metK mutant. A revised gene order has been established for this region, i.e., metC glc speC metK speB serA."}
{"id": "PMID:336610", "title": "Characterization of fusions between the lac operon and the ilv gene cluster in Escherichia coli: ilvC-lac fusions.", "content": "By means of the general procedure of Casadaban (J. Mol. Biol. 104: 541-556, 1976), the lac genes carried on a lambda-Mu-1 hybrid phage were inserted into a temperature-inducible Mu-1 prophage that had earlier been inserted into a site near the beginning of the ilvC gene of Escherichia coli strain K-12. Selection of temperature-resistant derivatives of the lysogen resulted in a fusion of the lac genes to a region of deoxyribonucleic acid that is transcribed under the control of the ilvC regulatory elements. A strain bearing the fusion was shown to be inducible for beta-galactosidase by acetohydroxybutyrate, a natural inducer of acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase. Induction of the lysogen by mitomycin C led to the isolation of a plaque-forming lambda derivative carrying this ilvC-lac fusion.", "contents": "Characterization of fusions between the lac operon and the ilv gene cluster in Escherichia coli: ilvC-lac fusions. By means of the general procedure of Casadaban (J. Mol. Biol. 104: 541-556, 1976), the lac genes carried on a lambda-Mu-1 hybrid phage were inserted into a temperature-inducible Mu-1 prophage that had earlier been inserted into a site near the beginning of the ilvC gene of Escherichia coli strain K-12. Selection of temperature-resistant derivatives of the lysogen resulted in a fusion of the lac genes to a region of deoxyribonucleic acid that is transcribed under the control of the ilvC regulatory elements. A strain bearing the fusion was shown to be inducible for beta-galactosidase by acetohydroxybutyrate, a natural inducer of acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase. Induction of the lysogen by mitomycin C led to the isolation of a plaque-forming lambda derivative carrying this ilvC-lac fusion."}
{"id": "PMID:336611", "title": "Genetic analysis of the Escherichia coli K-12 srl region.", "content": "Specialized transducing lambda derivatives, deletion mapping, and Plkc transductional crosses have been used to analyze the genetic organization and regulation of the srl genes. Transducing phages obtained from a secondary site lambda insertion in srlA are of two types: lambdapsrlC1 and lambdaprecA are substituted in the b2 region of the lambda chromosome (galtype) and carry the srlC gene but not srlD; lambdapsrlD is substituted in the early region of the phage deoxyribonucleic acid (biotype) and carries the srlD gene but not srlC. The lambdapsrlC1 phage, which lysogenizes at attlambda, complements srlC mutants in trans, indicating that this gene codes for a diffusable positive regulatory element. The srl genes have been ordered relative to the cysC, recA, and alaS genes by two- and three-factor P1kc crosses. The order, cysC...srlD-srlA-srlC-recA-alaS, has been obtained. The srlA and srlD genes comprise an operon with srlD operator distal. From the secondary site lysogen, it has been possible to obtain deletion mutants of this region that are sensitive to ultraviolet light and are recombination deficient. Genetic evidence suggests that these deletions extend from srl into the recA gene.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of the Escherichia coli K-12 srl region. Specialized transducing lambda derivatives, deletion mapping, and Plkc transductional crosses have been used to analyze the genetic organization and regulation of the srl genes. Transducing phages obtained from a secondary site lambda insertion in srlA are of two types: lambdapsrlC1 and lambdaprecA are substituted in the b2 region of the lambda chromosome (galtype) and carry the srlC gene but not srlD; lambdapsrlD is substituted in the early region of the phage deoxyribonucleic acid (biotype) and carries the srlD gene but not srlC. The lambdapsrlC1 phage, which lysogenizes at attlambda, complements srlC mutants in trans, indicating that this gene codes for a diffusable positive regulatory element. The srl genes have been ordered relative to the cysC, recA, and alaS genes by two- and three-factor P1kc crosses. The order, cysC...srlD-srlA-srlC-recA-alaS, has been obtained. The srlA and srlD genes comprise an operon with srlD operator distal. From the secondary site lysogen, it has been possible to obtain deletion mutants of this region that are sensitive to ultraviolet light and are recombination deficient. Genetic evidence suggests that these deletions extend from srl into the recA gene."}
{"id": "PMID:336612", "title": "Escherichia coli K-12 mutants hyperproducing chromosomal beta-lactamase by gene repetitions.", "content": "Escherichia coli K-12 ampicillin-resistant mutants hyperproducing chromosomal beta-lactamase arose spontaneously from strains carrying ampA1 ampC(+). Such mutants were found even in a recA background. Two Amp(r)-100 strains were analyzed genetically. The Amp(r)-100 resistance level of both strains could be transduced by direct selection for ampicillin resistance. Several classes of ampicillin-resistant transductants were found that differed from one another in the beta-lactamase activity and the ampicillin resistance mediated by an ampA1 ampC(+)-carrying strain. The data suggested that beta-lactamase hyperproduction was due to repetitions of the chromosomal amp genes. The size of the repeated region was calculated from cotransduction estimates, using the formula of Wu (Genetics 54:405-410, 1966), and was found to be about 1 min in one strain and 1.5 min in the other. Second-step Amp(r)-400 mutants were isolated from an Amp(r)-100 strain. The resistance of these mutants was apparently also due to repetitions, each mediating a resistance to about 10 mug/ml. Mutants of wild-type strains that were moderately resistant to ampicillin also gave rise to intermediate-resistance classes, suggesting repetitions of the wild-type amp alleles. F' factors hyperproducing chromosomal beta-lactamase by gene repetitions were constructed. They mediated levels of ampicillin resistance comparable to that of naturally occurring resistance plasmids. The expression of beta-lactamase hyperproduction was not affected by the presence of ampA and ampC alleles in trans and did not act in trans on the other alleles.", "contents": "Escherichia coli K-12 mutants hyperproducing chromosomal beta-lactamase by gene repetitions. Escherichia coli K-12 ampicillin-resistant mutants hyperproducing chromosomal beta-lactamase arose spontaneously from strains carrying ampA1 ampC(+). Such mutants were found even in a recA background. Two Amp(r)-100 strains were analyzed genetically. The Amp(r)-100 resistance level of both strains could be transduced by direct selection for ampicillin resistance. Several classes of ampicillin-resistant transductants were found that differed from one another in the beta-lactamase activity and the ampicillin resistance mediated by an ampA1 ampC(+)-carrying strain. The data suggested that beta-lactamase hyperproduction was due to repetitions of the chromosomal amp genes. The size of the repeated region was calculated from cotransduction estimates, using the formula of Wu (Genetics 54:405-410, 1966), and was found to be about 1 min in one strain and 1.5 min in the other. Second-step Amp(r)-400 mutants were isolated from an Amp(r)-100 strain. The resistance of these mutants was apparently also due to repetitions, each mediating a resistance to about 10 mug/ml. Mutants of wild-type strains that were moderately resistant to ampicillin also gave rise to intermediate-resistance classes, suggesting repetitions of the wild-type amp alleles. F' factors hyperproducing chromosomal beta-lactamase by gene repetitions were constructed. They mediated levels of ampicillin resistance comparable to that of naturally occurring resistance plasmids. The expression of beta-lactamase hyperproduction was not affected by the presence of ampA and ampC alleles in trans and did not act in trans on the other alleles."}
{"id": "PMID:336613", "title": "Characterization of hybrid plasmids carrying individual ribosomal ribonucleic acid transcription units of Escherichia coli.", "content": "We have screened the strains with ColE1 hybrid plasmids constructed by Clarke and Carbon (Cell 9:91-99, 1976) for the presence of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes on the plasmids and identified 16 strains whose plasmids carry rRNA genes. The structures of these 16 plasmids were compared by heteroduplex analysis, and the plasmids were classified into six groups on the basis of their chromosomal origins. Homology with known transducing-phage deoxyribonucleic acids and genetic mapping have assigned locations on the Escherichia coli chromosome to three of the six groups. These are rrnB near rif at 88 min, rrnC near ilvE at 83 min, and rrnD near aroE at 71 min. A fourth group is probably rrnA at 85 min (T. Ikemura and M. Nomura, Cell, 11:779-793, 1977). We conclude that the minimum number of rRNA transcription units per haploid chromosomes is seven, that is, the six groups identified in this work plus a known operon (rrnE near metA at 89 min) that we failed to find among the hybrid plasmids. This heteroduplex analysis also suggests  that there are only two kinds of rRNA operons with respect to their spacer region; three of the six rRNA operon groups studied here have one kind, whereas the remaining three have the other kind.", "contents": "Characterization of hybrid plasmids carrying individual ribosomal ribonucleic acid transcription units of Escherichia coli. We have screened the strains with ColE1 hybrid plasmids constructed by Clarke and Carbon (Cell 9:91-99, 1976) for the presence of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes on the plasmids and identified 16 strains whose plasmids carry rRNA genes. The structures of these 16 plasmids were compared by heteroduplex analysis, and the plasmids were classified into six groups on the basis of their chromosomal origins. Homology with known transducing-phage deoxyribonucleic acids and genetic mapping have assigned locations on the Escherichia coli chromosome to three of the six groups. These are rrnB near rif at 88 min, rrnC near ilvE at 83 min, and rrnD near aroE at 71 min. A fourth group is probably rrnA at 85 min (T. Ikemura and M. Nomura, Cell, 11:779-793, 1977). We conclude that the minimum number of rRNA transcription units per haploid chromosomes is seven, that is, the six groups identified in this work plus a known operon (rrnE near metA at 89 min) that we failed to find among the hybrid plasmids. This heteroduplex analysis also suggests  that there are only two kinds of rRNA operons with respect to their spacer region; three of the six rRNA operon groups studied here have one kind, whereas the remaining three have the other kind."}
{"id": "PMID:336614", "title": "Synthesis of mot and che gene products of Escherichia coli programmed by hybrid ColE1 plasmids in minicells.", "content": "Hybrid Escherichia coli ColE1 plasmids carrying the genes for motility (mot) and chemotaxis (che) were transferred to a minicell-producing strain. The mot and che genes on the hybrid plasmid directed protein synthesis in minicells. Polypeptides synthesized in minicells were identical to the products of the motA, motB, cheA, cheW, cheM, cheX, cheB, cheY, and cheZ genes previously identified by using hybrid lambda and ultraviolet-irradiated host cells (Silverman and Simon, J. Bacteriol. 130:1317-1325, 1977), thus confirming these gene product assignments. The products of some che genes (cheA and cheM) appeared as more than one band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but analysis of partial peptide digests of these polypeptides suggested that the multiple forms were coded for by a single gene. Measurement of the physical length of the hybrid plasmids allowed an estimate of the amount of coding capacity of the cloned deoxyribonucleic acid, which was devoted to the synthesis of the mot and che gene products. These estimates were also consistent with the hypothesis that the multiple polypeptides corresponding to cheA and cheM were the products of single genes.", "contents": "Synthesis of mot and che gene products of Escherichia coli programmed by hybrid ColE1 plasmids in minicells. Hybrid Escherichia coli ColE1 plasmids carrying the genes for motility (mot) and chemotaxis (che) were transferred to a minicell-producing strain. The mot and che genes on the hybrid plasmid directed protein synthesis in minicells. Polypeptides synthesized in minicells were identical to the products of the motA, motB, cheA, cheW, cheM, cheX, cheB, cheY, and cheZ genes previously identified by using hybrid lambda and ultraviolet-irradiated host cells (Silverman and Simon, J. Bacteriol. 130:1317-1325, 1977), thus confirming these gene product assignments. The products of some che genes (cheA and cheM) appeared as more than one band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but analysis of partial peptide digests of these polypeptides suggested that the multiple forms were coded for by a single gene. Measurement of the physical length of the hybrid plasmids allowed an estimate of the amount of coding capacity of the cloned deoxyribonucleic acid, which was devoted to the synthesis of the mot and che gene products. These estimates were also consistent with the hypothesis that the multiple polypeptides corresponding to cheA and cheM were the products of single genes."}
{"id": "PMID:336615", "title": "Purification and characterization of active component and active fragment of colicin E3.", "content": "1. Two components of colicin E3, namely proteins A and B, were prepared by means of an improved method. 2. Protein A thus obtained was more than a thousand times as active as native colicin E3 when they were assayed in terms of activity for ribosome inactivation. 3. Protein A was reconstituted to colicin E3 simply by mixing with protein B. 4. Trypsin digestion of colicin E3 yielded two fragments, T1 and T2, probably by cleaving one specific bond of the A moiety of colicin E3. 5. T2 was a complex of T2A and B proteins. T2A showed an activity equivalent to that of protein A when assayed in the in vitro system, and its activity was neutralized by protein B. Thus T2A was assigned as an active fragment of protein A. 6. T2A has a characteristic amino acid composition rich in the basic amino acid, lysine. 7. The structure and function of the colicin E3 molecule is discussed based on the results obtained with its components as well as with fragments of the components.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of active component and active fragment of colicin E3. 1. Two components of colicin E3, namely proteins A and B, were prepared by means of an improved method. 2. Protein A thus obtained was more than a thousand times as active as native colicin E3 when they were assayed in terms of activity for ribosome inactivation. 3. Protein A was reconstituted to colicin E3 simply by mixing with protein B. 4. Trypsin digestion of colicin E3 yielded two fragments, T1 and T2, probably by cleaving one specific bond of the A moiety of colicin E3. 5. T2 was a complex of T2A and B proteins. T2A showed an activity equivalent to that of protein A when assayed in the in vitro system, and its activity was neutralized by protein B. Thus T2A was assigned as an active fragment of protein A. 6. T2A has a characteristic amino acid composition rich in the basic amino acid, lysine. 7. The structure and function of the colicin E3 molecule is discussed based on the results obtained with its components as well as with fragments of the components."}
{"id": "PMID:336617", "title": "Interaction of S-sulfonated human IgG with human complement and its components.", "content": "S-sulfonated human IgG (S-sIgG) was prepared by treating IgG with sodium sulfite and sodium tetrathionate. The treatment resulted in the selective cleavage of interchain disulfide bonds of the IgG to give S-sulfonate groups. Complement fixing activities of aggregated S-sIgG and the immune complex formed with the S-sIgG antibody were very weak. S-sIgG at a high dose reduced the activity of the first complement component (C1) in normal human serum without any reduction of other complement components activites, but S-alkylated IgG at the same dose did not. Loss of C1 activity was not caused by either S-sulfonated myeloma proteins (IgA and IgE) or urea-treated S-sIgG, in which both inter- and intra-chain disulfide bonds were cleaved. These results suggest that the selective reduction of C1 by S-sIgG is due to a conformational change of the immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Interaction of S-sulfonated human IgG with human complement and its components. S-sulfonated human IgG (S-sIgG) was prepared by treating IgG with sodium sulfite and sodium tetrathionate. The treatment resulted in the selective cleavage of interchain disulfide bonds of the IgG to give S-sulfonate groups. Complement fixing activities of aggregated S-sIgG and the immune complex formed with the S-sIgG antibody were very weak. S-sIgG at a high dose reduced the activity of the first complement component (C1) in normal human serum without any reduction of other complement components activites, but S-alkylated IgG at the same dose did not. Loss of C1 activity was not caused by either S-sulfonated myeloma proteins (IgA and IgE) or urea-treated S-sIgG, in which both inter- and intra-chain disulfide bonds were cleaved. These results suggest that the selective reduction of C1 by S-sIgG is due to a conformational change of the immunoglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:336620", "title": "Changes in phospholipids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae associated with inositol-less death.", "content": "Two inositol-requiring strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined for changes in levels of phospholipids occurring after inositol deprivation. Lack of inositol results in loss of cell viability (inositol-less death) and in very large increases in two phospholipid precursors, phosphatidic acid and CDP-diacylglycerol; the accumulation of other glycerophospholipids continues for a considerable time at normal rates. Phosphatidylinositol accumulation does not occur in the absence of inositol; however, the further metabolism of this lipid continues, with 80 to 90% of this lipid disappearing. This disappearance is matched by increases in the phosphoinositol containing sphingolipids and extracellular glycerophosphoinositol. These changes are not observed when growth is blocked by cycloheximide or by omission of lysine from a lysine auxotroph, most lipids continuing to accumulate long after growth stops. There appears to be no close coordination in the synthesis of the major yeast phospholipids or between protein synthesis and phospholipid synthesis. However, despite very large changes in the composition of yeast phospholipids that can be achieved by altering culture conditions, it appears that the average charge per phospholipid molecule remains fairly constant.", "contents": "Changes in phospholipids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae associated with inositol-less death. Two inositol-requiring strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined for changes in levels of phospholipids occurring after inositol deprivation. Lack of inositol results in loss of cell viability (inositol-less death) and in very large increases in two phospholipid precursors, phosphatidic acid and CDP-diacylglycerol; the accumulation of other glycerophospholipids continues for a considerable time at normal rates. Phosphatidylinositol accumulation does not occur in the absence of inositol; however, the further metabolism of this lipid continues, with 80 to 90% of this lipid disappearing. This disappearance is matched by increases in the phosphoinositol containing sphingolipids and extracellular glycerophosphoinositol. These changes are not observed when growth is blocked by cycloheximide or by omission of lysine from a lysine auxotroph, most lipids continuing to accumulate long after growth stops. There appears to be no close coordination in the synthesis of the major yeast phospholipids or between protein synthesis and phospholipid synthesis. However, despite very large changes in the composition of yeast phospholipids that can be achieved by altering culture conditions, it appears that the average charge per phospholipid molecule remains fairly constant."}
{"id": "PMID:336621", "title": "Mechanism of T5-induced DNA polymerase. I. Replication of short primer templates.", "content": "Bacteriophage T5-induced DNA polymerase shows an initial phase of rapid synthesis, followed by a slower steady rate for much longer periods, with short DNA primer-templates (400 to 600 nucleotides long), in vitro. On extrapolating the line of steady rate back to 0 min, an intercept is obtained on the ordinate. With large DNA primer-templates, such as denatured T5 DNA (average chain length approximately 50,000 bases), the rate of synthesis remains constant and is equal to the initial rate obtained with short primer-templates. The zero time intercept was proportional to the amount of enzyme used and independent of temperature. Polymer challenge experiments indicate that the initial phase of rapid synthesis can be attributed to the processive mode of synthesis by T5 DNA polymerase. After synthesizing a stretch of DNA processively for about 200 nucleotide residues, the enzyme apparently forms a \"dead-end complex\" with the primer-templates used and must dissociate from the primer-template in order to resume synthesis. The average size of the product made processively, during various phase of synthesis, remains invariant and is in good agreement with the size of the zero time intercept per enzyme molecule.", "contents": "Mechanism of T5-induced DNA polymerase. I. Replication of short primer templates. Bacteriophage T5-induced DNA polymerase shows an initial phase of rapid synthesis, followed by a slower steady rate for much longer periods, with short DNA primer-templates (400 to 600 nucleotides long), in vitro. On extrapolating the line of steady rate back to 0 min, an intercept is obtained on the ordinate. With large DNA primer-templates, such as denatured T5 DNA (average chain length approximately 50,000 bases), the rate of synthesis remains constant and is equal to the initial rate obtained with short primer-templates. The zero time intercept was proportional to the amount of enzyme used and independent of temperature. Polymer challenge experiments indicate that the initial phase of rapid synthesis can be attributed to the processive mode of synthesis by T5 DNA polymerase. After synthesizing a stretch of DNA processively for about 200 nucleotide residues, the enzyme apparently forms a \"dead-end complex\" with the primer-templates used and must dissociate from the primer-template in order to resume synthesis. The average size of the product made processively, during various phase of synthesis, remains invariant and is in good agreement with the size of the zero time intercept per enzyme molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:336625", "title": "Purification and some novel properties of Escherichia coli RNase II.", "content": "RNase II of Escherichia coli (EC 3.1.4.23) has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The K+-activated diesterase activity against poly(U), which defines RNase II, cochromatographs with activity against T4 mRNA or pulse-labeled E. coli RNA successively on DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite or phosphocellulose, and Sephadex G-150 columns. Activities with both substrates are selectively reduced to less than 2% of the wild type level in a newly isolated mutant strain, S296, or after thermal inactivation in a mutant strain with temperature-sensitive RNase II. RNase II releases 5'-XMP without a lag as its only detectable alcohol-soluble produce from all substrates and has an apparent molecular weight of 80,000 to 90,000 in both nondissociating and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The pure enzyme shows the standard K+ activation against poly(A), poly(U), or poly(C), but only a slight preference for K+ over Na+ ions with T4 mRNA or pulse labeled E. coli RNA as substrate. Uniformly labeled E. coli rRNA or tRNA is degraded little if at all.", "contents": "Purification and some novel properties of Escherichia coli RNase II. RNase II of Escherichia coli (EC 3.1.4.23) has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The K+-activated diesterase activity against poly(U), which defines RNase II, cochromatographs with activity against T4 mRNA or pulse-labeled E. coli RNA successively on DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite or phosphocellulose, and Sephadex G-150 columns. Activities with both substrates are selectively reduced to less than 2% of the wild type level in a newly isolated mutant strain, S296, or after thermal inactivation in a mutant strain with temperature-sensitive RNase II. RNase II releases 5'-XMP without a lag as its only detectable alcohol-soluble produce from all substrates and has an apparent molecular weight of 80,000 to 90,000 in both nondissociating and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The pure enzyme shows the standard K+ activation against poly(A), poly(U), or poly(C), but only a slight preference for K+ over Na+ ions with T4 mRNA or pulse labeled E. coli RNA as substrate. Uniformly labeled E. coli rRNA or tRNA is degraded little if at all."}
{"id": "PMID:336627", "title": "Translation of the L-species dsRNA genome of the killer-associated virus-like particles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Virus-like particles containing the L (P1)-species of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) were isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the translational activity of the virus-like particle-derived dsRNA was analyzed in the wheat germ cell-free system. Denaturation of the dsRNA immediately prior to in vitro translation resulted in the synthesis of one major and at least three minor polypeptides, whereas undenatured dsRNA, as expected, did not stimulate [35S]methionine incorporation into polypeptides, but actually slightly inhibited endogenous activity. The major in vitro translation product of the denatured L-dsRNA was shown to be identical with the major L-dsRNA containing virus-like particle capsid polypeptide on the basis of three criteria: co-electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, immunoprecipitation, and tryptic peptide analysis. We have therefore established that the L-dsRNA genome encodes the major virus-like particle capsid polypeptide. This result adds considerable support to the hypothesis that the L-dsRNA genome acts as a helper genome to the smaller (1.6 x 10(6) dalton) M-dsRNA genome in killer strains of yeast by providing the M-dsRNA containing virus-like particles with their major coat protein.", "contents": "Translation of the L-species dsRNA genome of the killer-associated virus-like particles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Virus-like particles containing the L (P1)-species of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) were isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the translational activity of the virus-like particle-derived dsRNA was analyzed in the wheat germ cell-free system. Denaturation of the dsRNA immediately prior to in vitro translation resulted in the synthesis of one major and at least three minor polypeptides, whereas undenatured dsRNA, as expected, did not stimulate [35S]methionine incorporation into polypeptides, but actually slightly inhibited endogenous activity. The major in vitro translation product of the denatured L-dsRNA was shown to be identical with the major L-dsRNA containing virus-like particle capsid polypeptide on the basis of three criteria: co-electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, immunoprecipitation, and tryptic peptide analysis. We have therefore established that the L-dsRNA genome encodes the major virus-like particle capsid polypeptide. This result adds considerable support to the hypothesis that the L-dsRNA genome acts as a helper genome to the smaller (1.6 x 10(6) dalton) M-dsRNA genome in killer strains of yeast by providing the M-dsRNA containing virus-like particles with their major coat protein."}
{"id": "PMID:336630", "title": "Antemortem diagnosis of massive air embolism in the newborn.", "content": "A case is presented of massive air embolism complicating respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. This uncommon complication of respiratory therapy has occurred only with high inflation pressures and has been uniformly fatal in this and all reported cases. Antemortem radiographs are necessary for accurate diagnosis.", "contents": "Antemortem diagnosis of massive air embolism in the newborn. A case is presented of massive air embolism complicating respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. This uncommon complication of respiratory therapy has occurred only with high inflation pressures and has been uniformly fatal in this and all reported cases. Antemortem radiographs are necessary for accurate diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:336631", "title": "Pulmonary vascular air embolism in hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "Pulmonary vascular air embolism is a rare, fatal complication of positive-pressure ventilation in hyaline membrane disease. Sudden deterioration of an infant on respiratory therapy should alert the clinician and radiologist to the possibility of this entity. A case history with typical radiographic findings is presented.", "contents": "Pulmonary vascular air embolism in hyaline membrane disease. Pulmonary vascular air embolism is a rare, fatal complication of positive-pressure ventilation in hyaline membrane disease. Sudden deterioration of an infant on respiratory therapy should alert the clinician and radiologist to the possibility of this entity. A case history with typical radiographic findings is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:336632", "title": "Changes in ionic movements across rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte membranes during lysosomal enzyme release. Possible ionic basis for lysosomal enzyme release.", "content": "Changes in the movements of Na+, K+, and Ca+2 across rabbit neutrophils under conditions of lysosomal enzyme release have been studied. We have found that in the presence of cytochalasin B, the chemotactic factor formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (FMLP) induces within 30 s large enhancements in the influxes of both 22Na+ and 45Ca+2 and an increase in the cellular pool of exchangeable calcium. The magnitude of the changes induced by cytochalasin B and FMLP exceeds that induced by FMLP or cytochalasin B alone, and cannot be explained on the basis of an additive effect of the two agents. However, these compounds either separately or together produce much smaller enhancements in 45Ca efflux. The divalent cation ionophore A23187 also produces a rapid and large increase in the influxes of both 22Na and 45Ca+2 in the presence and absence of cytochalasin B. We have also found an excellent correlation between calcium influx and lysosomal enzyme release. 42K influx is not significantly affected by any of these compounds. On the other hand, a large and rapid increase of 42K efflux is observed under conditions which give rise to lysosomal enzyme release. A flow diagram of the events that are thought to accompany the stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) by chemotactic or degranulating stimuli is presented.", "contents": "Changes in ionic movements across rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte membranes during lysosomal enzyme release. Possible ionic basis for lysosomal enzyme release. Changes in the movements of Na+, K+, and Ca+2 across rabbit neutrophils under conditions of lysosomal enzyme release have been studied. We have found that in the presence of cytochalasin B, the chemotactic factor formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (FMLP) induces within 30 s large enhancements in the influxes of both 22Na+ and 45Ca+2 and an increase in the cellular pool of exchangeable calcium. The magnitude of the changes induced by cytochalasin B and FMLP exceeds that induced by FMLP or cytochalasin B alone, and cannot be explained on the basis of an additive effect of the two agents. However, these compounds either separately or together produce much smaller enhancements in 45Ca efflux. The divalent cation ionophore A23187 also produces a rapid and large increase in the influxes of both 22Na and 45Ca+2 in the presence and absence of cytochalasin B. We have also found an excellent correlation between calcium influx and lysosomal enzyme release. 42K influx is not significantly affected by any of these compounds. On the other hand, a large and rapid increase of 42K efflux is observed under conditions which give rise to lysosomal enzyme release. A flow diagram of the events that are thought to accompany the stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) by chemotactic or degranulating stimuli is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:336633", "title": "Structural changes in the epidermal cells of Rhodnius during tracheole capture.", "content": "Epidermal cells deprived of their oxygen supply by tracheal section give off cytoplasmic processes which become attached to air-filled tracheoles in neighbouring areas and draw these into the oxygen-deficient zone. Many of these cytoplasmic strands exceed 100 micrometer in length but may be no more than 50 nm in diameter; they contain mitochondria, ribosomes, microtubules and microfilaments. In basis structure they resemble the tendon cells; and also the tapering conical epidermal cells along the intersegmental borders of the abdomen, the terminal strands of which are inserted into the basement memebrane behind and in front of the segmental boundaries. The cytoplasmic walls of those tracheoles most exposed to tension during the process of tracheole capture become thickened and packed with microtubules. In all these structures the microtubules are believed to be concerned in resistance to tension. Contraction is presumably effected by microfilaments, but no new evidence is given. The possible role of the epidermal strands in the transport of energy-rich metabolites is discussed.", "contents": "Structural changes in the epidermal cells of Rhodnius during tracheole capture. Epidermal cells deprived of their oxygen supply by tracheal section give off cytoplasmic processes which become attached to air-filled tracheoles in neighbouring areas and draw these into the oxygen-deficient zone. Many of these cytoplasmic strands exceed 100 micrometer in length but may be no more than 50 nm in diameter; they contain mitochondria, ribosomes, microtubules and microfilaments. In basis structure they resemble the tendon cells; and also the tapering conical epidermal cells along the intersegmental borders of the abdomen, the terminal strands of which are inserted into the basement memebrane behind and in front of the segmental boundaries. The cytoplasmic walls of those tracheoles most exposed to tension during the process of tracheole capture become thickened and packed with microtubules. In all these structures the microtubules are believed to be concerned in resistance to tension. Contraction is presumably effected by microfilaments, but no new evidence is given. The possible role of the epidermal strands in the transport of energy-rich metabolites is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336634", "title": "The induction of cytoplasmic petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by hydrostatic pressure.", "content": "This study demonstrates that hydrostatic pressure is a potent inductive agent of the petite mutation in cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The inductive capacity of this mutagen is dependent on the magnitude and the duration of the pressure treatment. Furthermore, the extent of petite induction varies with the growth stage of the culture. Induction occurs in pressure-treated (1-4 X 1-(4) lbf in.-2 or 9-66 X 10(4) kN m-2 for 4 h) log growth cultures but not in stationary or lag phase cultures. Petite induction and cell survival are also dependent on the particular strain of yeast which is pressure-treated. Tetrad analysis and complementation assays demonstrate that pressure-induced petite cells are cytoplasmic in nature. Moreover, induced petite cells show a wide range of suppressivity (2--99%) with a large proportion of the petite cells being highly suppressive.", "contents": "The induction of cytoplasmic petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by hydrostatic pressure. This study demonstrates that hydrostatic pressure is a potent inductive agent of the petite mutation in cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The inductive capacity of this mutagen is dependent on the magnitude and the duration of the pressure treatment. Furthermore, the extent of petite induction varies with the growth stage of the culture. Induction occurs in pressure-treated (1-4 X 1-(4) lbf in.-2 or 9-66 X 10(4) kN m-2 for 4 h) log growth cultures but not in stationary or lag phase cultures. Petite induction and cell survival are also dependent on the particular strain of yeast which is pressure-treated. Tetrad analysis and complementation assays demonstrate that pressure-induced petite cells are cytoplasmic in nature. Moreover, induced petite cells show a wide range of suppressivity (2--99%) with a large proportion of the petite cells being highly suppressive."}
{"id": "PMID:336636", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of urease in the cotyledons of jack bean, Canavalia ensiformis.", "content": "Urease has been localized in sections of cotyledons from germinating seeds of jack bean, using FITC-labelled immunoglobulin prepared from urease antiserum raised in rabbits. The complication of lectin binding to the immunoglobulins was resolved by treatment of the sections with specific glycosides. Urease is localized in 2 sites: within the cytoplasm of storage parenchyma cells in spherical granules up to 3 micrometer in diameter, and within the intercellular spaces in spherical granules. Although similar in size, the latter are distinguished from the cytoplasmic granules by the presence of beta-lectin and appear to function as an extracellular lytic compartment or lysosome.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of urease in the cotyledons of jack bean, Canavalia ensiformis. Urease has been localized in sections of cotyledons from germinating seeds of jack bean, using FITC-labelled immunoglobulin prepared from urease antiserum raised in rabbits. The complication of lectin binding to the immunoglobulins was resolved by treatment of the sections with specific glycosides. Urease is localized in 2 sites: within the cytoplasm of storage parenchyma cells in spherical granules up to 3 micrometer in diameter, and within the intercellular spaces in spherical granules. Although similar in size, the latter are distinguished from the cytoplasmic granules by the presence of beta-lectin and appear to function as an extracellular lytic compartment or lysosome."}
{"id": "PMID:336637", "title": "[New technic of retro-peritoneal renal transplantation in the left lumbar position in the child. Report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In the child, renal transplantation is almost always carried out by placing the kidney within the peritoneum for a simple reason: the donors being adults, the kidneys are too large to be placed in extra-peritoneal position. However, all authors agree that placing the kidney in an extra-peritoneal position offers undoubted advantages.", "contents": "[New technic of retro-peritoneal renal transplantation in the left lumbar position in the child. Report of two cases (author's transl)]. In the child, renal transplantation is almost always carried out by placing the kidney within the peritoneum for a simple reason: the donors being adults, the kidneys are too large to be placed in extra-peritoneal position. However, all authors agree that placing the kidney in an extra-peritoneal position offers undoubted advantages."}
{"id": "PMID:336638", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.", "content": "The development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin is described. The assay, which is based on the immunological similarity between Vibrio cholerae toxin and heat-labile E. coli enterotoxin, is similar in design to a radioimmunoassay but utilizes enzyme-labeled rather than radioactive isotope-labeled reagents. The ELISA system is as sensitive as both radioimmunoassay and the y-1 adrenal cell assay for the detection of heat-labile E. coli enterotoxin but requires neither radioactive reagents nor tissue culture techniques. The ELISA is easy to perform and is adaptable for use in small laboratories.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. The development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin is described. The assay, which is based on the immunological similarity between Vibrio cholerae toxin and heat-labile E. coli enterotoxin, is similar in design to a radioimmunoassay but utilizes enzyme-labeled rather than radioactive isotope-labeled reagents. The ELISA system is as sensitive as both radioimmunoassay and the y-1 adrenal cell assay for the detection of heat-labile E. coli enterotoxin but requires neither radioactive reagents nor tissue culture techniques. The ELISA is easy to perform and is adaptable for use in small laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:336639", "title": "Evaluation of a caffeic acid-ferric citrate test for rapid identification of Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "An evaluation of a rapid caffeic acid-ferric citrate paper disk test for the identification of Cryptococcus neoformans, using 474 isolates of yeasts and yeastlike organisms, showed that 96.6, 97.7, and 98.3% of 176 isolates of C. neoformans produced brown to dark-brown pigment on disks incubated for 6 h at room temperature, 30 degrees C, and 37 degrees C, respectively. All C. neoformans produced brown to dark-brown pigment within 24 h. However, nonspecific pigmentation was encountered at all temperatures of incubation with one isolate of Trichosporon cutaneum and, at room temperature only, with one isolate of C. luteolus after 6 h. Other genera of yeasts produced similar pigmentation after 24 h at all temperatures. The age of the cultures tested or the types of media used before testing did not significantly affect the ability of C. neoformans to produce pigmentation at 37 degrees C. A positive test may prove useful for presumptive identification of C. neoformans, but a negative reaction should not be used to rule out an identification of this yeast. Since a number of false-negative and false-positive tests occur, it is necessary to confirm, by other biochemical tests, the identification of all organisms suspected of being C. neoformans, to reduct the serious risk of missing or misidentifying this important pathogen.", "contents": "Evaluation of a caffeic acid-ferric citrate test for rapid identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. An evaluation of a rapid caffeic acid-ferric citrate paper disk test for the identification of Cryptococcus neoformans, using 474 isolates of yeasts and yeastlike organisms, showed that 96.6, 97.7, and 98.3% of 176 isolates of C. neoformans produced brown to dark-brown pigment on disks incubated for 6 h at room temperature, 30 degrees C, and 37 degrees C, respectively. All C. neoformans produced brown to dark-brown pigment within 24 h. However, nonspecific pigmentation was encountered at all temperatures of incubation with one isolate of Trichosporon cutaneum and, at room temperature only, with one isolate of C. luteolus after 6 h. Other genera of yeasts produced similar pigmentation after 24 h at all temperatures. The age of the cultures tested or the types of media used before testing did not significantly affect the ability of C. neoformans to produce pigmentation at 37 degrees C. A positive test may prove useful for presumptive identification of C. neoformans, but a negative reaction should not be used to rule out an identification of this yeast. Since a number of false-negative and false-positive tests occur, it is necessary to confirm, by other biochemical tests, the identification of all organisms suspected of being C. neoformans, to reduct the serious risk of missing or misidentifying this important pathogen."}
{"id": "PMID:336640", "title": "Acetylene reduction (dinitrogen fixation) by clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "Freshly isolated clinical strains of Klebsiella were tested for the ability to fix dinitrogen by the acetylene reduction assay. Ability to detect this trait was markedly affected by cultural conditions. When the test was run at 37 degrees C in the presence of yeast extract (50 mg/liter), only 1.6% of the organisms were diazotrophs, whereas this temperature without yeast extract yielded 12.9% positive cultures. The optimum condition found was 28 degrees C without yeast extract (21.9% positive); therefore, search for diazotrophy in clinical strains should not be conducted at the usual incubation temperature. There was a high incidence of indole-positive strains among diazotrophs. No such correlation was noted with any other biochemical trait or antibiotic susceptibility tested. The significance of this correlation is not apparent.", "contents": "Acetylene reduction (dinitrogen fixation) by clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Freshly isolated clinical strains of Klebsiella were tested for the ability to fix dinitrogen by the acetylene reduction assay. Ability to detect this trait was markedly affected by cultural conditions. When the test was run at 37 degrees C in the presence of yeast extract (50 mg/liter), only 1.6% of the organisms were diazotrophs, whereas this temperature without yeast extract yielded 12.9% positive cultures. The optimum condition found was 28 degrees C without yeast extract (21.9% positive); therefore, search for diazotrophy in clinical strains should not be conducted at the usual incubation temperature. There was a high incidence of indole-positive strains among diazotrophs. No such correlation was noted with any other biochemical trait or antibiotic susceptibility tested. The significance of this correlation is not apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:336641", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica: biochemical, serological, and gas-liquid chromatographic characterization of rhamnose-, raffinose-, melibiose-, and citrate-utilizing strains.", "content": "Thirteen atypical Yersinia enterocolitica isolates, all fermenting rhamnose, raffinose, and melibiose and utilizing sodium citrate within 24 to 48 h at 22 degrees C (Y.e.rh+), were examined biochemically-serologically, and by gas-liquid chromatography. These data, as well as cultural, biochemical, and antibiotic susceptibility data gathered from two previous studies involving (i) these same atypical Y.e.rh+ isolates, (ii) Y. enterocolitica serotypes O:1 through O:15 (rhamnose, raffinose, and citrate negative [Y.e.rh-]), (iii) Y. enterocolitica serotype O:16 (rhamnose positive but raffinose and citrate negative), and (iv) Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serogroups I through V were statistically compared. Both preand postabsorption agglutination studies demonstrated the serological distinctiveness of Y.e.rh+ from Y.e.rh- and Y. pseudotuberculosis. At the same time, three immunological groups among the 13 Y.e.rh+ strains were seen; 8 corresponded to Y. enterocolitica serotype O:17; 1 to Y. enterocolitica serotype O:16; and the remaining four were nontypable in antisera against known Y. enterocolitica antigen types. Each of the three Yersinia groups tested chromatographically produced acetic and lactic acids. Both Y.e.rh- and Y.e.rh+ formed propionic acid, but only Y.e.rh+ produced detectable amounts of succinic acid. Based on 49 variables, statistical analysis of the three Yersinia groups studied placed each of the Y.e.rh+ strains in a homogeneous group separate from both Y.e.rh- and Y. pseudotuberculosis. These data, coupled with deoxyribonucleic acid homology studies of Brenner and co-workers (D. J. Brenner, A. G. Steigerwalt, D. F. Falcao, R. E. Weaver, and G. R. Fanning, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 26:180-194, 1976), support the distinctiveness of Y.e.rh+ from typical Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica: biochemical, serological, and gas-liquid chromatographic characterization of rhamnose-, raffinose-, melibiose-, and citrate-utilizing strains. Thirteen atypical Yersinia enterocolitica isolates, all fermenting rhamnose, raffinose, and melibiose and utilizing sodium citrate within 24 to 48 h at 22 degrees C (Y.e.rh+), were examined biochemically-serologically, and by gas-liquid chromatography. These data, as well as cultural, biochemical, and antibiotic susceptibility data gathered from two previous studies involving (i) these same atypical Y.e.rh+ isolates, (ii) Y. enterocolitica serotypes O:1 through O:15 (rhamnose, raffinose, and citrate negative [Y.e.rh-]), (iii) Y. enterocolitica serotype O:16 (rhamnose positive but raffinose and citrate negative), and (iv) Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serogroups I through V were statistically compared. Both preand postabsorption agglutination studies demonstrated the serological distinctiveness of Y.e.rh+ from Y.e.rh- and Y. pseudotuberculosis. At the same time, three immunological groups among the 13 Y.e.rh+ strains were seen; 8 corresponded to Y. enterocolitica serotype O:17; 1 to Y. enterocolitica serotype O:16; and the remaining four were nontypable in antisera against known Y. enterocolitica antigen types. Each of the three Yersinia groups tested chromatographically produced acetic and lactic acids. Both Y.e.rh- and Y.e.rh+ formed propionic acid, but only Y.e.rh+ produced detectable amounts of succinic acid. Based on 49 variables, statistical analysis of the three Yersinia groups studied placed each of the Y.e.rh+ strains in a homogeneous group separate from both Y.e.rh- and Y. pseudotuberculosis. These data, coupled with deoxyribonucleic acid homology studies of Brenner and co-workers (D. J. Brenner, A. G. Steigerwalt, D. F. Falcao, R. E. Weaver, and G. R. Fanning, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 26:180-194, 1976), support the distinctiveness of Y.e.rh+ from typical Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:336642", "title": "Rapid detection of bacterial growth in blood samples by a continuous-monitoring electrical impedance apparatus.", "content": "A growth detection method utilizing an automated apparatus capable of rapidly detecting bacterial growth by measuring changes of electrical impedance in bacteriological medium was utilized with \"mock\" blood cultures containing various gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Measurement of changes of electrical impedance was found to ba as accurate and comparable for time of growth detection as the radiometric method for detection of the same bacteria using mock blood cultures. In a limited clinical trial the use of the electrical impedance apparatus detected in 1 positive specimen from 40 clinical blood specimens as rapidly as by radiometric measurement. Both methods were considerably faster for detecting bacterial growth as compared with conventional culture methods. The selected species of gram-positive and -negative organisms tested were all detected by the electrical impedance method, including aerobes and anerobes. However, addition of 5% CO2 to the incubation atmosphere enhanced detection of gram-positive organisms.", "contents": "Rapid detection of bacterial growth in blood samples by a continuous-monitoring electrical impedance apparatus. A growth detection method utilizing an automated apparatus capable of rapidly detecting bacterial growth by measuring changes of electrical impedance in bacteriological medium was utilized with \"mock\" blood cultures containing various gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Measurement of changes of electrical impedance was found to ba as accurate and comparable for time of growth detection as the radiometric method for detection of the same bacteria using mock blood cultures. In a limited clinical trial the use of the electrical impedance apparatus detected in 1 positive specimen from 40 clinical blood specimens as rapidly as by radiometric measurement. Both methods were considerably faster for detecting bacterial growth as compared with conventional culture methods. The selected species of gram-positive and -negative organisms tested were all detected by the electrical impedance method, including aerobes and anerobes. However, addition of 5% CO2 to the incubation atmosphere enhanced detection of gram-positive organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:336643", "title": "Antibody response to Serratia marcescens isolated from patients with malignant diseases.", "content": "Sixty-four patients with malignant diseases from whom Serratia marcescens was isolated from various sources were studied regarding their antibody responses to somatic O antigens of this microorganism. Antibodies were titrated by the passive hemagglutination test. An antibody response was considered present when either a fourfold or greater rise in antibody titers between two consecutive serum specimens was demonstrated, or when elevated titers (greater than or equal to 40 for serogroup O14 and greater than or equal to 160 for all others) were present in the first available specimen. Overall, 31% of subjects mounted an immune response, but there were differences depending upon the infection site. Seventy-one percent of patients with S. marcescens bacteremia responded immunologically; whereas the percentage for patients with Serratia present in the respiratory tract was only 22%, in the urinary tract, 31%, and in wounds, 26%. Documentation of an immune response to the patient's own infecting strain of Serratia aids in the differentiation between infection and contamination and possibly also between clinical disease and colonization. In addition, immunoglobulin samples collected in different decades were examined to determine whether the background level of antibodies to S. marcescens had changed in the general population over the years. No difference in antibody titers to 13 O antigens was observed in immunoglobulin preparations from 1951, 1962, 1971, and 1975.", "contents": "Antibody response to Serratia marcescens isolated from patients with malignant diseases. Sixty-four patients with malignant diseases from whom Serratia marcescens was isolated from various sources were studied regarding their antibody responses to somatic O antigens of this microorganism. Antibodies were titrated by the passive hemagglutination test. An antibody response was considered present when either a fourfold or greater rise in antibody titers between two consecutive serum specimens was demonstrated, or when elevated titers (greater than or equal to 40 for serogroup O14 and greater than or equal to 160 for all others) were present in the first available specimen. Overall, 31% of subjects mounted an immune response, but there were differences depending upon the infection site. Seventy-one percent of patients with S. marcescens bacteremia responded immunologically; whereas the percentage for patients with Serratia present in the respiratory tract was only 22%, in the urinary tract, 31%, and in wounds, 26%. Documentation of an immune response to the patient's own infecting strain of Serratia aids in the differentiation between infection and contamination and possibly also between clinical disease and colonization. In addition, immunoglobulin samples collected in different decades were examined to determine whether the background level of antibodies to S. marcescens had changed in the general population over the years. No difference in antibody titers to 13 O antigens was observed in immunoglobulin preparations from 1951, 1962, 1971, and 1975."}
{"id": "PMID:336644", "title": "Misinformation from sputum cultures without microscopic examination.", "content": "Only 13 of 38 hospital laboratories surveyed include a Gram stain routinely in microbiological sputum examination. In a prospective three-hospital study, 60% of over 1,200 \"sputum\" specimens consisted predominantly of saliva, as judged by cell composition. Compared with the results of cultures in which microorganisms presumptively identified on sputum smears were specifically sought (\"directed cultures\"), cultures of the same specimens processed in the routine manner missed pneumococci 61%, haemophili 23%, and yeasts 44% of the time. The findings were similar in all three hospitals despite differences in administration, staffing, primary culture media, and workload. Unless microscopic examination is routinely included, half of all microbiological information rendered on sputum specimens is meaningless and subject to dangerous misapplication. Furthermore, culture must be guided by microscopic findings, or respiratory pathogens will frequently be missed. Finally, when routine culture and smear disagree, the culture cannot be assumed to be correct. Microscopic examination should be mandatory in sputum microbiology, both for specimen evaluation and as a guide to what to look for in culture.", "contents": "Misinformation from sputum cultures without microscopic examination. Only 13 of 38 hospital laboratories surveyed include a Gram stain routinely in microbiological sputum examination. In a prospective three-hospital study, 60% of over 1,200 \"sputum\" specimens consisted predominantly of saliva, as judged by cell composition. Compared with the results of cultures in which microorganisms presumptively identified on sputum smears were specifically sought (\"directed cultures\"), cultures of the same specimens processed in the routine manner missed pneumococci 61%, haemophili 23%, and yeasts 44% of the time. The findings were similar in all three hospitals despite differences in administration, staffing, primary culture media, and workload. Unless microscopic examination is routinely included, half of all microbiological information rendered on sputum specimens is meaningless and subject to dangerous misapplication. Furthermore, culture must be guided by microscopic findings, or respiratory pathogens will frequently be missed. Finally, when routine culture and smear disagree, the culture cannot be assumed to be correct. Microscopic examination should be mandatory in sputum microbiology, both for specimen evaluation and as a guide to what to look for in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:336645", "title": "Evaluation of the Wampole Streptonase B test.", "content": "The Streptonase B test was compared with the Center for Disease Control streptococcal anti-deoxyribonuclease B test. A total of 96% of anti-deoxyribonuclease B titers obtained with the Streptonase B test were within +/- 1 dilution step of those obtained with the Center for Disease Control anti-deoxyribonuclease B test.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Wampole Streptonase B test. The Streptonase B test was compared with the Center for Disease Control streptococcal anti-deoxyribonuclease B test. A total of 96% of anti-deoxyribonuclease B titers obtained with the Streptonase B test were within +/- 1 dilution step of those obtained with the Center for Disease Control anti-deoxyribonuclease B test."}
{"id": "PMID:336646", "title": "Bacto-TB hydrolysis reagent (Tween 80) for identification of Serratia.", "content": "Among 21 species of Enterobacteriaceae, only Serratia hydrolyzed the commercially available Bacto-TB hydrolysis reagent (Tween 80). The procedure allowed accurate differentiation of Serratia within 24 h.", "contents": "Bacto-TB hydrolysis reagent (Tween 80) for identification of Serratia. Among 21 species of Enterobacteriaceae, only Serratia hydrolyzed the commercially available Bacto-TB hydrolysis reagent (Tween 80). The procedure allowed accurate differentiation of Serratia within 24 h."}
{"id": "PMID:336647", "title": "Direct manipulation of physiological arousal in induced anxiety therapy - biofeedback approach.", "content": "This study investigated the role of physiological arousal in the affect induction phase of Induced Anxiety therapy by using biofeedback to facilitate arousal. Twenty-one college students who were suffering from free-floating anxiety were assigned randomly to one of three groups: (1) a no-treatment control group simply completed the measures before and after therapy; (2) a conventional Induced Anxiety group went through five standard Induced Anxiety sessions; and (3) biofeedback Induced Anxiety group went through a similar procedure except that biofeedback was used in the affect induction phase to facilitate heart rate increase. It was found that the biofeedback procedure did result in a greater heart rate increase during the affect induction phase arousal than did the conventional procedure (.01 level of significance), but did not facilitate subjective emotional arousal. Biofeedback Induced Anxiety resulted in a greater reduction of trait anxiety as measured by the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List than did the no-treatment group or the conventonal Induced Anxiety group. The conventional Induced Anxiety group did not differ significantly from the no-treatment control group.", "contents": "Direct manipulation of physiological arousal in induced anxiety therapy - biofeedback approach. This study investigated the role of physiological arousal in the affect induction phase of Induced Anxiety therapy by using biofeedback to facilitate arousal. Twenty-one college students who were suffering from free-floating anxiety were assigned randomly to one of three groups: (1) a no-treatment control group simply completed the measures before and after therapy; (2) a conventional Induced Anxiety group went through five standard Induced Anxiety sessions; and (3) biofeedback Induced Anxiety group went through a similar procedure except that biofeedback was used in the affect induction phase to facilitate heart rate increase. It was found that the biofeedback procedure did result in a greater heart rate increase during the affect induction phase arousal than did the conventional procedure (.01 level of significance), but did not facilitate subjective emotional arousal. Biofeedback Induced Anxiety resulted in a greater reduction of trait anxiety as measured by the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List than did the no-treatment group or the conventonal Induced Anxiety group. The conventional Induced Anxiety group did not differ significantly from the no-treatment control group."}
{"id": "PMID:336648", "title": "The effect of the Transcendental Meditation technique on anxiety level.", "content": "Two weeks of twice-daily practice of the transcendental Meditation (TM) technique was compared with 2 weeks of twice-daily practice of passive relaxation as a means of reduction of anxiety, as measured by the Trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Thirty-three graduate and undergraduate students were assigned randomly to a relaxation group and a TM group. After a 2-week experimental interval, the relaxation and meditation Ss, as well as between conditions of the relaxation-mediation group; TM was significantly more effective in reducing anxiety level. Thus, the anxiety-reducing effect of the practice of TM cannot be attributed merely to sitting quietly twice daily, although additional research must determine the extent to which S expectations for change contributed to this effect.", "contents": "The effect of the Transcendental Meditation technique on anxiety level. Two weeks of twice-daily practice of the transcendental Meditation (TM) technique was compared with 2 weeks of twice-daily practice of passive relaxation as a means of reduction of anxiety, as measured by the Trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Thirty-three graduate and undergraduate students were assigned randomly to a relaxation group and a TM group. After a 2-week experimental interval, the relaxation and meditation Ss, as well as between conditions of the relaxation-mediation group; TM was significantly more effective in reducing anxiety level. Thus, the anxiety-reducing effect of the practice of TM cannot be attributed merely to sitting quietly twice daily, although additional research must determine the extent to which S expectations for change contributed to this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:336649", "title": "Developmental assessment of cognitive style in mentally retarded psychotics.", "content": "Evaluated 55 mentally retarded psychotic adults with the Color-Form Preference Test, a developmentally based index of cognitive style, and other measures of intellectual, social, and psychiatric functioning. Results indicated that different grades of retardation were associated with distinct cognitive styles, which showed a systematic progression that corresponded to the normal developmental sequence. In contrast, no significant relationships were observed between cognitive style and psychotic manifestations. The findings suggested that fresh insights into mental retardation and psychosis are made possible by qualitative, developmental assessment. The implications for clinical application, theory formulation, and research were discussed.", "contents": "Developmental assessment of cognitive style in mentally retarded psychotics. Evaluated 55 mentally retarded psychotic adults with the Color-Form Preference Test, a developmentally based index of cognitive style, and other measures of intellectual, social, and psychiatric functioning. Results indicated that different grades of retardation were associated with distinct cognitive styles, which showed a systematic progression that corresponded to the normal developmental sequence. In contrast, no significant relationships were observed between cognitive style and psychotic manifestations. The findings suggested that fresh insights into mental retardation and psychosis are made possible by qualitative, developmental assessment. The implications for clinical application, theory formulation, and research were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336655", "title": "The effect of acid etching on enamel, dentin, and the inner surface of the resin restoration: a scanning electron microscopic investigation.", "content": "Buccal cavities were prepared in vivo on 22 contralateral tooth pairs. The cavities and the surrounding enamel were either etched or cleaned with a surface-active solution (the control). The cavities were filled with Concise Enamel Bond and composite or left unrestored. The teeth were extracted immediately after treatment. Treated surfaces or the inner surface of the restorations were studied in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). An \"in-pair\" evaluation of the results of 320 photographs was done. The etched axial wall had a smooth surface with widened and patent dentinal tubule apertures. The corresponding inner resin surfaces were irregular, sporadically showing tags of varying length corresponding to the dentinal tubules and alternating with pits of varying size. Etching for 15 seconds or two minutes gave no apparent difference in appearance of enamel, dentin, and inner surface of the restoration.", "contents": "The effect of acid etching on enamel, dentin, and the inner surface of the resin restoration: a scanning electron microscopic investigation. Buccal cavities were prepared in vivo on 22 contralateral tooth pairs. The cavities and the surrounding enamel were either etched or cleaned with a surface-active solution (the control). The cavities were filled with Concise Enamel Bond and composite or left unrestored. The teeth were extracted immediately after treatment. Treated surfaces or the inner surface of the restorations were studied in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). An \"in-pair\" evaluation of the results of 320 photographs was done. The etched axial wall had a smooth surface with widened and patent dentinal tubule apertures. The corresponding inner resin surfaces were irregular, sporadically showing tags of varying length corresponding to the dentinal tubules and alternating with pits of varying size. Etching for 15 seconds or two minutes gave no apparent difference in appearance of enamel, dentin, and inner surface of the restoration."}
{"id": "PMID:336650", "title": "Guidelines for antiinflammatory drug research.", "content": "Guidelines have been developed by the Bureau of Drugs, FDA, for antinflammatory drug development. They address the problem of efficacy and safety testing but leave the definition of qualified investigators and appropriate subjects unstated. The natural history of rheumatoid arthritis, the most-studied chronic inflammatory disorder, is not sufficiently appreciated, and \"controlled\" studies are too narrowly structured to give adequate information. By contrast, other countries speed the review process by emphasizing early toxicity studies and letting the market place determine relative efficacy while long-range safety data are carefully monitored.", "contents": "Guidelines for antiinflammatory drug research. Guidelines have been developed by the Bureau of Drugs, FDA, for antinflammatory drug development. They address the problem of efficacy and safety testing but leave the definition of qualified investigators and appropriate subjects unstated. The natural history of rheumatoid arthritis, the most-studied chronic inflammatory disorder, is not sufficiently appreciated, and \"controlled\" studies are too narrowly structured to give adequate information. By contrast, other countries speed the review process by emphasizing early toxicity studies and letting the market place determine relative efficacy while long-range safety data are carefully monitored."}
{"id": "PMID:336651", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of amantadine in drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms.", "content": "Plasma amantadine concentrations were assessed in a series of hospitalized schizophrenic patients receiving this drug during a double-blind trial of amantadine and benztropine in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Mean (+/- S.E.) plasma amantadine concentrations were 0.54 +/- 0.08 microgram/ml on day 7 and 0.43 +/- 0.08 microgram/ml on day 14. Overall improvement of EPS was not correlated with plasma level, but improvement in the target EPS of rigidity was correlated with plasma amantadine concentration on day 7 (r = 0.75) and day 14 (r = 0.68). There was no evidence that the overall improvement in schizophrenic symptomatology was influenced by plasma amantadine concentrations.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of amantadine in drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms. Plasma amantadine concentrations were assessed in a series of hospitalized schizophrenic patients receiving this drug during a double-blind trial of amantadine and benztropine in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Mean (+/- S.E.) plasma amantadine concentrations were 0.54 +/- 0.08 microgram/ml on day 7 and 0.43 +/- 0.08 microgram/ml on day 14. Overall improvement of EPS was not correlated with plasma level, but improvement in the target EPS of rigidity was correlated with plasma amantadine concentration on day 7 (r = 0.75) and day 14 (r = 0.68). There was no evidence that the overall improvement in schizophrenic symptomatology was influenced by plasma amantadine concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:336656", "title": "Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues: XIII Synthesis of a polyfunctional surface-active amine accelerator.", "content": "Surface-active amine polymerization accelerators can be prepared by the reaction of polyepoxy resins with the sodium salt of N-phenylglycine and N-methyl-p-toluidine. These materials are expected to promote adhesion through complexation with surface calcium (or other metal ions), utilizing several chelating groups per molecule, and by functioning as polymerization accelerators for dental resins; they can also function as catalysts for the anionic polymerization of cyanoarylate monomers.", "contents": "Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues: XIII Synthesis of a polyfunctional surface-active amine accelerator. Surface-active amine polymerization accelerators can be prepared by the reaction of polyepoxy resins with the sodium salt of N-phenylglycine and N-methyl-p-toluidine. These materials are expected to promote adhesion through complexation with surface calcium (or other metal ions), utilizing several chelating groups per molecule, and by functioning as polymerization accelerators for dental resins; they can also function as catalysts for the anionic polymerization of cyanoarylate monomers."}
{"id": "PMID:336657", "title": "Improved adhesion of acrylic restorative materials to dental enamel by precoating with monomers containing phosphonate groups.", "content": "The adhesion of acrylic composite restorative materials to etched dental enamel is increased by a factor of two or more when the enamel is coated with a thin layer of vinyl-benzyl phosponic acid (VBPA) prior to forming the enamel-restorative bond. The present results support the suggestion that the enhanced adhesion is attributable to bonding between calcium ions in the enamel surface and phosphonate groups in the VBPA.", "contents": "Improved adhesion of acrylic restorative materials to dental enamel by precoating with monomers containing phosphonate groups. The adhesion of acrylic composite restorative materials to etched dental enamel is increased by a factor of two or more when the enamel is coated with a thin layer of vinyl-benzyl phosponic acid (VBPA) prior to forming the enamel-restorative bond. The present results support the suggestion that the enhanced adhesion is attributable to bonding between calcium ions in the enamel surface and phosphonate groups in the VBPA."}
{"id": "PMID:336652", "title": "A subjective and objective method assessing the efficacy of hypnotic medications in insomniacs.", "content": "The response of chronic insomniacs to 100 mg pentobarbital, 300 mg methyprylon, 500 mg glutethimide, and placebo was assessed using our previously described subjective and objective techniques. The purpose of the study was to examine (1) the presence or absence of the subjects' reported insomnia; (2) the subjects' ability to discriminate between active hypnotic drugs and placebo; and (3) whether any preference existed among active medications. Statistically significant findings included a high degree of correlation (P less than 0.001) between subjective and objective data and greater response to active medications as compared to placebo shown on all parameters except objective onset of sleep. In no case was there significant difference between the two nights of placebo. Although methyprylon was most frequently superior to placebo, there was no significant patient preference for any of the active medications.", "contents": "A subjective and objective method assessing the efficacy of hypnotic medications in insomniacs. The response of chronic insomniacs to 100 mg pentobarbital, 300 mg methyprylon, 500 mg glutethimide, and placebo was assessed using our previously described subjective and objective techniques. The purpose of the study was to examine (1) the presence or absence of the subjects' reported insomnia; (2) the subjects' ability to discriminate between active hypnotic drugs and placebo; and (3) whether any preference existed among active medications. Statistically significant findings included a high degree of correlation (P less than 0.001) between subjective and objective data and greater response to active medications as compared to placebo shown on all parameters except objective onset of sleep. In no case was there significant difference between the two nights of placebo. Although methyprylon was most frequently superior to placebo, there was no significant patient preference for any of the active medications."}
{"id": "PMID:336653", "title": "Long-term evaluation of a new aerosol bronchodilator, carbuterol, and comparison with isoproterenol.", "content": "A new aerosol bronchodilator, carbuterol, was compared with isoproterenol during a three-month double-blind trial in 15 matched pairs of patients with relatively stable and partially reversible obstructive airways disease. Pulmonary function tests were performed at baseline and at 30 and 120 minutes after bronchodilator administration on days 1, 15, 28, 56, and 84. Isoproterenol and carbuterol produced improvement in all parameters at 30 and 120 minutes. The per cent changes produced by isoproterenol were superior at 30 minutes, while carbuterol was as effective as isoproterenol at 120 minutes. Atrial and ventricular premature contractions and palpitations were more frequent in the isoproterenol group. Evaluation of the patients' symptomatic responses showed carbuterol to be superior to isoproterenol. We conclude that carbuterol is a useful bronchodilator when aerosolized.", "contents": "Long-term evaluation of a new aerosol bronchodilator, carbuterol, and comparison with isoproterenol. A new aerosol bronchodilator, carbuterol, was compared with isoproterenol during a three-month double-blind trial in 15 matched pairs of patients with relatively stable and partially reversible obstructive airways disease. Pulmonary function tests were performed at baseline and at 30 and 120 minutes after bronchodilator administration on days 1, 15, 28, 56, and 84. Isoproterenol and carbuterol produced improvement in all parameters at 30 and 120 minutes. The per cent changes produced by isoproterenol were superior at 30 minutes, while carbuterol was as effective as isoproterenol at 120 minutes. Atrial and ventricular premature contractions and palpitations were more frequent in the isoproterenol group. Evaluation of the patients' symptomatic responses showed carbuterol to be superior to isoproterenol. We conclude that carbuterol is a useful bronchodilator when aerosolized."}
{"id": "PMID:336658", "title": "The effect of Procion Blue on certain metabolic activities of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Metabolic activities of S mutans were selectively affected by Procion Blue, known to cause covalent bonds and stable cross links in relation to carbohydrate and protein. In this study, despite the reduction in extra polysaccharide, the level of activity of glucosyltransferase was not significantly changed from the control level and colonial morphology was not transformed from smooth to rough. The results of the investigation imply at least interference with formation of extra cellular polysaccharide, possibly in the bacterial cell wall.", "contents": "The effect of Procion Blue on certain metabolic activities of Streptococcus mutans. Metabolic activities of S mutans were selectively affected by Procion Blue, known to cause covalent bonds and stable cross links in relation to carbohydrate and protein. In this study, despite the reduction in extra polysaccharide, the level of activity of glucosyltransferase was not significantly changed from the control level and colonial morphology was not transformed from smooth to rough. The results of the investigation imply at least interference with formation of extra cellular polysaccharide, possibly in the bacterial cell wall."}
{"id": "PMID:336659", "title": "Measurement and synthesis of insoluble and soluble dextran by Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Total and insoluble dextransucrase activities of 10 strains of oral streptococci were measured by a modified filter disk assay. Strains that were nonadherent to hard surfaces had only low levels of insoluble dextransucrase activity. A physical rather than metabolic mechanism is suggested to explain the decreased insoluble and increased soluble activities observed when dextran T-10 is added to the media.", "contents": "Measurement and synthesis of insoluble and soluble dextran by Streptococcus mutans. Total and insoluble dextransucrase activities of 10 strains of oral streptococci were measured by a modified filter disk assay. Strains that were nonadherent to hard surfaces had only low levels of insoluble dextransucrase activity. A physical rather than metabolic mechanism is suggested to explain the decreased insoluble and increased soluble activities observed when dextran T-10 is added to the media."}
{"id": "PMID:336660", "title": "Adherence controlling elements in ceramic-metal systems. I. Precious alloys.", "content": "Elemental analysis of two precious alloyceramic systems revealed the accumulation of Sn atoms within the interaction zone of couples subjected to a range of metal oxidation time; and varying total firing times. The source of Sn atoms which accumulated within the interaction zone was the opaque porcelain layer which contained an initially higher Sn concentration than the alloy. It is hypothesized that SnO2 provides continuity of electronic structure between alloy and ceramic structures and is a primary factor in controlling ceramic-metal adherence.", "contents": "Adherence controlling elements in ceramic-metal systems. I. Precious alloys. Elemental analysis of two precious alloyceramic systems revealed the accumulation of Sn atoms within the interaction zone of couples subjected to a range of metal oxidation time; and varying total firing times. The source of Sn atoms which accumulated within the interaction zone was the opaque porcelain layer which contained an initially higher Sn concentration than the alloy. It is hypothesized that SnO2 provides continuity of electronic structure between alloy and ceramic structures and is a primary factor in controlling ceramic-metal adherence."}
{"id": "PMID:336661", "title": "Adherence controlling elements in ceramic-metal systems. II. Nonprecious alloys.", "content": "Nickel-chromium alloy-ceramic couples used in this study exhibited Cr, Ni-Cr, and Ti-Cr interactions with bonding agent-ceramic complexes. Bonding agents may broaden or suppress the width of interaction zones. Metal oxides such as NiO, Cr2O3, or more complex forms such as TiO-Cr2O3 and NiCr2O4 may play a prominent role in controlling ceramic-metal adherence.", "contents": "Adherence controlling elements in ceramic-metal systems. II. Nonprecious alloys. Nickel-chromium alloy-ceramic couples used in this study exhibited Cr, Ni-Cr, and Ti-Cr interactions with bonding agent-ceramic complexes. Bonding agents may broaden or suppress the width of interaction zones. Metal oxides such as NiO, Cr2O3, or more complex forms such as TiO-Cr2O3 and NiCr2O4 may play a prominent role in controlling ceramic-metal adherence."}
{"id": "PMID:336662", "title": "The strengthening of aluminous porcelain with bonded platinum foils.", "content": "Results are presented to demonstrate the effect of bonding thin platinum foils to aluminous dental porcelain. The increased strength is explained in terms of a reduction in surface and subsurface pores in the porcelain brought about by improved wetting.", "contents": "The strengthening of aluminous porcelain with bonded platinum foils. Results are presented to demonstrate the effect of bonding thin platinum foils to aluminous dental porcelain. The increased strength is explained in terms of a reduction in surface and subsurface pores in the porcelain brought about by improved wetting."}
{"id": "PMID:336663", "title": "A study of \"broken appointment\" patients in a children's hospital dental clinic.", "content": "Part I of this study investigated possible variables determining \"High Risk No Show\" behavior on the part of patients in a dental clinic. Only \"source of payment\" seemed important; namely, that Medicaid patients were statistically more likely to be \"High Risk No Show\" patients (P less than .001). Race was associated but was found to be confounded with Medicaid. In an attempt to investigate the reasons for the Medicaid group being \"High Risk No Show\" patients, Part II of the study compared three distinct groups of patients at the Children's Hospital Medical Center Clinic. These included the self-paying group and the Medicaid group of the original sample of 90 in addition to the Union plan group (patients receiving free third-party payment care as an employee benefit). It was shown that both groups with third-party coverage were associated with \"High Risk No Show\" behavior. The type of \"No Show\" behavior, however, was different for the two groups. Union plan patients tended to cancel appointments or at least notify in advance of inability to keep an appointment. Medicaid patients, conversely, were just as likely to fail appointments and not file advance notice of inability to keep an appointment.", "contents": "A study of \"broken appointment\" patients in a children's hospital dental clinic. Part I of this study investigated possible variables determining \"High Risk No Show\" behavior on the part of patients in a dental clinic. Only \"source of payment\" seemed important; namely, that Medicaid patients were statistically more likely to be \"High Risk No Show\" patients (P less than .001). Race was associated but was found to be confounded with Medicaid. In an attempt to investigate the reasons for the Medicaid group being \"High Risk No Show\" patients, Part II of the study compared three distinct groups of patients at the Children's Hospital Medical Center Clinic. These included the self-paying group and the Medicaid group of the original sample of 90 in addition to the Union plan group (patients receiving free third-party payment care as an employee benefit). It was shown that both groups with third-party coverage were associated with \"High Risk No Show\" behavior. The type of \"No Show\" behavior, however, was different for the two groups. Union plan patients tended to cancel appointments or at least notify in advance of inability to keep an appointment. Medicaid patients, conversely, were just as likely to fail appointments and not file advance notice of inability to keep an appointment."}
{"id": "PMID:336669", "title": "Nutritional regulations and legislation--past developments, future implications.", "content": "Laws to prohibit adulteration of foods were enacted before 1900, but the first steps in the development of nutritional regulations were taken only after passage of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938. This act authorized the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to establish Standards of Identity for foods, including standards for enrichment with vitamins and minerals to meet Minimum Daily Requirements (MDRs). The legal definition of nutrients, however, has remained unclear. Vitamins are foods when used as supplements but drugs when prescribed as therapeutic agents. To protect consumers, in 1962 the FDA proposed Standards of Identity for Special Dietary Foods, e.g., vitamin supplements. Opposition to the proposal has been vigorous and was the subject of the longest hearings on record. Implementation of standards has been contested in the courts and curtailed by Congressional action. A bill passed in 1975 prohibits the FDA from establishing Standards of Identity for special dietary foods for adults. During the legal and political controversy, the validity of Recommended Dietary Allowances as nutritional standards was challenged but subsequently confirmed. Revised regulations for vitamin and mineral preparations, taking into account the Congressional and court actions, will become effective January 1, 1978, sixteen years after first being proposed.", "contents": "Nutritional regulations and legislation--past developments, future implications. Laws to prohibit adulteration of foods were enacted before 1900, but the first steps in the development of nutritional regulations were taken only after passage of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938. This act authorized the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to establish Standards of Identity for foods, including standards for enrichment with vitamins and minerals to meet Minimum Daily Requirements (MDRs). The legal definition of nutrients, however, has remained unclear. Vitamins are foods when used as supplements but drugs when prescribed as therapeutic agents. To protect consumers, in 1962 the FDA proposed Standards of Identity for Special Dietary Foods, e.g., vitamin supplements. Opposition to the proposal has been vigorous and was the subject of the longest hearings on record. Implementation of standards has been contested in the courts and curtailed by Congressional action. A bill passed in 1975 prohibits the FDA from establishing Standards of Identity for special dietary foods for adults. During the legal and political controversy, the validity of Recommended Dietary Allowances as nutritional standards was challenged but subsequently confirmed. Revised regulations for vitamin and mineral preparations, taking into account the Congressional and court actions, will become effective January 1, 1978, sixteen years after first being proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:336670", "title": "Cyclandelate in the treatment of senile mental changes: a double-blind evaluation.", "content": "The treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency and its many symptoms in the ever-increasing numbers of the aged, is of major concern to physicians engaged in such care. Despite past skepticism as to the degree of efficacy of cerebral vasodilators, there is renewed interest in this form of therapy. Our investigation was designed to assess the effectiveness of cyclandelate, under strict double-blind conditions, in 58 geriatric patients. The cyclandelate and placebo groups (32 and 26 patients respectively) received either 1,600 mg/day of cyclandelate in fractional doses, or identical-appearing placebo capsules--over a period of 12 weeks. During the initial examination and every four weeks thereafter, patients were assessed for possible changes in vital signs and for evidence of adverse reactions. In addition, the Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric (SCAG) and the Nurses Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE) were completed, with particular attention to symptom clusters. A final global assessment was made in which the physician rated patients according to their overall clinical condition. The results of our study and analysis indicate that cyclandelate is a safe and effective agent for treating certain symptoms of senility in properly selected patients, provided the therapy is carried on for at least eight weeks and, if indicated, for a longer period. Clinical evidence suggests that the prudent use of this drug may definitely delay deterioration.", "contents": "Cyclandelate in the treatment of senile mental changes: a double-blind evaluation. The treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency and its many symptoms in the ever-increasing numbers of the aged, is of major concern to physicians engaged in such care. Despite past skepticism as to the degree of efficacy of cerebral vasodilators, there is renewed interest in this form of therapy. Our investigation was designed to assess the effectiveness of cyclandelate, under strict double-blind conditions, in 58 geriatric patients. The cyclandelate and placebo groups (32 and 26 patients respectively) received either 1,600 mg/day of cyclandelate in fractional doses, or identical-appearing placebo capsules--over a period of 12 weeks. During the initial examination and every four weeks thereafter, patients were assessed for possible changes in vital signs and for evidence of adverse reactions. In addition, the Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric (SCAG) and the Nurses Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE) were completed, with particular attention to symptom clusters. A final global assessment was made in which the physician rated patients according to their overall clinical condition. The results of our study and analysis indicate that cyclandelate is a safe and effective agent for treating certain symptoms of senility in properly selected patients, provided the therapy is carried on for at least eight weeks and, if indicated, for a longer period. Clinical evidence suggests that the prudent use of this drug may definitely delay deterioration."}
{"id": "PMID:336666", "title": "Repair of tissue defects resulting form removal of cutaneous neoplasms.", "content": "The repair of large defects resulting from ablation of a primary malignancy of the skin requires judicious decision. Failing reasonable surety of extirpation, permitting spontaneous healing, if feasible, is the best cours. Grafting or primary closure that does not require extensive undermining are usually second choices. Flap repair is least desirable, except in instances where immediate function is necessary.", "contents": "Repair of tissue defects resulting form removal of cutaneous neoplasms. The repair of large defects resulting from ablation of a primary malignancy of the skin requires judicious decision. Failing reasonable surety of extirpation, permitting spontaneous healing, if feasible, is the best cours. Grafting or primary closure that does not require extensive undermining are usually second choices. Flap repair is least desirable, except in instances where immediate function is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:336667", "title": "Experience with a \"continuous\" laser in the treatment of suitable cutaneous conditions: preliminary report.", "content": "A clinical trial with a \"continuous\" CO2 laser in the treatment of cutaneous lesions was instituted 2 1/2 years ago. The laser was used as a \"light\" knife for excision and for gross destruction of some lesions directly. Details of technique and a preliminary report assessing clinical results and general effects are given. Some results thus far have proved satisfactory, and we feel that further investigation of the laser as a surgical modality is warranted.", "contents": "Experience with a \"continuous\" laser in the treatment of suitable cutaneous conditions: preliminary report. A clinical trial with a \"continuous\" CO2 laser in the treatment of cutaneous lesions was instituted 2 1/2 years ago. The laser was used as a \"light\" knife for excision and for gross destruction of some lesions directly. Details of technique and a preliminary report assessing clinical results and general effects are given. Some results thus far have proved satisfactory, and we feel that further investigation of the laser as a surgical modality is warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:336674", "title": "Repair of flexor tendons by intratendinous tendon suture.", "content": "In a three year period, severed flexor tendons in the fingers and palm of 50 patients were repaired using an intratendinous suture method. The majority were secondary repairs, and 21 of 50 were in children less than 15 years of age. Results were satisfactory, with 79% being rated as good or excellent. The technique apparently causes little disturbance in the circulation, and if adhesions develop, they are limited and good results can be expected from tenolysis.", "contents": "Repair of flexor tendons by intratendinous tendon suture. In a three year period, severed flexor tendons in the fingers and palm of 50 patients were repaired using an intratendinous suture method. The majority were secondary repairs, and 21 of 50 were in children less than 15 years of age. Results were satisfactory, with 79% being rated as good or excellent. The technique apparently causes little disturbance in the circulation, and if adhesions develop, they are limited and good results can be expected from tenolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:336675", "title": "Primary flexor tendon repair followed by immediate controlled mobilization.", "content": "A study was made of the results of immediate repair and controlled mobilization in 156 severed flexor tendons in 68 patients occuring over an 18-month period. Eight patients with 16 tendon injuries could not be followed. Results were obtained from examinations done 6 weeks to 18 months (mean, 5.3 months) after repair. Thirty-one of the 60 patients were less than 20 years old, and 44 of the 60 were less than 30 years old. Seventy-nine (56%) of the injuries occurred in the area known as \"no man's land\"; 28 patients with repair of tendons in this area were rated by our standards as \"excellent\" or \"good\"--75% of patients as compared to 84.4% for the results of repair in other areas. In one fourth of the cases of severance of both tendons, because of local conditions in the wound, the superficialis was excised, but in all others it was repaired.", "contents": "Primary flexor tendon repair followed by immediate controlled mobilization. A study was made of the results of immediate repair and controlled mobilization in 156 severed flexor tendons in 68 patients occuring over an 18-month period. Eight patients with 16 tendon injuries could not be followed. Results were obtained from examinations done 6 weeks to 18 months (mean, 5.3 months) after repair. Thirty-one of the 60 patients were less than 20 years old, and 44 of the 60 were less than 30 years old. Seventy-nine (56%) of the injuries occurred in the area known as \"no man's land\"; 28 patients with repair of tendons in this area were rated by our standards as \"excellent\" or \"good\"--75% of patients as compared to 84.4% for the results of repair in other areas. In one fourth of the cases of severance of both tendons, because of local conditions in the wound, the superficialis was excised, but in all others it was repaired."}
{"id": "PMID:336676", "title": "Delayed flexor tendon repair in no man's land.", "content": "Thirty seven digital flexor tendon injuries in 31 patients were treated by closure of the skin and delayed repair from 24 hours to 21 days later. All skin wounds healed without serious complication, and there were no infections. On examination at a minium of 4 months after repair, 36% had total active motion (TAM) of 220 degrees, 32% from 200 degrees to 220 degrees, 6% from 180 degrees to 200 degrees and 26% with less than 180 degrees. Under proper conditions, repair of flexor tendons can be carried out with the expectation of results comparable to more complex reconstruction procedures.", "contents": "Delayed flexor tendon repair in no man's land. Thirty seven digital flexor tendon injuries in 31 patients were treated by closure of the skin and delayed repair from 24 hours to 21 days later. All skin wounds healed without serious complication, and there were no infections. On examination at a minium of 4 months after repair, 36% had total active motion (TAM) of 220 degrees, 32% from 200 degrees to 220 degrees, 6% from 180 degrees to 200 degrees and 26% with less than 180 degrees. Under proper conditions, repair of flexor tendons can be carried out with the expectation of results comparable to more complex reconstruction procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:336677", "title": "G.H. Mead's social behaviorism.", "content": "This paper seeks to clarify those conceptual foundations of G.H. Mead's social behaviorism which are assumed, but not made explicit, in that writer's well-known volume Mind, Self and Society. These foundations are shown to be an outgrowth of Mead's early commitment to the organic conception of conduct underlying the psychological functionalism of the Chicago School. Further light is shed upon Mead's position by pointing out the fundamental differences between his model of conduct and that characteristic of the behaviorist tradition in American psychology.", "contents": "G.H. Mead's social behaviorism. This paper seeks to clarify those conceptual foundations of G.H. Mead's social behaviorism which are assumed, but not made explicit, in that writer's well-known volume Mind, Self and Society. These foundations are shown to be an outgrowth of Mead's early commitment to the organic conception of conduct underlying the psychological functionalism of the Chicago School. Further light is shed upon Mead's position by pointing out the fundamental differences between his model of conduct and that characteristic of the behaviorist tradition in American psychology."}
{"id": "PMID:336678", "title": "Psychology's first paradigm.", "content": "By the end of the nineteenth century, psychology had become a mature scientific discipline unified around a common paradigm. Although the underlying unity of the field was recognized at the time, it has generally been obscured in later historical writings. In this article, the first \"mentalist\" paradigm of scientific psychology is examined. The mentalists shared a common definition of the field, two accepted modes of observation, and a common conception of the relationship between modes of observation and data thus observed. Rival schools advanced competing articulations of this shared paradigmatic structure.", "contents": "Psychology's first paradigm. By the end of the nineteenth century, psychology had become a mature scientific discipline unified around a common paradigm. Although the underlying unity of the field was recognized at the time, it has generally been obscured in later historical writings. In this article, the first \"mentalist\" paradigm of scientific psychology is examined. The mentalists shared a common definition of the field, two accepted modes of observation, and a common conception of the relationship between modes of observation and data thus observed. Rival schools advanced competing articulations of this shared paradigmatic structure."}
{"id": "PMID:336679", "title": "A pictorial concordance to \"important psychologists, 1600-1967\".", "content": "Pictorial resources are cited for Annin, Boring, and Watson's published list of historically important psychologists from 1600-1967.", "contents": "A pictorial concordance to \"important psychologists, 1600-1967\". Pictorial resources are cited for Annin, Boring, and Watson's published list of historically important psychologists from 1600-1967."}
{"id": "PMID:336680", "title": "The nonwhite as child: G. Stanley Hall on the education of nonwhite peoples.", "content": "Although he was a significant educational reformer during the progressive era, a founder of various journals in psychology and pedagogy, a profile writer, and the individual who brought Freud and Jung to the United States, G. Stanley Hall's ideas on the education of nonwhites were, for his period, quite conventional. Unlike those of some of his contemporaries, Hall's racial ideas were not overtly vicious. He argued that nonwhites were the children of the human race and that their education, like that of children of particular ages, should be based on an understanding of their indigenous culture and inherent capabilities. This argument, although reformist in tone, supported a policy of nonwhite subservience.", "contents": "The nonwhite as child: G. Stanley Hall on the education of nonwhite peoples. Although he was a significant educational reformer during the progressive era, a founder of various journals in psychology and pedagogy, a profile writer, and the individual who brought Freud and Jung to the United States, G. Stanley Hall's ideas on the education of nonwhites were, for his period, quite conventional. Unlike those of some of his contemporaries, Hall's racial ideas were not overtly vicious. He argued that nonwhites were the children of the human race and that their education, like that of children of particular ages, should be based on an understanding of their indigenous culture and inherent capabilities. This argument, although reformist in tone, supported a policy of nonwhite subservience."}
{"id": "PMID:336681", "title": "The role of mental illness in the European witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: an assessment.", "content": "Historians of psychiatry have propagated the view that the witch hunts of sixteenth and seventeenth-century Europe were primarily a persecution of the mentally ill and that demonological concepts of possession and witchcraft impeded psychiatric progress for centuries. The author reviews the evidence marshaled by these historians and examines additional historical material bearing on the psychopathological view. He concludes that the role of mental disorder in the witch hunts has been overinflated by authors with an interest in promulgating the medical model of abnormal behavior. Furthermore, the psychopathological paradigm is based on an outmoded philosophy of science, which results in historical distortion and paradoxes, and on restriction and selectivity in the choice of evidence.", "contents": "The role of mental illness in the European witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: an assessment. Historians of psychiatry have propagated the view that the witch hunts of sixteenth and seventeenth-century Europe were primarily a persecution of the mentally ill and that demonological concepts of possession and witchcraft impeded psychiatric progress for centuries. The author reviews the evidence marshaled by these historians and examines additional historical material bearing on the psychopathological view. He concludes that the role of mental disorder in the witch hunts has been overinflated by authors with an interest in promulgating the medical model of abnormal behavior. Furthermore, the psychopathological paradigm is based on an outmoded philosophy of science, which results in historical distortion and paradoxes, and on restriction and selectivity in the choice of evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:336682", "title": "The beginnings of Gestalt psychology in the United States.", "content": "Robert M. Ogden's unrecognized contributions to the beginnings of Gestalt psychology in the United States are briefly discussed. It is proposed that he not only introduced Gestalt psychology to this country through his books, but was also instrumental in bringing Gestalt psychologists to America.", "contents": "The beginnings of Gestalt psychology in the United States. Robert M. Ogden's unrecognized contributions to the beginnings of Gestalt psychology in the United States are briefly discussed. It is proposed that he not only introduced Gestalt psychology to this country through his books, but was also instrumental in bringing Gestalt psychologists to America."}
{"id": "PMID:336683", "title": "Weber, Durkheim, and the comparative method.", "content": "This essay compares and contrasts the means by which Durkheim and Weber dealt with methodological issues peculiar to the comparative study of societies, what Smelser has called \"the problem of sociocultural variability and complexity.\" More specifically, it examines how Weber and Durkheim chose appropriate comparative units for their empirical studies. The approaches that Weber and Durkheim brought to theproblem of cross-cultural comparison have critical implications for more current procedures used in the comparative study of contemporary and historical societies.", "contents": "Weber, Durkheim, and the comparative method. This essay compares and contrasts the means by which Durkheim and Weber dealt with methodological issues peculiar to the comparative study of societies, what Smelser has called \"the problem of sociocultural variability and complexity.\" More specifically, it examines how Weber and Durkheim chose appropriate comparative units for their empirical studies. The approaches that Weber and Durkheim brought to theproblem of cross-cultural comparison have critical implications for more current procedures used in the comparative study of contemporary and historical societies."}
{"id": "PMID:336685", "title": "The real F.M. Urban.", "content": "F.M. Urban made important contributions in psychometry and is best known for his introduction of a correction in the \"M\u00fcller-Urban weights.\" Born in Austria, he came to the University of Pennsylvania where he made most of his contributions in psychology. He was trapped in Europe by World War I and never returned to the United States. Myriad hardships forced him to abandon his original project of a study of the entire field of probability and its application to other sciences. Whenever possible, however, he pursued his interests in psychometry and psychophysics and strove to remain active in psychology.", "contents": "The real F.M. Urban. F.M. Urban made important contributions in psychometry and is best known for his introduction of a correction in the \"M\u00fcller-Urban weights.\" Born in Austria, he came to the University of Pennsylvania where he made most of his contributions in psychology. He was trapped in Europe by World War I and never returned to the United States. Myriad hardships forced him to abandon his original project of a study of the entire field of probability and its application to other sciences. Whenever possible, however, he pursued his interests in psychometry and psychophysics and strove to remain active in psychology."}
{"id": "PMID:336686", "title": "The concept of childhood in the middle ages.", "content": "The question is raised of whether the Middle Ages held a view of the nature of childhood as distinct from adulthood. Evidence is offered from legal documents, medical writings, and church and monastic chronicles to support the viewpoint that the special nature of the child was perceived (although with great ambivalence) as being fragile, vulnerable, and naive, while also possessing a potential for closeness to God and the supernatural world.", "contents": "The concept of childhood in the middle ages. The question is raised of whether the Middle Ages held a view of the nature of childhood as distinct from adulthood. Evidence is offered from legal documents, medical writings, and church and monastic chronicles to support the viewpoint that the special nature of the child was perceived (although with great ambivalence) as being fragile, vulnerable, and naive, while also possessing a potential for closeness to God and the supernatural world."}
{"id": "PMID:336783", "title": "A technique for the immunohistochemical localization of prostaglandin E.", "content": "Prostaglandin E (PGE) has been localized via the unlabeled antibody technique in freeze-dried and ethanol-fixed cryostat sections. Discrete perivascular and stromal localization was present in the uterus prepared by the method presented, but not in classically fixed specimens. Absorption of the anti-PGE by addition of free PGE was ineffective; whereas, removal of PGE-reactive antibodies from the anti-serum was effectively accomplished with an Affigel-101-PGE immunoadsorbant column.", "contents": "A technique for the immunohistochemical localization of prostaglandin E. Prostaglandin E (PGE) has been localized via the unlabeled antibody technique in freeze-dried and ethanol-fixed cryostat sections. Discrete perivascular and stromal localization was present in the uterus prepared by the method presented, but not in classically fixed specimens. Absorption of the anti-PGE by addition of free PGE was ineffective; whereas, removal of PGE-reactive antibodies from the anti-serum was effectively accomplished with an Affigel-101-PGE immunoadsorbant column."}
{"id": "PMID:336785", "title": "Immunocytochemistry of the olfactory marker protein.", "content": "The olfactory marker protein has been localized, by means of immunohistochemical techniques in the primary olfactory neurons of mice. The olfactory marker protein is not present in the staminal cells of the olfactory neuroepithelium, and the protein may be regarded as indicative of the functional stage of the neurons. Our data indicate that the olfactory marker protein is present in the synaptic terminals of the olfactory neurons at the level of the olfactory bulb glomeruli. The postsynaptic profiles of both mitral and periglomerular cells are negative.", "contents": "Immunocytochemistry of the olfactory marker protein. The olfactory marker protein has been localized, by means of immunohistochemical techniques in the primary olfactory neurons of mice. The olfactory marker protein is not present in the staminal cells of the olfactory neuroepithelium, and the protein may be regarded as indicative of the functional stage of the neurons. Our data indicate that the olfactory marker protein is present in the synaptic terminals of the olfactory neurons at the level of the olfactory bulb glomeruli. The postsynaptic profiles of both mitral and periglomerular cells are negative."}
{"id": "PMID:336786", "title": "Two-wavelength cytophotometry: the choice of the wavelengths from a practical point of view.", "content": "Methods in use for the choice of the two-wavelengths and the effect of a faulty choice of the two wavelengths in the two-wavelength cytophotometric method of Patau and Ornstein are studied by means of a computer simulation and in practice upon pararosaniline-Schiff stained nuclei. A simplification of the measuring strategy is proposed without affecting the accuracy.", "contents": "Two-wavelength cytophotometry: the choice of the wavelengths from a practical point of view. Methods in use for the choice of the two-wavelengths and the effect of a faulty choice of the two wavelengths in the two-wavelength cytophotometric method of Patau and Ornstein are studied by means of a computer simulation and in practice upon pararosaniline-Schiff stained nuclei. A simplification of the measuring strategy is proposed without affecting the accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:336787", "title": "Formation of the chorion (zona pellucida) in the teleost, Oryzias latipes. II. Polysaccharide cytochemistry of early oogenesis.", "content": "It has been proposed that the mechanism of formation of the chorion of Oryzias latipes involves the transfer of precursor material from the Golgi bodies of the oocyte to the chorion by means of a population of dense cored vesicles. Thin sectioned ovarian material was investigated by means of several techniques available for the resolution of periodate reactive material at the ultrastructural level. The techniques employed were modifications of the thiocarbohydrazide, thiosemicarbazide, alkaline bismuth subnitrate and silver methenamine reactions. These all demonstrated a positive reaction in the material of the chorion and that of the dense cored vesicles. This finding is in accord with the hypothesis that the dense cored vesicles are transporting material from the Golgi to the growing chorion.", "contents": "Formation of the chorion (zona pellucida) in the teleost, Oryzias latipes. II. Polysaccharide cytochemistry of early oogenesis. It has been proposed that the mechanism of formation of the chorion of Oryzias latipes involves the transfer of precursor material from the Golgi bodies of the oocyte to the chorion by means of a population of dense cored vesicles. Thin sectioned ovarian material was investigated by means of several techniques available for the resolution of periodate reactive material at the ultrastructural level. The techniques employed were modifications of the thiocarbohydrazide, thiosemicarbazide, alkaline bismuth subnitrate and silver methenamine reactions. These all demonstrated a positive reaction in the material of the chorion and that of the dense cored vesicles. This finding is in accord with the hypothesis that the dense cored vesicles are transporting material from the Golgi to the growing chorion."}
{"id": "PMID:336788", "title": "Survival of Salmonella eastbourne and Salmonella typhimurium in milk chocolate prepared with artificially contaminated milk powder.", "content": "Milk chocolate mass containing salmonellas was prepared by mixing artificially contaminated milk powder with the other ingredients at a temperature of about 40 degrees C. From this mass bars were made. Two series were prepared, with S. eastbourne and S. typhimurium respectively. The number of surviving salmonellas was counted after various periods of storage, up to 19 months. S. eastbourne was reduced in numbers during 19 months from an initial count of ca. 3 x 10(4) to ca. 3 x 10(2) per 100 g of chocolate. S. typhimurium died off more rapidly, and was not detectable in about 55 g after 15 months, in spite of an initial count of ca. 10(5) per 100 g.In these experiments the salmonellas in the milk powder had had to survive the spraying procedure and the adverse conditions in the dried powder. This may be the reason why S. eastbourne showed a distinctly better survival on storage than the same serotype showed in previous experiments in which the organism was added as a broth culture to the chocolate mix. With S. typhimurium, however, such a difference was hardly detectable.Possible explanations of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Survival of Salmonella eastbourne and Salmonella typhimurium in milk chocolate prepared with artificially contaminated milk powder. Milk chocolate mass containing salmonellas was prepared by mixing artificially contaminated milk powder with the other ingredients at a temperature of about 40 degrees C. From this mass bars were made. Two series were prepared, with S. eastbourne and S. typhimurium respectively. The number of surviving salmonellas was counted after various periods of storage, up to 19 months. S. eastbourne was reduced in numbers during 19 months from an initial count of ca. 3 x 10(4) to ca. 3 x 10(2) per 100 g of chocolate. S. typhimurium died off more rapidly, and was not detectable in about 55 g after 15 months, in spite of an initial count of ca. 10(5) per 100 g.In these experiments the salmonellas in the milk powder had had to survive the spraying procedure and the adverse conditions in the dried powder. This may be the reason why S. eastbourne showed a distinctly better survival on storage than the same serotype showed in previous experiments in which the organism was added as a broth culture to the chocolate mix. With S. typhimurium, however, such a difference was hardly detectable.Possible explanations of these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336789", "title": "Effects of antibiotics on the survival of Salmonella in the American cockroach.", "content": "The faecal survival of Salmonella typhimurium orally administered to restrained American cockroaches maintained on an antibiotic diet was investigated. Significant reductions in median numbers of total aerobic faecal microorganisms were noted in insects fed antibiotics daily, and when Salmonella was introduced to this modified micro-environment, it persisted for 44 days in all specimens. Multiplication of the pathogen was also observed in these insects, with numbers often exceeding 10(3) times that of the initial input. This differs significantly from our previous results showing that the pathogen is unable to multiply in conventional cockroaches. Attempts to restore the normal flora by feeding a faecal suspension from untreated cockroaches resulted in a decrease in numbers of Salmonella excreted, but did not result in their elimination. Carcasses of infected cockroaches retained viable Salmonella for at least 60 days post mortem, or 104 days after the infective meal.", "contents": "Effects of antibiotics on the survival of Salmonella in the American cockroach. The faecal survival of Salmonella typhimurium orally administered to restrained American cockroaches maintained on an antibiotic diet was investigated. Significant reductions in median numbers of total aerobic faecal microorganisms were noted in insects fed antibiotics daily, and when Salmonella was introduced to this modified micro-environment, it persisted for 44 days in all specimens. Multiplication of the pathogen was also observed in these insects, with numbers often exceeding 10(3) times that of the initial input. This differs significantly from our previous results showing that the pathogen is unable to multiply in conventional cockroaches. Attempts to restore the normal flora by feeding a faecal suspension from untreated cockroaches resulted in a decrease in numbers of Salmonella excreted, but did not result in their elimination. Carcasses of infected cockroaches retained viable Salmonella for at least 60 days post mortem, or 104 days after the infective meal."}
{"id": "PMID:336790", "title": "Microbiological evaluation of South Australian rock lobster meat.", "content": "Samples of frozen precooked rock lobster meat from five South Australian fish-processing plants situated in the West Coast and south-east regions were tested over a period of six months during the 1974/5 lobster  fishing season. The most probable number (MPN) of E. coli and coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella, as well as total plate count (TPC) were determined in 480 samples. Monthly geometric mean TPC ranged from 1600/g to 25,000/g. The highest geometric mean of the MPN of coliforms and E. coli were 4.9/g and 1.8/g respectively. The highest geometric mean number of staphylococci was 18.6/g. Salmonella was not detected in the 480 units tested. Only 0.4% of the samples had TPC exceeding 100,000/g. Coliforms and E. coli were not present in 76.1% and 92.7% respectively of the samples tested. Staphylococcus aureus was not detected in 67.7% of the samples. The numbers of organisms in 82% of the samples fall within the microbiological standards proposed by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia for frozen precooked foods. The results of this study demonstrate the microbial quality of precooked lobster meat attainable when good manufacturing practices are used.", "contents": "Microbiological evaluation of South Australian rock lobster meat. Samples of frozen precooked rock lobster meat from five South Australian fish-processing plants situated in the West Coast and south-east regions were tested over a period of six months during the 1974/5 lobster  fishing season. The most probable number (MPN) of E. coli and coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella, as well as total plate count (TPC) were determined in 480 samples. Monthly geometric mean TPC ranged from 1600/g to 25,000/g. The highest geometric mean of the MPN of coliforms and E. coli were 4.9/g and 1.8/g respectively. The highest geometric mean number of staphylococci was 18.6/g. Salmonella was not detected in the 480 units tested. Only 0.4% of the samples had TPC exceeding 100,000/g. Coliforms and E. coli were not present in 76.1% and 92.7% respectively of the samples tested. Staphylococcus aureus was not detected in 67.7% of the samples. The numbers of organisms in 82% of the samples fall within the microbiological standards proposed by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia for frozen precooked foods. The results of this study demonstrate the microbial quality of precooked lobster meat attainable when good manufacturing practices are used."}
{"id": "PMID:336791", "title": "Serotype-related enterotoxigenicity in Escherichia coli O6.H16 and O148.H28.", "content": "The ability of certain Escherichia coli strains to produce enterotoxin is determined by transmissible plasmids. It is therefore possible that any E. coli strain might be able to acquire such a plasmid and that the correlation between enterotoxigenicity and serotype might be random. However, recent studies show that the enterotoxigenic strains so far describe belong to a restricted range of serotypes. Enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli O6.H16 and E. coli O148.H28 have been associated with outbreaks of diarrhoea in several countries, therefor strains of E. coli belonging to these serotypes were selected for further study. Twenty-three strains of E. coli O6.H16 and 14 strains of E. coli O148.H28 were examined; 20 strains of E. coli O6.H16 and all 14 strains of E. coli O148.H28 were enterotoxigenic but strains of E. coli O6 wit flagellar antigens other than H16 and strains of E. coli O148 wit flagellar antigens other than H28 were not enterotoxigenic. The examination of single colony subcultures derived from the E. coli O6.H16 strains showed that in some strains loss of enterotoxigenicity had occurred in a proportional of colonies.", "contents": "Serotype-related enterotoxigenicity in Escherichia coli O6.H16 and O148.H28. The ability of certain Escherichia coli strains to produce enterotoxin is determined by transmissible plasmids. It is therefore possible that any E. coli strain might be able to acquire such a plasmid and that the correlation between enterotoxigenicity and serotype might be random. However, recent studies show that the enterotoxigenic strains so far describe belong to a restricted range of serotypes. Enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli O6.H16 and E. coli O148.H28 have been associated with outbreaks of diarrhoea in several countries, therefor strains of E. coli belonging to these serotypes were selected for further study. Twenty-three strains of E. coli O6.H16 and 14 strains of E. coli O148.H28 were examined; 20 strains of E. coli O6.H16 and all 14 strains of E. coli O148.H28 were enterotoxigenic but strains of E. coli O6 wit flagellar antigens other than H16 and strains of E. coli O148 wit flagellar antigens other than H28 were not enterotoxigenic. The examination of single colony subcultures derived from the E. coli O6.H16 strains showed that in some strains loss of enterotoxigenicity had occurred in a proportional of colonies."}
{"id": "PMID:336792", "title": "Clonal distribution of resistance plasmid-carrying Salmonella typhimurium, mainly in the Middle East.", "content": "Strains of Salmonella typhimurium of predominantly Middle Eastern origin, but distributed from England to India, were found to carry at least three types of resistance plasmid. The most important was initially identified as an F(I) plasmid by compatibility tests, but differs from the F factor on the one hand and the F(I) factors R162 and ColV on the other. The three groups of F(I) plasmids can be distinguished by their compatibility reactions with the MP10 plasmid of S. typhimurium (Smith, Humphreys, Grindley, Grindley & Anderson, 1973) and group H(1) factors: the F factor is unilaterally incompatible with group H(1) (Smith, Grindley, Humphreys & Anderson, 1973; Anderson, 1975b); the F(I) factors are compatible with MP10 and group H(1); and F(I)me factors are incompatible with MP10 but compatible with H(1). The majority of S. typhimurium cultures belonged to phage type 208; most of those that did not, belonged to types related to 208. Only a minority of their F(I)me plasmids were autotransferring. The remainder were mobilizable by F-like plasmids, and by group H(1) and H(2) factors, but not by the fi(-) I(1) factor Delta, or by plasmids of the I(2), B, P, W, N and com 7 groups. The compatibility reactions of the autotransferring F(I)me plasmids were identical with those of the non-transferring members of the group, and both were large, single-copy plasmids.The S. typhimurium strains of this series carried A or AK, and SSu resistance determinants: small, probably multicopy, non-transferring plasmids similar to those originally described in phage type 29 of S. typhimurium (Anderson & Lewis, 1965b).These S. typhimurium cultures probably represent a clone of wide geographical distribution. The accurate epidemiological study of such clonal outbreaks requires, in addition to phage typing, precise identification of the plasmids harboured by the epidemic strains, and may have to be carried to the molecular level.F(I)me plasmids were identified in other drug-resistant salmonellas, notably in a strain of S. wien which caused large outbreaks of mainly paediatric infection in Algeria, and also spread to Britain. An F(I)me plasmid was found in S. typhi phage type 44 from Algeria, in which the phage-restricting properties of the plasmid are responsible for the specificity of the type.", "contents": "Clonal distribution of resistance plasmid-carrying Salmonella typhimurium, mainly in the Middle East. Strains of Salmonella typhimurium of predominantly Middle Eastern origin, but distributed from England to India, were found to carry at least three types of resistance plasmid. The most important was initially identified as an F(I) plasmid by compatibility tests, but differs from the F factor on the one hand and the F(I) factors R162 and ColV on the other. The three groups of F(I) plasmids can be distinguished by their compatibility reactions with the MP10 plasmid of S. typhimurium (Smith, Humphreys, Grindley, Grindley & Anderson, 1973) and group H(1) factors: the F factor is unilaterally incompatible with group H(1) (Smith, Grindley, Humphreys & Anderson, 1973; Anderson, 1975b); the F(I) factors are compatible with MP10 and group H(1); and F(I)me factors are incompatible with MP10 but compatible with H(1). The majority of S. typhimurium cultures belonged to phage type 208; most of those that did not, belonged to types related to 208. Only a minority of their F(I)me plasmids were autotransferring. The remainder were mobilizable by F-like plasmids, and by group H(1) and H(2) factors, but not by the fi(-) I(1) factor Delta, or by plasmids of the I(2), B, P, W, N and com 7 groups. The compatibility reactions of the autotransferring F(I)me plasmids were identical with those of the non-transferring members of the group, and both were large, single-copy plasmids.The S. typhimurium strains of this series carried A or AK, and SSu resistance determinants: small, probably multicopy, non-transferring plasmids similar to those originally described in phage type 29 of S. typhimurium (Anderson & Lewis, 1965b).These S. typhimurium cultures probably represent a clone of wide geographical distribution. The accurate epidemiological study of such clonal outbreaks requires, in addition to phage typing, precise identification of the plasmids harboured by the epidemic strains, and may have to be carried to the molecular level.F(I)me plasmids were identified in other drug-resistant salmonellas, notably in a strain of S. wien which caused large outbreaks of mainly paediatric infection in Algeria, and also spread to Britain. An F(I)me plasmid was found in S. typhi phage type 44 from Algeria, in which the phage-restricting properties of the plasmid are responsible for the specificity of the type."}
{"id": "PMID:336797", "title": "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: clinical characteristics and evidence for an immunopathogenesis.", "content": "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common diseases affecting the oral mucosa, and one of its variants is the most painful affliction of the oral mucosa. The lesions of recurrent aphthous stomatitis can be manifested as part of a broad spectrum of clinical disease ranging from the common minor aphthous ulcers to Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Differential diagnosis, although not often difficult, must include many conditions capable of producing erosive and ulcerative oral mucosal lesions. The salient features of recurrent aphthous stomatitis suggest that it is a heterogeneous entity. Recent immunologic investigations have focused attention on a possible immunopathogenesis and the evidence for this is reviewed.", "contents": "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: clinical characteristics and evidence for an immunopathogenesis. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common diseases affecting the oral mucosa, and one of its variants is the most painful affliction of the oral mucosa. The lesions of recurrent aphthous stomatitis can be manifested as part of a broad spectrum of clinical disease ranging from the common minor aphthous ulcers to Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Differential diagnosis, although not often difficult, must include many conditions capable of producing erosive and ulcerative oral mucosal lesions. The salient features of recurrent aphthous stomatitis suggest that it is a heterogeneous entity. Recent immunologic investigations have focused attention on a possible immunopathogenesis and the evidence for this is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:336798", "title": "Immunohistochemical studies of the human cutaneous basement membrane-anchoring fibril complex.", "content": "Antiserum to the human cutaneous basement membrane-anchoring fibril complex specifically binds to the basement membrane zone of normal human skin as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence and, in addition, cross-reacts with normal human glomerulus. This antiserum does not prevent binding of pemphigoid antibody to its specific antigen; thus the antigen of bullous pemphigoid is unlikely to be a component of the cutaneous basement membrane (basal lamina).", "contents": "Immunohistochemical studies of the human cutaneous basement membrane-anchoring fibril complex. Antiserum to the human cutaneous basement membrane-anchoring fibril complex specifically binds to the basement membrane zone of normal human skin as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence and, in addition, cross-reacts with normal human glomerulus. This antiserum does not prevent binding of pemphigoid antibody to its specific antigen; thus the antigen of bullous pemphigoid is unlikely to be a component of the cutaneous basement membrane (basal lamina)."}
{"id": "PMID:336799", "title": "Microwave irradiation: a new rapid technique for separating epidermal tissue from mouse skin preserving RNA, DNA, protein and phorbol ester-induced ornithine decarboxylase levels.", "content": "Exposure of mouse skin to microwave radiation for 10 sec allows the epidermis to be separated from the dermis by gentle scraping of the skin with a scapel. At the end of the irrradiation period the subcutaneous temperature was 55 degrees C. Histologically, the microwave irradiated skin resembled skin exposed to an established heat separation procedure (i.e., immersion in 55 degrees C water followed by immersion in 0-4 degrees C water). The recoveries of DNA, RNA, and protein on a per area basis were the same for the microwave and conventional heat separation procedures, and the TPA-induced ornithine decarboxylase levels were comparable.", "contents": "Microwave irradiation: a new rapid technique for separating epidermal tissue from mouse skin preserving RNA, DNA, protein and phorbol ester-induced ornithine decarboxylase levels. Exposure of mouse skin to microwave radiation for 10 sec allows the epidermis to be separated from the dermis by gentle scraping of the skin with a scapel. At the end of the irrradiation period the subcutaneous temperature was 55 degrees C. Histologically, the microwave irradiated skin resembled skin exposed to an established heat separation procedure (i.e., immersion in 55 degrees C water followed by immersion in 0-4 degrees C water). The recoveries of DNA, RNA, and protein on a per area basis were the same for the microwave and conventional heat separation procedures, and the TPA-induced ornithine decarboxylase levels were comparable."}
{"id": "PMID:336800", "title": "Circulating IgA anti-basement membrane zone antibodies in dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "Criculating anti-basement membrane zone antibodies of the IgA class were detected in the sera of 2 or 6 dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) patients who had linear in-vivo-bound IgA deposits and in 1 of 42 DH patients who had granular vivo-bound IgA deposits. In the former 2 patients the circulating antibodies were localized ultrastructurally to the identical site where the in vivo-bound antibodies were localized and were bound by antigens in either the lamina lucida or the subbasal lamina anchoring fibril area of the basement membrane zone of normal human skin.", "contents": "Circulating IgA anti-basement membrane zone antibodies in dermatitis herpetiformis. Criculating anti-basement membrane zone antibodies of the IgA class were detected in the sera of 2 or 6 dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) patients who had linear in-vivo-bound IgA deposits and in 1 of 42 DH patients who had granular vivo-bound IgA deposits. In the former 2 patients the circulating antibodies were localized ultrastructurally to the identical site where the in vivo-bound antibodies were localized and were bound by antigens in either the lamina lucida or the subbasal lamina anchoring fibril area of the basement membrane zone of normal human skin."}
{"id": "PMID:336801", "title": "Quantitative determination of the antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis in an animal model of intraabdominal abscess formation.", "content": "The humoral antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis was quantitated in an animal model of intraabdominal abscess formation using a sensitive quantitative radioactive antigen-binding assay. Antibody detected by this technique correlated highly with antibody measured by quantitative precipitin analysis (r = 0.943). Animals infected with encapsulated B. fragilis develop high levels of circulating serum antibody to the capsular polysaccharide. This antibody can be induced by implantation of live organisms, heat-killed organisms, heterologous strains of B. fragilis, and various outer membrane components that contain the capsular antigen. The immunogenicity of the capsular polysaccharide could be enhanced when administered as part of the outer membrane or when not separated from outer membrane proteins. Evidence of an antibody response to this capsular polysaccharide offers support for the demonstrated pathogenic potential of encapsulated B. fragilis.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of the antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis in an animal model of intraabdominal abscess formation. The humoral antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis was quantitated in an animal model of intraabdominal abscess formation using a sensitive quantitative radioactive antigen-binding assay. Antibody detected by this technique correlated highly with antibody measured by quantitative precipitin analysis (r = 0.943). Animals infected with encapsulated B. fragilis develop high levels of circulating serum antibody to the capsular polysaccharide. This antibody can be induced by implantation of live organisms, heat-killed organisms, heterologous strains of B. fragilis, and various outer membrane components that contain the capsular antigen. The immunogenicity of the capsular polysaccharide could be enhanced when administered as part of the outer membrane or when not separated from outer membrane proteins. Evidence of an antibody response to this capsular polysaccharide offers support for the demonstrated pathogenic potential of encapsulated B. fragilis."}
{"id": "PMID:336802", "title": "Antimicrobial resistance and incidence of R factor among Salmonella isolated from patients with enteric fever and other clinical conditions in Madras, India (1975-1976)", "content": "The incidence of transmissible drug resistance among Salmonella isolated from patients with enteric fever and other clinical conditions is reported. All of the Salmonella isolated were studied for antimicrobial resistance. Of the 336 strains, five were multiply resistant to drugs including chloramphenicol, and four of these strains transmitted resistance to Escherichia coli F-Lac+. Multiply drug resistant E. coli were isolated from 12 patients receiving chloramphenicol, and in seven cases the E. coli transmitted drug resistance to sensitive Salmonella isolated from the same patients. The occurrence of multiple drug resistance among Salmonella was not found to be restricted to a single serogroup, and multiple drug resistance in Salmonella paratyphi A in India is reported for the first time. Although the incidence of Salmonella carring R factor is negligible, the unpredictability of its occurrence poses a potential threat in a country where typhoid is endemic.", "contents": "Antimicrobial resistance and incidence of R factor among Salmonella isolated from patients with enteric fever and other clinical conditions in Madras, India (1975-1976). The incidence of transmissible drug resistance among Salmonella isolated from patients with enteric fever and other clinical conditions is reported. All of the Salmonella isolated were studied for antimicrobial resistance. Of the 336 strains, five were multiply resistant to drugs including chloramphenicol, and four of these strains transmitted resistance to Escherichia coli F-Lac+. Multiply drug resistant E. coli were isolated from 12 patients receiving chloramphenicol, and in seven cases the E. coli transmitted drug resistance to sensitive Salmonella isolated from the same patients. The occurrence of multiple drug resistance among Salmonella was not found to be restricted to a single serogroup, and multiple drug resistance in Salmonella paratyphi A in India is reported for the first time. Although the incidence of Salmonella carring R factor is negligible, the unpredictability of its occurrence poses a potential threat in a country where typhoid is endemic."}
{"id": "PMID:336803", "title": "Typhus fever: report of an epidemic in New York City in 1847.", "content": "An epidemic of thyphus fever in New York City in 1847 that was associated with massive immigrations from Ireland is described by review of the records of 138 cases admitted to The New York Hospital during a seven-week period. Medical understanding of epidemic diseases, of typhus, and of therapeutics is examined. Most patients (80%) acquired the disease during passage, but 20% of the cases resulted from secondary spread in New York. The illness was characterized by high fever, headache, myalgias, and loss of appetite. Complications, most commonly central nervous system dysfunction and secondary bacterial infections, occurred in 29% of the cases. The mortality rate was 11%. Therapy was directed at cleansing the bowel and diaphoresis. Bleeding was not employed. In spite of mistaken concepts about epidemic diseases, measures were employed that controlled spread of the disease.", "contents": "Typhus fever: report of an epidemic in New York City in 1847. An epidemic of thyphus fever in New York City in 1847 that was associated with massive immigrations from Ireland is described by review of the records of 138 cases admitted to The New York Hospital during a seven-week period. Medical understanding of epidemic diseases, of typhus, and of therapeutics is examined. Most patients (80%) acquired the disease during passage, but 20% of the cases resulted from secondary spread in New York. The illness was characterized by high fever, headache, myalgias, and loss of appetite. Complications, most commonly central nervous system dysfunction and secondary bacterial infections, occurred in 29% of the cases. The mortality rate was 11%. Therapy was directed at cleansing the bowel and diaphoresis. Bleeding was not employed. In spite of mistaken concepts about epidemic diseases, measures were employed that controlled spread of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:336817", "title": "Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in potentially contaminated human plasma and plasma fractions.", "content": "A new method is described for the quantitative detection of HBsAg in whole human plasma and in plasma fractions. The nonantigen proteins are digested with pepsin at low pH, and the antigen is precipitated with PEG. With use of only 20 ml of contaminated plasma, as few as 5.0 x 10(6) HBsAg particles/ml can be detected--a 40-fold increase in the apparent level of sensitivity of the Ausria II RIA (2.0 x 10(8) particles/ml). With 500 500 ml or more of plasma or plasma fractions, fewer than 5.0 x 10(5) particles/ml can be assayed--a 400-fold increase in RIA sensitivity and 1/10 the antigen concentration found in sera that proved infective when injected into chimpanzees. The pepsin-PEG method was used to quantitate the particles per milliliter in four equivocal RIA samples from the NIH Bureau of Biologics, three of which were definitely shown to contain antigen. The method has also been employed to detect fewer than 2.0 x 1010(8) particles/ml of HBsAg in deliberately contaminated high purity AHF concentrates and may be useful for monitoring plasma fractions prepared on a large scale or for detecting the antigen in equivocal samples from blood banks.", "contents": "Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in potentially contaminated human plasma and plasma fractions. A new method is described for the quantitative detection of HBsAg in whole human plasma and in plasma fractions. The nonantigen proteins are digested with pepsin at low pH, and the antigen is precipitated with PEG. With use of only 20 ml of contaminated plasma, as few as 5.0 x 10(6) HBsAg particles/ml can be detected--a 40-fold increase in the apparent level of sensitivity of the Ausria II RIA (2.0 x 10(8) particles/ml). With 500 500 ml or more of plasma or plasma fractions, fewer than 5.0 x 10(5) particles/ml can be assayed--a 400-fold increase in RIA sensitivity and 1/10 the antigen concentration found in sera that proved infective when injected into chimpanzees. The pepsin-PEG method was used to quantitate the particles per milliliter in four equivocal RIA samples from the NIH Bureau of Biologics, three of which were definitely shown to contain antigen. The method has also been employed to detect fewer than 2.0 x 1010(8) particles/ml of HBsAg in deliberately contaminated high purity AHF concentrates and may be useful for monitoring plasma fractions prepared on a large scale or for detecting the antigen in equivocal samples from blood banks."}
{"id": "PMID:336818", "title": "S-carboxymethylcysteine in the treatment of glue ear: a double blind trial.", "content": "A double blind trial was carried out comparing S-carboxymethylcysteine (S-CMC; Mucodyne, Berk Pharmaceuticals) with inert placebo in the treatment of glue ear in fifty-two children who had not previously undergone surgery for the condition. The results, analysed after three months of treatment failed to demonstrate a significant reduction in the number of children receiving S-CMC who eventually required surgery for the condition.", "contents": "S-carboxymethylcysteine in the treatment of glue ear: a double blind trial. A double blind trial was carried out comparing S-carboxymethylcysteine (S-CMC; Mucodyne, Berk Pharmaceuticals) with inert placebo in the treatment of glue ear in fifty-two children who had not previously undergone surgery for the condition. The results, analysed after three months of treatment failed to demonstrate a significant reduction in the number of children receiving S-CMC who eventually required surgery for the condition."}
{"id": "PMID:336819", "title": "Glossopharyngeal neuralgia with syncope.", "content": "Thirty-two cases of glossopharyngeal neuralgia complicated by syncope, cardiac arrhythmias or convulsions, singly or together, have been reported in the world literature. A further case is described and the clinical features of these thirty-three are reviewed. It is recommended that treatment should be undertaken as a matter of urgency. In the first place, Carbamezapine, with often the addition of Atropine, may prove effective. However, surgical intervention appears to give a better chance of permanent relief. Four alternative methods of surgery are discussed and the cervical or the intracranial approach recommended. Surgery should not be delayed in patients who fail to respond to medical treatment or in whom recurrence of symptoms occurs.", "contents": "Glossopharyngeal neuralgia with syncope. Thirty-two cases of glossopharyngeal neuralgia complicated by syncope, cardiac arrhythmias or convulsions, singly or together, have been reported in the world literature. A further case is described and the clinical features of these thirty-three are reviewed. It is recommended that treatment should be undertaken as a matter of urgency. In the first place, Carbamezapine, with often the addition of Atropine, may prove effective. However, surgical intervention appears to give a better chance of permanent relief. Four alternative methods of surgery are discussed and the cervical or the intracranial approach recommended. Surgery should not be delayed in patients who fail to respond to medical treatment or in whom recurrence of symptoms occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:336820", "title": "'Malignant lymphoepithelial lesions' (undifferentiated ductal carcinomas of the parotid gland). Three case reports and review of the literature.", "content": "Three cases of the so-cassed malignant lymphoepithelial lesion occurring in women are described. The authors, however, prefer to label the lesion 'undifferentiated carcinoma of the parotid'. From an accurate review of the world literature it appears that 23 cases of such lesion have been reported, 22 arising in the parotid and 1 in the submandibular gland. The malignant lymphoepithelial lesion has been mainly encountered in Eskimos and the three cases of the present report are the first to have been evidenced in Europe. The malignant lymphoepithelial lesion is discussed from the taxonomic, nosologic, pathogenetic, diagnostic and therapeutic points of view. The lesion does not seem to be of an autoimmune nature, unlike the benign lymphoepithelial lesion which is generally regarded as an autoimmune disease.", "contents": "'Malignant lymphoepithelial lesions' (undifferentiated ductal carcinomas of the parotid gland). Three case reports and review of the literature. Three cases of the so-cassed malignant lymphoepithelial lesion occurring in women are described. The authors, however, prefer to label the lesion 'undifferentiated carcinoma of the parotid'. From an accurate review of the world literature it appears that 23 cases of such lesion have been reported, 22 arising in the parotid and 1 in the submandibular gland. The malignant lymphoepithelial lesion has been mainly encountered in Eskimos and the three cases of the present report are the first to have been evidenced in Europe. The malignant lymphoepithelial lesion is discussed from the taxonomic, nosologic, pathogenetic, diagnostic and therapeutic points of view. The lesion does not seem to be of an autoimmune nature, unlike the benign lymphoepithelial lesion which is generally regarded as an autoimmune disease."}
{"id": "PMID:336830", "title": "A priming effect of luteinizing hormone releasing factor with respect to release of follicle-stimulating hormone in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Pituitary incubation studies were carried out which showed that in the rat luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LH-RF) can exert a priming effect on FSH secretion in vitro. It was found that, as for LH, the effect depends on protein synthesis. The priming effect of LH-RF with respect to FSH could also be demonstrated in vivo; however, the effect was less dramatic than for LH.", "contents": "A priming effect of luteinizing hormone releasing factor with respect to release of follicle-stimulating hormone in vitro and in vivo. Pituitary incubation studies were carried out which showed that in the rat luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LH-RF) can exert a priming effect on FSH secretion in vitro. It was found that, as for LH, the effect depends on protein synthesis. The priming effect of LH-RF with respect to FSH could also be demonstrated in vivo; however, the effect was less dramatic than for LH."}
{"id": "PMID:336832", "title": "Hemagglutination by purified type I Escherichia coli pili.", "content": "Many enterobacteria can cause agglutination of erythrocytes, but previous investigations have not proven which components of the bacteria are responsible. We used a strain of Escherichia coli K12 which causes mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (HA) of guinea pig cells. Common pili were purified from these bacteria by shearing them from the bacteria followed by selective precipitation in acid and ammonium sulfate. Isopycnic centrifugation in cesium chloride removed the remaining outer membrane protein contaminants. These pili are pure by electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis. By amino acid analysis, they have a mol wt of 17,099 and consist of 45% nonpolar residues. These purified pili agglutinate guinea pig erythrocytes, a reaction that is inhibited by anti-pili antibodies and by saccharides related in structure to D-mannose. Proteolytic treatment of erythrocytes does not diminish HA but rather increases the pili-induced HA of human cells. Neuraminidase enhances HA and mannosidase slightly diminishes it. It is concluded that purified pili alone cause HA of erythrocytes by binding to mannose-like molecules on the erythrocyte surface. Thus HA by bacterial pili serves as a useful model system for the mechanism of bacterial pili attachment ot cell membranes.", "contents": "Hemagglutination by purified type I Escherichia coli pili. Many enterobacteria can cause agglutination of erythrocytes, but previous investigations have not proven which components of the bacteria are responsible. We used a strain of Escherichia coli K12 which causes mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (HA) of guinea pig cells. Common pili were purified from these bacteria by shearing them from the bacteria followed by selective precipitation in acid and ammonium sulfate. Isopycnic centrifugation in cesium chloride removed the remaining outer membrane protein contaminants. These pili are pure by electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis. By amino acid analysis, they have a mol wt of 17,099 and consist of 45% nonpolar residues. These purified pili agglutinate guinea pig erythrocytes, a reaction that is inhibited by anti-pili antibodies and by saccharides related in structure to D-mannose. Proteolytic treatment of erythrocytes does not diminish HA but rather increases the pili-induced HA of human cells. Neuraminidase enhances HA and mannosidase slightly diminishes it. It is concluded that purified pili alone cause HA of erythrocytes by binding to mannose-like molecules on the erythrocyte surface. Thus HA by bacterial pili serves as a useful model system for the mechanism of bacterial pili attachment ot cell membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:336833", "title": "H-2 effects on cell-cell interactions in the response to single non-H-2 alloantigens. I. Donor H-2D region control of H-7.1-immunogenicity and lack of restriction in vivo.", "content": "Genes in the H-2 complex regulate the relative immunogenicity of the H-7.1 histocompatibility alloantigen, as measured by survival times of H-7.1-incompatible skin grafts in vivo. The gene controlling relative rejectability of H-7.1-incompatible grafts has been mapped to the H-2D region. H-7.1-incompatible skin grafts donated by H-2Db donors were rejected significantly more rapidly by H-2a/H-2b heterozygous recipients than similar H-7.1-incompatible grafts donated by H-2Dd donors. Further, there was absolutely no evidence of H-2 restriction in cytotoxic effector activity. In vivo cross-priming, as indicated by accelerated secondary graft rejection, was extensive. The efficiency of cross-priming was dependent upon the primary and secondary graft donor H-2 haplotypes.", "contents": "H-2 effects on cell-cell interactions in the response to single non-H-2 alloantigens. I. Donor H-2D region control of H-7.1-immunogenicity and lack of restriction in vivo. Genes in the H-2 complex regulate the relative immunogenicity of the H-7.1 histocompatibility alloantigen, as measured by survival times of H-7.1-incompatible skin grafts in vivo. The gene controlling relative rejectability of H-7.1-incompatible grafts has been mapped to the H-2D region. H-7.1-incompatible skin grafts donated by H-2Db donors were rejected significantly more rapidly by H-2a/H-2b heterozygous recipients than similar H-7.1-incompatible grafts donated by H-2Dd donors. Further, there was absolutely no evidence of H-2 restriction in cytotoxic effector activity. In vivo cross-priming, as indicated by accelerated secondary graft rejection, was extensive. The efficiency of cross-priming was dependent upon the primary and secondary graft donor H-2 haplotypes."}
{"id": "PMID:336834", "title": "Preparative purification of the rat mast cell chymase: characterization and interaction with granule components.", "content": "The rat mast cell granule chymotrypsinlike enzyme was purified to homogeneity from 1 M NaCl solubilized membrane and granule-rich fractions of concentrated rat peritoneal mast cells by a preparative technique utilizing chromatography on Dowex 1, filtration on Sephadex G-75, and affinity chromatography with D-tryptophan methyl ester. Acid disk gel electrophoresis of the purified chymase disclosed a single stained band with activity being eluted from a replicate sliced gel in the same region. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified protein gave a single stained band that did not change in position with reduction and alkylation. Mast cell chymase is thus a cationic protein of 25,000 mol wt composed of a single polypeptide chain. The apparent K(m) of the chymase for BTEE was 1.5 x 10(-3) M and the V(max) was 67.8 mumol/min per mg. The enzyme was inhibited by TPCK and not by TLCK. The chymase complexed with native macromolecular rat mast cell heparin in molar ratios of 12:1 and 16:1, and complete heparin uptake occurred at a 40:1 ratio of chymase to heparin. Chymase activity was partially masked by combination with heparin in the isolated granule or experimental chymase-heparin complex, and soluble purified chymase was inhibited by concentrations of 5-HT comparable to those present in mast cells. It is therefore possible that the active site of chymase in the mast cell granule is largely masked by the combined effects of macromolecular heparin and 5-HT.", "contents": "Preparative purification of the rat mast cell chymase: characterization and interaction with granule components. The rat mast cell granule chymotrypsinlike enzyme was purified to homogeneity from 1 M NaCl solubilized membrane and granule-rich fractions of concentrated rat peritoneal mast cells by a preparative technique utilizing chromatography on Dowex 1, filtration on Sephadex G-75, and affinity chromatography with D-tryptophan methyl ester. Acid disk gel electrophoresis of the purified chymase disclosed a single stained band with activity being eluted from a replicate sliced gel in the same region. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified protein gave a single stained band that did not change in position with reduction and alkylation. Mast cell chymase is thus a cationic protein of 25,000 mol wt composed of a single polypeptide chain. The apparent K(m) of the chymase for BTEE was 1.5 x 10(-3) M and the V(max) was 67.8 mumol/min per mg. The enzyme was inhibited by TPCK and not by TLCK. The chymase complexed with native macromolecular rat mast cell heparin in molar ratios of 12:1 and 16:1, and complete heparin uptake occurred at a 40:1 ratio of chymase to heparin. Chymase activity was partially masked by combination with heparin in the isolated granule or experimental chymase-heparin complex, and soluble purified chymase was inhibited by concentrations of 5-HT comparable to those present in mast cells. It is therefore possible that the active site of chymase in the mast cell granule is largely masked by the combined effects of macromolecular heparin and 5-HT."}
{"id": "PMID:336835", "title": "Absolute frequencies of lipopolysaccharide-reactive B cells producing A5A idiotype in unprimed, streptococcal A carbohydrate-primed, anti-A5A idiotype-sensitized and anti-A5A idiotype-suppressed A/J mice.", "content": "The absolute frequencies of B cells-producing A5A idiotype have been determined in vitro by limiting dilution analysis in a culture system in which every LPS-reactive B cell grows into a clone of IgM-secreting cells. Spleen cells from normal A/J mice contain 1 A5A-idiotype-producing B-cell precursor in 2.5 X 10(3) LPS-reactive B cells. Approximately a 10-20-fold increase in frequencies of precursor cells from antigen priming with Strep A-CHO (1 in 2.8 X 10(2)) or from sensitization with IgG1 anti-A5A idiotype (1 in 1.3 X 10(2)). Injection of IgG2 anti-A5A idiotype which has been shown to suppress A5A idiotype in vivo results in only a marginal and maybe insignificant decrease in precursor frequencies (1 in 6.7 X 10(3)). On the other hand, priming does not result in a detectable qualitative difference in the specific precursor cells, since each clone of B cells secretes 30 ng of A5A-bearing Ig within 8 days of culture, regardless of being unprimed or primed. Nearly half of all A5A idiotype-producing clones, both from unprimed as well as from primed mice, show antigen specificity in binding A-CHO. Priming by antigen, therefore, also results in a 10-fold increase in the frequency of idiotype positive B cells without antigen specificity. This result is a prediction of the network hypothesis.", "contents": "Absolute frequencies of lipopolysaccharide-reactive B cells producing A5A idiotype in unprimed, streptococcal A carbohydrate-primed, anti-A5A idiotype-sensitized and anti-A5A idiotype-suppressed A/J mice. The absolute frequencies of B cells-producing A5A idiotype have been determined in vitro by limiting dilution analysis in a culture system in which every LPS-reactive B cell grows into a clone of IgM-secreting cells. Spleen cells from normal A/J mice contain 1 A5A-idiotype-producing B-cell precursor in 2.5 X 10(3) LPS-reactive B cells. Approximately a 10-20-fold increase in frequencies of precursor cells from antigen priming with Strep A-CHO (1 in 2.8 X 10(2)) or from sensitization with IgG1 anti-A5A idiotype (1 in 1.3 X 10(2)). Injection of IgG2 anti-A5A idiotype which has been shown to suppress A5A idiotype in vivo results in only a marginal and maybe insignificant decrease in precursor frequencies (1 in 6.7 X 10(3)). On the other hand, priming does not result in a detectable qualitative difference in the specific precursor cells, since each clone of B cells secretes 30 ng of A5A-bearing Ig within 8 days of culture, regardless of being unprimed or primed. Nearly half of all A5A idiotype-producing clones, both from unprimed as well as from primed mice, show antigen specificity in binding A-CHO. Priming by antigen, therefore, also results in a 10-fold increase in the frequency of idiotype positive B cells without antigen specificity. This result is a prediction of the network hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:336836", "title": "Arthritis in rats after systemic injection of streptococcal cells or cell walls.", "content": "Further investigation of the biological properties of streptococcal cells and their components has produced a model of erosive synovitis in rats. A single intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous suspension of whole cell sonicate of group A streptococci into Sprague-Dawley rats induced an acute arthritis which evolved into a prolonged inflammatory process characterized by several complete or partial remissions, joint deformity, and ankylosis. The toxic moiety is a peptidoglycan-polysaccharide fragment of the cell wall which persists in tissue. Histologic features of the arthritis include an acute exudative phase followed by an erosive synovitis that leads to destruction of cartilage and subchondral bone and fibrous ankylosis of the joints. The arthropathic properties of whole cell sonicates of several species of streptococci are compared along with studies of the ability of heat-killed, whole cells of groups A, B, and C streptococci to induce arthritis in rats. Whole cells induce arthritis after a latent period of 57-120 days when group A cells are injected and 7-10 days when group B cells are tested.", "contents": "Arthritis in rats after systemic injection of streptococcal cells or cell walls. Further investigation of the biological properties of streptococcal cells and their components has produced a model of erosive synovitis in rats. A single intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous suspension of whole cell sonicate of group A streptococci into Sprague-Dawley rats induced an acute arthritis which evolved into a prolonged inflammatory process characterized by several complete or partial remissions, joint deformity, and ankylosis. The toxic moiety is a peptidoglycan-polysaccharide fragment of the cell wall which persists in tissue. Histologic features of the arthritis include an acute exudative phase followed by an erosive synovitis that leads to destruction of cartilage and subchondral bone and fibrous ankylosis of the joints. The arthropathic properties of whole cell sonicates of several species of streptococci are compared along with studies of the ability of heat-killed, whole cells of groups A, B, and C streptococci to induce arthritis in rats. Whole cells induce arthritis after a latent period of 57-120 days when group A cells are injected and 7-10 days when group B cells are tested."}
{"id": "PMID:336837", "title": "T-cell regulation of human peripheral blood B-cells responsiveness.", "content": "We have investigated the influence of human T cells on the synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin by peripheral blood B cells. The plaque-forming assay used, which identified the number of B cells secreting Ig, is a short-term assay which requires no exogenous stimulation. We have shown that the B-cell population alone contains fewer secreting cells than the total lymphocyte population, and that T cells are required to achieve maximal plaque-forming cell levels. Cycloheximide treatment of cells at concentrations known to inhibit protein synthesis does not affect the cooperative potential of these cells. Additionally, this cooperation effect is markedly better among autologous mixtures of Ig- and Ig+ cells, than among mixtures obtained from randomly selected individuals.", "contents": "T-cell regulation of human peripheral blood B-cells responsiveness. We have investigated the influence of human T cells on the synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin by peripheral blood B cells. The plaque-forming assay used, which identified the number of B cells secreting Ig, is a short-term assay which requires no exogenous stimulation. We have shown that the B-cell population alone contains fewer secreting cells than the total lymphocyte population, and that T cells are required to achieve maximal plaque-forming cell levels. Cycloheximide treatment of cells at concentrations known to inhibit protein synthesis does not affect the cooperative potential of these cells. Additionally, this cooperation effect is markedly better among autologous mixtures of Ig- and Ig+ cells, than among mixtures obtained from randomly selected individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:336840", "title": "Sterol metabolism during germination of conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus.", "content": "The sterol content of germinating conidia of the opportunistic pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus has been correlated with germination phase and sensitivity to polyene antibiotics. The sterol and sterol ester contents of walls did not change during germination. The sterol ester content of membranes and cell sap remained constant during germination, whereas the sterol content increased during the outgrowth of germ tubes. On the basis of differential extraction studies it was concluded that the loss of resistance to polyenes that occurred in the early stages of swelling of conidia during germination was not due to a movement of sterol or sterol ester out of the wall. Radioactive-labelling experiments demonstrated that, although the amounts of conidial wall sterol and sterol ester did not change during germination, they were metabolically active. Changes in the turnover rate of wall and membrane sterol and sterol ester during germination were investigated and their relationship to a possible mechanism for the change from resistance to sensitivity to polyene antibiotics is discussed.", "contents": "Sterol metabolism during germination of conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus. The sterol content of germinating conidia of the opportunistic pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus has been correlated with germination phase and sensitivity to polyene antibiotics. The sterol and sterol ester contents of walls did not change during germination. The sterol ester content of membranes and cell sap remained constant during germination, whereas the sterol content increased during the outgrowth of germ tubes. On the basis of differential extraction studies it was concluded that the loss of resistance to polyenes that occurred in the early stages of swelling of conidia during germination was not due to a movement of sterol or sterol ester out of the wall. Radioactive-labelling experiments demonstrated that, although the amounts of conidial wall sterol and sterol ester did not change during germination, they were metabolically active. Changes in the turnover rate of wall and membrane sterol and sterol ester during germination were investigated and their relationship to a possible mechanism for the change from resistance to sensitivity to polyene antibiotics is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:336841", "title": "Determination of the mass of Mycobacterium leprae by electron microscopy.", "content": "The mass of Mycobacterium leprae, obtained as a pure suspension from tissues of infected armadillos, was measured electron microscopically using a technique that avoids the need for standards of mass. The mean mass of an individual bacterium was 3-9+/-1-0 (S.D.) X 10(-14) g. Comparative measurements were also made on a small sample of M. lepraemurium (whose mass is known). Calculation of the mass of an individual bacterium allows numbers of bacteria in samples to be estimated by direct weighing rather than by counting.", "contents": "Determination of the mass of Mycobacterium leprae by electron microscopy. The mass of Mycobacterium leprae, obtained as a pure suspension from tissues of infected armadillos, was measured electron microscopically using a technique that avoids the need for standards of mass. The mean mass of an individual bacterium was 3-9+/-1-0 (S.D.) X 10(-14) g. Comparative measurements were also made on a small sample of M. lepraemurium (whose mass is known). Calculation of the mass of an individual bacterium allows numbers of bacteria in samples to be estimated by direct weighing rather than by counting."}
{"id": "PMID:336842", "title": "A Salmonella typhimurium endonuclease that converts native DNA to fragments of about 8 X 10(5) daltons.", "content": "Crude extracts of Salmonella typhimurium were found to contain an endonuclease that degraded double-stranded linear DNA from bacteria and phages to fragments with a molecular weight of about 8 X 10(5). The nuclease did not have an absolute requirement for Mg2+. One discrete intermediate product had a molecular weight of 6-6 X 10(6). Extracts from two different mutants were tested: one completely lacked the endonuclease activity (strain DB5575), and the other showed an absolute requirement for Mg2+ (strain 4543). No biological role has yet been found for this endonuclease of S. typhimurium.", "contents": "A Salmonella typhimurium endonuclease that converts native DNA to fragments of about 8 X 10(5) daltons. Crude extracts of Salmonella typhimurium were found to contain an endonuclease that degraded double-stranded linear DNA from bacteria and phages to fragments with a molecular weight of about 8 X 10(5). The nuclease did not have an absolute requirement for Mg2+. One discrete intermediate product had a molecular weight of 6-6 X 10(6). Extracts from two different mutants were tested: one completely lacked the endonuclease activity (strain DB5575), and the other showed an absolute requirement for Mg2+ (strain 4543). No biological role has yet been found for this endonuclease of S. typhimurium."}
{"id": "PMID:336844", "title": "Effect of a polyene antibiotic on growth and phosphate uptake by Candida albicans.", "content": "The polyene antibiotic, amphotericin, inhibited phosphate uptake in Candida albicans more strongly than it inhibited growth. Cultures grown from an inoculum of young (2 h) cells were more affected than those inoculated with old (24 h) cells. Thus, the polyene displays a double effect on C. albicans (and presumably on other eukaryotic cells): it interferes with membrane sterols and also inhibits synthesis of a factor (or factors) during growth. Whether this factor(s) interferes with the uptake of the polyene antibiotic or neutralizes its effect by reacting with it remains unsolved.", "contents": "Effect of a polyene antibiotic on growth and phosphate uptake by Candida albicans. The polyene antibiotic, amphotericin, inhibited phosphate uptake in Candida albicans more strongly than it inhibited growth. Cultures grown from an inoculum of young (2 h) cells were more affected than those inoculated with old (24 h) cells. Thus, the polyene displays a double effect on C. albicans (and presumably on other eukaryotic cells): it interferes with membrane sterols and also inhibits synthesis of a factor (or factors) during growth. Whether this factor(s) interferes with the uptake of the polyene antibiotic or neutralizes its effect by reacting with it remains unsolved."}
{"id": "PMID:336845", "title": "Bacteriophage-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K12. Location of receptors within the lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "A series of mutants of Escherichia coli K12 resistant to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific bacteriophages were isolated, and examined with regard to their general properties, phage typing, chemical analysis of their LPS, and genetic analysis. Fourteen classes of mutants were distinguished on the basis of phage typing and sensitivity to bile salts. Three of the mutant classes are sensitive to phages to which the parent is resistant. Mutants which are sensitive to bile salts generally lack heptose in their LPS, but two mutant classes are exceptions to this rule. Analyses of the sugars in the purified LPS of all mutant classes indicated that mutants were obtained which are blocked at most stages in core polysaccharide synthesis. On the basis of the chemical analysis, in conjunction with phage typing data and other known properties of the mutants, it is deduced which residue(s) is involved as a receptor for each of the phages used and which residues hinder these receptors. Some of the mutant classes do not seem to be changed in their LPS structure. Many of the mutations map in or near the rfa locus, but some are far removed from this region.", "contents": "Bacteriophage-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K12. Location of receptors within the lipopolysaccharide. A series of mutants of Escherichia coli K12 resistant to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific bacteriophages were isolated, and examined with regard to their general properties, phage typing, chemical analysis of their LPS, and genetic analysis. Fourteen classes of mutants were distinguished on the basis of phage typing and sensitivity to bile salts. Three of the mutant classes are sensitive to phages to which the parent is resistant. Mutants which are sensitive to bile salts generally lack heptose in their LPS, but two mutant classes are exceptions to this rule. Analyses of the sugars in the purified LPS of all mutant classes indicated that mutants were obtained which are blocked at most stages in core polysaccharide synthesis. On the basis of the chemical analysis, in conjunction with phage typing data and other known properties of the mutants, it is deduced which residue(s) is involved as a receptor for each of the phages used and which residues hinder these receptors. Some of the mutant classes do not seem to be changed in their LPS structure. Many of the mutations map in or near the rfa locus, but some are far removed from this region."}
{"id": "PMID:336846", "title": "Bacteriophage-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K12 with altered lipopolysaccharide. Studies with concanavalin A.", "content": "Three classes of mutants of Escherichia coli K12, isolated by selection for resistance to lipopolysaccharide-specific bacteriophages, were agglutinated by Concanavalin A which is presumed to interact with the lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane. Wheat germ and soy bean agglutinins did not agglutinate the parent or mutant strains. The adsorption of certain bacteriophages was also inhibited by Concanavalin A. The pattern of inhibition of adsorption of bacteriophages suggests that non-specific masking of receptors may occur, as well as specific masking of terminal glucose residues. Although bacteria were agglutinated by Concanavalin A, the permeability of the outer membrane seemed unaffected.", "contents": "Bacteriophage-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K12 with altered lipopolysaccharide. Studies with concanavalin A. Three classes of mutants of Escherichia coli K12, isolated by selection for resistance to lipopolysaccharide-specific bacteriophages, were agglutinated by Concanavalin A which is presumed to interact with the lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane. Wheat germ and soy bean agglutinins did not agglutinate the parent or mutant strains. The adsorption of certain bacteriophages was also inhibited by Concanavalin A. The pattern of inhibition of adsorption of bacteriophages suggests that non-specific masking of receptors may occur, as well as specific masking of terminal glucose residues. Although bacteria were agglutinated by Concanavalin A, the permeability of the outer membrane seemed unaffected."}
{"id": "PMID:336847", "title": "Characterization of pili determined by drug resistance plasmids R711b and R778b.", "content": "The bacterial drug resistance plasmids R711b and R778b, at present classified in the X incompatibility group, determine pili (designated 711) that resemble F pili morphologically. Like F pili, 711 pili adsorb F-specific filamentous bacteriophages to their tips, though more often in pairs, than singly. However, F-specific RNA-containing bacteriophages are not adsorbed to their sides, and strains carrying the plasmids are resistant to these phages. Pili determined by the only IncFV plasmid Folac are similar to 711 pili in their phage adsorption properties, but they are serologically different, as are F pili. It is concluded that F, Folac and 711 pili have basic differences in spite of a morphological resemblance.", "contents": "Characterization of pili determined by drug resistance plasmids R711b and R778b. The bacterial drug resistance plasmids R711b and R778b, at present classified in the X incompatibility group, determine pili (designated 711) that resemble F pili morphologically. Like F pili, 711 pili adsorb F-specific filamentous bacteriophages to their tips, though more often in pairs, than singly. However, F-specific RNA-containing bacteriophages are not adsorbed to their sides, and strains carrying the plasmids are resistant to these phages. Pili determined by the only IncFV plasmid Folac are similar to 711 pili in their phage adsorption properties, but they are serologically different, as are F pili. It is concluded that F, Folac and 711 pili have basic differences in spite of a morphological resemblance."}
{"id": "PMID:336849", "title": "Toxic encephalopathy due to ingestion of bismuth salts: clinical and EEG studies of 45 patients.", "content": "Forty-five patients taking bismuth subnitrate orally for therapeutic reasons were admitted to hospital with a myoclonic encephalopathy of acute onset. The clinical features were similar, mostly with mental confusion, disorder of walking and standing, dysarthria, and myoclonic jerks. In 31 cases the EEG showed a characteristic pattern, not previously recognised, which assisted differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Toxic encephalopathy due to ingestion of bismuth salts: clinical and EEG studies of 45 patients. Forty-five patients taking bismuth subnitrate orally for therapeutic reasons were admitted to hospital with a myoclonic encephalopathy of acute onset. The clinical features were similar, mostly with mental confusion, disorder of walking and standing, dysarthria, and myoclonic jerks. In 31 cases the EEG showed a characteristic pattern, not previously recognised, which assisted differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:336850", "title": "Stereotaxic thrombosis of inaccessible intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "Some intracranial aneurysms that might be considered inoperable by open craniotomy are readily treatable by stereotaxic thrombosis. This is possible because the stereotaxic technique requires only that some point on the fundus of the aneurysm can be punctured with a needle. Illustrative cases are given describing the successful treatment of aneurysms arising at the origin of the ophthalmic artery, within the cavernous sinus, within the sella turcica, and from the vertebrobasilar and the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries ventral to the brain stem. The aneurysms within the sella or cavernous sinus can be approached through the sphenoid sinus, and the aneurysms ventral to the brain stem can be approached through the clivus without opening the dura.", "contents": "Stereotaxic thrombosis of inaccessible intracranial aneurysms. Some intracranial aneurysms that might be considered inoperable by open craniotomy are readily treatable by stereotaxic thrombosis. This is possible because the stereotaxic technique requires only that some point on the fundus of the aneurysm can be punctured with a needle. Illustrative cases are given describing the successful treatment of aneurysms arising at the origin of the ophthalmic artery, within the cavernous sinus, within the sella turcica, and from the vertebrobasilar and the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries ventral to the brain stem. The aneurysms within the sella or cavernous sinus can be approached through the sphenoid sinus, and the aneurysms ventral to the brain stem can be approached through the clivus without opening the dura."}
{"id": "PMID:336854", "title": "Investigation of variable factors in drilling bone.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to investigate the pressures that are exerted on drills during the preparation of bone. Twenty operators used six different types of drills at high and low speeds to prepare standardized holes and slots in animal bone. The peak vertical forces exerted varied between 5.98 and 24.32 newtons (x = 12.45 newtons). The mean vertical forces varied between 4.22 and 18.93 newtons (x = 9.16 newtons). Spear point and twist drills were associated with significantly lower operating pressures and shorter operating times than round and fissure burs. These differences, however, were much less than the interoperator variations.", "contents": "Investigation of variable factors in drilling bone. Experiments were conducted to investigate the pressures that are exerted on drills during the preparation of bone. Twenty operators used six different types of drills at high and low speeds to prepare standardized holes and slots in animal bone. The peak vertical forces exerted varied between 5.98 and 24.32 newtons (x = 12.45 newtons). The mean vertical forces varied between 4.22 and 18.93 newtons (x = 9.16 newtons). Spear point and twist drills were associated with significantly lower operating pressures and shorter operating times than round and fissure burs. These differences, however, were much less than the interoperator variations."}
{"id": "PMID:336859", "title": "Alterations of lymphocytes and of antibody content of human milk after processing.", "content": "The effects of pasteurization, lyophilization, and freezing on immunoglobulin and lymphocytes in human milk was studied. We found a significant decrease in total lymphocyte count after all three processing methods. Pasteurization and lyophilization caused a significant decrease in immunoglobulin concentration and in specific antibody titer to Escherichi coli. Freezing specimens up to four weeks resulted in no significant alteration of IgA content or in E. coli antibody titer. Since a major advantage of human milk is the transference of passive local immunity, these quantitative changes may have clinical importance.", "contents": "Alterations of lymphocytes and of antibody content of human milk after processing. The effects of pasteurization, lyophilization, and freezing on immunoglobulin and lymphocytes in human milk was studied. We found a significant decrease in total lymphocyte count after all three processing methods. Pasteurization and lyophilization caused a significant decrease in immunoglobulin concentration and in specific antibody titer to Escherichi coli. Freezing specimens up to four weeks resulted in no significant alteration of IgA content or in E. coli antibody titer. Since a major advantage of human milk is the transference of passive local immunity, these quantitative changes may have clinical importance."}
{"id": "PMID:336860", "title": "Corneal ulcers associated with Goldenhar syndrome.", "content": "Two patients with Goldenhar syndrome developed corneal ulcers. Previous acid burn of the cornea and prolonged topical corticosteroid administration occurred in Patient 1. Predisposing ocular anomalies in patients with Goldenhar syndrome include corneal hypesthesia; keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and exposure secondary to eyelid colobomas, lacrimal gland and duct anomalies, dermoids and lipodermoids, and neurologic deficits. Serious ocular morbidity may be prevented by searching for and adequately treating these predisposing factors. It is possible that embryonic events contribute to ocular complications in Goldenhar syndrome, in part, by causing hypoplasia or abnormal function of the trigeminal and facial nerves.", "contents": "Corneal ulcers associated with Goldenhar syndrome. Two patients with Goldenhar syndrome developed corneal ulcers. Previous acid burn of the cornea and prolonged topical corticosteroid administration occurred in Patient 1. Predisposing ocular anomalies in patients with Goldenhar syndrome include corneal hypesthesia; keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and exposure secondary to eyelid colobomas, lacrimal gland and duct anomalies, dermoids and lipodermoids, and neurologic deficits. Serious ocular morbidity may be prevented by searching for and adequately treating these predisposing factors. It is possible that embryonic events contribute to ocular complications in Goldenhar syndrome, in part, by causing hypoplasia or abnormal function of the trigeminal and facial nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:336867", "title": "Hydroxylation of three benzodiazepines in vitro.", "content": "Three structurally related benzodiazepines were studied as substrates for hydroxylation by liver microsomal enzymes of rats and mice. The Vmax was comparable for dechlorodesmethyldiazepam, desmethyldiazepam, and 2'-chlorodesmethyldiazepam in the two animal species. The apparent Km decreased from dechlorodesmethyldiazepam to 2'-chlorodesmethyldiazepam for liver microsomal enzymes from both animal species. The hydroxylation of desmethyldiazepam and 2'-chlorodesmethyldiazepam yielded two pharmacologically active metabolites, oxazepam and lorazepam, respectively.", "contents": "Hydroxylation of three benzodiazepines in vitro. Three structurally related benzodiazepines were studied as substrates for hydroxylation by liver microsomal enzymes of rats and mice. The Vmax was comparable for dechlorodesmethyldiazepam, desmethyldiazepam, and 2'-chlorodesmethyldiazepam in the two animal species. The apparent Km decreased from dechlorodesmethyldiazepam to 2'-chlorodesmethyldiazepam for liver microsomal enzymes from both animal species. The hydroxylation of desmethyldiazepam and 2'-chlorodesmethyldiazepam yielded two pharmacologically active metabolites, oxazepam and lorazepam, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:336868", "title": "GLC determination for ftorafur in biological fluids.", "content": "A GLC analysis for free ftorafur was developed to follow in drug disposition in body fluids of patients. The free drug was extracted from aqueous biological samples with chloroform, derivatized by methylation, and chromatographed on 1% HI-EFF 8BP using flame-ionization detection. The analysis is sensitive (0.25 microgram/ml of plasma) and specific for the intact molecule, and it does not interfere with subsequent fluorouracil analysis of the same sample.", "contents": "GLC determination for ftorafur in biological fluids. A GLC analysis for free ftorafur was developed to follow in drug disposition in body fluids of patients. The free drug was extracted from aqueous biological samples with chloroform, derivatized by methylation, and chromatographed on 1% HI-EFF 8BP using flame-ionization detection. The analysis is sensitive (0.25 microgram/ml of plasma) and specific for the intact molecule, and it does not interfere with subsequent fluorouracil analysis of the same sample."}
{"id": "PMID:336886", "title": "Effect of auranofin on DNA and protein synthesis in human lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of auranofin-a new oral gold compound for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-and gold sodium thiosulphate on DNA and protein synthesis, as well as their effect on membrane transport in stimulated lymphocytes was studied. It was found that only auranofin in the given concentrations inhibits the incorporation of 3H thymidine and 14C amino acids. The studies on membrane transport present evidence that the pharmacological action of auranofin might be mediated through its action at the cellular membrane level.", "contents": "Effect of auranofin on DNA and protein synthesis in human lymphocytes. The effect of auranofin-a new oral gold compound for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-and gold sodium thiosulphate on DNA and protein synthesis, as well as their effect on membrane transport in stimulated lymphocytes was studied. It was found that only auranofin in the given concentrations inhibits the incorporation of 3H thymidine and 14C amino acids. The studies on membrane transport present evidence that the pharmacological action of auranofin might be mediated through its action at the cellular membrane level."}
{"id": "PMID:336887", "title": "Arthritis and osteomyelitis due to Candida albicans: a case report.", "content": "A case of Candida albicans arthritis involving a knee and cuneiform bone is presented. As with other forms of candidiasis, multiple antibiotic treatment and hyperalimentation predisposed to the infection. Fourteen previously published cases are reviewed. The knee is the most common site of infection and there is a high frequency of associated osteomyelitis. Treatment with both amphotericin and 5-fluorocytosine seems to be effective. The case presented was treated successfully with a small dose of amphotericin followed by five and one-half months of 5-fluorocytosine.", "contents": "Arthritis and osteomyelitis due to Candida albicans: a case report. A case of Candida albicans arthritis involving a knee and cuneiform bone is presented. As with other forms of candidiasis, multiple antibiotic treatment and hyperalimentation predisposed to the infection. Fourteen previously published cases are reviewed. The knee is the most common site of infection and there is a high frequency of associated osteomyelitis. Treatment with both amphotericin and 5-fluorocytosine seems to be effective. The case presented was treated successfully with a small dose of amphotericin followed by five and one-half months of 5-fluorocytosine."}
{"id": "PMID:336889", "title": "Inhibitors of folate biosynthesis. 1. Inhibition of dihydroneopterin aldolase by pteridine derivatives.", "content": "2-Amino-6-carboxamido-7,8-dihydropteridin-4-one and 2-amino-6-hydroxymethyl-7,7-dimethyl-7,8-dihydropteridin-4-one have been shown to be good inhibitors of Escherichia coli dihydroneopterin aldolase, an early enzyme of de novo folate biosynthesis.", "contents": "Inhibitors of folate biosynthesis. 1. Inhibition of dihydroneopterin aldolase by pteridine derivatives. 2-Amino-6-carboxamido-7,8-dihydropteridin-4-one and 2-amino-6-hydroxymethyl-7,7-dimethyl-7,8-dihydropteridin-4-one have been shown to be good inhibitors of Escherichia coli dihydroneopterin aldolase, an early enzyme of de novo folate biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:336891", "title": "Attitudes to death: some historical notes.", "content": "Men have been talking of death from time immemorial - sometimes sublimely in prose and poetry, in painting and sculpture and in music - till silence seemed to fall in the recent past. Now men are again talking about death - interminably but colloquially. They talk on television, on the radio, in books and in pamphlets. Dr Kenneth Boyd therefore finds it entirely timely to offer this historical sketch of attitudes to death. The earlier part of his paper covers fairly familiar ground but his final and longest section on the work of a social historian, Philippe Ari\u00e8s, may be new to many. Ari\u00e8s is reinterpreting the long history of attitudes to death in a form which may well interest those who today are concerned with helping modern man to accept his own death - death which still, for most people, is the death of another, not of oneself.", "contents": "Attitudes to death: some historical notes. Men have been talking of death from time immemorial - sometimes sublimely in prose and poetry, in painting and sculpture and in music - till silence seemed to fall in the recent past. Now men are again talking about death - interminably but colloquially. They talk on television, on the radio, in books and in pamphlets. Dr Kenneth Boyd therefore finds it entirely timely to offer this historical sketch of attitudes to death. The earlier part of his paper covers fairly familiar ground but his final and longest section on the work of a social historian, Philippe Ari\u00e8s, may be new to many. Ari\u00e8s is reinterpreting the long history of attitudes to death in a form which may well interest those who today are concerned with helping modern man to accept his own death - death which still, for most people, is the death of another, not of oneself."}
{"id": "PMID:336892", "title": "Trisomy 22 with 'cat eye' anomaly.", "content": "The case of a 10-month-old girl with an extra G-like chromosome is presented. Quinacrine, trypsin-Giemsa, and reverse banding identified the extra chromosome as no. 22. The phenotype of the patient is unique in that unilateral iris coloboma was observed, unlike the 18 cases of full trisomy 22 already published. This represents the first reported case of full trisomy 22 with this coloboma, or 'cat eye' anomaly, which is usually associated with partial trisomy 22. It is suggested that the use of the term 'cat eye syndrome' be revised. The terms 'partial trisomy 22 syndrome' and 'trisomy 22 syndrome' should be used instead.", "contents": "Trisomy 22 with 'cat eye' anomaly. The case of a 10-month-old girl with an extra G-like chromosome is presented. Quinacrine, trypsin-Giemsa, and reverse banding identified the extra chromosome as no. 22. The phenotype of the patient is unique in that unilateral iris coloboma was observed, unlike the 18 cases of full trisomy 22 already published. This represents the first reported case of full trisomy 22 with this coloboma, or 'cat eye' anomaly, which is usually associated with partial trisomy 22. It is suggested that the use of the term 'cat eye syndrome' be revised. The terms 'partial trisomy 22 syndrome' and 'trisomy 22 syndrome' should be used instead."}
{"id": "PMID:336894", "title": "Effects of 2.6-4.0 GHz microwave radiation on E-coli B.", "content": "The effects of 2.6-4.0 GHz microwave radiation on living E. coli B bacteria were studied using measurement of the colony forming ability (CFA) of the cells and alterations in the molecular structure determined by comparing the infrared spectrum of irradiated and unirradiated cell cultures. At absorbed power levels of 20 mW in 1 ml of cellular suspensions (i.e., a specific absorption rate of 20 W/kg) for 10-12 hour exposures, no effects were observed on either the molecular structure or the CFA for this particular strain of E. coli.", "contents": "Effects of 2.6-4.0 GHz microwave radiation on E-coli B. The effects of 2.6-4.0 GHz microwave radiation on living E. coli B bacteria were studied using measurement of the colony forming ability (CFA) of the cells and alterations in the molecular structure determined by comparing the infrared spectrum of irradiated and unirradiated cell cultures. At absorbed power levels of 20 mW in 1 ml of cellular suspensions (i.e., a specific absorption rate of 20 W/kg) for 10-12 hour exposures, no effects were observed on either the molecular structure or the CFA for this particular strain of E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:336898", "title": "Features of the normal menstrual cycle.", "content": "The information currently available concerning the endocrine aspects of the human menstrual cycle from puberty to menopause is briefly summarized. Features of abnormal menstrual cycles are defined and the endocrine features of the menopausal state summarized. Cautions are expressed regarding the physiologic nature of current and contemplated replacement therapy.", "contents": "Features of the normal menstrual cycle. The information currently available concerning the endocrine aspects of the human menstrual cycle from puberty to menopause is briefly summarized. Features of abnormal menstrual cycles are defined and the endocrine features of the menopausal state summarized. Cautions are expressed regarding the physiologic nature of current and contemplated replacement therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:336900", "title": "Contraceptive steroids and liver lesions.", "content": "Concern has been expressed about the possible untoward effect of oral contraceptives on the liver. During the past 10 yr an increasing number of cases of hepatic adenomas and related lesions has been reported in women using oral contraceptives. Such lesions occur only rarely, but it is the rarity itself that makes it difficult to evaluate the role of the contraceptive steroids. The enormity of the denominator in contraceptive steroid usage is so unwieldy that mechanisms to measure accurately the difference in an extremely small numerator are still plaguing the epidemiologist, who at best can supply only estimates. The data to date support an exceedingly low incidence of disease. This is much below the greater risks faced in accepted activities of daily living, particularly as affected by pregnancy itself. A plea is made to develop programs for better prospective evaluations of newer medications along with better animal experimental models.", "contents": "Contraceptive steroids and liver lesions. Concern has been expressed about the possible untoward effect of oral contraceptives on the liver. During the past 10 yr an increasing number of cases of hepatic adenomas and related lesions has been reported in women using oral contraceptives. Such lesions occur only rarely, but it is the rarity itself that makes it difficult to evaluate the role of the contraceptive steroids. The enormity of the denominator in contraceptive steroid usage is so unwieldy that mechanisms to measure accurately the difference in an extremely small numerator are still plaguing the epidemiologist, who at best can supply only estimates. The data to date support an exceedingly low incidence of disease. This is much below the greater risks faced in accepted activities of daily living, particularly as affected by pregnancy itself. A plea is made to develop programs for better prospective evaluations of newer medications along with better animal experimental models."}
{"id": "PMID:336906", "title": "The radiologic diagnosis of malignant tumors of the salivary glands.", "content": "Radiologic investigation of possible salivary gland malignancy may answer in part questions concerning the lesion under study. Is it an invasive tumor, as evidenced by tissue destruction? Is the tumor intrinsic or extrinsic in origin to the salivary gland? Does the tumor extend into the deep portion of the salivary gland or beyond it into surrounding soft tissues? Sialography plays the major diagnostic role in consideration of the radiologic diagnosis of malignant tumors of the salivary glands. However, certain advanced radiologic modalities such as salivary gland scanning with sodium pertechnetate or 67Gallium citrate, as well as cervical ultrasound and computed tomography, may prove useful. This paper attempts to provide some answers to these questions.", "contents": "The radiologic diagnosis of malignant tumors of the salivary glands. Radiologic investigation of possible salivary gland malignancy may answer in part questions concerning the lesion under study. Is it an invasive tumor, as evidenced by tissue destruction? Is the tumor intrinsic or extrinsic in origin to the salivary gland? Does the tumor extend into the deep portion of the salivary gland or beyond it into surrounding soft tissues? Sialography plays the major diagnostic role in consideration of the radiologic diagnosis of malignant tumors of the salivary glands. However, certain advanced radiologic modalities such as salivary gland scanning with sodium pertechnetate or 67Gallium citrate, as well as cervical ultrasound and computed tomography, may prove useful. This paper attempts to provide some answers to these questions."}
{"id": "PMID:336907", "title": "Reconstruction of the floor of the mouth following surgery for cancer.", "content": "The authors, members of a very active service of Head and Neck Surgery, tell of their experience with the reconstruction of the floor of the mouth following surgery for cancer. They feel that the simplest methods of reconstruction are the best.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the floor of the mouth following surgery for cancer. The authors, members of a very active service of Head and Neck Surgery, tell of their experience with the reconstruction of the floor of the mouth following surgery for cancer. They feel that the simplest methods of reconstruction are the best."}
{"id": "PMID:336911", "title": "Malignant lymphoma of the testis: a clinicopathologic study of 37 cases.", "content": "The clinicopathologic findings in 37 cases of malignant lymphoma with primary clinical manifestation in the testis were analyzed. Of these cases 34 were classified as histiocytic lymphoma and 3 as lymphocytic lymphoma. Patients usually presented with a painless small testicular mass of short duration. The peak incidence occurred in the fifth through eighth decades. Metachronous testicular involvement was noted in 35 per cent of the cases and simultaneous bilateral involvement in 3 per cent. In 25 per cent of the cases the first manifestation of lymphoma after orchiectomy was in the opposite testis. Regional and distant nodes were equally common sites of lymphoma after orchiectomy. The long-term survival of a few patients after orchiectomy may suggest that some malignant lymphomas are truly primary in the testis. However, the short interval free of disease and the rapid death of most patients imply that most testicular lymphomas are a manifestation of multicentric origin of systemic malignant lymphoma. The over-all 2 and 5-year survival rates were 30 and 20 per cent, respectively. Prospective studies are needed to define the optimal modality of treatment.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma of the testis: a clinicopathologic study of 37 cases. The clinicopathologic findings in 37 cases of malignant lymphoma with primary clinical manifestation in the testis were analyzed. Of these cases 34 were classified as histiocytic lymphoma and 3 as lymphocytic lymphoma. Patients usually presented with a painless small testicular mass of short duration. The peak incidence occurred in the fifth through eighth decades. Metachronous testicular involvement was noted in 35 per cent of the cases and simultaneous bilateral involvement in 3 per cent. In 25 per cent of the cases the first manifestation of lymphoma after orchiectomy was in the opposite testis. Regional and distant nodes were equally common sites of lymphoma after orchiectomy. The long-term survival of a few patients after orchiectomy may suggest that some malignant lymphomas are truly primary in the testis. However, the short interval free of disease and the rapid death of most patients imply that most testicular lymphomas are a manifestation of multicentric origin of systemic malignant lymphoma. The over-all 2 and 5-year survival rates were 30 and 20 per cent, respectively. Prospective studies are needed to define the optimal modality of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:336912", "title": "The ureter in pediatric renal allotransplantation.", "content": "The ureteral complications of 26 renal allografts in 20 transplant pediatric recipients are presented. The catastrophic events following extravasation are documented. The need for early diagnosis as an aggressive treatment is emphasized.", "contents": "The ureter in pediatric renal allotransplantation. The ureteral complications of 26 renal allografts in 20 transplant pediatric recipients are presented. The catastrophic events following extravasation are documented. The need for early diagnosis as an aggressive treatment is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:336914", "title": "Renal lithiasis: a practical approach.", "content": "Management of most patients with calculous disease has been less than ideal in the past. Too often therapeutic efforts were limited to symptomatic calculi. Stones were allowed to pass or were removed, metabolic studies were incomplete, victims were dismissed and forgotten, and prophylactic measures were negligible and usually confined to milk restriction and use of distilled water. More patients were crippled with and died of recurrent calculous disease, urinary infection and progressive renal insufficiency than from any other upper urinary tract abnormality. During the last decade the development of a renal stone clinic at this institution has allowed a nephrourologic approach to the management of urolithiasis. This account of classification, diagnosis and management of the various syndromes associated with urolithiasis is based on the experiences gained during the last decade with this common but ill-understood urologic problem.", "contents": "Renal lithiasis: a practical approach. Management of most patients with calculous disease has been less than ideal in the past. Too often therapeutic efforts were limited to symptomatic calculi. Stones were allowed to pass or were removed, metabolic studies were incomplete, victims were dismissed and forgotten, and prophylactic measures were negligible and usually confined to milk restriction and use of distilled water. More patients were crippled with and died of recurrent calculous disease, urinary infection and progressive renal insufficiency than from any other upper urinary tract abnormality. During the last decade the development of a renal stone clinic at this institution has allowed a nephrourologic approach to the management of urolithiasis. This account of classification, diagnosis and management of the various syndromes associated with urolithiasis is based on the experiences gained during the last decade with this common but ill-understood urologic problem."}
{"id": "PMID:336915", "title": "Emphysematous pyelonephritis.", "content": "We herein describe 2 cases of emphysematous pyelonephritis, which can be added to the 42 cases previously reported. Both female patients were diabetic and had Escherichia coli infections. Both had ureteral obstruction and underwent nephrectomy to survive septic and/or azotemic crises. Timely surgical intervention after unsuccessful antibiotics and conventional medical measurements is life-saving.", "contents": "Emphysematous pyelonephritis. We herein describe 2 cases of emphysematous pyelonephritis, which can be added to the 42 cases previously reported. Both female patients were diabetic and had Escherichia coli infections. Both had ureteral obstruction and underwent nephrectomy to survive septic and/or azotemic crises. Timely surgical intervention after unsuccessful antibiotics and conventional medical measurements is life-saving."}
{"id": "PMID:336916", "title": "Fertility problems in the renal transplant patient.", "content": "Renal function, and pituitary and testicular hormone levels were correlated with spermatogenesis in 7 male patients who had undergone successful kidney transplantations. Functions of the pituitary-Leydig cell axis were not impaired. However, abnormal renal function had a direct adverse affect on spermatogenesis. Mechanisms causing infertility in post-transplant patients are reviewed.", "contents": "Fertility problems in the renal transplant patient. Renal function, and pituitary and testicular hormone levels were correlated with spermatogenesis in 7 male patients who had undergone successful kidney transplantations. Functions of the pituitary-Leydig cell axis were not impaired. However, abnormal renal function had a direct adverse affect on spermatogenesis. Mechanisms causing infertility in post-transplant patients are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:336919", "title": "Nicolo Paganini. Musical magician and Marfan mutant?", "content": "The thesis is advanced that Nicolo Paganini of Genoa (1782 to 1840), the greatest violin virtuoso of all time, owed his incomparable violin virtuosity to a fortuitous and fortunate coincidence of three factors: a soaring musical genius, a flair for the dramatic and ostentatious, and manual dexterity conferred by being born with the long fingers and hyperextensible joints of Marfan's syndrome. Ordinarily, an inborn connective tissue disorder is a calamity for the patient and a burden for society. In this particular instance, however, Marfan's syndrome bequeathed to posterity a legacy that will ennoble the human spirit for innumerable generations yet to come.", "contents": "Nicolo Paganini. Musical magician and Marfan mutant? The thesis is advanced that Nicolo Paganini of Genoa (1782 to 1840), the greatest violin virtuoso of all time, owed his incomparable violin virtuosity to a fortuitous and fortunate coincidence of three factors: a soaring musical genius, a flair for the dramatic and ostentatious, and manual dexterity conferred by being born with the long fingers and hyperextensible joints of Marfan's syndrome. Ordinarily, an inborn connective tissue disorder is a calamity for the patient and a burden for society. In this particular instance, however, Marfan's syndrome bequeathed to posterity a legacy that will ennoble the human spirit for innumerable generations yet to come."}
{"id": "PMID:336941", "title": "Clinical assessment of analgesics using ultrasonic stimulation. A new method.", "content": "A quantitative method for measuring pain threshold by the use of ultrasonic stimulation in man was designed and the possibility of clinical application in assessing analgesics was investigated. Ultrasonic stimulus was given to Japanese subjects on the palmer distal part of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th fingers of both hands. The latent time between start of the stimulation and withdrawal of the hand when perceiving pain was considered the pain threshold. The ultrasonic evoked pain was a sharp pin-prick type, without sensations such as thermal and mechanical. The pain threshold lowered with increasing either stimulus intensity or water bath temperature when the hand of the subject was immersed during measurement. Normal threshold to ultrasonic stimulation measured in both 50 men and 50 women gave nearly normal distribution curves; women being more sensitive to ultrasonics than men. Analgesia with codeine phosphate (20 mg p.o.), aspirin (1.5, 1.0, 0.5 g p.o.), aminopyrine (100 mg p.o.) and mefenamic acid (500 mg p.o.) in volunteers of both sexes was demonstrated significantly using this method under double blind circumstances. Pentobarbital, diazepam, butylscopolamine, bromelain and placebo each in the usual dose used clinically failed to alter the pain threshold. Humans were at least 25 fold more sensitive than mice to the analgesics used herein.", "contents": "Clinical assessment of analgesics using ultrasonic stimulation. A new method. A quantitative method for measuring pain threshold by the use of ultrasonic stimulation in man was designed and the possibility of clinical application in assessing analgesics was investigated. Ultrasonic stimulus was given to Japanese subjects on the palmer distal part of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th fingers of both hands. The latent time between start of the stimulation and withdrawal of the hand when perceiving pain was considered the pain threshold. The ultrasonic evoked pain was a sharp pin-prick type, without sensations such as thermal and mechanical. The pain threshold lowered with increasing either stimulus intensity or water bath temperature when the hand of the subject was immersed during measurement. Normal threshold to ultrasonic stimulation measured in both 50 men and 50 women gave nearly normal distribution curves; women being more sensitive to ultrasonics than men. Analgesia with codeine phosphate (20 mg p.o.), aspirin (1.5, 1.0, 0.5 g p.o.), aminopyrine (100 mg p.o.) and mefenamic acid (500 mg p.o.) in volunteers of both sexes was demonstrated significantly using this method under double blind circumstances. Pentobarbital, diazepam, butylscopolamine, bromelain and placebo each in the usual dose used clinically failed to alter the pain threshold. Humans were at least 25 fold more sensitive than mice to the analgesics used herein."}
{"id": "PMID:336944", "title": "Change of macrophage migration inhibitory factor: possible indicator for postoperative prognosis.", "content": "Sixty three cancer cases who received minimum of the removal of the main tumor constitute the subjects of the present study. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) of peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied using extirpated autochthonous tumor tissues as antigen and guinea-pig peritoneal exudative cells as indicator cells immediately before the operation and the fourth postoperative week. The results indicated that in those cases of relatively early stage, i.e. Stages I and II, whose tumor was believed to have been removed completely, MIF turned negative in 7/9 (77.8 per cent) after the operation, while in others with advanced cancer of Stage IV in which the tumor bearing tissue was probably not completely removed, MIF turned positive in most cases (13/17: 75.6 per cent) postoperatively, even though it was negative before the operation. In the cases of Stage III with cancer progressed to an intermediate degree, in about half of the cases (7/11: 63.6 per cent) MIF turned negative after the operation and in the other half (7/10: 70 per cent) MIF became positive postoperatively, suggesting that for MIF to persist the presence of certain amount of tumor tissue is necessary.", "contents": "Change of macrophage migration inhibitory factor: possible indicator for postoperative prognosis. Sixty three cancer cases who received minimum of the removal of the main tumor constitute the subjects of the present study. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) of peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied using extirpated autochthonous tumor tissues as antigen and guinea-pig peritoneal exudative cells as indicator cells immediately before the operation and the fourth postoperative week. The results indicated that in those cases of relatively early stage, i.e. Stages I and II, whose tumor was believed to have been removed completely, MIF turned negative in 7/9 (77.8 per cent) after the operation, while in others with advanced cancer of Stage IV in which the tumor bearing tissue was probably not completely removed, MIF turned positive in most cases (13/17: 75.6 per cent) postoperatively, even though it was negative before the operation. In the cases of Stage III with cancer progressed to an intermediate degree, in about half of the cases (7/11: 63.6 per cent) MIF turned negative after the operation and in the other half (7/10: 70 per cent) MIF became positive postoperatively, suggesting that for MIF to persist the presence of certain amount of tumor tissue is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:336945", "title": "Studies on the effects of heterologous antisera against subcellular thymocyte fraction.", "content": "Subcellular fractions of mice thymocytes were used for sensitization of rabbits. The antisera were examined for their immunosuppressive potency in vivo by allogeneic murine tumor metastases system and on skingraft survival and in vitro by leukocyte agglutination tests. The results indicated that the most potent immunosuppressive antisera was that against the second fraction (Fr. 2) of the detergent soluble endoplasmic reticulum fraction from thymocytes.", "contents": "Studies on the effects of heterologous antisera against subcellular thymocyte fraction. Subcellular fractions of mice thymocytes were used for sensitization of rabbits. The antisera were examined for their immunosuppressive potency in vivo by allogeneic murine tumor metastases system and on skingraft survival and in vitro by leukocyte agglutination tests. The results indicated that the most potent immunosuppressive antisera was that against the second fraction (Fr. 2) of the detergent soluble endoplasmic reticulum fraction from thymocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:336946", "title": "Prehospital cardiac arrest after arrival of the Paramedic Unit.", "content": "Rapid response time by paramedic units made it possible to study 26 cases of \"primary\" cardiac arrests occurring after arrival of the unit. Ventricular fibrillation developed in 14 cases with prodromal ectopy in only two (14%) and rapidly increasing tachycardia in seven (50%). Countershock was successful in 12 (86%) and six (43%) survived. Bradycardia and asystole following countershock forecasted a fatal outcome. Brady-asystolic arrests (BAA) developed rapidly without much warning in 12 cases and were due to sinus arrest or severe sinus bradycardia in 92% and to atrioventricular block in 8%. BAA was 100% fatal. Coronary artery disease was diagnosed as the cause of BAA in seven (58%). All of the three cases, proven to be due to coronary artery disease at autopsy, had an occlusion of the proximal right coronary artery. In the remaining five (42%) cases, BAA was secondary to ruptured aneurysm (2), acute pancreatitis (1), chronic lung disease (1), and mitral stenosis (1). These observations emphasize a need for a more aggressive approach to prehospital management of brady-asystolic cardiac arrests.", "contents": "Prehospital cardiac arrest after arrival of the Paramedic Unit. Rapid response time by paramedic units made it possible to study 26 cases of \"primary\" cardiac arrests occurring after arrival of the unit. Ventricular fibrillation developed in 14 cases with prodromal ectopy in only two (14%) and rapidly increasing tachycardia in seven (50%). Countershock was successful in 12 (86%) and six (43%) survived. Bradycardia and asystole following countershock forecasted a fatal outcome. Brady-asystolic arrests (BAA) developed rapidly without much warning in 12 cases and were due to sinus arrest or severe sinus bradycardia in 92% and to atrioventricular block in 8%. BAA was 100% fatal. Coronary artery disease was diagnosed as the cause of BAA in seven (58%). All of the three cases, proven to be due to coronary artery disease at autopsy, had an occlusion of the proximal right coronary artery. In the remaining five (42%) cases, BAA was secondary to ruptured aneurysm (2), acute pancreatitis (1), chronic lung disease (1), and mitral stenosis (1). These observations emphasize a need for a more aggressive approach to prehospital management of brady-asystolic cardiac arrests."}
{"id": "PMID:336951", "title": "[Experimental autotransplantation of the heart].", "content": "The paper analyses the results of 15 heart autotransplantations undertaken in puppies under deep hypothermia. The employed method of autotransplantation without division of the atrial septum is described. The characteristics of a adaptation of the cardiac autotransplant in the recipient body are presented along with the principles of correction of the changes observed in the early postoperative period.", "contents": "[Experimental autotransplantation of the heart]. The paper analyses the results of 15 heart autotransplantations undertaken in puppies under deep hypothermia. The employed method of autotransplantation without division of the atrial septum is described. The characteristics of a adaptation of the cardiac autotransplant in the recipient body are presented along with the principles of correction of the changes observed in the early postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:336954", "title": "[Automatic data processing in the studies of the electric activity of the heart].", "content": "A generalized analysis of the work going on at the Kaunas Medical Institute in automation of instrumental investigations is reported. The aim, destination and the field of application for the systems of automated analysis of electrocardiograms and rhythmograms, whose construction is based on the use of LIBM-22 and BECM-6 computers, are described. Fundamental prinicples laid at the root of the systems (data file, algorhythms employed, structure of response), mathematical and technical provisions, analysis of basic errors and possibilities of their elimination are presented.", "contents": "[Automatic data processing in the studies of the electric activity of the heart]. A generalized analysis of the work going on at the Kaunas Medical Institute in automation of instrumental investigations is reported. The aim, destination and the field of application for the systems of automated analysis of electrocardiograms and rhythmograms, whose construction is based on the use of LIBM-22 and BECM-6 computers, are described. Fundamental prinicples laid at the root of the systems (data file, algorhythms employed, structure of response), mathematical and technical provisions, analysis of basic errors and possibilities of their elimination are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:336957", "title": "[Basic trends in the use of mathematics and computer technics in cardiology].", "content": "Five cardinal, according to the author, trends in the utilization of mathematics and computing technique in cardiology are discussed, viz. in the diagnosis, including mass-examinations of the population; in prognosing, with screening at the time of mass-examination of the population groups of persons presenting risks as to the development of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, hypertensive disease, etc.; in the treatment; in the organization of information-search systems; in modelling. The significance of the cited trends for theoretical and practical cardiology is shown on examples from experience of the work carried out by research bodies headed by the author.", "contents": "[Basic trends in the use of mathematics and computer technics in cardiology]. Five cardinal, according to the author, trends in the utilization of mathematics and computing technique in cardiology are discussed, viz. in the diagnosis, including mass-examinations of the population; in prognosing, with screening at the time of mass-examination of the population groups of persons presenting risks as to the development of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, hypertensive disease, etc.; in the treatment; in the organization of information-search systems; in modelling. The significance of the cited trends for theoretical and practical cardiology is shown on examples from experience of the work carried out by research bodies headed by the author."}
{"id": "PMID:336958", "title": "[Possibilities of the automatic data processing in differential diagnosis of arteriosclerotic cardiosclerosis and rheumatic heart disease complicated by auricular fibrillation].", "content": "The possibility of applying some mathematical methods for automating the process of differential diagnosis between atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis and rheumatic heart diseases complicated by auricular fibrillation, based on employing computing technique in processing the cardiointervalographic findings, is discussed. The processing of cardiointervalograms taken in 2 groups of patients with diseases in question (totaling 49 persons) aged over 45 evidenced that in the differential diagnosis mathematical expectation and dispersion of the R-R intervals duration are most informative signs. It is shown that for the purpose of automatic diagnosis of atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis and rheumatic heart diseases complicated by auricular fibrillation with the method under discussion the sufficient length of cardiointervalograms equals 130--150 R--R-intervals.", "contents": "[Possibilities of the automatic data processing in differential diagnosis of arteriosclerotic cardiosclerosis and rheumatic heart disease complicated by auricular fibrillation]. The possibility of applying some mathematical methods for automating the process of differential diagnosis between atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis and rheumatic heart diseases complicated by auricular fibrillation, based on employing computing technique in processing the cardiointervalographic findings, is discussed. The processing of cardiointervalograms taken in 2 groups of patients with diseases in question (totaling 49 persons) aged over 45 evidenced that in the differential diagnosis mathematical expectation and dispersion of the R-R intervals duration are most informative signs. It is shown that for the purpose of automatic diagnosis of atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis and rheumatic heart diseases complicated by auricular fibrillation with the method under discussion the sufficient length of cardiointervalograms equals 130--150 R--R-intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:336959", "title": "[Ergometric tests in cardiology (problems of standardization and automation)].", "content": "A method of ergometric tests furnishing a quantitative evaluation of the coronary and contractile function reserves and also ensuring safe examination has been devised. The veloergometric tests proceed under a continuous ECG and integral rheographic control with automatic throwing-off the load in case of ischemic changes of the ECG or reduction of the circulation volume. The amount of work done by the moment of throwing off the load was taken as a quantitative measure of the corresponding functional reserve. This principle served as a basis for constructing an electronic system automating the conduct and assessment of the veloergometric test. Examinations covered 890 healthy persons and patients. Future prospects for the use of biologically controlled ergometric tests are outlined.", "contents": "[Ergometric tests in cardiology (problems of standardization and automation)]. A method of ergometric tests furnishing a quantitative evaluation of the coronary and contractile function reserves and also ensuring safe examination has been devised. The veloergometric tests proceed under a continuous ECG and integral rheographic control with automatic throwing-off the load in case of ischemic changes of the ECG or reduction of the circulation volume. The amount of work done by the moment of throwing off the load was taken as a quantitative measure of the corresponding functional reserve. This principle served as a basis for constructing an electronic system automating the conduct and assessment of the veloergometric test. Examinations covered 890 healthy persons and patients. Future prospects for the use of biologically controlled ergometric tests are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:336960", "title": "[Use of mathematical analysis of the cardiac rhythm in evaluation of the functional state of a patient in surgical interventions].", "content": "In 112 patients mathematical analysis of the cardiac rhythm indices and a biochemical investigation were effected during operative interventions with diverse types of endotracheal anesthesia. The correlation analysis of the cardiac rhythm parameters showed that at the most traumatic moment of the operation the synchronization of the functional links aimed at maintaining homeostasis was going up. Pharmacological block of adrenergic receptors results in weakening correlational interlinks. By analyzing the degree of synchronization marking functional links of the cardiac rhythm parameters that characterize the vegetative homeostasis it becomes possible to obtain information as to the level of the level of the adaptive-regulatory mechanisms tension and the correspondence of the depth of anesthesia to the seriousness of the operation trauma at different stages of surgery.", "contents": "[Use of mathematical analysis of the cardiac rhythm in evaluation of the functional state of a patient in surgical interventions]. In 112 patients mathematical analysis of the cardiac rhythm indices and a biochemical investigation were effected during operative interventions with diverse types of endotracheal anesthesia. The correlation analysis of the cardiac rhythm parameters showed that at the most traumatic moment of the operation the synchronization of the functional links aimed at maintaining homeostasis was going up. Pharmacological block of adrenergic receptors results in weakening correlational interlinks. By analyzing the degree of synchronization marking functional links of the cardiac rhythm parameters that characterize the vegetative homeostasis it becomes possible to obtain information as to the level of the level of the adaptive-regulatory mechanisms tension and the correspondence of the depth of anesthesia to the seriousness of the operation trauma at different stages of surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:336961", "title": "[Effect of arteriovenous shunt and anastomosis on the central hemodynamics of patients kept on programmed hemodialysis].", "content": "Investigations of central hemodynamic indices made by the method of dye dilution in 30 patients kept on a programmed hemodialysis evidenced that the discharge of the blood through an arterio-venous shunt and fistula was one of the causes accounting for the development of the hyperkinetic circulatory syndrome, the fistula exercising a greater influence on the circulation than did the shunt.", "contents": "[Effect of arteriovenous shunt and anastomosis on the central hemodynamics of patients kept on programmed hemodialysis]. Investigations of central hemodynamic indices made by the method of dye dilution in 30 patients kept on a programmed hemodialysis evidenced that the discharge of the blood through an arterio-venous shunt and fistula was one of the causes accounting for the development of the hyperkinetic circulatory syndrome, the fistula exercising a greater influence on the circulation than did the shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:336963", "title": "[Retrospective evaluation of various methods of examination for prognosis of cardiac insufficiency in the subacute period of myocardial infarct].", "content": "A retrospective analysis of the informativeness of certain methods of examination for ascertaining the possibility of cardiac failure developing in the subacute period of penetrating, predominantly primary transmural myocardial infarction with no clinical signs of cardiac failure in the first three days after the onset of the disease. In 60 patients circulation time in the \"arm--ear\" area and in 25 of them the stroke and minute volumes by the dye dilution method were studied. The state of the fluid spaces was investigated in 18 patients and daily natriuresis in 23. In 36 patients the condition of the pulmonary circulation was judged  by means of roentgenogram. The high value of the information gained from study of circulation time and natriuresis and X-ray examination in the prognostication of the development of cardiac failure is shown.", "contents": "[Retrospective evaluation of various methods of examination for prognosis of cardiac insufficiency in the subacute period of myocardial infarct]. A retrospective analysis of the informativeness of certain methods of examination for ascertaining the possibility of cardiac failure developing in the subacute period of penetrating, predominantly primary transmural myocardial infarction with no clinical signs of cardiac failure in the first three days after the onset of the disease. In 60 patients circulation time in the \"arm--ear\" area and in 25 of them the stroke and minute volumes by the dye dilution method were studied. The state of the fluid spaces was investigated in 18 patients and daily natriuresis in 23. In 36 patients the condition of the pulmonary circulation was judged  by means of roentgenogram. The high value of the information gained from study of circulation time and natriuresis and X-ray examination in the prognostication of the development of cardiac failure is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:336964", "title": "[Computer programming for radiocardiography and radiocyclography].", "content": "Digital radiocardiography with linear programming, on the ALGOL language, by means of an ODRA-1204 computer is described. Determination of cardiac dynamical parameters of patients in rest and under load was carried out. Radioisotopic methods were combined with conventional cardiologic examinations, particularly the microcatheterization.", "contents": "[Computer programming for radiocardiography and radiocyclography]. Digital radiocardiography with linear programming, on the ALGOL language, by means of an ODRA-1204 computer is described. Determination of cardiac dynamical parameters of patients in rest and under load was carried out. Radioisotopic methods were combined with conventional cardiologic examinations, particularly the microcatheterization."}
{"id": "PMID:336971", "title": "[Keratoplasty in performed ulcus corneae (author's transl)].", "content": "The best therapy in cases of perforated ulcus corneae is the immediately performed perforating keratoplasty with fresh material as the following up of 7 patients shows. Also in cases of perforated metaherpetic ulcus a satisfying improvement of the vision over a long period of time is possible. The surgical technique is described.", "contents": "[Keratoplasty in performed ulcus corneae (author's transl)]. The best therapy in cases of perforated ulcus corneae is the immediately performed perforating keratoplasty with fresh material as the following up of 7 patients shows. Also in cases of perforated metaherpetic ulcus a satisfying improvement of the vision over a long period of time is possible. The surgical technique is described."}
{"id": "PMID:336972", "title": "[Cataract extraction after a fistulizing operation (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on a method for cataract extraction after fistulizing operation. The incision is made in a straight line on the cornea underneath the fistula, so that the two ends of the incision are in the limbal region. This corneo-limbla incision does not injure the fistula. The closure is performed under the microscope with a continuous suture. The results obtained support the security of this method.", "contents": "[Cataract extraction after a fistulizing operation (author's transl)]. A report is given on a method for cataract extraction after fistulizing operation. The incision is made in a straight line on the cornea underneath the fistula, so that the two ends of the incision are in the limbal region. This corneo-limbla incision does not injure the fistula. The closure is performed under the microscope with a continuous suture. The results obtained support the security of this method."}
{"id": "PMID:336973", "title": "[Combined trephining with scleral flap (Elliot-Fronimopoulos) and intracapsular cataract extraction (author's transl)].", "content": "68 eyes of 51 non-selected patients on which a combined cataract extraction and Elliot's trephining with scleral flap (Fronimopoulos) had been performed between 1972 and september 1976, were re-examined between 6 and 48 months following operation. Postoperative complications were rare: there was one persistent shallow anterior chamber following excessive filtration, one increase of tension floowing a block of the trephine canal by vitreous, and one increase of tension following too tight suturing of the scleral flap which necessitated re-operation. Tension was compensated without therapy in 42 eyes (61,7%) and with local therapy in 24 eyes (35,3%). Only in 2 eyes (3%) normal intra-ocular pressure was not achieved. Altogether 97% of the eyes were compensated, some with additional local therapy. The combined cataract extraction and Elliot's trephining with scleral flap (Fronimopoulos) is an effective and low risk technique that is recommended in cases of cataract with raised intraocular pressure not controlled by medical treatment.", "contents": "[Combined trephining with scleral flap (Elliot-Fronimopoulos) and intracapsular cataract extraction (author's transl)]. 68 eyes of 51 non-selected patients on which a combined cataract extraction and Elliot's trephining with scleral flap (Fronimopoulos) had been performed between 1972 and september 1976, were re-examined between 6 and 48 months following operation. Postoperative complications were rare: there was one persistent shallow anterior chamber following excessive filtration, one increase of tension floowing a block of the trephine canal by vitreous, and one increase of tension following too tight suturing of the scleral flap which necessitated re-operation. Tension was compensated without therapy in 42 eyes (61,7%) and with local therapy in 24 eyes (35,3%). Only in 2 eyes (3%) normal intra-ocular pressure was not achieved. Altogether 97% of the eyes were compensated, some with additional local therapy. The combined cataract extraction and Elliot's trephining with scleral flap (Fronimopoulos) is an effective and low risk technique that is recommended in cases of cataract with raised intraocular pressure not controlled by medical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:336974", "title": "[The correction of the paralytic ectropion by simple belpharoplastic methods (author's transl)].", "content": "In cases of paralytic ectropion the slackened skin must not be resected but has to be used for the lifting of the lower eyelid. This aim can be reached by an antidromic skin shifting with an ypsiliform incision or in less difficult cases by a hook-shaped skin flap, who becomes effective as a curb of the lower eyelid by the exchange of the flaps.", "contents": "[The correction of the paralytic ectropion by simple belpharoplastic methods (author's transl)]. In cases of paralytic ectropion the slackened skin must not be resected but has to be used for the lifting of the lower eyelid. This aim can be reached by an antidromic skin shifting with an ypsiliform incision or in less difficult cases by a hook-shaped skin flap, who becomes effective as a curb of the lower eyelid by the exchange of the flaps."}
{"id": "PMID:336975", "title": "[On the treatment of acute arterial circulatory disturbances of the retina and optic nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "After discussing basic therapeutic principles for the treatment of acute arterial occlusions of the retina and N. opticus (fibrinolysis, anticoagulation, corticoids, vasoactive drugs) the problems in employment of vasodilating drugs and the necessity of concomitant administration of strophanthine or digitalisglycosides are outlined. Results obtained after the administration of 3,7-Dimethyl-1-(5-oxo-hexyl)-xanthine (Pentoxifylline, Trental) in the treatment of 49 cases suffering from occlusion of the retinal vessels and 23 cases with vascular occlusion in the N. opticus are reported and commented with a view to the bad prognosis of these serious disorders, 55% of the patients showing definite improvement of visual acuity. Therapeutic guidelines resulting from these experiences are presented.", "contents": "[On the treatment of acute arterial circulatory disturbances of the retina and optic nerve (author's transl)]. After discussing basic therapeutic principles for the treatment of acute arterial occlusions of the retina and N. opticus (fibrinolysis, anticoagulation, corticoids, vasoactive drugs) the problems in employment of vasodilating drugs and the necessity of concomitant administration of strophanthine or digitalisglycosides are outlined. Results obtained after the administration of 3,7-Dimethyl-1-(5-oxo-hexyl)-xanthine (Pentoxifylline, Trental) in the treatment of 49 cases suffering from occlusion of the retinal vessels and 23 cases with vascular occlusion in the N. opticus are reported and commented with a view to the bad prognosis of these serious disorders, 55% of the patients showing definite improvement of visual acuity. Therapeutic guidelines resulting from these experiences are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:336978", "title": "[Graphical methods in data analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Data analysis is concerned with attentive description and communication of the information contents of a body of data. Background information, conceptual insight and especially graphical methods play a key role in data analysis for developing a feeling for the data both by formal procedures to be applied in the light of specified models and even more by informal inference or methods that are suggestive and conctructive. This paper reviews graphical methods useful for description, screening, analysis, cross-examining, selection, reduction, presentation and summary of data: for uncovering distributional peculiarities and understanding the structure underlying experimental and survey data. Moreover scatter plots, probability plots and residual plots provide insight into the possible inappropriateness of certain assumptions of the statistical model. Some techniques are illustrated by examples: four-dimensional data may be reprented as scatter plot on ordinary graph paper by using a combination of 2 different sets of symbols for at most 7 different levels of the third variable (formula: see text) and of the fourth variable (formula: see text). Comments on the use of tables and graphical methods, a small overview of the latter and of the scope of applications endeavour to pave the way such that structures may be better understandable and unanticipated characteristics may be spotted.", "contents": "[Graphical methods in data analysis (author's transl)]. Data analysis is concerned with attentive description and communication of the information contents of a body of data. Background information, conceptual insight and especially graphical methods play a key role in data analysis for developing a feeling for the data both by formal procedures to be applied in the light of specified models and even more by informal inference or methods that are suggestive and conctructive. This paper reviews graphical methods useful for description, screening, analysis, cross-examining, selection, reduction, presentation and summary of data: for uncovering distributional peculiarities and understanding the structure underlying experimental and survey data. Moreover scatter plots, probability plots and residual plots provide insight into the possible inappropriateness of certain assumptions of the statistical model. Some techniques are illustrated by examples: four-dimensional data may be reprented as scatter plot on ordinary graph paper by using a combination of 2 different sets of symbols for at most 7 different levels of the third variable (formula: see text) and of the fourth variable (formula: see text). Comments on the use of tables and graphical methods, a small overview of the latter and of the scope of applications endeavour to pave the way such that structures may be better understandable and unanticipated characteristics may be spotted."}
{"id": "PMID:336984", "title": "The advantage of heterotopic cardiac transplantation over orthotopic cardiac transplantation in the management of severe acute rejection.", "content": "The major problems with organ transplantation are rejection of the allograft and the side effects of antirejection therapy. This report describes the successful treatment of a patient in whom rejection of the donor heart developed 10 months after implantation. The recipient's own heart had been left intact and was able to support the circulation during the period of rejection. Indications are that the \"rest\" period of 10 months was beneficial to the myopathic left ventricle of the recipient's heart.", "contents": "The advantage of heterotopic cardiac transplantation over orthotopic cardiac transplantation in the management of severe acute rejection. The major problems with organ transplantation are rejection of the allograft and the side effects of antirejection therapy. This report describes the successful treatment of a patient in whom rejection of the donor heart developed 10 months after implantation. The recipient's own heart had been left intact and was able to support the circulation during the period of rejection. Indications are that the \"rest\" period of 10 months was beneficial to the myopathic left ventricle of the recipient's heart."}
{"id": "PMID:336985", "title": "Surgical treatment of echinococcal cyst of the heart. Report of two cases and review of the world literature.", "content": "The case histories of two children with echinococcal cysts of the left ventricular myocardium are reported. Both patients underwent successful enucleation of the cysts, after initial local treatment with 0.5 percent silver nitrate solution. A previous review of the world literature on the surgical treatment of echinococcal cyst of the heart, published in 1971, is brought up to date by the addition of 60 new cases to the 118 cases then described. Instillation of 0.5 percent silver nitrate solution into the cyst cavity is now a routine procedure in our institution to sterilize the cyst and to kill the scolices. This substance is preferable to formalin and hypertonic sodium chloride solution, because it acts rapidly and is nontoxic and nonabsorbable. The two children in this report are the first in whom silver nitrate solution was used to sterilize the myocardial cysts.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of echinococcal cyst of the heart. Report of two cases and review of the world literature. The case histories of two children with echinococcal cysts of the left ventricular myocardium are reported. Both patients underwent successful enucleation of the cysts, after initial local treatment with 0.5 percent silver nitrate solution. A previous review of the world literature on the surgical treatment of echinococcal cyst of the heart, published in 1971, is brought up to date by the addition of 60 new cases to the 118 cases then described. Instillation of 0.5 percent silver nitrate solution into the cyst cavity is now a routine procedure in our institution to sterilize the cyst and to kill the scolices. This substance is preferable to formalin and hypertonic sodium chloride solution, because it acts rapidly and is nontoxic and nonabsorbable. The two children in this report are the first in whom silver nitrate solution was used to sterilize the myocardial cysts."}
{"id": "PMID:336988", "title": "Antimicrobial agents--Part II. The aminoglycosides: streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, neomycin.", "content": "Aminoglycoside antibiotics are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, do not penetrate well into the cerebrospinal fluid, are minimally bound to plasma proteins, and are rapidly excreted by the normal kidney. Neomycin is limited by its toxicity to irrigating and topical preparations or to oral medication for surgical bowel preparations or hepatic coma. Streptomycin has only a few specific indications, because newer agents are available that have broader spectrums of activity. Kanamycin is indicated in serious gram-negative infections in which Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not a likely causative agent. Gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin are effective against a broad spectrum of gram-negative organisms including P. aeruginosa. In general, both gentamicin and tobramycin are more active in vitro than amikacin on a weight basis; however, higher serum levels are achievable with amikacin than with the two others. Amikacin is probably the aminoglycoside of first choice when gentamicin resistance is strongly suspected.", "contents": "Antimicrobial agents--Part II. The aminoglycosides: streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, neomycin. Aminoglycoside antibiotics are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, do not penetrate well into the cerebrospinal fluid, are minimally bound to plasma proteins, and are rapidly excreted by the normal kidney. Neomycin is limited by its toxicity to irrigating and topical preparations or to oral medication for surgical bowel preparations or hepatic coma. Streptomycin has only a few specific indications, because newer agents are available that have broader spectrums of activity. Kanamycin is indicated in serious gram-negative infections in which Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not a likely causative agent. Gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin are effective against a broad spectrum of gram-negative organisms including P. aeruginosa. In general, both gentamicin and tobramycin are more active in vitro than amikacin on a weight basis; however, higher serum levels are achievable with amikacin than with the two others. Amikacin is probably the aminoglycoside of first choice when gentamicin resistance is strongly suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:336992", "title": "Evaluating the quality of ambulatory health care: a review of emerging methods.", "content": "While hospital quality evaluation activities have progressed dramatically in recent years, there has not been a comparable development and implementation of methods for the review and evaluation of ambulatory health care. Various technical problems regarding ambulatory records and the nature of ambulatory care itself have combined to retard the evolution of review methods. These problems are discussed, as are current efforts to overcome them. We have reviewed the relevant issues and literature and have attempted to provide a conceptual framework for better understanding the measurement of ambulatory health care quality. A selective bibliography of literature relating specifically to ambulatory care quality evaluation is presented as a guide to further study.", "contents": "Evaluating the quality of ambulatory health care: a review of emerging methods. While hospital quality evaluation activities have progressed dramatically in recent years, there has not been a comparable development and implementation of methods for the review and evaluation of ambulatory health care. Various technical problems regarding ambulatory records and the nature of ambulatory care itself have combined to retard the evolution of review methods. These problems are discussed, as are current efforts to overcome them. We have reviewed the relevant issues and literature and have attempted to provide a conceptual framework for better understanding the measurement of ambulatory health care quality. A selective bibliography of literature relating specifically to ambulatory care quality evaluation is presented as a guide to further study."}
{"id": "PMID:336997", "title": "Respiratory failure.", "content": "Patients with respiratory failure should be approached in a systematic way, with emphasis both in diagnosis and treatment on arterial blood gases. The intelligent assessment of oxygenation, ventilation and acid-base balance, based on physiologic principles, can make the management of these patients very rewarding. The physiologic principles outlined here should be well understood by anyone entrusted with the care of these patients. They provide the cornerstone of diagnosis and management, and will remain valid long after current clinical dogma has been revised.", "contents": "Respiratory failure. Patients with respiratory failure should be approached in a systematic way, with emphasis both in diagnosis and treatment on arterial blood gases. The intelligent assessment of oxygenation, ventilation and acid-base balance, based on physiologic principles, can make the management of these patients very rewarding. The physiologic principles outlined here should be well understood by anyone entrusted with the care of these patients. They provide the cornerstone of diagnosis and management, and will remain valid long after current clinical dogma has been revised."}
{"id": "PMID:337011", "title": "Mastoidectomy update.", "content": "The long-term results of 375 primary mastoidectomy operations for chronic otitis media and chronic mastoiditis are described and discussed. Two-thirds of these cases were open cavity mastoidectomies and 1/3 closed cavity mastoidectomies. Primary pathology was cholesteatoma in 1/3 and granulation tissue in 2/3 of the cases. The method of reducing the size of the mastoid cavity by sculpturing mastoid cavity by sculpturing mastoid cortical bone is most important in avoiding large postoperative cavity problems. Principles and methods are described. Healing (dry ear) is a more important management objective than hearing and, indeed, enhances the prospects of obtaining a long-term hearing result. Three important phases of controlling mastoid disease (preoperative, operative, and postoperative) are equally stressed. Intact wall tympanomastoidectomy is not recommended in sclerotic mastoids (the majority of our cases) as being unsafe and unnecessary. Revisions, mostly minor, were done in 31% of the cases for a total of 521 procedures. We recomment a one-stage tympanomastoidectomy. Multiple planned procedures are, in the main, unnecessary and should be avoided to reduce unnecessary hospitalization and expense.", "contents": "Mastoidectomy update. The long-term results of 375 primary mastoidectomy operations for chronic otitis media and chronic mastoiditis are described and discussed. Two-thirds of these cases were open cavity mastoidectomies and 1/3 closed cavity mastoidectomies. Primary pathology was cholesteatoma in 1/3 and granulation tissue in 2/3 of the cases. The method of reducing the size of the mastoid cavity by sculpturing mastoid cavity by sculpturing mastoid cortical bone is most important in avoiding large postoperative cavity problems. Principles and methods are described. Healing (dry ear) is a more important management objective than hearing and, indeed, enhances the prospects of obtaining a long-term hearing result. Three important phases of controlling mastoid disease (preoperative, operative, and postoperative) are equally stressed. Intact wall tympanomastoidectomy is not recommended in sclerotic mastoids (the majority of our cases) as being unsafe and unnecessary. Revisions, mostly minor, were done in 31% of the cases for a total of 521 procedures. We recomment a one-stage tympanomastoidectomy. Multiple planned procedures are, in the main, unnecessary and should be avoided to reduce unnecessary hospitalization and expense."}
{"id": "PMID:337053", "title": "Quantitative microscopy of enzyme reactions in tissue sections.", "content": "Microdensitometry makes it possible to measure reaction products in discrete regions of tissue sections. Single cells, or groups of cells, can be selected for measurement. In this way, it is possible to obtain quantitative data from enzyme reactions, and to relate activities to histology. Some examples are given to illustrate the application of this technique.", "contents": "Quantitative microscopy of enzyme reactions in tissue sections. Microdensitometry makes it possible to measure reaction products in discrete regions of tissue sections. Single cells, or groups of cells, can be selected for measurement. In this way, it is possible to obtain quantitative data from enzyme reactions, and to relate activities to histology. Some examples are given to illustrate the application of this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:337054", "title": "A method of morphological identification of individual neurons in the brain in vivo and after fixation.", "content": "Pyramidal neurons from layers III and V of the cat brain cortex being stained with methylene blue are revealed in vivo in specially prepared cortex specimen by means of contact micro-objectives in the reflected light. Small pieces of the brain tissue with identified neurons are excised after their fixation in situ under visual control and are placed in special grid-baskets in definite positions. Orientated and fixed by the basket's edges a bit of tissue is subjected to further histological treatment. This method permits the investigation of the same neurons after fixation by means of histological techniques suited for light or electron microscopy.", "contents": "A method of morphological identification of individual neurons in the brain in vivo and after fixation. Pyramidal neurons from layers III and V of the cat brain cortex being stained with methylene blue are revealed in vivo in specially prepared cortex specimen by means of contact micro-objectives in the reflected light. Small pieces of the brain tissue with identified neurons are excised after their fixation in situ under visual control and are placed in special grid-baskets in definite positions. Orientated and fixed by the basket's edges a bit of tissue is subjected to further histological treatment. This method permits the investigation of the same neurons after fixation by means of histological techniques suited for light or electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:337056", "title": "Intracellular development of membrane protein of influenza virus.", "content": "The intracellular development of membrane protein (MP) of influenza A virus was investigated by immunofluorescent staining. Monospecific antiserum was prepared by immunizing rabbits with MP eluted from SDS-polyacrylamide gels of SDS-disrupted NWS virions. In the productive infection in clone 1-5C-4 cells, MP antigen was first detected over the whole cell at 4 hr after infection, concomitantly with the appearance of hemagglutinin (HA) antigen in the cytoplasm, and bright nuclear fluorescence was then observed. Nucleoprotein (NP) antigen was detected in the nucleus prior to the appearance of fluorescence of MP antigen and thereafter the cytoplasmic fluorescence developed. Late in infection, all of these three antigens were observed predominantly in the cytoplasm with stronger fluorescence at the cell surface. Essentially similar findings were obtained in the abortive infections in L cells and BHK cells. The above results suggest that the membrane protein of influenza A virus is present in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm of infected cells.", "contents": "Intracellular development of membrane protein of influenza virus. The intracellular development of membrane protein (MP) of influenza A virus was investigated by immunofluorescent staining. Monospecific antiserum was prepared by immunizing rabbits with MP eluted from SDS-polyacrylamide gels of SDS-disrupted NWS virions. In the productive infection in clone 1-5C-4 cells, MP antigen was first detected over the whole cell at 4 hr after infection, concomitantly with the appearance of hemagglutinin (HA) antigen in the cytoplasm, and bright nuclear fluorescence was then observed. Nucleoprotein (NP) antigen was detected in the nucleus prior to the appearance of fluorescence of MP antigen and thereafter the cytoplasmic fluorescence developed. Late in infection, all of these three antigens were observed predominantly in the cytoplasm with stronger fluorescence at the cell surface. Essentially similar findings were obtained in the abortive infections in L cells and BHK cells. The above results suggest that the membrane protein of influenza A virus is present in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm of infected cells."}
{"id": "PMID:337057", "title": "[Biochemical typing of Klebsiella strains isolated from clinical cases].", "content": "228 Klebsiella strains were isolated from 300 Klebsiella suspected materials obtained from Hacettepe Children's Hospital using biochemical methods. 122 strains out of 228 Klebsiella isolations were identified as K. aerogenes, 39 as K. ozaenae, 39 as K. edwardsii, 17 as K. pneumoniae, 9 as K. atlanta and 2 strains as K. rhinoscleromatis. We believe that these biochemical typing methods may be used routinely with certainty.", "contents": "[Biochemical typing of Klebsiella strains isolated from clinical cases]. 228 Klebsiella strains were isolated from 300 Klebsiella suspected materials obtained from Hacettepe Children's Hospital using biochemical methods. 122 strains out of 228 Klebsiella isolations were identified as K. aerogenes, 39 as K. ozaenae, 39 as K. edwardsii, 17 as K. pneumoniae, 9 as K. atlanta and 2 strains as K. rhinoscleromatis. We believe that these biochemical typing methods may be used routinely with certainty."}
{"id": "PMID:337060", "title": "[Postoperative focal salmonella infections of hydatid cysts].", "content": "S. typhi and S. typhimurium were isolated from postoperative cavities of hydatid cysts of two patients. Both focal salmonella infections were cured by using appropriate antibiotics.", "contents": "[Postoperative focal salmonella infections of hydatid cysts]. S. typhi and S. typhimurium were isolated from postoperative cavities of hydatid cysts of two patients. Both focal salmonella infections were cured by using appropriate antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:337061", "title": "[Fungal infections following renal transplantation].", "content": "Following the immunosuppressive treatment, applied after renal transplantations, infectious diseases are seen more frequently. Inspite of more frequency of bacterial infections, they can usually be controlled because of their easier diagnosis and treatment. However the mycotic diseases are usually fatal because of their easier diagnosis and treatment. However the mycotic diseases are usually fatal because of the difficulty in their diagnosis and treatment. The immunosuppressive treatment agents are cytotoxic medicines, codticosteroids, antilymphocytic sera (or antithymocytic sera) and radiation. The mycotic infections, more often encountered are candidiasis, aspergillosis, nocardiosis, cryptococcosis and phycomycosis. There are certain medicines used today in the treatment of deep mycotic infections. These are amphotericine B, 5 fluorocytosine and imidazol derivatives.", "contents": "[Fungal infections following renal transplantation]. Following the immunosuppressive treatment, applied after renal transplantations, infectious diseases are seen more frequently. Inspite of more frequency of bacterial infections, they can usually be controlled because of their easier diagnosis and treatment. However the mycotic diseases are usually fatal because of their easier diagnosis and treatment. However the mycotic diseases are usually fatal because of the difficulty in their diagnosis and treatment. The immunosuppressive treatment agents are cytotoxic medicines, codticosteroids, antilymphocytic sera (or antithymocytic sera) and radiation. The mycotic infections, more often encountered are candidiasis, aspergillosis, nocardiosis, cryptococcosis and phycomycosis. There are certain medicines used today in the treatment of deep mycotic infections. These are amphotericine B, 5 fluorocytosine and imidazol derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:337066", "title": "Leprosy in Sydney: a brief account.", "content": "Individuals with leprosy and those incubating the disease continue to enter New South Wales from endemic areas. With early diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis is good. The diagnosis should be considered in any patient who has lived or worked in a leprosy endemic country and who presents with an unusual or persistent skin erpution (especially if there is associated hypoaesthesia) and/or mononeuritis or mononeuritis multiplex. Occasionally the disease presents inother guises; biopsy of the appropriate tissue and staining for acid-fact bacilli, as well as haematoxylin and eosin, will usually indicate the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Leprosy in Sydney: a brief account. Individuals with leprosy and those incubating the disease continue to enter New South Wales from endemic areas. With early diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis is good. The diagnosis should be considered in any patient who has lived or worked in a leprosy endemic country and who presents with an unusual or persistent skin erpution (especially if there is associated hypoaesthesia) and/or mononeuritis or mononeuritis multiplex. Occasionally the disease presents inother guises; biopsy of the appropriate tissue and staining for acid-fact bacilli, as well as haematoxylin and eosin, will usually indicate the correct diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:337067", "title": "Preservation of cadaver of renal allografts: comparison of ice storage and machine perfusion.", "content": "Preservation of cadaveric renal allografts by ice storage and by machine perfusion after a preliminary flush with a hypertonic citrate solution has been compared in a prospective clinical trial between matched pairs of kidneys from the same cadaver donor. Over a two-year period, ice storage after flushing with the new solution gave results comparable with machine perfusion. Times of warm ischaemia and total times of storage were similar in ice-stored and machine-perfused kidneys and averaged about 16 hours. In each group of recipients, more than half of the kidneys had good early function and one-year survival times were also similar.", "contents": "Preservation of cadaver of renal allografts: comparison of ice storage and machine perfusion. Preservation of cadaveric renal allografts by ice storage and by machine perfusion after a preliminary flush with a hypertonic citrate solution has been compared in a prospective clinical trial between matched pairs of kidneys from the same cadaver donor. Over a two-year period, ice storage after flushing with the new solution gave results comparable with machine perfusion. Times of warm ischaemia and total times of storage were similar in ice-stored and machine-perfused kidneys and averaged about 16 hours. In each group of recipients, more than half of the kidneys had good early function and one-year survival times were also similar."}
{"id": "PMID:337068", "title": "Problems in clinical organ preservation.", "content": "Effective preservation of donor organs is essential for successful renal cadaver transplantation. Three problems of direct clinical relevance are discussed: (i) agonal damage to the donor kidney; (ii) extracorporeal preservation; (iii) effects of preservation on antigenicity. Current techniques for preserving donor kidneys by continuous perfusion and by ice storage are described.", "contents": "Problems in clinical organ preservation. Effective preservation of donor organs is essential for successful renal cadaver transplantation. Three problems of direct clinical relevance are discussed: (i) agonal damage to the donor kidney; (ii) extracorporeal preservation; (iii) effects of preservation on antigenicity. Current techniques for preserving donor kidneys by continuous perfusion and by ice storage are described."}
{"id": "PMID:337074", "title": "[Identification of plasmodial antibodies in the immunodiagnosis of malaria (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 880 sera which were examined for antibodies to plasmodia 69 (7.8%) reacted only with P. falciparum antigen, 371(42.2%) reacted only with P. fieldi antigen, and 440 (50%) responded to both antigens. These groups were differentiated further with antigens from P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. The results showed that the P. ovale antigen was distinguished by a marked activity with those sera that had reacted only with P. fieldi in the screening test. With sera that had responded to both antigens or only to P. falciparum antigen in the screening test there was no such clear differentiation of the antibodies. P. falciparum was a less sensitive antigen for the demonstration of plasmodial antibodies (590, i.e. 57.8%, of the sera were positive) than P. fieldi (811, i.e. 91.2% of the sera were positive). The explanations given in the literature for the group and species specific reactions are discussed.", "contents": "[Identification of plasmodial antibodies in the immunodiagnosis of malaria (author's transl)]. Out of 880 sera which were examined for antibodies to plasmodia 69 (7.8%) reacted only with P. falciparum antigen, 371(42.2%) reacted only with P. fieldi antigen, and 440 (50%) responded to both antigens. These groups were differentiated further with antigens from P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. The results showed that the P. ovale antigen was distinguished by a marked activity with those sera that had reacted only with P. fieldi in the screening test. With sera that had responded to both antigens or only to P. falciparum antigen in the screening test there was no such clear differentiation of the antibodies. P. falciparum was a less sensitive antigen for the demonstration of plasmodial antibodies (590, i.e. 57.8%, of the sera were positive) than P. fieldi (811, i.e. 91.2% of the sera were positive). The explanations given in the literature for the group and species specific reactions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337078", "title": "[The idiopathic tetany syndrome in general practice (author's transl)].", "content": "The relevance, to general practice, of the various views on the idiopathic tetany syndrome is discussed. The effect of a drug (Frubiase Calcium forte), which largely metts the requirements stemming from the above, on all important symptome and diagnostic signs was found to be statistically superior to placebo on the basis of a randomised double blind trial in 80 patients.", "contents": "[The idiopathic tetany syndrome in general practice (author's transl)]. The relevance, to general practice, of the various views on the idiopathic tetany syndrome is discussed. The effect of a drug (Frubiase Calcium forte), which largely metts the requirements stemming from the above, on all important symptome and diagnostic signs was found to be statistically superior to placebo on the basis of a randomised double blind trial in 80 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:337081", "title": "[New stereotactic treatment of spasmodic torticollis with a brain stimulation system (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports here on a new method for treating spasmodic torticollis with the permanent implantation of a brain stimulation system (Medtronic) in the extrapyramidal-motor thalamic nuclei (V.o.a./V.o.i.) and the subthalamic zona incerta including the pyramidal tracts H1 and H2 (according to Forel). Thanks to stimulation which lasts 30--40 minutes and is determined and undertaken by the seven patients themselves, control over the position and the morbility of the head is attained while simultaneously suppressing the symptoms of spasmodic torticollis. This new stereotactic and functional method of neurosurgical treatment for functional disturbances of the motor systems is not destructive and entails neither operative complications nor side-effects.", "contents": "[New stereotactic treatment of spasmodic torticollis with a brain stimulation system (author's transl)]. The author reports here on a new method for treating spasmodic torticollis with the permanent implantation of a brain stimulation system (Medtronic) in the extrapyramidal-motor thalamic nuclei (V.o.a./V.o.i.) and the subthalamic zona incerta including the pyramidal tracts H1 and H2 (according to Forel). Thanks to stimulation which lasts 30--40 minutes and is determined and undertaken by the seven patients themselves, control over the position and the morbility of the head is attained while simultaneously suppressing the symptoms of spasmodic torticollis. This new stereotactic and functional method of neurosurgical treatment for functional disturbances of the motor systems is not destructive and entails neither operative complications nor side-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:337083", "title": "[The toxicity of massive dosis of VM26 (4-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin-beta-D-thenylidene glucoside). A contribution to the therapy of advanced ovarian cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "19 patients with advanced ovarian cancer (FIGO-stages IIb-IV) were treated by ultra-high doses of VM26 partly according to positive oncobiograms during Multiple-drug-stoss-therapy. The toxic reactions and the cytostatic effect were investigated. The range of 57,9% remissions and the moderate toxicity suggest a specific application of VM26 in advanced ovarian cancer.", "contents": "[The toxicity of massive dosis of VM26 (4-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin-beta-D-thenylidene glucoside). A contribution to the therapy of advanced ovarian cancer (author's transl)]. 19 patients with advanced ovarian cancer (FIGO-stages IIb-IV) were treated by ultra-high doses of VM26 partly according to positive oncobiograms during Multiple-drug-stoss-therapy. The toxic reactions and the cytostatic effect were investigated. The range of 57,9% remissions and the moderate toxicity suggest a specific application of VM26 in advanced ovarian cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:337094", "title": "A study of antibiotic therapy in fever of unknown origin in neutropenic cancer patients.", "content": "Neutropenic cancer patients were given carbenicillin, cephalothin, and gentamicin (CCG) during 51 evaluable episodes of fever of unknown origin. Patients in whom fever persisted despite these antibiotics and in whom infection had not been documented were randomized after 3 days either to discontinue antibiotics or to add chloramphenicol or clindamycin to CCG. During 19 episodes (37%) an infection was documented during the first 3 days, and during an additional 12 episodes (24%) there was a response in 3 days without a focus of infection or an identifiable organism. Two patients died within 3 days, and one developed renal failure. Seventeen febrile episodes (33%) were unresponsive to CCG after 3 days and were randomized. Klebsiella was cultured in 4 of 6 patients randomized to stop antibiotics within a week of cessation, and 3 of these patients died. Of 11 episodes randomized to continue antibiotics, all patients were alive at 2 weeks after randomization and 9 after 4 weeks. This study, albeit small, demonstrates no advantage to withholding treatment in unremitting fever of unknown etiology and indeed strongly suggests that in this clinical setting, antibiotics once started should be continued until bone marrow recovery.", "contents": "A study of antibiotic therapy in fever of unknown origin in neutropenic cancer patients. Neutropenic cancer patients were given carbenicillin, cephalothin, and gentamicin (CCG) during 51 evaluable episodes of fever of unknown origin. Patients in whom fever persisted despite these antibiotics and in whom infection had not been documented were randomized after 3 days either to discontinue antibiotics or to add chloramphenicol or clindamycin to CCG. During 19 episodes (37%) an infection was documented during the first 3 days, and during an additional 12 episodes (24%) there was a response in 3 days without a focus of infection or an identifiable organism. Two patients died within 3 days, and one developed renal failure. Seventeen febrile episodes (33%) were unresponsive to CCG after 3 days and were randomized. Klebsiella was cultured in 4 of 6 patients randomized to stop antibiotics within a week of cessation, and 3 of these patients died. Of 11 episodes randomized to continue antibiotics, all patients were alive at 2 weeks after randomization and 9 after 4 weeks. This study, albeit small, demonstrates no advantage to withholding treatment in unremitting fever of unknown etiology and indeed strongly suggests that in this clinical setting, antibiotics once started should be continued until bone marrow recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:337104", "title": "Replication of plasmid pSC101 in Escherichia coli K12: requirement for dnaA function.", "content": "Replication of pSC101 was analyzed by using DNA-DNA hybridization and alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation. Mutants of the dnaA gene were tested for their capacity to replicate pSC101 DNA at a non-permissive temperature. Only a small amount of radioactive precursor was incorporated into pSC101 DNA in dnaA mutants at 42 degrees C whereas active incorporation into plasmid DNA took place in dnaA+ strain under the same conditions. The effect of the dnaA mutation was grater on plasmid DNA synthesis than on host chromosomal DNA synthesis. The numbers of copies of pSC101 per chromosome in wild type and dnaA strains, grown at 30 degrees C, were about 8 and 2, respectively. These results indicate that the dna A gene product is required for the replication of pSC101 DNA.", "contents": "Replication of plasmid pSC101 in Escherichia coli K12: requirement for dnaA function. Replication of pSC101 was analyzed by using DNA-DNA hybridization and alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation. Mutants of the dnaA gene were tested for their capacity to replicate pSC101 DNA at a non-permissive temperature. Only a small amount of radioactive precursor was incorporated into pSC101 DNA in dnaA mutants at 42 degrees C whereas active incorporation into plasmid DNA took place in dnaA+ strain under the same conditions. The effect of the dnaA mutation was grater on plasmid DNA synthesis than on host chromosomal DNA synthesis. The numbers of copies of pSC101 per chromosome in wild type and dnaA strains, grown at 30 degrees C, were about 8 and 2, respectively. These results indicate that the dna A gene product is required for the replication of pSC101 DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:337105", "title": "Fine structure physical mapping of 4S RNA genes on mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "We have localized the genes for mitochondrial 4S RNA on the physical map of the mtDNA of several Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains by hybridization of iodinated 4S RNA to the restriction fragments obtained with endonucleases HindII + III, EcoRI and HapII. The data indicate that 5-8 of the 4S RNA genes are dispersed over a large area of the genome whereas the rest (about 18 genes) is located within an area of about 9000 bp in length (about 18 genes) is located within an area of about 9000 bp in length (about 12% of the genome) between the markers for chloramphenicol and paromomycin resistance (RIB 1 and PAR 1 loci). Within this region a cluster is present of 5 genes on a DNA fragment of 460 bp.", "contents": "Fine structure physical mapping of 4S RNA genes on mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have localized the genes for mitochondrial 4S RNA on the physical map of the mtDNA of several Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains by hybridization of iodinated 4S RNA to the restriction fragments obtained with endonucleases HindII + III, EcoRI and HapII. The data indicate that 5-8 of the 4S RNA genes are dispersed over a large area of the genome whereas the rest (about 18 genes) is located within an area of about 9000 bp in length (about 18 genes) is located within an area of about 9000 bp in length (about 12% of the genome) between the markers for chloramphenicol and paromomycin resistance (RIB 1 and PAR 1 loci). Within this region a cluster is present of 5 genes on a DNA fragment of 460 bp."}
{"id": "PMID:337106", "title": "RNA-linked nascent DNA pieces in T7 phage-infected Escherichia coli cells. I. Role of gene 6 exonuclease in removal of the linked RNA.", "content": "The presence of RNA-linked nascent DNA pieces in T7 phage-infected Escherichia coli cells has been shown by the selective degradation of the 5'-hydroxyl-terminated nascent DNA, produced by alkali or RNase treatment, with spleen exonuclease. At 43 degrees C, the proportion of RNA-linked DNA pieces in nascent short dna is 50 to 60% in T7 ts136 (ts mutant of gene 6) phage-infected E. coli, whereas that in T7 wild-type phage-infected cells is less than 6%. Joining of the nascent pieces is greatly retarded in T7 ts136-infected E. coli temperature sensitive polA mutants at 43 degrees C. These results suggest that gene 6 exonuclease plays a role in removal of the linked RNA during the discontinuous replication of T7 DNA.", "contents": "RNA-linked nascent DNA pieces in T7 phage-infected Escherichia coli cells. I. Role of gene 6 exonuclease in removal of the linked RNA. The presence of RNA-linked nascent DNA pieces in T7 phage-infected Escherichia coli cells has been shown by the selective degradation of the 5'-hydroxyl-terminated nascent DNA, produced by alkali or RNase treatment, with spleen exonuclease. At 43 degrees C, the proportion of RNA-linked DNA pieces in nascent short dna is 50 to 60% in T7 ts136 (ts mutant of gene 6) phage-infected E. coli, whereas that in T7 wild-type phage-infected cells is less than 6%. Joining of the nascent pieces is greatly retarded in T7 ts136-infected E. coli temperature sensitive polA mutants at 43 degrees C. These results suggest that gene 6 exonuclease plays a role in removal of the linked RNA during the discontinuous replication of T7 DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:337107", "title": "Gene affecting longevity of messenger RNA: a mutant of Escherichia coli with altered mRNA stability.", "content": "We have screened 897 temperature sensitive growth mutants of E. coli for mutant strains showing longer mRNA half-life. The fate of pulse-labelled RNA was examined at 42 degrees C after cessation of RNA synthesis and with prior exposure to nonpermissive temperature (42 degrees C). Eight stains showed altered turnover of RNA (presumably mRNA), and further analysis on mutant strain JE15144 indicated that the stability of pulse-labeled RNA as well as of tryptophan (trp) mRNA increased four to seven fold over its parental strain at 42 degrees C. At 4 min or 10 min after addition of rifampicin, some 70 to 80% of polyribosome in the growing cells could still be conserved in JE15144 cultured at the nonpermissive temperature while little, if any, polyribosomes remained in its parental strain (PA3092) under the same condition. Two generation times were required for complete stoppage of growth of this mutant strain after shifting to 42 degrees C, and protein synthesis continued at a significant, but slightly reduced, rate at 42 degrees C. However, functional decay of mRNA in the mutant strain, with respect to the capacity for producing peptides, appeared to be similar to the parent strain, with half-lives of 3.5 min in PA3092 and 4.7 min in JE15144.", "contents": "Gene affecting longevity of messenger RNA: a mutant of Escherichia coli with altered mRNA stability. We have screened 897 temperature sensitive growth mutants of E. coli for mutant strains showing longer mRNA half-life. The fate of pulse-labelled RNA was examined at 42 degrees C after cessation of RNA synthesis and with prior exposure to nonpermissive temperature (42 degrees C). Eight stains showed altered turnover of RNA (presumably mRNA), and further analysis on mutant strain JE15144 indicated that the stability of pulse-labeled RNA as well as of tryptophan (trp) mRNA increased four to seven fold over its parental strain at 42 degrees C. At 4 min or 10 min after addition of rifampicin, some 70 to 80% of polyribosome in the growing cells could still be conserved in JE15144 cultured at the nonpermissive temperature while little, if any, polyribosomes remained in its parental strain (PA3092) under the same condition. Two generation times were required for complete stoppage of growth of this mutant strain after shifting to 42 degrees C, and protein synthesis continued at a significant, but slightly reduced, rate at 42 degrees C. However, functional decay of mRNA in the mutant strain, with respect to the capacity for producing peptides, appeared to be similar to the parent strain, with half-lives of 3.5 min in PA3092 and 4.7 min in JE15144."}
{"id": "PMID:337108", "title": "Prophage induction in Escherichia coli K12 cells deficient in DNA polymerase I.", "content": "The induction of prophage lambda by ultraviolet light has been measured in E. coli K12 lysogenic cells deficient in DNA polymerase I. The efficiency of the induction process was greater in polA1 polC(dnaE) double mutants incubated at the temperature that blocks DNA replication than in polA+ polC single mutants. Similarly, the polA1 mutation sensitized tif-promoted lysogenic induction in a polA1 tif strain at 42 degrees. In strains bearing the polA12 mutation, which growth normally at 30 degrees, induction of the prophage occurred after the shift to 42 degrees. It is concluded that dissapearance of the DNA polymerase I activity leads to changes in DNA replication that are able, per se, trigger the prophage induction process.", "contents": "Prophage induction in Escherichia coli K12 cells deficient in DNA polymerase I. The induction of prophage lambda by ultraviolet light has been measured in E. coli K12 lysogenic cells deficient in DNA polymerase I. The efficiency of the induction process was greater in polA1 polC(dnaE) double mutants incubated at the temperature that blocks DNA replication than in polA+ polC single mutants. Similarly, the polA1 mutation sensitized tif-promoted lysogenic induction in a polA1 tif strain at 42 degrees. In strains bearing the polA12 mutation, which growth normally at 30 degrees, induction of the prophage occurred after the shift to 42 degrees. It is concluded that dissapearance of the DNA polymerase I activity leads to changes in DNA replication that are able, per se, trigger the prophage induction process."}
{"id": "PMID:337110", "title": "Insertion of the tetracycline resistance translocation unit Tn10 in the lac operon of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The majority of TN10 insertions in the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli occurred in a small region of the promoter distal part of the gene. The resulting mutations were polar on lacY and reverted to Lac+ at a frequency of 10(-8). None of the revertants were Tcr. Furthermore Lac+ Tcr revertants could not be selected directly. Relief of polarity revertants of the lacZ::Tn10 mutants were formed at a frequency of 10(-5) - 10(-4). Most resulted from a deletion event internal to the transposon which removed the Tcr genes and the putative transcription terminator. It is postulated that a fragment of Tn10 remains at the original insertion point to cause a revertible Lac- mutation.", "contents": "Insertion of the tetracycline resistance translocation unit Tn10 in the lac operon of Escherichia coli K12. The majority of TN10 insertions in the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli occurred in a small region of the promoter distal part of the gene. The resulting mutations were polar on lacY and reverted to Lac+ at a frequency of 10(-8). None of the revertants were Tcr. Furthermore Lac+ Tcr revertants could not be selected directly. Relief of polarity revertants of the lacZ::Tn10 mutants were formed at a frequency of 10(-5) - 10(-4). Most resulted from a deletion event internal to the transposon which removed the Tcr genes and the putative transcription terminator. It is postulated that a fragment of Tn10 remains at the original insertion point to cause a revertible Lac- mutation."}
{"id": "PMID:337111", "title": "Synthesis of ribosomal proteins in merodiploid strains and in minicells of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Merodiploid strains of Escherichia coli containing episomes which carry one or several of the ribosomal protein (r-protein) transcriptional units were analysed to see whether the increase in the number of gene copies leads to an increased synthesis of the respective r-proteins. It was found that the amount of ribosomal proteins was (with the only exception of ribosomal protein S20) independent of the number of gene copies present. The comparison of the in vivo stability of r-proteins in haploid and merodiploid strains did not, within the time resolution of the experiment, provide any evidence for an increased rate of degradation of those proteins coded by more than one gene copy. These results indicate a tight coupling between the amount of ribosomal proteins synthesized and the level required irrespective of the number of gene copies present. With the aid of minicells from a strain containing the episome F'101 which carries the thr-leu segment of the chromosome it was demonstrated that (i) in vivo synthesis of r-protein S20 could proceed in the absence of the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and of other r-proteins, and (ii) r-protein S20 was degraded under conditions where it was not assembled into ribosomes.", "contents": "Synthesis of ribosomal proteins in merodiploid strains and in minicells of Escherichia coli. Merodiploid strains of Escherichia coli containing episomes which carry one or several of the ribosomal protein (r-protein) transcriptional units were analysed to see whether the increase in the number of gene copies leads to an increased synthesis of the respective r-proteins. It was found that the amount of ribosomal proteins was (with the only exception of ribosomal protein S20) independent of the number of gene copies present. The comparison of the in vivo stability of r-proteins in haploid and merodiploid strains did not, within the time resolution of the experiment, provide any evidence for an increased rate of degradation of those proteins coded by more than one gene copy. These results indicate a tight coupling between the amount of ribosomal proteins synthesized and the level required irrespective of the number of gene copies present. With the aid of minicells from a strain containing the episome F'101 which carries the thr-leu segment of the chromosome it was demonstrated that (i) in vivo synthesis of r-protein S20 could proceed in the absence of the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and of other r-proteins, and (ii) r-protein S20 was degraded under conditions where it was not assembled into ribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:337112", "title": "Antimutagens against mutT.", "content": "In E. coli strain 91P containing the mutator gene mutT-, caffeine, spermine and quinacrine, but not guanosine, act as antimutagens, reducing the frequencies of mutation from ara- leads to Ara.", "contents": "Antimutagens against mutT. In E. coli strain 91P containing the mutator gene mutT-, caffeine, spermine and quinacrine, but not guanosine, act as antimutagens, reducing the frequencies of mutation from ara- leads to Ara."}
{"id": "PMID:337113", "title": "Stimulation of cell division by T4 infection in Escherichia coli dnaEts at nonpermissive temperature.", "content": "Filamentous cells resulting from growth of a dnaEts mutant of Escherichia coli at high temperature were stimulated to divide by infection with bacteriophage T4. The effect appears to be related to T4 DNA synthesis; no increase in cell number took place in chloramphenicol-treated. T4-infected cells nor in cells infected with DNA synthesis-less mutants of T4. The ability of cells to divide after T4 infection was dependent on the length of time that the cells had been grown at 42 degrees C, indicating that a potential for cell division accumulates during preincubation.", "contents": "Stimulation of cell division by T4 infection in Escherichia coli dnaEts at nonpermissive temperature. Filamentous cells resulting from growth of a dnaEts mutant of Escherichia coli at high temperature were stimulated to divide by infection with bacteriophage T4. The effect appears to be related to T4 DNA synthesis; no increase in cell number took place in chloramphenicol-treated. T4-infected cells nor in cells infected with DNA synthesis-less mutants of T4. The ability of cells to divide after T4 infection was dependent on the length of time that the cells had been grown at 42 degrees C, indicating that a potential for cell division accumulates during preincubation."}
{"id": "PMID:337115", "title": "Analysis of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Proteins from mitochondrial ribosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were analysed by a two dimensional gel electrophoresis method. Each ribosomal subunit revealed a reproducible characteristic pattern of protein components. The 37S small subunit contained 33 protein species with an average molecular weight of 27,300 daltons (ranging from 60,000 to 95000 daltons). The 50S large subunit showed 38 protein species with an average molecular weight of 23,000 (ranging from 41,000 to 10,000 daltons). Ribosomes from various sources were compared on the basis of protein composition.", "contents": "Analysis of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteins from mitochondrial ribosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were analysed by a two dimensional gel electrophoresis method. Each ribosomal subunit revealed a reproducible characteristic pattern of protein components. The 37S small subunit contained 33 protein species with an average molecular weight of 27,300 daltons (ranging from 60,000 to 95000 daltons). The 50S large subunit showed 38 protein species with an average molecular weight of 23,000 (ranging from 41,000 to 10,000 daltons). Ribosomes from various sources were compared on the basis of protein composition."}
{"id": "PMID:337116", "title": "On the formation of rho- petites in yeast. II. Effects of mutation tsm-8 on mitochondrial functions and rho-factor stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "1. In non-fermentable substrates growth of mutant tsm-8 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is restricted to about one generation after shift from 23 to 35 degrees C. Non-permissive conditions (35 degrees C, glycerol) cause a gradual decrease in respiration to about 20% of the activity at permissive temperature 23 degrees C). 2. Anaerobically grown and glucose-repressed mutant cells exhibit a decreased adaptation rate of mitochondrial functions to aerobic growth and non-fermentative growth, even at 23 degrees C, as revealed by determination of respiratory rates and mitochondrial protein synthesis. 3. At 35 degrees C, rho+ cells of mutant tsm-8 are converted to p- cells within 6-8 generations of growth, in all fermentable substrates tested. Drugs or antibiotics as nalidixic acid, acriflavin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin, bongkrecic acid, antimycin and FCCP, as well as anaerobiosis, have little or no influence on this kinetics. A heat shock does not yield rho- petites to a significant  extent. 4. Reversion of tsm-8 cells to wild type function, which occurs spontaneously with a frequency of 10(-8), is found to be due to a mitochondrial mutational event.", "contents": "On the formation of rho- petites in yeast. II. Effects of mutation tsm-8 on mitochondrial functions and rho-factor stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1. In non-fermentable substrates growth of mutant tsm-8 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is restricted to about one generation after shift from 23 to 35 degrees C. Non-permissive conditions (35 degrees C, glycerol) cause a gradual decrease in respiration to about 20% of the activity at permissive temperature 23 degrees C). 2. Anaerobically grown and glucose-repressed mutant cells exhibit a decreased adaptation rate of mitochondrial functions to aerobic growth and non-fermentative growth, even at 23 degrees C, as revealed by determination of respiratory rates and mitochondrial protein synthesis. 3. At 35 degrees C, rho+ cells of mutant tsm-8 are converted to p- cells within 6-8 generations of growth, in all fermentable substrates tested. Drugs or antibiotics as nalidixic acid, acriflavin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin, bongkrecic acid, antimycin and FCCP, as well as anaerobiosis, have little or no influence on this kinetics. A heat shock does not yield rho- petites to a significant  extent. 4. Reversion of tsm-8 cells to wild type function, which occurs spontaneously with a frequency of 10(-8), is found to be due to a mitochondrial mutational event."}
{"id": "PMID:337117", "title": "Regulation of the intracellular concentration of T4 induced tRNA.", "content": "We have studied the biosynthesis of T4 induced tRNA's upon infection of E. coli BE cells in low phosphate (l.p.) medium (10(-4) M PO---4). Under out experimental conditions the onset of phage DNA synthesis occurs about 15 min after infection, while the first intracellular phage appears one hour later. Amounts of newly synthesized DNA and phage burst size are equivalent to the values obtained in standard (M9) medium (10(-1) M PO---4). We present evidence that the synthesis of mature tRNA's and of at least one dimeric precursor drastically declines 20 min after infection. In addition we show that T4 induced tRNA molecules are stable and that the triphosphate nucleoside precursor pool does not change significantly during infection. Therefore we conclude that T4 induce tRNA molecules behave similarly to other early gene products.", "contents": "Regulation of the intracellular concentration of T4 induced tRNA. We have studied the biosynthesis of T4 induced tRNA's upon infection of E. coli BE cells in low phosphate (l.p.) medium (10(-4) M PO---4). Under out experimental conditions the onset of phage DNA synthesis occurs about 15 min after infection, while the first intracellular phage appears one hour later. Amounts of newly synthesized DNA and phage burst size are equivalent to the values obtained in standard (M9) medium (10(-1) M PO---4). We present evidence that the synthesis of mature tRNA's and of at least one dimeric precursor drastically declines 20 min after infection. In addition we show that T4 induced tRNA molecules are stable and that the triphosphate nucleoside precursor pool does not change significantly during infection. Therefore we conclude that T4 induce tRNA molecules behave similarly to other early gene products."}
{"id": "PMID:337119", "title": "Transcription of the argF and argI genes of the arginine biosynthetic regulon of Escherichia coli K12, performed in vitro.", "content": "The cell-free transcription of the argF and argI genes of the arginine biosynthetic regions is described using an S-30 system capable of coupled in vitro transcription-translation. Template DNA isolated from two independently isolated arginine transducing phages was used in this work. Steady state mRNA synthesis was observed which was attributed to RNAase degradation. Regulation of argF mRNA synthesis, directed by the argF gene carried on the specialized transducing phage phi80dargF is effected to the extent of at least 95% by the arginine holorepressor at the transcriptional stage and at least 80% of the regulation of the expression of the argI gene is mediated at the transcriptional stage. Evidence is presented which indicates that the arginine holorepressor prevents RNA polymerase from binding to the arginine promoter and suggests that the operator and promoter sites may overlap.", "contents": "Transcription of the argF and argI genes of the arginine biosynthetic regulon of Escherichia coli K12, performed in vitro. The cell-free transcription of the argF and argI genes of the arginine biosynthetic regions is described using an S-30 system capable of coupled in vitro transcription-translation. Template DNA isolated from two independently isolated arginine transducing phages was used in this work. Steady state mRNA synthesis was observed which was attributed to RNAase degradation. Regulation of argF mRNA synthesis, directed by the argF gene carried on the specialized transducing phage phi80dargF is effected to the extent of at least 95% by the arginine holorepressor at the transcriptional stage and at least 80% of the regulation of the expression of the argI gene is mediated at the transcriptional stage. Evidence is presented which indicates that the arginine holorepressor prevents RNA polymerase from binding to the arginine promoter and suggests that the operator and promoter sites may overlap."}
{"id": "PMID:337122", "title": "Genetic studies of hybrids between coliphage lambda and salmonella phage P22: genetic analysis of the P22-lambda hybrid class.", "content": "P22-lambda hybrids which retain the protein coat of P22 have been isolated and characterized into two types. Type 1 hybrids which have the c through O-P genes of lambda are unable to grow lytically on Salmonella typhimurium. On the other hand, type 2 hybrids which contain only the c region of lambda, plated on S. typhimurium. Both hybrid types retained the generalized transducing and antigenic conversion capabilities of P22.", "contents": "Genetic studies of hybrids between coliphage lambda and salmonella phage P22: genetic analysis of the P22-lambda hybrid class. P22-lambda hybrids which retain the protein coat of P22 have been isolated and characterized into two types. Type 1 hybrids which have the c through O-P genes of lambda are unable to grow lytically on Salmonella typhimurium. On the other hand, type 2 hybrids which contain only the c region of lambda, plated on S. typhimurium. Both hybrid types retained the generalized transducing and antigenic conversion capabilities of P22."}
{"id": "PMID:337123", "title": "Function of the tof gene product in modifying chemical stability of trp messenger RNA synthesized from the PL promoter of lambda trp phage.", "content": "The trp operon translocated into the early region of phage lambda can be transcribed under the control of two promoters, the authentic trp promoter (Ptrptrp mRNA) and the PL promoter of the N gene (PLtrp mRNA) (Imamoto and Tani, 1972; Ihara and Imamoto, 1976a). PLtrp mRNA is stabilized with time after infection: at early times after infection chemical degradation of PLtrp mRNA is two-fold slower than for Ptrptrp mRNA, while at later times the stabilization of PLtrp mRNA is almost total. The stabilization of PLtrp mRNA is markedly reduced when the activity of the tof gene product is low due to a missense mutation of the tof gene. In contrast there is no significant reduction in stabilization when N function is lost by an amber mutation. On the basis of these and other experiments with lambdatrp susN7 tof12 phage, it is inferred that stabilization of the PLtrp mRNA is brought about by a modification of the \"decay trigger\", at least in part by the protein product of the tof gene.", "contents": "Function of the tof gene product in modifying chemical stability of trp messenger RNA synthesized from the PL promoter of lambda trp phage. The trp operon translocated into the early region of phage lambda can be transcribed under the control of two promoters, the authentic trp promoter (Ptrptrp mRNA) and the PL promoter of the N gene (PLtrp mRNA) (Imamoto and Tani, 1972; Ihara and Imamoto, 1976a). PLtrp mRNA is stabilized with time after infection: at early times after infection chemical degradation of PLtrp mRNA is two-fold slower than for Ptrptrp mRNA, while at later times the stabilization of PLtrp mRNA is almost total. The stabilization of PLtrp mRNA is markedly reduced when the activity of the tof gene product is low due to a missense mutation of the tof gene. In contrast there is no significant reduction in stabilization when N function is lost by an amber mutation. On the basis of these and other experiments with lambdatrp susN7 tof12 phage, it is inferred that stabilization of the PLtrp mRNA is brought about by a modification of the \"decay trigger\", at least in part by the protein product of the tof gene."}
{"id": "PMID:337125", "title": "Directed integration of an F' plasmid by integrative suppression: isolation of plaque forming lambda transducing phage for the dnaC gene.", "content": "A new approach for isolation of a plaque forming lambda specialized transducing phage is described. It consists of directed transposition of an F' plasmid into the gal region of a dnaAts galE- Escherichia coli strain by integrative suppression and deletion of the chlD region in order to shorten the distance between the marker of interest on the F' and the prophage serving to prepare an LFT1 lysate. An F' danC+thr+ plasmid was used here and lambdadthr and lambdaddnaC phages were isolated. In addition, lambdapdnaC was obtained from a double lysogen for lambdaddnaC and lambda b2.", "contents": "Directed integration of an F' plasmid by integrative suppression: isolation of plaque forming lambda transducing phage for the dnaC gene. A new approach for isolation of a plaque forming lambda specialized transducing phage is described. It consists of directed transposition of an F' plasmid into the gal region of a dnaAts galE- Escherichia coli strain by integrative suppression and deletion of the chlD region in order to shorten the distance between the marker of interest on the F' and the prophage serving to prepare an LFT1 lysate. An F' danC+thr+ plasmid was used here and lambdadthr and lambdaddnaC phages were isolated. In addition, lambdapdnaC was obtained from a double lysogen for lambdaddnaC and lambda b2."}
{"id": "PMID:337126", "title": "Relation between F, R1, R100 and R144 Escherichia coli K-12 donor strains in mating.", "content": "E. coli K-12 recipient mutants defective in conjugation with a F donor (ConF- mutants) were tested for recipient ability with donor strains carrying a R1drd19, R100-1 or R144drd3 plasmid. It appeared from these tests that F and R1 donor strains are closely related in mating in that they both, unlike the R100 and R144 donor, use the recipient outer membrane protein pOmpA for the initial steps of the mating process. The isolation of recipient mutants defective in conjugation with a R100 donor (ConR100- mutants) yielded some mutants that were defective in crosses with F, R1 and R100 donors. This result was taken as evidence that F, R1 and R100 donors share some property in their mating interaction with E. coli K-12 recipient strains. A R144 donor is completely different from F, R1 and R100 donors in initial mating interactions with a recipient.", "contents": "Relation between F, R1, R100 and R144 Escherichia coli K-12 donor strains in mating. E. coli K-12 recipient mutants defective in conjugation with a F donor (ConF- mutants) were tested for recipient ability with donor strains carrying a R1drd19, R100-1 or R144drd3 plasmid. It appeared from these tests that F and R1 donor strains are closely related in mating in that they both, unlike the R100 and R144 donor, use the recipient outer membrane protein pOmpA for the initial steps of the mating process. The isolation of recipient mutants defective in conjugation with a R100 donor (ConR100- mutants) yielded some mutants that were defective in crosses with F, R1 and R100 donors. This result was taken as evidence that F, R1 and R100 donors share some property in their mating interaction with E. coli K-12 recipient strains. A R144 donor is completely different from F, R1 and R100 donors in initial mating interactions with a recipient."}
{"id": "PMID:337127", "title": "Multiple effects of an RNA polymerase beta' mutation on in vitro transcription.", "content": "S. tyrphimurium strain BY324 is temperature sensitive due to a mutation (rpo C32) in the gene for the RNA polymerase beta' subunit. Transcription of T7 DNA by RNA polymerase purified from this strain is temperature sensitive in vitro. The enzyme is slightly defective in template binding and RNA chain initiation, but the major defect is in RNA chain elongation. The rate of RNA chain elongation is reduced 4-5 fold relative to wild-type. RNA chain termination does not appear to be affected by the beta' mutation. While the elongation defect is suppressed by glycerol or dimethylsulfoxide, the initiation defect is not. Possible roles for the beta' subunit in enzyme function are discussed in light of these results.", "contents": "Multiple effects of an RNA polymerase beta' mutation on in vitro transcription. S. tyrphimurium strain BY324 is temperature sensitive due to a mutation (rpo C32) in the gene for the RNA polymerase beta' subunit. Transcription of T7 DNA by RNA polymerase purified from this strain is temperature sensitive in vitro. The enzyme is slightly defective in template binding and RNA chain initiation, but the major defect is in RNA chain elongation. The rate of RNA chain elongation is reduced 4-5 fold relative to wild-type. RNA chain termination does not appear to be affected by the beta' mutation. While the elongation defect is suppressed by glycerol or dimethylsulfoxide, the initiation defect is not. Possible roles for the beta' subunit in enzyme function are discussed in light of these results."}
{"id": "PMID:337128", "title": "The frequency of P1 transduction of the genes of Escherichia coli as a function of chromosomal position: preferential transduction of the origin of replication.", "content": "The frequencies with which the generalized transducing phage P1 transduced 26 selected markers on the E. coli. chromosome were measured. The frequencies were found to vary relative to argH+ = 1 from a maximum of 6.8 near the origin of replication to a minimum of 0.23 for a marker not far from the terminus. The low frequencies obtained for some markers were shown not to result from poor expression under the selective conditions employed. When plotted as a function of marker position on the chromosome the frequencies were found to exhibit a series of peaks and troughs which correspond to those in gene density noted by Bachmann et al. (1976). The possible relationship of these results to the structure of the E. coli chromosome and to the mechanism of generalized transduction are discussed.", "contents": "The frequency of P1 transduction of the genes of Escherichia coli as a function of chromosomal position: preferential transduction of the origin of replication. The frequencies with which the generalized transducing phage P1 transduced 26 selected markers on the E. coli. chromosome were measured. The frequencies were found to vary relative to argH+ = 1 from a maximum of 6.8 near the origin of replication to a minimum of 0.23 for a marker not far from the terminus. The low frequencies obtained for some markers were shown not to result from poor expression under the selective conditions employed. When plotted as a function of marker position on the chromosome the frequencies were found to exhibit a series of peaks and troughs which correspond to those in gene density noted by Bachmann et al. (1976). The possible relationship of these results to the structure of the E. coli chromosome and to the mechanism of generalized transduction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337130", "title": "Transformation of Escherichia coli by a specific DNA restriction fragment.", "content": "Specific transformation of a rifampicin sensitive strain of Escherichia coli to rifampicin resistance has been performed by a single, defined DNA restriction fragment carrying the genetic information for the beta subunit of E. coli RNA polymerase. In this transformation the transforming genetic character has been substituted for the corresponding recipient gene locus by recombination. The value of the described transformation system for locating genetic markers on DNA restriction fragments is discussed in comparison to previously reported in vitro systems.", "contents": "Transformation of Escherichia coli by a specific DNA restriction fragment. Specific transformation of a rifampicin sensitive strain of Escherichia coli to rifampicin resistance has been performed by a single, defined DNA restriction fragment carrying the genetic information for the beta subunit of E. coli RNA polymerase. In this transformation the transforming genetic character has been substituted for the corresponding recipient gene locus by recombination. The value of the described transformation system for locating genetic markers on DNA restriction fragments is discussed in comparison to previously reported in vitro systems."}
{"id": "PMID:337131", "title": "Regulation of the dnaA product in Escherichia coli.", "content": "When an E. coli mutant (CRT46, dnaA46), thermosensitive in the initiation of DNA replication, grows at intermediate temperatures its DNA/mass ratio is somewhat lower than normal, but the cells possess an excess of initiation capacity, which can be expressed in the absence of protein synthesis and lead to the accumulation of anomalously high amounts of DNA. A shift-up in temperature causes inhibition of initiation, and at the same time the production of initiation capacity is accelerated. After a shift-down in temperature initiation is released but the production of capacity is inhibited. The initiation capacity is thermolabile. The simplest explanation of these observations is that the dnaA product has a dual role: a positive function as an initiator of replication and a negative control function in its own synthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of the dnaA product in Escherichia coli. When an E. coli mutant (CRT46, dnaA46), thermosensitive in the initiation of DNA replication, grows at intermediate temperatures its DNA/mass ratio is somewhat lower than normal, but the cells possess an excess of initiation capacity, which can be expressed in the absence of protein synthesis and lead to the accumulation of anomalously high amounts of DNA. A shift-up in temperature causes inhibition of initiation, and at the same time the production of initiation capacity is accelerated. After a shift-down in temperature initiation is released but the production of capacity is inhibited. The initiation capacity is thermolabile. The simplest explanation of these observations is that the dnaA product has a dual role: a positive function as an initiator of replication and a negative control function in its own synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:337132", "title": "Identification of the sid outer membrane receptor protein in Salmonella typhimurium SL1027.", "content": "A protein of molecular weight 78,000 daltons, missing in albomycin and phage ES18 resistant mutants, has been identified in the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium SL1027. Mutants with a tonB like resistance and over production of outer membrane proteins due to iron shortage were also isolated. The mutation which leads to the protein deficiency maps in the sid gene region, the mutation related to overproduction of proteins maps near trp. Although the S. typhimurium and the E. coli protein mediate translocation of the iron complex ferrichrome and the structurally analogous antibiotic albomycin through the outer membrane no cross-reactivity exists in binding the phages T5, T1 and ES18 or colicin M.", "contents": "Identification of the sid outer membrane receptor protein in Salmonella typhimurium SL1027. A protein of molecular weight 78,000 daltons, missing in albomycin and phage ES18 resistant mutants, has been identified in the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium SL1027. Mutants with a tonB like resistance and over production of outer membrane proteins due to iron shortage were also isolated. The mutation which leads to the protein deficiency maps in the sid gene region, the mutation related to overproduction of proteins maps near trp. Although the S. typhimurium and the E. coli protein mediate translocation of the iron complex ferrichrome and the structurally analogous antibiotic albomycin through the outer membrane no cross-reactivity exists in binding the phages T5, T1 and ES18 or colicin M."}
{"id": "PMID:337133", "title": "Kinetics of induction of error-prone repair of bacteriophage lambda by temperature shift in an Escherichia coli dnaB mutant.", "content": "Preincubation at 42 degrees, before infection at permissive temperature by phage lambda, of an Escherichia coli dnaB mutant, provokes a significant increase in survival and mutagenesis of ultraviolet irradiated phage as well as mutagenesis of untreated phage. Similarly to UV irradiation and many chemical mutagens, the inhibition of DNA synthesis by temperature shift of this dnaB mutant induces SOS repair. This work shows that replication blockage in bacterial DNA is not only mutagenic for bacterial DNA itself (Witkin, 1975) but also for normally replicating lambda DNA, probably due to induction of diffusible products.", "contents": "Kinetics of induction of error-prone repair of bacteriophage lambda by temperature shift in an Escherichia coli dnaB mutant. Preincubation at 42 degrees, before infection at permissive temperature by phage lambda, of an Escherichia coli dnaB mutant, provokes a significant increase in survival and mutagenesis of ultraviolet irradiated phage as well as mutagenesis of untreated phage. Similarly to UV irradiation and many chemical mutagens, the inhibition of DNA synthesis by temperature shift of this dnaB mutant induces SOS repair. This work shows that replication blockage in bacterial DNA is not only mutagenic for bacterial DNA itself (Witkin, 1975) but also for normally replicating lambda DNA, probably due to induction of diffusible products."}
{"id": "PMID:337141", "title": "Regulation of hemoglobin synthesis during the development of the red cell (third of three parts).", "content": "In this article we have surveyed the current state of knowledge regarding the accumulation of globin mRNA and hemoglobin in red cells. We have attempted to examine the interplay of numerous processes that seem to be necessary to achieve this highly differentiated state. Finally, we have made an effort to formulate some of the mechanisms whereby individual red cells may come to contain varying proportions of specific hemoglobins. The past several years have been characterized by a veritable explosion of knowledge concerning the globin structure genes, and the structure, transcription, processing and function of globin mRNA in erythroid cells. It now seems possible to analyze the earlier stages of erythropoiesis by cultivation and examination of erythroid colonies in vitro. The primary differentiation events leading to the production of specific globins, especially for hemoglobin F production in man, are now experimentally accessible. There is good reason to hope that these advances will soon permit achievement of the long desired therapeutic goal of enhancing hemoglobin F synthesis in patients with  severe beta-chain hemoglobinopathies. Our aim has been to review the scientific information that might provide the rationable for amelioration of the clinical phenotypes in patients inheriting abnormal globin genes.", "contents": "Regulation of hemoglobin synthesis during the development of the red cell (third of three parts). In this article we have surveyed the current state of knowledge regarding the accumulation of globin mRNA and hemoglobin in red cells. We have attempted to examine the interplay of numerous processes that seem to be necessary to achieve this highly differentiated state. Finally, we have made an effort to formulate some of the mechanisms whereby individual red cells may come to contain varying proportions of specific hemoglobins. The past several years have been characterized by a veritable explosion of knowledge concerning the globin structure genes, and the structure, transcription, processing and function of globin mRNA in erythroid cells. It now seems possible to analyze the earlier stages of erythropoiesis by cultivation and examination of erythroid colonies in vitro. The primary differentiation events leading to the production of specific globins, especially for hemoglobin F production in man, are now experimentally accessible. There is good reason to hope that these advances will soon permit achievement of the long desired therapeutic goal of enhancing hemoglobin F synthesis in patients with  severe beta-chain hemoglobinopathies. Our aim has been to review the scientific information that might provide the rationable for amelioration of the clinical phenotypes in patients inheriting abnormal globin genes."}
{"id": "PMID:337144", "title": "Effect of weight loss without salt restriction on the reduction of blood pressure in overweight hypertensive patients.", "content": "Overweight patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension were followed up biweekly for six months: 24 not receiving antihypertensive-drug therapy (Group I) and 83 on regular but inadequate (despite drug manipulation) antihypertensive-drug therapy (Group II). All patients in Group I and 57 randomly selected patients from group II (IIa) participated in a weight-reduction program. The remaining 26 from Group II (IIb) did not receive a dietary program. Salt intake was in the normal range in all three groups. All patients on the dietary program lost at least 3 kg (mean, 10.5 kg), and all but two showed a meaningful reduction in blood pressure; 75 per cent of Group I and 61 per cent of Group IIa returned to normal blood pressure. The weight and blood-pressure reductions were highly significant (P less than 0.001), were present in both sexes and all ages, and were directly associated. In Group IIb, no significant change in blood pressure or weight occurred (P greater than 0.30).", "contents": "Effect of weight loss without salt restriction on the reduction of blood pressure in overweight hypertensive patients. Overweight patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension were followed up biweekly for six months: 24 not receiving antihypertensive-drug therapy (Group I) and 83 on regular but inadequate (despite drug manipulation) antihypertensive-drug therapy (Group II). All patients in Group I and 57 randomly selected patients from group II (IIa) participated in a weight-reduction program. The remaining 26 from Group II (IIb) did not receive a dietary program. Salt intake was in the normal range in all three groups. All patients on the dietary program lost at least 3 kg (mean, 10.5 kg), and all but two showed a meaningful reduction in blood pressure; 75 per cent of Group I and 61 per cent of Group IIa returned to normal blood pressure. The weight and blood-pressure reductions were highly significant (P less than 0.001), were present in both sexes and all ages, and were directly associated. In Group IIb, no significant change in blood pressure or weight occurred (P greater than 0.30)."}
{"id": "PMID:337148", "title": "Serological studies on twelve species of Candida.", "content": "Two main types of immunological reactions are tested in twelve species of Candida. The agglutination reaction produces agglutination varying from +/-, or trace, to ++++ or .100 per cent agglutination. This is due to cross-reactions among the Candida and cannot be completely removed by adsorption. The precipitin reactions seem to give the most specific results, and most of the cross-reaction bands are adsorption-removable.", "contents": "Serological studies on twelve species of Candida. Two main types of immunological reactions are tested in twelve species of Candida. The agglutination reaction produces agglutination varying from +/-, or trace, to ++++ or .100 per cent agglutination. This is due to cross-reactions among the Candida and cannot be completely removed by adsorption. The precipitin reactions seem to give the most specific results, and most of the cross-reaction bands are adsorption-removable."}
{"id": "PMID:337161", "title": "Generality of the functional structure of the neocortex.", "content": "The fundamental similarities between various neocortical areas are elaborated by pointing out the common principles of its afferent, intrinsic, and efferent organization, with special emphasis on the generality of thalamocortical circuits. Interareal differences in morphology and function can be considered as accidental, i.e., depending on the circuit in which a given cortical area is involved. The neocortex is a link in the chain of afferent-efferent signal processing, and can be understood as a cooperative network that acts as a nonlinear spatiotemporal filter with adaptive properties (memory) and that transforms afferent signal flow. It is assumed that these filter properties are identical for all neocortical areas. The functional role of a circumscribed cortical area depends exclusively on its position uithin a certain functional circuit and is defined by it.", "contents": "Generality of the functional structure of the neocortex. The fundamental similarities between various neocortical areas are elaborated by pointing out the common principles of its afferent, intrinsic, and efferent organization, with special emphasis on the generality of thalamocortical circuits. Interareal differences in morphology and function can be considered as accidental, i.e., depending on the circuit in which a given cortical area is involved. The neocortex is a link in the chain of afferent-efferent signal processing, and can be understood as a cooperative network that acts as a nonlinear spatiotemporal filter with adaptive properties (memory) and that transforms afferent signal flow. It is assumed that these filter properties are identical for all neocortical areas. The functional role of a circumscribed cortical area depends exclusively on its position uithin a certain functional circuit and is defined by it."}
{"id": "PMID:337164", "title": "[Biosynthesis and structure of the yeast fatty acid synthetase complex].", "content": "Genetic as well as biochemical data suggest that the yeast fatty-acid synthetase complex has an (AB)6 protein structure where A and B represent multifunctional polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 185000 and 180000 daltons, respectively. Subunit A contains at least 3 and subunit B4 of the 8 known biochemical functions of the multienzyme complex. It is concluded that this complex structure has evolved from the corresponding prokaryotic system of monofunctional enzymes due to a selective advantage regarding the biosynthesis and assembly of the complex components.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis and structure of the yeast fatty acid synthetase complex]. Genetic as well as biochemical data suggest that the yeast fatty-acid synthetase complex has an (AB)6 protein structure where A and B represent multifunctional polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 185000 and 180000 daltons, respectively. Subunit A contains at least 3 and subunit B4 of the 8 known biochemical functions of the multienzyme complex. It is concluded that this complex structure has evolved from the corresponding prokaryotic system of monofunctional enzymes due to a selective advantage regarding the biosynthesis and assembly of the complex components."}
{"id": "PMID:337175", "title": "Effects of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide on renal glomerular and tubular adenylate cyclase.", "content": "The effects of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on adenylate cyclase have been tested using renal tubular membranes and renal glomeruli isolated from rats. E. Coli LPS did not stimulate glomerular and tubular basal adenylate cyclase activity whereas it was an activator in the presence of fluoride. The effect of E. Coli LPS was immediate but was greater after 20 min preincubation. Maximum stimulation of both glomerular and tubular fluoride sensitive adenylate cyclase occurred at 125 microgram/ml of E. Coli LPS with an apparent Km (dose corresponding to 50% of maximum stimulation) of 30 microgram/ml. Above 125 microgram/ml there was a decrease in adenylate cyclase activity. E. Coli LPS produced an increase in the maximum velocity of both enzymes but did not affect their affinity for adenosine triphosphate. E. Coli LPS did not potentiate the effect of parathyroid hormone on glomerular and tubular adenylate cyclase. The lipid A moiety which is common to all LPS whatever the original strain gave results similar to those obtained with the entire LPS. This effect was specific and did not depend on the phospholipidic structure in general since no activation was obtained in the presence of phosphatidylserine.", "contents": "Effects of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide on renal glomerular and tubular adenylate cyclase. The effects of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on adenylate cyclase have been tested using renal tubular membranes and renal glomeruli isolated from rats. E. Coli LPS did not stimulate glomerular and tubular basal adenylate cyclase activity whereas it was an activator in the presence of fluoride. The effect of E. Coli LPS was immediate but was greater after 20 min preincubation. Maximum stimulation of both glomerular and tubular fluoride sensitive adenylate cyclase occurred at 125 microgram/ml of E. Coli LPS with an apparent Km (dose corresponding to 50% of maximum stimulation) of 30 microgram/ml. Above 125 microgram/ml there was a decrease in adenylate cyclase activity. E. Coli LPS produced an increase in the maximum velocity of both enzymes but did not affect their affinity for adenosine triphosphate. E. Coli LPS did not potentiate the effect of parathyroid hormone on glomerular and tubular adenylate cyclase. The lipid A moiety which is common to all LPS whatever the original strain gave results similar to those obtained with the entire LPS. This effect was specific and did not depend on the phospholipidic structure in general since no activation was obtained in the presence of phosphatidylserine."}
{"id": "PMID:337176", "title": "Psychotropic effects of carbamazepine in epilepsy: a double-blind comparison with phenytoin.", "content": "The \"psychotropic\" effects of carbamazepine were evaluated with phenytoin (Dilantin) as reference agent in a counterbalanced, crossover study. Forty adult epileptics were given a series of neuropsychologic tests and the MMPI after 4 months on each agent. Most abilities were much the same with either anticonvulsant, but there were fewer errors with carbamazepine on mental tasks requiring attention and problem solving, and some improvement in emotional status was suggested. The findings were consistent with patient reports of improvement in alertness and mental functioning. These results combine with the excellent anticonvulsant properties of carbamazepine to support its use as an anticonvulsant.", "contents": "Psychotropic effects of carbamazepine in epilepsy: a double-blind comparison with phenytoin. The \"psychotropic\" effects of carbamazepine were evaluated with phenytoin (Dilantin) as reference agent in a counterbalanced, crossover study. Forty adult epileptics were given a series of neuropsychologic tests and the MMPI after 4 months on each agent. Most abilities were much the same with either anticonvulsant, but there were fewer errors with carbamazepine on mental tasks requiring attention and problem solving, and some improvement in emotional status was suggested. The findings were consistent with patient reports of improvement in alertness and mental functioning. These results combine with the excellent anticonvulsant properties of carbamazepine to support its use as an anticonvulsant."}
{"id": "PMID:337179", "title": "[Parietal cell vagotomy (PCV): the treatment of choice of duodenal ulcer].", "content": "Gastric resection or vagotomy plus drainage are not easy alternatives for the treatment of duodenal ulcer. More complications are met after resection, more relapses after vagotomy, whereas the postoperative sequelae are the same for both operations. Vagotomy of the parietal cells is designed to prevent all such sequelae by leaving the innervation of the antrum intact so that drainage can be omitted. Experience has so far shown that very few complications occur, whereas severe and slight dumping and diarrhoea are virtually eliminated. Gastric emptying times are slightly affected (a little longer for solids and a little quicker for fluids), but drainage in non-stenosing cases of duodenal ulcer is not necessary. The true average incidence of recurrences after this operation cannot yet be determined, since the results of the published series vary considerably. This may be due to the continuous progress being made in the development of the surgical technique. Random studies comparing this operation with other forms of duodenal management are urgently required. It is, of course, essential for surgeons practising the new operation must, as in the case of other delicate surgial procedures, to receive a proper training at specialised centres.", "contents": "[Parietal cell vagotomy (PCV): the treatment of choice of duodenal ulcer]. Gastric resection or vagotomy plus drainage are not easy alternatives for the treatment of duodenal ulcer. More complications are met after resection, more relapses after vagotomy, whereas the postoperative sequelae are the same for both operations. Vagotomy of the parietal cells is designed to prevent all such sequelae by leaving the innervation of the antrum intact so that drainage can be omitted. Experience has so far shown that very few complications occur, whereas severe and slight dumping and diarrhoea are virtually eliminated. Gastric emptying times are slightly affected (a little longer for solids and a little quicker for fluids), but drainage in non-stenosing cases of duodenal ulcer is not necessary. The true average incidence of recurrences after this operation cannot yet be determined, since the results of the published series vary considerably. This may be due to the continuous progress being made in the development of the surgical technique. Random studies comparing this operation with other forms of duodenal management are urgently required. It is, of course, essential for surgeons practising the new operation must, as in the case of other delicate surgial procedures, to receive a proper training at specialised centres."}
{"id": "PMID:337186", "title": "Nucleic acid metabolism of placenta and fetus.", "content": "The preceding r\u00e9sum\u00e9 of placental nucleic acid metabolism indicates considerable changes in RNA and DNA during the course of pregnancy in both human and animal experiments. The presence of an active protein-synthesizing apparatus closely allied with DNA and RNA metabolism has been observed in placental preparations; future studies should reveal even more direct relationships. The specific regulatory role of nucleic acids in normal and abnormal placental function is still unknown. In truth, such specific regulatory or control mechanisms are generally unproved among the entire mammalian (eukaryotype) system. Progress in learning about placental function and control may require more detailed information regarding RNA metabolism from molecular biology. The regulatory control of fetal or intrauterine growth as it relates to nucleic acids remains even more obscure. One of the major drawbacks in this study has been our inability to label fetal tissues adequately during the major portion of the pregnancy. The problem is made even more complex by the many factors involved in intrauterine growth, such as blood volume, uterine blood supply, oxygen flow and transfer, hormonal effects, and nutritional status, in addition to nucleic acids.", "contents": "Nucleic acid metabolism of placenta and fetus. The preceding r\u00e9sum\u00e9 of placental nucleic acid metabolism indicates considerable changes in RNA and DNA during the course of pregnancy in both human and animal experiments. The presence of an active protein-synthesizing apparatus closely allied with DNA and RNA metabolism has been observed in placental preparations; future studies should reveal even more direct relationships. The specific regulatory role of nucleic acids in normal and abnormal placental function is still unknown. In truth, such specific regulatory or control mechanisms are generally unproved among the entire mammalian (eukaryotype) system. Progress in learning about placental function and control may require more detailed information regarding RNA metabolism from molecular biology. The regulatory control of fetal or intrauterine growth as it relates to nucleic acids remains even more obscure. One of the major drawbacks in this study has been our inability to label fetal tissues adequately during the major portion of the pregnancy. The problem is made even more complex by the many factors involved in intrauterine growth, such as blood volume, uterine blood supply, oxygen flow and transfer, hormonal effects, and nutritional status, in addition to nucleic acids."}
{"id": "PMID:337196", "title": "Necrotizing fasciitis in postpartum patients. A report of four cases.", "content": "Necrotizing fascitis is a rare but rapidly progressive soft tissue infection not previously reported in an obstetric patient. Since cure is dependent on rapid recognition and early surgical intervention, 4 cases are reported herein, the bacteriology discussed, and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "Necrotizing fasciitis in postpartum patients. A report of four cases. Necrotizing fascitis is a rare but rapidly progressive soft tissue infection not previously reported in an obstetric patient. Since cure is dependent on rapid recognition and early surgical intervention, 4 cases are reported herein, the bacteriology discussed, and the literature reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:337197", "title": "Ectopic pregnancy in kidney transplant patients. A diagnostic challenge.", "content": "Two cases are presented which illustrate the diagnostic dilemma encountered when ectopic pregnancy occurs in renal allograft recipients. A plan of management is outlined for this situation.", "contents": "Ectopic pregnancy in kidney transplant patients. A diagnostic challenge. Two cases are presented which illustrate the diagnostic dilemma encountered when ectopic pregnancy occurs in renal allograft recipients. A plan of management is outlined for this situation."}
{"id": "PMID:337198", "title": "Hydrops fetales and congenital toxoplasmosis. Value of direct immunofluorescence test.", "content": "Congenital toxoplasmosis is sometimes difficult to diagnose clinically and histologically, since it can present in diversified forms. The present report deals with a rare type of toxoplasma infection that resulted in a stillborn with hydrops fetales and extensive fetal placental calcification. The direct toxoplasma immunofluorescence test was of great value in the diagnosis.", "contents": "Hydrops fetales and congenital toxoplasmosis. Value of direct immunofluorescence test. Congenital toxoplasmosis is sometimes difficult to diagnose clinically and histologically, since it can present in diversified forms. The present report deals with a rare type of toxoplasma infection that resulted in a stillborn with hydrops fetales and extensive fetal placental calcification. The direct toxoplasma immunofluorescence test was of great value in the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:337217", "title": "Histologic fate of tympanic membrane and ossicle homografts.", "content": "1. The biologic behavior and usefulness of homologous incus grafts preserved in Cialit compare favorably with that of ossicular autografts. 2. Reconstruction of the transplanted incus correlates with the period of its immersion in preservative: the briefer the period of exposure to fixative, the more rapidly resorption and substitution occur. The longer the preservation time, the slower the rate of incus transplant reconstruction. 3. The preserved heterograft bone chip is unsuitable, since it disintegrates completely irrespective of the duration of its preservation. 4. The configuration of all bone chips is extensively altered after implantation. Autograft and homograft bone chips are both poorly tolerated. Chemical fixation does not alter this reaction. Fragments are shortened, softened, and rounded off. Heterologous bone chips are completely resorbed.", "contents": "Histologic fate of tympanic membrane and ossicle homografts. 1. The biologic behavior and usefulness of homologous incus grafts preserved in Cialit compare favorably with that of ossicular autografts. 2. Reconstruction of the transplanted incus correlates with the period of its immersion in preservative: the briefer the period of exposure to fixative, the more rapidly resorption and substitution occur. The longer the preservation time, the slower the rate of incus transplant reconstruction. 3. The preserved heterograft bone chip is unsuitable, since it disintegrates completely irrespective of the duration of its preservation. 4. The configuration of all bone chips is extensively altered after implantation. Autograft and homograft bone chips are both poorly tolerated. Chemical fixation does not alter this reaction. Fragments are shortened, softened, and rounded off. Heterologous bone chips are completely resorbed."}
{"id": "PMID:337218", "title": "Comparison of homograft preservation techniques.", "content": "Much practical experience with homograft materials has been gained in cardiac surgery, vascular surgery, orthopedics, plastic surgery, ophthalmology, and otology; and a fair amount is known about the morphological and histological consequences of the use of these materials. There are still arrears in chemical engineering in otology, but construction of better bioprostheses may become possible in the long run. Empirical data indicate that until that time the use of mercury salts and 70 per cent alcohol will remain the preservation techniques of choice in otology.", "contents": "Comparison of homograft preservation techniques. Much practical experience with homograft materials has been gained in cardiac surgery, vascular surgery, orthopedics, plastic surgery, ophthalmology, and otology; and a fair amount is known about the morphological and histological consequences of the use of these materials. There are still arrears in chemical engineering in otology, but construction of better bioprostheses may become possible in the long run. Empirical data indicate that until that time the use of mercury salts and 70 per cent alcohol will remain the preservation techniques of choice in otology."}
{"id": "PMID:337220", "title": "Evaluation of the efficacy and neural mechanism of a hypnotic analgesia procedure in experimental and clinical dental pain.", "content": "Previous research implicates an endogenous central pain inhibitory mechanism in opiate analgesia, analgesia produced by focal electrical stimulation of the brain, and acupuncture analgesia. This investigation evaluates the possibility that analgesia produced by hypnosis is also mediated by such a mechanism. Results suggest that hypnotic analgesia is unlikely to involve this central pain inhibitory mechanism since hypnotic analgesia is not altered by naloxone hydrochloride, a specific narcotic antagonist. Results further demonstrate that the hypnotic procedure used produces an unusually effective and reliable increase in pain threshold. This finding generalizes to the control of clinical dental pain, and suggests that hypnotic pain control is a more widespread phenomenon in the population than has been thought.", "contents": "Evaluation of the efficacy and neural mechanism of a hypnotic analgesia procedure in experimental and clinical dental pain. Previous research implicates an endogenous central pain inhibitory mechanism in opiate analgesia, analgesia produced by focal electrical stimulation of the brain, and acupuncture analgesia. This investigation evaluates the possibility that analgesia produced by hypnosis is also mediated by such a mechanism. Results suggest that hypnotic analgesia is unlikely to involve this central pain inhibitory mechanism since hypnotic analgesia is not altered by naloxone hydrochloride, a specific narcotic antagonist. Results further demonstrate that the hypnotic procedure used produces an unusually effective and reliable increase in pain threshold. This finding generalizes to the control of clinical dental pain, and suggests that hypnotic pain control is a more widespread phenomenon in the population than has been thought."}
{"id": "PMID:337221", "title": "Immunodepression in Babesia microti infections.", "content": "Infection with the avirulent piroplasm Babesia microti in mice is accompanied by a marked depression in the ability of the mice to mount an immune response to sheep red blood cells. The period of immunodepression begins 3 days after peak parasitaemia and is maximal 4 days later. Thereafter, there is a slow return to normal immune responsiveness, correlated with the gradual disappearance of the parasites from the blood. Both IgM and IgG responses are depressed. Cell-mediated responses as determined by contact sensitivity to oxazolone and allograft survival are apparently unaffected. Phagocytic activity was measured by carbon clearance tests is increased, and is correlated with the parasitaemia.", "contents": "Immunodepression in Babesia microti infections. Infection with the avirulent piroplasm Babesia microti in mice is accompanied by a marked depression in the ability of the mice to mount an immune response to sheep red blood cells. The period of immunodepression begins 3 days after peak parasitaemia and is maximal 4 days later. Thereafter, there is a slow return to normal immune responsiveness, correlated with the gradual disappearance of the parasites from the blood. Both IgM and IgG responses are depressed. Cell-mediated responses as determined by contact sensitivity to oxazolone and allograft survival are apparently unaffected. Phagocytic activity was measured by carbon clearance tests is increased, and is correlated with the parasitaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:337235", "title": "Ribosomal protein-nucleic acid interactions. I. Isolation of a polypeptide fragment from 30S protein S8 which binds to 16S rRNA.", "content": "Within the bacterial ribosome a large number of specific protein and rRNA interactions appear to be required for assembly of the particle and its subsequent function in protein synthesis. In this communication it is shown that it is possible to isolate cyanogen bromide digestion products from ribosomal 30S protein S8 which will interact stoichiometrically with 16S rRNA. In addition to this a small binding polypeptide was generated from S8-16S rRNA complexes which were treated with proteinase K. The digestion of the complex yields a \"protected\" fragment of protein S8 which binds to 16S-rRNA. The isolated fragment will reassociate with 16S rRNA. It is not displaced by other 30S ribosomal proteins and blocks the binding of intact S8 to 16S rRNA. The size the possible structure of the S8 protein binding site are discussed and compared with the binding of cyanogen bromide digestion products which bind to 16S rRNA.", "contents": "Ribosomal protein-nucleic acid interactions. I. Isolation of a polypeptide fragment from 30S protein S8 which binds to 16S rRNA. Within the bacterial ribosome a large number of specific protein and rRNA interactions appear to be required for assembly of the particle and its subsequent function in protein synthesis. In this communication it is shown that it is possible to isolate cyanogen bromide digestion products from ribosomal 30S protein S8 which will interact stoichiometrically with 16S rRNA. In addition to this a small binding polypeptide was generated from S8-16S rRNA complexes which were treated with proteinase K. The digestion of the complex yields a \"protected\" fragment of protein S8 which binds to 16S-rRNA. The isolated fragment will reassociate with 16S rRNA. It is not displaced by other 30S ribosomal proteins and blocks the binding of intact S8 to 16S rRNA. The size the possible structure of the S8 protein binding site are discussed and compared with the binding of cyanogen bromide digestion products which bind to 16S rRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:337236", "title": "Pathway-dependent refolding of E. coli 5S RNA.", "content": "The refolding of 5S RNA into its two conformational states has been examined as a function of solvent composition and annealing conditions. The results show that the product distribution depends on the folding pathway. Quick cooling from high temperature produces roughly equal amounts of the two forms, even in the presence of 1 mm Mg++. However annealing by slow cooling to intermediate temperatures (50 degrees--60 degrees C) in Mg++-containing buffers, followed by quick cooling, allows formation of a structure which guides the refolding path to the \"native\" conformation.  The stability of this structural nucleus for the \"native\" conformation depends strongly on Mg++ concentration. We conclude that the A (\"native\") conformation differs from the B conformation not in rate of refolding, but rather in having a lower enthalpy and a also a smaller rate of unfolding for the critical structural nucleus. The order of folding during biosynthesis may be crucial for forming the \"native\" conformation.", "contents": "Pathway-dependent refolding of E. coli 5S RNA. The refolding of 5S RNA into its two conformational states has been examined as a function of solvent composition and annealing conditions. The results show that the product distribution depends on the folding pathway. Quick cooling from high temperature produces roughly equal amounts of the two forms, even in the presence of 1 mm Mg++. However annealing by slow cooling to intermediate temperatures (50 degrees--60 degrees C) in Mg++-containing buffers, followed by quick cooling, allows formation of a structure which guides the refolding path to the \"native\" conformation.  The stability of this structural nucleus for the \"native\" conformation depends strongly on Mg++ concentration. We conclude that the A (\"native\") conformation differs from the B conformation not in rate of refolding, but rather in having a lower enthalpy and a also a smaller rate of unfolding for the critical structural nucleus. The order of folding during biosynthesis may be crucial for forming the \"native\" conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:337237", "title": "Sequence specific interaction of the chromosomal proteins with DNA.", "content": "Calf thymus chromatin was partially deproteinized by 0.6-1 M NaCl extraction. From the shape of the temperature derivative plot of its melting curve, the DNA in each chromatin was resolved into regions of exposed DNA, and DNA still complexed with proteins. The partially deproteinized chromatin was capable of directing in vitro RNA synthesis in an amount proportional to the fraction of exposed DNA. The in vitro RNA transcript was hybridized to denatured calf DNA under hybridization conditions where only RNA's transcribed from repetitive DNA sequences were able to form hybrids. From the results it is deduced that the in vitro RNA transcripts of 0.6 M NaC1-extracted chromatin after the removal of HI histones plus one-quater of the non histones may be transcribed from repetitive DNA sequences and those of 1 M NaCl-extracted chromatin contain more transcripts from the unique DNA sequences.", "contents": "Sequence specific interaction of the chromosomal proteins with DNA. Calf thymus chromatin was partially deproteinized by 0.6-1 M NaCl extraction. From the shape of the temperature derivative plot of its melting curve, the DNA in each chromatin was resolved into regions of exposed DNA, and DNA still complexed with proteins. The partially deproteinized chromatin was capable of directing in vitro RNA synthesis in an amount proportional to the fraction of exposed DNA. The in vitro RNA transcript was hybridized to denatured calf DNA under hybridization conditions where only RNA's transcribed from repetitive DNA sequences were able to form hybrids. From the results it is deduced that the in vitro RNA transcripts of 0.6 M NaC1-extracted chromatin after the removal of HI histones plus one-quater of the non histones may be transcribed from repetitive DNA sequences and those of 1 M NaCl-extracted chromatin contain more transcripts from the unique DNA sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:337238", "title": "Study of yeast mitochondrial tRNAs by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: characterization of isoaccepting species and search for imported cytoplasmic tRNAs.", "content": "By two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, yeast mitochondrial tRNA is fractionated into 27 major species. All but 6 of them migrate distinctly from cytoplasmic tRNAs. Migration of mitochondrial DNA-coded mitochondrial tRNAs shows the occurence of only one cytoplasmic tRNA in mitochondria. Several mitochondrial tRNA spots are identified on the electrophoregrams, some of them show isoaccepting species (Val, Ser, Met, Leu). It is suggested that there are sufficient mitochondrial tRNA genes on yeast mitochondrial DNA to allow mitochondrial protein biosynthesis by the mitochondrial tRNAs alone. Guanosine + Cytidine content and rate base composition are reported for some individual species. Mitochondrial tRNAPhe lacks Ribothymidine.", "contents": "Study of yeast mitochondrial tRNAs by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: characterization of isoaccepting species and search for imported cytoplasmic tRNAs. By two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, yeast mitochondrial tRNA is fractionated into 27 major species. All but 6 of them migrate distinctly from cytoplasmic tRNAs. Migration of mitochondrial DNA-coded mitochondrial tRNAs shows the occurence of only one cytoplasmic tRNA in mitochondria. Several mitochondrial tRNA spots are identified on the electrophoregrams, some of them show isoaccepting species (Val, Ser, Met, Leu). It is suggested that there are sufficient mitochondrial tRNA genes on yeast mitochondrial DNA to allow mitochondrial protein biosynthesis by the mitochondrial tRNAs alone. Guanosine + Cytidine content and rate base composition are reported for some individual species. Mitochondrial tRNAPhe lacks Ribothymidine."}
{"id": "PMID:337239", "title": "An NMR study of the exchange rates for protons involved in the secondary and tertiary structure of yeast tRNA Phe.", "content": "Solvent exchange rates of all the protons of yeast tRNAphe resonating in the lowfield NMR region (-11 to-15 ppm from DSS) have been measured by saturation-recovery long-pulse Fourier transform NMR. All these protons in yeast tRNAphe are in the fast exchange limit with H2O relative to their intrinsic longitudinal relaxation processes. Most rates show very little temperature dependence; however, tertiary base pair protons are preferentially destabilized in the absence of Mg++ at higher temperatures. The measured exchange rates are between 2 and 125 sec-1 for a temperature range from 10 degrees C to 45 degrees C and MgCl2 concentrations between 0 and 15 mM.", "contents": "An NMR study of the exchange rates for protons involved in the secondary and tertiary structure of yeast tRNA Phe. Solvent exchange rates of all the protons of yeast tRNAphe resonating in the lowfield NMR region (-11 to-15 ppm from DSS) have been measured by saturation-recovery long-pulse Fourier transform NMR. All these protons in yeast tRNAphe are in the fast exchange limit with H2O relative to their intrinsic longitudinal relaxation processes. Most rates show very little temperature dependence; however, tertiary base pair protons are preferentially destabilized in the absence of Mg++ at higher temperatures. The measured exchange rates are between 2 and 125 sec-1 for a temperature range from 10 degrees C to 45 degrees C and MgCl2 concentrations between 0 and 15 mM."}
{"id": "PMID:337240", "title": "Complex formation between ribosomal protein S1, oligo-and polynucleotides: chain length dependence and base specificity.", "content": "In order to examine the nature of the complex formation between the ribosomal protein S1 and nucleic acids three methods were used: Inhibition of the reaction of n-ethyl[2.3 14C]-maleimide with S1 by the addition of oligonucleotides; adsorption of the complexes to nitrocellulose filters; and equilibrium dialysis. The complex formation is Mg2+ dependent at low salt concentrations and becomes Mg2+ independent at an ionic strength greater than 90 mM. Oligouridylates of increasing chain length reach an optimal KA of 3-3-10(7) M-1 at a chain length of n=13-14. Protein S1 contains one binding site for long chain oligouridylates, such as U12, and the standard-free-energy change on binding caused by one Pu increment is 0.41 kcal/mol, when n varies between five and fourteen. Complex formation is insensitive to the capacity of the homopolynucleotide bases to form hydrogen bonds. Homopolynuceotides, however, showing a Tm less than 250 in the buffer system used show an increased affinity for S1 compared to poly(A) and poly(C) (Tm greater than  40 degrees). The data are discussed with respect to the proposed binding of protein S1 to the 3-terminal end of the 16S RNA.", "contents": "Complex formation between ribosomal protein S1, oligo-and polynucleotides: chain length dependence and base specificity. In order to examine the nature of the complex formation between the ribosomal protein S1 and nucleic acids three methods were used: Inhibition of the reaction of n-ethyl[2.3 14C]-maleimide with S1 by the addition of oligonucleotides; adsorption of the complexes to nitrocellulose filters; and equilibrium dialysis. The complex formation is Mg2+ dependent at low salt concentrations and becomes Mg2+ independent at an ionic strength greater than 90 mM. Oligouridylates of increasing chain length reach an optimal KA of 3-3-10(7) M-1 at a chain length of n=13-14. Protein S1 contains one binding site for long chain oligouridylates, such as U12, and the standard-free-energy change on binding caused by one Pu increment is 0.41 kcal/mol, when n varies between five and fourteen. Complex formation is insensitive to the capacity of the homopolynucleotide bases to form hydrogen bonds. Homopolynuceotides, however, showing a Tm less than 250 in the buffer system used show an increased affinity for S1 compared to poly(A) and poly(C) (Tm greater than  40 degrees). The data are discussed with respect to the proposed binding of protein S1 to the 3-terminal end of the 16S RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:337244", "title": "Nursing research-the road ahead.", "content": "In a summary of NURSING RESEARCH anniversary year articles, implications from and highlights of the articles are discussed and future needs of and directions for research in nursing are outlined.", "contents": "Nursing research-the road ahead. In a summary of NURSING RESEARCH anniversary year articles, implications from and highlights of the articles are discussed and future needs of and directions for research in nursing are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:337263", "title": "The services of a hospital medical library.", "content": "The purpose of a hospital medical library is described under the headings of diagnostic and treatment guide, current awareness and access to published literature. The Wessex Regional Library and Information Services is described.", "contents": "The services of a hospital medical library. The purpose of a hospital medical library is described under the headings of diagnostic and treatment guide, current awareness and access to published literature. The Wessex Regional Library and Information Services is described."}
{"id": "PMID:337287", "title": "[Effect of thyroid hormones on the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary system in female rats].", "content": "No elevation of the LH-RH level in the hypothalamus, and of the LH in the blood, observed in intact animals, occurred in sexually mature female rats after thyroidectomy. The cyclic character of the changes in the blood estrogen content persisted in the operated on rats, although to a lesser degree. Thus, the influence of the thyroid glands on the gonads was realized not only at the peripheral level, but also at the level of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroid hormones on the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary system in female rats]. No elevation of the LH-RH level in the hypothalamus, and of the LH in the blood, observed in intact animals, occurred in sexually mature female rats after thyroidectomy. The cyclic character of the changes in the blood estrogen content persisted in the operated on rats, although to a lesser degree. Thus, the influence of the thyroid glands on the gonads was realized not only at the peripheral level, but also at the level of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system."}
{"id": "PMID:337286", "title": "[Relationship between the pineal body and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex. 3. Possible role of LH releasing hormone in the hypothalamo-epiphyseal feedback].", "content": "The presence of immunoreactive LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was revealed in the epiphysis of rats by radioimmunochemical method. The content of this hormone displayed circadian variations: it was maximum at 6 p.m. and minimum at 6 a.m. Intravenous injection of synthetic LG-RH to infantile and sexually mature rats of both sexes induced in the epiphysis the activity of hydroxyindol-O-methyl transpherase (HIOMT), the key enzyme of melatonin synthesis. Increased activity of this enzyme in the epiphysis persisted for at least 5 hours after the administration of LH-RH. HIOMT activation is preceded by a rapid fall (in 5 minutes) of cyclic adenosine-3', 5'-monophosphate in the epiphysis. The data obtained permitted to suppose that feed-back of the hypothalamus with the epiphysis could be realized with the aid of LH-RH.", "contents": "[Relationship between the pineal body and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex. 3. Possible role of LH releasing hormone in the hypothalamo-epiphyseal feedback]. The presence of immunoreactive LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was revealed in the epiphysis of rats by radioimmunochemical method. The content of this hormone displayed circadian variations: it was maximum at 6 p.m. and minimum at 6 a.m. Intravenous injection of synthetic LG-RH to infantile and sexually mature rats of both sexes induced in the epiphysis the activity of hydroxyindol-O-methyl transpherase (HIOMT), the key enzyme of melatonin synthesis. Increased activity of this enzyme in the epiphysis persisted for at least 5 hours after the administration of LH-RH. HIOMT activation is preceded by a rapid fall (in 5 minutes) of cyclic adenosine-3', 5'-monophosphate in the epiphysis. The data obtained permitted to suppose that feed-back of the hypothalamus with the epiphysis could be realized with the aid of LH-RH."}
{"id": "PMID:337288", "title": "[Immunoreactive insulin level in the blood and the blast transformation reaction to insulin and the pancreatic tissue at the initial stages of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The following was examined in 60 adult persons with normal weight and obesity: insulin level during the glucose tolerance test and lymphocyte sensitization to insulin and the pancreas tissue. An increased insulin level both on fasting stomach and after glucose tolerance was noted in obese persons. A delayed elevation of insulin level, particularly in combination of obesity with deranged glucose tolerance was often seen. Immunological reactions to insulin and the pancreatic tissue were mostly noted in patients with moderate obesity and at the initial stage of the carbohydrate metabolism deragement. Lymphocyte sensitization to insulin was characteristic of cases when the glucose was flat, insulin secretion--moderately elevated and insulin/glucose index--increased.", "contents": "[Immunoreactive insulin level in the blood and the blast transformation reaction to insulin and the pancreatic tissue at the initial stages of diabetes mellitus]. The following was examined in 60 adult persons with normal weight and obesity: insulin level during the glucose tolerance test and lymphocyte sensitization to insulin and the pancreas tissue. An increased insulin level both on fasting stomach and after glucose tolerance was noted in obese persons. A delayed elevation of insulin level, particularly in combination of obesity with deranged glucose tolerance was often seen. Immunological reactions to insulin and the pancreatic tissue were mostly noted in patients with moderate obesity and at the initial stage of the carbohydrate metabolism deragement. Lymphocyte sensitization to insulin was characteristic of cases when the glucose was flat, insulin secretion--moderately elevated and insulin/glucose index--increased."}
{"id": "PMID:337294", "title": "5'-Terminal nucleotide sequence of Escherichia coli lactose repressor mRNA: features of translational initiation and reinitiation sites.", "content": "In a sequence of 214 nucleotides at the 5' terminus of the I gene mRNA, which codes for the lactose repressor protein of Escherichia coli, (i) an untranslated leader sequence of 28 residues precedes the repressor coding region; (ii) a GUG initiates synthesis of the wild-type repressor; (iii) GUG and AUG are the functional initiators for the synthesis of restart polypeptides activated by early I gene amber mutations, confirming previous assignments for these residues based on protein sequencing data; and (iv) sequences complementary to 16S ribosomal RNA provide stronger potential mRNA.16S rRNA interaction at the wild-type initiation site than at the restart sites. When I mRNA is used to direct the formation of initiation complexes in vitro, ribosomes bind only to the wild-type initiator region.A striking feature of the I mRNA sequence is the presence of a number of in-phase GUGs that have not been observed to serve as initiation signals in vivo in the nonsense mutant strains examined. The selective use of potential initiator triplets in the I mRNA leads to the following conclusions. First, when presented with several neighboring initiator triplets at the wild-type initiator region, ribosomes select the one preceded by the strongest appropriately positioned complementarity to the 16S 3' end. Second, ribosomes do not restart after termination simply by moving to the next available initiator codon. Third, the formation of stable secondary structures predicted for the untranslated I mRNA beyond chain-terminating nonsense mutations may prevent ribosome access to some potential reinitiation sites.", "contents": "5'-Terminal nucleotide sequence of Escherichia coli lactose repressor mRNA: features of translational initiation and reinitiation sites. In a sequence of 214 nucleotides at the 5' terminus of the I gene mRNA, which codes for the lactose repressor protein of Escherichia coli, (i) an untranslated leader sequence of 28 residues precedes the repressor coding region; (ii) a GUG initiates synthesis of the wild-type repressor; (iii) GUG and AUG are the functional initiators for the synthesis of restart polypeptides activated by early I gene amber mutations, confirming previous assignments for these residues based on protein sequencing data; and (iv) sequences complementary to 16S ribosomal RNA provide stronger potential mRNA.16S rRNA interaction at the wild-type initiation site than at the restart sites. When I mRNA is used to direct the formation of initiation complexes in vitro, ribosomes bind only to the wild-type initiator region.A striking feature of the I mRNA sequence is the presence of a number of in-phase GUGs that have not been observed to serve as initiation signals in vivo in the nonsense mutant strains examined. The selective use of potential initiator triplets in the I mRNA leads to the following conclusions. First, when presented with several neighboring initiator triplets at the wild-type initiator region, ribosomes select the one preceded by the strongest appropriately positioned complementarity to the 16S 3' end. Second, ribosomes do not restart after termination simply by moving to the next available initiator codon. Third, the formation of stable secondary structures predicted for the untranslated I mRNA beyond chain-terminating nonsense mutations may prevent ribosome access to some potential reinitiation sites."}
{"id": "PMID:337295", "title": "Limited accessibility of chromatin satellite DNA to RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "An attempt was made to elucidate some of the factors influencing the fidelity with which isolated chromatin from mouse L-cells is transcribed by RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli by analyzing the in vitro transcript for the presence of satellite sequences. These sequences are absent from cellular RNA and therefore reflect aberrant transcription. The results indicate that satellite sequences are underrepresented in chromatin transcripts relative to those of DNA. This selectivity is insensitive to many variables in procedures for the isolation and transcription of chromatin. However, lowering the ratio of enzyme to template further reduced the proportion of satellite sequences in the transcript. We conclude that a primary factor influencing the extent of aberrant transcription is the level of enzyme used. Under limiting enzyme conditions, an efficient selection against satellite sequences is observed. However, under conditions of enzyme excess, the enzyme initiates chains at weaker secondary promoters localized in regions of the chromatin containing satellite DNA.", "contents": "Limited accessibility of chromatin satellite DNA to RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli. An attempt was made to elucidate some of the factors influencing the fidelity with which isolated chromatin from mouse L-cells is transcribed by RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli by analyzing the in vitro transcript for the presence of satellite sequences. These sequences are absent from cellular RNA and therefore reflect aberrant transcription. The results indicate that satellite sequences are underrepresented in chromatin transcripts relative to those of DNA. This selectivity is insensitive to many variables in procedures for the isolation and transcription of chromatin. However, lowering the ratio of enzyme to template further reduced the proportion of satellite sequences in the transcript. We conclude that a primary factor influencing the extent of aberrant transcription is the level of enzyme used. Under limiting enzyme conditions, an efficient selection against satellite sequences is observed. However, under conditions of enzyme excess, the enzyme initiates chains at weaker secondary promoters localized in regions of the chromatin containing satellite DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:337296", "title": "Elongation factor Tu resistant to kirromycin in an Escherichia coli mutant altered in both tuf genes.", "content": "A mutant of Escherichia coli is described that displays kirromycin resistance in a cell-free system by virtue of an altered elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). In poly(U)-directed poly(Phe) synthesis the kirromycin resistance of the crystallized enzyme ranged between a factor of 80 and 700, depending on temperature. Similarly, kirromycin-induced EF-Tu GTPase activity uncoupled from ribosomes and aminoacyl-tRNA required correspondingly higher concentrations of the antibiotic. Resistance of EF-Tu to kirromycin is a consequence of a modified enzyme structure as indicated by its altered fingerprint pattern.P1 transduction experiments showed that the kirromycin-resistant EF-Tu is coded by an altered tufB gene (tufB1). The known existence of two genes coding for EF-Tu would interfere with the recognition of a mutant altered in only one of those genes, if the mutation were recessive. Because kirromycin blocks EF-Tu release from the ribosome, kirromycin sensitivity is dominant, as shown by the failure of a mixed EF-Tu population to express resistance in vitro. Therefore, phenotypic expression of kirromycin resistance in vivo appears to be only possible if the EF-Tu mutant lacks an active tufA gene, a property likely to be inherited from the parental D22 strain. The observations that introduction of a tufA(+) region makes the resistant strain sensitive to the antibiotic and that transduction of tufB1 into a recipient other than E. coli D22 yields kirromycin-sensitive progeny support these conclusions.", "contents": "Elongation factor Tu resistant to kirromycin in an Escherichia coli mutant altered in both tuf genes. A mutant of Escherichia coli is described that displays kirromycin resistance in a cell-free system by virtue of an altered elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). In poly(U)-directed poly(Phe) synthesis the kirromycin resistance of the crystallized enzyme ranged between a factor of 80 and 700, depending on temperature. Similarly, kirromycin-induced EF-Tu GTPase activity uncoupled from ribosomes and aminoacyl-tRNA required correspondingly higher concentrations of the antibiotic. Resistance of EF-Tu to kirromycin is a consequence of a modified enzyme structure as indicated by its altered fingerprint pattern.P1 transduction experiments showed that the kirromycin-resistant EF-Tu is coded by an altered tufB gene (tufB1). The known existence of two genes coding for EF-Tu would interfere with the recognition of a mutant altered in only one of those genes, if the mutation were recessive. Because kirromycin blocks EF-Tu release from the ribosome, kirromycin sensitivity is dominant, as shown by the failure of a mixed EF-Tu population to express resistance in vitro. Therefore, phenotypic expression of kirromycin resistance in vivo appears to be only possible if the EF-Tu mutant lacks an active tufA gene, a property likely to be inherited from the parental D22 strain. The observations that introduction of a tufA(+) region makes the resistant strain sensitive to the antibiotic and that transduction of tufB1 into a recipient other than E. coli D22 yields kirromycin-sensitive progeny support these conclusions."}
{"id": "PMID:337297", "title": "Transcription termination at the trp operon attenuators of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: RNA secondary structure and regulation of termination.", "content": "Transcription termination at the attenuators of the trp operons of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium was studied in vitro using DNA restriction fragments as templates. Readthrough transcription beyond the terminators occurred with 5 and 30% efficiency, respectively, in E. coli and S. typhimurium. This difference is correlated with the stability of proposed secondary structures of the respective trp leader transcripts. Secondary structure analyses of the two leader transcripts revealed a well-conserved pattern of RNA base paring. This and the possibility that trp leader RNA is translated suggest a model for regulation of transcription termination that is based on ribosome movement along the RNA and a shift between alternative RNA base-pairing configuration.", "contents": "Transcription termination at the trp operon attenuators of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: RNA secondary structure and regulation of termination. Transcription termination at the attenuators of the trp operons of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium was studied in vitro using DNA restriction fragments as templates. Readthrough transcription beyond the terminators occurred with 5 and 30% efficiency, respectively, in E. coli and S. typhimurium. This difference is correlated with the stability of proposed secondary structures of the respective trp leader transcripts. Secondary structure analyses of the two leader transcripts revealed a well-conserved pattern of RNA base paring. This and the possibility that trp leader RNA is translated suggest a model for regulation of transcription termination that is based on ribosome movement along the RNA and a shift between alternative RNA base-pairing configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:337298", "title": "Helper factor(s) for growth of adeno-associated virus in cells transformed by adenovirus 12.", "content": "Evidence is presented that a helper factor(s) for growth of adeno-associated virus (AAV) is present in cells transformed by adenovirus type 12 (Ad12). The growth of AAV was observed in heterokaryons formed by fusion of human KB and Ad12-transformed rodent cells by using ultraviolet-inactivated Sendai virus without coinfection of cells with adenovirus. The presence of the helper factor(s) for AAV growth in rat cells transformed by the EcoRI-C fragment or the HindIII-G fragment of Ad12DNA suggests that the helper factor(s) induced by infection with adenovirus is the Ad12-specific T antigen.", "contents": "Helper factor(s) for growth of adeno-associated virus in cells transformed by adenovirus 12. Evidence is presented that a helper factor(s) for growth of adeno-associated virus (AAV) is present in cells transformed by adenovirus type 12 (Ad12). The growth of AAV was observed in heterokaryons formed by fusion of human KB and Ad12-transformed rodent cells by using ultraviolet-inactivated Sendai virus without coinfection of cells with adenovirus. The presence of the helper factor(s) for AAV growth in rat cells transformed by the EcoRI-C fragment or the HindIII-G fragment of Ad12DNA suggests that the helper factor(s) induced by infection with adenovirus is the Ad12-specific T antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:337299", "title": "Differential lateral mobility of IgM and IgG receptors in mouse B lymphocyte membranes.", "content": "Anti-Ig induced redistribution of different Ig subclasses was studied as a function of temperature and correlated with membrane phase transitions as revealed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-coupled anti-IgG2 and anti-IgM antibodies induced patching and capping that proceeded with increasing rates from 2 degrees to 40 degrees (measured at 2 degrees intervals). Characteristic temperatures marked the onset of discontinuities in such rate changes. IgG2-bearing lymphocytes displayed discontinuities at 14 degrees , 22 degrees , 28 degrees , and 36 degrees , whereas IgM-bearing lymphocytes displayed discontinuities at 18 degrees , 24 degrees , 32 degrees , and 38 degrees . Electron spin resonance spectroscopy studies using the spin label 2,2-dimethyl-4-butyl-4-penty-N-oxyloxazolidine, a nitroxide-substituted decane, indicated that these temperatures are a function of hydrocarbon phase separations in the B lymphocyte membrane. With a glucosamine-derivative [2-(10-carboxydecyl)-2-hexyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxazolidinyloxyl glucosamide] as a probe restricted to the outer monolayer of the plasma membrane, the temperatures 14 degrees and 28 degrees denoted the onset and end, respectively, of a fluidizing process in the outer monolayers of IgG2-bearing lymphocytes. Temperatures of 18 degrees and 32 degrees denoted these boundaries in IgM-bearing lymphocytes. Inner monolayer transitions are associated with the remaining temperatures. We conclude that membranes of IgM-bearing lymphocytes are less fluid than those of IgG2-bearing lymphocytes.", "contents": "Differential lateral mobility of IgM and IgG receptors in mouse B lymphocyte membranes. Anti-Ig induced redistribution of different Ig subclasses was studied as a function of temperature and correlated with membrane phase transitions as revealed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-coupled anti-IgG2 and anti-IgM antibodies induced patching and capping that proceeded with increasing rates from 2 degrees to 40 degrees (measured at 2 degrees intervals). Characteristic temperatures marked the onset of discontinuities in such rate changes. IgG2-bearing lymphocytes displayed discontinuities at 14 degrees , 22 degrees , 28 degrees , and 36 degrees , whereas IgM-bearing lymphocytes displayed discontinuities at 18 degrees , 24 degrees , 32 degrees , and 38 degrees . Electron spin resonance spectroscopy studies using the spin label 2,2-dimethyl-4-butyl-4-penty-N-oxyloxazolidine, a nitroxide-substituted decane, indicated that these temperatures are a function of hydrocarbon phase separations in the B lymphocyte membrane. With a glucosamine-derivative [2-(10-carboxydecyl)-2-hexyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxazolidinyloxyl glucosamide] as a probe restricted to the outer monolayer of the plasma membrane, the temperatures 14 degrees and 28 degrees denoted the onset and end, respectively, of a fluidizing process in the outer monolayers of IgG2-bearing lymphocytes. Temperatures of 18 degrees and 32 degrees denoted these boundaries in IgM-bearing lymphocytes. Inner monolayer transitions are associated with the remaining temperatures. We conclude that membranes of IgM-bearing lymphocytes are less fluid than those of IgG2-bearing lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:337300", "title": "Nalidixic acid resistance: a second genetic character involved in DNA gyrase activity.", "content": "ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling catalyzed by Escherichia coli DNA gyrase was inhibited by oxolinic acid, a compound similar to but more potent than nalidixic acid and a known inhibitor of DNA replication in E. coli. The supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase purified from nalidixic acid-resistant mutant (nalA(R)) bacteria was resistant to oxolinic acid. Thus, the nalA locus is responsible for a second component needed for DNA gyrase activity in addition to the component determined by the previously described locus for resistance to novobiocin and coumermycin (cou). Supercoiling of lambda DNA in E. coli cells was likewise inhibited by oxolinic acid, but was resistant in the nalA(R) mutant. The inhibition by oxolinic acid of colicin E1 plasmid DNA synthesis in a cell-free system was largely relieved by adding resistant DNA gyrase. In the absence of ATP, DNA gyrase preparations relaxed supercoiled DNA; this activity was also inhibited by oxolinic acid, but not by novobiocin. It appears that the oxolinic acid-sensitive component of DNA gyrase is involved in the nicking-closing activity required in the supercoiling reaction. In the presence of oxolinic acid, DNA gyrase forms a complex with DNA, which can be activated by later treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and a protease to produce double-strand breaks in the DNA. This process has some similarities to the known properties of relaxation complexes.", "contents": "Nalidixic acid resistance: a second genetic character involved in DNA gyrase activity. ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling catalyzed by Escherichia coli DNA gyrase was inhibited by oxolinic acid, a compound similar to but more potent than nalidixic acid and a known inhibitor of DNA replication in E. coli. The supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase purified from nalidixic acid-resistant mutant (nalA(R)) bacteria was resistant to oxolinic acid. Thus, the nalA locus is responsible for a second component needed for DNA gyrase activity in addition to the component determined by the previously described locus for resistance to novobiocin and coumermycin (cou). Supercoiling of lambda DNA in E. coli cells was likewise inhibited by oxolinic acid, but was resistant in the nalA(R) mutant. The inhibition by oxolinic acid of colicin E1 plasmid DNA synthesis in a cell-free system was largely relieved by adding resistant DNA gyrase. In the absence of ATP, DNA gyrase preparations relaxed supercoiled DNA; this activity was also inhibited by oxolinic acid, but not by novobiocin. It appears that the oxolinic acid-sensitive component of DNA gyrase is involved in the nicking-closing activity required in the supercoiling reaction. In the presence of oxolinic acid, DNA gyrase forms a complex with DNA, which can be activated by later treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and a protease to produce double-strand breaks in the DNA. This process has some similarities to the known properties of relaxation complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:337301", "title": "Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 has two polynucleotide binding sites.", "content": "The interaction of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 with a variety of RNA and DNA oligomers and polymers has been studied, using both a sedimentation technique and the quenching of intrinsic protein fluorescence upon nucleic acid binding to obtain equilibrium binding parameters. Two polynucleotide binding sites have been detected on S1: site I binds either single-stranded DNA or RNA and does not discriminate between adenine- and cytidine-containing polynucleotides, while the II binding is highly specific for RNA over DNA and shows a marked preference for cytidine polynucleotides over the corresponding adenine-containing species. On the basis of the binding properties of S1 to denatured DNA cellulose and poly(rC)-cellulose, it is demonstrated that every S1 molecule carries both a site I and a site II. Some possible implications of these results for mechanisms of protein synthesis and phage Qbeta replication are briefly considered.", "contents": "Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 has two polynucleotide binding sites. The interaction of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 with a variety of RNA and DNA oligomers and polymers has been studied, using both a sedimentation technique and the quenching of intrinsic protein fluorescence upon nucleic acid binding to obtain equilibrium binding parameters. Two polynucleotide binding sites have been detected on S1: site I binds either single-stranded DNA or RNA and does not discriminate between adenine- and cytidine-containing polynucleotides, while the II binding is highly specific for RNA over DNA and shows a marked preference for cytidine polynucleotides over the corresponding adenine-containing species. On the basis of the binding properties of S1 to denatured DNA cellulose and poly(rC)-cellulose, it is demonstrated that every S1 molecule carries both a site I and a site II. Some possible implications of these results for mechanisms of protein synthesis and phage Qbeta replication are briefly considered."}
{"id": "PMID:337302", "title": "In vivo site-specific genetic recombination promoted by the EcoRI restriction endonuclease.", "content": "Site-specific genetic recombinations promoted in vivo by the EcoRI endonuclease has been demonstrated by using constructed hybrid plasmids in which the chloramphenicol resistance gene was inactivated by insertion of DNA fragments at an EcoRI site within the gene. Such recombination can involve either the joining of intracellularly generated cohesive termini of the same DNA fragment or intermolecular ligation of different DNA fragments. DNA cleavage and ligation in vivo are precise: recombinant DNA molecules show functional continuity of the gene sequence cleaved by the enzyme and regeneration of nucleotide recognition sites for both the EcoRI endonuclease and the EcoRI DNA methylase. In other experiments, EcoRI-generated fragments of eukaryotic DNA that had not been modified by the Escherichia coli K methylase were shown to be taken up by bacterial cells and to undergo intracellular ligation to segments of bacterial plasmid DNA.", "contents": "In vivo site-specific genetic recombination promoted by the EcoRI restriction endonuclease. Site-specific genetic recombinations promoted in vivo by the EcoRI endonuclease has been demonstrated by using constructed hybrid plasmids in which the chloramphenicol resistance gene was inactivated by insertion of DNA fragments at an EcoRI site within the gene. Such recombination can involve either the joining of intracellularly generated cohesive termini of the same DNA fragment or intermolecular ligation of different DNA fragments. DNA cleavage and ligation in vivo are precise: recombinant DNA molecules show functional continuity of the gene sequence cleaved by the enzyme and regeneration of nucleotide recognition sites for both the EcoRI endonuclease and the EcoRI DNA methylase. In other experiments, EcoRI-generated fragments of eukaryotic DNA that had not been modified by the Escherichia coli K methylase were shown to be taken up by bacterial cells and to undergo intracellular ligation to segments of bacterial plasmid DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:337303", "title": "Ribonuclease III cleavage of bacteriophage T3RNA polymerase transcripts to late T3 mRNAs.", "content": "In vitro transcription of T3 DNA by T3 phage-induced RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.6) yields eight discrete RNAs (designated I-VIII) with molecular weights of approximately 6.2, 4.7, 4, 2.8, 1.8, 0.9, 0.52, and 0.21 X 10(6), respectively. Comparison of the size of in vitro T3 RNA polymerase transcripts with in vivo late T3 mRNAs indicates that several late RNAs produced in T3-infected cells do not correspond to any of the in vitro RNAs, and no RNAs as large as the three largest in vitro RNA species, I, II, and III, are observed. Escherichia coli RNase III cleaves these three high molecular weight T3 RNA polymerase transcripts to discrete RNAs that comigrate in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with some of the late T3 RNAs.", "contents": "Ribonuclease III cleavage of bacteriophage T3RNA polymerase transcripts to late T3 mRNAs. In vitro transcription of T3 DNA by T3 phage-induced RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.6) yields eight discrete RNAs (designated I-VIII) with molecular weights of approximately 6.2, 4.7, 4, 2.8, 1.8, 0.9, 0.52, and 0.21 X 10(6), respectively. Comparison of the size of in vitro T3 RNA polymerase transcripts with in vivo late T3 mRNAs indicates that several late RNAs produced in T3-infected cells do not correspond to any of the in vitro RNAs, and no RNAs as large as the three largest in vitro RNA species, I, II, and III, are observed. Escherichia coli RNase III cleaves these three high molecular weight T3 RNA polymerase transcripts to discrete RNAs that comigrate in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with some of the late T3 RNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:337304", "title": "Isopeptide linkage between N-alpha-monomethylalanine and lysine in ribosomal protein S11 from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Protein S11 from the Escherichia coli ribosome has a unique NH2-terminal structure not previously observed among ribosomal proteins. Owing to the formation of an isopeptide bond between a secondary amino acid (N-alpha-monomethylalanine) and the epsilon-amino group of the NH2-terminal lysine residue, a \"branching point\" is formed. Therefore, two amino acids are seen when the NH2 terminus of the protein is determined.", "contents": "Isopeptide linkage between N-alpha-monomethylalanine and lysine in ribosomal protein S11 from Escherichia coli. Protein S11 from the Escherichia coli ribosome has a unique NH2-terminal structure not previously observed among ribosomal proteins. Owing to the formation of an isopeptide bond between a secondary amino acid (N-alpha-monomethylalanine) and the epsilon-amino group of the NH2-terminal lysine residue, a \"branching point\" is formed. Therefore, two amino acids are seen when the NH2 terminus of the protein is determined."}
{"id": "PMID:337305", "title": "Sensory transduction in Escherichia coli: role of a protein methylation reaction in sensory adaptation.", "content": "The behavioral response of Escherichia coli to the addition of a stimulatory compound is transient; thus the organism undergoes sensory adaptation. When the compound is removed, E. coli undergoes the inverse process, called deadaptation, and very rapidly regains its sensitivity to the stimulus. In this communication we demonstrate that the previously reported methylation of several cytoplasmic membrane proteins is correlated with, and very likely controls, the state of adaptation of the cell. In the absence of an added stimulus these proteins are methylated to a basal level. When the bacteria are stimulated by the addition of an attractant, the extent of methylation increases over a period of several minutes to a new level, which is maintained as long as the attractant is present. The magnitude of the increase in methylation is a function of the size of the stimulus and is directly proportional to the duration of the behavioral response. Upon removal of the attractant the level of methylation very rapidly falls to the basal value. Previously we have shown that adaptation requires methionine, but maintenance of the adapted state and de-adaptation do not [Springer, M. S., Goy, M. F. & Adler, J. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 183-187]; here we demonstrate that methylation requires methionine but maintenance of an attractant-induced level of methylation and the demethylation that occurs following removal of the attractant do not. These results strongly indicate a role for protein methylation in sensory adaptation.", "contents": "Sensory transduction in Escherichia coli: role of a protein methylation reaction in sensory adaptation. The behavioral response of Escherichia coli to the addition of a stimulatory compound is transient; thus the organism undergoes sensory adaptation. When the compound is removed, E. coli undergoes the inverse process, called deadaptation, and very rapidly regains its sensitivity to the stimulus. In this communication we demonstrate that the previously reported methylation of several cytoplasmic membrane proteins is correlated with, and very likely controls, the state of adaptation of the cell. In the absence of an added stimulus these proteins are methylated to a basal level. When the bacteria are stimulated by the addition of an attractant, the extent of methylation increases over a period of several minutes to a new level, which is maintained as long as the attractant is present. The magnitude of the increase in methylation is a function of the size of the stimulus and is directly proportional to the duration of the behavioral response. Upon removal of the attractant the level of methylation very rapidly falls to the basal value. Previously we have shown that adaptation requires methionine, but maintenance of the adapted state and de-adaptation do not [Springer, M. S., Goy, M. F. & Adler, J. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 183-187]; here we demonstrate that methylation requires methionine but maintenance of an attractant-induced level of methylation and the demethylation that occurs following removal of the attractant do not. These results strongly indicate a role for protein methylation in sensory adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:337306", "title": "Flexibility of myosin rod, light meromyosin, and myosin subfragment-2 in solution.", "content": "Myosin rod was prepared by papain proteolysis of myosin. The components of rod, light meromyosin (LMM) and subfragment-2 (S-2), were prepared by proteolysis of myosin and rod, respectively, using trypsin treated with tosylphenylalanine chloromethyl ketone. S-2, thus prepared, was of greater molecular weight than obtained previously, so that the combined molecular weights of LMM and S-2 were equal to that of rod, and S-2 contained virtually all of the region of the rod susceptible to trypsin. Electro-optical measurements were made on the three fragments in 2 mM sodium pyrophosphate, pH 9.3 at 3 degrees, over a large range of protein concentrations. Analysis of the relaxation of birefringence, at low protein concentration where there was no aggregation, showed that LMM (relaxation time 13.1 micros) behaves as a rigid cylinder. Rod (relaxation time 41.2 micros) and S-2 (relaxation time 6.0 micros) had relaxation rates that were too fast for rigid molecules of their dimensions, and therefore are not straight rods. This implies that myosin rod is flexible in the S-2 portion, presumably in the region susceptible to proteolysis. The implications of rod flexibility for the mechanism of muscle contraction are discussed.", "contents": "Flexibility of myosin rod, light meromyosin, and myosin subfragment-2 in solution. Myosin rod was prepared by papain proteolysis of myosin. The components of rod, light meromyosin (LMM) and subfragment-2 (S-2), were prepared by proteolysis of myosin and rod, respectively, using trypsin treated with tosylphenylalanine chloromethyl ketone. S-2, thus prepared, was of greater molecular weight than obtained previously, so that the combined molecular weights of LMM and S-2 were equal to that of rod, and S-2 contained virtually all of the region of the rod susceptible to trypsin. Electro-optical measurements were made on the three fragments in 2 mM sodium pyrophosphate, pH 9.3 at 3 degrees, over a large range of protein concentrations. Analysis of the relaxation of birefringence, at low protein concentration where there was no aggregation, showed that LMM (relaxation time 13.1 micros) behaves as a rigid cylinder. Rod (relaxation time 41.2 micros) and S-2 (relaxation time 6.0 micros) had relaxation rates that were too fast for rigid molecules of their dimensions, and therefore are not straight rods. This implies that myosin rod is flexible in the S-2 portion, presumably in the region susceptible to proteolysis. The implications of rod flexibility for the mechanism of muscle contraction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337307", "title": "Specific neural and adrenal medullary antigens detected by antisera to clonal PC12 pheochromocytoma cells.", "content": "Antisera were prepared against a clonal line (PC12) of rat pheochromocytoma cells that were grown in either the presence or the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF). PC12 cells respond to NGF by growing neurites and express many differentiated properties of adrenal chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons. The antisera, after absorption with rat liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus, reacted in the micro-complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescence assays with PC12 cells (both NGF-treated and untreated), brain, adrenal medulla, and superior cervical ganglia, but not with a variety of other tissues. Cross-absorption of the antisera with brain and adrenal medulla indicated the presence of components that were specific to brain, adrenal medulla, and PC12 cells. Brain-specific and adrenal-medulla-specific antigens were also detected in other species, such as rabbit, cat, and mouse. No differences could be detected in the specificity of antisera raised against either NGF-treated or untreated PC12 cells. Indirect immunofluorescence on live cells also detected cell surface antigens on both cell bodies and processes. These results suggest that such antisera may be used to detect, localize, and identify specific neural and adrenal medullary antigens.", "contents": "Specific neural and adrenal medullary antigens detected by antisera to clonal PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. Antisera were prepared against a clonal line (PC12) of rat pheochromocytoma cells that were grown in either the presence or the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF). PC12 cells respond to NGF by growing neurites and express many differentiated properties of adrenal chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons. The antisera, after absorption with rat liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus, reacted in the micro-complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescence assays with PC12 cells (both NGF-treated and untreated), brain, adrenal medulla, and superior cervical ganglia, but not with a variety of other tissues. Cross-absorption of the antisera with brain and adrenal medulla indicated the presence of components that were specific to brain, adrenal medulla, and PC12 cells. Brain-specific and adrenal-medulla-specific antigens were also detected in other species, such as rabbit, cat, and mouse. No differences could be detected in the specificity of antisera raised against either NGF-treated or untreated PC12 cells. Indirect immunofluorescence on live cells also detected cell surface antigens on both cell bodies and processes. These results suggest that such antisera may be used to detect, localize, and identify specific neural and adrenal medullary antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:337308", "title": "Transmembrane interactions and the mechanism of capping of surface receptors by their specific ligands.", "content": "The mechanism of capping of cell surface receptors has been examined by a double fluorescence staining procedure that permitted simultaneous observations of the distribution of a surface-bound ligand together with intracellular actin or myosin. At an early stage in the capping of the T-25 antigen or the H2 histocompatibility antigens on mouse splenic T lymphocytes, or of concanavalin A receptors on HeLa cells, when the specific receptors in question were collected into patches that were distributed over the entire cell surface, the intracellular membrane-associated actin or myosin was also accumulated into patches that were located directly under the receptor patches. These and other results have led us to propose a general molecular mechanism for the process of capping, in which actin and myosin are directly involved. It is suggested that membrane-associated actin is directly or indirectly bound to an integral protein or class of proteins, X, in the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. When any receptor in the membrane is aggregated by an external multivalent ligand, the aggregate binds effectively to X, whereas unaggregated receptors do not bind to X. The receptor aggregates, linked to actin (and myosin) through X, are then actively collected into a cap by an analogue of the actin--myosin sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction.", "contents": "Transmembrane interactions and the mechanism of capping of surface receptors by their specific ligands. The mechanism of capping of cell surface receptors has been examined by a double fluorescence staining procedure that permitted simultaneous observations of the distribution of a surface-bound ligand together with intracellular actin or myosin. At an early stage in the capping of the T-25 antigen or the H2 histocompatibility antigens on mouse splenic T lymphocytes, or of concanavalin A receptors on HeLa cells, when the specific receptors in question were collected into patches that were distributed over the entire cell surface, the intracellular membrane-associated actin or myosin was also accumulated into patches that were located directly under the receptor patches. These and other results have led us to propose a general molecular mechanism for the process of capping, in which actin and myosin are directly involved. It is suggested that membrane-associated actin is directly or indirectly bound to an integral protein or class of proteins, X, in the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. When any receptor in the membrane is aggregated by an external multivalent ligand, the aggregate binds effectively to X, whereas unaggregated receptors do not bind to X. The receptor aggregates, linked to actin (and myosin) through X, are then actively collected into a cap by an analogue of the actin--myosin sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:337309", "title": "Domains involving nonrandom distribution of lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The present data demonstrate that the outer membrane of Escherichia coli contains domains of lipopolysaccharide that do not intermix freely with each other. A strain of E. coli lacking galactose epimerase was grown with galactose, for varying periods of time, which permits formation of a long polysaccharide, and without galactose, which results in a short polysaccharide. Such cultures yielded outer membrane fragments that were heterogeneous in lipopolysaccharide composition, some containing more long- than short-chain lipopolysaccharide, and vice versa. The kinetics of formation of these fragments suggest that lipopolysaccharide initially enters the membrane at points from which it can diffuse but ultimately is organized into domains that do not mix with each other, at least when lipopolysaccharides or different composition are present in the same organism.", "contents": "Domains involving nonrandom distribution of lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. The present data demonstrate that the outer membrane of Escherichia coli contains domains of lipopolysaccharide that do not intermix freely with each other. A strain of E. coli lacking galactose epimerase was grown with galactose, for varying periods of time, which permits formation of a long polysaccharide, and without galactose, which results in a short polysaccharide. Such cultures yielded outer membrane fragments that were heterogeneous in lipopolysaccharide composition, some containing more long- than short-chain lipopolysaccharide, and vice versa. The kinetics of formation of these fragments suggest that lipopolysaccharide initially enters the membrane at points from which it can diffuse but ultimately is organized into domains that do not mix with each other, at least when lipopolysaccharides or different composition are present in the same organism."}
{"id": "PMID:337310", "title": "Simple Mendelian inheritance of the reiterated ribosomal DNA of yeast.", "content": "A diploid strain of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was found to be heterozygous for two forms of the highly repetitious ribosomal DNA. These forms could be distinguished by the pattern of fragments produced after digestion with the site-specific restriction endonuclease EcoRI. The mode of inheritance of ribosomal DNA was determined by tetrad analysis. Of 14 tetrads analyzed, 12 clearly showed the ribosomal DNA forms segregating as a single Mendelian unit. The simplest interpretation of this result is that all of the approximately 100 copies of the ribosomal DNA genes of the yeast cell are located on one chromosome and that meiotic recombination within these genes is suppressed. Two of the 14 tetrads showed the segregation patterns expected as the result of mitotic recombination within the ribosomal DNA.", "contents": "Simple Mendelian inheritance of the reiterated ribosomal DNA of yeast. A diploid strain of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was found to be heterozygous for two forms of the highly repetitious ribosomal DNA. These forms could be distinguished by the pattern of fragments produced after digestion with the site-specific restriction endonuclease EcoRI. The mode of inheritance of ribosomal DNA was determined by tetrad analysis. Of 14 tetrads analyzed, 12 clearly showed the ribosomal DNA forms segregating as a single Mendelian unit. The simplest interpretation of this result is that all of the approximately 100 copies of the ribosomal DNA genes of the yeast cell are located on one chromosome and that meiotic recombination within these genes is suppressed. Two of the 14 tetrads showed the segregation patterns expected as the result of mitotic recombination within the ribosomal DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:337311", "title": "Cell--cell interactions in conjugating Escherichia coli: role of traT protein in surface exclusion.", "content": "Escherichia coli cells carrying the F sex factor are poor recipients in conjugation. This phenomenon is called surface exclusion. Two F cistrons, traS and traT, are independently responsible for part of the whole mechanism. The traS gene product reduces DNA transfer within stable mating aggregates. The traT gene product, pTraT, results in a greatly reduced ability to form stable mating aggregates, and thus also leads to reduced DNA transfer within the cell population. pTraT is a 25,000-dalton protein incorporated into the cell envelope outer membrane. It is found in 29,000-84,000 copies per cell, depending on the plasmid expressing it. There is a parallel variation in recipient ability. Models for surface exclusion are discussed.", "contents": "Cell--cell interactions in conjugating Escherichia coli: role of traT protein in surface exclusion. Escherichia coli cells carrying the F sex factor are poor recipients in conjugation. This phenomenon is called surface exclusion. Two F cistrons, traS and traT, are independently responsible for part of the whole mechanism. The traS gene product reduces DNA transfer within stable mating aggregates. The traT gene product, pTraT, results in a greatly reduced ability to form stable mating aggregates, and thus also leads to reduced DNA transfer within the cell population. pTraT is a 25,000-dalton protein incorporated into the cell envelope outer membrane. It is found in 29,000-84,000 copies per cell, depending on the plasmid expressing it. There is a parallel variation in recipient ability. Models for surface exclusion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337312", "title": "beta-Lipotropin: localization of cells and axons in rat brain by immunocytochemistry.", "content": "Using specific antisera to human beta-lipotropin, we have visualized cells and axons with beta-lipotropin-like immunoreactivity in rat brain and pituitary. The beta-lipotropin so localized is well delineated and contained in the cytoplasm of cells and in beaded axons. Areas of greatest beta-lipotropin content are hypothalamus (with cell bodies in the medial basal hypothalamus and arcuate regions), periventricular nucleus of the thalamus, ansa lenticularis, zona compacta of the substantia nigra, medial amygdaloid nucleus, zona incerta, periaqueductal central gray area, locus ceruleus, and a few fibers in the reticular formation. The question of the exact relationship of beta-lipotropin and methionine-enkephalin remains open, because some brain areas contain both substances and some areas contain only one or the other.", "contents": "beta-Lipotropin: localization of cells and axons in rat brain by immunocytochemistry. Using specific antisera to human beta-lipotropin, we have visualized cells and axons with beta-lipotropin-like immunoreactivity in rat brain and pituitary. The beta-lipotropin so localized is well delineated and contained in the cytoplasm of cells and in beaded axons. Areas of greatest beta-lipotropin content are hypothalamus (with cell bodies in the medial basal hypothalamus and arcuate regions), periventricular nucleus of the thalamus, ansa lenticularis, zona compacta of the substantia nigra, medial amygdaloid nucleus, zona incerta, periaqueductal central gray area, locus ceruleus, and a few fibers in the reticular formation. The question of the exact relationship of beta-lipotropin and methionine-enkephalin remains open, because some brain areas contain both substances and some areas contain only one or the other."}
{"id": "PMID:337321", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the aorta.", "content": "The folds of the intimal surface do not represent the endothelia. Rather, they are produced by tissue shrinkage occurring during preparation, with the shrinking process proceeding in the arteriosclerotic bed differing from that in the normal vessel wall. Consequently, the surface appearance, or texture, of arteriosclerotic beds is different from that of the normal vessel wall. Administration of angiotensin results in the deposition of parietal microthrombi and fibrin filaments as well as in the adhesion of mononuclear leukocytes to the inner coat of the vessel.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the aorta. The folds of the intimal surface do not represent the endothelia. Rather, they are produced by tissue shrinkage occurring during preparation, with the shrinking process proceeding in the arteriosclerotic bed differing from that in the normal vessel wall. Consequently, the surface appearance, or texture, of arteriosclerotic beds is different from that of the normal vessel wall. Administration of angiotensin results in the deposition of parietal microthrombi and fibrin filaments as well as in the adhesion of mononuclear leukocytes to the inner coat of the vessel."}
{"id": "PMID:337326", "title": "Dietary fats and arterial thrombosis: effects and mechanism of action.", "content": "Dietary fats have a pronounced effect on arterial thrombosis: in rats, long-chain saturated fatty acids are thrombogenic, oleic acid is neutral, and linoleic acid is anti-thrombotic. These effects are likely to be mediated, at least in part, by changes in platelet fatty acid composition and--consequently--platelet function. Blood coagulability and differences in vitamin E intake seem of no (or minor) importance. In man, dietary linoleic acid inhibits platelet aggregation and other parameters of platelet activation. Dietary fat effects on vascular prostacyclin formation have not yet been found.", "contents": "Dietary fats and arterial thrombosis: effects and mechanism of action. Dietary fats have a pronounced effect on arterial thrombosis: in rats, long-chain saturated fatty acids are thrombogenic, oleic acid is neutral, and linoleic acid is anti-thrombotic. These effects are likely to be mediated, at least in part, by changes in platelet fatty acid composition and--consequently--platelet function. Blood coagulability and differences in vitamin E intake seem of no (or minor) importance. In man, dietary linoleic acid inhibits platelet aggregation and other parameters of platelet activation. Dietary fat effects on vascular prostacyclin formation have not yet been found."}
{"id": "PMID:337329", "title": "Cation effects on cell shape.", "content": "We have found that human erythrocyte ghosts in 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.0) at 0 degrees C would crenate when 20-50 mM of Na+ or K+, 0.2-0.5 mM OF Ca++, Ba++, Sr++, or Mg++, or 10 muM of La+++ was added. The shape change after cation addition was faster than fixation by 1% glutaraldehyde at 4 degrees C and was readily reversible upon dilution of the cation. After incubation of ghosts in 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.0) at 37 degrees for 10-20 min there was a significant inhibition of subsequent crenation by cations. In a process that is believed to occur by a similar mechanism, whole red blood cells were observed to cup (invaginate) when 20 mM of a divalent or 0.1 mM of a trivalent cation was added. After neuraminidase treatment to remove the sialic acid charge groups, these same shape changes were observed in ghosts and whole cells. Another type of cation-induced crenation was found to follow upon the addition to whole cells of A23187 and Ca++ or Ba++ but not Mg++. This process is much slower than crenation in the ghost and is believed to be caused by a different mechanism.", "contents": "Cation effects on cell shape. We have found that human erythrocyte ghosts in 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.0) at 0 degrees C would crenate when 20-50 mM of Na+ or K+, 0.2-0.5 mM OF Ca++, Ba++, Sr++, or Mg++, or 10 muM of La+++ was added. The shape change after cation addition was faster than fixation by 1% glutaraldehyde at 4 degrees C and was readily reversible upon dilution of the cation. After incubation of ghosts in 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.0) at 37 degrees for 10-20 min there was a significant inhibition of subsequent crenation by cations. In a process that is believed to occur by a similar mechanism, whole red blood cells were observed to cup (invaginate) when 20 mM of a divalent or 0.1 mM of a trivalent cation was added. After neuraminidase treatment to remove the sialic acid charge groups, these same shape changes were observed in ghosts and whole cells. Another type of cation-induced crenation was found to follow upon the addition to whole cells of A23187 and Ca++ or Ba++ but not Mg++. This process is much slower than crenation in the ghost and is believed to be caused by a different mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:337330", "title": "Behavioural basis of the dorsal bundle extinction effect.", "content": "Lesion to the fibres of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle arising from the locus coeruleus using the selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine has been shown to produce a resistance to extinction on a number of behavioural tests without affecting the acquisition learning process itself. The experiments reported here are aimed at elucidating the behavioural mechanisms involved in this resistance to extinction. Theories invoking general hyperactivity, internal inhibition and perseveration are tested in the following experiments and all are shown to be contrary to the observed facts. On the basis of other data it is tentatively concluded that the dorsal noradrenergic bundle may play a role in the filtering out of irrelevant stimuli or in the memory of non-reward.", "contents": "Behavioural basis of the dorsal bundle extinction effect. Lesion to the fibres of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle arising from the locus coeruleus using the selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine has been shown to produce a resistance to extinction on a number of behavioural tests without affecting the acquisition learning process itself. The experiments reported here are aimed at elucidating the behavioural mechanisms involved in this resistance to extinction. Theories invoking general hyperactivity, internal inhibition and perseveration are tested in the following experiments and all are shown to be contrary to the observed facts. On the basis of other data it is tentatively concluded that the dorsal noradrenergic bundle may play a role in the filtering out of irrelevant stimuli or in the memory of non-reward."}
{"id": "PMID:337334", "title": "Successful use of muscle flaps or myocutaneous flaps in patients with sickle cell disease.", "content": "Sickle cell disease presents an unusual challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. The interaction between the underlying hemoglobinopathy and the circulatory mechanics in pedicled flaps leads to a high incidence of flap necrosis in patients with this disease. We present 3 patients with sickle cell disease in whom the use of axial flaps allowed the repair of difficult reconstructive problems in one stage, without preoperative exchange transfusions. The rationale for this approach is discussed.", "contents": "Successful use of muscle flaps or myocutaneous flaps in patients with sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease presents an unusual challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. The interaction between the underlying hemoglobinopathy and the circulatory mechanics in pedicled flaps leads to a high incidence of flap necrosis in patients with this disease. We present 3 patients with sickle cell disease in whom the use of axial flaps allowed the repair of difficult reconstructive problems in one stage, without preoperative exchange transfusions. The rationale for this approach is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337336", "title": "Oral hypoglycemic agents.", "content": "Oral agents should not be used in the treatment of patients with asymptomatic maturity-onset diabetes. The indication for sulfonylureas is symptomatic maturity-onset diabetes or excessive hyperglycemia--fasting blood sugar over 300 mg per 100 ml--in the elderly patient who cannot or will not take insulin. The use of biguanides cannot be recommended.", "contents": "Oral hypoglycemic agents. Oral agents should not be used in the treatment of patients with asymptomatic maturity-onset diabetes. The indication for sulfonylureas is symptomatic maturity-onset diabetes or excessive hyperglycemia--fasting blood sugar over 300 mg per 100 ml--in the elderly patient who cannot or will not take insulin. The use of biguanides cannot be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:337337", "title": "New drugs in the treatment of pituitary disorders.", "content": "Because of the poor results and the morbidity associated with surgical and radiation treatment of pituitary adenomas, investigators continue to search for new pharmacologic tools to treat anterior pituitary hyperfunction. New drugs are being studied in the treatment of acromegaly, Cushing's disease, and galactorrhea-amenorrhea, infertility, and impotence associated with prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors.", "contents": "New drugs in the treatment of pituitary disorders. Because of the poor results and the morbidity associated with surgical and radiation treatment of pituitary adenomas, investigators continue to search for new pharmacologic tools to treat anterior pituitary hyperfunction. New drugs are being studied in the treatment of acromegaly, Cushing's disease, and galactorrhea-amenorrhea, infertility, and impotence associated with prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:337333", "title": "[Notes on the phlebologic work of Jean-Daniel Martinet].", "content": "In homage to J.D. Martinet, the author, who was his collaborator for more than 25 years, surveys his phlebological work, so diverse and so multiple that it embraces all subjects of the venous pathology of the lower limbs. He cites 3 representative examples on different levels: the information and practical conclusions provided by phlebological investigations, especially retrograde; the classification of phlebitis migrans according to its course; the various problems presented by the surgery of varicose veins. Finally he emphasizes Martinet's qualities of loyalty and intellectual honesty, as well as his role as creator and director of a team (Broca, and later Epee de Bois).", "contents": "[Notes on the phlebologic work of Jean-Daniel Martinet]. In homage to J.D. Martinet, the author, who was his collaborator for more than 25 years, surveys his phlebological work, so diverse and so multiple that it embraces all subjects of the venous pathology of the lower limbs. He cites 3 representative examples on different levels: the information and practical conclusions provided by phlebological investigations, especially retrograde; the classification of phlebitis migrans according to its course; the various problems presented by the surgery of varicose veins. Finally he emphasizes Martinet's qualities of loyalty and intellectual honesty, as well as his role as creator and director of a team (Broca, and later Epee de Bois)."}
{"id": "PMID:337342", "title": "Ventilation, cardiac frequency and pattern of breathing during exercise in men exposed to O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and ammonia gas in low concentrations.", "content": "Ventilation minute volume, tidal volume and cardiac frequency during submaximal exercise have been measured in healthy young soldier volunteers exposed to O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and ammonia gas in concentrations respectively of 0.16 to 4.4 mg.m(-3) and 50 to 344 mg.m(-3). The response of ventilation minute volume to the two gases is apparently similar; both gases cause a reduction of, on average 6%. With low doses this reflects a diminution in respiratory frequency whereas with higher doses it is due to a reduction in tidal volume which is accompanied by tachypnoea. The findings may result from stimulation successively of receptors in the larynx and of irritant receptors in the large airways of the lung. The pain which is a feature of exposure to CS but not to ammonia is due to stimulation of other so far unidentified receptors. Neither gas has a direct effect upon the exercise cardiac frequency.", "contents": "Ventilation, cardiac frequency and pattern of breathing during exercise in men exposed to O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and ammonia gas in low concentrations. Ventilation minute volume, tidal volume and cardiac frequency during submaximal exercise have been measured in healthy young soldier volunteers exposed to O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and ammonia gas in concentrations respectively of 0.16 to 4.4 mg.m(-3) and 50 to 344 mg.m(-3). The response of ventilation minute volume to the two gases is apparently similar; both gases cause a reduction of, on average 6%. With low doses this reflects a diminution in respiratory frequency whereas with higher doses it is due to a reduction in tidal volume which is accompanied by tachypnoea. The findings may result from stimulation successively of receptors in the larynx and of irritant receptors in the large airways of the lung. The pain which is a feature of exposure to CS but not to ammonia is due to stimulation of other so far unidentified receptors. Neither gas has a direct effect upon the exercise cardiac frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:337343", "title": "Chemical and biological consequences of beta-decay. Part 1.", "content": "Radioactive decay in a labelled molecule leads to specific chemical and biological consequences which are due to local transmutation effects such as recoil, electronic excitation, build-up of charge states and change of chemical identity, as well as to internal radiolytic effects. In the present paper these effects are reviewed emphasizing the relation of the chemical alterations on a molecular level to the biological manifestation. Potential importance of this type of research for biomedical applications is pointed out. In part 1 we review the underlying physical and chemical principles and consequences of beta-decay of 3H, 14C, 32P, 33P, 35S and 125I for gaseous and simple condensed organic systems. Part 2 which will appear in the next issue will include the discussion of biological effects associated with beta-decay.", "contents": "Chemical and biological consequences of beta-decay. Part 1. Radioactive decay in a labelled molecule leads to specific chemical and biological consequences which are due to local transmutation effects such as recoil, electronic excitation, build-up of charge states and change of chemical identity, as well as to internal radiolytic effects. In the present paper these effects are reviewed emphasizing the relation of the chemical alterations on a molecular level to the biological manifestation. Potential importance of this type of research for biomedical applications is pointed out. In part 1 we review the underlying physical and chemical principles and consequences of beta-decay of 3H, 14C, 32P, 33P, 35S and 125I for gaseous and simple condensed organic systems. Part 2 which will appear in the next issue will include the discussion of biological effects associated with beta-decay."}
{"id": "PMID:337344", "title": "Growth of cells on solid culture medium. II. Cell physiological data of stationary yeast cells and the initiation of cell cycle in nutrient free buffer solution.", "content": "For precise experiments with yeast (or other) cells stationary populations are produced by growth on the surface of a solid nutrient medium. The energy supply to these cells is well known from a former publication. The oxygen supply during growth is analysed here in detail. Different types of cell populations can be produced in this way dependent on the thickness of nutrient medium. If such cells are transferred into a liquid buffer solution cell multiplication can be initiated without any nutrient flux into the cell. This new type of initiation of the cell cycle of G1-cells has to be distinguished from the usual initiation by nutrient supply and from the mechanism of meiotic cell division. The dependence of this cell growth on cell volume, pH-value, oxygen concentration and osmotic pressure is analysed and possibilities to avoid this kind of cell multiplication reaction are discussed.", "contents": "Growth of cells on solid culture medium. II. Cell physiological data of stationary yeast cells and the initiation of cell cycle in nutrient free buffer solution. For precise experiments with yeast (or other) cells stationary populations are produced by growth on the surface of a solid nutrient medium. The energy supply to these cells is well known from a former publication. The oxygen supply during growth is analysed here in detail. Different types of cell populations can be produced in this way dependent on the thickness of nutrient medium. If such cells are transferred into a liquid buffer solution cell multiplication can be initiated without any nutrient flux into the cell. This new type of initiation of the cell cycle of G1-cells has to be distinguished from the usual initiation by nutrient supply and from the mechanism of meiotic cell division. The dependence of this cell growth on cell volume, pH-value, oxygen concentration and osmotic pressure is analysed and possibilities to avoid this kind of cell multiplication reaction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337340", "title": "Social surveys and health policy implications for national health insurance.", "content": "The authors explore the utility of applying social survey data (a) to evaluate the impact of existing health programs and (b) to rank-order priorities concerning future health care policies. Based on national survey data from 1963, 1970, and 1976, they concluded that although Medicare and Medicaid have enabled more people to see a physician than ever before, a large proportion of the population still registers dissatisfaction with the health care they received--particularly with respect to their out-of-pocket costs for obtaining it. However, national health insurance options favored by the majority of the population--particularly those who can best afford the cost of care--suggest preferences for programs that incorporate some mix of existing modes of financing rather than those that provide for substantial restructuring of the current system.", "contents": "Social surveys and health policy implications for national health insurance. The authors explore the utility of applying social survey data (a) to evaluate the impact of existing health programs and (b) to rank-order priorities concerning future health care policies. Based on national survey data from 1963, 1970, and 1976, they concluded that although Medicare and Medicaid have enabled more people to see a physician than ever before, a large proportion of the population still registers dissatisfaction with the health care they received--particularly with respect to their out-of-pocket costs for obtaining it. However, national health insurance options favored by the majority of the population--particularly those who can best afford the cost of care--suggest preferences for programs that incorporate some mix of existing modes of financing rather than those that provide for substantial restructuring of the current system."}
{"id": "PMID:337349", "title": "Radiology at war.", "content": "It can be assumed that the high percentage of wounded sent immediately from the triage area to the department of radiology was a reflection of the necessity for X-rays. The radiological examination was essential in reaching the correct diagnosis, and the radiologist was the central consultant, as by giving the diagnostic information and performing therapeutic angiographic intervention, he actively participated in the treatment of the patient. The radiologist and the surgeon together reached the final decision as to which injury prevailed and in which sequence treatment had to be planned. Hence, the department of radiology became the vital link in flow of patients from the sorting area to the operating theatre.", "contents": "Radiology at war. It can be assumed that the high percentage of wounded sent immediately from the triage area to the department of radiology was a reflection of the necessity for X-rays. The radiological examination was essential in reaching the correct diagnosis, and the radiologist was the central consultant, as by giving the diagnostic information and performing therapeutic angiographic intervention, he actively participated in the treatment of the patient. The radiologist and the surgeon together reached the final decision as to which injury prevailed and in which sequence treatment had to be planned. Hence, the department of radiology became the vital link in flow of patients from the sorting area to the operating theatre."}
{"id": "PMID:337350", "title": "Results of computer-aided diagnosis of peripheral bronchial carcinoma.", "content": "Radiographic images can be converted into numerical sequences that can be evalueate by computer to determine the significance of certain radiographic findings in peripheral pulmonary nodules. Of three methods (discriminant analysis. Bayes' theoroem, and the Calm system), discriminant analysis has proven the best with an accuracy rate of 85%. By taking into account serial radiographs and statements on the possible growth of the neoplasm, the accuracy of the method can be increased to 90%. A simplified, inexpensive and effective method for application of this diagnostic tool is described.", "contents": "Results of computer-aided diagnosis of peripheral bronchial carcinoma. Radiographic images can be converted into numerical sequences that can be evalueate by computer to determine the significance of certain radiographic findings in peripheral pulmonary nodules. Of three methods (discriminant analysis. Bayes' theoroem, and the Calm system), discriminant analysis has proven the best with an accuracy rate of 85%. By taking into account serial radiographs and statements on the possible growth of the neoplasm, the accuracy of the method can be increased to 90%. A simplified, inexpensive and effective method for application of this diagnostic tool is described."}
{"id": "PMID:337351", "title": "The technology of balloon catheters in interventional angiography.", "content": "Balloon catheters with expansion capabilities from 1 mm to 6 cm have been developed. They feature torque control and can be selectively positioned within vessels as easily as the ordinary diagnostic angiographic catheters. The balloons can be utilized for hemorrhage control, conventional embolectomy, operative angiography, vena cava occlusion, and purposeful vascular thrombosis or dearterialization. In the event of unsuccessful control, the balloon can be readily deflated and removed within minutes.", "contents": "The technology of balloon catheters in interventional angiography. Balloon catheters with expansion capabilities from 1 mm to 6 cm have been developed. They feature torque control and can be selectively positioned within vessels as easily as the ordinary diagnostic angiographic catheters. The balloons can be utilized for hemorrhage control, conventional embolectomy, operative angiography, vena cava occlusion, and purposeful vascular thrombosis or dearterialization. In the event of unsuccessful control, the balloon can be readily deflated and removed within minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:337410", "title": "[Growth, orthodontics and orthopedics, by Pierre Fauchard (1928), Hendrik Van Deventer (1739) and Nicolas Andry (1740)].", "content": "In the eightteenth century (by Fauchard) and orthopaedics (by H. Van Deventer, a Dutch surgeon) have been founded independently as practcal sciences without the faculties of medicine. The famous book of Andry, \"L'orthop\u00e9die\", also translated in English (1743), has not been written for the medical profession. It deals only with \"such means as may easily be put in practice by Parents themselves, and all such as are employed in Educating children\". Nevertheless it states precisely the name of the speciality and defines some ethical, aesthetical and physiological principles also applicable to orthodontics. This is also the case for H. Van Deventer, who was the first to take plaster casts before, during and after treatment.", "contents": "[Growth, orthodontics and orthopedics, by Pierre Fauchard (1928), Hendrik Van Deventer (1739) and Nicolas Andry (1740)]. In the eightteenth century (by Fauchard) and orthopaedics (by H. Van Deventer, a Dutch surgeon) have been founded independently as practcal sciences without the faculties of medicine. The famous book of Andry, \"L'orthop\u00e9die\", also translated in English (1743), has not been written for the medical profession. It deals only with \"such means as may easily be put in practice by Parents themselves, and all such as are employed in Educating children\". Nevertheless it states precisely the name of the speciality and defines some ethical, aesthetical and physiological principles also applicable to orthodontics. This is also the case for H. Van Deventer, who was the first to take plaster casts before, during and after treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:337412", "title": "Osteocytic osteolysis in a cretaceous reptile.", "content": "Bone resorption through osteocytic activity already recognized in all classes of Vertebrates, has been demonstrated in fragments of long bones from a non-identified reptile found in an Upper Cretaceous rock formation in Dinosaur National Park, Patricia, Alberta.", "contents": "Osteocytic osteolysis in a cretaceous reptile. Bone resorption through osteocytic activity already recognized in all classes of Vertebrates, has been demonstrated in fragments of long bones from a non-identified reptile found in an Upper Cretaceous rock formation in Dinosaur National Park, Patricia, Alberta."}
{"id": "PMID:337413", "title": "[Magnesium in animal and human reproduction].", "content": "The literature concerned with the amount of magnesium in genital organs and products of sexual activity is analysed in the first chapter; these data are compared with those concerning other organs and replaced in a comprehensive view of the body, related or not with the medium. It is likely that magnesium plays a role in ovule maturation, sperm viability and fecundation in Invertebrates and Fishes. In Birds and Mammals, it appears to be necessary for fecundation. In the Discoglossus (Anurian Amphibian), the deficiency and the excess in Mg2+ reduce development and influence the growth of the body and the ovary. In the Rat, the pregnancy cannot be normal, unless the food contains an adequate supply of magnesium. Severe or mild deficiencies affect the site of fetal implantation and, if they are prolonged, lead to abortion in the first instance and pathological disorders in the latter. An ionic determination of sex has been established in various animal species and in Man. In some marine Invertebrates, and in the Discoglossus, changes in ionic concentration of the breeding medium carried out immediately after fecundation induce, at will, a majority of one sex or the other; in various Mammals and in Man, variations in the composition of mineral food administered to the female before fecundation may also induce changes in the sex ratio of the progeny.", "contents": "[Magnesium in animal and human reproduction]. The literature concerned with the amount of magnesium in genital organs and products of sexual activity is analysed in the first chapter; these data are compared with those concerning other organs and replaced in a comprehensive view of the body, related or not with the medium. It is likely that magnesium plays a role in ovule maturation, sperm viability and fecundation in Invertebrates and Fishes. In Birds and Mammals, it appears to be necessary for fecundation. In the Discoglossus (Anurian Amphibian), the deficiency and the excess in Mg2+ reduce development and influence the growth of the body and the ovary. In the Rat, the pregnancy cannot be normal, unless the food contains an adequate supply of magnesium. Severe or mild deficiencies affect the site of fetal implantation and, if they are prolonged, lead to abortion in the first instance and pathological disorders in the latter. An ionic determination of sex has been established in various animal species and in Man. In some marine Invertebrates, and in the Discoglossus, changes in ionic concentration of the breeding medium carried out immediately after fecundation induce, at will, a majority of one sex or the other; in various Mammals and in Man, variations in the composition of mineral food administered to the female before fecundation may also induce changes in the sex ratio of the progeny."}
{"id": "PMID:337415", "title": "Oxidation of various substrates by host grown Mycobacteria leprae and M. lepraemurium.", "content": "Oxidation of various substrates by whole cell suspensions of M. Lepraemurium and M. leprae was investigated using manometric techniques. Yeast extract, L-cysteine, dithioerythritol, and DL-penicillamine were oxidized by both M. lepraemurium as well as by M. leprae. Although tween 80 was oxidized by M. lepraemurium cell suspensions, it was not by M. leprae. Succinate was readily oxidized by whole cells of M. leprae (without being frozen) whereas it was oxidized only by M. lepraemurium cells frozen at -40 degrees C for one minute. The results indicate that M. leprae and M. lepraemurium are capable of oxidizing some substrates without requiring any cofactor and are not dependent upon host cells for respiration.", "contents": "Oxidation of various substrates by host grown Mycobacteria leprae and M. lepraemurium. Oxidation of various substrates by whole cell suspensions of M. Lepraemurium and M. leprae was investigated using manometric techniques. Yeast extract, L-cysteine, dithioerythritol, and DL-penicillamine were oxidized by both M. lepraemurium as well as by M. leprae. Although tween 80 was oxidized by M. lepraemurium cell suspensions, it was not by M. leprae. Succinate was readily oxidized by whole cells of M. leprae (without being frozen) whereas it was oxidized only by M. lepraemurium cells frozen at -40 degrees C for one minute. The results indicate that M. leprae and M. lepraemurium are capable of oxidizing some substrates without requiring any cofactor and are not dependent upon host cells for respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:337416", "title": "Mycobacteria from leprous tissue of an armadillo cultivated on a hyaluronic acid based medium.", "content": "Mycobacteria were isolated from pooled leprous tissues of an armadillo. The suspensions of acid fast bacilli obtained were inoculated into a culture medium composed of umbilical cord extract, supplemented with yeast extract powder and glycerol with sheep serum added. Incubation temperature was 34 degrees C. An abundant growth of mycobacteria was observed in the primo culture in four weeks. The culture was easily sub-cultured on the homologous media. The primo culture did not grow on Lo\u00ebwenstein medium. The identity of the cultures of mycobacteria obtained is not yet established. The same strain of mycobacteria was cultured in media inoculated with suspensions of M. leprae decontaminated with sodium hydroxide-citrate solution. We confirm the findings of Skinsnes et al. (1975) that mycobacteria from human and animal leprous tissue can be cultured repeatedly on a hyaluronic based medium.", "contents": "Mycobacteria from leprous tissue of an armadillo cultivated on a hyaluronic acid based medium. Mycobacteria were isolated from pooled leprous tissues of an armadillo. The suspensions of acid fast bacilli obtained were inoculated into a culture medium composed of umbilical cord extract, supplemented with yeast extract powder and glycerol with sheep serum added. Incubation temperature was 34 degrees C. An abundant growth of mycobacteria was observed in the primo culture in four weeks. The culture was easily sub-cultured on the homologous media. The primo culture did not grow on Lo\u00ebwenstein medium. The identity of the cultures of mycobacteria obtained is not yet established. The same strain of mycobacteria was cultured in media inoculated with suspensions of M. leprae decontaminated with sodium hydroxide-citrate solution. We confirm the findings of Skinsnes et al. (1975) that mycobacteria from human and animal leprous tissue can be cultured repeatedly on a hyaluronic based medium."}
{"id": "PMID:337426", "title": "Suppressed immune response to T-cell dependent antigen in chemically sympathectomized mice.", "content": "Chemical sympathectomy induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) suppressed the secondary immune response of mice to a T-cell (thymus derived lymphocyte) dependent antigen, sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Treatment with 6-OHDA on the day of the secondary injection of SRBC resulted in depression of hemagglutinin titers to the antigen, while treatment with 6-OHDA on the day of the primary injection of SRBC had no effect upon the secondary response to the antigen. In addition, 6-OHDA treatment did not suppress the primary immune response to a T-cell independent antigen, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These results suggest that it is the T-cells which are mainly affected by chemical sympathectomy. Significant non-specific toxicity was not observed with 6-OHDA 100mg/kg, the dose of which suppressed the primary and the secondary immune response to SRBC.", "contents": "Suppressed immune response to T-cell dependent antigen in chemically sympathectomized mice. Chemical sympathectomy induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) suppressed the secondary immune response of mice to a T-cell (thymus derived lymphocyte) dependent antigen, sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Treatment with 6-OHDA on the day of the secondary injection of SRBC resulted in depression of hemagglutinin titers to the antigen, while treatment with 6-OHDA on the day of the primary injection of SRBC had no effect upon the secondary response to the antigen. In addition, 6-OHDA treatment did not suppress the primary immune response to a T-cell independent antigen, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These results suggest that it is the T-cells which are mainly affected by chemical sympathectomy. Significant non-specific toxicity was not observed with 6-OHDA 100mg/kg, the dose of which suppressed the primary and the secondary immune response to SRBC."}
{"id": "PMID:337427", "title": "[Suppression of the cell-mediated immunity in minor histoincompatible rat kidney allograft recipients (author's transl)].", "content": "To study the immunological status of recipients of major compatible and minor incompatible kidney allografts, we transplanted FiS and FLF1 kidneys into LEW rats. Most of the FiS kidneys were rejected within 55 days. Of 24 recipients, only 4 survived longer than 4 months. However, two-thirds of the FLF1 recipients survived longer than 4 months. The other third died with 64 days. During the first postoperation week a high level of lymphocytotoxin was detected in the serum of the FiS kidney recipients. Thereafter hardly any alternation of its titer was found, and no variation among the recipients of major histocompatible kidney allografts was shown. The FLF1 kidney recipients showed a low titer of antibody. The hemagglutinin titer showed the same trend as the lymphocytotoxin titer. A blocking serum factor could not be found in the serum of the kidney recipients with the microcytotoxity assay method or with the allorosette-formation inhibition test. Cellular immunity, which was studied with the GvH-reaction and microcytotoxity assay, was detected in the first postoperative week. However, this immunity was gradually supressed, and after 6 weeks was no longer to be found. This immunological status remained unchanged in the indefinitive surviving kidney-recipients in spite of antigen inoculation with two skin allografts of donor origin. This immunological status could be defined as \"graft acceptance\".", "contents": "[Suppression of the cell-mediated immunity in minor histoincompatible rat kidney allograft recipients (author's transl)]. To study the immunological status of recipients of major compatible and minor incompatible kidney allografts, we transplanted FiS and FLF1 kidneys into LEW rats. Most of the FiS kidneys were rejected within 55 days. Of 24 recipients, only 4 survived longer than 4 months. However, two-thirds of the FLF1 recipients survived longer than 4 months. The other third died with 64 days. During the first postoperation week a high level of lymphocytotoxin was detected in the serum of the FiS kidney recipients. Thereafter hardly any alternation of its titer was found, and no variation among the recipients of major histocompatible kidney allografts was shown. The FLF1 kidney recipients showed a low titer of antibody. The hemagglutinin titer showed the same trend as the lymphocytotoxin titer. A blocking serum factor could not be found in the serum of the kidney recipients with the microcytotoxity assay method or with the allorosette-formation inhibition test. Cellular immunity, which was studied with the GvH-reaction and microcytotoxity assay, was detected in the first postoperative week. However, this immunity was gradually supressed, and after 6 weeks was no longer to be found. This immunological status remained unchanged in the indefinitive surviving kidney-recipients in spite of antigen inoculation with two skin allografts of donor origin. This immunological status could be defined as \"graft acceptance\"."}
{"id": "PMID:337428", "title": "Uptake of maternal antibody by the neonatal pig following intramuscular and intramammary vaccination of the preparturient sow.", "content": "Administration of heat inactivated Escherichia coli antigens by intramuscular and intramammary routes induced elevated antibody levels in sow serum and colostrum, predominantly associated with IgG. Colostral IgG accounted for approximately 80 per cent of the total antibody activity, and there was a similar distribution in the sera of one-day-old piglets. The additional antibody activity was carried almost entirely by IgM following intramuscular injections and was evenly distributed between IgM and IgA following intramammary stimulation. The distribution of antibody activity and all three major immunoglobulin classes in colostrum and milk from individual mammary glands was remarkably uniform. A similar uniformity was inferred for the ingestion and absorption of colostrum by individual piglets as judged by the contents of their blood sera during the neonatal period.", "contents": "Uptake of maternal antibody by the neonatal pig following intramuscular and intramammary vaccination of the preparturient sow. Administration of heat inactivated Escherichia coli antigens by intramuscular and intramammary routes induced elevated antibody levels in sow serum and colostrum, predominantly associated with IgG. Colostral IgG accounted for approximately 80 per cent of the total antibody activity, and there was a similar distribution in the sera of one-day-old piglets. The additional antibody activity was carried almost entirely by IgM following intramuscular injections and was evenly distributed between IgM and IgA following intramammary stimulation. The distribution of antibody activity and all three major immunoglobulin classes in colostrum and milk from individual mammary glands was remarkably uniform. A similar uniformity was inferred for the ingestion and absorption of colostrum by individual piglets as judged by the contents of their blood sera during the neonatal period."}
{"id": "PMID:337429", "title": "Investigations into the role of carrier animals in the spread of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.", "content": "An attempt was made to transmit contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) from 22 animals recovered from artificial infection to healthy animals. Despite close contact and the imposition of a number of stresses no disease was transmitted. An unsuccessful attempt was made to reactivate old CBPP lesions by corticosteroid treatment, and by splenectomy. Four animals recovered from artificial infection did not become reinfected when put in contact with acute disease. Seven animals were reinoculated with Mycoplasmamycoides sub-species mycoides by endobronchial intubation. No clinical disease resulted. It is concluded that sequestra do not break down easily and that it is difficult to reinfect recovered animals. It is suggested that in field outbreaks of obscure origin, investigation should be thorough before it is concluded that an animal with an old sequestrum was responsible.", "contents": "Investigations into the role of carrier animals in the spread of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. An attempt was made to transmit contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) from 22 animals recovered from artificial infection to healthy animals. Despite close contact and the imposition of a number of stresses no disease was transmitted. An unsuccessful attempt was made to reactivate old CBPP lesions by corticosteroid treatment, and by splenectomy. Four animals recovered from artificial infection did not become reinfected when put in contact with acute disease. Seven animals were reinoculated with Mycoplasmamycoides sub-species mycoides by endobronchial intubation. No clinical disease resulted. It is concluded that sequestra do not break down easily and that it is difficult to reinfect recovered animals. It is suggested that in field outbreaks of obscure origin, investigation should be thorough before it is concluded that an animal with an old sequestrum was responsible."}
{"id": "PMID:337431", "title": "The morphology of the normal end-plate in lambs as revealed by silver impregnation and light microscopy.", "content": "A technique employing silver impregnation can be used on frozen formalin-fixed material for demonstrating ovine motor end-plates. The morphology of ovine motor end-plates is variable but broadly similar to that described in other species. The end-plates are oval with approximate dimensions of 33 X 17 micrometer. The distal ramifications of the nerve fibre show terminal and sub-terminal vesicles. The endings are flimsy or robust and the latter have single, dual or multiple terminations.", "contents": "The morphology of the normal end-plate in lambs as revealed by silver impregnation and light microscopy. A technique employing silver impregnation can be used on frozen formalin-fixed material for demonstrating ovine motor end-plates. The morphology of ovine motor end-plates is variable but broadly similar to that described in other species. The end-plates are oval with approximate dimensions of 33 X 17 micrometer. The distal ramifications of the nerve fibre show terminal and sub-terminal vesicles. The endings are flimsy or robust and the latter have single, dual or multiple terminations."}
{"id": "PMID:337430", "title": "Indirect infection of cattle with contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.", "content": "Hay infected with Mycoplasma mycoides sub-species mycoides (M mycoides) was fed to six animals on three occasions. Five animals developed complement-fixing antibody in their sera and gave a positive reaction to the comparative intradermal allergic test. No animal died from contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) but when they were killed, three had unequivocal lesions of the disease. M mycoides was isolated from the animals with these lesions but not from the others. CBPP was transmitted to two animals put in contact with those animals showing disease, and M mycoides was recovered from lesions in both animals. It is suggested that when unexplained outbreaks of CBPP occur, the possibility of indirect transmission should be considered.", "contents": "Indirect infection of cattle with contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Hay infected with Mycoplasma mycoides sub-species mycoides (M mycoides) was fed to six animals on three occasions. Five animals developed complement-fixing antibody in their sera and gave a positive reaction to the comparative intradermal allergic test. No animal died from contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) but when they were killed, three had unequivocal lesions of the disease. M mycoides was isolated from the animals with these lesions but not from the others. CBPP was transmitted to two animals put in contact with those animals showing disease, and M mycoides was recovered from lesions in both animals. It is suggested that when unexplained outbreaks of CBPP occur, the possibility of indirect transmission should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:337432", "title": "Inhibition of the growth of some strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides by the blood of certain horses.", "content": "When incorporated in solid medium at a concentration of 15 per cent, the defibrinated blood of certain horses strongly suppressed the growth of some, but not all, strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides so that many colonies failed to develop to a visible size. Blood from a single rabbit was tested and found to exert a similar effect. There was striking variation in the degree of inhibition produced by different samples of horse blood and, of five strains of the organism examined, the T1 vaccine strain was the most susceptible. The results suggested that the effect was not due to antibody.", "contents": "Inhibition of the growth of some strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides by the blood of certain horses. When incorporated in solid medium at a concentration of 15 per cent, the defibrinated blood of certain horses strongly suppressed the growth of some, but not all, strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides so that many colonies failed to develop to a visible size. Blood from a single rabbit was tested and found to exert a similar effect. There was striking variation in the degree of inhibition produced by different samples of horse blood and, of five strains of the organism examined, the T1 vaccine strain was the most susceptible. The results suggested that the effect was not due to antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:337450", "title": "[Radiation ulceration of the skin and its treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiation ulcera are a permanent source of danger. Their treatment may be long and difficult. Surgical competence is the clue to treatment. Conservative treatment is justified only in the beginning and for short periods. The goal of surgery is excision of damaged tissue and plastic cover with healthy skin. The technique will have to be chosen according to findings and localisation.", "contents": "[Radiation ulceration of the skin and its treatment (author's transl)]. Radiation ulcera are a permanent source of danger. Their treatment may be long and difficult. Surgical competence is the clue to treatment. Conservative treatment is justified only in the beginning and for short periods. The goal of surgery is excision of damaged tissue and plastic cover with healthy skin. The technique will have to be chosen according to findings and localisation."}
{"id": "PMID:337458", "title": "[Associated and secondary chondrocalcinosis].", "content": "The authors consider the problems posed by secondary and associated chondrocalcinosis (CCA) on the basis of a study carried out at many French Rheumatology centres (Centres de Rhumatologie Fran\u00e7aise) and in the light of data in the literature. CCA is associated with gout in 4 percent of cases, with hyperparathyroidism in 3.9 percent of cases, with haemochromatosis in 1.7 percent of cases and with hypothyroidism in 0.8 percent of cases. The existence of secondary CCA in gout, hyperparathyroidism, haemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, ochronosis, hypophosphatasia and perhaps hypothyroidism seems proven. These secondary cases of CCA represent 10.7 percent of the total 1226 : here CCA seems to form one element of a much broader syndrome, namely the metabolic arthropathies. The other associations, with the exception of those which are not considered in this paper (rheumatoid polyarthritis, diabetes mellitus, Paget's disease, osteochrondromatosis, acromegalia), are probably coincidental.", "contents": "[Associated and secondary chondrocalcinosis]. The authors consider the problems posed by secondary and associated chondrocalcinosis (CCA) on the basis of a study carried out at many French Rheumatology centres (Centres de Rhumatologie Fran\u00e7aise) and in the light of data in the literature. CCA is associated with gout in 4 percent of cases, with hyperparathyroidism in 3.9 percent of cases, with haemochromatosis in 1.7 percent of cases and with hypothyroidism in 0.8 percent of cases. The existence of secondary CCA in gout, hyperparathyroidism, haemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, ochronosis, hypophosphatasia and perhaps hypothyroidism seems proven. These secondary cases of CCA represent 10.7 percent of the total 1226 : here CCA seems to form one element of a much broader syndrome, namely the metabolic arthropathies. The other associations, with the exception of those which are not considered in this paper (rheumatoid polyarthritis, diabetes mellitus, Paget's disease, osteochrondromatosis, acromegalia), are probably coincidental."}
{"id": "PMID:337461", "title": "Principles of albumin and IgG analyses in neurological disorders. III. Evaluation of IgG synthesis within the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Fifty-nine multiple sclerosis patients were investigated with regard to blood-brain barrier function by determining the CSF-protein and the CSF/S albumin ratio. Abnormal values were found in 19% and 32% respectively. The occurrence of CSF-IgG elevation due to synthesis within the CNS was analysed by determining the CSF IgG/protein and CSF IgG/albumin ratios and the IgG-index = (CSF/S IgG ratio)/(CSF/S albumin ratio). Increased values were found in 75%, 80% and 86%, respectively. Oligoclonal IgG was found in CSF by agarose gel electrophoresis in 88% of the patients. The IgG-index is the parameter recommended for the demonstration of an IgG elevation in CSF due to synthesis within the CNS.", "contents": "Principles of albumin and IgG analyses in neurological disorders. III. Evaluation of IgG synthesis within the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis. Fifty-nine multiple sclerosis patients were investigated with regard to blood-brain barrier function by determining the CSF-protein and the CSF/S albumin ratio. Abnormal values were found in 19% and 32% respectively. The occurrence of CSF-IgG elevation due to synthesis within the CNS was analysed by determining the CSF IgG/protein and CSF IgG/albumin ratios and the IgG-index = (CSF/S IgG ratio)/(CSF/S albumin ratio). Increased values were found in 75%, 80% and 86%, respectively. Oligoclonal IgG was found in CSF by agarose gel electrophoresis in 88% of the patients. The IgG-index is the parameter recommended for the demonstration of an IgG elevation in CSF due to synthesis within the CNS."}
{"id": "PMID:337462", "title": "Circadian rhythm of plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity in steroid and non-steroid treated kidney transplanted patients.", "content": "The circadian rhythm of plasma aldosterone (PAC) and cortisol concentration (PCC), and renin activity (PRA) was measured in five steroid and five non-steroid treated kidney transplanted patients--all with denervated kidney grafts--and compared with four normal controls and two steroid-treated patients with non-renal disease and thus normal renal innervation. The non-steroid treated patients had a normal circadian thythm of PAC and PCC, but without variation of PRA, suggesting that denervation of the kidneys has no influence on the circadian rhythm of PAC. In both steroid treated groups the PAC showed an inverse diurnal variation--now correlating to the diurnal variation in PRA. The inverse circadian rhythm of PAC in patients with suppressed ACTH secretion remains unexplained, but is in accordance with the nocturnal peak of sodium and water excretion in steroid treated patients.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity in steroid and non-steroid treated kidney transplanted patients. The circadian rhythm of plasma aldosterone (PAC) and cortisol concentration (PCC), and renin activity (PRA) was measured in five steroid and five non-steroid treated kidney transplanted patients--all with denervated kidney grafts--and compared with four normal controls and two steroid-treated patients with non-renal disease and thus normal renal innervation. The non-steroid treated patients had a normal circadian thythm of PAC and PCC, but without variation of PRA, suggesting that denervation of the kidneys has no influence on the circadian rhythm of PAC. In both steroid treated groups the PAC showed an inverse diurnal variation--now correlating to the diurnal variation in PRA. The inverse circadian rhythm of PAC in patients with suppressed ACTH secretion remains unexplained, but is in accordance with the nocturnal peak of sodium and water excretion in steroid treated patients."}
{"id": "PMID:337463", "title": "Forearm and splanchnic blood flow at rest and during exercise in relation to the systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference in cardiac patients.", "content": "In eleven patients with chronic heart failure forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by plethysmography with a mercury-in-silastic strain gauge and splanchnic blood flow (SBF) with indocyanine green (ICG) infusion clearance at rest during right heart catheterization. The measurements were repeated during 8 min supine exercise on a bicycle ergometer, SBF during exercise being calculated from the changes of the brachial artery to hepatic vein oxygen differences and the ICG values at rest. Close correlations were found between cardiac output and FBF, and cardiac output and SBF at rest. During exercise forearm and splanchnic vascular resistances were both closely correlated with the brachial to pulmonary artery oxygen difference. It is concluded that in patients with heart failure vasoconstriction occurs during exercise in resting limbs and visceral organs, both closely related to the circulatory strain.", "contents": "Forearm and splanchnic blood flow at rest and during exercise in relation to the systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference in cardiac patients. In eleven patients with chronic heart failure forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by plethysmography with a mercury-in-silastic strain gauge and splanchnic blood flow (SBF) with indocyanine green (ICG) infusion clearance at rest during right heart catheterization. The measurements were repeated during 8 min supine exercise on a bicycle ergometer, SBF during exercise being calculated from the changes of the brachial artery to hepatic vein oxygen differences and the ICG values at rest. Close correlations were found between cardiac output and FBF, and cardiac output and SBF at rest. During exercise forearm and splanchnic vascular resistances were both closely correlated with the brachial to pulmonary artery oxygen difference. It is concluded that in patients with heart failure vasoconstriction occurs during exercise in resting limbs and visceral organs, both closely related to the circulatory strain."}
{"id": "PMID:337464", "title": "Influence of antibiotics on microbial intestinal transformation of cholesterol to coprostanol in man.", "content": "Fecal excretion of coprostanol was followed in groups of healthy volunteers receiving various antibiotics per os. No effect upon excretion was found in the groups receiving phenoximethylpenicillin or doxicycline, whereas a prolonged reduction was found in the groups receiving clindamycin, ampicillin, oxitetracycline or a fixed combination of bacitracin and neomycin.", "contents": "Influence of antibiotics on microbial intestinal transformation of cholesterol to coprostanol in man. Fecal excretion of coprostanol was followed in groups of healthy volunteers receiving various antibiotics per os. No effect upon excretion was found in the groups receiving phenoximethylpenicillin or doxicycline, whereas a prolonged reduction was found in the groups receiving clindamycin, ampicillin, oxitetracycline or a fixed combination of bacitracin and neomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:337465", "title": "G-cell counts in antral endoscopic biopsies by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Antral gastrin-producing cell (G-cells) were counted by an immunofluorescence technique in the antral biopsies obtained at endoscopy from 67 subjects; they included patients with duodenal ulcer, gastritis, and individuals with a normal gastric mucosa. The G-cell count was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in patients with duodenal ulcer (142 G cells per mm2) in comparison to normal subjects (327 G cells per mm2). No statistically significant correlation was found between the G-cell number and any of the other parameters tested (pentagastrin test, basal serum gastrin and its response to a standard meal).", "contents": "G-cell counts in antral endoscopic biopsies by immunofluorescence. Antral gastrin-producing cell (G-cells) were counted by an immunofluorescence technique in the antral biopsies obtained at endoscopy from 67 subjects; they included patients with duodenal ulcer, gastritis, and individuals with a normal gastric mucosa. The G-cell count was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in patients with duodenal ulcer (142 G cells per mm2) in comparison to normal subjects (327 G cells per mm2). No statistically significant correlation was found between the G-cell number and any of the other parameters tested (pentagastrin test, basal serum gastrin and its response to a standard meal)."}
{"id": "PMID:337466", "title": "Osmic acid in rheumatoid synovitis. A controlled study.", "content": "Ninety-nine adult RA patients with knee joint synovitis were randomized into two groups. The knee joints of the first group (52 patients) were treated with osmic acid and those of the second group (47 patients) with a placebo. After 6 months, the incidence of hydrops and pain was statistically less significant in joints treated with osmic acid. the result was better in joints without advanced radiological destruction. It is concluded that osmic acid is still of benefit in the local treatment of rheumatoid knee joint synovitis at an early stage.", "contents": "Osmic acid in rheumatoid synovitis. A controlled study. Ninety-nine adult RA patients with knee joint synovitis were randomized into two groups. The knee joints of the first group (52 patients) were treated with osmic acid and those of the second group (47 patients) with a placebo. After 6 months, the incidence of hydrops and pain was statistically less significant in joints treated with osmic acid. the result was better in joints without advanced radiological destruction. It is concluded that osmic acid is still of benefit in the local treatment of rheumatoid knee joint synovitis at an early stage."}
{"id": "PMID:337467", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic agents: their significance in the therapy of epilepsy].", "content": "In the modern treatment of epilepsy, determination of the serum concentration of antiepileptic drugs is essential. In cases which are refractory to treatment, cases where a combination of different drugs is necessary, or cases where compliance of the patient with the prescription is questionable, a knowledge of serum levels of anticonvulsants and acquaintance with their pharmacokinetics is indispensable for optimal therapy. The pharmacokinetic properties of antiepileptic drugs and their important and common interactions are reviewed. The effective serum concentrations of the commonly used antiepileptic drugs are listed and discussed.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic agents: their significance in the therapy of epilepsy]. In the modern treatment of epilepsy, determination of the serum concentration of antiepileptic drugs is essential. In cases which are refractory to treatment, cases where a combination of different drugs is necessary, or cases where compliance of the patient with the prescription is questionable, a knowledge of serum levels of anticonvulsants and acquaintance with their pharmacokinetics is indispensable for optimal therapy. The pharmacokinetic properties of antiepileptic drugs and their important and common interactions are reviewed. The effective serum concentrations of the commonly used antiepileptic drugs are listed and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337468", "title": "[Antibody-coated bacteria and localization of urinary tract infection].", "content": "The distinction between upper and lower urinary tract infection (UTI) is of great help in the management and treatment of these conditions. The antibody-coating technique was used to investigate urine of patients with nephrostomies, chronic and acute pyelonephritis, chronic and acute cystitis, of male patients with dysuria and significant bacteriuria and of female patients with indwelling catheters. Furthermore this indirect method was compared with FAIRLEY'S direct method for localization of UTI in female patients with indwelling catheters. All tests were positive in patients with nephrostomies and acute pyelonephritis. Out of 19 tests in patients with chronic pyelonephritis, 18 were positive and one negative. Antibody-coated bacteria were present in 4 out of 8 patients with chronic cystitis and in 2 out of 9 patients with acute cystitis. Out of 5 male patients with dysuria and significant bacteriuria, 3 had a positive test. Out of 25 women with indwelling catheters 20 exhibited antibody-coated bacteria in urine and 5 did not. In 9 female patients with indwelling catheters the UTI was localized in the upper tract 5 times by the Fairley technique but 7 times by determination of antibody-coated bacteria. The demonstration of antibody-coated bacteria in the urine is a simple and reliable method of localizing the site of a UTI. False positive results may be observed in patients with indwelling catheters and prostatitis; in both instances there is probably local antibody production and coating of the bacteria. As the test is relatively expensive and time-consuming, it is indicated only in special situations and is not considered a routine screening procedure.", "contents": "[Antibody-coated bacteria and localization of urinary tract infection]. The distinction between upper and lower urinary tract infection (UTI) is of great help in the management and treatment of these conditions. The antibody-coating technique was used to investigate urine of patients with nephrostomies, chronic and acute pyelonephritis, chronic and acute cystitis, of male patients with dysuria and significant bacteriuria and of female patients with indwelling catheters. Furthermore this indirect method was compared with FAIRLEY'S direct method for localization of UTI in female patients with indwelling catheters. All tests were positive in patients with nephrostomies and acute pyelonephritis. Out of 19 tests in patients with chronic pyelonephritis, 18 were positive and one negative. Antibody-coated bacteria were present in 4 out of 8 patients with chronic cystitis and in 2 out of 9 patients with acute cystitis. Out of 5 male patients with dysuria and significant bacteriuria, 3 had a positive test. Out of 25 women with indwelling catheters 20 exhibited antibody-coated bacteria in urine and 5 did not. In 9 female patients with indwelling catheters the UTI was localized in the upper tract 5 times by the Fairley technique but 7 times by determination of antibody-coated bacteria. The demonstration of antibody-coated bacteria in the urine is a simple and reliable method of localizing the site of a UTI. False positive results may be observed in patients with indwelling catheters and prostatitis; in both instances there is probably local antibody production and coating of the bacteria. As the test is relatively expensive and time-consuming, it is indicated only in special situations and is not considered a routine screening procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:337469", "title": "[Comparison between the presence of specific circulating immune complexes and the leukocyte migration inhibition test in different clinical forms of hepatitis B].", "content": "Circulating immune complexes were measured by a radioimmunoassay specific for HB complexes in different clinical situations related to hepatitis B virus infection. The leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) was performed simultaneously. Comparison with the clinical situation suggests that immune complexes are not responsible for the lesions, but that these lesions might be produced by the immunity demonstrated by the LMIT. A deficiency of this immunity is responsible for the persistence of infection. However, in chronic active hepatitis, LMIT is as deficient as in carriers and in this form of hepatitis the frequency and quantity of complexes are the highest: it is thus possible that in this case the lesions are nevertheless produced by the complexes.", "contents": "[Comparison between the presence of specific circulating immune complexes and the leukocyte migration inhibition test in different clinical forms of hepatitis B]. Circulating immune complexes were measured by a radioimmunoassay specific for HB complexes in different clinical situations related to hepatitis B virus infection. The leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) was performed simultaneously. Comparison with the clinical situation suggests that immune complexes are not responsible for the lesions, but that these lesions might be produced by the immunity demonstrated by the LMIT. A deficiency of this immunity is responsible for the persistence of infection. However, in chronic active hepatitis, LMIT is as deficient as in carriers and in this form of hepatitis the frequency and quantity of complexes are the highest: it is thus possible that in this case the lesions are nevertheless produced by the complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:337470", "title": "[Dissolution of gallstones by chenodeoxycholic acid].", "content": "A 2-year prospective study with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) (750 mg per day) was performed in 34 asymptomatic patients with radiolucent gallstones. 17 patients dropped out before completion of the trial. In 5 cases (29%) the stones dissolved and in 5 additional cases they decreased in size, while in 2 cases (13%) they increased in size during treatment. Favorable criteria for dissolution were round stones without edges and fissures on radiological appearance and a stone diameter of less than 1 cm. In 3 cases drug-induced nausea or diarrhea were so pronounced that treatment could not be continued. CDCA treatment also caused a significant rise in SGPT for at least one year. Thus, CDCA is at best moderately effective in a highly selective group of patients with gallstones.", "contents": "[Dissolution of gallstones by chenodeoxycholic acid]. A 2-year prospective study with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) (750 mg per day) was performed in 34 asymptomatic patients with radiolucent gallstones. 17 patients dropped out before completion of the trial. In 5 cases (29%) the stones dissolved and in 5 additional cases they decreased in size, while in 2 cases (13%) they increased in size during treatment. Favorable criteria for dissolution were round stones without edges and fissures on radiological appearance and a stone diameter of less than 1 cm. In 3 cases drug-induced nausea or diarrhea were so pronounced that treatment could not be continued. CDCA treatment also caused a significant rise in SGPT for at least one year. Thus, CDCA is at best moderately effective in a highly selective group of patients with gallstones."}
{"id": "PMID:337471", "title": "[Iron overload: effect on specific and nonspecific immunity].", "content": "Acute overload with an iron salt in mice enhanced the virulence of a relatively avirulent type of Salmonella typhimurium in a dose-dependent fashion. Iron administration also partly abolished specific immunity. Ferritin iron did not display the virulence-enhancing effect.", "contents": "[Iron overload: effect on specific and nonspecific immunity]. Acute overload with an iron salt in mice enhanced the virulence of a relatively avirulent type of Salmonella typhimurium in a dose-dependent fashion. Iron administration also partly abolished specific immunity. Ferritin iron did not display the virulence-enhancing effect."}
{"id": "PMID:337472", "title": "[Cranial mucormycosis in a patient with a transplanted kidney].", "content": "Mucormycosis is a very serious complication of debilitating diseases, and particularly of diabetes. Presently the treatment of choice is amphotericine B. A patient is described who, like most other renal transplant patients with mucormycosis, had cranial localization of this disease and diabetes. The clinical findings were classical and the diagnosis was confirmed histologically.", "contents": "[Cranial mucormycosis in a patient with a transplanted kidney]. Mucormycosis is a very serious complication of debilitating diseases, and particularly of diabetes. Presently the treatment of choice is amphotericine B. A patient is described who, like most other renal transplant patients with mucormycosis, had cranial localization of this disease and diabetes. The clinical findings were classical and the diagnosis was confirmed histologically."}
{"id": "PMID:337474", "title": "[Carbohydrate intolerance during complete fasting].", "content": "In the first part of the study oral glucose tolerance tests (GTT) or insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were performed in 22 lean and 22 obese nondiabetics before and after fasts of at least 6 days' duration. Deterioration of glucose tolerance was greater in lean than in obese individuals. Plasma levels of factors known to influence glucose tolerance (glucagon, growth hormone, free fatty acids, ketones) were significantly higher in fasting lean than in fasting obese subjects. Furthermore, delayed insulin rise (GTT) and decreased insulin sensitivity (ITT) were observed after starvation in lean subjects but not in the obese, which could explain the greater deterioration of glucose tolerance in the lean population. In the second part of the study glucose and fructose tolerance were compared during 4-hour infusions of these substrates (0.5 g/kg/h) in 8 normal subjects before and after two 4-day fasts. After starvation, glucose as well as fructose infusion resulted in plasma levels of the infused hexose significantly higher than in control, and the rise in plasma lactate and pyruvate was delayed. These results contradict the view widely held in the literature, that fructose metabolism remains unimpaired in the fasting state.", "contents": "[Carbohydrate intolerance during complete fasting]. In the first part of the study oral glucose tolerance tests (GTT) or insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were performed in 22 lean and 22 obese nondiabetics before and after fasts of at least 6 days' duration. Deterioration of glucose tolerance was greater in lean than in obese individuals. Plasma levels of factors known to influence glucose tolerance (glucagon, growth hormone, free fatty acids, ketones) were significantly higher in fasting lean than in fasting obese subjects. Furthermore, delayed insulin rise (GTT) and decreased insulin sensitivity (ITT) were observed after starvation in lean subjects but not in the obese, which could explain the greater deterioration of glucose tolerance in the lean population. In the second part of the study glucose and fructose tolerance were compared during 4-hour infusions of these substrates (0.5 g/kg/h) in 8 normal subjects before and after two 4-day fasts. After starvation, glucose as well as fructose infusion resulted in plasma levels of the infused hexose significantly higher than in control, and the rise in plasma lactate and pyruvate was delayed. These results contradict the view widely held in the literature, that fructose metabolism remains unimpaired in the fasting state."}
{"id": "PMID:337475", "title": "[Falciparum malaria in Switzerland: a problem of intensive care?].", "content": "In the period 1972-1976, 5 of 17 patients admitted to the Cantonal Hospital, Basel, for falciparum malaria had to be treated in the intensive care unit. Two patients died. None had performed regular chemoprophylaxis and in all of them several days had elapsed between onset of symptoms and diagnosis. The importance of information on malaria to tourists and physicians is stressed.", "contents": "[Falciparum malaria in Switzerland: a problem of intensive care?]. In the period 1972-1976, 5 of 17 patients admitted to the Cantonal Hospital, Basel, for falciparum malaria had to be treated in the intensive care unit. Two patients died. None had performed regular chemoprophylaxis and in all of them several days had elapsed between onset of symptoms and diagnosis. The importance of information on malaria to tourists and physicians is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:337477", "title": "[Treatment possibilities of arterial circulatory disorders using calcitonin].", "content": "74 patients with arterial circulatory disorders have been treated with calcitonin in low dosages (0.25-0.5 mg s.c. or i.m. twice to three times weekly). In 3 women with Raynaud phenomenon in sclerodermia, previously refractory necroses of the finger-tips were cured. One woman with Raynaud disease became symptomfree. Marked improvements in the results of ergometric tests were observed in 8 out of 22 patients with intermittent claudication of the lower extremities. In 12 out of 31 patients with refractory angina pectoris, the attacks were practically eliminated. Remission of headaches of vascular origin was obtained in 6 out of 17 cases. Attacks of migraine were terminated in the incipient stage by treatment with 0.25 mg Cibacalcin.", "contents": "[Treatment possibilities of arterial circulatory disorders using calcitonin]. 74 patients with arterial circulatory disorders have been treated with calcitonin in low dosages (0.25-0.5 mg s.c. or i.m. twice to three times weekly). In 3 women with Raynaud phenomenon in sclerodermia, previously refractory necroses of the finger-tips were cured. One woman with Raynaud disease became symptomfree. Marked improvements in the results of ergometric tests were observed in 8 out of 22 patients with intermittent claudication of the lower extremities. In 12 out of 31 patients with refractory angina pectoris, the attacks were practically eliminated. Remission of headaches of vascular origin was obtained in 6 out of 17 cases. Attacks of migraine were terminated in the incipient stage by treatment with 0.25 mg Cibacalcin."}
{"id": "PMID:337478", "title": "[Effect of glycerol on cerebral infarct].", "content": "Intravenous administration of glycerol under double-blind conditions (25 g twice daily for 6 days) to 26 patients with cerebral infarction localized in the territory of the middle cerebral artery temporarily improved the clinical evolution, as assessed by a scoring system, in comparison with 25 patients receiving placebo infusions.", "contents": "[Effect of glycerol on cerebral infarct]. Intravenous administration of glycerol under double-blind conditions (25 g twice daily for 6 days) to 26 patients with cerebral infarction localized in the territory of the middle cerebral artery temporarily improved the clinical evolution, as assessed by a scoring system, in comparison with 25 patients receiving placebo infusions."}
{"id": "PMID:337481", "title": "The chemotherapy of tuberculosis--a personal overview.", "content": "The story is told of how streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid came to be known as the first-line drugs. Although the present first line is generally accepted as rifampicin, ethambutol and isoniazid, the way in which these drugs should be used in different types of tuberculosis and in different parts of the world is discussed in relation to efficacy, toxicity and cost. Passing reference is also made to second-line drugs used in the retreatment of cases with bacterial resistance.", "contents": "The chemotherapy of tuberculosis--a personal overview. The story is told of how streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid came to be known as the first-line drugs. Although the present first line is generally accepted as rifampicin, ethambutol and isoniazid, the way in which these drugs should be used in different types of tuberculosis and in different parts of the world is discussed in relation to efficacy, toxicity and cost. Passing reference is also made to second-line drugs used in the retreatment of cases with bacterial resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:337486", "title": "Immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer.", "content": "This article is a review of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer incorporating the history of immunotherapy in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, assessment of the techniques currently in use and of possible future developments. Although immunotherapy is not established as a therapeutic technique, evidence suggests that the immune response does influence the development of neoplastic cells. A better understanding of the immune response and its control may lead to the production of efficacious immunological treatment of certain cancers.", "contents": "Immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer. This article is a review of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer incorporating the history of immunotherapy in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, assessment of the techniques currently in use and of possible future developments. Although immunotherapy is not established as a therapeutic technique, evidence suggests that the immune response does influence the development of neoplastic cells. A better understanding of the immune response and its control may lead to the production of efficacious immunological treatment of certain cancers."}
{"id": "PMID:337487", "title": "Posttranslational covalent modification of proteins.", "content": "A search for derivatized amino acids in proteins has shown that the extent of posttranslational modification of proteins is quite substantial. While only 20 primary amino acids are specified in the genetic code and are involved as monomer building blocks in the assembly of the polypeptide chain, about 140 amino acids and amino acid derivatives have been identified as constituents of different proteins in different organisms. A brief consideration of the questions about where and when the derivatization reactions occur, how the specificity of the reactions is established, and how the posttranslational modifications can facilitate biological processes, reveal a need for more information on all these points. Answers to these questions should represent significant contributions to our understanding of biochemistry and cell biology.", "contents": "Posttranslational covalent modification of proteins. A search for derivatized amino acids in proteins has shown that the extent of posttranslational modification of proteins is quite substantial. While only 20 primary amino acids are specified in the genetic code and are involved as monomer building blocks in the assembly of the polypeptide chain, about 140 amino acids and amino acid derivatives have been identified as constituents of different proteins in different organisms. A brief consideration of the questions about where and when the derivatization reactions occur, how the specificity of the reactions is established, and how the posttranslational modifications can facilitate biological processes, reveal a need for more information on all these points. Answers to these questions should represent significant contributions to our understanding of biochemistry and cell biology."}
{"id": "PMID:337488", "title": "Somatostatin: widespread abnormality in tissues of spontaneously diabetic mice.", "content": "Diabetic mice of the C57BL/6J obob and C57BL/Ks dbdb strains show a reduction in pancreatic somatostatin concentration accompanied in the obob strain by a striking decrease in the number of somatostatin-containing cells in the islets. Somatostatin concentration is also decreased in the stomach but increased in the hypothalamus. These findings suggest different control mechanisms for somatostatin in the hypothalamus compared to the gut and pancreas and exclude a primary genetic abnormality of somatostatin cells in the mutants.", "contents": "Somatostatin: widespread abnormality in tissues of spontaneously diabetic mice. Diabetic mice of the C57BL/6J obob and C57BL/Ks dbdb strains show a reduction in pancreatic somatostatin concentration accompanied in the obob strain by a striking decrease in the number of somatostatin-containing cells in the islets. Somatostatin concentration is also decreased in the stomach but increased in the hypothalamus. These findings suggest different control mechanisms for somatostatin in the hypothalamus compared to the gut and pancreas and exclude a primary genetic abnormality of somatostatin cells in the mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:337489", "title": "Saccharin and other sweeteners: mutagenic properties.", "content": "Saccharin preparations commonly distributed as artificial sweeteners exhibited mutagenic activity in bacterial tests. When administered orally to mice, mutagenic activity was demonstrable in the urines of these animals as well as in a host-mediated assay. Highly purified saccharin was not mutagenic in the direct assay, but the urines of mice to which this material had been administered exhibited mutagenic effects on one tester strain (Salmonella typhimurium TA100). Two other sweeteners, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone and xylitol, had no detectable mutagenic activity in any of these assays using his- Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 or TA98.", "contents": "Saccharin and other sweeteners: mutagenic properties. Saccharin preparations commonly distributed as artificial sweeteners exhibited mutagenic activity in bacterial tests. When administered orally to mice, mutagenic activity was demonstrable in the urines of these animals as well as in a host-mediated assay. Highly purified saccharin was not mutagenic in the direct assay, but the urines of mice to which this material had been administered exhibited mutagenic effects on one tester strain (Salmonella typhimurium TA100). Two other sweeteners, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone and xylitol, had no detectable mutagenic activity in any of these assays using his- Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 or TA98."}
{"id": "PMID:337490", "title": "Immunofluorescence localization of proteins of high molecular weight along intracellular microtubules.", "content": "To help clarify the role, in cytoplasmic microtubule function, of the proteins of high molecular weight that coassemble with tubulin in vitro, a monospecific antibody against the proteins of high molecular weight was prepared from the serum of immunized rabbits by affinity chromatography. With indirect immunofluorescence we found that the protein in both cultured neuroblastoma cells and 3T3 cells in distributed in an extensive filamentous array that originates at sites near the nucleus and extends to the cell periphery or, in neuroblastoma cells, gathers into bundles which enter neurites. No filaments were seen with nonspecific antibodies from serum taken before immunization, and prior incubation of the specific antibody with purified protein of high molecular weight (but not tubulin) prevented filament visualization. The filamentous pattern in 3T3 cells was disrupted by colchicine. This evidence indicates that the proteins of high molecular weight are found in cells in association with cytoplasmic microtubules.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence localization of proteins of high molecular weight along intracellular microtubules. To help clarify the role, in cytoplasmic microtubule function, of the proteins of high molecular weight that coassemble with tubulin in vitro, a monospecific antibody against the proteins of high molecular weight was prepared from the serum of immunized rabbits by affinity chromatography. With indirect immunofluorescence we found that the protein in both cultured neuroblastoma cells and 3T3 cells in distributed in an extensive filamentous array that originates at sites near the nucleus and extends to the cell periphery or, in neuroblastoma cells, gathers into bundles which enter neurites. No filaments were seen with nonspecific antibodies from serum taken before immunization, and prior incubation of the specific antibody with purified protein of high molecular weight (but not tubulin) prevented filament visualization. The filamentous pattern in 3T3 cells was disrupted by colchicine. This evidence indicates that the proteins of high molecular weight are found in cells in association with cytoplasmic microtubules."}
{"id": "PMID:337492", "title": "Metals as regulators of heme metabolism.", "content": "Heme is essential for cell respiration, energy generation, and oxidative biotransformations. The latter function is exemplified by the oxidative metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous chemicals catalyzed by the heme protein cytochrome P-450. Recent studies have established that metal ions directly regulate cellular content of heme, and thus of heme proteins by controlling production of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase and heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzymes for heme synthesis and degradation, respectively. Metal ions also alter cellular content of glutathione. In excess amounts, metal ions greatly accelerate the turnover and degradation of heme and substantially impair the oxidative functions of cells--particularly those dependent on cytochrone P-450. As a result, the biological impact of chemicals which are detoxified or metabolically transformed by the P-450 system is greatly altered.", "contents": "Metals as regulators of heme metabolism. Heme is essential for cell respiration, energy generation, and oxidative biotransformations. The latter function is exemplified by the oxidative metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous chemicals catalyzed by the heme protein cytochrome P-450. Recent studies have established that metal ions directly regulate cellular content of heme, and thus of heme proteins by controlling production of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase and heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzymes for heme synthesis and degradation, respectively. Metal ions also alter cellular content of glutathione. In excess amounts, metal ions greatly accelerate the turnover and degradation of heme and substantially impair the oxidative functions of cells--particularly those dependent on cytochrone P-450. As a result, the biological impact of chemicals which are detoxified or metabolically transformed by the P-450 system is greatly altered."}
{"id": "PMID:337493", "title": "Methylphenidate in hyperkinetic children: differences in dose effects on learning and social behavior.", "content": "Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is widely prescribed for hyperkinetic children. This study showed a peak enchancement of learning in children after being given a dose of 0.3 milligram per kilogram of body weight, and a decrement in learning in those given larger doses; social behavior showed the most improvement in children given 1.0 milligram per kilogram. These results had been hypothesized from theoretical dose-response curves which indicate different target behaviors would improve at different doses.", "contents": "Methylphenidate in hyperkinetic children: differences in dose effects on learning and social behavior. Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is widely prescribed for hyperkinetic children. This study showed a peak enchancement of learning in children after being given a dose of 0.3 milligram per kilogram of body weight, and a decrement in learning in those given larger doses; social behavior showed the most improvement in children given 1.0 milligram per kilogram. These results had been hypothesized from theoretical dose-response curves which indicate different target behaviors would improve at different doses."}
{"id": "PMID:337536", "title": "Evaluation of BCG vaccines and a new method of multipuncture administration.", "content": "In comparative investigations the Japanese vaccinating tool was found to be more satisfactory for BCG administration than the Heaf multipuncture apparatus. Not only were the immune responses achieved by 27 punctures made by the Japanese applicator equal to those produced by 40 punctures made by the Heaf apparatus, but the results were similar to those obtained with the intradermal method of vaccination. The Japanese applicator can be sterilized effectively, it is simple to use, durable, usable up to 100 times and cheap. All pre- and post-vaccination tuberculin testing was done intradermally with 2 tuberculin units of human PPD RT23. The studies also confirmed the high quality of the Japanese intradermal and percutaneous BCG vaccines. Administration of the potent percutaneous Japanese BCG vaccine with the Japanese applicator is an ideal, effective and safe method of BCG vaccination.", "contents": "Evaluation of BCG vaccines and a new method of multipuncture administration. In comparative investigations the Japanese vaccinating tool was found to be more satisfactory for BCG administration than the Heaf multipuncture apparatus. Not only were the immune responses achieved by 27 punctures made by the Japanese applicator equal to those produced by 40 punctures made by the Heaf apparatus, but the results were similar to those obtained with the intradermal method of vaccination. The Japanese applicator can be sterilized effectively, it is simple to use, durable, usable up to 100 times and cheap. All pre- and post-vaccination tuberculin testing was done intradermally with 2 tuberculin units of human PPD RT23. The studies also confirmed the high quality of the Japanese intradermal and percutaneous BCG vaccines. Administration of the potent percutaneous Japanese BCG vaccine with the Japanese applicator is an ideal, effective and safe method of BCG vaccination."}
{"id": "PMID:337537", "title": "Epilepsy and IgA deficiency--the effect of sodium valproate.", "content": "IgA deficiency (less than 80 IU/ml serum) occurred in 29% of 41 epileptic patients on anticonvulsant therapy. Sodium valproate users had significantly lower mean IgA levels (102 IU/ml) than non-users (151 IU/ml) and had a significantly higher incidence of IgA deficiency (50%) than non-users (16%). The occurrence of IgA deficiency did not appear to be related to age, sex, number of drugs used or to serum anticonvulsant levels.", "contents": "Epilepsy and IgA deficiency--the effect of sodium valproate. IgA deficiency (less than 80 IU/ml serum) occurred in 29% of 41 epileptic patients on anticonvulsant therapy. Sodium valproate users had significantly lower mean IgA levels (102 IU/ml) than non-users (151 IU/ml) and had a significantly higher incidence of IgA deficiency (50%) than non-users (16%). The occurrence of IgA deficiency did not appear to be related to age, sex, number of drugs used or to serum anticonvulsant levels."}
{"id": "PMID:337541", "title": "The management of the lungs during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Many factors that contribute to the postextracorporeal pulmonary insufficiency have been recognized over the years that extracorporeal circulation has evolved. It is evident that more than one factor is the cause. For the present, a complex multifactoral problem appears to exist. Whether the unifying theory for this syndrome is related to abnormal organ perfusion, blood element destruction, microvascular phenomenon secondary to release of vasomotor substances or a combination of these remains to be determined. It is clear that all patients who undergo cardioplumonary bypass sustain some degree of pulmonary injury. Most lungs provide ample reserve, and adequate postoperative pulmonary care is sufficient to avoid morbidity related to the lungs. However, patients with severe forms of cardiopulmonary disease who require cardiopulmonary bypass require intraoperative pulmonary care as discussed herein to preserve maximum pulmonary function during the postoperative period.", "contents": "The management of the lungs during cardiopulmonary bypass. Many factors that contribute to the postextracorporeal pulmonary insufficiency have been recognized over the years that extracorporeal circulation has evolved. It is evident that more than one factor is the cause. For the present, a complex multifactoral problem appears to exist. Whether the unifying theory for this syndrome is related to abnormal organ perfusion, blood element destruction, microvascular phenomenon secondary to release of vasomotor substances or a combination of these remains to be determined. It is clear that all patients who undergo cardioplumonary bypass sustain some degree of pulmonary injury. Most lungs provide ample reserve, and adequate postoperative pulmonary care is sufficient to avoid morbidity related to the lungs. However, patients with severe forms of cardiopulmonary disease who require cardiopulmonary bypass require intraoperative pulmonary care as discussed herein to preserve maximum pulmonary function during the postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:337539", "title": "Venereal transmission of shigellosis in Seattle-King county.", "content": "In the past, shigellosis in Seattle-King County has been primarily a disease of children, their parients, and foreign travelers. During the 18 months beginning in July 1975, an outbreak of shigellosis in Seattle's community of gay men involved both Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei. They accounted for nearly 30% of all cases of shigellosis reported to the health department. Fellatio and/or oral-anal contact was reported by 90% of the infected homosexual men; this was probably the mechanism of transmission of most infections. Intercity spread was determined by case histories and by the finding of S. flexneri 3, a previously unusual organism in Seattle.", "contents": "Venereal transmission of shigellosis in Seattle-King county. In the past, shigellosis in Seattle-King County has been primarily a disease of children, their parients, and foreign travelers. During the 18 months beginning in July 1975, an outbreak of shigellosis in Seattle's community of gay men involved both Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei. They accounted for nearly 30% of all cases of shigellosis reported to the health department. Fellatio and/or oral-anal contact was reported by 90% of the infected homosexual men; this was probably the mechanism of transmission of most infections. Intercity spread was determined by case histories and by the finding of S. flexneri 3, a previously unusual organism in Seattle."}
{"id": "PMID:337543", "title": "Factors determining occurrence of cleft lip and cleft palate.", "content": "The modern care of newborn infants with oral clefts renders their survival possible. Since they will eventually reproduce, a slight increase in the incidence may be expected and genetic counseling will be requested on occasion. The cleft lip with or without cleft palate has a different genetic inclination from isolated cleft palate and the risk of recurrence is different. Drugs, such as antiepileptics, salicylates, benzodiazepines and cortisone, have a role in causing oral clefts. When an oral cleft is a part of a syndrome, the genetics of the particular syndrome must be outlined and genetic counseling is given accordingly. Oral clefts alone are usually multifactorial.", "contents": "Factors determining occurrence of cleft lip and cleft palate. The modern care of newborn infants with oral clefts renders their survival possible. Since they will eventually reproduce, a slight increase in the incidence may be expected and genetic counseling will be requested on occasion. The cleft lip with or without cleft palate has a different genetic inclination from isolated cleft palate and the risk of recurrence is different. Drugs, such as antiepileptics, salicylates, benzodiazepines and cortisone, have a role in causing oral clefts. When an oral cleft is a part of a syndrome, the genetics of the particular syndrome must be outlined and genetic counseling is given accordingly. Oral clefts alone are usually multifactorial."}
{"id": "PMID:337544", "title": "The significance of serratia as an infectious organism.", "content": "The hospital records of 48 patients with infections due to Serratia marcescens were reviewed. Isolates from these patients had been cultured during the period from August 1973 through July 1975, at which time an increase in frequency of infections due to Serratia had been noted. Most of these patients were elderly males with chronic debilitating diseases. All patients had received antimicrobial therapy prior to the time Serratia was first isolated. The majority had had indwelling urinary catheters inserted during some period of their hospitalization. Isolates were obtained predominantly from the urinary tract. In six of the 11 patients who died, Serratia appeared to play a role in the outcome, and all three patients with Serratia septicemia died. Serratia marcescens can be a virulent pathogen with a high degree of resistance to antibacterial agents. Attention must be given to the use of a sterile technique for insertion of urinary catheters, frequent care and cleansing of the catheter-meatal junction and use of a closed drainage system.", "contents": "The significance of serratia as an infectious organism. The hospital records of 48 patients with infections due to Serratia marcescens were reviewed. Isolates from these patients had been cultured during the period from August 1973 through July 1975, at which time an increase in frequency of infections due to Serratia had been noted. Most of these patients were elderly males with chronic debilitating diseases. All patients had received antimicrobial therapy prior to the time Serratia was first isolated. The majority had had indwelling urinary catheters inserted during some period of their hospitalization. Isolates were obtained predominantly from the urinary tract. In six of the 11 patients who died, Serratia appeared to play a role in the outcome, and all three patients with Serratia septicemia died. Serratia marcescens can be a virulent pathogen with a high degree of resistance to antibacterial agents. Attention must be given to the use of a sterile technique for insertion of urinary catheters, frequent care and cleansing of the catheter-meatal junction and use of a closed drainage system."}
{"id": "PMID:337545", "title": "Preliminary observation on the immunology of nerve allograft rejection.", "content": "A preliminary experiment was devised to delineate the specificity of nerve allograft rejection. Skin grafts were performed between inbred strains of Fisher, AgB1, and Buffalo, AgB6, rats to determine the time required for a first set rejection, which occurred at day 9. Skin grafts also were performed two weeks after orthotopic placement of whole nerve or fascicular grafts. The rats that had previously been exposed to whole nerve showed skin graft rejection at six days, while those exposed to nerve fascicle demonstrated skin graft rejection at seven days. Fascicular whole nerve allografts and autografts were compared histologically at seven, 12, 19 and 28 days after grafting. The whole nerve allograft consistently showed gross and microscopic evidence of lymphocytic infiltration consistent with rejection involving the perineural connective tissues. Antigens obviously are present in sufficient levels in both the nerve and surrounding connective tissue, but at least, theoretically, there are some advantages to the use of fascicles versus the whole nerve.", "contents": "Preliminary observation on the immunology of nerve allograft rejection. A preliminary experiment was devised to delineate the specificity of nerve allograft rejection. Skin grafts were performed between inbred strains of Fisher, AgB1, and Buffalo, AgB6, rats to determine the time required for a first set rejection, which occurred at day 9. Skin grafts also were performed two weeks after orthotopic placement of whole nerve or fascicular grafts. The rats that had previously been exposed to whole nerve showed skin graft rejection at six days, while those exposed to nerve fascicle demonstrated skin graft rejection at seven days. Fascicular whole nerve allografts and autografts were compared histologically at seven, 12, 19 and 28 days after grafting. The whole nerve allograft consistently showed gross and microscopic evidence of lymphocytic infiltration consistent with rejection involving the perineural connective tissues. Antigens obviously are present in sufficient levels in both the nerve and surrounding connective tissue, but at least, theoretically, there are some advantages to the use of fascicles versus the whole nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:337548", "title": "Axillary, subclavian, and brachiocephalic vein obstruction.", "content": "The consequences of occlusion of a major upper extremity vein were evaluated in eight patients with effort thrombosis, ten with thrombosis secondary to intimal injury, six with extrinsic compression, and one hypercoagulable patient, all of whom were followed for an average of 4 years. Twenty-two patients had venography, which confirmed the diagnosis but often failed to define the proximal extent of obstruction. Thirteen patients had noninvasive hemodynamic studies which did not corroborate chronic morbidity, but which were valuable in assessing the effect os specific therapy. Twelve patients were treated with anticoagulants, and six had operative removal or bypass of the obstruction. Three patients had pulmonary emboli; two embolized while on anticoagulants and both died. Swelling, pain, prominent veins, and easy fatigability of the affected extremity were the late sequelae of occlusion. Chronic morbidity was more dependent on etiology than on initial treatment. Thrombosis secondary to intimal injury caused no persistent symptoms, whether treated with anticoagulants or not. Effort thrombosis was intermediate: three fourths complained that their affected arm tired easily and half had prominent veins or persistent swelling. All of those with obstruction secondary to extrinsic compression had easy fatigability. The majority also had concomitant swelling, pain, and prominent collaterals. Operative treatment produced objective improvement in venous outflow but often was unsuccessful in relieving symptoms, particularly in patients with obstruction from extrinsic compression.", "contents": "Axillary, subclavian, and brachiocephalic vein obstruction. The consequences of occlusion of a major upper extremity vein were evaluated in eight patients with effort thrombosis, ten with thrombosis secondary to intimal injury, six with extrinsic compression, and one hypercoagulable patient, all of whom were followed for an average of 4 years. Twenty-two patients had venography, which confirmed the diagnosis but often failed to define the proximal extent of obstruction. Thirteen patients had noninvasive hemodynamic studies which did not corroborate chronic morbidity, but which were valuable in assessing the effect os specific therapy. Twelve patients were treated with anticoagulants, and six had operative removal or bypass of the obstruction. Three patients had pulmonary emboli; two embolized while on anticoagulants and both died. Swelling, pain, prominent veins, and easy fatigability of the affected extremity were the late sequelae of occlusion. Chronic morbidity was more dependent on etiology than on initial treatment. Thrombosis secondary to intimal injury caused no persistent symptoms, whether treated with anticoagulants or not. Effort thrombosis was intermediate: three fourths complained that their affected arm tired easily and half had prominent veins or persistent swelling. All of those with obstruction secondary to extrinsic compression had easy fatigability. The majority also had concomitant swelling, pain, and prominent collaterals. Operative treatment produced objective improvement in venous outflow but often was unsuccessful in relieving symptoms, particularly in patients with obstruction from extrinsic compression."}
{"id": "PMID:337563", "title": "Mediastinal cyst containing mural pancreatic tissue.", "content": "The second documented case of mediastinal ectopic tissue presenting as a mediastinal mass is reported. Previously reported cases of ectopic pancreatic tissue in the thorax are reviewed in an attempt to explain this anomalous development.", "contents": "Mediastinal cyst containing mural pancreatic tissue. The second documented case of mediastinal ectopic tissue presenting as a mediastinal mass is reported. Previously reported cases of ectopic pancreatic tissue in the thorax are reviewed in an attempt to explain this anomalous development."}
{"id": "PMID:337567", "title": "[The effect of resuscitation on the results obtained in identification of enterobacteriaceae by the API system (author's transl)].", "content": "During studies on the reliability of the API system, the question arose whether the small proportion of adequate results in cultures stored at 4 degrees C could be attributable to this method of storage. Therefore, the reactions of those cultures which had caused most problems were studied following periods of storage ofone day, six weeks and nine weeks at 4 degrees C, and in the freeze-dried state. Storage in particular conditions was found to have a definite effect on the reliability of the API system so that a period of resuscitation of forty-eight hours in a bouillon at 37 degrees C is required to restore the cultures to normal.", "contents": "[The effect of resuscitation on the results obtained in identification of enterobacteriaceae by the API system (author's transl)]. During studies on the reliability of the API system, the question arose whether the small proportion of adequate results in cultures stored at 4 degrees C could be attributable to this method of storage. Therefore, the reactions of those cultures which had caused most problems were studied following periods of storage ofone day, six weeks and nine weeks at 4 degrees C, and in the freeze-dried state. Storage in particular conditions was found to have a definite effect on the reliability of the API system so that a period of resuscitation of forty-eight hours in a bouillon at 37 degrees C is required to restore the cultures to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:337568", "title": "[Reconstructive surgery for supraaortic occlusions--a report of 356 cases].", "content": "Internal carotid endarterectomy is an effective and long-lasting means of preventing cerebrovascular accidents. It was entirely successful in 97% of asymtomatic patients. 85% of patients with transient ischemic attacks experienced no further symptoms. In patients with acute stroke, 52% were improved by the operation, but the mortality in this group was 23,9%. We therefore perform emergency carotid endarterectomy only in a conscious patient and within 8 hours of the stroke. The early and late results after reconstruction of the other supra-aortic vessels were good in 90% of cases.", "contents": "[Reconstructive surgery for supraaortic occlusions--a report of 356 cases]. Internal carotid endarterectomy is an effective and long-lasting means of preventing cerebrovascular accidents. It was entirely successful in 97% of asymtomatic patients. 85% of patients with transient ischemic attacks experienced no further symptoms. In patients with acute stroke, 52% were improved by the operation, but the mortality in this group was 23,9%. We therefore perform emergency carotid endarterectomy only in a conscious patient and within 8 hours of the stroke. The early and late results after reconstruction of the other supra-aortic vessels were good in 90% of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:337569", "title": "[Change in indications for reconstruction of supraaortic extracranial arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "Analysis of 334 patients, operated upon from 1962 till 1976 because of obstructions of the extracranial cerebral vessels demonstrates a change in the indication for reconstruction during the last years. The aspect of prophylaxis of neurological damage by prompt reconstruction becomes increasingly important which is documented by an increase of patients which were operated upon a) in the asymptomatic stage, b) bilaterally, c) for internal carotid occlusion during the stage of increasing neurological symptoms after they were selected according to certain criteria.", "contents": "[Change in indications for reconstruction of supraaortic extracranial arteries (author's transl)]. Analysis of 334 patients, operated upon from 1962 till 1976 because of obstructions of the extracranial cerebral vessels demonstrates a change in the indication for reconstruction during the last years. The aspect of prophylaxis of neurological damage by prompt reconstruction becomes increasingly important which is documented by an increase of patients which were operated upon a) in the asymptomatic stage, b) bilaterally, c) for internal carotid occlusion during the stage of increasing neurological symptoms after they were selected according to certain criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:337570", "title": "[On the pathology of mediastinal tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Review on the mediastinal tumors with a special view to the diverse morphologic expressions of mediastinal lymphomas. These tumors represents three groups: Castleman-Lymphom, Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The nomenclature of the diversity of the morphologic features in mediastinal lymphomas have been reviewed, the relationship of the histologic findings to the clinical prognosis has been discussed.", "contents": "[On the pathology of mediastinal tumors (author's transl)]. Review on the mediastinal tumors with a special view to the diverse morphologic expressions of mediastinal lymphomas. These tumors represents three groups: Castleman-Lymphom, Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The nomenclature of the diversity of the morphologic features in mediastinal lymphomas have been reviewed, the relationship of the histologic findings to the clinical prognosis has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337573", "title": "Sequence of ultrastructural changes induced by activation in the posterior neurosecretory cells in the brain of Rhodnius prolixus with special reference to the role of lysosomes.", "content": "The posterior neurosecretory cell (PNC) group in the brain of Rhodnius prolixus is composed of five ultrastructurally identical cells. The PNC were examined in the unfed fifth instar and at seven stages (from 15 min to 14 days) after activation was initiated by feeding. Each stage examined revealed successive changes in morphology which can be related to the synthesis, maturation, storage and transport of neurosecretory material. It is suggested, in particular, that the lysosomal system (dense bodies and multivesicular bodies) may play a role in the maturation of the secretory granules.", "contents": "Sequence of ultrastructural changes induced by activation in the posterior neurosecretory cells in the brain of Rhodnius prolixus with special reference to the role of lysosomes. The posterior neurosecretory cell (PNC) group in the brain of Rhodnius prolixus is composed of five ultrastructurally identical cells. The PNC were examined in the unfed fifth instar and at seven stages (from 15 min to 14 days) after activation was initiated by feeding. Each stage examined revealed successive changes in morphology which can be related to the synthesis, maturation, storage and transport of neurosecretory material. It is suggested, in particular, that the lysosomal system (dense bodies and multivesicular bodies) may play a role in the maturation of the secretory granules."}
{"id": "PMID:337571", "title": "[Detailed analysis of systolic and diastolic parameters in aortic valve disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The on-line computer-system for the analysis of cathlab data developed by us allows the immediate evaluation of the conventional pressure- and valve-opening as well as a new hemodynamic parameters. In addition the volume-analysis is performed by the videometry-program. In simultaneous pressure-volume-registrations the complementary calculation of important energetic items is possible. This expanded analysis by the aid of the computer-system enables a detailed pre- and postoperative study of great clinical-practical and scientific importance.", "contents": "[Detailed analysis of systolic and diastolic parameters in aortic valve disease (author's transl)]. The on-line computer-system for the analysis of cathlab data developed by us allows the immediate evaluation of the conventional pressure- and valve-opening as well as a new hemodynamic parameters. In addition the volume-analysis is performed by the videometry-program. In simultaneous pressure-volume-registrations the complementary calculation of important energetic items is possible. This expanded analysis by the aid of the computer-system enables a detailed pre- and postoperative study of great clinical-practical and scientific importance."}
{"id": "PMID:337572", "title": "The synaptic spinule in the dendritic spine: electron microscopic study of the hippocampal dentate gyrus.", "content": "The present report calls attention to a component of certain synaptic junctions which has received little attention since its description in 1962 by Westrum and Blackstad. This component, which we term the synaptic spinule, is found in dendritic spine synapses in rat telencephalon (e.g., hippocampus, caudate nucleus, temporal and frontal cortex). Its major feature is an invagination of the presynaptic terminal by the presynaptic membrane, with the postsynaptic membrane protruding into this invagination. The synaptic spinule occurs in close association with the post-synaptic density, often occurring between breaks in this specialization. Serial sections reveal that when a synaptic spinule is present, a spine apparatus is observed near the dendritic protrusion. Coated vesicles are sometimes observed associated with the synaptic spinule; in all such instances they are associated with the presynaptic membrane. We studied the distribution of synaptic spinules in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. In contrast to its presence in the molecular layer, the synaptic spinule has not been observed in terminals of the subgranular layer of the dentate hilus. It is speculated that the synaptic spinule may play a role in exchange of material at dendritic spine synaptic junctions.", "contents": "The synaptic spinule in the dendritic spine: electron microscopic study of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. The present report calls attention to a component of certain synaptic junctions which has received little attention since its description in 1962 by Westrum and Blackstad. This component, which we term the synaptic spinule, is found in dendritic spine synapses in rat telencephalon (e.g., hippocampus, caudate nucleus, temporal and frontal cortex). Its major feature is an invagination of the presynaptic terminal by the presynaptic membrane, with the postsynaptic membrane protruding into this invagination. The synaptic spinule occurs in close association with the post-synaptic density, often occurring between breaks in this specialization. Serial sections reveal that when a synaptic spinule is present, a spine apparatus is observed near the dendritic protrusion. Coated vesicles are sometimes observed associated with the synaptic spinule; in all such instances they are associated with the presynaptic membrane. We studied the distribution of synaptic spinules in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. In contrast to its presence in the molecular layer, the synaptic spinule has not been observed in terminals of the subgranular layer of the dentate hilus. It is speculated that the synaptic spinule may play a role in exchange of material at dendritic spine synaptic junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:337576", "title": "Histopathology on testicular involvement of leukemia with an emphasis on lymphatics.", "content": "The human testes in cases of malignant hematopoietic tumors, especially of leukemia, were histologically examined to characterize the mode of leukemic infiltration in comparison with that of malignant lymphoma. Materials were obtained from 56 autopsy cases, composed of 47 of leukemia, 7 of reticulum cell sarcoma and 2 of lymphosarcoma. Leukemic infiltration was confirmed in 43 (19%) of all leukemic cases and the pattern was divided into three types; diffuse, patchy and perivascular. A high grade infiltration was most common in lymphocytic leukemia. The testicular involvement was unexceptionally bilateral with occasional differences in the grade of infiltration, slight to moderate. There was no regional difference in incidence of leukemic infiltration in the testicular interstitium. A thin-walled canal located closely between the proper lamina of seminiferous tubules and the interstitial cell cluster was suggested to be lymphatics, which were extremely irregular in shape and occasionally did not have endothelium. Therefore human testicular lymphatics might not be a constant canal system, but rather akin to narrow tissue space. A network of argyrophilic fibers was pronounced in the lesion of leukemic infiltration. The frequency and grade of an involvement of the testes in malignant lymphoma were lower and lesser than those in leukemia.", "contents": "Histopathology on testicular involvement of leukemia with an emphasis on lymphatics. The human testes in cases of malignant hematopoietic tumors, especially of leukemia, were histologically examined to characterize the mode of leukemic infiltration in comparison with that of malignant lymphoma. Materials were obtained from 56 autopsy cases, composed of 47 of leukemia, 7 of reticulum cell sarcoma and 2 of lymphosarcoma. Leukemic infiltration was confirmed in 43 (19%) of all leukemic cases and the pattern was divided into three types; diffuse, patchy and perivascular. A high grade infiltration was most common in lymphocytic leukemia. The testicular involvement was unexceptionally bilateral with occasional differences in the grade of infiltration, slight to moderate. There was no regional difference in incidence of leukemic infiltration in the testicular interstitium. A thin-walled canal located closely between the proper lamina of seminiferous tubules and the interstitial cell cluster was suggested to be lymphatics, which were extremely irregular in shape and occasionally did not have endothelium. Therefore human testicular lymphatics might not be a constant canal system, but rather akin to narrow tissue space. A network of argyrophilic fibers was pronounced in the lesion of leukemic infiltration. The frequency and grade of an involvement of the testes in malignant lymphoma were lower and lesser than those in leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:337580", "title": "A new fixative solution to precede the reduced silver impregnation of arthropod central nervous systems.", "content": "Arthropod central nervous tissue is fixed for 1 hr at 20 C in 8% pure formic acid in 1:1 n-butanol/n-propanol prepared immediately before use (FBP), then washed for 15-30 min in 90% ethanol, and embedded in paraffin wax. Impregnation is by modified Ungewitter techniques in which the silver bath is preceded by mercury/cobalt mordanting, or by modified Holmes' methods following similar mordanting procedures. The methods yield high resolution of axons with minimal background staining, while the staining of neuronal somata is suppressed. They succeed with brains of crustacea and Odonata and other difficult materials. Tissues fixed in FBP are hard and require care in sectioning.", "contents": "A new fixative solution to precede the reduced silver impregnation of arthropod central nervous systems. Arthropod central nervous tissue is fixed for 1 hr at 20 C in 8% pure formic acid in 1:1 n-butanol/n-propanol prepared immediately before use (FBP), then washed for 15-30 min in 90% ethanol, and embedded in paraffin wax. Impregnation is by modified Ungewitter techniques in which the silver bath is preceded by mercury/cobalt mordanting, or by modified Holmes' methods following similar mordanting procedures. The methods yield high resolution of axons with minimal background staining, while the staining of neuronal somata is suppressed. They succeed with brains of crustacea and Odonata and other difficult materials. Tissues fixed in FBP are hard and require care in sectioning."}
{"id": "PMID:337587", "title": "[Radiation therapy and treatment results in carcinoma of the esophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "Results from radiotherapeutic treatment of 200 patients with malignant tumors of the esophagus are reported. The principal part is represented by squamous cell carcinomas with 88%, followed by adenocarcinomas with 4.5%, by more or less differentiated solid carcinomas with 4%, and small cell carcinomas with 1.5%. Sarcoma was found in three cases, one of them a myosarcoma, another a reticulosarcoma. An ectopic carcinoma of the gastric glands was present in one case. The staging was performed according to the TNM system. A focal dose of 6000 to 6500 rd within 6 or 8 weeks was tried for, using 60Co-gamma-rays. The one-year and five-year survival rates in stage T2N0M0 amounted to 80% and to 17%; no survival was obtained in stage T3N0M0. Out of the total of stage T2-3N0M0 cases 24% obtained one-year survival, and 2% five-year survival. In stages T3N2-3M0 and T3Nx-3M1 after one year 9% and 7% of the patients were alive. The mean survival time of stage T2N0M0 cases was 30.5 months; of T3N0M0, 7.3 months; of T3N1-3M0, 5.2 months; of T3Nx-3M1, 3.8 months. The one-year and five-year survival rates, being related to the irradiation dose administered, amounted to 28% and to 2% after a minimum dose of 5000 rd to the focus. With less than 5000 rd, none of the patients survived two years. The bad results of treatment demand new therapeutic pathways. Short-term pre-irradiation followed by surgical treatment is discussed as well as a combined radiation therapy with cobalt-60 and neutrons or a combined radio-chemotherapy using cytostatics.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy and treatment results in carcinoma of the esophagus (author's transl)]. Results from radiotherapeutic treatment of 200 patients with malignant tumors of the esophagus are reported. The principal part is represented by squamous cell carcinomas with 88%, followed by adenocarcinomas with 4.5%, by more or less differentiated solid carcinomas with 4%, and small cell carcinomas with 1.5%. Sarcoma was found in three cases, one of them a myosarcoma, another a reticulosarcoma. An ectopic carcinoma of the gastric glands was present in one case. The staging was performed according to the TNM system. A focal dose of 6000 to 6500 rd within 6 or 8 weeks was tried for, using 60Co-gamma-rays. The one-year and five-year survival rates in stage T2N0M0 amounted to 80% and to 17%; no survival was obtained in stage T3N0M0. Out of the total of stage T2-3N0M0 cases 24% obtained one-year survival, and 2% five-year survival. In stages T3N2-3M0 and T3Nx-3M1 after one year 9% and 7% of the patients were alive. The mean survival time of stage T2N0M0 cases was 30.5 months; of T3N0M0, 7.3 months; of T3N1-3M0, 5.2 months; of T3Nx-3M1, 3.8 months. The one-year and five-year survival rates, being related to the irradiation dose administered, amounted to 28% and to 2% after a minimum dose of 5000 rd to the focus. With less than 5000 rd, none of the patients survived two years. The bad results of treatment demand new therapeutic pathways. Short-term pre-irradiation followed by surgical treatment is discussed as well as a combined radiation therapy with cobalt-60 and neutrons or a combined radio-chemotherapy using cytostatics."}
{"id": "PMID:337588", "title": "[The effect of various caries preventive agents on the microflora of albino rats].", "content": "An experiment with 80 Wistar rats was performed to study, using cultural methods, the effect of locally and internally applied caries-preventive agents on the microbiological situation in the oral cavity and on the surface of the skin. Especially in case of combined internal and local application, fluoride-containing preparations exerted an inhibitory effect on the oral microflora that had been altered by a cariogenic diet and on the bacterial invasion of the skin. The influence of a locally applied mineral solution on bacterial growth was only insignificant.", "contents": "[The effect of various caries preventive agents on the microflora of albino rats]. An experiment with 80 Wistar rats was performed to study, using cultural methods, the effect of locally and internally applied caries-preventive agents on the microbiological situation in the oral cavity and on the surface of the skin. Especially in case of combined internal and local application, fluoride-containing preparations exerted an inhibitory effect on the oral microflora that had been altered by a cariogenic diet and on the bacterial invasion of the skin. The influence of a locally applied mineral solution on bacterial growth was only insignificant."}
{"id": "PMID:337591", "title": "[Rational methods of crown preparation].", "content": "Today, a rational technique of crown preparation seems to be defined by the following features: 1. Speed-conscious operation 2. Sectionalization into a phase of coarse preparation and a phase of fine preparation 3. Phase-synchronous and segment-oriented coarse preparation in the maximum speed range 4. Fine preparation by means of abrasive tools to achieve a defined preparation limit in the high-speed range 5. Finishing with the aid of properly formed diamond stones or tungsten-carbide finishers in the normal speed range 6. Speed-dependent supply of cooling water according to the principle of double safety (spray and additional cooling).", "contents": "[Rational methods of crown preparation]. Today, a rational technique of crown preparation seems to be defined by the following features: 1. Speed-conscious operation 2. Sectionalization into a phase of coarse preparation and a phase of fine preparation 3. Phase-synchronous and segment-oriented coarse preparation in the maximum speed range 4. Fine preparation by means of abrasive tools to achieve a defined preparation limit in the high-speed range 5. Finishing with the aid of properly formed diamond stones or tungsten-carbide finishers in the normal speed range 6. Speed-dependent supply of cooling water according to the principle of double safety (spray and additional cooling)."}
{"id": "PMID:337592", "title": "[Technological bases for rational impression technics for fixed partial dentures].", "content": "Starting from the general properties of silicone-elastomer impression materials, the author outlines problems concerning their adequate processing. He deals in particular with studies on the mixing time, the value of the change in shape and the dimensional behaviour of \"Stafanat z\u00e4hplastisch\" and \"Stafanat leichtfliessend\" that demonstrate the effects of different working conditions.", "contents": "[Technological bases for rational impression technics for fixed partial dentures]. Starting from the general properties of silicone-elastomer impression materials, the author outlines problems concerning their adequate processing. He deals in particular with studies on the mixing time, the value of the change in shape and the dimensional behaviour of \"Stafanat z\u00e4hplastisch\" and \"Stafanat leichtfliessend\" that demonstrate the effects of different working conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:337593", "title": "[Impression technics for crowns and bridgework].", "content": "A survey is given of the impression methods developed for the accurate manufacture of crown and bridge preparations by means of the indirect technique. A description of the impression task in fixed prostheses is followed by an account of the principles of band and bandless impression techniques, pointing to their advantages and disadvantages and their indications.", "contents": "[Impression technics for crowns and bridgework]. A survey is given of the impression methods developed for the accurate manufacture of crown and bridge preparations by means of the indirect technique. A description of the impression task in fixed prostheses is followed by an account of the principles of band and bandless impression techniques, pointing to their advantages and disadvantages and their indications."}
{"id": "PMID:337594", "title": "[Success and preventive effectiveness of therapy with fixed partial dentures].", "content": "The author deals with the question what factors are suited for securing an optimal duration of serviceability of fixed partial prostheses. It is pointed in particular to the indication and the planning of bridges with regard to the form changes of the masticatory organ. Further factors are: attention to the reparability of plastic facings and, if necessary, renunciation of plastic facing materials and utilization of ceramic materials or bridge anchors without facing.", "contents": "[Success and preventive effectiveness of therapy with fixed partial dentures]. The author deals with the question what factors are suited for securing an optimal duration of serviceability of fixed partial prostheses. It is pointed in particular to the indication and the planning of bridges with regard to the form changes of the masticatory organ. Further factors are: attention to the reparability of plastic facings and, if necessary, renunciation of plastic facing materials and utilization of ceramic materials or bridge anchors without facing."}
{"id": "PMID:337595", "title": "[Preventive therapy with cast removable partial dentures].", "content": "Starting from tertiary prevention, the author quotes statistical reports of their clinical successfulness. The classification into groups of changes of success according to E. K\u00f6hler (fig. 3) permits to give practice-oriented recommendations for therapy (fig. 4-6). The various possibilities of designing the sublingual bar and its attachment (fig. 7 and 8) are interpreted. Finally, the author gives advice on mouth and prosthesis hygiene and on the mode of wear with regard to their importance in inflammations.", "contents": "[Preventive therapy with cast removable partial dentures]. Starting from tertiary prevention, the author quotes statistical reports of their clinical successfulness. The classification into groups of changes of success according to E. K\u00f6hler (fig. 3) permits to give practice-oriented recommendations for therapy (fig. 4-6). The various possibilities of designing the sublingual bar and its attachment (fig. 7 and 8) are interpreted. Finally, the author gives advice on mouth and prosthesis hygiene and on the mode of wear with regard to their importance in inflammations."}
{"id": "PMID:337596", "title": "[The construction of cast removable partial dentures with functional-effective structural elements].", "content": "In view of caries susceptibility and periodontal condition, oral examination (fig. 1) is of prime importance in treatment planning (fig. 2). Crownings as well as possibilities of direct and indirect stiffenings are explained from the viewpoints of construction and differential indication in connection with the design of the prosthesis.", "contents": "[The construction of cast removable partial dentures with functional-effective structural elements]. In view of caries susceptibility and periodontal condition, oral examination (fig. 1) is of prime importance in treatment planning (fig. 2). Crownings as well as possibilities of direct and indirect stiffenings are explained from the viewpoints of construction and differential indication in connection with the design of the prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:337597", "title": "[Clasp areas as a basis for individually designed prosthetic retention].", "content": "The clasp areas of the teeth are analysed with regard to the paths of insertion. The area below the equator is a retention area if the opposite tooth wall is parallel (= classical guiding area) or also cervically curved (= active guiding area). Consequently, the so-called singular independent clasp has either a retention arm and classical guiding or a retention arm and active guiding or two active guiding arms. On the contrary, the anchorage of the dependent clasp requires coordination with other independent or dependent clasps.", "contents": "[Clasp areas as a basis for individually designed prosthetic retention]. The clasp areas of the teeth are analysed with regard to the paths of insertion. The area below the equator is a retention area if the opposite tooth wall is parallel (= classical guiding area) or also cervically curved (= active guiding area). Consequently, the so-called singular independent clasp has either a retention arm and classical guiding or a retention arm and active guiding or two active guiding arms. On the contrary, the anchorage of the dependent clasp requires coordination with other independent or dependent clasps."}
{"id": "PMID:337598", "title": "[Achieving therapeutic success with cast removable partial dentures].", "content": "The strategic goal is the complex prosthetic rehabilitation for a period of at least 10 years. Thorough oral examination is the basis of differential indication and treatment planning. The pretreatment is an integral part of the therapy. The construction must take into consideration the following facts. The periodontal support is in general superior to the gingival supprt (dependence on incomplete dentition). Primary splinting is in general superior to secondary splinting. The denture skeleton must be stable. The prosthesis should be constructed in such a manner that it can be extended, adjusted and rebased. The denture skeleton and the connectors should not cover the marginal gingiva. Denture sore is caused by mechanical irritation and infection. Mouth and prosthesis hygiene is of prime importance also from the viewpoint of caries prevention and periodontal prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Achieving therapeutic success with cast removable partial dentures]. The strategic goal is the complex prosthetic rehabilitation for a period of at least 10 years. Thorough oral examination is the basis of differential indication and treatment planning. The pretreatment is an integral part of the therapy. The construction must take into consideration the following facts. The periodontal support is in general superior to the gingival supprt (dependence on incomplete dentition). Primary splinting is in general superior to secondary splinting. The denture skeleton must be stable. The prosthesis should be constructed in such a manner that it can be extended, adjusted and rebased. The denture skeleton and the connectors should not cover the marginal gingiva. Denture sore is caused by mechanical irritation and infection. Mouth and prosthesis hygiene is of prime importance also from the viewpoint of caries prevention and periodontal prophylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:337599", "title": "[Our experiences with a removable partial prosthesis as a preventive therapeutic device].", "content": "On the basis fo follow-up examinations, the author points to essential features on which the preventive action of the cast removable partial prosthesis depends. Frequently encountered periodontal diseases are caused by clasps and covering components of the denture base. Traumatic occlusions occur independently of the duration of wear, which is indicative of the dentist's inadquate attention. Metaphylaxis associated with adjustment of the prosthesis to the changing masticatory organ is the main prerequisite for long-term success.", "contents": "[Our experiences with a removable partial prosthesis as a preventive therapeutic device]. On the basis fo follow-up examinations, the author points to essential features on which the preventive action of the cast removable partial prosthesis depends. Frequently encountered periodontal diseases are caused by clasps and covering components of the denture base. Traumatic occlusions occur independently of the duration of wear, which is indicative of the dentist's inadquate attention. Metaphylaxis associated with adjustment of the prosthesis to the changing masticatory organ is the main prerequisite for long-term success."}
{"id": "PMID:337600", "title": "[The rational removal of dental calculus in every-day practice].", "content": "A survey of instrumental and technical scaling is followed by the representation of a pymamid-shaped sharp-edged turbine instrument (fig. 1 and 2) that permits to remove also the subgingival calculus in less time, with a good survey (due to the spray), and with less stress on the dentist than the hand instruments.", "contents": "[The rational removal of dental calculus in every-day practice]. A survey of instrumental and technical scaling is followed by the representation of a pymamid-shaped sharp-edged turbine instrument (fig. 1 and 2) that permits to remove also the subgingival calculus in less time, with a good survey (due to the spray), and with less stress on the dentist than the hand instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:337601", "title": "Correlation between the location of hematoma and its clinical symptoms in the lateral type of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Observations on Pantopaque radiography of the hematoma cavity in cases of early surgical treatment.", "content": "The authors studied the Pantopaque radiograms of a hematoma cavity in 46 patients following early surgical treatment for the lateral type of hypertensive intracerebral hematoma. All patients were operated on within 7 hours after the apoplectic attack and most of them had a localized hematoma. It was concluded that they could be classified in three subtypes from the location of hematoma in the antero-posterior direction. Each subtype had particular clinical symptoms and prognosis.", "contents": "Correlation between the location of hematoma and its clinical symptoms in the lateral type of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Observations on Pantopaque radiography of the hematoma cavity in cases of early surgical treatment. The authors studied the Pantopaque radiograms of a hematoma cavity in 46 patients following early surgical treatment for the lateral type of hypertensive intracerebral hematoma. All patients were operated on within 7 hours after the apoplectic attack and most of them had a localized hematoma. It was concluded that they could be classified in three subtypes from the location of hematoma in the antero-posterior direction. Each subtype had particular clinical symptoms and prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:337614", "title": "Renal transplantation in children.", "content": "23 children aged 1--16 years of age have received renal transplantation during the years 1972-1975 at the Downstate Medical Center. Of 9 children transplanted from related donors, I died and 3 lost their kidney-2 were retransplanted; 1 lost the second graft. Of 14 children transplanted from cadaver donors, 2 died, and 3 lost their kidney. 3 were retransplanted; 2 of them lost the second and 1 the third kidney as wll. Hypertension is the most frequent early and late posttransplant complication. 65% of the original 25 patients now have functioning grafts and they are rehabilitated. The success of renal transplantation in children is similar to that in adults.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in children. 23 children aged 1--16 years of age have received renal transplantation during the years 1972-1975 at the Downstate Medical Center. Of 9 children transplanted from related donors, I died and 3 lost their kidney-2 were retransplanted; 1 lost the second graft. Of 14 children transplanted from cadaver donors, 2 died, and 3 lost their kidney. 3 were retransplanted; 2 of them lost the second and 1 the third kidney as wll. Hypertension is the most frequent early and late posttransplant complication. 65% of the original 25 patients now have functioning grafts and they are rehabilitated. The success of renal transplantation in children is similar to that in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:337624", "title": "[Evaluation of the results of the surgical treatment of nerve injuries].", "content": "From the experience with 2341 operations for nerve injuries and from the evaluation of the results obtained in 750 cases some recommendations of rational estimation of the nerve suture have been set forth. Reliable conclusions may be drawn on the basis of an objective examination of the conductability of the injured nerve only. The duration of nerve regeneration ranges widely in conformity with the type and severity degree of the injury and depending on the results of the operation. Unsuccessful surgical interventions on the nerves are usually concerned with a severe type of an injury. Repeated operations on the nerves carried out to correct an earlier failure are not infrequently difficult to perform and have poorer results than the primary ones, even when the latters are delayed for several months. The greater number of errors happen when primary nerve suture is performed in a non-specialized medical establishment.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the results of the surgical treatment of nerve injuries]. From the experience with 2341 operations for nerve injuries and from the evaluation of the results obtained in 750 cases some recommendations of rational estimation of the nerve suture have been set forth. Reliable conclusions may be drawn on the basis of an objective examination of the conductability of the injured nerve only. The duration of nerve regeneration ranges widely in conformity with the type and severity degree of the injury and depending on the results of the operation. Unsuccessful surgical interventions on the nerves are usually concerned with a severe type of an injury. Repeated operations on the nerves carried out to correct an earlier failure are not infrequently difficult to perform and have poorer results than the primary ones, even when the latters are delayed for several months. The greater number of errors happen when primary nerve suture is performed in a non-specialized medical establishment."}
{"id": "PMID:337635", "title": "Bacterial adherence in mastitis caused by Escherichia coli.", "content": "The possible role of bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of experimental mastitis in the mouse was examined with four strains of Escherichia coli. Two of these strains had a known adhesion antigen (K88) and two did not. The K88 antigen did not play a significant role in the virulence or infectivity of E. coli either in the murine or bovine mammary gland. Two E. coli strains, W1 (K88+) and J2 (K88-) were virulent in the mouse but did not adhere to epithelial cells. Both these strains produced clinical mastitis in the cow. A third strain, D282 (K88-), produced mild disease in the mouse but was avirulent in the cow. The fourth strain, 233/ID (K88+), was avirulent in both the mouse and the cow. Strains D282 and 233/1D were killed rapidly by bovine serum whilst J2 and W1 were more resistant. All strains were more sensitive than the control resistant strain E. coli P4, which is known to be highly virulent for the lactating udder.", "contents": "Bacterial adherence in mastitis caused by Escherichia coli. The possible role of bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of experimental mastitis in the mouse was examined with four strains of Escherichia coli. Two of these strains had a known adhesion antigen (K88) and two did not. The K88 antigen did not play a significant role in the virulence or infectivity of E. coli either in the murine or bovine mammary gland. Two E. coli strains, W1 (K88+) and J2 (K88-) were virulent in the mouse but did not adhere to epithelial cells. Both these strains produced clinical mastitis in the cow. A third strain, D282 (K88-), produced mild disease in the mouse but was avirulent in the cow. The fourth strain, 233/ID (K88+), was avirulent in both the mouse and the cow. Strains D282 and 233/1D were killed rapidly by bovine serum whilst J2 and W1 were more resistant. All strains were more sensitive than the control resistant strain E. coli P4, which is known to be highly virulent for the lactating udder."}
{"id": "PMID:337645", "title": "[Lysogeny in Escherichia coli isolated from birds and the spectrum of the lytic action of isolated phage].", "content": "Studies was the lysogenicity in a total of 70 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from birds. As many as 19 lysogeneic strains were isolated, yielding 19 phages that had the signature of lysogenic strains. Two serologic groups of phages were established by means of the neutralization reaction. It was found that phages 30 and 229, representing the two serologic groups of bacteriophages could lyse up to 44 per cent of the E. coli strains isolated from birds, 7 per cent of those isolated from calves, and 4 per cent of those from pigs. Out of 74 Salmonella strains, belonging to ten species, the same phages lysed two strains of Salmonella newport and 1 strain of Salmonella anatum. It is believed that phage lysis could be used to establish the source of infection and to evaluate the effectiveness of the prophylactic measures applied, incl. disinfection.", "contents": "[Lysogeny in Escherichia coli isolated from birds and the spectrum of the lytic action of isolated phage]. Studies was the lysogenicity in a total of 70 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from birds. As many as 19 lysogeneic strains were isolated, yielding 19 phages that had the signature of lysogenic strains. Two serologic groups of phages were established by means of the neutralization reaction. It was found that phages 30 and 229, representing the two serologic groups of bacteriophages could lyse up to 44 per cent of the E. coli strains isolated from birds, 7 per cent of those isolated from calves, and 4 per cent of those from pigs. Out of 74 Salmonella strains, belonging to ten species, the same phages lysed two strains of Salmonella newport and 1 strain of Salmonella anatum. It is believed that phage lysis could be used to establish the source of infection and to evaluate the effectiveness of the prophylactic measures applied, incl. disinfection."}
{"id": "PMID:337646", "title": "[Experimental transmission of antibiotic resistance in chicks].", "content": "Multi-drug resistance of Salmonella heidelberg was transmitted to normal intestinal flora (E. coli organisms were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and oleandomycin. The donor strains of Salmonella heidelberg used in the experiment was a carrier of the following nine markers of resistance: ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, neomycin, novobiocin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and oleandomycin. The donor strains of Salmonella heidelberg used in the experiment was a carrier of the following nine markers of resistance: ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, neomycin, novobiocin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and oeandomycin, novobiocin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and oleandomycin. The resistance to drugs was transmitted with the oral administration of the donor strain at the preliminary neutralization of the action of hydrochloric acid in the stomah secretion through sodium bicarbonate (1 cm3 of a 10 per cent sol.) an hour prior to feeding the birds with Salmonella heidelberg (1 cm3 of 10(10). In other experiments carboneum tetrachloratum was injected at rates of 0.08 to 0.15 cm3 (acocrting with the body weight of birds) one day prior to infection, followed by the administration of 0.20 to 0.40 cm3 of a 2 per cent solution of omnopon. Escherichia coli organisms acquired new markers of resistance--to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, neomycin and novobiocin. The level of resistance proved equal with that to the donor strain. A total of 1.8 to 5.4 per cent of the intestinal E. coli investigated proved to be carriers of the indicated markers of resitance. Highest level in acquiring markers of multi-drug resistance (13 per cent) showed E. coli organisms isolated from the liver of birds injected additionally with C. tetrachloratum omnopon.", "contents": "[Experimental transmission of antibiotic resistance in chicks]. Multi-drug resistance of Salmonella heidelberg was transmitted to normal intestinal flora (E. coli organisms were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and oleandomycin. The donor strains of Salmonella heidelberg used in the experiment was a carrier of the following nine markers of resistance: ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, neomycin, novobiocin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and oleandomycin. The donor strains of Salmonella heidelberg used in the experiment was a carrier of the following nine markers of resistance: ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, neomycin, novobiocin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and oeandomycin, novobiocin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and oleandomycin. The resistance to drugs was transmitted with the oral administration of the donor strain at the preliminary neutralization of the action of hydrochloric acid in the stomah secretion through sodium bicarbonate (1 cm3 of a 10 per cent sol.) an hour prior to feeding the birds with Salmonella heidelberg (1 cm3 of 10(10). In other experiments carboneum tetrachloratum was injected at rates of 0.08 to 0.15 cm3 (acocrting with the body weight of birds) one day prior to infection, followed by the administration of 0.20 to 0.40 cm3 of a 2 per cent solution of omnopon. Escherichia coli organisms acquired new markers of resistance--to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, neomycin and novobiocin. The level of resistance proved equal with that to the donor strain. A total of 1.8 to 5.4 per cent of the intestinal E. coli investigated proved to be carriers of the indicated markers of resitance. Highest level in acquiring markers of multi-drug resistance (13 per cent) showed E. coli organisms isolated from the liver of birds injected additionally with C. tetrachloratum omnopon."}
{"id": "PMID:337647", "title": "[Epizootologic study of aspergillosis abortions in cows].", "content": "Studied were mycologically a total of 463 aborted fetuses from 32 farms in the district of Rouss\u00e9 in 1972-1974. The pathogenic Aspergillus fumigatus fungus was established in 16.19 per cent of the cases. Abortions occurred the year round, becoming more frequent on the hot and wet days in summer and autumn as well as at in-door rearing and inappropriate hygiene conditions in winter. Most frequently abortions set in between the third and seventh month of pregnancy, which should be taken into consideration in diagnosing the disease.", "contents": "[Epizootologic study of aspergillosis abortions in cows]. Studied were mycologically a total of 463 aborted fetuses from 32 farms in the district of Rouss\u00e9 in 1972-1974. The pathogenic Aspergillus fumigatus fungus was established in 16.19 per cent of the cases. Abortions occurred the year round, becoming more frequent on the hot and wet days in summer and autumn as well as at in-door rearing and inappropriate hygiene conditions in winter. Most frequently abortions set in between the third and seventh month of pregnancy, which should be taken into consideration in diagnosing the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:337648", "title": "[Stomach ulcers in newborn swine].", "content": "Stomach ulcers were established in sucking pigs, aged 1-3 days, on a pig-breeding farm. Thirty-two out of 40 pigs (spontaneously affected) of 5 primiparous sows died for 24 hours. Necropsy revealed ulcers on the mucous membrane of the stomach, varying in size and development of morphologic lesions. Histologic investigations were also carried out. Hemolytic Escherichia coli organisms were isolated form the same pigs, and were studied for pathogenicity and toxigenicity. An analysis was made of the etiologic factors contributive of stomach ulcers in newborn pigs.", "contents": "[Stomach ulcers in newborn swine]. Stomach ulcers were established in sucking pigs, aged 1-3 days, on a pig-breeding farm. Thirty-two out of 40 pigs (spontaneously affected) of 5 primiparous sows died for 24 hours. Necropsy revealed ulcers on the mucous membrane of the stomach, varying in size and development of morphologic lesions. Histologic investigations were also carried out. Hemolytic Escherichia coli organisms were isolated form the same pigs, and were studied for pathogenicity and toxigenicity. An analysis was made of the etiologic factors contributive of stomach ulcers in newborn pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:337649", "title": "[Dynamics of agglutinins following vaccination against coli-bacteriosis in calves].", "content": "A bivalent vaccine, produced with strains Escherichia coli 078 and 0117 to control colibacteriosis in calves, was used to vaccinate experimentally 20 cows following up the agglutinin dynamics in the serum of calves born later on. It was found that the agglutinin titers of the 0 antibodies were lower than those of OK, and varied within the range of from 1:10 to 1:320, the titers of 1:20-1:40 values being prevalent. Highest level of titers was observed by the third day following birth. OK antibodies had titers that were 1-2 degrees higher, reaching their peak level as early as the 12-15 hour after birth. They persisted for a longer period in the blood serum of calves. The antibodies produced after vaccination were shown to be sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol.", "contents": "[Dynamics of agglutinins following vaccination against coli-bacteriosis in calves]. A bivalent vaccine, produced with strains Escherichia coli 078 and 0117 to control colibacteriosis in calves, was used to vaccinate experimentally 20 cows following up the agglutinin dynamics in the serum of calves born later on. It was found that the agglutinin titers of the 0 antibodies were lower than those of OK, and varied within the range of from 1:10 to 1:320, the titers of 1:20-1:40 values being prevalent. Highest level of titers was observed by the third day following birth. OK antibodies had titers that were 1-2 degrees higher, reaching their peak level as early as the 12-15 hour after birth. They persisted for a longer period in the blood serum of calves. The antibodies produced after vaccination were shown to be sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:337675", "title": "[Arenavirus antigen persistence in continuous cell lines. Attempts at isolating the infectious virus].", "content": "An attempt was made to isolate an infectious virus from FL cells in which arenavirus antigen revealed by immunofluorescence tests persisted. Inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis, ultraviolet irradiation, fusion with BHK 21/13S cells, and transfection of BHK-21/13S cells with DNA from FL cells were tested in order to activate the virus. Negative results were obtained in each of these experiments. Prolonged cultivation of FL cells at 31 degres or 41 degrees C resulted in a two-fold increase in proportion of the antigen-containing cells or its complete elimination, respectively. The likelihood of integration of transcribed proviral fragment into the cell genome is discussed.", "contents": "[Arenavirus antigen persistence in continuous cell lines. Attempts at isolating the infectious virus]. An attempt was made to isolate an infectious virus from FL cells in which arenavirus antigen revealed by immunofluorescence tests persisted. Inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis, ultraviolet irradiation, fusion with BHK 21/13S cells, and transfection of BHK-21/13S cells with DNA from FL cells were tested in order to activate the virus. Negative results were obtained in each of these experiments. Prolonged cultivation of FL cells at 31 degres or 41 degrees C resulted in a two-fold increase in proportion of the antigen-containing cells or its complete elimination, respectively. The likelihood of integration of transcribed proviral fragment into the cell genome is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337676", "title": "[Chronic cell culture infection with the rabies virus].", "content": "Three cell cultures chronically infected with fixed rabies virus, strain MNIIVP-74, have been obtained: HEp-2/2, BHK/13S, and RK-13. In the former two cultures, the infectious virus titers were 2.0 to 5.25 Ig LD50/ml. In RK-13 cells, traces of the infectious virus were found. In the chronically infected HEp-2/2 culture the maximum amount of the antigen-containing cells determined by the fluorescent antibody procedure was 60% and in BHK/13S 80%. Chronically infected cultures had a reduced growth rate and were as sensitive as the controls of superinfection with vesicular stomatitis virus. The virus recovered from chronically infected culture produced a disease in mice at later intervals than the original virus used in the same doses.", "contents": "[Chronic cell culture infection with the rabies virus]. Three cell cultures chronically infected with fixed rabies virus, strain MNIIVP-74, have been obtained: HEp-2/2, BHK/13S, and RK-13. In the former two cultures, the infectious virus titers were 2.0 to 5.25 Ig LD50/ml. In RK-13 cells, traces of the infectious virus were found. In the chronically infected HEp-2/2 culture the maximum amount of the antigen-containing cells determined by the fluorescent antibody procedure was 60% and in BHK/13S 80%. Chronically infected cultures had a reduced growth rate and were as sensitive as the controls of superinfection with vesicular stomatitis virus. The virus recovered from chronically infected culture produced a disease in mice at later intervals than the original virus used in the same doses."}
{"id": "PMID:337677", "title": "[Use of the indirect hemagglutination reaction for the express diagnosis of influenza outbreaks].", "content": "A new method for express diagnosis of influenza is described. The method is based on agglutination of antibody-sensitized erythrocytes in the presence of virus contained in nasal washings. Fourteen outbreaks in institutions and 113 patients in appartment foci were examined. The sensitivity and specificity of the proposed test was found to be equal to those of the serological and immunofluorescent methods but to be more advantageous than the latter in the simplicity of its performance and demonstrative results.", "contents": "[Use of the indirect hemagglutination reaction for the express diagnosis of influenza outbreaks]. A new method for express diagnosis of influenza is described. The method is based on agglutination of antibody-sensitized erythrocytes in the presence of virus contained in nasal washings. Fourteen outbreaks in institutions and 113 patients in appartment foci were examined. The sensitivity and specificity of the proposed test was found to be equal to those of the serological and immunofluorescent methods but to be more advantageous than the latter in the simplicity of its performance and demonstrative results."}
{"id": "PMID:337685", "title": "[Is congenital hour-glass bladder always a malformation? (author's transl)].", "content": "Hour-glass bladder was detected by X-ray investigation in a newborn female infant with delayed postpartum micturition. No signs of difficulty in micturition or urinary tract infection were subsequently detected. Control X-ray investigation at the age of 5 1/2 months showed a completely normal-shaped urinary bladder. This finding contrasts with the general opinion that hour-glass bladder is caused by a congenital malformation.", "contents": "[Is congenital hour-glass bladder always a malformation? (author's transl)]. Hour-glass bladder was detected by X-ray investigation in a newborn female infant with delayed postpartum micturition. No signs of difficulty in micturition or urinary tract infection were subsequently detected. Control X-ray investigation at the age of 5 1/2 months showed a completely normal-shaped urinary bladder. This finding contrasts with the general opinion that hour-glass bladder is caused by a congenital malformation."}
{"id": "PMID:337687", "title": "[Structure of shigella antigens. Heterogeneity of specific polysaccharides of 2 Shigella flexneri strains and 2 Sh. flexneri/Escherichia coli hybrids].", "content": "The S-specific polysaccharide from 2 Sh. flexneri wild strains (with serological var. X- and var. Y-specificity, respectively) and 2 Sh. flexneri E. coli hybrids (with the same specificities) can be separated by means of gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and G-50 into altogether 6 fractions per strain. Fraction G-200/1 (molecular weight greater than 10(6)D) represents a polymer consisting nearly exclusively of glucose and is present mainly in the two Y-type strains, much less in the two X-type strains. Fractions G-200/2 and G-200/3 (molecular weight approximately 10(5)D and approximately 2 - 10(4)D, respectively) seem to consist mainly of the S-specific side chains while fraction G-50/2 (molecular weight approximately 2000 D) presumably contains an SR-polysaccharide (core with one repeating unit.) Fraction G-50/3 (molecular weight approximately 100 D) contains the core polysaccharide and fraction G-50/4 splitting products (mainly KDO). No significant differences in chromatographical behaviour and quantitative composition could be found between the polysaccharides of the wild strains and the hybrid strains. Because of the well-known stability of the glucosaminyl linkages the sugar analysis was not only performed after acidic hydrolysis. In some cases the acid hydrolysate was reacted with HNO2 to cleave the glucosaminyl linkages. In most cases the values obtaines now were higher than those obtained directly.", "contents": "[Structure of shigella antigens. Heterogeneity of specific polysaccharides of 2 Shigella flexneri strains and 2 Sh. flexneri/Escherichia coli hybrids]. The S-specific polysaccharide from 2 Sh. flexneri wild strains (with serological var. X- and var. Y-specificity, respectively) and 2 Sh. flexneri E. coli hybrids (with the same specificities) can be separated by means of gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and G-50 into altogether 6 fractions per strain. Fraction G-200/1 (molecular weight greater than 10(6)D) represents a polymer consisting nearly exclusively of glucose and is present mainly in the two Y-type strains, much less in the two X-type strains. Fractions G-200/2 and G-200/3 (molecular weight approximately 10(5)D and approximately 2 - 10(4)D, respectively) seem to consist mainly of the S-specific side chains while fraction G-50/2 (molecular weight approximately 2000 D) presumably contains an SR-polysaccharide (core with one repeating unit.) Fraction G-50/3 (molecular weight approximately 100 D) contains the core polysaccharide and fraction G-50/4 splitting products (mainly KDO). No significant differences in chromatographical behaviour and quantitative composition could be found between the polysaccharides of the wild strains and the hybrid strains. Because of the well-known stability of the glucosaminyl linkages the sugar analysis was not only performed after acidic hydrolysis. In some cases the acid hydrolysate was reacted with HNO2 to cleave the glucosaminyl linkages. In most cases the values obtaines now were higher than those obtained directly."}
{"id": "PMID:337689", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of Proteus mirabilis mutants deficient in DNA degradation: function of endonuclease I in postmortem DNA degradation].", "content": "DNase deficient mutants of Proteus mirabilis selected for reduced toluene induced DNA degradation were isolated. Their defect in DNA degradation was shown not only after treatment by toluene but also in crude extracts after cell disintegration by ultrasonic and in untreated starved cultures. The degradation mutants behave just as the wild type with respect ot their in vivo functions proffed. The results inidcate that the affected DNase does not have an essential function in vivo but acts in postmortem DNA degradation. Probably the DNase in question concerns the endonuclease I of P. mirabilis described by Goebel and Helinski (1971 a, b).", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of Proteus mirabilis mutants deficient in DNA degradation: function of endonuclease I in postmortem DNA degradation]. DNase deficient mutants of Proteus mirabilis selected for reduced toluene induced DNA degradation were isolated. Their defect in DNA degradation was shown not only after treatment by toluene but also in crude extracts after cell disintegration by ultrasonic and in untreated starved cultures. The degradation mutants behave just as the wild type with respect ot their in vivo functions proffed. The results inidcate that the affected DNase does not have an essential function in vivo but acts in postmortem DNA degradation. Probably the DNase in question concerns the endonuclease I of P. mirabilis described by Goebel and Helinski (1971 a, b)."}
{"id": "PMID:337690", "title": "[Effect of violamycin BI on the process of excision repair in Escherichia coli K 12 following UV irradiation].", "content": "The influence of violamycin B I on the process of excision repair of DNA-damages after UV-irradiation has been studied by observing the capacity to rejoin single-strand breaks introduced in the DNA at the beginning of the repair process. The number of single-strand breaks remaining unrepaired in the DNA was higher in presence of violamycin B I. Sedimentation analysis of the DNA of unirradiated cells showed in presence of violamycin B I only a small change in the molecular weight. As a possible reason for the lower capacity of the cells to accomplish repair steps following incision in presence of violamycin B I an inhibition of the function of repair enzymes by interaction of the antibiotic with the DNA-template is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of violamycin BI on the process of excision repair in Escherichia coli K 12 following UV irradiation]. The influence of violamycin B I on the process of excision repair of DNA-damages after UV-irradiation has been studied by observing the capacity to rejoin single-strand breaks introduced in the DNA at the beginning of the repair process. The number of single-strand breaks remaining unrepaired in the DNA was higher in presence of violamycin B I. Sedimentation analysis of the DNA of unirradiated cells showed in presence of violamycin B I only a small change in the molecular weight. As a possible reason for the lower capacity of the cells to accomplish repair steps following incision in presence of violamycin B I an inhibition of the function of repair enzymes by interaction of the antibiotic with the DNA-template is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337691", "title": "Enzymes of the yeast lytic system produced by Arthrobacter GJM-1 bacterium and their role in the lysis of yeast cell walls.", "content": "Yeast lytic system produced by Arthrobacter GJM-1 bacterium during growth on baker's yeast cell walls contains a complete set of enzymes which can hydrolyze all structural components of cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chromatographic fractionation of the lytic system showed the presence of two types of endo-beta-1,3-glucanase. Rapid lysis of isolated cell walls of yeast was induced only by endo-beta-1,3-glucanase exhibiting high affinity to insoluble beta-1,3-glucans and releasing laminaripentaose as the main product of hydrolysis of beta-1,3-glucans. This enzyme was able to lyse intact cells of S. cerevisiae only in the presence of an additional factor present in the Arthrobacter GJM-1 lytic system, which was identified as an alkaline protease. This enzyme possesses the lowest molecular weight among other identified enzyme components present in the lytic system. Its role in the solubilization of yeast cell walls from the outer surface by endo-beta-1,3-glucanase could be substituted by preincubation of cells with Pronase or by allowing the glucanase to act on cells in the presence of thiol reagents. The mechanism of lysis of intact cells and isolated cell walls by the enzymes of Arthrobacter GJM-1 is discussed in the light of the present conception of yeast cell wall structure.", "contents": "Enzymes of the yeast lytic system produced by Arthrobacter GJM-1 bacterium and their role in the lysis of yeast cell walls. Yeast lytic system produced by Arthrobacter GJM-1 bacterium during growth on baker's yeast cell walls contains a complete set of enzymes which can hydrolyze all structural components of cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chromatographic fractionation of the lytic system showed the presence of two types of endo-beta-1,3-glucanase. Rapid lysis of isolated cell walls of yeast was induced only by endo-beta-1,3-glucanase exhibiting high affinity to insoluble beta-1,3-glucans and releasing laminaripentaose as the main product of hydrolysis of beta-1,3-glucans. This enzyme was able to lyse intact cells of S. cerevisiae only in the presence of an additional factor present in the Arthrobacter GJM-1 lytic system, which was identified as an alkaline protease. This enzyme possesses the lowest molecular weight among other identified enzyme components present in the lytic system. Its role in the solubilization of yeast cell walls from the outer surface by endo-beta-1,3-glucanase could be substituted by preincubation of cells with Pronase or by allowing the glucanase to act on cells in the presence of thiol reagents. The mechanism of lysis of intact cells and isolated cell walls by the enzymes of Arthrobacter GJM-1 is discussed in the light of the present conception of yeast cell wall structure."}
{"id": "PMID:337694", "title": "[Successes in novocain therapy in the control of premature ageing (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of 173 patients with the diagnosis of systemic arteriosclerosis received a treatment with Novocain, according to the following schedule: three times a week intramusculary injections of 2% procain 5ml, that means 12 injections a month in 3--5 series. The results were very encouraging in 46% of the treated patients, in 28% a slight improvement was obtained while in 26% the state was unchanged but not worse. The treatment with Gerovital H3 according to A. Aslans method gave very good results in the treatment of diseases like: heart ischemia, systemic arteriosclerosis, predominant cerebral arteriosclerosis, arteriosclerotic Parkinsons disease; obvious results were also obtained in the treatment of psychical disturbances related to arteriosclerosis. The comparison with the control group (patients with placebo) emphasized the good results of the treatment of Aslan: Gerovital H3.", "contents": "[Successes in novocain therapy in the control of premature ageing (author's transl)]. A group of 173 patients with the diagnosis of systemic arteriosclerosis received a treatment with Novocain, according to the following schedule: three times a week intramusculary injections of 2% procain 5ml, that means 12 injections a month in 3--5 series. The results were very encouraging in 46% of the treated patients, in 28% a slight improvement was obtained while in 26% the state was unchanged but not worse. The treatment with Gerovital H3 according to A. Aslans method gave very good results in the treatment of diseases like: heart ischemia, systemic arteriosclerosis, predominant cerebral arteriosclerosis, arteriosclerotic Parkinsons disease; obvious results were also obtained in the treatment of psychical disturbances related to arteriosclerosis. The comparison with the control group (patients with placebo) emphasized the good results of the treatment of Aslan: Gerovital H3."}
{"id": "PMID:337696", "title": "[Experimental lung transplantation at the Research Institute for Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis Berlin-Buch. Technical standard and quality].", "content": "Report on the technical standard of unilateral orthotopic allogenic lung transplantation (allo- or homotransplantation) which has been developed and tried on animals since years at The Institute for Research on Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis in Berlin-Buch. Technical insufficiencies which are crucial for essential alterations of the graft in autogenous lung transplantation (replantation) can not be excluded in allogenic transplantations also. By means of certain direct and indirect criteria the authors examined the development of quality of the technical standard between the years 1973 and 1976. Only based on optimal technique the results from examinations of recipient and graft can be correctly valued. On the other hand, optimal technique is an indispensable presupposition for optimal efficiency of several immunosuppressive methods. Duration of anesthesis, operation, ischemia of the transplantate, and of atrial, arterial, and bronchial anastomosis are considered for the assessment of the quality of technical standard. Thrombosis of pulmonary vein and of atrium was the most frequent complication in 71 allogenic pulmonary graftings. Their frequency decreased with improved technical skill, but some circumstances suggest that their formation is favored also by other factors. The duration of survival after unilateral allogenic lung transplantation is reported, although this is no direct scale for the technical performance.", "contents": "[Experimental lung transplantation at the Research Institute for Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis Berlin-Buch. Technical standard and quality]. Report on the technical standard of unilateral orthotopic allogenic lung transplantation (allo- or homotransplantation) which has been developed and tried on animals since years at The Institute for Research on Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis in Berlin-Buch. Technical insufficiencies which are crucial for essential alterations of the graft in autogenous lung transplantation (replantation) can not be excluded in allogenic transplantations also. By means of certain direct and indirect criteria the authors examined the development of quality of the technical standard between the years 1973 and 1976. Only based on optimal technique the results from examinations of recipient and graft can be correctly valued. On the other hand, optimal technique is an indispensable presupposition for optimal efficiency of several immunosuppressive methods. Duration of anesthesis, operation, ischemia of the transplantate, and of atrial, arterial, and bronchial anastomosis are considered for the assessment of the quality of technical standard. Thrombosis of pulmonary vein and of atrium was the most frequent complication in 71 allogenic pulmonary graftings. Their frequency decreased with improved technical skill, but some circumstances suggest that their formation is favored also by other factors. The duration of survival after unilateral allogenic lung transplantation is reported, although this is no direct scale for the technical performance."}
{"id": "PMID:337697", "title": "[Surfactant in lung preservation with delayed experimental autotransplantation].", "content": "The authors examined the surfactant in canine lungs at autotransplantation by assessing the alveolar stability values after preparation according to the method of Pattle. Moreover, microscopic and ultrastructural examinations were performed. The stability value of the normal lung was found to be 0.84 +/- 0.031. No essential change occurred after immediate lung transplantation and at delayed autotransplantation with preservation up to 24 hours. Alveolar stability values were not lowered after lung preservation up to 2, resp. 24, hours at +4 degrees C. The acute dystelectasis by preservation for 2 or 24 hours had no effect on the surfactant. At longer preservation (48, 72, or 96 hours) the stability values of the alveoles decreased, suggesting a decrease of surfactant. Electron microscopy revealed decreased density of osmiophilic bodies 24 hours after lung preservation.", "contents": "[Surfactant in lung preservation with delayed experimental autotransplantation]. The authors examined the surfactant in canine lungs at autotransplantation by assessing the alveolar stability values after preparation according to the method of Pattle. Moreover, microscopic and ultrastructural examinations were performed. The stability value of the normal lung was found to be 0.84 +/- 0.031. No essential change occurred after immediate lung transplantation and at delayed autotransplantation with preservation up to 24 hours. Alveolar stability values were not lowered after lung preservation up to 2, resp. 24, hours at +4 degrees C. The acute dystelectasis by preservation for 2 or 24 hours had no effect on the surfactant. At longer preservation (48, 72, or 96 hours) the stability values of the alveoles decreased, suggesting a decrease of surfactant. Electron microscopy revealed decreased density of osmiophilic bodies 24 hours after lung preservation."}
{"id": "PMID:337698", "title": "[Specific humoral immunity in the circulation of dogs with allotransplanted lungs].", "content": "A method appropriate for identification and quantification of circulating antibodies reacting with donorlungantigens is presented in allogenous lungtransplantation. Following incubation of native tissue-slides taken from the second removed but not grafted donor lung with the recipient's serum, the specific humoral antibodies are detected by indirect immunfluorescence. Quantifying evaluation is performed by serum-dilutions. The preexisting specific antibody-titer found in DLA-sensitized animals shows a significant correlation with the duration of graft function when compared with lymphocytotoxic antibody-titer. In unsensitized dogs a regular appearance of circulating specific antibodies can be seen beginning from the fourth or fifth postoperative day. The increasing antibody-titer during further course is a feature of a humoral graft rejection represented in the periphereal blood-circulation.", "contents": "[Specific humoral immunity in the circulation of dogs with allotransplanted lungs]. A method appropriate for identification and quantification of circulating antibodies reacting with donorlungantigens is presented in allogenous lungtransplantation. Following incubation of native tissue-slides taken from the second removed but not grafted donor lung with the recipient's serum, the specific humoral antibodies are detected by indirect immunfluorescence. Quantifying evaluation is performed by serum-dilutions. The preexisting specific antibody-titer found in DLA-sensitized animals shows a significant correlation with the duration of graft function when compared with lymphocytotoxic antibody-titer. In unsensitized dogs a regular appearance of circulating specific antibodies can be seen beginning from the fourth or fifth postoperative day. The increasing antibody-titer during further course is a feature of a humoral graft rejection represented in the periphereal blood-circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:337699", "title": "[Induction of lymphocytotoxic antibodies through transplantation of preserved allogeneic skin in mice].", "content": "The authors report investigations on inducing lymphocytotoxic antibodies by transplanting allogenic skin grafts in mice after different kinds of preservation. Immunogenic effect was found at the following test conditions: storage of the graft for 4 weeks at -196 degrees C without cryoprotection, storage for 1 day at -38 degrees C, and storage at room temperature after lyophilization immediately after removal. No immunogenity was found after storage for 3 weeks at -38 degrees C, and uncertain immunogenity after storage for 4 weeks in 4 per cent formaldehyde solution. Sometimes the average strength of the microcyte toxin test was lowered around the 7th to 9th day after transplantation. That is interpreted as sign of adsorption of circulating antibodies to the graft. The authors point at the coincidence of these findings and the rejection of primary grafts, and at the potential causal relations between both phenomena.", "contents": "[Induction of lymphocytotoxic antibodies through transplantation of preserved allogeneic skin in mice]. The authors report investigations on inducing lymphocytotoxic antibodies by transplanting allogenic skin grafts in mice after different kinds of preservation. Immunogenic effect was found at the following test conditions: storage of the graft for 4 weeks at -196 degrees C without cryoprotection, storage for 1 day at -38 degrees C, and storage at room temperature after lyophilization immediately after removal. No immunogenity was found after storage for 3 weeks at -38 degrees C, and uncertain immunogenity after storage for 4 weeks in 4 per cent formaldehyde solution. Sometimes the average strength of the microcyte toxin test was lowered around the 7th to 9th day after transplantation. That is interpreted as sign of adsorption of circulating antibodies to the graft. The authors point at the coincidence of these findings and the rejection of primary grafts, and at the potential causal relations between both phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:337701", "title": "[Skin amyloidoses. A contribution to the current amyloid problem].", "content": "A concise review about the pathogenesis of amyloid is given. The amyloidoses of the skin are classified according to the classification of Missmahl in perireticular and pericollagenous forms. The different forms of amyloidosis of the skin are discussed.", "contents": "[Skin amyloidoses. A contribution to the current amyloid problem]. A concise review about the pathogenesis of amyloid is given. The amyloidoses of the skin are classified according to the classification of Missmahl in perireticular and pericollagenous forms. The different forms of amyloidosis of the skin are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337702", "title": "[Foreign body reaction and pseudolymphoma of the skin. Possibilities of differential diagnosis of lymphomas].", "content": "A description of three patients with cutaneous pseudolymphoma is followed by a discussion of the possibilities for differential diagnosis of lymphomas. It is suggested that the presence of multinucleated foreign-body giant cells in the dermal infiltrate is a histological sign of a benign clinical course.", "contents": "[Foreign body reaction and pseudolymphoma of the skin. Possibilities of differential diagnosis of lymphomas]. A description of three patients with cutaneous pseudolymphoma is followed by a discussion of the possibilities for differential diagnosis of lymphomas. It is suggested that the presence of multinucleated foreign-body giant cells in the dermal infiltrate is a histological sign of a benign clinical course."}
{"id": "PMID:337707", "title": "[Grafting of preserved homogenous cancellous bone. Results of 90 operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of a simple technique for the removal of homogeneous cancellous bone from heads of femur removed during replacement of the hip-joint. The material has been preserved for one year at -20 degrees C and can be used after simple washing. Results in 89 grafts are analysed: They all took perfectly at the site of grafting. There was no rejection, no local or general allergy. Risk of infection was not increased. The technique is simple and useful where much cancellous bone is needed.", "contents": "[Grafting of preserved homogenous cancellous bone. Results of 90 operations (author's transl)]. Description of a simple technique for the removal of homogeneous cancellous bone from heads of femur removed during replacement of the hip-joint. The material has been preserved for one year at -20 degrees C and can be used after simple washing. Results in 89 grafts are analysed: They all took perfectly at the site of grafting. There was no rejection, no local or general allergy. Risk of infection was not increased. The technique is simple and useful where much cancellous bone is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:337708", "title": "[Experimental study on regeneration of bone in standardized defects of rabbits tibia after application of collagen grafts in comparison to transplantation of cancellous bone (author's transl)].", "content": "This study demonstrates, that regeneration of bone in cortical layer defect is about as intensive after application of collagen grafts as after transplantation of autologous of homologous cancellous bone.", "contents": "[Experimental study on regeneration of bone in standardized defects of rabbits tibia after application of collagen grafts in comparison to transplantation of cancellous bone (author's transl)]. This study demonstrates, that regeneration of bone in cortical layer defect is about as intensive after application of collagen grafts as after transplantation of autologous of homologous cancellous bone."}
{"id": "PMID:337727", "title": "[Effect of the fixation of biopsy specimens from rat testicles on the results of morphometric studies].", "content": "The kind of the fixation method of bioptic preparations of the testicles has a decisive influence on the morphometrically determinable average diameter of the seminiferous tubules. Under the same conditions experiments 207 preparations of the parenchyma of the testicles of rats were fixed in Bouin's and Carnoy's solution as well as in 10% formalin solution. The measuring values of the diameter of the tubules of the preparations fixed in Bouin's solution were largest. Therefore the authors recommend to perform the fixation of the bioptic preparations of the testicles in Bouin's solution. Thus standardized experimental conditions and possibilities of the comparison of morphometric findings may be got.", "contents": "[Effect of the fixation of biopsy specimens from rat testicles on the results of morphometric studies]. The kind of the fixation method of bioptic preparations of the testicles has a decisive influence on the morphometrically determinable average diameter of the seminiferous tubules. Under the same conditions experiments 207 preparations of the parenchyma of the testicles of rats were fixed in Bouin's and Carnoy's solution as well as in 10% formalin solution. The measuring values of the diameter of the tubules of the preparations fixed in Bouin's solution were largest. Therefore the authors recommend to perform the fixation of the bioptic preparations of the testicles in Bouin's solution. Thus standardized experimental conditions and possibilities of the comparison of morphometric findings may be got."}
{"id": "PMID:337733", "title": "[Immobilization of leukocytes by Escherichia coli. A study with enterotoxigenic bacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "Rabbit peritoneal leukocytes showed reduced random motility and chemotactic responsiveness after incubation in the high molecular weight-fraction of Escherichia coli culture filtrates. Two leukocyte-immobilizing factors appeared in the incubation media. One of these factors was thought to be identical with the migration inhibiting substance described by Udaka. The other immobilizing factor was dialyzable and gave a molecular weight of about 300 by column chromatography. Minimal formation of the factors occurred in the presence of E. coli heat-labile Enterotoxin.", "contents": "[Immobilization of leukocytes by Escherichia coli. A study with enterotoxigenic bacteria (author's transl)]. Rabbit peritoneal leukocytes showed reduced random motility and chemotactic responsiveness after incubation in the high molecular weight-fraction of Escherichia coli culture filtrates. Two leukocyte-immobilizing factors appeared in the incubation media. One of these factors was thought to be identical with the migration inhibiting substance described by Udaka. The other immobilizing factor was dialyzable and gave a molecular weight of about 300 by column chromatography. Minimal formation of the factors occurred in the presence of E. coli heat-labile Enterotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:337734", "title": "Findings of yersinia in rats and sewer rats.", "content": "Survey of first methodical experiences in the microbiological examination of sewer rats Rattus norvegicus and rats Rattus rattus for yersiniae. From total of 178 cadavers 30 yersinia cultures were isolated, including 4 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype III strains. Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O3 was isolated only from rats Rattus rattus in pig houses. Importance of suitable treatment of cadavers (at best in frozen state) and their quick delivery to the laboratory is being discussed.", "contents": "Findings of yersinia in rats and sewer rats. Survey of first methodical experiences in the microbiological examination of sewer rats Rattus norvegicus and rats Rattus rattus for yersiniae. From total of 178 cadavers 30 yersinia cultures were isolated, including 4 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype III strains. Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O3 was isolated only from rats Rattus rattus in pig houses. Importance of suitable treatment of cadavers (at best in frozen state) and their quick delivery to the laboratory is being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337735", "title": "Localization of a phosphoglycolipid in Mycoplasma membranes using specific anti-lipid-antibodies.", "content": "A phosphoglycolipid, presumably identical to glyceryl-phosphoryldiglycosyl diglyceride, is the main component of the membrane glycolipids of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri. It is immunologically active. Anti-phosphoglycolipid antibodies were induced in rabbits by intravenous injection of the flocculated complexes of methylated bovine serum albumin with a mixture of the phosphoglycolipid and the auxiliary lipids, phosphatidyl-choline and cholesterol. The specificities of the antibodies directed against the phosphoglycolipid, are due to both the phosphate and carbohydrate moieties of the lipid molecule. Anti-phosphoglycolipid antibodies were detected in the sera of rabbits intravenously immunized with intact M. mycoides subsp. capri. The intravenous method of immunization was chosen in order to select for a response to surface antigenic determinants. Anti-phosphoglycolipid antibodies specifically reacted with intact organisms and isolated membranes of M. mycoides subsp. capri, as shown by complement fixation and agglutination tests. The antigenic determinants of the phosphoglycolipid are mainly located on the outer membrane surface. It is concluded that the antigenic determinants of the phosphoglycolipid in intact M. mycoides subsp. capri significantly contribute to the surface architecture of mycoplasma membranes.", "contents": "Localization of a phosphoglycolipid in Mycoplasma membranes using specific anti-lipid-antibodies. A phosphoglycolipid, presumably identical to glyceryl-phosphoryldiglycosyl diglyceride, is the main component of the membrane glycolipids of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri. It is immunologically active. Anti-phosphoglycolipid antibodies were induced in rabbits by intravenous injection of the flocculated complexes of methylated bovine serum albumin with a mixture of the phosphoglycolipid and the auxiliary lipids, phosphatidyl-choline and cholesterol. The specificities of the antibodies directed against the phosphoglycolipid, are due to both the phosphate and carbohydrate moieties of the lipid molecule. Anti-phosphoglycolipid antibodies were detected in the sera of rabbits intravenously immunized with intact M. mycoides subsp. capri. The intravenous method of immunization was chosen in order to select for a response to surface antigenic determinants. Anti-phosphoglycolipid antibodies specifically reacted with intact organisms and isolated membranes of M. mycoides subsp. capri, as shown by complement fixation and agglutination tests. The antigenic determinants of the phosphoglycolipid are mainly located on the outer membrane surface. It is concluded that the antigenic determinants of the phosphoglycolipid in intact M. mycoides subsp. capri significantly contribute to the surface architecture of mycoplasma membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:337742", "title": "Clinical applications of echocardiographic studies of the mitral valve. A review.", "content": "We have reviewed the clinical usefulness of echocardiographic studies of the mitral valve in mitral stenosis, atrial myxoma, mitral valve prolapse, rupture of chordae tendinae and idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Emphasis has been placed on the recognition of different patterns of mitral valve motion and where necessary, to avoid misinterpretations, appropriates recording techniques.", "contents": "Clinical applications of echocardiographic studies of the mitral valve. A review. We have reviewed the clinical usefulness of echocardiographic studies of the mitral valve in mitral stenosis, atrial myxoma, mitral valve prolapse, rupture of chordae tendinae and idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Emphasis has been placed on the recognition of different patterns of mitral valve motion and where necessary, to avoid misinterpretations, appropriates recording techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:337744", "title": "Hepatitis syphilitica. A clinico-pathological study of 25 cases.", "content": "Specific histological alterations have been observed in 23 of the 25 patients with early syphilis with laboratory findings suggesting liver damage. Treponema has been detected in the areas of liver lesion in 70 per cent of the patients. Control examination carried out after penicillin therapy showed regression of the alterations. On the basis of the findings authors assert that treponema might induce hepatitis in early syphilis differing from liver damage of other origin.", "contents": "Hepatitis syphilitica. A clinico-pathological study of 25 cases. Specific histological alterations have been observed in 23 of the 25 patients with early syphilis with laboratory findings suggesting liver damage. Treponema has been detected in the areas of liver lesion in 70 per cent of the patients. Control examination carried out after penicillin therapy showed regression of the alterations. On the basis of the findings authors assert that treponema might induce hepatitis in early syphilis differing from liver damage of other origin."}
{"id": "PMID:337746", "title": "Epidural anesthesia for surgery: a comparative double-blind study of etidocaine and bupivacaine.", "content": "The author reports the comparative effects of 2 local anesthetic agents injected into the epidural space: 1% etidocaine and 0.5% bupivacaine, both containing epinephrine (5 microgram/ml). Twenty ml of one of these solutions were administered under double-blind conditions to 40 patients undergoing orthopedic, urological, gynecological or general surgery. The onset of analgesia, as determined by the \"pin-prick test\" was more rapid after 1% etidocaine than after 0.5% bupivacaine. The duration of analgesia, the return of sensation and the extent and intensity of the sensory blockade were identical for both drugs. After etidocaine, motor block occurred more often, was more complete and developed more rapidly than after bupivacaine. The incidence of peroperative and postoperative complications was comparable in both groups.", "contents": "Epidural anesthesia for surgery: a comparative double-blind study of etidocaine and bupivacaine. The author reports the comparative effects of 2 local anesthetic agents injected into the epidural space: 1% etidocaine and 0.5% bupivacaine, both containing epinephrine (5 microgram/ml). Twenty ml of one of these solutions were administered under double-blind conditions to 40 patients undergoing orthopedic, urological, gynecological or general surgery. The onset of analgesia, as determined by the \"pin-prick test\" was more rapid after 1% etidocaine than after 0.5% bupivacaine. The duration of analgesia, the return of sensation and the extent and intensity of the sensory blockade were identical for both drugs. After etidocaine, motor block occurred more often, was more complete and developed more rapidly than after bupivacaine. The incidence of peroperative and postoperative complications was comparable in both groups."}
{"id": "PMID:337748", "title": "The effect of doxapram on buprenorphine induced respiratory depression.", "content": "Doxapram administered as a single injection or infusion satisfactorily counteracted the respiratory depression produced by buprenorphrine when administered one hour after the analgesic in healthy subjects. The respiratory stimulant effect was relatively short lived, however, a more prolonged effect was found by study of the displacement of the carbon dioxide response curve.", "contents": "The effect of doxapram on buprenorphine induced respiratory depression. Doxapram administered as a single injection or infusion satisfactorily counteracted the respiratory depression produced by buprenorphrine when administered one hour after the analgesic in healthy subjects. The respiratory stimulant effect was relatively short lived, however, a more prolonged effect was found by study of the displacement of the carbon dioxide response curve."}
{"id": "PMID:337749", "title": "Antibody in SSPE serum and brain igG against measles virus smooth nucleocapsids detected by immunoelectron microscopy.", "content": "SSPE patients characteristically have high complement-fixing (CF) and neutralizing (N) antibody titers against measles virus in their sera, CSF, and brain. However, using SSPE patients' sera, the immunoperoxidase (IP) labeling of smooth nucleocapsids in SSPE or measles virus infected Vero cells or measles virions has not been achieved using conventional EM fixatives. Using the periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP) fixative developed by McLean and Nakane (1974), and the indirect IP technique, antibodies against smooth nucleocapsids in SSPE and measles virus infected Vero cell cultures have been detected in serum from SSPE patients and normal individuals with high measles antibody titers.", "contents": "Antibody in SSPE serum and brain igG against measles virus smooth nucleocapsids detected by immunoelectron microscopy. SSPE patients characteristically have high complement-fixing (CF) and neutralizing (N) antibody titers against measles virus in their sera, CSF, and brain. However, using SSPE patients' sera, the immunoperoxidase (IP) labeling of smooth nucleocapsids in SSPE or measles virus infected Vero cells or measles virions has not been achieved using conventional EM fixatives. Using the periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP) fixative developed by McLean and Nakane (1974), and the indirect IP technique, antibodies against smooth nucleocapsids in SSPE and measles virus infected Vero cell cultures have been detected in serum from SSPE patients and normal individuals with high measles antibody titers."}
{"id": "PMID:337754", "title": "Sipple's syndrome with peculiar changes in pancreatic islets--an autopsy case.", "content": "A diagnosis of the heritable disorder Sipple's syndrome was made in a Japanese male aged 28 years. The coexistence of bilateral phenochromocytomas, bilateral medullary thyroid carcinomas and secondary hyperplasia of parathyroid was confirmed at the time of autopsy. Pancreatic islets were hyperplastic with marked proliferation of A and D cells. Transition of the ductal cell to the islet, i.e. \"nesidioblatosis\" was observed. There was no proliferation of B cells, but a retention of B cell granules, a manifestation of suppressed secretion of insulin attributed to the overproduction of catecholamines was evident. In the stomach, numerous petechial hemorrhages and proliferation of gastrin cells were found. The pathogenesis of changes in the pancreatic islets and stomach is discussed from the viewpoint of hormonal disorders induced by pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma such as are found in Sipple's syndrome.", "contents": "Sipple's syndrome with peculiar changes in pancreatic islets--an autopsy case. A diagnosis of the heritable disorder Sipple's syndrome was made in a Japanese male aged 28 years. The coexistence of bilateral phenochromocytomas, bilateral medullary thyroid carcinomas and secondary hyperplasia of parathyroid was confirmed at the time of autopsy. Pancreatic islets were hyperplastic with marked proliferation of A and D cells. Transition of the ductal cell to the islet, i.e. \"nesidioblatosis\" was observed. There was no proliferation of B cells, but a retention of B cell granules, a manifestation of suppressed secretion of insulin attributed to the overproduction of catecholamines was evident. In the stomach, numerous petechial hemorrhages and proliferation of gastrin cells were found. The pathogenesis of changes in the pancreatic islets and stomach is discussed from the viewpoint of hormonal disorders induced by pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma such as are found in Sipple's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:337758", "title": "Arthrography of the knee joint with amipaque.", "content": "In a double-blind investigation, 30 knee arthrographies were performed by injection of either Amipaque 290 mg I/ml or Urografin 60% (292 mg I/ml). Both contrast media are well tolerated, and give excellent initial contrast quality, which deteriorates rapidly. This occurs more slowly with Amipaque, which has lower osmolality and causes less joint effusion.", "contents": "Arthrography of the knee joint with amipaque. In a double-blind investigation, 30 knee arthrographies were performed by injection of either Amipaque 290 mg I/ml or Urografin 60% (292 mg I/ml). Both contrast media are well tolerated, and give excellent initial contrast quality, which deteriorates rapidly. This occurs more slowly with Amipaque, which has lower osmolality and causes less joint effusion."}
{"id": "PMID:337759", "title": "Early venous filling in transplanted kidneys.", "content": "Early venous filling in patients with renal transplants was found in the presence of ischaemic injury, acute rejection, and chronic rejection; thus it cannot be used in differential diagnosis. Early venous filling was present only when the cortical circulation was scored as adequate although when observed in acute or chronic rejection the prognosis for the graft was poor.", "contents": "Early venous filling in transplanted kidneys. Early venous filling in patients with renal transplants was found in the presence of ischaemic injury, acute rejection, and chronic rejection; thus it cannot be used in differential diagnosis. Early venous filling was present only when the cortical circulation was scored as adequate although when observed in acute or chronic rejection the prognosis for the graft was poor."}
{"id": "PMID:337760", "title": "Cross-neutralization reactions of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxins as studied by rabbit skin inoculation test.", "content": "Neutralization of enterotoxins of Vibrio cholerae 569 B and Escherichia coli 10407 by antitoxins to V. cholerae 569 B, E. coli 334, 408-3 and 10407 was studies by intradermal inoculation test in the rabbit. Neutralization of V. cholerae enterotoxin by homologous as well as heterologous antisera of E. coli was observed, except that there was no neutralization of the enterotoxin by antiserum to E. coli 408-3 enterotoxin. Neutralization of E. coli enterotoxin to a varied extent by homologous as well as all heterologous antisera, including that of V. cholerae 569 B antitoxin, was also observed.", "contents": "Cross-neutralization reactions of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxins as studied by rabbit skin inoculation test. Neutralization of enterotoxins of Vibrio cholerae 569 B and Escherichia coli 10407 by antitoxins to V. cholerae 569 B, E. coli 334, 408-3 and 10407 was studies by intradermal inoculation test in the rabbit. Neutralization of V. cholerae enterotoxin by homologous as well as heterologous antisera of E. coli was observed, except that there was no neutralization of the enterotoxin by antiserum to E. coli 408-3 enterotoxin. Neutralization of E. coli enterotoxin to a varied extent by homologous as well as all heterologous antisera, including that of V. cholerae 569 B antitoxin, was also observed."}
{"id": "PMID:337761", "title": "A stereotaxic atlas of the prefrontal cortex of the cat.", "content": "A survey of existing atlases of the cat's brain has revealed a lack of coronal sections on the levels of the prefrontal cortex. On the other hand, neurophysiological and behavioral studies of this region have increased greatly in recent years. As the extent of coronal sections through the prefrontal cortex was seen to differ markedly even at separations of 1 mm, a stereotaxic atlas was made on the basis of brain sections of 16 mongrel cats. Brains were cut with the use of the paraffin or freezing method, and stained with cresyl violet, Luxol fast blue, or Kluver-Barrera's combination. Statistical methods were used to yield representative coronal outlines of sections from +20 to +30 mm anterior in 1 mm steps. A comparison with Reinoso-Suarez five coronal sections within this range showed a marked congruence between the two atlases.", "contents": "A stereotaxic atlas of the prefrontal cortex of the cat. A survey of existing atlases of the cat's brain has revealed a lack of coronal sections on the levels of the prefrontal cortex. On the other hand, neurophysiological and behavioral studies of this region have increased greatly in recent years. As the extent of coronal sections through the prefrontal cortex was seen to differ markedly even at separations of 1 mm, a stereotaxic atlas was made on the basis of brain sections of 16 mongrel cats. Brains were cut with the use of the paraffin or freezing method, and stained with cresyl violet, Luxol fast blue, or Kluver-Barrera's combination. Statistical methods were used to yield representative coronal outlines of sections from +20 to +30 mm anterior in 1 mm steps. A comparison with Reinoso-Suarez five coronal sections within this range showed a marked congruence between the two atlases."}
{"id": "PMID:337756", "title": "A multicentre study on the efficacy and safety of individualized dosage of haloperidol (Haldol) in refractory chronic psychotics.", "content": "This study was carried out on 38 chronic refractory psychotic patients who received partial multimodal treatment with individually adapted doses of Haldol. The study was based on: --Howard's experiences: more than half of his chronic psychotic patients were able to leave the State Hospital because of the multimodal treatment with high individualized doses of Haldol; -Paquay and Tanghe's experiences: one-fourth to more than one-half of their chronic refractory patients showed remarkable improvement with a partial multimodal treatment. This study shows that improvement is obtained in more than 2 out of 3 cases, thus proving that the best results are obtained when an adequate selection of the patients is made. As side-effects, above all, the extrapyramidal symptoms are possible. However, their frequency and intensity are not higher than those provoked by other incisive neuroleptics or conventional doses of Haldol. Special attention should be given to any pseudodepression or neurovegetative reactions. The individualization of the doses should be carefully done.", "contents": "A multicentre study on the efficacy and safety of individualized dosage of haloperidol (Haldol) in refractory chronic psychotics. This study was carried out on 38 chronic refractory psychotic patients who received partial multimodal treatment with individually adapted doses of Haldol. The study was based on: --Howard's experiences: more than half of his chronic psychotic patients were able to leave the State Hospital because of the multimodal treatment with high individualized doses of Haldol; -Paquay and Tanghe's experiences: one-fourth to more than one-half of their chronic refractory patients showed remarkable improvement with a partial multimodal treatment. This study shows that improvement is obtained in more than 2 out of 3 cases, thus proving that the best results are obtained when an adequate selection of the patients is made. As side-effects, above all, the extrapyramidal symptoms are possible. However, their frequency and intensity are not higher than those provoked by other incisive neuroleptics or conventional doses of Haldol. Special attention should be given to any pseudodepression or neurovegetative reactions. The individualization of the doses should be carefully done."}
{"id": "PMID:337757", "title": "[Preliminary note on the antiautistic, antidelusional and hallucinolytic effect of teflutixol (author's transl)].", "content": "The first thioxanthene derivative without the double bind up to now considered mandatory for the antipsychotic effect, teflutixol, was administered in a phase II pilot efficacy trial to acute or subacute psychotic inpatients (mean age 36,1) during at least 5 weeks at a dosage of 3 to 20 mg p.d. once a day. The patients were abruptly switched from a haloperidol baseline therapy, which was administered on an average for 3 weeks at 15 mg p.d. Preliminary results are reported for the first 11 patients on a purely clinical basis. Despite the limitations of a small sample and of a qualitative analysis of data, it is hypothesized that teflutixol is a potent and original neuroleptic drug combining at 6 mg p.d. or less potent antidelusional, hallucinolytic and antiautistic effects. Latency and duration of action approximate 2 days. At 6 mg and above appear side-effects of the desinhibiting type (anxious and/or aggressive mood, withdrawal, flaring up of delusions, insomnia, agitation) and extrapyramidal side-effects of the akathisia type. No adrenolytic, anticholinergic or toxic effects were prominent. The patient followed up for the longest period (6 months on 3 mg p.d.) has not relapsed and has normal liver functions.", "contents": "[Preliminary note on the antiautistic, antidelusional and hallucinolytic effect of teflutixol (author's transl)]. The first thioxanthene derivative without the double bind up to now considered mandatory for the antipsychotic effect, teflutixol, was administered in a phase II pilot efficacy trial to acute or subacute psychotic inpatients (mean age 36,1) during at least 5 weeks at a dosage of 3 to 20 mg p.d. once a day. The patients were abruptly switched from a haloperidol baseline therapy, which was administered on an average for 3 weeks at 15 mg p.d. Preliminary results are reported for the first 11 patients on a purely clinical basis. Despite the limitations of a small sample and of a qualitative analysis of data, it is hypothesized that teflutixol is a potent and original neuroleptic drug combining at 6 mg p.d. or less potent antidelusional, hallucinolytic and antiautistic effects. Latency and duration of action approximate 2 days. At 6 mg and above appear side-effects of the desinhibiting type (anxious and/or aggressive mood, withdrawal, flaring up of delusions, insomnia, agitation) and extrapyramidal side-effects of the akathisia type. No adrenolytic, anticholinergic or toxic effects were prominent. The patient followed up for the longest period (6 months on 3 mg p.d.) has not relapsed and has normal liver functions."}
{"id": "PMID:337773", "title": "Evaluation of an experimental anticholinergic drug, elantrine, in treating the tremor of parkinsonism.", "content": "An experimental anticholinergic drug, elantrine, had shown significant improvement in tremor of parkinsonism in 89 patients not taking L-dopa. A double-blind study of 22 parkinsonian patients stabilized on L-dopa showed marked improvement in tremor and moderate improvement in rigidity and bradykinesia when elantrine was added to their treatment program. Nine of 15 patients taking L-dopa (or Sinemet) and elantrine had cessation of all tremor and have continued free of tremor to date, over two years.", "contents": "Evaluation of an experimental anticholinergic drug, elantrine, in treating the tremor of parkinsonism. An experimental anticholinergic drug, elantrine, had shown significant improvement in tremor of parkinsonism in 89 patients not taking L-dopa. A double-blind study of 22 parkinsonian patients stabilized on L-dopa showed marked improvement in tremor and moderate improvement in rigidity and bradykinesia when elantrine was added to their treatment program. Nine of 15 patients taking L-dopa (or Sinemet) and elantrine had cessation of all tremor and have continued free of tremor to date, over two years."}
{"id": "PMID:337778", "title": "Monitoring the critically ill surgical patient.", "content": "This review has focused on several aspects of monitoring the critically ill patient. A few of the more commonly used monitoring devices have been discussed to emphasize that their use carries some risk. Because of this, proper indications, based on the benefits to be achieved, must be available before they are used. Guidelines for the safe use of these devices have been outlines. We have dealth with hemodynamic assessment, renal insufficiency, pulmonary monitoring and stress ulceration. Guidelines and specific examples have been presented to illustrate the prevention, early diagnosis and management of problems.", "contents": "Monitoring the critically ill surgical patient. This review has focused on several aspects of monitoring the critically ill patient. A few of the more commonly used monitoring devices have been discussed to emphasize that their use carries some risk. Because of this, proper indications, based on the benefits to be achieved, must be available before they are used. Guidelines for the safe use of these devices have been outlines. We have dealth with hemodynamic assessment, renal insufficiency, pulmonary monitoring and stress ulceration. Guidelines and specific examples have been presented to illustrate the prevention, early diagnosis and management of problems."}
{"id": "PMID:337788", "title": "Willem Einthoven's fortuitous invention.", "content": "It is usually assumed that Willem Einthoven started out as a young investigator to invent the electrocardiograph and that he succeeded. On the contrary, his career had several false starts. True, fortune smiled on him. But his diligence and clinical interest plus the scientific freedom of his age led to his remarkable discovery.", "contents": "Willem Einthoven's fortuitous invention. It is usually assumed that Willem Einthoven started out as a young investigator to invent the electrocardiograph and that he succeeded. On the contrary, his career had several false starts. True, fortune smiled on him. But his diligence and clinical interest plus the scientific freedom of his age led to his remarkable discovery."}
{"id": "PMID:337789", "title": "Sarcotubules and subsarcolemmal caveolae and their continuity with the sarcolemma in frog striated muscle.", "content": "After using tannic acid mordanting, T-tubules and subsarcolemmal caveolae show a dense staining with lead citrate, with some increase in contrast also of the sarcolemma, in frog muscle. While  a few T-tubules show direct continuity with the extracellular space, the majority open indirectly via caveolae. Caveolae lie immediately beneath the sarcolemma, mainly in a single row, and are more numerous in relation to I-bands.", "contents": "Sarcotubules and subsarcolemmal caveolae and their continuity with the sarcolemma in frog striated muscle. After using tannic acid mordanting, T-tubules and subsarcolemmal caveolae show a dense staining with lead citrate, with some increase in contrast also of the sarcolemma, in frog muscle. While  a few T-tubules show direct continuity with the extracellular space, the majority open indirectly via caveolae. Caveolae lie immediately beneath the sarcolemma, mainly in a single row, and are more numerous in relation to I-bands."}
{"id": "PMID:337790", "title": "Electron microscopic immunohistochemical localization of alpha-msh in the rat brain.", "content": "Using an immunohistochemical technique at the electron microscopic level, it has been shown that alpha-MSH is localized within the small vesicles of a few cell bodies found in the arcuate nucleus and numerous nerve fibers widely distributed throughout the brain. These findings suggest that alpha-MSH could possibly be considered as a neurotransmitter.", "contents": "Electron microscopic immunohistochemical localization of alpha-msh in the rat brain. Using an immunohistochemical technique at the electron microscopic level, it has been shown that alpha-MSH is localized within the small vesicles of a few cell bodies found in the arcuate nucleus and numerous nerve fibers widely distributed throughout the brain. These findings suggest that alpha-MSH could possibly be considered as a neurotransmitter."}
{"id": "PMID:337792", "title": "Urea biosynthesis I. The urea cycle and relationships to the citric acid cycle.", "content": "The urea cycle consist of five enzymatically controlled steps that are catalyzed by carbamyl phosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase, argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase, and arginase, respectively. The complete cycle is present in physiological meaningful levels in the liver of terrestrial vertebrates, and in man represents the sole mechanism for ammonia disposal. The formation of carbamyl phosphate and the synthesis of argininosuccinate are potential limiting steps in urea biosynthesis but substrate and not enzymes levels are rate-limiting under physiological conditions. In the adult, urea cycle enzymes change as a unit, and are largely influenced by dietary protein content. The urea cycle is closely linked to the citric acid cycle deriving one of its nitrogens through transamination of oxalacetate to form asparate and returns fumarate to that cycle. The biosynthesis of urea demands the expenditure of energy but less than 20% of the energy derived from metabolism of gluconeogenic amino acids is required for ureogenesis. Embryological development of the urea cycle in the tadpole and in mammalian fetal liver therefore permits use of amino acids as new sources of energy to meet oxidative demands for continuing growth.", "contents": "Urea biosynthesis I. The urea cycle and relationships to the citric acid cycle. The urea cycle consist of five enzymatically controlled steps that are catalyzed by carbamyl phosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase, argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase, and arginase, respectively. The complete cycle is present in physiological meaningful levels in the liver of terrestrial vertebrates, and in man represents the sole mechanism for ammonia disposal. The formation of carbamyl phosphate and the synthesis of argininosuccinate are potential limiting steps in urea biosynthesis but substrate and not enzymes levels are rate-limiting under physiological conditions. In the adult, urea cycle enzymes change as a unit, and are largely influenced by dietary protein content. The urea cycle is closely linked to the citric acid cycle deriving one of its nitrogens through transamination of oxalacetate to form asparate and returns fumarate to that cycle. The biosynthesis of urea demands the expenditure of energy but less than 20% of the energy derived from metabolism of gluconeogenic amino acids is required for ureogenesis. Embryological development of the urea cycle in the tadpole and in mammalian fetal liver therefore permits use of amino acids as new sources of energy to meet oxidative demands for continuing growth."}
{"id": "PMID:337793", "title": "Focal glomerulosclerosis in renal allografts: association with the nephrotic syndrome and chronic rejection.", "content": "Focal segmental and/or global sclerotic glomerular lesions with hyalinosis were noted in three allografts in association with the nephrotic syndrome (NS) and chronic rejection (CR). Similar lesions were absent in eight allografts with CR without NS. Previous reports have stressed the presence of this lesion in allografts with recurrence of the disease entity \"idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with focal glomerulosclerosis\". Both clinical and pathologic evidence suggest that recurrence was not a factor in the pathogenesis of the lesion in the three allografts with CR and NS. The presence of these lesions in failing allografts may represent the result of CR with associated NS rather than recurrence of the disease entity.", "contents": "Focal glomerulosclerosis in renal allografts: association with the nephrotic syndrome and chronic rejection. Focal segmental and/or global sclerotic glomerular lesions with hyalinosis were noted in three allografts in association with the nephrotic syndrome (NS) and chronic rejection (CR). Similar lesions were absent in eight allografts with CR without NS. Previous reports have stressed the presence of this lesion in allografts with recurrence of the disease entity \"idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with focal glomerulosclerosis\". Both clinical and pathologic evidence suggest that recurrence was not a factor in the pathogenesis of the lesion in the three allografts with CR and NS. The presence of these lesions in failing allografts may represent the result of CR with associated NS rather than recurrence of the disease entity."}
{"id": "PMID:337794", "title": "Group a beta-hemolytic streptococcal pneumonia: clinical course and complications of management.", "content": "Three childhood cases of beta-hemolytic streptococcal pneumonia are presented with a review of the literature. The disease, though uncommon in childhood, results in severe local and systemic effects. Hematologic fluid and electrolyte problems are frequent. Pericardial disease and secondary bacterial invasion are added dangers encountered in management. Early and vigorous drainage of the pleural cavity is essential to successful outcome. It appears that predisposing viral disease, including influenza, is essential for acquisition of this form of bacterial pneumonia.", "contents": "Group a beta-hemolytic streptococcal pneumonia: clinical course and complications of management. Three childhood cases of beta-hemolytic streptococcal pneumonia are presented with a review of the literature. The disease, though uncommon in childhood, results in severe local and systemic effects. Hematologic fluid and electrolyte problems are frequent. Pericardial disease and secondary bacterial invasion are added dangers encountered in management. Early and vigorous drainage of the pleural cavity is essential to successful outcome. It appears that predisposing viral disease, including influenza, is essential for acquisition of this form of bacterial pneumonia."}
{"id": "PMID:337798", "title": "Life cycle events in 15th century Florence: records of the Monte delle doti.", "content": "Records of a dowry investment fund operated by the city of Florence, Italy from 1425-1545 contain information on life cycle events of about 32,000 girls. This information includes date of birth, date and amount of investment, and date of dowry payment or death. In the present study, the first of 19 volumes of these records were used to compute death rates and payment rates (an approximation of marriage rates) and to analyze these rates according to age, time, and socioeconomic status. Usable records were obtained for 1631 girls. There were 315 deaths; death rates per 1000 person-years were 38, 17, 11, 16, and 19 for ages less than 5, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, and 20+, respectively. Compared to previous and succeeding years, death rates increased 5-10 times in 1437-1438 and 1449-1450, years in which epidemics have been recorded. During these periods of epidemics, death rates were relatively low in the winter months. Death rate were made for 1274 girls. About three-fourths of these payments were made by age 20. Rate of payment increased with amount of investment. Proportionally, births were least frequent during December and January, indicating a deficit of conceptions around the time of Lent.", "contents": "Life cycle events in 15th century Florence: records of the Monte delle doti. Records of a dowry investment fund operated by the city of Florence, Italy from 1425-1545 contain information on life cycle events of about 32,000 girls. This information includes date of birth, date and amount of investment, and date of dowry payment or death. In the present study, the first of 19 volumes of these records were used to compute death rates and payment rates (an approximation of marriage rates) and to analyze these rates according to age, time, and socioeconomic status. Usable records were obtained for 1631 girls. There were 315 deaths; death rates per 1000 person-years were 38, 17, 11, 16, and 19 for ages less than 5, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, and 20+, respectively. Compared to previous and succeeding years, death rates increased 5-10 times in 1437-1438 and 1449-1450, years in which epidemics have been recorded. During these periods of epidemics, death rates were relatively low in the winter months. Death rate were made for 1274 girls. About three-fourths of these payments were made by age 20. Rate of payment increased with amount of investment. Proportionally, births were least frequent during December and January, indicating a deficit of conceptions around the time of Lent."}
{"id": "PMID:337799", "title": "Immune complex deposits in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "content": "The thyroid glands of four patients with Graves' disease and five patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis were investigated to demonstrate in vivo immune complex deposition. By electron microscopy, electron-dense deposits were observed in the follicular basal lamina--basement membrane--(FBL) often associated with lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltration. A positive correlation was obtained with all cases by immunofluorescent studies using anti-IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and antithyroglobulin conjugated serums. The staining was of a granular pattern and coincided to the FBL region. No discrepancies were noted in electron microscopic and immunofluorescent observations between patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and the occasional observation of immune complexes in areas devoid of infiltrate in some patients with Graves' disease. Morphologically, the deposits were found to be similar to those described in the Obese Strain chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis.", "contents": "Immune complex deposits in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The thyroid glands of four patients with Graves' disease and five patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis were investigated to demonstrate in vivo immune complex deposition. By electron microscopy, electron-dense deposits were observed in the follicular basal lamina--basement membrane--(FBL) often associated with lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltration. A positive correlation was obtained with all cases by immunofluorescent studies using anti-IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and antithyroglobulin conjugated serums. The staining was of a granular pattern and coincided to the FBL region. No discrepancies were noted in electron microscopic and immunofluorescent observations between patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and the occasional observation of immune complexes in areas devoid of infiltrate in some patients with Graves' disease. Morphologically, the deposits were found to be similar to those described in the Obese Strain chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis."}
{"id": "PMID:337801", "title": "Bacteriuria in a pediatric population.", "content": "A three-month survey was conducted to determine the distribution of organisms associated with urinary tract infection in both a hospitalized and an out-patient pediatric population. Of 2,671 consecutive urine specimens, 1,365 were from hospitalized patients and 1,306 from out-patients. Six hundred twenty-one cultures (23.2%) had 10,000 organisms/ml or greater; this represents 298 or 21.8% of the in-patient cultures and 323 or 24.7% of the out-patient cultures. Forty-seven of the significant growth urines were polymicrobic; 2% of the in-patients' urines showed mixed growth as opposed to 1.5% of the out-patients. E. coli was the most frequently isolated organism. Differences in the distribution of species of organisms are discussed.", "contents": "Bacteriuria in a pediatric population. A three-month survey was conducted to determine the distribution of organisms associated with urinary tract infection in both a hospitalized and an out-patient pediatric population. Of 2,671 consecutive urine specimens, 1,365 were from hospitalized patients and 1,306 from out-patients. Six hundred twenty-one cultures (23.2%) had 10,000 organisms/ml or greater; this represents 298 or 21.8% of the in-patient cultures and 323 or 24.7% of the out-patient cultures. Forty-seven of the significant growth urines were polymicrobic; 2% of the in-patients' urines showed mixed growth as opposed to 1.5% of the out-patients. E. coli was the most frequently isolated organism. Differences in the distribution of species of organisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337808", "title": "Diseases of the retina: 1975-76 review.", "content": "Articles on the retina which appeared in the American Journal of Ophthalmology, Archives of Ophthalmology, and British Journal of Ophthalmology from July 1975 to June 1976 are summarized. Topics include a specific receptor for retinol-binding protein, retinal pigment epithelium, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, infections, degenerations, maculopathy, sickle hemoglobinopathy, retinoblastoma and retrolent fibroplasia, and macular hole and retinal detachment.", "contents": "Diseases of the retina: 1975-76 review. Articles on the retina which appeared in the American Journal of Ophthalmology, Archives of Ophthalmology, and British Journal of Ophthalmology from July 1975 to June 1976 are summarized. Topics include a specific receptor for retinol-binding protein, retinal pigment epithelium, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, infections, degenerations, maculopathy, sickle hemoglobinopathy, retinoblastoma and retrolent fibroplasia, and macular hole and retinal detachment."}
{"id": "PMID:337810", "title": "Some notes on the V\u00e9rtessz\u00f6ll\u00f6s occipital.", "content": "An examination of the V\u00e9rtessz\u00f6ll\u00f6s occipital bone indicates the need for takings its condition and preservation as well as certain aspects of its morphology into account prior to a metric assessment of its features. This analysis confirms the presence of extrasutural bones on the lambdoidal suture as well as some distortion in the sagittal curvature of this region. The advisability of using the endocranial sutures as well as other data for defining lambda in cases such as this is discussed, and a procedure for determining the position of opisthion is indicated. A metric and morphological analysis is used to support the claim that the specimen can be considered a large late representative of Homo erectus in Europe.", "contents": "Some notes on the V\u00e9rtessz\u00f6ll\u00f6s occipital. An examination of the V\u00e9rtessz\u00f6ll\u00f6s occipital bone indicates the need for takings its condition and preservation as well as certain aspects of its morphology into account prior to a metric assessment of its features. This analysis confirms the presence of extrasutural bones on the lambdoidal suture as well as some distortion in the sagittal curvature of this region. The advisability of using the endocranial sutures as well as other data for defining lambda in cases such as this is discussed, and a procedure for determining the position of opisthion is indicated. A metric and morphological analysis is used to support the claim that the specimen can be considered a large late representative of Homo erectus in Europe."}
{"id": "PMID:337812", "title": "The grieving spouse.", "content": "Loss of a spouse presents serious risks to the psychological and physical health and well-being of the survivor. This is particularly true for women. Physical disease, hospitalization, and mortality in widows all exceed expected rates. The author reviews the phases of mourning, the factors related to pathological grief, and the ways in which grief is resolved. He describes widow-to-widow care systems, which seem to have substantial merit. Pastoral counseling and in some cases psychiatric care and medication can be helpful, but time is the greatest healer of all.", "contents": "The grieving spouse. Loss of a spouse presents serious risks to the psychological and physical health and well-being of the survivor. This is particularly true for women. Physical disease, hospitalization, and mortality in widows all exceed expected rates. The author reviews the phases of mourning, the factors related to pathological grief, and the ways in which grief is resolved. He describes widow-to-widow care systems, which seem to have substantial merit. Pastoral counseling and in some cases psychiatric care and medication can be helpful, but time is the greatest healer of all."}
{"id": "PMID:337813", "title": "Man or machine in psychiatric diagnosis.", "content": "The authors describe the previous studies of the stability of psychiatric diagnoses over time that have found such diagnoses to be unreliable, stating that the assumptions underlying these studies have been tested and disproved. On the other hand, the use of standardized interview techniques and categorization by computer yield reliable symptom ratings and precise diagnoses. The authors discuss the importance of these findings to the selection of the most appropriate treatment modality for individual patients.", "contents": "Man or machine in psychiatric diagnosis. The authors describe the previous studies of the stability of psychiatric diagnoses over time that have found such diagnoses to be unreliable, stating that the assumptions underlying these studies have been tested and disproved. On the other hand, the use of standardized interview techniques and categorization by computer yield reliable symptom ratings and precise diagnoses. The authors discuss the importance of these findings to the selection of the most appropriate treatment modality for individual patients."}
{"id": "PMID:337851", "title": "[Quantitative morphological investigation of the effect of thiobutabarbitone sodium anaesthesia on the endocrine and exocrine pancreas of the albino rat (author's transl)].", "content": "In respect of controls the beta-cells of the Islets of Langerhans in fed rats showed a significant decrease in nuclear volume after 40 min of anaesthesia with Thiobutabarbitone Sodium in a double-maximum-load dose. The alpha-cells and the cells of the exocrine pancreas do not show such alteration. The reduction in beta-cell acitivity is referred to a time and dose dependent effect of narcosis on the metabolism of the beta-cells and possible membrane phenomena. According to the morphological picture the otherwise missing signs of impaired function of the cells indicate a peripheral disturbance of glucose utilization during nacrosis. The blood-sugar levels support the proposed explanation.", "contents": "[Quantitative morphological investigation of the effect of thiobutabarbitone sodium anaesthesia on the endocrine and exocrine pancreas of the albino rat (author's transl)]. In respect of controls the beta-cells of the Islets of Langerhans in fed rats showed a significant decrease in nuclear volume after 40 min of anaesthesia with Thiobutabarbitone Sodium in a double-maximum-load dose. The alpha-cells and the cells of the exocrine pancreas do not show such alteration. The reduction in beta-cell acitivity is referred to a time and dose dependent effect of narcosis on the metabolism of the beta-cells and possible membrane phenomena. According to the morphological picture the otherwise missing signs of impaired function of the cells indicate a peripheral disturbance of glucose utilization during nacrosis. The blood-sugar levels support the proposed explanation."}
{"id": "PMID:337856", "title": "Relationship of the serum concentration of pancuronium to its neuromuscular activity in man.", "content": "The relationship between the time course of the decay of serum concentrations of pancuronium and its neuromuscular blocking effect has been investigated after the intravenous administration of 50, 80 and 100 microgram/kg doses to anesthetized patients. Following administration of these doses, maximal neuromuscular block in the adductor pollicis muscle developed in about 7, 2.5, and 2 minutes and lasted about 20, 40, and 60 minutes, respectively. The times from start of recovery to return of twitch tension to 25, 50, and 75 per cent of control were similar in the different dosage groups, but occurred progressively later with increasing doses. At times of 25, 50, and 75 per cent recovery mean serum concentrations (pooled values) were 0.13 +/- 0.01,0.11 +/- 0.01, and 0.10 +/- 0.01 microgram/ml (+/- SEM), respectively. Neuromuscular transmission to the adductor pollicis muscle started to recover at a mean serum pancuronium concentration of 0.21 +/- 0.03 microgram/ml. The data obtained in this study are in agreement with the experimental and clinical findings of similar studies with d-tubocurarine, and indicate that there is a correlation between the serum concentrations of muscle relaxants and the intensity of their neuromuscular activities.", "contents": "Relationship of the serum concentration of pancuronium to its neuromuscular activity in man. The relationship between the time course of the decay of serum concentrations of pancuronium and its neuromuscular blocking effect has been investigated after the intravenous administration of 50, 80 and 100 microgram/kg doses to anesthetized patients. Following administration of these doses, maximal neuromuscular block in the adductor pollicis muscle developed in about 7, 2.5, and 2 minutes and lasted about 20, 40, and 60 minutes, respectively. The times from start of recovery to return of twitch tension to 25, 50, and 75 per cent of control were similar in the different dosage groups, but occurred progressively later with increasing doses. At times of 25, 50, and 75 per cent recovery mean serum concentrations (pooled values) were 0.13 +/- 0.01,0.11 +/- 0.01, and 0.10 +/- 0.01 microgram/ml (+/- SEM), respectively. Neuromuscular transmission to the adductor pollicis muscle started to recover at a mean serum pancuronium concentration of 0.21 +/- 0.03 microgram/ml. The data obtained in this study are in agreement with the experimental and clinical findings of similar studies with d-tubocurarine, and indicate that there is a correlation between the serum concentrations of muscle relaxants and the intensity of their neuromuscular activities."}
{"id": "PMID:337854", "title": "Morphine and promethazine as intravenous premedicants.", "content": "Two hundred seventy patients received morphine 5 mg or 10 mg alone or with promethazine 6.25 mg, 12.5 mg, or 25 mg. Promethazine 25 mg alone also was studied. All drugs were given intravenously. Anxiety relief, sedation, patient acceptance, lack of recall, and side effects were the variables examined. Promethazine improved relief of anxiety, sedation, and patient acceptance when added to morphine. Doses of promethazine larger than 12.5 mg intravenously failed to improve these effects. Memory remained unaffected by any of the drugs.", "contents": "Morphine and promethazine as intravenous premedicants. Two hundred seventy patients received morphine 5 mg or 10 mg alone or with promethazine 6.25 mg, 12.5 mg, or 25 mg. Promethazine 25 mg alone also was studied. All drugs were given intravenously. Anxiety relief, sedation, patient acceptance, lack of recall, and side effects were the variables examined. Promethazine improved relief of anxiety, sedation, and patient acceptance when added to morphine. Doses of promethazine larger than 12.5 mg intravenously failed to improve these effects. Memory remained unaffected by any of the drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:337859", "title": "Methods in the evaluation of antiparasitic drugs in the horse.", "content": "The critical test is the primary method used for the efficacy evaluation of drugs against the major internal parasites (bots, ascarids, large strongyles, small strongyles, and pinworms) of the horse. The critical test determines: (1) spectrum of activity, (2) effectiveness of removal, (3) pattern of discharge, and (4) physical condition of each species of these parasites. General characteristics of the major parasitisms of the horse are discussed briefly. Criteria of the critical test also are considered including: (1) number of tests, (2) strain variation and drug resistance, (3) selection of test horses, (4) diagnosis of parasitic species, (5) numbers of parasites, (6) minimal efficacy requirements, and (7) other parasitic species. The controlled test principally is used on a selected basis for the small nematodes in the proximal portion of the digestive tract which cannot be properly evaluated by the critical test, or for other limited objectives. Clinical trials are discussed briefly but are invaluable supplements to the critical and controlled tests in the total assessment of a drug as a new product or for continued effectiveness in clinical use. Experimental procedures used in the conduct of drug evaluations should not be rigidly prescribed but should reflect input by the individual investigatior.", "contents": "Methods in the evaluation of antiparasitic drugs in the horse. The critical test is the primary method used for the efficacy evaluation of drugs against the major internal parasites (bots, ascarids, large strongyles, small strongyles, and pinworms) of the horse. The critical test determines: (1) spectrum of activity, (2) effectiveness of removal, (3) pattern of discharge, and (4) physical condition of each species of these parasites. General characteristics of the major parasitisms of the horse are discussed briefly. Criteria of the critical test also are considered including: (1) number of tests, (2) strain variation and drug resistance, (3) selection of test horses, (4) diagnosis of parasitic species, (5) numbers of parasites, (6) minimal efficacy requirements, and (7) other parasitic species. The controlled test principally is used on a selected basis for the small nematodes in the proximal portion of the digestive tract which cannot be properly evaluated by the critical test, or for other limited objectives. Clinical trials are discussed briefly but are invaluable supplements to the critical and controlled tests in the total assessment of a drug as a new product or for continued effectiveness in clinical use. Experimental procedures used in the conduct of drug evaluations should not be rigidly prescribed but should reflect input by the individual investigatior."}
{"id": "PMID:337860", "title": "Complement \"specificity\" and interchangeability: measurement of hemolytic complement levels and use of the complement-fixation test with sera from common domesticated animals.", "content": "The results from studies to measure lytic complement (C') in sera of different animal species were reviewed. The traditional system, using sheep red blood cells (RBC) and rabbit antibody, was confirmed as the most sensitive to measure C' levels in man, monkey, dog, guinea pig, and rat serums. Sera C' from horse, cow, and sheep were found to be best assayed using rabbit RBC, whereas C' from goat, cat, and rabbit were best assayed with human RBC. Antibodies and C' from the same species usually mediated lysis of foreign RBC, but this lysis occurred more readily with some RBC targets than with others and may be associated with the presence of natural antibodies in the test sera. The effects of the species origin of a C' source in immunologic reactions in vitro and in vivo are discussed.", "contents": "Complement \"specificity\" and interchangeability: measurement of hemolytic complement levels and use of the complement-fixation test with sera from common domesticated animals. The results from studies to measure lytic complement (C') in sera of different animal species were reviewed. The traditional system, using sheep red blood cells (RBC) and rabbit antibody, was confirmed as the most sensitive to measure C' levels in man, monkey, dog, guinea pig, and rat serums. Sera C' from horse, cow, and sheep were found to be best assayed using rabbit RBC, whereas C' from goat, cat, and rabbit were best assayed with human RBC. Antibodies and C' from the same species usually mediated lysis of foreign RBC, but this lysis occurred more readily with some RBC targets than with others and may be associated with the presence of natural antibodies in the test sera. The effects of the species origin of a C' source in immunologic reactions in vitro and in vivo are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337861", "title": "Experimental hamster enteritis: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Hamster enteritis (HE) was experimentally produced in weanling hamsters by orally inoculating healthy hamsters with suspensions of ilea obtained from hamsters with HE. Control groups of hamsters were inoculated orally with suspensions of ilea from healthy hamsters. Electron microscopy was done on ilea from 6 control hamsters, 31 hamsters with experimentally produced HE, and 4 hamsters with naturally occurring HE. Ultrastructural changes were not observed in the absorptive epithelium of control animals. Two different intracytoplasmic bacterial organisms were observed in epithelial cells of hamsters with experimentally produced HE. Organisms that were observed early in the disease process were identified as Escherichia coli. Organisms ultrastructurally similar to Campylobacter spp were observed later in the disease and were only within hyperplastic epithelial cells. The hyperplastic ileal epithelium of hamsters with naturally occurring HE contained campylobacter-like organisms.", "contents": "Experimental hamster enteritis: an electron microscopic study. Hamster enteritis (HE) was experimentally produced in weanling hamsters by orally inoculating healthy hamsters with suspensions of ilea obtained from hamsters with HE. Control groups of hamsters were inoculated orally with suspensions of ilea from healthy hamsters. Electron microscopy was done on ilea from 6 control hamsters, 31 hamsters with experimentally produced HE, and 4 hamsters with naturally occurring HE. Ultrastructural changes were not observed in the absorptive epithelium of control animals. Two different intracytoplasmic bacterial organisms were observed in epithelial cells of hamsters with experimentally produced HE. Organisms that were observed early in the disease process were identified as Escherichia coli. Organisms ultrastructurally similar to Campylobacter spp were observed later in the disease and were only within hyperplastic epithelial cells. The hyperplastic ileal epithelium of hamsters with naturally occurring HE contained campylobacter-like organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:337862", "title": "Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection of bovine embryonic lung cultures: a kinetic study by the fluorescent antibody technique.", "content": "Development of fluorescence in bovine embryonic lung cells infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was studied by the fluorescent antibody (FA) test. Similar patterns of fluorescence were seen with the direct FA test, in which the immunoglobulin G fraction of antiserum to BRSV was conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and used; and the indirect test, in which antiserum to the Long strain of respiratory syncytial virus and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G were used. In different trials, fluorescence was first detected between 16 and 18 hours after inoculation with BRSV. Fluorescence always was confined to the cytoplasm. Before 24 hours, fluorescence consisted of fine fibrils, usually parallel to the long axis of the cell, and cytoplasmic granules. After 24 hours, coincident with rounding of the cells, fluorescence slowly moved to the periphery of the cytoplasm. Under the growth conditions used, syncytia did not develop. By the FA test and as determined by the release of BRSV into the supernatant fluid, the minimal time for a single cycle of infection was between 24 and 26 hours.", "contents": "Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection of bovine embryonic lung cultures: a kinetic study by the fluorescent antibody technique. Development of fluorescence in bovine embryonic lung cells infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was studied by the fluorescent antibody (FA) test. Similar patterns of fluorescence were seen with the direct FA test, in which the immunoglobulin G fraction of antiserum to BRSV was conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and used; and the indirect test, in which antiserum to the Long strain of respiratory syncytial virus and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G were used. In different trials, fluorescence was first detected between 16 and 18 hours after inoculation with BRSV. Fluorescence always was confined to the cytoplasm. Before 24 hours, fluorescence consisted of fine fibrils, usually parallel to the long axis of the cell, and cytoplasmic granules. After 24 hours, coincident with rounding of the cells, fluorescence slowly moved to the periphery of the cytoplasm. Under the growth conditions used, syncytia did not develop. By the FA test and as determined by the release of BRSV into the supernatant fluid, the minimal time for a single cycle of infection was between 24 and 26 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:337865", "title": "An assessment of the possible association of isoniazid with human cancer deaths.", "content": "The data from 2 U. S. Public Health Service trials of isoniazid preventive therapy were reviewed in an effort to evaluate the risk of death from cancer among persons who received such therapy. Each of these prospective trials used random assignment to either isoniazid or placebo. More than 25,000 persons participated in each of the trials. The length of follow-up ranged from 10 to 14 years in one trial and from 9 to 11 years in the other. No significant difference in the incidence of death from cancer was noted between groups treated with placebo or with isoniazid in either of the studies. This was true even when deaths due to specific types of cancer and age-specific cancer death rates were compared. These data do not support a carcinogenic effect of isoniazid in humans.", "contents": "An assessment of the possible association of isoniazid with human cancer deaths. The data from 2 U. S. Public Health Service trials of isoniazid preventive therapy were reviewed in an effort to evaluate the risk of death from cancer among persons who received such therapy. Each of these prospective trials used random assignment to either isoniazid or placebo. More than 25,000 persons participated in each of the trials. The length of follow-up ranged from 10 to 14 years in one trial and from 9 to 11 years in the other. No significant difference in the incidence of death from cancer was noted between groups treated with placebo or with isoniazid in either of the studies. This was true even when deaths due to specific types of cancer and age-specific cancer death rates were compared. These data do not support a carcinogenic effect of isoniazid in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:337867", "title": "A method for the collection of alveolar macrophages for microscopy.", "content": "A method is described for the collection and fixation for microscopy of samples of alveolar macrophages harvested by bronchopulmonary lavage. The cell pellicles thus obtained were analyzed by light microscopy by measurement of cell profile diameters. Statistical comparison indicated that no gradient in profile size was present across individual pellicles; they were therefore suitable for random sampling. Mean profile diameters and size distributions were compared for the individual populations of alveolar macrophages.", "contents": "A method for the collection of alveolar macrophages for microscopy. A method is described for the collection and fixation for microscopy of samples of alveolar macrophages harvested by bronchopulmonary lavage. The cell pellicles thus obtained were analyzed by light microscopy by measurement of cell profile diameters. Statistical comparison indicated that no gradient in profile size was present across individual pellicles; they were therefore suitable for random sampling. Mean profile diameters and size distributions were compared for the individual populations of alveolar macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:337868", "title": "Insulin secretion in obesity and diabetes: an illustrative case.", "content": "A patient with obesity and diabetes mellitus had insulin secretion studies done during a 3-year cycle of weight loss and regain in the course of which she progressed from frank diabetes to a normal state of carbohydrate tolerance and then back to her original diabetic state. The results suggest that therapeutic weight reduction not only reverses insulin resistance but also restores beta cell sensitivity and enhances beta cell capacity. The eventual re-establishment of a degree of obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and carbohydrate intolerance virtually identical to that originally seen is compatible with a primary disorder involving hypothalamic control of adipose stores and insulin secretion.", "contents": "Insulin secretion in obesity and diabetes: an illustrative case. A patient with obesity and diabetes mellitus had insulin secretion studies done during a 3-year cycle of weight loss and regain in the course of which she progressed from frank diabetes to a normal state of carbohydrate tolerance and then back to her original diabetic state. The results suggest that therapeutic weight reduction not only reverses insulin resistance but also restores beta cell sensitivity and enhances beta cell capacity. The eventual re-establishment of a degree of obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and carbohydrate intolerance virtually identical to that originally seen is compatible with a primary disorder involving hypothalamic control of adipose stores and insulin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:337869", "title": "Ambulatory electrocardiography. A clinical perspective.", "content": "Advances in modern technology have made it possible to record and analyze the electrocardiographic data of ambulatory persons for as many as 24 h or more. This capability and an increasing awareness of cardiac dysrhythmias and myocardial ischemia as a cause of morbidity and mortality have led to the more widespread use of ambulatory electrocardiography in the examination of patients for various clinical conditions. From a clinical viewpoint, we review and summarize the present state-of-the-art of ambulatory electrocardiography and discuss when such studies are indicated, frequently warranted, or may be useful.", "contents": "Ambulatory electrocardiography. A clinical perspective. Advances in modern technology have made it possible to record and analyze the electrocardiographic data of ambulatory persons for as many as 24 h or more. This capability and an increasing awareness of cardiac dysrhythmias and myocardial ischemia as a cause of morbidity and mortality have led to the more widespread use of ambulatory electrocardiography in the examination of patients for various clinical conditions. From a clinical viewpoint, we review and summarize the present state-of-the-art of ambulatory electrocardiography and discuss when such studies are indicated, frequently warranted, or may be useful."}
{"id": "PMID:337870", "title": "Classification of acute leukemia.", "content": "The classification of acute leukemia has almost invariably been based on the morphologic diagnosis into two broad categories: acute lymphocytic and acute myeloid leukemia. Despite the wide range of morphologic variation in both groups, strict criteria to define the subgroups have only recently been proposed. The conventional markers for B and T cells are now being applied to leukemic cells as are cytochemistry and electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, serum lysozyme, and surface markers, E-rosettes, membrane immunoglobulin, antinull acute lymphocytic leukemia antiserum, and Fc and C3 receptors. The myelodysplastic syndromes may mimic acute leukemia and it is important that they be identified and treated appropriately. The high incidence with which chronic myelomonocytic leukemia terminates in acute leukemia suggests that it is a preleukemic condition, whereas refractory anemia with excess blasts and acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia may have long, drawn-out courses. Only a small population of patients with the latter conditions develop acute leukemia.", "contents": "Classification of acute leukemia. The classification of acute leukemia has almost invariably been based on the morphologic diagnosis into two broad categories: acute lymphocytic and acute myeloid leukemia. Despite the wide range of morphologic variation in both groups, strict criteria to define the subgroups have only recently been proposed. The conventional markers for B and T cells are now being applied to leukemic cells as are cytochemistry and electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, serum lysozyme, and surface markers, E-rosettes, membrane immunoglobulin, antinull acute lymphocytic leukemia antiserum, and Fc and C3 receptors. The myelodysplastic syndromes may mimic acute leukemia and it is important that they be identified and treated appropriately. The high incidence with which chronic myelomonocytic leukemia terminates in acute leukemia suggests that it is a preleukemic condition, whereas refractory anemia with excess blasts and acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia may have long, drawn-out courses. Only a small population of patients with the latter conditions develop acute leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:337876", "title": "Free fatty acid turnover and the availability of substrates as a limiting factor in prolonged exercise.", "content": "A continual hydrolysis and release of FFA from the triglycerides stores of adipose tissue occurs during prolonged moderately severe exercise. The uptake and oxidation of plasma FFA by the working skeletal muscles represents a major source of energy during such exercise. During light and moderately intense prolonged exercise, lipolysis and the release of FFA from the adipose tissue exceeds uptake by peripheral tissue and the net result is an increase in plasma FFA levels. FFA uptake appears to be related to plasma concentrations and uses no membrane transport system. As work intensity increases the release of FFA from adipose tissue declines and the relative contribution of the plasma FFA to the work metabolism declines until at high work rates there is an almost complete reliance on the intramuscular glycogen reserves. At work loads above about 65% of the individual's aerobic capacity the limiting factor for prolonged exercise appears to be the glycogen stores of the working muscle. When these stores are depleted the work either must stop or its intensity be reduced. Trained individuals have a greater capacity to oxidize fats at high work loads than do untrained subjects. This, however, is not matched by an increased capacity for lipolysis. Why intramuscular glycogen stores are required for prolonged relatively severe exercise when the amount of FFA and glucose that perfuses the skeletal muscles under such conditions is theoretically capable of supporting the exercise metabolism is unknown.", "contents": "Free fatty acid turnover and the availability of substrates as a limiting factor in prolonged exercise. A continual hydrolysis and release of FFA from the triglycerides stores of adipose tissue occurs during prolonged moderately severe exercise. The uptake and oxidation of plasma FFA by the working skeletal muscles represents a major source of energy during such exercise. During light and moderately intense prolonged exercise, lipolysis and the release of FFA from the adipose tissue exceeds uptake by peripheral tissue and the net result is an increase in plasma FFA levels. FFA uptake appears to be related to plasma concentrations and uses no membrane transport system. As work intensity increases the release of FFA from adipose tissue declines and the relative contribution of the plasma FFA to the work metabolism declines until at high work rates there is an almost complete reliance on the intramuscular glycogen reserves. At work loads above about 65% of the individual's aerobic capacity the limiting factor for prolonged exercise appears to be the glycogen stores of the working muscle. When these stores are depleted the work either must stop or its intensity be reduced. Trained individuals have a greater capacity to oxidize fats at high work loads than do untrained subjects. This, however, is not matched by an increased capacity for lipolysis. Why intramuscular glycogen stores are required for prolonged relatively severe exercise when the amount of FFA and glucose that perfuses the skeletal muscles under such conditions is theoretically capable of supporting the exercise metabolism is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:337871", "title": "[Water and antibioresistant bacteria: an ecological study (author's transl)].", "content": "The goal of this work is to describe the evolution of bacteria resistant to antibiotics in an aquatic environment and to compare their importance at different stages: human flora, sewage, surface water. Coliforms, fecal coliforms and Aeromonas are selected at test bacteria. The incidence of this difussion and influencing factors are discussed.", "contents": "[Water and antibioresistant bacteria: an ecological study (author's transl)]. The goal of this work is to describe the evolution of bacteria resistant to antibiotics in an aquatic environment and to compare their importance at different stages: human flora, sewage, surface water. Coliforms, fecal coliforms and Aeromonas are selected at test bacteria. The incidence of this difussion and influencing factors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337879", "title": "Intraocular pressures in children with glaucoma during halothane anesthesia.", "content": "Thirty measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) were performed on 10 children either with congenital or secondary glaucoma, before and after halothane anesthesia. In 7 normal eyes, IOP decreased a mean of 3 mm Hg, while in 23 glaucomatous eyes, mean IOP decreased from 43 to 34 mm Hg. In 5 of the 23 glaucomatous eyes, IOP decreased below 25 mm Hg and in only one patient below 21 mm Hg. Our findings indicate that an abnormally elevated IOP during halothane anesthesia suggests a glaucomatous process. A normal IOP during halothane does not absolutely preclude the absence of glaucoma. Intraocular pressure greater than 21 mm Hg during halothane anesthesia should be viewed with suspicion when coupled with other clinical observations of pathologic significance. Awake, sedated IOP measurements appeared to provide a reliable index of glaucoma in the population studied.", "contents": "Intraocular pressures in children with glaucoma during halothane anesthesia. Thirty measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) were performed on 10 children either with congenital or secondary glaucoma, before and after halothane anesthesia. In 7 normal eyes, IOP decreased a mean of 3 mm Hg, while in 23 glaucomatous eyes, mean IOP decreased from 43 to 34 mm Hg. In 5 of the 23 glaucomatous eyes, IOP decreased below 25 mm Hg and in only one patient below 21 mm Hg. Our findings indicate that an abnormally elevated IOP during halothane anesthesia suggests a glaucomatous process. A normal IOP during halothane does not absolutely preclude the absence of glaucoma. Intraocular pressure greater than 21 mm Hg during halothane anesthesia should be viewed with suspicion when coupled with other clinical observations of pathologic significance. Awake, sedated IOP measurements appeared to provide a reliable index of glaucoma in the population studied."}
{"id": "PMID:337886", "title": "A review of malingering and hysteria in clinical practice.", "content": "Hysteria and malingering, both commonly seen, especially in orthopaedic clinics, are reveiwed. Advances in psychology and psychiatry are often unknown or ignored by surgeons, who may thus mistreat or misdiagnose a multitude of conditions.", "contents": "A review of malingering and hysteria in clinical practice. Hysteria and malingering, both commonly seen, especially in orthopaedic clinics, are reveiwed. Advances in psychology and psychiatry are often unknown or ignored by surgeons, who may thus mistreat or misdiagnose a multitude of conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:337890", "title": "Factors governing the emergence of resistance to nalidixic acid in treatment of urinary tract infection.", "content": "Cultures of Escherichia coli were exposed to nalidixic acid in an in vitro model in which the conditions of drug-organism interaction resembled those of bacterial cystitis treatment. Results obtained in this way suggested that emergence of bacterial resistance should not be a major problem in treatment of uncomplicated urinary infection; such cases might indeed respond to a less intensive course of treatment than is usual. More prolonged, high-dosage therapy with nalidixic acid may be required for patients with more complicated infections if the risk of failure from the emergence of bacterial resistance is to be minimized.", "contents": "Factors governing the emergence of resistance to nalidixic acid in treatment of urinary tract infection. Cultures of Escherichia coli were exposed to nalidixic acid in an in vitro model in which the conditions of drug-organism interaction resembled those of bacterial cystitis treatment. Results obtained in this way suggested that emergence of bacterial resistance should not be a major problem in treatment of uncomplicated urinary infection; such cases might indeed respond to a less intensive course of treatment than is usual. More prolonged, high-dosage therapy with nalidixic acid may be required for patients with more complicated infections if the risk of failure from the emergence of bacterial resistance is to be minimized."}
{"id": "PMID:337891", "title": "Comparative effects of amoxycillin and ampicillin on the morphology of Escherichia coli in vivo and correlation with activity.", "content": "An experimental mouse intraperitoneal infection due to Escherichia coli was treated with subcutaneous amoxycillin or ampicillin. Specimens of blood and peritoneal washings from the infected animals were assayed for antibiotic concentrations and examined microscopically for observation of the effects produced by the two penicillins on the morphology of bacteria growing in vivo. Amoxycillin was significantly more effective than ampicillin in protecting the animals from the lethal effects of the infection, although the antibiotic concentrations in the body fluids were very similar for both compounds. However, microscopic examination showed marked differences in the morphological effects produced at equivalent dose levels by the two compounds against the bacteria present in blood and peritoneal fluid. Treatment with amoxycillin at dose levels that produced peak antibiotic concentrations in the body fluids ranging from one-quarter to three times the minimum inhibitory concentration resulted in the formation of spheroplast forms, which lysed rapidly. In contrast, at the same concentrations, ampicillin produced relatively stable filaments or long cell forms, which lysed much more slowly, although at higher dose levels the effects produced were generally similar to those seen with amoxycillin. It is concluded that the superior therapeutic activity of amoxycillin compared with ampicillin is due to its greater bacteriolytic activity in vivo.", "contents": "Comparative effects of amoxycillin and ampicillin on the morphology of Escherichia coli in vivo and correlation with activity. An experimental mouse intraperitoneal infection due to Escherichia coli was treated with subcutaneous amoxycillin or ampicillin. Specimens of blood and peritoneal washings from the infected animals were assayed for antibiotic concentrations and examined microscopically for observation of the effects produced by the two penicillins on the morphology of bacteria growing in vivo. Amoxycillin was significantly more effective than ampicillin in protecting the animals from the lethal effects of the infection, although the antibiotic concentrations in the body fluids were very similar for both compounds. However, microscopic examination showed marked differences in the morphological effects produced at equivalent dose levels by the two compounds against the bacteria present in blood and peritoneal fluid. Treatment with amoxycillin at dose levels that produced peak antibiotic concentrations in the body fluids ranging from one-quarter to three times the minimum inhibitory concentration resulted in the formation of spheroplast forms, which lysed rapidly. In contrast, at the same concentrations, ampicillin produced relatively stable filaments or long cell forms, which lysed much more slowly, although at higher dose levels the effects produced were generally similar to those seen with amoxycillin. It is concluded that the superior therapeutic activity of amoxycillin compared with ampicillin is due to its greater bacteriolytic activity in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:337892", "title": "Penicillins activate autolysins extracted from both Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae envelopes.", "content": "Ampicillin at a 50-mug/ml concentration effects a doubling of the autolysis rate of cell envelopes isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae Mir A12. This antibiotic increases also by two- to threefold the depolymerizing activity of both K. pneumoniae and Escherichia coli crude extracts on a labeled peptidoglycan-lipoprotein complex. Several other penicillins also activate autolysins.", "contents": "Penicillins activate autolysins extracted from both Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae envelopes. Ampicillin at a 50-mug/ml concentration effects a doubling of the autolysis rate of cell envelopes isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae Mir A12. This antibiotic increases also by two- to threefold the depolymerizing activity of both K. pneumoniae and Escherichia coli crude extracts on a labeled peptidoglycan-lipoprotein complex. Several other penicillins also activate autolysins."}
{"id": "PMID:337888", "title": "Review: the role of coenzymes in clinical enzymology.", "content": "Coenzymes participate in many of the enzyme analyses performed in the clinical laboratory. Supplementation of assay systems with optimal levels of coenzymes has recently been recommended as part of efforts to achieve interlaboratory standardization of enzyme measurements. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase require pyridoxal phosphate for expression of enzyme activity. The role of this coenzyme in enzymatic transamination and the effects of its supplementation on the clinical estimation of these two enzymes is reviewed. Other coenzymes discussed are flavins, coenzymes for glutathione reductase, glucose oxidase, cholesterol oxidase and diaphorase, as well as thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme for transketolase. Catalase and peroxidase are used as examples of hemoproteins utilized in clinical measurements. Two peptide coenzymes, colipase and glutathione, are also considered. Measurement of apoenzyme stimulation upon supplementation with specific coenzymes is discussed as a valuable technique for quantitative coenzyme measurements or assessment of vitamin nutritional status.", "contents": "Review: the role of coenzymes in clinical enzymology. Coenzymes participate in many of the enzyme analyses performed in the clinical laboratory. Supplementation of assay systems with optimal levels of coenzymes has recently been recommended as part of efforts to achieve interlaboratory standardization of enzyme measurements. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase require pyridoxal phosphate for expression of enzyme activity. The role of this coenzyme in enzymatic transamination and the effects of its supplementation on the clinical estimation of these two enzymes is reviewed. Other coenzymes discussed are flavins, coenzymes for glutathione reductase, glucose oxidase, cholesterol oxidase and diaphorase, as well as thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme for transketolase. Catalase and peroxidase are used as examples of hemoproteins utilized in clinical measurements. Two peptide coenzymes, colipase and glutathione, are also considered. Measurement of apoenzyme stimulation upon supplementation with specific coenzymes is discussed as a valuable technique for quantitative coenzyme measurements or assessment of vitamin nutritional status."}
{"id": "PMID:337893", "title": "L-Histidine production by histidase-less regulatory mutants of Serratia marcescens constructed by transduction.", "content": "2-Methylhistidine (2MH) and 1,2,4-triazole-3-alanine (TRA) inhibited the growth of Serratia marcescens. These inhibitory effects were counteracted by L-histidine. Enzymatic studies showed that 2MH acts as a false feedback inhibitor and TRA acts as both a false feedback inhibitor and a repressor. Mutants resistant to each analog were isolated from a histidase-less mutant, because the wild-type strain possesses a potent histidase activity. 2MH-resistant mutants had a feedback-insensitive phosphoribosyltransferase, but they produced only small amounts of L-histidine. TRA-resistant mutants were divided into two types according to their histidine productivity. A mutant of one type produced about 8 mg of L-histidine per ml and had about a 10-fold increase in the enzyme levels of histidine biosynthesis. Moreover, this mutant had a partially feedback-insensitive phosphoribosyltransferase. A mutant of the second type produced only a small amount of L-histidine and had only derepressed enzyme levels. Accordingly, strains possessing the genetic alterations in both 2MH- and TRA-resistant mutants were constructed by PS20-mediated transduction. They had both feedback-insensitive phosphoribosyltransferase and derepressed enzyme levels. The representative strain HT-2604 produced about 17 mg of L-histidine per ml.", "contents": "L-Histidine production by histidase-less regulatory mutants of Serratia marcescens constructed by transduction. 2-Methylhistidine (2MH) and 1,2,4-triazole-3-alanine (TRA) inhibited the growth of Serratia marcescens. These inhibitory effects were counteracted by L-histidine. Enzymatic studies showed that 2MH acts as a false feedback inhibitor and TRA acts as both a false feedback inhibitor and a repressor. Mutants resistant to each analog were isolated from a histidase-less mutant, because the wild-type strain possesses a potent histidase activity. 2MH-resistant mutants had a feedback-insensitive phosphoribosyltransferase, but they produced only small amounts of L-histidine. TRA-resistant mutants were divided into two types according to their histidine productivity. A mutant of one type produced about 8 mg of L-histidine per ml and had about a 10-fold increase in the enzyme levels of histidine biosynthesis. Moreover, this mutant had a partially feedback-insensitive phosphoribosyltransferase. A mutant of the second type produced only a small amount of L-histidine and had only derepressed enzyme levels. Accordingly, strains possessing the genetic alterations in both 2MH- and TRA-resistant mutants were constructed by PS20-mediated transduction. They had both feedback-insensitive phosphoribosyltransferase and derepressed enzyme levels. The representative strain HT-2604 produced about 17 mg of L-histidine per ml."}
{"id": "PMID:337889", "title": "Measurement of phosphatases in biological fluids.", "content": "Electrophoretic and immunological studies are beginning to allow a detailed picture to emerge for the isoenzymes of both acid and alkaline phosphatase. Such findings are occasionally in conflict with the time-honored biochemical methods considered to revealthe organ of origin of a given isoenzyme. In this review, recent reports describing electrophoretic and biochemical studies are correlated, and an attempt is made to clarify the useful clinical significance of enzyme levels determined by the various chemical and electrophoretic methods.", "contents": "Measurement of phosphatases in biological fluids. Electrophoretic and immunological studies are beginning to allow a detailed picture to emerge for the isoenzymes of both acid and alkaline phosphatase. Such findings are occasionally in conflict with the time-honored biochemical methods considered to revealthe organ of origin of a given isoenzyme. In this review, recent reports describing electrophoretic and biochemical studies are correlated, and an attempt is made to clarify the useful clinical significance of enzyme levels determined by the various chemical and electrophoretic methods."}
{"id": "PMID:337894", "title": "Rapid identification and quantitation of small numbers of microorganisms by a chemiluminescent immunoreaction.", "content": "A method (patent pending) for rapidly identifying and quantitating small numbers of microorganisms was developed based on the specific immunoreaction of microorganisms with homologous antibodies linked by conjugation to peroxidase. The high sensitivity of the method is due to the use of a chemiluminescent reaction for the determination of the enzyme. The reaction was performed on Alcar supports with low nonspecific adsorption. The very low noise achieved permitted the detection of as few as 30 to 300 bacterial cells.", "contents": "Rapid identification and quantitation of small numbers of microorganisms by a chemiluminescent immunoreaction. A method (patent pending) for rapidly identifying and quantitating small numbers of microorganisms was developed based on the specific immunoreaction of microorganisms with homologous antibodies linked by conjugation to peroxidase. The high sensitivity of the method is due to the use of a chemiluminescent reaction for the determination of the enzyme. The reaction was performed on Alcar supports with low nonspecific adsorption. The very low noise achieved permitted the detection of as few as 30 to 300 bacterial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:337895", "title": "High-viability lyophilized Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine produced by deep-culture technique.", "content": "Evidence suggests that Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine for use in cancer immunotherapy should have the following characteristics: high viability which is maintained on storage; high ratio of live to dead cells; high proportion of single cells; and low content of soluble antigen. The production of a vaccine with these characteristics was accomplished by use of a deep-culture technique. The medium was modified Proskauer and Beck medium containing Tween 80 and glucose. The mass culture was grown in a Wheaton double-side-arm bottle (6 liters of medium in an 8-liter container), aerated by means of an aquarium aerator and mixed by a magnetic stirrer. The culture was incubated 7 to 9 days at 37 degrees C, concentrated 11 to 15 times by ultrafiltration, diluted with equal parts of 25% lactose, and then lyophilized. The lyophilized ampoules, stored at -70 degrees C, were cultured at intervals ranging from 3 days to 450 days, and no loss in viability was observed. The mean number of viable BCG per ml of reconstituted vaccine was 8.75 log10. The viable count was 90% of the total bacterial count. Moreover, 85% of the cells were present as single bacilli.", "contents": "High-viability lyophilized Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine produced by deep-culture technique. Evidence suggests that Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine for use in cancer immunotherapy should have the following characteristics: high viability which is maintained on storage; high ratio of live to dead cells; high proportion of single cells; and low content of soluble antigen. The production of a vaccine with these characteristics was accomplished by use of a deep-culture technique. The medium was modified Proskauer and Beck medium containing Tween 80 and glucose. The mass culture was grown in a Wheaton double-side-arm bottle (6 liters of medium in an 8-liter container), aerated by means of an aquarium aerator and mixed by a magnetic stirrer. The culture was incubated 7 to 9 days at 37 degrees C, concentrated 11 to 15 times by ultrafiltration, diluted with equal parts of 25% lactose, and then lyophilized. The lyophilized ampoules, stored at -70 degrees C, were cultured at intervals ranging from 3 days to 450 days, and no loss in viability was observed. The mean number of viable BCG per ml of reconstituted vaccine was 8.75 log10. The viable count was 90% of the total bacterial count. Moreover, 85% of the cells were present as single bacilli."}
{"id": "PMID:337896", "title": "Bdellovibrio and the intestinal flora of vertebrates.", "content": "Bdellovibrio strain MS7 force-fed to fish and frogs via an intragastric tube did not become an integral component of the intestinal microflora. Strain MS7 fed to mice in drinking water was not recovered from the intestinal tract of mice. However, in vitro, the organism multiplied in intestinal contents of frogs and mice. Bdellovibrio inoculated into rabbit ileal loops was greatly reduced in number within 24 h. It was concluded that strains MS7 could be considered nonpathogenic to animals, at least when introduced into the digestive tract, and that it is not feasible at the present time to lyse pathogenic, gram-negative bacteria in the alimentary tract with Bdellovibrio.", "contents": "Bdellovibrio and the intestinal flora of vertebrates. Bdellovibrio strain MS7 force-fed to fish and frogs via an intragastric tube did not become an integral component of the intestinal microflora. Strain MS7 fed to mice in drinking water was not recovered from the intestinal tract of mice. However, in vitro, the organism multiplied in intestinal contents of frogs and mice. Bdellovibrio inoculated into rabbit ileal loops was greatly reduced in number within 24 h. It was concluded that strains MS7 could be considered nonpathogenic to animals, at least when introduced into the digestive tract, and that it is not feasible at the present time to lyse pathogenic, gram-negative bacteria in the alimentary tract with Bdellovibrio."}
{"id": "PMID:337897", "title": "Determination of pools of tricarboxylic acid cycle and related acids in bacteria.", "content": "Methods for sampling, extracting, and quantitating the metabolic pools of organic acids from bacteria have been developed. The concentration of these metabolites was determined by a new gas chromatographic method that can quantitatively determine the levels of lactate, pyruvate, fumarate, succinate, malate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and citrate. Values obtained were confirmed by fluorimetric analyses of five of the individual acids. In Escherichia coli, pools range from about 1 to 5 mumol/g of dry weight, with a variation in replicate samples of 5 to 15%. Under similar conditions, these pools in Bacillus licheniformis are in the same range, although the pyruvic acid pool is significantly larger.", "contents": "Determination of pools of tricarboxylic acid cycle and related acids in bacteria. Methods for sampling, extracting, and quantitating the metabolic pools of organic acids from bacteria have been developed. The concentration of these metabolites was determined by a new gas chromatographic method that can quantitatively determine the levels of lactate, pyruvate, fumarate, succinate, malate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and citrate. Values obtained were confirmed by fluorimetric analyses of five of the individual acids. In Escherichia coli, pools range from about 1 to 5 mumol/g of dry weight, with a variation in replicate samples of 5 to 15%. Under similar conditions, these pools in Bacillus licheniformis are in the same range, although the pyruvic acid pool is significantly larger."}
{"id": "PMID:337898", "title": "Double-antibody solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A.", "content": "A simple double-antibody enzyme immunoassay that uses a microtechnique was developed for detecting staphylococcal enterotoxin A in food products. Sample preparation can be completed in less than 15 min. Assay sensitivity ranges from 0.4 ng (20-h test time) to 3.2 ng (1- to 3-h test time) of toxin per ml of prepared sample. Separation and detection of enterotoxin from spiked food products ranged between 72 and 98% of the amount added.", "contents": "Double-antibody solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A. A simple double-antibody enzyme immunoassay that uses a microtechnique was developed for detecting staphylococcal enterotoxin A in food products. Sample preparation can be completed in less than 15 min. Assay sensitivity ranges from 0.4 ng (20-h test time) to 3.2 ng (1- to 3-h test time) of toxin per ml of prepared sample. Separation and detection of enterotoxin from spiked food products ranged between 72 and 98% of the amount added."}
{"id": "PMID:337899", "title": "Effect of an activated carbon filter on the microbial quality of water.", "content": "Recently, there has been growing concern that microbial health hazards can be increased by the use of activated carbon filters in domestic water systems. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of carbon filters on the microbial content of water. Results indicated that the microbial content of filtered and unfiltered water increased to about the same level on overnight standing and, in both cases, was reduced by flushing the next day. In addition, the use of activated carbon for the filtration of contaminated well water over a period of 11 weeks had no effect on the total or coliform count. Under use conditions, activated carbon filters were found to have no significant effect on the number of bacteria present in the water.", "contents": "Effect of an activated carbon filter on the microbial quality of water. Recently, there has been growing concern that microbial health hazards can be increased by the use of activated carbon filters in domestic water systems. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of carbon filters on the microbial content of water. Results indicated that the microbial content of filtered and unfiltered water increased to about the same level on overnight standing and, in both cases, was reduced by flushing the next day. In addition, the use of activated carbon for the filtration of contaminated well water over a period of 11 weeks had no effect on the total or coliform count. Under use conditions, activated carbon filters were found to have no significant effect on the number of bacteria present in the water."}
{"id": "PMID:337900", "title": "Colonization of the botanical environment by Klebsiella isolates of pathogenic origin.", "content": "Growth, survival, and pathogenicity of Klebsiella growing in and on environmental foci were examined. Total coliforms present in raw wastes from pulp mills were in excess of 10(5)/ml, and 60 to 80% were Klebsiella. Fecal coliform counts ranged from 10(1) to 10(5)/ml. Klebsiella isolates from industrial effluents and a variety of human and bovine mastitis origins multiplied in pulp waste and commonly exceeded 10(6) cells per ml. Pathogenic isolates also multiplied in dilute aqueous extracts of sawdust to comparable levels. Klebsiella strains from vegetable surfaces and human infections grew rapidly on the surfaces of potatoes and lettuce and exceeded 10(3) organisms per g of surface peel and leaf after a 24h incubation at room temperature. After 7 weeks on potatoes stored at 5 degrees C, some 10 to 30% of the day 1 Klebsiella counts were recoverable. Three Klebsiella isolates of pathogenic origin were passed 45 times through sterile pulp effluent (270 generations), and mean lethal dose levels in mice were periodically monitored. In two instances, a significant decrease in virulence was noted after 15 to 26 passes (90 to 156 generations). The third culture, of bovine mastitis origin, retained its original mean lethal dose value. Botanical milieu provided suitable habitats for the multiplication and colonization of Klebsiella isolates of disease origins in the same manner as indigenous isolates. Aquatic environments polluted with botanical material served as potential reservoirs for perpetuating the growth and spread of opportunistic Klebsiella pathogens that may ultimately colonize animals, humans, and aquatic organisms.", "contents": "Colonization of the botanical environment by Klebsiella isolates of pathogenic origin. Growth, survival, and pathogenicity of Klebsiella growing in and on environmental foci were examined. Total coliforms present in raw wastes from pulp mills were in excess of 10(5)/ml, and 60 to 80% were Klebsiella. Fecal coliform counts ranged from 10(1) to 10(5)/ml. Klebsiella isolates from industrial effluents and a variety of human and bovine mastitis origins multiplied in pulp waste and commonly exceeded 10(6) cells per ml. Pathogenic isolates also multiplied in dilute aqueous extracts of sawdust to comparable levels. Klebsiella strains from vegetable surfaces and human infections grew rapidly on the surfaces of potatoes and lettuce and exceeded 10(3) organisms per g of surface peel and leaf after a 24h incubation at room temperature. After 7 weeks on potatoes stored at 5 degrees C, some 10 to 30% of the day 1 Klebsiella counts were recoverable. Three Klebsiella isolates of pathogenic origin were passed 45 times through sterile pulp effluent (270 generations), and mean lethal dose levels in mice were periodically monitored. In two instances, a significant decrease in virulence was noted after 15 to 26 passes (90 to 156 generations). The third culture, of bovine mastitis origin, retained its original mean lethal dose value. Botanical milieu provided suitable habitats for the multiplication and colonization of Klebsiella isolates of disease origins in the same manner as indigenous isolates. Aquatic environments polluted with botanical material served as potential reservoirs for perpetuating the growth and spread of opportunistic Klebsiella pathogens that may ultimately colonize animals, humans, and aquatic organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:337901", "title": "Comparative dose-survival curves of representative Clostridium botulinum type F spores with type A and B spores.", "content": "Radiation survival data of proteolytic (Walls 8G-F) and non-proteolytic (Eklund 83F) type F spores of Clostridium botulinum were compared with dose-response data of radiation-resistant type A (33A) and B (40B) spores. Strain Eklund 83F was as resistant as strain 33A, whereas strain Walls 8G-F was the most sensitive of the four strains tested. The methods suggested for computing both an initial shoulder and a D value for the dose-survival curves yielded results comparable to the graphic techniques used to obtain these two parameters.", "contents": "Comparative dose-survival curves of representative Clostridium botulinum type F spores with type A and B spores. Radiation survival data of proteolytic (Walls 8G-F) and non-proteolytic (Eklund 83F) type F spores of Clostridium botulinum were compared with dose-response data of radiation-resistant type A (33A) and B (40B) spores. Strain Eklund 83F was as resistant as strain 33A, whereas strain Walls 8G-F was the most sensitive of the four strains tested. The methods suggested for computing both an initial shoulder and a D value for the dose-survival curves yielded results comparable to the graphic techniques used to obtain these two parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:337902", "title": "Oral pemphigus vulgaris. A report of ten cases.", "content": "The conditions of ten patients were diagnosed as pemphigus vulgaris limited to the oral cavity. In eight patients the histopathologic findings were consistent with oral pemphigus. Direct immunofluorescence demonstrated intercellular substance (ICS) deposition of C3 either alone or in combination with IgG, IgA, IgM, C4, C1q, properdin, and factor B in all nine patients tested. Circulating ICS antibodies were detected initially in eight of the ten patients, nine of whom had positive titers at a later date, without subsequent development of cutaneous lesions. Physicians should be alerted to a diagnosis of pemphigus in patients who have chronic erosive disease confined to the oral cavity. Prompt diagnosis by means of routine histopathologic and immunofluorescence studies followed by early initiation of treatment are warranted.", "contents": "Oral pemphigus vulgaris. A report of ten cases. The conditions of ten patients were diagnosed as pemphigus vulgaris limited to the oral cavity. In eight patients the histopathologic findings were consistent with oral pemphigus. Direct immunofluorescence demonstrated intercellular substance (ICS) deposition of C3 either alone or in combination with IgG, IgA, IgM, C4, C1q, properdin, and factor B in all nine patients tested. Circulating ICS antibodies were detected initially in eight of the ten patients, nine of whom had positive titers at a later date, without subsequent development of cutaneous lesions. Physicians should be alerted to a diagnosis of pemphigus in patients who have chronic erosive disease confined to the oral cavity. Prompt diagnosis by means of routine histopathologic and immunofluorescence studies followed by early initiation of treatment are warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:337903", "title": "Photochemotherapy of psoriasis using methoxsalen and sunlight. A controlled study.", "content": "Fifty-one patients with psoriasis were treated with oral methoxsalen and sunlight exposure. Twelve of these patients received either methoxsalen or placebo prior to whole-body exposure. The remainder were treated with methoxsalen and sunlight to one side of the body and sunlight alone to the other. The conventional dose of methoxsalen (0.6 mg/kg) was compared with a low dose (0.3 mg/kg). Oral methoxsalen when used in the higher dose followed by sun exposure is an effective treatment for psoriasis. Accurate ultraviolet dosimetry is essential to avoid phototoxic burns. The advantages and disadvantages of solar photochemotherapy are discussed.", "contents": "Photochemotherapy of psoriasis using methoxsalen and sunlight. A controlled study. Fifty-one patients with psoriasis were treated with oral methoxsalen and sunlight exposure. Twelve of these patients received either methoxsalen or placebo prior to whole-body exposure. The remainder were treated with methoxsalen and sunlight to one side of the body and sunlight alone to the other. The conventional dose of methoxsalen (0.6 mg/kg) was compared with a low dose (0.3 mg/kg). Oral methoxsalen when used in the higher dose followed by sun exposure is an effective treatment for psoriasis. Accurate ultraviolet dosimetry is essential to avoid phototoxic burns. The advantages and disadvantages of solar photochemotherapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337910", "title": "Intramuscular iron-dextran and susceptibility of neonates to bacterial infections. In vitro studies.", "content": "An increased incidence of E. coli sepsis has been observed in neonates given intramuscular iron-dextran for prevention of iron deficiency. Mechanisms for this apparent effect on susceptibility to infection were investigated by comparing phagocytic and antibacterial functions in paired samples of venous blood from 7 infants, median age 5 days, before and after iron-dextran. Post-treatment sera had increased inhibitory effects on leucocyte chemotaxis and markedly reduced bacteriostatic effects agaainst E. coli. The clinical relevance of the effects on chemotaxis is uncertain. The reduction in serum bacteriostasis is similar to that observed in other forms of hyperferraemia not associated with saturation of transferrin, and is a likely cause of the increased susceptibility to infection in vivo. We consider that prophylactic treatment with parenteral iron-dextran is contraindicated in early infancy.", "contents": "Intramuscular iron-dextran and susceptibility of neonates to bacterial infections. In vitro studies. An increased incidence of E. coli sepsis has been observed in neonates given intramuscular iron-dextran for prevention of iron deficiency. Mechanisms for this apparent effect on susceptibility to infection were investigated by comparing phagocytic and antibacterial functions in paired samples of venous blood from 7 infants, median age 5 days, before and after iron-dextran. Post-treatment sera had increased inhibitory effects on leucocyte chemotaxis and markedly reduced bacteriostatic effects agaainst E. coli. The clinical relevance of the effects on chemotaxis is uncertain. The reduction in serum bacteriostasis is similar to that observed in other forms of hyperferraemia not associated with saturation of transferrin, and is a likely cause of the increased susceptibility to infection in vivo. We consider that prophylactic treatment with parenteral iron-dextran is contraindicated in early infancy."}
{"id": "PMID:337911", "title": "Capability of complement fixation of pemphigus antibodies in vitro.", "content": "The capability of complement fixation of pemphigus antibodies was tested using combined in vitro complement immunofluorescent (IF) staining methods. Three sera out of 25 serum samples from 22 pemphigus patients revealed positive reactions, while all other sera gave negative results. Specificity control tests confirmed the positive reactions to be specific for complement staining. Complement fixing pemphigus antibodies were titrated lower than corresponding IgG antibodies and were demonstrable only in the extensive stage of the disease. Thus, the present work supplied evidence that pemphigus antibodies fix complement in vitro. However, the discrepancy still remains between the in vivo deposition of complement in most cases of pemphigus and in vitro capability of complement fixation in only few cases. More investigations should be needed to explain the exact role of complement in pemphigus acantholysis.", "contents": "Capability of complement fixation of pemphigus antibodies in vitro. The capability of complement fixation of pemphigus antibodies was tested using combined in vitro complement immunofluorescent (IF) staining methods. Three sera out of 25 serum samples from 22 pemphigus patients revealed positive reactions, while all other sera gave negative results. Specificity control tests confirmed the positive reactions to be specific for complement staining. Complement fixing pemphigus antibodies were titrated lower than corresponding IgG antibodies and were demonstrable only in the extensive stage of the disease. Thus, the present work supplied evidence that pemphigus antibodies fix complement in vitro. However, the discrepancy still remains between the in vivo deposition of complement in most cases of pemphigus and in vitro capability of complement fixation in only few cases. More investigations should be needed to explain the exact role of complement in pemphigus acantholysis."}
{"id": "PMID:337914", "title": "Neural mechanism for production of spasmodic expiratory response like cough induced by amygdala stimulation in the cat. I. Pathways from the amygdala to the lower brain stem.", "content": "The pathways descending from the amygdala to neural structures in the lower brain stem responsible for production of spasmodic expiratory response like cough (SER), which occurred upon electrical stimulation of the cortical nucleus of amygdala (Aco), were investigated using microinjection and ablation techniques in the cat. 1) Following transection of the bilateral stria terminalis (STT), the threshold for SER production was remarkably elevated. 2) SER was suppressed by administration of procaine (20 microgram) or diazepam (5 microgram) into either side of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (Hvm); furthermore, SER completely disappeared after lesion of bilateral Hvm. After lesion of the ipsilateral Hvm to the side of stimulation, the threshold for SER was obviously elevated, but SER was not affected by lesion of the contralateral Hvm. 3) After section of the substantia grisea centralis at the midcollicular level, SER disappeared. 4) Both SER and peripherally-induced coughs were depressed by codeine (10 microgram), dextromethorphan (10 microgram) or procaine (20 microgram) administered into the solitary tract nucleus (STN) or the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis. 5) SER and coughs disappeared after lesion of the bilateral STN or nucleus ambiguus (AM). These results demonstrate that most of the efferent fibers from Aco get to Hvm via STT, and further to STN and AM in the medulla.", "contents": "Neural mechanism for production of spasmodic expiratory response like cough induced by amygdala stimulation in the cat. I. Pathways from the amygdala to the lower brain stem. The pathways descending from the amygdala to neural structures in the lower brain stem responsible for production of spasmodic expiratory response like cough (SER), which occurred upon electrical stimulation of the cortical nucleus of amygdala (Aco), were investigated using microinjection and ablation techniques in the cat. 1) Following transection of the bilateral stria terminalis (STT), the threshold for SER production was remarkably elevated. 2) SER was suppressed by administration of procaine (20 microgram) or diazepam (5 microgram) into either side of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (Hvm); furthermore, SER completely disappeared after lesion of bilateral Hvm. After lesion of the ipsilateral Hvm to the side of stimulation, the threshold for SER was obviously elevated, but SER was not affected by lesion of the contralateral Hvm. 3) After section of the substantia grisea centralis at the midcollicular level, SER disappeared. 4) Both SER and peripherally-induced coughs were depressed by codeine (10 microgram), dextromethorphan (10 microgram) or procaine (20 microgram) administered into the solitary tract nucleus (STN) or the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis. 5) SER and coughs disappeared after lesion of the bilateral STN or nucleus ambiguus (AM). These results demonstrate that most of the efferent fibers from Aco get to Hvm via STT, and further to STN and AM in the medulla."}
{"id": "PMID:337915", "title": "Neurophysiological assessment of site specific effects of chronic morphine administration in freely behaving rats.", "content": "Sensory evoked responses were recorded simultaneously from five structures (caudate nucleus, septum, periaqueductal gray, parafascicular nucleus and reticular formation) reported to play roles in morphine's acute actions (analgesia, dyskinesia) and in the development of tolerance. Daily recordings were made from unanesthetized male Holtzman rats before and after a challenge dose of 10 mg/kg of morphine sulfate over a four day period while tolerance was induced by multiple daily injections of morphine. Three patterns of changes were observed in the individual components of the evoked responses. 1) The challenge dose caused an initial increase in the amplitudes of the P2 and N2 components of the response in the naive rats. This effect was attenuated with each day of drug administration until day four, when the challenge dose was observed to exert no effect. This pattern occurred in the parafascicular nucleus and the septum. 2) Initial increase in P2 and N2 components by morphine was augmented for 2-3 days, after which there was a sharp drop to control values by day four. This pattern was observed in the caudate nucleus and the periaqueductal gray region. 3) Morphine caused a mixture of increases and null effects in the components over the four days. This effect was observed in the reticular formation.", "contents": "Neurophysiological assessment of site specific effects of chronic morphine administration in freely behaving rats. Sensory evoked responses were recorded simultaneously from five structures (caudate nucleus, septum, periaqueductal gray, parafascicular nucleus and reticular formation) reported to play roles in morphine's acute actions (analgesia, dyskinesia) and in the development of tolerance. Daily recordings were made from unanesthetized male Holtzman rats before and after a challenge dose of 10 mg/kg of morphine sulfate over a four day period while tolerance was induced by multiple daily injections of morphine. Three patterns of changes were observed in the individual components of the evoked responses. 1) The challenge dose caused an initial increase in the amplitudes of the P2 and N2 components of the response in the naive rats. This effect was attenuated with each day of drug administration until day four, when the challenge dose was observed to exert no effect. This pattern occurred in the parafascicular nucleus and the septum. 2) Initial increase in P2 and N2 components by morphine was augmented for 2-3 days, after which there was a sharp drop to control values by day four. This pattern was observed in the caudate nucleus and the periaqueductal gray region. 3) Morphine caused a mixture of increases and null effects in the components over the four days. This effect was observed in the reticular formation."}
{"id": "PMID:337916", "title": "Combination chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer.: a randomized trial comparing a three-vs a five-drug program.", "content": "A prospective randomized trial was undertaken to compare the efficacy of a three-drug regimen using cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil to a five-drug regimen using vincristine sulfate and prednisone in addition to cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil in advanced breast carcinoma. Seventy-two patients who had received no prior chemotherapy were randomized. Thirty-eight patients received three drugs, and 34 received five-drug therapy. The objective response rates, 34% and 50% respectively, did not differ signficantly (P = .13). As expected, myelosuppression occurred in most patients, and neurotoxicity was much more common in patients receiving vincristine. Three of 12 patients treated with the five-drug regimen after progession of disease while receiving the three-drug regiment showed an objective response to the five-drug regimen.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer.: a randomized trial comparing a three-vs a five-drug program. A prospective randomized trial was undertaken to compare the efficacy of a three-drug regimen using cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil to a five-drug regimen using vincristine sulfate and prednisone in addition to cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil in advanced breast carcinoma. Seventy-two patients who had received no prior chemotherapy were randomized. Thirty-eight patients received three drugs, and 34 received five-drug therapy. The objective response rates, 34% and 50% respectively, did not differ signficantly (P = .13). As expected, myelosuppression occurred in most patients, and neurotoxicity was much more common in patients receiving vincristine. Three of 12 patients treated with the five-drug regimen after progession of disease while receiving the three-drug regiment showed an objective response to the five-drug regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:337912", "title": "[The renin angiotensin system in the pathology of arterial hypertension of aortic coarctation].", "content": "Nine patients with aortic coarctation were studied. On the fourth day of a low diet, blood samples were obtained for plasma renin activity (PRA) at 8:00 A.M., 11:00 A.M. and 5:00 P.M. On the same day a 24 hour urinary collection was obtained for the determination of aldosterone excretion. The following day 60 mg. of furosemide were given orally at 8:00 A.M. and another blood sample was drawn at noon. This study protocol was done before and after surgical correction of the aortic lesion. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly (P less than 0.005), while mean PRA and urinary aldosterone values showed no significant modifications after surgery. With these results, it is concluded that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, does not seem to play a role in the chronic hypertension of the coarctation of the aorta. However, tests with angiotensin II specific blockers have to be performed before a definite conclusion can be drawn on this point.", "contents": "[The renin angiotensin system in the pathology of arterial hypertension of aortic coarctation]. Nine patients with aortic coarctation were studied. On the fourth day of a low diet, blood samples were obtained for plasma renin activity (PRA) at 8:00 A.M., 11:00 A.M. and 5:00 P.M. On the same day a 24 hour urinary collection was obtained for the determination of aldosterone excretion. The following day 60 mg. of furosemide were given orally at 8:00 A.M. and another blood sample was drawn at noon. This study protocol was done before and after surgical correction of the aortic lesion. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly (P less than 0.005), while mean PRA and urinary aldosterone values showed no significant modifications after surgery. With these results, it is concluded that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, does not seem to play a role in the chronic hypertension of the coarctation of the aorta. However, tests with angiotensin II specific blockers have to be performed before a definite conclusion can be drawn on this point."}
{"id": "PMID:337917", "title": "Endocarditis with myocardial abscesses and pericarditis in an adult: group B Streptococcus as a cause.", "content": "Group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, S agalactiae, is an uncommon cause of endocarditis in adults. We present the clinical, laboratory, and postmortem findings of an adult patient with group B streptococcal endocarditis and major arterial emboli. What to our knowledge are previously unreported features are purulent pericarditis and myocardial abscesses. Twenty-five cases of endocarditis caused by group B Streptococcus that are reported in the literature are reviewed.", "contents": "Endocarditis with myocardial abscesses and pericarditis in an adult: group B Streptococcus as a cause. Group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, S agalactiae, is an uncommon cause of endocarditis in adults. We present the clinical, laboratory, and postmortem findings of an adult patient with group B streptococcal endocarditis and major arterial emboli. What to our knowledge are previously unreported features are purulent pericarditis and myocardial abscesses. Twenty-five cases of endocarditis caused by group B Streptococcus that are reported in the literature are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:337918", "title": "Location of mannan and chitin on thin sections of budding yeasts with gold markers.", "content": "Mannan was located on thin sections of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis with the homologous anti-mannan antibodies or with Concanavalin A, both labelled with gold granules. Fully synthesized mannan was found in the cell walls, on the plasmalemma and within the cytoplasm sometimes associated with vesicles and vacuoles. Chitin or its oligomers were located with wheat germ agglutinin in the bud scars but also in the cell wall and the cytoplasm near the plasmalemma. Both mannan and chitin or its oligomers were found in the forming septum and are synthesized within the cytoplasm. The gold method was also suitable for marking mannan and chitin simultaneously.", "contents": "Location of mannan and chitin on thin sections of budding yeasts with gold markers. Mannan was located on thin sections of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis with the homologous anti-mannan antibodies or with Concanavalin A, both labelled with gold granules. Fully synthesized mannan was found in the cell walls, on the plasmalemma and within the cytoplasm sometimes associated with vesicles and vacuoles. Chitin or its oligomers were located with wheat germ agglutinin in the bud scars but also in the cell wall and the cytoplasm near the plasmalemma. Both mannan and chitin or its oligomers were found in the forming septum and are synthesized within the cytoplasm. The gold method was also suitable for marking mannan and chitin simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:337919", "title": "Effect of chemical modification of cell surface components of a brewer's yeast on the floc-forming ability.", "content": "Effects of treatments with proteolytic enzymes and protein-modifying reagents on flocculation of brewer's yeast IFO 2018 were investigated. The floc-forming ability of the yeast cells was irreversibly eliminated by treatment with papain, trypsin, chymotrypsin or pepsin, indicating that certain proteins on the cell surface participate in the yeast flocculation. Chemical modification with reagents, known to act on disulfide bridges, carboxyl and/or phosphate groups, phenolic groups, amino groups, and imidazole groups, also destroyed the ability to flocculate, although in some cases a high concentration (8 M) of urea was necessary in addition to protein-modifying reagents. Thus, it is suggested strongly that these functional groups of amino acid residues of the proteins are essential for the floc-forming ability of brewer's yeast cells.", "contents": "Effect of chemical modification of cell surface components of a brewer's yeast on the floc-forming ability. Effects of treatments with proteolytic enzymes and protein-modifying reagents on flocculation of brewer's yeast IFO 2018 were investigated. The floc-forming ability of the yeast cells was irreversibly eliminated by treatment with papain, trypsin, chymotrypsin or pepsin, indicating that certain proteins on the cell surface participate in the yeast flocculation. Chemical modification with reagents, known to act on disulfide bridges, carboxyl and/or phosphate groups, phenolic groups, amino groups, and imidazole groups, also destroyed the ability to flocculate, although in some cases a high concentration (8 M) of urea was necessary in addition to protein-modifying reagents. Thus, it is suggested strongly that these functional groups of amino acid residues of the proteins are essential for the floc-forming ability of brewer's yeast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:337920", "title": "Properties of the cell envelope and a cell-envelope protein of Pseudomonas facilis.", "content": "The molecular weight of the protein moiety of a phospholipoprotein complex isolated from Pseudomonas facilis has been examined with a variety of sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic systems. A molecular weight of 35 000 was determined for the protein in all analyses. A 35 000-dalton protein was present in the EDTA extract of P. facilis and in the cytoplasmic and outer membrane fractions, but not in the lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. Prior inoculation of mice with the phospholipoprotein complex led to a 7.5- to 15-fold increase in the LD50 when mice were subsequently inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium; this pathogen has a cell-surface protein which cross-reacts immunologically with antibody to the P. facilis phospholipoprotein complex.", "contents": "Properties of the cell envelope and a cell-envelope protein of Pseudomonas facilis. The molecular weight of the protein moiety of a phospholipoprotein complex isolated from Pseudomonas facilis has been examined with a variety of sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic systems. A molecular weight of 35 000 was determined for the protein in all analyses. A 35 000-dalton protein was present in the EDTA extract of P. facilis and in the cytoplasmic and outer membrane fractions, but not in the lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. Prior inoculation of mice with the phospholipoprotein complex led to a 7.5- to 15-fold increase in the LD50 when mice were subsequently inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium; this pathogen has a cell-surface protein which cross-reacts immunologically with antibody to the P. facilis phospholipoprotein complex."}
{"id": "PMID:337921", "title": "In vivo and in vitro studies on the glucose dependent inactivation of yeast cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is known to be inactivated by a glucose dependent process. In this paper it is shown that in vivo effectors of the glucose metabolism (arsenate, iodoacetate, acetaldhyde) inhibit the inactivation or change the inactivation kinetics. In vitro it was possible to inactivate the malate dehydrogenase by addition of the glucose metabolite glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The physiological relevance of this modification and the effect of malate dehydrogenase inactivation on the glyoxylate cycle in yeast is discussed.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro studies on the glucose dependent inactivation of yeast cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase. The cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is known to be inactivated by a glucose dependent process. In this paper it is shown that in vivo effectors of the glucose metabolism (arsenate, iodoacetate, acetaldhyde) inhibit the inactivation or change the inactivation kinetics. In vitro it was possible to inactivate the malate dehydrogenase by addition of the glucose metabolite glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The physiological relevance of this modification and the effect of malate dehydrogenase inactivation on the glyoxylate cycle in yeast is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337922", "title": "[Aglossia-adactylia with jejunal atresia].", "content": "Case report of a newborn with the aglossy-adactyly syndrome associated with complete jejunal atresia. Review of the literature does not allow any conclusion concerning the etiology of the observed malformations. The jejunal atresia, present in this case is probably coincidental. Attention is drawn on the possibility of prenatal diagnosis of obstruction of the digestive tract by ultrasound whenever pregnancy is complicated by hydramnios.", "contents": "[Aglossia-adactylia with jejunal atresia]. Case report of a newborn with the aglossy-adactyly syndrome associated with complete jejunal atresia. Review of the literature does not allow any conclusion concerning the etiology of the observed malformations. The jejunal atresia, present in this case is probably coincidental. Attention is drawn on the possibility of prenatal diagnosis of obstruction of the digestive tract by ultrasound whenever pregnancy is complicated by hydramnios."}
{"id": "PMID:337923", "title": "[Generalized BCG infection in mixed and severe immunologic deficiency. Unfavorable outcome in spite of an attempted bone marrow transplant].", "content": "Generalized BCG infection can occur after vaccination in patients with a severe combined or T-cell immunodeficiency. In the reported case, generalized BCG infection developed in an infant with a severe combined immunodeficiency disease and presented mainly with hematological manifestations. This infection led to death of the patient in spite of an histocompatible bone marrow transplantation performed late in the course of the disease and followed by a minimal graft-versus-host reaction. Based on this case report and others from the literature, it is suggested that neonatal BCG vaccination should be performed after knowing at least the complete family history. Although the presented patient died, it should seem reasonable to treat such patients with an early immunological reconstitution and with anti-TB antibiotics.", "contents": "[Generalized BCG infection in mixed and severe immunologic deficiency. Unfavorable outcome in spite of an attempted bone marrow transplant]. Generalized BCG infection can occur after vaccination in patients with a severe combined or T-cell immunodeficiency. In the reported case, generalized BCG infection developed in an infant with a severe combined immunodeficiency disease and presented mainly with hematological manifestations. This infection led to death of the patient in spite of an histocompatible bone marrow transplantation performed late in the course of the disease and followed by a minimal graft-versus-host reaction. Based on this case report and others from the literature, it is suggested that neonatal BCG vaccination should be performed after knowing at least the complete family history. Although the presented patient died, it should seem reasonable to treat such patients with an early immunological reconstitution and with anti-TB antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:337924", "title": "[Personality development in children after renal transplantation].", "content": "Twelve children cared for renal failure at the H\u00f4pital-des-Enfants-Malades, dialysed and who have been transplanted for more than one year, were studied from a psychological view point. We have been using the Rorschach's test, projective technique selected for a collaborative study by the European dialysis centers. During the stage of renal failure, there appears considerable worry about body image and functioning, and psychic upheaval. During the period of haemodialysis, conflicts become latent and regression comes to the foreground. Some time after the transplantation took place, the psychological conflicts are again mobilized. There is a danger that they lead to dead-ends if guilt feelings impair too heavily this dynamic process.", "contents": "[Personality development in children after renal transplantation]. Twelve children cared for renal failure at the H\u00f4pital-des-Enfants-Malades, dialysed and who have been transplanted for more than one year, were studied from a psychological view point. We have been using the Rorschach's test, projective technique selected for a collaborative study by the European dialysis centers. During the stage of renal failure, there appears considerable worry about body image and functioning, and psychic upheaval. During the period of haemodialysis, conflicts become latent and regression comes to the foreground. Some time after the transplantation took place, the psychological conflicts are again mobilized. There is a danger that they lead to dead-ends if guilt feelings impair too heavily this dynamic process."}
{"id": "PMID:337925", "title": "[Use of cardiotonic heterosides in pediatrics].", "content": "The indications for the administration of cardiotonic heterosides are quite similar in adults and children. However, their use in children raises several practical problems, generally related to differences in kinetics and/or tissular sensitivity. The pharmacodynamic properties and the kinetics of cardiotonic glycosides of digitalis are reviewed and therapeutic and toxicologic effects are discussed.", "contents": "[Use of cardiotonic heterosides in pediatrics]. The indications for the administration of cardiotonic heterosides are quite similar in adults and children. However, their use in children raises several practical problems, generally related to differences in kinetics and/or tissular sensitivity. The pharmacodynamic properties and the kinetics of cardiotonic glycosides of digitalis are reviewed and therapeutic and toxicologic effects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:337934", "title": "The role of easily released substances (ERS) from bacteria in physiologic solution in natural immunity. VI. Induction of opsonins for different genera of bacteria by ERS from Staph. aureus oxford.", "content": "ERS obtained from Staph. aureus by mild extraction with physiologic saline solution possess activity of inducing nonspecific opsonins which react with homologous bacteria and with related Gram-negative bacteria. ERS from Staph. aureus weakly stimulated precipitins and antibodies active in passive hemagglutination and induced a marked rise in agglutinin titers especially for the homologous strain and Gram-negative S. typhimurium bacilli. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine absorbed the opsonizing factor for various bacteria with heterologous activity.", "contents": "The role of easily released substances (ERS) from bacteria in physiologic solution in natural immunity. VI. Induction of opsonins for different genera of bacteria by ERS from Staph. aureus oxford. ERS obtained from Staph. aureus by mild extraction with physiologic saline solution possess activity of inducing nonspecific opsonins which react with homologous bacteria and with related Gram-negative bacteria. ERS from Staph. aureus weakly stimulated precipitins and antibodies active in passive hemagglutination and induced a marked rise in agglutinin titers especially for the homologous strain and Gram-negative S. typhimurium bacilli. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine absorbed the opsonizing factor for various bacteria with heterologous activity."}
{"id": "PMID:337935", "title": "Pathogenic effects of asbestos.", "content": "The enormous increase in the use of asbestos during this century has necessitated the intensive study of its pathogenic effects. The occurrence of pulmonary parenchymal and pleural fibrosis and an increased prevalence of pulmonary and gastrointestinal carcinoma and of pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma have been established. A relationship, also, to laryngeal carcinoma is probable. Mesothelioma has been associated with indirect occupational, domestic, and neighborhood exposure, and the possibility of a similar correlation of pulmonary carcinoma with low exposure has been suggested. Pulmonary fibrosis and pleural plaques have been demonstrated under these circumstances. The physical characteristics of the asbestos fiber appear to be the principal factors in its carcinogenic action. The ability of fine, short fibers, especially fragmented chrysotile, to reach the pleura would appear to account for many of the pathogenetic and anatomical features of asbestos-related disease.", "contents": "Pathogenic effects of asbestos. The enormous increase in the use of asbestos during this century has necessitated the intensive study of its pathogenic effects. The occurrence of pulmonary parenchymal and pleural fibrosis and an increased prevalence of pulmonary and gastrointestinal carcinoma and of pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma have been established. A relationship, also, to laryngeal carcinoma is probable. Mesothelioma has been associated with indirect occupational, domestic, and neighborhood exposure, and the possibility of a similar correlation of pulmonary carcinoma with low exposure has been suggested. Pulmonary fibrosis and pleural plaques have been demonstrated under these circumstances. The physical characteristics of the asbestos fiber appear to be the principal factors in its carcinogenic action. The ability of fine, short fibers, especially fragmented chrysotile, to reach the pleura would appear to account for many of the pathogenetic and anatomical features of asbestos-related disease."}
{"id": "PMID:337939", "title": "[Characteristics of the ultrastructural changes of the large intestine mucosa after acute dysentery].", "content": "Electron microscopic examinations of biopsy specimens of the large intestine from 8 patients one month after termination of the acute phase of dysentery revealed dystrophic and destructive changes in surface epithelium cells consisting in the lack of glycocalyx, fragmentation of microvilli, vacuolation and subsequent homogenization of the cytoplasm. Swelling and destruction of mitochondria, pyknosis and rhexisof the nucleus, exposure and loss of the intactness of the apical membrane of the cells were observed. The altered colonocytes frequently became detached off the basal membrane, exposing the stroma. The results of the study attest to long-term persistence of both the pathological and infectious processes in protracted forms of Shigella infection in man.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the ultrastructural changes of the large intestine mucosa after acute dysentery]. Electron microscopic examinations of biopsy specimens of the large intestine from 8 patients one month after termination of the acute phase of dysentery revealed dystrophic and destructive changes in surface epithelium cells consisting in the lack of glycocalyx, fragmentation of microvilli, vacuolation and subsequent homogenization of the cytoplasm. Swelling and destruction of mitochondria, pyknosis and rhexisof the nucleus, exposure and loss of the intactness of the apical membrane of the cells were observed. The altered colonocytes frequently became detached off the basal membrane, exposing the stroma. The results of the study attest to long-term persistence of both the pathological and infectious processes in protracted forms of Shigella infection in man."}
{"id": "PMID:337940", "title": "[Study of an articular cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis by the immunofluorescence method].", "content": "The immunomorphological examinations of 20 biopsy specimens of articular cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis at various stages of the pathological process showed immunoglobulins of different classes and complement (C'3) to penetrate into the articular cartilage. In early stages mostly IgG was detected, and with increasing destructive processes in the matrix IgM was found. A certain tropism in the distribution of immunoglobulins in the cartilage matrix to the zones of chondrocytic capsules was observed which could be associated with the direction of immune reactions towards chondrocytes. The articular cartilage tissue may be the basis for the development of the autoimmune process and maintain permanent inflammatory process in the synovial membrane of the joint with local antibody synthesis. The process of phagocytosis of the antigenic substances of the articular cartilage or immune complexes deposed in it underlies the distribution of pannus.", "contents": "[Study of an articular cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis by the immunofluorescence method]. The immunomorphological examinations of 20 biopsy specimens of articular cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis at various stages of the pathological process showed immunoglobulins of different classes and complement (C'3) to penetrate into the articular cartilage. In early stages mostly IgG was detected, and with increasing destructive processes in the matrix IgM was found. A certain tropism in the distribution of immunoglobulins in the cartilage matrix to the zones of chondrocytic capsules was observed which could be associated with the direction of immune reactions towards chondrocytes. The articular cartilage tissue may be the basis for the development of the autoimmune process and maintain permanent inflammatory process in the synovial membrane of the joint with local antibody synthesis. The process of phagocytosis of the antigenic substances of the articular cartilage or immune complexes deposed in it underlies the distribution of pannus."}
{"id": "PMID:337941", "title": "[Zinc blocking as a possible cause of cell alteration].", "content": "Injection of the complex formers to animals leads to the development of an intravital histochemical reaction with zinc and to the consequent cell alteration. A correlation between the intensity of the reaction and the stability and degree of the cell destruction has been established. Zinc blocking may be one of the causes of cell alteration.", "contents": "[Zinc blocking as a possible cause of cell alteration]. Injection of the complex formers to animals leads to the development of an intravital histochemical reaction with zinc and to the consequent cell alteration. A correlation between the intensity of the reaction and the stability and degree of the cell destruction has been established. Zinc blocking may be one of the causes of cell alteration."}
{"id": "PMID:337942", "title": "[Principles of the morphometry and its use in light and electron microscopy].", "content": "The paper presents a review of the literature on fundamentals of morphometry, describing morphometric parameters and their designations, as well as the use of morphometry in medical and biological investigations conducted by light and electron microscopy.", "contents": "[Principles of the morphometry and its use in light and electron microscopy]. The paper presents a review of the literature on fundamentals of morphometry, describing morphometric parameters and their designations, as well as the use of morphometry in medical and biological investigations conducted by light and electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:337944", "title": "Therapeutic trials in muscular dystrophy. III. Studies of microbial proteinase inhibitors in murine dystrophy.", "content": "The microbial antiproteinases--antipain, leupeptin, and pepstatin--have been reported to inhibit the degeneration of chicken dystrophic muscle in tissue culture. Trials of antipain and pepstatin, and of leupeptin and pepstatin administered subcutaneously in murine muscular dystrophy, failed to produce evidence of benefit. It is suggested that these antiproteinases cannot pass through an intact sarcolemma into muscle fibers. Further studies with liposomes may allow these agents to enter muscle fibers.", "contents": "Therapeutic trials in muscular dystrophy. III. Studies of microbial proteinase inhibitors in murine dystrophy. The microbial antiproteinases--antipain, leupeptin, and pepstatin--have been reported to inhibit the degeneration of chicken dystrophic muscle in tissue culture. Trials of antipain and pepstatin, and of leupeptin and pepstatin administered subcutaneously in murine muscular dystrophy, failed to produce evidence of benefit. It is suggested that these antiproteinases cannot pass through an intact sarcolemma into muscle fibers. Further studies with liposomes may allow these agents to enter muscle fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:337945", "title": "Ocular tolerance of bacillus Calmette-Guerin organisms.", "content": "The results of this investigation indicate that 5 X 10(6) and 5 X 10(8) viable bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) organisms (Mycobacterium bovis strain) can be safely administered in the subconjunctival region of the eye of New Zealand albino rabbits without producing toxic effects locally or within the eye. This study provides a format for testing the applicability of BCG immunotherapy for experimental melanomas.", "contents": "Ocular tolerance of bacillus Calmette-Guerin organisms. The results of this investigation indicate that 5 X 10(6) and 5 X 10(8) viable bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) organisms (Mycobacterium bovis strain) can be safely administered in the subconjunctival region of the eye of New Zealand albino rabbits without producing toxic effects locally or within the eye. This study provides a format for testing the applicability of BCG immunotherapy for experimental melanomas."}
{"id": "PMID:337946", "title": "Corneal rings with gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "Corneal rings have been described with corneal ulcerations caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Corneal rings were produced by intracorneal injections of viable Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as heat-inactivated suspensions of Gram-negative bacteria (P aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) but not Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) or Freund's adjuvant. It is suggested that endotoxin is the factor responsible for their production since purified endotoxin produced corneal rings after intracorneal injection. Histopathological examination of the areas corresponding to the corneal rings disclosed that the rings represented accumulations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Direct immunofluorescent studies of the corneal rings revealed staining for properdin and C3 complement but not for immunoglobulins. The present report suggests that endotoxin has the ability to stimulate the alternate pathway of complement through properdin activation with the production of chemotactic fragments that attract polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the cornea.", "contents": "Corneal rings with gram-negative bacteria. Corneal rings have been described with corneal ulcerations caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Corneal rings were produced by intracorneal injections of viable Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as heat-inactivated suspensions of Gram-negative bacteria (P aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) but not Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) or Freund's adjuvant. It is suggested that endotoxin is the factor responsible for their production since purified endotoxin produced corneal rings after intracorneal injection. Histopathological examination of the areas corresponding to the corneal rings disclosed that the rings represented accumulations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Direct immunofluorescent studies of the corneal rings revealed staining for properdin and C3 complement but not for immunoglobulins. The present report suggests that endotoxin has the ability to stimulate the alternate pathway of complement through properdin activation with the production of chemotactic fragments that attract polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the cornea."}
{"id": "PMID:337948", "title": "Transitory IgA-deficiency, persistent IgE deficiency and recurrent respiratory tract infectious disease after splenectomy.", "content": "In a 14 year old boy, a ruptured spleen was removed. Two months after the splenectomy he developed recurrent infections of the respiratory tract. A deficiency of IgA and IgE in his blood serum was found. His impaired resistance to respiratory tract infections responded well to substitution therapy with IgA. Spontaneous clinical recovery occurred during 3 years after the splenectomy, and was parallelled by a slow return of IgA to normal levels, whereas the absence of IgE persisted. The identical twin brother of the patient, who had his spleen intact, had normal levels of serum IgA and did not suffer from frequent respiratory tract inflammations.", "contents": "Transitory IgA-deficiency, persistent IgE deficiency and recurrent respiratory tract infectious disease after splenectomy. In a 14 year old boy, a ruptured spleen was removed. Two months after the splenectomy he developed recurrent infections of the respiratory tract. A deficiency of IgA and IgE in his blood serum was found. His impaired resistance to respiratory tract infections responded well to substitution therapy with IgA. Spontaneous clinical recovery occurred during 3 years after the splenectomy, and was parallelled by a slow return of IgA to normal levels, whereas the absence of IgE persisted. The identical twin brother of the patient, who had his spleen intact, had normal levels of serum IgA and did not suffer from frequent respiratory tract inflammations."}
{"id": "PMID:337954", "title": "Photoelastic analysis of post core restorations.", "content": "Photoelastic models were used to analyse the effects of stress distribution around post-core systems. Parallel post designs were found to distribute stress more evenly to the tooth root, as compared to tapered posts. Screwed posts were found to be more undersirable.", "contents": "Photoelastic analysis of post core restorations. Photoelastic models were used to analyse the effects of stress distribution around post-core systems. Parallel post designs were found to distribute stress more evenly to the tooth root, as compared to tapered posts. Screwed posts were found to be more undersirable."}
{"id": "PMID:337956", "title": "The clinical development of the glass-ionomer cement. III. The erosion lesion.", "content": "A clinical trial of the glass-ionomer cement, ASPA IV, as a restorative material for erosion lesions is reported. The failure rate, in a three-year trial, was nine per cent; most failures occurring within the first few months after placement.", "contents": "The clinical development of the glass-ionomer cement. III. The erosion lesion. A clinical trial of the glass-ionomer cement, ASPA IV, as a restorative material for erosion lesions is reported. The failure rate, in a three-year trial, was nine per cent; most failures occurring within the first few months after placement."}
{"id": "PMID:337957", "title": "Porosity in base metal partial denture casting alloys, related industrial alloys, and pure metals.", "content": "Two types of specimens were cast from a variety of pure metals and alloys. A unidirectional solidification system was used for the production of the first, whilst a deliberate feeding problem was incorporated in the production of the second. The specimens were subjected to radiographic and metallographic evaluation in conjunction with porosity determinations, in order to ascertain how the amount and pattern of porosity varied with alloy complexity and alloy composition.", "contents": "Porosity in base metal partial denture casting alloys, related industrial alloys, and pure metals. Two types of specimens were cast from a variety of pure metals and alloys. A unidirectional solidification system was used for the production of the first, whilst a deliberate feeding problem was incorporated in the production of the second. The specimens were subjected to radiographic and metallographic evaluation in conjunction with porosity determinations, in order to ascertain how the amount and pattern of porosity varied with alloy complexity and alloy composition."}
{"id": "PMID:337959", "title": "Acute nephritis in fifty children: clinical and immunological studies.", "content": "The main clinical and laboratory findings in a group of 50 children with acute nephritis are described and discussed. All the group had evidence of a streptococcal aetiology. The wide spectrum of presenting complaints, the age distribution and the high incidence among Maori children are noted. The severity of the disease, as indicated by features such as hypertensive crisis, was greater than expected. Fifty per cent of our patients experienced one or more of our defined complications. Encephalopathy was seen in 12% of all patients and severe hypertension in 34%. The striking feature of the laboratory findings was the wide variation in complement changes. No constant patterns emerged which would have implicated either the \"classical\" or \"alternate\" pathway for the activation of complement in these patients. An unexpected finding was the relatively high incidence of a transient C3 nephritic factor in post-streptococcal cases. We found also that fibrin degradation products were present in high concentrations in the urine of patients with post-streptococcal nephritis, again an unexpected finding.", "contents": "Acute nephritis in fifty children: clinical and immunological studies. The main clinical and laboratory findings in a group of 50 children with acute nephritis are described and discussed. All the group had evidence of a streptococcal aetiology. The wide spectrum of presenting complaints, the age distribution and the high incidence among Maori children are noted. The severity of the disease, as indicated by features such as hypertensive crisis, was greater than expected. Fifty per cent of our patients experienced one or more of our defined complications. Encephalopathy was seen in 12% of all patients and severe hypertension in 34%. The striking feature of the laboratory findings was the wide variation in complement changes. No constant patterns emerged which would have implicated either the \"classical\" or \"alternate\" pathway for the activation of complement in these patients. An unexpected finding was the relatively high incidence of a transient C3 nephritic factor in post-streptococcal cases. We found also that fibrin degradation products were present in high concentrations in the urine of patients with post-streptococcal nephritis, again an unexpected finding."}
{"id": "PMID:337960", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever.", "content": "A study of the pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever confirmed that the major clinical signs were fever lasting no more than 2 days, with increased respiratory rate, dyspnoea and some degree of lameness. Haematological observations revealed a neutrophilia with a left shift and a lymphopaenia at the time of peak clinical reaction. The net result was a slight leucopaenia on the day after this reaction. The most prominent pathological changes involved the lungs and synovial joints. Pulmonary emphysema and alveolar collapse with bronchiolitis, degenerative changes in synovial membranes and increased synovial fluid were observed. Specific fluorescence indicating the presence of BEF viral antigen could be detected at the time of peak clinical response in individual cells in the lungs, spleen and lymph nodes as well as neutrophils. Before and after the peak fever some fluorescence was seen in cells which appeared to be reticular cells in the lymph nodes. Viral isolation in mice could be made from blood, lungs, spleen and lymph nodes over a period of no more than 3 days. It is postulated that viral growth takes place mainly in the reticuloendothelial cells in the lungs, spleen and lymph nodes and not in vascular endothelium or lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever. A study of the pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever confirmed that the major clinical signs were fever lasting no more than 2 days, with increased respiratory rate, dyspnoea and some degree of lameness. Haematological observations revealed a neutrophilia with a left shift and a lymphopaenia at the time of peak clinical reaction. The net result was a slight leucopaenia on the day after this reaction. The most prominent pathological changes involved the lungs and synovial joints. Pulmonary emphysema and alveolar collapse with bronchiolitis, degenerative changes in synovial membranes and increased synovial fluid were observed. Specific fluorescence indicating the presence of BEF viral antigen could be detected at the time of peak clinical response in individual cells in the lungs, spleen and lymph nodes as well as neutrophils. Before and after the peak fever some fluorescence was seen in cells which appeared to be reticular cells in the lymph nodes. Viral isolation in mice could be made from blood, lungs, spleen and lymph nodes over a period of no more than 3 days. It is postulated that viral growth takes place mainly in the reticuloendothelial cells in the lungs, spleen and lymph nodes and not in vascular endothelium or lymphoid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:337967", "title": "Factors affecting the formation of alkaline phosphatase isozymes in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Physiological and genetic factors affecting the formation of isozymes of alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli K-12 were studied. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis proposed by Schlesinger and his co-workers (Schlesinger et al., 1975) that the multiple forms of the enzyme are produced by converting a newly synthesized one (the least negatively charged one) into less negatively charged forms. Neither energy source nor de novo synthesis of the enzyme was necessary for the conversion. It is also confirmed that the conversion is effectively inhibited by externally added arginine (Piggott et al., 1972) but only partially by canavanine (arginine analog) or casamino acids. We isolated a mutant strain which did not form isozyme(s), if any, under the condition in which the wild type strain formed isozymes. The mutation(s) was proved to be mapped in the locus (or loci) other than alkaline phosphatase structure gene in the E. coli genetic map. We tentatively proposed to designate this the iap gene(s), an abbreviation for isozyme of alkaline phosphatase, which plays a role in isozyme formation.", "contents": "Factors affecting the formation of alkaline phosphatase isozymes in Escherichia coli K-12. Physiological and genetic factors affecting the formation of isozymes of alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli K-12 were studied. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis proposed by Schlesinger and his co-workers (Schlesinger et al., 1975) that the multiple forms of the enzyme are produced by converting a newly synthesized one (the least negatively charged one) into less negatively charged forms. Neither energy source nor de novo synthesis of the enzyme was necessary for the conversion. It is also confirmed that the conversion is effectively inhibited by externally added arginine (Piggott et al., 1972) but only partially by canavanine (arginine analog) or casamino acids. We isolated a mutant strain which did not form isozyme(s), if any, under the condition in which the wild type strain formed isozymes. The mutation(s) was proved to be mapped in the locus (or loci) other than alkaline phosphatase structure gene in the E. coli genetic map. We tentatively proposed to designate this the iap gene(s), an abbreviation for isozyme of alkaline phosphatase, which plays a role in isozyme formation."}
{"id": "PMID:337968", "title": "Studies on pyrogenic tolerance to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in rabbits.", "content": "The development of pyrogenic tolerance was studied in rabbits treated with varying doses of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The following results were obtained. 1) Development of pyrogenic tolerance seemed to proceed in two steps: that is, the first in which tolerance appeared rapidly and the second in which tolerance proceeded more gradually or steadily in response to repeated injections of a constant dose. 2) Tolerance induced by the latter method was not absolute; the rabbits were still sensitive to increased doses of LPS. 3) Rabbits immunized with E. coli vaccine lost their pyrogenic sensitivity of parent LPS to some extent. 4) Following intracisternal injection of LPS into tolerant rabbit, pyrogenic response was not decreased but rather enhanced in comparison with control. 5) The contents of nor-epinephrine and serotonin in the brain did not differ between normal and tolerant rabbits. 6) The mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance remain to be further studied.", "contents": "Studies on pyrogenic tolerance to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in rabbits. The development of pyrogenic tolerance was studied in rabbits treated with varying doses of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The following results were obtained. 1) Development of pyrogenic tolerance seemed to proceed in two steps: that is, the first in which tolerance appeared rapidly and the second in which tolerance proceeded more gradually or steadily in response to repeated injections of a constant dose. 2) Tolerance induced by the latter method was not absolute; the rabbits were still sensitive to increased doses of LPS. 3) Rabbits immunized with E. coli vaccine lost their pyrogenic sensitivity of parent LPS to some extent. 4) Following intracisternal injection of LPS into tolerant rabbit, pyrogenic response was not decreased but rather enhanced in comparison with control. 5) The contents of nor-epinephrine and serotonin in the brain did not differ between normal and tolerant rabbits. 6) The mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance remain to be further studied."}
{"id": "PMID:337969", "title": "Use of isoelectric focusing and a chromophoric organomercurial to monitor urea-induced conformational changes of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase.", "content": "The effects of urea in concentrations from 0 to 6M on the following properties of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase were studied: the kinetics of inactivation of the enzyme, the spectrum of 2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol bound to the single thiol group of the enzyme, the rate of reaction between the mercurial and enzyme, and the isoelectric point. The enzyme was inactivated by as much as 30% in 1M-urea, and the other data were interpreted as a possible 'tightening' of enzyme structure. The catalytic behaviour of the enzyme in 2M-urea was time-dependent, the initial effects being similar to those in 1M-urea. Polyacrylamide-gel isoelectric focusing of the enzyme in the presence of 2M-urea showed a single species of enzyme with an isoelectric point intermediate between those in 1M- and 3M-urea; a species with an identical isoelectric point was obtained after an 11-day exposure at 4 degrees C to the denaturant at 2M. The enzyme was rapidly inactivated in 3M-urea, with the thiol group fully exposed and the isoelectric point 0.9pH unit higher than in the absence of urea. No further conformational changes could be demonstrated with urea concentrations of 4M or greater. It is suggested that the equilibrium species that exists in 2M-urea has one of two buried lysine residues exposed. The second lysine residue is exposed in 3M or greater concentrations of the denaturant.", "contents": "Use of isoelectric focusing and a chromophoric organomercurial to monitor urea-induced conformational changes of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase. The effects of urea in concentrations from 0 to 6M on the following properties of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase were studied: the kinetics of inactivation of the enzyme, the spectrum of 2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol bound to the single thiol group of the enzyme, the rate of reaction between the mercurial and enzyme, and the isoelectric point. The enzyme was inactivated by as much as 30% in 1M-urea, and the other data were interpreted as a possible 'tightening' of enzyme structure. The catalytic behaviour of the enzyme in 2M-urea was time-dependent, the initial effects being similar to those in 1M-urea. Polyacrylamide-gel isoelectric focusing of the enzyme in the presence of 2M-urea showed a single species of enzyme with an isoelectric point intermediate between those in 1M- and 3M-urea; a species with an identical isoelectric point was obtained after an 11-day exposure at 4 degrees C to the denaturant at 2M. The enzyme was rapidly inactivated in 3M-urea, with the thiol group fully exposed and the isoelectric point 0.9pH unit higher than in the absence of urea. No further conformational changes could be demonstrated with urea concentrations of 4M or greater. It is suggested that the equilibrium species that exists in 2M-urea has one of two buried lysine residues exposed. The second lysine residue is exposed in 3M or greater concentrations of the denaturant."}
{"id": "PMID:337975", "title": "[Dwarfism due to familial panhypopituitarism].", "content": "Three sisters of 27 7/12, 13 8/12 and 9 1/12 years of age, respectively, with proportionate dwarfism, high pitched voice and lack of sexual development are described. All the patients had very low serum levels of immunoreactive growth hormone (GH), as well as of LH and FSH. Hypoglycemia induced by insulin and arginine infusion failed to increase GH levels, and the administration of the hypothalamic LH-FSH releasing hormone (LH-RH) did not elicit any response in the secretion of gonadotropins. The oldest sister developed hypothyroidism in recent years, since the I131 thyroid uptake was normal ten years before; her serum TSH was low and did not change with TRH stimulation. In addition, a low pituitary ACTH reserve was demonstrated by the hypoglycemia and metirapone tests. Case 2 showed partial pituitary TSH and ACTH reserve, whereas the youngest child only had low TSH pituitary reserve. These patients had all the clinical and laboratory characteristics of familial panhypopituitarism, with normal sella turcica. Genetic transmission in this cases is consistent with the autosomal recessive form, which is the most frequent type of inheritance of this entity. Consanguinity can not be ruled out. The results of the hypothalamic-pituitary functional tests apparently suggest that the primary defect could be located at the pituitary level. It is also possible that the pathological process may have a progressive evolution.", "contents": "[Dwarfism due to familial panhypopituitarism]. Three sisters of 27 7/12, 13 8/12 and 9 1/12 years of age, respectively, with proportionate dwarfism, high pitched voice and lack of sexual development are described. All the patients had very low serum levels of immunoreactive growth hormone (GH), as well as of LH and FSH. Hypoglycemia induced by insulin and arginine infusion failed to increase GH levels, and the administration of the hypothalamic LH-FSH releasing hormone (LH-RH) did not elicit any response in the secretion of gonadotropins. The oldest sister developed hypothyroidism in recent years, since the I131 thyroid uptake was normal ten years before; her serum TSH was low and did not change with TRH stimulation. In addition, a low pituitary ACTH reserve was demonstrated by the hypoglycemia and metirapone tests. Case 2 showed partial pituitary TSH and ACTH reserve, whereas the youngest child only had low TSH pituitary reserve. These patients had all the clinical and laboratory characteristics of familial panhypopituitarism, with normal sella turcica. Genetic transmission in this cases is consistent with the autosomal recessive form, which is the most frequent type of inheritance of this entity. Consanguinity can not be ruled out. The results of the hypothalamic-pituitary functional tests apparently suggest that the primary defect could be located at the pituitary level. It is also possible that the pathological process may have a progressive evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:337982", "title": "Effect of testosterone cypionate on postexercise ST segment depression.", "content": "A randomised double blind study was carried out with 50 men who had ST segment depression of 0.1 mV or more after a modified two-step exercise test. Rate and duration of exercise were the same for the last of each  subject's several pretreatment tests as for his tests after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment with placebo or testosterone cypionate, 200 mg, intramuscularly weekly. The sum of ST segment depression in leads II, V4, V5, and V6 taken immediately, and 2, 4, and 6 minutes after exercise did not change significantly after 4 or 8 weeks of placebo treatment, but did decrease by 32 per cent (P less than 0.0001) and 51 per cent (P less than 0.0001) after 4 and 8 weeks, respectively, of testosterone cypionate treatment. The mechanism by which testosterone cypionate treatment results in lessened postexercise ST segment depression is not established.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone cypionate on postexercise ST segment depression. A randomised double blind study was carried out with 50 men who had ST segment depression of 0.1 mV or more after a modified two-step exercise test. Rate and duration of exercise were the same for the last of each  subject's several pretreatment tests as for his tests after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment with placebo or testosterone cypionate, 200 mg, intramuscularly weekly. The sum of ST segment depression in leads II, V4, V5, and V6 taken immediately, and 2, 4, and 6 minutes after exercise did not change significantly after 4 or 8 weeks of placebo treatment, but did decrease by 32 per cent (P less than 0.0001) and 51 per cent (P less than 0.0001) after 4 and 8 weeks, respectively, of testosterone cypionate treatment. The mechanism by which testosterone cypionate treatment results in lessened postexercise ST segment depression is not established."}
{"id": "PMID:337983", "title": "Comparison of nefopam and pethidine in postoperative pain.", "content": "A double-blind, between-patient, two-dose comparison was comparison was performed with pethidine and nefopam in 100 subjects, the majority of whom were recovering from upper abdominal surgery. Either 15 or 30 mg of nefopam or 50 or 100 mg of pethidine were given by i.m. injection in a random order. All assessments were made by the same observer on the first day after operation, at least 4 h after the previous analgesic injection. Nefopam 15 mg was equipotent with pethidine 50 mg, peak analgesia being achieved 1 h after the i.m. injection. Pethidine 100 mg provided significantly better pain relief than nefopam 30 mg, the latter being not more effective than nefopam 15 mg apart from the duration of analgesia which was longer. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was similar after both drugs. Sweating and tachycardia were observed more frequently after nefopam, whereas sedative side-effects were more common after pethidine.", "contents": "Comparison of nefopam and pethidine in postoperative pain. A double-blind, between-patient, two-dose comparison was comparison was performed with pethidine and nefopam in 100 subjects, the majority of whom were recovering from upper abdominal surgery. Either 15 or 30 mg of nefopam or 50 or 100 mg of pethidine were given by i.m. injection in a random order. All assessments were made by the same observer on the first day after operation, at least 4 h after the previous analgesic injection. Nefopam 15 mg was equipotent with pethidine 50 mg, peak analgesia being achieved 1 h after the i.m. injection. Pethidine 100 mg provided significantly better pain relief than nefopam 30 mg, the latter being not more effective than nefopam 15 mg apart from the duration of analgesia which was longer. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was similar after both drugs. Sweating and tachycardia were observed more frequently after nefopam, whereas sedative side-effects were more common after pethidine."}
{"id": "PMID:337984", "title": "Analgesia after operation. A controlled comparison of meptazinol, pentazocine and pethidine.", "content": "In a double-blind investigation of the efficacy on pain following abdominal or orthopaedic surgery, meptazinol 100 mg, a new hexahydroazepine derivative, was found to be equipotent with pentazocine 60 mg and pethidine 100 mg when given i.m. Analgesia was maximal 30-60 min after injection and was still present at the end of 2 h. The duration of action of meptazinol was estimated to be 4 h. Meptazinol produced less sedation and a greater sparing of lung function tests than did pethidine and pentazocine. When meptazinol or morphine was administered for further pain relief in a single-blind manner there was no evidence of patient preference for one drug or the other.", "contents": "Analgesia after operation. A controlled comparison of meptazinol, pentazocine and pethidine. In a double-blind investigation of the efficacy on pain following abdominal or orthopaedic surgery, meptazinol 100 mg, a new hexahydroazepine derivative, was found to be equipotent with pentazocine 60 mg and pethidine 100 mg when given i.m. Analgesia was maximal 30-60 min after injection and was still present at the end of 2 h. The duration of action of meptazinol was estimated to be 4 h. Meptazinol produced less sedation and a greater sparing of lung function tests than did pethidine and pentazocine. When meptazinol or morphine was administered for further pain relief in a single-blind manner there was no evidence of patient preference for one drug or the other."}
{"id": "PMID:337985", "title": "A controlled clinical trial of oral droperidol and droperidol plus diazepam for premedication in children.", "content": "In 87 children aged 2-9 yr, oral droperidol and oral droperidol plus diazepam were compared as premedicants in a controlled double-blind clinical trial. Atropine was given orally to all the patients. Droperidol was well absorbed and produced good sedation, associated with a low incidence of vomiting after operation. Droperidol plus diazepam did not appear to offer any advantage over droperidol alone. Anxiety and extrapyramidal effects were not observed and may have been obviated by the addition of atropine. Droperidol syrup was noted to be more palatable than other oral premedicants in use.", "contents": "A controlled clinical trial of oral droperidol and droperidol plus diazepam for premedication in children. In 87 children aged 2-9 yr, oral droperidol and oral droperidol plus diazepam were compared as premedicants in a controlled double-blind clinical trial. Atropine was given orally to all the patients. Droperidol was well absorbed and produced good sedation, associated with a low incidence of vomiting after operation. Droperidol plus diazepam did not appear to offer any advantage over droperidol alone. Anxiety and extrapyramidal effects were not observed and may have been obviated by the addition of atropine. Droperidol syrup was noted to be more palatable than other oral premedicants in use."}
{"id": "PMID:337986", "title": "Effects of varying inspiratory flow waveform and time in intermittent positive pressure ventilation. I: Introduction and methods.", "content": "A general review of the physiological alterations with artificial ventilation is presented with particular emphasis on the alteration of inspiratory time and flow waveform. The general methods and physiological calibration procedures used in a more elaborate study of inspiratory time and waveform effects are described, with the results of testing these methods showing that the model is satisfactory.", "contents": "Effects of varying inspiratory flow waveform and time in intermittent positive pressure ventilation. I: Introduction and methods. A general review of the physiological alterations with artificial ventilation is presented with particular emphasis on the alteration of inspiratory time and flow waveform. The general methods and physiological calibration procedures used in a more elaborate study of inspiratory time and waveform effects are described, with the results of testing these methods showing that the model is satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:337988", "title": "Effects of varying inspiratory flow waveform and time in intermittent positive pressure ventilation. III: Blockade of the autonomic nervous system.", "content": "The autonomic nervous system was blocked in dogs which were exposed to independent alterations in inspiratory flow waveform and time whilst being ventilated artificially at a constant volume and frequency. There were statistically significant differences in cardiac output between the control and blocked states, but these differences were not of marked physiological significance. Alteration in inspiratory waveform or time in the blocked animals did not alter cardiac output significantly.", "contents": "Effects of varying inspiratory flow waveform and time in intermittent positive pressure ventilation. III: Blockade of the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system was blocked in dogs which were exposed to independent alterations in inspiratory flow waveform and time whilst being ventilated artificially at a constant volume and frequency. There were statistically significant differences in cardiac output between the control and blocked states, but these differences were not of marked physiological significance. Alteration in inspiratory waveform or time in the blocked animals did not alter cardiac output significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:337989", "title": "A comparison of the effect of three anaesthetic techniques on postoperative arterial oxygenation in the elderly.", "content": "Ninety patients (age range 49--99 yr) with a fracture of the neck of the femur were anaesthetized by a technique using halothane in oxygen in a closed circuit, halothane and 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen in a Magill circuit or artificial ventilation with 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen (\"IPPV group\"). In all three groups, there was a small decrease in PaO2 from an overall mean of 9.07 kPa before operation to 8.13 kPa at 60 min after anaesthesia. There was no significant difference between the groups in respect of the decrease; it was concluded that closed-circuit halothane in oxygen anaesthesia for this type of surgery was not accompanied by a significant degree of absorption collapse.", "contents": "A comparison of the effect of three anaesthetic techniques on postoperative arterial oxygenation in the elderly. Ninety patients (age range 49--99 yr) with a fracture of the neck of the femur were anaesthetized by a technique using halothane in oxygen in a closed circuit, halothane and 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen in a Magill circuit or artificial ventilation with 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen (\"IPPV group\"). In all three groups, there was a small decrease in PaO2 from an overall mean of 9.07 kPa before operation to 8.13 kPa at 60 min after anaesthesia. There was no significant difference between the groups in respect of the decrease; it was concluded that closed-circuit halothane in oxygen anaesthesia for this type of surgery was not accompanied by a significant degree of absorption collapse."}
{"id": "PMID:337990", "title": "Experience with the use of a corticosteroid aerosol.", "content": "1. In 48 patients with chronic asthma who had been receiving treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDA) at a daily dose of 400 microgram for several years, observations were made on the effect of increasing the dose to 800 microgram daily for 6 months. 2. There was subjective improvement in 37 of the 48 patients, but the only objective evidence of improvement was a slight reduction in airways resistance. 3. The higher dose of BDA did not produce impairment of pituitary-adrenal function or an increase in the incidence of oropharyngeal candidiasis.", "contents": "Experience with the use of a corticosteroid aerosol. 1. In 48 patients with chronic asthma who had been receiving treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDA) at a daily dose of 400 microgram for several years, observations were made on the effect of increasing the dose to 800 microgram daily for 6 months. 2. There was subjective improvement in 37 of the 48 patients, but the only objective evidence of improvement was a slight reduction in airways resistance. 3. The higher dose of BDA did not produce impairment of pituitary-adrenal function or an increase in the incidence of oropharyngeal candidiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:337992", "title": "Long-term results with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in children with bronchial asthma: why does it sometimes fail?", "content": "1. Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol has been shown to be a highly effective treatment for asthma in childhood, with virtual absence of side effects at this age. 2. When treatment is unsuccessful, this is usually due to failure to take it correctly and regularly. 3. A good response is usually associated with an improvement in ventilatory function and a marked increase in growth velocity.", "contents": "Long-term results with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in children with bronchial asthma: why does it sometimes fail? 1. Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol has been shown to be a highly effective treatment for asthma in childhood, with virtual absence of side effects at this age. 2. When treatment is unsuccessful, this is usually due to failure to take it correctly and regularly. 3. A good response is usually associated with an improvement in ventilatory function and a marked increase in growth velocity."}
{"id": "PMID:337994", "title": "Experience of the use of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in general practice.", "content": "1. The findings of an open trial of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDA), carried out in 1972 in the author's general practice, are discussed in the light of subsequent, more extensive experience of its use of BDA. 2. An important reason why BDA may be unsuccessful in controlling asthma, and may give rise to various problems, is that patients are often given an inadequate explanation of the purpose and proper use of this treatment.", "contents": "Experience of the use of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in general practice. 1. The findings of an open trial of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDA), carried out in 1972 in the author's general practice, are discussed in the light of subsequent, more extensive experience of its use of BDA. 2. An important reason why BDA may be unsuccessful in controlling asthma, and may give rise to various problems, is that patients are often given an inadequate explanation of the purpose and proper use of this treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:337995", "title": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in treatment of perennial and seasonal rhinitis: a review of five years' experience.", "content": "1. Five years' experience in the use of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDA) in the treatment of 315 patients with upper respiratory tract allergy is reviewed. 2. A total of 223 patients with perennial rhinitis was treated. In 23, where the nasal allergy had recurred after oral corticosteroid therapy for asthma was withdrawn, BDA was effective in 69% of cases. A similar success rate (68%) was recorded in 169 patients suffering from perennial allergic rhinitis alone, but a satisfactory response was observed in only 45% of 31 patients with nasal polypi. 3. In 92 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis freedom from symptoms was achieved in 80%. 4. A total of approximately 534 patient-years of treatment has been recorded without any evidence of side-effects either clinically or on nasal biopsy.", "contents": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in treatment of perennial and seasonal rhinitis: a review of five years' experience. 1. Five years' experience in the use of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDA) in the treatment of 315 patients with upper respiratory tract allergy is reviewed. 2. A total of 223 patients with perennial rhinitis was treated. In 23, where the nasal allergy had recurred after oral corticosteroid therapy for asthma was withdrawn, BDA was effective in 69% of cases. A similar success rate (68%) was recorded in 169 patients suffering from perennial allergic rhinitis alone, but a satisfactory response was observed in only 45% of 31 patients with nasal polypi. 3. In 92 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis freedom from symptoms was achieved in 80%. 4. A total of approximately 534 patient-years of treatment has been recorded without any evidence of side-effects either clinically or on nasal biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:337996", "title": "Immunological investigations of Candida albicans in respiratory disease.", "content": "1. Tests against rabbit antiserum to Candida albicans showed about 40 protein antigens in cytoplasmic extract compared with two in a commercial test extract, which contained mainly polysaccharide (mannan) antigens. 2. Positive precipitin tests to the mannan preparation were recorded in 40% of 56 asthmatics on systemic corticosteroids and 37% of 56 rhinitis patients not so treated. The titres were slightly higher in the corticosteroid group. There was no increase in precipitins over 0-9 months in asthmatics treated with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDA) by inhalation, or over 0-12 months in rhinitis patients treated with BDA nasal spray. No positive reactions to the purified protein fraction were recorded. 3. Radioallergosorbent tests for specific IgE antibody showed a higher incidence of positive results with whole C. albicans yeast cells than with purified cytoplasmic protein. There was a higher incidence of positive results to protein in patients on systemic corticosteroids than in the other patients. No change in incidence occurred in asthmatics on BDA. The number of positive results in 56 rhinitis patients increased on BDA from 28 to 37 for yeast cells, and from 7 to 16 for cytoplasmic protein. This was attributed to C. albicans challenge tests. 4. Specific IgA antibodies to yeast cells were detected in 48/56 asthmatics on systemic corticosteroids, and there were no significant changes over 0-9 months on BDA. The corresponding figures for rhinitis patients were 25/56, and again there were no significant changes over 0-12 months on BDA.", "contents": "Immunological investigations of Candida albicans in respiratory disease. 1. Tests against rabbit antiserum to Candida albicans showed about 40 protein antigens in cytoplasmic extract compared with two in a commercial test extract, which contained mainly polysaccharide (mannan) antigens. 2. Positive precipitin tests to the mannan preparation were recorded in 40% of 56 asthmatics on systemic corticosteroids and 37% of 56 rhinitis patients not so treated. The titres were slightly higher in the corticosteroid group. There was no increase in precipitins over 0-9 months in asthmatics treated with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDA) by inhalation, or over 0-12 months in rhinitis patients treated with BDA nasal spray. No positive reactions to the purified protein fraction were recorded. 3. Radioallergosorbent tests for specific IgE antibody showed a higher incidence of positive results with whole C. albicans yeast cells than with purified cytoplasmic protein. There was a higher incidence of positive results to protein in patients on systemic corticosteroids than in the other patients. No change in incidence occurred in asthmatics on BDA. The number of positive results in 56 rhinitis patients increased on BDA from 28 to 37 for yeast cells, and from 7 to 16 for cytoplasmic protein. This was attributed to C. albicans challenge tests. 4. Specific IgA antibodies to yeast cells were detected in 48/56 asthmatics on systemic corticosteroids, and there were no significant changes over 0-9 months on BDA. The corresponding figures for rhinitis patients were 25/56, and again there were no significant changes over 0-12 months on BDA."}
{"id": "PMID:337998", "title": "Selection of an in vitro carcinogenicity test for derivatives of the carcinogen hexamethylphosphoramide.", "content": "The demonstration that hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) possesses potent carcinogenic properties has raised doubts about the safety of exposure to other phosphoric amides. In order to define a suitable short-term test with which to evaluate such analogues, the response of the Salmonella typhimurium mutation assay of Ames and cell transformation assay of Styles to HMPA and 3 selected analogues has been studied. These analogues were the related leukaemogen phosphoramide, the putative non-carcinogen, phosphoric trianilide and N.N'N''-trimethylphosphorothioic triamide, a compound of unknown and hitherto unpredictable properties. While both tests found the trianilide negative, the Ames test failed to detect phosphoramide as positive and gave an erratic and predominantly negative response to HMPA. In contrast, the transformation assay found both phosphoramide and HMPA positive. This test response profile indicates that the transformation assay is the preferred test with which to evaluate analogues of HMPA for potential carcinogenicity. Some structural requirements for potential carcinogenicity within this class of compounds are tentatively deduced.", "contents": "Selection of an in vitro carcinogenicity test for derivatives of the carcinogen hexamethylphosphoramide. The demonstration that hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) possesses potent carcinogenic properties has raised doubts about the safety of exposure to other phosphoric amides. In order to define a suitable short-term test with which to evaluate such analogues, the response of the Salmonella typhimurium mutation assay of Ames and cell transformation assay of Styles to HMPA and 3 selected analogues has been studied. These analogues were the related leukaemogen phosphoramide, the putative non-carcinogen, phosphoric trianilide and N.N'N''-trimethylphosphorothioic triamide, a compound of unknown and hitherto unpredictable properties. While both tests found the trianilide negative, the Ames test failed to detect phosphoramide as positive and gave an erratic and predominantly negative response to HMPA. In contrast, the transformation assay found both phosphoramide and HMPA positive. This test response profile indicates that the transformation assay is the preferred test with which to evaluate analogues of HMPA for potential carcinogenicity. Some structural requirements for potential carcinogenicity within this class of compounds are tentatively deduced."}
{"id": "PMID:337999", "title": "Localization of carcinoembryonic antigen in medullary thyroid carcinoma by immunofluorescent techniques.", "content": "Cellular localization of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in medullary thyroid carcinoma was studied in ethanol-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens using the direct and indirect immunofluorescent techniques. It was demonstrated that CEA was present not only on the surface, but also in the cytoplasm of tumour cells. The immunofluorescence in the cytoplasm differed considerably in intensity from cell to cell. By contrast, no significant fluorescence was demonstrated in tissues of other types of thyroid adenocarcinoma, adenoma. Graves' disease and normal thyroid, with few exceptions. The results obtained indicate that CEA is actively produced by the tumour cells, and is present as a constituent of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Localization of carcinoembryonic antigen in medullary thyroid carcinoma by immunofluorescent techniques. Cellular localization of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in medullary thyroid carcinoma was studied in ethanol-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens using the direct and indirect immunofluorescent techniques. It was demonstrated that CEA was present not only on the surface, but also in the cytoplasm of tumour cells. The immunofluorescence in the cytoplasm differed considerably in intensity from cell to cell. By contrast, no significant fluorescence was demonstrated in tissues of other types of thyroid adenocarcinoma, adenoma. Graves' disease and normal thyroid, with few exceptions. The results obtained indicate that CEA is actively produced by the tumour cells, and is present as a constituent of the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:338009", "title": "Betamethasone valerate inhalation and exercise-induced asthma in adults.", "content": "The effect of regular inhalation of betamethasone valerate (800 microgram daily) on exercise-induced asthma has been studied in 18 adult patients. The active aerosol was compared with placebo in a double-blind cross-over study, each inhaler being used for four weeks. Exercise tests after each period of treatment were performed using a cycle ergometer, care being taken to match the oxygen uptake during exercise each time a patient was tested. Twelve patients experienced less exercise-induced fall in peak expiratory flow rate after the corticosteroid inhaler, while six did not. This effect appeared to be independent of any alteration in base-line lung function, suggesting that it was due primarily to diminution of bronchial hyperreactivity. It is suggested that this change may have been due to interference with the synthesis or release of mediator substances from mast cells.", "contents": "Betamethasone valerate inhalation and exercise-induced asthma in adults. The effect of regular inhalation of betamethasone valerate (800 microgram daily) on exercise-induced asthma has been studied in 18 adult patients. The active aerosol was compared with placebo in a double-blind cross-over study, each inhaler being used for four weeks. Exercise tests after each period of treatment were performed using a cycle ergometer, care being taken to match the oxygen uptake during exercise each time a patient was tested. Twelve patients experienced less exercise-induced fall in peak expiratory flow rate after the corticosteroid inhaler, while six did not. This effect appeared to be independent of any alteration in base-line lung function, suggesting that it was due primarily to diminution of bronchial hyperreactivity. It is suggested that this change may have been due to interference with the synthesis or release of mediator substances from mast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:338010", "title": "The migrating mycetoma.", "content": "A case of mycetoma is presented in which the fungus ball migrated from the apex to the base of the lung as a result of progressive parencyhmal destruction by tuberculosis. Histological and serological data suggested Aspergillus fumigatus as the cause of the mycetoma. Aspergillomas rarely coexist in cavities with active tuberculosis.", "contents": "The migrating mycetoma. A case of mycetoma is presented in which the fungus ball migrated from the apex to the base of the lung as a result of progressive parencyhmal destruction by tuberculosis. Histological and serological data suggested Aspergillus fumigatus as the cause of the mycetoma. Aspergillomas rarely coexist in cavities with active tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:338012", "title": "Aerobic and anaerobic mixtures of human pathogens: a rapid 4-plate counting technique.", "content": "A reliable, cheap, labour-saving technique is presented for counting viable organisms in mixtures of aerobic and anaerobic human pathogenic bacteria. Series of 0.1-ml blood agar droplets containing antibiotics are used and only 4 Petri dishes are required. A system of controls makes recognition of any errors of technique particularly simple whilst allowing direct subculture of any unexpected colonies.", "contents": "Aerobic and anaerobic mixtures of human pathogens: a rapid 4-plate counting technique. A reliable, cheap, labour-saving technique is presented for counting viable organisms in mixtures of aerobic and anaerobic human pathogenic bacteria. Series of 0.1-ml blood agar droplets containing antibiotics are used and only 4 Petri dishes are required. A system of controls makes recognition of any errors of technique particularly simple whilst allowing direct subculture of any unexpected colonies."}
{"id": "PMID:338013", "title": "The migrant cells in allotransplants of heart, kidney and skin. II. Monocyte-macrophage activity.", "content": "Within a few hours of transplantation the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system migrate into the interstitial tissues of the organ. The cells arrive on the vascular endothelium of the allotransplanted organ either as macrophages or as monocytes but on entering the interstitial tissues they begin to enlarge, differentiate and undergo active pinocytosis. Along with the cell migration, which would appear to be their stimulus to migrate, is an extravasation of the protein-rich plasma. Erythrocytes also pass into the interstitium and, if effete, are contracted by monocyte-macrophages and phagocytosed in the classical manner. All through the natural history of an allotransplant new monocyte-macrophage recruits arrive the interstitial tissues of the allotransplant. Some of these cells escape via the lymphatics but the vast majority accumulate in the allotransplant, interdigitate and fuse with one another but make no attempt to damage the tissues into which they have migrated. The reaction to an allotransplanted organ fits into the category of an aseptic inflammatory reaction and the only obvious role played by the mononuclear phagocyte system is the classical role of scavenging interstitial debris.", "contents": "The migrant cells in allotransplants of heart, kidney and skin. II. Monocyte-macrophage activity. Within a few hours of transplantation the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system migrate into the interstitial tissues of the organ. The cells arrive on the vascular endothelium of the allotransplanted organ either as macrophages or as monocytes but on entering the interstitial tissues they begin to enlarge, differentiate and undergo active pinocytosis. Along with the cell migration, which would appear to be their stimulus to migrate, is an extravasation of the protein-rich plasma. Erythrocytes also pass into the interstitium and, if effete, are contracted by monocyte-macrophages and phagocytosed in the classical manner. All through the natural history of an allotransplant new monocyte-macrophage recruits arrive the interstitial tissues of the allotransplant. Some of these cells escape via the lymphatics but the vast majority accumulate in the allotransplant, interdigitate and fuse with one another but make no attempt to damage the tissues into which they have migrated. The reaction to an allotransplanted organ fits into the category of an aseptic inflammatory reaction and the only obvious role played by the mononuclear phagocyte system is the classical role of scavenging interstitial debris."}
{"id": "PMID:338014", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity to Escherichia coli in the rat--a study of its possible relevance to the pathogenesis of kidney scars.", "content": "Rats sensitized to various strains of Escherichia coli (078, O2K13H1, O6K13H1 and O6K2a2cH1) showed cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions after intradermal challenge with the same or a different strain of Esch. coli. Cutaneous DTH was transferred to non-sensitized rats by administration of lymphocytes from sensitized animals. The common antigen(s) responsible for DTH was not identified but DTH reactions were found to be unrelated to the O or K serotype of the Esch. coli strains used. Intrarenal administration of killed Esch. coli to animals showing cutaneous DTH and non-sensitized controls did not produce evidence of DTH reactions of the kidney. Instead it was shown that intrarenal administration of formalin- or heat-killed Esch. coli leads to kidney scarring in both sensitized animals and non-sensitized controls. These scars were comparable in severity, and were similar to those obtained after infection of the kidney with live organisms. It is concluded that DTH reactions do not play a role in the pathogenesis of kidney scarring associated with Esch. coli infection of the rat kidney but that the strains of Esch. coli studied possess a common heat- and formalin-stable nephrotoxic factor which induces kidney scarring.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity to Escherichia coli in the rat--a study of its possible relevance to the pathogenesis of kidney scars. Rats sensitized to various strains of Escherichia coli (078, O2K13H1, O6K13H1 and O6K2a2cH1) showed cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions after intradermal challenge with the same or a different strain of Esch. coli. Cutaneous DTH was transferred to non-sensitized rats by administration of lymphocytes from sensitized animals. The common antigen(s) responsible for DTH was not identified but DTH reactions were found to be unrelated to the O or K serotype of the Esch. coli strains used. Intrarenal administration of killed Esch. coli to animals showing cutaneous DTH and non-sensitized controls did not produce evidence of DTH reactions of the kidney. Instead it was shown that intrarenal administration of formalin- or heat-killed Esch. coli leads to kidney scarring in both sensitized animals and non-sensitized controls. These scars were comparable in severity, and were similar to those obtained after infection of the kidney with live organisms. It is concluded that DTH reactions do not play a role in the pathogenesis of kidney scarring associated with Esch. coli infection of the rat kidney but that the strains of Esch. coli studied possess a common heat- and formalin-stable nephrotoxic factor which induces kidney scarring."}
{"id": "PMID:338017", "title": "Lymphocyte activation by streptococcal antigens in psoriasis.", "content": "Cell-mediated immune responses in 28 hospitalized patients with psoriasis and in 36 healthy controls were studied using the two-step leukocyte migration agarose test. Specific cell-mediated immunity to A-streptococcal cell wall and cell membrane antigens occurred significantly more often in patients with psoriasis than in the control group. A statistically significant correlation between psoriasis-associated antigens of the HLA-B locus and cellular immune reactivity to A-streptococcal antigens or clinical course was not found. When patients with guttate psoriasis were compared separately with the control group, leukocyte migration inhibition induced by cell-free supernatants of A-streptococcal antigen-exposed mononuclear cell cultures was found to be more frequent than in other forms of psoriasis.", "contents": "Lymphocyte activation by streptococcal antigens in psoriasis. Cell-mediated immune responses in 28 hospitalized patients with psoriasis and in 36 healthy controls were studied using the two-step leukocyte migration agarose test. Specific cell-mediated immunity to A-streptococcal cell wall and cell membrane antigens occurred significantly more often in patients with psoriasis than in the control group. A statistically significant correlation between psoriasis-associated antigens of the HLA-B locus and cellular immune reactivity to A-streptococcal antigens or clinical course was not found. When patients with guttate psoriasis were compared separately with the control group, leukocyte migration inhibition induced by cell-free supernatants of A-streptococcal antigen-exposed mononuclear cell cultures was found to be more frequent than in other forms of psoriasis."}
{"id": "PMID:338022", "title": "Intravenous oxytocin and oral prostaglandin E2 for ripening of the unfavourable cervix.", "content": "A clinical trial involving 60 patients was conducted to assess the relative efficacy of intravenous oxytocin and oral prostaglandin E2 in ripening the unfavourable cervix, when given as a priming dose on the day before induction of labour. There was significant improvement in the Bishop score, and the subsequent induction-delivery interval following priming with prostaglandin. This improvement appeared to be dose-related.", "contents": "Intravenous oxytocin and oral prostaglandin E2 for ripening of the unfavourable cervix. A clinical trial involving 60 patients was conducted to assess the relative efficacy of intravenous oxytocin and oral prostaglandin E2 in ripening the unfavourable cervix, when given as a priming dose on the day before induction of labour. There was significant improvement in the Bishop score, and the subsequent induction-delivery interval following priming with prostaglandin. This improvement appeared to be dose-related."}
{"id": "PMID:338023", "title": "Radioisotope dilution technique for measurement of blood loss associated with lower segment caesarean section.", "content": "Using a 51Cr-labelled red cell dilution technique, the blood loss associated with elective lower segment Caesarean section was measured in 30 patients, half of whom had a previous history of Caesarean section. The blood loss (mean +/- SD) was 1290 +/- 240 ml for first Caesarean sections and 1012 +/- 380 ml for repeat operations.", "contents": "Radioisotope dilution technique for measurement of blood loss associated with lower segment caesarean section. Using a 51Cr-labelled red cell dilution technique, the blood loss associated with elective lower segment Caesarean section was measured in 30 patients, half of whom had a previous history of Caesarean section. The blood loss (mean +/- SD) was 1290 +/- 240 ml for first Caesarean sections and 1012 +/- 380 ml for repeat operations."}
{"id": "PMID:338024", "title": "The effect of treatment with oestradiol and oestriol on fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in postmenopausal women.", "content": "The effect of natural oestrogens on serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels was studied in a controlled double-blind clinical trial. No statistically significant changes were found in the blood lipids when comparing the patients treated with oestradiol, 2 mg, and oestriol, 1 mg, and those given placebo.", "contents": "The effect of treatment with oestradiol and oestriol on fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in postmenopausal women. The effect of natural oestrogens on serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels was studied in a controlled double-blind clinical trial. No statistically significant changes were found in the blood lipids when comparing the patients treated with oestradiol, 2 mg, and oestriol, 1 mg, and those given placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:338025", "title": "A double-blind trial of single-dose chemoprophylaxis with co-trimoxazole during total abdominal hysterectomy.", "content": "Thirty patients received 10 ml co-trimoxazole and 29 a placebo by intravenous infusion during one hour from induction of anaesthesia for total abdominal hysterectomy. The incidence of postoperative urinary tract infections was significantly lower in patients who had received co-trimoxazole. Co-trimoxazole was also found to inhibit postoperative colonization of the upper vagina with Escherichia coli. The incidences of postoperative pyrexia (38 degrees C or over) and both early and late abdominal wound abscess formation were almost identical in the two groups of patients.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of single-dose chemoprophylaxis with co-trimoxazole during total abdominal hysterectomy. Thirty patients received 10 ml co-trimoxazole and 29 a placebo by intravenous infusion during one hour from induction of anaesthesia for total abdominal hysterectomy. The incidence of postoperative urinary tract infections was significantly lower in patients who had received co-trimoxazole. Co-trimoxazole was also found to inhibit postoperative colonization of the upper vagina with Escherichia coli. The incidences of postoperative pyrexia (38 degrees C or over) and both early and late abdominal wound abscess formation were almost identical in the two groups of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:338027", "title": "External ocular motor palsies in ophthalmic zoster: a review.", "content": "Seventy-seven new patients suffering from ophthalmic zoster and a selected group of 69 old patients were carefully examined with regard to external ocular movements. An incidence of 31% of ocular pareses was found in the new patients, and 58 in all were analysed. We were surprised to find several of these were contralateral and bilateral palsies. 28% of the palsies were asymptomatic, due to diplopia being present only in extremes of gaze and the rapid development of suppression in the affected eye. The theories of aetiology of these pareses are discussed.", "contents": "External ocular motor palsies in ophthalmic zoster: a review. Seventy-seven new patients suffering from ophthalmic zoster and a selected group of 69 old patients were carefully examined with regard to external ocular movements. An incidence of 31% of ocular pareses was found in the new patients, and 58 in all were analysed. We were surprised to find several of these were contralateral and bilateral palsies. 28% of the palsies were asymptomatic, due to diplopia being present only in extremes of gaze and the rapid development of suppression in the affected eye. The theories of aetiology of these pareses are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:338030", "title": "Accumulation of immunoglobulin messenger ribonucleic acid in immunized mouse spleen.", "content": "We have measured the concentration of mRNAs coding for immunoglobulins, k and lambda type light chains and gamma 1 type heavy chain, in mouse spleen cells activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide or sheep red blood cells. These mRNAs were quantitated by hybridization to radioactive DNA complementary to highly purified immunoglobulin mRNAs from mouse myelomas. In the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated spleen cells, only light chain mRNA accumulated, whereas gamma 1 type heavy chain mRNA remained unvaried. The light chain mRNA concentration also increased in purified bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes. The lipopolysaccharide-induced light chain mRNA was similar to light chain mRNAs purified from myelomas. The accumulation and disappearance of light chain mRNA in bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes coincide with the kinetics of synthesis of immunoglobulin M which is the major species induced by lipopolysaccharide. In sheep red blood cell stimulated spleen, the specific accumulation of k type light chain and gamma 1 type heavy chain mRNAs parallels immunoglobulin G synthesis. These results seem to indicate that the increment of immunoglobulin mRNA concentration in bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes is important for induction of immunoglobulin synthesis.", "contents": "Accumulation of immunoglobulin messenger ribonucleic acid in immunized mouse spleen. We have measured the concentration of mRNAs coding for immunoglobulins, k and lambda type light chains and gamma 1 type heavy chain, in mouse spleen cells activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide or sheep red blood cells. These mRNAs were quantitated by hybridization to radioactive DNA complementary to highly purified immunoglobulin mRNAs from mouse myelomas. In the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated spleen cells, only light chain mRNA accumulated, whereas gamma 1 type heavy chain mRNA remained unvaried. The light chain mRNA concentration also increased in purified bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes. The lipopolysaccharide-induced light chain mRNA was similar to light chain mRNAs purified from myelomas. The accumulation and disappearance of light chain mRNA in bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes coincide with the kinetics of synthesis of immunoglobulin M which is the major species induced by lipopolysaccharide. In sheep red blood cell stimulated spleen, the specific accumulation of k type light chain and gamma 1 type heavy chain mRNAs parallels immunoglobulin G synthesis. These results seem to indicate that the increment of immunoglobulin mRNA concentration in bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes is important for induction of immunoglobulin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:338033", "title": "Heavy meromyosin binds actin with negative cooperativity.", "content": "The association of fluorescently labeled heavy meromyosin (HMM) and F-actin was measured by time-resolved fluorescence depolarization. The effects of varying the protein concentrations, temperature, KCl concentration, and pH were determined. Measurements of HMM mobility supported a model of no interaction between the two heads in the absence of actin. Measurements of actin binding, when compared with results for myosin subfragment I, indicated that the two heads of HMM do not bind independently in the rigor complex. This could result from actin-transmitted negative cooperativity or from steric inhibition due to the structure of HMM. For HMM and actin in 0.15 7 kcl at 25 degrees C: Ka = 3.9 X 10(7) M-1, deltaHco' = 36 +/- 2 J M-1, deltaSco' = 0.26 +/- 0.02 kJ M-1 K-1; the slope of ln Ka vs. [KCl]1/2 = -3.88 and the pH of maximum association was 6.9.", "contents": "Heavy meromyosin binds actin with negative cooperativity. The association of fluorescently labeled heavy meromyosin (HMM) and F-actin was measured by time-resolved fluorescence depolarization. The effects of varying the protein concentrations, temperature, KCl concentration, and pH were determined. Measurements of HMM mobility supported a model of no interaction between the two heads in the absence of actin. Measurements of actin binding, when compared with results for myosin subfragment I, indicated that the two heads of HMM do not bind independently in the rigor complex. This could result from actin-transmitted negative cooperativity or from steric inhibition due to the structure of HMM. For HMM and actin in 0.15 7 kcl at 25 degrees C: Ka = 3.9 X 10(7) M-1, deltaHco' = 36 +/- 2 J M-1, deltaSco' = 0.26 +/- 0.02 kJ M-1 K-1; the slope of ln Ka vs. [KCl]1/2 = -3.88 and the pH of maximum association was 6.9."}
{"id": "PMID:338034", "title": "Acid-labilization of sterols for extraction from yeast.", "content": "A wild type strain of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, pretreated with a mild acid hydrolysis, exhibited a 4-fold increase in sterol yield upon saponification and extraction. This increased yield is reflected in both major and minor sterols (ergosterol; zymosterol) and sterol esters.", "contents": "Acid-labilization of sterols for extraction from yeast. A wild type strain of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, pretreated with a mild acid hydrolysis, exhibited a 4-fold increase in sterol yield upon saponification and extraction. This increased yield is reflected in both major and minor sterols (ergosterol; zymosterol) and sterol esters."}
{"id": "PMID:338036", "title": "[Planar model of nucleosome and chromatin structure of high orders].", "content": "A model of nucleosome is discussed, which consists of two nucleohistone strand folds, located at the same level, similarly directed and having a rhomboid form. The folds are symmetric to each other. Four histones (H3, H2a, H2b and H4) take part in the formation of each fold. Nucleosome begins with a DNA region, bound with H1 histone and terminates with free DNA. Total sequence of histones along DNA is H1-H3-H2a-H2b-H4-H4-H2b-H2a-H3. Polypeptide chains of neighboring histones are oppositely directed and are located at opposite DNA strands. The model explains regularities of chromatin splitting under combined effect of ds-nucleases and trypsin, and of ss-nucleases. It is also in a good agreement with other properties of chromatin. Nucleosomes join to each other \"side-to-side\" under coincidence of terminal elements with faces of the rhomboid nucleosome structures. The model permits to explain the formation of a highest order structure--a helix of six nucleosomes, forming a fibril of 250--300 A in diameter. The degree of DNA compactness in it reaches 80--100.", "contents": "[Planar model of nucleosome and chromatin structure of high orders]. A model of nucleosome is discussed, which consists of two nucleohistone strand folds, located at the same level, similarly directed and having a rhomboid form. The folds are symmetric to each other. Four histones (H3, H2a, H2b and H4) take part in the formation of each fold. Nucleosome begins with a DNA region, bound with H1 histone and terminates with free DNA. Total sequence of histones along DNA is H1-H3-H2a-H2b-H4-H4-H2b-H2a-H3. Polypeptide chains of neighboring histones are oppositely directed and are located at opposite DNA strands. The model explains regularities of chromatin splitting under combined effect of ds-nucleases and trypsin, and of ss-nucleases. It is also in a good agreement with other properties of chromatin. Nucleosomes join to each other \"side-to-side\" under coincidence of terminal elements with faces of the rhomboid nucleosome structures. The model permits to explain the formation of a highest order structure--a helix of six nucleosomes, forming a fibril of 250--300 A in diameter. The degree of DNA compactness in it reaches 80--100."}
{"id": "PMID:338037", "title": "[Membrane action of ionic surfactants on yeast cells].", "content": "Effect of a number of homologous series of cationic and anionic surfactants on yeast cells was examined. It is found that the cellular proteins extraction degree under the surfactants treatment depends on the agents structure. It is established that the highest extraction efficiency among the bisquaternary ammonium compounds is displayed by the decyl derivatives and among sodium alkyl sulfates--by octyl sulfate. The influence of pH, ionic strength and the agent concentration on the proteins extraction degree was studied. It is concluded that the anionic and cationic compounds act on the yeast plasma membrane by the similar way and all the differences observed are just the quantitative ones. It is suggested that the efficiency of the surfactant action on the cell is limited particularly by the ratio of cell wall pore size to the size of micelles formed by the agent in the solution.", "contents": "[Membrane action of ionic surfactants on yeast cells]. Effect of a number of homologous series of cationic and anionic surfactants on yeast cells was examined. It is found that the cellular proteins extraction degree under the surfactants treatment depends on the agents structure. It is established that the highest extraction efficiency among the bisquaternary ammonium compounds is displayed by the decyl derivatives and among sodium alkyl sulfates--by octyl sulfate. The influence of pH, ionic strength and the agent concentration on the proteins extraction degree was studied. It is concluded that the anionic and cationic compounds act on the yeast plasma membrane by the similar way and all the differences observed are just the quantitative ones. It is suggested that the efficiency of the surfactant action on the cell is limited particularly by the ratio of cell wall pore size to the size of micelles formed by the agent in the solution."}
{"id": "PMID:338039", "title": "EEG profile and behavioral changes after a single dose of clozapine in normals and schizophrenics.", "content": "Clozapine, a powerful neuroleptic with unique clinical efficacy (and without parkinsonic side effects), has been shown to have an unusual EEG profile. The EEG changes after clozapine, especially when instrumentally quantified, demonstrated the predictive value of EEG. The similarities of the EEG profile of clozapine with the profile of thymoleptic compounds indicated its possible thymoleptic effect. This later proved to be the case with therapeutic studies in depression. The EEG profile of clozapine in volunteers is similar to the EEG profile in schizophrenics (with appropriately higher doses). Instrumental quantification was performed with spectral and iterative interval analysis to show the advantages of each method and also the complementary value of both of them.", "contents": "EEG profile and behavioral changes after a single dose of clozapine in normals and schizophrenics. Clozapine, a powerful neuroleptic with unique clinical efficacy (and without parkinsonic side effects), has been shown to have an unusual EEG profile. The EEG changes after clozapine, especially when instrumentally quantified, demonstrated the predictive value of EEG. The similarities of the EEG profile of clozapine with the profile of thymoleptic compounds indicated its possible thymoleptic effect. This later proved to be the case with therapeutic studies in depression. The EEG profile of clozapine in volunteers is similar to the EEG profile in schizophrenics (with appropriately higher doses). Instrumental quantification was performed with spectral and iterative interval analysis to show the advantages of each method and also the complementary value of both of them."}
{"id": "PMID:338041", "title": "Individual differences in habituation of human physiological responses: a review of theory, method, and findings in the study of personality correlates in non-clinical populations.", "content": "Studies up to 1976 of the relationship between psychometrically defined dimensions of personality and individual differences in habituation of EEG and autonomic responses were examined. Attention was confined to reports employing persons who were not diagnosed as suffering from mental disorder, institutionalized for this reason of for delinquent or criminal behaviour. The dimensions of extraversion and anxiety were most frequently found to be implicated in predictions about individual differences in response habituation, though no consistent rationale for these predictions was identified. Methodological problems involved in studying the predictions were considered, and a number of factors relating to measurement of personality and habituation and the experimental conditions under which response habituation is studied were suggested as possible sources of confounding. A survey of the empirical literature led to the conclusions that anxiety as defined by the Manifest Anxiety Scale is related to habituation of the finger vasomotor response but probably not to habituation of the electrodermal response, while extraversion, as defined by Eysenck's scale, is related to habituation of the electrodermal response. For other scales and other dimensions, including cognitive factors, the available data are inconsistent or too meagre to permit conclusions being drawn. It is suggested that future research be directed to a systematic investigation of the conditions under which personality factors contribute significantly to individual differences in response habituation, rather than seek to identify general relationships.", "contents": "Individual differences in habituation of human physiological responses: a review of theory, method, and findings in the study of personality correlates in non-clinical populations. Studies up to 1976 of the relationship between psychometrically defined dimensions of personality and individual differences in habituation of EEG and autonomic responses were examined. Attention was confined to reports employing persons who were not diagnosed as suffering from mental disorder, institutionalized for this reason of for delinquent or criminal behaviour. The dimensions of extraversion and anxiety were most frequently found to be implicated in predictions about individual differences in response habituation, though no consistent rationale for these predictions was identified. Methodological problems involved in studying the predictions were considered, and a number of factors relating to measurement of personality and habituation and the experimental conditions under which response habituation is studied were suggested as possible sources of confounding. A survey of the empirical literature led to the conclusions that anxiety as defined by the Manifest Anxiety Scale is related to habituation of the finger vasomotor response but probably not to habituation of the electrodermal response, while extraversion, as defined by Eysenck's scale, is related to habituation of the electrodermal response. For other scales and other dimensions, including cognitive factors, the available data are inconsistent or too meagre to permit conclusions being drawn. It is suggested that future research be directed to a systematic investigation of the conditions under which personality factors contribute significantly to individual differences in response habituation, rather than seek to identify general relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:338042", "title": "Applications of the Mantel-Haenszel statistic to the comparison of survival distributions.", "content": "In comparing two survival distributions, a Mantel-Haenszel statistic can be computed after each death as a non-linear two-sample rank statistic. The distributions of both the maximum and terminal statistics in such a sequence are studied numerically, in the absence of censoring, and appropriate critical values are determined. The maximum statistic is applied to simultaneous inference, and both the maximum and terminal statistics are used as the basis for early stopping procedures (especially in the pseudo-sequential context). Procedures based on the two statistics are compared for power and for early decision properties such as stopping index and (for exponential distributions) stopping time.", "contents": "Applications of the Mantel-Haenszel statistic to the comparison of survival distributions. In comparing two survival distributions, a Mantel-Haenszel statistic can be computed after each death as a non-linear two-sample rank statistic. The distributions of both the maximum and terminal statistics in such a sequence are studied numerically, in the absence of censoring, and appropriate critical values are determined. The maximum statistic is applied to simultaneous inference, and both the maximum and terminal statistics are used as the basis for early stopping procedures (especially in the pseudo-sequential context). Procedures based on the two statistics are compared for power and for early decision properties such as stopping index and (for exponential distributions) stopping time."}
{"id": "PMID:338043", "title": "Sequential allocation in clinical trials comparing two exponential survival curves.", "content": "The problem of comparing two medical treatments with respect to survival is considered. Treatment outcome is assumed to follow an exponential distribution. The ratio of expected survivals associated with the two treatments is the clinical parameter of interest. A nuisance parameter is present, but it is removed by an invariance reduction and a sequential probability ratio test is applied to the invariant likelihood ratio. A class of data-dependent treatment assignment rules is identified over which the probability of correct treatment selection at the termination of the trial is approximately constant. A cost function, the weighted sum of total patients in the trial and the number assigned to the inferior treatment is introduced, and a treatment allocation rule conjectured to minimize the expected cost is constructed. Both analytic and simulation results show that it is an improvement over rules previously proposed. The methodology contained herein can be used to construct near-optimal rules in other testing contexts.", "contents": "Sequential allocation in clinical trials comparing two exponential survival curves. The problem of comparing two medical treatments with respect to survival is considered. Treatment outcome is assumed to follow an exponential distribution. The ratio of expected survivals associated with the two treatments is the clinical parameter of interest. A nuisance parameter is present, but it is removed by an invariance reduction and a sequential probability ratio test is applied to the invariant likelihood ratio. A class of data-dependent treatment assignment rules is identified over which the probability of correct treatment selection at the termination of the trial is approximately constant. A cost function, the weighted sum of total patients in the trial and the number assigned to the inferior treatment is introduced, and a treatment allocation rule conjectured to minimize the expected cost is constructed. Both analytic and simulation results show that it is an improvement over rules previously proposed. The methodology contained herein can be used to construct near-optimal rules in other testing contexts."}
{"id": "PMID:338044", "title": "Adaptive treatment assignment methods and clinical trials.", "content": "This paper provides a general review of adaptive experimental designs which utilize accumulating information for assigning the best treatment to the most patients in clinical trials. The historical development of such methods is traced. Though the statistical literture on adaptive designs has developed rapidly and continues to grow, the methods are almost totally unused in practice. An extensive evaluation of why adaptive designs are rarely used in clinical trials is presented. It is asserted that most published methods have important deficiencies that render them unsuitable for application. Suggestions are offered for reorienting this area of research into directions that are potentially more useful for clinical trials.", "contents": "Adaptive treatment assignment methods and clinical trials. This paper provides a general review of adaptive experimental designs which utilize accumulating information for assigning the best treatment to the most patients in clinical trials. The historical development of such methods is traced. Though the statistical literture on adaptive designs has developed rapidly and continues to grow, the methods are almost totally unused in practice. An extensive evaluation of why adaptive designs are rarely used in clinical trials is presented. It is asserted that most published methods have important deficiencies that render them unsuitable for application. Suggestions are offered for reorienting this area of research into directions that are potentially more useful for clinical trials."}
{"id": "PMID:338047", "title": "Obtaining hyperimmune anti-coli (anti-Escherichia) human plasma.", "content": "Anticoli (anti-Escherichia) plasma has been obtained from donors immunized with viable Escherichia oral vaccines, prepared from Str-d mutants of E. coli. Anticoli plasma has an therapeutic effect against diseases of Escherichia etiology.", "contents": "Obtaining hyperimmune anti-coli (anti-Escherichia) human plasma. Anticoli (anti-Escherichia) plasma has been obtained from donors immunized with viable Escherichia oral vaccines, prepared from Str-d mutants of E. coli. Anticoli plasma has an therapeutic effect against diseases of Escherichia etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:338051", "title": "Hemolysis due to gram-negative urinary tract infection.", "content": "Twenty-four infants 8--62 days of age with urinary tract infection have presented with a chief complaint of jaundice. The bilirubin determinations have ranged from 6--48.2 mg/dl, with elevation of both the direct and indirect reacting bilirubin fractions except for the youngest infants (under 10 days old), where only indirect bilirubin elevation was present. The BUNs ranged from 18--153 mg/dl with general correlation to the bilirubin elevation. Hemolysis was documented in 21 infants. The infecting organisms were predominantly Escherichia coli (20 patients) of the low-number serotypes. We have been able to test 11 of the isolates and have found that all produced hemolysis on blood agar plates. Another interesting observation has been the reversal of the expected frequency of the A and B blood groups in our series. There is an excessive number of infants of blood group B with a paucity of blood group A; blood group O is as expected. The relationship of blood group type and E. coli infection and the presence or absence of jaundice needs to be explored in a larger group of infants.", "contents": "Hemolysis due to gram-negative urinary tract infection. Twenty-four infants 8--62 days of age with urinary tract infection have presented with a chief complaint of jaundice. The bilirubin determinations have ranged from 6--48.2 mg/dl, with elevation of both the direct and indirect reacting bilirubin fractions except for the youngest infants (under 10 days old), where only indirect bilirubin elevation was present. The BUNs ranged from 18--153 mg/dl with general correlation to the bilirubin elevation. Hemolysis was documented in 21 infants. The infecting organisms were predominantly Escherichia coli (20 patients) of the low-number serotypes. We have been able to test 11 of the isolates and have found that all produced hemolysis on blood agar plates. Another interesting observation has been the reversal of the expected frequency of the A and B blood groups in our series. There is an excessive number of infants of blood group B with a paucity of blood group A; blood group O is as expected. The relationship of blood group type and E. coli infection and the presence or absence of jaundice needs to be explored in a larger group of infants."}
{"id": "PMID:338052", "title": "[Dopamine sensitive neurons of the arcuate region of the hypothalamus and their role in regulating the gonadotropic function of the pituitary].", "content": "The effect of the microiontophoretic application of dopamine (DA) into the arcuate region of the hypothalamus on the sensitivity of single neurons and on the plasma and hypophysis LH levels was examined at various stages of the estrous cycle. During the estrous cycle in rats there was no significant differences in the relative number of neurons showing activation and inhibition or non-responsive to DA. However, in the first half of proestrus (P) a significant increase in the number of neurons with the excitative reaction to the iontophoretic application of DA was observed. At all the stages of the cycle, except the second half of P, the excitative reaction of neurons correlated with increased LH level in the plasma. In the hypophysis only in diestrus-2 there was a significant increase of the LH level in response to the iontophoretic application of DA in the arcuate neurons of the hypothalamus.", "contents": "[Dopamine sensitive neurons of the arcuate region of the hypothalamus and their role in regulating the gonadotropic function of the pituitary]. The effect of the microiontophoretic application of dopamine (DA) into the arcuate region of the hypothalamus on the sensitivity of single neurons and on the plasma and hypophysis LH levels was examined at various stages of the estrous cycle. During the estrous cycle in rats there was no significant differences in the relative number of neurons showing activation and inhibition or non-responsive to DA. However, in the first half of proestrus (P) a significant increase in the number of neurons with the excitative reaction to the iontophoretic application of DA was observed. At all the stages of the cycle, except the second half of P, the excitative reaction of neurons correlated with increased LH level in the plasma. In the hypophysis only in diestrus-2 there was a significant increase of the LH level in response to the iontophoretic application of DA in the arcuate neurons of the hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:338054", "title": "[Influence of poly-A:U, dextran sulfate and yeast RNA on the colony forming ability of bone marrow in irradiated mice].", "content": "Poly-A:U, dextran sulfate and yeast RNA were shown to increase the number of endogenous (CFU) in sublethally (525 r.) irradiated mouse spleens seemingly as a result of their mutagenic effect on proliferating CFU. The preparations had no effect on the number of exogenous colonies when injected together with bone marrow syngeneic cells transfer from intact donors. Dextran sulfate led to a 2.7 time increase in the number of endogenous colonies in unevenly irradiated mouse spleens mostly due to the CFU migration from the protected sites of the bone marrow. Poly-A:U and yeast RNA complex was ineffective in such an experiment. It is quite possible that the ability of dextran sulfate to increase the migrational potencies of the stem hematogenic cells served as one of the essential factors in the mechanism of its adjuvant activity.", "contents": "[Influence of poly-A:U, dextran sulfate and yeast RNA on the colony forming ability of bone marrow in irradiated mice]. Poly-A:U, dextran sulfate and yeast RNA were shown to increase the number of endogenous (CFU) in sublethally (525 r.) irradiated mouse spleens seemingly as a result of their mutagenic effect on proliferating CFU. The preparations had no effect on the number of exogenous colonies when injected together with bone marrow syngeneic cells transfer from intact donors. Dextran sulfate led to a 2.7 time increase in the number of endogenous colonies in unevenly irradiated mouse spleens mostly due to the CFU migration from the protected sites of the bone marrow. Poly-A:U and yeast RNA complex was ineffective in such an experiment. It is quite possible that the ability of dextran sulfate to increase the migrational potencies of the stem hematogenic cells served as one of the essential factors in the mechanism of its adjuvant activity."}
{"id": "PMID:338055", "title": "[Formation of recombinants of F' plasmids in recombination-defective E. coli cells and their properties].", "content": "As a result of mating of cells carrying plasmid F' lac with cells carrying plasmid F'his merodiploids carrying plasmid complex F'lacF'his were isolated. The plasmid genes of the isolated merodiploids are donated together into the recipient cells and are eliminated jointly from host-cells both spontaneously and by acridine orange. As the formation of the plasmid complex took place in E. coli cells carrying mutation in rec A gene the recombination of plasmids F' is supposed to take place in the absence of the product of gene rec. A.", "contents": "[Formation of recombinants of F' plasmids in recombination-defective E. coli cells and their properties]. As a result of mating of cells carrying plasmid F' lac with cells carrying plasmid F'his merodiploids carrying plasmid complex F'lacF'his were isolated. The plasmid genes of the isolated merodiploids are donated together into the recipient cells and are eliminated jointly from host-cells both spontaneously and by acridine orange. As the formation of the plasmid complex took place in E. coli cells carrying mutation in rec A gene the recombination of plasmids F' is supposed to take place in the absence of the product of gene rec. A."}
{"id": "PMID:338056", "title": "[Method of exposing cells to ultrasound].", "content": "A simple chamber for studying the influence of ultrasound on low quantities of cell suspension is suggested. It consists of an organic glass cylinder, which is placed on the head of the apparatus YTP-1, the surface of which forms the floor of the chamber. Thanks to this, the loss of ultrasonic energy is eliminated, and a possibility of a rather exact determination of the intensity of ultrasound, which influences the suspension cells, is attained.", "contents": "[Method of exposing cells to ultrasound]. A simple chamber for studying the influence of ultrasound on low quantities of cell suspension is suggested. It consists of an organic glass cylinder, which is placed on the head of the apparatus YTP-1, the surface of which forms the floor of the chamber. Thanks to this, the loss of ultrasonic energy is eliminated, and a possibility of a rather exact determination of the intensity of ultrasound, which influences the suspension cells, is attained."}
{"id": "PMID:338057", "title": "Purification and characterization of granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) from human peripheral blood using immunologic surface markers.", "content": "The concentration of committed granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) in functionally unique subpopulations of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells has been determined by the in vitro methyl-cellulose assay. Using immunoabsorbent column chromatography and rosette-depletion techniques, we have demonstrated that CFU-C, although not present in either purified T or B lymphocyte populations, are highly concentrated in the \"null\" cell population, which lacks sheep erythrocyte receptors and surface immunoglobulin. Further fractionation of this null subset has demonstrated that CFU-C do not bear complement receptors, but require the presence of peripheral blood mononuclear cell feeder layers for maximum proliferation.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) from human peripheral blood using immunologic surface markers. The concentration of committed granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) in functionally unique subpopulations of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells has been determined by the in vitro methyl-cellulose assay. Using immunoabsorbent column chromatography and rosette-depletion techniques, we have demonstrated that CFU-C, although not present in either purified T or B lymphocyte populations, are highly concentrated in the \"null\" cell population, which lacks sheep erythrocyte receptors and surface immunoglobulin. Further fractionation of this null subset has demonstrated that CFU-C do not bear complement receptors, but require the presence of peripheral blood mononuclear cell feeder layers for maximum proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:338067", "title": "Skin surface application of ketocaine to provide local anaesthesia for cutting split skin grafts.", "content": "Astra 2337 ketocaine-soaked pads applied to the skin surface produced analgesia adequate for split skin graft cutting 85 out of 86 patients. In 86 per cent, the analgesia was completely satisfactory; a few had some discomfort or pain but all could tolerate this. Application for 1 hour is time enough, but the effect lasts for at least 8 hours and probably longer. Apart from occasional redness and oedema of the skin, no adverse effects wer noted and the blood levels of absorbed ketocaine were far below the toxic level. This simple effective technique is of great value, particularly in such cases as burns who require multiple grafting operations and in whom repeated general anaesthetics can have such adverse effect.", "contents": "Skin surface application of ketocaine to provide local anaesthesia for cutting split skin grafts. Astra 2337 ketocaine-soaked pads applied to the skin surface produced analgesia adequate for split skin graft cutting 85 out of 86 patients. In 86 per cent, the analgesia was completely satisfactory; a few had some discomfort or pain but all could tolerate this. Application for 1 hour is time enough, but the effect lasts for at least 8 hours and probably longer. Apart from occasional redness and oedema of the skin, no adverse effects wer noted and the blood levels of absorbed ketocaine were far below the toxic level. This simple effective technique is of great value, particularly in such cases as burns who require multiple grafting operations and in whom repeated general anaesthetics can have such adverse effect."}
{"id": "PMID:338068", "title": "Gustav Simon (1824-1876): Simonart (s)(z) of the band?", "content": "Gustav Simon was the first to describe how, in a bilateral hare lip, the premaxilla would move backwards when the clefts were closed. The reference invariably given for this is wrong. The \"bands\" which Simon Arzt created to bridge the clefts and pull back the premaxilla are almost certainly the origin of the term \"Simonart's(s')(z') band.", "contents": "Gustav Simon (1824-1876): Simonart (s)(z) of the band? Gustav Simon was the first to describe how, in a bilateral hare lip, the premaxilla would move backwards when the clefts were closed. The reference invariably given for this is wrong. The \"bands\" which Simon Arzt created to bridge the clefts and pull back the premaxilla are almost certainly the origin of the term \"Simonart's(s')(z') band."}
{"id": "PMID:338070", "title": "Experimental micro-anastomosis of 0.4-0.5 mm vessels.", "content": "Ninety-two anastomoses of arteries 0.5 mm in diameter have been performed in rats with an 85-90 per cent patency rate in the second postoperative week. The factors of prime importance in the achievement of high patency rates have been atraumatic handing and meticulous suturing technique. At 1 hour and at 8 to 10 days the patency rates were not statistically different whether 20 per cent magnesium sulphate heparin or normal saline were used. Similar results were obtained with 40 repairs of divided veins averaging 0.4 mm in diameter. These results suggest strongly that clinical microvascular surgery in vessels approximately 0.5 mm in diameter, especially in children, should given results comparable to 1 mm vessel surgery.", "contents": "Experimental micro-anastomosis of 0.4-0.5 mm vessels. Ninety-two anastomoses of arteries 0.5 mm in diameter have been performed in rats with an 85-90 per cent patency rate in the second postoperative week. The factors of prime importance in the achievement of high patency rates have been atraumatic handing and meticulous suturing technique. At 1 hour and at 8 to 10 days the patency rates were not statistically different whether 20 per cent magnesium sulphate heparin or normal saline were used. Similar results were obtained with 40 repairs of divided veins averaging 0.4 mm in diameter. These results suggest strongly that clinical microvascular surgery in vessels approximately 0.5 mm in diameter, especially in children, should given results comparable to 1 mm vessel surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:338071", "title": "The youngest free groin flap yet?", "content": "A successful free groin flap transfer to the arm in a 3-month-old baby is described. The vessels were large enough for microvascular anastomosis and we believe that there is no minimum age restriction for free flap transfer.", "contents": "The youngest free groin flap yet? A successful free groin flap transfer to the arm in a 3-month-old baby is described. The vessels were large enough for microvascular anastomosis and we believe that there is no minimum age restriction for free flap transfer."}
{"id": "PMID:338074", "title": "Surgical treatment of lymphangioma circumscriptum: a case report.", "content": "Lymphangioma circumscripta can only be reliably cured by excising not only the affected skin but all the subjacent subcutaneous tissue.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of lymphangioma circumscriptum: a case report. Lymphangioma circumscripta can only be reliably cured by excising not only the affected skin but all the subjacent subcutaneous tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:338079", "title": "A trial of ascorbic acid in the treatment of the common cold.", "content": "A randomised controlled trial was carried out to study the effect of 10 g of ascorbic acid taken during the first 2 1/2 days on the symptoms of the common cold. Altogether 1524 volunteers were recruited from a number of working groups in different parts of the country; 482 developed colds. There was no evidence that upper respiratory or general constitutional symptoms were alleviated by ascorbic acid. Among the men who had any colds at all, significantly fewer on active than on placebo treatment had two or more colds; however, this effect was not seen in women. Ascorbic acid is of no value in the treatment of the common cold; its preventive effect, if any, is not such as to justify advising its general use as a prophylactic measure.", "contents": "A trial of ascorbic acid in the treatment of the common cold. A randomised controlled trial was carried out to study the effect of 10 g of ascorbic acid taken during the first 2 1/2 days on the symptoms of the common cold. Altogether 1524 volunteers were recruited from a number of working groups in different parts of the country; 482 developed colds. There was no evidence that upper respiratory or general constitutional symptoms were alleviated by ascorbic acid. Among the men who had any colds at all, significantly fewer on active than on placebo treatment had two or more colds; however, this effect was not seen in women. Ascorbic acid is of no value in the treatment of the common cold; its preventive effect, if any, is not such as to justify advising its general use as a prophylactic measure."}
{"id": "PMID:338081", "title": "A clinical trial of phenelzine in anxiety depressive and phobic neuroses.", "content": "A double-blind clinical trial of phenelzine and diazepam against placebo and diazepam in neurotic patients over a four-week period showed phenelzine to be superior to placebo on three rating scales in some groups of patients who completed the trial. The findings suggest that phenelzine may exert a beneficial effect on some as yet undefined features of anxiety and depression which were not revealed by a multiple regression analysis of clinical symptomatology or premorbid personality.", "contents": "A clinical trial of phenelzine in anxiety depressive and phobic neuroses. A double-blind clinical trial of phenelzine and diazepam against placebo and diazepam in neurotic patients over a four-week period showed phenelzine to be superior to placebo on three rating scales in some groups of patients who completed the trial. The findings suggest that phenelzine may exert a beneficial effect on some as yet undefined features of anxiety and depression which were not revealed by a multiple regression analysis of clinical symptomatology or premorbid personality."}
{"id": "PMID:338082", "title": "Antidepressant drug therapy in psychotic depression.", "content": "Imipramine and phenelzine were ineffective in the treatment of five primary unipolar depressives with delusions, even when plasma levels of imipramine and desmethylimipramine or activity of platelet monoamine oxidase suggested that an adequate dose of drug had been given. Four patients went on to receive ECT and all responded well. Five non-delusional patients responded satisfactorily to the antidepressant drug given. Nine out of ten subjects were women. Non-delusional patients showed some placebo response. ECT is considered to be the treatment of choice in the acute phase of delusional depression in women.", "contents": "Antidepressant drug therapy in psychotic depression. Imipramine and phenelzine were ineffective in the treatment of five primary unipolar depressives with delusions, even when plasma levels of imipramine and desmethylimipramine or activity of platelet monoamine oxidase suggested that an adequate dose of drug had been given. Four patients went on to receive ECT and all responded well. Five non-delusional patients responded satisfactorily to the antidepressant drug given. Nine out of ten subjects were women. Non-delusional patients showed some placebo response. ECT is considered to be the treatment of choice in the acute phase of delusional depression in women."}
{"id": "PMID:338083", "title": "Improvement in the computer-assisted diagnosis of cerebral tumours.", "content": "Most applications of Bayes theorem in computer-aided diagnosis have been to situations involving the differential diagnosis of a small list of disease categories. In the case of the diagnosis of cerebral tumours, if each tumour type in each main anatomical situation is counted as a single diagnosis, there are about 100 possible disease categories. This paper investigates a method of incorporating expert prior information into the computer-aided diagnosis process so that this large number of categories can be handled.", "contents": "Improvement in the computer-assisted diagnosis of cerebral tumours. Most applications of Bayes theorem in computer-aided diagnosis have been to situations involving the differential diagnosis of a small list of disease categories. In the case of the diagnosis of cerebral tumours, if each tumour type in each main anatomical situation is counted as a single diagnosis, there are about 100 possible disease categories. This paper investigates a method of incorporating expert prior information into the computer-aided diagnosis process so that this large number of categories can be handled."}
{"id": "PMID:338086", "title": "The use of double renal transplants from paediatric cadaver donors.", "content": "In 224 consecutive kidney transplantations, 3 patients, aged 44, 37 and 13 years received double renal transplants from paediatric cadaver donors aged 1 day, 23 and 19 months respectively. Both adult recipients developed severe hypertension during postoperative rejection crises leading to multiple graft ruptures in the recipient of the neonatal kidneys. 1 patient died from massive gastrointestinal bleeding 4 weeks after transplantation while kidney function was satisfactory. Excellent graft function was achieved in the 3rd patient. The techniques of removal, preservation and transplantation of double renal transplants are described. The significance of increasing the potential number of donor kidneys by the use of paediatric cadaver donors is stressed.", "contents": "The use of double renal transplants from paediatric cadaver donors. In 224 consecutive kidney transplantations, 3 patients, aged 44, 37 and 13 years received double renal transplants from paediatric cadaver donors aged 1 day, 23 and 19 months respectively. Both adult recipients developed severe hypertension during postoperative rejection crises leading to multiple graft ruptures in the recipient of the neonatal kidneys. 1 patient died from massive gastrointestinal bleeding 4 weeks after transplantation while kidney function was satisfactory. Excellent graft function was achieved in the 3rd patient. The techniques of removal, preservation and transplantation of double renal transplants are described. The significance of increasing the potential number of donor kidneys by the use of paediatric cadaver donors is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:338087", "title": "The use of a ureteric nipple alone for reflux prevention.", "content": "In the re-implantation of a ureter into the bladder, vesico-ureteric reflux can be prevented by a ureteric nipple alone, provided the nipple is at least 1.5 cm long. This eliminates the need for an oblique ureteric entry or a submucosal tunnel. Longer nipples may be used although they may lead to difficulties with catheterisation. Reduction in the length of the nipple frequently occurs later.", "contents": "The use of a ureteric nipple alone for reflux prevention. In the re-implantation of a ureter into the bladder, vesico-ureteric reflux can be prevented by a ureteric nipple alone, provided the nipple is at least 1.5 cm long. This eliminates the need for an oblique ureteric entry or a submucosal tunnel. Longer nipples may be used although they may lead to difficulties with catheterisation. Reduction in the length of the nipple frequently occurs later."}
{"id": "PMID:338088", "title": "Clinical evaluation of the Makari test in urological malignancies.", "content": "The results of a double-blind controlled study of the modified Makari skin test for the detection of cancer are described. The test identified malignant disease in 95% of 37 patients with primary cancer and in 74% of 81 with recurrent cancer after the exclusion of \"anergic\" patients. The study suggests that the test will be useful in the monitoring of primary treatment and in the detection of recurrent malignancy.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of the Makari test in urological malignancies. The results of a double-blind controlled study of the modified Makari skin test for the detection of cancer are described. The test identified malignant disease in 95% of 37 patients with primary cancer and in 74% of 81 with recurrent cancer after the exclusion of \"anergic\" patients. The study suggests that the test will be useful in the monitoring of primary treatment and in the detection of recurrent malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:338089", "title": "Seasonal variation in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "Two double-blind controlled clinical trials of the effectiveness of prophylactic low dose subcutaneous calcium heparin (dose based on body weight) in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) have been completed. The first was concerned with upper abdominal operations in 242 patients over 21 years of age, and the second with 50 patients presenting with a fracture of the neck of the femur. There was no increase in the incidence of bleeding or wound complications in the patients given heparin. In each trial, the incidence of DVT as diagnosed by 125I-labelled fibrinogen was significantly reduced in the treated group. The incidence of DVT in the control groups varied significantly during the period of the trials. The incidence was much higher in the cold half of the year than in the hot months. In the first trial, this variation in incidence was directly correlated with the average temperature and the diurnal variation in temperature in the perioperative period. These results may help to explain the considerable variation in the incidence of postoperative DVT reported from various parts of the world, and also from within Australia.", "contents": "Seasonal variation in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis. Two double-blind controlled clinical trials of the effectiveness of prophylactic low dose subcutaneous calcium heparin (dose based on body weight) in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) have been completed. The first was concerned with upper abdominal operations in 242 patients over 21 years of age, and the second with 50 patients presenting with a fracture of the neck of the femur. There was no increase in the incidence of bleeding or wound complications in the patients given heparin. In each trial, the incidence of DVT as diagnosed by 125I-labelled fibrinogen was significantly reduced in the treated group. The incidence of DVT in the control groups varied significantly during the period of the trials. The incidence was much higher in the cold half of the year than in the hot months. In the first trial, this variation in incidence was directly correlated with the average temperature and the diurnal variation in temperature in the perioperative period. These results may help to explain the considerable variation in the incidence of postoperative DVT reported from various parts of the world, and also from within Australia."}
{"id": "PMID:338090", "title": "Hydrotalcite in the treatment of bile vomiting.", "content": "Seventeen patients have completed a double-blind cross-over study of hydrotalcite against placebo in the treatment of bile vomiting after surgery for peptic ulcer. Overall there was no significant difference between the two treatments, with 9 patients improving on hydrotalcite and 5 on placebo. The original operation had been peformed less than 3 years before the study in 9 patients; in this subgroup there was an improvement on hydrotalcite treatment in 8 patients but in only 1 on placebo. These differences are statistically significant (P less than 0.005). Nausea, vomiting, heartburn and epigastric tenderness were improved although gastritis and endoscopic changes were not affected. It appears that hydrotalcite can help palliate symptoms of bile vomiting occuring soon after surgery for peptic ulcer.", "contents": "Hydrotalcite in the treatment of bile vomiting. Seventeen patients have completed a double-blind cross-over study of hydrotalcite against placebo in the treatment of bile vomiting after surgery for peptic ulcer. Overall there was no significant difference between the two treatments, with 9 patients improving on hydrotalcite and 5 on placebo. The original operation had been peformed less than 3 years before the study in 9 patients; in this subgroup there was an improvement on hydrotalcite treatment in 8 patients but in only 1 on placebo. These differences are statistically significant (P less than 0.005). Nausea, vomiting, heartburn and epigastric tenderness were improved although gastritis and endoscopic changes were not affected. It appears that hydrotalcite can help palliate symptoms of bile vomiting occuring soon after surgery for peptic ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:338091", "title": "Wound implantation--A surgical hazard.", "content": "A review of the literature on wound implantation together with a report on an unusual case of implantation of squamous carcinoma at the site of a gastrostomy is presented.", "contents": "Wound implantation--A surgical hazard. A review of the literature on wound implantation together with a report on an unusual case of implantation of squamous carcinoma at the site of a gastrostomy is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:338092", "title": "A controlled comparison one- and two-layer techniques of suture for high and low colorectal anastomoses.", "content": "A controlled trial of one- and two-layer inverting techniques of sutures for the contruction of high and low colorectal anastomoses was conducted on 137 patients, the integrity of the suture lines being assessed clinically and by routine radiological examination after a small Gastrografin enema. A clinical diagnosis of anastomotic leakage was made in 9 patients (or perhaps more accurately in 5 only), but subclinical dehiscence was demonstrated radiologically in a further 39 patients (or perhaps 43). There was a slightly greater incidence of dehiscence after the one-layer technique of suture for both high and low anterior resection.", "contents": "A controlled comparison one- and two-layer techniques of suture for high and low colorectal anastomoses. A controlled trial of one- and two-layer inverting techniques of sutures for the contruction of high and low colorectal anastomoses was conducted on 137 patients, the integrity of the suture lines being assessed clinically and by routine radiological examination after a small Gastrografin enema. A clinical diagnosis of anastomotic leakage was made in 9 patients (or perhaps more accurately in 5 only), but subclinical dehiscence was demonstrated radiologically in a further 39 patients (or perhaps 43). There was a slightly greater incidence of dehiscence after the one-layer technique of suture for both high and low anterior resection."}
{"id": "PMID:338093", "title": "Knot properties of surgical silk: Model study.", "content": "The knot properties of surgical silk of different dimensions and from different manufacturers have been studied. Large variations were found. It is proposed that the differences are due mainly to the braiding technique. Only very few surgical silk sutures can be securely tied with a square (reef) knot today. A knot with three square throws is therefore recommended for modern surgical silk.", "contents": "Knot properties of surgical silk: Model study. The knot properties of surgical silk of different dimensions and from different manufacturers have been studied. Large variations were found. It is proposed that the differences are due mainly to the braiding technique. Only very few surgical silk sutures can be securely tied with a square (reef) knot today. A knot with three square throws is therefore recommended for modern surgical silk."}
{"id": "PMID:338094", "title": "Prostaglandin-induced abortion and outcome of subsequent pregnancies: a prospective controlled study.", "content": "We analysed a prospective series of 204 pregnancies occurring in 168 women after a prostaglandin-induced abortion. The mean (+/-standard error of mean) interval between abortion and first subsequent conception was 10.4 +/- 0.6 months; no patient reported secondary subfertility.Fifty-five of the subsequent pregnancies were terminated, 23 during the second trimester, again using prostaglandins. Of the 149 pregnancies not terminated, 127 were delivered at term, and 19 spontaneously aborted, seven during the second trimester; there was one missed abortion and two ectopic pregnancies. Morbidity in the 127 term pregnancies was infrequent; spontaneous preterm labour occurred in three patients, and four singleton infants weighed less than 2500 g at birth. There was no apparent association between morbidity in the subsequent pregnancies and the period of gestation at the time of the previous abortion, route of prostaglandin administration, or need for post-abortion curettage.The results obtained overall were very similar to a control group of 612 women consecutively admitted for delivery or abortion to the Oxford obstetrical and gynaecological units. There was, however, an increased incidence of spontaneous abortion and placenta praevia after prostaglandin-induced abortion, and the multigravidae in that group had a longer average duration of labour than the control group. Sixty-five per cent of the post-abortion pregnancies were unplanned compared with 36% of the control group.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-induced abortion and outcome of subsequent pregnancies: a prospective controlled study. We analysed a prospective series of 204 pregnancies occurring in 168 women after a prostaglandin-induced abortion. The mean (+/-standard error of mean) interval between abortion and first subsequent conception was 10.4 +/- 0.6 months; no patient reported secondary subfertility.Fifty-five of the subsequent pregnancies were terminated, 23 during the second trimester, again using prostaglandins. Of the 149 pregnancies not terminated, 127 were delivered at term, and 19 spontaneously aborted, seven during the second trimester; there was one missed abortion and two ectopic pregnancies. Morbidity in the 127 term pregnancies was infrequent; spontaneous preterm labour occurred in three patients, and four singleton infants weighed less than 2500 g at birth. There was no apparent association between morbidity in the subsequent pregnancies and the period of gestation at the time of the previous abortion, route of prostaglandin administration, or need for post-abortion curettage.The results obtained overall were very similar to a control group of 612 women consecutively admitted for delivery or abortion to the Oxford obstetrical and gynaecological units. There was, however, an increased incidence of spontaneous abortion and placenta praevia after prostaglandin-induced abortion, and the multigravidae in that group had a longer average duration of labour than the control group. Sixty-five per cent of the post-abortion pregnancies were unplanned compared with 36% of the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:338101", "title": "Acebutolol, atenolol, and propranolol and metabolic responses to acute hypoglycaemia in diabetics.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover study the symptomatic and metabolic effects of propranolol, acebutolol, and atenolol were studied during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in diabetics treated with diet or hypoglycaemic tablets. All the drugs prevented tachycardia, but did not affect the other symptoms of hypoglycaemia. Propranolol delayed the recovery of the blood glucose concentration and impaired the secondary rise in the concentrations of blood lactate and non-esterified fatty acids in diet-treated diabetics. Acebutolol potentiated the hypoglycaemic effect of insulin in tablet-treated diabetics (mean difference of blood glucose concentration 0.7 mmol/l (12.6 mg/100 ml)) and this difference was maintained during the recovery phase4 the blood lactate response was also impaired. Atenolol did not differ perceptibly from placebo in its effect on the metabolic responses to acute hypoglycaemia. The results may be explained by differences in the known pharmacological actions of these drugs. They support the hypothesis that beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs that are highly beta1 specific and without membrane-stabilising activity should be safer than the non-selective drugs when used in diabetic patients at risk from hypoglycaemia.", "contents": "Acebutolol, atenolol, and propranolol and metabolic responses to acute hypoglycaemia in diabetics. In a double-blind crossover study the symptomatic and metabolic effects of propranolol, acebutolol, and atenolol were studied during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in diabetics treated with diet or hypoglycaemic tablets. All the drugs prevented tachycardia, but did not affect the other symptoms of hypoglycaemia. Propranolol delayed the recovery of the blood glucose concentration and impaired the secondary rise in the concentrations of blood lactate and non-esterified fatty acids in diet-treated diabetics. Acebutolol potentiated the hypoglycaemic effect of insulin in tablet-treated diabetics (mean difference of blood glucose concentration 0.7 mmol/l (12.6 mg/100 ml)) and this difference was maintained during the recovery phase4 the blood lactate response was also impaired. Atenolol did not differ perceptibly from placebo in its effect on the metabolic responses to acute hypoglycaemia. The results may be explained by differences in the known pharmacological actions of these drugs. They support the hypothesis that beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs that are highly beta1 specific and without membrane-stabilising activity should be safer than the non-selective drugs when used in diabetic patients at risk from hypoglycaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:338104", "title": "Effect of oestrogen on the sleep, mood, and anxiety of menopausal women.", "content": "A double-blind controlled study of the effect of piperazine oestrone sulphate on sleep, depression, anxiety, and hot flushes was performed in 34 perimenopausal women. Half of the patients were given six weeks' placebo followed by eight weeks' oestrogen, and half remained on placebo throughout. Sleep was recorded electrophysiologically every week, and mood and anxiety were rated daily by means of visual analogue scales. Hot flushes were counted daily. Observer rating scales of anxiety and depression were complete at intervals. During the first month of active treatment the amount of intervening wakefulness in the first six hours of sleep decreased significantly more in the oestrone group than in those on placebo. Between the baseline period and the second treatment month the oestrone group showed a significantly greater decrease in the total amount of intervening wakefulness and in the frequency of awakenings. Their total amount of rapid eye movement sleep increased. Mood and anxiety improved and the number of hot flushes decreased to a similar degree in both groups. Although oestrogen did reduce the number of episodes of wakefulness in perimenopausal women complaining of insomnia, its effects on their psychological symptoms were little different to those of placebo.", "contents": "Effect of oestrogen on the sleep, mood, and anxiety of menopausal women. A double-blind controlled study of the effect of piperazine oestrone sulphate on sleep, depression, anxiety, and hot flushes was performed in 34 perimenopausal women. Half of the patients were given six weeks' placebo followed by eight weeks' oestrogen, and half remained on placebo throughout. Sleep was recorded electrophysiologically every week, and mood and anxiety were rated daily by means of visual analogue scales. Hot flushes were counted daily. Observer rating scales of anxiety and depression were complete at intervals. During the first month of active treatment the amount of intervening wakefulness in the first six hours of sleep decreased significantly more in the oestrone group than in those on placebo. Between the baseline period and the second treatment month the oestrone group showed a significantly greater decrease in the total amount of intervening wakefulness and in the frequency of awakenings. Their total amount of rapid eye movement sleep increased. Mood and anxiety improved and the number of hot flushes decreased to a similar degree in both groups. Although oestrogen did reduce the number of episodes of wakefulness in perimenopausal women complaining of insomnia, its effects on their psychological symptoms were little different to those of placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:338105", "title": "Adjuvant liver perfusion in colorectal cancer: initial results of a clinical trial.", "content": "Fifty consecutive patients with colorectal cancer but no evidence of secondary deposits in the liver were included in an ongoing controlled clinical trial of adjuvant liver perfusion aimed at reducing the incidence of hepatic metastases. All patients had their primary tumour resected in the standard way. Twenty-six of the patients served as controls, and 24 received fluorouracil, 1 g daily, as a continuous infusion into the portal venous system during the first seven days after operation. The patients were matched for age, sex, and site and stage of the disease. The immediate postoperative mortality and morbidity did not differ significantly between the two groups. During the follow-up period (mean duration 15.5 months), however, six deaths occurred in the control group and only one in the perfusion group. At necropsy four of the controls had multiple liver metastases. Two of the surviving controls developed evidence of liver metastases, and two had a local recurrence. No patient in the perfusion group developed evidence of hepatic metastases. These initial results suggest that adjuvant portal venous perfusion with fluorouracil may reduce the incidence of liver metastases in colorectal cancer.", "contents": "Adjuvant liver perfusion in colorectal cancer: initial results of a clinical trial. Fifty consecutive patients with colorectal cancer but no evidence of secondary deposits in the liver were included in an ongoing controlled clinical trial of adjuvant liver perfusion aimed at reducing the incidence of hepatic metastases. All patients had their primary tumour resected in the standard way. Twenty-six of the patients served as controls, and 24 received fluorouracil, 1 g daily, as a continuous infusion into the portal venous system during the first seven days after operation. The patients were matched for age, sex, and site and stage of the disease. The immediate postoperative mortality and morbidity did not differ significantly between the two groups. During the follow-up period (mean duration 15.5 months), however, six deaths occurred in the control group and only one in the perfusion group. At necropsy four of the controls had multiple liver metastases. Two of the surviving controls developed evidence of liver metastases, and two had a local recurrence. No patient in the perfusion group developed evidence of hepatic metastases. These initial results suggest that adjuvant portal venous perfusion with fluorouracil may reduce the incidence of liver metastases in colorectal cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:338108", "title": "Computer-aided prediction of gangrenous and perforating appendicitis.", "content": "The clinical details of 100 patients with proved acute appendicitis were compared with those of 100 patients with perforating or gangrenous appendicitis. Twenty features were found to be significantly different between the two groups. This information was incorporated into a computer data base and used in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain. A program written to predict the probability that gangrene or perforation was present in patients with appendicitis gave a diagnostic accuracy over 91%. A clinical scoring index, which accurately predicted the state of the appendix in 88% of patients, was constructed from the significant differences between the two groups. When clinical scoring or computer analysis predicts a high probability of perforation or gangrene in patients with appendicitis, surgery should be performed without delay.", "contents": "Computer-aided prediction of gangrenous and perforating appendicitis. The clinical details of 100 patients with proved acute appendicitis were compared with those of 100 patients with perforating or gangrenous appendicitis. Twenty features were found to be significantly different between the two groups. This information was incorporated into a computer data base and used in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain. A program written to predict the probability that gangrene or perforation was present in patients with appendicitis gave a diagnostic accuracy over 91%. A clinical scoring index, which accurately predicted the state of the appendix in 88% of patients, was constructed from the significant differences between the two groups. When clinical scoring or computer analysis predicts a high probability of perforation or gangrene in patients with appendicitis, surgery should be performed without delay."}
{"id": "PMID:338109", "title": "Cervical ripening with intravaginal prostaglandin E2 gel.", "content": "We describe a technique of administering prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in a viscous cellulose gel into the vagina to ripen the unfavourable cervix in patients requiring induction of labour. A total of 168 primigravidae were studied, of whom 102 received 2 mg PGE2 in 2% gel and 66 received 5 mg PGE2 in 4% gel. In the latter group, the state of the cervix was significantly improved in 58 patients (87.9%), while 32 (48.5%) had started labour before planned induction. There were no maternal or fetal side effects or complications.", "contents": "Cervical ripening with intravaginal prostaglandin E2 gel. We describe a technique of administering prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in a viscous cellulose gel into the vagina to ripen the unfavourable cervix in patients requiring induction of labour. A total of 168 primigravidae were studied, of whom 102 received 2 mg PGE2 in 2% gel and 66 received 5 mg PGE2 in 4% gel. In the latter group, the state of the cervix was significantly improved in 58 patients (87.9%), while 32 (48.5%) had started labour before planned induction. There were no maternal or fetal side effects or complications."}
{"id": "PMID:338112", "title": "Antithrombotic potential of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in man.", "content": "The effects of orally ingested dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DHLA), the natural biosynthetic precursor of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), were assessed in human volunteers. Single doses of DHLA (0.1--2g) increased the proportion of DHLA relative to arachidonic acid in plasma and platelets and also increased the ex-vivo capacity of platelets to produce PGE1 and PGE2. More pronounced effects were observed during sustained treatment (five days to four weeks) when DHLA also accumulated in red cell membranes. These biochemical changes were accompanied by potentially antithrombotic changes in haemostatic function. The most common effect, which was consistently detected after 0.1-g single doses of DHLA or its methyl ester, was a decrease in plasma heparin-neutralising activity. Inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate was also detected, though this was generally less pronounced. Sustained treatment in one subject also produced definite inhibition of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. There was only one possible adverse effect--a transient cough in a subject with a history of asthma. DHLA therefore seems to have considerable potential as an agent for preventing and treating human thromboembolic disease.", "contents": "Antithrombotic potential of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in man. The effects of orally ingested dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DHLA), the natural biosynthetic precursor of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), were assessed in human volunteers. Single doses of DHLA (0.1--2g) increased the proportion of DHLA relative to arachidonic acid in plasma and platelets and also increased the ex-vivo capacity of platelets to produce PGE1 and PGE2. More pronounced effects were observed during sustained treatment (five days to four weeks) when DHLA also accumulated in red cell membranes. These biochemical changes were accompanied by potentially antithrombotic changes in haemostatic function. The most common effect, which was consistently detected after 0.1-g single doses of DHLA or its methyl ester, was a decrease in plasma heparin-neutralising activity. Inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate was also detected, though this was generally less pronounced. Sustained treatment in one subject also produced definite inhibition of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. There was only one possible adverse effect--a transient cough in a subject with a history of asthma. DHLA therefore seems to have considerable potential as an agent for preventing and treating human thromboembolic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:338116", "title": "The case for recording events in clinical trials.", "content": "The value of clinical trials in detecting unwanted effects of new medicines would be enhanced if doctors recorded all adverse events experienced by patients and not just those regarded as adverse reactions to drugs. All events should be reported to the centre co-ordinating the trial and analysed in treated patients and controls. This method might have revealed the ocular toxicity of practolol before the drug was marketed in 1970.", "contents": "The case for recording events in clinical trials. The value of clinical trials in detecting unwanted effects of new medicines would be enhanced if doctors recorded all adverse events experienced by patients and not just those regarded as adverse reactions to drugs. All events should be reported to the centre co-ordinating the trial and analysed in treated patients and controls. This method might have revealed the ocular toxicity of practolol before the drug was marketed in 1970."}
{"id": "PMID:338117", "title": "Leucocytosis is not a manifestation of rejection.", "content": "The leucocyte response to allograft rejection was retrospectively analysed in 80 rejection episodes that occurred in 50 patients. There was no significant change in leucocyte count in 32 rejection episodes. In 27 there was a fall in leucocyte count of more than 20% and in only 21 was there a rise in count of more than 20%. Thus leucocytosis seems not to be a manifestation of rejection; indeed, it is the least common response, a fall in the count being commoner. The results also suggest that the prognosis for the graft is poorer when the leucocyte count falls significantly.", "contents": "Leucocytosis is not a manifestation of rejection. The leucocyte response to allograft rejection was retrospectively analysed in 80 rejection episodes that occurred in 50 patients. There was no significant change in leucocyte count in 32 rejection episodes. In 27 there was a fall in leucocyte count of more than 20% and in only 21 was there a rise in count of more than 20%. Thus leucocytosis seems not to be a manifestation of rejection; indeed, it is the least common response, a fall in the count being commoner. The results also suggest that the prognosis for the graft is poorer when the leucocyte count falls significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:338123", "title": "The pattern of immunological responses at various stages of syphilis.", "content": "Each of 212 sera, taken from 129 patients with clinically established syphilis, was subjected to seven immunological tests. The tests were designed to detect both anti-lipoidal and anti-treponemal antibodies and to titrate antibody of both IgG and IgM molecular species. It was found that patients of similar clinical history were usually recognisable by the similarity of results obtained in the seven tests, and a progression of these patterns of results was also found in samples of serum taken from individual patients during the course of their disease. It is suggested that this more comprehensive type of serological examination of patients can provide valuable information to the clinician.", "contents": "The pattern of immunological responses at various stages of syphilis. Each of 212 sera, taken from 129 patients with clinically established syphilis, was subjected to seven immunological tests. The tests were designed to detect both anti-lipoidal and anti-treponemal antibodies and to titrate antibody of both IgG and IgM molecular species. It was found that patients of similar clinical history were usually recognisable by the similarity of results obtained in the seven tests, and a progression of these patterns of results was also found in samples of serum taken from individual patients during the course of their disease. It is suggested that this more comprehensive type of serological examination of patients can provide valuable information to the clinician."}
{"id": "PMID:338124", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of the FTA-ABS-IgM and VDRL test in treated and untreated syphilis.", "content": "Observations made on fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) immunoglobulin M (IgM) titres in patients with untreated early syphilis showed non-reactive or weakly reactive results in patients with primary (one of five cases) and secondary (two of 16 cases) lesions. In patients with primary (19.5%) and secondary (15%) syphilis sera remained reactive with increased titres for more than one year after treatment. The respective figures in the results of the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test were zero in primary and 20% in secondary syphilis. The non-reactive FTA-ABS IgM results may possibly be explained by competitive inhibition of IgM by immunoglobulin G (IgG). The persistence of reactivity in a comparable percentage has been observed by other investigators (Grin et al., 1974; Wilkinson and Rodin, 1976). The current results therefore suggest that FTA-ABS IgM titres are less reliable for assessing the effect of treatment than the course of the VDRL titres. The phenomenon of a decrease in FTA-ABS IgM titres soon after treatment with a later rise before final non-reactivity is a matter for further investigation.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of the FTA-ABS-IgM and VDRL test in treated and untreated syphilis. Observations made on fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) immunoglobulin M (IgM) titres in patients with untreated early syphilis showed non-reactive or weakly reactive results in patients with primary (one of five cases) and secondary (two of 16 cases) lesions. In patients with primary (19.5%) and secondary (15%) syphilis sera remained reactive with increased titres for more than one year after treatment. The respective figures in the results of the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test were zero in primary and 20% in secondary syphilis. The non-reactive FTA-ABS IgM results may possibly be explained by competitive inhibition of IgM by immunoglobulin G (IgG). The persistence of reactivity in a comparable percentage has been observed by other investigators (Grin et al., 1974; Wilkinson and Rodin, 1976). The current results therefore suggest that FTA-ABS IgM titres are less reliable for assessing the effect of treatment than the course of the VDRL titres. The phenomenon of a decrease in FTA-ABS IgM titres soon after treatment with a later rise before final non-reactivity is a matter for further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:338125", "title": "How suitable are available pharmaceuticals for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases? 1: Conditions presenting as genital discharges.", "content": "The relative prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and the agents available for the treatment of these diseases commonly presenting as genital discharges-namely, gonorrhoea, candidosis, trichomoniasis, and non-specific genital infection-are reviewed. The many agents that are active against gonorrhoea are listed, but none is ideal. Penicillin, in spite of its allergic side effects, has remained the drug of choice for 25 years because it is cheap, easily obtained, lacks toxicity even in pregnancy, and is effective. Its use is now threatened by the emergence of some strains that are able to produce penicillinase. At present the policy is to obtain the best results from penicillin while these are acceptable, but the clinician in some countries is badly served by the availability of procaine penicillin in aqueous suspension. There is a need for an effective penicillin or cephalosporin that is penicillinase resistant and cheap. Cefuroxime offers considerable hope but it is likely to be expensive in the immediate future.There are many preparations for the local treatment of candidosis. The confidence expressed by the manufacturers in recommending a three-day treatment is, it is hoped, based on a superior product. Nevertheless there is a need for a safe systemically absorbed fungicide which could be used orally, or some substance that could render the vagina an inhospitable environment for the organism.In the treatment of trichomoniasis the pharmaceutical industry in providing substances more than 90% effective in a single dose has done all that can be expected. Any further advances lie in the field of human behaviour rather than pharmaceutical research.In the treatment of non-specific genital infection the needs are more of research than of therapy. More knowledge is required of the cause of the condition and the relative role of contending pathogens, and of the results of treatment of patients and contacts in which Chlamydia or other suspect pathogens have been isolated.", "contents": "How suitable are available pharmaceuticals for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases? 1: Conditions presenting as genital discharges. The relative prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and the agents available for the treatment of these diseases commonly presenting as genital discharges-namely, gonorrhoea, candidosis, trichomoniasis, and non-specific genital infection-are reviewed. The many agents that are active against gonorrhoea are listed, but none is ideal. Penicillin, in spite of its allergic side effects, has remained the drug of choice for 25 years because it is cheap, easily obtained, lacks toxicity even in pregnancy, and is effective. Its use is now threatened by the emergence of some strains that are able to produce penicillinase. At present the policy is to obtain the best results from penicillin while these are acceptable, but the clinician in some countries is badly served by the availability of procaine penicillin in aqueous suspension. There is a need for an effective penicillin or cephalosporin that is penicillinase resistant and cheap. Cefuroxime offers considerable hope but it is likely to be expensive in the immediate future.There are many preparations for the local treatment of candidosis. The confidence expressed by the manufacturers in recommending a three-day treatment is, it is hoped, based on a superior product. Nevertheless there is a need for a safe systemically absorbed fungicide which could be used orally, or some substance that could render the vagina an inhospitable environment for the organism.In the treatment of trichomoniasis the pharmaceutical industry in providing substances more than 90% effective in a single dose has done all that can be expected. Any further advances lie in the field of human behaviour rather than pharmaceutical research.In the treatment of non-specific genital infection the needs are more of research than of therapy. More knowledge is required of the cause of the condition and the relative role of contending pathogens, and of the results of treatment of patients and contacts in which Chlamydia or other suspect pathogens have been isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:338127", "title": "Structural alterations of peripheral nerve induced by the calcium ionophore A23187.", "content": "Desheathed segments of rat peripheral nerve were incubated at 37 degrees C in oxygenated Ringer's solution with and without the addition of calcium ionophore, A23187, 10 microgram/ml. Nerve fibers incubated in the presence of both ionophore and calcium revealed extensive granular disintegration of their axonal microtubules and neurofilaments after 30 and 60 min incubation intervals. These changes were not seen following control incubations in Ringer's solution without ionophore or in calcium-free Ringer's solution containing ionophore and EGTA, 1 mmole/1. Ionophore-induced alterations were also noted in Schwann cell cytoplasm. The granular degradative alteration of axoplasm caused by exposure of nerve fibers to ionophore and calcium were believed to be due to an ionophore-mediated influx of calcium into the axoplasm with resultant elevation of intra-axoplasmic calcium concentration. These axoplasmic changes were indistinguishable from the axoplasmic alteration occurring in the distal portions of transpected neurites during Wallerian degeneration. The findings support the view that abnormal calcium influxes are determinants in the degeneration of peripheral nerve.", "contents": "Structural alterations of peripheral nerve induced by the calcium ionophore A23187. Desheathed segments of rat peripheral nerve were incubated at 37 degrees C in oxygenated Ringer's solution with and without the addition of calcium ionophore, A23187, 10 microgram/ml. Nerve fibers incubated in the presence of both ionophore and calcium revealed extensive granular disintegration of their axonal microtubules and neurofilaments after 30 and 60 min incubation intervals. These changes were not seen following control incubations in Ringer's solution without ionophore or in calcium-free Ringer's solution containing ionophore and EGTA, 1 mmole/1. Ionophore-induced alterations were also noted in Schwann cell cytoplasm. The granular degradative alteration of axoplasm caused by exposure of nerve fibers to ionophore and calcium were believed to be due to an ionophore-mediated influx of calcium into the axoplasm with resultant elevation of intra-axoplasmic calcium concentration. These axoplasmic changes were indistinguishable from the axoplasmic alteration occurring in the distal portions of transpected neurites during Wallerian degeneration. The findings support the view that abnormal calcium influxes are determinants in the degeneration of peripheral nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:338129", "title": "Recombination values and their errors.", "content": "Two four-point testcrosses comprising 87,000 tomato plants were grown and the data collected from 28 subgroups. Each subgroup consisted of 2,000 or 5,000 plants and should give a valid estimate of the three recombination values. The 28 values for each interval give more outlyers (23% are outside the 95% limits set by the standard deviation calculated by the binomial formula square root of p q/n) than would be expected by chance. If each subgroup was regarded as the control and the other groups tested against this, then 42% of the time the two subgroups would be significantly different. It is suggested that there are many cases in the literature where this comparison has been made and the significant difference wrongly ascribed to treatment. While the causes of these changes in recombination value are unknown and therefore uncontrollable, they must be anticipated in all such studies. Control and treatment must be replicated enough that chance extreme values will not be attributed to treatment.", "contents": "Recombination values and their errors. Two four-point testcrosses comprising 87,000 tomato plants were grown and the data collected from 28 subgroups. Each subgroup consisted of 2,000 or 5,000 plants and should give a valid estimate of the three recombination values. The 28 values for each interval give more outlyers (23% are outside the 95% limits set by the standard deviation calculated by the binomial formula square root of p q/n) than would be expected by chance. If each subgroup was regarded as the control and the other groups tested against this, then 42% of the time the two subgroups would be significantly different. It is suggested that there are many cases in the literature where this comparison has been made and the significant difference wrongly ascribed to treatment. While the causes of these changes in recombination value are unknown and therefore uncontrollable, they must be anticipated in all such studies. Control and treatment must be replicated enough that chance extreme values will not be attributed to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:338130", "title": "Malignant tumours of bone: clinical aspects and natural course.", "content": "An accurate pathological diagnosis must be made prior to treatment of a primary malignant bone tumour. Consideration must be given to the clinical and radiologic aspects as well as the histology. Both benign and malignant tumours occur more frequently in certain decades. A search should be made for precursor lesions such as Paget's disease. The presenting manifestations of pain, a mass and dysfunction are not specific for tumours. Laboratory tests may be helpful, especially in distinguishing tumours from infections and metabolic diseases. Metastasis is usually via the blood stream to the lungs and bones. The low survival rate following amputation for osteosarcoma and radiation therapy for Ewing's sarcoma has been improved by chemotherapy. The lower-grade tumours such as aggressive giant cell tumour and low-grade chondrosarcoma can often by treated successfully by resection and insertion of an autograft, an allograft or a metallic implant.", "contents": "Malignant tumours of bone: clinical aspects and natural course. An accurate pathological diagnosis must be made prior to treatment of a primary malignant bone tumour. Consideration must be given to the clinical and radiologic aspects as well as the histology. Both benign and malignant tumours occur more frequently in certain decades. A search should be made for precursor lesions such as Paget's disease. The presenting manifestations of pain, a mass and dysfunction are not specific for tumours. Laboratory tests may be helpful, especially in distinguishing tumours from infections and metabolic diseases. Metastasis is usually via the blood stream to the lungs and bones. The low survival rate following amputation for osteosarcoma and radiation therapy for Ewing's sarcoma has been improved by chemotherapy. The lower-grade tumours such as aggressive giant cell tumour and low-grade chondrosarcoma can often by treated successfully by resection and insertion of an autograft, an allograft or a metallic implant."}
{"id": "PMID:338131", "title": "Place of resection in the management of primary bone tumours.", "content": "A primary malignant sarcoma of bone in an extremity must be removed so that it will not recur locally. Amputation will accomplish this in most cases but a prosthesis is required. In carefully selected cases of malignant giant cell tumour, low-grade chondrosarcoma, low-grade fibrosarcoma, parosteal osteogenic sarcoma and adam-antinoma, resection with insertion of an autograft, allograft or metallic implant has been successful. More recently implants have been used following resection of the more malignant tumours such as osteosarcoma, high-grade fibrosarcoma and high-grade chondrosarcoma, but further time is required to determine the problems secondary to chemotherapy, other complications, the length of time for rehabilitation, and the quality of life after this procedure as compared with the more conventional amputation with early prosthetic titting.", "contents": "Place of resection in the management of primary bone tumours. A primary malignant sarcoma of bone in an extremity must be removed so that it will not recur locally. Amputation will accomplish this in most cases but a prosthesis is required. In carefully selected cases of malignant giant cell tumour, low-grade chondrosarcoma, low-grade fibrosarcoma, parosteal osteogenic sarcoma and adam-antinoma, resection with insertion of an autograft, allograft or metallic implant has been successful. More recently implants have been used following resection of the more malignant tumours such as osteosarcoma, high-grade fibrosarcoma and high-grade chondrosarcoma, but further time is required to determine the problems secondary to chemotherapy, other complications, the length of time for rehabilitation, and the quality of life after this procedure as compared with the more conventional amputation with early prosthetic titting."}
{"id": "PMID:338134", "title": "A short encounter with Anna Freud at Berggasse 19.", "content": "This article discusses a short encounter with Dr. Anna Freud in her former consulting office in Vienna at 19 Berggasse in May 1977. Dr. Freud had gone to Vienna for the laying of a marble plaque at the site of the former BelleVue Hotel where Sigmund Freud had first started his work on the 'interpretation of dreams'. In 1900 Dr. Sigmund Freud had written to Wilhelm Fliess \"Do you suppose that some day a marble tablet will be placed on the house, inscribed with the words: 'in this house on July 24, 1895, The Secret of Dreams was revealed to Dr. Sigmund Freud' At this moment I see little prospect of it\". This request was realized on 6 May 1977 and the author who was present at the ceremonies, describes some of the events.", "contents": "A short encounter with Anna Freud at Berggasse 19. This article discusses a short encounter with Dr. Anna Freud in her former consulting office in Vienna at 19 Berggasse in May 1977. Dr. Freud had gone to Vienna for the laying of a marble plaque at the site of the former BelleVue Hotel where Sigmund Freud had first started his work on the 'interpretation of dreams'. In 1900 Dr. Sigmund Freud had written to Wilhelm Fliess \"Do you suppose that some day a marble tablet will be placed on the house, inscribed with the words: 'in this house on July 24, 1895, The Secret of Dreams was revealed to Dr. Sigmund Freud' At this moment I see little prospect of it\". This request was realized on 6 May 1977 and the author who was present at the ceremonies, describes some of the events."}
{"id": "PMID:338135", "title": "The impact of government insurance on a psychiatric clinic.", "content": "This paper considers the impact of a state medical insurance system on the structure of psychiatric services. The tendency of the upper socioeconomic classes to use private practitioners, and the lower classes to use public clinics, is examined before and after the imposition of the medical insurance system in Quebec in 1970. Data from one public clinic reveal a significant rise in the socioeconomic status of patients after Medicare. Alternative interpretations for the change in the clinic population are explored.", "contents": "The impact of government insurance on a psychiatric clinic. This paper considers the impact of a state medical insurance system on the structure of psychiatric services. The tendency of the upper socioeconomic classes to use private practitioners, and the lower classes to use public clinics, is examined before and after the imposition of the medical insurance system in Quebec in 1970. Data from one public clinic reveal a significant rise in the socioeconomic status of patients after Medicare. Alternative interpretations for the change in the clinic population are explored."}
{"id": "PMID:338136", "title": "Adriamycin plus alkylating agents in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "A randomized trial of Adriamycin (A) in combination with melphalan (M), (MA therapy), and in combination with M plus cyclophosphamide (C) (MAC therapy), was initiated in 40 evaluable patients with metastatic breast cancer. Twenty-two patients demonstrated an objective response to therapy: 9/20 to the MA regimen, and 13/20 to the MAC regimen. For the 22 responders, median duration of response is not yet achieved for either complete or partial responders, at 10 and 9 months, respectively. The addition of the two alkylating agents to Adriamycin was superior to the single alkylating agent addition, both in total response rate and in completeness of response. Maintenance therapy, after achieving the maximum cumulative dose of Adriamycin, was provided by cyclophosphamide plus methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CMF). In 19 patients completing induction and entering maintenance therapy, only one relapse has developed with maximun follow-up at 15 months.", "contents": "Adriamycin plus alkylating agents in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. A randomized trial of Adriamycin (A) in combination with melphalan (M), (MA therapy), and in combination with M plus cyclophosphamide (C) (MAC therapy), was initiated in 40 evaluable patients with metastatic breast cancer. Twenty-two patients demonstrated an objective response to therapy: 9/20 to the MA regimen, and 13/20 to the MAC regimen. For the 22 responders, median duration of response is not yet achieved for either complete or partial responders, at 10 and 9 months, respectively. The addition of the two alkylating agents to Adriamycin was superior to the single alkylating agent addition, both in total response rate and in completeness of response. Maintenance therapy, after achieving the maximum cumulative dose of Adriamycin, was provided by cyclophosphamide plus methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CMF). In 19 patients completing induction and entering maintenance therapy, only one relapse has developed with maximun follow-up at 15 months."}
{"id": "PMID:338137", "title": "High dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor in adult resistant lymphoma.", "content": "Seven adult patients with advanced lymphoma, resistant to vincristine, prednisone, alkylating agents and Adriamycin were treated with \"high dose\" methotrexate and citrovorum factor rescue. Therapy consisted of 4 to 6-hour infusions of methotrexate (5--100 mg/kg) every 1 to 2 weeks with citrovorum rescue initiates 2 to 12 hours after termination of the infusion. Objective responses were obtained in three patients but these were short lived. Mucosal and hematologic toxicity occurred when repeat courses of therapy were administered. The results suggest that high dose methotrexate may be effective therapy in lymphoma, particularlly if citrovorum factor rescue is used early and in adequate dosage.", "contents": "High dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor in adult resistant lymphoma. Seven adult patients with advanced lymphoma, resistant to vincristine, prednisone, alkylating agents and Adriamycin were treated with \"high dose\" methotrexate and citrovorum factor rescue. Therapy consisted of 4 to 6-hour infusions of methotrexate (5--100 mg/kg) every 1 to 2 weeks with citrovorum rescue initiates 2 to 12 hours after termination of the infusion. Objective responses were obtained in three patients but these were short lived. Mucosal and hematologic toxicity occurred when repeat courses of therapy were administered. The results suggest that high dose methotrexate may be effective therapy in lymphoma, particularlly if citrovorum factor rescue is used early and in adequate dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:338139", "title": "Ultrastructure of aneurysmal bone cyst.", "content": "The ultrastructure of 5 cases of primary aneurysmal bone cysts is described. The most frequent cells found are fibroblasts containing varying amounts of glycogen. Primitive mesenchymal cells in different stages of differentiation are seen. The foci of osteoid and bone originate through metaplastic changes of the spindle cell stroma. We feel that the fibroblastic proliferation and bone formation are manifestations of a reactive process. The giant cells are similar to those of other giant cell lesions of bone. A case of cystic chondroblastoma with secondary aneurysmal bone cyst features was studied. It shows, in addition to chondroblastoma cells, elongated cells similar to the reactive fibroblasts of primary aneurysmal bone cyst. We feel that aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign non-neoplastic condition that can develop in bone as a primary bone lesion; it may also be associated with a pre-neoplastic condition that can develop in bone as a primary bone lesion; it may also be associated with a pre-existing bone condition, and occasionally develops following trauma with subperiosteal hematoma.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of aneurysmal bone cyst. The ultrastructure of 5 cases of primary aneurysmal bone cysts is described. The most frequent cells found are fibroblasts containing varying amounts of glycogen. Primitive mesenchymal cells in different stages of differentiation are seen. The foci of osteoid and bone originate through metaplastic changes of the spindle cell stroma. We feel that the fibroblastic proliferation and bone formation are manifestations of a reactive process. The giant cells are similar to those of other giant cell lesions of bone. A case of cystic chondroblastoma with secondary aneurysmal bone cyst features was studied. It shows, in addition to chondroblastoma cells, elongated cells similar to the reactive fibroblasts of primary aneurysmal bone cyst. We feel that aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign non-neoplastic condition that can develop in bone as a primary bone lesion; it may also be associated with a pre-neoplastic condition that can develop in bone as a primary bone lesion; it may also be associated with a pre-existing bone condition, and occasionally develops following trauma with subperiosteal hematoma."}
{"id": "PMID:338140", "title": "Granulocytic sarcoma of the cervix as a primary manifestation: case without overt leukemic features for 26 months.", "content": "A case of granulocytic sarcoma involving the uterine cervix as primary manifestation without evidence of leukemia is presented. It was followed by neurological symptoms 19 months later and a right breast mass 26 months after the initial cervical lesion, but still with no evidence of leukemia. Two years and four months after onset, soft tissue and skin nodules developed and rare blastic cells appeared on peripheral blood smear. The patient terminally developed acute granulocytic leukemia with a rapidly downhill course. The differential diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma and histiocytic lymphoma is discussed. The literature is reviewed with emphasis on the clinical and pathological problems that arise when the tumor presents in an unusual location without peripheral blood manifestation of leukemia.", "contents": "Granulocytic sarcoma of the cervix as a primary manifestation: case without overt leukemic features for 26 months. A case of granulocytic sarcoma involving the uterine cervix as primary manifestation without evidence of leukemia is presented. It was followed by neurological symptoms 19 months later and a right breast mass 26 months after the initial cervical lesion, but still with no evidence of leukemia. Two years and four months after onset, soft tissue and skin nodules developed and rare blastic cells appeared on peripheral blood smear. The patient terminally developed acute granulocytic leukemia with a rapidly downhill course. The differential diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma and histiocytic lymphoma is discussed. The literature is reviewed with emphasis on the clinical and pathological problems that arise when the tumor presents in an unusual location without peripheral blood manifestation of leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:338141", "title": "Malignancy arising in extragonadal endometriosis: a case report and summary of the world literature.", "content": "A case of clear cell carcinoma arising in endometriosis of the retroperitoneum is presented. It occurred 5 years after supracervical hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and following 4 years of estrogen therapy. The literature concerning malignancy developing in extragonadal endometriosis has been reviewed and is summarized as follows: 1) 45 cases have been compiled, of which 32 were carcinomas and 13 sarcomas; 2) adenocarcinoma was the most common histologic type, although virtually every tumor of m\u00fcllerian derivation has been described; 3) the typical patient was nulliparous and perimenopausal; 4) the rectovaginal septum was the most common site, and in general the frequency of malignancy in a given site parallels the frequency of endometriosis in that location; 5) simultaneous tumors of the uterus or ovary were present in seven cases (15%); 6) prognosis appeared affected by site and histologic type; 7) a history of prior pelvic irradiation to effect castration was present in three (9%) of the patients with adenocarcinoma; and 8) four (12%) of the patients with adenocarcinoma were subjected to exogenous estrogens or estrogen-secreting ovarian tumors.", "contents": "Malignancy arising in extragonadal endometriosis: a case report and summary of the world literature. A case of clear cell carcinoma arising in endometriosis of the retroperitoneum is presented. It occurred 5 years after supracervical hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and following 4 years of estrogen therapy. The literature concerning malignancy developing in extragonadal endometriosis has been reviewed and is summarized as follows: 1) 45 cases have been compiled, of which 32 were carcinomas and 13 sarcomas; 2) adenocarcinoma was the most common histologic type, although virtually every tumor of m\u00fcllerian derivation has been described; 3) the typical patient was nulliparous and perimenopausal; 4) the rectovaginal septum was the most common site, and in general the frequency of malignancy in a given site parallels the frequency of endometriosis in that location; 5) simultaneous tumors of the uterus or ovary were present in seven cases (15%); 6) prognosis appeared affected by site and histologic type; 7) a history of prior pelvic irradiation to effect castration was present in three (9%) of the patients with adenocarcinoma; and 8) four (12%) of the patients with adenocarcinoma were subjected to exogenous estrogens or estrogen-secreting ovarian tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:338142", "title": "Breast metastasis: an unusual manifestation of a malignant carcinoid tumor.", "content": "A metastasis from a bronchial carcinoid tumor presented as an isolated breast mass in a 58-year-old female. A review of the English literature revealed four cases of metastatic carcinoid to the breast that presented as an isolated breast mass. In each case, radical mastectomy was performed after the lesion had been interpreted clinically and pathologically as a primary carcinoma. When the primary tumor was excised, all cases had either regional lymph node or liver involvement. A mass was the usual presenting sign of the metastatic deposit. No metastasis was reported to be greater than 2 cm in diameter. No axillary lymph nodes were reported to contain tumor. Frozen section preparations may not be adequate to differentiate a primary carcinoma of the breast from a metastatic carcinoid tumor, thereby necessitating permanent sections, special stains, review of previously resected neoplasms, or electron microscopy. The first mammogram of a metastatic carcinoid to the breast is reported with this case.", "contents": "Breast metastasis: an unusual manifestation of a malignant carcinoid tumor. A metastasis from a bronchial carcinoid tumor presented as an isolated breast mass in a 58-year-old female. A review of the English literature revealed four cases of metastatic carcinoid to the breast that presented as an isolated breast mass. In each case, radical mastectomy was performed after the lesion had been interpreted clinically and pathologically as a primary carcinoma. When the primary tumor was excised, all cases had either regional lymph node or liver involvement. A mass was the usual presenting sign of the metastatic deposit. No metastasis was reported to be greater than 2 cm in diameter. No axillary lymph nodes were reported to contain tumor. Frozen section preparations may not be adequate to differentiate a primary carcinoma of the breast from a metastatic carcinoid tumor, thereby necessitating permanent sections, special stains, review of previously resected neoplasms, or electron microscopy. The first mammogram of a metastatic carcinoid to the breast is reported with this case."}
{"id": "PMID:338144", "title": "Anti-squamous tumor antibodies in patients with squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "Patients with advanced squamous cell carcinomas were shown to have serum antibodies directed towards cultured squamous tumor cells as shown by quantitative membrane immunofluorescence. The sera of these same patients did not react with a variety of other cultured tumor cells. Serum obtained from normals or from patients with other forms of cancer (transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and melanoma) did not give positive reactions. When the sera of squamous carcinoma patients were chromatographed on Sephadex G-150, tumor-reactive antibodies were recovered solely in the 19 S fraction, suggesting immunoglobulin M as the immunoglobulin isotype involved. Identification of the squamous tumor cell-reactive immunoglobulin as ijmunoglobulin M was confirmed by quantitative immunofluorescence with the use of class monospecific antisera to human immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Anti-squamous tumor antibodies in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. Patients with advanced squamous cell carcinomas were shown to have serum antibodies directed towards cultured squamous tumor cells as shown by quantitative membrane immunofluorescence. The sera of these same patients did not react with a variety of other cultured tumor cells. Serum obtained from normals or from patients with other forms of cancer (transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and melanoma) did not give positive reactions. When the sera of squamous carcinoma patients were chromatographed on Sephadex G-150, tumor-reactive antibodies were recovered solely in the 19 S fraction, suggesting immunoglobulin M as the immunoglobulin isotype involved. Identification of the squamous tumor cell-reactive immunoglobulin as ijmunoglobulin M was confirmed by quantitative immunofluorescence with the use of class monospecific antisera to human immunoglobulins."}
{"id": "PMID:338145", "title": "Hydroxylated metabolies of R,S-1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (Ftorafur) in rats and rabbits.", "content": "Two hydroxylated metabolies (M1 and M2) have been isolated from rabbit urine after administration of Ftorafur (FT). The structures of 3'-OH-FT and 4'-OH-FT were assigned to M1 and M2, respectively. A reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography assay was developed for jeasuring FT, M1, M2, and 5-fluorouracil (FU) plasma levels. M1, M2, and FU were present in rabbit and rat plasma in greatly varying concentrations after FT administration. Pharmacokinetic studies suggest that FU formation proceeds via metabolic intermediate(s) and that the extent of FT activation is variable. A horse liver thymidine phosphorylase ,reparation capable of catalyzing the conversion of beta-ribo-2'-deoxy-5-fluorouracil to FU was inactive against FT and M1. However, 20% of M2 was converted to FU by this enzume, which suggests that the urinary metabolite M2 consisted of a mixture of enantiomers with 20% present in the natural beta-D configuration. The stereochemistry of M1 remains unknown. Hydroxylation of FT to beta-D-4'-OH-FT and subsequent cleavage to FU by thymidine phosphorylase represents one possible activation mechanism of FT to FU. ,owever, lack of correlation between plasma levels of M2 and FU indicates that this mode of metabolic activation may account for only part of the overall activation of FT in vivo.", "contents": "Hydroxylated metabolies of R,S-1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (Ftorafur) in rats and rabbits. Two hydroxylated metabolies (M1 and M2) have been isolated from rabbit urine after administration of Ftorafur (FT). The structures of 3'-OH-FT and 4'-OH-FT were assigned to M1 and M2, respectively. A reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography assay was developed for jeasuring FT, M1, M2, and 5-fluorouracil (FU) plasma levels. M1, M2, and FU were present in rabbit and rat plasma in greatly varying concentrations after FT administration. Pharmacokinetic studies suggest that FU formation proceeds via metabolic intermediate(s) and that the extent of FT activation is variable. A horse liver thymidine phosphorylase ,reparation capable of catalyzing the conversion of beta-ribo-2'-deoxy-5-fluorouracil to FU was inactive against FT and M1. However, 20% of M2 was converted to FU by this enzume, which suggests that the urinary metabolite M2 consisted of a mixture of enantiomers with 20% present in the natural beta-D configuration. The stereochemistry of M1 remains unknown. Hydroxylation of FT to beta-D-4'-OH-FT and subsequent cleavage to FU by thymidine phosphorylase represents one possible activation mechanism of FT to FU. ,owever, lack of correlation between plasma levels of M2 and FU indicates that this mode of metabolic activation may account for only part of the overall activation of FT in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:338148", "title": "Left axis deviation as a single screening criterion in acquired nonvalvulvar heart disease. Association with abnormal systolic time intervals in hypertensive subjects.", "content": "The value of left axis deviation (LAD) as a single discriminator of clinical cardiac abnormality and its association with reduced left ventricular function was investigated in 100 consecutive ambulatory subjects with LAD, and 100 age and sex-matched subjects without LAD from the patient population of a voluntary screening clinic. Analysis of clinical data and measurement of QRS frontal plane axis as well as systolic time intervals (STI) were each done separately by different investigators in a blind manner. The only large groups in the study population were those with coronary heart disease and those with hypertension. The high prevalence of definite and probable coronary artery disease among subjects with LAD (32/100) contrasted with its paucity in the control group (8/100). Hypertensive and borderline hypertensive subjects occurred in sufficient numbers.", "contents": "Left axis deviation as a single screening criterion in acquired nonvalvulvar heart disease. Association with abnormal systolic time intervals in hypertensive subjects. The value of left axis deviation (LAD) as a single discriminator of clinical cardiac abnormality and its association with reduced left ventricular function was investigated in 100 consecutive ambulatory subjects with LAD, and 100 age and sex-matched subjects without LAD from the patient population of a voluntary screening clinic. Analysis of clinical data and measurement of QRS frontal plane axis as well as systolic time intervals (STI) were each done separately by different investigators in a blind manner. The only large groups in the study population were those with coronary heart disease and those with hypertension. The high prevalence of definite and probable coronary artery disease among subjects with LAD (32/100) contrasted with its paucity in the control group (8/100). Hypertensive and borderline hypertensive subjects occurred in sufficient numbers."}
{"id": "PMID:338151", "title": "Clinical implications of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction abnormalities II. Acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The diagnostic criteria and the clinical implications of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction defects have been reviewed. Information derived from His bundle electrocardiographic studies has been incorporated in the discussion and the importance of the site of block has been stressed. Defects in the trifascicular intraventricular conduction system and their relation to prognosis and to development of complete heart block are outlined. Data on the prognosis of conduction abnormalities during acute myocardial infarction are reviewed in depth and current indications for temporary and permanent pacemaker implantation are presented.", "contents": "Clinical implications of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction abnormalities II. Acute myocardial infarction. The diagnostic criteria and the clinical implications of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction defects have been reviewed. Information derived from His bundle electrocardiographic studies has been incorporated in the discussion and the importance of the site of block has been stressed. Defects in the trifascicular intraventricular conduction system and their relation to prognosis and to development of complete heart block are outlined. Data on the prognosis of conduction abnormalities during acute myocardial infarction are reviewed in depth and current indications for temporary and permanent pacemaker implantation are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:338159", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of ovine placental lactogen.", "content": "The localization of ovine placental lactogen (OPL) was studied using the immunofluorescence method. The placentome sections were treated by an indirect technique with anti-OPL antibodies obtained from rabbits injected with purified hormone. OPL was located in large cells of the monostratified epithelium of chorionic villi. These cells are mono- or binucleated and PAS-positive. The immunological reaction was inhibited by the specific antigen (OPL, 400 microgram/ml undiluted anti-OPL antiserum) but not by ovine prolactin, bovine growth hormone, human placental lactogen nor by any other polypeptidic hormone tested. Reciprocally, the localization of OPL-secreting cells was unsuccessful with antibodies raised against these control hormones.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of ovine placental lactogen. The localization of ovine placental lactogen (OPL) was studied using the immunofluorescence method. The placentome sections were treated by an indirect technique with anti-OPL antibodies obtained from rabbits injected with purified hormone. OPL was located in large cells of the monostratified epithelium of chorionic villi. These cells are mono- or binucleated and PAS-positive. The immunological reaction was inhibited by the specific antigen (OPL, 400 microgram/ml undiluted anti-OPL antiserum) but not by ovine prolactin, bovine growth hormone, human placental lactogen nor by any other polypeptidic hormone tested. Reciprocally, the localization of OPL-secreting cells was unsuccessful with antibodies raised against these control hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:338160", "title": "Ultrastructural identification of a new cell type--the N-cell as the source of neurotensin in the gut mucosa.", "content": "The neurotensin-cell is identified immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally by differential counting of endocrine cells in the gut of a primate (Tupaia belangeri). Utilizing light microscopy, the EC-cells are identified by the Masson-Fontana silver stain; with the same method the neurotensin cells are not stained. The other endocrine cells have been quantified in the small intestine using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase stain with antisera against glucagon, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, gastrin, secretin, pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory peptide and neurotensin. In the ileal mucosa of Tupaia, the most frequent endocrine cell is the EC-cell followed by the glucagonoid cell, (L-cell). The immunoreactive neurotensin cell represents the third most frequent endocrine cell in this region. On the ultrastructural level, this third most frequent endocrine cell is a heretofore undescribed cell, the N-cell, containing electron dense secretory granules measuring 335 +/- 87 nm in diameter.", "contents": "Ultrastructural identification of a new cell type--the N-cell as the source of neurotensin in the gut mucosa. The neurotensin-cell is identified immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally by differential counting of endocrine cells in the gut of a primate (Tupaia belangeri). Utilizing light microscopy, the EC-cells are identified by the Masson-Fontana silver stain; with the same method the neurotensin cells are not stained. The other endocrine cells have been quantified in the small intestine using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase stain with antisera against glucagon, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, gastrin, secretin, pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory peptide and neurotensin. In the ileal mucosa of Tupaia, the most frequent endocrine cell is the EC-cell followed by the glucagonoid cell, (L-cell). The immunoreactive neurotensin cell represents the third most frequent endocrine cell in this region. On the ultrastructural level, this third most frequent endocrine cell is a heretofore undescribed cell, the N-cell, containing electron dense secretory granules measuring 335 +/- 87 nm in diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:338161", "title": "alpha-1-Antitrypsin immunoreactivity in islet cells of adult human pancreas.", "content": "alpha-1-antitrypsin immunoreactivity was demonstrated by immunofluorescence technique in the peripheral islet cells of all ten normal adult human pancreata examined; normal adult human liver was negative. The specificity of the reactions was confirmed by applying various control tests including absorption of the specific antisera with purified alpha-1-antitrypsin, inhibition and blocking tests and by ensuring the monospecificity of the antisera used. The findings suggest that the pancreatic islet may be an additional source of alpha-1-antitrypsin.", "contents": "alpha-1-Antitrypsin immunoreactivity in islet cells of adult human pancreas. alpha-1-antitrypsin immunoreactivity was demonstrated by immunofluorescence technique in the peripheral islet cells of all ten normal adult human pancreata examined; normal adult human liver was negative. The specificity of the reactions was confirmed by applying various control tests including absorption of the specific antisera with purified alpha-1-antitrypsin, inhibition and blocking tests and by ensuring the monospecificity of the antisera used. The findings suggest that the pancreatic islet may be an additional source of alpha-1-antitrypsin."}
{"id": "PMID:338173", "title": "[Indirect immunofluorescence study of 200 cases of tryponosomiasis due to Trypanosoma gambiense].", "content": "The sera and CSF collected on 200 patients suffering from sleeping sickness were collected before treatment and tested with fluorescent antibody test. The proportion of strongly positive sera is very important in the first period and decreases progressively with the alteration of CSF. This shows the reliability of the FAT technique as a screening method because it is in the first period that it is difficult to diagnose the disease. 14% of CSF collected during the 1st period are positive with FAT: this fluorescence certainly reflects the presence of the parasite and confirms Burke et al. observations. The notion of periodicity can be questioned as well as the treatment protocol whick is traditionally based on the CSF cytochemistry.", "contents": "[Indirect immunofluorescence study of 200 cases of tryponosomiasis due to Trypanosoma gambiense]. The sera and CSF collected on 200 patients suffering from sleeping sickness were collected before treatment and tested with fluorescent antibody test. The proportion of strongly positive sera is very important in the first period and decreases progressively with the alteration of CSF. This shows the reliability of the FAT technique as a screening method because it is in the first period that it is difficult to diagnose the disease. 14% of CSF collected during the 1st period are positive with FAT: this fluorescence certainly reflects the presence of the parasite and confirms Burke et al. observations. The notion of periodicity can be questioned as well as the treatment protocol whick is traditionally based on the CSF cytochemistry."}
{"id": "PMID:338177", "title": "Variations in structure and function during the life cycle of malarial parasites.", "content": "The fine structure of malarial parasites is reviewed and the function of the intracellular organelles is discussed. When the erythrocytic, exoerythrocytic, and mosquito stages of plasmodia are compared, substantial differences are seen. The major differences involve the amount of surface coat of the motile forms, the structure and function of the mitochondria, and the ingestion and digestion of nutrients. Significant structural differences are also observed between comparable stages of mammalian and avian parasites. These differences indicate that malarial parasites adapt themselves to the different environments in which the parasite resides.When host cell changes induced by malarial parasite infection are reviewed, alterations characteristic of the infecting plasmodia are observed in erythrocytes. Erythrocyte changes include caveola-vesicle complexes, excrescences, and clefts. The caveola-vesicle complexes possess malarial antigens and exhibit pinocytotic activities. The excrescences form focal junctions with adjacent cells and may be responsible for infected erythrocyte sequestration in organs. The significance of these host cell changes specific to certain species of malarial parasite is still unknown.", "contents": "Variations in structure and function during the life cycle of malarial parasites. The fine structure of malarial parasites is reviewed and the function of the intracellular organelles is discussed. When the erythrocytic, exoerythrocytic, and mosquito stages of plasmodia are compared, substantial differences are seen. The major differences involve the amount of surface coat of the motile forms, the structure and function of the mitochondria, and the ingestion and digestion of nutrients. Significant structural differences are also observed between comparable stages of mammalian and avian parasites. These differences indicate that malarial parasites adapt themselves to the different environments in which the parasite resides.When host cell changes induced by malarial parasite infection are reviewed, alterations characteristic of the infecting plasmodia are observed in erythrocytes. Erythrocyte changes include caveola-vesicle complexes, excrescences, and clefts. The caveola-vesicle complexes possess malarial antigens and exhibit pinocytotic activities. The excrescences form focal junctions with adjacent cells and may be responsible for infected erythrocyte sequestration in organs. The significance of these host cell changes specific to certain species of malarial parasite is still unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:338178", "title": "Invasion and growth of Plasmodium falciparum in different types of human erythrocyte.", "content": "The susceptibility of human red blood cells to invasion by Plasmodium falciparum was investigated in microtissue cultures with different populations of erythrocytes containing fetal haemoglobin (HbF). Preferential invasion of HbF-containing erythrocytes was observed with umbilical cord blood. The parasites showed no preference for HbF cells in blood from a subject with hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH). By contrast, a significant preference for HbA-containing erythrocytes was found with blood from young infants. Further experiments demonstrated that falciparum parasites preferentially invade \"young\" erythrocytes. This could explain the distribution of parasites found in blood containing HbF, because HbF-containing erythrocytes are \"younger\" on average in cord blood, \"older\" in the blood of infants, and of the same average age as HbA-containing cells in HPFH. We concluded that the susceptibility of human erythrocytes to invasion by P. falciparum is not correlated with the presence of HbF, but that aging of red cells in vivo decreases their susceptibility to invasion. Semi-quantitative measurements were made of parasite growth in cells containing HbA or HbF. The growth of individual parasites in cells containing HbF was significantly retarded. This might confer a selective advantage on individuals with thalassaemia and sickle cell trait, in which HbF levels are raised in early life.", "contents": "Invasion and growth of Plasmodium falciparum in different types of human erythrocyte. The susceptibility of human red blood cells to invasion by Plasmodium falciparum was investigated in microtissue cultures with different populations of erythrocytes containing fetal haemoglobin (HbF). Preferential invasion of HbF-containing erythrocytes was observed with umbilical cord blood. The parasites showed no preference for HbF cells in blood from a subject with hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH). By contrast, a significant preference for HbA-containing erythrocytes was found with blood from young infants. Further experiments demonstrated that falciparum parasites preferentially invade \"young\" erythrocytes. This could explain the distribution of parasites found in blood containing HbF, because HbF-containing erythrocytes are \"younger\" on average in cord blood, \"older\" in the blood of infants, and of the same average age as HbA-containing cells in HPFH. We concluded that the susceptibility of human erythrocytes to invasion by P. falciparum is not correlated with the presence of HbF, but that aging of red cells in vivo decreases their susceptibility to invasion. Semi-quantitative measurements were made of parasite growth in cells containing HbA or HbF. The growth of individual parasites in cells containing HbF was significantly retarded. This might confer a selective advantage on individuals with thalassaemia and sickle cell trait, in which HbF levels are raised in early life."}
{"id": "PMID:338179", "title": "A histidine-rich protein from Plasmodium falciparum and its interaction with membranes.", "content": "In previous studies, an unusual protein with 70% of histidine was isolated from Plasmodium lophurae. It was shown to have a possible function in the penetration of merozoites into erythrocytes. The results of the present study indicate the presence of a similar histidine-rich protein in Plasmodium falciparum. Like that of P. lophurae, the histidine-rich protein of P. falciparum is acid-soluble, but it has a slightly higher molecular weight.", "contents": "A histidine-rich protein from Plasmodium falciparum and its interaction with membranes. In previous studies, an unusual protein with 70% of histidine was isolated from Plasmodium lophurae. It was shown to have a possible function in the penetration of merozoites into erythrocytes. The results of the present study indicate the presence of a similar histidine-rich protein in Plasmodium falciparum. Like that of P. lophurae, the histidine-rich protein of P. falciparum is acid-soluble, but it has a slightly higher molecular weight."}
{"id": "PMID:338180", "title": "Transport of amino acids and nucleic acid precursors in malarial parasites.", "content": "In vitro studies have shown that exogenously supplied amino acids are transferred into the malaria-infected cell, where they are incorporated into proteins. Most amino acids appear to enter the cell by facilitated or simple diffusion; however, the high distribution ratios seen in Plasmodium knowlesi-infected cells are difficult to explain on this basis. The changes (leakiness) observed in amino acid transport in P. lophurae infected cells are probably the result of ATP depletion in the host cell as well as the elaboration of plasmodial substances. Depletion of isoleucine, methionine, and cysteine from the medium strikingly depresses the in vitro growth of P. knowlesi. The degree of amino acid incorporation into the malaria-infected cell is not correlated with the amount of a particular amino acid in the host cell haemoglobin, the decline of that amino acid in the plasma of infected animals, or the ratio of free amino acids of the erythrocyte to those of the plasma. In erythrocyte-\"free\" P. lophurae, carrier-mediated transport is apparently limited to a small number of amino acids; all others seem to enter by simple diffusion.Malaria-infected erythrocytes transport exogenously supplied purines at substantially higher rates than uninfected red cells. The preferred purines are adenosine, hypoxanthine, and inosine. The only pyrimidine incorporated is orotic acid. Thymidine, cytidine, and uridine do not readily enter the red cell, and incorporation does not take place because the parasites lack the appropriate enzyme for conversion to nucleotides. Erythrocyte-\"free\" P. berghei and P. lophurae take up purines and orotic acid. It has been suggested that in vivo the preferred purines are hypoxanthine and inosine, and that the transport locus for erythrocytes is specific for 6-oxopurines. Similar results of purine incorporation are reported for the insect stages of P. cynomolgi and P. berghei, although transport studies have not been carried out.", "contents": "Transport of amino acids and nucleic acid precursors in malarial parasites. In vitro studies have shown that exogenously supplied amino acids are transferred into the malaria-infected cell, where they are incorporated into proteins. Most amino acids appear to enter the cell by facilitated or simple diffusion; however, the high distribution ratios seen in Plasmodium knowlesi-infected cells are difficult to explain on this basis. The changes (leakiness) observed in amino acid transport in P. lophurae infected cells are probably the result of ATP depletion in the host cell as well as the elaboration of plasmodial substances. Depletion of isoleucine, methionine, and cysteine from the medium strikingly depresses the in vitro growth of P. knowlesi. The degree of amino acid incorporation into the malaria-infected cell is not correlated with the amount of a particular amino acid in the host cell haemoglobin, the decline of that amino acid in the plasma of infected animals, or the ratio of free amino acids of the erythrocyte to those of the plasma. In erythrocyte-\"free\" P. lophurae, carrier-mediated transport is apparently limited to a small number of amino acids; all others seem to enter by simple diffusion.Malaria-infected erythrocytes transport exogenously supplied purines at substantially higher rates than uninfected red cells. The preferred purines are adenosine, hypoxanthine, and inosine. The only pyrimidine incorporated is orotic acid. Thymidine, cytidine, and uridine do not readily enter the red cell, and incorporation does not take place because the parasites lack the appropriate enzyme for conversion to nucleotides. Erythrocyte-\"free\" P. berghei and P. lophurae take up purines and orotic acid. It has been suggested that in vivo the preferred purines are hypoxanthine and inosine, and that the transport locus for erythrocytes is specific for 6-oxopurines. Similar results of purine incorporation are reported for the insect stages of P. cynomolgi and P. berghei, although transport studies have not been carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:338181", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism of malarial parasites.", "content": "The evidence for the pathways involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates by malarial parasites is critically reviewed. In all species studied, glucose is catabolized mainly by glycolysis with little participation of the pentose-phosphate pathway. It has not been proved conclusively that there is a functioning citric acid cycle in the intraerythrocytic stages of avian plasmodia, nor is it certain that these stages of any malarial parasites use oxygen.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism of malarial parasites. The evidence for the pathways involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates by malarial parasites is critically reviewed. In all species studied, glucose is catabolized mainly by glycolysis with little participation of the pentose-phosphate pathway. It has not been proved conclusively that there is a functioning citric acid cycle in the intraerythrocytic stages of avian plasmodia, nor is it certain that these stages of any malarial parasites use oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:338182", "title": "Isolation and analysis of nucleotides from erythrocyte-free malarial parasites (Plasmodium berghei) and potential relevance to malaria chemotherapy.", "content": "Studies using erythrocyte-free preparations of P. berghei were conducted with a view to improving knowledge of parasite metabolism, particularly nucleotide metabolism. The free parasites employed in these studies were prepared by saponin lysis of parasitized mouse erythrocytes in isotonic glucose solutions. A comparative study of post-lytic metabolic activity of free parasites prepared by saponin, ammonium chloride, or osmotic lysis indicated a significantly greater retention of metabolic activity in the saponin-lysis preparations. Separations of nucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphates extracted from free parasites were performed by means of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and ATP was additionally measured by luciferin-luciferase assay. Studies designed to differentiate among uptake, phosphorylation, and subsequent incorporation of (3)H-adenosine into nucleic acids of the free parasite strongly suggested that adenosine is metabolized either outside or on the parasite membrane, being first deaminated to inosine and then deribosylated to hypoxanthine. Observations from HPLC and radioisotope precursor studies support a hypothesis in which hypoxanthine may be proposed as being a pivotal substrate for purine salvage by malarial parasites. Some of the key steps in purine salvage and pyrimidine biosynthesis were investigated, using radiolabel uptake studies and HPLC analysis of nucleotides of the free malarial parasite. These studies suggest that hypoxanthine uptake may constitute an important new basis for chemotherapeutic attack on the malarial parasite.", "contents": "Isolation and analysis of nucleotides from erythrocyte-free malarial parasites (Plasmodium berghei) and potential relevance to malaria chemotherapy. Studies using erythrocyte-free preparations of P. berghei were conducted with a view to improving knowledge of parasite metabolism, particularly nucleotide metabolism. The free parasites employed in these studies were prepared by saponin lysis of parasitized mouse erythrocytes in isotonic glucose solutions. A comparative study of post-lytic metabolic activity of free parasites prepared by saponin, ammonium chloride, or osmotic lysis indicated a significantly greater retention of metabolic activity in the saponin-lysis preparations. Separations of nucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphates extracted from free parasites were performed by means of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and ATP was additionally measured by luciferin-luciferase assay. Studies designed to differentiate among uptake, phosphorylation, and subsequent incorporation of (3)H-adenosine into nucleic acids of the free parasite strongly suggested that adenosine is metabolized either outside or on the parasite membrane, being first deaminated to inosine and then deribosylated to hypoxanthine. Observations from HPLC and radioisotope precursor studies support a hypothesis in which hypoxanthine may be proposed as being a pivotal substrate for purine salvage by malarial parasites. Some of the key steps in purine salvage and pyrimidine biosynthesis were investigated, using radiolabel uptake studies and HPLC analysis of nucleotides of the free malarial parasite. These studies suggest that hypoxanthine uptake may constitute an important new basis for chemotherapeutic attack on the malarial parasite."}
{"id": "PMID:338183", "title": "Amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis in malarial parasites.", "content": "Malaria-infected red cells and free parasites have limited capabilities for the biosynthesis of amino acids. Therefore, the principal amino acid sources for parasite protein synthesis are the plasma free amino acids and host cell haemoglobin. Infected cells and plasmodia incorporate exogenously supplied amino acids into protein. However, the hypothesis that amino acid utilization (from an external source) is related to availability of that amino acid in haemoglobin is without universal support: it is true for isoleucine and for Plasmodium knowlesi and P. falciparum, but not for methionine, cysteine, and other amino acids, and it does not apply to P. lophurae. More by default than by direct evidence, haemoglobin is believed to be the main amino acid reservoir available to the intraerythrocytic plasmodium. Haemoglobin, ingested via the cytostome, is held in food vacuoles where auto-oxidation takes place. As a consequence, haem is released and accumulates in the vacuole as particulate haemozoin (= malaria pigment). Current evidence favours the view that haemozoin is mainly haematin. Acid and alkaline proteases (identified in crude extracts from mammalian and avian malarias) are presumably secreted directly into the food vacuole. They then digest the denatured globin and the resulting amino acids are incorporated into parasite protein. Cell-free protein synthesizing systems have been developed using P. knowlesi and P. lophurae ribosomes. In the main these systems are typically eukaryotic.Studies of amino acid metabolism are exceedingly limited. Arginine, lysine, methionine, and proline are incorporated into protein, whereas glutamic acid is metabolized via an NADP-specific glutamic dehydrogenase. Glutamate oxidation generates NADPH and auxiliary energy (in the form of alpha-ketoglutarate). The role of red cell glutathione in the economy of the parasite remains obscure. Important goals for future research should be: quantitative assessment of the relative importance of amino acid sources for parasite protein synthesis; purification and characterization of plasmodial proteinases; and in vitro translation of parasite messenger RNA.", "contents": "Amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis in malarial parasites. Malaria-infected red cells and free parasites have limited capabilities for the biosynthesis of amino acids. Therefore, the principal amino acid sources for parasite protein synthesis are the plasma free amino acids and host cell haemoglobin. Infected cells and plasmodia incorporate exogenously supplied amino acids into protein. However, the hypothesis that amino acid utilization (from an external source) is related to availability of that amino acid in haemoglobin is without universal support: it is true for isoleucine and for Plasmodium knowlesi and P. falciparum, but not for methionine, cysteine, and other amino acids, and it does not apply to P. lophurae. More by default than by direct evidence, haemoglobin is believed to be the main amino acid reservoir available to the intraerythrocytic plasmodium. Haemoglobin, ingested via the cytostome, is held in food vacuoles where auto-oxidation takes place. As a consequence, haem is released and accumulates in the vacuole as particulate haemozoin (= malaria pigment). Current evidence favours the view that haemozoin is mainly haematin. Acid and alkaline proteases (identified in crude extracts from mammalian and avian malarias) are presumably secreted directly into the food vacuole. They then digest the denatured globin and the resulting amino acids are incorporated into parasite protein. Cell-free protein synthesizing systems have been developed using P. knowlesi and P. lophurae ribosomes. In the main these systems are typically eukaryotic.Studies of amino acid metabolism are exceedingly limited. Arginine, lysine, methionine, and proline are incorporated into protein, whereas glutamic acid is metabolized via an NADP-specific glutamic dehydrogenase. Glutamate oxidation generates NADPH and auxiliary energy (in the form of alpha-ketoglutarate). The role of red cell glutathione in the economy of the parasite remains obscure. Important goals for future research should be: quantitative assessment of the relative importance of amino acid sources for parasite protein synthesis; purification and characterization of plasmodial proteinases; and in vitro translation of parasite messenger RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:338184", "title": "Folate metabolism in malaria.", "content": "It is known that malaria parasites are inhibited by sulfonamides and antifolate compounds, require 4-aminobenzoic acid for growth, and respond only partly to intact folic and folinic acids. Biochemical data obtained during the last decade on the synthesis of nucleic acid precursors and on folate enzymes in malaria support the hypothesis that malaria parasites are similar to microorganisms that synthesize folate cofactors de novo. Sulfa drugs inhibit plasmodial dihydropteroate synthase (EC 2.5.1.15). Pyrimethamine and many other antifolate compounds bind to tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.3) of the parasite more tightly than to the host enzyme. However, the metabolic consequences of the depletion of folate cofactors as a result of drug inhibition are not yet known. Other areas to be studied are the origin of the pteridine moiety of folates, the addition of glutamate(s) in folate cofactor biosynthesis, the means by which intact, exogenous folates affect malarial growth, and demonstration of the enzymes and reactions involving N(5)-methyl tetrahydrofolate.", "contents": "Folate metabolism in malaria. It is known that malaria parasites are inhibited by sulfonamides and antifolate compounds, require 4-aminobenzoic acid for growth, and respond only partly to intact folic and folinic acids. Biochemical data obtained during the last decade on the synthesis of nucleic acid precursors and on folate enzymes in malaria support the hypothesis that malaria parasites are similar to microorganisms that synthesize folate cofactors de novo. Sulfa drugs inhibit plasmodial dihydropteroate synthase (EC 2.5.1.15). Pyrimethamine and many other antifolate compounds bind to tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.3) of the parasite more tightly than to the host enzyme. However, the metabolic consequences of the depletion of folate cofactors as a result of drug inhibition are not yet known. Other areas to be studied are the origin of the pteridine moiety of folates, the addition of glutamate(s) in folate cofactor biosynthesis, the means by which intact, exogenous folates affect malarial growth, and demonstration of the enzymes and reactions involving N(5)-methyl tetrahydrofolate."}
{"id": "PMID:338185", "title": "Ultrastructure and viability of cryopreserved Plasmodium falciparum.", "content": "Cryopreserved chimpanzee erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum were examined by electron microscopy directly and after a period of culture. Light microscopic observations on the viability of cryopreserved parasites in culture were also made. Parasitaemia data from a chimpanzee infected with parasites cryostored for more than 2(1/2) years are presented. Varying degrees of damage were apparent as the parasites were examined in vitro, for viability, and by electron microscopy. Schizonts appear not to survive the process, whereas the ability of \"ring\" trophozoite forms to develop into large trophozoites in vitro varies from 20% to 100% in different preparations. Cryopreserved material examined by electron microscope showed degenerative changes in most of the parasites, but after 72 h of cultivation most of the parasites appeared normal. These findings suggest that some organisms may sustain reversible damage during cryostorage.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and viability of cryopreserved Plasmodium falciparum. Cryopreserved chimpanzee erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum were examined by electron microscopy directly and after a period of culture. Light microscopic observations on the viability of cryopreserved parasites in culture were also made. Parasitaemia data from a chimpanzee infected with parasites cryostored for more than 2(1/2) years are presented. Varying degrees of damage were apparent as the parasites were examined in vitro, for viability, and by electron microscopy. Schizonts appear not to survive the process, whereas the ability of \"ring\" trophozoite forms to develop into large trophozoites in vitro varies from 20% to 100% in different preparations. Cryopreserved material examined by electron microscope showed degenerative changes in most of the parasites, but after 72 h of cultivation most of the parasites appeared normal. These findings suggest that some organisms may sustain reversible damage during cryostorage."}
{"id": "PMID:338186", "title": "The isolation and fractionation of malaria-infected cells.", "content": "This paper is a critical review of procedures for the isolation of malarial parasites from host cells and their fractionation. The procedures are grouped according to the stage of parasite being isolated, and the procedures for isolation of the erythrocytic stages are further grouped by techniques used. Some types of procedure are described for isolation of all stages of the parasite, both those in the invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. The uses and limitations of the various procedures are described. It is concluded that all the procedures are useful for some purposes, but that from a morphological standpoint only natural release in culture and continuous flow oscillation provide large yields of intact erythrocytic parasites free of host cell membranes.", "contents": "The isolation and fractionation of malaria-infected cells. This paper is a critical review of procedures for the isolation of malarial parasites from host cells and their fractionation. The procedures are grouped according to the stage of parasite being isolated, and the procedures for isolation of the erythrocytic stages are further grouped by techniques used. Some types of procedure are described for isolation of all stages of the parasite, both those in the invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. The uses and limitations of the various procedures are described. It is concluded that all the procedures are useful for some purposes, but that from a morphological standpoint only natural release in culture and continuous flow oscillation provide large yields of intact erythrocytic parasites free of host cell membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:338187", "title": "Cultivation of erythrocytic stages.", "content": "Two methods are described for the continuous cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum. One method provides for a continuous slow flow of medium over a settled layer of blood cells and does not require daily attention. With the other method, carried out in Petri dishes, the medium has to be changed manually every day. The problems and possibilities of continuous cultivation are discussed.", "contents": "Cultivation of erythrocytic stages. Two methods are described for the continuous cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum. One method provides for a continuous slow flow of medium over a settled layer of blood cells and does not require daily attention. With the other method, carried out in Petri dishes, the medium has to be changed manually every day. The problems and possibilities of continuous cultivation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:338188", "title": "Population studies of Plasmodium vivax. 1. The theory of polymorphism of sporozoites and epidemiological phenomena of tertian malaria.", "content": "The understanding of clinico-epidemiological phenomena of tertian malaria has been the subject of controversy. The authors suggest a system of postulates which give a non-contradictory explanation of the phenomena of relapses and long incubation. The main idea is that the duration of exoerythrocytic development of Plasmodium vivax is a polymorphic characteristic controlled by a set of genes. According to these postulates sporozoites may be subdivided into two groups designated as tachysporozoites and bradysporozoites, responsible for early and late manifestations, respectively. The logical analysis of the system suggests that it does not contradict the experimental facts. Moreover, the theory of polymorphic sporozoites permits an explanation and quantification of interrelations between different phenomena. The authors stress that the variation of genes is much greater in natural populations of parasites than in individual isolates and strains and therefore that the features of strains do not fully reflect the features of populations. Classical laboratory experiments should be combined with epidemiological experiments which allow a study of the population as a whole. The methodology of experiments to be undertaken in further investigations of the long latency period is discussed.", "contents": "Population studies of Plasmodium vivax. 1. The theory of polymorphism of sporozoites and epidemiological phenomena of tertian malaria. The understanding of clinico-epidemiological phenomena of tertian malaria has been the subject of controversy. The authors suggest a system of postulates which give a non-contradictory explanation of the phenomena of relapses and long incubation. The main idea is that the duration of exoerythrocytic development of Plasmodium vivax is a polymorphic characteristic controlled by a set of genes. According to these postulates sporozoites may be subdivided into two groups designated as tachysporozoites and bradysporozoites, responsible for early and late manifestations, respectively. The logical analysis of the system suggests that it does not contradict the experimental facts. Moreover, the theory of polymorphic sporozoites permits an explanation and quantification of interrelations between different phenomena. The authors stress that the variation of genes is much greater in natural populations of parasites than in individual isolates and strains and therefore that the features of strains do not fully reflect the features of populations. Classical laboratory experiments should be combined with epidemiological experiments which allow a study of the population as a whole. The methodology of experiments to be undertaken in further investigations of the long latency period is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:338189", "title": "Population studies of Plasmodium vivax. 2. Distribution of manifestations in foci of tertian malaria.", "content": "The authors investigate a mathematical model based on the theory they proposed in a previous publication. The model fits field data collected in re-established foci of tertian malaria. The patterns of distribution of manifestations of tertian malaria among the population may readily be explained on the basis of the theory of polymorphism of sporozoites.", "contents": "Population studies of Plasmodium vivax. 2. Distribution of manifestations in foci of tertian malaria. The authors investigate a mathematical model based on the theory they proposed in a previous publication. The model fits field data collected in re-established foci of tertian malaria. The patterns of distribution of manifestations of tertian malaria among the population may readily be explained on the basis of the theory of polymorphism of sporozoites."}
{"id": "PMID:338190", "title": "Experimental animals and in vitro systems in the study of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.", "content": "The history of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) research is reviewed from the point of view of whether the main discoveries concerning LCM pathogenesis have stemmed from animal or in vitro research methods. Most of the results initially stemmed from animal experiments, but in recent years recourse has increasingly been made to in vitro techniques to confirm and amplify the animal-based conclusions.Different research approaches are discussed and an attempt is made to assess the role of in vitro versus animal methods in obtaining knowledge on this virus. The same analysis is applied to the future needs and trends in arenavirus research.", "contents": "Experimental animals and in vitro systems in the study of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. The history of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) research is reviewed from the point of view of whether the main discoveries concerning LCM pathogenesis have stemmed from animal or in vitro research methods. Most of the results initially stemmed from animal experiments, but in recent years recourse has increasingly been made to in vitro techniques to confirm and amplify the animal-based conclusions.Different research approaches are discussed and an attempt is made to assess the role of in vitro versus animal methods in obtaining knowledge on this virus. The same analysis is applied to the future needs and trends in arenavirus research."}
{"id": "PMID:338191", "title": "Controlled field trial of a high-dose oral killed typhoid vaccine in India.", "content": "A controlled field trial of a modified vaccine containing Salmonella typhi, TY 2 strain, in a dose of 400 x 10(9) killed organisms per capsule, was carried out in schoolchildren aged 6-17 years. The children were followed up for 6-8 months. There were 66 cases of typhoid fever in the vaccine group (7312 children) and 54 in the control group (7292 children who had received a placebo). This difference is not statistically significant. The results confirm that, as found in earlier trials, oral typhoid vaccine, in the dosages used so far, gives no protection.", "contents": "Controlled field trial of a high-dose oral killed typhoid vaccine in India. A controlled field trial of a modified vaccine containing Salmonella typhi, TY 2 strain, in a dose of 400 x 10(9) killed organisms per capsule, was carried out in schoolchildren aged 6-17 years. The children were followed up for 6-8 months. There were 66 cases of typhoid fever in the vaccine group (7312 children) and 54 in the control group (7292 children who had received a placebo). This difference is not statistically significant. The results confirm that, as found in earlier trials, oral typhoid vaccine, in the dosages used so far, gives no protection."}
{"id": "PMID:338192", "title": "Pathophysiological differences between paired and communal breeding of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "Sexually mature, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in large communal breeding cages or in smaller paired breeding cages. Virgin control rats of the same age were housed similarly but segregated by sex. Breeders became obese, developed a fatty liver, and showed elevated levels of triglycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol. Breeders had high blood pressure, enlarged hearts, hyperglycemia, and islet beta cell degranulation. Serum enzymes, creatine phosphokinase, serum glutamic oxalo-pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and blood urea nitrogen levels were elevated in breeder rats. The adrenal glands of male breeders appeared hyperactive; the adrenal glands of female breeders were thrombosed and appeared to be hypoactive. Male breeder rats developed microscopic aortic lesions only; female breeders developed advanced calcific aortic sclerosis. Male breeders kept in active stud service manifested the most abnormal metabolic and pathophysiological changes. Female breeders developed similar pathophysiological changes after four pregnancies, irrespective of their paired or communal breeding environment. Virgin rats were normal regardless of housing conditions. Our findings suggest that repeated breeding in male and female rats causes resetting of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal axis. This may lead to disturbed hormonal and metabolic changes which culminate with the development of accelerated cardiovascular degenerative changes.", "contents": "Pathophysiological differences between paired and communal breeding of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Sexually mature, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in large communal breeding cages or in smaller paired breeding cages. Virgin control rats of the same age were housed similarly but segregated by sex. Breeders became obese, developed a fatty liver, and showed elevated levels of triglycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol. Breeders had high blood pressure, enlarged hearts, hyperglycemia, and islet beta cell degranulation. Serum enzymes, creatine phosphokinase, serum glutamic oxalo-pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and blood urea nitrogen levels were elevated in breeder rats. The adrenal glands of male breeders appeared hyperactive; the adrenal glands of female breeders were thrombosed and appeared to be hypoactive. Male breeder rats developed microscopic aortic lesions only; female breeders developed advanced calcific aortic sclerosis. Male breeders kept in active stud service manifested the most abnormal metabolic and pathophysiological changes. Female breeders developed similar pathophysiological changes after four pregnancies, irrespective of their paired or communal breeding environment. Virgin rats were normal regardless of housing conditions. Our findings suggest that repeated breeding in male and female rats causes resetting of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal axis. This may lead to disturbed hormonal and metabolic changes which culminate with the development of accelerated cardiovascular degenerative changes."}
{"id": "PMID:338194", "title": "The role of canine superficial ventricular muscle fibers in endocardial impulse distribution.", "content": "Thin sections of canine right and left ventricular endocardium and myocardium were studied in a tissue bath to compare conduction properties of intraventricular specialized conducting tissue [Purkinje fibers (PF)], the superficial layers of subendocardial ventricular muscle (SVM), and the deeper ventricular muscle (DVM) below this level. The study was carried out because of observations that some areas of the endocardium, which are devoid of either specialized conducting tissue or of PF-VM junctions between specialized conducting tissue and ventricular muscle, conduct relatively rapidly, favoring specific orientations of propagation. Preparations containing PF, SVM, and DVM were studied electrophysiologically and histologically. A technique of stripping limited areas of endocardium was used to expose DVM in order to determine its intrinsic calculated conduction velocity. In 12 preparations, the average calculated conduction velocity in PF was 1.62 m/sec, and the average in DVM was 0.26 m/sec. The SVM conduction velocity was intermediate between the two, averaging 0.98 m/sec when propagation was parallel to SVM fiber orientation. Conduction velocity transverse to SVM fiber orientation was not significantly different from DVM conduction velocity. Histologically, the most superficial layers of VM were oriented uniformly in the direction of rapid subendocardial conduction, in contrast to DVM fibers in which orientation varied. It is concluded that the geometric arrangement of SVM fibers may provide a means for rapid subendocardial conduction and impulse distribution at a conduction velocity intermediate between PF and DVM in areas devoid of specialized conducting tissue.", "contents": "The role of canine superficial ventricular muscle fibers in endocardial impulse distribution. Thin sections of canine right and left ventricular endocardium and myocardium were studied in a tissue bath to compare conduction properties of intraventricular specialized conducting tissue [Purkinje fibers (PF)], the superficial layers of subendocardial ventricular muscle (SVM), and the deeper ventricular muscle (DVM) below this level. The study was carried out because of observations that some areas of the endocardium, which are devoid of either specialized conducting tissue or of PF-VM junctions between specialized conducting tissue and ventricular muscle, conduct relatively rapidly, favoring specific orientations of propagation. Preparations containing PF, SVM, and DVM were studied electrophysiologically and histologically. A technique of stripping limited areas of endocardium was used to expose DVM in order to determine its intrinsic calculated conduction velocity. In 12 preparations, the average calculated conduction velocity in PF was 1.62 m/sec, and the average in DVM was 0.26 m/sec. The SVM conduction velocity was intermediate between the two, averaging 0.98 m/sec when propagation was parallel to SVM fiber orientation. Conduction velocity transverse to SVM fiber orientation was not significantly different from DVM conduction velocity. Histologically, the most superficial layers of VM were oriented uniformly in the direction of rapid subendocardial conduction, in contrast to DVM fibers in which orientation varied. It is concluded that the geometric arrangement of SVM fibers may provide a means for rapid subendocardial conduction and impulse distribution at a conduction velocity intermediate between PF and DVM in areas devoid of specialized conducting tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:338195", "title": "Regional distribution of blood flow during arterial hypertension produced by lesions of the nucleus tractus solitarii in rats.", "content": "Changes in the fractional distribution of cardiac output (FF), organ blood flow, and regional vascular resistance were measured by the isotope dilution technique of Sapirstein using 86Rb as indicator in unanesthetized rats during acute arterial hypertension produced by bilateral lesions of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). After NTS lesions, the FF was significantly reduced in skin, muscle, and colon, increased in ventricular myocardium, spleen, and adrenal glands, and was unchanged elsewhere. Because of a marked reduction in cardiac output (CO) during hypertension, the absolute organ blood flow (FF X CO) was reduced in lesioned rats to 30-40% of control in skin, muscle, and colon and between 60% and 75% of control in most of the remainder of the gastrointestinal tract and renal cortex; it was unchanged in myocardium and endocrine glands. Resistance was substantially increased (4- to 6-fold) in skin, muscle and colon but was only moderately increased (1.5- to 2.5-fold) in the remaining organs. The results indicate that, while NTS lesions will increase resistance in most vascular beds, the response is unequally distributed, influencing skin, muscle, and colon disproportionately to other tissues. Because of an interaction between a reduction in CO and little autoregulation, blood flow is reduced primarily in skin, muscle, and colon. The pattern of redistribution of CO was consistent with the interpretation that NTS hypertension results from interrupting baroreceptor reflexes centrally. The pattern of redistribution of blood flow in rats with NTS lesions differs from that produced by deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt and renal ischemia.", "contents": "Regional distribution of blood flow during arterial hypertension produced by lesions of the nucleus tractus solitarii in rats. Changes in the fractional distribution of cardiac output (FF), organ blood flow, and regional vascular resistance were measured by the isotope dilution technique of Sapirstein using 86Rb as indicator in unanesthetized rats during acute arterial hypertension produced by bilateral lesions of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). After NTS lesions, the FF was significantly reduced in skin, muscle, and colon, increased in ventricular myocardium, spleen, and adrenal glands, and was unchanged elsewhere. Because of a marked reduction in cardiac output (CO) during hypertension, the absolute organ blood flow (FF X CO) was reduced in lesioned rats to 30-40% of control in skin, muscle, and colon and between 60% and 75% of control in most of the remainder of the gastrointestinal tract and renal cortex; it was unchanged in myocardium and endocrine glands. Resistance was substantially increased (4- to 6-fold) in skin, muscle and colon but was only moderately increased (1.5- to 2.5-fold) in the remaining organs. The results indicate that, while NTS lesions will increase resistance in most vascular beds, the response is unequally distributed, influencing skin, muscle, and colon disproportionately to other tissues. Because of an interaction between a reduction in CO and little autoregulation, blood flow is reduced primarily in skin, muscle, and colon. The pattern of redistribution of CO was consistent with the interpretation that NTS hypertension results from interrupting baroreceptor reflexes centrally. The pattern of redistribution of blood flow in rats with NTS lesions differs from that produced by deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt and renal ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:338197", "title": "A trial of ICI 74,917 in seasonal allergic rhinitis.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis were treated in a randomized double-blind trial of 6 weeks' duration, using either ICI 74,917 (0.5 mg in each nostril four times a day) or an identical placebo aerosol. Four patients receiving placebo were withdrawn from the trial because of the deteriorationin their rhinitis. The twelve patients using ICI 74,917 were protected as assessed by a combined total symptom score, which was statistically significant (P less than 0.05), from weeks 1 to 4 when the pollen counts were highest.", "contents": "A trial of ICI 74,917 in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Twenty-four patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis were treated in a randomized double-blind trial of 6 weeks' duration, using either ICI 74,917 (0.5 mg in each nostril four times a day) or an identical placebo aerosol. Four patients receiving placebo were withdrawn from the trial because of the deteriorationin their rhinitis. The twelve patients using ICI 74,917 were protected as assessed by a combined total symptom score, which was statistically significant (P less than 0.05), from weeks 1 to 4 when the pollen counts were highest."}
{"id": "PMID:338198", "title": "A study of serum antibodies to isolated milk proteins and ovalbumin in infants and children.", "content": "Serum antibodies to cow milk proteins and ovalbumin were measured quantitatively. Food hypersensitivity of the immediate type was determined to be present or absent by skin tests and double-blind food challenges. Elevated levels of antibodies to milk proteins in sera characteristic of infants fed cow milk were found to decline with age, so that sera from children who were 6 to 15 years of age (inclusive), not hypersensitive to food, had significantly lower levels than the infants. In contrast, sera from age-matched children, who were shown to have hypersensitivity to some food, were found to have levels of antibodies to milk proteins as elevated as in infancy. Hypersensitivity was not necessarily to milk but often to some other food. This persistence of greater antibody production to milk throughout childhood in those hypersensitive to some food indicates a fundamental difference from those without hypersensitivity to food, either in permeability, in immunological reactivity of the gut or in development of immunological unresponsiveness. Implications for pathogenesis of clinical disorders are discussed.", "contents": "A study of serum antibodies to isolated milk proteins and ovalbumin in infants and children. Serum antibodies to cow milk proteins and ovalbumin were measured quantitatively. Food hypersensitivity of the immediate type was determined to be present or absent by skin tests and double-blind food challenges. Elevated levels of antibodies to milk proteins in sera characteristic of infants fed cow milk were found to decline with age, so that sera from children who were 6 to 15 years of age (inclusive), not hypersensitive to food, had significantly lower levels than the infants. In contrast, sera from age-matched children, who were shown to have hypersensitivity to some food, were found to have levels of antibodies to milk proteins as elevated as in infancy. Hypersensitivity was not necessarily to milk but often to some other food. This persistence of greater antibody production to milk throughout childhood in those hypersensitive to some food indicates a fundamental difference from those without hypersensitivity to food, either in permeability, in immunological reactivity of the gut or in development of immunological unresponsiveness. Implications for pathogenesis of clinical disorders are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:338199", "title": "A simple method for the measurement of low levels of serum IgE.", "content": "A simple method for the estimation of low serum IgE levels is presented. Radioimmunoassay often gives falsely high values because of the presence of non-specific factors in the serum when an excessive amount of serum is used in order to measure low serum IgE levels. Therefore the serum sample has to be diluted to minimize the influence of the non-specific factors and the lowest IgE level measurable in the serum is about 5 u/ml. In this study, pretreatment of the serum with cellulose powder was found to remove the non-specific factors that yield falsely high values. These factors were adsorbed almost completely onto cellulose powder when the serum IgE level was less than 100 u/ml. Thus, low serum IgE levels could be determined by radioimmunoassay using a sufficient amount of serum pretreated by cellulose powder. The lowest serum IgE level measurable by this method was as low as 0.5 u/ml and the low IgE level in neonatal serum could be determined with sufficient accuracy. By this method the geometric level of IgE in cord serum was 2.45 u/ml with a +/- 2 standard deviations range of 1.04 to 5.80 u/ml.", "contents": "A simple method for the measurement of low levels of serum IgE. A simple method for the estimation of low serum IgE levels is presented. Radioimmunoassay often gives falsely high values because of the presence of non-specific factors in the serum when an excessive amount of serum is used in order to measure low serum IgE levels. Therefore the serum sample has to be diluted to minimize the influence of the non-specific factors and the lowest IgE level measurable in the serum is about 5 u/ml. In this study, pretreatment of the serum with cellulose powder was found to remove the non-specific factors that yield falsely high values. These factors were adsorbed almost completely onto cellulose powder when the serum IgE level was less than 100 u/ml. Thus, low serum IgE levels could be determined by radioimmunoassay using a sufficient amount of serum pretreated by cellulose powder. The lowest serum IgE level measurable by this method was as low as 0.5 u/ml and the low IgE level in neonatal serum could be determined with sufficient accuracy. By this method the geometric level of IgE in cord serum was 2.45 u/ml with a +/- 2 standard deviations range of 1.04 to 5.80 u/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:338200", "title": "Evaluation of homogeneous enzyme immunoassay of serum thyroxine with use of bichromatic analysis.", "content": "We evaluated the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (\"EMIT\") of serum thyroxine with use of an ABA- 100 Bichromatic Analyzer, modified with an auxiliary dispenser syringe and a dual probe assembly. The modification allows two reagents to be dispensed at one time. The sera must be pre-treated with 0.1 mol/liter NaOH. The procedure thereafter is entirely automated. Twenty-four patients' samples may be analyzed in 15 min of instrument time. Precision and accuracy are excellent, and results correlate well with those by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Evaluation of homogeneous enzyme immunoassay of serum thyroxine with use of bichromatic analysis. We evaluated the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (\"EMIT\") of serum thyroxine with use of an ABA- 100 Bichromatic Analyzer, modified with an auxiliary dispenser syringe and a dual probe assembly. The modification allows two reagents to be dispensed at one time. The sera must be pre-treated with 0.1 mol/liter NaOH. The procedure thereafter is entirely automated. Twenty-four patients' samples may be analyzed in 15 min of instrument time. Precision and accuracy are excellent, and results correlate well with those by radioimmunoassay."}
{"id": "PMID:338201", "title": "Changes in serum and urine lysozyme activity after kidney transplantation: influence of graft function and therapy with azathioprine.", "content": "We investigated changes in lysozyme activity in serum and urine of kidney-transplant patients, and found that the production and catabolism of lysozyme in such patients differs markedly from that in normal subjects. Resumption of graft function decreases the high serum lysozyme activity by increasing the rate of catabolism in the transplant; at the same time, however, the production is inhibited by therapy with azathioprine. Changes in serum lysozyme activity correlate well with leukocyte count; thus its determination might be useful in monitoring immunosuppression. The urinary excretion of the enzyme, although not specific to rejection, is a good index of the degree of tubular damage.", "contents": "Changes in serum and urine lysozyme activity after kidney transplantation: influence of graft function and therapy with azathioprine. We investigated changes in lysozyme activity in serum and urine of kidney-transplant patients, and found that the production and catabolism of lysozyme in such patients differs markedly from that in normal subjects. Resumption of graft function decreases the high serum lysozyme activity by increasing the rate of catabolism in the transplant; at the same time, however, the production is inhibited by therapy with azathioprine. Changes in serum lysozyme activity correlate well with leukocyte count; thus its determination might be useful in monitoring immunosuppression. The urinary excretion of the enzyme, although not specific to rejection, is a good index of the degree of tubular damage."}
{"id": "PMID:338202", "title": "Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for cannabinoids in urine.", "content": "We describe a homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for measurement of cannabinoid metabolites, as well as delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (I) in urine. Malate dehydrogenase from pig heart mitochondria was labeled with a derivative of I. The compound used to calibrate the assay was the I metabolite, 11-nor-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (II). With 15 microgram of II per liter of urine as the cutoff concentration, the assay can detect 25 microgram of II per liter with greater than 95% confidence. A positive response was obtained for urine specimens assayed within 30 min after exposure to cannabinoids. However, the persistence of metabolites of I in urine indicates that assay of this fluid is useful as an indicator of cannabinoid use but not as an indicator of intoxication.", "contents": "Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for cannabinoids in urine. We describe a homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for measurement of cannabinoid metabolites, as well as delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (I) in urine. Malate dehydrogenase from pig heart mitochondria was labeled with a derivative of I. The compound used to calibrate the assay was the I metabolite, 11-nor-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (II). With 15 microgram of II per liter of urine as the cutoff concentration, the assay can detect 25 microgram of II per liter with greater than 95% confidence. A positive response was obtained for urine specimens assayed within 30 min after exposure to cannabinoids. However, the persistence of metabolites of I in urine indicates that assay of this fluid is useful as an indicator of cannabinoid use but not as an indicator of intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:338203", "title": "A rapid and sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the micro determination of sodium valproate (sodium di-N-propylacetate) in plasma or serum.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the micro determination of sodium valproate is described. Valproic acid is extracted from acidified plasma or serum into n-heptane containing an internal standard (octanoic acid) and after phase separation an aliquot is analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. The procedure is rapid, reliable, sensitive and specific. It requires 25--50 microliter sample for a single estimation, has a detection threshold of less than 10 mumol/l, and is suitable for routine clinical use.", "contents": "A rapid and sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the micro determination of sodium valproate (sodium di-N-propylacetate) in plasma or serum. A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the micro determination of sodium valproate is described. Valproic acid is extracted from acidified plasma or serum into n-heptane containing an internal standard (octanoic acid) and after phase separation an aliquot is analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. The procedure is rapid, reliable, sensitive and specific. It requires 25--50 microliter sample for a single estimation, has a detection threshold of less than 10 mumol/l, and is suitable for routine clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:338204", "title": "Serum zinc levels and urinary zinc excretion in patients with renal transplants.", "content": "An investigation into serum and plasma zinc levels and the urinary excretion of zinc in renal allotransplant patients was undertaken. A remarkable number (53%) of low serum and plasma levels of zinc was obtained as well as a distinct increase (37%) in urinary excretion in the 33 patients investigated. Because of the general tendency in these cases to depletion of body stores of zinc, oral supplementation may prove of value.", "contents": "Serum zinc levels and urinary zinc excretion in patients with renal transplants. An investigation into serum and plasma zinc levels and the urinary excretion of zinc in renal allotransplant patients was undertaken. A remarkable number (53%) of low serum and plasma levels of zinc was obtained as well as a distinct increase (37%) in urinary excretion in the 33 patients investigated. Because of the general tendency in these cases to depletion of body stores of zinc, oral supplementation may prove of value."}
{"id": "PMID:338206", "title": "Study of the effects of bromocriptine on sexual impotence.", "content": "Serum testosterone, prolactin, LH, FSH and plasma 17 beta-oestradiol levels were determined in forty-seven male patients with sexual impotence. Low testosterone values and slightly elevated prolactin levels were observed in 19% and in 17% of cases, respectively. Since sexual function in the male seems to be controlled by both dopaminergic stimulatory and serotoninergic inhibitory mechanisms, bromocriptine was given orally to seventeen patients. As the preliminary results appeared encouraging, a double blind study was undertaken in the other thirty patients. No appreciable difference in hormonal pattern was noticed between bromocriptine and placebo treatment. As far as sexual function was concerned, good results were obtained in 52% of cases treated with bromocriptine and in 44% of patients given placebo.", "contents": "Study of the effects of bromocriptine on sexual impotence. Serum testosterone, prolactin, LH, FSH and plasma 17 beta-oestradiol levels were determined in forty-seven male patients with sexual impotence. Low testosterone values and slightly elevated prolactin levels were observed in 19% and in 17% of cases, respectively. Since sexual function in the male seems to be controlled by both dopaminergic stimulatory and serotoninergic inhibitory mechanisms, bromocriptine was given orally to seventeen patients. As the preliminary results appeared encouraging, a double blind study was undertaken in the other thirty patients. No appreciable difference in hormonal pattern was noticed between bromocriptine and placebo treatment. As far as sexual function was concerned, good results were obtained in 52% of cases treated with bromocriptine and in 44% of patients given placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:338207", "title": "Positive feedback of oestrogen on LH secretion in women in neuroleptic drugs.", "content": "The effect of a-adrenergic and dopaminergic blockade on the ability of pituitary-hypothalamic axis to produce an LH surge in response to oestrogen, was studied in eleven women treated with the neuroleptic agents haloperidol, fluphenazine or chlorpromazine. Seven women on no medication were controls. 6.6 mg of oestradiol benzoate (OB) was injected i.m. after control serum was obtained and daily serum samples were obtained for four additional days. Sera were assayed for total oestrogens, LH, FSH and prolactin. Six of seven women in the control group and eight of eleven women treated with neuroleptic agents had LH surges to OB challenge. The mean prolactin of the treated women was 33.1 +/- 3.6(SEM) ng/ml and the mean prolactin of the controls was 14.9 +/- 1.5(SEM) ng/ml, P less than 0.005). Elevated levels of circulating prolactin did not prevent an LH surge to OB challenge. These results indicate that even in subjects with catecholamine blockade, an LH surge can be induced. This contrasts to results obtained in rats and suggests that the control mechanism of LH surge production differs in rodents and humans.", "contents": "Positive feedback of oestrogen on LH secretion in women in neuroleptic drugs. The effect of a-adrenergic and dopaminergic blockade on the ability of pituitary-hypothalamic axis to produce an LH surge in response to oestrogen, was studied in eleven women treated with the neuroleptic agents haloperidol, fluphenazine or chlorpromazine. Seven women on no medication were controls. 6.6 mg of oestradiol benzoate (OB) was injected i.m. after control serum was obtained and daily serum samples were obtained for four additional days. Sera were assayed for total oestrogens, LH, FSH and prolactin. Six of seven women in the control group and eight of eleven women treated with neuroleptic agents had LH surges to OB challenge. The mean prolactin of the treated women was 33.1 +/- 3.6(SEM) ng/ml and the mean prolactin of the controls was 14.9 +/- 1.5(SEM) ng/ml, P less than 0.005). Elevated levels of circulating prolactin did not prevent an LH surge to OB challenge. These results indicate that even in subjects with catecholamine blockade, an LH surge can be induced. This contrasts to results obtained in rats and suggests that the control mechanism of LH surge production differs in rodents and humans."}
{"id": "PMID:338214", "title": "Catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla.", "content": "Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are specialized for the synthesis, storage, and secretion of catecholamines. These cells are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the splanchnic nerves, and, because of their unique blood supply, are exposed to unusually high concentrations of glucocorticoids in the venous drainage from the adrenal cortex. Splanchnic nerve stimulation appears to be the most important determinant of adrenomedullary function. Chromaffin cells synthesize catecholamines from tyrosine. Splanchnic nerve stimulation leads to an increase in the activity of several of the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, and to an increase in the rate of catecholamine biosynthesis. Glucocorticoids cause the induction of the enzyme noradrenaline N-methyltransferase, and so are particularly important for the synthesis of epinephrine. Catecholamines are stored, together with ATP, Ca2+, and protein, in secretory vesicles known as chromaffin granules. Splanchnic nerve stimulation is the physiological stimulus for catecholamine secretion. Stimulation of the splanchnic nerves results in the release of ACh from nerve endings in the adrenal medulla. ACh causes an increase in the permeability of the chromaffin cells to Ca2+, and thereby leads to the entry of Ca2+ into the cells. Ca2+ then causes the secretion of catecholamines and of other chromaffin granule constituents from  the chromaffin cells by exocytosis. The biochemical mechanisms of exocytosis, and the mechanism by which Ca2+ stimulates this process, are still unknown.", "contents": "Catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla. Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are specialized for the synthesis, storage, and secretion of catecholamines. These cells are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the splanchnic nerves, and, because of their unique blood supply, are exposed to unusually high concentrations of glucocorticoids in the venous drainage from the adrenal cortex. Splanchnic nerve stimulation appears to be the most important determinant of adrenomedullary function. Chromaffin cells synthesize catecholamines from tyrosine. Splanchnic nerve stimulation leads to an increase in the activity of several of the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, and to an increase in the rate of catecholamine biosynthesis. Glucocorticoids cause the induction of the enzyme noradrenaline N-methyltransferase, and so are particularly important for the synthesis of epinephrine. Catecholamines are stored, together with ATP, Ca2+, and protein, in secretory vesicles known as chromaffin granules. Splanchnic nerve stimulation is the physiological stimulus for catecholamine secretion. Stimulation of the splanchnic nerves results in the release of ACh from nerve endings in the adrenal medulla. ACh causes an increase in the permeability of the chromaffin cells to Ca2+, and thereby leads to the entry of Ca2+ into the cells. Ca2+ then causes the secretion of catecholamines and of other chromaffin granule constituents from  the chromaffin cells by exocytosis. The biochemical mechanisms of exocytosis, and the mechanism by which Ca2+ stimulates this process, are still unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:338218", "title": "Circulating T-cell numbers and their mitogenic potential in leprosy--correlation with mycobacterial load.", "content": "The effect of treatment and mycobacterial load on circulating T-cell numbers and their functional ability was investigated in forty-one patients with leprosy. Both early binding T cells and their responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were profoundly and uniformly depressed in untreated, and partially treated, bacilleferous lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients as compared with normal subjects and tuberculoid patients. On elimination of mycobacteria, subsequent to chemotherapy, LL patients regain normality in T-cell numbers and their functions. On the other hand, the specific response of lymphocytes to M. leprae did not alter with decrease in mycobacterial load. It appears that the decrease in T-cell numbers and the deficit in their mitogenic potential is a secondary consequence of disease and is related to the antigenic load in patients with lepromatous leprosy.", "contents": "Circulating T-cell numbers and their mitogenic potential in leprosy--correlation with mycobacterial load. The effect of treatment and mycobacterial load on circulating T-cell numbers and their functional ability was investigated in forty-one patients with leprosy. Both early binding T cells and their responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were profoundly and uniformly depressed in untreated, and partially treated, bacilleferous lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients as compared with normal subjects and tuberculoid patients. On elimination of mycobacteria, subsequent to chemotherapy, LL patients regain normality in T-cell numbers and their functions. On the other hand, the specific response of lymphocytes to M. leprae did not alter with decrease in mycobacterial load. It appears that the decrease in T-cell numbers and the deficit in their mitogenic potential is a secondary consequence of disease and is related to the antigenic load in patients with lepromatous leprosy."}
{"id": "PMID:338219", "title": "The detection of membrane and cytoplasmic immunoglobulins in human leucocytes by immunoperoxidase staining.", "content": "A sensitive immunoperoxidase technique for the detection of immunoglobulin (the peroxidase--anti-peroxidase or PAP procedure) has been applied to fixed smears of normal human white cells. IgM was detected in approximately 5% of lymphocytes from normal donors. Most positive cells showed a characteristic 'hairy' peripheral staining pattern; a similar morphological appearance was seen in samples stained for IgD. The membrane (rather than cytoplasmic) localization of this IgM was inferred from the redistribution of staining induced by preliminary incubation of cell suspensions with anti-mu antisera before smearing and staining. B cell-depleted and B cell-enriched suspensions showed, respectively, reduced and increased percentages of IgM-positive cells. IgG was detectable in approximately 25% of normal lymphoid cells. In contrast to the IgM and IgD reaction patterns, these cells commonly showed a discontinuous distribution of reactivity, often localized to the cell uropod or to small cytoplasmic vesicles. However, when cells were prepared at 0 degree C, staining tended to be diffuse. These findings suggested that the PAP procedure was detecting Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells which had bound serum IgG. IgG was also demonstrated in normal polymorphs and monocytes. The specificity of this reaction was confirmed by the use of immunoabsorbant-purified antibodies. The possible practical advantages of this immunoperoxidase procedure for the detection of leucocyte immunoglobulin are considered, and the relevance of the demonstration of IgG in non-lymphoid cells to recent reports of this immunoglobulin in Hodgkin's disease and malignant 'reticulum' cells is briefly discussed.", "contents": "The detection of membrane and cytoplasmic immunoglobulins in human leucocytes by immunoperoxidase staining. A sensitive immunoperoxidase technique for the detection of immunoglobulin (the peroxidase--anti-peroxidase or PAP procedure) has been applied to fixed smears of normal human white cells. IgM was detected in approximately 5% of lymphocytes from normal donors. Most positive cells showed a characteristic 'hairy' peripheral staining pattern; a similar morphological appearance was seen in samples stained for IgD. The membrane (rather than cytoplasmic) localization of this IgM was inferred from the redistribution of staining induced by preliminary incubation of cell suspensions with anti-mu antisera before smearing and staining. B cell-depleted and B cell-enriched suspensions showed, respectively, reduced and increased percentages of IgM-positive cells. IgG was detectable in approximately 25% of normal lymphoid cells. In contrast to the IgM and IgD reaction patterns, these cells commonly showed a discontinuous distribution of reactivity, often localized to the cell uropod or to small cytoplasmic vesicles. However, when cells were prepared at 0 degree C, staining tended to be diffuse. These findings suggested that the PAP procedure was detecting Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells which had bound serum IgG. IgG was also demonstrated in normal polymorphs and monocytes. The specificity of this reaction was confirmed by the use of immunoabsorbant-purified antibodies. The possible practical advantages of this immunoperoxidase procedure for the detection of leucocyte immunoglobulin are considered, and the relevance of the demonstration of IgG in non-lymphoid cells to recent reports of this immunoglobulin in Hodgkin's disease and malignant 'reticulum' cells is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:338220", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies for immunoglobulins and complement C3 in synovial joint membranes in psoriatic arthritis.", "content": "Synovial tissues from fifteen patients with psoriatic arthritis were investigated with direct immunofluorescence staining for immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM) and from eigth patients for complement component C3. As control groups, there were synovial tissues from seven patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and five patients with meniscal tears. In psoriatic arthritis, immunoglobulins were found in plasma cells in 93% of the cases, always with the presence of IgG (93%) but also with IgA (47%) and IgM (7%). C3 could not be demonstrated. In seropositive rheumatoid arthritis IgG was demonstrated in all patients (100%), often together with IgA (43%) and IgM (57%). C3 was found in all of these patients. In patients with meniscal tears neither immunoglobulins nor C3 could be found. The present findings indicate immunological activity in synovial membranes in psoriatic arthritis. The low amount of IgM and the lack of C3 suggest a difference compared to seropositive rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies for immunoglobulins and complement C3 in synovial joint membranes in psoriatic arthritis. Synovial tissues from fifteen patients with psoriatic arthritis were investigated with direct immunofluorescence staining for immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM) and from eigth patients for complement component C3. As control groups, there were synovial tissues from seven patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and five patients with meniscal tears. In psoriatic arthritis, immunoglobulins were found in plasma cells in 93% of the cases, always with the presence of IgG (93%) but also with IgA (47%) and IgM (7%). C3 could not be demonstrated. In seropositive rheumatoid arthritis IgG was demonstrated in all patients (100%), often together with IgA (43%) and IgM (57%). C3 was found in all of these patients. In patients with meniscal tears neither immunoglobulins nor C3 could be found. The present findings indicate immunological activity in synovial membranes in psoriatic arthritis. The low amount of IgM and the lack of C3 suggest a difference compared to seropositive rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:338221", "title": "In vitro cell response of Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits. I. Lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "Lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Treponema pallidum, cultivable Reiter strain and cardiolipin reagent were examined using peripheral lymphocytes of T. pallidum-infected rabbits and control animals injected intratesticularly with saline extract of normal rabbit testes mixed with T. pallidum-free saline extract of infected testes. The response to PHA was significantly suppressed only in the infected animals, reaching the lowest level at 30 days after infection. A substantial increase of lymphocyte stimulation in the presence of cardiolipin reagent at 20 days after infection correlated well with the appearance of the maximum titre of Wassermann antibodies. Significant (P less than 0.02) increase in spontaneous response of cells incubated for 5 days made the response to T. pallidum and the Reiter strain difficult to interpret. An explanation for the spontaneous response is offered.", "contents": "In vitro cell response of Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits. I. Lymphocyte transformation. Lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Treponema pallidum, cultivable Reiter strain and cardiolipin reagent were examined using peripheral lymphocytes of T. pallidum-infected rabbits and control animals injected intratesticularly with saline extract of normal rabbit testes mixed with T. pallidum-free saline extract of infected testes. The response to PHA was significantly suppressed only in the infected animals, reaching the lowest level at 30 days after infection. A substantial increase of lymphocyte stimulation in the presence of cardiolipin reagent at 20 days after infection correlated well with the appearance of the maximum titre of Wassermann antibodies. Significant (P less than 0.02) increase in spontaneous response of cells incubated for 5 days made the response to T. pallidum and the Reiter strain difficult to interpret. An explanation for the spontaneous response is offered."}
{"id": "PMID:338222", "title": "Hypoglycaemic syndromes and antibodies to pancreatic islet cells.", "content": "The sera of ten patients with unexplained hypoglycaemia were examined for antibodies to pancreatic islets. Antibodies to pancreatic A, B and D cells (ICAb) were detected in one patient with an associated gastrointestinal tumour.", "contents": "Hypoglycaemic syndromes and antibodies to pancreatic islet cells. The sera of ten patients with unexplained hypoglycaemia were examined for antibodies to pancreatic islets. Antibodies to pancreatic A, B and D cells (ICAb) were detected in one patient with an associated gastrointestinal tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:338225", "title": "Glomerulonephritis due to transplant rejection affecting a patient's own kidneys.", "content": "The kidneys of a patient were removed 3 months after a cadaveric allograft; histological examination revealed tuberculosis and malignant nephroangiosclerosis. When examined one year later, the graft exhibited lesions of glomerulonephritis and of vascular rejection. Immunoglobulin deposits were shown by immunofluorescence in the patient's own kidneys as well as in the graft; they were isolated by acid elution and in both cases had lymphocytotoxic activity in vitro. It is suggested that the target organ released histocompatibility antigen with formation of antigen antibody complexes which deposited in the patient's own kidneys.", "contents": "Glomerulonephritis due to transplant rejection affecting a patient's own kidneys. The kidneys of a patient were removed 3 months after a cadaveric allograft; histological examination revealed tuberculosis and malignant nephroangiosclerosis. When examined one year later, the graft exhibited lesions of glomerulonephritis and of vascular rejection. Immunoglobulin deposits were shown by immunofluorescence in the patient's own kidneys as well as in the graft; they were isolated by acid elution and in both cases had lymphocytotoxic activity in vitro. It is suggested that the target organ released histocompatibility antigen with formation of antigen antibody complexes which deposited in the patient's own kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:338226", "title": "Acute renal failure as a complication of hypertonic saline abortion in a kidney allograft recipient.", "content": "Acute renal failure following abortion by intra-amniotic hypertonic saline administration has been described only occasionally. This report concerns a patient with end-stage renal failure who was successfully treated with a kidney allograft and developed reversible acute renal failure following the termination of her pregnancy by intra-amniotic infusion of saline. We suspect that the combination of hemoglobinuria and low grade intravascular coagulation might have been a contributing factor in the development of renal insufficiency in this patient. To our knowledge this modality of abortion has not been used previously in pregnant women with transplanted kidneys. From our experience with one patient it seems wise to express a word of caution on the use of this technique in patients with a functioning kidney allograft.", "contents": "Acute renal failure as a complication of hypertonic saline abortion in a kidney allograft recipient. Acute renal failure following abortion by intra-amniotic hypertonic saline administration has been described only occasionally. This report concerns a patient with end-stage renal failure who was successfully treated with a kidney allograft and developed reversible acute renal failure following the termination of her pregnancy by intra-amniotic infusion of saline. We suspect that the combination of hemoglobinuria and low grade intravascular coagulation might have been a contributing factor in the development of renal insufficiency in this patient. To our knowledge this modality of abortion has not been used previously in pregnant women with transplanted kidneys. From our experience with one patient it seems wise to express a word of caution on the use of this technique in patients with a functioning kidney allograft."}
{"id": "PMID:338237", "title": "The carriers of native vitamin B12 in normal human serum.", "content": "1. After fractionation of the vitamin B12-binding proteins of ten normal sera the components containing transcobalamin II and R-type binders of vitamin B12 respectively were studied for endogenous vitamin B12 content by two distinct systems of vitamin B12 assay. 2. The measurements of total serum vitamin B12 by either bioassay with Euglena gracilis or a radioisotope dilution assay agreed closely. 3. The native vitamin B12 carried by transcobalamin II was higher as measured by bioassay than by isotope dilution assay. 4. The presence of the transcobalamin II fraction of human serum altered the key reaction between the binding reagent of the isotope dilution assay, so that this assay failed to measure vitamin B12 quantitatively. 5. Probably, the mean fraction of plasma vitamin B12 carried by transcobalamin II is in the range 20--30%.", "contents": "The carriers of native vitamin B12 in normal human serum. 1. After fractionation of the vitamin B12-binding proteins of ten normal sera the components containing transcobalamin II and R-type binders of vitamin B12 respectively were studied for endogenous vitamin B12 content by two distinct systems of vitamin B12 assay. 2. The measurements of total serum vitamin B12 by either bioassay with Euglena gracilis or a radioisotope dilution assay agreed closely. 3. The native vitamin B12 carried by transcobalamin II was higher as measured by bioassay than by isotope dilution assay. 4. The presence of the transcobalamin II fraction of human serum altered the key reaction between the binding reagent of the isotope dilution assay, so that this assay failed to measure vitamin B12 quantitatively. 5. Probably, the mean fraction of plasma vitamin B12 carried by transcobalamin II is in the range 20--30%."}
{"id": "PMID:338235", "title": "Oral absorption of pivampicillin and ampicillin in young children: cross-over study using equimolar doses of a suspension.", "content": "In a cross-over study, the oral absorption following equimolar doses of ampicillin corresponding to 16.7 mg/kg administrered as pivampicillin ('Pondocillin') suspension and ampicillin ('Doktacillin') suspension respectively, was investigated in 11 children aged from 8 months to 4.5 years. Pivampicillin produced a mean peak serum concentration of 10.7 microgram ampicillin/ml compared with 5.8 microgram/ml after ampicillin. The mean area under the serum concentration-time curves was 29.2 microgram/ml-h after pivampicillin and 16.7 microgram/ml-h after ampicillin, reflecting the superior bioavailability of the ester form. In 4 of the children aged between 8 and 12 months, the serum levels after pivampicillin were consistenly lower than those recorded in the remaining 7 children beyound the age of 1 year. The mechanism and therapeutic implications of this finding require further study.", "contents": "Oral absorption of pivampicillin and ampicillin in young children: cross-over study using equimolar doses of a suspension. In a cross-over study, the oral absorption following equimolar doses of ampicillin corresponding to 16.7 mg/kg administrered as pivampicillin ('Pondocillin') suspension and ampicillin ('Doktacillin') suspension respectively, was investigated in 11 children aged from 8 months to 4.5 years. Pivampicillin produced a mean peak serum concentration of 10.7 microgram ampicillin/ml compared with 5.8 microgram/ml after ampicillin. The mean area under the serum concentration-time curves was 29.2 microgram/ml-h after pivampicillin and 16.7 microgram/ml-h after ampicillin, reflecting the superior bioavailability of the ester form. In 4 of the children aged between 8 and 12 months, the serum levels after pivampicillin were consistenly lower than those recorded in the remaining 7 children beyound the age of 1 year. The mechanism and therapeutic implications of this finding require further study."}
{"id": "PMID:338251", "title": "The nutritional and physiological impact of cereal products in human nutrition.", "content": "There is a need for reeducation of the population, especially in developed countries, as to the value of cereals in the diet. Cereals provide calories and important nutrients to the diet. Refined cereal products and unrefined cereals have certain advantages and disadvantages. With refinement, some nutrients and fiber are removed, but the body is better able to make use of certain nutrients. Essential nutrients are being replaced through fortification to compensate for losses in processing. The high fiber content of unrefined cereal products is believed to aid in the prevention of certain diseases. Special dietary bakery products have been introduced for the treatment of conditions generally exacerbated by standard food items. The increased consumption of cereal products appears warranted as a means of decreasing the saturated fat and cholesterol consumption. Cereals and cereal products have been mentioned in connection with allergies, celiac disease, schizophrenia, obesity, dental caries, cancer, atherosclerosis, goiter, and diverticulosis. This review discusses the possible role of cereals in the prevention or cause of these health problems.", "contents": "The nutritional and physiological impact of cereal products in human nutrition. There is a need for reeducation of the population, especially in developed countries, as to the value of cereals in the diet. Cereals provide calories and important nutrients to the diet. Refined cereal products and unrefined cereals have certain advantages and disadvantages. With refinement, some nutrients and fiber are removed, but the body is better able to make use of certain nutrients. Essential nutrients are being replaced through fortification to compensate for losses in processing. The high fiber content of unrefined cereal products is believed to aid in the prevention of certain diseases. Special dietary bakery products have been introduced for the treatment of conditions generally exacerbated by standard food items. The increased consumption of cereal products appears warranted as a means of decreasing the saturated fat and cholesterol consumption. Cereals and cereal products have been mentioned in connection with allergies, celiac disease, schizophrenia, obesity, dental caries, cancer, atherosclerosis, goiter, and diverticulosis. This review discusses the possible role of cereals in the prevention or cause of these health problems."}
{"id": "PMID:338253", "title": "Local treatment of psoriasis with desoxymethasone and betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate: a double-blind comparison.", "content": "A double-blind comparison of the effectiveness of 0.25% desoxymethasone and 0.05% betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate creams was carried out in 40 patients with symmetrical, chronic psoriatic lesions. The lesions were pre-treated for 1 week with an inactive cream base and then the trial preparations were applied, without occlusion, to one or other side at random twice daily for 21 days. Overall response to treatment and the effect of the two topical steroids on scaling, induration, erythema, and pruritus were assessed at the start of and 4, 7, 14, and 21 days after the start of active treatment. The results indicated a better but not statistically significant response to desoxy-methasone. By the end of the trial period, the desoxymethasone-treated side was better in 22.5% of cases compared with 10% of cases in the betamethasone dipropionate-treated side. No side-effects of treatment were observed.", "contents": "Local treatment of psoriasis with desoxymethasone and betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate: a double-blind comparison. A double-blind comparison of the effectiveness of 0.25% desoxymethasone and 0.05% betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate creams was carried out in 40 patients with symmetrical, chronic psoriatic lesions. The lesions were pre-treated for 1 week with an inactive cream base and then the trial preparations were applied, without occlusion, to one or other side at random twice daily for 21 days. Overall response to treatment and the effect of the two topical steroids on scaling, induration, erythema, and pruritus were assessed at the start of and 4, 7, 14, and 21 days after the start of active treatment. The results indicated a better but not statistically significant response to desoxy-methasone. By the end of the trial period, the desoxymethasone-treated side was better in 22.5% of cases compared with 10% of cases in the betamethasone dipropionate-treated side. No side-effects of treatment were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:338254", "title": "Controlled telethermographic study of the peripheral vasoactivity of oral piribedil.", "content": "A single-blind crossover study was carried out in 10 subjects with a healthy arterial system to compare the effects of oral piribedil and placebo on the peripheral circulation. Using a telethermographic technique, skin temperature variations from baseline values were measured, at 15 minute intervals over a 2-hour period, after treatment with 3 x 20 mg piribedil tablets, after 1 x 50 mg piribedil in a sustained-release tablet formulation, and after placebo. In contrast to placebo, a vaso-active effect was observed afte piribedil administration on all but 3 occasions. Peak temperature changes appeared later after the sustained-release tablet. Side-effects of treatment were minimal and no significant changes were recorded in blood pressure.", "contents": "Controlled telethermographic study of the peripheral vasoactivity of oral piribedil. A single-blind crossover study was carried out in 10 subjects with a healthy arterial system to compare the effects of oral piribedil and placebo on the peripheral circulation. Using a telethermographic technique, skin temperature variations from baseline values were measured, at 15 minute intervals over a 2-hour period, after treatment with 3 x 20 mg piribedil tablets, after 1 x 50 mg piribedil in a sustained-release tablet formulation, and after placebo. In contrast to placebo, a vaso-active effect was observed afte piribedil administration on all but 3 occasions. Peak temperature changes appeared later after the sustained-release tablet. Side-effects of treatment were minimal and no significant changes were recorded in blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:338255", "title": "A double-blind trial of feprazone in osteoarthritis of the hip.", "content": "A double-blind crossover study was carried out in 21 patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip to compare the efficacy and tolerance of feprazone (600 mg/day) and ibuprofen (1200 mg/day), each drug being given for 4 weeks. No statistically significant changes were noted in any of the objective parameters measured, but patients' subjective assessments of pain showed a significant improvement in pain levels (p less than or equal to 0.05, day and night) after feprazone. One patient, who had reported a rash at initial assessment, was withdrawn at the end of the first treatment period (on feprazone) when he developed a severe rash, 1 patient was withdrawn because of exacerbation of symptoms (on ibuprofen) and  a further patient was lost to follow-up because of intercurrent illness. Both drugs were well tolerated by the other patients and the few side-effects reported were minor in nature.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of feprazone in osteoarthritis of the hip. A double-blind crossover study was carried out in 21 patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip to compare the efficacy and tolerance of feprazone (600 mg/day) and ibuprofen (1200 mg/day), each drug being given for 4 weeks. No statistically significant changes were noted in any of the objective parameters measured, but patients' subjective assessments of pain showed a significant improvement in pain levels (p less than or equal to 0.05, day and night) after feprazone. One patient, who had reported a rash at initial assessment, was withdrawn at the end of the first treatment period (on feprazone) when he developed a severe rash, 1 patient was withdrawn because of exacerbation of symptoms (on ibuprofen) and  a further patient was lost to follow-up because of intercurrent illness. Both drugs were well tolerated by the other patients and the few side-effects reported were minor in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:338256", "title": "Treatment of fluid retention in cirrhosis: a comparison of bumetanide and frusemide.", "content": "Bumetanide and frusemide were compared in a crossover study of 10 patients with cirrhosis and fluid overload. Patients received each drug for 3 months. Doses of bumetide varied from 1 mg on alternate days to 3 mg daily (mean 1.3 mg/day), and for frusemide from 40 mg on alternate days to 160 mg daily (mean 72 mg/day). Both drugs proved effective in controlling ascites and oedema, 9 out of the 10 patients showing a satisfactory response. Minor side-effects, hypokalaemia and hyperuricaemia were common with both agents, and hypomagnesaemia and metabolic alkalosis developed in some patients.", "contents": "Treatment of fluid retention in cirrhosis: a comparison of bumetanide and frusemide. Bumetanide and frusemide were compared in a crossover study of 10 patients with cirrhosis and fluid overload. Patients received each drug for 3 months. Doses of bumetide varied from 1 mg on alternate days to 3 mg daily (mean 1.3 mg/day), and for frusemide from 40 mg on alternate days to 160 mg daily (mean 72 mg/day). Both drugs proved effective in controlling ascites and oedema, 9 out of the 10 patients showing a satisfactory response. Minor side-effects, hypokalaemia and hyperuricaemia were common with both agents, and hypomagnesaemia and metabolic alkalosis developed in some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:338264", "title": "Synergism of polyene antibiotics with 5-fluorocytosine.", "content": "The synergism of 5-FC with 4 polyene antibiotics, amphotericin B (amph. B), candicidin, trichomycin and nystatin were investigated in 3 in vitro models measuring the fungistatic and fungicidal activity as well as the development of resistant mutants. In these 3 models candicidin and trichomycin exerted a higher synergistic effect than amph. B or nystatin. In vivo (systemic treatment of septicemic candidiasis of the mouse) the combination of 5-FC with amph. B was, however, the most effective. Only with this combination a complete cure (culturally negative) was observed. For topical treatment of Candida vaginitis in rats, the combination of 5-FC with candicidin proved the most active. As far as the biochemical basis of synergism is concerned in Candida albicans in the presence of polyene antibiotics, the incorporation of fluorinated pyrimidines was increased and the reduction of uptake of histidine by 5-FC alone, significantly enhanced. These effects could not be observed in Cryptococcus neoformans. The release of amino acids, phosphate and potassium caused by polyenes was significantly more pronounced in cells pretreated with 5-FC. Thus, the interaction between 5-FC and the polyenes may, in fact be, mutual.", "contents": "Synergism of polyene antibiotics with 5-fluorocytosine. The synergism of 5-FC with 4 polyene antibiotics, amphotericin B (amph. B), candicidin, trichomycin and nystatin were investigated in 3 in vitro models measuring the fungistatic and fungicidal activity as well as the development of resistant mutants. In these 3 models candicidin and trichomycin exerted a higher synergistic effect than amph. B or nystatin. In vivo (systemic treatment of septicemic candidiasis of the mouse) the combination of 5-FC with amph. B was, however, the most effective. Only with this combination a complete cure (culturally negative) was observed. For topical treatment of Candida vaginitis in rats, the combination of 5-FC with candicidin proved the most active. As far as the biochemical basis of synergism is concerned in Candida albicans in the presence of polyene antibiotics, the incorporation of fluorinated pyrimidines was increased and the reduction of uptake of histidine by 5-FC alone, significantly enhanced. These effects could not be observed in Cryptococcus neoformans. The release of amino acids, phosphate and potassium caused by polyenes was significantly more pronounced in cells pretreated with 5-FC. Thus, the interaction between 5-FC and the polyenes may, in fact be, mutual."}
{"id": "PMID:338265", "title": "Binding of chloramphenicol and its acetylated derivatives to Escherichia coli ribosomal subunits.", "content": "Chloramphenicol-acetylated derivatives (1-monoacetoxy-; 3-monoacetoxy-; 1,3-diacetoxy-chloramphenicol), produced by a wild type Escherichia coli strain carrying an R factor, have been extracted and purified. None of the acetylated derivatives has been found to bind to E. coli ribosomal subunits.", "contents": "Binding of chloramphenicol and its acetylated derivatives to Escherichia coli ribosomal subunits. Chloramphenicol-acetylated derivatives (1-monoacetoxy-; 3-monoacetoxy-; 1,3-diacetoxy-chloramphenicol), produced by a wild type Escherichia coli strain carrying an R factor, have been extracted and purified. None of the acetylated derivatives has been found to bind to E. coli ribosomal subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:338266", "title": "Bladder instillations with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of urinary infection.", "content": "205 paraplegic inpatients with urinary infections were treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) bladder instillations (160 mg TMP 800 mg SMZ daily for 2 consecutive weeks). 89.3% out of 84 patients with recent vertebral trauma and no history of previous urinary infection (group A), and 68.6% out of 121 patients with paraplegia since more than 2 years, severe chronic infection and various pathological conditions of the urinary tract (group B) were found to be sterile at the end of the trial. The intravesical concentrations of 3.2 mg/ml TMP and 16 mg/ml SMZ which are reached immediately after instillation are 50--100 times superior to the minimal growth-inhibitory concentrations for most sensitive germs as determined with agar dilution tests. Several strains of Klebsiella and Proteus which had previously proved resistant to oral treatment were eliminated with intravesical TMP-SMZ. The incidence of reinfection, evaluated 1 month after interruption of treatment, was particularly high (62.7%) in patients with known involvement of the upper tract of intravesical obstruction with postmicturition residuals above 75 ml. On the other hand, 28% only among the patients with recent spinal injury and integrity of the upper urinary tract became reinfected after the same interval. The absence of local intolerance could be confirmed in all 21 cystoscopically examined patients between the 6th and 11th day of treatment. Hematuria was never encountered. Systemic side effects were noted in 7.8% Serum concentrations of both drug components are being investigated; results will be published elsewhere.", "contents": "Bladder instillations with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of urinary infection. 205 paraplegic inpatients with urinary infections were treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) bladder instillations (160 mg TMP 800 mg SMZ daily for 2 consecutive weeks). 89.3% out of 84 patients with recent vertebral trauma and no history of previous urinary infection (group A), and 68.6% out of 121 patients with paraplegia since more than 2 years, severe chronic infection and various pathological conditions of the urinary tract (group B) were found to be sterile at the end of the trial. The intravesical concentrations of 3.2 mg/ml TMP and 16 mg/ml SMZ which are reached immediately after instillation are 50--100 times superior to the minimal growth-inhibitory concentrations for most sensitive germs as determined with agar dilution tests. Several strains of Klebsiella and Proteus which had previously proved resistant to oral treatment were eliminated with intravesical TMP-SMZ. The incidence of reinfection, evaluated 1 month after interruption of treatment, was particularly high (62.7%) in patients with known involvement of the upper tract of intravesical obstruction with postmicturition residuals above 75 ml. On the other hand, 28% only among the patients with recent spinal injury and integrity of the upper urinary tract became reinfected after the same interval. The absence of local intolerance could be confirmed in all 21 cystoscopically examined patients between the 6th and 11th day of treatment. Hematuria was never encountered. Systemic side effects were noted in 7.8% Serum concentrations of both drug components are being investigated; results will be published elsewhere."}
{"id": "PMID:338267", "title": "Group B streptococcal meningitis: delayed response to treatment.", "content": "Four infants with group B streptococcal meningitis had a delayed response to antibiotic therapy. Resolution of cerebrospinal fluid infection and/or pleocytosis occurred only after prolonged and intensive antimicrobial management. In this respect, these infants were similar to infants with gram-negative enteric meningitis. It is suggested that infants with group B streptococcal meningitis be closely monitored to insure adequate response to therapy.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal meningitis: delayed response to treatment. Four infants with group B streptococcal meningitis had a delayed response to antibiotic therapy. Resolution of cerebrospinal fluid infection and/or pleocytosis occurred only after prolonged and intensive antimicrobial management. In this respect, these infants were similar to infants with gram-negative enteric meningitis. It is suggested that infants with group B streptococcal meningitis be closely monitored to insure adequate response to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:338270", "title": "Relative efficacy of parenteral haloperidol and thiothixene for the emergency treatment of acutely excited and agitated patients.", "content": "In this double-blind study, haloperidol (n = 15) and thiothixene (n = 15), administered parenterally in emergency rooms and outpatient facilities to 30 acutely excited, agitated psychotic patients in hourly doses of 4 mg. or 8 mg., as needed over a four-hour period (total dosage ranging from 4 to 32 mg.), achieved rapid tranquilization in 30 patients. Significant improvement was shown over a six-hour period on BPRS Total Score, the four factors--Thinking Disorder, Anergic state, Excitement and Disorientation, and Depression and also on hourly ratings of 17 symptoms of a Psychiatric Target Symptom Profile. No significant differences were found between the haloperidol-treated and thiothixene-treated groups. Few adverse reactions were noted, all of them mild, the most frequent being drowsiness in six patients.", "contents": "Relative efficacy of parenteral haloperidol and thiothixene for the emergency treatment of acutely excited and agitated patients. In this double-blind study, haloperidol (n = 15) and thiothixene (n = 15), administered parenterally in emergency rooms and outpatient facilities to 30 acutely excited, agitated psychotic patients in hourly doses of 4 mg. or 8 mg., as needed over a four-hour period (total dosage ranging from 4 to 32 mg.), achieved rapid tranquilization in 30 patients. Significant improvement was shown over a six-hour period on BPRS Total Score, the four factors--Thinking Disorder, Anergic state, Excitement and Disorientation, and Depression and also on hourly ratings of 17 symptoms of a Psychiatric Target Symptom Profile. No significant differences were found between the haloperidol-treated and thiothixene-treated groups. Few adverse reactions were noted, all of them mild, the most frequent being drowsiness in six patients."}
{"id": "PMID:338277", "title": "[Renal transplantation in malignant nephrosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal transplantation was performed 3 to 64 months after the onset of dialysis in 6 patients with histologically ascertained malignant nephrosclersosis and malignant hypertension, as well as terminal renal failure. Three patients were nephrectomized on both sides before and one after the transplantation. 24 to 105 months after the transplantation all patients were normotensive. Only one patient required low-dosage antihypertensive medication. There was evidence for marked improvement of cardiovascular complications, and no evidence for recurrence of malignant nephrosclerosis in the transplanted kidney.", "contents": "[Renal transplantation in malignant nephrosclerosis (author's transl)]. Renal transplantation was performed 3 to 64 months after the onset of dialysis in 6 patients with histologically ascertained malignant nephrosclersosis and malignant hypertension, as well as terminal renal failure. Three patients were nephrectomized on both sides before and one after the transplantation. 24 to 105 months after the transplantation all patients were normotensive. Only one patient required low-dosage antihypertensive medication. There was evidence for marked improvement of cardiovascular complications, and no evidence for recurrence of malignant nephrosclerosis in the transplanted kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:338280", "title": "Benzbromarone: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in gout and hyperuricaemia.", "content": "Benzbromarone1 is a benzofuran derivative which lowers serum urate and increases urinary urate excretion in normal, hyperuricaemic and gouty subjects. In open short- and long-term studies benzbromarone reduced serum uric acid levels by one-third to one-half and maintained its effectiveness for periods of up to 8 years. Single-dose experimental studies have shown benzbromarone to have a urate-lowering effect similar to that of a therapeutic dose of probenecid or sulphinpyrazone, but unlike these drugs benzbromarone can be administered in a once daily regimen. In 2 short-term comparative therapeutic trials in a small number of patients with hyperuricaemia, 80mg of micronised benzbromarone daily was at least as effective as 1000mg of probenecid or 300mg of allopurinol daily in lowering serum uric acid levels. Side-effects during benzbromarone administration are usually mild and primarily gastrointestinal in nature.", "contents": "Benzbromarone: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in gout and hyperuricaemia. Benzbromarone1 is a benzofuran derivative which lowers serum urate and increases urinary urate excretion in normal, hyperuricaemic and gouty subjects. In open short- and long-term studies benzbromarone reduced serum uric acid levels by one-third to one-half and maintained its effectiveness for periods of up to 8 years. Single-dose experimental studies have shown benzbromarone to have a urate-lowering effect similar to that of a therapeutic dose of probenecid or sulphinpyrazone, but unlike these drugs benzbromarone can be administered in a once daily regimen. In 2 short-term comparative therapeutic trials in a small number of patients with hyperuricaemia, 80mg of micronised benzbromarone daily was at least as effective as 1000mg of probenecid or 300mg of allopurinol daily in lowering serum uric acid levels. Side-effects during benzbromarone administration are usually mild and primarily gastrointestinal in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:338287", "title": "[Experimental control of the dye dilution method of measuring telediastolic ventricular volume by the steps in the curve of indicator \"washing\"].", "content": "After a brief discussion on the basis of the dilution method for determination of telediastolic volume (TDV) of the ventricles, the authors described the results from their own experimental studies on 8 nonbred dogs, on whom 186 curves of indicator \"washing\" (of the dye \"Cardiogreen\" were recorded, presented on 2 tables. The results showed that the measurements should be made by means of the later steps of the curves. TDV and accordingly the relative stroke volume of both ventricles differed slightly. The smaller values, according to the authors, of TDV of the left ventricle in comparison with the right ventricle revealed that the size of the relative stroke voluem depended both on the mechanism of Starling and on the contractility of the ventricles.", "contents": "[Experimental control of the dye dilution method of measuring telediastolic ventricular volume by the steps in the curve of indicator \"washing\"]. After a brief discussion on the basis of the dilution method for determination of telediastolic volume (TDV) of the ventricles, the authors described the results from their own experimental studies on 8 nonbred dogs, on whom 186 curves of indicator \"washing\" (of the dye \"Cardiogreen\" were recorded, presented on 2 tables. The results showed that the measurements should be made by means of the later steps of the curves. TDV and accordingly the relative stroke volume of both ventricles differed slightly. The smaller values, according to the authors, of TDV of the left ventricle in comparison with the right ventricle revealed that the size of the relative stroke voluem depended both on the mechanism of Starling and on the contractility of the ventricles."}
{"id": "PMID:338288", "title": "Characterization of the uptake of the methylxanthines theophylline and caffeine in isolated pancreatic islets and their effect on D-glucose transport.", "content": "The uptake of theophylline and caffeine was determined in isolated pancreatic islets employing a dual isotope procedure with sucrose as an extracellular marker. Islets rapidly accumulated caffeine and theophylline with apparent dissociation constants of approximately 23 and 6 mM, respectively. Theophylline inhibited the uptake of caffeine and caused displacement of caffein from islets. These results indicated a competition by theophylline and caffeine for a common site (binding and/or transport carrier). In addition, theophylline and caffeine inhibited D-glucose transport in a dose-dependent manner and within the limits of the experimental system, this inhibition appeared to be non-competitive. (Bu)2cAMP under similar experimental conditions exerted no effect on D-glucose transport. These results present evidence for a rapid uptake of theophylline and caffeine in pancreatic islets, which is compatible with their immediate cellular effects. In addition, these results demonstrate a direct effect by theophylline and caffeine on D-glucose transport which appears independent of their ability to alter intracellular cAMP levels.", "contents": "Characterization of the uptake of the methylxanthines theophylline and caffeine in isolated pancreatic islets and their effect on D-glucose transport. The uptake of theophylline and caffeine was determined in isolated pancreatic islets employing a dual isotope procedure with sucrose as an extracellular marker. Islets rapidly accumulated caffeine and theophylline with apparent dissociation constants of approximately 23 and 6 mM, respectively. Theophylline inhibited the uptake of caffeine and caused displacement of caffein from islets. These results indicated a competition by theophylline and caffeine for a common site (binding and/or transport carrier). In addition, theophylline and caffeine inhibited D-glucose transport in a dose-dependent manner and within the limits of the experimental system, this inhibition appeared to be non-competitive. (Bu)2cAMP under similar experimental conditions exerted no effect on D-glucose transport. These results present evidence for a rapid uptake of theophylline and caffeine in pancreatic islets, which is compatible with their immediate cellular effects. In addition, these results demonstrate a direct effect by theophylline and caffeine on D-glucose transport which appears independent of their ability to alter intracellular cAMP levels."}
{"id": "PMID:338291", "title": "Circadian periodicities of serum androgens, progesterone, gonadotropins and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in male rats: the effects of hypothalamic deafferentation, castration and adrenalectomy.", "content": "Serum testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), progesterone (P), LH, FSH and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) levels and the LHRH content in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and preoptic area (POA) were estimated during a 24-h period. Circadian rhythms, temporally unrelated to each other, were evident in serum FSH and LHRH and the MBH LHRH content; serum LH fluctuated randomly. In addition, serum T and DHT demonstrated a parallel circadian pattern while serum T and P appeared inversely related. Serum P rhythm persisted in long-term castrate males. Without adversely affecting serum LH, anterior hypothalamic deafferentation abolished both serum T and P rhythms, whereas adrenalectomy obliterated only the serum T periodicity. These studies show that the POA-MBH complex and the adrenals play important roles in the circadian regulation of testicular secretions.", "contents": "Circadian periodicities of serum androgens, progesterone, gonadotropins and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in male rats: the effects of hypothalamic deafferentation, castration and adrenalectomy. Serum testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), progesterone (P), LH, FSH and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) levels and the LHRH content in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and preoptic area (POA) were estimated during a 24-h period. Circadian rhythms, temporally unrelated to each other, were evident in serum FSH and LHRH and the MBH LHRH content; serum LH fluctuated randomly. In addition, serum T and DHT demonstrated a parallel circadian pattern while serum T and P appeared inversely related. Serum P rhythm persisted in long-term castrate males. Without adversely affecting serum LH, anterior hypothalamic deafferentation abolished both serum T and P rhythms, whereas adrenalectomy obliterated only the serum T periodicity. These studies show that the POA-MBH complex and the adrenals play important roles in the circadian regulation of testicular secretions."}
{"id": "PMID:338293", "title": "Sensitized effect of prestimulation on insulin release from the perifused rat islets with a slow-rise glucose stimulation.", "content": "The sensitized effect of prestimulation with 16.7 mM glucose on insulin release with a slow-rise glucose stimulation from the perifused rat islets of Langerhans was studied, together with the kinetic analysis of insulin release, and the interrelationship between the prestimulation time and the maximal rate of insulin release. All dose-response relationships which were derived from the dynamics of insulin release from islets prestimulated over various time periods within 60 min, showed sigmoidal profiles. Kinetic analyses were performed with Lineweaver-Burk's and Hill's equations. The 30-min prestimulation significantly reduced Hill's constant (n) from 6.2 +/- 0.7 of the control to 3.7 +/- 0.6 (p less than 0.05) and also enhanced the logarithmic equilibrium constant (log K) from -5.4 +/- 0.6 mM-n to -3.7 +/- 0.6 mM-n (p less than 0.05). However, the Km value was almost the same as that of the control (7.3 +/- 0.5 mM). On the other hand, the 60-min prestimulation remarkably diminished the Km value and the maximal rate of insulin release to 5.3 +/- 0.4 mM (p less than 0.05) and 0.6 +/- 0.08 muU/ml/islet/min (p less than 0.005), respectively. The maximal rate of insulin release linearly increased in proportion to the prestimulation time within 30 min. In conclusion, these results suggested that there would be some regularity depending on the prestimulation time in the process of transmission of the insulin-releasing signal in the pancreatic B cell and the accumulation of insulin into the provisional pool such as the labile insulin.", "contents": "Sensitized effect of prestimulation on insulin release from the perifused rat islets with a slow-rise glucose stimulation. The sensitized effect of prestimulation with 16.7 mM glucose on insulin release with a slow-rise glucose stimulation from the perifused rat islets of Langerhans was studied, together with the kinetic analysis of insulin release, and the interrelationship between the prestimulation time and the maximal rate of insulin release. All dose-response relationships which were derived from the dynamics of insulin release from islets prestimulated over various time periods within 60 min, showed sigmoidal profiles. Kinetic analyses were performed with Lineweaver-Burk's and Hill's equations. The 30-min prestimulation significantly reduced Hill's constant (n) from 6.2 +/- 0.7 of the control to 3.7 +/- 0.6 (p less than 0.05) and also enhanced the logarithmic equilibrium constant (log K) from -5.4 +/- 0.6 mM-n to -3.7 +/- 0.6 mM-n (p less than 0.05). However, the Km value was almost the same as that of the control (7.3 +/- 0.5 mM). On the other hand, the 60-min prestimulation remarkably diminished the Km value and the maximal rate of insulin release to 5.3 +/- 0.4 mM (p less than 0.05) and 0.6 +/- 0.08 muU/ml/islet/min (p less than 0.005), respectively. The maximal rate of insulin release linearly increased in proportion to the prestimulation time within 30 min. In conclusion, these results suggested that there would be some regularity depending on the prestimulation time in the process of transmission of the insulin-releasing signal in the pancreatic B cell and the accumulation of insulin into the provisional pool such as the labile insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:338294", "title": "Direct projection from the medial preoptic area to the median eminence of the cat.", "content": "The projection from the medial preoptic area to the median eminence of the cat was clarified by electron microscopy. After placing the electrolytic lesion in the preoptic area several kinds of degenerating neuronal processes and terminals were observed in the external layer of the median eminence. The one was dark shrunk terminals containing dense cored vesicles, the other was the dark ones containing myeline figure-like structure. The relationship between catecholamine-containing nerve endings and RH/IH-containing endings in the external layer of the median eminence was discussed.", "contents": "Direct projection from the medial preoptic area to the median eminence of the cat. The projection from the medial preoptic area to the median eminence of the cat was clarified by electron microscopy. After placing the electrolytic lesion in the preoptic area several kinds of degenerating neuronal processes and terminals were observed in the external layer of the median eminence. The one was dark shrunk terminals containing dense cored vesicles, the other was the dark ones containing myeline figure-like structure. The relationship between catecholamine-containing nerve endings and RH/IH-containing endings in the external layer of the median eminence was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:338295", "title": "Correlation of hypothalamic LHRH, pituitary LH and plasma LH in developing rats.", "content": "Hypothalamic LHRH, pituitary LH and plasma LH levels were measured in rats of both sexes from day 5-60 after birth. The content of hypothalamic LHRH was very high in one-week-old male and female rats. It declined gradually till day 17 in the female rat and sharply on day 10 in the male rat. Subsequently the content of hypothalamic LHRH increased and showed peak values on day 25 in the female rat and on day 45 in the male rat. It decreased markedly at respective times of puberty in both sexes (day 37 in the female rat and day 52-60 in the male rat). Results of the study suggest that maturation of hypothalamo-hypophyseal-axis proceeds in three distinct stages. Observations on days 17, 25 and 37 in the female rat and on days 5, 7, 10 and 22 in the male rat clearly show an inverse relationship between hypothalamic LHRH and plasma LH and a parallel relationship between pituitary and plasma LH. Marked decline in the content of hypothalamic LHRH at respective times of puberty in both sexes indicates that the release of threshold levels of LHRH from the hypothalamus may apparently be the event initiating the pubertal changes in rat.", "contents": "Correlation of hypothalamic LHRH, pituitary LH and plasma LH in developing rats. Hypothalamic LHRH, pituitary LH and plasma LH levels were measured in rats of both sexes from day 5-60 after birth. The content of hypothalamic LHRH was very high in one-week-old male and female rats. It declined gradually till day 17 in the female rat and sharply on day 10 in the male rat. Subsequently the content of hypothalamic LHRH increased and showed peak values on day 25 in the female rat and on day 45 in the male rat. It decreased markedly at respective times of puberty in both sexes (day 37 in the female rat and day 52-60 in the male rat). Results of the study suggest that maturation of hypothalamo-hypophyseal-axis proceeds in three distinct stages. Observations on days 17, 25 and 37 in the female rat and on days 5, 7, 10 and 22 in the male rat clearly show an inverse relationship between hypothalamic LHRH and plasma LH and a parallel relationship between pituitary and plasma LH. Marked decline in the content of hypothalamic LHRH at respective times of puberty in both sexes indicates that the release of threshold levels of LHRH from the hypothalamus may apparently be the event initiating the pubertal changes in rat."}
{"id": "PMID:338296", "title": "The role of the pineal gland in the regulation of LH-release in rats with different types of the anovulatory syndrome.", "content": "The effect of different doses of testosterone propionate was investigated in provoking the development of the constant estrous anovulatory (CEA) syndrome in the rat. A direct relationship was observed between the dose of neonatally administered androgen (NA) and the percentage occurrence of this syndrome. Pinealectomy and superior cervical sympathetic ganglionectomy elicited the development of marked thecal luteinization in the NA-CEA rat, but the formation of corpora lutea was limited after these operations. The efficacy of pinealectomy and ganglionectomy in provoking luteinization was inversely related to the dose of testosterone used for neonatal androgenization. The LH-RH sensitivity of the adenohypophysis to release LH was decreased in the NA animals, as well as in the light-induced CEA syndrome (LCE), whereas it was increased in those CEA rats in which this syndrome was provoked by frontal hypothalamic deafferentation (FHD). Pinealectomy and ganglionectomy were able to elicit ovulation and luteinization in the FHD animals, but were ineffective in the LCE and high dose NA rats. The results are discussed in relation to those reported by others, in an attempt to explain the multitude of dissociated effects.", "contents": "The role of the pineal gland in the regulation of LH-release in rats with different types of the anovulatory syndrome. The effect of different doses of testosterone propionate was investigated in provoking the development of the constant estrous anovulatory (CEA) syndrome in the rat. A direct relationship was observed between the dose of neonatally administered androgen (NA) and the percentage occurrence of this syndrome. Pinealectomy and superior cervical sympathetic ganglionectomy elicited the development of marked thecal luteinization in the NA-CEA rat, but the formation of corpora lutea was limited after these operations. The efficacy of pinealectomy and ganglionectomy in provoking luteinization was inversely related to the dose of testosterone used for neonatal androgenization. The LH-RH sensitivity of the adenohypophysis to release LH was decreased in the NA animals, as well as in the light-induced CEA syndrome (LCE), whereas it was increased in those CEA rats in which this syndrome was provoked by frontal hypothalamic deafferentation (FHD). Pinealectomy and ganglionectomy were able to elicit ovulation and luteinization in the FHD animals, but were ineffective in the LCE and high dose NA rats. The results are discussed in relation to those reported by others, in an attempt to explain the multitude of dissociated effects."}
{"id": "PMID:338299", "title": "Pattern of islet lysosomal enzyme activities and insulin secretory response.", "content": "The pattern of lysosomal enzyme activities in isolated pancreatic islets was studied in 3 different strains of mice, NMRI, CBA, and C-57, and related to the in vivo insulin release following injection of the insulin scretagogues glucose and carbachol. It was observed that the relative specific activities among the islet enzymes studied did not show the same pattern in the different strains although beta-gluc-ronidase always displayed the lowest activity. Comparison between the strains revealed that acid phosphatase activity was of the same magnitude in all 3 strains. Islet activities of acid amyloglucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, and N-acetylglucosaminidase, however, were largest in NMRI, intermediate in CBA, and lowest in C-57. This activity pattern roughly correlated with the insulin secretory response to an intravenous injection of glucose, whereas insulin release induced by the cholinergic agonist carbachol was of similar magnitude in all strains.", "contents": "Pattern of islet lysosomal enzyme activities and insulin secretory response. The pattern of lysosomal enzyme activities in isolated pancreatic islets was studied in 3 different strains of mice, NMRI, CBA, and C-57, and related to the in vivo insulin release following injection of the insulin scretagogues glucose and carbachol. It was observed that the relative specific activities among the islet enzymes studied did not show the same pattern in the different strains although beta-gluc-ronidase always displayed the lowest activity. Comparison between the strains revealed that acid phosphatase activity was of the same magnitude in all 3 strains. Islet activities of acid amyloglucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, and N-acetylglucosaminidase, however, were largest in NMRI, intermediate in CBA, and lowest in C-57. This activity pattern roughly correlated with the insulin secretory response to an intravenous injection of glucose, whereas insulin release induced by the cholinergic agonist carbachol was of similar magnitude in all strains."}
{"id": "PMID:338300", "title": "[Lipopolysaccharides from thermosensitive mutants of Escherichia coli K12 (author's transl)].", "content": "Thermosensitive mutants of Escherichia coli K12 were grown at 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C. The serologic properties and the composition of their lipopolysaccharides were investigated. The inhibition of hemagglutination by the lipopolysaccharides of various mutant strains was tested against the anti-E. coli K12 CR34 system. An inhibition was observed with all the mutants but one, CR34 T83 which had no inhibitory effect. Chemical analysis of lipopolysaccharides and mass spectrometric analysis of their methylated derivatives indicated the presence of the same components in the various lipopolysaccharides: glucose, galactopyranose, galactofuranose, heptopyranose and heptofuranose. However the 2,3,4 tri-O-methyl glucose is missing in the lipopolysaccharide of the mutant T83. This result agrees with the absence of a substituent on the 6-position of the non-reducing core-terminal glucose. The lipopolysaccharide of the T83 mutant has the complete core-type of E. coli K12. The relations of mutations with modifications of the composition of inner and outer envelopes in various mutants are discussed.", "contents": "[Lipopolysaccharides from thermosensitive mutants of Escherichia coli K12 (author's transl)]. Thermosensitive mutants of Escherichia coli K12 were grown at 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C. The serologic properties and the composition of their lipopolysaccharides were investigated. The inhibition of hemagglutination by the lipopolysaccharides of various mutant strains was tested against the anti-E. coli K12 CR34 system. An inhibition was observed with all the mutants but one, CR34 T83 which had no inhibitory effect. Chemical analysis of lipopolysaccharides and mass spectrometric analysis of their methylated derivatives indicated the presence of the same components in the various lipopolysaccharides: glucose, galactopyranose, galactofuranose, heptopyranose and heptofuranose. However the 2,3,4 tri-O-methyl glucose is missing in the lipopolysaccharide of the mutant T83. This result agrees with the absence of a substituent on the 6-position of the non-reducing core-terminal glucose. The lipopolysaccharide of the T83 mutant has the complete core-type of E. coli K12. The relations of mutations with modifications of the composition of inner and outer envelopes in various mutants are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:338301", "title": "Enzymes synthesizing and hydrolyzing murein in Escherichia coli. Topographical distribution over the cell envelope.", "content": "Envelopes from regions of the cell which in vivo show very little, if any, murein synthesis were isolated using the minicell-producing strain P678-54. Envelopes from minicells, representing in fact cell ends, were able to synthesize murein and to carry out transpeptidation in vitro; also all four murein hydrolase activities tested, carboxypeptidase, endopeptidase, amidase and transglycosylase, were found to be present. The specific activities of the murein synthesizing and degrading enzymes in envelopes derived from cell poles and from actively growing cells were similar. The topological distribution of murein-synthesizing enzymes and of murein hydrolases over the cell envelope is discussed.", "contents": "Enzymes synthesizing and hydrolyzing murein in Escherichia coli. Topographical distribution over the cell envelope. Envelopes from regions of the cell which in vivo show very little, if any, murein synthesis were isolated using the minicell-producing strain P678-54. Envelopes from minicells, representing in fact cell ends, were able to synthesize murein and to carry out transpeptidation in vitro; also all four murein hydrolase activities tested, carboxypeptidase, endopeptidase, amidase and transglycosylase, were found to be present. The specific activities of the murein synthesizing and degrading enzymes in envelopes derived from cell poles and from actively growing cells were similar. The topological distribution of murein-synthesizing enzymes and of murein hydrolases over the cell envelope is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:338302", "title": "Reconstitution of model membranes from phospholipid and outer membrane proteins of Proteus mirabilis. Role of proteins in the formation of hydrophilic pores and protection of membranes against detergents.", "content": "Outer membrane proteins extracted from isolated cell walls of Proteus mirabilis were able to combine the cell wall phospholipids in a model membrane system. The presence of outer membrane proteins in vesicular model membranes mediated the release of previously entrapped [14C]sucrose while [3H]inulin was retained. Incorporation of lipopolysaccharide from the same cell walls was not required for the formation of such selectively permeable membranes. Three major outer membrane proteins of apparent molecular weights 39000, 36000 and 17000 were isolated using acetic acid and sodium deoxycholate solution as solvents and avoiding the strongly denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate. The isolated proteins were assayed for their ability to form hydrophilic pores in reconstituted membranes. The trypsin-sensitive 39000-Mr protein and the peptidoglycan-associated 36000-Mr protein were equally effective in this function whereas the 17000-Mr protein mediated little penetration of low molecular weight solute. The 39000-Mr and 36000-Mr proteins also protected reconstituted membrane vesicles from disruption by detergent while 17000-Mr protein was ineffective in this regard.", "contents": "Reconstitution of model membranes from phospholipid and outer membrane proteins of Proteus mirabilis. Role of proteins in the formation of hydrophilic pores and protection of membranes against detergents. Outer membrane proteins extracted from isolated cell walls of Proteus mirabilis were able to combine the cell wall phospholipids in a model membrane system. The presence of outer membrane proteins in vesicular model membranes mediated the release of previously entrapped [14C]sucrose while [3H]inulin was retained. Incorporation of lipopolysaccharide from the same cell walls was not required for the formation of such selectively permeable membranes. Three major outer membrane proteins of apparent molecular weights 39000, 36000 and 17000 were isolated using acetic acid and sodium deoxycholate solution as solvents and avoiding the strongly denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate. The isolated proteins were assayed for their ability to form hydrophilic pores in reconstituted membranes. The trypsin-sensitive 39000-Mr protein and the peptidoglycan-associated 36000-Mr protein were equally effective in this function whereas the 17000-Mr protein mediated little penetration of low molecular weight solute. The 39000-Mr and 36000-Mr proteins also protected reconstituted membrane vesicles from disruption by detergent while 17000-Mr protein was ineffective in this regard."}
{"id": "PMID:338303", "title": "Physico-chemical properties of a DNA binding protein: Escherichia coli factor H1.", "content": "H1 factor is a heat-stable protein found in large amounts in Escherichia coli. In vitro, this protein has been found to stimulate transcription of lambda templates by E. coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The subunit molecular weight of this factor has been re-estimated and found to be 15500 +/- 1000 in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Crosslinking experiments performed with dimethylsuberimidate in the presence or absence of the DNA template indicate the presence of multiples of the 15500-Mr subunit up to the tetramer, the dimeric species being predominant. One cysteinyl residue per 15000-Mr subunit is labeled by 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan. This residue is not labeled if the factor is exposed to oxidizing conditions. In this case, three lysyl residues are titrated. H1 factor behaves as a DNA-binding protein. We have detected binding to DNA by two independent methods: displacement of a fluorescently labeled factor by the native protein and retention of radioactive DNA on millipore filters in the presence of the factor. Under our experimental conditions (high ionic strength, absence of magnesium ions), the saturation function of lambda plac DNA as well as of wild-type lambda DNA has been found to be non-cooperative. Saturation is reached when 300 +/- 30 molecules of dimeric factor are bound per lambda molecule, the average dissociation constant of the complex being 10nM. The dissociation time of the H1.DNA complex is less than 5 s at 37 degrees C. The binding of this factor lowers the affinity of native DNA for ethidium bromide. In the presence of this intercalating dye, the solubility of the complex decreases drastically.", "contents": "Physico-chemical properties of a DNA binding protein: Escherichia coli factor H1. H1 factor is a heat-stable protein found in large amounts in Escherichia coli. In vitro, this protein has been found to stimulate transcription of lambda templates by E. coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The subunit molecular weight of this factor has been re-estimated and found to be 15500 +/- 1000 in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Crosslinking experiments performed with dimethylsuberimidate in the presence or absence of the DNA template indicate the presence of multiples of the 15500-Mr subunit up to the tetramer, the dimeric species being predominant. One cysteinyl residue per 15000-Mr subunit is labeled by 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan. This residue is not labeled if the factor is exposed to oxidizing conditions. In this case, three lysyl residues are titrated. H1 factor behaves as a DNA-binding protein. We have detected binding to DNA by two independent methods: displacement of a fluorescently labeled factor by the native protein and retention of radioactive DNA on millipore filters in the presence of the factor. Under our experimental conditions (high ionic strength, absence of magnesium ions), the saturation function of lambda plac DNA as well as of wild-type lambda DNA has been found to be non-cooperative. Saturation is reached when 300 +/- 30 molecules of dimeric factor are bound per lambda molecule, the average dissociation constant of the complex being 10nM. The dissociation time of the H1.DNA complex is less than 5 s at 37 degrees C. The binding of this factor lowers the affinity of native DNA for ethidium bromide. In the presence of this intercalating dye, the solubility of the complex decreases drastically."}
{"id": "PMID:338307", "title": "Design of a study to evaluate drug therapy of serious ventricular rhythm disturbances after an acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A study was designed to investigate whether long-term use of aprindine can prevent sudden death from primary ventricular fibrillation. Patients with a proven recent myocardial infarction and malignant ventricular arrhythmias occurring late after the acute episode were asked to participate in a 1-yr, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to suppress the rhythm disturbances observed on an ambulatory electrocardiogram. Particular care was taken to monitor drug adherence. Arrhythmia detection by ambulatory electrocardiography was used to assess drug efficacy; side-effects establish the maximum tollerated dose for each individual patient. Aprindine was therefore used under optimal circumstances. An interactive computer system served as a data base and provided the investigators and the monitoring committee with all the information required for a proper evaluation of the progress of the study.", "contents": "Design of a study to evaluate drug therapy of serious ventricular rhythm disturbances after an acute myocardial infarction. A study was designed to investigate whether long-term use of aprindine can prevent sudden death from primary ventricular fibrillation. Patients with a proven recent myocardial infarction and malignant ventricular arrhythmias occurring late after the acute episode were asked to participate in a 1-yr, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to suppress the rhythm disturbances observed on an ambulatory electrocardiogram. Particular care was taken to monitor drug adherence. Arrhythmia detection by ambulatory electrocardiography was used to assess drug efficacy; side-effects establish the maximum tollerated dose for each individual patient. Aprindine was therefore used under optimal circumstances. An interactive computer system served as a data base and provided the investigators and the monitoring committee with all the information required for a proper evaluation of the progress of the study."}
{"id": "PMID:338305", "title": "Electrophysiologic evaluation of intravenous verapamil in man.", "content": "The acute electrophysiological effects of intravenous verapamil (0.15 mg/kg body weight) were studied in 21 subjects with estimated normal impulse formation and conduction. Significant effects were sinus cycle shortening, depression of intranodal conduction and prolongation of AV node refractory periods. Sinus node recovery time, sinoatrial conduction time, atrial refractory periods, infranodal conduction, His--Purkinje system, and bundle branch refractory periods were unchanged. The clinical implications of these properties are discussed.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic evaluation of intravenous verapamil in man. The acute electrophysiological effects of intravenous verapamil (0.15 mg/kg body weight) were studied in 21 subjects with estimated normal impulse formation and conduction. Significant effects were sinus cycle shortening, depression of intranodal conduction and prolongation of AV node refractory periods. Sinus node recovery time, sinoatrial conduction time, atrial refractory periods, infranodal conduction, His--Purkinje system, and bundle branch refractory periods were unchanged. The clinical implications of these properties are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:338306", "title": "Reproducibility of diagnostic results by a multivariate computer ECG analysis program (AVA 3.5).", "content": "Reproducibility of the AVA program (version 3.5) was tested (1) by analyzing the same analog tracing 10 times in 150 patients, and (2) by studying the influence of 12 different sets of prior probabilities (PRP), using the digital data from a total of 2718 patients. The same QRS-T diagnosis plus or minus 8 percentage points was found in patients with high posterior probabilities. Variability for the P wave diagnosis was twice as high as for QRS-T results. Failure to select the appropriate set of PrP markedly influenced reproducibility. This was especially true for right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary emphysema. 'Mispriorizing' in a subgroup of 199 patients with well-documented myocardial infarction lowered the total number of correct ECG diagnoses on the average between 4.8 and 35%. These results are inherent to Bayes' theorem where PrP are used to achieve minimum assignment error in populations, but where Prp errors may result in wide classification discrepancies. Without errors in PrP reproducibility by the VA program was found to be very high.", "contents": "Reproducibility of diagnostic results by a multivariate computer ECG analysis program (AVA 3.5). Reproducibility of the AVA program (version 3.5) was tested (1) by analyzing the same analog tracing 10 times in 150 patients, and (2) by studying the influence of 12 different sets of prior probabilities (PRP), using the digital data from a total of 2718 patients. The same QRS-T diagnosis plus or minus 8 percentage points was found in patients with high posterior probabilities. Variability for the P wave diagnosis was twice as high as for QRS-T results. Failure to select the appropriate set of PrP markedly influenced reproducibility. This was especially true for right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary emphysema. 'Mispriorizing' in a subgroup of 199 patients with well-documented myocardial infarction lowered the total number of correct ECG diagnoses on the average between 4.8 and 35%. These results are inherent to Bayes' theorem where PrP are used to achieve minimum assignment error in populations, but where Prp errors may result in wide classification discrepancies. Without errors in PrP reproducibility by the VA program was found to be very high."}
{"id": "PMID:338311", "title": "Rabbits possess conventional T lymphocytes.", "content": "Rabbit lymphocytes have been analyzed as to surface Ig markers in relation to the function of the cells. A battery of specific anti-Ig reagents as well as supposed B and T cell-specific mitogens were used, and DNA synthesis as well as high-rate Ig synthesis in vitro were recorded. Using cells from spleen lymph node or blood, surface Ig-negative lymphocytes expressed the expected behavior of T lymphocytes. No evidence was found of significant expression of allotypic markers on the surface of such nonactivated rabbit T lymphocytes. Lymphoid cells from bone marrow constituted an exception to the rule in the sense that they contained a high proportion of cells being surface Ig-negative at the time of anti-Ig column fractionation. They did, however, rapidly express surface Ig molecules as well as B cell markers as judged by B cell mitogenic stimulation shortly after in vitro explanation. In conclusion, we failed to find any constant region Ig markers on rabbit lymphocytes, which in every sense behave like conventional T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Rabbits possess conventional T lymphocytes. Rabbit lymphocytes have been analyzed as to surface Ig markers in relation to the function of the cells. A battery of specific anti-Ig reagents as well as supposed B and T cell-specific mitogens were used, and DNA synthesis as well as high-rate Ig synthesis in vitro were recorded. Using cells from spleen lymph node or blood, surface Ig-negative lymphocytes expressed the expected behavior of T lymphocytes. No evidence was found of significant expression of allotypic markers on the surface of such nonactivated rabbit T lymphocytes. Lymphoid cells from bone marrow constituted an exception to the rule in the sense that they contained a high proportion of cells being surface Ig-negative at the time of anti-Ig column fractionation. They did, however, rapidly express surface Ig molecules as well as B cell markers as judged by B cell mitogenic stimulation shortly after in vitro explanation. In conclusion, we failed to find any constant region Ig markers on rabbit lymphocytes, which in every sense behave like conventional T lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:338312", "title": "The \"patchy\" immunodeficiency of CBA/N mice.", "content": "The in vivo responses of CBA/N (which have an X-linked defect of B lymphocyte differentiation) and CBA/J normal mice to 2,4,6-trinitrophenylated (TNP) bacteriophage T4 and Diplococcus pneumoniae CS variant have been compared. Both antigens are thymus-independent (TI), and TNP-CS additionally contains the phosphorylcholine (PC) epitope, CBA/N and CBA/J mice give TNP plaque-forming cell responses similar in magnitude and avidity although only CBA/J give a PC response when challenged with TNP-CS. These results indicate that CBA/N mice have a \"patchy\" defect of antigen-induced humoral responses. This defect is manifested only in certain subpopulations of B cells and is not restricted to TI responses.", "contents": "The \"patchy\" immunodeficiency of CBA/N mice. The in vivo responses of CBA/N (which have an X-linked defect of B lymphocyte differentiation) and CBA/J normal mice to 2,4,6-trinitrophenylated (TNP) bacteriophage T4 and Diplococcus pneumoniae CS variant have been compared. Both antigens are thymus-independent (TI), and TNP-CS additionally contains the phosphorylcholine (PC) epitope, CBA/N and CBA/J mice give TNP plaque-forming cell responses similar in magnitude and avidity although only CBA/J give a PC response when challenged with TNP-CS. These results indicate that CBA/N mice have a \"patchy\" defect of antigen-induced humoral responses. This defect is manifested only in certain subpopulations of B cells and is not restricted to TI responses."}
{"id": "PMID:338313", "title": "Transformation of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin endoperoxides by the guinea pig heart. Formation of RCS and prostacyclin.", "content": "The metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) was studied in perfused isolated hearts from guinea pigs. The coronary effluent was continuously bioassayed for prostaglandin-like substances (PLS) using the cascade technique of Vane. Injections of AA in doses between 1--50 microgram into the perfusion fluid prior to the heart produced vasodilatation of the coronary vascular bed followed by a contraction of the rat stomach strip (RSS), chick rectum (CR) and rat colon (RC) as well as relaxation of the bovine coronary artery (BCA). At the higher doses of AA there was also contraction of the rabbit aorta (RbA). The same pattern of effects on the bioassay tissues was seen when prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH2) was perfused through the heart. The response of the bank of superfused tissues provided evidence for the formation of prostacyclin (PGX or PGI2), PGE2 and PGF2alpha. Chromatographic studies showed that 6-oxo-PGF1alpha together with other prostaglandins was present in the perfusate after acidification, which suggested that the bovine coronary relaxing substance consists mainly of PGI2. Moreover, the rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS) released in the perfusate was due to prostaglandin endoperoxides and not to thromboxane (TXA2). The formation of PLS from AA was completely blocked after treatment of the heart with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, indomethacin or meclofenamic acid. Pretreatment of the heart with 15-hydroperoxyarachidonic acid (15-HPAA), a selective inhibitor of prostacyclin synthetase, inhibited the effect of AA on the coronary vasculature and diverted the metabolic transformation of AA towards PGE2 and PGF2alpha.", "contents": "Transformation of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin endoperoxides by the guinea pig heart. Formation of RCS and prostacyclin. The metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) was studied in perfused isolated hearts from guinea pigs. The coronary effluent was continuously bioassayed for prostaglandin-like substances (PLS) using the cascade technique of Vane. Injections of AA in doses between 1--50 microgram into the perfusion fluid prior to the heart produced vasodilatation of the coronary vascular bed followed by a contraction of the rat stomach strip (RSS), chick rectum (CR) and rat colon (RC) as well as relaxation of the bovine coronary artery (BCA). At the higher doses of AA there was also contraction of the rabbit aorta (RbA). The same pattern of effects on the bioassay tissues was seen when prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH2) was perfused through the heart. The response of the bank of superfused tissues provided evidence for the formation of prostacyclin (PGX or PGI2), PGE2 and PGF2alpha. Chromatographic studies showed that 6-oxo-PGF1alpha together with other prostaglandins was present in the perfusate after acidification, which suggested that the bovine coronary relaxing substance consists mainly of PGI2. Moreover, the rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS) released in the perfusate was due to prostaglandin endoperoxides and not to thromboxane (TXA2). The formation of PLS from AA was completely blocked after treatment of the heart with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, indomethacin or meclofenamic acid. Pretreatment of the heart with 15-hydroperoxyarachidonic acid (15-HPAA), a selective inhibitor of prostacyclin synthetase, inhibited the effect of AA on the coronary vasculature and diverted the metabolic transformation of AA towards PGE2 and PGF2alpha."}
{"id": "PMID:338314", "title": "The role of the corpus striatum in neuroleptic- and narcotic-induced catalepsy.", "content": "Lesion experiments (in the rat) were designed to elucidate the function of the corpus striatum in neuroleptic- and narcotic-induced catalepsy, respectively. Bilateral lesions of the corpus striatum were observed to attenuate neuroleptic (CPZ)-induced catalepsy. However, analogous lesions of the corpus striatum potentiated narcotic (morphine)-induced catalepsy. These results suggests that (a) the corpus striatum may be a primary site of action of neuroleptic drugs (such as CPZ) in the production of catalepsy, and (b) narcotic (morphine)-induced catalepsy may not be exclusively mediated by the corpus striatum.", "contents": "The role of the corpus striatum in neuroleptic- and narcotic-induced catalepsy. Lesion experiments (in the rat) were designed to elucidate the function of the corpus striatum in neuroleptic- and narcotic-induced catalepsy, respectively. Bilateral lesions of the corpus striatum were observed to attenuate neuroleptic (CPZ)-induced catalepsy. However, analogous lesions of the corpus striatum potentiated narcotic (morphine)-induced catalepsy. These results suggests that (a) the corpus striatum may be a primary site of action of neuroleptic drugs (such as CPZ) in the production of catalepsy, and (b) narcotic (morphine)-induced catalepsy may not be exclusively mediated by the corpus striatum."}
{"id": "PMID:338330", "title": "The statistical distribution of colony counts in the spleen colony assay.", "content": "The statistical distribution of colony counts in the spleen colony assay was determined in C57BL/6 and C3H mice under varying conditions of the assay procedure. Assay mice were given syngeneic bone marrow cells from normal or irradiated donors. The mice were injected intravenously with marrow cells either immediately or 3 days after irradiation. Eight days after engraftment, spleen colonies were counted and the statistical distribution of colony counts was determined using a mean to variance ratio criterion. Analysis of the data indicated that the statistical distribution of colony counts was different in the two strains of mice. In addition, delaying time of injection of mice with bone marrow cells or injecting bone marrow cells form irradiated donors also changed the statistical distribution. The significance of this work lies in the fact that modification of the usual assay procedure can alter the statistical distribution of colony counts, thus changing the statistical accuracy of the assay. Modification in the assay procedure, such that an increase occurs in the variance of the distribution of colony counts, must be compensated for by increasing the number of spleens counted in order to maintain a constant level of statistical accuracy in experiments.", "contents": "The statistical distribution of colony counts in the spleen colony assay. The statistical distribution of colony counts in the spleen colony assay was determined in C57BL/6 and C3H mice under varying conditions of the assay procedure. Assay mice were given syngeneic bone marrow cells from normal or irradiated donors. The mice were injected intravenously with marrow cells either immediately or 3 days after irradiation. Eight days after engraftment, spleen colonies were counted and the statistical distribution of colony counts was determined using a mean to variance ratio criterion. Analysis of the data indicated that the statistical distribution of colony counts was different in the two strains of mice. In addition, delaying time of injection of mice with bone marrow cells or injecting bone marrow cells form irradiated donors also changed the statistical distribution. The significance of this work lies in the fact that modification of the usual assay procedure can alter the statistical distribution of colony counts, thus changing the statistical accuracy of the assay. Modification in the assay procedure, such that an increase occurs in the variance of the distribution of colony counts, must be compensated for by increasing the number of spleens counted in order to maintain a constant level of statistical accuracy in experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:338335", "title": "Adenohypophysial necrosis in rats following destruction of the pituitary stalk. A histologic, immunocytologic and fine structural study.", "content": "Adenohypophyses of adult male rats have been investigated by light microscopy, immunocytology and electron microscopy 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours following electrolyte destruction of the pituitary stalk. Light microscopy revealed massive ischemic infarction of the adenohypophysis. Immunoreactive growth hormone, prolactin, TSH, FSH and LH were demonstrated up to 24 hours after surgery in necrotic adenohypophysial cells by the immunoperoxidase technique. Fine structural abnormalities were already noticeable 30 minutes following stalk lesion. The changes rapidly progressed and within 2 hours unmistakable signs of cellular necrosis became evident. Mitochondria, especially those of growth hormone cells, seemed to be affected at an early stage, whereas alterations in rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum membranes developed later. Nuclear changes, formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles and disruption of cell membranes were conspicuous findings. No evidence, indicating the participation of lysosomes in the development of cellular damage, was obtained. Secretory granules were prominent and well preserved even in cells which showed advanced necrosis. The failure of discharge and degradation of secretory granules in the necrotic cells suggest that factors accounting for their intracellular migration and extrusion are very sensitive to ischemia and are paralyzed at an early phase.", "contents": "Adenohypophysial necrosis in rats following destruction of the pituitary stalk. A histologic, immunocytologic and fine structural study. Adenohypophyses of adult male rats have been investigated by light microscopy, immunocytology and electron microscopy 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours following electrolyte destruction of the pituitary stalk. Light microscopy revealed massive ischemic infarction of the adenohypophysis. Immunoreactive growth hormone, prolactin, TSH, FSH and LH were demonstrated up to 24 hours after surgery in necrotic adenohypophysial cells by the immunoperoxidase technique. Fine structural abnormalities were already noticeable 30 minutes following stalk lesion. The changes rapidly progressed and within 2 hours unmistakable signs of cellular necrosis became evident. Mitochondria, especially those of growth hormone cells, seemed to be affected at an early stage, whereas alterations in rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum membranes developed later. Nuclear changes, formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles and disruption of cell membranes were conspicuous findings. No evidence, indicating the participation of lysosomes in the development of cellular damage, was obtained. Secretory granules were prominent and well preserved even in cells which showed advanced necrosis. The failure of discharge and degradation of secretory granules in the necrotic cells suggest that factors accounting for their intracellular migration and extrusion are very sensitive to ischemia and are paralyzed at an early phase."}
{"id": "PMID:338336", "title": "A mutant of the antibiotic resistance factor R124 with altered copy number.", "content": "A mutation conferring increased antibiotic resistance on Salmonella typhimurium strain 11G carrying R124 was plasmid determined; strains harbouring the mutant plasmid contained more DNA as ccc plasmid than those harbouring R124. The increased copy number was manifested at all growth rates tested.", "contents": "A mutant of the antibiotic resistance factor R124 with altered copy number. A mutation conferring increased antibiotic resistance on Salmonella typhimurium strain 11G carrying R124 was plasmid determined; strains harbouring the mutant plasmid contained more DNA as ccc plasmid than those harbouring R124. The increased copy number was manifested at all growth rates tested."}
{"id": "PMID:338337", "title": "Regulation of ammonia uptake in aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "The ammonia uptake in A. nidulans was found to be linear for about 20 min, and was proportional up to 1.5 mg/ml dry cell density. The transport of ammonia does not involve energy. Normal and biotin deficient A. nidulans showed an identical Km-values of 10.26 X 10(-5) M ammonia for uptake. The uptake of ammonium ion has been shown to be regulated by the intracellular concentration of ammonia.", "contents": "Regulation of ammonia uptake in aspergillus nidulans. The ammonia uptake in A. nidulans was found to be linear for about 20 min, and was proportional up to 1.5 mg/ml dry cell density. The transport of ammonia does not involve energy. Normal and biotin deficient A. nidulans showed an identical Km-values of 10.26 X 10(-5) M ammonia for uptake. The uptake of ammonium ion has been shown to be regulated by the intracellular concentration of ammonia."}
{"id": "PMID:338333", "title": "The use of fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled lectins for immuno-histological demonstration of saccharides. III. Studies by use of Ricinus communis lectin and wheat germ agglutinin.", "content": "Cryostat sections of heart, skeletal muscle, spleen, liver, cartilage, brain, nerve, tongue, esophagus and salivary gland from man, rabbit, rat and guinea pig were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled Ricinus communis lectin and wheat germ agglutinin. The stained sections were examined by fluorescence microscopy. The general pattern of fluorescence is very similar to that obtained with labelled Lens culinaris lectin and Concanavalin A. Particularly the lectins stain connective tissue structures of the organs. The staining intensity in these structures was weaker by wheat germ agglutinin as compared to the other lectins.", "contents": "The use of fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled lectins for immuno-histological demonstration of saccharides. III. Studies by use of Ricinus communis lectin and wheat germ agglutinin. Cryostat sections of heart, skeletal muscle, spleen, liver, cartilage, brain, nerve, tongue, esophagus and salivary gland from man, rabbit, rat and guinea pig were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled Ricinus communis lectin and wheat germ agglutinin. The stained sections were examined by fluorescence microscopy. The general pattern of fluorescence is very similar to that obtained with labelled Lens culinaris lectin and Concanavalin A. Particularly the lectins stain connective tissue structures of the organs. The staining intensity in these structures was weaker by wheat germ agglutinin as compared to the other lectins."}
{"id": "PMID:338338", "title": "Transcription of bacterial DNA by isolated plant nuclei.", "content": "Plant nuclei prepared from protoplasts can be used as a cell-free system for testing their template activity of procaryotic DNA for plant polymerases. We were able to demonstrate that plant polymerases of Petunia hybrida are capable of transcribing linear bacterial DNA, whereas supercoiled DNA could not be used as a template.", "contents": "Transcription of bacterial DNA by isolated plant nuclei. Plant nuclei prepared from protoplasts can be used as a cell-free system for testing their template activity of procaryotic DNA for plant polymerases. We were able to demonstrate that plant polymerases of Petunia hybrida are capable of transcribing linear bacterial DNA, whereas supercoiled DNA could not be used as a template."}
{"id": "PMID:338334", "title": "Anti-A agglutinin from Helix pomatia as a marker for L cells.", "content": "By means of fluorescein-labeled anti-AHP agglutinin isolated from the albumen gland of the snail Helix pomatia L. L cells were detected in air dried and fixed monolayer preparations, smear preparations or cryostat sections of tumours induced in two different host systems. The tumours consisting of L cells could be clearly distinguished from the surrounding normal host tissues, and also single tumour cells lying separtely in the host tissued were identified in the same unequivocal manner. The cells were marked by characteristic granular fluorescence caused by specific agglutinin binding within the cell membrane. With these results the previously expressed thesis that anti-AHP  agglutinin might be used as a marker for L cells is confirmed for L cells grown in suitable host systems, too.", "contents": "Anti-A agglutinin from Helix pomatia as a marker for L cells. By means of fluorescein-labeled anti-AHP agglutinin isolated from the albumen gland of the snail Helix pomatia L. L cells were detected in air dried and fixed monolayer preparations, smear preparations or cryostat sections of tumours induced in two different host systems. The tumours consisting of L cells could be clearly distinguished from the surrounding normal host tissues, and also single tumour cells lying separtely in the host tissued were identified in the same unequivocal manner. The cells were marked by characteristic granular fluorescence caused by specific agglutinin binding within the cell membrane. With these results the previously expressed thesis that anti-AHP  agglutinin might be used as a marker for L cells is confirmed for L cells grown in suitable host systems, too."}
{"id": "PMID:338339", "title": "In vivo effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin on sulfobromophthalein clearance in the guinea-pig.", "content": "In vivo studies indicated that the primary effects of E. coli endotoxin on hepatic clearance of sulfobromophthalein were at the excretory level. Newborns were more sensitive to the LPS than older animals.", "contents": "In vivo effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin on sulfobromophthalein clearance in the guinea-pig. In vivo studies indicated that the primary effects of E. coli endotoxin on hepatic clearance of sulfobromophthalein were at the excretory level. Newborns were more sensitive to the LPS than older animals."}
{"id": "PMID:338342", "title": "The family interactional perspective: a study and examination of the work of Don D. Jackson.", "content": "This article presents an overview of the primary contributions of the late Don D. Jackson. It analyzes and attempts to unify the central concepts of what the first referred to as \"conjoint family therapy.\" Emphasis in upon the theoretical components leading to the development of a behaviorally oriented, nontransference, focused-treatment format, labeled by the author as \"family interactional psychotherapy.\"", "contents": "The family interactional perspective: a study and examination of the work of Don D. Jackson. This article presents an overview of the primary contributions of the late Don D. Jackson. It analyzes and attempts to unify the central concepts of what the first referred to as \"conjoint family therapy.\" Emphasis in upon the theoretical components leading to the development of a behaviorally oriented, nontransference, focused-treatment format, labeled by the author as \"family interactional psychotherapy.\""}
{"id": "PMID:338349", "title": "Structure-activity correlations for antibacterial 1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives on gram-positive cells.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of a set of 1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives against Staph, aureus and Strep, pyogenes has been correlated with structural features of the compounds examined. It is shown by means of substituent constants and regression analysis that the lipophilic character of the molecule is the most important factor  in determining its activity. Electronic and steric effects appear to be quite important.", "contents": "Structure-activity correlations for antibacterial 1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives on gram-positive cells. The antibacterial activity of a set of 1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives against Staph, aureus and Strep, pyogenes has been correlated with structural features of the compounds examined. It is shown by means of substituent constants and regression analysis that the lipophilic character of the molecule is the most important factor  in determining its activity. Electronic and steric effects appear to be quite important."}
{"id": "PMID:338362", "title": "Mechanisms for the biomethylation of metals and metalloids.", "content": "The case of methylmercury pollution has demonstrated the profound importance of understanding biologically mediated transformation reactions that yield organometallic compounds with a high potential for bioaccumulation and toxicity. Toxic elements that form organometallic compounds, especially the metal-alkyls (e.g., methylmercury), deserve special concern. Most metal-alkyls are poisonous to the central nervous systems of higher organisms, and these compounds do accumulate in cells. Metal-alkyls that are stable in water, and that have been reported to be synthesized biologically, can be formed from the following toxic elements: Hg, Sn, As, Se, Te, Pd, Au, Tl and Pb. In this report we present details of the mechanisms for biological methylation of certain metals and metalloids with special emphasis on those elements that are widely dispersed in the biosphere. In addition we present preliminary results on the use of flourescence quenching techniques to determine cellular diffusion rates and partition coefficients for methylmercuric chloride.", "contents": "Mechanisms for the biomethylation of metals and metalloids. The case of methylmercury pollution has demonstrated the profound importance of understanding biologically mediated transformation reactions that yield organometallic compounds with a high potential for bioaccumulation and toxicity. Toxic elements that form organometallic compounds, especially the metal-alkyls (e.g., methylmercury), deserve special concern. Most metal-alkyls are poisonous to the central nervous systems of higher organisms, and these compounds do accumulate in cells. Metal-alkyls that are stable in water, and that have been reported to be synthesized biologically, can be formed from the following toxic elements: Hg, Sn, As, Se, Te, Pd, Au, Tl and Pb. In this report we present details of the mechanisms for biological methylation of certain metals and metalloids with special emphasis on those elements that are widely dispersed in the biosphere. In addition we present preliminary results on the use of flourescence quenching techniques to determine cellular diffusion rates and partition coefficients for methylmercuric chloride."}
{"id": "PMID:338364", "title": "Effects of metals on heme biosynthesis and metabolism.", "content": "Studying the mechanism of interaction of metals with enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway has revealed a great deal of understanding of the regulation of the pathway and a possible insight into the toxicology of certain metals. Both positive and negative effects of metals on heme biosynthesis and catabolism can be demonstrated. The understanding of these interactions has given us a clearer picture of certain of the descriptive events known to occur in toxic states induced by these metals. Unfortunately, the studies have also driven us to appreciate the even more complex nature of the biosynthetic and metabolic pathways for heme than was originally hypothesized. It can be predicted that the next 5 years should lead to many more revelations and potential treatment modalities for toxic states induced by metals or genetic diseases where heme biosynthesis does not occur normally.", "contents": "Effects of metals on heme biosynthesis and metabolism. Studying the mechanism of interaction of metals with enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway has revealed a great deal of understanding of the regulation of the pathway and a possible insight into the toxicology of certain metals. Both positive and negative effects of metals on heme biosynthesis and catabolism can be demonstrated. The understanding of these interactions has given us a clearer picture of certain of the descriptive events known to occur in toxic states induced by these metals. Unfortunately, the studies have also driven us to appreciate the even more complex nature of the biosynthetic and metabolic pathways for heme than was originally hypothesized. It can be predicted that the next 5 years should lead to many more revelations and potential treatment modalities for toxic states induced by metals or genetic diseases where heme biosynthesis does not occur normally."}
{"id": "PMID:338366", "title": "Contributions of nutrition science to anthropological research.", "content": "Certain investigations of nutrition scientists have demonstrated the effects of cultural practices on nutrient intake. Anthropologists, too, have studied diets and food-related behavior, although until recently their interests infrequently included nutritional status. In the last decade, nutrition scientists' research helped stimulate the creation of an interdisciplinary specialty, nutritional anthropology, that combines techniques from both nutritional and anthropological science in the study of food use in relation to health. Practitioners of this expanding field make useful contributions to research in human nutrition through study of social aspects of the diet of individuals and groups. Their assistance can be particularly helpful in studies of populations in developing countries and of ethnic minorities in this country. Certain unanswered nutritional questions, which might more readily be solved by the combined efforts of nutritionists and nutritional anthropologists than by either professional alone, are presented.", "contents": "Contributions of nutrition science to anthropological research. Certain investigations of nutrition scientists have demonstrated the effects of cultural practices on nutrient intake. Anthropologists, too, have studied diets and food-related behavior, although until recently their interests infrequently included nutritional status. In the last decade, nutrition scientists' research helped stimulate the creation of an interdisciplinary specialty, nutritional anthropology, that combines techniques from both nutritional and anthropological science in the study of food use in relation to health. Practitioners of this expanding field make useful contributions to research in human nutrition through study of social aspects of the diet of individuals and groups. Their assistance can be particularly helpful in studies of populations in developing countries and of ethnic minorities in this country. Certain unanswered nutritional questions, which might more readily be solved by the combined efforts of nutritionists and nutritional anthropologists than by either professional alone, are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:338378", "title": "[Electron microscopical observations on the curative effect of ursodesoxycholic acid in alloxan-induced pancreatic islet cell injury (author's transl)].", "content": "The preventive effect of ursodesoxycholic acid on pancreatic injury by alloxan (alloxan diabetes) has been reported by Watari, et al. (1976). In the following experiment, to pursue the findings further, ursodesoxycholic acid was used curatively for alloxan diabetes. A first group of animals (5 mice) were injected with alloxan (4 mg) twice at the fifth and tenth day. The second group (5 mice) was injected with ursodesoxycholic acid (0.2 mg each) for 14 days during the experiment in addition to the same alloxan dosage/frequency as the first group. A third group of animals (5 mice) served as the control. The animals were sacrificed on the 15th day and the blood sugar levels were examined, using commercial test paper. The pancreatic tissues were fixed in a mixture of 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 2% osmid acid solution, which was adjusted at pH 7.4 with a veronal acetate buffer; the osmotic pressure was also regulated by adding sucrose of 0.045 g/ml. Following dehydration using a series of alcohol concentrations, the tissues were embedded in Epon 812. Thin sections were cut with a Porter-Blum MT-2B ultramicrotome, stained with both uranyl acetate and a lead mixture, and then observed by electron microscopy. The results were as follows: The pancreatic islet cells, especially of B-cells in the first group of animals injected with alloxan only, were seriously damaged and contained myelinated mitochondria. Golgi apparatus, and an increasing number of autophagic vacuoles. Some B-cells revealed hydropic degeneration. Some B-granules changed into vacuoles after diacrine secretion. Pancreatic A-cells were increased in number and showed no cell injuries. On the other hand, the pancreatic B-cells of mice treated with both alloxan and ursodesoxycholic acid maintained almost normal fine structures. In summary, ursodesoxycholic acid has a curative effect on alloxan-induced pancreatic B-cell injury.", "contents": "[Electron microscopical observations on the curative effect of ursodesoxycholic acid in alloxan-induced pancreatic islet cell injury (author's transl)]. The preventive effect of ursodesoxycholic acid on pancreatic injury by alloxan (alloxan diabetes) has been reported by Watari, et al. (1976). In the following experiment, to pursue the findings further, ursodesoxycholic acid was used curatively for alloxan diabetes. A first group of animals (5 mice) were injected with alloxan (4 mg) twice at the fifth and tenth day. The second group (5 mice) was injected with ursodesoxycholic acid (0.2 mg each) for 14 days during the experiment in addition to the same alloxan dosage/frequency as the first group. A third group of animals (5 mice) served as the control. The animals were sacrificed on the 15th day and the blood sugar levels were examined, using commercial test paper. The pancreatic tissues were fixed in a mixture of 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 2% osmid acid solution, which was adjusted at pH 7.4 with a veronal acetate buffer; the osmotic pressure was also regulated by adding sucrose of 0.045 g/ml. Following dehydration using a series of alcohol concentrations, the tissues were embedded in Epon 812. Thin sections were cut with a Porter-Blum MT-2B ultramicrotome, stained with both uranyl acetate and a lead mixture, and then observed by electron microscopy. The results were as follows: The pancreatic islet cells, especially of B-cells in the first group of animals injected with alloxan only, were seriously damaged and contained myelinated mitochondria. Golgi apparatus, and an increasing number of autophagic vacuoles. Some B-cells revealed hydropic degeneration. Some B-granules changed into vacuoles after diacrine secretion. Pancreatic A-cells were increased in number and showed no cell injuries. On the other hand, the pancreatic B-cells of mice treated with both alloxan and ursodesoxycholic acid maintained almost normal fine structures. In summary, ursodesoxycholic acid has a curative effect on alloxan-induced pancreatic B-cell injury."}
{"id": "PMID:338383", "title": "[Detection of the antithyroglobulin antibody precipitated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) (author's transl)].", "content": "It is well known that the antithyroglobulin (anti-Tg) antibody plays an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis (chronic thyroiditis). The anti-Tg antibody is detected by double diffusion in agar gel, the fluorescent antibody technique and the tanned red cell haemagglutination test (TRC). The most widely used method is the TRC test, but it is negative in about 30 percent of the patients with chronic thyroiditis. In this paper, we have reported the detection of the anti-Tg antibody in serum using a modified Farr's method. In our method, PEG was used instead of ammonium sulfate to precipitate the immune complex formed in vitro between labelled Tg and the autoantibody. Percent 125I-Tg precipitated was 4.7 +/- 3.1 percent in normal controls; 20.4 +/- 11.4 percent in TRC negative sera were detected by this method. A good correlation was found between TRC titer and percent 125I-Tg precipitated by the PEG method in patients with chronic thyroiditis. By this method, the anti-Tg antibody was also detected in the sera of rabbits immunised with human Tg earlier than that detected by the TRC and double diffusion tests. The sensitivity and simplicity of this method provide a useful tool in detecting the anti-Tg antibody in clinical as well as in experimental work.", "contents": "[Detection of the antithyroglobulin antibody precipitated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) (author's transl)]. It is well known that the antithyroglobulin (anti-Tg) antibody plays an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis (chronic thyroiditis). The anti-Tg antibody is detected by double diffusion in agar gel, the fluorescent antibody technique and the tanned red cell haemagglutination test (TRC). The most widely used method is the TRC test, but it is negative in about 30 percent of the patients with chronic thyroiditis. In this paper, we have reported the detection of the anti-Tg antibody in serum using a modified Farr's method. In our method, PEG was used instead of ammonium sulfate to precipitate the immune complex formed in vitro between labelled Tg and the autoantibody. Percent 125I-Tg precipitated was 4.7 +/- 3.1 percent in normal controls; 20.4 +/- 11.4 percent in TRC negative sera were detected by this method. A good correlation was found between TRC titer and percent 125I-Tg precipitated by the PEG method in patients with chronic thyroiditis. By this method, the anti-Tg antibody was also detected in the sera of rabbits immunised with human Tg earlier than that detected by the TRC and double diffusion tests. The sensitivity and simplicity of this method provide a useful tool in detecting the anti-Tg antibody in clinical as well as in experimental work."}
{"id": "PMID:338387", "title": "Localized chronic pemphigoid. Report of a case, review of the literature and discussion of the relationship with cicatricial pemphigoid.", "content": "A case of a chronic remittant blistering eruption on the left temple in a 62-year-old woman is described. Only after repeated biopsies did direct immunofluorescence (DIF) studies reveal a linear staining of the epidermal basement membrane with anti-IgG, C1q, C4, C3 and C5. In addition, heavy deposits of fibrin were observed. The importance of repeated DIF examination in initially negative cases has been stressed. Localized chronic pemphigoid should be considered as a distinct subform of the pemphigoid syndrome.", "contents": "Localized chronic pemphigoid. Report of a case, review of the literature and discussion of the relationship with cicatricial pemphigoid. A case of a chronic remittant blistering eruption on the left temple in a 62-year-old woman is described. Only after repeated biopsies did direct immunofluorescence (DIF) studies reveal a linear staining of the epidermal basement membrane with anti-IgG, C1q, C4, C3 and C5. In addition, heavy deposits of fibrin were observed. The importance of repeated DIF examination in initially negative cases has been stressed. Localized chronic pemphigoid should be considered as a distinct subform of the pemphigoid syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:338390", "title": "A controlled trial of baclofen in children with cerebral palsy.", "content": "A double-blind crossover trial against placebo was conducted to assess the effects of the GABA derivative, baclofen, on the disabilities due to muscle spasticity in twenty children suffering from cerebral palsy. Baclofen performed very significantly better than placebo in reducing spasticity and significantly better than placebo in allowing both active and passive limb movements to be carried out. Notable improvement was also seen in scissoring. Side-effects were minimal and responded promptly to dose reduction. The evaluation of drug effects on muscle spasticity and the pharmacodynamics of baclofen are discussed. Recommendations are made regarding dosage of baclogen in childhood.", "contents": "A controlled trial of baclofen in children with cerebral palsy. A double-blind crossover trial against placebo was conducted to assess the effects of the GABA derivative, baclofen, on the disabilities due to muscle spasticity in twenty children suffering from cerebral palsy. Baclofen performed very significantly better than placebo in reducing spasticity and significantly better than placebo in allowing both active and passive limb movements to be carried out. Notable improvement was also seen in scissoring. Side-effects were minimal and responded promptly to dose reduction. The evaluation of drug effects on muscle spasticity and the pharmacodynamics of baclofen are discussed. Recommendations are made regarding dosage of baclogen in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:338391", "title": "The effect of fenoprofen calcium (Nalfon) on levels of rheumatoid factor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In 88.9% of a group of 18 patients with rheumatoid arthritis participating in an open-label study with fenoprofen calcium (Nalfon), there was observed a mean titre decrease in level of rheumatoid factor as compared to baseline levels. In follow-up, three months to one year later, a uniform titre increase above the mean level of the study period had occurred. In all cases the titre returned to baseline levels or higher.", "contents": "The effect of fenoprofen calcium (Nalfon) on levels of rheumatoid factor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In 88.9% of a group of 18 patients with rheumatoid arthritis participating in an open-label study with fenoprofen calcium (Nalfon), there was observed a mean titre decrease in level of rheumatoid factor as compared to baseline levels. In follow-up, three months to one year later, a uniform titre increase above the mean level of the study period had occurred. In all cases the titre returned to baseline levels or higher."}
{"id": "PMID:338392", "title": "Pain relief in the post-operative period: a comparative trial of morphine and a new analgesic buprenorphine.", "content": "In a comparative trial, buprenorphine 0-3 mg or morphine 10 mg was administered intramuscularly to patients post-operatively. The new drug buprenorphine produced more pain relief than morphine and appeared to have a longer duration of action. The side-effects produced by the two drugs were similar, as were the effect on respiratory and cardiovascular measurements.", "contents": "Pain relief in the post-operative period: a comparative trial of morphine and a new analgesic buprenorphine. In a comparative trial, buprenorphine 0-3 mg or morphine 10 mg was administered intramuscularly to patients post-operatively. The new drug buprenorphine produced more pain relief than morphine and appeared to have a longer duration of action. The side-effects produced by the two drugs were similar, as were the effect on respiratory and cardiovascular measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:338393", "title": "Double-blind placebo controlled oral analgesic comparison of butorphanol andpentazocine in patients with moderate to severe post-operative pain.", "content": "A double-blind, randomized trial was conducted in 120 post-surgical patients to evaluate the oral analgesic activity of butorphanol tartrate (4 mg and 8 mg) and pentazocine HCl (50 mg) as compared to placebo. Both dose of butorphanol as well as pentazocine proved to be significantly (p less than 0-05) more effective than placebo. Butorphanol 4 mg and pentazocine 50 mg were never significantly different from each other, while butorphanol 8 mg was significantly beeter than both butorphanol 4 mg as well as pentazocine 50 mg in several instances, demonstrating a significant dose effect relationship for butorphanol. All of the active treatment provided maximum pain relief within 1 to 2 hours and were effective over 4 hours. In contrast to the other treatments, none of the 8 mg butorphanol patients required remedication during the 4-hour observation period. Generally, the incidence fo side-effects appeared low.", "contents": "Double-blind placebo controlled oral analgesic comparison of butorphanol andpentazocine in patients with moderate to severe post-operative pain. A double-blind, randomized trial was conducted in 120 post-surgical patients to evaluate the oral analgesic activity of butorphanol tartrate (4 mg and 8 mg) and pentazocine HCl (50 mg) as compared to placebo. Both dose of butorphanol as well as pentazocine proved to be significantly (p less than 0-05) more effective than placebo. Butorphanol 4 mg and pentazocine 50 mg were never significantly different from each other, while butorphanol 8 mg was significantly beeter than both butorphanol 4 mg as well as pentazocine 50 mg in several instances, demonstrating a significant dose effect relationship for butorphanol. All of the active treatment provided maximum pain relief within 1 to 2 hours and were effective over 4 hours. In contrast to the other treatments, none of the 8 mg butorphanol patients required remedication during the 4-hour observation period. Generally, the incidence fo side-effects appeared low."}
{"id": "PMID:338394", "title": "Gentamicin in the treatment of staphylococcal infections.", "content": "The aminoglycoside antibiotic, gentamicin, was used to treat staphylococcal infections in eighty-six patients in an open multicentre trial. Most of the infections involved the skin and soft tissue and the lower respiratory tract. Staphylococcus aureus was the only organism isolated in seventy-four patients; mixed flora were found in twelve. Gentamicin was administered, intramuscularly or intravenously, for 7 to 12 days (mean, 10 days) in a mean dose of 3-27 mg/kg per day. Clinical and bacteriological assessment of results indicated a complete resolution of the infection in fifty-three patients (61-6%) and a marked, moderate, or slight improvement in an additional twenty-nine patients (33.7%). Thus, a total of eighty-two patients ((95.3%) showed cure or improvement while only four patients (4-6%) failed to do so. Staphylococci persisted in six patients. Superinfection also occurred in six patients, however, it was considered to be clinically significant in only four of them. Screening for eighth cranial nerve, renal, hepatic and haematological function, before, during, and after gentamicin treatment, revealed no adverse reactions in these patients.", "contents": "Gentamicin in the treatment of staphylococcal infections. The aminoglycoside antibiotic, gentamicin, was used to treat staphylococcal infections in eighty-six patients in an open multicentre trial. Most of the infections involved the skin and soft tissue and the lower respiratory tract. Staphylococcus aureus was the only organism isolated in seventy-four patients; mixed flora were found in twelve. Gentamicin was administered, intramuscularly or intravenously, for 7 to 12 days (mean, 10 days) in a mean dose of 3-27 mg/kg per day. Clinical and bacteriological assessment of results indicated a complete resolution of the infection in fifty-three patients (61-6%) and a marked, moderate, or slight improvement in an additional twenty-nine patients (33.7%). Thus, a total of eighty-two patients ((95.3%) showed cure or improvement while only four patients (4-6%) failed to do so. Staphylococci persisted in six patients. Superinfection also occurred in six patients, however, it was considered to be clinically significant in only four of them. Screening for eighth cranial nerve, renal, hepatic and haematological function, before, during, and after gentamicin treatment, revealed no adverse reactions in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:338395", "title": "A double-blind clinical study with benzydamine 3% cream on soft tissue injuries in an occupational health centre.", "content": "A double-blind, controlled clinical study with benzydamine hydrochloride 3% cream was conducted in an Occupational Health Centre on fifty patients with soft tissue injuries (two mild, ten moderate and thirteen severe cases in the placebo group and one mild, thirteen moderate and twelve severe cases in the active group). The trial demonstrated the significant therapeutic superiority of 3% benzydamine cream over inactive placebo in all six qualitative parameters for traumatic inflammatory changes at the end of a six-day assessment and a marked improvement of symptoms event two days after the onset of therapy. In addition, tbe incidental use of ultrasound therapy together with the standard treatment revealed the value of the active drug as an effective couplant. Neither group suffered any side-effects. Although the size of population studied was small, it was apparent that active treatment with benzydamine was a distinct aid to healing of soft tissue injuries and this should be confirmed with further large-scale clinical trials.", "contents": "A double-blind clinical study with benzydamine 3% cream on soft tissue injuries in an occupational health centre. A double-blind, controlled clinical study with benzydamine hydrochloride 3% cream was conducted in an Occupational Health Centre on fifty patients with soft tissue injuries (two mild, ten moderate and thirteen severe cases in the placebo group and one mild, thirteen moderate and twelve severe cases in the active group). The trial demonstrated the significant therapeutic superiority of 3% benzydamine cream over inactive placebo in all six qualitative parameters for traumatic inflammatory changes at the end of a six-day assessment and a marked improvement of symptoms event two days after the onset of therapy. In addition, tbe incidental use of ultrasound therapy together with the standard treatment revealed the value of the active drug as an effective couplant. Neither group suffered any side-effects. Although the size of population studied was small, it was apparent that active treatment with benzydamine was a distinct aid to healing of soft tissue injuries and this should be confirmed with further large-scale clinical trials."}
{"id": "PMID:338396", "title": "The transient anti-hypertensive effect of phentolamine in patients receiving beta-blocker treatment.", "content": "In seven hypertensives receiving beta-blocker drugs, and additional reduction in standing blood pressure occurred between 60 and 90 minutes after 40 mg phentolamine by mouth. The occurrence of the postural hypotensive effect was delayed in relation to the reported time of peak plasma concentration of unchanged phentolamine. Supine blood pressure and heart rate were unaffected. Phentolamine has no clinically useful anti-hypertensive effect in conjunction with beta-blockers in patients with essential hypertension.", "contents": "The transient anti-hypertensive effect of phentolamine in patients receiving beta-blocker treatment. In seven hypertensives receiving beta-blocker drugs, and additional reduction in standing blood pressure occurred between 60 and 90 minutes after 40 mg phentolamine by mouth. The occurrence of the postural hypotensive effect was delayed in relation to the reported time of peak plasma concentration of unchanged phentolamine. Supine blood pressure and heart rate were unaffected. Phentolamine has no clinically useful anti-hypertensive effect in conjunction with beta-blockers in patients with essential hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:338397", "title": "A trial of Lotussin and linctus diphenhydramine in patients wth an irritant cough.", "content": "Lotussin and linctus diphenhydramine were compared for efficacy and patient preference in fifty patients suffering from post-infective cough. The trial was a single-blind randomized crossover one which was subjected to sequential analysis based on patient preferences. Under the conditions of the trial there appeared to be a significant difference in favour of Lotussin (p less than 0-01).", "contents": "A trial of Lotussin and linctus diphenhydramine in patients wth an irritant cough. Lotussin and linctus diphenhydramine were compared for efficacy and patient preference in fifty patients suffering from post-infective cough. The trial was a single-blind randomized crossover one which was subjected to sequential analysis based on patient preferences. Under the conditions of the trial there appeared to be a significant difference in favour of Lotussin (p less than 0-01)."}
{"id": "PMID:338398", "title": "A comparison of maprotiline (Ludiomil) and amitriptyline (1).", "content": "The study described here was designed to see if it was possible to show an earlier onset of action for maprotiline (Ludiomil) compared with amitriptyline while at the same time demonstrating equal long-term effectiveness and certainly no greater side-effects. A between-patient double-blind trial with 40 patients supported these aims and was statistically significant (p less than 0.001) with regard to early onset of antidepressant effect.", "contents": "A comparison of maprotiline (Ludiomil) and amitriptyline (1). The study described here was designed to see if it was possible to show an earlier onset of action for maprotiline (Ludiomil) compared with amitriptyline while at the same time demonstrating equal long-term effectiveness and certainly no greater side-effects. A between-patient double-blind trial with 40 patients supported these aims and was statistically significant (p less than 0.001) with regard to early onset of antidepressant effect."}
{"id": "PMID:338399", "title": "A comparison of maprotiline (Ludiomil) and amitriptyline (2).", "content": "Seventy-five patients were admitted to a double-blind multicentre trial of maprotiline (Ludiomil) and amitriptyline in the management of depression in general practice. Forty-seven patients, twenty-one on maprotiline and twenty-six on amitriptyline completed the study. Statistical analysis of admission data showed that the groups were not strictly comparable in that the maprotiline group contained many more males and had a greater average age. Nevertheless, although there was a suggestion that amitriptyline was faster-acting in the younger age group that received it, there were no statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups as regards onset of effect, clinical efficacy or tolerability.", "contents": "A comparison of maprotiline (Ludiomil) and amitriptyline (2). Seventy-five patients were admitted to a double-blind multicentre trial of maprotiline (Ludiomil) and amitriptyline in the management of depression in general practice. Forty-seven patients, twenty-one on maprotiline and twenty-six on amitriptyline completed the study. Statistical analysis of admission data showed that the groups were not strictly comparable in that the maprotiline group contained many more males and had a greater average age. Nevertheless, although there was a suggestion that amitriptyline was faster-acting in the younger age group that received it, there were no statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups as regards onset of effect, clinical efficacy or tolerability."}
{"id": "PMID:338400", "title": "A comparison of high and low dosage regimes of maprotiline (Ludiomil).", "content": "A double-blind, randomized, multicentre trial is described which was designed to compare the clinical effect of 30 mg and 75 mg daily of maprotiline (Ludiomil) administered as either once or thrice daily therapy. Physicians' assessment of patients' progress was made following 7, 14 and 28 days of treatment. Patients also assessed themselves using a visual analogue scale at the same time intervals. Of the 231 patients admitted to the study, 40 dropped out for various reasons, leaving 191 patients completing. Of the 40 drop-outs, drug-induced side-effects were considered to be responsible in the case of 17 patients. No differences between the four treatment groups were demonstrated on the physicians' assessment; however, the patients' self-assessments using the 10 cm visual analogue scale indicated that the 25 mg three times daily regime appeared to be the most satisfactory, but not statistically significantly so, when compared with the 10 mg thrice daily and 75 mg nocte regimes. The 30 mg nocte dose proved to be distinctly inferior.", "contents": "A comparison of high and low dosage regimes of maprotiline (Ludiomil). A double-blind, randomized, multicentre trial is described which was designed to compare the clinical effect of 30 mg and 75 mg daily of maprotiline (Ludiomil) administered as either once or thrice daily therapy. Physicians' assessment of patients' progress was made following 7, 14 and 28 days of treatment. Patients also assessed themselves using a visual analogue scale at the same time intervals. Of the 231 patients admitted to the study, 40 dropped out for various reasons, leaving 191 patients completing. Of the 40 drop-outs, drug-induced side-effects were considered to be responsible in the case of 17 patients. No differences between the four treatment groups were demonstrated on the physicians' assessment; however, the patients' self-assessments using the 10 cm visual analogue scale indicated that the 25 mg three times daily regime appeared to be the most satisfactory, but not statistically significantly so, when compared with the 10 mg thrice daily and 75 mg nocte regimes. The 30 mg nocte dose proved to be distinctly inferior."}
{"id": "PMID:338401", "title": "A comparative study of maprotiline (Ludiomil) and viloxazine in the management of depressed patients in general practice.", "content": "A double-blind, comparative, multicentre study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of maprotiline (Ludiomil) and viloxazine as antidepressants in general practice usage is described. Progress was measured at weekly intervals over the 4-week trial duration using a modified Hamilton Rating Scale and patient self-assessment visual analogue scales. A total of 127 patients were randomized into two groups; 63 patients being allocated maprotiline and 64 patients being allocated viloxazine. Of the patients receiving maprotiline, 12 withdrew during the course of the study compared to 9 patients receiving viloxazine. Maprotiline appeared to be superior to viloxazine on the sleep and sadness scales and some evidence to show it to be better also on the tension scale. Whilst the trend favoured maprotiline, the two drugs did not appear to be significantly different on either the doctors' or the patients' assessments. There was little to choose between the drugs in terms of side-effects or ultimate patient tolerability and preference.", "contents": "A comparative study of maprotiline (Ludiomil) and viloxazine in the management of depressed patients in general practice. A double-blind, comparative, multicentre study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of maprotiline (Ludiomil) and viloxazine as antidepressants in general practice usage is described. Progress was measured at weekly intervals over the 4-week trial duration using a modified Hamilton Rating Scale and patient self-assessment visual analogue scales. A total of 127 patients were randomized into two groups; 63 patients being allocated maprotiline and 64 patients being allocated viloxazine. Of the patients receiving maprotiline, 12 withdrew during the course of the study compared to 9 patients receiving viloxazine. Maprotiline appeared to be superior to viloxazine on the sleep and sadness scales and some evidence to show it to be better also on the tension scale. Whilst the trend favoured maprotiline, the two drugs did not appear to be significantly different on either the doctors' or the patients' assessments. There was little to choose between the drugs in terms of side-effects or ultimate patient tolerability and preference."}
{"id": "PMID:338403", "title": "Subcellular localization of the alterations in phosphatidylinositol metabolism following glucose-induced insulin release from rat pancreatic islets.", "content": "The subcellular localization of the incorporation of 2-(3H)-myoinositol into lipids has been studied in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat. The recovery of lipid-bound myoinositol increased with time in the nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, and secretory granule fractions. The utilization of a filtration technique for the more complete separation of mitochondrial and secretory granule elements permitted us to show that the recovery of lipid-bound 2-(3H)-myoinositol increased most rapidly in the secretory granule fraction. A 30-minute exposure of prelabeled islets to a stimulatory concentration of D-glucose (3.0 mg./ml.) resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the amount of lipid-bound 2-(3H)-myoinositol that was recovered from the secretory granule fraction (p less than 0.001). In contrast, exposure of islets to the elevated glucose concentration had no statistically significant effect on the recovery of lipid-bound radioactivity from other subcellular fractions. Since the majority of lipid-bound radioactivity associated with the secretory granule fraction could be recovered with the presumptive secretory granule membranes, these data suggest that the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol that accompanies glucose-induced insulin secretion from the rat pancreatic islet may be localized to the beta granule and, in particular, to its limiting membrane.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of the alterations in phosphatidylinositol metabolism following glucose-induced insulin release from rat pancreatic islets. The subcellular localization of the incorporation of 2-(3H)-myoinositol into lipids has been studied in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat. The recovery of lipid-bound myoinositol increased with time in the nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, and secretory granule fractions. The utilization of a filtration technique for the more complete separation of mitochondrial and secretory granule elements permitted us to show that the recovery of lipid-bound 2-(3H)-myoinositol increased most rapidly in the secretory granule fraction. A 30-minute exposure of prelabeled islets to a stimulatory concentration of D-glucose (3.0 mg./ml.) resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the amount of lipid-bound 2-(3H)-myoinositol that was recovered from the secretory granule fraction (p less than 0.001). In contrast, exposure of islets to the elevated glucose concentration had no statistically significant effect on the recovery of lipid-bound radioactivity from other subcellular fractions. Since the majority of lipid-bound radioactivity associated with the secretory granule fraction could be recovered with the presumptive secretory granule membranes, these data suggest that the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol that accompanies glucose-induced insulin secretion from the rat pancreatic islet may be localized to the beta granule and, in particular, to its limiting membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:338404", "title": "Morphometric quantitation of the pancreatic insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-positive cell populations in normal and alloxan-diabetic rats.", "content": "The pancreatic insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-positive cell populations were quantitated in normal and alloxan-diabetic rats. The method of quantitation (linear scanning) allowed an estimation of absolute changes in these cell populations through 14 months of diabetes. The changes in cell masses were correlated with changes in plasma and pancreatic immunoreactive insulin and glucagon. A marked reduction in the insulin-positive beta cells was demonstrated within seven days after alloxan treatment. No significant change in the glucagon-positive alpha cell population was noted in the diabetic rats when compared with normoglycemic controls. A statistically significant increase in the pancreatic somatostatin-positive delta cell population was demonstrable only after 14 months of alloxan diabetes. The results would suggest that the hyperglucagonemia of insulin-deficient diabetes is not a consequence of an increased pancreatic alpha cell population. In addition, since the increase in the pancreatic delta cell mass was found only late in the course of alloxan diabetes in the rat, the increase in delta cells is probably not of significance in the pathophysiology of diabetes in this experimental model.", "contents": "Morphometric quantitation of the pancreatic insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-positive cell populations in normal and alloxan-diabetic rats. The pancreatic insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-positive cell populations were quantitated in normal and alloxan-diabetic rats. The method of quantitation (linear scanning) allowed an estimation of absolute changes in these cell populations through 14 months of diabetes. The changes in cell masses were correlated with changes in plasma and pancreatic immunoreactive insulin and glucagon. A marked reduction in the insulin-positive beta cells was demonstrated within seven days after alloxan treatment. No significant change in the glucagon-positive alpha cell population was noted in the diabetic rats when compared with normoglycemic controls. A statistically significant increase in the pancreatic somatostatin-positive delta cell population was demonstrable only after 14 months of alloxan diabetes. The results would suggest that the hyperglucagonemia of insulin-deficient diabetes is not a consequence of an increased pancreatic alpha cell population. In addition, since the increase in the pancreatic delta cell mass was found only late in the course of alloxan diabetes in the rat, the increase in delta cells is probably not of significance in the pathophysiology of diabetes in this experimental model."}
{"id": "PMID:338406", "title": "Inhibition of glucagon release by serotonin in mouse pancreatic islets.", "content": "In this work we have investigated the effect of serotonin on glucagon release in mouse pancreatic islets isolated by the collagenase technique. Incubation of the islets with serotonin (4 X10(-3)mol/l) was associated with an inhibition of glucagon output both in the basal medium (3.3 mmol/l glucose) and in the presence of arginine (10 mmol/l). The inhibitory effect of serotonin on basal glucagon release was also apparent at concentrations of 2 X10(-3) mol/l, 10(-3)mol/l and 5 X 10(-4) mol/l. Addition of 5-hydroxytrypophan (4 X10(-3) mol/l) to the incubation medium was without effect on basal glucagon output while it significantly reduced arginine-induced glucagon release. In contrast, tryptophan (4 X10(-3) mol/l) provoked glucagon secretion. As inferred from our previous human studies, the present data indicate that serotonin is able to inhibit glucagon secretion. These findings provide further support for the participation of a serotoninergic mechanism in the control of A-cell function.", "contents": "Inhibition of glucagon release by serotonin in mouse pancreatic islets. In this work we have investigated the effect of serotonin on glucagon release in mouse pancreatic islets isolated by the collagenase technique. Incubation of the islets with serotonin (4 X10(-3)mol/l) was associated with an inhibition of glucagon output both in the basal medium (3.3 mmol/l glucose) and in the presence of arginine (10 mmol/l). The inhibitory effect of serotonin on basal glucagon release was also apparent at concentrations of 2 X10(-3) mol/l, 10(-3)mol/l and 5 X 10(-4) mol/l. Addition of 5-hydroxytrypophan (4 X10(-3) mol/l) to the incubation medium was without effect on basal glucagon output while it significantly reduced arginine-induced glucagon release. In contrast, tryptophan (4 X10(-3) mol/l) provoked glucagon secretion. As inferred from our previous human studies, the present data indicate that serotonin is able to inhibit glucagon secretion. These findings provide further support for the participation of a serotoninergic mechanism in the control of A-cell function."}
{"id": "PMID:338407", "title": "Ninhydrin inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release.", "content": "Ninhydrin, a compound which shares chemical properties strikingly similar to alloxan was found to mimic basically the inhibitory effect of alloxan on glucose-induced insulin release. Exposure of pancreatic islets for five minutes to 85 mumol/l ninhydrin produced approximately ninety percent inhibition of subsequent glucose-induced insulin release without altering basal secretion. Both D-glucose and D-mannose provided substantial protection against the inhibitory effect of ninhydrin, and the alpha anomer of D-glucose was more effective than the beta anomer in preventing ninhydrin inhibition of insulin release. Evidence for a common site of inhibition by ninhydrin and alloxan in the insulin release process is discussed.", "contents": "Ninhydrin inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release. Ninhydrin, a compound which shares chemical properties strikingly similar to alloxan was found to mimic basically the inhibitory effect of alloxan on glucose-induced insulin release. Exposure of pancreatic islets for five minutes to 85 mumol/l ninhydrin produced approximately ninety percent inhibition of subsequent glucose-induced insulin release without altering basal secretion. Both D-glucose and D-mannose provided substantial protection against the inhibitory effect of ninhydrin, and the alpha anomer of D-glucose was more effective than the beta anomer in preventing ninhydrin inhibition of insulin release. Evidence for a common site of inhibition by ninhydrin and alloxan in the insulin release process is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:338408", "title": "Prevalence of residual B-cell function in insulin-treated diabetics evaluated by the plasma C-etide response to intravenous glucagon.", "content": "In 83 insulin-treated diabetics the influence of the duration of insulin treatment on the prevalence of residual insulin secretion was examined by determining the plasma C-peptide concentration before and after intravenous injection of 1 mg of glucagon. In 64 patients, plasma C-etide concentration was also determined before and after a standard meal. There was a good correlation between the C-peptide response to glucagon and to the meal (r = 0.67; p less than 0.0001) suggesting that the glucagon test will predict the B-cell response during everyday life. The predictive value of a positive glucagon test was 84% and of a negative test 100%. A preserved, but reduced, B-cell function was demonstrable in 36 of 83 patients. Residual B-cell function was most frequent in the patients with the shortest duration of diabetes. The metabolic importance of endogenous insulin was demonstrated by the significantly lower insulin requirement in the patients with residual B-cell function.", "contents": "Prevalence of residual B-cell function in insulin-treated diabetics evaluated by the plasma C-etide response to intravenous glucagon. In 83 insulin-treated diabetics the influence of the duration of insulin treatment on the prevalence of residual insulin secretion was examined by determining the plasma C-peptide concentration before and after intravenous injection of 1 mg of glucagon. In 64 patients, plasma C-etide concentration was also determined before and after a standard meal. There was a good correlation between the C-peptide response to glucagon and to the meal (r = 0.67; p less than 0.0001) suggesting that the glucagon test will predict the B-cell response during everyday life. The predictive value of a positive glucagon test was 84% and of a negative test 100%. A preserved, but reduced, B-cell function was demonstrable in 36 of 83 patients. Residual B-cell function was most frequent in the patients with the shortest duration of diabetes. The metabolic importance of endogenous insulin was demonstrated by the significantly lower insulin requirement in the patients with residual B-cell function."}
{"id": "PMID:338415", "title": "Control of tryptophan synthetase amplified by varying the numbers of composite plasmids in Escherichia coli cells.", "content": "Using pSC101, RSF1010, RSF2124 and RP4 plasmids as vectors and bacteriophage lambdatrpD-A60-3 DNA as a source of the Escherichia coli whole tryptophan operon, composite plasmids of pSC101-trp, RSF1010-trp, RSF2124-trp and RP4-trp were constructed in vitro with EcoRI restriction endonuclease and DNA ligase. Each composite plasmid could be maintained stably in E. coli cells. The copy number of pSC101-trp, RSF1010-trp, RSF2124-trp and RP4-trp were 4.2, 11.2, 11.9 and 1.6 per chromosome respectively. The tryptophan synthetase activities in cells containing pSC101-trp, RSF1010-trp, RSF2124-trp aand RP4-trp plasmid were found to be 2.1, 6.0, 5.0 and 2.5 times compared with the level in chromosomal trp+ cells when they were grown in a minimal medium. By partial derepression with indolylacrylic acid, the enzyme levels were elevated to 10.1, 16.3, 15.3, 12.3 times, respectively, that of the control cells. The tryptophan synthetase activities did not increase in proportion to the copy number of the plasmids, but were strongly affected by the repression system of host cells.", "contents": "Control of tryptophan synthetase amplified by varying the numbers of composite plasmids in Escherichia coli cells. Using pSC101, RSF1010, RSF2124 and RP4 plasmids as vectors and bacteriophage lambdatrpD-A60-3 DNA as a source of the Escherichia coli whole tryptophan operon, composite plasmids of pSC101-trp, RSF1010-trp, RSF2124-trp and RP4-trp were constructed in vitro with EcoRI restriction endonuclease and DNA ligase. Each composite plasmid could be maintained stably in E. coli cells. The copy number of pSC101-trp, RSF1010-trp, RSF2124-trp and RP4-trp were 4.2, 11.2, 11.9 and 1.6 per chromosome respectively. The tryptophan synthetase activities in cells containing pSC101-trp, RSF1010-trp, RSF2124-trp aand RP4-trp plasmid were found to be 2.1, 6.0, 5.0 and 2.5 times compared with the level in chromosomal trp+ cells when they were grown in a minimal medium. By partial derepression with indolylacrylic acid, the enzyme levels were elevated to 10.1, 16.3, 15.3, 12.3 times, respectively, that of the control cells. The tryptophan synthetase activities did not increase in proportion to the copy number of the plasmids, but were strongly affected by the repression system of host cells."}
{"id": "PMID:338416", "title": "Sequence organization and expression of a yeast plasmid DNA.", "content": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain A364A D5 contains circular double-stranded DNA molecules of 6230 +/- 30 base pairs (2mu DNA) which are present in 68 copies per cell and make up 2.4% of the haploid genome. About 0.4% of non-poly A containing yeast RNA hybridizes to the yeast DNA circles. When denatured and then self-annealed, the DNA molecules assume a characteristic \"dumbbell\" shape in the electron microscope indicating that each circle possesses a non-tandem inverted repeat sequence of 630 +/- 10 base pairs. Eco-RI digestion of purified 2mu DNA yields 4 fragments on an agarose gel whose combined molecular mass is twice that of the monomer circle, suggesting that there are 2 populations of circles, each of the same molecular weight. Representatives of each population have been separated by cloning in Escherichia coli via the bacterial plasmid pSC101. Heteroduplex analysis of the cloned circles show that the 2 different populations arise because of intramolecular recombination between the inverted repeat sequences. Acrylamide gel patterns of polypeptides synthesized in bacterial mini-cells containing the hybrid plasmids between 2mu DNA and pSC101 are significantly different than the pattern obtained from mini-cells containing pSC101 alone.", "contents": "Sequence organization and expression of a yeast plasmid DNA. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain A364A D5 contains circular double-stranded DNA molecules of 6230 +/- 30 base pairs (2mu DNA) which are present in 68 copies per cell and make up 2.4% of the haploid genome. About 0.4% of non-poly A containing yeast RNA hybridizes to the yeast DNA circles. When denatured and then self-annealed, the DNA molecules assume a characteristic \"dumbbell\" shape in the electron microscope indicating that each circle possesses a non-tandem inverted repeat sequence of 630 +/- 10 base pairs. Eco-RI digestion of purified 2mu DNA yields 4 fragments on an agarose gel whose combined molecular mass is twice that of the monomer circle, suggesting that there are 2 populations of circles, each of the same molecular weight. Representatives of each population have been separated by cloning in Escherichia coli via the bacterial plasmid pSC101. Heteroduplex analysis of the cloned circles show that the 2 different populations arise because of intramolecular recombination between the inverted repeat sequences. Acrylamide gel patterns of polypeptides synthesized in bacterial mini-cells containing the hybrid plasmids between 2mu DNA and pSC101 are significantly different than the pattern obtained from mini-cells containing pSC101 alone."}
{"id": "PMID:338417", "title": "An improved bacteriophage lambda vector: construction of model recombinants coding for kanamycin resistance.", "content": "An attenuated bacteriophage lambda has been prepared for proposed use as an EK2 vector. This phage, designated lambdagt vir Jam27 Zam718-lambdaB' can accomodate up to 11.10(6) daltons of foreign DNA inserted through Eco RI ends. The virulence mutations and nin 5 reduce the frequency of lysogen and/or plasmid formation. The mutations Jam27 and Zam718 require a suppressor in the bacterial host. The phage recombination functions contained in the EcoRIlambdaC fragment have been deleted, and only the EcoRIlambdaB fragment remains (in reverse orientation) in the center portion of the vector. In addition, this phage adsorbs to sensitive bacteria at a significantly reduced rate, conferring another block to the escape of free phage. Model recombinants have been constructed by in vitro recombination with an EcoRI fragment coding for kanamycin resistance (originally derived from R-factor R6-5). This fragment of DNA is 4.6.10(6) daltons in size, contains an inverted repeat, and also appears to contain a promoter for the kanamycin resistance gene. Using this model recombinant, the rate of transfer of kanamycin resistance to permissive and nonpermissive strains of E. coli has been measured.", "contents": "An improved bacteriophage lambda vector: construction of model recombinants coding for kanamycin resistance. An attenuated bacteriophage lambda has been prepared for proposed use as an EK2 vector. This phage, designated lambdagt vir Jam27 Zam718-lambdaB' can accomodate up to 11.10(6) daltons of foreign DNA inserted through Eco RI ends. The virulence mutations and nin 5 reduce the frequency of lysogen and/or plasmid formation. The mutations Jam27 and Zam718 require a suppressor in the bacterial host. The phage recombination functions contained in the EcoRIlambdaC fragment have been deleted, and only the EcoRIlambdaB fragment remains (in reverse orientation) in the center portion of the vector. In addition, this phage adsorbs to sensitive bacteria at a significantly reduced rate, conferring another block to the escape of free phage. Model recombinants have been constructed by in vitro recombination with an EcoRI fragment coding for kanamycin resistance (originally derived from R-factor R6-5). This fragment of DNA is 4.6.10(6) daltons in size, contains an inverted repeat, and also appears to contain a promoter for the kanamycin resistance gene. Using this model recombinant, the rate of transfer of kanamycin resistance to permissive and nonpermissive strains of E. coli has been measured."}
{"id": "PMID:338418", "title": "Cloning and amplification of alpha and beta mouse globin gene sequences synthesised in vitro.", "content": "New chimeric Escherichia coli plasmids containing alpha or beta globin gene sequences of the mouse were constructed. Double-stranded DNA, synthesised in vitro in a 2-step reaction from mouse globin mRNA was inserted into E. coli plasmid pCR1, after tailing of the 2 DNAs with dG and dC respectively. Some of the mouse globin plasmids described contain at least 90% of the globin mRNA sequence and therefore contain the entire translated sequence of the globin genes. Some possible uses of these recombinant plasmids are described.", "contents": "Cloning and amplification of alpha and beta mouse globin gene sequences synthesised in vitro. New chimeric Escherichia coli plasmids containing alpha or beta globin gene sequences of the mouse were constructed. Double-stranded DNA, synthesised in vitro in a 2-step reaction from mouse globin mRNA was inserted into E. coli plasmid pCR1, after tailing of the 2 DNAs with dG and dC respectively. Some of the mouse globin plasmids described contain at least 90% of the globin mRNA sequence and therefore contain the entire translated sequence of the globin genes. Some possible uses of these recombinant plasmids are described."}
{"id": "PMID:338419", "title": "In vitro packaging of a lambda Dam vector containing EcoRI DNA fragments of Escherichia coli and phage P1.", "content": "In this report we describe a coliphage lambda vector system for cloning endo R. EcoRI DNA fragments. This system differs significantly from those previously described in two ways. First, restricted and ligated DNA is encapsidated in vitro. Second, with increasing lambda DNA size in the range 78 to 100% that of wild-type, the efficiency of DNA encapsidation into infectious phage particles markedly increases. For lambda wild-type DNA the efficiency of in vitro packaging (10(6) to 10(7) plaques produced per microgram of added DNA) is equal to, or better than, the standard CaCl2 transfection method. The use of a Dam mutation to facilitate recognition of size classes of inserted fragments is described. Using this vector and in vitro packaging, several E. coli and phage P1 and R.EcoRI fragments were cloned.", "contents": "In vitro packaging of a lambda Dam vector containing EcoRI DNA fragments of Escherichia coli and phage P1. In this report we describe a coliphage lambda vector system for cloning endo R. EcoRI DNA fragments. This system differs significantly from those previously described in two ways. First, restricted and ligated DNA is encapsidated in vitro. Second, with increasing lambda DNA size in the range 78 to 100% that of wild-type, the efficiency of DNA encapsidation into infectious phage particles markedly increases. For lambda wild-type DNA the efficiency of in vitro packaging (10(6) to 10(7) plaques produced per microgram of added DNA) is equal to, or better than, the standard CaCl2 transfection method. The use of a Dam mutation to facilitate recognition of size classes of inserted fragments is described. Using this vector and in vitro packaging, several E. coli and phage P1 and R.EcoRI fragments were cloned."}
{"id": "PMID:338421", "title": "Cloning of chemically synthesized lactose operators.", "content": "Recombinant DNA molecules, constructed from the ColE1-Mk5 hybrid plasmid PMB9 and a chemically synthesized wild-type lactose operator segment, have been used to transform Escherichia coli. Up to 10% of the transformants (selected for the tetracycline-resistance property of PMB9) are partially constitutive for the lactose operon enzyme beta-galactosidase. In vitro studies demonstrate that these partially constitutive transformants contain plasmid DNA molecules which carry one or more lactose operators, and which will bind purified lactose repressor. Preliminary results with some modified operator sequences are also presented.", "contents": "Cloning of chemically synthesized lactose operators. Recombinant DNA molecules, constructed from the ColE1-Mk5 hybrid plasmid PMB9 and a chemically synthesized wild-type lactose operator segment, have been used to transform Escherichia coli. Up to 10% of the transformants (selected for the tetracycline-resistance property of PMB9) are partially constitutive for the lactose operon enzyme beta-galactosidase. In vitro studies demonstrate that these partially constitutive transformants contain plasmid DNA molecules which carry one or more lactose operators, and which will bind purified lactose repressor. Preliminary results with some modified operator sequences are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:338422", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the biotin genes of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "DNA containing the biotin gene cluster, bioABFCD, of E. coli K-12 has been isolated from the EcoRI cleavage products of lambdabiot124-10 phage DNA and subsequently characterized by electron microscopic studies. The biotin-DNA fragment obtained after EcoRI cleavage of the lambdabiot124-10 DNA measures 18.7% lambda DNA length (approx. 9000 base pairs). In addition to the biotin genes, it contains 4.75% and 3.08% lambda phage DNA at the left and right end-points of the bioABFCD cluster, respectively. The two bio promoter sites of the divergently transcribed biotin genes have been visualized under the electron microscope by binding RNA polymerase holoenzyme to the biotin DNA fragment. The two promoters are located at 41% and 43% length of the DNA fragment from its left endpoint. In vitro transcription of RNA from the bio-tin-DNA fragment has been visualized with the electron microscope, but so far no simultaneously transcribing \"RNA:DNA\" loops of the divergently oriented genes have been observed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the biotin genes of Escherichia coli K-12. DNA containing the biotin gene cluster, bioABFCD, of E. coli K-12 has been isolated from the EcoRI cleavage products of lambdabiot124-10 phage DNA and subsequently characterized by electron microscopic studies. The biotin-DNA fragment obtained after EcoRI cleavage of the lambdabiot124-10 DNA measures 18.7% lambda DNA length (approx. 9000 base pairs). In addition to the biotin genes, it contains 4.75% and 3.08% lambda phage DNA at the left and right end-points of the bioABFCD cluster, respectively. The two bio promoter sites of the divergently transcribed biotin genes have been visualized under the electron microscope by binding RNA polymerase holoenzyme to the biotin DNA fragment. The two promoters are located at 41% and 43% length of the DNA fragment from its left endpoint. In vitro transcription of RNA from the bio-tin-DNA fragment has been visualized with the electron microscope, but so far no simultaneously transcribing \"RNA:DNA\" loops of the divergently oriented genes have been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:338442", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the normal human small intestine: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "An immunoperoxidase method for the demonstration of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in tissues was applied to formalin-fixed paraffin embedded and glutaraldehyde-fixed resin sections of normal human small intestine. CEA could easily be demonstrated coating the surface of the small intestine, lining the crypts, and in goblet cells, indicating its presence there in considerable concentration. At the ultrastructural level CEA was localised in the glycocalyx and in mucin granules of goblet cells but not intracytoplasmically.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the normal human small intestine: a light and electron microscopic study. An immunoperoxidase method for the demonstration of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in tissues was applied to formalin-fixed paraffin embedded and glutaraldehyde-fixed resin sections of normal human small intestine. CEA could easily be demonstrated coating the surface of the small intestine, lining the crypts, and in goblet cells, indicating its presence there in considerable concentration. At the ultrastructural level CEA was localised in the glycocalyx and in mucin granules of goblet cells but not intracytoplasmically."}
{"id": "PMID:338443", "title": "Immunoglobulins in the jejunal mucosa in adult coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis after the reintroduction of dietary gluten.", "content": "Cells containing immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM) have been measured and the distribution of extracellular and epithelial cell immunoglobulin assessed in treated patients with adult coeliac disease (ACD) and dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) before and after gluten was reintroduced to the diet. Patients with ACD and DH frequently had IgM and IgG cells above the normal range even before re-exposure to gluten, although the range of IgA cells was normal. In both diseases IgA and IgM cells increased after gluten with a proportionally greater rise in the latter, so that numbers of IgM cells, but not of IgA, exceeded the control range in all but one patient. There were increased quantities of IgA and IgM extracellularly in the lamina propria and in epithelial cells after challenge with gluten. Third component of complement was also found in some biopsies after re-exposure to gluten. These findings support the suggestion that gluten induces a humoral immunological response within the small intestinal mucosa and that both IgA and IgM systems are involved.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in the jejunal mucosa in adult coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis after the reintroduction of dietary gluten. Cells containing immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM) have been measured and the distribution of extracellular and epithelial cell immunoglobulin assessed in treated patients with adult coeliac disease (ACD) and dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) before and after gluten was reintroduced to the diet. Patients with ACD and DH frequently had IgM and IgG cells above the normal range even before re-exposure to gluten, although the range of IgA cells was normal. In both diseases IgA and IgM cells increased after gluten with a proportionally greater rise in the latter, so that numbers of IgM cells, but not of IgA, exceeded the control range in all but one patient. There were increased quantities of IgA and IgM extracellularly in the lamina propria and in epithelial cells after challenge with gluten. Third component of complement was also found in some biopsies after re-exposure to gluten. These findings support the suggestion that gluten induces a humoral immunological response within the small intestinal mucosa and that both IgA and IgM systems are involved."}
{"id": "PMID:338448", "title": "Brain monoamines in seizure mechanism (review).", "content": "A majority of experimental studies have strongly suggested that catecholamine and/or 5-HT play an important role for regulating the seizure susceptibility. As mentioned previously, however, the relative significance of individual monoamine has not yet been fully clarified. Since it is well known that the interaction between catecholaminergic and serotonergic neuronal activity is quite complex, a causal relationship between each monoamine and seizure susceptibility cannot be easily established if results are obtained from the whole brain study on pharmacologic manipulation of experimental seizures. The extensive study, including the monoamine turnover rates and concentrations in specific brain regions, may help to delineate such a correlation in the future. Further, when an object of study is concerned in excitability of the central nervous system, it should be necessary to elucidate the mutual relationship of monoamines to the other putative neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine, amino acid). Does there exist an abnormal metabolism of monoamines in the brain of epileptic patients? If so, how is it related to the elaboration or maintenance of epileptic seizures? Unfortunately, we have no sufficeint information on the monoamine metabolism of epileptic patients.", "contents": "Brain monoamines in seizure mechanism (review). A majority of experimental studies have strongly suggested that catecholamine and/or 5-HT play an important role for regulating the seizure susceptibility. As mentioned previously, however, the relative significance of individual monoamine has not yet been fully clarified. Since it is well known that the interaction between catecholaminergic and serotonergic neuronal activity is quite complex, a causal relationship between each monoamine and seizure susceptibility cannot be easily established if results are obtained from the whole brain study on pharmacologic manipulation of experimental seizures. The extensive study, including the monoamine turnover rates and concentrations in specific brain regions, may help to delineate such a correlation in the future. Further, when an object of study is concerned in excitability of the central nervous system, it should be necessary to elucidate the mutual relationship of monoamines to the other putative neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine, amino acid). Does there exist an abnormal metabolism of monoamines in the brain of epileptic patients? If so, how is it related to the elaboration or maintenance of epileptic seizures? Unfortunately, we have no sufficeint information on the monoamine metabolism of epileptic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:338452", "title": "[Kidney transplantation from a nephrological-urological viewpoint--results and problems. 2. Diagnosis and therapy after transplantation, complications, long-term results].", "content": "Indications, selection of donor and recipient, medical and surgical management and complications, problems of organ procurement. Renal transplantation has become routine therapy. Organs are predominantly obtained from cadavers, transplantations from living donors are rarely indicated. Advances in preservation methods have improved organ quality and prolonged storage time. Selection of the most suitable recipient is based on histocompatibility matching. Blood transfusions before transplantation seem to improve the results. Recognition of a rejection crisis is primarily based on clinical symptoms. Persistent rejection calls for prompt explantation and the patient has to return to dialysis. Infections, serum-hepatitis and gastro-intestinal bleeding are the most common complications. Late complicatons are diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis of the liver, osteopathy, recurring glomerulonephritis, and, rarely, malignomas. Transplantation frequency in the Federal Republic of Germany could be increased by more awareness of physicians and a better knowledge of the general public about the need for cadaver donors.", "contents": "[Kidney transplantation from a nephrological-urological viewpoint--results and problems. 2. Diagnosis and therapy after transplantation, complications, long-term results]. Indications, selection of donor and recipient, medical and surgical management and complications, problems of organ procurement. Renal transplantation has become routine therapy. Organs are predominantly obtained from cadavers, transplantations from living donors are rarely indicated. Advances in preservation methods have improved organ quality and prolonged storage time. Selection of the most suitable recipient is based on histocompatibility matching. Blood transfusions before transplantation seem to improve the results. Recognition of a rejection crisis is primarily based on clinical symptoms. Persistent rejection calls for prompt explantation and the patient has to return to dialysis. Infections, serum-hepatitis and gastro-intestinal bleeding are the most common complications. Late complicatons are diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis of the liver, osteopathy, recurring glomerulonephritis, and, rarely, malignomas. Transplantation frequency in the Federal Republic of Germany could be increased by more awareness of physicians and a better knowledge of the general public about the need for cadaver donors."}
{"id": "PMID:338456", "title": "Kinetics of early insulin response by the isolated and perfused rat pancreas. Suggestion for two different actions of glucose on the insulin releasing process.", "content": "The permissive action of glucose (or glyceraldelhyde) is necessary to the glucagon induced insulin release. By collecting every 15 seconds the venous effluent of the perfused and isolated rat pancreas it was observed that the insulin response to glucagon (2 microgram/ml) was immediate if the pancreas was preperfused with low concentration of glucose (5 mM) or glyceraldelhyde (2,5 mM). On the other hand glucagon alone elicited no response, and the insulin discharge occurred 60 to 90 seconds after the addition of glucose (5 mM) or glyceraldelhyde (2,5 mM) this time being probably allowed to the metabolism of the sugar. The pancreatic response to 15 mM glucose occurred also 60 to 90 seconds after the stimulus. On the other hand when the medium contained a low concentration of glucose (or glyceraldelhyde) increasing the glucose concentration by 10 mM provoked an immediate insulin release. This suggests that glucose has two actions differing by their lag phase. One, \"permissive\", apparent after some delay, mimicked by glyceraldelhyde, necessary for glucagon induced insulin release, is mediated probably by the metabolic products of the sugar. The second, \"triggering\", initiates instantaneously the insulin release but appears dependent on the first action.", "contents": "Kinetics of early insulin response by the isolated and perfused rat pancreas. Suggestion for two different actions of glucose on the insulin releasing process. The permissive action of glucose (or glyceraldelhyde) is necessary to the glucagon induced insulin release. By collecting every 15 seconds the venous effluent of the perfused and isolated rat pancreas it was observed that the insulin response to glucagon (2 microgram/ml) was immediate if the pancreas was preperfused with low concentration of glucose (5 mM) or glyceraldelhyde (2,5 mM). On the other hand glucagon alone elicited no response, and the insulin discharge occurred 60 to 90 seconds after the addition of glucose (5 mM) or glyceraldelhyde (2,5 mM) this time being probably allowed to the metabolism of the sugar. The pancreatic response to 15 mM glucose occurred also 60 to 90 seconds after the stimulus. On the other hand when the medium contained a low concentration of glucose (or glyceraldelhyde) increasing the glucose concentration by 10 mM provoked an immediate insulin release. This suggests that glucose has two actions differing by their lag phase. One, \"permissive\", apparent after some delay, mimicked by glyceraldelhyde, necessary for glucagon induced insulin release, is mediated probably by the metabolic products of the sugar. The second, \"triggering\", initiates instantaneously the insulin release but appears dependent on the first action."}
{"id": "PMID:338457", "title": "Endocrine cells in oxyntic mucosa of a dog 5 years after pancreatectomy.", "content": "Immunofluorescence shows that the oxyntic mucosa of a dog depancreatized for 5 years and having a poorly-controlled diabetes has more glucagon- and somatostatin-containing cells than the mucosa of a control dog. At the ultrastructural level, 4 endocrine cell types are identified: A-, A-like, D- and enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, with increased numbers of A-, A-like and D-cells in gastric glands of the depancreatized dog, together with a higher concentration of immunoreactive glucagon in the gastric mucosa. The increase in A-, A-like and D-cells is compatible with: a) a change induced by the diabetic state itself; b) a hyperplasia secondary to the loss of corresponding pancreatic cells. At any rate, the fact that A-, A-like and D-cells increase parallely may indicate that these three cell types are functionally related one with another.", "contents": "Endocrine cells in oxyntic mucosa of a dog 5 years after pancreatectomy. Immunofluorescence shows that the oxyntic mucosa of a dog depancreatized for 5 years and having a poorly-controlled diabetes has more glucagon- and somatostatin-containing cells than the mucosa of a control dog. At the ultrastructural level, 4 endocrine cell types are identified: A-, A-like, D- and enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, with increased numbers of A-, A-like and D-cells in gastric glands of the depancreatized dog, together with a higher concentration of immunoreactive glucagon in the gastric mucosa. The increase in A-, A-like and D-cells is compatible with: a) a change induced by the diabetic state itself; b) a hyperplasia secondary to the loss of corresponding pancreatic cells. At any rate, the fact that A-, A-like and D-cells increase parallely may indicate that these three cell types are functionally related one with another."}
{"id": "PMID:338460", "title": "Hypersensitivity of the human gonadotrophs to the repeated administration of small doses of LH-RH.", "content": "The functional capacity of the gonadotrophs was assessed by repeated stimulation with small doses of LH-RH (5 microgram intravenously at 2-hour intervals for 3 injections) in normal women during the early and late follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. The results were compared to those obtained when a single dose (100 microgram) of the neurohormone was administered. During the early follicular phase, the release of LH and FSH remained about equal after the 3 successive injections of the small and after the large dose of LH-RH. During the late follicular phase, the release of LH and fsh increased progressively after the repeated administration of the 5 microgram of the neurohormone while the large dose induced a more pronounced and a more sustained pituitary response. This hypersensitivity of the gonadotrophs is observed when the E2 concentrations are higher than in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity of the human gonadotrophs to the repeated administration of small doses of LH-RH. The functional capacity of the gonadotrophs was assessed by repeated stimulation with small doses of LH-RH (5 microgram intravenously at 2-hour intervals for 3 injections) in normal women during the early and late follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. The results were compared to those obtained when a single dose (100 microgram) of the neurohormone was administered. During the early follicular phase, the release of LH and FSH remained about equal after the 3 successive injections of the small and after the large dose of LH-RH. During the late follicular phase, the release of LH and fsh increased progressively after the repeated administration of the 5 microgram of the neurohormone while the large dose induced a more pronounced and a more sustained pituitary response. This hypersensitivity of the gonadotrophs is observed when the E2 concentrations are higher than in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:338461", "title": "Formation of a RNA polymerase sub-assembly composed of subunit alpha from Escherichia coli and of subunit beta from Micrococcus luteus.", "content": "Functionally equivalent subunits of RNA polymerase from Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli differ from each other in many molecular and antigenic properties. In spite of these differences, subunit alpha from E. coli and subunit beta from M. luteus form a complex alpha2beta, when incubated together. This complex binds rifampicin tightly, which the isolated subunits do not. The hybrid complex is very similar in its properties to the complex alpha2beta formed only from E. coli or M. luteus subunits. Since the sub-assembly alpha2beta from E. coli is reported to be an obligatory intermediate in the assembly process of complete RNA polymerase, the newly described hybrid sub-assembly may function similarly as an intermediate in the formation of the hybrid form of RNA polymerase described earlier.", "contents": "Formation of a RNA polymerase sub-assembly composed of subunit alpha from Escherichia coli and of subunit beta from Micrococcus luteus. Functionally equivalent subunits of RNA polymerase from Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli differ from each other in many molecular and antigenic properties. In spite of these differences, subunit alpha from E. coli and subunit beta from M. luteus form a complex alpha2beta, when incubated together. This complex binds rifampicin tightly, which the isolated subunits do not. The hybrid complex is very similar in its properties to the complex alpha2beta formed only from E. coli or M. luteus subunits. Since the sub-assembly alpha2beta from E. coli is reported to be an obligatory intermediate in the assembly process of complete RNA polymerase, the newly described hybrid sub-assembly may function similarly as an intermediate in the formation of the hybrid form of RNA polymerase described earlier."}
{"id": "PMID:338472", "title": "[DNCB contact sensitization: theoretical and clinical aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "In clinical immunology the overall assessment of cellular immunocompetence has become a subject of increasing interest. Beside the development of various sophisticated in vitro methods, simple skin tests remain a basic instrument. Contact sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) has proved to be a reliable parameter in detecting impaired cel-mediated immunity, in that previous exposure to this antigen is rare and the epidermal application induces a primary immune response in the overwhelming majority of normal individuals. The morphology of the skin reactions corresponds to that of contact eczema (allergic contact dermatitis). A review of the literature shows that various techniques of the test are applied which complicate the interpretation and comparison of different results. The aim of this study was to report our own experiences with DNCB contact sensitization in normal individuals and in patients with Crohn's disease and complex glomerulonephritis and to discuss practical problems in test application; in particular the differentiation between toxic and allergic (delayed hypersensitivity) dermatitis, the choice of the sensitizing and rechallenge dose, the principles of recording successful sensitization, the influence of the inflammatory response upon sensitization, side effects, and precautions. Finally a modified test system is recommended.", "contents": "[DNCB contact sensitization: theoretical and clinical aspects (author's transl)]. In clinical immunology the overall assessment of cellular immunocompetence has become a subject of increasing interest. Beside the development of various sophisticated in vitro methods, simple skin tests remain a basic instrument. Contact sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) has proved to be a reliable parameter in detecting impaired cel-mediated immunity, in that previous exposure to this antigen is rare and the epidermal application induces a primary immune response in the overwhelming majority of normal individuals. The morphology of the skin reactions corresponds to that of contact eczema (allergic contact dermatitis). A review of the literature shows that various techniques of the test are applied which complicate the interpretation and comparison of different results. The aim of this study was to report our own experiences with DNCB contact sensitization in normal individuals and in patients with Crohn's disease and complex glomerulonephritis and to discuss practical problems in test application; in particular the differentiation between toxic and allergic (delayed hypersensitivity) dermatitis, the choice of the sensitizing and rechallenge dose, the principles of recording successful sensitization, the influence of the inflammatory response upon sensitization, side effects, and precautions. Finally a modified test system is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:338475", "title": "Regulation of IgG antibody synthesis by a B cell component.", "content": "An immunoglobulin-G recruiting component (GRC) prepared from splenic B cells of antigen-primed mice was shown to be effective in recruiting more IgG plaque forming cells than normally appear among splenic cells experiencing a primary immune response. GRC caused increases in all classes of IgG PFC except perhaps IgG3, and the largest improvements were in IgG1 and IgG2a. GRC is synthesized by IgG2a-bearing cells and is effective at 96-120 h after spleen cells have been exposed to antigen. It is incapable of substituting for allogeneic effect factor, and the latter apparently must have its input on antibody producing cells before GRC can act. Together the data suggest that during a primary immune response a definite number of splenic B cells become poised for synthesizing IgG antibody, but only a portion of them are able to secrete. Apparently, the quiescent cells among them can be activated to secrete by exposure to GRC, A B cell product.", "contents": "Regulation of IgG antibody synthesis by a B cell component. An immunoglobulin-G recruiting component (GRC) prepared from splenic B cells of antigen-primed mice was shown to be effective in recruiting more IgG plaque forming cells than normally appear among splenic cells experiencing a primary immune response. GRC caused increases in all classes of IgG PFC except perhaps IgG3, and the largest improvements were in IgG1 and IgG2a. GRC is synthesized by IgG2a-bearing cells and is effective at 96-120 h after spleen cells have been exposed to antigen. It is incapable of substituting for allogeneic effect factor, and the latter apparently must have its input on antibody producing cells before GRC can act. Together the data suggest that during a primary immune response a definite number of splenic B cells become poised for synthesizing IgG antibody, but only a portion of them are able to secrete. Apparently, the quiescent cells among them can be activated to secrete by exposure to GRC, A B cell product."}
{"id": "PMID:338477", "title": "Partial characterization of a T cell-derived factor that suppresses the initiation of the humoral immune response in vitro.", "content": "Specific anamnestic stimulation of spleen cells from mice immunized 7 days earlier with horse erythrocytes (HRBC) generated the release of a soluble factor that was capable of suppressing the initiation of the in vitro primary gammaM immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), as well as to the immunogen that elicited its formation. Moreover, the suppressive macromolecule (mol. wt yields to 34,000), derived from antigen-activated, HRBC-primed T lymphocytes (but not B cells), inhibited the secondary gammaM and gammaG anti-SRBC plaque-forming cell responses of SRBC-primed spleen cells. The active material was resistant to treatment with DNase and RNase, but was inactivated by protease (10 microgram/ml, 30 min) or exposure to mild heat (56 degrees, 30 min). The antibody initiation suppressor factor (AISF) was concentrated and partially purified by gel filtration, followed by poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Partial characterization of a T cell-derived factor that suppresses the initiation of the humoral immune response in vitro. Specific anamnestic stimulation of spleen cells from mice immunized 7 days earlier with horse erythrocytes (HRBC) generated the release of a soluble factor that was capable of suppressing the initiation of the in vitro primary gammaM immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), as well as to the immunogen that elicited its formation. Moreover, the suppressive macromolecule (mol. wt yields to 34,000), derived from antigen-activated, HRBC-primed T lymphocytes (but not B cells), inhibited the secondary gammaM and gammaG anti-SRBC plaque-forming cell responses of SRBC-primed spleen cells. The active material was resistant to treatment with DNase and RNase, but was inactivated by protease (10 microgram/ml, 30 min) or exposure to mild heat (56 degrees, 30 min). The antibody initiation suppressor factor (AISF) was concentrated and partially purified by gel filtration, followed by poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:338478", "title": "Thymic-dependent anti-hapten response in congenitally athymic (nude) mice immunized with DNP-thymosin.", "content": "Immunization of congenitally athymic (nu/nu) and adult thymectomized, irradiated bone marrow, reconstituted (TxBm) mice with DNP5-thymosin (dinitrophenylated-bovine thymosin fraction 5) was found to elcit IgM and IgG anti-DNP plaque-forming cells in these animals. Further studies indicated that this response was antigen specific and not due to polyclonal activation. Since the hormonal properties of the thymosin were retained following linkage with hapten and DNP-thymosin was immunogenic in CBA/N and CBA/N female X DBA/2 male)F1 male mice, animals previously shown to have an X-linked inability to respond to thymus-independent antigens, it was concluded that DNP-thymosin functions both as a hormone and as a T-dependent antigen in eliciting an immune response in nu/nu and TxBm mice. Additional support for this conclusion was provided by the demonstration that DNP-thymosin could specifically prime for and elicit an anamnestic response in nu/nu mice. These results indicate that further investigation of the immune activities of DNP-thymosin may provide valuable insight in characterizing the maturation of helper T cells and their subsequent interaction with B cells.", "contents": "Thymic-dependent anti-hapten response in congenitally athymic (nude) mice immunized with DNP-thymosin. Immunization of congenitally athymic (nu/nu) and adult thymectomized, irradiated bone marrow, reconstituted (TxBm) mice with DNP5-thymosin (dinitrophenylated-bovine thymosin fraction 5) was found to elcit IgM and IgG anti-DNP plaque-forming cells in these animals. Further studies indicated that this response was antigen specific and not due to polyclonal activation. Since the hormonal properties of the thymosin were retained following linkage with hapten and DNP-thymosin was immunogenic in CBA/N and CBA/N female X DBA/2 male)F1 male mice, animals previously shown to have an X-linked inability to respond to thymus-independent antigens, it was concluded that DNP-thymosin functions both as a hormone and as a T-dependent antigen in eliciting an immune response in nu/nu and TxBm mice. Additional support for this conclusion was provided by the demonstration that DNP-thymosin could specifically prime for and elicit an anamnestic response in nu/nu mice. These results indicate that further investigation of the immune activities of DNP-thymosin may provide valuable insight in characterizing the maturation of helper T cells and their subsequent interaction with B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:338479", "title": "Suppression of cell-mediated immune responses by dextran sulphate.", "content": "The effect of high molecular weight dextran sulphate (DS) on cell-mediated immune responses was studied. Two criteria were used to assess cell-mediated responses, skin graft rejection and intra-dermal (i.d.) skin tests. Mice receiving allografts and DS displayed a significant increase in graft survival time compared with untreated control animals. Similar results were obtained when the grafted animals differed at only the H-Y locus. Guinea-pigs sensitized with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and treated with DS showed a greatly reduced delayed skin test response when challenged with purified protein derivative. DS was capable of suppressing this response even though, by the same route, dosage, and time of administration, it was previously shown to enhance a cell-mediated response in guinea-pigs sensitized with a different antigen. The results of this study indicate that the adjuvant DS is capable of suppressing cell-mediated immune responses in mice and guinea-pigs.", "contents": "Suppression of cell-mediated immune responses by dextran sulphate. The effect of high molecular weight dextran sulphate (DS) on cell-mediated immune responses was studied. Two criteria were used to assess cell-mediated responses, skin graft rejection and intra-dermal (i.d.) skin tests. Mice receiving allografts and DS displayed a significant increase in graft survival time compared with untreated control animals. Similar results were obtained when the grafted animals differed at only the H-Y locus. Guinea-pigs sensitized with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and treated with DS showed a greatly reduced delayed skin test response when challenged with purified protein derivative. DS was capable of suppressing this response even though, by the same route, dosage, and time of administration, it was previously shown to enhance a cell-mediated response in guinea-pigs sensitized with a different antigen. The results of this study indicate that the adjuvant DS is capable of suppressing cell-mediated immune responses in mice and guinea-pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:338480", "title": "Dislocation of the calcaneum.", "content": "Dislocation of the tarsal bones is uncommon; isolated dislocation of the calcaneum has been reported only four times. This paper presents a case of dislocated calcaneum and reviews the literature.", "contents": "Dislocation of the calcaneum. Dislocation of the tarsal bones is uncommon; isolated dislocation of the calcaneum has been reported only four times. This paper presents a case of dislocated calcaneum and reviews the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:338481", "title": "Migraine as a sequela of blunt head injury.", "content": "Evidence that a blunt head injury can engender a migrainous state in susceptible individuals is provided by a series of 13 patients who developed recurring attacks of classic migraine after suffering such injury. Among a group of patients with post-traumatic headache of more than one year's standing, the preponderant type of headache was found to be of the migrainous variety. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Migraine as a sequela of blunt head injury. Evidence that a blunt head injury can engender a migrainous state in susceptible individuals is provided by a series of 13 patients who developed recurring attacks of classic migraine after suffering such injury. Among a group of patients with post-traumatic headache of more than one year's standing, the preponderant type of headache was found to be of the migrainous variety. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:338482", "title": "Demonstration of enterobacterial common antigen by bacterial agglutination.", "content": "Potent antisera against the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) agglutinate R bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family that possess unimpaired R-core structures of the Escherichia coli R1 or E. coli R4 core type. In these strains, known to be ECA immunogenic, ECA is most probably linked to the lipopolysaccharide R core. R mutants of other core types (e.g., Salmonella Ra, E. coli R2 or R3) or R mutants with incomplete core structures of the E. coli R1 type, as well as an rfaL mutant deficient in the O-translocase system, agglutinate to a much lesser extent or not at all. All the later mutants are nonimmunogenic; they possess the ECA in a free form, not linked to the R core. None of the S forms tested from many different enterobacterial genera was found to be agglutinable with the ECA antiserum. The dynamics of the ECA agglutinin formation in rabbits parallels the ECA hemagglutinin formation, indicating that the same antibody class might be involved in bacterial agglutination and hemagglutination.", "contents": "Demonstration of enterobacterial common antigen by bacterial agglutination. Potent antisera against the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) agglutinate R bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family that possess unimpaired R-core structures of the Escherichia coli R1 or E. coli R4 core type. In these strains, known to be ECA immunogenic, ECA is most probably linked to the lipopolysaccharide R core. R mutants of other core types (e.g., Salmonella Ra, E. coli R2 or R3) or R mutants with incomplete core structures of the E. coli R1 type, as well as an rfaL mutant deficient in the O-translocase system, agglutinate to a much lesser extent or not at all. All the later mutants are nonimmunogenic; they possess the ECA in a free form, not linked to the R core. None of the S forms tested from many different enterobacterial genera was found to be agglutinable with the ECA antiserum. The dynamics of the ECA agglutinin formation in rabbits parallels the ECA hemagglutinin formation, indicating that the same antibody class might be involved in bacterial agglutination and hemagglutination."}
{"id": "PMID:338483", "title": "Chemotactic factor produced by Candida albicans.", "content": "Candida albicans was found to produce a substance that was chemotactically active for guinea pig polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The chemotactic factor was detected in culture filtrates of organisms grown under aeration and incubated at 37 degrees C for at least 12 h. Nutrients found to be essential for the production of chemotactic factor included glucose, yeast extract, and a mixture of amino acids. Several strains of C. albicans isolated from humans were tested, and varying degrees of chemotactic activity were found to be associated with the culture filtrates. Only one of the eight isolates did not produce a measurable amount of chemotactic activity. Culture filtrates remained chemotactically active after several cycles of freezing and thawing and after heating at 90 degrees C for 10 min. Substantial evidence is presented that the chemotactic activity is not dependent upon activation of complement.", "contents": "Chemotactic factor produced by Candida albicans. Candida albicans was found to produce a substance that was chemotactically active for guinea pig polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The chemotactic factor was detected in culture filtrates of organisms grown under aeration and incubated at 37 degrees C for at least 12 h. Nutrients found to be essential for the production of chemotactic factor included glucose, yeast extract, and a mixture of amino acids. Several strains of C. albicans isolated from humans were tested, and varying degrees of chemotactic activity were found to be associated with the culture filtrates. Only one of the eight isolates did not produce a measurable amount of chemotactic activity. Culture filtrates remained chemotactically active after several cycles of freezing and thawing and after heating at 90 degrees C for 10 min. Substantial evidence is presented that the chemotactic activity is not dependent upon activation of complement."}
{"id": "PMID:338484", "title": "Role of phagocytosis in mouse virulence of Salmonella typhimurium recombinants with O antigen 6,7 or 4,12.", "content": "The quality of lipopolysaccharide has previously been shown to influence the mouse virulence of Salmonella so that strains with O antigen 4,12 were more virulent than their O-9,12 sister strains. Immunosuppression did not alter this O-antigen-dependent difference in virulence. I have now constructed smooth O-4,12 and O-6,7 sister hybrid strains of Salmonella typhimurium. No other phenotypic differences were found between these strains; they were all \"common antigen\" positive. In intraperitoneal infection, the O-4,12 strains were more mouse virulent than their O-6,7 sisters. The difference in virulence correlated with a difference in clearance rates; the O-6,7 hybrids were removed from the blood more rapidly than their O-4,12 sisters. No natural bactericidal antibodies were found in the sera of the mice.", "contents": "Role of phagocytosis in mouse virulence of Salmonella typhimurium recombinants with O antigen 6,7 or 4,12. The quality of lipopolysaccharide has previously been shown to influence the mouse virulence of Salmonella so that strains with O antigen 4,12 were more virulent than their O-9,12 sister strains. Immunosuppression did not alter this O-antigen-dependent difference in virulence. I have now constructed smooth O-4,12 and O-6,7 sister hybrid strains of Salmonella typhimurium. No other phenotypic differences were found between these strains; they were all \"common antigen\" positive. In intraperitoneal infection, the O-4,12 strains were more mouse virulent than their O-6,7 sisters. The difference in virulence correlated with a difference in clearance rates; the O-6,7 hybrids were removed from the blood more rapidly than their O-4,12 sisters. No natural bactericidal antibodies were found in the sera of the mice."}
{"id": "PMID:338485", "title": "Selective in vitro response of thymus-derived lymphocytes from Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits.", "content": "The blastogenic response of nylon wool-separated peripheral-blood lymphocytes from Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits was tested in vitro with mitogens and T. pallidum antigens. The mitogenic response of the enriched T-cell population to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin was depressed during the first 3 to 4 weeks of infection, similar to the pattern observed with unfractionated cells. Shortly thereafter, levels of blastogenesis returned to values of uninfected cultures. Enhanced blast transformation was seen immediately when purified T-cells from infected rabbits were exposed in vitro to T. pallidum antigens. Although these relatively high levels of blastogenesis were maintained for the duration of the experiment, cultures of unfractionated lymphocytes from infected rabbits did not exhibit an increased blastogenic response to the same antigen preparation until 3 to 4 weeks after infection. Autologous serum from infected rabbits decreased the lymphocyte response to T. pallidum antigen. The stimulatory effects of anti-immunoglobulin G and lipopolysaccharide on nylon wool-fractionated or unfractionated lymphocytes from both infected and control rabbits were similar throughout the course of infection. During the first 6 weeks of experimental disease, there was a 25 to 31% increase in the number of lymphocytes circulating in the peripheral blood of T. pallidum-infected rabbits.", "contents": "Selective in vitro response of thymus-derived lymphocytes from Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits. The blastogenic response of nylon wool-separated peripheral-blood lymphocytes from Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits was tested in vitro with mitogens and T. pallidum antigens. The mitogenic response of the enriched T-cell population to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin was depressed during the first 3 to 4 weeks of infection, similar to the pattern observed with unfractionated cells. Shortly thereafter, levels of blastogenesis returned to values of uninfected cultures. Enhanced blast transformation was seen immediately when purified T-cells from infected rabbits were exposed in vitro to T. pallidum antigens. Although these relatively high levels of blastogenesis were maintained for the duration of the experiment, cultures of unfractionated lymphocytes from infected rabbits did not exhibit an increased blastogenic response to the same antigen preparation until 3 to 4 weeks after infection. Autologous serum from infected rabbits decreased the lymphocyte response to T. pallidum antigen. The stimulatory effects of anti-immunoglobulin G and lipopolysaccharide on nylon wool-fractionated or unfractionated lymphocytes from both infected and control rabbits were similar throughout the course of infection. During the first 6 weeks of experimental disease, there was a 25 to 31% increase in the number of lymphocytes circulating in the peripheral blood of T. pallidum-infected rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:338486", "title": "Autoantibodies detected in rabbits hyperimmunized with group A, C, and G streptococcal vaccines.", "content": "Rabbits hyperimmunized with group A, C, and G streptococcal vaccines developed autoantibodies with affinities for different tissues (smooth muscle, cytoplasmic, and myocardial antibodies) and for autologous proteins (anti-albumin and anti-immunoglobulin antibodies). The presence of anti-albumin and smooth muscle antibodies, associated with a high level of immunoglobulin, suggests the development of hepatic disorders in the hyperimmunized rabbits.", "contents": "Autoantibodies detected in rabbits hyperimmunized with group A, C, and G streptococcal vaccines. Rabbits hyperimmunized with group A, C, and G streptococcal vaccines developed autoantibodies with affinities for different tissues (smooth muscle, cytoplasmic, and myocardial antibodies) and for autologous proteins (anti-albumin and anti-immunoglobulin antibodies). The presence of anti-albumin and smooth muscle antibodies, associated with a high level of immunoglobulin, suggests the development of hepatic disorders in the hyperimmunized rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:338487", "title": "Induction of cell-mediated immunity to Mycobacterium lepraemurium in susceptible mice.", "content": "A mouse strain (CB6) that is highly susceptible to Mycobacterium lepraemurium was infected with 10(8) bacilli into the hind footpad. These mice developed cell-mediated immunity to M. lepraemurium, as expressed by the development of a granulomatous lesion at the site of inoculation in normal but not in T-lymphocyte-depleted mice, a proliferative response in the paracortical zone of the draining lymph node, delayed-type hypersensitivity to a sonic extract of M. lepraemurium, and immunopotentiation of the delayed hypersensitivity response to sheep erythrocytes. Resistance to a second challenge infection with M. lepraemurium was not demonstrated.", "contents": "Induction of cell-mediated immunity to Mycobacterium lepraemurium in susceptible mice. A mouse strain (CB6) that is highly susceptible to Mycobacterium lepraemurium was infected with 10(8) bacilli into the hind footpad. These mice developed cell-mediated immunity to M. lepraemurium, as expressed by the development of a granulomatous lesion at the site of inoculation in normal but not in T-lymphocyte-depleted mice, a proliferative response in the paracortical zone of the draining lymph node, delayed-type hypersensitivity to a sonic extract of M. lepraemurium, and immunopotentiation of the delayed hypersensitivity response to sheep erythrocytes. Resistance to a second challenge infection with M. lepraemurium was not demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:338488", "title": "Group B streptococcal long-chain reaction.", "content": "The streptococcal long-chain reaction was adapted for the measurement of type-specific antibodies to group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (GBBHS). Rabbit antisera incubated with homologous but not heterologous GBBHS produced chains that were 18 to 33 times longer than chains produced by normal rabbit sera. The long chains were easily apparent, in most instances, by scanning the slides. Human sera with mouse protective and opsonic activity against GBBHS serotype Ia produced chains that were always significantly longer than those produced by incubation in nonimmune human sera. Absorption of rabbit or human sera with homologous but not heterologous organisms inhibited the capacity to induce the formation of long chains. The long-chain assay is a simple, rapid, and reproducible test that could constitute a valuable tool for the rapid identification of anti-GBBHS antibodies.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal long-chain reaction. The streptococcal long-chain reaction was adapted for the measurement of type-specific antibodies to group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (GBBHS). Rabbit antisera incubated with homologous but not heterologous GBBHS produced chains that were 18 to 33 times longer than chains produced by normal rabbit sera. The long chains were easily apparent, in most instances, by scanning the slides. Human sera with mouse protective and opsonic activity against GBBHS serotype Ia produced chains that were always significantly longer than those produced by incubation in nonimmune human sera. Absorption of rabbit or human sera with homologous but not heterologous organisms inhibited the capacity to induce the formation of long chains. The long-chain assay is a simple, rapid, and reproducible test that could constitute a valuable tool for the rapid identification of anti-GBBHS antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:338489", "title": "Immune response to Cryptococcus neoformans soluble polysaccharide: immunological unresponsiveness.", "content": "Mice injected with 100 to 800 microgram of Cryptococcus neoformans soluble polysaccharide showed a reduced ability to produce antibody after a challenge immunization with polysaccharide emulsified in Freund incomplete adjuvant. These animals were considered immunologically unresponsive. Animals given an initial injection of 25 or 50 microgram of polysaccharide responded to a challenge immunization in the same manner as control animals. Reversion of unresponsive mice to antibody production without further antigenic stimulation did not occur during a 12-week experimental period. These animals exhibited a partial response to challenge immunization 8 weeks after induction of unresponsiveness, and they were fully responsive to challenge immunization at 12 weeks. Animals given a single dose of 0.1, 0.4, or 1.6 microgram of polysaccharide produced a marked anamnestic response after challenge immunization. Repeated injections of subimmunogenic doses of polysaccharide did not produce a marked anamnestic response and would induce unresponsiveness only when the cumulative dose reached 100 to 400 microgram of polysaccharide, suggesting that injected cryptococcal polysaccharide might be sequestered in some manner until an amount of antigen sufficient for induction of unresponsiveness is accumulated. This possibility was confirmed by immunofluorescence studies that revealed a long-term deposition of polysaccharide in the tubular epithelial cells of the kidney.", "contents": "Immune response to Cryptococcus neoformans soluble polysaccharide: immunological unresponsiveness. Mice injected with 100 to 800 microgram of Cryptococcus neoformans soluble polysaccharide showed a reduced ability to produce antibody after a challenge immunization with polysaccharide emulsified in Freund incomplete adjuvant. These animals were considered immunologically unresponsive. Animals given an initial injection of 25 or 50 microgram of polysaccharide responded to a challenge immunization in the same manner as control animals. Reversion of unresponsive mice to antibody production without further antigenic stimulation did not occur during a 12-week experimental period. These animals exhibited a partial response to challenge immunization 8 weeks after induction of unresponsiveness, and they were fully responsive to challenge immunization at 12 weeks. Animals given a single dose of 0.1, 0.4, or 1.6 microgram of polysaccharide produced a marked anamnestic response after challenge immunization. Repeated injections of subimmunogenic doses of polysaccharide did not produce a marked anamnestic response and would induce unresponsiveness only when the cumulative dose reached 100 to 400 microgram of polysaccharide, suggesting that injected cryptococcal polysaccharide might be sequestered in some manner until an amount of antigen sufficient for induction of unresponsiveness is accumulated. This possibility was confirmed by immunofluorescence studies that revealed a long-term deposition of polysaccharide in the tubular epithelial cells of the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:338490", "title": "Vero response to a cytotoxin of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A cytotoxin was found in culture filtrates of a number of Escherichia coli strains that differed from the known heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins of E. coli. It was cytotoxic for Vero but not for Y-1 or CHO cells, and its effect on Vero was distinctly different from that of heat-labile enterotoxin. It was labile to heat and antigenically different from heat-labile enterotoxin, and membrane filtration indicated a molecular weight of 10,000 to 30,000.", "contents": "Vero response to a cytotoxin of Escherichia coli. A cytotoxin was found in culture filtrates of a number of Escherichia coli strains that differed from the known heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins of E. coli. It was cytotoxic for Vero but not for Y-1 or CHO cells, and its effect on Vero was distinctly different from that of heat-labile enterotoxin. It was labile to heat and antigenically different from heat-labile enterotoxin, and membrane filtration indicated a molecular weight of 10,000 to 30,000."}
{"id": "PMID:338491", "title": "Antibody response in rabbits to immunization with Mycobacterium leprae.", "content": "Mycobacterium leprae purified from liver tissue of an infected armadillo (the A/10 preparation) was tested for antigenic composition by immunization of rabbits and characterization of the antibody response by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The rabbit antisera detected seven distinct components in the M. leprae preparation. This number is far lower than in similar experiments with other mycobacteria. The M. leprae sonic extract gave far fewer lines after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and staining with Coomassie brillant blue than sonic extracts prepared from BCG, M. smegmatis, and M. phlei adjusted to the same protein concentration based on the Folin assay. The seven components detected in M. leprae cross-reacted extensively with M. avium, BCG, M. lepraemurium, M. smegmatis, and Nocardia asteroides. The seven components are involved in immune reactions in leprosy; antibodies against all of them were demonstrated in sera from patients with lepromatous leprosy, but the specificity of the antibodies varied from patient to patient. The reason for the demonstration of so few antigenic components and some of the implications of these findings for the use of armadillo-grown M. leprae to develop specific skin test reagents and in other aspects of leprosy research are discussed.", "contents": "Antibody response in rabbits to immunization with Mycobacterium leprae. Mycobacterium leprae purified from liver tissue of an infected armadillo (the A/10 preparation) was tested for antigenic composition by immunization of rabbits and characterization of the antibody response by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The rabbit antisera detected seven distinct components in the M. leprae preparation. This number is far lower than in similar experiments with other mycobacteria. The M. leprae sonic extract gave far fewer lines after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and staining with Coomassie brillant blue than sonic extracts prepared from BCG, M. smegmatis, and M. phlei adjusted to the same protein concentration based on the Folin assay. The seven components detected in M. leprae cross-reacted extensively with M. avium, BCG, M. lepraemurium, M. smegmatis, and Nocardia asteroides. The seven components are involved in immune reactions in leprosy; antibodies against all of them were demonstrated in sera from patients with lepromatous leprosy, but the specificity of the antibodies varied from patient to patient. The reason for the demonstration of so few antigenic components and some of the implications of these findings for the use of armadillo-grown M. leprae to develop specific skin test reagents and in other aspects of leprosy research are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:338492", "title": "Anabolic potential of virulent Treponema pallidum.", "content": "Acrylamide gel autoradiography of 3H-labeled proteins from Treponema pallidum demonstrates that virulent treponemes incubated in vitro synthesize a spectrum of high-molecular-weight proteins. A comparison of the protein profiles of T. pallidum with the Reiter treponeme shows that T. pallidum possesses significant anabolic competence.", "contents": "Anabolic potential of virulent Treponema pallidum. Acrylamide gel autoradiography of 3H-labeled proteins from Treponema pallidum demonstrates that virulent treponemes incubated in vitro synthesize a spectrum of high-molecular-weight proteins. A comparison of the protein profiles of T. pallidum with the Reiter treponeme shows that T. pallidum possesses significant anabolic competence."}
{"id": "PMID:338493", "title": "Failure of endotoxin to protect C3H/HeJ mice against lethal x-irradiation.", "content": "C3H/HeJ mice are more sensitive to lethal X-irradiation and cannot be protected by pretreatment with endotoxin, compared to the C3HeB/FeJ strain. Lack of a granulopoietic response in C3H/HeJ mice is evident.", "contents": "Failure of endotoxin to protect C3H/HeJ mice against lethal x-irradiation. C3H/HeJ mice are more sensitive to lethal X-irradiation and cannot be protected by pretreatment with endotoxin, compared to the C3HeB/FeJ strain. Lack of a granulopoietic response in C3H/HeJ mice is evident."}
{"id": "PMID:338494", "title": "Guanine-plus-cytosine composition of five group B streptococcal serotypes.", "content": "The percent guanine-plus-cytosine content of deoxyribonucleic acid of each of the five serotypes of group B streptococci was determined by thermal denaturation. The range of guanine-plus-cytosine content was 35.1 to 36.9%, with a mean value of 35.9%. These values suggest a genetic homogeneity to the serotypes of the group B streptococci.", "contents": "Guanine-plus-cytosine composition of five group B streptococcal serotypes. The percent guanine-plus-cytosine content of deoxyribonucleic acid of each of the five serotypes of group B streptococci was determined by thermal denaturation. The range of guanine-plus-cytosine content was 35.1 to 36.9%, with a mean value of 35.9%. These values suggest a genetic homogeneity to the serotypes of the group B streptococci."}
{"id": "PMID:338496", "title": "Chemical adhesion in dentistry.", "content": "The terms used in the chemistry of adhesion are reviewed as well as the role played by surface energies, viscosity, surface roughness, etc. The similarity of chemical bonds in substrate and adhesive which favours adhesion in general, is very rare in dentistry. It is shown how and when a chemical bridge between two different types of materials works in dentistry. Finally, it is made evident why binding to dental hard tissues will not be permanent.", "contents": "Chemical adhesion in dentistry. The terms used in the chemistry of adhesion are reviewed as well as the role played by surface energies, viscosity, surface roughness, etc. The similarity of chemical bonds in substrate and adhesive which favours adhesion in general, is very rare in dentistry. It is shown how and when a chemical bridge between two different types of materials works in dentistry. Finally, it is made evident why binding to dental hard tissues will not be permanent."}
{"id": "PMID:338497", "title": "Adhesion to teeth.", "content": "Using standard surface chemical techniques it can be demonstrated that under physiological conditions, the adhesive properties of human enamel and dentine are created by the volumetrically small organic portion of these tissues. As far as their adhesiveness is concerned undamaged teeth therefore do not differ considerably from other types of biological tissues. Generally speaking the presence of low energy, organic films will act to prevent formation of strong adhesive contacts between tooth surfaces and e.g. bacteria, food stuffs or restorative materials. By certain types of direct surface treatments the adhesiveness of tooth surfaces can be changed temporarily or permanently in ways that will either increase or decrease the chances to obtain strong adhesive contacts. Under physiological conditions teeth are covered with rapidly forming salivary films which reduces the possibility to obtain strong adhesive contacts with teeth. If clinically useful adhesion to tooth surfaces is to be obtained the teeth involved must therefore be kept isolated from saliva during the operative procedures.", "contents": "Adhesion to teeth. Using standard surface chemical techniques it can be demonstrated that under physiological conditions, the adhesive properties of human enamel and dentine are created by the volumetrically small organic portion of these tissues. As far as their adhesiveness is concerned undamaged teeth therefore do not differ considerably from other types of biological tissues. Generally speaking the presence of low energy, organic films will act to prevent formation of strong adhesive contacts between tooth surfaces and e.g. bacteria, food stuffs or restorative materials. By certain types of direct surface treatments the adhesiveness of tooth surfaces can be changed temporarily or permanently in ways that will either increase or decrease the chances to obtain strong adhesive contacts. Under physiological conditions teeth are covered with rapidly forming salivary films which reduces the possibility to obtain strong adhesive contacts with teeth. If clinically useful adhesion to tooth surfaces is to be obtained the teeth involved must therefore be kept isolated from saliva during the operative procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:338498", "title": "The aetiology of dental caries--an outline of current thought.", "content": "Nearly 90 years after being put forward by W.D. Miller, the acidogenic theory of dental caries aetiology is supported by a wealth of experimental evidence. However, while explaining the basic mechanism of caries, it does not indicate how the effect of the mechanism is modified to give the observable pattern of caries attack. This explanation is attempted on the basis of the interaction of two groups of variable factors. Firstly, those which affect the tooth's resistance to caries attack, which include the chemical, microstructural and morphological nature of the enamel surface. Secondly the factors which determine the cariogenicity of the tooth's environment. These include the nature of the diet, plaque and saliva. Finally the caries initiation is considered at an atomic level in terms of the dynamic ionic exchange between enamel and plaque. This brief review highlights the need for considerably more research to shed more light on the nature of the variable aetiological factors of caries.", "contents": "The aetiology of dental caries--an outline of current thought. Nearly 90 years after being put forward by W.D. Miller, the acidogenic theory of dental caries aetiology is supported by a wealth of experimental evidence. However, while explaining the basic mechanism of caries, it does not indicate how the effect of the mechanism is modified to give the observable pattern of caries attack. This explanation is attempted on the basis of the interaction of two groups of variable factors. Firstly, those which affect the tooth's resistance to caries attack, which include the chemical, microstructural and morphological nature of the enamel surface. Secondly the factors which determine the cariogenicity of the tooth's environment. These include the nature of the diet, plaque and saliva. Finally the caries initiation is considered at an atomic level in terms of the dynamic ionic exchange between enamel and plaque. This brief review highlights the need for considerably more research to shed more light on the nature of the variable aetiological factors of caries."}
{"id": "PMID:338502", "title": "Role of T and adherent cells in in vitro response of nude mouse spleen cells to bacterial lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Thy 1.2-positive cells and adherent cells were depleted from nude mouse spleen cell suspensions by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 antisera plus complement and by passage through Sephadex G-10 column, respectively. The results of 3H-TdR uptake and appearance of IgM containing cells induced in vitro by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were similar in both untreated and depleted spleen cells. Our findings confirm T and adherent cell independence of LPS response in nude mice.", "contents": "Role of T and adherent cells in in vitro response of nude mouse spleen cells to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Thy 1.2-positive cells and adherent cells were depleted from nude mouse spleen cell suspensions by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 antisera plus complement and by passage through Sephadex G-10 column, respectively. The results of 3H-TdR uptake and appearance of IgM containing cells induced in vitro by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were similar in both untreated and depleted spleen cells. Our findings confirm T and adherent cell independence of LPS response in nude mice."}
{"id": "PMID:338503", "title": "Metabolically dependent and independent cell surface antigens.", "content": "In contrast to metabolically dependent tissue-specific cell surface antigens (MDA) which are available for reactions with antibodies only on surfaces of metabolically active cells, the availability of the universally distributed blood group A or Forssman-type antigens on cell surfaces was found to be independent of the metabolic activity of cultured cells. In case of the MDA, cytotoxic reactions were induced by antibodies alone, resulting in a disorganization of the cellular sheet without a significant release of radioactive label. Radioactive release in this cytotoxic reaction was increased by the addition of complement without additionally affecting the degree of cell sheet disorganization. In case of Forssman and blood group A antigens, such morphologically demonstrable cytotoxicity required complement, and the resulting pathology was always accompanied by extensive release of cellular contents. The ability of anti-MDA antibodies to induce cytotoxic reactions in the absence of complement may be related to a vital role of MDA in cellular function.", "contents": "Metabolically dependent and independent cell surface antigens. In contrast to metabolically dependent tissue-specific cell surface antigens (MDA) which are available for reactions with antibodies only on surfaces of metabolically active cells, the availability of the universally distributed blood group A or Forssman-type antigens on cell surfaces was found to be independent of the metabolic activity of cultured cells. In case of the MDA, cytotoxic reactions were induced by antibodies alone, resulting in a disorganization of the cellular sheet without a significant release of radioactive label. Radioactive release in this cytotoxic reaction was increased by the addition of complement without additionally affecting the degree of cell sheet disorganization. In case of Forssman and blood group A antigens, such morphologically demonstrable cytotoxicity required complement, and the resulting pathology was always accompanied by extensive release of cellular contents. The ability of anti-MDA antibodies to induce cytotoxic reactions in the absence of complement may be related to a vital role of MDA in cellular function."}
{"id": "PMID:338504", "title": "Adjuvant properties of Micropolyspora faeni.", "content": "The adjuvant properties of Micropolyspora faeni, an important source of antigenic material in the production of farmer's lung, were evaluated by comparing antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses of rabbits to bovine serum albumin (BSA) incorporated in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and incomplete Freund's adjuvant with 5-10 mg/ml homogenized M. faeni (MFA). Rabbits immunized with BSA in CFA or MFA developed significantly increased antigen-induced macrophage migration inhibition, lymphocyte stimulation, and delayed skin reactivity when compared to those immunized with BSA in IFA. No similar adjuvant effect on specific antibody production was observed in rabbits immunized using BSA in MFA. These data suggest that M. faeni can act as a selective immunologic adjuvant for delayed hypersensitivity. This adjuvant property might be important in the induction of mononuclear cell infiltrates seen in human hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "contents": "Adjuvant properties of Micropolyspora faeni. The adjuvant properties of Micropolyspora faeni, an important source of antigenic material in the production of farmer's lung, were evaluated by comparing antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses of rabbits to bovine serum albumin (BSA) incorporated in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and incomplete Freund's adjuvant with 5-10 mg/ml homogenized M. faeni (MFA). Rabbits immunized with BSA in CFA or MFA developed significantly increased antigen-induced macrophage migration inhibition, lymphocyte stimulation, and delayed skin reactivity when compared to those immunized with BSA in IFA. No similar adjuvant effect on specific antibody production was observed in rabbits immunized using BSA in MFA. These data suggest that M. faeni can act as a selective immunologic adjuvant for delayed hypersensitivity. This adjuvant property might be important in the induction of mononuclear cell infiltrates seen in human hypersensitivity pneumonitis."}
{"id": "PMID:338507", "title": "Silent renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "20 patients with active SLE without clinical evidence of renal involvement underwent percutaneous renal biopsy. 12 had varying proliferative changes on light microscopy. Of 19 ultrastructural examinations performed only 3 had no electron-dense deposits. Serum C3 and C4 levels were 63 +/- 8 and 8 +/- 2 mg% in patients with subendothelial deposits, compared to 142 +/- 27 and 27 +/- 6 mg%, respectively, in patients without deposits  (p less than 0.01). All patients with diffuse proliferative changes had subendothelial deposits; however, one with normal light microscopy and another with focal proliferation also had them. It is concluded that no variant of lupus nephropathy can be excluded on clinical grounds alone.", "contents": "Silent renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. 20 patients with active SLE without clinical evidence of renal involvement underwent percutaneous renal biopsy. 12 had varying proliferative changes on light microscopy. Of 19 ultrastructural examinations performed only 3 had no electron-dense deposits. Serum C3 and C4 levels were 63 +/- 8 and 8 +/- 2 mg% in patients with subendothelial deposits, compared to 142 +/- 27 and 27 +/- 6 mg%, respectively, in patients without deposits  (p less than 0.01). All patients with diffuse proliferative changes had subendothelial deposits; however, one with normal light microscopy and another with focal proliferation also had them. It is concluded that no variant of lupus nephropathy can be excluded on clinical grounds alone."}
{"id": "PMID:338508", "title": "Host response to treponema pallidum infection. II. Rabbit leukocyte migration inhibition in the presence of homologous organ extracts.", "content": "Peripheral leukocytes of 67 rabbits infected intratesticularly with Treponema pallidum, Nichols' strain for various lengths of time were examined by the migration inhibition test for their response to extracts of normal rabbit heart, skin, brain and T. pallidum antigen. A control group of 14 animals injected intratesticularly with extract of normal rabbit tests was similarly examined for the leukocyte response to the same antigens except the brain extract. The percentage of infected animals responding to T. pallidum antigen with significant migration inhibition varied from 13 to 31. Transitional cellular response to heart and skin but not brain was observed (12-28%). Leukocytes of all but 2 control rabbits responded to the organ extracts within the limit of 2 SD. The response of the infected animals to the homologous organ extracts may suggest that during infection, lymphocytes are activated by the host tissue antigens.", "contents": "Host response to treponema pallidum infection. II. Rabbit leukocyte migration inhibition in the presence of homologous organ extracts. Peripheral leukocytes of 67 rabbits infected intratesticularly with Treponema pallidum, Nichols' strain for various lengths of time were examined by the migration inhibition test for their response to extracts of normal rabbit heart, skin, brain and T. pallidum antigen. A control group of 14 animals injected intratesticularly with extract of normal rabbit tests was similarly examined for the leukocyte response to the same antigens except the brain extract. The percentage of infected animals responding to T. pallidum antigen with significant migration inhibition varied from 13 to 31. Transitional cellular response to heart and skin but not brain was observed (12-28%). Leukocytes of all but 2 control rabbits responded to the organ extracts within the limit of 2 SD. The response of the infected animals to the homologous organ extracts may suggest that during infection, lymphocytes are activated by the host tissue antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:338509", "title": "The course of Hymenolepis nana infections in thymus-deficient mice.", "content": "The kinetics of infection with Hymenolepis nana was examined in normal thymus-deficient mice. Following inoculation with 5 cyticercoids, the number of adult lumen-dwelling H. nana in congenitally thymus-deficient (nude) mice ultimately was at least 75 times the maximum infection intensity of normal thymus-bearing mice or thymus-reconstituted nude mice. Similar results were obtained following inoculation of H. nana eggs into nude mice; although thymus-bearing mice eliminated their infections, nude mice harbored more than 1,000 adult worms throughout the 7 weeks of the experiments. These data show that in mice, immunity is not generated against H. nana in the absence of thymus function. The data also confirm and establish the requirement of cysticercoid development in the intestinal mucosa for stimulation of a protective immune response against H. nana.", "contents": "The course of Hymenolepis nana infections in thymus-deficient mice. The kinetics of infection with Hymenolepis nana was examined in normal thymus-deficient mice. Following inoculation with 5 cyticercoids, the number of adult lumen-dwelling H. nana in congenitally thymus-deficient (nude) mice ultimately was at least 75 times the maximum infection intensity of normal thymus-bearing mice or thymus-reconstituted nude mice. Similar results were obtained following inoculation of H. nana eggs into nude mice; although thymus-bearing mice eliminated their infections, nude mice harbored more than 1,000 adult worms throughout the 7 weeks of the experiments. These data show that in mice, immunity is not generated against H. nana in the absence of thymus function. The data also confirm and establish the requirement of cysticercoid development in the intestinal mucosa for stimulation of a protective immune response against H. nana."}
{"id": "PMID:338510", "title": "Proteolysis of bovine immunoglobulins.", "content": "Bovine serum IgG1, colostral IgG1 and serum IgG2 with anti-ferritin activity were digested with pepsin or trypsin. Their fragments were characterized by immunoelectrophoresis, gel electrophoresis and gel filtration; their ferritin-binding ability was determined. The kinetics of proteolysis were established by measuring the appearance of free amino groups. No differences were observed between serum and colostrum IgG1. IgG1 was more susceptible to pepsin, and IgG2 to trypsin. This became evident from both the amount of intact IgG determined by gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis or gel filtration, and from the kinetics of the appearance of amino groups. A model is presented to explain the size, mobilities and properties of the obtained fragments.", "contents": "Proteolysis of bovine immunoglobulins. Bovine serum IgG1, colostral IgG1 and serum IgG2 with anti-ferritin activity were digested with pepsin or trypsin. Their fragments were characterized by immunoelectrophoresis, gel electrophoresis and gel filtration; their ferritin-binding ability was determined. The kinetics of proteolysis were established by measuring the appearance of free amino groups. No differences were observed between serum and colostrum IgG1. IgG1 was more susceptible to pepsin, and IgG2 to trypsin. This became evident from both the amount of intact IgG determined by gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis or gel filtration, and from the kinetics of the appearance of amino groups. A model is presented to explain the size, mobilities and properties of the obtained fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:338511", "title": "Anatomical distribution of T and B lymphocytes identified by immunohistochemistry in the chicken spleen.", "content": "Antisera against chicken bursal and thymic lymphocytes were raised in rabbits. They were made specific for the target T or B cells by appropriat absorption and then used for immunohistochemical identification of T and B lymphocytes in tissue sections of chicken spleen, applying the unlabeled antibody enzyme method. Lymphocyte reacting with anti-chicken-thymus globulin predominated in the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths and in the red-pulp cords. A few of these lymphocytes were localized between the periellipsoid lymphatic tissue and in germinal centers. The periellipsoid lymphocytes around the Schweigger-Seidel sheaths consisted of lymphocytes positive with anti-chicken-bursa-cell globulin. The majority of lymphocytes in the germinal centers were labeled also by anti-chicken bursa-cell globulin. Age-dependent changes in the anatomical localization of T and B lymphocytes are described between late embryonic development and an age of 2 years. The different conditions of avian and mammalian T and B cell distribution in the spleen were considered.", "contents": "Anatomical distribution of T and B lymphocytes identified by immunohistochemistry in the chicken spleen. Antisera against chicken bursal and thymic lymphocytes were raised in rabbits. They were made specific for the target T or B cells by appropriat absorption and then used for immunohistochemical identification of T and B lymphocytes in tissue sections of chicken spleen, applying the unlabeled antibody enzyme method. Lymphocyte reacting with anti-chicken-thymus globulin predominated in the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths and in the red-pulp cords. A few of these lymphocytes were localized between the periellipsoid lymphatic tissue and in germinal centers. The periellipsoid lymphocytes around the Schweigger-Seidel sheaths consisted of lymphocytes positive with anti-chicken-bursa-cell globulin. The majority of lymphocytes in the germinal centers were labeled also by anti-chicken bursa-cell globulin. Age-dependent changes in the anatomical localization of T and B lymphocytes are described between late embryonic development and an age of 2 years. The different conditions of avian and mammalian T and B cell distribution in the spleen were considered."}
{"id": "PMID:338512", "title": "Some observations on fuzzy diagnosis and medical computing.", "content": "Wechsler has advocated the use of fuzzy logic for medical diagnosis, but it is pointed out that simpler systems have proved more successful than is apparent from his paper. The proposal raises a broad range of issues concerning the role of sophisticated information-processing techniques in the development of medical computing. These issues are discussed and it is suggested that a more evolutionary view of this development would be of greater benefit in the long run.", "contents": "Some observations on fuzzy diagnosis and medical computing. Wechsler has advocated the use of fuzzy logic for medical diagnosis, but it is pointed out that simpler systems have proved more successful than is apparent from his paper. The proposal raises a broad range of issues concerning the role of sophisticated information-processing techniques in the development of medical computing. These issues are discussed and it is suggested that a more evolutionary view of this development would be of greater benefit in the long run."}
{"id": "PMID:338513", "title": "Potential of the amino acid homology studies: homologies found between beta-galactosidase and lac repressor of E. coli.", "content": "Significant amino acid homologies were found between beta-galactosidase fragments and lac repressor of E. coli using a sliding match according to Greller and Erhan (1974). Since both of these proteins can recognise and bind galactose moiety, we propose that the homologous regions represetn galactose binding site(s) on both proteins. Possible application of homology studies to problems of protein and nucleic acid chemistry is also discussed.", "contents": "Potential of the amino acid homology studies: homologies found between beta-galactosidase and lac repressor of E. coli. Significant amino acid homologies were found between beta-galactosidase fragments and lac repressor of E. coli using a sliding match according to Greller and Erhan (1974). Since both of these proteins can recognise and bind galactose moiety, we propose that the homologous regions represetn galactose binding site(s) on both proteins. Possible application of homology studies to problems of protein and nucleic acid chemistry is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:338514", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in patients with malignant lymphomas and solid tumors.", "content": "Sera from 50 patients with Hodgkin's disease, 78 patients with non-Hodgkin non-leukemic malignant lymphomas, and 75 patients with different types of solid malignant tumors were investigated for the presence of immune complexes using the (125I) C1q-binding test. All patients were untreated. An increased serum C1q-binding activity was found in 22% of the patients with Hodgkin's disease, 35.9% of the non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients and in 37.3% of the patients with solid tumors. The C1q-binding material detected in the patients' sera had properties similar to those of immune complexes. On sucrose density gradient it sedimented as a 10-30 s material. It contained IgG which were dissociated under acid conditions. Passage through anti-IgG immunoabsorbent removed its C1q-binding properties. A prevalent association was found between the presence of serum immune complexes and disseminated disease stages in all the patient groups included. A similar association was found between the presence of serum immune complexes and general symptoms among the malignant lymphoma patients. The nature of the antigens involved in the complexes remains unknown.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in patients with malignant lymphomas and solid tumors. Sera from 50 patients with Hodgkin's disease, 78 patients with non-Hodgkin non-leukemic malignant lymphomas, and 75 patients with different types of solid malignant tumors were investigated for the presence of immune complexes using the (125I) C1q-binding test. All patients were untreated. An increased serum C1q-binding activity was found in 22% of the patients with Hodgkin's disease, 35.9% of the non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients and in 37.3% of the patients with solid tumors. The C1q-binding material detected in the patients' sera had properties similar to those of immune complexes. On sucrose density gradient it sedimented as a 10-30 s material. It contained IgG which were dissociated under acid conditions. Passage through anti-IgG immunoabsorbent removed its C1q-binding properties. A prevalent association was found between the presence of serum immune complexes and disseminated disease stages in all the patient groups included. A similar association was found between the presence of serum immune complexes and general symptoms among the malignant lymphoma patients. The nature of the antigens involved in the complexes remains unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:338516", "title": "Secondary prevention of drug dependence through the transcendental meditation program in metropolitan Philadelphia.", "content": "Using mailed questionnaires, the Transcendental Meditation program was investigated as an approach to the secondary prevention of substance dependence. Significant differences were found between a random sample of meditators and matched control subjects in usage levels and percentage of users for almost all legal and illegal drugs. Meditators had used more prescribed psychoactive medications before learning meditation, but usage levels returned to normal soon after starting. Former users of alcohol, cigarettes, or illegal drugs achieved remarkable abstinence records. For most substances the amount of decrease was positively correlated with degree of participation in the program and the length of time meditating.", "contents": "Secondary prevention of drug dependence through the transcendental meditation program in metropolitan Philadelphia. Using mailed questionnaires, the Transcendental Meditation program was investigated as an approach to the secondary prevention of substance dependence. Significant differences were found between a random sample of meditators and matched control subjects in usage levels and percentage of users for almost all legal and illegal drugs. Meditators had used more prescribed psychoactive medications before learning meditation, but usage levels returned to normal soon after starting. Former users of alcohol, cigarettes, or illegal drugs achieved remarkable abstinence records. For most substances the amount of decrease was positively correlated with degree of participation in the program and the length of time meditating."}
{"id": "PMID:338517", "title": "Methadone maintenance and narcotic blocking drugs. Appendix.", "content": "The research history of norcodeine as a narcotic blocking drug is presented. Because of the limitations found for norcodeine usage, naloxone, cyclazocine, and naltrexone have recently received attention, and the results of research with them are detailed.", "contents": "Methadone maintenance and narcotic blocking drugs. Appendix. The research history of norcodeine as a narcotic blocking drug is presented. Because of the limitations found for norcodeine usage, naloxone, cyclazocine, and naltrexone have recently received attention, and the results of research with them are detailed."}
{"id": "PMID:338520", "title": "The structure of urban mortality. A methodological study of Hannover, Germany. Part I.", "content": "An analysis is made of the association between density factors and the profile of cause specific death rates in small areas (Bezirke) of Hannover, Germany, in 1968-69. Evaluation of urban ecological methods and logic is done to determine the plausibility of making meaningful statements about cause specific death risks due to areal attributes. Efforts are made to develop an appropriate multiple indicator structural equation model to determine if underlying patterns of mortality can be discerned. Evidence is found that measures of crowding, apart from classical density, predict a general mortality component.", "contents": "The structure of urban mortality. A methodological study of Hannover, Germany. Part I. An analysis is made of the association between density factors and the profile of cause specific death rates in small areas (Bezirke) of Hannover, Germany, in 1968-69. Evaluation of urban ecological methods and logic is done to determine the plausibility of making meaningful statements about cause specific death risks due to areal attributes. Efforts are made to develop an appropriate multiple indicator structural equation model to determine if underlying patterns of mortality can be discerned. Evidence is found that measures of crowding, apart from classical density, predict a general mortality component."}
{"id": "PMID:338521", "title": "The epidemiology of diseases of the hip: a review of the literature.", "content": "Diseases of the hip are significant public health problems. Fractures and osteoarthrosis of the hip are common in older age-groups, while congenital dislocation of the hip, Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease, and slipped epiphysis affect a certain proportion of infants, children, and adolescents. The distribution of these five common hip diseases in the population is reviewed, aetiological hypotheses are discussed, and gaps in knowledge identified. Particular attention is focused on the roles of mechanical stress and hormones, since there is evidence for the involvement of one or both of these factors in the aetiology of each of the diseases. Many characteristics of their descriptive epidemiology have still to be explained, however, and it is clear that more research is needed.", "contents": "The epidemiology of diseases of the hip: a review of the literature. Diseases of the hip are significant public health problems. Fractures and osteoarthrosis of the hip are common in older age-groups, while congenital dislocation of the hip, Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease, and slipped epiphysis affect a certain proportion of infants, children, and adolescents. The distribution of these five common hip diseases in the population is reviewed, aetiological hypotheses are discussed, and gaps in knowledge identified. Particular attention is focused on the roles of mechanical stress and hormones, since there is evidence for the involvement of one or both of these factors in the aetiology of each of the diseases. Many characteristics of their descriptive epidemiology have still to be explained, however, and it is clear that more research is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:338522", "title": "The influence of membrane lipid composition and procaine on hyperthermic death of cells.", "content": "The mechanism of hyperthermic killing, a component of some cancer therapy, is not known. Cell-survival curves during hyperthermic exposure can be used to elucidate the effects of membrane modifying procedures on cell death. Experiments were designed to test whether procedures that were reported to increase membrane fluidity also resulted in increased killing on hyperthermic exposure. An E. coli K12 mutant, K1060, is used to predictably alter the degree and amount of unsaturated fatty acids incorporated into membranes. Changing from an 18:1 to an 18:3 unsaturated fatty acid increases killing. Decreasing the amount of unsaturated fatty acid cells incorporated by increasing growth temperature decreases killing. Procaine, a drug known to decrease membrane viscosity, increases heat killing. These data are most simply explained by the hypothesis that membrane disorganization occurs as a result of temperature increasing to a point where a lipid transition causes a membrane structural change, which results in cell-death.", "contents": "The influence of membrane lipid composition and procaine on hyperthermic death of cells. The mechanism of hyperthermic killing, a component of some cancer therapy, is not known. Cell-survival curves during hyperthermic exposure can be used to elucidate the effects of membrane modifying procedures on cell death. Experiments were designed to test whether procedures that were reported to increase membrane fluidity also resulted in increased killing on hyperthermic exposure. An E. coli K12 mutant, K1060, is used to predictably alter the degree and amount of unsaturated fatty acids incorporated into membranes. Changing from an 18:1 to an 18:3 unsaturated fatty acid increases killing. Decreasing the amount of unsaturated fatty acid cells incorporated by increasing growth temperature decreases killing. Procaine, a drug known to decrease membrane viscosity, increases heat killing. These data are most simply explained by the hypothesis that membrane disorganization occurs as a result of temperature increasing to a point where a lipid transition causes a membrane structural change, which results in cell-death."}
{"id": "PMID:338532", "title": "Pituitary-gonadal feedback in testicular disorders.", "content": "Stimulation response of the pituitary to LHRH and testicular biopsy were investigated in 17 infertile men in comparison to 10 healthy controls. A significant elevation of basal FSH and LHRH-stimulated FSH serum levels was observed in Sertoli cell only syndrome and spermatogenetic arrest, while LH and testosterone remained normal. The LHRH test seems to be of value for differentiation of pretesticular, testicular and posttesticular infertility.", "contents": "Pituitary-gonadal feedback in testicular disorders. Stimulation response of the pituitary to LHRH and testicular biopsy were investigated in 17 infertile men in comparison to 10 healthy controls. A significant elevation of basal FSH and LHRH-stimulated FSH serum levels was observed in Sertoli cell only syndrome and spermatogenetic arrest, while LH and testosterone remained normal. The LHRH test seems to be of value for differentiation of pretesticular, testicular and posttesticular infertility."}
{"id": "PMID:338533", "title": "Description and interpretation of structural changes in canine kidneys after preservation with a hyperosmolar solution and reperfusion.", "content": "The effects of hypothermic preservation of canine kidneys for 24 hours by the use of the Sacks solution, and additional autogenous reperfusion were studied by means of submicroscopic morphological methods. While preservation with the Sacks solution was to ensure normal organization of the lipoprotein structures of the basement and cell membranes, in case of additional reperfusion, even of short duration, a substantial or complete loss of anisotropy of the cytomembranes was demonstrable. The present report is the first to be published in the literature on polarization microscopic studies concerned with the effects of kidney preservation and of reperfusion.", "contents": "Description and interpretation of structural changes in canine kidneys after preservation with a hyperosmolar solution and reperfusion. The effects of hypothermic preservation of canine kidneys for 24 hours by the use of the Sacks solution, and additional autogenous reperfusion were studied by means of submicroscopic morphological methods. While preservation with the Sacks solution was to ensure normal organization of the lipoprotein structures of the basement and cell membranes, in case of additional reperfusion, even of short duration, a substantial or complete loss of anisotropy of the cytomembranes was demonstrable. The present report is the first to be published in the literature on polarization microscopic studies concerned with the effects of kidney preservation and of reperfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:338534", "title": "Transmethylation hypothesis of schizophrenia: methionine and nicotinic acid.", "content": "The transmethylation hypothesis of schizophrenia was reviewed with considerations that large doses of methionine when combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor lead to exacerbation of psychotic symptoms in a significant percentage of chronic schizophrenic patients. It was noted that nicotinic acid in the dosage of 3,000 mg/day can neither prevent nor counteract the psychopathology thus induced.", "contents": "Transmethylation hypothesis of schizophrenia: methionine and nicotinic acid. The transmethylation hypothesis of schizophrenia was reviewed with considerations that large doses of methionine when combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor lead to exacerbation of psychotic symptoms in a significant percentage of chronic schizophrenic patients. It was noted that nicotinic acid in the dosage of 3,000 mg/day can neither prevent nor counteract the psychopathology thus induced."}
{"id": "PMID:338530", "title": "Results of immediate reconstruction following surgery for advanced cases of cancer of the cheek, jaw and lip.", "content": "Results of immediate reconstruction of the defects resulting from excision of cancer of the cheek, lower jaw, upper jaw and lip in 13 patients using temporal island, deltopectoral and cervicoacromial flaps have been described. The surgical techniques have been outlined. Previous radiotherapy is not a contraindication for primary excisional and reconstructive procedures although the incidence of postoperative gangrene of the flap was greater in these cases.", "contents": "Results of immediate reconstruction following surgery for advanced cases of cancer of the cheek, jaw and lip. Results of immediate reconstruction of the defects resulting from excision of cancer of the cheek, lower jaw, upper jaw and lip in 13 patients using temporal island, deltopectoral and cervicoacromial flaps have been described. The surgical techniques have been outlined. Previous radiotherapy is not a contraindication for primary excisional and reconstructive procedures although the incidence of postoperative gangrene of the flap was greater in these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:338544", "title": "Bladder response to klebsiella infection: a scanning electron microscopy study.", "content": "The early response of rat bladder epithelium to Klebsiella pneumoniae was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Increased bacterial adherence with time after challenge paralleled the occurrence of strand formation and ulceration on the bladder epithelium. The early bladder response to the bacteria consisted of altered epithelial membrane structure, strand formation, and exfoliation of some epithelial cells. These observations indicate that K. pneumoniae causes alterations in the bladder epithelium which may trigger an intrinsic bladder defense mechanism consisting of strand entrapment of bacteria, epithelial cell exfoliation, and elimination of attached bacteria via voiding.", "contents": "Bladder response to klebsiella infection: a scanning electron microscopy study. The early response of rat bladder epithelium to Klebsiella pneumoniae was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Increased bacterial adherence with time after challenge paralleled the occurrence of strand formation and ulceration on the bladder epithelium. The early bladder response to the bacteria consisted of altered epithelial membrane structure, strand formation, and exfoliation of some epithelial cells. These observations indicate that K. pneumoniae causes alterations in the bladder epithelium which may trigger an intrinsic bladder defense mechanism consisting of strand entrapment of bacteria, epithelial cell exfoliation, and elimination of attached bacteria via voiding."}
{"id": "PMID:338547", "title": "Modification of Trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis virus passaged in vivo.", "content": "A designated strain of plaque-purified Trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) was used to initiate a serial passage series in vivo. The virulence of polyhedra inclusion bodies (PIB) and the distribution of MP (many PIB) and FP (few PIB) strains in hemolymph were monitored. When virus was passaged per os as PIB, there was no major change in virulence after 15 passes in insects. Plaque analysis of hemolymph from the infected insects indicated that there was no selection for the FP strain of virus. There was little overall change in the infectivity of nonoccluded virus (NOV) after 16 passes by injection into T. ni larvae; however, plaque analysis of the hemolymph from the infected insects indicated progressive selection of FP virus. It is postulated that when PIB are the vehicles of virus transmission, there is no progressive accumulation of noninfectious FP PIB; however, when NOV are the vehicles of virus transmission, FP NOV production displaces MP virus synthesis. This may result from a growth advantage of the FP NOV over the MP NOV as shown in vitro and from the noninfectious nature of FP PIB.", "contents": "Modification of Trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis virus passaged in vivo. A designated strain of plaque-purified Trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) was used to initiate a serial passage series in vivo. The virulence of polyhedra inclusion bodies (PIB) and the distribution of MP (many PIB) and FP (few PIB) strains in hemolymph were monitored. When virus was passaged per os as PIB, there was no major change in virulence after 15 passes in insects. Plaque analysis of hemolymph from the infected insects indicated that there was no selection for the FP strain of virus. There was little overall change in the infectivity of nonoccluded virus (NOV) after 16 passes by injection into T. ni larvae; however, plaque analysis of the hemolymph from the infected insects indicated progressive selection of FP virus. It is postulated that when PIB are the vehicles of virus transmission, there is no progressive accumulation of noninfectious FP PIB; however, when NOV are the vehicles of virus transmission, FP NOV production displaces MP virus synthesis. This may result from a growth advantage of the FP NOV over the MP NOV as shown in vitro and from the noninfectious nature of FP PIB."}
{"id": "PMID:338548", "title": "On the mechanism of the persistence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in the continuous cell line Detroit-6.", "content": "A persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, noninfectious for mice, was revealed in the continuous human cell line, Detroit-6. The virus was detected in the cell monolayer by an indirect immunofluorescence test and in the cell homogenate by a complement-fixation test. Between 30 and 80% of the cells produced viral antigen in subsequent passages of the culture. Thymidine analogues (BrDU and IDU) stimulated the synthesis of antigen. DNA of the persistently infected cell line was transfected to the mouse lymphoid cell line, L1210, which became persistently infected with the virus.", "contents": "On the mechanism of the persistence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in the continuous cell line Detroit-6. A persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, noninfectious for mice, was revealed in the continuous human cell line, Detroit-6. The virus was detected in the cell monolayer by an indirect immunofluorescence test and in the cell homogenate by a complement-fixation test. Between 30 and 80% of the cells produced viral antigen in subsequent passages of the culture. Thymidine analogues (BrDU and IDU) stimulated the synthesis of antigen. DNA of the persistently infected cell line was transfected to the mouse lymphoid cell line, L1210, which became persistently infected with the virus."}
{"id": "PMID:338552", "title": "Effect of diazepam on uterine activity during labor.", "content": "The effect of diazepam on uterine activity was assessed in a series of 30 patients in established spontaneous labor. The action of diazepam on the frequency and amplitude of contractions, uterine tone and fetal heart rate was monitored internally. An i.v. dose of 10 mg diazepam significantly decreased uterine activity by its direct effect on contraction frequency. No effect on uterine tone was seen. This effect of diazepam on contraction frequency was additional to its tranquilizing and muscle relaxant action.", "contents": "Effect of diazepam on uterine activity during labor. The effect of diazepam on uterine activity was assessed in a series of 30 patients in established spontaneous labor. The action of diazepam on the frequency and amplitude of contractions, uterine tone and fetal heart rate was monitored internally. An i.v. dose of 10 mg diazepam significantly decreased uterine activity by its direct effect on contraction frequency. No effect on uterine tone was seen. This effect of diazepam on contraction frequency was additional to its tranquilizing and muscle relaxant action."}
{"id": "PMID:338553", "title": "Mesenteric lymphadenitis due to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.", "content": "A case of mesenteric lymphadenitis caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is described in a young adult. The diagnosis was suggested by the histological appearance of the lymph nodes, and confirmed by serological tests. This is the first report of mesenteric lymphadenitis due to Y. pseudotuberculosis in Israel.", "contents": "Mesenteric lymphadenitis due to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. A case of mesenteric lymphadenitis caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is described in a young adult. The diagnosis was suggested by the histological appearance of the lymph nodes, and confirmed by serological tests. This is the first report of mesenteric lymphadenitis due to Y. pseudotuberculosis in Israel."}
{"id": "PMID:338564", "title": "Humps on young human and rabbit articular cartilage.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopic studies revealed numerous humps on the surface or articular cartilage from a 7 years old boy and from 1 month old rabbits. This shows that the surface topography of articular cartilage in young individuals is different from that of older individuals (human and rabbit) where the surface is beset by numerous pits. In 2 months old rabbits an intermediate situation was witnessed, for both shallow pits and occasional humps were present. Ridges and undulations were not seen on the articular surface of the 7 years old boy, except near the cut edge of the specimen. They were, however, found on air-dried specimens of 1 month old rabbit cartilage, but were absent from specimens dried by the critical-point method. The collective evidence supports the idea that ridges and undulations are not a constant feature of the normal articular surface, but that such features are artefactual, a typical or pathological.", "contents": "Humps on young human and rabbit articular cartilage. Scanning electron microscopic studies revealed numerous humps on the surface or articular cartilage from a 7 years old boy and from 1 month old rabbits. This shows that the surface topography of articular cartilage in young individuals is different from that of older individuals (human and rabbit) where the surface is beset by numerous pits. In 2 months old rabbits an intermediate situation was witnessed, for both shallow pits and occasional humps were present. Ridges and undulations were not seen on the articular surface of the 7 years old boy, except near the cut edge of the specimen. They were, however, found on air-dried specimens of 1 month old rabbit cartilage, but were absent from specimens dried by the critical-point method. The collective evidence supports the idea that ridges and undulations are not a constant feature of the normal articular surface, but that such features are artefactual, a typical or pathological."}
{"id": "PMID:338567", "title": "Nocardicin A, a new monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic V. In vivo evaluation.", "content": "Nocardicin A is a new monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic which provides a potent therapeutic effect in mice experimentally infected with gram-negative bacilli. When given subcutaneously to mice, the therapeutic effect of the drug was stronger than had been anticipated from in vitro studies. Nocardicin A was more potent in therapeutic effect than carbenicillin against infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Pr. vulgaris, Pr. rettgeri and Pr. inconstans, and was similar in effect to carbenicillin against infections due to Escherichia coli in mice. In addition, nocardicin A proved to be active against infections due to Serratia marcescens and other organisms resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. When nocardicin A was given subcutaneously to mice, blood and hepatic levels of the drug were higher than those of carbenicillin.", "contents": "Nocardicin A, a new monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic V. In vivo evaluation. Nocardicin A is a new monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic which provides a potent therapeutic effect in mice experimentally infected with gram-negative bacilli. When given subcutaneously to mice, the therapeutic effect of the drug was stronger than had been anticipated from in vitro studies. Nocardicin A was more potent in therapeutic effect than carbenicillin against infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Pr. vulgaris, Pr. rettgeri and Pr. inconstans, and was similar in effect to carbenicillin against infections due to Escherichia coli in mice. In addition, nocardicin A proved to be active against infections due to Serratia marcescens and other organisms resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. When nocardicin A was given subcutaneously to mice, blood and hepatic levels of the drug were higher than those of carbenicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:338575", "title": "A colI-specified product, synthesized in newly infected recipients, limits the amount of DNA transferred during conjugation of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The amount of ColI DNA transferred between mating cells of Escherichia coli K-12 increased about fourfold when rifampin-resistant donors were mated with sensitive recipients in the presence of the drug. Conjugational synthesis of ColI in dnaB recipients, shown primarily to reflect conversion of the transferred DNA into double-stranded material, was also enhanced when the recipients were treated with either rifampin or streptomycin. It is suggested that the amount of ColI transfer is normally limited by the synthesis of one or more proteins in the newly infected recipients. The protein is thought to be plasmid-specified because rifampin also quadrupled transfer to UV-irradiated recipients which were deficient in the transcription of the resident DNA. Successive strands of ColI appear to be transferred discontinuously, because the transferred DNA accumulated in normal and rifampin-treated recipients in the form of circular and linear monomeric units. Although rifampin treatment of recipients also increased transfer of a second Ialpha plasmid, R144drd-3, by about four times, the drug failed to cause a substantial increase of Flac transfer in comparable matings.", "contents": "A colI-specified product, synthesized in newly infected recipients, limits the amount of DNA transferred during conjugation of Escherichia coli K-12. The amount of ColI DNA transferred between mating cells of Escherichia coli K-12 increased about fourfold when rifampin-resistant donors were mated with sensitive recipients in the presence of the drug. Conjugational synthesis of ColI in dnaB recipients, shown primarily to reflect conversion of the transferred DNA into double-stranded material, was also enhanced when the recipients were treated with either rifampin or streptomycin. It is suggested that the amount of ColI transfer is normally limited by the synthesis of one or more proteins in the newly infected recipients. The protein is thought to be plasmid-specified because rifampin also quadrupled transfer to UV-irradiated recipients which were deficient in the transcription of the resident DNA. Successive strands of ColI appear to be transferred discontinuously, because the transferred DNA accumulated in normal and rifampin-treated recipients in the form of circular and linear monomeric units. Although rifampin treatment of recipients also increased transfer of a second Ialpha plasmid, R144drd-3, by about four times, the drug failed to cause a substantial increase of Flac transfer in comparable matings."}
{"id": "PMID:338576", "title": "Genetics of nitrofurazone resistance in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Wild-type Escherichia coli cells are sensitive to nitrofurazone (NF) and many other nitrofuran derivatives. A variety of evidence indicated that these compounds are converted to toxic \"active\" metabolites by reductases present in the bacteria. Sensitive E. coli K-12 acquired threefold-greater resistance to NF in one mutational step. These partially resistant mutants could undergo a second mutation that made them 10 times as resistant as the wild type. Mutation of wild-type strain K-12 to the higher level of resistance in a single step was not observed. The first mutational step was associated with partial loss of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-linked, O(2)-insensitive NF reductase activity, and the second step was associated with loss of the remaining activity. The two-step mutants did, however, contain other NF reductases that were inhibited by O(2) and reduced NF only under anaerobic conditions. We designated the genes that control reductase activity \"nitrofuran sensitivity genes\" (nfsA and nfsB). Thus, wild-type strains are nfsA(+)nfsB(+), and the resistant double mutants are nfsA nfsB. A variety of crosses established that these genes are both located close to gal, that the most probable sequence is lac nfsB gal nfsA, and that the single-step mutants with an intermediate level of resistance are nfsA nfsB(+). The nfsA(+)nfsB strains contained about 70 to 80% of the wild-type reductase I activity-apparently enough to confer wild-type sensitivity. This reductase activity was resistant to 2 M urea. The nfsA nfsB(+) strains had only 20 to 30% of the wild-type activity, and this residual activity was sensitive to 2 M urea.", "contents": "Genetics of nitrofurazone resistance in Escherichia coli. Wild-type Escherichia coli cells are sensitive to nitrofurazone (NF) and many other nitrofuran derivatives. A variety of evidence indicated that these compounds are converted to toxic \"active\" metabolites by reductases present in the bacteria. Sensitive E. coli K-12 acquired threefold-greater resistance to NF in one mutational step. These partially resistant mutants could undergo a second mutation that made them 10 times as resistant as the wild type. Mutation of wild-type strain K-12 to the higher level of resistance in a single step was not observed. The first mutational step was associated with partial loss of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-linked, O(2)-insensitive NF reductase activity, and the second step was associated with loss of the remaining activity. The two-step mutants did, however, contain other NF reductases that were inhibited by O(2) and reduced NF only under anaerobic conditions. We designated the genes that control reductase activity \"nitrofuran sensitivity genes\" (nfsA and nfsB). Thus, wild-type strains are nfsA(+)nfsB(+), and the resistant double mutants are nfsA nfsB. A variety of crosses established that these genes are both located close to gal, that the most probable sequence is lac nfsB gal nfsA, and that the single-step mutants with an intermediate level of resistance are nfsA nfsB(+). The nfsA(+)nfsB strains contained about 70 to 80% of the wild-type reductase I activity-apparently enough to confer wild-type sensitivity. This reductase activity was resistant to 2 M urea. The nfsA nfsB(+) strains had only 20 to 30% of the wild-type activity, and this residual activity was sensitive to 2 M urea."}
{"id": "PMID:338577", "title": "Genetics of Treponema: relationship between Treponema pallidum and five cultivable treponemes.", "content": "Three genetically distinct groups of treponemes have been identified by saturation reassociation assays using 125I-labeled treponemal DNAs. The three groups are (i) virulent Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain), (ii) T. phagedenis and its biotypes Reiter and Kazan 5, and (iii) T. refringens biotypes Nichols and Noguchi. There is no detectable DNA sequence homology (less than 5%) among the three groups. The groups have distinct guanine + cytosine contents: 52.4 to 53.7% for T. pallidum, 41.5% for T. refringens, and 38 to 39% for T. phagedenis.", "contents": "Genetics of Treponema: relationship between Treponema pallidum and five cultivable treponemes. Three genetically distinct groups of treponemes have been identified by saturation reassociation assays using 125I-labeled treponemal DNAs. The three groups are (i) virulent Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain), (ii) T. phagedenis and its biotypes Reiter and Kazan 5, and (iii) T. refringens biotypes Nichols and Noguchi. There is no detectable DNA sequence homology (less than 5%) among the three groups. The groups have distinct guanine + cytosine contents: 52.4 to 53.7% for T. pallidum, 41.5% for T. refringens, and 38 to 39% for T. phagedenis."}
{"id": "PMID:338578", "title": "Bacteriophage conversion of heat-labile enterotoxin in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A temperate phage designated obeta1 (omicron beta) was mitomycin C induced and isolated from heat-labile enterotoxin (LT)-producing Escherichia coli E2631-C2. Phage obeta1 infected the nonlysogenic, nontoxigenic, mitomycin C-sensitive strain of E. coli K-12 (CSH38) and converted it to lysogeny and enterotoxigenicity. After the establishment of lysogeny, E. coli CSH38(obeta1) produced produced LT and phage particles at maximal levels following mitomycin C induction. The LT Tox+ character is carried by the temperate phage obeta1.", "contents": "Bacteriophage conversion of heat-labile enterotoxin in Escherichia coli. A temperate phage designated obeta1 (omicron beta) was mitomycin C induced and isolated from heat-labile enterotoxin (LT)-producing Escherichia coli E2631-C2. Phage obeta1 infected the nonlysogenic, nontoxigenic, mitomycin C-sensitive strain of E. coli K-12 (CSH38) and converted it to lysogeny and enterotoxigenicity. After the establishment of lysogeny, E. coli CSH38(obeta1) produced produced LT and phage particles at maximal levels following mitomycin C induction. The LT Tox+ character is carried by the temperate phage obeta1."}
{"id": "PMID:338579", "title": "Regulatory properties of araC(c) mutants in the L-arabinose operon of escherichia coliB/r.", "content": "Merodiploids containing a high-constitutive and a low-constitutive araC(c) allele were assayed for constitutive expression of the ara operon. Low-constitutive araC(c) alleles either were unable to repress the constitutive rate of ara operon expression exhibited by by high-constitutive araC(c) alleles or achieved a partial repression of the high-constitutive rate of operon expression. Either mutation to a low-constitutive araC(c) mutant resulted in a partial or complete loss of repressor function, or subunit mixing between the two araC(c) mutant proteins resulted in a partial or complete dominance of the high-constitutive araC(c) allele. Five of the six araC(c) alleles tested allowed a partial induction of the ara operon in cya crp background. In general, a higher level of ara operon induction was achieved in the cya crp background by high araC(c) alleles than by low araC(c) alleles. Furthermore, several araC(c) mutants exhibited decreased sensitivity to catabolite repression, particularly in the presence of inducer. The results suggest a model in which certain araC(c) gene products can achieve ara operon induction in the presence of either arabinose (inducer) or catabolite activator protein-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, whereas the wild-type araC gene product requires the presence of both of these factors for operon expression.", "contents": "Regulatory properties of araC(c) mutants in the L-arabinose operon of escherichia coliB/r. Merodiploids containing a high-constitutive and a low-constitutive araC(c) allele were assayed for constitutive expression of the ara operon. Low-constitutive araC(c) alleles either were unable to repress the constitutive rate of ara operon expression exhibited by by high-constitutive araC(c) alleles or achieved a partial repression of the high-constitutive rate of operon expression. Either mutation to a low-constitutive araC(c) mutant resulted in a partial or complete loss of repressor function, or subunit mixing between the two araC(c) mutant proteins resulted in a partial or complete dominance of the high-constitutive araC(c) allele. Five of the six araC(c) alleles tested allowed a partial induction of the ara operon in cya crp background. In general, a higher level of ara operon induction was achieved in the cya crp background by high araC(c) alleles than by low araC(c) alleles. Furthermore, several araC(c) mutants exhibited decreased sensitivity to catabolite repression, particularly in the presence of inducer. The results suggest a model in which certain araC(c) gene products can achieve ara operon induction in the presence of either arabinose (inducer) or catabolite activator protein-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, whereas the wild-type araC gene product requires the presence of both of these factors for operon expression."}
{"id": "PMID:338580", "title": "Low-temperature conditional cell division mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Fifteen low-temperature conditional division mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 was isolated. They grew normally at 39 degrees C but formed filaments at 30 degrees C. All exhibited a coordinated burst of cell division when the filaments were shifted to the permissive temperature (39 degrees C). None of the various agents that stimulate cell division in other mutant systems (salt, sucrose, ethanol, and chloramphenicol) was very effective in restoring colony-forming ability at 25 degrees C or in stimulating cell division in broth. One of these mutants, strain JS10, was found to have an altered cell envelope as evidenced by increased sensitivity to deoxycholate and antibiotics, as well as leakage of ribonulcease I, a periplasmic enzyme. This mutant had normal rates of DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, and phospholipid synthesis at both the nonpermissive and permissive temperatures. However, strain JS10 required new protein synthesis in the apparent absence of new RNA synthesis for division of filaments at the permissive temperature. The division of lesion in strain JS10 is cotransducible with malA, aroB, and glpD and maps within min 72 to 75 on the E. coli chromosome.", "contents": "Low-temperature conditional cell division mutants of Escherichia coli. Fifteen low-temperature conditional division mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 was isolated. They grew normally at 39 degrees C but formed filaments at 30 degrees C. All exhibited a coordinated burst of cell division when the filaments were shifted to the permissive temperature (39 degrees C). None of the various agents that stimulate cell division in other mutant systems (salt, sucrose, ethanol, and chloramphenicol) was very effective in restoring colony-forming ability at 25 degrees C or in stimulating cell division in broth. One of these mutants, strain JS10, was found to have an altered cell envelope as evidenced by increased sensitivity to deoxycholate and antibiotics, as well as leakage of ribonulcease I, a periplasmic enzyme. This mutant had normal rates of DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, and phospholipid synthesis at both the nonpermissive and permissive temperatures. However, strain JS10 required new protein synthesis in the apparent absence of new RNA synthesis for division of filaments at the permissive temperature. The division of lesion in strain JS10 is cotransducible with malA, aroB, and glpD and maps within min 72 to 75 on the E. coli chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:338581", "title": "Uptake of extracellular biotin by Escherichia coli biotin prototrophs.", "content": "Uptake of exogenous biotin by two Escherichia coli biotin prototroph strains, K-12 and Crookes, appeared to involve incorporation at a fixed number of binding sites located at the cell membrane. Incorporation was characterized as a binding process specific for biotin, not requiring energy, and stimulated by acidic pH. Constant saturation quantities of exogenous biotin were incorporated by these cells, and the amounts, which were titrated, depended on whether the cells were resting or dividing. Resting cells incorporated exogenous biotin amounting to 2% of their total intracellular biotin content. Fifty percent of the exogenous biotin was incorporated into their free biotin fraction, and 50% was incorporated into their bound biotin fraction. On the other hand, dividing cells incorporated exogenous biotin into all of their intracellular sites, 88% going into the intracellular-bound biotin fraction, and 12% going into the free biotin fraction. Calculations suggested that each cell contained approximately 3,000 binding sites for biotin. It was postulated that biotin incorporation sites might have been components of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase located at or near the membrane.", "contents": "Uptake of extracellular biotin by Escherichia coli biotin prototrophs. Uptake of exogenous biotin by two Escherichia coli biotin prototroph strains, K-12 and Crookes, appeared to involve incorporation at a fixed number of binding sites located at the cell membrane. Incorporation was characterized as a binding process specific for biotin, not requiring energy, and stimulated by acidic pH. Constant saturation quantities of exogenous biotin were incorporated by these cells, and the amounts, which were titrated, depended on whether the cells were resting or dividing. Resting cells incorporated exogenous biotin amounting to 2% of their total intracellular biotin content. Fifty percent of the exogenous biotin was incorporated into their free biotin fraction, and 50% was incorporated into their bound biotin fraction. On the other hand, dividing cells incorporated exogenous biotin into all of their intracellular sites, 88% going into the intracellular-bound biotin fraction, and 12% going into the free biotin fraction. Calculations suggested that each cell contained approximately 3,000 binding sites for biotin. It was postulated that biotin incorporation sites might have been components of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase located at or near the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:338582", "title": "Arrangement of protein I in Escherichia coli outer membrane: cross-linking study.", "content": "The arrangement of protein I in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli was investigated by cross-linking whole cells, isolated cell wall, protein-peptidoglycan complexes, and protein I released from peptidoglycan with NaCl. Both cleavable azide cross-linkers and imidoester reagents were used. The data presented suggest that protein I exists in the outer membrane as a trimer.", "contents": "Arrangement of protein I in Escherichia coli outer membrane: cross-linking study. The arrangement of protein I in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli was investigated by cross-linking whole cells, isolated cell wall, protein-peptidoglycan complexes, and protein I released from peptidoglycan with NaCl. Both cleavable azide cross-linkers and imidoester reagents were used. The data presented suggest that protein I exists in the outer membrane as a trimer."}
{"id": "PMID:338583", "title": "Immunochemical analysis of inner and outer membranes of Escherichia coli by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Isolated membrane fractions of Escherichia coli K-12 yielded complex immunoprecipitate patterns when Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate extracts were examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis with antienvelope immunoglobulins. Twelve of the 46 antigens in the immunoprecipitate patterns of inner (plasma) membranes were identified by zymograms and/or by the use of specific antisera. The following enzyme activities were detected in immunoprecipitates: 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.43); adenosine triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3); glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4), two separate components; malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37); dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.3.1); succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1); lactate dehydrogeanse (EC 1.1.1.27); reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.99.3); protease (EC 3.4.21.1); and glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.5). The corresponding immunoprecipitate pattern for isolated outer membranes consisted of at least 25 discrete antigens and differed strikingly from that obtained with inner membranes. Two major immunogens were identified as lipopolysaccharide and Braun lipoprotein. A protease-active immunoprecipitate was also detected in this fraction, but attempts to identify the Rosenbusch matrix protein in the crossed immunoelectrophoretic profile were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Immunochemical analysis of inner and outer membranes of Escherichia coli by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Isolated membrane fractions of Escherichia coli K-12 yielded complex immunoprecipitate patterns when Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate extracts were examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis with antienvelope immunoglobulins. Twelve of the 46 antigens in the immunoprecipitate patterns of inner (plasma) membranes were identified by zymograms and/or by the use of specific antisera. The following enzyme activities were detected in immunoprecipitates: 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.43); adenosine triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3); glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4), two separate components; malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37); dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.3.1); succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1); lactate dehydrogeanse (EC 1.1.1.27); reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.99.3); protease (EC 3.4.21.1); and glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.5). The corresponding immunoprecipitate pattern for isolated outer membranes consisted of at least 25 discrete antigens and differed strikingly from that obtained with inner membranes. Two major immunogens were identified as lipopolysaccharide and Braun lipoprotein. A protease-active immunoprecipitate was also detected in this fraction, but attempts to identify the Rosenbusch matrix protein in the crossed immunoelectrophoretic profile were unsuccessful."}
{"id": "PMID:338584", "title": "Effect of thymine concentration on cell shape in Thy- Escherichia coli B/r.", "content": "Cells of a thymineless mutant of Escherichia coli B/r are shown to change their shape when the concentration of thymine in the growth medium is reduced. Electron micrographs of whole cells and isolated sacculi were used to make quantitative measurements of the changes in cell length and width which occur as a result of such a change in thymine concentration. The results showed that there is an increase in cell volume, which is due to an increase in cell width accompanied by a decrease in cell length. These changes were compared with the predictions of models which assume that cell shape is influenced by the chromosome replication cycle.", "contents": "Effect of thymine concentration on cell shape in Thy- Escherichia coli B/r. Cells of a thymineless mutant of Escherichia coli B/r are shown to change their shape when the concentration of thymine in the growth medium is reduced. Electron micrographs of whole cells and isolated sacculi were used to make quantitative measurements of the changes in cell length and width which occur as a result of such a change in thymine concentration. The results showed that there is an increase in cell volume, which is due to an increase in cell width accompanied by a decrease in cell length. These changes were compared with the predictions of models which assume that cell shape is influenced by the chromosome replication cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:338585", "title": "Interaction between two major outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli: the matrix protein and the lipoprotein.", "content": "The affinity to the matrix protein, one of the major outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli, for the peptidoglycan was examined of extracting the cell envelope complex at 55 degrees C and 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate containing different amounts of NaCl. It was found that the matrix protein was extracted from the peptidoglycan of a mutant strain (lpo) that lacks another major membrane protein, the lipoprotein, at a lower NaCl concentration than was the matrix protein of the wild-type cell (lpo+). When the envelope fraction of the wild-type strain was treated with trypsin, which is known to cleave the bound-form lipoprotein from the peptidoglycan, the affinity of the matrix protein for the peptidoglycan decreased to the same level as that of the affinity of the matrix protein for the peptidoglycan of the mutant strain. It was further shown that the free-form lipoprotein was also retained in the matrix protein-peptidoglycan complex, although the extent of retention of the free form of the lipoprotein was less than that of the matrix protein. These results indicate that both the free and the bound forms of the lipoprotein are closely associated with the matrix protein and that the bound form of the lipoprotein plays and important role in the association between the matrix protein and the peptidoglycan.", "contents": "Interaction between two major outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli: the matrix protein and the lipoprotein. The affinity to the matrix protein, one of the major outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli, for the peptidoglycan was examined of extracting the cell envelope complex at 55 degrees C and 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate containing different amounts of NaCl. It was found that the matrix protein was extracted from the peptidoglycan of a mutant strain (lpo) that lacks another major membrane protein, the lipoprotein, at a lower NaCl concentration than was the matrix protein of the wild-type cell (lpo+). When the envelope fraction of the wild-type strain was treated with trypsin, which is known to cleave the bound-form lipoprotein from the peptidoglycan, the affinity of the matrix protein for the peptidoglycan decreased to the same level as that of the affinity of the matrix protein for the peptidoglycan of the mutant strain. It was further shown that the free-form lipoprotein was also retained in the matrix protein-peptidoglycan complex, although the extent of retention of the free form of the lipoprotein was less than that of the matrix protein. These results indicate that both the free and the bound forms of the lipoprotein are closely associated with the matrix protein and that the bound form of the lipoprotein plays and important role in the association between the matrix protein and the peptidoglycan."}
{"id": "PMID:338586", "title": "F plasmid genes involved in the production of recombination-stimulating factor, control of sensitivity to some injurious agents, and chromosome replication in Escherichia coli K-12 HfrC.", "content": "Three related F'arg+ plasmids isolated by Guyer and Clark were used to analyze some properties of strain MG751, a recipient derivative of an HfrC mutant (MG7) carrying a previously described pleiotropic mutation in the integrated F plasmid. Strains MG7 and MG751 both failed to produce recombination-stimulating factor, were sensitive to monofunctional alkylating agents and UV irradiation, and were temperature sensitive for growth and DNA synthesis. It was shown that these phenotypes are controlled by F plasmids genes (designated rsf, prt, and rep) that can be separated by deletion mutations occurring on the F plasmid.", "contents": "F plasmid genes involved in the production of recombination-stimulating factor, control of sensitivity to some injurious agents, and chromosome replication in Escherichia coli K-12 HfrC. Three related F'arg+ plasmids isolated by Guyer and Clark were used to analyze some properties of strain MG751, a recipient derivative of an HfrC mutant (MG7) carrying a previously described pleiotropic mutation in the integrated F plasmid. Strains MG7 and MG751 both failed to produce recombination-stimulating factor, were sensitive to monofunctional alkylating agents and UV irradiation, and were temperature sensitive for growth and DNA synthesis. It was shown that these phenotypes are controlled by F plasmids genes (designated rsf, prt, and rep) that can be separated by deletion mutations occurring on the F plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:338587", "title": "Cloning of Beneckea genes in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Genes from Beneckea harveyi, a luminescent marine bacterium, were cloned in Escherichia coli. This was done by producing randomly sheared fragments of Beneckea DNA and inserting them into the EcoRI site of plasmid pMB9 by the adenine-thymine joining procedure. The hybrid plasmids were used to transform E. coli C600 SF8. Among the transformants selected for tetracycline resistance, one clone that appeared to complement a leucine tb mutation was identified. The transformants were screened for the presence of Beneckea 5S genes. Four of these clones were analyzed in detail by hybridization with 16S, 23S, and 4S Beneckea RNA. The observations suggest that the ribosomal genes in Beneckea are linked, but are present in a different order than those in E. coli.", "contents": "Cloning of Beneckea genes in Escherichia coli. Genes from Beneckea harveyi, a luminescent marine bacterium, were cloned in Escherichia coli. This was done by producing randomly sheared fragments of Beneckea DNA and inserting them into the EcoRI site of plasmid pMB9 by the adenine-thymine joining procedure. The hybrid plasmids were used to transform E. coli C600 SF8. Among the transformants selected for tetracycline resistance, one clone that appeared to complement a leucine tb mutation was identified. The transformants were screened for the presence of Beneckea 5S genes. Four of these clones were analyzed in detail by hybridization with 16S, 23S, and 4S Beneckea RNA. The observations suggest that the ribosomal genes in Beneckea are linked, but are present in a different order than those in E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:338588", "title": "Identification of the structural gene for the hook subunit protein of Escherichia coli flagella.", "content": "Previous studies showed that the structural gene for the flagellar hook subunit protein (molecular weight 42,000) was one of a group of flagellar genes located on the Escherichia coli genome near pyrC. Several lines of evidence indicate that the flaK gene is the structural gene for the hook subunit protein. Fla+ strains that were insensitive to chi infection could be isolated as revertants of an FlaK- amber mutant strain but from no other Fla- strain. The hook subunit proteins isolated from such chi-sensitive revertants of the FlaK- strain were shown to be antigenically and electrophoretically different from the hook protein isolated from the wild-type strain. Thus, reversion of a mutation in the flaK gene resulted in alteration of the structure of the hook protein. Furthermore, in programming experiments with hybrid lambda containing flagellar genes, lambdafla with flaK genetic activity programmed the synthesis of a 42,000-molecular weight protein, whereas lambdafla without flaK genetic activity did not.", "contents": "Identification of the structural gene for the hook subunit protein of Escherichia coli flagella. Previous studies showed that the structural gene for the flagellar hook subunit protein (molecular weight 42,000) was one of a group of flagellar genes located on the Escherichia coli genome near pyrC. Several lines of evidence indicate that the flaK gene is the structural gene for the hook subunit protein. Fla+ strains that were insensitive to chi infection could be isolated as revertants of an FlaK- amber mutant strain but from no other Fla- strain. The hook subunit proteins isolated from such chi-sensitive revertants of the FlaK- strain were shown to be antigenically and electrophoretically different from the hook protein isolated from the wild-type strain. Thus, reversion of a mutation in the flaK gene resulted in alteration of the structure of the hook protein. Furthermore, in programming experiments with hybrid lambda containing flagellar genes, lambdafla with flaK genetic activity programmed the synthesis of a 42,000-molecular weight protein, whereas lambdafla without flaK genetic activity did not."}
{"id": "PMID:338589", "title": "R plasmic Rtsl-mediated production of extracellular deoxyribonuclease in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Escherichia coli strains harboring Rtsl were found to excrete extracellular deoxyribonuclease. The DNase activity was greater in cells with pTW2, a mutant from Rtsl.", "contents": "R plasmic Rtsl-mediated production of extracellular deoxyribonuclease in Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli strains harboring Rtsl were found to excrete extracellular deoxyribonuclease. The DNase activity was greater in cells with pTW2, a mutant from Rtsl."}
{"id": "PMID:338590", "title": "Primary structure of the Escherichia coli serotype K42 capsular polysaccharide and its serological identity with the Klebsiella K63 polysaccharide.", "content": "The Escherichia coli K42 capsular polysaccharide consists of leads to 3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-GalUAp-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-L-Fucp-(1 leads to repeating units. The E. coli K42 and Klebsiella K63 antigens are serologically identical.", "contents": "Primary structure of the Escherichia coli serotype K42 capsular polysaccharide and its serological identity with the Klebsiella K63 polysaccharide. The Escherichia coli K42 capsular polysaccharide consists of leads to 3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-GalUAp-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-L-Fucp-(1 leads to repeating units. The E. coli K42 and Klebsiella K63 antigens are serologically identical."}
{"id": "PMID:338591", "title": "Preferential inhibitory action of sodium cholate on an Escherichia coli strain carrying a plasmid in an integrated state.", "content": "Sodium cholate was shown to be preferentially more active on Escherichia coli strains carrying an integrated plasmid, i.e., on Hfr strains, than on their parental strains with or without a plasmid in an autonomous state.", "contents": "Preferential inhibitory action of sodium cholate on an Escherichia coli strain carrying a plasmid in an integrated state. Sodium cholate was shown to be preferentially more active on Escherichia coli strains carrying an integrated plasmid, i.e., on Hfr strains, than on their parental strains with or without a plasmid in an autonomous state."}
{"id": "PMID:338592", "title": "Formation of N-carbamyl putrescine from citrulline in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Decarboxylation of citrulline by Escherichia coli enzymes was presented. The N-carbamyl putrescine produced showed the same properties as those of synthesized authentic samples in column chromatography, paper chromatography, and paper electrophoresis.", "contents": "Formation of N-carbamyl putrescine from citrulline in Escherichia coli. Decarboxylation of citrulline by Escherichia coli enzymes was presented. The N-carbamyl putrescine produced showed the same properties as those of synthesized authentic samples in column chromatography, paper chromatography, and paper electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:338593", "title": "Interaction between the fumarate reductase system of Escherichia coli and the nitrogen fixation genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "For phenotypic expression of nif+Kp genes in Escherichia coli K-12, the anaerobic electron transport system to fumarate must be functional. The role of the fumarate reduction system is to energize the membrane and thus provide the energy necessary for nitrogen fixation.", "contents": "Interaction between the fumarate reductase system of Escherichia coli and the nitrogen fixation genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae. For phenotypic expression of nif+Kp genes in Escherichia coli K-12, the anaerobic electron transport system to fumarate must be functional. The role of the fumarate reduction system is to energize the membrane and thus provide the energy necessary for nitrogen fixation."}
{"id": "PMID:338594", "title": "Relationship between polyamines and macromolecules in germinating yeast ascospores.", "content": "The accumulation of spermidine and/or spermine was not necessary for normal macromolecule biosynthesis or germination and outgrowth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores.", "contents": "Relationship between polyamines and macromolecules in germinating yeast ascospores. The accumulation of spermidine and/or spermine was not necessary for normal macromolecule biosynthesis or germination and outgrowth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores."}
{"id": "PMID:338595", "title": "Conjugal transfer system of plasmid RP4: analysis by transposon 7 insertion.", "content": "We have begun an analysis in Escherichia coli of the conjugal transfer functions of the broad-host-range plasmid RP4. We have isolated 19 tra mutants of RP4, generated by insertion of transposon 7, and mapped their insertion sites by restriction endonuclease analysis. These sites fall into two separate regions on either side of the kanamycin resistance determinant. The transfer rates of the mutants range from 10% of that of RP4 to an undetectable level. Spot tests with the P-1 pilus-specific phages PRR1, Pf3, and PR4 and electron microscopic examination for pili have classified the mutants into several phenotypes consistent with their having normal, retracted, or no pili. Analysis of transient plasmid heterozygotes, created by P1 transduction, divided the tra mutants into a minimum of five complementation groups. Some of these groups contain more than one phenotypic class and may represent more than one gene because of the possible polar and deletion effects of Tn7 insertion.", "contents": "Conjugal transfer system of plasmid RP4: analysis by transposon 7 insertion. We have begun an analysis in Escherichia coli of the conjugal transfer functions of the broad-host-range plasmid RP4. We have isolated 19 tra mutants of RP4, generated by insertion of transposon 7, and mapped their insertion sites by restriction endonuclease analysis. These sites fall into two separate regions on either side of the kanamycin resistance determinant. The transfer rates of the mutants range from 10% of that of RP4 to an undetectable level. Spot tests with the P-1 pilus-specific phages PRR1, Pf3, and PR4 and electron microscopic examination for pili have classified the mutants into several phenotypes consistent with their having normal, retracted, or no pili. Analysis of transient plasmid heterozygotes, created by P1 transduction, divided the tra mutants into a minimum of five complementation groups. Some of these groups contain more than one phenotypic class and may represent more than one gene because of the possible polar and deletion effects of Tn7 insertion."}
{"id": "PMID:338596", "title": "ColE1 plasmid mutants affecting growth of an Escherichia coli recB recC sbcB mutant.", "content": "Three mutant derivatives of the plasmid ColE1 were found to reduce the formation of plasmidless cells in a recB recC sbcB cell population. An active plasmid role in the plasmid-host interaction is suggested.", "contents": "ColE1 plasmid mutants affecting growth of an Escherichia coli recB recC sbcB mutant. Three mutant derivatives of the plasmid ColE1 were found to reduce the formation of plasmidless cells in a recB recC sbcB cell population. An active plasmid role in the plasmid-host interaction is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:338597", "title": "F- mating materials able to generate a mating signal in mating with HfrH dnaB(Ts) cells.", "content": "The purified outer membrane from F- (W1-3) cells was shown to inhibit mating effectively, but the purified cytoplasmic (inner) membrane did not. These membranes, heat-treated minicells, and ultraviolet-irradiated minicells were examined for their ability to generate a mating signal at 43 degrees C in mating with HfrH dnaB(Ts) cells. The outer and inner membranes and heat-treated minicells all failed to stimulate incorporation of radioactive thymine; only ultraviolet-irradiated minicells retained the ability to generate a mating signal for the donor to initiate transfer replication.", "contents": "F- mating materials able to generate a mating signal in mating with HfrH dnaB(Ts) cells. The purified outer membrane from F- (W1-3) cells was shown to inhibit mating effectively, but the purified cytoplasmic (inner) membrane did not. These membranes, heat-treated minicells, and ultraviolet-irradiated minicells were examined for their ability to generate a mating signal at 43 degrees C in mating with HfrH dnaB(Ts) cells. The outer and inner membranes and heat-treated minicells all failed to stimulate incorporation of radioactive thymine; only ultraviolet-irradiated minicells retained the ability to generate a mating signal for the donor to initiate transfer replication."}
{"id": "PMID:338598", "title": "Single-strand breakage in DNA of Escherichia coli exposed to Cd2+.", "content": "When a growing culture of Escherichia coli was exposed to 3 X 10(-6) M Cd2+, 85 to 95% of the cells lost their ability to form colonies on agar plates. Loss of viability was accompanied by considerable single-strand breakage in the DNA, with no detectable increase in double-strand breaks. A direct correlation appeared to exist between the number of single-strand breaks and the concentrations of Cd2+ to which the cells were exposed. Exposure of DNA in vitro to a Cd2+ concentration of 3 X 10(-6) M or higher, followed by sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients, demonstrated no single-strand breaks. Cadmium-exposed cells recovered viability when incubated in Cd2+-free liquid medium containing 10 mM hydroxyurea. During the early period of recovery, there was a lag in the incorporation of labeled thymidine, but cellular DNA, at least in part, appeared to be repaired.", "contents": "Single-strand breakage in DNA of Escherichia coli exposed to Cd2+. When a growing culture of Escherichia coli was exposed to 3 X 10(-6) M Cd2+, 85 to 95% of the cells lost their ability to form colonies on agar plates. Loss of viability was accompanied by considerable single-strand breakage in the DNA, with no detectable increase in double-strand breaks. A direct correlation appeared to exist between the number of single-strand breaks and the concentrations of Cd2+ to which the cells were exposed. Exposure of DNA in vitro to a Cd2+ concentration of 3 X 10(-6) M or higher, followed by sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients, demonstrated no single-strand breaks. Cadmium-exposed cells recovered viability when incubated in Cd2+-free liquid medium containing 10 mM hydroxyurea. During the early period of recovery, there was a lag in the incorporation of labeled thymidine, but cellular DNA, at least in part, appeared to be repaired."}
{"id": "PMID:338599", "title": "Gene dosage effects of the structural gene for a lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane.", "content": "The gene dosage effects of the structural gene (lpp) for the lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane were examined. A novel F-prime factor containing the lpp gene was constructed. The amount of the free-form lipoprotein in the merodiploid strain carrying the F-prime factor was found to be about two times as great as that in the corresponding haploid strain. On the other hand, the amount of the bound-form lipoprotein, which is vovalently linked to the peptidoglycan, was not significantly different in the merodiploid strain as compared with the corresponding haploid strain. The present results suggest that the lpp gene is expressed constitutively in contrast to another major protein of the E. coli outer membrane, tolG protein (protein II, D. B. Datta et al., J. Bacteriol. 128:834-841, 1976). The F-prime factor isolated may include a portion of the E. coli chromosome (located between 33 and 36 min on the genetic map) that is not covered by any other F-prime factor.", "contents": "Gene dosage effects of the structural gene for a lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane. The gene dosage effects of the structural gene (lpp) for the lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane were examined. A novel F-prime factor containing the lpp gene was constructed. The amount of the free-form lipoprotein in the merodiploid strain carrying the F-prime factor was found to be about two times as great as that in the corresponding haploid strain. On the other hand, the amount of the bound-form lipoprotein, which is vovalently linked to the peptidoglycan, was not significantly different in the merodiploid strain as compared with the corresponding haploid strain. The present results suggest that the lpp gene is expressed constitutively in contrast to another major protein of the E. coli outer membrane, tolG protein (protein II, D. B. Datta et al., J. Bacteriol. 128:834-841, 1976). The F-prime factor isolated may include a portion of the E. coli chromosome (located between 33 and 36 min on the genetic map) that is not covered by any other F-prime factor."}
{"id": "PMID:338600", "title": "Identification of the Escherichia coli cell division gene sep and organization of the cell division-cell envelope genes in the sep-mur-ftsA-envA cluster as determined with specialized transducing lambda bacteriophages.", "content": "From a lysogen with lambda integrated in the leu operon, specialized transducing phages that carry the cell division, murein biosynthesis, and envelope permeability genes located about 0.5 min to the right of leu were isolated. These phages were used to identify the previously undiscovered cell division gene sep. A genetic map proves that sep is located in the sequence leuA sep murE murF murC ddl ftsA envA. A physical map of this region was prepared by heteroduplex analysis of the phage DNAs. Overlapping segments of host DNA extended rightward for as much as 26.4 kilobase pairs from the prophage insertion point (thought to be in leuA) to include all the genes through envA.", "contents": "Identification of the Escherichia coli cell division gene sep and organization of the cell division-cell envelope genes in the sep-mur-ftsA-envA cluster as determined with specialized transducing lambda bacteriophages. From a lysogen with lambda integrated in the leu operon, specialized transducing phages that carry the cell division, murein biosynthesis, and envelope permeability genes located about 0.5 min to the right of leu were isolated. These phages were used to identify the previously undiscovered cell division gene sep. A genetic map proves that sep is located in the sequence leuA sep murE murF murC ddl ftsA envA. A physical map of this region was prepared by heteroduplex analysis of the phage DNAs. Overlapping segments of host DNA extended rightward for as much as 26.4 kilobase pairs from the prophage insertion point (thought to be in leuA) to include all the genes through envA."}
{"id": "PMID:338601", "title": "Origin of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acids synthesized with yeast fatty acid synthetase.", "content": "The mechanism of hydrogen incorporation into fatty acids was investigated with an enzyme preparation from baker's yeast. Fatty acids synthesized from malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA in the presence of D2O or stereospecifically deuterium-labeled NADPH were isolated and analyzed by mass chromatography to examine the localization of deuterium atoms in the molecule. The following results were obtained: 1. Hydrogen atoms from water were found on the even-numbered methylene carbon atoms (2-hydrogen atoms per carbon atom). The second hydrogen atom was incorporated as the result of hydrogen exchange phenomenon between the methylene group of malonyl CoA and water. 2. HB hydrogen of NADPH was used for beta-ketoacyl reductase. 3. HB hydrogen of NADPH was also used for enoyl reductase. 4. Hydrogen atoms from HB position of NADPH were found on the odd-numbered methylene carbon atoms (2-hydrogen atoms per carbon atom).", "contents": "Origin of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acids synthesized with yeast fatty acid synthetase. The mechanism of hydrogen incorporation into fatty acids was investigated with an enzyme preparation from baker's yeast. Fatty acids synthesized from malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA in the presence of D2O or stereospecifically deuterium-labeled NADPH were isolated and analyzed by mass chromatography to examine the localization of deuterium atoms in the molecule. The following results were obtained: 1. Hydrogen atoms from water were found on the even-numbered methylene carbon atoms (2-hydrogen atoms per carbon atom). The second hydrogen atom was incorporated as the result of hydrogen exchange phenomenon between the methylene group of malonyl CoA and water. 2. HB hydrogen of NADPH was used for beta-ketoacyl reductase. 3. HB hydrogen of NADPH was also used for enoyl reductase. 4. Hydrogen atoms from HB position of NADPH were found on the odd-numbered methylene carbon atoms (2-hydrogen atoms per carbon atom)."}
{"id": "PMID:338603", "title": "Purification and properties of alpha-mannosidase from bakers' yeast.", "content": "The yeast alpha-mannosidase [EC 3.2.1.24] was purified 1160-fold from the crude extract of the autolysate. The purified preparation was practically free from alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-mannosidase, and beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activities. After the separation of yeast mannan during the purification procedures the enzyme became unstable but could be stored at 5 degrees C for three weeks with 50% loss of activity. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed both aryl and alkyl mannosides, but hydrolysis of yeast mannan proceeded slowly. Yeast mannan and Zn2+ increased the enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl mannoside, whereas NaN3, monoiodoacetate and methyl alpha-D-mannoside acted as inhibitors. The molecular weight was estimated to be 450,000 by gel filtration.", "contents": "Purification and properties of alpha-mannosidase from bakers' yeast. The yeast alpha-mannosidase [EC 3.2.1.24] was purified 1160-fold from the crude extract of the autolysate. The purified preparation was practically free from alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-mannosidase, and beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activities. After the separation of yeast mannan during the purification procedures the enzyme became unstable but could be stored at 5 degrees C for three weeks with 50% loss of activity. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed both aryl and alkyl mannosides, but hydrolysis of yeast mannan proceeded slowly. Yeast mannan and Zn2+ increased the enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl mannoside, whereas NaN3, monoiodoacetate and methyl alpha-D-mannoside acted as inhibitors. The molecular weight was estimated to be 450,000 by gel filtration."}
{"id": "PMID:338604", "title": "Involvement of 30S ribosomal protein S1 in poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis.", "content": "The effect of 30S ribosomal protein S1 on poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis was studied using a highly purified cell-free system which was devoid of endogenous S1. The system consisted of homogeneous preparations of EF-Tu, EF-Ts, and EF-G, and 70S ribosomes from which protein S1 had been removed by poly(U)-cellulose column chromatography. It was found that protein S1 was indispensable for translation of poly(U) by an S1-depleted system at low concentrations of poly(U). On the other hand, at higher concentrations of poly(U), a considerable amount of polyphenylalanine was synthesized in the absence of added S1. The stimulatory effect of S1 was observed at all Mg2+ concentrations examined but was most pronounced at 10 mM Mg2+. Some physicochemical properties of the protein were also studied. It was demonstrated that the protein has an elongated shape with an axial ratio of approximately 8.5.", "contents": "Involvement of 30S ribosomal protein S1 in poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis. The effect of 30S ribosomal protein S1 on poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis was studied using a highly purified cell-free system which was devoid of endogenous S1. The system consisted of homogeneous preparations of EF-Tu, EF-Ts, and EF-G, and 70S ribosomes from which protein S1 had been removed by poly(U)-cellulose column chromatography. It was found that protein S1 was indispensable for translation of poly(U) by an S1-depleted system at low concentrations of poly(U). On the other hand, at higher concentrations of poly(U), a considerable amount of polyphenylalanine was synthesized in the absence of added S1. The stimulatory effect of S1 was observed at all Mg2+ concentrations examined but was most pronounced at 10 mM Mg2+. Some physicochemical properties of the protein were also studied. It was demonstrated that the protein has an elongated shape with an axial ratio of approximately 8.5."}
{"id": "PMID:338605", "title": "Changes in the conformation and stability of 5 S RNA upon the binding of ribosomal proteins.", "content": "The binding of ribosomal proteins L25, L18, and L5 to 5 S RNA results in a conformational change and a destabilization of the 5 S RNA molecule. The changes observed in the near ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) spectra and in the melting profiles indicate an increase in base stacking uith an accompanying increase in asymmetry of the bases and a decrease in the conformational stability of the 5 S RNA. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the binding of these proteins increases the stacking of specific single-stranded bases in 5 S RNA and aligns them in helical arrays, resulting in a conformation which facilitates base-pairing with nucleotide segment(s) of the ribosomal 23 S RNA or the transfer RNA (or both). The simple and precise difference CD method described here is potentially useful for studying subtle conformational changes of other nucleic acid-protein interactions.", "contents": "Changes in the conformation and stability of 5 S RNA upon the binding of ribosomal proteins. The binding of ribosomal proteins L25, L18, and L5 to 5 S RNA results in a conformational change and a destabilization of the 5 S RNA molecule. The changes observed in the near ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) spectra and in the melting profiles indicate an increase in base stacking uith an accompanying increase in asymmetry of the bases and a decrease in the conformational stability of the 5 S RNA. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the binding of these proteins increases the stacking of specific single-stranded bases in 5 S RNA and aligns them in helical arrays, resulting in a conformation which facilitates base-pairing with nucleotide segment(s) of the ribosomal 23 S RNA or the transfer RNA (or both). The simple and precise difference CD method described here is potentially useful for studying subtle conformational changes of other nucleic acid-protein interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:338606", "title": "Purification and properties of a third form of anthranilate-5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase from the Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "Anthranilate-5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase was purified from the bacterium Erwinia carotovora, a member of the Enterobacteriaceae. The enzyme was homogeneous according to the criteria of gel electrophoresis and NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. The molecular weight of the enzyme as determined on a calibrated Sephadex G-200 column was 67,000 +/- 2,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels gave a subunit molecular weight of 40,000 +/- 1,000, suggesting that the enzyme was a dimer. A comparison of the NH2-terminal sequence of the enzyme with the (previously determined) homologue from Serratia marcescens, a monomer with a molecular weight of 45,000, showed that the larger Serratia subunit came into register with amino acid 14 of the Erwinia subunit. The register for the length of the known overlap, 26 amino acids, was highly conserved.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a third form of anthranilate-5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase from the Enterobacteriaceae. Anthranilate-5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase was purified from the bacterium Erwinia carotovora, a member of the Enterobacteriaceae. The enzyme was homogeneous according to the criteria of gel electrophoresis and NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. The molecular weight of the enzyme as determined on a calibrated Sephadex G-200 column was 67,000 +/- 2,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels gave a subunit molecular weight of 40,000 +/- 1,000, suggesting that the enzyme was a dimer. A comparison of the NH2-terminal sequence of the enzyme with the (previously determined) homologue from Serratia marcescens, a monomer with a molecular weight of 45,000, showed that the larger Serratia subunit came into register with amino acid 14 of the Erwinia subunit. The register for the length of the known overlap, 26 amino acids, was highly conserved."}
{"id": "PMID:338608", "title": "Processivity of DNA exonucleases.", "content": "A homopolymer system has been developed to examine the digestion strategies of DNA exonucleases. Escherichia coli exonuclease I and lambda-exonuclease, are processive enzymes. However, T7 exonuclease, spleen exonuclease, E. coli exonuclease III, the 3' leads to 5'-exonuclease of T4 DNA polymerase, and both the 3' leads to 5' and the 5' leads to 3' activity of E. coli DNA polymerase I dissociate frequently from the substrate during the course of digestion. Regions of duplex DNA are a dissociation signal for exonuclease I.", "contents": "Processivity of DNA exonucleases. A homopolymer system has been developed to examine the digestion strategies of DNA exonucleases. Escherichia coli exonuclease I and lambda-exonuclease, are processive enzymes. However, T7 exonuclease, spleen exonuclease, E. coli exonuclease III, the 3' leads to 5'-exonuclease of T4 DNA polymerase, and both the 3' leads to 5' and the 5' leads to 3' activity of E. coli DNA polymerase I dissociate frequently from the substrate during the course of digestion. Regions of duplex DNA are a dissociation signal for exonuclease I."}
{"id": "PMID:338609", "title": "Identification of bound pyruvate essential for the activity of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase, an intrinsic membrane protein of Escherichia coli, catalyzes the decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine, the final step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine, the principal membrane lipid of this organism. The purified enzyme lacks the absorption spectrum characteristic of pyridoxal-containing enzymes, and it has now been found to contain bound pyruvate, the carbonyl function of which is essential for catalytic activity. The decarboxylase is inactivated by treatment with a number of reagents that attack carbonyl groups, including sodium borohydride. Reduction with tritiated borohydride leads to the introduction of stably bound radioactivity, which, after acid hydrolysis, has been identified as tritiated lactate by several chromatographic procedures and by treatment with lactate dehydrogenase. The enzyme resists inactivation by cyanoborohydride in the absence of substrate, but is readily inactivated by this reagent in the presence of phosphatidylserine. Under the conditions of treatment of neutral pH, cyanoborohydride does not react with carbonyl residues at an appreciable rate, but reduces imino groups much more rapidly. This finding, together with demonstrated dependence of the enzyme upon the carbonyl residue of pyruvate for activity, strongly suggests that a Schiff base is formed by addition of the amino group of phosphatidylserine to the pyruvate residue of the enzyme as an essential step in the action of the decarboxylase.", "contents": "Identification of bound pyruvate essential for the activity of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase of Escherichia coli. Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase, an intrinsic membrane protein of Escherichia coli, catalyzes the decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine, the final step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine, the principal membrane lipid of this organism. The purified enzyme lacks the absorption spectrum characteristic of pyridoxal-containing enzymes, and it has now been found to contain bound pyruvate, the carbonyl function of which is essential for catalytic activity. The decarboxylase is inactivated by treatment with a number of reagents that attack carbonyl groups, including sodium borohydride. Reduction with tritiated borohydride leads to the introduction of stably bound radioactivity, which, after acid hydrolysis, has been identified as tritiated lactate by several chromatographic procedures and by treatment with lactate dehydrogenase. The enzyme resists inactivation by cyanoborohydride in the absence of substrate, but is readily inactivated by this reagent in the presence of phosphatidylserine. Under the conditions of treatment of neutral pH, cyanoborohydride does not react with carbonyl residues at an appreciable rate, but reduces imino groups much more rapidly. This finding, together with demonstrated dependence of the enzyme upon the carbonyl residue of pyruvate for activity, strongly suggests that a Schiff base is formed by addition of the amino group of phosphatidylserine to the pyruvate residue of the enzyme as an essential step in the action of the decarboxylase."}
{"id": "PMID:338610", "title": "Interaction between DNA and Escherichia coli protein omega. Formation of a complex between single-stranded DNA and omega protein.", "content": "Escherichia coli omega protein is found to form a complex with single-stranded DNA. The complex is stable in buoyant CsCl or Cs2SO4 density gradients. Addition of Mg(II) to the concentrated salt solutions, however, leads to the dissociation of the complex, even in the presence of EDTA in molar excess over Mg(II). The dissociated omega retains its enzymatic activity; the DNA recovered from the dissociated complex is indistinguishable from the original DNA. Exposure of the complex to alkali results in the cleavage of the DNA. This cleavage generates a 3'-hydroxyl DNA terminus, and the omega protein is found linked to the 5'-terminus, presumably covalently. Pronase digestion of the complex results initially in the removal of approximately 30% of the protein. A significant fraction of the residual complex is still stable in concentrated salt solutions, and can be dissociated by Mg(II). Extensive digestion with pronase results in the removal of the protein and the cleavage of the DNA chain.", "contents": "Interaction between DNA and Escherichia coli protein omega. Formation of a complex between single-stranded DNA and omega protein. Escherichia coli omega protein is found to form a complex with single-stranded DNA. The complex is stable in buoyant CsCl or Cs2SO4 density gradients. Addition of Mg(II) to the concentrated salt solutions, however, leads to the dissociation of the complex, even in the presence of EDTA in molar excess over Mg(II). The dissociated omega retains its enzymatic activity; the DNA recovered from the dissociated complex is indistinguishable from the original DNA. Exposure of the complex to alkali results in the cleavage of the DNA. This cleavage generates a 3'-hydroxyl DNA terminus, and the omega protein is found linked to the 5'-terminus, presumably covalently. Pronase digestion of the complex results initially in the removal of approximately 30% of the protein. A significant fraction of the residual complex is still stable in concentrated salt solutions, and can be dissociated by Mg(II). Extensive digestion with pronase results in the removal of the protein and the cleavage of the DNA chain."}
{"id": "PMID:338611", "title": "Gene 4 protein of bacteriophage T7. Purification physical properties, and stimulation of T7 DNA polymerase during the elongation of polynucleotide chains.", "content": "With the use of an in vitro complementation assay to measure activity, the gene 4 protein of bacteriophage T7 has been purified 1000-fold to yield a nearly homogeneous protein. The purified gene 4 protein is a single polypeptide having a molecular weight of 58,000. In addition to being essential for T7 DNA replication in vivo and in vitro, the gene 4 protein is required for DNA synthesis by the purified T7 DNA polymerase on duplex T7 DNA templates. In the absence of ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates, DNA synthesis by the gene 4 protein and the T7 DNA polymerase is dependent on phosphodiester bond interruptions containing 3'-hydroxyl groups (nicks) in the duplex DNA. The reaction is specific for the T7 DNA polymerase, but any duplex DNA containing nicks can serve as template. The Km for nicks in the reaction is 3 x 10(-10) M.", "contents": "Gene 4 protein of bacteriophage T7. Purification physical properties, and stimulation of T7 DNA polymerase during the elongation of polynucleotide chains. With the use of an in vitro complementation assay to measure activity, the gene 4 protein of bacteriophage T7 has been purified 1000-fold to yield a nearly homogeneous protein. The purified gene 4 protein is a single polypeptide having a molecular weight of 58,000. In addition to being essential for T7 DNA replication in vivo and in vitro, the gene 4 protein is required for DNA synthesis by the purified T7 DNA polymerase on duplex T7 DNA templates. In the absence of ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates, DNA synthesis by the gene 4 protein and the T7 DNA polymerase is dependent on phosphodiester bond interruptions containing 3'-hydroxyl groups (nicks) in the duplex DNA. The reaction is specific for the T7 DNA polymerase, but any duplex DNA containing nicks can serve as template. The Km for nicks in the reaction is 3 x 10(-10) M."}
{"id": "PMID:338612", "title": "Presence of adipose fat as a criterion of implant compatibility.", "content": "An analysis of the tissue sections from previous implant studies was performed define additional criteria which could be considered in determinations of biocompatibility of implant materials. Adult albino rabbits were implanted with biomaterials in the sacrospinalis muscle for periods of 2, 6, 18, and 54 weeks. Fourteen different implant materials were used in this study. The tissues were examined histologically for the appearance of adipose fat cells within the membrane surrounding the implant as an important criterion of tissues implant compatibility. The results were compared with other previously used criteria in judging biocompatibility of implant materials. For the most compatible nonreactive materials, adipose tissue formation within the pseudomembrane began at 6 weeks and was quite extensive at 54 weeks. The reactive materials studied by us did not exhibit this phenomenon.", "contents": "Presence of adipose fat as a criterion of implant compatibility. An analysis of the tissue sections from previous implant studies was performed define additional criteria which could be considered in determinations of biocompatibility of implant materials. Adult albino rabbits were implanted with biomaterials in the sacrospinalis muscle for periods of 2, 6, 18, and 54 weeks. Fourteen different implant materials were used in this study. The tissues were examined histologically for the appearance of adipose fat cells within the membrane surrounding the implant as an important criterion of tissues implant compatibility. The results were compared with other previously used criteria in judging biocompatibility of implant materials. For the most compatible nonreactive materials, adipose tissue formation within the pseudomembrane began at 6 weeks and was quite extensive at 54 weeks. The reactive materials studied by us did not exhibit this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:338613", "title": "An approach to the soft tissue/synthetic material interface.", "content": "It is argued that chemical modification of soft tissue implants in the hope of obtaining an associated tissue response is unlikely to succeed as a method for studying the fundamentals of implant/tissue interactions. An alternative approach is proposed which places greater emphasis on the interfacial interactions (such as protein adsorption) which occur after implantation, in a manner paralleling current advances in knowledge of the blood/material interface. From simple arguments, it is proposed that the observed similarities in soft tissue response of hydrophobic materials may result from irreversible protein adsorption, and that if unusual tissue responses are possible they are likely to be found only with hydrophilic implants. The possiblity of a critical hydrophilic/hydrophobic character which an implant must possess for essentially irreversible protein adsorption is also discussessed.", "contents": "An approach to the soft tissue/synthetic material interface. It is argued that chemical modification of soft tissue implants in the hope of obtaining an associated tissue response is unlikely to succeed as a method for studying the fundamentals of implant/tissue interactions. An alternative approach is proposed which places greater emphasis on the interfacial interactions (such as protein adsorption) which occur after implantation, in a manner paralleling current advances in knowledge of the blood/material interface. From simple arguments, it is proposed that the observed similarities in soft tissue response of hydrophobic materials may result from irreversible protein adsorption, and that if unusual tissue responses are possible they are likely to be found only with hydrophilic implants. The possiblity of a critical hydrophilic/hydrophobic character which an implant must possess for essentially irreversible protein adsorption is also discussessed."}
{"id": "PMID:338616", "title": "Intranuclear actin bundles induced by dimethyl sulfoxide in interphase nucleus of Dictyostelium.", "content": "Electron microscopic evidence demonstrated that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) induces formation of giant intranuclear microfilament bundles in the interphase nucleus of a cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium. These giant bundles are approximately giant bundles are approximately 3 micrometer long, 0.85 micrometer wide, and composed of microfilaments 6 nm in diameter. Studies in which glycerinated cells were used showed that these microfilaments bind rabbit skeletal muscle heavy meromyosin, forming typical decorated \"arrowhead\" structures, and that this binding can be reverted by Mg-adenosine triphosphate. These data verify that the intranuclear microfilaments are the contractile protein actin, and that DMSO affects intranuclear actin, inducing the formation of such giant bundles. The intranuclear actin bundles appear at any developmental stage in two different species of cellular slime molds after treatment with DMSO. The native form of the intranuclear actin molecules and their possible functions are discussed, and it is proposed that the contractile protein has essential functions in the cell nucleus.", "contents": "Intranuclear actin bundles induced by dimethyl sulfoxide in interphase nucleus of Dictyostelium. Electron microscopic evidence demonstrated that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) induces formation of giant intranuclear microfilament bundles in the interphase nucleus of a cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium. These giant bundles are approximately giant bundles are approximately 3 micrometer long, 0.85 micrometer wide, and composed of microfilaments 6 nm in diameter. Studies in which glycerinated cells were used showed that these microfilaments bind rabbit skeletal muscle heavy meromyosin, forming typical decorated \"arrowhead\" structures, and that this binding can be reverted by Mg-adenosine triphosphate. These data verify that the intranuclear microfilaments are the contractile protein actin, and that DMSO affects intranuclear actin, inducing the formation of such giant bundles. The intranuclear actin bundles appear at any developmental stage in two different species of cellular slime molds after treatment with DMSO. The native form of the intranuclear actin molecules and their possible functions are discussed, and it is proposed that the contractile protein has essential functions in the cell nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:338618", "title": "Microtubule system of isolated fish melanophores as revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy.", "content": "The microtubule system of melanophores of the angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare, has been studied using antibodies prepared against purified porcine brain tubulin in indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Melanophores were freed from the surrounding tissue components of isolated scales by mild enzymatic digestion and then allowed to settle on a glass cover slip. In both the dispersed and the aggregated states large numbers of fluorescent fibers are seen. The number and the astral arrangement of these fibers, which run from the central region to the periphery of the cell, are striking. The system of fluorescent fibers is replaced by diffuse fluorescence of moderate intensity after cold treatment, but is restored after rewarming the cells. Differences in the immunofluorescence profiles between cells with dispersed and aggregated pigment are discussed in relation to electron microscopic data available for this system.", "contents": "Microtubule system of isolated fish melanophores as revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy. The microtubule system of melanophores of the angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare, has been studied using antibodies prepared against purified porcine brain tubulin in indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Melanophores were freed from the surrounding tissue components of isolated scales by mild enzymatic digestion and then allowed to settle on a glass cover slip. In both the dispersed and the aggregated states large numbers of fluorescent fibers are seen. The number and the astral arrangement of these fibers, which run from the central region to the periphery of the cell, are striking. The system of fluorescent fibers is replaced by diffuse fluorescence of moderate intensity after cold treatment, but is restored after rewarming the cells. Differences in the immunofluorescence profiles between cells with dispersed and aggregated pigment are discussed in relation to electron microscopic data available for this system."}
{"id": "PMID:338617", "title": "Phagocytosis of bacteria by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A freeze-fracture, scanning electron microscope, and thin-section investigation of membrane structure.", "content": "The changes in membrane structure of rabbit polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes during bacterial phagocytosis was investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM), thin-section, and freeze-fracture techniques. SEM observations of bacterial attachment sites showed the involvement of limited areas of PMN membrane surface (0.01-0.25mum(2)). Frequently, these areas of attachment were located on membrane extensions. The membrane extensions were present before, during, and after the engulfment of bacteria, but were diminished in size after bacterial engulfment. In general, the results obtained with SEM and thin-section techniques aided in the interpretation of the three-dimensional freeze-fracture replicas. Freeze-fracture results revealed the PMN leukocytes had two fracture faces as determined by the relative density of intramembranous particles (IMP). Membranous extensions of the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and phagocytic vacuoles contained IMP's with a distribution and density similar to those of the plasma membrane. During phagocytosis, IMPs within the plasma membrane did not undergo a massive aggregation. In fact, structural changes within the membranes were infrequent and localized to regions such as the attachment sites of bacteria, the fusion sites on the plasma membrane, and small scale changes in the phagocytic vacuole membrane during membrane fusion. During the formation of the phagocytic vacuole, the IMPs of the plasma membrane appeared to move in with the lipid bilayer while maintaining a distribution and density of IMPs similar to those of the plasma membranes. Occasionally, IMPs were aligned to linear arrays within phagocytic vacuole membranes. This alignment might be due to an interaction with linearly arranged motile structures on the side of the phagocytic vacuole membranes. IMP-free regions were observed after fusion of lysosomes with the phagocytic vacuoles or plasma membrane. These IMP-free areas probably represent sites where membrane fusion occurred between lysosomal membrane and phagocytic vacuole membrane or plasma membrane. Highly symmetrical patterns of IMPs were not observed during lysosomal membrane fusion.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of bacteria by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A freeze-fracture, scanning electron microscope, and thin-section investigation of membrane structure. The changes in membrane structure of rabbit polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes during bacterial phagocytosis was investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM), thin-section, and freeze-fracture techniques. SEM observations of bacterial attachment sites showed the involvement of limited areas of PMN membrane surface (0.01-0.25mum(2)). Frequently, these areas of attachment were located on membrane extensions. The membrane extensions were present before, during, and after the engulfment of bacteria, but were diminished in size after bacterial engulfment. In general, the results obtained with SEM and thin-section techniques aided in the interpretation of the three-dimensional freeze-fracture replicas. Freeze-fracture results revealed the PMN leukocytes had two fracture faces as determined by the relative density of intramembranous particles (IMP). Membranous extensions of the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and phagocytic vacuoles contained IMP's with a distribution and density similar to those of the plasma membrane. During phagocytosis, IMPs within the plasma membrane did not undergo a massive aggregation. In fact, structural changes within the membranes were infrequent and localized to regions such as the attachment sites of bacteria, the fusion sites on the plasma membrane, and small scale changes in the phagocytic vacuole membrane during membrane fusion. During the formation of the phagocytic vacuole, the IMPs of the plasma membrane appeared to move in with the lipid bilayer while maintaining a distribution and density of IMPs similar to those of the plasma membranes. Occasionally, IMPs were aligned to linear arrays within phagocytic vacuole membranes. This alignment might be due to an interaction with linearly arranged motile structures on the side of the phagocytic vacuole membranes. IMP-free regions were observed after fusion of lysosomes with the phagocytic vacuoles or plasma membrane. These IMP-free areas probably represent sites where membrane fusion occurred between lysosomal membrane and phagocytic vacuole membrane or plasma membrane. Highly symmetrical patterns of IMPs were not observed during lysosomal membrane fusion."}
{"id": "PMID:338619", "title": "Inhibition of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase by a dinucleotide produced in eucaryotic cells.", "content": "HS3, a highly phosphorylated dinucleoside originally purified from the fungus Achlya, has been isolated from Chinese hamster ovary cells undergoing glutamine starvation. The HS3 compounds obtained from the fungal and mammalian sources exhibited similar physical and chemical properties. This unusual dinucleotide may be an important regulator of eucaryotic ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase activity; for 50 micrometer HS3, isolated from either mammalian or fungal cells, significantly inhibited CDP reduction in Achlya or hamster cell preparations, but only marginally affected the activity of the enzyme from E. coli. Studies with HS3 isolated from Achlya and partially purified mammalian ribonucleotide reductase indicated that the compound noncompetitively inhibited the reduction of varying concentrations of the substrates CDP, ADP and GDP with Ki values of 23 micrometer, 14 micron and 16 micron respectively. These inhibitor concentrations are well below the estimated intracellular levels of HS3 in glutamine starved cells and suggest that HS3 inhibition of ribonucleotide reduction may be responsible for the rapid inhibition of DNA synthesis seen under these culture conditions.", "contents": "Inhibition of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase by a dinucleotide produced in eucaryotic cells. HS3, a highly phosphorylated dinucleoside originally purified from the fungus Achlya, has been isolated from Chinese hamster ovary cells undergoing glutamine starvation. The HS3 compounds obtained from the fungal and mammalian sources exhibited similar physical and chemical properties. This unusual dinucleotide may be an important regulator of eucaryotic ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase activity; for 50 micrometer HS3, isolated from either mammalian or fungal cells, significantly inhibited CDP reduction in Achlya or hamster cell preparations, but only marginally affected the activity of the enzyme from E. coli. Studies with HS3 isolated from Achlya and partially purified mammalian ribonucleotide reductase indicated that the compound noncompetitively inhibited the reduction of varying concentrations of the substrates CDP, ADP and GDP with Ki values of 23 micrometer, 14 micron and 16 micron respectively. These inhibitor concentrations are well below the estimated intracellular levels of HS3 in glutamine starved cells and suggest that HS3 inhibition of ribonucleotide reduction may be responsible for the rapid inhibition of DNA synthesis seen under these culture conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:338620", "title": "Distribution of anionic sites on surface of B cell granule and plasma membranes: a study using cationic ferritin.", "content": "The distribution of anionic sites on the membranes of rat pancreatic B cells and of their storage granules has been studied by the use of a visual probe of cationic ferritin. Membranes of isolated storage granules possessed a net negative charge which was apparently evenly distributed; the number of anionic sites was not markedly altered by prior incubation of the granules with neuraminidase or with 10(-5) to 2 X 10(-3) M calcium chloride. Distribution of charges along B cell plasma membranes was less uniform but was similarly unaffected by alterations of calcium concentration, or by neuraminidase treatment. However, during the fusion of plasma membrane and granule membrane which occurs in exocytosis, the emerging granule membrane was found to be devoid of anionic sites. The implications of these findings for the regulation of insulin secretion by exocytosis are discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of anionic sites on surface of B cell granule and plasma membranes: a study using cationic ferritin. The distribution of anionic sites on the membranes of rat pancreatic B cells and of their storage granules has been studied by the use of a visual probe of cationic ferritin. Membranes of isolated storage granules possessed a net negative charge which was apparently evenly distributed; the number of anionic sites was not markedly altered by prior incubation of the granules with neuraminidase or with 10(-5) to 2 X 10(-3) M calcium chloride. Distribution of charges along B cell plasma membranes was less uniform but was similarly unaffected by alterations of calcium concentration, or by neuraminidase treatment. However, during the fusion of plasma membrane and granule membrane which occurs in exocytosis, the emerging granule membrane was found to be devoid of anionic sites. The implications of these findings for the regulation of insulin secretion by exocytosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:338621", "title": "[A tumour of the transverse mesocolon (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of mesenchymoma of the transverse mesocolon and analyse 50 cases of tumour of the transverse mesocolon found in the literature. They emphasise the diagnostic difficulties, the pathological characteristics and consider the surgical problems raised by these tumours.", "contents": "[A tumour of the transverse mesocolon (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of mesenchymoma of the transverse mesocolon and analyse 50 cases of tumour of the transverse mesocolon found in the literature. They emphasise the diagnostic difficulties, the pathological characteristics and consider the surgical problems raised by these tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:338623", "title": "Isolation of bacteriophages specific for the K1 polysaccharide antigen of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Five bacteriophage stocks were prepared after enrichment of a sewage sample using Escherichia coli 02:K1:H4 (strain U9/41). The bacteriophages were tested for their ability to lyse 224 strains of E. coli that had been tested for the presence of the K1 antigen by means of an antiserum-agar diffusion technique, using a meningococcus group B antiserum known to detect the E. coli K1 antigen. The standard test strains for E. coli K antigens 2 to 99 were used as control strains. Of the 101 strains found to possess the K1 antigen using the antiserum-agar technique, 93 were lysed by at least one of the bacteriophages, whereas 8 of the 123 strains apparently lacking K1 were lysed by one or more of the bacteriophages. None of the standard test strains for K antigens 2 to 99 was lysed by any of the bacteriophages. The eight strains thought to lack K1 but that were lysed by bacteriophage were re-examined by immunoelectrophoresis, using meningococcus group B antiserum; five of the eight strains gave a precipitin line corresponding to K1. The use of K1-specific bacteriophages offers an inexpensive and easy method for the identification of the K1 antigen.", "contents": "Isolation of bacteriophages specific for the K1 polysaccharide antigen of Escherichia coli. Five bacteriophage stocks were prepared after enrichment of a sewage sample using Escherichia coli 02:K1:H4 (strain U9/41). The bacteriophages were tested for their ability to lyse 224 strains of E. coli that had been tested for the presence of the K1 antigen by means of an antiserum-agar diffusion technique, using a meningococcus group B antiserum known to detect the E. coli K1 antigen. The standard test strains for E. coli K antigens 2 to 99 were used as control strains. Of the 101 strains found to possess the K1 antigen using the antiserum-agar technique, 93 were lysed by at least one of the bacteriophages, whereas 8 of the 123 strains apparently lacking K1 were lysed by one or more of the bacteriophages. None of the standard test strains for K antigens 2 to 99 was lysed by any of the bacteriophages. The eight strains thought to lack K1 but that were lysed by bacteriophage were re-examined by immunoelectrophoresis, using meningococcus group B antiserum; five of the eight strains gave a precipitin line corresponding to K1. The use of K1-specific bacteriophages offers an inexpensive and easy method for the identification of the K1 antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:338624", "title": "Evaluation of the oxi/ferm tube system with selected Gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "The Oxi/Ferm test system was evaluated for accuracy and reliability for identification of nonfermentative and oxidase-positive fermentative bacteria by using 375 bacterial strains obtained from stock culture and clinical specimens. The Oxi/Ferm system is a compartmentalized tube containing eight media to provide nine biochemical test results. When combined with the oxidase test, the results corresponding to the positive reactions are totaled and the composite number is located in the coding manual to identify the organisms. The 375 isolates studied were evaluated for accuracy of identification, using both the original and revised code manuals. In comparison with the conventional media used, there was 100% correlation in tests for hydrogen sulfide and indole production, over 96% for nitrogen gas, arginine, and urease, over 92% for xylose and dextrose oxidation, and less than 90% for citrate utilization and dextrose fermentation. There was an overall accuracy in identification of 89.3% using the original manual, with accuracy revised slightly upward to 90.7% using the revised manual. There was 100% accuracy in identification with 44.0% of the strains tested (11 species) using the original manual and with 66.1% (16 species) using the revised manual. Thirteen of the 40 original misidentifications and 14 of 35 revised misidentifications resulted from failure to code and were unidentifiable by Oxi/Ferm. The remainder were incorrectly identified or could not be differentiated from closely related strains. Eleven strains of Alcaligenes odorans were correctly identified using the original code, whereas no code was provided in the revised manual. The Oxi/Ferm system is both simple and rapid and is satisfactory for identification of the more common isolates.", "contents": "Evaluation of the oxi/ferm tube system with selected Gram-negative bacteria. The Oxi/Ferm test system was evaluated for accuracy and reliability for identification of nonfermentative and oxidase-positive fermentative bacteria by using 375 bacterial strains obtained from stock culture and clinical specimens. The Oxi/Ferm system is a compartmentalized tube containing eight media to provide nine biochemical test results. When combined with the oxidase test, the results corresponding to the positive reactions are totaled and the composite number is located in the coding manual to identify the organisms. The 375 isolates studied were evaluated for accuracy of identification, using both the original and revised code manuals. In comparison with the conventional media used, there was 100% correlation in tests for hydrogen sulfide and indole production, over 96% for nitrogen gas, arginine, and urease, over 92% for xylose and dextrose oxidation, and less than 90% for citrate utilization and dextrose fermentation. There was an overall accuracy in identification of 89.3% using the original manual, with accuracy revised slightly upward to 90.7% using the revised manual. There was 100% accuracy in identification with 44.0% of the strains tested (11 species) using the original manual and with 66.1% (16 species) using the revised manual. Thirteen of the 40 original misidentifications and 14 of 35 revised misidentifications resulted from failure to code and were unidentifiable by Oxi/Ferm. The remainder were incorrectly identified or could not be differentiated from closely related strains. Eleven strains of Alcaligenes odorans were correctly identified using the original code, whereas no code was provided in the revised manual. The Oxi/Ferm system is both simple and rapid and is satisfactory for identification of the more common isolates."}
{"id": "PMID:338625", "title": "Effect of temperature on survival of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis and Escherichia coli in pus.", "content": "Approximately 40 to 60% of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis in pus from experimental intra-abdominal abscesses lost their viability within 24 h when stored at refrigeration temperature (4 degrees C) either aerobically or anaerobically. No viability loss of B. fragilis was noted when pus was stored at 25 degrees C. Only slight loss of viaability of B. fragilis was observed at 15 degrees C. Escherichia coli coexisting in pus with B. fragilis increased several 100fold in 24 h when stored at 25 degrees C, but no significant growth occurred when they were kept at 15 degrees C. Approximately 20 to 40% of E. coli lost their viability when such pus was stored at 4 degrees C. We suggest that 15 degrees C may be an alternative temperature for storage of anaerobic specimens in laboratories where some delay in routine processing is unavoidable.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on survival of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis and Escherichia coli in pus. Approximately 40 to 60% of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis in pus from experimental intra-abdominal abscesses lost their viability within 24 h when stored at refrigeration temperature (4 degrees C) either aerobically or anaerobically. No viability loss of B. fragilis was noted when pus was stored at 25 degrees C. Only slight loss of viaability of B. fragilis was observed at 15 degrees C. Escherichia coli coexisting in pus with B. fragilis increased several 100fold in 24 h when stored at 25 degrees C, but no significant growth occurred when they were kept at 15 degrees C. Approximately 20 to 40% of E. coli lost their viability when such pus was stored at 4 degrees C. We suggest that 15 degrees C may be an alternative temperature for storage of anaerobic specimens in laboratories where some delay in routine processing is unavoidable."}
{"id": "PMID:338626", "title": "Evaluation of two rapid methods for identification of commonly encountered nonfermenting or oxidase-positive, Gram-negative rods.", "content": "The ability of the expanded API-20E and the Oxi-Ferm System to identify 176 isolates of nonfermenting or oxidase-positive, gram-negative rods from 17 species or groups was studied. The expanded API-20E, without referral to a computer reference center, was able to identify 61.4% of the isolates to the species level. If reference to the computer center was utilized, an additional 25% could be identified. Of the isolates examined, 13.6% were misidentified, partially identified, or assigned no identification. Those assigned to the incorrect genus constituted 0.5% of the isolates tested; those assigned to the correct genus, but the wrong species, constituted 0.5%; 4.5% were placed in the correct genus with no species given; and 7.9% were assigned no identification. The Oxi-Ferm System was able to assign 75% of the isolates to the correct species without further testing, and an additional 19.3% required additional testing for correct identification. Those assigned to the incorrect genus represented 3.4% of the isolates tested; 1.1% were assinged to the correct genus, but the wrong species; and 1.1% were assigned to the correct genus, with no species indicated.", "contents": "Evaluation of two rapid methods for identification of commonly encountered nonfermenting or oxidase-positive, Gram-negative rods. The ability of the expanded API-20E and the Oxi-Ferm System to identify 176 isolates of nonfermenting or oxidase-positive, gram-negative rods from 17 species or groups was studied. The expanded API-20E, without referral to a computer reference center, was able to identify 61.4% of the isolates to the species level. If reference to the computer center was utilized, an additional 25% could be identified. Of the isolates examined, 13.6% were misidentified, partially identified, or assigned no identification. Those assigned to the incorrect genus constituted 0.5% of the isolates tested; those assigned to the correct genus, but the wrong species, constituted 0.5%; 4.5% were placed in the correct genus with no species given; and 7.9% were assigned no identification. The Oxi-Ferm System was able to assign 75% of the isolates to the correct species without further testing, and an additional 19.3% required additional testing for correct identification. Those assigned to the incorrect genus represented 3.4% of the isolates tested; 1.1% were assinged to the correct genus, but the wrong species; and 1.1% were assigned to the correct genus, with no species indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:338627", "title": "API computer profiles: correlation of API 20E with API 10S.", "content": "A comparison of identifications of 201 clinical isolates with the 21-test API 20 Enteric kit and the subset of tests in API 10S indicated 85.6% agreement at the species level and 93.5% agreement at the genus level.", "contents": "API computer profiles: correlation of API 20E with API 10S. A comparison of identifications of 201 clinical isolates with the 21-test API 20 Enteric kit and the subset of tests in API 10S indicated 85.6% agreement at the species level and 93.5% agreement at the genus level."}
{"id": "PMID:338628", "title": "His-Purkinje conduction during retrograde stress.", "content": "The pattern of retrograde His-Purkinje conduction was evaluated in 28 patients using ventricular extrastimuli. In each patient progressive prolongations of His-Purkinje conduction (S2H2) which appeared as ventricular extrastimuli were induced at closer coupling intervals (S1S2). There was an inverse linear relationship of S2H2 to S1S2 which was cycle length-dependent: i.e., at any S1S2 interval the resultant S2H2 was less at shorter drive cycle lengths. The degree of S2H2 delay varied widely (from 30 to 340 ms) and was unrelated to the presence of bundle branch block, H-V intervals, or capability of ventriculoatrial conduction. Prolongation of S2H2 was independent of intraventricular (muscle) conduction delay; such delay was usually absent at most, and occasionally all, S1S2 coupling intervals during which S2H2 was lengthening. Furthermore, in two patients both left and right ventricles were activated before the timed depolarization of the His bundle occurred, demonstrating that under the stress of extrastimuli, the impulse conducts through ventricular muscle with less delay than through the His-Purkinje system. We conclude that the His-Purkinje system typically displays slow conduction response to ventricular stress. The site of this conduction delay is probably at the distal \"gate\".", "contents": "His-Purkinje conduction during retrograde stress. The pattern of retrograde His-Purkinje conduction was evaluated in 28 patients using ventricular extrastimuli. In each patient progressive prolongations of His-Purkinje conduction (S2H2) which appeared as ventricular extrastimuli were induced at closer coupling intervals (S1S2). There was an inverse linear relationship of S2H2 to S1S2 which was cycle length-dependent: i.e., at any S1S2 interval the resultant S2H2 was less at shorter drive cycle lengths. The degree of S2H2 delay varied widely (from 30 to 340 ms) and was unrelated to the presence of bundle branch block, H-V intervals, or capability of ventriculoatrial conduction. Prolongation of S2H2 was independent of intraventricular (muscle) conduction delay; such delay was usually absent at most, and occasionally all, S1S2 coupling intervals during which S2H2 was lengthening. Furthermore, in two patients both left and right ventricles were activated before the timed depolarization of the His bundle occurred, demonstrating that under the stress of extrastimuli, the impulse conducts through ventricular muscle with less delay than through the His-Purkinje system. We conclude that the His-Purkinje system typically displays slow conduction response to ventricular stress. The site of this conduction delay is probably at the distal \"gate\"."}
{"id": "PMID:338629", "title": "Effects of dihydroxy bile acids and hydroxy fatty acids on the absorption of oleic acid in the human jejunum.", "content": "Perfusion studies of the normal human jejunum were performed to test whether dihydroxy bile acids and hydroxy fatty acids inhibit the absorption of oleic acid, since previous reports documented their inhibitory effects on the absorption of several other organic solutes. 3 mM deoxycholate and 7 mM glycodeoxycholate inhibited the absorption of 3 mM oleic acid in isotonic micellar solutions while inducing net fluid secretion. Similarly, fractional absorption of oleic acid decreased in the presence of hydroxy fatty acids. However, only the changes induced by 2 mM ricinoleic acid could be distinguished from changes induced by an increase in total fatty acid concentration. Under all experimental conditions, close linear relationships existed between net water movement and fractional absorption of glucose, xylose, and fatty acids, as well as between the absorption rates of these solutes. In contrast, net fluid secretion induced by hypertonic D-mannitol (450 mosmol/liter) had no effect on solute absorption. Our data and observations in the literature do not allow formulation of a hypothesis which would adequately define all effects of dihydroxy bile acids and fatty acids on intestinal transport processes. The observations help explain the malabsorption of fat and other nutrients in patients with the blind loop syndrome.", "contents": "Effects of dihydroxy bile acids and hydroxy fatty acids on the absorption of oleic acid in the human jejunum. Perfusion studies of the normal human jejunum were performed to test whether dihydroxy bile acids and hydroxy fatty acids inhibit the absorption of oleic acid, since previous reports documented their inhibitory effects on the absorption of several other organic solutes. 3 mM deoxycholate and 7 mM glycodeoxycholate inhibited the absorption of 3 mM oleic acid in isotonic micellar solutions while inducing net fluid secretion. Similarly, fractional absorption of oleic acid decreased in the presence of hydroxy fatty acids. However, only the changes induced by 2 mM ricinoleic acid could be distinguished from changes induced by an increase in total fatty acid concentration. Under all experimental conditions, close linear relationships existed between net water movement and fractional absorption of glucose, xylose, and fatty acids, as well as between the absorption rates of these solutes. In contrast, net fluid secretion induced by hypertonic D-mannitol (450 mosmol/liter) had no effect on solute absorption. Our data and observations in the literature do not allow formulation of a hypothesis which would adequately define all effects of dihydroxy bile acids and fatty acids on intestinal transport processes. The observations help explain the malabsorption of fat and other nutrients in patients with the blind loop syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:338630", "title": "Kinetic analysis of plasma insulin disappearance in nonketotic diabetic patients and in normal subjects. A tracer study with 125I-insulin.", "content": "The studies so far reported on the metabolic clearance rate of insulin in human diabetes mellitus have given conflicting results, probably because they have been conducted on few patients and have used a variety of experimental techniques and data treatments. We investigated the kinetics of insulin distribution and degradation in 35 normal subjects and in 42 nonketotic, nonobese, overtly diabetic patients, of whom 26 were above 40 yr old and 16 were 40 yr old or less at diagnosis. The design of the study combined (a) the use of a tracer to perturb minimally the steady state and to avoid glucose infusion; (b) the preparation of purified [(125)I]-monoiodoinsulin, which has a metabolic behavior similar to that of native insulin; and (c) noncompartmental analysis of the plasma immunoprecipitable (125)I-insulin disappearance curves, which were recorded for 2 h after pulse i.v. injection of the tracer.Metabolic clearance rate was found to be similar in diabetics (404+/-18 ml/min.m(2), mean+/-SEM) and in normals (420+/-14), although the latter-onset patients had slightly, if not significantly, lower metabolic clearance rate values than the earlier-onset diabetics (385+/-19 and 443+/-36, respectively). The initial distribution volume of the hormone also did not significantly differ in diabetics and normals and was similar to plasma volume. The reentry rate into the initial distribution volume of the hormone and the total, plasma-equivalent distribution volume of insulin were both significantly raised in diabetics (251+/-12 ml/min.m(2) and 10.3+/-0.5 liters/m(2)) in comparison with normals (195+/-8 and 7.5+/-0.3). The posthepatic delivery rate of insulin was found to be slightly raised in later-onset diabetics (194+/-20 mU/h.m(2)), but somewhat reduced in earlier-onset diabetics (133+/-15) in comparison with normals (172+/-14); these differences reflected the different basal plasma insulin concentrations in these three groups. Chronic treatment with oral hypoglycemic drugs, age, duration of the disease, and degree of metabolic control appeared to have only little effect on the kinetics of insulin.On the basis of these results, we conclude that insulin-independent adult diabetics show, already in the fasting state, a combination of insulin resistance and insulin deficiency and a derangement in insulin distribution, the precise significance of which is uncertain.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of plasma insulin disappearance in nonketotic diabetic patients and in normal subjects. A tracer study with 125I-insulin. The studies so far reported on the metabolic clearance rate of insulin in human diabetes mellitus have given conflicting results, probably because they have been conducted on few patients and have used a variety of experimental techniques and data treatments. We investigated the kinetics of insulin distribution and degradation in 35 normal subjects and in 42 nonketotic, nonobese, overtly diabetic patients, of whom 26 were above 40 yr old and 16 were 40 yr old or less at diagnosis. The design of the study combined (a) the use of a tracer to perturb minimally the steady state and to avoid glucose infusion; (b) the preparation of purified [(125)I]-monoiodoinsulin, which has a metabolic behavior similar to that of native insulin; and (c) noncompartmental analysis of the plasma immunoprecipitable (125)I-insulin disappearance curves, which were recorded for 2 h after pulse i.v. injection of the tracer.Metabolic clearance rate was found to be similar in diabetics (404+/-18 ml/min.m(2), mean+/-SEM) and in normals (420+/-14), although the latter-onset patients had slightly, if not significantly, lower metabolic clearance rate values than the earlier-onset diabetics (385+/-19 and 443+/-36, respectively). The initial distribution volume of the hormone also did not significantly differ in diabetics and normals and was similar to plasma volume. The reentry rate into the initial distribution volume of the hormone and the total, plasma-equivalent distribution volume of insulin were both significantly raised in diabetics (251+/-12 ml/min.m(2) and 10.3+/-0.5 liters/m(2)) in comparison with normals (195+/-8 and 7.5+/-0.3). The posthepatic delivery rate of insulin was found to be slightly raised in later-onset diabetics (194+/-20 mU/h.m(2)), but somewhat reduced in earlier-onset diabetics (133+/-15) in comparison with normals (172+/-14); these differences reflected the different basal plasma insulin concentrations in these three groups. Chronic treatment with oral hypoglycemic drugs, age, duration of the disease, and degree of metabolic control appeared to have only little effect on the kinetics of insulin.On the basis of these results, we conclude that insulin-independent adult diabetics show, already in the fasting state, a combination of insulin resistance and insulin deficiency and a derangement in insulin distribution, the precise significance of which is uncertain."}
{"id": "PMID:338631", "title": "Activity of (des-Aspartyl1)-angiotensin II and angiotensin II in man. Differences in blood pressure and adrenocortical response during normal and low sodium intake.", "content": "This study was designed to compare the effect of [des-Aspartyl(1)]-angiotensin II ([des-Asp]-A II) and angiotensin II (A II) on blood pressure and aldosterone production in man under conditions of normal and low sodium (Na) intake. Seven normal male subjects in balance on constant normal Na intake (U(Na) V 160.3+/-5.0 meq/24 h) for 5 days received A II and [des-Asp]-A II infusions on two consecutive days; 1 mo later they were restudied after 5 days of low Na intake (U(Na) V 10.5+/-1.6 meq/24 h). Each dose was infused for 30 min, sequentially. During normal Na intake, [des-Asp]-A II from 2 to 18 pmol/kg per min increased mean blood pressure from 85.2+/-3 to 95.3+/-5 mm Hg and plasma aldosterone concentration from 5.2+/-1.1 to 14.3+/-1.9 ng/100 ml. During low Na intake, the same dose of [des-Asp]-A II increased mean blood pressure from 83.7+/-3 to 86.7+/-3 mm Hg and plasma aldosterone concentration from 34.4+/-6.0 to 51.0+/-8.2 ng/100 ml. In contrast, A II from 2 to 6 pmol/kg per min during normal Na intake increased mean blood pressure from 83.3+/-4 to 102.3+/-4 mm Hg and plasma aldosterone concentration from 7.0+/-2.2 to 26.8+/-2.0 ng/100 ml; during low Na intake, A II increased mean blood pressure from 83.0+/-3 to 96.0+/-4 mm Hg and plasma aldosterone concentration from 42.0+/-9.7 to 102.2+/-15.4 ng/100 ml. A II and [des-Asp]-A II were equally effective in suppressing renin release. Plasma cortisol and Na and K concentration did not change. The effects of two doses (2 and 6 pmol/kg per min) of each peptide on blood pressure and aldosterone production were evaluated. During normal Na intake, [des-Asp]-A II had 11-36% of the pressor activity and 15-30% of the steroidogenic activity of A II. Na deprivation attenuated the pressor response and sensitized the adrenal cortex to both peptides, but the increase in steroidogenesis was greater with [des-Asp]-A II than with A II. The dose-response curves for [des-Asp]-A II with respect to blood pressure and aldosterone production were not parallel, and although no maximum was established for A II, [des-Asp]-A II was less efficacious.In summary, (a) [des-Asp]-A II has biologic activity in man, (b) [des-Asp]-A II is less efficacious than A II in stimulating aldosterone production, (c) Na deprivation sensitizes the adrenal cortex more markedly to [des-Asp]-A II than A II, and (d) dose-response curves for the two peptides differ, suggesting the possibility that they act at different receptor sites in vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal cortex.", "contents": "Activity of (des-Aspartyl1)-angiotensin II and angiotensin II in man. Differences in blood pressure and adrenocortical response during normal and low sodium intake. This study was designed to compare the effect of [des-Aspartyl(1)]-angiotensin II ([des-Asp]-A II) and angiotensin II (A II) on blood pressure and aldosterone production in man under conditions of normal and low sodium (Na) intake. Seven normal male subjects in balance on constant normal Na intake (U(Na) V 160.3+/-5.0 meq/24 h) for 5 days received A II and [des-Asp]-A II infusions on two consecutive days; 1 mo later they were restudied after 5 days of low Na intake (U(Na) V 10.5+/-1.6 meq/24 h). Each dose was infused for 30 min, sequentially. During normal Na intake, [des-Asp]-A II from 2 to 18 pmol/kg per min increased mean blood pressure from 85.2+/-3 to 95.3+/-5 mm Hg and plasma aldosterone concentration from 5.2+/-1.1 to 14.3+/-1.9 ng/100 ml. During low Na intake, the same dose of [des-Asp]-A II increased mean blood pressure from 83.7+/-3 to 86.7+/-3 mm Hg and plasma aldosterone concentration from 34.4+/-6.0 to 51.0+/-8.2 ng/100 ml. In contrast, A II from 2 to 6 pmol/kg per min during normal Na intake increased mean blood pressure from 83.3+/-4 to 102.3+/-4 mm Hg and plasma aldosterone concentration from 7.0+/-2.2 to 26.8+/-2.0 ng/100 ml; during low Na intake, A II increased mean blood pressure from 83.0+/-3 to 96.0+/-4 mm Hg and plasma aldosterone concentration from 42.0+/-9.7 to 102.2+/-15.4 ng/100 ml. A II and [des-Asp]-A II were equally effective in suppressing renin release. Plasma cortisol and Na and K concentration did not change. The effects of two doses (2 and 6 pmol/kg per min) of each peptide on blood pressure and aldosterone production were evaluated. During normal Na intake, [des-Asp]-A II had 11-36% of the pressor activity and 15-30% of the steroidogenic activity of A II. Na deprivation attenuated the pressor response and sensitized the adrenal cortex to both peptides, but the increase in steroidogenesis was greater with [des-Asp]-A II than with A II. The dose-response curves for [des-Asp]-A II with respect to blood pressure and aldosterone production were not parallel, and although no maximum was established for A II, [des-Asp]-A II was less efficacious.In summary, (a) [des-Asp]-A II has biologic activity in man, (b) [des-Asp]-A II is less efficacious than A II in stimulating aldosterone production, (c) Na deprivation sensitizes the adrenal cortex more markedly to [des-Asp]-A II than A II, and (d) dose-response curves for the two peptides differ, suggesting the possibility that they act at different receptor sites in vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:338632", "title": "IgA localisation in glomerular diseases.", "content": "The structural changes found on light and electron microscopy study of 25 renal biopsy specimens that showed significant glomerular IgA deposition on immunofluorescence were correlated with relevant clinical data. The morphology of a wide range of glomerulopathies seeen included mesangial proliferative (60%), membranous (12%), rapidly progressive proliferative (8%), mesangio-capillary (8%), and no light microscope change (8%). Four of the 15 cases (60%) of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis were associated with focal segmental sclerosis and 10 with focal segmental and focal global sclerosis. In addition, 7 of the 15 cases showed capsular crescents. The clinicopathological correlations indicated that the prognosis in this group is unfavourable when focal global sclerosis and capsular crescents are present, particularly when both occur in the same biopsy specimen.", "contents": "IgA localisation in glomerular diseases. The structural changes found on light and electron microscopy study of 25 renal biopsy specimens that showed significant glomerular IgA deposition on immunofluorescence were correlated with relevant clinical data. The morphology of a wide range of glomerulopathies seeen included mesangial proliferative (60%), membranous (12%), rapidly progressive proliferative (8%), mesangio-capillary (8%), and no light microscope change (8%). Four of the 15 cases (60%) of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis were associated with focal segmental sclerosis and 10 with focal segmental and focal global sclerosis. In addition, 7 of the 15 cases showed capsular crescents. The clinicopathological correlations indicated that the prognosis in this group is unfavourable when focal global sclerosis and capsular crescents are present, particularly when both occur in the same biopsy specimen."}
{"id": "PMID:338633", "title": "Klebsiella: taxonomy, nomenclature, and communication.", "content": "Differences in the delineation of Klebsiella spp. in the United Kingdom from that in the majority of other countries is discussed. An attempt is made to trace and interpret the reasons for these differences and suggestions are made for a rapid resolution of this problem which hazards communication.", "contents": "Klebsiella: taxonomy, nomenclature, and communication. Differences in the delineation of Klebsiella spp. in the United Kingdom from that in the majority of other countries is discussed. An attempt is made to trace and interpret the reasons for these differences and suggestions are made for a rapid resolution of this problem which hazards communication."}
{"id": "PMID:338634", "title": "Incidence of K1 antigen in Escherichia coli isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients in the United Kingdom.", "content": "Altogether 411 cultures of Escherichia coli isolated from blood and 60 from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients in the United Kingdom were identified biochemically and serologically. They were tested for the presence of K1 antigen by an antiserum-agar method using horse meningococcus group B antiserum and by slide agglutination using E. coli 07.K1.H-antiserum. In total 71 cultures from blood (17%) and 29 from CSF (48%) gave positive results by both methods and were considered to possess the K1 antigen. Among the cultures from patients less than 3 years of age the K1 antigen was found significantly more often in those isolated from CSF (53%) than in those from blood (29%). The K1 antigen was found significantly more frequently in cultures isolated from the blood of patients less than 3 years old (29%) than in those from the blood of older patients (13%). Cultures which gave negative results in the slide agglutination test also gave negative results by the antiserum-agar method but positive results obtained by slide agglutination were not always confirmed using the antiserum-agar technique. Slide agglutination was considered to be valuable for the elimination of K1 negative cultures, but positive results required confirmation using the antiserum-agar method.", "contents": "Incidence of K1 antigen in Escherichia coli isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients in the United Kingdom. Altogether 411 cultures of Escherichia coli isolated from blood and 60 from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients in the United Kingdom were identified biochemically and serologically. They were tested for the presence of K1 antigen by an antiserum-agar method using horse meningococcus group B antiserum and by slide agglutination using E. coli 07.K1.H-antiserum. In total 71 cultures from blood (17%) and 29 from CSF (48%) gave positive results by both methods and were considered to possess the K1 antigen. Among the cultures from patients less than 3 years of age the K1 antigen was found significantly more often in those isolated from CSF (53%) than in those from blood (29%). The K1 antigen was found significantly more frequently in cultures isolated from the blood of patients less than 3 years old (29%) than in those from the blood of older patients (13%). Cultures which gave negative results in the slide agglutination test also gave negative results by the antiserum-agar method but positive results obtained by slide agglutination were not always confirmed using the antiserum-agar technique. Slide agglutination was considered to be valuable for the elimination of K1 negative cultures, but positive results required confirmation using the antiserum-agar method."}
{"id": "PMID:338635", "title": "Formaldehyde induced anti-N: a possible cause of renal graft failure.", "content": "Treatment of human red cells with low concentrations of formaldehyde induces an antigenic change which makes them react very strongly with the anti-N sera found in certain patients treated by haemodialysis. This supports the idea that formaldehyde sterilisation of reusable home dialysers leads to the development of anti-N in these patients' sera. The clinical problems produced by this antibody are discussed together with ways of overcoming them.", "contents": "Formaldehyde induced anti-N: a possible cause of renal graft failure. Treatment of human red cells with low concentrations of formaldehyde induces an antigenic change which makes them react very strongly with the anti-N sera found in certain patients treated by haemodialysis. This supports the idea that formaldehyde sterilisation of reusable home dialysers leads to the development of anti-N in these patients' sera. The clinical problems produced by this antibody are discussed together with ways of overcoming them."}
{"id": "PMID:338636", "title": "Effect of renal transplantation on marrow mast cell hyperplasia of chronic renal failure.", "content": "Marrow mast cells have been counted in iliac bone from patients with chronic renal failure treated by renal transplantation. Mast cell numbers were initially increased but returned to the normal range in many patients after renal transplantation. Improvement in osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia after transplant was not clearly related to this diminution in the number of mast cells. The use of prednisone in renal transplant patients may have some effect in reducing the numbers of mast cells. There is no fully acceptable explanation for the increase in marrow mast cells which occurs in chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Effect of renal transplantation on marrow mast cell hyperplasia of chronic renal failure. Marrow mast cells have been counted in iliac bone from patients with chronic renal failure treated by renal transplantation. Mast cell numbers were initially increased but returned to the normal range in many patients after renal transplantation. Improvement in osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia after transplant was not clearly related to this diminution in the number of mast cells. The use of prednisone in renal transplant patients may have some effect in reducing the numbers of mast cells. There is no fully acceptable explanation for the increase in marrow mast cells which occurs in chronic renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:338639", "title": "Group B streptococci in women fitted with intrauterine devices.", "content": "A survey was made of group B streptococcal carriage at various sites in 100 women attending a clinic for the insertion of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD). Twenty-three women carried streptococci at one or more sites at the preinsertion visit, the vaginal carriage rate being 16%. Six months after insertion changes in carrier status were noted and there was evidence of a change of strain in four patients. Twenty-nine women were carriers at one or more sites at some stage of the study. There was no evidence that symptoms attributable to infection in patients fitted with an IUD were caused by group B streptococci.", "contents": "Group B streptococci in women fitted with intrauterine devices. A survey was made of group B streptococcal carriage at various sites in 100 women attending a clinic for the insertion of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD). Twenty-three women carried streptococci at one or more sites at the preinsertion visit, the vaginal carriage rate being 16%. Six months after insertion changes in carrier status were noted and there was evidence of a change of strain in four patients. Twenty-nine women were carriers at one or more sites at some stage of the study. There was no evidence that symptoms attributable to infection in patients fitted with an IUD were caused by group B streptococci."}
{"id": "PMID:338640", "title": "Bacteriological findings in cultures of clinical material from Bartholin's abscess.", "content": "Purulent exudate from 28 cases of Bartholin's abscess were examined for aerobic, anaerobic, and microaerophilic bacteria. Three cases gave no bacterial growth, five cases grew facultative bacteria only, and a further three grew a mixture of facultative and anaerobic bacteria. One case gave a pure growth of a microaerophilic streptococcus. Anaerobic bacteria were the only isolates in 16 cases and Bacteroides species were the most common organisms isolated; they were present as 62.5% of the total anaerobes cultured and accounted for 45.4% of the total bacteria cultured. Escherichia coli was the most common of the facultative organisms, accounting for 18% of the total bacteria. Most infections seemed to be caused by a single organism, anaerobic types predominating.", "contents": "Bacteriological findings in cultures of clinical material from Bartholin's abscess. Purulent exudate from 28 cases of Bartholin's abscess were examined for aerobic, anaerobic, and microaerophilic bacteria. Three cases gave no bacterial growth, five cases grew facultative bacteria only, and a further three grew a mixture of facultative and anaerobic bacteria. One case gave a pure growth of a microaerophilic streptococcus. Anaerobic bacteria were the only isolates in 16 cases and Bacteroides species were the most common organisms isolated; they were present as 62.5% of the total anaerobes cultured and accounted for 45.4% of the total bacteria cultured. Escherichia coli was the most common of the facultative organisms, accounting for 18% of the total bacteria. Most infections seemed to be caused by a single organism, anaerobic types predominating."}
{"id": "PMID:338643", "title": "Double-blind crossover clinical pharmacology study comparing moxestrol (R 2858) and ethinyl estradiol in postmenopausal women.", "content": "The potency of 5 migrogram moxestrol (R 2858). 11beta-methoxy-17alpha-ethinyl-estra-1,3,5-[10]-triene-3,17-diol, administered orally, was compared to that of 25 microgram ethinyl estradiol in a double-blind crossover clinical pharmacology study of six postmenopausal women. At these doses, both compounds increased the eosinophilic index and decreased serum LH and FSH levels. A marked effect on circulating prolactin was observed only during ethinyl estradiol treatment.", "contents": "Double-blind crossover clinical pharmacology study comparing moxestrol (R 2858) and ethinyl estradiol in postmenopausal women. The potency of 5 migrogram moxestrol (R 2858). 11beta-methoxy-17alpha-ethinyl-estra-1,3,5-[10]-triene-3,17-diol, administered orally, was compared to that of 25 microgram ethinyl estradiol in a double-blind crossover clinical pharmacology study of six postmenopausal women. At these doses, both compounds increased the eosinophilic index and decreased serum LH and FSH levels. A marked effect on circulating prolactin was observed only during ethinyl estradiol treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:338644", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of iodamide in normal subjects and in patients with renal impairment.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic characteristics of iodamide, a contrast agent for excretion urography, were studied in seven normal subjects and in 15 patients with various degrees of renal impairment. Two different formulations were administered, namely, a 65% solution (iodamide 300) by slow intravenous injection and a 24% solution by slow intravenous (drip) infusion. Both preparations of iodamide exhibited characteristics of an open two-compartment model. In both normal subjects and patients, the contrast agent was excreted almost exlusively in urine. In normal subjects, the pharmacokinetic parameters of both formulations were similar, with a distribution half-life (1/2alpha) of about 3 minutes and a disposition half-life (t1/2beta) of about 69 minutes. An average of 84 per cent of the dose was excreted in urine within 4 hours after administration of iodamide with net renal tubular secretion of about 38 per cent. The binding of iodamide to plasma proteins was negligible, and the extent of biotransformation of iodamide was minimal. In patients with renal impairment, the disposition half-life (t1/2beta) of iodamide ranged from 4.1 to 16.4 hours. Other changes in pharmacokinetic parameters were also seen in patients with renal impairment.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of iodamide in normal subjects and in patients with renal impairment. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of iodamide, a contrast agent for excretion urography, were studied in seven normal subjects and in 15 patients with various degrees of renal impairment. Two different formulations were administered, namely, a 65% solution (iodamide 300) by slow intravenous injection and a 24% solution by slow intravenous (drip) infusion. Both preparations of iodamide exhibited characteristics of an open two-compartment model. In both normal subjects and patients, the contrast agent was excreted almost exlusively in urine. In normal subjects, the pharmacokinetic parameters of both formulations were similar, with a distribution half-life (1/2alpha) of about 3 minutes and a disposition half-life (t1/2beta) of about 69 minutes. An average of 84 per cent of the dose was excreted in urine within 4 hours after administration of iodamide with net renal tubular secretion of about 38 per cent. The binding of iodamide to plasma proteins was negligible, and the extent of biotransformation of iodamide was minimal. In patients with renal impairment, the disposition half-life (t1/2beta) of iodamide ranged from 4.1 to 16.4 hours. Other changes in pharmacokinetic parameters were also seen in patients with renal impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:338645", "title": "A long-term study of the efficacy of oxandrolone in hyperlipoproteinemias.", "content": "Oxandrolone, an anabolic steroid, significantly reduced serum triglycerides in type III, IV, and V hyperlipoproteinemia, with a concomitant decrease in pre-beta lipoproteins. Its slightly enhancing effect on serum cholesterol and absolute increase in beta lipoproteins might eventually discourage its administration in type II patients. Alpha lipoproteins always remained at low levels. In addition to its hypotriglyceridemic action,, oxandrolone induced a slight reduction in uric acid and alkaline phosphatases. Untoward side effects were not observed even after prolonger therapy. Therefore, oxandrolone might deserve a place among the few available triglyceride-reducing therapies.", "contents": "A long-term study of the efficacy of oxandrolone in hyperlipoproteinemias. Oxandrolone, an anabolic steroid, significantly reduced serum triglycerides in type III, IV, and V hyperlipoproteinemia, with a concomitant decrease in pre-beta lipoproteins. Its slightly enhancing effect on serum cholesterol and absolute increase in beta lipoproteins might eventually discourage its administration in type II patients. Alpha lipoproteins always remained at low levels. In addition to its hypotriglyceridemic action,, oxandrolone induced a slight reduction in uric acid and alkaline phosphatases. Untoward side effects were not observed even after prolonger therapy. Therefore, oxandrolone might deserve a place among the few available triglyceride-reducing therapies."}
{"id": "PMID:338647", "title": "Evaluation of amoxicillin therapy in ill children.", "content": "Ampicillin and amoxicillin were evaluated in 37 ill children. Detailed pharmacokinetic studies in 27 of these children demonstrated an advantage in oral absorption of amoxicillin over ampicillin at dosages of both 12.5 and 25 mg/kg per dose. Individual variation was great for both drugs. No sequence effect was noted for patients receiving ampicillin before either ampicillin or amoxicillin. Amoxicillin was tolerated well by the majority of patients, and the drug was not discontinued because of side effects in any patient. No toxicities were noted for amoxicillin in any of the 20 patients studied for abnormalities in hematologic hepatic, and renal functions. Pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, tolerance, and toxicity studies support the clinical usage of amoxicillin in pediatric infectious diseases. However, comparative, controlled clinicalinvestigations are needed to better define the clinical advantages of this drug over ampicillin.", "contents": "Evaluation of amoxicillin therapy in ill children. Ampicillin and amoxicillin were evaluated in 37 ill children. Detailed pharmacokinetic studies in 27 of these children demonstrated an advantage in oral absorption of amoxicillin over ampicillin at dosages of both 12.5 and 25 mg/kg per dose. Individual variation was great for both drugs. No sequence effect was noted for patients receiving ampicillin before either ampicillin or amoxicillin. Amoxicillin was tolerated well by the majority of patients, and the drug was not discontinued because of side effects in any patient. No toxicities were noted for amoxicillin in any of the 20 patients studied for abnormalities in hematologic hepatic, and renal functions. Pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, tolerance, and toxicity studies support the clinical usage of amoxicillin in pediatric infectious diseases. However, comparative, controlled clinicalinvestigations are needed to better define the clinical advantages of this drug over ampicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:338648", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside therapy in congestive cardiomyopathy-variability in hemodynamic response.", "content": "Twelve of 17 patients (group A) with congestive cardiomyopathy improved hemodynamically during sodium nitroprusside (NP) infusion. Five patients (group B) failed to increase their cardiac output. The two groups were identical in clinical presentation and had comparable cardiomegaly and left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP). However, group A had a baseline cardiac index (CI) lower than 2.5 L/min/m2 and high peripheral systemic (PSR) and total pulmonary vascular resistance (PR). In contrast, group B had a control of CI of higher than 2.5 L/min/m2 and near normal PSR and PR. Furthermore, a highly significant correlation was observed between the calculated levels of control PSR and their subsequent reduction during NP infusion. The higher the initial resistance, the more marked was its fall on NP as documented in group A. In group B, the PSR was probably not high enough for NP to be effective in increasing the cardiac output further by vasodilatation. We conclude that NP infusion may not increase cardiac output in congestive cardiomyopathy, in spite of a high LVFP, if the PSR is near normal.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside therapy in congestive cardiomyopathy-variability in hemodynamic response. Twelve of 17 patients (group A) with congestive cardiomyopathy improved hemodynamically during sodium nitroprusside (NP) infusion. Five patients (group B) failed to increase their cardiac output. The two groups were identical in clinical presentation and had comparable cardiomegaly and left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP). However, group A had a baseline cardiac index (CI) lower than 2.5 L/min/m2 and high peripheral systemic (PSR) and total pulmonary vascular resistance (PR). In contrast, group B had a control of CI of higher than 2.5 L/min/m2 and near normal PSR and PR. Furthermore, a highly significant correlation was observed between the calculated levels of control PSR and their subsequent reduction during NP infusion. The higher the initial resistance, the more marked was its fall on NP as documented in group A. In group B, the PSR was probably not high enough for NP to be effective in increasing the cardiac output further by vasodilatation. We conclude that NP infusion may not increase cardiac output in congestive cardiomyopathy, in spite of a high LVFP, if the PSR is near normal."}
{"id": "PMID:338649", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies in scabies.", "content": "Direct and indirect immunofluorescence investigations performed for 11 patients with scabies. All patients had punch biopsies taken from (1) a lesion containing Sarcoptes scabiei, (2) an inflammatory papule which did not contain a mite, and (3) normal skin. In four patients IgE deposits were found in the vessel walls of the upper dermis both in biopsies containing mits and biopsies of inflammatory papules with no mites. No IgE deposits were found in biopsies of normal skin from the same patients. Two patients had IgM and/or C3 deposits along the basal membrane in biopsies containing mites and one of them also had C3 in this area in the biopsy from a papule with no mite, as well as normal skin.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies in scabies. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence investigations performed for 11 patients with scabies. All patients had punch biopsies taken from (1) a lesion containing Sarcoptes scabiei, (2) an inflammatory papule which did not contain a mite, and (3) normal skin. In four patients IgE deposits were found in the vessel walls of the upper dermis both in biopsies containing mits and biopsies of inflammatory papules with no mites. No IgE deposits were found in biopsies of normal skin from the same patients. Two patients had IgM and/or C3 deposits along the basal membrane in biopsies containing mites and one of them also had C3 in this area in the biopsy from a papule with no mite, as well as normal skin."}
{"id": "PMID:338650", "title": "Mammary blood flow during experimental Escherichia coli endotoxin induced mastitis in goats and cows.", "content": "The effect of intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin upon mammary blood flow was studied in lactating goats and cows. Blood flow was recorded by means of an electromagnetic flow probe chronically implanted around one mammary artery. Endotoxin mastatis was always accompanied by a significant increase in mammary blood flow, characterized by 2 conspicuous peaks. The flow returned to control values by the thirteenth hour after infusion. Other symptoms of acute mastitis were: fever, increased heart rate, swelling, heat and pain of the gland, increased chloride and total cell count in milk.", "contents": "Mammary blood flow during experimental Escherichia coli endotoxin induced mastitis in goats and cows. The effect of intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin upon mammary blood flow was studied in lactating goats and cows. Blood flow was recorded by means of an electromagnetic flow probe chronically implanted around one mammary artery. Endotoxin mastatis was always accompanied by a significant increase in mammary blood flow, characterized by 2 conspicuous peaks. The flow returned to control values by the thirteenth hour after infusion. Other symptoms of acute mastitis were: fever, increased heart rate, swelling, heat and pain of the gland, increased chloride and total cell count in milk."}
{"id": "PMID:338657", "title": "Suturing techniques for Dermatologic Surgery.", "content": "Various suture techniques that are commonly used in dermatologic surgery are discussed and illustrated. They are applicable to operations as simple as closure of elliptical excisions and as complex as cosmetic surgery.", "contents": "Suturing techniques for Dermatologic Surgery. Various suture techniques that are commonly used in dermatologic surgery are discussed and illustrated. They are applicable to operations as simple as closure of elliptical excisions and as complex as cosmetic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:338658", "title": "Reconstruction of facial defects resulting from Mohs' chemosurgical procedures.", "content": "A philosophy of reconstruction after removal of cutaneous neoplasms from the face is presented and differences in reconstruction required after Mohs' fixed-tissue and fresh-tissue techniques are discussed. The indications for repair at once or later of facial defects after Mohs' procedures are reviewed and reconstructive alternatives are presented. Illustrative case reports of such cases that have been reconstructed are recounted and commented on. It is likely that the practice of the fresh-tissue technique will stimulate more interest in reconstructing facial defects resulting from that type of operation immediately, or at least sooner than later.", "contents": "Reconstruction of facial defects resulting from Mohs' chemosurgical procedures. A philosophy of reconstruction after removal of cutaneous neoplasms from the face is presented and differences in reconstruction required after Mohs' fixed-tissue and fresh-tissue techniques are discussed. The indications for repair at once or later of facial defects after Mohs' procedures are reviewed and reconstructive alternatives are presented. Illustrative case reports of such cases that have been reconstructed are recounted and commented on. It is likely that the practice of the fresh-tissue technique will stimulate more interest in reconstructing facial defects resulting from that type of operation immediately, or at least sooner than later."}
{"id": "PMID:338655", "title": "Pigmentary correction of piebaldism by autografts. I. Procedures and clinical findings.", "content": "Full-thickness and epidermal autografts of normally pigmented skin were transplanted within hypopigmented areas in each of two patients with piebaldism. Full-thickness punch grafts 2 to 4 mm in size retained their pigmentation (donor dominance) and within 4 months pigment was found to have spread around them. Within a year, melanization covered roughly triple the diameter of the grafts (or 9 times their areas) and then came to a standstill. Epidermal grafts (about 12 mm in diameter) healed with no visible scars at either donor or recipient sites. These grafts, too, retained their pigmentation, but no pigment was seen to spread from them in 8 months of observation. Controls of hypopigmented, full-thickness autografts placed into comparable hypopigmented areas showed either no change or but slight pigmentation along the rim of the graft and no spread of pigment.", "contents": "Pigmentary correction of piebaldism by autografts. I. Procedures and clinical findings. Full-thickness and epidermal autografts of normally pigmented skin were transplanted within hypopigmented areas in each of two patients with piebaldism. Full-thickness punch grafts 2 to 4 mm in size retained their pigmentation (donor dominance) and within 4 months pigment was found to have spread around them. Within a year, melanization covered roughly triple the diameter of the grafts (or 9 times their areas) and then came to a standstill. Epidermal grafts (about 12 mm in diameter) healed with no visible scars at either donor or recipient sites. These grafts, too, retained their pigmentation, but no pigment was seen to spread from them in 8 months of observation. Controls of hypopigmented, full-thickness autografts placed into comparable hypopigmented areas showed either no change or but slight pigmentation along the rim of the graft and no spread of pigment."}
{"id": "PMID:338659", "title": "The effects of PEEP on arterial oxygenation. An examination of some possible mechanisms.", "content": "The effect of positive and expiratory pressure (PEEP) on arterial oxygenation depends on many factors. Two of the most important are the \"quality\" and the \"quantity\" of the physiological shunt. The \"quality\" depends on the mixed venous oxygen tension, and the \"quantity\" on the shunt fraction. Each of these factors may rise or fall with PEEP, depending on the pulmonary and circulatory state of the patient. Their ultimate balance influences the change in arterial oxygen tension.", "contents": "The effects of PEEP on arterial oxygenation. An examination of some possible mechanisms. The effect of positive and expiratory pressure (PEEP) on arterial oxygenation depends on many factors. Two of the most important are the \"quality\" and the \"quantity\" of the physiological shunt. The \"quality\" depends on the mixed venous oxygen tension, and the \"quantity\" on the shunt fraction. Each of these factors may rise or fall with PEEP, depending on the pulmonary and circulatory state of the patient. Their ultimate balance influences the change in arterial oxygen tension."}
{"id": "PMID:338660", "title": "Intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) versus incentive spirometer (IS) therapy in the postoperative period.", "content": "The increase of the inflationary lung volume created by a respiratory maneuver is critical for preventing postoperative alveolar collapse. We measured this volume as achieved with IPPB or incentive spirometry (IS) in 20 postoperative surgical patients. Using IPPB, with gas flow and peak airway pressures carefully adjusted for each patient, a value of 2240 +/- 630 cc (mean +/- 1 SD) was obtained compared to 1960 +/- 650 cc with IS. This difference is highly significant (p less than 0.0005 by the Wilcoxon test). We conclude that IPPB, by careful application, and with monitoring of tidal volumes, is likely to provide better prophylaxis of postoperative pulmonary complications, particularly in patients with compromised lung function and in an intensive care unit, where enough trained personel are available.", "contents": "Intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) versus incentive spirometer (IS) therapy in the postoperative period. The increase of the inflationary lung volume created by a respiratory maneuver is critical for preventing postoperative alveolar collapse. We measured this volume as achieved with IPPB or incentive spirometry (IS) in 20 postoperative surgical patients. Using IPPB, with gas flow and peak airway pressures carefully adjusted for each patient, a value of 2240 +/- 630 cc (mean +/- 1 SD) was obtained compared to 1960 +/- 650 cc with IS. This difference is highly significant (p less than 0.0005 by the Wilcoxon test). We conclude that IPPB, by careful application, and with monitoring of tidal volumes, is likely to provide better prophylaxis of postoperative pulmonary complications, particularly in patients with compromised lung function and in an intensive care unit, where enough trained personel are available."}
{"id": "PMID:338661", "title": "Evaluation of techniques and material used in pulpal therapy based on a review of the literature: part II.", "content": "A healthy and functional dental pulp is the goal of any treatment procedure, but at present there does not seem to be any material that will regularly induce dentinal bridge formation and healing of an exposed, inflamed pulp. The usefulness of various capping agents, including corticosteroids and isobutyl cyanoacrylates, is interpreted. In determining treatment, all the clinician's experience is needed in correlating clinical evidence, history, size of the filling in relation to the tooth crown and periodontal condition.", "contents": "Evaluation of techniques and material used in pulpal therapy based on a review of the literature: part II. A healthy and functional dental pulp is the goal of any treatment procedure, but at present there does not seem to be any material that will regularly induce dentinal bridge formation and healing of an exposed, inflamed pulp. The usefulness of various capping agents, including corticosteroids and isobutyl cyanoacrylates, is interpreted. In determining treatment, all the clinician's experience is needed in correlating clinical evidence, history, size of the filling in relation to the tooth crown and periodontal condition."}
{"id": "PMID:338662", "title": "Magnetic enzyme immunoassay for measuring human IgE.", "content": "This paper reports a solid-phase sandwich technique for the assay of human IgE using anti-IgE antibodies bound to magnetic polyacrylamide-agarose beads. Following this technique, IgE to be determined is allowed to bind to the magnetic beads bearing the anti-IgE antibodies. After washing on a magnetic rack, the beads are incubated with enzyme-labeled antibodies, washed again, and then the enzyme activity associated with the beads is measured. The use of magnetic polyacrylamide-agarose beads and of enzyme-labeled antibodies makes the measurement of IgE in human sera easy to perform, safe, and reproducible. This procedure allows the measurement of IgE concentration in serum containing more than 2 IU/ml. The values obtained from 104 human sera closely corresponded to those obtained by radioimmunoassay (correlation coefficient, r = 0.9751).", "contents": "Magnetic enzyme immunoassay for measuring human IgE. This paper reports a solid-phase sandwich technique for the assay of human IgE using anti-IgE antibodies bound to magnetic polyacrylamide-agarose beads. Following this technique, IgE to be determined is allowed to bind to the magnetic beads bearing the anti-IgE antibodies. After washing on a magnetic rack, the beads are incubated with enzyme-labeled antibodies, washed again, and then the enzyme activity associated with the beads is measured. The use of magnetic polyacrylamide-agarose beads and of enzyme-labeled antibodies makes the measurement of IgE in human sera easy to perform, safe, and reproducible. This procedure allows the measurement of IgE concentration in serum containing more than 2 IU/ml. The values obtained from 104 human sera closely corresponded to those obtained by radioimmunoassay (correlation coefficient, r = 0.9751)."}
{"id": "PMID:338663", "title": "Clinical research and the noninstitutional elderly: a model for subject recruitment.", "content": "Two approaches (normative and symptomatic) are presented for recruiting volunteers for a study of the effects of a vasodilator on the psychophysiologic functioning of elderly patients with mild to moderate cerebroarteriosclerosis. The subjects had to be at least 60 years old, in good physical and emotional health, of at least average intelligence, manifesting cognitive impairment by at least one of several test measures, maintaining themselves in the community, and active in a senior citizens program. Results of both approaches were compared for rates of volunteer response, study eligibility, and admission to the study. The normative approach emphasized data on the normal cognitive changes associated with the aging process. The symptomatic approach focused on the early diagnosis and treatment of an existing cognitive impairment. A combined total of 1,030 potential volunteers, nearly equally divided according to the two techmiques, were addressed in group meetings. With the normative approach, 33 percent volunteered; of this group, 27 percent were found eligible for the study, and of these, 10 percent entered the study. With the symptomatic approach, 36 percent volunteered; of this group, 54 percent were found eligible for the study, and of these, 51 percent entered the study. Thus the symptomatic approach was five times more effective than the normative approach.", "contents": "Clinical research and the noninstitutional elderly: a model for subject recruitment. Two approaches (normative and symptomatic) are presented for recruiting volunteers for a study of the effects of a vasodilator on the psychophysiologic functioning of elderly patients with mild to moderate cerebroarteriosclerosis. The subjects had to be at least 60 years old, in good physical and emotional health, of at least average intelligence, manifesting cognitive impairment by at least one of several test measures, maintaining themselves in the community, and active in a senior citizens program. Results of both approaches were compared for rates of volunteer response, study eligibility, and admission to the study. The normative approach emphasized data on the normal cognitive changes associated with the aging process. The symptomatic approach focused on the early diagnosis and treatment of an existing cognitive impairment. A combined total of 1,030 potential volunteers, nearly equally divided according to the two techmiques, were addressed in group meetings. With the normative approach, 33 percent volunteered; of this group, 27 percent were found eligible for the study, and of these, 10 percent entered the study. With the symptomatic approach, 36 percent volunteered; of this group, 54 percent were found eligible for the study, and of these, 51 percent entered the study. Thus the symptomatic approach was five times more effective than the normative approach."}
{"id": "PMID:338665", "title": "Studies of body image. IV. Figure drawings in normal and abnormal geriatric and nongeriatric groups.", "content": "Figure drawings were obtained from 72 normal adults, 48 adult psychiatric inpatients, 30 senior citizens, and 33 elderly inpatients in a mental hospital. Blind analyses were carried out for \"emotional indicators\" and other characteristics such as body image disturbance and intellectual impairment. Significant differences were found on almost all measures between the normal elderly and the normal adult. They were also found to discriminate between the normal adult group and the adult psychiatric patients. Very few differences were found between the normal elderly and elderly psychiatric patients, or between normal elderly and adult psychiatric patients. These results imply that norms based upon figure drawings of children or adults may not apply to the elderly and that, therefore, figure drawings may be a less useful diagnostic tool for elderly people than they are for children or adults.", "contents": "Studies of body image. IV. Figure drawings in normal and abnormal geriatric and nongeriatric groups. Figure drawings were obtained from 72 normal adults, 48 adult psychiatric inpatients, 30 senior citizens, and 33 elderly inpatients in a mental hospital. Blind analyses were carried out for \"emotional indicators\" and other characteristics such as body image disturbance and intellectual impairment. Significant differences were found on almost all measures between the normal elderly and the normal adult. They were also found to discriminate between the normal adult group and the adult psychiatric patients. Very few differences were found between the normal elderly and elderly psychiatric patients, or between normal elderly and adult psychiatric patients. These results imply that norms based upon figure drawings of children or adults may not apply to the elderly and that, therefore, figure drawings may be a less useful diagnostic tool for elderly people than they are for children or adults."}
{"id": "PMID:338831", "title": "The diffusion of hospital technologies: some econometric evidence.", "content": "This paper examines the diffusion of five hospital technologies that have spread widely since 1950: the postoperative recovery room, the intensive care unit, the respiratory therapy department, diagnostic radioisotope facilities, and electroencephalograph. The regressions show that the logistic function describes the diffusion of hospital innovations as well as it does the diffusion of innovations in other industries, that the rates of diffusion for these technologies fall within the range established by work on other industries, and that the rates for technologies that were not yet widespread in the middle 1960s increased with the advent of Medicare and Medicaid.", "contents": "The diffusion of hospital technologies: some econometric evidence. This paper examines the diffusion of five hospital technologies that have spread widely since 1950: the postoperative recovery room, the intensive care unit, the respiratory therapy department, diagnostic radioisotope facilities, and electroencephalograph. The regressions show that the logistic function describes the diffusion of hospital innovations as well as it does the diffusion of innovations in other industries, that the rates of diffusion for these technologies fall within the range established by work on other industries, and that the rates for technologies that were not yet widespread in the middle 1960s increased with the advent of Medicare and Medicaid."}
{"id": "PMID:338832", "title": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of antibodies to myelin basic protein.", "content": "A solid-phase double-antibody radioimmunoassay was developed for the detection of anti-myelin basic protein (BP) in sera. Antigen was adsorbed to glass test tubes, reacted with rat anti-BP sera, followed by 125I-labeled rabbit anti-rat IgG. This assay was capable of detection of specific antibody at low nanogram per ml levels, was technically simple, and the results correlated well with established procedures.", "contents": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of antibodies to myelin basic protein. A solid-phase double-antibody radioimmunoassay was developed for the detection of anti-myelin basic protein (BP) in sera. Antigen was adsorbed to glass test tubes, reacted with rat anti-BP sera, followed by 125I-labeled rabbit anti-rat IgG. This assay was capable of detection of specific antibody at low nanogram per ml levels, was technically simple, and the results correlated well with established procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:338833", "title": "Isolation, lactoperoxidase catalyzed radioiodination, and recovery of proteins bound to insoluble immunoadsorbents.", "content": "A method for the direct radioiodination and recovery of proteins specifically absorbed to an insoluble immunoadsorbent is described. The optimal conditions for adsorption, washing, radiolabelling by lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination, and elution of radiolabelled proteins from the immunoadsorbent have been determined. The technique is a rapid and efficient means of isolating and radioiodinating specific proteins present in biological fluids and has been applied to the detection of immunoglobulin and histocompatibility antigens in mouse cell culture supernates. This method should be particularly applicable in research situations in which the specific antisera are available but the antigen concentration is low or the volume of material to be analyzed is limited.", "contents": "Isolation, lactoperoxidase catalyzed radioiodination, and recovery of proteins bound to insoluble immunoadsorbents. A method for the direct radioiodination and recovery of proteins specifically absorbed to an insoluble immunoadsorbent is described. The optimal conditions for adsorption, washing, radiolabelling by lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination, and elution of radiolabelled proteins from the immunoadsorbent have been determined. The technique is a rapid and efficient means of isolating and radioiodinating specific proteins present in biological fluids and has been applied to the detection of immunoglobulin and histocompatibility antigens in mouse cell culture supernates. This method should be particularly applicable in research situations in which the specific antisera are available but the antigen concentration is low or the volume of material to be analyzed is limited."}
{"id": "PMID:338834", "title": "A method for autoradiographic studies of single clones of plaque forming cells.", "content": "By limiting dilution of B lymphocytes from spleens of immunized mice, microcultures were obtained that contained only one clone of plaque forming cells (PFC). The cultured cells were labelled with [14C]thymidine for varying periods of time. Plaques were obtained in monolayers of sheep erythrocytes in plastic dishes. After fixation with glutaraldehyde, the bottoms of the dishes were stripped off and autoradiograms prepared. By this method, it is possible to determine the proportion of labelled PFC within a given clone and to quantitate the incorporation of label. The method described can be applied to study the incorporation of other labelled molecules and for cytochemical investigations.", "contents": "A method for autoradiographic studies of single clones of plaque forming cells. By limiting dilution of B lymphocytes from spleens of immunized mice, microcultures were obtained that contained only one clone of plaque forming cells (PFC). The cultured cells were labelled with [14C]thymidine for varying periods of time. Plaques were obtained in monolayers of sheep erythrocytes in plastic dishes. After fixation with glutaraldehyde, the bottoms of the dishes were stripped off and autoradiograms prepared. By this method, it is possible to determine the proportion of labelled PFC within a given clone and to quantitate the incorporation of label. The method described can be applied to study the incorporation of other labelled molecules and for cytochemical investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:338835", "title": "In vitro culture of lymphocyte colonies in agar capillary tubes after PHA-stimulation.", "content": "Human peripheral lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in liquid culture, suspended in agar and incubated in glass capillary tubes. Compact colonies of lymphocytes were found growing along the tube bottom in a buffer film, while compact clusters and rare diffuse colonies were observed inside the agar. Several parameters affecting the clonal growth were studied and optimized: PHA-dose, agar concentration, gel length (volume), quantity and density of seeded cells per capillary and gel length. Colony yield mainly depends on the seeded-cell density with a sharp optimum at 2 X 10(5) cells/ml irrespective of gel length; higher cell densities reduce the colony yield, suggesting that colony growth is the result of both stimulatory and inhibitory factors produced by cooperating cells. Following the daily clonal growth was only possible with undisturbed tubes; the number of colonies steadily increased from day 2 until day 7. Densitometric colony scanning is possible, yet problematic. Colony yield (plating efficiency is 10--50-fold higher in agar capillaries than in the usual Petri dishes. An additional advantage is that the capillaries provide a basis for a simple and reliable assay system for determining regulatory factors of lymphocyte proliferation (including chalones).", "contents": "In vitro culture of lymphocyte colonies in agar capillary tubes after PHA-stimulation. Human peripheral lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in liquid culture, suspended in agar and incubated in glass capillary tubes. Compact colonies of lymphocytes were found growing along the tube bottom in a buffer film, while compact clusters and rare diffuse colonies were observed inside the agar. Several parameters affecting the clonal growth were studied and optimized: PHA-dose, agar concentration, gel length (volume), quantity and density of seeded cells per capillary and gel length. Colony yield mainly depends on the seeded-cell density with a sharp optimum at 2 X 10(5) cells/ml irrespective of gel length; higher cell densities reduce the colony yield, suggesting that colony growth is the result of both stimulatory and inhibitory factors produced by cooperating cells. Following the daily clonal growth was only possible with undisturbed tubes; the number of colonies steadily increased from day 2 until day 7. Densitometric colony scanning is possible, yet problematic. Colony yield (plating efficiency is 10--50-fold higher in agar capillaries than in the usual Petri dishes. An additional advantage is that the capillaries provide a basis for a simple and reliable assay system for determining regulatory factors of lymphocyte proliferation (including chalones)."}
{"id": "PMID:338836", "title": "Nephelometric assay of antigens and antibodies with latex particles.", "content": "Antigens and antibodies covalently bound to latex particles have been used to detect specifically corresponding antibodies and antigens by nephelometry. A systematic study of factors such as wavelength, angle of observation, concentration of latex particles, and reaction time has permitted us to develop a procedure suitable for routine estimation of antigens and antibodies in the nano and picogramme range.", "contents": "Nephelometric assay of antigens and antibodies with latex particles. Antigens and antibodies covalently bound to latex particles have been used to detect specifically corresponding antibodies and antigens by nephelometry. A systematic study of factors such as wavelength, angle of observation, concentration of latex particles, and reaction time has permitted us to develop a procedure suitable for routine estimation of antigens and antibodies in the nano and picogramme range."}
{"id": "PMID:338837", "title": "A simple microscopic method for identifying and quantitating phagocytic cells in vitro.", "content": "A simple method is described for distinguishing phagocytic cells from non-phagocytic cells in a mixed population of leukocytes.", "contents": "A simple microscopic method for identifying and quantitating phagocytic cells in vitro. A simple method is described for distinguishing phagocytic cells from non-phagocytic cells in a mixed population of leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:338838", "title": "A useful technique applicable to the immunofluorescence test.", "content": "A simple techinque for carrying out the immunofluorescence procedure is described that eliminates the problem of drying of antiserum and reduces cost per test.", "contents": "A useful technique applicable to the immunofluorescence test. A simple techinque for carrying out the immunofluorescence procedure is described that eliminates the problem of drying of antiserum and reduces cost per test."}
{"id": "PMID:338848", "title": "Utilization of the buccal fat pad for closure of oro-antral and/or oro-nasal communications.", "content": "Defects in the posterior alveolus and hard palate up to a diameter of 4 cm can sometimes be closed by covering them with the buccal fat pad and grafting the latter with a split thickness skin graft. In addition local flaps may be necessary. 4 cases have been treated so far with complete success.", "contents": "Utilization of the buccal fat pad for closure of oro-antral and/or oro-nasal communications. Defects in the posterior alveolus and hard palate up to a diameter of 4 cm can sometimes be closed by covering them with the buccal fat pad and grafting the latter with a split thickness skin graft. In addition local flaps may be necessary. 4 cases have been treated so far with complete success."}
{"id": "PMID:338850", "title": "Bioenergetics in clinical medicine-X. Survey of the adjunctive use of coenzyme Q with oral therapy in treating periodontal disease.", "content": "Approximately 60% of young adults and 80% of middle-aged Americans have periodontal disease. Effective treatment of this widespread affliction is needed. It is generally believed that bacterial plaque on teeth and gingiva is the only direct cause of periodontal disease, and that control of plaque makes possible a normal periodontium in all age brackets. The fallacy in this common belief is the knowledge that effective oral physiotherapy can be ineffective in a small percentage of patients in periodontal practice. There is increasing knowledge and awareness that good nutrition is related to good periodontal health, and that many known vitamins influence the biochemistry of teeth, periodontium, and related bone.", "contents": "Bioenergetics in clinical medicine-X. Survey of the adjunctive use of coenzyme Q with oral therapy in treating periodontal disease. Approximately 60% of young adults and 80% of middle-aged Americans have periodontal disease. Effective treatment of this widespread affliction is needed. It is generally believed that bacterial plaque on teeth and gingiva is the only direct cause of periodontal disease, and that control of plaque makes possible a normal periodontium in all age brackets. The fallacy in this common belief is the knowledge that effective oral physiotherapy can be ineffective in a small percentage of patients in periodontal practice. There is increasing knowledge and awareness that good nutrition is related to good periodontal health, and that many known vitamins influence the biochemistry of teeth, periodontium, and related bone."}
{"id": "PMID:338851", "title": "Antihypertensive effect and serum potassium homeostasis: comparison of hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone alone and in combination.", "content": "Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and spironolactone (SP), alone and in combination, were utilized in the treatment of 79 adult men with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Comparative effects were determined with regard to anti-hypertensive action, serum potassium homeostasis and BUN. Both HCT and SP, alone and in combination, produced significant anti-hypertensive effects. Anti-hypertensive response to SP was clearly dose-related. All medications produced a moderate and transient elevation of BUN. The most marked differences were observed with regard to serum potassium levels (K). HCT produced a marked decrease in K which persisted through 12 weeks of therapy. SP produced moderate dose-related elevations of K which reverted toward baseline levels between the 4th and 12th weeks of treatment. The \"safety advantage\" of SP is discussed relative to its role in producing K homeostasis due to its unique mechanism of action.", "contents": "Antihypertensive effect and serum potassium homeostasis: comparison of hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone alone and in combination. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and spironolactone (SP), alone and in combination, were utilized in the treatment of 79 adult men with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Comparative effects were determined with regard to anti-hypertensive action, serum potassium homeostasis and BUN. Both HCT and SP, alone and in combination, produced significant anti-hypertensive effects. Anti-hypertensive response to SP was clearly dose-related. All medications produced a moderate and transient elevation of BUN. The most marked differences were observed with regard to serum potassium levels (K). HCT produced a marked decrease in K which persisted through 12 weeks of therapy. SP produced moderate dose-related elevations of K which reverted toward baseline levels between the 4th and 12th weeks of treatment. The \"safety advantage\" of SP is discussed relative to its role in producing K homeostasis due to its unique mechanism of action."}
{"id": "PMID:338854", "title": "Circadian rhythm of luteinizing hormone secretion in the ovariectomized rat implanted with oestradiol.", "content": "Implantation of a solid source of oestradiol into ovariectomized rats produced constant plasma concentrations of the hormone over a long period of time. Under these conditions, LH is released in a circadian pattern with a very marked peak in the afternoon. This circadian rhythm is synchronized to the light--darkness cycle, since it follows exactly a shift in the nycthemeral cycle. The first peak appeared on day 3 after placement of the oestrogen implant; its amplitude was constant from days 3 to 9 after implantation, and decreased gradually during prolonged implantation. The afternoon peak was not correlated with changes in the pituitary sensitivity to exogenous LH releasing hormone (LH-RH), since the LH response to increasing doses of the peptide could be superimposed in the morning and in the afternoon. However, the decreased amplitude of the rhythm observed after more than 9 days of implantation seemed to depend upon a progressive desensitization of the pituitary gland to LH-RH. Pituitary LH content also decreased as a function of implantation time. It is concluded that, under conditions of constant plasma oestradiol concentrations and of constant pituitary sensitivity to LH-RH, a daily activation of the neural trigger releasing pituitary gonadotrophins occurs.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of luteinizing hormone secretion in the ovariectomized rat implanted with oestradiol. Implantation of a solid source of oestradiol into ovariectomized rats produced constant plasma concentrations of the hormone over a long period of time. Under these conditions, LH is released in a circadian pattern with a very marked peak in the afternoon. This circadian rhythm is synchronized to the light--darkness cycle, since it follows exactly a shift in the nycthemeral cycle. The first peak appeared on day 3 after placement of the oestrogen implant; its amplitude was constant from days 3 to 9 after implantation, and decreased gradually during prolonged implantation. The afternoon peak was not correlated with changes in the pituitary sensitivity to exogenous LH releasing hormone (LH-RH), since the LH response to increasing doses of the peptide could be superimposed in the morning and in the afternoon. However, the decreased amplitude of the rhythm observed after more than 9 days of implantation seemed to depend upon a progressive desensitization of the pituitary gland to LH-RH. Pituitary LH content also decreased as a function of implantation time. It is concluded that, under conditions of constant plasma oestradiol concentrations and of constant pituitary sensitivity to LH-RH, a daily activation of the neural trigger releasing pituitary gonadotrophins occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:338862", "title": "Isolation and characterization of cysK mutants of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "cysK mutants, deficient in O-acetylserine sulphydrylase A [O-acetyl-L-serine acetate-lyase (adding hydrogen-sulphide); EC 4.2.99.8], were isolated as strains resistant to selenite or giving a black colour reaction on bismuth citrate indicator medium. All were resistant to the inhibitor I,2,4-triazole. Four independent mutants were found which possessed lowered levels of O-acetylserine sulphydrylase activity and also partially constitutive levels of NADPH-sulphite reductase [hydrogen-sulphide: NADP+ oxidoreductase; EC I.8.I.2]. Strains containing both a cysE mutation and a cysK mutation lacked the constitutive levels of NADPH-sulphite reductase showing that these levels were due to the in vivo concentration of the inducer, O-acetylserine. The cysK locus was found to be 81% cotransducible with the ptsI gene.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of cysK mutants of Escherichia coli K12. cysK mutants, deficient in O-acetylserine sulphydrylase A [O-acetyl-L-serine acetate-lyase (adding hydrogen-sulphide); EC 4.2.99.8], were isolated as strains resistant to selenite or giving a black colour reaction on bismuth citrate indicator medium. All were resistant to the inhibitor I,2,4-triazole. Four independent mutants were found which possessed lowered levels of O-acetylserine sulphydrylase activity and also partially constitutive levels of NADPH-sulphite reductase [hydrogen-sulphide: NADP+ oxidoreductase; EC I.8.I.2]. Strains containing both a cysE mutation and a cysK mutation lacked the constitutive levels of NADPH-sulphite reductase showing that these levels were due to the in vivo concentration of the inducer, O-acetylserine. The cysK locus was found to be 81% cotransducible with the ptsI gene."}
{"id": "PMID:338864", "title": "Plasma proteins in human peripheral nerve.", "content": "Using the immunofluorescent technique, the distribution of nine plasma proteins, differing in molecular weight, was studied in sural nerve biopsies from 25 neurological patients. The results of this study show that endoneurial vessels are normally permeable to all plasma proteins, though not to an equal degree. Permeability of the nerve blood vessels may be increased in pathological conditions. Proteins of molecular weight equal to or greater than 340,000 tend to accumulate at the site of the perineurium, indicating a slow removal from this structure. A marked accumulation of plasma proteins at the site of the perineurium was observed in hypertrophic neuropathy.", "contents": "Plasma proteins in human peripheral nerve. Using the immunofluorescent technique, the distribution of nine plasma proteins, differing in molecular weight, was studied in sural nerve biopsies from 25 neurological patients. The results of this study show that endoneurial vessels are normally permeable to all plasma proteins, though not to an equal degree. Permeability of the nerve blood vessels may be increased in pathological conditions. Proteins of molecular weight equal to or greater than 340,000 tend to accumulate at the site of the perineurium, indicating a slow removal from this structure. A marked accumulation of plasma proteins at the site of the perineurium was observed in hypertrophic neuropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:338866", "title": "Studies on the phagocytic capacity of macrophage polykaryons.", "content": "Following the demonstration by Chambers (1977a,b and c) that simultaneous attachment of macrophages to endocytogenic material in vitro leads to fusion, as analysis of the phagocytic potential of giant cells has provided evidence that the same mechanism is operating in macrophage polykaryon formation in vovo. Unlike previously proposed models for macrophage fusion, fusion by simultaneous attempted endocytosis is associated with the interiorisation of surface membrane during fusion. This has been shown to have occurred during glass coverslip-induced fusion in vivo. Evidence has also been presented that it is the endocytogenic material produced in the granulomatous environment which leads to fusion, not necessarily the simulaneous attempted endocytosis of the implanted foreign material.", "contents": "Studies on the phagocytic capacity of macrophage polykaryons. Following the demonstration by Chambers (1977a,b and c) that simultaneous attachment of macrophages to endocytogenic material in vitro leads to fusion, as analysis of the phagocytic potential of giant cells has provided evidence that the same mechanism is operating in macrophage polykaryon formation in vovo. Unlike previously proposed models for macrophage fusion, fusion by simultaneous attempted endocytosis is associated with the interiorisation of surface membrane during fusion. This has been shown to have occurred during glass coverslip-induced fusion in vivo. Evidence has also been presented that it is the endocytogenic material produced in the granulomatous environment which leads to fusion, not necessarily the simulaneous attempted endocytosis of the implanted foreign material."}
{"id": "PMID:338867", "title": "Comparative ultrastructural morphology of aurosomes produced by colloidal gold and soluble gold salts.", "content": "Intra-articular administration of colloidal gold produced aurosomes which contained spherical electron-dense granules and also often some very fine electron-dense particles. Intra-articular administration of aurothioglucose produced aurosomes of a morphology similar to that reported to occur after administration of sodium aurothiomalate. These aurosomes produced by soluble gold salts are characterised by particle and granule-studded membranous formations which present in profile as rod-like and curled filamentous structures. On the basis of morphological differences two types of aurosomes should be recognised, the \"Type I or granular aurosome\" and the \"Type II or membranous aurosome\".", "contents": "Comparative ultrastructural morphology of aurosomes produced by colloidal gold and soluble gold salts. Intra-articular administration of colloidal gold produced aurosomes which contained spherical electron-dense granules and also often some very fine electron-dense particles. Intra-articular administration of aurothioglucose produced aurosomes of a morphology similar to that reported to occur after administration of sodium aurothiomalate. These aurosomes produced by soluble gold salts are characterised by particle and granule-studded membranous formations which present in profile as rod-like and curled filamentous structures. On the basis of morphological differences two types of aurosomes should be recognised, the \"Type I or granular aurosome\" and the \"Type II or membranous aurosome\"."}
{"id": "PMID:338872", "title": "The effects of therapy on the developmental scores of iron-deficient infants.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that iron deficiency in infants and children is associated with behavioral alterations, 24 infants with iron deficienty anemia, ages 9 to 26 months, were randomly assigned to a treatment and control group. Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered before treatment with intramuscular iron or placebo; the test was readministered in five to eight days. Children treated with iron showed a significant increase in their scores on the Mental Development Index averaging a mean gain of 13.6 points in a mean time of 6.8 days. The treated group was found to become more alert and responsive and demonstrated improvement in tests of gross and fine motor coordination. These findings support the hypothesis that iron deficiency in infants produced developmental alterations and that these changes are rapidly reversible with iron therapy.", "contents": "The effects of therapy on the developmental scores of iron-deficient infants. To test the hypothesis that iron deficiency in infants and children is associated with behavioral alterations, 24 infants with iron deficienty anemia, ages 9 to 26 months, were randomly assigned to a treatment and control group. Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered before treatment with intramuscular iron or placebo; the test was readministered in five to eight days. Children treated with iron showed a significant increase in their scores on the Mental Development Index averaging a mean gain of 13.6 points in a mean time of 6.8 days. The treated group was found to become more alert and responsive and demonstrated improvement in tests of gross and fine motor coordination. These findings support the hypothesis that iron deficiency in infants produced developmental alterations and that these changes are rapidly reversible with iron therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:338873", "title": "Chemotactic defects in severe combined immunodeficiency.", "content": "Cellular and humoral components of leukotaxis were studied serially in four male infants with severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Two of the four, both lacking B and T cells initially, had a significant defect in neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis. The other two, who had a high number of immunoglobulin-bearing cells (B cells), did not have these cellular abnormalities. It contrast, defective generation of chemotactic factor following endotoxin activation was observed in all patients. The defects were corrected coincident with or soon after successful engraftment of either bone marrow or fetal tissues. The reported deficiencies may be another manifestation of the heterogeneity in SCID.", "contents": "Chemotactic defects in severe combined immunodeficiency. Cellular and humoral components of leukotaxis were studied serially in four male infants with severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Two of the four, both lacking B and T cells initially, had a significant defect in neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis. The other two, who had a high number of immunoglobulin-bearing cells (B cells), did not have these cellular abnormalities. It contrast, defective generation of chemotactic factor following endotoxin activation was observed in all patients. The defects were corrected coincident with or soon after successful engraftment of either bone marrow or fetal tissues. The reported deficiencies may be another manifestation of the heterogeneity in SCID."}
{"id": "PMID:338874", "title": "Atypical ichthyosiform erythroderma and congenital neurosensory deafness--a distinct syndrome.", "content": "A patient has been studied in whom an atypical ichthyosiform erythroderma was associated with congenital neurosensory deafness, vascularization of the corneas progressing to blindness, alopecia totalis, abnormalities of the teeth and nails, and postnatal growth deficiency. Twelve other patients with a similar pattern of malformation have been reported previously. This syndrome appears to represent a distinct disorder with a pattern of inheritance which is most likely autosomal recessive.", "contents": "Atypical ichthyosiform erythroderma and congenital neurosensory deafness--a distinct syndrome. A patient has been studied in whom an atypical ichthyosiform erythroderma was associated with congenital neurosensory deafness, vascularization of the corneas progressing to blindness, alopecia totalis, abnormalities of the teeth and nails, and postnatal growth deficiency. Twelve other patients with a similar pattern of malformation have been reported previously. This syndrome appears to represent a distinct disorder with a pattern of inheritance which is most likely autosomal recessive."}
{"id": "PMID:338875", "title": "Free amino acids in brain, liver, and skeletal muscle tissue of voles infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.", "content": "The concentrations of several acidic and neutral amino acids of brain, liver, and skeletal muscle were determined in field voles, Microtus montanus, and compared to values obtained from voles harboring a chronic infection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. All of the amino acids examined were found at comparable levels in brain tissue from both groups of animals with the exception of tyrosine, which was reduced by approximately 45% in the infected voles. Similarly, the only difference noted in liver tissue was 32% decrease of free tyrosine in the infected animals. With respect to muscle tissue, in addition to a 45% reduction of free tyrosine in the infected voles, decreases of a smaller magnitude were also noted for threonine, glutamate, and valine. The relatively specific alteration of free tyrosine concentrations in the investigated tissues of trypanosome-infected animals suggests an alteration in host metabolism of this amino acid and/or parasite utilization.", "contents": "Free amino acids in brain, liver, and skeletal muscle tissue of voles infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. The concentrations of several acidic and neutral amino acids of brain, liver, and skeletal muscle were determined in field voles, Microtus montanus, and compared to values obtained from voles harboring a chronic infection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. All of the amino acids examined were found at comparable levels in brain tissue from both groups of animals with the exception of tyrosine, which was reduced by approximately 45% in the infected voles. Similarly, the only difference noted in liver tissue was 32% decrease of free tyrosine in the infected animals. With respect to muscle tissue, in addition to a 45% reduction of free tyrosine in the infected voles, decreases of a smaller magnitude were also noted for threonine, glutamate, and valine. The relatively specific alteration of free tyrosine concentrations in the investigated tissues of trypanosome-infected animals suggests an alteration in host metabolism of this amino acid and/or parasite utilization."}
{"id": "PMID:338877", "title": "Management of neonates and children with male pseudohermaphroditism.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with male pseudohermaphroditism were treated. Causes included (1) inadequate testosterone production, (2) incomplete conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, and (3) insufficient androgen-binding protein at the target cell. These various problems can be defined accurately today. These infants should be studied early to define which gender role is more appropriate. Change in gender assignment later can be disastrous. An individual raised in the female role, but with incomplete internal structures, can cope with life better than one raised in the male role but lacking a satisfactory phallus. In general, we believe most male pseudohermaphrodites should be raised as females, performing appropriate alterations at an early age.", "contents": "Management of neonates and children with male pseudohermaphroditism. Twenty-five patients with male pseudohermaphroditism were treated. Causes included (1) inadequate testosterone production, (2) incomplete conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, and (3) insufficient androgen-binding protein at the target cell. These various problems can be defined accurately today. These infants should be studied early to define which gender role is more appropriate. Change in gender assignment later can be disastrous. An individual raised in the female role, but with incomplete internal structures, can cope with life better than one raised in the male role but lacking a satisfactory phallus. In general, we believe most male pseudohermaphrodites should be raised as females, performing appropriate alterations at an early age."}
{"id": "PMID:338878", "title": "Successful renal transplantation in infancy.", "content": "This infant's post renal transplantation course, representing apparently the smallest long term survivor, illustrates that neither age nor size are contraindications to successful renal transplantation in infants with end stage renal failure. Additional experience with the transplantation of a single kidney into a 1-yr-old baby weighing 4650 gm with congenital bilateral renal hypoplasia has also been successful with a 3-mo follow-up. Both cases demonstrate that single or double renal transplantation in infants is feasible and should be considered when indicated.", "contents": "Successful renal transplantation in infancy. This infant's post renal transplantation course, representing apparently the smallest long term survivor, illustrates that neither age nor size are contraindications to successful renal transplantation in infants with end stage renal failure. Additional experience with the transplantation of a single kidney into a 1-yr-old baby weighing 4650 gm with congenital bilateral renal hypoplasia has also been successful with a 3-mo follow-up. Both cases demonstrate that single or double renal transplantation in infants is feasible and should be considered when indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:338879", "title": "Serum polyamine and octopamine changes following partial hepatectomy and portacaval shunt.", "content": "Factors influencing hepatic regeneration following major hepatic resection are poorly understood and often may be modified by associated surgical procedures. Experimental and clinical evidence would suggest that hepatic regeneration may be impaired following hepatectomy performed in conjunction with portacaval shunting. A patient is described who offered a clinical situation in which it was possible to evaluate the effects of complete portal-venous diversion on hepatic regeneration following massive hepatic resection. The usefulness of biogenic amines as a monitor of the course of hepatic regeneration is demonstrated. The potential development of hepatic encephalopathy was evaluated by serial determinations of serum ammonia and the biogenic amine, octopamine, which correlated well with the patient's clinical state.", "contents": "Serum polyamine and octopamine changes following partial hepatectomy and portacaval shunt. Factors influencing hepatic regeneration following major hepatic resection are poorly understood and often may be modified by associated surgical procedures. Experimental and clinical evidence would suggest that hepatic regeneration may be impaired following hepatectomy performed in conjunction with portacaval shunting. A patient is described who offered a clinical situation in which it was possible to evaluate the effects of complete portal-venous diversion on hepatic regeneration following massive hepatic resection. The usefulness of biogenic amines as a monitor of the course of hepatic regeneration is demonstrated. The potential development of hepatic encephalopathy was evaluated by serial determinations of serum ammonia and the biogenic amine, octopamine, which correlated well with the patient's clinical state."}
{"id": "PMID:338883", "title": "Gingival fluid and serum in periodontal diseases. II. Evidence for cleavage of complement components C3, C3 proactivator (factor B) and C4 in gingival fluid.", "content": "1. C3 activation products  C3c and C3d can be demonstrated in gingival pocket fluid from patients with severe periodontitis. 2. Quantitatively, C3d levels in GF are comparable to levels attained consequent to immune-complex and tryptic activation of human serum. 3. The alternate pathway of complement activation occurs in the periodontal pocket, as demonstrated by conversion of C3 proactivator (Factor B) to C3-activator Bb. 4. C4 is present in an altered form in some, but not all, GF's. This form is electrophoretically similar to that generated from serum by C1s and several proteolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Gingival fluid and serum in periodontal diseases. II. Evidence for cleavage of complement components C3, C3 proactivator (factor B) and C4 in gingival fluid. 1. C3 activation products  C3c and C3d can be demonstrated in gingival pocket fluid from patients with severe periodontitis. 2. Quantitatively, C3d levels in GF are comparable to levels attained consequent to immune-complex and tryptic activation of human serum. 3. The alternate pathway of complement activation occurs in the periodontal pocket, as demonstrated by conversion of C3 proactivator (Factor B) to C3-activator Bb. 4. C4 is present in an altered form in some, but not all, GF's. This form is electrophoretically similar to that generated from serum by C1s and several proteolytic enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:338886", "title": "l-Bunolol metabolism in rats: identification of urinary metabolites.", "content": "Urine collected for 24 hr from rats given a single oral dose of 3H-l-bunolol (10 mg/kg) was found to contain only 25.8% of the dose and more than 30 labeled compounds. Nine compounds were identified and quantified as follows: bunolol (0.35% of urinary tritium), bunolol glucuronide (5.12%), bunolol sulfate (0.08%), dihydrobunolol (0.08%), dihydrobunolol glucuronide (0.74%), dihydrobunolol sulfate (0.12%), hydroxydihydrobunolol (0.58%), beta-(5-oxytetralonyl)lactic acid (0.74%), and (5-oxytetralonyl) acetic acid glucuronide (1.12%). The total quantity of identified labeled compounds was only 2.3% of the dose and 8.9% of the urinary radioactivity.", "contents": "l-Bunolol metabolism in rats: identification of urinary metabolites. Urine collected for 24 hr from rats given a single oral dose of 3H-l-bunolol (10 mg/kg) was found to contain only 25.8% of the dose and more than 30 labeled compounds. Nine compounds were identified and quantified as follows: bunolol (0.35% of urinary tritium), bunolol glucuronide (5.12%), bunolol sulfate (0.08%), dihydrobunolol (0.08%), dihydrobunolol glucuronide (0.74%), dihydrobunolol sulfate (0.12%), hydroxydihydrobunolol (0.58%), beta-(5-oxytetralonyl)lactic acid (0.74%), and (5-oxytetralonyl) acetic acid glucuronide (1.12%). The total quantity of identified labeled compounds was only 2.3% of the dose and 8.9% of the urinary radioactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:338887", "title": "In vitro studies on drug--antibiotic interactions I: analgesics, antipyretics, antimalarials, and tranquilizers.", "content": "The antimicrobial effects of some analgesics, antipyretics, antimalarials, and tranquilizers were determined. The phenothiazines were the most active group. The effect of the chosen drugs when combined with a selected number of antibiotics was studied on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to determine the type of interaction. Most analgesics, antipyretics, and antimalarials showed either no effect or a synergistic action. However, some exhibited antagonistic effects. All tested tranquilizers were synergistic. Preliminary studies, using electronic absorption spectrometry, indicated that the antagonistic action may be attributed to a physical interaction.", "contents": "In vitro studies on drug--antibiotic interactions I: analgesics, antipyretics, antimalarials, and tranquilizers. The antimicrobial effects of some analgesics, antipyretics, antimalarials, and tranquilizers were determined. The phenothiazines were the most active group. The effect of the chosen drugs when combined with a selected number of antibiotics was studied on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to determine the type of interaction. Most analgesics, antipyretics, and antimalarials showed either no effect or a synergistic action. However, some exhibited antagonistic effects. All tested tranquilizers were synergistic. Preliminary studies, using electronic absorption spectrometry, indicated that the antagonistic action may be attributed to a physical interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:338888", "title": "Inhibition by paromomycin of R-factor transfer of tetracycline resistance between Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum.", "content": "In vitro assays showed that low concentrations (5--10 and 20 microgram/ml) of the antimicrobial paromomycin sulfate are able to block or diminish significantly the transfer of the tetracycline resistance R-factor between Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum. This observation is important because it offers the possibility of preventing the formation of tetracycline-resistant pathogens, a limiting factor of tetracycline use in both human and veterinary medicine.", "contents": "Inhibition by paromomycin of R-factor transfer of tetracycline resistance between Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum. In vitro assays showed that low concentrations (5--10 and 20 microgram/ml) of the antimicrobial paromomycin sulfate are able to block or diminish significantly the transfer of the tetracycline resistance R-factor between Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum. This observation is important because it offers the possibility of preventing the formation of tetracycline-resistant pathogens, a limiting factor of tetracycline use in both human and veterinary medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:338893", "title": "DNA and protein changes in the spermatozoa of bulls treated orally with ethylene dibromide.", "content": "Oral treatment of bulls with ethylene dibromide caused a temporary reduction of the DNA and protein content and head area of epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa.", "contents": "DNA and protein changes in the spermatozoa of bulls treated orally with ethylene dibromide. Oral treatment of bulls with ethylene dibromide caused a temporary reduction of the DNA and protein content and head area of epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:338899", "title": "Nitramino acids. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-nitroproline, 1-nitropipecolic acid, and N-nitrosarcosine.", "content": "The N-nitro derivatives of secondary alpha-amino acids, viz., 1-nitroproline (1a) (L and D), 1-nitro-DL-pipecolic acid (2a), and N-nitrosarcosine (3a), were prepared by the oxidation of the corresponding nitrosamino acids with peroxytrifluoroacetic acid. These nitramino acids (1a-3a) were not active against Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Mycobacterium smegmatis, and 1a and 2a did not show mutagenic activity in a Salmonella typhimurium TA-100 system, with or without added rat liver 9000g supernatant fraction. The marginal mutagenicity of 3a in this system suggests that additional work should be done to assess its carcinogenic-mutagenic potential.", "contents": "Nitramino acids. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-nitroproline, 1-nitropipecolic acid, and N-nitrosarcosine. The N-nitro derivatives of secondary alpha-amino acids, viz., 1-nitroproline (1a) (L and D), 1-nitro-DL-pipecolic acid (2a), and N-nitrosarcosine (3a), were prepared by the oxidation of the corresponding nitrosamino acids with peroxytrifluoroacetic acid. These nitramino acids (1a-3a) were not active against Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Mycobacterium smegmatis, and 1a and 2a did not show mutagenic activity in a Salmonella typhimurium TA-100 system, with or without added rat liver 9000g supernatant fraction. The marginal mutagenicity of 3a in this system suggests that additional work should be done to assess its carcinogenic-mutagenic potential."}
{"id": "PMID:338900", "title": "Studies of antitumor agents. 1. Resolution of racemic 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-k-fluorouracil into the R and S isomers and examination of the biological activities of the isomers.", "content": "1-(Tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (Thf-FU), which is named Ftorafur or FT-207 and is used clinically as an antitumor agent, was conveniently synthesized by condensation of the trimethylsilyl derivative of 5-fluorouracil with 2-acetoxytetrahydrofuran using NaI as a catalyst. This optically inactive Thf-FU was resolved into optically active (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-Thf-FU in high optical purity and excellent yield by formation of diastereoisomers with brucine. 13C NMR data were obtained on Thf-FU and related compounds and the antibacterial activities and in vivo antitumor activities of these isomers were tested. The degradations of these isomers to 5-fluorouracil by liver microsomes were also examined. No significant differences were found in any of these properties of these isomers.", "contents": "Studies of antitumor agents. 1. Resolution of racemic 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-k-fluorouracil into the R and S isomers and examination of the biological activities of the isomers. 1-(Tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (Thf-FU), which is named Ftorafur or FT-207 and is used clinically as an antitumor agent, was conveniently synthesized by condensation of the trimethylsilyl derivative of 5-fluorouracil with 2-acetoxytetrahydrofuran using NaI as a catalyst. This optically inactive Thf-FU was resolved into optically active (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-Thf-FU in high optical purity and excellent yield by formation of diastereoisomers with brucine. 13C NMR data were obtained on Thf-FU and related compounds and the antibacterial activities and in vivo antitumor activities of these isomers were tested. The degradations of these isomers to 5-fluorouracil by liver microsomes were also examined. No significant differences were found in any of these properties of these isomers."}
{"id": "PMID:338901", "title": "Nonapeptide ethylamide inhibitors of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) having a D-alanyl residue in position 6 and variations at positions 2 and 3.", "content": "A series of ten analogues, of structure des-Gly10-[amino acid2, amino acid3,D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide, was synthesized by solid-phase methods. L-Aromatic and alkylamino acids were substituted into position 2 and alkylamino acids into position 3. Highest in vitro inhibition of LH-RH action was obtained with analogues having aromatic residues in position 2. Des-Gly10-[Trp2,Leu3,D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide inhibited the action of 0.6 ng/mL of LH-RH, in an isolated pituitary assay, at a dosage as low as 1 microgram/mL, and the corresponding Phe2 analogue inhibited the effect of 0.3 ng of LH-RH at 0.1 microgram/mL. The Trp2 analogue inhibited ovulation in rats at the dosage of 1.5 mg per rat.", "contents": "Nonapeptide ethylamide inhibitors of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) having a D-alanyl residue in position 6 and variations at positions 2 and 3. A series of ten analogues, of structure des-Gly10-[amino acid2, amino acid3,D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide, was synthesized by solid-phase methods. L-Aromatic and alkylamino acids were substituted into position 2 and alkylamino acids into position 3. Highest in vitro inhibition of LH-RH action was obtained with analogues having aromatic residues in position 2. Des-Gly10-[Trp2,Leu3,D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide inhibited the action of 0.6 ng/mL of LH-RH, in an isolated pituitary assay, at a dosage as low as 1 microgram/mL, and the corresponding Phe2 analogue inhibited the effect of 0.3 ng of LH-RH at 0.1 microgram/mL. The Trp2 analogue inhibited ovulation in rats at the dosage of 1.5 mg per rat."}
{"id": "PMID:338902", "title": "Inhibitory analogues of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone having D-aromatic residues in positions 2 and 6 and variation in position 3.", "content": "A single sc injection of 750 microgram/rat of [D-Phe2,Pro3,D-Phe6]-LH-RH on proestrus completely inhibited ovulation in 4-day cycling rats. Ovulation was inhibited partially at 375 microgram/rat. At the 720 microgram/rat dosage, analogues of LH-RH with D-Phe in positions 2 and 6, and with Sar, Arg, or Hyp in position 3, resulted in partial inhibitors and an inactive analogue with Thr substitution. In the same assay, analogues with D-Phe in position 2 and D-Trp in position 6 were partial inhibitors when D-Phe, Met, or Val were in position 3 and inactive with Ile substitution.", "contents": "Inhibitory analogues of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone having D-aromatic residues in positions 2 and 6 and variation in position 3. A single sc injection of 750 microgram/rat of [D-Phe2,Pro3,D-Phe6]-LH-RH on proestrus completely inhibited ovulation in 4-day cycling rats. Ovulation was inhibited partially at 375 microgram/rat. At the 720 microgram/rat dosage, analogues of LH-RH with D-Phe in positions 2 and 6, and with Sar, Arg, or Hyp in position 3, resulted in partial inhibitors and an inactive analogue with Thr substitution. In the same assay, analogues with D-Phe in position 2 and D-Trp in position 6 were partial inhibitors when D-Phe, Met, or Val were in position 3 and inactive with Ile substitution."}
{"id": "PMID:338904", "title": "Conformational analysis of the molecule luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. 3. Analogue inhibitors and antagonists.", "content": "Conformational energy calculations have been carried out on analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone which have been shown to be potent inhibitors of the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. The analogues included in this study have D-amino acid substitutions in the 2 and/or 3 positions, such as [D-X2]-LH-RH, [D-X2,D-Y3]-LH-RH, [D-X2,Pro3]-lh-rh, and [D-X2,Leu3]-LH-RH. A configurational property which was common to the low-energy conformers of all the analogues is the directional change of the cis-peptide bond of the pyroglutamate ring. Further, there was no overall structural change in the analogues relative to the conformation of native LH-RH, and the orientation of the aromatic side chains relative to one another remained the same throughout this series of analogues.", "contents": "Conformational analysis of the molecule luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. 3. Analogue inhibitors and antagonists. Conformational energy calculations have been carried out on analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone which have been shown to be potent inhibitors of the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. The analogues included in this study have D-amino acid substitutions in the 2 and/or 3 positions, such as [D-X2]-LH-RH, [D-X2,D-Y3]-LH-RH, [D-X2,Pro3]-lh-rh, and [D-X2,Leu3]-LH-RH. A configurational property which was common to the low-energy conformers of all the analogues is the directional change of the cis-peptide bond of the pyroglutamate ring. Further, there was no overall structural change in the analogues relative to the conformation of native LH-RH, and the orientation of the aromatic side chains relative to one another remained the same throughout this series of analogues."}
{"id": "PMID:338926", "title": "A comparison of alternate metabolic strategies for the utilization of D-arabinose.", "content": "Mutants of Klebsiella aerogenes W70 that metabolize the uncommon pentose D-arabinose were isolated. These mutants were found to be either constitutive or indicible by D-arabinose for the synthesis of enzymes in the L-fucose pathway. Such mutants could then utilize L-fucose isomerase to convert the structurally similar D-arabinose molecule to D-ribulose. D-Ribulose is an intermediate and the inducer of an existing ribitol pathway and could thus be metabolized. In those D-arabinose-positive mutants where the ribitol pathway was blocked by mutation, D-ribulose could alternatively be metabolized by using the remaining L-fucose pathway enzymes. When the two D-arabinose catabolic routes were compared, catabolism of D-arabinose via the ribitol pathway was found to be more efficient. Catabolism of D-arabinose using the L-fucose pathway permitted D-ribulose to escape into the media and produced an unmetabolizable end product, L-glycolic acid. A comparison of growth using constitutive versus inducible control of the borrowed L-fucose isomerase did not reveal an advantage for one control type over the other. Several differences were observed, however, when we determined the degree to which these control mutations perturbed the normal functioning of the L-fucose and associated pathways. Growth of the constitutive mutant was impaired with L-fucose as substrate. The inducible-control mutant had altered growth characteristics on ribitol and L-rhamnose.", "contents": "A comparison of alternate metabolic strategies for the utilization of D-arabinose. Mutants of Klebsiella aerogenes W70 that metabolize the uncommon pentose D-arabinose were isolated. These mutants were found to be either constitutive or indicible by D-arabinose for the synthesis of enzymes in the L-fucose pathway. Such mutants could then utilize L-fucose isomerase to convert the structurally similar D-arabinose molecule to D-ribulose. D-Ribulose is an intermediate and the inducer of an existing ribitol pathway and could thus be metabolized. In those D-arabinose-positive mutants where the ribitol pathway was blocked by mutation, D-ribulose could alternatively be metabolized by using the remaining L-fucose pathway enzymes. When the two D-arabinose catabolic routes were compared, catabolism of D-arabinose via the ribitol pathway was found to be more efficient. Catabolism of D-arabinose using the L-fucose pathway permitted D-ribulose to escape into the media and produced an unmetabolizable end product, L-glycolic acid. A comparison of growth using constitutive versus inducible control of the borrowed L-fucose isomerase did not reveal an advantage for one control type over the other. Several differences were observed, however, when we determined the degree to which these control mutations perturbed the normal functioning of the L-fucose and associated pathways. Growth of the constitutive mutant was impaired with L-fucose as substrate. The inducible-control mutant had altered growth characteristics on ribitol and L-rhamnose."}
{"id": "PMID:338927", "title": "Mutagenic activity of major mammalian metabolites of cyclophosphamide toward several genes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Representative intermediates of the major mammalian metabolic pathway of cyclophosphamide, a drug that is not mutagenic as such unless it is metabolically activated, were assayed for their direct mutagenic activity toward a bacterial indicator strain, Escherichia coli 343/113. The compounds tested were 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and the two urinary metabolites, carboxyphosphamide and 4-ketocyclophosphamide. Further, the degradation products of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, phosphoramide mustard, acrolein, and nornitrogen mustard, were also tested. The mutagenicity test systems were those used previously to demonstrate the liver enzyme-mediated mutagenic activity of cyclophosphamide in E. coli 343/113: stationary cell suspensions were treated for 180 min at 37 degrees C with different concentrations of the compound under test; the induction of forward mutations from 5-methyltryptophan sensitivity to resistance (MTR) and from galRs18 to gal+ as well as back mutations from arg56 to arg+ was measured by plating aliquots of the treated bacterial population on different selective mutation media. Except for acrolein, all cyclophosphamide metabolites tested are directly mutagenic toward E. coli 343/113. With all substances the highest induced mutation frequency is that of arg+ mutations, followed by gal+ and MTR  mutations; this indicates that mostly base-pair substitution type mutations are induced. The mutagenic potential, however, differs greatly between compounds at concentrations between 0.1 and 20mM. The results show that the first step in the mammalian biodegradation of cyclophosphamide gives rise to compounds that are directly mutagenic, and that this mutagenicity is retained and even enhanced through all further metabolic steps to produce the compound of highest mutagenicity, nornitrogen mustard.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of major mammalian metabolites of cyclophosphamide toward several genes of Escherichia coli. Representative intermediates of the major mammalian metabolic pathway of cyclophosphamide, a drug that is not mutagenic as such unless it is metabolically activated, were assayed for their direct mutagenic activity toward a bacterial indicator strain, Escherichia coli 343/113. The compounds tested were 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and the two urinary metabolites, carboxyphosphamide and 4-ketocyclophosphamide. Further, the degradation products of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, phosphoramide mustard, acrolein, and nornitrogen mustard, were also tested. The mutagenicity test systems were those used previously to demonstrate the liver enzyme-mediated mutagenic activity of cyclophosphamide in E. coli 343/113: stationary cell suspensions were treated for 180 min at 37 degrees C with different concentrations of the compound under test; the induction of forward mutations from 5-methyltryptophan sensitivity to resistance (MTR) and from galRs18 to gal+ as well as back mutations from arg56 to arg+ was measured by plating aliquots of the treated bacterial population on different selective mutation media. Except for acrolein, all cyclophosphamide metabolites tested are directly mutagenic toward E. coli 343/113. With all substances the highest induced mutation frequency is that of arg+ mutations, followed by gal+ and MTR  mutations; this indicates that mostly base-pair substitution type mutations are induced. The mutagenic potential, however, differs greatly between compounds at concentrations between 0.1 and 20mM. The results show that the first step in the mammalian biodegradation of cyclophosphamide gives rise to compounds that are directly mutagenic, and that this mutagenicity is retained and even enhanced through all further metabolic steps to produce the compound of highest mutagenicity, nornitrogen mustard."}
{"id": "PMID:338928", "title": "Experience with the use of proteolytic enzyme (Travase) in burn patients.", "content": "In an effort to find an enzyme preparation for chemical debridement of burns, we treated 463 burn patients with Sutilains ointment (Travase) from 1972 through 1975. This method allowed earlier application of the first skin graft and resulted in a shorter hospital stay without significantly altering mortality compared with results obtained before 1972 and with national results. Travase appears to be effective in the treatment of burn patients when used in this method.", "contents": "Experience with the use of proteolytic enzyme (Travase) in burn patients. In an effort to find an enzyme preparation for chemical debridement of burns, we treated 463 burn patients with Sutilains ointment (Travase) from 1972 through 1975. This method allowed earlier application of the first skin graft and resulted in a shorter hospital stay without significantly altering mortality compared with results obtained before 1972 and with national results. Travase appears to be effective in the treatment of burn patients when used in this method."}
{"id": "PMID:338932", "title": "\"Host shutoff\" function of bacteriophage T7: involvement of T7 gene 2 and gene 0.7 in the inactivation of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.", "content": "The \"host shutoff\" function of bacteriophage T7 involves an inactivation of the host Escherichia coli RNA polymerase by an inhibitor protein bound to the enzyme. When this inhibitor protein, termed I protein, was removed from the inactive RNA polymerase complex prepared from T7-infected cells by glycerol gradient centrifugation in the presence of 1 M KCl, the enzyme recovered its activity equivalent to about 70 to 80% of the activity of the enzyme from uninfected cells. Analysis of the activity of E. coli RNA polymerase from E. coli cells infected with various T7 mutant phages indicated that the T7 gene 2 codes for the inhibitor I protein. The activity of E. coli RNA polymerase from gene 2 mutant phage-infected cells, which was about 70% of that from uninfected cells, did not increase after glycerol gradient centrifugation in the presence of 1 M KCl, indicating that the salt-removable inhibitor was not present with the enzyme. It was found that the reduction in E. coli RNA polymerase activity in cells infected with T7(+) or gene 2 mutant phage, i.e., about 70% of the activity of the enzyme compared to that from uninfected cells after glycerol gradient centrifugation in the presence of 1 M KCl, results from the function of T7 gene 0.7. E. coli RNA polymerase from gene 0.7 mutant phage-infected cells was inactive but recovered a full activity equivalent to that from uninfected cells after removal of the inhibitor I protein with 1 M KCl. E. coli RNA polymerase from the cells infected with newly constructed mutant phages having mutations in both gene 2 and gene 0.7 retained the full activity equivalent to that from uninfected cells with or without treatment of the enzyme with 1 M KCl. From these results, we conclude that both gene 2 and gene 0.7 of T7 are involved in accomplishing complete shutoff of the host E. coli RNA polymerase activity in T7 infection.", "contents": "\"Host shutoff\" function of bacteriophage T7: involvement of T7 gene 2 and gene 0.7 in the inactivation of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The \"host shutoff\" function of bacteriophage T7 involves an inactivation of the host Escherichia coli RNA polymerase by an inhibitor protein bound to the enzyme. When this inhibitor protein, termed I protein, was removed from the inactive RNA polymerase complex prepared from T7-infected cells by glycerol gradient centrifugation in the presence of 1 M KCl, the enzyme recovered its activity equivalent to about 70 to 80% of the activity of the enzyme from uninfected cells. Analysis of the activity of E. coli RNA polymerase from E. coli cells infected with various T7 mutant phages indicated that the T7 gene 2 codes for the inhibitor I protein. The activity of E. coli RNA polymerase from gene 2 mutant phage-infected cells, which was about 70% of that from uninfected cells, did not increase after glycerol gradient centrifugation in the presence of 1 M KCl, indicating that the salt-removable inhibitor was not present with the enzyme. It was found that the reduction in E. coli RNA polymerase activity in cells infected with T7(+) or gene 2 mutant phage, i.e., about 70% of the activity of the enzyme compared to that from uninfected cells after glycerol gradient centrifugation in the presence of 1 M KCl, results from the function of T7 gene 0.7. E. coli RNA polymerase from gene 0.7 mutant phage-infected cells was inactive but recovered a full activity equivalent to that from uninfected cells after removal of the inhibitor I protein with 1 M KCl. E. coli RNA polymerase from the cells infected with newly constructed mutant phages having mutations in both gene 2 and gene 0.7 retained the full activity equivalent to that from uninfected cells with or without treatment of the enzyme with 1 M KCl. From these results, we conclude that both gene 2 and gene 0.7 of T7 are involved in accomplishing complete shutoff of the host E. coli RNA polymerase activity in T7 infection."}
{"id": "PMID:338933", "title": "I protein: bacteriophage T7-coded inhibitor of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.", "content": "Bacteriophage T7-coded inhibitor of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, termed I protein, was purified from an inactive E. coli RNA polymerase-I protein complex isolated from phage T7-infected cells. A molecular weight of about 7,000 to 9,000 was assigned to the purified I protein by acrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, Sephadex G-50 gel filtration, and glycerol gradient centrifugation analysis. I protein inhibits initiation of RNA synthesis by directly binding to the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and prevents the binding of the enzyme to the promoter sites on the template T7 DNA. However, once a highly stable transcriptional preinitiation complex between RNA polymerase holoenzyme and T7 DNA is formed at the promoter site on T7 DNA in the absence of nucleoside triphosphates, I protein does not inhibit the initiation of RNA synthesis by this preformed complex upon addition of nucleoside triphosphates. RNA synthesis by the core RNA polymerase and the binding of core RNA polymerase with template DNA are not inhibited by I protein, although a partial association between the core enzyme and I protein can be observed. I protein does not bind to sigma factor or T7 DNA. Therefore, binding of I protein with the RNA polymerase, which results in the inhibition of initiation of RNA synthesis, requires the presence of sigma factor in the RNA polymerase holoenzyme form.", "contents": "I protein: bacteriophage T7-coded inhibitor of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Bacteriophage T7-coded inhibitor of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, termed I protein, was purified from an inactive E. coli RNA polymerase-I protein complex isolated from phage T7-infected cells. A molecular weight of about 7,000 to 9,000 was assigned to the purified I protein by acrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, Sephadex G-50 gel filtration, and glycerol gradient centrifugation analysis. I protein inhibits initiation of RNA synthesis by directly binding to the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and prevents the binding of the enzyme to the promoter sites on the template T7 DNA. However, once a highly stable transcriptional preinitiation complex between RNA polymerase holoenzyme and T7 DNA is formed at the promoter site on T7 DNA in the absence of nucleoside triphosphates, I protein does not inhibit the initiation of RNA synthesis by this preformed complex upon addition of nucleoside triphosphates. RNA synthesis by the core RNA polymerase and the binding of core RNA polymerase with template DNA are not inhibited by I protein, although a partial association between the core enzyme and I protein can be observed. I protein does not bind to sigma factor or T7 DNA. Therefore, binding of I protein with the RNA polymerase, which results in the inhibition of initiation of RNA synthesis, requires the presence of sigma factor in the RNA polymerase holoenzyme form."}
{"id": "PMID:338934", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen and polymyositis.", "content": "Concomitant polymyositis diagnosed by muscle biopsy developed in a 51-year-old man with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) hepatitis. Findings from immunofluorescent studies showed deposits of gamma-globulins and complement in both muscle and liver. The HBsAg and HBsAg-antibody complexes were detected in the liver by immunofluorescence using fluorescein-labeled antibody to hepatitis Bs.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen and polymyositis. Concomitant polymyositis diagnosed by muscle biopsy developed in a 51-year-old man with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) hepatitis. Findings from immunofluorescent studies showed deposits of gamma-globulins and complement in both muscle and liver. The HBsAg and HBsAg-antibody complexes were detected in the liver by immunofluorescence using fluorescein-labeled antibody to hepatitis Bs."}
{"id": "PMID:338939", "title": "[Clinical experience with S-6436 in patients with urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty eight patients with urinary tract infections including a case of acute prostatitis were treated with S-6436 and the following results were obtained: 1. Thirty eight patients with acute cystitis resulted in 19 excellent, 15 good and 4 poor with effectiveness rate of 89.5%. 2. Ten patients with complicated urinary tract infections resulted in 1 excellent, 5 good and 4 poor with effectiveness rate of 60%. 3. Infecting organisms from 38 patients with acute cystitis were occupied by 28 strains of E. coli. The sensitivity rate of the infecting organisms to cephalexin was 96.4%. 4. In a few cases (6.25%) side effects of S-6436 were observed. 5. S-6436 will be one of the good first choice antibiotics for acute cystitis.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with S-6436 in patients with urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. Forty eight patients with urinary tract infections including a case of acute prostatitis were treated with S-6436 and the following results were obtained: 1. Thirty eight patients with acute cystitis resulted in 19 excellent, 15 good and 4 poor with effectiveness rate of 89.5%. 2. Ten patients with complicated urinary tract infections resulted in 1 excellent, 5 good and 4 poor with effectiveness rate of 60%. 3. Infecting organisms from 38 patients with acute cystitis were occupied by 28 strains of E. coli. The sensitivity rate of the infecting organisms to cephalexin was 96.4%. 4. In a few cases (6.25%) side effects of S-6436 were observed. 5. S-6436 will be one of the good first choice antibiotics for acute cystitis."}
{"id": "PMID:338953", "title": "Suspecting thoracic aortic transection.", "content": "Deceleration accidents produce a complex of potentially fatal thoracic injuries. Because early detection is the key to successful management of blunt trauma to the great vessels, emergency physicians must be knowledgeable of signs indicative of these complex injuries. Among more than 10,000 patients presenting to the Ben Taub Emergency Center over an 11-year period with thoracic injuries, 100 had clinical or radiographic clues suggestive of blunt trauma decelerative injury to the great vessels. Of these 100 patients, 23 had transection of the descending thoracic aorta and five had avulsion of the innominate artery. One patient had a double transection. Six patients died in the Emergency Center before proximal control could be achieved.", "contents": "Suspecting thoracic aortic transection. Deceleration accidents produce a complex of potentially fatal thoracic injuries. Because early detection is the key to successful management of blunt trauma to the great vessels, emergency physicians must be knowledgeable of signs indicative of these complex injuries. Among more than 10,000 patients presenting to the Ben Taub Emergency Center over an 11-year period with thoracic injuries, 100 had clinical or radiographic clues suggestive of blunt trauma decelerative injury to the great vessels. Of these 100 patients, 23 had transection of the descending thoracic aorta and five had avulsion of the innominate artery. One patient had a double transection. Six patients died in the Emergency Center before proximal control could be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:338964", "title": "[\"Primary\" reticulum-cellsarcoma of the retina. I. Clinico-pathologic study of 5 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1964 and 1974 a primary reticulum-cellsarcoma of the retina was diagnosed histologically in 5 patients (between 44 and 71 years), in one already clinically. The initial diagnosis had been \"uveitis\" (2), \"panuveitis\" (1), \"iridocyclitis with central retinal artery occlusion\" (1), and \"chorioretinitis\" (1). The usual antiinflammatory therapy was without effect in every instance. All patients showed neurological symptoms with cerebral manifestations. Twice the cerebral biopsies had been misinterpreted initially as \"atypical glioblastoma multiforme\", once as Neuro-Beh\u00e7et. The disease progressed over a course of 2--10 years from the initial ophthalmic symptoms to death. A review of the literature is given and the differential-diagnosis to necrotizing forms of retinitis, dissiminated chorioiditis neoplastic processes of retina and uvea and degenerative diseases are discussed. The primary reticulum-cellsarcoma of the retina must be considered in the differential-diagnosis of uveitis or panuveitis if 1. there is progression in spite of the usual antiinflammatory therapy, 2. the initial infiltrations are seen in the deep layers of the sensory retina.", "contents": "[\"Primary\" reticulum-cellsarcoma of the retina. I. Clinico-pathologic study of 5 patients (author's transl)]. Between 1964 and 1974 a primary reticulum-cellsarcoma of the retina was diagnosed histologically in 5 patients (between 44 and 71 years), in one already clinically. The initial diagnosis had been \"uveitis\" (2), \"panuveitis\" (1), \"iridocyclitis with central retinal artery occlusion\" (1), and \"chorioretinitis\" (1). The usual antiinflammatory therapy was without effect in every instance. All patients showed neurological symptoms with cerebral manifestations. Twice the cerebral biopsies had been misinterpreted initially as \"atypical glioblastoma multiforme\", once as Neuro-Beh\u00e7et. The disease progressed over a course of 2--10 years from the initial ophthalmic symptoms to death. A review of the literature is given and the differential-diagnosis to necrotizing forms of retinitis, dissiminated chorioiditis neoplastic processes of retina and uvea and degenerative diseases are discussed. The primary reticulum-cellsarcoma of the retina must be considered in the differential-diagnosis of uveitis or panuveitis if 1. there is progression in spite of the usual antiinflammatory therapy, 2. the initial infiltrations are seen in the deep layers of the sensory retina."}
{"id": "PMID:338965", "title": "[\"Primary\" reticulum cell sarcoma of the retina. II. Clinical diagnosis and course after radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A 59-year-old patient with \"exudative chorioretinitis\" progressed from confluent infiltration of the deep layers of the sensory retina, perivascularly and at the level of the pigmentepithelium to total infiltration of the vitreous. This occurred in spite of all the conventional antiinflammatory therapy. A clinical diagnosis of primary reticulum-cellsarcoma of the retina was made because diagnostic vitrectomy for cytologic study was refused. Radiotherapy with 4000 R by Betatron led to a rapid disappearance of the infiltration in the vitreous and retina and to diffuse subretinal scaring of the entire fundus (histologically confirmed). One year later the patient died in a psychiatrically disoriented state. It is thought that the course after radiotherapy and the histological findings support, although not definitely confirm, the clinical diagnosis. Clinical criteria may suffice for the diagnosis in desperate situations to initiate effective radiotherapy in these fatally ill patients.", "contents": "[\"Primary\" reticulum cell sarcoma of the retina. II. Clinical diagnosis and course after radiotherapy (author's transl)]. A 59-year-old patient with \"exudative chorioretinitis\" progressed from confluent infiltration of the deep layers of the sensory retina, perivascularly and at the level of the pigmentepithelium to total infiltration of the vitreous. This occurred in spite of all the conventional antiinflammatory therapy. A clinical diagnosis of primary reticulum-cellsarcoma of the retina was made because diagnostic vitrectomy for cytologic study was refused. Radiotherapy with 4000 R by Betatron led to a rapid disappearance of the infiltration in the vitreous and retina and to diffuse subretinal scaring of the entire fundus (histologically confirmed). One year later the patient died in a psychiatrically disoriented state. It is thought that the course after radiotherapy and the histological findings support, although not definitely confirm, the clinical diagnosis. Clinical criteria may suffice for the diagnosis in desperate situations to initiate effective radiotherapy in these fatally ill patients."}
{"id": "PMID:338966", "title": "[Experiences in the medical treatment of progressive myopia (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to judge the effect of anthocyanosides and vitamine E (Difrarel E) on refraction, visual acuity and eye-fundus, we treated 36 patients with this speciality in progressive myopia. After an observation period of 14.5 months an average increase of myopia by 0.53 dpt per eye was demonstrated. The final examination of 29 patients showed a stabilization of the fundus-alterations, as well as a stable, or an improved visual acuity respectively. In 7 patients a moderate deterioration of the partial or overall medical findings occured. Our observations allow the conclusion that Difrarel E achieves therapeutically valuable results in the treatment of progressive myopia.", "contents": "[Experiences in the medical treatment of progressive myopia (author's transl)]. In order to judge the effect of anthocyanosides and vitamine E (Difrarel E) on refraction, visual acuity and eye-fundus, we treated 36 patients with this speciality in progressive myopia. After an observation period of 14.5 months an average increase of myopia by 0.53 dpt per eye was demonstrated. The final examination of 29 patients showed a stabilization of the fundus-alterations, as well as a stable, or an improved visual acuity respectively. In 7 patients a moderate deterioration of the partial or overall medical findings occured. Our observations allow the conclusion that Difrarel E achieves therapeutically valuable results in the treatment of progressive myopia."}
{"id": "PMID:338967", "title": "[Lens induced myopia in steroid cataracts (author's transl)].", "content": "Longterm investigations of patients on immun-suppressive corticosteroid therapy showed that the development of advanced corticosteroid cataracts is accompanied by a marked increase of lens myopia up to 7.5 dpt. It can be assumed that this phenomenon is due to the optical effect of the discoid posterior subcapsular opacities.", "contents": "[Lens induced myopia in steroid cataracts (author's transl)]. Longterm investigations of patients on immun-suppressive corticosteroid therapy showed that the development of advanced corticosteroid cataracts is accompanied by a marked increase of lens myopia up to 7.5 dpt. It can be assumed that this phenomenon is due to the optical effect of the discoid posterior subcapsular opacities."}
{"id": "PMID:338968", "title": "[Application of a muscle-localisator for the \"Fadenoperation\" according to C\u00fcppers (author's transl)].", "content": "A new muscle-localisator for the \"Fadenoperation\" according to C\u00fcppers in demonstrated. In some points this new instrument reduces the difficulties of this operation: 1. Careful fixation of the eye with sufficient exposure of the operation-field. 2. Exact measurement of the new position of the muscle. 3. Exact localisation of the U-sutures for the new functional fixation of the muscle.", "contents": "[Application of a muscle-localisator for the \"Fadenoperation\" according to C\u00fcppers (author's transl)]. A new muscle-localisator for the \"Fadenoperation\" according to C\u00fcppers in demonstrated. In some points this new instrument reduces the difficulties of this operation: 1. Careful fixation of the eye with sufficient exposure of the operation-field. 2. Exact measurement of the new position of the muscle. 3. Exact localisation of the U-sutures for the new functional fixation of the muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:338972", "title": "[Immunologic HLA-typing. A tool for selection of recipients in transplantation and for detection of disposition to certain diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Some decades ago, animal experiments have shown that inbred mice with completely identical genetic characteristics accept transplants between each other without any problem while transplants between individuals of genetically different strains are being rejected after a few days. It was also proven later that with men, genetical factors are responsible for acceptance or rejection of homologous transplants. These genetic factors, although they are called the HLA system, are located on the sixth chromosome. Methods were developed to determine the inherited HLA antigens with the help of antibodies present in the blood serum of pregnant women. The determination is of great importance in preparing transplants organ, especially of kidneys, because chances of successful transplantation are the greater, the better the correspondence of HLA antigens between donor and recipient. Furthermore, there exists growing indication that HLA antigens are coupled or even partly identical with the immune response gene products. These determine whether an individual is more or less suited to develop an immunity against bacterial or viral infections. Finally, there subsist associations of certain HLA antigens and diseases such as gluten enteropathy, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, diabetes mellitus and many others.", "contents": "[Immunologic HLA-typing. A tool for selection of recipients in transplantation and for detection of disposition to certain diseases (author's transl)]. Some decades ago, animal experiments have shown that inbred mice with completely identical genetic characteristics accept transplants between each other without any problem while transplants between individuals of genetically different strains are being rejected after a few days. It was also proven later that with men, genetical factors are responsible for acceptance or rejection of homologous transplants. These genetic factors, although they are called the HLA system, are located on the sixth chromosome. Methods were developed to determine the inherited HLA antigens with the help of antibodies present in the blood serum of pregnant women. The determination is of great importance in preparing transplants organ, especially of kidneys, because chances of successful transplantation are the greater, the better the correspondence of HLA antigens between donor and recipient. Furthermore, there exists growing indication that HLA antigens are coupled or even partly identical with the immune response gene products. These determine whether an individual is more or less suited to develop an immunity against bacterial or viral infections. Finally, there subsist associations of certain HLA antigens and diseases such as gluten enteropathy, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, diabetes mellitus and many others."}
{"id": "PMID:338977", "title": "A transplantable immunocytoma of the rat as a model for the study of immunoglobulin secretion.", "content": "An immunoglobulin secreting tumor appeared spontaneouldy in the LOU/Dec rat strain in an incidence of about 3--5% at age 8-20 months. Attempts to increase the incidence using such things as genetic selection, carcinogens, immunosuppressants, adjuvants, cell-free fumor material, and antigenic stimulation were unsuccessful. The tumor was found to be easily transplanted. It secreted monocolonal immunoglobulins related to most of the normal rat immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and some light chains. Some tumor lines were found to be sensitive to chemotherapy. Tumor-bearing rats, cured by chemotherapy, were found to be resistant to subsequent challenge graft of the tumor. The resistant state could be transferred from one animal to another by parabiosis or peritoneal exudate, but not by way of serum. It was concluded that the tumor-bearing LOU/Dec rat is an excellent model for studies of immunoglobulin secretion, and the cured, resistant rat is an excellent model for studies of cell mediated immunity.", "contents": "A transplantable immunocytoma of the rat as a model for the study of immunoglobulin secretion. An immunoglobulin secreting tumor appeared spontaneouldy in the LOU/Dec rat strain in an incidence of about 3--5% at age 8-20 months. Attempts to increase the incidence using such things as genetic selection, carcinogens, immunosuppressants, adjuvants, cell-free fumor material, and antigenic stimulation were unsuccessful. The tumor was found to be easily transplanted. It secreted monocolonal immunoglobulins related to most of the normal rat immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and some light chains. Some tumor lines were found to be sensitive to chemotherapy. Tumor-bearing rats, cured by chemotherapy, were found to be resistant to subsequent challenge graft of the tumor. The resistant state could be transferred from one animal to another by parabiosis or peritoneal exudate, but not by way of serum. It was concluded that the tumor-bearing LOU/Dec rat is an excellent model for studies of immunoglobulin secretion, and the cured, resistant rat is an excellent model for studies of cell mediated immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:338978", "title": "Radiation induced osteogenic sarcoma in the rat as a model of hormone-responsive differentiated cancer.", "content": "An osteogenic sarcoma was induced in an inbred strain of the Sprague Dawley rat using seven serial injections of 32P-orthophosphate. The tumor was maintained by transplantation over a 3-year period in the same inbred strain. During this time it retained its bone-like differentiation. Tumor membranes and freshly isolated tumor cells also retained responsiveness to parathyroid hormone and to prostaglandins of adenylate cyclase and cyclic nucleotide formation respectively. The potencies of these agents and their analogues and metabolites were found to be proportional to their efficacies as bone resorbing agents. Thus, the tumor was shown to be a model for the study of hormone-responsiveness for tumor growth and differentiation, and also of the effects of agonists which act on bone-like cells.", "contents": "Radiation induced osteogenic sarcoma in the rat as a model of hormone-responsive differentiated cancer. An osteogenic sarcoma was induced in an inbred strain of the Sprague Dawley rat using seven serial injections of 32P-orthophosphate. The tumor was maintained by transplantation over a 3-year period in the same inbred strain. During this time it retained its bone-like differentiation. Tumor membranes and freshly isolated tumor cells also retained responsiveness to parathyroid hormone and to prostaglandins of adenylate cyclase and cyclic nucleotide formation respectively. The potencies of these agents and their analogues and metabolites were found to be proportional to their efficacies as bone resorbing agents. Thus, the tumor was shown to be a model for the study of hormone-responsiveness for tumor growth and differentiation, and also of the effects of agonists which act on bone-like cells."}
{"id": "PMID:338979", "title": "The increasing value of congenic mice in biomedical research.", "content": "The development of congenic mouse strains, strains which differ from their inbred partner strains by only a single selected character, was described; and three a examples of important finding made possible by the use of such strains were given. The first example showed how a gene in a major histocompatibility complex influences susceptibility to spontaneous leukemia. The second example illustrated how a particular constellation of genes in a congenic hybrid may lead to autoimmune disease that does not occur in either parental strain. The third example was concerned with function of major histocompatibility genes as identification markers which enable individual mice to recognize one an other by scent.", "contents": "The increasing value of congenic mice in biomedical research. The development of congenic mouse strains, strains which differ from their inbred partner strains by only a single selected character, was described; and three a examples of important finding made possible by the use of such strains were given. The first example showed how a gene in a major histocompatibility complex influences susceptibility to spontaneous leukemia. The second example illustrated how a particular constellation of genes in a congenic hybrid may lead to autoimmune disease that does not occur in either parental strain. The third example was concerned with function of major histocompatibility genes as identification markers which enable individual mice to recognize one an other by scent."}
{"id": "PMID:338983", "title": "Clinical trial with rifampicin in the treatment of leprosy (final report).", "content": "A controlled trial of Rifampicin plus Dapsone had been in progress for two years in the Department of Leprology, School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta. Interim results of this trial after six months treatment were reported in 1976. The present paper is the final report of the study after two years of treatment. The study reveals that with Rifampicin, MI falls rapidly after six months, but changes in BI are not better than in the DDS group. As a matter of fact, regarding BI, treatment with DDS has given better results as two cases have become negative in the DDS group while no case has become negative in the Rifampicin group. It is, therefore, concluded that clinical improvement with Rifampicin is similar to that with DDS.", "contents": "Clinical trial with rifampicin in the treatment of leprosy (final report). A controlled trial of Rifampicin plus Dapsone had been in progress for two years in the Department of Leprology, School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta. Interim results of this trial after six months treatment were reported in 1976. The present paper is the final report of the study after two years of treatment. The study reveals that with Rifampicin, MI falls rapidly after six months, but changes in BI are not better than in the DDS group. As a matter of fact, regarding BI, treatment with DDS has given better results as two cases have become negative in the DDS group while no case has become negative in the Rifampicin group. It is, therefore, concluded that clinical improvement with Rifampicin is similar to that with DDS."}
{"id": "PMID:338984", "title": "Hydnocarpus oil as an antileprotic agent in footpad technique.", "content": "Hydnocarpus oil alone and mixed with dapsone in food and fed to the mice infected with Mycobacterium leprae; showed inhibition of the growth of the lepra bacilli, both sensitive and resistant to dapsone. There was an additive inhibitory effect of the combination of dapsone and oil on the growth of bacilli.", "contents": "Hydnocarpus oil as an antileprotic agent in footpad technique. Hydnocarpus oil alone and mixed with dapsone in food and fed to the mice infected with Mycobacterium leprae; showed inhibition of the growth of the lepra bacilli, both sensitive and resistant to dapsone. There was an additive inhibitory effect of the combination of dapsone and oil on the growth of bacilli."}
{"id": "PMID:338991", "title": "Methods for rapidly altering the permeability of mammalian cells.", "content": "Various agents alter mammalian cells so that they rapidly become nonspecifically permeable to substances that ordinarily do not penetrate intact cells. Thus, toluene renders liver cells permeable to nucleotides and macromolecules. Tween 80 and Tween 60 act on similar fashion, and the effect is reversible. Dextran sulfate reversibly alters the permeability of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, which offers a tool for studying the control of macromolecular syntheses and other processes. Brief exposure to external ATP alters the permeability of certain transformed mouse cells but not of untransformed cells. The effect of ATP is rapidly reversible.", "contents": "Methods for rapidly altering the permeability of mammalian cells. Various agents alter mammalian cells so that they rapidly become nonspecifically permeable to substances that ordinarily do not penetrate intact cells. Thus, toluene renders liver cells permeable to nucleotides and macromolecules. Tween 80 and Tween 60 act on similar fashion, and the effect is reversible. Dextran sulfate reversibly alters the permeability of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, which offers a tool for studying the control of macromolecular syntheses and other processes. Brief exposure to external ATP alters the permeability of certain transformed mouse cells but not of untransformed cells. The effect of ATP is rapidly reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:338992", "title": "L-Arabinose transport and the L-arabinose binding protein of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The active accumulation of L-arabinose by arabinose induced cultures of Escherichia coli is mediated by 2 independent transport mechanisms. One, specified by the gene locus araE, is membrane bound and possesses a relatively \"low affinity\". The other, specified in part by the genetic locus araF, contains as a functional component the L-arabinose binding protein and functions with a \"high affinity\" for the substrate. The L-arabinose binding protein has been purified, partially characterized, crystallized, and sequenced.", "contents": "L-Arabinose transport and the L-arabinose binding protein of Escherichia coli. The active accumulation of L-arabinose by arabinose induced cultures of Escherichia coli is mediated by 2 independent transport mechanisms. One, specified by the gene locus araE, is membrane bound and possesses a relatively \"low affinity\". The other, specified in part by the genetic locus araF, contains as a functional component the L-arabinose binding protein and functions with a \"high affinity\" for the substrate. The L-arabinose binding protein has been purified, partially characterized, crystallized, and sequenced."}
{"id": "PMID:338994", "title": "Chemical and immunological studies of cell surfaces from normal and transformed cells.", "content": "Immunological and chemical studies of cell surfaces from normal and transformed BALB/c fibroblasts have shown alterations associated with transformation. The cells studied include normal lines which do not cause tumors when injected into BALB/c mice, viral transformants, and spontaneous transformants which cause tumors that either regress or grow progressively, killing the host. The spontaneously transformed progressors include cell lines which are immunogenic and nonimmunogenic as determined by the ability of tumor excision to protect an animal from subsequent rechallenge by tumor cells. Tumor-bearing mice produce lymphocytes which are nonspecifically cytotoxic for all the normal and transformed lines. Some of the cell lines induce specific antibody formation in BALB/hosts. Antisera have been prepared in rabbits which are specific for the transformed cell lines. These antisera can be used to determine specific surface changes on the transformed cells. Chemical studies have shown glycolipid alterations between the normal cells and some, but not all, of the transformants. Glycoproteins labeled by lactoperoxidase-125I or [3H] glucosamine were compared by SDS gel electrophoresis. Results from these studies do not show changes associated with malignancy. Individual glycoprotein regions from gels were treated with pronase, and the glycopeptides compared by Sephadex G50 chromatography. Alterations in glycopeptides from several cellular glycoproteins are the only changes which appear to be associated with malignancy.", "contents": "Chemical and immunological studies of cell surfaces from normal and transformed cells. Immunological and chemical studies of cell surfaces from normal and transformed BALB/c fibroblasts have shown alterations associated with transformation. The cells studied include normal lines which do not cause tumors when injected into BALB/c mice, viral transformants, and spontaneous transformants which cause tumors that either regress or grow progressively, killing the host. The spontaneously transformed progressors include cell lines which are immunogenic and nonimmunogenic as determined by the ability of tumor excision to protect an animal from subsequent rechallenge by tumor cells. Tumor-bearing mice produce lymphocytes which are nonspecifically cytotoxic for all the normal and transformed lines. Some of the cell lines induce specific antibody formation in BALB/hosts. Antisera have been prepared in rabbits which are specific for the transformed cell lines. These antisera can be used to determine specific surface changes on the transformed cells. Chemical studies have shown glycolipid alterations between the normal cells and some, but not all, of the transformants. Glycoproteins labeled by lactoperoxidase-125I or [3H] glucosamine were compared by SDS gel electrophoresis. Results from these studies do not show changes associated with malignancy. Individual glycoprotein regions from gels were treated with pronase, and the glycopeptides compared by Sephadex G50 chromatography. Alterations in glycopeptides from several cellular glycoproteins are the only changes which appear to be associated with malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:338995", "title": "The mechanism of sugar-dependent repression of synthesis of catabolic enzymes in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated that the Escherichia coli adenylate cyclase (AC) activity is controlled by an interaction with the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS). A model for the regulation of AC involving the phosphorylation state of the PTS is described. Kinectic studies support the concept that the velocity of AC is determined by the opposing contributions of PEP-dependent phosphorylation (V1) and sugar-dependent dephosphorylation (V2) of the PTS proteins according to the expression percent VAC=100/[1 + (Max V2/Max V1)]. Physiological parameters influencing the rate of the PTS are discussed in the framework of their effects on cAMP metabolism. Factors that increase cellular concentration of PEP (and stimulate V1) appear to enhance AC activity while increases in extracellular sugar concentration (which stimulate V2) or internal levels of pyruvate (which inhibit V1) inhibit the activity of this enzyme.", "contents": "The mechanism of sugar-dependent repression of synthesis of catabolic enzymes in Escherichia coli. Previous studies have indicated that the Escherichia coli adenylate cyclase (AC) activity is controlled by an interaction with the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS). A model for the regulation of AC involving the phosphorylation state of the PTS is described. Kinectic studies support the concept that the velocity of AC is determined by the opposing contributions of PEP-dependent phosphorylation (V1) and sugar-dependent dephosphorylation (V2) of the PTS proteins according to the expression percent VAC=100/[1 + (Max V2/Max V1)]. Physiological parameters influencing the rate of the PTS are discussed in the framework of their effects on cAMP metabolism. Factors that increase cellular concentration of PEP (and stimulate V1) appear to enhance AC activity while increases in extracellular sugar concentration (which stimulate V2) or internal levels of pyruvate (which inhibit V1) inhibit the activity of this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:338997", "title": "The ideology of a therapeutic social movement: Alcoholics Anonymous.", "content": "Some of the medical, psychological and religious origins of Alcoholics Anonymous are traced, and aspects of A.A. and the Washingtonian Movement are compared.", "contents": "The ideology of a therapeutic social movement: Alcoholics Anonymous. Some of the medical, psychological and religious origins of Alcoholics Anonymous are traced, and aspects of A.A. and the Washingtonian Movement are compared."}
{"id": "PMID:338998", "title": "Effect of anesthesia and surgery on immunity.", "content": "The observed phenomenon that multiple distant metastases may appear and grow rapidly after operation on the primary cancer is very distressing. Many experimental results suggest that surgical procedures may precipitate dissemination and growth of tumor in some instances, but the overwhelming evidences document that surgical reduction of tumor bulk can achieve cure for the host and restore the immunity lost in the face of growing tumors. Various anesthetics were shown to interfere with many phases of the immune response. But recent studies suggest that the inhibitory effect of anesthesia alone is minimal. Depression of lymphocyte transformation, detectable as early as 2 hours after induction, was related primarily to the extent of tissue trauma, the amount of blood loss, duration of operation, and whether thoracic or abdominal cavity was entered. Posoperative changes of lymphocyte counts and transformation responses usually returned to normal values within a week, whereas depression of specific cellular immunity to tumor-associated antigen in vitro, and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in vivo, persisted for about a week and gradually returned to normal by 3 weeks. Presently the clinical significance of such transitory depression of host immunity is not known. It is hoped that this review may stimulate interest in further experimental and clinical research.", "contents": "Effect of anesthesia and surgery on immunity. The observed phenomenon that multiple distant metastases may appear and grow rapidly after operation on the primary cancer is very distressing. Many experimental results suggest that surgical procedures may precipitate dissemination and growth of tumor in some instances, but the overwhelming evidences document that surgical reduction of tumor bulk can achieve cure for the host and restore the immunity lost in the face of growing tumors. Various anesthetics were shown to interfere with many phases of the immune response. But recent studies suggest that the inhibitory effect of anesthesia alone is minimal. Depression of lymphocyte transformation, detectable as early as 2 hours after induction, was related primarily to the extent of tissue trauma, the amount of blood loss, duration of operation, and whether thoracic or abdominal cavity was entered. Posoperative changes of lymphocyte counts and transformation responses usually returned to normal values within a week, whereas depression of specific cellular immunity to tumor-associated antigen in vitro, and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in vivo, persisted for about a week and gradually returned to normal by 3 weeks. Presently the clinical significance of such transitory depression of host immunity is not known. It is hoped that this review may stimulate interest in further experimental and clinical research."}
{"id": "PMID:338999", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for 1.1% of all primary thyroid carcinomas, are described. Squamous metaplasia is the most likely etiology, but an occasional carcinoma may be derived from remnants of embryonic origin. Although squamous metaplasia has been documented in several conditions involving the thyroid, no evidence exists that this predisposes to squamous cell carcinoma. Metastases and direct extension of squamous cell carcinoma in the thyroid gland are much more frequent than primary involvement and are always part of a generalized carcinomatosis. A primary lesion must always be sought; however, diagnosis may not be possible until an initially occult tumor becomes evident or even until autopsy. Because this lesion typically runs a fulminant course, radical surgical resection at the earliest opportunity offers the best hope for cure. The lesions are usually radioresistant, and chemotherapy has not been shown to alter the course of this disease.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid: a report of two cases. Two patients with squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for 1.1% of all primary thyroid carcinomas, are described. Squamous metaplasia is the most likely etiology, but an occasional carcinoma may be derived from remnants of embryonic origin. Although squamous metaplasia has been documented in several conditions involving the thyroid, no evidence exists that this predisposes to squamous cell carcinoma. Metastases and direct extension of squamous cell carcinoma in the thyroid gland are much more frequent than primary involvement and are always part of a generalized carcinomatosis. A primary lesion must always be sought; however, diagnosis may not be possible until an initially occult tumor becomes evident or even until autopsy. Because this lesion typically runs a fulminant course, radical surgical resection at the earliest opportunity offers the best hope for cure. The lesions are usually radioresistant, and chemotherapy has not been shown to alter the course of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:339001", "title": "The effects of cardiopulmonary bypass upon pulmonary gas exchange.", "content": "Cardiac output, venous admixture, physiological dead space, blood gas tensions, inspired gas distribution, and other respiratory variables were measured in 10 patients breathing both air and oxygen before and on five occasions up to 10 days after coronary artery vein-graft operations under cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia. Cardiac output was unchanged at 8 hours but fell 8 percent by 22 hours. Thereafter it progressively increased and at 10 days was higher than before the operation. Venous admixture rose to a maximum at 28 to 48 hours, postoperatively, but the increase was inversely related to the magnitude of preoperative admixture. The part played by airway and alveolar closure in determining venous admixture is discussed. While admixture increased, the nitrogen-clearance curve improved, presumably due to progressive \"dropout\" of the worst-ventilated regions. Physiological dead space fell to a minimum at 28 hours after operation; this was attributed to a fall in the end-inspiratory position consequent upon a reduction in both functional residual capacity and tidal volume. There was an increase in ventilation after operation, and this persisted at 10 days; it appeared to be due to reflex stimulation from the lungs and chest wall.", "contents": "The effects of cardiopulmonary bypass upon pulmonary gas exchange. Cardiac output, venous admixture, physiological dead space, blood gas tensions, inspired gas distribution, and other respiratory variables were measured in 10 patients breathing both air and oxygen before and on five occasions up to 10 days after coronary artery vein-graft operations under cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia. Cardiac output was unchanged at 8 hours but fell 8 percent by 22 hours. Thereafter it progressively increased and at 10 days was higher than before the operation. Venous admixture rose to a maximum at 28 to 48 hours, postoperatively, but the increase was inversely related to the magnitude of preoperative admixture. The part played by airway and alveolar closure in determining venous admixture is discussed. While admixture increased, the nitrogen-clearance curve improved, presumably due to progressive \"dropout\" of the worst-ventilated regions. Physiological dead space fell to a minimum at 28 hours after operation; this was attributed to a fall in the end-inspiratory position consequent upon a reduction in both functional residual capacity and tidal volume. There was an increase in ventilation after operation, and this persisted at 10 days; it appeared to be due to reflex stimulation from the lungs and chest wall."}
{"id": "PMID:339002", "title": "The observation of collagen and elastin structures in wet whole mounts of pulmonary and aortic leaflets.", "content": "Porcine pulmonary and aortic heart valve leaflets have been examined as wet whole mounts with the Nomarski differential-contrast imaging technique. The fibrous components, collagen and elastin, which comprise the load-bearing components of the tissue are imaged readily as a function of location on the leaflets as well as of depth through their section. The response of the collagen and elastin structures to applied stress was observed directly with a simple straining device fitted to the microscope stage. I believe that the method has considerable advantages over standard histologic or scanning electron microscope techniques in that detailed structural studies can be related easily to the gross leaflet structure and that there is no interference with the biologic properties of the tissue.", "contents": "The observation of collagen and elastin structures in wet whole mounts of pulmonary and aortic leaflets. Porcine pulmonary and aortic heart valve leaflets have been examined as wet whole mounts with the Nomarski differential-contrast imaging technique. The fibrous components, collagen and elastin, which comprise the load-bearing components of the tissue are imaged readily as a function of location on the leaflets as well as of depth through their section. The response of the collagen and elastin structures to applied stress was observed directly with a simple straining device fitted to the microscope stage. I believe that the method has considerable advantages over standard histologic or scanning electron microscope techniques in that detailed structural studies can be related easily to the gross leaflet structure and that there is no interference with the biologic properties of the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:339003", "title": "Management of trachea--innominate artery fistula.", "content": "The case histories of three patients with trachea-innominate artery fistula are presented. Low tracheostomy was the etiologic factor producing the fistula in two patients. In both cases, the neck was hyperextended by placing a large roll behind the patient's shoulders and thereby elevating the trachea out of the mediastinum. In one patient a balloon cuff eroded the innominate artery. Management of these patients includes control of hemorrhage by cuff overinflation and/or by endotracheal intubation and packing of the tracheostomy site. The best surgical approach is via a right anterior thoracotomy and a separate neck incision to isolate the blood vessels involved. Median sternotomy should be avoided to prevent mediastinal infection and sternal dehiscence. Carotid stump pressures are a useful guide to determine the efficacy of innominate artery ligation. One patient was saved and is a long-term survivor.", "contents": "Management of trachea--innominate artery fistula. The case histories of three patients with trachea-innominate artery fistula are presented. Low tracheostomy was the etiologic factor producing the fistula in two patients. In both cases, the neck was hyperextended by placing a large roll behind the patient's shoulders and thereby elevating the trachea out of the mediastinum. In one patient a balloon cuff eroded the innominate artery. Management of these patients includes control of hemorrhage by cuff overinflation and/or by endotracheal intubation and packing of the tracheostomy site. The best surgical approach is via a right anterior thoracotomy and a separate neck incision to isolate the blood vessels involved. Median sternotomy should be avoided to prevent mediastinal infection and sternal dehiscence. Carotid stump pressures are a useful guide to determine the efficacy of innominate artery ligation. One patient was saved and is a long-term survivor."}
{"id": "PMID:339004", "title": "Transplantation of the left lung into the right hemithorax to facilitate immediate reconstitution of bronchial artery flow.", "content": "Immediate bronchial artery reconstitution may be important in the prevention of bronchial anastomotic problems in lung transplantation. To facilitate this reconstitution in circumstances requiring allograft replacement of the right lung, we developed a method for transplanting the left lung together with its bronchial arterial supply into the right hemithorax. With this method, left lungs were allotransplanted into the right hemithorax of nine immunosuppressed dogs. Six recipients survived 1 to 4 weeks. Death resulted from pneumonia or rejection, and there were no bronchial anastomotic problems. Roentgenograms showed that the bronchial artery was patent and that the inverted transplanted left lungs could conform exactly to the thorax without space problems or radiographic abnormalities. Except for the unusual position of the large pulmonary arteries, angiographic patterns, function, and perfusion of the transplanted lungs were often normal and equivalent to those of the recipient's normal left lung. Thus it is possible to transplant a left lung into either hemithorax and immediately reconstitute its bronchial arterial circulation. Bronchial anastomotic problems may thereby be decreased.", "contents": "Transplantation of the left lung into the right hemithorax to facilitate immediate reconstitution of bronchial artery flow. Immediate bronchial artery reconstitution may be important in the prevention of bronchial anastomotic problems in lung transplantation. To facilitate this reconstitution in circumstances requiring allograft replacement of the right lung, we developed a method for transplanting the left lung together with its bronchial arterial supply into the right hemithorax. With this method, left lungs were allotransplanted into the right hemithorax of nine immunosuppressed dogs. Six recipients survived 1 to 4 weeks. Death resulted from pneumonia or rejection, and there were no bronchial anastomotic problems. Roentgenograms showed that the bronchial artery was patent and that the inverted transplanted left lungs could conform exactly to the thorax without space problems or radiographic abnormalities. Except for the unusual position of the large pulmonary arteries, angiographic patterns, function, and perfusion of the transplanted lungs were often normal and equivalent to those of the recipient's normal left lung. Thus it is possible to transplant a left lung into either hemithorax and immediately reconstitute its bronchial arterial circulation. Bronchial anastomotic problems may thereby be decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:339007", "title": "Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Long-term results following repair in infancy.", "content": "Twenty-three infants, aged 5 days to 10 months, underwent repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC). Coronary sinus drainage was unusually common, accounting for 39 percent of the total. There were three early and four late deaths. Although the hospital deaths were related to perioperative errors, two of the infants appeared to have small left ventricles. Two late deaths in infants with coronary sinus drainage were due to obstruction to pulmonary venous return some distance proximal to the surgical anastomosis. All 16 survivors were well at last review, one after revision of his repair. Fifteen have undergone late reassessment, and one of these, also with coronary sinus drainage, showed evidence of pulmonary venous obstruction. Although the early survival rate is satisfactory, the late mortality rate has been significant and the high incidence of pulmonary venous obstruction in infants with coronary sinus drainage is of particular concern.", "contents": "Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Long-term results following repair in infancy. Twenty-three infants, aged 5 days to 10 months, underwent repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC). Coronary sinus drainage was unusually common, accounting for 39 percent of the total. There were three early and four late deaths. Although the hospital deaths were related to perioperative errors, two of the infants appeared to have small left ventricles. Two late deaths in infants with coronary sinus drainage were due to obstruction to pulmonary venous return some distance proximal to the surgical anastomosis. All 16 survivors were well at last review, one after revision of his repair. Fifteen have undergone late reassessment, and one of these, also with coronary sinus drainage, showed evidence of pulmonary venous obstruction. Although the early survival rate is satisfactory, the late mortality rate has been significant and the high incidence of pulmonary venous obstruction in infants with coronary sinus drainage is of particular concern."}
{"id": "PMID:339009", "title": "Lymphographic diagnosis of malignant lymphoma in the course of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "Three patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome complicated by malignant lymphoma are presented. During the benign stage, two showed non-specific hyperplastic lymph node patterns on lymphography. When the disease had become malignant, all cases revealed generalized involvement of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. The lymphographic pattern was that of a malignant lymphoma: enlarged nodes, with a foamy, linear or reticular appearance but mostly preserved marginal sinuses. On lymphographic follow-up, the node alterations were consistent with the histological findings and the clinical status, including the therapeutic response.", "contents": "Lymphographic diagnosis of malignant lymphoma in the course of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Three patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome complicated by malignant lymphoma are presented. During the benign stage, two showed non-specific hyperplastic lymph node patterns on lymphography. When the disease had become malignant, all cases revealed generalized involvement of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. The lymphographic pattern was that of a malignant lymphoma: enlarged nodes, with a foamy, linear or reticular appearance but mostly preserved marginal sinuses. On lymphographic follow-up, the node alterations were consistent with the histological findings and the clinical status, including the therapeutic response."}
{"id": "PMID:339010", "title": "Autogenic biofeedback treatment for migraine.", "content": "Autogenic biofeedback training appears to be a promising technique for the treatment of migraine headaches, as reflected in the literature reviewed herein and in the data from 21 patients who were followed up for an average of 10 months. Autogenic biogeedback training exemplifies an important trend in psychosomatic medicine, in shifting a major portion of responsibility for treatment process both depends on and facilitates greater understanding on the part of the part of the patient of psychosomatic events relevant to symptom development. Autogenic biofeedback training may also provide a useful tool for investigators exploring the relation between psychology and somatic medicine.", "contents": "Autogenic biofeedback treatment for migraine. Autogenic biofeedback training appears to be a promising technique for the treatment of migraine headaches, as reflected in the literature reviewed herein and in the data from 21 patients who were followed up for an average of 10 months. Autogenic biogeedback training exemplifies an important trend in psychosomatic medicine, in shifting a major portion of responsibility for treatment process both depends on and facilitates greater understanding on the part of the part of the patient of psychosomatic events relevant to symptom development. Autogenic biofeedback training may also provide a useful tool for investigators exploring the relation between psychology and somatic medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:339013", "title": "Effect of ethyl alcohol on sympathetic nerve cells in cultures.", "content": "Sympathetic chain ganglia of newborn rats were cultured in Rose chambers and their structure was registered, examined and photographed with a phase contrast microscope. When 0.5% (v/v) (86 mM) ethanol was present in the culture medium from the start of culture, the nerve cell bodies appeared similar to those in control cultures for at least a week and there was a normal outgrowth of a nerve fibre network. Higher concentrations had a progessively deleterious effect, 1% (171 mM) ethanol causing the appearance of degenerating cells and 2% (343 mM) ethanol killing all the nerve cells in 4 days. Some nerve cells survived 4 days in the presence of 1.5% (275 mM) ethanol in the culture medium, although most cells died in 2 days. When ethanol was added to cultures grown for 7 days in a control medium, concentration of 0.5% ethanol in the medium had no apparent effect, while most nerve cells died within a week in 1% ethanol, and all cells were dead already after 24 hours in 2% ethanol. It is concluded that ethanol exhibits a remarkably low toxicity towards living nerve cells.", "contents": "Effect of ethyl alcohol on sympathetic nerve cells in cultures. Sympathetic chain ganglia of newborn rats were cultured in Rose chambers and their structure was registered, examined and photographed with a phase contrast microscope. When 0.5% (v/v) (86 mM) ethanol was present in the culture medium from the start of culture, the nerve cell bodies appeared similar to those in control cultures for at least a week and there was a normal outgrowth of a nerve fibre network. Higher concentrations had a progessively deleterious effect, 1% (171 mM) ethanol causing the appearance of degenerating cells and 2% (343 mM) ethanol killing all the nerve cells in 4 days. Some nerve cells survived 4 days in the presence of 1.5% (275 mM) ethanol in the culture medium, although most cells died in 2 days. When ethanol was added to cultures grown for 7 days in a control medium, concentration of 0.5% ethanol in the medium had no apparent effect, while most nerve cells died within a week in 1% ethanol, and all cells were dead already after 24 hours in 2% ethanol. It is concluded that ethanol exhibits a remarkably low toxicity towards living nerve cells."}
{"id": "PMID:339015", "title": "[External appearance and reconstructive surgery].", "content": "An attempt is made to interpret the significance of plastic and reconstructive surgery in terms of the historical evolution of German medicine. Difficulties with other operative specialties are mentioned as well as general viewpoints of financial medical problems in our country.", "contents": "[External appearance and reconstructive surgery]. An attempt is made to interpret the significance of plastic and reconstructive surgery in terms of the historical evolution of German medicine. Difficulties with other operative specialties are mentioned as well as general viewpoints of financial medical problems in our country."}
{"id": "PMID:339016", "title": "[Augmentation mammoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "Three distinct methods have proved practicable: The dermafat-transposition (DeCholnoky), the skin flap procedures, and the retromammary implants. The motivation of the patient must be carefully balanced against various complications. Frequently a constrictive fibrosis impairs the primary pleasant shape, position, and consistency of the breasts soon or many years after implantation of soft polydimethylsiloxane material, due to phagocytosis and decomposition of plastic particles. Capsulotomy, capsulectomy, or squeezing of the implants can regain approximately the original good appearance, but does not solve the problem of continuous foreign body reaction. The malignancy risks require close follow-up examinations.", "contents": "[Augmentation mammoplasty (author's transl)]. Three distinct methods have proved practicable: The dermafat-transposition (DeCholnoky), the skin flap procedures, and the retromammary implants. The motivation of the patient must be carefully balanced against various complications. Frequently a constrictive fibrosis impairs the primary pleasant shape, position, and consistency of the breasts soon or many years after implantation of soft polydimethylsiloxane material, due to phagocytosis and decomposition of plastic particles. Capsulotomy, capsulectomy, or squeezing of the implants can regain approximately the original good appearance, but does not solve the problem of continuous foreign body reaction. The malignancy risks require close follow-up examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:339017", "title": "[Prophylaxis of fungal contamination (author's transl)].", "content": "Increased contamination by facultative pathogens such as coliforms and related gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans in hospital areas of risk endangers the benefits of medical care and causes great concern. The patient himself is the predominant source of nosocomial infections. Furthermore the medical staff, ward personnel, and contaminated environment must be incriminated. By proper decontamination of certain groups of high-risk patients and of their surroundings as well as by interrupting the microbial transfer at all levels, the present menace can be considerably reduced.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis of fungal contamination (author's transl)]. Increased contamination by facultative pathogens such as coliforms and related gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans in hospital areas of risk endangers the benefits of medical care and causes great concern. The patient himself is the predominant source of nosocomial infections. Furthermore the medical staff, ward personnel, and contaminated environment must be incriminated. By proper decontamination of certain groups of high-risk patients and of their surroundings as well as by interrupting the microbial transfer at all levels, the present menace can be considerably reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:339019", "title": "Tensing and stiffening of skin grafts.", "content": "Many surgeons have difficulty in cutting small split thickness skin grafts of consistent thickness and width. We demonstrate techniques using equipment and supplies almost always available for expeditious cutting and handling of small split thickness skin grafts. The methods suggested should allow surgeons to eliminate some of the problems that they have had with this basic technique of reconstruction.", "contents": "Tensing and stiffening of skin grafts. Many surgeons have difficulty in cutting small split thickness skin grafts of consistent thickness and width. We demonstrate techniques using equipment and supplies almost always available for expeditious cutting and handling of small split thickness skin grafts. The methods suggested should allow surgeons to eliminate some of the problems that they have had with this basic technique of reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:339020", "title": "The thirty degree transposition flap.", "content": "The rhomboid and other 60 degrees transposition flaps have theoretical and practical disadvantages for many applications. A better flap for these is one having an angulation of 30 degrees at its distal end. When this 30 degrees flap is combined with the M-plasty, a versatile and cosmetically favorable repair is provided for many surface defects. In fact, over the years, it has become our most useful method of closure with flaps. Fundamentally, it allows sharing of tensions of closure better than does the rhomboid flap, produces less level disparities or protrusions than does any 60 degrees flap, and its resulting scar length is only fractionally longer than that of the rhomboid flap. Rhomboid and other 60 degrees angle flaps have been exceedingly valuable tools to many surgeons; the 30 degrees flap combined with M-plasty should be significantly more useful.", "contents": "The thirty degree transposition flap. The rhomboid and other 60 degrees transposition flaps have theoretical and practical disadvantages for many applications. A better flap for these is one having an angulation of 30 degrees at its distal end. When this 30 degrees flap is combined with the M-plasty, a versatile and cosmetically favorable repair is provided for many surface defects. In fact, over the years, it has become our most useful method of closure with flaps. Fundamentally, it allows sharing of tensions of closure better than does the rhomboid flap, produces less level disparities or protrusions than does any 60 degrees flap, and its resulting scar length is only fractionally longer than that of the rhomboid flap. Rhomboid and other 60 degrees angle flaps have been exceedingly valuable tools to many surgeons; the 30 degrees flap combined with M-plasty should be significantly more useful."}
{"id": "PMID:339033", "title": "Diabetic microangiopathy. I. Current status of the chemistry and metabolism of the glomerular basement membrane.", "content": "In recent years, the nature of the renal glomerular basement membrane has been the subject of numerous investigations. In diabetes mellitus, the renal glomerulus is characterized primarily by thickening of the basement membrane and excessive accumulation of basement membrane-like material in the mesangial region. Compositional analyses have shown that basement membranes are glycoprotein in nature. Studies of the glomerular basement membranes in diabetes have indicated a change from normal chemical composition. Furthermore, studies of the metabolism of diabetic kidneys in experimental animals, using cortical homogenates and isolated glomeruli, have demonstrated higher anabolic and lower catabolic enzyme activities. However, contradictory data have been reported with regard to both the chemical composition and metabolism of the kidney in human and experimental diabetes. This review attempts to examine these reports in detail and discuss the possible causes for these discrepancies.", "contents": "Diabetic microangiopathy. I. Current status of the chemistry and metabolism of the glomerular basement membrane. In recent years, the nature of the renal glomerular basement membrane has been the subject of numerous investigations. In diabetes mellitus, the renal glomerulus is characterized primarily by thickening of the basement membrane and excessive accumulation of basement membrane-like material in the mesangial region. Compositional analyses have shown that basement membranes are glycoprotein in nature. Studies of the glomerular basement membranes in diabetes have indicated a change from normal chemical composition. Furthermore, studies of the metabolism of diabetic kidneys in experimental animals, using cortical homogenates and isolated glomeruli, have demonstrated higher anabolic and lower catabolic enzyme activities. However, contradictory data have been reported with regard to both the chemical composition and metabolism of the kidney in human and experimental diabetes. This review attempts to examine these reports in detail and discuss the possible causes for these discrepancies."}
{"id": "PMID:339034", "title": "Whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown rates in children before and after reconstructive surgery of the skin.", "content": "The effects of minor surgery on dynamic aspects of whole-body nitrogen metabolism were explored in healthy children aged 4--15 yr. A continuous administration of 15N-glycine was used to estimate rates of whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown both before reconstructive surgery of the skin and 5 days afterward. Mean preoperative values for protein synthesis and protein breakdown were 3.9 and 3.4 g protein/kg body weight/day, respectively. Protein synthesis decreased by 15% (p less than 0.05) postoperatively, but body weight, intake of protein and calories, nitrogen balance, and protein breakdown did not differ significantly between the two periods. Protein synthetic rate correlated (p less than 0.05) with protein (r = +0.75) and calorie (r = +0.58) intake. These results indicate that minor surgery causes a small decrease in the rate of whole-body protein synthesis even though calorie and nitrogen balance are maintained.", "contents": "Whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown rates in children before and after reconstructive surgery of the skin. The effects of minor surgery on dynamic aspects of whole-body nitrogen metabolism were explored in healthy children aged 4--15 yr. A continuous administration of 15N-glycine was used to estimate rates of whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown both before reconstructive surgery of the skin and 5 days afterward. Mean preoperative values for protein synthesis and protein breakdown were 3.9 and 3.4 g protein/kg body weight/day, respectively. Protein synthesis decreased by 15% (p less than 0.05) postoperatively, but body weight, intake of protein and calories, nitrogen balance, and protein breakdown did not differ significantly between the two periods. Protein synthetic rate correlated (p less than 0.05) with protein (r = +0.75) and calorie (r = +0.58) intake. These results indicate that minor surgery causes a small decrease in the rate of whole-body protein synthesis even though calorie and nitrogen balance are maintained."}
{"id": "PMID:339035", "title": "A new rapid modification for membrane fluorescence tests based on the Microtiter system.", "content": "This paper describes the micro-membrane-fluorescence test (MMF), which is a new semiautomated technique employing units of the Microtiter system. This method allowing the performance of several hundred samples within a few hours may contribute to further standardization of immunofluorescence work on the cellular level. Furthermore, it can also be applied in immunofluorescence tests were antigen coated particles (beads) are used as antigenic substrate, instead of living cells.", "contents": "A new rapid modification for membrane fluorescence tests based on the Microtiter system. This paper describes the micro-membrane-fluorescence test (MMF), which is a new semiautomated technique employing units of the Microtiter system. This method allowing the performance of several hundred samples within a few hours may contribute to further standardization of immunofluorescence work on the cellular level. Furthermore, it can also be applied in immunofluorescence tests were antigen coated particles (beads) are used as antigenic substrate, instead of living cells."}
{"id": "PMID:339036", "title": "The host-dependent restriction of growth of an RNA coliphage FI.", "content": "Phage FIC is a spontaneous host-dependent mutant of phage FI which is classified into the fourth group of RNA Escherichia coli phages (RNA coliphages). The mutant phage (FIC) grows normally in E. coli strain Q13 (permissive host), but poorly in strain A/lambda (non-permissive host) (9). Attempts to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of growth of the mutant phage in the non-permissive host revealed the following: (a) growth of the mutant phage was specifically restricted in E. coli strains that have certain suppressor genes for amber mutation; (b) the mutant phage RNA (FIC-RNA) could not produce progeny in the spheroplasts of the non-permissive host; (c) adsorption of the mutant phage to, and penetration of the mutant phage RNA into, the non-permissive host were normal; and (d) biosynthesis of the phage-specific late protein and RNA did not occur in the non-permissive host. Based on these results we conclude that phage FIC is a spontaneous azure-type mutant of the fourth group of RNA coliphage FI.", "contents": "The host-dependent restriction of growth of an RNA coliphage FI. Phage FIC is a spontaneous host-dependent mutant of phage FI which is classified into the fourth group of RNA Escherichia coli phages (RNA coliphages). The mutant phage (FIC) grows normally in E. coli strain Q13 (permissive host), but poorly in strain A/lambda (non-permissive host) (9). Attempts to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of growth of the mutant phage in the non-permissive host revealed the following: (a) growth of the mutant phage was specifically restricted in E. coli strains that have certain suppressor genes for amber mutation; (b) the mutant phage RNA (FIC-RNA) could not produce progeny in the spheroplasts of the non-permissive host; (c) adsorption of the mutant phage to, and penetration of the mutant phage RNA into, the non-permissive host were normal; and (d) biosynthesis of the phage-specific late protein and RNA did not occur in the non-permissive host. Based on these results we conclude that phage FIC is a spontaneous azure-type mutant of the fourth group of RNA coliphage FI."}
{"id": "PMID:339037", "title": "Mechanism of defective lysogenization by phage P1 in a lon-mutant of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Phage P1 cannot lysogenize a lon- mutant of Escherichia coli K-12, which is defective in the regulation of cellular division cycle to result in snake formation (14). P1 mutants, called P1pla, can lysogenize the lon- host. These mutations have been classified into two complementation groups: one is cis-dominant; the other is trans-dominant. A temperature-sensitive lon- mutant was isolated, which exhibited the lon- phenotype at 42 C but not at 33 C. A temperature-shift experiment of the P1-lysogenic derivative of the lon- ts mutant showed lysis of the culture and induction of the phage production. It is proposed that P1 plasmid may be under a certain regulatory circuit of the division cycle of the host bacterium by indirectly regulating the production of P1 immune repressor, or alternatively by directly derepressing the functions of P1 prophage.", "contents": "Mechanism of defective lysogenization by phage P1 in a lon-mutant of Escherichia coli K-12. Phage P1 cannot lysogenize a lon- mutant of Escherichia coli K-12, which is defective in the regulation of cellular division cycle to result in snake formation (14). P1 mutants, called P1pla, can lysogenize the lon- host. These mutations have been classified into two complementation groups: one is cis-dominant; the other is trans-dominant. A temperature-sensitive lon- mutant was isolated, which exhibited the lon- phenotype at 42 C but not at 33 C. A temperature-shift experiment of the P1-lysogenic derivative of the lon- ts mutant showed lysis of the culture and induction of the phage production. It is proposed that P1 plasmid may be under a certain regulatory circuit of the division cycle of the host bacterium by indirectly regulating the production of P1 immune repressor, or alternatively by directly derepressing the functions of P1 prophage."}
{"id": "PMID:339039", "title": "Effect of dihydroxymethyl furatrizine on cell division of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Antibacterial activities of 3-di(hydroxymethyl) amino-6[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl]-1,2,4-triazine, (dihydroxymethyl furatrizine) were investigated using mutant strains of Escherichia coli lacking repair systems for DNA damage, i.e. polA, uvrA, uvrA, uvrC, recA, recB, recC and uvrArecA. All of the mutant strains were more sensitive to the drug than the parent sgrains, as was the case with the sensitivity to UV-irradiation. These results indicate that the drug acts lethally on sensitive bacteria by damaging their DNA, and parts of the damaged DNA are repaired by excision and recombinational repair systems. Filamentous cell formation was induced in all strains except the uvrArecA strain by sublethal concentration of the drug, as well as by UV-irradiation. It is possible that the occurrence of the short period of \"unbalanced growth\" induced by such DNA damaging agents leads to filament formation. In the cells of the double mutant, filament formation was induced by the drug but not by UV-irradiation, and the majority of the filamentous cells formed were multinucleated. This suggests that, in this double mutant, the drug directly reacts with the septation mechinery of the cell envelope, resulting in filament formation. This hypothesis is supported by the electron microscopic observations that septation is interrupted in the filamentous cells induced by the drug.", "contents": "Effect of dihydroxymethyl furatrizine on cell division of Escherichia coli. Antibacterial activities of 3-di(hydroxymethyl) amino-6[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl]-1,2,4-triazine, (dihydroxymethyl furatrizine) were investigated using mutant strains of Escherichia coli lacking repair systems for DNA damage, i.e. polA, uvrA, uvrA, uvrC, recA, recB, recC and uvrArecA. All of the mutant strains were more sensitive to the drug than the parent sgrains, as was the case with the sensitivity to UV-irradiation. These results indicate that the drug acts lethally on sensitive bacteria by damaging their DNA, and parts of the damaged DNA are repaired by excision and recombinational repair systems. Filamentous cell formation was induced in all strains except the uvrArecA strain by sublethal concentration of the drug, as well as by UV-irradiation. It is possible that the occurrence of the short period of \"unbalanced growth\" induced by such DNA damaging agents leads to filament formation. In the cells of the double mutant, filament formation was induced by the drug but not by UV-irradiation, and the majority of the filamentous cells formed were multinucleated. This suggests that, in this double mutant, the drug directly reacts with the septation mechinery of the cell envelope, resulting in filament formation. This hypothesis is supported by the electron microscopic observations that septation is interrupted in the filamentous cells induced by the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:339040", "title": "Reduction of population levels of some indigenous bacteria by lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract of gnotobiotic rats.", "content": "Effects of each of three indigenous Lactobacillus groups on other bacterial populations were separately investigated in gnotobiotic rats. In the wall of the non-glandular part of the stomach, contents of the stomach and contents of the upper part of the small intestine, some pre-associated indigenous bacteria were reduced to conventional population levels by introducing three groups of lactobacilli: Group I (Lactobacillus acidophilus and related strains), Group II (L. fermentum) and the groups mixed. However, no obvious reduction in cell numbers of the pre-associated bacteria occurred in the case of Group III (L. murini).", "contents": "Reduction of population levels of some indigenous bacteria by lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract of gnotobiotic rats. Effects of each of three indigenous Lactobacillus groups on other bacterial populations were separately investigated in gnotobiotic rats. In the wall of the non-glandular part of the stomach, contents of the stomach and contents of the upper part of the small intestine, some pre-associated indigenous bacteria were reduced to conventional population levels by introducing three groups of lactobacilli: Group I (Lactobacillus acidophilus and related strains), Group II (L. fermentum) and the groups mixed. However, no obvious reduction in cell numbers of the pre-associated bacteria occurred in the case of Group III (L. murini)."}
{"id": "PMID:339045", "title": "[Influence of (+)-cyanidanol-3 on acute hepatitis. Results of a double blind study (author's transl)].", "content": "42 cases of acute hepatitis diagnosed from 1970 to 1974 were reviewed retrospectively. The effect of (+)-Cyanidanol-3 on the course of acute hepatitis was controlled on 35 patients in a double blind study. During acute hepatitis, bed rest had an essential influence on the time needed to normalize the transaminases. Based on these observations, we proved the effect, that during treatment with (+)-Cyanidanol-3 the patients showed a positive influence regarding the time for normalization of the transaminases in contrast to the placebo-group. During the first weeks the depression of the transaminase-activity in the blood was noticeable. Because of the small number of patients in that group, this effect could not yet been proved statistically. The stimulation of ATP synthesis as the main therapeutic principle can show a favourable result in the treatment of acute hepatitis.", "contents": "[Influence of (+)-cyanidanol-3 on acute hepatitis. Results of a double blind study (author's transl)]. 42 cases of acute hepatitis diagnosed from 1970 to 1974 were reviewed retrospectively. The effect of (+)-Cyanidanol-3 on the course of acute hepatitis was controlled on 35 patients in a double blind study. During acute hepatitis, bed rest had an essential influence on the time needed to normalize the transaminases. Based on these observations, we proved the effect, that during treatment with (+)-Cyanidanol-3 the patients showed a positive influence regarding the time for normalization of the transaminases in contrast to the placebo-group. During the first weeks the depression of the transaminase-activity in the blood was noticeable. Because of the small number of patients in that group, this effect could not yet been proved statistically. The stimulation of ATP synthesis as the main therapeutic principle can show a favourable result in the treatment of acute hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:339041", "title": "Chronic homeostatic vagal efferent activity turndown: a theory of asthma.", "content": "There is an abundance of evidence of an autonomic nervous system (ANS) imbalance in asthma, and most theories have suggested that a defect in the ANS is the fundamental pathology in asthma. This paper proposes that there is no ANS defect in asthma. It assumes that the normal homeostatic response to bronchial obstruction is a reduction in the vagally mediated, normal bronchoconstricting tonus of the airways. It then discusses how many of the pathological features of asthma may be shown to result from chronic vagal efferent activity turndown which itself results from protracted intense and continuous bronchial obstruction.", "contents": "Chronic homeostatic vagal efferent activity turndown: a theory of asthma. There is an abundance of evidence of an autonomic nervous system (ANS) imbalance in asthma, and most theories have suggested that a defect in the ANS is the fundamental pathology in asthma. This paper proposes that there is no ANS defect in asthma. It assumes that the normal homeostatic response to bronchial obstruction is a reduction in the vagally mediated, normal bronchoconstricting tonus of the airways. It then discusses how many of the pathological features of asthma may be shown to result from chronic vagal efferent activity turndown which itself results from protracted intense and continuous bronchial obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:339056", "title": "Repair of DNA double-strand breaks requires two homologous DNA duplexes.", "content": "DNA repair and cell survival in haploid and its diploid derivative strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied after 100 krad X-ray irradiation. The cells were in the G1 stage of the cell cycle, where haploid cells had only one copy of genetic material per genome and diploid had two copies. It was found that diploid could repair double-strand breaks in its DNA after 48 hr of liquid holding which was accompanied by a four-fold rise in survival. In contrast a haploid strain failed to repair its DNA and showed no increase in survival after liquid holding. It is concluded that (1) repair of DNA double-strand breaks requires the availability of two homologous DNA duplexes, (2) restoration of cell viability during liquid holding is connected with repair of DNA double-strand breaks and (3) this repair is a slow process possibly associated with slow finding and conjugation of homologous chromosomes.", "contents": "Repair of DNA double-strand breaks requires two homologous DNA duplexes. DNA repair and cell survival in haploid and its diploid derivative strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied after 100 krad X-ray irradiation. The cells were in the G1 stage of the cell cycle, where haploid cells had only one copy of genetic material per genome and diploid had two copies. It was found that diploid could repair double-strand breaks in its DNA after 48 hr of liquid holding which was accompanied by a four-fold rise in survival. In contrast a haploid strain failed to repair its DNA and showed no increase in survival after liquid holding. It is concluded that (1) repair of DNA double-strand breaks requires the availability of two homologous DNA duplexes, (2) restoration of cell viability during liquid holding is connected with repair of DNA double-strand breaks and (3) this repair is a slow process possibly associated with slow finding and conjugation of homologous chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:339057", "title": "The action of structural analogues of ethidium bromide on the mitochondrial genome of yeast.", "content": "We have studied the effects on the yeast mitochondrial genome of four analogues of ethidium bromide, in which the phenyl moieyt has been replaced by linear alkyl chains of lengths varying from seven to fifteen carbon atoms. These analogues are more efficient than ethidium bromide in inducing petite mutants in Saccharomyces cervisiae. The drugs also cause a loss of mtDNA from the cells in vivo; however these analogues are in fact less effective inhibitors of mitochondrial DNA replication per se, as shown by direct in vitro studies. It is concluded that these analogues are more efficient than ethidium bromide in causing the fragmentation of mitochondrial DNA in S. cervisiae.", "contents": "The action of structural analogues of ethidium bromide on the mitochondrial genome of yeast. We have studied the effects on the yeast mitochondrial genome of four analogues of ethidium bromide, in which the phenyl moieyt has been replaced by linear alkyl chains of lengths varying from seven to fifteen carbon atoms. These analogues are more efficient than ethidium bromide in inducing petite mutants in Saccharomyces cervisiae. The drugs also cause a loss of mtDNA from the cells in vivo; however these analogues are in fact less effective inhibitors of mitochondrial DNA replication per se, as shown by direct in vitro studies. It is concluded that these analogues are more efficient than ethidium bromide in causing the fragmentation of mitochondrial DNA in S. cervisiae."}
{"id": "PMID:339064", "title": "Spontaneous mutability in UV-sensitive excision-defective strains of Saccharomyces.", "content": "The genes RAD1, RAD2, RAD3 and RAD4 encode enzymes in the pathway leading to excision repair of UV-induced DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Four mutant alleles of these loci (rad1-1, rad2-2, rad3-12, and rad4-3) were studied for their effect on spontaneous reversion rate to lysine and histidine independence, by means of the 1000-compartment fluctuation test of von Borstel, Cain and Steinberg. Of these four excision-defective alleles, only rad3-12 was found to substantially increase the spontaneous reversion rate of the nonsense-suppressible lys1-1 allele, both through locus reversion as well as  by forward mutation at one of eight suppressor loci. Similarly, only rad3-12 conferred a considerable increase in the reversion frequency of the missense his1-7 mutant. As the RAD3 gene product is believed to mediate the first step in the excision-repair pathway, it is assumed that spontaneous lesions in the  rad3 strain are channelled into a mutagenic repair pathway, thus accounting for  the enhanced spontaneous mutation rate.", "contents": "Spontaneous mutability in UV-sensitive excision-defective strains of Saccharomyces. The genes RAD1, RAD2, RAD3 and RAD4 encode enzymes in the pathway leading to excision repair of UV-induced DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Four mutant alleles of these loci (rad1-1, rad2-2, rad3-12, and rad4-3) were studied for their effect on spontaneous reversion rate to lysine and histidine independence, by means of the 1000-compartment fluctuation test of von Borstel, Cain and Steinberg. Of these four excision-defective alleles, only rad3-12 was found to substantially increase the spontaneous reversion rate of the nonsense-suppressible lys1-1 allele, both through locus reversion as well as  by forward mutation at one of eight suppressor loci. Similarly, only rad3-12 conferred a considerable increase in the reversion frequency of the missense his1-7 mutant. As the RAD3 gene product is believed to mediate the first step in the excision-repair pathway, it is assumed that spontaneous lesions in the  rad3 strain are channelled into a mutagenic repair pathway, thus accounting for  the enhanced spontaneous mutation rate."}
{"id": "PMID:339065", "title": "Cytogenetic assays of chemical clastogens using mammalian cells in culture.", "content": "A protocol is described for cytogenetic assays of chemical mutagens using mammalian cells in vitro. The system employs continuous drug treatment (3 concentrations) for up to 8 h and recovery-cell populations after pulse treatments with a high dose. Both direct fixation (for recording spindle anomalies in anaphase) and colcemid-hypotonic fixation (for reading metaphase chromosome aberrations) are used in order to estimate the effects of an agent as a mitotic poison and as a clastogen respectively. Some DNA intercalating dyes (acridine orange, quinacrine mustard, neutral red) were found to be highly clastogenic whereas others (quinacrine dihydrochloride, 33258 Hoechst) are not.", "contents": "Cytogenetic assays of chemical clastogens using mammalian cells in culture. A protocol is described for cytogenetic assays of chemical mutagens using mammalian cells in vitro. The system employs continuous drug treatment (3 concentrations) for up to 8 h and recovery-cell populations after pulse treatments with a high dose. Both direct fixation (for recording spindle anomalies in anaphase) and colcemid-hypotonic fixation (for reading metaphase chromosome aberrations) are used in order to estimate the effects of an agent as a mitotic poison and as a clastogen respectively. Some DNA intercalating dyes (acridine orange, quinacrine mustard, neutral red) were found to be highly clastogenic whereas others (quinacrine dihydrochloride, 33258 Hoechst) are not."}
{"id": "PMID:339066", "title": "Cytogenetic findings in pernicious anaemia. Comparison between results obtained with chromosome studies and the micronucleus test.", "content": "To elucidate whether the micronucleus test may be a sensitive test for the demonstration of the occurrence of spontaneous structural chromosomal aberrations in human disease, bone-marrow smears and chromosome preparations were studied from ten patients with pernicious anaemia. An increased incidence of metaphases with structural chromosomal aberrations was seen in three of the patients, whereas an increased number of bone-marrow cells containing micro-nuclei was present in eight of the ten patients. The micronucleus test may thus be a rapid and sensitive test to demonstrate whether spontaneous structural aberrations of the chromosomes are present in a group of patients suffering from various diseases.", "contents": "Cytogenetic findings in pernicious anaemia. Comparison between results obtained with chromosome studies and the micronucleus test. To elucidate whether the micronucleus test may be a sensitive test for the demonstration of the occurrence of spontaneous structural chromosomal aberrations in human disease, bone-marrow smears and chromosome preparations were studied from ten patients with pernicious anaemia. An increased incidence of metaphases with structural chromosomal aberrations was seen in three of the patients, whereas an increased number of bone-marrow cells containing micro-nuclei was present in eight of the ten patients. The micronucleus test may thus be a rapid and sensitive test to demonstrate whether spontaneous structural aberrations of the chromosomes are present in a group of patients suffering from various diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:339071", "title": "Carcinogen activation by human liver enzymes in the Ames mutagenicity test.", "content": "Liver post-mitochondrial supernatants derived from 10 individuals were used as the source of metabolic activation for carcinogens in the Ames quantitative mutagenicity test using Salmonella typhimurium TA 100. The liver samples were obtained from brain-dead donors and autopsy cases. The ability of human enzymes to activate aromatic amines ranged from the undetectable to highly active for 2-acetylaminofluorene. None of the samples exhibited any ability to activate benzidine. A generally low activity was observed in the capability of human enzymes to activate the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 3-methylcholanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene. Most samples were positive for activating 4-nitrobiphenyl. However, the highest mutagenic activity in the presence of human enzymes was consistently observed for aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin. These results indicated that (a) human enzyme systems, like rodent systems, are more effective in inducing mutagenic activity from mycotoxins than aromatic amines and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and (b) samples derived from different individuals exhibited considerable variation in the ability to activate carcinogens belonging to a same class of compound.", "contents": "Carcinogen activation by human liver enzymes in the Ames mutagenicity test. Liver post-mitochondrial supernatants derived from 10 individuals were used as the source of metabolic activation for carcinogens in the Ames quantitative mutagenicity test using Salmonella typhimurium TA 100. The liver samples were obtained from brain-dead donors and autopsy cases. The ability of human enzymes to activate aromatic amines ranged from the undetectable to highly active for 2-acetylaminofluorene. None of the samples exhibited any ability to activate benzidine. A generally low activity was observed in the capability of human enzymes to activate the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 3-methylcholanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene. Most samples were positive for activating 4-nitrobiphenyl. However, the highest mutagenic activity in the presence of human enzymes was consistently observed for aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin. These results indicated that (a) human enzyme systems, like rodent systems, are more effective in inducing mutagenic activity from mycotoxins than aromatic amines and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and (b) samples derived from different individuals exhibited considerable variation in the ability to activate carcinogens belonging to a same class of compound."}
{"id": "PMID:339072", "title": "Mutagenicity screening of five methyl carbamate insecticides and their nitroso derivatives using mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT2.", "content": "The mutagenic activity of five methyl carbamate insecticides-carbaryl, baygon, BUX-Ten, landrin and methomyl-and their nitroso derivatives were investigated using histidine auxotrophs-his TA98, his TA100, his TA1535, his TA1537 and his TA1538--of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 derived by Ames. The methyl carbamate insecticides did not cause a signficant increase in the number of revertant colonies in any of the strains used. In contrast, the nitroso derivatives of the carbamate insecticides greatly increased the number of colonies on plates inoculated with strains his TA100 and his TA1535. We conclude that the nitroso derivatives of the tested methyl carbamate insecticides are potent mutagens; whereas, the parent insecticides are non-mutagenic.", "contents": "Mutagenicity screening of five methyl carbamate insecticides and their nitroso derivatives using mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. The mutagenic activity of five methyl carbamate insecticides-carbaryl, baygon, BUX-Ten, landrin and methomyl-and their nitroso derivatives were investigated using histidine auxotrophs-his TA98, his TA100, his TA1535, his TA1537 and his TA1538--of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 derived by Ames. The methyl carbamate insecticides did not cause a signficant increase in the number of revertant colonies in any of the strains used. In contrast, the nitroso derivatives of the carbamate insecticides greatly increased the number of colonies on plates inoculated with strains his TA100 and his TA1535. We conclude that the nitroso derivatives of the tested methyl carbamate insecticides are potent mutagens; whereas, the parent insecticides are non-mutagenic."}
{"id": "PMID:339074", "title": "Induction of respiratory deficient mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by mono- and diazido analogs of ethidium.", "content": "Mono- and diazido analogs of ethidium when photolyzed with yeast cells were highly effective in inducing respiratory deficient (RD) mutants. The monoazide was more mutagenic, though slightly less photosensitive, and under the concentrations and conditions used, both required photolysis to be significantly mutagenic. Ethidium bromide (EB) competed with either its mono- or diazide analog for RD induction when applied before, but not after, the photolysis step. This suggested that the initial mutagenic binding sites for azides were identical with those of EB. There was no self-rescue or recovery in azide mutagenesis in contrast to EB. Furthermore, recovery from azide mutagenesis could not be provoked by EB. This confirmed a simple competition between binding of EB and its azide analogs to account for the prevention by EB of the azide induced mutations.", "contents": "Induction of respiratory deficient mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by mono- and diazido analogs of ethidium. Mono- and diazido analogs of ethidium when photolyzed with yeast cells were highly effective in inducing respiratory deficient (RD) mutants. The monoazide was more mutagenic, though slightly less photosensitive, and under the concentrations and conditions used, both required photolysis to be significantly mutagenic. Ethidium bromide (EB) competed with either its mono- or diazide analog for RD induction when applied before, but not after, the photolysis step. This suggested that the initial mutagenic binding sites for azides were identical with those of EB. There was no self-rescue or recovery in azide mutagenesis in contrast to EB. Furthermore, recovery from azide mutagenesis could not be provoked by EB. This confirmed a simple competition between binding of EB and its azide analogs to account for the prevention by EB of the azide induced mutations."}
{"id": "PMID:339075", "title": "Mutagenicity of hydroxamic acids for Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "P-Butoxyphenylacethydroxamic acid, benzohydroxamic acid, salicylhydroxamic acid, 2-naphthohydroxamic acid, indole-2-carbohydroxamic acid and benzoylaminoacethydroxamic acid were synthesized, and their mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 were determined. Except for p-butoxyphenylacethydroxamic acid, all the hydroxamic acids were mutagenic for both strains. The mutagenicity progressed in the following order: 2-naphthohydroxamic acid greater than benzohydroxamic acid and salicylhydroxamic acid greater than benzoylaminoacethydroxamic acid and indole-2-carbohydroxamic acid. The starting materials for the synthesis of these acids including hydroxylamine were not in themselves mutagenic for TA98 and TA100. Thus, while the mutagenicity may require the hydroxamic acid as a whole, the acyl group may determine the mutagenic potency.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of hydroxamic acids for Salmonella typhimurium. P-Butoxyphenylacethydroxamic acid, benzohydroxamic acid, salicylhydroxamic acid, 2-naphthohydroxamic acid, indole-2-carbohydroxamic acid and benzoylaminoacethydroxamic acid were synthesized, and their mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 were determined. Except for p-butoxyphenylacethydroxamic acid, all the hydroxamic acids were mutagenic for both strains. The mutagenicity progressed in the following order: 2-naphthohydroxamic acid greater than benzohydroxamic acid and salicylhydroxamic acid greater than benzoylaminoacethydroxamic acid and indole-2-carbohydroxamic acid. The starting materials for the synthesis of these acids including hydroxylamine were not in themselves mutagenic for TA98 and TA100. Thus, while the mutagenicity may require the hydroxamic acid as a whole, the acyl group may determine the mutagenic potency."}
{"id": "PMID:339084", "title": "Effects of caffeine on plasma renin activity, catecholamines and blood pressure.", "content": "Using a double-blind, randomized, cross-over protocol, we studied the effect of a single dose of oral caffeine on plasma renin activity, catecholamines and cardiovascular control in nine healthy, young, non-coffee drinkers maintained in sodium balance throughout the study period. Caffeine (250 mg) or placebo was administered in a methylxanthine-free beverage to overnight-fasted supine subjects who had had no coffee, tea or cola in the previous three weeks. Caffeine increased plasma renin activity by 57 per cent, plasma norepinephrine by 75 per cent and plasma epinephrine by 207 per cent. Urinary normetanephrine and metanephrine were increased 52 per cent and 100 per cent respectively. Mean blood pressure rose 14/10 mm Hg one hour after caffeine ingestion. There was a slight fall and then a rise in heart rate. Plasma caffeine levels were usually maximal one hour after ingestion but there was considerable individual variation. A 20 per cent increase in respiratory rate correlated well with plasma caffeine levels. Under the conditions of study caffeine was a potent stimulator of plasma renin activity and adrenomedullary secretion. Whether habitual ingestion has similar effects remains to be determined.", "contents": "Effects of caffeine on plasma renin activity, catecholamines and blood pressure. Using a double-blind, randomized, cross-over protocol, we studied the effect of a single dose of oral caffeine on plasma renin activity, catecholamines and cardiovascular control in nine healthy, young, non-coffee drinkers maintained in sodium balance throughout the study period. Caffeine (250 mg) or placebo was administered in a methylxanthine-free beverage to overnight-fasted supine subjects who had had no coffee, tea or cola in the previous three weeks. Caffeine increased plasma renin activity by 57 per cent, plasma norepinephrine by 75 per cent and plasma epinephrine by 207 per cent. Urinary normetanephrine and metanephrine were increased 52 per cent and 100 per cent respectively. Mean blood pressure rose 14/10 mm Hg one hour after caffeine ingestion. There was a slight fall and then a rise in heart rate. Plasma caffeine levels were usually maximal one hour after ingestion but there was considerable individual variation. A 20 per cent increase in respiratory rate correlated well with plasma caffeine levels. Under the conditions of study caffeine was a potent stimulator of plasma renin activity and adrenomedullary secretion. Whether habitual ingestion has similar effects remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:339094", "title": "Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus in a competitive environment.", "content": "Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 was grown in the presence of Rhizopus nigricans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Acetobacter aceti, or Brevibacterium linens and aflatoxin concentration was determined after 3,5,7, and 10 days of incubation at 28C. R. nigricans and S. cerevisiae inhibited growth and aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus. B. linens caused slight inhibition and A. aceti stimulated growth and aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus.", "contents": "Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus in a competitive environment. Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 was grown in the presence of Rhizopus nigricans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Acetobacter aceti, or Brevibacterium linens and aflatoxin concentration was determined after 3,5,7, and 10 days of incubation at 28C. R. nigricans and S. cerevisiae inhibited growth and aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus. B. linens caused slight inhibition and A. aceti stimulated growth and aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus."}
{"id": "PMID:339095", "title": "Transposable genetic elements as agents of gene instability and chromosomal rearrangements.", "content": "Transposable genetic elements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, when inserted at a given locus, can control expression of the locus and cause large scale rearrangements of adjacent DNA sequences. Striking similarities in genetic behaviour between the two groups of elements have led to the proposal of a molecular model of eukaryotic controlling elements, and to suggestions about the part such elements may play in evolution and differentiation.", "contents": "Transposable genetic elements as agents of gene instability and chromosomal rearrangements. Transposable genetic elements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, when inserted at a given locus, can control expression of the locus and cause large scale rearrangements of adjacent DNA sequences. Striking similarities in genetic behaviour between the two groups of elements have led to the proposal of a molecular model of eukaryotic controlling elements, and to suggestions about the part such elements may play in evolution and differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:339099", "title": "Amino-terminal fragments of Escherichia coli lac repressor bind to DNA.", "content": "The N-terminal fragments (residues 1-51 and 1-59) obtained by selective tryptic cleavage of native lac repressor retain the ability to bind DNA. These fragments (headpieces) are monomeric and form complexes which resemble those of tetrameric repressor with non-operator DNA. But, they do not show the high specificity of repressor for operator sequences. The DNA binding has been demonstrated by filter-binding assay as well as in solution using absorption, circular dichroism, and fluorescence measurements.", "contents": "Amino-terminal fragments of Escherichia coli lac repressor bind to DNA. The N-terminal fragments (residues 1-51 and 1-59) obtained by selective tryptic cleavage of native lac repressor retain the ability to bind DNA. These fragments (headpieces) are monomeric and form complexes which resemble those of tetrameric repressor with non-operator DNA. But, they do not show the high specificity of repressor for operator sequences. The DNA binding has been demonstrated by filter-binding assay as well as in solution using absorption, circular dichroism, and fluorescence measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:339102", "title": "Study of membrane permeability changes by fluctuation analysis.", "content": "The molecular basis of the changes in membrane permeability that underlie the nerve impulse can be studied by statistical analysis of the random fluctuations in current through the nerve membrane. Such \"noise analysis\" has already begun to clarify the nature of the gating mechanisms that control the flow of ions across the membrane at the neuromuscular junction.", "contents": "Study of membrane permeability changes by fluctuation analysis. The molecular basis of the changes in membrane permeability that underlie the nerve impulse can be studied by statistical analysis of the random fluctuations in current through the nerve membrane. Such \"noise analysis\" has already begun to clarify the nature of the gating mechanisms that control the flow of ions across the membrane at the neuromuscular junction."}
{"id": "PMID:339105", "title": "Nucleotide sequence and amplification in bacteria of structural gene for rat growth hormone.", "content": "The primary structure of DNA containing the sequence for rat pituitary growth hormone mRNA has been determined. DNA was obtained by reverse transcription of polyadenylated RNA from cultured pituitary cells and from recombinant bacterial plasmids. The amino acid sequences for rat growth hormone and its precursor form have been deduced from the determined nucleotide sequences.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence and amplification in bacteria of structural gene for rat growth hormone. The primary structure of DNA containing the sequence for rat pituitary growth hormone mRNA has been determined. DNA was obtained by reverse transcription of polyadenylated RNA from cultured pituitary cells and from recombinant bacterial plasmids. The amino acid sequences for rat growth hormone and its precursor form have been deduced from the determined nucleotide sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:339108", "title": "Three centuries of alcohol in the British diet.", "content": "Alcoholic drinks were consumed in larger quantities in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries than in the twentieth century, although there has been a recent increase from the historical low of 1930-60. Beer, spirits and wines once provided at least 2 MJ (nearly 500 kcal) per person per day compared with 0.67 MJ (160 kcal) in 1975, towards an average energy requirement of the total population little different from that needed now. Beer has always contributed most to the alcohol, energy and nutrient content of the diet, although its importance relative to spirits and wine has declined.", "contents": "Three centuries of alcohol in the British diet. Alcoholic drinks were consumed in larger quantities in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries than in the twentieth century, although there has been a recent increase from the historical low of 1930-60. Beer, spirits and wines once provided at least 2 MJ (nearly 500 kcal) per person per day compared with 0.67 MJ (160 kcal) in 1975, towards an average energy requirement of the total population little different from that needed now. Beer has always contributed most to the alcohol, energy and nutrient content of the diet, although its importance relative to spirits and wine has declined."}
{"id": "PMID:339109", "title": "Conjugation proteins encoded by the F sex factor.", "content": "Chimaeric plasmids carrying EcoRI fragments of the F sex factor have been used to identify proteins involved in conjugation and to assign them to tra cistrons. Most of these proteins are incorporated into the cell envelope and are individually regulated at the post-transcriptional level.", "contents": "Conjugation proteins encoded by the F sex factor. Chimaeric plasmids carrying EcoRI fragments of the F sex factor have been used to identify proteins involved in conjugation and to assign them to tra cistrons. Most of these proteins are incorporated into the cell envelope and are individually regulated at the post-transcriptional level."}
{"id": "PMID:339115", "title": "Kinetics of thymus- and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes in rats during tumor growth.", "content": "The kinetics of T and B lymphocytes were studied in the spleen, the lymph nodes, peripheral blood and the thymus of tumor-bearing rats in a time dependence following tumor transplantation with varying doses of allogeneic tumor cells. The dose of the transplanted tumor cells proved to be a limiting factor in the altered proportions of T and B cells in the various phases of immunological response of the tumorous host. A lower dose of tumor cells induced but a nonsignificant decline in the numbers of T lymphocytes in correlation with tumor growth and the tumor rejected within 19 days. A high dose of tumor cells caused an evident exhaustion of T cells in all the lymphoid organs followed (excepting the thymus), and the tumor was not rejected even by the end of the experiment. Evidently, the presence of tumor cells did not affect the B cell pool. The results are interpreted in the sense of a functional heterogeneity of the various subpopulations of T lymphocytes. The reactivity and responsibility of these subpopulations in the phase of tumor growth and its rejection is discussed.", "contents": "Kinetics of thymus- and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes in rats during tumor growth. The kinetics of T and B lymphocytes were studied in the spleen, the lymph nodes, peripheral blood and the thymus of tumor-bearing rats in a time dependence following tumor transplantation with varying doses of allogeneic tumor cells. The dose of the transplanted tumor cells proved to be a limiting factor in the altered proportions of T and B cells in the various phases of immunological response of the tumorous host. A lower dose of tumor cells induced but a nonsignificant decline in the numbers of T lymphocytes in correlation with tumor growth and the tumor rejected within 19 days. A high dose of tumor cells caused an evident exhaustion of T cells in all the lymphoid organs followed (excepting the thymus), and the tumor was not rejected even by the end of the experiment. Evidently, the presence of tumor cells did not affect the B cell pool. The results are interpreted in the sense of a functional heterogeneity of the various subpopulations of T lymphocytes. The reactivity and responsibility of these subpopulations in the phase of tumor growth and its rejection is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:339116", "title": "[Indications and results of interstitial hypophyseal stereo-gammatherapy in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy].", "content": "New interest for pituitary neurosurgery in diabetic retinopathy is based on several data: long-term efficacy of various medical therapeutic agents is still unproved, ocular treatment by photocoagulation remains symptomatic, growth-hormone (HGH) has a permissive or supportive role in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Stereo-GIHF performs the pituitary interstitial irradiation by stereotaxic implantation of a gamma point emitter (198Au) and results in the selective blockade of HGH secretion peaks. Different from all other procedures achieving a more or less complete hypophysectomy, Stereo-GIHF introduces a new trend for the functional neurosurgical treatment of diabetic retinopathy.", "contents": "[Indications and results of interstitial hypophyseal stereo-gammatherapy in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy]. New interest for pituitary neurosurgery in diabetic retinopathy is based on several data: long-term efficacy of various medical therapeutic agents is still unproved, ocular treatment by photocoagulation remains symptomatic, growth-hormone (HGH) has a permissive or supportive role in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Stereo-GIHF performs the pituitary interstitial irradiation by stereotaxic implantation of a gamma point emitter (198Au) and results in the selective blockade of HGH secretion peaks. Different from all other procedures achieving a more or less complete hypophysectomy, Stereo-GIHF introduces a new trend for the functional neurosurgical treatment of diabetic retinopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:339120", "title": "Inhibition by prolactin of post-castration rise in LH.", "content": "Castration of male and female rats resulted in a marked rise in serum LH. The rise in serum LH was partially or completely prevented by injection of prolactin (Prl), by implantation of a small amount of Prl in the median eminence (ME), by grafting 2 anterior pituitaries (APs) underneath the kidney capsule, or by transplantation of a Prl-secreting pituitary tumor underneath the skin. The larger pituitary tumor transplants secreted more Prl and were more effective in reducing LH release than the smaller tumors which secreted less Prl. Suppression of LH release generally was greater during the earlier than in the later phases of the different treatments. The pituitary LH response to synthetic LH-RH was the same in ovariectomized rats with or without pituitary grafts, and the decrease in hypothalamic LH-RH after orchidectomy was prevented by pituitary grafts. These results indicate that Prl can depress LH release after castration and that these effects are mediated via the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Inhibition by prolactin of post-castration rise in LH. Castration of male and female rats resulted in a marked rise in serum LH. The rise in serum LH was partially or completely prevented by injection of prolactin (Prl), by implantation of a small amount of Prl in the median eminence (ME), by grafting 2 anterior pituitaries (APs) underneath the kidney capsule, or by transplantation of a Prl-secreting pituitary tumor underneath the skin. The larger pituitary tumor transplants secreted more Prl and were more effective in reducing LH release than the smaller tumors which secreted less Prl. Suppression of LH release generally was greater during the earlier than in the later phases of the different treatments. The pituitary LH response to synthetic LH-RH was the same in ovariectomized rats with or without pituitary grafts, and the decrease in hypothalamic LH-RH after orchidectomy was prevented by pituitary grafts. These results indicate that Prl can depress LH release after castration and that these effects are mediated via the hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:339126", "title": "[Personal experience with high doses of 6-methylprednisolone in human renal transplantation].", "content": "Forty rejection episodes were noted in a series of 35 renal transplants. 72.5% were reversible with i.v. 1 g \"boluses\" of 6-methylprednisolone. Four subjects died during the post-operative period, 10 were subjected to explantation and 21 were discharged with a functioning kidney; of these, mean blood creatinine was 1.02 +/- 0.31 mg in 19. Factors other than rejection influence the results of transplantation. Gastrointestinal, metabolic and bone complications typical of protracted steroid management are examined.", "contents": "[Personal experience with high doses of 6-methylprednisolone in human renal transplantation]. Forty rejection episodes were noted in a series of 35 renal transplants. 72.5% were reversible with i.v. 1 g \"boluses\" of 6-methylprednisolone. Four subjects died during the post-operative period, 10 were subjected to explantation and 21 were discharged with a functioning kidney; of these, mean blood creatinine was 1.02 +/- 0.31 mg in 19. Factors other than rejection influence the results of transplantation. Gastrointestinal, metabolic and bone complications typical of protracted steroid management are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:339127", "title": "[Complication of spontaneous internal biliary fistulae (experiences in 46 cases)].", "content": "Spontaneous internal biliary fistulas are complications of biliary disease and may themselves be the source of further complications. Instances of the latter observed in a series of 28 bilio-digestive and 18 bilio-biliary forms are described: angiocolitis, biliary peritonitis, cholangitic cirrhosis, diarrhoea and malabsorption syndrome, haemorrhage, biliary ileus and Bouveret syndrome. Stress is laid on the need for early diagnosis and early surgery. It is pointed out that there is no such thing as an innocuous biliary calculus.", "contents": "[Complication of spontaneous internal biliary fistulae (experiences in 46 cases)]. Spontaneous internal biliary fistulas are complications of biliary disease and may themselves be the source of further complications. Instances of the latter observed in a series of 28 bilio-digestive and 18 bilio-biliary forms are described: angiocolitis, biliary peritonitis, cholangitic cirrhosis, diarrhoea and malabsorption syndrome, haemorrhage, biliary ileus and Bouveret syndrome. Stress is laid on the need for early diagnosis and early surgery. It is pointed out that there is no such thing as an innocuous biliary calculus."}
{"id": "PMID:339128", "title": "[Experimental studies on the role of suture materials in the healing of anastomoses of the colon. Mechanical and histological study].", "content": "The relation between suture material and consolidation and healing in operations on the colon was investigated by using silk and catgut in one group of disinfected stray dogs subjected to right or left hemicolectomy and resection of the transverse portion, and a synthetic reabsorbable material (polyglycolic acid) in another. The following parameters were assessed following removal of the segment containing the anastomosis after various periods of time: resistance to biomechanical tests, stenosis of the lumen, extent and duration of inflammation and regeneration at the edge. Reabsorbable material was associated with less overall inflammation and healing was more rapid. Consolidation of the suture was not significantly different in the two groups.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the role of suture materials in the healing of anastomoses of the colon. Mechanical and histological study]. The relation between suture material and consolidation and healing in operations on the colon was investigated by using silk and catgut in one group of disinfected stray dogs subjected to right or left hemicolectomy and resection of the transverse portion, and a synthetic reabsorbable material (polyglycolic acid) in another. The following parameters were assessed following removal of the segment containing the anastomosis after various periods of time: resistance to biomechanical tests, stenosis of the lumen, extent and duration of inflammation and regeneration at the edge. Reabsorbable material was associated with less overall inflammation and healing was more rapid. Consolidation of the suture was not significantly different in the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:339131", "title": "[Echography in the diagnosis of kidney diseases].", "content": "Nephrosonography has become a useful diagnostic tool in assessing renal disease. Parenchymal structure can be viewed by stable B-scan or A-scan and, even better, on the grey scale. The principles of applying ultrasounds and for examining results are described together with percutaneous renal punction and nephrostomy guided by ultrasounds. Current applications of echography in congenital and adult diseases are outlined and it is pointed out that the method is simple, non-invasive and precise in differentiating solid from cystic lesions, for appraising solid structures and establishing whether a mass is renal or extrarenal. Experience obtained in evaluating renal lesions and the most typical pictures of these lesions are presented. It is concluded that nephrosonography, independently of renal function, is an excellent method for investigating the kidney, has numerous advantages and is free from danger.", "contents": "[Echography in the diagnosis of kidney diseases]. Nephrosonography has become a useful diagnostic tool in assessing renal disease. Parenchymal structure can be viewed by stable B-scan or A-scan and, even better, on the grey scale. The principles of applying ultrasounds and for examining results are described together with percutaneous renal punction and nephrostomy guided by ultrasounds. Current applications of echography in congenital and adult diseases are outlined and it is pointed out that the method is simple, non-invasive and precise in differentiating solid from cystic lesions, for appraising solid structures and establishing whether a mass is renal or extrarenal. Experience obtained in evaluating renal lesions and the most typical pictures of these lesions are presented. It is concluded that nephrosonography, independently of renal function, is an excellent method for investigating the kidney, has numerous advantages and is free from danger."}
{"id": "PMID:339132", "title": "[Controlled multicentric trial of the antihypertensive agent indapamide].", "content": "Two-months' administration of 2.5 mg/day indapamide, preceded and followed by 2 weeks of a placebo, led to a significant fall in pressure values and normalisation of diastolic pressure in a high percentage of 47 subjects, mostly with essential hypertension, in a controlled multi-centre trial. Absence of toxic effects, tolerance and therapeutic activity at low doses recommend the drug for most cases of arterial hypertension.", "contents": "[Controlled multicentric trial of the antihypertensive agent indapamide]. Two-months' administration of 2.5 mg/day indapamide, preceded and followed by 2 weeks of a placebo, led to a significant fall in pressure values and normalisation of diastolic pressure in a high percentage of 47 subjects, mostly with essential hypertension, in a controlled multi-centre trial. Absence of toxic effects, tolerance and therapeutic activity at low doses recommend the drug for most cases of arterial hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:339136", "title": "Wound infections and systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in gynecologic surgery. A review.", "content": "The gynecologic literature was reviewed and yielded 11 well-designed and well-conducted studies since 1960 involving the use of systemic prophylactic antibiotics. Five had significant results that support using prophylactic antibiotics in vaginal hysterectomy while three supported prophylaxis in cesarean sections. A cephalosporin agent is effective as a prophylactic agent and should be administered 2 hours before surgery by the intravenous route and discontinued 24-72 hours after surgery. A change in the bacteriologic flora of the cervical cuff occurs after surgery with an increase in E. coli and enterococci and a decrease in coagulose negative staphylococci and steptococci. Future studies should be randomized, prospective, and performed in a double-blind manner with antibiotics begun preoperatively. Special attention should be given to bacteriologic techniques, especially the search for anaerobic pathogens.", "contents": "Wound infections and systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in gynecologic surgery. A review. The gynecologic literature was reviewed and yielded 11 well-designed and well-conducted studies since 1960 involving the use of systemic prophylactic antibiotics. Five had significant results that support using prophylactic antibiotics in vaginal hysterectomy while three supported prophylaxis in cesarean sections. A cephalosporin agent is effective as a prophylactic agent and should be administered 2 hours before surgery by the intravenous route and discontinued 24-72 hours after surgery. A change in the bacteriologic flora of the cervical cuff occurs after surgery with an increase in E. coli and enterococci and a decrease in coagulose negative staphylococci and steptococci. Future studies should be randomized, prospective, and performed in a double-blind manner with antibiotics begun preoperatively. Special attention should be given to bacteriologic techniques, especially the search for anaerobic pathogens."}
{"id": "PMID:339137", "title": "Pituitary LH response to LHRH during puerperium.", "content": "Forty puerperal women and 15 normally menstruating women used as controls were given 100 microgram of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) in a single intravenous injection. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were measured by a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA). The LH-beta RIA method, which is unaffected by hCG at sample levels as high as 500 IU/ml, was used to determine serum LH levels. Basal serum FSH and LH levels determined immediately after delivery were lower than those in the follicular and luteal phases during the normal menstrual cycle. These levels rose gradually after delivery, and finally returned to normal levels during the 16th to 25th days of the puerperal period. Small, but significant, LH response to LHRH was observed 6-10 days after delivery, and gradually returned to normal thereafter, though the response was poor during the first 35 days of the puerperal period when compared with that of the controls. On the other hand, no FSH response to LHRH was observed until 16-25 days after delivery, when the response was greater than that of the controls.", "contents": "Pituitary LH response to LHRH during puerperium. Forty puerperal women and 15 normally menstruating women used as controls were given 100 microgram of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) in a single intravenous injection. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were measured by a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA). The LH-beta RIA method, which is unaffected by hCG at sample levels as high as 500 IU/ml, was used to determine serum LH levels. Basal serum FSH and LH levels determined immediately after delivery were lower than those in the follicular and luteal phases during the normal menstrual cycle. These levels rose gradually after delivery, and finally returned to normal levels during the 16th to 25th days of the puerperal period. Small, but significant, LH response to LHRH was observed 6-10 days after delivery, and gradually returned to normal thereafter, though the response was poor during the first 35 days of the puerperal period when compared with that of the controls. On the other hand, no FSH response to LHRH was observed until 16-25 days after delivery, when the response was greater than that of the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:339141", "title": "The use of water-soluble bioflavonoid-ascorbic acid complex in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis.", "content": "The efficacy of a water-soluble  bioflavonoid-ascorbic acid complex was evaluated in the treatment of fifty episodes of recurrent herpes labialis. Twenty episodes were treated with a complex of 600 mg. of water-soluble bioflavonoids and 600 mg. of ascorbic acid, administered in equal increments three times daily. Twenty episodes were treated with a complex of 1,000 mg. of water-soluble bioflavonoids and 1,000 mg. of ascorbic acid, administered in equal increments five times daily. Ten episodes were treated with a lactose placebo. The therapeutic regimen was maintained for 3 days after the recognition of the initial symptoms associated with recurrent herpes labialis. The water-soluble bioflavonoid-ascorbic acid complex was observed to reduce vesiculation and to prevent the disruption of the vesicular membrane. The therapeutic measure was found to be most effective when initiated during the prodomal stage of the disease process. Optimum remission of symptoms was observed in 4.2 +/- 1.7 days with the 600 mg. dosage of the water-soluble bioflavonoid-ascorbic acid complex. No adverse reactions were reported by any of the patients who participated in this investigation.", "contents": "The use of water-soluble bioflavonoid-ascorbic acid complex in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. The efficacy of a water-soluble  bioflavonoid-ascorbic acid complex was evaluated in the treatment of fifty episodes of recurrent herpes labialis. Twenty episodes were treated with a complex of 600 mg. of water-soluble bioflavonoids and 600 mg. of ascorbic acid, administered in equal increments three times daily. Twenty episodes were treated with a complex of 1,000 mg. of water-soluble bioflavonoids and 1,000 mg. of ascorbic acid, administered in equal increments five times daily. Ten episodes were treated with a lactose placebo. The therapeutic regimen was maintained for 3 days after the recognition of the initial symptoms associated with recurrent herpes labialis. The water-soluble bioflavonoid-ascorbic acid complex was observed to reduce vesiculation and to prevent the disruption of the vesicular membrane. The therapeutic measure was found to be most effective when initiated during the prodomal stage of the disease process. Optimum remission of symptoms was observed in 4.2 +/- 1.7 days with the 600 mg. dosage of the water-soluble bioflavonoid-ascorbic acid complex. No adverse reactions were reported by any of the patients who participated in this investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:339142", "title": "Is high blood pressure an aetiological factor in epistaxis?", "content": "In the present investigation, 391 men born in 1913 were examined. The blood pressure was registered in a standardized way and the subjects were questioned about epistaxis. The aim of the investigation was to analyze whether habitual nose-bleeders or subjects with recent bleedings had higher blood pressure than the other subjects in the population study. All attempts to find a correlation between epistaxis and elevated (or high) blood pressure were unsuccessful. When high blood pressure is found in a patient with nose-bleeds it is probably an incidental finding and not an aetiological factor.", "contents": "Is high blood pressure an aetiological factor in epistaxis? In the present investigation, 391 men born in 1913 were examined. The blood pressure was registered in a standardized way and the subjects were questioned about epistaxis. The aim of the investigation was to analyze whether habitual nose-bleeders or subjects with recent bleedings had higher blood pressure than the other subjects in the population study. All attempts to find a correlation between epistaxis and elevated (or high) blood pressure were unsuccessful. When high blood pressure is found in a patient with nose-bleeds it is probably an incidental finding and not an aetiological factor."}
{"id": "PMID:339157", "title": "[Induction of autoallergic pulpitis in rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "Six male rabbits were injected on days 0, 6 and 12, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally and subcutaneously with 0.5 ml/kg of a 20% suspension of homologous dental pulp, in complete Freund's adjuvant. Six controls received complete Freund's adjuvant only. Leukocytes were counted regularly. A skin test was performed on day 18. On day 22, a dental test was performed to study the macrophage migration inhibition \"in vivo\". On day 23, the animals were killed, the teeth and skin were analysed histologically. The following results were observed in the experimental group: 1) inhibition of growth, 2) leukocytosis and eosinophilia, 3) a positive skin test with a strong lymphocytic infiltration, 4) an inhibition of \"macrophage migration\", 5) pulpal lesions, numbering 1 to 6 per rabbit, with lymphocytic plasmocytic and eosinophilic perivascular infiltration. These results indicate an experimental auto-allergic pulpitis. The mechanisms of human pulpitis ought to be reexamined in the light of these observations.", "contents": "[Induction of autoallergic pulpitis in rabbit (author's transl)]. Six male rabbits were injected on days 0, 6 and 12, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally and subcutaneously with 0.5 ml/kg of a 20% suspension of homologous dental pulp, in complete Freund's adjuvant. Six controls received complete Freund's adjuvant only. Leukocytes were counted regularly. A skin test was performed on day 18. On day 22, a dental test was performed to study the macrophage migration inhibition \"in vivo\". On day 23, the animals were killed, the teeth and skin were analysed histologically. The following results were observed in the experimental group: 1) inhibition of growth, 2) leukocytosis and eosinophilia, 3) a positive skin test with a strong lymphocytic infiltration, 4) an inhibition of \"macrophage migration\", 5) pulpal lesions, numbering 1 to 6 per rabbit, with lymphocytic plasmocytic and eosinophilic perivascular infiltration. These results indicate an experimental auto-allergic pulpitis. The mechanisms of human pulpitis ought to be reexamined in the light of these observations."}
{"id": "PMID:339158", "title": "Red cell and white cell counts in adult female guinea-pigs.", "content": "We made red cell and white cell counts in an homogeneous sample of more than 250 healthy, non gravid, adult, female guinea-pigs. Up to the present it is the highest number of guinea-pigs on which systematic blood counts have been taken. Each category of cells was studied statistically. Our mean of the red cells (5.03 X 106/mm3) is close to most of the means reported in the literature for both sexes; the distribution apparently follows the Gauss normal distribution. The mean of the white cells that we obtained (11.800/mm3) is greater than those of many authors in both sexes. The total number of lymphocytes and monocytes (6.180/mm3) is larger than that of the granulocytes (4.970/mm3). The mean Kurloff cells is 422/mm3. The distribution curves of the aggregate of white cells and those of the granulocytes, the lymphocytes and monocytes, the Kurloff cells are asymmetrical and spread towards the right; the normality hypothesis is rejected for each of them.", "contents": "Red cell and white cell counts in adult female guinea-pigs. We made red cell and white cell counts in an homogeneous sample of more than 250 healthy, non gravid, adult, female guinea-pigs. Up to the present it is the highest number of guinea-pigs on which systematic blood counts have been taken. Each category of cells was studied statistically. Our mean of the red cells (5.03 X 106/mm3) is close to most of the means reported in the literature for both sexes; the distribution apparently follows the Gauss normal distribution. The mean of the white cells that we obtained (11.800/mm3) is greater than those of many authors in both sexes. The total number of lymphocytes and monocytes (6.180/mm3) is larger than that of the granulocytes (4.970/mm3). The mean Kurloff cells is 422/mm3. The distribution curves of the aggregate of white cells and those of the granulocytes, the lymphocytes and monocytes, the Kurloff cells are asymmetrical and spread towards the right; the normality hypothesis is rejected for each of them."}
{"id": "PMID:339159", "title": "[Spontaneous bacteriological course of prolonged rupture of the fetal membranes (author's transl)].", "content": "Bacteriologic study of amniotic fluid was undertaken in 300 cases of prolonged rupture of the membranes to evaluate the risk of infection without systematic administration of prophylactic antibiotics to the mother. The rate of amniotic contamination was 8.3 per cent within the first 12 hours following rupture of the membranes, it increased with time to reach 52 per cent, after 48 hours. In 90 per cent of the cases, contamination was caused by streptococci and anaerobes, Streptococcus B alone being responsible for 50% of the contaminations. Antibiotics administered to the mother were effective, but they needed a 6 hour-minimum delay to sterilize a contaminated amniotic fluid. Although the overall percentage of contamination was 23 per cent, infection occurred in only 4 per cent of the infants. The outcome was satisfactory in every case. Those results do not seem to discredit the suppression of prophylactic cover antibiotic therapy following the premature rupture of the membranes.", "contents": "[Spontaneous bacteriological course of prolonged rupture of the fetal membranes (author's transl)]. Bacteriologic study of amniotic fluid was undertaken in 300 cases of prolonged rupture of the membranes to evaluate the risk of infection without systematic administration of prophylactic antibiotics to the mother. The rate of amniotic contamination was 8.3 per cent within the first 12 hours following rupture of the membranes, it increased with time to reach 52 per cent, after 48 hours. In 90 per cent of the cases, contamination was caused by streptococci and anaerobes, Streptococcus B alone being responsible for 50% of the contaminations. Antibiotics administered to the mother were effective, but they needed a 6 hour-minimum delay to sterilize a contaminated amniotic fluid. Although the overall percentage of contamination was 23 per cent, infection occurred in only 4 per cent of the infants. The outcome was satisfactory in every case. Those results do not seem to discredit the suppression of prophylactic cover antibiotic therapy following the premature rupture of the membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:339160", "title": "[Chronic lathyrism. Protective effect of pyridinol carbamate on connective tissue lesions in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of lathyric toxins (BAPN) in low dosage (1 g/kg/day) for a period of 8 weeks caused in the rat simultaneous changes in the skin and aortic connective tissues. In the skin. collagen tissue was dislocated and broken in fragments, the elastic tissue disappeared, the fibroblasts were vacuolized and presented evidence of injury. These lesions were comparable to those observed in human skin during ageing. The addition of pyridinol carbamate (PDC) to BAPN prevents the formation of lesions of the elastic tissue and of fibroblasts. When given after the cessation of the lathyrogen treatment PDC arrested the formation of the lesions and accelerated their regression.", "contents": "[Chronic lathyrism. Protective effect of pyridinol carbamate on connective tissue lesions in the rat (author's transl)]. The use of lathyric toxins (BAPN) in low dosage (1 g/kg/day) for a period of 8 weeks caused in the rat simultaneous changes in the skin and aortic connective tissues. In the skin. collagen tissue was dislocated and broken in fragments, the elastic tissue disappeared, the fibroblasts were vacuolized and presented evidence of injury. These lesions were comparable to those observed in human skin during ageing. The addition of pyridinol carbamate (PDC) to BAPN prevents the formation of lesions of the elastic tissue and of fibroblasts. When given after the cessation of the lathyrogen treatment PDC arrested the formation of the lesions and accelerated their regression."}
{"id": "PMID:339161", "title": "[The myofibroblast. Recent advances (author's transl)].", "content": "The myofibroblast morphology is analyzed from the literature. The absence of the specific structural characters previously used for identification is emphasized and the physiological properties are analyzed. The different conditions which influence the appearance of this cell under normal and pathological conditions are reviewed and shown to be associated specially with inflammatory processes. As a conclusion, the evolution of the cell is described to the perspective of mesenchymal dynamics.", "contents": "[The myofibroblast. Recent advances (author's transl)]. The myofibroblast morphology is analyzed from the literature. The absence of the specific structural characters previously used for identification is emphasized and the physiological properties are analyzed. The different conditions which influence the appearance of this cell under normal and pathological conditions are reviewed and shown to be associated specially with inflammatory processes. As a conclusion, the evolution of the cell is described to the perspective of mesenchymal dynamics."}
{"id": "PMID:339162", "title": "[Analysis of immune reactions of the CSF. A neuro-immunologic classification (author's transl)].", "content": "CSF immunological reactions are classified in 5 patterns, considering the level of CSF albumin and the percentage of CSF-IgG. The 5 patterns are: 1) normal, 2) inflammatory (pure local synthesis of IgG), 3) two types of trasudates (inflammatory or not) when blood-CSF exchanges increase, 4) meningitis if a transudate is associated with local IgG synthesis. The distinction between transudate and meningitis needs the determination of serum IgG. This classification better than the classical ratios, defines the immunological status of a neurological patient in the different phases of his disease. It determines the frequency of the 5 immunological patterns for each nervous disease and the signification of any antibody detected in the CSF. It proposes a common language between the different laboratories and overall, between biologists and clinicians.", "contents": "[Analysis of immune reactions of the CSF. A neuro-immunologic classification (author's transl)]. CSF immunological reactions are classified in 5 patterns, considering the level of CSF albumin and the percentage of CSF-IgG. The 5 patterns are: 1) normal, 2) inflammatory (pure local synthesis of IgG), 3) two types of trasudates (inflammatory or not) when blood-CSF exchanges increase, 4) meningitis if a transudate is associated with local IgG synthesis. The distinction between transudate and meningitis needs the determination of serum IgG. This classification better than the classical ratios, defines the immunological status of a neurological patient in the different phases of his disease. It determines the frequency of the 5 immunological patterns for each nervous disease and the signification of any antibody detected in the CSF. It proposes a common language between the different laboratories and overall, between biologists and clinicians."}
{"id": "PMID:339163", "title": "[Demonstration of specific serum IgG with an \"in vitro\" radioimmunoassay (RAST IgG) (author's transl)].", "content": "By using discs coated with allergens (RAST, Pharmacia) anti-human gammaglobulin goat antibodies, we could demonstrate specific IgG on sera whose IgE had been destroyed by heating at 56 degrees C for 4 hours. A detailed protocol is given. Preliminary results demonstrate absence of specific IgG in untreated patients with pollen allergy, and conversely presence of these IgG in patients treated with immunotherapy against pollens; most patients with epithelia, food and/or mould allergies had specific IgG prior to immunotherapy.", "contents": "[Demonstration of specific serum IgG with an \"in vitro\" radioimmunoassay (RAST IgG) (author's transl)]. By using discs coated with allergens (RAST, Pharmacia) anti-human gammaglobulin goat antibodies, we could demonstrate specific IgG on sera whose IgE had been destroyed by heating at 56 degrees C for 4 hours. A detailed protocol is given. Preliminary results demonstrate absence of specific IgG in untreated patients with pollen allergy, and conversely presence of these IgG in patients treated with immunotherapy against pollens; most patients with epithelia, food and/or mould allergies had specific IgG prior to immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:339165", "title": "[Pulmonary ultrastructural changes following experimental fat embolism in the rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "The intravenous injection of triolein in the rabbit, besides general consequences in some viscera (functional ischemic necrosis of the right ventricle, systemic cerebral and kidney embolisms), induces in the lung non specific reactions similar to those observed after other pulmonary agressions. Yet, some peculiarities are observed only in this experimental model: severe and persistent septal oedema due to early endothelial changes; intensive inflammatory response with numerous macrophages. On the other hand, except in zones with epithelio-conjonctive repair process of necrotic foci, the epithelial reaction reduced to a temporary predominance of type 2-pneumonocytes, remains of low intensity.", "contents": "[Pulmonary ultrastructural changes following experimental fat embolism in the rabbit (author's transl)]. The intravenous injection of triolein in the rabbit, besides general consequences in some viscera (functional ischemic necrosis of the right ventricle, systemic cerebral and kidney embolisms), induces in the lung non specific reactions similar to those observed after other pulmonary agressions. Yet, some peculiarities are observed only in this experimental model: severe and persistent septal oedema due to early endothelial changes; intensive inflammatory response with numerous macrophages. On the other hand, except in zones with epithelio-conjonctive repair process of necrotic foci, the epithelial reaction reduced to a temporary predominance of type 2-pneumonocytes, remains of low intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:339166", "title": "[Influence of metals and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs on the activity of human red cell ALA dehydratase \"in vitro\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of metals and drugs on the activity of human erythrocyte ALA dehydratase has been studied in vitro. The most inhibitory metals are with decreasing effect silver, copper, gold and selenium. Zinc, cadmium, mercury are inhibitory at high concentrations and activator at low concentrations. Arsenic, calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, cobalt have no effect. Within the drugs studied the non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, keptoprofen, indometacin, phenylbutazone, sodium salicylate and niflumic acid) are the only group which inhibits the enzyme ALA dehydratase. This inhibition is suppressed by zinc. The non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can inhibit the activity of enzymes which need zinc for optimal activity.", "contents": "[Influence of metals and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs on the activity of human red cell ALA dehydratase \"in vitro\" (author's transl)]. The effect of metals and drugs on the activity of human erythrocyte ALA dehydratase has been studied in vitro. The most inhibitory metals are with decreasing effect silver, copper, gold and selenium. Zinc, cadmium, mercury are inhibitory at high concentrations and activator at low concentrations. Arsenic, calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, cobalt have no effect. Within the drugs studied the non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, keptoprofen, indometacin, phenylbutazone, sodium salicylate and niflumic acid) are the only group which inhibits the enzyme ALA dehydratase. This inhibition is suppressed by zinc. The non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can inhibit the activity of enzymes which need zinc for optimal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:339167", "title": "[Study of antibiotic sensitivity in 34 strains of large colony mycoplasma (author's transl)].", "content": "The application of Steer's technic to large colony mycoplasma for the study of antibiotic sensitivities, permitted us to compare the activity of various molecules inhibiting protein synthesis. Among large colony mycoplasmas, only mycoplasma pneumoniae is sensitive to erythromycin but we have already isolated a strain resistant at 400 microgram/ml. This should be remembered during treatment of mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. This species always remains sensitive to tetracycline. Among the latter, doxycyclin and minocyclin are preferred, firstly for their greater efficacy in vitro and secondly their better pharmacodynamic criteria. Gentamicin, tobramycin and chloramphenicol are also active in vitro. No trial in vivo has been carried out.", "contents": "[Study of antibiotic sensitivity in 34 strains of large colony mycoplasma (author's transl)]. The application of Steer's technic to large colony mycoplasma for the study of antibiotic sensitivities, permitted us to compare the activity of various molecules inhibiting protein synthesis. Among large colony mycoplasmas, only mycoplasma pneumoniae is sensitive to erythromycin but we have already isolated a strain resistant at 400 microgram/ml. This should be remembered during treatment of mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. This species always remains sensitive to tetracycline. Among the latter, doxycyclin and minocyclin are preferred, firstly for their greater efficacy in vitro and secondly their better pharmacodynamic criteria. Gentamicin, tobramycin and chloramphenicol are also active in vitro. No trial in vivo has been carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:339168", "title": "Complement studies in severe viral hepatitis of childhood.", "content": "Complement (C) and C components were studied in 18 children with severe viral hepatitis. Results were compared to similar determinations performed in 8 patients with toxic hepatitis related to the ingestion of Amanita Phallo\u00efdes. Hemolytic activities and serum concentrations of C and C components were markedly decreased (less than 2 SD) in both groups of patients. Sequential determinations of C components showed different patterns according to the outcome: either a rapid return to normal in patients who healed or persistence of low levels in patients who died. Such a pattern was similar to that of the prothrombin time. In patients with viral hepatitis a rapid disappearance of C4 and C3 was observed following fresh plasma or fresh blood transfusion. In addition, C4 cleavage was shown in plasma of 8/8 patients. These data suggest that the complement depression observed in fulminant viral hepatitis is related to both consumption and deficient synthesis.", "contents": "Complement studies in severe viral hepatitis of childhood. Complement (C) and C components were studied in 18 children with severe viral hepatitis. Results were compared to similar determinations performed in 8 patients with toxic hepatitis related to the ingestion of Amanita Phallo\u00efdes. Hemolytic activities and serum concentrations of C and C components were markedly decreased (less than 2 SD) in both groups of patients. Sequential determinations of C components showed different patterns according to the outcome: either a rapid return to normal in patients who healed or persistence of low levels in patients who died. Such a pattern was similar to that of the prothrombin time. In patients with viral hepatitis a rapid disappearance of C4 and C3 was observed following fresh plasma or fresh blood transfusion. In addition, C4 cleavage was shown in plasma of 8/8 patients. These data suggest that the complement depression observed in fulminant viral hepatitis is related to both consumption and deficient synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:339169", "title": "[Plasma bile acids fractionnation by gas-liquid chromatography : application to hepatocellular deficiency investigation (author's transl)].", "content": "The level of the four major bile acids was measured in the plasma using gas liquid chromatography. The enhancement of the level of the primary bile acids was well known during bile duct obstruction. In the case of hepatic diseases, the chenodesoxycholiccholic acid concentration ratio (CDC/C) was equal or lower than unity when cholestasis occurred rather than hepatic deficiency. When hepatic deficiency developed, the ratio CDC/C was higher than unity. Plasma bile acid fractionnation exhibits also a prognostic value. When the ratio CDC/C is very high, it is significant of progressive hepatic deficiency. A high level of lithocholic acid is also a sign of unfavourable prognosis.", "contents": "[Plasma bile acids fractionnation by gas-liquid chromatography : application to hepatocellular deficiency investigation (author's transl)]. The level of the four major bile acids was measured in the plasma using gas liquid chromatography. The enhancement of the level of the primary bile acids was well known during bile duct obstruction. In the case of hepatic diseases, the chenodesoxycholiccholic acid concentration ratio (CDC/C) was equal or lower than unity when cholestasis occurred rather than hepatic deficiency. When hepatic deficiency developed, the ratio CDC/C was higher than unity. Plasma bile acid fractionnation exhibits also a prognostic value. When the ratio CDC/C is very high, it is significant of progressive hepatic deficiency. A high level of lithocholic acid is also a sign of unfavourable prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:339170", "title": "[Psychopharmacology of tryptophan (author's transl)].", "content": "L-tryptophan is a widely distributed aminoacid, the metabolic pathways of which include serotonin synthesis. Many authors have studied the effects of tryptophan upon the central nervous system in man and animals since serotonin is considered as a neurotransmitter. The most promising results are related to the treatment of depressive disorders. It could be assumed that a better understanding of the role of serotonin and other tryptophan metabolites would presumably lead to further clinical applications.", "contents": "[Psychopharmacology of tryptophan (author's transl)]. L-tryptophan is a widely distributed aminoacid, the metabolic pathways of which include serotonin synthesis. Many authors have studied the effects of tryptophan upon the central nervous system in man and animals since serotonin is considered as a neurotransmitter. The most promising results are related to the treatment of depressive disorders. It could be assumed that a better understanding of the role of serotonin and other tryptophan metabolites would presumably lead to further clinical applications."}
{"id": "PMID:339172", "title": "[Comparison of two methods of rapid separation of serum trancobalamins (author's transl)].", "content": "We have compared different methods for the assay of unsaturated B12 binding capacity of the whole serum and of each of the three transcobalamins (TC I - TC II - TC III). This comparison was important to check the conditions of reproducibility of each method; moreover it has led us to arrive at some modifications to resolve the larger fraction (TC I + TC III) into two distinct components.", "contents": "[Comparison of two methods of rapid separation of serum trancobalamins (author's transl)]. We have compared different methods for the assay of unsaturated B12 binding capacity of the whole serum and of each of the three transcobalamins (TC I - TC II - TC III). This comparison was important to check the conditions of reproducibility of each method; moreover it has led us to arrive at some modifications to resolve the larger fraction (TC I + TC III) into two distinct components."}
{"id": "PMID:339184", "title": "Maturation of the rabbit alveolar macrophage during animal development. III. Phagocytic and bactericidal functions.", "content": "Phagocytic and bactericidal function of rabbit alveolar macrophages (AMs) lavaged from animals during the course of postnatal maturation was studied. Staphylococcus aureus and a temperature-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli, which could not replicate at 37 degrees during the functional assays, were employed as test bacteria. Assays of the phagocytic capacity of AMs from rabbits of various age groups revealed no significant differences either in the percentage of AMs which took up bacteria (79-90%) or in the number of bacteria taken up per AM (Table 1). In contrast, bactericidal activity of AMs was found to increase with increasing animal age. No bactericidal activity was detected in AMs from newborn animals (Figs. 1 and 2), whereas AMs from 7-day-old animals exhibited at least a bacteristatic activity against S. aureus (Fig. 1) and AMs from 28-day-old rabbits showed marked bactericidal activity, essentially the same as that of AMs from adult rabbits. Adult AMs killed 75% of the S. aureus and 60% of the E. coli within 120 min (Figs. 1 and 2).", "contents": "Maturation of the rabbit alveolar macrophage during animal development. III. Phagocytic and bactericidal functions. Phagocytic and bactericidal function of rabbit alveolar macrophages (AMs) lavaged from animals during the course of postnatal maturation was studied. Staphylococcus aureus and a temperature-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli, which could not replicate at 37 degrees during the functional assays, were employed as test bacteria. Assays of the phagocytic capacity of AMs from rabbits of various age groups revealed no significant differences either in the percentage of AMs which took up bacteria (79-90%) or in the number of bacteria taken up per AM (Table 1). In contrast, bactericidal activity of AMs was found to increase with increasing animal age. No bactericidal activity was detected in AMs from newborn animals (Figs. 1 and 2), whereas AMs from 7-day-old animals exhibited at least a bacteristatic activity against S. aureus (Fig. 1) and AMs from 28-day-old rabbits showed marked bactericidal activity, essentially the same as that of AMs from adult rabbits. Adult AMs killed 75% of the S. aureus and 60% of the E. coli within 120 min (Figs. 1 and 2)."}
{"id": "PMID:339191", "title": "Activation of gastro-intestinal smooth muscle induced by the calcium ionophore A23187.", "content": "Tension development was recorded in isolated smooth muscle preparations from the guinea-pig, namely circular strips from the fundus and antrum region of the stomach, and taenia coli. The calcium ionophore A23187 (2-10(-6)-2-10(-5) mol/1) induced maximum activity in fundus and taenia coli, and in antrum an activity slightly smaller than that obtained with acetylcholine (ACh) (5-10(-6) mol/1). The ionophore-induced activity could be suppressed by so-called calcium antagonists: D600 (3-10(-6) mol/1) suppressed the ionophore-induced activity of taenia coli completely; phasic and tonic components in the stomach preparations were selectively suppressed by D600 and sodium nitroprusside (10(-6) mol/1), respectively.", "contents": "Activation of gastro-intestinal smooth muscle induced by the calcium ionophore A23187. Tension development was recorded in isolated smooth muscle preparations from the guinea-pig, namely circular strips from the fundus and antrum region of the stomach, and taenia coli. The calcium ionophore A23187 (2-10(-6)-2-10(-5) mol/1) induced maximum activity in fundus and taenia coli, and in antrum an activity slightly smaller than that obtained with acetylcholine (ACh) (5-10(-6) mol/1). The ionophore-induced activity could be suppressed by so-called calcium antagonists: D600 (3-10(-6) mol/1) suppressed the ionophore-induced activity of taenia coli completely; phasic and tonic components in the stomach preparations were selectively suppressed by D600 and sodium nitroprusside (10(-6) mol/1), respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:339192", "title": "The role of brush border enzymes in tubular reabsorption of disaccharides: a microperfusion study in rat kidney.", "content": "Renal tubular reabsorption of maltose, sucrose and lactose were studied in vivo et situ by continuous microperfusion of single proximal convolutions of rat kidney. The 14C-label of maltose (2.5 mmol/l) was removed from the lumen of the proximal tubule at about the same rate as found for glucose. Maltose reabsorption was completely inhibited in presence of 30 mmol/l glucose or of 0.1 mmol/l phlorizin. Chemical analysis of the samples showed a complete conversion of maltose into glucose within a perfusion distance of 2 mm. It is concluded from these results that within the tubular lumen maltose is split very rapidly by a brush border glucosidase. The short half time of this process permits the breakdown product glucose to be almost completely reabsorbed subsequently within the proximal tubule. In contrast, sucrose and lactose were neither split nor reabsorbed by the tubule brush border.", "contents": "The role of brush border enzymes in tubular reabsorption of disaccharides: a microperfusion study in rat kidney. Renal tubular reabsorption of maltose, sucrose and lactose were studied in vivo et situ by continuous microperfusion of single proximal convolutions of rat kidney. The 14C-label of maltose (2.5 mmol/l) was removed from the lumen of the proximal tubule at about the same rate as found for glucose. Maltose reabsorption was completely inhibited in presence of 30 mmol/l glucose or of 0.1 mmol/l phlorizin. Chemical analysis of the samples showed a complete conversion of maltose into glucose within a perfusion distance of 2 mm. It is concluded from these results that within the tubular lumen maltose is split very rapidly by a brush border glucosidase. The short half time of this process permits the breakdown product glucose to be almost completely reabsorbed subsequently within the proximal tubule. In contrast, sucrose and lactose were neither split nor reabsorbed by the tubule brush border."}
{"id": "PMID:339193", "title": "Corpus alienum in the abomasum of cattle.", "content": "In a field study consisting of about 7000 adult cattle 36 cases of corpora aliena (CAA) in the abomasum were found. After recording the clinical symptoms such as recurrent slight ruminal tympany and abdominal pain after eating, the metal specimens were found by a detector, with which the sound of the moving metal could be followed behind the xiphoid cartilage region. The diagnoses were confirmed by operation in 10 cases, when the specimens were found in the abomasum and removed. Four of these operations were performed directly near the linea alba and in six cases the specimens were removed by hand and magnet through the reticulo-abomasal opening after attempting the routine hard ware operation. In an additional 16 cases the foreign body could not be caught hold of and removed by a ruminal operation due to passage difficulties through the reticulo-abomasal opening. The results of the direct or indirect operations when the CAA was removed, were good. It is concluded that CAA can occur in some 5 per mille of the patient population and in some 50 per cent of these cases a traumatic reticulitis is also found. In most cases the clinical symptoms are vague. Only if the symptoms are painful and recurrent is the operation indicated.", "contents": "Corpus alienum in the abomasum of cattle. In a field study consisting of about 7000 adult cattle 36 cases of corpora aliena (CAA) in the abomasum were found. After recording the clinical symptoms such as recurrent slight ruminal tympany and abdominal pain after eating, the metal specimens were found by a detector, with which the sound of the moving metal could be followed behind the xiphoid cartilage region. The diagnoses were confirmed by operation in 10 cases, when the specimens were found in the abomasum and removed. Four of these operations were performed directly near the linea alba and in six cases the specimens were removed by hand and magnet through the reticulo-abomasal opening after attempting the routine hard ware operation. In an additional 16 cases the foreign body could not be caught hold of and removed by a ruminal operation due to passage difficulties through the reticulo-abomasal opening. The results of the direct or indirect operations when the CAA was removed, were good. It is concluded that CAA can occur in some 5 per mille of the patient population and in some 50 per cent of these cases a traumatic reticulitis is also found. In most cases the clinical symptoms are vague. Only if the symptoms are painful and recurrent is the operation indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:339195", "title": "[Malignant lymphopathy in a patient suffering from acute disseminated lupus erythematosus (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of acute disseminated lupus erythematosus in a 55 years old patient, receiving small doses of corticosteroids, progressing over three years. During an acute exacerbation of the disease, the development of a cervical adenopathy led to a biopsy. Histological examination revealed a lymphocytic type malignant proliferation (centro-follicular lymphoma). This case is compared with findings reported in the literature and leads to a discussion of the relationship between ADLE and malignant disorders due to a disturbance of immune control mechanisms and the possible role of immune-depressant therapy in their onset.", "contents": "[Malignant lymphopathy in a patient suffering from acute disseminated lupus erythematosus (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of acute disseminated lupus erythematosus in a 55 years old patient, receiving small doses of corticosteroids, progressing over three years. During an acute exacerbation of the disease, the development of a cervical adenopathy led to a biopsy. Histological examination revealed a lymphocytic type malignant proliferation (centro-follicular lymphoma). This case is compared with findings reported in the literature and leads to a discussion of the relationship between ADLE and malignant disorders due to a disturbance of immune control mechanisms and the possible role of immune-depressant therapy in their onset."}
{"id": "PMID:339200", "title": "[Topographic diagnosis of urinary infection by determination of fraction 5 of lactate dehydrogenase].", "content": "Amongst the various methods suggested for the topographical diagnosis of urinary tract infection, the study of various fractions of lactico-dehydrogenase in the urine would appear to be particularly valuable. Study of 44 subjects with a significant urinary infection, compared with an identical group of subjects free of urinary infection, showed that in those with pyelonephritis fraction 5 was significantly (p less than 0.001) higher than in those with a lower urinary tract infection. However this was valid only in the absence of renal insufficiency. Combined study of immunological techniques (urinary antibodies revealed by immunofluorescence and serum antibodies) shows that these techniques are complementary and make it possible to exactly localise the site of a urinary tract infection. In relation to immunology, enzymology has the advantage of being suitable for use during periods at which bacteriological examination of the urine is negative, and hence is useful in following the influence of treatment.", "contents": "[Topographic diagnosis of urinary infection by determination of fraction 5 of lactate dehydrogenase]. Amongst the various methods suggested for the topographical diagnosis of urinary tract infection, the study of various fractions of lactico-dehydrogenase in the urine would appear to be particularly valuable. Study of 44 subjects with a significant urinary infection, compared with an identical group of subjects free of urinary infection, showed that in those with pyelonephritis fraction 5 was significantly (p less than 0.001) higher than in those with a lower urinary tract infection. However this was valid only in the absence of renal insufficiency. Combined study of immunological techniques (urinary antibodies revealed by immunofluorescence and serum antibodies) shows that these techniques are complementary and make it possible to exactly localise the site of a urinary tract infection. In relation to immunology, enzymology has the advantage of being suitable for use during periods at which bacteriological examination of the urine is negative, and hence is useful in following the influence of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:339201", "title": "[B-lymphocyte origin of the Reed-Sternberg cell. Immunoelectronmicroscopical arguments (author's transl)].", "content": "Some direct and indirect arguments are at present in favour of the B-lymphocyte origin of the Reed-Sternberg (R.S.) cell. Immunoperoxidase methods applied to paraffin sections permit to identify immunoglobulin components in their cytoplasm, but these results are not suffisant to prove that the R.S. cell synthesizes immunoglobulins. We have applied immunoelectronmicroscopic methods to a lymph node in a case of Hodgkin's disease. The results permit us to found intracellular immunoglobulins in the R.S. cell and to evoke a probable synthesis of immunoglobulin by free ribosomes, thus agreing the B-lymphocyte nature hypothesis of the R.S. cell.", "contents": "[B-lymphocyte origin of the Reed-Sternberg cell. Immunoelectronmicroscopical arguments (author's transl)]. Some direct and indirect arguments are at present in favour of the B-lymphocyte origin of the Reed-Sternberg (R.S.) cell. Immunoperoxidase methods applied to paraffin sections permit to identify immunoglobulin components in their cytoplasm, but these results are not suffisant to prove that the R.S. cell synthesizes immunoglobulins. We have applied immunoelectronmicroscopic methods to a lymph node in a case of Hodgkin's disease. The results permit us to found intracellular immunoglobulins in the R.S. cell and to evoke a probable synthesis of immunoglobulin by free ribosomes, thus agreing the B-lymphocyte nature hypothesis of the R.S. cell."}
{"id": "PMID:339202", "title": "Demonstration of a tertiary interaction in solution between the extra arm and the D-stem in two different transfer RNA's by NMR.", "content": "According to the X-ray structure of yeast tRNAPhe at 2.5 A resolution, a hydrogen bond is formed between m7G46 and G22. By removal of this m7G46-residue we demonstrate that this interaction is present in solution as well. Comparison of the 1H 360 MHz NMR spectra of intact yeast tRNAPhe and its m7G-excised derivative locates the position of this tertiary H-bond at 12.5 ppm downfield from DSS. Additional evidence for the presence of this interaction in solution comes from a comparison of 1H NMR spectra of E. coli tRNAf1Met and E. coli tRNAf3Met, which differ only in a single position in the extra arm. In tRNAf3Met residue 47 is a m7G-residue, whereas in tRNAf3Met it is A, resulting in the absence of the m7G47 - G23 - C13 triple interaction, characteristic of tRNAf1Met. The resonance position of this tertiary interaction in tRNAf1Met is located around -13.6 ppm, a chemical shift difference of 1.1 ppm with respect to the position observed for tRNAPhe. The origin of this chemical shift difference is discussed in relation to the structure of their respective augmented D-helices.", "contents": "Demonstration of a tertiary interaction in solution between the extra arm and the D-stem in two different transfer RNA's by NMR. According to the X-ray structure of yeast tRNAPhe at 2.5 A resolution, a hydrogen bond is formed between m7G46 and G22. By removal of this m7G46-residue we demonstrate that this interaction is present in solution as well. Comparison of the 1H 360 MHz NMR spectra of intact yeast tRNAPhe and its m7G-excised derivative locates the position of this tertiary H-bond at 12.5 ppm downfield from DSS. Additional evidence for the presence of this interaction in solution comes from a comparison of 1H NMR spectra of E. coli tRNAf1Met and E. coli tRNAf3Met, which differ only in a single position in the extra arm. In tRNAf3Met residue 47 is a m7G-residue, whereas in tRNAf3Met it is A, resulting in the absence of the m7G47 - G23 - C13 triple interaction, characteristic of tRNAf1Met. The resonance position of this tertiary interaction in tRNAf1Met is located around -13.6 ppm, a chemical shift difference of 1.1 ppm with respect to the position observed for tRNAPhe. The origin of this chemical shift difference is discussed in relation to the structure of their respective augmented D-helices."}
{"id": "PMID:339203", "title": "In vitro transcription of E. coli tRNA genes.", "content": "Transcription of tRNA genes carried by transducing bacteriophages phi80psu3+ (tRNA1Tyr) and lambdah80T (tRNA2Tyr, tRNA2Glysu36+, tRNA3Thr) was studied in vitro in a system consisting of whole bacteriophage DNA and purified RNA polymerase. In contrast to unusual requirements for tRNA1Tyr gene transcription from DNA fragments, the transcription on whole bacteriophage DNA was found to be relatively not salt sensitive, did not require glycerol and rifampicin-resistant complexes with RNA polymerase were formed in the absence of nucleoside triphosphates. Termination factor rho stimulated the transcription of the tRNA genes as well as that of 4S RNA on lambdah80T DNA template. The stimulatory effect of rho was abolished by rifampicin and seems to be due to the release of RNA polymerase and reinitiation of transcription.", "contents": "In vitro transcription of E. coli tRNA genes. Transcription of tRNA genes carried by transducing bacteriophages phi80psu3+ (tRNA1Tyr) and lambdah80T (tRNA2Tyr, tRNA2Glysu36+, tRNA3Thr) was studied in vitro in a system consisting of whole bacteriophage DNA and purified RNA polymerase. In contrast to unusual requirements for tRNA1Tyr gene transcription from DNA fragments, the transcription on whole bacteriophage DNA was found to be relatively not salt sensitive, did not require glycerol and rifampicin-resistant complexes with RNA polymerase were formed in the absence of nucleoside triphosphates. Termination factor rho stimulated the transcription of the tRNA genes as well as that of 4S RNA on lambdah80T DNA template. The stimulatory effect of rho was abolished by rifampicin and seems to be due to the release of RNA polymerase and reinitiation of transcription."}
{"id": "PMID:339204", "title": "The binding of berenil to Escherichia coli ribosome.", "content": "The binding of the nonintercalating dye berenil to the 70S ribosome of Escherichia coli has been demonstrated by spectrophotometric measurements and gel filtration through Biogel P100 column. The berenil spectrum is gradually shifted towards the red region with the increasing amount of ribosome added, the isosbestic point being at 375 nm. There is positive cooperativity in the binding of berenil to the ribosome as demonstrated by the equilibrium dialysis. On binding with berenil, the ribosome is degraded faster by RNase I especially at low Mg++ concentration and its capacity to inhibit RNase I catalysed hydrolysis of ribopolymers is decreased. These indicate the unfolding of the structure of the ribosome.", "contents": "The binding of berenil to Escherichia coli ribosome. The binding of the nonintercalating dye berenil to the 70S ribosome of Escherichia coli has been demonstrated by spectrophotometric measurements and gel filtration through Biogel P100 column. The berenil spectrum is gradually shifted towards the red region with the increasing amount of ribosome added, the isosbestic point being at 375 nm. There is positive cooperativity in the binding of berenil to the ribosome as demonstrated by the equilibrium dialysis. On binding with berenil, the ribosome is degraded faster by RNase I especially at low Mg++ concentration and its capacity to inhibit RNase I catalysed hydrolysis of ribopolymers is decreased. These indicate the unfolding of the structure of the ribosome."}
{"id": "PMID:339206", "title": "A novel representation of the conformational structure of transfer RNAs. Correlation of the folding patterns of the polynucleotide chain with the base sequence and the nucleotide backbone torsions.", "content": "A novel description of the conformational characteristics of all the individual nucleotides and the phosphodiesters in tRNAs is presented in the form of a circular plot. This representation furnishes information of the base sequence with the folding patterns of the polynucleotide chain as one traverses along the circumference and with the individual nucleotide and phosphodiester linkage torsions along the radii. The circular plot obtained for yeast tRNAPhe strikingly distinguishes the helical and the loop regions. The variation of the different nucleotide torsions along the entire chain length and their effect on the secondary helical and tertiary loop regions become readily apparent.", "contents": "A novel representation of the conformational structure of transfer RNAs. Correlation of the folding patterns of the polynucleotide chain with the base sequence and the nucleotide backbone torsions. A novel description of the conformational characteristics of all the individual nucleotides and the phosphodiesters in tRNAs is presented in the form of a circular plot. This representation furnishes information of the base sequence with the folding patterns of the polynucleotide chain as one traverses along the circumference and with the individual nucleotide and phosphodiester linkage torsions along the radii. The circular plot obtained for yeast tRNAPhe strikingly distinguishes the helical and the loop regions. The variation of the different nucleotide torsions along the entire chain length and their effect on the secondary helical and tertiary loop regions become readily apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:339205", "title": "A RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity: implications for chromatin transcription experiments.", "content": "Mercurated nucleoside triphosphates have been used for transcription of chicken oviduct chromatin with E. coli RNA polymerase. The newly synthesized RNA was purified from preexisting RNA by SH-agarose chromatography and analyzed for the content of specific mRNA sequences. The apparent preferential production of ovalbumin mRNA sequences was not inhibited by actinomycin D, although total RNA synthesis was reduced by more than 90%. Furthermore, when globin mRNA alone, or added to oviduct chromatin, was incubated in the transcription assay, a significant fraction of this mRNA was retained on SH-agarose. The copurification of chromatin associated RNA with in vitro synthesized mercurated RNA was mainly due to a RNA-dependent synthesis of complementary sequences by the bacterial enzyme. Although denaturation of the transcripts prior to SH-agarose chromatography leads to a reduced contamination with endogenous ovalbumin specific RNA, we are unable to show that the messenger-specific RNA sequences purified with the newly mercurated RNA results from a DNA-dependent reaction.", "contents": "A RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity: implications for chromatin transcription experiments. Mercurated nucleoside triphosphates have been used for transcription of chicken oviduct chromatin with E. coli RNA polymerase. The newly synthesized RNA was purified from preexisting RNA by SH-agarose chromatography and analyzed for the content of specific mRNA sequences. The apparent preferential production of ovalbumin mRNA sequences was not inhibited by actinomycin D, although total RNA synthesis was reduced by more than 90%. Furthermore, when globin mRNA alone, or added to oviduct chromatin, was incubated in the transcription assay, a significant fraction of this mRNA was retained on SH-agarose. The copurification of chromatin associated RNA with in vitro synthesized mercurated RNA was mainly due to a RNA-dependent synthesis of complementary sequences by the bacterial enzyme. Although denaturation of the transcripts prior to SH-agarose chromatography leads to a reduced contamination with endogenous ovalbumin specific RNA, we are unable to show that the messenger-specific RNA sequences purified with the newly mercurated RNA results from a DNA-dependent reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:339207", "title": "[Nuclear medicine examination procedures in the supervision of renal transplant patients].", "content": "Typical radioactivity uptake curves in patients with functional disorders of kidney transplants are described; they allow the detection of early functional changes. By follow-up controls, together with clinical and chemical data, a correct diagnosis can be established in the majority of patients. Because of low radiation exposure, the examination may be repeated frequently.", "contents": "[Nuclear medicine examination procedures in the supervision of renal transplant patients]. Typical radioactivity uptake curves in patients with functional disorders of kidney transplants are described; they allow the detection of early functional changes. By follow-up controls, together with clinical and chemical data, a correct diagnosis can be established in the majority of patients. Because of low radiation exposure, the examination may be repeated frequently."}
{"id": "PMID:339212", "title": "Neonatal streptococcal infections.", "content": "Most serious neonatal streptococcal infections are caused by group-B streptococci. The pattern of serious group-B neonatal disease in Britain resembles that described in other countries; both \"early-onset\" and \"late-onset\" forms are seen, but reliable incidence rates have not yet been determined. Serological-type III strains predominate in neonatal meningitis in Britain, but not so markedly as in some parts of the U.S.A. A deficiency of group-II strains in meningitis is, however, apparent in both countries. Present information about the carriage of group-B streptococci suggests that antibiotic prophylaxis administered to mothers or infants is unlikely to reduce greatly the frequency of \"early-onset\" disease. The continuous presence of a suitable chemical disinfectant in the vagina during labour might be more effective. Insufficient is known about the epidemiology of \"late-onset\" neonatal disease for rational preventive measures to be designed. More information is required about the postnatal acquisition of group-B streptococci by neonates and its sources, and about passive transfer of type-specific antibody from the mother to her child.", "contents": "Neonatal streptococcal infections. Most serious neonatal streptococcal infections are caused by group-B streptococci. The pattern of serious group-B neonatal disease in Britain resembles that described in other countries; both \"early-onset\" and \"late-onset\" forms are seen, but reliable incidence rates have not yet been determined. Serological-type III strains predominate in neonatal meningitis in Britain, but not so markedly as in some parts of the U.S.A. A deficiency of group-II strains in meningitis is, however, apparent in both countries. Present information about the carriage of group-B streptococci suggests that antibiotic prophylaxis administered to mothers or infants is unlikely to reduce greatly the frequency of \"early-onset\" disease. The continuous presence of a suitable chemical disinfectant in the vagina during labour might be more effective. Insufficient is known about the epidemiology of \"late-onset\" neonatal disease for rational preventive measures to be designed. More information is required about the postnatal acquisition of group-B streptococci by neonates and its sources, and about passive transfer of type-specific antibody from the mother to her child."}
{"id": "PMID:339213", "title": "The outcome of hepatitis B virus infection in pregnancy.", "content": "The literature concerning hepatitis B in pregnancy is reviewed and problems of management of both the acute and chronic infections are discussed.", "contents": "The outcome of hepatitis B virus infection in pregnancy. The literature concerning hepatitis B in pregnancy is reviewed and problems of management of both the acute and chronic infections are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:339214", "title": "A comparison of once and twice daily atenolol in hypertension.", "content": "The hypertensive action of atenolol has been studied in a randomized double-blind crossover comparison. Twelve patients showed a highly significant reduction in average supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures from pre-treatment values of 196.3/115.9 to 159.1/89.2 mmHg (26.1/15.4 kPa to 22.2/11.9 kPa) after 2 weeks on once daily atenolol. No dose-related reduction in blood pressure was seen and the single 100 mg daily dose was as effective as 100 mg twice daily or 50 mg twice daily. Blood pressures recorded after 2 weeks' atenolol were lower than those obtained at 7 days irrespective of dose.", "contents": "A comparison of once and twice daily atenolol in hypertension. The hypertensive action of atenolol has been studied in a randomized double-blind crossover comparison. Twelve patients showed a highly significant reduction in average supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures from pre-treatment values of 196.3/115.9 to 159.1/89.2 mmHg (26.1/15.4 kPa to 22.2/11.9 kPa) after 2 weeks on once daily atenolol. No dose-related reduction in blood pressure was seen and the single 100 mg daily dose was as effective as 100 mg twice daily or 50 mg twice daily. Blood pressures recorded after 2 weeks' atenolol were lower than those obtained at 7 days irrespective of dose."}
{"id": "PMID:339220", "title": "[Recovery from apparently hopeless fresh-water drowning (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of 3 cases of drowning (children). 2 patients survived without severe injury, 1 patient died after 13 days. The protective action of hypothermia to the brain and heart in hypothermic drowning is emphasized. Even in apparently hopeless cases resuscitation should be started immediately and should not be discontinued too early. Especially in hypothermic drowning efforts can be successful after more than 60 min. of resuscitation. In cases of drowning an emergency physician should be called immediately (emergency-ambulance, rescue-helicopter). A short survey of pathologic physiology, emergency therapy and intensive care of drowning is given.", "contents": "[Recovery from apparently hopeless fresh-water drowning (author's transl)]. Report of 3 cases of drowning (children). 2 patients survived without severe injury, 1 patient died after 13 days. The protective action of hypothermia to the brain and heart in hypothermic drowning is emphasized. Even in apparently hopeless cases resuscitation should be started immediately and should not be discontinued too early. Especially in hypothermic drowning efforts can be successful after more than 60 min. of resuscitation. In cases of drowning an emergency physician should be called immediately (emergency-ambulance, rescue-helicopter). A short survey of pathologic physiology, emergency therapy and intensive care of drowning is given."}
{"id": "PMID:339221", "title": "[The veriflo CV 2000: a polyvalent, pneumatically powered and controlled ventilator (author's transl)].", "content": "The utilization of integrated pneumatic circuits in respiratory care has led to the development of compact and sophisticated ventilators for the treatment of acute respiratory failure. We examined a new apparatus of this type, the Veriflo CV 2000, in the technical laboratory and the practical application in a surgical intensive care unit. The results of this evaluation can be summarized as follows: the technical performance of the Veriflo CV 2000 is good. There is a loss of 10% of tidal volume when the endexpiratory pressure is increased from 0 to 20 cm H2O, and of 20% with an increase of the opposing resistance to 45 cm H2O/l/sec. During one year, the Veriflo CV 2000 was used for the treatment of over 50 patients requiring mechanical ventilation for mild or severe forms of acute respiratory failure. This ventilator was very helpful in the treatment of patients presenting with difficulties during weaning for ventilatory support. The possibility to use controlled, assisted and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation as well as CPAP without additional valves or tubing makes the veriflo CV 2000 a very useful instrument in respiratory care.", "contents": "[The veriflo CV 2000: a polyvalent, pneumatically powered and controlled ventilator (author's transl)]. The utilization of integrated pneumatic circuits in respiratory care has led to the development of compact and sophisticated ventilators for the treatment of acute respiratory failure. We examined a new apparatus of this type, the Veriflo CV 2000, in the technical laboratory and the practical application in a surgical intensive care unit. The results of this evaluation can be summarized as follows: the technical performance of the Veriflo CV 2000 is good. There is a loss of 10% of tidal volume when the endexpiratory pressure is increased from 0 to 20 cm H2O, and of 20% with an increase of the opposing resistance to 45 cm H2O/l/sec. During one year, the Veriflo CV 2000 was used for the treatment of over 50 patients requiring mechanical ventilation for mild or severe forms of acute respiratory failure. This ventilator was very helpful in the treatment of patients presenting with difficulties during weaning for ventilatory support. The possibility to use controlled, assisted and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation as well as CPAP without additional valves or tubing makes the veriflo CV 2000 a very useful instrument in respiratory care."}
{"id": "PMID:339233", "title": "Further studies on the restoration of estrogen-induced sexual receptivity in ovariectomized mice treated with dihydrotestosterone: effects of progesterone, dihydroprogesterone and LH-RH.", "content": "Sexual receptivity in ovariectomized CD-1 mice induced by chronic daily injections of estradiol benzoate (E2B) was inhibited in a dose related fashion by daily injections of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) given concurrently with the E2B. Administration of the progestins, progesterone and dihydroprogesterone (DHP), and of the hypothalamic decapeptide, LH-RH, 6 hr prior to testing restored receptivity to varying degrees in these E2B + DHT treated mice. Of these treatments progesterone was clearly the most effective, followed by LH-RH and finally DHP in restoring estrogen-induced receptivity. Results were discussed in terms of a proposed essential role for LH-RH in the induction of sexual receptivity in mice.", "contents": "Further studies on the restoration of estrogen-induced sexual receptivity in ovariectomized mice treated with dihydrotestosterone: effects of progesterone, dihydroprogesterone and LH-RH. Sexual receptivity in ovariectomized CD-1 mice induced by chronic daily injections of estradiol benzoate (E2B) was inhibited in a dose related fashion by daily injections of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) given concurrently with the E2B. Administration of the progestins, progesterone and dihydroprogesterone (DHP), and of the hypothalamic decapeptide, LH-RH, 6 hr prior to testing restored receptivity to varying degrees in these E2B + DHT treated mice. Of these treatments progesterone was clearly the most effective, followed by LH-RH and finally DHP in restoring estrogen-induced receptivity. Results were discussed in terms of a proposed essential role for LH-RH in the induction of sexual receptivity in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:339235", "title": "l-bunolol metabolites in human urine.", "content": "Nine radiolabeled compounds were identified in human urine after administering a single oral dose of 3H-l-bunolol (3 mg) to 5 male volunteers. These compounds represented 54.7% of the dose and 71.4% of the isotope excreted in 3 days. Intact bunolol accounted for 14.7% of the dose and its conjugates totaled an additional 5.0%. The major drug metabolite (28.2% of dose) was dihydrobunolol, a reduction product known to have the same pharmacological activity and potency as bunolol. Dihydrobunolol conjugates amounted to 3.9% of the dose. Two minor acidic metabolites were produced by oxidative cleavage of the bunolol side chain, and another minor metabolite (hydroxydihydrobunolol) resulted from both reductive and oxidative biotransformation. Bunolol metabolism in man showed qualitative and quantitative differences from patterns observed in the rat and dog.", "contents": "l-bunolol metabolites in human urine. Nine radiolabeled compounds were identified in human urine after administering a single oral dose of 3H-l-bunolol (3 mg) to 5 male volunteers. These compounds represented 54.7% of the dose and 71.4% of the isotope excreted in 3 days. Intact bunolol accounted for 14.7% of the dose and its conjugates totaled an additional 5.0%. The major drug metabolite (28.2% of dose) was dihydrobunolol, a reduction product known to have the same pharmacological activity and potency as bunolol. Dihydrobunolol conjugates amounted to 3.9% of the dose. Two minor acidic metabolites were produced by oxidative cleavage of the bunolol side chain, and another minor metabolite (hydroxydihydrobunolol) resulted from both reductive and oxidative biotransformation. Bunolol metabolism in man showed qualitative and quantitative differences from patterns observed in the rat and dog."}
{"id": "PMID:339248", "title": "Tissue reactions to breast implants coated with polyurethane.", "content": "The histological features noted in the capsules from 7 polyurethane coated silicone breast prostheses are described. The polyurethane provoked a definite foreign body reaction and was slowly degraded, with some particles ejected from the capsule into the surrounding tissues. Separation of the polyurethane coating from the silicone prosthesis and the degradation of the polyurethane took about two years. Another much more resistant foreign material was found to occur in conjunction with the polyurethane in the capsules. It may be an adhesive or flakes off the silicone shell. Vacuolated spaces were noted in the inner layers of 3 capsules; it was assumed that they contained liquid silicone.", "contents": "Tissue reactions to breast implants coated with polyurethane. The histological features noted in the capsules from 7 polyurethane coated silicone breast prostheses are described. The polyurethane provoked a definite foreign body reaction and was slowly degraded, with some particles ejected from the capsule into the surrounding tissues. Separation of the polyurethane coating from the silicone prosthesis and the degradation of the polyurethane took about two years. Another much more resistant foreign material was found to occur in conjunction with the polyurethane in the capsules. It may be an adhesive or flakes off the silicone shell. Vacuolated spaces were noted in the inner layers of 3 capsules; it was assumed that they contained liquid silicone."}
{"id": "PMID:339249", "title": "Adriamycin extravasation.", "content": "Adriamycin extravasation creates a severe tissue necrosis which is unusual, because it may not appear until several weeks later, and may continue to worsen for several months. As soon as the progressive nature of the tissue necrosis is established, we recommend that an early wide excision be performed in an attempt to remove the necrotic area and the surrounding tissues containing the extravasated drugs--before it has had an opportunity to diffuse even further. Adequate debridement requires removal of any adjacent tissue that is indurated, reddened, edematous, or pale. Skin grafts take poorly if there are small amounts of Adriamycin left in the tissue of the recipient site. Synergistic effects with radiotherapy, and continued systemic Adriamycin therapy, can aggravate or recall necrosis. The administration of more dilute solutions of Adriamycin may decrease the hazard of extravasation necrosis.", "contents": "Adriamycin extravasation. Adriamycin extravasation creates a severe tissue necrosis which is unusual, because it may not appear until several weeks later, and may continue to worsen for several months. As soon as the progressive nature of the tissue necrosis is established, we recommend that an early wide excision be performed in an attempt to remove the necrotic area and the surrounding tissues containing the extravasated drugs--before it has had an opportunity to diffuse even further. Adequate debridement requires removal of any adjacent tissue that is indurated, reddened, edematous, or pale. Skin grafts take poorly if there are small amounts of Adriamycin left in the tissue of the recipient site. Synergistic effects with radiotherapy, and continued systemic Adriamycin therapy, can aggravate or recall necrosis. The administration of more dilute solutions of Adriamycin may decrease the hazard of extravasation necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:339250", "title": "The effect of various adjuncts on the surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome secondary to chronic tenosynovitis.", "content": "A series of 22 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome secondary to chronic tenosynovitis was divided into two groups. The first group was treated by transverse carpal ligament release alone. The second group was treated by transverse carpal ligament release, external neurolysis of the median nerve, flexor  synovectomy, and intraoperative corticosteroid instillation. Both groups were comparable preoperatively as to symptoms, signs, and electrophysiological data. At two years postoperatively there were no statistically significant differences in the symptoms, signs, and electrophysiological data in the two groups. The only difference was that patients undergoing release alone were able to return to work earlier than those patients who had the adjunctive procedures.", "contents": "The effect of various adjuncts on the surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome secondary to chronic tenosynovitis. A series of 22 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome secondary to chronic tenosynovitis was divided into two groups. The first group was treated by transverse carpal ligament release alone. The second group was treated by transverse carpal ligament release, external neurolysis of the median nerve, flexor  synovectomy, and intraoperative corticosteroid instillation. Both groups were comparable preoperatively as to symptoms, signs, and electrophysiological data. At two years postoperatively there were no statistically significant differences in the symptoms, signs, and electrophysiological data in the two groups. The only difference was that patients undergoing release alone were able to return to work earlier than those patients who had the adjunctive procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:339253", "title": "The inner side of wisdom: suicide in early modern England.", "content": "This essay traces the shifting perception of the nature and prevalence of suicide in early England. Suicide is presented as one form of deviance contemporaries recognized and is used to illuminate the history of mental disorder in its social and intellectual context.", "contents": "The inner side of wisdom: suicide in early modern England. This essay traces the shifting perception of the nature and prevalence of suicide in early England. Suicide is presented as one form of deviance contemporaries recognized and is used to illuminate the history of mental disorder in its social and intellectual context."}
{"id": "PMID:339254", "title": "The effect of maternal narcotic addiction on the newborn infant.", "content": "This paper presents a review of the literature on the effects of maternal narcotic addictions upon the foetus and newborn infant. Six children born to 'registered' narcotic addicts were studied, and particular attention was paid to any signs of narcotic withdrawal that might occur after birth. Although all the mothers took heroin or methadone regularly up to the time of delivery, minor physical signs which might have been considered part of the withdrawal syndrome occurred in only one baby. The absence of major withdrawal signs found in this study contrasts with previous findings. The reasons for these differences are discussed, and the implications of these observations for the management of the pregnant narcotic addict and her newborn infant are considered.", "contents": "The effect of maternal narcotic addiction on the newborn infant. This paper presents a review of the literature on the effects of maternal narcotic addictions upon the foetus and newborn infant. Six children born to 'registered' narcotic addicts were studied, and particular attention was paid to any signs of narcotic withdrawal that might occur after birth. Although all the mothers took heroin or methadone regularly up to the time of delivery, minor physical signs which might have been considered part of the withdrawal syndrome occurred in only one baby. The absence of major withdrawal signs found in this study contrasts with previous findings. The reasons for these differences are discussed, and the implications of these observations for the management of the pregnant narcotic addict and her newborn infant are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:339257", "title": "Anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of right lung to inferior vena cava (\"scimitar syndrome\"): clinical spectrum in older patients and role of surgery.", "content": "Six new cases of the \"scimitar syndrome\" are described. The anatomical and haemodynamic features of these and other reported cases are reviewed. Within the spectrum of the disorder there is a group of patients in whom the bronchopulmonary manifestations are relatively unimportant. In five of our patients there was a left-to-right shunt exceeding 2:1 and the anomalous pulmonary venous connection was corrected surgically. The presence or absence of an associated atrial septal defect may be difficult to establish but influences the choice of surgical technique. When the atrial septum is intact, the anomalous vein should be reimplanted if possible into the back of the left atrium; otherwise a pericardial or teflon patch can be used to redirect the anomalous venous return through an existing or created atrial septal defect to the left atrium.", "contents": "Anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of right lung to inferior vena cava (\"scimitar syndrome\"): clinical spectrum in older patients and role of surgery. Six new cases of the \"scimitar syndrome\" are described. The anatomical and haemodynamic features of these and other reported cases are reviewed. Within the spectrum of the disorder there is a group of patients in whom the bronchopulmonary manifestations are relatively unimportant. In five of our patients there was a left-to-right shunt exceeding 2:1 and the anomalous pulmonary venous connection was corrected surgically. The presence or absence of an associated atrial septal defect may be difficult to establish but influences the choice of surgical technique. When the atrial septum is intact, the anomalous vein should be reimplanted if possible into the back of the left atrium; otherwise a pericardial or teflon patch can be used to redirect the anomalous venous return through an existing or created atrial septal defect to the left atrium."}
{"id": "PMID:339258", "title": "Chemical and biological consequences of beta-decay. Part 2.", "content": "In Part 1 of this article physical and chemical effects of beta-decay in labelled molecules were reviewed and their potential importance for breaking predetermined and specific bonds were pointed out. After incorporation of labelled biomolecules in living systems, such as viruses, phages or cells, the radioactive decay of the label alters the biological behaviour of the system, in the extreme case causing loss of the ability to reproduce, the extent of these consequences depending strongly on the type of radioisotope. Now Part 2 includes a brief discussion of biological effects associated with beta-decay emphasizing the relative importance of local transmutation and internal radiation effects from the decay of 3H, 14C, 32P, 33P, 35S and 125I. Attempt is also made, whenever possible at the present stage of understanding, to correlate biological effects with chemical processes on a molecular level.", "contents": "Chemical and biological consequences of beta-decay. Part 2. In Part 1 of this article physical and chemical effects of beta-decay in labelled molecules were reviewed and their potential importance for breaking predetermined and specific bonds were pointed out. After incorporation of labelled biomolecules in living systems, such as viruses, phages or cells, the radioactive decay of the label alters the biological behaviour of the system, in the extreme case causing loss of the ability to reproduce, the extent of these consequences depending strongly on the type of radioisotope. Now Part 2 includes a brief discussion of biological effects associated with beta-decay emphasizing the relative importance of local transmutation and internal radiation effects from the decay of 3H, 14C, 32P, 33P, 35S and 125I. Attempt is also made, whenever possible at the present stage of understanding, to correlate biological effects with chemical processes on a molecular level."}
{"id": "PMID:339267", "title": "Pulmonary complications of renal transplantation: a survey of patients treated by low-dose immunosuppression.", "content": "Sixty-eight episodes of pulmonary complication developed in 52 of 416 renal transplant recipients treated with low-dose immunosuppression. Twenty-four complications were noninfectious (20 were pulmonary edema due to transplant rejection). Forty-four complications were infectious (75% of were wholly bacterial). Nine patients died from their pulmonary complications; 7 had bacterial pneumonia, but other infections were also present in 5. Several patterns were seen radiographically. Cardiomegaly, vascular congestion, and patchy consolidation indicated pulmonary edema. Segmental and labor consolidations were usually bacterial in origin. Large cavitary nodules, small nodules, and generalized consolidation were often due to diseases requiring biopsy for diagnosis.", "contents": "Pulmonary complications of renal transplantation: a survey of patients treated by low-dose immunosuppression. Sixty-eight episodes of pulmonary complication developed in 52 of 416 renal transplant recipients treated with low-dose immunosuppression. Twenty-four complications were noninfectious (20 were pulmonary edema due to transplant rejection). Forty-four complications were infectious (75% of were wholly bacterial). Nine patients died from their pulmonary complications; 7 had bacterial pneumonia, but other infections were also present in 5. Several patterns were seen radiographically. Cardiomegaly, vascular congestion, and patchy consolidation indicated pulmonary edema. Segmental and labor consolidations were usually bacterial in origin. Large cavitary nodules, small nodules, and generalized consolidation were often due to diseases requiring biopsy for diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:339268", "title": "Intravertebral disk herniations: cartilaginous (Schmorl's) nodes.", "content": "Cartilaginous (Schmorl's) nodes are related to prolapses of intervertebral disk material into the vertebral body. These nodes can be produced by any process which weakens either the cartilaginous plate covering the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body or the subchondral trabeculae of the vertebra. Such processes include juvenile kyphosis, trauma, metabolic and neoplastic disorders, and degenerative disk disease. Radiographic abnormalities include indentations of vertebral outline and radiolucencies within the vertebral body with varying degrees of sclerosis. These can be readily differentiated from other vertebral alterations such as \"butterfly\", \"fish\", and \"H\" vertebrae.", "contents": "Intravertebral disk herniations: cartilaginous (Schmorl's) nodes. Cartilaginous (Schmorl's) nodes are related to prolapses of intervertebral disk material into the vertebral body. These nodes can be produced by any process which weakens either the cartilaginous plate covering the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body or the subchondral trabeculae of the vertebra. Such processes include juvenile kyphosis, trauma, metabolic and neoplastic disorders, and degenerative disk disease. Radiographic abnormalities include indentations of vertebral outline and radiolucencies within the vertebral body with varying degrees of sclerosis. These can be readily differentiated from other vertebral alterations such as \"butterfly\", \"fish\", and \"H\" vertebrae."}
{"id": "PMID:339280", "title": "The effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) on tissues which detect prostaglandins (PG'S).", "content": "The effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its stable metabolite 6-oxo-PGF1alpha on various bioassay tissues are compared with those of PGE2 and PGF2alpha, using the cascade superfusion method. On vascular smooth muscle, PGI2 caused relaxation of all tissues tested except the rabbit aorta. PGE2 relaxed rabbit coeliac and mesenteric artery but contracted bovine coronary artery and had no effect on rabbit aorta. 6-oxo-PGF1alpha was ineffective at the concentrations tested. On gastro-intestinal smooth muscle, PGI2 contracted strips of rat and hamster stomach and the chick rectum. It was less potent than PGE2 or PGF2alpha. None of these substances contracted the cat terminal ileum. 6-oxo-PGF1alpha was inactive on these tissues at the doses tested. PGI2 was less active than PGE2 or PGF2alpha in contracting guinea-pig trachea and rat uterus; 6-oxo-PGF1alpha was active only on the rat uterus. Thus, PGI2 can be distinguished from the other stable prostaglandins using the cascade method of superfusion.", "contents": "The effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) on tissues which detect prostaglandins (PG'S). The effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its stable metabolite 6-oxo-PGF1alpha on various bioassay tissues are compared with those of PGE2 and PGF2alpha, using the cascade superfusion method. On vascular smooth muscle, PGI2 caused relaxation of all tissues tested except the rabbit aorta. PGE2 relaxed rabbit coeliac and mesenteric artery but contracted bovine coronary artery and had no effect on rabbit aorta. 6-oxo-PGF1alpha was ineffective at the concentrations tested. On gastro-intestinal smooth muscle, PGI2 contracted strips of rat and hamster stomach and the chick rectum. It was less potent than PGE2 or PGF2alpha. None of these substances contracted the cat terminal ileum. 6-oxo-PGF1alpha was inactive on these tissues at the doses tested. PGI2 was less active than PGE2 or PGF2alpha in contracting guinea-pig trachea and rat uterus; 6-oxo-PGF1alpha was active only on the rat uterus. Thus, PGI2 can be distinguished from the other stable prostaglandins using the cascade method of superfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:339281", "title": "Microsomal preparations of normal bovine iris-ciliary body generate prostacyclin-like but not thromboxane-A2-activity.", "content": "Indomethacin-treated bovine iris-ciliary body microsomes (IBIM) have been studied for their ability to convert PG endoperoxides into either thromboxane-A2 (TxA2)-like or prostacyclin (PGI2)-like activity. The biological activity of the ocular tissue microsomes were compared with either indomethacin-treated human platelet microsomes (for TxA2-like activity) or rabbit aorta microsomes (for PGI2-like activity) under appropriate incubation conditions. No evidence could be found for the formation of TxA2-like activity from PG endoperoxides by the IBIM. In contrast, when the IBIM were incubated with PGH2 for 1 min at 22 degrees C without cofactors, PGI2-like activity was produced, causing profound relaxation of the isolated dog coronary artery preparation without contracting the rabbit aorta and inhibiting arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation. Equivalent quantities of boiled IBIM failed to alter the biological activity of PGH2 under identical conditions. Tranylcypromine (500 microgram/ml) completely abolished the appearance of PGI2-like activity. Furthermore, the PGI2-like activity found was stable for 10 min at 22 degrees C at pH 8.5 but completely lost under similar conditions at pH 5.5. It is concluded that microsomal preparations of normal bovine iris-ciliary body can synthesize PGI2-like activity in substantial amounts but not TxA2-like activity.", "contents": "Microsomal preparations of normal bovine iris-ciliary body generate prostacyclin-like but not thromboxane-A2-activity. Indomethacin-treated bovine iris-ciliary body microsomes (IBIM) have been studied for their ability to convert PG endoperoxides into either thromboxane-A2 (TxA2)-like or prostacyclin (PGI2)-like activity. The biological activity of the ocular tissue microsomes were compared with either indomethacin-treated human platelet microsomes (for TxA2-like activity) or rabbit aorta microsomes (for PGI2-like activity) under appropriate incubation conditions. No evidence could be found for the formation of TxA2-like activity from PG endoperoxides by the IBIM. In contrast, when the IBIM were incubated with PGH2 for 1 min at 22 degrees C without cofactors, PGI2-like activity was produced, causing profound relaxation of the isolated dog coronary artery preparation without contracting the rabbit aorta and inhibiting arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation. Equivalent quantities of boiled IBIM failed to alter the biological activity of PGH2 under identical conditions. Tranylcypromine (500 microgram/ml) completely abolished the appearance of PGI2-like activity. Furthermore, the PGI2-like activity found was stable for 10 min at 22 degrees C at pH 8.5 but completely lost under similar conditions at pH 5.5. It is concluded that microsomal preparations of normal bovine iris-ciliary body can synthesize PGI2-like activity in substantial amounts but not TxA2-like activity."}
{"id": "PMID:339282", "title": "Preoperative dilatation of the cervix by single vaginal administration of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha-methyl ester.", "content": "Two different vaginal suppositories have been developed suitable for one single treatment for preoperative dilatation of the cervix prior to vacuum aspiration in late first trimester abortion. The study included 60 patients equally distributed in one control group (Group I) where vacuum aspiration was performed without pretreatment; one group (Group II) where the patients obtained 2.0 mg 15-methyl-PGF2alpha-methyl ester in a rapid releasing base six hours prior to operation and one group (Group III) where the prostaglandin dose was increased to 2.5 mg 15-methyl-PGF2alpha-methyl ester and a more slow releasing base was used and the operation performed after 12 hours. The mean cervical dilatation at operation was in Group II 9 mm and in Group III 11 mm in comparison with 4.8 mm in the control group. The bleeding at the operation was also significantly reduced.", "contents": "Preoperative dilatation of the cervix by single vaginal administration of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha-methyl ester. Two different vaginal suppositories have been developed suitable for one single treatment for preoperative dilatation of the cervix prior to vacuum aspiration in late first trimester abortion. The study included 60 patients equally distributed in one control group (Group I) where vacuum aspiration was performed without pretreatment; one group (Group II) where the patients obtained 2.0 mg 15-methyl-PGF2alpha-methyl ester in a rapid releasing base six hours prior to operation and one group (Group III) where the prostaglandin dose was increased to 2.5 mg 15-methyl-PGF2alpha-methyl ester and a more slow releasing base was used and the operation performed after 12 hours. The mean cervical dilatation at operation was in Group II 9 mm and in Group III 11 mm in comparison with 4.8 mm in the control group. The bleeding at the operation was also significantly reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:339283", "title": "15(S)15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha for termination of very early human pregnancy. A comparative study of a single intramuscular injection and vaginal suppositories.", "content": "The results of a comparative study of the efficacy and acceptability of 15(S)15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha (15-Me-PGF2alpha) administered as a single i.m. injection or vaginal suppositories (15-Me-PGF2alpha methyl ester) every 3rd hr for termination of very early human pregnancy is reported. The amenorrhoic period varied from 37 to 60 days. Group I (30 cases) received 0.6 mg as a single i.m. injection without any pretreatment. Retrospectively 24 of the 30 women were in fact pregnant and 22 of them aborted. Group II received suppositories (1.0 or 1.5 mg per suppository). In this group all women were pregnant and they all aborted. Symptoms such as pain, bleeding, vomiting and diarrhea started in general earlier in the i.m. group and they were more marked. In the present series the efficacy and acceptability were highest for the vaginal route of administration.", "contents": "15(S)15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha for termination of very early human pregnancy. A comparative study of a single intramuscular injection and vaginal suppositories. The results of a comparative study of the efficacy and acceptability of 15(S)15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha (15-Me-PGF2alpha) administered as a single i.m. injection or vaginal suppositories (15-Me-PGF2alpha methyl ester) every 3rd hr for termination of very early human pregnancy is reported. The amenorrhoic period varied from 37 to 60 days. Group I (30 cases) received 0.6 mg as a single i.m. injection without any pretreatment. Retrospectively 24 of the 30 women were in fact pregnant and 22 of them aborted. Group II received suppositories (1.0 or 1.5 mg per suppository). In this group all women were pregnant and they all aborted. Symptoms such as pain, bleeding, vomiting and diarrhea started in general earlier in the i.m. group and they were more marked. In the present series the efficacy and acceptability were highest for the vaginal route of administration."}
{"id": "PMID:339284", "title": "Human platelet aggregation induced by prostaglandin endodisulfide.", "content": "The effect on human platelet functions of 9,11-dithio analogues of prostaglandin endoperoxide was investigated. Methyl (5Z, 9alpha, 11alpha, 13E, 15S)-9,11-epidithio-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate induced platelet aggregation, while the 9beta,11beta-epimer was inactive. The platelet aggregation caused by the 9alpha,11alpha-dithio analogue was associated with serotonin release from platelets, and was inhibited by methyl ester of prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) but not by indomethacin.", "contents": "Human platelet aggregation induced by prostaglandin endodisulfide. The effect on human platelet functions of 9,11-dithio analogues of prostaglandin endoperoxide was investigated. Methyl (5Z, 9alpha, 11alpha, 13E, 15S)-9,11-epidithio-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate induced platelet aggregation, while the 9beta,11beta-epimer was inactive. The platelet aggregation caused by the 9alpha,11alpha-dithio analogue was associated with serotonin release from platelets, and was inhibited by methyl ester of prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) but not by indomethacin."}
{"id": "PMID:339295", "title": "[Cytochemical data on histones of the heterochromatins and euchromatins of Triatoma infestans Klug (author's transl)].", "content": "In cells of the Malpighian tubes of Triatoma infestans Klug, the histone content reactive to the alkaline fast green method does not remarkably differ when nuclei with various heterochromatic patterns (T1 and T8) are compared to each other. The fast green-histone values for the euchromatins (and heterochromatins) of both nucleus types also appear not differing. However, the possibility that these histones are differently linked to DNA in euchromatin or heterochromatin variants is not to be ruled out. Cytochemical evidence is suggestive of a lysine-richness in the histones of the mentioned hetero- and euchromatins.", "contents": "[Cytochemical data on histones of the heterochromatins and euchromatins of Triatoma infestans Klug (author's transl)]. In cells of the Malpighian tubes of Triatoma infestans Klug, the histone content reactive to the alkaline fast green method does not remarkably differ when nuclei with various heterochromatic patterns (T1 and T8) are compared to each other. The fast green-histone values for the euchromatins (and heterochromatins) of both nucleus types also appear not differing. However, the possibility that these histones are differently linked to DNA in euchromatin or heterochromatin variants is not to be ruled out. Cytochemical evidence is suggestive of a lysine-richness in the histones of the mentioned hetero- and euchromatins."}
{"id": "PMID:339293", "title": "[Effect of beta and alpha-lapachone on the production of H202 and on the growth of Trypanosoma cruzi].", "content": "Addition of beta-lapachone to the epimastigote (culture) form of Trypanosoma cruzi, suspended in saline, buffered-isotonic medium (pH 7.2), determined the appearance of large amounts of H2O2 in the suspension medium, as measured spectrophotometrically by formation of the H2O2 horse radish peroxidase complex. Under similar conditions, alpha-lapachone did not induce H2O2 formmation.  Using NADH as electron donor, beta-lapachone (not alpha-lapachone) increased significantly the rate of H2O2 generation by epimastigote homogenates and the same occurred with NADPH, although in a reduced extent. Similar results were obtained with the isolated mitochondrial and microsomal fractions although with the latter NADPH was more effective than NADH as electron donor for beta-lapachone reduction and peroxide generation. The distribution of peroxide generation in epimastigote fractions would indicate that about 92% of the beta-lapachone dependent formation of peroxide occurred in the mitochondria, and 8% in the endoplasmic reticulum. The growth of epimastigotes was inhibited 95% by 1 microgram/ml beta-lapachone, a concentration that determined maximal rate of H2O2 production. Since H2O2 and other intermediates of oxygen reduction such as O2- (superoxide anion) and OH (hydroxyl radical) are lethal to cells and tissues, it is possible that the effect of beta-lapachone on T. cruzi proliferation in vitro was mediated by H2O2 and related free radicals.", "contents": "[Effect of beta and alpha-lapachone on the production of H202 and on the growth of Trypanosoma cruzi]. Addition of beta-lapachone to the epimastigote (culture) form of Trypanosoma cruzi, suspended in saline, buffered-isotonic medium (pH 7.2), determined the appearance of large amounts of H2O2 in the suspension medium, as measured spectrophotometrically by formation of the H2O2 horse radish peroxidase complex. Under similar conditions, alpha-lapachone did not induce H2O2 formmation.  Using NADH as electron donor, beta-lapachone (not alpha-lapachone) increased significantly the rate of H2O2 generation by epimastigote homogenates and the same occurred with NADPH, although in a reduced extent. Similar results were obtained with the isolated mitochondrial and microsomal fractions although with the latter NADPH was more effective than NADH as electron donor for beta-lapachone reduction and peroxide generation. The distribution of peroxide generation in epimastigote fractions would indicate that about 92% of the beta-lapachone dependent formation of peroxide occurred in the mitochondria, and 8% in the endoplasmic reticulum. The growth of epimastigotes was inhibited 95% by 1 microgram/ml beta-lapachone, a concentration that determined maximal rate of H2O2 production. Since H2O2 and other intermediates of oxygen reduction such as O2- (superoxide anion) and OH (hydroxyl radical) are lethal to cells and tissues, it is possible that the effect of beta-lapachone on T. cruzi proliferation in vitro was mediated by H2O2 and related free radicals."}
{"id": "PMID:339302", "title": "[Effect of hypothalamic extracts and synthetic LH-RH on proteic synthesis by rat hypothalamus in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "The incorporation of 14C-Leucine in pituitary proteins in rats, in vitro, has been studied. In absence of stimulation, the pituitaries of adult female rats have shown approximately twice the capacity of protein biosynthesis in vitro than the pituitaries of prepuberal female rats (21 days old). For the stimulation in vitro of the pituitaries, synthetic LH-RH or hypothalamic extracts from adult or prepuberal female rats were used. The pituitaries of adult female rats did not respond to any of the  stimulation tests employed. The pituitaries of prepuberal female rats increased their biosynthetic activity significantly, when synthetic LH-RH or adult female rat hypothalamic extract was added to the culture medium. The addition of prepuberal female rat hypothalamic extract did not alter the basic response. The female prepuberal rats injected during 5 consecutive days with FSH and LH, have shown a greater sensibility to LH-RH in vitro than the ones injected with estradiol and progesterone, or with synthetic LH-RH.", "contents": "[Effect of hypothalamic extracts and synthetic LH-RH on proteic synthesis by rat hypothalamus in vitro (author's transl)]. The incorporation of 14C-Leucine in pituitary proteins in rats, in vitro, has been studied. In absence of stimulation, the pituitaries of adult female rats have shown approximately twice the capacity of protein biosynthesis in vitro than the pituitaries of prepuberal female rats (21 days old). For the stimulation in vitro of the pituitaries, synthetic LH-RH or hypothalamic extracts from adult or prepuberal female rats were used. The pituitaries of adult female rats did not respond to any of the  stimulation tests employed. The pituitaries of prepuberal female rats increased their biosynthetic activity significantly, when synthetic LH-RH or adult female rat hypothalamic extract was added to the culture medium. The addition of prepuberal female rat hypothalamic extract did not alter the basic response. The female prepuberal rats injected during 5 consecutive days with FSH and LH, have shown a greater sensibility to LH-RH in vitro than the ones injected with estradiol and progesterone, or with synthetic LH-RH."}
{"id": "PMID:339307", "title": "Rat gastric secretion and mucosal blood flow during restraint stress--effect of a low dose metiamide.", "content": "In rats under either mild stress (= controls) or severe stress (= restraint) gastric secretion (acid; pepsin, volume), mucosal blood flow, serum gastrin and ulcer formation were evaluated without and with additional infusion of a low dose (0.25 mg/kg.h) metiamide over an 8 h experimental period. Calculated constants of dose-response characteristics for acid output in this species are: Km = 1.41 +/- 0.36 mg/kg.h; Vmax = 94.4 +/- 11.0 per cent. Restraint depresses markedly secretion and microcirculation, but stimulates ulcer formation and raises serum gastrin. In controls, metiamide inhibits secretion and ulcer index significantly, but leaves mucosal blood flow and gastrin unaltered. In contrast, with restraint and metiamide, ulcer index was not improved, whereas mucosal blood flow was restored to almost control levels. Therefore, H2-receptor blockers, in addition to inhibition of secretion, may interfere with microcirculation either directly or by secondary release of yet unknown mediator substance(s), depending on the prevailing tissue environment.", "contents": "Rat gastric secretion and mucosal blood flow during restraint stress--effect of a low dose metiamide. In rats under either mild stress (= controls) or severe stress (= restraint) gastric secretion (acid; pepsin, volume), mucosal blood flow, serum gastrin and ulcer formation were evaluated without and with additional infusion of a low dose (0.25 mg/kg.h) metiamide over an 8 h experimental period. Calculated constants of dose-response characteristics for acid output in this species are: Km = 1.41 +/- 0.36 mg/kg.h; Vmax = 94.4 +/- 11.0 per cent. Restraint depresses markedly secretion and microcirculation, but stimulates ulcer formation and raises serum gastrin. In controls, metiamide inhibits secretion and ulcer index significantly, but leaves mucosal blood flow and gastrin unaltered. In contrast, with restraint and metiamide, ulcer index was not improved, whereas mucosal blood flow was restored to almost control levels. Therefore, H2-receptor blockers, in addition to inhibition of secretion, may interfere with microcirculation either directly or by secondary release of yet unknown mediator substance(s), depending on the prevailing tissue environment."}
{"id": "PMID:339318", "title": "Methods for the calculation of weight loss by water evaporation from small biopsy specimens.", "content": "The rate of loss of weight by water evaporation was obtained for biopsies taken from lamprey muscle, and this was related to the original weight of each sample. Hence, two alternative methods are proposed for the correction of small biopsy weights to allow for this evaporation in air. It is suggested that these methods may permit good approximations for corrections in similar conditions to those used, and that the methods for evaluating empirical coefficients may be applied elsewhere to allow for other situations.", "contents": "Methods for the calculation of weight loss by water evaporation from small biopsy specimens. The rate of loss of weight by water evaporation was obtained for biopsies taken from lamprey muscle, and this was related to the original weight of each sample. Hence, two alternative methods are proposed for the correction of small biopsy weights to allow for this evaporation in air. It is suggested that these methods may permit good approximations for corrections in similar conditions to those used, and that the methods for evaluating empirical coefficients may be applied elsewhere to allow for other situations."}
{"id": "PMID:339319", "title": "Deposits of immunoglobulin G and complement C3 in recurrent aphthous ulcerations.", "content": "Deposits of immunoglobulin G (IgG) were demonstrated at the basement membrane zone in lesions from 14 out of 16 patients with recurrent aphthous ulcerations (RAU) by means of an immunofluorescent (IF) staining technique. Deposits of complement C3 were demonstrated at the same localization in lesions from 16 out of 16 patients with RAU. Similar deposits of C3 were demonstrated in 11 out of 12 experimentally produced oral wounds (EOW). Immunoglobulin deposits were not detected in the EOW. No deposits of immunoglobulin or C3 were revealed in 12 biopsies from normal oral mucosa (NOM). Further, the IF investigation demonstrated circulating autoantibodies against the cytoplasm of autologous oral epithelial cells in patients with RAU. The specificity of the present immunologic reactions and their possible role in the pathogenesis of RAU are discussed.", "contents": "Deposits of immunoglobulin G and complement C3 in recurrent aphthous ulcerations. Deposits of immunoglobulin G (IgG) were demonstrated at the basement membrane zone in lesions from 14 out of 16 patients with recurrent aphthous ulcerations (RAU) by means of an immunofluorescent (IF) staining technique. Deposits of complement C3 were demonstrated at the same localization in lesions from 16 out of 16 patients with RAU. Similar deposits of C3 were demonstrated in 11 out of 12 experimentally produced oral wounds (EOW). Immunoglobulin deposits were not detected in the EOW. No deposits of immunoglobulin or C3 were revealed in 12 biopsies from normal oral mucosa (NOM). Further, the IF investigation demonstrated circulating autoantibodies against the cytoplasm of autologous oral epithelial cells in patients with RAU. The specificity of the present immunologic reactions and their possible role in the pathogenesis of RAU are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:339320", "title": "Working time and strength in relation to consistency of composite resins.", "content": "Composite resin pastes can be made more fluid for injection purposes by adding small amounts of enamel bond resin before mixing. The aim of this work was to study the influence of the added resin on the working time and on the early and final strength of the composite. The pastes of two different brands diluted with their respective resins and the working time of the mix was determined by measuring the time during which it was possible to squeeze the material from a Centrix syringe. The results revealed that adding universal resin reduced the working time of both brands. The catalyst resin increased the working time of Adaptic but with Concise the amount of the catalyst paste had also to be increased to gain more working time. Adding catalyst resin did not affect the early strength or the strength after 24 h. Furthermore, it was observed that adding resin reduced the amount of porosities in the composite.", "contents": "Working time and strength in relation to consistency of composite resins. Composite resin pastes can be made more fluid for injection purposes by adding small amounts of enamel bond resin before mixing. The aim of this work was to study the influence of the added resin on the working time and on the early and final strength of the composite. The pastes of two different brands diluted with their respective resins and the working time of the mix was determined by measuring the time during which it was possible to squeeze the material from a Centrix syringe. The results revealed that adding universal resin reduced the working time of both brands. The catalyst resin increased the working time of Adaptic but with Concise the amount of the catalyst paste had also to be increased to gain more working time. Adding catalyst resin did not affect the early strength or the strength after 24 h. Furthermore, it was observed that adding resin reduced the amount of porosities in the composite."}
{"id": "PMID:339321", "title": "Immunochemical quanitation of pancreatic endopeptidases in the intestinal contents of germfree and conventional rats.", "content": "Two electrophoretically distinct trypsins and chymotrypsins and an elastolytic enzyme were isolated from rat pancreatic juice. Rabbit antisera against these enzymes were produced, and with an immunochemical technique the trypsins, chymotrypsins, and elastase were studied in the intestinal contents of conventional and germfree rats. In both types of rat the anionic trypsin and chymotrypsin were the most abundant and found in higher concentrations in the distal than in the proximal small intestine. The cecal and fecal concentrations of anionic trypsin were markedly higher in the germfree rat when compared to the conventional rat. Cymotrypsin was undetectable in the large intestine of either the conventional or germfree rat when this technique was used. Immunoreactive elastase was found in greater amounts in the distal small intestine, and high concentrations were demonstrated in the cecal contents and feces of the germfree rat. In contrast, no immunoreactive elastase was detected in the large intestine of the conventional rat. Gel filtration indicated that the immunoreactive anionic trypsin and elastase found in fecal extracts were of about the same molecular size as the native enzymes. The findings suggest that the intestinal microflora is instrumental in the inactivation and degradation of pancreatic trypsin and elastase but not chymotrypsin.", "contents": "Immunochemical quanitation of pancreatic endopeptidases in the intestinal contents of germfree and conventional rats. Two electrophoretically distinct trypsins and chymotrypsins and an elastolytic enzyme were isolated from rat pancreatic juice. Rabbit antisera against these enzymes were produced, and with an immunochemical technique the trypsins, chymotrypsins, and elastase were studied in the intestinal contents of conventional and germfree rats. In both types of rat the anionic trypsin and chymotrypsin were the most abundant and found in higher concentrations in the distal than in the proximal small intestine. The cecal and fecal concentrations of anionic trypsin were markedly higher in the germfree rat when compared to the conventional rat. Cymotrypsin was undetectable in the large intestine of either the conventional or germfree rat when this technique was used. Immunoreactive elastase was found in greater amounts in the distal small intestine, and high concentrations were demonstrated in the cecal contents and feces of the germfree rat. In contrast, no immunoreactive elastase was detected in the large intestine of the conventional rat. Gel filtration indicated that the immunoreactive anionic trypsin and elastase found in fecal extracts were of about the same molecular size as the native enzymes. The findings suggest that the intestinal microflora is instrumental in the inactivation and degradation of pancreatic trypsin and elastase but not chymotrypsin."}
{"id": "PMID:339322", "title": "The effect of somatostatin on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion and on plasma gastrin in man.", "content": "Three experiments were carried out in each of 6 healthy students on separate days, in a randomized order. Intravenous saline infusions were given for one hour basally in each experiment. During the second hour either pentagastrin, pentagastrin and somatostatin, or somatostatin alone were given. Gastric juice was collected continuously during all experiments. Somatostatin decreased the volume of gastric secretion and the concentrations of acid and pepsin, and output of acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor (IF). The plasma gastrin concentration was not changed by somatostatin. A rebound effect was seen on pepsin and IF outputs after cessation of somatostatin, and on blood sugar concentration. The present study suggests that somatostatin acts on gastric secretion either directly or by mechanisms other than by inhibition of gastrin. The rebound of pepsin and IF indicates a release-inhibiting action on these substances similar to the effect of somatostatin on the release of some hormones.", "contents": "The effect of somatostatin on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion and on plasma gastrin in man. Three experiments were carried out in each of 6 healthy students on separate days, in a randomized order. Intravenous saline infusions were given for one hour basally in each experiment. During the second hour either pentagastrin, pentagastrin and somatostatin, or somatostatin alone were given. Gastric juice was collected continuously during all experiments. Somatostatin decreased the volume of gastric secretion and the concentrations of acid and pepsin, and output of acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor (IF). The plasma gastrin concentration was not changed by somatostatin. A rebound effect was seen on pepsin and IF outputs after cessation of somatostatin, and on blood sugar concentration. The present study suggests that somatostatin acts on gastric secretion either directly or by mechanisms other than by inhibition of gastrin. The rebound of pepsin and IF indicates a release-inhibiting action on these substances similar to the effect of somatostatin on the release of some hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:339324", "title": "Plasma gastrin and gastric secretory response to duodenal perfusion with liver extract in healthy human subjects.", "content": "The stomachs of 8 healthy volunteers were intubated with a Levine tube under radiological control. In addition, a thin polyethylene tube was placed in the proximal duodenum. After a 1-hour period with no perfusion, the duodenum was perfused for two hours with 15% liver extract (LE) (pH 4.5--5.5; 1027 mosm/kg water) at a rate of 100 ml/hour either alone or in combination with intravenous infusion of different doses of exogenous pentagastrin. All subjects were also tested with the tubes in place for 3 hours, but with no perfusion or pentagastrin. Reflux to the stomach was monitored by addition of radioactive B12 to the perfusates. Plasma gastrin, gastric acid, and pepsin were measured in 15-minute periods. During perfusion of the proximal duodenum, where reflux of the perfusates was less than 4%, only a slight and inconstant change in plasma gastrin was seen. Gastric acid and pepsin outputs were increased to approx. 18% and 25% of the maximal pentagastrin stimulation respectively. Whereas 15% LE was shown to release gastrin by antral perfusion however, such release was not found by duodenal perfusion, except where reflux to the antrum was seen. The results suggest that intestinal stimulation of gastric secretion exists, but has not been found to be gastrin dependent in the present investigation.", "contents": "Plasma gastrin and gastric secretory response to duodenal perfusion with liver extract in healthy human subjects. The stomachs of 8 healthy volunteers were intubated with a Levine tube under radiological control. In addition, a thin polyethylene tube was placed in the proximal duodenum. After a 1-hour period with no perfusion, the duodenum was perfused for two hours with 15% liver extract (LE) (pH 4.5--5.5; 1027 mosm/kg water) at a rate of 100 ml/hour either alone or in combination with intravenous infusion of different doses of exogenous pentagastrin. All subjects were also tested with the tubes in place for 3 hours, but with no perfusion or pentagastrin. Reflux to the stomach was monitored by addition of radioactive B12 to the perfusates. Plasma gastrin, gastric acid, and pepsin were measured in 15-minute periods. During perfusion of the proximal duodenum, where reflux of the perfusates was less than 4%, only a slight and inconstant change in plasma gastrin was seen. Gastric acid and pepsin outputs were increased to approx. 18% and 25% of the maximal pentagastrin stimulation respectively. Whereas 15% LE was shown to release gastrin by antral perfusion however, such release was not found by duodenal perfusion, except where reflux to the antrum was seen. The results suggest that intestinal stimulation of gastric secretion exists, but has not been found to be gastrin dependent in the present investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:339325", "title": "Gastrin in the human fetus. Distribution and molecular forms of gastrin in the antro-pyloric gland area, duodenum and pancreas.", "content": "The ontogeny of human fetal gastrin has been investigated by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunochemistry. Gastrin and gastrin cells are shown to appear later in the antral than in the duodenal mucosa. At the ages studied (11--22 weeks of gestation) pancreatic gastrin could not be detected. Gastrin component III was found to predominate in the antrum, whereas component II was quantitatively very important in the duodenum. Circumstantial evidence suggests that fetal gastrin is delivered to the blood, and that it may exert trophic functions in the fetus.", "contents": "Gastrin in the human fetus. Distribution and molecular forms of gastrin in the antro-pyloric gland area, duodenum and pancreas. The ontogeny of human fetal gastrin has been investigated by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunochemistry. Gastrin and gastrin cells are shown to appear later in the antral than in the duodenal mucosa. At the ages studied (11--22 weeks of gestation) pancreatic gastrin could not be detected. Gastrin component III was found to predominate in the antrum, whereas component II was quantitatively very important in the duodenum. Circumstantial evidence suggests that fetal gastrin is delivered to the blood, and that it may exert trophic functions in the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:339326", "title": "Activation of human lymphocyte subpopulations by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "B- and T-cell-enriched preparations of lymphocytes from human blood (5 cases), adenoids (10 cases), and tonsils (4 cases) were examined for the in vitro stimulation response to Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP). B lymphocytes did not respond to MP by DNA synthesis except for the B cells from one adenoid. T lymphocytes and nonfractionated lymphocytes from blood, from three of the adenoids and two of the tonsils showed a stimulation response to MP. Nonfractionated adenoid lymphocytes from altogether 22 children were examined, and a stimulation response to MP was demonstrated in 8 cases. Lymphocyte cultures from 11 adenoids and 2 tonsils were examined for MP-induced non-antigen-specific antibody production by a hemolytic plaque assay. In all these cultures MP activated production of antibody-secreting cells to sheep erythrocytes. It is concluded that MP can induce non-antigen-specific angibody production in human B lymphocytes without stimulating DNA synthesis in these cells. The proliferative response of adenoid, tonsil, and blood lymphocytes to MP is interpreted as an antigen-specific T-cell response.", "contents": "Activation of human lymphocyte subpopulations by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. B- and T-cell-enriched preparations of lymphocytes from human blood (5 cases), adenoids (10 cases), and tonsils (4 cases) were examined for the in vitro stimulation response to Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP). B lymphocytes did not respond to MP by DNA synthesis except for the B cells from one adenoid. T lymphocytes and nonfractionated lymphocytes from blood, from three of the adenoids and two of the tonsils showed a stimulation response to MP. Nonfractionated adenoid lymphocytes from altogether 22 children were examined, and a stimulation response to MP was demonstrated in 8 cases. Lymphocyte cultures from 11 adenoids and 2 tonsils were examined for MP-induced non-antigen-specific antibody production by a hemolytic plaque assay. In all these cultures MP activated production of antibody-secreting cells to sheep erythrocytes. It is concluded that MP can induce non-antigen-specific angibody production in human B lymphocytes without stimulating DNA synthesis in these cells. The proliferative response of adenoid, tonsil, and blood lymphocytes to MP is interpreted as an antigen-specific T-cell response."}
{"id": "PMID:339317", "title": "Are atherosclerotic lesions reversible or not?", "content": "A review is presented on the recent data which try to answer whether or not atherosclerotic lesions are reversible. Several examples are given on the regression induced by return to cholesterol-free diets and by certain hypolipidemic agents. Emphasis is also placed on the intimate mechanisms leading to lipid depletion from atherosclerotic lesions.", "contents": "Are atherosclerotic lesions reversible or not? A review is presented on the recent data which try to answer whether or not atherosclerotic lesions are reversible. Several examples are given on the regression induced by return to cholesterol-free diets and by certain hypolipidemic agents. Emphasis is also placed on the intimate mechanisms leading to lipid depletion from atherosclerotic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:339327", "title": "Polyclonal antibody secretion in human lymphocytes induced by killed staphylococcal bacteria and by lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Preparations of Staphylococcus aureus strains Cowan 1 and Wood 46 and of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were found to act as polyclonal B-cell-activating substances for human splenic and blood lymphocytes. All three substances induced polyclonal antibody secretion in blood and spleen cell cultures, as tested against fluorescein isothiocyanate-coupled sheep erythrocytes by a modification of the local hemolysis-in-gel assay. Antibodies were of IgM class, as shown by inhibition of plaque formation by anti-IgM but not by anti-IgG or anti-IgA antisera. All these substances also consistently induced the formation of intracellular immunoglobulin and increased DNA synthesis in stimulated spleen cells. In blood lymphocytes Staph. aureus Cowan 1 induced a consistent increase in DNA synthesis, whereas Staph, aureus Wood and LPS often gave low or no increase in DNA synthesis. Peak antibody formation was observed on day 3 in spleen cells and on day 6 in blood lymphocyte cultures. Stimulation into high-rate immunoglobulin secretion occurred with all PBAs also in B-cell-enriched cell suspensions but not in T-cell-enriched cells. Optimal responses were, however, always noted in unseparated cell suspensions. It is concluded that preparations of killed bacteria can be useful tools for the clinical evaluation of both specific and nonspecific antibody-forming ability in cells from different groups of patients.", "contents": "Polyclonal antibody secretion in human lymphocytes induced by killed staphylococcal bacteria and by lipopolysaccharide. Preparations of Staphylococcus aureus strains Cowan 1 and Wood 46 and of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were found to act as polyclonal B-cell-activating substances for human splenic and blood lymphocytes. All three substances induced polyclonal antibody secretion in blood and spleen cell cultures, as tested against fluorescein isothiocyanate-coupled sheep erythrocytes by a modification of the local hemolysis-in-gel assay. Antibodies were of IgM class, as shown by inhibition of plaque formation by anti-IgM but not by anti-IgG or anti-IgA antisera. All these substances also consistently induced the formation of intracellular immunoglobulin and increased DNA synthesis in stimulated spleen cells. In blood lymphocytes Staph. aureus Cowan 1 induced a consistent increase in DNA synthesis, whereas Staph, aureus Wood and LPS often gave low or no increase in DNA synthesis. Peak antibody formation was observed on day 3 in spleen cells and on day 6 in blood lymphocyte cultures. Stimulation into high-rate immunoglobulin secretion occurred with all PBAs also in B-cell-enriched cell suspensions but not in T-cell-enriched cells. Optimal responses were, however, always noted in unseparated cell suspensions. It is concluded that preparations of killed bacteria can be useful tools for the clinical evaluation of both specific and nonspecific antibody-forming ability in cells from different groups of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:339329", "title": "Treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma with estramustine phosphate (Estracyt).", "content": "Estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) was used in the treatment of 154 patients with carcinoma of the prostate in stage IV. Sixty-three patients were given Estracyt from the outset (primary treatment group) and 91 had previously received some other endocrine therapy (secondary treatment group). All of the patients were observed for more than one year. The drug was given intravenously and/or orally. Objective remissions occurred in 46 (73.0%) of the 63 patients in the primary treatment group and subjective remissions in all the objective responders and in 12 additional patients (92.0%). The corresponding figures for the secondary treatment group were 28 (30.7%) and 52 (57.1%) of 91. The side-effects were negligible, and the drug was well tolerated. No cumulative toxic effect was observed in patients who had been receiving the treatment for more than five years. In our opinion the compound is valuable in the treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma (stage IV).", "contents": "Treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma with estramustine phosphate (Estracyt). Estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) was used in the treatment of 154 patients with carcinoma of the prostate in stage IV. Sixty-three patients were given Estracyt from the outset (primary treatment group) and 91 had previously received some other endocrine therapy (secondary treatment group). All of the patients were observed for more than one year. The drug was given intravenously and/or orally. Objective remissions occurred in 46 (73.0%) of the 63 patients in the primary treatment group and subjective remissions in all the objective responders and in 12 additional patients (92.0%). The corresponding figures for the secondary treatment group were 28 (30.7%) and 52 (57.1%) of 91. The side-effects were negligible, and the drug was well tolerated. No cumulative toxic effect was observed in patients who had been receiving the treatment for more than five years. In our opinion the compound is valuable in the treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma (stage IV)."}
{"id": "PMID:339330", "title": "Blood flow in renal carcinomas evaluated by a dye dilution technique and angiography.", "content": "In 31 patients with renal carcinoma referred for angiography, rapid sequence angiography was performed in 25. In 18 of the patients determination of renal blood flow and related parameters was made in conjunction with the angiography. Carcinomas with high and medium-high differentiation comprised Group I, while those with medium and poor differentiation constituted Group II. In both groups a positive correlation was demonstrated between the renal blood flow and the tumour area. In group I, positive correlation (t greater than 2) was demonstrated between the vascular volume and the tumour area, between the vascular resistance and the emptying time of the tumour arteries and the normal renal arteries. There was some degree of shunting of blood in all tumours. Comparison of the arterial emptying time of the tumour arteries with the parenchymal arteries does not allow of staging of renal carcinomas. The degree of shunting may be an indication of the degree of malignancy and poor differentiation.", "contents": "Blood flow in renal carcinomas evaluated by a dye dilution technique and angiography. In 31 patients with renal carcinoma referred for angiography, rapid sequence angiography was performed in 25. In 18 of the patients determination of renal blood flow and related parameters was made in conjunction with the angiography. Carcinomas with high and medium-high differentiation comprised Group I, while those with medium and poor differentiation constituted Group II. In both groups a positive correlation was demonstrated between the renal blood flow and the tumour area. In group I, positive correlation (t greater than 2) was demonstrated between the vascular volume and the tumour area, between the vascular resistance and the emptying time of the tumour arteries and the normal renal arteries. There was some degree of shunting of blood in all tumours. Comparison of the arterial emptying time of the tumour arteries with the parenchymal arteries does not allow of staging of renal carcinomas. The degree of shunting may be an indication of the degree of malignancy and poor differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:339331", "title": "An experimental study on the pathogenesis of sporadic bacteriuria in the rat.", "content": "An experimental model is used in which one ureter of a rat is ligated with the object of forming a hydronephrosis from which urine specimens can subsequently be collected. Ascending urinary infection from the bladder is excluded by the ligation. The investigations with this experimental model showed that growth of intestinal bacteria occasionally occurred in culture of urine obtained from the occluded renal pelvis. Ascending infection being excluded, these bacteria had in all probability entered the renal pelvis via the hydronephrotic kidney. The frequency of infection seemed to increase with age. Whedronephrotic kidney. The frequency of infection seemed to increase with age. When intravenous injection of E. coli was added to the standard experiment, substantial growth of these bacteria was found in the left upper urinary tract in 16 out of 17 animals thus treated.", "contents": "An experimental study on the pathogenesis of sporadic bacteriuria in the rat. An experimental model is used in which one ureter of a rat is ligated with the object of forming a hydronephrosis from which urine specimens can subsequently be collected. Ascending urinary infection from the bladder is excluded by the ligation. The investigations with this experimental model showed that growth of intestinal bacteria occasionally occurred in culture of urine obtained from the occluded renal pelvis. Ascending infection being excluded, these bacteria had in all probability entered the renal pelvis via the hydronephrotic kidney. The frequency of infection seemed to increase with age. Whedronephrotic kidney. The frequency of infection seemed to increase with age. When intravenous injection of E. coli was added to the standard experiment, substantial growth of these bacteria was found in the left upper urinary tract in 16 out of 17 animals thus treated."}
{"id": "PMID:339335", "title": "Biomedical and psychosocial aspects of shift work. A review.", "content": "A survey of the different types of shift-work systems in use, and the incidence of shift work in different industries and countries, is followed by a discussion of (a) the effects of shift work on health and (b) the physiological problems raised by the phase-shifting of the circadian cycle in night workers. Summaries of the existing knowledge of the effects of shift work on performance efficiency, accidents, and family and social life are then given, and a set of criteria for designing optimal shift systems is proposed. Next, the questions of selection for shift work and the provision of health services for shiftworkers are discussed. Finally, the need for further research on the problems of shift work is explained, and suggestions are offered on the lines such research should follow.", "contents": "Biomedical and psychosocial aspects of shift work. A review. A survey of the different types of shift-work systems in use, and the incidence of shift work in different industries and countries, is followed by a discussion of (a) the effects of shift work on health and (b) the physiological problems raised by the phase-shifting of the circadian cycle in night workers. Summaries of the existing knowledge of the effects of shift work on performance efficiency, accidents, and family and social life are then given, and a set of criteria for designing optimal shift systems is proposed. Next, the questions of selection for shift work and the provision of health services for shiftworkers are discussed. Finally, the need for further research on the problems of shift work is explained, and suggestions are offered on the lines such research should follow."}
{"id": "PMID:339336", "title": "Mutagenicity of fume particles from stainless steel welding.", "content": "Welding fume particles collected from different welding procedures were tested for mutagenicity in Escherichia coli, with the inhibition zone in pol A- as compared to pol A+, and in Salmonella typhimurium, TA 100 strain. While no mutagenicity was found with mild steel welding, a mutagenic effect was established with samples from stainless steel welding. This mutagenicity was particularly associated with manual metal arc (MMA) welding, and less so with metal inert-gas welding. A decrease in or an elimination of the effect occurred with a liver microsomal metabolizing system (S-9 mix). The MMA samples produced the strongest mutagenic effect. More-detailed investigations on these samples showed that the mutagenic agent(s) is water soluble. An increased mutagenicity, which also revealed the induction of frame shift mutations, was found with TA 98. The same welding fume sample was used for a mutagenicity test (resistance to 6-thioguanine) with V 79 hamster cells. Because of the high toxicity of these welding fume particles on the cells, only very low concentrations could be tested, but the increase of mutations, when compared to the negative control, was significant. It is suggested that hexavalent chromium may be involved in the mutagenic effect of the welding fumes.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of fume particles from stainless steel welding. Welding fume particles collected from different welding procedures were tested for mutagenicity in Escherichia coli, with the inhibition zone in pol A- as compared to pol A+, and in Salmonella typhimurium, TA 100 strain. While no mutagenicity was found with mild steel welding, a mutagenic effect was established with samples from stainless steel welding. This mutagenicity was particularly associated with manual metal arc (MMA) welding, and less so with metal inert-gas welding. A decrease in or an elimination of the effect occurred with a liver microsomal metabolizing system (S-9 mix). The MMA samples produced the strongest mutagenic effect. More-detailed investigations on these samples showed that the mutagenic agent(s) is water soluble. An increased mutagenicity, which also revealed the induction of frame shift mutations, was found with TA 98. The same welding fume sample was used for a mutagenicity test (resistance to 6-thioguanine) with V 79 hamster cells. Because of the high toxicity of these welding fume particles on the cells, only very low concentrations could be tested, but the increase of mutations, when compared to the negative control, was significant. It is suggested that hexavalent chromium may be involved in the mutagenic effect of the welding fumes."}
{"id": "PMID:339337", "title": "Acute and repetitive human exposure to isobutane.", "content": "Eight adult volunteers of both sexes were exposed to isobutane in a controlled-environment chamber for the purpose of monitoring their physiological responses to a series of gas concentrations ranging from 250 to 1,000 ppm. First, the response to exposure periods of 1 min, 2 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 8 h were studied. There being no untoward responses to these acute exposures, the eight volunteers were exposed repetitively to isobutane at concentrations of 500 ppm, 1, 2 or 8 h per day, five days per week for two weeks. Then exposures to two mixtures of isobutane and propane for 1, 2 or 8 h per day for two days were studied. During the investigation all subjects were kept under comprehensive medical surveillance. No untoward subjective responses or abnormal physiological responses occurred during or following these exposures. Special emphasis was placed on evaluating the cardiac and pulmonary response to these exposures through the use of continuous ECG telemetry and serial computerized spirometric measurements. The following serial laboratory studies were unaltered by the exposures: complete blood count, urinalysis, serum alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, LDH, serum bilirubin, blood sugar, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, BUN, spontaneous electroencephalogram, visual evoked response, a battery of cognitive tests, and an ACTH stimulation test.", "contents": "Acute and repetitive human exposure to isobutane. Eight adult volunteers of both sexes were exposed to isobutane in a controlled-environment chamber for the purpose of monitoring their physiological responses to a series of gas concentrations ranging from 250 to 1,000 ppm. First, the response to exposure periods of 1 min, 2 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 8 h were studied. There being no untoward responses to these acute exposures, the eight volunteers were exposed repetitively to isobutane at concentrations of 500 ppm, 1, 2 or 8 h per day, five days per week for two weeks. Then exposures to two mixtures of isobutane and propane for 1, 2 or 8 h per day for two days were studied. During the investigation all subjects were kept under comprehensive medical surveillance. No untoward subjective responses or abnormal physiological responses occurred during or following these exposures. Special emphasis was placed on evaluating the cardiac and pulmonary response to these exposures through the use of continuous ECG telemetry and serial computerized spirometric measurements. The following serial laboratory studies were unaltered by the exposures: complete blood count, urinalysis, serum alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, LDH, serum bilirubin, blood sugar, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, BUN, spontaneous electroencephalogram, visual evoked response, a battery of cognitive tests, and an ACTH stimulation test."}
{"id": "PMID:339338", "title": "[10 years survival of kidney grafts].", "content": "Prior to the end of June 1967, a total of 22 kidney allotransplantations had been performed at the Kantonsspital Zurich, Switzerland, with the exclusive use of cadaver kidneys. Ten years later, 10 patients are still alive, 8 of them with functioning primary transplant. In none of these patients is the serum creatinine higher than 1.6 mg%. 6 of the 8 patients are at work full-time and 2 half-time.", "contents": "[10 years survival of kidney grafts]. Prior to the end of June 1967, a total of 22 kidney allotransplantations had been performed at the Kantonsspital Zurich, Switzerland, with the exclusive use of cadaver kidneys. Ten years later, 10 patients are still alive, 8 of them with functioning primary transplant. In none of these patients is the serum creatinine higher than 1.6 mg%. 6 of the 8 patients are at work full-time and 2 half-time."}
{"id": "PMID:339342", "title": "[Concepts and findings in dentistry in medical dissertations from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries].", "content": "This historical paper deals with medical dissertations from the second half of the 18th century which deal with stomatology. 30 of the 100 consulted dissertations were translated from latin with great differences in scientific content and style, because they dated from the 16th to the 18th century. The views of normal anatomy and physiology of that time are described. Strange views were held on the embryological development. Apart from toothache, dentitio difficilis in children, aphtous stomatitis, cleft palates and the respective therapies were described. The scientific content of those dissertations was way backward when compared to contemporary text book literature.", "contents": "[Concepts and findings in dentistry in medical dissertations from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries]. This historical paper deals with medical dissertations from the second half of the 18th century which deal with stomatology. 30 of the 100 consulted dissertations were translated from latin with great differences in scientific content and style, because they dated from the 16th to the 18th century. The views of normal anatomy and physiology of that time are described. Strange views were held on the embryological development. Apart from toothache, dentitio difficilis in children, aphtous stomatitis, cleft palates and the respective therapies were described. The scientific content of those dissertations was way backward when compared to contemporary text book literature."}
{"id": "PMID:339343", "title": "[Caries prevention by the use of a Na2FPO3 containing toothpaste, after 7 years].", "content": "After 7 years of use of a Na2FPO3 paste, the reduction of DMF surfaces was reduced by 36-38%, relating to the control group. The caries inhibiting effect is statistically ensured. Separate consideration of the first molar shows a caries reduction of 40-42%.", "contents": "[Caries prevention by the use of a Na2FPO3 containing toothpaste, after 7 years]. After 7 years of use of a Na2FPO3 paste, the reduction of DMF surfaces was reduced by 36-38%, relating to the control group. The caries inhibiting effect is statistically ensured. Separate consideration of the first molar shows a caries reduction of 40-42%."}
{"id": "PMID:339344", "title": "[Incisions in oral surgery].", "content": "Oral mucosa incision can allow several interventions: cellulitis or periodontal abscess opening, gingival tissue excision or repositioning or at least exposure of alveolar bone for tooth extraction or infrabony pockets' treatment. The different incisions are described with special considerations: --on the anatomic environment of the oral cavity (palatal arteries, mandibular nerve...)--on the healing patterns of the different periodontal tissues (rapid cellular turnover of the epithelial attachment for instance)--at last on the suturing for each intervention. The instrumentation needed for the different incisions is described and clinical cases are presented before, during and after oral surgery. The use of an electrical knife is noted with the contraindications of this operative procedure.", "contents": "[Incisions in oral surgery]. Oral mucosa incision can allow several interventions: cellulitis or periodontal abscess opening, gingival tissue excision or repositioning or at least exposure of alveolar bone for tooth extraction or infrabony pockets' treatment. The different incisions are described with special considerations: --on the anatomic environment of the oral cavity (palatal arteries, mandibular nerve...)--on the healing patterns of the different periodontal tissues (rapid cellular turnover of the epithelial attachment for instance)--at last on the suturing for each intervention. The instrumentation needed for the different incisions is described and clinical cases are presented before, during and after oral surgery. The use of an electrical knife is noted with the contraindications of this operative procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:339349", "title": "Brain endolases as specific markers of neuronal and glial cells.", "content": "There are three distinct enolase isoenzymes in brain; neuron-specific enolase (NSE), formerly referred to as neuron-specific protein, which is specifically localized in neurons, a nonneuronal enolase (NNE), and a third hybrid form. Light microscopy with immunocytochemical techniques has permitted localization of non-neuronal enolase. The NNE is located in glial cells with no staining of endothelial cells or neurons. Thus, NSE and NNE can be used as specific metabolic markers for neurons and glial cells, respectively.", "contents": "Brain endolases as specific markers of neuronal and glial cells. There are three distinct enolase isoenzymes in brain; neuron-specific enolase (NSE), formerly referred to as neuron-specific protein, which is specifically localized in neurons, a nonneuronal enolase (NNE), and a third hybrid form. Light microscopy with immunocytochemical techniques has permitted localization of non-neuronal enolase. The NNE is located in glial cells with no staining of endothelial cells or neurons. Thus, NSE and NNE can be used as specific metabolic markers for neurons and glial cells, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:339350", "title": "A nonpeptide morphine-like compound: immunocytochemical localization in the mouse brain.", "content": "A nonpeptide morphine-like compound (MLC) which cross reacts with morphine-specific antibodies has been localized with the use of immunocytochemistry. This morphine-like compound is found in neuronal perikarya or processes (or both) in nuclei related to vestibular, cerebellar, and raphe systems.", "contents": "A nonpeptide morphine-like compound: immunocytochemical localization in the mouse brain. A nonpeptide morphine-like compound (MLC) which cross reacts with morphine-specific antibodies has been localized with the use of immunocytochemistry. This morphine-like compound is found in neuronal perikarya or processes (or both) in nuclei related to vestibular, cerebellar, and raphe systems."}
{"id": "PMID:339347", "title": "Preliminary study on the age of Yuanmou man by palaeomagnetic technique.", "content": "Since the discovery of the fossil teeth of Yuanmou man (Homo erectus yuanmouensis) on May 1, 1965 from Yuanmou county, Yunnan Province, the Institute of Geomechanics, relying on the local poor and lower-middle peasants and co-operating with other units concerned, has been conducting intensive researches on the fossil man-bearing strata as well as Quaternary glaciation. Palaeomagnetic technique lately used in the study has for the first time shown that the Yuanmou man appeared around 1.7 million years ago, earlier than both Peking man and Lantien man. Hence the age formerly assigned to the earliest fossil man in China has to be increased by more than a million years. Furthermore, as the age of Yuanmou formation is fixed at 1.5--3.1 million years, the length of Quaternary has to be extended by more than two million years. Of special interest is that under the Yuanmou formation there occur glacial traces which prove beyond doubt the existence of glaciation over 3 million years ago. This is a new discovery in the Quaternary history of China, and provides a new approach to the future study of this period.", "contents": "Preliminary study on the age of Yuanmou man by palaeomagnetic technique. Since the discovery of the fossil teeth of Yuanmou man (Homo erectus yuanmouensis) on May 1, 1965 from Yuanmou county, Yunnan Province, the Institute of Geomechanics, relying on the local poor and lower-middle peasants and co-operating with other units concerned, has been conducting intensive researches on the fossil man-bearing strata as well as Quaternary glaciation. Palaeomagnetic technique lately used in the study has for the first time shown that the Yuanmou man appeared around 1.7 million years ago, earlier than both Peking man and Lantien man. Hence the age formerly assigned to the earliest fossil man in China has to be increased by more than a million years. Furthermore, as the age of Yuanmou formation is fixed at 1.5--3.1 million years, the length of Quaternary has to be extended by more than two million years. Of special interest is that under the Yuanmou formation there occur glacial traces which prove beyond doubt the existence of glaciation over 3 million years ago. This is a new discovery in the Quaternary history of China, and provides a new approach to the future study of this period."}
{"id": "PMID:339348", "title": "Palaeocene vertebrate horizons and mammalian faunas of South China.", "content": "In the past ten years or so a large amount of Palaeocene mammals (more than one hundred species belonging to 11 orders, 17 families and 52 genera) were known from five \"redbed\" basins of South China. These new finds are very important to a correct understanding of the evolution and distribution of mammals at the beginning of Tertiary in Asia. This paper includes three parts: (1) mammal-bearing Palaeocene of South China, (2) ages and correlation of the Palaecocene faunas of South China, (3) characteristics of the Palaeocene faunas of South China. The known Palaeocene mammals of South China can be grouped into two assemblages: the Lower Assemblage of the Early-Middle Palaeocene age, and the Upper Assemblage of the Late Palaeocene age. The endemic Asian genus, Bemalambda, is a form characteristic of the Lower Assemblage, and another endemic Asian form, Archaeolambda, is diagnostic of the upper. Some inferences on the origin, distribution and dispersal routes of certain Palaeocene mammalian groups are also discussed briefly in the third part.", "contents": "Palaeocene vertebrate horizons and mammalian faunas of South China. In the past ten years or so a large amount of Palaeocene mammals (more than one hundred species belonging to 11 orders, 17 families and 52 genera) were known from five \"redbed\" basins of South China. These new finds are very important to a correct understanding of the evolution and distribution of mammals at the beginning of Tertiary in Asia. This paper includes three parts: (1) mammal-bearing Palaeocene of South China, (2) ages and correlation of the Palaecocene faunas of South China, (3) characteristics of the Palaeocene faunas of South China. The known Palaeocene mammals of South China can be grouped into two assemblages: the Lower Assemblage of the Early-Middle Palaeocene age, and the Upper Assemblage of the Late Palaeocene age. The endemic Asian genus, Bemalambda, is a form characteristic of the Lower Assemblage, and another endemic Asian form, Archaeolambda, is diagnostic of the upper. Some inferences on the origin, distribution and dispersal routes of certain Palaeocene mammalian groups are also discussed briefly in the third part."}
{"id": "PMID:339358", "title": "Immunofluorescent staining technics in the diagnosis of alopecia.", "content": "A retrospective clinicopathologic and immunopathologic review of 50 cases of scalp alopecia was done to assess the diagnostic value of the immunofluorescent staining technic. Discoid lupus erythematosus and lichen planus almost always produce different patterns of immunoglobulin and complement deposition. However, in occasional cases of discoid lupus erythematosus the characteristic LE immunofluorescent band may be absent and the direct immunofluorescent findings may be indistinguishable from those seen in lichen planus. Negative results were found in all other conditions except four cases of benign mucous membrane or cicatricial pemphigoid presenting with scalp lesions. Three of these cases were clinically unsuspected.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent staining technics in the diagnosis of alopecia. A retrospective clinicopathologic and immunopathologic review of 50 cases of scalp alopecia was done to assess the diagnostic value of the immunofluorescent staining technic. Discoid lupus erythematosus and lichen planus almost always produce different patterns of immunoglobulin and complement deposition. However, in occasional cases of discoid lupus erythematosus the characteristic LE immunofluorescent band may be absent and the direct immunofluorescent findings may be indistinguishable from those seen in lichen planus. Negative results were found in all other conditions except four cases of benign mucous membrane or cicatricial pemphigoid presenting with scalp lesions. Three of these cases were clinically unsuspected."}
{"id": "PMID:339359", "title": "Canine kidney preservation: comparison of \"intracellular\", \"extracellular,\" and high molecular weight dextran flushing solutions.", "content": "The effects of modified Collins-2 solution, adjusted lactated Ringer's solution, and a solution containing dextran 70 on kidney preservation and red blood cell (RBC) washout in dogs were evaluated. Excised kidneys were stored on ice for 24 hours and then reimplanted, at which time the contralateral kidney was removed. RBC washout from the preserved kidneys was measured at the time of initial cold flush. For 20 days after transplantation, serial measurements were made of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine clearance, serum and urine osmolality, blood pH, and dog weight. No one solution cleared RBCs from the kidneys better than the other solutions. Renal function was significantly better in transplanted kidneys flushed and preserved with the Collins-2 solution than that in kidneys flushed and preserved with the other two solutions. There was generally no significant difference in function between kidneys preserved with dextran and those preserved with lactated Ringer's solution. Our findings suggest that the electrolyte composition of the flush solution may be more important than maintaining a high osmolality in the flush solution in the preservation of renal function during 24 hours' cold storage.", "contents": "Canine kidney preservation: comparison of \"intracellular\", \"extracellular,\" and high molecular weight dextran flushing solutions. The effects of modified Collins-2 solution, adjusted lactated Ringer's solution, and a solution containing dextran 70 on kidney preservation and red blood cell (RBC) washout in dogs were evaluated. Excised kidneys were stored on ice for 24 hours and then reimplanted, at which time the contralateral kidney was removed. RBC washout from the preserved kidneys was measured at the time of initial cold flush. For 20 days after transplantation, serial measurements were made of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine clearance, serum and urine osmolality, blood pH, and dog weight. No one solution cleared RBCs from the kidneys better than the other solutions. Renal function was significantly better in transplanted kidneys flushed and preserved with the Collins-2 solution than that in kidneys flushed and preserved with the other two solutions. There was generally no significant difference in function between kidneys preserved with dextran and those preserved with lactated Ringer's solution. Our findings suggest that the electrolyte composition of the flush solution may be more important than maintaining a high osmolality in the flush solution in the preservation of renal function during 24 hours' cold storage."}
{"id": "PMID:339360", "title": "Home dialysis program of the Nashville VA Hospital.", "content": "Since 1965, 330 patients have received chronic dialysis treatment at the Nashville VA Hospital. Home hemodialysis training was established in 1968, and a unique class format has been used since 1970. Despite the national trend of fewer patients beginning home dialysis each year, more than 50 percent of our patients have chosen this form of therapy yearly since 1969. A total of 182 patients (55 percent) from 15 states have completed home training with an attrition rate of only 8 percent. Mean distance of patients' homes from the training center is 185 miles. Five-year survival for home hemodialysis patients is 91 percent, compared to 59 percent and 55 percent for patients receiving renal transplant and center dialysis, respectively. Seventeen deaths have occurred in home dialysis patients, half of which were due to cardiovascular disease. Home dialysis offers an excellent mode of therapy for patients with chronic renal failure and probably is particularly suitable for patients over 50 years of age.", "contents": "Home dialysis program of the Nashville VA Hospital. Since 1965, 330 patients have received chronic dialysis treatment at the Nashville VA Hospital. Home hemodialysis training was established in 1968, and a unique class format has been used since 1970. Despite the national trend of fewer patients beginning home dialysis each year, more than 50 percent of our patients have chosen this form of therapy yearly since 1969. A total of 182 patients (55 percent) from 15 states have completed home training with an attrition rate of only 8 percent. Mean distance of patients' homes from the training center is 185 miles. Five-year survival for home hemodialysis patients is 91 percent, compared to 59 percent and 55 percent for patients receiving renal transplant and center dialysis, respectively. Seventeen deaths have occurred in home dialysis patients, half of which were due to cardiovascular disease. Home dialysis offers an excellent mode of therapy for patients with chronic renal failure and probably is particularly suitable for patients over 50 years of age."}
{"id": "PMID:339361", "title": "Chromium depletion in the pathogenesis of diabetes and atherosclerosis.", "content": "Dietary Cr deficiency may cause the aging-related Cr depletion observed in humans. Such depletion, when it occurs with excessive consumption of sugar and other carbohydrates, may result in glucose intolerance, glycosuria, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. These metabolic disorders could explain why athero-sclerotic diseases are endemic to most Western industrial societies. This review detailed significant current research and findings on the manifestations of Cr deficiency in humans and animal models.", "contents": "Chromium depletion in the pathogenesis of diabetes and atherosclerosis. Dietary Cr deficiency may cause the aging-related Cr depletion observed in humans. Such depletion, when it occurs with excessive consumption of sugar and other carbohydrates, may result in glucose intolerance, glycosuria, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. These metabolic disorders could explain why athero-sclerotic diseases are endemic to most Western industrial societies. This review detailed significant current research and findings on the manifestations of Cr deficiency in humans and animal models."}
{"id": "PMID:339373", "title": "Prazosin in the therapy of uncontrolled hypertension.", "content": "Prazosin (Minipress; Pfizer), a new antihypertensive agent, was investigated in 24 outpatients with uncontrolled hypertension. In 12 patients a single-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted and in 12 patients an open trial with treatment for a minimum of 16 weeks. Three patients developed postural hypotension and were withdrawn from the trial. Fifteen patients responded to treatment with prazosin and normotensive levels were reached in 9. Ten patients had renal impairment at the start of the study; renal function remained static in 9 and serum urea and creatinine values increased in 1. Prazosin maintains renal function well in severely hypertensive patients and has a relatively low incidence of side-effects, related mainly to postural hypotension which develops unpredictably in some patients. In addition to its extensively documented beneficial effect in mild and moderate forms of hypertension, prazosin is of use in the therapy of patients with severe and uncontrolled hypertension.", "contents": "Prazosin in the therapy of uncontrolled hypertension. Prazosin (Minipress; Pfizer), a new antihypertensive agent, was investigated in 24 outpatients with uncontrolled hypertension. In 12 patients a single-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted and in 12 patients an open trial with treatment for a minimum of 16 weeks. Three patients developed postural hypotension and were withdrawn from the trial. Fifteen patients responded to treatment with prazosin and normotensive levels were reached in 9. Ten patients had renal impairment at the start of the study; renal function remained static in 9 and serum urea and creatinine values increased in 1. Prazosin maintains renal function well in severely hypertensive patients and has a relatively low incidence of side-effects, related mainly to postural hypotension which develops unpredictably in some patients. In addition to its extensively documented beneficial effect in mild and moderate forms of hypertension, prazosin is of use in the therapy of patients with severe and uncontrolled hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:339374", "title": "Aspergillus pneumonia--a cluster of four cases in an intensive care unit.", "content": "Four cases of Aspergillus pneumonia occurred in an intensive care unit within a short period. Clusters of cases of invasive aspergillosis are rare and have usually been attributed to excessive contamination of the environment. Extensive environmental studies were, however, negative. Three of the cases were diagnosed ante mortem. One patient survived after early initiation of treatment with amphotericin B.", "contents": "Aspergillus pneumonia--a cluster of four cases in an intensive care unit. Four cases of Aspergillus pneumonia occurred in an intensive care unit within a short period. Clusters of cases of invasive aspergillosis are rare and have usually been attributed to excessive contamination of the environment. Extensive environmental studies were, however, negative. Three of the cases were diagnosed ante mortem. One patient survived after early initiation of treatment with amphotericin B."}
{"id": "PMID:339380", "title": "Breast surgery.", "content": "Initial diagnostic errors are related to the presumption that symptoms or findings are due to benign causes. Physical examination augmented by mammographic study will disclose those benign-appearing lesions which may harbor a carcinoma. All palpable lesions and mammographically suspicious areas require that their identity be determined. The final resolution depends upon biopsy. Missing the tumor also causes diagnostic error. An accurate biopsy or \"sample\" must be obtained for study. Negative results of sampling techniques should be followed by formal biopsy. Failure to eliminate the primary disease by leaving tumor or breast tissue behind increases the incidence of recurrence. Total mastectomy reduces this risk. It is our view that removal of the axillary nodes also aids in obtaining cure, as well as providing prognostic information. Well intentioned attempts to obtain a better cosmetic appearance or to reconstruct the breast are secondary to the patient's chief need which is to achieve cure. Complications of the surgical procedures are due to improper flap dissection, desiccation and trauma to tissues, incomplete hemostasis, and inadequate drainage. Attention to operative details and adherence to well established surgical principles will minimize complications.", "contents": "Breast surgery. Initial diagnostic errors are related to the presumption that symptoms or findings are due to benign causes. Physical examination augmented by mammographic study will disclose those benign-appearing lesions which may harbor a carcinoma. All palpable lesions and mammographically suspicious areas require that their identity be determined. The final resolution depends upon biopsy. Missing the tumor also causes diagnostic error. An accurate biopsy or \"sample\" must be obtained for study. Negative results of sampling techniques should be followed by formal biopsy. Failure to eliminate the primary disease by leaving tumor or breast tissue behind increases the incidence of recurrence. Total mastectomy reduces this risk. It is our view that removal of the axillary nodes also aids in obtaining cure, as well as providing prognostic information. Well intentioned attempts to obtain a better cosmetic appearance or to reconstruct the breast are secondary to the patient's chief need which is to achieve cure. Complications of the surgical procedures are due to improper flap dissection, desiccation and trauma to tissues, incomplete hemostasis, and inadequate drainage. Attention to operative details and adherence to well established surgical principles will minimize complications."}
{"id": "PMID:339376", "title": "Reinfection primary and secondary syphilis: the post treatment serologic response.", "content": "It has long been observed that patients with reinfection primary and secondary syphilis have a slower serologic response to treatment than those with an initial infection. The case records of three patients with reinfection primary and seven patients with reinfection secondary syphilis were examined and confirmed the clinical observation.", "contents": "Reinfection primary and secondary syphilis: the post treatment serologic response. It has long been observed that patients with reinfection primary and secondary syphilis have a slower serologic response to treatment than those with an initial infection. The case records of three patients with reinfection primary and seven patients with reinfection secondary syphilis were examined and confirmed the clinical observation."}
{"id": "PMID:339384", "title": "Hepatic complications.", "content": "Hepatic dysfunction is one of the most common complications following major surgical intervention, and it presents a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations as discussed. Recent progress in hepatology has provided better knowledge in etiology and pathophysiology of hepatic dysfunction and its sequelae. In addition, modern medical technology has made the diagnosis of liver disease easier and more precise. Underlying liver disease should be disclosed precisely prior to surgery and surgical complication minimized for patients with hepatic impairment. If hepatic complications occur following surgical intervention, the most logical etiology and pathophysiologic explanation should be found, utilizing all the clinical and laboratory data and diagnostic procedures in order to institute proper treatment. Specific complications in hepatic surgery are also discussed. A good understanding of pathophysiologic alterations following hepatic surgery is mandatory together with detailed anatomic knowledge and surgical skill in order to prevent and to treat serious complications.", "contents": "Hepatic complications. Hepatic dysfunction is one of the most common complications following major surgical intervention, and it presents a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations as discussed. Recent progress in hepatology has provided better knowledge in etiology and pathophysiology of hepatic dysfunction and its sequelae. In addition, modern medical technology has made the diagnosis of liver disease easier and more precise. Underlying liver disease should be disclosed precisely prior to surgery and surgical complication minimized for patients with hepatic impairment. If hepatic complications occur following surgical intervention, the most logical etiology and pathophysiologic explanation should be found, utilizing all the clinical and laboratory data and diagnostic procedures in order to institute proper treatment. Specific complications in hepatic surgery are also discussed. A good understanding of pathophysiologic alterations following hepatic surgery is mandatory together with detailed anatomic knowledge and surgical skill in order to prevent and to treat serious complications."}
{"id": "PMID:339388", "title": "A systematic approach to severe hand ischemia.", "content": "Because severely symptomatic hand ischemia is not common and because there are a wide variety of clinical conditions which can cause arterial insufficiency of the upper extremity, a retrospective study has been done to determine the efficacy of various diagnostic manipulations used in managing 65 patients with severe hand ischemia at the Northwestern University McGaw Medical Center, Traumatic, thermal, and iatrogenic causes of hand ischemia were diagnosed by simple history taking, as was advanced uremic arteritis. Doppler ultrasound and digital arterial pressure recording were confirmative, rather than diagnostic. These aided in defining precise degrees of ischemia and identifying proximal arterial occlusions. Invasive total extremity angiography clarified atherosclerotic, atheroembolic, and other chronic occlusive lesions while serum electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis defined the polyclonal and monoclonal gammopathies. When digital necrosis was present, organic arterial occlusions usually were found. These responded best to direct arterial reconstruction down to the mid-palm level. Transpleural, transthoracic sympathectomy was useful as an adjuvant or as definitive treatment for distal digital arterial occlusions. Selective vasodilator therapy was used as dictated by the cause of ischemia and its eventual outcome.", "contents": "A systematic approach to severe hand ischemia. Because severely symptomatic hand ischemia is not common and because there are a wide variety of clinical conditions which can cause arterial insufficiency of the upper extremity, a retrospective study has been done to determine the efficacy of various diagnostic manipulations used in managing 65 patients with severe hand ischemia at the Northwestern University McGaw Medical Center, Traumatic, thermal, and iatrogenic causes of hand ischemia were diagnosed by simple history taking, as was advanced uremic arteritis. Doppler ultrasound and digital arterial pressure recording were confirmative, rather than diagnostic. These aided in defining precise degrees of ischemia and identifying proximal arterial occlusions. Invasive total extremity angiography clarified atherosclerotic, atheroembolic, and other chronic occlusive lesions while serum electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis defined the polyclonal and monoclonal gammopathies. When digital necrosis was present, organic arterial occlusions usually were found. These responded best to direct arterial reconstruction down to the mid-palm level. Transpleural, transthoracic sympathectomy was useful as an adjuvant or as definitive treatment for distal digital arterial occlusions. Selective vasodilator therapy was used as dictated by the cause of ischemia and its eventual outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:339389", "title": "Familial cancer: implications for surgical management of high-risk patients.", "content": "Knowledge of familial/genetic information about cancer risk involving at least 100 disorders could be utilized profitably by surgeons in their daily practice. Familial cancer of the breast, ovary, and colon, malignant melanoma, and testicular feminization syndrome, and masculinizing Turner's syndrome are discussed. Biological markers, an area of emerging research interest, have been considered for their cancer control potential. Prophylactic surgical implications for certain familial cancer have been given.", "contents": "Familial cancer: implications for surgical management of high-risk patients. Knowledge of familial/genetic information about cancer risk involving at least 100 disorders could be utilized profitably by surgeons in their daily practice. Familial cancer of the breast, ovary, and colon, malignant melanoma, and testicular feminization syndrome, and masculinizing Turner's syndrome are discussed. Biological markers, an area of emerging research interest, have been considered for their cancer control potential. Prophylactic surgical implications for certain familial cancer have been given."}
{"id": "PMID:339387", "title": "The Institute of Ophthalmology of the University of London.", "content": "With the technological revolution in medicine that occurred between the two World Wars came awarness of a need for an ophthalmic institution that would combine clinical and basic scientific research, professional training, and patient services. The history of the Institute of Ophthalmology of the University of London is reviewed by Sir Stewart Duke-Elder, who was instrumental in the foundation and development of the Institute and who currently serves as its President.", "contents": "The Institute of Ophthalmology of the University of London. With the technological revolution in medicine that occurred between the two World Wars came awarness of a need for an ophthalmic institution that would combine clinical and basic scientific research, professional training, and patient services. The history of the Institute of Ophthalmology of the University of London is reviewed by Sir Stewart Duke-Elder, who was instrumental in the foundation and development of the Institute and who currently serves as its President."}
{"id": "PMID:339407", "title": "The acute mammalian toxicology of dibenz(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine.", "content": "Dibenz(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine (CR), a potent peripheral sensory irritant material, has been shown to have a very low acute lethal and sub-lethal toxicity by intravenous, intraperitoneal, oral, percutaneous and inhalation routes to several species of laboratory mammal. There was no organ-specific pathology. Comparison of the acute toxicity of CR with that of two other peripheral sensory irritants, 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzyl-lidene malononitrile (CS), shows CR to be significantly less toxic than either of them. Pyrotechnically generated CR smoke was more toxic than pure (thermally generated) aerosols of CR; this was due to the presence of pyrotechnic decomposition products in the atmosphere from the burning of the smoke generating composition. However, the median lethal toxicity of pyrotechnically generated CR smoke was very significantly less than that of either pyrotechnically generated CN or CS smokes. Short-term cumulative toxicity did not occur following multiple oral dosing with CR. The acute toxicology of three ether intermediates encountered in the synthesis of CR from 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene and sodium phenoxide (2-nitrodiphenyl ether, 2-aminodiphenyl ether and 2-formamidodiphenyl ether) was investigated; all three ethers were found to be less acutely toxic than CR itself.", "contents": "The acute mammalian toxicology of dibenz(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine. Dibenz(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine (CR), a potent peripheral sensory irritant material, has been shown to have a very low acute lethal and sub-lethal toxicity by intravenous, intraperitoneal, oral, percutaneous and inhalation routes to several species of laboratory mammal. There was no organ-specific pathology. Comparison of the acute toxicity of CR with that of two other peripheral sensory irritants, 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzyl-lidene malononitrile (CS), shows CR to be significantly less toxic than either of them. Pyrotechnically generated CR smoke was more toxic than pure (thermally generated) aerosols of CR; this was due to the presence of pyrotechnic decomposition products in the atmosphere from the burning of the smoke generating composition. However, the median lethal toxicity of pyrotechnically generated CR smoke was very significantly less than that of either pyrotechnically generated CN or CS smokes. Short-term cumulative toxicity did not occur following multiple oral dosing with CR. The acute toxicology of three ether intermediates encountered in the synthesis of CR from 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene and sodium phenoxide (2-nitrodiphenyl ether, 2-aminodiphenyl ether and 2-formamidodiphenyl ether) was investigated; all three ethers were found to be less acutely toxic than CR itself."}
{"id": "PMID:339409", "title": "Incidence of astigmatism after cataract surgery. Comparison of continuous and interrupted sutures.", "content": "In spite of the increased use of intraocular implants and contact lenses, the majority of cataract cases require spectacles after operation. Too great an amount of astigmatism will cause distortion and spoil an otherwise perfect operation. It is clear that the amount of astigmatism depends upon how the section is made and how it is sutured. In a series of cases employing different kinds of section and different methods of suturing, the postoperative astigmatism for each combination was recorded. A comparison was made between direct sutures and continuous suturing with 10.0 monofilament. Some suggestions are made as to the best method of keeping astigmatism to a minimum.", "contents": "Incidence of astigmatism after cataract surgery. Comparison of continuous and interrupted sutures. In spite of the increased use of intraocular implants and contact lenses, the majority of cataract cases require spectacles after operation. Too great an amount of astigmatism will cause distortion and spoil an otherwise perfect operation. It is clear that the amount of astigmatism depends upon how the section is made and how it is sutured. In a series of cases employing different kinds of section and different methods of suturing, the postoperative astigmatism for each combination was recorded. A comparison was made between direct sutures and continuous suturing with 10.0 monofilament. Some suggestions are made as to the best method of keeping astigmatism to a minimum."}
{"id": "PMID:339410", "title": "Combined keratoplasty and cataract extraction.", "content": "A short film showing our technique of combined penetrating keratoplasty and intracapsular cataract extraction was shown, and the postoperative results in 72 eyes after an average of 3 years were reported.", "contents": "Combined keratoplasty and cataract extraction. A short film showing our technique of combined penetrating keratoplasty and intracapsular cataract extraction was shown, and the postoperative results in 72 eyes after an average of 3 years were reported."}
{"id": "PMID:339411", "title": "Adult toxocariasis. Uniocular retinal lesions in the 20- to 50-year age group.", "content": "Uniocular posterior polar lesions thought to be characteristic of suspected adult ocular toxocariasis have been observed in a group of eight patients whose ages ranged from 20 to 50 years. Six patients had positive fluorescent antibody tests for Toxocara species, whereas control serological studies showed that only 4% of healthy adults in the same age group had positive fluorescent antibody responses. All the patients with clearly defined progression of their retinal lesions had positive fluorescent antibody tests. In two patients positive tests reverted to negative within 2 years.", "contents": "Adult toxocariasis. Uniocular retinal lesions in the 20- to 50-year age group. Uniocular posterior polar lesions thought to be characteristic of suspected adult ocular toxocariasis have been observed in a group of eight patients whose ages ranged from 20 to 50 years. Six patients had positive fluorescent antibody tests for Toxocara species, whereas control serological studies showed that only 4% of healthy adults in the same age group had positive fluorescent antibody responses. All the patients with clearly defined progression of their retinal lesions had positive fluorescent antibody tests. In two patients positive tests reverted to negative within 2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:339414", "title": "Experience with pilocarpine Ocuserts.", "content": "Those patients who accept Ocuserts are likely to benefit from better intraocular pressure control. In the occasional patient episodic pilocarpine-induced myopia may be prevented.", "contents": "Experience with pilocarpine Ocuserts. Those patients who accept Ocuserts are likely to benefit from better intraocular pressure control. In the occasional patient episodic pilocarpine-induced myopia may be prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:339415", "title": "Management of chronic glaucoma with pilocarpine Ocuserts.", "content": "This paper presents a clinical assessment of the Ocusert pilocarpine therapeutic system in 22 patients. Severe patients were 'wearing failures' and one was a 'therapeutic failure'. In the remaining patients intraocular pressure were controlled satisfactorily by a small daily dose of pilocarpine and there was relief from the burden of regular drop administration and the transient myopia which follows each instillation. This study confirms a place for the 'Ocusert' system in the management of some patients with chronic glaucoma.", "contents": "Management of chronic glaucoma with pilocarpine Ocuserts. This paper presents a clinical assessment of the Ocusert pilocarpine therapeutic system in 22 patients. Severe patients were 'wearing failures' and one was a 'therapeutic failure'. In the remaining patients intraocular pressure were controlled satisfactorily by a small daily dose of pilocarpine and there was relief from the burden of regular drop administration and the transient myopia which follows each instillation. This study confirms a place for the 'Ocusert' system in the management of some patients with chronic glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:339418", "title": "The Duffy blood group and malaria prevalence in Gambian West Africans.", "content": "Erythrocytes from 1,168 donors, comprising almost the entire populations of two rural Gambian villages, have been tested for Duffy blood group antigens using antisera to both Fya and Fyb. All tests were negative. Blood film examination of the same samples showed complete absence of Plasmodium vivax parasitaemia, but infections with P. falciparum,P. malariae and P. ovale were observed. The findings are consistent with the view that the Duffy-negative phenotype, FyFy, constitutes the basis of innate resistance towards infection with P. vivax but not towards infection with the other plasmodial species.", "contents": "The Duffy blood group and malaria prevalence in Gambian West Africans. Erythrocytes from 1,168 donors, comprising almost the entire populations of two rural Gambian villages, have been tested for Duffy blood group antigens using antisera to both Fya and Fyb. All tests were negative. Blood film examination of the same samples showed complete absence of Plasmodium vivax parasitaemia, but infections with P. falciparum,P. malariae and P. ovale were observed. The findings are consistent with the view that the Duffy-negative phenotype, FyFy, constitutes the basis of innate resistance towards infection with P. vivax but not towards infection with the other plasmodial species."}
{"id": "PMID:339419", "title": "Immunofluorescent reactions with microfilariae: 1. Diagnostic evaluation.", "content": "Microfilariae have been evaluated as antigen for the indirect immunofluorescent test in the diagnosis of filariasis. Sonicated, unlike whole, microfilariae present no problems in handling on a slide. The cytoplasmic antigen that is exposed by sonication, unlike the sheath or cuticular antigen, reacts with filariasis sera irrespective of whether or not there is a detectable microfilaraemia. The cytoplasmic antigen of microfilariae of various species was marginally superior to Dirofilaria adult worm as antigen for diagnostic immunofluorescence in respect of both sensitivity and specificity. The microfilariae extruded from the uterus of an adult D. immitis were a useful source. But the best results were obtained with the sonicated microfilariae of Brugia pahangi, with which it was possible to utilize both cytoplasmic and sheath antigens simultaneously, giving a positivity rate of 95% for filariasis infecions as a group. This test is thought to be the best available at present for the sero-diagnosis of filariasis, in spite of some lack of specificity. For individual filarial infections a homologous microfilarial antigen is probably the deal.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent reactions with microfilariae: 1. Diagnostic evaluation. Microfilariae have been evaluated as antigen for the indirect immunofluorescent test in the diagnosis of filariasis. Sonicated, unlike whole, microfilariae present no problems in handling on a slide. The cytoplasmic antigen that is exposed by sonication, unlike the sheath or cuticular antigen, reacts with filariasis sera irrespective of whether or not there is a detectable microfilaraemia. The cytoplasmic antigen of microfilariae of various species was marginally superior to Dirofilaria adult worm as antigen for diagnostic immunofluorescence in respect of both sensitivity and specificity. The microfilariae extruded from the uterus of an adult D. immitis were a useful source. But the best results were obtained with the sonicated microfilariae of Brugia pahangi, with which it was possible to utilize both cytoplasmic and sheath antigens simultaneously, giving a positivity rate of 95% for filariasis infecions as a group. This test is thought to be the best available at present for the sero-diagnosis of filariasis, in spite of some lack of specificity. For individual filarial infections a homologous microfilarial antigen is probably the deal."}
{"id": "PMID:339421", "title": "The treatment of severe falciparum malaria.", "content": "In severe falciparum malaria there is a pathophysiological cascade beginning with changes in the parasitized red blood cells which induce intermediate effects, in turn contributing to dysfunction of several organs. A low serum albumin is a common but often unrecognized finding which may contribute to oedema especially in the lung and brain. The only irreversible complication in falciparum malaria is the acute respiratory distress syndrome, manifested by cyanosis and rapid breathing, basically distinct from acute pulmonary oedema caused by therapeutic overhydration. The pathophysiology of falciparum malaria may be complex but the treatment is simple. Drugs, other than antimalarials, are rarely needed. Guidelines for cholorquine or quinine dosage in severe disease are proposed; each drug is given at a dose of 5 to 10 mg/kg in 10 ml/kg of fluid as an intravenous infusion in four hours at a frequency of dosing every 12 to 24 hours. When the disease has been brought under control the treatment should be changed from the intravenous to the oral route.", "contents": "The treatment of severe falciparum malaria. In severe falciparum malaria there is a pathophysiological cascade beginning with changes in the parasitized red blood cells which induce intermediate effects, in turn contributing to dysfunction of several organs. A low serum albumin is a common but often unrecognized finding which may contribute to oedema especially in the lung and brain. The only irreversible complication in falciparum malaria is the acute respiratory distress syndrome, manifested by cyanosis and rapid breathing, basically distinct from acute pulmonary oedema caused by therapeutic overhydration. The pathophysiology of falciparum malaria may be complex but the treatment is simple. Drugs, other than antimalarials, are rarely needed. Guidelines for cholorquine or quinine dosage in severe disease are proposed; each drug is given at a dose of 5 to 10 mg/kg in 10 ml/kg of fluid as an intravenous infusion in four hours at a frequency of dosing every 12 to 24 hours. When the disease has been brought under control the treatment should be changed from the intravenous to the oral route."}
{"id": "PMID:339422", "title": "Trypanosoma brucei: detection of low parasitaemias in mice by a miniature anion-exchanger/centrifugation technique.", "content": "A method is described for the detection of trypanosomaemia in mice using the samples of about 55 microliter of blood which can be readily obtained from mice by puncture of the retro-orbital plexus with heparinized glass microhaematocrit tubes. The samples, mixed with an appropriate diluent, are passed through small (2 ml) anion-exchanger columns by means of peristatic pumps and the eluates collected in tubes which can be centrifuged so as to concentrate any organisms in the terminal part of the tube, of calibre about 200 micrometer, for microscopical examination. Evidence is presented to show that the method is more sensitive than other methods in use. It is also quick, requiring only some five minutes per mouse examined.", "contents": "Trypanosoma brucei: detection of low parasitaemias in mice by a miniature anion-exchanger/centrifugation technique. A method is described for the detection of trypanosomaemia in mice using the samples of about 55 microliter of blood which can be readily obtained from mice by puncture of the retro-orbital plexus with heparinized glass microhaematocrit tubes. The samples, mixed with an appropriate diluent, are passed through small (2 ml) anion-exchanger columns by means of peristatic pumps and the eluates collected in tubes which can be centrifuged so as to concentrate any organisms in the terminal part of the tube, of calibre about 200 micrometer, for microscopical examination. Evidence is presented to show that the method is more sensitive than other methods in use. It is also quick, requiring only some five minutes per mouse examined."}
{"id": "PMID:339423", "title": "The resistance to human plasma of Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense: III. Clones of two plasma-resistant strains.", "content": "Tests for resistance to human plasma were made on six clones of a stabilate of Trypanosoma rhodesiense (LUMP 10) which was calculated to contain about 3,000 resistant trypanosomes per million. Two of the clones were not resistant and four were only subresistant. Tests were also made on 12 lines (clones) of a stabilate of polymorphic trypanosomes isolated from tsetse flies. One of them, ETAT 10, had infected a laboratory worker and was found to be fully resistant to human plasma; the other lines showed only low or moderate resistance. Resistance of a strain to human plasma often depends upon a small minority of resistant trypanosomes. Strains of polymorphic trypanosomes may be classified as fully resistant, moderately resistant, subresistant, or sensitive to human plasma, if they contain respectively, all, some (e.g. one per hundred), very few (e.g. one per million) or no individuals which are resistant.", "contents": "The resistance to human plasma of Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense: III. Clones of two plasma-resistant strains. Tests for resistance to human plasma were made on six clones of a stabilate of Trypanosoma rhodesiense (LUMP 10) which was calculated to contain about 3,000 resistant trypanosomes per million. Two of the clones were not resistant and four were only subresistant. Tests were also made on 12 lines (clones) of a stabilate of polymorphic trypanosomes isolated from tsetse flies. One of them, ETAT 10, had infected a laboratory worker and was found to be fully resistant to human plasma; the other lines showed only low or moderate resistance. Resistance of a strain to human plasma often depends upon a small minority of resistant trypanosomes. Strains of polymorphic trypanosomes may be classified as fully resistant, moderately resistant, subresistant, or sensitive to human plasma, if they contain respectively, all, some (e.g. one per hundred), very few (e.g. one per million) or no individuals which are resistant."}
{"id": "PMID:339430", "title": "Role of antiserum and complement in the acute antibody-mediated rejection of mouse skin allografts in strain combinations with increasing histoincompatibility.", "content": "Acute antibody-mediated rejection (AAR) of mouse skin allografts was studied in nine donor-recipient combinations with increasing histoincompatibility ranging from an H-Y to a complete H-2 plus on-H-2 disparity. AAR was induced by the injection of specific alloantiserum along with a heterologous complement on day 7 after grafting. Sera from rabbits, guinea pigs, and from a human volunteer were used as complement sources. The recipients were treated with antilymphocyte serum on days 0, 2, and 4 to postpone cell-mediated rejection. With increasing histoincompatibility the mean survival time of untreated grafts decreased, the in vitro cytotoxic activity of the alloantiserum rose, and AAR could be induced with lower amounts of antiserum. The higher efficiency of rabbit complement compared with guinea pig complement and human complement, that is known to exist in in vitro cytotoxicity, was also found in vivo. Rabbit complement could induce AAR in combination with relatively weak histoincompatibility (H-2K, H-2D, or non H-2 differences), where guinea pig complement and human complement were ineffective. All three complement species elicited AAR if there was a disparity for H-2D plus non-H2 H-2K plus non H-2, H-2, or H-2 plus non-H2. The rules for immunogenicity of the different histocompatibility loci as they have been described for cell-mediated graft destruction also apply to this humorally mediated rejection process.", "contents": "Role of antiserum and complement in the acute antibody-mediated rejection of mouse skin allografts in strain combinations with increasing histoincompatibility. Acute antibody-mediated rejection (AAR) of mouse skin allografts was studied in nine donor-recipient combinations with increasing histoincompatibility ranging from an H-Y to a complete H-2 plus on-H-2 disparity. AAR was induced by the injection of specific alloantiserum along with a heterologous complement on day 7 after grafting. Sera from rabbits, guinea pigs, and from a human volunteer were used as complement sources. The recipients were treated with antilymphocyte serum on days 0, 2, and 4 to postpone cell-mediated rejection. With increasing histoincompatibility the mean survival time of untreated grafts decreased, the in vitro cytotoxic activity of the alloantiserum rose, and AAR could be induced with lower amounts of antiserum. The higher efficiency of rabbit complement compared with guinea pig complement and human complement, that is known to exist in in vitro cytotoxicity, was also found in vivo. Rabbit complement could induce AAR in combination with relatively weak histoincompatibility (H-2K, H-2D, or non H-2 differences), where guinea pig complement and human complement were ineffective. All three complement species elicited AAR if there was a disparity for H-2D plus non-H2 H-2K plus non H-2, H-2, or H-2 plus non-H2. The rules for immunogenicity of the different histocompatibility loci as they have been described for cell-mediated graft destruction also apply to this humorally mediated rejection process."}
{"id": "PMID:339432", "title": "Bone marrow transplantation after lethal chemotherapy in \"nude\" mice.", "content": "Isogenic bone marrow transplantation was performed in \"nude\" and normal C3H mice after lethal doses of dimethylmyleran (DMM), meso-DMM, and (+/-) DMM were given. Nude mice were not more sensitive to DMM or its isomers than normal mice. With adequate cell doses in the range of 3 X 10(6) to 30 X 10(6) bone marrow cells or 10 X 10(6) to 30 X 10(6) spleen cels, the survival rate after lethal chemotherapy was not significantly different between nude mice reconstituted with a graft from nude donors and normal mice reconstituted with a graft from normal donors. Only with suboptimal cell dose (1 X 10(6) bone marrow cells) was survival superior in normal mice. Thinsic factor. Nude mice accepted also bone marrow grafts from allogeneic nude donors.", "contents": "Bone marrow transplantation after lethal chemotherapy in \"nude\" mice. Isogenic bone marrow transplantation was performed in \"nude\" and normal C3H mice after lethal doses of dimethylmyleran (DMM), meso-DMM, and (+/-) DMM were given. Nude mice were not more sensitive to DMM or its isomers than normal mice. With adequate cell doses in the range of 3 X 10(6) to 30 X 10(6) bone marrow cells or 10 X 10(6) to 30 X 10(6) spleen cels, the survival rate after lethal chemotherapy was not significantly different between nude mice reconstituted with a graft from nude donors and normal mice reconstituted with a graft from normal donors. Only with suboptimal cell dose (1 X 10(6) bone marrow cells) was survival superior in normal mice. Thinsic factor. Nude mice accepted also bone marrow grafts from allogeneic nude donors."}
{"id": "PMID:339435", "title": "Canine and human liver preservation for 6 to 18 hr by cold infusion.", "content": "Forty-one dog livers were preserved with cold, lactated Ringer's, plasma, or intracellular (Collins) solutions. Consistent survival was obtained with all three solutions for 9 hr. After 18 hr, the plasma and Collins solutions permitted survival, with the Collins solution having a slight overall advantage. The method using Collins solution has been used to  preserve seven human livers in Los Angeles, to transport the organs to Denver, and to transport them as orthotopic grafts from 6 hr, 45 min to 10 hr later.", "contents": "Canine and human liver preservation for 6 to 18 hr by cold infusion. Forty-one dog livers were preserved with cold, lactated Ringer's, plasma, or intracellular (Collins) solutions. Consistent survival was obtained with all three solutions for 9 hr. After 18 hr, the plasma and Collins solutions permitted survival, with the Collins solution having a slight overall advantage. The method using Collins solution has been used to  preserve seven human livers in Los Angeles, to transport the organs to Denver, and to transport them as orthotopic grafts from 6 hr, 45 min to 10 hr later."}
{"id": "PMID:339436", "title": "The effect of hepatitis B antigenemia on long-term success and hepatic disease in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "The records of 192 cadaver renal allotransplants were reviewed in order to evaluate the role of the hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) carrier state on graft function, patient survival, and the incidence of severe hepatic dysfunction. Twenty-one allografts were placed into patients with hepatitis B antigenemia. After follow-up ranging from 1.5 to 8 years (mean 4.7), graft and patient survivals were not statistically different from antigen-negative patients. In addition, the acquisition of HBsAg after grafting did not seem to affect the rate of graft failuue or death. Neither cirrhosis not fatal hepatic failure developed in the HBsAg carrier group, whereas five HBsAg-negative recipients died of hepatic disease. Among HBsAg-positive recipients, nine with functioning renal allografts and five with graft failures, there was a low incidence of e antigen, suggesting low infectivity. This may explain the lack of correlation of the surface antigen with serious liver disease. Severe hepatic disease developing in renal graft recipients is most likely attributable to causes other than hepatitis B infection. The presence of hepatitis B antigenemia alone should not be a deterrent to renal transplantation.", "contents": "The effect of hepatitis B antigenemia on long-term success and hepatic disease in renal transplant recipients. The records of 192 cadaver renal allotransplants were reviewed in order to evaluate the role of the hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) carrier state on graft function, patient survival, and the incidence of severe hepatic dysfunction. Twenty-one allografts were placed into patients with hepatitis B antigenemia. After follow-up ranging from 1.5 to 8 years (mean 4.7), graft and patient survivals were not statistically different from antigen-negative patients. In addition, the acquisition of HBsAg after grafting did not seem to affect the rate of graft failuue or death. Neither cirrhosis not fatal hepatic failure developed in the HBsAg carrier group, whereas five HBsAg-negative recipients died of hepatic disease. Among HBsAg-positive recipients, nine with functioning renal allografts and five with graft failures, there was a low incidence of e antigen, suggesting low infectivity. This may explain the lack of correlation of the surface antigen with serious liver disease. Severe hepatic disease developing in renal graft recipients is most likely attributable to causes other than hepatitis B infection. The presence of hepatitis B antigenemia alone should not be a deterrent to renal transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:339437", "title": "The reversal of established enhancement in rat cardiac allografts.", "content": "Established enhancement in rat cardiac allografts was challenged in a variety of ways in an attempt to provoke rejection. Incompatible skin grafts, injections of sensitised lymphocytes, and the administration of the macrophage-stimulating agent Corynebacterium parvum proved ineffective. However, levamisole, which stimulates both macrophages and sensitised lymphocytes, caused rejection in four of a group of six AS rats bearing enhanced (August X AS)F1 hybrid heart allografts. A combination of C. parvum and levamisole provoked rejection in all four animals in which it was used. The results suggest that an increased activity of both lymphocytes and macrophages is required to break established enhancement.", "contents": "The reversal of established enhancement in rat cardiac allografts. Established enhancement in rat cardiac allografts was challenged in a variety of ways in an attempt to provoke rejection. Incompatible skin grafts, injections of sensitised lymphocytes, and the administration of the macrophage-stimulating agent Corynebacterium parvum proved ineffective. However, levamisole, which stimulates both macrophages and sensitised lymphocytes, caused rejection in four of a group of six AS rats bearing enhanced (August X AS)F1 hybrid heart allografts. A combination of C. parvum and levamisole provoked rejection in all four animals in which it was used. The results suggest that an increased activity of both lymphocytes and macrophages is required to break established enhancement."}
{"id": "PMID:339438", "title": "The use of antilymphoblast globulin in the treatment of renal allograft rejection: a double-blind, randomized study.", "content": "A randomized, double-blind study comparing horse antilymphoblast globulin (ALG) (25 patients) with human IgG (20 patients) in addition to standard antirejection therapy was performed in recipients of first kidney transplants having their first rejection episodes. Patients received ALG (20 mg/kg/day) for 10 days, and a control group was given human IgG (20 mg/kg/day) for 10 days in addition to standard therapy. The groups were comparable with respect to HLA matching, age, time to onset of first rejection episode, and number of diabetics. The number of patients requiring transplant nephrectomy and/or dialysis, having a second rejection episode, having good late function, or dying did not differ in recipients of related kidneys receiving either ALG or human IgG. Recipients of cadaver kidney grafts had fewer (0.05 less than P less than 0.06) second rejection episodes if they received ALG during their first rejection episode. However, the number of patients requiring transplant nephrectomy and/or dialysis, having late good function, and dying did not differ significantly for recipients of cadaver kidneys. We conclude that ALG does not add significantly to standard antirejection therapy for the treatment of first rejection episodes.", "contents": "The use of antilymphoblast globulin in the treatment of renal allograft rejection: a double-blind, randomized study. A randomized, double-blind study comparing horse antilymphoblast globulin (ALG) (25 patients) with human IgG (20 patients) in addition to standard antirejection therapy was performed in recipients of first kidney transplants having their first rejection episodes. Patients received ALG (20 mg/kg/day) for 10 days, and a control group was given human IgG (20 mg/kg/day) for 10 days in addition to standard therapy. The groups were comparable with respect to HLA matching, age, time to onset of first rejection episode, and number of diabetics. The number of patients requiring transplant nephrectomy and/or dialysis, having a second rejection episode, having good late function, or dying did not differ in recipients of related kidneys receiving either ALG or human IgG. Recipients of cadaver kidney grafts had fewer (0.05 less than P less than 0.06) second rejection episodes if they received ALG during their first rejection episode. However, the number of patients requiring transplant nephrectomy and/or dialysis, having late good function, and dying did not differ significantly for recipients of cadaver kidneys. We conclude that ALG does not add significantly to standard antirejection therapy for the treatment of first rejection episodes."}
{"id": "PMID:339439", "title": "Transplantation in patients with primary renal malignancies.", "content": "Seventy-three patients with primary renal neoplasms underwent kidney transplantation. Three distinct groups were identified. Thirty-four patients (group 1), who underwent antineoplastic therapy 1 year or less before transplantation, developed metastases or recurrences in 53% of the cases. In contrast, none of 15 patients in group 2 had this problem. All of these patients had a waiting period of at least 15 months between nephrectomy and transplantation. These findings emphasize the value of a lengthy waiting period between treatment of the neoplasm and performance of transplantation with its associated immunosuppressive therapy. Group 3 also had a favorable outcome. All had incidentally discovered renal malignancies, in 18 patients during the work-up of chronic renal failure or after bilateral nephrectomy in preparation for renal transplantation, and in 6 several months after transplantation when the recipient's own kidneys were removed or autopsy examination was performed. None of these 24 patients developed recurrences or metastases.", "contents": "Transplantation in patients with primary renal malignancies. Seventy-three patients with primary renal neoplasms underwent kidney transplantation. Three distinct groups were identified. Thirty-four patients (group 1), who underwent antineoplastic therapy 1 year or less before transplantation, developed metastases or recurrences in 53% of the cases. In contrast, none of 15 patients in group 2 had this problem. All of these patients had a waiting period of at least 15 months between nephrectomy and transplantation. These findings emphasize the value of a lengthy waiting period between treatment of the neoplasm and performance of transplantation with its associated immunosuppressive therapy. Group 3 also had a favorable outcome. All had incidentally discovered renal malignancies, in 18 patients during the work-up of chronic renal failure or after bilateral nephrectomy in preparation for renal transplantation, and in 6 several months after transplantation when the recipient's own kidneys were removed or autopsy examination was performed. None of these 24 patients developed recurrences or metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:339441", "title": "The effects of transfusion of frozen-thawed deglycerolized red cells on renal graft survival.", "content": "In patients that received transplants of cadaver kidneys, prior transfusion improves the prognosis for graft survival. Patients receiving frozen-thawed red cells have better 1-year survival rates than patients given other forms of red cells. The effect of prior transfusions is minimal in patients that recieved transplants of kidneys from living related donors.", "contents": "The effects of transfusion of frozen-thawed deglycerolized red cells on renal graft survival. In patients that received transplants of cadaver kidneys, prior transfusion improves the prognosis for graft survival. Patients receiving frozen-thawed red cells have better 1-year survival rates than patients given other forms of red cells. The effect of prior transfusions is minimal in patients that recieved transplants of kidneys from living related donors."}
{"id": "PMID:339442", "title": "Persistent immunoglobulinuria in irreversible renal allograft rejection in humans.", "content": "To evaluate the extent of injury in short- and long-term renal allografts, the urinary excretion of IgG, IgA, and IgM was observed during acute rejection crisis. In reversible rejection, treatment resulted in prompt correction of immunoglobulinuria, whereas in irreversible crisis urinary immunoglobulin levels continuously increased in spite of the same antirejection treatment. A good prognosis in long-term allografts was shown by low levels of immunoglobulinuria; unstable graft function had higher levels. Immunoglobulinuria can be used as an additional test to evaluate the reversibility of acute rejection, and also has significance in the long-term situation.", "contents": "Persistent immunoglobulinuria in irreversible renal allograft rejection in humans. To evaluate the extent of injury in short- and long-term renal allografts, the urinary excretion of IgG, IgA, and IgM was observed during acute rejection crisis. In reversible rejection, treatment resulted in prompt correction of immunoglobulinuria, whereas in irreversible crisis urinary immunoglobulin levels continuously increased in spite of the same antirejection treatment. A good prognosis in long-term allografts was shown by low levels of immunoglobulinuria; unstable graft function had higher levels. Immunoglobulinuria can be used as an additional test to evaluate the reversibility of acute rejection, and also has significance in the long-term situation."}
{"id": "PMID:339443", "title": "Enhancement of cardiac allografts in rats. Comparison of host responses to different treatment protocols.", "content": "Immunological responses to heterotopic (L X BN)F1 cardiac allografts placed in untreated L rats were compared with those grafts enhanced by different treatment regimens. Host pretreatment by antigen and antibody (Ag-Ab) 11 and 10 days before transplantation, respectively, was the most effective treatment regimen for prolongation of graft function; active or passive immunization alone increased survival only modestly. A late dose of antiserum administered to Ag-Ab-pretreated animals significantly shortened graft survival. Patterns of cellular responsiveness were measured serially by lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity; humoral immunity by Ab-lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, capillary hemagglutination, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Allograft rejection in animals of all groups was heralded in vitro by increasing immunological activity. All cellular and humoral responses were depressed consistently in Ag-Ab-pretreated recipients. Cellular but not humoral responses were decreased in Ag-pretreated hosts, while humoral but not cellular responses were decreased in Ab-treated animals. The results suggest that the in vitro determinants of immunological activity used in this study generally followed clinical patterns of rejection or enhancement of cardiac allografts in the rat. Recipient pretreatment with Ag and Ab is more effective in graft prolongation than treatment with Ag or Ab alone, and in vitro data suggest an additive effect of these two regiments.", "contents": "Enhancement of cardiac allografts in rats. Comparison of host responses to different treatment protocols. Immunological responses to heterotopic (L X BN)F1 cardiac allografts placed in untreated L rats were compared with those grafts enhanced by different treatment regimens. Host pretreatment by antigen and antibody (Ag-Ab) 11 and 10 days before transplantation, respectively, was the most effective treatment regimen for prolongation of graft function; active or passive immunization alone increased survival only modestly. A late dose of antiserum administered to Ag-Ab-pretreated animals significantly shortened graft survival. Patterns of cellular responsiveness were measured serially by lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity; humoral immunity by Ab-lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, capillary hemagglutination, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Allograft rejection in animals of all groups was heralded in vitro by increasing immunological activity. All cellular and humoral responses were depressed consistently in Ag-Ab-pretreated recipients. Cellular but not humoral responses were decreased in Ag-pretreated hosts, while humoral but not cellular responses were decreased in Ab-treated animals. The results suggest that the in vitro determinants of immunological activity used in this study generally followed clinical patterns of rejection or enhancement of cardiac allografts in the rat. Recipient pretreatment with Ag and Ab is more effective in graft prolongation than treatment with Ag or Ab alone, and in vitro data suggest an additive effect of these two regiments."}
{"id": "PMID:339444", "title": "Radiosensitivity of suppressor cells in neonatally tolerant rats.", "content": "Specific suppressor cells were demonstrated in rats that had carried tolerated skin allografts for long periods of time after being rendered tolerant at birth. These suppressor cells were able to transfer tolerance to sublethally irradiated syngeneic recipients and to inhibit cytotoxic antibody production in normal syngeneic recipients. Suppressive activity of these cells was shown to be radiosensitive. The presence of suppressor cells in tolerant animals was attributable to neonatal tolerance induction and not to skin grafting of neonatally treated animals. In some cases spleen cells from tolerant animals transferred adoptively or induced permenent tolerance to skin grafts, which suggests a long-lasting active mechanism of tolerance.", "contents": "Radiosensitivity of suppressor cells in neonatally tolerant rats. Specific suppressor cells were demonstrated in rats that had carried tolerated skin allografts for long periods of time after being rendered tolerant at birth. These suppressor cells were able to transfer tolerance to sublethally irradiated syngeneic recipients and to inhibit cytotoxic antibody production in normal syngeneic recipients. Suppressive activity of these cells was shown to be radiosensitive. The presence of suppressor cells in tolerant animals was attributable to neonatal tolerance induction and not to skin grafting of neonatally treated animals. In some cases spleen cells from tolerant animals transferred adoptively or induced permenent tolerance to skin grafts, which suggests a long-lasting active mechanism of tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:339445", "title": "Reactivity of autolymphocytotoxic antibodies from dialysis patients with lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients.", "content": "Autolymphocytotoxic antibodies are found commonly in dialysis patients and these autoantibodies may be directed against T and B lymphocytes or just B lymphocytes. However, these autoantibodies react with a low frequency or not at all against chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, and are not absorbed by autologous erythrocytes. Thus, a number of positive crossmatches between donor and recipient may be attributable to autoantibodies. Six renal transplants have been carried out in the presence of such a positive crossmatch against donor B lymphocytes, including one against donor T lymphocytes, with a successful graft outcome. Thus, the indications for renal transplantation in the presence of a positive crossmatch between donor and recipient are becoming better defined.", "contents": "Reactivity of autolymphocytotoxic antibodies from dialysis patients with lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. Autolymphocytotoxic antibodies are found commonly in dialysis patients and these autoantibodies may be directed against T and B lymphocytes or just B lymphocytes. However, these autoantibodies react with a low frequency or not at all against chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, and are not absorbed by autologous erythrocytes. Thus, a number of positive crossmatches between donor and recipient may be attributable to autoantibodies. Six renal transplants have been carried out in the presence of such a positive crossmatch against donor B lymphocytes, including one against donor T lymphocytes, with a successful graft outcome. Thus, the indications for renal transplantation in the presence of a positive crossmatch between donor and recipient are becoming better defined."}
{"id": "PMID:339447", "title": "Tick-borne diseases of domestic animals in northern Nigeria. II. Research summary, 1966 to 1976.", "content": "During the first 10 years of its existence, the Department of Parasitology and Entomology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Nigeria, confirmed or described for the first time the occurrence of 25 different tick-borne parasites of domestic animals in the northern part of the country. Most of these organisms occur as inapparent infections but may serve as complicating factors in any adverse host condition. The transmission of Babesia bigemina by Boophilus decoloratus, Cowdria ruminantium by Amblyomma variegatum, and Borrelia anserina and Aegyptianella pullorum by Argas persicus was confirmed under Nigerian conditions.", "contents": "Tick-borne diseases of domestic animals in northern Nigeria. II. Research summary, 1966 to 1976. During the first 10 years of its existence, the Department of Parasitology and Entomology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Nigeria, confirmed or described for the first time the occurrence of 25 different tick-borne parasites of domestic animals in the northern part of the country. Most of these organisms occur as inapparent infections but may serve as complicating factors in any adverse host condition. The transmission of Babesia bigemina by Boophilus decoloratus, Cowdria ruminantium by Amblyomma variegatum, and Borrelia anserina and Aegyptianella pullorum by Argas persicus was confirmed under Nigerian conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:339448", "title": "A study of two twice-weekly and a once-weekly continuation regimen of tuberculosis chemotherapy, including a comparison of two durations of treatment. 2. Second report: the results at 36 months.", "content": "The final results of a controlled clinical trial of 3 chemotherapeutic regimens in pulmonary tuberculosis in Czechoslovakia are presented. Two of the regimens were based on a twice-weekly continuation regimen of streptomycin plus isoniazid, preceded by 6 weeks or 13 weeks of initial daily triple chemotherapy with streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid; the third regimen was once-weekly streptomycin plus isoniazid preceded by 13 weeks of the daily triple combination. Patients in each regimen were allocated to a total duration of treatment of 12 months or 18 months. At 3 years, the twice-weekly continuation regimen was highly satisfactory, 97% of 93 patients receiving 13 weeks of initial daily triple chemotherapy and 98% of 82 receiving 6 weeks having a favourable response. The once-weekly regimen was less satisfactory and this was largely due to the rapid acetylators of isoniazid of whom 78% of 37 had a favourable response compared with 97% of 60 slow acetylators. There was no advantage in the longer course of chemotherapy, for 95% of 129 patients receiving chemotherapy for 12 months had a favourable response compared with 95% of 143 patients receiving it for 18 months.", "contents": "A study of two twice-weekly and a once-weekly continuation regimen of tuberculosis chemotherapy, including a comparison of two durations of treatment. 2. Second report: the results at 36 months. The final results of a controlled clinical trial of 3 chemotherapeutic regimens in pulmonary tuberculosis in Czechoslovakia are presented. Two of the regimens were based on a twice-weekly continuation regimen of streptomycin plus isoniazid, preceded by 6 weeks or 13 weeks of initial daily triple chemotherapy with streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid; the third regimen was once-weekly streptomycin plus isoniazid preceded by 13 weeks of the daily triple combination. Patients in each regimen were allocated to a total duration of treatment of 12 months or 18 months. At 3 years, the twice-weekly continuation regimen was highly satisfactory, 97% of 93 patients receiving 13 weeks of initial daily triple chemotherapy and 98% of 82 receiving 6 weeks having a favourable response. The once-weekly regimen was less satisfactory and this was largely due to the rapid acetylators of isoniazid of whom 78% of 37 had a favourable response compared with 97% of 60 slow acetylators. There was no advantage in the longer course of chemotherapy, for 95% of 129 patients receiving chemotherapy for 12 months had a favourable response compared with 95% of 143 patients receiving it for 18 months."}
{"id": "PMID:339449", "title": "A fluorigenic substrate for the rapid differentiation of Mycobacterium fortuitum from Mycobacterium chelonei on the basis of heat stable esterase activity.", "content": "A fluorigenic substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl butyrate, enables mycobacterial esterase activity to be easily and rapidly detected and quantitated. By use of this substrate, the esterase activity of Mycobacterium fortuitum was found to be significantly more heat resistant than that of M. chelonei. On this basis, a rapid, simple and inexpensive test for the differentiation of these two species has been developed.", "contents": "A fluorigenic substrate for the rapid differentiation of Mycobacterium fortuitum from Mycobacterium chelonei on the basis of heat stable esterase activity. A fluorigenic substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl butyrate, enables mycobacterial esterase activity to be easily and rapidly detected and quantitated. By use of this substrate, the esterase activity of Mycobacterium fortuitum was found to be significantly more heat resistant than that of M. chelonei. On this basis, a rapid, simple and inexpensive test for the differentiation of these two species has been developed."}
{"id": "PMID:339450", "title": "The incidence of tuberculosis in Lechwe (marsh antelope).", "content": "Of the 238 specimens of tissue collected from 70 lechwe (marsh antelope) 79 yielded M. bovis, 1 yielded a mixed growth of M. bovis and an 'atypical' mycobacterium and 6 yielded 'atypical' mycobacteria; the 'atypical' mycobacteria were probably contaminants. Of the 63 lechwe killed as a 1 in 10 random sample from four herds, M. bovis was obtained from 21 animals, indicating that 33% of wild lechwe are infected with tuberculosis.", "contents": "The incidence of tuberculosis in Lechwe (marsh antelope). Of the 238 specimens of tissue collected from 70 lechwe (marsh antelope) 79 yielded M. bovis, 1 yielded a mixed growth of M. bovis and an 'atypical' mycobacterium and 6 yielded 'atypical' mycobacteria; the 'atypical' mycobacteria were probably contaminants. Of the 63 lechwe killed as a 1 in 10 random sample from four herds, M. bovis was obtained from 21 animals, indicating that 33% of wild lechwe are infected with tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:339461", "title": "Experimental bacterial prostatitis in dogs.", "content": "Bacterial prostatitis was successfully induced in 30 dogs by the injection of E. coli into a branch of a prostatic artery. Inflammation was proven histologically in all cases and by the appearance of E. coli in the prostatic secretion in all but two dogs. In these two dogs cultures from prostatic tissue were positive for E. coli. The pH changes in the prostatic secretion were inconclusive, and the zinc levels increased slightly in the acutely inflamed gland. Antibody coating of the bacteria could not be demonstrated by immunofluorescence.", "contents": "Experimental bacterial prostatitis in dogs. Bacterial prostatitis was successfully induced in 30 dogs by the injection of E. coli into a branch of a prostatic artery. Inflammation was proven histologically in all cases and by the appearance of E. coli in the prostatic secretion in all but two dogs. In these two dogs cultures from prostatic tissue were positive for E. coli. The pH changes in the prostatic secretion were inconclusive, and the zinc levels increased slightly in the acutely inflamed gland. Antibody coating of the bacteria could not be demonstrated by immunofluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:339476", "title": "Calving rate following fixed time insemination after a 12-day progesterone treatment in dairy cows, beef cows and heifers.", "content": "Farm trials were carried out to determine if cows and heifers could be inseminated on a fixed time basis following a 12-day treatment with progesterone coils and an injection of 5 mg oestradiol benzoate and 200 mg progesterone at the start of treatment. The retention rate of the coils was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) when a 5.5 cm diameter was used compared with a diameter of 7.0 cm. Calving rate was similar in treated cows bred at a detected oestrus, at 56 + 74 hours after treatment or at 56 hours after treatment and injection of 100 microgram gonadotrophin releasing hormone 20 hours previously and in control cows bred at oestrus. Fertility to the first repeat oestrus was also similar in treated and control cows. Significantly (P less than 0.05) more synchronised cows calved following fixed time AI compared with the calving rate in control cows inseminated for a 24-day experimental period. In beef suckler cows, calved at least 50 days, and dairy heifers weighing over 280 kg, calving rate was similar in treated animals bred at 56 and 74 hours after treatment compared to calving rate in control animals bred at oestrus.", "contents": "Calving rate following fixed time insemination after a 12-day progesterone treatment in dairy cows, beef cows and heifers. Farm trials were carried out to determine if cows and heifers could be inseminated on a fixed time basis following a 12-day treatment with progesterone coils and an injection of 5 mg oestradiol benzoate and 200 mg progesterone at the start of treatment. The retention rate of the coils was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) when a 5.5 cm diameter was used compared with a diameter of 7.0 cm. Calving rate was similar in treated cows bred at a detected oestrus, at 56 + 74 hours after treatment or at 56 hours after treatment and injection of 100 microgram gonadotrophin releasing hormone 20 hours previously and in control cows bred at oestrus. Fertility to the first repeat oestrus was also similar in treated and control cows. Significantly (P less than 0.05) more synchronised cows calved following fixed time AI compared with the calving rate in control cows inseminated for a 24-day experimental period. In beef suckler cows, calved at least 50 days, and dairy heifers weighing over 280 kg, calving rate was similar in treated animals bred at 56 and 74 hours after treatment compared to calving rate in control animals bred at oestrus."}
{"id": "PMID:339477", "title": "The bactericidal activity of a teat dip containing chlorhexidine and cetrimide.", "content": "Using an in vivo test on teat skin the disinfectant activity of a teat dip containing chlorhexidine and cetrimide was compared with two iodophor solutions, one containing the recommended concentration of 0.5 per cent available iodine and the other a 10-fold dilution of this (0.05 per cent iodine). The test organisms used were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and for both species the 0.5 per cent iodophor was significantly more bactericidal than either the diluted iodophor or the chlorhexidine/cetrimide teat dip (P less than 0.01). In the test against S aureus, chlorhexidine/cetrimide and the 0.05 per cent iodophor showed similar bactericidal activity, but the iodophor was significantly more bactericidal against E coli (P less than 0.01). It is argued that due to its low bactericidal activity this formulation of chlorhexidine/cetrimide is likely to be inferior to 0.5 per cent iodophor solution as a disinfectant teat dip.", "contents": "The bactericidal activity of a teat dip containing chlorhexidine and cetrimide. Using an in vivo test on teat skin the disinfectant activity of a teat dip containing chlorhexidine and cetrimide was compared with two iodophor solutions, one containing the recommended concentration of 0.5 per cent available iodine and the other a 10-fold dilution of this (0.05 per cent iodine). The test organisms used were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and for both species the 0.5 per cent iodophor was significantly more bactericidal than either the diluted iodophor or the chlorhexidine/cetrimide teat dip (P less than 0.01). In the test against S aureus, chlorhexidine/cetrimide and the 0.05 per cent iodophor showed similar bactericidal activity, but the iodophor was significantly more bactericidal against E coli (P less than 0.01). It is argued that due to its low bactericidal activity this formulation of chlorhexidine/cetrimide is likely to be inferior to 0.5 per cent iodophor solution as a disinfectant teat dip."}
{"id": "PMID:339479", "title": "Studies on the immunity of the calf to colibacillosis--VII: the experimental reproduction of enteric colibacillosis in colostrum-fed calves.", "content": "Eight newborn calves were challenged orally with a known enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli 0101 K?(A) and two to six hours later each calf was fed a minimum of three pints colostrum. All calves suffered from acute diarrhoea of varying severity within 24 to 48 hours of infection. Immunofluorescent and histological examination of the small intestine demonstrated adherence of the challenge organism to the epithelium and the presence of pathological lesions similar to those seen in colostrum-deprived calves with enteric colibacillosis. It was concluded that in order to be effective prophylactically, colostrum must be fed prior to infection.", "contents": "Studies on the immunity of the calf to colibacillosis--VII: the experimental reproduction of enteric colibacillosis in colostrum-fed calves. Eight newborn calves were challenged orally with a known enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli 0101 K?(A) and two to six hours later each calf was fed a minimum of three pints colostrum. All calves suffered from acute diarrhoea of varying severity within 24 to 48 hours of infection. Immunofluorescent and histological examination of the small intestine demonstrated adherence of the challenge organism to the epithelium and the presence of pathological lesions similar to those seen in colostrum-deprived calves with enteric colibacillosis. It was concluded that in order to be effective prophylactically, colostrum must be fed prior to infection."}
{"id": "PMID:339480", "title": "Bovine cystic ovarian disease: plasma hormone concentrations and treatment.", "content": "Ovarian function in 91 dairy cows with cystic ovarian disease was assessed by rectal palpation and by plasma hormone analysis before and after treatment. Plasma analysis showed that 84% of the cysts were correctly classified clinically and only these cows are considered further. Luteinised cysts occurred in 59 cows whereas only 18 had non-luteinised cysts. The mean plasma concentrations of luteinising hormone (LH), follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone, oestradiol and testosterone were not significantly different when compared with values at relevant stages of the oestrous cycle in normal cows. Success of treatment with progesterone, a synthetic prostaglandin, human gonadotrophin (HCG), or gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) was not dependent upon prior hormone concentrations, except for the prostaglandin which required active luteal tissue. LH and FSH concentrations in cows with luteinised cysts were not significantly different before and after successful treatment with GnRH or progesterone. Normal luteal function was not always established after treatment of non-luteinised cysts with GnRH.", "contents": "Bovine cystic ovarian disease: plasma hormone concentrations and treatment. Ovarian function in 91 dairy cows with cystic ovarian disease was assessed by rectal palpation and by plasma hormone analysis before and after treatment. Plasma analysis showed that 84% of the cysts were correctly classified clinically and only these cows are considered further. Luteinised cysts occurred in 59 cows whereas only 18 had non-luteinised cysts. The mean plasma concentrations of luteinising hormone (LH), follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone, oestradiol and testosterone were not significantly different when compared with values at relevant stages of the oestrous cycle in normal cows. Success of treatment with progesterone, a synthetic prostaglandin, human gonadotrophin (HCG), or gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) was not dependent upon prior hormone concentrations, except for the prostaglandin which required active luteal tissue. LH and FSH concentrations in cows with luteinised cysts were not significantly different before and after successful treatment with GnRH or progesterone. Normal luteal function was not always established after treatment of non-luteinised cysts with GnRH."}
{"id": "PMID:339512", "title": "[Virulence and biochemical activity of Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from cow fetuses].", "content": "Tested was the virulence of 20 strains of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from cow fetuses. All laboratory mice injected with them died, and the pregnant guinea pigs aborted. It was demonstrated that these strains contain exogenic and endotoxic substances which are extracted effectively with alcohol and ether. The mould cultures showed proteolytic, amylolytic, cellulose, and organic acid activity. The biochemical and pathogenic potential of the strains were of great importance for causing abortion.", "contents": "[Virulence and biochemical activity of Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from cow fetuses]. Tested was the virulence of 20 strains of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from cow fetuses. All laboratory mice injected with them died, and the pregnant guinea pigs aborted. It was demonstrated that these strains contain exogenic and endotoxic substances which are extracted effectively with alcohol and ether. The mould cultures showed proteolytic, amylolytic, cellulose, and organic acid activity. The biochemical and pathogenic potential of the strains were of great importance for causing abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:339513", "title": "[R-factor distribution and characteristics of the E. coli isolated from pigs].", "content": "Studied was the occurrence of the R-factors in Escherichia coli isolated from pigs. It was demonstrated that in 73.3 per cent of the cases drug resistance could be transmitted to Citrobacter. In this instance an occasional drop-out of the markers of resistance to kanamycin, neomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol was observed. In the author's experiments no transmission of the marker of resistance to furazolidon was established. The transmission of the signs of resistance to kanamycin and niomycin as well as to erythromycin and oleandomycin occurred always simultaneously. The possibility of transmitting the drug resistance markers of Escherichia coli to Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 made it reasonable to believe that this is one of the routes for spreading the R-factors among Salmonella organisms. No essential differences were observed between the minimal inhibitory concentration of the donor strains and the level of the acquired resistance with the recombinations. The transmission frequence of the resistance markers proved comparatively high, and ranged from 0.6.10(-3) up to 3.10(-4).", "contents": "[R-factor distribution and characteristics of the E. coli isolated from pigs]. Studied was the occurrence of the R-factors in Escherichia coli isolated from pigs. It was demonstrated that in 73.3 per cent of the cases drug resistance could be transmitted to Citrobacter. In this instance an occasional drop-out of the markers of resistance to kanamycin, neomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol was observed. In the author's experiments no transmission of the marker of resistance to furazolidon was established. The transmission of the signs of resistance to kanamycin and niomycin as well as to erythromycin and oleandomycin occurred always simultaneously. The possibility of transmitting the drug resistance markers of Escherichia coli to Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 made it reasonable to believe that this is one of the routes for spreading the R-factors among Salmonella organisms. No essential differences were observed between the minimal inhibitory concentration of the donor strains and the level of the acquired resistance with the recombinations. The transmission frequence of the resistance markers proved comparatively high, and ranged from 0.6.10(-3) up to 3.10(-4)."}
{"id": "PMID:339533", "title": "[Follicular lymphoma].", "content": "Follicular lymphoma is regarded as reticulosarcoma in situ. Tumor nodules are represented by neoplastic foci of the tumor tissue. They can show the structure of lymphoblastic, reticulocellular and polymorphocellular reticulosarcoma. The Maximov cambial lymphocyte is assumed to be the most reliable cell source. The Willis teaching on tumor field holds good of the morphogenesis of follicular lymphomas. The problem of the differential diagnosis between follicular lymphomas and follicular reactive hyperplasia is discussed.", "contents": "[Follicular lymphoma]. Follicular lymphoma is regarded as reticulosarcoma in situ. Tumor nodules are represented by neoplastic foci of the tumor tissue. They can show the structure of lymphoblastic, reticulocellular and polymorphocellular reticulosarcoma. The Maximov cambial lymphocyte is assumed to be the most reliable cell source. The Willis teaching on tumor field holds good of the morphogenesis of follicular lymphomas. The problem of the differential diagnosis between follicular lymphomas and follicular reactive hyperplasia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:339535", "title": "[Treatment of bladder cancer recurrences].", "content": "Chemical antitumor drugs employed by the authors failed to render any cytostatic effect on bladder cancer recurrences. Only surgical treatment might provide a short-term remission. The best results of treatment for recurrent bladder cancer were gained in the combination therapy (surgery and radiotherapy) and also while using distant gammatherapy.", "contents": "[Treatment of bladder cancer recurrences]. Chemical antitumor drugs employed by the authors failed to render any cytostatic effect on bladder cancer recurrences. Only surgical treatment might provide a short-term remission. The best results of treatment for recurrent bladder cancer were gained in the combination therapy (surgery and radiotherapy) and also while using distant gammatherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:339529", "title": "[Effect of methylcobalamin and fluoralkylcobalamins on E. coli 113/3 cell growth and on a primary human embryonic fibroblast culture].", "content": "Comparative analysis of the functional activity of several fluoralkylcobalamines was carried out using E. coli 113/3 strain deficient in vitamin B12 and methionine. Difluoro chlor methylcobalamine (CF2Cl-Cbl) exhibited the most distinct inhibitory effect on growth of bacterial cells in the medium with cobalamine. Effect of methylcobalamine and CF2Cl-Cbl on the proliferative activity of human embryonal fibroblasts was studied in media of various composition. The proliferative activity of fibroblasts was distinctly increased in the medium with methylcobalamine at various periods of cultivation; the fraction of 3H-thimidine labelled cells and the mitotic index were increased. The distinct decrease in amount of cells, synthesizing DNA, and in their mitotic activity was observed in medium with CF2Cl-Cbl. The data obtained suggest that difluorochlor methylcobalamine affects the cell proliferation as the antagonist of methylcobalamine in experiments with bacterial cells and the primary culture of human embryonal fibroblasts.", "contents": "[Effect of methylcobalamin and fluoralkylcobalamins on E. coli 113/3 cell growth and on a primary human embryonic fibroblast culture]. Comparative analysis of the functional activity of several fluoralkylcobalamines was carried out using E. coli 113/3 strain deficient in vitamin B12 and methionine. Difluoro chlor methylcobalamine (CF2Cl-Cbl) exhibited the most distinct inhibitory effect on growth of bacterial cells in the medium with cobalamine. Effect of methylcobalamine and CF2Cl-Cbl on the proliferative activity of human embryonal fibroblasts was studied in media of various composition. The proliferative activity of fibroblasts was distinctly increased in the medium with methylcobalamine at various periods of cultivation; the fraction of 3H-thimidine labelled cells and the mitotic index were increased. The distinct decrease in amount of cells, synthesizing DNA, and in their mitotic activity was observed in medium with CF2Cl-Cbl. The data obtained suggest that difluorochlor methylcobalamine affects the cell proliferation as the antagonist of methylcobalamine in experiments with bacterial cells and the primary culture of human embryonal fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:339530", "title": "[Analysis of the cobalamin coenzymes in mouse splenic tumor cells].", "content": "Coabalamine coenzymes were studied in tumor spleen cells of mice with La leukosis. Endogenous cobalamines in the cell extracts were separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and by bioautography. Analysis of the cobalamines ratio was carried out using bioautochromatographic technique. 5-deoxyladenosyl- and methyl cobalamines were found in extracts of the tumor cells.", "contents": "[Analysis of the cobalamin coenzymes in mouse splenic tumor cells]. Coabalamine coenzymes were studied in tumor spleen cells of mice with La leukosis. Endogenous cobalamines in the cell extracts were separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and by bioautography. Analysis of the cobalamines ratio was carried out using bioautochromatographic technique. 5-deoxyladenosyl- and methyl cobalamines were found in extracts of the tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:339536", "title": "[Results of using dibunol in bladder tumors].", "content": "Intravesical instillations of 10% dibunol liniment were used for the treatment of 132 patients with bladder tumors. An objective improvement was noted in 62.4%, including considerable lessening of the tumor size in 20% and its disappearance in 8.8% of patients. An efficacy of the treatment was considerably greater in bladder cancer in stages T1--T2 than in stages T3 and T4. The frequency of bladder cancer recurrence is found to be lowered following surgery associated with application of dibunol, also the manifest antiinflammatory activity of the drug is emphasized. No side effects relative to the toxic action of dibunol were observed. The use of dibunol seems to be rational in patients with bladder tumors of early stages, especially if associated with surgical therapy, and in tumor recurrences, and also with the symptomatic purposes in inoperable patients.", "contents": "[Results of using dibunol in bladder tumors]. Intravesical instillations of 10% dibunol liniment were used for the treatment of 132 patients with bladder tumors. An objective improvement was noted in 62.4%, including considerable lessening of the tumor size in 20% and its disappearance in 8.8% of patients. An efficacy of the treatment was considerably greater in bladder cancer in stages T1--T2 than in stages T3 and T4. The frequency of bladder cancer recurrence is found to be lowered following surgery associated with application of dibunol, also the manifest antiinflammatory activity of the drug is emphasized. No side effects relative to the toxic action of dibunol were observed. The use of dibunol seems to be rational in patients with bladder tumors of early stages, especially if associated with surgical therapy, and in tumor recurrences, and also with the symptomatic purposes in inoperable patients."}
{"id": "PMID:339537", "title": "[Antitumor action of Ser. marcescens nuclease covalently bound to soluble dextrans].", "content": "The antitumor effect of Ser. marcescens nuclease, modified by covalent binding using the method of diazocoupling with m-aminobenzyloxymethyl dextran of molecular weight 20 000, 40 000, 60 000, exceeds 3--4 times the antitumor effect of the native enzyme in relation to Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in contact tumor cells exposure. In intramuscular injection of the enzyme the nuclease preparation modified by dextran of molecular weight 40 000 showed the greatest antitumor activity against Ehrlich carcinoma and sarcoma 37.", "contents": "[Antitumor action of Ser. marcescens nuclease covalently bound to soluble dextrans]. The antitumor effect of Ser. marcescens nuclease, modified by covalent binding using the method of diazocoupling with m-aminobenzyloxymethyl dextran of molecular weight 20 000, 40 000, 60 000, exceeds 3--4 times the antitumor effect of the native enzyme in relation to Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in contact tumor cells exposure. In intramuscular injection of the enzyme the nuclease preparation modified by dextran of molecular weight 40 000 showed the greatest antitumor activity against Ehrlich carcinoma and sarcoma 37."}
{"id": "PMID:339531", "title": "[Comparative study of the biological activity of a toxin isolated from burned skin using physicochemical and immunosorption methods].", "content": "Highly specific isolation of a toxin from an extract of burned skin was achieved by means of antibodies immobilized on nonsoluble carrier (immunosorbent). The stability of the pure toxin distinctly decreased on storage. The interrelations were studied between manifestations of the biological activity of the toxin preparations and immunochemical purity of the toxin as well as addition of serum albumin.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the biological activity of a toxin isolated from burned skin using physicochemical and immunosorption methods]. Highly specific isolation of a toxin from an extract of burned skin was achieved by means of antibodies immobilized on nonsoluble carrier (immunosorbent). The stability of the pure toxin distinctly decreased on storage. The interrelations were studied between manifestations of the biological activity of the toxin preparations and immunochemical purity of the toxin as well as addition of serum albumin."}
{"id": "PMID:339543", "title": "[S35 lipoic acid distribution and its effect on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in rats with Walker carcinoma].", "content": "S35-lipoic acid injected intraperitoneally in rats with Walker carcinosarcoma in a dose of 250 mg/Kg is accumulated in their organs and tissues to much higher concentrations compared with normal animals during all terms of the observation (15 min, 1 hour, 24 hours). Differences were especially great after 24 hours. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in tumor rats organs was considerably reduced when calculated per 1 Kg of tissue, but it is practically unchanged when calculated per 1 mg of protein, which amount in 1 g of tissue in them is distinctly lower than in normal animals. Single injections of lipoic acid in tumor-bearing rats do restore the enzyme activity to normal (in 1 hour), while repeated ones (10 days)--prolong animals lifeterms by 25%.", "contents": "[S35 lipoic acid distribution and its effect on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in rats with Walker carcinoma]. S35-lipoic acid injected intraperitoneally in rats with Walker carcinosarcoma in a dose of 250 mg/Kg is accumulated in their organs and tissues to much higher concentrations compared with normal animals during all terms of the observation (15 min, 1 hour, 24 hours). Differences were especially great after 24 hours. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in tumor rats organs was considerably reduced when calculated per 1 Kg of tissue, but it is practically unchanged when calculated per 1 mg of protein, which amount in 1 g of tissue in them is distinctly lower than in normal animals. Single injections of lipoic acid in tumor-bearing rats do restore the enzyme activity to normal (in 1 hour), while repeated ones (10 days)--prolong animals lifeterms by 25%."}
{"id": "PMID:339532", "title": "[Effect of a polyvalent proteinase inhibitor from the lungs of a bull on the state of the kinin system in burn shock and acute burn toxemia].", "content": "Effect of a polyvalent inhibitor of proteinases from bovine lungs (industrial preparation -- ingitrile, commercial grade -- conntrical) on the state of kinin system was studied in blood serum of patients with extensive burns at shock periods and in acute burn toxemia. Decrease in content of kallikreinogene, which is typical for shock and acute, toxemia and which reflects the activation of kallikrein-kinin system, was less distinct in patients, treated with the inhibitor, than in patients, which were not treated with ingitrile. The early and rapid restoration in kininogene content and distinct inhibition of the total arginine-esterase activity were observed in blood serum after treatment with the inhibitor. The inhibitor did not affect the phase alterations in the carboxypeptidase N activity within the first 3 days after the burns; the distinct decrease in the enzymatic activity was confirmed within the first period of the burn shock. Within 24-48 hrs after the burns content of alpha1-antitrypsin was distinctly increased in patients treated with ingitrile as compared with the untreated group. The data obtained suggest that the polyvalent proteinase inhibitor causes a decrease in activity of the kallikreinkinin system in blood plasma and affects the enzymes participating indirectly in formation of kinins in burned patients. The data obtained are in agreement with the distinct clinical effect of the inhibitor. The doses of the inhibitor used in these studies did not cause normalizing effect on the activity of the kinin system components and on the clinical state of patients only in extremely severe cases of burn shock and in acute burn toxemia with letal outcome within the few days after the injury.", "contents": "[Effect of a polyvalent proteinase inhibitor from the lungs of a bull on the state of the kinin system in burn shock and acute burn toxemia]. Effect of a polyvalent inhibitor of proteinases from bovine lungs (industrial preparation -- ingitrile, commercial grade -- conntrical) on the state of kinin system was studied in blood serum of patients with extensive burns at shock periods and in acute burn toxemia. Decrease in content of kallikreinogene, which is typical for shock and acute, toxemia and which reflects the activation of kallikrein-kinin system, was less distinct in patients, treated with the inhibitor, than in patients, which were not treated with ingitrile. The early and rapid restoration in kininogene content and distinct inhibition of the total arginine-esterase activity were observed in blood serum after treatment with the inhibitor. The inhibitor did not affect the phase alterations in the carboxypeptidase N activity within the first 3 days after the burns; the distinct decrease in the enzymatic activity was confirmed within the first period of the burn shock. Within 24-48 hrs after the burns content of alpha1-antitrypsin was distinctly increased in patients treated with ingitrile as compared with the untreated group. The data obtained suggest that the polyvalent proteinase inhibitor causes a decrease in activity of the kallikreinkinin system in blood plasma and affects the enzymes participating indirectly in formation of kinins in burned patients. The data obtained are in agreement with the distinct clinical effect of the inhibitor. The doses of the inhibitor used in these studies did not cause normalizing effect on the activity of the kinin system components and on the clinical state of patients only in extremely severe cases of burn shock and in acute burn toxemia with letal outcome within the few days after the injury."}
{"id": "PMID:339548", "title": "Creatine phosphokinase-MB (CPK-MB) and the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.", "content": "Creatine phosphokinase-MB (CPK-MB) is the most sensitive and the most specific indicator available for the diagnosis of an acute myocardial infarction. With the exception of after-cardiac surgical procedures, the degree and the duration of CPK-MB elevation in serum approximates the extent of an acute myocardial infarction, although a variety of factors may affect the reliability of such an index. Differences in the fractionation and assay methods for the creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes have produced conflicting documentation as to the presence of CPK-MB in tissues other than myocardium and the release of CPK-MB under conditions other than an acute myocardial infarction. The embryological development of the CPK-MB isoenzymes, as well as the various conditions involving increased CPK-BB serum activity, also deserve attention.", "contents": "Creatine phosphokinase-MB (CPK-MB) and the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Creatine phosphokinase-MB (CPK-MB) is the most sensitive and the most specific indicator available for the diagnosis of an acute myocardial infarction. With the exception of after-cardiac surgical procedures, the degree and the duration of CPK-MB elevation in serum approximates the extent of an acute myocardial infarction, although a variety of factors may affect the reliability of such an index. Differences in the fractionation and assay methods for the creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes have produced conflicting documentation as to the presence of CPK-MB in tissues other than myocardium and the release of CPK-MB under conditions other than an acute myocardial infarction. The embryological development of the CPK-MB isoenzymes, as well as the various conditions involving increased CPK-BB serum activity, also deserve attention."}
{"id": "PMID:339549", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction: clinical application of technetium 99m stannous pyrophosphate infarct scintigraphy.", "content": "Acute myocardial infarction is being recognized as a spectrum of clinical subsets. This appreciation has been brought about to a large degree by the development of several new tools that can be applied clinically to aid in evaluation of patients with acute infarction, and in some cases to provide short and long-term prognostic information. In the realm of noninvasive methods, several tests utilizing radiopharmaceuticals and scintillation cameras have emerged and are rapidly becoming reliable diagnostic parameters in patients with coronary disease and infarction. Technetium 99m (stannous) pyrophosphate (TcPYP) scintigraphy, one of the first of these techniques to find clinical use, has been shown to be an accurate indicator of acute transmural myocardial infarction and provides added sensitivity and specificity to the diagnosis. Increased diagnostic accuracy, the dimension of visible localization and the potential for infarct sizing promise physicians better understanding of a patient's clinical presentation and a more rational approach to management.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction: clinical application of technetium 99m stannous pyrophosphate infarct scintigraphy. Acute myocardial infarction is being recognized as a spectrum of clinical subsets. This appreciation has been brought about to a large degree by the development of several new tools that can be applied clinically to aid in evaluation of patients with acute infarction, and in some cases to provide short and long-term prognostic information. In the realm of noninvasive methods, several tests utilizing radiopharmaceuticals and scintillation cameras have emerged and are rapidly becoming reliable diagnostic parameters in patients with coronary disease and infarction. Technetium 99m (stannous) pyrophosphate (TcPYP) scintigraphy, one of the first of these techniques to find clinical use, has been shown to be an accurate indicator of acute transmural myocardial infarction and provides added sensitivity and specificity to the diagnosis. Increased diagnostic accuracy, the dimension of visible localization and the potential for infarct sizing promise physicians better understanding of a patient's clinical presentation and a more rational approach to management."}
{"id": "PMID:339553", "title": "[Results of the Austrian myocardial infarction study on the effects of streptokinase (author's transl)].", "content": "A multicentre study of cases of acute myocardial infarction was undertaken at 27 departments at teaching and non-teaching hospitals throughout Austria over a period of three years. Altogether 3397 patients were investigated. On classification of the patients according to the number of shock indicators, two comparable groups (B and C) of \"mild\" infarction with 0, 1 or 2 signs of shock were obtained. These low-risk groups comprised 728 patients. The mortality in group C (\"mild\" infarction, no streptokinase) was 17.3%, significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than the corresponding figure of 10.5% in group B (\"mild\" infarct, streptokinase therapy). The decrease in mortality by streptokinase therapy applied both to monitored patients as well as to those who were not monitored. Haemorrhage was a very rare complication, but somewhat more frequent in the streptokinase-treated cases, as expected. The incidence of complications such as stereocardia, asystole, and cardiac insufficiency, as well as the conversion of \"mild\" cases into a \"severe\" symptomatology was markedly reduced in the streptokinase-treated group.", "contents": "[Results of the Austrian myocardial infarction study on the effects of streptokinase (author's transl)]. A multicentre study of cases of acute myocardial infarction was undertaken at 27 departments at teaching and non-teaching hospitals throughout Austria over a period of three years. Altogether 3397 patients were investigated. On classification of the patients according to the number of shock indicators, two comparable groups (B and C) of \"mild\" infarction with 0, 1 or 2 signs of shock were obtained. These low-risk groups comprised 728 patients. The mortality in group C (\"mild\" infarction, no streptokinase) was 17.3%, significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than the corresponding figure of 10.5% in group B (\"mild\" infarct, streptokinase therapy). The decrease in mortality by streptokinase therapy applied both to monitored patients as well as to those who were not monitored. Haemorrhage was a very rare complication, but somewhat more frequent in the streptokinase-treated cases, as expected. The incidence of complications such as stereocardia, asystole, and cardiac insufficiency, as well as the conversion of \"mild\" cases into a \"severe\" symptomatology was markedly reduced in the streptokinase-treated group."}
{"id": "PMID:339554", "title": "[Advances in the diagnosis of renal function with radionuclides (author's transl)].", "content": "Nuclear medicine offers the possibility of quantitative (clearance techniques) and semiquantitative (sequential gamma-camera studies) renal function studies, which can be done with minimal discomfort to the patient at a low radiation exposure. Scintillation cameras with data-storing and computer systems are used after administration of labelled chelates (99mTc-DTPA, 111In-DTPA, 51Cr-EDTA) and labelled contrast media excreted by glomerular filtration (131I-Iothalamate, 131I-Hypaque) and after injection of 131I-ortho-iodo-hippuric acid (131I-Hippuran). The use of 99mTc gives further information on regional renal perfusion, which can be supplemented by exact data after injection of 133Xe into the renal artery. The described methods have proved to be valuable in the diagnosis of renal artery stenoses, in the follow-up of inflammatory kidney disease, in the assessment of hypertensive patients, in the differentiation of renal lesions with destruction of parenchyma, in the follow-up of urinary tract obstruction and in the follow-up of patients with transplanted kidneys over many years. The correlation of nuclear medicine data with chemical and clinical parameters is excellent. Studies of renal function by radionuclides have, thus, acquired an important role in the evaluation and follow-up of nephrological and urological patients.", "contents": "[Advances in the diagnosis of renal function with radionuclides (author's transl)]. Nuclear medicine offers the possibility of quantitative (clearance techniques) and semiquantitative (sequential gamma-camera studies) renal function studies, which can be done with minimal discomfort to the patient at a low radiation exposure. Scintillation cameras with data-storing and computer systems are used after administration of labelled chelates (99mTc-DTPA, 111In-DTPA, 51Cr-EDTA) and labelled contrast media excreted by glomerular filtration (131I-Iothalamate, 131I-Hypaque) and after injection of 131I-ortho-iodo-hippuric acid (131I-Hippuran). The use of 99mTc gives further information on regional renal perfusion, which can be supplemented by exact data after injection of 133Xe into the renal artery. The described methods have proved to be valuable in the diagnosis of renal artery stenoses, in the follow-up of inflammatory kidney disease, in the assessment of hypertensive patients, in the differentiation of renal lesions with destruction of parenchyma, in the follow-up of urinary tract obstruction and in the follow-up of patients with transplanted kidneys over many years. The correlation of nuclear medicine data with chemical and clinical parameters is excellent. Studies of renal function by radionuclides have, thus, acquired an important role in the evaluation and follow-up of nephrological and urological patients."}
{"id": "PMID:339555", "title": "[Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity after renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Regular 4-weekly follow-up controls of serum lactate dehydrogenase activity in 23 renal transplant recipients revealed a constant rise in serum LDH activity during the early postoperative months. During the first post-transplant month serum LDH activity increased from 150.0 +/- 48.2 mE/ml to 195.5 +/- 84.8 mE/ml, serum enzyme activity being highest (329.1 +/- 143.2 mE/ml) 6 months after surgery. Since serum creatinine levels remained relatively constant, it seems unlikely that renal rejection played a major pathogenic role in the production of increased LDH activity. Since the pattern of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes was ithin normal limits, the pathogenesis of increased LDH serum activity following renal transplantation is not yet clear. Possible causes such as liver damage due to hepatitis B, macrocytosis induced by immunosuppressive therapy and myopathy to steroids are discussed.", "contents": "[Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. Regular 4-weekly follow-up controls of serum lactate dehydrogenase activity in 23 renal transplant recipients revealed a constant rise in serum LDH activity during the early postoperative months. During the first post-transplant month serum LDH activity increased from 150.0 +/- 48.2 mE/ml to 195.5 +/- 84.8 mE/ml, serum enzyme activity being highest (329.1 +/- 143.2 mE/ml) 6 months after surgery. Since serum creatinine levels remained relatively constant, it seems unlikely that renal rejection played a major pathogenic role in the production of increased LDH activity. Since the pattern of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes was ithin normal limits, the pathogenesis of increased LDH serum activity following renal transplantation is not yet clear. Possible causes such as liver damage due to hepatitis B, macrocytosis induced by immunosuppressive therapy and myopathy to steroids are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:339560", "title": "[Illness due to mycoplasma pneumoniae in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection could be found in 16 from 92 children treated for respiratory disease in a Hungarian hospital. It was verified by growth inhibition test or by culturing germs from bronchial secretions. Seroology proved to be more effective than culture for identification. Illnesses due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae seem to be more frequent in the age group 0--3 years in Hungary than they are in western countries in the same age group. The authors assume that this high frequency is caused because children in this country are earlier admitted to community facilities (cr\u00e8che, kindergarten, hospital) than in western countries. Therefore mycoplasma pneumoniae infection must be paid attention to also in acute respiratory diseases in the first 3 years of life, when children are admitted to community facilities.", "contents": "[Illness due to mycoplasma pneumoniae in childhood (author's transl)]. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection could be found in 16 from 92 children treated for respiratory disease in a Hungarian hospital. It was verified by growth inhibition test or by culturing germs from bronchial secretions. Seroology proved to be more effective than culture for identification. Illnesses due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae seem to be more frequent in the age group 0--3 years in Hungary than they are in western countries in the same age group. The authors assume that this high frequency is caused because children in this country are earlier admitted to community facilities (cr\u00e8che, kindergarten, hospital) than in western countries. Therefore mycoplasma pneumoniae infection must be paid attention to also in acute respiratory diseases in the first 3 years of life, when children are admitted to community facilities."}
{"id": "PMID:339561", "title": "[The value of lymphography as supplemental examination in thoracic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "A literature review about the significance and incidence of lymphography in intrathoracic diseases (lymphogranulomatosis, reticulum cell sarcoma, lymphosarcoma, chronic lymphatic leukemia, giant follicular lymphoma, pulmonary sarcoidosis) is given. Intrathoracic manifestations of malignant lymphomas are absolute indications for lymphography. With the proof of retroperitoneal lymph node involvement alterations in staging of the disease and therapeutical consequences are emerging. In benign lymph node diseases, such as pulmonary sarcoidosis, lymphography will be also helpful for staging, but therapeutic consequences do not ensue, an absolute indication for lymphography is not validated. Lymphography is valuable for the diagnosis of diseases and injuries of the thoracic duct. The existing methods of lymphographic visualization of intrathoracic lymph nodes are not yet satisfying and need further research.", "contents": "[The value of lymphography as supplemental examination in thoracic diseases (author's transl)]. A literature review about the significance and incidence of lymphography in intrathoracic diseases (lymphogranulomatosis, reticulum cell sarcoma, lymphosarcoma, chronic lymphatic leukemia, giant follicular lymphoma, pulmonary sarcoidosis) is given. Intrathoracic manifestations of malignant lymphomas are absolute indications for lymphography. With the proof of retroperitoneal lymph node involvement alterations in staging of the disease and therapeutical consequences are emerging. In benign lymph node diseases, such as pulmonary sarcoidosis, lymphography will be also helpful for staging, but therapeutic consequences do not ensue, an absolute indication for lymphography is not validated. Lymphography is valuable for the diagnosis of diseases and injuries of the thoracic duct. The existing methods of lymphographic visualization of intrathoracic lymph nodes are not yet satisfying and need further research."}
{"id": "PMID:339563", "title": "[Pathophysiology and therapy of anemia in chronic renal insufficiency].", "content": "During a chronic renal insufficiency obligatorily an anaemia develops, which shows a statistically highly significant non-linear correlation to the degree of the impairment of the renal function. The pathogenetic points of view are very diverse and include disturbances of the formation of erythrocytes and a shortened life span of the erythrocytes. The necessary treatment of anaemia, above all in patients on the chronic dialysis programmes must consider these pathomechanisms and will be in most cases identical with a polypragmasy.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology and therapy of anemia in chronic renal insufficiency]. During a chronic renal insufficiency obligatorily an anaemia develops, which shows a statistically highly significant non-linear correlation to the degree of the impairment of the renal function. The pathogenetic points of view are very diverse and include disturbances of the formation of erythrocytes and a shortened life span of the erythrocytes. The necessary treatment of anaemia, above all in patients on the chronic dialysis programmes must consider these pathomechanisms and will be in most cases identical with a polypragmasy."}
{"id": "PMID:339564", "title": "[The influencing of laboratory diagnosis through drugs].", "content": "An extensive literature on influencing laboratory diagnostics by drugs gave rise to uncertainty in interpretation of clinico-chemical results. However, a critical revision of primary literature shows that at this time only a relatively small part of asserted influence is secured and relevant for the therapeutic situation in human being. In interest of the interpretation of the results as well as of the early diagnosis of biochemically conceivable side-effects of drugs and poisonings systemic clinico-pharmacological and clinico-chemical investigations are necessary. For a rough orientation in patients some tables were added in extracts taking as a basis a critical selection of hitherto existing literature on such influences.", "contents": "[The influencing of laboratory diagnosis through drugs]. An extensive literature on influencing laboratory diagnostics by drugs gave rise to uncertainty in interpretation of clinico-chemical results. However, a critical revision of primary literature shows that at this time only a relatively small part of asserted influence is secured and relevant for the therapeutic situation in human being. In interest of the interpretation of the results as well as of the early diagnosis of biochemically conceivable side-effects of drugs and poisonings systemic clinico-pharmacological and clinico-chemical investigations are necessary. For a rough orientation in patients some tables were added in extracts taking as a basis a critical selection of hitherto existing literature on such influences."}
{"id": "PMID:339566", "title": "[Use of nuclear-medicine technics in the differential diagnosis of anemias].", "content": "The use of nuclear-medical methods is especially described for the diagnostic of anaemias with different etiology. For the diagnosis of the chronic haemorrhagic anaemias the determination of the blood losses through the gastrointestinal tract with the help of the 51Cr-method and for the course of the acute haemorrhagic anaemias the automatized determination of the blood volume are emphasized. For the proof of a latent haemolysis often the knowledge of the apparant half survival time of the erythrocytes is necessary. Also in manifest haemolysis this investigation method gives differential-diagnostic references. For the megaloblastic anaemias a diagnostic routine programme and a differentiated investigation scheme are reported by Hoffbrand. For the clarification of the anaemias by insufficiency of the bone-marrow and ineffective erythropoiesis the radio-iron-kinetic investigations have proved. They should also be taken into consideration for the indication of the transplantation of the bone-marrow.", "contents": "[Use of nuclear-medicine technics in the differential diagnosis of anemias]. The use of nuclear-medical methods is especially described for the diagnostic of anaemias with different etiology. For the diagnosis of the chronic haemorrhagic anaemias the determination of the blood losses through the gastrointestinal tract with the help of the 51Cr-method and for the course of the acute haemorrhagic anaemias the automatized determination of the blood volume are emphasized. For the proof of a latent haemolysis often the knowledge of the apparant half survival time of the erythrocytes is necessary. Also in manifest haemolysis this investigation method gives differential-diagnostic references. For the megaloblastic anaemias a diagnostic routine programme and a differentiated investigation scheme are reported by Hoffbrand. For the clarification of the anaemias by insufficiency of the bone-marrow and ineffective erythropoiesis the radio-iron-kinetic investigations have proved. They should also be taken into consideration for the indication of the transplantation of the bone-marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:339567", "title": "[Use of a computer for the preparation of medical history screening in cardiovascular diseases].", "content": "Questionable data may be regarded as significant indicators for a screening. It is the aim of our investigations to develop a screening standard anamnesis in form of a questionaire which allows on the scale of larger groups of population to establish the number of endangered persons and patients who probably suffer from cardiovascular diseases but of the quantity of apparantly healthy persons. In order to recognize regularities of the diagnostics coordination of the individual patient by his answers on the questionnaire the data of 400 diagnostically clarified persons (model experiment) underwent a discriminancy analysis. When the data of unknown test persons are given in, on account of the well-known functions of discriminancy a classification in the groups persons with heart and circulatory diseases or with a healthy heart and circulation or a group diagnosis can be performed, respectively. The evaluation of the data of unknown test persons of a pilot study in 96% resulted in a correct classification in patients with heart and circulatory diseases or persons with healthy heart and circulation, the classification in the above mentioned groups of diagnosis was performed on an average to 57%.", "contents": "[Use of a computer for the preparation of medical history screening in cardiovascular diseases]. Questionable data may be regarded as significant indicators for a screening. It is the aim of our investigations to develop a screening standard anamnesis in form of a questionaire which allows on the scale of larger groups of population to establish the number of endangered persons and patients who probably suffer from cardiovascular diseases but of the quantity of apparantly healthy persons. In order to recognize regularities of the diagnostics coordination of the individual patient by his answers on the questionnaire the data of 400 diagnostically clarified persons (model experiment) underwent a discriminancy analysis. When the data of unknown test persons are given in, on account of the well-known functions of discriminancy a classification in the groups persons with heart and circulatory diseases or with a healthy heart and circulation or a group diagnosis can be performed, respectively. The evaluation of the data of unknown test persons of a pilot study in 96% resulted in a correct classification in patients with heart and circulatory diseases or persons with healthy heart and circulation, the classification in the above mentioned groups of diagnosis was performed on an average to 57%."}
{"id": "PMID:339568", "title": "[Experience in the use of Smith's ECG evaluation program].", "content": "After the experiences with the use of the programme of Pipberger concerning the automatised ECG-analysis in clinic, outpatient department and factory public health, which were made at the Medical Academy Erfurt during the last years, at this time comparative examinations with the ECG-analysis programme of Smith were performed. The intake of data (3 orthogonal leads) is done by means of a data establishing unit developed by us. For the analog-digital-changing, the pretreatment of data and the transmission of the ECG-data on the digital magnet tape a process-calculator TPA-i is used. The analysis is performed by the computer Robotron 21. The evaluation of the results shows that, when a great number of patients is examined, normal curves are correctly estimated at 100%. The recognition rate of pathological curves has with 79.5% about the same size as the visual judgment. The deficiencies of the diagnostic programme of Smith must be essentially found in the relatively high proportion of falsely negative findings, the insufficient differentiation of the changes of the chamber variation, in the sometimes incorrect formation, why the classification of the curves in individual groups was performed. On account of the certain centage of falsely negative ones the programme is well recognition of normal findings and the tolerable pernotion of the diagnosis and the sometimes lacking insuited for screening examinations.", "contents": "[Experience in the use of Smith's ECG evaluation program]. After the experiences with the use of the programme of Pipberger concerning the automatised ECG-analysis in clinic, outpatient department and factory public health, which were made at the Medical Academy Erfurt during the last years, at this time comparative examinations with the ECG-analysis programme of Smith were performed. The intake of data (3 orthogonal leads) is done by means of a data establishing unit developed by us. For the analog-digital-changing, the pretreatment of data and the transmission of the ECG-data on the digital magnet tape a process-calculator TPA-i is used. The analysis is performed by the computer Robotron 21. The evaluation of the results shows that, when a great number of patients is examined, normal curves are correctly estimated at 100%. The recognition rate of pathological curves has with 79.5% about the same size as the visual judgment. The deficiencies of the diagnostic programme of Smith must be essentially found in the relatively high proportion of falsely negative findings, the insufficient differentiation of the changes of the chamber variation, in the sometimes incorrect formation, why the classification of the curves in individual groups was performed. On account of the certain centage of falsely negative ones the programme is well recognition of normal findings and the tolerable pernotion of the diagnosis and the sometimes lacking insuited for screening examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:339570", "title": "[In memoriam Emil Abderhalden (1877-1950) (author's transl)].", "content": "The 100th anniversary of Emil Abderhalden's birthday gave occasion to remember life and work of this great physician. Abderhalden's contributions to physiological chemistry then determined the profile of this speciality and at the same time they also fertilized other subjects--for instance internal medicine. Apart from the activity in the closer speciality Abderhalden's life-work is characterized by social-medical activities and activities in the field of communal politics, the details of which are presented in this study.", "contents": "[In memoriam Emil Abderhalden (1877-1950) (author's transl)]. The 100th anniversary of Emil Abderhalden's birthday gave occasion to remember life and work of this great physician. Abderhalden's contributions to physiological chemistry then determined the profile of this speciality and at the same time they also fertilized other subjects--for instance internal medicine. Apart from the activity in the closer speciality Abderhalden's life-work is characterized by social-medical activities and activities in the field of communal politics, the details of which are presented in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:339571", "title": "[Universal measurement site for the processing-oriented recording of cardiovascular data].", "content": "A measuring place is described for the registration of standardized, evaluable by means of the computer deviations of bioelectric signals (parameters of heart and circulation, peripheral pulse curves and rheogramms). The high demands which concern the adequate establishment measuring places with regard to quality and comfort of attendance and condition corresponding technical solutions are explained. At the instance of the rheogram the mode of function is described. A short prognosis on the trend of development in the recognition of biological measuring values is given.", "contents": "[Universal measurement site for the processing-oriented recording of cardiovascular data]. A measuring place is described for the registration of standardized, evaluable by means of the computer deviations of bioelectric signals (parameters of heart and circulation, peripheral pulse curves and rheogramms). The high demands which concern the adequate establishment measuring places with regard to quality and comfort of attendance and condition corresponding technical solutions are explained. At the instance of the rheogram the mode of function is described. A short prognosis on the trend of development in the recognition of biological measuring values is given."}
{"id": "PMID:339572", "title": "[Use of automatic picture processing in clinical-morphological diagnostics].", "content": "The use of the automatic elaboration of pictures for the evaluation of microscopic pictures gives the possibility to automise histological and cytological routine examinations and to improve the recognition of morphological findings by quantitative investigations in the medical morphological diagnostics. The effective practical use of the method is bound to certain device-technical prerequisites which are mentioned in short. At the same time a survey of the principal possibilities in the medical morphological diagnostics is given. By the analysis of the digitalised pictures of cells, cell organelles and other tissue structures reproducible quantitative data on outline and texture as well as on the special arrangement of the objects present in the picture are obtained. On the basis of these characteristics it is possible to identify cells, to find perhaps existing subgroupings in cell populations or to perform an automatic preselection of the material to be investigated. At the instance of the normal white differential blood picture the modern possibilities and limits of the method are described.", "contents": "[Use of automatic picture processing in clinical-morphological diagnostics]. The use of the automatic elaboration of pictures for the evaluation of microscopic pictures gives the possibility to automise histological and cytological routine examinations and to improve the recognition of morphological findings by quantitative investigations in the medical morphological diagnostics. The effective practical use of the method is bound to certain device-technical prerequisites which are mentioned in short. At the same time a survey of the principal possibilities in the medical morphological diagnostics is given. By the analysis of the digitalised pictures of cells, cell organelles and other tissue structures reproducible quantitative data on outline and texture as well as on the special arrangement of the objects present in the picture are obtained. On the basis of these characteristics it is possible to identify cells, to find perhaps existing subgroupings in cell populations or to perform an automatic preselection of the material to be investigated. At the instance of the normal white differential blood picture the modern possibilities and limits of the method are described."}
{"id": "PMID:339573", "title": "[Automatic processing of laboratory data using a process computer at the Dresden Medical Academy].", "content": "The prerequisites for the use of electronic data processing apparatuses in the laboratory diagnostics are explained and principal demands are formulated which are to be made to a laboratory organisation system supported by electronic data processing on the side of the clinic. The description of the project \"LOL 2\" practised at the Medical Academy Dresden deals above all with the demands of the laboratory, the establishment of findings referred to series and patients and their transmission to the requirer using the teleprinting technics. The first step of the practical use of this project is also used in the district hospitals Cottbus and G\u00f6rlitz. The aim of this development is a comprehensive information system for the communication process between ward and laboratory.", "contents": "[Automatic processing of laboratory data using a process computer at the Dresden Medical Academy]. The prerequisites for the use of electronic data processing apparatuses in the laboratory diagnostics are explained and principal demands are formulated which are to be made to a laboratory organisation system supported by electronic data processing on the side of the clinic. The description of the project \"LOL 2\" practised at the Medical Academy Dresden deals above all with the demands of the laboratory, the establishment of findings referred to series and patients and their transmission to the requirer using the teleprinting technics. The first step of the practical use of this project is also used in the district hospitals Cottbus and G\u00f6rlitz. The aim of this development is a comprehensive information system for the communication process between ward and laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:339574", "title": "[Use of a process computer in nuclear medicine].", "content": "The picture processing of scintigrammes (scintillation scanner and scintillation camera) has become possible only by use of process calculators. In the processing of individual static pictures by means of mathematical filtration methods, underground subtraction and formation of classes the perceptibility of details is improved. The evaluation of dynamic photographs of the scintillation camera (to 10 pictures/s) presumes the genuine time working of a process calculator. Out of the sequel of pictures the temporary course of activity in marked picture regions (organs, parts of organs) can be calculated as function curve. Using a small computer system KRS 4,200 (Robotron) in the Radiological Clinic of the Leipzig Karl-Marx-University the temporary and logical course of measuring is regulated in nuclear-medical measuring places. Acceptance and processing of the measuring values is performed by 5 working places in genuine time work. Furthermore, organizational tasks of the course of work are treated by computer.", "contents": "[Use of a process computer in nuclear medicine]. The picture processing of scintigrammes (scintillation scanner and scintillation camera) has become possible only by use of process calculators. In the processing of individual static pictures by means of mathematical filtration methods, underground subtraction and formation of classes the perceptibility of details is improved. The evaluation of dynamic photographs of the scintillation camera (to 10 pictures/s) presumes the genuine time working of a process calculator. Out of the sequel of pictures the temporary course of activity in marked picture regions (organs, parts of organs) can be calculated as function curve. Using a small computer system KRS 4,200 (Robotron) in the Radiological Clinic of the Leipzig Karl-Marx-University the temporary and logical course of measuring is regulated in nuclear-medical measuring places. Acceptance and processing of the measuring values is performed by 5 working places in genuine time work. Furthermore, organizational tasks of the course of work are treated by computer."}
{"id": "PMID:339577", "title": "[Intra-articular therapy of chronic arthritides].", "content": "The intraarticular therapy with the aim of the direct influence on the pathologically changed synovial membrane increasingly gains significance. On the basis of own results as well as literary data the present possibilities of the local treatment of chronic arthritides are described. After discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the individual usable preparations a scheme of therapy elaborated for the use of local therapeutics in chronic synovialitis is described. Exact indications for the use of the intraarticular as well as operative methods for therapy of chronic synovialitis must still be established.", "contents": "[Intra-articular therapy of chronic arthritides]. The intraarticular therapy with the aim of the direct influence on the pathologically changed synovial membrane increasingly gains significance. On the basis of own results as well as literary data the present possibilities of the local treatment of chronic arthritides are described. After discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the individual usable preparations a scheme of therapy elaborated for the use of local therapeutics in chronic synovialitis is described. Exact indications for the use of the intraarticular as well as operative methods for therapy of chronic synovialitis must still be established."}
{"id": "PMID:339579", "title": "[Benign monoclonal gammapathies].", "content": "Monoclonal immunoglobulins (= paraproteins) in zone electrophoretic separation on paper, cellulose acetate foil or agar are demonstrated as narrow base gradients, which refers to the homogeneity of the molecules of the immunoglobulins. In unselected population they are observed in 0.1 to 1.2%, in which cases they more frequently appear with growing age, in persons older than 70 years they were established in 3%. The cause in question is only in a small part a plasmocytoma or another lymphoreticular disease. In the majority of cases, particularly in the cases with insignificant concentration of M-gradients the appearance of monoclonal immunoglobulins is the only deviation from the normal in an examination, which led to the notion essential benign monoclonal gammapathy. A therapy of this benign gammapathy is not necessary. For the demarcation of an early form of a plasmocytoma long-term controls with measuring of the concentration of the monoclonal immunoglobulin shall be carried out, since a permanent increase of the paraproteinaemia is the most reliable sign of a malignant gammapathy. Clinical observation and experimental investigations on animals make probable that the causes for the appearance of a benign monoclonal gammapathy are to be traced back to a special antigen stimulation in genetic disposition.", "contents": "[Benign monoclonal gammapathies]. Monoclonal immunoglobulins (= paraproteins) in zone electrophoretic separation on paper, cellulose acetate foil or agar are demonstrated as narrow base gradients, which refers to the homogeneity of the molecules of the immunoglobulins. In unselected population they are observed in 0.1 to 1.2%, in which cases they more frequently appear with growing age, in persons older than 70 years they were established in 3%. The cause in question is only in a small part a plasmocytoma or another lymphoreticular disease. In the majority of cases, particularly in the cases with insignificant concentration of M-gradients the appearance of monoclonal immunoglobulins is the only deviation from the normal in an examination, which led to the notion essential benign monoclonal gammapathy. A therapy of this benign gammapathy is not necessary. For the demarcation of an early form of a plasmocytoma long-term controls with measuring of the concentration of the monoclonal immunoglobulin shall be carried out, since a permanent increase of the paraproteinaemia is the most reliable sign of a malignant gammapathy. Clinical observation and experimental investigations on animals make probable that the causes for the appearance of a benign monoclonal gammapathy are to be traced back to a special antigen stimulation in genetic disposition."}
{"id": "PMID:339580", "title": "[Immunoglobulin E--formation, determination and significance].", "content": "The detection of class E of immunoglobulins 10 years ago led to a decisive progress in the pathogenesis and diagnostics of allergic diseases. In the literary survey several essential findings concerning the structure of the IgE and concerning the quantitative and qualitative recognition of the total IgE and the allergen-specific freely circulating or cellularly fixed IgE-antibodies are cited. Diagnostically usable changes of concentrations of the level of total IgE are described.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulin E--formation, determination and significance]. The detection of class E of immunoglobulins 10 years ago led to a decisive progress in the pathogenesis and diagnostics of allergic diseases. In the literary survey several essential findings concerning the structure of the IgE and concerning the quantitative and qualitative recognition of the total IgE and the allergen-specific freely circulating or cellularly fixed IgE-antibodies are cited. Diagnostically usable changes of concentrations of the level of total IgE are described."}
{"id": "PMID:339582", "title": "[Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy as a complication of immunosuppression in kidney transplantation].", "content": "The progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy is mostly observed as paraneoplastic complication of malignant lymphoproliferative systemic diseases. It may develop also under the influence of a long-term immunosuppressive therapy, as it is necessary in the rejection treatment of recipients or organ transplantations. It is reported on a 44-year-old man in whom a progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy with exitus letalis developed 6 months after a kidney transplantation and following immunosuppressive therapy. In the oligodendroglia of the marginal region of leukodystrophic foci in the centrum semiovale of the right cerebral hemisphere by means of electron microscopy paracrystalline situated virions of the type Papova were proved in most cases.", "contents": "[Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy as a complication of immunosuppression in kidney transplantation]. The progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy is mostly observed as paraneoplastic complication of malignant lymphoproliferative systemic diseases. It may develop also under the influence of a long-term immunosuppressive therapy, as it is necessary in the rejection treatment of recipients or organ transplantations. It is reported on a 44-year-old man in whom a progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy with exitus letalis developed 6 months after a kidney transplantation and following immunosuppressive therapy. In the oligodendroglia of the marginal region of leukodystrophic foci in the centrum semiovale of the right cerebral hemisphere by means of electron microscopy paracrystalline situated virions of the type Papova were proved in most cases."}
{"id": "PMID:339583", "title": "[Renal failure during liver disease--The significance of endotoxins (author's transl)].", "content": "In cirrhosis and fulminant hepatic failure acute renal failure may occur both without (\"functional renal failure\") and with tubular necrosis, the two probably being the ends of a spectrum. The underlying pathophysiological change is an intense renal and intra-renal vasoconstriction. Evidence is presented that this is due to systemic endotoxaemia resulting from failure of the liver to filter endotoxins absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Acute renal failure complicating obstructive jaundic has also been related to endotoxaemia, but in contrast to cirrhosis and fulminant hepatic failure this is usually due to an associated gram-negative infection and the renal failure almost invariably has the features of acute tubular necrosis. Endotoxins have two major effects on the kidney: (i) renal vasoconstriction, and (ii) glomerular and peritubular fibrin deposition. The nature of the renal failure depends on the balance between these variables which may be profoundly altered by the underlying liver disease.", "contents": "[Renal failure during liver disease--The significance of endotoxins (author's transl)]. In cirrhosis and fulminant hepatic failure acute renal failure may occur both without (\"functional renal failure\") and with tubular necrosis, the two probably being the ends of a spectrum. The underlying pathophysiological change is an intense renal and intra-renal vasoconstriction. Evidence is presented that this is due to systemic endotoxaemia resulting from failure of the liver to filter endotoxins absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Acute renal failure complicating obstructive jaundic has also been related to endotoxaemia, but in contrast to cirrhosis and fulminant hepatic failure this is usually due to an associated gram-negative infection and the renal failure almost invariably has the features of acute tubular necrosis. Endotoxins have two major effects on the kidney: (i) renal vasoconstriction, and (ii) glomerular and peritubular fibrin deposition. The nature of the renal failure depends on the balance between these variables which may be profoundly altered by the underlying liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:339599", "title": "Comparison of treatment schedules for Plasmodium vivax infections in the Solomon Islands.", "content": "A total of 26 patients infected with Solomon Islands strains of Plasmodium vivax was treated with one of three regimens of cloroquine-primaquine, in an attempt to determine the relapse patterns and the response to treatment of the local strains of parasite. The results suggest that the standard course of chloroquine-primaquine provides a radical cure for the strains of Plasmodium vivax from the Solomon Islands, provided that strict supervision of drug administration is enforced.", "contents": "Comparison of treatment schedules for Plasmodium vivax infections in the Solomon Islands. A total of 26 patients infected with Solomon Islands strains of Plasmodium vivax was treated with one of three regimens of cloroquine-primaquine, in an attempt to determine the relapse patterns and the response to treatment of the local strains of parasite. The results suggest that the standard course of chloroquine-primaquine provides a radical cure for the strains of Plasmodium vivax from the Solomon Islands, provided that strict supervision of drug administration is enforced."}
{"id": "PMID:339600", "title": "[Review on nonessential constituents of vegetables. II. Cruciferae (Brassica vegetables, radish, turnip, rutabaga, horse-radish) and gramineae (onion, leek, chive, garlic, asparagus) (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper the hitherto known constituents of the titled vegetables except proteins, carbohydrates, triglyceride-fatty acids, and vitamins are reviewed, especially the volatiles, organic acids, phenolics, carotenoids and lipids.", "contents": "[Review on nonessential constituents of vegetables. II. Cruciferae (Brassica vegetables, radish, turnip, rutabaga, horse-radish) and gramineae (onion, leek, chive, garlic, asparagus) (author's transl)]. In this paper the hitherto known constituents of the titled vegetables except proteins, carbohydrates, triglyceride-fatty acids, and vitamins are reviewed, especially the volatiles, organic acids, phenolics, carotenoids and lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:339603", "title": "[Tumours of the skin (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical oncology as an interdisciplinary subject demands as intensive cooperation in the treatment of tumours of the skin between the dermatologist, the radiologist, and the surgeon. A survey is presented on the systemic order of tumours of the skin especially regarding the differential diagnosis and the surgical treatment of malignant skin tumours.", "contents": "[Tumours of the skin (author's transl)]. Clinical oncology as an interdisciplinary subject demands as intensive cooperation in the treatment of tumours of the skin between the dermatologist, the radiologist, and the surgeon. A survey is presented on the systemic order of tumours of the skin especially regarding the differential diagnosis and the surgical treatment of malignant skin tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:339604", "title": "[Incidence and significance of yeasts in carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix].", "content": "It is reported on mycological studies in 290 patients with preinvasive and invasive neoplasms of the cervix uteri. The yeast infestment of the vagina was 18,3%, by which we succeeded in demonstrating the yeast in the carcinoma in situ in 20% and in the cervix carcinoma of the stages Ia to IV in 17,7% of the cases. This infection rate corresponds with those of randomly selected patients. All increase in pathogen species of yeasts could be demonstrated through observations of the course of the disease in 20 patients under intensive therapy. The clinical significance is discussed.", "contents": "[Incidence and significance of yeasts in carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix]. It is reported on mycological studies in 290 patients with preinvasive and invasive neoplasms of the cervix uteri. The yeast infestment of the vagina was 18,3%, by which we succeeded in demonstrating the yeast in the carcinoma in situ in 20% and in the cervix carcinoma of the stages Ia to IV in 17,7% of the cases. This infection rate corresponds with those of randomly selected patients. All increase in pathogen species of yeasts could be demonstrated through observations of the course of the disease in 20 patients under intensive therapy. The clinical significance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:339605", "title": "[Bacteriological studies of the human amniotic fluid in repeated amniocenteses].", "content": "The amniocentesis to gain increasing importance ought to be examined whether an alteration of the bacterial flora of the amniotic fluid was caused by repeated amniocentesis. 128 samples of amniotic fluid selected by abdominal amniocentesis were placed in microbiological cultures. Bacteria was isolated in 30 cases, originated predominantly by pollution. Under the circumstance of strong sterile conditions the amniocentesis proven even when repeated a diagnostical way of procedure which does not represent any danger to mother nor child.", "contents": "[Bacteriological studies of the human amniotic fluid in repeated amniocenteses]. The amniocentesis to gain increasing importance ought to be examined whether an alteration of the bacterial flora of the amniotic fluid was caused by repeated amniocentesis. 128 samples of amniotic fluid selected by abdominal amniocentesis were placed in microbiological cultures. Bacteria was isolated in 30 cases, originated predominantly by pollution. Under the circumstance of strong sterile conditions the amniocentesis proven even when repeated a diagnostical way of procedure which does not represent any danger to mother nor child."}
{"id": "PMID:339606", "title": "[Urinary and serum o-antibodies in patients with chronic pyelonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Urine (24-hour-specimen, 100-fold concentrated) and serum samples from adults with chronic pyelonephritis have been investigated for O antibody against the strain isolated from the urine by means of the indirect hemagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence technique. Using the hemagglutination technique about one third of the urine showed the presence of O antibody. The highest titer demonstrated was 1:16. O antibody determined by the immunofluorescence technique could be demonstrated in 54.9% of the urine samples. Titers up to 1:256 were found. Serum O antibody corresponded to those found in adults with chronic pyelonephritis. In general there was no correlation between urine and serum O antibody. The diagnostic and prognostic value of the results is discussed.", "contents": "[Urinary and serum o-antibodies in patients with chronic pyelonephritis (author's transl)]. Urine (24-hour-specimen, 100-fold concentrated) and serum samples from adults with chronic pyelonephritis have been investigated for O antibody against the strain isolated from the urine by means of the indirect hemagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence technique. Using the hemagglutination technique about one third of the urine showed the presence of O antibody. The highest titer demonstrated was 1:16. O antibody determined by the immunofluorescence technique could be demonstrated in 54.9% of the urine samples. Titers up to 1:256 were found. Serum O antibody corresponded to those found in adults with chronic pyelonephritis. In general there was no correlation between urine and serum O antibody. The diagnostic and prognostic value of the results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:339607", "title": "Gentamicin assay by enzymatic adenylylation and the application of a double osmotic shock procedure to prepare gentamicin adenine mono-nucleotide transferase.", "content": "The release of gentamicin adenine mono-nucleotide transferase (GAdT) during single cold osmotic shock treatment of E. coli K12 W677/HJR66 is not always maximal. The yield of GAdT could not be improved by using E. coli harvested at different stages of growth, by prolonging the exposure to the different steps of the shock procedure, by changing the sucrose concentration, or the magnesium chloride volume. The quantity of GAdT in osmotic extracts could be increased when a double shock procedure was performed. Using an aliquot (30 microliter) of the extract, an accurate and quick assay for gentamicin, sisomicin and tobramycin in microvolumes of serum (30 microliter) can be accomplished. To avoid high background activity in the assay, the extracts should be prepared from E. coli grown in gentamicin-free medium.", "contents": "Gentamicin assay by enzymatic adenylylation and the application of a double osmotic shock procedure to prepare gentamicin adenine mono-nucleotide transferase. The release of gentamicin adenine mono-nucleotide transferase (GAdT) during single cold osmotic shock treatment of E. coli K12 W677/HJR66 is not always maximal. The yield of GAdT could not be improved by using E. coli harvested at different stages of growth, by prolonging the exposure to the different steps of the shock procedure, by changing the sucrose concentration, or the magnesium chloride volume. The quantity of GAdT in osmotic extracts could be increased when a double shock procedure was performed. Using an aliquot (30 microliter) of the extract, an accurate and quick assay for gentamicin, sisomicin and tobramycin in microvolumes of serum (30 microliter) can be accomplished. To avoid high background activity in the assay, the extracts should be prepared from E. coli grown in gentamicin-free medium."}
{"id": "PMID:339608", "title": "Immunochemical relations of salmonella paratyphi C with the salmonellae of group B.", "content": "Agar-gel precipitations of proteins from S. paratyphi C, S. paratyphi B and S. typhimurium against homologous and heterologous antibacterial sera, prepared in rabbits, demonstrated a strong relatedness between these species belonging to different serogroups. The findings explain and substantiate previous experiments in which high cross-protections were obtained in groups of mice immunized with proteins from these species and subsequently infected with S. typhimurium or its \"in vivo\" related S. paratyphi B and S. paratyphi C.", "contents": "Immunochemical relations of salmonella paratyphi C with the salmonellae of group B. Agar-gel precipitations of proteins from S. paratyphi C, S. paratyphi B and S. typhimurium against homologous and heterologous antibacterial sera, prepared in rabbits, demonstrated a strong relatedness between these species belonging to different serogroups. The findings explain and substantiate previous experiments in which high cross-protections were obtained in groups of mice immunized with proteins from these species and subsequently infected with S. typhimurium or its \"in vivo\" related S. paratyphi B and S. paratyphi C."}
{"id": "PMID:339609", "title": "[Fibrinogen level and fibrinolytic activity of plasma euglobulins from rabbits infected with different types of Salmonella (author's transl)].", "content": "In 84 rabbits, fibrinogen behaviour and fibrinolytic activity of the plasma euglobulins were evaluated in the course of experimental salmonellosis caused by S. typhimurium, S. choleraesuis, and S. agona. 10 healthy animals with pseudoinfection served as controls. Disturbances of hemostasis expressed by a use of the fibrinogen level and inhibition of plasma-euglobulin fibrinolysis were established. An analysis of these changes and evaluation of the lethality among the animals used in the experiment revealed that the course of the disease is depending, inter alia, upon the type of Salmonella involved.", "contents": "[Fibrinogen level and fibrinolytic activity of plasma euglobulins from rabbits infected with different types of Salmonella (author's transl)]. In 84 rabbits, fibrinogen behaviour and fibrinolytic activity of the plasma euglobulins were evaluated in the course of experimental salmonellosis caused by S. typhimurium, S. choleraesuis, and S. agona. 10 healthy animals with pseudoinfection served as controls. Disturbances of hemostasis expressed by a use of the fibrinogen level and inhibition of plasma-euglobulin fibrinolysis were established. An analysis of these changes and evaluation of the lethality among the animals used in the experiment revealed that the course of the disease is depending, inter alia, upon the type of Salmonella involved."}
{"id": "PMID:339610", "title": "[Comparison of efficacy of 14 procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficacy of 14 procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands mostly with commerical preparations was tested by a new experimental model developed at the Institute of Hygiene of the university Vienna (1,3). The disinfectant power was clearly dependent on the duration of treatment as well as on the kind of alcohol used in the preparation (n-Propanol better than iso-Propanol better than Ethanol). After one minute the efficacy of all preparations containing one of the three alcohols as active agent was well comparable to that of the standard procedure which according to our proposal (5) uses iso-Propanol 60% (ml/ml) for 1 minute. For preparations with n-Propanol as the main active agent (Satinazid and Sterillium) this was true even after treatment for a period as short as 0.5 min. In our opinion disinfecting detergents are out of place for hygienic disinfection of hands. One preparation representing this group (Versuchspr\u00e4parat A) was far less effective than the standard procedure.", "contents": "[Comparison of efficacy of 14 procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands (author's transl)]. The efficacy of 14 procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands mostly with commerical preparations was tested by a new experimental model developed at the Institute of Hygiene of the university Vienna (1,3). The disinfectant power was clearly dependent on the duration of treatment as well as on the kind of alcohol used in the preparation (n-Propanol better than iso-Propanol better than Ethanol). After one minute the efficacy of all preparations containing one of the three alcohols as active agent was well comparable to that of the standard procedure which according to our proposal (5) uses iso-Propanol 60% (ml/ml) for 1 minute. For preparations with n-Propanol as the main active agent (Satinazid and Sterillium) this was true even after treatment for a period as short as 0.5 min. In our opinion disinfecting detergents are out of place for hygienic disinfection of hands. One preparation representing this group (Versuchspr\u00e4parat A) was far less effective than the standard procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:339611", "title": "[Characteristics of the deletion mutant of plasmid R6K].", "content": "Deletion plasmide R6Kdelta with the mol wt of 17.2.10(6) dalton isolated from the E. coli chi 925 (R6K) is described. This plasmide expresses no resistance to streptomycin, is replicated in the E. coli K12 under relaxed control and is resistant to the treatment with the eliminating agents. Analysis of plasmide DNA with the aid of electrophoresis in agarose gel demonstrated that R6K delta has one site attacked by restriction endonucleases Eco. RI and Bam HI. These data were confirmed by the determination of the transforming activity of the corresponding DNA restrictors. It is supposed that the isolated plasmide was identical with plasmide RSF1040. A possibility of using R6K delta as a genetic vector for obtaining recombination DNA molecules in vitro is discussed.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the deletion mutant of plasmid R6K]. Deletion plasmide R6Kdelta with the mol wt of 17.2.10(6) dalton isolated from the E. coli chi 925 (R6K) is described. This plasmide expresses no resistance to streptomycin, is replicated in the E. coli K12 under relaxed control and is resistant to the treatment with the eliminating agents. Analysis of plasmide DNA with the aid of electrophoresis in agarose gel demonstrated that R6K delta has one site attacked by restriction endonucleases Eco. RI and Bam HI. These data were confirmed by the determination of the transforming activity of the corresponding DNA restrictors. It is supposed that the isolated plasmide was identical with plasmide RSF1040. A possibility of using R6K delta as a genetic vector for obtaining recombination DNA molecules in vitro is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:339612", "title": "[Bacteriophage induction in cultures of C1. botulinum type A].", "content": "The authors describe the mitomycin induction of bacteriophages in strains No. 4/2, 98, and 345 of Cl. botulinum, type A. All the strains under study produced phages of the same morphology with a head and a process capable of contraction. The phages detected by electron microscopy failed to express any lytic activity on the strains of type A and other Cl. botulinum types neither in the fluid nor in the hard nutrient media. The data obtained supplemented and widened the view on the incidence of phage carrier state in the cultures of botulism causative agent.", "contents": "[Bacteriophage induction in cultures of C1. botulinum type A]. The authors describe the mitomycin induction of bacteriophages in strains No. 4/2, 98, and 345 of Cl. botulinum, type A. All the strains under study produced phages of the same morphology with a head and a process capable of contraction. The phages detected by electron microscopy failed to express any lytic activity on the strains of type A and other Cl. botulinum types neither in the fluid nor in the hard nutrient media. The data obtained supplemented and widened the view on the incidence of phage carrier state in the cultures of botulism causative agent."}
{"id": "PMID:339616", "title": "[Preparation of a standard for antinuclear antibodies].", "content": "The authors prepared a laboratory standard of antinuclear antibodies from the serum pool of patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosis. This standard was tested in respect to normal human serum and an international standard of antinuclear antibodies BRS ANA 66/233. A possibility of quantitative determination of the usefulness of the sera of patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosis for the preparation of the standard was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Preparation of a standard for antinuclear antibodies]. The authors prepared a laboratory standard of antinuclear antibodies from the serum pool of patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosis. This standard was tested in respect to normal human serum and an international standard of antinuclear antibodies BRS ANA 66/233. A possibility of quantitative determination of the usefulness of the sera of patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosis for the preparation of the standard was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:339617", "title": "[Assessment of the diagnostic effectiveness of antigenic preparations from Sonne shigellae].", "content": "The authors studied the diagnostic possibilities of 4 diagnistic agents from Sh. sonnei. A total of 1500 from 1122 persons were investigated. Specificity and sensitivity of the diagnostic agents from Sh. sonnei were determined. Methodical priciples  of the objective assessment of the diagnostic efficacy of the antigenic preparations in the controlled epidemiological trial were elaborated. A possibility of establishment of the etiological diagnosis of Sonne dysentery in the passive hemagglutination or blast agglutination tests by the results of testing with the diagnostic agents of the serum obtained from the patient once or by determining the dynamics of the antibody titre rise in coupled serum portions was not great.", "contents": "[Assessment of the diagnostic effectiveness of antigenic preparations from Sonne shigellae]. The authors studied the diagnostic possibilities of 4 diagnistic agents from Sh. sonnei. A total of 1500 from 1122 persons were investigated. Specificity and sensitivity of the diagnostic agents from Sh. sonnei were determined. Methodical priciples  of the objective assessment of the diagnostic efficacy of the antigenic preparations in the controlled epidemiological trial were elaborated. A possibility of establishment of the etiological diagnosis of Sonne dysentery in the passive hemagglutination or blast agglutination tests by the results of testing with the diagnostic agents of the serum obtained from the patient once or by determining the dynamics of the antibody titre rise in coupled serum portions was not great."}
{"id": "PMID:339618", "title": "[Results of treatment of dysentery patients with streptomycin-dependent vaccine in comparison with other methods of treatment].", "content": "Comparative study of various methods of treatment was carried out on 777 patients suffering from acute dysentery with a bacteriologically confirmed diagnosis. To assess the therapeutic efficacy, along with consideration of clinical signs of the disease, immunoglobulin level was examined in the blood and coprofiltrates; also the state of reparative processes in the mucosa was appreciated by the histological examination of the biopsy material. Results of the work carried out indicated the inexpediency of the treatment of this disease with a combination of levomycetin and phthalazol. The use of live streptomycin-dependent dysentery vaccine was indicated in protracted torpid dysentery and was of no avail in acute form of the disease. A good therapeutic effect was observed with the application of pathogenetic therapy alone.", "contents": "[Results of treatment of dysentery patients with streptomycin-dependent vaccine in comparison with other methods of treatment]. Comparative study of various methods of treatment was carried out on 777 patients suffering from acute dysentery with a bacteriologically confirmed diagnosis. To assess the therapeutic efficacy, along with consideration of clinical signs of the disease, immunoglobulin level was examined in the blood and coprofiltrates; also the state of reparative processes in the mucosa was appreciated by the histological examination of the biopsy material. Results of the work carried out indicated the inexpediency of the treatment of this disease with a combination of levomycetin and phthalazol. The use of live streptomycin-dependent dysentery vaccine was indicated in protracted torpid dysentery and was of no avail in acute form of the disease. A good therapeutic effect was observed with the application of pathogenetic therapy alone."}
{"id": "PMID:339619", "title": "[Transmission of the R-plasmids and expression of their genes in Proteus mirabilis].", "content": "Resistance markers to individual antibiotics are transmitted in E. coli with the same frequency in the shape of a uniform linkage group, and in Proteus mirabilis--with a different one. Possibly in Proteus mirabilis plasmide R6 dissociated, this being expressed in a different incidence of transconjugates, characterized by a different set of antibiotic resistance genes. Tetracyclin resistance gene can be transmitted in P. mirabilis without being bound with other resistance determinants and with the functioning Tra-operon. The expression of individual antibiotic resistance genes of plasmide R6 in P. mirabilis differed, i.e. tetracycline resistance was inducible, and to kanamycin and chloramphenicol--constitutional. The level of expression of the gene controlling the tetracycline resistance was in noninduced condition in P. mirabilis, lower than in E. coli, P. mirabilis containing no R-factor possessed an inducible resistance mechanism to tetracycline, as in case of P. mirabilis strains containing R-factors.", "contents": "[Transmission of the R-plasmids and expression of their genes in Proteus mirabilis]. Resistance markers to individual antibiotics are transmitted in E. coli with the same frequency in the shape of a uniform linkage group, and in Proteus mirabilis--with a different one. Possibly in Proteus mirabilis plasmide R6 dissociated, this being expressed in a different incidence of transconjugates, characterized by a different set of antibiotic resistance genes. Tetracyclin resistance gene can be transmitted in P. mirabilis without being bound with other resistance determinants and with the functioning Tra-operon. The expression of individual antibiotic resistance genes of plasmide R6 in P. mirabilis differed, i.e. tetracycline resistance was inducible, and to kanamycin and chloramphenicol--constitutional. The level of expression of the gene controlling the tetracycline resistance was in noninduced condition in P. mirabilis, lower than in E. coli, P. mirabilis containing no R-factor possessed an inducible resistance mechanism to tetracycline, as in case of P. mirabilis strains containing R-factors."}
{"id": "PMID:339620", "title": "[Study of the mechanism of reduction of the virulence in the Shigella flexneri strains resistant to streptomycin].", "content": "Streptomycin-resistant mutations in donor strains of E. coli K12 Hfr AB 313 and AT-13 are not associated with the action of the strA-gene limiting the suppression. Shigella mutations str-r obtained by the method described in this paper also failed to limit the suppression. Changes in the virulence observed in transmission strA region from the str-r strains of E. coli and shigellae used in this work were not connected with mutations limiting the suppression (with competent mutations).", "contents": "[Study of the mechanism of reduction of the virulence in the Shigella flexneri strains resistant to streptomycin]. Streptomycin-resistant mutations in donor strains of E. coli K12 Hfr AB 313 and AT-13 are not associated with the action of the strA-gene limiting the suppression. Shigella mutations str-r obtained by the method described in this paper also failed to limit the suppression. Changes in the virulence observed in transmission strA region from the str-r strains of E. coli and shigellae used in this work were not connected with mutations limiting the suppression (with competent mutations)."}
{"id": "PMID:339621", "title": "[Detection of F-like plasmids in serologically typed E. coli by the reactions of the donor-specific phage titre increase].", "content": "The authors studied 130 strains of serologically typed E. coli for the capacity to provide reproduction of donor-specific phages MS2, Qbeta, and f1; positive increase of the donor-specific phages reaction was found in 12 cases. Some of the detected L-like plasmides bore determinants of colicinogenicity or drug resistance. Such plasmides were transmissive and capable of inhibiting donor properties controlled by factor F'-lac+, i.e. they served as plasmides of type fi+.", "contents": "[Detection of F-like plasmids in serologically typed E. coli by the reactions of the donor-specific phage titre increase]. The authors studied 130 strains of serologically typed E. coli for the capacity to provide reproduction of donor-specific phages MS2, Qbeta, and f1; positive increase of the donor-specific phages reaction was found in 12 cases. Some of the detected L-like plasmides bore determinants of colicinogenicity or drug resistance. Such plasmides were transmissive and capable of inhibiting donor properties controlled by factor F'-lac+, i.e. they served as plasmides of type fi+."}
{"id": "PMID:339624", "title": "[Current problems of medical microbiology: Achievements, tasks and perspectives].", "content": "Two important problems of current medical microbiology are discussed in this paper: 1) a change of etiological structure of infectious morbidity-elevation of the incidence of infections caused by conditioned pathogenic causative agents, and 2) postvaccinal complications. In the light of these problems the tasks of microbiological investigations for the immediate future are discussed. Tasks and prospects of study of the molecular structure of the pathogenicity factors of importance for the creation of chemical vaccines and genetic investigations which would provide construction of strains and preparations useful in practice are formulated.", "contents": "[Current problems of medical microbiology: Achievements, tasks and perspectives]. Two important problems of current medical microbiology are discussed in this paper: 1) a change of etiological structure of infectious morbidity-elevation of the incidence of infections caused by conditioned pathogenic causative agents, and 2) postvaccinal complications. In the light of these problems the tasks of microbiological investigations for the immediate future are discussed. Tasks and prospects of study of the molecular structure of the pathogenicity factors of importance for the creation of chemical vaccines and genetic investigations which would provide construction of strains and preparations useful in practice are formulated."}
{"id": "PMID:339625", "title": "[Highly specific agglutinating O- and OK-immunoglobulins for identification of Escherichia in the agglutination test on glass].", "content": "Escherichia agglutinating O- and OK-immunoglobulins of class G were obtained by the method of ion exchange chromatography; in studying with live and heated O- and K- cultures of the test strains from the International escherichia collection these immunoglobulins proved to be diagnostically highly specific and useful for the identification of escherichia strains in the express agglutination reaction on glass.", "contents": "[Highly specific agglutinating O- and OK-immunoglobulins for identification of Escherichia in the agglutination test on glass]. Escherichia agglutinating O- and OK-immunoglobulins of class G were obtained by the method of ion exchange chromatography; in studying with live and heated O- and K- cultures of the test strains from the International escherichia collection these immunoglobulins proved to be diagnostically highly specific and useful for the identification of escherichia strains in the express agglutination reaction on glass."}
{"id": "PMID:339626", "title": "[Postvaccinal dysentery immunity studied on the model of ligated loop of the small intestine of rabbits].", "content": "Chemical (detergent) antigens administered intraintestinally or intravenously to rabbits were applied to reproduce postvaccinal immunity to experimental shigellosis. There was noted an increase of the antibody level in the serum, an intensification of its preventive proerties, and the absence of dilatation of the isolated loops of the small intestine after the administration of the corresponding dysentery culture. Oral immunization of rabbits with the detergent antigen sorbed on ionexchange resin also led to immunity.", "contents": "[Postvaccinal dysentery immunity studied on the model of ligated loop of the small intestine of rabbits]. Chemical (detergent) antigens administered intraintestinally or intravenously to rabbits were applied to reproduce postvaccinal immunity to experimental shigellosis. There was noted an increase of the antibody level in the serum, an intensification of its preventive proerties, and the absence of dilatation of the isolated loops of the small intestine after the administration of the corresponding dysentery culture. Oral immunization of rabbits with the detergent antigen sorbed on ionexchange resin also led to immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:339627", "title": "[Characteristics of microbial cultures in bacteriuria and various data on the immunological reaction in children with pyelonephritis].", "content": "A study was made of 268 cultures isolated from the urine of 263 children suffering from pyelonephritis. Of the total number of different cultures E. coli constituted 79.3 percent; the percentage of the rest varied from 5.2 to 0.4. Examination of 87 urinocultures of E. coli isolated from sick children with the specific immune response showed that the majority of bacterial signs (urease activity, capacity to produce alpha-hemolysin to utilize saccharose and raffinose, to synthesize colicine) failed to correlate with their pyelopathogenicity. The reference to individual serological groups also failed to serve as a sufficient foundation for the separation of these microbes into individual nephropathogenic or pyelopathogenic groups. In experiments with 3H-glucose labeled bacteria there was revealed a marked adhesive capacity in 94 percent of E. coli strains towards the epithelial cells of the RH strain. A positive radioactive label failed to correlate with the presence in E. coli of common pili and with the bacterial agglutinability with the sera K88, K99, and KH-III. The latter pointed to the presence of a factor of unknown nature in the nephropathogenic E. coli strains imparting adhesive properties to bacteria.", "contents": "[Characteristics of microbial cultures in bacteriuria and various data on the immunological reaction in children with pyelonephritis]. A study was made of 268 cultures isolated from the urine of 263 children suffering from pyelonephritis. Of the total number of different cultures E. coli constituted 79.3 percent; the percentage of the rest varied from 5.2 to 0.4. Examination of 87 urinocultures of E. coli isolated from sick children with the specific immune response showed that the majority of bacterial signs (urease activity, capacity to produce alpha-hemolysin to utilize saccharose and raffinose, to synthesize colicine) failed to correlate with their pyelopathogenicity. The reference to individual serological groups also failed to serve as a sufficient foundation for the separation of these microbes into individual nephropathogenic or pyelopathogenic groups. In experiments with 3H-glucose labeled bacteria there was revealed a marked adhesive capacity in 94 percent of E. coli strains towards the epithelial cells of the RH strain. A positive radioactive label failed to correlate with the presence in E. coli of common pili and with the bacterial agglutinability with the sera K88, K99, and KH-III. The latter pointed to the presence of a factor of unknown nature in the nephropathogenic E. coli strains imparting adhesive properties to bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:339628", "title": "[Clinico-immunological characteristics of dysentery in persons with different blood groups].", "content": "The authors studied the frequency of distribution of the ABO system blood groups in 392 adults and 322 children suffering from acute dysentery. X2 criterion and double-factor dispersion analysis were used for statistical analysis. Deficiency of persons with B III and AB IV blood group. Phagocytosis indices were decreased in them with the elevated neutrophil damage index.", "contents": "[Clinico-immunological characteristics of dysentery in persons with different blood groups]. The authors studied the frequency of distribution of the ABO system blood groups in 392 adults and 322 children suffering from acute dysentery. X2 criterion and double-factor dispersion analysis were used for statistical analysis. Deficiency of persons with B III and AB IV blood group. Phagocytosis indices were decreased in them with the elevated neutrophil damage index."}
{"id": "PMID:339629", "title": "[Phage conversion of the antigens in Escherichiae and Shigellae. 2. Conversion of the somatic antigen in Shigella flexneri with the moderate E. coli 0129 phage].", "content": "The authors studied the converting activity of the moderate EF5 phage isolated from the lysogenic E. coli 0129 strain. It was shown that this phage converted the O-antigen with the detection of the type antigen V in the strains of Sh. flexneri of the serological type la and y-variant. The converted cultures contained the type antigen V and were identical by the antigenic properties to one another and the Sh. flexneri of the serological type 5 and E. coli 0129. A conclusion was drawn that phages converting the antigens of Sh. flexneri could be encountered in escherichia and could modify the antigens in Sh. flexneri and escherichia possessing the antigenic factor 3,4.", "contents": "[Phage conversion of the antigens in Escherichiae and Shigellae. 2. Conversion of the somatic antigen in Shigella flexneri with the moderate E. coli 0129 phage]. The authors studied the converting activity of the moderate EF5 phage isolated from the lysogenic E. coli 0129 strain. It was shown that this phage converted the O-antigen with the detection of the type antigen V in the strains of Sh. flexneri of the serological type la and y-variant. The converted cultures contained the type antigen V and were identical by the antigenic properties to one another and the Sh. flexneri of the serological type 5 and E. coli 0129. A conclusion was drawn that phages converting the antigens of Sh. flexneri could be encountered in escherichia and could modify the antigens in Sh. flexneri and escherichia possessing the antigenic factor 3,4."}
{"id": "PMID:339630", "title": "[Statistical analysis of non-uniform data obtained in several experiments with unequal experimental and control groups].", "content": "The author suggests a method of calculation of mathematically unbiased difference between the means of combined experimental and control groups and their calculated statistica-significance. Non-uniformity in the results of measurements between individual experiments is admissible. The coefficients adjusting the number of observations in the experimental and control groups to each experiment separately were found by minimizing the square of the mean error of the mentioned difference. Experimental results were united after the correction by means of the coefficients found.", "contents": "[Statistical analysis of non-uniform data obtained in several experiments with unequal experimental and control groups]. The author suggests a method of calculation of mathematically unbiased difference between the means of combined experimental and control groups and their calculated statistica-significance. Non-uniformity in the results of measurements between individual experiments is admissible. The coefficients adjusting the number of observations in the experimental and control groups to each experiment separately were found by minimizing the square of the mean error of the mentioned difference. Experimental results were united after the correction by means of the coefficients found."}
{"id": "PMID:339634", "title": "[Viral encephalitis (etiology, pathogenesis, classification)].", "content": "The existing classifications of viral encephalitis are based on mixed, heterogenous principles. The author on the grounds of comparing modern data, related to the etiology, pathogenesis, predilectiveness, gives his suggestions as to a new classification of viral encephalitis. This classification is structured according to the pathogenetical principles, with a consideration of the different variants of the dynamics and polymorphism of separate nozological forms, depending upon the interrelationships of the viral and the immunity factors.", "contents": "[Viral encephalitis (etiology, pathogenesis, classification)]. The existing classifications of viral encephalitis are based on mixed, heterogenous principles. The author on the grounds of comparing modern data, related to the etiology, pathogenesis, predilectiveness, gives his suggestions as to a new classification of viral encephalitis. This classification is structured according to the pathogenetical principles, with a consideration of the different variants of the dynamics and polymorphism of separate nozological forms, depending upon the interrelationships of the viral and the immunity factors."}
{"id": "PMID:339638", "title": "The onset of hemoglobin synthesis in spleens of irradiated mice after bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "Messenger RNA (mRNA) for globin was isolated from spleens of irradiated mice in which erythroid differentiation was induced by a bone marrow graft. The globin mRNA was isolated either by means of sucrose gradients of reticulocyte polysomal RNA or by affinity chromatography of total spleen RNA on poly (U)-sepharose. The globin mRNA was tested in a wheat embryo cell-free system. The appearance of mRNA in the spleen erythroid colonies was correlated with other parameters of erythroid differentiation such as globin synthesis, activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and iron uptake. Poly(A) containing mRNA did appear already on the 3rd day after grafting. However, significant translational activity of globin mRNA could be demonstrated only one day later together with the increase in globin synthesis and delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and enhanced iron uptake. In the second part of this study mouse spleen cells rich in erythroid elements were incubated with a specific heme synthesis inhibitor (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH) and the synthesis of 9 S RNA was estimated. It was found that a 40-minute incubation with INH reduced uridine incorporation into 9 S RNA fraction by about 40%.", "contents": "The onset of hemoglobin synthesis in spleens of irradiated mice after bone marrow transplantation. Messenger RNA (mRNA) for globin was isolated from spleens of irradiated mice in which erythroid differentiation was induced by a bone marrow graft. The globin mRNA was isolated either by means of sucrose gradients of reticulocyte polysomal RNA or by affinity chromatography of total spleen RNA on poly (U)-sepharose. The globin mRNA was tested in a wheat embryo cell-free system. The appearance of mRNA in the spleen erythroid colonies was correlated with other parameters of erythroid differentiation such as globin synthesis, activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and iron uptake. Poly(A) containing mRNA did appear already on the 3rd day after grafting. However, significant translational activity of globin mRNA could be demonstrated only one day later together with the increase in globin synthesis and delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and enhanced iron uptake. In the second part of this study mouse spleen cells rich in erythroid elements were incubated with a specific heme synthesis inhibitor (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH) and the synthesis of 9 S RNA was estimated. It was found that a 40-minute incubation with INH reduced uridine incorporation into 9 S RNA fraction by about 40%."}
{"id": "PMID:339640", "title": "Relations between ion shifting, ATP depletion and lactic acid formation in human red cells during moderate calcium loading using the ionophore A 23187.", "content": "Keeping constant cellular magnesium an A 23 187 mediated moderate calcium loading of human red cells causes isoosmotic cell shrinkage, potassium efflux, slight decrease of cellular pH, ATP depletion connected with an increase of AMP, ADP and Pi and enhanced lactic acid formation. The calcium loading and accompanying effects can be abolished by EGTA or by extracellular magnesium, the latter kept more than two orders of magnitude above that of calcium which was 30 micrometer. Inhibition of the (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-dependent ATPase by ruthenium red or lanthanum decreases the calcium stimulated lactic acid formation after a lag phase. However, the ATP depletion proceeds faster and is much more pronounced under these conditions. (Mg+2 + Na+ +K+)-dependent ATPase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and cell shrinkage are ruled out, too, as mediators of the ATP depletion. This suggests that an unknown ATP consuming reaction, apparently not being related to the calcium pump, causes the calcium induced ATP depletion.", "contents": "Relations between ion shifting, ATP depletion and lactic acid formation in human red cells during moderate calcium loading using the ionophore A 23187. Keeping constant cellular magnesium an A 23 187 mediated moderate calcium loading of human red cells causes isoosmotic cell shrinkage, potassium efflux, slight decrease of cellular pH, ATP depletion connected with an increase of AMP, ADP and Pi and enhanced lactic acid formation. The calcium loading and accompanying effects can be abolished by EGTA or by extracellular magnesium, the latter kept more than two orders of magnitude above that of calcium which was 30 micrometer. Inhibition of the (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-dependent ATPase by ruthenium red or lanthanum decreases the calcium stimulated lactic acid formation after a lag phase. However, the ATP depletion proceeds faster and is much more pronounced under these conditions. (Mg+2 + Na+ +K+)-dependent ATPase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and cell shrinkage are ruled out, too, as mediators of the ATP depletion. This suggests that an unknown ATP consuming reaction, apparently not being related to the calcium pump, causes the calcium induced ATP depletion."}
{"id": "PMID:339642", "title": "[The innominate artery syndrome].", "content": "During to the peculiar morophology and symptomatology of the haemodynamic disturbance following occlusion of the innominate artery, the anonyma syndrome ought to be treated as an independent type of the cerebro-vascular syndrome. The anonyma syndrome is generally a part-symptom of obliterating arteriosclerosis of multiple localization and has therefore an unfavourable prognosis. After a brief survey of the literature the clinical data of patients operated for innominate artery occlusion are reported together with the surgical results.", "contents": "[The innominate artery syndrome]. During to the peculiar morophology and symptomatology of the haemodynamic disturbance following occlusion of the innominate artery, the anonyma syndrome ought to be treated as an independent type of the cerebro-vascular syndrome. The anonyma syndrome is generally a part-symptom of obliterating arteriosclerosis of multiple localization and has therefore an unfavourable prognosis. After a brief survey of the literature the clinical data of patients operated for innominate artery occlusion are reported together with the surgical results."}
{"id": "PMID:339645", "title": "Dose-response study with a new LH-RH analogue, D-Ser (TBU)6 LH-RH 1-9 (EA)10 during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.", "content": "D-Ser (TBU)6 LH-RH 1-9 (EA)10 (HOE 766) a highly active LH-RH analogue, was studied with regard to its effects on the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and oestradiol-17beta (Oe2) during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Forty-two regularly menstruating women were allowed to five different treatment groups with different doses (1.25 microgram; 2.5 microgram; 5.0 microgram; 10.0 microgram; 20.0 microgram) of HOE 766 given as intravenous bolus injections and the plasma concentrations of FSH, LH and Oe2 were measured up to 24 h after injection using specific radioimmunoassays. In the majority of cases, peak values of both FSH and LH occurred 4 h after injection being significantly different from pre-injection levels (P less than 0.02 in the 1.25 microgram treatment group, P less than 0.005 for the other treatment groups). Statistical analysis of maximum values as well as the absolute and relative increase in the different treatment groups revealed a dose-dependent effect of HOE 766. Maximum values of Oe2 occurred 8 h after injection and were found to be significantly different from pre-injection levels (P less than 0.005). However, no dose dependent effect was observed. It was concluded that HOE 766 is a potent and long-acting stimulator of FSH, LH and OE2 release in women. The effect of HOE 766 is dose dependent for FSH and LH but not for Oe2.", "contents": "Dose-response study with a new LH-RH analogue, D-Ser (TBU)6 LH-RH 1-9 (EA)10 during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. D-Ser (TBU)6 LH-RH 1-9 (EA)10 (HOE 766) a highly active LH-RH analogue, was studied with regard to its effects on the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and oestradiol-17beta (Oe2) during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Forty-two regularly menstruating women were allowed to five different treatment groups with different doses (1.25 microgram; 2.5 microgram; 5.0 microgram; 10.0 microgram; 20.0 microgram) of HOE 766 given as intravenous bolus injections and the plasma concentrations of FSH, LH and Oe2 were measured up to 24 h after injection using specific radioimmunoassays. In the majority of cases, peak values of both FSH and LH occurred 4 h after injection being significantly different from pre-injection levels (P less than 0.02 in the 1.25 microgram treatment group, P less than 0.005 for the other treatment groups). Statistical analysis of maximum values as well as the absolute and relative increase in the different treatment groups revealed a dose-dependent effect of HOE 766. Maximum values of Oe2 occurred 8 h after injection and were found to be significantly different from pre-injection levels (P less than 0.005). However, no dose dependent effect was observed. It was concluded that HOE 766 is a potent and long-acting stimulator of FSH, LH and OE2 release in women. The effect of HOE 766 is dose dependent for FSH and LH but not for Oe2."}
{"id": "PMID:339647", "title": "Impaired responses of growth hormone and blood eosinophils to L-dopa in atopy.", "content": "In order to assess whether response to the natural precursor of catecholamines in the nervous system is impaired in atopy, 500 mg L-dopa was administered to 13 atopic patients with bronchial asthma or hay fever and 13 sex-and-age-matched control subjects. The blood eosinophil count and growth hormone (GH) levels were then determined periodically over a 4-h period. The eosinophil count rose significantly 30 and 60 min after L-dopa in healthy subjects, but not in the atopic patients. The mean rise in GH 30 and 60 min after L-dopa was significantly lower in atopic patients as compared with controls. Injection of apomorphine 0.75 mg elicited increase in GH in nine of the 10 control subjects, but only in six of the 11 atopic patients. These results indicate that central dopaminergic stimulation is often impaired in patients with atopy. In testing GH release, atopy should be considered among the causes of failure to respond.", "contents": "Impaired responses of growth hormone and blood eosinophils to L-dopa in atopy. In order to assess whether response to the natural precursor of catecholamines in the nervous system is impaired in atopy, 500 mg L-dopa was administered to 13 atopic patients with bronchial asthma or hay fever and 13 sex-and-age-matched control subjects. The blood eosinophil count and growth hormone (GH) levels were then determined periodically over a 4-h period. The eosinophil count rose significantly 30 and 60 min after L-dopa in healthy subjects, but not in the atopic patients. The mean rise in GH 30 and 60 min after L-dopa was significantly lower in atopic patients as compared with controls. Injection of apomorphine 0.75 mg elicited increase in GH in nine of the 10 control subjects, but only in six of the 11 atopic patients. These results indicate that central dopaminergic stimulation is often impaired in patients with atopy. In testing GH release, atopy should be considered among the causes of failure to respond."}
{"id": "PMID:339648", "title": "Clinical evaluation of high-frequency positive-pressure ventilation (HFPPV) in laryngoscoy under general anaesthesia.", "content": "A technique for automatic ventilation during laryngoscopy under general anaesthesia was evaluated in a lung model and in 5 patients (3--57 y) submitted for routine laryngoscopy. this technique has been given the name laryngoscopic HFPPV and utilizes an insufflation frequency (f) of 60 per min and a relative insufflation time (t%) of 22%. Ventilation is given via a nasotracheal insufflation catheter. Laryngoscopic HFPPV permits laryngeal surgery with a virtually unobstructed surgical field under complete muscular relaxation. The alveolar ventilation of the patient may be controlled by adjustment of the pressure of the anaesthetic gas mixture and there is no air entrainment through the larynx during insufflation. This makes possible use of O2/N2O mixtures and the oxygenation of the patient may be controlled by adjustment of the oxygen concentration of the anaesthetic gas mixture. As there is a continuous upward has flow through the larynx, blood or pieces of loose tissue are not sucked down into the trachea. A simple ventilation nomogram for clinical use is proposed. Adequately used, this nomogram guarantees safe ventilation during laryngoscopic HFPPV. An Fio2 of 0.3--0.4 gives adequate arterial oxygenation.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of high-frequency positive-pressure ventilation (HFPPV) in laryngoscoy under general anaesthesia. A technique for automatic ventilation during laryngoscopy under general anaesthesia was evaluated in a lung model and in 5 patients (3--57 y) submitted for routine laryngoscopy. this technique has been given the name laryngoscopic HFPPV and utilizes an insufflation frequency (f) of 60 per min and a relative insufflation time (t%) of 22%. Ventilation is given via a nasotracheal insufflation catheter. Laryngoscopic HFPPV permits laryngeal surgery with a virtually unobstructed surgical field under complete muscular relaxation. The alveolar ventilation of the patient may be controlled by adjustment of the pressure of the anaesthetic gas mixture and there is no air entrainment through the larynx during insufflation. This makes possible use of O2/N2O mixtures and the oxygenation of the patient may be controlled by adjustment of the oxygen concentration of the anaesthetic gas mixture. As there is a continuous upward has flow through the larynx, blood or pieces of loose tissue are not sucked down into the trachea. A simple ventilation nomogram for clinical use is proposed. Adequately used, this nomogram guarantees safe ventilation during laryngoscopic HFPPV. An Fio2 of 0.3--0.4 gives adequate arterial oxygenation."}
{"id": "PMID:339649", "title": "High-frequency positive-pressure ventilation (HFPPV) in neonates and infants during neuroleptal analgesia and routine plastic surgery, and in postoperative management.", "content": "The low pulmonary compliance, the high airway resistance and the \"rapid\" breathing pattern of neonatal and paediatric patients make it necessary to design special ventilators to match the pulmonary physiology of infants. A ventilator system which also in small children has a negligible compression volume was evaluated in a lung model and during repair of cleft lip and palate in 16 patients under general anaesthesia and in two other infants during other operations. High-frequency positive-pressure ventilation (HFPPV) was given with an insufflation frequency (f) of 60 per min and a relative insufflation time (t%) of 32%. In addition, two neonates treated postoperatively with HFPPV are reported. Despite the \"open\" character of the ventilator system both intra- and postoperative ventilation were uneventful in all patients. The arterial oxygenation was good in all cases, as judged from clinical signs or blood gas analyses. Postoperative ventilation required conventional clinical observation and intermittent analyses of blood. HFPPV has been shown to depress, or abolish, spontaneous respiration via reflex mechanisms. In all patients in this investigation respiratory movements were absent at normo- or slight hyperventilation during HFPPV.", "contents": "High-frequency positive-pressure ventilation (HFPPV) in neonates and infants during neuroleptal analgesia and routine plastic surgery, and in postoperative management. The low pulmonary compliance, the high airway resistance and the \"rapid\" breathing pattern of neonatal and paediatric patients make it necessary to design special ventilators to match the pulmonary physiology of infants. A ventilator system which also in small children has a negligible compression volume was evaluated in a lung model and during repair of cleft lip and palate in 16 patients under general anaesthesia and in two other infants during other operations. High-frequency positive-pressure ventilation (HFPPV) was given with an insufflation frequency (f) of 60 per min and a relative insufflation time (t%) of 32%. In addition, two neonates treated postoperatively with HFPPV are reported. Despite the \"open\" character of the ventilator system both intra- and postoperative ventilation were uneventful in all patients. The arterial oxygenation was good in all cases, as judged from clinical signs or blood gas analyses. Postoperative ventilation required conventional clinical observation and intermittent analyses of blood. HFPPV has been shown to depress, or abolish, spontaneous respiration via reflex mechanisms. In all patients in this investigation respiratory movements were absent at normo- or slight hyperventilation during HFPPV."}
{"id": "PMID:339653", "title": "Phrenic and vagal nerve activities during spontaneous respiration and positive-pressure ventilation.", "content": "Afferent vagal nerve activity from stretch-receptors in the lung and efferent phrenic nerve activity were recorded during spontaneous respiration and during positive-pressure ventilation with three different types of ventilators. During spontaneous respiration the efferent phrenic nerve activity slightly preceded the afferent vagal nerve activity. Volume-controlled ventilation did not alter the phrenic nerve activity when the ventilation was set at a rate equal to that during spontaneous respiration, but afferent vagal volleys increased in duration. At higher frequencies of insufflation spontaneous inspiration was inhibited. An increase in afferent vagal nerve activity and a concomitant slight decrease in efferent phrenic nerve activity were obtained during animal triggered pressure-controlled ventilation. High-frequency positive-pressure ventilation (HFPPV) gave rise to basal, non-grouped activity in vagal afferents, causing inhibition of inspiration. During HFPPV, spontaneous respiration can take place on activation of other afferents to the respiratory centre. Clinical aspects of respirator treatment from a neurophysiological standpoint are discussed.", "contents": "Phrenic and vagal nerve activities during spontaneous respiration and positive-pressure ventilation. Afferent vagal nerve activity from stretch-receptors in the lung and efferent phrenic nerve activity were recorded during spontaneous respiration and during positive-pressure ventilation with three different types of ventilators. During spontaneous respiration the efferent phrenic nerve activity slightly preceded the afferent vagal nerve activity. Volume-controlled ventilation did not alter the phrenic nerve activity when the ventilation was set at a rate equal to that during spontaneous respiration, but afferent vagal volleys increased in duration. At higher frequencies of insufflation spontaneous inspiration was inhibited. An increase in afferent vagal nerve activity and a concomitant slight decrease in efferent phrenic nerve activity were obtained during animal triggered pressure-controlled ventilation. High-frequency positive-pressure ventilation (HFPPV) gave rise to basal, non-grouped activity in vagal afferents, causing inhibition of inspiration. During HFPPV, spontaneous respiration can take place on activation of other afferents to the respiratory centre. Clinical aspects of respirator treatment from a neurophysiological standpoint are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:339658", "title": "Intracerebral displacement of basal ganglia following septal cannulation.", "content": "The effects of septal cannulation on the displacement of basal ganglia form the basis of the present communication. In experimental rats, in which a cannula is chronically implanted for 30 days between the medial and lateral septal nuclei by stereotaxic procedures, considerable shift of the basal ganglion is always observed on the operated side. The displacement takes place along the long axis of the ganglion either rostrally or caudally. Besides gross asymmetry in their relative sizes, no histological differences are observed between the ganglia of the two sides. Control animals, in which the cannula is withdrawn immediately after the septal lesion, manifest similar, but less pronounced movements of the basal ganglia. The probable underlying mechanisms for such intracerebral shifts are discussed and the role of indirect mechanical forces is outlined. The extraordinary degree of plasticity of the subcortical nuclear masses in terms of mobility is also emphasized.", "contents": "Intracerebral displacement of basal ganglia following septal cannulation. The effects of septal cannulation on the displacement of basal ganglia form the basis of the present communication. In experimental rats, in which a cannula is chronically implanted for 30 days between the medial and lateral septal nuclei by stereotaxic procedures, considerable shift of the basal ganglion is always observed on the operated side. The displacement takes place along the long axis of the ganglion either rostrally or caudally. Besides gross asymmetry in their relative sizes, no histological differences are observed between the ganglia of the two sides. Control animals, in which the cannula is withdrawn immediately after the septal lesion, manifest similar, but less pronounced movements of the basal ganglia. The probable underlying mechanisms for such intracerebral shifts are discussed and the role of indirect mechanical forces is outlined. The extraordinary degree of plasticity of the subcortical nuclear masses in terms of mobility is also emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:339659", "title": "Prophylactic treatment of migraine with clonidine. A controlled clinical trial.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover trial of two 12-week treatment periods with a 4-week treatment free interval, to which 21 patients were admitted, there was no statistically significant difference between clonidine 75 microgram twice daily and placebo in the total number of headache days, migraine indices, duration of attacks, number of severe attacks and consumption of acute attack treatment. However, there was a marked reduction in number of headache days, migraine indices, duration of attacks and consumption of acute attack treatment during the second treatment period compared to the first treatment period, regardless of the treatment regime. This was presumably a result of prolonged treatment and frequent attention and not an effect of the active drug. 32 patients entered the trial, but 11 dropped out. Of the 21 patients completing the trial, 16 were women; the median age was 34 years (range 17-54 years) and the median duration of headaches 12 years (range 1-40 years). Only mild side-effects were registered and no laboratory abnormalities were seen.", "contents": "Prophylactic treatment of migraine with clonidine. A controlled clinical trial. In a double-blind crossover trial of two 12-week treatment periods with a 4-week treatment free interval, to which 21 patients were admitted, there was no statistically significant difference between clonidine 75 microgram twice daily and placebo in the total number of headache days, migraine indices, duration of attacks, number of severe attacks and consumption of acute attack treatment. However, there was a marked reduction in number of headache days, migraine indices, duration of attacks and consumption of acute attack treatment during the second treatment period compared to the first treatment period, regardless of the treatment regime. This was presumably a result of prolonged treatment and frequent attention and not an effect of the active drug. 32 patients entered the trial, but 11 dropped out. Of the 21 patients completing the trial, 16 were women; the median age was 34 years (range 17-54 years) and the median duration of headaches 12 years (range 1-40 years). Only mild side-effects were registered and no laboratory abnormalities were seen."}
{"id": "PMID:339660", "title": "Metabolism of histamine in myotonic dystrophy a dual pattern of inactivation of intestinal histamine.", "content": "The catabolism of orally and subcutaneously administered 14C histamine was studied in myotonic dystrophy patients. No definite abnormalities were observed as for subcutaneously administered histamine. The catabolism of orally administered histamine followed two distinct patterns: In patients with a relatively low endogenous urinary conjugated histamine excretion at the time of testing, small quantities of radioactivity were excreted in the stools (mean 0.25 per cent), whereas the quantity of exhaled 14CO2 was in the control range (mean 14.4 per cent), and the exhalation curve diphasic as in controls. In patients with a relatively high urinary conjugated histamine excretion, the catabolic pattern differed: There was a relatively high faecal excretion of radioactivity (mean 20.1 per cent), whereas the exhalation of 14CO2 was markedly reduced (i.e. mean 0.5 per cent, versus a mean control level of 8.9 per cent). Diphasicity of the exhalation curve was not present in these patients. It has previously been demonstrated that a patient with myotonic dystrophy may shift between being a normal and a high conjugated histamine excretor. It is thus possible that all patients with myotonic dystrophy may pass through phases with abnormal catabolism of intestinal histamine.", "contents": "Metabolism of histamine in myotonic dystrophy a dual pattern of inactivation of intestinal histamine. The catabolism of orally and subcutaneously administered 14C histamine was studied in myotonic dystrophy patients. No definite abnormalities were observed as for subcutaneously administered histamine. The catabolism of orally administered histamine followed two distinct patterns: In patients with a relatively low endogenous urinary conjugated histamine excretion at the time of testing, small quantities of radioactivity were excreted in the stools (mean 0.25 per cent), whereas the quantity of exhaled 14CO2 was in the control range (mean 14.4 per cent), and the exhalation curve diphasic as in controls. In patients with a relatively high urinary conjugated histamine excretion, the catabolic pattern differed: There was a relatively high faecal excretion of radioactivity (mean 20.1 per cent), whereas the exhalation of 14CO2 was markedly reduced (i.e. mean 0.5 per cent, versus a mean control level of 8.9 per cent). Diphasicity of the exhalation curve was not present in these patients. It has previously been demonstrated that a patient with myotonic dystrophy may shift between being a normal and a high conjugated histamine excretor. It is thus possible that all patients with myotonic dystrophy may pass through phases with abnormal catabolism of intestinal histamine."}
{"id": "PMID:339661", "title": "Treatment of posttraumatic clavicular pseudarthrosis.", "content": "Six patients with posttraumatic pseudarthrosis of the clavicle were treated during 1973 and 1974 with an operative technique consisting of trimming of the bone ends, placement of a cortical bone transplant posteriorly and metal plate anteriorly, and fixation of the plates with screws. At examination 10-23 months postoperatively complete healing had been achieved in all cases.", "contents": "Treatment of posttraumatic clavicular pseudarthrosis. Six patients with posttraumatic pseudarthrosis of the clavicle were treated during 1973 and 1974 with an operative technique consisting of trimming of the bone ends, placement of a cortical bone transplant posteriorly and metal plate anteriorly, and fixation of the plates with screws. At examination 10-23 months postoperatively complete healing had been achieved in all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:339662", "title": "Levamisole versus placebo as an adjunct to primary therapy of laryngopharyngeal epidermoid carcinoma. Evaluation of the immune status.", "content": "Twenty-four patients, with a biopsy-proven laryngeal or hypopharyngeal carcinoma, received as an adjunct to their primary treatment (surgery and/or radiotherapy), levamisole (150 mg daily during three consecutive days, every fortnight) or placebo, following a single-blind, but randomized method. At the end of the follow-up, an investigation of the immune status was done, and compared with that of a healthy control-group. It is concluded that the immunity is disturbed in patients with laryngo-pharyngeal cancer, but that this disturbance does not clearly correlate with the clinical state of the disease. Also, the immunological measures did not appear relevant to the significantly favourable effect of levamisole on the prognosis.", "contents": "Levamisole versus placebo as an adjunct to primary therapy of laryngopharyngeal epidermoid carcinoma. Evaluation of the immune status. Twenty-four patients, with a biopsy-proven laryngeal or hypopharyngeal carcinoma, received as an adjunct to their primary treatment (surgery and/or radiotherapy), levamisole (150 mg daily during three consecutive days, every fortnight) or placebo, following a single-blind, but randomized method. At the end of the follow-up, an investigation of the immune status was done, and compared with that of a healthy control-group. It is concluded that the immunity is disturbed in patients with laryngo-pharyngeal cancer, but that this disturbance does not clearly correlate with the clinical state of the disease. Also, the immunological measures did not appear relevant to the significantly favourable effect of levamisole on the prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:339668", "title": "Circulatory reflex responses during the initial stage of feline endotoxin shock.", "content": "Cardiovascular and autonomic nervous responses to an injection of E. coli endotoxin were followed for up to 15 min. in cats anesthetized with chloralose and given artificial respiration. Within 60 seconds, endotoxin induced a drop of aortic pressure, with simultaneous cardiac acceleration and slight central venous hypertension. There was an associated, almost complete cessation of the aortic arch baroreceptor afferentation. The cardiac sympathetic efferentation increased up to 1.4 times the control level at its maximum. The splenic sympathetic efferentation increased up to 10.6 times the control level at the end of the 15 min period, when the other parameters studied showed a trend to control level. The sympathetic autonomic system seems to be activated through cardiovascular receptors sensing hemodynamic changes touched off by endotoxin-induced release of vasoactive substances.", "contents": "Circulatory reflex responses during the initial stage of feline endotoxin shock. Cardiovascular and autonomic nervous responses to an injection of E. coli endotoxin were followed for up to 15 min. in cats anesthetized with chloralose and given artificial respiration. Within 60 seconds, endotoxin induced a drop of aortic pressure, with simultaneous cardiac acceleration and slight central venous hypertension. There was an associated, almost complete cessation of the aortic arch baroreceptor afferentation. The cardiac sympathetic efferentation increased up to 1.4 times the control level at its maximum. The splenic sympathetic efferentation increased up to 10.6 times the control level at the end of the 15 min period, when the other parameters studied showed a trend to control level. The sympathetic autonomic system seems to be activated through cardiovascular receptors sensing hemodynamic changes touched off by endotoxin-induced release of vasoactive substances."}
{"id": "PMID:339670", "title": "Polypharmacy among psychiatric patients.", "content": "The purpose of the present study is to determine the frequency of polypharmacy among psychiatric patients in Helsinki, and to ascertain whether this practice is supported by clinical trials. The drugs prescribed in 1 day to a sample of patients (n = 694) in mental hospitals and outpatient clinics in Helsinki were studied. 69% of patients received more than on psychotropic drug in 1 day (61% received \"proper\" psychotropic drugs). On the average there were 2.1 different psychotropic drugs per patient, and the maximum was 6. A review of controlled clinical trials on the simultaneous use of more than one proper psychotropic drug in psychiatric diseases (excluding fixed combinations) revealed 14 trials. In only three trials was the combination better than its single components or placebo. Thus, there seems to be no evidence from clinical trials defending the frequent polypharmacy. A radical reduction in the number of psychotropic drugs prescribed for psychiatric patients is apparently desirable.", "contents": "Polypharmacy among psychiatric patients. The purpose of the present study is to determine the frequency of polypharmacy among psychiatric patients in Helsinki, and to ascertain whether this practice is supported by clinical trials. The drugs prescribed in 1 day to a sample of patients (n = 694) in mental hospitals and outpatient clinics in Helsinki were studied. 69% of patients received more than on psychotropic drug in 1 day (61% received \"proper\" psychotropic drugs). On the average there were 2.1 different psychotropic drugs per patient, and the maximum was 6. A review of controlled clinical trials on the simultaneous use of more than one proper psychotropic drug in psychiatric diseases (excluding fixed combinations) revealed 14 trials. In only three trials was the combination better than its single components or placebo. Thus, there seems to be no evidence from clinical trials defending the frequent polypharmacy. A radical reduction in the number of psychotropic drugs prescribed for psychiatric patients is apparently desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:339671", "title": "To be or not to be a Jew? A dilemma of Sigmund Freud?", "content": "The paper presents the position that Freud was not torn by the conflict \"To be or not to be a Jew\" as some have contended, but, rather, that he had resolved upon \"to be ...\", and did not long to reject his Jewish identity. What is maintained here is that evidence cited in support of supposed ambivalence regarding Jewish identity is better interpreted in terms of Freud's life-long ambivalence toward his father, his drive to denigrate and destroy him. Evidence is brough that it is his father, rather than himself, whom Freud identifies with the Moses figure - and the consequences of his identification are used to explain both his obsession with the Moses theme and his seeming digressions into Bible-analysis in \"Moses and monotheism\". The latter, which Freud described as a sequel to \"Totem and Taboo\", is seen as the acting out of the wish for parricide described in that work.", "contents": "To be or not to be a Jew? A dilemma of Sigmund Freud? The paper presents the position that Freud was not torn by the conflict \"To be or not to be a Jew\" as some have contended, but, rather, that he had resolved upon \"to be ...\", and did not long to reject his Jewish identity. What is maintained here is that evidence cited in support of supposed ambivalence regarding Jewish identity is better interpreted in terms of Freud's life-long ambivalence toward his father, his drive to denigrate and destroy him. Evidence is brough that it is his father, rather than himself, whom Freud identifies with the Moses figure - and the consequences of his identification are used to explain both his obsession with the Moses theme and his seeming digressions into Bible-analysis in \"Moses and monotheism\". The latter, which Freud described as a sequel to \"Totem and Taboo\", is seen as the acting out of the wish for parricide described in that work."}
{"id": "PMID:339667", "title": "Biosynthesis of the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) in the rat hypothalamus.", "content": "The biosynthesis of LH-RH was followed and evaluated in the hypothalamus of intact and castrated female rats after the infusion into the 3rd cerebral ventricle of L-3H-Glycine and its incorporation into the synthetized hormone. Incorporation of 3H-Gly into the LH--RH molecule that means biosynthesis of this hormone was found 30 min after the infusion of labeled amino acid. The incorporation rate in castrated animals was 2 times higher than in intact ones. Estradiol-17 beta only slightly depressed the LH--RH biosynthesis rate in castrated animals. Pretreatment with cycloheximide or puromycin decreased biosynthesis rate of the hormone by 50%. On the basis of cycloheximide and puromycin action it is suggested that the ribosomes are involved in the biosynthesis of LH--RH.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) in the rat hypothalamus. The biosynthesis of LH-RH was followed and evaluated in the hypothalamus of intact and castrated female rats after the infusion into the 3rd cerebral ventricle of L-3H-Glycine and its incorporation into the synthetized hormone. Incorporation of 3H-Gly into the LH--RH molecule that means biosynthesis of this hormone was found 30 min after the infusion of labeled amino acid. The incorporation rate in castrated animals was 2 times higher than in intact ones. Estradiol-17 beta only slightly depressed the LH--RH biosynthesis rate in castrated animals. Pretreatment with cycloheximide or puromycin decreased biosynthesis rate of the hormone by 50%. On the basis of cycloheximide and puromycin action it is suggested that the ribosomes are involved in the biosynthesis of LH--RH."}
{"id": "PMID:339672", "title": "Prostaglandin-induced diarrhoea treated with loperamide or diphenoxylate. A double-blind study.", "content": "Loperamide was compared double-blind with diphenoxylate and a placebo in 59 women with diarrhoea due to prostaglandin administration for mid-trimester abortion. Treatment was started with the intake of two capsules two hours before the first intramuscular injection of 15(S-)15 methyl prostaglandin F2alpha and was then adapted individually, i.e. one capsule after each unformed stool, with a maximum of ten per 24 hours. Both antidiarrhoeals were significantly more effective than the placebo in preventing diarrhoea, and loperamide was found to be more active than diphenoxylate. The course of abortion, BP and vital signs, or prostaglandin side-effects other than diarrhoea were not affected by either antidiarrhoeal, nor could any adverse experience be specifically attributed to them.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-induced diarrhoea treated with loperamide or diphenoxylate. A double-blind study. Loperamide was compared double-blind with diphenoxylate and a placebo in 59 women with diarrhoea due to prostaglandin administration for mid-trimester abortion. Treatment was started with the intake of two capsules two hours before the first intramuscular injection of 15(S-)15 methyl prostaglandin F2alpha and was then adapted individually, i.e. one capsule after each unformed stool, with a maximum of ten per 24 hours. Both antidiarrhoeals were significantly more effective than the placebo in preventing diarrhoea, and loperamide was found to be more active than diphenoxylate. The course of abortion, BP and vital signs, or prostaglandin side-effects other than diarrhoea were not affected by either antidiarrhoeal, nor could any adverse experience be specifically attributed to them."}
{"id": "PMID:339673", "title": "Plasma renin, plasma aldosterone and exchangeable sodium in normotensive and hypertensive kidney transplant recipients with and without transplant renal artery stenosis.", "content": "Blood pressure (BP), plasma renin concentration (PRC), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and exchangeable sodium (ES) were studied in 19 kidney recipients on different fixed levels of sodium intake after successful kidney transplantation. The following groups of kidney recipients were investigated: group 1: 7 normotensives, group 2:7 hypertensives without transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS), group 3:5 hypertensives with angiographically verified TRAS. Hypertension in the recipients without TRAS (group 2) was characterized by a positive correlation between BP and ES and a normal response of PRC and PAC to a fixed low (10 mEQ/day) and high (150 mEq/day) sodium intake. In contrast, hypertension in the recipients with TRAS (group 3) was characterized by a normal or varyingly increased PRC on a liberal sodium intake and a reduced response of PRC to sodium restriction, whereas PAC did not differ from the other groups of recipients. In one recipient in group 3 who underwent surgical correction for TRAS, PRC and PAC decreased before operation during sodium restriction, but BP remained high until after operation, when it normalized simultaneously with a decrease in ES. The results indicate that sodium retention is involved in the pathogenesis of posttransplant hypertension and suggest that an increased activity of the renin--angiotensin system is counterbalanced by an accumulation of sodium in TRAS.", "contents": "Plasma renin, plasma aldosterone and exchangeable sodium in normotensive and hypertensive kidney transplant recipients with and without transplant renal artery stenosis. Blood pressure (BP), plasma renin concentration (PRC), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and exchangeable sodium (ES) were studied in 19 kidney recipients on different fixed levels of sodium intake after successful kidney transplantation. The following groups of kidney recipients were investigated: group 1: 7 normotensives, group 2:7 hypertensives without transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS), group 3:5 hypertensives with angiographically verified TRAS. Hypertension in the recipients without TRAS (group 2) was characterized by a positive correlation between BP and ES and a normal response of PRC and PAC to a fixed low (10 mEQ/day) and high (150 mEq/day) sodium intake. In contrast, hypertension in the recipients with TRAS (group 3) was characterized by a normal or varyingly increased PRC on a liberal sodium intake and a reduced response of PRC to sodium restriction, whereas PAC did not differ from the other groups of recipients. In one recipient in group 3 who underwent surgical correction for TRAS, PRC and PAC decreased before operation during sodium restriction, but BP remained high until after operation, when it normalized simultaneously with a decrease in ES. The results indicate that sodium retention is involved in the pathogenesis of posttransplant hypertension and suggest that an increased activity of the renin--angiotensin system is counterbalanced by an accumulation of sodium in TRAS."}
{"id": "PMID:339674", "title": "Hemodynamic effect of long--term treatment with pindolol in essential hypertension with special reference to the resistance and capacitance vessels of the forearm.", "content": "Ten patients with essential hypertension have been studied at rest, during and after exercise following oral treatment for on an average 16 months with a beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent, pindolol. The study was a direct continuation of an earlier, performed after 2 months' treatment. The hypotensive effect of pindolol was highly significant after 2 as well as 16 months of treatment. Heart rate was similarly lowered at 2 and 16 months, while carciac output, which was significantly lower during exercise after 2 months, had increased to the pretreatment level after 16 months. Peripheral vascular resistance, which was not affected after 2 months, had decreased significantly during and after exercise in the long-term study. A comparison between the hemodynamic situations after 2 and 16 months thus suggests that while a decrease in cardiac output is an early mechanism in the lowering of BP, changes in systemic vascular resistance seem to be more important after long-term treatment with pindolol.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effect of long--term treatment with pindolol in essential hypertension with special reference to the resistance and capacitance vessels of the forearm. Ten patients with essential hypertension have been studied at rest, during and after exercise following oral treatment for on an average 16 months with a beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent, pindolol. The study was a direct continuation of an earlier, performed after 2 months' treatment. The hypotensive effect of pindolol was highly significant after 2 as well as 16 months of treatment. Heart rate was similarly lowered at 2 and 16 months, while carciac output, which was significantly lower during exercise after 2 months, had increased to the pretreatment level after 16 months. Peripheral vascular resistance, which was not affected after 2 months, had decreased significantly during and after exercise in the long-term study. A comparison between the hemodynamic situations after 2 and 16 months thus suggests that while a decrease in cardiac output is an early mechanism in the lowering of BP, changes in systemic vascular resistance seem to be more important after long-term treatment with pindolol."}
{"id": "PMID:339675", "title": "Coarctation of the aorta. The world's longest follow-up.", "content": "A 32-year follow-up of the first coarctations of the aorta ever operated upon in the world has shown a systolic blood pressure below 155 mmHg in 12 of 18 patients and a diastolic blood pressure below 95 mm Hg in 15 of 18 patients. No gradient over the anastomosis was noted in 13 of 18 patients when measured by a cuff and in 5 of 12 patients when measured by catheterization. If the diameter of the anastomosis was 75% of that of that of the aortic arch, only a very small or no resting gradient was found. If there was no gradient at rest, there was usually only an insignificant or no gradient during exercise. A small gradient at rest was always higher during exercise, depending on the degree of work load, length of narrowed segment and aneurysm at the suture line. There was an incidence of 44% aortic valvular disease and of 20% degenerative changes in caput femoris. The anastomosis had grown with the patient.", "contents": "Coarctation of the aorta. The world's longest follow-up. A 32-year follow-up of the first coarctations of the aorta ever operated upon in the world has shown a systolic blood pressure below 155 mmHg in 12 of 18 patients and a diastolic blood pressure below 95 mm Hg in 15 of 18 patients. No gradient over the anastomosis was noted in 13 of 18 patients when measured by a cuff and in 5 of 12 patients when measured by catheterization. If the diameter of the anastomosis was 75% of that of that of the aortic arch, only a very small or no resting gradient was found. If there was no gradient at rest, there was usually only an insignificant or no gradient during exercise. A small gradient at rest was always higher during exercise, depending on the degree of work load, length of narrowed segment and aneurysm at the suture line. There was an incidence of 44% aortic valvular disease and of 20% degenerative changes in caput femoris. The anastomosis had grown with the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:339680", "title": "The toxicity of ethanol. A tentative risk evaluation.", "content": "A substantial knowledge has been collected on the dose-dependent toxic effects of ethanol. Whereas ethanol probably is the chemical substance exerting most toxic effects in many populations, a quantitative estimate of the upper limit of long term safe consumption from a toxicological and public health standpoint has not earlier been performed. It may be summarized that the toxic range of ethanol consumption is 35-200 g per day. Based on the available data we would propose an acceptable daily intake (ADI) for ethanol of 7 g per day. The practical consequences are discussed.", "contents": "The toxicity of ethanol. A tentative risk evaluation. A substantial knowledge has been collected on the dose-dependent toxic effects of ethanol. Whereas ethanol probably is the chemical substance exerting most toxic effects in many populations, a quantitative estimate of the upper limit of long term safe consumption from a toxicological and public health standpoint has not earlier been performed. It may be summarized that the toxic range of ethanol consumption is 35-200 g per day. Based on the available data we would propose an acceptable daily intake (ADI) for ethanol of 7 g per day. The practical consequences are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:339682", "title": "Alcohol withdrawal syndromes in the human: comparison with animal models.", "content": "Alcohol withdrawal syndromes in humans lie on a continuum of increasing severity, from the acute hangover to delirium tremens. Early mild reactions consist primarily of hyperexcitability phenomena such as tremor, insomnia, hyperreflexia and hyperventilation. In more severe degree, the same process gives rise to hallucinations and seizures. These early reactions are mimicked closely by alcohol withdrawal signs in experimental animals. Late reactions in humans are characterized by marked sympathetic nervous system overactivity, profound disorientation and hallucinations. Analogous reactions have not yet been observed clearly in other species. The problem may be one of finding appropriate techniques for detecting such changes, rather than a true species difference in their occurrence.", "contents": "Alcohol withdrawal syndromes in the human: comparison with animal models. Alcohol withdrawal syndromes in humans lie on a continuum of increasing severity, from the acute hangover to delirium tremens. Early mild reactions consist primarily of hyperexcitability phenomena such as tremor, insomnia, hyperreflexia and hyperventilation. In more severe degree, the same process gives rise to hallucinations and seizures. These early reactions are mimicked closely by alcohol withdrawal signs in experimental animals. Late reactions in humans are characterized by marked sympathetic nervous system overactivity, profound disorientation and hallucinations. Analogous reactions have not yet been observed clearly in other species. The problem may be one of finding appropriate techniques for detecting such changes, rather than a true species difference in their occurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:339683", "title": "Alterations of macromolecule biosynthesis after chronic administration of opiates and ethanol.", "content": "The literature concerning the effects of opiates, alcohol and barbiturates on RNA and protein metabolism is reviewed. Recent findings from this laboratory suggest that chronic morphine treatment increases the template activity of chromatin from oligodendroglial nuclei while chronic ethanol treatment decreases this activity. In addition, chronic morphine treatment stimulates protein synthesis in cell free systems and may increase the synthesis of discrete synaptic membrane proteins. Results from other laboratories suggest a general decrease in macromolecule biosynthesis with long term ethanol consumption. These results are discussed in terms of the possible roles of protein synthesis in the effects of chronic opiate and ethanol administration.", "contents": "Alterations of macromolecule biosynthesis after chronic administration of opiates and ethanol. The literature concerning the effects of opiates, alcohol and barbiturates on RNA and protein metabolism is reviewed. Recent findings from this laboratory suggest that chronic morphine treatment increases the template activity of chromatin from oligodendroglial nuclei while chronic ethanol treatment decreases this activity. In addition, chronic morphine treatment stimulates protein synthesis in cell free systems and may increase the synthesis of discrete synaptic membrane proteins. Results from other laboratories suggest a general decrease in macromolecule biosynthesis with long term ethanol consumption. These results are discussed in terms of the possible roles of protein synthesis in the effects of chronic opiate and ethanol administration."}
{"id": "PMID:339688", "title": "Anhydride intermediates in catalysis by pepsin: is pepsin an enzyme with two active sites?", "content": "By the use of sulfite ester substrates together with hydroxylamine as a highly reactive trapping agent, we have been able to obtain strong evidence for the intermediacy of enzyme-bound anhydride species in the pepsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of these substrates. From our observations that in the trapping experiments hydroxamate functions are introduced at the beta-carboxylates of Asp-32, Asp-215 and at least one additional Asp residue, it appears that several reactive carboxylate species can function as nucleophiles against sulfite esters, leading to the formation of anhydride species. Because the location of the hydroxamate incorporated into pepsin other than at the Asp-32 and Asp-215 residues is unknown, it remains conceivable that, at least for the action of pepsin on sulfite substrates, there are two distinct active site regions. If the possibility is considered that peptides possessing common amino-terminal residues but different acyl residues may bind productively in different fashions so that in some cases the beta-carboxylate of Asp-32 acts as the attacking nucleophile while in others the beta-carboxylate of Asp-215 acts in this way (as has been observed for sulfites), much of the confusion in the literature concerning the reactions of pepsin with peptidase may be explained.", "contents": "Anhydride intermediates in catalysis by pepsin: is pepsin an enzyme with two active sites? By the use of sulfite ester substrates together with hydroxylamine as a highly reactive trapping agent, we have been able to obtain strong evidence for the intermediacy of enzyme-bound anhydride species in the pepsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of these substrates. From our observations that in the trapping experiments hydroxamate functions are introduced at the beta-carboxylates of Asp-32, Asp-215 and at least one additional Asp residue, it appears that several reactive carboxylate species can function as nucleophiles against sulfite esters, leading to the formation of anhydride species. Because the location of the hydroxamate incorporated into pepsin other than at the Asp-32 and Asp-215 residues is unknown, it remains conceivable that, at least for the action of pepsin on sulfite substrates, there are two distinct active site regions. If the possibility is considered that peptides possessing common amino-terminal residues but different acyl residues may bind productively in different fashions so that in some cases the beta-carboxylate of Asp-32 acts as the attacking nucleophile while in others the beta-carboxylate of Asp-215 acts in this way (as has been observed for sulfites), much of the confusion in the literature concerning the reactions of pepsin with peptidase may be explained."}
{"id": "PMID:339689", "title": "New data on pepsin mechanism and specificity.", "content": "New data on the specificity and mechanism of action of porcine pepsin are presented, including statistical analysis of protein cleavage by the enzyme, kinetics of synthetic substrates, enzyme inhibition and activation, kinetics of transpeptidation reaction, and 180 exchange studies. From these data it was concluded that pepsin has an extended active site being able to accomodate specifically five amino acid residues of the substrate. The orientation of the substrate molecule relative to the ethanol binding loci in pepsin crystals has been determined. Pepsin mechanism includes \"amino-enzyme\" formation which chemically is not an amide, formed by the enzyme carboxyl with the amino fragment of the substrate.", "contents": "New data on pepsin mechanism and specificity. New data on the specificity and mechanism of action of porcine pepsin are presented, including statistical analysis of protein cleavage by the enzyme, kinetics of synthetic substrates, enzyme inhibition and activation, kinetics of transpeptidation reaction, and 180 exchange studies. From these data it was concluded that pepsin has an extended active site being able to accomodate specifically five amino acid residues of the substrate. The orientation of the substrate molecule relative to the ethanol binding loci in pepsin crystals has been determined. Pepsin mechanism includes \"amino-enzyme\" formation which chemically is not an amide, formed by the enzyme carboxyl with the amino fragment of the substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:339690", "title": "Pepstatin inhibition mechanism.", "content": "Pepstatin is a low molecular weight, potent inhibitor specific for acid proteases with a Ki value of about 10(-10)M for pepsin. The chemical structure of pepstatin is essentially a hexapeptide which contains two residues of an unusual amino acid, 4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid (statine). The complete structure of pepstatin is isovaleryl-L-valyl-L-valyl-statyl-L-alanyl-statine. To study its mode of inhibition, we prepared several derivatives and measured their kinetics of inhibition. Both N-acetyl-statine and N-acetyl-alanyl-statine are competitive inhibitors for pepsin with Ki values of 1.2 x 10(-4)M and 5.65 x 10(-6)M, respectively. The Ki value for N-acetyl-valyl-statine is 4.8 x 10(-6)M. These statyl derivatives, therefore, are very strong inhibitors. The Ki value for N-acetyl-statine is 600-fold smaller than that of its structural analog N-acetyl-leucine. The derivative which contains two statyl residues in a tetrapeptide exhibits inhibitory properties which approach those of pepstatin itself. Other acid proteases, human pepsin, human gastricsin, renin, cathepsin D, the acid protease from R. chinensis and bovine chymosin, also are inhibited by pepstatin and its derivatives. We suggest that the statyl residue is responsible for the unusual inhibitory capability of pepstatin and that statine is an analog of the previously proposed transition state for catalysis by pepsin and other acid proteases.", "contents": "Pepstatin inhibition mechanism. Pepstatin is a low molecular weight, potent inhibitor specific for acid proteases with a Ki value of about 10(-10)M for pepsin. The chemical structure of pepstatin is essentially a hexapeptide which contains two residues of an unusual amino acid, 4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid (statine). The complete structure of pepstatin is isovaleryl-L-valyl-L-valyl-statyl-L-alanyl-statine. To study its mode of inhibition, we prepared several derivatives and measured their kinetics of inhibition. Both N-acetyl-statine and N-acetyl-alanyl-statine are competitive inhibitors for pepsin with Ki values of 1.2 x 10(-4)M and 5.65 x 10(-6)M, respectively. The Ki value for N-acetyl-valyl-statine is 4.8 x 10(-6)M. These statyl derivatives, therefore, are very strong inhibitors. The Ki value for N-acetyl-statine is 600-fold smaller than that of its structural analog N-acetyl-leucine. The derivative which contains two statyl residues in a tetrapeptide exhibits inhibitory properties which approach those of pepstatin itself. Other acid proteases, human pepsin, human gastricsin, renin, cathepsin D, the acid protease from R. chinensis and bovine chymosin, also are inhibited by pepstatin and its derivatives. We suggest that the statyl residue is responsible for the unusual inhibitory capability of pepstatin and that statine is an analog of the previously proposed transition state for catalysis by pepsin and other acid proteases."}
{"id": "PMID:339691", "title": "Chemical modification of a pepsin inhibitor from the activation peptides of pepsinogen.", "content": "The peptide comprising the first 16 amino acids of porcine pepsinogen, prepared from the activation mixture, has been modified by guanidination of its three lysine residues to form homoarginine residues. The modified peptide is a better pepsin inhibitor than is the native peptide; for 50% inhibition of the milk-clotting action of pepsin at pH 5.3, the molar ratio of peptide to pepsin required is 9 for the native inhibitor and only 2 for the guanidinated inhibitor. Stepwise removal by Edman degradation of the amino-terminal Leu-Fal-Homoarg residues from the guanidinated inhibitor decreased the activity slightly at the first step and markedly at the second and third steps. Thus, all of the amino-terminal sequence except the leucine residue is necessary for full activity.", "contents": "Chemical modification of a pepsin inhibitor from the activation peptides of pepsinogen. The peptide comprising the first 16 amino acids of porcine pepsinogen, prepared from the activation mixture, has been modified by guanidination of its three lysine residues to form homoarginine residues. The modified peptide is a better pepsin inhibitor than is the native peptide; for 50% inhibition of the milk-clotting action of pepsin at pH 5.3, the molar ratio of peptide to pepsin required is 9 for the native inhibitor and only 2 for the guanidinated inhibitor. Stepwise removal by Edman degradation of the amino-terminal Leu-Fal-Homoarg residues from the guanidinated inhibitor decreased the activity slightly at the first step and markedly at the second and third steps. Thus, all of the amino-terminal sequence except the leucine residue is necessary for full activity."}
{"id": "PMID:339693", "title": "X-ray analysis and circular dichroism of the acid protease from Endothia parasitica and chymosin.", "content": "The structure of an acid proteinase from Endothia parasitica has been solved by x-ray diffraction using multiple isomorphous replacement. A 3 A resolution map was interpreted in terms of a bilobal structure with a long 25 A cleft. The secondary structure is mostly distorted beta-sheet. The circular dichroism was measured and model curves for different secondary structures were fitted by least squares indicating a large component of beta-structure. The structure was seen to be homologous with that of the acid proteinase from R. Chinensis and hence with pepsin and chymosin. A rotation function against diffraction data from chymosin crystals confirm confirm this and suggested an approach to the solution of this structure.", "contents": "X-ray analysis and circular dichroism of the acid protease from Endothia parasitica and chymosin. The structure of an acid proteinase from Endothia parasitica has been solved by x-ray diffraction using multiple isomorphous replacement. A 3 A resolution map was interpreted in terms of a bilobal structure with a long 25 A cleft. The secondary structure is mostly distorted beta-sheet. The circular dichroism was measured and model curves for different secondary structures were fitted by least squares indicating a large component of beta-structure. The structure was seen to be homologous with that of the acid proteinase from R. Chinensis and hence with pepsin and chymosin. A rotation function against diffraction data from chymosin crystals confirm confirm this and suggested an approach to the solution of this structure."}
{"id": "PMID:339694", "title": "Penicillopepsin: 2.8 A structure, active site conformation and mechanistic implications.", "content": "The crystal structure of penicillopepsin, an extracellular acid protease isolated from the mold Penicillium janthinellum, has been determined at 2.8 A resolution by the method of multiple isomorphous replacement. The resulting electron density map computed from the native structure factor amplitudes and MIR phases has an overall mean figure of merit of 0.90. The molecule is decidedly nonspherical, with the majority of residues in beta-structure. There is an 18-stranded mixed beta-sheet which forms the structural core in the region of the active site. This site, identified by the covalent binding of two EPNP molecules to Asp-32 and Asp-215, is located in a deep groove which divides the molecule into two approximately equal lobes. Both aspartic acid residues in the active site are in intimate contact with one another and the carboxyl group of Asp-32 makes two other important hydrogen-bonded contacts: one with Ser-35 and the other with the main chain peptide bond between Thr-216 and Gly-217. A proposed mechanism for acid protease catalysis is similar in many aspects to that proposed for carboxypeptidase A. The electrophilic component which polarizes the substrate carbonyl bond in the acid proteases is the proton shared between the beta-carboxyl groups of Asp-32 and Asp-215. The beta-carboxyl group of Asp-32 removes a proton from a water molecule bound between this side chain and the substrate; the resultant OH- attacks the carbonyl carbon atom of the substrate molecule. The phenolic -OH group of Tyr-75 donates its proton to the amide nitrogen of the scissile bond of the substrate.", "contents": "Penicillopepsin: 2.8 A structure, active site conformation and mechanistic implications. The crystal structure of penicillopepsin, an extracellular acid protease isolated from the mold Penicillium janthinellum, has been determined at 2.8 A resolution by the method of multiple isomorphous replacement. The resulting electron density map computed from the native structure factor amplitudes and MIR phases has an overall mean figure of merit of 0.90. The molecule is decidedly nonspherical, with the majority of residues in beta-structure. There is an 18-stranded mixed beta-sheet which forms the structural core in the region of the active site. This site, identified by the covalent binding of two EPNP molecules to Asp-32 and Asp-215, is located in a deep groove which divides the molecule into two approximately equal lobes. Both aspartic acid residues in the active site are in intimate contact with one another and the carboxyl group of Asp-32 makes two other important hydrogen-bonded contacts: one with Ser-35 and the other with the main chain peptide bond between Thr-216 and Gly-217. A proposed mechanism for acid protease catalysis is similar in many aspects to that proposed for carboxypeptidase A. The electrophilic component which polarizes the substrate carbonyl bond in the acid proteases is the proton shared between the beta-carboxyl groups of Asp-32 and Asp-215. The beta-carboxyl group of Asp-32 removes a proton from a water molecule bound between this side chain and the substrate; the resultant OH- attacks the carbonyl carbon atom of the substrate molecule. The phenolic -OH group of Tyr-75 donates its proton to the amide nitrogen of the scissile bond of the substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:339702", "title": "Use of precordial ST-segment mapping.", "content": "Serial precordial ST-segment ECG mapping with a grid consisting of 49 recording marks made on the anterior thorax of patients with acute anterior transmural myocardial infarction has been applied in the study of usefulness of this technique. It has been found that a pattern of variable devolution of the magnitude of ST-segment elevations is seen in uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Extension of the infarct has been characterized by re-elevation of ST-segments. Beneficial therapeutic interventions have resulted in reduction of the magnitude of ST-segment elevation. However, the technique cannot be applied in patients with inferior transmural myocardial infarction or in patients with functioning pacemakers, bundle branch blocks, or pericarditis. The significance of adherence to strict guidelines in performing ST-segment mapping and the analysis of mapping data in the light of the total clinical picture at the time of recordings is emphasized.", "contents": "Use of precordial ST-segment mapping. Serial precordial ST-segment ECG mapping with a grid consisting of 49 recording marks made on the anterior thorax of patients with acute anterior transmural myocardial infarction has been applied in the study of usefulness of this technique. It has been found that a pattern of variable devolution of the magnitude of ST-segment elevations is seen in uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Extension of the infarct has been characterized by re-elevation of ST-segments. Beneficial therapeutic interventions have resulted in reduction of the magnitude of ST-segment elevation. However, the technique cannot be applied in patients with inferior transmural myocardial infarction or in patients with functioning pacemakers, bundle branch blocks, or pericarditis. The significance of adherence to strict guidelines in performing ST-segment mapping and the analysis of mapping data in the light of the total clinical picture at the time of recordings is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:339705", "title": "Diet and cerebral malaria: the effect of famine and refeeding.", "content": "In an outbreak of Plasmodium falciparum malaria following refeeding after famine cerebral malaria was restricted to children eating grain. Nomad children consuming a predominantly milk diet were free of this complication despite an equivalent incidence of uncomplicated malaria. Freedom of nomads from cerebral complications may be due to inhibition by the milk diet of rapid division of the parasite combined with delayed recovery after famine of T cell function.", "contents": "Diet and cerebral malaria: the effect of famine and refeeding. In an outbreak of Plasmodium falciparum malaria following refeeding after famine cerebral malaria was restricted to children eating grain. Nomad children consuming a predominantly milk diet were free of this complication despite an equivalent incidence of uncomplicated malaria. Freedom of nomads from cerebral complications may be due to inhibition by the milk diet of rapid division of the parasite combined with delayed recovery after famine of T cell function."}
{"id": "PMID:339708", "title": "An improved technic for examining urinary casts and a review of their significance.", "content": "Casts represent an important, diagnostic component of urinary sediment, and may signal renal parenchymal disease in asymptomatic individuals. Accurate, precise identification of certain casts may be difficult due to poor visualization by current technics. Casts from freshly voided urine specimens, cytocentrifuged and stained by the Papanicolaou method, can be visualized optimally from permanent slide preparations. The genesis of these casts and their diagnostic potential related to renal disease and acute renal allograft rejection are discussed.", "contents": "An improved technic for examining urinary casts and a review of their significance. Casts represent an important, diagnostic component of urinary sediment, and may signal renal parenchymal disease in asymptomatic individuals. Accurate, precise identification of certain casts may be difficult due to poor visualization by current technics. Casts from freshly voided urine specimens, cytocentrifuged and stained by the Papanicolaou method, can be visualized optimally from permanent slide preparations. The genesis of these casts and their diagnostic potential related to renal disease and acute renal allograft rejection are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:339709", "title": "A reliable test for differentiation and presumptive identification of certain clinically significant anaerobes.", "content": "A modification of the slide catalase test was evaluated to determine its reliability for the presumptive identification of certain anaerobic gram-negative and gram-positive organisms isolated from clinical specimens. A total of 650 fresh isolates was evaluated. Growth from a trypticase blood agar plate or Schaedler's agar with laked blood was transferred to a slide and a drop of 15% H2O2 with Tween 80 added. Veillonella alcalescens, Proprionibacterium species, Peptococcus species, and Bacteroides fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. distasonis, B. ovatus, and B. vulgatus were positive by this method. Comparative slide and tube catalase tests were performed with the above-mentioned bacteroides species by growing each isolate on trypticase soy agar, Brucella agar, brain-heart infusion agar, each with and without added hemin, and on Schaedler's agar. Four solutions of H2O2 were used, 3 and 15%, and 3 and 15% with Tween 80. The addition of Tween 80 to H2O2 increased the sensitivity of the reaction with both slide and tube methods. The 15% H2O2 with Tween 80 consistently gave the most rapid and persistent positive reaction. A slide catalase test in combination with a Gram stain should be performed on each anaerobic isolate; this would significantly decrease the time required for presumptive identification of many anaerobic organisms.", "contents": "A reliable test for differentiation and presumptive identification of certain clinically significant anaerobes. A modification of the slide catalase test was evaluated to determine its reliability for the presumptive identification of certain anaerobic gram-negative and gram-positive organisms isolated from clinical specimens. A total of 650 fresh isolates was evaluated. Growth from a trypticase blood agar plate or Schaedler's agar with laked blood was transferred to a slide and a drop of 15% H2O2 with Tween 80 added. Veillonella alcalescens, Proprionibacterium species, Peptococcus species, and Bacteroides fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. distasonis, B. ovatus, and B. vulgatus were positive by this method. Comparative slide and tube catalase tests were performed with the above-mentioned bacteroides species by growing each isolate on trypticase soy agar, Brucella agar, brain-heart infusion agar, each with and without added hemin, and on Schaedler's agar. Four solutions of H2O2 were used, 3 and 15%, and 3 and 15% with Tween 80. The addition of Tween 80 to H2O2 increased the sensitivity of the reaction with both slide and tube methods. The 15% H2O2 with Tween 80 consistently gave the most rapid and persistent positive reaction. A slide catalase test in combination with a Gram stain should be performed on each anaerobic isolate; this would significantly decrease the time required for presumptive identification of many anaerobic organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:339710", "title": "Evaluation of a multitest system for identification of saccharolytic pseudomonads.", "content": "The API-20 Enteric Strip has been proposed to have the capacity to differentiate the nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli. This multitest strip serves as the basis of an evolving system, which first provided a Register, then a Selector, and more recently a computer Index. Twenty-three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. putida, 21 of P. fluorescens, 27 of P. maltophilia, and 33 of P. cepacia were investigated by duplicate test runs to determine reproducibility. The results were then evaluated at each of the three stages to determine accuracy of identification and the effect of the system evolution on the identification rate. Seventy-one of the 127 pseudomonads gave reproducible results in the multitest strips. Approximately half of them were correctly grouped or speciated by the Register, whereas 80 to 83% were similarly identified by both the Selector and Index. Of the clinically important pseudomonads, 61 to 65% of P. aeruginosa and 93% of P. maltophilia strains were correctly speciated; neither P. putida nor P. fluorescens strains were speciated, although most were correctly grouped. P. cepacia was speciated by the Index with only 55 to 58% accuracy. Although the present stage of the evolving system offers improvement over the Register, further modifications are needed to eliminate identification problems and to increase speciation.", "contents": "Evaluation of a multitest system for identification of saccharolytic pseudomonads. The API-20 Enteric Strip has been proposed to have the capacity to differentiate the nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli. This multitest strip serves as the basis of an evolving system, which first provided a Register, then a Selector, and more recently a computer Index. Twenty-three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. putida, 21 of P. fluorescens, 27 of P. maltophilia, and 33 of P. cepacia were investigated by duplicate test runs to determine reproducibility. The results were then evaluated at each of the three stages to determine accuracy of identification and the effect of the system evolution on the identification rate. Seventy-one of the 127 pseudomonads gave reproducible results in the multitest strips. Approximately half of them were correctly grouped or speciated by the Register, whereas 80 to 83% were similarly identified by both the Selector and Index. Of the clinically important pseudomonads, 61 to 65% of P. aeruginosa and 93% of P. maltophilia strains were correctly speciated; neither P. putida nor P. fluorescens strains were speciated, although most were correctly grouped. P. cepacia was speciated by the Index with only 55 to 58% accuracy. Although the present stage of the evolving system offers improvement over the Register, further modifications are needed to eliminate identification problems and to increase speciation."}
{"id": "PMID:339711", "title": "A method for the use of immunofluorescence on paraffin-embedded tissues.", "content": "Immunofluorescence is increasingly used for the visualization of antigens and antibodies in various tissues. The commonly used frozen sections present several disadvantages, which can be avoided by the present adaptation of paraffin-embedded sections for immunofluorescence. In this method, Bouin's solution achieves fast, deep fixation which preserves well the capacity of antigens to react with specific FITC-labeled antibodies. The method gives superior resolution of morphology, lower nonspecific fluorescent background, and permanent sections suitable for indefinite storage and retrospective studies. It has been successfully applied thus far to the study of immunofluorescence of lymphoid, thyroid, renal, pulmonary, and intestinal tissues.", "contents": "A method for the use of immunofluorescence on paraffin-embedded tissues. Immunofluorescence is increasingly used for the visualization of antigens and antibodies in various tissues. The commonly used frozen sections present several disadvantages, which can be avoided by the present adaptation of paraffin-embedded sections for immunofluorescence. In this method, Bouin's solution achieves fast, deep fixation which preserves well the capacity of antigens to react with specific FITC-labeled antibodies. The method gives superior resolution of morphology, lower nonspecific fluorescent background, and permanent sections suitable for indefinite storage and retrospective studies. It has been successfully applied thus far to the study of immunofluorescence of lymphoid, thyroid, renal, pulmonary, and intestinal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:339712", "title": "In vivo leukemic transformation: cytogenetic evidence of in vivo leukemic transformation of engrafted marrow cells.", "content": "A 4-year-old girl with acute myeloblastic leukemia was treated with 50 mg/kg cyclophosphamide daily for 4 days before being given 1.7 X 10(8) bone marrow cells/kg from her HL-A identical, MLC nonreactive, cytogenetically normal brother. The patient died 92 weeks after the marrow graft. Postmortem examination showed increased myeloblasts and promyelocytes. Cytogenetic studies before transplantation showed that all sex determination metaphases had an XX pattern, and 41% of the hyperdiploid metaphases had an additional 19-20(F) chromosome. At autopsy all hyperdiploid metaphases with XY pattern and 43% of the hyperdiploid metaphases with an XX pattern had an additional F chromosome. Occasional metaphases with 47, XX, + F or 47, XY, + F were seen during the follow-up studies. These findings indicated that an acute leukemia had developed in the XY cell line of this artifically induced sex chimeric child. This suggests that a leukemic stimulus other than that proposed to be induced by total-body irradiation existed in this patient and transformed the engrafted cells.", "contents": "In vivo leukemic transformation: cytogenetic evidence of in vivo leukemic transformation of engrafted marrow cells. A 4-year-old girl with acute myeloblastic leukemia was treated with 50 mg/kg cyclophosphamide daily for 4 days before being given 1.7 X 10(8) bone marrow cells/kg from her HL-A identical, MLC nonreactive, cytogenetically normal brother. The patient died 92 weeks after the marrow graft. Postmortem examination showed increased myeloblasts and promyelocytes. Cytogenetic studies before transplantation showed that all sex determination metaphases had an XX pattern, and 41% of the hyperdiploid metaphases had an additional 19-20(F) chromosome. At autopsy all hyperdiploid metaphases with XY pattern and 43% of the hyperdiploid metaphases with an XX pattern had an additional F chromosome. Occasional metaphases with 47, XX, + F or 47, XY, + F were seen during the follow-up studies. These findings indicated that an acute leukemia had developed in the XY cell line of this artifically induced sex chimeric child. This suggests that a leukemic stimulus other than that proposed to be induced by total-body irradiation existed in this patient and transformed the engrafted cells."}
{"id": "PMID:339713", "title": "Pharmacy-assisted burn unit skin bank program.", "content": "Assistance by pharmacy services in the development and production of a sterile fluid for the preservation of homograft skin after \"harvesting\" from cadavers is described. Discussion includes the need for skin banking; sterile skin bank fluid formulation, production, storage use; physiological effects of homograft skin; indications for homograft usage; and acceptable cadaver donors.", "contents": "Pharmacy-assisted burn unit skin bank program. Assistance by pharmacy services in the development and production of a sterile fluid for the preservation of homograft skin after \"harvesting\" from cadavers is described. Discussion includes the need for skin banking; sterile skin bank fluid formulation, production, storage use; physiological effects of homograft skin; indications for homograft usage; and acceptable cadaver donors."}
{"id": "PMID:339715", "title": "Cervical-vaginal flora of immunosuppressed renal transplant patients.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine the endocervical microflora present in 25 renal allograft recipients hwo were receiving therapeutic dosages of azathioprine or cyclophosphamide and prednisone. The aerobic flora was similar to that found in other populations. However, these immunosuppressed patients had more different anaerobic species per culture than were found in most other populations. This was reflected in the more frequent isolation of many species of anaerobic bacteria, especially the anaerobic gram-negative rods. The clinician should be aware of these differences since they may be significant in regard to gynecologic or obstetric postoperative infectious morbidity in women using immunosuppressive medications.", "contents": "Cervical-vaginal flora of immunosuppressed renal transplant patients. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the endocervical microflora present in 25 renal allograft recipients hwo were receiving therapeutic dosages of azathioprine or cyclophosphamide and prednisone. The aerobic flora was similar to that found in other populations. However, these immunosuppressed patients had more different anaerobic species per culture than were found in most other populations. This was reflected in the more frequent isolation of many species of anaerobic bacteria, especially the anaerobic gram-negative rods. The clinician should be aware of these differences since they may be significant in regard to gynecologic or obstetric postoperative infectious morbidity in women using immunosuppressive medications."}
{"id": "PMID:339717", "title": "Content of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in the human placenta.", "content": "Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) was quantitated in the human placenta. It was found that the total placental content as well as the content per milligram of placental tissue varied with the stages of gestation. The fetal sex did not affect the LRF production. These studies establish that the placenta contains large amounts of LRF, immunologically identical to hypothalamic LRF.", "contents": "Content of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in the human placenta. Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) was quantitated in the human placenta. It was found that the total placental content as well as the content per milligram of placental tissue varied with the stages of gestation. The fetal sex did not affect the LRF production. These studies establish that the placenta contains large amounts of LRF, immunologically identical to hypothalamic LRF."}
{"id": "PMID:339719", "title": "A two-year trial of intraocular lenses at the Wilmer Institute.", "content": "Using the Binkhorst four-loop intraocular lens, we began a trial of intraocular lens implantation in 1975. We compared the operative and postoperative complications and the visual results of 100 implant cases during a two-year period to those of 100 age-matched aphakic control cases. Although the additional steps of lens implantation resulted in more operative and postoperative complications in the intraocular lens group, the visual results were good and were the same for both groups at an average follow-up of 12 months. Because the long-term follow-up results of implant cases are unknown, we recommend a conservative approach to selection of patients for intraocular lens implantation.", "contents": "A two-year trial of intraocular lenses at the Wilmer Institute. Using the Binkhorst four-loop intraocular lens, we began a trial of intraocular lens implantation in 1975. We compared the operative and postoperative complications and the visual results of 100 implant cases during a two-year period to those of 100 age-matched aphakic control cases. Although the additional steps of lens implantation resulted in more operative and postoperative complications in the intraocular lens group, the visual results were good and were the same for both groups at an average follow-up of 12 months. Because the long-term follow-up results of implant cases are unknown, we recommend a conservative approach to selection of patients for intraocular lens implantation."}
{"id": "PMID:339720", "title": "Bilateral central lipid infiltrates of the cornea.", "content": "A 55-year-old woman developed a skin rash and lipid deposition centrally in previously normal corneas. Despite a family history of coronary artery disease, no serum lipid abnormality was detected. Lipid droplets and granules were deposited throughout the corneal epithelium and stroma. Histochemical stains were positive only for phosopholipid and galactolipid. After a keratoplasty, deposition of similar lipid material recurred in the graft. An inflammatory process and increased corneosceleral limbal vascular permeability may have accounted for the unusual corneal findings in this patient.", "contents": "Bilateral central lipid infiltrates of the cornea. A 55-year-old woman developed a skin rash and lipid deposition centrally in previously normal corneas. Despite a family history of coronary artery disease, no serum lipid abnormality was detected. Lipid droplets and granules were deposited throughout the corneal epithelium and stroma. Histochemical stains were positive only for phosopholipid and galactolipid. After a keratoplasty, deposition of similar lipid material recurred in the graft. An inflammatory process and increased corneosceleral limbal vascular permeability may have accounted for the unusual corneal findings in this patient."}
{"id": "PMID:339721", "title": "Bimanual bipolar diathermy for treatment of bleeding from the anterior chamber angle.", "content": "We used a modified bimanual bipolar diathermy technique to treat bleeding vessels in the anterior chamber angle in two patients. We attached one lead of a Mentor Wet Field coagulator to an instrument positioned in the anterior chamber angle at the bleeding site, and attached the second lead to a needle positioned externally at the corneoscleral limbus in the same meridian. Diathermy current passed between the instrument tips to coagulate the bleeding vessels.", "contents": "Bimanual bipolar diathermy for treatment of bleeding from the anterior chamber angle. We used a modified bimanual bipolar diathermy technique to treat bleeding vessels in the anterior chamber angle in two patients. We attached one lead of a Mentor Wet Field coagulator to an instrument positioned in the anterior chamber angle at the bleeding site, and attached the second lead to a needle positioned externally at the corneoscleral limbus in the same meridian. Diathermy current passed between the instrument tips to coagulate the bleeding vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:339724", "title": "Results of intraocular lens implant surgery. The third Binkhorst medal lecture.", "content": "I compared an early series of 162 consecutive Copeland intraocular lens implants with a later series of 650 consecutive Binkhorst implants. Of the eyes with Copeland implants, 76.5% achieved 6/12 (20/40) or better visual acuity compared to 89.8% in the Binkhorst series. There was a striking difference in the incidence of clinically significant cystoid macular edema (less than 6/12 [20/40], visual acuity); 7.4% in the Copeland series and 1.4% in the Binkhorst series. I studied the Binkhorst series for visual acuity, causes of less than 6/12 (20/40) visual acuity, operative vitreous problems, additional surgery, secondary membranes, dislocations, and retinal detachment. A fluorescein angiographic study of 190 Binkhorst implants and 113 aphakic controls was done. There was a comparable incidence of cystoid macular edema in both groups at four, eight, and 16 to 24 months postoperatively. Extracapsular Binkhorst implants showed a lower incidence than intracapsular Binkhorst implants.", "contents": "Results of intraocular lens implant surgery. The third Binkhorst medal lecture. I compared an early series of 162 consecutive Copeland intraocular lens implants with a later series of 650 consecutive Binkhorst implants. Of the eyes with Copeland implants, 76.5% achieved 6/12 (20/40) or better visual acuity compared to 89.8% in the Binkhorst series. There was a striking difference in the incidence of clinically significant cystoid macular edema (less than 6/12 [20/40], visual acuity); 7.4% in the Copeland series and 1.4% in the Binkhorst series. I studied the Binkhorst series for visual acuity, causes of less than 6/12 (20/40) visual acuity, operative vitreous problems, additional surgery, secondary membranes, dislocations, and retinal detachment. A fluorescein angiographic study of 190 Binkhorst implants and 113 aphakic controls was done. There was a comparable incidence of cystoid macular edema in both groups at four, eight, and 16 to 24 months postoperatively. Extracapsular Binkhorst implants showed a lower incidence than intracapsular Binkhorst implants."}
{"id": "PMID:339725", "title": "Dermis-fat graft as a movable implant within the muscle cone.", "content": "A 31-year-old woman had an extruding ocular implant in her right orbit. After surgically removing the implant, we transferred an autogenous dermis-fat graft from the hip region to the freshly prepared socket. The graft was sutured to the conjunctiva, and a conformer was placed in the socket. Eight weeks postoperatively, the dermis-fat graft was covered with conjunctival epithelium and a prosthesis was fitted successfully. No evidence of infection has occurred. This technique of using composite dermis-fat grafts in enophthalmos avoids recurrent extrusions and corrects the cosmetic problems produced by migrating or extruding implants.", "contents": "Dermis-fat graft as a movable implant within the muscle cone. A 31-year-old woman had an extruding ocular implant in her right orbit. After surgically removing the implant, we transferred an autogenous dermis-fat graft from the hip region to the freshly prepared socket. The graft was sutured to the conjunctiva, and a conformer was placed in the socket. Eight weeks postoperatively, the dermis-fat graft was covered with conjunctival epithelium and a prosthesis was fitted successfully. No evidence of infection has occurred. This technique of using composite dermis-fat grafts in enophthalmos avoids recurrent extrusions and corrects the cosmetic problems produced by migrating or extruding implants."}
{"id": "PMID:339732", "title": "Relation of visual acuity to illumination, contrast, and distance in the partially sighted.", "content": "Visual acuity (minimum target size for threshold visibility) was measured as a function of luminance, contrast, and distance in experiments using 16 partially sighted persons. The results indicate large individual differences in dependence of visual acuity on both luminance and contrast. Visual acuity often failed to change systematically with variations in the testing distance; the effects of contrast and luminence on visual acuity also frequently failed to show any systematic dependence on viewing distance. The relation of acuity in the partially sighted to medical diagnosis is discussed along with some practical implications.", "contents": "Relation of visual acuity to illumination, contrast, and distance in the partially sighted. Visual acuity (minimum target size for threshold visibility) was measured as a function of luminance, contrast, and distance in experiments using 16 partially sighted persons. The results indicate large individual differences in dependence of visual acuity on both luminance and contrast. Visual acuity often failed to change systematically with variations in the testing distance; the effects of contrast and luminence on visual acuity also frequently failed to show any systematic dependence on viewing distance. The relation of acuity in the partially sighted to medical diagnosis is discussed along with some practical implications."}
{"id": "PMID:339733", "title": "Lateral displacement as a response cue in the Titmus Stereo test.", "content": "Forty-nine subjects (ages 8-55) were tested with the circles and animals of the Tigmus Stereo test while wearing Polarid filters at axis 135 deg before both eyes so that the right eye's target was presented to both eyes. This procedure removed retinal image disparity as a cue to depth and left lateral displacement as the primary cue to obtain correct responses on the test. The subjects' scores on the circle test were much higher than expected by chance guessing. Different instructions to the subjects did not influence this result. Scores on the animal test were similar to those expected by chance. The subjects used lateral displacement as a response cue on the circle test but not on the animal test. Procedures for improving the validity of the Titmus Stereo test are described.", "contents": "Lateral displacement as a response cue in the Titmus Stereo test. Forty-nine subjects (ages 8-55) were tested with the circles and animals of the Tigmus Stereo test while wearing Polarid filters at axis 135 deg before both eyes so that the right eye's target was presented to both eyes. This procedure removed retinal image disparity as a cue to depth and left lateral displacement as the primary cue to obtain correct responses on the test. The subjects' scores on the circle test were much higher than expected by chance guessing. Different instructions to the subjects did not influence this result. Scores on the animal test were similar to those expected by chance. The subjects used lateral displacement as a response cue on the circle test but not on the animal test. Procedures for improving the validity of the Titmus Stereo test are described."}
{"id": "PMID:339735", "title": "The effects of wear, acid etching, and bond removal on human enamel.", "content": "A method of marking human enamel so that reduction in enamel thickness by etching, bonding, and wear could be measured to within a range of -2.5 to +3.5 microns for the impression accuracy and to within a range of -1.5 to +3.8 microns for the measurement error, was devised and used to measure the effects of the above factors on enamel. For five unetched surfaces studied in vivo, the 85-day loss of enamel averaged 1.6 microns. For twenty teeth etched and studied in vivo, the etch removed 9.9 microns of enamel and the subsequent loss over 85 days exceeded normal wear by 3.0 microns. The etch produces microporosities up to 50 microns in depth; therefore, the remaining 40 to 45 microns must be filled rather than worn smooth. For twelve teeth subjected to etching, bonding, bracket removal, and \"clean up,\" enamel removed averaged 55.6 microns or approximately the entire thickness of the etch. The surface immediately following the \"clean up\" and 2 months after \"clean up\" were clinically and microscopically comparable to an untouched enamel surface.", "contents": "The effects of wear, acid etching, and bond removal on human enamel. A method of marking human enamel so that reduction in enamel thickness by etching, bonding, and wear could be measured to within a range of -2.5 to +3.5 microns for the impression accuracy and to within a range of -1.5 to +3.8 microns for the measurement error, was devised and used to measure the effects of the above factors on enamel. For five unetched surfaces studied in vivo, the 85-day loss of enamel averaged 1.6 microns. For twenty teeth etched and studied in vivo, the etch removed 9.9 microns of enamel and the subsequent loss over 85 days exceeded normal wear by 3.0 microns. The etch produces microporosities up to 50 microns in depth; therefore, the remaining 40 to 45 microns must be filled rather than worn smooth. For twelve teeth subjected to etching, bonding, bracket removal, and \"clean up,\" enamel removed averaged 55.6 microns or approximately the entire thickness of the etch. The surface immediately following the \"clean up\" and 2 months after \"clean up\" were clinically and microscopically comparable to an untouched enamel surface."}
{"id": "PMID:339745", "title": "The effects of indomethacin on the generalized shwartzman reaction.", "content": "The antiflammatory drug indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, prevents the generalized Shwartzman reaction produced in rabbits by two intravenous injections of bacterial endotoxin. Indomethacin has this effect if given before the first but not the second injection of endotoxin. Measurements of circulating white blood cells, platelets, partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, fibrinogen, plasminogen, and soluble fibrin were made at several times after either the first or second injection of endotoxin treated and nontreated rabbits. Four hours after the first injection of endotoxin, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were somewhat greater in treated rabbits and the prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time was shortened. Twenty-one hours after injection of endotoxin, leukocytosis and elevation of plasma fibrinogen were not as great in treated animals. Four hours following the second injection of endotoxin a decrease in fibrinogen, prolongation of the prothrombin time, and the elaboration of soluble fibrin were consistently found in rabbits with the generalized Shwartzman reaction. In treated rabbits, none of these changes occurred. Indomethacin prevents the generalized Shwartzman reaction by preventing the development of the prepared state in this endotoxin model.", "contents": "The effects of indomethacin on the generalized shwartzman reaction. The antiflammatory drug indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, prevents the generalized Shwartzman reaction produced in rabbits by two intravenous injections of bacterial endotoxin. Indomethacin has this effect if given before the first but not the second injection of endotoxin. Measurements of circulating white blood cells, platelets, partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, fibrinogen, plasminogen, and soluble fibrin were made at several times after either the first or second injection of endotoxin treated and nontreated rabbits. Four hours after the first injection of endotoxin, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were somewhat greater in treated rabbits and the prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time was shortened. Twenty-one hours after injection of endotoxin, leukocytosis and elevation of plasma fibrinogen were not as great in treated animals. Four hours following the second injection of endotoxin a decrease in fibrinogen, prolongation of the prothrombin time, and the elaboration of soluble fibrin were consistently found in rabbits with the generalized Shwartzman reaction. In treated rabbits, none of these changes occurred. Indomethacin prevents the generalized Shwartzman reaction by preventing the development of the prepared state in this endotoxin model."}
{"id": "PMID:339746", "title": "The immunohistopathology of glomerular antigens. II. The glomerular basement membrane, actomyosin, and fibroblast surface antigens in normal, diseased, and transplanted human kidneys.", "content": "Immunofluorescent studies have demonstrated that actomyosin (AMY) is present in the mesangium in a restrictive pattern, whereas fibroblast surface antigen (FSA) has a more extensive mesangial distribution. Antibody to glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is localized to the GBM. One hundred ninety-six tissue samples, including 17 from normal subjects, 94 from patients with primary renal diseases, and 85 from transplanted kidneys, were examined for changes in distribution of AMY, FSA, and GBM antigens. The distribution of AMY and FSA in the mesangium is markedly increased in width in patients with diabetic nephropathy, and the GBM is thickened. AMY and FSA are mildly increased in patients with glomerulonephritis and GBM is normal. Patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) show a loss of all glomerular antigens. Increased mesangial AMY was found in 12 of 37 transplanted kidneys in diabetic patients vs 4 of 33 nondiabetics 0 to 4 years after transplantation (P < 0.025). This difference is more notable at 2 to 4 years, with 5 of 9 diabetics showing increased AMY vs 0 of 6 nondiabetic patients (P < 0.0005). In MPGN, 5 of 8 tissues showed decreased mesangial AMY vs 3 of 36 diabetic patients (P < 0.0005) and 1 of 32 patients with other glomerulopathies (P < 0.0005). GBM thickening is not associated with specific pretransplant diseases. In transplanted kidneys, the pattern of FSA is dissociated from that of AMY: over half of all patients have increased FSA, even when AMY is normal. Whether this unique finding in transplanted kidneys reflects an increase in the synthesis of FSA by mesangial cells or the failure to clear this (circulating) antigen from the mesangial matrix is unknown.", "contents": "The immunohistopathology of glomerular antigens. II. The glomerular basement membrane, actomyosin, and fibroblast surface antigens in normal, diseased, and transplanted human kidneys. Immunofluorescent studies have demonstrated that actomyosin (AMY) is present in the mesangium in a restrictive pattern, whereas fibroblast surface antigen (FSA) has a more extensive mesangial distribution. Antibody to glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is localized to the GBM. One hundred ninety-six tissue samples, including 17 from normal subjects, 94 from patients with primary renal diseases, and 85 from transplanted kidneys, were examined for changes in distribution of AMY, FSA, and GBM antigens. The distribution of AMY and FSA in the mesangium is markedly increased in width in patients with diabetic nephropathy, and the GBM is thickened. AMY and FSA are mildly increased in patients with glomerulonephritis and GBM is normal. Patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) show a loss of all glomerular antigens. Increased mesangial AMY was found in 12 of 37 transplanted kidneys in diabetic patients vs 4 of 33 nondiabetics 0 to 4 years after transplantation (P < 0.025). This difference is more notable at 2 to 4 years, with 5 of 9 diabetics showing increased AMY vs 0 of 6 nondiabetic patients (P < 0.0005). In MPGN, 5 of 8 tissues showed decreased mesangial AMY vs 3 of 36 diabetic patients (P < 0.0005) and 1 of 32 patients with other glomerulopathies (P < 0.0005). GBM thickening is not associated with specific pretransplant diseases. In transplanted kidneys, the pattern of FSA is dissociated from that of AMY: over half of all patients have increased FSA, even when AMY is normal. Whether this unique finding in transplanted kidneys reflects an increase in the synthesis of FSA by mesangial cells or the failure to clear this (circulating) antigen from the mesangial matrix is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:339747", "title": "Structural and functional heterogeneity of mammalian nephrons.", "content": "Since the anatomical descriptions of Bowman showing differences between nephrons originating in the superficial and deep cortex, the concept of heterogeneity has been extended from identification of dissimilarities between nephrons to recognition of inhomogeneity within major portions of individual nephrons. We are now aware of functional correlates for the anatomical differences between nephrons, between analogous parts of different nephrons, and between the three portions of the proximal tubule and the three or more parts of the distal tubule. The implications of all of these differences for major renal processes, such as isosmotic fluid transport, salt balance, hypertension, urinary acidification, and the concentration or urine are now being defined. It seems likely that new conceptual and technical approaches, especially electron probe microanalysis, will add appreciably to defining the role of heterogeneity in these and other processes. Despite the increasing complexity of nephron heterogeneity, it is recommended that our basic nomenclature be retained and that new findings be incorporated into the schema set forth by Karl Peter. It would be very helpful if reports of investigations on single nephrons or segments of nephrons were to include diagrams delineating the structures on which the work was performed.", "contents": "Structural and functional heterogeneity of mammalian nephrons. Since the anatomical descriptions of Bowman showing differences between nephrons originating in the superficial and deep cortex, the concept of heterogeneity has been extended from identification of dissimilarities between nephrons to recognition of inhomogeneity within major portions of individual nephrons. We are now aware of functional correlates for the anatomical differences between nephrons, between analogous parts of different nephrons, and between the three portions of the proximal tubule and the three or more parts of the distal tubule. The implications of all of these differences for major renal processes, such as isosmotic fluid transport, salt balance, hypertension, urinary acidification, and the concentration or urine are now being defined. It seems likely that new conceptual and technical approaches, especially electron probe microanalysis, will add appreciably to defining the role of heterogeneity in these and other processes. Despite the increasing complexity of nephron heterogeneity, it is recommended that our basic nomenclature be retained and that new findings be incorporated into the schema set forth by Karl Peter. It would be very helpful if reports of investigations on single nephrons or segments of nephrons were to include diagrams delineating the structures on which the work was performed."}
{"id": "PMID:339748", "title": "Effects of decreasing lung compliance with oleic acid on the cardiovascular response to PEEP.", "content": "In 12 anesthetized mongrel dogs on a constant volume ventilator, the response of the cardiovascular system to increasing positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was examined before and after inducing acute lung injury with oleic acid. As PEEP was raised to approximately 16 mmHg, lung volume increased by approximately 900 ml before oleic acid and only 350 ml after. Pleural pressure increased by the same amount, indicating that both lung and chest wall compliance decreased with oleic acid. Right atrial pressure, the back pressure to venous return, also increased by the same amount. Although cardiac output at PEEP = 0 was lower after oleic acid, the relative decrements produced by increasing PEEP were the same as before oleic acid.", "contents": "Effects of decreasing lung compliance with oleic acid on the cardiovascular response to PEEP. In 12 anesthetized mongrel dogs on a constant volume ventilator, the response of the cardiovascular system to increasing positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was examined before and after inducing acute lung injury with oleic acid. As PEEP was raised to approximately 16 mmHg, lung volume increased by approximately 900 ml before oleic acid and only 350 ml after. Pleural pressure increased by the same amount, indicating that both lung and chest wall compliance decreased with oleic acid. Right atrial pressure, the back pressure to venous return, also increased by the same amount. Although cardiac output at PEEP = 0 was lower after oleic acid, the relative decrements produced by increasing PEEP were the same as before oleic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:339753", "title": "The seroepidemiology of malaria in Middle America. IV. Passage of malaria antibodies from mothers to infants.", "content": "In an area of El Salvador moderately endemic for malaria, use of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA) showed that 44% of the infants born to mothers who had IFA responses to Plasmodium vivax of 1:20 or higher during the latter part of their pregnancy had positive IFA responses of 1:10 or higher to this antigen. No serum from an infant was positive in the absence of some level of malarial response in the mother.", "contents": "The seroepidemiology of malaria in Middle America. IV. Passage of malaria antibodies from mothers to infants. In an area of El Salvador moderately endemic for malaria, use of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA) showed that 44% of the infants born to mothers who had IFA responses to Plasmodium vivax of 1:20 or higher during the latter part of their pregnancy had positive IFA responses of 1:10 or higher to this antigen. No serum from an infant was positive in the absence of some level of malarial response in the mother."}
{"id": "PMID:339755", "title": "Evaluation of the indirect immunofluorescence and complement fixation tests for the serodiagnosis of schistosomiasis.", "content": "Sera from patients with a variety of infections were used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the complement fixation (CF) and the indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) tests for schistosomiasis. Adult antigens were used in both tests. The sensitivities of the IIF and CF tests were 95% and 69%, respectively; the specificities were 98% and 100%, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the number of positive reactors among those individuals with no detectable helminth infection and those infected with helminths other than schistosomes. Infected people native to endemic areas had lower reactivity in both tests than did infected U.S. citizens who resided in endemic areas for only a few years. We concluded that the IIF test with adult antigen was more sensitive than and as specific as the CF test; therefore, the IIF test is the procedure of choice for routine diagnostic serology of schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Evaluation of the indirect immunofluorescence and complement fixation tests for the serodiagnosis of schistosomiasis. Sera from patients with a variety of infections were used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the complement fixation (CF) and the indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) tests for schistosomiasis. Adult antigens were used in both tests. The sensitivities of the IIF and CF tests were 95% and 69%, respectively; the specificities were 98% and 100%, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the number of positive reactors among those individuals with no detectable helminth infection and those infected with helminths other than schistosomes. Infected people native to endemic areas had lower reactivity in both tests than did infected U.S. citizens who resided in endemic areas for only a few years. We concluded that the IIF test with adult antigen was more sensitive than and as specific as the CF test; therefore, the IIF test is the procedure of choice for routine diagnostic serology of schistosomiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:339764", "title": "Management of subclavian and innominate artery injuries.", "content": "Subclavian and innominate arterial injuries are life-threatening and require aggressive treatment. Physical findings, chest x-ray examinations, and a high index of suspicion led to expoloration in seventeen of twenty-two patients in this series, but the selective use of arteriography is helpful. Primary repair was accomplished in nineteen of the twenty-two patients. Wide proximal exposure proved to be accompanied by little morbidity with the reward of increasing survival to 95.5 per cent.", "contents": "Management of subclavian and innominate artery injuries. Subclavian and innominate arterial injuries are life-threatening and require aggressive treatment. Physical findings, chest x-ray examinations, and a high index of suspicion led to expoloration in seventeen of twenty-two patients in this series, but the selective use of arteriography is helpful. Primary repair was accomplished in nineteen of the twenty-two patients. Wide proximal exposure proved to be accompanied by little morbidity with the reward of increasing survival to 95.5 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:339765", "title": "Vascular access for chronic hemodialysis: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) versus bovine heterograft.", "content": "Between May 1975 and March 1977, 193 bovine heterografts and 184 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts (Impragrafts) have been placed for hemodialysis access. A comparison of these materials demonstrates that Impragrafts have significantly fewer late thromboses, increased resistance to infection, and comparable longevity, and they are easier to repair.", "contents": "Vascular access for chronic hemodialysis: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) versus bovine heterograft. Between May 1975 and March 1977, 193 bovine heterografts and 184 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts (Impragrafts) have been placed for hemodialysis access. A comparison of these materials demonstrates that Impragrafts have significantly fewer late thromboses, increased resistance to infection, and comparable longevity, and they are easier to repair."}
{"id": "PMID:339774", "title": "[New PEEP device--application of PEEP and CPAP during manually operated ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "A new PEEP device has been developed for use with manually operated resuscitators. The PEEP valve can be combined with adult resuscitators as well as with neonatal resuscitators (40 g). The PEEP can be varied between 0 and +10 cm H2O. With this new PEEP device it is now possible to apply PEEP during manually operated artificial ventilation, e.g. during transportation etc.", "contents": "[New PEEP device--application of PEEP and CPAP during manually operated ventilation (author's transl)]. A new PEEP device has been developed for use with manually operated resuscitators. The PEEP valve can be combined with adult resuscitators as well as with neonatal resuscitators (40 g). The PEEP can be varied between 0 and +10 cm H2O. With this new PEEP device it is now possible to apply PEEP during manually operated artificial ventilation, e.g. during transportation etc."}
{"id": "PMID:339769", "title": "Serum cholinesterase in tetanus.", "content": "This paper describes the correlation between serum cholinesterase levels and the severity and course of tetanus in a young patient. The diagnostic and prognostic value and significance of this enzyme as well as the therapeutic value of cholinesterase-restoring agents in tetanus are discussed.", "contents": "Serum cholinesterase in tetanus. This paper describes the correlation between serum cholinesterase levels and the severity and course of tetanus in a young patient. The diagnostic and prognostic value and significance of this enzyme as well as the therapeutic value of cholinesterase-restoring agents in tetanus are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:339770", "title": "A control-free ventilator alarm.", "content": "An alarm for use with positive-pressure lung ventilators is described. The device gives audible warning if the pressure in the patient circuit fails either to exceed or to fall below 15 cmH2O within a period of 20 seconds or if the batteries are running low. No external controls are provided and the alarm is activated when a probe connected to the breathing circuit is inserted into the alarm. The probe whistles if incorrectly connected during intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Battery life in clinical practice is longer than 6 months.", "contents": "A control-free ventilator alarm. An alarm for use with positive-pressure lung ventilators is described. The device gives audible warning if the pressure in the patient circuit fails either to exceed or to fall below 15 cmH2O within a period of 20 seconds or if the batteries are running low. No external controls are provided and the alarm is activated when a probe connected to the breathing circuit is inserted into the alarm. The probe whistles if incorrectly connected during intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Battery life in clinical practice is longer than 6 months."}
{"id": "PMID:339775", "title": "[Easy alteration of the PEEP-system to CPAP by using exclusively original bird parts (author's transl)].", "content": "In various situations breathing with positive-end expiratory pressure (PEEP) and spontaneous respiration with continously positive airway pressure (CPAP) is of advantage to the patient. Not all intensive care units are equipped with the modern apparatus that makes possible alternative application of PEEP and CPAP. We have developed a system using a BIRD Mark 7 or 8 that allows alteration of PEEP to CPAP by only few manipulations. As a safety measure we exclusively apply original parts of the same firm (BIRD). The system allows exact adjustment and controllable application of a continuous positive airway pressure, exact proportion of oxygen in the inspired gas, moistening of the in spired air and nebulization of medicaments. If the patient should show inadequate ventitation after a certain times then artificial respiration with the PEEP system is quickly possible with only a few manipulations.", "contents": "[Easy alteration of the PEEP-system to CPAP by using exclusively original bird parts (author's transl)]. In various situations breathing with positive-end expiratory pressure (PEEP) and spontaneous respiration with continously positive airway pressure (CPAP) is of advantage to the patient. Not all intensive care units are equipped with the modern apparatus that makes possible alternative application of PEEP and CPAP. We have developed a system using a BIRD Mark 7 or 8 that allows alteration of PEEP to CPAP by only few manipulations. As a safety measure we exclusively apply original parts of the same firm (BIRD). The system allows exact adjustment and controllable application of a continuous positive airway pressure, exact proportion of oxygen in the inspired gas, moistening of the in spired air and nebulization of medicaments. If the patient should show inadequate ventitation after a certain times then artificial respiration with the PEEP system is quickly possible with only a few manipulations."}
{"id": "PMID:339771", "title": "Clover's portable regulating ether inhaler (1877). A notable one hundredth anniversary.", "content": "The 100th anniversary of the first description of the 'portable regulating ether-inhaler' by Joseph T. Clover (1825-1882) is recalled. The importance of this piece of apparatus in the development of British anaesthesia is considered and the techniques of its use are outlined. Clover's personal portable inhaler is described and illustrated.", "contents": "Clover's portable regulating ether inhaler (1877). A notable one hundredth anniversary. The 100th anniversary of the first description of the 'portable regulating ether-inhaler' by Joseph T. Clover (1825-1882) is recalled. The importance of this piece of apparatus in the development of British anaesthesia is considered and the techniques of its use are outlined. Clover's personal portable inhaler is described and illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:339778", "title": "[Morphological methods for estimation of the vitality of cartilage and bone tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "For estimation of the vitality of bone probes before transplantation it is possible to evidence the succinic dehydrogenase in native slides, which were made on a special microtome. For experience it is possible, too, to show the vitality of cartilage after injection of 35S (as Na-sulphate) with autoradiographic methods.", "contents": "[Morphological methods for estimation of the vitality of cartilage and bone tissue (author's transl)]. For estimation of the vitality of bone probes before transplantation it is possible to evidence the succinic dehydrogenase in native slides, which were made on a special microtome. For experience it is possible, too, to show the vitality of cartilage after injection of 35S (as Na-sulphate) with autoradiographic methods."}
{"id": "PMID:339772", "title": "Frederic Hewitt lecture 1977.  Anaesthesia as a career.", "content": "The contribution of Frederic Hewitt (1855-1916) to the development of the specialty of anaesthesia is acknowledged and his reasons for becoming an anaesthetist explored. Three hundred and forty-nine replies to a questionnaire on professional philosophy, status and training sent to 676 anaesthetists who joined the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland during the years 1972-1975 are assessed. The factors which influence a medical practitioner to take up anaesthesia and find satisfaction in its practice are explored in the light of these replies and suggestions are made with regard to the future of the specialty.", "contents": "Frederic Hewitt lecture 1977.  Anaesthesia as a career. The contribution of Frederic Hewitt (1855-1916) to the development of the specialty of anaesthesia is acknowledged and his reasons for becoming an anaesthetist explored. Three hundred and forty-nine replies to a questionnaire on professional philosophy, status and training sent to 676 anaesthetists who joined the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland during the years 1972-1975 are assessed. The factors which influence a medical practitioner to take up anaesthesia and find satisfaction in its practice are explored in the light of these replies and suggestions are made with regard to the future of the specialty."}
{"id": "PMID:339779", "title": "[Ultrahistochemical evidence of Ca2+-ions with the aid of freeze-substituted slide technique (author's transl)].", "content": "This ultrahistochemical method is based on the precipitation of free Ca2+-ions in biological material with the free oxalic acid. The precipitation reaction will be made during the freeze-substitution. The efficience of this method is 99%.", "contents": "[Ultrahistochemical evidence of Ca2+-ions with the aid of freeze-substituted slide technique (author's transl)]. This ultrahistochemical method is based on the precipitation of free Ca2+-ions in biological material with the free oxalic acid. The precipitation reaction will be made during the freeze-substitution. The efficience of this method is 99%."}
{"id": "PMID:339780", "title": "Membrane alterations during cornification of mammalian squamous epithelia: a freeze-fracture, tracer, and thin-section study.", "content": "Tight junctions (zonulae occludentes) create a pericellular barrier to the diffusion of large molecules in non-keratinizing mammalian epithelia. However, in cornifying epithelia such as the epidermis, the importance of tight-junctional elements versus secreted intercellular lipid for barrier function is uncertain. In an attempt to resolve this question, we compared membrane structure in the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum of epidermis, esophagus, and vagina of newborn and adult humans and mice under both normal and various experimental conditions. We incubated pieces of epidermis in organ culture and infused tissues with lanthanum or horseradish peroxidase in vivo and in vitro. All were processed for electron microscopy of freeze-fracture replicas or thin sections. Lanthanum seeped outward to the stratum granulosum in all tissues examined--further apical migration was halted by lamellar-body contents in skin. A similar pattern of intercellular lamellar lipid deposition and membrane structure occurred in all epithelia studied. Freeze-fracture replicas of these obstructive regions revealed occasional, incomplete junctional strands (particularly in moist epithelia) and abundant lamellar material, but complete zonulae occludentes were never encountered. A possible relationship between moisture and tight junction formation was further suggested by organ culture experiments during which brief incubations stimulated an increase in the number of junctional strands and diminished numbers of lamellar bodies. We conclude that, in the epithelia studied, the deposition of secreted lamellar body contents forms the barrier to water-soluble tracer loss: tight-junctional elements are either absent or too fragmentary to constitute an effective barrier.", "contents": "Membrane alterations during cornification of mammalian squamous epithelia: a freeze-fracture, tracer, and thin-section study. Tight junctions (zonulae occludentes) create a pericellular barrier to the diffusion of large molecules in non-keratinizing mammalian epithelia. However, in cornifying epithelia such as the epidermis, the importance of tight-junctional elements versus secreted intercellular lipid for barrier function is uncertain. In an attempt to resolve this question, we compared membrane structure in the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum of epidermis, esophagus, and vagina of newborn and adult humans and mice under both normal and various experimental conditions. We incubated pieces of epidermis in organ culture and infused tissues with lanthanum or horseradish peroxidase in vivo and in vitro. All were processed for electron microscopy of freeze-fracture replicas or thin sections. Lanthanum seeped outward to the stratum granulosum in all tissues examined--further apical migration was halted by lamellar-body contents in skin. A similar pattern of intercellular lamellar lipid deposition and membrane structure occurred in all epithelia studied. Freeze-fracture replicas of these obstructive regions revealed occasional, incomplete junctional strands (particularly in moist epithelia) and abundant lamellar material, but complete zonulae occludentes were never encountered. A possible relationship between moisture and tight junction formation was further suggested by organ culture experiments during which brief incubations stimulated an increase in the number of junctional strands and diminished numbers of lamellar bodies. We conclude that, in the epithelia studied, the deposition of secreted lamellar body contents forms the barrier to water-soluble tracer loss: tight-junctional elements are either absent or too fragmentary to constitute an effective barrier."}
{"id": "PMID:339773", "title": "Etomidate in a new solvent. A clinical evaluation.", "content": "The introduction of polyethylene glycol as a solvent for etomidate appears to markedly reduce the incidence of pain on injection while maintaining the previously demonstrated advantageous features of cardiovascular stability and rapid recovery.", "contents": "Etomidate in a new solvent. A clinical evaluation. The introduction of polyethylene glycol as a solvent for etomidate appears to markedly reduce the incidence of pain on injection while maintaining the previously demonstrated advantageous features of cardiovascular stability and rapid recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:339785", "title": "Comparison of real and simulated acupuncture and isoproterenol in methacholine-induced asthma.", "content": "In a double-blind (patient and evaluator), crossover study effects of real acupuncture, simulated acupuncture, nebulized isoproterenol, nebulized saline and no treatment in reversing methacholine-induced bronchospasm were compared in 12 asthmatics (ages 16 to 64). Saline and simulated acupuncture did not result in any significant improvement in specific airway conductance (SGaw), thoracic gas volume (Vtg) or forced expiratory flow rates compared with no treatment following methacholine-induced bronchospasm. Isoproterenol and real acupuncture were both followed by increases in SGaw and flow rates and decreases in Vtg which were significantly different from the changes observed following no treatment, saline or simulated acupuncture, although isoproterenol produced greater improvement than real acupuncture, although isoproterenol produced greater improvement than real acupuncture. These findings suggest that stimulation of specific acupuncture loci reduces methacholine-induced bronchospasm and hyperinflation to an extent greater than can be attributed to placebo phenomena.", "contents": "Comparison of real and simulated acupuncture and isoproterenol in methacholine-induced asthma. In a double-blind (patient and evaluator), crossover study effects of real acupuncture, simulated acupuncture, nebulized isoproterenol, nebulized saline and no treatment in reversing methacholine-induced bronchospasm were compared in 12 asthmatics (ages 16 to 64). Saline and simulated acupuncture did not result in any significant improvement in specific airway conductance (SGaw), thoracic gas volume (Vtg) or forced expiratory flow rates compared with no treatment following methacholine-induced bronchospasm. Isoproterenol and real acupuncture were both followed by increases in SGaw and flow rates and decreases in Vtg which were significantly different from the changes observed following no treatment, saline or simulated acupuncture, although isoproterenol produced greater improvement than real acupuncture, although isoproterenol produced greater improvement than real acupuncture. These findings suggest that stimulation of specific acupuncture loci reduces methacholine-induced bronchospasm and hyperinflation to an extent greater than can be attributed to placebo phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:339786", "title": "Fenoterol: clinical trial of a new long acting bronchodilator.", "content": "The bronchodilator and side effects of fenoterol and isoproterenol were evaluated in 19 asthmatic adults in a double-blind study. The study demonstrated that fenoterol has an onset of action which is just as rapid as isoproterenol and a duration of action that is markedly superior. Side effects were minimal.", "contents": "Fenoterol: clinical trial of a new long acting bronchodilator. The bronchodilator and side effects of fenoterol and isoproterenol were evaluated in 19 asthmatic adults in a double-blind study. The study demonstrated that fenoterol has an onset of action which is just as rapid as isoproterenol and a duration of action that is markedly superior. Side effects were minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:339787", "title": "Double-blind one-year clinical study of fenoterol metered dose inhaler: preliminary results of a cooperative study.", "content": "As part of a controlled multi-center study 44 chronic asthmatics were treated for one year with either fenoterol (0.4 mg t.i.d. or q.i.d.) or isoproterenol (0.15 mg t.i.d. or q.i.d.) by metered dose inhaler. According to spirometric tests, fenoterol significantly improved pulmonary function until the end; isoproterenol became less effective after six months. Periodic global evaluations also gave no evidence of tolerance developing to femoterol. Side effects remained within acceptable limits.", "contents": "Double-blind one-year clinical study of fenoterol metered dose inhaler: preliminary results of a cooperative study. As part of a controlled multi-center study 44 chronic asthmatics were treated for one year with either fenoterol (0.4 mg t.i.d. or q.i.d.) or isoproterenol (0.15 mg t.i.d. or q.i.d.) by metered dose inhaler. According to spirometric tests, fenoterol significantly improved pulmonary function until the end; isoproterenol became less effective after six months. Periodic global evaluations also gave no evidence of tolerance developing to femoterol. Side effects remained within acceptable limits."}
{"id": "PMID:339782", "title": "Actin like filaments in the peritubular cells of human testis chemical extraction and binding with heavy meromyosin.", "content": "Two types of the cytoplasmic filaments are found in human peritubular cells; thin filaments (50-80 A) and 100 A filaments. The thin filaments are numerous and tightly packed in cytoplasma of peripheral cell processes, and form bundles. These bundles are arranged in parallel with the long axis of the cells. Dense areas are occasionally seen among the filaments, or underneath the cell membrane to which the thin filaments seem to be anchored. The 100 A filaments are generally located around the perinuclear region or in the middle region of cytoplasma. The thin filaments are not altered after incubation with Hasselbach-Schneider's solution. These filaments, however, disappear in cytoplasma when extracted with 0.6 M KI solution. And also, the thin filaments form chracteristic arrowhead complexes, when incubated with HMM, while these complexes are never found, when incubated with HMM plus ATP. The 100 A filaments do not react to HMM. Thus it is suggested that the thin filaments are actin or actin like and that a contractile system exists in human peritubular cells, which may be involved in transport of nonmotile sperm or permeability of the seminiferous walls.", "contents": "Actin like filaments in the peritubular cells of human testis chemical extraction and binding with heavy meromyosin. Two types of the cytoplasmic filaments are found in human peritubular cells; thin filaments (50-80 A) and 100 A filaments. The thin filaments are numerous and tightly packed in cytoplasma of peripheral cell processes, and form bundles. These bundles are arranged in parallel with the long axis of the cells. Dense areas are occasionally seen among the filaments, or underneath the cell membrane to which the thin filaments seem to be anchored. The 100 A filaments are generally located around the perinuclear region or in the middle region of cytoplasma. The thin filaments are not altered after incubation with Hasselbach-Schneider's solution. These filaments, however, disappear in cytoplasma when extracted with 0.6 M KI solution. And also, the thin filaments form chracteristic arrowhead complexes, when incubated with HMM, while these complexes are never found, when incubated with HMM plus ATP. The 100 A filaments do not react to HMM. Thus it is suggested that the thin filaments are actin or actin like and that a contractile system exists in human peritubular cells, which may be involved in transport of nonmotile sperm or permeability of the seminiferous walls."}
{"id": "PMID:339788", "title": "Comparison of albuterol and isoproterenol aerosols in bronchial asthma.", "content": "Albuterol and isoproterenol aerosols were compared with placebo in a double-blind manner in 18 patients with bronchial asthma. Both drugs elicited significant improvement in flow rates and vital capacity. Duration of action was longer with albuterol than with isoproterenol. Neither was associated with significant increases in heart rate or blood pressure.", "contents": "Comparison of albuterol and isoproterenol aerosols in bronchial asthma. Albuterol and isoproterenol aerosols were compared with placebo in a double-blind manner in 18 patients with bronchial asthma. Both drugs elicited significant improvement in flow rates and vital capacity. Duration of action was longer with albuterol than with isoproterenol. Neither was associated with significant increases in heart rate or blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:339789", "title": "Prolonged immunotherapy with alum-precipitated pyridine ragweed extracts-a clinical and immunological study.", "content": "In 18 ragweed hay fever patients who received injections of alum-precipitated pyridine (Allpyral) ragweed extracts in maintenance doses of between 6000 and 8000 P.N.U. at intervals of between two and four months over a two-year period, the prolonged interval did not seem to influence either the clinical response or the tendency to reaction, or result in significant change in immunological tolerance as determined by antibody studies, which included fluorescent antibody assays, as well as hemagglutination and RAST technics.", "contents": "Prolonged immunotherapy with alum-precipitated pyridine ragweed extracts-a clinical and immunological study. In 18 ragweed hay fever patients who received injections of alum-precipitated pyridine (Allpyral) ragweed extracts in maintenance doses of between 6000 and 8000 P.N.U. at intervals of between two and four months over a two-year period, the prolonged interval did not seem to influence either the clinical response or the tendency to reaction, or result in significant change in immunological tolerance as determined by antibody studies, which included fluorescent antibody assays, as well as hemagglutination and RAST technics."}
{"id": "PMID:339791", "title": "Biochemical characteristics of enterotoxigenic and nonenterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from calves with diarrhea.", "content": "Eighteen isolates of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and 15 isolates of nonenterotoxigenic E coli (NETEC) obtained from calves with diarrheal disease were characterized biochemically. Of 64 biochemical tests employed, none allowed making differentiation of ETEC from NETEC. Eleven tests were used to separate ETEC isolates into 1 of 5 biotypes, although the ability to ferment dulcitol, salicin, sucrose, and sorbose gave sufficient information to identify the 5 biotypes of ETEC. The biotype data were confirmed upon testing 159 additional isolates of ETEC of bovine origin. All isolates of ETEC studied belong to serogroups O9:K35, O101:K30, O8:K85, O20:K? O8:K25, and O101:K28. The ETEC in different serogroups were also different biotypically, with the exception that isolates in serogroups O101:K28 and O101:K30 were of the same biotype. The K99 antigen was detected in 172 of the 177 isolates of ETEC and in 1 of 15 isolates of NETEC. Marked biochemical differences were not found between K99 + and K99- isolates of E coli.", "contents": "Biochemical characteristics of enterotoxigenic and nonenterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from calves with diarrhea. Eighteen isolates of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and 15 isolates of nonenterotoxigenic E coli (NETEC) obtained from calves with diarrheal disease were characterized biochemically. Of 64 biochemical tests employed, none allowed making differentiation of ETEC from NETEC. Eleven tests were used to separate ETEC isolates into 1 of 5 biotypes, although the ability to ferment dulcitol, salicin, sucrose, and sorbose gave sufficient information to identify the 5 biotypes of ETEC. The biotype data were confirmed upon testing 159 additional isolates of ETEC of bovine origin. All isolates of ETEC studied belong to serogroups O9:K35, O101:K30, O8:K85, O20:K? O8:K25, and O101:K28. The ETEC in different serogroups were also different biotypically, with the exception that isolates in serogroups O101:K28 and O101:K30 were of the same biotype. The K99 antigen was detected in 172 of the 177 isolates of ETEC and in 1 of 15 isolates of NETEC. Marked biochemical differences were not found between K99 + and K99- isolates of E coli."}
{"id": "PMID:339792", "title": "Bactericidal activity of standard bovine serum against coliform bacteria isolated from udders and the environment of dairy cows.", "content": "Coliform organisms were isolated from bedding, udders of cows exhibiting acute or chronic mastitis, and milk of cows tested for udder pathogens. The bactericidal activity of standard bovine serum was tested on 362 isolates, of which 2.4% were killed at a serum dilution of less than 1:5; 2.7% were killed at a dilution of 1.5; 3.0% were killed at a dilution of 1:12.5; and 4.4% were sensitive to a dilution of 1:25. Organisms isolated from mastitic udders were not killed by serum. Sensitivity to agglutination in 1:500 solution of acriflavine was tested on 157 isolates, and only 54 had any degree of agglutination. Of these 54, only 4 organisms had any susceptibility to killing by serum. Results suggest that most organisms in the environment of the cow are resistant to serum, few serum-sensitive coliforms cause mastitis, and agglutination in acriflavine (indicating organisms in the rough phase) does not correlate with sensitibity to serum.", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of standard bovine serum against coliform bacteria isolated from udders and the environment of dairy cows. Coliform organisms were isolated from bedding, udders of cows exhibiting acute or chronic mastitis, and milk of cows tested for udder pathogens. The bactericidal activity of standard bovine serum was tested on 362 isolates, of which 2.4% were killed at a serum dilution of less than 1:5; 2.7% were killed at a dilution of 1.5; 3.0% were killed at a dilution of 1:12.5; and 4.4% were sensitive to a dilution of 1:25. Organisms isolated from mastitic udders were not killed by serum. Sensitivity to agglutination in 1:500 solution of acriflavine was tested on 157 isolates, and only 54 had any degree of agglutination. Of these 54, only 4 organisms had any susceptibility to killing by serum. Results suggest that most organisms in the environment of the cow are resistant to serum, few serum-sensitive coliforms cause mastitis, and agglutination in acriflavine (indicating organisms in the rough phase) does not correlate with sensitibity to serum."}
{"id": "PMID:339793", "title": "Skin testing, fecal culture, and lymphocyte immunostimulation in cattle inoculated with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.", "content": "Fourteen calves at 21 days of age were experimentally inoculated with 100 mg (wet weight) of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Three calves were inoculated orally, 4 intravenously, and 7 subcutaneously. Lymphocyte immunostimulation, fecal culture, and intradermal tuberculin skin testing were done between 112 to 150 days following exposure. Lymphocyte immunostimulation test results, conducted at 112 days after inoculation, showed all animals positive to Mycobacterium avium purified protein derivative. Fecal culture results, taken at 120 days after inoculation, showed that 2 of 3 animals inoculated intravenously were positive, whereas only 2 of 7 inoculated subcutaneously were positive (8 of 14 total were positive). Intradermal skin testing results at 150 days with M avium purified protein derivative showed 13 of the 14 calves were positive. Calves were examined at necropsy 153 days after inoculation, and M paratuberculosis was isolated from tissues of each of the 14 calves.", "contents": "Skin testing, fecal culture, and lymphocyte immunostimulation in cattle inoculated with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Fourteen calves at 21 days of age were experimentally inoculated with 100 mg (wet weight) of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Three calves were inoculated orally, 4 intravenously, and 7 subcutaneously. Lymphocyte immunostimulation, fecal culture, and intradermal tuberculin skin testing were done between 112 to 150 days following exposure. Lymphocyte immunostimulation test results, conducted at 112 days after inoculation, showed all animals positive to Mycobacterium avium purified protein derivative. Fecal culture results, taken at 120 days after inoculation, showed that 2 of 3 animals inoculated intravenously were positive, whereas only 2 of 7 inoculated subcutaneously were positive (8 of 14 total were positive). Intradermal skin testing results at 150 days with M avium purified protein derivative showed 13 of the 14 calves were positive. Calves were examined at necropsy 153 days after inoculation, and M paratuberculosis was isolated from tissues of each of the 14 calves."}
{"id": "PMID:339794", "title": "In vitro stimulation of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes: suppression of phytomitogen and specific antigen lymphocyte responses by aflatoxin.", "content": "The effects of aflatoxin B1 on responses of the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of 2 normal animals to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin-A, and pokeweed mitogen and of the PBL of 2 Mycobacterium bovis-infected animals to phytohemagglutinin and purified protein derivative of M bovis (PPD) were studied. Aflatoxin concentrations of greater than or equal to 10 microgram/ml significantly suppressed the lymphocyte response of normal animals to the phytomitogens. Lymphocyte response of M bovis-infected animals to specific antigen PPD was significantly suppressed at aflatoxin concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml. Fifty- to 100-fold higher concentrations of aflatoxin were required to produce 50% suppression of lymphocyte response to phytomitogens, as compared with that produced to PPD.", "contents": "In vitro stimulation of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes: suppression of phytomitogen and specific antigen lymphocyte responses by aflatoxin. The effects of aflatoxin B1 on responses of the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of 2 normal animals to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin-A, and pokeweed mitogen and of the PBL of 2 Mycobacterium bovis-infected animals to phytohemagglutinin and purified protein derivative of M bovis (PPD) were studied. Aflatoxin concentrations of greater than or equal to 10 microgram/ml significantly suppressed the lymphocyte response of normal animals to the phytomitogens. Lymphocyte response of M bovis-infected animals to specific antigen PPD was significantly suppressed at aflatoxin concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml. Fifty- to 100-fold higher concentrations of aflatoxin were required to produce 50% suppression of lymphocyte response to phytomitogens, as compared with that produced to PPD."}
{"id": "PMID:339795", "title": "Immunization of mice after airborne infection with various strains of BCG.", "content": "The growth of 6 strains of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) in the lungs of mice was compared after direct implantation into those organs. Bacilli of the Connaught, Pasteur, Phipps, and Tice strains multiplied appreciably in the lungs and disseminated into the spleen In contrast, BCG Birkhaug and Glaxo strains did not replicate in the lungs or spread to the spleen. The immunizing ability of 3 of these strains was examined in more detail. Aerosol infection with BCG Glaxo, Pasteur, or Phipps strains produced resistance to subsequent pulmonary challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis RIRv. Such immunity was significantly greater in mice immunized with the Pasteur and Phipps strains and was not attributable to nonspecific resistance. Spleen cells from mice immunized with these 3 strains of BCG conferred similar degrees of immunity to intravenous challenge with M. tuberculosis on syngenic recipients. It was concluded that growth of BCG in the lungs influenced the degree of local immunity but not the degree of systemic immunity.", "contents": "Immunization of mice after airborne infection with various strains of BCG. The growth of 6 strains of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) in the lungs of mice was compared after direct implantation into those organs. Bacilli of the Connaught, Pasteur, Phipps, and Tice strains multiplied appreciably in the lungs and disseminated into the spleen In contrast, BCG Birkhaug and Glaxo strains did not replicate in the lungs or spread to the spleen. The immunizing ability of 3 of these strains was examined in more detail. Aerosol infection with BCG Glaxo, Pasteur, or Phipps strains produced resistance to subsequent pulmonary challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis RIRv. Such immunity was significantly greater in mice immunized with the Pasteur and Phipps strains and was not attributable to nonspecific resistance. Spleen cells from mice immunized with these 3 strains of BCG conferred similar degrees of immunity to intravenous challenge with M. tuberculosis on syngenic recipients. It was concluded that growth of BCG in the lungs influenced the degree of local immunity but not the degree of systemic immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:339798", "title": "Chronic experimental interstitial pneumonitis in the rabbit.", "content": "The effects on the lungs of chronic aerosol and intravenous antigen challenges in preimmunized and control rabbits were studied. Soluble and particulate antigens included ovalbumin, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, antigen-adsorbed latex particles, glutaraldehyde cross-linked ovalbumin, and killed bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG). Despite the development of acute alveolitis in sensitized animals, chronic aerosol challenge with both soluble and particulate antigens failed to produce chronic interstitial lung disease. Chronic intravenous challenge with killed BCG, but not other particulate antigens, resulted in a progressive interstitial pneumonitis, with evidence of fibrogenesis in animals that had been presensitized to tuberculin by toepad injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. Adaptive alveolar clearance mechanisms thus appear to protect rabbits from chronically inhaled antigen. Pulmonary circulatory clearance of BCG, however, results in an interstitial pneumonitis that is dependent on previous sensitization.", "contents": "Chronic experimental interstitial pneumonitis in the rabbit. The effects on the lungs of chronic aerosol and intravenous antigen challenges in preimmunized and control rabbits were studied. Soluble and particulate antigens included ovalbumin, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, antigen-adsorbed latex particles, glutaraldehyde cross-linked ovalbumin, and killed bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG). Despite the development of acute alveolitis in sensitized animals, chronic aerosol challenge with both soluble and particulate antigens failed to produce chronic interstitial lung disease. Chronic intravenous challenge with killed BCG, but not other particulate antigens, resulted in a progressive interstitial pneumonitis, with evidence of fibrogenesis in animals that had been presensitized to tuberculin by toepad injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. Adaptive alveolar clearance mechanisms thus appear to protect rabbits from chronically inhaled antigen. Pulmonary circulatory clearance of BCG, however, results in an interstitial pneumonitis that is dependent on previous sensitization."}
{"id": "PMID:339799", "title": "Cyanoacrylate sealing of pancreatic biopsy sites in dogs.", "content": "The ability of ethyl cyanocrylate monomer adhesive in preventing leaks following pancreatic surgery dogs was evaluated. Seventeen of 18 dogs in the control group had evidence of pancreatic leak following biopsy. There was no evidence of leak in 17 of 18 dogs on which the adhesive was used to seal the cut surface of the pancreas. Similar successful use of ethyl cyanoacrylate in patients would provide a safe method of taking a specimen from a mass for biopsy in the pancreas.", "contents": "Cyanoacrylate sealing of pancreatic biopsy sites in dogs. The ability of ethyl cyanocrylate monomer adhesive in preventing leaks following pancreatic surgery dogs was evaluated. Seventeen of 18 dogs in the control group had evidence of pancreatic leak following biopsy. There was no evidence of leak in 17 of 18 dogs on which the adhesive was used to seal the cut surface of the pancreas. Similar successful use of ethyl cyanoacrylate in patients would provide a safe method of taking a specimen from a mass for biopsy in the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:339801", "title": "Pancuronium bromide.", "content": "Pancuronium bromide is a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant approved to induce skeletal muscle relaxation during anesthesia and to facilitate the management of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. The use of pancuronium bromide during surgery led to the appreciation that it has advantages over drugs previously used for muscle relaxation. Patients in whom pancuronium bromide is of value are (1) hypoxemic patients resisting mechanical ventilation and so cardiovascularly unstable that use of sedatives is precluded, (2) patients with bronchospasm unresponsive to conventional therapy, (3) patients with severe tetanus or poisoning where muscle spasm prohibits adequate ventilation, (4) patients with status epilepticus unable to maintain their own ventilation, (5) shivering patients in whom metabolic demands for oxygen should be reduced, and (6) patients requiring tracheal intubation in whom succinylcholine administration is contraindicated. Without concomitant sedation, use of pancuronium bromide is associated with psychological risks. Other risks are undetected ventilator disconnection, tachyarrythmias, prolonged paralysis and drug interactions.", "contents": "Pancuronium bromide. Pancuronium bromide is a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant approved to induce skeletal muscle relaxation during anesthesia and to facilitate the management of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. The use of pancuronium bromide during surgery led to the appreciation that it has advantages over drugs previously used for muscle relaxation. Patients in whom pancuronium bromide is of value are (1) hypoxemic patients resisting mechanical ventilation and so cardiovascularly unstable that use of sedatives is precluded, (2) patients with bronchospasm unresponsive to conventional therapy, (3) patients with severe tetanus or poisoning where muscle spasm prohibits adequate ventilation, (4) patients with status epilepticus unable to maintain their own ventilation, (5) shivering patients in whom metabolic demands for oxygen should be reduced, and (6) patients requiring tracheal intubation in whom succinylcholine administration is contraindicated. Without concomitant sedation, use of pancuronium bromide is associated with psychological risks. Other risks are undetected ventilator disconnection, tachyarrythmias, prolonged paralysis and drug interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:339803", "title": "UCLA Conference. Monocytes and macrophages: functions and diseases.", "content": "The mononuclear phagocyte complex is a widespread system of cells originating in the bone marrow monoblast and promonocyte, passing through the intermediate monocyte stage in the blood, and culminating in the tissue macrophages of the lung, liver, spleen, and pleural and peritoneal spaces. The cells are prominently phagocytic and have a well-developed lysosomal system. They function in host defense reactions against micro-organisms, in interactions with lymphoid cells in immunity, in disposal of cell debris, and possible in the regulation of granulopoiesis. Monocytes and the alveolar macrophage are the most accessible cells of this system for study. Several diseases of mononuclear phagocytes have been identified and characterized. These include microbicidal defects associated with increased susceptibility to infection, enzyme defects leading to storage diseases, and neoplastic diseases in which both cell proliferation and biologically active cell products contribute to the clinical disorder.", "contents": "UCLA Conference. Monocytes and macrophages: functions and diseases. The mononuclear phagocyte complex is a widespread system of cells originating in the bone marrow monoblast and promonocyte, passing through the intermediate monocyte stage in the blood, and culminating in the tissue macrophages of the lung, liver, spleen, and pleural and peritoneal spaces. The cells are prominently phagocytic and have a well-developed lysosomal system. They function in host defense reactions against micro-organisms, in interactions with lymphoid cells in immunity, in disposal of cell debris, and possible in the regulation of granulopoiesis. Monocytes and the alveolar macrophage are the most accessible cells of this system for study. Several diseases of mononuclear phagocytes have been identified and characterized. These include microbicidal defects associated with increased susceptibility to infection, enzyme defects leading to storage diseases, and neoplastic diseases in which both cell proliferation and biologically active cell products contribute to the clinical disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:339802", "title": "Hormonal therapy of breast cancer: new approaches and concepts.", "content": "The most useful new hormonal therapy against estrogen receptor-containing metastatic breast cancer is the development of antiestrogenic agents such as nafoxidine and tamoxifen. Both of these drugs possess antitumor activity comparable to that of other additive hormonal agents, and they are better tolerated for lack of any serious toxicity. The clinical usefulness of antiprolactin drugs in breast cancer is at present limited. Adrenal suppression using aminoglutethimide has been shown to induce useful remissions. We discuss the implications of new treatment modalities for the future management of disseminated breast cancer.", "contents": "Hormonal therapy of breast cancer: new approaches and concepts. The most useful new hormonal therapy against estrogen receptor-containing metastatic breast cancer is the development of antiestrogenic agents such as nafoxidine and tamoxifen. Both of these drugs possess antitumor activity comparable to that of other additive hormonal agents, and they are better tolerated for lack of any serious toxicity. The clinical usefulness of antiprolactin drugs in breast cancer is at present limited. Adrenal suppression using aminoglutethimide has been shown to induce useful remissions. We discuss the implications of new treatment modalities for the future management of disseminated breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:339804", "title": "Small airways of the lung. The importance of understanding and assessing the function of pulmonary bronchioles.", "content": "Recent findings have emphasized the importance of the bronchiole to the function of the lung. The surface of the bronchiole differs from that of the alveolus. Rather than being covered by a thin coat of phospholipid, the surface is covered with cilia that are surrounded by a low-viscosity fluid. This permits the removal of foreign particles. Surface forces are important to the function of the bronchiole. The diameter of the bronchiole is a function of the volume of the lung. When the lung is partially collapsed, the bronchiole acts as a capillary tube and is readily obstructed by fluid. In chronic bronchitis, obstruction is related to narrowing by fibrosis and inflammation, alteration in the secretion, and loss of traction on the walls. Obstruction of the bronchiole by fluid in edema of the lung contributes to hypoxemia. Positive end expiratory pressure may prevent obstruction by increasing the bronchiolar diameter.", "contents": "Small airways of the lung. The importance of understanding and assessing the function of pulmonary bronchioles. Recent findings have emphasized the importance of the bronchiole to the function of the lung. The surface of the bronchiole differs from that of the alveolus. Rather than being covered by a thin coat of phospholipid, the surface is covered with cilia that are surrounded by a low-viscosity fluid. This permits the removal of foreign particles. Surface forces are important to the function of the bronchiole. The diameter of the bronchiole is a function of the volume of the lung. When the lung is partially collapsed, the bronchiole acts as a capillary tube and is readily obstructed by fluid. In chronic bronchitis, obstruction is related to narrowing by fibrosis and inflammation, alteration in the secretion, and loss of traction on the walls. Obstruction of the bronchiole by fluid in edema of the lung contributes to hypoxemia. Positive end expiratory pressure may prevent obstruction by increasing the bronchiolar diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:339805", "title": "[Psychological approach to C\u00e9line's obscenity].", "content": "The aim of the psycho-analytical approach the author attempts is the obscene character of C\u00e9line's dependent of the writer's whole personality. The obscenity of the celinian language proceeds from several causes. It can be explained by the lucid and the phallic-narcistical features of C\u00e9line's personality in relation with psycho-sociological factors. Obscenity is lecherous and sullen in regard to women and virulent towards men: it may then be interpreted as a mean of struggle against the anxiety of death. It is also used to translate the celinian contempt of the human being.", "contents": "[Psychological approach to C\u00e9line's obscenity]. The aim of the psycho-analytical approach the author attempts is the obscene character of C\u00e9line's dependent of the writer's whole personality. The obscenity of the celinian language proceeds from several causes. It can be explained by the lucid and the phallic-narcistical features of C\u00e9line's personality in relation with psycho-sociological factors. Obscenity is lecherous and sullen in regard to women and virulent towards men: it may then be interpreted as a mean of struggle against the anxiety of death. It is also used to translate the celinian contempt of the human being."}
{"id": "PMID:339823", "title": "[Transmissive drug resistance and virulence of \"epidemic\" strains of S. typhimurium].", "content": "A total of 59 \"epidemic\" strains of S. typhimurium and 52 cultures isolated from the cases with sporadic diseases were studied with respect to the nature of their resistance to 10 antibiotics and virulence for albino mice under conditions of subcutaneous and oral inoculation. The virulence of the cultures isolated from the cases with sporadic diseases was higher in the strains sensitive to antibiotics. The \"epidemic\" strains were characterized by the lowest virulence for the mice and resistance to 8-10 antibiotics simultaneously with the transmissive nature of resistance to 1-5 drugs. The transmissive nature of resistance to antibiotics and its spectrum may serve an additional epidemiological marker of the strains.", "contents": "[Transmissive drug resistance and virulence of \"epidemic\" strains of S. typhimurium]. A total of 59 \"epidemic\" strains of S. typhimurium and 52 cultures isolated from the cases with sporadic diseases were studied with respect to the nature of their resistance to 10 antibiotics and virulence for albino mice under conditions of subcutaneous and oral inoculation. The virulence of the cultures isolated from the cases with sporadic diseases was higher in the strains sensitive to antibiotics. The \"epidemic\" strains were characterized by the lowest virulence for the mice and resistance to 8-10 antibiotics simultaneously with the transmissive nature of resistance to 1-5 drugs. The transmissive nature of resistance to antibiotics and its spectrum may serve an additional epidemiological marker of the strains."}
{"id": "PMID:339824", "title": "[Use of tablet forms of monomycin in children with acute dysentery].", "content": "The clinical picture of acute dysentery caused mainly by Shigella sonnei was studied in 160 children: 50 children were treated with monomycin tablets and for the treatment of 110 children monomycin in the form of amorphous powder in bottles was used. The treatment was carried out in accordance with the official instructions. Coincidence of the recovery time in the both groups was registered. When the patients were treated with monomycin tablets, 5 and 15-34 per cent of the antibiotic a daily dose was excreted with the urine and excrements respectively. It was concluded that monomycin in the from of tablets was more convenient in the treatment of children.", "contents": "[Use of tablet forms of monomycin in children with acute dysentery]. The clinical picture of acute dysentery caused mainly by Shigella sonnei was studied in 160 children: 50 children were treated with monomycin tablets and for the treatment of 110 children monomycin in the form of amorphous powder in bottles was used. The treatment was carried out in accordance with the official instructions. Coincidence of the recovery time in the both groups was registered. When the patients were treated with monomycin tablets, 5 and 15-34 per cent of the antibiotic a daily dose was excreted with the urine and excrements respectively. It was concluded that monomycin in the from of tablets was more convenient in the treatment of children."}
{"id": "PMID:339826", "title": "[Study of the composition and elaboration of a catalytic method for purifying the gaseous waste from neomycin and monomycin production].", "content": "Composition of the waste gases in the production of neomycin and monomycin at the stages of fermentation, coagulation and filtration was studied. It was found that the main components of the waste gases in the production of neomycin and monomycin were carbon dioxide (0.15-6.0 mg/1), moisture (22-34 mg/1) and organic substances (0.5-4.2 mg/1) calculated for carbon dioxide. These substances have a specific unpleasant odour. A procedure for purification of the waste gases in the production of neomycin and monomycin by catalytic oxidation was developed.", "contents": "[Study of the composition and elaboration of a catalytic method for purifying the gaseous waste from neomycin and monomycin production]. Composition of the waste gases in the production of neomycin and monomycin at the stages of fermentation, coagulation and filtration was studied. It was found that the main components of the waste gases in the production of neomycin and monomycin were carbon dioxide (0.15-6.0 mg/1), moisture (22-34 mg/1) and organic substances (0.5-4.2 mg/1) calculated for carbon dioxide. These substances have a specific unpleasant odour. A procedure for purification of the waste gases in the production of neomycin and monomycin by catalytic oxidation was developed."}
{"id": "PMID:339827", "title": "[State of the blood coagulating system in the treatment of puerperal infections using semisynthetic penicillins and cephaloridine].", "content": "The effect of some semi-synthetic penicillins, such as methicillin and oxacillin and cephalosporings, such as cephaloridin on the condition of the blood coagulation system in 85 patients with postnatal mastitis and endomyometritis was studied. It was shown that the above antibiotics had no significant effect on the parameters of the blood coagulating system. A decrease in the fibrinogen level was found in the mastitis patients treated with semi-synthetic penicillins and cephaloridin. An increase in the prothrombins index in the patients treated with methicillin oxacillin was shown. The use of the semi-synthetic penicillins and cephaloridin for the therapy of the puerpera with endomyometritis resulted in prolongation of the recalcification period. A decrease in the fibrinolytic activity most pronounced in therapy with cephaloridin was also found. Therefore, the above changes in the blood coagulating system of the puerpera with postnatal infections subjected to short-term treatment courses were insignificant and required no special correction.", "contents": "[State of the blood coagulating system in the treatment of puerperal infections using semisynthetic penicillins and cephaloridine]. The effect of some semi-synthetic penicillins, such as methicillin and oxacillin and cephalosporings, such as cephaloridin on the condition of the blood coagulation system in 85 patients with postnatal mastitis and endomyometritis was studied. It was shown that the above antibiotics had no significant effect on the parameters of the blood coagulating system. A decrease in the fibrinogen level was found in the mastitis patients treated with semi-synthetic penicillins and cephaloridin. An increase in the prothrombins index in the patients treated with methicillin oxacillin was shown. The use of the semi-synthetic penicillins and cephaloridin for the therapy of the puerpera with endomyometritis resulted in prolongation of the recalcification period. A decrease in the fibrinolytic activity most pronounced in therapy with cephaloridin was also found. Therefore, the above changes in the blood coagulating system of the puerpera with postnatal infections subjected to short-term treatment courses were insignificant and required no special correction."}
{"id": "PMID:339828", "title": "Characterization of the E. coli K12 strain AB1157 as impaired in guanine/xanthine metabolism.", "content": "The widely used E. coli K12 strain AB1157 is impaired in guanine (xnathine) metabolism. Mutants blocked in purine biosynthesis before the stage of inosine monophosphate synthesis do not grow on external guanine or xanthine. The genetic nature of the Gua/Xan lesion is a deletion in the chromosome that covers the proA gene. The lesion causes reduced uptake of guanine.", "contents": "Characterization of the E. coli K12 strain AB1157 as impaired in guanine/xanthine metabolism. The widely used E. coli K12 strain AB1157 is impaired in guanine (xnathine) metabolism. Mutants blocked in purine biosynthesis before the stage of inosine monophosphate synthesis do not grow on external guanine or xanthine. The genetic nature of the Gua/Xan lesion is a deletion in the chromosome that covers the proA gene. The lesion causes reduced uptake of guanine."}
{"id": "PMID:339829", "title": "Microbial metabolic activity in soil as measured by dehydrogenase determinations.", "content": "The dehydrogenase technique for measuring the metabolic activity of microorganisms in soil was modified to use a 6-h, 37 degrees C incubation with either glucose of yeast extract as the electron-donating substrate. The rate of formazan production remained constant during this time interval, and cellular multiplication apparently did not occur. The technique was used to follow changes in the overall metabolic activities of microorganisms in soil undergoing incubation with a limiting concentration of added nutrient. The sequence of events was similar to that obtained by using the Warburg respirometer to measure O2 consumption. However, the major peaks of activity occurred earlier with the respirometer. This possibly is due to the lack of atmospheric CO2 during the O2 consumption measurements.", "contents": "Microbial metabolic activity in soil as measured by dehydrogenase determinations. The dehydrogenase technique for measuring the metabolic activity of microorganisms in soil was modified to use a 6-h, 37 degrees C incubation with either glucose of yeast extract as the electron-donating substrate. The rate of formazan production remained constant during this time interval, and cellular multiplication apparently did not occur. The technique was used to follow changes in the overall metabolic activities of microorganisms in soil undergoing incubation with a limiting concentration of added nutrient. The sequence of events was similar to that obtained by using the Warburg respirometer to measure O2 consumption. However, the major peaks of activity occurred earlier with the respirometer. This possibly is due to the lack of atmospheric CO2 during the O2 consumption measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:339830", "title": "Enhancement of isoleucine hydroxamate-mediated growth inhibition and improvement of isoleucine-producing strains of Serratia marcescens.", "content": "Growth inhibition by isoleucine hydroxamate in Serratia marcescens was significantly enhanced by adding valine plus leucine and by using glycerol as the carbon source. Isoleucine hydroxamate-resistant mutants were isolated under conditions in which growth inhibition was enhanced. One of the mutants, strain GIHVLr2179, lacked both feedback inhibition and repression of threonine deaminase. An alpha-aminobutyric acid-resistant mutant derived from strain GIHVLr2179, strain GIHVLAr2795, produced 12 mg of isoleucine per ml in the medium containing glucose and urea as carbon and nitrogen sources (a twofold increase over prior reports). This strain had increased activities of threonine deaminase, acetohydroxy acid synthase, aspartokinase, and homoserine dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Enhancement of isoleucine hydroxamate-mediated growth inhibition and improvement of isoleucine-producing strains of Serratia marcescens. Growth inhibition by isoleucine hydroxamate in Serratia marcescens was significantly enhanced by adding valine plus leucine and by using glycerol as the carbon source. Isoleucine hydroxamate-resistant mutants were isolated under conditions in which growth inhibition was enhanced. One of the mutants, strain GIHVLr2179, lacked both feedback inhibition and repression of threonine deaminase. An alpha-aminobutyric acid-resistant mutant derived from strain GIHVLr2179, strain GIHVLAr2795, produced 12 mg of isoleucine per ml in the medium containing glucose and urea as carbon and nitrogen sources (a twofold increase over prior reports). This strain had increased activities of threonine deaminase, acetohydroxy acid synthase, aspartokinase, and homoserine dehydrogenase."}
{"id": "PMID:339831", "title": "Temperature effects on bacterial movement.", "content": "Details are presented for the construction of a simple precision temperature-controlled chamber for investigating bacterial motile behavior. Independent of original incubation temperature, all species of motile bacteria observed showed a five- to sevenfold increase in average translational velocity (micrometers per second) as the environment temperature was incremented over the range from 10 to 50 degrees C. Temperature jumps downward produced transient tumbling or reciprocal behavior responses, depending on the mode of flagellar distribution, in all species examined. Upward temperature jumps induced accelerated velocities without tumbling or reversal. A partial capacity adaptation to temperature was noted, in that the greatest average translational velocity at any given observation temperature occurred when the organisms were grown at temperatures less than the optimum.", "contents": "Temperature effects on bacterial movement. Details are presented for the construction of a simple precision temperature-controlled chamber for investigating bacterial motile behavior. Independent of original incubation temperature, all species of motile bacteria observed showed a five- to sevenfold increase in average translational velocity (micrometers per second) as the environment temperature was incremented over the range from 10 to 50 degrees C. Temperature jumps downward produced transient tumbling or reciprocal behavior responses, depending on the mode of flagellar distribution, in all species examined. Upward temperature jumps induced accelerated velocities without tumbling or reversal. A partial capacity adaptation to temperature was noted, in that the greatest average translational velocity at any given observation temperature occurred when the organisms were grown at temperatures less than the optimum."}
{"id": "PMID:339832", "title": "Performance characteristics of a new photometer with a moving filter tape for luminescence assay.", "content": "The performance characteristics of a new photometer that incorporated a reaction system consisting of a movable filtration tape have been studied for use with the firefly luciferase assay for adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Precision, linearity, and sensitivity are given for measuring a graded series of constant-light emitters, concentrations of adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and washed bacterial cells. Precision ranged from 1 to 10% coefficient of variation. The coefficient of correlation was 0.9985 for 7 X 10(8) to 7 X 10(3) bacteria per ml; however, the accuracy decreased at the low levels. The sample processing time was 2 min for a 1-ml sample. This instrument shows potential for many applications in quantitating small numbers of organisms, e.g., pollution, water monitoring, and clinical infection detection.", "contents": "Performance characteristics of a new photometer with a moving filter tape for luminescence assay. The performance characteristics of a new photometer that incorporated a reaction system consisting of a movable filtration tape have been studied for use with the firefly luciferase assay for adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Precision, linearity, and sensitivity are given for measuring a graded series of constant-light emitters, concentrations of adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and washed bacterial cells. Precision ranged from 1 to 10% coefficient of variation. The coefficient of correlation was 0.9985 for 7 X 10(8) to 7 X 10(3) bacteria per ml; however, the accuracy decreased at the low levels. The sample processing time was 2 min for a 1-ml sample. This instrument shows potential for many applications in quantitating small numbers of organisms, e.g., pollution, water monitoring, and clinical infection detection."}
{"id": "PMID:339833", "title": "Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from well water and growth in distilled water.", "content": "Yersinia enterocolitica was recovered from well water during a large water-borne outbreak of gastrointestinal illness. Isolates were predominantly Nilehn biotype 1, of which 57% were serologically nontypable. Isolation and enumeration of these Y. enterocolitica strains were made on M-Endo broth. Laboratory studies were conducted on selected isolates to establish the growth of Y. enterocolitica in distilled water and the competitive growth of this organism in various enteric media. Growth was obtained in sterile distilled water without added nutrients at 4, 25, and 37 degrees C. M-Endo medium gave equal or better recovery of Y. enterocolitica in competitive growth studies than did other commonly used enteric media using the membrane filter technique and incubating at 35 degrees C. All well water isolates were confirmed biochemically at 25 and 35 degrees C and serotyped, and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed.", "contents": "Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from well water and growth in distilled water. Yersinia enterocolitica was recovered from well water during a large water-borne outbreak of gastrointestinal illness. Isolates were predominantly Nilehn biotype 1, of which 57% were serologically nontypable. Isolation and enumeration of these Y. enterocolitica strains were made on M-Endo broth. Laboratory studies were conducted on selected isolates to establish the growth of Y. enterocolitica in distilled water and the competitive growth of this organism in various enteric media. Growth was obtained in sterile distilled water without added nutrients at 4, 25, and 37 degrees C. M-Endo medium gave equal or better recovery of Y. enterocolitica in competitive growth studies than did other commonly used enteric media using the membrane filter technique and incubating at 35 degrees C. All well water isolates were confirmed biochemically at 25 and 35 degrees C and serotyped, and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed."}
{"id": "PMID:339834", "title": "Macromolecule synthesis of Escherichia coli BB at a lower or transient growth state.", "content": "Macromolecule synthesis in Escherichia coli BB at lower growth rates was investigated. The results indicate that a deviation in ribonucleic acid (RNA) content per cell at a lower growth rate from the exponential relationship to a specific growth rate is entirely attributable to the presence of nonviable cells, in which the RNA content is lower than in viable cells. Based on this fact, a mathematical expression of macromolecule contents versus specific growth rate was devised. Moreover, continuous changes in macromolecule content during unbalanced growth from late-logarithmic phase to stationary phase were measured. Although growth rates changed continuously, the data on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or RNA content versus the specific growth rate calculated from the increments in cell number satisfactorily fitted the exponential lines obtained under balanced growth at a higher growth rate. However, no such relationship was observed in the plot of DNA or RNA content versus the specific growth rate calculated from the increments in optical density.", "contents": "Macromolecule synthesis of Escherichia coli BB at a lower or transient growth state. Macromolecule synthesis in Escherichia coli BB at lower growth rates was investigated. The results indicate that a deviation in ribonucleic acid (RNA) content per cell at a lower growth rate from the exponential relationship to a specific growth rate is entirely attributable to the presence of nonviable cells, in which the RNA content is lower than in viable cells. Based on this fact, a mathematical expression of macromolecule contents versus specific growth rate was devised. Moreover, continuous changes in macromolecule content during unbalanced growth from late-logarithmic phase to stationary phase were measured. Although growth rates changed continuously, the data on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or RNA content versus the specific growth rate calculated from the increments in cell number satisfactorily fitted the exponential lines obtained under balanced growth at a higher growth rate. However, no such relationship was observed in the plot of DNA or RNA content versus the specific growth rate calculated from the increments in optical density."}
{"id": "PMID:339835", "title": "Occurrence of Aspergillus fumigatus during composting of sewage sludge.", "content": "Aspergillus fumigatus, a medically important fungal opportunist and respiratory allergen, was isolated from woodchips and sewage sludge used in the production of compost at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's composting research facility in Beltsville, Md. It was also regularly isolated as a dominant fungus during forced aeration composting and after 30 days in an unaerated stationary curing pile; in both cases, the fungus was found in pile zones with temperatures less than 60 degrees C. Compost stored outdoors in stationary unaerated piles from 1 to 4 months after screening out of woodchips contained easily detectable amounts of A. fumigatus in the exterior pile zones (0- to 25-cm depths). Semiquantitative studies of the airspora at the composting site revealed that A. fumigatus constituted 75% of the total viable mycoflora captured. At locations 320 m to 8 km from the compost site, the fungus constituted only 2% of the total viable mycoflora in the air. Of 21 samples of commercially available potting soil, one had levels of A. fumigatus nearly equivalent to those of 1-month-old storage compost; 15 others had lower but detectable levels.", "contents": "Occurrence of Aspergillus fumigatus during composting of sewage sludge. Aspergillus fumigatus, a medically important fungal opportunist and respiratory allergen, was isolated from woodchips and sewage sludge used in the production of compost at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's composting research facility in Beltsville, Md. It was also regularly isolated as a dominant fungus during forced aeration composting and after 30 days in an unaerated stationary curing pile; in both cases, the fungus was found in pile zones with temperatures less than 60 degrees C. Compost stored outdoors in stationary unaerated piles from 1 to 4 months after screening out of woodchips contained easily detectable amounts of A. fumigatus in the exterior pile zones (0- to 25-cm depths). Semiquantitative studies of the airspora at the composting site revealed that A. fumigatus constituted 75% of the total viable mycoflora captured. At locations 320 m to 8 km from the compost site, the fungus constituted only 2% of the total viable mycoflora in the air. Of 21 samples of commercially available potting soil, one had levels of A. fumigatus nearly equivalent to those of 1-month-old storage compost; 15 others had lower but detectable levels."}
{"id": "PMID:339836", "title": "Beneficial effects of catalase or pyruvate in a most-probable-number technique for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The effects of the addition of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) or pyruvate on the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in Trypticase soy broth with 10% NaCl were examined using a most-probable-number technique. Addition of catalase or pyruvate to the broth increased enumeration of all heat-stressed S. aureus strains tested. Increases were also observed with nonstressed cells. Catalase and pyruvate were similarly effective when added to Trypticase soy broth-10% NaCl in enumerating staphylococci naturally present in low-temperature-rendered ground-beef samples.", "contents": "Beneficial effects of catalase or pyruvate in a most-probable-number technique for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus. The effects of the addition of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) or pyruvate on the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in Trypticase soy broth with 10% NaCl were examined using a most-probable-number technique. Addition of catalase or pyruvate to the broth increased enumeration of all heat-stressed S. aureus strains tested. Increases were also observed with nonstressed cells. Catalase and pyruvate were similarly effective when added to Trypticase soy broth-10% NaCl in enumerating staphylococci naturally present in low-temperature-rendered ground-beef samples."}
{"id": "PMID:339837", "title": "Comparison between two methods of assaying relative microbial activity in marine environments.", "content": "Two methods for determining relative microbial activity in the marine environment were compared. In one method, a single concentration of a labeled substrate was used to calculate rates of substrate utilization; in the other, multiple concentrations of the same substrate (heterotrophic activity method) were used to calculate maximum potential substrate utilization rates. These studies were made on 232 seawater and 79 sediment samples taken from a variety of marine environments. The highest correlations between these two methods were seen in the sediment samples tested. The lowest correlation coerfficient seen in the sediment samples was 0.90, and the highest was 0.98. In seawater samples (six studies), the lowest correlation coefficient was 0.77 and the highest was 0.95. The correlation between these two methods was also substrate concentration dependent. Higher correlation coefficients were observed when higher substrate concentrations were used. Under certain conditions, these two methods appear to be comparable for estimating relative levels of microbial activity in the marine environment.", "contents": "Comparison between two methods of assaying relative microbial activity in marine environments. Two methods for determining relative microbial activity in the marine environment were compared. In one method, a single concentration of a labeled substrate was used to calculate rates of substrate utilization; in the other, multiple concentrations of the same substrate (heterotrophic activity method) were used to calculate maximum potential substrate utilization rates. These studies were made on 232 seawater and 79 sediment samples taken from a variety of marine environments. The highest correlations between these two methods were seen in the sediment samples tested. The lowest correlation coerfficient seen in the sediment samples was 0.90, and the highest was 0.98. In seawater samples (six studies), the lowest correlation coefficient was 0.77 and the highest was 0.95. The correlation between these two methods was also substrate concentration dependent. Higher correlation coefficients were observed when higher substrate concentrations were used. Under certain conditions, these two methods appear to be comparable for estimating relative levels of microbial activity in the marine environment."}
{"id": "PMID:339838", "title": "Double-stranded ribonucleic acid in viruses of Penicillium citrinum.", "content": "The nucleic acid content of two viral populations in a strain of Penicillium citrinum is shown to be double-stranded ribonucleic acid, resolved through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into 10 size groups ranging from 1.17 to 3.98 megadaltons.", "contents": "Double-stranded ribonucleic acid in viruses of Penicillium citrinum. The nucleic acid content of two viral populations in a strain of Penicillium citrinum is shown to be double-stranded ribonucleic acid, resolved through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into 10 size groups ranging from 1.17 to 3.98 megadaltons."}
{"id": "PMID:339839", "title": "Cryogenic gamma irradiation of prototype pork and chicken and antagonistic effect between Clostridium botulinum types A and B.", "content": "Inoculated, irradiated pork (2,300 cans) and chicken (2,000 cans) pack studies were performed to establish the 12D dose for these foods. Each can was inoculated with a mixture of 10(6) spores of each of 10 strains of Clostridium botulinum (five type A and five type B), or a total of 10(7) spores. The cans received a series of increasing doses of gamma rays (60Co) at -30 +/- 10 degrees C; they were incubated for 6 months at 30 +/- 2 degrees C and examined for swelling, toxicity, and recoverable botulinal cells. The highest rate of swelling for both foods occurred within the first week of incubation, and maximum swelling was observed within 4 to 5 weeks. The minimal experimental sterilizing dose (ESD) based on flat, nontoxic sterile cans was 3.0 less than ESD less than or equal to 3.2 Mrad for pork and 4.0 less than ESD less than or equal to 4.2 Mrad for chicken. An analysis of the partial spoilage data by extreme-value statistics indicated with 90% confidence that the rate of spore death in the two foods was not a normal distribution, but appeared to favor a shifted exponential function. Based on the latter distribution, and assuming one most resistant strain in the mixture of 10 used, the 12D dose computed to 4.37 Mrad, with a shoulder of 0.11 Mrad, for pork and to 4.27 Mrad, with a shoulder of 0.51 Mrad, for chicken. An assumption that there were two or more most resistant strains in the inoculum progressively lowered the 12D dose. There was an apparent antagonism between the irradiated type A and B viable strains in the two foods. Cans with type B cells and toxin predominated over cans with type A cells and toxin, but cans with a mixture of type A and B toxins predominated over cans with a mixture of Type A and B cells. At the highest sublethal doses, only type A cells survived in pork, but in chicken there was a least one type B strain that was at least as resistant as type A strains.", "contents": "Cryogenic gamma irradiation of prototype pork and chicken and antagonistic effect between Clostridium botulinum types A and B. Inoculated, irradiated pork (2,300 cans) and chicken (2,000 cans) pack studies were performed to establish the 12D dose for these foods. Each can was inoculated with a mixture of 10(6) spores of each of 10 strains of Clostridium botulinum (five type A and five type B), or a total of 10(7) spores. The cans received a series of increasing doses of gamma rays (60Co) at -30 +/- 10 degrees C; they were incubated for 6 months at 30 +/- 2 degrees C and examined for swelling, toxicity, and recoverable botulinal cells. The highest rate of swelling for both foods occurred within the first week of incubation, and maximum swelling was observed within 4 to 5 weeks. The minimal experimental sterilizing dose (ESD) based on flat, nontoxic sterile cans was 3.0 less than ESD less than or equal to 3.2 Mrad for pork and 4.0 less than ESD less than or equal to 4.2 Mrad for chicken. An analysis of the partial spoilage data by extreme-value statistics indicated with 90% confidence that the rate of spore death in the two foods was not a normal distribution, but appeared to favor a shifted exponential function. Based on the latter distribution, and assuming one most resistant strain in the mixture of 10 used, the 12D dose computed to 4.37 Mrad, with a shoulder of 0.11 Mrad, for pork and to 4.27 Mrad, with a shoulder of 0.51 Mrad, for chicken. An assumption that there were two or more most resistant strains in the inoculum progressively lowered the 12D dose. There was an apparent antagonism between the irradiated type A and B viable strains in the two foods. Cans with type B cells and toxin predominated over cans with type A cells and toxin, but cans with a mixture of type A and B toxins predominated over cans with a mixture of Type A and B cells. At the highest sublethal doses, only type A cells survived in pork, but in chicken there was a least one type B strain that was at least as resistant as type A strains."}
{"id": "PMID:339840", "title": "Viability of Rhizobium bacteroids.", "content": "Bacteroids prepared from nodules of soybean and bean were tested for viability. Contrary to the prevailing view that bacteroids are nonviable, it was found that bacteroids averaged 90% viability, irrespective of Rhizobium strain, nodule age, or nodule environment.", "contents": "Viability of Rhizobium bacteroids. Bacteroids prepared from nodules of soybean and bean were tested for viability. Contrary to the prevailing view that bacteroids are nonviable, it was found that bacteroids averaged 90% viability, irrespective of Rhizobium strain, nodule age, or nodule environment."}
{"id": "PMID:339845", "title": "Pemphigus foliaceus associated with absence of intercellular antigens in lower layers of epidermis.", "content": "A patient with pemphigus foliaceus was found to lack normal intercellular (IC) antigens in the lower layers of the epidermis. This was evidenced by the inability of her own IC antibodies, or of those from other patients with pemphigus vulgaris, to bind to the IC substance in the lower layers of her epidermis; whereas these same antibodies reacted to IC antigens in all layers of normal allogeneic skin and monkey and guinea pig esophagus. Lack of IC antigens in the lower layers of the epidermis may account for the subcorneal location of bullae in some patients with pemphigus foliaceus.", "contents": "Pemphigus foliaceus associated with absence of intercellular antigens in lower layers of epidermis. A patient with pemphigus foliaceus was found to lack normal intercellular (IC) antigens in the lower layers of the epidermis. This was evidenced by the inability of her own IC antibodies, or of those from other patients with pemphigus vulgaris, to bind to the IC substance in the lower layers of her epidermis; whereas these same antibodies reacted to IC antigens in all layers of normal allogeneic skin and monkey and guinea pig esophagus. Lack of IC antigens in the lower layers of the epidermis may account for the subcorneal location of bullae in some patients with pemphigus foliaceus."}
{"id": "PMID:339846", "title": "Topical use of caffeine with hydrocortisone in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.", "content": "In a double-blind study, topically applied caffeine 30%-hydrocortisone 0.5% in hydrophilic ointment was compared to betamethasone valerate 0.1% cream and to hydrocortisone 0.5% in hydrophilic ointment. Eighty-three patients were evaluated over a three-week period for pruritus, erythema, scaling, lichenification, excoriation, oozing, and global impression. The betamethasone and caffeine-hydrocortisone groups performed significantly better than the hydrocortisone group on three of the seven scales: lichenification, excoriation, and global impression. Also, the betamethasone group differed significantly from the hydrocortisone group on six of the seven scales, but did not differ significantly from the caffeine-hydrocortisone group on any scale. It is suggested that caffeine is effective because it elevates local levels of cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate by inhibiting phosphodiesterase.", "contents": "Topical use of caffeine with hydrocortisone in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. In a double-blind study, topically applied caffeine 30%-hydrocortisone 0.5% in hydrophilic ointment was compared to betamethasone valerate 0.1% cream and to hydrocortisone 0.5% in hydrophilic ointment. Eighty-three patients were evaluated over a three-week period for pruritus, erythema, scaling, lichenification, excoriation, oozing, and global impression. The betamethasone and caffeine-hydrocortisone groups performed significantly better than the hydrocortisone group on three of the seven scales: lichenification, excoriation, and global impression. Also, the betamethasone group differed significantly from the hydrocortisone group on six of the seven scales, but did not differ significantly from the caffeine-hydrocortisone group on any scale. It is suggested that caffeine is effective because it elevates local levels of cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate by inhibiting phosphodiesterase."}
{"id": "PMID:339847", "title": "A mechanobullous disease of the newborn. Bart's syndrome.", "content": "A patient had a unique mechanobullous disease (Bart's syndrome). The characteristic congenital localized skin defects, trauma-induced erosions, and nail deformities are present. The inheritance pattern appears to be autosomal dominant but, as in this report, isolated cases have been recognized. In a review of the other mechanobullous diseases, Bart's syndrome appears to present a distinctive clinical picture and course and has a favorable prognosis. The progressive spontaneous improvement emphasizes the importance of early recognition and conservative treatment.", "contents": "A mechanobullous disease of the newborn. Bart's syndrome. A patient had a unique mechanobullous disease (Bart's syndrome). The characteristic congenital localized skin defects, trauma-induced erosions, and nail deformities are present. The inheritance pattern appears to be autosomal dominant but, as in this report, isolated cases have been recognized. In a review of the other mechanobullous diseases, Bart's syndrome appears to present a distinctive clinical picture and course and has a favorable prognosis. The progressive spontaneous improvement emphasizes the importance of early recognition and conservative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:339849", "title": "Comparison between microscopical examination of unstained deposits of urine and quantitative culture.", "content": "Side-room examination of fresh samples of urine was compared with the results of surface viable bacterial counts. Examination of centrifuged deposits of urine for bacterial content was shown to compare very well with subsequent culture results. 87% of infected urines were detected, and only 6% of noninfected urines were wrongly identified. Evaluation of the uncentrifuged samples was less easy. There was poor agreement between the naked eye appearance, the presence of protein, and the pus cell count and the ultimate laboratory bacterial count. Microscopy of urinary sediments after centrifuging is recommended to assist in the rapid diagnosis of urinary tract infections particularly in young children.", "contents": "Comparison between microscopical examination of unstained deposits of urine and quantitative culture. Side-room examination of fresh samples of urine was compared with the results of surface viable bacterial counts. Examination of centrifuged deposits of urine for bacterial content was shown to compare very well with subsequent culture results. 87% of infected urines were detected, and only 6% of noninfected urines were wrongly identified. Evaluation of the uncentrifuged samples was less easy. There was poor agreement between the naked eye appearance, the presence of protein, and the pus cell count and the ultimate laboratory bacterial count. Microscopy of urinary sediments after centrifuging is recommended to assist in the rapid diagnosis of urinary tract infections particularly in young children."}
{"id": "PMID:339850", "title": "Immunopathogenesis of Libman-Sacks endocarditis. Assessment by light and immunofluorescent microscopy in two patients.", "content": "The possible contribution of immunological mechanisms in the development of Libman-Sacks endocarditis was studied in 2 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who underwent aortic valve replacement. Sections of verrucous lesions, stained with haematoxylin and eosin, showed three apparently distinct zones: an outer exudative zone of fibrin, nuclear debris, and haematoxylin-stained bodies; a middle organizing zone of proliferating capillaries and fibroblasts; and an inner zone of neovascularization which showed distinct, thin-walled junctional vessels. The striking finding was the apparently selective deposition of immunoglobulins and complement identified by direct immunofluorescence, within the walls of the small junctional vessels of the zone of neovascularization. We suggest that the observed immune deposits are immune complexes and that circulating immune complexes may play a critical role in the growth and proliferation of the verrucous lesion.", "contents": "Immunopathogenesis of Libman-Sacks endocarditis. Assessment by light and immunofluorescent microscopy in two patients. The possible contribution of immunological mechanisms in the development of Libman-Sacks endocarditis was studied in 2 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who underwent aortic valve replacement. Sections of verrucous lesions, stained with haematoxylin and eosin, showed three apparently distinct zones: an outer exudative zone of fibrin, nuclear debris, and haematoxylin-stained bodies; a middle organizing zone of proliferating capillaries and fibroblasts; and an inner zone of neovascularization which showed distinct, thin-walled junctional vessels. The striking finding was the apparently selective deposition of immunoglobulins and complement identified by direct immunofluorescence, within the walls of the small junctional vessels of the zone of neovascularization. We suggest that the observed immune deposits are immune complexes and that circulating immune complexes may play a critical role in the growth and proliferation of the verrucous lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:339851", "title": "Immune reactants in cryoproteins. Relationship to complement activation.", "content": "Cryoproteins were isolated from the serum of 5 patients with essential cryoglobulinaemia 5 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and 2 patients with Sj\u00f8gren's syndrome. These cryoprecipitates contained IgG, IgM, and IgA as well as complement proteins C1q, C4, C3, and factor B. The cryoprecipitates were analysed further for content of antibody and antigen, and were tested for their ability to activate complement. In the cryoprecipitates of 2 patients with Sj\u00f8gren's syndrome, nuclear antigen and antinuclear antibody characteristic of an immunological specificity found in Sj\u00f8gren's syndrome were shown. The cryoprecipitates of 6 other patients contained rheumatoid factor and antibody to a lymphocyte nuclear antigen. The solubilized cryoprecipitates were tested by in vitro assays for their ability to activate complement by the classical or alternative pathways. All 12 cryoprecipitates activated the classical pathway. 9 of the 12 cryoprecipitates also activated the alternative complement pathway under conditions which did not involve activation of C1 and C4. These studies show that a high percentage of cryoprecipitates consist at least in part of immune reactants. We discuss the relationship of these findings to pathogenetic mechanisms in disease.", "contents": "Immune reactants in cryoproteins. Relationship to complement activation. Cryoproteins were isolated from the serum of 5 patients with essential cryoglobulinaemia 5 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and 2 patients with Sj\u00f8gren's syndrome. These cryoprecipitates contained IgG, IgM, and IgA as well as complement proteins C1q, C4, C3, and factor B. The cryoprecipitates were analysed further for content of antibody and antigen, and were tested for their ability to activate complement. In the cryoprecipitates of 2 patients with Sj\u00f8gren's syndrome, nuclear antigen and antinuclear antibody characteristic of an immunological specificity found in Sj\u00f8gren's syndrome were shown. The cryoprecipitates of 6 other patients contained rheumatoid factor and antibody to a lymphocyte nuclear antigen. The solubilized cryoprecipitates were tested by in vitro assays for their ability to activate complement by the classical or alternative pathways. All 12 cryoprecipitates activated the classical pathway. 9 of the 12 cryoprecipitates also activated the alternative complement pathway under conditions which did not involve activation of C1 and C4. These studies show that a high percentage of cryoprecipitates consist at least in part of immune reactants. We discuss the relationship of these findings to pathogenetic mechanisms in disease."}
{"id": "PMID:339853", "title": "Autotransplantation of pancreatic fragments to the portal vein and spleen of totally pancreatectomized dogs: a comparative evaluation.", "content": "Forty-nine dogs were made diabetic by total pancreatectomy. Fifteen untreated pancreatectomized animals survived a mean (+/-S.E.) of 7.0 +/- 1.1 days with a mean (+/-S.E.) plasma glucose level of 402 +/- 26 mg/100 ml before death. The pancreata of 32 dogs were distended with cold (4 degrees ) Hanks' solution, minced, digested with collagenase (600 U/ml tissue) for 15-25 minutes, and autotransplanted either into the splenic artery (three dogs), directly into the splenic pulp (21 dogs), or into the portal vein (ten dogs). Tissue infusion into the splenic artery resulted in infarction and persistent hyperglycemia. Direct implantation into the splenic pulp of tissue digested for 15, 20 and 25 minutes resulted in permanent normoglycemia (fasting plasma glucose < 150 mg/100 ml) in 7 of 8, 7 of 7, and 6 of 6 dogs respectively. Glucose tolerance test mean (+/-S.E.) K values (% decline of plasma glucose concentration/minute) in these groups two weeks after transplantation were 1.20 +/- 0.20%, 1.60 +/- 0.25 and 0.70 0.08% respectively, indicating that 20 minutes digestion was best for intrasplenic transplantation. Tissue prepared in the optimal manner (20 minutes digestion) and embolized into the liver resulted in normoglycemia in three of eight dogs, and a mean (+/-S.E.) K value of 0.77 +/- 0.10%. Both dogs receiving tissue dispersed for 25 minutes into the portal vein remained hyperglycemic. In the dogs subjected to intraportal transplantation, portal pressure rose from a mean (+/-S.E.) of 6.5 +/- 0.6 cm H(2)O before to 21.9 +/- 2.2 cm H(2)O immediately after tissue embolization, but declined to 6.5 +/- 1.0 cm H(2)O by ten weeks in animals becoming normoglycemic. We conclude that in dogs direct implantation of pancreatic tissue into the splenic pulp is superior to embolization into the portal vein or splenic artery because the splenic circulation is not compromized, portal hypertension is obviated, and glucose metabolism is best controlled as judged by glucose tolerance test K values.", "contents": "Autotransplantation of pancreatic fragments to the portal vein and spleen of totally pancreatectomized dogs: a comparative evaluation. Forty-nine dogs were made diabetic by total pancreatectomy. Fifteen untreated pancreatectomized animals survived a mean (+/-S.E.) of 7.0 +/- 1.1 days with a mean (+/-S.E.) plasma glucose level of 402 +/- 26 mg/100 ml before death. The pancreata of 32 dogs were distended with cold (4 degrees ) Hanks' solution, minced, digested with collagenase (600 U/ml tissue) for 15-25 minutes, and autotransplanted either into the splenic artery (three dogs), directly into the splenic pulp (21 dogs), or into the portal vein (ten dogs). Tissue infusion into the splenic artery resulted in infarction and persistent hyperglycemia. Direct implantation into the splenic pulp of tissue digested for 15, 20 and 25 minutes resulted in permanent normoglycemia (fasting plasma glucose < 150 mg/100 ml) in 7 of 8, 7 of 7, and 6 of 6 dogs respectively. Glucose tolerance test mean (+/-S.E.) K values (% decline of plasma glucose concentration/minute) in these groups two weeks after transplantation were 1.20 +/- 0.20%, 1.60 +/- 0.25 and 0.70 0.08% respectively, indicating that 20 minutes digestion was best for intrasplenic transplantation. Tissue prepared in the optimal manner (20 minutes digestion) and embolized into the liver resulted in normoglycemia in three of eight dogs, and a mean (+/-S.E.) K value of 0.77 +/- 0.10%. Both dogs receiving tissue dispersed for 25 minutes into the portal vein remained hyperglycemic. In the dogs subjected to intraportal transplantation, portal pressure rose from a mean (+/-S.E.) of 6.5 +/- 0.6 cm H(2)O before to 21.9 +/- 2.2 cm H(2)O immediately after tissue embolization, but declined to 6.5 +/- 1.0 cm H(2)O by ten weeks in animals becoming normoglycemic. We conclude that in dogs direct implantation of pancreatic tissue into the splenic pulp is superior to embolization into the portal vein or splenic artery because the splenic circulation is not compromized, portal hypertension is obviated, and glucose metabolism is best controlled as judged by glucose tolerance test K values."}
{"id": "PMID:339855", "title": "In vivo and in vitro studies of chloroquine-resistant malaria in Thailand.", "content": "Fourteen patients infected with falciparum malaria admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Bangkok, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, were studied. In vivo and in vitro methods were used to compare the effects of chloroquine on Plasmodium falciparum. The results showed that RI in vivo corresponded to samples containing chloroquine base 2.5-3.5 millimicromoles per ml of blood in vitro and RII in vivo corresponded to samples with chloroquine base of 4.0 millimicromoles per ml of blood.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro studies of chloroquine-resistant malaria in Thailand. Fourteen patients infected with falciparum malaria admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Bangkok, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, were studied. In vivo and in vitro methods were used to compare the effects of chloroquine on Plasmodium falciparum. The results showed that RI in vivo corresponded to samples containing chloroquine base 2.5-3.5 millimicromoles per ml of blood in vitro and RII in vivo corresponded to samples with chloroquine base of 4.0 millimicromoles per ml of blood."}
{"id": "PMID:339856", "title": "The chemotherapy of rodent malaria, XXVII. Studies on mefloquine (WR 142,490).", "content": "Mefloquine (WR 142,490) is a potent blood schizontocide active against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant lines of Plasmodium berghei. The ED50 and ED90 against the P. berghei N strain in albino mice are 1.5 and 3.8 mg/kg respectively. The highly chloroquine-resistant RC line is less sensitive and mefloquine is not fully effective at the maximum tolerated dose in the '4-day test'. Mefloquine has a similar mode of action to quinine both in vitro and (as demonstrated by the morphological changes it induces in P. berghei) in vivo, but is some 100 times more potent. Unlike quinine and WR 122,455 it appears not to interact with DNA. It has no causal prophylactic effect. Mixtures of mefloquine with pyrimethamine, sulphaphenazole or primaquine have an additive effect.", "contents": "The chemotherapy of rodent malaria, XXVII. Studies on mefloquine (WR 142,490). Mefloquine (WR 142,490) is a potent blood schizontocide active against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant lines of Plasmodium berghei. The ED50 and ED90 against the P. berghei N strain in albino mice are 1.5 and 3.8 mg/kg respectively. The highly chloroquine-resistant RC line is less sensitive and mefloquine is not fully effective at the maximum tolerated dose in the '4-day test'. Mefloquine has a similar mode of action to quinine both in vitro and (as demonstrated by the morphological changes it induces in P. berghei) in vivo, but is some 100 times more potent. Unlike quinine and WR 122,455 it appears not to interact with DNA. It has no causal prophylactic effect. Mixtures of mefloquine with pyrimethamine, sulphaphenazole or primaquine have an additive effect."}
{"id": "PMID:339858", "title": "Studies on parasitic crisis in malaria: I. Signs of impending crisis in Plasmodium berghei infections of the white rat.", "content": "White rats infected with Plasmodiam berghei were observed throughout the course of infection for indicators of impending crisis (penultimate stage). Two ratios, percentage young compact forms:percentage trophozoites and percentage reticulocytes:percentage parasitaemia, were reliable markers of the penultimate period and impending crisis. When the percentage young compact form:percentage trophozoite ratio exceeded 1.0 and was coincident with an increase of uninfected reticulocytes in the circulation (as given by a percentage reticulocyte:percentage parasitaemia ratio greater than 1.0) the parasitaemic decline of crisis consistently occurred 24-48 hours later.", "contents": "Studies on parasitic crisis in malaria: I. Signs of impending crisis in Plasmodium berghei infections of the white rat. White rats infected with Plasmodiam berghei were observed throughout the course of infection for indicators of impending crisis (penultimate stage). Two ratios, percentage young compact forms:percentage trophozoites and percentage reticulocytes:percentage parasitaemia, were reliable markers of the penultimate period and impending crisis. When the percentage young compact form:percentage trophozoite ratio exceeded 1.0 and was coincident with an increase of uninfected reticulocytes in the circulation (as given by a percentage reticulocyte:percentage parasitaemia ratio greater than 1.0) the parasitaemic decline of crisis consistently occurred 24-48 hours later."}
{"id": "PMID:339862", "title": "Combined Collis-Nissen reconstruction of the esophagogastric junction.", "content": "Recent reports have indicated that combined Collis-Belsey reconstruction of the esophagogastric junction fails to control reflux in 30 to 46% of patients undergoing the procedure. The major factor thought to be responsible for this result is the limited Belsey fundoplication possible after construction of the gastroplasty tube. This report describes our technique of combining the Collis gastroplasty with a 360-degree Nissen type fundoplication. The radiographic and manometric characteristics of the distal esophageal high-pressure zone produced by the Collis-Nissen operation are discussed.", "contents": "Combined Collis-Nissen reconstruction of the esophagogastric junction. Recent reports have indicated that combined Collis-Belsey reconstruction of the esophagogastric junction fails to control reflux in 30 to 46% of patients undergoing the procedure. The major factor thought to be responsible for this result is the limited Belsey fundoplication possible after construction of the gastroplasty tube. This report describes our technique of combining the Collis gastroplasty with a 360-degree Nissen type fundoplication. The radiographic and manometric characteristics of the distal esophageal high-pressure zone produced by the Collis-Nissen operation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:339863", "title": "Interrupted aortic arch complex: successful total correction in the neonate.", "content": "Two neonates subjected to definitive repair of interrupted aortic arch complex during the first week of life are presented. Results correlated well with preoperative status. Our definition of complete correction, including direct aortic anastomosis, is discussed along with the surgical strategy employed for successful repair of this otherwise dismal anomaly.", "contents": "Interrupted aortic arch complex: successful total correction in the neonate. Two neonates subjected to definitive repair of interrupted aortic arch complex during the first week of life are presented. Results correlated well with preoperative status. Our definition of complete correction, including direct aortic anastomosis, is discussed along with the surgical strategy employed for successful repair of this otherwise dismal anomaly."}
{"id": "PMID:339864", "title": "Aspergillus fumigatus epidural abscess in a renal transplant recipient.", "content": "An epidural abscess caused by Aspergillus fumigatus occurred in a recipient of a cadaveric, renal allograft. The patient had persistent back pain and a peripheral neuropathy that involved the lower extremities. Signs of spinal cord compression evolved. No definite portal of entry was found. Diagnosis was made by histologic examination and culture of a biopsy specimen. Therapy, consisting of aggressive surgical debridement, intravenous amphotericin B, and oral flucytosine was unsuccessful in eradicating the organism. At postmortem examination, Aspergillus was identified at the abscess site. To our knowledge, aspergillosis presenting as an epidural abscess in the immunosuppressed, renal transplant recipient has not previously been reported and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of back pain and peripheral neuropathy in such a patient.", "contents": "Aspergillus fumigatus epidural abscess in a renal transplant recipient. An epidural abscess caused by Aspergillus fumigatus occurred in a recipient of a cadaveric, renal allograft. The patient had persistent back pain and a peripheral neuropathy that involved the lower extremities. Signs of spinal cord compression evolved. No definite portal of entry was found. Diagnosis was made by histologic examination and culture of a biopsy specimen. Therapy, consisting of aggressive surgical debridement, intravenous amphotericin B, and oral flucytosine was unsuccessful in eradicating the organism. At postmortem examination, Aspergillus was identified at the abscess site. To our knowledge, aspergillosis presenting as an epidural abscess in the immunosuppressed, renal transplant recipient has not previously been reported and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of back pain and peripheral neuropathy in such a patient."}
{"id": "PMID:339865", "title": "Ticrynafen: a novel uricosuric antihypertensive natriuretic agent.", "content": "Interest in new diuretics with less side effects has led to the synthesis of ticrynafen, an uricosuric diuretic. This agent was compared with hydrochlorothiazide in a crossover design study involving 12 hypertensive men. Both agents significantly decreased mean arterial pressure from 8% to 18% in eight of the 12 patients. In addition to reducing body weight, these diuretics induced reversible changes in BUN and carbon dioxide content (increased) and plasma concentration of potassium and chloride ions (decreased). The most important change in renal function was a 2.5-fold increase in fractional urate clearance by ticrynafen associated with reduction of serum uric acid by 62%. Thus, ticrynafen is a promising therapeutic agent in hypertension, adding a unique uricosuric effect that should improve patient compliance.", "contents": "Ticrynafen: a novel uricosuric antihypertensive natriuretic agent. Interest in new diuretics with less side effects has led to the synthesis of ticrynafen, an uricosuric diuretic. This agent was compared with hydrochlorothiazide in a crossover design study involving 12 hypertensive men. Both agents significantly decreased mean arterial pressure from 8% to 18% in eight of the 12 patients. In addition to reducing body weight, these diuretics induced reversible changes in BUN and carbon dioxide content (increased) and plasma concentration of potassium and chloride ions (decreased). The most important change in renal function was a 2.5-fold increase in fractional urate clearance by ticrynafen associated with reduction of serum uric acid by 62%. Thus, ticrynafen is a promising therapeutic agent in hypertension, adding a unique uricosuric effect that should improve patient compliance."}
{"id": "PMID:339866", "title": "Listeria cerebritis: relapse of infection in renal transplant patients.", "content": "In 3 cases of Listeria cerebritis, two of the patients had relapse with cerebritis after antimicrobial therapy for acute Listeria septicemia or meningitis. Each had received ten to 14 days of intravenous penicillin. Relapse occurred with fever and sudden focal cerebral dysfunction. Brain scans showed focal uptake; arteriograms and computerized tomography were normal. Cerebrospinal fluids were nondiagnostic; blood cultures yielded Listeria in two patients. Penicillin treatment for six weeks produced rapid clinical responses that were complete in one and minimal residual in two. Progress brain scans were normal. A relapse rate of 35% is reported in transplant patients with Listeria meningitis and/or bacteremia who are treated for less than three weeks; to our knowledge, cerebritis in such patients has not been reported previously. High-dose penicillin or ampicillin therapy for four to six weeks is recommended for Listeria infections in this select group.", "contents": "Listeria cerebritis: relapse of infection in renal transplant patients. In 3 cases of Listeria cerebritis, two of the patients had relapse with cerebritis after antimicrobial therapy for acute Listeria septicemia or meningitis. Each had received ten to 14 days of intravenous penicillin. Relapse occurred with fever and sudden focal cerebral dysfunction. Brain scans showed focal uptake; arteriograms and computerized tomography were normal. Cerebrospinal fluids were nondiagnostic; blood cultures yielded Listeria in two patients. Penicillin treatment for six weeks produced rapid clinical responses that were complete in one and minimal residual in two. Progress brain scans were normal. A relapse rate of 35% is reported in transplant patients with Listeria meningitis and/or bacteremia who are treated for less than three weeks; to our knowledge, cerebritis in such patients has not been reported previously. High-dose penicillin or ampicillin therapy for four to six weeks is recommended for Listeria infections in this select group."}
{"id": "PMID:339867", "title": "Cellular content of the Krebs cycle keto acids in yeasts grown on different nitrogen sources, including hydroxylamine.", "content": "The cellular pool of Krebs cycle keto acids was followed as a function of growth in three yeasts. The keto acids were analyzed as silylated methoximes by quantitative gas chromatography with capillary glass columns. The 2-oxoglutaric acid content was strikingly high in the hydroxylamine (HA)-tolerant, HA-utilizing Endomycopsis lipolytica when compared to that in the nitrate-utilizing yeast Cryptococcus albidus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, requiring fully reduced nitrogen for growth. The content of E. lipolytica increased throughout the log phase to maxima of about 200-250 microgram per g dry weight in HA and ammonia media. These amounts are 20-25 times greater than those attained in the two other yeasts. The cellular content of pyruvic acid was at a maximum early in the log phase, amounting to 50-70 microgram per g dry weight for all yeasts. The oxalacetic acid content never exceeded 9 microgram per g dry weight in any of the yeasts. Oximeformation, for which keto acid production is a prerequisite, is discussed as part of the HA-tolerance.", "contents": "Cellular content of the Krebs cycle keto acids in yeasts grown on different nitrogen sources, including hydroxylamine. The cellular pool of Krebs cycle keto acids was followed as a function of growth in three yeasts. The keto acids were analyzed as silylated methoximes by quantitative gas chromatography with capillary glass columns. The 2-oxoglutaric acid content was strikingly high in the hydroxylamine (HA)-tolerant, HA-utilizing Endomycopsis lipolytica when compared to that in the nitrate-utilizing yeast Cryptococcus albidus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, requiring fully reduced nitrogen for growth. The content of E. lipolytica increased throughout the log phase to maxima of about 200-250 microgram per g dry weight in HA and ammonia media. These amounts are 20-25 times greater than those attained in the two other yeasts. The cellular content of pyruvic acid was at a maximum early in the log phase, amounting to 50-70 microgram per g dry weight for all yeasts. The oxalacetic acid content never exceeded 9 microgram per g dry weight in any of the yeasts. Oximeformation, for which keto acid production is a prerequisite, is discussed as part of the HA-tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:339869", "title": "Physostigmine in mania.", "content": "Seven men and one woman with primary affective disorder, mania, were given a slow intravenous infusion of physostigmine salicylate. In six patients, mood and thought content changed from mania toward depression as evaluated by either a visual analog mood scale or the Pettersen scale. Two other patients, who were the only predominantly irritable manics in the study, demonstrated little change in their hostility, although one became somewhat depressed. These findings are consistent with earlier reports of suppression of manic symptoms after physostigmine infusion in some but not all patients with mania. The pharmacologic mechanism of physostigmine reversal of manic symptoms may be the direct result of increased cholinergic activity or a result of the effect of increased cholinergic activity on other brain neurotransmitters.", "contents": "Physostigmine in mania. Seven men and one woman with primary affective disorder, mania, were given a slow intravenous infusion of physostigmine salicylate. In six patients, mood and thought content changed from mania toward depression as evaluated by either a visual analog mood scale or the Pettersen scale. Two other patients, who were the only predominantly irritable manics in the study, demonstrated little change in their hostility, although one became somewhat depressed. These findings are consistent with earlier reports of suppression of manic symptoms after physostigmine infusion in some but not all patients with mania. The pharmacologic mechanism of physostigmine reversal of manic symptoms may be the direct result of increased cholinergic activity or a result of the effect of increased cholinergic activity on other brain neurotransmitters."}
{"id": "PMID:339870", "title": "Open circulation in the human spleen, Dissection scanning electron microscopy of conductive-stained tissue and observation of resin vascular casts.", "content": "Human spleen specimens conductive-stained by the tannin-osmium method were microdissected under the scanning electron microscope and it was revealed that arteries open through one or two end-pores (3-4 mu in diameter) into the reticular cell meshes in the Billroth cord and in the perifollicular area. The endothelial cells lining the arterial terminal portion, which may be swollen into a saccular space, are perforated intracellularly. Dumb-bell shaped erythrocytes are seen passing through these side-pores (1-2 mu in diameter). The termination of arteries not in sinuses but in the cordal reticulum was also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy of blood vascular casts of methacrylate resin. These findings evidence that the \"open\" theory is valid in the human spleen.", "contents": "Open circulation in the human spleen, Dissection scanning electron microscopy of conductive-stained tissue and observation of resin vascular casts. Human spleen specimens conductive-stained by the tannin-osmium method were microdissected under the scanning electron microscope and it was revealed that arteries open through one or two end-pores (3-4 mu in diameter) into the reticular cell meshes in the Billroth cord and in the perifollicular area. The endothelial cells lining the arterial terminal portion, which may be swollen into a saccular space, are perforated intracellularly. Dumb-bell shaped erythrocytes are seen passing through these side-pores (1-2 mu in diameter). The termination of arteries not in sinuses but in the cordal reticulum was also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy of blood vascular casts of methacrylate resin. These findings evidence that the \"open\" theory is valid in the human spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:339871", "title": "Induction of lymphokines by tilorone.", "content": "Serum obtained 16 hr after p.o. application of tilorone [2, 7-bis/2-diethylaminoethoxy/-fluoren-9-one dihydrochloride] to ABD2F1 mice demonstrated both interferon and migration inhibitory (MIF) activity. Kinetic studies showed a close correspondence between interferon and MIF serum levels. The physiochemical characteristics of tilorone-induced MIF (heat and pH lability, molecular size) are compared with those of MIF generated in in vitro lymphocyte cultures. The findings are discussed in relation to production of lymphocytogenic lymphokines.", "contents": "Induction of lymphokines by tilorone. Serum obtained 16 hr after p.o. application of tilorone [2, 7-bis/2-diethylaminoethoxy/-fluoren-9-one dihydrochloride] to ABD2F1 mice demonstrated both interferon and migration inhibitory (MIF) activity. Kinetic studies showed a close correspondence between interferon and MIF serum levels. The physiochemical characteristics of tilorone-induced MIF (heat and pH lability, molecular size) are compared with those of MIF generated in in vitro lymphocyte cultures. The findings are discussed in relation to production of lymphocytogenic lymphokines."}
{"id": "PMID:339872", "title": "Xeroderma pigmentosum: recent studies on the DNA repair defects.", "content": "Xeroderma pigmentosum is a recessive autosomal disease of humans that is characterized by a high prevalence of skin cancers. Results of studies on cells from such patients indicate a defect in the repair of DNA damage associated with exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Since this observation was reported, a large amount of information on this disease has accumulated in the literature.", "contents": "Xeroderma pigmentosum: recent studies on the DNA repair defects. Xeroderma pigmentosum is a recessive autosomal disease of humans that is characterized by a high prevalence of skin cancers. Results of studies on cells from such patients indicate a defect in the repair of DNA damage associated with exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Since this observation was reported, a large amount of information on this disease has accumulated in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:339873", "title": "Diagnostic electron microscopy of head and neck tumors.", "content": "One hundred sixty-one neoplasms from the region of the head and neck were studied by electron microscopy to define (1) subcellular structures important of essential to diagnosis, and (2) the application and/or limitations of fresh, formaldehyde-fixed, and paraffin-blocked tissues for diagnostic use. It was concluded that electron microscopical identification of specific cytoplasmic structures was helpful in the diagnosis of head and neck neoplasms, especially those that were equivocal at the light microscopical level. Although electron microscopy could permit a more accurate classification of neoplasms in many cases, it was of little value in separating benign from malignant lesions. It was also concluded that formaldehyde-fixed tissue was a reliable source of material for these studies. Paraffin-embedded tissue was much more limited.", "contents": "Diagnostic electron microscopy of head and neck tumors. One hundred sixty-one neoplasms from the region of the head and neck were studied by electron microscopy to define (1) subcellular structures important of essential to diagnosis, and (2) the application and/or limitations of fresh, formaldehyde-fixed, and paraffin-blocked tissues for diagnostic use. It was concluded that electron microscopical identification of specific cytoplasmic structures was helpful in the diagnosis of head and neck neoplasms, especially those that were equivocal at the light microscopical level. Although electron microscopy could permit a more accurate classification of neoplasms in many cases, it was of little value in separating benign from malignant lesions. It was also concluded that formaldehyde-fixed tissue was a reliable source of material for these studies. Paraffin-embedded tissue was much more limited."}
{"id": "PMID:339874", "title": "Neurotransmitters in spinal cord injury.", "content": "The authors report the distribution of acetylcholinesterase activity and catecholamine fluorescence in the intact and completely transected rat spinal cord. The catecholamine terminals were scarce in the posterior horn and abundant in the intermediale and anterior horn regions. In the thoracic region, intense amine fluorescence was seen in the intermediolateral cell column. Spinal transection resulted in the enhancement of fluorescence above the lesion and disappearance below the lesion within seven days. The cholinesterase activity in the controls was found mostly in the anterior horn region and the tip of the posterior horn. Following transection, there was no significant change in the distribution of this enzyme. These changes correlated with the appearance of spasticity.", "contents": "Neurotransmitters in spinal cord injury. The authors report the distribution of acetylcholinesterase activity and catecholamine fluorescence in the intact and completely transected rat spinal cord. The catecholamine terminals were scarce in the posterior horn and abundant in the intermediale and anterior horn regions. In the thoracic region, intense amine fluorescence was seen in the intermediolateral cell column. Spinal transection resulted in the enhancement of fluorescence above the lesion and disappearance below the lesion within seven days. The cholinesterase activity in the controls was found mostly in the anterior horn region and the tip of the posterior horn. Following transection, there was no significant change in the distribution of this enzyme. These changes correlated with the appearance of spasticity."}
{"id": "PMID:339875", "title": "[Body proportions in sculpture and painting. An anthropometric and historical essay (author's transl)].", "content": "Taking anthropometric mean values of the European population as a standard, we examined some proportions in representative sculptural and pictorial works of art. We established that the classical antique sculptures and those of Michelangelo and his school conform very closely to the European norm. Mid-Italian wooden crucifixes of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and early medieval European paintings of the Corpus Christi, on the other hand, display quite different proportions: exaggerated length of forearms, or torsos that are stunted in relationship to the legs. Proportions similar to these can be found in the art of the New Kingdom of the Egyptians, reflecting the physique of the Nubian population. We discussed the extent to which an artistic proportion is conditioned by style, imitation, racial aesthetic ideals, or anatomy of the ambient population.", "contents": "[Body proportions in sculpture and painting. An anthropometric and historical essay (author's transl)]. Taking anthropometric mean values of the European population as a standard, we examined some proportions in representative sculptural and pictorial works of art. We established that the classical antique sculptures and those of Michelangelo and his school conform very closely to the European norm. Mid-Italian wooden crucifixes of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and early medieval European paintings of the Corpus Christi, on the other hand, display quite different proportions: exaggerated length of forearms, or torsos that are stunted in relationship to the legs. Proportions similar to these can be found in the art of the New Kingdom of the Egyptians, reflecting the physique of the Nubian population. We discussed the extent to which an artistic proportion is conditioned by style, imitation, racial aesthetic ideals, or anatomy of the ambient population."}
{"id": "PMID:339877", "title": "Colorectal complications of renal allograft transplantation.", "content": "The occurrence of perforated sigmoid diverticulitis in a renal transplant recipient stimulated a review of colorectal complications in renal allograft recipients. One hundred twenty-five renal transplantations were performed in 113 patients between January 1968 and December 1975. Six patients (5%) were identified as having colorectal complications and five of these patients died as a direct result. Chart analysis of these 113 transplant recipients identified 55 patients as having undergone colonic evaluation (contrast enema, postmortem examination), with seven of these 55 (13%) found to have diverticulosis and major colonic complications eventually developing in four of these seven. Since the mortality from the complications of colorectal diseases in immunosuppressed patients is so prohibitive, in patients with diverticulosis and a previous history suggestive of diverticulitis, consideration should be given to exclusion from transplantation or elective segmental colectomy prior to transplantation.", "contents": "Colorectal complications of renal allograft transplantation. The occurrence of perforated sigmoid diverticulitis in a renal transplant recipient stimulated a review of colorectal complications in renal allograft recipients. One hundred twenty-five renal transplantations were performed in 113 patients between January 1968 and December 1975. Six patients (5%) were identified as having colorectal complications and five of these patients died as a direct result. Chart analysis of these 113 transplant recipients identified 55 patients as having undergone colonic evaluation (contrast enema, postmortem examination), with seven of these 55 (13%) found to have diverticulosis and major colonic complications eventually developing in four of these seven. Since the mortality from the complications of colorectal diseases in immunosuppressed patients is so prohibitive, in patients with diverticulosis and a previous history suggestive of diverticulitis, consideration should be given to exclusion from transplantation or elective segmental colectomy prior to transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:339878", "title": "Listeria infection in transplant patients. Five cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "We report five cases of Listeria monocytogenes infection in renal transplant patients at the University of Minnesota and compare them to 15 additional patients reported on in the United States literature. All patients were noted to have fever, malaise, and nonspecific symptoms of infection. There were no consistent diagnostic laboratory findings except for positive bacteriologic studies. Successful treatment consisted of intravenous penicillin G potassium in most cases (ampicillin sodium was required in two patients). Mortality was low, with only one patient of the 20 (and no Minnesota patients) dying of listeriosis. The time interval from transplant to infection was definitively longer in the Minnesota patients; this may be due to the routine use of sulfisoxazole following renal transplantation. Listeria infection, though mild itself, may herald other infectious processes in the immunoincompetent host.", "contents": "Listeria infection in transplant patients. Five cases and a review of the literature. We report five cases of Listeria monocytogenes infection in renal transplant patients at the University of Minnesota and compare them to 15 additional patients reported on in the United States literature. All patients were noted to have fever, malaise, and nonspecific symptoms of infection. There were no consistent diagnostic laboratory findings except for positive bacteriologic studies. Successful treatment consisted of intravenous penicillin G potassium in most cases (ampicillin sodium was required in two patients). Mortality was low, with only one patient of the 20 (and no Minnesota patients) dying of listeriosis. The time interval from transplant to infection was definitively longer in the Minnesota patients; this may be due to the routine use of sulfisoxazole following renal transplantation. Listeria infection, though mild itself, may herald other infectious processes in the immunoincompetent host."}
{"id": "PMID:339879", "title": "[Estimation of the molecular weight of the matrix protein of insect baculovirus inclusion bodies (author's transl)].", "content": "The proteinaceous matrix of 23 insect Baculovirus inclusions consists of a single polypeptide of molecular weight varying from 25,100 to 31,360 daltons depending upon the virus and in correlation wwith taxonomic position of the host.", "contents": "[Estimation of the molecular weight of the matrix protein of insect baculovirus inclusion bodies (author's transl)]. The proteinaceous matrix of 23 insect Baculovirus inclusions consists of a single polypeptide of molecular weight varying from 25,100 to 31,360 daltons depending upon the virus and in correlation wwith taxonomic position of the host."}
{"id": "PMID:339884", "title": "[Experimental investigation on non-specific foreign body sarcoma induction of Al2O3-ceramic implants (author's transl)].", "content": "This investigation presents experimental results on possible non-specific foreign body sarcoma induction by Al2O3-ceramic implants. Solid and porous discs, subcutaneously implanted in rats produce a sarcoma rate of 17.4 resp. 17.8 p.c. while roughly perforated discs initiate sarcomas at a rate of 25.4 p.c. These values were found to be lower than comparative values in the literature produced with different metals and medical grade plastics. Powdered alumina implants did not produce any sarcomas. Only this latter result can mainly be transferred into prognostic assumptions concerning the clinical application of Al2O3-ceramic. The results are discussed extensively in the lights of the existing literature, this indicating that the tested ceramic itself may not possess a significant sarcogenetic potency in humans.", "contents": "[Experimental investigation on non-specific foreign body sarcoma induction of Al2O3-ceramic implants (author's transl)]. This investigation presents experimental results on possible non-specific foreign body sarcoma induction by Al2O3-ceramic implants. Solid and porous discs, subcutaneously implanted in rats produce a sarcoma rate of 17.4 resp. 17.8 p.c. while roughly perforated discs initiate sarcomas at a rate of 25.4 p.c. These values were found to be lower than comparative values in the literature produced with different metals and medical grade plastics. Powdered alumina implants did not produce any sarcomas. Only this latter result can mainly be transferred into prognostic assumptions concerning the clinical application of Al2O3-ceramic. The results are discussed extensively in the lights of the existing literature, this indicating that the tested ceramic itself may not possess a significant sarcogenetic potency in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:339885", "title": "[The technic of fibrin glue in cancellous bone transplants (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper deals with the clinical experience in the use of a biological adhesive system in conjunction with bone transplants to close large bone defects. The gluing technique has been exactly described, 11 patients with a follow-up between 9 and 21 months are being presented. The application of this system which consists of highly concentrated native fibronogen, thrombin, and clotting factor XIII results in an acceleration of homogenous incorporation of the implants. No deterioration of wound healing occurred. The advantages of this method are: exact local hemostasis, adhesive strength, and plasticity.", "contents": "[The technic of fibrin glue in cancellous bone transplants (author's transl)]. The paper deals with the clinical experience in the use of a biological adhesive system in conjunction with bone transplants to close large bone defects. The gluing technique has been exactly described, 11 patients with a follow-up between 9 and 21 months are being presented. The application of this system which consists of highly concentrated native fibronogen, thrombin, and clotting factor XIII results in an acceleration of homogenous incorporation of the implants. No deterioration of wound healing occurred. The advantages of this method are: exact local hemostasis, adhesive strength, and plasticity."}
{"id": "PMID:339886", "title": "Floor of mouth reconstruction with free dorsalis pedis flap.", "content": "Inadequate function frequently follows extensive obliterative surgery in the oral cavity. Extra tissue will allow closure and reconstruction of the defect with improvement of oral competency. We describe a method wherein a free dorsalis pedis arterialized flap is used for closure of intraoral defects. This method has the following advantages: (1) The flap may be raised while the extirpative portion of the procedure is in progress. (2) There is no need for prior delays of the flap. (3) The skin of the dorsalis pedia area is thinner than that of other flap ares, allowing the flap to be twisted along several planes. (4) A second procedure is not needed to return the base of the \"flap pedicle.\" (5) The time of operation was not found to be greater than that in cases in which a forehead or deltopectoral flap was used.", "contents": "Floor of mouth reconstruction with free dorsalis pedis flap. Inadequate function frequently follows extensive obliterative surgery in the oral cavity. Extra tissue will allow closure and reconstruction of the defect with improvement of oral competency. We describe a method wherein a free dorsalis pedis arterialized flap is used for closure of intraoral defects. This method has the following advantages: (1) The flap may be raised while the extirpative portion of the procedure is in progress. (2) There is no need for prior delays of the flap. (3) The skin of the dorsalis pedia area is thinner than that of other flap ares, allowing the flap to be twisted along several planes. (4) A second procedure is not needed to return the base of the \"flap pedicle.\" (5) The time of operation was not found to be greater than that in cases in which a forehead or deltopectoral flap was used."}
{"id": "PMID:339891", "title": "The potential of an educational computer in medical education.", "content": "The use of an educational computer for a medical course is reviewed. It is of value for assessment, small group teaching, self-instruction, and continuing medical education. It is particularly useful for patient management problems.", "contents": "The potential of an educational computer in medical education. The use of an educational computer for a medical course is reviewed. It is of value for assessment, small group teaching, self-instruction, and continuing medical education. It is particularly useful for patient management problems."}
{"id": "PMID:339908", "title": "Calcium ion-dependent diacylglycerol accumulation in erythrocytes is associated with microvesiculation but not with efflux of potassium ions.", "content": "Erythrocytes from several different species were exposed to Ca2+ and the bivalent-cation ionophore A23187. The lipid composition, morphology and K+ permeability of the treated cells were investigated. Erythrocytes from human, rat, guinea pig and rabbit (a) showed an increased concentration of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol and enhanced labelling of phosphatidate with 32P, (b) underwent echinocytosis and outward vesiculation, and (c) rapidly released much of their intracellular K+. Pig cells showed only the K+ loss, and ox and sheep (high-K+) cells showed none of these Ca2+-evoked effects. All of the cells underwent stomatocytosis and inward vesiculation when treated externally with Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C. These results support the idea that there is a correlation between the asymmetric insertion of diacylglycerol (or ceramide) into the membrane and the shape-changes leading to microvesiculation, but they indicate that Ca2+-triggered K+ efflux and diacylglycerol production are unrelated events. Erythrocytes of chicken and turkey showed no Ca2+-stimulated K+ efflux. They showed slight ionophore A23187-stimulated vesiculation, but this appeared to be associated with the appearance in the membrane of ceramide rather than of diacylglycerol. Phospholipase C treatment caused very similar changes in morphology and phosphatidate labelling to those seen in mammalian erythrocytes.", "contents": "Calcium ion-dependent diacylglycerol accumulation in erythrocytes is associated with microvesiculation but not with efflux of potassium ions. Erythrocytes from several different species were exposed to Ca2+ and the bivalent-cation ionophore A23187. The lipid composition, morphology and K+ permeability of the treated cells were investigated. Erythrocytes from human, rat, guinea pig and rabbit (a) showed an increased concentration of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol and enhanced labelling of phosphatidate with 32P, (b) underwent echinocytosis and outward vesiculation, and (c) rapidly released much of their intracellular K+. Pig cells showed only the K+ loss, and ox and sheep (high-K+) cells showed none of these Ca2+-evoked effects. All of the cells underwent stomatocytosis and inward vesiculation when treated externally with Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C. These results support the idea that there is a correlation between the asymmetric insertion of diacylglycerol (or ceramide) into the membrane and the shape-changes leading to microvesiculation, but they indicate that Ca2+-triggered K+ efflux and diacylglycerol production are unrelated events. Erythrocytes of chicken and turkey showed no Ca2+-stimulated K+ efflux. They showed slight ionophore A23187-stimulated vesiculation, but this appeared to be associated with the appearance in the membrane of ceramide rather than of diacylglycerol. Phospholipase C treatment caused very similar changes in morphology and phosphatidate labelling to those seen in mammalian erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:339909", "title": "The effects of altered sterol composition on the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "1. The membrane sterol composition of mitochondria of the ole-3 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was manipulated by growing the organism in the presence of Tween 80 (1%, W/V) plus defined supplements o- delta-aminolaevulinate. 2. Changes in mitochondrial sterol content induced considerable changes in the adenine nucleotide transporter. 3. As the sterol content was decreased, the affinity of the transporter for ATP did not alter significantly, but the rate of ATP uptake was greatly decreased, the total number of atractylate-sensitive binding sites diminished, and the proportion of high-affinity binding sites was decreased. 4. Since sterol depletion also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation [Astin & Haslam (1977) Biochem. J., 166, 287-298] and prevents the intramitochondrial generation of ATP, the decrease in the rate of ATP uptake by sterol-depleted mitochondria will cause a decrease in intramitochondrial ATP concentrations in vivo. This probably explains the inhibition of mitochondrial macromolecular synthesis that has previously been reported in lipid-depleted yeast mitochondria.", "contents": "The effects of altered sterol composition on the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1. The membrane sterol composition of mitochondria of the ole-3 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was manipulated by growing the organism in the presence of Tween 80 (1%, W/V) plus defined supplements o- delta-aminolaevulinate. 2. Changes in mitochondrial sterol content induced considerable changes in the adenine nucleotide transporter. 3. As the sterol content was decreased, the affinity of the transporter for ATP did not alter significantly, but the rate of ATP uptake was greatly decreased, the total number of atractylate-sensitive binding sites diminished, and the proportion of high-affinity binding sites was decreased. 4. Since sterol depletion also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation [Astin & Haslam (1977) Biochem. J., 166, 287-298] and prevents the intramitochondrial generation of ATP, the decrease in the rate of ATP uptake by sterol-depleted mitochondria will cause a decrease in intramitochondrial ATP concentrations in vivo. This probably explains the inhibition of mitochondrial macromolecular synthesis that has previously been reported in lipid-depleted yeast mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:339910", "title": "The effect of 1,4-diaminobutanone on the stability of ornithine decarboxylase from Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "1,4-Diaminobutanone, a competitive inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase in Aspergillus nidulans, is able to increase the half-life of this enzyme and thus stimulate an increase in its activity in vivo. It also protects ornithine decarboxylase against proteolysis by chymotrypsin in vitro.", "contents": "The effect of 1,4-diaminobutanone on the stability of ornithine decarboxylase from Aspergillus nidulans. 1,4-Diaminobutanone, a competitive inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase in Aspergillus nidulans, is able to increase the half-life of this enzyme and thus stimulate an increase in its activity in vivo. It also protects ornithine decarboxylase against proteolysis by chymotrypsin in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:339911", "title": "Hexokinase and glucose-phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes strains growing in continuous culture.", "content": "Considerable differences in steady-state hexokinase specific activity were found in 16 N.C.I.B. strains of Klebsiella aerogenes grown in identical conditions in glucose-limited chemostats. Strains of N.C.I.B. 8258 had no detectable activity, but its glucose-phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase specific activity and that of the other strains were closely similar, and it is concluded that this phosphotransferase activity regulates the overall utilization of glucose, in which hexokinase plays no essential role. The hexokinase activity was subject to regulation by the availability of phosphorus, but this did not affect the glucose phosphotransferase activity. tlactose-grown organisms (including strain N.C.I.B. 8258) had no glucose phosphotransferase activity, but more than adequate hexokinase activity to phosphorylate the intracellularly liberated glucose.", "contents": "Hexokinase and glucose-phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes strains growing in continuous culture. Considerable differences in steady-state hexokinase specific activity were found in 16 N.C.I.B. strains of Klebsiella aerogenes grown in identical conditions in glucose-limited chemostats. Strains of N.C.I.B. 8258 had no detectable activity, but its glucose-phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase specific activity and that of the other strains were closely similar, and it is concluded that this phosphotransferase activity regulates the overall utilization of glucose, in which hexokinase plays no essential role. The hexokinase activity was subject to regulation by the availability of phosphorus, but this did not affect the glucose phosphotransferase activity. tlactose-grown organisms (including strain N.C.I.B. 8258) had no glucose phosphotransferase activity, but more than adequate hexokinase activity to phosphorylate the intracellularly liberated glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:339912", "title": "Nitrogenase of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Distinction between proton-reducing and acetylene-reducing forms of the enzyme: effect of temperature and component protein ratio on substrate-reduction kinetics.", "content": "Non-linear rates of acetylene reduction and concomitant H2 evolution were observed for the nitrogenase of Klebsiella pneumoniae at 10 degrees C. A lag phase of 1-4 min, dependent on the ratio of Mo-Fe protein to Fe protein present, occurred before linear rates of acetylene reduction were achieved. A complementary burst phase for concomitant H2 evolution in the presence of acetylene was also observed. When the proton was the only reducible substrate present, linear rates of H2 evolution were observed. N2 was a poor substrate under these conditions. Similar lag and burst phases occurred at 30 degrees C, but only when a large molar excess of Mo-Fe protein with respect to Fe protein was present. The results at 10 degrees C show that the binding of acetylene to the enzyme stimulates electron flow, but that these electrons, which initially reduce protons, can only reduce acetylene after a lag phase that cannot be accommodated in the turnover time calculated under steady-state conditions.", "contents": "Nitrogenase of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Distinction between proton-reducing and acetylene-reducing forms of the enzyme: effect of temperature and component protein ratio on substrate-reduction kinetics. Non-linear rates of acetylene reduction and concomitant H2 evolution were observed for the nitrogenase of Klebsiella pneumoniae at 10 degrees C. A lag phase of 1-4 min, dependent on the ratio of Mo-Fe protein to Fe protein present, occurred before linear rates of acetylene reduction were achieved. A complementary burst phase for concomitant H2 evolution in the presence of acetylene was also observed. When the proton was the only reducible substrate present, linear rates of H2 evolution were observed. N2 was a poor substrate under these conditions. Similar lag and burst phases occurred at 30 degrees C, but only when a large molar excess of Mo-Fe protein with respect to Fe protein was present. The results at 10 degrees C show that the binding of acetylene to the enzyme stimulates electron flow, but that these electrons, which initially reduce protons, can only reduce acetylene after a lag phase that cannot be accommodated in the turnover time calculated under steady-state conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:339917", "title": "Non-histone chromosomal proteins: their role in the regulation of histone-gene expression.", "content": "Histone-gene expression was studied during the cell cycle of continuously dividing HeLa S3 cells and after stimulation of confluent monolayers of WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts to proliferate. The presence of histone-mRNA sequences was assayed by hybridization to a 3H-labelled single-stranded DNA complementary to histone-mRNA molecules. In HeLa S3 cells histone mRNA sequences were found in the nucleus and associated with polyribosomes during S-phase, but not during G1-phase. Transcripts of S-phase chromatin contained histone-mRNA sequences, but those of G1-phase chromatin did not. Similarly, in WI-38 cells association of histone-mRNA sequences with polyribosomes and transcription of histone-mRNA sequences from chromatin parallel DNA replication. Taken together these results suggest that the regulation of histone-gene expression resides, at least in part, at the transcriptional level. Chromatin-reconstitution studies provide evidence that non-histone chromosomal proteins play a key role in activation of histone-gene transcription during the period of the cell cycle when DNA is replicated. Phosphate groups associated with the S-phase non-histone chromosomal proteins appear to be functionally involved in the control of histone-gene readout.", "contents": "Non-histone chromosomal proteins: their role in the regulation of histone-gene expression. Histone-gene expression was studied during the cell cycle of continuously dividing HeLa S3 cells and after stimulation of confluent monolayers of WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts to proliferate. The presence of histone-mRNA sequences was assayed by hybridization to a 3H-labelled single-stranded DNA complementary to histone-mRNA molecules. In HeLa S3 cells histone mRNA sequences were found in the nucleus and associated with polyribosomes during S-phase, but not during G1-phase. Transcripts of S-phase chromatin contained histone-mRNA sequences, but those of G1-phase chromatin did not. Similarly, in WI-38 cells association of histone-mRNA sequences with polyribosomes and transcription of histone-mRNA sequences from chromatin parallel DNA replication. Taken together these results suggest that the regulation of histone-gene expression resides, at least in part, at the transcriptional level. Chromatin-reconstitution studies provide evidence that non-histone chromosomal proteins play a key role in activation of histone-gene transcription during the period of the cell cycle when DNA is replicated. Phosphate groups associated with the S-phase non-histone chromosomal proteins appear to be functionally involved in the control of histone-gene readout."}
{"id": "PMID:339919", "title": "Injected amphibian oocytes: a living test tube for the study of eukaryotic gene transcription?", "content": "Somatic-cell nuclei injected in Xenopus laevis oocytes remain transcriptionally active for up to 4 weeks. The rate of RNA synthesis increases as the somatic-cell nuclei enlarge. The message activity of the RNA synthesized by the injected nuclei can be demonstrated, as new proteins are made a few days after injection of HeLa-cell nuclei. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that these proteins are coded for by the HeLa-cell genome and that they result from RNA synthesized within the oocytes in the course of several days. Furthermore gene expression by the somatic-cell nuclei is selective, since only a few gene products can be detected. The oocyte cytoplasm is able to reprogramme the injected nuclei in such a way that only genes of the type normally active in oocytes are expressed. We describe experiments which indicate that genes previously inactive in the somatic cells can be switched on by the oocyte cytoplasm. These experiments have involved the use of the frog somatic-cell nuclei injected into newt oocytes. In addition, we have also found that even purified DNA is transcribed when injected into the nucleus of Xenopus oocytes. The identification of the molecules presumed to regulate chromatin transcription has been hampered by the lack of a satisfactory experimental system for assaying the biological activity of purified macromolecules. Living oocytes injected with somatic-cell nuclei (or cloned DNA) may provide such a system, since these regulatory factors could be introduced by a second injection.", "contents": "Injected amphibian oocytes: a living test tube for the study of eukaryotic gene transcription? Somatic-cell nuclei injected in Xenopus laevis oocytes remain transcriptionally active for up to 4 weeks. The rate of RNA synthesis increases as the somatic-cell nuclei enlarge. The message activity of the RNA synthesized by the injected nuclei can be demonstrated, as new proteins are made a few days after injection of HeLa-cell nuclei. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that these proteins are coded for by the HeLa-cell genome and that they result from RNA synthesized within the oocytes in the course of several days. Furthermore gene expression by the somatic-cell nuclei is selective, since only a few gene products can be detected. The oocyte cytoplasm is able to reprogramme the injected nuclei in such a way that only genes of the type normally active in oocytes are expressed. We describe experiments which indicate that genes previously inactive in the somatic cells can be switched on by the oocyte cytoplasm. These experiments have involved the use of the frog somatic-cell nuclei injected into newt oocytes. In addition, we have also found that even purified DNA is transcribed when injected into the nucleus of Xenopus oocytes. The identification of the molecules presumed to regulate chromatin transcription has been hampered by the lack of a satisfactory experimental system for assaying the biological activity of purified macromolecules. Living oocytes injected with somatic-cell nuclei (or cloned DNA) may provide such a system, since these regulatory factors could be introduced by a second injection."}
{"id": "PMID:339920", "title": "Mitosis and microtuble assembly.", "content": "Microtubules reconstituted in vitro are identical in helical structure with tubules making up the mitotic spindle and both are formed by a helical condensation-polymerization mechanism. The protomer of microtubules is a heterodimer (alphabeta), of mol.wt. 110000 and sedimentation coefficient, SO25,w, 6S. This dimer has one binding site for colchicine or podophyllotoxin, two sites for Vinca alkaloids, two sites for guanine nucleotides and Ca2+-binding sites. There is also a beta-chain phosphoserine. Modulation of these properties is discussed as a possible way of regulating the competence of tubulin to polymerize. Reconstituted microtubules depolymerize to a mixture of 30-36S oligomeric tubulin and 6S dimer molecules. The 30-36S tubulin appears as a ring or disc when made visible in the electron microscope by negative staining. Three pathways of microtubule assembly have been proposed involving this ring as an intermediate: (1) the uncoiling of these rings into protofilaments; (2) the stacking of rings into macrotubules; (3) the rings as a scaffold for the assembly of a short segment of microtubule helix. Finally, the regulation of mitosis is discussed in terms of recent studies of tubulin and its polymerization, and studies in vitro and in vivo of the process of mitotic-spindle formation and disassembly.", "contents": "Mitosis and microtuble assembly. Microtubules reconstituted in vitro are identical in helical structure with tubules making up the mitotic spindle and both are formed by a helical condensation-polymerization mechanism. The protomer of microtubules is a heterodimer (alphabeta), of mol.wt. 110000 and sedimentation coefficient, SO25,w, 6S. This dimer has one binding site for colchicine or podophyllotoxin, two sites for Vinca alkaloids, two sites for guanine nucleotides and Ca2+-binding sites. There is also a beta-chain phosphoserine. Modulation of these properties is discussed as a possible way of regulating the competence of tubulin to polymerize. Reconstituted microtubules depolymerize to a mixture of 30-36S oligomeric tubulin and 6S dimer molecules. The 30-36S tubulin appears as a ring or disc when made visible in the electron microscope by negative staining. Three pathways of microtubule assembly have been proposed involving this ring as an intermediate: (1) the uncoiling of these rings into protofilaments; (2) the stacking of rings into macrotubules; (3) the rings as a scaffold for the assembly of a short segment of microtubule helix. Finally, the regulation of mitosis is discussed in terms of recent studies of tubulin and its polymerization, and studies in vitro and in vivo of the process of mitotic-spindle formation and disassembly."}
{"id": "PMID:339921", "title": "The deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases of non-vertebrate eukaryotes.", "content": "DNA-dependent DNA polymerases have now been purified from a number of invertebrate animals, protists, higher plants and fungi. In this article we review the properties of these enzymes and compare them with the better-known enzymes of vertebrate animals and prokaryotes. Three facts emerge. Firstly, plants, protists and fungi contain high-molecular-weight DNA polymerases which may be capable of categorization into two groups on the basis of their properties in vitro. Secondly, no enzyme analogous to the vertebrate polymerase-beta has yet been found in such organisms, and thirdly, many of these enzymes possess associated exonuclease activities like those of the bacterial DNA polymerases. On the basis of these findings, some tentative proposals are made about the evolution of DNA polymerases.", "contents": "The deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases of non-vertebrate eukaryotes. DNA-dependent DNA polymerases have now been purified from a number of invertebrate animals, protists, higher plants and fungi. In this article we review the properties of these enzymes and compare them with the better-known enzymes of vertebrate animals and prokaryotes. Three facts emerge. Firstly, plants, protists and fungi contain high-molecular-weight DNA polymerases which may be capable of categorization into two groups on the basis of their properties in vitro. Secondly, no enzyme analogous to the vertebrate polymerase-beta has yet been found in such organisms, and thirdly, many of these enzymes possess associated exonuclease activities like those of the bacterial DNA polymerases. On the basis of these findings, some tentative proposals are made about the evolution of DNA polymerases."}
{"id": "PMID:339922", "title": "Eukaryotic deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerases: a critical assessment of current ideas concerning their multiplicity, specificity and function and their role in the regulation of gene expression.", "content": "Two comprehensive reviews of the eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases have appeared in recent years (Chambon, 1974, 1975). It would be difficult to justify a further survey of this area within so short a period unless it was felt that this subject might benefit from a review having a rather different emphasis. We have taken a hard look at three broad areas of the subject which directly involve the RNA polymerases: (i) the definition of multiple RNA polymerases; (ii) information concerning their specificity and function, and (iii) putative direct involvement of the polymerases in the control of gene expression. Some original data are included, but for the most part a critical analysis is presented of such information as is available and the dogma which has become established in this difficult area of research.", "contents": "Eukaryotic deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerases: a critical assessment of current ideas concerning their multiplicity, specificity and function and their role in the regulation of gene expression. Two comprehensive reviews of the eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases have appeared in recent years (Chambon, 1974, 1975). It would be difficult to justify a further survey of this area within so short a period unless it was felt that this subject might benefit from a review having a rather different emphasis. We have taken a hard look at three broad areas of the subject which directly involve the RNA polymerases: (i) the definition of multiple RNA polymerases; (ii) information concerning their specificity and function, and (iii) putative direct involvement of the polymerases in the control of gene expression. Some original data are included, but for the most part a critical analysis is presented of such information as is available and the dogma which has become established in this difficult area of research."}
{"id": "PMID:339923", "title": "An approach to the understanding of messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis, processing and regulation in eukaryotes.", "content": "Eukaryotic mRNA isolation is now relatively simple, and molecular probes allow analysis of gene number and specific gene expression by nucleic acid hybridization. Compelling evidence is accumulating for high-molecular-weight nuclear precursors of mRNA species, but little is known of their processing or detailed molecular structure. This should become clear when heterogeneous nuclear RNA molecules containing only one mRNA sequence are analysed.", "contents": "An approach to the understanding of messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis, processing and regulation in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic mRNA isolation is now relatively simple, and molecular probes allow analysis of gene number and specific gene expression by nucleic acid hybridization. Compelling evidence is accumulating for high-molecular-weight nuclear precursors of mRNA species, but little is known of their processing or detailed molecular structure. This should become clear when heterogeneous nuclear RNA molecules containing only one mRNA sequence are analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:339928", "title": "Drug resistance and plasmid mediated transfer of drug resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from various districts of the human organism. A possible relationship with the antimicrobial drug concentrations during therapy.", "content": "The study of the prevalence of drug resistances and of the frequency of R factors among resistant strains, in E. coli isolated respectively from the respiratory, intestinal and urinary tracts of patients, during 1976, has shown that the frequency of drug resistances is highest among E. coli strains isolated from the respiratory tract and lowest among the E. coli strains isolated from urines. The frequency of R factors, among resistant strains, follows an exactly opposite distribution. This behaviour could be related to the gradient of antimicrobial drug concentrations achieved in the various compartments during ordinary antimicrobial therapy.", "contents": "Drug resistance and plasmid mediated transfer of drug resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from various districts of the human organism. A possible relationship with the antimicrobial drug concentrations during therapy. The study of the prevalence of drug resistances and of the frequency of R factors among resistant strains, in E. coli isolated respectively from the respiratory, intestinal and urinary tracts of patients, during 1976, has shown that the frequency of drug resistances is highest among E. coli strains isolated from the respiratory tract and lowest among the E. coli strains isolated from urines. The frequency of R factors, among resistant strains, follows an exactly opposite distribution. This behaviour could be related to the gradient of antimicrobial drug concentrations achieved in the various compartments during ordinary antimicrobial therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:339929", "title": "[Purification and standardization of commercial fluorescein-containing antiserums].", "content": "A method for the improvement of commercial antisera that consist of ammonium sulfate precipitated gamma-globulins labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, is presented. By a simple desalting on Sephadex G25 followed by a DEAE-cellulose stepwise chromatography, it is easy to recover only the fluoresceinated immunoglobulins of optimal fluorescein/protein ratio. The aspecificities due to the other fluoresceinated (mainly albumin) and also to the hypo- and hyper-conjugated gamma-globulins are then avoided. Even if eventual defects as regards the intrinsic characteristics of the antisera are not modified by this process, the improvement obtained is stringent and particularly evident in the indirect immunofluorescent staining of tissue sections. In consideration of the excellent quantitative recovery, this simple procedure is recommended to people that use commercial reagents for studies that are beyond the qualitative limits of routine diagnostic immunofluorescent tests.", "contents": "[Purification and standardization of commercial fluorescein-containing antiserums]. A method for the improvement of commercial antisera that consist of ammonium sulfate precipitated gamma-globulins labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, is presented. By a simple desalting on Sephadex G25 followed by a DEAE-cellulose stepwise chromatography, it is easy to recover only the fluoresceinated immunoglobulins of optimal fluorescein/protein ratio. The aspecificities due to the other fluoresceinated (mainly albumin) and also to the hypo- and hyper-conjugated gamma-globulins are then avoided. Even if eventual defects as regards the intrinsic characteristics of the antisera are not modified by this process, the improvement obtained is stringent and particularly evident in the indirect immunofluorescent staining of tissue sections. In consideration of the excellent quantitative recovery, this simple procedure is recommended to people that use commercial reagents for studies that are beyond the qualitative limits of routine diagnostic immunofluorescent tests."}
{"id": "PMID:339926", "title": "[Urinary excresion of indican during recovery from malnutrition].", "content": "Most indican excreted in the urine comes from the degradation of tryptophan through the action of microorganisms dwelling within the intestinal lumen. Based on this  knowledge, the excretion of this compound was investigated during the recovery process of 19 malnourished infants; thus, attempts were made to recognize indirectly whether quantitative modifications take place in the intestinal flora as the state of nutrition is re-established. The results do not suggest the presence of an important variation of the bacterial content within the intestine of these children, at least during the first four weeks of their recovery.", "contents": "[Urinary excresion of indican during recovery from malnutrition]. Most indican excreted in the urine comes from the degradation of tryptophan through the action of microorganisms dwelling within the intestinal lumen. Based on this  knowledge, the excretion of this compound was investigated during the recovery process of 19 malnourished infants; thus, attempts were made to recognize indirectly whether quantitative modifications take place in the intestinal flora as the state of nutrition is re-established. The results do not suggest the presence of an important variation of the bacterial content within the intestine of these children, at least during the first four weeks of their recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:339927", "title": "[Current concepts on mucoviscidosis. Report of 2 cases].", "content": "The main aspects of the genetic cystic fibrosis, are reviewed; they are: incidence, pathophysiology, clinical signs and symptoms, treatment and prognosis. Emphasis is made on the infrequency of the diagnosis in Latin America. The pediatrician's attention is called in order to think in this possible diagnosis in cases of chronic pneumopathy with or without signs of poor intestinal absorption.", "contents": "[Current concepts on mucoviscidosis. Report of 2 cases]. The main aspects of the genetic cystic fibrosis, are reviewed; they are: incidence, pathophysiology, clinical signs and symptoms, treatment and prognosis. Emphasis is made on the infrequency of the diagnosis in Latin America. The pediatrician's attention is called in order to think in this possible diagnosis in cases of chronic pneumopathy with or without signs of poor intestinal absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:339932", "title": "Comparison of atenolol and oxprenolol in patients with angina or hypertension and co-existent chronic airways obstruction.", "content": "1 The effects of atenolol (50 mg and 100 mg) and oxprenolol (80 mg) on respiratory function were studied in ten patients with angina pectoris or hypertension complicated by chronic airways obstruction. 2 In patients with \"fixed\" airways obstruction, neither atenolol nor exprenolol significantly affected airways resistance. 3 In patients with \"labile\" airways obstruction, atenolol did not produce a significant increase in airways obstruction, whereas oxprenolol did. 4 Following isoprenaline challenge (1500 microgram by inhalation), atenolol permitted full bronchodilatation, whereas oxprenolol almost completely blocked the action of isoprenaline. 5 Partial agonist activity appears to be of less clinical importance than cardioselectivity.", "contents": "Comparison of atenolol and oxprenolol in patients with angina or hypertension and co-existent chronic airways obstruction. 1 The effects of atenolol (50 mg and 100 mg) and oxprenolol (80 mg) on respiratory function were studied in ten patients with angina pectoris or hypertension complicated by chronic airways obstruction. 2 In patients with \"fixed\" airways obstruction, neither atenolol nor exprenolol significantly affected airways resistance. 3 In patients with \"labile\" airways obstruction, atenolol did not produce a significant increase in airways obstruction, whereas oxprenolol did. 4 Following isoprenaline challenge (1500 microgram by inhalation), atenolol permitted full bronchodilatation, whereas oxprenolol almost completely blocked the action of isoprenaline. 5 Partial agonist activity appears to be of less clinical importance than cardioselectivity."}
{"id": "PMID:339933", "title": "The effects of atenolol and propranolol upon lipolysis.", "content": "1 The effects of selective and non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blockade upon plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations in the fasting state and following insulin stress have been studied in normal subjects. 2 Atenolol, propranolol and placebo were compared in a double-blind cross-over trial in eight normal subjects. 3 Atenolol and propranolol significantly lowered plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations by a similar degree in the fasting, non-stressed state. This finding suggests that beta1-adrenoceptors are involved in the control of basal lipolysis. 4 Following insulin-induced stress, lower plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were observed with propranolol than with atenolol. This difference may be due to beta2-adrenoceptor involvement in the stress mechanisms controlling lipolysis, or to the differences in the water-lipid solubility properties of these drugs.", "contents": "The effects of atenolol and propranolol upon lipolysis. 1 The effects of selective and non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blockade upon plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations in the fasting state and following insulin stress have been studied in normal subjects. 2 Atenolol, propranolol and placebo were compared in a double-blind cross-over trial in eight normal subjects. 3 Atenolol and propranolol significantly lowered plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations by a similar degree in the fasting, non-stressed state. This finding suggests that beta1-adrenoceptors are involved in the control of basal lipolysis. 4 Following insulin-induced stress, lower plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were observed with propranolol than with atenolol. This difference may be due to beta2-adrenoceptor involvement in the stress mechanisms controlling lipolysis, or to the differences in the water-lipid solubility properties of these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:339934", "title": "The metabolic effects of inhaled salbutamol.", "content": "1 The metabolic effects of salbutamol (5 mg) given by intermittent positive pressure breathing have been studied in eight patients with airflow obstruction. 2 No changes in plasma nonesterified fatty acids, triglyceride, glucose, insulin or cortisol were seen 1 and 4 h after administration. 3 It is concluded that inhaled salbutamol does not cause the unwanted metabolic effects reported with oral or parenteral administration, and that this is a further indication for this route of administration.", "contents": "The metabolic effects of inhaled salbutamol. 1 The metabolic effects of salbutamol (5 mg) given by intermittent positive pressure breathing have been studied in eight patients with airflow obstruction. 2 No changes in plasma nonesterified fatty acids, triglyceride, glucose, insulin or cortisol were seen 1 and 4 h after administration. 3 It is concluded that inhaled salbutamol does not cause the unwanted metabolic effects reported with oral or parenteral administration, and that this is a further indication for this route of administration."}
{"id": "PMID:339935", "title": "Amitriptyline- and mianserin-induced changes in acquisition of paired-association learning-task.", "content": "1 The double-blind study on twenty healthy students was an attempt at assessing the effects of 2-week's treatment with amitriptyline (25 mg three times a day) and mianserin (10 mg three times a day), each alone or separatively inbibed with alcohol (0.5 g/kg) on the immediate memory and on the acquisition of a paired-association learning-task. 2 Amitriptyline impaired both the short-term memory-span and acquisition, and alcohol potentiated these effects. The action of mianserin did not deviate significantly from that of the placebo, and it also failed to interact with alcohol. 3 It is concluded that the decrement in learning capacity, that occurs after the 2-week's treatment with therapeutic doses of amitriptyline, reflects changes in both the intrinsic and the regulatory mechanisms of learning.", "contents": "Amitriptyline- and mianserin-induced changes in acquisition of paired-association learning-task. 1 The double-blind study on twenty healthy students was an attempt at assessing the effects of 2-week's treatment with amitriptyline (25 mg three times a day) and mianserin (10 mg three times a day), each alone or separatively inbibed with alcohol (0.5 g/kg) on the immediate memory and on the acquisition of a paired-association learning-task. 2 Amitriptyline impaired both the short-term memory-span and acquisition, and alcohol potentiated these effects. The action of mianserin did not deviate significantly from that of the placebo, and it also failed to interact with alcohol. 3 It is concluded that the decrement in learning capacity, that occurs after the 2-week's treatment with therapeutic doses of amitriptyline, reflects changes in both the intrinsic and the regulatory mechanisms of learning."}
{"id": "PMID:339938", "title": "Non-immunological enhancement of tumour transplantability in x-irradiated host animals.", "content": "MSC-10 tumour cells (derived from a chemically induced pulmonary squamous-cell carcinoma in DBA/2 mice) were inoculated intramuscularly into thymectomized, X-irradiated isogeneic mice, either 48 h or 6 weeks after thymectomy and X-irradiation. Normal mice and immunologically reconstituted mice served as controls. A marked enhancement in frequency of tumour takes was observed in all groups of animals inoculated with tumour cells 48 h after whole:-body X-irradiation, whether thymectomized, immunologically reconstituted or not. The TD50 decreased to less than 1/10 of that observed in unirradiated controls. When mice were inoculated with tumour cells 6 weeks after X-irradiation, the incidence of tumour takes was similar to that of unirradiated controls, including the thymectomized-irradiated group, which was still severely immunodeficient as measured by antibody formation and skin graft rejection. The experiments indicate that whole-body X-irradiation creates a condition that favours tumour cell survival or growth. This \"permissive state\" exists only shortly after X-irradiation and is not correlated with the host's level of immunocompetence.", "contents": "Non-immunological enhancement of tumour transplantability in x-irradiated host animals. MSC-10 tumour cells (derived from a chemically induced pulmonary squamous-cell carcinoma in DBA/2 mice) were inoculated intramuscularly into thymectomized, X-irradiated isogeneic mice, either 48 h or 6 weeks after thymectomy and X-irradiation. Normal mice and immunologically reconstituted mice served as controls. A marked enhancement in frequency of tumour takes was observed in all groups of animals inoculated with tumour cells 48 h after whole:-body X-irradiation, whether thymectomized, immunologically reconstituted or not. The TD50 decreased to less than 1/10 of that observed in unirradiated controls. When mice were inoculated with tumour cells 6 weeks after X-irradiation, the incidence of tumour takes was similar to that of unirradiated controls, including the thymectomized-irradiated group, which was still severely immunodeficient as measured by antibody formation and skin graft rejection. The experiments indicate that whole-body X-irradiation creates a condition that favours tumour cell survival or growth. This \"permissive state\" exists only shortly after X-irradiation and is not correlated with the host's level of immunocompetence."}
{"id": "PMID:339939", "title": "Analysis of heteroantisera to cells from human malignant effusions by immunofluorescence and protein A binding.", "content": "Using cultured cells derived from human malignant effusions, hetero-antisera were raised in rabbits. The antisera were sequentially absorbed on various human non-tumour cells, reactivity being monitored by immunofluorescence and 125I-labelled staphylococcal protein A assays. The absorbed antisera possessed common reactivity to all tumour cells assayed. This reactivity was not histogenically determined, and our data suggest that it was not directed to oncofoetal antigens.", "contents": "Analysis of heteroantisera to cells from human malignant effusions by immunofluorescence and protein A binding. Using cultured cells derived from human malignant effusions, hetero-antisera were raised in rabbits. The antisera were sequentially absorbed on various human non-tumour cells, reactivity being monitored by immunofluorescence and 125I-labelled staphylococcal protein A assays. The absorbed antisera possessed common reactivity to all tumour cells assayed. This reactivity was not histogenically determined, and our data suggest that it was not directed to oncofoetal antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:339940", "title": "Immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukaemia. Medical Research Council.", "content": "Seventy-one patients suffering from acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) who were already in complete remission and had already received one further course of cytotoxic drugs as consolidation therapy were randomised to receive maintenance chemotherapy alone or the same maintenance chemotherapy plus immunotherapy with BCG and irradiated allogeneic blast cells. The duration of first remission was slightly, but not significantly, longer in those patients who received immunotherapy. This was true also for the duration of survival after relapse. Comparison with other series suggested that the effect of such immunotherapy on duration of survival after relapse is probably real, but did not clearly indicate whether or not any real difference in the first remission duration existed.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukaemia. Medical Research Council. Seventy-one patients suffering from acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) who were already in complete remission and had already received one further course of cytotoxic drugs as consolidation therapy were randomised to receive maintenance chemotherapy alone or the same maintenance chemotherapy plus immunotherapy with BCG and irradiated allogeneic blast cells. The duration of first remission was slightly, but not significantly, longer in those patients who received immunotherapy. This was true also for the duration of survival after relapse. Comparison with other series suggested that the effect of such immunotherapy on duration of survival after relapse is probably real, but did not clearly indicate whether or not any real difference in the first remission duration existed."}
{"id": "PMID:339941", "title": "Glial fibrillary acidic protein in tumours of the nervous system.", "content": "Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) was assayed in nerve-tumour extracts and located in these tumours by indirect immunofluorescence study. We conclude that GFA is a specific marker of both malignant and normal astrocytes. Non-astrocytic tumours (oligodendroglioma, meningioma) do not contain GFA. Tumours with astrocytic differentiation potential (medulloblastoma) may contain GFA. Comparison of microscopic and GFA assays leads us to conclude that GFA concentration is proportional to the amount of malignant astrocytes in the tumour and inversely proportional to the necrotic area of a tumour. Normal tissue GFA and glioblastoma GFA were found to be immunologically identical.", "contents": "Glial fibrillary acidic protein in tumours of the nervous system. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) was assayed in nerve-tumour extracts and located in these tumours by indirect immunofluorescence study. We conclude that GFA is a specific marker of both malignant and normal astrocytes. Non-astrocytic tumours (oligodendroglioma, meningioma) do not contain GFA. Tumours with astrocytic differentiation potential (medulloblastoma) may contain GFA. Comparison of microscopic and GFA assays leads us to conclude that GFA concentration is proportional to the amount of malignant astrocytes in the tumour and inversely proportional to the necrotic area of a tumour. Normal tissue GFA and glioblastoma GFA were found to be immunologically identical."}
{"id": "PMID:339943", "title": "The effect of partially replacing urea nitrogen with protein N on N capture in the rumen of sheep fed a purified diet.", "content": "1. The influence of replacing 10% of the urea nitrogen in a purified diet with casein, maize gluten or white fish meal on the efficiency of conversion of dietary-N into microbial N was examined using sheep equipped with rumen fistulas and duodenal re-entrant cannulas. 2. Total nitrogen (TN), non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) and amino acid nitrogen (AAN) flowing to the proximal duodenum were significantly higher (P smaller than 0.05) when maize gluten was added to the diet, and this appeared to be due to an increased efficiency of microbial protein production. 3. Pepsin secretion was not significantly different between treatments and the daily amount of pepsin N flowing to the proximal duodenum was very small (40-53 mg). The peak of pepsin activity in duodenal digesta was reached 6-8 h after feeding. 4. The possible practical implications of the results are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of partially replacing urea nitrogen with protein N on N capture in the rumen of sheep fed a purified diet. 1. The influence of replacing 10% of the urea nitrogen in a purified diet with casein, maize gluten or white fish meal on the efficiency of conversion of dietary-N into microbial N was examined using sheep equipped with rumen fistulas and duodenal re-entrant cannulas. 2. Total nitrogen (TN), non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) and amino acid nitrogen (AAN) flowing to the proximal duodenum were significantly higher (P smaller than 0.05) when maize gluten was added to the diet, and this appeared to be due to an increased efficiency of microbial protein production. 3. Pepsin secretion was not significantly different between treatments and the daily amount of pepsin N flowing to the proximal duodenum was very small (40-53 mg). The peak of pepsin activity in duodenal digesta was reached 6-8 h after feeding. 4. The possible practical implications of the results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:339944", "title": "Hydrolytically induced allosteric change in the heavy chain of intact myosin involving nonessential thiol groups.", "content": "The two globular head portions, each bearing an active site, contain an uncleaved heavy chain when isolated by chymotrypsin from intact myosin. By specific labeling with radioactive N-ethylmaleimide the essential thiol 1 and thiol 2 groups were found to reside in this heavy chain. In intact myosin nonessential thiol 3 groups become the most reactive during ATP hydrolysis above 15 degrees C. These thiol 3 groups are located in a portion of the myosin heavy chain which appears as a fragment with an apparent molecular weight of 11 000 during proteolysis. The facts that this fragment is produced in an almost 1: 1 molar ratio with the head heavy chain and that it bears unblocked N-terminal amino groups whereas the heavy chain does not and is not contained in the rod portion of the myosin molecule indicate that it may orginate from the heavy chains in the neck region where the heads are joined to the rod. Since this fragment is removed by ion-exchange chromatography, it is not part of the functioning head and hence not involved in the active site. As its nonessential thiol 3 groups are rendered the most reactive of all thiol groups in the enzyme-product complex M**ADP.Pi, the hydrolytic step induces an allosteric conformational change in the neck region of intact myosin.", "contents": "Hydrolytically induced allosteric change in the heavy chain of intact myosin involving nonessential thiol groups. The two globular head portions, each bearing an active site, contain an uncleaved heavy chain when isolated by chymotrypsin from intact myosin. By specific labeling with radioactive N-ethylmaleimide the essential thiol 1 and thiol 2 groups were found to reside in this heavy chain. In intact myosin nonessential thiol 3 groups become the most reactive during ATP hydrolysis above 15 degrees C. These thiol 3 groups are located in a portion of the myosin heavy chain which appears as a fragment with an apparent molecular weight of 11 000 during proteolysis. The facts that this fragment is produced in an almost 1: 1 molar ratio with the head heavy chain and that it bears unblocked N-terminal amino groups whereas the heavy chain does not and is not contained in the rod portion of the myosin molecule indicate that it may orginate from the heavy chains in the neck region where the heads are joined to the rod. Since this fragment is removed by ion-exchange chromatography, it is not part of the functioning head and hence not involved in the active site. As its nonessential thiol 3 groups are rendered the most reactive of all thiol groups in the enzyme-product complex M**ADP.Pi, the hydrolytic step induces an allosteric conformational change in the neck region of intact myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:339946", "title": "Nucleotide sequences of accessible regions of 23S RNA in 50S ribosomal subunits.", "content": "Nucleotide sequences around kethoxal-reactive guanine residues of 23S RNA in 50S ribosomal subunits have been determined. By use of the diagonal paper electrophoresis method )Noller, H.F. (1974), Biochemistry 13, 4694-4703), 41 ribonuclease T1 oligonucleotides, originating from about 25 sites, were identified and sequenced. These sites are single stranded and accessible in free 50S subunits, and are thus potential sites for interaction with functional ligands during protein synthesis. Examination of these sequences for potential intermolecular base-pairing reveals the following: (1) There are 19 possible complementary combinations between exposed sequences in 16S and 23S RNA containing more than 4 base pairs: 15 containing 5 base pairs and 4 containing 6 base pairs. Nine of these complementary combinations contain 16S RNA sequences which we have previously shown to be protected from kethoxall by 50S subunits (Chapman, N.M., and Noller, H.F. (1977), J. Mol. Biol. 109, 131-149). (2) One of the exposed sites in 23S RNA has a sequence which is complementary to the invariant GT psi CR sequence in tRNA.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequences of accessible regions of 23S RNA in 50S ribosomal subunits. Nucleotide sequences around kethoxal-reactive guanine residues of 23S RNA in 50S ribosomal subunits have been determined. By use of the diagonal paper electrophoresis method )Noller, H.F. (1974), Biochemistry 13, 4694-4703), 41 ribonuclease T1 oligonucleotides, originating from about 25 sites, were identified and sequenced. These sites are single stranded and accessible in free 50S subunits, and are thus potential sites for interaction with functional ligands during protein synthesis. Examination of these sequences for potential intermolecular base-pairing reveals the following: (1) There are 19 possible complementary combinations between exposed sequences in 16S and 23S RNA containing more than 4 base pairs: 15 containing 5 base pairs and 4 containing 6 base pairs. Nine of these complementary combinations contain 16S RNA sequences which we have previously shown to be protected from kethoxall by 50S subunits (Chapman, N.M., and Noller, H.F. (1977), J. Mol. Biol. 109, 131-149). (2) One of the exposed sites in 23S RNA has a sequence which is complementary to the invariant GT psi CR sequence in tRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:339947", "title": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III: a zinc metalloenzyme.", "content": "Yeast nuclear RNA polymerase III was purified by batch adsorption to phosphocellulose, followed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and affinity chromatography on DNA-Sepharose. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme showed a single protein band which contained polymerase activity. The molecular weight estimated by sedimentation velocity centrifugation in a glycerol gradient was 380 000. Enzyme activity was inhibited 50% at 0.1 mM 1,10-phenanthroline and 100% of 1.0 mM, but was restored when 1,10-phenanthroline was removed by dialysis. Enzyme activity was not inhibited by 7,8-benzoquinoline, a nonchelating structural analogue of 1,10-phenanthroline. These results strongly suggest that inhibition of enzyme activity occurs by the formation of a reversible enzyme-zinc-phenanthroline ternary complex. The zinc content, measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy, was 2 g-atoms per mol of enzyme. Zinc was not removed from the enzyme by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25, by passage through Chelex-100 resin, or by dialysis against buffer containing 1,10-phenanthroline. Enzyme-bound zinc was removed by dialysis after denaturation of the enzyme with heat and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Enzyme-bound zinc did not exchange with free zinc. These results establish yeast nuclear RNA polymerase III as a zinc metalloenzyme.", "contents": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III: a zinc metalloenzyme. Yeast nuclear RNA polymerase III was purified by batch adsorption to phosphocellulose, followed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and affinity chromatography on DNA-Sepharose. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme showed a single protein band which contained polymerase activity. The molecular weight estimated by sedimentation velocity centrifugation in a glycerol gradient was 380 000. Enzyme activity was inhibited 50% at 0.1 mM 1,10-phenanthroline and 100% of 1.0 mM, but was restored when 1,10-phenanthroline was removed by dialysis. Enzyme activity was not inhibited by 7,8-benzoquinoline, a nonchelating structural analogue of 1,10-phenanthroline. These results strongly suggest that inhibition of enzyme activity occurs by the formation of a reversible enzyme-zinc-phenanthroline ternary complex. The zinc content, measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy, was 2 g-atoms per mol of enzyme. Zinc was not removed from the enzyme by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25, by passage through Chelex-100 resin, or by dialysis against buffer containing 1,10-phenanthroline. Enzyme-bound zinc was removed by dialysis after denaturation of the enzyme with heat and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Enzyme-bound zinc did not exchange with free zinc. These results establish yeast nuclear RNA polymerase III as a zinc metalloenzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:339948", "title": "Possible site-specific reagent for the general amino acid transport system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The general amino acid transport system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae functions in the uptake of neutral, basic, and acidic amino acids. The amino acid analogue N-delta-chloroacetyl-L-ornithine (NCAO) has been tested as potential site specific reagent for this system. L-Tryptophan, which is transported exclusively by the general transport system, was used as a substrate. In the presence of glucose as an energy source, NCAO inhibited tryptophan transport competitively (Ki = 80 micrometer) during short time intervals (1-2 min), but adding 100 micrometer NCAO to a yeast cell suspension resulted in a time-dependent activation of tryptophan transport during the first 15 min of treatment. Following the activation a time-dependent decay of tryptophan transport activity occurred. Approximately 80% inactivation of the system was observed after 90 min. When a yeast cell suspension was treated with NCAO in the absence of an energy source, an 80% inactivation of tryptophan transport occurred in 90 min. The inactivation was noncompetitive (Ki congruent to 60 micrometer) and could not be reversed by the removal of the NCAO. Addition of a five-fold excess of L-lysine during NCAO treatment or prevented inactivation of tryptophan transport. Under parallel conditions of incubation, other closely related transport systems were not inhibited by NCAO.", "contents": "Possible site-specific reagent for the general amino acid transport system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The general amino acid transport system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae functions in the uptake of neutral, basic, and acidic amino acids. The amino acid analogue N-delta-chloroacetyl-L-ornithine (NCAO) has been tested as potential site specific reagent for this system. L-Tryptophan, which is transported exclusively by the general transport system, was used as a substrate. In the presence of glucose as an energy source, NCAO inhibited tryptophan transport competitively (Ki = 80 micrometer) during short time intervals (1-2 min), but adding 100 micrometer NCAO to a yeast cell suspension resulted in a time-dependent activation of tryptophan transport during the first 15 min of treatment. Following the activation a time-dependent decay of tryptophan transport activity occurred. Approximately 80% inactivation of the system was observed after 90 min. When a yeast cell suspension was treated with NCAO in the absence of an energy source, an 80% inactivation of tryptophan transport occurred in 90 min. The inactivation was noncompetitive (Ki congruent to 60 micrometer) and could not be reversed by the removal of the NCAO. Addition of a five-fold excess of L-lysine during NCAO treatment or prevented inactivation of tryptophan transport. Under parallel conditions of incubation, other closely related transport systems were not inhibited by NCAO."}
{"id": "PMID:339950", "title": "Primary structure of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L31.", "content": "Protein L31 from the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli was manually sequenced by the dansyl-Edman method. Owing to the availability of only small quantities of purified L31, sequencing methods were scaled down such that the entire primary structure could be determined with 700 microgram of protein. The techniques employed are described in detail. The protein consists of a single chain of 62 amino acids, with a calculated molecular weight of 6967. Four half-cystine residues were identified at positions 16, 18, 37, and 40. Evidence is presented that suggests that these residues form two disulfide bridges in the protein, as isolated.", "contents": "Primary structure of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L31. Protein L31 from the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli was manually sequenced by the dansyl-Edman method. Owing to the availability of only small quantities of purified L31, sequencing methods were scaled down such that the entire primary structure could be determined with 700 microgram of protein. The techniques employed are described in detail. The protein consists of a single chain of 62 amino acids, with a calculated molecular weight of 6967. Four half-cystine residues were identified at positions 16, 18, 37, and 40. Evidence is presented that suggests that these residues form two disulfide bridges in the protein, as isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:339951", "title": "Primary structure of protein L19 from the large subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "Protein L19, a component of the Escherichia coli 50S ribosomal subunit implicated in 30S-50S subunit interaction was sequenced by the dansyl-Edman method. L19 consists of a single polypeptide chain of 114 amino acids giving a calculated molecular weight of 13 002. Peptides obtained from various enzymatic cleavages were isolated on thin-layer peptide maps or gel filtration. Automated Edman degradation using a liquid phase sequenator was carried out on the whole protein as well as on a large 58-residue fragment arising from digestion with Staphylococcus aureus protease. Every position in protein L19 was confirmed at least twice. Results of secondary structure estimation and homologies with other E. coli ribosomal protein sequences are presented.", "contents": "Primary structure of protein L19 from the large subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes. Protein L19, a component of the Escherichia coli 50S ribosomal subunit implicated in 30S-50S subunit interaction was sequenced by the dansyl-Edman method. L19 consists of a single polypeptide chain of 114 amino acids giving a calculated molecular weight of 13 002. Peptides obtained from various enzymatic cleavages were isolated on thin-layer peptide maps or gel filtration. Automated Edman degradation using a liquid phase sequenator was carried out on the whole protein as well as on a large 58-residue fragment arising from digestion with Staphylococcus aureus protease. Every position in protein L19 was confirmed at least twice. Results of secondary structure estimation and homologies with other E. coli ribosomal protein sequences are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:339952", "title": "Isolation and partial purification of catfish pancreatic islet messenger RNA.", "content": "Poly(a)-rich mRNA has been isolated from catfish pancreatic islet total nucleic acid. Cell-free translation of the mRNA by wheat germ extracts yielded a protein of 11 000-12 000 molecular weight, estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This peptide is larger than catfish proinsulin, but contains tryptic peptides of proinsulin. Its synthesis comprises up to 23% of the cell-free product, depending on the conditions of cell-free synthesis. Synthesis is inhibited by 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate suggesting the presence of a 7-methylguanosine cap on the 5' end of catfish proinsulin mRNA. Sucrose gradient centrifugation of the islet poly(A)-rich mRNA yielded 8S and 12S peaks. These fractions were translated with wheat germ extracts and it was determined that over 60% of the islet mRNA-dependent protein from the 8S fraction was preproinsulin. The 8S mRNA fraction was electrophoresed on 3% agarose-6 M urea gels and demonstrated to be several bands, ranging from 100 000-200 000 molecular weight.", "contents": "Isolation and partial purification of catfish pancreatic islet messenger RNA. Poly(a)-rich mRNA has been isolated from catfish pancreatic islet total nucleic acid. Cell-free translation of the mRNA by wheat germ extracts yielded a protein of 11 000-12 000 molecular weight, estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This peptide is larger than catfish proinsulin, but contains tryptic peptides of proinsulin. Its synthesis comprises up to 23% of the cell-free product, depending on the conditions of cell-free synthesis. Synthesis is inhibited by 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate suggesting the presence of a 7-methylguanosine cap on the 5' end of catfish proinsulin mRNA. Sucrose gradient centrifugation of the islet poly(A)-rich mRNA yielded 8S and 12S peaks. These fractions were translated with wheat germ extracts and it was determined that over 60% of the islet mRNA-dependent protein from the 8S fraction was preproinsulin. The 8S mRNA fraction was electrophoresed on 3% agarose-6 M urea gels and demonstrated to be several bands, ranging from 100 000-200 000 molecular weight."}
{"id": "PMID:339954", "title": "Changes in fluorescence of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate after bacteriophage T5 infection of Escherichia coli. Initial fluorescence rise coincides with onset of rubidium efflux.", "content": "Escherichia coli cells pre-loaded with 86Rb+ begin to lose 86Rb+ immediately after phage T5 addition. The loss proceeds with negative-exponential (first-order) kinetics for up to approximately 15 min after phage addition. The constant which characterizes the rate of loss increases with increasing numbers of infecting phage per cell. It is known that anaerobic, fermenting cells of E. coli show a two-step increase in 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) fluorescence upon infection with bacteriophage T5; the first rise begins immediately upon phage addition, the second 6 min later. The onset of 86Rb+ release, therefore, is correlated with the first fluorescence rise with respect to timing and response to the multiplicity of infection.", "contents": "Changes in fluorescence of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate after bacteriophage T5 infection of Escherichia coli. Initial fluorescence rise coincides with onset of rubidium efflux. Escherichia coli cells pre-loaded with 86Rb+ begin to lose 86Rb+ immediately after phage T5 addition. The loss proceeds with negative-exponential (first-order) kinetics for up to approximately 15 min after phage addition. The constant which characterizes the rate of loss increases with increasing numbers of infecting phage per cell. It is known that anaerobic, fermenting cells of E. coli show a two-step increase in 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) fluorescence upon infection with bacteriophage T5; the first rise begins immediately upon phage addition, the second 6 min later. The onset of 86Rb+ release, therefore, is correlated with the first fluorescence rise with respect to timing and response to the multiplicity of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:339955", "title": "alpha-Glucosidase, a membrane-bound enzyme of alpha-glucan metabolism in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Purification and partial characterization.", "content": "The organism Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is capable of producing alpha-amylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) and isoamylase (glycogen 6-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.68) extracellurlarly and a membrane-bound, intracellular alpha-glucosidase (alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.20). The amounts of alpha-glucosidase in cells of B. amyloliquefaciens grown on amylaceous polysaccharides were significantly higher then in cells grown on non-carbohydrate carbon sources. alpha-Glucosidase was exclusively found associated with membranes from ruptured spheroplasts by subcellular fractionation and solubilization studies. Salt solutions and chelating agents alone did not dislodge alpha-glucosidase from membranes, but in combination with detergents were most effective in solubilizing active enzyme (0.1% sodium cholate (pH 8.0)/0.4 M sodium chloride). Purified alpha-glucosidase very rapidly hydrolized p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside and sucrose. Maltose, maltotriose, isomaltose and isomaltotriose were hydrolized at slower rates, whereas beta-glucosides and polymeric alpha-glucans were not attacked. Other properties of the purified enzyme were as follows: Temperature optimum for catalysis = 39 +/- 1 degrees C; pH optimum = 6.8; molecular weight = 27,000 +/- 1000. alpha-Glucosidase is proposed to function in the endogenous metabolism of alpha-glucans provided extracellularly as carbon sources for growth of B. amyloliquefaciens.", "contents": "alpha-Glucosidase, a membrane-bound enzyme of alpha-glucan metabolism in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Purification and partial characterization. The organism Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is capable of producing alpha-amylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) and isoamylase (glycogen 6-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.68) extracellurlarly and a membrane-bound, intracellular alpha-glucosidase (alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.20). The amounts of alpha-glucosidase in cells of B. amyloliquefaciens grown on amylaceous polysaccharides were significantly higher then in cells grown on non-carbohydrate carbon sources. alpha-Glucosidase was exclusively found associated with membranes from ruptured spheroplasts by subcellular fractionation and solubilization studies. Salt solutions and chelating agents alone did not dislodge alpha-glucosidase from membranes, but in combination with detergents were most effective in solubilizing active enzyme (0.1% sodium cholate (pH 8.0)/0.4 M sodium chloride). Purified alpha-glucosidase very rapidly hydrolized p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside and sucrose. Maltose, maltotriose, isomaltose and isomaltotriose were hydrolized at slower rates, whereas beta-glucosides and polymeric alpha-glucans were not attacked. Other properties of the purified enzyme were as follows: Temperature optimum for catalysis = 39 +/- 1 degrees C; pH optimum = 6.8; molecular weight = 27,000 +/- 1000. alpha-Glucosidase is proposed to function in the endogenous metabolism of alpha-glucans provided extracellularly as carbon sources for growth of B. amyloliquefaciens."}
{"id": "PMID:339957", "title": "An alternative to allosteric interactions as causes of sigmoid dose versus response curves. Application to glucose-induced secretion of insulin.", "content": "It is shown that a sigmoid dose vs. response curve will occur in any biological system in which the stimulant compound must diffuse significant distances to reach responding cells, even when the cells themselves respond according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Isolated pancreatic islets releasing insulin in response to glucose stimulation have been used as a specific example. Since diffusion and/or other physical processes can produce global effects which could account for the sigmoidal nature of a dose vs. response curve, the existence of complex molecular mechanisms of hormone-receptor interaction can not be inferred solely from the character of a dose vs. response relation.", "contents": "An alternative to allosteric interactions as causes of sigmoid dose versus response curves. Application to glucose-induced secretion of insulin. It is shown that a sigmoid dose vs. response curve will occur in any biological system in which the stimulant compound must diffuse significant distances to reach responding cells, even when the cells themselves respond according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Isolated pancreatic islets releasing insulin in response to glucose stimulation have been used as a specific example. Since diffusion and/or other physical processes can produce global effects which could account for the sigmoidal nature of a dose vs. response curve, the existence of complex molecular mechanisms of hormone-receptor interaction can not be inferred solely from the character of a dose vs. response relation."}
{"id": "PMID:339958", "title": "Preparation and characterization of liposomes containing the Ca2+-activated photoprotein, obelin.", "content": "1. Liposomes bearing different net surface charges have been prepared and their ability to entrap the Ca2+-activated photoprotein, obelin, has been studied 2. Negatively-charged liposomes, composed of egg-yolk lecithin, cholesterol and phosphatidylserine, consistently produced the most homogeneous populations of liposomes after sonication, as shown by electron microscopy after negative staining. These consisted of a large proportion of uni- and bilamellar vesicles within the size range of 20--50 nm, external diameter. 3. Sonicated negatively-charged liposomes had a mean aqueous obelin space of 6.8 +/- 0.8 microliter/mumol of phospholipid compared to a mean space for inulin [14C]carboxylic acid of 5.1 +/- 0.8 microliter/mumol of phospholipid. 4. Sonication reduced the Ca2+ permeability of the negatively-charged liposomes, as measured by the utilization of entrapped obelin. 5. Preparations of uncharged (no phosphatidylserine) and positively-charged (stearylamine instead of phosphatidylserine), sonicated liposomes contained a greater proportion of larger vesicles, which were more permeable to Ca2+ than sonicated, negatively-charged liposomes. 6. Obelin, trapped within sonicated, negatively-charged liposomes, responded to increases in the free Ca2+ concentration within the liposomes caused by the bivalent-cation ionophore A23187 at concentrations as low as 19 nM. 7. The effect of A23187 was inhibited by Mg2+ at a low concentration of Ca2+ (10 muM), but not at 1 mM Ca2+. 8. It was concluded that obelin could be trapped in the aqueous compartment of sonicated liposomes which remained relatively impermeable to Ca2+. Furthermore, trapped obelin could respond to changes in the free Ca2+ concentration within these liposomes.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of liposomes containing the Ca2+-activated photoprotein, obelin. 1. Liposomes bearing different net surface charges have been prepared and their ability to entrap the Ca2+-activated photoprotein, obelin, has been studied 2. Negatively-charged liposomes, composed of egg-yolk lecithin, cholesterol and phosphatidylserine, consistently produced the most homogeneous populations of liposomes after sonication, as shown by electron microscopy after negative staining. These consisted of a large proportion of uni- and bilamellar vesicles within the size range of 20--50 nm, external diameter. 3. Sonicated negatively-charged liposomes had a mean aqueous obelin space of 6.8 +/- 0.8 microliter/mumol of phospholipid compared to a mean space for inulin [14C]carboxylic acid of 5.1 +/- 0.8 microliter/mumol of phospholipid. 4. Sonication reduced the Ca2+ permeability of the negatively-charged liposomes, as measured by the utilization of entrapped obelin. 5. Preparations of uncharged (no phosphatidylserine) and positively-charged (stearylamine instead of phosphatidylserine), sonicated liposomes contained a greater proportion of larger vesicles, which were more permeable to Ca2+ than sonicated, negatively-charged liposomes. 6. Obelin, trapped within sonicated, negatively-charged liposomes, responded to increases in the free Ca2+ concentration within the liposomes caused by the bivalent-cation ionophore A23187 at concentrations as low as 19 nM. 7. The effect of A23187 was inhibited by Mg2+ at a low concentration of Ca2+ (10 muM), but not at 1 mM Ca2+. 8. It was concluded that obelin could be trapped in the aqueous compartment of sonicated liposomes which remained relatively impermeable to Ca2+. Furthermore, trapped obelin could respond to changes in the free Ca2+ concentration within these liposomes."}
{"id": "PMID:339959", "title": "Calcium and pancreatic beta-cell function. 2. Mobilisation of glucose-sensitive 45Ca from perifused islets rich in beta-cells.", "content": "beta-Cell-rich pancreatic islets were microdissected from ob/ob-mice and loaded with 45Ca in the presence of 3 or 20 mM glucose. Subsequent measurements of the effluxes of radioactivity in a perifusion apparatus revealed that the slowly exchangeable 45Ca taken up in response to glucose was also preferentially mobilised by this compound. Glucose stimulation of 45Ca efflux was abolished after omission of calcium from the perifusion medium but persisted when insulin release was inhibited by prolonged starvation, addition of L-epinephrine or lowering of temperature. The presence of a stimulated efflux of radioactivity even under conditions of inhibited insulin release indicates that sources other than beta-granules ejected by exocytosis contribute to the additional 45Ca released after raising the glucose concentration of the perifusion medium. It is suggested that the beta-cell depolarisation as such may account for part of the 45Ca mobilised by glucose.", "contents": "Calcium and pancreatic beta-cell function. 2. Mobilisation of glucose-sensitive 45Ca from perifused islets rich in beta-cells. beta-Cell-rich pancreatic islets were microdissected from ob/ob-mice and loaded with 45Ca in the presence of 3 or 20 mM glucose. Subsequent measurements of the effluxes of radioactivity in a perifusion apparatus revealed that the slowly exchangeable 45Ca taken up in response to glucose was also preferentially mobilised by this compound. Glucose stimulation of 45Ca efflux was abolished after omission of calcium from the perifusion medium but persisted when insulin release was inhibited by prolonged starvation, addition of L-epinephrine or lowering of temperature. The presence of a stimulated efflux of radioactivity even under conditions of inhibited insulin release indicates that sources other than beta-granules ejected by exocytosis contribute to the additional 45Ca released after raising the glucose concentration of the perifusion medium. It is suggested that the beta-cell depolarisation as such may account for part of the 45Ca mobilised by glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:339960", "title": "Effects of phloretin and dextran-linked phloretin on pancreatic islet metabolism and insulin release.", "content": "The effects of phloretin on islet metabolism and insulin release have been studied in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat. At a concentration of 0.18 mM phloretin inhibited insulin release stimulated by glucose or leucine but did not affect the oxidation rates of glucose or leucine, the rate of glucose utilization and the islet content of ATP. Higher concentrations of phloretin caused inhibition of the rate of glucose metabolism, but stimulation of insulin release. Insulin release stimulated by phloretin was inhibited by mannoheptulose but was independent on extracellular Ca2+ and was not potentiated by caffeine. Both inhibitory and stimulatory effects of dextran-linked phloretin on insulin release were also seen; a concentration of dextran-linked phloretin that did not inhibit islet metabolism inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin release, but not release stimulated by leucine or glyceraldehyde. Higher concentrations of dextran-linked phloretin inhibited glucose oxidation but stimulated insulin release. These data are discussed in terms of current models of the beta-cell glucose-sensor mechanism.", "contents": "Effects of phloretin and dextran-linked phloretin on pancreatic islet metabolism and insulin release. The effects of phloretin on islet metabolism and insulin release have been studied in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat. At a concentration of 0.18 mM phloretin inhibited insulin release stimulated by glucose or leucine but did not affect the oxidation rates of glucose or leucine, the rate of glucose utilization and the islet content of ATP. Higher concentrations of phloretin caused inhibition of the rate of glucose metabolism, but stimulation of insulin release. Insulin release stimulated by phloretin was inhibited by mannoheptulose but was independent on extracellular Ca2+ and was not potentiated by caffeine. Both inhibitory and stimulatory effects of dextran-linked phloretin on insulin release were also seen; a concentration of dextran-linked phloretin that did not inhibit islet metabolism inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin release, but not release stimulated by leucine or glyceraldehyde. Higher concentrations of dextran-linked phloretin inhibited glucose oxidation but stimulated insulin release. These data are discussed in terms of current models of the beta-cell glucose-sensor mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:339961", "title": "Insulin degradation. XXIII. Distribution of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase in isolated rat hepatocytes as studied by immuno-ferritin and electron microscopy.", "content": "The distribution of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (glutathione: protein-disulphide oxidoreductase, EC 1.8.4.2) in isolated rat hepatocytes that had been first treated with rabbit antiserum against purified rat liver transhydrogenase and then with ferritin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulin was examined by electron microscopy. In cells with intact plasma membrane, the immunoferritin labeling of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase was observed on a few external microvillous projections at the outside of the cell. In cells with breaks in the plasma membrane, the immunoferritin labeling appeared extensively on smooth vesicles just inside the plasma membrane and on smooth endoplasmic reticulum extending to and including the outer nuclear membrane, in addition to the external microvillous projections. There was some immunoferritin labeling on rough endoplasmic reticulum and on the inner surface of the plasma membrane. The mitochondria and the outer surface of the plasma membrane of the cell did not show the ferritin labeling. Control parallel samples in which the antiserum was substituted with normal (i.e. non-immune) serum or with neutralized antiserum (prepared by absorption with the transhydrogenase) showed little or no immunoferritin labeling. These results are consistent with the idea that gluthalione-insulin transhydrogenase probably synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and that the transhydrogenase accessible to cell surface (or found in the isolated plasma membrane preparations) probably represents a functional continuity between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Insulin degradation. XXIII. Distribution of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase in isolated rat hepatocytes as studied by immuno-ferritin and electron microscopy. The distribution of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (glutathione: protein-disulphide oxidoreductase, EC 1.8.4.2) in isolated rat hepatocytes that had been first treated with rabbit antiserum against purified rat liver transhydrogenase and then with ferritin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulin was examined by electron microscopy. In cells with intact plasma membrane, the immunoferritin labeling of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase was observed on a few external microvillous projections at the outside of the cell. In cells with breaks in the plasma membrane, the immunoferritin labeling appeared extensively on smooth vesicles just inside the plasma membrane and on smooth endoplasmic reticulum extending to and including the outer nuclear membrane, in addition to the external microvillous projections. There was some immunoferritin labeling on rough endoplasmic reticulum and on the inner surface of the plasma membrane. The mitochondria and the outer surface of the plasma membrane of the cell did not show the ferritin labeling. Control parallel samples in which the antiserum was substituted with normal (i.e. non-immune) serum or with neutralized antiserum (prepared by absorption with the transhydrogenase) showed little or no immunoferritin labeling. These results are consistent with the idea that gluthalione-insulin transhydrogenase probably synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and that the transhydrogenase accessible to cell surface (or found in the isolated plasma membrane preparations) probably represents a functional continuity between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:339963", "title": "[The alpha-methylglucoside transport in Escherichia coli K12 cells].", "content": "The transport of alpha-methylglucoside (MG) in the wild type cells of Escherichia coli K12 and the isogenic mutant strains, defective in the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system components was studied. It was shown that the enzyme IIB' in the absence of enzyme I and HPr is able to transport MG into the cells by a \"facilitated\" diffusion mechanism. Compounds which dissipate the energy of membrane protone potential such as NaN3, carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrasone, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, enhance the utilization of MG by the wild-type cells. However, the cells retaining intact enzyme IIB' but deficient in the phospho approximately HPr-generating system, were not sensitive to the action of poisons. The cells possessing the intact phospho HPr-generating system and inactive enzyme IIB' are also unaffected by the poisons. It seems that these results do not confirm the hypothesis of the direct delta mu H+ involvement in the regulation of transmembrane phosphorylation. The hypothesis is postulated that the energy metabolism inhibitors influence the phosphatase activity of factor III of the phosphotransferase system. The present data are well explained by this hypothesis.", "contents": "[The alpha-methylglucoside transport in Escherichia coli K12 cells]. The transport of alpha-methylglucoside (MG) in the wild type cells of Escherichia coli K12 and the isogenic mutant strains, defective in the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system components was studied. It was shown that the enzyme IIB' in the absence of enzyme I and HPr is able to transport MG into the cells by a \"facilitated\" diffusion mechanism. Compounds which dissipate the energy of membrane protone potential such as NaN3, carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrasone, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, enhance the utilization of MG by the wild-type cells. However, the cells retaining intact enzyme IIB' but deficient in the phospho approximately HPr-generating system, were not sensitive to the action of poisons. The cells possessing the intact phospho HPr-generating system and inactive enzyme IIB' are also unaffected by the poisons. It seems that these results do not confirm the hypothesis of the direct delta mu H+ involvement in the regulation of transmembrane phosphorylation. The hypothesis is postulated that the energy metabolism inhibitors influence the phosphatase activity of factor III of the phosphotransferase system. The present data are well explained by this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:339964", "title": "[Lysis of yeast protoplasts under sodium alkyl sulfates treatment].", "content": "The lytic action of homologous series of sodium alkyl sulfates on yeast protoplasts was studied. The concentration dependences study allowed to estimate the lytic concentrations C50 of the agents required for the 50% lysis of protoplasts in the suspension. The data concerning the agents micelle formation in the lytic medium allowed to make some suggestions and to produce a model of the lytic action of alkyl sulfates on the plasma membrane of the protoplasts. The amounts of the agents absorbed on the membrane and involved in the interaction followed by the membrane breakdown in the model are evaluated. On the basis of the data obtained it is concluded that sodium dodecyl sulfate displays the highest lytic activity to the yeast protoplast plasma membrane as compared to the other alkyl sulfates used  in the study. The results obtained are discussed in terms of the effect of yeast cell wall on the extraction of intracellular proteins from intact yeast cell under sodium alkyl sulfates action.", "contents": "[Lysis of yeast protoplasts under sodium alkyl sulfates treatment]. The lytic action of homologous series of sodium alkyl sulfates on yeast protoplasts was studied. The concentration dependences study allowed to estimate the lytic concentrations C50 of the agents required for the 50% lysis of protoplasts in the suspension. The data concerning the agents micelle formation in the lytic medium allowed to make some suggestions and to produce a model of the lytic action of alkyl sulfates on the plasma membrane of the protoplasts. The amounts of the agents absorbed on the membrane and involved in the interaction followed by the membrane breakdown in the model are evaluated. On the basis of the data obtained it is concluded that sodium dodecyl sulfate displays the highest lytic activity to the yeast protoplast plasma membrane as compared to the other alkyl sulfates used  in the study. The results obtained are discussed in terms of the effect of yeast cell wall on the extraction of intracellular proteins from intact yeast cell under sodium alkyl sulfates action."}
{"id": "PMID:339969", "title": "Combined Nomarski interference contrast and immunofluorescent study of neuropathological specimens: CSF sediments and paraffin embedded brain tissues.", "content": "The direct immunofluorescent technique may be easily improved by the use of the Nomarski optics. This contrast allows accurate identification of fluorescent CSF cells and structures in formalin fixed paraffin embedded brain tissues; in the latter, the combined optical procedure is fruitfull in order to avoid fluorescent artifacts misinterpretation. Furthermore, it is emphazised that the conditions in which routine neuropathological specimens are removed and stored usualy does permit the application of the immunofluorescent technique.", "contents": "Combined Nomarski interference contrast and immunofluorescent study of neuropathological specimens: CSF sediments and paraffin embedded brain tissues. The direct immunofluorescent technique may be easily improved by the use of the Nomarski optics. This contrast allows accurate identification of fluorescent CSF cells and structures in formalin fixed paraffin embedded brain tissues; in the latter, the combined optical procedure is fruitfull in order to avoid fluorescent artifacts misinterpretation. Furthermore, it is emphazised that the conditions in which routine neuropathological specimens are removed and stored usualy does permit the application of the immunofluorescent technique."}
{"id": "PMID:339971", "title": "Preliminary results of phase I and II clinical trials of RFCNU, a new nitrosourea sugar derivative, in digestive tract tumours.", "content": "RFCNU or (chloro-2-ethyl)-l-(ribofuranosyl-isopropylidene-2', 3' paranitrobenzoate-5')-3 nitrosourea, a new synthetic nitrosourea derivative, which has been shown to have, in mice, among all nitrosourea derivatives tested, the longest maximallly efficient dose interval (MEDI) and which is not immunosuppressive at the smallest dose of MEDI, gave in a phase II trial on digestive tract tumours (at the dose of 400 mg/m2 per month determined by the phase I trial), 30% objective remissions among which 13% were greater than 50%.", "contents": "Preliminary results of phase I and II clinical trials of RFCNU, a new nitrosourea sugar derivative, in digestive tract tumours. RFCNU or (chloro-2-ethyl)-l-(ribofuranosyl-isopropylidene-2', 3' paranitrobenzoate-5')-3 nitrosourea, a new synthetic nitrosourea derivative, which has been shown to have, in mice, among all nitrosourea derivatives tested, the longest maximallly efficient dose interval (MEDI) and which is not immunosuppressive at the smallest dose of MEDI, gave in a phase II trial on digestive tract tumours (at the dose of 400 mg/m2 per month determined by the phase I trial), 30% objective remissions among which 13% were greater than 50%."}
{"id": "PMID:339972", "title": "Evidence for the lack of a carrier effect in the solvent extraction and determination of octopamine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "It has been shown that there is no significant carrier effect when low levels of [3H]octopamine (100 pg) are extracted by ethyl acetate from aqueous solutions containing a 10(3) or 10(6) times excess of unlabelled octopamine. It is also shown that there is no carrier effect when low levels of octopamine as the tetrakis-TMS derivative are injected with 100 times the amount of the [2H3] analogue on an SE 30 column.", "contents": "Evidence for the lack of a carrier effect in the solvent extraction and determination of octopamine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. It has been shown that there is no significant carrier effect when low levels of [3H]octopamine (100 pg) are extracted by ethyl acetate from aqueous solutions containing a 10(3) or 10(6) times excess of unlabelled octopamine. It is also shown that there is no carrier effect when low levels of octopamine as the tetrakis-TMS derivative are injected with 100 times the amount of the [2H3] analogue on an SE 30 column."}
{"id": "PMID:339973", "title": "[Reactions of antibodies to streptococcus group A antigens with fibroblasts of human heart interstitial connective tissue].", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescence method was applied to the study of the serum of rabbits immunized with fractions containing nontype-specific antigens of streptococcus, group A, belonging to the cell wall proteins. Antibodies reacting with fibroblasts of the interstitial connective tissue of the human heart were revealed in the sera. On the basis of the experimental results of absorption a supposition was put forward on the presence of a cross-reacting antigen common with the fibroblast antigen in some hydrochloric extracts obtained from streptococci, groups A and C.", "contents": "[Reactions of antibodies to streptococcus group A antigens with fibroblasts of human heart interstitial connective tissue]. The indirect immunofluorescence method was applied to the study of the serum of rabbits immunized with fractions containing nontype-specific antigens of streptococcus, group A, belonging to the cell wall proteins. Antibodies reacting with fibroblasts of the interstitial connective tissue of the human heart were revealed in the sera. On the basis of the experimental results of absorption a supposition was put forward on the presence of a cross-reacting antigen common with the fibroblast antigen in some hydrochloric extracts obtained from streptococci, groups A and C."}
{"id": "PMID:339974", "title": "[Relationship between antibody formation in cultures of lymphoid cells and incubation temperature].", "content": "An increase of the plaque-forming cells (PFC) and of the 3H-thymidine incorporation in the spleen cell cultures of immunized and nonimmunized C57BL/6 mice were studied in increase of the incubation temperature from 2 to 37 degrees C. An exponential rise of the PFC cells with the elevation of temperature and the presence of the \"breaking\" temperature, above which the rate of increase of the PFC cells displayed a sharp elevation, was demonstrated. The curves of intensification of the 3H-thymidine incorporation with the temperature elevation failed to follow the pattern of the PFC growth curve in a number of cases. Cultivation of immune cells at low temperatures led to the accumulation in the medium of some factors simulating the AFC formation.", "contents": "[Relationship between antibody formation in cultures of lymphoid cells and incubation temperature]. An increase of the plaque-forming cells (PFC) and of the 3H-thymidine incorporation in the spleen cell cultures of immunized and nonimmunized C57BL/6 mice were studied in increase of the incubation temperature from 2 to 37 degrees C. An exponential rise of the PFC cells with the elevation of temperature and the presence of the \"breaking\" temperature, above which the rate of increase of the PFC cells displayed a sharp elevation, was demonstrated. The curves of intensification of the 3H-thymidine incorporation with the temperature elevation failed to follow the pattern of the PFC growth curve in a number of cases. Cultivation of immune cells at low temperatures led to the accumulation in the medium of some factors simulating the AFC formation."}
{"id": "PMID:339975", "title": "[Enterotoxic activity of live cultures of Sonne dysentery microbes and formation of enterotoxin in vivo].", "content": "The great majority of virulent Sonne dysentery bacillus cultures caused an accumulation of the fluid in the lumen of the isolated segment of the rabbit small intestine containing a great amount of mucus and sometimes of the blood as well; the segment mucosa was hyperemic and had punctate hemorrhages. Avirulent microbial cultures as a rule caused no exudation in the intestinal lumen. Sterile and concentrated contents of the intestinal loops responding to the centrated contents of the intestinal loops responding to the administration of the virulent culture of Sonne bacillus or a toxigenic strain of Grigoriev-Shiga dysentery bacillus caused a positive response in other rabbits. The character of the exudate and the changes in the mucosa failed to differ from such following the administration of live cultures.", "contents": "[Enterotoxic activity of live cultures of Sonne dysentery microbes and formation of enterotoxin in vivo]. The great majority of virulent Sonne dysentery bacillus cultures caused an accumulation of the fluid in the lumen of the isolated segment of the rabbit small intestine containing a great amount of mucus and sometimes of the blood as well; the segment mucosa was hyperemic and had punctate hemorrhages. Avirulent microbial cultures as a rule caused no exudation in the intestinal lumen. Sterile and concentrated contents of the intestinal loops responding to the centrated contents of the intestinal loops responding to the administration of the virulent culture of Sonne bacillus or a toxigenic strain of Grigoriev-Shiga dysentery bacillus caused a positive response in other rabbits. The character of the exudate and the changes in the mucosa failed to differ from such following the administration of live cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:339976", "title": "[Sensitivity of the central nuclei of the vagus to insulin deficiency in rats (histoenzymologic study)].", "content": "Distribution and activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) in the central vagal nuclei (Nucl. dorsalis and Nucl. ambiguus) in male intact rats and in rats with experimental alloxan diabetes were investigated. In alloxan-diabetic rats there was noted an increase of the number of cells with a high AChE activity in the Nucl. dorsalis by 6%. These data suggest the participation of the vagal dorsal nucleus in the control of the endocrine function of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of the central nuclei of the vagus to insulin deficiency in rats (histoenzymologic study)]. Distribution and activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) in the central vagal nuclei (Nucl. dorsalis and Nucl. ambiguus) in male intact rats and in rats with experimental alloxan diabetes were investigated. In alloxan-diabetic rats there was noted an increase of the number of cells with a high AChE activity in the Nucl. dorsalis by 6%. These data suggest the participation of the vagal dorsal nucleus in the control of the endocrine function of the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:339977", "title": "[Immunohistochemical demonstration of cells containing melatonin and N-acetylserotonin].", "content": "The presence of cells containing N-acetylindolylalkylamines in the acini of the pancreas, at the border of the cortical and cerebral layer of the adrenal glands, under the capsule of the liver and in the vascular wall was shown by means of the immunohistochemical method with the use of specific antisera to melatonin and N-acetylserotonin. Further studies are necessary for the morphological identification of the type of these cells.", "contents": "[Immunohistochemical demonstration of cells containing melatonin and N-acetylserotonin]. The presence of cells containing N-acetylindolylalkylamines in the acini of the pancreas, at the border of the cortical and cerebral layer of the adrenal glands, under the capsule of the liver and in the vascular wall was shown by means of the immunohistochemical method with the use of specific antisera to melatonin and N-acetylserotonin. Further studies are necessary for the morphological identification of the type of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:339980", "title": "A possible modulatory role for prostacyclin (PGI2) INIgGa-induced release of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis in rats.", "content": "Antigen challenge in vivo of rat peritoneal cells (enriched with monocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes) passively sensitized 2 h previously with homologous antibody of the IgGa class released large amounts of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A, 1739 +/- 59 u/ml) into the peritoneal fluid. This reaction was strongly inhibited by prostacyclin (PGI2, ED50 = 0.5 microgram/kg i.p.) and by isoprenaline (ED50 = 0.2 microgram/kg i.p.) but prostaglandins E1, E2 and 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1alpha were only weak inhibitors. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, orally) augmented by 30% the release of SRS-A, whereas thromboxane B2 (50 microgram/kg i.p.) had no effect. Lowering the antigen (ovalbumin) dosage from 400 microgram/ml to 10 microgram/ml reduced the control release of SRS-A by 70% and increased the inhibitory effect of prostaglandins I2, E1 and isoprenaline. Augmentation of release by indomethacin remained unchanged. These preliminary data suggested that endogenous prostacyclin may modulate the anaphylactic release of SRS-A from rat peritoneal cells.", "contents": "A possible modulatory role for prostacyclin (PGI2) INIgGa-induced release of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis in rats. Antigen challenge in vivo of rat peritoneal cells (enriched with monocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes) passively sensitized 2 h previously with homologous antibody of the IgGa class released large amounts of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A, 1739 +/- 59 u/ml) into the peritoneal fluid. This reaction was strongly inhibited by prostacyclin (PGI2, ED50 = 0.5 microgram/kg i.p.) and by isoprenaline (ED50 = 0.2 microgram/kg i.p.) but prostaglandins E1, E2 and 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1alpha were only weak inhibitors. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, orally) augmented by 30% the release of SRS-A, whereas thromboxane B2 (50 microgram/kg i.p.) had no effect. Lowering the antigen (ovalbumin) dosage from 400 microgram/ml to 10 microgram/ml reduced the control release of SRS-A by 70% and increased the inhibitory effect of prostaglandins I2, E1 and isoprenaline. Augmentation of release by indomethacin remained unchanged. These preliminary data suggested that endogenous prostacyclin may modulate the anaphylactic release of SRS-A from rat peritoneal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:339981", "title": "Comparison of the vasodepressor effects of prostacyclin and 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1alpha with those of prostaglandin E2 in rats and rabbits.", "content": "1 Vasodepressor effects of prostacyclin (5z-5,6-didehydro-9-deoxy-6,9alpha-epoxyprostaglandin F1) and its decomposition product 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1alpha (6-oxo-PGF1alpha) have been compared with those of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in anaesthetized rats and rabbits. 2 In rats intravenous prostacyclin produced hypotension and was 4--8 times more potent than PGE2 and about 128 times more potent than 6-oxo-PGF1alpha. 3 In rabbits also, intravenous prostacyclin (less than 2 microgram/kg) produced hypotension and was twice as active as PGE2 and approximately 250 times more active than 6-oxo-PGF1alpha. 4 In rats and rabbits vasodepressor responses induced by prostacyclin were similar in magnitude after either intravenous or intra-aortic administration. 5 Thus, in both species prostacyclin resembles PGE2 in producing vasodepression but does not lose activity on passage through the lungs. The results emphasize the need to consider prostacyclin in addition to PGE2 as a major determinant influencing blood pressure.", "contents": "Comparison of the vasodepressor effects of prostacyclin and 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1alpha with those of prostaglandin E2 in rats and rabbits. 1 Vasodepressor effects of prostacyclin (5z-5,6-didehydro-9-deoxy-6,9alpha-epoxyprostaglandin F1) and its decomposition product 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1alpha (6-oxo-PGF1alpha) have been compared with those of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in anaesthetized rats and rabbits. 2 In rats intravenous prostacyclin produced hypotension and was 4--8 times more potent than PGE2 and about 128 times more potent than 6-oxo-PGF1alpha. 3 In rabbits also, intravenous prostacyclin (less than 2 microgram/kg) produced hypotension and was twice as active as PGE2 and approximately 250 times more active than 6-oxo-PGF1alpha. 4 In rats and rabbits vasodepressor responses induced by prostacyclin were similar in magnitude after either intravenous or intra-aortic administration. 5 Thus, in both species prostacyclin resembles PGE2 in producing vasodepression but does not lose activity on passage through the lungs. The results emphasize the need to consider prostacyclin in addition to PGE2 as a major determinant influencing blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:339982", "title": "The effect of the ionophores X-537A and A23187 on the noradrenaline output from peripheral adrenergic neurones in the presence of various divalent cations.", "content": "1 The effects of the ionophores, X-537A and A23187 on the noradrenaline output from peripheral adrenergic neurones of isolated vas deferens of the guinea-pig were investigated in the presence of various divalent cations.2 X-537A (17 muM) caused an increase in the noradrenaline output in the presence of barium, calcium and strontium. The effectiveness of the cations was Ba > Ca >/= Sr.3 In the absence of calcium and in the presence of ethyleneglycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N',-tetraacetic acid (EGTA, 1 mM), the response was reduced by about 50% of that obtained in the presence of calcium.4 Calcium was the most effective cation in stimulating noradrenaline output when reintroduced after pretreatment with A23187 (191 muM). The response increased in an almost linear fashion with the concentration of calcium 1 mM to 10 mM.5 Excess magnesium (20 mM) reduced the response induced by X-537A in the presence of barium. However, it was without effect on the response produced by reintroduction of calcium after pretreatment with A23187.6 The response induced by X-537A in the presence of barium increased with an increase in the concentration of external sodium from 25 mM to 143 mM.7 It is suggested that X-537A may cause an increase in the noradrenaline output by depolarization as well as by transferring cations as an ionophore. On the other hand, A23187 may produce an increase in the noradrenaline output, transferring calcium across the membrane as a specific calcium ionophore.", "contents": "The effect of the ionophores X-537A and A23187 on the noradrenaline output from peripheral adrenergic neurones in the presence of various divalent cations. 1 The effects of the ionophores, X-537A and A23187 on the noradrenaline output from peripheral adrenergic neurones of isolated vas deferens of the guinea-pig were investigated in the presence of various divalent cations.2 X-537A (17 muM) caused an increase in the noradrenaline output in the presence of barium, calcium and strontium. The effectiveness of the cations was Ba > Ca >/= Sr.3 In the absence of calcium and in the presence of ethyleneglycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N',-tetraacetic acid (EGTA, 1 mM), the response was reduced by about 50% of that obtained in the presence of calcium.4 Calcium was the most effective cation in stimulating noradrenaline output when reintroduced after pretreatment with A23187 (191 muM). The response increased in an almost linear fashion with the concentration of calcium 1 mM to 10 mM.5 Excess magnesium (20 mM) reduced the response induced by X-537A in the presence of barium. However, it was without effect on the response produced by reintroduction of calcium after pretreatment with A23187.6 The response induced by X-537A in the presence of barium increased with an increase in the concentration of external sodium from 25 mM to 143 mM.7 It is suggested that X-537A may cause an increase in the noradrenaline output by depolarization as well as by transferring cations as an ionophore. On the other hand, A23187 may produce an increase in the noradrenaline output, transferring calcium across the membrane as a specific calcium ionophore."}
{"id": "PMID:339984", "title": "The biochemistry of brain development and mental retardation.", "content": "Mental retardation may be associated with a number of environmental factors such as undernutrition, lead poisoning or exposure to neuroactive drugs during a critical period of brain development. Possible biochemical mechanisms operating in these various conditions and in animal models are reviewed in relation to the vulnerable period hypothesis. Small brains are common in the mentally retarded, and this may be related to a developmental abnormality particularly at the level of the synapse.", "contents": "The biochemistry of brain development and mental retardation. Mental retardation may be associated with a number of environmental factors such as undernutrition, lead poisoning or exposure to neuroactive drugs during a critical period of brain development. Possible biochemical mechanisms operating in these various conditions and in animal models are reviewed in relation to the vulnerable period hypothesis. Small brains are common in the mentally retarded, and this may be related to a developmental abnormality particularly at the level of the synapse."}
{"id": "PMID:339985", "title": "The modified Makari skin test in urology--is it significant?", "content": "The Makari test is able to detect the presence of cancer in 95% of patients with primary tumours having excluded anergic patients. The test is useful in monitoring primary treatment. A long-term follow-up is necessary to determine the reason for patients' unexplained positive reactions in a control group of patients.", "contents": "The modified Makari skin test in urology--is it significant? The Makari test is able to detect the presence of cancer in 95% of patients with primary tumours having excluded anergic patients. The test is useful in monitoring primary treatment. A long-term follow-up is necessary to determine the reason for patients' unexplained positive reactions in a control group of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:339986", "title": "The treatment of oestrogen-escaped carcinoma of the prostate with estramustine phosphate.", "content": "30 patients with oestrogen-escaped carcinoma of the prostate have been treated with estramustine phosphate (Estracyt). 27% showed a partial objective response and 33% had a subjective response. The terms used for defining a response are challenged and it is recommended that comparative controlled trials are necessary to judge the place of this drug in the management of advanced prostatic cancer.", "contents": "The treatment of oestrogen-escaped carcinoma of the prostate with estramustine phosphate. 30 patients with oestrogen-escaped carcinoma of the prostate have been treated with estramustine phosphate (Estracyt). 27% showed a partial objective response and 33% had a subjective response. The terms used for defining a response are challenged and it is recommended that comparative controlled trials are necessary to judge the place of this drug in the management of advanced prostatic cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:339987", "title": "The clinical significance of antisperm antibodies in male subfertility.", "content": "Sera from 591 men attending Fertility Clinics have been tested for agglutinating, immobilising and immunofluorescent antisperm antibodies. There was good correlation between the presence of high titres (more than 1/32) of agglutinating and immobilising antibodies which were found in 50 patients (8.5%). 27 of these men had normal sperm counts, but crossed hostility testing showed that in 21 of 22 couples the sperms were unable to penetrate the cervical mucus, apparently because of the antibodies. 17 patients were treated with prednisone for an average of 6 months and 1 pregnancy was produced. 17 patients were treated with methylprednisolone for 7 days and 1 pregnancy resulted. No correlation was found between the present of immunofluorescent antibodies and the other antibodies of impaired sperm penetration of cervical mucus.", "contents": "The clinical significance of antisperm antibodies in male subfertility. Sera from 591 men attending Fertility Clinics have been tested for agglutinating, immobilising and immunofluorescent antisperm antibodies. There was good correlation between the presence of high titres (more than 1/32) of agglutinating and immobilising antibodies which were found in 50 patients (8.5%). 27 of these men had normal sperm counts, but crossed hostility testing showed that in 21 of 22 couples the sperms were unable to penetrate the cervical mucus, apparently because of the antibodies. 17 patients were treated with prednisone for an average of 6 months and 1 pregnancy was produced. 17 patients were treated with methylprednisolone for 7 days and 1 pregnancy resulted. No correlation was found between the present of immunofluorescent antibodies and the other antibodies of impaired sperm penetration of cervical mucus."}
{"id": "PMID:339992", "title": "Factor VIII--related protein on vascular intima of patients with chronic renal failure and prolonged bleeding times.", "content": "To determine whether the prolonged bleeding time so common to chronic renal failure (CRF) was due to defective factor VIII-related activities, as in von Willebrand's disease, vascular-factor VIII-related protein was measured in patients with CRF. Factor VIII-related protein was detected by immunofluorescence on the vascular intima of all 13 patients with CRF and greatly prolonged bleeding times. This protein was also present on the vascular intima of a patient with CRF and moderate von Willebrand's disease. These findings support a previous suggestion that the disturbed haemostasis in patients with CRF is not linked to defective factor VIII-related activities.", "contents": "Factor VIII--related protein on vascular intima of patients with chronic renal failure and prolonged bleeding times. To determine whether the prolonged bleeding time so common to chronic renal failure (CRF) was due to defective factor VIII-related activities, as in von Willebrand's disease, vascular-factor VIII-related protein was measured in patients with CRF. Factor VIII-related protein was detected by immunofluorescence on the vascular intima of all 13 patients with CRF and greatly prolonged bleeding times. This protein was also present on the vascular intima of a patient with CRF and moderate von Willebrand's disease. These findings support a previous suggestion that the disturbed haemostasis in patients with CRF is not linked to defective factor VIII-related activities."}
{"id": "PMID:339996", "title": "Blood transfusion and renal allograft survival.", "content": "Thirty-two first renal transplantations with cadaveric allografts were reviewed to see how many of the recipients had received blood transfusions preoperatively. There was a significant difference in transplant survival between patients who had and patients who had not received blood transfusion before transplantation; this difference was entirely due to acute rejection within three months after transplantation in patients who had not received transfusion. Other factors studied had no effect on survival.", "contents": "Blood transfusion and renal allograft survival. Thirty-two first renal transplantations with cadaveric allografts were reviewed to see how many of the recipients had received blood transfusions preoperatively. There was a significant difference in transplant survival between patients who had and patients who had not received blood transfusion before transplantation; this difference was entirely due to acute rejection within three months after transplantation in patients who had not received transfusion. Other factors studied had no effect on survival."}
{"id": "PMID:339995", "title": "Rifampicin for lepromatous leprosy: nine years' experience.", "content": "Over 100 patients with lepromatous leprosy were treated with rifampicin in a series of pilot, uncontrolled, and controlled trials in 1968-77. The rapid bactericidal effect of rifampicin on Mycobacterium leprae was confirmed. Clinical improvement became apparent sometimes as early as 14 days after the start of treatment. Nevertheless, a few persisting viable M leprae were detected as long as five years after the start of treatment with rifampicin either by itself or in combination with the bacteriostatic drug thiambutosine. Treatment with rifampicin and dapsone for six months reduced the number of persisting leprosy bacteria more than treatment with dapsone alone. Although rifampicin proved more effective than dapsone, it is unlikely that used by itself if can significantly shorten the length of treatment in lepromatous leprosy. Therefore initial intensive combined treatment with two or more bactericidal drugs (including rifampicin) warrants further investigation in both untreated leprosy and lepromatous leprosy resistant to dapsone.", "contents": "Rifampicin for lepromatous leprosy: nine years' experience. Over 100 patients with lepromatous leprosy were treated with rifampicin in a series of pilot, uncontrolled, and controlled trials in 1968-77. The rapid bactericidal effect of rifampicin on Mycobacterium leprae was confirmed. Clinical improvement became apparent sometimes as early as 14 days after the start of treatment. Nevertheless, a few persisting viable M leprae were detected as long as five years after the start of treatment with rifampicin either by itself or in combination with the bacteriostatic drug thiambutosine. Treatment with rifampicin and dapsone for six months reduced the number of persisting leprosy bacteria more than treatment with dapsone alone. Although rifampicin proved more effective than dapsone, it is unlikely that used by itself if can significantly shorten the length of treatment in lepromatous leprosy. Therefore initial intensive combined treatment with two or more bactericidal drugs (including rifampicin) warrants further investigation in both untreated leprosy and lepromatous leprosy resistant to dapsone."}
{"id": "PMID:340000", "title": "Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: an approach to achieving normoglycaemia.", "content": "A study was performed to examine the feasibility of achieving long periods of near-normoglycaemia in patients with diabetes mellitus by giving a continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin solution from a miniature, battery-driven, syringe pump. Twelve insulin-dependent diabetics had their insulin pumped through a subcutaneously implanted, fine nylon cannula; the basal infusion rate was electronically stepped up eightfold before meals. The blood glucose profile of these patients was closely monitored during the 24 hours of the subcutaneous infusion and compared with the profile on a control day, when the patients were managed with their usual subcutaneous insulin. Diet and exercise were standardised on both days. In five out of 14 studies the subcutaneous insulin infusion significantly lowered the mean blood glucose concentration without producing hypoglycaemic symptoms; in another six patients the mean blood glucose concentration was maintained. As assessed by the M value the level of control was statistically improved in six out of 14 studies by the infusion method and maintained in six other patients. To assess the effects of blood glucose control on diabetic microvascular disease it will be necessary to achieve long-term normoglycaemia in selected diabetics. The results of this preliminary study suggest that a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion may be a means of maining physiological glucose concentrations in diabetics. Though several problems remain--for example, in determining the rate of infusion--longer-term studies with the miniature infusion pumps are now needed.", "contents": "Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: an approach to achieving normoglycaemia. A study was performed to examine the feasibility of achieving long periods of near-normoglycaemia in patients with diabetes mellitus by giving a continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin solution from a miniature, battery-driven, syringe pump. Twelve insulin-dependent diabetics had their insulin pumped through a subcutaneously implanted, fine nylon cannula; the basal infusion rate was electronically stepped up eightfold before meals. The blood glucose profile of these patients was closely monitored during the 24 hours of the subcutaneous infusion and compared with the profile on a control day, when the patients were managed with their usual subcutaneous insulin. Diet and exercise were standardised on both days. In five out of 14 studies the subcutaneous insulin infusion significantly lowered the mean blood glucose concentration without producing hypoglycaemic symptoms; in another six patients the mean blood glucose concentration was maintained. As assessed by the M value the level of control was statistically improved in six out of 14 studies by the infusion method and maintained in six other patients. To assess the effects of blood glucose control on diabetic microvascular disease it will be necessary to achieve long-term normoglycaemia in selected diabetics. The results of this preliminary study suggest that a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion may be a means of maining physiological glucose concentrations in diabetics. Though several problems remain--for example, in determining the rate of infusion--longer-term studies with the miniature infusion pumps are now needed."}
{"id": "PMID:340001", "title": "Diabetic dimorphism according to acetylator status.", "content": "Two groups of diabetics and 19 normal controls had their rate of acetylation of sulphadimidine measured. Among 47 patients with maturity onset diabetes the 29 fast acetylators were older at diagnosis and, at a given glucose concentration, had a higher pretreatment fasting insulin concentration than slow acetylators. They also had a larger first-phase insulin secretion in response to intravenous glucose both before and after one month's dietary treatment. The greatest difference between fast and slow acetylators was in the first-phase secretion of insulin after a month's treatment. The proportion of fast acetylators among the second group of diabetics, who had been admitted to improve their glucose concentrations or for treatment of tissue damage, was similar to that among the normal controls (50% and 47% respectively). The data seem to indicate that diabetics are fast acetylators unexpectedly often, but it is not clear whether the dimorphism according to acetylator status produces a differential risk of neuropathy or of any other type of diabetic tissue damage.", "contents": "Diabetic dimorphism according to acetylator status. Two groups of diabetics and 19 normal controls had their rate of acetylation of sulphadimidine measured. Among 47 patients with maturity onset diabetes the 29 fast acetylators were older at diagnosis and, at a given glucose concentration, had a higher pretreatment fasting insulin concentration than slow acetylators. They also had a larger first-phase insulin secretion in response to intravenous glucose both before and after one month's dietary treatment. The greatest difference between fast and slow acetylators was in the first-phase secretion of insulin after a month's treatment. The proportion of fast acetylators among the second group of diabetics, who had been admitted to improve their glucose concentrations or for treatment of tissue damage, was similar to that among the normal controls (50% and 47% respectively). The data seem to indicate that diabetics are fast acetylators unexpectedly often, but it is not clear whether the dimorphism according to acetylator status produces a differential risk of neuropathy or of any other type of diabetic tissue damage."}
{"id": "PMID:340005", "title": "Oral anticoagulants controlled by the British comparative thromboplastin versus low-dose heparin in prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "The British comparative thromboplastin (BCT) was used to monitor the effectiveness of oral anticoagulants in preventing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients undergoing major gynaecological surgery. All patients were screened for DVT with the use of the (125)I-fibrinogen scan.One hundred and forty-five patients aged 40 years or more were randomised into three groups. Group 1 received oral anticoagulant (nicoumalone) treatment, stabilised over five days before surgery and continuing into the second postoperative week. The other patients served as two contrast groups and were managed on a double-blind basis. Group 2 received a subcutaneous low-dose regimen of heparin calcium. Group 3 received subcutaneous saline. Eleven of 48 patients in the saline group, three of 49 patients in the heparin group, and three of 48 patients in the oral anticoagulant group developed DVT as judged by (125)I-fibrinogen scanning. The incidences in groups 1 and 2 were significantly lower than in the saline group. The falls in haemoglobin concentration and incidence of haemorrhage were similar in all three groups.The study showed that oral anticoagulant prophylaxis stabilised preoperatively and low-dose heparin were equally effective in preventing deep vein thrombosis in a moderate-risk group. Immediate preoperative prothrombin ratios of 2.0-2.5 and postoperative ratios of 2.0-4.0 with the BCT gave adequate protection without increased haemorrhagic risk.", "contents": "Oral anticoagulants controlled by the British comparative thromboplastin versus low-dose heparin in prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis. The British comparative thromboplastin (BCT) was used to monitor the effectiveness of oral anticoagulants in preventing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients undergoing major gynaecological surgery. All patients were screened for DVT with the use of the (125)I-fibrinogen scan.One hundred and forty-five patients aged 40 years or more were randomised into three groups. Group 1 received oral anticoagulant (nicoumalone) treatment, stabilised over five days before surgery and continuing into the second postoperative week. The other patients served as two contrast groups and were managed on a double-blind basis. Group 2 received a subcutaneous low-dose regimen of heparin calcium. Group 3 received subcutaneous saline. Eleven of 48 patients in the saline group, three of 49 patients in the heparin group, and three of 48 patients in the oral anticoagulant group developed DVT as judged by (125)I-fibrinogen scanning. The incidences in groups 1 and 2 were significantly lower than in the saline group. The falls in haemoglobin concentration and incidence of haemorrhage were similar in all three groups.The study showed that oral anticoagulant prophylaxis stabilised preoperatively and low-dose heparin were equally effective in preventing deep vein thrombosis in a moderate-risk group. Immediate preoperative prothrombin ratios of 2.0-2.5 and postoperative ratios of 2.0-4.0 with the BCT gave adequate protection without increased haemorrhagic risk."}
{"id": "PMID:340006", "title": "Indoprofen and naproxen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical trial.", "content": "Thirty-six patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis took part in a double-blind crossover trial, in which they received either indoprofen 800 mg/day, naproxen 500 mg/day, or a matching placebo. Indoprofen was shown to be significantly superior as an analgesic and in improving grip strength and the patients preferred it. Adverse effects were comparable, although indigestion was seen slightly more often during indoprofen treatment. Indoprofen is therefore at least as effective as existing anti-inflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis and seems to be better tolerated.", "contents": "Indoprofen and naproxen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical trial. Thirty-six patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis took part in a double-blind crossover trial, in which they received either indoprofen 800 mg/day, naproxen 500 mg/day, or a matching placebo. Indoprofen was shown to be significantly superior as an analgesic and in improving grip strength and the patients preferred it. Adverse effects were comparable, although indigestion was seen slightly more often during indoprofen treatment. Indoprofen is therefore at least as effective as existing anti-inflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis and seems to be better tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:340016", "title": "Synthesis of pppGpp by ribosomes from an Escherichia coli spoT mutant and the metabolic relationship between pppGpp and ppGpp.", "content": "Both ribosomes and a cell-free extract (S-30) prepared from an Escherichia coli spoT mutant catalyzed the synthesis of guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp) and guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) as efficiently as did ribosomes and S-30 from a spoT+ strain. In both cases, the level of pppGpp reached its maximum before ppGpp maximally accumulated. pppGpp added to the ribosome system was rapidly converted to ppGpp. These results indicate that the spoT+ gene product may not have a direct role in the synthesis of pppGpp and that pppGpp is a precursor of ppGpp.", "contents": "Synthesis of pppGpp by ribosomes from an Escherichia coli spoT mutant and the metabolic relationship between pppGpp and ppGpp. Both ribosomes and a cell-free extract (S-30) prepared from an Escherichia coli spoT mutant catalyzed the synthesis of guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp) and guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) as efficiently as did ribosomes and S-30 from a spoT+ strain. In both cases, the level of pppGpp reached its maximum before ppGpp maximally accumulated. pppGpp added to the ribosome system was rapidly converted to ppGpp. These results indicate that the spoT+ gene product may not have a direct role in the synthesis of pppGpp and that pppGpp is a precursor of ppGpp."}
{"id": "PMID:340017", "title": "Differential effect of D-glucose anomers on proinsulin biosynthesis by the pancreatic islets.", "content": "Pancreatic islets of Langerhans of the rat were used to study effects of D-glucose anomers on the incorporation of [3H]leucine into proinsulin and other islet proteins. At low (1 mg/ml), but not at high (2 mg/ml) glucose concentration, the alpha-anomer stimulated more proinsulin biosynthesis than the beta-anomer. This observation adds to the growing list of islet functions showing anomeric preference for alpha-D-glucose.", "contents": "Differential effect of D-glucose anomers on proinsulin biosynthesis by the pancreatic islets. Pancreatic islets of Langerhans of the rat were used to study effects of D-glucose anomers on the incorporation of [3H]leucine into proinsulin and other islet proteins. At low (1 mg/ml), but not at high (2 mg/ml) glucose concentration, the alpha-anomer stimulated more proinsulin biosynthesis than the beta-anomer. This observation adds to the growing list of islet functions showing anomeric preference for alpha-D-glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:340018", "title": "L-methionine as an ethylene precursor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "L-Methionine induced production of ethylene by Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing in lactate medium. The production induced by L-methionine was inhibited by pyruvate, and elevated by glucose. Labeled ethylene was produced when L-[U-14C]methionine, but not [U-14C]glucose, was fed to the yeast. The mutant S. cerevisiae G1332 (ade-, met-) did not produce significant amounts of ethylene unless L-methionine was added. Thus L-methionine acts as a precursor of ethylene in S. cerevisiae. The role of glucose appears to be other than as a precursor.", "contents": "L-methionine as an ethylene precursor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. L-Methionine induced production of ethylene by Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing in lactate medium. The production induced by L-methionine was inhibited by pyruvate, and elevated by glucose. Labeled ethylene was produced when L-[U-14C]methionine, but not [U-14C]glucose, was fed to the yeast. The mutant S. cerevisiae G1332 (ade-, met-) did not produce significant amounts of ethylene unless L-methionine was added. Thus L-methionine acts as a precursor of ethylene in S. cerevisiae. The role of glucose appears to be other than as a precursor."}
{"id": "PMID:340019", "title": "The effect of rifampicin on the developmental phases of germinating spores of Clostridum sp., MSp+.", "content": "The effect of rifampicin on the developmental phases of germinating spores of Clostridium botulinum, MSp+, has been studied. At sublethal concentrations of rifampicin (0.05 ng/ml) the time periods required for outgrowth and vegetative growth was significantly prolonged because of the inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis. However, rifampicin had essentially no effect on DNA synthesis or on subsequent spore formation. Chemical analyses showed that the amount of protein present in vegetative cells of the rifampicin-treated cultures was twice as great as in the untreated cultures but the total protein content of endospores was the same in both cases. It was revealed in ultrastructural studies of rifampicin (0.1 ng/ml) treated cultures, examined after 22 h, that septum formation and normal cell division of the emerging cell was blocked and a few cells showed constriction which produced one normal and one protoplast-like daughter cell.", "contents": "The effect of rifampicin on the developmental phases of germinating spores of Clostridum sp., MSp+. The effect of rifampicin on the developmental phases of germinating spores of Clostridium botulinum, MSp+, has been studied. At sublethal concentrations of rifampicin (0.05 ng/ml) the time periods required for outgrowth and vegetative growth was significantly prolonged because of the inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis. However, rifampicin had essentially no effect on DNA synthesis or on subsequent spore formation. Chemical analyses showed that the amount of protein present in vegetative cells of the rifampicin-treated cultures was twice as great as in the untreated cultures but the total protein content of endospores was the same in both cases. It was revealed in ultrastructural studies of rifampicin (0.1 ng/ml) treated cultures, examined after 22 h, that septum formation and normal cell division of the emerging cell was blocked and a few cells showed constriction which produced one normal and one protoplast-like daughter cell."}
{"id": "PMID:340020", "title": "Microscopic examination of natural sessile bacterial populations from an alpine stream.", "content": "Natural populations of bacteria assoiciated with the slime on submerged surfaces in a mountain stream were examined by phase-contrast and electron microscopy. The slime contained large numbers of bacteria which were predominantly gram-negative as determined by their cell wall structure. Examination of the in situ distribution of cells revealed that they were enmeshed in an extensive fibrous matrix whose component fibrils were stained with ruthenium red. The arrangement of slime fibrils immediately around individual bacterial cells suggested that this material was produced by these bacteria. This slime facilitated microcolony development and also anchored the bacteria to a particular surface. It is proposed that these slime-enmeshed microcolonies constitute functional communities within which most sessile bacteria live.", "contents": "Microscopic examination of natural sessile bacterial populations from an alpine stream. Natural populations of bacteria assoiciated with the slime on submerged surfaces in a mountain stream were examined by phase-contrast and electron microscopy. The slime contained large numbers of bacteria which were predominantly gram-negative as determined by their cell wall structure. Examination of the in situ distribution of cells revealed that they were enmeshed in an extensive fibrous matrix whose component fibrils were stained with ruthenium red. The arrangement of slime fibrils immediately around individual bacterial cells suggested that this material was produced by these bacteria. This slime facilitated microcolony development and also anchored the bacteria to a particular surface. It is proposed that these slime-enmeshed microcolonies constitute functional communities within which most sessile bacteria live."}
{"id": "PMID:340021", "title": "Symposium on intensive care: 4. Respiratory failure.", "content": "Patients requiring respiratory support may have normal lungs but inadequate ventilation, or they may suffer from defective pulmonary gas exchange despite adequate ventilation. In the first group some form of mechanical ventilatory support is called for, either pressure-cycled or volume-cycled, used first with an endotracheal tube and only later with a tracheostomy. Weaning the patient from the apparatus requires special care. In cases of pulmonary insufficiency the use of positive end-expiratory pressure has been a major advance. Hemoglobin concentration, cardiac output and renal function must receive attention. Open lung biopsy is of the greatest value when the diagnosis is open to question. Resort to a membrane oxygenator to provide extracorporeal oxygenation of blood can sustain for a time the patient in whom hypoxia is critical in degree.", "contents": "Symposium on intensive care: 4. Respiratory failure. Patients requiring respiratory support may have normal lungs but inadequate ventilation, or they may suffer from defective pulmonary gas exchange despite adequate ventilation. In the first group some form of mechanical ventilatory support is called for, either pressure-cycled or volume-cycled, used first with an endotracheal tube and only later with a tracheostomy. Weaning the patient from the apparatus requires special care. In cases of pulmonary insufficiency the use of positive end-expiratory pressure has been a major advance. Hemoglobin concentration, cardiac output and renal function must receive attention. Open lung biopsy is of the greatest value when the diagnosis is open to question. Resort to a membrane oxygenator to provide extracorporeal oxygenation of blood can sustain for a time the patient in whom hypoxia is critical in degree."}
{"id": "PMID:340026", "title": "Demonstration of cellular and humoral immunity to transplantable carcinomas derived from the respiratory tract of rats.", "content": "Previous studies with respiratory tract tumors in mice have suggested that such tumors are not immunogenic or are only weakly so. To determine whether this is a general characteristic of neoplasias found in the airways of rodents, we investigated seven transplantable carcinomas in rats, six of which originated from tracheal epithelium and one of which orginated from the distal lung. These carcinomas were all of the squamous type and were induced by three different carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons. All of the tumors were shown to be immunogenic, capable of mobilizing cellular and humoral immune responses in isogenic hosts upon immunization. This was demonstrated by induction of transplantation resistance, by Winn's neutralization test, and by the detection of antibodies in the sera of tumor-immune hosts by two independent methods (antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-binding test). The degree of immunogenicity varied among the tumor lines. The most metastatic tumor was clearly the least immunogenic. The relationship between carcinogenic insult and immunogenicity, as well as the possible nature of the tumor-associated antigens involved, is discussed.", "contents": "Demonstration of cellular and humoral immunity to transplantable carcinomas derived from the respiratory tract of rats. Previous studies with respiratory tract tumors in mice have suggested that such tumors are not immunogenic or are only weakly so. To determine whether this is a general characteristic of neoplasias found in the airways of rodents, we investigated seven transplantable carcinomas in rats, six of which originated from tracheal epithelium and one of which orginated from the distal lung. These carcinomas were all of the squamous type and were induced by three different carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons. All of the tumors were shown to be immunogenic, capable of mobilizing cellular and humoral immune responses in isogenic hosts upon immunization. This was demonstrated by induction of transplantation resistance, by Winn's neutralization test, and by the detection of antibodies in the sera of tumor-immune hosts by two independent methods (antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-binding test). The degree of immunogenicity varied among the tumor lines. The most metastatic tumor was clearly the least immunogenic. The relationship between carcinogenic insult and immunogenicity, as well as the possible nature of the tumor-associated antigens involved, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:340027", "title": "Immunochemical evidence of a tumor-specific surface antigen obtained by detergent solubilization of the membranes of a chemically induced sarcoma, meth-A.", "content": "We reported previously the partial purification of detergent-solubilized specific tumor rejection antigen of a chemically induced sarcoma, Meth-A. During the course of the study, rabbit antiserum against a partially purified specific tumor rejection antigen preparation was raised and rendered specific by in vivo absorption. In this report we show that an antigenic molecule defined by in vivo-absorbed rabbit antiserum, which we tentatively refer to as tumor-specific surface antigen, was solublized by detergent Nonidet P40, and extensive attempts at purification were carried out by a sequence of procedures including gel filtration, isotachophoresis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The most highly purified tumor-specific surface antigen retained some specific tumor rejection antigen activity, suggesting an association of the two activities. Both antigens were shown to have a molecular weight of about 60,000 and an electrophoretic mobility of alpha-globulin.", "contents": "Immunochemical evidence of a tumor-specific surface antigen obtained by detergent solubilization of the membranes of a chemically induced sarcoma, meth-A. We reported previously the partial purification of detergent-solubilized specific tumor rejection antigen of a chemically induced sarcoma, Meth-A. During the course of the study, rabbit antiserum against a partially purified specific tumor rejection antigen preparation was raised and rendered specific by in vivo absorption. In this report we show that an antigenic molecule defined by in vivo-absorbed rabbit antiserum, which we tentatively refer to as tumor-specific surface antigen, was solublized by detergent Nonidet P40, and extensive attempts at purification were carried out by a sequence of procedures including gel filtration, isotachophoresis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The most highly purified tumor-specific surface antigen retained some specific tumor rejection antigen activity, suggesting an association of the two activities. Both antigens were shown to have a molecular weight of about 60,000 and an electrophoretic mobility of alpha-globulin."}
{"id": "PMID:340028", "title": "Serological reactivity in cancer patients to human and mouse fetal liver cells.", "content": "The occurrence of antibodies to human and mouse fetal liver cells has been quantitated in the sera from patients with carcinoma of breast, colon, and lung and with malignant melanoma. Also, we have demonstrated cross-reacting murine antibodies in the sera from multiparous, antifetal, and pregnant mice, which bind to mouse fetal liver cells and/or several types of human tumor cells. A comparative evaluation of these antibodies with two immunological techniques has demonstrated a greater number of positive sera from cancer patients assayed by isotopic antiglobulin (25 of 27, or 92%) than by membrane immunofluorescence (12 of 17, or 71%). In the non-cancer control group, positive reactions were found in 11 and 31% by the two techniques, respectively. The specificity of such serologically reactivity has been demonstrated by adsorption with fetal liver cells. These detected antibodies are not restricted to a particular type of human neoplasm, but rather to the presence of cancer. Because of their relative capacity of discrimination between benign and malignant conditions and because the assay for their detection is relatively simple, these techniques may provide alternative methods for diagnosis or monitoring of cancer patients.", "contents": "Serological reactivity in cancer patients to human and mouse fetal liver cells. The occurrence of antibodies to human and mouse fetal liver cells has been quantitated in the sera from patients with carcinoma of breast, colon, and lung and with malignant melanoma. Also, we have demonstrated cross-reacting murine antibodies in the sera from multiparous, antifetal, and pregnant mice, which bind to mouse fetal liver cells and/or several types of human tumor cells. A comparative evaluation of these antibodies with two immunological techniques has demonstrated a greater number of positive sera from cancer patients assayed by isotopic antiglobulin (25 of 27, or 92%) than by membrane immunofluorescence (12 of 17, or 71%). In the non-cancer control group, positive reactions were found in 11 and 31% by the two techniques, respectively. The specificity of such serologically reactivity has been demonstrated by adsorption with fetal liver cells. These detected antibodies are not restricted to a particular type of human neoplasm, but rather to the presence of cancer. Because of their relative capacity of discrimination between benign and malignant conditions and because the assay for their detection is relatively simple, these techniques may provide alternative methods for diagnosis or monitoring of cancer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:340030", "title": "Detection of mutagenic impurities in carcinogens and noncarcinogens by high-pressure liquid chromatography and the Salmonella/microsome test.", "content": "We have used high-pressure liquid chromatography and the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test to look for mutagenic impurities in 11 carcinogens and noncarcinogens. Because of the million-fold range in mutagenic potency observed in the Salmonella test, even trace amounts of potent mutagenic impurities in a nonmutagenic compound could be detected. The mutagenicity of 7-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, a noncarcinogen in the standard animal carcinogenicity tests, is shown to be due to a small amount of impurity, which is probably the potent carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene. This is discussed in relation to the statistical limitations of animal carcinogenicity tests. We also discuss the role of mitogenic impurities in assessing the mutagenicity of environmental (and industrial) chemicals with high-sensitivity mutagenicity assays, such as the Salmonella/microsome test.", "contents": "Detection of mutagenic impurities in carcinogens and noncarcinogens by high-pressure liquid chromatography and the Salmonella/microsome test. We have used high-pressure liquid chromatography and the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test to look for mutagenic impurities in 11 carcinogens and noncarcinogens. Because of the million-fold range in mutagenic potency observed in the Salmonella test, even trace amounts of potent mutagenic impurities in a nonmutagenic compound could be detected. The mutagenicity of 7-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, a noncarcinogen in the standard animal carcinogenicity tests, is shown to be due to a small amount of impurity, which is probably the potent carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene. This is discussed in relation to the statistical limitations of animal carcinogenicity tests. We also discuss the role of mitogenic impurities in assessing the mutagenicity of environmental (and industrial) chemicals with high-sensitivity mutagenicity assays, such as the Salmonella/microsome test."}
{"id": "PMID:340032", "title": "Phase II trial of piperazinedione in Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and multiple myeloma: a Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "Piperazinedione given iv once every 3-4 weeks at a starting dose of 9-12 mg/m2 (4.5-12 mg/m2 for patients with myeloma) was evaluated in a Southwest Oncology Group phase II study for patients with far-advanced refractory lymphoma or multiple myeloma. Among 36 patients fully evaluable for tumor response (adequate trial), partial responses were observed in five (71%) of seven patients with Hodgkin's disease, in three (19%) of 16 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and in none of 13 patients with multiple myeloma. Response was observed by the time of the second (five patients) or third (three patients) course. The median duration of response was 3.7 months (range, 1-17+ months). The dose-limiting toxic effects were hematologic, with 18 (50%) of 36 patients evaluable for toxicity experiencing severe leukopenia (wbc count less than 2000/mm3) and 22 (61%) experiencing severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 50,000/mm3). Twenty patients had a decrease from their pretreatment hemoglobin level of greater than or equal to 2 g/100 ml. Hematologic toxic effects were often unpredictable and in several patients quite prolonged. This study indicates that piperazinedione had definite antitumor activity in patients with Hodgkin's disease and further trials in this disease using the drug at a reduced dose in combination with other effective drugs appear warranted.", "contents": "Phase II trial of piperazinedione in Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and multiple myeloma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Piperazinedione given iv once every 3-4 weeks at a starting dose of 9-12 mg/m2 (4.5-12 mg/m2 for patients with myeloma) was evaluated in a Southwest Oncology Group phase II study for patients with far-advanced refractory lymphoma or multiple myeloma. Among 36 patients fully evaluable for tumor response (adequate trial), partial responses were observed in five (71%) of seven patients with Hodgkin's disease, in three (19%) of 16 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and in none of 13 patients with multiple myeloma. Response was observed by the time of the second (five patients) or third (three patients) course. The median duration of response was 3.7 months (range, 1-17+ months). The dose-limiting toxic effects were hematologic, with 18 (50%) of 36 patients evaluable for toxicity experiencing severe leukopenia (wbc count less than 2000/mm3) and 22 (61%) experiencing severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 50,000/mm3). Twenty patients had a decrease from their pretreatment hemoglobin level of greater than or equal to 2 g/100 ml. Hematologic toxic effects were often unpredictable and in several patients quite prolonged. This study indicates that piperazinedione had definite antitumor activity in patients with Hodgkin's disease and further trials in this disease using the drug at a reduced dose in combination with other effective drugs appear warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:340033", "title": "Treatment of metastatic breast cancer with adriamycin-cyclophosphamide induction followed by alternating combination therapy.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with metastatic breast cancer and no prior chemotherapy were treated with an induction regimen of four courses of adriamycin-cyclophosphamide followed by a fixed sequence of three courses of methotrexate-5-fluorouracil alternating with each course of adriamycin-cyclophosphamide. In this protocol, adriamycin can be administered for a minimum of 18 months before the dose of 550 mg/m2 is reached. The objective response rate was 56% (19 of 34 patients) with three complete responses and 16 partial responses. The median duration of response is 219 days and six of 19 patients remain in remission. The median survival of responders is 469 days while the nonresponders and progressors have a median survival of 273 days. The chemotherapy was administered in the outpatient department and was well tolerated. The scheduling of drugs in this study does not appear to result in significantly different response rates, duration of responses, or survival compared to those protocols in which these drugs are administered simultaneously.", "contents": "Treatment of metastatic breast cancer with adriamycin-cyclophosphamide induction followed by alternating combination therapy. Thirty-four patients with metastatic breast cancer and no prior chemotherapy were treated with an induction regimen of four courses of adriamycin-cyclophosphamide followed by a fixed sequence of three courses of methotrexate-5-fluorouracil alternating with each course of adriamycin-cyclophosphamide. In this protocol, adriamycin can be administered for a minimum of 18 months before the dose of 550 mg/m2 is reached. The objective response rate was 56% (19 of 34 patients) with three complete responses and 16 partial responses. The median duration of response is 219 days and six of 19 patients remain in remission. The median survival of responders is 469 days while the nonresponders and progressors have a median survival of 273 days. The chemotherapy was administered in the outpatient department and was well tolerated. The scheduling of drugs in this study does not appear to result in significantly different response rates, duration of responses, or survival compared to those protocols in which these drugs are administered simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:340043", "title": "Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural identification of the pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell (PP-cell) in the human pancreas.", "content": "The consecutive semithin--thin section method was employed to identify pancreatic-polypeptide-containing cells in the human pancreas. The immunocytochemical staining of semithin sections with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex allowed a precise ultrastructural description of the immunoreactive cells on the adjacent thin section. Two populations of small granulated cells could be distinguished with this technique: one group is formed by cells whose secretory granules with a mean diameter of 141 nm show specific immunoperoxidase staining with anti-PP serum, while the other group consists of cells whose secretory granules measuring 118 nm in diameter show no immunoreactivity to anti-PP serum. The former cells which will be designated as PP-cells, are not identical with the D1-cells of the revised Wiesbaden classification of endocrine cells.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural identification of the pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell (PP-cell) in the human pancreas. The consecutive semithin--thin section method was employed to identify pancreatic-polypeptide-containing cells in the human pancreas. The immunocytochemical staining of semithin sections with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex allowed a precise ultrastructural description of the immunoreactive cells on the adjacent thin section. Two populations of small granulated cells could be distinguished with this technique: one group is formed by cells whose secretory granules with a mean diameter of 141 nm show specific immunoperoxidase staining with anti-PP serum, while the other group consists of cells whose secretory granules measuring 118 nm in diameter show no immunoreactivity to anti-PP serum. The former cells which will be designated as PP-cells, are not identical with the D1-cells of the revised Wiesbaden classification of endocrine cells."}
{"id": "PMID:340044", "title": "Histological, immuno- and enzyme-histochemical investigations on the adenohypophysis of the urodeles, Mertensiella caucasica and Triturus cristatus and the caecilian, Chthonerpeton indistinctum.", "content": "The pituitary glands of two urodelan species (Mertensiella caucasica, Triturus cristatus) and one one caecilian species (Chthonerpeton indistinctum) were examined with histological (Alcian blue, Brookes' trichrome stain), enzyme histochemical (acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthylacetate-esterase, acetylcholinesterase) and immunofluorescence techniques (anti-carp GTH, anti-ovine prolactin, anti-synthetic alpha-MSH). In the pituitary gland of Mertensiella and Triturus six chromophilic cell types could be distinguished. A strong fluorescence was observed in the MSH-, GTH- and TSH-cells. In the pituitary gland of Chthonerpeton only five chromophilic cell types could be distinguished: in the rostral part of the pituitary gland the B3-cell; in the basal region of the central area the B2-cell; dorsocaudally the B1-cell. The acidophilic cells were found in the central and caudal part of the pars distalis. The basophils of the pars intermedia could be observed in the dorsocaudal part of the pituitary gland surrounding the neurohypophysis. All acidophilic cells showed a strong immunofluorescence with anti-ovine prolactin (LTH).", "contents": "Histological, immuno- and enzyme-histochemical investigations on the adenohypophysis of the urodeles, Mertensiella caucasica and Triturus cristatus and the caecilian, Chthonerpeton indistinctum. The pituitary glands of two urodelan species (Mertensiella caucasica, Triturus cristatus) and one one caecilian species (Chthonerpeton indistinctum) were examined with histological (Alcian blue, Brookes' trichrome stain), enzyme histochemical (acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthylacetate-esterase, acetylcholinesterase) and immunofluorescence techniques (anti-carp GTH, anti-ovine prolactin, anti-synthetic alpha-MSH). In the pituitary gland of Mertensiella and Triturus six chromophilic cell types could be distinguished. A strong fluorescence was observed in the MSH-, GTH- and TSH-cells. In the pituitary gland of Chthonerpeton only five chromophilic cell types could be distinguished: in the rostral part of the pituitary gland the B3-cell; in the basal region of the central area the B2-cell; dorsocaudally the B1-cell. The acidophilic cells were found in the central and caudal part of the pars distalis. The basophils of the pars intermedia could be observed in the dorsocaudal part of the pituitary gland surrounding the neurohypophysis. All acidophilic cells showed a strong immunofluorescence with anti-ovine prolactin (LTH)."}
{"id": "PMID:340045", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in muscle mitochondria in situ, including the apparent development of internal septa, associated with the uptake and release of calcium.", "content": "Treatment of mammalian muscle with the divalent cation ionophore A23187 causes the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and allows the ultrastructural changes of the mitochondria during Ca2+-uptake to be demonstrated in situ. Electron micrographs reveal that the mitochondria swell dramatically during uptake, before contracting again when the accumulated Ca2+ is released once more into the cytoplasm. When maximally swollen, the mitochondria are apparently subdivided and internal \"septa\" are formed. The ultrastructural details concerning these internal membranous structures are shown in detail and their significance is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in muscle mitochondria in situ, including the apparent development of internal septa, associated with the uptake and release of calcium. Treatment of mammalian muscle with the divalent cation ionophore A23187 causes the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and allows the ultrastructural changes of the mitochondria during Ca2+-uptake to be demonstrated in situ. Electron micrographs reveal that the mitochondria swell dramatically during uptake, before contracting again when the accumulated Ca2+ is released once more into the cytoplasm. When maximally swollen, the mitochondria are apparently subdivided and internal \"septa\" are formed. The ultrastructural details concerning these internal membranous structures are shown in detail and their significance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:340046", "title": "Questioning of reported evidence for guanosine tetraphosphate synthesis in a ribosome system from mouse embryos.", "content": "In 1974, Irr, Kaulenas and Unsworth reported that ppGpp is synthesized by cytosolic ribosomes from mouse embryos and proposed a role for ppGpp in the process of differentiation. This proposal is being challenged because ribosomes of mouse embryos from various stages of development and of mouse embryoid bodies were completely inactive in ppGpp formation.", "contents": "Questioning of reported evidence for guanosine tetraphosphate synthesis in a ribosome system from mouse embryos. In 1974, Irr, Kaulenas and Unsworth reported that ppGpp is synthesized by cytosolic ribosomes from mouse embryos and proposed a role for ppGpp in the process of differentiation. This proposal is being challenged because ribosomes of mouse embryos from various stages of development and of mouse embryoid bodies were completely inactive in ppGpp formation."}
{"id": "PMID:340048", "title": "10 nm filaments in normal and transformed cells.", "content": "An antibody was raised against an electrophoretically homogeneous protein from cultured fibroblasts and shown to be directed against 10 nm filaments. The antiserum did not stain microtubules or actin microfilaments. The distribution of 10 nm filaments in normal cells was studied during growth, spreading, locomotion, mitosis, and after treatment with colchicine and cytochalasin B. The 58,000 dalton subunit protein is apparently all polymerized in the filaments which are insoluble in nonionic detergent. The distribution of 10 nm filaments is altered by colchicine treatments which disrupt microtubules. The organization of 10 nm filaments is altered in transformed cells.", "contents": "10 nm filaments in normal and transformed cells. An antibody was raised against an electrophoretically homogeneous protein from cultured fibroblasts and shown to be directed against 10 nm filaments. The antiserum did not stain microtubules or actin microfilaments. The distribution of 10 nm filaments in normal cells was studied during growth, spreading, locomotion, mitosis, and after treatment with colchicine and cytochalasin B. The 58,000 dalton subunit protein is apparently all polymerized in the filaments which are insoluble in nonionic detergent. The distribution of 10 nm filaments is altered by colchicine treatments which disrupt microtubules. The organization of 10 nm filaments is altered in transformed cells."}
{"id": "PMID:340049", "title": "Maximizing gene expression on a plasmid using recombination in vitro.", "content": "Recombination in vitro has been used to place one or more copies of a strong promoter, the lac promoter, at varying distances from the cl (repressor) gene of bacteriophage lambda on the E. coli plasmid pMB9. In all constructions, lambda repressor synthesis is driven wholly or predominantly by the inserted lac promoter. One of our fusions directs the synthesis of very high levels of lambda repressor. In this case, the fused DNA encodes a ribosome binding site which is a \"hybrid\" of lambda and lac sequences. In principle, this method of construction should elicit high levels of expression in E. coli of any gene, whatever its source. We also described strains with different sequence arrangements that, for reasons not completely understood, produce less repressor.", "contents": "Maximizing gene expression on a plasmid using recombination in vitro. Recombination in vitro has been used to place one or more copies of a strong promoter, the lac promoter, at varying distances from the cl (repressor) gene of bacteriophage lambda on the E. coli plasmid pMB9. In all constructions, lambda repressor synthesis is driven wholly or predominantly by the inserted lac promoter. One of our fusions directs the synthesis of very high levels of lambda repressor. In this case, the fused DNA encodes a ribosome binding site which is a \"hybrid\" of lambda and lac sequences. In principle, this method of construction should elicit high levels of expression in E. coli of any gene, whatever its source. We also described strains with different sequence arrangements that, for reasons not completely understood, produce less repressor."}
{"id": "PMID:340050", "title": "On the nature of tetracycline resistance controlled by the plasmid pSC101.", "content": "In vitro enzymatic alteration of plasmid phenotype and in vitro construction of recombinant plasmids containing genetic information derived from the plasmid pSC101 have been used to investigate the mechanism of function of tetracycline resistance determined by the plasmid pSC101. The resistance has been shown to be inducible and involves the increased synthesis of membrane-associated polypeptides of 34,000, 26,000 and 14,000 daltons that are encoded for by the plasmid. The 34,000 dalton polypeptide along with another plasmid-encoded polypeptide of 18,000 daltons function in an ATP-independent manner to prevent the accumulation of tetracycline by the cell. These polypeptides are sufficient for resistance. A second component of plasmid-determined resistance involves the 14,000 dalton polypeptide and reduces the initial adsorption of tetracycline by sensitive cells, but is not alone sufficient for the generation of resistance. The role of the 26,000 dalton polypeptide in tetracycline resistance has not been identified.", "contents": "On the nature of tetracycline resistance controlled by the plasmid pSC101. In vitro enzymatic alteration of plasmid phenotype and in vitro construction of recombinant plasmids containing genetic information derived from the plasmid pSC101 have been used to investigate the mechanism of function of tetracycline resistance determined by the plasmid pSC101. The resistance has been shown to be inducible and involves the increased synthesis of membrane-associated polypeptides of 34,000, 26,000 and 14,000 daltons that are encoded for by the plasmid. The 34,000 dalton polypeptide along with another plasmid-encoded polypeptide of 18,000 daltons function in an ATP-independent manner to prevent the accumulation of tetracycline by the cell. These polypeptides are sufficient for resistance. A second component of plasmid-determined resistance involves the 14,000 dalton polypeptide and reduces the initial adsorption of tetracycline by sensitive cells, but is not alone sufficient for the generation of resistance. The role of the 26,000 dalton polypeptide in tetracycline resistance has not been identified."}
{"id": "PMID:340069", "title": "Effect of triethyltin on Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Triethyltin (TET) stimulated the basal respiration of Escherichia coli K-12 membrane vesicles in chloride (Cl-) medium but it had little effect on respiration in sulphate (SO4(2-)) medium. Since this uncoupling activity was Cl- dependent it was attributed to the Cl-/hydroxide (OH-) exchange reaction known to be mediated by TET [1,2]. TET inhibited the oxidation of succinate by intact E. coli in both Cl- and SO4(2-) medium, but at the same concentration of TET, inhibition was always more extensive in Cl- than SO4(2-) medium. In Cl- medium uncoupling in membrane vesicles and inhibition of succinate oxidation in intact bacteria occurred over the same concentration range and it appeared that the same mechanism, i.e. Cl-/OH- exchange, was responsible for both effects. Inhibition of succinate oxidation in SO4(2-) medium was not substantial until the concentration of TET was greater than 10(-5) M. Although the nature of this inhibition could not be determined by experiments with membrane vesicles indirect evidence from growth experiments indicated that it was due to impairment of oxidative phosphorylation. The relationship between these biochemical findings and the bacteriocidal action of TET was examined by using various concentrations of anion and substrate in the growth medium. Growth was inhibited in media containing either Cl- or SO4(2-) as the main anion but at a particular concentration of TET, inhibition was greater in Cl- medium. Growth was also inhibited to a greater extent in succinate than glucose medium. Furthermore in either Cl- or SO4(2-) glucose medium, lactic acid production increased as the concentration of TET was increased. These findings imply that the bacteriocidal action of TET is related to its effect(s) on oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Effect of triethyltin on Escherichia coli K-12. Triethyltin (TET) stimulated the basal respiration of Escherichia coli K-12 membrane vesicles in chloride (Cl-) medium but it had little effect on respiration in sulphate (SO4(2-)) medium. Since this uncoupling activity was Cl- dependent it was attributed to the Cl-/hydroxide (OH-) exchange reaction known to be mediated by TET [1,2]. TET inhibited the oxidation of succinate by intact E. coli in both Cl- and SO4(2-) medium, but at the same concentration of TET, inhibition was always more extensive in Cl- than SO4(2-) medium. In Cl- medium uncoupling in membrane vesicles and inhibition of succinate oxidation in intact bacteria occurred over the same concentration range and it appeared that the same mechanism, i.e. Cl-/OH- exchange, was responsible for both effects. Inhibition of succinate oxidation in SO4(2-) medium was not substantial until the concentration of TET was greater than 10(-5) M. Although the nature of this inhibition could not be determined by experiments with membrane vesicles indirect evidence from growth experiments indicated that it was due to impairment of oxidative phosphorylation. The relationship between these biochemical findings and the bacteriocidal action of TET was examined by using various concentrations of anion and substrate in the growth medium. Growth was inhibited in media containing either Cl- or SO4(2-) as the main anion but at a particular concentration of TET, inhibition was greater in Cl- medium. Growth was also inhibited to a greater extent in succinate than glucose medium. Furthermore in either Cl- or SO4(2-) glucose medium, lactic acid production increased as the concentration of TET was increased. These findings imply that the bacteriocidal action of TET is related to its effect(s) on oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:340070", "title": "[Value of the indirect immunoperoxidase reaction in the sero-diagnosis of amebiasis].", "content": "The number of our findings is still to small to draw definite conclusions. They however show that this technique is very sensitive and highly specific for the diagnostic of tissular amebiasis. Moreover, it significantly reduces the reading difficulty, because the morphologic differences between ameba and the other elements of the antigen is easy to see. The other advantages of the method are: the use of usual optic microscope, which allows the serologic diagnostic in moderatly fitted out laboratories, the use of electron microscope which allows the study of internal structure of the parasite, the preservation of the slides for several months, permitting therefore comparative studies.", "contents": "[Value of the indirect immunoperoxidase reaction in the sero-diagnosis of amebiasis]. The number of our findings is still to small to draw definite conclusions. They however show that this technique is very sensitive and highly specific for the diagnostic of tissular amebiasis. Moreover, it significantly reduces the reading difficulty, because the morphologic differences between ameba and the other elements of the antigen is easy to see. The other advantages of the method are: the use of usual optic microscope, which allows the serologic diagnostic in moderatly fitted out laboratories, the use of electron microscope which allows the study of internal structure of the parasite, the preservation of the slides for several months, permitting therefore comparative studies."}
{"id": "PMID:340075", "title": "Pulmonary tuberculosis due to BCG in a technician employed in a BCG laboratory.", "content": "X-ray examination of the lungs of a laboratory technician in the BCG Department of the Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen revealed a lung tumour and possible signs of tuberculosis. The diagnosis was confirmed by macroscopic and histopathological examination of lung tissue removed by surgery. Subsequent bacteriological examination showed the infection to have been caused by BCG. The possibility is discussed of whether the condition had developed from a metastatic lesion following BCG vaccination, or was the result of an aerogenic infection during the production of BCG vaccine. The simultaneous development of the tuberculous condition and the tumour is remarkable but is not discussed further. The requirements of WHO when signs of tuberculosis are found in a worker in a BCG laboratory were complied with in this instance, but it was not considered necessary to change the routine procedure in the BCG Department.", "contents": "Pulmonary tuberculosis due to BCG in a technician employed in a BCG laboratory. X-ray examination of the lungs of a laboratory technician in the BCG Department of the Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen revealed a lung tumour and possible signs of tuberculosis. The diagnosis was confirmed by macroscopic and histopathological examination of lung tissue removed by surgery. Subsequent bacteriological examination showed the infection to have been caused by BCG. The possibility is discussed of whether the condition had developed from a metastatic lesion following BCG vaccination, or was the result of an aerogenic infection during the production of BCG vaccine. The simultaneous development of the tuberculous condition and the tumour is remarkable but is not discussed further. The requirements of WHO when signs of tuberculosis are found in a worker in a BCG laboratory were complied with in this instance, but it was not considered necessary to change the routine procedure in the BCG Department."}
{"id": "PMID:340076", "title": "Enterotoxin antibodies in relation to diarrhoea in Swedish soldiers in Cyprus.", "content": "The development of antibodies to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and its relationship to diarrhoea was studied in two Swedish battalions (one in the winter, WB, and one in the summer, SB) of the United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus. Whereas only 6-15% of the soldiers had detectable levels of anti-LT antibodies in their sera before leaving Sweden, as many as 69% of the SB and 43% of the WB soldiers who developed diarrhoea in Cyprus acquired significant titres of enterotoxin antibodies in their sera (acute phase serum). During the summer, many soldiers without diarrhoea also obtained anti-LT antibodies, whereas no such response was observed in healthy soldiers during the winter. Civilian Turkish Cypriots had positive sera in high frequency (60-66%) during both study periods. Parallel titration of positive sera against E. coli LT and cholera toxin indicated that the enterotoxin-neutralizing antibodies registered were induced by bacteria producing enterotoxin identical or closely related to LT.", "contents": "Enterotoxin antibodies in relation to diarrhoea in Swedish soldiers in Cyprus. The development of antibodies to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and its relationship to diarrhoea was studied in two Swedish battalions (one in the winter, WB, and one in the summer, SB) of the United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus. Whereas only 6-15% of the soldiers had detectable levels of anti-LT antibodies in their sera before leaving Sweden, as many as 69% of the SB and 43% of the WB soldiers who developed diarrhoea in Cyprus acquired significant titres of enterotoxin antibodies in their sera (acute phase serum). During the summer, many soldiers without diarrhoea also obtained anti-LT antibodies, whereas no such response was observed in healthy soldiers during the winter. Civilian Turkish Cypriots had positive sera in high frequency (60-66%) during both study periods. Parallel titration of positive sera against E. coli LT and cholera toxin indicated that the enterotoxin-neutralizing antibodies registered were induced by bacteria producing enterotoxin identical or closely related to LT."}
{"id": "PMID:340071", "title": "[Comparative study of the indirect immunofluorescence and indirect immunoperoxidase reactions in bilharziasis].", "content": "The immunoperoxidase technique is easy, specific and very sensitive. Its allows the diagnostic of bilharziosis in 97 % of the patients. The test is considered as specific with titers equal or higher than 1/80. Thanks to its relative easiness, high sensitivity and high specificity, this technique permits to read the findings on an usual optic microscope and before all to preserve the slides for several months, and therefore to carry out comparative studies.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the indirect immunofluorescence and indirect immunoperoxidase reactions in bilharziasis]. The immunoperoxidase technique is easy, specific and very sensitive. Its allows the diagnostic of bilharziosis in 97 % of the patients. The test is considered as specific with titers equal or higher than 1/80. Thanks to its relative easiness, high sensitivity and high specificity, this technique permits to read the findings on an usual optic microscope and before all to preserve the slides for several months, and therefore to carry out comparative studies."}
{"id": "PMID:340077", "title": "Laboratory infection of Anopheles pharoensis with Wuchereria bancrofti.", "content": "A. pharoensis was infected from a donor with a high count of W. bancrofti microfilariae. Of the freshly dissected mosquitos, 81.6% were found to have ingested microfilariae, with an average of 12 +/- 2.2 microfilariae per mosquito. An infectivity rate of 41.9% was observed in mosquitos dissected between the eleventh and fifteenth days after feeding. A mean of 7.6 +/- 1.2 third-stage larvae was found in infective mosquitos. Although A. pharoensis has not yet been found naturally infected with third-stage larvae of W. bancrofti, these studies suggest that it is a potential vector of Bancroftian filariasis.", "contents": "Laboratory infection of Anopheles pharoensis with Wuchereria bancrofti. A. pharoensis was infected from a donor with a high count of W. bancrofti microfilariae. Of the freshly dissected mosquitos, 81.6% were found to have ingested microfilariae, with an average of 12 +/- 2.2 microfilariae per mosquito. An infectivity rate of 41.9% was observed in mosquitos dissected between the eleventh and fifteenth days after feeding. A mean of 7.6 +/- 1.2 third-stage larvae was found in infective mosquitos. Although A. pharoensis has not yet been found naturally infected with third-stage larvae of W. bancrofti, these studies suggest that it is a potential vector of Bancroftian filariasis."}
{"id": "PMID:340080", "title": "Endotoxin-induced increased alveolar capillary membrane permeability.", "content": "In an attempt to define the effects of endotoxin on the permeability of the pulmonary alveolar capillary membrane (ACM) to a variety of substances [molecular weight (MW) varying from 60 to 69,000], we studied the movement of specific molecular species from the pulmonary capillary blood to the saline-filled \"alveolus,\" employing an in vivo dog lung model. Following endotoxin injection (2-2.5 mg/kg) baseline T1/2 values (time, in minutes, for 50% equilibration of the specific solute between the blood and the saline-filled lung) decreased as follows (compared to baseline values): urea (MW 60) - 42.5 +/- 24 to 21.3 +/- 18; sucrose (MW 360) - 201 +/- 72 to 76 +/- 53; 3,000 MW dextran - 1,275 +/- 746 to 686 +/- 433; 10,400 MW dextran - 1,871 +/- 845 to 1,052 +/- 630 (all p less than 0.05). Neither 20,000 MW dextran nor albumin (MW 69,000) showed an increased permeability following endotoxin injection. Histamine analysis revealed a significant increase in all lung liquid samples post-endotoxin injection without a significant increase in blood histamine values. We conclude that, acutely (within 4 hr of injection), endotoxin causes an increase in permeability of the ACM for substances up to 10,400 MW. The role of histamine in this increased permeability remains controversial.", "contents": "Endotoxin-induced increased alveolar capillary membrane permeability. In an attempt to define the effects of endotoxin on the permeability of the pulmonary alveolar capillary membrane (ACM) to a variety of substances [molecular weight (MW) varying from 60 to 69,000], we studied the movement of specific molecular species from the pulmonary capillary blood to the saline-filled \"alveolus,\" employing an in vivo dog lung model. Following endotoxin injection (2-2.5 mg/kg) baseline T1/2 values (time, in minutes, for 50% equilibration of the specific solute between the blood and the saline-filled lung) decreased as follows (compared to baseline values): urea (MW 60) - 42.5 +/- 24 to 21.3 +/- 18; sucrose (MW 360) - 201 +/- 72 to 76 +/- 53; 3,000 MW dextran - 1,275 +/- 746 to 686 +/- 433; 10,400 MW dextran - 1,871 +/- 845 to 1,052 +/- 630 (all p less than 0.05). Neither 20,000 MW dextran nor albumin (MW 69,000) showed an increased permeability following endotoxin injection. Histamine analysis revealed a significant increase in all lung liquid samples post-endotoxin injection without a significant increase in blood histamine values. We conclude that, acutely (within 4 hr of injection), endotoxin causes an increase in permeability of the ACM for substances up to 10,400 MW. The role of histamine in this increased permeability remains controversial."}
{"id": "PMID:340081", "title": "Cardiovascular responses to PGI2 (prostacyclin) in the dog.", "content": "Arachidonic acid (AA) produces characteristic hemodynamic changes in the canine circulation. These responses are blocked by prostaglandin (PG) synthetase inhibitors, indicating that AA and its nonprostanoic metabolites are not vasoactive. The hemodynamic effects of the cyclic endoperoxides, thromboxanes, and PGD2, PG2, and PGF2a differ from those produced by AA. PGI2, a newly identified product of AA, is reported to relax arterial strips. However, its cardiac and systemic effects are unknown. In 12 open-chest, anesthetized dogs, PGI2 (0.25-5.0 microgram/kg) produced a dose-related decrease in systemic arterial pressure (BP) and myocardial contractile force (MCF). In five left ventricular bypass preparations, PGI2 produced only a slight decrease in MCF at all doses, whereas the BP decreases were parallel to those in the intact preparation. AA, PGD2, PGE2, and PGI2 were administered in random order by bolus intravenous injections in approximately equidepressor doses to intact dogs. BP fell with each agent (AA, 300 microgram/kg, -25 percent; PGD2, 5 microgram/kg, -26 percent; PGE2, 5 microgram/kg, -26 percent PGI2, 0.5 microgram/kg, -26 percent). The vasodepressor action of PGI2 was approximately 10 times greater than that of PGD2 and PGE2. Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) rose significantly with PGD2 and PGE2 (AA, -1 percent; PGD2 +66 percent; PGE2, +20 percent; PGI2, -1 percent). Only PGE2 had a significant effect on MCF (AA, +7 percent; PGD2, +5 percent, PGE2, +20 percent; PGI2, -0.3). At this dose, PGI2 resembles AA in that it has little effect on either PAP or MCF. Of all known AA metabolites the response to PGI2 most closely resembles that of exogenous AA in the dog.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses to PGI2 (prostacyclin) in the dog. Arachidonic acid (AA) produces characteristic hemodynamic changes in the canine circulation. These responses are blocked by prostaglandin (PG) synthetase inhibitors, indicating that AA and its nonprostanoic metabolites are not vasoactive. The hemodynamic effects of the cyclic endoperoxides, thromboxanes, and PGD2, PG2, and PGF2a differ from those produced by AA. PGI2, a newly identified product of AA, is reported to relax arterial strips. However, its cardiac and systemic effects are unknown. In 12 open-chest, anesthetized dogs, PGI2 (0.25-5.0 microgram/kg) produced a dose-related decrease in systemic arterial pressure (BP) and myocardial contractile force (MCF). In five left ventricular bypass preparations, PGI2 produced only a slight decrease in MCF at all doses, whereas the BP decreases were parallel to those in the intact preparation. AA, PGD2, PGE2, and PGI2 were administered in random order by bolus intravenous injections in approximately equidepressor doses to intact dogs. BP fell with each agent (AA, 300 microgram/kg, -25 percent; PGD2, 5 microgram/kg, -26 percent; PGE2, 5 microgram/kg, -26 percent PGI2, 0.5 microgram/kg, -26 percent). The vasodepressor action of PGI2 was approximately 10 times greater than that of PGD2 and PGE2. Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) rose significantly with PGD2 and PGE2 (AA, -1 percent; PGD2 +66 percent; PGE2, +20 percent; PGI2, -1 percent). Only PGE2 had a significant effect on MCF (AA, +7 percent; PGD2, +5 percent, PGE2, +20 percent; PGI2, -0.3). At this dose, PGI2 resembles AA in that it has little effect on either PAP or MCF. Of all known AA metabolites the response to PGI2 most closely resembles that of exogenous AA in the dog."}
{"id": "PMID:340082", "title": "Polarisation fluoroimmunoassay of phenytoin.", "content": "A polarisation fluoroimmunoassay for the determination of phenytoin levels in serum is described. Fluoresceinthiocarbamyl alpha,alpha-diphenylglycine (FTC-DPG) is used as an easily prepared fluorescent-labelled analogue of phenytoin. Interference from the non-specific binding of FTC-DPG by serum proteins is eliminated by proteolytic degradation of samples prior to assay. The method employs stable, non-radioactive reagents, requires no separation procedure, and involves only 1.25 microliter of serum. Analyses of serum samples from patients receiving phenytoin correlate well (r = 0.96) with an established gas-liquid chromatographic method.", "contents": "Polarisation fluoroimmunoassay of phenytoin. A polarisation fluoroimmunoassay for the determination of phenytoin levels in serum is described. Fluoresceinthiocarbamyl alpha,alpha-diphenylglycine (FTC-DPG) is used as an easily prepared fluorescent-labelled analogue of phenytoin. Interference from the non-specific binding of FTC-DPG by serum proteins is eliminated by proteolytic degradation of samples prior to assay. The method employs stable, non-radioactive reagents, requires no separation procedure, and involves only 1.25 microliter of serum. Analyses of serum samples from patients receiving phenytoin correlate well (r = 0.96) with an established gas-liquid chromatographic method."}
{"id": "PMID:340078", "title": "Observational studies of children from diary to ethnogram. A century of progress.", "content": "A survey of methodology within observational study is attempted. Personalized baby biographies are seen to provide a foundation for more rigorous study including time and event sampling utilizing technological aids. The essence of ecology is included within an increasingly objective approach leading up to the possibility of utilization of the principles and practice of ethology. Naturalistic observation can be seen to be a necessary element within modern behavioral study.", "contents": "Observational studies of children from diary to ethnogram. A century of progress. A survey of methodology within observational study is attempted. Personalized baby biographies are seen to provide a foundation for more rigorous study including time and event sampling utilizing technological aids. The essence of ecology is included within an increasingly objective approach leading up to the possibility of utilization of the principles and practice of ethology. Naturalistic observation can be seen to be a necessary element within modern behavioral study."}
{"id": "PMID:340085", "title": "Possible persistent endocrine function of a rejected renal allograft.", "content": "The case is described of a patient on intermittent hemodialysis who had had a bilateral nephrectomy but had hypertension and a surprisingly mild degree of anemia. Repeated determinations showed high plasma renin activity and plasma erythropoietin activity within the detectable range. These results were thought to be related to a completely calcified renal allograft which had been inserted 8 years before and which had been rejected four years later, but left in situ. The patient had become anuric. It is suggested that chronically rejected renal allografts, even calcified, may maintain some endocrine activity in the absence of any excretory function.", "contents": "Possible persistent endocrine function of a rejected renal allograft. The case is described of a patient on intermittent hemodialysis who had had a bilateral nephrectomy but had hypertension and a surprisingly mild degree of anemia. Repeated determinations showed high plasma renin activity and plasma erythropoietin activity within the detectable range. These results were thought to be related to a completely calcified renal allograft which had been inserted 8 years before and which had been rejected four years later, but left in situ. The patient had become anuric. It is suggested that chronically rejected renal allografts, even calcified, may maintain some endocrine activity in the absence of any excretory function."}
{"id": "PMID:340086", "title": "Toxoplasmosis after renal transplantation.", "content": "Infection is the main cause of death following renal transplantation. In the literature 7 fatal cases of toxoplasmosis following renal transplantation have been described. In the present papers a case of reactivated toxoplasmosis is presented where the patient survived. Fortuitous withdrawal of therapy and transplant nephrectomy may have been responsible for the patient's survival. The problems of diagnosis of toxoplasmosis following renal transplantation are discussed. Early diagnosis is vitally important as successful treatment of toxoplasmosis with pyrimethamine and sulfonamides in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy has been reported. It is emphasised that reaction of toxoplasmosis should always be considered in patients with fever of unknown origin and cerebral symptoms.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis after renal transplantation. Infection is the main cause of death following renal transplantation. In the literature 7 fatal cases of toxoplasmosis following renal transplantation have been described. In the present papers a case of reactivated toxoplasmosis is presented where the patient survived. Fortuitous withdrawal of therapy and transplant nephrectomy may have been responsible for the patient's survival. The problems of diagnosis of toxoplasmosis following renal transplantation are discussed. Early diagnosis is vitally important as successful treatment of toxoplasmosis with pyrimethamine and sulfonamides in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy has been reported. It is emphasised that reaction of toxoplasmosis should always be considered in patients with fever of unknown origin and cerebral symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:340087", "title": "A new technique for measuring blood flow in polytetrafluorethylene grafts for hemodialysis.", "content": "A method has been described for the measurement of blood flow in non branching grafts using the isotope dilution principle. The technique is simple, reproducible and consistent and can be performed in less than ten minutes.", "contents": "A new technique for measuring blood flow in polytetrafluorethylene grafts for hemodialysis. A method has been described for the measurement of blood flow in non branching grafts using the isotope dilution principle. The technique is simple, reproducible and consistent and can be performed in less than ten minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:340089", "title": "Preliminary clinical evaluation of the effect of small electrical currents on the healing of jaw fractures.", "content": "A clinical investigation has been carried out into the effect of small electrical currents on the healing of mandibular fractures. Electrical stimulation of fracture healing was carried out in 40 patients with a direct current of 10 or 20 microamperes delivered through a platinum electrode. An equal number of patients with similar fractures were selected as controls. Rate of repair was assessed by measuring the mobility of the fracture. Serum phosphatase and calcium were regularly measured at intervals in both groups after reduction and suggested that alkaline phosphatase activity increased in the stimulated group. The repair process was enhanced in the electrically stimulated fractures compared to the controls in the first 10-14 days after reduction.", "contents": "Preliminary clinical evaluation of the effect of small electrical currents on the healing of jaw fractures. A clinical investigation has been carried out into the effect of small electrical currents on the healing of mandibular fractures. Electrical stimulation of fracture healing was carried out in 40 patients with a direct current of 10 or 20 microamperes delivered through a platinum electrode. An equal number of patients with similar fractures were selected as controls. Rate of repair was assessed by measuring the mobility of the fracture. Serum phosphatase and calcium were regularly measured at intervals in both groups after reduction and suggested that alkaline phosphatase activity increased in the stimulated group. The repair process was enhanced in the electrically stimulated fractures compared to the controls in the first 10-14 days after reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:340094", "title": "Techniques of anterior spinal surgery for the management of kyphosis.", "content": "Experience with the techniques of spinal surgery for the management of thoracic and lumbar kyphosis suggests that the anterior approach is useful for correcting fixed deformity (achieving solid arthrodesis and decompressing the spinal cord when necessary). The insertion of an anterior bone graft alone does not guarantee a solid arthrodesis. Meticulous technique, autologous bone, and efficient immobilization are essential for a satisfactory result.", "contents": "Techniques of anterior spinal surgery for the management of kyphosis. Experience with the techniques of spinal surgery for the management of thoracic and lumbar kyphosis suggests that the anterior approach is useful for correcting fixed deformity (achieving solid arthrodesis and decompressing the spinal cord when necessary). The insertion of an anterior bone graft alone does not guarantee a solid arthrodesis. Meticulous technique, autologous bone, and efficient immobilization are essential for a satisfactory result."}
{"id": "PMID:340095", "title": "Section II: General orthopaedics. Anterior cervical fusion for trauma.", "content": "Anterior bone grafts of 24 injured cervical spines were reviewed with respect to early postoperative instability and eventual malunion. Spinal redislocation or graft extrusion occurred in 21% representing failure to attain early stability. In 38%, the late complication of kyphotic malunion occurred, averaging 21%. The Yale instability criteria were fulfilled in 15 cases and mechanical complications developed in 87% of these. When posterior instability was present, the mechanical complication rate rose to 92%. Early stabilization of most neck injuries is not achieved by the anterior bone graft and its use as a means of \"stabilization\" is unsubstantiated by clinical experience.", "contents": "Section II: General orthopaedics. Anterior cervical fusion for trauma. Anterior bone grafts of 24 injured cervical spines were reviewed with respect to early postoperative instability and eventual malunion. Spinal redislocation or graft extrusion occurred in 21% representing failure to attain early stability. In 38%, the late complication of kyphotic malunion occurred, averaging 21%. The Yale instability criteria were fulfilled in 15 cases and mechanical complications developed in 87% of these. When posterior instability was present, the mechanical complication rate rose to 92%. Early stabilization of most neck injuries is not achieved by the anterior bone graft and its use as a means of \"stabilization\" is unsubstantiated by clinical experience."}
{"id": "PMID:340092", "title": "Fixation of osteochondral fragments in the knee joint. A clinical survey.", "content": "In 20 patients with osteochondral joint fragments (chiefly osteochondritis dissecans), followed for an average of five years, excellent or good results were obtained in 15 treated by transfixation with autologous cortical bone pegs.", "contents": "Fixation of osteochondral fragments in the knee joint. A clinical survey. In 20 patients with osteochondral joint fragments (chiefly osteochondritis dissecans), followed for an average of five years, excellent or good results were obtained in 15 treated by transfixation with autologous cortical bone pegs."}
{"id": "PMID:340096", "title": "Percutaneous repair of acute closed ruptured achilles tendon: a new technique.", "content": "The technique of percutaneous suturing repair of acute closed rupture of the Achilles tendon, as described in this article, can be performed under local anesthesia without using an arterioconstrictive tourniquet. Eighteen patients have been successfully treated with this technique, 12 having been closely followed for more than 12 months, and 8 for more than 24 months. Preliminarly, this technique for repairing acute closed Achilles tendon ruptures appears more promising than open surgical repair or short leg equinus casts alone due to tendon continuity restoration, tendon strength restoration,and minimization of postoperative complications.", "contents": "Percutaneous repair of acute closed ruptured achilles tendon: a new technique. The technique of percutaneous suturing repair of acute closed rupture of the Achilles tendon, as described in this article, can be performed under local anesthesia without using an arterioconstrictive tourniquet. Eighteen patients have been successfully treated with this technique, 12 having been closely followed for more than 12 months, and 8 for more than 24 months. Preliminarly, this technique for repairing acute closed Achilles tendon ruptures appears more promising than open surgical repair or short leg equinus casts alone due to tendon continuity restoration, tendon strength restoration,and minimization of postoperative complications."}
{"id": "PMID:340097", "title": "Stabilization of the collapsing spine in duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Of 41 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, no ambulatory patient had scoliosis greater than 19 degrees. Non-ambulatory patients were prophylactically placed in body jackets, which kept the spine flexible and provided adequate support for sitting in the majority of patients. Ten patients had posterior spine fusion for progressive spinal collapse. The procedure was extensive with significant blood loss but boney fusion was achieved in every case. Pulmonary complications were minimized by performing preoperative tracheostomy on all patients who had vital capacities less than 40% and or non-functional coughs. Spinal fusion permitted long-term sitting stability despite the progression of the disease.", "contents": "Stabilization of the collapsing spine in duchenne muscular dystrophy. Of 41 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, no ambulatory patient had scoliosis greater than 19 degrees. Non-ambulatory patients were prophylactically placed in body jackets, which kept the spine flexible and provided adequate support for sitting in the majority of patients. Ten patients had posterior spine fusion for progressive spinal collapse. The procedure was extensive with significant blood loss but boney fusion was achieved in every case. Pulmonary complications were minimized by performing preoperative tracheostomy on all patients who had vital capacities less than 40% and or non-functional coughs. Spinal fusion permitted long-term sitting stability despite the progression of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:340090", "title": "Candida pyarthrosis of the hip and renal homotransplant. Report of a case treated by femoral head and neck resection and 5-fluorocytosine.", "content": "A 54-year-old female with chronic renal failure who had undergone renal homotransplantation and who was being maintained for 3 months on immunosuppressive therapy, developed Candida pyarthrosis of the hip. The patient posed a management problem because of the nephrotoxicity of the antibiotics required to control Candida. The literature was of little help in resolving the treatment dilemma because only 4 other cases of Candida pyarthrosis in adults, and only one other on immunosuppressive therapy, have been reported. Surgical excision of the head and neck of the femur was elected because the combined use of Amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine posed an unacceptable risk of renal damage while the use of 5-fluorocytosine alone might allow development of step-wise resistance to the drug. Femoral head and neck resection and a 7-month course of 5-fluorocytosine brought the infection under control and allowed normal would healing. With increasing number of compromised susceptible patients, the frequency of serious infections caused by ordinarily saphrophytic organisms is likely to increase. There is a need for more case reports on management, including the consequences of surgical excision of Candida infected tissues.", "contents": "Candida pyarthrosis of the hip and renal homotransplant. Report of a case treated by femoral head and neck resection and 5-fluorocytosine. A 54-year-old female with chronic renal failure who had undergone renal homotransplantation and who was being maintained for 3 months on immunosuppressive therapy, developed Candida pyarthrosis of the hip. The patient posed a management problem because of the nephrotoxicity of the antibiotics required to control Candida. The literature was of little help in resolving the treatment dilemma because only 4 other cases of Candida pyarthrosis in adults, and only one other on immunosuppressive therapy, have been reported. Surgical excision of the head and neck of the femur was elected because the combined use of Amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine posed an unacceptable risk of renal damage while the use of 5-fluorocytosine alone might allow development of step-wise resistance to the drug. Femoral head and neck resection and a 7-month course of 5-fluorocytosine brought the infection under control and allowed normal would healing. With increasing number of compromised susceptible patients, the frequency of serious infections caused by ordinarily saphrophytic organisms is likely to increase. There is a need for more case reports on management, including the consequences of surgical excision of Candida infected tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:340098", "title": "The management of kyphosis in patients with myelomeningocele.", "content": "Kyphosis in myelomeningocele is a progressive condition, which can lead to severe deterioration of function and skin ulceration over the apex of the kyphus. Since bracing is impractical, surgical correction and stabilization is the recommended method of management. Three different techniques are in current use. An anterior procedure using a plate and u-bolt shackles, an anterior approach using a bone strut, and a posterior approach excising a wedge, and the spinal cord if it is functionless. We recommend the wedge excision combined with posterior Harrington compression instrumentation and spinal fusion extending well above and below the resection. Regardless of the approach used, it is the long spinal fusion both anterior and posterior, which will maintain correction.", "contents": "The management of kyphosis in patients with myelomeningocele. Kyphosis in myelomeningocele is a progressive condition, which can lead to severe deterioration of function and skin ulceration over the apex of the kyphus. Since bracing is impractical, surgical correction and stabilization is the recommended method of management. Three different techniques are in current use. An anterior procedure using a plate and u-bolt shackles, an anterior approach using a bone strut, and a posterior approach excising a wedge, and the spinal cord if it is functionless. We recommend the wedge excision combined with posterior Harrington compression instrumentation and spinal fusion extending well above and below the resection. Regardless of the approach used, it is the long spinal fusion both anterior and posterior, which will maintain correction."}
{"id": "PMID:340099", "title": "The classic: kyphosis dorsalis juvenilis.", "content": "Kyphosis dorsalis juvenilis, the so-called apprentice or muscular kyphosis, is caused by disturbances in the vertebral epiphyses and not as originally suggested by muscular spinal insufficiency. The pathology resembles Calv\u00e9-Perthes osteochondritis deformans juvenilis coxae and can therefore be labelled as Osteochondritis deformans juvenilis dorsi.", "contents": "The classic: kyphosis dorsalis juvenilis. Kyphosis dorsalis juvenilis, the so-called apprentice or muscular kyphosis, is caused by disturbances in the vertebral epiphyses and not as originally suggested by muscular spinal insufficiency. The pathology resembles Calv\u00e9-Perthes osteochondritis deformans juvenilis coxae and can therefore be labelled as Osteochondritis deformans juvenilis dorsi."}
{"id": "PMID:340100", "title": "Traumatic kyphosis of the thoracolumbar spine.", "content": "The rationale of acute and chronic orthopedic management of traumatic throacolumbar kyphosis is determined by the type and location of the injury. The performance of laminectomy is condemned due to its historical failure in both the acute and chronic phase and its violation of simple mechanical principles.", "contents": "Traumatic kyphosis of the thoracolumbar spine. The rationale of acute and chronic orthopedic management of traumatic throacolumbar kyphosis is determined by the type and location of the injury. The performance of laminectomy is condemned due to its historical failure in both the acute and chronic phase and its violation of simple mechanical principles."}
{"id": "PMID:340107", "title": "Thromboembolism.", "content": "Fatal thromboembolism in pregnancy and the puerperium is becoming less frequent but remains the second commonest cause of maternal death. The mechanism responsible for the pathogenesis is complex and the predisposition to thrombus formation in pregnancy is probably the interaction of several different factors. Because of the risks of anticoagulant therapy, it is important to establish the diagnosis of thromboembolism before commencing treatment using venography and pulmonary angiography when necessary. When anticoagulants are used in pregnancy, coumarin derivatives can be used until 36 weeks and then substituted by heparin; alternatively heparin alone can be given throughout pregnancy. Subcutaneous heparin has no fetal effects and can be used successfully on an outpatient basis. Prevention is always better than cure, and it is essential that well-established preventive measures should be carried out diligently so that the incidence of this rare, but dreaded, complication can be reduced to an absolute minimum.", "contents": "Thromboembolism. Fatal thromboembolism in pregnancy and the puerperium is becoming less frequent but remains the second commonest cause of maternal death. The mechanism responsible for the pathogenesis is complex and the predisposition to thrombus formation in pregnancy is probably the interaction of several different factors. Because of the risks of anticoagulant therapy, it is important to establish the diagnosis of thromboembolism before commencing treatment using venography and pulmonary angiography when necessary. When anticoagulants are used in pregnancy, coumarin derivatives can be used until 36 weeks and then substituted by heparin; alternatively heparin alone can be given throughout pregnancy. Subcutaneous heparin has no fetal effects and can be used successfully on an outpatient basis. Prevention is always better than cure, and it is essential that well-established preventive measures should be carried out diligently so that the incidence of this rare, but dreaded, complication can be reduced to an absolute minimum."}
{"id": "PMID:340108", "title": "Psychiatric disorders including drug therapy and addiction.", "content": "The follow-up of 238 women with antenatal and puerperal psychiatric illness indicated that drugs used for these conditions may affect the outcome of pregnancy. This may be due to the fact that psychotropic drugs have an effect on hormonal balances and neurotransmitters. Although antenatal and puerperal psychoses have symptoms which relate them to the main psychiatric categories, they are definite clinical entities (Bucknill and Luke, 1874; Hamilton, 1962); this no doubt reflects the major social and hormonal changes which occur during pregnancy and the puerperium.", "contents": "Psychiatric disorders including drug therapy and addiction. The follow-up of 238 women with antenatal and puerperal psychiatric illness indicated that drugs used for these conditions may affect the outcome of pregnancy. This may be due to the fact that psychotropic drugs have an effect on hormonal balances and neurotransmitters. Although antenatal and puerperal psychoses have symptoms which relate them to the main psychiatric categories, they are definite clinical entities (Bucknill and Luke, 1874; Hamilton, 1962); this no doubt reflects the major social and hormonal changes which occur during pregnancy and the puerperium."}
{"id": "PMID:340113", "title": "Drug trial in rheumatoid arthritis: a new design.", "content": "The comparative efficacy and safety of naproxen and ibuprofen were studied in 64 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A new trial design with three aspirin periods interspersed during the study was used. By passing a smooth curve through the values obtained for the various measures of disease activity during the aspirin periods, one could calculate the difference between what would have been expected on aspirin therapy and what was found during therapy with the two trial drugs. These differences, or \"incremental values,\" allowed each patient's variations to be analyzed individually, thus eliminating the necessity of assuming that a patient's disease was constant. Napoxen and ibuprofen were comparable in efficacy to each other and to aspirin, but both drugs caused significantly less severe side effects than aspirin. Although analysis of the incremental values showed essentially the same results as a standard analysis of the raw data with only a modest increase in sensitivity in this particular study, the novel trial design may prove useful in future drug studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic but fluctuating diseases.", "contents": "Drug trial in rheumatoid arthritis: a new design. The comparative efficacy and safety of naproxen and ibuprofen were studied in 64 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A new trial design with three aspirin periods interspersed during the study was used. By passing a smooth curve through the values obtained for the various measures of disease activity during the aspirin periods, one could calculate the difference between what would have been expected on aspirin therapy and what was found during therapy with the two trial drugs. These differences, or \"incremental values,\" allowed each patient's variations to be analyzed individually, thus eliminating the necessity of assuming that a patient's disease was constant. Napoxen and ibuprofen were comparable in efficacy to each other and to aspirin, but both drugs caused significantly less severe side effects than aspirin. Although analysis of the incremental values showed essentially the same results as a standard analysis of the raw data with only a modest increase in sensitivity in this particular study, the novel trial design may prove useful in future drug studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic but fluctuating diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:340115", "title": "An interpretation of the intravenous glucose tolerance test in the light of recent findings on the kinetics of glucose and insulin in man.", "content": "1. A theoretical investigation of the intravenous glucose tolerance test has been carried out based on recent findings on the kinetics in man of insulin production, distribution, disposal and action, and of glucose turnover and distribution. 2. A good fit to published data on four groups of subjects required a scheme that includes two extravascular glucose spaces and separate venous, arterial and capillary volumes. The fit to the data was little affected by variations within the physiological range of venous and arterial volumes, cardiac output, glycosuria and the properties of the less-accessible glucose pool. 3. The only variables needed to account for the differences between the groups were kinsulin (a measure of the mean sensitivity of insulin-dependent tissues to insulin action) and the readily accessible glucose space. 4. Three published schemes for insulin kinetics were used. They were all consistent with the data and gave very similar relative values for kinsulin in the four groups. 5. It is shown that a rigorous interpretation of the test requires a knowledge of the hepatic response to the glucose load during the test. These effects are not well characterized in pathological states, e.g. diabetes and injury. Consequently conclusions about insulin resistance in these states drawn only from the test are doubtful.", "contents": "An interpretation of the intravenous glucose tolerance test in the light of recent findings on the kinetics of glucose and insulin in man. 1. A theoretical investigation of the intravenous glucose tolerance test has been carried out based on recent findings on the kinetics in man of insulin production, distribution, disposal and action, and of glucose turnover and distribution. 2. A good fit to published data on four groups of subjects required a scheme that includes two extravascular glucose spaces and separate venous, arterial and capillary volumes. The fit to the data was little affected by variations within the physiological range of venous and arterial volumes, cardiac output, glycosuria and the properties of the less-accessible glucose pool. 3. The only variables needed to account for the differences between the groups were kinsulin (a measure of the mean sensitivity of insulin-dependent tissues to insulin action) and the readily accessible glucose space. 4. Three published schemes for insulin kinetics were used. They were all consistent with the data and gave very similar relative values for kinsulin in the four groups. 5. It is shown that a rigorous interpretation of the test requires a knowledge of the hepatic response to the glucose load during the test. These effects are not well characterized in pathological states, e.g. diabetes and injury. Consequently conclusions about insulin resistance in these states drawn only from the test are doubtful."}
{"id": "PMID:340116", "title": "Effect of cyclo-alkyl lactamimides upon human pepsins and pepsinogens.", "content": "1. Eight cyclo-alkyl lactamimides have been investigated for potential inhibitory action upon the pepsins and pepsinogens. 2. Human pepsins 1, 3 and 5 and swine pepsin were inhibited only slightly. 2. Human and swine pepsinogens were inactivated progressively by lactamimides as the number of methylene groups in the nitrogen-containing ring increased. The most potent inactivator studied was N-(cis-2-phenylcyclopentyl)-azacyclotridecan-2-imine hydrochloride. 4. Substitution of benzyl and tertiary butyl groups in the N-containing ring increased the pepsinogen-inactivating property of the cyclo-alkyl lactamimides. 5. N-(cis-2-Phenylcyclopentyl)azacyclotridecan-2-imine hydrochloride may be of potential importance as a therapeutic agent in peptic ulcer, and modifications to the molecule which might increase its pepsinogen-inactivating ability are suggested.", "contents": "Effect of cyclo-alkyl lactamimides upon human pepsins and pepsinogens. 1. Eight cyclo-alkyl lactamimides have been investigated for potential inhibitory action upon the pepsins and pepsinogens. 2. Human pepsins 1, 3 and 5 and swine pepsin were inhibited only slightly. 2. Human and swine pepsinogens were inactivated progressively by lactamimides as the number of methylene groups in the nitrogen-containing ring increased. The most potent inactivator studied was N-(cis-2-phenylcyclopentyl)-azacyclotridecan-2-imine hydrochloride. 4. Substitution of benzyl and tertiary butyl groups in the N-containing ring increased the pepsinogen-inactivating property of the cyclo-alkyl lactamimides. 5. N-(cis-2-Phenylcyclopentyl)azacyclotridecan-2-imine hydrochloride may be of potential importance as a therapeutic agent in peptic ulcer, and modifications to the molecule which might increase its pepsinogen-inactivating ability are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:340117", "title": "Comparative effects of oestrogen and a progestogen on bone loss in postmenopausal women.", "content": "1. The value of progestogen therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal bone loss was assessed in 30 women, by a preliminary randomized controlled trial of gestronol or mestranol, in comparison with a placebo. 2. When the skeletal response was measured by photon absorptiometry, bone mineral loss was prevented by both the oestrogen and the progestogen. 3. We confirm that mestranol significantly reduced the urinary output of hydroxyproline-containing peptide, but this did not occur during gestronol therapy, suggesting that progestogen has a different action on bone, perhaps stimulating bone formation.", "contents": "Comparative effects of oestrogen and a progestogen on bone loss in postmenopausal women. 1. The value of progestogen therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal bone loss was assessed in 30 women, by a preliminary randomized controlled trial of gestronol or mestranol, in comparison with a placebo. 2. When the skeletal response was measured by photon absorptiometry, bone mineral loss was prevented by both the oestrogen and the progestogen. 3. We confirm that mestranol significantly reduced the urinary output of hydroxyproline-containing peptide, but this did not occur during gestronol therapy, suggesting that progestogen has a different action on bone, perhaps stimulating bone formation."}
{"id": "PMID:340122", "title": "Computer-assisted method for multi-exponential curve fitting for determining cerebral blood flow.", "content": "A computer program has been developed for use in determining cerebral blood flow using an inert radioactive gas. The basic algorithm involves the determination of multiple exponential coefficients from the complex concentration-time function. The exponential coefficients are determined by 'peeling' away slower exponentials complex function one at a time. The procedure involves the use of a small laboratory computer in the interactive graphics mode. The method is currently in use analyzing data in a cerebral vascular research laboratory.", "contents": "Computer-assisted method for multi-exponential curve fitting for determining cerebral blood flow. A computer program has been developed for use in determining cerebral blood flow using an inert radioactive gas. The basic algorithm involves the determination of multiple exponential coefficients from the complex concentration-time function. The exponential coefficients are determined by 'peeling' away slower exponentials complex function one at a time. The procedure involves the use of a small laboratory computer in the interactive graphics mode. The method is currently in use analyzing data in a cerebral vascular research laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:340123", "title": "An interactive program on the PDP-11 for computing organ blood flow from data obtained using the radioactive microsphere technique.", "content": "An interactive, BASIC-PLUS language program is described for computation of various parameters of blood flow in research animals from data obtained using the radioactive microsphere technique. This program used in conjunction with the PDP-11 computer gives the following output for a variable number of organs studied simultaneously: (1) descriptive statistics on counts per minute; (2) total blood flow to an organ; (3) blood flow to an organ per unit weight; (4) resistance to flow in that organ; (5) total systemic arterial resistance; (6) cardiac output; and (7) percent of cardiac output distributed to each organ. Further, separate outputs can be generated when a series of different isotopes are used in the same animal to study different experimental conditions.", "contents": "An interactive program on the PDP-11 for computing organ blood flow from data obtained using the radioactive microsphere technique. An interactive, BASIC-PLUS language program is described for computation of various parameters of blood flow in research animals from data obtained using the radioactive microsphere technique. This program used in conjunction with the PDP-11 computer gives the following output for a variable number of organs studied simultaneously: (1) descriptive statistics on counts per minute; (2) total blood flow to an organ; (3) blood flow to an organ per unit weight; (4) resistance to flow in that organ; (5) total systemic arterial resistance; (6) cardiac output; and (7) percent of cardiac output distributed to each organ. Further, separate outputs can be generated when a series of different isotopes are used in the same animal to study different experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:340124", "title": "Stationarity and normality test for biomedical data.", "content": "Biomedical data, such as EEG, EMG and neural impulse sequences, are regarded as the stochastic phenomena of biological systems, and the statistical properties of such time series are often examined. Most of the statistical analysis processed in the frequency and the time domain are based on the assumption that the time series is weakly stationary and normally distributed. Therefore, as the basis of the statistical analysis of the biomedical data, it is necessary to know whether they satisfy the conditions of weak stationarity and normality. However, impulse response and evoked potential biomedical data, are not regarded as the stationary time series. Therefore, other analysis is required. In this paper, the authors present four programs, TEST1, TEST2, TEST3 and TEST4, to examine above conditions. Furthermore, in order to clarify the characteristic of each program, the time series were generated by the computer and examined by the test programs.", "contents": "Stationarity and normality test for biomedical data. Biomedical data, such as EEG, EMG and neural impulse sequences, are regarded as the stochastic phenomena of biological systems, and the statistical properties of such time series are often examined. Most of the statistical analysis processed in the frequency and the time domain are based on the assumption that the time series is weakly stationary and normally distributed. Therefore, as the basis of the statistical analysis of the biomedical data, it is necessary to know whether they satisfy the conditions of weak stationarity and normality. However, impulse response and evoked potential biomedical data, are not regarded as the stationary time series. Therefore, other analysis is required. In this paper, the authors present four programs, TEST1, TEST2, TEST3 and TEST4, to examine above conditions. Furthermore, in order to clarify the characteristic of each program, the time series were generated by the computer and examined by the test programs."}
{"id": "PMID:340125", "title": "A computer system automatic analysis of vectorcardiograms.", "content": "This computer system performs the analysis of orthogonal electrocardiograms for vectorcardiographic (VCG) display and classification. The data acquisition can be performed 'on-line' with the complete analysis in 'real-time', or off-line by processing a magnetic tape. The original computational methods for beat averaging and wave recognition are described. Some features, such as the quality of the visual display of the VCG traces, the availability of a measurement matrix allowing the quantitative analysis of the VCG and the use of a data bank for storage, retrieval and statistical studies make this system very efficient for clinical purposes, introducing the concept of 'Computer Assisted Vectorcardiography'.", "contents": "A computer system automatic analysis of vectorcardiograms. This computer system performs the analysis of orthogonal electrocardiograms for vectorcardiographic (VCG) display and classification. The data acquisition can be performed 'on-line' with the complete analysis in 'real-time', or off-line by processing a magnetic tape. The original computational methods for beat averaging and wave recognition are described. Some features, such as the quality of the visual display of the VCG traces, the availability of a measurement matrix allowing the quantitative analysis of the VCG and the use of a data bank for storage, retrieval and statistical studies make this system very efficient for clinical purposes, introducing the concept of 'Computer Assisted Vectorcardiography'."}
{"id": "PMID:340129", "title": "Comparison of intra-articular methotrexate with intra-articular triamcinolone hexacetonide by thermography.", "content": "A comparison of intra-articular methotrexate and intra-articular triamcinolone hexacetonide was made in 42 arthritic patients with persistent bilateral knee effusions. One knee was injected with either 5 mg methotrexate (two injections of 2.5 mg a week apart) or a single injection of 20 mg triamcinolone. An objective assessment of both knees was made by quantitative thermography at 0,3,7,14 and 21 days. Joints injected with triamcinolone showed a greater fall in thermographic index (T.I) than the joints injected with methotrexate, which showed similar change to the non-injected knee joints in both groups. Four patients received larger doses of methotrexate, up to 20 mg, though the fall in T.I. was still less than the mean fall for triamcinolone injected joints. Peak venous blood levels of methotrexate were reached 1 hour after intra-articular injection, and a sphygmomanometer cuff inflated around the leg above the injected knee for periods of up to 1 hour did not appreciably delay this. Methotrexate had no immediate anti-inflammatory effect, even in psoriatic arthropathy, and did not give the relief of intra-articular steroid.", "contents": "Comparison of intra-articular methotrexate with intra-articular triamcinolone hexacetonide by thermography. A comparison of intra-articular methotrexate and intra-articular triamcinolone hexacetonide was made in 42 arthritic patients with persistent bilateral knee effusions. One knee was injected with either 5 mg methotrexate (two injections of 2.5 mg a week apart) or a single injection of 20 mg triamcinolone. An objective assessment of both knees was made by quantitative thermography at 0,3,7,14 and 21 days. Joints injected with triamcinolone showed a greater fall in thermographic index (T.I) than the joints injected with methotrexate, which showed similar change to the non-injected knee joints in both groups. Four patients received larger doses of methotrexate, up to 20 mg, though the fall in T.I. was still less than the mean fall for triamcinolone injected joints. Peak venous blood levels of methotrexate were reached 1 hour after intra-articular injection, and a sphygmomanometer cuff inflated around the leg above the injected knee for periods of up to 1 hour did not appreciably delay this. Methotrexate had no immediate anti-inflammatory effect, even in psoriatic arthropathy, and did not give the relief of intra-articular steroid."}
{"id": "PMID:340130", "title": "Rapid onset of action of oral labetalol in severe hypertension.", "content": "Nine patients with persistently elevated diastolic blood pressure, exceeding 130 mmHg, received an oral dose of labetalol ranging from 200 mg to 400 mg. In all patients, this produced a significant and gradual decline in recumbent systolic and diastolic blood pressure, unaccompanied by symptoms or complications, with only minor changes in heart rate. Individual variation in the rate of blood pressure fall suggested differences in absorption and first-pass metabolism. It is suggested that the efficacy of oral labetalol merits further investigation in the rapid control of severe hypertension.", "contents": "Rapid onset of action of oral labetalol in severe hypertension. Nine patients with persistently elevated diastolic blood pressure, exceeding 130 mmHg, received an oral dose of labetalol ranging from 200 mg to 400 mg. In all patients, this produced a significant and gradual decline in recumbent systolic and diastolic blood pressure, unaccompanied by symptoms or complications, with only minor changes in heart rate. Individual variation in the rate of blood pressure fall suggested differences in absorption and first-pass metabolism. It is suggested that the efficacy of oral labetalol merits further investigation in the rapid control of severe hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:340131", "title": "Tinidazole and metronidazole in the treatment of intestinal amoebiasis.", "content": "Sixty adult patients with symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis and with Entamoeba histolytica present in stools were allocated at random to treatment with tinidazole or metronidazole, both administered in a dose of 2 g once daily for 3 consecutive days. The treatment period was extended in patients with stools positive for Entamoeba histolytica on the day following the last treatment day. Fifty-six patients, 29 on tinidazole and 27 on metronidazole, completed the trial as per the protocol. Twenty-eight patients (96.5%) on tinidazole and 15 (55.5%) on metronidazole were cured. Parasitological cure with partial relief of symptoms was obtained in 1 (3.5%) and 5 (18.5%) patients on tinidazole and metronidazole, respectively. Seven patients (26%) on metronidazole were treatment failures. Treatment had to be extended beyond 3 day in 53% of patients (8/15) on metronidazole as opposed to 11% (3/28) on tinidazole (p less than 0.01). The total number of side-effects, their severity, and the types were more in the metronidazole group. No toxic effects due to either drug were recorded. Tinidazole provided significantly higher cure rates than metronidazole in the treatment of symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis (p less than 0.01), and was better tolerated than metronidazole.", "contents": "Tinidazole and metronidazole in the treatment of intestinal amoebiasis. Sixty adult patients with symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis and with Entamoeba histolytica present in stools were allocated at random to treatment with tinidazole or metronidazole, both administered in a dose of 2 g once daily for 3 consecutive days. The treatment period was extended in patients with stools positive for Entamoeba histolytica on the day following the last treatment day. Fifty-six patients, 29 on tinidazole and 27 on metronidazole, completed the trial as per the protocol. Twenty-eight patients (96.5%) on tinidazole and 15 (55.5%) on metronidazole were cured. Parasitological cure with partial relief of symptoms was obtained in 1 (3.5%) and 5 (18.5%) patients on tinidazole and metronidazole, respectively. Seven patients (26%) on metronidazole were treatment failures. Treatment had to be extended beyond 3 day in 53% of patients (8/15) on metronidazole as opposed to 11% (3/28) on tinidazole (p less than 0.01). The total number of side-effects, their severity, and the types were more in the metronidazole group. No toxic effects due to either drug were recorded. Tinidazole provided significantly higher cure rates than metronidazole in the treatment of symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis (p less than 0.01), and was better tolerated than metronidazole."}
{"id": "PMID:340132", "title": "Short course of single daily dosage treatment with tinidazole and metronidazole in intestinal amoebiasis: a comparative study.", "content": "Tinidazole or metronidazole was administered at random to 56 patients with symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis. The dose of each drug given was 2 g once daily for 3 consecutive days. Tinidazole cured 92.6% patients (25/27) and metronidazole 58.6% patients (17/29). The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Tinidazole was better tolerated compared with metronidazole.", "contents": "Short course of single daily dosage treatment with tinidazole and metronidazole in intestinal amoebiasis: a comparative study. Tinidazole or metronidazole was administered at random to 56 patients with symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis. The dose of each drug given was 2 g once daily for 3 consecutive days. Tinidazole cured 92.6% patients (25/27) and metronidazole 58.6% patients (17/29). The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Tinidazole was better tolerated compared with metronidazole."}
{"id": "PMID:340133", "title": "Comparative study of tinidazole and metronidazole in amoebic liver abscess.", "content": "Twenty proven cases of amoebic liver abscess were treated at random with either tinidazole or metronidazole. The dose of both was 2 g once daily for 2 days. Clinical, radiological, and biochemical follow-up was done for 30 days. Of the 19 patients who completed the trial, complete recovery was observed in all 10 patients given tinidazole and in 5 of 9 patients given metronidazole (p=0.05). Moreover, patients on tinidazole required repeat aspirations less frequently than those on metronidazole. Mild gastrointestinal side-effects occurred in 1 patient on metronidazole. The results suggest that tinidazole is a more efficacious drug than metronidazole, with rapid therapeutic effect.", "contents": "Comparative study of tinidazole and metronidazole in amoebic liver abscess. Twenty proven cases of amoebic liver abscess were treated at random with either tinidazole or metronidazole. The dose of both was 2 g once daily for 2 days. Clinical, radiological, and biochemical follow-up was done for 30 days. Of the 19 patients who completed the trial, complete recovery was observed in all 10 patients given tinidazole and in 5 of 9 patients given metronidazole (p=0.05). Moreover, patients on tinidazole required repeat aspirations less frequently than those on metronidazole. Mild gastrointestinal side-effects occurred in 1 patient on metronidazole. The results suggest that tinidazole is a more efficacious drug than metronidazole, with rapid therapeutic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:340134", "title": "Single-dose treatment of giardiasis in children: a comparison of tinidazole and metronidazole.", "content": "One hundred children suffering from symptomatic giardiasis were treated with either tinidazole or metronidazole in random order. Both the drugs were given as a single oral dose calculated on the basis of 50 mg/kg body weight. Parasitological and clinical cure was obtained in 40 (80%) of 50 patients given tinidazole and in 18(36%) of 50 patients given metronidazole. This difference in cure rates was significant (p less than 0.01). Furthermore, control of diarrhoea and negative stool conversion for G. lamblia were achieved earlier with tinidazole than with metronidazole, the differences being significant (p less than 0.01) from the 8th post-treatment day. Gastro-intestinal side-effects of mild degree occurred in 6 patients on tinidazole and in 2 patients on metronidazole; they comprised nausea, vomiting, and bitter taste. Neither drug caused any abnormal deviation in blood counts or in biochemical tests of liver and kidney function.", "contents": "Single-dose treatment of giardiasis in children: a comparison of tinidazole and metronidazole. One hundred children suffering from symptomatic giardiasis were treated with either tinidazole or metronidazole in random order. Both the drugs were given as a single oral dose calculated on the basis of 50 mg/kg body weight. Parasitological and clinical cure was obtained in 40 (80%) of 50 patients given tinidazole and in 18(36%) of 50 patients given metronidazole. This difference in cure rates was significant (p less than 0.01). Furthermore, control of diarrhoea and negative stool conversion for G. lamblia were achieved earlier with tinidazole than with metronidazole, the differences being significant (p less than 0.01) from the 8th post-treatment day. Gastro-intestinal side-effects of mild degree occurred in 6 patients on tinidazole and in 2 patients on metronidazole; they comprised nausea, vomiting, and bitter taste. Neither drug caused any abnormal deviation in blood counts or in biochemical tests of liver and kidney function."}
{"id": "PMID:340135", "title": "Basic experiments with clotrimazole administered orally.", "content": "A series of experiments was carried out with the antimycotic agent clotrimazole to establish MICs against a number of different yeasts and to estimate its blood levels following oral administration. Marked differences were noted between the MIC against A and B serotypes of Candida albicans in its yeast-like cell form, that against Type B being nearly 10-times higher than against Type A. Against the mycelial form, however, the MIC was much lower and there was little difference between the levels for the two serotypes. Clotrimazole administered in oral tablet form appeared to be poorly absorbed, little being transferred to the blood. Urinary levels were low and large amounts of the drug were detected in the faeces. Serum levels were below MIC levels in all cases examined. Blood levels 3-times as great as those after the same dosage in tablet form were produced when clotrimazole was given in oil solution and even with 250 mg, effective blood levels were achieved and maintained.", "contents": "Basic experiments with clotrimazole administered orally. A series of experiments was carried out with the antimycotic agent clotrimazole to establish MICs against a number of different yeasts and to estimate its blood levels following oral administration. Marked differences were noted between the MIC against A and B serotypes of Candida albicans in its yeast-like cell form, that against Type B being nearly 10-times higher than against Type A. Against the mycelial form, however, the MIC was much lower and there was little difference between the levels for the two serotypes. Clotrimazole administered in oral tablet form appeared to be poorly absorbed, little being transferred to the blood. Urinary levels were low and large amounts of the drug were detected in the faeces. Serum levels were below MIC levels in all cases examined. Blood levels 3-times as great as those after the same dosage in tablet form were produced when clotrimazole was given in oil solution and even with 250 mg, effective blood levels were achieved and maintained."}
{"id": "PMID:340136", "title": "A dose-response study of atenolol in mild to moderate hypertension in general practice.", "content": "A double-blind, crossover, multicentre study of 98 previously untreated patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension was carried out in general practice to assess the effect of 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg atenolol, given once daily, compared with that of placebo over a period of 4 weeks each. At the end of the double-blind phase, all patients took 100 mg atenolol daily for a further 8 weeks. All three doses of atenolol produced statistically significant falls in systolic and diastolic pressure and pulse rate (p less than 0.001). The lowest pressures were achieved with 100 mg daily; a difference of 22/15 mmHg at the end of the double-bling phase, and a difference of 25/16 mmHg at the final observation. Body weight, blood urea, blood uric acid, and serum electrolytes remained within normal limits throughout the study. The incidence of side-effects with 50 mg and 100 mg atenolol was not significantly different from that caused by placebo, but the incidence of tiredness at the 200 mg dose level was greater than that caused by placebo and by the lower doses. The incidence of possible side-effects elicited by a questionnaire was low, the greatest number being volunteered by patients taking placebo. It is concluded that the optimal dose of atenolol for treating patients with mild to moderate hypertension in general practice is 100 mg daily.", "contents": "A dose-response study of atenolol in mild to moderate hypertension in general practice. A double-blind, crossover, multicentre study of 98 previously untreated patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension was carried out in general practice to assess the effect of 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg atenolol, given once daily, compared with that of placebo over a period of 4 weeks each. At the end of the double-blind phase, all patients took 100 mg atenolol daily for a further 8 weeks. All three doses of atenolol produced statistically significant falls in systolic and diastolic pressure and pulse rate (p less than 0.001). The lowest pressures were achieved with 100 mg daily; a difference of 22/15 mmHg at the end of the double-bling phase, and a difference of 25/16 mmHg at the final observation. Body weight, blood urea, blood uric acid, and serum electrolytes remained within normal limits throughout the study. The incidence of side-effects with 50 mg and 100 mg atenolol was not significantly different from that caused by placebo, but the incidence of tiredness at the 200 mg dose level was greater than that caused by placebo and by the lower doses. The incidence of possible side-effects elicited by a questionnaire was low, the greatest number being volunteered by patients taking placebo. It is concluded that the optimal dose of atenolol for treating patients with mild to moderate hypertension in general practice is 100 mg daily."}
{"id": "PMID:340137", "title": "A short-term comparative trial of salsalate and indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A short-term, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was completed in 15 patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis to compare the antirheumatic activity of salsalate (3 g/day) with placebo and indomethacin (75 mg/day). Subjective and objective assessments showed that both salsalate and indomethacin were significantly superior to placebo. Grip strength was not improved by either of the drugs. Patient preference was in favour of indomethacin, but the difference between it and salsalate was insignificant.", "contents": "A short-term comparative trial of salsalate and indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis. A short-term, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was completed in 15 patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis to compare the antirheumatic activity of salsalate (3 g/day) with placebo and indomethacin (75 mg/day). Subjective and objective assessments showed that both salsalate and indomethacin were significantly superior to placebo. Grip strength was not improved by either of the drugs. Patient preference was in favour of indomethacin, but the difference between it and salsalate was insignificant."}
{"id": "PMID:340138", "title": "Mefenamic acid and dextropropoxyphene with paracetamol as analgesics in the accident department.", "content": "A double-blind study was carried out in 48 patients with soft-tissue injuries to compare the effectiveness of mefenamic acid and dextropropoxyphene plus paracetamol in relieving acute post-injury pain. Patients received capsules containing either 250 mg mefenamic acid or 32.5 mg dextropropoxyphene hydochloride plus 325 mg paracetamol and were instructed to take up to 6 capsules daily as necessary. By the third post-injury day both preparations had controlled pain adequately and lessened local tenderness in most cases. There was no significant difference in response between the two patient groups. Two patients in each group stopped treatment because of gastro-intestinal intolerance, and a further 4 patients in each group reported troublesome side-effects.", "contents": "Mefenamic acid and dextropropoxyphene with paracetamol as analgesics in the accident department. A double-blind study was carried out in 48 patients with soft-tissue injuries to compare the effectiveness of mefenamic acid and dextropropoxyphene plus paracetamol in relieving acute post-injury pain. Patients received capsules containing either 250 mg mefenamic acid or 32.5 mg dextropropoxyphene hydochloride plus 325 mg paracetamol and were instructed to take up to 6 capsules daily as necessary. By the third post-injury day both preparations had controlled pain adequately and lessened local tenderness in most cases. There was no significant difference in response between the two patient groups. Two patients in each group stopped treatment because of gastro-intestinal intolerance, and a further 4 patients in each group reported troublesome side-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:340139", "title": "Use of pizotifen in severe migraine: a long-term study.", "content": "Severe migraine attacks in 47 patients who were unresponsive to clonidine hydrochloride were treated with 1.5 mg pizotifen for a mean period of 6 month. The attack incidence, duration and severity were more than halved in 64% (30 patients), 25% becoming headache-free. Side-effects were not serious but weight gain was a problem in some subjects. Pizotifen administration allowed withdrawal of methysergide and ergotamine compounds without rebound headache. It appeared specially remedial in those whose migraine could be triggered by dietary factors. Follow-up 22 patients at 15 months confirmed these findings, 48.6% remaining 'improved' by the criteria of the trial (28% headache-free), and underlined the marked reduction in symptomatic drugs required and the absence of toxicity in long-term treatment.", "contents": "Use of pizotifen in severe migraine: a long-term study. Severe migraine attacks in 47 patients who were unresponsive to clonidine hydrochloride were treated with 1.5 mg pizotifen for a mean period of 6 month. The attack incidence, duration and severity were more than halved in 64% (30 patients), 25% becoming headache-free. Side-effects were not serious but weight gain was a problem in some subjects. Pizotifen administration allowed withdrawal of methysergide and ergotamine compounds without rebound headache. It appeared specially remedial in those whose migraine could be triggered by dietary factors. Follow-up 22 patients at 15 months confirmed these findings, 48.6% remaining 'improved' by the criteria of the trial (28% headache-free), and underlined the marked reduction in symptomatic drugs required and the absence of toxicity in long-term treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:340140", "title": "A comparison of an antacid plus antispasmodic combination and aluminium hydroxide in dyspepsia.", "content": "A single-blind, between-patient comparative study was carried out in general practice to assess the effectiveness of antacid plus antispasmodic combination tablets (240 mg dried aluminium hydroxide B.P., 144 mg magnesium hydroxide B.P.C., and 5 mg dicyclomine hydrochloride B.P.) and aluminium hydroxide B.P. tablets (500 mg) in the management of chronic dyspepsia. Twenty patients received the combination tablets and 17 the single antacid tablets. They were instructed to chew 2 tablets 3 or 4-times daily and an additional 2 tablets at night if necessary. Patients were assessed initially, and then at 2 and 4 weeks. Both preparations were effective in controlling dyspeptic symptoms. Heartburn and nausea showed an early, significantly greater (p less than 0.05) response to the combined tablet, as did night pain after 4 weeks. Tablet intake of both preparations averaged out at just under 7 tablets per day.", "contents": "A comparison of an antacid plus antispasmodic combination and aluminium hydroxide in dyspepsia. A single-blind, between-patient comparative study was carried out in general practice to assess the effectiveness of antacid plus antispasmodic combination tablets (240 mg dried aluminium hydroxide B.P., 144 mg magnesium hydroxide B.P.C., and 5 mg dicyclomine hydrochloride B.P.) and aluminium hydroxide B.P. tablets (500 mg) in the management of chronic dyspepsia. Twenty patients received the combination tablets and 17 the single antacid tablets. They were instructed to chew 2 tablets 3 or 4-times daily and an additional 2 tablets at night if necessary. Patients were assessed initially, and then at 2 and 4 weeks. Both preparations were effective in controlling dyspeptic symptoms. Heartburn and nausea showed an early, significantly greater (p less than 0.05) response to the combined tablet, as did night pain after 4 weeks. Tablet intake of both preparations averaged out at just under 7 tablets per day."}
{"id": "PMID:340141", "title": "Analgesia following oral surgery for day patients: a clincial comparison of two analgesics.", "content": "A single-blind, between-patient study was carried out in 167 patients following oral surgery to compare the effectiveness and tolerance of two combination analgesic preparations; pentazocine (15 mg) plus paracetamol (500 mg) and dextropropoxyphene hydrochloride (32.5 mg) plus paracetamol (325 mg). Assessments of pain and pain relief were made over two periods, initially over the 90 minute period following administration of either preparation and secondly, over the subsequent 3 days following discharge. At the hospital, those patients receiving pentazocine plus paracetamol achieved a greater relief of pain than those receiving dextropropoxyphene plus paracetamol, though the differences did not reach statistical significance. At home, pain relief was very similar for both groups of patients, both preparations being effective and well tolerated.", "contents": "Analgesia following oral surgery for day patients: a clincial comparison of two analgesics. A single-blind, between-patient study was carried out in 167 patients following oral surgery to compare the effectiveness and tolerance of two combination analgesic preparations; pentazocine (15 mg) plus paracetamol (500 mg) and dextropropoxyphene hydrochloride (32.5 mg) plus paracetamol (325 mg). Assessments of pain and pain relief were made over two periods, initially over the 90 minute period following administration of either preparation and secondly, over the subsequent 3 days following discharge. At the hospital, those patients receiving pentazocine plus paracetamol achieved a greater relief of pain than those receiving dextropropoxyphene plus paracetamol, though the differences did not reach statistical significance. At home, pain relief was very similar for both groups of patients, both preparations being effective and well tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:340145", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressants: a review of their toxicology.", "content": "The tricyclic antidepressants have a complex interaction with several tissues both in experimental animals and in man. Side effects exerted by these drugs may be so severe as to justify a careful management of each individual depressed patient. The clinician must be aware of these effects above all in treating overdose poisoning and suicide attempts. This paper reviews the tricyclic-induced organic and psychologic disturbances, attention being paid to the antidepressant pharmacodynamics and the importance of biogenic amines-reuptake inhibition. Further studies on the pharmacokinetics of tricyclic antidepressants are needed however to clarify the mechanisms of their side effects. In this situation, increased drug levels should be tried only after lower dosages have proved ineffective in relieving the depressive symptomatology. In any case, the greatest caution should be used in the treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases, severe hypertension, glaucoma, or a tendency to retain urine. Nevertheless, at present no new antidepressant has been found which may offer more selective therapeutic advantages than the classical tricyclic thymoleptics (imipramine-like drugs).", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressants: a review of their toxicology. The tricyclic antidepressants have a complex interaction with several tissues both in experimental animals and in man. Side effects exerted by these drugs may be so severe as to justify a careful management of each individual depressed patient. The clinician must be aware of these effects above all in treating overdose poisoning and suicide attempts. This paper reviews the tricyclic-induced organic and psychologic disturbances, attention being paid to the antidepressant pharmacodynamics and the importance of biogenic amines-reuptake inhibition. Further studies on the pharmacokinetics of tricyclic antidepressants are needed however to clarify the mechanisms of their side effects. In this situation, increased drug levels should be tried only after lower dosages have proved ineffective in relieving the depressive symptomatology. In any case, the greatest caution should be used in the treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases, severe hypertension, glaucoma, or a tendency to retain urine. Nevertheless, at present no new antidepressant has been found which may offer more selective therapeutic advantages than the classical tricyclic thymoleptics (imipramine-like drugs)."}
{"id": "PMID:340153", "title": "Legionnaires' disease. A sporadic case.", "content": "A patient with Legionnaires' disease developed consolidated pneumonia with severe hypoxemia and mental confusion; his condition improved with therapy with positive end-expiratory pressure, steroids, and chloramphenicol. The retrospective diagnosis was made by a fourfold rise in indirect fluorescent antibody titers. The chest x-ray films showed bilateral alveolar infiltrates and air bronchograms.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease. A sporadic case. A patient with Legionnaires' disease developed consolidated pneumonia with severe hypoxemia and mental confusion; his condition improved with therapy with positive end-expiratory pressure, steroids, and chloramphenicol. The retrospective diagnosis was made by a fourfold rise in indirect fluorescent antibody titers. The chest x-ray films showed bilateral alveolar infiltrates and air bronchograms."}
{"id": "PMID:340155", "title": "Prophylaxis with isoniazid in inactive tuberculosis. A Veterans Administration Cooperative Study XII.", "content": "Based on a study indicating a significant rate of reactivation of tuberculosis in Veterans Administration patients with inactive disease, a cooperative study was initiated to determine the prophylactic effect of isoniazid on the rate of reactivation. A randomized double-blind study was designed, utilizing three regimens, two with isoniazid and one with placebo only. Two consecutive years of taking pills in one of the three regimens was followed by five years of observation. A total of 7,036 patients with inactive disease, some of whom had received prior chemotherapy, were entered into the study. Only 63 reactivations of tuberculosis were found, for a total rate of reactivation of 9/1,000 (less than 1%) over the seven-year period. Although no significant differences in the rate of reactivation were found among any of the regimens, there was a significant reduction in the rate of reactivation among those who had not received any prior chemotherapy and received isoniazid (INH) in this study, compared with those who received placebo only.", "contents": "Prophylaxis with isoniazid in inactive tuberculosis. A Veterans Administration Cooperative Study XII. Based on a study indicating a significant rate of reactivation of tuberculosis in Veterans Administration patients with inactive disease, a cooperative study was initiated to determine the prophylactic effect of isoniazid on the rate of reactivation. A randomized double-blind study was designed, utilizing three regimens, two with isoniazid and one with placebo only. Two consecutive years of taking pills in one of the three regimens was followed by five years of observation. A total of 7,036 patients with inactive disease, some of whom had received prior chemotherapy, were entered into the study. Only 63 reactivations of tuberculosis were found, for a total rate of reactivation of 9/1,000 (less than 1%) over the seven-year period. Although no significant differences in the rate of reactivation were found among any of the regimens, there was a significant reduction in the rate of reactivation among those who had not received any prior chemotherapy and received isoniazid (INH) in this study, compared with those who received placebo only."}
{"id": "PMID:340156", "title": "Cardiac arrhythmias during routine tests of pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstruction of airways.", "content": "We studied the frequency of cardiac arrhythmias during routine tests of pulmonary function by using continuous electrocardiographic recording and a computerized method to quantitate arrhythmias. A total of 150 patients with chronic obstruction of airways were studied before, during, and after routine tests of pulmonary function performed before and after intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) with a bronchodilator aerosol. The only significant (P less than 0.01) change was an increased frequency of atrial premature beats during tests of pulmonary function. Spirometric studies, maximal voluntary ventilation, and IPPB with a bronchodilator aerosol were equally likely to induce atrial premature beats. Routine tests of pulmonary function represent an additional causal factor in producing arrhythmias in patients with obstruction of airways, although no clinical consequences were evident in the course of the study.", "contents": "Cardiac arrhythmias during routine tests of pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstruction of airways. We studied the frequency of cardiac arrhythmias during routine tests of pulmonary function by using continuous electrocardiographic recording and a computerized method to quantitate arrhythmias. A total of 150 patients with chronic obstruction of airways were studied before, during, and after routine tests of pulmonary function performed before and after intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) with a bronchodilator aerosol. The only significant (P less than 0.01) change was an increased frequency of atrial premature beats during tests of pulmonary function. Spirometric studies, maximal voluntary ventilation, and IPPB with a bronchodilator aerosol were equally likely to induce atrial premature beats. Routine tests of pulmonary function represent an additional causal factor in producing arrhythmias in patients with obstruction of airways, although no clinical consequences were evident in the course of the study."}
{"id": "PMID:340159", "title": "Effect of tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure on compliance during mechanical ventilation.", "content": "In 12 patients requiring therapy with mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure, total static compliance (Cst) increased from 29 +/- 4 ml/cm H2O at a tidal volume (TV) of 5 ml/kg to 42 +/- 7 ml/cm H2O at a TV of 15 ml/kg. Similarly, Cst increased from 42 +/- 7 ml/cm H2O to 52 +/- 8 ml/cm H2O between 0 and 6 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). At high levels of pulmonary inflation (ie, high PEEP and large TV) compliance decreased. The changes of total respiratory compliance with TV were mainly due to changes in pulmonary compliance. With PEEP, the functional residual capacity increased, and specific compliance did not change. Two mechanisms may be responsible for the changes in compliance. First, varying TV or PEEP will alter the position of tidal ventilation on the pressure-volume curve, resulting in an increase in compliance with increasing TV and PEEP up to a point, where overdistention occurs and compliance decreases. Secondly, the function of the surface-lowering substance may be altered in acute pulmonary parenchymal disease, thus disturbing the regulation of surface tension over the range of pulmonary inflation studied.", "contents": "Effect of tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure on compliance during mechanical ventilation. In 12 patients requiring therapy with mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure, total static compliance (Cst) increased from 29 +/- 4 ml/cm H2O at a tidal volume (TV) of 5 ml/kg to 42 +/- 7 ml/cm H2O at a TV of 15 ml/kg. Similarly, Cst increased from 42 +/- 7 ml/cm H2O to 52 +/- 8 ml/cm H2O between 0 and 6 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). At high levels of pulmonary inflation (ie, high PEEP and large TV) compliance decreased. The changes of total respiratory compliance with TV were mainly due to changes in pulmonary compliance. With PEEP, the functional residual capacity increased, and specific compliance did not change. Two mechanisms may be responsible for the changes in compliance. First, varying TV or PEEP will alter the position of tidal ventilation on the pressure-volume curve, resulting in an increase in compliance with increasing TV and PEEP up to a point, where overdistention occurs and compliance decreases. Secondly, the function of the surface-lowering substance may be altered in acute pulmonary parenchymal disease, thus disturbing the regulation of surface tension over the range of pulmonary inflation studied."}
{"id": "PMID:340160", "title": "Measurements of cardiac output in seriously ill patients using a CO2 rebreathing method.", "content": "A CO2 rebreathing method for the measurement of cardiac output was evaluated by comparison with the direct Fick O2 method in 26 studies performed in 18 patients who were critically ill. The method requires measurement of CO2 output by collection of expired gas, of arterial PCO2, and of mixed venous PCO2 by rebreathing. Twenty-five comparisons were within +/- 20% of the direct Fick measurements, at cardiac outputs varying between 1.4 and 6.4 L/min. Knowledge of the cardiac output increased the quality of the interpretation of arterial blood PO2 measurements in the assessment of pulmonary gas exchange disturbances.", "contents": "Measurements of cardiac output in seriously ill patients using a CO2 rebreathing method. A CO2 rebreathing method for the measurement of cardiac output was evaluated by comparison with the direct Fick O2 method in 26 studies performed in 18 patients who were critically ill. The method requires measurement of CO2 output by collection of expired gas, of arterial PCO2, and of mixed venous PCO2 by rebreathing. Twenty-five comparisons were within +/- 20% of the direct Fick measurements, at cardiac outputs varying between 1.4 and 6.4 L/min. Knowledge of the cardiac output increased the quality of the interpretation of arterial blood PO2 measurements in the assessment of pulmonary gas exchange disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:340161", "title": "The management of acute quinidine intoxication.", "content": "A 16-year-old patient survived severe intoxication with quinidine. Hypotension, rapidly progressing to oliguria and shock, was resistant to the usual therapeutic interventions but responded favorably to the use of an intra-aortic balloon pump. Some hemodynamic implications are discussed. Pulmonary edema occurred and was treated with positive end-expiratory pressure. Electrocardiographic disturbances in conduction, transient bradycardia and recurrent ventricular arrhythmias characterized the initial 36-hour critical period. Unexplained electrolyte abnormalities occurred and further complicated management.", "contents": "The management of acute quinidine intoxication. A 16-year-old patient survived severe intoxication with quinidine. Hypotension, rapidly progressing to oliguria and shock, was resistant to the usual therapeutic interventions but responded favorably to the use of an intra-aortic balloon pump. Some hemodynamic implications are discussed. Pulmonary edema occurred and was treated with positive end-expiratory pressure. Electrocardiographic disturbances in conduction, transient bradycardia and recurrent ventricular arrhythmias characterized the initial 36-hour critical period. Unexplained electrolyte abnormalities occurred and further complicated management."}
{"id": "PMID:340162", "title": "Reconstruction of the superior vena cava in a patient with a thymoma.", "content": "Surgical treatment was attempted in a 71-year-old man who had superior vena caval syndrome caused by incomplete obstruction of the superior vena cava with a thymoma. Using a temporary internal shunt, the superior vena cava was almost entirely resected together with the tumor and reconstructed by autogenous venous grafts. Patency of the reconstructed vein was proved by angiography one year after the operation. He has been asymptomatic for 15 months after surgery.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the superior vena cava in a patient with a thymoma. Surgical treatment was attempted in a 71-year-old man who had superior vena caval syndrome caused by incomplete obstruction of the superior vena cava with a thymoma. Using a temporary internal shunt, the superior vena cava was almost entirely resected together with the tumor and reconstructed by autogenous venous grafts. Patency of the reconstructed vein was proved by angiography one year after the operation. He has been asymptomatic for 15 months after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:340169", "title": "Mode of action of 6-cyclohexyl-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(1H)-pyridone ethanolamine salt (Hoe 296).", "content": "Mode of action studies were made with Hoe 296, a new synthetic antimycotic, mainly in Candida albicans. The specific parameters examined included possible effects on (i) osmotic fragility, (ii) respiration, (iii) uptake and incorporation of radioactive leucine and adenine, and (iv) leakage or efflux of intracellular K+ and other materials. As a result, fungitoxic activity of Hoe 296 appears to be attributed to inhibition of uptake of precursors of macromolecular syntheses from the medium. Uptake and accumulation of leucine in the internal pool of starved cells was more susceptible to the drug than subsequent incorporation into proteins. Hoe 296 was also effective in altering the cell permeability, but greater drug concentrations were required to induce appreciable leakage of cellular constituents, such as 260 nm-absorbing materials, folin-positive substances and potassium ions, from the cells. Osmotic fragility or endogenous respiration was virtually insensitive to the drug. Partial inhibition by relatively high concentrations of Hoe 296 of the respiratory activity of yeast cells or mitochondria therefrom with exogenous substrates can be explained by decreased uptake of the substrates from the medium.", "contents": "Mode of action of 6-cyclohexyl-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(1H)-pyridone ethanolamine salt (Hoe 296). Mode of action studies were made with Hoe 296, a new synthetic antimycotic, mainly in Candida albicans. The specific parameters examined included possible effects on (i) osmotic fragility, (ii) respiration, (iii) uptake and incorporation of radioactive leucine and adenine, and (iv) leakage or efflux of intracellular K+ and other materials. As a result, fungitoxic activity of Hoe 296 appears to be attributed to inhibition of uptake of precursors of macromolecular syntheses from the medium. Uptake and accumulation of leucine in the internal pool of starved cells was more susceptible to the drug than subsequent incorporation into proteins. Hoe 296 was also effective in altering the cell permeability, but greater drug concentrations were required to induce appreciable leakage of cellular constituents, such as 260 nm-absorbing materials, folin-positive substances and potassium ions, from the cells. Osmotic fragility or endogenous respiration was virtually insensitive to the drug. Partial inhibition by relatively high concentrations of Hoe 296 of the respiratory activity of yeast cells or mitochondria therefrom with exogenous substrates can be explained by decreased uptake of the substrates from the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:340170", "title": "Silver sulfadiazine: lack of mutagenic activity.", "content": "Silver sulfadiazine was found to be devoid of mutagenic potential in a sensitive mutagenicity assay using Salmonella typhimurium. In view of the close relationship between mutagenicity in this system and carcinogenicity in animals, these findings suggest that silver sulfadiazine is apparently also devoid of carcinogenic properties.", "contents": "Silver sulfadiazine: lack of mutagenic activity. Silver sulfadiazine was found to be devoid of mutagenic potential in a sensitive mutagenicity assay using Salmonella typhimurium. In view of the close relationship between mutagenicity in this system and carcinogenicity in animals, these findings suggest that silver sulfadiazine is apparently also devoid of carcinogenic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:340171", "title": "Qualitative study of paradoxical zone phenomenon of penicillins against 17 bacterial species of clinical importance.", "content": "Using a triple agar layer technique and enzymatic inactivation of penicillin, the occurrence of a paradoxical zone phenomenon (illustrated by a typical 'target' image around the reservoir of antibiotic) was determined for several bacterial species specially chosen with regards to their taxonomic position, clinical importance and penicillin susceptibility. Among gram-positive bacteria, a paradoxical zone was obtained for approximately 43% of the strains studied here (all 10 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, all 10 strains of Streptococcus faecalis, 7 of 10 strains of group B beta-hemolytic streptococci, 1 of 10 group A strains, 3 of 10 strains of alpha-hemolytic streptococci, 3 of 10 strains of Clostridium perfringens but for none of 10 strains each of Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes). Among gram-negative bacteria, a target image was regularly obtained with Haemophilus influenzae (all 10 strains tested) and Proteus species (9 of 10 strains) but with none of the following species: Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis and Bacteroides fragilis. Therapeutic implications of these observations are difficult to assess, and need further investigation.", "contents": "Qualitative study of paradoxical zone phenomenon of penicillins against 17 bacterial species of clinical importance. Using a triple agar layer technique and enzymatic inactivation of penicillin, the occurrence of a paradoxical zone phenomenon (illustrated by a typical 'target' image around the reservoir of antibiotic) was determined for several bacterial species specially chosen with regards to their taxonomic position, clinical importance and penicillin susceptibility. Among gram-positive bacteria, a paradoxical zone was obtained for approximately 43% of the strains studied here (all 10 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, all 10 strains of Streptococcus faecalis, 7 of 10 strains of group B beta-hemolytic streptococci, 1 of 10 group A strains, 3 of 10 strains of alpha-hemolytic streptococci, 3 of 10 strains of Clostridium perfringens but for none of 10 strains each of Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes). Among gram-negative bacteria, a target image was regularly obtained with Haemophilus influenzae (all 10 strains tested) and Proteus species (9 of 10 strains) but with none of the following species: Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis and Bacteroides fragilis. Therapeutic implications of these observations are difficult to assess, and need further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:340173", "title": "[Postpyloric resection of a complicated ulcer on the posterior wall of the duodenum within the scope of form-and function-preserving gastric surgery. Technic and 1st results].", "content": "By combining different methods available in modern gastric surgery, we have developed a new procedure in surgical treatment of the complicated ulcer of the posterior duodenal wall. Our new technique allows the radical resectioning of the ulcer and includes all the advantages of nonresectioning operations in form- and function-preserving surgery. The technique of open anastomosis with an one-row, one-layer suture only slightly injures the gut that is to be anastomosed and thus eliminates complications in the healing process. The pylorus is completely preserved. The great advantages of avoiding gall reflux into the stomach, of preserving its total capacity, and of preserving the possibility of a portioned evacuating of the stomach can not yet be fully estimated.", "contents": "[Postpyloric resection of a complicated ulcer on the posterior wall of the duodenum within the scope of form-and function-preserving gastric surgery. Technic and 1st results]. By combining different methods available in modern gastric surgery, we have developed a new procedure in surgical treatment of the complicated ulcer of the posterior duodenal wall. Our new technique allows the radical resectioning of the ulcer and includes all the advantages of nonresectioning operations in form- and function-preserving surgery. The technique of open anastomosis with an one-row, one-layer suture only slightly injures the gut that is to be anastomosed and thus eliminates complications in the healing process. The pylorus is completely preserved. The great advantages of avoiding gall reflux into the stomach, of preserving its total capacity, and of preserving the possibility of a portioned evacuating of the stomach can not yet be fully estimated."}
{"id": "PMID:340176", "title": "Membrane and intracellular hydrolysis of peptides: differentiation, role and interrelations with transport.", "content": "The possible relative importance of the membrane and intracellular peptidases of the enterocytes in splitting dietary peptides to amino acids has been analysed. On the anoxic criterion, membrane hydrolysis was found to be predominant. Model experiments revealed cooperative interactions between the membrane enzyme and the coupled transport system. This cooperativity allows the main characteristics of oligomer transport to be described in terms of membrane digestion. Comparison of the behaviour of membrane and intracellular peptidase under different conditions has shown that the former are largely involved in digestion and the latter in intracellular metabolism. It is suggested that the efficiency of the membrane system is high enough to account for the hydrolysis of protein, especially taking into account the stimulation of enzyme processes in the brush border that occurs after ingestion of protein and carbohydrate. A sequential model based on the concept of three interacting enzyme layers (glycocalyx, lipoprotein membrane and cytosol) is presented.", "contents": "Membrane and intracellular hydrolysis of peptides: differentiation, role and interrelations with transport. The possible relative importance of the membrane and intracellular peptidases of the enterocytes in splitting dietary peptides to amino acids has been analysed. On the anoxic criterion, membrane hydrolysis was found to be predominant. Model experiments revealed cooperative interactions between the membrane enzyme and the coupled transport system. This cooperativity allows the main characteristics of oligomer transport to be described in terms of membrane digestion. Comparison of the behaviour of membrane and intracellular peptidase under different conditions has shown that the former are largely involved in digestion and the latter in intracellular metabolism. It is suggested that the efficiency of the membrane system is high enough to account for the hydrolysis of protein, especially taking into account the stimulation of enzyme processes in the brush border that occurs after ingestion of protein and carbohydrate. A sequential model based on the concept of three interacting enzyme layers (glycocalyx, lipoprotein membrane and cytosol) is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:340177", "title": "Transport and hydrolysis of peptides by microorganisms.", "content": "The structural specificities of the dipeptide and oligopeptide permeases of E. coli are briefly reviewed and related to the requirements found for other microorganisms. New, quick, sensitive methods for studying peptide transport are described, based on the following: (i) peptide-dependent incorporation of free radioactive amino acid into newly synthesized protein by a double amino acid auxotroph, (ii) colorimetric assay of peptide-dependent enzyme synthesis by an amino acid auxotroph, (iii) dansyl fingerprint technique. These approaches provide information on peptide binding affinity to a permease and rates of peptide uptake and amino acid efflux. Among current and future research areas considered are: the influence of the pKb of the N-terminal amino group on transport, generality of peptide transport in microorganisms, energy coupling and regulation, involvement of binding proteins, and the 'smugglin' concept. Peptide hydrolysis, and nutritional ultilization of peptides, by microorganisms are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Transport and hydrolysis of peptides by microorganisms. The structural specificities of the dipeptide and oligopeptide permeases of E. coli are briefly reviewed and related to the requirements found for other microorganisms. New, quick, sensitive methods for studying peptide transport are described, based on the following: (i) peptide-dependent incorporation of free radioactive amino acid into newly synthesized protein by a double amino acid auxotroph, (ii) colorimetric assay of peptide-dependent enzyme synthesis by an amino acid auxotroph, (iii) dansyl fingerprint technique. These approaches provide information on peptide binding affinity to a permease and rates of peptide uptake and amino acid efflux. Among current and future research areas considered are: the influence of the pKb of the N-terminal amino group on transport, generality of peptide transport in microorganisms, energy coupling and regulation, involvement of binding proteins, and the 'smugglin' concept. Peptide hydrolysis, and nutritional ultilization of peptides, by microorganisms are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:340182", "title": "[Diflunisal, a new analgesic, and oxyphenbutazone in the treatment of sprains and dislocations (author's transl)].", "content": "In a randomized double-blind study efficacy and tolerance of diflunisal, 375 mg twice daily, and oxyphenbutazone, 200 mg twice daily, were compared in 40 patients (aged 21 to 70 years, average 38 years), with moderate or severe complaints after spraining or dislocating ankle or wrist. The drugs were given for five days. Both proved to be highly efficacious, diflunisal slightly more so. Among the 20 patients in the diflunisal group one developed diarrhoea, another gastritis; in the oxyphenbutazone group one developed gastritis, another herpetiform pustules. There were no clinically significant abnormalities in routine biochemical tests.", "contents": "[Diflunisal, a new analgesic, and oxyphenbutazone in the treatment of sprains and dislocations (author's transl)]. In a randomized double-blind study efficacy and tolerance of diflunisal, 375 mg twice daily, and oxyphenbutazone, 200 mg twice daily, were compared in 40 patients (aged 21 to 70 years, average 38 years), with moderate or severe complaints after spraining or dislocating ankle or wrist. The drugs were given for five days. Both proved to be highly efficacious, diflunisal slightly more so. Among the 20 patients in the diflunisal group one developed diarrhoea, another gastritis; in the oxyphenbutazone group one developed gastritis, another herpetiform pustules. There were no clinically significant abnormalities in routine biochemical tests."}
{"id": "PMID:340178", "title": "A mouse geneticist's impatient waiting for the arrival of embryo-freezing techniques.", "content": "Four cases from the author's own experience are discussed where the freezing and freeze-storage of mouse embryos would have saved much research time, preserved valuable genetic material, and enabled important genetic studies to have been made. These cases illustrate the problems encountered when transporting a large collection of inbred mouse strains; the necessity to discontinue--because of lack of space--strains that nobody wants at the moment but that might become invaluable in the future; the unavoidable loss of parental stocks used for the development of a new congenic line; and the difficulties one faces when studying a genetic system that is extremely polymorphic. The need for a centralized and possibly international embryo freezing and storing facility is advocated.", "contents": "A mouse geneticist's impatient waiting for the arrival of embryo-freezing techniques. Four cases from the author's own experience are discussed where the freezing and freeze-storage of mouse embryos would have saved much research time, preserved valuable genetic material, and enabled important genetic studies to have been made. These cases illustrate the problems encountered when transporting a large collection of inbred mouse strains; the necessity to discontinue--because of lack of space--strains that nobody wants at the moment but that might become invaluable in the future; the unavoidable loss of parental stocks used for the development of a new congenic line; and the difficulties one faces when studying a genetic system that is extremely polymorphic. The need for a centralized and possibly international embryo freezing and storing facility is advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:340201", "title": "[Geometric-mathematical study on the occlusal interference in calotte articulation].", "content": "Calculations of occlusal interferences in calotte articulation are reported. It is shown that magnitudes of error due to the different radii of the given calotte and mounting template utp to +/- 20 mm amount to 0.1 mm at most. On the other hand the occlusal errors due to different angles of incidence of the mounting template may attain a magnitude which prevents incorporation of total prostheses.", "contents": "[Geometric-mathematical study on the occlusal interference in calotte articulation]. Calculations of occlusal interferences in calotte articulation are reported. It is shown that magnitudes of error due to the different radii of the given calotte and mounting template utp to +/- 20 mm amount to 0.1 mm at most. On the other hand the occlusal errors due to different angles of incidence of the mounting template may attain a magnitude which prevents incorporation of total prostheses."}
{"id": "PMID:340202", "title": "[Errors in corrective impressions and their prevention].", "content": "In order to keep the degree of polymerisation of moulding materials as low as possible until they are applied, a lower working temperature for the first and second material is necessary. In addition, the preliminary impression is cooled in ice water so that the flow capacity of the correcting compound in the capillary cleft is improved and unreliable model reduction can thus be avoided.", "contents": "[Errors in corrective impressions and their prevention]. In order to keep the degree of polymerisation of moulding materials as low as possible until they are applied, a lower working temperature for the first and second material is necessary. In addition, the preliminary impression is cooled in ice water so that the flow capacity of the correcting compound in the capillary cleft is improved and unreliable model reduction can thus be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:340205", "title": "[The effect of active removable orthodontic appliances on the dental enamel].", "content": "It could be demonstrated that enamel defects which are caused by maxillo-facial fixing elements of actively removable implements were reproducible in laboratory experiments. With minimal pressure of the wire bow of 50 grams and 250,000 lift, or individual vertical movements on the enamel surface resulted in a micrometer area of scouring.", "contents": "[The effect of active removable orthodontic appliances on the dental enamel]. It could be demonstrated that enamel defects which are caused by maxillo-facial fixing elements of actively removable implements were reproducible in laboratory experiments. With minimal pressure of the wire bow of 50 grams and 250,000 lift, or individual vertical movements on the enamel surface resulted in a micrometer area of scouring."}
{"id": "PMID:340206", "title": "[Results of follow-up studies on support methods for partial dentures].", "content": "Prosthetic provision with removable part-replacement was divided into 7 groups according to the type of support and the prognosis was established on the basis of caries activity and several criteria of the periodontal condition, separated according to anchoring or supporting teeth as well as the remaining teeth. Generally regressive changes must be expected which become more marked with reduction in the number of teeth and support possibilities.", "contents": "[Results of follow-up studies on support methods for partial dentures]. Prosthetic provision with removable part-replacement was divided into 7 groups according to the type of support and the prognosis was established on the basis of caries activity and several criteria of the periodontal condition, separated according to anchoring or supporting teeth as well as the remaining teeth. Generally regressive changes must be expected which become more marked with reduction in the number of teeth and support possibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:340208", "title": "[Experimental studies on the stress endurance of traumatized periodontium].", "content": "The reaction of intra-osseous fixed front teeth against defined forces was electronically registered as a distance-force function. The record was submitted to computer-assisted analysis. Comparison of the functions was made via the paramaters of algebraic definition. Analysis led to the submission that the resistance of tooth and tissues is primarily limited by the quality of the surrounding osseous tissue, which itself reacts in a rubber-elastic fashion.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the stress endurance of traumatized periodontium]. The reaction of intra-osseous fixed front teeth against defined forces was electronically registered as a distance-force function. The record was submitted to computer-assisted analysis. Comparison of the functions was made via the paramaters of algebraic definition. Analysis led to the submission that the resistance of tooth and tissues is primarily limited by the quality of the surrounding osseous tissue, which itself reacts in a rubber-elastic fashion."}
{"id": "PMID:340210", "title": "[Clinical, bacteriological and histological mucosal findings in the regions of bridge pontics].", "content": "Clinical, bacteriological and histological findings based on 30 bridges with ceramic and metal members showed that covering large mucosal surfaces need not lead to severe inflammatory changes of the mucosa or papilla. If the intermediate members have to rest on a punctiform or small surface of the alveolar crest on hygienic and tissue-sparing grounds, the use of glazed porcelain or--with certain reservations-- of highly polished metal can be justified when required for phonetic, functional or aesthetic reasons.", "contents": "[Clinical, bacteriological and histological mucosal findings in the regions of bridge pontics]. Clinical, bacteriological and histological findings based on 30 bridges with ceramic and metal members showed that covering large mucosal surfaces need not lead to severe inflammatory changes of the mucosa or papilla. If the intermediate members have to rest on a punctiform or small surface of the alveolar crest on hygienic and tissue-sparing grounds, the use of glazed porcelain or--with certain reservations-- of highly polished metal can be justified when required for phonetic, functional or aesthetic reasons."}
{"id": "PMID:340211", "title": "[Effect of the base design on the dynamic behavior of the one piece cast prosthesis for the upper jaw].", "content": "Examinations on models were undertaken under similar experimental conditions to determine the elastic behavior of supported maxillary combination prostheses, which differ according to the shape of the transverse palatal elements. On the basis of the determination of the deformation indices the typical functional behaviour is demonstrated and recommendations are made regarding the construction of the base and connector elements.", "contents": "[Effect of the base design on the dynamic behavior of the one piece cast prosthesis for the upper jaw]. Examinations on models were undertaken under similar experimental conditions to determine the elastic behavior of supported maxillary combination prostheses, which differ according to the shape of the transverse palatal elements. On the basis of the determination of the deformation indices the typical functional behaviour is demonstrated and recommendations are made regarding the construction of the base and connector elements."}
{"id": "PMID:340213", "title": "[Comparative studies on the accuracy of fit of upper complete dentures with plastic or cast metal bases].", "content": "The conclusion was reached on the basis of statistically significant results that the tendency to cleft formation is significantly less in cast plates than in plastic plates, particularly in the region of the critical dorsal border zone.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the accuracy of fit of upper complete dentures with plastic or cast metal bases]. The conclusion was reached on the basis of statistically significant results that the tendency to cleft formation is significantly less in cast plates than in plastic plates, particularly in the region of the critical dorsal border zone."}
{"id": "PMID:340214", "title": "[Ceramic bonding with alloys of non-noble metals].", "content": "The composition of the three non-precious metal alloys used in Germany was qualitatively analysed. The surface border between ceramics and metal was examined by scan electron microscope. Results showed that a gapless apposition can be established between metal and ceramic by proper preparation of the metal alloy and the ceramic mass.", "contents": "[Ceramic bonding with alloys of non-noble metals]. The composition of the three non-precious metal alloys used in Germany was qualitatively analysed. The surface border between ceramics and metal was examined by scan electron microscope. Results showed that a gapless apposition can be established between metal and ceramic by proper preparation of the metal alloy and the ceramic mass."}
{"id": "PMID:340215", "title": "[Exfoliative cytology during topical treatment of oral leukoplakia with vitamin A acid].", "content": "Vitamin A acid (VAS) has proved itself an effective local therapeutic agent for intra-oral leucoplakia. Clinical remission characterized by a decrease in horny lumps and the eosinophilic index and an increase in intermediary cells was achieved in 32 out of 50 cases. In the course of maintenance therapy development towards an exfoliocytologically healthy mucosa proceeds via increasing parakeratosis. VAS therapy is essentially thought of as symptomatic therapy.", "contents": "[Exfoliative cytology during topical treatment of oral leukoplakia with vitamin A acid]. Vitamin A acid (VAS) has proved itself an effective local therapeutic agent for intra-oral leucoplakia. Clinical remission characterized by a decrease in horny lumps and the eosinophilic index and an increase in intermediary cells was achieved in 32 out of 50 cases. In the course of maintenance therapy development towards an exfoliocytologically healthy mucosa proceeds via increasing parakeratosis. VAS therapy is essentially thought of as symptomatic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:340216", "title": "[Determination of the surface topography of etched dental surfaces].", "content": "Klinger and Gabriel recently described a method for the determination of surface topography in which the surface is probed by a mechano-electrical movable handle attached to defined line-scanner pattern. The evaluation of the \"surface topogram\" thus obtained is elucidated with the aid of a surface topogram of a straight fissure. A contour map is drawn with the help of this surface topogram for an area of about 300 micron X 500 micron of a cauterized surface in the enamel of a transverse cut. This shows that broad cauterization structures occur not only in the enamel near the dentine but also in the area of outer enamel which is caused by differential dehiscence or splitting of enamel prisms with different orientation towards the cut surface.", "contents": "[Determination of the surface topography of etched dental surfaces]. Klinger and Gabriel recently described a method for the determination of surface topography in which the surface is probed by a mechano-electrical movable handle attached to defined line-scanner pattern. The evaluation of the \"surface topogram\" thus obtained is elucidated with the aid of a surface topogram of a straight fissure. A contour map is drawn with the help of this surface topogram for an area of about 300 micron X 500 micron of a cauterized surface in the enamel of a transverse cut. This shows that broad cauterization structures occur not only in the enamel near the dentine but also in the area of outer enamel which is caused by differential dehiscence or splitting of enamel prisms with different orientation towards the cut surface."}
{"id": "PMID:340220", "title": "Affinity labelling of alcohol dehydrogenases. Chemical modification of the horse liver and the yeast enzymes with alpha-bromo-beta(5-imidazolyl)-propionic acid and 1,3-dibromoacetone.", "content": "1. DL-alpha-Bromo-beta(5-imidazolyl)-propionic acid is a potential affinity labelling reagent for metallo-enzymes. It has been used with the alcohol dehydrogenases from liver and yeast. The liver enzyme is chemically modified and inactivated in a Michaelis-Menten-type reaction, where one molecule of the reagent is bound per subunit. The enzyme is protected from the inhibitor in a competitive manner by imidazole, 2,2'-dipyridyl, 1,10-phenanthroline and cyclohexanone, which all combine with the active-site zinc. The protection by chloride, acetate and NADH, which are considered to bind at the general anion binding site, is not strictly competitive. Inactivation has an optimum at pH 8.5. For the liver enzyme, the reagent was found to decrease the initial rate of ethanol oxidation. Prior to the irreversible alkylation of Cys-46, reversible binding is shown to occur at the active-site zinc atom. The yeast enzyme was extremely resistant to the reagent and no specific modification was found. 2. The potential affinity labelling and crosslinking reagent, symmetrical 1,3-dibromoacetone although unstable, has also been used for chemical modification. With the liver enzyme, concentrations below 5 mM gave a reaction of the Michaelis-Menten-type at pH 7.0. Several ligands known to complex with the active-site region protect the enzyme against the reagent. Dibromoacetone gave rapid inactivation of the yeast enzyme. Despite the fact that a pseudo-first-order reaction was observed with respect to enzyme as well as inhibitor, no saturating effect was found. In this work, dibromoacetone reacted like a monofunctional reagent.", "contents": "Affinity labelling of alcohol dehydrogenases. Chemical modification of the horse liver and the yeast enzymes with alpha-bromo-beta(5-imidazolyl)-propionic acid and 1,3-dibromoacetone. 1. DL-alpha-Bromo-beta(5-imidazolyl)-propionic acid is a potential affinity labelling reagent for metallo-enzymes. It has been used with the alcohol dehydrogenases from liver and yeast. The liver enzyme is chemically modified and inactivated in a Michaelis-Menten-type reaction, where one molecule of the reagent is bound per subunit. The enzyme is protected from the inhibitor in a competitive manner by imidazole, 2,2'-dipyridyl, 1,10-phenanthroline and cyclohexanone, which all combine with the active-site zinc. The protection by chloride, acetate and NADH, which are considered to bind at the general anion binding site, is not strictly competitive. Inactivation has an optimum at pH 8.5. For the liver enzyme, the reagent was found to decrease the initial rate of ethanol oxidation. Prior to the irreversible alkylation of Cys-46, reversible binding is shown to occur at the active-site zinc atom. The yeast enzyme was extremely resistant to the reagent and no specific modification was found. 2. The potential affinity labelling and crosslinking reagent, symmetrical 1,3-dibromoacetone although unstable, has also been used for chemical modification. With the liver enzyme, concentrations below 5 mM gave a reaction of the Michaelis-Menten-type at pH 7.0. Several ligands known to complex with the active-site region protect the enzyme against the reagent. Dibromoacetone gave rapid inactivation of the yeast enzyme. Despite the fact that a pseudo-first-order reaction was observed with respect to enzyme as well as inhibitor, no saturating effect was found. In this work, dibromoacetone reacted like a monofunctional reagent."}
{"id": "PMID:340224", "title": "Inhibition of chloramphenicol binding to Escherichia coli 70S ribosomes by 2'(3')-O-aminoacyl-dinucleoside phosphates derived from the aminoacyl-tRNA acceptor terminus.", "content": "The effect of 2' and 3'-O-aminoacyl-dinucleoside phosphates cytidylyl(3'-5')-2'(3')-O-L-phenyl-alanyladenosine (I), cytidylyl(3'-5')-3'-deoxy-2'-O-L-phenylalanyladenosine (IIa), cytidylyl(3'-5')-2'-deoxy-3'-O-L-phenylalanyladenosine (IIIa), cytidylyl(3'-5')-3'-deoxy-2'-O-glycyladenosine (IIb), cytidylyl(3'-5')-2'-deoxy-3'-O-glycyladenosine (IIIb), cytidylyl(3'-5')-3'-deoxy-2'-O-L-leucyladenosine (IIc), cytidylyl(3'-5')-2'-deoxy-3'-O-L-leucyladenosine (IIIc), cytidylyl(3'-5')-3'-O-L-phenylalanyladenosine (IIId) as analogs of the 2'(3')-aminoacyl-tRNA termini, on chloramphenicol binding to 70S Excherichia coli ribosomes was investigated. The association constants (Kb) of the investigated compounds were determined by the equilibrium dialysis method. Based on the constancy of Kb over the range of inhibitor concentration, it was determined that the binding site of the 2' isomers IIa-IIc overlaps with the chloramphenicol site, whereas the variability of Kb for the 3' isomers IIIb, IIIc and especially IIIa seems to indicate that they do not achieve a complete fit. The consistently higher values of the Kb values for the 3' isomers IIIa-IIIc relative to that of the 2' isomers IIa-IIc also indicate a stabilization of the binding of the former due to a specific interaction between its amino acid portion and a ribosomal site.", "contents": "Inhibition of chloramphenicol binding to Escherichia coli 70S ribosomes by 2'(3')-O-aminoacyl-dinucleoside phosphates derived from the aminoacyl-tRNA acceptor terminus. The effect of 2' and 3'-O-aminoacyl-dinucleoside phosphates cytidylyl(3'-5')-2'(3')-O-L-phenyl-alanyladenosine (I), cytidylyl(3'-5')-3'-deoxy-2'-O-L-phenylalanyladenosine (IIa), cytidylyl(3'-5')-2'-deoxy-3'-O-L-phenylalanyladenosine (IIIa), cytidylyl(3'-5')-3'-deoxy-2'-O-glycyladenosine (IIb), cytidylyl(3'-5')-2'-deoxy-3'-O-glycyladenosine (IIIb), cytidylyl(3'-5')-3'-deoxy-2'-O-L-leucyladenosine (IIc), cytidylyl(3'-5')-2'-deoxy-3'-O-L-leucyladenosine (IIIc), cytidylyl(3'-5')-3'-O-L-phenylalanyladenosine (IIId) as analogs of the 2'(3')-aminoacyl-tRNA termini, on chloramphenicol binding to 70S Excherichia coli ribosomes was investigated. The association constants (Kb) of the investigated compounds were determined by the equilibrium dialysis method. Based on the constancy of Kb over the range of inhibitor concentration, it was determined that the binding site of the 2' isomers IIa-IIc overlaps with the chloramphenicol site, whereas the variability of Kb for the 3' isomers IIIb, IIIc and especially IIIa seems to indicate that they do not achieve a complete fit. The consistently higher values of the Kb values for the 3' isomers IIIa-IIIc relative to that of the 2' isomers IIa-IIc also indicate a stabilization of the binding of the former due to a specific interaction between its amino acid portion and a ribosomal site."}
{"id": "PMID:340228", "title": "Structural studies on yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. Isolation by affinity chromatography and characterization of the peptides produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage. Location of the single cysteinyl residue in the primary structure.", "content": "Cyanogen bromide cleavage of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase yielded four fragments which account for the amino acid composition of the entire molecule. These results are consistent with a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 42 000. Affinity chromatography on Sepharose-mercurial followed by gel filtration on Sephadex was used with success for separation of peptides. The carboxyl and N-terminal fragments were characterized. The N-terminal fragment contained the single cysteinyl residue of the protein. After cyanylation and subsequent cleavage, this cysteinyl residue was located near position 100.", "contents": "Structural studies on yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. Isolation by affinity chromatography and characterization of the peptides produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage. Location of the single cysteinyl residue in the primary structure. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase yielded four fragments which account for the amino acid composition of the entire molecule. These results are consistent with a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 42 000. Affinity chromatography on Sepharose-mercurial followed by gel filtration on Sephadex was used with success for separation of peptides. The carboxyl and N-terminal fragments were characterized. The N-terminal fragment contained the single cysteinyl residue of the protein. After cyanylation and subsequent cleavage, this cysteinyl residue was located near position 100."}
{"id": "PMID:340229", "title": "Purification and properties of phage P22 c2 repressor.", "content": "The c2 repressor of phage P22 has been purified to homogeneity. It specifically binds to lambdaimm21 and P22 DNA. Its affinity for the presumed operator mutant P22 virB is reduced. The initial dissociation rates of the complex between c2 repressor and lambdaimm21 DNA are 0.02 min-1 at 0 degrees C, 0.08 min-1 at 20 degrees C and 0.17 min-1 at 32 degrees C. The dissociation rates of complexes formed between the c2 repressor and the lambdaimm21 operators OR, OL and OR vira were measured and compared to the corresponding rates obtained with 21 cI repressor.", "contents": "Purification and properties of phage P22 c2 repressor. The c2 repressor of phage P22 has been purified to homogeneity. It specifically binds to lambdaimm21 and P22 DNA. Its affinity for the presumed operator mutant P22 virB is reduced. The initial dissociation rates of the complex between c2 repressor and lambdaimm21 DNA are 0.02 min-1 at 0 degrees C, 0.08 min-1 at 20 degrees C and 0.17 min-1 at 32 degrees C. The dissociation rates of complexes formed between the c2 repressor and the lambdaimm21 operators OR, OL and OR vira were measured and compared to the corresponding rates obtained with 21 cI repressor."}
{"id": "PMID:340231", "title": "Optical spectroscopic study of the ADP-myosin interaction.", "content": "The binding of ADP to heavy meromyosin, and the separated subfragment 1 components S-1(A1) and S-1 (A2), has been observed by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The results are compatible with the presence of spectroscopically equivalent and independent sites, one per head, at both 10 degrees C and 25 degrees C. We do not observe the heterogeneity of binding and of the spectroscopic response that has been reported. The binding has also been followed by other methods sensitive to the effect of ligand on the aromatic residues of the protein, viz. intrinsic fluorescence of heavy meromyosin and changes in the near-ultraviolet Cotton effects of myosin, and its active fragments. Within the limits of our experimental precision, the binding profiles, based on concentration of myosin heads, are the same for myosin as for subfragment 1. A perturbation in the circular dichroism is also generated by pyrophosphate, which competes with ADP. The spectra suggest that subsites for the purine ring and the diphosphate can be recognized. The sensitivity of binding profiles obtained by methods of the kind used here to cooperative or antagonistic interactions between the binding sites has been analysed. It is clear that sizeable effects of this nature could be concealed by the binding curves, even for high experimental precision.", "contents": "Optical spectroscopic study of the ADP-myosin interaction. The binding of ADP to heavy meromyosin, and the separated subfragment 1 components S-1(A1) and S-1 (A2), has been observed by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The results are compatible with the presence of spectroscopically equivalent and independent sites, one per head, at both 10 degrees C and 25 degrees C. We do not observe the heterogeneity of binding and of the spectroscopic response that has been reported. The binding has also been followed by other methods sensitive to the effect of ligand on the aromatic residues of the protein, viz. intrinsic fluorescence of heavy meromyosin and changes in the near-ultraviolet Cotton effects of myosin, and its active fragments. Within the limits of our experimental precision, the binding profiles, based on concentration of myosin heads, are the same for myosin as for subfragment 1. A perturbation in the circular dichroism is also generated by pyrophosphate, which competes with ADP. The spectra suggest that subsites for the purine ring and the diphosphate can be recognized. The sensitivity of binding profiles obtained by methods of the kind used here to cooperative or antagonistic interactions between the binding sites has been analysed. It is clear that sizeable effects of this nature could be concealed by the binding curves, even for high experimental precision."}
{"id": "PMID:340232", "title": "Metabolic stability of the two forms of initiation factor IF-3 in Escherichia coli during the growth cycle.", "content": "Possible alteration in the ratio of the long and short forms of initiation factor IF-3 (FEBS Lett. 79, 264-275, 1977) during the growth cycle of Escherichia coli was examined. The ratio was found to remain unchanged between the exponential and stationary growth phases. Contrary to an earlier report (Eur. J. Biochem. 29, 319-325, 1972), the total amount of IF-3 relative to the ribosome content in stationary phase cells was essentially the same as in midlogarithmic phase cells. The activity of IF-3, assayed after its separation from other initiation factors by chromatography, was also the same in extracts from midlogarithmic and stationary phase cells. The data show that in Escherichia coli the ratio of IF-3/ribosome is maintained constant. The ribosomes themselves have been shown to retain virtually full activity in vitro during this transition indicating that growth-cycle-dependent biochemical modifications of the ribosome do not affect its protein synthetic capacity per se.", "contents": "Metabolic stability of the two forms of initiation factor IF-3 in Escherichia coli during the growth cycle. Possible alteration in the ratio of the long and short forms of initiation factor IF-3 (FEBS Lett. 79, 264-275, 1977) during the growth cycle of Escherichia coli was examined. The ratio was found to remain unchanged between the exponential and stationary growth phases. Contrary to an earlier report (Eur. J. Biochem. 29, 319-325, 1972), the total amount of IF-3 relative to the ribosome content in stationary phase cells was essentially the same as in midlogarithmic phase cells. The activity of IF-3, assayed after its separation from other initiation factors by chromatography, was also the same in extracts from midlogarithmic and stationary phase cells. The data show that in Escherichia coli the ratio of IF-3/ribosome is maintained constant. The ribosomes themselves have been shown to retain virtually full activity in vitro during this transition indicating that growth-cycle-dependent biochemical modifications of the ribosome do not affect its protein synthetic capacity per se."}
{"id": "PMID:340236", "title": "Effect of libexin combinatum (libexine and emetine) on phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear granulocytes and alveolar macrophages.", "content": "The ability of human polymorphonuclear granulocytes and alveolar macrophages from rats to ingest Saccharomyces cerevisiae was tested in vitro in the presence of various concentrations of emetine and libexine. Emetine 4.0 and 40.0 microgram/ml caused an increase in the phagocytic index of polymorphonuclear granulocytes and alveolar macrophages. After oral administration of emetine the phagocytosis-enhancing effect was still apparent. Intracellular killing was not influenced by emetine or libexine.", "contents": "Effect of libexin combinatum (libexine and emetine) on phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear granulocytes and alveolar macrophages. The ability of human polymorphonuclear granulocytes and alveolar macrophages from rats to ingest Saccharomyces cerevisiae was tested in vitro in the presence of various concentrations of emetine and libexine. Emetine 4.0 and 40.0 microgram/ml caused an increase in the phagocytic index of polymorphonuclear granulocytes and alveolar macrophages. After oral administration of emetine the phagocytosis-enhancing effect was still apparent. Intracellular killing was not influenced by emetine or libexine."}
{"id": "PMID:340238", "title": "The rotating rodent: a two component system?", "content": "The hypothesis that the rotating rat requires both nigro-striatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic components for activity has been tested. 6-Hydroxydopamine lesions were induced unilaterally in either or both the ascending nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine pathway. In one group of rats the nucleus accumbens was destroyed bilaterally with electrolesions. Circling behaviour was only recorded when there was both an imbalance in striatal dopamine concentrations concomitant with stimulation of the limbic dopamine regions. Lesions of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway resulted in changes in drug-induced motor activity but postural asymmetry or circling behaviour was not observed. The results support the hypothesis that the rotating rodent requires two functional dopamine components: striatal dopamine imbalance causing a postural asymmetry and stimulation of mesolimbic dopamine systems providing a locomotor component. The relevance of these components in this animal model is discussed with reference to dopaminergic agonist and antagonist drugs.", "contents": "The rotating rodent: a two component system? The hypothesis that the rotating rat requires both nigro-striatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic components for activity has been tested. 6-Hydroxydopamine lesions were induced unilaterally in either or both the ascending nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine pathway. In one group of rats the nucleus accumbens was destroyed bilaterally with electrolesions. Circling behaviour was only recorded when there was both an imbalance in striatal dopamine concentrations concomitant with stimulation of the limbic dopamine regions. Lesions of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway resulted in changes in drug-induced motor activity but postural asymmetry or circling behaviour was not observed. The results support the hypothesis that the rotating rodent requires two functional dopamine components: striatal dopamine imbalance causing a postural asymmetry and stimulation of mesolimbic dopamine systems providing a locomotor component. The relevance of these components in this animal model is discussed with reference to dopaminergic agonist and antagonist drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:340245", "title": "Quantitative alterations of immune serum globulin concentrations in pigs transplanted with a renal allograft.", "content": "The variation of immune serum globulin concentrations in 14 pigs was determined after unilateral allogenic renal transplantation. Measures by which it is possible to exert certain immunological influences were not taken. Subsequent to transplantation there was observed a significant decrease in both IgM and IgG which was not correlated with the behaviour of plasma proteins and albumin. Because of the relatively small loss of IgG in the urine of animals on which transplantations were performed, this cannot be considered to be the cause of the decrease in immunoglobulin. It was already on the 3rd day after transplantation that an increase in IgM was observed which after reaching a peak of about + 30% was again followed by a distinct decrease of which the minimum was noted between the 6th and 15th days after transplantation. 10 animals died within the first phase, and in 4 of them death occurred on account of rejection for which histological evidence could be obtained. Although 3 of the 4 animals surviving for a longer period of time were also observed to suffer from distinct rejective crises between the 8th and 15th day after transplantation, they were able to overcome those crises without any therapeutical intervention. After some time, however, they were experiencing another IgM peak (this time greater than + 80%) which was followed, after 3 to 11 days, but the final crisis of rejection and death of the animal. In a few cases, glomerular IgM deposits were found in transplanted kidneys.", "contents": "Quantitative alterations of immune serum globulin concentrations in pigs transplanted with a renal allograft. The variation of immune serum globulin concentrations in 14 pigs was determined after unilateral allogenic renal transplantation. Measures by which it is possible to exert certain immunological influences were not taken. Subsequent to transplantation there was observed a significant decrease in both IgM and IgG which was not correlated with the behaviour of plasma proteins and albumin. Because of the relatively small loss of IgG in the urine of animals on which transplantations were performed, this cannot be considered to be the cause of the decrease in immunoglobulin. It was already on the 3rd day after transplantation that an increase in IgM was observed which after reaching a peak of about + 30% was again followed by a distinct decrease of which the minimum was noted between the 6th and 15th days after transplantation. 10 animals died within the first phase, and in 4 of them death occurred on account of rejection for which histological evidence could be obtained. Although 3 of the 4 animals surviving for a longer period of time were also observed to suffer from distinct rejective crises between the 8th and 15th day after transplantation, they were able to overcome those crises without any therapeutical intervention. After some time, however, they were experiencing another IgM peak (this time greater than + 80%) which was followed, after 3 to 11 days, but the final crisis of rejection and death of the animal. In a few cases, glomerular IgM deposits were found in transplanted kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:340246", "title": "Distribution of contractile proteins and adrenergic nerves in the adrenal gland of guinea-pig, rat and ox as revealed by immunofluorescence and the glyoxylic acid technique.", "content": "Myosin and actin were localized in the adrenal gland, using antibodies against these proteins which were isolated from chicken gizzard. Myosin and actin were preferentially located in vascular walls including endothelial cells and in the capsule. In rat and guinea-pig adrenal cortex, the amount of contractile elements in vascular walls corresponded well to the density of adrenergic nerves as revealed with the glyoxylic acid method.", "contents": "Distribution of contractile proteins and adrenergic nerves in the adrenal gland of guinea-pig, rat and ox as revealed by immunofluorescence and the glyoxylic acid technique. Myosin and actin were localized in the adrenal gland, using antibodies against these proteins which were isolated from chicken gizzard. Myosin and actin were preferentially located in vascular walls including endothelial cells and in the capsule. In rat and guinea-pig adrenal cortex, the amount of contractile elements in vascular walls corresponded well to the density of adrenergic nerves as revealed with the glyoxylic acid method."}
{"id": "PMID:340247", "title": "Increased susceptibility of Trypanosoma lewisi infected, or decomplemented rats to Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi or decomplemented by injection of cobra venom factor or complement activating factor of trypanosomes were found to be more susceptible to infection with Salmonella typhimurium. Decomplemented rats subsequently infected with T. lewisi developed higher blood parasitemia than did normal T. lewisi infected rats.", "contents": "Increased susceptibility of Trypanosoma lewisi infected, or decomplemented rats to Salmonella typhimurium. Rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi or decomplemented by injection of cobra venom factor or complement activating factor of trypanosomes were found to be more susceptible to infection with Salmonella typhimurium. Decomplemented rats subsequently infected with T. lewisi developed higher blood parasitemia than did normal T. lewisi infected rats."}
{"id": "PMID:340244", "title": "[Comparative histological-morphometric study of the marginal zone and the germinal center of the rat spleen after endotoxin injection (author's transl].", "content": "Basing on the knowledge of structure and function of the marginal zone of the lymph follicle of the spleen in correlation with migration of lymphocytes to the red pulp and from there back to the lymph follicle (filtration of lymphocytes, so-called marginal zone bridging channel, role of the marginal sinus) a comparative study on the size of the marginal zone and germinal center following endotoxin-injection is presented.", "contents": "[Comparative histological-morphometric study of the marginal zone and the germinal center of the rat spleen after endotoxin injection (author's transl]. Basing on the knowledge of structure and function of the marginal zone of the lymph follicle of the spleen in correlation with migration of lymphocytes to the red pulp and from there back to the lymph follicle (filtration of lymphocytes, so-called marginal zone bridging channel, role of the marginal sinus) a comparative study on the size of the marginal zone and germinal center following endotoxin-injection is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:340248", "title": "Effects of pregnancy on the glucose-induced insulin release from cultivated pancreatic islets of the rat.", "content": "7-day-cultured islets from pregnant Wistar rats released at 5.6 mM glucose significantly more insulin than islets from nonpregnant rats, whereas in vivo this heigthened glucose sensitivity is lost 48 h post partum.", "contents": "Effects of pregnancy on the glucose-induced insulin release from cultivated pancreatic islets of the rat. 7-day-cultured islets from pregnant Wistar rats released at 5.6 mM glucose significantly more insulin than islets from nonpregnant rats, whereas in vivo this heigthened glucose sensitivity is lost 48 h post partum."}
{"id": "PMID:340249", "title": "Comparison of the localization of several muscle proteins in relaxed and contracted myofibrils.", "content": "The localization of several muscle proteins in relaxed and contracted myofibrils is compared. The morphology of the myofibrils and the behavior of these proteins was also investigated under extraction conditions.", "contents": "Comparison of the localization of several muscle proteins in relaxed and contracted myofibrils. The localization of several muscle proteins in relaxed and contracted myofibrils is compared. The morphology of the myofibrils and the behavior of these proteins was also investigated under extraction conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:340250", "title": "The influence of the rostropontine-ventrolateral region on the sleep-wakefulness cycle.", "content": "Lesions affecting the ventrolateral area of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis produced, in chronic implanted cats, a significant decrease of paradoxical sleep.", "contents": "The influence of the rostropontine-ventrolateral region on the sleep-wakefulness cycle. Lesions affecting the ventrolateral area of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis produced, in chronic implanted cats, a significant decrease of paradoxical sleep."}
{"id": "PMID:340260", "title": "Mepartricin, a polyene active on both Trichomonas and Candida. Lack of mutagenic activity.", "content": "Mepartricin, the methyl ester of partricin, is a new polyene antibiotic with antifungal and antiprotozoal activity. The antitrichomonas activity in vitro is comparable to that of metronidazole, the widely used drug recently demonstrated to possess mutagenic activity and thus to be used with caution in therapy. Clinical investigations have shown that mepartricin can be successfully used in the topic treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis and candidiasis. The mutagenic activity of mepartricin has been evaluated using the Ames' test and compared to that of metronidazole. No mutagenic activity was detected for mepartricin. The drug can thus be proposed as a safer and efficient alternative to metronidazole.", "contents": "Mepartricin, a polyene active on both Trichomonas and Candida. Lack of mutagenic activity. Mepartricin, the methyl ester of partricin, is a new polyene antibiotic with antifungal and antiprotozoal activity. The antitrichomonas activity in vitro is comparable to that of metronidazole, the widely used drug recently demonstrated to possess mutagenic activity and thus to be used with caution in therapy. Clinical investigations have shown that mepartricin can be successfully used in the topic treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis and candidiasis. The mutagenic activity of mepartricin has been evaluated using the Ames' test and compared to that of metronidazole. No mutagenic activity was detected for mepartricin. The drug can thus be proposed as a safer and efficient alternative to metronidazole."}
{"id": "PMID:340289", "title": "The effect of acutely elevated blood glucose levels on luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone release following an intravenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone injection.", "content": "The effects of an acute blood glucose increase on the capacity of the pituitary gland to release gonadotropins (luteinzing hormone [LH] and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]) were studied in 21 women. Each woman received two intravenous challenges of 100 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH). Between these injections the blood glucose level was increased in 10 of the women by orally adminstering 100 gm of glucose. Although there were significantly higher blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in the latter group, the LH and FSH response to the second GNRH injection was not different. There was also no significant relationship between the basal blood glucose level and the gonadotropin (LH and FSH) response to GNRH. Acute elevations of blood glucose do not appear to alter the ability of the anterior pituitary cells to release gonadotropins.", "contents": "The effect of acutely elevated blood glucose levels on luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone release following an intravenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone injection. The effects of an acute blood glucose increase on the capacity of the pituitary gland to release gonadotropins (luteinzing hormone [LH] and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]) were studied in 21 women. Each woman received two intravenous challenges of 100 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH). Between these injections the blood glucose level was increased in 10 of the women by orally adminstering 100 gm of glucose. Although there were significantly higher blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in the latter group, the LH and FSH response to the second GNRH injection was not different. There was also no significant relationship between the basal blood glucose level and the gonadotropin (LH and FSH) response to GNRH. Acute elevations of blood glucose do not appear to alter the ability of the anterior pituitary cells to release gonadotropins."}
{"id": "PMID:340293", "title": "[Aging and endocrine pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "To test the hypothesis that diabetes is a form of accelerated aging, the following observations were made. 1) The incidence rate of diabetes mellitus had its peak at around 50 years of age with a gradually decreasing rate thereafter. This was clearly different from the manner of incidence of such disease as arteriosclerosis which increased with advancing age. 2) 100g of the oral glucose tolerance test performed on elderly subjects aged 60 to 89 years revealed high incidence of abnormal tolerance, 21% diabetic and 53% borderline types. 3) The insulin secretory capacity to glucose load of subjects was not different from that of young and middle-aged subjects from 20 to 49 years old. Therefore, decreased tolerance to glucose load could not ba ascribed to deficient insulin secretion. 4) No abnormality of glucagon response to glucose load was found in the old. 5) Serum beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity was not increased in elderly subjects, again contrasting with the increased activity found in diabetics. 6) Both glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzyme activities were decreased in the liver of aged rats. 7) No specific abnromality in insulin secretory response was observed in Werner's syndrome which might be considered to be a model for aging. All the above observations do not support the aforementioned hypothesis. Abnormality of glucose tolerance frequently observed in elderly subjects appears to be caused by other pathogenesis than diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "[Aging and endocrine pancreas (author's transl)]. To test the hypothesis that diabetes is a form of accelerated aging, the following observations were made. 1) The incidence rate of diabetes mellitus had its peak at around 50 years of age with a gradually decreasing rate thereafter. This was clearly different from the manner of incidence of such disease as arteriosclerosis which increased with advancing age. 2) 100g of the oral glucose tolerance test performed on elderly subjects aged 60 to 89 years revealed high incidence of abnormal tolerance, 21% diabetic and 53% borderline types. 3) The insulin secretory capacity to glucose load of subjects was not different from that of young and middle-aged subjects from 20 to 49 years old. Therefore, decreased tolerance to glucose load could not ba ascribed to deficient insulin secretion. 4) No abnormality of glucagon response to glucose load was found in the old. 5) Serum beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity was not increased in elderly subjects, again contrasting with the increased activity found in diabetics. 6) Both glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzyme activities were decreased in the liver of aged rats. 7) No specific abnromality in insulin secretory response was observed in Werner's syndrome which might be considered to be a model for aging. All the above observations do not support the aforementioned hypothesis. Abnormality of glucose tolerance frequently observed in elderly subjects appears to be caused by other pathogenesis than diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:340297", "title": "Determination of thymidine in serum used for cell culture media.", "content": "Thymidine concentrations in serum used for cell culture media were determined with an assay based on isotope dilution. In this assay, incorporation of (3H)-thymidine into  DNA of cultured cells was measured in the presence of 5 and 20% serum as a function of the concentration of unlabeled thymidine added to the medium. In three batches of horse serum, thymidine concentrations were 0--0.17 micron, while in fetal calf serum values of 0.75--2.1 micron were obtained. Dialysis of serum resulted in a reduction of thymidine levels by factors of at least 10.", "contents": "Determination of thymidine in serum used for cell culture media. Thymidine concentrations in serum used for cell culture media were determined with an assay based on isotope dilution. In this assay, incorporation of (3H)-thymidine into  DNA of cultured cells was measured in the presence of 5 and 20% serum as a function of the concentration of unlabeled thymidine added to the medium. In three batches of horse serum, thymidine concentrations were 0--0.17 micron, while in fetal calf serum values of 0.75--2.1 micron were obtained. Dialysis of serum resulted in a reduction of thymidine levels by factors of at least 10."}
{"id": "PMID:340305", "title": "Clomipramine (Anafranil) and behaviour therapy in obsessive-compulsive and phobic disorders.", "content": "In a comparative study of three treatment regimens in patients with obsessive-compulsive or phobic manifestations, the most favourable therapeutic findings were seen in the clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals) plus behaviour therapy group and the least favourable therapeutic findings in the clomipramine plus simulated behaviour therapy group. The findings that a combination of behaviour therapy and clomipramine results in more favourable therapeutic changes than either of the two treatments alone is in line with reported studies in the literature.", "contents": "Clomipramine (Anafranil) and behaviour therapy in obsessive-compulsive and phobic disorders. In a comparative study of three treatment regimens in patients with obsessive-compulsive or phobic manifestations, the most favourable therapeutic findings were seen in the clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals) plus behaviour therapy group and the least favourable therapeutic findings in the clomipramine plus simulated behaviour therapy group. The findings that a combination of behaviour therapy and clomipramine results in more favourable therapeutic changes than either of the two treatments alone is in line with reported studies in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:340306", "title": "Double-blind controlled study in phobias and obsessions.", "content": "A double-blind between-patient study is described which was aimed at assessing the efficacy and tolerability of clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmacetuicals) in clinically depressed patients with obsessive-compulsive and phobic psychopathological traits. Twenty patients of either sex aged between 18 and 65 years were randomly allocated to treatment with clomipramine (50 mg twice daily) or to treatment with an identical placebo. Patients were assessed at the commencement of the study and at two-weekly intervals over the six-week duration of the trial. By the methods of assessment used, clomipramine proved to be highly statistically significantly superior to placebo.", "contents": "Double-blind controlled study in phobias and obsessions. A double-blind between-patient study is described which was aimed at assessing the efficacy and tolerability of clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmacetuicals) in clinically depressed patients with obsessive-compulsive and phobic psychopathological traits. Twenty patients of either sex aged between 18 and 65 years were randomly allocated to treatment with clomipramine (50 mg twice daily) or to treatment with an identical placebo. Patients were assessed at the commencement of the study and at two-weekly intervals over the six-week duration of the trial. By the methods of assessment used, clomipramine proved to be highly statistically significantly superior to placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:340309", "title": "Alteration of islet cell populations in spontaneously diabetic mice.", "content": "Endocrine-cell populations in the islets of Langerhans of mutant mice with a severe hypoinsulinemic diabetes (ob/ob or db/db on the C57BL/KsJ background) or with a mild hyperinsulinemic diabetes (ob/ob or db/db on the C57BL/6J background) were studied quantitatively by immunofluorescence and morphometry. In severely diabetic mice, islets presented a reduced proportion of insulin containing cells but increased glucagon-, somatostatin-, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-containing cells, as compared with islets of control (+/+) mice. An inverse change was observed in islets of mildly diabetic mice: islets were hypertrophic and composed mostly of insulin-containing cells, with decreased proportions of glucagon-, somatostatin-, and PP-containing cells. In both types of diabetic syndromes, the changes in cell populations induced a qualitative alteration of cellular interrelationships in the affected islets.", "contents": "Alteration of islet cell populations in spontaneously diabetic mice. Endocrine-cell populations in the islets of Langerhans of mutant mice with a severe hypoinsulinemic diabetes (ob/ob or db/db on the C57BL/KsJ background) or with a mild hyperinsulinemic diabetes (ob/ob or db/db on the C57BL/6J background) were studied quantitatively by immunofluorescence and morphometry. In severely diabetic mice, islets presented a reduced proportion of insulin containing cells but increased glucagon-, somatostatin-, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-containing cells, as compared with islets of control (+/+) mice. An inverse change was observed in islets of mildly diabetic mice: islets were hypertrophic and composed mostly of insulin-containing cells, with decreased proportions of glucagon-, somatostatin-, and PP-containing cells. In both types of diabetic syndromes, the changes in cell populations induced a qualitative alteration of cellular interrelationships in the affected islets."}
{"id": "PMID:340310", "title": "Diabetic glomerulopathy following unilateral nephrectomy in the rat.", "content": "One month following induction of diabetes with streptozotocin, one half of diabetic and control rats underwent unilateral nephrectomy. Subsequently, all animals were studied with respect to renal function and glomerular alterations of diabetes. Blood pressure levels were similar in all animals. Diabetic and control animals with unilateral nephrectomy had similar but elevated serum creatinine levels and lower creatinine clearance values as compared with the intact rats. However, on a per kidney basis the creatinine clearance levels were higher in the animals with unilateral nephrectomy. At both three and six months following nephrectomy, markedly increased mesangial matrix thickening and mesangial deposition of IgG and C3 were observed in diabetic rats with unilateral nephrectomy as compared with intact diabetic animals. Nephrectomy had no detectable effects on glomerular morphology or immunohistochemistry of nondiabetic rats. Thus, unilateral nephrectomy in the rat increases, at as early as three months, the severity of diabetic glomerular lesions.", "contents": "Diabetic glomerulopathy following unilateral nephrectomy in the rat. One month following induction of diabetes with streptozotocin, one half of diabetic and control rats underwent unilateral nephrectomy. Subsequently, all animals were studied with respect to renal function and glomerular alterations of diabetes. Blood pressure levels were similar in all animals. Diabetic and control animals with unilateral nephrectomy had similar but elevated serum creatinine levels and lower creatinine clearance values as compared with the intact rats. However, on a per kidney basis the creatinine clearance levels were higher in the animals with unilateral nephrectomy. At both three and six months following nephrectomy, markedly increased mesangial matrix thickening and mesangial deposition of IgG and C3 were observed in diabetic rats with unilateral nephrectomy as compared with intact diabetic animals. Nephrectomy had no detectable effects on glomerular morphology or immunohistochemistry of nondiabetic rats. Thus, unilateral nephrectomy in the rat increases, at as early as three months, the severity of diabetic glomerular lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:340313", "title": "Transplantation of nuclei from lymphocytes of adult frogs into enucleated eggs: special focus on technical parameters.", "content": "The technique of transplantation of nuclei from adult lymphocytes into enucleated eggs from Xenopus laevis (South African clawed toad) is described. The splenic lymphocytes from the one-nucleolus mutant were bound via their immunoglobulin receptors to nylon fibers, derivatized with the antigen used for immunization. A technique for coupling other cell types with Woodward reagent is also described. The cells were broken by aspiration into a micropipette and injected into enucleated eggs. The egg pronucleus was eliminated by UV treatment followed by surgical removal. The origin of the genome of developing embryos was determined on karyotype preparations by looking for the nucleolar organizer on the chromosome pair No. 12. Participation of egg pronucleus in development was frequent as judged by the incidence of gynogenetic diploid individuals and of tetraploid animals exhibiting characteristics of both recipient egg and somatic cell donor karyotypes. Apparently normal, lymphocyte-dervived tadpoles were obtained, but they died at 12 days. This shows that differentiated cells from adults, such as lymphocytes, can re-express the genes necessary for ontogeny.", "contents": "Transplantation of nuclei from lymphocytes of adult frogs into enucleated eggs: special focus on technical parameters. The technique of transplantation of nuclei from adult lymphocytes into enucleated eggs from Xenopus laevis (South African clawed toad) is described. The splenic lymphocytes from the one-nucleolus mutant were bound via their immunoglobulin receptors to nylon fibers, derivatized with the antigen used for immunization. A technique for coupling other cell types with Woodward reagent is also described. The cells were broken by aspiration into a micropipette and injected into enucleated eggs. The egg pronucleus was eliminated by UV treatment followed by surgical removal. The origin of the genome of developing embryos was determined on karyotype preparations by looking for the nucleolar organizer on the chromosome pair No. 12. Participation of egg pronucleus in development was frequent as judged by the incidence of gynogenetic diploid individuals and of tetraploid animals exhibiting characteristics of both recipient egg and somatic cell donor karyotypes. Apparently normal, lymphocyte-dervived tadpoles were obtained, but they died at 12 days. This shows that differentiated cells from adults, such as lymphocytes, can re-express the genes necessary for ontogeny."}
{"id": "PMID:340319", "title": "Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with encephalopathy. Comparison of prednisolone with caloric supplements.", "content": "A previous report from this institution demonstrated significant improvement of caloric intake and survival in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and hepatic encephalopathy given prednisolone when compared with placebo. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of prednisolone with a regimen of 1600 calories per day without prednisolone. Fourteen patients with alcoholic hepatitis and encephalopathy were studied. All 7 on caloric supplementation and 2 of 7 given prednisolone died (p less than 0.01). These results suggest that prednisolone therapy reduces the mortality of those patients with alcoholic hepatitis and hepatic encephalopathy. This effect does not appear to be related to total caloric intake.", "contents": "Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with encephalopathy. Comparison of prednisolone with caloric supplements. A previous report from this institution demonstrated significant improvement of caloric intake and survival in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and hepatic encephalopathy given prednisolone when compared with placebo. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of prednisolone with a regimen of 1600 calories per day without prednisolone. Fourteen patients with alcoholic hepatitis and encephalopathy were studied. All 7 on caloric supplementation and 2 of 7 given prednisolone died (p less than 0.01). These results suggest that prednisolone therapy reduces the mortality of those patients with alcoholic hepatitis and hepatic encephalopathy. This effect does not appear to be related to total caloric intake."}
{"id": "PMID:340321", "title": "Parallel between circadian rhythms of intestinal disaccharidases and foot intake of rats under constant lighting conditions.", "content": "The relationship between the circadian rhythmic changes in the disaccharidase activities of the small intestine and the circadian feeding pattern was investigated in rats kept in the dark or in the light continuously for 4 weeks. Rats kept continuously in the light and fed ad libitum showed no rhythmic change in food intake or disaccharidase activities, but when they were only fed during a restricted time of day, their disaccharidase activities showed rhythmic changes with higher activities around the feeding time. In contrast, rats kept continuously in the dark and fed ad libitum showed circadian variations in food intake and disaccharidase activities essentially similar to rats kept under the normal light-dark lighting schedule. These findings show that the rhythm of disaccharidase activities is synchronized with the feeding rhythm, not with the lighting rhythm.", "contents": "Parallel between circadian rhythms of intestinal disaccharidases and foot intake of rats under constant lighting conditions. The relationship between the circadian rhythmic changes in the disaccharidase activities of the small intestine and the circadian feeding pattern was investigated in rats kept in the dark or in the light continuously for 4 weeks. Rats kept continuously in the light and fed ad libitum showed no rhythmic change in food intake or disaccharidase activities, but when they were only fed during a restricted time of day, their disaccharidase activities showed rhythmic changes with higher activities around the feeding time. In contrast, rats kept continuously in the dark and fed ad libitum showed circadian variations in food intake and disaccharidase activities essentially similar to rats kept under the normal light-dark lighting schedule. These findings show that the rhythm of disaccharidase activities is synchronized with the feeding rhythm, not with the lighting rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:340322", "title": "Neurohormonal control of pancreatic secretion. A review.", "content": "This is a review of current information concerning the role of hormones and the autonomic nervous system in the control of exocrine secretions of the pancreas. A greater emphasis has been placed on the role of hormones because of information accumulated during the last several years. With the development of radioimmunoassay techniques, it is now possible to correlate circulating hormone concentrations with biological function. The role of hormones has been discussed with the framework of the secretin-glucagon family, the cholecystokinin-gastrin family, and other proposed gastrointestinal hormones and related peptides. Gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin are three prime gut hormones that regulate pancreatic secretion. Other hormones that may have a role in pancreatic secretion include glucagon, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, chymodenin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, motilin, and bombesin. Neural mechanisms play an important although not so succinct a role in the over-all control of exocrine secretion. A complex relationship exists between the parasympathetic nervous system and the release of the hormones and their effect on pancreatic acinar and duct cells.", "contents": "Neurohormonal control of pancreatic secretion. A review. This is a review of current information concerning the role of hormones and the autonomic nervous system in the control of exocrine secretions of the pancreas. A greater emphasis has been placed on the role of hormones because of information accumulated during the last several years. With the development of radioimmunoassay techniques, it is now possible to correlate circulating hormone concentrations with biological function. The role of hormones has been discussed with the framework of the secretin-glucagon family, the cholecystokinin-gastrin family, and other proposed gastrointestinal hormones and related peptides. Gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin are three prime gut hormones that regulate pancreatic secretion. Other hormones that may have a role in pancreatic secretion include glucagon, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, chymodenin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, motilin, and bombesin. Neural mechanisms play an important although not so succinct a role in the over-all control of exocrine secretion. A complex relationship exists between the parasympathetic nervous system and the release of the hormones and their effect on pancreatic acinar and duct cells."}
{"id": "PMID:340324", "title": "Effect of cimetidine on intrinsic factor and pepsin secretion in man.", "content": "The effect of cimetidine on gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor secretion was assessed in normal male subjects. Cimetidine (300 mg) completely inhibited acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor concentration and output stimulated by betazole. In contrast, basal output of pepsin and intrinsic factor was not inhibited. We conclude that H2-receptor antagonists inhibit betazole stimulation of intrinsic factor output in addition to their well-known inhibition of acid secretion.", "contents": "Effect of cimetidine on intrinsic factor and pepsin secretion in man. The effect of cimetidine on gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor secretion was assessed in normal male subjects. Cimetidine (300 mg) completely inhibited acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor concentration and output stimulated by betazole. In contrast, basal output of pepsin and intrinsic factor was not inhibited. We conclude that H2-receptor antagonists inhibit betazole stimulation of intrinsic factor output in addition to their well-known inhibition of acid secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:340326", "title": "Cimetidine treatment of duodenal ulceration: short term clinical trial and maintenance study.", "content": "Eighty-five patients with endospcopically confirmed duodenal or pyloric canal ulcers entered a double blind trial with 1200 mg of cimetidine per day or placebo for 6 weeks. Eighty-four per cent of patients treated with cimetidine and 38 percent of those receiving placebo healed their ulcers (P less than 0.001). Measurement of basal acid output and maximal acid output before and after treatment showed no significant change but patients who failed to heal their ulcers had a higher basal acid output and maximal acid output than those who healed. Patients who smoked or drank alcohol had the same healing rate as abstainers. Sity-seven patients with duodenal ulceration healed by a 6-week course of cimetidine were randomly allocated to 400 mg of cimetidine twice daily or placebo in the maintenance trial. Actuarial analysis of the number of relapses in each group demonstrates that cimetidine is highly effective in preventing relapse.", "contents": "Cimetidine treatment of duodenal ulceration: short term clinical trial and maintenance study. Eighty-five patients with endospcopically confirmed duodenal or pyloric canal ulcers entered a double blind trial with 1200 mg of cimetidine per day or placebo for 6 weeks. Eighty-four per cent of patients treated with cimetidine and 38 percent of those receiving placebo healed their ulcers (P less than 0.001). Measurement of basal acid output and maximal acid output before and after treatment showed no significant change but patients who failed to heal their ulcers had a higher basal acid output and maximal acid output than those who healed. Patients who smoked or drank alcohol had the same healing rate as abstainers. Sity-seven patients with duodenal ulceration healed by a 6-week course of cimetidine were randomly allocated to 400 mg of cimetidine twice daily or placebo in the maintenance trial. Actuarial analysis of the number of relapses in each group demonstrates that cimetidine is highly effective in preventing relapse."}
{"id": "PMID:340327", "title": "Cimetidine versus intensive antacid therapy for duodenal ulcer: a multicenter trial.", "content": "In a randomized double blind multicenter trial, patients treated with cimetidine (800 or 1200 mg daily) or an intensive regimen of Al-Mg antacid (210 ml daily) had similar rates of duodenal ulcer healing and pain relief. After 4 weeks of treatment, the proportion of patients with ulcer healing by endoscopy were: cimetidine (1200 mg), 21 of 33 (64 percent); cimetidine (800 mg), 19 of 32 (59 percent); and antacids, 15 of 29 (52 percent). These proportions did not differ significantly. Eighty per cent of cimetidine-treated patients became asymptomatic by week 4, as did 63 percent of antacid-treated patients (P greater than 0.1). No untoward effects were observed during cimetidine treatment. Twenty-seven per cent of antacid-treated patients reported diarrhea.", "contents": "Cimetidine versus intensive antacid therapy for duodenal ulcer: a multicenter trial. In a randomized double blind multicenter trial, patients treated with cimetidine (800 or 1200 mg daily) or an intensive regimen of Al-Mg antacid (210 ml daily) had similar rates of duodenal ulcer healing and pain relief. After 4 weeks of treatment, the proportion of patients with ulcer healing by endoscopy were: cimetidine (1200 mg), 21 of 33 (64 percent); cimetidine (800 mg), 19 of 32 (59 percent); and antacids, 15 of 29 (52 percent). These proportions did not differ significantly. Eighty per cent of cimetidine-treated patients became asymptomatic by week 4, as did 63 percent of antacid-treated patients (P greater than 0.1). No untoward effects were observed during cimetidine treatment. Twenty-seven per cent of antacid-treated patients reported diarrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:340329", "title": "Long term cimetidine in the management of severe duodenal ulcer dyspepsia.", "content": "Sixty patients who had been referred for elective ulcer surgery, and in whom a remission had been induced, entered a prospective double blind controlled trial of a single daily dose of 400 mg of cimetidine given at bedtime, or placebo. Eighty per cent of patients receiving placebo suffered symptomatic relapse and recurrence of duodenal ulceration at endoscopy within 6 months. The mean interval to relapse was 10 weeks. On the other hand, only 27 percent of patients had a recurrence during the 6-month period on low dose cimetidine therapy. No significant toxic or other side effects which could be attributed to the drug were observed.", "contents": "Long term cimetidine in the management of severe duodenal ulcer dyspepsia. Sixty patients who had been referred for elective ulcer surgery, and in whom a remission had been induced, entered a prospective double blind controlled trial of a single daily dose of 400 mg of cimetidine given at bedtime, or placebo. Eighty per cent of patients receiving placebo suffered symptomatic relapse and recurrence of duodenal ulceration at endoscopy within 6 months. The mean interval to relapse was 10 weeks. On the other hand, only 27 percent of patients had a recurrence during the 6-month period on low dose cimetidine therapy. No significant toxic or other side effects which could be attributed to the drug were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:340330", "title": "Cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer: review and commentary.", "content": "The published world literature on the efficacy of cimetidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, in the treatment of duodenal ulcer is reviewed. In eight prospective randomized double blind placebo-controlled studies, cimetidine was administered to 348 duodenal ulcer patients with an incidence of endoscopically verified healing incidence of 37 percent in 300 placebo-treated patients. Healing rates were similar in patients receiving cimetidine in doses ranging from 0.8 to 2.0 g per day. It appears that at least 3 to 4 weeks of cimetidine therapy are needed to achieve healing rates of about 70 percent. In most trials, cimetidine was superior to placebo in achieving symptom relief in patients with duodenal ulcer. The drug has not been shown to result in acid rebound after cessation of therapy. There are no published prospective studies on the question of whether treatment with cimetidine results in increased ulcer for the short term treatment of duodenal ulcer. More data are required for an assessment of long term therapy with cimetidine.", "contents": "Cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer: review and commentary. The published world literature on the efficacy of cimetidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, in the treatment of duodenal ulcer is reviewed. In eight prospective randomized double blind placebo-controlled studies, cimetidine was administered to 348 duodenal ulcer patients with an incidence of endoscopically verified healing incidence of 37 percent in 300 placebo-treated patients. Healing rates were similar in patients receiving cimetidine in doses ranging from 0.8 to 2.0 g per day. It appears that at least 3 to 4 weeks of cimetidine therapy are needed to achieve healing rates of about 70 percent. In most trials, cimetidine was superior to placebo in achieving symptom relief in patients with duodenal ulcer. The drug has not been shown to result in acid rebound after cessation of therapy. There are no published prospective studies on the question of whether treatment with cimetidine results in increased ulcer for the short term treatment of duodenal ulcer. More data are required for an assessment of long term therapy with cimetidine."}
{"id": "PMID:340331", "title": "Cimetidine and placebo in the treatment of benign gastric ulcer: a multicenter double blind study.", "content": "A randomized, prospective, multicenter trial of the effects of cimetidine on benign gastric ulcer was conducted in 60 outpatients. Endoscopic assessment was used as the criterion for healing. Although none of the differences was statistically significant, mean healing rates were higher and mean decreases in ulcer size were greater with cimetidine than they were with placebo. Twenty-four per cent of the ulcers healed completely in 2 weeks when cimetidine was administered, compared with a placebo healing rate of 14 percent. At 6 weeks in the incidence of healing increased to 60 percent in the cimetidine group and 41 percent in the placebo group. The mean percentage of decrease in ulcer size was greater at both 2 and 6 weeks in the cimetidine group than it was in the placebo group. In both, the cimetidine and placebo groups, relatively liberal intake of a potent antacids in treatment of gastric ulcers has not been defined definitively. Thus, a possible beneficial effect of cimetidine may have been obscured. For more clear discimination between the effects of cimetidine and placebo in healing of gastric ulcer, studies utilizing either no antacid or antacids of low neutralizing capacity will be needed.", "contents": "Cimetidine and placebo in the treatment of benign gastric ulcer: a multicenter double blind study. A randomized, prospective, multicenter trial of the effects of cimetidine on benign gastric ulcer was conducted in 60 outpatients. Endoscopic assessment was used as the criterion for healing. Although none of the differences was statistically significant, mean healing rates were higher and mean decreases in ulcer size were greater with cimetidine than they were with placebo. Twenty-four per cent of the ulcers healed completely in 2 weeks when cimetidine was administered, compared with a placebo healing rate of 14 percent. At 6 weeks in the incidence of healing increased to 60 percent in the cimetidine group and 41 percent in the placebo group. The mean percentage of decrease in ulcer size was greater at both 2 and 6 weeks in the cimetidine group than it was in the placebo group. In both, the cimetidine and placebo groups, relatively liberal intake of a potent antacids in treatment of gastric ulcers has not been defined definitively. Thus, a possible beneficial effect of cimetidine may have been obscured. For more clear discimination between the effects of cimetidine and placebo in healing of gastric ulcer, studies utilizing either no antacid or antacids of low neutralizing capacity will be needed."}
{"id": "PMID:340332", "title": "Cimetidine, antacid, and hospitalization in the treatment of benign gastric ulcer: a multicenter double blind study.", "content": "Two hundred forty patients with benign gastric ulcer were treated in a controlled clinical trial to assess the effect on healing of cimetidine, antacids, and hospitalization. Inpatients and and outpatients were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: cimetidine plus antacid, cimetidine plus dummy antacid, or placebo tablet plus antacid. In 206 patients who met criteria for analysis, ulcer healing as shown by endoscopy occurred by 12 days in 11 to 26 percent and by 42 days in 58 to 76 percent. There were no significant differences in healing between hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients or between treatment subgroups. Symptomatic response was equivalent in all groups. The median antacid consumption was 328 mEq of in vitro buffering capacity per day. Patients taking antacids experienced significant diarrhea compared with those taking no antacid. This investigation suggests that the effect of cimetidine is equivalent to that of large amounts of antacid, but because a true placebo group was not studied it is not possible to conclude from this study alone whether either agent influenced healing. In contrast to widespread belief, initiation of treatment in the hospital did not enhance healing, but because patients were not randomly assigned to inpatient and outpatient status no final conclusion about the effect of hospitalization on healing can be drawn.", "contents": "Cimetidine, antacid, and hospitalization in the treatment of benign gastric ulcer: a multicenter double blind study. Two hundred forty patients with benign gastric ulcer were treated in a controlled clinical trial to assess the effect on healing of cimetidine, antacids, and hospitalization. Inpatients and and outpatients were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: cimetidine plus antacid, cimetidine plus dummy antacid, or placebo tablet plus antacid. In 206 patients who met criteria for analysis, ulcer healing as shown by endoscopy occurred by 12 days in 11 to 26 percent and by 42 days in 58 to 76 percent. There were no significant differences in healing between hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients or between treatment subgroups. Symptomatic response was equivalent in all groups. The median antacid consumption was 328 mEq of in vitro buffering capacity per day. Patients taking antacids experienced significant diarrhea compared with those taking no antacid. This investigation suggests that the effect of cimetidine is equivalent to that of large amounts of antacid, but because a true placebo group was not studied it is not possible to conclude from this study alone whether either agent influenced healing. In contrast to widespread belief, initiation of treatment in the hospital did not enhance healing, but because patients were not randomly assigned to inpatient and outpatient status no final conclusion about the effect of hospitalization on healing can be drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:340333", "title": "Cimetidine in the treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux: a double blind controlled trial.", "content": "The effectiveness of cimetidine for symptomatic relief in patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux was studied in a multicenter, double blind clinical trial. Patients were entered into the study for a total of 8 weeks, receiving either cimetidine, 300 mg four times daily, or identical placebo tablets. Throughout the trial, frequent assessments were made of symptom severity and frequency, combined with careful measurement of antacid use. Esophagoscopy, esophageal acid sensitivity, and lower esophageal pressures were performed before and at the completion of the treatment period. Significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in symptom frequency and severity were noted throughout the study in the cimetidine-treated patients, as compared with the placebo group. This subjective improvement was corroborated by a concomitant decrease in antacid use, which was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced in the cimetidine-treated group. In addition, significant improvement in esophageal acid sensitivity resulted from cimetidine therapy. No objective improvement in esophageal endoscopic appearance or sphincter pressures was noted. The results of this double blind trial indicate that cimetidine is more effective than the placebo for the relief of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux.", "contents": "Cimetidine in the treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux: a double blind controlled trial. The effectiveness of cimetidine for symptomatic relief in patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux was studied in a multicenter, double blind clinical trial. Patients were entered into the study for a total of 8 weeks, receiving either cimetidine, 300 mg four times daily, or identical placebo tablets. Throughout the trial, frequent assessments were made of symptom severity and frequency, combined with careful measurement of antacid use. Esophagoscopy, esophageal acid sensitivity, and lower esophageal pressures were performed before and at the completion of the treatment period. Significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in symptom frequency and severity were noted throughout the study in the cimetidine-treated patients, as compared with the placebo group. This subjective improvement was corroborated by a concomitant decrease in antacid use, which was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced in the cimetidine-treated group. In addition, significant improvement in esophageal acid sensitivity resulted from cimetidine therapy. No objective improvement in esophageal endoscopic appearance or sphincter pressures was noted. The results of this double blind trial indicate that cimetidine is more effective than the placebo for the relief of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux."}
{"id": "PMID:340334", "title": "Reduction of aspirin-induced gastrointestinal bleeding with cimetidine.", "content": "Aspirin induces gastric mucosal damage and bleeding in the presence of acid. Cimetidine, the histamine H2-receptor antagonist, reduces basal and stimulated acid secretion. Arthritic patients taking fixed doses of aspirin who were found to have aspirin-induced occult gastrointestinal bleeding were given cimetidine in a randomized double blind, crossover study. Autologous 51Cr-labeled blood was measured in 4-day stool collections at the end of each 4-week period of placebo and cimetidine therapy in 22 acid-producing patients. Mean daily fecal blood loss was reduced during cimetidine therapy to 2.2 +/- 0.3 ml per day, compared with 4.1 +/- 0.7 ml per day during placebo therapy (P= 0.002).", "contents": "Reduction of aspirin-induced gastrointestinal bleeding with cimetidine. Aspirin induces gastric mucosal damage and bleeding in the presence of acid. Cimetidine, the histamine H2-receptor antagonist, reduces basal and stimulated acid secretion. Arthritic patients taking fixed doses of aspirin who were found to have aspirin-induced occult gastrointestinal bleeding were given cimetidine in a randomized double blind, crossover study. Autologous 51Cr-labeled blood was measured in 4-day stool collections at the end of each 4-week period of placebo and cimetidine therapy in 22 acid-producing patients. Mean daily fecal blood loss was reduced during cimetidine therapy to 2.2 +/- 0.3 ml per day, compared with 4.1 +/- 0.7 ml per day during placebo therapy (P= 0.002)."}
{"id": "PMID:340341", "title": "[Mutagenic effect of new chemical compounds. IV. Mutagenic effect of dialkylaminoethyl esters of 5,6-dihydro-7H-benz(c)carbazol-carboxylic acids].", "content": "The mutagenic effect of dialkylaminoet hyl esters of 5,6-dihydro-7H-benz(c)carbazole-carboxylic acids on biochemical mutants (Escherichia coli P-678, Actinomyces rimosus 222) is found. Hydrochloride of diethylaminoethyl ester of 5,6-dihydro-7H-benz(c)carbazole-9-carboxylic acid, which induced reversible and direct mutations, proved to be the most active compound, its mutagenic activity exceeding considerably the activity of ethylene imine.", "contents": "[Mutagenic effect of new chemical compounds. IV. Mutagenic effect of dialkylaminoethyl esters of 5,6-dihydro-7H-benz(c)carbazol-carboxylic acids]. The mutagenic effect of dialkylaminoet hyl esters of 5,6-dihydro-7H-benz(c)carbazole-carboxylic acids on biochemical mutants (Escherichia coli P-678, Actinomyces rimosus 222) is found. Hydrochloride of diethylaminoethyl ester of 5,6-dihydro-7H-benz(c)carbazole-9-carboxylic acid, which induced reversible and direct mutations, proved to be the most active compound, its mutagenic activity exceeding considerably the activity of ethylene imine."}
{"id": "PMID:340342", "title": "[Genetic structure of an isolated group of the indigenous population of northern Siberia--Nganasans (Tavgiitsi) of Taymyr. I. History, erythrocyte and serum blood systems, isoenzymes].", "content": "Nganasans is a small samodyen-speaking ethnic group originated from several clans of reindeer hunters. Pedigree studies revealed no consanguineous matings of uncle-niece, aunt-nephew, first cousins type among 120 families studied. Rather rarely mating between second cousins could be observed. The reviewed traditional kindship system based on bilateral exogamy is an explanation. Data on 12 blood systems and 6 red cell enzymes distribution in two main localities almost totally studied have been presented. No A2, r, K, MS alleles were observed. Hgh frequencies of Ns, R2, Fya, Jka, Gm1 have been found. Diegoa was seen in only one family. Polymorphism on PGM1, 6-PGD, AK and AP, monomorphism on LDH and MDH has been observed.", "contents": "[Genetic structure of an isolated group of the indigenous population of northern Siberia--Nganasans (Tavgiitsi) of Taymyr. I. History, erythrocyte and serum blood systems, isoenzymes]. Nganasans is a small samodyen-speaking ethnic group originated from several clans of reindeer hunters. Pedigree studies revealed no consanguineous matings of uncle-niece, aunt-nephew, first cousins type among 120 families studied. Rather rarely mating between second cousins could be observed. The reviewed traditional kindship system based on bilateral exogamy is an explanation. Data on 12 blood systems and 6 red cell enzymes distribution in two main localities almost totally studied have been presented. No A2, r, K, MS alleles were observed. Hgh frequencies of Ns, R2, Fya, Jka, Gm1 have been found. Diegoa was seen in only one family. Polymorphism on PGM1, 6-PGD, AK and AP, monomorphism on LDH and MDH has been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:340343", "title": "Identification of the gal3 insertion in Escherichia coli AS IS2.", "content": "The gal3 mutation in Escherichia coli, located in the operator-promoter region of the gal operon, is identified as an IS2 insertion in the polar orientation I relative to the direction of transcription. This mutation, which may be considered the earliest example of a polar mutation caused by an IS insertion, is shown by heteroduplex analysis of phage lambdagal3 to be located about 170 base pairs from the promoter-proximal end of the chlD-pgl deletion in lambdagal8. It appears indistinguishable in position, sequence and orientation from the IS2 insertion carried by lambdagal8-490. The endpoints of the bacterial DNA segments in lambdagal3 and lambdagal8 are physically mapped in relation to attL.", "contents": "Identification of the gal3 insertion in Escherichia coli AS IS2. The gal3 mutation in Escherichia coli, located in the operator-promoter region of the gal operon, is identified as an IS2 insertion in the polar orientation I relative to the direction of transcription. This mutation, which may be considered the earliest example of a polar mutation caused by an IS insertion, is shown by heteroduplex analysis of phage lambdagal3 to be located about 170 base pairs from the promoter-proximal end of the chlD-pgl deletion in lambdagal8. It appears indistinguishable in position, sequence and orientation from the IS2 insertion carried by lambdagal8-490. The endpoints of the bacterial DNA segments in lambdagal3 and lambdagal8 are physically mapped in relation to attL."}
{"id": "PMID:340363", "title": "Enzymic markers of thyroid C cells in some rodents.", "content": "The paper provides comparative data of the localization of histochemical reactions demonstrating the activities of alpha-glycerophosphate and succinate dehydrogenases, acid phosphatase, non-specific esterases and non-specific acetylcholinesterase in the C cells of thyroids of 26 animals belonging to 5 rodent species. The family Muridae is represented by the Wistar albino rat and albino mouse, the family Microtidae by the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber 1780), the field vole Microtus agrestis L. 1761, and the pine vole Pitymys subterraneus De Selys-Longchamps 1825. The observed enzyme activity differences were most conspicuous on comparing the rat and mouse thyroids and in a much less degree the Microtidae thyroids. Among the histochemical reactions tested that for succinate dehydrogenase proved to be least effective as a C cell marker, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase being better, and acid phosphatase and non-specific esterases the best (not in the rat thyroid). The reaction for non-specific cholinesterase (with some limitations) gave satisfactory results in the C cells of all animal's thyroids. The present paper continues earlier studies [19] on the morphology of the C cells in thyroid glands of the rodents of the families Muridae and Microtidae and aims at supplementing them with histochemical data of enzymic activities. It deals with enzyme reactions that are employed as C cell markers in Mammals other than Rodents.", "contents": "Enzymic markers of thyroid C cells in some rodents. The paper provides comparative data of the localization of histochemical reactions demonstrating the activities of alpha-glycerophosphate and succinate dehydrogenases, acid phosphatase, non-specific esterases and non-specific acetylcholinesterase in the C cells of thyroids of 26 animals belonging to 5 rodent species. The family Muridae is represented by the Wistar albino rat and albino mouse, the family Microtidae by the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber 1780), the field vole Microtus agrestis L. 1761, and the pine vole Pitymys subterraneus De Selys-Longchamps 1825. The observed enzyme activity differences were most conspicuous on comparing the rat and mouse thyroids and in a much less degree the Microtidae thyroids. Among the histochemical reactions tested that for succinate dehydrogenase proved to be least effective as a C cell marker, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase being better, and acid phosphatase and non-specific esterases the best (not in the rat thyroid). The reaction for non-specific cholinesterase (with some limitations) gave satisfactory results in the C cells of all animal's thyroids. The present paper continues earlier studies [19] on the morphology of the C cells in thyroid glands of the rodents of the families Muridae and Microtidae and aims at supplementing them with histochemical data of enzymic activities. It deals with enzyme reactions that are employed as C cell markers in Mammals other than Rodents."}
{"id": "PMID:340369", "title": "[Reduction mammaplasty].", "content": "The Str\u00f6mbeck reduction mammaplasty is a widely standardized technique with great safety leading to predictably good results if the principles are regarded. The most important point is the position of the nipple. An individual shape of the future breast can be achieved by different positions of the standard Str\u00f6mbeck pattern or by variation of the pattern itself. The procedures are described and illustrated by the results, showing that the standardized method leaves enough room for individual variations.", "contents": "[Reduction mammaplasty]. The Str\u00f6mbeck reduction mammaplasty is a widely standardized technique with great safety leading to predictably good results if the principles are regarded. The most important point is the position of the nipple. An individual shape of the future breast can be achieved by different positions of the standard Str\u00f6mbeck pattern or by variation of the pattern itself. The procedures are described and illustrated by the results, showing that the standardized method leaves enough room for individual variations."}
{"id": "PMID:340370", "title": "[Prolene and vicryl as synthetic sutures for intradermal suture technics].", "content": "It could be shown that beside the non-absorbable synthetic suture material (Polypropylene) for the subcuticular continuous skin suture absorbable synthetic suture material (Polyglactin 910) is suitable for the buried subcuticular skin suture to obtain good esthetic scars in plastic surgery. Experiences with Polyglactin 910 in over 300 patients are presented. In no case wound healing was disturbed as a result of the suture material. Further application will give more information about the usefulness of the absorbable synthetic suture material Polyglactin 910 for the buried subcuticular skin suture.", "contents": "[Prolene and vicryl as synthetic sutures for intradermal suture technics]. It could be shown that beside the non-absorbable synthetic suture material (Polypropylene) for the subcuticular continuous skin suture absorbable synthetic suture material (Polyglactin 910) is suitable for the buried subcuticular skin suture to obtain good esthetic scars in plastic surgery. Experiences with Polyglactin 910 in over 300 patients are presented. In no case wound healing was disturbed as a result of the suture material. Further application will give more information about the usefulness of the absorbable synthetic suture material Polyglactin 910 for the buried subcuticular skin suture."}
{"id": "PMID:340378", "title": "Enzymatic defects of hereditary porphyrias: an explanation of dominance at the molecular level.", "content": "In four of the five autosomal dominant porphyrias four different partial enzymatic defects of the porphyrin biosynthetic pathway have been discovered in the last few years. With the exception of protoporphyria, the residual enzymatic activity in carriers of these defects is approximately equal to 50% of that found in controls. In each case the pattern of excretion of porphyrin and/or porphyrin precursors reflects the stie of the partial metabolic block. There are indications, at least in intermittent acute porphyria, that the degree of penetrance of the disorder varies according to the level of phenotypic expression, being highest for the enzyme deficiency, lower for the excretion of precursors and lowest for the clinical symptoms. It is proposed that environmental factors, and probably also gene interaction, are the cause of the different degrees of penetrance.", "contents": "Enzymatic defects of hereditary porphyrias: an explanation of dominance at the molecular level. In four of the five autosomal dominant porphyrias four different partial enzymatic defects of the porphyrin biosynthetic pathway have been discovered in the last few years. With the exception of protoporphyria, the residual enzymatic activity in carriers of these defects is approximately equal to 50% of that found in controls. In each case the pattern of excretion of porphyrin and/or porphyrin precursors reflects the stie of the partial metabolic block. There are indications, at least in intermittent acute porphyria, that the degree of penetrance of the disorder varies according to the level of phenotypic expression, being highest for the enzyme deficiency, lower for the excretion of precursors and lowest for the clinical symptoms. It is proposed that environmental factors, and probably also gene interaction, are the cause of the different degrees of penetrance."}
{"id": "PMID:340384", "title": "Daily single-dose gentamicin therapy in experimental pyelonephritis.", "content": "The therapeutic efficacy of gentamicin given once or three times a day was compared in a model of experimental renal infection in rats. The same amount of gentamicin given either in a single injection or three injections a day produced no statistically significant difference in the treatment of incipient infection. The effect of this mode of administration on advanced infection depended on the length of the therapy. After five days, administration of the same dose given in a single injection or three injections did not result in significant differences. After ten days the therapy proved more effective when gentamicin was injected three times a day. In comparison a single daily dose, amounting to two thirds of the total dose when given three times a day every eight hours, revealed after five days of therapy a statistically significantly lower bacterial count in the kidney than three daily injections of gentamicin.", "contents": "Daily single-dose gentamicin therapy in experimental pyelonephritis. The therapeutic efficacy of gentamicin given once or three times a day was compared in a model of experimental renal infection in rats. The same amount of gentamicin given either in a single injection or three injections a day produced no statistically significant difference in the treatment of incipient infection. The effect of this mode of administration on advanced infection depended on the length of the therapy. After five days, administration of the same dose given in a single injection or three injections did not result in significant differences. After ten days the therapy proved more effective when gentamicin was injected three times a day. In comparison a single daily dose, amounting to two thirds of the total dose when given three times a day every eight hours, revealed after five days of therapy a statistically significantly lower bacterial count in the kidney than three daily injections of gentamicin."}
{"id": "PMID:340385", "title": "[An investigation into the influence of human serum on the in-vitro activity of various cephalosporins (author's transl)].", "content": "Cephalosporins are being given more and more frequently empirically as initial therapy, until the bacteriological findings become available. The wide selection of cephalosporins available make the choice of the most suitable one difficult for the clinician. Cephazolin, cephradine and cephacetrile were tested against three standard bacteria strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Kelebsiella pneumoniae) in normal broth and with the addition of 30% inactivated human serum; the geometric mean of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by serial dilution, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) by inoculation onto solid medium. On the addition of 30% serum, cephazolin showed a reduction in effectivity of up to 360% for the MIC and up to 74% for the MBC, cephacetril up to 250% for the MIC and 100% for the MBC, and cephradin a maximum loss of 16%. Successful treatment of a severe infection requires a high drug level or a corresponding tissue titer. Due to the high tissue concentration of cephradin and the unrivalled stable antibacterial effectivity in serum, this antibiotic can be recommended for clinical use.", "contents": "[An investigation into the influence of human serum on the in-vitro activity of various cephalosporins (author's transl)]. Cephalosporins are being given more and more frequently empirically as initial therapy, until the bacteriological findings become available. The wide selection of cephalosporins available make the choice of the most suitable one difficult for the clinician. Cephazolin, cephradine and cephacetrile were tested against three standard bacteria strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Kelebsiella pneumoniae) in normal broth and with the addition of 30% inactivated human serum; the geometric mean of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by serial dilution, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) by inoculation onto solid medium. On the addition of 30% serum, cephazolin showed a reduction in effectivity of up to 360% for the MIC and up to 74% for the MBC, cephacetril up to 250% for the MIC and 100% for the MBC, and cephradin a maximum loss of 16%. Successful treatment of a severe infection requires a high drug level or a corresponding tissue titer. Due to the high tissue concentration of cephradin and the unrivalled stable antibacterial effectivity in serum, this antibiotic can be recommended for clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:340386", "title": "Correlation of minimum inhibitory concentration and beta-lactamase activity.", "content": "The beta-lactamase activity of 510 recently isolated Enterobacteriaceae was investigated with a quantitative photometric test. Beta-lactamase could be detected in 55 percent of the Enterobacteriaceae. At the same time minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of beta-lactam antibiotics was determined. There was no correlation between MIC values and lactamase activity. For correct antibacterial therapy the clinician requires information on the lactamase activity of isolated bacteria in addition to the antibiogram. The qualitative test is useful for screening.", "contents": "Correlation of minimum inhibitory concentration and beta-lactamase activity. The beta-lactamase activity of 510 recently isolated Enterobacteriaceae was investigated with a quantitative photometric test. Beta-lactamase could be detected in 55 percent of the Enterobacteriaceae. At the same time minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of beta-lactam antibiotics was determined. There was no correlation between MIC values and lactamase activity. For correct antibacterial therapy the clinician requires information on the lactamase activity of isolated bacteria in addition to the antibiogram. The qualitative test is useful for screening."}
{"id": "PMID:340388", "title": "In vivo maturation of B cells in the spleen of nude mice following administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Morphological changes of the splenic white pulp in athymic nude mice (nu/nu) and their normal littermates (nu/ + ) following intraperitoneal injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide were studied by light and electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and autoradiography. Early blast formation and subsequent appearance of IgM-containing cells were observed by 72 h and at 120 h, respectively, in the periarteriolar sheath of nu/nu mice and in the follicular area of nu/ + mice. Ultrastructural details of blasts and the time course of their development were similar in both nu/nu and nu/ + mice. Lymphoblasts showed a large nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, many polysomes and poorly developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Plasmablasts had a nucleus with coarse heterochromatin and copious cytoplasm filled with dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. Generally, lymphocytes proliferated and differentiated through lymphoblasts to plasmablasts by 72 h and finally to plasma cells at 120 h. However, this development was asynchronous since lymphoblasts, plasmablasts and plasma cells were observed simultaneously at 72 h. It was suggested that a B cell subset responsive to bacterial lipopolysaccharide matures to antibody-forming cells in the thymus-dependent area in nu/nu mice and in the thymus-independent area in nu/ + mice.", "contents": "In vivo maturation of B cells in the spleen of nude mice following administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Morphological changes of the splenic white pulp in athymic nude mice (nu/nu) and their normal littermates (nu/ + ) following intraperitoneal injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide were studied by light and electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and autoradiography. Early blast formation and subsequent appearance of IgM-containing cells were observed by 72 h and at 120 h, respectively, in the periarteriolar sheath of nu/nu mice and in the follicular area of nu/ + mice. Ultrastructural details of blasts and the time course of their development were similar in both nu/nu and nu/ + mice. Lymphoblasts showed a large nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, many polysomes and poorly developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Plasmablasts had a nucleus with coarse heterochromatin and copious cytoplasm filled with dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. Generally, lymphocytes proliferated and differentiated through lymphoblasts to plasmablasts by 72 h and finally to plasma cells at 120 h. However, this development was asynchronous since lymphoblasts, plasmablasts and plasma cells were observed simultaneously at 72 h. It was suggested that a B cell subset responsive to bacterial lipopolysaccharide matures to antibody-forming cells in the thymus-dependent area in nu/nu mice and in the thymus-independent area in nu/ + mice."}
{"id": "PMID:340389", "title": "Host response to Treponema pallidum infection. III. Demonstration of autoantibodies to heart in sera from infected rabbits.", "content": "Sera from rabbits infected intratesticularly with Treponema pallidum but not from animals injected intratesticularly with other bacteria or with extract of normal rabbit testes demonstrated autoantibody to heart tissue. The antibody was organ-specific with cross-reactivity to skeletal muscle but was not species-specific. It could not be absorbed by T. pallidum, T. reiteri, Veneral Disease Research Laboratory reagent or rabbit mitochondrial preparation. The antibody had a transitional pattern of appearance; it could be demonstrated between 30 and 60 days after infection but it decreased or disappeared thereafter. In many instances, it could be shown between 2 and 3 years after infection. The finding of the heart-reacting antibody strongly suggests an autoimmune phenomenon associated with T. pallidum infection.", "contents": "Host response to Treponema pallidum infection. III. Demonstration of autoantibodies to heart in sera from infected rabbits. Sera from rabbits infected intratesticularly with Treponema pallidum but not from animals injected intratesticularly with other bacteria or with extract of normal rabbit testes demonstrated autoantibody to heart tissue. The antibody was organ-specific with cross-reactivity to skeletal muscle but was not species-specific. It could not be absorbed by T. pallidum, T. reiteri, Veneral Disease Research Laboratory reagent or rabbit mitochondrial preparation. The antibody had a transitional pattern of appearance; it could be demonstrated between 30 and 60 days after infection but it decreased or disappeared thereafter. In many instances, it could be shown between 2 and 3 years after infection. The finding of the heart-reacting antibody strongly suggests an autoimmune phenomenon associated with T. pallidum infection."}
{"id": "PMID:340390", "title": "Double blind trial involving: Teorema, a new antirheumatic, vs. indometacin in rheumatoid diseases.", "content": "Teorema and indometacin were administered to patients with degenerative and inflammatory joint diseases and degenerative vertebral column diseases for a period of 21 days. 24 patients were included in the 3 groups distinguished by diagnostic criteria. The daily Teorema dose was 420 mg in 21 cases and 210 mg in 3 cases; that of indometacin was 150 mg in 22 cases and 75 mg in 2 cases. Both drugs were given orally as capsules (25 mg indometacin/capsule and 70 mg Teorema/capsule). Both compounds produced a highly significant improvement of symptoms. Laboratory tests at regular intervals failed to reveal any substantial deviations from normal in both treatment groups. In conclusion, the results of the double blind trial suggest that Teorema, a new anti-inflammatory substance, when administered at a dose of approximately 420 mg/day, produces a beneficial effect in many rheumatoid conditions, while causing remarkably few side effects.", "contents": "Double blind trial involving: Teorema, a new antirheumatic, vs. indometacin in rheumatoid diseases. Teorema and indometacin were administered to patients with degenerative and inflammatory joint diseases and degenerative vertebral column diseases for a period of 21 days. 24 patients were included in the 3 groups distinguished by diagnostic criteria. The daily Teorema dose was 420 mg in 21 cases and 210 mg in 3 cases; that of indometacin was 150 mg in 22 cases and 75 mg in 2 cases. Both drugs were given orally as capsules (25 mg indometacin/capsule and 70 mg Teorema/capsule). Both compounds produced a highly significant improvement of symptoms. Laboratory tests at regular intervals failed to reveal any substantial deviations from normal in both treatment groups. In conclusion, the results of the double blind trial suggest that Teorema, a new anti-inflammatory substance, when administered at a dose of approximately 420 mg/day, produces a beneficial effect in many rheumatoid conditions, while causing remarkably few side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:340391", "title": "[New drug combination for medical management of hyperlipemia: clinical study].", "content": "Sixteen patients with different kinds of hyperlipidemia were treated with Atroplex (Mg-Chlorphenoxyisobutyrate 350 mg, Mesoinositol-Hexanicotinate 250 mg), a new serum lipid decreasing drug. Within an interval of 60 days' standard treatment of 3 tablets of Atroplex, the serum level of cholesterol was reduced by 16-20% and that of triglycerides by 36-49%. This significant effect was obvious over the whole period of treatment. According to the compound of Clofibrate, Atroplex interfered with the anticoagulant treatment with phenprocoumon. In spite of this an AC-therapy is possible during the Atroplex medication, if the AC doses are reduced by 30-50%.", "contents": "[New drug combination for medical management of hyperlipemia: clinical study]. Sixteen patients with different kinds of hyperlipidemia were treated with Atroplex (Mg-Chlorphenoxyisobutyrate 350 mg, Mesoinositol-Hexanicotinate 250 mg), a new serum lipid decreasing drug. Within an interval of 60 days' standard treatment of 3 tablets of Atroplex, the serum level of cholesterol was reduced by 16-20% and that of triglycerides by 36-49%. This significant effect was obvious over the whole period of treatment. According to the compound of Clofibrate, Atroplex interfered with the anticoagulant treatment with phenprocoumon. In spite of this an AC-therapy is possible during the Atroplex medication, if the AC doses are reduced by 30-50%."}
{"id": "PMID:340396", "title": "The Egyptian sycamore tree: its use in dermatology.", "content": "An extract of the sycamore tree, known by the ancient Egyptians for its medicinal properties, was used to treat certain dermatoses in a group of Egyptian patients. Twenty-one patients having a variety of conditions including pityriasis alba, atopic dermatosis, psoriasis and tina infections were given a cream containing the active material. The response was excellent.", "contents": "The Egyptian sycamore tree: its use in dermatology. An extract of the sycamore tree, known by the ancient Egyptians for its medicinal properties, was used to treat certain dermatoses in a group of Egyptian patients. Twenty-one patients having a variety of conditions including pityriasis alba, atopic dermatosis, psoriasis and tina infections were given a cream containing the active material. The response was excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:340401", "title": "Role of S. wien in the epidemic epizootiology of salmonellosis, zoonosis of dramatic distribution.", "content": "The appearing of S. wien and its diffusive and pathogenic distribution are reported within the general framework of Salmonelloses and the problems of epidemiological and epizootiological nature that arise this zoonosis. The measures to be adopted are also stressed in view of a more strict control and protection of human and animal health together with environmental hygiene from Salmonella infection and other Enterobacteria which are increasingly met inhuman and animal pathology. In future notes the components of this worldwide problem of hygiene and economy will be examined in detail.", "contents": "Role of S. wien in the epidemic epizootiology of salmonellosis, zoonosis of dramatic distribution. The appearing of S. wien and its diffusive and pathogenic distribution are reported within the general framework of Salmonelloses and the problems of epidemiological and epizootiological nature that arise this zoonosis. The measures to be adopted are also stressed in view of a more strict control and protection of human and animal health together with environmental hygiene from Salmonella infection and other Enterobacteria which are increasingly met inhuman and animal pathology. In future notes the components of this worldwide problem of hygiene and economy will be examined in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:340419", "title": "Preoperative intermittent positive pressure respiration as preparation for emergency valvular surgery for pulmonary edema.", "content": "Immediate emergency surgery is the accepted treatment of intractable pulmonary edema due to valvular heart disease. The presence of severe tissue hypoxia, acidosis, low cardiac output state and renal insufficiency results in a high operative risk. Delay of operation by several hours may prove advantageous in that it permits improvements of the patient's condition by means of intermittent positive pressure respiration with correction of acidosis and at the same time allows for treatment of the cardiac failure. Three illustrative cases are presented, all successfully managed by preoperative treatment in an intensive care unit. The pathophysiological basis of this therapeutic approach is discussed.", "contents": "Preoperative intermittent positive pressure respiration as preparation for emergency valvular surgery for pulmonary edema. Immediate emergency surgery is the accepted treatment of intractable pulmonary edema due to valvular heart disease. The presence of severe tissue hypoxia, acidosis, low cardiac output state and renal insufficiency results in a high operative risk. Delay of operation by several hours may prove advantageous in that it permits improvements of the patient's condition by means of intermittent positive pressure respiration with correction of acidosis and at the same time allows for treatment of the cardiac failure. Three illustrative cases are presented, all successfully managed by preoperative treatment in an intensive care unit. The pathophysiological basis of this therapeutic approach is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:340420", "title": "[Inducing factors in chronic urticaria].", "content": "Causes which have an exacerbating effect on chronic urticaria are described and their approximate incidence is reported. A challenge test battery is described.", "contents": "[Inducing factors in chronic urticaria]. Causes which have an exacerbating effect on chronic urticaria are described and their approximate incidence is reported. A challenge test battery is described."}
{"id": "PMID:340421", "title": "[Erythema dyschromicum perstans].", "content": "The case of a 4 1/2 year old girl with the typical clinical picture of erythema dyschromicum perstans is presented. A survey of the literature on this dermatosis is described.", "contents": "[Erythema dyschromicum perstans]. The case of a 4 1/2 year old girl with the typical clinical picture of erythema dyschromicum perstans is presented. A survey of the literature on this dermatosis is described."}
{"id": "PMID:340423", "title": "[Rhabdomyosarcoma of the skin].", "content": "Rhabdomyosarcomas are malignant tumors, and especially occur in childhood. In adults they are extremely rare. A pleomorphe rhabdomyosarcoma of the skin, localized on the nose of an 85-year old female patient, is reported. After surgical removal the defect was reconstructed with a full skin graft. The four histologic types of rhabdomyosarcoma (pleomorphic, alveolair, embryonal, botryoid) are discussed.", "contents": "[Rhabdomyosarcoma of the skin]. Rhabdomyosarcomas are malignant tumors, and especially occur in childhood. In adults they are extremely rare. A pleomorphe rhabdomyosarcoma of the skin, localized on the nose of an 85-year old female patient, is reported. After surgical removal the defect was reconstructed with a full skin graft. The four histologic types of rhabdomyosarcoma (pleomorphic, alveolair, embryonal, botryoid) are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:340424", "title": "[The fate of people with hypertrichosis throughout history].", "content": "Since the 16th century there are well documented examples for cases of hypertrichosis universalis. They are often confused with legends and stories of wild men. The patients were often shown at courtyards and later on at fairs. The observation of a new case of hypertrichosis universalis lanuginosa combines the description of hairiness and teeth with its psychical and physical development. Our patient was socially intergrated ones kept from outsider position.", "contents": "[The fate of people with hypertrichosis throughout history]. Since the 16th century there are well documented examples for cases of hypertrichosis universalis. They are often confused with legends and stories of wild men. The patients were often shown at courtyards and later on at fairs. The observation of a new case of hypertrichosis universalis lanuginosa combines the description of hairiness and teeth with its psychical and physical development. Our patient was socially intergrated ones kept from outsider position."}
{"id": "PMID:340425", "title": "[Double-lobed rotation pedicle flap].", "content": "This is a report on the bilobed rotation pedicle flap, a special type of pedicled flap transfer. The method is suitable for reconstruction of roundish skin defects, dermis and subcutaneous tissue with diameters from 8--15 cm, especially in dermato-tumorsurgery in trunk and thigh regions. The regional flap consists of two tongue-shaped donor lobes separated by the wound. The conventional form of the bilobed flap has an angle of 180 degrees between the bases of the lobes. By shifting the tissue at the surrounding of the defect, the procedure has the distinct advantage of camouflaging the donor sites. In addition it reduces the size of the wound. With the final transposition of the relatively small lobes large defects can be closed without the use of additional skin grafts. The method, here described in ten cases, is a simple way to resurface and reconstruct the wound with good functional and cosmetic result.", "contents": "[Double-lobed rotation pedicle flap]. This is a report on the bilobed rotation pedicle flap, a special type of pedicled flap transfer. The method is suitable for reconstruction of roundish skin defects, dermis and subcutaneous tissue with diameters from 8--15 cm, especially in dermato-tumorsurgery in trunk and thigh regions. The regional flap consists of two tongue-shaped donor lobes separated by the wound. The conventional form of the bilobed flap has an angle of 180 degrees between the bases of the lobes. By shifting the tissue at the surrounding of the defect, the procedure has the distinct advantage of camouflaging the donor sites. In addition it reduces the size of the wound. With the final transposition of the relatively small lobes large defects can be closed without the use of additional skin grafts. The method, here described in ten cases, is a simple way to resurface and reconstruct the wound with good functional and cosmetic result."}
{"id": "PMID:340426", "title": "[Unusual picture of a localized argyrosis].", "content": "Blue to black patches appeared in the scar of a sectio caesarea performed 30 years ago. Histology and electron microscopy showed a localized argyrosis due to silver suture material used in the operation.", "contents": "[Unusual picture of a localized argyrosis]. Blue to black patches appeared in the scar of a sectio caesarea performed 30 years ago. Histology and electron microscopy showed a localized argyrosis due to silver suture material used in the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:340431", "title": "Diaminobenzidine cytochemistry in cryo-ultramicrotomy for the detection of peroxidases.", "content": "Rat erythrocytes and lymphoid cells were fixed by glutaraldehyde and encapsulated in bovine serum albumin plus rabbit IgG globulins for cryo-ultramicrotomy. A technical procedure is described by which endogenous peroxidases of erythrocytes in ultrathin frozen sections were detected by hydrogen peroxide and diaminobenzidine as hydrogen donor. Modifications of this classical cytochemical procedure proved also useful in cryoultramicrotomy for immunoperoxidase labeling of antigenic determinants in rabbit IgG globulins which have been crosslinked within the supporting matrix of cells.", "contents": "Diaminobenzidine cytochemistry in cryo-ultramicrotomy for the detection of peroxidases. Rat erythrocytes and lymphoid cells were fixed by glutaraldehyde and encapsulated in bovine serum albumin plus rabbit IgG globulins for cryo-ultramicrotomy. A technical procedure is described by which endogenous peroxidases of erythrocytes in ultrathin frozen sections were detected by hydrogen peroxide and diaminobenzidine as hydrogen donor. Modifications of this classical cytochemical procedure proved also useful in cryoultramicrotomy for immunoperoxidase labeling of antigenic determinants in rabbit IgG globulins which have been crosslinked within the supporting matrix of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:340435", "title": "Prevalence and epizootiology of equine salmonellosis.", "content": "Feces from 1,451 horses entering a veterinary hospital over a 13-month period were cultured for salmonella. A total of 46 horses (3.2%) yielded 1 or more salmonella-positive fecal cultures. Twenty horses were found to be excreting salmonella in the feces on admission, and 5 of these later had severe diarrhea associated with enteric salmonellosis. Abdominal surgery and other severe stresses were associated with all cases of severe enteric salmonellosis. Serotypes of salmonella isolated included Salmonella agona (15), S anatum (14), S typhimurium (7), S typhimurium var copenhagen (4), S infantis (2), S montevideo (1), S meleagridis (1), S drypool (1), and an unnamed Salmonella serotype (1). Seven deaths were attributed to 4 serotypes (S typhimurium, 3; S anatum, 2; S typhimurium var copenhagen, 1; and S montevideo, 1). A marked seasonal incidence is isolations was found with isolations highest in later summer to early fall and lowest in the spring. It was also found that horses can shed salmonella intermittently, and a minimal of 5 consecutive negative fecal cultures is recommended before considering a horse not to be infected with salmonella.", "contents": "Prevalence and epizootiology of equine salmonellosis. Feces from 1,451 horses entering a veterinary hospital over a 13-month period were cultured for salmonella. A total of 46 horses (3.2%) yielded 1 or more salmonella-positive fecal cultures. Twenty horses were found to be excreting salmonella in the feces on admission, and 5 of these later had severe diarrhea associated with enteric salmonellosis. Abdominal surgery and other severe stresses were associated with all cases of severe enteric salmonellosis. Serotypes of salmonella isolated included Salmonella agona (15), S anatum (14), S typhimurium (7), S typhimurium var copenhagen (4), S infantis (2), S montevideo (1), S meleagridis (1), S drypool (1), and an unnamed Salmonella serotype (1). Seven deaths were attributed to 4 serotypes (S typhimurium, 3; S anatum, 2; S typhimurium var copenhagen, 1; and S montevideo, 1). A marked seasonal incidence is isolations was found with isolations highest in later summer to early fall and lowest in the spring. It was also found that horses can shed salmonella intermittently, and a minimal of 5 consecutive negative fecal cultures is recommended before considering a horse not to be infected with salmonella."}
{"id": "PMID:340450", "title": "The effects of an antipsychotic medication on the classroom behavior of four schizophrenic male children.", "content": "An analysis of attention to task, deviant classroom behavior, and academic productivity data was conducted on four schizophrenic male children to whom an antipsychotic medication was administered. Although the results indicated varying degrees of success as a function of this psychotropic treatment, the medication appeared to have little influence on classroom behavior for three of the children. It was concluded that empirical strategies must be developed for objectively assessing the influence of medications administered for the purpose of controlling the classroom behavior of disturbed children.", "contents": "The effects of an antipsychotic medication on the classroom behavior of four schizophrenic male children. An analysis of attention to task, deviant classroom behavior, and academic productivity data was conducted on four schizophrenic male children to whom an antipsychotic medication was administered. Although the results indicated varying degrees of success as a function of this psychotropic treatment, the medication appeared to have little influence on classroom behavior for three of the children. It was concluded that empirical strategies must be developed for objectively assessing the influence of medications administered for the purpose of controlling the classroom behavior of disturbed children."}
{"id": "PMID:340451", "title": "Formation of ribothymidine from thymine and ribonucleosides by the cell-free extract of tumors and rat tissues.", "content": "Formation of ribothymidine by the ribose exchange reaction between thymine and uridine with the cell-free extract of mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was demonstrated. Since phosphate ions appear to be not required for this reaction, perhaps it proceeds by the mechnism of direct exchange of nucleoside N-ribosyltransferase. The transfer activity was found in the precipitates when the crude extract was fractionated with 30-60% saturated ammonium sulfate. Ribothymidine formation was also demonstrated between thymine and ribonucleosides other than uridine with this tumor extract. Production of ribothymidine from thymine and uridine was detected also by the use of extracts from lung, brain, and regenerating liver of normal rats, and from newborn rats (whole body). An extract of Rhodamine sarcoma exhibited the ribose exchange activity, while that of human gastric cancer did not.", "contents": "Formation of ribothymidine from thymine and ribonucleosides by the cell-free extract of tumors and rat tissues. Formation of ribothymidine by the ribose exchange reaction between thymine and uridine with the cell-free extract of mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was demonstrated. Since phosphate ions appear to be not required for this reaction, perhaps it proceeds by the mechnism of direct exchange of nucleoside N-ribosyltransferase. The transfer activity was found in the precipitates when the crude extract was fractionated with 30-60% saturated ammonium sulfate. Ribothymidine formation was also demonstrated between thymine and ribonucleosides other than uridine with this tumor extract. Production of ribothymidine from thymine and uridine was detected also by the use of extracts from lung, brain, and regenerating liver of normal rats, and from newborn rats (whole body). An extract of Rhodamine sarcoma exhibited the ribose exchange activity, while that of human gastric cancer did not."}
{"id": "PMID:340452", "title": "Purification and amino acid sequence of mating factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Mating factor is a peptide excreted into the culture fluid by alpha-mating type cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae X-2180 1B. The purification of the mating factor was carried out by ion exchange chromatography on phosphocellulose and Amberlite IRC 50 columns, followed by gel filtration on a Sephadex LH 20 column. The factor thus prepared was a peptide composed of Lys1, His1, Trp2, Gln2, Pro2, Gly1, Met1, Leu2 and Tyr1, and was able to induce morphological changes on alpha-mating type cells at a concentration of 5 pg/ml. The amino acid sequence of the mating factor was determined by the manual Edman degradation method using intact mating factor and its thermolytic peptides. The C-terminal amino acid residue was determined by digesting the factor with carboxypeptidase A. The complete amino acid sequence of the mating factor was established to be as follows: Trp-His-Trp-Leu-Gln-Leu-Lys-Pro-Gly-Gln-Pro-Met-Tyr.", "contents": "Purification and amino acid sequence of mating factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mating factor is a peptide excreted into the culture fluid by alpha-mating type cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae X-2180 1B. The purification of the mating factor was carried out by ion exchange chromatography on phosphocellulose and Amberlite IRC 50 columns, followed by gel filtration on a Sephadex LH 20 column. The factor thus prepared was a peptide composed of Lys1, His1, Trp2, Gln2, Pro2, Gly1, Met1, Leu2 and Tyr1, and was able to induce morphological changes on alpha-mating type cells at a concentration of 5 pg/ml. The amino acid sequence of the mating factor was determined by the manual Edman degradation method using intact mating factor and its thermolytic peptides. The C-terminal amino acid residue was determined by digesting the factor with carboxypeptidase A. The complete amino acid sequence of the mating factor was established to be as follows: Trp-His-Trp-Leu-Gln-Leu-Lys-Pro-Gly-Gln-Pro-Met-Tyr."}
{"id": "PMID:340453", "title": "Degradation of mating factor by alpha-mating type cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The change of the mating factor activity during the culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae X-2180 1B, an alpha-mating type haploid strain, were followed. The activity increased rapidly during the exponential phase of growth, reached a maximum during the early stationary phase and then decreased. Oligopeptides comprising partial sequences of the mating factor were isolated from the culture fluids at various phases of cell growth. We concluded that the mating factor, a tridecapeptide, was degraded during culture into two peptides, Trp-His-Trp-Leu-Gln-Leu and Lys-Pro-Gly-Gln-Pro-Met-Tyr, by cleavage of the peptide bond between Leu-6 and Lys-7 of the mating factor. A dodecapeptide lacking the N-terminal Trp residue was not detected at any stage of cell growth examined.", "contents": "Degradation of mating factor by alpha-mating type cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The change of the mating factor activity during the culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae X-2180 1B, an alpha-mating type haploid strain, were followed. The activity increased rapidly during the exponential phase of growth, reached a maximum during the early stationary phase and then decreased. Oligopeptides comprising partial sequences of the mating factor were isolated from the culture fluids at various phases of cell growth. We concluded that the mating factor, a tridecapeptide, was degraded during culture into two peptides, Trp-His-Trp-Leu-Gln-Leu and Lys-Pro-Gly-Gln-Pro-Met-Tyr, by cleavage of the peptide bond between Leu-6 and Lys-7 of the mating factor. A dodecapeptide lacking the N-terminal Trp residue was not detected at any stage of cell growth examined."}
{"id": "PMID:340456", "title": "DNA polymerase I-mediated ultraviolet repair synthesis in toluene-treated Escherichia coli.", "content": "DNA synthesis after ultraviolet irradiation is low in wild type toluene-treated cells. The level of repair incorporation is greater in strains deficient in DNA polymerase I. The low level of repair synthesis is attributable to the concerted action of DNA polymerase I and polynucleotide ligase. Repair synthesis is stimulated by blocking ligase activity with the addition of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or the use of a ligase temperature-sensitive mutant. NMN stimulation is specific for DNA polymerase I-mediated repair synthesis, as it is absent in isogenic strains deficient in the polymerase function or the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease function associated with DNA polymerase I. DNA synthesis that is stimulated by NMN is proportional to the ultraviolet exposure at low doses, nonconservative in nature, and is dependent on the uvrA gene product but is independent of the recA gene product. These criteria place this synthesis in the excision repair pathway. The NMN-stimulated repair synthesis requires ATP and is N-ethylmaleimide-resistant. The use of NMN provides a direct means for evaluating the involvement of DNA polymerase I in excision repair.", "contents": "DNA polymerase I-mediated ultraviolet repair synthesis in toluene-treated Escherichia coli. DNA synthesis after ultraviolet irradiation is low in wild type toluene-treated cells. The level of repair incorporation is greater in strains deficient in DNA polymerase I. The low level of repair synthesis is attributable to the concerted action of DNA polymerase I and polynucleotide ligase. Repair synthesis is stimulated by blocking ligase activity with the addition of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or the use of a ligase temperature-sensitive mutant. NMN stimulation is specific for DNA polymerase I-mediated repair synthesis, as it is absent in isogenic strains deficient in the polymerase function or the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease function associated with DNA polymerase I. DNA synthesis that is stimulated by NMN is proportional to the ultraviolet exposure at low doses, nonconservative in nature, and is dependent on the uvrA gene product but is independent of the recA gene product. These criteria place this synthesis in the excision repair pathway. The NMN-stimulated repair synthesis requires ATP and is N-ethylmaleimide-resistant. The use of NMN provides a direct means for evaluating the involvement of DNA polymerase I in excision repair."}
{"id": "PMID:340457", "title": "Primase, the dnaG protein of Escherichia coli. An enzyme which starts DNA chains.", "content": "Conversion of the viral DNA of phage G4 to the duplex form provided an opportunity to isolate and determine the function of the dnaG protein, the product of a gene known to be essential for replication of the Escherichia coli chromosome. This stage of G4 DNA replication requires action of three proteins: the E. coli DNA-binding protein, the dnaG protein, and the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. The dnaG protein has been purified approximately 25,000-fold to near-homogeneity. The native protein contains a single polypeptide of 60,000 daltons. It has been assayed for its activity on G4 DNA in three ways: (a) RNA synthesis, (b) complementation for replication of an extract of a temperature-sensitive dnaG mutant, and (c) priming of DNA replication by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. The dnaG protein is highly specific for G4 DNA and synthesizes a unique 29-residue RNA primer to be described in the suceeding paper. Other single-stranded and duplex DNA templates are inactive. RNA primer synthesis by the dnaG protein has an apparent Km for ribonucleoside triphosphates near 10 micrometer, and a narrow optimum for Mg2+. The sharp specificity of the dnaG protein in choice of template and the utilization of either deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides to produce a hybrid piece only a few residues long (as described in a succeeding paper) suggests that the dnaG protein previously named RNA polymerase by renamed primase.", "contents": "Primase, the dnaG protein of Escherichia coli. An enzyme which starts DNA chains. Conversion of the viral DNA of phage G4 to the duplex form provided an opportunity to isolate and determine the function of the dnaG protein, the product of a gene known to be essential for replication of the Escherichia coli chromosome. This stage of G4 DNA replication requires action of three proteins: the E. coli DNA-binding protein, the dnaG protein, and the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. The dnaG protein has been purified approximately 25,000-fold to near-homogeneity. The native protein contains a single polypeptide of 60,000 daltons. It has been assayed for its activity on G4 DNA in three ways: (a) RNA synthesis, (b) complementation for replication of an extract of a temperature-sensitive dnaG mutant, and (c) priming of DNA replication by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. The dnaG protein is highly specific for G4 DNA and synthesizes a unique 29-residue RNA primer to be described in the suceeding paper. Other single-stranded and duplex DNA templates are inactive. RNA primer synthesis by the dnaG protein has an apparent Km for ribonucleoside triphosphates near 10 micrometer, and a narrow optimum for Mg2+. The sharp specificity of the dnaG protein in choice of template and the utilization of either deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides to produce a hybrid piece only a few residues long (as described in a succeeding paper) suggests that the dnaG protein previously named RNA polymerase by renamed primase."}
{"id": "PMID:340458", "title": "The RNA primer synthesized by primase to initiate phage G4 DNA replication.", "content": "With phage G4 DNA as template, primase (the dnaG protein) synthesizes a 26- to 29-residue RNA transcript at the origin of replication. The sequence starts with ATP and contains a hairpin region of one A-U and seven G-C base pairs. Covalent linkage between the RNA and the newly synthesized complementary DNA chain indicates that the RNA transcript serves as a primer.", "contents": "The RNA primer synthesized by primase to initiate phage G4 DNA replication. With phage G4 DNA as template, primase (the dnaG protein) synthesizes a 26- to 29-residue RNA transcript at the origin of replication. The sequence starts with ATP and contains a hairpin region of one A-U and seven G-C base pairs. Covalent linkage between the RNA and the newly synthesized complementary DNA chain indicates that the RNA transcript serves as a primer."}
{"id": "PMID:340459", "title": "A ribo-deoxyribonucleotide primer synthesized by primase.", "content": "The 29-residue ribonucleotide primer formed by primase at the origin of phage G4 DNA replication (Bouch\u00e9, J.-P, Rowen, L., and Kornberg, A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 765-769) was shorter in the presence of deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). At 50 micrometer dNTPs and 20 micrometer rNTPs, RNA trancripts no longer than 6 residues were synthesized and these were still effective in priming replication by the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Primer synthesis was initiated with ATP; adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (Appp(S)), adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate, adenylyl imidodiphosphate (App(NH)p), and ADP were able to substitute for ATP. dATP and GTP were ineffective in initiating replication. DNA replication was stimulated by GTP, suggesting that incorporation of this nucleotide into the second position of the primer trancript by primase produces a more efficient primer. Each of the dNTPs can be incorporated into a hybrid ribonucleotide-deoxyribonucleotide transcript, indicating that primase is able to add either a ribonucleotide or deoxyribonucleotide to the 3'-OH of either of ribo residue or a deoxy residue of the primer terminus. Incorporation of an individual dNTP was less efficient than that of the corresponding rNTP, and the presence of all four dNTPs profoundly depressed RNA synthesis by primase.", "contents": "A ribo-deoxyribonucleotide primer synthesized by primase. The 29-residue ribonucleotide primer formed by primase at the origin of phage G4 DNA replication (Bouch\u00e9, J.-P, Rowen, L., and Kornberg, A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 765-769) was shorter in the presence of deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). At 50 micrometer dNTPs and 20 micrometer rNTPs, RNA trancripts no longer than 6 residues were synthesized and these were still effective in priming replication by the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Primer synthesis was initiated with ATP; adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (Appp(S)), adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate, adenylyl imidodiphosphate (App(NH)p), and ADP were able to substitute for ATP. dATP and GTP were ineffective in initiating replication. DNA replication was stimulated by GTP, suggesting that incorporation of this nucleotide into the second position of the primer trancript by primase produces a more efficient primer. Each of the dNTPs can be incorporated into a hybrid ribonucleotide-deoxyribonucleotide transcript, indicating that primase is able to add either a ribonucleotide or deoxyribonucleotide to the 3'-OH of either of ribo residue or a deoxy residue of the primer terminus. Incorporation of an individual dNTP was less efficient than that of the corresponding rNTP, and the presence of all four dNTPs profoundly depressed RNA synthesis by primase."}
{"id": "PMID:340460", "title": "Chemical and functional properties of the native and reconstituted forms of the membrane-bound, aerobic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A simple purification for the membrane-associated, flavin-linked, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli has been developed which yields homogeneous enzyme in a detergent-solubilized state. 1. The dissociated form of the enzyme has a molecular weight of 58,000 and contains 0.5 mol of FAD/mol of protein monomer. 2. The solubilized enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a pH profile and temperature dependence similar to that observed for the membrane-bound enzyme. 3. The most efficient electron acceptor is potassium ferricyanide but phenazine methosulfate, methylene blue, menadione, and dichlorophenolindophenol can also be utilized. 4. The reaction is competitively inhibited by dihydroxyacetone phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, phosphoglycolic acid, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and D-2- and D-3-phosphoglyceric acid. 5. The activity of the enzyme is regulated in a complex manner by ATP and GTP. 6. Detergent-depleted enzyme can be functionally reconstituted with Escherichia coli membrane vesicles to support glycerol-3-phosphate-dependent active transport of L-proline. 7. Detergent-depleted enzyme requires exogenous phospholipid or nondenaturing detergent for electron transfer activity.", "contents": "Chemical and functional properties of the native and reconstituted forms of the membrane-bound, aerobic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli. A simple purification for the membrane-associated, flavin-linked, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli has been developed which yields homogeneous enzyme in a detergent-solubilized state. 1. The dissociated form of the enzyme has a molecular weight of 58,000 and contains 0.5 mol of FAD/mol of protein monomer. 2. The solubilized enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a pH profile and temperature dependence similar to that observed for the membrane-bound enzyme. 3. The most efficient electron acceptor is potassium ferricyanide but phenazine methosulfate, methylene blue, menadione, and dichlorophenolindophenol can also be utilized. 4. The reaction is competitively inhibited by dihydroxyacetone phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, phosphoglycolic acid, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and D-2- and D-3-phosphoglyceric acid. 5. The activity of the enzyme is regulated in a complex manner by ATP and GTP. 6. Detergent-depleted enzyme can be functionally reconstituted with Escherichia coli membrane vesicles to support glycerol-3-phosphate-dependent active transport of L-proline. 7. Detergent-depleted enzyme requires exogenous phospholipid or nondenaturing detergent for electron transfer activity."}
{"id": "PMID:340461", "title": "Covalent structural analysis of yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase.", "content": "The present paper describes the amino acid sequence analysis of the internal and COOH-terminal cyanogen bromide fragments of yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase (Sterner, R., Noyes, C., and Heinrikson, R.L. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 91-99). This information coupled with that derived from earlier structural studies of the enzyme (Sterner, R., AND Heinrikson, R.L. (1975) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 165, 693-703) provides the complete covalent structure of the pyrophosphatase subunit. The majority of the sequence data was derived from automated Edman degradation of the intact cyanogen bromide fragments and the large tryptic peptides obtained from citraconylated derivates in which cleavages were restricted to arginyl residues. The structural determination was completed by analysis of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides from the decitraconylated fragments. The monomer peptide chain contains 285 amino acid residues and the molecular weight calculated from the sequence analysis is 32,042.", "contents": "Covalent structural analysis of yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase. The present paper describes the amino acid sequence analysis of the internal and COOH-terminal cyanogen bromide fragments of yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase (Sterner, R., Noyes, C., and Heinrikson, R.L. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 91-99). This information coupled with that derived from earlier structural studies of the enzyme (Sterner, R., AND Heinrikson, R.L. (1975) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 165, 693-703) provides the complete covalent structure of the pyrophosphatase subunit. The majority of the sequence data was derived from automated Edman degradation of the intact cyanogen bromide fragments and the large tryptic peptides obtained from citraconylated derivates in which cleavages were restricted to arginyl residues. The structural determination was completed by analysis of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides from the decitraconylated fragments. The monomer peptide chain contains 285 amino acid residues and the molecular weight calculated from the sequence analysis is 32,042."}
{"id": "PMID:340463", "title": "Colicins and bacterial membranes: structures and functions. I. Effects of colicins on the protein composition of the membranes of sensitive and tolerant Escherichia coli.", "content": "Treatment of Escherichia coli K12 C600 with colicin K or E1, but not E3, caused changes in the protein composition of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and an impairment of the membrane-associated ATP-linked transhydrogenase activity. The major compositional changes were loss and/or reduction in the levels of protein bands 4, 8, 9, 10, 13, and 18 with approximate molecular weights of 122,000, 81,000, 75,000, 73,000, 62,000, and 44,000, respectively. Colicin K or E1 treatment had no significant effect on the protein composition or the ATP-linked transhydrogenase activity of the cytoplasmic membranes of the isogenic tolerant strain E. coli K12 C600 TolII (A592). The cytoplasmic membranes of the untreated tolerant mutant were characteristically devoid of protein bands 4 and 13. It is proposed that protein bands 4 and/or 13 participate in colicin action by acting as receptors for colicins at the cytoplasmic membrane level. Some observations on the structural and functional heterogeneity of the cytoplasmic membrane preparations were made.", "contents": "Colicins and bacterial membranes: structures and functions. I. Effects of colicins on the protein composition of the membranes of sensitive and tolerant Escherichia coli. Treatment of Escherichia coli K12 C600 with colicin K or E1, but not E3, caused changes in the protein composition of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and an impairment of the membrane-associated ATP-linked transhydrogenase activity. The major compositional changes were loss and/or reduction in the levels of protein bands 4, 8, 9, 10, 13, and 18 with approximate molecular weights of 122,000, 81,000, 75,000, 73,000, 62,000, and 44,000, respectively. Colicin K or E1 treatment had no significant effect on the protein composition or the ATP-linked transhydrogenase activity of the cytoplasmic membranes of the isogenic tolerant strain E. coli K12 C600 TolII (A592). The cytoplasmic membranes of the untreated tolerant mutant were characteristically devoid of protein bands 4 and 13. It is proposed that protein bands 4 and/or 13 participate in colicin action by acting as receptors for colicins at the cytoplasmic membrane level. Some observations on the structural and functional heterogeneity of the cytoplasmic membrane preparations were made."}
{"id": "PMID:340466", "title": "Determination of N-desmethyldiazepam in plasma by gas chromatography with an internal standard.", "content": "N-Desmethyldiazepam in plasma has been determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection, using N-desmethyltetrazepam as internal standard and a column filled Poly-A 103 on Gas-Chrom Q. No prior transformation of benzodiazepines is necessary. The sensitivity is ca.1 ng/ml and the recovery is greater than or equal to 70%. The method is particularly suitable for the pharmacokinetic study of dipotassium clorazepate: the amount of unchanged clorazepate may be estimated from the difference between the amount of N-desmethyldiazepam present initially and the total amount of N-desmethyldiazepam obtained after acidic treatment of the sample; the method is also useful for therapeutic control and for analytical toxicology.", "contents": "Determination of N-desmethyldiazepam in plasma by gas chromatography with an internal standard. N-Desmethyldiazepam in plasma has been determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection, using N-desmethyltetrazepam as internal standard and a column filled Poly-A 103 on Gas-Chrom Q. No prior transformation of benzodiazepines is necessary. The sensitivity is ca.1 ng/ml and the recovery is greater than or equal to 70%. The method is particularly suitable for the pharmacokinetic study of dipotassium clorazepate: the amount of unchanged clorazepate may be estimated from the difference between the amount of N-desmethyldiazepam present initially and the total amount of N-desmethyldiazepam obtained after acidic treatment of the sample; the method is also useful for therapeutic control and for analytical toxicology."}
{"id": "PMID:340468", "title": "Immune response in the mutant diabetic C57BL/Ks-dt+ mouse. Discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo immunological assays.", "content": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses of mutant diabetic db+/db+ mice were evaluated using in vivo and in vitro immunological assays. When compared to lean, nondiabetic db+/m+ or m+/m+ mice, db+/db+ mice demonstrated markedly altered in vivo immune responses characterized by a significantly diminished ability to reject allogeneic skin grafts, a markedly diminished capacity to generate cytotoxic cells after sensitization with allogeneic EL-4 lymphoma cells and a significantly enhanced plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes. In contrast, spleen cells from db+/db+ mice demonstrated only minimal alterations in in vitro responses to mitogens and allogeneic cells and no alteration in their capacity to generate an in vitro plaque-forming cell response. The spleens and thymuses of db+/db+ mice weighed significantly less than organs from db+/db+ mice. In addition, thymuses from db+/db+ mice demonstrated a marked deficiency in in vivo [125I]UdR uptake. These data suggest that the altered metabolic status of the diabetic host influences immune function in vivo possibly due to abnormal function of lymphocyte subpopulations.", "contents": "Immune response in the mutant diabetic C57BL/Ks-dt+ mouse. Discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo immunological assays. Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses of mutant diabetic db+/db+ mice were evaluated using in vivo and in vitro immunological assays. When compared to lean, nondiabetic db+/m+ or m+/m+ mice, db+/db+ mice demonstrated markedly altered in vivo immune responses characterized by a significantly diminished ability to reject allogeneic skin grafts, a markedly diminished capacity to generate cytotoxic cells after sensitization with allogeneic EL-4 lymphoma cells and a significantly enhanced plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes. In contrast, spleen cells from db+/db+ mice demonstrated only minimal alterations in in vitro responses to mitogens and allogeneic cells and no alteration in their capacity to generate an in vitro plaque-forming cell response. The spleens and thymuses of db+/db+ mice weighed significantly less than organs from db+/db+ mice. In addition, thymuses from db+/db+ mice demonstrated a marked deficiency in in vivo [125I]UdR uptake. These data suggest that the altered metabolic status of the diabetic host influences immune function in vivo possibly due to abnormal function of lymphocyte subpopulations."}
{"id": "PMID:340465", "title": "Recognition of right-to-left shunts following closure of low atrial septal defects.", "content": "Intraoperative dye curves are routinely employed following closure of all types of intracardiac defects. The technique has been quite helpful in a variety of problems. With atrial defects which are low in the septum or when arterial desaturation occurs immediately postoperatively, it is important that inferior vena caval, as well as superior vena caval injection of dye be obtained. In the past two years, intraoperative dye curves have been employed in approximately 75 patients following ASD repair without evidence of iatrogenic diversion of blood flow from the inferior vena cava to the left atrium in any patient. It is a simple technique which can detect this error at the time of surgery and thus permit its immediate correction and can be strongly recommended as a routine procedure.", "contents": "Recognition of right-to-left shunts following closure of low atrial septal defects. Intraoperative dye curves are routinely employed following closure of all types of intracardiac defects. The technique has been quite helpful in a variety of problems. With atrial defects which are low in the septum or when arterial desaturation occurs immediately postoperatively, it is important that inferior vena caval, as well as superior vena caval injection of dye be obtained. In the past two years, intraoperative dye curves have been employed in approximately 75 patients following ASD repair without evidence of iatrogenic diversion of blood flow from the inferior vena cava to the left atrium in any patient. It is a simple technique which can detect this error at the time of surgery and thus permit its immediate correction and can be strongly recommended as a routine procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:340464", "title": "Late results of Linton flap operation.", "content": "Linton flap operation was performed in 202 patients with postphlebitic syndrome complicated by evident ulceration 64% of patients were followed up for 1-14 years. Complete cure was obtained in 87.7%.", "contents": "Late results of Linton flap operation. Linton flap operation was performed in 202 patients with postphlebitic syndrome complicated by evident ulceration 64% of patients were followed up for 1-14 years. Complete cure was obtained in 87.7%."}
{"id": "PMID:340469", "title": "Absence of intercellular antigens in the deep layers of the epidermis in pemphigus foliaceus.", "content": "12 patients with pemphigus foliaceus, a form of pemphigus with lesions that arise in the intercellular substance in the superficial layers of the epidermis, and 7 patients with pemphigus vulgaris, where lesions are in the deep layers, were studied by immunofluorescence. Circulating antibodies to intercellular antigens (IC antibodies) were found in 11 pemphigus foliaceus and 5 pemphigus vulgaris patients. On direct immunofluorescence of skin lesions 75% (9 of 12), pemphigus foliaceus patients had intercellular deposits of IgG localized solely or predominantly in the superficial epidermal layers, whereas this was not the case in any of the patients with pemphigus vulgaris. Over 70% of the pemphigus foliaceus patients with predominantly superficial IgG deposits lacked in their lesions normal intercellular antigens usually expressed in the deep layers of the epidermis. This was shown by the inability of IC antibodies in autologous or allogeneic sera to bind to intercellular antigens in the lower epidermis of patient's skin, even though the same sera could bind to intercellular antigens in all layers of normal allogeneic skin. Lack of normal intercellular antigens deep in the epidermis may result in circulating IC antibodies binding to the superficial layers, a site which corresponds to, and thus in some patients may account for, the anatomical location of lesions in pemphigus foliaceus.", "contents": "Absence of intercellular antigens in the deep layers of the epidermis in pemphigus foliaceus. 12 patients with pemphigus foliaceus, a form of pemphigus with lesions that arise in the intercellular substance in the superficial layers of the epidermis, and 7 patients with pemphigus vulgaris, where lesions are in the deep layers, were studied by immunofluorescence. Circulating antibodies to intercellular antigens (IC antibodies) were found in 11 pemphigus foliaceus and 5 pemphigus vulgaris patients. On direct immunofluorescence of skin lesions 75% (9 of 12), pemphigus foliaceus patients had intercellular deposits of IgG localized solely or predominantly in the superficial epidermal layers, whereas this was not the case in any of the patients with pemphigus vulgaris. Over 70% of the pemphigus foliaceus patients with predominantly superficial IgG deposits lacked in their lesions normal intercellular antigens usually expressed in the deep layers of the epidermis. This was shown by the inability of IC antibodies in autologous or allogeneic sera to bind to intercellular antigens in the lower epidermis of patient's skin, even though the same sera could bind to intercellular antigens in all layers of normal allogeneic skin. Lack of normal intercellular antigens deep in the epidermis may result in circulating IC antibodies binding to the superficial layers, a site which corresponds to, and thus in some patients may account for, the anatomical location of lesions in pemphigus foliaceus."}
{"id": "PMID:340470", "title": "Damage to pseudohyphal forms of Candida albicans by neutrophils in the absence of serum in vitro.", "content": "Large forms of Candida are characteristically present in invasive lesions and are often cleared by host defenses. Therefore, an in vitro system was developed to study interactions between leukocytes and pseudohyphae. By light, phase contrast, and electron microscopic observations, in the absence of serum, neutrophils attached to and spread over the surfaces of partially ingested pseudohyphae, which then appeared damaged. Using a new assay which measured neutrophil-induced inhibition of uptake of [(14)C]cytosine by Candida, damage to Candida in the absence of serum was 53.04+/-2.96% by neutrophils from 27 normal subjects. With serum, damage to Candida increased because of opsonization by low levels of anti-Candida immunoglobulin G in normal sera. Damage to Candida was inhibited by colchicine, cytochalasin B, and 2-deoxyglucose, which interfered with spreading of neutrophils over the surfaces of Candida. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, theophylline, and isoproterenol also inhibited damage to Candida. Hydrocortisone was inhibitory in levels (10 muM) achievable with pharmacologic doses in man. Light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy indicated that neutrophils degranulated after contact with Candida. Quantitative studies revealed only a minimal increase in specific release of lysosomal enzymes from azurophil granules, but much greater release of lysozyme from specific granules. Candida activated neutrophil oxidative microbicidal mechanisms, as shown by iodination of Candida by neutrophils, and chemiluminescence from neutrophils interacting with Candida. Unlike live Candida, killed Candida did not induce chemiluminescence, were not iodinated, and did not attach to neutrophils by microscopy. Like Candida pseudohyphae, contact between neutrophils and hyphal forms of Aspergillus and Rhizopus occurred in the absence of serum. This did not occur with Cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated yeast, and was low with Candida yeasts. These findings indicate that neutrophils can recognize and attach to Candida pseudohyphae, then damage the Candida. This may represent a general reaction between neutrophils and large forms of fungi. Though the size of the organisms precludes complete ingestion, neutrophil oxidative microbicidal mechanisms are activated, and preferential release of contents of specific granules appears to occur.", "contents": "Damage to pseudohyphal forms of Candida albicans by neutrophils in the absence of serum in vitro. Large forms of Candida are characteristically present in invasive lesions and are often cleared by host defenses. Therefore, an in vitro system was developed to study interactions between leukocytes and pseudohyphae. By light, phase contrast, and electron microscopic observations, in the absence of serum, neutrophils attached to and spread over the surfaces of partially ingested pseudohyphae, which then appeared damaged. Using a new assay which measured neutrophil-induced inhibition of uptake of [(14)C]cytosine by Candida, damage to Candida in the absence of serum was 53.04+/-2.96% by neutrophils from 27 normal subjects. With serum, damage to Candida increased because of opsonization by low levels of anti-Candida immunoglobulin G in normal sera. Damage to Candida was inhibited by colchicine, cytochalasin B, and 2-deoxyglucose, which interfered with spreading of neutrophils over the surfaces of Candida. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, theophylline, and isoproterenol also inhibited damage to Candida. Hydrocortisone was inhibitory in levels (10 muM) achievable with pharmacologic doses in man. Light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy indicated that neutrophils degranulated after contact with Candida. Quantitative studies revealed only a minimal increase in specific release of lysosomal enzymes from azurophil granules, but much greater release of lysozyme from specific granules. Candida activated neutrophil oxidative microbicidal mechanisms, as shown by iodination of Candida by neutrophils, and chemiluminescence from neutrophils interacting with Candida. Unlike live Candida, killed Candida did not induce chemiluminescence, were not iodinated, and did not attach to neutrophils by microscopy. Like Candida pseudohyphae, contact between neutrophils and hyphal forms of Aspergillus and Rhizopus occurred in the absence of serum. This did not occur with Cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated yeast, and was low with Candida yeasts. These findings indicate that neutrophils can recognize and attach to Candida pseudohyphae, then damage the Candida. This may represent a general reaction between neutrophils and large forms of fungi. Though the size of the organisms precludes complete ingestion, neutrophil oxidative microbicidal mechanisms are activated, and preferential release of contents of specific granules appears to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:340471", "title": "Mechanisms of attachment of neutrophils to Candida albicans pseudohyphae in the absence of serum, and of subsequent damage to pseudohyphae by microbicidal processes of neutrophils in vitro.", "content": "Mechanisms were studied that might explain the attachment and damage to Candida albicans pseudohyphae by neutrophils in the absence of serum. Attachment of neutrophils to pseudo hyphae was inhibited by Candida mannans (1-10 mg/ml), but not by mannose, dextran, chitin, conconavalin A, or highly charged polyamino acids. Contact was also inhibited by pretreatment of Candida before incubation with neutrophils with chymotrypsin, but not trypsin or several inhibitors of proteases. Similar results were obtained with pretreatment of neutrophils, except that trypsin was inhibitory. When pseudohyphae were killed with ultraviolet light, proteinpolysaccharide complexes of mol wt <10,000 were released which appeared to bind to the surfaces of neutrophils and inhibit contact between neutrophils and Candida, as well as other fungi. Damage to Candida by neutrophils was inhibited by agents known to act on neutrophil oxidative microbicidal mechanisms, including sodium cyanide, sodium azide, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and 1, 4 diazobicyclo (2, 2, 2) octane, a singlet oxygen quencher. Neutrophils from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease did not damage Candida at all. However, the hydroxyl radical scavengers mannitol and benzoate were not inhibitory. Cationic proteins and lactoferrin also did not appear to play a major role in this system. Low concentrations of lysozyme which did not damage Candida in isotonic buffer solutions damaged pseudohyphae in distilled water. Isolated neutrophil granules damaged pseudohyphae only with added hydrogen peroxide and halide, and damage occurred only with granule fractions known to contain myeloperoxidase. These findings suggest that neutrophils recognized a molecule on the Candida surface which has a chymotrypsin sensitive protein component, and which may be liberated from the cell surface upon death of organism. The neutrophil receptors for Candida appear to be sensitive to trypsin and chymotrypsin. Damage to Candida by neutrophils occurred primarily by oxidative mechanisms, including the production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide interacting with myeloperoxidase and halide, as well as singlet oxygen, but did not appear to involve hydroxyl radical. Lysozyme might have an accessory role, under some conditions.", "contents": "Mechanisms of attachment of neutrophils to Candida albicans pseudohyphae in the absence of serum, and of subsequent damage to pseudohyphae by microbicidal processes of neutrophils in vitro. Mechanisms were studied that might explain the attachment and damage to Candida albicans pseudohyphae by neutrophils in the absence of serum. Attachment of neutrophils to pseudo hyphae was inhibited by Candida mannans (1-10 mg/ml), but not by mannose, dextran, chitin, conconavalin A, or highly charged polyamino acids. Contact was also inhibited by pretreatment of Candida before incubation with neutrophils with chymotrypsin, but not trypsin or several inhibitors of proteases. Similar results were obtained with pretreatment of neutrophils, except that trypsin was inhibitory. When pseudohyphae were killed with ultraviolet light, proteinpolysaccharide complexes of mol wt <10,000 were released which appeared to bind to the surfaces of neutrophils and inhibit contact between neutrophils and Candida, as well as other fungi. Damage to Candida by neutrophils was inhibited by agents known to act on neutrophil oxidative microbicidal mechanisms, including sodium cyanide, sodium azide, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and 1, 4 diazobicyclo (2, 2, 2) octane, a singlet oxygen quencher. Neutrophils from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease did not damage Candida at all. However, the hydroxyl radical scavengers mannitol and benzoate were not inhibitory. Cationic proteins and lactoferrin also did not appear to play a major role in this system. Low concentrations of lysozyme which did not damage Candida in isotonic buffer solutions damaged pseudohyphae in distilled water. Isolated neutrophil granules damaged pseudohyphae only with added hydrogen peroxide and halide, and damage occurred only with granule fractions known to contain myeloperoxidase. These findings suggest that neutrophils recognized a molecule on the Candida surface which has a chymotrypsin sensitive protein component, and which may be liberated from the cell surface upon death of organism. The neutrophil receptors for Candida appear to be sensitive to trypsin and chymotrypsin. Damage to Candida by neutrophils occurred primarily by oxidative mechanisms, including the production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide interacting with myeloperoxidase and halide, as well as singlet oxygen, but did not appear to involve hydroxyl radical. Lysozyme might have an accessory role, under some conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:340473", "title": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent-assay test for hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "A new commercial test for hepatis B surface antigen based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent-assay system was evaluated and compared with other tests already available. It was of comparable sensitivity to the radioimmunoassay test but required less expensive equipment (in terms of both outlay and upkeep) and did not use radioisotopes; the reagents were more stable.", "contents": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent-assay test for hepatitis B surface antigen. A new commercial test for hepatis B surface antigen based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent-assay system was evaluated and compared with other tests already available. It was of comparable sensitivity to the radioimmunoassay test but required less expensive equipment (in terms of both outlay and upkeep) and did not use radioisotopes; the reagents were more stable."}
{"id": "PMID:340472", "title": "Iodothyronine metabolism in rat liver homogenates.", "content": "To investigate mechanisms of extrathyroidal thyroid hormone metabolism, conversion of thyroxine (T(4)) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)) and degradation of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT(3)) were studied in rat liver homogenates. Both reactions were enzymatic. For conversion of T(4) to T(3), the K(m) of T(4) was 7.7 muM, and the V(max) was 0.13 pmol T(3)/min per mg protein. For rT(3) degradation, the K(m) of rT(3) was 7.5 nM, and the V(max) was 0.36 pmol rT(3)/min per mg protein. Production of rT(3) or degradation of T(4) or T(3) was not detected under the conditions employed. rT(3) was a potent competitive inhibitor of T(4) to T(3) conversion with a K(i) of 4.5 nM; 3,3'-diiodothyronine was a less potent inhibitor of this reaction. T(4) was a competitive inhibitor of rT(3) degradation with a K(i) of 10.2 muM. Agents which inhibited both reactions included propylthiouracil, which appeared to be an allosteric inhibitor, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and iopanoic acid. Sodium diatrizoate had a weak inhibitory effect. No inhibition was found with alpha-methylparatyrosine, Fe(+2), Fe(+3), reduced glutathione, beta-hydroxybutyrate, or oleic acid. Fasting resulted in inhibition of T(4) to T(3) conversion and of rT(3) degradation by rat liver homogenates which was reversible after refeeding. Serum T(4), T(3), and thyrotropin concentrations fell during fasting, with no decrease in serum protein binding as assessed by a T(3)-charcoal uptake. There was no consistent change in serum rT(3) concentrations. Dexamethasone had no effect in vitro. In vivo dexamethasone administration resulted in elevated serum rT(3) concentrations after 1 day, and after 5 days, in inhibition of T(4) to T(3) conversion and rT(3) degradation without altering serum T(4), T(3), or thyrotropin concentrations. Endotoxin treatment had no effect of iodothyronine metabolism in liver homogenates. In kidney homogenates the reaction rates and response to propylthiouracil in vitro were similar to those in liver. No significant T(4) to T(3) conversion or rT(3) production or degradation could be detected in other tissues. These data suggest that one iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase is responsible for both T(4) to T(3) conversion and rT(3) degradation in liver and, perhaps, in kidney. Alterations in serum T(3) and rT(3) concentrations induced by drugs and disease states may result from decreases in both T(3) production and rT(3) degradation consequent to inhibition of a single reaction in the pathways of iodothyronine metabolism.", "contents": "Iodothyronine metabolism in rat liver homogenates. To investigate mechanisms of extrathyroidal thyroid hormone metabolism, conversion of thyroxine (T(4)) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)) and degradation of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT(3)) were studied in rat liver homogenates. Both reactions were enzymatic. For conversion of T(4) to T(3), the K(m) of T(4) was 7.7 muM, and the V(max) was 0.13 pmol T(3)/min per mg protein. For rT(3) degradation, the K(m) of rT(3) was 7.5 nM, and the V(max) was 0.36 pmol rT(3)/min per mg protein. Production of rT(3) or degradation of T(4) or T(3) was not detected under the conditions employed. rT(3) was a potent competitive inhibitor of T(4) to T(3) conversion with a K(i) of 4.5 nM; 3,3'-diiodothyronine was a less potent inhibitor of this reaction. T(4) was a competitive inhibitor of rT(3) degradation with a K(i) of 10.2 muM. Agents which inhibited both reactions included propylthiouracil, which appeared to be an allosteric inhibitor, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and iopanoic acid. Sodium diatrizoate had a weak inhibitory effect. No inhibition was found with alpha-methylparatyrosine, Fe(+2), Fe(+3), reduced glutathione, beta-hydroxybutyrate, or oleic acid. Fasting resulted in inhibition of T(4) to T(3) conversion and of rT(3) degradation by rat liver homogenates which was reversible after refeeding. Serum T(4), T(3), and thyrotropin concentrations fell during fasting, with no decrease in serum protein binding as assessed by a T(3)-charcoal uptake. There was no consistent change in serum rT(3) concentrations. Dexamethasone had no effect in vitro. In vivo dexamethasone administration resulted in elevated serum rT(3) concentrations after 1 day, and after 5 days, in inhibition of T(4) to T(3) conversion and rT(3) degradation without altering serum T(4), T(3), or thyrotropin concentrations. Endotoxin treatment had no effect of iodothyronine metabolism in liver homogenates. In kidney homogenates the reaction rates and response to propylthiouracil in vitro were similar to those in liver. No significant T(4) to T(3) conversion or rT(3) production or degradation could be detected in other tissues. These data suggest that one iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase is responsible for both T(4) to T(3) conversion and rT(3) degradation in liver and, perhaps, in kidney. Alterations in serum T(3) and rT(3) concentrations induced by drugs and disease states may result from decreases in both T(3) production and rT(3) degradation consequent to inhibition of a single reaction in the pathways of iodothyronine metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:340474", "title": "Microbial flora of the vagina and cervix.", "content": "The microbial flora of the vagina and cervix was assessed qualitatively and semiquantitatively in 40 women attending an intrauterine contraceptive device clinic. Both sites harboured many types of macroorganism, the mean number of microbial types isolated being five from the vagina and four from the cervix. Typical lactobacilli were detected in 61% of vaginal and in 53% of cervical specimens; faecal bacteria, including anaerobes, were even more frequently found at both sites. No differences in the microbial populations at either the vagina or the cervix were detected after fitting of the devices, in the different weeks of the menstrual cycle, or with various previously used contraceptive methods.", "contents": "Microbial flora of the vagina and cervix. The microbial flora of the vagina and cervix was assessed qualitatively and semiquantitatively in 40 women attending an intrauterine contraceptive device clinic. Both sites harboured many types of macroorganism, the mean number of microbial types isolated being five from the vagina and four from the cervix. Typical lactobacilli were detected in 61% of vaginal and in 53% of cervical specimens; faecal bacteria, including anaerobes, were even more frequently found at both sites. No differences in the microbial populations at either the vagina or the cervix were detected after fitting of the devices, in the different weeks of the menstrual cycle, or with various previously used contraceptive methods."}
{"id": "PMID:340476", "title": "Periodontal surgery in plaque-infected dentitions.", "content": "A clinical trial was performed to study the result of periodontal treatment following different modes of periodontal surgery in patients not recalled for maintenance care. The material consisted of 25 patients distributed into 5 groups. Following an initial examination, all patients underwent presurgical treatment including case presentation and instruction in oral hygiene measures. This instruction was given once. The various patient groups were then subjected to one of the following surgical procedures: 1) the apically repositioned flap operation including elimination of bony defects 2) the apically repositioned flap operation including curettage of bony defects but without removal of bone 3) the \"Widman flap\" technique including elimination of bony defects 4) the \"Widman flap\" technique including curettage of bony defects but without removal of bone 5) gingivectomy including curettage of bony defects but without removal of bone. Six, 12 and 24 months after completion of the treatment, the patients were recalled for assessment of their oral hygiene standard and periodontal conditions. The results showed that case presentation and oral hygiene instruction given once, only temporarily improved the patient's oral hygiene habits. Renewed accumulation of plaque in the operated areas resulted in recurrence of periodontal disease including a significant further loss of attachment. All five different techniques for surgical pocket elimination were equally ineffective in preventing recurrence of destructive periodontitis.", "contents": "Periodontal surgery in plaque-infected dentitions. A clinical trial was performed to study the result of periodontal treatment following different modes of periodontal surgery in patients not recalled for maintenance care. The material consisted of 25 patients distributed into 5 groups. Following an initial examination, all patients underwent presurgical treatment including case presentation and instruction in oral hygiene measures. This instruction was given once. The various patient groups were then subjected to one of the following surgical procedures: 1) the apically repositioned flap operation including elimination of bony defects 2) the apically repositioned flap operation including curettage of bony defects but without removal of bone 3) the \"Widman flap\" technique including elimination of bony defects 4) the \"Widman flap\" technique including curettage of bony defects but without removal of bone 5) gingivectomy including curettage of bony defects but without removal of bone. Six, 12 and 24 months after completion of the treatment, the patients were recalled for assessment of their oral hygiene standard and periodontal conditions. The results showed that case presentation and oral hygiene instruction given once, only temporarily improved the patient's oral hygiene habits. Renewed accumulation of plaque in the operated areas resulted in recurrence of periodontal disease including a significant further loss of attachment. All five different techniques for surgical pocket elimination were equally ineffective in preventing recurrence of destructive periodontitis."}
{"id": "PMID:340486", "title": "Comparison of traditional and experimental expanded function dental hygiene students in hand scaling.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether an expanded function dental hygiene curriculum prepared students to perform traditional dental hygiene clinical procedures at the same level of competency as a traditional dental hygiene curriculum. Hand scaling was selected as the most appropriate procedure to evaluate. Fourth-year dental hygiene students enrolled in a special expanded function curriculum were compared to fourth-year students enrolled in the traditional dental hygiene curriculum during a controlled one-day experiment. Results indicated no statistically significant differences between the two student groups in the performance of scaling procedures as measured by number of tooth surfaces on which calculus remained. It was concluded that the University of Iowa expanded function dental hygiene curriculum prepared students to perform hand scaling procedures at a competency level comparable to that of the traditional curriculum.", "contents": "Comparison of traditional and experimental expanded function dental hygiene students in hand scaling. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether an expanded function dental hygiene curriculum prepared students to perform traditional dental hygiene clinical procedures at the same level of competency as a traditional dental hygiene curriculum. Hand scaling was selected as the most appropriate procedure to evaluate. Fourth-year dental hygiene students enrolled in a special expanded function curriculum were compared to fourth-year students enrolled in the traditional dental hygiene curriculum during a controlled one-day experiment. Results indicated no statistically significant differences between the two student groups in the performance of scaling procedures as measured by number of tooth surfaces on which calculus remained. It was concluded that the University of Iowa expanded function dental hygiene curriculum prepared students to perform hand scaling procedures at a competency level comparable to that of the traditional curriculum."}
{"id": "PMID:340479", "title": "Human figure drawings as a measure of the child's response to dental visits.", "content": "The HFD as obtained in this study was a measure of the child's response at the beginning of the dental visit. HFD scores correlate with the five other measures of the child's response as well as those measures correlate with each other. The subscore of six items was an acceptable substitute for the twenty items scoring index and was superior to any single item. The data, with respect to age, suggest that children suppress signs of overt fear and anxiety with increasing age, giving a misleading impression of older children's feelings toward their dental experience.", "contents": "Human figure drawings as a measure of the child's response to dental visits. The HFD as obtained in this study was a measure of the child's response at the beginning of the dental visit. HFD scores correlate with the five other measures of the child's response as well as those measures correlate with each other. The subscore of six items was an acceptable substitute for the twenty items scoring index and was superior to any single item. The data, with respect to age, suggest that children suppress signs of overt fear and anxiety with increasing age, giving a misleading impression of older children's feelings toward their dental experience."}
{"id": "PMID:340487", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of dopamine, epinephrine and orciprenaline (Alupent) in patients early after cardiac surgery.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of Dopamine (100, 250 and 500 mcg/min), Epinephrine (4 and 8 mcg/min), Orciprenaline (4 and 8 mcg/min) and two combinations of Dopamine 250 mcg/min with Epinephrine and Orciprenaline 4 mcg/min respectively at constant infusion rates were studied in 21 patients after cardiac surgery. Special attention was payed to four types of catecholamine infusions during which the highest cardiac index (CI), 161-168% of control, was seen: Dopamine 500 mcg/min (D 500), Epinephrine 8 mcg/min (E 8), Dopamine 250 mcg/min combined with Epinephrine 4 mcg/min (D 250 + E4) and Dopamine 250 mcg/min combined with Orciprenaline 4 mcg/min (D 250 + Or 4). At the same time mean arterial pressure (MAP) was highest with D 500 (137%) and lowest during both combined infusions (120 and 125%). Total peripheral resistance (TPR) was lowest during the combined infusions (80 and 81% of control) and highest during D 500 (89%). The relative increase of stroke index (SVI) and heart rate (HR) in favor of SVI, given as a quotient SVI/HR, was highest with D 250 + E4(3.7), followed by E 8 (1.9), D 500 (1.6) and D 250 + Or 4 (1.3). It was concluded that a combined infusion of Dopamine and Epinephrine, both in low doses, is preferable to a high dose of Dopamine, or Epinephrine alone, producing the same increase of cardiac output with less afterload and less chronotropic effect than high doses of either drug alone.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of dopamine, epinephrine and orciprenaline (Alupent) in patients early after cardiac surgery. The haemodynamic effects of Dopamine (100, 250 and 500 mcg/min), Epinephrine (4 and 8 mcg/min), Orciprenaline (4 and 8 mcg/min) and two combinations of Dopamine 250 mcg/min with Epinephrine and Orciprenaline 4 mcg/min respectively at constant infusion rates were studied in 21 patients after cardiac surgery. Special attention was payed to four types of catecholamine infusions during which the highest cardiac index (CI), 161-168% of control, was seen: Dopamine 500 mcg/min (D 500), Epinephrine 8 mcg/min (E 8), Dopamine 250 mcg/min combined with Epinephrine 4 mcg/min (D 250 + E4) and Dopamine 250 mcg/min combined with Orciprenaline 4 mcg/min (D 250 + Or 4). At the same time mean arterial pressure (MAP) was highest with D 500 (137%) and lowest during both combined infusions (120 and 125%). Total peripheral resistance (TPR) was lowest during the combined infusions (80 and 81% of control) and highest during D 500 (89%). The relative increase of stroke index (SVI) and heart rate (HR) in favor of SVI, given as a quotient SVI/HR, was highest with D 250 + E4(3.7), followed by E 8 (1.9), D 500 (1.6) and D 250 + Or 4 (1.3). It was concluded that a combined infusion of Dopamine and Epinephrine, both in low doses, is preferable to a high dose of Dopamine, or Epinephrine alone, producing the same increase of cardiac output with less afterload and less chronotropic effect than high doses of either drug alone."}
{"id": "PMID:340490", "title": "Clinical comparison of sealant and bonding systems in the restoration of fractured anterior teeth.", "content": "This study compared the clinical performance of the ultraviolet light-initiated fissure sealant and composite system (Nuva-Seal/Nuva-Fil) with a chemically activated system (Adaptic Bonding Agent/Adaptic). A total of 63 fractured permanent anterior teeth involving only enamel and dentin were restored. All teeth were isolated with rubber dams, and the acid etch technique was used. The degree of success was determined from an assessment of retention, marginal integrity, marginal staining, and color change. The restorations were evaluated at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postoperatively. Of the restorations, 93% were retained in both groups of patients after two years. Varying degrees of marginal problems (lack of marginal integrity or marginal staining) were directly attributable to the extension of the bonding medium and the composite in relation to the conditioned enamel and to each other. Repolishing of the margins should be considered at the time of the recall appointments to improve the quality of restoration.", "contents": "Clinical comparison of sealant and bonding systems in the restoration of fractured anterior teeth. This study compared the clinical performance of the ultraviolet light-initiated fissure sealant and composite system (Nuva-Seal/Nuva-Fil) with a chemically activated system (Adaptic Bonding Agent/Adaptic). A total of 63 fractured permanent anterior teeth involving only enamel and dentin were restored. All teeth were isolated with rubber dams, and the acid etch technique was used. The degree of success was determined from an assessment of retention, marginal integrity, marginal staining, and color change. The restorations were evaluated at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postoperatively. Of the restorations, 93% were retained in both groups of patients after two years. Varying degrees of marginal problems (lack of marginal integrity or marginal staining) were directly attributable to the extension of the bonding medium and the composite in relation to the conditioned enamel and to each other. Repolishing of the margins should be considered at the time of the recall appointments to improve the quality of restoration."}
{"id": "PMID:340492", "title": "Skin test conversion following transfer factor. A double-blinded study of normal individuals.", "content": "The use of skin test conversion as a measure of change in cellular immune status is a fairly routine procedure despite considerable potential for variation in testing. This study is a double-blinded and randomized reassessment of this assay in the context of transfer factor (TF) activity. Thirty-three normal people with negative tuberculin skin tests received either dialyzable TF, column purified TF, hypoxanthine, or saline in a randomized and double-blinded fashion. Skin test reactivity to tuberculin and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was read by three of the investigators. Nine of 20 recipients of TF and 7 of 13 controls demonstrated an increase in tuberculin reactivity after \"transfer.\" Four reactions were greater than 10 mm. Fourteen of 20 recipients of TF and 7 of 13 controls demonstrated some reactivity to KLH on initial testing post-transfer. Control solutions were as effective as TF preparations in \"causing\" skin test conversion. These observations stress the importance of controlled and and blinded studies when serial skin test reactivity is used to evaluate cellular immune status in humans.", "contents": "Skin test conversion following transfer factor. A double-blinded study of normal individuals. The use of skin test conversion as a measure of change in cellular immune status is a fairly routine procedure despite considerable potential for variation in testing. This study is a double-blinded and randomized reassessment of this assay in the context of transfer factor (TF) activity. Thirty-three normal people with negative tuberculin skin tests received either dialyzable TF, column purified TF, hypoxanthine, or saline in a randomized and double-blinded fashion. Skin test reactivity to tuberculin and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was read by three of the investigators. Nine of 20 recipients of TF and 7 of 13 controls demonstrated an increase in tuberculin reactivity after \"transfer.\" Four reactions were greater than 10 mm. Fourteen of 20 recipients of TF and 7 of 13 controls demonstrated some reactivity to KLH on initial testing post-transfer. Control solutions were as effective as TF preparations in \"causing\" skin test conversion. These observations stress the importance of controlled and and blinded studies when serial skin test reactivity is used to evaluate cellular immune status in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:340498", "title": "The use of porcine xenografts on nail beds following total nail avulsion and phenol chemomatrixectomy.", "content": "The success of applying split-thickness porcine xenografts to nail beds after nail avulsion with matrix chemocauterization depends on the adherence of the graft to the underlying tissue. When this was obtained, the authors found that porcine xenografts contribute markedly toward reducing postoperative pain and drainage. Further investigation is being undertaken to determine whether total healing time following chemomatrixectomy has been reduced by utilizing xenografts.", "contents": "The use of porcine xenografts on nail beds following total nail avulsion and phenol chemomatrixectomy. The success of applying split-thickness porcine xenografts to nail beds after nail avulsion with matrix chemocauterization depends on the adherence of the graft to the underlying tissue. When this was obtained, the authors found that porcine xenografts contribute markedly toward reducing postoperative pain and drainage. Further investigation is being undertaken to determine whether total healing time following chemomatrixectomy has been reduced by utilizing xenografts."}
{"id": "PMID:340499", "title": "Rectus femoris muscle and composite skin transplantation by microneurovascular anastomoses for avulsion of forearm muscles: a case report.", "content": "The first clinical use in man of the rectus femoris muscle, with overlying composite skin, as a free transplant by microneurovascular anastomoses to the upper extremity was done for traumatic loss of all digital and forearm flexors, which had been treated with primary flap coverage, and later, sural nerve grafts for the avulsed portions of the median and ulnar nerves.", "contents": "Rectus femoris muscle and composite skin transplantation by microneurovascular anastomoses for avulsion of forearm muscles: a case report. The first clinical use in man of the rectus femoris muscle, with overlying composite skin, as a free transplant by microneurovascular anastomoses to the upper extremity was done for traumatic loss of all digital and forearm flexors, which had been treated with primary flap coverage, and later, sural nerve grafts for the avulsed portions of the median and ulnar nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:340500", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of lysis of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces incubated in normal serum.", "content": "Brood capsules were obtained from freshly collected cysts of equine and ovine strains of Echinococcus granulosus. Protoscoleces were freed from brood capsules either by mechanical disruption or pepsin-HCI digestion. Preparations of protoscoleces studied included: mechanically released protoscoleces without further treatment, or incubated either in HCI pH 2.0 or in evaginating solution (containing Na taurocholate) for 24 h; pepsin-HCI released protoscoleces without further treatment or incubated in evaginating solution for 24 h or 7 days. Half of each preparation of ovine protoscoleces was fixed in absolute methanol. All fresh preparations of protoscoleces lysed rapidly when incubated in normal human serum. Studies with a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labelled sheep anti-human C3 antiserum revealed the presence of C3 on the surface of lysing protoscoleces. Antibody could not be detected on the surface of any of the preparations of fresh or methanol-fixed protoscoleces using direct or indirect fluorescent antibody tests suggesting that the classical pathway of complement activation was not involved in the lytic process. Strong evidence for lysis by the alternate pathway of complement activation was the lysis of protoscoleces which had been treated with pepsin-HCI and lysis of protoscoleces in guinea-pig serum deficient in C4 component of complement.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of lysis of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces incubated in normal serum. Brood capsules were obtained from freshly collected cysts of equine and ovine strains of Echinococcus granulosus. Protoscoleces were freed from brood capsules either by mechanical disruption or pepsin-HCI digestion. Preparations of protoscoleces studied included: mechanically released protoscoleces without further treatment, or incubated either in HCI pH 2.0 or in evaginating solution (containing Na taurocholate) for 24 h; pepsin-HCI released protoscoleces without further treatment or incubated in evaginating solution for 24 h or 7 days. Half of each preparation of ovine protoscoleces was fixed in absolute methanol. All fresh preparations of protoscoleces lysed rapidly when incubated in normal human serum. Studies with a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labelled sheep anti-human C3 antiserum revealed the presence of C3 on the surface of lysing protoscoleces. Antibody could not be detected on the surface of any of the preparations of fresh or methanol-fixed protoscoleces using direct or indirect fluorescent antibody tests suggesting that the classical pathway of complement activation was not involved in the lytic process. Strong evidence for lysis by the alternate pathway of complement activation was the lysis of protoscoleces which had been treated with pepsin-HCI and lysis of protoscoleces in guinea-pig serum deficient in C4 component of complement."}
{"id": "PMID:340502", "title": "Immunohistological localisation of two hydatid antigens (antigen 5 and antigen b) in the cyst wall, brood capsules and protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus (ovine and equine) and E. multilocularis using immunoperoxidase methods.", "content": "Cyst wall, brood capsules and evaginated protoscoleces of E. granulosus (ovine and equine) and E. multilocularis were fixed in 10% formol-saline, embedded in paraffin and cut at 8 micrometer. Specific rabbit antisera to antigen 5 and antigen B of hydatid cyst fluid were used with immunoperoxidase methods to localise the antigens in the histological sections. Antigen 5 was found in all parasites and was associated with cells of the subtegumental area of the protoscolex, the brood capsule wall and the germinal membrane. The labelled antigen appeared as distinct granules in all areas. It is suggested that antigen 5 may be synthesised in all of these sites and that a source of the antigen in cyst fluid may be the germinal and brood capsule membranes. The laminated membranes of E. granulosus (ovine and equine) were, except for the superficial layers, free from antigen 5. Antigen B was present in all parasites. It was distributed diffusely throughout the laminated membrane, germinal membrane and brood capsule wall. There were areas of densely labelled antigen B on the surface of the distal cytoplasm of the protoscolex tegument and the surface of calcareous corpuscles. The distribution of antigen B in relation to PAS positive material and possible complement activating substances is discussed. The laminated membrane of E. granulosus was apparently more permeable to antigen B than to antigen 5. It is suggested that differences in the diffusion of these antigens through the laminated membranes of hydatid cysts in the same or different host species may account for variable serological responses during infection.", "contents": "Immunohistological localisation of two hydatid antigens (antigen 5 and antigen b) in the cyst wall, brood capsules and protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus (ovine and equine) and E. multilocularis using immunoperoxidase methods. Cyst wall, brood capsules and evaginated protoscoleces of E. granulosus (ovine and equine) and E. multilocularis were fixed in 10% formol-saline, embedded in paraffin and cut at 8 micrometer. Specific rabbit antisera to antigen 5 and antigen B of hydatid cyst fluid were used with immunoperoxidase methods to localise the antigens in the histological sections. Antigen 5 was found in all parasites and was associated with cells of the subtegumental area of the protoscolex, the brood capsule wall and the germinal membrane. The labelled antigen appeared as distinct granules in all areas. It is suggested that antigen 5 may be synthesised in all of these sites and that a source of the antigen in cyst fluid may be the germinal and brood capsule membranes. The laminated membranes of E. granulosus (ovine and equine) were, except for the superficial layers, free from antigen 5. Antigen B was present in all parasites. It was distributed diffusely throughout the laminated membrane, germinal membrane and brood capsule wall. There were areas of densely labelled antigen B on the surface of the distal cytoplasm of the protoscolex tegument and the surface of calcareous corpuscles. The distribution of antigen B in relation to PAS positive material and possible complement activating substances is discussed. The laminated membrane of E. granulosus was apparently more permeable to antigen B than to antigen 5. It is suggested that differences in the diffusion of these antigens through the laminated membranes of hydatid cysts in the same or different host species may account for variable serological responses during infection."}
{"id": "PMID:340580", "title": "A hospital epidemic caused by gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella aerogenes.", "content": "In the 15 months, February 1976 to April 1977, more than 241 patients became colonized with a strain of Klebsiella aerogenes, capsular serotype K2, resistant to most antibiotics. Urinary tract infection was the most common clinical manifestation but bacteraemia and, occasionally, infections of other sites were encountered. The main reservoir of the epidemic klebsiella was the gut, urine and skin of colonized patients. Gut carriage among staff was very uncommon. The most susceptible patients were elderly males, with debilitating illnesses and urinary tract abnormalities, especially if they were catheterized or receiving antibiotics. Likely vehicles for spread were the hands of staff, and contaminated bedpans and urinals. Control measures were directed at these factors. At the end of April 1977 no new cases had occurred for 3 months in the ward in which the outbreak began, and which had been the main focus of infection, and only 5 patients in the affected hospitals were known to be colonized by the epidemic klebsiella.", "contents": "A hospital epidemic caused by gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella aerogenes. In the 15 months, February 1976 to April 1977, more than 241 patients became colonized with a strain of Klebsiella aerogenes, capsular serotype K2, resistant to most antibiotics. Urinary tract infection was the most common clinical manifestation but bacteraemia and, occasionally, infections of other sites were encountered. The main reservoir of the epidemic klebsiella was the gut, urine and skin of colonized patients. Gut carriage among staff was very uncommon. The most susceptible patients were elderly males, with debilitating illnesses and urinary tract abnormalities, especially if they were catheterized or receiving antibiotics. Likely vehicles for spread were the hands of staff, and contaminated bedpans and urinals. Control measures were directed at these factors. At the end of April 1977 no new cases had occurred for 3 months in the ward in which the outbreak began, and which had been the main focus of infection, and only 5 patients in the affected hospitals were known to be colonized by the epidemic klebsiella."}
{"id": "PMID:340581", "title": "The hygienic quality of vegetables grown in or imported into the Netherlands: a tentative survey.", "content": "Samples of 61 home grown and 199 imported vegetables of different varieties were examined for Escherichia coli, faecal streptococci and, when E. coli was present, for salmonellas. Eleven per cent of samples contained greater than 10(4) E. coli per 100 g, and 14% greater than 10(6) faecal streptococci per 100 g. Salmonellas were isolated from 23 out of 103 samples examined. Salmonellas were isolated from 8% of 76 samples with E. coli less than 10(4)/100 g, but from 63% of 27 samples with E. coli exceeding 10(4)/100 g; from 6% of 65 samples containing less than 10(6) faecal streptococci/100 g but from 51% of 37 samples containing more than 10(6)/100 g. S. typhi was isolated from one sample of vegetables imported from the tropics. To our knowledge this is the first isolation of S. typhi from food in the Netherlands. Products from tropical countries were found to present the highest level of contamination. The hygienic quality of Dutch products is sometimes inferior to that of similar imported products, although the different seasons of sampling may have influenced the result. For the prevention of risk to the consumer of vegetables, good kitchen hygiene would appear to be the most important factor.", "contents": "The hygienic quality of vegetables grown in or imported into the Netherlands: a tentative survey. Samples of 61 home grown and 199 imported vegetables of different varieties were examined for Escherichia coli, faecal streptococci and, when E. coli was present, for salmonellas. Eleven per cent of samples contained greater than 10(4) E. coli per 100 g, and 14% greater than 10(6) faecal streptococci per 100 g. Salmonellas were isolated from 23 out of 103 samples examined. Salmonellas were isolated from 8% of 76 samples with E. coli less than 10(4)/100 g, but from 63% of 27 samples with E. coli exceeding 10(4)/100 g; from 6% of 65 samples containing less than 10(6) faecal streptococci/100 g but from 51% of 37 samples containing more than 10(6)/100 g. S. typhi was isolated from one sample of vegetables imported from the tropics. To our knowledge this is the first isolation of S. typhi from food in the Netherlands. Products from tropical countries were found to present the highest level of contamination. The hygienic quality of Dutch products is sometimes inferior to that of similar imported products, although the different seasons of sampling may have influenced the result. For the prevention of risk to the consumer of vegetables, good kitchen hygiene would appear to be the most important factor."}
{"id": "PMID:340582", "title": "The use of a fluorescence typing method in an epidemiological study of Klebsiella infection in a London hospital.", "content": "The fluorescent antibody technique was used to investigate an epidemic of Klebsiella infection in a urological ward and to trace the probable source to a contaminated sink in the treatment room. It was also shown that cross infections by particular capsular types were very common within each ward. Certain types of Klebsiella occurred in cut flower water but could not be associated with the types infecting the patients. Antibiotic resistance patterns within one capsular type were found to vary whether the type was from different sources in one patient or from different patients in the same ward. One capsular type was observed to develop resistance to increasing numbers of antibiotics over a 3-year period. This was probably due to the acquisition of R-plasmids. There also appeared to be a relation between capsular type and the site of infection. The frequency of Klebsiella infections in the urological wards dropped significantly after up-grading the treatment room, improving catheter storage and reducing ampicillin use.", "contents": "The use of a fluorescence typing method in an epidemiological study of Klebsiella infection in a London hospital. The fluorescent antibody technique was used to investigate an epidemic of Klebsiella infection in a urological ward and to trace the probable source to a contaminated sink in the treatment room. It was also shown that cross infections by particular capsular types were very common within each ward. Certain types of Klebsiella occurred in cut flower water but could not be associated with the types infecting the patients. Antibiotic resistance patterns within one capsular type were found to vary whether the type was from different sources in one patient or from different patients in the same ward. One capsular type was observed to develop resistance to increasing numbers of antibiotics over a 3-year period. This was probably due to the acquisition of R-plasmids. There also appeared to be a relation between capsular type and the site of infection. The frequency of Klebsiella infections in the urological wards dropped significantly after up-grading the treatment room, improving catheter storage and reducing ampicillin use."}
{"id": "PMID:340503", "title": "Heritability in retrospect.", "content": "The origin of the word heritability remains unknown. Its usage has evolved through three stages, becoming more restrictive in its meaning along the way. In the initial stage, 1832 and possibly earlier, heritability was used to denote the hereditary transmission of characteristics or material things, simply having the capability (legally or biologically) of being inherited. The second stage, beginning around the turn of this century, followed Johannsen's classical definition of nongenetic or environmental fluctuations distinct from genotypic differences, and usage closely approximated \"broad sense heritability\" and Johannsen's Erblichkeit. Finally, in 1936, we come to the modern day usage of narrow sense heritability, the ratio of additive genetic variance to the total phenotypic variance within a population, and credit Dr. J.L. Lush with its origin.", "contents": "Heritability in retrospect. The origin of the word heritability remains unknown. Its usage has evolved through three stages, becoming more restrictive in its meaning along the way. In the initial stage, 1832 and possibly earlier, heritability was used to denote the hereditary transmission of characteristics or material things, simply having the capability (legally or biologically) of being inherited. The second stage, beginning around the turn of this century, followed Johannsen's classical definition of nongenetic or environmental fluctuations distinct from genotypic differences, and usage closely approximated \"broad sense heritability\" and Johannsen's Erblichkeit. Finally, in 1936, we come to the modern day usage of narrow sense heritability, the ratio of additive genetic variance to the total phenotypic variance within a population, and credit Dr. J.L. Lush with its origin."}
{"id": "PMID:340583", "title": "The sources of \"OH\" serotypes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The sources from which different \"OH\" serotypes of Escherichia coli have been isolated are listed in a series of tables. It is considered that these tables should provide a basis for obtaining a greater understanding of the ecology of E. coli.", "contents": "The sources of \"OH\" serotypes of Escherichia coli. The sources from which different \"OH\" serotypes of Escherichia coli have been isolated are listed in a series of tables. It is considered that these tables should provide a basis for obtaining a greater understanding of the ecology of E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:340584", "title": "Mechanism of nonspecific macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity: evidence for lack of dependence upon oxygen.", "content": "Peritoneal macrophages elicited in C3H/HJ mice by the i.p. injection of Corynebacterium parvum were cytotoxic to allogeneic virus-transformed fibroblasts in vitro. Cytotoxicity was demonstrated in a morphologic (plaque) assay, and quantitated by measuring macrophage-mediated inhibition of incorporation of 3H-thymidine by the target cells. The cytotoxic effect was well established by 6 hr of macrophage-fibroblast interaction, and was retained in cultures from which the supernatant was removed before the addition of 3H-thymidine. Cytotoxic activity of macrophages diminished rapidly after 22 hr of cultivation in vitro. Maximal cytotoxic effect could be prolonged by addition of C. parvum, 50 microgram/ml to macrophage monolayers preincubated in vitro for 22 hr. It could neither be retained nor regenerated when C. parvum was added to monolayers greater than 22-hr old. C. parvum-activated macrophages, grown under anaerobic conditions for 8 hr, retained the ability to phagocytize heat-killed Candida albicans and to exclude trypan blue dye. There was a small but significant reduction in the ability of macrophages to inhibit 3H-thymidine incorporation by target fibroblasts under anaerobic conditions. The cytotoxic effect of activated macrophages in air was not altered by the presence of catalase and was enhanced by enzymatically active superoxide dismutase. We conclude that the processes involved in macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity against allogeneic fibroblasts in this system are largely independent of oxygen.", "contents": "Mechanism of nonspecific macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity: evidence for lack of dependence upon oxygen. Peritoneal macrophages elicited in C3H/HJ mice by the i.p. injection of Corynebacterium parvum were cytotoxic to allogeneic virus-transformed fibroblasts in vitro. Cytotoxicity was demonstrated in a morphologic (plaque) assay, and quantitated by measuring macrophage-mediated inhibition of incorporation of 3H-thymidine by the target cells. The cytotoxic effect was well established by 6 hr of macrophage-fibroblast interaction, and was retained in cultures from which the supernatant was removed before the addition of 3H-thymidine. Cytotoxic activity of macrophages diminished rapidly after 22 hr of cultivation in vitro. Maximal cytotoxic effect could be prolonged by addition of C. parvum, 50 microgram/ml to macrophage monolayers preincubated in vitro for 22 hr. It could neither be retained nor regenerated when C. parvum was added to monolayers greater than 22-hr old. C. parvum-activated macrophages, grown under anaerobic conditions for 8 hr, retained the ability to phagocytize heat-killed Candida albicans and to exclude trypan blue dye. There was a small but significant reduction in the ability of macrophages to inhibit 3H-thymidine incorporation by target fibroblasts under anaerobic conditions. The cytotoxic effect of activated macrophages in air was not altered by the presence of catalase and was enhanced by enzymatically active superoxide dismutase. We conclude that the processes involved in macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity against allogeneic fibroblasts in this system are largely independent of oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:340585", "title": "Cell surface immunoglobulin XXI. appearance of IgD on murine lymphocytes during differentiation.", "content": "The differentiation of Ig-bearing lymphocytes in adult mice was studied by monitoring the appearance of IgD relative to IgM on the surface of splenocytes obtained from lethally irradiated animals reconstituted for various periods of time with adult bone marrow cells, neonatal splenocytes, or Ig- adult splenocytes. It was found that IgM appears before IgD on differentiating lymphocytes. Furthermore, the rate of appearance of IgD during differentiation of adult cells is similar to that observed with neonatal cells.", "contents": "Cell surface immunoglobulin XXI. appearance of IgD on murine lymphocytes during differentiation. The differentiation of Ig-bearing lymphocytes in adult mice was studied by monitoring the appearance of IgD relative to IgM on the surface of splenocytes obtained from lethally irradiated animals reconstituted for various periods of time with adult bone marrow cells, neonatal splenocytes, or Ig- adult splenocytes. It was found that IgM appears before IgD on differentiating lymphocytes. Furthermore, the rate of appearance of IgD during differentiation of adult cells is similar to that observed with neonatal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:340586", "title": "Human cell membrane components bound to beta2-microglobulin in T cell-type cell lines.", "content": "Cell membrane components bound to beta2-microglobulin were isolated from Renex 30 (a nonionic detergent)-solubilized membrane materials of two human T cell-type cell lines, MOLT-4 and CCRF-CEM, by gel filtration and lectin affinity chromatography. The isolation was carried out by following the beta2-microglobulin activity by radioimmune inhibition assay. The T cell membrane components bound to beta2-microblogulin had a uniform molecular size of about 200,000 daltons and most of them showed an affinity to lentil lectin. The isolated membrane components were radioiodinated and examined for identity to HLA antigens by sequential precipitation with rabbit anti-HLA antiserum (specific to HLA large components) and with rabbit anti-beta2-microblogulin antiserum. In addition to HLA antigens, the beta2-microglobulin-bound components obtained from the MOLT-4 cells were found to contain certain membrane components that are the same in molecular size as the HLA large components but that are different antigenically from the HLA large components. On the other hand, the beta2-microglobulin-bound membrane components obtained from the CCRF-CEM cells were all HLA antigens. No other membrane components were involved in the binding.", "contents": "Human cell membrane components bound to beta2-microglobulin in T cell-type cell lines. Cell membrane components bound to beta2-microglobulin were isolated from Renex 30 (a nonionic detergent)-solubilized membrane materials of two human T cell-type cell lines, MOLT-4 and CCRF-CEM, by gel filtration and lectin affinity chromatography. The isolation was carried out by following the beta2-microglobulin activity by radioimmune inhibition assay. The T cell membrane components bound to beta2-microblogulin had a uniform molecular size of about 200,000 daltons and most of them showed an affinity to lentil lectin. The isolated membrane components were radioiodinated and examined for identity to HLA antigens by sequential precipitation with rabbit anti-HLA antiserum (specific to HLA large components) and with rabbit anti-beta2-microblogulin antiserum. In addition to HLA antigens, the beta2-microglobulin-bound components obtained from the MOLT-4 cells were found to contain certain membrane components that are the same in molecular size as the HLA large components but that are different antigenically from the HLA large components. On the other hand, the beta2-microglobulin-bound membrane components obtained from the CCRF-CEM cells were all HLA antigens. No other membrane components were involved in the binding."}
{"id": "PMID:340588", "title": "The reaction of SLE antibodies with native, single stranded RNA: radioassay and binding specificities.", "content": "Escherichia coli 3H-tRNA and MS2 phage 125I-RNA were prepared and used in a sensitive nitrocellulose filter assay. Antibodies that bound these RNA ligands occurred in the sera of several patients with SLE, but not in sera of patients with other connective tissue diseases. The antibody populations that bound polyribonucleotides (largely IgG) were distinct from antibody populations that bound polydeoxyribonucleotides. Competition experiments showed that the anti-RNA antibodies preferentially bound native ssRNA as compared with synthetic single and double stranded polyribonucleotides. There was increasing affinity with increasing m.w. of the ssRNA. The anti-tRNA population was of restricted heterogeneity (Sips index 0.83) and bound tRNA with an average association constant (Ko) of 9 x 10(6) l/mole at 4 degrees C. The anti-MS2 RNA population was much more heterogeneous (Sips index 0.67) and bound MS2 RNA with a Ko of about 3 x 10(9) l/mole at 4 degrees C. Whereas NZB/NZW mice spontaneously produce RNA reactive antibodies with conformation specificity for native tRNA, human SLE anti-RNA antibodies appear to have very little of this type of conformation specificity.", "contents": "The reaction of SLE antibodies with native, single stranded RNA: radioassay and binding specificities. Escherichia coli 3H-tRNA and MS2 phage 125I-RNA were prepared and used in a sensitive nitrocellulose filter assay. Antibodies that bound these RNA ligands occurred in the sera of several patients with SLE, but not in sera of patients with other connective tissue diseases. The antibody populations that bound polyribonucleotides (largely IgG) were distinct from antibody populations that bound polydeoxyribonucleotides. Competition experiments showed that the anti-RNA antibodies preferentially bound native ssRNA as compared with synthetic single and double stranded polyribonucleotides. There was increasing affinity with increasing m.w. of the ssRNA. The anti-tRNA population was of restricted heterogeneity (Sips index 0.83) and bound tRNA with an average association constant (Ko) of 9 x 10(6) l/mole at 4 degrees C. The anti-MS2 RNA population was much more heterogeneous (Sips index 0.67) and bound MS2 RNA with a Ko of about 3 x 10(9) l/mole at 4 degrees C. Whereas NZB/NZW mice spontaneously produce RNA reactive antibodies with conformation specificity for native tRNA, human SLE anti-RNA antibodies appear to have very little of this type of conformation specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:340590", "title": "Comparison of haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex in the rat. I. The Ag-B7 (H-1g) and Ag-B8 (H-1k) haplotypes.", "content": "Two haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex of the rat, Ag-B7 and Ag-B8, have been compared with known H-1 haplotypes using the F1 skin-graft test and the dextran haemagglutination test. Both of these Ag-B haplotypes were different from the known H-1 haplotypes and determined different private specificities. The Ag-B7 haplotype was denoted as H-1g and the Ag-B8 haplotype as H-1k. The complex structure of the serologically detected antigenic products of these haplotypes was determined by means of H-1 congenic lines.", "contents": "Comparison of haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex in the rat. I. The Ag-B7 (H-1g) and Ag-B8 (H-1k) haplotypes. Two haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex of the rat, Ag-B7 and Ag-B8, have been compared with known H-1 haplotypes using the F1 skin-graft test and the dextran haemagglutination test. Both of these Ag-B haplotypes were different from the known H-1 haplotypes and determined different private specificities. The Ag-B7 haplotype was denoted as H-1g and the Ag-B8 haplotype as H-1k. The complex structure of the serologically detected antigenic products of these haplotypes was determined by means of H-1 congenic lines."}
{"id": "PMID:340591", "title": "Comparison of haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex in the rat. II. Serological analysis of the haplotypes H-1a (Ag-B4), H-1d (Ag-B9) and H-1f (Ag-B10).", "content": "The strongly cross-reacting haplotypes of the inbred strains DA, ACI, ACP, MR, BD V and AS2, and of the congenic lines LEW.1A, LEW.1D and LEW.1F, were explored. All of these inbred strains and these congenic lines type with anti-Ag-B4 antisera raised against the DA strain, which behaved as operationally mono-specific in previously reported studies of the eight currently defined Ag-B haplotypes. Serological analyses showed that this cross-reactivity was due to antibodies against public antigenic specificities which were not previously recognized as being in the anti-Ag-B4 antisera, due to the fact that the LEW.1D and LEW.1F animals were not available for testing. With the use of appropriate antisera and of absorption studies, two haplotypes in the H-1 system were found not to have been previously identified in the Ag-B system. The animals carrying the H-1d haplotype (MR, BD V and LEW.1D) have been designated as Ag-B9, and those carrying the H-1f haplotype (AS2 and LEW.1F) have been designated as Ag-B10. With the proper absorptions, an anti-Ag-B4 antiserum can be prepared which reacts only with the DA, ACI and ACP strains, and it will henceforth be used as the operationally mono-specific Ag-B4 typing reagent. A variety of typing experiments showed that the results using antisera raised in Pittsburgh and in Prague and using the Ficoll and dextran haemagglutination methods were the same.", "contents": "Comparison of haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex in the rat. II. Serological analysis of the haplotypes H-1a (Ag-B4), H-1d (Ag-B9) and H-1f (Ag-B10). The strongly cross-reacting haplotypes of the inbred strains DA, ACI, ACP, MR, BD V and AS2, and of the congenic lines LEW.1A, LEW.1D and LEW.1F, were explored. All of these inbred strains and these congenic lines type with anti-Ag-B4 antisera raised against the DA strain, which behaved as operationally mono-specific in previously reported studies of the eight currently defined Ag-B haplotypes. Serological analyses showed that this cross-reactivity was due to antibodies against public antigenic specificities which were not previously recognized as being in the anti-Ag-B4 antisera, due to the fact that the LEW.1D and LEW.1F animals were not available for testing. With the use of appropriate antisera and of absorption studies, two haplotypes in the H-1 system were found not to have been previously identified in the Ag-B system. The animals carrying the H-1d haplotype (MR, BD V and LEW.1D) have been designated as Ag-B9, and those carrying the H-1f haplotype (AS2 and LEW.1F) have been designated as Ag-B10. With the proper absorptions, an anti-Ag-B4 antiserum can be prepared which reacts only with the DA, ACI and ACP strains, and it will henceforth be used as the operationally mono-specific Ag-B4 typing reagent. A variety of typing experiments showed that the results using antisera raised in Pittsburgh and in Prague and using the Ficoll and dextran haemagglutination methods were the same."}
{"id": "PMID:340593", "title": "The ultrastructural localization of IgA in skin of a patient with mixed form of dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid.", "content": "A case with mixed features of dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid was investigated by immuno-electron microscopy. There were clinical, histological, and ultrastructural characteristics of both diseases, the response to sulfapyridine was dramatic at the beginning, but intestinal lesions were absent. Direct immunofluorescence tests were made 6 times in the 4 year period and demonstrated in all biopsies exclusively linear IgA deposits. The IgA deposits were shown to occupy the entire lamina lucida and to adhere to the basal cell membranes and lamina densa, very much like IgG deposits in bullous pemphigoid. Antibodies against the basement membrane zone could not be demonstrated in the serum.", "contents": "The ultrastructural localization of IgA in skin of a patient with mixed form of dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid. A case with mixed features of dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid was investigated by immuno-electron microscopy. There were clinical, histological, and ultrastructural characteristics of both diseases, the response to sulfapyridine was dramatic at the beginning, but intestinal lesions were absent. Direct immunofluorescence tests were made 6 times in the 4 year period and demonstrated in all biopsies exclusively linear IgA deposits. The IgA deposits were shown to occupy the entire lamina lucida and to adhere to the basal cell membranes and lamina densa, very much like IgG deposits in bullous pemphigoid. Antibodies against the basement membrane zone could not be demonstrated in the serum."}
{"id": "PMID:340602", "title": "Myoglobin turnover--influence of renal and extrarenal factors.", "content": "The serum level of myoglobin, an LMW constituent of striated and myocardial muscle, has been studied in various clinical situations in order to obtain information about factors influencing myoglobin turnover. The myoglobin level was significantly correlated to different variables of GFR such as serum beta2-microglobulin, serum creatinine, and 51Cr-EDTA clearance. Following a successful renal transplantation rapid decrease in serum myoglobin was found parallel to increase in GFR's. In patients with advanced long-standing uremia, comparatively small elevations of serum myoglobin were seen when correlated to the degree of GFR reduction, demonstrating an influence of extrarenal factors on the myoglobin levels. The importance of extrarenal factors on the actual serum level of LMW proteins was also illustrated by serial studies on SLE patients receiving corticosteroid therapy. In these patients, elevations of serum myoglobin levels were found, but serum beta2-microglobulin levels gradually decreased during therapy. Finally, calculations based on curves of serum disappearance of myoglobin in patients with acute myocardial infarction indicate that only about 0.3 mg of myoglobin per day is released from the muscle pool during normal conditions, which suggests that myoglobin catabolism mainly occurs within the muscle tissue.", "contents": "Myoglobin turnover--influence of renal and extrarenal factors. The serum level of myoglobin, an LMW constituent of striated and myocardial muscle, has been studied in various clinical situations in order to obtain information about factors influencing myoglobin turnover. The myoglobin level was significantly correlated to different variables of GFR such as serum beta2-microglobulin, serum creatinine, and 51Cr-EDTA clearance. Following a successful renal transplantation rapid decrease in serum myoglobin was found parallel to increase in GFR's. In patients with advanced long-standing uremia, comparatively small elevations of serum myoglobin were seen when correlated to the degree of GFR reduction, demonstrating an influence of extrarenal factors on the myoglobin levels. The importance of extrarenal factors on the actual serum level of LMW proteins was also illustrated by serial studies on SLE patients receiving corticosteroid therapy. In these patients, elevations of serum myoglobin levels were found, but serum beta2-microglobulin levels gradually decreased during therapy. Finally, calculations based on curves of serum disappearance of myoglobin in patients with acute myocardial infarction indicate that only about 0.3 mg of myoglobin per day is released from the muscle pool during normal conditions, which suggests that myoglobin catabolism mainly occurs within the muscle tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:340604", "title": "Electrocardiographic mapping of the precordium in the coronary care unit.", "content": "Precordial electrocardiographic mapping systems comprising a large number of recording sites have been utilized in the Coronary Care Unit for following the natural course of ischemic injury and detecting extension of acute myocardial infarction in patients. These electrocardiographic techniques have also been found useful in evaluating the effects of a number of metabolic, hemodynamic and pharmacologic interventions currently proposed as effective means of reducing the extent of ischemic damage. However, these methods have not been found useful in the study of patients with inferior transmural or nontransmural myocardial infarctions. Bundle branch blocks and pericarditis complicating acute myocardial infarction invalidate the mapping technique. To assess effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, ST-segment changes taken as an index of ischemic injury are correlated with alterations of the QRS complex, used as a parameter of ischemic necrosis.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic mapping of the precordium in the coronary care unit. Precordial electrocardiographic mapping systems comprising a large number of recording sites have been utilized in the Coronary Care Unit for following the natural course of ischemic injury and detecting extension of acute myocardial infarction in patients. These electrocardiographic techniques have also been found useful in evaluating the effects of a number of metabolic, hemodynamic and pharmacologic interventions currently proposed as effective means of reducing the extent of ischemic damage. However, these methods have not been found useful in the study of patients with inferior transmural or nontransmural myocardial infarctions. Bundle branch blocks and pericarditis complicating acute myocardial infarction invalidate the mapping technique. To assess effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, ST-segment changes taken as an index of ischemic injury are correlated with alterations of the QRS complex, used as a parameter of ischemic necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:340607", "title": "Removal of inhibitors of bacterial growth by dialysis culture.", "content": "Dialysis culture was used to investigate the extent to which growth inhibition in bacterial cultures may be caused by accumulation of metabolites. Escherichia coli B was grown in a glucose/salts medium. A concentrated nutrient solution was pumped at a constant rate into the growing culture to ensure that growth was not limited by exhaustion of nutrients. In this way the only difference between growth conditions in dialysis and non-dialysis cultures was the transfer of dialysable metabolites from the culture vessel to the reservoir in the dialysis culture system. By adjusting the glucose concentration in the feed and maintaining a constant rate of feeding, glucose-limited growth could be achieved. Under these conditions, with oxygen in excess, bacterial yields of 140 to 150 g dry wt l-1 were obtained in dialysis culture compared with 30 to 40 g l-1 in non-dialysis culture. The high yields in dialysis culture depended on the removal of end-products of glucose metabolism. Growth inhibition was demonstrated to be the result of the combined influence of acetate, lactate, pyruvate, succinate, propionate and isobutyrate in concentrations found at the end of growth in non-dialysis cultures of Escherichia coli B.", "contents": "Removal of inhibitors of bacterial growth by dialysis culture. Dialysis culture was used to investigate the extent to which growth inhibition in bacterial cultures may be caused by accumulation of metabolites. Escherichia coli B was grown in a glucose/salts medium. A concentrated nutrient solution was pumped at a constant rate into the growing culture to ensure that growth was not limited by exhaustion of nutrients. In this way the only difference between growth conditions in dialysis and non-dialysis cultures was the transfer of dialysable metabolites from the culture vessel to the reservoir in the dialysis culture system. By adjusting the glucose concentration in the feed and maintaining a constant rate of feeding, glucose-limited growth could be achieved. Under these conditions, with oxygen in excess, bacterial yields of 140 to 150 g dry wt l-1 were obtained in dialysis culture compared with 30 to 40 g l-1 in non-dialysis culture. The high yields in dialysis culture depended on the removal of end-products of glucose metabolism. Growth inhibition was demonstrated to be the result of the combined influence of acetate, lactate, pyruvate, succinate, propionate and isobutyrate in concentrations found at the end of growth in non-dialysis cultures of Escherichia coli B."}
{"id": "PMID:340608", "title": "Influence of glucose and dissolved oxygen concentrations on yields of Escherichia coli B in dialysis culture.", "content": "Yields of Escherichia coli B grown on glucose were determined in dialysis and non-dialysis culture. The molar growth yields were compared under conditions of excess glucose and oxygen as well as glucose- and oxygen-limiting conditions. The molar growth yields on glucose (YG) were determined for different periods during growth in non-dialysis cultures. A rapid decrease of YG was observed and growth ceased even in the presence of high concentrations of glucose and dissolved oxygen in the culture liquid. The decrease in YG was delayed in dialysis cultures where a high YG could be maintained at very high cell concentrations. The inhibition of growth depended on the accumulation of end-products of fermentative degradation of glucose. These products interfered with the oxidative phosphorylation. A large proportion of the glucose was fermented even in the presence of high concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the culture liquid. A decrease in the growth yield per g glucose was also observed.", "contents": "Influence of glucose and dissolved oxygen concentrations on yields of Escherichia coli B in dialysis culture. Yields of Escherichia coli B grown on glucose were determined in dialysis and non-dialysis culture. The molar growth yields were compared under conditions of excess glucose and oxygen as well as glucose- and oxygen-limiting conditions. The molar growth yields on glucose (YG) were determined for different periods during growth in non-dialysis cultures. A rapid decrease of YG was observed and growth ceased even in the presence of high concentrations of glucose and dissolved oxygen in the culture liquid. The decrease in YG was delayed in dialysis cultures where a high YG could be maintained at very high cell concentrations. The inhibition of growth depended on the accumulation of end-products of fermentative degradation of glucose. These products interfered with the oxidative phosphorylation. A large proportion of the glucose was fermented even in the presence of high concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the culture liquid. A decrease in the growth yield per g glucose was also observed."}
{"id": "PMID:340610", "title": "The growth of virulent African swine fever virus in pig monocytes and macrophages.", "content": "The replication of virulent African swine fever virus (ASFV) in cultures of monocytes and macrophages derived from pig bone marrow (PBM) and pig leukocyte (PL) cells was investigated by light microscopy, immunofluorescence, haemadsorption and infective virus release. Monocytes showed a high rate of infection and complete destruction within 2 to 3 days, whereas macrophages had only a very low level of infection and survived to form persistently infected cultures. These observations may explain the decrease in sensitivity of PBM and PL cells for ASFV assay after extended periods of incubation and suggest that the macrophage may be one of the cell types concerned with virus persistence in the pig.", "contents": "The growth of virulent African swine fever virus in pig monocytes and macrophages. The replication of virulent African swine fever virus (ASFV) in cultures of monocytes and macrophages derived from pig bone marrow (PBM) and pig leukocyte (PL) cells was investigated by light microscopy, immunofluorescence, haemadsorption and infective virus release. Monocytes showed a high rate of infection and complete destruction within 2 to 3 days, whereas macrophages had only a very low level of infection and survived to form persistently infected cultures. These observations may explain the decrease in sensitivity of PBM and PL cells for ASFV assay after extended periods of incubation and suggest that the macrophage may be one of the cell types concerned with virus persistence in the pig."}
{"id": "PMID:340618", "title": "Role of tissue typing on preserved nerve allografts in dogs.", "content": "Histocompatibility seems to play an important role in the regeneration of nerve allografts. Compatible tissue typed nerve allografts behave more like autografts and are, therefore, more readily accepted by the host tissue without producing evident tissue rejection. The influence of histocompatibility difference becomes more marked if the graft is longer than 30-40 mm. Irradiation as a means of reducing the immune reaction of the nerve allografts does not seem to have any beneficial effect along with tissue typing. Preservation of nerve grafts at - 70\u00b0C does not have any untoward effect.", "contents": "Role of tissue typing on preserved nerve allografts in dogs. Histocompatibility seems to play an important role in the regeneration of nerve allografts. Compatible tissue typed nerve allografts behave more like autografts and are, therefore, more readily accepted by the host tissue without producing evident tissue rejection. The influence of histocompatibility difference becomes more marked if the graft is longer than 30-40 mm. Irradiation as a means of reducing the immune reaction of the nerve allografts does not seem to have any beneficial effect along with tissue typing. Preservation of nerve grafts at - 70\u00b0C does not have any untoward effect."}
{"id": "PMID:340619", "title": "Studies on gallium accumulation in inflammatory lesions: I. Gallium uptake by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The mechanism of ionic gallium-67 localization in inflammatory lesions was studied. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) had higher Ga-67 uptake than lymphocytes, whereas red blood cells had no affinity for Ga-67. Uptake by PMN showed temperature dependence, was independent of Ga-67 concentrations, and was not inhibited by metabolic inhibitors. However, its binding to PMN could be removed by trypsin but not by neuraminidase. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the plasma membrane serves as a diffusion barrier and Ga-67 only binds to the surface of the PMN plasma membrane. When this membrane's permeability barrier was disrupted, as in heat-killed PMN, Ga-67 uptake increased markedly. Experimental abscesses were induced with E. coli or turpentine in rabbits. Twenty-four hours after i.v. injection, only 20% of Ga-67 in abscesses was in fractions containing intact PMN, cell debris or bacteria; the remainder was in a soluble, non-cellular fraction (2,500-g supernatant).", "contents": "Studies on gallium accumulation in inflammatory lesions: I. Gallium uptake by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The mechanism of ionic gallium-67 localization in inflammatory lesions was studied. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) had higher Ga-67 uptake than lymphocytes, whereas red blood cells had no affinity for Ga-67. Uptake by PMN showed temperature dependence, was independent of Ga-67 concentrations, and was not inhibited by metabolic inhibitors. However, its binding to PMN could be removed by trypsin but not by neuraminidase. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the plasma membrane serves as a diffusion barrier and Ga-67 only binds to the surface of the PMN plasma membrane. When this membrane's permeability barrier was disrupted, as in heat-killed PMN, Ga-67 uptake increased markedly. Experimental abscesses were induced with E. coli or turpentine in rabbits. Twenty-four hours after i.v. injection, only 20% of Ga-67 in abscesses was in fractions containing intact PMN, cell debris or bacteria; the remainder was in a soluble, non-cellular fraction (2,500-g supernatant)."}
{"id": "PMID:340623", "title": "Reconstruction of mandibular defects by autogenous bone grafts: a review of 37 cases.", "content": "Thirty-seven cases of autogenous bone grafted to the mandible at the maxillofacial unit, Kaduna, Nigeria, were reviewed. The ilium was used in the majority of cases. In four cases where the recipient beds were vascular, the rib was used. The various techniques for restoring the central arch defects of the mandible are discussed and the methods we used are described. The superiority of autogenous bone grafts over homografts and heterografts is emphasized.", "contents": "Reconstruction of mandibular defects by autogenous bone grafts: a review of 37 cases. Thirty-seven cases of autogenous bone grafted to the mandible at the maxillofacial unit, Kaduna, Nigeria, were reviewed. The ilium was used in the majority of cases. In four cases where the recipient beds were vascular, the rib was used. The various techniques for restoring the central arch defects of the mandible are discussed and the methods we used are described. The superiority of autogenous bone grafts over homografts and heterografts is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:340626", "title": "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in schoolgirls. VIII. Clinical course during a 3-year follow-up.", "content": "A 3-year follow-up of 116 schoolgirls with asymptomatic bacteriuria, treated or untreated is reported. It is concluded that bacteria isolated from girls with asymptomatic bacteriuria do not commonly cause symptomatic pyelonephritis and that the risk of developing renal damage as a result of asymptomatic bacteriuria in a schoolgirl with a roentgenographically normal urinary tract seems to be small. It is also suggested that for the majority of these patients therapy is not necessary.", "contents": "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in schoolgirls. VIII. Clinical course during a 3-year follow-up. A 3-year follow-up of 116 schoolgirls with asymptomatic bacteriuria, treated or untreated is reported. It is concluded that bacteria isolated from girls with asymptomatic bacteriuria do not commonly cause symptomatic pyelonephritis and that the risk of developing renal damage as a result of asymptomatic bacteriuria in a schoolgirl with a roentgenographically normal urinary tract seems to be small. It is also suggested that for the majority of these patients therapy is not necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:340627", "title": "McCune-Albright syndrome in a male child: a clinical and endocrinologic enigma.", "content": "A 6 5/12-year-old boy with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, caf\u00e9-au-lait pigmentation of the skin, and precocious pubertal development was studied for two years. Parathormone, calcium, phosphorus, testosterone, cortisol, and growth hormone levels were within normal limits. Urinary 17-ketosteroids, 17-ketogenic steroids, and estrogens were at the upper limits of normal. After GnRH stimulation, there was only a very slight increase in LH and no increase in FSH. There was no increase in TSH after TRH, and plasma levels of T4 and T3 were normal. The plasma prolactin level was within normal limits, and increased after TRH stimulation (with a second, delayed upsurge). Abnormal distribution of 131I in the thyroid was evident, without clearcut evidence of hyperfunctioning areas after TSH stimulation and T3 suppression tests followed by conventional scanning and gamma camera scintiphotography. Our findings do not support the claimed, single, hypothalamic origin of the disease that is presumed to result in overproduction of releasing hormones; they are more in keeping with a pleiotropic, scattered peripheral lesion, possibly of embryonal origin.", "contents": "McCune-Albright syndrome in a male child: a clinical and endocrinologic enigma. A 6 5/12-year-old boy with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, caf\u00e9-au-lait pigmentation of the skin, and precocious pubertal development was studied for two years. Parathormone, calcium, phosphorus, testosterone, cortisol, and growth hormone levels were within normal limits. Urinary 17-ketosteroids, 17-ketogenic steroids, and estrogens were at the upper limits of normal. After GnRH stimulation, there was only a very slight increase in LH and no increase in FSH. There was no increase in TSH after TRH, and plasma levels of T4 and T3 were normal. The plasma prolactin level was within normal limits, and increased after TRH stimulation (with a second, delayed upsurge). Abnormal distribution of 131I in the thyroid was evident, without clearcut evidence of hyperfunctioning areas after TSH stimulation and T3 suppression tests followed by conventional scanning and gamma camera scintiphotography. Our findings do not support the claimed, single, hypothalamic origin of the disease that is presumed to result in overproduction of releasing hormones; they are more in keeping with a pleiotropic, scattered peripheral lesion, possibly of embryonal origin."}
{"id": "PMID:340629", "title": "The necessity for monitoring chloramphenicol levels when treating neonatal meningitis.", "content": "Chloramphenicol can be an effective agent in the treatment of ampicillin-resistant E. coli meningitis due to susceptible organisms in the premature or term infant. However, it can be used safely and effectively only if careful monitoring of serum levels is undertaken.", "contents": "The necessity for monitoring chloramphenicol levels when treating neonatal meningitis. Chloramphenicol can be an effective agent in the treatment of ampicillin-resistant E. coli meningitis due to susceptible organisms in the premature or term infant. However, it can be used safely and effectively only if careful monitoring of serum levels is undertaken."}
{"id": "PMID:340630", "title": "The status at two years of low-birth-weight infants born in 1974 with birth weights of less than 1,001 gm.", "content": "A two-year follow-up study of 43 infants of birth weight less than or equal to 1,000 gm born during 1974 revealed the following: average height at two years was between the tenth and twenty-fifth percentiles; average weight between the third and tenth percentiles. Fifteen (35%) developed lower respiratory tract infections during the first two years. Seven (16%) had retrolental fibroplasia. Major neurologic defects occurred in four (9%); severe developmental delay (mean developmental quotient less than 80) was found in nine others (21%). Defects of the central nervous system were closely associated with a neonatal history of intracranial hemorrhage or seizures or both.", "contents": "The status at two years of low-birth-weight infants born in 1974 with birth weights of less than 1,001 gm. A two-year follow-up study of 43 infants of birth weight less than or equal to 1,000 gm born during 1974 revealed the following: average height at two years was between the tenth and twenty-fifth percentiles; average weight between the third and tenth percentiles. Fifteen (35%) developed lower respiratory tract infections during the first two years. Seven (16%) had retrolental fibroplasia. Major neurologic defects occurred in four (9%); severe developmental delay (mean developmental quotient less than 80) was found in nine others (21%). Defects of the central nervous system were closely associated with a neonatal history of intracranial hemorrhage or seizures or both."}
{"id": "PMID:340631", "title": "Tropical acute rheumatic fever and associated streptococcal infections compared with concurrent acute glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Ninety-three patients with acute rheumatic fever and 195 patients with acute glomerulonephritis were observed in Trinidad during an outbreak of scabies with a high incidence of secondary streptococcal infections. Clinical and laboratory manifestations of ARF were the same as those seen in temperate zones, except that antistreptolysin O titers were less markedly increased. The patients with ARF were similar to those with AGN in respect to sex, race, location of residence, and living conditions, but were older and had markedly fewer skin infections. Currently prevalent nephritogenic streptococcal strains never were isolated from patients with ARF even when M55 streptococci appeared and led to an epidemic of AGN.", "contents": "Tropical acute rheumatic fever and associated streptococcal infections compared with concurrent acute glomerulonephritis. Ninety-three patients with acute rheumatic fever and 195 patients with acute glomerulonephritis were observed in Trinidad during an outbreak of scabies with a high incidence of secondary streptococcal infections. Clinical and laboratory manifestations of ARF were the same as those seen in temperate zones, except that antistreptolysin O titers were less markedly increased. The patients with ARF were similar to those with AGN in respect to sex, race, location of residence, and living conditions, but were older and had markedly fewer skin infections. Currently prevalent nephritogenic streptococcal strains never were isolated from patients with ARF even when M55 streptococci appeared and led to an epidemic of AGN."}
{"id": "PMID:340635", "title": "Desquamative gingivitis: immunologic findings.", "content": "A case of desquamative gingivitis is presented that was a gingival manifestation of cicatricial pemphigoid. Immunologic studies of serum and biopsies were of diagnostic significance. The application of immunofluorescence for the diagnosis of desquamative gingival lesions was discussed. If a definite diagnosis can not be made on the basis of light microscopy, immunofluorescence studies should be performed.", "contents": "Desquamative gingivitis: immunologic findings. A case of desquamative gingivitis is presented that was a gingival manifestation of cicatricial pemphigoid. Immunologic studies of serum and biopsies were of diagnostic significance. The application of immunofluorescence for the diagnosis of desquamative gingival lesions was discussed. If a definite diagnosis can not be made on the basis of light microscopy, immunofluorescence studies should be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:340636", "title": "The submucosal implantation of human allogeneic decalcified dentin.", "content": "Decalcified human dentin was implanted into the buccal oral mucosa of 10 human volunteers and was later recovered for histologic examination. Extensive resorption took place. Bone did not form. Human dentinal matrix is not a bone inducer. Differences between the two methods of decalcification were not relevant.", "contents": "The submucosal implantation of human allogeneic decalcified dentin. Decalcified human dentin was implanted into the buccal oral mucosa of 10 human volunteers and was later recovered for histologic examination. Extensive resorption took place. Bone did not form. Human dentinal matrix is not a bone inducer. Differences between the two methods of decalcification were not relevant."}
{"id": "PMID:340637", "title": "Clinical evaluation of freeze-dried bone allografts in periodontal osseous defects--part II.", "content": "Freeze-dried crushed cortical bone allografts were implanted into widemouthed three-wall, two-wall, one-wall, combination, and furcation defects. One hundred eighty-nine sites were reentered in 97 patients and of these 60% had osseous regeneration of greater than 50%. A total of 231 sites were evaluated for pocket elimination, of which 63% demonstrated greater than 50% pocket reduction. This study presented additional evidence indicating that freeze-dried bone allografts have definite potential as grafting material in certain periodontal osseous defects. Information from additional cases is being tabulated as it becomes available and will supplement the current data.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of freeze-dried bone allografts in periodontal osseous defects--part II. Freeze-dried crushed cortical bone allografts were implanted into widemouthed three-wall, two-wall, one-wall, combination, and furcation defects. One hundred eighty-nine sites were reentered in 97 patients and of these 60% had osseous regeneration of greater than 50%. A total of 231 sites were evaluated for pocket elimination, of which 63% demonstrated greater than 50% pocket reduction. This study presented additional evidence indicating that freeze-dried bone allografts have definite potential as grafting material in certain periodontal osseous defects. Information from additional cases is being tabulated as it becomes available and will supplement the current data."}
{"id": "PMID:340639", "title": "Physiologically active substances from marine sponges V: Isolation of physiologically active compounds from the sponge Verongia archeri.", "content": "Methanolic extracts of hard and soft varieties of the sponge Verongia archeri were found to contain similar compounds. An isolation procedure and the structures of 2-(3',5'-dibromo-4'-hydroxyphenyl)-acetamide, 1-(3',5'-dibromo-1',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxycyclohexa-2',4'-diene)acetonitrile, and 2-oxo-5,7-dibromo-6-methoxy-9-hydroxy-8,9-dihydrocoumarin from one variety are described.", "contents": "Physiologically active substances from marine sponges V: Isolation of physiologically active compounds from the sponge Verongia archeri. Methanolic extracts of hard and soft varieties of the sponge Verongia archeri were found to contain similar compounds. An isolation procedure and the structures of 2-(3',5'-dibromo-4'-hydroxyphenyl)-acetamide, 1-(3',5'-dibromo-1',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxycyclohexa-2',4'-diene)acetonitrile, and 2-oxo-5,7-dibromo-6-methoxy-9-hydroxy-8,9-dihydrocoumarin from one variety are described."}
{"id": "PMID:340640", "title": "Serum protein binding and pharmacokinetics of valproate in man, dog, rat and mouse.", "content": "The serum protein binding of valproate (di-n-propylacetate) has been determined at therapeutic concentrations by equilibrium dialysis in man (94.8%), dog (78.5%), rat (63.4%) and mouse (11.9%). In dog serum, the binding was found to be independent of the valproate concentration in the range of 5 to about 70 microgram/ml, but fell with higher concentrations. In addition, the kinetics of valproate has been determined in dogs and rats. After intravenous administration, serum concentrations declined biexponentially in both species, the half-life of elimination (T 0.5 (beta)) being 1.7 hours in dogs and 4.6 hours in rats. In comparison with the pharmacokinetics of valproate in man and mouse, it can be assumed that the protein binding of valproate is rate-limiting for its clearance by the liver and may be responsible for the striking differences in the half-lives of the drug in different species. Increased drug binding was associated with a decrease in the total clearance and in all species examined, the calculated hepatic extraction ratios (0.009-0,17) were smaller that the free fraction, indicating that valproate fits into the group of drugs with restrictive and liver blood flow independent elimination, i.e., only the unbound drug can be cleared.", "contents": "Serum protein binding and pharmacokinetics of valproate in man, dog, rat and mouse. The serum protein binding of valproate (di-n-propylacetate) has been determined at therapeutic concentrations by equilibrium dialysis in man (94.8%), dog (78.5%), rat (63.4%) and mouse (11.9%). In dog serum, the binding was found to be independent of the valproate concentration in the range of 5 to about 70 microgram/ml, but fell with higher concentrations. In addition, the kinetics of valproate has been determined in dogs and rats. After intravenous administration, serum concentrations declined biexponentially in both species, the half-life of elimination (T 0.5 (beta)) being 1.7 hours in dogs and 4.6 hours in rats. In comparison with the pharmacokinetics of valproate in man and mouse, it can be assumed that the protein binding of valproate is rate-limiting for its clearance by the liver and may be responsible for the striking differences in the half-lives of the drug in different species. Increased drug binding was associated with a decrease in the total clearance and in all species examined, the calculated hepatic extraction ratios (0.009-0,17) were smaller that the free fraction, indicating that valproate fits into the group of drugs with restrictive and liver blood flow independent elimination, i.e., only the unbound drug can be cleared."}
{"id": "PMID:340641", "title": "Effect of lung transit on systemic depressor responses to arachidonic acid and prostacyclin in dogs.", "content": "Arachidonic acid (AA) (100 and 200 microgram/kg) and prostacyclin (PGI2) (0.25, 0.5, 1,2 and 3 microgram/kg) were administered by bolus injection into the inferior vena cava (i.v.) and left ventricle (i.a.) in spontaneously breathing anesthesized dogs (25). PGI2 like its precursor AA, decreased arterial diastolic pressure in a dose-dependent manner. The depressor responses after i.a. administration of a given dose of either AA or PGI2 did not differ significantly when the same dose was given i.v.; the i.v./i.a. ratio was 1. In comparison, the vasodepressor response to PGE2 (1, 2 and 3 microgram/kg i.v.) was reduced 12- to 40-fold by passage through the dog lung. The vasopressor response to PGF2alpha (1, 2, 3 and 5 microgram/kg i.v.) was diminished 5- to 8-fold by lung transit. Similarly, the pressor response to norepinephrine was also reduced by pulmonary transit. These studies support the view that (1) the lung plays a minor role in the systemic depressor response to AA and PGI2 and (2) the lack of an i.v./i.a. difference for AA and PGI2 indicates that the depressor response to AA may be due to generation of PGI2 by the vessel wall.", "contents": "Effect of lung transit on systemic depressor responses to arachidonic acid and prostacyclin in dogs. Arachidonic acid (AA) (100 and 200 microgram/kg) and prostacyclin (PGI2) (0.25, 0.5, 1,2 and 3 microgram/kg) were administered by bolus injection into the inferior vena cava (i.v.) and left ventricle (i.a.) in spontaneously breathing anesthesized dogs (25). PGI2 like its precursor AA, decreased arterial diastolic pressure in a dose-dependent manner. The depressor responses after i.a. administration of a given dose of either AA or PGI2 did not differ significantly when the same dose was given i.v.; the i.v./i.a. ratio was 1. In comparison, the vasodepressor response to PGE2 (1, 2 and 3 microgram/kg i.v.) was reduced 12- to 40-fold by passage through the dog lung. The vasopressor response to PGF2alpha (1, 2, 3 and 5 microgram/kg i.v.) was diminished 5- to 8-fold by lung transit. Similarly, the pressor response to norepinephrine was also reduced by pulmonary transit. These studies support the view that (1) the lung plays a minor role in the systemic depressor response to AA and PGI2 and (2) the lack of an i.v./i.a. difference for AA and PGI2 indicates that the depressor response to AA may be due to generation of PGI2 by the vessel wall."}
{"id": "PMID:340642", "title": "The effect of the combination of quinidine and propranolol upon atrial and ventricular automatically in dogs.", "content": "The effects of quinidine, propranolol and their combination on atrial and ventricular automaticity were studied in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs with complete heart block produced by injection of 40% formalin. The indices of atrial and ventricular automaticity were the intrinsic rate and the asystole interval, 10-beat period, and beats per 30 seconds after cessation of a 2-minute overdrive. Potentiation was considered to be a response produced by the combination of a half-dose of quinidine plus a half-dose of propranolol significantly greater than that produced by the full dose of either drug. Two combinations were studied: combination I consisted of 1.0 mg/kg of quinidine and 0.04 mg/kg of propranolol while combination II consisted of 2.0 mg/kg of quinidine and 0.08 mg/kg of propranolol. Neither combination potentiated the action of the individual drugs on the ventricle. Both combinations produced a potentiation of the individual drug effects on atrial intrinsic rate, asystole interval, and 10-beat period while only combination II potentiated the individual drug effects on atrial beats per 30 seconds. These studies indicate that the enhanced effect of the quinidine-propranolol combination in conversion of atrial tachyarrhythmias to sinus rhythm may be a function of its potentiation of the ability of the individual drug to depress atrial automaticity.", "contents": "The effect of the combination of quinidine and propranolol upon atrial and ventricular automatically in dogs. The effects of quinidine, propranolol and their combination on atrial and ventricular automaticity were studied in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs with complete heart block produced by injection of 40% formalin. The indices of atrial and ventricular automaticity were the intrinsic rate and the asystole interval, 10-beat period, and beats per 30 seconds after cessation of a 2-minute overdrive. Potentiation was considered to be a response produced by the combination of a half-dose of quinidine plus a half-dose of propranolol significantly greater than that produced by the full dose of either drug. Two combinations were studied: combination I consisted of 1.0 mg/kg of quinidine and 0.04 mg/kg of propranolol while combination II consisted of 2.0 mg/kg of quinidine and 0.08 mg/kg of propranolol. Neither combination potentiated the action of the individual drugs on the ventricle. Both combinations produced a potentiation of the individual drug effects on atrial intrinsic rate, asystole interval, and 10-beat period while only combination II potentiated the individual drug effects on atrial beats per 30 seconds. These studies indicate that the enhanced effect of the quinidine-propranolol combination in conversion of atrial tachyarrhythmias to sinus rhythm may be a function of its potentiation of the ability of the individual drug to depress atrial automaticity."}
{"id": "PMID:340643", "title": "A comparison of the analgesic effect of intramuscular nalbuphine and morphine in patients with postoperative pain.", "content": "In a double-study, using patients' subjective reports as indices of analgesia, the relative analgesic potency of intramuscular nalbuphine and morphine was determined in 56 postoperative patients. A total of 28 crossover comparisons (utilizing the twin passover, balanced four-point incomplete block design) were performed in two sequentially related experiments, each assay comparing 4 and 8 mg of morphine with either 3 and 6 or 6 and 12 mg of nalbuphine. When both intensity and duration of analgesia are considered (i.e., total analgesic effect), nalbuphine was 0.8 to 0.9 times as potent as morphine. In terms of peak analgesic effect, nalbuphine was 0.7 to 0.8 times as potent. Both the time-effect curves and the relative potency estimates suggest that nalbuphine has a slightly longer duration of action than morphine at doses that are equianalgesic in terms of peak effect. Side effects of the type usually noted after the administration of potent injectable analgesics to postoperative patients were observed after both morphine and nalbuphine. Although nalbuphine is a potent narcotic antagonist, no psychotomimetic reactions were observed.", "contents": "A comparison of the analgesic effect of intramuscular nalbuphine and morphine in patients with postoperative pain. In a double-study, using patients' subjective reports as indices of analgesia, the relative analgesic potency of intramuscular nalbuphine and morphine was determined in 56 postoperative patients. A total of 28 crossover comparisons (utilizing the twin passover, balanced four-point incomplete block design) were performed in two sequentially related experiments, each assay comparing 4 and 8 mg of morphine with either 3 and 6 or 6 and 12 mg of nalbuphine. When both intensity and duration of analgesia are considered (i.e., total analgesic effect), nalbuphine was 0.8 to 0.9 times as potent as morphine. In terms of peak analgesic effect, nalbuphine was 0.7 to 0.8 times as potent. Both the time-effect curves and the relative potency estimates suggest that nalbuphine has a slightly longer duration of action than morphine at doses that are equianalgesic in terms of peak effect. Side effects of the type usually noted after the administration of potent injectable analgesics to postoperative patients were observed after both morphine and nalbuphine. Although nalbuphine is a potent narcotic antagonist, no psychotomimetic reactions were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:340648", "title": "Lingualized occlusion for removable prosthodontics.", "content": "Lingualized occlusion provides a useful combination of several occlusal concepts. Many advantages of anatomic and nonanatomic occlusions are retained. Adjustment to compensate for minor changes in vertical and centric relation is readily accomplished. Satisfactory occlusion is easily obtained, and balanced occlusion can be accomplished. The lingualized occlusal concept is not a panacea, and all other procedures still must be carefully executed.", "contents": "Lingualized occlusion for removable prosthodontics. Lingualized occlusion provides a useful combination of several occlusal concepts. Many advantages of anatomic and nonanatomic occlusions are retained. Adjustment to compensate for minor changes in vertical and centric relation is readily accomplished. Satisfactory occlusion is easily obtained, and balanced occlusion can be accomplished. The lingualized occlusal concept is not a panacea, and all other procedures still must be carefully executed."}
{"id": "PMID:340649", "title": "Management of patients with myasthenia gravis who require maxillary dentures.", "content": "Some signs of myasthenia gravis can be clearly identified in the oral cavity. The patient with progressive neuromuscular impairment may seek consultation because of dysphagia, impaired mastication, and dysarthia. The dentist should understand the pathophysiology of the symptoms and treat the myasthenic patient accordingly.", "contents": "Management of patients with myasthenia gravis who require maxillary dentures. Some signs of myasthenia gravis can be clearly identified in the oral cavity. The patient with progressive neuromuscular impairment may seek consultation because of dysphagia, impaired mastication, and dysarthia. The dentist should understand the pathophysiology of the symptoms and treat the myasthenic patient accordingly."}
{"id": "PMID:340650", "title": "The collarless metal-ceramic crown.", "content": "A technique has been developed whereby collarless metal-ceramic crowns can be fabricated by spot-welding the platinum-foil matrix to the casting after it has been contoured for porcelain application. The main advantage of this procedure over previously reported techniques is that it produces well fitted restorations while requiring a lesser degree of technical skill.", "contents": "The collarless metal-ceramic crown. A technique has been developed whereby collarless metal-ceramic crowns can be fabricated by spot-welding the platinum-foil matrix to the casting after it has been contoured for porcelain application. The main advantage of this procedure over previously reported techniques is that it produces well fitted restorations while requiring a lesser degree of technical skill."}
{"id": "PMID:340651", "title": "The acid-etch class III composite resin restoration.", "content": "The acid-etch systems have become a familiar part of the dentist's armamentarium for achieving retention in the treatment of major esthetic problems in anterior teeth. They have another advantage, however, that has not been fully utilized. By combining the acid-etch technique with conventional cavity preparations such as the Class III, the common problems associated with microleakage can be greatly reduced and composite resin restorations can be placed with better esthetic results and greater longevity.", "contents": "The acid-etch class III composite resin restoration. The acid-etch systems have become a familiar part of the dentist's armamentarium for achieving retention in the treatment of major esthetic problems in anterior teeth. They have another advantage, however, that has not been fully utilized. By combining the acid-etch technique with conventional cavity preparations such as the Class III, the common problems associated with microleakage can be greatly reduced and composite resin restorations can be placed with better esthetic results and greater longevity."}
{"id": "PMID:340652", "title": "Semiprecious alloys for cast restorations: a preliminary report.", "content": "A previous clinical evaluation indicated that semiprecious metals had a definite place in the construction of dowels and cores in endodontically treated teeth. 2 The results from the present in vitro study suggest that those alloys do have a place in the fabrication of single castings as type III and IV gold alloy substitutes. Although when compared with a type III gold alloy the behavior of the semiprecious alloys tested was less like that of a noble alloy, the semiprecious alloys appeared less active than the base-metal alloy. This suggests that the semiprecious alloys should be acceptably resistant to corrosion in the oral environment.", "contents": "Semiprecious alloys for cast restorations: a preliminary report. A previous clinical evaluation indicated that semiprecious metals had a definite place in the construction of dowels and cores in endodontically treated teeth. 2 The results from the present in vitro study suggest that those alloys do have a place in the fabrication of single castings as type III and IV gold alloy substitutes. Although when compared with a type III gold alloy the behavior of the semiprecious alloys tested was less like that of a noble alloy, the semiprecious alloys appeared less active than the base-metal alloy. This suggests that the semiprecious alloys should be acceptably resistant to corrosion in the oral environment."}
{"id": "PMID:340653", "title": "Occlusally oriented impressions for large maxillary stomas.", "content": "A stable record base is critical to the making of an accurate centric jaw relation record. This is attained by meeting three criteria: (1) a well adapted, adequately extended record base, (2) adequate support of the alveolar bone to prevent excessive movement of the record bases, and (3) accurate tissue integrity to allow good base adaption, maximum tissue contact, and minimum movement. If these criteria cannot be met--and they cannot in the bilateral subtotal maxillectomy patient--then an alternative method must be used. The combination jaw relation record-impression technique using the patient's pre-existing occlusion is an alternate method for the fabrication of a stable prosthesis. This method has been tested in several maxillofacial prosthodontic centers and has proved to constitute a realistic approach to the management of the subtotal maxillectomy patient.", "contents": "Occlusally oriented impressions for large maxillary stomas. A stable record base is critical to the making of an accurate centric jaw relation record. This is attained by meeting three criteria: (1) a well adapted, adequately extended record base, (2) adequate support of the alveolar bone to prevent excessive movement of the record bases, and (3) accurate tissue integrity to allow good base adaption, maximum tissue contact, and minimum movement. If these criteria cannot be met--and they cannot in the bilateral subtotal maxillectomy patient--then an alternative method must be used. The combination jaw relation record-impression technique using the patient's pre-existing occlusion is an alternate method for the fabrication of a stable prosthesis. This method has been tested in several maxillofacial prosthodontic centers and has proved to constitute a realistic approach to the management of the subtotal maxillectomy patient."}
{"id": "PMID:340654", "title": "Hollow silicone abturators for patients after total maxillectomy.", "content": "One technical approach for the treatment of a patient after complete removal of the hard palate and other supportive structures has been presented. This technique offers a means of obtaining a detailed impression of the defect and promptly provides the patient with a lightweight and flexible tissue-tolerant obturator. The patient can ultimately be provided with a hollow dental prosthesis attached to a removable hollow obturator.", "contents": "Hollow silicone abturators for patients after total maxillectomy. One technical approach for the treatment of a patient after complete removal of the hard palate and other supportive structures has been presented. This technique offers a means of obtaining a detailed impression of the defect and promptly provides the patient with a lightweight and flexible tissue-tolerant obturator. The patient can ultimately be provided with a hollow dental prosthesis attached to a removable hollow obturator."}
{"id": "PMID:340655", "title": "Composite resin repair of porcelain denture teeth.", "content": "An effective temporary repair of fractured poreclain denture teeth involves abrasive treatment of the fractured tooth surface followed by a composite resin buildup. This study has demonstrated that the best potential retention of the composite buildup can be obtained through abrasive treatment by a course diamond stone.", "contents": "Composite resin repair of porcelain denture teeth. An effective temporary repair of fractured poreclain denture teeth involves abrasive treatment of the fractured tooth surface followed by a composite resin buildup. This study has demonstrated that the best potential retention of the composite buildup can be obtained through abrasive treatment by a course diamond stone."}
{"id": "PMID:340657", "title": "Impression technique for complete maxillary immediate denture.", "content": "A technique for making complete maxillary immediate denture impressions has been described. With this procedure impressions of the edentulous area and remaining dentition can be made in sections and they can be removed from the mouth joined together.", "contents": "Impression technique for complete maxillary immediate denture. A technique for making complete maxillary immediate denture impressions has been described. With this procedure impressions of the edentulous area and remaining dentition can be made in sections and they can be removed from the mouth joined together."}
{"id": "PMID:340660", "title": "Attachment fixation of the overdenture: part II.", "content": "Many attachment systems of the bar or stud type increase the stability of an overdenture. When selecting an attachment it is essential to consider the skill of the dentist-laboratory team as well as the dexterity of the patient and to use the easiest system that will still improve stabilization. Generally simplicity in design, ease of maintenance, and minimum leverage should be paramount considerations in selection. Use of a guide such as the EM Gauge and of the EM Attachment Selector significantly reduces the confusion in selecting attachments and increases the working armamentarium for stabilizing an overdenture.", "contents": "Attachment fixation of the overdenture: part II. Many attachment systems of the bar or stud type increase the stability of an overdenture. When selecting an attachment it is essential to consider the skill of the dentist-laboratory team as well as the dexterity of the patient and to use the easiest system that will still improve stabilization. Generally simplicity in design, ease of maintenance, and minimum leverage should be paramount considerations in selection. Use of a guide such as the EM Gauge and of the EM Attachment Selector significantly reduces the confusion in selecting attachments and increases the working armamentarium for stabilizing an overdenture."}
{"id": "PMID:340661", "title": "Extracoronal removable partial denture service in Canada.", "content": "Remarkable uniformity exists in the teaching of removable partial denture prosthodont,cs in Canadian dental schools. The removable partial denture services requested by dentists and those provided by commercial dental laboratories do not appear to be as similar. A greater emphasis on continuing education for the dentist is needed, along with better and more detailed communication between the dentist and the dental laboratory. An educational program for dental laboratory technicians is also needed to further this goal.", "contents": "Extracoronal removable partial denture service in Canada. Remarkable uniformity exists in the teaching of removable partial denture prosthodont,cs in Canadian dental schools. The removable partial denture services requested by dentists and those provided by commercial dental laboratories do not appear to be as similar. A greater emphasis on continuing education for the dentist is needed, along with better and more detailed communication between the dentist and the dental laboratory. An educational program for dental laboratory technicians is also needed to further this goal."}
{"id": "PMID:340662", "title": "The strength of multilayer and repaired composite resin.", "content": "Composite resin surfaces that formed against a plastic matrix or that polymerized while exposed to air were excellent substrates for the adhesion of new resin. Samples formed by the addition of composite resin to a cut surface had a tensile strength of one half of the cohesive strength of the resin. Coating the cut surface with a thin layer of unfilled resin enhanced bonding of the second composite resin layer. The use of a thin layer of unfilled catalyst resin as a bonding agent caused the most rapid development of strength and the greatest strength in samples tested after 7 days.", "contents": "The strength of multilayer and repaired composite resin. Composite resin surfaces that formed against a plastic matrix or that polymerized while exposed to air were excellent substrates for the adhesion of new resin. Samples formed by the addition of composite resin to a cut surface had a tensile strength of one half of the cohesive strength of the resin. Coating the cut surface with a thin layer of unfilled resin enhanced bonding of the second composite resin layer. The use of a thin layer of unfilled catalyst resin as a bonding agent caused the most rapid development of strength and the greatest strength in samples tested after 7 days."}
{"id": "PMID:340664", "title": "Evaluation of a rubber-base impression material.", "content": "A laboratory experiment has been described that utilized materials found in most dental offices and that was designed to evaluate a distinctly different polysulfide impression material. In this experiment the largest duplicating errors were produced with use of the stock tray and single-mix technique recommended by the manufacturer. This study therefore supports the use of the custom tray and double-mix technique for dental duplication procedures utilizing Neo-Plex impression material. Further investigation is necessary before stock trays and single-mix techniques can be recommended for routine use in fixed prosthodontics.", "contents": "Evaluation of a rubber-base impression material. A laboratory experiment has been described that utilized materials found in most dental offices and that was designed to evaluate a distinctly different polysulfide impression material. In this experiment the largest duplicating errors were produced with use of the stock tray and single-mix technique recommended by the manufacturer. This study therefore supports the use of the custom tray and double-mix technique for dental duplication procedures utilizing Neo-Plex impression material. Further investigation is necessary before stock trays and single-mix techniques can be recommended for routine use in fixed prosthodontics."}
{"id": "PMID:340665", "title": "Combining final impressions with maxillomandibular relation records in stabilized record bases.", "content": "The postinsertion problems of complete denture prostheses are closely related to accurate recording of maxillomandibular relationships. It is essential that these recordings be made with stable record bases; making the final impressions within the record bases prevents movement and tilting. Face-bow and centric relation records properly orient the casts in the articulator. A method to obtain all of these records in one dental appointments has been described.", "contents": "Combining final impressions with maxillomandibular relation records in stabilized record bases. The postinsertion problems of complete denture prostheses are closely related to accurate recording of maxillomandibular relationships. It is essential that these recordings be made with stable record bases; making the final impressions within the record bases prevents movement and tilting. Face-bow and centric relation records properly orient the casts in the articulator. A method to obtain all of these records in one dental appointments has been described."}
{"id": "PMID:340666", "title": "Anterior rests for maxillary removable partial dentures.", "content": "Positive anterior rests were shown to be an essential element of design when considering stress distribution with a removable partial denture involving anterior teeth. Proximal plates often added stability and reduced stress accumulation in any one region. Distobuccal forces on the extension base adversely affected the primary canine abutment. Forces in the regions of the anterior base and central incisor abutment produced the most widespread transmission of stress throughout the arch. Greater stress throughout the arch was observed when forces were applied to the central incisor rather than to the right canine abutment. There is a need for established criteria of rest form and placement. Guidelines for using the natural crown as opposed to a positive rest seat in a restoration are needed. Continuing studies of other anterior rest forms should increasingly clarify this phase of treatment planning. The dentist should recognize the need for structural integrity in the anterior maxillary segment when designing removable partial dentures. A practical, defensible rationale for the routine use of maxillary anterior teeth as removable partial denture abutments must be established.", "contents": "Anterior rests for maxillary removable partial dentures. Positive anterior rests were shown to be an essential element of design when considering stress distribution with a removable partial denture involving anterior teeth. Proximal plates often added stability and reduced stress accumulation in any one region. Distobuccal forces on the extension base adversely affected the primary canine abutment. Forces in the regions of the anterior base and central incisor abutment produced the most widespread transmission of stress throughout the arch. Greater stress throughout the arch was observed when forces were applied to the central incisor rather than to the right canine abutment. There is a need for established criteria of rest form and placement. Guidelines for using the natural crown as opposed to a positive rest seat in a restoration are needed. Continuing studies of other anterior rest forms should increasingly clarify this phase of treatment planning. The dentist should recognize the need for structural integrity in the anterior maxillary segment when designing removable partial dentures. A practical, defensible rationale for the routine use of maxillary anterior teeth as removable partial denture abutments must be established."}
{"id": "PMID:340667", "title": "Failure of removable partial denture castings during service.", "content": "The fracture of removable partial denture castings does not occur in a random manner but rather at characteristic sites that are determined by the designs of the castings. These sites will be located where elastic stresses resulting either from handling or from normal function are likely to be concentrated. Regions of abrupt change in cross-sectional areas and internal voids also have been shown to cause stress concentration. In many instances the regions of stress concentration that are present may act as sites for crack initiation, with fatigue as the ultimate mode of failure.", "contents": "Failure of removable partial denture castings during service. The fracture of removable partial denture castings does not occur in a random manner but rather at characteristic sites that are determined by the designs of the castings. These sites will be located where elastic stresses resulting either from handling or from normal function are likely to be concentrated. Regions of abrupt change in cross-sectional areas and internal voids also have been shown to cause stress concentration. In many instances the regions of stress concentration that are present may act as sites for crack initiation, with fatigue as the ultimate mode of failure."}
{"id": "PMID:340668", "title": "Accurate arcylic resin temporary restorations.", "content": "A technique for making temporary restorations has been described. The temporary restoration is diagnostic, protective, and stabilizes prepared teeth.", "contents": "Accurate arcylic resin temporary restorations. A technique for making temporary restorations has been described. The temporary restoration is diagnostic, protective, and stabilizes prepared teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:340669", "title": "The retentive ability of acid-etched dentin.", "content": "1. The retentive quality of dentin to Sevriton, Restodent, and Nuva-Seal was not enhanced by acid etching in this investigation. 2. Acid etching smooths and cleans the dentinal surface. 3. Acid etching clears tubule orifices slightly. 4. Sevriton was the most adhesive material tested. Nuva-Seal was the least retentive of the three materials studied.", "contents": "The retentive ability of acid-etched dentin. 1. The retentive quality of dentin to Sevriton, Restodent, and Nuva-Seal was not enhanced by acid etching in this investigation. 2. Acid etching smooths and cleans the dentinal surface. 3. Acid etching clears tubule orifices slightly. 4. Sevriton was the most adhesive material tested. Nuva-Seal was the least retentive of the three materials studied."}
{"id": "PMID:340672", "title": "A combination impression and occlusal registration technique for extension-base removable partial dentures.", "content": "The ultimate goal of a prosthodontic service is the placement and maintenance of prostheses which are in biologic and functional harmony with the supporting tissues and remaining teeth. The combination impression and occlusal registration technique minimizes clinical and technical procedures which might introduce errors. If accurately managed, this technique will provide optimum occlusion and mucosal support for extension-base removable partial dentures.", "contents": "A combination impression and occlusal registration technique for extension-base removable partial dentures. The ultimate goal of a prosthodontic service is the placement and maintenance of prostheses which are in biologic and functional harmony with the supporting tissues and remaining teeth. The combination impression and occlusal registration technique minimizes clinical and technical procedures which might introduce errors. If accurately managed, this technique will provide optimum occlusion and mucosal support for extension-base removable partial dentures."}
{"id": "PMID:340673", "title": "A method of verifying parallelism of preparations for Zest anchor attachments.", "content": "In overdenture therapy using attachments, near-perfect alignment is mandatory for the success of the procedure. A good example of failure due to mis-alignment is seen in Fig. 5. This resulted in the eventual breakdown of the periodontium and the extraction of the root remnant upon removal of the denture. The application of semiprecision attachments in overdenture therapy may greatly enhance the success of the denture. However, care must be taken to adhere to the principles and philosophies of complete denture therapy.", "contents": "A method of verifying parallelism of preparations for Zest anchor attachments. In overdenture therapy using attachments, near-perfect alignment is mandatory for the success of the procedure. A good example of failure due to mis-alignment is seen in Fig. 5. This resulted in the eventual breakdown of the periodontium and the extraction of the root remnant upon removal of the denture. The application of semiprecision attachments in overdenture therapy may greatly enhance the success of the denture. However, care must be taken to adhere to the principles and philosophies of complete denture therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:340674", "title": "Completed bases for removable dentures.", "content": "A technique for the fabrication of completed bases for removable dentures has been described. The artificial stone mounting casts and completed bases must be kept free of debris at all times to allow for accurate seating of the bases on the casts. The completed bases must be kept in water when not in use between patient appointments.", "contents": "Completed bases for removable dentures. A technique for the fabrication of completed bases for removable dentures has been described. The artificial stone mounting casts and completed bases must be kept free of debris at all times to allow for accurate seating of the bases on the casts. The completed bases must be kept in water when not in use between patient appointments."}
{"id": "PMID:340677", "title": "Growth-inhibition drug test with Trypanosoma cruzi culture forms.", "content": "A 48-hr drug screening test is described which evaluates inhibition of exponential growth of T. cruzi culture forms by electronic cell count. About 80% of drugs active in vivo produced a greater than 50% growth inhibition, whereas among compounds inactive in vivo, only 19.6% induced such inhibition. Advantages of this test are low cost, rapid results, small amounts of drugs needed, and feasibility without animal facilities. Comparative studies showed that culture forms are not suitable for screening additives to prevent transmission of T. cruzi by banked blood.", "contents": "Growth-inhibition drug test with Trypanosoma cruzi culture forms. A 48-hr drug screening test is described which evaluates inhibition of exponential growth of T. cruzi culture forms by electronic cell count. About 80% of drugs active in vivo produced a greater than 50% growth inhibition, whereas among compounds inactive in vivo, only 19.6% induced such inhibition. Advantages of this test are low cost, rapid results, small amounts of drugs needed, and feasibility without animal facilities. Comparative studies showed that culture forms are not suitable for screening additives to prevent transmission of T. cruzi by banked blood."}
{"id": "PMID:340678", "title": "Proteolytic activites in cell extracts of Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "Cell extracts of culture forms of Trypanosoma cruzi are capable of hydrolysing substances belonging to 4 different groups of protease substrates: (a) substrates for trypsin-like enzymes: benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide and benzoylarginine-naphtylamide; (b) substrates for aminopeptidases: leucyl, lysl and glutamyl-beta-naphtylamide; (c) a substrate fochymotrypsin-like enzymes: carbobenzoxy-L-tyrosine-p-nitorphenylester, and (d) a nonspecific substrate for a broad range of proteases: azocasein. Some physico-chemical characteristics of each enzymic reaction were studied. They were found to be distint enought to allow attributing each hydrolytic activity to a separate enzyme.", "contents": "Proteolytic activites in cell extracts of Trypanosoma cruzi. Cell extracts of culture forms of Trypanosoma cruzi are capable of hydrolysing substances belonging to 4 different groups of protease substrates: (a) substrates for trypsin-like enzymes: benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide and benzoylarginine-naphtylamide; (b) substrates for aminopeptidases: leucyl, lysl and glutamyl-beta-naphtylamide; (c) a substrate fochymotrypsin-like enzymes: carbobenzoxy-L-tyrosine-p-nitorphenylester, and (d) a nonspecific substrate for a broad range of proteases: azocasein. Some physico-chemical characteristics of each enzymic reaction were studied. They were found to be distint enought to allow attributing each hydrolytic activity to a separate enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:340688", "title": "Immunofluorescence localization of ovine placental lactogen.", "content": "Immunoreaction to ovine placental lactogen was found in binucleate and uninucleate cells of the fetal trophoblast.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence localization of ovine placental lactogen. Immunoreaction to ovine placental lactogen was found in binucleate and uninucleate cells of the fetal trophoblast."}
{"id": "PMID:340689", "title": "Fluorescence histochemical demonstration of a relationship between adrenergic nerves and cells containing actin and myosin in the rat ovary, with special reference to the follicle wall.", "content": "Contractile proteins (actin and myosin detected by immunohistochemistry) were present in elongated cells forming concentric layers in the theca externa of Graafian follicles and around corpora lutea. Immunofluorescent cells were also found in the ovarian stroma. Study of adrenergic nerve fibres by the glyoxylic acid technique showed numerous branches in between and in close association with the contractile cells.", "contents": "Fluorescence histochemical demonstration of a relationship between adrenergic nerves and cells containing actin and myosin in the rat ovary, with special reference to the follicle wall. Contractile proteins (actin and myosin detected by immunohistochemistry) were present in elongated cells forming concentric layers in the theca externa of Graafian follicles and around corpora lutea. Immunofluorescent cells were also found in the ovarian stroma. Study of adrenergic nerve fibres by the glyoxylic acid technique showed numerous branches in between and in close association with the contractile cells."}
{"id": "PMID:340693", "title": "Effect of sparsomycin analogues on the puromycin-peptidyl transferase reaction on ribosomes.", "content": "Sparsomycin analogues in which the unique -S(O)CH2SCH3 moiety was replaced by a variety of more easily accessible side chains were evaluated as inhibitors of the peptidyl transferase reaction with bacterial ribosomes. Competitive inhibition of acetyl[14C]phenylalanylpuromycin formation revealed that the sulfur-containing side chain of sparsomycin could be replaced with hydrophobic moieties, whereas complete removal of the -S(O)CH2SCH3 side chain eliminated the ribosomal binding affinity of sparsomycin. The specificity for the D isomer of S-deoxo-S-propylsparsomycin has established that the chiral carbon of sparsomycin analogues must be identical with the chirality of D-cysteinol for ribosomal binding.", "contents": "Effect of sparsomycin analogues on the puromycin-peptidyl transferase reaction on ribosomes. Sparsomycin analogues in which the unique -S(O)CH2SCH3 moiety was replaced by a variety of more easily accessible side chains were evaluated as inhibitors of the peptidyl transferase reaction with bacterial ribosomes. Competitive inhibition of acetyl[14C]phenylalanylpuromycin formation revealed that the sulfur-containing side chain of sparsomycin could be replaced with hydrophobic moieties, whereas complete removal of the -S(O)CH2SCH3 side chain eliminated the ribosomal binding affinity of sparsomycin. The specificity for the D isomer of S-deoxo-S-propylsparsomycin has established that the chiral carbon of sparsomycin analogues must be identical with the chirality of D-cysteinol for ribosomal binding."}
{"id": "PMID:340694", "title": "Hetacillin (R)- and (S)-sulfoxides. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships.", "content": "Hetacillin was oxidized with m-chloroperbenzoic acid to give the corresponding (R)- and (S)-sulfoxides. Ozonization of hetacillin not only oxidized the sulfide but caused unexpected oxidation of the imidazolidine ring to a 2H-imidazoline. The biological spectrum showed the (R)-sulfoxide to be appreciably more active than the (S)-sulfoxide.", "contents": "Hetacillin (R)- and (S)-sulfoxides. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships. Hetacillin was oxidized with m-chloroperbenzoic acid to give the corresponding (R)- and (S)-sulfoxides. Ozonization of hetacillin not only oxidized the sulfide but caused unexpected oxidation of the imidazolidine ring to a 2H-imidazoline. The biological spectrum showed the (R)-sulfoxide to be appreciably more active than the (S)-sulfoxide."}
{"id": "PMID:340705", "title": "Spontaneous alterations in the pancreas of the aging Syrian golden hamster.", "content": "The systematic histologic examination of the pancreas of aging Syrian golden hamsters revealed distinct alterations that affected the exocrine, endocrine, and supporting tissues. Some of these lesions showed a significant relationship to age and/or sex of the animal. Specific alterations that affected the ductules and islets represented a characteristic, probably genetically linked, process of the hamster pancreas and may have been the decisive factors for the unique carcinogenic response of this species to specific carcinogens.", "contents": "Spontaneous alterations in the pancreas of the aging Syrian golden hamster. The systematic histologic examination of the pancreas of aging Syrian golden hamsters revealed distinct alterations that affected the exocrine, endocrine, and supporting tissues. Some of these lesions showed a significant relationship to age and/or sex of the animal. Specific alterations that affected the ductules and islets represented a characteristic, probably genetically linked, process of the hamster pancreas and may have been the decisive factors for the unique carcinogenic response of this species to specific carcinogens."}
{"id": "PMID:340706", "title": "Quinoline: conversion to a mutagen by human and rodent liver.", "content": "Quinoline, a hepatocarcinogen in rats, and 23 quinoline derivatives were tested for mutagenic activity with the Ames Salmonella typhimurium assay. Quinoline, 5-hydroxyquinoline, and 8-hydroxyquinoline were mutagenic in strain TA 100 when Aroclor 1254-induced rat (male outbred Sprague-Dawley) liver homogenate was present in the incubation mixture. Enzyme preparations from rats pretreated with P-448-dependent aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducers [3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) and beta-naphthoflavone] and MCA-treated \"responsive\" C57BL mice also metabolized quinoline to a mutagen, but phenobarbital and pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile pretreatment did not yield active preparations. The mutagenicity of quinoline was blocked by the in vitro addition of menadione, butylated hydroxytoluene, alpha-naphthoflavone, vitamin A acetate, and glutathione to the test system. Depletion of glutathione by diethyl maleate pretreatment in vivo enhanced the mutagenic potential of the liver enzyme preparation. Mutagenic activity was correlated to the formation of water-soluble quinoline metabolites, and we suggested that the reactive quinoline intermediate is quinoline-2,3-epoxide. Microsomal enzymes isolated from human liver tissue, but not lung tissue, also converted quinoline to a mutagen.", "contents": "Quinoline: conversion to a mutagen by human and rodent liver. Quinoline, a hepatocarcinogen in rats, and 23 quinoline derivatives were tested for mutagenic activity with the Ames Salmonella typhimurium assay. Quinoline, 5-hydroxyquinoline, and 8-hydroxyquinoline were mutagenic in strain TA 100 when Aroclor 1254-induced rat (male outbred Sprague-Dawley) liver homogenate was present in the incubation mixture. Enzyme preparations from rats pretreated with P-448-dependent aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducers [3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) and beta-naphthoflavone] and MCA-treated \"responsive\" C57BL mice also metabolized quinoline to a mutagen, but phenobarbital and pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile pretreatment did not yield active preparations. The mutagenicity of quinoline was blocked by the in vitro addition of menadione, butylated hydroxytoluene, alpha-naphthoflavone, vitamin A acetate, and glutathione to the test system. Depletion of glutathione by diethyl maleate pretreatment in vivo enhanced the mutagenic potential of the liver enzyme preparation. Mutagenic activity was correlated to the formation of water-soluble quinoline metabolites, and we suggested that the reactive quinoline intermediate is quinoline-2,3-epoxide. Microsomal enzymes isolated from human liver tissue, but not lung tissue, also converted quinoline to a mutagen."}
{"id": "PMID:340708", "title": "The treatment of electrical injury compared to burn injury: a review of pathophysiology and comparison of patient management protocols.", "content": "Because of basic differences in pathophysiology, patients with electrical injury require therapeutic measures quite separate and distinct from patients with flame burns. Fluid requirements are much greater for the electrical-injured patient due to the depth of the injury and frequent occurrence of pigment in the urine. Fasciotomy with surgical exploration for determination of tissue viability is usually required in areas of obvious or questionable viability in patients with electrical injury. Sulfamylon is preferred for topical antibacterial therapy in electrical injury, because of its excellent penetration into deeper tissues. With this regimen of conservative surgical debridement of necrotic tissue, in many patients we have been able to salvage limbs and, in particular, preserve function.", "contents": "The treatment of electrical injury compared to burn injury: a review of pathophysiology and comparison of patient management protocols. Because of basic differences in pathophysiology, patients with electrical injury require therapeutic measures quite separate and distinct from patients with flame burns. Fluid requirements are much greater for the electrical-injured patient due to the depth of the injury and frequent occurrence of pigment in the urine. Fasciotomy with surgical exploration for determination of tissue viability is usually required in areas of obvious or questionable viability in patients with electrical injury. Sulfamylon is preferred for topical antibacterial therapy in electrical injury, because of its excellent penetration into deeper tissues. With this regimen of conservative surgical debridement of necrotic tissue, in many patients we have been able to salvage limbs and, in particular, preserve function."}
{"id": "PMID:340710", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of H-1 parvovirus replication. VI. simultaneous autoradiographic and immunochemical intranuclear localization of viral DNA synthesis and protein accumulation.", "content": "The localization of H-1 viral replicative-form double-stranded DNA and progeny single-stranded DNA replication in parasynchronously infected, simian virus 40-transformed newborn human kidney cells was studied with high-resolution electron microscope autoradiography (80-nm silver grains). We analyzed wild-type H-1 and ts1 H-1 (a conditional mutant defective in progeny single-stranded DNA synthesis). The proportion of the total DNA synthesis that was viral was estimated to be >90% by comparing the amount of [(3)H]thymidine uptake in cultures infected with wild-type H-1 versus ts14 (an H-1 mutant defective in DNA replication). Simultaneous staining with cytochrome c-conjugated anti-H-1 immunoglobulin G was performed to ensure that cells incorporating [(3)H]thymidine (2- to 60-min pulses) were H-1 infected. The sites of H-1 replicative-form (in ts1-infected cells) and progeny (in wild-type-infected cells) DNA synthesis were identical. Immunospecifically labeled nuclei at the earliest stages of infection exhibited dense clusters of silver grains over material extruded from nucleolar fibrillar centers. These foci became larger with increasing cellular damage, forming a limited number of H-1 DNA synthetic centers in the euchromatin. Each island-like focus was surrounded by tufts of heterochromatin containing high concentrations of unassembled H-1 capsid proteins. In late phases of infection, the heterochromatin became completely marginated, and the nucleoplasm contained only euchromatin that exhibited randomly distributed sites of H-1 DNA replication. This indicates that H-1 DNA synthesis begins at localized euchromatic or nucleolar sites and then spreads outward. Immunostained heterochromatin and nucleolar chromatin never incorporated [(3)H]thymidine. Our results suggest that H-1 proteins and cellular cofactors associated with the fibrillar component of the nucleolus and the euchromatin may play a role in the regulation of H-1 DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of H-1 parvovirus replication. VI. simultaneous autoradiographic and immunochemical intranuclear localization of viral DNA synthesis and protein accumulation. The localization of H-1 viral replicative-form double-stranded DNA and progeny single-stranded DNA replication in parasynchronously infected, simian virus 40-transformed newborn human kidney cells was studied with high-resolution electron microscope autoradiography (80-nm silver grains). We analyzed wild-type H-1 and ts1 H-1 (a conditional mutant defective in progeny single-stranded DNA synthesis). The proportion of the total DNA synthesis that was viral was estimated to be >90% by comparing the amount of [(3)H]thymidine uptake in cultures infected with wild-type H-1 versus ts14 (an H-1 mutant defective in DNA replication). Simultaneous staining with cytochrome c-conjugated anti-H-1 immunoglobulin G was performed to ensure that cells incorporating [(3)H]thymidine (2- to 60-min pulses) were H-1 infected. The sites of H-1 replicative-form (in ts1-infected cells) and progeny (in wild-type-infected cells) DNA synthesis were identical. Immunospecifically labeled nuclei at the earliest stages of infection exhibited dense clusters of silver grains over material extruded from nucleolar fibrillar centers. These foci became larger with increasing cellular damage, forming a limited number of H-1 DNA synthetic centers in the euchromatin. Each island-like focus was surrounded by tufts of heterochromatin containing high concentrations of unassembled H-1 capsid proteins. In late phases of infection, the heterochromatin became completely marginated, and the nucleoplasm contained only euchromatin that exhibited randomly distributed sites of H-1 DNA replication. This indicates that H-1 DNA synthesis begins at localized euchromatic or nucleolar sites and then spreads outward. Immunostained heterochromatin and nucleolar chromatin never incorporated [(3)H]thymidine. Our results suggest that H-1 proteins and cellular cofactors associated with the fibrillar component of the nucleolus and the euchromatin may play a role in the regulation of H-1 DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:340711", "title": "Escherichia coli mutant temperature sensitive for group I RNA bacteriophages.", "content": "The temperature-sensitive conjugational transfer-deficient mutant Escherichia coli JCFL39, carrying a traD(Ts) mutation, is herein described as also being temperature sensitive for group I RNA phages (MS2, f2, and R17) but not for Q beta. Temperature shift experiments showed that the growth of group I phage MS2 in the mutant could be inhibited by a post-penetration event at high temperature. A possible role for the traD cistron of sex factor F in the intracellular development of MS2 is suggested.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutant temperature sensitive for group I RNA bacteriophages. The temperature-sensitive conjugational transfer-deficient mutant Escherichia coli JCFL39, carrying a traD(Ts) mutation, is herein described as also being temperature sensitive for group I RNA phages (MS2, f2, and R17) but not for Q beta. Temperature shift experiments showed that the growth of group I phage MS2 in the mutant could be inhibited by a post-penetration event at high temperature. A possible role for the traD cistron of sex factor F in the intracellular development of MS2 is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:340712", "title": "Delayed recurrence of reflux after initial success of antireflux operation.", "content": "Delayed recurrence of reflux was discovered in 4 children among 103 who were followed at least 5 years after ureteral reimplantation for treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. In each of the 103 children initial success in correction of reflux was proved by 2 cystographic series performed 3 months apart after the initial ureteral reimplantation. Reoperation was successful in correction of the recurrent reflux in 2 children, failed in 1 and has been attempted in 1. Prolonged postoperative followup (to at least 5 years) is recommended after ureteral reimplantation for treatment of vesicoureteral reflux.", "contents": "Delayed recurrence of reflux after initial success of antireflux operation. Delayed recurrence of reflux was discovered in 4 children among 103 who were followed at least 5 years after ureteral reimplantation for treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. In each of the 103 children initial success in correction of reflux was proved by 2 cystographic series performed 3 months apart after the initial ureteral reimplantation. Reoperation was successful in correction of the recurrent reflux in 2 children, failed in 1 and has been attempted in 1. Prolonged postoperative followup (to at least 5 years) is recommended after ureteral reimplantation for treatment of vesicoureteral reflux."}
{"id": "PMID:340713", "title": "Gram-negative endocarditis following cystoscopy.", "content": "Patients with bacteriuria are at risk for local and distant infectious complications at the time of urologic procedures. The American Heart Association recommends that penicillin and streptomycin be given prophylactically to patients with rheumatic or congenital heart disease without reference to the presence or absence of bacteriuria. A patient with unrecognized calcification of the mitral annulus who underwent cystoscopy for evaluation of urinary retention is reported. Although bacteriuria was present preoperatively antibiotics were not given. Subsequently, Serratia marcescens and possibly Proteus morgani mitral valve infection developed and the patient died. Calcification of the mitral valve annulus and an extensive urinary tract infection were identified at autopsy. This case suggests that calcification of the mitral annulus may be an endocarditis risk factor. The spectrum of prophylactic antibiotic coverage given at the time of urologic procedures to patients with congenital or aquired heart disease, including calcification of the mitral annulus, should include whatever organisms are present in the urine.", "contents": "Gram-negative endocarditis following cystoscopy. Patients with bacteriuria are at risk for local and distant infectious complications at the time of urologic procedures. The American Heart Association recommends that penicillin and streptomycin be given prophylactically to patients with rheumatic or congenital heart disease without reference to the presence or absence of bacteriuria. A patient with unrecognized calcification of the mitral annulus who underwent cystoscopy for evaluation of urinary retention is reported. Although bacteriuria was present preoperatively antibiotics were not given. Subsequently, Serratia marcescens and possibly Proteus morgani mitral valve infection developed and the patient died. Calcification of the mitral valve annulus and an extensive urinary tract infection were identified at autopsy. This case suggests that calcification of the mitral annulus may be an endocarditis risk factor. The spectrum of prophylactic antibiotic coverage given at the time of urologic procedures to patients with congenital or aquired heart disease, including calcification of the mitral annulus, should include whatever organisms are present in the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:340716", "title": "Sporadic Legionnaires' disease.", "content": "The first case of Legionnaires' disease recognized in Pennsylvania since the Philadelphia epidemic of 1976 was that of a 53-year-old emphysematous man who had extensive unilateral pneumonia accompanied by high fever, hypoxemia, and disorientation. His illness progressed despite treatment with cephalothin, but he recovered coincident with the administration of gentamicin and erythromycin. The diagnosis was established serologically by a 32-fold rise in antibody titer to the agent of Legionnaires' disease. Similar illness did not affect others in his community, and infection in four family members was excluded clinically and serologically.", "contents": "Sporadic Legionnaires' disease. The first case of Legionnaires' disease recognized in Pennsylvania since the Philadelphia epidemic of 1976 was that of a 53-year-old emphysematous man who had extensive unilateral pneumonia accompanied by high fever, hypoxemia, and disorientation. His illness progressed despite treatment with cephalothin, but he recovered coincident with the administration of gentamicin and erythromycin. The diagnosis was established serologically by a 32-fold rise in antibody titer to the agent of Legionnaires' disease. Similar illness did not affect others in his community, and infection in four family members was excluded clinically and serologically."}
{"id": "PMID:340733", "title": "Antitumor activity of protoplast membrane from group A streptococcus.", "content": "Cytoplasmic membrane of Group A streptococcus has been obtained by treatment of the cells with a phage-associated lytic enzyme to dissolve the streptococcal cell wall, followed by shocking osmotically. The protoplast membrane fraction (PMF) remained as a distinct homogeneous structure in the electron micrograph and analysis showed a low rhamnose content. Febrile response produced by PMF was very slightly exhibited or not at all. PMF showed weak suppression against the growth of rat Yoshida sarcoma cells in culture and inhibition of [3H]-uridine incorporation into the sarcoma cells in vitro. In vivo antitumor experiments demonstrated that PMF has a mild inhibiting effect against mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, though there was not observed a definite correlation between survival rate and dose level. Antitumor activity of PMF was thermo-labile and was strikingly abolished by treatment with a bacterial enzyme, Nagarse, but not so much by alpha-chymotrypsin.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of protoplast membrane from group A streptococcus. Cytoplasmic membrane of Group A streptococcus has been obtained by treatment of the cells with a phage-associated lytic enzyme to dissolve the streptococcal cell wall, followed by shocking osmotically. The protoplast membrane fraction (PMF) remained as a distinct homogeneous structure in the electron micrograph and analysis showed a low rhamnose content. Febrile response produced by PMF was very slightly exhibited or not at all. PMF showed weak suppression against the growth of rat Yoshida sarcoma cells in culture and inhibition of [3H]-uridine incorporation into the sarcoma cells in vitro. In vivo antitumor experiments demonstrated that PMF has a mild inhibiting effect against mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, though there was not observed a definite correlation between survival rate and dose level. Antitumor activity of PMF was thermo-labile and was strikingly abolished by treatment with a bacterial enzyme, Nagarse, but not so much by alpha-chymotrypsin."}
{"id": "PMID:340734", "title": "The agglutination reactions of cholera vibrios.", "content": "The present study with 11 strains of vibrio using single-dose and hyperimmune antisera confirmed earlier observations on the cross-reactivity of the flagellar (H) agglutinating antigens of cholera and NAG vibrios. The effect of several variables on the agglutinating sensitivity of cell suspensions was determined by measuring the reaction rate in the presence of constant O- or H-antibody. The variables investigated were culture conditions, antigen dilution, reaction temperature, formalin fixation and heat-treatment; all were found to affect cholera and NAG serovars similarly. The optimal conditions for the O- and H-tests were markedly different. Dilute, young living broth cultures were highly sensitive to O- but not H-antibody. Conditions favoring the H-reaction were 48-hr culture on firm dry agar, high suspension opacity, a reaction temperature of 45 C and formalin fixation. The inverse relationship of O- and H-sensitivity under these conditions indicated that the flagellar antigen in the growing vibrio is masked by an O-sensitive layer. The temperature of denaturation of the unfixed H-antigen before or after reaction with antiserum was 64 +/- 0.5 C and could be used as a criterion of the H-reaction.", "contents": "The agglutination reactions of cholera vibrios. The present study with 11 strains of vibrio using single-dose and hyperimmune antisera confirmed earlier observations on the cross-reactivity of the flagellar (H) agglutinating antigens of cholera and NAG vibrios. The effect of several variables on the agglutinating sensitivity of cell suspensions was determined by measuring the reaction rate in the presence of constant O- or H-antibody. The variables investigated were culture conditions, antigen dilution, reaction temperature, formalin fixation and heat-treatment; all were found to affect cholera and NAG serovars similarly. The optimal conditions for the O- and H-tests were markedly different. Dilute, young living broth cultures were highly sensitive to O- but not H-antibody. Conditions favoring the H-reaction were 48-hr culture on firm dry agar, high suspension opacity, a reaction temperature of 45 C and formalin fixation. The inverse relationship of O- and H-sensitivity under these conditions indicated that the flagellar antigen in the growing vibrio is masked by an O-sensitive layer. The temperature of denaturation of the unfixed H-antigen before or after reaction with antiserum was 64 +/- 0.5 C and could be used as a criterion of the H-reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:340755", "title": "[Surgical treatment of arteriosclerosis].", "content": "Experience gained in the surgical management of 21 patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta and arteries of the lower extremities treated by open endarterectomy extending for a distance of 20 to 70 cm is summarized. Only the outer coat of the artery and the external elastic membrane were preserved during open endarterectomy. A graft of autologous or allogenic vein was stitched into the incision made in the anterior wall of the aorta to repair it completely. In the distal portions open endarterectomy was supplemented by closed endarterectomy. In 2 patients with a follow-up period of 18 months thrombosis occurred at the site of the operation. In all the other patients patency of the reconstructed vessels was preserved. The author believes that the arterial bed should be expanded in such a way that no stenosed parts reducing the volume of the blood flow in the reconstructed artery should remain proximal to the zone of the reconstruction. The universal extraperitoneal approach to the aorta including thoractomy in the ninth intercostal space with the diaphragm cut off at the site of its attachment was used in 2 patients (with aneurysm of the abdominal aorta and Leriche's syndrome in conjunction with vasorenal hypertension). The conditions for and possibilities of applying allogenic veins in reconstructive operations on the arteries are discussed.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of arteriosclerosis]. Experience gained in the surgical management of 21 patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta and arteries of the lower extremities treated by open endarterectomy extending for a distance of 20 to 70 cm is summarized. Only the outer coat of the artery and the external elastic membrane were preserved during open endarterectomy. A graft of autologous or allogenic vein was stitched into the incision made in the anterior wall of the aorta to repair it completely. In the distal portions open endarterectomy was supplemented by closed endarterectomy. In 2 patients with a follow-up period of 18 months thrombosis occurred at the site of the operation. In all the other patients patency of the reconstructed vessels was preserved. The author believes that the arterial bed should be expanded in such a way that no stenosed parts reducing the volume of the blood flow in the reconstructed artery should remain proximal to the zone of the reconstruction. The universal extraperitoneal approach to the aorta including thoractomy in the ninth intercostal space with the diaphragm cut off at the site of its attachment was used in 2 patients (with aneurysm of the abdominal aorta and Leriche's syndrome in conjunction with vasorenal hypertension). The conditions for and possibilities of applying allogenic veins in reconstructive operations on the arteries are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:340756", "title": "[Hemodynamics and the heart volumes of patients before and after mitral valve prosthesis].", "content": "The article deals with a complex study of parameters of the hemodynamics and volume of the cardiac cavities in comparison with a clinical state of patients suffering from mitral defect before and in different periods following prosthesis of the mitral valve. On the basis of the results obtained during examination of 54 patients there was revealed a complete conformity between their clinical state, data of the hemodynamics, the volume of the heart and left auricle. A reverse development of many signs characteristic of the defect was established. The absence of an absolute improvement of some clinical and hemodynamic indices in remote periods following the operation in a number of patients was connected with a marked increase of the cardiac volumes before the operation, an unsatisfactory contractile capacity of the myocardium, the remaining of cardiac fibrillation after the operation.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics and the heart volumes of patients before and after mitral valve prosthesis]. The article deals with a complex study of parameters of the hemodynamics and volume of the cardiac cavities in comparison with a clinical state of patients suffering from mitral defect before and in different periods following prosthesis of the mitral valve. On the basis of the results obtained during examination of 54 patients there was revealed a complete conformity between their clinical state, data of the hemodynamics, the volume of the heart and left auricle. A reverse development of many signs characteristic of the defect was established. The absence of an absolute improvement of some clinical and hemodynamic indices in remote periods following the operation in a number of patients was connected with a marked increase of the cardiac volumes before the operation, an unsatisfactory contractile capacity of the myocardium, the remaining of cardiac fibrillation after the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:340759", "title": "[Experience in using integral rheography for evaluating the hemodynamic indices in emergency states in cardiology].", "content": "The work deals with the comparative assessment of integral rheography, a modern method for studying hemodynamic indices. As compared to the method of dye dilution and radiocardiography, integral rheography has proved to be sufficiently precise and at the same time has definite advantages as a method of express diagnosis in patients with acute cardiovascular diseases. As compared with the other method of indirect determination of the cardiac output, tetrapolar rheography, integral rheography is more suitable for being used in emergencies, particularly in cases with disorders of the rhythm of the cardiac activity.", "contents": "[Experience in using integral rheography for evaluating the hemodynamic indices in emergency states in cardiology]. The work deals with the comparative assessment of integral rheography, a modern method for studying hemodynamic indices. As compared to the method of dye dilution and radiocardiography, integral rheography has proved to be sufficiently precise and at the same time has definite advantages as a method of express diagnosis in patients with acute cardiovascular diseases. As compared with the other method of indirect determination of the cardiac output, tetrapolar rheography, integral rheography is more suitable for being used in emergencies, particularly in cases with disorders of the rhythm of the cardiac activity."}
{"id": "PMID:340761", "title": "[Pyridoxylate treatment of athletes with chronic myocardial overexertion].", "content": "Twenty-five highly skilled athletes with chronic stage I or II myocardial overexertion were examined. It was established that pyridoxilate produced a good therapeutic effect despite the fact that the athletes went on with their sport activities. On the background of the treatment the ECG and the indices of cardio- and hemodynamics and gas exchange improved and the physical efficiency grew. No essential difference was found in the effectiveness of pyridoxilate when it was administered by different routes. Side-effects of treatment were not observed.", "contents": "[Pyridoxylate treatment of athletes with chronic myocardial overexertion]. Twenty-five highly skilled athletes with chronic stage I or II myocardial overexertion were examined. It was established that pyridoxilate produced a good therapeutic effect despite the fact that the athletes went on with their sport activities. On the background of the treatment the ECG and the indices of cardio- and hemodynamics and gas exchange improved and the physical efficiency grew. No essential difference was found in the effectiveness of pyridoxilate when it was administered by different routes. Side-effects of treatment were not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:340762", "title": "[Effect of isoptin on the central and peripheral hemodynamics in hypokinesia in healthy persons].", "content": "Central and peripheral hemodynamics was studied by the radioisotope method employing 131I-labelled albumin, the blood flow in the muscles was investigated (using 133Xe) and the longitudinal rheovasogram of the leg and forearm recorded in 10 healthy male volunteers before, during, and after 45-day antiorthostatic hypokinesia. Five of the examines received isoptin, while the remaining 5 formed the control group. Due to the effect of hypokinesia a tendency towards a a decrease in the circulation volume, a reduced stroke index, an increase in the central venous pressure and peripheral resistance, and a decrease in the muscular blood flow were observed. With the prescription of isoptin the changes in the cardiac index and peripheral resistance were corrected, but there was no esstential effect on the level of the venous pressure and the muscular blood flow.", "contents": "[Effect of isoptin on the central and peripheral hemodynamics in hypokinesia in healthy persons]. Central and peripheral hemodynamics was studied by the radioisotope method employing 131I-labelled albumin, the blood flow in the muscles was investigated (using 133Xe) and the longitudinal rheovasogram of the leg and forearm recorded in 10 healthy male volunteers before, during, and after 45-day antiorthostatic hypokinesia. Five of the examines received isoptin, while the remaining 5 formed the control group. Due to the effect of hypokinesia a tendency towards a a decrease in the circulation volume, a reduced stroke index, an increase in the central venous pressure and peripheral resistance, and a decrease in the muscular blood flow were observed. With the prescription of isoptin the changes in the cardiac index and peripheral resistance were corrected, but there was no esstential effect on the level of the venous pressure and the muscular blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:340763", "title": "Detection of circulating immune complexes in patients with glomerulonephritis.", "content": "A panel of three immune complex (IC) assays was used in this study to test sera from patients with glomerulonephritis (GN): the Raji cell radioimmune assay (IRCA), the radio-labeled C1q binding assay (IC1qBA), and the microcomplement consumption test (MCT). The sensitivity and specificity of each assay was evaluated in preliminary studies, and the greater sensitivity (5 to 10microgram of aggreagated human gamma-globulin (AHG) per ml of serum) and IgG specificity of the IRCA was apparent. Problems related to the preliminary heat inactivation of test sera, the interaction of C1q with substances other than IC, and the effects of suboptimal storage of test sera were experienced with the MCT and, to a lesser extent the IC1qBA. The individual reactivities of the different assays were exploited by using them in combination. Thus ICs were detected by one or more of the assays in 87% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 65% of patients with GN associated with other systemic diseases, and 39% of patients with primary GN. ICs were detected more frequently in patients with acute GN than chronic GN, and in patients with low serum C3, C4, and properdin factor B (C3PA) levels.", "contents": "Detection of circulating immune complexes in patients with glomerulonephritis. A panel of three immune complex (IC) assays was used in this study to test sera from patients with glomerulonephritis (GN): the Raji cell radioimmune assay (IRCA), the radio-labeled C1q binding assay (IC1qBA), and the microcomplement consumption test (MCT). The sensitivity and specificity of each assay was evaluated in preliminary studies, and the greater sensitivity (5 to 10microgram of aggreagated human gamma-globulin (AHG) per ml of serum) and IgG specificity of the IRCA was apparent. Problems related to the preliminary heat inactivation of test sera, the interaction of C1q with substances other than IC, and the effects of suboptimal storage of test sera were experienced with the MCT and, to a lesser extent the IC1qBA. The individual reactivities of the different assays were exploited by using them in combination. Thus ICs were detected by one or more of the assays in 87% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 65% of patients with GN associated with other systemic diseases, and 39% of patients with primary GN. ICs were detected more frequently in patients with acute GN than chronic GN, and in patients with low serum C3, C4, and properdin factor B (C3PA) levels."}
{"id": "PMID:340769", "title": "[Perforating keratoplasty: preconditions, indications, complications, follow-up treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a penetrating keratoplasty depends not only on certain morphological-biochemical and immunological factors, but also on an adequate surgical technique. The indications for perforating corneal grafting have constantly extended during the past 20 years and are classified according to the chances of success and to the emergency of grafting; some unusual indications are mentioned. Complications are rarely observed, but may occur during or after the surgery. Postoperative care is discussed.", "contents": "[Perforating keratoplasty: preconditions, indications, complications, follow-up treatment (author's transl)]. The results of a penetrating keratoplasty depends not only on certain morphological-biochemical and immunological factors, but also on an adequate surgical technique. The indications for perforating corneal grafting have constantly extended during the past 20 years and are classified according to the chances of success and to the emergency of grafting; some unusual indications are mentioned. Complications are rarely observed, but may occur during or after the surgery. Postoperative care is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:340770", "title": "[Allograft rejection reactions after keratoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "Immune reactions against corneal transplants cause most of the graft failures during the first 24 months after keratoplasty. This is partly due to inadequate diagnosis and therapy. After a short discussion of the experimental and clinical background, different kinds of characteristic immune reactions are demonstrated by case descriptions and photos. The importance of immune reactions is substantiated by an evaluation of 88 recently performed keratoplasties. Finally, detailed suggestions are made for prophylaxis and therapy of postkeratoplasty immune reactions.", "contents": "[Allograft rejection reactions after keratoplasty (author's transl)]. Immune reactions against corneal transplants cause most of the graft failures during the first 24 months after keratoplasty. This is partly due to inadequate diagnosis and therapy. After a short discussion of the experimental and clinical background, different kinds of characteristic immune reactions are demonstrated by case descriptions and photos. The importance of immune reactions is substantiated by an evaluation of 88 recently performed keratoplasties. Finally, detailed suggestions are made for prophylaxis and therapy of postkeratoplasty immune reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:340771", "title": "[Perforating keratoplasty in the presence of considerable changes of the anterior segment of the eye (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on 44 patients with penetrating keratoplasty in severe damage of the anterior eye. The first group consisted of 31 patients with acute, deep inflammatory processes of the cornea, threatened by perforation or with perforation and severe iritis. The second group of 13 patients had had perforating injury with corneal scar, broad anterior synechiae and lens remnants. In group 1 55% had visual function between 0.3 and 1.0; 35.5% showed no improvement, 10% got worse. In group 2 only 5 patients had visual improvement from 0.3-1.0. In 3 patients there was a negative outcome. The indication for corneal graft in these groups and the right moment of operation are discussed. We tried to compare our own results with other statistics.", "contents": "[Perforating keratoplasty in the presence of considerable changes of the anterior segment of the eye (author's transl)]. A report is given on 44 patients with penetrating keratoplasty in severe damage of the anterior eye. The first group consisted of 31 patients with acute, deep inflammatory processes of the cornea, threatened by perforation or with perforation and severe iritis. The second group of 13 patients had had perforating injury with corneal scar, broad anterior synechiae and lens remnants. In group 1 55% had visual function between 0.3 and 1.0; 35.5% showed no improvement, 10% got worse. In group 2 only 5 patients had visual improvement from 0.3-1.0. In 3 patients there was a negative outcome. The indication for corneal graft in these groups and the right moment of operation are discussed. We tried to compare our own results with other statistics."}
{"id": "PMID:340772", "title": "[Clinical observations on the continuing presence of gilded molybdenum-wire in eye tissues (author's transl)].", "content": "Gilded molybdenum-wire remains in the sclera and episclera without any reaction of the tissue. Adjacent eye muscles are not involved. In two cases the loops penetrated slowly the sclera and choroid but not the retina.", "contents": "[Clinical observations on the continuing presence of gilded molybdenum-wire in eye tissues (author's transl)]. Gilded molybdenum-wire remains in the sclera and episclera without any reaction of the tissue. Adjacent eye muscles are not involved. In two cases the loops penetrated slowly the sclera and choroid but not the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:340773", "title": "[The toxicity of bilirubin (author's transl)].", "content": "This report is a short review about the cytopathogenic effect of bilirubin on the different cells of the human organism. Own investigations deal with the excretion of enzymes in urine in relation to the bilirubin in serum. The second part concerns bilirubin and teeth. Unconjugated bilirubin is only toxic, when it is not coppled to albumin. Therapeutic efforts must consider this aspect.", "contents": "[The toxicity of bilirubin (author's transl)]. This report is a short review about the cytopathogenic effect of bilirubin on the different cells of the human organism. Own investigations deal with the excretion of enzymes in urine in relation to the bilirubin in serum. The second part concerns bilirubin and teeth. Unconjugated bilirubin is only toxic, when it is not coppled to albumin. Therapeutic efforts must consider this aspect."}
{"id": "PMID:340774", "title": "[Connatal malaria (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of connatal malaria due to Plasmodium vivax in a newborn of turkish origin is presented. Most likely the infection was acquired by materno - fetal transfusion during labor. Pathophysiological aspects and mode of transmission of this rare disease are discussed.", "contents": "[Connatal malaria (author's transl)]. A case of connatal malaria due to Plasmodium vivax in a newborn of turkish origin is presented. Most likely the infection was acquired by materno - fetal transfusion during labor. Pathophysiological aspects and mode of transmission of this rare disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:340775", "title": "[Idiopathic periostal hyperostosis with dysproteinemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The idiopathic periostal hyperostosis with dysproteinemia shows typical symptoms: acute onset with high fever and severe pain in the forearms and the praetibial area, periostal reaction along the ulnae and tibiae accompanied by hypalbuminemia and alpha2-globulin increase. The clinical entity has yet been described in only 2 cases. Our own case illustrates the longterm follow-up. The differential diagnosis especially of Caffey-Syndrom is discussed.", "contents": "[Idiopathic periostal hyperostosis with dysproteinemia (author's transl)]. The idiopathic periostal hyperostosis with dysproteinemia shows typical symptoms: acute onset with high fever and severe pain in the forearms and the praetibial area, periostal reaction along the ulnae and tibiae accompanied by hypalbuminemia and alpha2-globulin increase. The clinical entity has yet been described in only 2 cases. Our own case illustrates the longterm follow-up. The differential diagnosis especially of Caffey-Syndrom is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:340776", "title": "[On the problem of praetherapeutic sensitivity testing of human tumours based on incorporation studies of nucleic acid precursors in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "Praetherapeutic sensitivity tests of human solid tumours based on incorporation studies of nucleic acid precursors have been described by various authors. This review intends to show that such tests may only be of rather limited value for the design of individual chemotherapeutic regimens. In many drugs, a correlation between biochemical and clinical effects has not yet been established. The reliability of praetherapeutic sensitivity tests is further impaired by general methodological difficulties of short-term cultures, individual pharmacology and toxicology of cytostatic agents as well as pharmacological and biochemical drug interactions in combination chemotherapy. Praetherapeutic testing with individual cytostatic drugs is discussed.", "contents": "[On the problem of praetherapeutic sensitivity testing of human tumours based on incorporation studies of nucleic acid precursors in vitro (author's transl)]. Praetherapeutic sensitivity tests of human solid tumours based on incorporation studies of nucleic acid precursors have been described by various authors. This review intends to show that such tests may only be of rather limited value for the design of individual chemotherapeutic regimens. In many drugs, a correlation between biochemical and clinical effects has not yet been established. The reliability of praetherapeutic sensitivity tests is further impaired by general methodological difficulties of short-term cultures, individual pharmacology and toxicology of cytostatic agents as well as pharmacological and biochemical drug interactions in combination chemotherapy. Praetherapeutic testing with individual cytostatic drugs is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:340780", "title": "Pathologic localization of Tamm-Horsfall protein in interstitial deposits in renal disease.", "content": "Interstitial periodic acid-Schiff positive deposits of amorphous or fibrillar material were observed in 32% of kidneys with a variety of tubulointerstitial diseases, including medullary cystic disease (60%), chronic pyelonephritis (20%), and hydronephrosis (33%). Immunofluorescent staining for Tamm-Horsfall protein showed interstitial localization of this protein which was identical in distribution, shape, size, and fine detail with the periodic acid-Schiff positive deposits. The deposits appeared to originate from disrupted tubules and were sometimes surrounded by inflammatory infiltrate. The intrarenal localization of Tamm-Horsfall protein outside of distal tubules in pathologic states indicates that this protein may have a role in the pathogenesis of renal disease.", "contents": "Pathologic localization of Tamm-Horsfall protein in interstitial deposits in renal disease. Interstitial periodic acid-Schiff positive deposits of amorphous or fibrillar material were observed in 32% of kidneys with a variety of tubulointerstitial diseases, including medullary cystic disease (60%), chronic pyelonephritis (20%), and hydronephrosis (33%). Immunofluorescent staining for Tamm-Horsfall protein showed interstitial localization of this protein which was identical in distribution, shape, size, and fine detail with the periodic acid-Schiff positive deposits. The deposits appeared to originate from disrupted tubules and were sometimes surrounded by inflammatory infiltrate. The intrarenal localization of Tamm-Horsfall protein outside of distal tubules in pathologic states indicates that this protein may have a role in the pathogenesis of renal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:340781", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of canine interalveolar pores (of Kohn).", "content": "Normal canine lungs were prepared for ultrastructural studies using two different routes for fixation: the airways route and the vascular route. Using the airways route, under conditions of controlled pressure, scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies of alveolar surfaces allowed identification of an average of 19 alveolar pores per exposed alveolar surface, each pore averaging approximately 3 micron. in diameter. The alveolar surface was honeycombed in appearance, with the walls of multiple capillaries bulging into the alveolar space. Using the other route, vascular perfusion of the lungs with the fixative and controlling pressures in both the vascular and airway compartments, scanning electron microscopic studies showed that most exposed alveoli exhibited a smooth or slightly wrinkled surface, essentially devoid of pores and averaging only three pores per alveolus. By transmission electron microscopy, alveolar surfaces were found to be covered with an extracellular material suggestive of lung surfactant; alveolar pores, averaging approximately 1 micron. in diameter, were filled with the same material. It is concluded that most alveolar pores of normal dogs are bridged by and filled with lung surfactant. These findings can be demonstrated most reliably by using vascular perfusion of the lungs for introducing the fixative.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of canine interalveolar pores (of Kohn). Normal canine lungs were prepared for ultrastructural studies using two different routes for fixation: the airways route and the vascular route. Using the airways route, under conditions of controlled pressure, scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies of alveolar surfaces allowed identification of an average of 19 alveolar pores per exposed alveolar surface, each pore averaging approximately 3 micron. in diameter. The alveolar surface was honeycombed in appearance, with the walls of multiple capillaries bulging into the alveolar space. Using the other route, vascular perfusion of the lungs with the fixative and controlling pressures in both the vascular and airway compartments, scanning electron microscopic studies showed that most exposed alveoli exhibited a smooth or slightly wrinkled surface, essentially devoid of pores and averaging only three pores per alveolus. By transmission electron microscopy, alveolar surfaces were found to be covered with an extracellular material suggestive of lung surfactant; alveolar pores, averaging approximately 1 micron. in diameter, were filled with the same material. It is concluded that most alveolar pores of normal dogs are bridged by and filled with lung surfactant. These findings can be demonstrated most reliably by using vascular perfusion of the lungs for introducing the fixative."}
{"id": "PMID:340777", "title": "[Ways to study the work capacity of pilots in flight].", "content": "On the basis of a careful study of the Soviet and foreign literature, informativeness of physiological, biochemical, psychometric, biomechanical methods used to measure pilot performance inflight is evaluated. It is suggested that such performance can be assessed via a systemic approach and with the aid of the following parameters: functional state as indicated by physiological and biochemical recordings; subjective evaluations of the state using the psychometric scale; quality of the flight task performed; precision of piloting; and structure of controlling movements. This complex of parameters can be used only after landing. Inflight evaluation of pilot performance still remains an unresolved problem. The greatest promise holds search for objective criteria of automatic evaluation of the quality of pilot performance, structure of controlling movements, and physiological parameters on an integral time scale.", "contents": "[Ways to study the work capacity of pilots in flight]. On the basis of a careful study of the Soviet and foreign literature, informativeness of physiological, biochemical, psychometric, biomechanical methods used to measure pilot performance inflight is evaluated. It is suggested that such performance can be assessed via a systemic approach and with the aid of the following parameters: functional state as indicated by physiological and biochemical recordings; subjective evaluations of the state using the psychometric scale; quality of the flight task performed; precision of piloting; and structure of controlling movements. This complex of parameters can be used only after landing. Inflight evaluation of pilot performance still remains an unresolved problem. The greatest promise holds search for objective criteria of automatic evaluation of the quality of pilot performance, structure of controlling movements, and physiological parameters on an integral time scale."}
{"id": "PMID:340794", "title": "Prediction for secondary structures of ten proteins from the 50S subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome.", "content": "Predictions of the secondary structures of the following 10 proteins from the large subunit of the E. coli ribosome were made using their known amino acid sequences: L6, L16, L19, L27, L28, L30, L31, L32, L33, and L34. The predictions were made according to 4 different methods and the results for each protein are presented as diagrams indicating the conformational states, helix, extended structure, turn, and random coil, of each residue. From these diagrams, regions of highly probable secondary structure for the proteins are calculated. Estimates are made of the maximum possible lengths of the proteins in order to correlate these with the results obtained from antibody binding sites in the 50S subunit as determined by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Prediction for secondary structures of ten proteins from the 50S subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome. Predictions of the secondary structures of the following 10 proteins from the large subunit of the E. coli ribosome were made using their known amino acid sequences: L6, L16, L19, L27, L28, L30, L31, L32, L33, and L34. The predictions were made according to 4 different methods and the results for each protein are presented as diagrams indicating the conformational states, helix, extended structure, turn, and random coil, of each residue. From these diagrams, regions of highly probable secondary structure for the proteins are calculated. Estimates are made of the maximum possible lengths of the proteins in order to correlate these with the results obtained from antibody binding sites in the 50S subunit as determined by electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:340805", "title": "Rationale for the use of cimetidine in pancreatic insufficiency.", "content": "The failure of standard oral pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy to correct malabsorption in patients with advanced pancreatic insufficiency is likely due to acid-peptic inactivation of ingested enzymes. Theoretically, the use of cimetidine, an H2-receptor antagonist, in conjunction with oral enzymes, would permit greater transgastric passage of ingested enzymes with resulting improvement in intraluminal lipolysis. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of orally administered cimetidine in two groups of patients by utilizing a previously validated double-marker perfusion technique. Cimetidine, in varying doses, had no effect on postprandial exocrine pancreatic function in 16 duodenal ulcer patients without pancreatic disease. In six patients with pancreatic insufficiency, cimetidine produced a pronounced decrease in the output of gastric acid and secretory volume, resulting in reduction of postprandial acidity and intragastric volume. These actions of cimetidine should retard or prevent inactivation of ingested enzymes and also increase their intragastric concentration, with resulting enhancement of luminal duodenal enzyme activity. Supplemental cimetidine may thus be useful in the medical management of patients who fail to respond to routine pancreatic extract therapy alone.", "contents": "Rationale for the use of cimetidine in pancreatic insufficiency. The failure of standard oral pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy to correct malabsorption in patients with advanced pancreatic insufficiency is likely due to acid-peptic inactivation of ingested enzymes. Theoretically, the use of cimetidine, an H2-receptor antagonist, in conjunction with oral enzymes, would permit greater transgastric passage of ingested enzymes with resulting improvement in intraluminal lipolysis. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of orally administered cimetidine in two groups of patients by utilizing a previously validated double-marker perfusion technique. Cimetidine, in varying doses, had no effect on postprandial exocrine pancreatic function in 16 duodenal ulcer patients without pancreatic disease. In six patients with pancreatic insufficiency, cimetidine produced a pronounced decrease in the output of gastric acid and secretory volume, resulting in reduction of postprandial acidity and intragastric volume. These actions of cimetidine should retard or prevent inactivation of ingested enzymes and also increase their intragastric concentration, with resulting enhancement of luminal duodenal enzyme activity. Supplemental cimetidine may thus be useful in the medical management of patients who fail to respond to routine pancreatic extract therapy alone."}
{"id": "PMID:340808", "title": "Immunofluorescent study of histone H5 in chick erythroid cells from developing embryos and adults.", "content": "Indirect immunofluorescence has been used to detect the presence of histone H5 in single cells during avian erythropoiesis. Evidence is presented which demonstrates that this method specifically detects histone H5. The results show that the increase in the amount of H5 which can be extracted from nuclei during erythropoiesis is accounted for both by an increase in the amount of H5 per cell and by an increase in the total number of cells containing histone H5. Of particular interest are the observations that histone H5 is arranged within the nucleus in several distinct, reproducible patterns and that different patterns predominate at different stages of erythroid cell development. In addition to suggesting new possibilities for the role of histone H5, these findings indicate that immunofluorescence may be used profitably to explore the supramolecular organization of chromatin.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent study of histone H5 in chick erythroid cells from developing embryos and adults. Indirect immunofluorescence has been used to detect the presence of histone H5 in single cells during avian erythropoiesis. Evidence is presented which demonstrates that this method specifically detects histone H5. The results show that the increase in the amount of H5 which can be extracted from nuclei during erythropoiesis is accounted for both by an increase in the amount of H5 per cell and by an increase in the total number of cells containing histone H5. Of particular interest are the observations that histone H5 is arranged within the nucleus in several distinct, reproducible patterns and that different patterns predominate at different stages of erythroid cell development. In addition to suggesting new possibilities for the role of histone H5, these findings indicate that immunofluorescence may be used profitably to explore the supramolecular organization of chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:340809", "title": "Erythropoiesis in the duck embryo: accumulation of H5 histone during red blood cell maturation.", "content": "We have studied the variation in histone composition of the red blood cell during embryonic development of the duck. The problem has been approached by fractionating the cells according to maturity and type in bovine serum albumin density gradients and analyzing electrophoretically histones which have been extracted from purified cell populations. Additional data have been obtained by pulse-labeling experiments and by immunofluorescence techniques. The results indicate that histone H5 may be absent from very immature primitive embryonic red blood cells and that it accumulates in the nucleus during maturation of the cell. A similar relative increase in H5 content is observed during maturation of the definitive erythroid series. Mature adult erythrocytes and mature erythrocytes of the definitive series contain comparable amounts of histone H5 which is present in lower amounts in the mature cells of the primitive cell line.", "contents": "Erythropoiesis in the duck embryo: accumulation of H5 histone during red blood cell maturation. We have studied the variation in histone composition of the red blood cell during embryonic development of the duck. The problem has been approached by fractionating the cells according to maturity and type in bovine serum albumin density gradients and analyzing electrophoretically histones which have been extracted from purified cell populations. Additional data have been obtained by pulse-labeling experiments and by immunofluorescence techniques. The results indicate that histone H5 may be absent from very immature primitive embryonic red blood cells and that it accumulates in the nucleus during maturation of the cell. A similar relative increase in H5 content is observed during maturation of the definitive erythroid series. Mature adult erythrocytes and mature erythrocytes of the definitive series contain comparable amounts of histone H5 which is present in lower amounts in the mature cells of the primitive cell line."}
{"id": "PMID:340811", "title": "Consumer decision making and health maintenance organizations: a review.", "content": "This article reviews studies relevant to the understanding of the consumer's decision-making processes with respect to health maintenance organization (HMOs). Research in this area is critical to the development of sound marketing programs for HMOs. A simple model is formulated and used to organize the review into four sections, each reflecting a different research approach. Critical comments on the state of current knowledge are made and suggested directions for further research are outlined.", "contents": "Consumer decision making and health maintenance organizations: a review. This article reviews studies relevant to the understanding of the consumer's decision-making processes with respect to health maintenance organization (HMOs). Research in this area is critical to the development of sound marketing programs for HMOs. A simple model is formulated and used to organize the review into four sections, each reflecting a different research approach. Critical comments on the state of current knowledge are made and suggested directions for further research are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:340812", "title": "Hospital admission before and after Medicare in Quebec.", "content": "A 1 in 60 random sample of Quebec hospital admission records (\"separations\") for the years 1966 through 1974 was studied for evidence of change associated with the introduction in 1970 of universal health insurance. Non-surgical separation rates continued to decline in Montreal and remained steady in the rest of the province. In contrast, separations following surgical operation did not decline in Montreal and have increased substantially since 1970 in the rest of the province. Ten operative procedures accounting for 41 per cent of all surgical admissions were selected for separate study: of these, cholecystectomy, hysterectomy and hernia repairs conformed most closely to the new pattern. Directly or indirectly, Medicare may have contributed to these changes but more study is required to confirm or explain this.", "contents": "Hospital admission before and after Medicare in Quebec. A 1 in 60 random sample of Quebec hospital admission records (\"separations\") for the years 1966 through 1974 was studied for evidence of change associated with the introduction in 1970 of universal health insurance. Non-surgical separation rates continued to decline in Montreal and remained steady in the rest of the province. In contrast, separations following surgical operation did not decline in Montreal and have increased substantially since 1970 in the rest of the province. Ten operative procedures accounting for 41 per cent of all surgical admissions were selected for separate study: of these, cholecystectomy, hysterectomy and hernia repairs conformed most closely to the new pattern. Directly or indirectly, Medicare may have contributed to these changes but more study is required to confirm or explain this."}
{"id": "PMID:340813", "title": "Laboratory aids in the diagnosis of pancreatitis.", "content": "The diagnosis of both acute and chronic pancreatitis continues to be a challenge despite the development of new techniques and the refinement of old methods. The problem is best approached by the application of a combination of tests which can provide a reasonable degree of sensitivity and specificity applicable to the different forms of pancreatitis. In acute pancreatitis an elevation of serum amylase and amylase/creatinine clearance ratio is diagnostically useful. In chronic pancreatitis, several tests are needed to enhance the diagnostic yield, and such tests can include the secretin-pancreozymin test, ERCP, fecal fat measurement, Lundh test meal, and the administration of the synthetic peptide BZ-Ty-PABA.", "contents": "Laboratory aids in the diagnosis of pancreatitis. The diagnosis of both acute and chronic pancreatitis continues to be a challenge despite the development of new techniques and the refinement of old methods. The problem is best approached by the application of a combination of tests which can provide a reasonable degree of sensitivity and specificity applicable to the different forms of pancreatitis. In acute pancreatitis an elevation of serum amylase and amylase/creatinine clearance ratio is diagnostically useful. In chronic pancreatitis, several tests are needed to enhance the diagnostic yield, and such tests can include the secretin-pancreozymin test, ERCP, fecal fat measurement, Lundh test meal, and the administration of the synthetic peptide BZ-Ty-PABA."}
{"id": "PMID:340815", "title": "Chronic diarrhea. A practical approach.", "content": "Many patients who present with chronic diarrhea are not found to have an important organic disease. Most will have \"functional\" diarrhea. The history, the physical examination and the initial laboratory tests should lead to a provisional diagnosis, with respect to the organic or functional origin, and the location of disease in the small or the large bowel. Specific tests are then done to define particular organic causes of which malabsorption, inflammatory bowel diseases, carcinoma of the large bowel, parasitic infections, and metabolic disorders are most common. Patients with suspected functional diarrhea should be investigated at least by stool analysis, proctosigmoidoscopy, and barium enema. Functional diarrhea is common and these patients are no less susceptible to severe disease than is the rest of the population.", "contents": "Chronic diarrhea. A practical approach. Many patients who present with chronic diarrhea are not found to have an important organic disease. Most will have \"functional\" diarrhea. The history, the physical examination and the initial laboratory tests should lead to a provisional diagnosis, with respect to the organic or functional origin, and the location of disease in the small or the large bowel. Specific tests are then done to define particular organic causes of which malabsorption, inflammatory bowel diseases, carcinoma of the large bowel, parasitic infections, and metabolic disorders are most common. Patients with suspected functional diarrhea should be investigated at least by stool analysis, proctosigmoidoscopy, and barium enema. Functional diarrhea is common and these patients are no less susceptible to severe disease than is the rest of the population."}
{"id": "PMID:340826", "title": "The management of facial paralysis due to extracranial injuries.", "content": "Improvements in surgical capabilities in the management of malignancies about the ear and parotid gland, increasing vehicular and interpersonal trauma, and greater concern with cosmetic factors by the public at large, have led to increasing need for the surgeon's ability to manage injuries to the facial nerve. Several important anatomic, physiologic and technical factors bear upon a logical approach to repair of such facial nerve injuries. Careful attention to these concepts had led to satisfactory return of facial function in most cases managed by the author.", "contents": "The management of facial paralysis due to extracranial injuries. Improvements in surgical capabilities in the management of malignancies about the ear and parotid gland, increasing vehicular and interpersonal trauma, and greater concern with cosmetic factors by the public at large, have led to increasing need for the surgeon's ability to manage injuries to the facial nerve. Several important anatomic, physiologic and technical factors bear upon a logical approach to repair of such facial nerve injuries. Careful attention to these concepts had led to satisfactory return of facial function in most cases managed by the author."}
{"id": "PMID:340846", "title": "Fallibility of the intravenous glucose tolerance test as a measure of endogenous glucose turnover.", "content": "We have used hepatectomized, nephrectomized dogs receiving a constant infusion of unlabeled glucose as well as conscious, unrestrained guinea pigs in order to investigate the calculation of basal glucose kinetics from intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT). In the dogs, we were not able to determine the known rate of appearance (Ra) or disappearance (Rd) of glucose within 50% of the actual value by means of IVGTT. In the guinea pigs, we found that Ra calculated from IVGTT was 250% higher than Ra determined by means of the validated technique of the primed-constant infusion of 6-3H-glucose in tracer quantities. When live Escherichia coli were infused into the guinea pigs, the isotope-tracer technique revealed a 100% increase in Ra yet Ra appeared to be decreased by 80% when calculated by means of IVGTT. We concluded that basal glucose kinetics cannot be determined reliably from IVGTT, and that in certain pathologic conditions the direction of change in Ra and Rd from the basal state may be incorrectly predicted.", "contents": "Fallibility of the intravenous glucose tolerance test as a measure of endogenous glucose turnover. We have used hepatectomized, nephrectomized dogs receiving a constant infusion of unlabeled glucose as well as conscious, unrestrained guinea pigs in order to investigate the calculation of basal glucose kinetics from intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT). In the dogs, we were not able to determine the known rate of appearance (Ra) or disappearance (Rd) of glucose within 50% of the actual value by means of IVGTT. In the guinea pigs, we found that Ra calculated from IVGTT was 250% higher than Ra determined by means of the validated technique of the primed-constant infusion of 6-3H-glucose in tracer quantities. When live Escherichia coli were infused into the guinea pigs, the isotope-tracer technique revealed a 100% increase in Ra yet Ra appeared to be decreased by 80% when calculated by means of IVGTT. We concluded that basal glucose kinetics cannot be determined reliably from IVGTT, and that in certain pathologic conditions the direction of change in Ra and Rd from the basal state may be incorrectly predicted."}
{"id": "PMID:340847", "title": "Diabetic regulation and its relationship to microangiopathy.", "content": "This review addresses the question of the effectiveness of rigid regulation of the blood glucose in delaying or preventing the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Morphometric, pathologic, biochemical, and clinical evidence on both sides of this question are presented. It is concluded that because of present inadequate methods of completely returning glucose homeostasis to normal in diabetics, the question remains moot.", "contents": "Diabetic regulation and its relationship to microangiopathy. This review addresses the question of the effectiveness of rigid regulation of the blood glucose in delaying or preventing the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Morphometric, pathologic, biochemical, and clinical evidence on both sides of this question are presented. It is concluded that because of present inadequate methods of completely returning glucose homeostasis to normal in diabetics, the question remains moot."}
{"id": "PMID:340855", "title": "[Isolation of Salmonellae from streams in and about Ankara (author's transl)].", "content": "S.typhimurium, S.paratyphi B, S.typhi were isolated from 132 samples, collected from sewage of eight different regions, by using selenit F, Wilson Blair and Mac Conkey media. Isolations were done in September, October, November and December. The isolations were 53% positive in these months. It was seen that S.typhimurium was dominant in Ankara and Widal reaction has to be concidered.", "contents": "[Isolation of Salmonellae from streams in and about Ankara (author's transl)]. S.typhimurium, S.paratyphi B, S.typhi were isolated from 132 samples, collected from sewage of eight different regions, by using selenit F, Wilson Blair and Mac Conkey media. Isolations were done in September, October, November and December. The isolations were 53% positive in these months. It was seen that S.typhimurium was dominant in Ankara and Widal reaction has to be concidered."}
{"id": "PMID:340857", "title": "Group B streptococcal infection in neonates.", "content": "A study of 866 vaginal swabs from non-pregnant women showed that 167 (19.3%) contained Group B beta-haemolytic streptococci, with a predominance of Types 3 (31.4%) and Ib (25.2%). The incidence of severe neonatal infections due to Group B streptococci during a 3 1/2 year period at The Prince of Wales Hospital was examined, and a study was made of the distribution of serotypes and associated clinical features (including prematurity and abnormal deliveries) in 16 neonates with septicaemia and/or meningitis admitted to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, and the Paediatric Department of The Prince of Wales Hospital. From this study it was concluded that prophylactic antibiotic therapy should be administered to neonates with evidence of Group B streptococcal colonization of the throat, umbilicus, or gut, when there is also evidence of prematurity, prolonged interval between membrane rupture and delivery, or other associated obstetric complications.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal infection in neonates. A study of 866 vaginal swabs from non-pregnant women showed that 167 (19.3%) contained Group B beta-haemolytic streptococci, with a predominance of Types 3 (31.4%) and Ib (25.2%). The incidence of severe neonatal infections due to Group B streptococci during a 3 1/2 year period at The Prince of Wales Hospital was examined, and a study was made of the distribution of serotypes and associated clinical features (including prematurity and abnormal deliveries) in 16 neonates with septicaemia and/or meningitis admitted to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, and the Paediatric Department of The Prince of Wales Hospital. From this study it was concluded that prophylactic antibiotic therapy should be administered to neonates with evidence of Group B streptococcal colonization of the throat, umbilicus, or gut, when there is also evidence of prematurity, prolonged interval between membrane rupture and delivery, or other associated obstetric complications."}
{"id": "PMID:340858", "title": "Neonatal osteomyelitis and meningitis caused by group B streptococci.", "content": "A case of neonatal osteomyelitis and meningitis caused by group B streptococci is reported; the organism isolated was found to be similar or the same as an organism cultured form the maternal vagina. The clinical course and management is also described.", "contents": "Neonatal osteomyelitis and meningitis caused by group B streptococci. A case of neonatal osteomyelitis and meningitis caused by group B streptococci is reported; the organism isolated was found to be similar or the same as an organism cultured form the maternal vagina. The clinical course and management is also described."}
{"id": "PMID:340852", "title": "[The effect of glucose on induced synthesis of exocellular protease of Serratia marcescens].", "content": "The sensitivity of induced synthesis of exocellular protease to catabolyte repression was studied in Serratia marcescens growing on media containing inductors, viz. leucine and albumin. A lower sensitivity of the leucine-induced synthesis of the enzyme to glucose as compared to that induced by albumin seems to be caused by the penetration of leucine into the cell prior to the appearance in the medium of organic acids, possible inhibitors of its transport, whereas on the medium containing albumin, leucine appears only after hydrolysis of the protein by the \"basal\" enzyme.", "contents": "[The effect of glucose on induced synthesis of exocellular protease of Serratia marcescens]. The sensitivity of induced synthesis of exocellular protease to catabolyte repression was studied in Serratia marcescens growing on media containing inductors, viz. leucine and albumin. A lower sensitivity of the leucine-induced synthesis of the enzyme to glucose as compared to that induced by albumin seems to be caused by the penetration of leucine into the cell prior to the appearance in the medium of organic acids, possible inhibitors of its transport, whereas on the medium containing albumin, leucine appears only after hydrolysis of the protein by the \"basal\" enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:340851", "title": "[Yeast peroxisomes, their development and operation].", "content": "Yeast peroxisomes (microbodies) were studied, particularly with yeast methylotrophs, using light-optical microscopy, viz. intravitam phase- and anoptral-contrast microscopy, with cytochemical as well as fixed and stained objects. The data obtained were compared with cytochemical as well as fixed and stained objects. The data obtained were compared with other evidence that we had gained on methylotrophs studied by electron microscopy and with the results obtained by investigating the peroxisomes of yeast cultures grown on nutrient containing other carbon sources. The activity of exocatalase and endocatalase, the enzymes characteristic of peroxisomes, was assayed at different growth phases of yeast methylotrophs and was found to be correlated with the cycle of development of peroxisomes. The content of biotin and inositol and its dynamics were studied in the methylotroph cells. Possible origin of peroxisomes is discussed as well as their development and the mechanism of degradation. A close contact and functional relationship have been established between peroxisomes and mitochondria.", "contents": "[Yeast peroxisomes, their development and operation]. Yeast peroxisomes (microbodies) were studied, particularly with yeast methylotrophs, using light-optical microscopy, viz. intravitam phase- and anoptral-contrast microscopy, with cytochemical as well as fixed and stained objects. The data obtained were compared with cytochemical as well as fixed and stained objects. The data obtained were compared with other evidence that we had gained on methylotrophs studied by electron microscopy and with the results obtained by investigating the peroxisomes of yeast cultures grown on nutrient containing other carbon sources. The activity of exocatalase and endocatalase, the enzymes characteristic of peroxisomes, was assayed at different growth phases of yeast methylotrophs and was found to be correlated with the cycle of development of peroxisomes. The content of biotin and inositol and its dynamics were studied in the methylotroph cells. Possible origin of peroxisomes is discussed as well as their development and the mechanism of degradation. A close contact and functional relationship have been established between peroxisomes and mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:340861", "title": "Aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis.", "content": "We have found aspiration cytology to be a useful and reliable procedure in the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis. This disorder affected more than half of 50 patients who presented with bilateral non-toxic goitre.", "contents": "Aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis. We have found aspiration cytology to be a useful and reliable procedure in the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis. This disorder affected more than half of 50 patients who presented with bilateral non-toxic goitre."}
{"id": "PMID:340856", "title": "What's new in electrosurgical instrumentation?", "content": "A 1976 report of the use of radiofrequency current to devitalize carcinomas in man stimulated this review of the historical background, the presently used techniques, and the problems associated with electrosurgery. Difficulties in electrosurgical techniques requiring further research are identified--i.e., the high heating and variable performance of dry dispersive electrodes, the hazards of tissue stimulation, high-frequency interference, and the potential impact of government regulation.", "contents": "What's new in electrosurgical instrumentation? A 1976 report of the use of radiofrequency current to devitalize carcinomas in man stimulated this review of the historical background, the presently used techniques, and the problems associated with electrosurgery. Difficulties in electrosurgical techniques requiring further research are identified--i.e., the high heating and variable performance of dry dispersive electrodes, the hazards of tissue stimulation, high-frequency interference, and the potential impact of government regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:340863", "title": "Infection in the intensive care unit.", "content": "An epidemic of infection associated with Serratia marcescens and other Gram-negative organisms resistant to aminoglycosides and other chemotherapeutic agents occurred in the intensive care unit of St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, and spread to other areas of the hospital. This paper describes the problems of sepsis in the critically ill patient, outlines the occurrence of organisms in the patients concerned in this epidemic, and discusses the policies adopted to control the incidence of life-threatening infection caused by bacteria resistant to all other agents.", "contents": "Infection in the intensive care unit. An epidemic of infection associated with Serratia marcescens and other Gram-negative organisms resistant to aminoglycosides and other chemotherapeutic agents occurred in the intensive care unit of St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, and spread to other areas of the hospital. This paper describes the problems of sepsis in the critically ill patient, outlines the occurrence of organisms in the patients concerned in this epidemic, and discusses the policies adopted to control the incidence of life-threatening infection caused by bacteria resistant to all other agents."}
{"id": "PMID:340868", "title": "[The effect of piracetam on global and regional cerebral blood flow in acute cerebral ischemia of man (author's transl)].", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was investigated in 18 patients with acute cerebral ischemia by the intraarterial 133Xenon clearance method using a 10-detector-equipment. Intravenous administration of 6-10 g Piracetam caused an overall increase of the fast component of rCBF after 30 minutes corresponding to blood flow in the grey matter, of 10.0 ml/100 g/min (18.9%). The slow component of rCBF corresponding to the cerebral blood flow in the white matter remained unchanged. The regional CBF was influenced to a varying degree, the areas marked by an insufficient blood supply showing a mean increase by 17.5% and the areas marked by normal basic values showing a mean increase by 6.3%. This difference in alteration is statistically significant (p is less than 0.005) comparing the differences as %. The increase of cerebral blood flow in grey matter is interpreted as a secondary effect after activation of central nervous system metabolism by Piracetam.", "contents": "[The effect of piracetam on global and regional cerebral blood flow in acute cerebral ischemia of man (author's transl)]. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was investigated in 18 patients with acute cerebral ischemia by the intraarterial 133Xenon clearance method using a 10-detector-equipment. Intravenous administration of 6-10 g Piracetam caused an overall increase of the fast component of rCBF after 30 minutes corresponding to blood flow in the grey matter, of 10.0 ml/100 g/min (18.9%). The slow component of rCBF corresponding to the cerebral blood flow in the white matter remained unchanged. The regional CBF was influenced to a varying degree, the areas marked by an insufficient blood supply showing a mean increase by 17.5% and the areas marked by normal basic values showing a mean increase by 6.3%. This difference in alteration is statistically significant (p is less than 0.005) comparing the differences as %. The increase of cerebral blood flow in grey matter is interpreted as a secondary effect after activation of central nervous system metabolism by Piracetam."}
{"id": "PMID:340871", "title": "The historical development of modern virus research in Germany, especially in the Kaiser-Wilhelm-/Max-Planck-Society, 1936--1954.", "content": "This is lecture on the historical development of modern virus research in Germany to introduce a symposium dedicated to Prof. Werner Sch\u00e4fer, T\u00fcbingen, on the occasion of his 65th birthday. The author was set the task of relating from his memories the beginning of modern virus research in Germany. This research has, since 1936, essentially taken place in the Kaiser-Wilhelm/Max-Planck-Society and in 1954 led to the founding of the Max-Planck-Institute for Virus Research in T\u00fcbingen, an institute which to the present day owes its scientific reputation in considerable part to the activity of Werner Sch\u00e4fer. Since the author personally experienced and participated in the Institute's development from 1936-1954, his remarks are predominantly influenced by personal recollections, which have been sharpended by a renewed study of old records in the 'Library and Archive of the History of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft', Berlin-Dahlem.", "contents": "The historical development of modern virus research in Germany, especially in the Kaiser-Wilhelm-/Max-Planck-Society, 1936--1954. This is lecture on the historical development of modern virus research in Germany to introduce a symposium dedicated to Prof. Werner Sch\u00e4fer, T\u00fcbingen, on the occasion of his 65th birthday. The author was set the task of relating from his memories the beginning of modern virus research in Germany. This research has, since 1936, essentially taken place in the Kaiser-Wilhelm/Max-Planck-Society and in 1954 led to the founding of the Max-Planck-Institute for Virus Research in T\u00fcbingen, an institute which to the present day owes its scientific reputation in considerable part to the activity of Werner Sch\u00e4fer. Since the author personally experienced and participated in the Institute's development from 1936-1954, his remarks are predominantly influenced by personal recollections, which have been sharpended by a renewed study of old records in the 'Library and Archive of the History of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft', Berlin-Dahlem."}
{"id": "PMID:340873", "title": "Coronary arteriography: current technique and standards of equipment.", "content": "Coronary arteriography has become one of the most important diagnostic procedures. It is considered indispensable prerequisite in all cases of coronary, valvular, and primary myocardial disease for definition of diagnosis as well as planning of cardiac surgical interventions. Indications seem well established today. Complications have been reviewed in detail and are well known for the different procedures being practiced today. Each examiner should have command of the Sones as well as the Judkins technique. High standards of experience and skill are demanded. Equally important is high performance technical equipment. Current status of generators, power supply, X-ray tubes, image-intensifiers and camera technique is reviewed. Cine-angiocardiography on 35 mm film with simultaneous video-tape recording can be considered standard today. Layout of the equipment should include either cradle-mount for patient rotation or better U-stands for rotation of tube-image intensifier system around the resting patient. Oblique and angulated views in multiple directions are mandatory. Bi-plane equipment seems desirable both for ventriculography as well as coronary arteriography. Future developments can be expected mainly in the field of television technology with improved camera tubes, high resolution systems, and possibly digital processing of video signals.", "contents": "Coronary arteriography: current technique and standards of equipment. Coronary arteriography has become one of the most important diagnostic procedures. It is considered indispensable prerequisite in all cases of coronary, valvular, and primary myocardial disease for definition of diagnosis as well as planning of cardiac surgical interventions. Indications seem well established today. Complications have been reviewed in detail and are well known for the different procedures being practiced today. Each examiner should have command of the Sones as well as the Judkins technique. High standards of experience and skill are demanded. Equally important is high performance technical equipment. Current status of generators, power supply, X-ray tubes, image-intensifiers and camera technique is reviewed. Cine-angiocardiography on 35 mm film with simultaneous video-tape recording can be considered standard today. Layout of the equipment should include either cradle-mount for patient rotation or better U-stands for rotation of tube-image intensifier system around the resting patient. Oblique and angulated views in multiple directions are mandatory. Bi-plane equipment seems desirable both for ventriculography as well as coronary arteriography. Future developments can be expected mainly in the field of television technology with improved camera tubes, high resolution systems, and possibly digital processing of video signals."}
{"id": "PMID:340874", "title": "A multiple-electrode hearing prosthesis for cochlea implantation in deaf patients.", "content": "A multiple-electrode hearing prosthesis for cochlea implantation in deaf patients has been developed at the University of Melbourne. It has been designed as a multiple-electrode implant to provide the best chance of enabling patients to understand speech. It has been shown that an electrode array can be threaded along the coills of the inner ear close to residual auditory nerves. Experimental studies have indicated that the long-term implantation of the array will not lead to significant degeneration of auditory nerve fibres. Loss of platinum from the stimulating electrodes can be minimized with a biphasic constant current pulse, where the first phase is negative with respect to ground. The receiver-stimulator component has also been designed to provide 10-15 channels of stimulation. Furthermore, the phase and amplitude of the stimuli to individual electrodes can be varied to enable the localization of the electrical fields to discrete groups of nerve fibres, and the correct method of frequency and intensity coding to be determined. Finally, the device should be used in the first instance for a specially selected group of adults who are post-lingually deaf.", "contents": "A multiple-electrode hearing prosthesis for cochlea implantation in deaf patients. A multiple-electrode hearing prosthesis for cochlea implantation in deaf patients has been developed at the University of Melbourne. It has been designed as a multiple-electrode implant to provide the best chance of enabling patients to understand speech. It has been shown that an electrode array can be threaded along the coills of the inner ear close to residual auditory nerves. Experimental studies have indicated that the long-term implantation of the array will not lead to significant degeneration of auditory nerve fibres. Loss of platinum from the stimulating electrodes can be minimized with a biphasic constant current pulse, where the first phase is negative with respect to ground. The receiver-stimulator component has also been designed to provide 10-15 channels of stimulation. Furthermore, the phase and amplitude of the stimuli to individual electrodes can be varied to enable the localization of the electrical fields to discrete groups of nerve fibres, and the correct method of frequency and intensity coding to be determined. Finally, the device should be used in the first instance for a specially selected group of adults who are post-lingually deaf."}
{"id": "PMID:340875", "title": "An improved technique for the rapid continuous measurement of whole blood glucose, suitable for clinical application in an artificial endocrine pancreas.", "content": "An improved bedside technique for the continuous monitoring of glycemia is described. A linear relationship results between whole blood glucose concentration and plasma glucose levels, and allows the calibration of the system in terms of plasma glucose levels. In operation venous blood is withdrawn at a steady rate using a double-lumen catheter and directed to a continuous-flow laboratory analyzer, where glucose analysis is carried out using a modified glucose oxidase-peroxidase methodology. The improvements in this technique include: i) a reduction in the delay of the analyzer to 90 s, making it suitable for application in a system for blood glucose regulation, ii) a minimal blood requirement of 3 ml/h, permitting long-term monitoring, iii) elimination of the need for systemic anticoagulation, iv) an excellent correlation (r = 0.993) between the measured whole blood glucose and the actual plasma glucose concentration, v) an average baseline drift of +0.5 mg%/h, vi) a sensitivity loss of less than 0.1%/h, and vii) a reasonable operating cost. This technique was implemented as part of a clinical apparatus known as an artificial endocrine pancreas which has been reliably applied in clinical and animal studies.", "contents": "An improved technique for the rapid continuous measurement of whole blood glucose, suitable for clinical application in an artificial endocrine pancreas. An improved bedside technique for the continuous monitoring of glycemia is described. A linear relationship results between whole blood glucose concentration and plasma glucose levels, and allows the calibration of the system in terms of plasma glucose levels. In operation venous blood is withdrawn at a steady rate using a double-lumen catheter and directed to a continuous-flow laboratory analyzer, where glucose analysis is carried out using a modified glucose oxidase-peroxidase methodology. The improvements in this technique include: i) a reduction in the delay of the analyzer to 90 s, making it suitable for application in a system for blood glucose regulation, ii) a minimal blood requirement of 3 ml/h, permitting long-term monitoring, iii) elimination of the need for systemic anticoagulation, iv) an excellent correlation (r = 0.993) between the measured whole blood glucose and the actual plasma glucose concentration, v) an average baseline drift of +0.5 mg%/h, vi) a sensitivity loss of less than 0.1%/h, and vii) a reasonable operating cost. This technique was implemented as part of a clinical apparatus known as an artificial endocrine pancreas which has been reliably applied in clinical and animal studies."}
{"id": "PMID:340883", "title": "Defective excision and postreplication repair of UV-damaged DNA in a recL mutant strain of E. coli K-12.", "content": "The mutation recL152 leads to a reduction of excision repair as measured by an increase in the time required to close uvrA uvrB dependent incision breaks, and by a reduction of host cell reactivation ability. Postreplication repair is also delayed when measured in a uvrB5 recL152 double mutant. Such a determination could not be made using the recL152 single mutant because the excision defect led to an accumulation of breaks in the unlabeled high molecular weight DNA to which the labeled DNA synthesized after irradiation must attach in order to achieve normal high molecular weight. Further, the recL gene product seems to be required to rejoin breaks in parental strand DNA which are generated during postreplication repair, since such gaps accumulate in a recL152 uvrB5 double mutant but not in a recL+ uvrB5 single mutant. We have noticed a striking phenotypic similarity between recL152 and polA1 and suggest that recL152 is required for full in vivo activity of DNA polymerase I.", "contents": "Defective excision and postreplication repair of UV-damaged DNA in a recL mutant strain of E. coli K-12. The mutation recL152 leads to a reduction of excision repair as measured by an increase in the time required to close uvrA uvrB dependent incision breaks, and by a reduction of host cell reactivation ability. Postreplication repair is also delayed when measured in a uvrB5 recL152 double mutant. Such a determination could not be made using the recL152 single mutant because the excision defect led to an accumulation of breaks in the unlabeled high molecular weight DNA to which the labeled DNA synthesized after irradiation must attach in order to achieve normal high molecular weight. Further, the recL gene product seems to be required to rejoin breaks in parental strand DNA which are generated during postreplication repair, since such gaps accumulate in a recL152 uvrB5 double mutant but not in a recL+ uvrB5 single mutant. We have noticed a striking phenotypic similarity between recL152 and polA1 and suggest that recL152 is required for full in vivo activity of DNA polymerase I."}
{"id": "PMID:340884", "title": "The dependence of postreplication repair on uvrB in a recF mutant of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Mutants carrying recF143 or recF144 show wild type levels of host cell reactivation of UV-irradiated lambdavir and wild type rates of excision gap closure in repairing UV damage to their own DNA. The same mutants showed reduced rates of postreplication repair strand joining. When uvrA- recF- or uvrB- recF- strains are tested, postreplication repair strand joining is incomplete or does not occur at fluences above 1 J/m2. We suggest that there may be a UvrAB and a RecF pathway of postreplication repair or that the repair functions controlled or determined by uvrA uvrB and by recF may be similar. An intermediate in postreplication repair may accumulate in the uvr- recF- strain.", "contents": "The dependence of postreplication repair on uvrB in a recF mutant of Escherichia coli K-12. Mutants carrying recF143 or recF144 show wild type levels of host cell reactivation of UV-irradiated lambdavir and wild type rates of excision gap closure in repairing UV damage to their own DNA. The same mutants showed reduced rates of postreplication repair strand joining. When uvrA- recF- or uvrB- recF- strains are tested, postreplication repair strand joining is incomplete or does not occur at fluences above 1 J/m2. We suggest that there may be a UvrAB and a RecF pathway of postreplication repair or that the repair functions controlled or determined by uvrA uvrB and by recF may be similar. An intermediate in postreplication repair may accumulate in the uvr- recF- strain."}
{"id": "PMID:340886", "title": "Repressor and int synthesis of bacteriophage lambda in the E. coli host mutant ER437.", "content": "Analysis of lambda phage infection of the host mutant ER437 by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography has revealed altered expression of repressor and integration function (Int). We show that in this host Int as well as repressor synthesis is not dependent upon the lambdacIII gene product in the usual manner, nor is their synthesis turned off in the normal way.", "contents": "Repressor and int synthesis of bacteriophage lambda in the E. coli host mutant ER437. Analysis of lambda phage infection of the host mutant ER437 by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography has revealed altered expression of repressor and integration function (Int). We show that in this host Int as well as repressor synthesis is not dependent upon the lambdacIII gene product in the usual manner, nor is their synthesis turned off in the normal way."}
{"id": "PMID:340887", "title": "Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli K-12 by L-valine: a consequence of a regulatory pattern.", "content": "We studied the production of the ilvG gene product, the valine resistant acetolactate synthase isoenzyme II, in an ilvO+ G+ ilvB ilvHI derivative of Escherichia coli K-12. This strain contains mutations in the structural genes for the valine sensitive acetolactate synthase isoenzymes I and III. We find that the ilvG gene is not expressed in this strain when gworn with either isoleucine and valine or with isoleucine, leucine and valine, or when limited for either isoleucine or valine. Since we previously found that the ilvG gene is expressed in an ilvO603 containing strain (Favre et al., 1976), we presume that the mechanism by which E. coli K-12 regulates the ilv gene cluster is responsible for the lack of ilvG expression in the ilvO+ strain. The valine sensitivity of E. Coli K-12 is a consequence of this regulatory pattern.", "contents": "Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli K-12 by L-valine: a consequence of a regulatory pattern. We studied the production of the ilvG gene product, the valine resistant acetolactate synthase isoenzyme II, in an ilvO+ G+ ilvB ilvHI derivative of Escherichia coli K-12. This strain contains mutations in the structural genes for the valine sensitive acetolactate synthase isoenzymes I and III. We find that the ilvG gene is not expressed in this strain when gworn with either isoleucine and valine or with isoleucine, leucine and valine, or when limited for either isoleucine or valine. Since we previously found that the ilvG gene is expressed in an ilvO603 containing strain (Favre et al., 1976), we presume that the mechanism by which E. coli K-12 regulates the ilv gene cluster is responsible for the lack of ilvG expression in the ilvO+ strain. The valine sensitivity of E. Coli K-12 is a consequence of this regulatory pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:340889", "title": "Replication of the ampicillin resistance plasmid RSF1030 in extracts of Escherichia coli: separation of the replication cycle into early and late stages.", "content": "The replication cycle of the small resistance plasmid RSF1030 can be divided into two stages with different enzyme requirements: (1) Synthesis of early replicative intermediates containing 7 S DNA catalyzed by DNA polymerase I in the absence of functional dnaZ protein, and (2) replication of early intermediates requiring DNA polymerase III holenzyme (including the dnaZ protein). Early intermediate DNA synthesized in a dnaZ extract can be converted to fully replicated plasmid molecules upon addition to a replication enzyme fraction prepared by ammonium sulfate fractionation of polA I extracts. The first-stage reaction is sensitive to rifampicin, novobiocin, and oxolinic acid, but insensitive to arabinosylcytosine triphosphate (aCTP). Addition of aCTP interferes with the second-stage reaction resulting in the accumulation of late replicative intermediates.", "contents": "Replication of the ampicillin resistance plasmid RSF1030 in extracts of Escherichia coli: separation of the replication cycle into early and late stages. The replication cycle of the small resistance plasmid RSF1030 can be divided into two stages with different enzyme requirements: (1) Synthesis of early replicative intermediates containing 7 S DNA catalyzed by DNA polymerase I in the absence of functional dnaZ protein, and (2) replication of early intermediates requiring DNA polymerase III holenzyme (including the dnaZ protein). Early intermediate DNA synthesized in a dnaZ extract can be converted to fully replicated plasmid molecules upon addition to a replication enzyme fraction prepared by ammonium sulfate fractionation of polA I extracts. The first-stage reaction is sensitive to rifampicin, novobiocin, and oxolinic acid, but insensitive to arabinosylcytosine triphosphate (aCTP). Addition of aCTP interferes with the second-stage reaction resulting in the accumulation of late replicative intermediates."}
{"id": "PMID:340890", "title": "Induction of lambda prophage and of mutations to streptomycin resistance in separate small fractions of a lysogenic derivative of Escherichia coli B/r by very low doses of ultraviolet light.", "content": "The number of induced mutations to streptomycin resistance is compared at doses of ultraviolet (UV) light between 0.2 and 6.4 J/m2 in a Uvr- (excision-deficient) derivative of E. coli B/r, strain WU, and in its lambda lysogen, strain WU(lambda). At UV doses up to about 1 J/m2, which converts about 5% of the lysogenic population into enfective centers, no difference is observed in the number of mutations to streptomycin resistance produced by the two strains. It is concluded that the capacity to produce UV-induced mutations is not coupled with lysis due to the induction of lambda prophage at low doses of UV radiation. At UV doses above 1 J/m2, the number of mutatants detected in the lysogenic strain decreases appreciably compared to the number detected in the nonlysogen, and is only about 10% as high at UV doses of 3 J/m2 and higher, doses which cause maximal induction of prophage. The results are compatible with the operation of a common \"all-or-none\" induction signal resulting in expression of UV-inducible functions at high UV doses, but not at low doses.", "contents": "Induction of lambda prophage and of mutations to streptomycin resistance in separate small fractions of a lysogenic derivative of Escherichia coli B/r by very low doses of ultraviolet light. The number of induced mutations to streptomycin resistance is compared at doses of ultraviolet (UV) light between 0.2 and 6.4 J/m2 in a Uvr- (excision-deficient) derivative of E. coli B/r, strain WU, and in its lambda lysogen, strain WU(lambda). At UV doses up to about 1 J/m2, which converts about 5% of the lysogenic population into enfective centers, no difference is observed in the number of mutations to streptomycin resistance produced by the two strains. It is concluded that the capacity to produce UV-induced mutations is not coupled with lysis due to the induction of lambda prophage at low doses of UV radiation. At UV doses above 1 J/m2, the number of mutatants detected in the lysogenic strain decreases appreciably compared to the number detected in the nonlysogen, and is only about 10% as high at UV doses of 3 J/m2 and higher, doses which cause maximal induction of prophage. The results are compatible with the operation of a common \"all-or-none\" induction signal resulting in expression of UV-inducible functions at high UV doses, but not at low doses."}
{"id": "PMID:340891", "title": "Regulation of yeast mitochondrial DNA synthesis. I. Analysis of a mutant conditionally deficient in mitochondrial DNA metabolism.", "content": "A single nuclear gene mutation has been isolated from strain 123.1C of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is conditionally deficient in mitochondrial DNA metabolism. Growth of the haploid in media containing dextrose, a repressing carbon source, at 36 degrees C causes the rapid cessation of mitochondrial DNA synthesis as analyzed by radioactive 3H-adenine incorporation into mitochondrial DNA. These cells continue to grow and divide giving rise to neutral petites which are devoid of mitochondrial DNA as measured by radioactive incorporation of 3H-adenine at the permissive temperature. Growth of the haploid cells in media containing glycerol, a non-repressing carbon source, at 36 degrees C does not prevent mitochondrial DNA synthesis, however, the population of cells becomes partially petite. When such petites are analyzed, they are found to be suppressive and to contain mitochondrial DNA as measured in the manner described above. The action of this mutated gene appears to involve the sunthetic aspects of mitochondrial DNA metabolism, as haploid cells prelabeled in dextrose media with 3H-adenine show no loss or degradation of mitochondrial DNA at the restrictive temperature of 36 degrees C.", "contents": "Regulation of yeast mitochondrial DNA synthesis. I. Analysis of a mutant conditionally deficient in mitochondrial DNA metabolism. A single nuclear gene mutation has been isolated from strain 123.1C of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is conditionally deficient in mitochondrial DNA metabolism. Growth of the haploid in media containing dextrose, a repressing carbon source, at 36 degrees C causes the rapid cessation of mitochondrial DNA synthesis as analyzed by radioactive 3H-adenine incorporation into mitochondrial DNA. These cells continue to grow and divide giving rise to neutral petites which are devoid of mitochondrial DNA as measured by radioactive incorporation of 3H-adenine at the permissive temperature. Growth of the haploid cells in media containing glycerol, a non-repressing carbon source, at 36 degrees C does not prevent mitochondrial DNA synthesis, however, the population of cells becomes partially petite. When such petites are analyzed, they are found to be suppressive and to contain mitochondrial DNA as measured in the manner described above. The action of this mutated gene appears to involve the sunthetic aspects of mitochondrial DNA metabolism, as haploid cells prelabeled in dextrose media with 3H-adenine show no loss or degradation of mitochondrial DNA at the restrictive temperature of 36 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:340892", "title": "Genetic studies with a phosphoglucose isomerase mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A mutation pgi1 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae conferring deficiency of the glycolytic enzyme glucose 6-phosphate isomerase is characterised genetically. The mutation segregates 2+:2- in tetrads from diploids heterozygous for the mutant phenotype. The mutation is semi-dominant and is located on the right arm of chromosome II in the order: tsm134--lys2--pgi1--tyr1 approximately 15 map units from tyr1. The mutation pgi1 defines the structural gene of glucose 6-phosphate isomerase and can be suqpressed intragenically giving revertants that have an unstable enzyme. In one temperature-sensitive revertant no enzyme activity in excess of the mutant level could be detected although fructose 6-phosphate was converted to glucose 6-phosphate in vivo. The suppressor locus in this revertant is dominant and is unlinked to the pgi1 locus.", "contents": "Genetic studies with a phosphoglucose isomerase mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A mutation pgi1 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae conferring deficiency of the glycolytic enzyme glucose 6-phosphate isomerase is characterised genetically. The mutation segregates 2+:2- in tetrads from diploids heterozygous for the mutant phenotype. The mutation is semi-dominant and is located on the right arm of chromosome II in the order: tsm134--lys2--pgi1--tyr1 approximately 15 map units from tyr1. The mutation pgi1 defines the structural gene of glucose 6-phosphate isomerase and can be suqpressed intragenically giving revertants that have an unstable enzyme. In one temperature-sensitive revertant no enzyme activity in excess of the mutant level could be detected although fructose 6-phosphate was converted to glucose 6-phosphate in vivo. The suppressor locus in this revertant is dominant and is unlinked to the pgi1 locus."}
{"id": "PMID:340894", "title": "Mapping of the two mitochondrial antimycin A resistance loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Retention or loss of the two new mitochondrial antimycin A resistance loci AI and AII has been analyzed in a large number of stable cytoplasmic petite mutants. Using these deletion mutants it was possible to localize the two antimycin A resistance loci in the OI--OII region of mitochondrial DNA. The genetic loci are mapped in the following order: OII--AI--AII--cobl--OI. The mapping relationship of mutants resistant to antimycin A or funiculosin to various cob mutants is described.", "contents": "Mapping of the two mitochondrial antimycin A resistance loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Retention or loss of the two new mitochondrial antimycin A resistance loci AI and AII has been analyzed in a large number of stable cytoplasmic petite mutants. Using these deletion mutants it was possible to localize the two antimycin A resistance loci in the OI--OII region of mitochondrial DNA. The genetic loci are mapped in the following order: OII--AI--AII--cobl--OI. The mapping relationship of mutants resistant to antimycin A or funiculosin to various cob mutants is described."}
{"id": "PMID:340897", "title": "Effects of chloramphenicol and caffeine on postreplication repair in uvr A- umuC- und uvrA- recF- strains of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Postreplication repair and its inhibition by chloramphenicol and caffeine, as seen in alkaline sucrose gradients, were compared between a uv non-mutable strain uvrA- umuC- and normally mutable strains uvrA- recF- and uvrA- umu+rec+ of Escherichia coli K-12. The uvrA- umuC- strain performed postreplication repair as efficiently as the parental strain, while the repair in uvrA- recF- strain was dependent on UV dose. Both chloramphenicol and caffeine inhibited postreplication repair to an equal extent of about 25%, and 10%, respectively, in all three uvrA- strains of umuC36, recF- and umu+rec+. These observations suggest that postreplication repair is largely not responsible for UV mutagenesis.", "contents": "Effects of chloramphenicol and caffeine on postreplication repair in uvr A- umuC- und uvrA- recF- strains of Escherichia coli K-12. Postreplication repair and its inhibition by chloramphenicol and caffeine, as seen in alkaline sucrose gradients, were compared between a uv non-mutable strain uvrA- umuC- and normally mutable strains uvrA- recF- and uvrA- umu+rec+ of Escherichia coli K-12. The uvrA- umuC- strain performed postreplication repair as efficiently as the parental strain, while the repair in uvrA- recF- strain was dependent on UV dose. Both chloramphenicol and caffeine inhibited postreplication repair to an equal extent of about 25%, and 10%, respectively, in all three uvrA- strains of umuC36, recF- and umu+rec+. These observations suggest that postreplication repair is largely not responsible for UV mutagenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:340898", "title": "Isolation and characterization of mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in induction of mutations by ultraviolet light.", "content": "Mutants of E. coli defective in susceptibility to UV-induction of mutations were isolated by direct screening for their UV nonmutable phenotype (Umu-). Screening of about 30,000 mutagenized clones of a uvr-B derivative of AB1157 yielded six Umu- strains. The mutants can be classified into three groups by the location of the mutations, umuA, umuB and umuC. Mutations umuA and umuB are, respectively, mapped close to lexA and recA genes and mutations at both loci partially reduce UV mutagenesis. The locus of umuC is between hemA and purB and the mutations at this new locus result in a moderate increase of UV sensitivity. The mutation diminishes UV mutagenesis and UV reactivation of phage lambda without affecting the inducibility of phophage lambda nor the inhibition of cell division following UV irradiation. Related properties of an isogenic strain of a recF- mutant are compared with those of umuC-.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in induction of mutations by ultraviolet light. Mutants of E. coli defective in susceptibility to UV-induction of mutations were isolated by direct screening for their UV nonmutable phenotype (Umu-). Screening of about 30,000 mutagenized clones of a uvr-B derivative of AB1157 yielded six Umu- strains. The mutants can be classified into three groups by the location of the mutations, umuA, umuB and umuC. Mutations umuA and umuB are, respectively, mapped close to lexA and recA genes and mutations at both loci partially reduce UV mutagenesis. The locus of umuC is between hemA and purB and the mutations at this new locus result in a moderate increase of UV sensitivity. The mutation diminishes UV mutagenesis and UV reactivation of phage lambda without affecting the inducibility of phophage lambda nor the inhibition of cell division following UV irradiation. Related properties of an isogenic strain of a recF- mutant are compared with those of umuC-."}
{"id": "PMID:340901", "title": "Analysis of heme biosynthesis in catalase and cytochrome deficient yeast mutants.", "content": "Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, described as catalase and cytochromes deficient (Pachecka et al., 1974), have been analyzed for heme biosynthesis ability. Some enzymatic activities involved in protoheme synthesis were measured in acellular extracts, whereas whole cells were analyzed for cytochrome spectra and for possible accumulation of porphyrin synthesis intermediates. A good correlation was found between these in vitro and in vivo studies. Results show that two mutants were impaired in 5-aminolevulinate synthesis, two mutants were devoid of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity and one mutant presented defects in coproporphyrinogen III oxidase activity.", "contents": "Analysis of heme biosynthesis in catalase and cytochrome deficient yeast mutants. Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, described as catalase and cytochromes deficient (Pachecka et al., 1974), have been analyzed for heme biosynthesis ability. Some enzymatic activities involved in protoheme synthesis were measured in acellular extracts, whereas whole cells were analyzed for cytochrome spectra and for possible accumulation of porphyrin synthesis intermediates. A good correlation was found between these in vitro and in vivo studies. Results show that two mutants were impaired in 5-aminolevulinate synthesis, two mutants were devoid of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity and one mutant presented defects in coproporphyrinogen III oxidase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:340902", "title": "Purification and some properties of presumptive tof gene product of Coli phage 434.", "content": "The presumptive tof gene product of Coli phage 434 has been purified from cells carrying lambdaimm434cIdv plasmid known to contain only some of the \"early\" genes of phage 434 and lambda. It was detected and tentatively identified as tof protein primarily by its ability to specifically bind to phage 434 DNA. The protein has a molecular weight of about 11,000 and requires Mg2+ for specific DNA binding, unlike 434 cI-repressor.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of presumptive tof gene product of Coli phage 434. The presumptive tof gene product of Coli phage 434 has been purified from cells carrying lambdaimm434cIdv plasmid known to contain only some of the \"early\" genes of phage 434 and lambda. It was detected and tentatively identified as tof protein primarily by its ability to specifically bind to phage 434 DNA. The protein has a molecular weight of about 11,000 and requires Mg2+ for specific DNA binding, unlike 434 cI-repressor."}
{"id": "PMID:340903", "title": "Suppression of a defective alanyl-tRNA synthetase in Escherichia coli: a compensatory mutation to high alanine affinity.", "content": "Among temperature resistant revertants of a temperature sensitive E. Coli alanyl-tRNA synthetase mutant a strain was found which contains an alanyl-tRNA synthetase with an additional mutation in the structural gene of the enzyme. This mutant enzyme has a 9 or 38 fold decreased Km value for alanine compared to that of the thermolabile parental enzyme or to wild-type enzyme, respectively. The alaS gene maps just counterclockwise from recA on the E. coli map (94% cotransduction frequency). It appears that the enzyme's increased affinity for alanine is the mechanism of suppressing the temperature sensitive character of the cell. In addition, some cold-sensitive temperature resistant revertants were found, where the cold-sensitive character mapped near strA. Presumably they are due to changes in ribosomal proteins as characterized by Ruffler et al. (1974).", "contents": "Suppression of a defective alanyl-tRNA synthetase in Escherichia coli: a compensatory mutation to high alanine affinity. Among temperature resistant revertants of a temperature sensitive E. Coli alanyl-tRNA synthetase mutant a strain was found which contains an alanyl-tRNA synthetase with an additional mutation in the structural gene of the enzyme. This mutant enzyme has a 9 or 38 fold decreased Km value for alanine compared to that of the thermolabile parental enzyme or to wild-type enzyme, respectively. The alaS gene maps just counterclockwise from recA on the E. coli map (94% cotransduction frequency). It appears that the enzyme's increased affinity for alanine is the mechanism of suppressing the temperature sensitive character of the cell. In addition, some cold-sensitive temperature resistant revertants were found, where the cold-sensitive character mapped near strA. Presumably they are due to changes in ribosomal proteins as characterized by Ruffler et al. (1974)."}
{"id": "PMID:340904", "title": "Unusual stability and translation kinetics of an Escherichia coli lac messenger RNA synthetized during amino-acids deprivation.", "content": "Escherichia coli, cultured on minimal medium and deprived of its required amino-acids, was induced for lac genes transcription. After inducer removal and restoration of growth, beta-galactosidase synthesis was measured. Two different kinetics of enzyme synthesis were observed depending on the starvation conditions employed during the induction period: 1. beta-galactosidase synthesis was immediately obtained and a plateau was reached, in 20 min after restoration of growth, when cells had been induced during deprivation of amino-acids and carbon source. 2. beta-galactosidase displayed an unusually long rate of synthesis, and plateau was not reached before two doubling times, when cells had been induced during the deprivation of the sole amino-acids. The latter result points out a problem of messenger stability during those long translation kinetics and led us to study the behaviour of strains carrying lac genetic determinants on different replicative structures; chromosomic and plasmidic. In those two situations, induction of lac messenger RNA was obtained and ratify our previous observations. However, their translation kinetics suggest a DNA linkage of this induced messenger.", "contents": "Unusual stability and translation kinetics of an Escherichia coli lac messenger RNA synthetized during amino-acids deprivation. Escherichia coli, cultured on minimal medium and deprived of its required amino-acids, was induced for lac genes transcription. After inducer removal and restoration of growth, beta-galactosidase synthesis was measured. Two different kinetics of enzyme synthesis were observed depending on the starvation conditions employed during the induction period: 1. beta-galactosidase synthesis was immediately obtained and a plateau was reached, in 20 min after restoration of growth, when cells had been induced during deprivation of amino-acids and carbon source. 2. beta-galactosidase displayed an unusually long rate of synthesis, and plateau was not reached before two doubling times, when cells had been induced during the deprivation of the sole amino-acids. The latter result points out a problem of messenger stability during those long translation kinetics and led us to study the behaviour of strains carrying lac genetic determinants on different replicative structures; chromosomic and plasmidic. In those two situations, induction of lac messenger RNA was obtained and ratify our previous observations. However, their translation kinetics suggest a DNA linkage of this induced messenger."}
{"id": "PMID:340905", "title": "A procedure for isolation of spontaneous mutants with temperature sensitive of RNA and/or protein.", "content": "A procedure for the isolation of spontaneous temperature sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli has been developed. They are selected as survivors at high temperature against the combined killing effects exerted by a temperature inducible lambda prophage and either streptomycin plus ampillicin or ampicillin plus cycloserine. The mutants so obtained are blocked in vivo in the synthesis of RNA or protein or both at restrictive temperature.", "contents": "A procedure for isolation of spontaneous mutants with temperature sensitive of RNA and/or protein. A procedure for the isolation of spontaneous temperature sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli has been developed. They are selected as survivors at high temperature against the combined killing effects exerted by a temperature inducible lambda prophage and either streptomycin plus ampillicin or ampicillin plus cycloserine. The mutants so obtained are blocked in vivo in the synthesis of RNA or protein or both at restrictive temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:340907", "title": "Properties of ribosomes from erythromycin resistant mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "We have studied the in vitro properties of ribosomes from several mutants resistant to erythromycin. Mutations in three different genes may confer resistance to erythromycin. Two of them are structural genes for proteins L4 and L22 of the large subunit. The third mutation (in eryC gene) seems to affect mainly the small subunit. The mechanism of action of the antibiotic may involve both subunits.", "contents": "Properties of ribosomes from erythromycin resistant mutants of Escherichia coli. We have studied the in vitro properties of ribosomes from several mutants resistant to erythromycin. Mutations in three different genes may confer resistance to erythromycin. Two of them are structural genes for proteins L4 and L22 of the large subunit. The third mutation (in eryC gene) seems to affect mainly the small subunit. The mechanism of action of the antibiotic may involve both subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:340908", "title": "Extranuclear recombination in Aspergillus nidulans: closely-linked multiple chloramphenicol- and oligomycin-resistance loci.", "content": "A nuclear, chloramphenicol-sensitive mutant cas-1 has been isolated which is cross sensitive to a number of drugs, including oligomycin and cycloheximide. Approximately one-third of the chloramphenicol-resistant mutants isolated from mutagenized conidia of this strain were found to be extranuclear, and exhibited a variety of phenotypes. One of these mutants, designated (camB51), was slow growing on drug-free medium and recombined at low frequency with the previously described mutant (camA112) (Gunatilleke et al., 1975). The majority of extranuclear oligomycin-resistant mutants isolated from cas-1 were indistinguishable from (oliA1) (Rowlands and Turner, 1973). Two mutants, (oliB322) and (oliB332), with similar but not identical phenotypes to (oli A1), recombined with the latter at low frequency but not with each other, thus representing a new class of extranuclear mutants.", "contents": "Extranuclear recombination in Aspergillus nidulans: closely-linked multiple chloramphenicol- and oligomycin-resistance loci. A nuclear, chloramphenicol-sensitive mutant cas-1 has been isolated which is cross sensitive to a number of drugs, including oligomycin and cycloheximide. Approximately one-third of the chloramphenicol-resistant mutants isolated from mutagenized conidia of this strain were found to be extranuclear, and exhibited a variety of phenotypes. One of these mutants, designated (camB51), was slow growing on drug-free medium and recombined at low frequency with the previously described mutant (camA112) (Gunatilleke et al., 1975). The majority of extranuclear oligomycin-resistant mutants isolated from cas-1 were indistinguishable from (oliA1) (Rowlands and Turner, 1973). Two mutants, (oliB322) and (oliB332), with similar but not identical phenotypes to (oli A1), recombined with the latter at low frequency but not with each other, thus representing a new class of extranuclear mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:340909", "title": "An effect of F-like plasmids on the maintenance of Flac in a dnaC mutant of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Flac maintenance was aberrant at permissive temperature in a temperature-sensitive dnaC mutant of Salmonella typhimurium when the normally resident pLT2 plasmid was present. Flac was, however, efficiently transferred into the dnaC pLT2+ strain and the resulting Flac derivative was almost as efficient in transferring Flac as was dnaC+ pLT2+ Flac strains indicating that aberrant Flac maintenance was not associated with appreciable inhibition of transfer replication. A range of F-like plasmids behaved like pLT2 in causing aberrant Flac maintenance when present in the dnaC pLT2- strain. Flac was, however, stably maintained in the dnaC strain in the absence of other plasmids. Although the F-like plasmids destabilized Flac, each was stably maintained when introduced into strain 11G dnaC pLT2+ and pLT2 was also apparently stable under these conditions. The destabilizing effect of pLT2 and other fi+ plasmids was not consequent upon their inhibiting the formation of a repressible F transfer component needed for Flac replication in the dnaC strain. Incompatibility between Flac and the other plasmids induced by the dnaC lesion also appeared unlikely to be a cause of the aberrant Flac maintenance. The possibility is discussed that the initiation of Flac replication differs from that of pLT2 and the F-like plasmids with F competing less effectively than the others for the DnaC gene product.", "contents": "An effect of F-like plasmids on the maintenance of Flac in a dnaC mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. Flac maintenance was aberrant at permissive temperature in a temperature-sensitive dnaC mutant of Salmonella typhimurium when the normally resident pLT2 plasmid was present. Flac was, however, efficiently transferred into the dnaC pLT2+ strain and the resulting Flac derivative was almost as efficient in transferring Flac as was dnaC+ pLT2+ Flac strains indicating that aberrant Flac maintenance was not associated with appreciable inhibition of transfer replication. A range of F-like plasmids behaved like pLT2 in causing aberrant Flac maintenance when present in the dnaC pLT2- strain. Flac was, however, stably maintained in the dnaC strain in the absence of other plasmids. Although the F-like plasmids destabilized Flac, each was stably maintained when introduced into strain 11G dnaC pLT2+ and pLT2 was also apparently stable under these conditions. The destabilizing effect of pLT2 and other fi+ plasmids was not consequent upon their inhibiting the formation of a repressible F transfer component needed for Flac replication in the dnaC strain. Incompatibility between Flac and the other plasmids induced by the dnaC lesion also appeared unlikely to be a cause of the aberrant Flac maintenance. The possibility is discussed that the initiation of Flac replication differs from that of pLT2 and the F-like plasmids with F competing less effectively than the others for the DnaC gene product."}
{"id": "PMID:340910", "title": "Genetics and biochemistry of cryptopleurine resistance in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Protein synthesis by ribosomes from several cryptopleurine-resistant yeast mutants is also resistant to emetine and tubulosine. These mutants can be classified into two different types: Class I mutants which display high levels of resistance to emetine and tubulosine and Class II mutants that are only weakly resistant to tubulosine and are slightly more sensitive to emetine than those of Class I. Apparently all mutants have similar levels of resistance to cryptopleurine. The distinct phenotypes of Class I and Class II strains are expressed through their 40S ribosomal subunit. Genetic analysis has shown that the mutations to cryptopleuring resistance are allelic and that in a particular case (strain CRY6) the pleiotropic phenotype is a result of the expression of the cry1 locus. It is suggested that Class I and Class II mutants arise from two independent mutational events within The cry1 allel. In heterozygous (+/cry1) diploids both the sensitive and the resistant genes are expressed as shown by studies of the action of cryptopleurine on polyphenylalanine-synthesizing systems derived from each parental sensitive and resistant haploid strain and heterozygous diploid strains. The apparent dominance of sensitivity over resistance which may be observed in vivo in heterozygous (+/cry1) diploids has been explained in terms of the mode of action of the inhibitors.", "contents": "Genetics and biochemistry of cryptopleurine resistance in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein synthesis by ribosomes from several cryptopleurine-resistant yeast mutants is also resistant to emetine and tubulosine. These mutants can be classified into two different types: Class I mutants which display high levels of resistance to emetine and tubulosine and Class II mutants that are only weakly resistant to tubulosine and are slightly more sensitive to emetine than those of Class I. Apparently all mutants have similar levels of resistance to cryptopleurine. The distinct phenotypes of Class I and Class II strains are expressed through their 40S ribosomal subunit. Genetic analysis has shown that the mutations to cryptopleuring resistance are allelic and that in a particular case (strain CRY6) the pleiotropic phenotype is a result of the expression of the cry1 locus. It is suggested that Class I and Class II mutants arise from two independent mutational events within The cry1 allel. In heterozygous (+/cry1) diploids both the sensitive and the resistant genes are expressed as shown by studies of the action of cryptopleurine on polyphenylalanine-synthesizing systems derived from each parental sensitive and resistant haploid strain and heterozygous diploid strains. The apparent dominance of sensitivity over resistance which may be observed in vivo in heterozygous (+/cry1) diploids has been explained in terms of the mode of action of the inhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:340911", "title": "The structure of the cysCDHIJ region in unstable cysteine or methionine requiring mutants of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A genetic method was devised to test the hypothesis that in some cysteine or methionine requiring (cym) mutants of Salmonella typhimurium suppression of auxotrophy is due to an insertion at the site of the cym mutation. It was found that suppressed strains have an insertion of about 9kb in the cysCDHIJ region and that in unstable suppressed strains it is the instability of this insertion which results in the segregation of cym auxotrophs.", "contents": "The structure of the cysCDHIJ region in unstable cysteine or methionine requiring mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. A genetic method was devised to test the hypothesis that in some cysteine or methionine requiring (cym) mutants of Salmonella typhimurium suppression of auxotrophy is due to an insertion at the site of the cym mutation. It was found that suppressed strains have an insertion of about 9kb in the cysCDHIJ region and that in unstable suppressed strains it is the instability of this insertion which results in the segregation of cym auxotrophs."}
{"id": "PMID:340912", "title": "Genetic analysis of mutations in the transfer genes of pDU202 tra::Tn10 plasmids, caused by the excision of Tn10.", "content": "Transfer-deficient derivatives of pDU202 (a Tcs deletion mutant of R100-1) caused by the insertion of Tn10 into the R factor's transfer genes have been described previously. Tetracyline-sensitive mutants of four of these were selected. In the majority of cases the Tcs mutation was caused by a deletion of the Tcr genes which was often accompanied either by a deletion of some of the flanking transfer genes or by a secondary mutation which was probably an inversion. A number of preferred end points for the deletions and inversions occur in the transfer operon of pDU202. Analysis of the mutants by complementation tests with Flac tra elements confirmed that the order of genes in the promoter distal part of the tra region of pDU202 is traKBCFHGSD and traI.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of mutations in the transfer genes of pDU202 tra::Tn10 plasmids, caused by the excision of Tn10. Transfer-deficient derivatives of pDU202 (a Tcs deletion mutant of R100-1) caused by the insertion of Tn10 into the R factor's transfer genes have been described previously. Tetracyline-sensitive mutants of four of these were selected. In the majority of cases the Tcs mutation was caused by a deletion of the Tcr genes which was often accompanied either by a deletion of some of the flanking transfer genes or by a secondary mutation which was probably an inversion. A number of preferred end points for the deletions and inversions occur in the transfer operon of pDU202. Analysis of the mutants by complementation tests with Flac tra elements confirmed that the order of genes in the promoter distal part of the tra region of pDU202 is traKBCFHGSD and traI."}
{"id": "PMID:340913", "title": "Mapping of the drug resistance genes carried by the r-determinant of the R100.1 plasmid.", "content": "We have cloned the EcoRI fragments of pLC1, a circular DNA element found in an Escherichia coli dnaAts strain integratively suppressed by R100.1 (Chandler et al., 1977a), using the plasmid vector pCR1. All the resistance genes known to be present on the r-determinant of R100.1 were found to be present on pLC1. The isolation of pCR1 derivatives carrying various EcoRI fragments of either pLC1 or R100.1 has allowed a more precise mapping of the position of the resistance genes on the R100.1 molecule.", "contents": "Mapping of the drug resistance genes carried by the r-determinant of the R100.1 plasmid. We have cloned the EcoRI fragments of pLC1, a circular DNA element found in an Escherichia coli dnaAts strain integratively suppressed by R100.1 (Chandler et al., 1977a), using the plasmid vector pCR1. All the resistance genes known to be present on the r-determinant of R100.1 were found to be present on pLC1. The isolation of pCR1 derivatives carrying various EcoRI fragments of either pLC1 or R100.1 has allowed a more precise mapping of the position of the resistance genes on the R100.1 molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:340914", "title": "The use of gene conversion to study synaptinemal complex structure and molecular details of chromatid pairing in meiosis.", "content": "Gene conversion can be used to study: the topography and pairing relationships of the four chromatids of a bivalent at the time of crossing over and hybrid DNA formation, the lengths of intimately paired segments and the frequency of intimate pairing at particular sites. Conversion ratios of different types, corresponding-site interference, co-conversion, and the range and distribution of conversion frequencies are discussed in relation to DNA and chromatid pairing, and synaptinemal complex organisation. Conversion data from Ascobolus immersus and other fungi are compared with electron microscope data from various organisms and with models of the synaptinemal complex.", "contents": "The use of gene conversion to study synaptinemal complex structure and molecular details of chromatid pairing in meiosis. Gene conversion can be used to study: the topography and pairing relationships of the four chromatids of a bivalent at the time of crossing over and hybrid DNA formation, the lengths of intimately paired segments and the frequency of intimate pairing at particular sites. Conversion ratios of different types, corresponding-site interference, co-conversion, and the range and distribution of conversion frequencies are discussed in relation to DNA and chromatid pairing, and synaptinemal complex organisation. Conversion data from Ascobolus immersus and other fungi are compared with electron microscope data from various organisms and with models of the synaptinemal complex."}
{"id": "PMID:340915", "title": "The genetic characterization of lexB32, lexB33 and lexB35 mutations of Escherichia coli: location and complementation pattern for UV resistance.", "content": "Mutants of LexB have been isolated by their resistance to lysogenic induction by thymine starvation, their resistance to thymine starvation and on the basis of their UV sensitivity. Here, three mutations identified originally in strains lacking mutagenic response to UV-irradiation, unmB (Kato and Shinoura, 1977), have been further characterized, mapped by P1-mediated transduction with srl into the recA-tif-zab-lexB cluster at the lexB position and analysed for complementation with various lexB and recA mutations. From the results it was concluded that unmB mutations are identical to lexB mutations; consequently these mutations have been termed lexB32, lexB33 and lexB35. The mutations lexB33 and lexB35 do not complement any of the other lexB mutations and define therefore a new complementation type. The lexB32 mutation, which like the lexB34 mutation, results in moderate UV sensitivity has a complementation pattern similar to that of lexB34. However, unlike lexB34 the lexB32 behaves like a leaky mutation. The results are discussed in relation to the recA gene product and its control.", "contents": "The genetic characterization of lexB32, lexB33 and lexB35 mutations of Escherichia coli: location and complementation pattern for UV resistance. Mutants of LexB have been isolated by their resistance to lysogenic induction by thymine starvation, their resistance to thymine starvation and on the basis of their UV sensitivity. Here, three mutations identified originally in strains lacking mutagenic response to UV-irradiation, unmB (Kato and Shinoura, 1977), have been further characterized, mapped by P1-mediated transduction with srl into the recA-tif-zab-lexB cluster at the lexB position and analysed for complementation with various lexB and recA mutations. From the results it was concluded that unmB mutations are identical to lexB mutations; consequently these mutations have been termed lexB32, lexB33 and lexB35. The mutations lexB33 and lexB35 do not complement any of the other lexB mutations and define therefore a new complementation type. The lexB32 mutation, which like the lexB34 mutation, results in moderate UV sensitivity has a complementation pattern similar to that of lexB34. However, unlike lexB34 the lexB32 behaves like a leaky mutation. The results are discussed in relation to the recA gene product and its control."}
{"id": "PMID:340916", "title": "Genetic mapping of the lexC-113 mutation.", "content": "A mutation, previously designated lex-113 and suspected to be situated in the lexA locus, has been positioned by transductional studies to a unique site on the chromosome of E. coli B separate from the lexA102 and uvrA155 mutations. The order of genes in this chromosomal region was demonstrated to be malB-lexA-uvrA-lex-113. The allele designation lexC-113 is suggested for this mutation in a new gene functional in the regulation of inducible lex+ - and rec+-dependent SOS activities.", "contents": "Genetic mapping of the lexC-113 mutation. A mutation, previously designated lex-113 and suspected to be situated in the lexA locus, has been positioned by transductional studies to a unique site on the chromosome of E. coli B separate from the lexA102 and uvrA155 mutations. The order of genes in this chromosomal region was demonstrated to be malB-lexA-uvrA-lex-113. The allele designation lexC-113 is suggested for this mutation in a new gene functional in the regulation of inducible lex+ - and rec+-dependent SOS activities."}
{"id": "PMID:340917", "title": "DNA synthesis and degradation in UV-irradiated toluene treated cells of E. coli K12: the role of polynucleotide ligase.", "content": "Toluene treated cells have been used to study the processes of DNA synthesis and DNA degradation in ultra-violet irradiated Escherichia coli K12. Synthesis and degradation are both shown to occur extensively if polynucleotide ligase is inhibited, and to occur to a much lesser extent if ligase activity is optimal. Extensive UV-induced DNA synthesis in toluene-treated cells requires ATP for the initial incision step, and DNA polymerase I. Extensive degradation also depends on the early ATP-dependent incision step, and the subsequent degradation shows a partial requirement for ATP. Curtailment of degradation by ligase requires DNA polymerase activity, but is not dependent upon DNA polymerase I. Apparently this process can be carried out with equal facility by either DNA polymerase II or polymerase III. These observations suggest that extensive DNA polymerase I-dependent repair synthesis and extensive DNA degradation are facets of two divergent pathways of excision repair, both of which depend upon the early uvrABC determined ATP-dependent incision step.", "contents": "DNA synthesis and degradation in UV-irradiated toluene treated cells of E. coli K12: the role of polynucleotide ligase. Toluene treated cells have been used to study the processes of DNA synthesis and DNA degradation in ultra-violet irradiated Escherichia coli K12. Synthesis and degradation are both shown to occur extensively if polynucleotide ligase is inhibited, and to occur to a much lesser extent if ligase activity is optimal. Extensive UV-induced DNA synthesis in toluene-treated cells requires ATP for the initial incision step, and DNA polymerase I. Extensive degradation also depends on the early ATP-dependent incision step, and the subsequent degradation shows a partial requirement for ATP. Curtailment of degradation by ligase requires DNA polymerase activity, but is not dependent upon DNA polymerase I. Apparently this process can be carried out with equal facility by either DNA polymerase II or polymerase III. These observations suggest that extensive DNA polymerase I-dependent repair synthesis and extensive DNA degradation are facets of two divergent pathways of excision repair, both of which depend upon the early uvrABC determined ATP-dependent incision step."}
{"id": "PMID:340918", "title": "Transposition and insertion of intact, deleted and enlarged ampicillin transposon Tn3 from mini-R1 (Rsc) plasmids into transfer factors.", "content": "The miniR1-(Rsc)-plasmids which derive from the copy mutant R1drd-19B2 (pKN102) are non-conjugative extrachromosomal elements which can not be co-transferred by various transfer factors to recipient strains under standard mating conditions. The attempts to mobilize Rsc11 by F'lac lead to transconjugants carrying F'lac::Tn3 with Tn3 mainly inserted into the lac operon. In addition it can be shown that Rsc11 can become inserted as a complete unit into the transfer factor giving rise to rather unstable recombinant intermediates. Dissociation of these intermediates may lead to alterations of the original plasmids. The Tn3 part of Rsc13 can be enlarged or deleted by in vitro manipulations. In vitro insertion of EcoRI-fragments into an EcoRI+ site of Tn3 leads to new transposable units which can be transposed to the RTF part of R1. This new genetic entity can be stably integrated into the chromosome of E. coli by integrative suppression of a dnaAts-mutation. Deletions at one end or the central region of Tn3 abolish the capability of transposition. However, the Rsc-plasmids containing the deleted Tn3 can still be inserted into the transfer factor as complete units. The resulting recombinants are unstable leading after dissociation in some cases to new plasmids with altered properties.", "contents": "Transposition and insertion of intact, deleted and enlarged ampicillin transposon Tn3 from mini-R1 (Rsc) plasmids into transfer factors. The miniR1-(Rsc)-plasmids which derive from the copy mutant R1drd-19B2 (pKN102) are non-conjugative extrachromosomal elements which can not be co-transferred by various transfer factors to recipient strains under standard mating conditions. The attempts to mobilize Rsc11 by F'lac lead to transconjugants carrying F'lac::Tn3 with Tn3 mainly inserted into the lac operon. In addition it can be shown that Rsc11 can become inserted as a complete unit into the transfer factor giving rise to rather unstable recombinant intermediates. Dissociation of these intermediates may lead to alterations of the original plasmids. The Tn3 part of Rsc13 can be enlarged or deleted by in vitro manipulations. In vitro insertion of EcoRI-fragments into an EcoRI+ site of Tn3 leads to new transposable units which can be transposed to the RTF part of R1. This new genetic entity can be stably integrated into the chromosome of E. coli by integrative suppression of a dnaAts-mutation. Deletions at one end or the central region of Tn3 abolish the capability of transposition. However, the Rsc-plasmids containing the deleted Tn3 can still be inserted into the transfer factor as complete units. The resulting recombinants are unstable leading after dissociation in some cases to new plasmids with altered properties."}
{"id": "PMID:340920", "title": "Purification and properties of a lambda operator-binding protein which is expected to be autorepressor (tof protein) from E. coli carrying lambdadv plasmid.", "content": "In order to study the mode of action of the tof gene product, which is an \"autorepressor\" of the bacteriophage lambda and plasmid lambdadv, we have purified a DNA-binding protein which is specifically produced in bacteria carrying lambdadv. This protein possesses characteristics expected for the product of the tof gene, since it is produced under conditions where cI-repressor is not made, and since it binds to oL and oR operators on the lambda phage genome. The molecular weight of the native protein is 16,000-17,000 daltons, and the monomeric molecular weight as measured by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate is about 10,000 daltons. Denaturation and renaturation experiments demonstrated that the native protein is a dimer of 10,000-dalton monomers. The lambdaDNA-specific binding protein is not produced in cells carrying i21dv or \u00f880dv.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a lambda operator-binding protein which is expected to be autorepressor (tof protein) from E. coli carrying lambdadv plasmid. In order to study the mode of action of the tof gene product, which is an \"autorepressor\" of the bacteriophage lambda and plasmid lambdadv, we have purified a DNA-binding protein which is specifically produced in bacteria carrying lambdadv. This protein possesses characteristics expected for the product of the tof gene, since it is produced under conditions where cI-repressor is not made, and since it binds to oL and oR operators on the lambda phage genome. The molecular weight of the native protein is 16,000-17,000 daltons, and the monomeric molecular weight as measured by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate is about 10,000 daltons. Denaturation and renaturation experiments demonstrated that the native protein is a dimer of 10,000-dalton monomers. The lambdaDNA-specific binding protein is not produced in cells carrying i21dv or \u00f880dv."}
{"id": "PMID:340921", "title": "Amber mutations in Escherichia coli essential genes: isolation of mutants affected in the ribosomes.", "content": "A method to obtain amber mutations in ribosomal protein genes is described. tit relies on the P1-mediated localized mutagenesis (Hong and Ames, 1971) and on the fact that the recipient strain contains (a) an efficient but genetically unstable suppressor, (b) a particular thermoinducible lambda prophage which kills suppressor hosts at 42 degrees C. Exposure of these bacteria to the high temperature yields frequent suppressor-free derivatives while none will be found if the strain carries an amber mutation in an essential gene. Eleven mutants have been isolated by this method, of which at least six appear to carry amber mutations. All of them map close to, and to the right of spcA, in a region which codes mostly for ribosomal proteins. Three mutants were studied biochemically; all three show defective ribosomal assembly in vivo upon loss of suppression.", "contents": "Amber mutations in Escherichia coli essential genes: isolation of mutants affected in the ribosomes. A method to obtain amber mutations in ribosomal protein genes is described. tit relies on the P1-mediated localized mutagenesis (Hong and Ames, 1971) and on the fact that the recipient strain contains (a) an efficient but genetically unstable suppressor, (b) a particular thermoinducible lambda prophage which kills suppressor hosts at 42 degrees C. Exposure of these bacteria to the high temperature yields frequent suppressor-free derivatives while none will be found if the strain carries an amber mutation in an essential gene. Eleven mutants have been isolated by this method, of which at least six appear to carry amber mutations. All of them map close to, and to the right of spcA, in a region which codes mostly for ribosomal proteins. Three mutants were studied biochemically; all three show defective ribosomal assembly in vivo upon loss of suppression."}
{"id": "PMID:340922", "title": "Synthesis of the Escherichia coli K12 isoenzymes of ornithine transcarbamylase, performed in vitro.", "content": "The in vitro synthesis of enzymatically-active ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCase) directed by each of the E. coli K-12 OTCase genes (argF and argI) is described. The E. coli OTCase isoenzyme subunits are not identical, whether synthesized in vivo or in vitro, the argF-coded product being about 5% smaller. The OTCase protomers are enzymatically inactive but associate in vitro to an enzymatically active multimer. The rates of subunit association of argF and argI isoenzymes are considerably different. Utilizing the facile assay protocol presented, the regulation of in vitro OTCase synthesis by the specific holorepressor of the arginine regulon is demonstrated. Calculations based upon data presented indicate that there are about 65 molecules of argR gene product per bacterium, a substantially lower estimate than previously reported.", "contents": "Synthesis of the Escherichia coli K12 isoenzymes of ornithine transcarbamylase, performed in vitro. The in vitro synthesis of enzymatically-active ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCase) directed by each of the E. coli K-12 OTCase genes (argF and argI) is described. The E. coli OTCase isoenzyme subunits are not identical, whether synthesized in vivo or in vitro, the argF-coded product being about 5% smaller. The OTCase protomers are enzymatically inactive but associate in vitro to an enzymatically active multimer. The rates of subunit association of argF and argI isoenzymes are considerably different. Utilizing the facile assay protocol presented, the regulation of in vitro OTCase synthesis by the specific holorepressor of the arginine regulon is demonstrated. Calculations based upon data presented indicate that there are about 65 molecules of argR gene product per bacterium, a substantially lower estimate than previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:340923", "title": "Complementation analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae mutants defective in nitrogen fixation.", "content": "A series of mutants defective in nitrogen fixation (nif) were isolated in Klebsiella pneumoniae strain M5a1. The nif mutations were either located on plasmid pRD1 or on the K. pneumoniae chromosome. A total of 37 plasmid mutants and 28 chromosomal mutants were employed in complementation tests using the acetylene reduction technique. Most mutants could be assigned to one of seven nif cistrons: nifA, nifB, nifD, nifE, nifF, nifH, and nifK. Complementation analysis of two nif deletion mutants confirmed transductional evidence that these strains carry nifB-A-F deletions. One deletion mutant had, in contrast to previous transductional analysis, a functional nifK cistron and presumably is deleted for nifB-A-F-E. Examination of the biochemical phenotype of several mutants suggests that the nifA product has a regulatory function, and nifK, nifD and nifH are most probably the structural genes for nitrogenase.", "contents": "Complementation analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae mutants defective in nitrogen fixation. A series of mutants defective in nitrogen fixation (nif) were isolated in Klebsiella pneumoniae strain M5a1. The nif mutations were either located on plasmid pRD1 or on the K. pneumoniae chromosome. A total of 37 plasmid mutants and 28 chromosomal mutants were employed in complementation tests using the acetylene reduction technique. Most mutants could be assigned to one of seven nif cistrons: nifA, nifB, nifD, nifE, nifF, nifH, and nifK. Complementation analysis of two nif deletion mutants confirmed transductional evidence that these strains carry nifB-A-F deletions. One deletion mutant had, in contrast to previous transductional analysis, a functional nifK cistron and presumably is deleted for nifB-A-F-E. Examination of the biochemical phenotype of several mutants suggests that the nifA product has a regulatory function, and nifK, nifD and nifH are most probably the structural genes for nitrogenase."}
{"id": "PMID:340924", "title": "Linkage map of the nitrogen fixation (nif) genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "The nif cistrons indentified by complementation analysis in the preceding paper (Dixon et al., 1977) were mapped with respect to hisD and to each other other by P1 cotransduction and three-factor reciprocal crosses. The order obrained was hisD nifB nifA (nifL) nifF nifE nifK nifD nifH. Analysis of hisD2-nif cotransduction data by the Wu equation (Wu, 1966) suggested that the nif genes are divided into two clusters: a his-proximal cluster comprising nifBA(L)F and a his-distal group of nifEKDH.", "contents": "Linkage map of the nitrogen fixation (nif) genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The nif cistrons indentified by complementation analysis in the preceding paper (Dixon et al., 1977) were mapped with respect to hisD and to each other other by P1 cotransduction and three-factor reciprocal crosses. The order obrained was hisD nifB nifA (nifL) nifF nifE nifK nifD nifH. Analysis of hisD2-nif cotransduction data by the Wu equation (Wu, 1966) suggested that the nif genes are divided into two clusters: a his-proximal cluster comprising nifBA(L)F and a his-distal group of nifEKDH."}
{"id": "PMID:340925", "title": "Exchange of ribosomal proteins among the ribosomes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The exchange of ribosomal proteins among ribosomes of E. coli has been measured, using a density label technique. As expected most of the proteins do not exchange appreciably. However a substantial fraction of each of proteins S1, S2, S21, L7/L12, L9, L10, L11, L26 and L33 is found to exchange, but exchange of S1, S2, L7/L12, L10, L11 and L26 is found to occur in vitro after lysis of the cells, and therefore it is not possible to say whether or not these proteins also exchange in vivo. tin contrast S21, l9 and L33 do not exchange after lysis of the cells and we therefore conclude that these proteins exchange in vivo. The maximum level of exchange of S21, L9 and L33 is attained so rapidly that we were unable to show whether or not it was dependent on protein synthesis.", "contents": "Exchange of ribosomal proteins among the ribosomes of Escherichia coli. The exchange of ribosomal proteins among ribosomes of E. coli has been measured, using a density label technique. As expected most of the proteins do not exchange appreciably. However a substantial fraction of each of proteins S1, S2, S21, L7/L12, L9, L10, L11, L26 and L33 is found to exchange, but exchange of S1, S2, L7/L12, L10, L11 and L26 is found to occur in vitro after lysis of the cells, and therefore it is not possible to say whether or not these proteins also exchange in vivo. tin contrast S21, l9 and L33 do not exchange after lysis of the cells and we therefore conclude that these proteins exchange in vivo. The maximum level of exchange of S21, L9 and L33 is attained so rapidly that we were unable to show whether or not it was dependent on protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:340926", "title": "Resistance to 2-deoxyglucose in yeast: a direct selection of mutants lacking glucose-phosphorylating enzymes.", "content": "When strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying a single glucose-phosphorylating enzyme such as hexokinase Pl or hexokinase P2 or glucokinase, are subjected to the selection pressure against the toxic sugar 2-deoxyglucose, the majority of survivors are mutants lacking the respective enzymes. All the 2-deoxyglucose-resistant segregants recovered from backcrosses of these mutants to a wild type strain are glucose-negative and all the sensitive ones are glucose-positive. The hexokinase mutations are located in the same complementation groups as defined by the structural genes of hexokinase P1 and hexokinase P2. No interallelic complementation has been observed either in hexokinase P1 or in hexokinase P2 amongst a total of 4 X 64, and 5 X 60 different combinations of independent mutants at the hxk1 and hxk2 loci respectively. There appears to be neither a common genetic regulator controlling two or more of these glucose-phosphorylating enzymes nor a sugar carrier that can be dispensed with.", "contents": "Resistance to 2-deoxyglucose in yeast: a direct selection of mutants lacking glucose-phosphorylating enzymes. When strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying a single glucose-phosphorylating enzyme such as hexokinase Pl or hexokinase P2 or glucokinase, are subjected to the selection pressure against the toxic sugar 2-deoxyglucose, the majority of survivors are mutants lacking the respective enzymes. All the 2-deoxyglucose-resistant segregants recovered from backcrosses of these mutants to a wild type strain are glucose-negative and all the sensitive ones are glucose-positive. The hexokinase mutations are located in the same complementation groups as defined by the structural genes of hexokinase P1 and hexokinase P2. No interallelic complementation has been observed either in hexokinase P1 or in hexokinase P2 amongst a total of 4 X 64, and 5 X 60 different combinations of independent mutants at the hxk1 and hxk2 loci respectively. There appears to be neither a common genetic regulator controlling two or more of these glucose-phosphorylating enzymes nor a sugar carrier that can be dispensed with."}
{"id": "PMID:340927", "title": "Interaction of E. coli RNA polymerase with promotors of coliphage T5: the rates of complex formation and decay and their correlation with in vitro and in vivo transcriptional activity.", "content": "The genome of virulent coliphage T5 contains about 30 sites which form stable complexes with E. coli RNA polymerase. Some of these sites bind RNA polymerase with high rates, others form extremely stable complexes as compared with promotors of other E. coli systems. The transcriptional activity of these promotors in vivo and in vitro reflects the rate of complex formation with RNA polymerase rather than the stability of the enzyme/promotor complex. The fastest, i.e. the most active promotors are found in the \"early\" region of gene expression followed by promotors of the \"preearly\" class. The few binding sites for the E. coli holoenzyme within the \"late\" region react more slowly with the enzyme.", "contents": "Interaction of E. coli RNA polymerase with promotors of coliphage T5: the rates of complex formation and decay and their correlation with in vitro and in vivo transcriptional activity. The genome of virulent coliphage T5 contains about 30 sites which form stable complexes with E. coli RNA polymerase. Some of these sites bind RNA polymerase with high rates, others form extremely stable complexes as compared with promotors of other E. coli systems. The transcriptional activity of these promotors in vivo and in vitro reflects the rate of complex formation with RNA polymerase rather than the stability of the enzyme/promotor complex. The fastest, i.e. the most active promotors are found in the \"early\" region of gene expression followed by promotors of the \"preearly\" class. The few binding sites for the E. coli holoenzyme within the \"late\" region react more slowly with the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:340928", "title": "The role of misrepair processes in the isolation of new types of streptomycin-resistant mutants in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Treatment of Escherichia coli cells with ethylmethanesulfonate followed by a prolonged delay for phenotypic expression allows to select new types of streptomycin-resistant mutants, which are double mutants with one change resulting from base mispairing and the second one from misrepair. The error-prone recA-dependent pathway is involved in this misrepair, as evidenced by the fact that recA strains do not provide double mutants.", "contents": "The role of misrepair processes in the isolation of new types of streptomycin-resistant mutants in Escherichia coli. Treatment of Escherichia coli cells with ethylmethanesulfonate followed by a prolonged delay for phenotypic expression allows to select new types of streptomycin-resistant mutants, which are double mutants with one change resulting from base mispairing and the second one from misrepair. The error-prone recA-dependent pathway is involved in this misrepair, as evidenced by the fact that recA strains do not provide double mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:340929", "title": "Synthesis and turnover of ribosomal proteins in the absence of 60S subunit assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "We have measured the synthesis and stability of ribosomal proteins in a temperature sensitive strain of yeast which at the restrictive temperature is specifically blocked in the processing of 27S ribosomal precursor RNA. We find that in the absence of 60S ribosomal subunit assembly, the synthesis of all the ribosomal proteins studied continued. However, the proteins of the 60S subunit fail to accumulate and are rapidly degraded.", "contents": "Synthesis and turnover of ribosomal proteins in the absence of 60S subunit assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have measured the synthesis and stability of ribosomal proteins in a temperature sensitive strain of yeast which at the restrictive temperature is specifically blocked in the processing of 27S ribosomal precursor RNA. We find that in the absence of 60S ribosomal subunit assembly, the synthesis of all the ribosomal proteins studied continued. However, the proteins of the 60S subunit fail to accumulate and are rapidly degraded."}
{"id": "PMID:340930", "title": "Overproducing araC protein with lambda-arabinose transducing phage.", "content": "Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage lambda-arabinose transducing phage were tested as sources of araC protein. Infection of cells with such phage produces an intracellular concentration of araC protein up to 100 times that present in wild-type E. coli, apparently resulting from fusion of the araC gene to bacteriophage lambda promoters. Lysates from these phage-infected cells may be fractionated to yield another 100-fold enrichment in araC activity so that the total enrichment is 10,000-fold. A nonsense mutation in araC provided proof of the identification on gel electrophoresis of a band in the purified material. Biologically active araC protein is a dimer with 28,000 M.W. subunits. The araC gene in these phage replaces the int-xis genes but is oriented in the opposite direction. Nonetheless, it appears to be transcribed in this position by the phage promoter pr via transcription the long way around. Furthermore, because araC gene is in this position, we were able to isolate phage on which the araC gene was under phage late gene control by deletion of the late gene transcription stop signals in the b2 region.", "contents": "Overproducing araC protein with lambda-arabinose transducing phage. Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage lambda-arabinose transducing phage were tested as sources of araC protein. Infection of cells with such phage produces an intracellular concentration of araC protein up to 100 times that present in wild-type E. coli, apparently resulting from fusion of the araC gene to bacteriophage lambda promoters. Lysates from these phage-infected cells may be fractionated to yield another 100-fold enrichment in araC activity so that the total enrichment is 10,000-fold. A nonsense mutation in araC provided proof of the identification on gel electrophoresis of a band in the purified material. Biologically active araC protein is a dimer with 28,000 M.W. subunits. The araC gene in these phage replaces the int-xis genes but is oriented in the opposite direction. Nonetheless, it appears to be transcribed in this position by the phage promoter pr via transcription the long way around. Furthermore, because araC gene is in this position, we were able to isolate phage on which the araC gene was under phage late gene control by deletion of the late gene transcription stop signals in the b2 region."}
{"id": "PMID:340931", "title": "In vitro construction of plasmids which result in overproduction of the protein product of the araC gene of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Derivatives of the Escherichia coli drug resistance plasmid pMB-9 were constructed which contain the promoter from the lactose operon of E. coli fused to the araC gene of E. coli. E. coli possessing these plasmids contain about 50 times as much of the araC gene product as do cells with a wild-type araC gene and promotor.", "contents": "In vitro construction of plasmids which result in overproduction of the protein product of the araC gene of Escherichia coli. Derivatives of the Escherichia coli drug resistance plasmid pMB-9 were constructed which contain the promoter from the lactose operon of E. coli fused to the araC gene of E. coli. E. coli possessing these plasmids contain about 50 times as much of the araC gene product as do cells with a wild-type araC gene and promotor."}
{"id": "PMID:340932", "title": "The regulation of RNA synthesis in yeast II: Amino acids shift-up experiments.", "content": "A study has been made of the effects of a casamino acids shift-up on a prototrophic strain of yeast growing under conditions of ammonium repression. The shift-up produced an increase in growth rate some 120 min after the addition of amino acids to the medium. This growth rate increase was slightly preceded by an increase in the rate of accumulation of DNA. In contrast, the rate of accumulation of protein increased immediately and that of RNA 15-20 min after the shift. RNA was initially accumulated at a rate greater than that required to sustain the new steady state. This was shown to be due to an increase in the rate of synthesis of the rRNA species derived from the 35S precursor. The rate of synthesis of 5S rRNA and of tRNA increased much later and to a lesser extent than that of the 35S derived species. The implications of these results for general theories of regulation of RNA synthesis are discussed.", "contents": "The regulation of RNA synthesis in yeast II: Amino acids shift-up experiments. A study has been made of the effects of a casamino acids shift-up on a prototrophic strain of yeast growing under conditions of ammonium repression. The shift-up produced an increase in growth rate some 120 min after the addition of amino acids to the medium. This growth rate increase was slightly preceded by an increase in the rate of accumulation of DNA. In contrast, the rate of accumulation of protein increased immediately and that of RNA 15-20 min after the shift. RNA was initially accumulated at a rate greater than that required to sustain the new steady state. This was shown to be due to an increase in the rate of synthesis of the rRNA species derived from the 35S precursor. The rate of synthesis of 5S rRNA and of tRNA increased much later and to a lesser extent than that of the 35S derived species. The implications of these results for general theories of regulation of RNA synthesis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:340933", "title": "Improved electrophoretic and immunochemical techniques for the identification and characterization of mutant proteins, applied to ribosomal protein S8 in Escherichia coli mutants.", "content": "The ribosomal proteins of 11 mutants which are sensitive to starvation at elevated temperature and of 36 transductants derived from them were studied with several electrophoretic, immunochemical and proteinchemical methods. The following results were obtained: (1) Ribosomal protein S8 is altered in three of these mutants. (2) The amino acid exchange in proteins S8 of mutant N4128 is Glu leads to Lys in position 59 of the protein chain. (3) Temperature sensitivity and inability to recover from starvation at elevated temperatures are caused by the same mutational event which is, however, unrelated to the alteration in protein S8. Several electrophoretic and immunological procedures were applied during the characterization of these mutants. A modified immunoelectrophoresis on cellulose acetate gels was developed, and proved to be the most applicable procedure for the detection of mutationally altered ribosomal proteins. This procedure may gain general importance for detecting mutational alterations in other proteins.", "contents": "Improved electrophoretic and immunochemical techniques for the identification and characterization of mutant proteins, applied to ribosomal protein S8 in Escherichia coli mutants. The ribosomal proteins of 11 mutants which are sensitive to starvation at elevated temperature and of 36 transductants derived from them were studied with several electrophoretic, immunochemical and proteinchemical methods. The following results were obtained: (1) Ribosomal protein S8 is altered in three of these mutants. (2) The amino acid exchange in proteins S8 of mutant N4128 is Glu leads to Lys in position 59 of the protein chain. (3) Temperature sensitivity and inability to recover from starvation at elevated temperatures are caused by the same mutational event which is, however, unrelated to the alteration in protein S8. Several electrophoretic and immunological procedures were applied during the characterization of these mutants. A modified immunoelectrophoresis on cellulose acetate gels was developed, and proved to be the most applicable procedure for the detection of mutationally altered ribosomal proteins. This procedure may gain general importance for detecting mutational alterations in other proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:340934", "title": "UV-sensitivity and repair of UV-damages in Salmonella of wild type.", "content": "The UV-sensitivity of wild type Salmonella strains has been compared to that of wild type E. cole and its UV-sensitive mutants. Many wild type Salmonella strains are 4-5 times more sensitive than wild type E. coli and their inactivation curves is similar to that for E. coli with a mutation in the polA gene. Alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation has shown a deficiency of these strains in normal excision repair of UV-damaged DNA. This deficiency is not a Salmonella genus feature because one strain as resistant as wild type E. coli was found. This resistant strain showed normal excision repair in alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation experiments. The possible influence of plasmids and mutations in repair genes on the ability of Salmonella to repair UV-damages DNA is discussed.", "contents": "UV-sensitivity and repair of UV-damages in Salmonella of wild type. The UV-sensitivity of wild type Salmonella strains has been compared to that of wild type E. cole and its UV-sensitive mutants. Many wild type Salmonella strains are 4-5 times more sensitive than wild type E. coli and their inactivation curves is similar to that for E. coli with a mutation in the polA gene. Alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation has shown a deficiency of these strains in normal excision repair of UV-damaged DNA. This deficiency is not a Salmonella genus feature because one strain as resistant as wild type E. coli was found. This resistant strain showed normal excision repair in alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation experiments. The possible influence of plasmids and mutations in repair genes on the ability of Salmonella to repair UV-damages DNA is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:340936", "title": "Molecular properties of yeast glucokinase.", "content": "Glucokinase from baker's yeast has been purified to homogeneity. The molecular weight of the subunit is 51,000. The native enzyme sediments with S20,w values in the range of 19 to nearly 4S. The presence of glucose and phosphate favors the heavier species while ATP causes depolymerization. Titration experiments with the Ellman reagent support this view. The enzyme subunit has four sulfhydryl residues of which one is more reactive than the other three. However, it does not seem to be directly responsible for the catalytic activity. The amino acid composition of the enzyme is similar to those of the hexokinases P1 and P2 but for aspartic acid and histidine.", "contents": "Molecular properties of yeast glucokinase. Glucokinase from baker's yeast has been purified to homogeneity. The molecular weight of the subunit is 51,000. The native enzyme sediments with S20,w values in the range of 19 to nearly 4S. The presence of glucose and phosphate favors the heavier species while ATP causes depolymerization. Titration experiments with the Ellman reagent support this view. The enzyme subunit has four sulfhydryl residues of which one is more reactive than the other three. However, it does not seem to be directly responsible for the catalytic activity. The amino acid composition of the enzyme is similar to those of the hexokinases P1 and P2 but for aspartic acid and histidine."}
{"id": "PMID:340937", "title": "The polymerization reaction of muscle actin.", "content": "Recent advances in the studies of the aggregation of G-actin monomers, containing one molecule of ATP, to long filaments of F-actin, with a concomitant hydrolysis of the nucleotide to ADP, are reviewed. With the aid of omega-ATP, the association and dissociation rate constant of the nucleotide could be determined. The binding of the nucleotide is enhanced by the binding of one Ca++ ion, probably at a different site. The delta G value of the Mg++ or Ca++ induced polymerization has been determined to --39 to--59 kJ/mole, the critical protein concentration for the ATP-G-actin to ADP-F-actin conversion is very strongly influenced by the concentration of bivalent cations. The rate constants of the protein monomers, and the rate and equilibrium constants for the propagation step show the process to be extremely cooperative. Actin shows the interesting phenomenon of translocational head-to-tail polymerization, which may be regulated by ATP. The contact sites between the monomers in F-actin have been labeled by chemical modification. Two tryosine residues, 53 and 69, are probably close to one of the two sites. The ATP binding sites has been labeled by an ATP analog, and there is evidence that it is close to the contact site.", "contents": "The polymerization reaction of muscle actin. Recent advances in the studies of the aggregation of G-actin monomers, containing one molecule of ATP, to long filaments of F-actin, with a concomitant hydrolysis of the nucleotide to ADP, are reviewed. With the aid of omega-ATP, the association and dissociation rate constant of the nucleotide could be determined. The binding of the nucleotide is enhanced by the binding of one Ca++ ion, probably at a different site. The delta G value of the Mg++ or Ca++ induced polymerization has been determined to --39 to--59 kJ/mole, the critical protein concentration for the ATP-G-actin to ADP-F-actin conversion is very strongly influenced by the concentration of bivalent cations. The rate constants of the protein monomers, and the rate and equilibrium constants for the propagation step show the process to be extremely cooperative. Actin shows the interesting phenomenon of translocational head-to-tail polymerization, which may be regulated by ATP. The contact sites between the monomers in F-actin have been labeled by chemical modification. Two tryosine residues, 53 and 69, are probably close to one of the two sites. The ATP binding sites has been labeled by an ATP analog, and there is evidence that it is close to the contact site."}
{"id": "PMID:340938", "title": "An evaluation of Tween 80 effects on the survival and DNA repair in Escherichia coli following UV or gamma irradiation.", "content": "The notion that Tween 80 may be a DNA-repair inhibitor was tested with Escherichia coli. The results indicate that cell growth, colony-forming ability, and the rate and extent of removal of thymine-containing dimers from DNA are unchanged in the presence of Tween 80. We conclude that this detergent does not increase or diminish the effect of UV or gamma irradiation to bacteria.", "contents": "An evaluation of Tween 80 effects on the survival and DNA repair in Escherichia coli following UV or gamma irradiation. The notion that Tween 80 may be a DNA-repair inhibitor was tested with Escherichia coli. The results indicate that cell growth, colony-forming ability, and the rate and extent of removal of thymine-containing dimers from DNA are unchanged in the presence of Tween 80. We conclude that this detergent does not increase or diminish the effect of UV or gamma irradiation to bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:340939", "title": "Localization of gamma-rays induced chromatid breaks using a three consecutive staining technique.", "content": "Three staining techniques (Giemsa, Q-banding and R-banding) are used consecutively to localize the breakage points in chromosomes of human lymphocytes, irradiated during G2-phase with gamma-rays, at doses ranging from 50 to 200 rad. The large majority, about 85% of the breaks, occurs at the interbands, between R- and Q-bands. The discrepancy of this result, with regard to previously reported ones, is attributed to the strong bias of analysis when only one staining technique is used.", "contents": "Localization of gamma-rays induced chromatid breaks using a three consecutive staining technique. Three staining techniques (Giemsa, Q-banding and R-banding) are used consecutively to localize the breakage points in chromosomes of human lymphocytes, irradiated during G2-phase with gamma-rays, at doses ranging from 50 to 200 rad. The large majority, about 85% of the breaks, occurs at the interbands, between R- and Q-bands. The discrepancy of this result, with regard to previously reported ones, is attributed to the strong bias of analysis when only one staining technique is used."}
{"id": "PMID:340941", "title": "Mode of mutagenic action of 4-benzoylamido- and 4-acetamido-4-carboxamido-n(N-nitroso)-butylcyanamide.", "content": "The mode of mutagenic action of 4-benzoylamido- and 4-acetamido- 4-carboxamido-n(N-nitroso)-butylcyanamide (BCNBC, ACNBC) was studied using Escherichia coli K12 strains. The strains carrying defects in DNA-repair mechanism, AB2463 (recA) and P3478 (polA) were more sensitive than their parent strains to both compounds, while AB1886 (uvrA) showed the same sensitivity as the parental strain. About 90% of tryptophan revertants from BE1043 (trpambphoamb) by both compounds were due to mutation in suppressor genes. Suppressor analysis by using BE1047 (trpambphooch) revealed that the most frequently occurring reversion was due to a mutation in suppressor gene, supE. This implies that these two alkylnitrosocyanamides predominantly induce GC leads to AT transition.", "contents": "Mode of mutagenic action of 4-benzoylamido- and 4-acetamido-4-carboxamido-n(N-nitroso)-butylcyanamide. The mode of mutagenic action of 4-benzoylamido- and 4-acetamido- 4-carboxamido-n(N-nitroso)-butylcyanamide (BCNBC, ACNBC) was studied using Escherichia coli K12 strains. The strains carrying defects in DNA-repair mechanism, AB2463 (recA) and P3478 (polA) were more sensitive than their parent strains to both compounds, while AB1886 (uvrA) showed the same sensitivity as the parental strain. About 90% of tryptophan revertants from BE1043 (trpambphoamb) by both compounds were due to mutation in suppressor genes. Suppressor analysis by using BE1047 (trpambphooch) revealed that the most frequently occurring reversion was due to a mutation in suppressor gene, supE. This implies that these two alkylnitrosocyanamides predominantly induce GC leads to AT transition."}
{"id": "PMID:340942", "title": "Sulfinpyrazone in the prevention of cardiac death after myocardial infarction. The Anturane Reinfarction Trial.", "content": "The Anturane Reinfarction Trial is a randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial comparing sulfinpyrazone (200 mg four times a day) and placebo in the prevention of cardiac mortality among patients with a recent documented myocardial infarction. Results represent data accumulated on 1475 cligible patients entered 25 to 35 days after myocardial infarction and followed for an average of 8.4 months. The data reflect excellent randomization, compliance with therapy and tolerance of the drug. All 69 deaths were a cardiovascular nature (68 cardiac and one cerebrovascular). For cardiac deaths, the annual death rate was 9.5 per cent in the placebo group and 4.9 per cent in the sulfinpyrazone group, representing an observed reduction of 48.5 per cent (P = 0.018). The annual sudden-cardiac-death rate was 6.3 per cent for the placebo and 2.7 per cent for the sulfinpyrazone group, representing a 57.2 per cent reduction in sudden-cardiac-death rate (P = 0.015). Sulfinpyrazone appears to be effective in reducing cardiac deaths during the first year after myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Sulfinpyrazone in the prevention of cardiac death after myocardial infarction. The Anturane Reinfarction Trial. The Anturane Reinfarction Trial is a randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial comparing sulfinpyrazone (200 mg four times a day) and placebo in the prevention of cardiac mortality among patients with a recent documented myocardial infarction. Results represent data accumulated on 1475 cligible patients entered 25 to 35 days after myocardial infarction and followed for an average of 8.4 months. The data reflect excellent randomization, compliance with therapy and tolerance of the drug. All 69 deaths were a cardiovascular nature (68 cardiac and one cerebrovascular). For cardiac deaths, the annual death rate was 9.5 per cent in the placebo group and 4.9 per cent in the sulfinpyrazone group, representing an observed reduction of 48.5 per cent (P = 0.018). The annual sudden-cardiac-death rate was 6.3 per cent for the placebo and 2.7 per cent for the sulfinpyrazone group, representing a 57.2 per cent reduction in sudden-cardiac-death rate (P = 0.015). Sulfinpyrazone appears to be effective in reducing cardiac deaths during the first year after myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:340945", "title": "Bronchodilator effects of terbutaline and aminophylline alone and in combination in asthmatic patients.", "content": "In 17 patients with moderate to severe asthma, we compared acute bronchodilator effects of the following drugs or drug combinations using a double-blind crossover design: terbutaline, 5; aminophyline 400; terbutaline, 5, plus aminophyline, 400; terbutaline, 2.5; aminophylline, 200; terbutaline, 2.5, plus aminophyline, 200 mg; and placebo. The higher doses of terbutaline and aminophylline alone produced comparable bronchodilation and similarly frequent adverse side effects; low doses of each drug also had comparable effects. The high-dose combination produced significantly (P less than 0.05) greater bronchodilatation than either drug alone. The low dose combination had bronchodilator effects comparable to those produced by the higher dose of either drug alone. These findings suggest therapeutic advantages in combining high doses of theophylline and an oral beta adrenergic agonist (terbutaline) in asthma not well controlled on high doses of either drug alone and in combining these drugs in lower doses in patients experiencing intolerable side effects from a high dose of either drug.", "contents": "Bronchodilator effects of terbutaline and aminophylline alone and in combination in asthmatic patients. In 17 patients with moderate to severe asthma, we compared acute bronchodilator effects of the following drugs or drug combinations using a double-blind crossover design: terbutaline, 5; aminophyline 400; terbutaline, 5, plus aminophyline, 400; terbutaline, 2.5; aminophylline, 200; terbutaline, 2.5, plus aminophyline, 200 mg; and placebo. The higher doses of terbutaline and aminophylline alone produced comparable bronchodilation and similarly frequent adverse side effects; low doses of each drug also had comparable effects. The high-dose combination produced significantly (P less than 0.05) greater bronchodilatation than either drug alone. The low dose combination had bronchodilator effects comparable to those produced by the higher dose of either drug alone. These findings suggest therapeutic advantages in combining high doses of theophylline and an oral beta adrenergic agonist (terbutaline) in asthma not well controlled on high doses of either drug alone and in combining these drugs in lower doses in patients experiencing intolerable side effects from a high dose of either drug."}
{"id": "PMID:340946", "title": "Pragmatic realities in uremia therapy.", "content": "The present status and future prospects of uremia therapy in the United States are reviewed. Approximately 3500 renal transplants were done in 1976 as compared to 3700 in 1975. Functional two-year survival of grafts has not changed recently (40 to 45 per cent for cadaver donors; 70 to 75 per cent for siblings), but patient survival with cadaver grafts continues to improve (now 65 per cent at two years). Patients on hemodialysis in facilities are increasing rapidly. Only 13 per cent are on home dialysis, as compared with nearly 40 per cent five years ago. Home patients do at least as well as those in centers (80 per cent two-year survival) and cost 40 per cent less. Physician bias probably explains the trend to center dialysis, but pending legislation may provide new incentives for home treatment. Prospects for technical advances are good, but a greater federal investment in research and development is needed. Dollars saved on the center dialysis could be used for this purpose.", "contents": "Pragmatic realities in uremia therapy. The present status and future prospects of uremia therapy in the United States are reviewed. Approximately 3500 renal transplants were done in 1976 as compared to 3700 in 1975. Functional two-year survival of grafts has not changed recently (40 to 45 per cent for cadaver donors; 70 to 75 per cent for siblings), but patient survival with cadaver grafts continues to improve (now 65 per cent at two years). Patients on hemodialysis in facilities are increasing rapidly. Only 13 per cent are on home dialysis, as compared with nearly 40 per cent five years ago. Home patients do at least as well as those in centers (80 per cent two-year survival) and cost 40 per cent less. Physician bias probably explains the trend to center dialysis, but pending legislation may provide new incentives for home treatment. Prospects for technical advances are good, but a greater federal investment in research and development is needed. Dollars saved on the center dialysis could be used for this purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:340947", "title": "Predicting treatment costs and life expectancy for end-stage renal disease.", "content": "To estimate the cumulative 10-year direct medical costs and life expectancy associated with different methods of treatment for end-stage renal disease, we assessed predictively three treatment transition options. It is predicted that if 1000 patients shift from facility to home dialysis for each of 10 years, life expectancy of the cohort will not be reduced, but there will be a reduction of $241 million in total costs. The same number shifting from facility dialysis to cadaveric transplantation are predicted to have a $279 to $330 million reduction in total costs but a reduction of 7 to 17 per cent in life expectancy. Shifting from home dialysis to transplantation is predicted to reduce total costs by +103 to $142 million, and life expectancy by 10 to 20 per cent. As new program policies for treatment of end-stage renal disease are developed, their effect on both costs and life expectancy needs to be considered.", "contents": "Predicting treatment costs and life expectancy for end-stage renal disease. To estimate the cumulative 10-year direct medical costs and life expectancy associated with different methods of treatment for end-stage renal disease, we assessed predictively three treatment transition options. It is predicted that if 1000 patients shift from facility to home dialysis for each of 10 years, life expectancy of the cohort will not be reduced, but there will be a reduction of $241 million in total costs. The same number shifting from facility dialysis to cadaveric transplantation are predicted to have a $279 to $330 million reduction in total costs but a reduction of 7 to 17 per cent in life expectancy. Shifting from home dialysis to transplantation is predicted to reduce total costs by +103 to $142 million, and life expectancy by 10 to 20 per cent. As new program policies for treatment of end-stage renal disease are developed, their effect on both costs and life expectancy needs to be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:340949", "title": "Efficacy of single-dose and conventional amoxicillin therapy in urinary-tract infection localized by the antibody-coated bacteria technic.", "content": "Urine specimens from 61 women with symptoms of cystitis who are infected with amoxicillin-sensitive organisms were examined by the antibody-coated bacteria assay. Patients with negative assays were randomized to receive either a single 3-g oral dose of amoxicillin or 10 days of amoxicillin, 250 mg, given by mouth four times per day (conventional therapy). Patients with positive assays received conventional therapy. All 43 patients without antibody-coated bacteria in the urine, 22 given single-dose therapy and 21 treated conventionally, were cured of their infection. Of 18 patients with antibody-coated bacteria, nine relapsed within one week of completion of conventional therapy. The results of the antibody-coated bacteria assay appear to predict the therapeutic response: both single-dose and conventional amoxicillin therapy are completely successful in patients with negative assays; in contrast, conventional therapy is ineffective in 50 per cent of patients with positive assays.", "contents": "Efficacy of single-dose and conventional amoxicillin therapy in urinary-tract infection localized by the antibody-coated bacteria technic. Urine specimens from 61 women with symptoms of cystitis who are infected with amoxicillin-sensitive organisms were examined by the antibody-coated bacteria assay. Patients with negative assays were randomized to receive either a single 3-g oral dose of amoxicillin or 10 days of amoxicillin, 250 mg, given by mouth four times per day (conventional therapy). Patients with positive assays received conventional therapy. All 43 patients without antibody-coated bacteria in the urine, 22 given single-dose therapy and 21 treated conventionally, were cured of their infection. Of 18 patients with antibody-coated bacteria, nine relapsed within one week of completion of conventional therapy. The results of the antibody-coated bacteria assay appear to predict the therapeutic response: both single-dose and conventional amoxicillin therapy are completely successful in patients with negative assays; in contrast, conventional therapy is ineffective in 50 per cent of patients with positive assays."}
{"id": "PMID:340950", "title": "Morphologic and functional evidence for release of mast-cell products in bullous pemphigoid.", "content": "We studied nine patients with bullous pemphigoid, a generalized cutaneous eruption- for evidence of mast-cell involvement during development of lesions. As in other reports, six of nine patients demonstrated a serum antibody directed against the epidermal basement-membrane zone. Direct immunofluorescence studies of lesions revealed depostion of immunoglobulin and complement proteins at the basement-membrane zone in six of nine and nine of nine patients, respectively. Participation of mast cells was suggested by a sequence of pathologic alterations in which there was progressive mast-cell degranulation and late eosinophil infiltration. In addition, a factor chemotactic for human eosinophils with the size and charge characteristics of the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis was identified in blullous fluid. The data indicate that, in addition to activation of the complement system, involvement of mast cells is an early and continuing event in the development of the cutanenous lesions of bullous pemphigoid.", "contents": "Morphologic and functional evidence for release of mast-cell products in bullous pemphigoid. We studied nine patients with bullous pemphigoid, a generalized cutaneous eruption- for evidence of mast-cell involvement during development of lesions. As in other reports, six of nine patients demonstrated a serum antibody directed against the epidermal basement-membrane zone. Direct immunofluorescence studies of lesions revealed depostion of immunoglobulin and complement proteins at the basement-membrane zone in six of nine and nine of nine patients, respectively. Participation of mast cells was suggested by a sequence of pathologic alterations in which there was progressive mast-cell degranulation and late eosinophil infiltration. In addition, a factor chemotactic for human eosinophils with the size and charge characteristics of the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis was identified in blullous fluid. The data indicate that, in addition to activation of the complement system, involvement of mast cells is an early and continuing event in the development of the cutanenous lesions of bullous pemphigoid."}
{"id": "PMID:340954", "title": "Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: cell wall structure and virulence. A review.", "content": "Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis or South American blastomycosis. Many aspects of the disease and its agent are unknown. One of the most important factors regarding the infection and the host-parasite relationships seems to be the fungal cell wall whose biochemical aspects are reviewed here. Biochemical studies, done mainly by Kanetsuna et al., (21,22), have demonstrated that the yeastlike (Y) and the mycelial (M) forms have chitin as a common polysaccharide, with alpha-1, 3-glucan in the Y form and beta-1, 3-glucan in the M form. These polysaccharides are fibrillar and determine to some degree the fungal shape. Moreover, an amorphous galactomannan is found in the cell wall of the M form. This compound is responsible for the antigenic properties of the cell wall (1). Recent studies (30-33) suggest that the cell wall does not possess a stable chemical structure but a rather changing one, as a function of the environment in which the fungus is grown. At the same time, the cell wall composition seems to correlate with the degree of virulence of the particular strain. From these observations it may be deduced that the constituent polysaccharides of P. brasiliensis cell wall, play an important role in the active protection of the fungus against the defensive mechanisms of the host.", "contents": "Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: cell wall structure and virulence. A review. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis or South American blastomycosis. Many aspects of the disease and its agent are unknown. One of the most important factors regarding the infection and the host-parasite relationships seems to be the fungal cell wall whose biochemical aspects are reviewed here. Biochemical studies, done mainly by Kanetsuna et al., (21,22), have demonstrated that the yeastlike (Y) and the mycelial (M) forms have chitin as a common polysaccharide, with alpha-1, 3-glucan in the Y form and beta-1, 3-glucan in the M form. These polysaccharides are fibrillar and determine to some degree the fungal shape. Moreover, an amorphous galactomannan is found in the cell wall of the M form. This compound is responsible for the antigenic properties of the cell wall (1). Recent studies (30-33) suggest that the cell wall does not possess a stable chemical structure but a rather changing one, as a function of the environment in which the fungus is grown. At the same time, the cell wall composition seems to correlate with the degree of virulence of the particular strain. From these observations it may be deduced that the constituent polysaccharides of P. brasiliensis cell wall, play an important role in the active protection of the fungus against the defensive mechanisms of the host."}
{"id": "PMID:340956", "title": "Chromatin.", "content": "The approximate shape of the chromatin subunit called the nucleosome is now known, but its internal architecture is not well understood. Recent studies reveal details of the organisation of DNA within the nucleosome, and show that the arginine-rich histones are essential to DNA folding. Nucleosomes or structures related to them seem to be present at points of DNA replication and transcription; interactions within and between nucleosomes are likely to play a critical part in these processes.", "contents": "Chromatin. The approximate shape of the chromatin subunit called the nucleosome is now known, but its internal architecture is not well understood. Recent studies reveal details of the organisation of DNA within the nucleosome, and show that the arginine-rich histones are essential to DNA folding. Nucleosomes or structures related to them seem to be present at points of DNA replication and transcription; interactions within and between nucleosomes are likely to play a critical part in these processes."}
{"id": "PMID:340974", "title": "Evidence for the existence of LH-RH binding protein.", "content": "LH-RH in rat hypothalamic extract (HE) emerges in 2 peaks after gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 with pyridine acetate buffer (PAB), pH 5.8, 1 peak in the unretarded protein fraction and the other near the salt region. A synthetic LH-RH marker was found only in the peak near the salt region by elution with acid. Using a dialysis technique, a protein fraction, from which LH-RH and other small molecular weight material were dissociated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 with acid, showed affinity for synthetic LH-RH. Synthetic LH-RH in the hypothalamic protein solution was retained in the dialysis bags more effectively than other types of protein solutions. This binding protein is of relatively small molecular size according to gel filtration behavior on Sephadex G-75. Since the dialysis experiment showed extremely poor recovery of total LH-RH, we determined the rate of loss of LH-RH under several conditions. The rate of disappearance was significantly less in solutions containing protein derived from cerebellum and hypothalamus, compared to bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution or salt solution. The ability of the hypothalamic protein to retard the rate of disappearance of LH-RH is further evidence for a special affinity between LH-RH and the protein factor. It is concluded that the protein LH-RH complex is dissociated by lowering the pH and that the dissociated protein and synthetic LH-RH can be re-associated to form a protein-hormone (PrH) complex at neutral pH.", "contents": "Evidence for the existence of LH-RH binding protein. LH-RH in rat hypothalamic extract (HE) emerges in 2 peaks after gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 with pyridine acetate buffer (PAB), pH 5.8, 1 peak in the unretarded protein fraction and the other near the salt region. A synthetic LH-RH marker was found only in the peak near the salt region by elution with acid. Using a dialysis technique, a protein fraction, from which LH-RH and other small molecular weight material were dissociated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 with acid, showed affinity for synthetic LH-RH. Synthetic LH-RH in the hypothalamic protein solution was retained in the dialysis bags more effectively than other types of protein solutions. This binding protein is of relatively small molecular size according to gel filtration behavior on Sephadex G-75. Since the dialysis experiment showed extremely poor recovery of total LH-RH, we determined the rate of loss of LH-RH under several conditions. The rate of disappearance was significantly less in solutions containing protein derived from cerebellum and hypothalamus, compared to bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution or salt solution. The ability of the hypothalamic protein to retard the rate of disappearance of LH-RH is further evidence for a special affinity between LH-RH and the protein factor. It is concluded that the protein LH-RH complex is dissociated by lowering the pH and that the dissociated protein and synthetic LH-RH can be re-associated to form a protein-hormone (PrH) complex at neutral pH."}
{"id": "PMID:340975", "title": "Deanol, lithium and placebo in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. A double-blind crossover study.", "content": "A double-blind crossover study on the effects of deanol and lithium carbonate was conducted on a sample of 29 chronic schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia. In addition to his usual treatment with different neuroleptics, each patient received during an 8-week period either deanol, lithium carbonate or placebo. A 4-week wash-out period was inserted between each of the 8-week periods of experimental treatment of the tardive dyskinesia. The administration of either deanol, lithium carbonate or placebo added to the neuroleptic treatment did not produce a statistically significant improvement of tardive dyskinesia in our patient population as a whole. Favorable and unfavorable responses are discussed.", "contents": "Deanol, lithium and placebo in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. A double-blind crossover study. A double-blind crossover study on the effects of deanol and lithium carbonate was conducted on a sample of 29 chronic schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia. In addition to his usual treatment with different neuroleptics, each patient received during an 8-week period either deanol, lithium carbonate or placebo. A 4-week wash-out period was inserted between each of the 8-week periods of experimental treatment of the tardive dyskinesia. The administration of either deanol, lithium carbonate or placebo added to the neuroleptic treatment did not produce a statistically significant improvement of tardive dyskinesia in our patient population as a whole. Favorable and unfavorable responses are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:340976", "title": "[The mode of action of neurohormones on the central nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "We tried to understand how hypophysiotropic polypeptides could be carried into some areas of the central nervous system. Granulations of neurosecretion in the ependymal cells and the presence of releasing hormones in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suggest that CSF may transport these substances between the hypothalamus and other areas in the brain. Direct connections between the hypothalamus and other parts of the brain through secreting neurons are not necessary, the CSF transmitting to the cerebral hemispheres the hypothalamic polypeptides by the ventricles at the infundibulum.", "contents": "[The mode of action of neurohormones on the central nervous system (author's transl)]. We tried to understand how hypophysiotropic polypeptides could be carried into some areas of the central nervous system. Granulations of neurosecretion in the ependymal cells and the presence of releasing hormones in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suggest that CSF may transport these substances between the hypothalamus and other areas in the brain. Direct connections between the hypothalamus and other parts of the brain through secreting neurons are not necessary, the CSF transmitting to the cerebral hemispheres the hypothalamic polypeptides by the ventricles at the infundibulum."}
{"id": "PMID:340980", "title": "Treatment of Bell palsy with prednisone: a prospective, randomized study.", "content": "Two hundred thirty-nine patients with Bell palsy were randomly distributed into prednisone-treated and control groups. Patients were followed until complete recovery or for 1 year. In the steroid-treated and control groups, respectively, incomplete recovery of facial strength occurred in 12 percent and 20 percent; motor synkinesis in 9 percent and 15 percent; autonomic synkinesis in 1 percent and 10 percent; and electromyographic evidence of severe denervation in 9 percent and 17 percent. The differences reached statistical significance only for autonomic synkinesis. In the total series recovery of facial strength was incomplete in 16 percent. Residual weakness was mild in 14 percent and moderate in 2 percent. No patient remained with severe weakness. Age, hyperacusis, and severity of the initial palsy were associated with an increased risk of poor outcome.", "contents": "Treatment of Bell palsy with prednisone: a prospective, randomized study. Two hundred thirty-nine patients with Bell palsy were randomly distributed into prednisone-treated and control groups. Patients were followed until complete recovery or for 1 year. In the steroid-treated and control groups, respectively, incomplete recovery of facial strength occurred in 12 percent and 20 percent; motor synkinesis in 9 percent and 15 percent; autonomic synkinesis in 1 percent and 10 percent; and electromyographic evidence of severe denervation in 9 percent and 17 percent. The differences reached statistical significance only for autonomic synkinesis. In the total series recovery of facial strength was incomplete in 16 percent. Residual weakness was mild in 14 percent and moderate in 2 percent. No patient remained with severe weakness. Age, hyperacusis, and severity of the initial palsy were associated with an increased risk of poor outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:340984", "title": "[Immunopathology of the hepatic damage caused by alcohol. Recent acquisitions].", "content": "Recent findings in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease suggest that immunological factors play a leading part in addition to the damaging action of alcohol. Immunological phenomena affected by Mallory's bodies take on considerable importance with respect to humoral immunity. As regards cell immunity, the leucocyte migration inhibition test shows that the lymphocytes of liver-diseased alcoholics can produce the migration inhibiting factor. Deposit of collagen in the liver appears to be induced by lymphocytes sensitized by Mallory's bodies. Recent experimental studies based on the use of collagen synthesis inhibitors (colchicine and penicillamine) may have therapeutic implications.", "contents": "[Immunopathology of the hepatic damage caused by alcohol. Recent acquisitions]. Recent findings in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease suggest that immunological factors play a leading part in addition to the damaging action of alcohol. Immunological phenomena affected by Mallory's bodies take on considerable importance with respect to humoral immunity. As regards cell immunity, the leucocyte migration inhibition test shows that the lymphocytes of liver-diseased alcoholics can produce the migration inhibiting factor. Deposit of collagen in the liver appears to be induced by lymphocytes sensitized by Mallory's bodies. Recent experimental studies based on the use of collagen synthesis inhibitors (colchicine and penicillamine) may have therapeutic implications."}
{"id": "PMID:340985", "title": "[Proposal for the introduction of a new substance into hospital practice: dipropyl acetate sodium in the prevention and treatment of alcoholic delirium].", "content": "Reference is made to two years' work with the sodium salt of N-dipropylacetic acid in the prevention and treatment of alcoholic delirium tremens in 1500 subjects. The drug impeded the onset of the syndrome, or reduced its duration and gravity in cases where it was already present. It appeared suitable for the specific correction of the CNS functional changes responsible for delirium tremens.", "contents": "[Proposal for the introduction of a new substance into hospital practice: dipropyl acetate sodium in the prevention and treatment of alcoholic delirium]. Reference is made to two years' work with the sodium salt of N-dipropylacetic acid in the prevention and treatment of alcoholic delirium tremens in 1500 subjects. The drug impeded the onset of the syndrome, or reduced its duration and gravity in cases where it was already present. It appeared suitable for the specific correction of the CNS functional changes responsible for delirium tremens."}
{"id": "PMID:340992", "title": "Management of compression injuries of the hand.", "content": "Management of compression injuries of the hand. Primary treatment of extreme conversatism is recommended. Repair by local tissues is superior in every way as regards function, sensation and appearance of the hand. Where local tissues cannot be used free skin grafting and distant flaps should be considered.", "contents": "Management of compression injuries of the hand. Management of compression injuries of the hand. Primary treatment of extreme conversatism is recommended. Repair by local tissues is superior in every way as regards function, sensation and appearance of the hand. Where local tissues cannot be used free skin grafting and distant flaps should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:341005", "title": "The XX male: two case reports.", "content": "Two cases of phenotypic males with XX karyotype are described, illustrating the spectrum of physical and hormonal features found in this unusual condition.", "contents": "The XX male: two case reports. Two cases of phenotypic males with XX karyotype are described, illustrating the spectrum of physical and hormonal features found in this unusual condition."}
{"id": "PMID:341009", "title": "Isolation of Mycoplasma hominis from blood cultures in patients with postpartum fever.", "content": "Eight women with postpartum fever are presented in whom Mycoplasma hominis was isolated from cultures of their blood. Clinical disease consisted of a mild although often prolonged febrile illness, and all but one recovered without appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Five patients demonstrated elevated convalescent titers of mycoplasmacidal antibodies. The isolates of M. hominis were recovered from routine blood cultures in the diagnostic bacteriology laboratory using blind subcultures to blood agar plates. These cases lend support to the concept that endometritis with M. hominis is a cause of postpartum fever and suggest that these organisms may be recovered with increased frequency if minor changes in standard bacteriologic technique are introduced.", "contents": "Isolation of Mycoplasma hominis from blood cultures in patients with postpartum fever. Eight women with postpartum fever are presented in whom Mycoplasma hominis was isolated from cultures of their blood. Clinical disease consisted of a mild although often prolonged febrile illness, and all but one recovered without appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Five patients demonstrated elevated convalescent titers of mycoplasmacidal antibodies. The isolates of M. hominis were recovered from routine blood cultures in the diagnostic bacteriology laboratory using blind subcultures to blood agar plates. These cases lend support to the concept that endometritis with M. hominis is a cause of postpartum fever and suggest that these organisms may be recovered with increased frequency if minor changes in standard bacteriologic technique are introduced."}
{"id": "PMID:341013", "title": "[Achievements in the study of the development and ultrastructure of spermatozoa (on the 300th anniversary of the discovery of spermatozoa)].", "content": "A review of principal advances in studying spermiogenesis and fine structure of spermatozoa is given on the occasion of the 3rd centennary of the discovery of spermatozoa by Loevenhuk. The most important achievements are the discovery of acrosome and its role in fertilization, the discovery of centriole and its role in the formation of flagellum, the discovery of axial complex and the role of its components in the flagellum movement. A study of spermatogenesis has revealed the syncytial nature of spermatogenic epithelium, synaptinemal complexes and their role in chromosome conjugation. The role of nuclear membrane in chromosome conjugation was established, the ultrastructural and biochemical transformation of chromatin was investigated, as well as that of microtubules in spermatogenesis. Some other discoveries were made which are of great importance for diagnosis of sterility.", "contents": "[Achievements in the study of the development and ultrastructure of spermatozoa (on the 300th anniversary of the discovery of spermatozoa)]. A review of principal advances in studying spermiogenesis and fine structure of spermatozoa is given on the occasion of the 3rd centennary of the discovery of spermatozoa by Loevenhuk. The most important achievements are the discovery of acrosome and its role in fertilization, the discovery of centriole and its role in the formation of flagellum, the discovery of axial complex and the role of its components in the flagellum movement. A study of spermatogenesis has revealed the syncytial nature of spermatogenic epithelium, synaptinemal complexes and their role in chromosome conjugation. The role of nuclear membrane in chromosome conjugation was established, the ultrastructural and biochemical transformation of chromatin was investigated, as well as that of microtubules in spermatogenesis. Some other discoveries were made which are of great importance for diagnosis of sterility."}
{"id": "PMID:341014", "title": "RNA transport in the embryonic cell.", "content": "The modern data on RNA transport in the cells of early embryos are reviewed. A special attention is paid to the specificity of posttranscriptional mRNA transformation and the control of its transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. These processes in the embryonic cell differ from those in the adult one: in the embryos the rate of transport of mRNA molecules in the cytoplasm increases with the development (with the onset of gastrulation); the process of polyadenylation in some mRNA molecules takes place in the cytoplasm rather than in the nucleus; besides, the high molecular weight mRNA fractions are localized in the cytoplasm (in the adult cells they are found only in the nucleus). A study of the mechanisms of control of mRNA transport from the nucleus in the cytoplasm has shown that the now existing concepts on the participation of nucleolus, as well as of translation mechanisms in the control of mRNA transport appear to be true only for the differentiated cells and cannot be used to account for the control of mRNA transport in the embryos. For the embryonic cells the hypothesis on the selection of populations of mRNA molecules at the level of transport for their entry into the cytoplasm holds true. The patterns of RNA transport during the cell division are also considered, with respect to the phenomenon of migration of some RNA populations synthesized prior to the onset of division in the nuclei of daughter cells.", "contents": "RNA transport in the embryonic cell. The modern data on RNA transport in the cells of early embryos are reviewed. A special attention is paid to the specificity of posttranscriptional mRNA transformation and the control of its transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. These processes in the embryonic cell differ from those in the adult one: in the embryos the rate of transport of mRNA molecules in the cytoplasm increases with the development (with the onset of gastrulation); the process of polyadenylation in some mRNA molecules takes place in the cytoplasm rather than in the nucleus; besides, the high molecular weight mRNA fractions are localized in the cytoplasm (in the adult cells they are found only in the nucleus). A study of the mechanisms of control of mRNA transport from the nucleus in the cytoplasm has shown that the now existing concepts on the participation of nucleolus, as well as of translation mechanisms in the control of mRNA transport appear to be true only for the differentiated cells and cannot be used to account for the control of mRNA transport in the embryos. For the embryonic cells the hypothesis on the selection of populations of mRNA molecules at the level of transport for their entry into the cytoplasm holds true. The patterns of RNA transport during the cell division are also considered, with respect to the phenomenon of migration of some RNA populations synthesized prior to the onset of division in the nuclei of daughter cells."}
{"id": "PMID:341017", "title": "A tarsal resection procedure for senile entropion with lid retraction.", "content": "1. A method of tarso-conjunctival resection for correction of spastic entropion associated with lid retraction has been presented which prevents a) the presence of suture knots against the cornea, b) localized trichiasis, and c) tissue reaction to absorbable sutures. 2. These advantages are achieved through the use of several figure-of-8 silk sutures which are tied on the skin surface. 3. By keeping the apex of the excised triangle of tarsus 2 mm below the lid margin trichiasis may be avoided. 4. Twelve operations have been followed for 1 to 6 years. The retraction and entropion were markedly improved in eleven lids. One under-correction resulted. There were no other complications.", "contents": "A tarsal resection procedure for senile entropion with lid retraction. 1. A method of tarso-conjunctival resection for correction of spastic entropion associated with lid retraction has been presented which prevents a) the presence of suture knots against the cornea, b) localized trichiasis, and c) tissue reaction to absorbable sutures. 2. These advantages are achieved through the use of several figure-of-8 silk sutures which are tied on the skin surface. 3. By keeping the apex of the excised triangle of tarsus 2 mm below the lid margin trichiasis may be avoided. 4. Twelve operations have been followed for 1 to 6 years. The retraction and entropion were markedly improved in eleven lids. One under-correction resulted. There were no other complications."}
{"id": "PMID:341018", "title": "The biologic and physical criteria for suture selection in cataract surgery.", "content": "This paper has disucssed histochemical, physical, and clinical considerations involved in proper suture selection for cataract surgery. Guidelines are proposed so that the surgeon can employ a standard method for evaluating each suture's performance. Accordingly, the surgeon can select the proper proper suture to satisfy his needs regardless of his operative technique.", "contents": "The biologic and physical criteria for suture selection in cataract surgery. This paper has disucssed histochemical, physical, and clinical considerations involved in proper suture selection for cataract surgery. Guidelines are proposed so that the surgeon can employ a standard method for evaluating each suture's performance. Accordingly, the surgeon can select the proper proper suture to satisfy his needs regardless of his operative technique."}
{"id": "PMID:341019", "title": "The diagnosis and conservative treatment of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome.", "content": "The findings in 194 cases of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome are summarized and the differential diagnosis of the condition is discussed. Conservative methods of treatment were used in all cases, and follow-up revealed complete or almost complete recovery in 75 per cent of the patients; this percentage was increased still further when relaxation and coping skills training were used. Those patients who had been involved in accidents with direct or indirect trauma to one or both joints showed a significantly higher proportion of nonresponse to therapy.", "contents": "The diagnosis and conservative treatment of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. The findings in 194 cases of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome are summarized and the differential diagnosis of the condition is discussed. Conservative methods of treatment were used in all cases, and follow-up revealed complete or almost complete recovery in 75 per cent of the patients; this percentage was increased still further when relaxation and coping skills training were used. Those patients who had been involved in accidents with direct or indirect trauma to one or both joints showed a significantly higher proportion of nonresponse to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:341041", "title": "[Artificial ventilation of preterm and term infants (author's transl)].", "content": "One of the first aims of the neonatal care unit of the Paediatric Department of the University of Innsbruck (Austria) consists in taking care of dangerously ill children of Tyrol including the neighbouring federal states and the alpine part of Italy (South Tyrol). From SUMMER 1974 to the end of October 1976 1342 preterm and term infants were treated. 142 of these children died (mortality rate 10.5%). In 94 patients, i. e. 6.9% mechanical ventilation was necessary. 39 of these children, i. e. 41.5% survived. Two indications of artifical ventilation were predominant: Hyaline membrane syndrome in 59 children (survival rate 49%) and apnoe in 22 children (survival rate 27%). Electroencephalography was performed in 39 children during the neonatal period. 34 of these children were severely ill (gestational age of 24 to 37 weeks), 5 children were born at term nevertheless moribund. 18 of the 23 dead children of this group showed severe alterations in electroencephalography. The cause of death of 10 of these children was cerebral bleeding as verified by autopsy. 8 of the 16 surviving children showed a regular psychomotoric development, 5 children of this group had a normal electroencephalogram.", "contents": "[Artificial ventilation of preterm and term infants (author's transl)]. One of the first aims of the neonatal care unit of the Paediatric Department of the University of Innsbruck (Austria) consists in taking care of dangerously ill children of Tyrol including the neighbouring federal states and the alpine part of Italy (South Tyrol). From SUMMER 1974 to the end of October 1976 1342 preterm and term infants were treated. 142 of these children died (mortality rate 10.5%). In 94 patients, i. e. 6.9% mechanical ventilation was necessary. 39 of these children, i. e. 41.5% survived. Two indications of artifical ventilation were predominant: Hyaline membrane syndrome in 59 children (survival rate 49%) and apnoe in 22 children (survival rate 27%). Electroencephalography was performed in 39 children during the neonatal period. 34 of these children were severely ill (gestational age of 24 to 37 weeks), 5 children were born at term nevertheless moribund. 18 of the 23 dead children of this group showed severe alterations in electroencephalography. The cause of death of 10 of these children was cerebral bleeding as verified by autopsy. 8 of the 16 surviving children showed a regular psychomotoric development, 5 children of this group had a normal electroencephalogram."}
{"id": "PMID:341048", "title": "[Ventilatory response to lung inflation after induced bronchospasm in healthy conscious subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 healthy conscious subjects we have studied the effect of a sustained bronchospasm induced by aerosol of carbachol on the pattern of breathing and the ventilatory response to lung inflation which reflects the Breuer Hering reflex. Bronchospasm was assessed by measuring airway resistance and functional residual capacity by plethysmography. After bronchospasm the ventilatory response to inflation was unchanged and the role played by afferents related to such a reflex in controlling pattern of breathing was preserved. Moreover the ration between the threshold volume of the reflex and tidal volume (VT) remained constant. These data suggest that this ration could represent a central set point for VT control. Variable changes in the ventilatory pattern were also observed and are discussed in relation to the previous data.", "contents": "[Ventilatory response to lung inflation after induced bronchospasm in healthy conscious subjects (author's transl)]. In 10 healthy conscious subjects we have studied the effect of a sustained bronchospasm induced by aerosol of carbachol on the pattern of breathing and the ventilatory response to lung inflation which reflects the Breuer Hering reflex. Bronchospasm was assessed by measuring airway resistance and functional residual capacity by plethysmography. After bronchospasm the ventilatory response to inflation was unchanged and the role played by afferents related to such a reflex in controlling pattern of breathing was preserved. Moreover the ration between the threshold volume of the reflex and tidal volume (VT) remained constant. These data suggest that this ration could represent a central set point for VT control. Variable changes in the ventilatory pattern were also observed and are discussed in relation to the previous data."}
{"id": "PMID:341049", "title": "[Comparative study of 7 cephalosporins on \"Staphylococcus aureus\" by the method of population analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Miscellaneous Staphylococcus aureus populations were tested with seven commercialized cephalosporins. The strains were divided in five groups according to the following criteria: penicillinase production or not: sensitivity to methicillin and cephalosporins; RB type resistance to methicillin; RH and RO type resistance to every beta-lactamine (according to Chabbert and Baudens). For each cephalosporin studied, the population cell analysis performed with these different groups showed the constant heterogeneous arrangement of the individual MIC. However, whatever the staphylococcus group, cephaloridine remains the antibiotic that inhibits the largest number of cells at lower concentration than other cephalosporins. In vitro results were compared with pharmacokinetic data of the different cephalosporins.", "contents": "[Comparative study of 7 cephalosporins on \"Staphylococcus aureus\" by the method of population analysis (author's transl)]. Miscellaneous Staphylococcus aureus populations were tested with seven commercialized cephalosporins. The strains were divided in five groups according to the following criteria: penicillinase production or not: sensitivity to methicillin and cephalosporins; RB type resistance to methicillin; RH and RO type resistance to every beta-lactamine (according to Chabbert and Baudens). For each cephalosporin studied, the population cell analysis performed with these different groups showed the constant heterogeneous arrangement of the individual MIC. However, whatever the staphylococcus group, cephaloridine remains the antibiotic that inhibits the largest number of cells at lower concentration than other cephalosporins. In vitro results were compared with pharmacokinetic data of the different cephalosporins."}
{"id": "PMID:341050", "title": "[Present frequency of the different Serratia species isolated in Grenoble University Hospital Center (author's transl)].", "content": "Our study concerns 111 Serratia isolated during a period of seven months in a Grenoble hospital. The different species of Serratia are present with a high predominance of S. marcescens. Distribution, particular biochemical characteristics are discussed, and results of sensitivity to antibiotics, as well for antibiotics used against Gram negative bacteria as for the three quinolines against urinary bacteria. The place of Serratia in the hospital infections is discussed in the last part of this study.", "contents": "[Present frequency of the different Serratia species isolated in Grenoble University Hospital Center (author's transl)]. Our study concerns 111 Serratia isolated during a period of seven months in a Grenoble hospital. The different species of Serratia are present with a high predominance of S. marcescens. Distribution, particular biochemical characteristics are discussed, and results of sensitivity to antibiotics, as well for antibiotics used against Gram negative bacteria as for the three quinolines against urinary bacteria. The place of Serratia in the hospital infections is discussed in the last part of this study."}
{"id": "PMID:341051", "title": "[Bronchial mucociliary clearance in chronic bronchitics (author's transl)].", "content": "Bronchial mucociliary clearance is analysed in 13 clinically stable patients with chronic bronchitis in comparison with 7 normal non smokers by measuring the rate of removal of inhaled monodispersed particles of resin (diameter: 8.1 +/- 3.5 micrometer) tagged with 99mTc. Particles delivered with a high insufflation rate are uniformly deposited on proximal airways. The pattern of distribution is comparable in all the subjects studied. In normal non smokers, the percentage of bronchial radioactivity cleared 1 h after the inhalation was 34 +/- 11.2 percent. The patients may be divided into 2 groups: Group 1 (n = 6) is characterized by a  mucociliary clearance similar to the normals while group 2 (n = 7) shows a low mucociliary transport rate (decrease of bronchial radioactivity after 4 h less than 10 percent).", "contents": "[Bronchial mucociliary clearance in chronic bronchitics (author's transl)]. Bronchial mucociliary clearance is analysed in 13 clinically stable patients with chronic bronchitis in comparison with 7 normal non smokers by measuring the rate of removal of inhaled monodispersed particles of resin (diameter: 8.1 +/- 3.5 micrometer) tagged with 99mTc. Particles delivered with a high insufflation rate are uniformly deposited on proximal airways. The pattern of distribution is comparable in all the subjects studied. In normal non smokers, the percentage of bronchial radioactivity cleared 1 h after the inhalation was 34 +/- 11.2 percent. The patients may be divided into 2 groups: Group 1 (n = 6) is characterized by a  mucociliary clearance similar to the normals while group 2 (n = 7) shows a low mucociliary transport rate (decrease of bronchial radioactivity after 4 h less than 10 percent)."}
{"id": "PMID:341046", "title": "[Enzymatic hydrolysis of fat in the presence of Lamblia duodenalis (in vitro)].", "content": "The influence of Lamblia on the hydrolysis of fat by lipase was studied in vitro. The hydrolysis rate of fat in the presence of live Lamblia and without them was determined colorimetrically by the quantity of the formed glycerine. In addition, the kinetics of this reaction was studied by the method of compensating potentiometry by neutralization of fat acids with alkali. The intact organisms were found to cause an inhibition of fermentative hydrolysis of fat. The importance of this fact from the point of view of interaction in the host-parasite system is discussed.", "contents": "[Enzymatic hydrolysis of fat in the presence of Lamblia duodenalis (in vitro)]. The influence of Lamblia on the hydrolysis of fat by lipase was studied in vitro. The hydrolysis rate of fat in the presence of live Lamblia and without them was determined colorimetrically by the quantity of the formed glycerine. In addition, the kinetics of this reaction was studied by the method of compensating potentiometry by neutralization of fat acids with alkali. The intact organisms were found to cause an inhibition of fermentative hydrolysis of fat. The importance of this fact from the point of view of interaction in the host-parasite system is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341052", "title": "[Determination of the erythrocytoplasma lithium ratio. Analytical considerations and clinical applications (author's transl)].", "content": "During eleven months the authors studied the erythrocytoplasma lithium ration in 46 patients on chronic lithium maintenance. They observed that the individual variations of this ratio are of the same magnitude in \"cycloid psychosis\" and in chronic schizophrenia. But, furthermore these variations are significantly more important than in neurosis. They report that this ratio increases significantly in manic depressive illness during the active manic or depressive phases, and they compare their results to those of the literature.", "contents": "[Determination of the erythrocytoplasma lithium ratio. Analytical considerations and clinical applications (author's transl)]. During eleven months the authors studied the erythrocytoplasma lithium ration in 46 patients on chronic lithium maintenance. They observed that the individual variations of this ratio are of the same magnitude in \"cycloid psychosis\" and in chronic schizophrenia. But, furthermore these variations are significantly more important than in neurosis. They report that this ratio increases significantly in manic depressive illness during the active manic or depressive phases, and they compare their results to those of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:341053", "title": "[Pseudomonas putida: identification, antibiotic sensitivity and pathogenicity (author's transl)].", "content": "This work studies 51 strains of Pseudomonas putida, isolated from clinical specimens (17) and hospital environment (34). Identification is performed by study of 41 physiologica and biochemical characters and 78 nutritional characters. According to the two biotypes A and B, described by Stanier, Palleroni and Doudoroff, these 51 strains can be grouped as follows: 48 have typical characters of biotype A, widely predominant, 3 can be distinguished from biotype A only by their auxanogram and included in biotype B. Antibiogram pattern of P. putida shows two salient features: resistant to carbenicillin and sensitivity to kanamycin. Among 17 human isolates, only 4 have likely pathogenic significance. By intraperitoneal challenge in mice, one half of strains is avirulent, other strains have a very low virulence (LD50: from 2,2 to 5 X 10(8) viable cells). There is no relationship between experimental virulence and bacterial sources.", "contents": "[Pseudomonas putida: identification, antibiotic sensitivity and pathogenicity (author's transl)]. This work studies 51 strains of Pseudomonas putida, isolated from clinical specimens (17) and hospital environment (34). Identification is performed by study of 41 physiologica and biochemical characters and 78 nutritional characters. According to the two biotypes A and B, described by Stanier, Palleroni and Doudoroff, these 51 strains can be grouped as follows: 48 have typical characters of biotype A, widely predominant, 3 can be distinguished from biotype A only by their auxanogram and included in biotype B. Antibiogram pattern of P. putida shows two salient features: resistant to carbenicillin and sensitivity to kanamycin. Among 17 human isolates, only 4 have likely pathogenic significance. By intraperitoneal challenge in mice, one half of strains is avirulent, other strains have a very low virulence (LD50: from 2,2 to 5 X 10(8) viable cells). There is no relationship between experimental virulence and bacterial sources."}
{"id": "PMID:341054", "title": "HLA markers in parents of triploid conceptuses.", "content": "Twenty-eight HLA-A and B markers have been tested in 49 couples who had one or more triploid abortions. The antigen frequencies were compared to those of 209 couples and 591 normal individuals as controls. No significant deviations were observed. However, a non significant excess of antigens shared in common by both parents was shown in comparison with the normal couples. This could be related to a possible dispermy mechanism. On the other hand, a slight excess of A 28 may be in relation to a possible anomaly of gametogenesis.", "contents": "HLA markers in parents of triploid conceptuses. Twenty-eight HLA-A and B markers have been tested in 49 couples who had one or more triploid abortions. The antigen frequencies were compared to those of 209 couples and 591 normal individuals as controls. No significant deviations were observed. However, a non significant excess of antigens shared in common by both parents was shown in comparison with the normal couples. This could be related to a possible dispermy mechanism. On the other hand, a slight excess of A 28 may be in relation to a possible anomaly of gametogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:341055", "title": "[Respiratory physiology during water immersion (author's transl)].", "content": "In this review, the author recalls the essential modifications induced by water immersion up to the neck. The ventilatory mechanics show an important decrease of end expiratory level being able to bring a ventilation in closing volume. We notice an increase of cardiac output, of pulmonary artery pressure and central blood volume. After the age of 25, we notice an hypoxia likely due to ventilation at closing volume level.", "contents": "[Respiratory physiology during water immersion (author's transl)]. In this review, the author recalls the essential modifications induced by water immersion up to the neck. The ventilatory mechanics show an important decrease of end expiratory level being able to bring a ventilation in closing volume. We notice an increase of cardiac output, of pulmonary artery pressure and central blood volume. After the age of 25, we notice an hypoxia likely due to ventilation at closing volume level."}
{"id": "PMID:341069", "title": "Complement activation and group B streptococcal infection in the newborn: similarities to endotoxin shock.", "content": "Serial measurements of CH50, C3, C4, and factor B were performed on three newborn infants with group B streptococcal sepsis. Two of the septic infants had a colonized but noninfected identical twin. All three infants with group B streptococcal sepsis had hypotension, prolonged coagulation times, neutropenia, and respiratory failure. During the course of the sepsis, factor B was depressed 30% to 35%, C3 was depressed 40% to 60%, and CH50 was depressed by 100% when compared to their cord blood levels. Two of the infants also had a 50% to 70% depression of C4. In contrast, no significant decrease in complement levels occurred in the siblings of the twins or in two additional control infants. These data are characteristic of older patients with Gram-negative sepsis and strongly suggest that the group B Streptococcus has endotoxin-like properties.", "contents": "Complement activation and group B streptococcal infection in the newborn: similarities to endotoxin shock. Serial measurements of CH50, C3, C4, and factor B were performed on three newborn infants with group B streptococcal sepsis. Two of the septic infants had a colonized but noninfected identical twin. All three infants with group B streptococcal sepsis had hypotension, prolonged coagulation times, neutropenia, and respiratory failure. During the course of the sepsis, factor B was depressed 30% to 35%, C3 was depressed 40% to 60%, and CH50 was depressed by 100% when compared to their cord blood levels. Two of the infants also had a 50% to 70% depression of C4. In contrast, no significant decrease in complement levels occurred in the siblings of the twins or in two additional control infants. These data are characteristic of older patients with Gram-negative sepsis and strongly suggest that the group B Streptococcus has endotoxin-like properties."}
{"id": "PMID:341070", "title": "Responsiveness to an introductory meditation method.", "content": "Ratings from 84 students of selected attitudes before a brief introduction to a method of meditation and responses afterward correlated moderately, suggesting those favoring personal growth will favor meditation.", "contents": "Responsiveness to an introductory meditation method. Ratings from 84 students of selected attitudes before a brief introduction to a method of meditation and responses afterward correlated moderately, suggesting those favoring personal growth will favor meditation."}
{"id": "PMID:341073", "title": "[Serratia marcescens in bovine mastitis. Bibliography and a case study (author's transl)].", "content": "The literature concerning Serratia marcescens in bovine mastitis is reviewed, and a case of acute mastitis at the Department of Obstetrics, The Veterinary College of Norway, in which Serratia marcescens was isolated in pure culture, is described. Serratia marcescens usually causes only moderately severe symptoms of mastitis, but relapses are common and cases tend to become chronic in nature. The bacterium produces an endotoxin, and this toxin has caused acute mastitis on experimental inoculation into pathogen free udders.", "contents": "[Serratia marcescens in bovine mastitis. Bibliography and a case study (author's transl)]. The literature concerning Serratia marcescens in bovine mastitis is reviewed, and a case of acute mastitis at the Department of Obstetrics, The Veterinary College of Norway, in which Serratia marcescens was isolated in pure culture, is described. Serratia marcescens usually causes only moderately severe symptoms of mastitis, but relapses are common and cases tend to become chronic in nature. The bacterium produces an endotoxin, and this toxin has caused acute mastitis on experimental inoculation into pathogen free udders."}
{"id": "PMID:341074", "title": "Studies of the pathogenesis of enteric E. coli infections in weaned pigs. The significance of the milk of the dam in preventing the disease.", "content": "Milk from sows whose progeny developed post weaning E. coli diarrhoea (PWD milk) and from sows which were immunized by intramuscular vaccination using a homologous strain of E. coli (immune milk) were tested in ligated segments of pig intestine. The results showed that PWD milk neutralized the enterotoxigenic, fluid accumulating capacity of the lysate of the disease-causing E. coli pathogen. A similar effect was seen by using immune milk (Table I). Neither PWD milk nor immune milk contained sufficient antibacterial activity to neutralize the fluid accumulating capacity of live cultures of E. coli O149:K91, while such activity was contained in immune serum. It is concluded that milk from sows whose progeny developed PWD contains antibodies capable of neutralizing the enterotoxigenic effects of the homologous E. coli organisms. It is suggested that the presence in milk from these sows of antibody-mediated activity against enteropathogenic E. coli organisms may be instrumental in preventing the disease in the progeny during the suckling period and consequently, when this protective milk supply stops at weaning, the disease may develop in susceptible animals, mainly because their own production of specific E. coli antibodies is insufficient to prevent PWD.", "contents": "Studies of the pathogenesis of enteric E. coli infections in weaned pigs. The significance of the milk of the dam in preventing the disease. Milk from sows whose progeny developed post weaning E. coli diarrhoea (PWD milk) and from sows which were immunized by intramuscular vaccination using a homologous strain of E. coli (immune milk) were tested in ligated segments of pig intestine. The results showed that PWD milk neutralized the enterotoxigenic, fluid accumulating capacity of the lysate of the disease-causing E. coli pathogen. A similar effect was seen by using immune milk (Table I). Neither PWD milk nor immune milk contained sufficient antibacterial activity to neutralize the fluid accumulating capacity of live cultures of E. coli O149:K91, while such activity was contained in immune serum. It is concluded that milk from sows whose progeny developed PWD contains antibodies capable of neutralizing the enterotoxigenic effects of the homologous E. coli organisms. It is suggested that the presence in milk from these sows of antibody-mediated activity against enteropathogenic E. coli organisms may be instrumental in preventing the disease in the progeny during the suckling period and consequently, when this protective milk supply stops at weaning, the disease may develop in susceptible animals, mainly because their own production of specific E. coli antibodies is insufficient to prevent PWD."}
{"id": "PMID:341078", "title": "[The beneficial role of blood transfusion and preganancy in the survival of renal allografts].", "content": "This analysis involves 93 cases of transplants of non-related cadaver kidneys. The result was better (p = 0.02 at 1 year) in recipients transfused before the graft (73 cases) than in those who had not been trasfused (20 cases). However, this latter group had a shorter average period of haemodialysis (p = 0.05 than the first. The benefits of pre-immunisation appear from 1 to 2 transfusions or 1 pregnancy onwards (p = 0.02 at 1 year). Subjects transfused during the 6 months prior to the transplant had a graft which was functional more often than those who had been more than 6 months before the operation (p = 0.01 at 6 months). These results would be in favour of routine small quantity transfusions, approximately every six months in patients undergoing haemodialysis and on a waiting list for transplantation.", "contents": "[The beneficial role of blood transfusion and preganancy in the survival of renal allografts]. This analysis involves 93 cases of transplants of non-related cadaver kidneys. The result was better (p = 0.02 at 1 year) in recipients transfused before the graft (73 cases) than in those who had not been trasfused (20 cases). However, this latter group had a shorter average period of haemodialysis (p = 0.05 than the first. The benefits of pre-immunisation appear from 1 to 2 transfusions or 1 pregnancy onwards (p = 0.02 at 1 year). Subjects transfused during the 6 months prior to the transplant had a graft which was functional more often than those who had been more than 6 months before the operation (p = 0.01 at 6 months). These results would be in favour of routine small quantity transfusions, approximately every six months in patients undergoing haemodialysis and on a waiting list for transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:341081", "title": "[Surgical treatment of mitral diseases with left atrial ectasia. New technic].", "content": "The authors describe a new technique of \"H\" plication of the left atrium which reduces the size of the chamber in patients with mitral insufficiency and ectasia of the left atrium. The development of massive artrial thrombosis during the immediate postoperative period results in a mortality of more than 50 percent. It was for this reason that plication of the left atrium was used in association with valve replacement using a pig heterograft in 3 patients with good immediate and mid-term results. Follow-up cineangiography was performed 6 months after surgery in 2 patients.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of mitral diseases with left atrial ectasia. New technic]. The authors describe a new technique of \"H\" plication of the left atrium which reduces the size of the chamber in patients with mitral insufficiency and ectasia of the left atrium. The development of massive artrial thrombosis during the immediate postoperative period results in a mortality of more than 50 percent. It was for this reason that plication of the left atrium was used in association with valve replacement using a pig heterograft in 3 patients with good immediate and mid-term results. Follow-up cineangiography was performed 6 months after surgery in 2 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:341083", "title": "Detection of nucleoside Q precursor in methyl-deficient E.coli tRNA.", "content": "32P-Labeled tRNAAsn was isolated from methyl-deficient E. coli tRNA. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that tRNAAsn contains three derivatives of the Q nucleoside, possibly Q precursors, in addition to guanosine in the first position of the anticodon. One of the Q precursors was isolated on a large scale. Its UV spectra were identical with those of normal Q, indicating that 7-deazaguanosine structure having a side chain at position C-7 is complete in the Q precursor. No radioactivity was incorporated into Q or Q precursors from either [methyl-14C]methionine, [1-14C]methionine or [U-14C]methionine, showing that methionine was not directly involved in the formation of Q.", "contents": "Detection of nucleoside Q precursor in methyl-deficient E.coli tRNA. 32P-Labeled tRNAAsn was isolated from methyl-deficient E. coli tRNA. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that tRNAAsn contains three derivatives of the Q nucleoside, possibly Q precursors, in addition to guanosine in the first position of the anticodon. One of the Q precursors was isolated on a large scale. Its UV spectra were identical with those of normal Q, indicating that 7-deazaguanosine structure having a side chain at position C-7 is complete in the Q precursor. No radioactivity was incorporated into Q or Q precursors from either [methyl-14C]methionine, [1-14C]methionine or [U-14C]methionine, showing that methionine was not directly involved in the formation of Q."}
{"id": "PMID:341084", "title": "Polynucleotides. L. Synthesis and properties of poly (2'-chloro-2'-deoxyadenylic acid) and poly (2'-bromo-2'-deoxyadenylic acid).", "content": "Poly (2'-chloro-2'-deoxyadenylic acid) and poly (2'-bromo-2'-deoxyadenylic acid) were synthesized from the corresponding diphosphates with the aid of polynucleotide phosphorylase from E. coli. UV, CD, acid titration and mixing with poly (U) were investigated. Comparing these properties with those of poly (A) and poly (2'-azido-2'-deoxyadenylic acid), it was found that 2''substituents exert significant effects on the thermal stability of these polynucleotides, though the overall conformational structure was not greatly changed.", "contents": "Polynucleotides. L. Synthesis and properties of poly (2'-chloro-2'-deoxyadenylic acid) and poly (2'-bromo-2'-deoxyadenylic acid). Poly (2'-chloro-2'-deoxyadenylic acid) and poly (2'-bromo-2'-deoxyadenylic acid) were synthesized from the corresponding diphosphates with the aid of polynucleotide phosphorylase from E. coli. UV, CD, acid titration and mixing with poly (U) were investigated. Comparing these properties with those of poly (A) and poly (2'-azido-2'-deoxyadenylic acid), it was found that 2''substituents exert significant effects on the thermal stability of these polynucleotides, though the overall conformational structure was not greatly changed."}
{"id": "PMID:341085", "title": "Genetically determined differences in concentrations of isoaccepting tRNAs in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Two examples of genetically determined altered concentrations of isoaccepting tRNAs are presented. The concentrations of isoaccepting tRNAsThr are selectively changed by a mutation causing a fourfold overproduction of the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase, the threonyl-tRNA synthetase, whereas the distribution of isoaccepting tRNAs of four control tRNA-species in these E. coli mutants was not affected by that mutation. Secondly evidence is presented for a correlation between mutations in structural genes of aminoacid biosynthetic enzymes and alterations in concentrations of cognate isoaccepting tRNAs in two different E. coli strains, auxotrophic for threonine, isoleucine/valine and leucine, and arginine respectively.", "contents": "Genetically determined differences in concentrations of isoaccepting tRNAs in Escherichia coli. Two examples of genetically determined altered concentrations of isoaccepting tRNAs are presented. The concentrations of isoaccepting tRNAsThr are selectively changed by a mutation causing a fourfold overproduction of the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase, the threonyl-tRNA synthetase, whereas the distribution of isoaccepting tRNAs of four control tRNA-species in these E. coli mutants was not affected by that mutation. Secondly evidence is presented for a correlation between mutations in structural genes of aminoacid biosynthetic enzymes and alterations in concentrations of cognate isoaccepting tRNAs in two different E. coli strains, auxotrophic for threonine, isoleucine/valine and leucine, and arginine respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:341115", "title": "[Studies on enzyme preparation from microorganisms in the USSR].", "content": "The paper describes the most important investigations aimed at the preparation and examination of enzymes from microorganisms which have been recently carried out in the USSR. It discusses selected theoretical studies of the regulation of the enzyme synthesis by microorganisms. The paper presents data on the properties of certain enzymes which are of practical importance for different branches of people's economy and public health.", "contents": "[Studies on enzyme preparation from microorganisms in the USSR]. The paper describes the most important investigations aimed at the preparation and examination of enzymes from microorganisms which have been recently carried out in the USSR. It discusses selected theoretical studies of the regulation of the enzyme synthesis by microorganisms. The paper presents data on the properties of certain enzymes which are of practical importance for different branches of people's economy and public health."}
{"id": "PMID:341116", "title": "[Relationship between the content of some fractions of high molecular weight polyphosphates and total nucleic acids upon dehydration of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae].", "content": "Essential redistribution of various polyphosphate fractions was shown during dehydration and subsequent reactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 14. Dehydration no matter what method was used, was followed by an increase in the content of acid soluble polyphosphates (fraction Poly P1) and a decrease of that of salt soluble polyphosphates (fraction Poly P2). Reactivation of dehydrated yeast was, on the contrary, accompanied by a decrease in the PP 1 and an increase in the Poly P2 content. A direct correlation between the Poly P2 fraction and total nucleic acids was demonstrated under various conditions of dehydration and subsequent reactivation. An inverse correlation between the content of the Poly P2, fraction and nucleic acids, on the one hand, and that of the Poly P1 fraction, on the other, was observed. Study of activities of polyphosphatases, tripolyphosphatase, pyrophosphatase and ATPase in dehydrated yeast showed values similar to those in original cells.", "contents": "[Relationship between the content of some fractions of high molecular weight polyphosphates and total nucleic acids upon dehydration of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae]. Essential redistribution of various polyphosphate fractions was shown during dehydration and subsequent reactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 14. Dehydration no matter what method was used, was followed by an increase in the content of acid soluble polyphosphates (fraction Poly P1) and a decrease of that of salt soluble polyphosphates (fraction Poly P2). Reactivation of dehydrated yeast was, on the contrary, accompanied by a decrease in the PP 1 and an increase in the Poly P2 content. A direct correlation between the Poly P2 fraction and total nucleic acids was demonstrated under various conditions of dehydration and subsequent reactivation. An inverse correlation between the content of the Poly P2, fraction and nucleic acids, on the one hand, and that of the Poly P1 fraction, on the other, was observed. Study of activities of polyphosphatases, tripolyphosphatase, pyrophosphatase and ATPase in dehydrated yeast showed values similar to those in original cells."}
{"id": "PMID:341117", "title": "[Immunoenzymatic method of determining protein hormones in the blood and biological fluids].", "content": "The author describes a method of determination of protein hormones in the blood and biological fluids, including peroxidase labeling the hormone, obtaining its specific antibodies and carrying out the reaction between the inadequate amount of antibodies and the hormone determined in the presence of labeled hormone. Sensitivity of the method constitutes 0.5 ng in the test, determination of a standard hormone added to the blood serum--94%.", "contents": "[Immunoenzymatic method of determining protein hormones in the blood and biological fluids]. The author describes a method of determination of protein hormones in the blood and biological fluids, including peroxidase labeling the hormone, obtaining its specific antibodies and carrying out the reaction between the inadequate amount of antibodies and the hormone determined in the presence of labeled hormone. Sensitivity of the method constitutes 0.5 ng in the test, determination of a standard hormone added to the blood serum--94%."}
{"id": "PMID:341126", "title": "The importance of HLA matching in primary cadaveric kidney transplantation in Gothenburg.", "content": "The importance of HLA matching was studied for 319 primary cadaveric kidney transplantations during the period 1969-1976. During 1969-1972 the HLA match was the basis for recipient selection and most cases belonged to match grade 0 or 1. Graft survival was significantly better for match grade 0. Within match grade 1 cases with one foreign HLA B antigen had lower graft survival than cases with one foreign HLA A antigen, indicating the importance of the HLA B series. During 1973-1976 the HLA match was hardly considered in recipient selection. HLA matching during this period seemed to be of less importance, except for match grade 0 and the totally mismatched cases. When matching was performed for the HLA B series, it was found that graft survival was significantly improved when no or only one foreign HLA B antigen was present. The prognosis for cases with foreign HLA B antigen was significantly better during the later period.", "contents": "The importance of HLA matching in primary cadaveric kidney transplantation in Gothenburg. The importance of HLA matching was studied for 319 primary cadaveric kidney transplantations during the period 1969-1976. During 1969-1972 the HLA match was the basis for recipient selection and most cases belonged to match grade 0 or 1. Graft survival was significantly better for match grade 0. Within match grade 1 cases with one foreign HLA B antigen had lower graft survival than cases with one foreign HLA A antigen, indicating the importance of the HLA B series. During 1973-1976 the HLA match was hardly considered in recipient selection. HLA matching during this period seemed to be of less importance, except for match grade 0 and the totally mismatched cases. When matching was performed for the HLA B series, it was found that graft survival was significantly improved when no or only one foreign HLA B antigen was present. The prognosis for cases with foreign HLA B antigen was significantly better during the later period."}
{"id": "PMID:341127", "title": "Long-term haemodialysis-an enhancing factor for cadaveric graft survival.", "content": "In 220 consecutive cadaveric kidney transplants, graft survival in patients dialysed for a period of two years or longer was significantly greater than in those dialysed for less than two years. More blood transfusions were received and the formation of HLA antibodies was greater in the group dialysed for more than two years. A positive cross match was the basis for excluding 21% of the HLA positive patients from transplantation during a one year period of observation. When these same HLA positive patients had more than two subsequent opportunities for donor-recipient selection the exclusion rate dropped to 2%. The longer period of dialysis with more blood transfusions had a favourable influence on cadaveric graft survival whereas the formation of HLA antibodies had a negative influence. Even in HLA positive patients graft survival was better in the long-term dialysis group when compared with the group dialysed for a shorter period. These results suggest that longer dialysis with more blood transfusions represents an enhancing factor for cadaveric kidney grafts.", "contents": "Long-term haemodialysis-an enhancing factor for cadaveric graft survival. In 220 consecutive cadaveric kidney transplants, graft survival in patients dialysed for a period of two years or longer was significantly greater than in those dialysed for less than two years. More blood transfusions were received and the formation of HLA antibodies was greater in the group dialysed for more than two years. A positive cross match was the basis for excluding 21% of the HLA positive patients from transplantation during a one year period of observation. When these same HLA positive patients had more than two subsequent opportunities for donor-recipient selection the exclusion rate dropped to 2%. The longer period of dialysis with more blood transfusions had a favourable influence on cadaveric graft survival whereas the formation of HLA antibodies had a negative influence. Even in HLA positive patients graft survival was better in the long-term dialysis group when compared with the group dialysed for a shorter period. These results suggest that longer dialysis with more blood transfusions represents an enhancing factor for cadaveric kidney grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:341128", "title": "Graft survival and blood transfusion.", "content": "The outcome of primary kidney transplantation in 244 patients was studied with reference to pre-transplant blood transfusions. Fifty-eight patients received kidneys from living related donors with one shared HLA-haplotype, 186 patients received kidneys from cadaveric donors. Graft survival was found to be significantly poorer in non-transfused patients, especially in patients receiving kidneys from living related donors. The degree of uraemic intoxication did not seem to influence the outcome.", "contents": "Graft survival and blood transfusion. The outcome of primary kidney transplantation in 244 patients was studied with reference to pre-transplant blood transfusions. Fifty-eight patients received kidneys from living related donors with one shared HLA-haplotype, 186 patients received kidneys from cadaveric donors. Graft survival was found to be significantly poorer in non-transfused patients, especially in patients receiving kidneys from living related donors. The degree of uraemic intoxication did not seem to influence the outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:341129", "title": "A study of the fate of pairs of cadaver kidneys.", "content": "Follow-up data collected by the EDTA Registration Committee have been linked to donor and transplant information recorded by UK Transplant by forming a 'data interface' between the two Registries. The joint data have been used to study the fate of 243 pairs of kidneys used for first cadaver grafts in 1975 and 1976. The results of this preliminary study suggest that the transportation of kidneys and the cause of donor death do not affect graft survival. With a very small amount of data, analysis of the cause of failure suggests that this is not influenced by donor origins. The clinical condition at the time of grafting does not appear to have a major influence on the outcome of the graft. There seems little evidence to support the hypothesis that kidneys from the same donor share the same post-grafting fate.", "contents": "A study of the fate of pairs of cadaver kidneys. Follow-up data collected by the EDTA Registration Committee have been linked to donor and transplant information recorded by UK Transplant by forming a 'data interface' between the two Registries. The joint data have been used to study the fate of 243 pairs of kidneys used for first cadaver grafts in 1975 and 1976. The results of this preliminary study suggest that the transportation of kidneys and the cause of donor death do not affect graft survival. With a very small amount of data, analysis of the cause of failure suggests that this is not influenced by donor origins. The clinical condition at the time of grafting does not appear to have a major influence on the outcome of the graft. There seems little evidence to support the hypothesis that kidneys from the same donor share the same post-grafting fate."}
{"id": "PMID:341131", "title": "Preservation of cadaveric renal allografts-comparison of flushing and pumping techniques.", "content": "A prospective clinical trial comparing flushing and ice storage using a new hypertonic citrate solution, with machine preservation by continuous perfusion showed early graft function was similar with each method, and preservation times were comparable. Good early function occurred in half the grafts with preservation times up to 24 hours. Graft survival at three and 12 months was similar with each method of preservation. Graft survival at 12 months was worsened by poor early graft function, whereas patient survival at 12 months was unaffected by early function or by the method of preservation.", "contents": "Preservation of cadaveric renal allografts-comparison of flushing and pumping techniques. A prospective clinical trial comparing flushing and ice storage using a new hypertonic citrate solution, with machine preservation by continuous perfusion showed early graft function was similar with each method, and preservation times were comparable. Good early function occurred in half the grafts with preservation times up to 24 hours. Graft survival at three and 12 months was similar with each method of preservation. Graft survival at 12 months was worsened by poor early graft function, whereas patient survival at 12 months was unaffected by early function or by the method of preservation."}
{"id": "PMID:341132", "title": "Immunological diagnosis of rejection in human renal allotransplanted patients--a prospective study.", "content": "The object of this study has been to evaluate the recipient's immunological reactivity towards donor lymphocytes in relation to rejection episodes. All recipients (20) of local necrokidneys during 1976 were immunologically monitored immediately before transplantation and subsequently twice weekly for donor-specific complement dependent lymphocytotoxic (CDC) antibodies, antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). Experiments were performed until graft removal or dismissal (approx. 1100 patient days). Clinical diagnosis of rejection was made independently of immunological results. All clinically suspected rejection episodes, except one, were checked by microscopy. A positive CML-test accompanied 9 out of 11 rejection episodes; the test was negative on all other occasions. Positive CDC and ADCC tests exhibited no obvious correlation with rejection episodes: positive ADCC may be more frequent in clinically uncomplicated phases. Positive CML did not generally precede clinical graft rejection. Positive CML before transplantation was observed in two cases and was followed by irreversible, accelerated acute rejections. The CML-test may prove a reliable tool in rejection diagnosis and may yield results comparable with graft biopsy without inflicting any risk on the patient.", "contents": "Immunological diagnosis of rejection in human renal allotransplanted patients--a prospective study. The object of this study has been to evaluate the recipient's immunological reactivity towards donor lymphocytes in relation to rejection episodes. All recipients (20) of local necrokidneys during 1976 were immunologically monitored immediately before transplantation and subsequently twice weekly for donor-specific complement dependent lymphocytotoxic (CDC) antibodies, antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). Experiments were performed until graft removal or dismissal (approx. 1100 patient days). Clinical diagnosis of rejection was made independently of immunological results. All clinically suspected rejection episodes, except one, were checked by microscopy. A positive CML-test accompanied 9 out of 11 rejection episodes; the test was negative on all other occasions. Positive CDC and ADCC tests exhibited no obvious correlation with rejection episodes: positive ADCC may be more frequent in clinically uncomplicated phases. Positive CML did not generally precede clinical graft rejection. Positive CML before transplantation was observed in two cases and was followed by irreversible, accelerated acute rejections. The CML-test may prove a reliable tool in rejection diagnosis and may yield results comparable with graft biopsy without inflicting any risk on the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:341133", "title": "Assessment of whole blood for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in kidney patients.", "content": "A test using whole blood for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been assessed in kidney patients. The antibody-coated target system comprised lymphocytes isolated from a normal donor sensitised with rabbit anti-human lymphocyte serum. Comparison of results obtained with whole blood and isolated lymphocytes from the same patients shows that the whole blood test amplifies the differences between normal subjects, dialysis and transplant patients. It probably combines the effects of depressed lymphocyte function and lymphopenia and thus represent a more physiological in vitro correlate for in vivo immune function.", "contents": "Assessment of whole blood for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in kidney patients. A test using whole blood for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been assessed in kidney patients. The antibody-coated target system comprised lymphocytes isolated from a normal donor sensitised with rabbit anti-human lymphocyte serum. Comparison of results obtained with whole blood and isolated lymphocytes from the same patients shows that the whole blood test amplifies the differences between normal subjects, dialysis and transplant patients. It probably combines the effects of depressed lymphocyte function and lymphopenia and thus represent a more physiological in vitro correlate for in vivo immune function."}
{"id": "PMID:341134", "title": "Intensive plasma exchange, complement dependent microcytotoxicity and renal transplant rejection.", "content": "Intensive plasma exchange (IPE) was used to treat 13 rejection episodes in eight renal transplant recipients with biopsy evidence of humoral rejection. Prior to IPE, each patients had several rejection episodes treated with high dose steroids. The IPE-treated rejections had not responded to conventional anti-rejection therapy and all patients appeared likely to lose their grafts. IPE reversed 7 of the 13 rejections (5 of 8 patients responded). Two of the 8 grafts continue to have adequate function 6 and 8 months after IPE. IPE temporarily reverses rejection but not increase long term graft survival.", "contents": "Intensive plasma exchange, complement dependent microcytotoxicity and renal transplant rejection. Intensive plasma exchange (IPE) was used to treat 13 rejection episodes in eight renal transplant recipients with biopsy evidence of humoral rejection. Prior to IPE, each patients had several rejection episodes treated with high dose steroids. The IPE-treated rejections had not responded to conventional anti-rejection therapy and all patients appeared likely to lose their grafts. IPE reversed 7 of the 13 rejections (5 of 8 patients responded). Two of the 8 grafts continue to have adequate function 6 and 8 months after IPE. IPE temporarily reverses rejection but not increase long term graft survival."}
{"id": "PMID:341135", "title": "Monitoring and modulation of recipient immune responsiveness to prevent kidney graft rejection in the early post-transplant period.", "content": "In 41 consecutive living and cadaver donor renal transplant recipients, immunological monitoring was performed 2--3 times a week for the first two post-transplant months. Monitoring consisted of: 1) Circulating T and B cell levels (E-EAC Rosette assay) 2) T cell reactivity (PHA-Con A) 3) LMC and ADCC reactivity Rejection was diagnosed by standard techniques including radioisotope renal scans and biopsy in some cases. Immunosuppression consisted of prednisone, imuran, cyclophosphamide and horse ALG. In 32 rejection episodes in the first two months, 22 (68%) were associated with a rise in T cell levels. Rejection activity also correlated with an augmented PHA mitogenesis count of 20 +/- 5%. There was no positive correlation between Con A mitogenesis and rejection. There was also no correlation between rejection and circulating B cell levels. There was no significant correlation between a positive ADCC and graft rejection. Futhermore a positive ADCC in association with a negative LMC resulted in excellent long-term graft function. In conclusion, an excellent correlation of levels of circulating T cells and T cell reactivity with early in vivo rejection was shown.", "contents": "Monitoring and modulation of recipient immune responsiveness to prevent kidney graft rejection in the early post-transplant period. In 41 consecutive living and cadaver donor renal transplant recipients, immunological monitoring was performed 2--3 times a week for the first two post-transplant months. Monitoring consisted of: 1) Circulating T and B cell levels (E-EAC Rosette assay) 2) T cell reactivity (PHA-Con A) 3) LMC and ADCC reactivity Rejection was diagnosed by standard techniques including radioisotope renal scans and biopsy in some cases. Immunosuppression consisted of prednisone, imuran, cyclophosphamide and horse ALG. In 32 rejection episodes in the first two months, 22 (68%) were associated with a rise in T cell levels. Rejection activity also correlated with an augmented PHA mitogenesis count of 20 +/- 5%. There was no positive correlation between Con A mitogenesis and rejection. There was also no correlation between rejection and circulating B cell levels. There was no significant correlation between a positive ADCC and graft rejection. Futhermore a positive ADCC in association with a negative LMC resulted in excellent long-term graft function. In conclusion, an excellent correlation of levels of circulating T cells and T cell reactivity with early in vivo rejection was shown."}
{"id": "PMID:341136", "title": "Minimum steriod requirements in renal transplant patients monitored by urinary fibrin degradation products and complement.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to define the minimum steroid requirement in patients with a well established renal transplant, monitoring rejection by urinary fibrin degradation products (FDP) and complement (C3) measurements. Urinary FDP and C3 were measured daily over two years in ten patients who had a renal cadaveric transplant. Steroid therapy was reduced step-wise over an average period of fifty weeks to minimum values (range 5--10 mg, mean 7.0 mg prednisone). Three patients developed rejection when taking 7.5 mg prednisone for 10, 21 and 50 weeks respectively. In these three patients urinary FDP excretion rose markedly 12, 10 and 8 weeks respectively prior to the diagnosis of rejection and had fallen to pre-rejection values by the time any significant changes were observed in renal function. C3 appeared in the urine of two of the three patients who had graft rejection, heralding the diagnosis by 14 and 11 days respectively. The minimal steroid dosage varied from 0.06 to 0.24 mg prednisone/kg body weight (mean 0.11) and the three patients who rejected did so on doses of 0.10, 0.13 and 0.16 mg/kg. Doses of prednisone less than 10 mg per day risk the induction of rejection, depending upon the individual response of the patient.", "contents": "Minimum steriod requirements in renal transplant patients monitored by urinary fibrin degradation products and complement. The purpose of this study was to define the minimum steroid requirement in patients with a well established renal transplant, monitoring rejection by urinary fibrin degradation products (FDP) and complement (C3) measurements. Urinary FDP and C3 were measured daily over two years in ten patients who had a renal cadaveric transplant. Steroid therapy was reduced step-wise over an average period of fifty weeks to minimum values (range 5--10 mg, mean 7.0 mg prednisone). Three patients developed rejection when taking 7.5 mg prednisone for 10, 21 and 50 weeks respectively. In these three patients urinary FDP excretion rose markedly 12, 10 and 8 weeks respectively prior to the diagnosis of rejection and had fallen to pre-rejection values by the time any significant changes were observed in renal function. C3 appeared in the urine of two of the three patients who had graft rejection, heralding the diagnosis by 14 and 11 days respectively. The minimal steroid dosage varied from 0.06 to 0.24 mg prednisone/kg body weight (mean 0.11) and the three patients who rejected did so on doses of 0.10, 0.13 and 0.16 mg/kg. Doses of prednisone less than 10 mg per day risk the induction of rejection, depending upon the individual response of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:341137", "title": "Surgical complications in 500 kidney transplantations.", "content": "The surgical complications in a series of 500 transplantations done by a single transplantation unit with over ten years' experience in the field are reported. The complications are divided into vascular, urological and gastrointestinal. In addition, renal rupture, primary wound infections and operative deaths are reported. Most of the losses of transplants caused by surgical complications are due to renal rupture and vascular complications, accounting for 3.6 and 2 percent of losses respectively out of the 500 kidney transplants. The urological complications caused a loss of the remaining 1.2% of a total of 6.8%. tthe overall mortality was highest in gastrointestinal complications with 6% of the total of 10% deaths following surgical complications. The mortality rate in the group of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding and perforations and with acute pancreatitis was extremely high. More accurate screening for potential candidates for gastroduodenal ulceration and better prophylactic treatment is needed. More active treatment of acute pancreatitis is suggested.", "contents": "Surgical complications in 500 kidney transplantations. The surgical complications in a series of 500 transplantations done by a single transplantation unit with over ten years' experience in the field are reported. The complications are divided into vascular, urological and gastrointestinal. In addition, renal rupture, primary wound infections and operative deaths are reported. Most of the losses of transplants caused by surgical complications are due to renal rupture and vascular complications, accounting for 3.6 and 2 percent of losses respectively out of the 500 kidney transplants. The urological complications caused a loss of the remaining 1.2% of a total of 6.8%. tthe overall mortality was highest in gastrointestinal complications with 6% of the total of 10% deaths following surgical complications. The mortality rate in the group of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding and perforations and with acute pancreatitis was extremely high. More accurate screening for potential candidates for gastroduodenal ulceration and better prophylactic treatment is needed. More active treatment of acute pancreatitis is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:341138", "title": "Kidney graft rejection crisis: time-evolution, prognostic significance and role in infection.", "content": "For 255 kidney grafts performed during the past twelve years, 622 rejection crises (RC) were analysed. Irreversible RC occurred more frequently in second than in first grafts during the first post-operative trimester. A clear relationship between long term graft tolerance and RC occurring during the first post-operative month was observed. Infection was related to RC in 61% of cases. Infections following corticosteroid therapy after short intervals were usually characterised by a poor prognosis. These clinical features have practical implications for immunosuppressive treatment.", "contents": "Kidney graft rejection crisis: time-evolution, prognostic significance and role in infection. For 255 kidney grafts performed during the past twelve years, 622 rejection crises (RC) were analysed. Irreversible RC occurred more frequently in second than in first grafts during the first post-operative trimester. A clear relationship between long term graft tolerance and RC occurring during the first post-operative month was observed. Infection was related to RC in 61% of cases. Infections following corticosteroid therapy after short intervals were usually characterised by a poor prognosis. These clinical features have practical implications for immunosuppressive treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:341139", "title": "Kidney transplant artery stenosis. Interrelationship between blood pressure, kidney function, renin-aldosterone system and body sodium content.", "content": "Among 9 hypertensive recipients with kidney transplant artery stenosis (KTAS) evidence of increased activity of the renin system was present in 3. Surgical repair of KTAS in 4 recipients resulted in an increase in renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate associated with a decrease in exchangeable sodium and blood pressure. Peripheral plasma renin and aldosterone values were normal before and after operation in all. It is suggested that sodium retention may counterbalance increased activity of the renin system in KTAS. Preoperative determinations of plasma renin do not predict the effect of surgical repair of KTAS on hypertension.", "contents": "Kidney transplant artery stenosis. Interrelationship between blood pressure, kidney function, renin-aldosterone system and body sodium content. Among 9 hypertensive recipients with kidney transplant artery stenosis (KTAS) evidence of increased activity of the renin system was present in 3. Surgical repair of KTAS in 4 recipients resulted in an increase in renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate associated with a decrease in exchangeable sodium and blood pressure. Peripheral plasma renin and aldosterone values were normal before and after operation in all. It is suggested that sodium retention may counterbalance increased activity of the renin system in KTAS. Preoperative determinations of plasma renin do not predict the effect of surgical repair of KTAS on hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:341140", "title": "Treatment of peptic ulcer in renal failure.", "content": "The occurrence and pathophysiology of peptic ulcer was studied in 117 uraemic patients. Ulcer disease was unusually frequent, and the highest incidence was found in patients on regular dialysis (48%). Factors implicated were hyperacidity, hypergastrinaemia, and the effect of dialysis itself. We found that the occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding was lower post-transplant (7%), than pre-transplant (15%), and that bleeding in renal transplant patients was due more commonly to erosive gastritis than peptic ulcer. Cimetidene was given to 9 regular dialysis patients with peptic ulcer. Symptomatic relief and significant reduction of acid secretion was demonstrated, and no major side effects occured. There is a logical basis for conservative treatment of uncomplicated peptic ulcer in the dialysis patient, and further evaluation of cimetidene is indicated.", "contents": "Treatment of peptic ulcer in renal failure. The occurrence and pathophysiology of peptic ulcer was studied in 117 uraemic patients. Ulcer disease was unusually frequent, and the highest incidence was found in patients on regular dialysis (48%). Factors implicated were hyperacidity, hypergastrinaemia, and the effect of dialysis itself. We found that the occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding was lower post-transplant (7%), than pre-transplant (15%), and that bleeding in renal transplant patients was due more commonly to erosive gastritis than peptic ulcer. Cimetidene was given to 9 regular dialysis patients with peptic ulcer. Symptomatic relief and significant reduction of acid secretion was demonstrated, and no major side effects occured. There is a logical basis for conservative treatment of uncomplicated peptic ulcer in the dialysis patient, and further evaluation of cimetidene is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:341141", "title": "Successful haemodialysis and renal transplantation in a patient with haemophilia A.", "content": "A 19-year old male with severe haemophilia A (factor VIII activity less than 1%) developed terminal renal insufficiency and was subsequently dialysed via an external arteriovenous shunt for one year. To prevent bleeding he received cryoprecipitate (2000-2500 units of factor VIII) three times a week during dialysis. After one year of uneventful dialysis he received a kidney graft from a cadaver donor that was matched for the B locus antigens. During the first two weeks after transplantation his factor VIII level was kept at approximately 70% by daily cryoprecipitate infusions. Thereafter he was free from bleeding at a level of 20% with prophylactic cryoprecipitate treatment (1000 units 3 times a week). He was discharged from the hospital five weeks after transplantation with excellent renal function (ECC 75 ml/min). No rejection crisis occurred. His factor VIII requirements remained unchanged after transplantation, indicating that the human kidney does not substantially contribute to the production of clotpromoting factor VIII.", "contents": "Successful haemodialysis and renal transplantation in a patient with haemophilia A. A 19-year old male with severe haemophilia A (factor VIII activity less than 1%) developed terminal renal insufficiency and was subsequently dialysed via an external arteriovenous shunt for one year. To prevent bleeding he received cryoprecipitate (2000-2500 units of factor VIII) three times a week during dialysis. After one year of uneventful dialysis he received a kidney graft from a cadaver donor that was matched for the B locus antigens. During the first two weeks after transplantation his factor VIII level was kept at approximately 70% by daily cryoprecipitate infusions. Thereafter he was free from bleeding at a level of 20% with prophylactic cryoprecipitate treatment (1000 units 3 times a week). He was discharged from the hospital five weeks after transplantation with excellent renal function (ECC 75 ml/min). No rejection crisis occurred. His factor VIII requirements remained unchanged after transplantation, indicating that the human kidney does not substantially contribute to the production of clotpromoting factor VIII."}
{"id": "PMID:341142", "title": "Is renal osteodystrophy reversible?", "content": "In order to investigate the possible reversibility of renal osteodystrophy, eleven necrograft recipients were investigated six years after transplantation, when treatment with prednisone had been withdrawn for 1.5 years. Serum ionised calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatases, PTH, skeletal radiography, Technetium polyphosphate (Tc-PP) bone scintigraphy and radial bone mineral content (BMC) were studied. Normal blood biochemistry, radiography and Tc-PP scintigraphy were found in nine (82%) of the patients, in contrast to the considerably higher frequency of abnormalities ordinarily found in haemodialysis patients. However, the radial BMC was significantly reduced (mean 13.5%) and identical with the BMC value in haemodialysis patients. We conclude that some regression of renal osteodystrophy may take place after a successful kidney transplantation, but that decreased mineralisation of the appendicular skeleton persists. Whether this latter finding is due to long-term steroid treatment or is an indicator of an irreversible component in renal osteodystrophy cannot be stated.", "contents": "Is renal osteodystrophy reversible? In order to investigate the possible reversibility of renal osteodystrophy, eleven necrograft recipients were investigated six years after transplantation, when treatment with prednisone had been withdrawn for 1.5 years. Serum ionised calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatases, PTH, skeletal radiography, Technetium polyphosphate (Tc-PP) bone scintigraphy and radial bone mineral content (BMC) were studied. Normal blood biochemistry, radiography and Tc-PP scintigraphy were found in nine (82%) of the patients, in contrast to the considerably higher frequency of abnormalities ordinarily found in haemodialysis patients. However, the radial BMC was significantly reduced (mean 13.5%) and identical with the BMC value in haemodialysis patients. We conclude that some regression of renal osteodystrophy may take place after a successful kidney transplantation, but that decreased mineralisation of the appendicular skeleton persists. Whether this latter finding is due to long-term steroid treatment or is an indicator of an irreversible component in renal osteodystrophy cannot be stated."}
{"id": "PMID:341143", "title": "Ribonuclease activity in renal failure: evidence for toxicity.", "content": "The normal level of serum or plasma poly C-avid ribonuclease activity is 1047 +/- 247 U/mL. Serum levels increase proportionately with elevations in serum creatinine, reaching levels of 9,500-35,000 in patients undergoing dialysis. The levels can be normalised by successful renal transplantation but not by dialysis. Purified human urinary ribonuclease, a glycoprotein enzyme similar to the serum ribonuclease, was capable of: 1) inhibiting the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes; 2) inhibiting the proliferation and growth of bone marrow red cell colonies; and 3) adversely affecting the growth and viability of precursor fat cells.", "contents": "Ribonuclease activity in renal failure: evidence for toxicity. The normal level of serum or plasma poly C-avid ribonuclease activity is 1047 +/- 247 U/mL. Serum levels increase proportionately with elevations in serum creatinine, reaching levels of 9,500-35,000 in patients undergoing dialysis. The levels can be normalised by successful renal transplantation but not by dialysis. Purified human urinary ribonuclease, a glycoprotein enzyme similar to the serum ribonuclease, was capable of: 1) inhibiting the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes; 2) inhibiting the proliferation and growth of bone marrow red cell colonies; and 3) adversely affecting the growth and viability of precursor fat cells."}
{"id": "PMID:341144", "title": "Antibodies in Escherichia coli urinary tract infection.", "content": "In 105 adults with E.Coli urinary tract infections, IgG coated bacteriuria was found in 8/9 with acute pyelonephritis (PN), 17/20 with chronic PN, and in only 2/76 with lower UTI. IgA was present in 66% of PN, but IgA secretory piece in less than 10%. These urinary IgG antibodies were, at least in part, synthesised in the kidney because serum IgG antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in only half the patients. 06, 018, 022 E.Coli serotypes were the three most frequently found O groups, but their prevalence in PN is not significant. The immunology of urinary tract infection (UTI) is still a subject of little interest in adult nephrology; but antibody production is a well-characterised event in pyelonephritis (PN), the study of which seems to be the best indirect procedure for localising the site of UTI. We have analysed the production of urinary and humoral antibodies, and their correlation with E.Coli serotypes in patients with E.Coli UTI.", "contents": "Antibodies in Escherichia coli urinary tract infection. In 105 adults with E.Coli urinary tract infections, IgG coated bacteriuria was found in 8/9 with acute pyelonephritis (PN), 17/20 with chronic PN, and in only 2/76 with lower UTI. IgA was present in 66% of PN, but IgA secretory piece in less than 10%. These urinary IgG antibodies were, at least in part, synthesised in the kidney because serum IgG antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in only half the patients. 06, 018, 022 E.Coli serotypes were the three most frequently found O groups, but their prevalence in PN is not significant. The immunology of urinary tract infection (UTI) is still a subject of little interest in adult nephrology; but antibody production is a well-characterised event in pyelonephritis (PN), the study of which seems to be the best indirect procedure for localising the site of UTI. We have analysed the production of urinary and humoral antibodies, and their correlation with E.Coli serotypes in patients with E.Coli UTI."}
{"id": "PMID:341145", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of renal tubular protein reabsorption.", "content": "Amino acids and derivatives were injected intravenously in normal man and the effect on the urinary excretion of albumin, free light chains and beta-2-microglobulin determined. From the results we hypothesise that the initial event in normal protein reabsorption is binding between a free positive amino- or guanidino-group of the protein molecule and a negative site on the tubular cell surface. This initial event in the reabsorption process is impeded by molecules containing similar charged groups (arginine, ornithine, lysine, EACA and Cyclocaprone). Using high doses of lysine, complete or near-complete inhibition of tubular protein reabsorption is obtained. The glomerular filtration rate in preliminary experiments is found to be of the order of 300 microgram/min for albumin.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of renal tubular protein reabsorption. Amino acids and derivatives were injected intravenously in normal man and the effect on the urinary excretion of albumin, free light chains and beta-2-microglobulin determined. From the results we hypothesise that the initial event in normal protein reabsorption is binding between a free positive amino- or guanidino-group of the protein molecule and a negative site on the tubular cell surface. This initial event in the reabsorption process is impeded by molecules containing similar charged groups (arginine, ornithine, lysine, EACA and Cyclocaprone). Using high doses of lysine, complete or near-complete inhibition of tubular protein reabsorption is obtained. The glomerular filtration rate in preliminary experiments is found to be of the order of 300 microgram/min for albumin."}
{"id": "PMID:341150", "title": "Production of a functional eukaryotic enzyme in Escherichia coli: cloning and expression of the yeast structural gene for imidazole-glycerolphosphate dehydratase (his3).", "content": "A cloned segment of yeast DNA containing the structural gene for imidazoleglycerolphosphate dehydratase (D-erythro-imidazoleglycerolphosphate hydro-lase, EC 4.2.1.19) is transcribed and translated in Escherichia coli with sufficient fidelity to produce functional enzyme. This segment of yeast DNA was isolated as a viable molecular hybrid of bacteriophage lambda (lambdagt-Sc2601) which complements a nonrevertible hisB auxotroph of E. coli lacking dehydratase activity. The equivalent segments of DNA cloned from two independent his3 mutants of yeast lacking IGP dehydratase activity do not complement the hisB auxotroph. The two nonfunctional his3 alleles cloned in bacteriophage lambda can be recombined in E. coli to generate a hybrid phage which complements the hisB auxotroph. The dehydratase activity produced in E. coli by the cloned segment of yeast DNA strongly resembles the activity found in yeast.", "contents": "Production of a functional eukaryotic enzyme in Escherichia coli: cloning and expression of the yeast structural gene for imidazole-glycerolphosphate dehydratase (his3). A cloned segment of yeast DNA containing the structural gene for imidazoleglycerolphosphate dehydratase (D-erythro-imidazoleglycerolphosphate hydro-lase, EC 4.2.1.19) is transcribed and translated in Escherichia coli with sufficient fidelity to produce functional enzyme. This segment of yeast DNA was isolated as a viable molecular hybrid of bacteriophage lambda (lambdagt-Sc2601) which complements a nonrevertible hisB auxotroph of E. coli lacking dehydratase activity. The equivalent segments of DNA cloned from two independent his3 mutants of yeast lacking IGP dehydratase activity do not complement the hisB auxotroph. The two nonfunctional his3 alleles cloned in bacteriophage lambda can be recombined in E. coli to generate a hybrid phage which complements the hisB auxotroph. The dehydratase activity produced in E. coli by the cloned segment of yeast DNA strongly resembles the activity found in yeast."}
{"id": "PMID:341151", "title": "Protein X is the product of the recA gene of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The inducible protein X of Escherichia coli has been compared to the recA+ protein made by specialized recA transducing phages. The molecular weights and isoelectric points of these proteins are identical. Two mutations located in the recA gene that alter the electrophoretic mobility or the isoelectric point of protein X have been studied. A recA12 mutant strain, deficient in homologous recombination and repair, produces a smaller-than-normal protein X. A transducing phage carrying the recA12 allele directs the synthesis of a smaller recA protein after infection of irradiated cells. A transducing phage carrying the recA region of a tif-1 mutant strain codes for a recA protein with an isoelectric point more basic than that of the lambdaprecA+ product. The protein X of a tif-1 mutant strain shows an identical shift in its isoelectric properties. Examination of several tsl- recA- strains indicates that protein X can be induced in several missense recA mutants but is not detected in tsl- strains carrying amber or deletion mutations of the recA gene. These results demonstrate that protein X is the product of the recA gene and that the tif-1 mutation alters the properties of the recA protein. A model is suggested for autoregulation of the recA protein in the induction of functions expressed in response to DNA damage (SOS functions).", "contents": "Protein X is the product of the recA gene of Escherichia coli. The inducible protein X of Escherichia coli has been compared to the recA+ protein made by specialized recA transducing phages. The molecular weights and isoelectric points of these proteins are identical. Two mutations located in the recA gene that alter the electrophoretic mobility or the isoelectric point of protein X have been studied. A recA12 mutant strain, deficient in homologous recombination and repair, produces a smaller-than-normal protein X. A transducing phage carrying the recA12 allele directs the synthesis of a smaller recA protein after infection of irradiated cells. A transducing phage carrying the recA region of a tif-1 mutant strain codes for a recA protein with an isoelectric point more basic than that of the lambdaprecA+ product. The protein X of a tif-1 mutant strain shows an identical shift in its isoelectric properties. Examination of several tsl- recA- strains indicates that protein X can be induced in several missense recA mutants but is not detected in tsl- strains carrying amber or deletion mutations of the recA gene. These results demonstrate that protein X is the product of the recA gene and that the tif-1 mutation alters the properties of the recA protein. A model is suggested for autoregulation of the recA protein in the induction of functions expressed in response to DNA damage (SOS functions)."}
{"id": "PMID:341152", "title": "Identification of the recA (tif) gene product of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Treatments that inhibit DNA synthesis in recA(+)lexA(+)Escherichia coli stimulate synthesis of a 40,000 molecular weight protein species (protein X). The protein X molecules produced by wild-type and mutant E. coli strains have been compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. One recA mutant (DM1415 spr recA1) produced a protein X with a more acidic isoelectric point than protein X from the wild type, demonstrating that protein X is probably the product of the recA gene. Additional mutants carrying the recA-linked tif-1 mutation yielded a protein X that was more basic than the wild-type protein, indicating that the tif-1 mutation also alters the recA protein. Protein X molecules from the above mutants and wild-type E. coli have been shown to yield similar partial products upon limited proteolysis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, indicating they are the same protein species. These and additional studies suggest that (i) the tif-1 mutation alters a site on the recA protein that is sensitive to DNA synthesis inhibition, (ii) synthesis of recA protein is self-regulated, and (iii) synthesis of recA protein is also regulated by the lexA product with lexA-suppressor mutations such as spr resulting in constitutive synthesis of recA protein.", "contents": "Identification of the recA (tif) gene product of Escherichia coli. Treatments that inhibit DNA synthesis in recA(+)lexA(+)Escherichia coli stimulate synthesis of a 40,000 molecular weight protein species (protein X). The protein X molecules produced by wild-type and mutant E. coli strains have been compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. One recA mutant (DM1415 spr recA1) produced a protein X with a more acidic isoelectric point than protein X from the wild type, demonstrating that protein X is probably the product of the recA gene. Additional mutants carrying the recA-linked tif-1 mutation yielded a protein X that was more basic than the wild-type protein, indicating that the tif-1 mutation also alters the recA protein. Protein X molecules from the above mutants and wild-type E. coli have been shown to yield similar partial products upon limited proteolysis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, indicating they are the same protein species. These and additional studies suggest that (i) the tif-1 mutation alters a site on the recA protein that is sensitive to DNA synthesis inhibition, (ii) synthesis of recA protein is self-regulated, and (iii) synthesis of recA protein is also regulated by the lexA product with lexA-suppressor mutations such as spr resulting in constitutive synthesis of recA protein."}
{"id": "PMID:341153", "title": "Biosynthesis of the covalently linked diglyceride in murein lipoprotein of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Biosynthesis of the diglyceride moiety of murein lipoprotein in Escherichia coli was studied by pulse-labeling with [2-3H]glycerol and subsequent chase. The evidence strongly suggests that the precursor of the glycerol moiety in lipoprotein is one of the major phospholipid species in E. coli. Studies of biosynthesis of lipoprotein in cerulenin-treated cells indicated that the nonacylated glycerol moiety of phosphatidylglycerol is the donor for the formation of a thioether linkage in the glycerylcysteine residue of the lipoprotein. This is supported by the observation that carbon 1 rather than carbon 3 of sn-glycerol is involved in this thioether linkage. We propose that the biosynthesis of lipoprotein proceeds as follows: apolipoprotein + phosphatidylglycerol or acyl phosphatidylglycerol leads to lipoprotein + phosphatidic acid.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the covalently linked diglyceride in murein lipoprotein of Escherichia coli. Biosynthesis of the diglyceride moiety of murein lipoprotein in Escherichia coli was studied by pulse-labeling with [2-3H]glycerol and subsequent chase. The evidence strongly suggests that the precursor of the glycerol moiety in lipoprotein is one of the major phospholipid species in E. coli. Studies of biosynthesis of lipoprotein in cerulenin-treated cells indicated that the nonacylated glycerol moiety of phosphatidylglycerol is the donor for the formation of a thioether linkage in the glycerylcysteine residue of the lipoprotein. This is supported by the observation that carbon 1 rather than carbon 3 of sn-glycerol is involved in this thioether linkage. We propose that the biosynthesis of lipoprotein proceeds as follows: apolipoprotein + phosphatidylglycerol or acyl phosphatidylglycerol leads to lipoprotein + phosphatidic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:341154", "title": "Cloning of the silk fibroin gene and its flanking sequences.", "content": "Thirteen Escherichia coli clones containing the whole or a part of the fibroin gene (16 kilobases long) have been isolated. The starting material was DNA extracted from the posterior silk glands of Bombyx mori. Most clones were obtained from sheared DNA fragments linked by poly(dA)-poly(dT) joints to the plasmid pMB9. One of them includes the 5' end of the fibroin gene with a flanking sequence of 12 kilobases, and another includes the 3' end of the gene with a flanking sequence of about 1 kilobase. One clone was obtained by ligation, to pMB9, of a fragment generated by endodeoxy-ribonuclease EcoRI. This clone has a 21-kilobase insertion that probably includes the entire fibroin gene with flanking sequences at both ends. The cleavage sites for endodeoxyribonucleases EcoRI, HindIII, and BamHI have been established for the cloned sequences.", "contents": "Cloning of the silk fibroin gene and its flanking sequences. Thirteen Escherichia coli clones containing the whole or a part of the fibroin gene (16 kilobases long) have been isolated. The starting material was DNA extracted from the posterior silk glands of Bombyx mori. Most clones were obtained from sheared DNA fragments linked by poly(dA)-poly(dT) joints to the plasmid pMB9. One of them includes the 5' end of the fibroin gene with a flanking sequence of 12 kilobases, and another includes the 3' end of the gene with a flanking sequence of about 1 kilobase. One clone was obtained by ligation, to pMB9, of a fragment generated by endodeoxy-ribonuclease EcoRI. This clone has a 21-kilobase insertion that probably includes the entire fibroin gene with flanking sequences at both ends. The cleavage sites for endodeoxyribonucleases EcoRI, HindIII, and BamHI have been established for the cloned sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:341155", "title": "mRNA-dependent in vitro synthesis of ribosomal proteins L12 and L10 and elongation factor Tu.", "content": "RNA extracted from growing Escherichia coli can direct the in vitro synthesis of ribosomal proteins L12 and L10 and elongation factor Tu when an E. coli system is used. The synthesized L12 can be bound to L12-depleted ribosomes and the synthesized elongation factor Tu can form complexes with both elongation factor Ts and GDP. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate has no effect on the synthesis of these proteins from an RNA template but inhibits their synthesis when a DNA template is used.", "contents": "mRNA-dependent in vitro synthesis of ribosomal proteins L12 and L10 and elongation factor Tu. RNA extracted from growing Escherichia coli can direct the in vitro synthesis of ribosomal proteins L12 and L10 and elongation factor Tu when an E. coli system is used. The synthesized L12 can be bound to L12-depleted ribosomes and the synthesized elongation factor Tu can form complexes with both elongation factor Ts and GDP. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate has no effect on the synthesis of these proteins from an RNA template but inhibits their synthesis when a DNA template is used."}
{"id": "PMID:341156", "title": "Regulation of synthesis and activity of a mutant RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The expression of the genes specifying the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate: RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) was examined in an Escherichia coli strain bearing a temperature-sensitive mutation in the beta' subunit gene. A shift to 42 degrees results in a restriction of RNA chain initiation and a cessation of RNA synthesis. A shift to 39 degrees results in only partial restriction, allowing RNA and protein synthesis to continue. The partial restriction produces a 5- to 6-fold increase in the relative transcription rate of the beta and beta' genes and a concomitant increase in the relative synthesis rate of the beta and beta' proteins. The transcription rate of ribosomal protein genes was also increased somewhat. These results indicate that the genes specifying the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase are regulated at the level of transcription and that this regulation is related to the transcription of ribosomal protein genes. Furthermore, the results indicate that this regulation of the beta and beta' RNA polymerase subunit genes is somehow triggered by a reduction in the ability of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription on the bacterial chromosome.", "contents": "Regulation of synthesis and activity of a mutant RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli. The expression of the genes specifying the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate: RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) was examined in an Escherichia coli strain bearing a temperature-sensitive mutation in the beta' subunit gene. A shift to 42 degrees results in a restriction of RNA chain initiation and a cessation of RNA synthesis. A shift to 39 degrees results in only partial restriction, allowing RNA and protein synthesis to continue. The partial restriction produces a 5- to 6-fold increase in the relative transcription rate of the beta and beta' genes and a concomitant increase in the relative synthesis rate of the beta and beta' proteins. The transcription rate of ribosomal protein genes was also increased somewhat. These results indicate that the genes specifying the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase are regulated at the level of transcription and that this regulation is related to the transcription of ribosomal protein genes. Furthermore, the results indicate that this regulation of the beta and beta' RNA polymerase subunit genes is somehow triggered by a reduction in the ability of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription on the bacterial chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:341157", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of a mutant eukaryotic gene: the yeast tyrosine-inserting ochre suppressor SUP4-o.", "content": "One of the eight endonuclease EcoRI fragments of yeast DNA that hybridize to yeast tRNATyr has been identified with the genetically defined nonsense-suppressor locus SUP4. This identification was achieved by analyzing the meiotic linkage between the genetic determinant for the SUP4 phenotype and that for an electrophoretic variant of the EcoRI fragment. The SUP4 gene was then cloned from an ochre-suppressing yeast strain and analyzed by DNA sequencing. A wild-type SUP4 gene and two other genetically unidentified tRNATyr genes were also sequenced. The sequence of the ochre suppressor differs from that of the wild-type genes by virtue of a G.C leads to T.A transversion in the base pair that codes for the wobble position base of the tRNATyr anticodon. All four genes contain, immediately to the 3' side of the anticodon triplet, a 14 base pair tract that is not present in mature tRNATyr. Although the four genes, which represent three unlinked chromosomal loci, all encode the same mature tRNA sequence, there is virtually no observable sequence homology between the three loci in the region preceding the 5' end of the mature tRNATyr sequences.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of a mutant eukaryotic gene: the yeast tyrosine-inserting ochre suppressor SUP4-o. One of the eight endonuclease EcoRI fragments of yeast DNA that hybridize to yeast tRNATyr has been identified with the genetically defined nonsense-suppressor locus SUP4. This identification was achieved by analyzing the meiotic linkage between the genetic determinant for the SUP4 phenotype and that for an electrophoretic variant of the EcoRI fragment. The SUP4 gene was then cloned from an ochre-suppressing yeast strain and analyzed by DNA sequencing. A wild-type SUP4 gene and two other genetically unidentified tRNATyr genes were also sequenced. The sequence of the ochre suppressor differs from that of the wild-type genes by virtue of a G.C leads to T.A transversion in the base pair that codes for the wobble position base of the tRNATyr anticodon. All four genes contain, immediately to the 3' side of the anticodon triplet, a 14 base pair tract that is not present in mature tRNATyr. Although the four genes, which represent three unlinked chromosomal loci, all encode the same mature tRNA sequence, there is virtually no observable sequence homology between the three loci in the region preceding the 5' end of the mature tRNATyr sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:341158", "title": "Cloning and mapping of the replication origin of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The replication origin of Escherichia coli has been cloned on a nonreplicating DNA fragment coding for ampicillin resistance. This recombinant DNA, named pSY211, replicates depending on the presence of the replication origin and can be recovered as a closed circular plasmid DNA of 10.7 megadaltons (Mdal). A restriction map has been constructed. EcoRI cleaves pSY211 into two fragments: one is the ampicillin fragment of 4.5 Mdal and the other is a chromosomal fragment of 6 Mdal and contains the origin. The 6 Mdal EcoRI fragment has four BamHI sites, three HindIII sites, and one Xho I site. A mutant of pSY211 has been isolated which is lacking two BamHI fragments of the chromosomal fragment. In recA hosts, pSY211 is lost at a high frequency. In recA+ hosts, pSY211 is integrated into the chromosome due to nucleotide sequence homology between pSY211 and the replication origin of the E. coli chromosome. The integration site has been mapped. We conclude that the replication origin is located at a site between uncA and rbsK, at about 83 min on the genetic map of E. coli.", "contents": "Cloning and mapping of the replication origin of Escherichia coli. The replication origin of Escherichia coli has been cloned on a nonreplicating DNA fragment coding for ampicillin resistance. This recombinant DNA, named pSY211, replicates depending on the presence of the replication origin and can be recovered as a closed circular plasmid DNA of 10.7 megadaltons (Mdal). A restriction map has been constructed. EcoRI cleaves pSY211 into two fragments: one is the ampicillin fragment of 4.5 Mdal and the other is a chromosomal fragment of 6 Mdal and contains the origin. The 6 Mdal EcoRI fragment has four BamHI sites, three HindIII sites, and one Xho I site. A mutant of pSY211 has been isolated which is lacking two BamHI fragments of the chromosomal fragment. In recA hosts, pSY211 is lost at a high frequency. In recA+ hosts, pSY211 is integrated into the chromosome due to nucleotide sequence homology between pSY211 and the replication origin of the E. coli chromosome. The integration site has been mapped. We conclude that the replication origin is located at a site between uncA and rbsK, at about 83 min on the genetic map of E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:341159", "title": "Thermosensitive mutation in Escherichia coli simultaneously causing defects in penicillin-binding protein-1Bs and in enzyme activity for peptidoglycan synthesis in vitro.", "content": "A thermosensitive mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 was isolated in which the membrane fractions were deficient both in penicillin-binding protein-1Bs, the major components of protein 1 [Spratt, B.G. & Pardee, A.B. (1975) Nature 254, 516-517] and in activity for in vitro peptidoglycan synthesis. The mutant was also supersensitive to many kinds of beta-lactam antibiotics. All these phenotypic changes were found to be caused by a single mutation (mrc). Genetic mapping studies show that the mrc mutation was located at about 3.3 min on the E. coli chromosome linkage map [Bachmann, B.J., Low, K.B. & Taylor, A.L. (1976) Bacteriol. Rev. 40, 116-167]. Penicillin-binding protein-1Bs seemed to be identical to one of the essential enzymes involved in crosslinking of peptidoglycan and the target of cell-lytic action of penicillins. Possible functions of some other penicillin-binding proteins in compensating for lack of protein-1Bs were also proposed.", "contents": "Thermosensitive mutation in Escherichia coli simultaneously causing defects in penicillin-binding protein-1Bs and in enzyme activity for peptidoglycan synthesis in vitro. A thermosensitive mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 was isolated in which the membrane fractions were deficient both in penicillin-binding protein-1Bs, the major components of protein 1 [Spratt, B.G. & Pardee, A.B. (1975) Nature 254, 516-517] and in activity for in vitro peptidoglycan synthesis. The mutant was also supersensitive to many kinds of beta-lactam antibiotics. All these phenotypic changes were found to be caused by a single mutation (mrc). Genetic mapping studies show that the mrc mutation was located at about 3.3 min on the E. coli chromosome linkage map [Bachmann, B.J., Low, K.B. & Taylor, A.L. (1976) Bacteriol. Rev. 40, 116-167]. Penicillin-binding protein-1Bs seemed to be identical to one of the essential enzymes involved in crosslinking of peptidoglycan and the target of cell-lytic action of penicillins. Possible functions of some other penicillin-binding proteins in compensating for lack of protein-1Bs were also proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:341160", "title": "Codon specificity of UGA suppressor tRNATrp from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A synthetic polyribonucleotide, poly(U5,G), was used to study the codon specificity of wild-type and UGA suppressor tRNATrp from Escherichia coli. Phe (UUU) incorporation directed by this synthetic messenger is reduced somewhat by omission from the incubation mixtures of Val (GUU), Leu (UUG), or Cys (UGU). In contrast, omission of Cys stimulates Trp incorporation, and this effect is much more pronounced with the UGA suppressor tRNATrp than with wild-type tRNA. The apparent replacement of Cys by Trp is specific, because the omission of Val or Leu slightly inhibits Trp incorporation. These data suggest that the UGA suppressor tRNATrp can translate codons of the form UGN (N is any ribonucleotide). In other words, the suppressor tRNATrp translates codons that properly match two out of the three anticodon nucleotides.", "contents": "Codon specificity of UGA suppressor tRNATrp from Escherichia coli. A synthetic polyribonucleotide, poly(U5,G), was used to study the codon specificity of wild-type and UGA suppressor tRNATrp from Escherichia coli. Phe (UUU) incorporation directed by this synthetic messenger is reduced somewhat by omission from the incubation mixtures of Val (GUU), Leu (UUG), or Cys (UGU). In contrast, omission of Cys stimulates Trp incorporation, and this effect is much more pronounced with the UGA suppressor tRNATrp than with wild-type tRNA. The apparent replacement of Cys by Trp is specific, because the omission of Val or Leu slightly inhibits Trp incorporation. These data suggest that the UGA suppressor tRNATrp can translate codons of the form UGN (N is any ribonucleotide). In other words, the suppressor tRNATrp translates codons that properly match two out of the three anticodon nucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:341161", "title": "Initiation of polypeptide synthesis with various NH2-blocked aminoacyl-tRNAs under the direction of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4.", "content": "Initiation of polypeptide synthesis in a cell-free system of Escherichia coli directed by alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 was studied by using either fMet-tRNA or Ac-Phe-tRNA as initiator tRNA. Initiation with fMet-tRNA yielded a product that was identical to the authentic viral coat protein except that the NH2-terminal serine was preceded by fMet instead of being acetylated. When Ac-Phe-tRNA was used as initiator, the biosynthetic product was 10-12 amino acid residues longer, the extra amino acids being located at the NH2-terminus. fMet-tRNA and Ac-Phe-tRNA did not compete for ribosomes during initiation of protein synthesis, as became evident from incorporation studies using both initiator tRNAs simultaneously. It is concluded that E. coli ribosomes recognize two sites on the 5' end of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 that are separated by a region of about 30 nucleotides. The results are in complete agreement with the 5'-terminal nucleotide sequence of this RNA [Koper-Zwarthoff, E. C., Lockhard, R. E., RajBhandary, U. L., Alzner-deWeerd, B. & Bol, J. F. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5504-5508].", "contents": "Initiation of polypeptide synthesis with various NH2-blocked aminoacyl-tRNAs under the direction of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4. Initiation of polypeptide synthesis in a cell-free system of Escherichia coli directed by alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 was studied by using either fMet-tRNA or Ac-Phe-tRNA as initiator tRNA. Initiation with fMet-tRNA yielded a product that was identical to the authentic viral coat protein except that the NH2-terminal serine was preceded by fMet instead of being acetylated. When Ac-Phe-tRNA was used as initiator, the biosynthetic product was 10-12 amino acid residues longer, the extra amino acids being located at the NH2-terminus. fMet-tRNA and Ac-Phe-tRNA did not compete for ribosomes during initiation of protein synthesis, as became evident from incorporation studies using both initiator tRNAs simultaneously. It is concluded that E. coli ribosomes recognize two sites on the 5' end of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 that are separated by a region of about 30 nucleotides. The results are in complete agreement with the 5'-terminal nucleotide sequence of this RNA [Koper-Zwarthoff, E. C., Lockhard, R. E., RajBhandary, U. L., Alzner-deWeerd, B. & Bol, J. F. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5504-5508]."}
{"id": "PMID:341162", "title": "Contrast variation study of specifically deuterated Escherichia coli ribosomal subunits.", "content": "A neutron small-angle scattering analysis has been done on partially deuterated 30S and 50S subunits of Escherichia coli ribosomes by the contrast variation method. The results indicate that the central regions of both particles are RNA-rich whereas their exteriors are protein-rich. The segregation of RNA and protein is much greater in the 50S subunit than in the 30S; the 30S subunit approaches a homogeneous mixture of RNA and protein. In both structures the most probable separation between the centers of mass of their protein and RNA distributions is small, although substantial variation of this parameter is possible within experimental error.", "contents": "Contrast variation study of specifically deuterated Escherichia coli ribosomal subunits. A neutron small-angle scattering analysis has been done on partially deuterated 30S and 50S subunits of Escherichia coli ribosomes by the contrast variation method. The results indicate that the central regions of both particles are RNA-rich whereas their exteriors are protein-rich. The segregation of RNA and protein is much greater in the 50S subunit than in the 30S; the 30S subunit approaches a homogeneous mixture of RNA and protein. In both structures the most probable separation between the centers of mass of their protein and RNA distributions is small, although substantial variation of this parameter is possible within experimental error."}
{"id": "PMID:341163", "title": "Phalloidin-induced actin polymerization in the cytoplasm of cultured cells interferes with cell locomotion and growth.", "content": "Phalloidin, the toxic drug from the mushroom Amanita phalloides, was injected into the cytoplasm of tissue culture cells and the changes in intracellular actin distribution were followed by immunofluorescence microscopy with actin antibody. At low concentrations, phalloidin recruits the non- or less highly polymerized forms of cytoplasmic actin into stable \"islands\" of aggregated actin polymers and does not interfere with the preexisting thick bundles of microfilaments (stress fibers). Differential focusing shows that these islands of phalloidin-induced actin polymers occur at a level in the cytoplasm that is above the submembranous bundles of microfilaments present on the adhesive side of the cells. The pattern of cytoplasmic microtubules remains unaffected by the injection of phalloidin; however, filamin, a protein usually associated with actin in the cytoplasm, is also recruited into the islands. At higher phalloidin concentrations, contraction of the cell is observed. These results are discussed in the light of previous biochemical studies by Wieland and Faulstich and their coworkers [for a review see Wieland, T. (1977) Naturwissenschaften 64, 303-309] on the in vitro interaction of phalloidin with muscle actin, which have documented that phalloidin reacts stoichiometrically with actin, promotes actin polymerization, and stabilizes actin polymers. In addition, we show that microinjection of phalloidin interferes in a concentration-dependent manner with cell locomotion and cell growth. These results indicate that a well-balanced controlled reversible equilibrium between different polymerization states of actin may be a necessary requirement for cell locomotion and may also influence other cellular functions such as growth.", "contents": "Phalloidin-induced actin polymerization in the cytoplasm of cultured cells interferes with cell locomotion and growth. Phalloidin, the toxic drug from the mushroom Amanita phalloides, was injected into the cytoplasm of tissue culture cells and the changes in intracellular actin distribution were followed by immunofluorescence microscopy with actin antibody. At low concentrations, phalloidin recruits the non- or less highly polymerized forms of cytoplasmic actin into stable \"islands\" of aggregated actin polymers and does not interfere with the preexisting thick bundles of microfilaments (stress fibers). Differential focusing shows that these islands of phalloidin-induced actin polymers occur at a level in the cytoplasm that is above the submembranous bundles of microfilaments present on the adhesive side of the cells. The pattern of cytoplasmic microtubules remains unaffected by the injection of phalloidin; however, filamin, a protein usually associated with actin in the cytoplasm, is also recruited into the islands. At higher phalloidin concentrations, contraction of the cell is observed. These results are discussed in the light of previous biochemical studies by Wieland and Faulstich and their coworkers [for a review see Wieland, T. (1977) Naturwissenschaften 64, 303-309] on the in vitro interaction of phalloidin with muscle actin, which have documented that phalloidin reacts stoichiometrically with actin, promotes actin polymerization, and stabilizes actin polymers. In addition, we show that microinjection of phalloidin interferes in a concentration-dependent manner with cell locomotion and cell growth. These results indicate that a well-balanced controlled reversible equilibrium between different polymerization states of actin may be a necessary requirement for cell locomotion and may also influence other cellular functions such as growth."}
{"id": "PMID:341164", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a lambdapolA transducing phage.", "content": "A plaque-forming lambdapolA phage was isolated from a population of transducing phage made in vitro from Escherichia coli DNA and a phage vector digested with restriction endonuclease HindIII. Amber mutations, in genes whose products are necessary for late protein synthesis (Q) and cell lysis (S), were crossed into the lambdapolA phage. Infection of either polA+ or polA- bacteria with this phage, under conditions permitting DNA replication but preventing phage production and lysis, elevated the levels of DNA polymerase I to between 75- and 100-fold that detected in a wild-type strain. The kinetics of enzyme production suggest that the polA gene is transcribed from its own promoter rather than from any of the well-characterized phage promoters. The fragment of E. coli DNA within the lambdapolA phage comprises approximately 5000 base pairs, sufficient to accommodate the polA gene and one, or two, coding sequences for smaller proteins.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a lambdapolA transducing phage. A plaque-forming lambdapolA phage was isolated from a population of transducing phage made in vitro from Escherichia coli DNA and a phage vector digested with restriction endonuclease HindIII. Amber mutations, in genes whose products are necessary for late protein synthesis (Q) and cell lysis (S), were crossed into the lambdapolA phage. Infection of either polA+ or polA- bacteria with this phage, under conditions permitting DNA replication but preventing phage production and lysis, elevated the levels of DNA polymerase I to between 75- and 100-fold that detected in a wild-type strain. The kinetics of enzyme production suggest that the polA gene is transcribed from its own promoter rather than from any of the well-characterized phage promoters. The fragment of E. coli DNA within the lambdapolA phage comprises approximately 5000 base pairs, sufficient to accommodate the polA gene and one, or two, coding sequences for smaller proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:341165", "title": "Neurophysiological and behavioral evidence for selective reinnervation in skin-grafted Rana pipiens.", "content": "Rana pipiens with skin dorosoventrally reversed can respond to stimulation of the back with forelimb wipes to the belly and to stimulation of the belly with hindlimb wipes to the back. These \"misdirected wiping responses\" have been explained in terms of two alternative hypotheses of nerve regeneration: nerve respecification or selective reinnervation. Experimental behavioral and neurophysiological experiments reported here support the selective reinnervation hypothesis. Severing ventral nerves, which normally innervate the belly, greatly reduced the percentage of misdirected responses on stimulation of belly skin grafted to the back, while severing dorsal nerves, which normally innervate the back, increased the percentage of misdirected responses elicited under the same circumstances. Moreover, neurophysiological recordings of grafted animals showed three effects of skin grafting on nerve distributions: (i) termination of dorsal and ventral nerve receptive field at graft edges; (ii) overlap of nonadjacent ventral nerve receptive fields; and (iii) dorsal coursing of ventral nerves to reinnervate target belly skin displaced to the back. These neurophysiological observations, and particularly the third effect, also support selective reinnervation as the mechanism of nerve regeneration in skin-grafted Rana pipiens.", "contents": "Neurophysiological and behavioral evidence for selective reinnervation in skin-grafted Rana pipiens. Rana pipiens with skin dorosoventrally reversed can respond to stimulation of the back with forelimb wipes to the belly and to stimulation of the belly with hindlimb wipes to the back. These \"misdirected wiping responses\" have been explained in terms of two alternative hypotheses of nerve regeneration: nerve respecification or selective reinnervation. Experimental behavioral and neurophysiological experiments reported here support the selective reinnervation hypothesis. Severing ventral nerves, which normally innervate the belly, greatly reduced the percentage of misdirected responses on stimulation of belly skin grafted to the back, while severing dorsal nerves, which normally innervate the back, increased the percentage of misdirected responses elicited under the same circumstances. Moreover, neurophysiological recordings of grafted animals showed three effects of skin grafting on nerve distributions: (i) termination of dorsal and ventral nerve receptive field at graft edges; (ii) overlap of nonadjacent ventral nerve receptive fields; and (iii) dorsal coursing of ventral nerves to reinnervate target belly skin displaced to the back. These neurophysiological observations, and particularly the third effect, also support selective reinnervation as the mechanism of nerve regeneration in skin-grafted Rana pipiens."}
{"id": "PMID:341188", "title": "The no-reflow phenomenon in experimental free flaps.", "content": "The no-reflow phenomenon was studied following reconstitution of blood flow by microvascular anastomosis in an ischemic and denervated free epigastric flap in the rabbit. Microscopic, histological, angiographic, and hematological studies demonstrated the progressive nature of this obstruction to the peripheral blood flow after increasing periods of ischemia. This obstruction reached a point of irreversibility after 12 hours of ischemia, leading to ultimate death of these flaps. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that an ischemia-induced no-reflow phenomenon is caused by cellular swelling, intravascular aggregation, and the leakage of intravascular fluid into the interstitial space. Similarities between these experimental findings and human observations are made. The clinical importance of early diagnosis and treatment of ischemic tissues is emphasized.", "contents": "The no-reflow phenomenon in experimental free flaps. The no-reflow phenomenon was studied following reconstitution of blood flow by microvascular anastomosis in an ischemic and denervated free epigastric flap in the rabbit. Microscopic, histological, angiographic, and hematological studies demonstrated the progressive nature of this obstruction to the peripheral blood flow after increasing periods of ischemia. This obstruction reached a point of irreversibility after 12 hours of ischemia, leading to ultimate death of these flaps. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that an ischemia-induced no-reflow phenomenon is caused by cellular swelling, intravascular aggregation, and the leakage of intravascular fluid into the interstitial space. Similarities between these experimental findings and human observations are made. The clinical importance of early diagnosis and treatment of ischemic tissues is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:341190", "title": "Chimney sweeper's disease revisited: first case reported in a black. Case report.", "content": "We present a case of occupation-related carcinoma of the scrotum (chimney sweeper's disease) in a black man. The history of this disease is outlined.", "contents": "Chimney sweeper's disease revisited: first case reported in a black. Case report. We present a case of occupation-related carcinoma of the scrotum (chimney sweeper's disease) in a black man. The history of this disease is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:341212", "title": "Catheter versus slow-flow carotid angiography in a highly vascularized process of the brain.", "content": "The benefits of the direct-puncture carotid angiography with the proximal-compression technique are not fully evaluated if not compared with a more simple diagnostic procedure, i.e. the femoral-catheter technique. In order to discuss this, a case history of a patient who underwent simultaneously both types of examination is presented.", "contents": "Catheter versus slow-flow carotid angiography in a highly vascularized process of the brain. The benefits of the direct-puncture carotid angiography with the proximal-compression technique are not fully evaluated if not compared with a more simple diagnostic procedure, i.e. the femoral-catheter technique. In order to discuss this, a case history of a patient who underwent simultaneously both types of examination is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:341213", "title": "Survey of reviewed patients with renal transplantation.", "content": "In 110 patients 119 renal transplantations were performed from 1968 until May 1, 1975. In this survey data are given on the recipients and the transplanted kidneys. For the following papers on different complications with renal transplantation the X-ray pictures taken until May 1, 1976 were reviewed and correlated with clinical findings.", "contents": "Survey of reviewed patients with renal transplantation. In 110 patients 119 renal transplantations were performed from 1968 until May 1, 1975. In this survey data are given on the recipients and the transplanted kidneys. For the following papers on different complications with renal transplantation the X-ray pictures taken until May 1, 1976 were reviewed and correlated with clinical findings."}
{"id": "PMID:341214", "title": "Urological complications after kidney transplantation.", "content": "The uroradiological changes and complications with 110 patients who did undergo a total of 119 renal transplantations are discussed under the following 4 topographical headings: perirenal and intrarenal, ureter including the anastomosis, bladder, urethra. In our material we found a lymphocele in 1 patient, papillary necrosis in 3, ureteral obstruction in 6, urinary leakage in 23, reflux in a total of 23, renal calculi in 1 and bladder concrements in 1.", "contents": "Urological complications after kidney transplantation. The uroradiological changes and complications with 110 patients who did undergo a total of 119 renal transplantations are discussed under the following 4 topographical headings: perirenal and intrarenal, ureter including the anastomosis, bladder, urethra. In our material we found a lymphocele in 1 patient, papillary necrosis in 3, ureteral obstruction in 6, urinary leakage in 23, reflux in a total of 23, renal calculi in 1 and bladder concrements in 1."}
{"id": "PMID:341215", "title": "Angiographic aspects in kidney transplantation.", "content": "In 61 of the 110 patients with renal transplantation an angiography was performed. Besides the indication for angiography different pathological changes are illustrated: arterial stenosis, arteriovenous fistula, dissection of the arterial wall. Before angiography it is necessary to be informed about the operation technique. Sometimes different projections must be applied to get sufficient information about the arterial system of the transplant.", "contents": "Angiographic aspects in kidney transplantation. In 61 of the 110 patients with renal transplantation an angiography was performed. Besides the indication for angiography different pathological changes are illustrated: arterial stenosis, arteriovenous fistula, dissection of the arterial wall. Before angiography it is necessary to be informed about the operation technique. Sometimes different projections must be applied to get sufficient information about the arterial system of the transplant."}
{"id": "PMID:341216", "title": "Gastrointestinal complications after renal transplantation.", "content": "In our series of 110 patients, 22 developed a total of 32 gastrointestinal complications after renal transplantation, leading to a fatal issue in 9 (41%). Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is to be regarded as the principal complication which, particularly in combination with liver failure due to Australia antigen positive hepatitis, led to death. Other complications were pancreatitis, diffuse oesophagitis, ileus, fistulae with abscesses, and malignancy. The radiological findings, pathogenesis and therapeutic results are discussed.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal complications after renal transplantation. In our series of 110 patients, 22 developed a total of 32 gastrointestinal complications after renal transplantation, leading to a fatal issue in 9 (41%). Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is to be regarded as the principal complication which, particularly in combination with liver failure due to Australia antigen positive hepatitis, led to death. Other complications were pancreatitis, diffuse oesophagitis, ileus, fistulae with abscesses, and malignancy. The radiological findings, pathogenesis and therapeutic results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341217", "title": "Pulmonary complications after renal transplantation.", "content": "This study presents an analysis of the nature and incidence of pulmonary complications in the first 110 patients to undergo renal transplantation in Nijmegen. The complications are divided into primary and secondary complications. An unmistakable relation to immunosuppressive medication was established in both groups. The radiological manifestations of the pulmonary lesions were atypical due to the use of large doses of immunosuppressive drugs. Pulmonary complications account for 45.1% of the total mortality after renal transplantation. Differential diagnosis from pulmonary oedema associated with rejection is exceedingly difficult, but of paramount importance.", "contents": "Pulmonary complications after renal transplantation. This study presents an analysis of the nature and incidence of pulmonary complications in the first 110 patients to undergo renal transplantation in Nijmegen. The complications are divided into primary and secondary complications. An unmistakable relation to immunosuppressive medication was established in both groups. The radiological manifestations of the pulmonary lesions were atypical due to the use of large doses of immunosuppressive drugs. Pulmonary complications account for 45.1% of the total mortality after renal transplantation. Differential diagnosis from pulmonary oedema associated with rejection is exceedingly difficult, but of paramount importance."}
{"id": "PMID:341218", "title": "Skeletal changes after renal transplantation.", "content": "The skeletal changes which can occur as a result of immunosuppression, and in particular as a result of hypercorticism, are discussed with reference to the findings obtained in 110 patients who received one or more kidney allografts. The hyperparathyroidism which often persists even after renal transplantation, is briefly discussed. In 21 patients, a total of 55 localizations of epiphyseal aseptic necrosis were found. In 3 patients, moreover, four medullary infarcts developed. Three osseous inflammatory processes were observed in addition. The various radiological features and the possible aetiology are discussed.", "contents": "Skeletal changes after renal transplantation. The skeletal changes which can occur as a result of immunosuppression, and in particular as a result of hypercorticism, are discussed with reference to the findings obtained in 110 patients who received one or more kidney allografts. The hyperparathyroidism which often persists even after renal transplantation, is briefly discussed. In 21 patients, a total of 55 localizations of epiphyseal aseptic necrosis were found. In 3 patients, moreover, four medullary infarcts developed. Three osseous inflammatory processes were observed in addition. The various radiological features and the possible aetiology are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341219", "title": "Clinical aspects of renal transplantation.", "content": "Progress in kidney transplantation is not so much hampered by the difficulties of the surgical procedure as by the problems of immunologic rejection and the complications of the immunosuppressive treatment. The radiologic investigation is an indispensable tool for the diagnosis of these, often life-threatening, complications and transplantation programmes cannot function adequately without the help of experienced radiologists. Further improvement in kidney graft survival awaits a breakthrough in the knowledge of the immunological phenomena that govern the rejection reaction.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of renal transplantation. Progress in kidney transplantation is not so much hampered by the difficulties of the surgical procedure as by the problems of immunologic rejection and the complications of the immunosuppressive treatment. The radiologic investigation is an indispensable tool for the diagnosis of these, often life-threatening, complications and transplantation programmes cannot function adequately without the help of experienced radiologists. Further improvement in kidney graft survival awaits a breakthrough in the knowledge of the immunological phenomena that govern the rejection reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:341220", "title": "The effect of fasting on gallbladder opacification during oral cholecystography: a controlled study in normal volunteers.", "content": "The effect of fasting on gallbladder opacification during oral cholecystography was studied in 10 normal volunteers using 2 oral cholecystographic agents, iopanoic acid and sodium tryopanoate. Radiographs made 15 hours after ingestion of the contrast agents revealed good opacification of the gallbladder in all subjects when iopanoic acid was administered with a meal and when sodium tyropanoate was administered in the fasting state; in only 2 subjects when iopanoic acid was given in the fasting state; in 3 when given in the fasting state with ox bile; and in 3 when sodium tyropanoate was given with a meal.", "contents": "The effect of fasting on gallbladder opacification during oral cholecystography: a controlled study in normal volunteers. The effect of fasting on gallbladder opacification during oral cholecystography was studied in 10 normal volunteers using 2 oral cholecystographic agents, iopanoic acid and sodium tryopanoate. Radiographs made 15 hours after ingestion of the contrast agents revealed good opacification of the gallbladder in all subjects when iopanoic acid was administered with a meal and when sodium tyropanoate was administered in the fasting state; in only 2 subjects when iopanoic acid was given in the fasting state; in 3 when given in the fasting state with ox bile; and in 3 when sodium tyropanoate was given with a meal."}
{"id": "PMID:341224", "title": "The generation of prostacyclin by arteries and by the coronary vascular bed is reduced in experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits.", "content": "Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits was associated with a suppression of prostacyclin generation from exogenous arachidonic acid by the coronary vascular bed. The spontaneous formation of prostacyclin by incubated rings of mesenteric artery was also diminished. These results suggest that in atherosclerosis an impaired activity of the endothelial prostacyclin synthexizing system contributes to the intra-arterial formation of thrombi.", "contents": "The generation of prostacyclin by arteries and by the coronary vascular bed is reduced in experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits was associated with a suppression of prostacyclin generation from exogenous arachidonic acid by the coronary vascular bed. The spontaneous formation of prostacyclin by incubated rings of mesenteric artery was also diminished. These results suggest that in atherosclerosis an impaired activity of the endothelial prostacyclin synthexizing system contributes to the intra-arterial formation of thrombi."}
{"id": "PMID:341225", "title": "Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits: platelet aggregation, thromboxane A2 generation and anti-aggregatory potency of prostacyclin.", "content": "Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits was associated with increased aggregation of their platelets to arachidonic acid, and with increased generation of thromboxane A2 by their platelet-rich plasma. A heightened susceptibility of platelets to the anti-aggregatory action of prostacyclin against the ADP-induced aggregation was also observed. It is concluded that in advance atherosclerosis the platelet system is hypersensitive to biologically active metabolites of arachidonic acid.", "contents": "Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits: platelet aggregation, thromboxane A2 generation and anti-aggregatory potency of prostacyclin. Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits was associated with increased aggregation of their platelets to arachidonic acid, and with increased generation of thromboxane A2 by their platelet-rich plasma. A heightened susceptibility of platelets to the anti-aggregatory action of prostacyclin against the ADP-induced aggregation was also observed. It is concluded that in advance atherosclerosis the platelet system is hypersensitive to biologically active metabolites of arachidonic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:341227", "title": "Prostaglandins and renin release: I. Stimulation of renin release from rabbit renal cortical slices by PGI2.", "content": "Prostaglandins have been shown to be involved in the mechanism of renin secretion in a variety of situations. Both arachidonic acid and prostaglandin endoperoxide have been shown to release renin from cortical slices and to be converted to PGI2 by cortical microsomes. In the present studies PGI2 was found to cause a time dependent increase in renin release from rabbit renal cortical slices, a system isolated from any indirect effects that result from the administration of prostaglandins in vivo. The stimulation was linear up to 30 minutes and effective over a range of concentrations from 10(7 M to 10(-5) M. At similar concentrations 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha was not active on these slices. Thus, it is proposed that PGI2 exerts a direct effect on the release of renin from cortical cells and may be the mediator of arachidonate or prostaglandin endoperoxide stimulated renin secretion.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and renin release: I. Stimulation of renin release from rabbit renal cortical slices by PGI2. Prostaglandins have been shown to be involved in the mechanism of renin secretion in a variety of situations. Both arachidonic acid and prostaglandin endoperoxide have been shown to release renin from cortical slices and to be converted to PGI2 by cortical microsomes. In the present studies PGI2 was found to cause a time dependent increase in renin release from rabbit renal cortical slices, a system isolated from any indirect effects that result from the administration of prostaglandins in vivo. The stimulation was linear up to 30 minutes and effective over a range of concentrations from 10(7 M to 10(-5) M. At similar concentrations 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha was not active on these slices. Thus, it is proposed that PGI2 exerts a direct effect on the release of renin from cortical cells and may be the mediator of arachidonate or prostaglandin endoperoxide stimulated renin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:341228", "title": "Prostacyclin-like activity in rat vascular tissues. Fast, long-lasting inhibition by treatment with lysine acetylsalicylate.", "content": "Both arterial and venous tissues obtained from normal rats released prostacyclin (PGI2)-like activity, as marked by its potent inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. Intraperitoneal or intravenous administration of a single dose of a soluble lysine salt of acetylsalicyclic acid (L-ASA, 1-400 mg/kg) resulted in abolition or substantial reduction of prostacyclin-like activity released from rat vasculature. The inhibitory effect of L-ASA was evident one minute after its i.v. administration to the animals, persisted for at least 24 hours and was still detectable (in venous tissues only) 168 hours later. Venous tissues were inhibited by doses of L-ASA as low as 1 mg/kg, whereas arterial tissues were not inhibited by doses of LA-ASA lower than 10 mg/kg. This difference may possibly be related to the lower prostacyclin-like activity shown by rat venous tissues compared to arterial ones. It is suggested that L-ASA or part of its molecule may bind to and inhibit cyclo-oxygenase in the blood vessel wall in a manner similar to the acetylation of platelt cyclo-oxygenase.", "contents": "Prostacyclin-like activity in rat vascular tissues. Fast, long-lasting inhibition by treatment with lysine acetylsalicylate. Both arterial and venous tissues obtained from normal rats released prostacyclin (PGI2)-like activity, as marked by its potent inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. Intraperitoneal or intravenous administration of a single dose of a soluble lysine salt of acetylsalicyclic acid (L-ASA, 1-400 mg/kg) resulted in abolition or substantial reduction of prostacyclin-like activity released from rat vasculature. The inhibitory effect of L-ASA was evident one minute after its i.v. administration to the animals, persisted for at least 24 hours and was still detectable (in venous tissues only) 168 hours later. Venous tissues were inhibited by doses of L-ASA as low as 1 mg/kg, whereas arterial tissues were not inhibited by doses of LA-ASA lower than 10 mg/kg. This difference may possibly be related to the lower prostacyclin-like activity shown by rat venous tissues compared to arterial ones. It is suggested that L-ASA or part of its molecule may bind to and inhibit cyclo-oxygenase in the blood vessel wall in a manner similar to the acetylation of platelt cyclo-oxygenase."}
{"id": "PMID:341229", "title": "Effects of 13, 14-dehydroprostacyclin methyl ester on the feline intestinal vascular bed.", "content": "The effects of a stable PGI2 analog, 13, 14-dehydro-PGI2 methyl ester and several vasoactive hormones were compared in the feline intestinal vascular bed under conditions of controlled blood flow so that changes in perfusion pressure directly reflect changes in vascular resistance. The PGI2 analog decreased perfusion pressure in a dose-dependent fashion when injected in the range of dose of 0.03-3 microgram and was quite similar to PGE2 whereas isoproterenol was somewhat more potent as a vasodilagor in the feline intestinal vascular bed. The present data show that 13, 14-dehydro-PGI2 methyl ester has potent vasodilator activity in the intestinal vascular bed.", "contents": "Effects of 13, 14-dehydroprostacyclin methyl ester on the feline intestinal vascular bed. The effects of a stable PGI2 analog, 13, 14-dehydro-PGI2 methyl ester and several vasoactive hormones were compared in the feline intestinal vascular bed under conditions of controlled blood flow so that changes in perfusion pressure directly reflect changes in vascular resistance. The PGI2 analog decreased perfusion pressure in a dose-dependent fashion when injected in the range of dose of 0.03-3 microgram and was quite similar to PGE2 whereas isoproterenol was somewhat more potent as a vasodilagor in the feline intestinal vascular bed. The present data show that 13, 14-dehydro-PGI2 methyl ester has potent vasodilator activity in the intestinal vascular bed."}
{"id": "PMID:341230", "title": "Double isotope derivative dilution method for the determination of prostaglandin F and E type metabolites in urine.", "content": "This method was developed for the quantitative determination of the main ureinary metabolite (MUM) of prostaglandin (PG) F and E type in man or experimental animal. This method was based on the extraction of PG-MUM after addition of 3H-PG-MUM, the esterification with 14C-acetic anhydride and the separation and purification by column chromatography. Excretion values of adult men were PGF-MUM 1.46--15.01 microgram/8 hr (n=11), PGE-MUM 0.8*--15.42 microgram/8 hr; and with women, PGF-MUM 0.41--7.75 microgram/8 hr (n=11), PGE-MUM 0.60--11.39 microgram/8 hr.", "contents": "Double isotope derivative dilution method for the determination of prostaglandin F and E type metabolites in urine. This method was developed for the quantitative determination of the main ureinary metabolite (MUM) of prostaglandin (PG) F and E type in man or experimental animal. This method was based on the extraction of PG-MUM after addition of 3H-PG-MUM, the esterification with 14C-acetic anhydride and the separation and purification by column chromatography. Excretion values of adult men were PGF-MUM 1.46--15.01 microgram/8 hr (n=11), PGE-MUM 0.8*--15.42 microgram/8 hr; and with women, PGF-MUM 0.41--7.75 microgram/8 hr (n=11), PGE-MUM 0.60--11.39 microgram/8 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:341237", "title": "A review of the health effects of ingested asbestos.", "content": "Occupational studies indicate that a human health hazard may exist for ingested asbestos since the death rates due to digestive system cancers are elevated in asbestos workers. This finding may be related to the swallowing of asbestos that was inhaled and cleared from the respiratory system via the respiratory clearance mechanism. Published animal ingestion experiments have serious shortcomings in their design and execution which make their interpretation very difficult. Animal ingestion and human autopsy studies suggest that asbestos fibers may penetrate the digestive tract and migrate to other locations in the body.", "contents": "A review of the health effects of ingested asbestos. Occupational studies indicate that a human health hazard may exist for ingested asbestos since the death rates due to digestive system cancers are elevated in asbestos workers. This finding may be related to the swallowing of asbestos that was inhaled and cleared from the respiratory system via the respiratory clearance mechanism. Published animal ingestion experiments have serious shortcomings in their design and execution which make their interpretation very difficult. Animal ingestion and human autopsy studies suggest that asbestos fibers may penetrate the digestive tract and migrate to other locations in the body."}
{"id": "PMID:341240", "title": "Human ecology in understanding environmental health problems.", "content": "The role of human ecology in understanding of environmental health problems is discussed, and the importance of study on \"regional\" ecosystems is emphasized in consideration of recent arguments on theoretical frame work of human ecology. After brief conceptual discussion on \"regional\" ecosystems, the environmental health on hunter-gatherer populations, and then, the influence of agricultural development is discussed in relation to the \"closedness\" of regional ecosystems. Finally, by an example, e.g. islanders on small islands of southern Japan, the differentiation of economic activities by island is shown as the most important regulating factor for the accumulation of mercury in islanders.", "contents": "Human ecology in understanding environmental health problems. The role of human ecology in understanding of environmental health problems is discussed, and the importance of study on \"regional\" ecosystems is emphasized in consideration of recent arguments on theoretical frame work of human ecology. After brief conceptual discussion on \"regional\" ecosystems, the environmental health on hunter-gatherer populations, and then, the influence of agricultural development is discussed in relation to the \"closedness\" of regional ecosystems. Finally, by an example, e.g. islanders on small islands of southern Japan, the differentiation of economic activities by island is shown as the most important regulating factor for the accumulation of mercury in islanders."}
{"id": "PMID:341242", "title": "The health implications of open leaf burning.", "content": "Because leaf burning emissions contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds which have varying potential for causing cancer in animals; because carcinogenesis in one or more animal species creates a strong index of suspicion that the same chemical will be carcinogenic for humans; because safe levels for human exposure to chemical carcinogens cannot be predicted on the basis of animal or epidemiological data; and finally, because it is impossible to quantify the human risk of developing cancer to which leaf burning might contribute, it is both unwise and dangerous to permit the further contamination of the environment by chemical carcinogens from leaf burning emissions.", "contents": "The health implications of open leaf burning. Because leaf burning emissions contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds which have varying potential for causing cancer in animals; because carcinogenesis in one or more animal species creates a strong index of suspicion that the same chemical will be carcinogenic for humans; because safe levels for human exposure to chemical carcinogens cannot be predicted on the basis of animal or epidemiological data; and finally, because it is impossible to quantify the human risk of developing cancer to which leaf burning might contribute, it is both unwise and dangerous to permit the further contamination of the environment by chemical carcinogens from leaf burning emissions."}
{"id": "PMID:341249", "title": "Treatment of malignant gliomas and brain metastases in adults using a combination of adriamycine, VM 26, and CCNU. Results of a type II trial.", "content": "Forty-three patients with inoperable and/or recurring malignant gliomas and 30 patients with multiple recurring brain metastases were treated with a combination of adriamycine (45 mg/m 2 and 4-dimethyl-epipodophyllotoxin D-thenylidene (VM 26) (60 mg/m 2 for 2 days) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitroso-urea (CCNU) (60 mg/m 2 for 2 days). These cycles of treatment were repeated as soon as the hematologic restoration was complete. The treatment was well-tolerated and the clinical condition of 31 out of 43 glioblastoma patients improved during the 2 months after the beginning of the treatment. Six out of eight patients with breast cancer metastases, one out of 13 with bronchial cancer metastases, and three out of nine with other types of cancer metastases also benefitted from the treatment. Examination of the results reveals the following characteristics:  1. A low degree of efficiency of this combination in the treatment of brain metastases, except for breast cancer metastases. 2. Absence of complete correlation between the clinical results observed and the cinegammagraphic developments 3. Similarity of the results independent of the initial localization 4. Establishment of a 6-month median survival period, with ten patients at present in a state of apparently complete remission, 180-506 days after beginning of the treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of malignant gliomas and brain metastases in adults using a combination of adriamycine, VM 26, and CCNU. Results of a type II trial. Forty-three patients with inoperable and/or recurring malignant gliomas and 30 patients with multiple recurring brain metastases were treated with a combination of adriamycine (45 mg/m 2 and 4-dimethyl-epipodophyllotoxin D-thenylidene (VM 26) (60 mg/m 2 for 2 days) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitroso-urea (CCNU) (60 mg/m 2 for 2 days). These cycles of treatment were repeated as soon as the hematologic restoration was complete. The treatment was well-tolerated and the clinical condition of 31 out of 43 glioblastoma patients improved during the 2 months after the beginning of the treatment. Six out of eight patients with breast cancer metastases, one out of 13 with bronchial cancer metastases, and three out of nine with other types of cancer metastases also benefitted from the treatment. Examination of the results reveals the following characteristics:  1. A low degree of efficiency of this combination in the treatment of brain metastases, except for breast cancer metastases. 2. Absence of complete correlation between the clinical results observed and the cinegammagraphic developments 3. Similarity of the results independent of the initial localization 4. Establishment of a 6-month median survival period, with ten patients at present in a state of apparently complete remission, 180-506 days after beginning of the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:341269", "title": "Clinical investigations of muscle contractility.", "content": "The use of tests of muscle contractility based on electrically stimulated contractions means that information obtained from the more traditional tests of voluntary muscular performance and strength may be complemented by indices which are independent of volition and independent of muscle mass. Such tests are no longer limited to peripheral muscles but may now be applied to a large proximal muscle--the quadriceps femoris. This report describes the in vivo testing of a drug's pharmacological activity on the quadriceps muscle by a study of the relative forces produced by different frequencies of stimulation. It also illustrates that hypothyroidism is not the only endocrine disorder whose treatment may be monitored by measuring the speed of muscle relaxation. Finally, it describes a patient whose quadriceps weakness was explained by the demonstration of the failure of the muscle to maintain tension during prolonged stimulation.", "contents": "Clinical investigations of muscle contractility. The use of tests of muscle contractility based on electrically stimulated contractions means that information obtained from the more traditional tests of voluntary muscular performance and strength may be complemented by indices which are independent of volition and independent of muscle mass. Such tests are no longer limited to peripheral muscles but may now be applied to a large proximal muscle--the quadriceps femoris. This report describes the in vivo testing of a drug's pharmacological activity on the quadriceps muscle by a study of the relative forces produced by different frequencies of stimulation. It also illustrates that hypothyroidism is not the only endocrine disorder whose treatment may be monitored by measuring the speed of muscle relaxation. Finally, it describes a patient whose quadriceps weakness was explained by the demonstration of the failure of the muscle to maintain tension during prolonged stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:341270", "title": "Prevention and treatment of septal deformity in infancy and childhood.", "content": "There are two basic types of septal deformity, namely anterior nasal deformity and combined septal deformity, which may occur independently or both together. They are considered to be acquired from different types of pressures on the foetus during pregnancy or parturition. The incidence of anterior nasal deformity was found to be 4% in cases of spontaneous vaginal delivery, but 13% in cases of increased pressure as persistent occipitoposterior. The combined septal deformity is part of a facial deformity, and is best tested by using simple nasal testing struts. The incidence of straight septa varied with the degree of pressure with an average of 42%. In adult surveys a little over 20% are straight. Methods of manipulation are described using special infant forceps. Indications for manipulation are: Stuffy nose, feeding problems and sticky eyes. The procedure and results of rapid maxillary expansion are presented.", "contents": "Prevention and treatment of septal deformity in infancy and childhood. There are two basic types of septal deformity, namely anterior nasal deformity and combined septal deformity, which may occur independently or both together. They are considered to be acquired from different types of pressures on the foetus during pregnancy or parturition. The incidence of anterior nasal deformity was found to be 4% in cases of spontaneous vaginal delivery, but 13% in cases of increased pressure as persistent occipitoposterior. The combined septal deformity is part of a facial deformity, and is best tested by using simple nasal testing struts. The incidence of straight septa varied with the degree of pressure with an average of 42%. In adult surveys a little over 20% are straight. Methods of manipulation are described using special infant forceps. Indications for manipulation are: Stuffy nose, feeding problems and sticky eyes. The procedure and results of rapid maxillary expansion are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:341272", "title": "[Direct pernodal lymphography (an alternative technique) (author's transl)].", "content": "A lymphographic technique via direct injection into superficial inguinal lymphnodes is described which has proved useful in infants.", "contents": "[Direct pernodal lymphography (an alternative technique) (author's transl)]. A lymphographic technique via direct injection into superficial inguinal lymphnodes is described which has proved useful in infants."}
{"id": "PMID:341276", "title": "[Treatment of rheumatic polyarthritis with levamisole in 26 patients].", "content": "Twenty-six patients with rheumatic polyarthritis (serologically positive) were treated with levamisole at a daily dosage of 150 mg. Treatment was continuous for 3 months and 2 days weekly afterwards. Although improvement may appear from the 1st month onwards, it is more frequent between the 1st and 3rd month (13 good or very good results among the 16 patients still treated) and may even improve afterwards (11 good or very good results among the 11 patients still treated in the 6th month). However, the value of levamisole, which appears to be an active drug against rheumatic polyarthritis, is limited by the frequency of side-effects. In 17 cases the trial had to be discontinued for this reason. The most serious side-effects were of haematological nature (2 leukopenias, 1 thrombocytopenia), but in these patients agranulocytosis was not found.", "contents": "[Treatment of rheumatic polyarthritis with levamisole in 26 patients]. Twenty-six patients with rheumatic polyarthritis (serologically positive) were treated with levamisole at a daily dosage of 150 mg. Treatment was continuous for 3 months and 2 days weekly afterwards. Although improvement may appear from the 1st month onwards, it is more frequent between the 1st and 3rd month (13 good or very good results among the 16 patients still treated) and may even improve afterwards (11 good or very good results among the 11 patients still treated in the 6th month). However, the value of levamisole, which appears to be an active drug against rheumatic polyarthritis, is limited by the frequency of side-effects. In 17 cases the trial had to be discontinued for this reason. The most serious side-effects were of haematological nature (2 leukopenias, 1 thrombocytopenia), but in these patients agranulocytosis was not found."}
{"id": "PMID:341278", "title": "Does sarcoma occur in man after intramuscular iron?", "content": "Several factors influence the induction of sarcomas at the site of iron carbohydrate complex injection in high dosage, in animals. 1. Species specificity: tumours have been induced in rats, mice and hamsters but not in guinea pigs or dogs; 2. dose-response: a threshold dose may be defined and the yield of tumours increases with the dose; 3. the amount of residual iron at the injection site: the effect is a local oncogenesis; 4. the latent period relative to life span in the species: the probable latent period in man has been estimated to be 15-20 years. Since iron-dextran was introduced 22 years ago, nine malignancies in man allegedly related to iron-complex injection have been described in five reports during the period 1960-1977. A critical review of the information available on these cases suggests that in one case only is the data sufficiencyl strong to support the probability of iron-dextran induced sarcoma in man. Soft tissue tumours of the buttock are not rare: on the basis of this single case a causal relationship in man cannot yet be made.", "contents": "Does sarcoma occur in man after intramuscular iron? Several factors influence the induction of sarcomas at the site of iron carbohydrate complex injection in high dosage, in animals. 1. Species specificity: tumours have been induced in rats, mice and hamsters but not in guinea pigs or dogs; 2. dose-response: a threshold dose may be defined and the yield of tumours increases with the dose; 3. the amount of residual iron at the injection site: the effect is a local oncogenesis; 4. the latent period relative to life span in the species: the probable latent period in man has been estimated to be 15-20 years. Since iron-dextran was introduced 22 years ago, nine malignancies in man allegedly related to iron-complex injection have been described in five reports during the period 1960-1977. A critical review of the information available on these cases suggests that in one case only is the data sufficiencyl strong to support the probability of iron-dextran induced sarcoma in man. Soft tissue tumours of the buttock are not rare: on the basis of this single case a causal relationship in man cannot yet be made."}
{"id": "PMID:341279", "title": "Ferastral treatment of three healthy phlebotomized males.", "content": "Iron deficiency anaemia was produced by repeated phlebotomies in three healthy males. The storage iron was estimated as 666, 522 and 750 mg. After treatment with 1 000 mg of Ferastral the blood haemoglobin concentration rose at an average daily rate of 0.1 g/100 ml/day. Ninety per cent of the injected iron could be accounted for, and the utilization was estimated to about 70-80%. Side effects comprised pain and discolouration at the injection site.", "contents": "Ferastral treatment of three healthy phlebotomized males. Iron deficiency anaemia was produced by repeated phlebotomies in three healthy males. The storage iron was estimated as 666, 522 and 750 mg. After treatment with 1 000 mg of Ferastral the blood haemoglobin concentration rose at an average daily rate of 0.1 g/100 ml/day. Ninety per cent of the injected iron could be accounted for, and the utilization was estimated to about 70-80%. Side effects comprised pain and discolouration at the injection site."}
{"id": "PMID:341281", "title": "A clinical investigation of an iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral, for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia.", "content": "A clinical investigation of an iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral, for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia has been performed. The study was designed to determine the dose schedule, efficacy and tolerance of the drug. Two dose intervals were used, 500 mg of iron once a week or every third day. The study comprised 26 adult patients. After single doses of 500 mg of Ferastral given every third day levels of iron and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) in serum were estimated. Maximum values of iron in serum after the first injection were reached after 24 hours in two patients. After the second injection there was a further increase in the iron concentration with maximum values after 24 to 48 hours. A decrease in UIBC was seen in all patients. Urinary excretion of iron was about 15%. Most of the excretion took place during the first 72 hours following the injection. The haemoglobin increase was more rapid in the group receiving 500 mg of iron every third day. The difference was statistically significant two to four weeks after commencing treatment. After five weeks the difference in haemoglobin increase was no longer statistically significant. After eight weeks the mean haemoglobin had reached 13.1 g/100 ml in the group treated once a week and 13.4 g/100 ml in the group treated every third day. The preparation was well tolerated by all patients treated. No local or general side effects were observed.", "contents": "A clinical investigation of an iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral, for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia. A clinical investigation of an iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral, for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia has been performed. The study was designed to determine the dose schedule, efficacy and tolerance of the drug. Two dose intervals were used, 500 mg of iron once a week or every third day. The study comprised 26 adult patients. After single doses of 500 mg of Ferastral given every third day levels of iron and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) in serum were estimated. Maximum values of iron in serum after the first injection were reached after 24 hours in two patients. After the second injection there was a further increase in the iron concentration with maximum values after 24 to 48 hours. A decrease in UIBC was seen in all patients. Urinary excretion of iron was about 15%. Most of the excretion took place during the first 72 hours following the injection. The haemoglobin increase was more rapid in the group receiving 500 mg of iron every third day. The difference was statistically significant two to four weeks after commencing treatment. After five weeks the difference in haemoglobin increase was no longer statistically significant. After eight weeks the mean haemoglobin had reached 13.1 g/100 ml in the group treated once a week and 13.4 g/100 ml in the group treated every third day. The preparation was well tolerated by all patients treated. No local or general side effects were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:341282", "title": "Haemoglobin synthesis following injection of iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral.", "content": "Ferastral, a new iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex for parenteral use has been given to 22 patients with iron deficiency anaemia. The patients were divided in two groups. Group I received a suboptimal dose of Ferastral iron corresponding to 90% of the iron calculated to normalize the haemoglobin value. Increases in total haemoglobin and also blood losses were measured. The availability of the injected iron for haemoglobin synthesis ranged from 63% to 111%. Group II received an amount of Ferastral-iron calculated to be necessary for normalization of the haemoglobin plus an additional 500 mg of Ferastral-iron. In this group the haemoglobin increase was rapid. In 7 weeks 10 out of 14 patients had reached a normal haemoglobin level.", "contents": "Haemoglobin synthesis following injection of iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral. Ferastral, a new iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex for parenteral use has been given to 22 patients with iron deficiency anaemia. The patients were divided in two groups. Group I received a suboptimal dose of Ferastral iron corresponding to 90% of the iron calculated to normalize the haemoglobin value. Increases in total haemoglobin and also blood losses were measured. The availability of the injected iron for haemoglobin synthesis ranged from 63% to 111%. Group II received an amount of Ferastral-iron calculated to be necessary for normalization of the haemoglobin plus an additional 500 mg of Ferastral-iron. In this group the haemoglobin increase was rapid. In 7 weeks 10 out of 14 patients had reached a normal haemoglobin level."}
{"id": "PMID:341283", "title": "Iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex and iron-dextran in the treatment of severe iron deficiency anaemia.", "content": "An investigation has been carried out to study the efficacy of iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia. Ferastral was given by the intramuscular route every second or third day in a dose of 500 mg, divided in two injections. These were compared with the results of a group treated with iron-dextran given by Total Dose Infusion (TDI). A total of 38 patients were treated with either Ferastral or iron-dextran by TDI, respectively, given according to random allocation. The total dose of iron given in both groups was 1 500 mg of elemental iron. The parameters investigated were haematocrit and haemoglobin. Side-effects were also recorded. The results in the group treated with Ferastral where the mean initial haemoglobin value was 9.5 g/100 ml showed a mean haemoglobin increase to 13.2 g/100 ml after eight weeks. Initial haemoglobin values and haemoglobin increase for iron-dextran by TDI were quite similar. Three patients in the Ferastral group had transient discolouration at the site of injection and one patient in the iron-dextran TDI-group had a serious allergic reaction.", "contents": "Iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex and iron-dextran in the treatment of severe iron deficiency anaemia. An investigation has been carried out to study the efficacy of iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia. Ferastral was given by the intramuscular route every second or third day in a dose of 500 mg, divided in two injections. These were compared with the results of a group treated with iron-dextran given by Total Dose Infusion (TDI). A total of 38 patients were treated with either Ferastral or iron-dextran by TDI, respectively, given according to random allocation. The total dose of iron given in both groups was 1 500 mg of elemental iron. The parameters investigated were haematocrit and haemoglobin. Side-effects were also recorded. The results in the group treated with Ferastral where the mean initial haemoglobin value was 9.5 g/100 ml showed a mean haemoglobin increase to 13.2 g/100 ml after eight weeks. Initial haemoglobin values and haemoglobin increase for iron-dextran by TDI were quite similar. Three patients in the Ferastral group had transient discolouration at the site of injection and one patient in the iron-dextran TDI-group had a serious allergic reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:341284", "title": "Clinical trial of a new intramuscular iron preparation in iron deficiency anaemia.", "content": "A new intramuscular iron preparation (Ferastral) permitting high doses of iron (500 mg) to be given in two simultaneous of 250 mg, was tested in 20 courses given to 11 patients with iron deficiency anaemia. The total iron doses given ranged from 1 000-2 500 mg. The amount injected was calculated from the degree of haemoglobin deficiency. Additional 500-1 000 mg iron were given to fill the depots. Haemoglobin regeneration was satisfactory. Bone marrow aspiration to assess storage iron 2-14 weeks after treatment was carried out in most patients and showed restoration of stainable iron in bone marrow in those cases given Ferastral in doses of 500-1 000 mg greater than calculated to normalize haemoglobin concentrations. In two patients with persistent continued blood loss the bone marrow remained negative for stainable iron. Side-effects were negligible.", "contents": "Clinical trial of a new intramuscular iron preparation in iron deficiency anaemia. A new intramuscular iron preparation (Ferastral) permitting high doses of iron (500 mg) to be given in two simultaneous of 250 mg, was tested in 20 courses given to 11 patients with iron deficiency anaemia. The total iron doses given ranged from 1 000-2 500 mg. The amount injected was calculated from the degree of haemoglobin deficiency. Additional 500-1 000 mg iron were given to fill the depots. Haemoglobin regeneration was satisfactory. Bone marrow aspiration to assess storage iron 2-14 weeks after treatment was carried out in most patients and showed restoration of stainable iron in bone marrow in those cases given Ferastral in doses of 500-1 000 mg greater than calculated to normalize haemoglobin concentrations. In two patients with persistent continued blood loss the bone marrow remained negative for stainable iron. Side-effects were negligible."}
{"id": "PMID:341285", "title": "Ferastral in the treatment of patients with inflammatory anaemia.", "content": "An investigation has been performed with a new parenteral iron preparation, iron-poly-(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) in the treatment with iron deficiency anaemia associated with inflammatory diseases, mainly rheumatoid arthritis. Fifteen moderately anaemic patients entered into the trial. These patients constituted a special group in whom the MCHCs were subnormal. Observations were made concerning the occurrence of side-effects. Particular attention was paid to those-side-effects which are known to be associated with the use of parenteral iron preparations in the treatment of rheumatoid subjects. Ferastral was administered by intramuscular by intramuscular injection. The single doses given on any one occasion varied from a minimum of 100 mg to a maximum of 500 mg, divided into two separate injections. The results of therapy, measured at eight weeks, showed significant increases in haemoglobin concentrations. Increases in erythrocyte count, MCHC and serum-iron concentration were also found. There were no signs of acute toxic effects with Ferastral and in no patient was there exacerbation of arthritis as has been previously reported with iron-dextran.", "contents": "Ferastral in the treatment of patients with inflammatory anaemia. An investigation has been performed with a new parenteral iron preparation, iron-poly-(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) in the treatment with iron deficiency anaemia associated with inflammatory diseases, mainly rheumatoid arthritis. Fifteen moderately anaemic patients entered into the trial. These patients constituted a special group in whom the MCHCs were subnormal. Observations were made concerning the occurrence of side-effects. Particular attention was paid to those-side-effects which are known to be associated with the use of parenteral iron preparations in the treatment of rheumatoid subjects. Ferastral was administered by intramuscular by intramuscular injection. The single doses given on any one occasion varied from a minimum of 100 mg to a maximum of 500 mg, divided into two separate injections. The results of therapy, measured at eight weeks, showed significant increases in haemoglobin concentrations. Increases in erythrocyte count, MCHC and serum-iron concentration were also found. There were no signs of acute toxic effects with Ferastral and in no patient was there exacerbation of arthritis as has been previously reported with iron-dextran."}
{"id": "PMID:341286", "title": "Clinical trial of Ferastral in iron-deficient, non-pregnant patients in Ibadan, Nigeria.", "content": "Fifteen patients with proven iron-deficiency anaemia treated with intramuscular injections of Ferastral, iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, have been studied. Fourteen showed a satisfactory rise in haematocrit. No local or systemic complications were observed. One patient with iron-deficiency anaemia due to a bleeding malignant lesion did not achieve a satisfactory haematocrit level although the bone marrow showed iron repletion following the injection. It is concluded that Ferastral is an effective drug in the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.", "contents": "Clinical trial of Ferastral in iron-deficient, non-pregnant patients in Ibadan, Nigeria. Fifteen patients with proven iron-deficiency anaemia treated with intramuscular injections of Ferastral, iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, have been studied. Fourteen showed a satisfactory rise in haematocrit. No local or systemic complications were observed. One patient with iron-deficiency anaemia due to a bleeding malignant lesion did not achieve a satisfactory haematocrit level although the bone marrow showed iron repletion following the injection. It is concluded that Ferastral is an effective drug in the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:341288", "title": "The use of Ferastral in iron-deficient, non-pregnant Gambian adults.", "content": "A new parenteral iron preparation, iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, (Ferastral) has been evaluated in the treatment of iron-deficient, non-pregnant Gambian adults. A total of twenty patients of both sexes were included in the study. The cause of anaemia in the majority of cases was hookworm infection but also other diagnostic categories were present. Sixteen patients completed their treatment without difficulty. All patients showed a good initial haematological response. Over the first three weeks the mean daily increments followed a linear trend. There was a significant inverse correlation between initial haemoglobin concentration and the increment in concentration after three weeks treatment. Side-effects were noted in four patients; in two patients it was ascribed to treatment, in two there was concurrent infection. Parenteral iron therapy is considered to have definite advantages over oral iron in the tropics because of certainty of administration, replenishment of iron stores, and effectiveness when small bowel disease or dietary factors reduce absorption.", "contents": "The use of Ferastral in iron-deficient, non-pregnant Gambian adults. A new parenteral iron preparation, iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, (Ferastral) has been evaluated in the treatment of iron-deficient, non-pregnant Gambian adults. A total of twenty patients of both sexes were included in the study. The cause of anaemia in the majority of cases was hookworm infection but also other diagnostic categories were present. Sixteen patients completed their treatment without difficulty. All patients showed a good initial haematological response. Over the first three weeks the mean daily increments followed a linear trend. There was a significant inverse correlation between initial haemoglobin concentration and the increment in concentration after three weeks treatment. Side-effects were noted in four patients; in two patients it was ascribed to treatment, in two there was concurrent infection. Parenteral iron therapy is considered to have definite advantages over oral iron in the tropics because of certainty of administration, replenishment of iron stores, and effectiveness when small bowel disease or dietary factors reduce absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:341290", "title": "The treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia with a new intramuscular iron preparation (Ferastral).", "content": "The treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy with a new intramuscular iron preparation, iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral), has been assessed and compared with oral iron therapy. Sixty-one of the eighty-four patients studied, many of whom had mild to moderate degree of anaemia were treated with Ferastral. The results were satisfactory, the mean increase of haematocrit at the sixth post treatment week was 28.7% for the whole series. Complete correction of anaemia was achieved in most patients between the 4th and 6th week of treatment. The mean haematocrit of the group treated with oral iron was initially significantly higher than for the group treated with Ferastral. At the first follow-up, two weeks after beginning treatment, the mean values for both groups were similar; at four weeks, those receiving Ferastral had a significantly higher mean PCV than those on oral iron, and remained so through the period of observation. No side-effects were detected using 10 ml of Ferastral intramuscularly on alternate days. The mean hospitalization time of patients with severe to moderate anaemia was reduced when given parenteral therapy, and the frequency of blood transfusion in these patients was also decreased.", "contents": "The treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia with a new intramuscular iron preparation (Ferastral). The treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy with a new intramuscular iron preparation, iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral), has been assessed and compared with oral iron therapy. Sixty-one of the eighty-four patients studied, many of whom had mild to moderate degree of anaemia were treated with Ferastral. The results were satisfactory, the mean increase of haematocrit at the sixth post treatment week was 28.7% for the whole series. Complete correction of anaemia was achieved in most patients between the 4th and 6th week of treatment. The mean haematocrit of the group treated with oral iron was initially significantly higher than for the group treated with Ferastral. At the first follow-up, two weeks after beginning treatment, the mean values for both groups were similar; at four weeks, those receiving Ferastral had a significantly higher mean PCV than those on oral iron, and remained so through the period of observation. No side-effects were detected using 10 ml of Ferastral intramuscularly on alternate days. The mean hospitalization time of patients with severe to moderate anaemia was reduced when given parenteral therapy, and the frequency of blood transfusion in these patients was also decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:341291", "title": "Ferastral, an iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, in the treatment of severe iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy.", "content": "Thirteen pregnant women with iron-deficiency anaemia have been treated with Ferastral. In a further seven women, Ferastral was given 24 hours before delivery, when induction of labour was indicated, to investigation of iron concentration in maternal serum, cord blood and amniotic fluid simultaneously. The efficacy of Ferastral was demonstrated by a significant increase in haemoglobin and haematocrit. No serious reactions occurred and no evidence was found of disturbance of liver or renal function. It was shown that Ferastral does not pass the placental barrier and that no direct transport takes place through the uterine wall or amnion. No effects on the newborn were demonstrated.", "contents": "Ferastral, an iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, in the treatment of severe iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Thirteen pregnant women with iron-deficiency anaemia have been treated with Ferastral. In a further seven women, Ferastral was given 24 hours before delivery, when induction of labour was indicated, to investigation of iron concentration in maternal serum, cord blood and amniotic fluid simultaneously. The efficacy of Ferastral was demonstrated by a significant increase in haemoglobin and haematocrit. No serious reactions occurred and no evidence was found of disturbance of liver or renal function. It was shown that Ferastral does not pass the placental barrier and that no direct transport takes place through the uterine wall or amnion. No effects on the newborn were demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:341292", "title": "Studies on the effect of parenteral iron, Ferastral, an iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, on blood coagulation in man.", "content": "The possible influence of Ferastral, an iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, on blood coagulation in man was investigated. Ferastral added to plasma produced no changes in blood coagulation until a final concentration of 2 000 microgram/ml (35.8 mmol/1) was used, when minimal changes in blood coagulation factors were observed. Five patients were given an intramuscular injection of 250 mg Ferastral. No changes in blood coagulation and thrombocyte function were observed up to 5 hours after the initial iron injection.", "contents": "Studies on the effect of parenteral iron, Ferastral, an iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, on blood coagulation in man. The possible influence of Ferastral, an iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, on blood coagulation in man was investigated. Ferastral added to plasma produced no changes in blood coagulation until a final concentration of 2 000 microgram/ml (35.8 mmol/1) was used, when minimal changes in blood coagulation factors were observed. Five patients were given an intramuscular injection of 250 mg Ferastral. No changes in blood coagulation and thrombocyte function were observed up to 5 hours after the initial iron injection."}
{"id": "PMID:341293", "title": "An evaluation of two immunological methods in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis: the effect of ultrasonic treatment of the cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and fluorescent antibody (FA) technique were evaluated in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis (groups A, B, C), Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b. FA was positive in 80% and CIE in 70% of the 59 cases of bacterial meningitis investigated. Ultrasonic treatment of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) increased the efficacy of CIE from 50% to 70%. By FA it was possible to demonstrate bacterial antigen in CSF up to 3 days after the beginning of antibacterial therapy. Bacterial antigens could be demonstrated by the two immunological methods from 2 to 24 days when stored at 20 degrees C. At storage at 4 degrees C the antigens were demonstrable for 2 to 13 weeks by FA and for 2 to 10 weeks by CIE.", "contents": "An evaluation of two immunological methods in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis: the effect of ultrasonic treatment of the cerebrospinal fluid. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and fluorescent antibody (FA) technique were evaluated in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis (groups A, B, C), Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b. FA was positive in 80% and CIE in 70% of the 59 cases of bacterial meningitis investigated. Ultrasonic treatment of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) increased the efficacy of CIE from 50% to 70%. By FA it was possible to demonstrate bacterial antigen in CSF up to 3 days after the beginning of antibacterial therapy. Bacterial antigens could be demonstrated by the two immunological methods from 2 to 24 days when stored at 20 degrees C. At storage at 4 degrees C the antigens were demonstrable for 2 to 13 weeks by FA and for 2 to 10 weeks by CIE."}
{"id": "PMID:341294", "title": "Occurrence and transfer of ampicillin resistance associated with ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolated from a case at a day-care centre.", "content": "A 1-year-old boy with recurrent otitis media had been repeatedly treated with antibiotics. A few days after withdrawal of administered ampicillin he again contracted otitis media and ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae was isolated. The strain was serologically untypable. No ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae was found in his family or at the day-care centre that he attended. The ability to produce the beta-lactamase elaborated from this strain could be transferred to ampicillin-sensitive strains of H. influenzae and Escherichia coli in frequencies of 0.7 X 10(-7) and 4.1 X 10(-4) respectively. The transcipients obtained were ampicillin-resistant and beta-lactamase producing. In the transcipients of E. coli, however, the marker for ampicillin resistance was quite unstable.", "contents": "Occurrence and transfer of ampicillin resistance associated with ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolated from a case at a day-care centre. A 1-year-old boy with recurrent otitis media had been repeatedly treated with antibiotics. A few days after withdrawal of administered ampicillin he again contracted otitis media and ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae was isolated. The strain was serologically untypable. No ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae was found in his family or at the day-care centre that he attended. The ability to produce the beta-lactamase elaborated from this strain could be transferred to ampicillin-sensitive strains of H. influenzae and Escherichia coli in frequencies of 0.7 X 10(-7) and 4.1 X 10(-4) respectively. The transcipients obtained were ampicillin-resistant and beta-lactamase producing. In the transcipients of E. coli, however, the marker for ampicillin resistance was quite unstable."}
{"id": "PMID:341300", "title": "Cerebral cryptococcosis. Report of an unusual case.", "content": "A case of cerebral cryptococcosis associated with pulmonary and bone lesions is described. While discussing some general data of the literature, the authors outline the rarity of granulomatous CNS Cryptococcosis. From a clinical standpoint the similarity with tuberculous processes is emphasized. The methods of histopathologic diagnosis both intraoperatively and in permanent sections are discussed.", "contents": "Cerebral cryptococcosis. Report of an unusual case. A case of cerebral cryptococcosis associated with pulmonary and bone lesions is described. While discussing some general data of the literature, the authors outline the rarity of granulomatous CNS Cryptococcosis. From a clinical standpoint the similarity with tuberculous processes is emphasized. The methods of histopathologic diagnosis both intraoperatively and in permanent sections are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341301", "title": "A comparison between an equimolar inhaled dose of ibuterol and terbutaline in asthmatics.", "content": "The effect of equimolar doses of ibuterol, 0.75 mg, and terbutaline, 0.50 mg, was compared in 16 asthmatics. Both drugs were given double-blind in a single dose by inhalation. The drugs did not significantly differ from each other in any of the parameters used in the trial. Both had rapid onset of action on the bronchospasm as measured with a Wright's peak flow meter. The effect was still statistically significant 300 min after the inhalation compared with the pre-treatment values. Neither drug had any effect of clinical importance on heart rate or blood pressure. No side effects were observed during the trial.", "contents": "A comparison between an equimolar inhaled dose of ibuterol and terbutaline in asthmatics. The effect of equimolar doses of ibuterol, 0.75 mg, and terbutaline, 0.50 mg, was compared in 16 asthmatics. Both drugs were given double-blind in a single dose by inhalation. The drugs did not significantly differ from each other in any of the parameters used in the trial. Both had rapid onset of action on the bronchospasm as measured with a Wright's peak flow meter. The effect was still statistically significant 300 min after the inhalation compared with the pre-treatment values. Neither drug had any effect of clinical importance on heart rate or blood pressure. No side effects were observed during the trial."}
{"id": "PMID:341302", "title": "[Clinical importance of disorders of vitamin D metabolism].", "content": "Some aspects of disordered vitamin D metabolism are reviewed. The causes and consequences of diminished blood levels of 25-OH-D3 are discussed. The role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis is presented and the diseases associated with alterations of this hormone are described.", "contents": "[Clinical importance of disorders of vitamin D metabolism]. Some aspects of disordered vitamin D metabolism are reviewed. The causes and consequences of diminished blood levels of 25-OH-D3 are discussed. The role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis is presented and the diseases associated with alterations of this hormone are described."}
{"id": "PMID:341303", "title": "[Pancreatitis following kidney transplantation].", "content": "Follow-up of 249 recipients of cadaver renal allografts revealed 14 cases of pancreatitis. The minimum follow-up time was 2 1/2 years and the maximum 12 1/2 years. In 9 patients acute pancreatitis occurred within 4 months, 5 died from hemorrhagic-necrotizing disease. Later, 2 lethal cases of abscess-forming pancreatitis, 1 benign acute and 2 chronic forms were observed. The mortality in post-transplant pancreatitis is 7 out of 14, which corresponds to 7% of all fatalities after transplantation. Many different factors contribute to the development of pancreatitis, the most important being steroid medication.", "contents": "[Pancreatitis following kidney transplantation]. Follow-up of 249 recipients of cadaver renal allografts revealed 14 cases of pancreatitis. The minimum follow-up time was 2 1/2 years and the maximum 12 1/2 years. In 9 patients acute pancreatitis occurred within 4 months, 5 died from hemorrhagic-necrotizing disease. Later, 2 lethal cases of abscess-forming pancreatitis, 1 benign acute and 2 chronic forms were observed. The mortality in post-transplant pancreatitis is 7 out of 14, which corresponds to 7% of all fatalities after transplantation. Many different factors contribute to the development of pancreatitis, the most important being steroid medication."}
{"id": "PMID:341304", "title": "[Pleural empyema and Tauroflex. Study of a new bactericidal agent].", "content": "A pilot study of 8 cases of lung empyema treated with taurolin, a new bactericidal agent, is reported. Rapid sterilization of exudates and favorable clinical course are discussed. Thanks to the absence of toxicity and its bacteriological efficacy, taurolin is a useful therapeutic agent in pleural empyema. Its use in the prophylaxis of complications in thoracic surgery is suggested.", "contents": "[Pleural empyema and Tauroflex. Study of a new bactericidal agent]. A pilot study of 8 cases of lung empyema treated with taurolin, a new bactericidal agent, is reported. Rapid sterilization of exudates and favorable clinical course are discussed. Thanks to the absence of toxicity and its bacteriological efficacy, taurolin is a useful therapeutic agent in pleural empyema. Its use in the prophylaxis of complications in thoracic surgery is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:341305", "title": "[Are allogeneic spongiosa grafts ready for general practice?].", "content": "9 subjects with 23 infrabony pockets were filled with 2 differently stored allogenic implants. After 6 months the average pocket reduction was 2.7 mm and bone apposition was 1.0 mm. Surgical corrections were often necessary because of postsurgical flap shrinkage. The relatively demanding procedure makes allogenic bone implants with questionable success not yet an acceptable operative technique for the nonspecialist.", "contents": "[Are allogeneic spongiosa grafts ready for general practice?]. 9 subjects with 23 infrabony pockets were filled with 2 differently stored allogenic implants. After 6 months the average pocket reduction was 2.7 mm and bone apposition was 1.0 mm. Surgical corrections were often necessary because of postsurgical flap shrinkage. The relatively demanding procedure makes allogenic bone implants with questionable success not yet an acceptable operative technique for the nonspecialist."}
{"id": "PMID:341306", "title": "[The effect of fluoride application following enamel etching on the adaptation and adhesiveness of adhesive fillings].", "content": "The application of fluoride to etched enamel and the subsequent influence upon the marginal adaptation and retention of adhesive restorations was examined in vitro. Results showed that amine fluoride (F- = 1.15%, I.E. 0.01%) and 8% SnF2 (F- = 1.94%) did not affect wetting of the conditioned enamel by sealer and composite material. However, a reduction in retentive potential evidenced by a partial loss of the restoration feather margin during circulation bathing was observed. Consequently, during adhesive restorative procedures, a fluoride treatment of etched enamel prior to sealer application and composite insertion is contraindicated. Upon completion of adhesive restorations a fluoride application, for example Elmex Fluid, to the entire operation field is, however, recommended.", "contents": "[The effect of fluoride application following enamel etching on the adaptation and adhesiveness of adhesive fillings]. The application of fluoride to etched enamel and the subsequent influence upon the marginal adaptation and retention of adhesive restorations was examined in vitro. Results showed that amine fluoride (F- = 1.15%, I.E. 0.01%) and 8% SnF2 (F- = 1.94%) did not affect wetting of the conditioned enamel by sealer and composite material. However, a reduction in retentive potential evidenced by a partial loss of the restoration feather margin during circulation bathing was observed. Consequently, during adhesive restorative procedures, a fluoride treatment of etched enamel prior to sealer application and composite insertion is contraindicated. Upon completion of adhesive restorations a fluoride application, for example Elmex Fluid, to the entire operation field is, however, recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:341307", "title": "[Physiology of the gingivo-dental sulcus].", "content": "The gingival sulcus is formed by the space between the sulcular epithelium, the junctional epithelium, and the wall of the tooth. The functioning of its different parts is important in the early changes taking place when marginal plaque is accumulating. The cellular turnover of the junctional epithelium is very high, which could explain its high healing potential. The intercellular spaces are wider in the junctional epithelium, when compared to those of the sulcular or oral epithelia. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes can migrate through these spaces, attracted toward the sulcus by chemotactic substances. Numerous substances have been shown to permeate the junctional epithelium, both toward the sulcus and from the sulcus within the connective tissue. The sulcus is normally sterile and will tend to eliminate any foreign particle. Leucocytes and desquamated epithelial cells will also tend to leave the gingival sulcus and will be found in saliva. Various instruments, such as paper or celluloid strips of platinum loops, can be used to collect the content of the gingival sulcus. Quantitative investigations can be performed by analyzing crevicular fluid or the products of washings of the marginal gingiva.", "contents": "[Physiology of the gingivo-dental sulcus]. The gingival sulcus is formed by the space between the sulcular epithelium, the junctional epithelium, and the wall of the tooth. The functioning of its different parts is important in the early changes taking place when marginal plaque is accumulating. The cellular turnover of the junctional epithelium is very high, which could explain its high healing potential. The intercellular spaces are wider in the junctional epithelium, when compared to those of the sulcular or oral epithelia. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes can migrate through these spaces, attracted toward the sulcus by chemotactic substances. Numerous substances have been shown to permeate the junctional epithelium, both toward the sulcus and from the sulcus within the connective tissue. The sulcus is normally sterile and will tend to eliminate any foreign particle. Leucocytes and desquamated epithelial cells will also tend to leave the gingival sulcus and will be found in saliva. Various instruments, such as paper or celluloid strips of platinum loops, can be used to collect the content of the gingival sulcus. Quantitative investigations can be performed by analyzing crevicular fluid or the products of washings of the marginal gingiva."}
{"id": "PMID:341308", "title": "[The centric relation. IV. Variations in condylar positions according to the methods of measuring centric relation and to the patient's clinical type].", "content": "When recording and transferring centric relation onto an articulator errors can be minimized by proper use of dental materials. Remaining errors may be due to either the patient or the clinician. 3 recording techniques (Lucia, Dawson, Ramfjord) are being tested by 2 operators on 12 patients. In order to get a proper centric relation one must not rely upon a technique of taking it but rather on an adequate clinical evaluation of the TMJ at that moment. The role of inadequate intermaxillary relationship upon painful TMJ syndroms cannot be underestimate.", "contents": "[The centric relation. IV. Variations in condylar positions according to the methods of measuring centric relation and to the patient's clinical type]. When recording and transferring centric relation onto an articulator errors can be minimized by proper use of dental materials. Remaining errors may be due to either the patient or the clinician. 3 recording techniques (Lucia, Dawson, Ramfjord) are being tested by 2 operators on 12 patients. In order to get a proper centric relation one must not rely upon a technique of taking it but rather on an adequate clinical evaluation of the TMJ at that moment. The role of inadequate intermaxillary relationship upon painful TMJ syndroms cannot be underestimate."}
{"id": "PMID:341310", "title": "Erythromycin and anaerobes: in vitro aspects.", "content": "Anaerobic organisms are being increasingly recognised as important causes of serious infection in man. Sampling procedures, transport of specimens and laboratory techniques need to be constantly monitored and improved if the causative organisms are to be consistently recovered from clinical specimens. Once the organisms have been isolated, their susceptibility to antibiotics should be determined so that the clinician can base his antibiotic therapy on reliable laboratory results. There are many variables in the sensitivity testing of anaerobes--these may account for the difficulty reported by some workers in obtaining consistently reliable results with some antibiotics, including erythromycin. These problems can be largely overcome if a standardised procedure is adopted. It is clear from the published data that erythromycin has considerable in vitro activity against many strains of anaerobic bacteria, both sporing and non-sporing. There is a broad spectrum of activity with some strains being very sensitive and a few strains being resistant. M.I.C. values range from 0.04 microgram./ml. to 20 microgram./ml. or more. Further studies are now needed to assess the role of erythromycin in the treatment of anaerobic infections in vivo.", "contents": "Erythromycin and anaerobes: in vitro aspects. Anaerobic organisms are being increasingly recognised as important causes of serious infection in man. Sampling procedures, transport of specimens and laboratory techniques need to be constantly monitored and improved if the causative organisms are to be consistently recovered from clinical specimens. Once the organisms have been isolated, their susceptibility to antibiotics should be determined so that the clinician can base his antibiotic therapy on reliable laboratory results. There are many variables in the sensitivity testing of anaerobes--these may account for the difficulty reported by some workers in obtaining consistently reliable results with some antibiotics, including erythromycin. These problems can be largely overcome if a standardised procedure is adopted. It is clear from the published data that erythromycin has considerable in vitro activity against many strains of anaerobic bacteria, both sporing and non-sporing. There is a broad spectrum of activity with some strains being very sensitive and a few strains being resistant. M.I.C. values range from 0.04 microgram./ml. to 20 microgram./ml. or more. Further studies are now needed to assess the role of erythromycin in the treatment of anaerobic infections in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:341312", "title": "Paramecium fusion rosettes: possible function as Ca2+ gates.", "content": "The function of a specific intramembrane particle array, \"the fusion rosette,\" an essential requirement for exocytosis of trichocysts in Paramecium, was probed with a temperature sensitive secretory mutant (nd9). The cells were grown at 27 degrees C, the nonpermissive, nonreleasing temperature at which fusion rosettes do not assemble. Exocytosis could be triggered, nonetheless, by addition of 40 micrometer ionophore A23187 and 15 mM Ca2+ but not Mg+. Rosette function is bypassed by this procedure, suggesting that during normal release, the rosette acts as a Ca2+ channel that allows development of a site-specific increase in Ca2+, which in turn induces fusion and release.", "contents": "Paramecium fusion rosettes: possible function as Ca2+ gates. The function of a specific intramembrane particle array, \"the fusion rosette,\" an essential requirement for exocytosis of trichocysts in Paramecium, was probed with a temperature sensitive secretory mutant (nd9). The cells were grown at 27 degrees C, the nonpermissive, nonreleasing temperature at which fusion rosettes do not assemble. Exocytosis could be triggered, nonetheless, by addition of 40 micrometer ionophore A23187 and 15 mM Ca2+ but not Mg+. Rosette function is bypassed by this procedure, suggesting that during normal release, the rosette acts as a Ca2+ channel that allows development of a site-specific increase in Ca2+, which in turn induces fusion and release."}
{"id": "PMID:341313", "title": "Dextroamphetamine: cognitive and behavioral effects in normal prepubertal boys.", "content": "The behavioral, cognitive, and electrophysiological effect of a single dose of dextroamphetamine (0.5 milligram per kilogram of body weight) or placebo was examined in 14 normal prepubertal boys (mean age, 10 years 11 months) in a double-blind study. When amphetamine was given, the group showed a marked decrease in motor activity and reaction time and improved performance on cognitive tests. The similarity of the response observed in normal children to that reported in children with \"hyperactivity\" or minimal brain dysfunction casts doubt on pathophysiological models of minimal brain dysfunction which assume that children with this syndrome have a clinically specific or \"paradoxical\" response to stimulants.", "contents": "Dextroamphetamine: cognitive and behavioral effects in normal prepubertal boys. The behavioral, cognitive, and electrophysiological effect of a single dose of dextroamphetamine (0.5 milligram per kilogram of body weight) or placebo was examined in 14 normal prepubertal boys (mean age, 10 years 11 months) in a double-blind study. When amphetamine was given, the group showed a marked decrease in motor activity and reaction time and improved performance on cognitive tests. The similarity of the response observed in normal children to that reported in children with \"hyperactivity\" or minimal brain dysfunction casts doubt on pathophysiological models of minimal brain dysfunction which assume that children with this syndrome have a clinically specific or \"paradoxical\" response to stimulants."}
{"id": "PMID:341314", "title": "Right-left asymmetrics in the brain.", "content": "Structural asymmetries between the hemispheres are found in the human brain. Asymmetries in the auditory regions and in the Sylvian fissures are present even in the fetus. The Sylvian asymmetries may have existed in Neanderthal man and are found consistently in some apes. They may relate to right-left differences infunction. Thus, the striking auditory asymmetries could underlie language lateralization. The asymmetries in the frontal and occipital lobes and the lateral ventricles are correlated with hand preference. Anatomical asymmetries may help to explain the range of human talents, recovery from acquired disorders of language function, certain childhood learning disabilities, some dementing illnesses of middle life, and the evidence for behavioral lateralization in nonhuman primates.", "contents": "Right-left asymmetrics in the brain. Structural asymmetries between the hemispheres are found in the human brain. Asymmetries in the auditory regions and in the Sylvian fissures are present even in the fetus. The Sylvian asymmetries may have existed in Neanderthal man and are found consistently in some apes. They may relate to right-left differences infunction. Thus, the striking auditory asymmetries could underlie language lateralization. The asymmetries in the frontal and occipital lobes and the lateral ventricles are correlated with hand preference. Anatomical asymmetries may help to explain the range of human talents, recovery from acquired disorders of language function, certain childhood learning disabilities, some dementing illnesses of middle life, and the evidence for behavioral lateralization in nonhuman primates."}
{"id": "PMID:341331", "title": "Fetal and maternal indications for considering abortion.", "content": "Medical indications for abortion rest on estimating the risk of an abnormal outcome of pregnancy. Recent advances have greatly increased our ability to predict the outcome for both mother and child. Given the safety of amniocentesis and the many disorders now diagnosable prenatally, genetic counseling has evolved from a level of only making a statement of chance to that of knowing the karyotype and genotype of the fetus. Fetal indications for abortion include risk of abnormality from either genetic or environmental factors. Maternal indications include physical or mental disorders which may jeopardize the patient's health. The physician and the geneticist must recognize the pregnancy at risk and fully inform the couple early enough to permit investigation, diagnosis, and decision on termination.", "contents": "Fetal and maternal indications for considering abortion. Medical indications for abortion rest on estimating the risk of an abnormal outcome of pregnancy. Recent advances have greatly increased our ability to predict the outcome for both mother and child. Given the safety of amniocentesis and the many disorders now diagnosable prenatally, genetic counseling has evolved from a level of only making a statement of chance to that of knowing the karyotype and genotype of the fetus. Fetal indications for abortion include risk of abnormality from either genetic or environmental factors. Maternal indications include physical or mental disorders which may jeopardize the patient's health. The physician and the geneticist must recognize the pregnancy at risk and fully inform the couple early enough to permit investigation, diagnosis, and decision on termination."}
{"id": "PMID:341335", "title": "Spontaneous passage of bullet during voiding.", "content": "The second instance of a bullet voided spontaneously via the urethra was reported and the related literature was briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Spontaneous passage of bullet during voiding. The second instance of a bullet voided spontaneously via the urethra was reported and the related literature was briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:341336", "title": "Meningomyelocele skin defects.", "content": "Meningomyelocele skin defects in ten newborn infants were closed with bilateral lumbar transposition flaps and split-thickness skin grafts. Eight repairs healed promptly without incident. The superficial layer of the flaps in one patient necrosed and were replaced by skin grafts. One patient died of pneumonia and overwhelming sepsis, though the flaps and grafts were healing without reaction. These flaps were useful, even when small, because their placement could be varied to completely cover the defect.", "contents": "Meningomyelocele skin defects. Meningomyelocele skin defects in ten newborn infants were closed with bilateral lumbar transposition flaps and split-thickness skin grafts. Eight repairs healed promptly without incident. The superficial layer of the flaps in one patient necrosed and were replaced by skin grafts. One patient died of pneumonia and overwhelming sepsis, though the flaps and grafts were healing without reaction. These flaps were useful, even when small, because their placement could be varied to completely cover the defect."}
{"id": "PMID:341337", "title": "An evaluation of levamisole for treatment of ascariasis.", "content": "Levamisole (Decaris, Belgium) was tested in Iran, Brazil, and in Mississippi and Louisiana for its efficacy as a single-dose oral treatment for Ascaris infections. Subjects were children ages 2 to 15 years, and numbers treated with levamisole and comparative anthelmintics are as follows: 453 with levamisole; 461 with piperazine citrate; 17 with pyrantel pamoate; and 19 with a placebo. Cure rates and total reduction in mean egg counts observed were 92% and 98% respectively for levamisole and 66% and 90% for piperazine. Sixteen of 17 treated with pyrantel pamoate were cured. In none of the drugs were there notable side reactions, but in all four studies side effects were more frequent with piperazine than with levamisole. Levamisole was found to be a well-tolerated, highly effective single-dose ascaricide. It should prove to be particularly useful for mass chemotherapy in Ascaris control programs.", "contents": "An evaluation of levamisole for treatment of ascariasis. Levamisole (Decaris, Belgium) was tested in Iran, Brazil, and in Mississippi and Louisiana for its efficacy as a single-dose oral treatment for Ascaris infections. Subjects were children ages 2 to 15 years, and numbers treated with levamisole and comparative anthelmintics are as follows: 453 with levamisole; 461 with piperazine citrate; 17 with pyrantel pamoate; and 19 with a placebo. Cure rates and total reduction in mean egg counts observed were 92% and 98% respectively for levamisole and 66% and 90% for piperazine. Sixteen of 17 treated with pyrantel pamoate were cured. In none of the drugs were there notable side reactions, but in all four studies side effects were more frequent with piperazine than with levamisole. Levamisole was found to be a well-tolerated, highly effective single-dose ascaricide. It should prove to be particularly useful for mass chemotherapy in Ascaris control programs."}
{"id": "PMID:341338", "title": "Seven-day clotrimazole therapy for vulvovaginal candidiasis.", "content": "There were 150 patients with mycologically proven vulvovaginal candidiasis in a randomized, non-cross-over study which compared seven-and 14-day treatment courses of clotrimazole vaginal tablets (Gyne-Lotrimin) with a 14-day treatment course of miconazole nitrate 2% vaginal cream (Monistat). Adequate data for analyses were obtained for 117 patients. When patients were reexamined four or more weeks after completion of therapy, success rates, based on clinical and mycologic criteria, were: 88% for patients treated with clotrimazole for seven days, 84% for clotrimazole 14-day treatment, and 78% for miconazole nitrate 14-day treatment. There were no drug-related adverse reactions. Thus a seven-day course of therapy with clotrimazole is effective as is a 14-day course of either clotrimazole or miconazole nitrate 2% for the treatment of Candida vaginitis. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among the clotrimazole seven-and 14-day treatment groups and the miconazole nitrate 14-day treatment group. The shorter period of administration required for this new antifungal agent should result in better patient compliance and an improved success rate in the rate in the treatment of this frequently encountered infection.", "contents": "Seven-day clotrimazole therapy for vulvovaginal candidiasis. There were 150 patients with mycologically proven vulvovaginal candidiasis in a randomized, non-cross-over study which compared seven-and 14-day treatment courses of clotrimazole vaginal tablets (Gyne-Lotrimin) with a 14-day treatment course of miconazole nitrate 2% vaginal cream (Monistat). Adequate data for analyses were obtained for 117 patients. When patients were reexamined four or more weeks after completion of therapy, success rates, based on clinical and mycologic criteria, were: 88% for patients treated with clotrimazole for seven days, 84% for clotrimazole 14-day treatment, and 78% for miconazole nitrate 14-day treatment. There were no drug-related adverse reactions. Thus a seven-day course of therapy with clotrimazole is effective as is a 14-day course of either clotrimazole or miconazole nitrate 2% for the treatment of Candida vaginitis. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among the clotrimazole seven-and 14-day treatment groups and the miconazole nitrate 14-day treatment group. The shorter period of administration required for this new antifungal agent should result in better patient compliance and an improved success rate in the rate in the treatment of this frequently encountered infection."}
{"id": "PMID:341339", "title": "Hypertension and anesthesia: cause for concern.", "content": "Our clinical experience and the literature regarding anesthetic management of the hypertensive patient are reviewed. Preoperative evaluation and treatment of all hypertensive patients, regardless of their degree of lability, is recommended. For emergency surgery on an untreated hypertensive patient, control of blood pressure with nitroprusside should be attempted before an awake or rapid sequence intubation. The evaluation of hypertension, the physiology of idiopathic hypertension, and the effects of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Hypertension and anesthesia: cause for concern. Our clinical experience and the literature regarding anesthetic management of the hypertensive patient are reviewed. Preoperative evaluation and treatment of all hypertensive patients, regardless of their degree of lability, is recommended. For emergency surgery on an untreated hypertensive patient, control of blood pressure with nitroprusside should be attempted before an awake or rapid sequence intubation. The evaluation of hypertension, the physiology of idiopathic hypertension, and the effects of treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341343", "title": "Skin protothecosis in a patient with renal allograft.", "content": "The case history of a 30-year-old male kidney transplant patient who developed cutaneous protothecosis is presented. The lesions, initially located over the forearm and around the site of previous AV shunt, consisted of maculopapular areas which opened spontaneously and drained purulent sanguineous material. Culutre of drainage grew Prototheca wickerhamii. Other virulent organisms, ie. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were also grown. The patient died of Klebsiella septicemia and shock. Protothecosis is an uncommon algal infection in man. This is the first report of the disease among recipients of a renal transplant.", "contents": "Skin protothecosis in a patient with renal allograft. The case history of a 30-year-old male kidney transplant patient who developed cutaneous protothecosis is presented. The lesions, initially located over the forearm and around the site of previous AV shunt, consisted of maculopapular areas which opened spontaneously and drained purulent sanguineous material. Culutre of drainage grew Prototheca wickerhamii. Other virulent organisms, ie. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were also grown. The patient died of Klebsiella septicemia and shock. Protothecosis is an uncommon algal infection in man. This is the first report of the disease among recipients of a renal transplant."}
{"id": "PMID:341363", "title": "Treatment of duodenal ulcers with cimetidine.", "content": "A total of 55 patients were treated with the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine (Tagamet: SKF) in an endoscopically controlled double-blind trial. Cimetide (200 or 300 mg every 6 hours) was administered to 36 patients, and placebo to 19 patients. Only patients who had been confirmed by endoscopy as having uncomplicated duodenal ulcers were admitted to the trial. Drug or placebo was administered in a randomized double-blind fashion for 6 weeks. Patients underwent clinical examination at weekly intervals. Haematological assessment was made weekly for 7 weeks, and biochemical variables were measured once a week or once every 2 weeks for 6 weeks. Endoscopy was repeated at 6 weeks unless the patient had to be excluded from the trial because of incessant pain after 14 days. No antacid or other treatment was allowed. Seventy-eight per cent of the patients became free of symptoms when treated with cimetidine, and 47% when treated with placebo (chi2 = 5,2235; P less than 0,025 in favour of cimetidine). Endoscopic evidence of healing revealed an improvement of 69,5% in those treated with cimetidine and one of 42% in those treated with placebo (chi2 = 3,8731; P less than 0,05 in favour of cimetidine). No haematological or biochemical changes were noted. It is concluded that the histamine H2-receptor antagonists have a definite place in the treatment of duodenal ulceration.", "contents": "Treatment of duodenal ulcers with cimetidine. A total of 55 patients were treated with the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine (Tagamet: SKF) in an endoscopically controlled double-blind trial. Cimetide (200 or 300 mg every 6 hours) was administered to 36 patients, and placebo to 19 patients. Only patients who had been confirmed by endoscopy as having uncomplicated duodenal ulcers were admitted to the trial. Drug or placebo was administered in a randomized double-blind fashion for 6 weeks. Patients underwent clinical examination at weekly intervals. Haematological assessment was made weekly for 7 weeks, and biochemical variables were measured once a week or once every 2 weeks for 6 weeks. Endoscopy was repeated at 6 weeks unless the patient had to be excluded from the trial because of incessant pain after 14 days. No antacid or other treatment was allowed. Seventy-eight per cent of the patients became free of symptoms when treated with cimetidine, and 47% when treated with placebo (chi2 = 5,2235; P less than 0,025 in favour of cimetidine). Endoscopic evidence of healing revealed an improvement of 69,5% in those treated with cimetidine and one of 42% in those treated with placebo (chi2 = 3,8731; P less than 0,05 in favour of cimetidine). No haematological or biochemical changes were noted. It is concluded that the histamine H2-receptor antagonists have a definite place in the treatment of duodenal ulceration."}
{"id": "PMID:341367", "title": "Culture and microscopy of microorganisms in frozen sections.", "content": "A simple method is described in which frozen sections are prepared from tissue cell suspensions with added microorganisms and then cultured. The enhanced growth of the organisms makes their indentification easier. A number of applications is suggested.", "contents": "Culture and microscopy of microorganisms in frozen sections. A simple method is described in which frozen sections are prepared from tissue cell suspensions with added microorganisms and then cultured. The enhanced growth of the organisms makes their indentification easier. A number of applications is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:341368", "title": "Natural occurrence of Aspergillus fumigatus in cane sugar mills.", "content": "The environmental distribution of Aspergillus fumigatus in 2 cane-sugar mills and one paper factory in northern India is compared with 2 localities in Delhi. The preponderance of the species at the U.D. Sugar Mills, Shamli, was contrary to its low prevalence in the University of Delhi campus and at Subzimandi, the vegetable and fruit market of Delhi. Aspergillus fumigatus accounted for 42.5% of the total aerial fungal colony counts recorded in the Shamli Mills as against 2% in Delhi. The predominant aerial fungus at Subzimandi was A. niger whereas aspergilli were overshelmingly outnumbered by other fungi in the University of Delhi campus. Within the Shamli Mills, the bagasse-containing sites had a significantly higher aerial prevalence (50.3%) of A. fumigatus than the bagasse-free sites (13.5%). Furthermore, A. fumigatus was more prevalent in the operational (57.2%) than in the non-operational period (23.8%) of the mills. The high frequency of isolations of A. fumigatus from and its dense population in sugar-cane bagasse seemed to suggest a special association of the fungus with this substrate.", "contents": "Natural occurrence of Aspergillus fumigatus in cane sugar mills. The environmental distribution of Aspergillus fumigatus in 2 cane-sugar mills and one paper factory in northern India is compared with 2 localities in Delhi. The preponderance of the species at the U.D. Sugar Mills, Shamli, was contrary to its low prevalence in the University of Delhi campus and at Subzimandi, the vegetable and fruit market of Delhi. Aspergillus fumigatus accounted for 42.5% of the total aerial fungal colony counts recorded in the Shamli Mills as against 2% in Delhi. The predominant aerial fungus at Subzimandi was A. niger whereas aspergilli were overshelmingly outnumbered by other fungi in the University of Delhi campus. Within the Shamli Mills, the bagasse-containing sites had a significantly higher aerial prevalence (50.3%) of A. fumigatus than the bagasse-free sites (13.5%). Furthermore, A. fumigatus was more prevalent in the operational (57.2%) than in the non-operational period (23.8%) of the mills. The high frequency of isolations of A. fumigatus from and its dense population in sugar-cane bagasse seemed to suggest a special association of the fungus with this substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:341370", "title": "Isolation of UV-sensitive variants of CHO-K1 by nylon cloth replica plating.", "content": "Techinques are described which permit the identification and isolation of UV-sensitive variants from mutagenized populations of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Identification is based on the observation that within two days after receiving a dose of approximately 240 ergs/mm2 of UV irradiation most of the cells in a colony of CHO detach from the surface of a plastic tissue culture dish. At a lower dose of UV, which does not kill or detach a significant number of parental cells, UV-sensitive colonies are killed and become detached. Thus a clear plaque is produced in a lawn of unirradiated parental cells, marking the site occupied by a sensitive colony. Live cells from such sensitive colonies have been recovered from a nylon cloth replica prepared prior to irradiation and characterized. One UV-sensitive variant (CHO-UV-1) is indistinguishable from parental cells in X-ray resistance, chromosome number, generation time, and duration of the phases of the cell cycle. For UV irradiation the hit number (-n), shoulder width (Dq), and mean lethal dose (Do) for the variant are 2.8, 21 ergs/mm2, and 21 ergs/mm2, respectively, as compared to 2.6, 36 ergs/mm2, and 45 ergs/mm2 for CHO-K1 cells. These values have not changed for a period of eight months in culture.", "contents": "Isolation of UV-sensitive variants of CHO-K1 by nylon cloth replica plating. Techinques are described which permit the identification and isolation of UV-sensitive variants from mutagenized populations of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Identification is based on the observation that within two days after receiving a dose of approximately 240 ergs/mm2 of UV irradiation most of the cells in a colony of CHO detach from the surface of a plastic tissue culture dish. At a lower dose of UV, which does not kill or detach a significant number of parental cells, UV-sensitive colonies are killed and become detached. Thus a clear plaque is produced in a lawn of unirradiated parental cells, marking the site occupied by a sensitive colony. Live cells from such sensitive colonies have been recovered from a nylon cloth replica prepared prior to irradiation and characterized. One UV-sensitive variant (CHO-UV-1) is indistinguishable from parental cells in X-ray resistance, chromosome number, generation time, and duration of the phases of the cell cycle. For UV irradiation the hit number (-n), shoulder width (Dq), and mean lethal dose (Do) for the variant are 2.8, 21 ergs/mm2, and 21 ergs/mm2, respectively, as compared to 2.6, 36 ergs/mm2, and 45 ergs/mm2 for CHO-K1 cells. These values have not changed for a period of eight months in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:341371", "title": "A new dimension in suspension fusion techniques with polyethylene glycol.", "content": "Polyethylene glycol (PEG) induces the hybridization of mammalian cells at a much higher frequency when the cells are attached to a substrate during treatment than when the cells are treated in suspension. Since many cell types, e.g., lymphocytes, cannot attach to a substrate, a new technique for the PEG-induced fusion of cells in suspension was developed. This technique, referred to as \"pancake fusion,\" is based on the centrifugation of suspended cells onto a coverslip and the PEG treatment of the cells on the coverslip as if they were attached to a substrate. With this technique, the frequency of hybridization of human white blood cells, which are incapable of attaching to a substrate, can be greatly increased.", "contents": "A new dimension in suspension fusion techniques with polyethylene glycol. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) induces the hybridization of mammalian cells at a much higher frequency when the cells are attached to a substrate during treatment than when the cells are treated in suspension. Since many cell types, e.g., lymphocytes, cannot attach to a substrate, a new technique for the PEG-induced fusion of cells in suspension was developed. This technique, referred to as \"pancake fusion,\" is based on the centrifugation of suspended cells onto a coverslip and the PEG treatment of the cells on the coverslip as if they were attached to a substrate. With this technique, the frequency of hybridization of human white blood cells, which are incapable of attaching to a substrate, can be greatly increased."}
{"id": "PMID:341372", "title": "A cytological procedure to screen mammalian temperature-sensitive mutants for cell-cycle-related defects.", "content": "Interphase cells stained with quinacrine dihydrochloride show distinctive fluorescent nuclear patterns according to their position in the cell cycle. These patterns were used to determine whether temperature-sensitive growth mutants of the Syrian hamster cell line BHK-21 are blocked at specific stages of the cell cycle. These cytological studies confirmed the previous conclusion that ts Af8 cell line derived from BHK cells is a GI cell-cycle mutant. The method promises to be of use as an initial probe in screening for cell-cycle mutants.", "contents": "A cytological procedure to screen mammalian temperature-sensitive mutants for cell-cycle-related defects. Interphase cells stained with quinacrine dihydrochloride show distinctive fluorescent nuclear patterns according to their position in the cell cycle. These patterns were used to determine whether temperature-sensitive growth mutants of the Syrian hamster cell line BHK-21 are blocked at specific stages of the cell cycle. These cytological studies confirmed the previous conclusion that ts Af8 cell line derived from BHK cells is a GI cell-cycle mutant. The method promises to be of use as an initial probe in screening for cell-cycle mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:341373", "title": "Assignment of the structural genes for the alpha subunit of hexosaminidase A, mannosephosphate isomerase, and pyruvate kinase to the region q22-qter of human chromosome 15.", "content": "Concordant segregation of the expression of the alpha subunit of human hexosaminidase A, human mannosephosphate isomerase, and pyruvate kinase was observed in somatic cell hybrids between either thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cells or thymidine kinase-deficient Chinese hamster cells and human white blood cells carrying a translocation of the distal half (q 22-qter) of the long arm of chromosome 15 to chromosome 17. A positive correlation was established between the expression of these human phenotypes and the presence of the distal half of the long arm of human chromosome 15.", "contents": "Assignment of the structural genes for the alpha subunit of hexosaminidase A, mannosephosphate isomerase, and pyruvate kinase to the region q22-qter of human chromosome 15. Concordant segregation of the expression of the alpha subunit of human hexosaminidase A, human mannosephosphate isomerase, and pyruvate kinase was observed in somatic cell hybrids between either thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cells or thymidine kinase-deficient Chinese hamster cells and human white blood cells carrying a translocation of the distal half (q 22-qter) of the long arm of chromosome 15 to chromosome 17. A positive correlation was established between the expression of these human phenotypes and the presence of the distal half of the long arm of human chromosome 15."}
{"id": "PMID:341374", "title": "Isolation of a lactic dehydrogenase-A-deficient CHO-K1 mutant by nylon cloth replica plating.", "content": "A mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell deficient in lactate dehydrogenase A activity has been isolated using a nonselective technique. The method uses histochemical staining to examine colonies directly for enzyme activity and nylon cloth replica plating to recover particular clones. The mutant cell has an apparent Km (pyruvate to lactate) that is nearly tenfold higher than the parental cell, while its Vmax has been reduced more than 80-fold. In mutant cell extracts with added porcine LDH-B enzyme, molecular dissociation and recombination of subunits produces two new active LDH tetramers (A1B3, A2B2). The electrophoretic mobility of at least one of the tetramers (A1B3) was different from those formed in the parental extracts. The evidence suggests the variant cell contains a mutation in the structural gene for LDH-A.", "contents": "Isolation of a lactic dehydrogenase-A-deficient CHO-K1 mutant by nylon cloth replica plating. A mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell deficient in lactate dehydrogenase A activity has been isolated using a nonselective technique. The method uses histochemical staining to examine colonies directly for enzyme activity and nylon cloth replica plating to recover particular clones. The mutant cell has an apparent Km (pyruvate to lactate) that is nearly tenfold higher than the parental cell, while its Vmax has been reduced more than 80-fold. In mutant cell extracts with added porcine LDH-B enzyme, molecular dissociation and recombination of subunits produces two new active LDH tetramers (A1B3, A2B2). The electrophoretic mobility of at least one of the tetramers (A1B3) was different from those formed in the parental extracts. The evidence suggests the variant cell contains a mutation in the structural gene for LDH-A."}
{"id": "PMID:341376", "title": "A randomized prospective evaluation of orally administered antibiotics in operations on the colon.", "content": "In this randomized, prospective study of 91 patients undergoing operations on the colon, we found that neomycin, neomycin-phthalylsulfathiazole and neomycin-erythromycin base all provided adequate intestinal antisepsis. Wound infection rates for all groups were also similar and close to the national average for operations on the colon. A detailed analysis of the wound infections in our series revealed that 60 per cent of these infections were from organisms different from those found on the colonic mucosa. This evidence indicates the possible advantage of parenteral antibiotic therapy to achieve adequate tissue levels of antibiotics not presently possible with orally administered agents.", "contents": "A randomized prospective evaluation of orally administered antibiotics in operations on the colon. In this randomized, prospective study of 91 patients undergoing operations on the colon, we found that neomycin, neomycin-phthalylsulfathiazole and neomycin-erythromycin base all provided adequate intestinal antisepsis. Wound infection rates for all groups were also similar and close to the national average for operations on the colon. A detailed analysis of the wound infections in our series revealed that 60 per cent of these infections were from organisms different from those found on the colonic mucosa. This evidence indicates the possible advantage of parenteral antibiotic therapy to achieve adequate tissue levels of antibiotics not presently possible with orally administered agents."}
{"id": "PMID:341377", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac performance in patients with arteriovenous fistulas.", "content": "This noninvasive echocardiographic study of cardiac performance in 27 patients with chronic renal failure and vascular access documented the magnitude of forward cardiac output to be 65 per cent of the observed index. Hemodialysis resulted in acute hemodynamic changes, including an average fall in the cardiac index of 57 per cent, presumably because of a 40 per cent decrease in left ventricular filling volume. In patients in whom the vascular access had functioned longest, a time related cardiac decompensation is suggested by a cardiac index of significantly less than normal, p, 0.0013, with occlusion. Ventricular function was suboptimal three months post-transplant, as reflected by a continued low cardiac index and depressed ejection fraction, although the general reduction in cardiac index and diastolic volume on postoperative day 7 was of the magnitude expected from arteriovenous access occlusion.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac performance in patients with arteriovenous fistulas. This noninvasive echocardiographic study of cardiac performance in 27 patients with chronic renal failure and vascular access documented the magnitude of forward cardiac output to be 65 per cent of the observed index. Hemodialysis resulted in acute hemodynamic changes, including an average fall in the cardiac index of 57 per cent, presumably because of a 40 per cent decrease in left ventricular filling volume. In patients in whom the vascular access had functioned longest, a time related cardiac decompensation is suggested by a cardiac index of significantly less than normal, p, 0.0013, with occlusion. Ventricular function was suboptimal three months post-transplant, as reflected by a continued low cardiac index and depressed ejection fraction, although the general reduction in cardiac index and diastolic volume on postoperative day 7 was of the magnitude expected from arteriovenous access occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:341378", "title": "The relationship between biliary tract infections and postoperative complications.", "content": "The hospital records of 870 consecutive patients undergoing elective biliary tract operations during an eight year period were reviewed. Bacteriologic cultures of the biliary tract obtained on 451 patients were correlated with specific biliary tract abnormalities and with postoperative complications. The incidence of positive biliary tract cultures was higher in patients with common duct disease than in those with chronic gallbladder disease without common duct disease. Choledocholithiasis and partial obstruction of the common duct are viewed as important factors in causing a high incidence of postive biliary tract cultures. Eighty-eight per cent of patients who had undergone previous biliary tract decompression procedures had positive cultures. There was no difference in the yield of postive cultures taken from the gallbladder wall and the gallbladder bile. Forty-nine per cent of patients with common bile duct disease and positive biliary tract cultures had no history of clinical cholangitis. Postoperative wound infections were more common in patients with common duct disease. The microorganism responsible for postoperative cholangitis and septicemia can usually be cultured from the biliary tract at operation. Antibiotics significantly decreased the incidence of postoperative cholangitis and septicemia.", "contents": "The relationship between biliary tract infections and postoperative complications. The hospital records of 870 consecutive patients undergoing elective biliary tract operations during an eight year period were reviewed. Bacteriologic cultures of the biliary tract obtained on 451 patients were correlated with specific biliary tract abnormalities and with postoperative complications. The incidence of positive biliary tract cultures was higher in patients with common duct disease than in those with chronic gallbladder disease without common duct disease. Choledocholithiasis and partial obstruction of the common duct are viewed as important factors in causing a high incidence of postive biliary tract cultures. Eighty-eight per cent of patients who had undergone previous biliary tract decompression procedures had positive cultures. There was no difference in the yield of postive cultures taken from the gallbladder wall and the gallbladder bile. Forty-nine per cent of patients with common bile duct disease and positive biliary tract cultures had no history of clinical cholangitis. Postoperative wound infections were more common in patients with common duct disease. The microorganism responsible for postoperative cholangitis and septicemia can usually be cultured from the biliary tract at operation. Antibiotics significantly decreased the incidence of postoperative cholangitis and septicemia."}
{"id": "PMID:341383", "title": "Treatment of colloid cysts of the third ventricle by stereotactic aspiration.", "content": "Four patients are described with a colloid cyst in the anterior part of the third ventricle, causing obstruction of the foramina of Monro. Stereotactic aspiration of the cyst was performed after exact neuroradiological localization, including CT scan. The great advantages of the technique presented are discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of colloid cysts of the third ventricle by stereotactic aspiration. Four patients are described with a colloid cyst in the anterior part of the third ventricle, causing obstruction of the foramina of Monro. Stereotactic aspiration of the cyst was performed after exact neuroradiological localization, including CT scan. The great advantages of the technique presented are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341386", "title": "Effect of a synthetic analogue of PGE2 on exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function in the rat.", "content": "The effect of 16,16-dimethyl PGE2-methyl-ester (di-M-PGE2, a long-acting synthetic analogue of PGE2) on exocrine and endocrine pancreatic secretion was studied in rats with chronic pancreatic fistulas. Under basal conditions as well as after stimulation with secretin and OP-CCK, pancreatic exocrine secretion was inhibited markedly by intravenous injection of di-M-PGE2 at 10 microgram/kg and 100 microgram/kg. Secretory volumes and bicarbonate and protein outputs decreased within 10 minutes after the administration of di-M-PGE2, and this inhibitory effect persisted throughout the following 40 minutes. The smaller dose of di-M-PGE2 (10 microgram/kg) inhibited the volume of pancreatic secretion by an average of 47.7% and decreased bicarbonate and protein output by 41.1% and 70.5%, respectively. The larger dose (100 microgram/kg) caused a mean 48.3% inhibition of pancreatic secretory volume and decreased bicarbonate and protein outputs by 41.7% and 64.5%, respectively. Plasma insulin levels were lowered markedly after injection of di-M-PGE2 under basal conditions (mean inhibition 63.1% by PG-10 and 55.3% by PG-100) as well as after secretin stimulation (mean inhibition 89.5% by PG-10 and 82.4% by PG-100). These observations document that di-M-PGE2 is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function in the unanesthetized rat. In these actions the PGE2-analogue antagonized the stimulatory effects of both secretin and OP-CCK.", "contents": "Effect of a synthetic analogue of PGE2 on exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function in the rat. The effect of 16,16-dimethyl PGE2-methyl-ester (di-M-PGE2, a long-acting synthetic analogue of PGE2) on exocrine and endocrine pancreatic secretion was studied in rats with chronic pancreatic fistulas. Under basal conditions as well as after stimulation with secretin and OP-CCK, pancreatic exocrine secretion was inhibited markedly by intravenous injection of di-M-PGE2 at 10 microgram/kg and 100 microgram/kg. Secretory volumes and bicarbonate and protein outputs decreased within 10 minutes after the administration of di-M-PGE2, and this inhibitory effect persisted throughout the following 40 minutes. The smaller dose of di-M-PGE2 (10 microgram/kg) inhibited the volume of pancreatic secretion by an average of 47.7% and decreased bicarbonate and protein output by 41.1% and 70.5%, respectively. The larger dose (100 microgram/kg) caused a mean 48.3% inhibition of pancreatic secretory volume and decreased bicarbonate and protein outputs by 41.7% and 64.5%, respectively. Plasma insulin levels were lowered markedly after injection of di-M-PGE2 under basal conditions (mean inhibition 63.1% by PG-10 and 55.3% by PG-100) as well as after secretin stimulation (mean inhibition 89.5% by PG-10 and 82.4% by PG-100). These observations document that di-M-PGE2 is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function in the unanesthetized rat. In these actions the PGE2-analogue antagonized the stimulatory effects of both secretin and OP-CCK."}
{"id": "PMID:341405", "title": "Percutaneous drainage in the treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae lung abscess.", "content": "Seven cases of lung abscess involving Klebsiella pneumoniae with or without other pathogens presented with gross expansion of the involved lobes or segments and severe clinical illness despite medical treatment. Operative management by rib resection and tube drainage was successful in each case, one of which was found to be an infected cryptococcoma. Postoperative bronchograms were made in six cases.", "contents": "Percutaneous drainage in the treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae lung abscess. Seven cases of lung abscess involving Klebsiella pneumoniae with or without other pathogens presented with gross expansion of the involved lobes or segments and severe clinical illness despite medical treatment. Operative management by rib resection and tube drainage was successful in each case, one of which was found to be an infected cryptococcoma. Postoperative bronchograms were made in six cases."}
{"id": "PMID:341407", "title": "A trial of clenbuterol in bronchial asthma.", "content": "Clenbuterol is a beta 2-sympathomimetic bronchodilator. In a double-blind cross-over trial in 19 asthmatic patients with reversible airways obstruction, oral administration of both clenbuterol (40 microgram) and salbutamol (4 mg) caused significantly greater increased in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) than placebo, that of clenbuterol lasting longer. The patients' subjective assessment also suggested the relief of their symptoms by the active drugs. Side-effects were minimal.", "contents": "A trial of clenbuterol in bronchial asthma. Clenbuterol is a beta 2-sympathomimetic bronchodilator. In a double-blind cross-over trial in 19 asthmatic patients with reversible airways obstruction, oral administration of both clenbuterol (40 microgram) and salbutamol (4 mg) caused significantly greater increased in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) than placebo, that of clenbuterol lasting longer. The patients' subjective assessment also suggested the relief of their symptoms by the active drugs. Side-effects were minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:341410", "title": "Participation of Hageman factor dependent pathways in human disease states.", "content": "Abnormalities of Hageman factor dependent pathways have been described in a wide variety of human disease states. Congenital deficiencies of factor XII (Hageman trait) prekallikrein (Fletcher trait) and high molecular weight kininogen (Williams, Fitzgerald and Flaujeac traits) although resulting in profound in vitro changes, do not cause in vivo difficulties. In contrast, deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor (hereditary angioedema) results in significant morbidity and mortality. Acquired diseases may exhibit decreased synthesis of these three proteins in cirrhosis and dengue fever. In vivo activation of factor XII initiated pathways occur in septic shock, disseminated or localized intravascular coagulation, typhoid fever, polycythemia vera, hyperbetalipoproteinemia, coronary artery disease, nephrotic syndrome, transfusion reactions, hemodialysis and extracorporeal bypass. Activation of both the intrinsic system and tissue mediators contribute to the vasomotor phenomena in carcinoid syndrome and postgastrectomy dumping. Roles for factor XII, prekallikrein and kininogen have been suggested in gouty arthritis, allergic disorders and cystic fibrosis but the evidence is not yet convincing in these disorders.", "contents": "Participation of Hageman factor dependent pathways in human disease states. Abnormalities of Hageman factor dependent pathways have been described in a wide variety of human disease states. Congenital deficiencies of factor XII (Hageman trait) prekallikrein (Fletcher trait) and high molecular weight kininogen (Williams, Fitzgerald and Flaujeac traits) although resulting in profound in vitro changes, do not cause in vivo difficulties. In contrast, deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor (hereditary angioedema) results in significant morbidity and mortality. Acquired diseases may exhibit decreased synthesis of these three proteins in cirrhosis and dengue fever. In vivo activation of factor XII initiated pathways occur in septic shock, disseminated or localized intravascular coagulation, typhoid fever, polycythemia vera, hyperbetalipoproteinemia, coronary artery disease, nephrotic syndrome, transfusion reactions, hemodialysis and extracorporeal bypass. Activation of both the intrinsic system and tissue mediators contribute to the vasomotor phenomena in carcinoid syndrome and postgastrectomy dumping. Roles for factor XII, prekallikrein and kininogen have been suggested in gouty arthritis, allergic disorders and cystic fibrosis but the evidence is not yet convincing in these disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:341417", "title": "[Salmonella in minced meat from ten meat inspection services in the Netherlands (author's transl)].", "content": "Throughout a period of thirteen months, samples of minced meat from ten different meat inspection services in the Netherlands were examined weekly for the presence of Salmonella. One hundred samples of 150 g. of each meat inspection service were studied by six different methods. Marked differences in contamination of minced meat with Salmonella were observed between the various localities. These were differences in the proportion of contaminated samples from each meat inspection service (lowest 10%, highest 39%) on the one hand and differences in the number of contaminated sub-samples of each sample of minced meat (smallest 18, largest 139) on the other. Moreover, the season obviously was a factor in contamination of minced meat with Salmonella, the contamination rate increasing with the outside temperature. As a rule, contamination by Salmonella was less common in minced beef than it was in minced beef and pork mixed. Contamination of minced meat with Salmonella usually was less common in minced meat from butchers' shops in which slaughtering was done by the butcher himself than it was in minced meat from slaughterhouses. The organisms most frequently isolated in the present study were S. typhi murium phage type II 505, S. panama and S. brandenburg. Of the methods of isolation used, those with pre enrichment and direct enrichment in TBB at 43 degrees C were found to produce the most satisfactory results.", "contents": "[Salmonella in minced meat from ten meat inspection services in the Netherlands (author's transl)]. Throughout a period of thirteen months, samples of minced meat from ten different meat inspection services in the Netherlands were examined weekly for the presence of Salmonella. One hundred samples of 150 g. of each meat inspection service were studied by six different methods. Marked differences in contamination of minced meat with Salmonella were observed between the various localities. These were differences in the proportion of contaminated samples from each meat inspection service (lowest 10%, highest 39%) on the one hand and differences in the number of contaminated sub-samples of each sample of minced meat (smallest 18, largest 139) on the other. Moreover, the season obviously was a factor in contamination of minced meat with Salmonella, the contamination rate increasing with the outside temperature. As a rule, contamination by Salmonella was less common in minced beef than it was in minced beef and pork mixed. Contamination of minced meat with Salmonella usually was less common in minced meat from butchers' shops in which slaughtering was done by the butcher himself than it was in minced meat from slaughterhouses. The organisms most frequently isolated in the present study were S. typhi murium phage type II 505, S. panama and S. brandenburg. Of the methods of isolation used, those with pre enrichment and direct enrichment in TBB at 43 degrees C were found to produce the most satisfactory results."}
{"id": "PMID:341419", "title": "Monolayer cultures for immunofluorescent staining from tumor primary explants.", "content": "Epithelial cells growing around primary explants of carcinomas in plastic ware are well-suited for modern incident light immunofluorescence microscopy. Epithelial outgrowths in growth culture medium are flushed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and absolute ethanol and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen-isopentane. The walls of the plastic containers bearing the dried monolayer outgrowths are cut out to form microscopic slides. Immunofluorescence tests are made on circular areas demarcated on the monolayers by using small metal cylinders to mask against a water-repellent plastic spray. More than 20 immunofluorescence tests can be performed on a culture 40 X 50 mm.", "contents": "Monolayer cultures for immunofluorescent staining from tumor primary explants. Epithelial cells growing around primary explants of carcinomas in plastic ware are well-suited for modern incident light immunofluorescence microscopy. Epithelial outgrowths in growth culture medium are flushed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and absolute ethanol and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen-isopentane. The walls of the plastic containers bearing the dried monolayer outgrowths are cut out to form microscopic slides. Immunofluorescence tests are made on circular areas demarcated on the monolayers by using small metal cylinders to mask against a water-repellent plastic spray. More than 20 immunofluorescence tests can be performed on a culture 40 X 50 mm."}
{"id": "PMID:341420", "title": "[Effect of the estrogen antagonist tamoxifen in the treatment of advanced mastocarcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Today the endocrin therapy of the advanced mastocarcinoma is in common use. Besides the already known therapy by estrogens, androgens, gestagens, and steroids, Tamoxifen, and estrogen antagonist, is a very promising therapeutic drug. In the presented study, Tamoxifen was submitted to a critical clinical control during a period of one year from 1st October 1975 until 1st October 1976. After a three months' treatment, a rate of 41% of objective remissions could be obtained. The criteria of success were estimated according to the scheme of Karnofsky. The average remission time is 5,5 months. By a determination of the estrogen receptors it would be possible to realize a therapeutic selection and to achieve a higher remission rate. The authors made an interesting observation, i.e. a probably immuno-stimulating effect which, however, still has to be submitted to further examinations. The side effects are described in detail and the indications are established. Its is astonishing that the subjective ameliorations, i.e. cessation of pains in case of generalized formation of metastases in the bones are much more frequent than the objective remissions. We came to the conclusion that the treatment by Tamoxifen is a valuable alternative in the therapy of the mastocarcinoma, above all in the postmenopausal period if the disease is advanced and incurable.", "contents": "[Effect of the estrogen antagonist tamoxifen in the treatment of advanced mastocarcinoma (author's transl)]. Today the endocrin therapy of the advanced mastocarcinoma is in common use. Besides the already known therapy by estrogens, androgens, gestagens, and steroids, Tamoxifen, and estrogen antagonist, is a very promising therapeutic drug. In the presented study, Tamoxifen was submitted to a critical clinical control during a period of one year from 1st October 1975 until 1st October 1976. After a three months' treatment, a rate of 41% of objective remissions could be obtained. The criteria of success were estimated according to the scheme of Karnofsky. The average remission time is 5,5 months. By a determination of the estrogen receptors it would be possible to realize a therapeutic selection and to achieve a higher remission rate. The authors made an interesting observation, i.e. a probably immuno-stimulating effect which, however, still has to be submitted to further examinations. The side effects are described in detail and the indications are established. Its is astonishing that the subjective ameliorations, i.e. cessation of pains in case of generalized formation of metastases in the bones are much more frequent than the objective remissions. We came to the conclusion that the treatment by Tamoxifen is a valuable alternative in the therapy of the mastocarcinoma, above all in the postmenopausal period if the disease is advanced and incurable."}
{"id": "PMID:341421", "title": "[Follow-up studies and clinical evaluation of model cast dentures with periodontal and periodonto-gingival support].", "content": "The authors examined 746 cast denture constructions with an average wearing time of 6 years to study the influence of cast denture constructions on caries increment. The mode of wear of the cast denture constructions had no influence on caries incidence, whereas effects exerted by the duration of wear and the presence of soft deposits could be detected. The evaluation of the functional performance of cast denture constructions showed that the clinical serviceability amounts to more than 8 years.", "contents": "[Follow-up studies and clinical evaluation of model cast dentures with periodontal and periodonto-gingival support]. The authors examined 746 cast denture constructions with an average wearing time of 6 years to study the influence of cast denture constructions on caries increment. The mode of wear of the cast denture constructions had no influence on caries incidence, whereas effects exerted by the duration of wear and the presence of soft deposits could be detected. The evaluation of the functional performance of cast denture constructions showed that the clinical serviceability amounts to more than 8 years."}
{"id": "PMID:341422", "title": "[Prosthetic aspects in endosseous implantation].", "content": "Since 1975, 12 intra-osseous titanium blade implants have been applied to patients with unilateral or bilateral edentulousness of the terminal region of the mandible or with combined mandibular edentulousness. After taking impressions by means of individually fabricated transmitting copings and medium-flow silicone impression compounds, the temporary plastics bridges and the definite telescope bridge prostheses were made of precious metal alloys, using the \"Biokop-Orthomat\". Essential prerequisites for optimal functional performance of the implant bridge constructions are: creation of optimal occlusal conditions, tangential blocking of the remaining teeth by splinting one implant abutment with at least two natural teeth, and gingiva-free modelling of the telescope and crown margins at the implant abutment.", "contents": "[Prosthetic aspects in endosseous implantation]. Since 1975, 12 intra-osseous titanium blade implants have been applied to patients with unilateral or bilateral edentulousness of the terminal region of the mandible or with combined mandibular edentulousness. After taking impressions by means of individually fabricated transmitting copings and medium-flow silicone impression compounds, the temporary plastics bridges and the definite telescope bridge prostheses were made of precious metal alloys, using the \"Biokop-Orthomat\". Essential prerequisites for optimal functional performance of the implant bridge constructions are: creation of optimal occlusal conditions, tangential blocking of the remaining teeth by splinting one implant abutment with at least two natural teeth, and gingiva-free modelling of the telescope and crown margins at the implant abutment."}
{"id": "PMID:341426", "title": "Transplantation unresponsiveness induced by allogeneic serum in combination with allogeneic cells and hydrocortisone in adult rats.", "content": "Attempts were made to optimize the treatment by using serum as antigen source for the induction of transplantation unresponsiveness in adult rats. With the scheme described it was possible to induce by serum injections the transplantation unresponsiveness not only in the week non-H-1, but also in the strong H-1 antigenic difference; this shows that there is no essential difference in the presence of H-1 and non-H-1 antigens in the serum. Allogeneic serum in conjunction with allogeneic cells was most effective in the non-H-1-different strain combination, whereas the combined treatment consisting of allogeneic serum, allogeneic cells, and hydrocortisone produced the longest skin graft survival in the H-1 antigenic difference. Some paradoxical results are discussed.", "contents": "Transplantation unresponsiveness induced by allogeneic serum in combination with allogeneic cells and hydrocortisone in adult rats. Attempts were made to optimize the treatment by using serum as antigen source for the induction of transplantation unresponsiveness in adult rats. With the scheme described it was possible to induce by serum injections the transplantation unresponsiveness not only in the week non-H-1, but also in the strong H-1 antigenic difference; this shows that there is no essential difference in the presence of H-1 and non-H-1 antigens in the serum. Allogeneic serum in conjunction with allogeneic cells was most effective in the non-H-1-different strain combination, whereas the combined treatment consisting of allogeneic serum, allogeneic cells, and hydrocortisone produced the longest skin graft survival in the H-1 antigenic difference. Some paradoxical results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341427", "title": "Biliary sludging following liver transplantation in man.", "content": "Following orthotopic liver transplantation in man biliary, obstruction has been produced by masses of inspissated bile--biliary \"sludge.\" Bile studies in two groups of patients following transplantation show that bile is lithogenic in the early postoperative period but that reestablishment of the entero-hepatic circulation of bile salts corrects this. Such changes, however, do not appear to be important in sludge formation and biochemical and histological studies of bile sludge show a major constituent to be necrotic collagen from the donor bile duct walls.", "contents": "Biliary sludging following liver transplantation in man. Following orthotopic liver transplantation in man biliary, obstruction has been produced by masses of inspissated bile--biliary \"sludge.\" Bile studies in two groups of patients following transplantation show that bile is lithogenic in the early postoperative period but that reestablishment of the entero-hepatic circulation of bile salts corrects this. Such changes, however, do not appear to be important in sludge formation and biochemical and histological studies of bile sludge show a major constituent to be necrotic collagen from the donor bile duct walls."}
{"id": "PMID:341428", "title": "Prolonged survival of human skin allografts following thermal injury.", "content": "We have studied the immune response of six patients admitted to the San Diego Regional Burn Treatment Center for treatment of major thermal injuries. Three of the patients retained skin allografts from unrelated donors for long periods (37, 47, and 67 days) while the remaining three rejected their grafts at 8, 10, and 12 days, respectively. Allograft survival appeared to be directly related to the immunosuppressive activity of patient sera on phytohemagglutinin-induced blastogenesis of normal lymphocytes in vitro. Survival did not appear to be related to patient lymphocyte number or reduced reactivity, nor was graft prolongation accompanied by reduced immunoglobulin production. Our work thus supports the hypothesis that spontaneous immunosuppression may be of importance in the clinical consequences of thermal injuries.", "contents": "Prolonged survival of human skin allografts following thermal injury. We have studied the immune response of six patients admitted to the San Diego Regional Burn Treatment Center for treatment of major thermal injuries. Three of the patients retained skin allografts from unrelated donors for long periods (37, 47, and 67 days) while the remaining three rejected their grafts at 8, 10, and 12 days, respectively. Allograft survival appeared to be directly related to the immunosuppressive activity of patient sera on phytohemagglutinin-induced blastogenesis of normal lymphocytes in vitro. Survival did not appear to be related to patient lymphocyte number or reduced reactivity, nor was graft prolongation accompanied by reduced immunoglobulin production. Our work thus supports the hypothesis that spontaneous immunosuppression may be of importance in the clinical consequences of thermal injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:341424", "title": "Regional brain blood flow in the conscious gerbil.", "content": "Regional brain blood flow was determined in 23 awake, unparalyzed gerbils with a simplified indicator-fractionation technique. The use of intravenous 14C-butanol, an indicator that is freely diffusible into the brain, eliminated the need for repetitive sampling of arterial and cerebral venous blood and reduced the period of indicator circulation of 10 seconds. Gerbils spontaneously breathing room air (PaCO2 = 32 +/- 1 (SE) mm Hg) had blood flows in whole cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem of 102 +/- 4, 93 +/- 5, and 114 +/- 6 ml/100 gm/min respectively. Cerebral blood flow increased linearly with elevations in PaCO2 (r=0.969) and averaged 3.14 +/- 0.17 ml/100gm/min per mm Hg increase in PaCO2. Interpolated cerebral blood flow at a PaCO2 of 40 mm Hg was 127 +/- 2 ml/100 gm/min. This technique is easy and convenient to use, involves no intracranial surgery, requires steady state conditions for only 10 seconds, and minimizes blood loss in small animals. In more discrete brain regions a less volatile indicator is needed.", "contents": "Regional brain blood flow in the conscious gerbil. Regional brain blood flow was determined in 23 awake, unparalyzed gerbils with a simplified indicator-fractionation technique. The use of intravenous 14C-butanol, an indicator that is freely diffusible into the brain, eliminated the need for repetitive sampling of arterial and cerebral venous blood and reduced the period of indicator circulation of 10 seconds. Gerbils spontaneously breathing room air (PaCO2 = 32 +/- 1 (SE) mm Hg) had blood flows in whole cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem of 102 +/- 4, 93 +/- 5, and 114 +/- 6 ml/100 gm/min respectively. Cerebral blood flow increased linearly with elevations in PaCO2 (r=0.969) and averaged 3.14 +/- 0.17 ml/100gm/min per mm Hg increase in PaCO2. Interpolated cerebral blood flow at a PaCO2 of 40 mm Hg was 127 +/- 2 ml/100 gm/min. This technique is easy and convenient to use, involves no intracranial surgery, requires steady state conditions for only 10 seconds, and minimizes blood loss in small animals. In more discrete brain regions a less volatile indicator is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:341429", "title": "Influence of HLA matching and blood transfusion on renal allograft survival.", "content": "One hundred and seven consecutive cadaver kidney transplants have been followed for up to 6 years. The beneficial effect of HLA matching, shown in previous studies, has been confirmed. The 2-year failure rate from rejection was 29% for grafts with less than two incompatibilities, in comparison with a figure of 52% where there were two or more incompatibilities. In contrast to some reports, the presence of HLA antibodies did not have an adverse effect on the survival of first grafts. Patients not transfused prior to transplantation had a much higher 1-year graft failure rate (72%) than those given either frozen-thawed red cells (29%) or whole blood (23%). This apparently beneficial effect of blood transfusion was no greater in patients transfused with more than five units compared with those given less than five units. We believe that blood transfusion has an important influence on the outcome of renal transplantation.", "contents": "Influence of HLA matching and blood transfusion on renal allograft survival. One hundred and seven consecutive cadaver kidney transplants have been followed for up to 6 years. The beneficial effect of HLA matching, shown in previous studies, has been confirmed. The 2-year failure rate from rejection was 29% for grafts with less than two incompatibilities, in comparison with a figure of 52% where there were two or more incompatibilities. In contrast to some reports, the presence of HLA antibodies did not have an adverse effect on the survival of first grafts. Patients not transfused prior to transplantation had a much higher 1-year graft failure rate (72%) than those given either frozen-thawed red cells (29%) or whole blood (23%). This apparently beneficial effect of blood transfusion was no greater in patients transfused with more than five units compared with those given less than five units. We believe that blood transfusion has an important influence on the outcome of renal transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:341445", "title": "Serologic diagnosis of extraintestinal amebiasis: a comparison of stick-ELISA and other immunological tests.", "content": "The sera of 37 patients with amebic liver abscess and of 20 healthy donors were tested in Stick-ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and the results compared to those obtained with complement fixation, indirect hemagglutination, counterelectrophoresis, and latex agglutination. Stick-ELISA results correlated positively with those of complement fixation and indirect hemagglutination at the one percent level.", "contents": "Serologic diagnosis of extraintestinal amebiasis: a comparison of stick-ELISA and other immunological tests. The sera of 37 patients with amebic liver abscess and of 20 healthy donors were tested in Stick-ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and the results compared to those obtained with complement fixation, indirect hemagglutination, counterelectrophoresis, and latex agglutination. Stick-ELISA results correlated positively with those of complement fixation and indirect hemagglutination at the one percent level."}
{"id": "PMID:341449", "title": "[Properties of cell water].", "content": "An attempt was made to analyse and summarize findings concerning water properties of animal and plant cells. From the physical evidence of surface influence on the structure of vicinal water layers, a conclusion is drawn that the structure and properties of cell water are likely to be affected by intracellular interfaces.", "contents": "[Properties of cell water]. An attempt was made to analyse and summarize findings concerning water properties of animal and plant cells. From the physical evidence of surface influence on the structure of vicinal water layers, a conclusion is drawn that the structure and properties of cell water are likely to be affected by intracellular interfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:341450", "title": "[Cortico-cortical connections in the motor cortex of the brain; a study using the peroxidase method].", "content": "Using a method based on retrograde axonal transport of horse-radish peroxidase (HRP), the cortico-cortical afferents of the motor cortex were studied. After enzyme injection into the posterior sigmoideus gyrus, the HRP product was found in the first and the second somatic sensory areas and in parietal cortex (fields 5a, 5b). The HRP-positive neurons occurred in layers II, III and V of the cortex and belonged to the pyramidal cells.", "contents": "[Cortico-cortical connections in the motor cortex of the brain; a study using the peroxidase method]. Using a method based on retrograde axonal transport of horse-radish peroxidase (HRP), the cortico-cortical afferents of the motor cortex were studied. After enzyme injection into the posterior sigmoideus gyrus, the HRP product was found in the first and the second somatic sensory areas and in parietal cortex (fields 5a, 5b). The HRP-positive neurons occurred in layers II, III and V of the cortex and belonged to the pyramidal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:341451", "title": "[Oscilloscopic control of the microvibration occurring in the preparation of sections for electron microscopic study].", "content": "For purposes of control and timely elimination of microvibration arising during the cutting of ultrathin tissue slices, a method is proposed using the piezocrystal, which is secured to the epoxy block with the help of melted paraffin. The elimination of microvibration is carried out by changing the angle of inclination or the speed of cutting in a broad range from 1 to 15 degrees, and from 0.5 to 5.0 cm/sec, resp. The noise and vibration outside the ultratome does not induce microvibration during the ultrathin slice preparation.", "contents": "[Oscilloscopic control of the microvibration occurring in the preparation of sections for electron microscopic study]. For purposes of control and timely elimination of microvibration arising during the cutting of ultrathin tissue slices, a method is proposed using the piezocrystal, which is secured to the epoxy block with the help of melted paraffin. The elimination of microvibration is carried out by changing the angle of inclination or the speed of cutting in a broad range from 1 to 15 degrees, and from 0.5 to 5.0 cm/sec, resp. The noise and vibration outside the ultratome does not induce microvibration during the ultrathin slice preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:341452", "title": "[Controlled cell culture. I. A modified perfusion chamber].", "content": "The construction of a modified perfusion chamber is presented, which can be used for a prolonged cultivation of mammalian cells and tissues, for observation of the behavior of living cells as well as for the study of different effects on these cells. The chamber is made as non-demountable of optical glass, with a diffusive barrier separating the pericellular zone from that with a perfusion medium. The scheme of the equipment for cultivation of cells and tissues in this diffusion chamber on controlling the composition of nutrient medium and gas phase is given.", "contents": "[Controlled cell culture. I. A modified perfusion chamber]. The construction of a modified perfusion chamber is presented, which can be used for a prolonged cultivation of mammalian cells and tissues, for observation of the behavior of living cells as well as for the study of different effects on these cells. The chamber is made as non-demountable of optical glass, with a diffusive barrier separating the pericellular zone from that with a perfusion medium. The scheme of the equipment for cultivation of cells and tissues in this diffusion chamber on controlling the composition of nutrient medium and gas phase is given."}
{"id": "PMID:341453", "title": "Smear-positive and culture-negative results of routine sputum investigations for the detection and therapy control of pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "The frequency of smear-positive and culture-negative results (M + C-) is an important factor in the supervision by the Central Laboratory of its own activities and those of the laboratories in the periphery. Under the conditions of the present study, which included evaluation of 6415 specimens positive on smear during 5 years and studied simultaneously by microscopy and culture, about one half of the M+C- results (3% of the total) were thought to be probably laboratory errors and the other half were from patients being treated by chemotherapy. It is necessary to know, at least approximately, the size of this latter group of persons before the contribution of laboratory errors can be estimated and the necessary action taken to reduce their frequency.", "contents": "Smear-positive and culture-negative results of routine sputum investigations for the detection and therapy control of pulmonary tuberculosis. The frequency of smear-positive and culture-negative results (M + C-) is an important factor in the supervision by the Central Laboratory of its own activities and those of the laboratories in the periphery. Under the conditions of the present study, which included evaluation of 6415 specimens positive on smear during 5 years and studied simultaneously by microscopy and culture, about one half of the M+C- results (3% of the total) were thought to be probably laboratory errors and the other half were from patients being treated by chemotherapy. It is necessary to know, at least approximately, the size of this latter group of persons before the contribution of laboratory errors can be estimated and the necessary action taken to reduce their frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:341454", "title": "Characteristics of lymphomas in the BALB/cfRIII mouse strain.", "content": "The occurrence of 392 lymphomas in 1607 BALB/cfRIII mice from F0 to F45 is analyzed. Lymphoma incidence increased rapidly in the first 5 generations, reached a high plateau from F6 to F20 and then decreased slowly until it disappeared altogether. After F35, only sporadic cases of lymphoma have been observed. The morphologic characteristics of 350 of these lymphomas observed from F0 to F20 are described. Three main types of lymphomas have been recognized on the basis of gross morphology, histology and age: a) early, lymphocytic, with thymic involvement; b) early, lymphocytic, without thymic involvement; and c) late, histiocytic, without thymic involvement. The first 2 types are virus-induced and thymus-dependent, and the third type is both virus and thymus independent. Lymphomas without thymic involvement and histiocytic lymphomas increased with the generations. The source of causative virus, the interference with mammary tumors, and the possible cell types of origin of lymphomas are discussed.", "contents": "Characteristics of lymphomas in the BALB/cfRIII mouse strain. The occurrence of 392 lymphomas in 1607 BALB/cfRIII mice from F0 to F45 is analyzed. Lymphoma incidence increased rapidly in the first 5 generations, reached a high plateau from F6 to F20 and then decreased slowly until it disappeared altogether. After F35, only sporadic cases of lymphoma have been observed. The morphologic characteristics of 350 of these lymphomas observed from F0 to F20 are described. Three main types of lymphomas have been recognized on the basis of gross morphology, histology and age: a) early, lymphocytic, with thymic involvement; b) early, lymphocytic, without thymic involvement; and c) late, histiocytic, without thymic involvement. The first 2 types are virus-induced and thymus-dependent, and the third type is both virus and thymus independent. Lymphomas without thymic involvement and histiocytic lymphomas increased with the generations. The source of causative virus, the interference with mammary tumors, and the possible cell types of origin of lymphomas are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341461", "title": "Renal failure associated with vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "In a review of over 600 charts with a major diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux only 21 were found to have coexisting azotemia. Nine of 11 patients treated surgically with technically successful operations had either improvement or stabilization of their renal function. All such cases had moderate degrees of azotemia (creatinine of less than 3.5 mg. per 100 ml.). Surgery is recommended in cases of gross reflux and in cases with evidence of parenchymal damage, before deterioration in renal function has become irreversible.", "contents": "Renal failure associated with vesicoureteral reflux. In a review of over 600 charts with a major diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux only 21 were found to have coexisting azotemia. Nine of 11 patients treated surgically with technically successful operations had either improvement or stabilization of their renal function. All such cases had moderate degrees of azotemia (creatinine of less than 3.5 mg. per 100 ml.). Surgery is recommended in cases of gross reflux and in cases with evidence of parenchymal damage, before deterioration in renal function has become irreversible."}
{"id": "PMID:341462", "title": "Reconstruction of male external genitalia with elephantiasis.", "content": "The surgical rehabilitation of a patient with severely deformed and functionally disabled genitalia due to long-standing lymphedema and infection is described and illustrated. The term \"elephantiasis\" has been applied to such gross lesions. Appropriate surgery to the penis, scrotum, and perineum has yielded a gratifying result. The principles and techniques of the surgical approach in such an undertaking are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Reconstruction of male external genitalia with elephantiasis. The surgical rehabilitation of a patient with severely deformed and functionally disabled genitalia due to long-standing lymphedema and infection is described and illustrated. The term \"elephantiasis\" has been applied to such gross lesions. Appropriate surgery to the penis, scrotum, and perineum has yielded a gratifying result. The principles and techniques of the surgical approach in such an undertaking are presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341465", "title": "Cystourethritis.", "content": "We believe this review lists the major factors and mechanisms considered responsible for producing cystourethritis. Knowledge of these factors and mechanisms is essential before effective investigation of this disease can be undertaken. We suggest a rational scheme for investigation of these patients. We believe successful treatment depends on establishing the probable cause in each individual patient. In view of the multifactorial etiology of the disease, attempts to find a single effective medical or surgical therapy will be doomed to failure.", "contents": "Cystourethritis. We believe this review lists the major factors and mechanisms considered responsible for producing cystourethritis. Knowledge of these factors and mechanisms is essential before effective investigation of this disease can be undertaken. We suggest a rational scheme for investigation of these patients. We believe successful treatment depends on establishing the probable cause in each individual patient. In view of the multifactorial etiology of the disease, attempts to find a single effective medical or surgical therapy will be doomed to failure."}
{"id": "PMID:341466", "title": "Studies of renin-aldosterone axis in stable normotensive and hypertensive renal allograft recipients.", "content": "Functional aspects of the renin-aldosterone axis were investigated in long-term normotensive and hypertensive renal allograft recipients. Unstimulated plasma renin and aldosterone levels were within control range in all patients and rose significantly in response to sodium depletion. However, no difference in the stimulated renin and aldosterone values between normotensive and hypertensive patients was noted. Baseline aldosterone secretory rates were elevated in all patients, but were higher in hypertensive patients than in normotensive patients. In both groups sodium depletion failed to augment this already elevated aldosterone secretion rate. Possibly, changes in the body pool and/or metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone account for elevations in plasma levels despite a relatively fixed secretory rate, though the role played by the lack of normal innervation of the kidneys cannot be ignored. It is unknown whether these observations may be causal or affected by other presently unknown or unmonitored factors. This in part may reflect unfolding problems in the understanding of nonrenal transplant hypertension.", "contents": "Studies of renin-aldosterone axis in stable normotensive and hypertensive renal allograft recipients. Functional aspects of the renin-aldosterone axis were investigated in long-term normotensive and hypertensive renal allograft recipients. Unstimulated plasma renin and aldosterone levels were within control range in all patients and rose significantly in response to sodium depletion. However, no difference in the stimulated renin and aldosterone values between normotensive and hypertensive patients was noted. Baseline aldosterone secretory rates were elevated in all patients, but were higher in hypertensive patients than in normotensive patients. In both groups sodium depletion failed to augment this already elevated aldosterone secretion rate. Possibly, changes in the body pool and/or metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone account for elevations in plasma levels despite a relatively fixed secretory rate, though the role played by the lack of normal innervation of the kidneys cannot be ignored. It is unknown whether these observations may be causal or affected by other presently unknown or unmonitored factors. This in part may reflect unfolding problems in the understanding of nonrenal transplant hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:341467", "title": "Ruptured human renal allograft. Pathogenesis and management.", "content": "From January, 1963, to January, 1977, 4 cases of acute allograft rupture occurred in 474 renal transplants performed at the Cleveland Clinic, an incidence of 0.8 per cent. Rupture developed between the fifth and sixteenth day after transplantation during a period when the patients required dialysis because of poor allograft function. All patients had surgical exploration and successful repair of the laceration. Biopsies in each case at the site of laceration revealed findings consistent with acute allograft rejection. The rejections were mild in 2 cases, moderate in one, and severe in another. Two kidneys failed to sustain function, and the patients were returned to chronic hemodialysis two to five months later. None required a nephrectomy. The other two kidneys are functioning well, with serum creatinine values of 1.3 and 1.5 mg./100 ml. one year after allograft rupture. Since rupture of a renal allograft does not appear to increase the intensity of rejection nor does it represent a severe type of rejection, transplant nephrectomy can be avoided unless hemorrhage is uncontrollable from the site of laceration.", "contents": "Ruptured human renal allograft. Pathogenesis and management. From January, 1963, to January, 1977, 4 cases of acute allograft rupture occurred in 474 renal transplants performed at the Cleveland Clinic, an incidence of 0.8 per cent. Rupture developed between the fifth and sixteenth day after transplantation during a period when the patients required dialysis because of poor allograft function. All patients had surgical exploration and successful repair of the laceration. Biopsies in each case at the site of laceration revealed findings consistent with acute allograft rejection. The rejections were mild in 2 cases, moderate in one, and severe in another. Two kidneys failed to sustain function, and the patients were returned to chronic hemodialysis two to five months later. None required a nephrectomy. The other two kidneys are functioning well, with serum creatinine values of 1.3 and 1.5 mg./100 ml. one year after allograft rupture. Since rupture of a renal allograft does not appear to increase the intensity of rejection nor does it represent a severe type of rejection, transplant nephrectomy can be avoided unless hemorrhage is uncontrollable from the site of laceration."}
{"id": "PMID:341475", "title": "Salmonellosis in young calves due to Salmonella enteritidis.", "content": "The clinical and epidemiological features of an outbreak of salmonellosis due to Salmonella enteritidis in a group of calves are described. The major clinical signs were dullness, pyrexia and diarrhoea. Five of the 15 calves died but deaths were mainly confined to the younger members of the group. The recovery of salmonella organisms from rectal swabs was maximal shortly before four of the five deaths occurred and declined rapidly thereafter. Only two of the surviving 10 calves developed significant flagellar agglutination titres.", "contents": "Salmonellosis in young calves due to Salmonella enteritidis. The clinical and epidemiological features of an outbreak of salmonellosis due to Salmonella enteritidis in a group of calves are described. The major clinical signs were dullness, pyrexia and diarrhoea. Five of the 15 calves died but deaths were mainly confined to the younger members of the group. The recovery of salmonella organisms from rectal swabs was maximal shortly before four of the five deaths occurred and declined rapidly thereafter. Only two of the surviving 10 calves developed significant flagellar agglutination titres."}
{"id": "PMID:341496", "title": "[Practical aerogenic immunization of swine against plague].", "content": "A total of 3,500 pigs were immunized against hog cholera (swine fever) using an aerosol lapinized vaccine strain K, immediately after weaning the animals in the fattening sectors of two cooperative swine-breeding farms. Ordinary premises for pigs were used as chambers where the vaccine was dispersed at the rate of 10 ml per cu. m with the aid of the Soviet-made apparatuses DAG-2. This type of immunization proved effective, being well tolerated, causing troubles whatever in the treated animals. The immunity produced protected them from swine fever in the course of at least ten months, which was sufficient for the pigs in the fattening sector. This positive result is obtainable at a single aerosol treatment both for pigs of sows that have not been immunized and for pigs of sows that have regularly been immunized against hog cholera.", "contents": "[Practical aerogenic immunization of swine against plague]. A total of 3,500 pigs were immunized against hog cholera (swine fever) using an aerosol lapinized vaccine strain K, immediately after weaning the animals in the fattening sectors of two cooperative swine-breeding farms. Ordinary premises for pigs were used as chambers where the vaccine was dispersed at the rate of 10 ml per cu. m with the aid of the Soviet-made apparatuses DAG-2. This type of immunization proved effective, being well tolerated, causing troubles whatever in the treated animals. The immunity produced protected them from swine fever in the course of at least ten months, which was sufficient for the pigs in the fattening sector. This positive result is obtainable at a single aerosol treatment both for pigs of sows that have not been immunized and for pigs of sows that have regularly been immunized against hog cholera."}
{"id": "PMID:341497", "title": "[Trials to obtain precipitating antisera against heat-treated soy protein, sodium caseinate and dry milk].", "content": "Developed were two patterns for the production of precipitating sera needed in the demonstration of thermically treated (70 degrees C for 30 minutes) soya-bean proteins, sodium caseinate, and dry milk. The immunization with antigens was carried out at low rates, the immunizing agents being treated after Smidt. According to the first pattern the antigen is first applied subcutaneously with Freund's adjuvant, then subcutaneously on the 15th day, and venously on the 16th and 17th day. According to the second pattern, which is intended for the production of precipitating sera against milk protein the antigen (dry milk) is applied on the 1st, 8th, and 15th day, peritoneally. The test animals are bled on the 26th, resp.21st day. The sera produced are of a high precipitating titer, and show no unspecific reactions with other proteins. They are applied for the demonstration of protein additives in cooked meat products.", "contents": "[Trials to obtain precipitating antisera against heat-treated soy protein, sodium caseinate and dry milk]. Developed were two patterns for the production of precipitating sera needed in the demonstration of thermically treated (70 degrees C for 30 minutes) soya-bean proteins, sodium caseinate, and dry milk. The immunization with antigens was carried out at low rates, the immunizing agents being treated after Smidt. According to the first pattern the antigen is first applied subcutaneously with Freund's adjuvant, then subcutaneously on the 15th day, and venously on the 16th and 17th day. According to the second pattern, which is intended for the production of precipitating sera against milk protein the antigen (dry milk) is applied on the 1st, 8th, and 15th day, peritoneally. The test animals are bled on the 26th, resp.21st day. The sera produced are of a high precipitating titer, and show no unspecific reactions with other proteins. They are applied for the demonstration of protein additives in cooked meat products."}
{"id": "PMID:341498", "title": "[Agents and methods for the disinfection of the integument of animals before slaughter].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to test the disinfection effect of some agents, such as chloramine B, chloramine B+ surface active substances, vofasteril (peracetic acid), perfumaric acid, and bradofen on a dry skin or when applied immediately after washing--in buffaloes, cattle, and swine. Parallel trials were conducted under conditions of the practice as well. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used as model organisms. Results showed that best disinfection effect have 1.5 percent chloramine B and 0.5 per cent peracetic acid (for dry skins), and 3.0 and 0.8 per cent of the same agents when applied on wet skins (immediately after washing). The animals should be slaughtered not earlier than 10 min and not later than 30 min following disinfection. The effect of disinfection is read best on impression preparations of agar (in aluminum folio).", "contents": "[Agents and methods for the disinfection of the integument of animals before slaughter]. Experiments were carried out to test the disinfection effect of some agents, such as chloramine B, chloramine B+ surface active substances, vofasteril (peracetic acid), perfumaric acid, and bradofen on a dry skin or when applied immediately after washing--in buffaloes, cattle, and swine. Parallel trials were conducted under conditions of the practice as well. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used as model organisms. Results showed that best disinfection effect have 1.5 percent chloramine B and 0.5 per cent peracetic acid (for dry skins), and 3.0 and 0.8 per cent of the same agents when applied on wet skins (immediately after washing). The animals should be slaughtered not earlier than 10 min and not later than 30 min following disinfection. The effect of disinfection is read best on impression preparations of agar (in aluminum folio)."}
{"id": "PMID:341499", "title": "[Comparative studies of methods for the bacteriological diagnosis of mastitis in cows].", "content": "Comparative studies were carried out on some methods and nutrient media used for the isolation and identification of mastitis causative agents. Milk from normal andmastitis-affected udder quarters was aseptically sampled and treated under various conditions. Individual samples were simultaneously seeded in different media. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. Milk samples for the diagnosis of mastitis of a subclinical character can be taken at the beginning and at the end of milking. 2. Direct seedings of milk have equal diagnostic value as those of the sediment. With the former the process of bacteriologic treatment of the samples is shortened in time, and the isolation and differentiation of the mastitis agents is rendered feasible. 3. At the present etiologic structure of the subclinical types of mastitis in this country most suitable has proved the blood agar medium in which almost all mastitis causative agents can be demonstrated. 4. Kartashova's medium and the TKT-medium possess a pronounced selectivity with special reference to streptococci and have higher diagnostic value for farms where streptococcus mastitis is prevailing.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of methods for the bacteriological diagnosis of mastitis in cows]. Comparative studies were carried out on some methods and nutrient media used for the isolation and identification of mastitis causative agents. Milk from normal andmastitis-affected udder quarters was aseptically sampled and treated under various conditions. Individual samples were simultaneously seeded in different media. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. Milk samples for the diagnosis of mastitis of a subclinical character can be taken at the beginning and at the end of milking. 2. Direct seedings of milk have equal diagnostic value as those of the sediment. With the former the process of bacteriologic treatment of the samples is shortened in time, and the isolation and differentiation of the mastitis agents is rendered feasible. 3. At the present etiologic structure of the subclinical types of mastitis in this country most suitable has proved the blood agar medium in which almost all mastitis causative agents can be demonstrated. 4. Kartashova's medium and the TKT-medium possess a pronounced selectivity with special reference to streptococci and have higher diagnostic value for farms where streptococcus mastitis is prevailing."}
{"id": "PMID:341520", "title": "The nature of human blood group A3 erythrocytes.", "content": "A population of human erythrocytes (free A3 cells) which was entirely unagglutinable with anti-A hemagglutinins was successfully separated from human blood group A3 erythrocytes by affinity chromatography on a column of lima bean anti-A hemagglutinin (LBH)-Sepharose. The hemagglutinating and the binding properties of free A3 cells with purified LBH and purified eel serum anti-H hemagglutinin (ESH) were investigated. It has been revealed that there exists a bulk of H antigens on free A3 cells, whereas the number of A antigens on a free A3 cell is only 9% of that on an A1 cell. However, no appreciable difference was observed in the binding constants of A1 and free A3 cells to LBH and ESH. From these results it is assumed that the structure of the A antigens on free A3 cells is identical with, or at least similar to, that on A1 cells, but the density of the antigens on the surface of free A3 cells is too low to induce the agglutination of the cells with LBH or anti-A serum.", "contents": "The nature of human blood group A3 erythrocytes. A population of human erythrocytes (free A3 cells) which was entirely unagglutinable with anti-A hemagglutinins was successfully separated from human blood group A3 erythrocytes by affinity chromatography on a column of lima bean anti-A hemagglutinin (LBH)-Sepharose. The hemagglutinating and the binding properties of free A3 cells with purified LBH and purified eel serum anti-H hemagglutinin (ESH) were investigated. It has been revealed that there exists a bulk of H antigens on free A3 cells, whereas the number of A antigens on a free A3 cell is only 9% of that on an A1 cell. However, no appreciable difference was observed in the binding constants of A1 and free A3 cells to LBH and ESH. From these results it is assumed that the structure of the A antigens on free A3 cells is identical with, or at least similar to, that on A1 cells, but the density of the antigens on the surface of free A3 cells is too low to induce the agglutination of the cells with LBH or anti-A serum."}
{"id": "PMID:341521", "title": "125 I-anti-immunoglobulin test: a new tool for the detection of drug-allergic platelet antibodies.", "content": "It is shown that the 125I-anti-immunoglobulin test with platelets is as sensitive and reproducible for the detection of quinidine-associated antibodies as platelet complement fixation. Because of its independence from complement activation, this test might prove most valuable for the demonstration of non-complement-fixing, drug-associated antibodies.", "contents": "125 I-anti-immunoglobulin test: a new tool for the detection of drug-allergic platelet antibodies. It is shown that the 125I-anti-immunoglobulin test with platelets is as sensitive and reproducible for the detection of quinidine-associated antibodies as platelet complement fixation. Because of its independence from complement activation, this test might prove most valuable for the demonstration of non-complement-fixing, drug-associated antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:341516", "title": "[Treatment of hemihyperkinesis by stereotaxic surgery on the basal ganglia].", "content": "Hemihyperkinesia develops in childhood as a rule as a consequence of meningoencephalitis. The authors operated on 60 patients, performing 76 stereotaxic interventions on the basal ganglia of the brain. It is established that these operations are the only effective method of treatment of the disease. A marked therapeutic effect was noted in over 70 percent of patients, which persists for many years. There were neither fatal outcomes nor stable complications. The best results were produced in one-stage stereotaxic cryodestruction of VL and subthalamic area.", "contents": "[Treatment of hemihyperkinesis by stereotaxic surgery on the basal ganglia]. Hemihyperkinesia develops in childhood as a rule as a consequence of meningoencephalitis. The authors operated on 60 patients, performing 76 stereotaxic interventions on the basal ganglia of the brain. It is established that these operations are the only effective method of treatment of the disease. A marked therapeutic effect was noted in over 70 percent of patients, which persists for many years. There were neither fatal outcomes nor stable complications. The best results were produced in one-stage stereotaxic cryodestruction of VL and subthalamic area."}
{"id": "PMID:341517", "title": "[Cryosurgery of cerebral arteriovenous aneurysms].", "content": "The use of stereotaxic cryothrombosis is sparing and sufficiently safe for the management of arteriovenous aneurysms of the brain. On the basis of experience in performing 21 operations on 15 patients, groups of patients for whom the method is recommended are distinguished (with an aneurysm no larger than 6 cm in diameter and up to 35 cm3 in volume). The method is especially promising in the treatment of small deep lying anteriovenous aneurysms. In large aneurysms the considerable blood flow makes it impossible to produce a sufficient hypothermal effect.", "contents": "[Cryosurgery of cerebral arteriovenous aneurysms]. The use of stereotaxic cryothrombosis is sparing and sufficiently safe for the management of arteriovenous aneurysms of the brain. On the basis of experience in performing 21 operations on 15 patients, groups of patients for whom the method is recommended are distinguished (with an aneurysm no larger than 6 cm in diameter and up to 35 cm3 in volume). The method is especially promising in the treatment of small deep lying anteriovenous aneurysms. In large aneurysms the considerable blood flow makes it impossible to produce a sufficient hypothermal effect."}
{"id": "PMID:341522", "title": "Cellular and plasma-associated phagocytic defects amongst Iranian blood donors.", "content": "Peripheral blood leucocytes from 30 grossly anaemic professional blood donors were investigated for phagocytosis, intracellular killing and chemotaxis. The nitro-blue tetrazolium test was positive in 29 donors and negative in 1. Professional donors' cells in the presence of normal plasma were unable to phagocytose successfully and Candida killing and opsonization were defective when donors' plasma was used in the presence of normal cells. Chemotaxis of professional donors' cells to Ag/Ab-treated normal plasma was reduced as was chemotactic activity of normal cells in both Ag/Ab- and LPS-treated professional donors' plasma.", "contents": "Cellular and plasma-associated phagocytic defects amongst Iranian blood donors. Peripheral blood leucocytes from 30 grossly anaemic professional blood donors were investigated for phagocytosis, intracellular killing and chemotaxis. The nitro-blue tetrazolium test was positive in 29 donors and negative in 1. Professional donors' cells in the presence of normal plasma were unable to phagocytose successfully and Candida killing and opsonization were defective when donors' plasma was used in the presence of normal cells. Chemotaxis of professional donors' cells to Ag/Ab-treated normal plasma was reduced as was chemotactic activity of normal cells in both Ag/Ab- and LPS-treated professional donors' plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:341518", "title": "[Dependence of the phosphorus and calcium metabolism of infants in the 1st year of life on the qualitative makeup of the food rations].", "content": "An important role of balanced nutrition with the use of new milk \"vitalakt\" in preventing upsets of the phosphorus-calcium metabolism in nurslings is shown. A significant part played by poly-unsaturated fatty acids, against the background of moderate protein loads (up to 3.0-4.0 g per kg of the child's body weight per day) in upholding the calcium homeostasis is suggested.", "contents": "[Dependence of the phosphorus and calcium metabolism of infants in the 1st year of life on the qualitative makeup of the food rations]. An important role of balanced nutrition with the use of new milk \"vitalakt\" in preventing upsets of the phosphorus-calcium metabolism in nurslings is shown. A significant part played by poly-unsaturated fatty acids, against the background of moderate protein loads (up to 3.0-4.0 g per kg of the child's body weight per day) in upholding the calcium homeostasis is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:341523", "title": "Granulocyte transfusion therapy: a clinical trial in patients with acute leukemia and sepsis.", "content": "The effect of granulocyte transfusions on the course of infection in patients under treatment for acute leukemia was evaluated by comparing 19 febrile episodes in 15 patients receiving antibiotics alone with 18 febrile episodes in 13 patients receiving antibiotics in combination with granulocyte transfusions from ABO-matched donors. Both groups had a similar age, sex distribution and duration of disease prior to the febrile episode. About two-thirds of the patients in both groups had acute myeloblastic leukemia. 94% of the patients in the transfused group and 74% of the control group survived the febrile episode. In patients with positive blood cultures all transfused patients survived as compared to only 57% in the control group (p=0.05). In patients with persistent bone marrow failure 92% of the transfused patients survived as compared to 73% in the control group. Granulocyte transfusions had no effect on the outcome of febrile episodes in patients with negative blood cultures or early recovery of marrow function. These data appear to support the contention that granulocyte transfusions are beneficial in patients with blood culture-proved sepsis with persistent neutropenia.", "contents": "Granulocyte transfusion therapy: a clinical trial in patients with acute leukemia and sepsis. The effect of granulocyte transfusions on the course of infection in patients under treatment for acute leukemia was evaluated by comparing 19 febrile episodes in 15 patients receiving antibiotics alone with 18 febrile episodes in 13 patients receiving antibiotics in combination with granulocyte transfusions from ABO-matched donors. Both groups had a similar age, sex distribution and duration of disease prior to the febrile episode. About two-thirds of the patients in both groups had acute myeloblastic leukemia. 94% of the patients in the transfused group and 74% of the control group survived the febrile episode. In patients with positive blood cultures all transfused patients survived as compared to only 57% in the control group (p=0.05). In patients with persistent bone marrow failure 92% of the transfused patients survived as compared to 73% in the control group. Granulocyte transfusions had no effect on the outcome of febrile episodes in patients with negative blood cultures or early recovery of marrow function. These data appear to support the contention that granulocyte transfusions are beneficial in patients with blood culture-proved sepsis with persistent neutropenia."}
{"id": "PMID:341519", "title": "[Comparative studies of food product contamination with carcinogenic aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (APH) in the USSR and the GDR (defining the problem)].", "content": "The article is the first in a series of joint publications relating to work carried out in the USSR and GDR in studying possible carcinogenicity of alimentary products and pertinent preventive measures to exclude it. It contains brief information on the effect produced by carcinogenic additives in nutritional products upon the cancer involving the gastro-intestinal tract (in workers of meat packing plants and smokehouses). Under discussion is the relation between the disease-incidence and nutritional specificity. Major sources of possible carcinogenicity of alimentary products, such as additions of some dyestuffs, admixtures of some natural substances (cycsdine, thiourea, etc), contaminations of biological origin, with mycotoxins, carcinogens finding their way from the environment and, what is most important caused by specific technology of manufacturing the nutritional product (smoking, direct drying, frying, etc) are considered. The significance of carcinogenic PAH and benzpyrene, nitrose-amines and mycotoxins is discussed. The possibility and the need for determining carcinogenic compounds, of PAH above all, and their technical limitations in alimentary products with a view of preventing cancer of the gastro-intestinal tract are considered.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of food product contamination with carcinogenic aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (APH) in the USSR and the GDR (defining the problem)]. The article is the first in a series of joint publications relating to work carried out in the USSR and GDR in studying possible carcinogenicity of alimentary products and pertinent preventive measures to exclude it. It contains brief information on the effect produced by carcinogenic additives in nutritional products upon the cancer involving the gastro-intestinal tract (in workers of meat packing plants and smokehouses). Under discussion is the relation between the disease-incidence and nutritional specificity. Major sources of possible carcinogenicity of alimentary products, such as additions of some dyestuffs, admixtures of some natural substances (cycsdine, thiourea, etc), contaminations of biological origin, with mycotoxins, carcinogens finding their way from the environment and, what is most important caused by specific technology of manufacturing the nutritional product (smoking, direct drying, frying, etc) are considered. The significance of carcinogenic PAH and benzpyrene, nitrose-amines and mycotoxins is discussed. The possibility and the need for determining carcinogenic compounds, of PAH above all, and their technical limitations in alimentary products with a view of preventing cancer of the gastro-intestinal tract are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:341526", "title": "The use of low ionic strength solution (LISS) in elution experiments and in combination with papain-treated cells for the titration of various antibodies, including eluted antibody.", "content": "The investigation presents evidence for the value of suspending red cells in a low ionic strength medium for elution experiments since this has the effect of increasing the uptake of antibodies by the red cells. In addition it has been shown that for the titration of low affinity antibodies, and also of eluted antibodies, the combining capacity of which may be impaired through the elution process, it is an advantage to use a LISS-enzyme (papain) technique.", "contents": "The use of low ionic strength solution (LISS) in elution experiments and in combination with papain-treated cells for the titration of various antibodies, including eluted antibody. The investigation presents evidence for the value of suspending red cells in a low ionic strength medium for elution experiments since this has the effect of increasing the uptake of antibodies by the red cells. In addition it has been shown that for the titration of low affinity antibodies, and also of eluted antibodies, the combining capacity of which may be impaired through the elution process, it is an advantage to use a LISS-enzyme (papain) technique."}
{"id": "PMID:341531", "title": "[Treatment of hypertension with the preparation Tendor].", "content": "The hypertensive preparation \"Tendor\" of the Hungarian firm \"Chinoin\" was applied in the treatment at the Clinic of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases. For the period from 1975-1977, 28 hospital patients and 8 out-patient department department patients with essential hypertension were followed up. Especially good effect was obtained among the patients in II and II stage with light and moderate hypertension degree among the group followed up. The favourable effect of the preparation is manifested as early as the first 10-12 days after treatment, without the combination of \"Tendor\" with some other hypotensive remedies.", "contents": "[Treatment of hypertension with the preparation Tendor]. The hypertensive preparation \"Tendor\" of the Hungarian firm \"Chinoin\" was applied in the treatment at the Clinic of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases. For the period from 1975-1977, 28 hospital patients and 8 out-patient department department patients with essential hypertension were followed up. Especially good effect was obtained among the patients in II and II stage with light and moderate hypertension degree among the group followed up. The favourable effect of the preparation is manifested as early as the first 10-12 days after treatment, without the combination of \"Tendor\" with some other hypotensive remedies."}
{"id": "PMID:341532", "title": "[Therapeutic qualities of a lente preparation of swine insulins manufactured by Pharmachem].", "content": "The therapeutic effect of swine insulin preparation Lente, \"Pharmachim\" production was studied in 50 diabetics. Its hypoglycemizing activitis compared with that of standardized insulin Lente--\"Novo\", extract of bovine pancreas. The Bulgarian preparation was found to be very similar to the preparation Lente-Novo in its pharma-codynamic properties and could successfully be used in the diabetes melitus treatment. Insulin Lente Pharmachim is presumed to have lower antigenicity as an extract of swine pancreas, which is actually its great advantage for the therapeutic practice.", "contents": "[Therapeutic qualities of a lente preparation of swine insulins manufactured by Pharmachem]. The therapeutic effect of swine insulin preparation Lente, \"Pharmachim\" production was studied in 50 diabetics. Its hypoglycemizing activitis compared with that of standardized insulin Lente--\"Novo\", extract of bovine pancreas. The Bulgarian preparation was found to be very similar to the preparation Lente-Novo in its pharma-codynamic properties and could successfully be used in the diabetes melitus treatment. Insulin Lente Pharmachim is presumed to have lower antigenicity as an extract of swine pancreas, which is actually its great advantage for the therapeutic practice."}
{"id": "PMID:341534", "title": "[Psychotherapy: present state and developmental trends (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychotherapeutic theories and techniques are multiplying explosively. However, the newer developments are reducible to a few basic concepts, namely 1. training, learning, conditioning and information, 2. suggestion, 3. persuasion, 4. counselling, 5. insight (making conscious), 6. group-effects, 7. cartharsis, ecstasis and acting-out. In the present situation a therapeutic schedule based entirely on methods and theories is no longer acceptable and has been replaced by a patient-centred approach, i.e. the method is chosen on a pluralistic basis according to optimum fulfilment of the requirements of patient, therapist and institution. Apart from psychotherapy in the narrower sense, a psychotherapeutic attitude is recommended as an essential method of secondary prevention in all health and social services.", "contents": "[Psychotherapy: present state and developmental trends (author's transl)]. Psychotherapeutic theories and techniques are multiplying explosively. However, the newer developments are reducible to a few basic concepts, namely 1. training, learning, conditioning and information, 2. suggestion, 3. persuasion, 4. counselling, 5. insight (making conscious), 6. group-effects, 7. cartharsis, ecstasis and acting-out. In the present situation a therapeutic schedule based entirely on methods and theories is no longer acceptable and has been replaced by a patient-centred approach, i.e. the method is chosen on a pluralistic basis according to optimum fulfilment of the requirements of patient, therapist and institution. Apart from psychotherapy in the narrower sense, a psychotherapeutic attitude is recommended as an essential method of secondary prevention in all health and social services."}
{"id": "PMID:341535", "title": "[Recurrence of pseudotumour cerebri (intracranial hypertension) after renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "The case report is presented of a 24-year-old male who developed the clinical signs and syptoms of pseudotumour cerebri (intracranial hypertension) twice during the course of protracted rejection 1 and 4 months after renal transplantation. Clinically, headache, nausea, hypertensive crisis and, finally, severe coma with an acute mid-brain syndrome was observed. Neurologically a mild left-sided hemiparesis was found on the second occasion. Examination of the fundi revealed bilateral papilloedema. Electroencephalograms showed pathological changes of a diffuse nature, later followed by abnormal delta range activity in the right frontotemporal projection. The withdrawal of corticosteroid therapy may have been responsible for the pseudotumour cerebri in this case.", "contents": "[Recurrence of pseudotumour cerebri (intracranial hypertension) after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. The case report is presented of a 24-year-old male who developed the clinical signs and syptoms of pseudotumour cerebri (intracranial hypertension) twice during the course of protracted rejection 1 and 4 months after renal transplantation. Clinically, headache, nausea, hypertensive crisis and, finally, severe coma with an acute mid-brain syndrome was observed. Neurologically a mild left-sided hemiparesis was found on the second occasion. Examination of the fundi revealed bilateral papilloedema. Electroencephalograms showed pathological changes of a diffuse nature, later followed by abnormal delta range activity in the right frontotemporal projection. The withdrawal of corticosteroid therapy may have been responsible for the pseudotumour cerebri in this case."}
{"id": "PMID:341537", "title": "In vitro susceptibility of selected bacteria to cefaclor.", "content": "Cefaclor is an orally absorbed cephalosporin antibiotic chemically and pharmacologically similar to cephalexin. It appears to be more active than cephalexin against susceptible strains. The in vitro sensitivity of 230 clinical bacterial isolates to cefaclor was studied. Most isolates of S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and indole negative Proteus species were inhibited at clinically attainable serum and urine concentrations. Like cephalexin, cefaclor was less active against isolates of Enterobacter species, indole positive Proteus species and enterococci although many of these isolates were inhibited at concentrations achievable in urine.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibility of selected bacteria to cefaclor. Cefaclor is an orally absorbed cephalosporin antibiotic chemically and pharmacologically similar to cephalexin. It appears to be more active than cephalexin against susceptible strains. The in vitro sensitivity of 230 clinical bacterial isolates to cefaclor was studied. Most isolates of S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and indole negative Proteus species were inhibited at clinically attainable serum and urine concentrations. Like cephalexin, cefaclor was less active against isolates of Enterobacter species, indole positive Proteus species and enterococci although many of these isolates were inhibited at concentrations achievable in urine."}
{"id": "PMID:341545", "title": "[Significance of suprapubic puncture of the bladder as a diagnostic method].", "content": "In 650 cases for the purpose of a methodical comparison was examined urine got by paracentesis of the bladder and midstream urine. The most important results were: 1. Urine got by paracentesis of the bladder was infected in 30.9%, midstream urine in 51.7%. 2. Further 39.4% of the samples of midstream urine were poor in germs; in 2.3% these findings corresponded to an infection. 3. Only 69.7% of the kinds of germs and 38.8% of the numbers of germs were identical. 4. 28.4% of the samples of midstream urine with a significant bacteriuria and 60.6% of those ones in the region of suspicion showed sterility in the corresponding urine got by paracentesis of the bladder. 5. On the other hand 30.8% of the infected urine got by paracentesis of the bladder did not reveal a significant bacteriuria in the midstream urine. These results confirm the relevance of the quickly performable and complicationless suprapubic paracentesis of the bladder as diagnostic method. It should more be taken into consideration in clinic and outpatient department.", "contents": "[Significance of suprapubic puncture of the bladder as a diagnostic method]. In 650 cases for the purpose of a methodical comparison was examined urine got by paracentesis of the bladder and midstream urine. The most important results were: 1. Urine got by paracentesis of the bladder was infected in 30.9%, midstream urine in 51.7%. 2. Further 39.4% of the samples of midstream urine were poor in germs; in 2.3% these findings corresponded to an infection. 3. Only 69.7% of the kinds of germs and 38.8% of the numbers of germs were identical. 4. 28.4% of the samples of midstream urine with a significant bacteriuria and 60.6% of those ones in the region of suspicion showed sterility in the corresponding urine got by paracentesis of the bladder. 5. On the other hand 30.8% of the infected urine got by paracentesis of the bladder did not reveal a significant bacteriuria in the midstream urine. These results confirm the relevance of the quickly performable and complicationless suprapubic paracentesis of the bladder as diagnostic method. It should more be taken into consideration in clinic and outpatient department."}
{"id": "PMID:341546", "title": "[Distribution spaces and catabolism of insulin].", "content": "Exact knowledge of the distribution spaces and the loss rate of insulin is the prerequisite of the clinical use of an artificial B-cell. A critical review of the literary findings concerning these problems is performed and the still open problems are shown.", "contents": "[Distribution spaces and catabolism of insulin]. Exact knowledge of the distribution spaces and the loss rate of insulin is the prerequisite of the clinical use of an artificial B-cell. A critical review of the literary findings concerning these problems is performed and the still open problems are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:341547", "title": "[The thoracic radiographic picture in routine monitoring following unilateral allogenic lung transplantation in the dog].", "content": "Undesired effects of nonspecific immunosuppression may be delimited by individual dosage. Early recognition of allograft rejection is the presupposition for that steering. As long as immunologic test methods require a great expense of equipment, personnel, and time, and as other methods (bronchospirometry, lung puncture) after lung transplantation additionally endanger the recipient, clinical routine examinations are particularly important, primarly thorax x-ray examinations. The authors report on serial chest radiographs during the courses after 71 unilateral orthotopic allogenic pulmonary transplantations in dogs with regard to the findings at obduction. Possibilities of differential diagnosis shall be found by that, and the limits of interpreting x-ray films after lung transplantation shall be disclosed. Certain distinctive marks in the x-ray findings indicate the various possible complications; they can not be relied upon, however, when they only extend to the graft (hemorrhage, infection, rejection).", "contents": "[The thoracic radiographic picture in routine monitoring following unilateral allogenic lung transplantation in the dog]. Undesired effects of nonspecific immunosuppression may be delimited by individual dosage. Early recognition of allograft rejection is the presupposition for that steering. As long as immunologic test methods require a great expense of equipment, personnel, and time, and as other methods (bronchospirometry, lung puncture) after lung transplantation additionally endanger the recipient, clinical routine examinations are particularly important, primarly thorax x-ray examinations. The authors report on serial chest radiographs during the courses after 71 unilateral orthotopic allogenic pulmonary transplantations in dogs with regard to the findings at obduction. Possibilities of differential diagnosis shall be found by that, and the limits of interpreting x-ray films after lung transplantation shall be disclosed. Certain distinctive marks in the x-ray findings indicate the various possible complications; they can not be relied upon, however, when they only extend to the graft (hemorrhage, infection, rejection)."}
{"id": "PMID:341548", "title": "Comparative studies on orthotopic liver allotransplantation in pigs after intoxication with extracts from amanita phalloides and after a long-term preservation of transplants.", "content": "The paper deals with results obtained in two experimental groups of pigs after orthotopic liver allotransplantation. The first group involved recipients intoxicated with a lethal dose of extracts from Amanita phalloides before the transplantation. The other was not given toxins from Amanita phalloides; the transplanted livers, however, were preserved for a long time. The authors briefly describe the surgical procedure, method of liver preservation and application of toxins from Amanita phalloides. Results of orthotopic allotransplantations are discussed with regard to the survival period, death causes, clinical findings, and some biochemical values.", "contents": "Comparative studies on orthotopic liver allotransplantation in pigs after intoxication with extracts from amanita phalloides and after a long-term preservation of transplants. The paper deals with results obtained in two experimental groups of pigs after orthotopic liver allotransplantation. The first group involved recipients intoxicated with a lethal dose of extracts from Amanita phalloides before the transplantation. The other was not given toxins from Amanita phalloides; the transplanted livers, however, were preserved for a long time. The authors briefly describe the surgical procedure, method of liver preservation and application of toxins from Amanita phalloides. Results of orthotopic allotransplantations are discussed with regard to the survival period, death causes, clinical findings, and some biochemical values."}
{"id": "PMID:341538", "title": "Antiviral therapy.", "content": "The current status of antiviral therapy is reviewed, including discussion of older approaches together with more recently developed chemotherapy. Following the introduction dealing with pathophysiological aspects of virus disease, the different approaches to antiviral therapy are presented. The reasons for the slow progress in antiviral therapy are discussed. These include: 1. the necessity of intracellular penetration of drugs acting on viral replication; 2. the severe toxicity of most antiviral drugs; 3. the narrow antiviral spectrum of most of these agents; 4. the difficulty of making a rapid etiological diagnosis in view of the necessity of starting (specific?) treatment early in the course of the disease; 5. the difficult evaluation of beneficial as compared with deleterious effects of antiviral therapy. After a detailed review of clinically tested substances, including immunoglobulins, synthetic antiviral drugs (amantadine, nucleoside analogs, thiosemicarbazones and photodynamic dyes) and interferon, a guide concerning indications and application of specific antiviral therapy is presented. Although at present there are few indications, clinicians should be aware of the (present and future) possibilities of antiviral therapy.", "contents": "Antiviral therapy. The current status of antiviral therapy is reviewed, including discussion of older approaches together with more recently developed chemotherapy. Following the introduction dealing with pathophysiological aspects of virus disease, the different approaches to antiviral therapy are presented. The reasons for the slow progress in antiviral therapy are discussed. These include: 1. the necessity of intracellular penetration of drugs acting on viral replication; 2. the severe toxicity of most antiviral drugs; 3. the narrow antiviral spectrum of most of these agents; 4. the difficulty of making a rapid etiological diagnosis in view of the necessity of starting (specific?) treatment early in the course of the disease; 5. the difficult evaluation of beneficial as compared with deleterious effects of antiviral therapy. After a detailed review of clinically tested substances, including immunoglobulins, synthetic antiviral drugs (amantadine, nucleoside analogs, thiosemicarbazones and photodynamic dyes) and interferon, a guide concerning indications and application of specific antiviral therapy is presented. Although at present there are few indications, clinicians should be aware of the (present and future) possibilities of antiviral therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:341550", "title": "[The importance of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection pregnancy and the period following birth (author's transl)].", "content": "The Type 2 herpes simplex virus is mainly localized in the genital region and is transmitted by sexual intercourse. A distinction must be made between primary and recurrent infection. During pregnancy, infection of the generative tract with HSV-2 can be expected in 0.1% of cases, depending on the patient's social status. It was possible to culture HSV-2 from the cervical secretion in 0.65% of an investigated group of pregnant women. Fifty percent of all infections in pregnancy are asymptomatic. Miscarriages are common before the 20th week of pregnancy (33%), while later there is a slight increase in premature confinement. Where HSV-2 infection exists at the time of birth, cesarean section is the method of choice for delivery. If rupture of the amnion has occurred over 4 hours previously surgical delivery to prevent infection is no longer justified. A start has been made on therapy for herpes genitalis and neonatal herpes, although sufficient experience for therapeutic recommendations has not yet been gathered.", "contents": "[The importance of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection pregnancy and the period following birth (author's transl)]. The Type 2 herpes simplex virus is mainly localized in the genital region and is transmitted by sexual intercourse. A distinction must be made between primary and recurrent infection. During pregnancy, infection of the generative tract with HSV-2 can be expected in 0.1% of cases, depending on the patient's social status. It was possible to culture HSV-2 from the cervical secretion in 0.65% of an investigated group of pregnant women. Fifty percent of all infections in pregnancy are asymptomatic. Miscarriages are common before the 20th week of pregnancy (33%), while later there is a slight increase in premature confinement. Where HSV-2 infection exists at the time of birth, cesarean section is the method of choice for delivery. If rupture of the amnion has occurred over 4 hours previously surgical delivery to prevent infection is no longer justified. A start has been made on therapy for herpes genitalis and neonatal herpes, although sufficient experience for therapeutic recommendations has not yet been gathered."}
{"id": "PMID:341551", "title": "[Asynchronous maturation of the placenta in dependence on the parity and the age of the parturient (author's transl)].", "content": "5143 findings of the placenta are arranged according to the ripeness of the placenta and the parturient's age and parity; the correlations between the age of the mother at her child's birth and the findings of the placenta, illustrated more exactly in the following, prove to be statistically significant in the chi2-test for primipara and multipara without exception: In the case of primiparae asynchronous maturations of the placenta are most frequently observed after the age of 34, whereas in the case of multipara an augmentation to this extent does not begin until the age of 40, slighter disturbances, however, are already stated after the age of 29, with the primiparae already after the age of 24. Complications such as premature delivery, precocious rupture of the membranes and increased mortality of newborns are possibly caused by precociously matured placentas which especially occur in the age classes of the old and the very young parturients. The diminished functional capacity of a retarded maturity of the placenta (often observed with retarded birth and overweight children) is connected with the frequent occuring of the following complications in the corresponding age groups: cephalopelvic disproportion, prolonged duration of labour, possibly caused by the latter, retarded birth, more frequent asphyxia of newborns and increased perinatal mortality. The described findings confirm the clinical experience, made up to now, and permit a prospective application for the pre-natal supervision of especially young or old pregnant women.", "contents": "[Asynchronous maturation of the placenta in dependence on the parity and the age of the parturient (author's transl)]. 5143 findings of the placenta are arranged according to the ripeness of the placenta and the parturient's age and parity; the correlations between the age of the mother at her child's birth and the findings of the placenta, illustrated more exactly in the following, prove to be statistically significant in the chi2-test for primipara and multipara without exception: In the case of primiparae asynchronous maturations of the placenta are most frequently observed after the age of 34, whereas in the case of multipara an augmentation to this extent does not begin until the age of 40, slighter disturbances, however, are already stated after the age of 29, with the primiparae already after the age of 24. Complications such as premature delivery, precocious rupture of the membranes and increased mortality of newborns are possibly caused by precociously matured placentas which especially occur in the age classes of the old and the very young parturients. The diminished functional capacity of a retarded maturity of the placenta (often observed with retarded birth and overweight children) is connected with the frequent occuring of the following complications in the corresponding age groups: cephalopelvic disproportion, prolonged duration of labour, possibly caused by the latter, retarded birth, more frequent asphyxia of newborns and increased perinatal mortality. The described findings confirm the clinical experience, made up to now, and permit a prospective application for the pre-natal supervision of especially young or old pregnant women."}
{"id": "PMID:341552", "title": "[Diflucortolone valerianate (Nerisona) in the treatment of corticoid-sensitive dermatoses in childhood].", "content": "The efficacy and tolerance of 0.1% diflucortolone valerate (Nerisona) in cream, ointment and fatty ointment formulations were investigated in a study in which no control preparations were used. The study was conducted in 657 children over a period of three weeks. The results were compared with those of a trial with the same design conducted with 4,878 adults. Our observations were mainly concentrated on the two groups eczema/dermatitis and neurodermatitis (atopic dermatitis). Nearly 90% of the children taking part in the study exhibited these clinical pictures. By far the best therapeutic results were obtained in neurodermatitis. There was only one therapy failure among 198 patients (99.5%). Overall the results obtained in children were markedly better than those recorded for adults.", "contents": "[Diflucortolone valerianate (Nerisona) in the treatment of corticoid-sensitive dermatoses in childhood]. The efficacy and tolerance of 0.1% diflucortolone valerate (Nerisona) in cream, ointment and fatty ointment formulations were investigated in a study in which no control preparations were used. The study was conducted in 657 children over a period of three weeks. The results were compared with those of a trial with the same design conducted with 4,878 adults. Our observations were mainly concentrated on the two groups eczema/dermatitis and neurodermatitis (atopic dermatitis). Nearly 90% of the children taking part in the study exhibited these clinical pictures. By far the best therapeutic results were obtained in neurodermatitis. There was only one therapy failure among 198 patients (99.5%). Overall the results obtained in children were markedly better than those recorded for adults."}
{"id": "PMID:341558", "title": "[The osteomyelitis of the hip in newborns and its functional treatment with \"extensionsreposition\" and \"Hanausek-Retention\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1969 all our patients below the age of three years with congenital dislocation of the hip are treated by a modified overhead-traction (Extensionsreposition) and the \"Hanausek-Apparat\" for retention. Because of good results of careful reduction and retention in a mitigated Lorenz-position we also treated osteomyelitis of the hip-joint in newborns and following dislocation by this method. It is reported of 3 cases, different types of osteomyelitis of the hip and the method are described.", "contents": "[The osteomyelitis of the hip in newborns and its functional treatment with \"extensionsreposition\" and \"Hanausek-Retention\" (author's transl)]. Since 1969 all our patients below the age of three years with congenital dislocation of the hip are treated by a modified overhead-traction (Extensionsreposition) and the \"Hanausek-Apparat\" for retention. Because of good results of careful reduction and retention in a mitigated Lorenz-position we also treated osteomyelitis of the hip-joint in newborns and following dislocation by this method. It is reported of 3 cases, different types of osteomyelitis of the hip and the method are described."}
{"id": "PMID:341590", "title": "[Urology and nephrology in the USSR during 60 years of Soviet power].", "content": "It can be established that in the USSR during 60 years of Soviet power, but especially in the last 10 years, urology and nephrology can record significant progress and success in scientific research work as well as in practical special care of the population. From a very small speciality nephrology has changed into a comprehansive clinical subject which is constantly developing.", "contents": "[Urology and nephrology in the USSR during 60 years of Soviet power]. It can be established that in the USSR during 60 years of Soviet power, but especially in the last 10 years, urology and nephrology can record significant progress and success in scientific research work as well as in practical special care of the population. From a very small speciality nephrology has changed into a comprehansive clinical subject which is constantly developing."}
{"id": "PMID:341591", "title": "[Preparation of the patient for kidney transplantation].", "content": "1. Before the kidney transplantation the renal insufficient patient should be tended in a chronic dialysis program, because only in this way all possibilities of the prolongation of his life are treated fully and favourable presuppositions can be provided for success of the transplantation. 2. The age of the patients above 50 years and a bad clinical condition are the most important risk factors for a kidney transplantation. Both of them must be avoided, if possible. 3. Part of the preparation of the transplantation is the rehabilitation of the patient. It has the following priorities in diagnostic and therapeutic relation: a) sanitation of the infection b) correction of complications of the terminal kidney insufficiency c) normalization of the function of the respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract and of the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "[Preparation of the patient for kidney transplantation]. 1. Before the kidney transplantation the renal insufficient patient should be tended in a chronic dialysis program, because only in this way all possibilities of the prolongation of his life are treated fully and favourable presuppositions can be provided for success of the transplantation. 2. The age of the patients above 50 years and a bad clinical condition are the most important risk factors for a kidney transplantation. Both of them must be avoided, if possible. 3. Part of the preparation of the transplantation is the rehabilitation of the patient. It has the following priorities in diagnostic and therapeutic relation: a) sanitation of the infection b) correction of complications of the terminal kidney insufficiency c) normalization of the function of the respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract and of the cardiovascular system."}
{"id": "PMID:341592", "title": "[Problems in the determination of pathogens in prostatovesiculitis].", "content": "In patients with prostatovesiculitis the qualitative proof of microorganisms from experiment or ejaculate has only an insignificant diagnostic value on account of the lacking possibility of the recognition of contamination germs, It may be concluded to a prostatitis caused by bacteria, when the number of germs established in the exprimate is unequivocally larger than this one in the middle stream urine. In order to use successfully also the differences of the number of germs of ejaculate and middle stream urine for the differentiation between bacterial contamination and prostatovesiculitis, it must be presumed that bacteria of the physiological flora of the urethra may be cultivated in about the same quantity by investigations of the ejaculate as well as of the middle stream urine. Of 100 males without inflammatory disease in the region of the urogenital tract, therefore, middle stream urine and ejaculate or exprimate-containing urine were examined bacteriologically. Hereby was recognized that the number of germs in the different ejaculte specimens of healthy men considerably varied in comparison to the middle stream urine or the exprimate-containing urine and, consequently, is scarcely taken into consideration as diagnostic criterion for the prostatovesiculitis.", "contents": "[Problems in the determination of pathogens in prostatovesiculitis]. In patients with prostatovesiculitis the qualitative proof of microorganisms from experiment or ejaculate has only an insignificant diagnostic value on account of the lacking possibility of the recognition of contamination germs, It may be concluded to a prostatitis caused by bacteria, when the number of germs established in the exprimate is unequivocally larger than this one in the middle stream urine. In order to use successfully also the differences of the number of germs of ejaculate and middle stream urine for the differentiation between bacterial contamination and prostatovesiculitis, it must be presumed that bacteria of the physiological flora of the urethra may be cultivated in about the same quantity by investigations of the ejaculate as well as of the middle stream urine. Of 100 males without inflammatory disease in the region of the urogenital tract, therefore, middle stream urine and ejaculate or exprimate-containing urine were examined bacteriologically. Hereby was recognized that the number of germs in the different ejaculte specimens of healthy men considerably varied in comparison to the middle stream urine or the exprimate-containing urine and, consequently, is scarcely taken into consideration as diagnostic criterion for the prostatovesiculitis."}
{"id": "PMID:341596", "title": "Effect of clays on the microbe adsorption.", "content": "The non motile Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria are much more adsorbed on the bentonite than the motile Gram-negative rods. The motile bacteria adjance to clays in the phases of their rapid multiplication only. The dependence of the clay adsorption of motile microbes by the substrate and/or intermediate adsorption has been suggested.", "contents": "Effect of clays on the microbe adsorption. The non motile Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria are much more adsorbed on the bentonite than the motile Gram-negative rods. The motile bacteria adjance to clays in the phases of their rapid multiplication only. The dependence of the clay adsorption of motile microbes by the substrate and/or intermediate adsorption has been suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:341597", "title": "[Operative therapy of Dupuytren's contracture (author's transl)].", "content": "After the description of various possibilities of our operative procedure and post-treatment, the postoperative complications and operation results of 124 patients with Dupuytren's contracture are analysed. In 20% of cases passageric back-hand oedemas and in 2.4% Sudeck's diseases occurred post operation. In 97% of operated patients good and very good functional results could be achieved.", "contents": "[Operative therapy of Dupuytren's contracture (author's transl)]. After the description of various possibilities of our operative procedure and post-treatment, the postoperative complications and operation results of 124 patients with Dupuytren's contracture are analysed. In 20% of cases passageric back-hand oedemas and in 2.4% Sudeck's diseases occurred post operation. In 97% of operated patients good and very good functional results could be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:341598", "title": "[Role of B streptococci in perinatal medicine].", "content": "Vaginal swabs from 1140 women were investigated for presence of group B-streptococci. In nonpregnant women the carriage rate was 3.3%. During the pregnancy the highest colonisation rate was in the second trimenon. The serotypes were distributed approxmiately the same in both groups of patients, with the exception of types III and R. All strains were sensitive against ampicillin and lincomycin, in 6 cases we found a reduced sensitivity against penicillin. These results are compared with those from other authors and discussed in regard to sepsis and meningitis of the newborn.", "contents": "[Role of B streptococci in perinatal medicine]. Vaginal swabs from 1140 women were investigated for presence of group B-streptococci. In nonpregnant women the carriage rate was 3.3%. During the pregnancy the highest colonisation rate was in the second trimenon. The serotypes were distributed approxmiately the same in both groups of patients, with the exception of types III and R. All strains were sensitive against ampicillin and lincomycin, in 6 cases we found a reduced sensitivity against penicillin. These results are compared with those from other authors and discussed in regard to sepsis and meningitis of the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:341601", "title": "On the metabolic characteristics of Shigella flexneri X Escherichia coli, devoid of ability for intracellular multiplication in epithelial cells. III. Oxygen uptake and dehydrogenase activity.", "content": "The oxygen uptake and dehydrogenase activity of avirulent xyl+ and xyl- str hybrids (KCP-), obtained from virulent strains Sh. flexneri (Sh. flexneri 222 5 a and Sh. flexneri M42-432a) and donor strain E. coli AB 313, devoid of ability for intracellular multiplication in epithelial cells are studied. Some tricarboxylic acid intermediates, hexoses and pentoses were used as substrates. A definite tendency has been established, indicating a decreased rate of oxygen consumption and dehydrogenase activity of the hybrids, compared to the respiratory activity of the virulent recipient strains tsh. flexneri in all substrates used.", "contents": "On the metabolic characteristics of Shigella flexneri X Escherichia coli, devoid of ability for intracellular multiplication in epithelial cells. III. Oxygen uptake and dehydrogenase activity. The oxygen uptake and dehydrogenase activity of avirulent xyl+ and xyl- str hybrids (KCP-), obtained from virulent strains Sh. flexneri (Sh. flexneri 222 5 a and Sh. flexneri M42-432a) and donor strain E. coli AB 313, devoid of ability for intracellular multiplication in epithelial cells are studied. Some tricarboxylic acid intermediates, hexoses and pentoses were used as substrates. A definite tendency has been established, indicating a decreased rate of oxygen consumption and dehydrogenase activity of the hybrids, compared to the respiratory activity of the virulent recipient strains tsh. flexneri in all substrates used."}
{"id": "PMID:341602", "title": "Investigation into the immunoglobulin class responsible for the polar staining of Toxoplasma gondii in the fluorescent antibody test.", "content": "Bipolar staining of the trophozoites of Toxoplasma gondii has been observed with a number of sera from patients. It has been demonstrated that the serum factors involved are IgM. The majority of sera demonstrating this phenomenon had raised nonspecific IgM levels.", "contents": "Investigation into the immunoglobulin class responsible for the polar staining of Toxoplasma gondii in the fluorescent antibody test. Bipolar staining of the trophozoites of Toxoplasma gondii has been observed with a number of sera from patients. It has been demonstrated that the serum factors involved are IgM. The majority of sera demonstrating this phenomenon had raised nonspecific IgM levels."}
{"id": "PMID:341603", "title": "[The influence of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants on the resistance against infectious diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Groups of female NMRI-mice inhaled nine weeks 12.4 or 81.8 microgram Pb/m3 24 h per week, while other groups inhaled 0.3 mg NO2 + 5 mg flame soot/m3 or 5 mg NO2 + 0.3 mg flame soot/m3 for 45 h/week. Five animals of each group were randomly selected in weekly intervals and bacterial elimination determined 5 hours after inhaling a Serratia marcescens-aerosol. Bacteria in lung sections were determined by means of the \"sandwich-method\", using an anti-Serratia-serum and a FITC-loaded antirabbit-gammaglobuline. Inhalation of leadchloride caused a time and dose-dependent deterioration of bacterial elimination, which showed to be statistically significant already after three days of treatment with 81.8 microgram Pb/m3. A time dependent function between bacterial elimination and exposure could not be shown under treatment of the mixed pollutants NO2 and flame soot, although the lung clearance was deteriorated especially in the group treated with 5 mg NO2 + 0.3 mg flame-soot/m3. The experiments give evidence that lead exhibits a cyto-toxic effect on alveolar macrophages while the combined pollutants NO2 and flame-soot exhibit their adverse effect on the mucociliary-system. Nitrogen dioxide is shown to be a more hazardous pollutant than flame-soot within the given combination.", "contents": "[The influence of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants on the resistance against infectious diseases (author's transl)]. Groups of female NMRI-mice inhaled nine weeks 12.4 or 81.8 microgram Pb/m3 24 h per week, while other groups inhaled 0.3 mg NO2 + 5 mg flame soot/m3 or 5 mg NO2 + 0.3 mg flame soot/m3 for 45 h/week. Five animals of each group were randomly selected in weekly intervals and bacterial elimination determined 5 hours after inhaling a Serratia marcescens-aerosol. Bacteria in lung sections were determined by means of the \"sandwich-method\", using an anti-Serratia-serum and a FITC-loaded antirabbit-gammaglobuline. Inhalation of leadchloride caused a time and dose-dependent deterioration of bacterial elimination, which showed to be statistically significant already after three days of treatment with 81.8 microgram Pb/m3. A time dependent function between bacterial elimination and exposure could not be shown under treatment of the mixed pollutants NO2 and flame soot, although the lung clearance was deteriorated especially in the group treated with 5 mg NO2 + 0.3 mg flame-soot/m3. The experiments give evidence that lead exhibits a cyto-toxic effect on alveolar macrophages while the combined pollutants NO2 and flame-soot exhibit their adverse effect on the mucociliary-system. Nitrogen dioxide is shown to be a more hazardous pollutant than flame-soot within the given combination."}
{"id": "PMID:341604", "title": "[Contamination of the Czechoslovak section of the Danube by bacteria of the Salmonella group (author's transl)].", "content": "120 water samples taken during 1972 and 1973 from 8 profilen of the Danube as well as 15 samples taken from the Morava and the V\u00e1h rivers have been examined for salmonella contamination. Salmonellas were present in 60-93.3% of examined water samples taken along the whole Czechoslovak section of the Danube. The results point on the longterm survival of salmonellas and consequently their long-distance contribution by the Danube. We recovered altogether 769 salmonellas belonging to 11 serological groups and to 55 serotypes and lysotypes. The most frequent serotypes were S. enteritidis, typhimurium, agona, derby and panama.", "contents": "[Contamination of the Czechoslovak section of the Danube by bacteria of the Salmonella group (author's transl)]. 120 water samples taken during 1972 and 1973 from 8 profilen of the Danube as well as 15 samples taken from the Morava and the V\u00e1h rivers have been examined for salmonella contamination. Salmonellas were present in 60-93.3% of examined water samples taken along the whole Czechoslovak section of the Danube. The results point on the longterm survival of salmonellas and consequently their long-distance contribution by the Danube. We recovered altogether 769 salmonellas belonging to 11 serological groups and to 55 serotypes and lysotypes. The most frequent serotypes were S. enteritidis, typhimurium, agona, derby and panama."}
{"id": "PMID:341613", "title": "[Duration of bacterial discharge in Sonne dysentery].", "content": "The authors report on the results of their observations during 3 epidemic outbreaks. Despite different intervals at which the bacteriological examinations were carried out comparable data were obtained: during 2 outbreaks when no chemotherapeutic agents were used in 78.0 and 79.9% of children shigella discharge ceased in 4 weeks. Daily bacteriological examinations carried out in the course of the 3rd outbreak showed the maximal intermittent bacterial discharge for up to 79 days in individual cases.", "contents": "[Duration of bacterial discharge in Sonne dysentery]. The authors report on the results of their observations during 3 epidemic outbreaks. Despite different intervals at which the bacteriological examinations were carried out comparable data were obtained: during 2 outbreaks when no chemotherapeutic agents were used in 78.0 and 79.9% of children shigella discharge ceased in 4 weeks. Daily bacteriological examinations carried out in the course of the 3rd outbreak showed the maximal intermittent bacterial discharge for up to 79 days in individual cases."}
{"id": "PMID:341614", "title": "[Experimental study, using a pulmonary model, of the pathogenic properties of genetically related strains of Sh. flexneri, differing in their ability to cause keratoconjunctivitis].", "content": "Complex microbiological and morphological study of the genetically connected Sh. flexneri strains, avirulent by keratoconjunctival test showed that the greatest extent of the virulent loss was revealed in shigellae with mutation in the area glpK-gene: they lost the capacity to penetrate into the cells of the bronchial epithelium, to resist local leukocytic reaction and to produce an injurious action on the pulmonary vessels. Shigellae with the replaced kcpA- gene area mostly lost the capacity to penetrate into the epithelial cells of mouse bronchi and were eliminated from the epithelium by the 9th hour after the administration. Xyl--avir-hybrids obtained from crossing of Sh flexneri with the streptomycin-resistant E. coli K12 donors were characterized by the loss of the capacity to prolonged reproduction in the organism of mice with the retention of the capacity to penetration into the epithelium, of the influence on the development of the leukocytic reaction and of the damaging effect on the pulmonary capillaries.", "contents": "[Experimental study, using a pulmonary model, of the pathogenic properties of genetically related strains of Sh. flexneri, differing in their ability to cause keratoconjunctivitis]. Complex microbiological and morphological study of the genetically connected Sh. flexneri strains, avirulent by keratoconjunctival test showed that the greatest extent of the virulent loss was revealed in shigellae with mutation in the area glpK-gene: they lost the capacity to penetrate into the cells of the bronchial epithelium, to resist local leukocytic reaction and to produce an injurious action on the pulmonary vessels. Shigellae with the replaced kcpA- gene area mostly lost the capacity to penetrate into the epithelial cells of mouse bronchi and were eliminated from the epithelium by the 9th hour after the administration. Xyl--avir-hybrids obtained from crossing of Sh flexneri with the streptomycin-resistant E. coli K12 donors were characterized by the loss of the capacity to prolonged reproduction in the organism of mice with the retention of the capacity to penetration into the epithelium, of the influence on the development of the leukocytic reaction and of the damaging effect on the pulmonary capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:341615", "title": "Transduction of M+- and SOR+-markers in group A streptococci.", "content": "Phagolysates obtained in passage of the virulent phage CA1 on M+ SOR+-cultures of streptococcus, serotype 22, offered a possibility of transduction of the M22+-sign to M-SOR--strains of serotype T12. Transductants were selected in direct bactericidal test with subsequent determination of their type in the indirect bactericidal test with homo- and heterologous immune sera. The UV-lysates of the lysogenic M+ SOR+-cultures of serotypes 4, 22, and 49 offered a possibility of transducing both signs conjointly. In this case transductants were selected by the SOR-phenotype in the dishes with serum agar. All the transductants retained the T-serotype of the recipient's strain and segregated M-- and SOR--clones with high frequency. There were for the first time obtained in streptococcus of group A proofs of transduction of M+- and SOR+-signs pointing to their determination by different, but closely conjoint genes. Conditions of the marker transduction, selection and study of transductant were chosen, they opened new possibilities for genetic analysis of the virulence of streptococcus, group A.", "contents": "Transduction of M+- and SOR+-markers in group A streptococci. Phagolysates obtained in passage of the virulent phage CA1 on M+ SOR+-cultures of streptococcus, serotype 22, offered a possibility of transduction of the M22+-sign to M-SOR--strains of serotype T12. Transductants were selected in direct bactericidal test with subsequent determination of their type in the indirect bactericidal test with homo- and heterologous immune sera. The UV-lysates of the lysogenic M+ SOR+-cultures of serotypes 4, 22, and 49 offered a possibility of transducing both signs conjointly. In this case transductants were selected by the SOR-phenotype in the dishes with serum agar. All the transductants retained the T-serotype of the recipient's strain and segregated M-- and SOR--clones with high frequency. There were for the first time obtained in streptococcus of group A proofs of transduction of M+- and SOR+-signs pointing to their determination by different, but closely conjoint genes. Conditions of the marker transduction, selection and study of transductant were chosen, they opened new possibilities for genetic analysis of the virulence of streptococcus, group A."}
{"id": "PMID:341616", "title": "[Principles for optimizing and guaging several processes in the technology of vaccine production. II. Modeling processes of thermal inactivation of microorganisms].", "content": "The paper treats of some problems pertinent to modelling of thermal inactivation of the microbes serving as a theoretical foundation for the achievement of guaranteed sterility of the equipment, communications and fluids. The principal attention is devoted to the problems of quantitative assessment of the efficacy of the mentioned processes. The advantages and the drawbacks of some deterministic and probability models which found application in microbiological laboratories are assessed. The expediency of orientation on a model proposing the use of characteristics of thermal resistance of the microorganisms and considering the heterogeneity of the actual populations by the thermoresistance index was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Principles for optimizing and guaging several processes in the technology of vaccine production. II. Modeling processes of thermal inactivation of microorganisms]. The paper treats of some problems pertinent to modelling of thermal inactivation of the microbes serving as a theoretical foundation for the achievement of guaranteed sterility of the equipment, communications and fluids. The principal attention is devoted to the problems of quantitative assessment of the efficacy of the mentioned processes. The advantages and the drawbacks of some deterministic and probability models which found application in microbiological laboratories are assessed. The expediency of orientation on a model proposing the use of characteristics of thermal resistance of the microorganisms and considering the heterogeneity of the actual populations by the thermoresistance index was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:341617", "title": "[Indications for surgical treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency in patients with occlusive lesions in the brachiocephalic vessels].", "content": "The authors studied and operated on 172 patients with cerebro-vascular insufficiency due to occlusional lesions of the brachiocephalic vessels. According to the pre-operational signs of cerebro-vascular insufficiency 4 clinical groups were distinguished; 1) with asymptomatical oclusions; 2) transient disorders of cerebral circulation; 3) with chronic cerebro-vascular insufficiency and 4) with ischemic strokes. On the basis of an analysis of the direct and remote results of reconstructional operations indications to surgical treatment were determined. The best results were obtained in patients of the 1st and the 2nd groups, where the blood flow in the reconstructed vessel was restituted in 74 and 92% of the cases. Poor result of surgical treatment was seen in patients with severe brain lesions, especially after repeated ischemic strokes. However, in patients of the 3d and 4th groups with moderately crude cerebral changes it was possible to restitute the blood flow in 57% of the cases most frequently on the side contralateral to the lesion. The conclusion is made that surgical treatment is definitely indicated in asymptomatic occlusions and transient disorders of cerebral circulation as well as in chronic cerebro-vascular insufficiency and ischemic strokes, if however, the neurological deficiency is moderate.", "contents": "[Indications for surgical treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency in patients with occlusive lesions in the brachiocephalic vessels]. The authors studied and operated on 172 patients with cerebro-vascular insufficiency due to occlusional lesions of the brachiocephalic vessels. According to the pre-operational signs of cerebro-vascular insufficiency 4 clinical groups were distinguished; 1) with asymptomatical oclusions; 2) transient disorders of cerebral circulation; 3) with chronic cerebro-vascular insufficiency and 4) with ischemic strokes. On the basis of an analysis of the direct and remote results of reconstructional operations indications to surgical treatment were determined. The best results were obtained in patients of the 1st and the 2nd groups, where the blood flow in the reconstructed vessel was restituted in 74 and 92% of the cases. Poor result of surgical treatment was seen in patients with severe brain lesions, especially after repeated ischemic strokes. However, in patients of the 3d and 4th groups with moderately crude cerebral changes it was possible to restitute the blood flow in 57% of the cases most frequently on the side contralateral to the lesion. The conclusion is made that surgical treatment is definitely indicated in asymptomatic occlusions and transient disorders of cerebral circulation as well as in chronic cerebro-vascular insufficiency and ischemic strokes, if however, the neurological deficiency is moderate."}
{"id": "PMID:341621", "title": "Optical polarization reveals different ultrastructural molecular arrangement of polysaccharides in the yeast cell walls.", "content": "The topo-optical aldehyde bisulfite-toluidine blue (ABT) reaction of vicinal OH and amino-OH groups offers new ways to study the ultrastructure of polysaccharides in different biological substrates. Through oriented dye binding on the reacting groups, the ABT reaction induces strong birefringence on the linearly ordered polysaccharides, which is negative with respect to their chain length. Using this method, two types of molecular order of the polysaccharides could be distinguished in the cell walls and capsules of yeasts. (1) The optically negative spherulitic character of the yeasts after the ABT reaction indicated that the toluidine blue molecules were bound tangentially (in a surface-parallel pattern) while the polysaccharide chains of the cell walls and capsules were oriented mainly radially. This structural pattern may be explained as resulting from a helicoid conformation of the polysaccharide component. (2) Acid or alkali hydrolysis removed the radially oriented polysaccharide component of the cell wall. The remaining, resistant polysaccharides showed up in the form of optically positive spherulites indicating radially oriented dye molecules on a circularly ordered, micellar polysaccharide texture.", "contents": "Optical polarization reveals different ultrastructural molecular arrangement of polysaccharides in the yeast cell walls. The topo-optical aldehyde bisulfite-toluidine blue (ABT) reaction of vicinal OH and amino-OH groups offers new ways to study the ultrastructure of polysaccharides in different biological substrates. Through oriented dye binding on the reacting groups, the ABT reaction induces strong birefringence on the linearly ordered polysaccharides, which is negative with respect to their chain length. Using this method, two types of molecular order of the polysaccharides could be distinguished in the cell walls and capsules of yeasts. (1) The optically negative spherulitic character of the yeasts after the ABT reaction indicated that the toluidine blue molecules were bound tangentially (in a surface-parallel pattern) while the polysaccharide chains of the cell walls and capsules were oriented mainly radially. This structural pattern may be explained as resulting from a helicoid conformation of the polysaccharide component. (2) Acid or alkali hydrolysis removed the radially oriented polysaccharide component of the cell wall. The remaining, resistant polysaccharides showed up in the form of optically positive spherulites indicating radially oriented dye molecules on a circularly ordered, micellar polysaccharide texture."}
{"id": "PMID:341622", "title": "Anion transport across the red blood cell membrane and the protein in band 3.", "content": "The paper reviews existing evidence for the participation of the protein in band 3 (nomenclature of Steck, [1]) in anion transport across the red cell membrane and discusses the possible role of common binding sites on band 3 for 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 2-(4'-aminophenyl)-6-methylbenzenethiazol-3',7-disulfonic acid and dihydro 4,4'-diisothiocyanato stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid in the transport process.", "contents": "Anion transport across the red blood cell membrane and the protein in band 3. The paper reviews existing evidence for the participation of the protein in band 3 (nomenclature of Steck, [1]) in anion transport across the red cell membrane and discusses the possible role of common binding sites on band 3 for 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 2-(4'-aminophenyl)-6-methylbenzenethiazol-3',7-disulfonic acid and dihydro 4,4'-diisothiocyanato stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid in the transport process."}
{"id": "PMID:341623", "title": "[Study of coronary flow in man].", "content": "Especially for the last decade, measurement of total and regional coronary blood flow has raised a considerable interest. Various techniques resorting to indicators introduced into the systemic or the coronary circulation are used. Measurement of the coronary blood flow is derived from the pattern of myocardial indicator uptake or washout curves. The currently available techniques for quantitating coronary flow include inert diffusible gases, radioisotopes and continuous thermodilution; each of these has some methodological limitations. Moreover, regulation of coronary circulation depends upon several factors, and quantitative assessment of coronary perfusion in patients with ischemic heart disease has raised appreciable difficulties. Recently, however, measurement of myocardial blood flow during stress in subjects with coronary artery disease has yielded promising results. The importance of these techniques, in assessing the functional consequences of coronary stenoses, is multifold and their clinical applications will grow quickly.", "contents": "[Study of coronary flow in man]. Especially for the last decade, measurement of total and regional coronary blood flow has raised a considerable interest. Various techniques resorting to indicators introduced into the systemic or the coronary circulation are used. Measurement of the coronary blood flow is derived from the pattern of myocardial indicator uptake or washout curves. The currently available techniques for quantitating coronary flow include inert diffusible gases, radioisotopes and continuous thermodilution; each of these has some methodological limitations. Moreover, regulation of coronary circulation depends upon several factors, and quantitative assessment of coronary perfusion in patients with ischemic heart disease has raised appreciable difficulties. Recently, however, measurement of myocardial blood flow during stress in subjects with coronary artery disease has yielded promising results. The importance of these techniques, in assessing the functional consequences of coronary stenoses, is multifold and their clinical applications will grow quickly."}
{"id": "PMID:341631", "title": "Dopamine uptake by platelets in hepatic encephalopathy; evidence for a possible depletion of brain dopamine.", "content": "A decrease in H3-dopamine uptake was demonstrated in the blood platelets of 22 hepatic encephalopathy (HE) patients when compared to that of patients with liver cirrhosis, but without HE, and controls. There was a direct correlation between the stage of HE and the decrease in H3-dopamine uptake. As blood platelets have characteristics similar to neurons which contain amines, they have been proposed as a model for the study of amine metabolism in neurological, as well as liver diseases. A defective dopamine uptake by the HE platelets suggests that a similar biochemical derangement is, also, present in the nerve cells of the dopaminergic system. This could account for the clinical evidence of extrapiramidal dysfunction and the arousal effect of levodopa in HE. Platelets from 10 cirrhosis, but HE-free, patients had a dopamine uptake which was intermediate between the HE patients and controls. When octopamine was added at the same concentrations as in serum of HE patients, the blood platelets from five controls showed a decrease in dopamine uptake proportional to the concentration of octopamine added. Octopamine may impair dopamine uptake by platelets from HE patients.", "contents": "Dopamine uptake by platelets in hepatic encephalopathy; evidence for a possible depletion of brain dopamine. A decrease in H3-dopamine uptake was demonstrated in the blood platelets of 22 hepatic encephalopathy (HE) patients when compared to that of patients with liver cirrhosis, but without HE, and controls. There was a direct correlation between the stage of HE and the decrease in H3-dopamine uptake. As blood platelets have characteristics similar to neurons which contain amines, they have been proposed as a model for the study of amine metabolism in neurological, as well as liver diseases. A defective dopamine uptake by the HE platelets suggests that a similar biochemical derangement is, also, present in the nerve cells of the dopaminergic system. This could account for the clinical evidence of extrapiramidal dysfunction and the arousal effect of levodopa in HE. Platelets from 10 cirrhosis, but HE-free, patients had a dopamine uptake which was intermediate between the HE patients and controls. When octopamine was added at the same concentrations as in serum of HE patients, the blood platelets from five controls showed a decrease in dopamine uptake proportional to the concentration of octopamine added. Octopamine may impair dopamine uptake by platelets from HE patients."}
{"id": "PMID:341633", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies of intra cytoplasmic immunoglobulin binding lymphoid cells (CILC) in the central nervous system. Report of 32 cases including 19 multiple sclerosis.", "content": "In 32 cases of human neurological disorders, including 19 cases of Multiple Sclerosis, an analysis was performed on formalin fixed paraffin embedded brain tissue by using fluorescein labelled antibodies and Nomarski optics. This method, which allows the reduction of technical artifarcts, permitted to establish the presence of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin binding lymphoid cells with IgG and IgA, more rarely IgM, in the majority of the multiple sclerosis cases. This supports the theory of the intrathecal secretion of antibodies within the central nervous system but does not allow to explain the function of those B. Lymphocytes. The same immunological picture was found in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis. On the contrary, it was different in Progressive Multifocal Leucoencephalopathy.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies of intra cytoplasmic immunoglobulin binding lymphoid cells (CILC) in the central nervous system. Report of 32 cases including 19 multiple sclerosis. In 32 cases of human neurological disorders, including 19 cases of Multiple Sclerosis, an analysis was performed on formalin fixed paraffin embedded brain tissue by using fluorescein labelled antibodies and Nomarski optics. This method, which allows the reduction of technical artifarcts, permitted to establish the presence of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin binding lymphoid cells with IgG and IgA, more rarely IgM, in the majority of the multiple sclerosis cases. This supports the theory of the intrathecal secretion of antibodies within the central nervous system but does not allow to explain the function of those B. Lymphocytes. The same immunological picture was found in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis. On the contrary, it was different in Progressive Multifocal Leucoencephalopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:341634", "title": "Observations on the distribution of canine distemper virus in the central nervous system of dogs with demyelinating encephalitis.", "content": "The distribution of canine distemper virus in the central nervous system was examined in 11 dogs with demyelinating encephalitis by the direct fluorescent antibody technique on paraffin sections of brain and spinal cord. In the grey matter there was a good correlation between the presence and severity of lesions and presence and amount of viral antigen. Large concentrations of virus were found in neurons and their processes. In most demyelinating lesions only small amounts of viral antigen were found, mostly located in astrocytes. The potential importance of the role of the astrocyte in demyelination in canine distemper virus infection is stressed.", "contents": "Observations on the distribution of canine distemper virus in the central nervous system of dogs with demyelinating encephalitis. The distribution of canine distemper virus in the central nervous system was examined in 11 dogs with demyelinating encephalitis by the direct fluorescent antibody technique on paraffin sections of brain and spinal cord. In the grey matter there was a good correlation between the presence and severity of lesions and presence and amount of viral antigen. Large concentrations of virus were found in neurons and their processes. In most demyelinating lesions only small amounts of viral antigen were found, mostly located in astrocytes. The potential importance of the role of the astrocyte in demyelination in canine distemper virus infection is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:341635", "title": "Inhibition of puerperal lactation. A double blind study of bromocriptine and placebo.", "content": "Bromocriptine and placebo were randomly allocated for three weeks to 52 postpartum patients requiring lactation suppression. Bromocriptine significantly lowered plasma prolactin levels and suppressed breast milk, breast pain and engorgement quicker than placebo. No side-effects were noted and rebound lactation did not occur. Menstruation appeared to re-start sooner when Bromocriptine was given.", "contents": "Inhibition of puerperal lactation. A double blind study of bromocriptine and placebo. Bromocriptine and placebo were randomly allocated for three weeks to 52 postpartum patients requiring lactation suppression. Bromocriptine significantly lowered plasma prolactin levels and suppressed breast milk, breast pain and engorgement quicker than placebo. No side-effects were noted and rebound lactation did not occur. Menstruation appeared to re-start sooner when Bromocriptine was given."}
{"id": "PMID:341636", "title": "Trial of a new analogue of LH-RH in normal subjects and in cases of anovulatory sterility.", "content": "A new and potent analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing-hormone (LH-RH), the des-gly-6-D-trypt-LH-RH which was synthesized in 1975 by Schally and his group, was assessed in normal volunteers, both men and women and in six cases of anovulatory sterility. The new substance seems to be one of the most active FSH and LH releasing factors. Its effect is stronger in the female than in the male, acting more actively on LH than FSH release. The magnitude of the effect is greater not only in amount but also in time, the levels of gonadotrophins after the injection being higher and remaining much longer. This last property, makes the new substance specially suitable for the treatment of anovulatory sterility. Of six sterile women, one ovulated and two became pregnant.", "contents": "Trial of a new analogue of LH-RH in normal subjects and in cases of anovulatory sterility. A new and potent analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing-hormone (LH-RH), the des-gly-6-D-trypt-LH-RH which was synthesized in 1975 by Schally and his group, was assessed in normal volunteers, both men and women and in six cases of anovulatory sterility. The new substance seems to be one of the most active FSH and LH releasing factors. Its effect is stronger in the female than in the male, acting more actively on LH than FSH release. The magnitude of the effect is greater not only in amount but also in time, the levels of gonadotrophins after the injection being higher and remaining much longer. This last property, makes the new substance specially suitable for the treatment of anovulatory sterility. Of six sterile women, one ovulated and two became pregnant."}
{"id": "PMID:341637", "title": "Some methodological aspects in the psychosomatic gynaecology.", "content": "Psychosomatic medicine--and thus psychosomatic gynaecology--is presented as an approach to be used by doctors when meeting the patient. At the same time it is a method, a technique, trying to elucidate the mechanisms in the most complicated interplay between the psychological, somatic and social \"parts of the whole\". Some diagnostic methods which can be used in this connection are discussed. The basic aim of the paper is to show the necessity and the possibility for the gynaecologist to use new technique from the psychodiagnostic field in his daily practice in order to achieve a better understanding of his patient's complaints and needs.", "contents": "Some methodological aspects in the psychosomatic gynaecology. Psychosomatic medicine--and thus psychosomatic gynaecology--is presented as an approach to be used by doctors when meeting the patient. At the same time it is a method, a technique, trying to elucidate the mechanisms in the most complicated interplay between the psychological, somatic and social \"parts of the whole\". Some diagnostic methods which can be used in this connection are discussed. The basic aim of the paper is to show the necessity and the possibility for the gynaecologist to use new technique from the psychodiagnostic field in his daily practice in order to achieve a better understanding of his patient's complaints and needs."}
{"id": "PMID:341640", "title": "Premalignant and malignant uterine changes in immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients.", "content": "29 female immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients were examined gynecologically. In 2 cases the epithelium of the portio was found to be dysplastic, while endometrial carcinoma was present in 1 patient. A review of the literature suggests that immunosuppressed patients are more likely to develop tumors than others. The authors stress the need for gynecological and cytological examinations at short intervals, to identify premalignant and early malignant uterine changes at a time at which these can readily be treated without discontinuation of the immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "Premalignant and malignant uterine changes in immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients. 29 female immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients were examined gynecologically. In 2 cases the epithelium of the portio was found to be dysplastic, while endometrial carcinoma was present in 1 patient. A review of the literature suggests that immunosuppressed patients are more likely to develop tumors than others. The authors stress the need for gynecological and cytological examinations at short intervals, to identify premalignant and early malignant uterine changes at a time at which these can readily be treated without discontinuation of the immunosuppressive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:341641", "title": "Vaginal agenesis: an analysis of ninety cases.", "content": "This study of 90 cases of vaginal agenesia showed the following results: 50% of the patients sought medical advice when between 16 and 20 years of age; 71.1% of the patients were not married; amenorrhea was present in 100% of the cases, with hypogastric pains in 20%; the uterus was not palpable clinically in 77.7% of the cases; 77.7% of the patients had agenesis, 11.1% had partial agenesis and 7.7% had homatometra; through laparotomy, 75.5%% were found to have normal ovaries, 92.5% of the cases were histologically normal; laparotomy showed the uterus as solid rudimentary in 55.5% of the cases and absence of the uterus in 24.4% of the cases; the Fallopian tubes were normal in 32.22% of the cases and rudimentary in 46.6%; excretion urography disclosed renal anomalies in 17.5%; surgical treatment by the McIndoe technique, carried out in 90 cases, gave 90.5% satisfactory results; the follow-up made between one and 5 years, in which the long-term use of an acrylic mould is recommended in those who do not have sexual relations, showed permanence of the satisfactory results 91.3% of the cases, of which 83.3% were after one operation only; neovaginal cytology, done between one and 6 years, showed 72.2% of the cases with acidophyl cells between 5 and 20% with acidophily between 21 and 40%.", "contents": "Vaginal agenesis: an analysis of ninety cases. This study of 90 cases of vaginal agenesia showed the following results: 50% of the patients sought medical advice when between 16 and 20 years of age; 71.1% of the patients were not married; amenorrhea was present in 100% of the cases, with hypogastric pains in 20%; the uterus was not palpable clinically in 77.7% of the cases; 77.7% of the patients had agenesis, 11.1% had partial agenesis and 7.7% had homatometra; through laparotomy, 75.5%% were found to have normal ovaries, 92.5% of the cases were histologically normal; laparotomy showed the uterus as solid rudimentary in 55.5% of the cases and absence of the uterus in 24.4% of the cases; the Fallopian tubes were normal in 32.22% of the cases and rudimentary in 46.6%; excretion urography disclosed renal anomalies in 17.5%; surgical treatment by the McIndoe technique, carried out in 90 cases, gave 90.5% satisfactory results; the follow-up made between one and 5 years, in which the long-term use of an acrylic mould is recommended in those who do not have sexual relations, showed permanence of the satisfactory results 91.3% of the cases, of which 83.3% were after one operation only; neovaginal cytology, done between one and 6 years, showed 72.2% of the cases with acidophyl cells between 5 and 20% with acidophily between 21 and 40%."}
{"id": "PMID:341643", "title": "Association of some enterobacteria with the intestinal mucosa of mouse in relation to their partition in aqueous polymer two-phase systems.", "content": "The association of enterobacteria with mouse intestinal mucosa has been investigated by pumping heat-killed, radioactively-labelled bacteria through the gut lumen in vitro. Approximately 20 cm of the small intestine proximal to the ileo-caecal valve was rinsed, excised and maintained in an organ bath. By using two different bacteria labelled with different radioactive isotopes, the relative association of the two bacterial pumped through the same piece of gut was determined. Cross-labelling showed that choice of isotope did not affect the association. Salmonella typhimurium 395 MR10 was used as reference and the other bacteria investigated related to it. S. typhimurium MR10 and Escherichia coli O 14 K7, which are relatively lipophilic, showed greater association than S. typhimurium 395 MS and E. coli O 111 K58, which are more hydrophilic. Prolonged incubation of bacteria with the length of intestine in vitro leading to damage of the brush border of the mucosal epithelium enhanced the association of the bacteria. These data suggest that similar physico-chemical surface properies govern the association certain enterobacteria to the intestinal mucosa as in phagocytosis with professional phagocytes.", "contents": "Association of some enterobacteria with the intestinal mucosa of mouse in relation to their partition in aqueous polymer two-phase systems. The association of enterobacteria with mouse intestinal mucosa has been investigated by pumping heat-killed, radioactively-labelled bacteria through the gut lumen in vitro. Approximately 20 cm of the small intestine proximal to the ileo-caecal valve was rinsed, excised and maintained in an organ bath. By using two different bacteria labelled with different radioactive isotopes, the relative association of the two bacterial pumped through the same piece of gut was determined. Cross-labelling showed that choice of isotope did not affect the association. Salmonella typhimurium 395 MR10 was used as reference and the other bacteria investigated related to it. S. typhimurium MR10 and Escherichia coli O 14 K7, which are relatively lipophilic, showed greater association than S. typhimurium 395 MS and E. coli O 111 K58, which are more hydrophilic. Prolonged incubation of bacteria with the length of intestine in vitro leading to damage of the brush border of the mucosal epithelium enhanced the association of the bacteria. These data suggest that similar physico-chemical surface properies govern the association certain enterobacteria to the intestinal mucosa as in phagocytosis with professional phagocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:341644", "title": "Endocytosis of Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS and MR10 by HeLa cells.", "content": "Monolayer of HeLa cells were examined for their ability to endocytose Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS (wild) and MR10 (chemotype RD). Monolayers treated with the glycolytic inhibitors iodoacetic acid (IAA) or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) or the respiratory inhibitor sodium azide (NaN3) or cytochalasin B (CB) were incubated with S. typhimurium. The numbers of cell-associated (intracellular plus cell-membrane attached extracellular) and intracellular bacteria were determined by viable counts, together with the HeLa cell ATP levels. IAA and NEM at concentrations 10(-4)M and 10(-3)M decreased significantly the number of intracellular MR10 and the cellular ATP levels, but did not influence significantly the total number of cell-associated bacteria except for 10(-3)M IAA which slightly increased the association. On the other hand, NaN3 at concentrations 10(-4)M and 10(-3)M did not affect the number of associated or intracellular bacteria, or the cellular ATP levels. CB at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 microgram/ml increased the number of associated bacteria, decreased the number of intracellular bacteria and caused a small decrease in cellular ATP levels. Thus, HeLa cells may internalize S. typhimurium by an energy-requiring, glycolysis-dependent process. CB had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the internalization without influencing significantly the HeLa cell ATP levels. This indicates that CB might affect the internalization process by some means other than decreasing the ATP content.", "contents": "Endocytosis of Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS and MR10 by HeLa cells. Monolayer of HeLa cells were examined for their ability to endocytose Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS (wild) and MR10 (chemotype RD). Monolayers treated with the glycolytic inhibitors iodoacetic acid (IAA) or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) or the respiratory inhibitor sodium azide (NaN3) or cytochalasin B (CB) were incubated with S. typhimurium. The numbers of cell-associated (intracellular plus cell-membrane attached extracellular) and intracellular bacteria were determined by viable counts, together with the HeLa cell ATP levels. IAA and NEM at concentrations 10(-4)M and 10(-3)M decreased significantly the number of intracellular MR10 and the cellular ATP levels, but did not influence significantly the total number of cell-associated bacteria except for 10(-3)M IAA which slightly increased the association. On the other hand, NaN3 at concentrations 10(-4)M and 10(-3)M did not affect the number of associated or intracellular bacteria, or the cellular ATP levels. CB at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 microgram/ml increased the number of associated bacteria, decreased the number of intracellular bacteria and caused a small decrease in cellular ATP levels. Thus, HeLa cells may internalize S. typhimurium by an energy-requiring, glycolysis-dependent process. CB had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the internalization without influencing significantly the HeLa cell ATP levels. This indicates that CB might affect the internalization process by some means other than decreasing the ATP content."}
{"id": "PMID:341645", "title": "Single-cell protein as a bacterial substrate.", "content": "It was found that the pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria tested were able to grow and produce extracellular enzymes and toxins in substrates based on extract from various products of Single-cell protein (SCP), as well as in suspensions of SCP. In addition to the hygienic aspects of these findings the possibility of utilizing SCP as substrate for cultivation of bacteria is pointed out.", "contents": "Single-cell protein as a bacterial substrate. It was found that the pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria tested were able to grow and produce extracellular enzymes and toxins in substrates based on extract from various products of Single-cell protein (SCP), as well as in suspensions of SCP. In addition to the hygienic aspects of these findings the possibility of utilizing SCP as substrate for cultivation of bacteria is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:341646", "title": "A simple blood agar plate medium for demonstration of the streptococcal serum opacity reaction.", "content": "Blood agar plates for demonstration of the streptococcal serum opacity reaction were prepared by pouring into Petri discs four layers, one above the other, in the following sequence: 1. agar; 2. horse-sheep blood mixed with agar; 3. porcine serum in agarose; and 4. agarose. The strains to be tested were streaked with a loop on the plates and a control medium was prepared as described above, but without porcine serum. After incubation for 18 hours at 37 degrees C, the streptococci producing opacity factor showed greenish zones around the colonies or else no haemolysis at all on the plates containing porcine serum, in contrast to a clear betahaemolysis on the control plates. Opacity reaction negative steptococci showed the same clear beta-haemolysis on both plates. Concordant results were obtained by this method and a standard method for demonstration of opacity factor.", "contents": "A simple blood agar plate medium for demonstration of the streptococcal serum opacity reaction. Blood agar plates for demonstration of the streptococcal serum opacity reaction were prepared by pouring into Petri discs four layers, one above the other, in the following sequence: 1. agar; 2. horse-sheep blood mixed with agar; 3. porcine serum in agarose; and 4. agarose. The strains to be tested were streaked with a loop on the plates and a control medium was prepared as described above, but without porcine serum. After incubation for 18 hours at 37 degrees C, the streptococci producing opacity factor showed greenish zones around the colonies or else no haemolysis at all on the plates containing porcine serum, in contrast to a clear betahaemolysis on the control plates. Opacity reaction negative steptococci showed the same clear beta-haemolysis on both plates. Concordant results were obtained by this method and a standard method for demonstration of opacity factor."}
{"id": "PMID:341650", "title": "[Double-blind trial of 2 antidepressive drugs].", "content": "The results of a double blind trial of Viloxazine and Desipramine in 30 hospitalized depressives are reported. Hamilton's Rating Scale for Depression was the outcome criterion. No statistically significant differences were found between drugs in efficacy and onset of action. Patients on either drug showed a significant reduction in symptoms after one week of treatment and at the end of the trial. Side effects reported with Viloxazine were predominantly nausea and dizziness of a transient nature. Patients on Desipramine reported the usual side effects associated with antidepressant use and two of them had to be withdrawn from the trial because of an allergic rash. Laboratory values and EKG tracings did not show any trend of abnormalities. It is concluded that Viloxazine is an effective and safe antidepressive drug and seems to be particularly indicated in geriatric and cardiovascular patients with a concomitant depression.", "contents": "[Double-blind trial of 2 antidepressive drugs]. The results of a double blind trial of Viloxazine and Desipramine in 30 hospitalized depressives are reported. Hamilton's Rating Scale for Depression was the outcome criterion. No statistically significant differences were found between drugs in efficacy and onset of action. Patients on either drug showed a significant reduction in symptoms after one week of treatment and at the end of the trial. Side effects reported with Viloxazine were predominantly nausea and dizziness of a transient nature. Patients on Desipramine reported the usual side effects associated with antidepressant use and two of them had to be withdrawn from the trial because of an allergic rash. Laboratory values and EKG tracings did not show any trend of abnormalities. It is concluded that Viloxazine is an effective and safe antidepressive drug and seems to be particularly indicated in geriatric and cardiovascular patients with a concomitant depression."}
{"id": "PMID:341652", "title": "Characterization of Escherichia coli serogroups causing meningitis, sepsis and enteritis. I. Serological properties and animal pathogenicity of O18, O78 and O83 isolates.", "content": "Escherichia coli O78: K80 strains isolated from an outbreak among premature and newborn infants with meningitis, sepsis and enteritis, from sporadic cases of enteritis and from healthy carriers were compared with one another and with different E. coli serogroups. The O78: K80 cultures uniformly failed to give the rabbit intestinal loop test and the guinea pig eye reaction and none of them contained L1 antigen. After intraperitoneal injection into mice, the organisms multiplied in the peritoneal cavity and caused bacteriaemia lasting at least 2 weeks. E. coli strains originating from septicaemia (O78: K80, O18a,c: K?, O83: K?) showed significantly lower LD50 values for mice (9 x 10(3)--7 x 10(5)) than did E. coli serogroups associated with infantile enteritis only (3 x 10(8)--7 x 10(8)). It is assumed that the isolates differ in pathogenicity not only from E. coli strains associated with \"cholera-like\" disease and with \"dysenteriform\" infection, but also from L1 antigen-containing cultures described in neonatal meningitis, and constitute a separate group characterized by an ability to cause meningitis, sepsis and enteritis within the same outbreak.", "contents": "Characterization of Escherichia coli serogroups causing meningitis, sepsis and enteritis. I. Serological properties and animal pathogenicity of O18, O78 and O83 isolates. Escherichia coli O78: K80 strains isolated from an outbreak among premature and newborn infants with meningitis, sepsis and enteritis, from sporadic cases of enteritis and from healthy carriers were compared with one another and with different E. coli serogroups. The O78: K80 cultures uniformly failed to give the rabbit intestinal loop test and the guinea pig eye reaction and none of them contained L1 antigen. After intraperitoneal injection into mice, the organisms multiplied in the peritoneal cavity and caused bacteriaemia lasting at least 2 weeks. E. coli strains originating from septicaemia (O78: K80, O18a,c: K?, O83: K?) showed significantly lower LD50 values for mice (9 x 10(3)--7 x 10(5)) than did E. coli serogroups associated with infantile enteritis only (3 x 10(8)--7 x 10(8)). It is assumed that the isolates differ in pathogenicity not only from E. coli strains associated with \"cholera-like\" disease and with \"dysenteriform\" infection, but also from L1 antigen-containing cultures described in neonatal meningitis, and constitute a separate group characterized by an ability to cause meningitis, sepsis and enteritis within the same outbreak."}
{"id": "PMID:341653", "title": "Characterization of Escherichia coli serogroups causing meningitis, sepsis and enteritis. II. Classification of Escherichia coli O78 strains by phage sensitivity, colicin type and antibiotic resistance.", "content": "Escherichia coli O78: K80 strains isolated from an outbreak of meningitis, sepsis and enteritis in infants, were compared with O78: K80 strains from sporadic cases of enteritis, healthy carriers and animals. The strains were uniform in antigenic structure and phage pattern but differed in colicinogenicity. The epidemic strains and calf-pathogenic cultures produced colicin V, the remaining isolates were characterized by other types of colicin or were not colicinogenic. Col V+ strains multiplied in the mouse peritoneal cavity more readily and killed the animals at significantly lower doses than did col V- strains. One half of antibiotic resistant O78: K80 strains carried R factor. The spread of R factor could be followed by phage restriction experiments.", "contents": "Characterization of Escherichia coli serogroups causing meningitis, sepsis and enteritis. II. Classification of Escherichia coli O78 strains by phage sensitivity, colicin type and antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli O78: K80 strains isolated from an outbreak of meningitis, sepsis and enteritis in infants, were compared with O78: K80 strains from sporadic cases of enteritis, healthy carriers and animals. The strains were uniform in antigenic structure and phage pattern but differed in colicinogenicity. The epidemic strains and calf-pathogenic cultures produced colicin V, the remaining isolates were characterized by other types of colicin or were not colicinogenic. Col V+ strains multiplied in the mouse peritoneal cavity more readily and killed the animals at significantly lower doses than did col V- strains. One half of antibiotic resistant O78: K80 strains carried R factor. The spread of R factor could be followed by phage restriction experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:341654", "title": "Phenotypic correction of nonsense mutation carrying non-converting PE5 phages in Shigella flexneri with suppressor gene.", "content": "(i) Phenotypic suppression by aminoglycoside antibiotics of a polyauxotrophic Shigella flexneri var. Y strain on partially completed minimal medium has shown that its Thr dependence is associated with nonsense mutation. Induced Thr+ revertants selected from the culture yielded clones correcting the lytic cycle of nonsense T4 mutant phages. Transfer of R1am plasmid to these clones carrying a nonsense mutation of ampicillin resistance was performed. In this manner a S. flexneri var. Y derivative was isolated which, on the basis of the phenotypic correction of T4 phages and R1am factor, proved to be a suppressor positive clone. (ii) From phage PE5 responsible for conversion of type antigen V, mutants were isolated that had lost their converting capacity. Selected Sup+ and control Sup- strains were treated with the mutant phages and examined for the appearance of type antigen V. Three phage mutants were found to induce antigen conversion only in Sup+ strains. (iii) The data suggest that, at least with phage PE5, the information for type antigen conversion is carried by phage genome.", "contents": "Phenotypic correction of nonsense mutation carrying non-converting PE5 phages in Shigella flexneri with suppressor gene. (i) Phenotypic suppression by aminoglycoside antibiotics of a polyauxotrophic Shigella flexneri var. Y strain on partially completed minimal medium has shown that its Thr dependence is associated with nonsense mutation. Induced Thr+ revertants selected from the culture yielded clones correcting the lytic cycle of nonsense T4 mutant phages. Transfer of R1am plasmid to these clones carrying a nonsense mutation of ampicillin resistance was performed. In this manner a S. flexneri var. Y derivative was isolated which, on the basis of the phenotypic correction of T4 phages and R1am factor, proved to be a suppressor positive clone. (ii) From phage PE5 responsible for conversion of type antigen V, mutants were isolated that had lost their converting capacity. Selected Sup+ and control Sup- strains were treated with the mutant phages and examined for the appearance of type antigen V. Three phage mutants were found to induce antigen conversion only in Sup+ strains. (iii) The data suggest that, at least with phage PE5, the information for type antigen conversion is carried by phage genome."}
{"id": "PMID:341655", "title": "Distribution of 32P-labelled endotoxin in the frog.", "content": "Distribution and elimination of 32P-labelled endotoxin were studied in normal frogs and in frogs pretreated with a high dose of unlabelled endotoxin 24 hr previously. Like in other animals, the spleen and the liver of the frogs were found the most active R.E.S. organs. The alimentary tract too exhibited considerable R.E.S. activity. Pretreatment with unlabelled endotoxin resulted in a decrease of 32P-endotoxin uptake by the liver, the spleen and the alimentary tract. Evidence was obtained that the well-known effects of endotoxin on the R.E.S. of the mammals can be demonstrated in the frog as well.", "contents": "Distribution of 32P-labelled endotoxin in the frog. Distribution and elimination of 32P-labelled endotoxin were studied in normal frogs and in frogs pretreated with a high dose of unlabelled endotoxin 24 hr previously. Like in other animals, the spleen and the liver of the frogs were found the most active R.E.S. organs. The alimentary tract too exhibited considerable R.E.S. activity. Pretreatment with unlabelled endotoxin resulted in a decrease of 32P-endotoxin uptake by the liver, the spleen and the alimentary tract. Evidence was obtained that the well-known effects of endotoxin on the R.E.S. of the mammals can be demonstrated in the frog as well."}
{"id": "PMID:341656", "title": "Quantitation of seven elements in Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium bovis by neutron activation analysis.", "content": "Quantitative determination of the elements potassium, sodium, manganese, magnesium, iron, cobalt and zinc was performed in mycobacteria by neutron activation analysis. Mycobacterium phlei ATCC 19 249 at different phase of growth (4, 8, 13, 23 and 37 days old cultures), and 14 days old Mycobacterium bovis BCG cultures and uninoculated semi-synthetic Sauton culture media were examined. The elements studied could be divided into three groups; sodium, potassium and magnesium could be regarded as major, iron as minor, and zinc, manganese and cobalt as trace elements. M. phlei contained, with the exception of zinc, higher amounts of elements than M. bovis. Other metals (aluminium, antimony, rubidium) could also be detected.", "contents": "Quantitation of seven elements in Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium bovis by neutron activation analysis. Quantitative determination of the elements potassium, sodium, manganese, magnesium, iron, cobalt and zinc was performed in mycobacteria by neutron activation analysis. Mycobacterium phlei ATCC 19 249 at different phase of growth (4, 8, 13, 23 and 37 days old cultures), and 14 days old Mycobacterium bovis BCG cultures and uninoculated semi-synthetic Sauton culture media were examined. The elements studied could be divided into three groups; sodium, potassium and magnesium could be regarded as major, iron as minor, and zinc, manganese and cobalt as trace elements. M. phlei contained, with the exception of zinc, higher amounts of elements than M. bovis. Other metals (aluminium, antimony, rubidium) could also be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:341657", "title": "Pathogenic effect of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli causing infantile diarrhoea.", "content": "Macroscopic, light and electron microscopic alterations in ligated rabbit intestinal loops challenged with five standard enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and twenty-three enteropathogenic E. coli (EEC-I) strains, freshly isolated from infantile enteritis cases, were investigated. Only two O26 : K60 : H11 strains produced enterotoxin. Their living cultures, sterile filtrates of the fluid medium and ultrasonic lysates of the bacteria resulted in pronounced hypersecretion of the intestinal epithelium followed by fluid accumulation and loop dilatation. These two E. coli strains, similarly as the other loop-negative EEC-I strains, were able to penetrate into the intestinal epithelium. In contrast to the standard ETEC strains, the EEC-I bacteria, adhering to the brush border, intruded into the microvilli, multiplied on the outer epithelial cell membrane making close contact with it and, causing, shedding of microvilli, penetrated into enterocytes becoming enclosed in membrane-bound phagosome-like vacuoles, appeared in the lamina propria and elicited mild focal polymorphonuclear infiltration.", "contents": "Pathogenic effect of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli causing infantile diarrhoea. Macroscopic, light and electron microscopic alterations in ligated rabbit intestinal loops challenged with five standard enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and twenty-three enteropathogenic E. coli (EEC-I) strains, freshly isolated from infantile enteritis cases, were investigated. Only two O26 : K60 : H11 strains produced enterotoxin. Their living cultures, sterile filtrates of the fluid medium and ultrasonic lysates of the bacteria resulted in pronounced hypersecretion of the intestinal epithelium followed by fluid accumulation and loop dilatation. These two E. coli strains, similarly as the other loop-negative EEC-I strains, were able to penetrate into the intestinal epithelium. In contrast to the standard ETEC strains, the EEC-I bacteria, adhering to the brush border, intruded into the microvilli, multiplied on the outer epithelial cell membrane making close contact with it and, causing, shedding of microvilli, penetrated into enterocytes becoming enclosed in membrane-bound phagosome-like vacuoles, appeared in the lamina propria and elicited mild focal polymorphonuclear infiltration."}
{"id": "PMID:341658", "title": "Influence of hypothermia on the generalized Shwartzman reaction.", "content": "In normothermic rabbits the generalized Shwartzman reaction can usually be elicited by two intravenous injections of endotoxin spaced 24 hr apart. The reaction could be prevented by cooling the rabbits. Hypothermia is effective only at the time of the second injection. The protective effect can clearly be demonstrated by gross and histologic examination. The possible mechanism of the protective action of hypothermia is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of hypothermia on the generalized Shwartzman reaction. In normothermic rabbits the generalized Shwartzman reaction can usually be elicited by two intravenous injections of endotoxin spaced 24 hr apart. The reaction could be prevented by cooling the rabbits. Hypothermia is effective only at the time of the second injection. The protective effect can clearly be demonstrated by gross and histologic examination. The possible mechanism of the protective action of hypothermia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341659", "title": "Surveillance of R-plasmids.", "content": "The surveillance of R-plasmids consists of: (1.) Ecological and epidemiological investigations. (1.1.) Prevalence of R-plasmids in pathogenic and apathogenic bacteria occurring in the biotic environment (man, animal); in the abiotic environment (sewage, food, feed); under high selection pressure (hospital, animal production, plant production). (2.) Biological investigations. (2.1.) Genetic properties of R-plasmids: (2.2.) Plasmid induced variations of the properties of the host bacteria (virulence, phage pattern, antigenic pattern, serological properties). The problems resulting from plasmid-mediated drug resistance call for a strict chemotherapeutic drug policy with the regard to ecological processes.", "contents": "Surveillance of R-plasmids. The surveillance of R-plasmids consists of: (1.) Ecological and epidemiological investigations. (1.1.) Prevalence of R-plasmids in pathogenic and apathogenic bacteria occurring in the biotic environment (man, animal); in the abiotic environment (sewage, food, feed); under high selection pressure (hospital, animal production, plant production). (2.) Biological investigations. (2.1.) Genetic properties of R-plasmids: (2.2.) Plasmid induced variations of the properties of the host bacteria (virulence, phage pattern, antigenic pattern, serological properties). The problems resulting from plasmid-mediated drug resistance call for a strict chemotherapeutic drug policy with the regard to ecological processes."}
{"id": "PMID:341660", "title": "Indole positive variant of Shigella boydii 1.", "content": "In a home for mentally handicapped children indole positive variants of Shigella boydii 1 were isolated beside indole negative strains of the same serotype. The variants differed from the indole negative counterparts in fermenting dulcitol, raffinose, and in the absence of splitting trehalose. In antigenic structure the indole positive variant was identical with the type strain. The isolates gave positive guinea pig eye test.", "contents": "Indole positive variant of Shigella boydii 1. In a home for mentally handicapped children indole positive variants of Shigella boydii 1 were isolated beside indole negative strains of the same serotype. The variants differed from the indole negative counterparts in fermenting dulcitol, raffinose, and in the absence of splitting trehalose. In antigenic structure the indole positive variant was identical with the type strain. The isolates gave positive guinea pig eye test."}
{"id": "PMID:341667", "title": "A pathophysiologic basis for the diagnosis and treatment of the renal hypertensions.", "content": "Hypertension is a major medical problem with significant short- and long-term sequelae. Previous investigators have reported childhood hypertension to be secondary and when sexondary, renal. However, recent studies have shown primary (essential) hypertension to be more prevalent than secondary. Children with blood pressures at the 95th percentile for age deserve comprehensive evaluation and follow-up. Those with systemic evidence of side-effects will require therapy. Modern therapy should be based on pathophysiologic principles which include an understanding of volume-dependent and renin-dependent hypertension. The stepwise approach to therapy will produce the maximal therapeutic benefit.", "contents": "A pathophysiologic basis for the diagnosis and treatment of the renal hypertensions. Hypertension is a major medical problem with significant short- and long-term sequelae. Previous investigators have reported childhood hypertension to be secondary and when sexondary, renal. However, recent studies have shown primary (essential) hypertension to be more prevalent than secondary. Children with blood pressures at the 95th percentile for age deserve comprehensive evaluation and follow-up. Those with systemic evidence of side-effects will require therapy. Modern therapy should be based on pathophysiologic principles which include an understanding of volume-dependent and renin-dependent hypertension. The stepwise approach to therapy will produce the maximal therapeutic benefit."}
{"id": "PMID:341671", "title": "[Beverages of children and youth in the 16th to 19th century, documented by contemporary recollections (author's transl)].", "content": "227 remarks on beverages, found in biographies, personal recollections, letters a. s. o. from the 16th to the 19th century are reviewed. As early as in the children's age alcoholic drinks are represented in 27%. There is a slight trend to a reduction of alcoholic drinks in the 19th century compared with three centures before. Remarks on tea and coffee and chocolate resp. cocoa are increasing in 19th century, especially in children.", "contents": "[Beverages of children and youth in the 16th to 19th century, documented by contemporary recollections (author's transl)]. 227 remarks on beverages, found in biographies, personal recollections, letters a. s. o. from the 16th to the 19th century are reviewed. As early as in the children's age alcoholic drinks are represented in 27%. There is a slight trend to a reduction of alcoholic drinks in the 19th century compared with three centures before. Remarks on tea and coffee and chocolate resp. cocoa are increasing in 19th century, especially in children."}
{"id": "PMID:341679", "title": "Use of a double atrial-triggered standby pacemaker system for a patient with a biventricular bypass heterotopic cardiac homograft.", "content": "In a patient who had a biventricular bypass heterotopic cardiac homograft a double atrial-triggered standby pacemaker system was implanted to allow sequential atrial pacing of both hearts. The system design permitted either the recipient or the donor heart to dictate the rate of its fellow, depending on which heart had the faster spontaneous sinus rate at any time. Alternative methods for achieving sequential pacing are discussed.", "contents": "Use of a double atrial-triggered standby pacemaker system for a patient with a biventricular bypass heterotopic cardiac homograft. In a patient who had a biventricular bypass heterotopic cardiac homograft a double atrial-triggered standby pacemaker system was implanted to allow sequential atrial pacing of both hearts. The system design permitted either the recipient or the donor heart to dictate the rate of its fellow, depending on which heart had the faster spontaneous sinus rate at any time. Alternative methods for achieving sequential pacing are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341680", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of epidermal growth factor during the postnatal development of the submandibular gland of the mouse.", "content": "The time of appearance and the pattern of localization of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in submandibular glands of mice was studied during postnatal development immunocytochemically. EGF was first detectable in the granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells in the glands of males at 20 days of age and of females at 30 days of age. Development of GCT cells containing EGF was rapid in males, approaching adult conditions by 45 days of age. In females EGF- containing GCTs developed more slowly and irregularly, and did not reach adult status by 45 days of age. It is concluded that EGF is restricted during postnatal development to the GCT cells, and that these cells and the distribution of EGF are represented dimorphically from their first appearance in the submandibular glands of both sexes.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of epidermal growth factor during the postnatal development of the submandibular gland of the mouse. The time of appearance and the pattern of localization of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in submandibular glands of mice was studied during postnatal development immunocytochemically. EGF was first detectable in the granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells in the glands of males at 20 days of age and of females at 30 days of age. Development of GCT cells containing EGF was rapid in males, approaching adult conditions by 45 days of age. In females EGF- containing GCTs developed more slowly and irregularly, and did not reach adult status by 45 days of age. It is concluded that EGF is restricted during postnatal development to the GCT cells, and that these cells and the distribution of EGF are represented dimorphically from their first appearance in the submandibular glands of both sexes."}
{"id": "PMID:341681", "title": "Studies of the cellular cure for osteopetrosis by transplanted cells: specificity of the cell type in ia rats.", "content": "Spleen cells from normal rats are known to cure osteopetrosis in ia littermates within 3 weeks. In this study cell suspensions from liver, thymus, bone marrow, salivary gland, skeletal muscle and brain from normal rats were tested for their ability to cure osteopetrosis in ia littermates whose ability to reject these cells had been suppressed by whole-body irradiation. Cells from liver, thymus and bone marrow cured the disease as effectively as spleen cells from normal littermates. Mutants that received cells from salivary gland, muscle and brain remained osteopetrotic. These data suggest that some cell found in spleen, liver, thymus and bone marrow of 10-day-old normal rats, such as a lymphoid cell or stem cell, can restore hemopoiesis and bone resorption in osteopetrotic (ia) rats.", "contents": "Studies of the cellular cure for osteopetrosis by transplanted cells: specificity of the cell type in ia rats. Spleen cells from normal rats are known to cure osteopetrosis in ia littermates within 3 weeks. In this study cell suspensions from liver, thymus, bone marrow, salivary gland, skeletal muscle and brain from normal rats were tested for their ability to cure osteopetrosis in ia littermates whose ability to reject these cells had been suppressed by whole-body irradiation. Cells from liver, thymus and bone marrow cured the disease as effectively as spleen cells from normal littermates. Mutants that received cells from salivary gland, muscle and brain remained osteopetrotic. These data suggest that some cell found in spleen, liver, thymus and bone marrow of 10-day-old normal rats, such as a lymphoid cell or stem cell, can restore hemopoiesis and bone resorption in osteopetrotic (ia) rats."}
{"id": "PMID:341682", "title": "The effects of various hormones on the surface morphology of testicular cells in culture.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of various hormones on the surface morphology of 20-day-old rat testicular cells in culture. Aggregates containing primarily Sertoli cells and germinal cells were obtained by enzymatic digestion. The surface morphology of the cells composing these aggregates was characterized under various culture conditions using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The cytoplasmic processes of Sertoli cells became highly branched and filamentous after being cultured in the presence of rat, human or ovine FSH. Identical branching and filamentation was observed when Sertoli cells were cultured in rat TSH. Finally, numerous large blebs were observed on the surfaces of germinal cells cultured in the presence of insulin. These results suggest that the branching and filamentation of Sertoli cell cytoplasm observed after FSH stimulation are not specific for that hormone.", "contents": "The effects of various hormones on the surface morphology of testicular cells in culture. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of various hormones on the surface morphology of 20-day-old rat testicular cells in culture. Aggregates containing primarily Sertoli cells and germinal cells were obtained by enzymatic digestion. The surface morphology of the cells composing these aggregates was characterized under various culture conditions using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The cytoplasmic processes of Sertoli cells became highly branched and filamentous after being cultured in the presence of rat, human or ovine FSH. Identical branching and filamentation was observed when Sertoli cells were cultured in rat TSH. Finally, numerous large blebs were observed on the surfaces of germinal cells cultured in the presence of insulin. These results suggest that the branching and filamentation of Sertoli cell cytoplasm observed after FSH stimulation are not specific for that hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:341684", "title": "Carnitine metabolism in human subjects. I. Normal metabolism.", "content": "Carnitine (vitamin BT) is a compound which is involved with lipid metabolism. This article deals with the carnitine content of foods and diet, the absorption, transport, storage, and excretion of carnitine in humans. The metabolic functions and biosynthesis of carnitine are also reviewed.", "contents": "Carnitine metabolism in human subjects. I. Normal metabolism. Carnitine (vitamin BT) is a compound which is involved with lipid metabolism. This article deals with the carnitine content of foods and diet, the absorption, transport, storage, and excretion of carnitine in humans. The metabolic functions and biosynthesis of carnitine are also reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:341687", "title": "A technique for analyzing clinical data to provide patient management guidelines.", "content": "This article describes a technique for analyzing clinical data in order to guide patient management decisions. The technique is illustrated by considering a specific decision problem encountered in the management of possible meningitis, namely, whether or not to administer antibiotics while awaiting the results of a CSF bacterial culture. Data from 303 patients with meningitis are analyzed in order to determine which combination of clinical variables best discriminates between bacterial and aseptic cases. From these variables, a probability tree is constructed that indicates the probability of bacterial meningitis, depending on a patient's clinical characteristics. In addition to identifying the most important variables, the analysis reveals that a number of tests performed routinely on patients with meningitis are of questionable diagnostic value.", "contents": "A technique for analyzing clinical data to provide patient management guidelines. This article describes a technique for analyzing clinical data in order to guide patient management decisions. The technique is illustrated by considering a specific decision problem encountered in the management of possible meningitis, namely, whether or not to administer antibiotics while awaiting the results of a CSF bacterial culture. Data from 303 patients with meningitis are analyzed in order to determine which combination of clinical variables best discriminates between bacterial and aseptic cases. From these variables, a probability tree is constructed that indicates the probability of bacterial meningitis, depending on a patient's clinical characteristics. In addition to identifying the most important variables, the analysis reveals that a number of tests performed routinely on patients with meningitis are of questionable diagnostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:341689", "title": "Controlled trial of a new dosage form of carbenoxolone (Pyrogastrone) in the treatment of reflux esophagitis.", "content": "A new preparation combining carbenoxolone sodium with alginate antacid (Pyrogastrone), taken for 8 weeks, was compared with alginate antacid alone (Gaviscon-like) in a controlled double-blind study in 37 patients with endoscopically proved reflux esophagitis. Complete remission or persistence of only minimal symptoms was obtained in 89%, and esophageal ulcer healing was achieved in 100% of subjects taking Pyrogastrone, compared with only 50% (P less than 0.025) and 33% (P equal 0.02), respectively, on control treatment. Complete endoscopic healing or persistence of only minimal inflammation was seen in 95% on Pyrogastrone and 67% of controls (P less than 0.05). Mild biochemical and clinical changes were noted in 9 of 19 patients on Pyrogastrone and 6 of 18 on the control drug, but none required treatment or alteration in regime. Thus Pyrogastrone is more effective in the treatment of reflux esophagitis than the most efficacious compound in current use.", "contents": "Controlled trial of a new dosage form of carbenoxolone (Pyrogastrone) in the treatment of reflux esophagitis. A new preparation combining carbenoxolone sodium with alginate antacid (Pyrogastrone), taken for 8 weeks, was compared with alginate antacid alone (Gaviscon-like) in a controlled double-blind study in 37 patients with endoscopically proved reflux esophagitis. Complete remission or persistence of only minimal symptoms was obtained in 89%, and esophageal ulcer healing was achieved in 100% of subjects taking Pyrogastrone, compared with only 50% (P less than 0.025) and 33% (P equal 0.02), respectively, on control treatment. Complete endoscopic healing or persistence of only minimal inflammation was seen in 95% on Pyrogastrone and 67% of controls (P less than 0.05). Mild biochemical and clinical changes were noted in 9 of 19 patients on Pyrogastrone and 6 of 18 on the control drug, but none required treatment or alteration in regime. Thus Pyrogastrone is more effective in the treatment of reflux esophagitis than the most efficacious compound in current use."}
{"id": "PMID:341690", "title": "In vitro morphological studies on antibody-dependent nonimmune lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in chronic active liver disease.", "content": "Using an in vitro system of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), the killing effect of chronic liver disease sera on target Chang cells, mediated by effector nonimmune lymphocytes (NLy), was studied. NLy destroyed Chang cells in monolayers pretreated with sera of patients with chronic active liver disease (CALD). Sera from these patients with CALD, after receiving steroid therapy, demonstrated a significant decrease of the cytotoxic action of NLy. The target cells treated with sera of normal subjects or patients with chronic persistent hepatitis were only minimally affected. Morphological observations of the cytotoxic action in a CALD serum-treated group showed intimate contact between NLy and the target cells in the areas of the plaques, where large numbers of the target Chang cells were injured and were closely associated with effector NLy. The Chang cells developed cytoplasmic swelling. The surface became ruffled, and intracytoplasmic organelles displayed vesicular degeneration. Thereafter, cell rupture, and fragmentation occurred. The sera in patients with CALD appear to possess a membrane reactive factor, presumably antibody, against the surface membrane of Chang cells. This immunological mode of reaction between the effectors and target cells (ADCC) may be important in the perpetuation and pathogenesis of hepatocyte death in CALD.", "contents": "In vitro morphological studies on antibody-dependent nonimmune lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in chronic active liver disease. Using an in vitro system of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), the killing effect of chronic liver disease sera on target Chang cells, mediated by effector nonimmune lymphocytes (NLy), was studied. NLy destroyed Chang cells in monolayers pretreated with sera of patients with chronic active liver disease (CALD). Sera from these patients with CALD, after receiving steroid therapy, demonstrated a significant decrease of the cytotoxic action of NLy. The target cells treated with sera of normal subjects or patients with chronic persistent hepatitis were only minimally affected. Morphological observations of the cytotoxic action in a CALD serum-treated group showed intimate contact between NLy and the target cells in the areas of the plaques, where large numbers of the target Chang cells were injured and were closely associated with effector NLy. The Chang cells developed cytoplasmic swelling. The surface became ruffled, and intracytoplasmic organelles displayed vesicular degeneration. Thereafter, cell rupture, and fragmentation occurred. The sera in patients with CALD appear to possess a membrane reactive factor, presumably antibody, against the surface membrane of Chang cells. This immunological mode of reaction between the effectors and target cells (ADCC) may be important in the perpetuation and pathogenesis of hepatocyte death in CALD."}
{"id": "PMID:341691", "title": "Follow-up methods to trace women treated for pulmonary tuberculosis, 1930-1954.", "content": "A retrospective cohort study, designed to examine the relationship between multiple chest fluoroscopies and subsequent breast cancer risk, was conducted in which 93.6% of 1764 former sanatorium patients were successfully located. The methodology used to trace former female patients who were treated for pulmonary tuberculosis between 1930 and 1954 (20-45 years before the study began) is presented. Extensive use of city directories and telephone resulted in locating the majority of study subjects. Outpatient medical records and state vital statistics departments were also of value. Searching for death certificates of parents was helpful as the informant named on the certificate was often the woman being traced or her husband. The Postal Service was of limited use. No difference in the proportion of breast cancer cases was found between the more easily traced patients and the last 9.7% of patients who were difficult to locate. Fewer of the last patients located had died, however, than those located without intense effort. Patients lost to follow-up were younger at the time of sanatorium admission, had a higher proportion of Protestants and non-white women, had shorter lengths of hospitalization and had less severe tuberculosis requiring less aggressive treatment than patients located.", "contents": "Follow-up methods to trace women treated for pulmonary tuberculosis, 1930-1954. A retrospective cohort study, designed to examine the relationship between multiple chest fluoroscopies and subsequent breast cancer risk, was conducted in which 93.6% of 1764 former sanatorium patients were successfully located. The methodology used to trace former female patients who were treated for pulmonary tuberculosis between 1930 and 1954 (20-45 years before the study began) is presented. Extensive use of city directories and telephone resulted in locating the majority of study subjects. Outpatient medical records and state vital statistics departments were also of value. Searching for death certificates of parents was helpful as the informant named on the certificate was often the woman being traced or her husband. The Postal Service was of limited use. No difference in the proportion of breast cancer cases was found between the more easily traced patients and the last 9.7% of patients who were difficult to locate. Fewer of the last patients located had died, however, than those located without intense effort. Patients lost to follow-up were younger at the time of sanatorium admission, had a higher proportion of Protestants and non-white women, had shorter lengths of hospitalization and had less severe tuberculosis requiring less aggressive treatment than patients located."}
{"id": "PMID:341692", "title": "Passive immunization against hepatitis B: a review of recent studies and comment on current aspects of control.", "content": "Several independent studies suggest that both hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) made from plasma pools containing high titers of anti-HBs and standard immunoglobulin (IG) containing some anti-HBs may be effective for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis of hepatitis B. Based on a synthesis of current data, it seems reasonable to recommend HBIG for the post-exposure prophylaxis of individuals sustaining accidental needle stick or mucosal exposure to blood known to contain hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). If HBIG is unavailable there is also reason to expect that administration of standard IG which contains some anti-HBs may confer benefit. Although available data regarding prophylaxis of infants born to mothers with HBsAg positive hepatitis at time of delivery are insufficient to warrant firm recommendations on globulin administration, a temporary set of guidelines supporting use of either HBIG or standard IG containing some anti-HBs seems warranted in view of the serious implications for induction of the HBsAg chronic carrier state in infancy. Because appropriate environmental control measures may significantly reduce the transmission of hepatitis B in certain endemic settings such as hemodialysis units or homes for the mentally retarded, IG prophylaxis in these surroundings cannot be routinely recommended. Since current data show no evidence for superiority of HBIG over standard IG in these settings, and because there is some evidence that use of lower anti-HBs titer globulins may provide for acquisition of passive-active immunity, it seems reasonable to suggest that if IG is to be used for pre-exposure prophylaxis, the material to be used should be standard IG containing some anti-HBs.", "contents": "Passive immunization against hepatitis B: a review of recent studies and comment on current aspects of control. Several independent studies suggest that both hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) made from plasma pools containing high titers of anti-HBs and standard immunoglobulin (IG) containing some anti-HBs may be effective for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis of hepatitis B. Based on a synthesis of current data, it seems reasonable to recommend HBIG for the post-exposure prophylaxis of individuals sustaining accidental needle stick or mucosal exposure to blood known to contain hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). If HBIG is unavailable there is also reason to expect that administration of standard IG which contains some anti-HBs may confer benefit. Although available data regarding prophylaxis of infants born to mothers with HBsAg positive hepatitis at time of delivery are insufficient to warrant firm recommendations on globulin administration, a temporary set of guidelines supporting use of either HBIG or standard IG containing some anti-HBs seems warranted in view of the serious implications for induction of the HBsAg chronic carrier state in infancy. Because appropriate environmental control measures may significantly reduce the transmission of hepatitis B in certain endemic settings such as hemodialysis units or homes for the mentally retarded, IG prophylaxis in these surroundings cannot be routinely recommended. Since current data show no evidence for superiority of HBIG over standard IG in these settings, and because there is some evidence that use of lower anti-HBs titer globulins may provide for acquisition of passive-active immunity, it seems reasonable to suggest that if IG is to be used for pre-exposure prophylaxis, the material to be used should be standard IG containing some anti-HBs."}
{"id": "PMID:341695", "title": "Hematopoietic engraftment following transplantation of bone marrow cells carrying a Philadelphia (Ph')-like chromosome.", "content": "A phenotypically normal donor for bone marrow transplantation was found to have a previously unreported karyotype, 46, XY, t(18q+;22q-), resulting in a Ph'-like chromosome. Identification of the Ph'-like chromosome in cultures of skin fibroblasts, phytohemaglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood cells, and bone marrow cells from the marrow donor, but not in cell cultures from siblings or parents, indicated that it represented an acquired somatic mutation. Demonstration of the Ph'-like chromosome in the marrow graft recipient's blood and bone marrow cells after transplantation provided a unique and definitive marker of engraftment. Hematopoiesis appeared normal in both the donor and recipient after transplantation. This study indicates that a mutation creating a Ph'-like chromosome in hematopoietic cells need not produce hematologic abnormality. Presence of this translocation did not appear to interfere with normal hematopoietic or lymphoid differentiation and replication in the transplant setting.", "contents": "Hematopoietic engraftment following transplantation of bone marrow cells carrying a Philadelphia (Ph')-like chromosome. A phenotypically normal donor for bone marrow transplantation was found to have a previously unreported karyotype, 46, XY, t(18q+;22q-), resulting in a Ph'-like chromosome. Identification of the Ph'-like chromosome in cultures of skin fibroblasts, phytohemaglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood cells, and bone marrow cells from the marrow donor, but not in cell cultures from siblings or parents, indicated that it represented an acquired somatic mutation. Demonstration of the Ph'-like chromosome in the marrow graft recipient's blood and bone marrow cells after transplantation provided a unique and definitive marker of engraftment. Hematopoiesis appeared normal in both the donor and recipient after transplantation. This study indicates that a mutation creating a Ph'-like chromosome in hematopoietic cells need not produce hematologic abnormality. Presence of this translocation did not appear to interfere with normal hematopoietic or lymphoid differentiation and replication in the transplant setting."}
{"id": "PMID:341696", "title": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Three patients are reported in whom autoimmune hemolytic anemia developed during the course of ulcerative colitis. A review of the literature yielded 11 additional cases, and the clinical, immunologic, and therapeutic characteristics are summarized. The results of steroid therapy and splenectomy are similar to those for idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The cause and effect relationship between these two diseases is not clear, but colectomy appears to produce remission in hemolysis when the latter is refractory to both steroids and splenectomy.", "contents": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with ulcerative colitis. Three patients are reported in whom autoimmune hemolytic anemia developed during the course of ulcerative colitis. A review of the literature yielded 11 additional cases, and the clinical, immunologic, and therapeutic characteristics are summarized. The results of steroid therapy and splenectomy are similar to those for idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The cause and effect relationship between these two diseases is not clear, but colectomy appears to produce remission in hemolysis when the latter is refractory to both steroids and splenectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:341697", "title": "Acute myelogenous leukemia subsequent to therapy for a different neoplasm: clinical features and response to therapy.", "content": "The clinical characteristics of 10 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) which developed subsequently to treatment for another neoplasm are described. This disease appears to differ from \"spontaneous\" AML in being associated with lesser degrees of leukemic infiltration of the marrow and more frequent chromosomal aberrations. Only one of the nine patients who received chemotherapy attained remission status, and the mean and median survivals from the initiation of chemotherapy were 2.7 months and one month respectively. Nine of the 10 patients died as a result of infection. The refractoriness of this form of AML to chemotherapy was borne out by a review of the literature, which revealed only two remissions in 32 treated patients. The implications for the management of this disease are discussed.", "contents": "Acute myelogenous leukemia subsequent to therapy for a different neoplasm: clinical features and response to therapy. The clinical characteristics of 10 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) which developed subsequently to treatment for another neoplasm are described. This disease appears to differ from \"spontaneous\" AML in being associated with lesser degrees of leukemic infiltration of the marrow and more frequent chromosomal aberrations. Only one of the nine patients who received chemotherapy attained remission status, and the mean and median survivals from the initiation of chemotherapy were 2.7 months and one month respectively. Nine of the 10 patients died as a result of infection. The refractoriness of this form of AML to chemotherapy was borne out by a review of the literature, which revealed only two remissions in 32 treated patients. The implications for the management of this disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341699", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: management of hypothyroidism.", "content": "The therapeutic management of hypothyroidism caused by deficient thyroid hormone production is discussed. The therapeutic use of the following thyroid agents is reviewed: levothyroxine sodium, Thyroid USP, thyroglobulin, liotrix, and liothyronine sodium. Myxedema coma, neonatal hypothyroidism, primary hypothyroidism, and secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism are specific hypothyroid states for which drug therapy is discussed. Levothyroxine sodium is the preferred agent because of consistent potency, restoration of normal, constant serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and ease of interpretation of thyroid hormone levels. Other agents, because they contain T3, result in postabsorptive elevated T3 serum concentrations that may cause thyrotoxic symptoms and reduction of T4 levels. This, in turn, may give rise to misleading estimates of thyroid dosage. Patients with the sick euthyroid or low T3 syndromes are not candidates for thyroid hormone therapy.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: management of hypothyroidism. The therapeutic management of hypothyroidism caused by deficient thyroid hormone production is discussed. The therapeutic use of the following thyroid agents is reviewed: levothyroxine sodium, Thyroid USP, thyroglobulin, liotrix, and liothyronine sodium. Myxedema coma, neonatal hypothyroidism, primary hypothyroidism, and secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism are specific hypothyroid states for which drug therapy is discussed. Levothyroxine sodium is the preferred agent because of consistent potency, restoration of normal, constant serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and ease of interpretation of thyroid hormone levels. Other agents, because they contain T3, result in postabsorptive elevated T3 serum concentrations that may cause thyrotoxic symptoms and reduction of T4 levels. This, in turn, may give rise to misleading estimates of thyroid dosage. Patients with the sick euthyroid or low T3 syndromes are not candidates for thyroid hormone therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:341700", "title": "Regulatory aspects of investigational new drugs.", "content": "Federal regulations governing the introduction of new drugs in the United States are reviewed. The discussion includes the legislative background, what constitutes a \"new drug,\" drug development, investigational new drugs, new drug applications, pharmacist involvement in clinical trials, the approval process and postmarketing surveillance.", "contents": "Regulatory aspects of investigational new drugs. Federal regulations governing the introduction of new drugs in the United States are reviewed. The discussion includes the legislative background, what constitutes a \"new drug,\" drug development, investigational new drugs, new drug applications, pharmacist involvement in clinical trials, the approval process and postmarketing surveillance."}
{"id": "PMID:341711", "title": "Breast cancer: potentially predisposing and protecting factors. Role of pregnancy, lactation, and endocrine status.", "content": "Risk factors of breast cancer have been correlated with the availability of estradiol and estrone. Mechanisms protecting from breast cancer are thought to be due to the mitotic rest of mammary epithelium (low deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis), as encountered during pregnancy and lactation, and to the actions of estriol and progesterone in opposing the \"carcinogenic\" estradiol and estrone.", "contents": "Breast cancer: potentially predisposing and protecting factors. Role of pregnancy, lactation, and endocrine status. Risk factors of breast cancer have been correlated with the availability of estradiol and estrone. Mechanisms protecting from breast cancer are thought to be due to the mitotic rest of mammary epithelium (low deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis), as encountered during pregnancy and lactation, and to the actions of estriol and progesterone in opposing the \"carcinogenic\" estradiol and estrone."}
{"id": "PMID:341712", "title": "Scleral ring as template for corneoscleral graft.", "content": "A 19-year-old woman sustained a corneal laceration in her right eye. After bacterial keratitis was treated by antibiotics and a conjunctival flap, she developed a corneoscleral ectasia. We used a 15-mm diameter scleral ring as a template for corneoscleral graft. We obtained uniform donor and host buttons by suturing the ring alternately to donor and host eyes. One year postoperatively, the patient had a retrograft fibrous membrane with corneal edema, a visual acuity of R.E.: 6/60 (20/200), and intraocular pressure of 16 mm Hg.", "contents": "Scleral ring as template for corneoscleral graft. A 19-year-old woman sustained a corneal laceration in her right eye. After bacterial keratitis was treated by antibiotics and a conjunctival flap, she developed a corneoscleral ectasia. We used a 15-mm diameter scleral ring as a template for corneoscleral graft. We obtained uniform donor and host buttons by suturing the ring alternately to donor and host eyes. One year postoperatively, the patient had a retrograft fibrous membrane with corneal edema, a visual acuity of R.E.: 6/60 (20/200), and intraocular pressure of 16 mm Hg."}
{"id": "PMID:341708", "title": "Endocarditis associated with disseminated group B streptococcal infection.", "content": "Endocarditis due to group B streptococci occurred in two men associated with meningitis in one and septic arthritis in the other. Therapy with penicillin failed in the first patient necessitating aortic valve replacement. Clindamycin therapy was not curative in the second and the patient responded to a four-week course of vancomycin therapy.", "contents": "Endocarditis associated with disseminated group B streptococcal infection. Endocarditis due to group B streptococci occurred in two men associated with meningitis in one and septic arthritis in the other. Therapy with penicillin failed in the first patient necessitating aortic valve replacement. Clindamycin therapy was not curative in the second and the patient responded to a four-week course of vancomycin therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:341720", "title": "Islet cells as a component of pancreatic ductal neoplasms. I. Experimental study: ductular cells, including islet cell precursors, as primary progenitor cells of tumors.", "content": "The ductular complex of the Syrian hamster pancreas represents a system of conduit which encompasses intercalated (intralobular), periinsular, and intrainsular ductules. The intercalated (intralobular) ductules comprise centroacinar and intercalated cells. A meshwork of small ductules (invisible by usual histologic procedures) surrounds islets (periinsular ductules) and extends in the form of often ramified tiny channels within the islet (intrainsular ductules). Although the function of the latter ductules is obscure, their cells seem to make up one of the undifferentiated cellular units of the pancreas, and as such are also the progenitors of beta-cells of the islets (islet cell precursor = IP). Systematic histologic examination of the pancreas in this species treated with pancreatic carcinogen N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine indicated that ductular cells, especially those of periinsular and intrainsular origin, are the most responsive to this carcinogen. The neoplastic process was initiated with hyperplasia of intercalated (intralobular) ductular and interlobular ductal cells associated with newly formed islets (nesidioblastosis). This process was followed by excess formation of mature but especially of immature islet cells and their precursors (IP) in the islet periphery, as well as with the appearance, distention, and multiplication of periinsular and particularly of intrainsular ductules. The hyperplasia, metaplasia, and malignant alteration of these periinsular and intrainsular ductules (including IP) and, to a lesser degree, of intercalated ductules indicated their histogenetic relationship and their potency for reproducing embryonic tissue on carcinogenic stimulus. The similarity of some induced lesions to diabetes has been emphasized.", "contents": "Islet cells as a component of pancreatic ductal neoplasms. I. Experimental study: ductular cells, including islet cell precursors, as primary progenitor cells of tumors. The ductular complex of the Syrian hamster pancreas represents a system of conduit which encompasses intercalated (intralobular), periinsular, and intrainsular ductules. The intercalated (intralobular) ductules comprise centroacinar and intercalated cells. A meshwork of small ductules (invisible by usual histologic procedures) surrounds islets (periinsular ductules) and extends in the form of often ramified tiny channels within the islet (intrainsular ductules). Although the function of the latter ductules is obscure, their cells seem to make up one of the undifferentiated cellular units of the pancreas, and as such are also the progenitors of beta-cells of the islets (islet cell precursor = IP). Systematic histologic examination of the pancreas in this species treated with pancreatic carcinogen N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine indicated that ductular cells, especially those of periinsular and intrainsular origin, are the most responsive to this carcinogen. The neoplastic process was initiated with hyperplasia of intercalated (intralobular) ductular and interlobular ductal cells associated with newly formed islets (nesidioblastosis). This process was followed by excess formation of mature but especially of immature islet cells and their precursors (IP) in the islet periphery, as well as with the appearance, distention, and multiplication of periinsular and particularly of intrainsular ductules. The hyperplasia, metaplasia, and malignant alteration of these periinsular and intrainsular ductules (including IP) and, to a lesser degree, of intercalated ductules indicated their histogenetic relationship and their potency for reproducing embryonic tissue on carcinogenic stimulus. The similarity of some induced lesions to diabetes has been emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:341721", "title": "Implementing the developmental assessment component of the EPSDT program.", "content": "This paper discusses the role of developmental assessment within the EPSDT program, describes efforts to develop guides for implementing this component of the program, and summarizes the \"developmental review\" proposed by the American Association of Psychiatric Services for Children.", "contents": "Implementing the developmental assessment component of the EPSDT program. This paper discusses the role of developmental assessment within the EPSDT program, describes efforts to develop guides for implementing this component of the program, and summarizes the \"developmental review\" proposed by the American Association of Psychiatric Services for Children."}
{"id": "PMID:341722", "title": "Mental health work in children's health centers: learnings from five years' experience.", "content": "A five-year-old program of an EPSDT-kind is examined with respect to 1) its potential for prevention of disabling conditions, and 2) the kinds of problems encountered and solutions attempted. Two glaring needs appear--for stronger support systems, and for more relevant training in outreach work.", "contents": "Mental health work in children's health centers: learnings from five years' experience. A five-year-old program of an EPSDT-kind is examined with respect to 1) its potential for prevention of disabling conditions, and 2) the kinds of problems encountered and solutions attempted. Two glaring needs appear--for stronger support systems, and for more relevant training in outreach work."}
{"id": "PMID:341723", "title": "Developmental assessment in EPSDT: the American Orthopsychiatric Association.", "content": "This study, initially aimed at preparation of a guide for state and local administrators and service providers responsible for EPSDT developmental assessment and treatment, concludes that EPSDT, as currently constituted, cannot adequately meet the urgent developmental needs of the poor children it is meant to serve. Professional and administrative limitations of the program are outlined, and pilot studies to seek sound solutions are suggested.", "contents": "Developmental assessment in EPSDT: the American Orthopsychiatric Association. This study, initially aimed at preparation of a guide for state and local administrators and service providers responsible for EPSDT developmental assessment and treatment, concludes that EPSDT, as currently constituted, cannot adequately meet the urgent developmental needs of the poor children it is meant to serve. Professional and administrative limitations of the program are outlined, and pilot studies to seek sound solutions are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:341724", "title": "Effect of fatty acids on isolated ovine pancreatic islets.", "content": "A procedure was developed for the isolation of intact islets of Langerhans from sheep pancreas. The pancreas was disrupted by syringe injection of Hanks solution followed by collagenase incubation and islet separation by sedimentation. The islets were incubated in varying concentrations of glucose and butyrate. The rate of insulin release was approximately linear while the glucose and butyrate concentrations were increased. In additional studies at 2.5 and 5.0 mM levels of substrate concentration, the stimulation of insulin had the following pattern: octanoate greater than hexanoate greater than butyrate, whereas beta-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, acetate, and propionate had only slight stimulatory effects that were not statistically significant. Decanoate did not alter insulin release from isolated islets. These data confirm earlier in vivo reports that fatty acids stimulate pancreatic hormone release in sheep and that the stimulus is related to chain length of the fatty acid through C-8 but that C-10 has no effect. A hypothesis was suggested to explain these results based on chain length, solubility, and plasma membrane alterations.", "contents": "Effect of fatty acids on isolated ovine pancreatic islets. A procedure was developed for the isolation of intact islets of Langerhans from sheep pancreas. The pancreas was disrupted by syringe injection of Hanks solution followed by collagenase incubation and islet separation by sedimentation. The islets were incubated in varying concentrations of glucose and butyrate. The rate of insulin release was approximately linear while the glucose and butyrate concentrations were increased. In additional studies at 2.5 and 5.0 mM levels of substrate concentration, the stimulation of insulin had the following pattern: octanoate greater than hexanoate greater than butyrate, whereas beta-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, acetate, and propionate had only slight stimulatory effects that were not statistically significant. Decanoate did not alter insulin release from isolated islets. These data confirm earlier in vivo reports that fatty acids stimulate pancreatic hormone release in sheep and that the stimulus is related to chain length of the fatty acid through C-8 but that C-10 has no effect. A hypothesis was suggested to explain these results based on chain length, solubility, and plasma membrane alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:341725", "title": "Ionic basis of electrical activity in cardiac tissues.", "content": "Cardiac electrical events are described in terms of membrane physiology. The concept that cardiac membranes possess specific ionic channels controlled by gates bearing electrical charges is discussed. When open, these channels permit ions to cross the membrane, giving rise to passive inward (depolarizing) and outward (repolarizing) currents. Two different inward and four or five different outward currents appear to be responsible for the development of cardiac electrical activity; both inward currents appear to be controlled by activation and inactivation variables, whereas outward currents are essentially controlled by activation variables and/or inward-going rectifiers. The potential range in which the different currents activate and inactivate (or are limited by inward-going rectification), and the kinetics of activation and inactivation processes explain the development of electrical activity in normal cardiac tissues and in partially depolarized fibers. In addition to passive ionic currents, electrogenic active transport participates in the development of electrical phenomena. The conductance of the membrane for potassium ions and the electrical coupling between cardiac cells depend on the intracellular concentration of calcium ions.", "contents": "Ionic basis of electrical activity in cardiac tissues. Cardiac electrical events are described in terms of membrane physiology. The concept that cardiac membranes possess specific ionic channels controlled by gates bearing electrical charges is discussed. When open, these channels permit ions to cross the membrane, giving rise to passive inward (depolarizing) and outward (repolarizing) currents. Two different inward and four or five different outward currents appear to be responsible for the development of cardiac electrical activity; both inward currents appear to be controlled by activation and inactivation variables, whereas outward currents are essentially controlled by activation variables and/or inward-going rectifiers. The potential range in which the different currents activate and inactivate (or are limited by inward-going rectification), and the kinetics of activation and inactivation processes explain the development of electrical activity in normal cardiac tissues and in partially depolarized fibers. In addition to passive ionic currents, electrogenic active transport participates in the development of electrical phenomena. The conductance of the membrane for potassium ions and the electrical coupling between cardiac cells depend on the intracellular concentration of calcium ions."}
{"id": "PMID:341726", "title": "Adrenal contribution to coronary regulation in the newborn.", "content": "Evidence for adrenergic regulation of the coronary vessels was sought in 27 newborn lambs. Sympathetic activity was altered by temporarily lowering cephalic perfusion pressure (CPP) from 90 to 20 mmHg while aortic pressure was held constant. Heart rate (HR) and left ventricular dP/dt max increased markedly, while end-diastolic pressure and stroke volume fell. These changes were accompanied by an increase in coronary blood flow (CBF), myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2), and reduced coronary resistance (CF) (P less than 0.005). After beta blockade, which prevented an augmentation of metabolic demand, the same maneuver resulted in coronary vasoconstriction, reflected by reduced CBF and increased CR (P less than 0.02). This response was eliminated by alpha blockade with phentolamine (2 mg/kg). In 13 lambs subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy or sham operation, lowering CPP elicited similar positive chronotropic and inotropic changes, increases of MVO2 and CBF, and reduced CR. Following beta blockade, lowering CPP in the sham group caused coronary constriction. However, no changes in CBF or CR were elicited in the adrenalectomized lambs. These observations indicate that integrity of the adrenal glands is required for adrenergic control of the coronary vessels in the newborn. Chronotropic and inotropic regulation is mediated by direct neural action and is not dependent on adrenal function.", "contents": "Adrenal contribution to coronary regulation in the newborn. Evidence for adrenergic regulation of the coronary vessels was sought in 27 newborn lambs. Sympathetic activity was altered by temporarily lowering cephalic perfusion pressure (CPP) from 90 to 20 mmHg while aortic pressure was held constant. Heart rate (HR) and left ventricular dP/dt max increased markedly, while end-diastolic pressure and stroke volume fell. These changes were accompanied by an increase in coronary blood flow (CBF), myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2), and reduced coronary resistance (CF) (P less than 0.005). After beta blockade, which prevented an augmentation of metabolic demand, the same maneuver resulted in coronary vasoconstriction, reflected by reduced CBF and increased CR (P less than 0.02). This response was eliminated by alpha blockade with phentolamine (2 mg/kg). In 13 lambs subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy or sham operation, lowering CPP elicited similar positive chronotropic and inotropic changes, increases of MVO2 and CBF, and reduced CR. Following beta blockade, lowering CPP in the sham group caused coronary constriction. However, no changes in CBF or CR were elicited in the adrenalectomized lambs. These observations indicate that integrity of the adrenal glands is required for adrenergic control of the coronary vessels in the newborn. Chronotropic and inotropic regulation is mediated by direct neural action and is not dependent on adrenal function."}
{"id": "PMID:341728", "title": "Antibody to Escherichia coli enterotoxin in meat-packing workers.", "content": "Meat-packing plant employees exposed to raw animal products had serological evidence of higher infection rates with heat-labile toxin producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (LT-EEC). In those employees with multiple sera available for study over a ten-year period, a drop in mean anti-LT-EEC titer was observed, suggesting altered ecology of or exposure to the organism during this time. Prospective studies need to be done to determine if meat-packing workers actually experience a greater incidence of LT-EEC-induced diarrheal disease.", "contents": "Antibody to Escherichia coli enterotoxin in meat-packing workers. Meat-packing plant employees exposed to raw animal products had serological evidence of higher infection rates with heat-labile toxin producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (LT-EEC). In those employees with multiple sera available for study over a ten-year period, a drop in mean anti-LT-EEC titer was observed, suggesting altered ecology of or exposure to the organism during this time. Prospective studies need to be done to determine if meat-packing workers actually experience a greater incidence of LT-EEC-induced diarrheal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:341729", "title": "Schneiderian papillomas: a clinicopathologic study of 30 cases.", "content": "Schneiderian papillomas are tumors involving the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses that tend to recur. A long-term clinical follow-up of 30 patients revealed histologically confirmed recurrences in 20 of the 30 patients (67%) and probable recurrences in two additional patients (combined recurrence percentage 73%). Recurrences were most frequent within 1-2 years following primary thrapy and were generally more frequent in patients with more extensive disease and involvement of paranasal sinuses. Histologic features were not helpful in predicting recurrence. One patient in the study (1/30 = 3%) developed a carcinoma at the site of a histologically confirmed benign Schneiderian papilloma after four recurrences over a period of 9 years. No patients died from the tumor. Twenty patients were alive and free of disease at last follow-up; four patients died of unrelated causes and without evidence of disease; four patients are alive with evidence of disease; and two patients died with disease but of unrelated causes. These tumors often pursue a relentless local course requiring multiple surgical excisions but are rarely responsible for death of the patient and seldon undergo a malignant \"transformation\" (less than 5%).", "contents": "Schneiderian papillomas: a clinicopathologic study of 30 cases. Schneiderian papillomas are tumors involving the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses that tend to recur. A long-term clinical follow-up of 30 patients revealed histologically confirmed recurrences in 20 of the 30 patients (67%) and probable recurrences in two additional patients (combined recurrence percentage 73%). Recurrences were most frequent within 1-2 years following primary thrapy and were generally more frequent in patients with more extensive disease and involvement of paranasal sinuses. Histologic features were not helpful in predicting recurrence. One patient in the study (1/30 = 3%) developed a carcinoma at the site of a histologically confirmed benign Schneiderian papilloma after four recurrences over a period of 9 years. No patients died from the tumor. Twenty patients were alive and free of disease at last follow-up; four patients died of unrelated causes and without evidence of disease; four patients are alive with evidence of disease; and two patients died with disease but of unrelated causes. These tumors often pursue a relentless local course requiring multiple surgical excisions but are rarely responsible for death of the patient and seldon undergo a malignant \"transformation\" (less than 5%)."}
{"id": "PMID:341732", "title": "Bile acid composition in patients with and without symptoms of postoperative refulx gastritis.", "content": "Reflux of bile into the stomach is common after surgery for duodenal ulcer disease; however, only a minority of patients may develop significant gastritis and pain. Gastric aspirates from two groups of patients after operation for duodenal ulcer were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. Group A patients were asymptomatic and the bile composition was normal. Group B patients were symptomatic and had a significant increase in the secondary bile acid, deoxycholic acid. The concentration of bile acid was similar in the two groups. This alteration in bile acid composition, with an increase in deoxycholic acid, may be an important factor in determining which patients with bile reflux develop gastritis.", "contents": "Bile acid composition in patients with and without symptoms of postoperative refulx gastritis. Reflux of bile into the stomach is common after surgery for duodenal ulcer disease; however, only a minority of patients may develop significant gastritis and pain. Gastric aspirates from two groups of patients after operation for duodenal ulcer were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. Group A patients were asymptomatic and the bile composition was normal. Group B patients were symptomatic and had a significant increase in the secondary bile acid, deoxycholic acid. The concentration of bile acid was similar in the two groups. This alteration in bile acid composition, with an increase in deoxycholic acid, may be an important factor in determining which patients with bile reflux develop gastritis."}
{"id": "PMID:341733", "title": "The effect of metronidazole on the incidence of postoperative wound infection in elective colon surgery.", "content": "A prospective randomized clinical trial assessing the relative effectiveness of erythromycin-neomycin and metronidazole-neomycin as a preoperative bowel preparation was carried out. Bacteriologic studies of feces and colon content revealed no significant difference in the reduction of aerobic bacteria between the two groups. There was, however, a significantly greater reduction in anaerobic bacteria in the feces and colon contents of patients receiving metronidazole. Wound infection rate was 25% in the erythromycin group, and organisms recovered from the wound in all cases were fecal in nature. Two wound infections occurred in the metronidazole group (5%) and in both cases the organisms recovered were staphylococci of presumed skin origin. These studies suggest that anaerobic bacteria are the major contributors to wound infection after colon surgery and that their specific reduction is associated with a lower incidence of wound infection.", "contents": "The effect of metronidazole on the incidence of postoperative wound infection in elective colon surgery. A prospective randomized clinical trial assessing the relative effectiveness of erythromycin-neomycin and metronidazole-neomycin as a preoperative bowel preparation was carried out. Bacteriologic studies of feces and colon content revealed no significant difference in the reduction of aerobic bacteria between the two groups. There was, however, a significantly greater reduction in anaerobic bacteria in the feces and colon contents of patients receiving metronidazole. Wound infection rate was 25% in the erythromycin group, and organisms recovered from the wound in all cases were fecal in nature. Two wound infections occurred in the metronidazole group (5%) and in both cases the organisms recovered were staphylococci of presumed skin origin. These studies suggest that anaerobic bacteria are the major contributors to wound infection after colon surgery and that their specific reduction is associated with a lower incidence of wound infection."}
{"id": "PMID:341737", "title": "[Comparison of the cyanogen bromide peptides of vitreous body collagen and type II collagen (author's transl)].", "content": "Pepsin-soluble collagen was isolated from bovine vitreous humor. This collagen showed only one alpha-chain in disc electrophoresis, migrating in the alpha1-chain position and between the alpha- and beta-components some colored bands were visible. The disc electrophoretic patterns of the cyanogen bromide peptides of pepsin-soluble vitreous body collagen and pepsin-soluble type II collagen revealed no identity.", "contents": "[Comparison of the cyanogen bromide peptides of vitreous body collagen and type II collagen (author's transl)]. Pepsin-soluble collagen was isolated from bovine vitreous humor. This collagen showed only one alpha-chain in disc electrophoresis, migrating in the alpha1-chain position and between the alpha- and beta-components some colored bands were visible. The disc electrophoretic patterns of the cyanogen bromide peptides of pepsin-soluble vitreous body collagen and pepsin-soluble type II collagen revealed no identity."}
{"id": "PMID:341738", "title": "[Synthetic, absorbable suture in eye-muscle surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A synthetic, absorbable suture (Vicryl), was investigated for its usability in eye-muscle surgery. In experimental investigations on animals and strabismus surgery in humans, properties of the suture were compared with those of plain catgut. Histological investigations after modified strabismus surgery on rabbits clearly showed a smaller degree of tissue reaction around the hydrolytically dissolvable synthetic suture than around plain catgut. After implantation of Vicryl or catgut into the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes, within the first eight days both cause infective reactions which were somewhat stronger with Vicryl, which caused more scarring over the iris, than with catgut. One-hundred and eighty strabismus operations on man showed that the synthetic suture handles better and rips less markedly than plain catgut, whereas duration and amount of postoperative irritations are similar. Overreactions and granuloma were rare.", "contents": "[Synthetic, absorbable suture in eye-muscle surgery (author's transl)]. A synthetic, absorbable suture (Vicryl), was investigated for its usability in eye-muscle surgery. In experimental investigations on animals and strabismus surgery in humans, properties of the suture were compared with those of plain catgut. Histological investigations after modified strabismus surgery on rabbits clearly showed a smaller degree of tissue reaction around the hydrolytically dissolvable synthetic suture than around plain catgut. After implantation of Vicryl or catgut into the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes, within the first eight days both cause infective reactions which were somewhat stronger with Vicryl, which caused more scarring over the iris, than with catgut. One-hundred and eighty strabismus operations on man showed that the synthetic suture handles better and rips less markedly than plain catgut, whereas duration and amount of postoperative irritations are similar. Overreactions and granuloma were rare."}
{"id": "PMID:341739", "title": "Atenolol 4% eye drops and glaucoma. A double-blind short-term clinical trial of a new beta1-adrenergic blocking agent.", "content": "We studied the effect of a single dose of atenolol 4% eye drops on 21 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma during a double-blind clinical trial. We monitored intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure, and pulse rate. At three and six h after medication, the average reduction of IOP was 7.3 and 4.1 mm Hg, respectively, compared to the baseline readings without medication. The reduction of IOP at four h after medication was 6.3 mm Hg compared to the pretreatment value. This corresponds to an average change from the pretreatment value of 22%. Blood pressure and pulse rate did not change significantly. We observed no subjective or objective ocular side effects. The duration of the effect of a single dose of atenolol 4% eye drops is approximately six h. Atenolol 4% eye drops may become a useful agent in the medical treatment of glaucoma if a long-term effect and no ocular side effects (especially a local anesthetic effect) can be proven.", "contents": "Atenolol 4% eye drops and glaucoma. A double-blind short-term clinical trial of a new beta1-adrenergic blocking agent. We studied the effect of a single dose of atenolol 4% eye drops on 21 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma during a double-blind clinical trial. We monitored intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure, and pulse rate. At three and six h after medication, the average reduction of IOP was 7.3 and 4.1 mm Hg, respectively, compared to the baseline readings without medication. The reduction of IOP at four h after medication was 6.3 mm Hg compared to the pretreatment value. This corresponds to an average change from the pretreatment value of 22%. Blood pressure and pulse rate did not change significantly. We observed no subjective or objective ocular side effects. The duration of the effect of a single dose of atenolol 4% eye drops is approximately six h. Atenolol 4% eye drops may become a useful agent in the medical treatment of glaucoma if a long-term effect and no ocular side effects (especially a local anesthetic effect) can be proven."}
{"id": "PMID:341741", "title": "Then and now. Anaesthesia thirty years ago (1947) Volume 2.", "content": "The year 1947 was a year of consolidation for the specialty of anaesthesia in Britain. The medical profession in the United Kingdom was poised between the old order of the voluntary hospitals and the new order of the National Health Service. Anaesthetists had gained a new status as a result of their wartime service and the occasional anaesthetist was about to be replaced by the full time specialist consulants. Volume 2 of Anaesthesia reflects this change. It reviews the past, both political and scientific and looks forward to the future with anticipation tinged with some apprehension.", "contents": "Then and now. Anaesthesia thirty years ago (1947) Volume 2. The year 1947 was a year of consolidation for the specialty of anaesthesia in Britain. The medical profession in the United Kingdom was poised between the old order of the voluntary hospitals and the new order of the National Health Service. Anaesthetists had gained a new status as a result of their wartime service and the occasional anaesthetist was about to be replaced by the full time specialist consulants. Volume 2 of Anaesthesia reflects this change. It reviews the past, both political and scientific and looks forward to the future with anticipation tinged with some apprehension."}
{"id": "PMID:341748", "title": "[Investigations on knowledge of the pancreas before Vesal, with special regard to the anatomical technique in the 16th and 17th century (author's transl)].", "content": "In the centuries before Vesal is the pancreas described. The name \"pancreas\" is created by Galenos (1565). This organ has after Galenos (1565) a function of cushion. The supposition that the pancreas is a gland is created by Berengario da Carpi (1521). The technique of the anatomical section is the basis on knowledge of VESAL. He has created many instruments.", "contents": "[Investigations on knowledge of the pancreas before Vesal, with special regard to the anatomical technique in the 16th and 17th century (author's transl)]. In the centuries before Vesal is the pancreas described. The name \"pancreas\" is created by Galenos (1565). This organ has after Galenos (1565) a function of cushion. The supposition that the pancreas is a gland is created by Berengario da Carpi (1521). The technique of the anatomical section is the basis on knowledge of VESAL. He has created many instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:341759", "title": "Current trends in the management of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula.", "content": "The present trends in care have been reviewed. There is an inclination for the use of the patient's esophagus when at all possible rather than resort to interposition. Following the evolution of treatment for the primary tracheoesophageal anomalies, current efforts are being directed toward treatment of associated anomalies and long-term problems associated with the lesions. The result has been an overall improved survival rate and decrease in morbidity.", "contents": "Current trends in the management of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. The present trends in care have been reviewed. There is an inclination for the use of the patient's esophagus when at all possible rather than resort to interposition. Following the evolution of treatment for the primary tracheoesophageal anomalies, current efforts are being directed toward treatment of associated anomalies and long-term problems associated with the lesions. The result has been an overall improved survival rate and decrease in morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:341760", "title": "Does skin have antimicrobial properties? An in-vitro experiment and literature review.", "content": "Skin grafts placed over burn wounds were first reported to reduce bacterial growth levels about 20 years ago. Recently, three separate groups of investigators have studied effects of skin in vitro in order to better understand the mechanism of this in vivo phenomenon. Although significant bacterial inhibition was not found, the interaction of host tissue factors with the skin which is possible in vivo was not included in these experiments. Hence, the question of in vitro activity of skin was still not resolved. In this experiment human and pig skin, fresh and preserved, intact and homogenated, were all tested separately with and without active serum against four representative bacteria and one fungus, individually and in mixed cultures. No growth inhibition was observed under any circumstances on daily review for up to three-week periods. In light of conflicting reports related to antibacterial effects of skin grafts used clinically, it now seems important to definitively clarify whether skin really possesses antibacterial properties in vivo.", "contents": "Does skin have antimicrobial properties? An in-vitro experiment and literature review. Skin grafts placed over burn wounds were first reported to reduce bacterial growth levels about 20 years ago. Recently, three separate groups of investigators have studied effects of skin in vitro in order to better understand the mechanism of this in vivo phenomenon. Although significant bacterial inhibition was not found, the interaction of host tissue factors with the skin which is possible in vivo was not included in these experiments. Hence, the question of in vitro activity of skin was still not resolved. In this experiment human and pig skin, fresh and preserved, intact and homogenated, were all tested separately with and without active serum against four representative bacteria and one fungus, individually and in mixed cultures. No growth inhibition was observed under any circumstances on daily review for up to three-week periods. In light of conflicting reports related to antibacterial effects of skin grafts used clinically, it now seems important to definitively clarify whether skin really possesses antibacterial properties in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:341761", "title": "[Burns in children. Experience of 53 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of 53 children admitted during a 20-month period to the Hospital for burns due to hot liquids is reported 88.6% were under three. 34 children were seen during spring and fall months. Most patients were recently burnt and in the majority of cases (27) burned surface was under 20%. l.v. fluids were used in 17 cases and management protocol included: Closed local care after the 3rd or 4th day with nitrofurazone cream and antibiotics only in selected cases. Mortality was 5.5% (three cases) due to acute renal failure at the 3rd, 5th and 10th days. 24.5% had a local infection in the first two weeks, gram negative bacteria being present in 75% of these cases. 33.2% (18 cases) required grafting. This was more frequently needed in boiling oil burns. In seven cases, grafting was necessary before the 30th day (average 23.2 days), and in the remaining patients after this time (average 42.1 days). Authors advise a strict prevention of acute rend failure and early grafting.", "contents": "[Burns in children. Experience of 53 cases (author's transl)]. A series of 53 children admitted during a 20-month period to the Hospital for burns due to hot liquids is reported 88.6% were under three. 34 children were seen during spring and fall months. Most patients were recently burnt and in the majority of cases (27) burned surface was under 20%. l.v. fluids were used in 17 cases and management protocol included: Closed local care after the 3rd or 4th day with nitrofurazone cream and antibiotics only in selected cases. Mortality was 5.5% (three cases) due to acute renal failure at the 3rd, 5th and 10th days. 24.5% had a local infection in the first two weeks, gram negative bacteria being present in 75% of these cases. 33.2% (18 cases) required grafting. This was more frequently needed in boiling oil burns. In seven cases, grafting was necessary before the 30th day (average 23.2 days), and in the remaining patients after this time (average 42.1 days). Authors advise a strict prevention of acute rend failure and early grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:341762", "title": "[Antimicrobial factors in milk and colostrum: their importance for the newborn infant (author's transl)].", "content": "The antimicrobial activity of various proteins and other substances in milk and colostrum is discussed. These factors include antibodies, complement, lactoferrin and transferrin, lactoperoxidase and lysozyme. The possible importance of these factors in protecting the newborn infant against infectious diseases is discussed.", "contents": "[Antimicrobial factors in milk and colostrum: their importance for the newborn infant (author's transl)]. The antimicrobial activity of various proteins and other substances in milk and colostrum is discussed. These factors include antibodies, complement, lactoferrin and transferrin, lactoperoxidase and lysozyme. The possible importance of these factors in protecting the newborn infant against infectious diseases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341763", "title": "[Complications on two cases of peritoneal dialysis (authors transl)].", "content": "Two newborns with abdominal perforation during peritoneal dialysis are presented. The first probably before dialysis and the second iatrogenic. Both needed surgical intervention. Incidence in children in comparation with adults is discussed. Severe clinic complications of both patients that needed complete parenteral nutrition, mechanic ventilation and treatment of Candida sepsis are comented. Both survived without sequels in spite of severe complications.", "contents": "[Complications on two cases of peritoneal dialysis (authors transl)]. Two newborns with abdominal perforation during peritoneal dialysis are presented. The first probably before dialysis and the second iatrogenic. Both needed surgical intervention. Incidence in children in comparation with adults is discussed. Severe clinic complications of both patients that needed complete parenteral nutrition, mechanic ventilation and treatment of Candida sepsis are comented. Both survived without sequels in spite of severe complications."}
{"id": "PMID:341773", "title": "[Group B streptococci: serotyping data and susceptibility to antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of the prevalence of group B streptococci in women (covering 6,000 samples) shows the vaginal presence to be comprised between 6.34 and 16.8%. The highest rate is found in a Centre for venereal diseases. The use of selective media results in a 50 to 75% increase in the number of germ-carries. The distribution found after serotyping of 1,469 strains has been studied. Over half of the strains isolated from the vagina and from infants belong to serotype II and III, one third of the strains causing serious infections are of type III; however, there is a wide dispersion of the serotypes found in neonatal infections. The test for pigmentation on Columbia medium offers an excellent approach for the diagnosis of group B streptococci. MIC testing of 7 antibiotics for 782 strains of various serotypes demonstrates high susceptibility to the beta-lactam antibiotics and makes it possible to detect rare strains with features of polyresistance to chloramphenicol and some macrolide antibiotics.", "contents": "[Group B streptococci: serotyping data and susceptibility to antibiotics (author's transl)]. A study of the prevalence of group B streptococci in women (covering 6,000 samples) shows the vaginal presence to be comprised between 6.34 and 16.8%. The highest rate is found in a Centre for venereal diseases. The use of selective media results in a 50 to 75% increase in the number of germ-carries. The distribution found after serotyping of 1,469 strains has been studied. Over half of the strains isolated from the vagina and from infants belong to serotype II and III, one third of the strains causing serious infections are of type III; however, there is a wide dispersion of the serotypes found in neonatal infections. The test for pigmentation on Columbia medium offers an excellent approach for the diagnosis of group B streptococci. MIC testing of 7 antibiotics for 782 strains of various serotypes demonstrates high susceptibility to the beta-lactam antibiotics and makes it possible to detect rare strains with features of polyresistance to chloramphenicol and some macrolide antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:341775", "title": "The effect of digoxin on the contractility of transplanted heart.", "content": "The effects of digoxin on the contractility of orthotopically transplanted heart was studied in dogs. Intravenously administered digoxin produced a fall in the rate and output of the transplanted heart without any change in stroke volume, whereas the output of the intact heart was slightly improved due to a small increase of stroke volume. This difference was thought to be due to the action of digitalis which is mediated via the nervous pathways, which are interrupted in the transplanted heart.", "contents": "The effect of digoxin on the contractility of transplanted heart. The effects of digoxin on the contractility of orthotopically transplanted heart was studied in dogs. Intravenously administered digoxin produced a fall in the rate and output of the transplanted heart without any change in stroke volume, whereas the output of the intact heart was slightly improved due to a small increase of stroke volume. This difference was thought to be due to the action of digitalis which is mediated via the nervous pathways, which are interrupted in the transplanted heart."}
{"id": "PMID:341776", "title": "Inhibition of human neutrophil chemotaxis by corticosteroids.", "content": "A direct inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on granulocyte chemotaxis has been demonstrated with an increasing inhibition between concentrations of 5 microgram to 12.5 microgram per ml. Washing the granulocytes after incubation with hydrocortisone did not reverse the inhibitory effect on chemotaxis indicating a direct cellular effect. Bacteriocidal capacity of the hydrocortisone treated cells was not reduced. These studies indicate corticosteroids, alter motility of granulocytes irreversibly possibly by incorporation into the cell membrane.", "contents": "Inhibition of human neutrophil chemotaxis by corticosteroids. A direct inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on granulocyte chemotaxis has been demonstrated with an increasing inhibition between concentrations of 5 microgram to 12.5 microgram per ml. Washing the granulocytes after incubation with hydrocortisone did not reverse the inhibitory effect on chemotaxis indicating a direct cellular effect. Bacteriocidal capacity of the hydrocortisone treated cells was not reduced. These studies indicate corticosteroids, alter motility of granulocytes irreversibly possibly by incorporation into the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:341799", "title": "[Biological properties of L-asparaginase preparations from E. coli in cell cultures].", "content": "Non-specific cytotoxicity and specific antitumor activity of 5 preparations of L-asparaginase from E. coli were studied. Two cell line, i.e. the asparagine-dependent (Berkitt lymphoma cells) and asparagin-independent (human ovary cancer cells) were used as the test-system. Incorporation of 3H-thimidine into DNA was the criterion of the preparation effect on the cells. Preparation I with the specific activity of 60-90 IU per 1 mg of protein obtained at the first stages of purification had high non-specific cytotoxicity. Preparation II obtained after further purification of preparation I, as well as preparation II without any stabilizer with the specific activity of 200 IU/mg were not inferior to the \"Bayer\" preparation by their biological properties. Addition of L-asparaginase to the preparation as a stabilizer of excessive glycine (preparation IV) increased its non-specific cytotoxicity and interfered with the study of its properties in the cell systems. Mannitol (preparation V) had no effect on the biological activity of L-asparaginase preparation.", "contents": "[Biological properties of L-asparaginase preparations from E. coli in cell cultures]. Non-specific cytotoxicity and specific antitumor activity of 5 preparations of L-asparaginase from E. coli were studied. Two cell line, i.e. the asparagine-dependent (Berkitt lymphoma cells) and asparagin-independent (human ovary cancer cells) were used as the test-system. Incorporation of 3H-thimidine into DNA was the criterion of the preparation effect on the cells. Preparation I with the specific activity of 60-90 IU per 1 mg of protein obtained at the first stages of purification had high non-specific cytotoxicity. Preparation II obtained after further purification of preparation I, as well as preparation II without any stabilizer with the specific activity of 200 IU/mg were not inferior to the \"Bayer\" preparation by their biological properties. Addition of L-asparaginase to the preparation as a stabilizer of excessive glycine (preparation IV) increased its non-specific cytotoxicity and interfered with the study of its properties in the cell systems. Mannitol (preparation V) had no effect on the biological activity of L-asparaginase preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:341800", "title": "[Physiological characteristics of Salmonella typhimurium treated with penicillin].", "content": "Growing bacteria of the two strains of Salmonella typhimurium differing in the sensitivity levels to UV-light formed multinuclear non-septal filaments in the penicillin-containing nutrient medium. The maximum number of the lifefull filaments was formed by the 4th hour of incubation in the beaf-peptone broth at a temperature of 37 degrees C in the presence of 5 gamma/ml of penicillin. The strains exposed to penicillin were less sensitive to UV-light. Exclusion of penicillin from the nutrient medium resulted in a new division of the filamentous cells and reduction of the initial UV-light sensitivity level. It was concluded that the low UV-light sensitivity level of the filaments induced by penicillin was associated with their multinuclear state.", "contents": "[Physiological characteristics of Salmonella typhimurium treated with penicillin]. Growing bacteria of the two strains of Salmonella typhimurium differing in the sensitivity levels to UV-light formed multinuclear non-septal filaments in the penicillin-containing nutrient medium. The maximum number of the lifefull filaments was formed by the 4th hour of incubation in the beaf-peptone broth at a temperature of 37 degrees C in the presence of 5 gamma/ml of penicillin. The strains exposed to penicillin were less sensitive to UV-light. Exclusion of penicillin from the nutrient medium resulted in a new division of the filamentous cells and reduction of the initial UV-light sensitivity level. It was concluded that the low UV-light sensitivity level of the filaments induced by penicillin was associated with their multinuclear state."}
{"id": "PMID:341801", "title": "Apparent bisexual behavior of yeast strains obtained from hybridization of industrial yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces with auxotrophic diploids.", "content": "During a genetic study of some hybrids of brewer's and distiller's yeast strains with impaired sporulation characteristics and genetically marked auxotrophic aa and alpha alpha diploids, strains which showed positive mating reactions with both a and alpha haploid tester strains were observed. These strains proved to be homothallic and sporulated freely. The original hybrids, which appeared to be tetraploid, usually yielded sporulating single-spore clones on dissection of asci formed from them, with few or no mating strains among them. Dissection of asci from these clones yielded some single-spore clones which showed mating reactions with one or the other or both haploid tester strains, and further selection produced strains which on sporulation and dissection yielded single-spore clones which were apparently bisexual and sporulated freely. These strains proved to be homothallic, yielding single-spore clones which were all of the a mating type, and in which the mating reaction and, possibly, the action of the genes for homothallism were impaired, so that sporulating, non-mating diploids and haploids of both mating types were present in cultures originally obtained as single-spore clones.", "contents": "Apparent bisexual behavior of yeast strains obtained from hybridization of industrial yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces with auxotrophic diploids. During a genetic study of some hybrids of brewer's and distiller's yeast strains with impaired sporulation characteristics and genetically marked auxotrophic aa and alpha alpha diploids, strains which showed positive mating reactions with both a and alpha haploid tester strains were observed. These strains proved to be homothallic and sporulated freely. The original hybrids, which appeared to be tetraploid, usually yielded sporulating single-spore clones on dissection of asci formed from them, with few or no mating strains among them. Dissection of asci from these clones yielded some single-spore clones which showed mating reactions with one or the other or both haploid tester strains, and further selection produced strains which on sporulation and dissection yielded single-spore clones which were apparently bisexual and sporulated freely. These strains proved to be homothallic, yielding single-spore clones which were all of the a mating type, and in which the mating reaction and, possibly, the action of the genes for homothallism were impaired, so that sporulating, non-mating diploids and haploids of both mating types were present in cultures originally obtained as single-spore clones."}
{"id": "PMID:341802", "title": "Characterization of some fish and shrimp spoiling bacteria.", "content": "The classification of some important groups of bacteria involved in fish and shrimp spoilage was studied. Trimethylamine is produced by Pseudomonas putrefaciens, a \"non-defined\" group resembling Ps. putrefaciens, Photobacterium spp. and some Moraxella-like bacteria. Hypoxanthine is produced by the same groups of bacteria except the last named and also by the \"typical shrimp spoilers\" (presumptive Alteromonas). Strong off-odours are produced on fresh fish by Ps. putrefaciens, dextrose-oxidative Pseudomonas spp. (Groups I and II according to Shewan, Hobbs and Hodgkiss, 1960), the above mentioned \"non-defined\" group and by only some of the \"typical shrimp spoilers\", whereas Moraxella-like bacteria and Photobacterium spp. failed to produce strong odours. Strong off-odours are produced on boiled shrimp by the \"typical shrimp spoilers\" (presumptive Altermonas). Ps. putrefaciens, the dextrose-oxidative Pseudomonas spp. and the \"non-defined\" group; Moraxella-like bacteria produced less offensive odours or none, nor did Photobacterium.", "contents": "Characterization of some fish and shrimp spoiling bacteria. The classification of some important groups of bacteria involved in fish and shrimp spoilage was studied. Trimethylamine is produced by Pseudomonas putrefaciens, a \"non-defined\" group resembling Ps. putrefaciens, Photobacterium spp. and some Moraxella-like bacteria. Hypoxanthine is produced by the same groups of bacteria except the last named and also by the \"typical shrimp spoilers\" (presumptive Alteromonas). Strong off-odours are produced on fresh fish by Ps. putrefaciens, dextrose-oxidative Pseudomonas spp. (Groups I and II according to Shewan, Hobbs and Hodgkiss, 1960), the above mentioned \"non-defined\" group and by only some of the \"typical shrimp spoilers\", whereas Moraxella-like bacteria and Photobacterium spp. failed to produce strong odours. Strong off-odours are produced on boiled shrimp by the \"typical shrimp spoilers\" (presumptive Altermonas). Ps. putrefaciens, the dextrose-oxidative Pseudomonas spp. and the \"non-defined\" group; Moraxella-like bacteria produced less offensive odours or none, nor did Photobacterium."}
{"id": "PMID:341806", "title": "Comparison of miniaturized multitest systems with conventional methodology for identification of Enterobacteriaceae from foods.", "content": "Four miniaturized multiple test systems were compared with tube methodology used to identify Enterobacteriaceae encountered in foods. Identification aids supplied with each system were used to assign names to isolates at the species level. For the 129 strains tested, the Minitek system demonstrated a 96.9 percent agreement with reactions in tubed media. The Inolex, Analytab, and PathoTec test systems exhibited 94.3, 93.8, and 92.7 percent agreement, respectively. Analytab identified 96.1 percent of the isolates to the species level, whereas the Minitek, PathoTec, and Inolex systems were able to identify 78.3, 32.6, and 27.1 percent, respectively. The results indicate that the Analytab and Minitek systems are acceptable substitutes for the tube methodology routinely employed in identifying enterics from foods. Although the PathoTec system might be used to screen isolates for their identity, neither the presently available PathoTec nor the Inolex systems should be substituted for current methodology when definitive identification of foodborne organisms is required.", "contents": "Comparison of miniaturized multitest systems with conventional methodology for identification of Enterobacteriaceae from foods. Four miniaturized multiple test systems were compared with tube methodology used to identify Enterobacteriaceae encountered in foods. Identification aids supplied with each system were used to assign names to isolates at the species level. For the 129 strains tested, the Minitek system demonstrated a 96.9 percent agreement with reactions in tubed media. The Inolex, Analytab, and PathoTec test systems exhibited 94.3, 93.8, and 92.7 percent agreement, respectively. Analytab identified 96.1 percent of the isolates to the species level, whereas the Minitek, PathoTec, and Inolex systems were able to identify 78.3, 32.6, and 27.1 percent, respectively. The results indicate that the Analytab and Minitek systems are acceptable substitutes for the tube methodology routinely employed in identifying enterics from foods. Although the PathoTec system might be used to screen isolates for their identity, neither the presently available PathoTec nor the Inolex systems should be substituted for current methodology when definitive identification of foodborne organisms is required."}
{"id": "PMID:341807", "title": "Application of the fluorescent-antibody technique to the study of a methanogenic bacterium in lake sediments.", "content": "Fluorescent antibody (FA) was prepared for a methanogenic bacterium isolated from Wintergreen Lake pelagic sediment. The isolate resembles Methanobacterium formicicum. The FA did not cross-react with 9 other methanogens, including M. formicicum strains, or 24 heterotrophs, 18 of which had been isolated from Wintergreen Lake sediment. FA-reacting methanogens were detected in heat-fixed smears of several different lake sediments and anaerobic sewage sludge. Pretreatment of all samples with either rhodamine-conjugated geletin or bovine serum albumin adequately controlled nonspecific absorption of the FA. Autofluorescent particles were observed in the sediment samples but, with experience, they could easily be distinguished from FA-reacting bacteria. FA direct counts of the specific methanogen in Wintergreen Lake sediments were made on four different sampling dates and compared with five-tube most-probable-number estimates of the total methanogenic population that was present in the same samples. The FA counts ranged from 3.1 X 10(6) to 1.4 X 10(7)/g of dry sediment. The highest most-probable-number estimates were at least an order ofmagnitude lower.", "contents": "Application of the fluorescent-antibody technique to the study of a methanogenic bacterium in lake sediments. Fluorescent antibody (FA) was prepared for a methanogenic bacterium isolated from Wintergreen Lake pelagic sediment. The isolate resembles Methanobacterium formicicum. The FA did not cross-react with 9 other methanogens, including M. formicicum strains, or 24 heterotrophs, 18 of which had been isolated from Wintergreen Lake sediment. FA-reacting methanogens were detected in heat-fixed smears of several different lake sediments and anaerobic sewage sludge. Pretreatment of all samples with either rhodamine-conjugated geletin or bovine serum albumin adequately controlled nonspecific absorption of the FA. Autofluorescent particles were observed in the sediment samples but, with experience, they could easily be distinguished from FA-reacting bacteria. FA direct counts of the specific methanogen in Wintergreen Lake sediments were made on four different sampling dates and compared with five-tube most-probable-number estimates of the total methanogenic population that was present in the same samples. The FA counts ranged from 3.1 X 10(6) to 1.4 X 10(7)/g of dry sediment. The highest most-probable-number estimates were at least an order ofmagnitude lower."}
{"id": "PMID:341808", "title": "Comparison of Andersen eight-stage and two-stage viable air samplers.", "content": "The two-stage, disposable Andersen air sampler gave lower values for aerial concentration of bacterial colony-forming particles than did the eight-stage Andersen viable air sampler in either a swine house or a classroom.", "contents": "Comparison of Andersen eight-stage and two-stage viable air samplers. The two-stage, disposable Andersen air sampler gave lower values for aerial concentration of bacterial colony-forming particles than did the eight-stage Andersen viable air sampler in either a swine house or a classroom."}
{"id": "PMID:341809", "title": "Multichannel electrochemical microbial detection unit.", "content": "A compact multichannel unit for electrochemical detection of microorganisms that automatically displays detection time length is described. This unit was successfully tested with various members of the Enterobacteriaceae group.", "contents": "Multichannel electrochemical microbial detection unit. A compact multichannel unit for electrochemical detection of microorganisms that automatically displays detection time length is described. This unit was successfully tested with various members of the Enterobacteriaceae group."}
{"id": "PMID:341810", "title": "Enhancing nitrite inhibition of Clostridium botulinum with isoascorbate in perishable canned cured meat.", "content": "Addition of sodium isoascorbate to the formulation for perishable canned comminuted cured meat markedly enhanced the efficacy of nitrite against Clostridium botulinum. This effect was reproducible through a series of three tests. In one test it was found that the initial addition of 50 microgram of sodium nitrite per g plus isoascorbate was as effective as 156 microgram of sodium nitrite per g alone.", "contents": "Enhancing nitrite inhibition of Clostridium botulinum with isoascorbate in perishable canned cured meat. Addition of sodium isoascorbate to the formulation for perishable canned comminuted cured meat markedly enhanced the efficacy of nitrite against Clostridium botulinum. This effect was reproducible through a series of three tests. In one test it was found that the initial addition of 50 microgram of sodium nitrite per g plus isoascorbate was as effective as 156 microgram of sodium nitrite per g alone."}
{"id": "PMID:341811", "title": "Breaks induced in the deoxyribonucleic acid of aerosolized Escherichia coli by ozonized cyclohexene.", "content": "The inactivation of aerosolized Escherichia coli by ozone, cyclohexene, and ozonized cyclohexene was studied. The parameters for damage were loss of reproduction and introduction of breaks in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Aerosolization of E. coli in clean air at 80 percent relative humidity or in air containing either ozone or cyclohexene hardly affected survival; however, some breaks per DNA molecule were induced, as shown by sucrose gradient sedimentation of the DNA. Aerosolization of E. coli in air containing ozonized cyclohexene at 80 percent relative humidity decreased the survival by a factor of 10(3) or more after 1 h of exposure and induced many breaks in the DNA.", "contents": "Breaks induced in the deoxyribonucleic acid of aerosolized Escherichia coli by ozonized cyclohexene. The inactivation of aerosolized Escherichia coli by ozone, cyclohexene, and ozonized cyclohexene was studied. The parameters for damage were loss of reproduction and introduction of breaks in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Aerosolization of E. coli in clean air at 80 percent relative humidity or in air containing either ozone or cyclohexene hardly affected survival; however, some breaks per DNA molecule were induced, as shown by sucrose gradient sedimentation of the DNA. Aerosolization of E. coli in air containing ozonized cyclohexene at 80 percent relative humidity decreased the survival by a factor of 10(3) or more after 1 h of exposure and induced many breaks in the DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:341815", "title": "Tail formation in man. Some historical notes on a case report.", "content": "In a newborn boy, a tumor was removed from the coccygeal area. The growth was identical in all respects to the caudal formations in human described in the literature. A few medical-historical aspects are discussed.", "contents": "Tail formation in man. Some historical notes on a case report. In a newborn boy, a tumor was removed from the coccygeal area. The growth was identical in all respects to the caudal formations in human described in the literature. A few medical-historical aspects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341821", "title": "Renal allograft fracture: clinicopathological study of 21 cases.", "content": "Experience with renal allograft fracture occurring in 21 of 246 transplants performed over a 29-month period is reviewed. Clinical manifestations included pain and tenderness at the graft site, fever, and falling hematocrit. The fracture occurred without exception in the course of an acute rejection episode. Diagnosis was made from two days to seven weeks following transplantation; in 13 patients (62%) diagnosis was made within two weeks of surgery. Severe damage to the kidney necessitated nephrectomy in all but two transplants. Of those not removed at initial exploration only one regained function to permit a dialysis-free existance for several months. Histologic examination of the fractured kidneys revealed the pathogenesis to be acute rejection in 13 (62%), accelerated acute rejection in four (19%), and a combination of these processes in four (19%). Conclusions from this study are that fractures of renal allografts: (1) are more frequent than commonly realized; (2) are primarily due to the swelling of acute rejection; (3) are often characterized by sudden onset of pain in the region of the graft accompanied by fever and falling hematocrit; (4) should be treated by prompt surgical intervention to control hemorrhage, to perform nephrectomy if indicated, and to evacuate the hematoma in order to reduce the possibility of secondary infection.", "contents": "Renal allograft fracture: clinicopathological study of 21 cases. Experience with renal allograft fracture occurring in 21 of 246 transplants performed over a 29-month period is reviewed. Clinical manifestations included pain and tenderness at the graft site, fever, and falling hematocrit. The fracture occurred without exception in the course of an acute rejection episode. Diagnosis was made from two days to seven weeks following transplantation; in 13 patients (62%) diagnosis was made within two weeks of surgery. Severe damage to the kidney necessitated nephrectomy in all but two transplants. Of those not removed at initial exploration only one regained function to permit a dialysis-free existance for several months. Histologic examination of the fractured kidneys revealed the pathogenesis to be acute rejection in 13 (62%), accelerated acute rejection in four (19%), and a combination of these processes in four (19%). Conclusions from this study are that fractures of renal allografts: (1) are more frequent than commonly realized; (2) are primarily due to the swelling of acute rejection; (3) are often characterized by sudden onset of pain in the region of the graft accompanied by fever and falling hematocrit; (4) should be treated by prompt surgical intervention to control hemorrhage, to perform nephrectomy if indicated, and to evacuate the hematoma in order to reduce the possibility of secondary infection."}
{"id": "PMID:341822", "title": "Hypothermic lung preservation functions, six or more years later.", "content": "The functions of each lung were measured 41 and 79 months following hypothermic twenty-four four lung preservation and autotransplantation in six and four dogs respectively. Functional results were compared with long-term autotransplanted canine lungs. Compliance, total lung capacity, functional reserve capacity and ventilation of preserved lungs were similar to autotransplanted lungs, and only slightly decreased as compared with normal animals. There was no statistically significant difference between the pulmonary diffusion capacity and oxygen uptake of the preserved and autotransplanted lungs group and autotransplants alone. However, in both groups, diffusion capacity and oxygen uptake were decreased as compared with intact animals. Pulmonary hypertension was found on occlusion of the contralateral lung's artery: it was due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance. No gross narrowing of the pulmonary artery or venous anastomosis was found that could explain the increased resistance. Diffuse emphysema of various degrees was observed in all animals. This study seems to indicate that hypothermic preservation of the lung does not affect significantly the long-term functional ability of the organ, and probably will have practical value in future clinical lung transplantation.", "contents": "Hypothermic lung preservation functions, six or more years later. The functions of each lung were measured 41 and 79 months following hypothermic twenty-four four lung preservation and autotransplantation in six and four dogs respectively. Functional results were compared with long-term autotransplanted canine lungs. Compliance, total lung capacity, functional reserve capacity and ventilation of preserved lungs were similar to autotransplanted lungs, and only slightly decreased as compared with normal animals. There was no statistically significant difference between the pulmonary diffusion capacity and oxygen uptake of the preserved and autotransplanted lungs group and autotransplants alone. However, in both groups, diffusion capacity and oxygen uptake were decreased as compared with intact animals. Pulmonary hypertension was found on occlusion of the contralateral lung's artery: it was due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance. No gross narrowing of the pulmonary artery or venous anastomosis was found that could explain the increased resistance. Diffuse emphysema of various degrees was observed in all animals. This study seems to indicate that hypothermic preservation of the lung does not affect significantly the long-term functional ability of the organ, and probably will have practical value in future clinical lung transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:341817", "title": "[An epidemic of bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae, type 1, in Mogadiscio].", "content": "An epidemic of bacillary dysentery broke out at Mogadiscio in the first months of 1976 produced by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 supplanting all other familiers of Shigella before present in the zone. The date are relative to 675 cases with 27 deceased. The hydrological origin of epidemy was not probable.", "contents": "[An epidemic of bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae, type 1, in Mogadiscio]. An epidemic of bacillary dysentery broke out at Mogadiscio in the first months of 1976 produced by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 supplanting all other familiers of Shigella before present in the zone. The date are relative to 675 cases with 27 deceased. The hydrological origin of epidemy was not probable."}
{"id": "PMID:341824", "title": "Successful renal vein reconstruction with bovine arterial heterografts.", "content": "Extensive damage to a short right renal vein complicated transplant surgery in two patients. The use of a segment of modified bovine arterial heterograft permitted successful transplantation in both cases. These results are in contrast to the reported inability of bovine arterial heterografts to remain patent elsewhere in the systemic venous system.", "contents": "Successful renal vein reconstruction with bovine arterial heterografts. Extensive damage to a short right renal vein complicated transplant surgery in two patients. The use of a segment of modified bovine arterial heterograft permitted successful transplantation in both cases. These results are in contrast to the reported inability of bovine arterial heterografts to remain patent elsewhere in the systemic venous system."}
{"id": "PMID:341823", "title": "Division and repair of the sphincteric mechanism at the gastric outlet in emergency operations for bleeding peptic ulcer. A new technique for use in combination with suture ligation of the bleeding point and highly selective vagotomy.", "content": "In three of 26 patients who were treated by highly selective vagotomy (HSV) plus suture of the bleeding point for massive hemorrhage from peptic ulceration, access to the ulcer could not be obtained by means of a duodenotomy or gastrotomy which spared the pylorus. Instead, a wide gastroduodenotomy was performed, the artery in the base of the ulcer underrun and HSV performed. The gastroduodenotomy incision was closed longitudinally, rather than as a pyloroplasty. In this way, the integrity of the antral mill and of the pyloric sphincter was restored. The patients were followed up for six months, one year and three years respectively, and were found to be in good health, without clinical or radiological evidence of gastric retention or of recurrent ulceration. Thus the sphincteric mechanism at the exit of the stomach can, like the anal sphincter, be divided and subsequently repaired with good restoration of function.", "contents": "Division and repair of the sphincteric mechanism at the gastric outlet in emergency operations for bleeding peptic ulcer. A new technique for use in combination with suture ligation of the bleeding point and highly selective vagotomy. In three of 26 patients who were treated by highly selective vagotomy (HSV) plus suture of the bleeding point for massive hemorrhage from peptic ulceration, access to the ulcer could not be obtained by means of a duodenotomy or gastrotomy which spared the pylorus. Instead, a wide gastroduodenotomy was performed, the artery in the base of the ulcer underrun and HSV performed. The gastroduodenotomy incision was closed longitudinally, rather than as a pyloroplasty. In this way, the integrity of the antral mill and of the pyloric sphincter was restored. The patients were followed up for six months, one year and three years respectively, and were found to be in good health, without clinical or radiological evidence of gastric retention or of recurrent ulceration. Thus the sphincteric mechanism at the exit of the stomach can, like the anal sphincter, be divided and subsequently repaired with good restoration of function."}
{"id": "PMID:341827", "title": "[Control of fertility outcome in artificially inseminated gilts and old sows. 2: Addition of oxytocin to boar semen. Its effect on length of insemination, pregnancy rate and litter size].", "content": "Toleration-oriented insemination was applied to 1,373 oestrous sows that had undergone bio-engineering treatment, with two insemination portions having been used for each oestrous. Five International Units of oxytocin were added immediately before insemination proper to the semen applied to 315 gilts and 377 old sows. The control group included 296 gilts and 385 old sows inseminated in parallel. Semen intake, on average, was complete between four and eight minutes with the majority of gilts and between four and seven minutes with most of the old sows, but no evidence was obtained as to any action of the oxytoxin upon intake intensity. The treated gilts were superior to the controls by 6.3 per cent in pregnancy rate and by 56 born piglets to each 100 first inseminations. Superiority, consequently, was significant. In both gilts and old sows added oxytocin prolonged insemination by more than five minutes and gave clearly better fertility results.", "contents": "[Control of fertility outcome in artificially inseminated gilts and old sows. 2: Addition of oxytocin to boar semen. Its effect on length of insemination, pregnancy rate and litter size]. Toleration-oriented insemination was applied to 1,373 oestrous sows that had undergone bio-engineering treatment, with two insemination portions having been used for each oestrous. Five International Units of oxytocin were added immediately before insemination proper to the semen applied to 315 gilts and 377 old sows. The control group included 296 gilts and 385 old sows inseminated in parallel. Semen intake, on average, was complete between four and eight minutes with the majority of gilts and between four and seven minutes with most of the old sows, but no evidence was obtained as to any action of the oxytoxin upon intake intensity. The treated gilts were superior to the controls by 6.3 per cent in pregnancy rate and by 56 born piglets to each 100 first inseminations. Superiority, consequently, was significant. In both gilts and old sows added oxytocin prolonged insemination by more than five minutes and gave clearly better fertility results."}
{"id": "PMID:341819", "title": "[Detection of Salmonella in surface waters].", "content": "After a detailed description of some of the methods used for the research of Salmonella in superficial waters, the AA. examine some problems relative to the collection of the samples and to the culture of these bacteria. Results obtained in the Po river and its affluents are also briefly presented; the high incidence of samples positive for Salmonella is stressed and some aspects of an epidemiological nature are considered.", "contents": "[Detection of Salmonella in surface waters]. After a detailed description of some of the methods used for the research of Salmonella in superficial waters, the AA. examine some problems relative to the collection of the samples and to the culture of these bacteria. Results obtained in the Po river and its affluents are also briefly presented; the high incidence of samples positive for Salmonella is stressed and some aspects of an epidemiological nature are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:341845", "title": "Rat ciliary process in chronic serum sickness: light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy.", "content": "The ciliary processes of 26 male Wistar rats that survived a prolonged period of immunization with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and a similar number of age- and sex-matched controls were studied by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The findings in the ciliary process were compared with those of the renal glomeruli. Granular subepithelial deposits of rat IgG, C3, and BSA were demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence in the ciliary process and renal glomeruli of 38% and 85% of experimental animals, respectively. Electron microscopy of the positive immunofluorescent cases disclosed electron-dense single masses and clusters in the basement membrane regions below the epithelial layers. Experimental chronic serum sickness appears to offer an excellent approach toward understanding the pathogenesis of uveal involvement in human serum sickness and in the \"collagen-vascular\" diseases.", "contents": "Rat ciliary process in chronic serum sickness: light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. The ciliary processes of 26 male Wistar rats that survived a prolonged period of immunization with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and a similar number of age- and sex-matched controls were studied by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The findings in the ciliary process were compared with those of the renal glomeruli. Granular subepithelial deposits of rat IgG, C3, and BSA were demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence in the ciliary process and renal glomeruli of 38% and 85% of experimental animals, respectively. Electron microscopy of the positive immunofluorescent cases disclosed electron-dense single masses and clusters in the basement membrane regions below the epithelial layers. Experimental chronic serum sickness appears to offer an excellent approach toward understanding the pathogenesis of uveal involvement in human serum sickness and in the \"collagen-vascular\" diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:341846", "title": "Intrasellar paraganglioma associated with hypopituitarism.", "content": "A 37-year-old with a history of postpubertal arrest of sexual development and delayed growth was found to have an enlarged sella turcica. The clinical and biochemical features were consistent with hypopituitarism. A tumor was removed transsphenoidally that, through light microscopy, histochemistry, and electron microscopy, proved to be a paraganglioma. We report the possible origin of intrasellar paraganglioma, as well as the pathogenesis of hypopituitarism.", "contents": "Intrasellar paraganglioma associated with hypopituitarism. A 37-year-old with a history of postpubertal arrest of sexual development and delayed growth was found to have an enlarged sella turcica. The clinical and biochemical features were consistent with hypopituitarism. A tumor was removed transsphenoidally that, through light microscopy, histochemistry, and electron microscopy, proved to be a paraganglioma. We report the possible origin of intrasellar paraganglioma, as well as the pathogenesis of hypopituitarism."}
{"id": "PMID:341849", "title": "[From the observation of natural phenomena to experimentation in biology].", "content": "Observation and experimentation as are discussed as means for the acquisition of knowledge concerning natural phenomena. The concept of disease is described in the light of its origins and down to modern times. The development of experimentation in biology is illustrated and emphasis is placed on its importance for the acquisition of knowledge concerning disease in man.", "contents": "[From the observation of natural phenomena to experimentation in biology]. Observation and experimentation as are discussed as means for the acquisition of knowledge concerning natural phenomena. The concept of disease is described in the light of its origins and down to modern times. The development of experimentation in biology is illustrated and emphasis is placed on its importance for the acquisition of knowledge concerning disease in man."}
{"id": "PMID:341850", "title": "[Erythema nodosum in childhood. Nosographical classification and case studies].", "content": "A survey of the relevant literature, with particular attention to clinical and immunological studies propounding pathogenetic theories, is followed by the presentation of 32 cases of erythema nodosum observed in infants examined at the Turin Paediatrics Clinic and Regina Margherita Hospital. The clinical laboratory data showed that streptococcal infection was hardly less significant than T. B. as the cause of this condition.", "contents": "[Erythema nodosum in childhood. Nosographical classification and case studies]. A survey of the relevant literature, with particular attention to clinical and immunological studies propounding pathogenetic theories, is followed by the presentation of 32 cases of erythema nodosum observed in infants examined at the Turin Paediatrics Clinic and Regina Margherita Hospital. The clinical laboratory data showed that streptococcal infection was hardly less significant than T. B. as the cause of this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:341853", "title": "Species differences in activating and inactivating enzymes related to the control of mutagenic metabolites.", "content": "Microsomal monooxygenases catalyze the biosynthesis of epoxides from olefinic and aromatic compounds whilst microsomal epoxide hydratase and cytoplasmic glutathione S-transferases are responsible for their further biotransformation. Although catalytically very efficient the cytoplasmic glutathione S-transferases play, due to their subcellular localization, a minor role in the inactivation of epoxides derived from large lipophilic compounds and were, therefore, not included in this study. It was shown with such a lipophilic compound, benzo(a)pyrene, as a model substance and with liver enzyme mediated bacterial mutagenesis as biological endpoint that species and strain differences in epoxide hydratase and monooxygenases are reflected in very dramatic differences in mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene which varied from extremely potent to a degree which could easily be overlooked. In order to investigate whether the differences in enzyme activities were causally linked to the observed differences in mutagenicity, the enzyme activities were modulated by inhibition and induction. These manipulations were always accompanied by the corresponding changes in mutagenicity. It is concluded that species such as mice which possess high monooxygenase activity but very low epoxide hydratase activity are much more susceptible than man to those toxic effects which are mediated by metabolically formed epoxides which are substrates of epoxide hydratase. In this regard, it is especially noteworthy that mice possess a much lower hepatic epoxide hydratase activity than man.", "contents": "Species differences in activating and inactivating enzymes related to the control of mutagenic metabolites. Microsomal monooxygenases catalyze the biosynthesis of epoxides from olefinic and aromatic compounds whilst microsomal epoxide hydratase and cytoplasmic glutathione S-transferases are responsible for their further biotransformation. Although catalytically very efficient the cytoplasmic glutathione S-transferases play, due to their subcellular localization, a minor role in the inactivation of epoxides derived from large lipophilic compounds and were, therefore, not included in this study. It was shown with such a lipophilic compound, benzo(a)pyrene, as a model substance and with liver enzyme mediated bacterial mutagenesis as biological endpoint that species and strain differences in epoxide hydratase and monooxygenases are reflected in very dramatic differences in mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene which varied from extremely potent to a degree which could easily be overlooked. In order to investigate whether the differences in enzyme activities were causally linked to the observed differences in mutagenicity, the enzyme activities were modulated by inhibition and induction. These manipulations were always accompanied by the corresponding changes in mutagenicity. It is concluded that species such as mice which possess high monooxygenase activity but very low epoxide hydratase activity are much more susceptible than man to those toxic effects which are mediated by metabolically formed epoxides which are substrates of epoxide hydratase. In this regard, it is especially noteworthy that mice possess a much lower hepatic epoxide hydratase activity than man."}
{"id": "PMID:341855", "title": "[Principles of the structural organization of the cetacean neocortex].", "content": "The investigations performed demonstrate that morphologically cetacean neocortex is organized on the same principles as that of other mammals, as it has six layer structure, layer IV including. The results of investigations done for many years gave the possibility to establish quantitative characteristics of neocortex in different zoological cetacean genera, such as volume of neocortex, total number of its nervous cells (for dolphin the data were obtained for the first time), and clarify the problem fully enough. It became clear that morphologically dolphins belong to different genera. Three quantitative gradations of morphological enrichment of the dolphin neocortex are demonstrated. The only genus of Tursiops (bottle-nosed) can be compared with man, as to on what neuromorphological criteria it is behind, equal and surpasses the man. Representatives of the two other genera investigated, according to all neuromorphological indices studied, are far behind the man.", "contents": "[Principles of the structural organization of the cetacean neocortex]. The investigations performed demonstrate that morphologically cetacean neocortex is organized on the same principles as that of other mammals, as it has six layer structure, layer IV including. The results of investigations done for many years gave the possibility to establish quantitative characteristics of neocortex in different zoological cetacean genera, such as volume of neocortex, total number of its nervous cells (for dolphin the data were obtained for the first time), and clarify the problem fully enough. It became clear that morphologically dolphins belong to different genera. Three quantitative gradations of morphological enrichment of the dolphin neocortex are demonstrated. The only genus of Tursiops (bottle-nosed) can be compared with man, as to on what neuromorphological criteria it is behind, equal and surpasses the man. Representatives of the two other genera investigated, according to all neuromorphological indices studied, are far behind the man."}
{"id": "PMID:341856", "title": "[Morphofunctional changes in the insular apparatus of the pancreas following hypophysectomy and administration of somatotropic hormone].", "content": "Mature white male rats were used to study effects of hypophysectomy and STH on sugar content after fasting and after reiterated glucose loading. Morphological and morphometrical investigation of the pancreatic endocrine tissue were made. Zinc content and distribution in the pancreas, as well as aldehydefuchsinophil granulation in B-cells of the islets of Langergans were studied. Hypophysectomy was stated to increase functional activity of the pancreatic insular apparatus. Injection of STH for 9 days resulted in the stimulation of the cells in the insular apparatus. Prolonged injection of STH (for 20 days) produced exhaustion of the pancreatic insular apparatus.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional changes in the insular apparatus of the pancreas following hypophysectomy and administration of somatotropic hormone]. Mature white male rats were used to study effects of hypophysectomy and STH on sugar content after fasting and after reiterated glucose loading. Morphological and morphometrical investigation of the pancreatic endocrine tissue were made. Zinc content and distribution in the pancreas, as well as aldehydefuchsinophil granulation in B-cells of the islets of Langergans were studied. Hypophysectomy was stated to increase functional activity of the pancreatic insular apparatus. Injection of STH for 9 days resulted in the stimulation of the cells in the insular apparatus. Prolonged injection of STH (for 20 days) produced exhaustion of the pancreatic insular apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:341863", "title": "Group B streptococcal meningitis associated with a CSF fistula.", "content": "An elderly man had group B streptococcal meningitis. The infection may have seeded the meninges through a rhinocerebral fistula. Despite the frequency of nasopharyngeal colonization with this organism, reports of adult meningitis secondary to group B Streptococcus are rare; to our knowledge, no previous cases specifically associated with rhinocerebral fistula have been described. Reasons for the discrepancy between the frequency of nasopharyngeal colonization and the rarity of meningitis are suggested.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal meningitis associated with a CSF fistula. An elderly man had group B streptococcal meningitis. The infection may have seeded the meninges through a rhinocerebral fistula. Despite the frequency of nasopharyngeal colonization with this organism, reports of adult meningitis secondary to group B Streptococcus are rare; to our knowledge, no previous cases specifically associated with rhinocerebral fistula have been described. Reasons for the discrepancy between the frequency of nasopharyngeal colonization and the rarity of meningitis are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:341864", "title": "Clinical syndromes of myasthenia in infancy and childhood. A review.", "content": "Ten clinical syndromes of defective neuromuscular transmission in infancy and childhood are reviewed. Autoimmune, genetic, infectious, and pharmacologic mechanisms have been implicated. These disorders manifest themselves in a variety of ways including severe respiratory insufficiency. Prompt diagnosis and treatment may be lifesaving.", "contents": "Clinical syndromes of myasthenia in infancy and childhood. A review. Ten clinical syndromes of defective neuromuscular transmission in infancy and childhood are reviewed. Autoimmune, genetic, infectious, and pharmacologic mechanisms have been implicated. These disorders manifest themselves in a variety of ways including severe respiratory insufficiency. Prompt diagnosis and treatment may be lifesaving."}
{"id": "PMID:341867", "title": "Bacterial corneal ulcers in cosmetic soft contact lens wearers.", "content": "Soft contact lenses provide a safe alternative to spectacles for more than 1 million patients. However, the hazard of bacterial corneal ulcers exists. This report describes five cosmetic soft contact lens wearers who developed bacterial corneal ulcers. In three cases, the resulting visual acuity was 6/120 or less. Possible sources of contamination are discussed, but in no case was it determined.", "contents": "Bacterial corneal ulcers in cosmetic soft contact lens wearers. Soft contact lenses provide a safe alternative to spectacles for more than 1 million patients. However, the hazard of bacterial corneal ulcers exists. This report describes five cosmetic soft contact lens wearers who developed bacterial corneal ulcers. In three cases, the resulting visual acuity was 6/120 or less. Possible sources of contamination are discussed, but in no case was it determined."}
{"id": "PMID:341868", "title": "Penetrating keratoplasty and cataract extraction: combined vs nonsimultaneous surgery.", "content": "In the presence of corneal opacification associated with a cataract, the surgeon is left with two alternatives: a penetrating keratoplasty followed months later by extraction of the cataract or a combined procedure. The results of 16 nonsimultaneous procedures and 22 combined operations were compared with each other. The visual prognosis and incidence of complications were similar in the combined and nonsimultaneous procedures.", "contents": "Penetrating keratoplasty and cataract extraction: combined vs nonsimultaneous surgery. In the presence of corneal opacification associated with a cataract, the surgeon is left with two alternatives: a penetrating keratoplasty followed months later by extraction of the cataract or a combined procedure. The results of 16 nonsimultaneous procedures and 22 combined operations were compared with each other. The visual prognosis and incidence of complications were similar in the combined and nonsimultaneous procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:341869", "title": "Percent distribution of T- and B-cells in tonsils of children, juveniles and adults.", "content": "The percent distribution of T- and B-lymphocytes in tonsilar tissue of 122 patients from 2--68 years and both sexes was investigated. T-cells were determined by the E-rosetting technique and B-cells by immunofluorescence. We found 50.3% B-cells and 30.6% T-cells in tonsilar tissue. There was a significant decrease of IgM-receptor carrying cells with increasing age and with a converse behavior of the sum of IgA-, IgD-, IgE-receptor B-cells. In tonsils with acute inflammation and with hyperplasia IgM cells were also increased significantly when compared to cell counts in chronic tonsillitis. The results are discussed and compared to data from the literature.", "contents": "Percent distribution of T- and B-cells in tonsils of children, juveniles and adults. The percent distribution of T- and B-lymphocytes in tonsilar tissue of 122 patients from 2--68 years and both sexes was investigated. T-cells were determined by the E-rosetting technique and B-cells by immunofluorescence. We found 50.3% B-cells and 30.6% T-cells in tonsilar tissue. There was a significant decrease of IgM-receptor carrying cells with increasing age and with a converse behavior of the sum of IgA-, IgD-, IgE-receptor B-cells. In tonsils with acute inflammation and with hyperplasia IgM cells were also increased significantly when compared to cell counts in chronic tonsillitis. The results are discussed and compared to data from the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:341870", "title": "The influence of different fixatives and osmolality on the ultrastructure of the cochlear neuroepithelium.", "content": "To investigate which fixative is most suitable for the preservation of cochlear hair cells three main groups of fixatives were used: 1. 3% glutar aldehyde in various buffers (osmolality altered). 2. Glutar aldehyde/paraform aldehyde combination (ad modum Karnovsky). 3. Osmic acid solutions (OsO4) in veronal acetate buffer according to Rhodin (1954). The 2% osmic acid fixative (350--370mosm/kg) resulted in an excellent ultrastructural preservation; an acceptable result was obtained with a 3% glutar aldehyde fixative in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, 600--700 mosm/kg and the Karnovsky's fixative.", "contents": "The influence of different fixatives and osmolality on the ultrastructure of the cochlear neuroepithelium. To investigate which fixative is most suitable for the preservation of cochlear hair cells three main groups of fixatives were used: 1. 3% glutar aldehyde in various buffers (osmolality altered). 2. Glutar aldehyde/paraform aldehyde combination (ad modum Karnovsky). 3. Osmic acid solutions (OsO4) in veronal acetate buffer according to Rhodin (1954). The 2% osmic acid fixative (350--370mosm/kg) resulted in an excellent ultrastructural preservation; an acceptable result was obtained with a 3% glutar aldehyde fixative in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, 600--700 mosm/kg and the Karnovsky's fixative."}
{"id": "PMID:341871", "title": "An electron microscopic study of the mode of donor cell death in unmodified rejection of pig liver allografts.", "content": "The only type of cell death found in pig liver allografts 1 week after technically successful operation was apoptosis. Its extent paralleled the degree of mononuclear cell infiltration of the liver parenchyma, and mononuclear cells were found applied to the surfaces of hepatocytes showing early stages of the process. The results suggest that cellular immune attack induces apoptosis of donor cells, and that the action is a direct one. However, implication of other factors such as vascular damage in the induction of apoptosis in the grafts could not be excluded.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of the mode of donor cell death in unmodified rejection of pig liver allografts. The only type of cell death found in pig liver allografts 1 week after technically successful operation was apoptosis. Its extent paralleled the degree of mononuclear cell infiltration of the liver parenchyma, and mononuclear cells were found applied to the surfaces of hepatocytes showing early stages of the process. The results suggest that cellular immune attack induces apoptosis of donor cells, and that the action is a direct one. However, implication of other factors such as vascular damage in the induction of apoptosis in the grafts could not be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:341873", "title": "The response of foetal sheep to the somatic and flagellar antigens of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Following the injection of polymeric flagellin (POL), foetal sheep older than 70 days gestation produced haemagglutinating antibody and synthesized IgM. The maximum titre of antibody in the blood increased with the age at which the foetus was injected. All foetuses synthesized 2-mercapto-ethanol-sensitive antibodies, while older foetuses (approximately 120 days gestation) also produced 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant antibodies and synthesized IgG1. During the primary immune response, there was a poor correlation between the antibody titre and the amount of immunoglobulin synthesized. The majority of IgM synthesized and almost all IgG1 had no demonstrable specificity for POL. During the secondary response to POL, the majority of IgG1 synthesized was specific and in one case appeared to be monoclona. There was no detectable primary antibody response in foetal sheep to the somatic antigens of Salmonella typhimurium, although all foetuses synthesized IgM. Only one of six foetuses receiving a second injection of antigen produced antibody. There was an increase in the numbers of blood lymphocytes following the injection of both POL and S. typhimurium, but only POL induced a rapid increase in the numbers of neutrophils in the blood and produced histological changes in the draining lymph nodes and spleen.", "contents": "The response of foetal sheep to the somatic and flagellar antigens of Salmonella typhimurium. Following the injection of polymeric flagellin (POL), foetal sheep older than 70 days gestation produced haemagglutinating antibody and synthesized IgM. The maximum titre of antibody in the blood increased with the age at which the foetus was injected. All foetuses synthesized 2-mercapto-ethanol-sensitive antibodies, while older foetuses (approximately 120 days gestation) also produced 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant antibodies and synthesized IgG1. During the primary immune response, there was a poor correlation between the antibody titre and the amount of immunoglobulin synthesized. The majority of IgM synthesized and almost all IgG1 had no demonstrable specificity for POL. During the secondary response to POL, the majority of IgG1 synthesized was specific and in one case appeared to be monoclona. There was no detectable primary antibody response in foetal sheep to the somatic antigens of Salmonella typhimurium, although all foetuses synthesized IgM. Only one of six foetuses receiving a second injection of antigen produced antibody. There was an increase in the numbers of blood lymphocytes following the injection of both POL and S. typhimurium, but only POL induced a rapid increase in the numbers of neutrophils in the blood and produced histological changes in the draining lymph nodes and spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:341879", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material.", "content": "In an attempt to apply immunomorphologic techniques to formalin-fixed material, various tissues were studied by indirect immunofluorescence. To minimize nonspecific background staining, formalin-fixed paraffin sections were treated with pronase prior to incubation with the antisera. This technique was published by Huang in 1975 to study hepatitis B core and surface antigen in formalin-fixed liver-tissue. Our examination demonstrate that this technique might enable the morphologist to identify immunoglobulins in formalin-fixed tissues and so to get new criteria for their diagnosis.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material. In an attempt to apply immunomorphologic techniques to formalin-fixed material, various tissues were studied by indirect immunofluorescence. To minimize nonspecific background staining, formalin-fixed paraffin sections were treated with pronase prior to incubation with the antisera. This technique was published by Huang in 1975 to study hepatitis B core and surface antigen in formalin-fixed liver-tissue. Our examination demonstrate that this technique might enable the morphologist to identify immunoglobulins in formalin-fixed tissues and so to get new criteria for their diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:341880", "title": "[Diagnosis of anthrax and para-anthrax with reference to immunofluorescence technic].", "content": "504 diagnostic samples were subjected to a fluorescence serology and culturah test for black quarter and malignant oedema. In 459 cases (91.1%) the results of both testing methods wede identical. 26 first results were made by culture (14 X malignant oedema, 12 X black quarter). 19 results (14 malignant oedema, 5 X black quarter) were obtained by immuno-fluorescence only. Culture was shown to be not significantly better than fluorescence, especially in determining black quarter. In the diagnosis of black quarter and malignant oedema the combination of immunofluorescence with culture can be considered as the optimal testing method available at the present time, in that by this method there would be no need for an additional diagnostic test on the animal.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of anthrax and para-anthrax with reference to immunofluorescence technic]. 504 diagnostic samples were subjected to a fluorescence serology and culturah test for black quarter and malignant oedema. In 459 cases (91.1%) the results of both testing methods wede identical. 26 first results were made by culture (14 X malignant oedema, 12 X black quarter). 19 results (14 malignant oedema, 5 X black quarter) were obtained by immuno-fluorescence only. Culture was shown to be not significantly better than fluorescence, especially in determining black quarter. In the diagnosis of black quarter and malignant oedema the combination of immunofluorescence with culture can be considered as the optimal testing method available at the present time, in that by this method there would be no need for an additional diagnostic test on the animal."}
{"id": "PMID:341881", "title": "A spectrum of cutaneous angiogenesis.", "content": "A spectrum of cutaneous angiogenesis was observed ranging from normal epidermis to hyperproliferative-but-benign psoriatic epidermis to wildly proliferating neoplastic epidermis. This spectrum of vascular response appears to parallel the metabolic and mitotic activity of the tissues studied.", "contents": "A spectrum of cutaneous angiogenesis. A spectrum of cutaneous angiogenesis was observed ranging from normal epidermis to hyperproliferative-but-benign psoriatic epidermis to wildly proliferating neoplastic epidermis. This spectrum of vascular response appears to parallel the metabolic and mitotic activity of the tissues studied."}
{"id": "PMID:341883", "title": "Vasomotor reactions in the islets affecting the blood glucose levels.", "content": "1. The spiral nerve fiber and the nerve ganglion are demonstrated adjacent to the small pancreatic duct, artery and vein of the mouse in vivo. 2. Epinephrine and ephedrine, which are sympathomimetic amines, cause vasoconstriction of the afferent and efferent vessels of the islets of Langerhans and cause the interruption of circulation in the intrainsular capillary plexuses, which results in increased blood glucose levels. 3. Methacholine chloride, a parasympathomimetic drug, causes vasodilatation of the afferent and efferent vessels of the islets along with slower but continuous blood flow in the intrainsular capillary plexus, thus causes decreased blood glucose levels. 4. These changes in microcirculation of the islets of Langerhans in mice prove that one of the mechanisms of glucose homeostasis is mediated through autonomic nervous system by alteration of the vascular supply of the islets, which may be classified as neurovascular homeostatic regulator.", "contents": "Vasomotor reactions in the islets affecting the blood glucose levels. 1. The spiral nerve fiber and the nerve ganglion are demonstrated adjacent to the small pancreatic duct, artery and vein of the mouse in vivo. 2. Epinephrine and ephedrine, which are sympathomimetic amines, cause vasoconstriction of the afferent and efferent vessels of the islets of Langerhans and cause the interruption of circulation in the intrainsular capillary plexuses, which results in increased blood glucose levels. 3. Methacholine chloride, a parasympathomimetic drug, causes vasodilatation of the afferent and efferent vessels of the islets along with slower but continuous blood flow in the intrainsular capillary plexus, thus causes decreased blood glucose levels. 4. These changes in microcirculation of the islets of Langerhans in mice prove that one of the mechanisms of glucose homeostasis is mediated through autonomic nervous system by alteration of the vascular supply of the islets, which may be classified as neurovascular homeostatic regulator."}
{"id": "PMID:341884", "title": "Influence of defined gene blocks on the competitive ability of yeast genotypes.", "content": "Competition experiments were carried out under varying exogenic and endogenic conditions. The genotypes were marked by combinations of two esterase loci, each with two alleles. When genotypes of the line W7 were used, there was no demonstrable influence of the gene blocks marked by the Est-1 locus on the competitive ability at temperatures of 21 and 29 C. However, genotypes carrying the fast allele of the Est-2 locus were favored. At 38 C, the outcome of the competition was reversed. The defined gene blocks showed different effects when interacting with different genetic backgrounds (line M7). Genotypes marked by the slow allele of the Est-2 locus were now favored (21 and 29 C), and even the gene blocks marked by the alleles of the Est-1 locus influenced the genotypes' competitive abilities. Again, the results were partly reversed at 38 C. The results are discussed with regard to the importance of enzyme variants for the genotypic selection value.", "contents": "Influence of defined gene blocks on the competitive ability of yeast genotypes. Competition experiments were carried out under varying exogenic and endogenic conditions. The genotypes were marked by combinations of two esterase loci, each with two alleles. When genotypes of the line W7 were used, there was no demonstrable influence of the gene blocks marked by the Est-1 locus on the competitive ability at temperatures of 21 and 29 C. However, genotypes carrying the fast allele of the Est-2 locus were favored. At 38 C, the outcome of the competition was reversed. The defined gene blocks showed different effects when interacting with different genetic backgrounds (line M7). Genotypes marked by the slow allele of the Est-2 locus were now favored (21 and 29 C), and even the gene blocks marked by the alleles of the Est-1 locus influenced the genotypes' competitive abilities. Again, the results were partly reversed at 38 C. The results are discussed with regard to the importance of enzyme variants for the genotypic selection value."}
{"id": "PMID:341885", "title": "Bioautography: a general method for the visualization of isozymes.", "content": "A new method has been developed for visualization of isozymes which are difficult or impossible to detect with standard histochemical or autoradiographic methods. The principle of this method, bioautography, is the use of a microbial reagent to locate an enzyme after gel electrophoresis. When bioautography was compared to other staining procedures, the bioautographic method yielded identical results to those observed by the histochemical method for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or by the autoradiographic method for the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT). Using the bioautographic method, stains for enzymes which could not be visualized by any other procedure have been developed: argininosuccinate lyase and branched-chain aminotransferase. By employing appropriately genetically marked bacterial strains, it should be possible to develop new isozyme stains for a large number of unstudied isozymes.", "contents": "Bioautography: a general method for the visualization of isozymes. A new method has been developed for visualization of isozymes which are difficult or impossible to detect with standard histochemical or autoradiographic methods. The principle of this method, bioautography, is the use of a microbial reagent to locate an enzyme after gel electrophoresis. When bioautography was compared to other staining procedures, the bioautographic method yielded identical results to those observed by the histochemical method for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or by the autoradiographic method for the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT). Using the bioautographic method, stains for enzymes which could not be visualized by any other procedure have been developed: argininosuccinate lyase and branched-chain aminotransferase. By employing appropriately genetically marked bacterial strains, it should be possible to develop new isozyme stains for a large number of unstudied isozymes."}
{"id": "PMID:341886", "title": "Incorporation of methionine-derived methyl groups into sirohaem by Escherichia coli.", "content": "Sirohaem is a new type of haem that has been detected as a prosthetic group of several bacterial and plant enzymes that catalyse the six-electron reductions of sulphite to sulphide or of nitrite to NH(3). When a methionine-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli K12 was grown on a minimal medium supplemented with d-glucose and l-[Me-(3)H]methionine, 2.4 methyl groups per spectrophotometrically detectable haem group were incorporated into the sirohaem prosthetic group of the NADPH-sulphite reductase isolated from the organism. When the same strain of cells was grown on minimal medium supplemented with d-[U-(14)C]glucose and l-[Me-(3)H]methionine, the sirohaem isolated was found to contain a ratio of glucose-derived carbon/methionine-derived methyl of 19.8. This ratio is in excellent agreement with the value of 20 predicted by the iron-dimethyl-urotetrahydroporphyrin structure for sirohaem proposed by Murphy, Siegel, Kamin & Rosenthal [(1973) J. Biol. Chem.248, 2801-2814]. It can be concluded that sirohaem is indeed methylated, with the methyl groups derived from methionine (rather than by modification of existing side chains, as in protohaem). The structure proposed by Murphy et al. (1973) is therefore probably correct in its essential features. A possible relationship between the pathway for biosynthesis of sirohaem and that for synthesis of vitamin B(12) is discussed.", "contents": "Incorporation of methionine-derived methyl groups into sirohaem by Escherichia coli. Sirohaem is a new type of haem that has been detected as a prosthetic group of several bacterial and plant enzymes that catalyse the six-electron reductions of sulphite to sulphide or of nitrite to NH(3). When a methionine-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli K12 was grown on a minimal medium supplemented with d-glucose and l-[Me-(3)H]methionine, 2.4 methyl groups per spectrophotometrically detectable haem group were incorporated into the sirohaem prosthetic group of the NADPH-sulphite reductase isolated from the organism. When the same strain of cells was grown on minimal medium supplemented with d-[U-(14)C]glucose and l-[Me-(3)H]methionine, the sirohaem isolated was found to contain a ratio of glucose-derived carbon/methionine-derived methyl of 19.8. This ratio is in excellent agreement with the value of 20 predicted by the iron-dimethyl-urotetrahydroporphyrin structure for sirohaem proposed by Murphy, Siegel, Kamin & Rosenthal [(1973) J. Biol. Chem.248, 2801-2814]. It can be concluded that sirohaem is indeed methylated, with the methyl groups derived from methionine (rather than by modification of existing side chains, as in protohaem). The structure proposed by Murphy et al. (1973) is therefore probably correct in its essential features. A possible relationship between the pathway for biosynthesis of sirohaem and that for synthesis of vitamin B(12) is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341887", "title": "The first step in the activation of chicken pepsinogen is similar to that of prochymosin.", "content": "Chicken pepsinogen was incubated at pH2.5 with pepstatin. The zymogen activated itself by a sequential mechanism and an intact peptide derived from residues 1-26 in the protein was released in the first step. This peptide was found to inhibit the milk-clotting activities of pig and chicken pepsins and calf chymosin but to different extents.", "contents": "The first step in the activation of chicken pepsinogen is similar to that of prochymosin. Chicken pepsinogen was incubated at pH2.5 with pepstatin. The zymogen activated itself by a sequential mechanism and an intact peptide derived from residues 1-26 in the protein was released in the first step. This peptide was found to inhibit the milk-clotting activities of pig and chicken pepsins and calf chymosin but to different extents."}
{"id": "PMID:341899", "title": "Toxic and immunodepressive effects of L-asparaginase from E. coli and from Erwinia carotovora following chronic administration in rats.", "content": "The effects of the administration of L-asparaginase from E. coli and Erwinia carotovora were studied in rats treated for 90 days with 800 or 3200 IU/kg body weight. The studies included overall toxicity on the liver, pancreas, and enteric mucosa as evaluated by both opitcal and electron microscopic examination, biochemical findings, behaviour of IgM-hemolysin producing cells, and antias-paraginase antibody production. The toxic effect and the immunodepressive activity appeared rather early, tending later to decrease. No sex correlation or clear cut dose correlation were observed. However, slight differences in toxicity between the two types of L-ASN-ase were present.", "contents": "Toxic and immunodepressive effects of L-asparaginase from E. coli and from Erwinia carotovora following chronic administration in rats. The effects of the administration of L-asparaginase from E. coli and Erwinia carotovora were studied in rats treated for 90 days with 800 or 3200 IU/kg body weight. The studies included overall toxicity on the liver, pancreas, and enteric mucosa as evaluated by both opitcal and electron microscopic examination, biochemical findings, behaviour of IgM-hemolysin producing cells, and antias-paraginase antibody production. The toxic effect and the immunodepressive activity appeared rather early, tending later to decrease. No sex correlation or clear cut dose correlation were observed. However, slight differences in toxicity between the two types of L-ASN-ase were present."}
{"id": "PMID:341900", "title": "[Experimental studies in animals on the influence of fluocortin butylester on the course of generalized infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit), a new corticosteroidal compound with a marked dissociation between local antiinflammatory and systemic action, upon resistance against infections was studied in experimental bacterial and fungal infections in mice. The results of the experiments showed, that fluocortin butylester, even after repeated s.c. or oral administration of dosages up to 100 mg/kg did not depress the resistance of the animals against microbial infections. The relevance of the animal models was checked by parallel experiments with fluocortolone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone and cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "[Experimental studies in animals on the influence of fluocortin butylester on the course of generalized infections (author's transl)]. The influence of butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit), a new corticosteroidal compound with a marked dissociation between local antiinflammatory and systemic action, upon resistance against infections was studied in experimental bacterial and fungal infections in mice. The results of the experiments showed, that fluocortin butylester, even after repeated s.c. or oral administration of dosages up to 100 mg/kg did not depress the resistance of the animals against microbial infections. The relevance of the animal models was checked by parallel experiments with fluocortolone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone and cyclophosphamide."}
{"id": "PMID:341901", "title": "[Clinical trial of fluocortin butylester in a double-blind contralateral comparison versus fluocortolone and hydrocortisone acetate (author's transl)].", "content": "Butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-16alpha-methyl-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit) is a recently developed corticosteroid, its distinguishing properties being that it is non-embryotoxic and has practially no systemic effects. In the course of 6 multicentre studies fluocortin butylester was tested in the forms of cream, ointment and fatty ointment in a comparison with corresponding formulations containing fluocortolone (Ultralan) caproate or pivalate, or hydrocortisone acetate. The total study population comprised 1705 patients with various dermal disorders. The results of these double-blind contralateral studies permit the conclusion that the efficacy of the Vaspit preparations ranges between those of fluocortolone and hydrocortisone acetate. Considering the risks involved with local corticosteroid therapy in children the development of a local corticosteroid with the properties of fluocortin butylester must be acknowledged as an advance.", "contents": "[Clinical trial of fluocortin butylester in a double-blind contralateral comparison versus fluocortolone and hydrocortisone acetate (author's transl)]. Butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-16alpha-methyl-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit) is a recently developed corticosteroid, its distinguishing properties being that it is non-embryotoxic and has practially no systemic effects. In the course of 6 multicentre studies fluocortin butylester was tested in the forms of cream, ointment and fatty ointment in a comparison with corresponding formulations containing fluocortolone (Ultralan) caproate or pivalate, or hydrocortisone acetate. The total study population comprised 1705 patients with various dermal disorders. The results of these double-blind contralateral studies permit the conclusion that the efficacy of the Vaspit preparations ranges between those of fluocortolone and hydrocortisone acetate. Considering the risks involved with local corticosteroid therapy in children the development of a local corticosteroid with the properties of fluocortin butylester must be acknowledged as an advance."}
{"id": "PMID:341903", "title": "Preliminary clinical evaluation of a new topical corticosteroid, halopredone acetate, as compared to fluocinonide.", "content": "17,21-Bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (halopredone acetate; Topicon), a new corticosteroid for topical use, was compared with fluocinonide in a double blind sequential study. The tests were made on a total of 16 patients affected with psoriasis and exudative dermatitis. In each patient, the symmetrically distributed skin lesions were separately treated with either halopredone acetate or the reference compound. The two active substances were in the same concentration (0.05%) in the same carrier (cream), and both reduced the subjective and objective symptoms of these skin conditions. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two medicated areas. Haloperidone acetate, the excipients of the cream and the reference compound were all excellently tolerated.", "contents": "Preliminary clinical evaluation of a new topical corticosteroid, halopredone acetate, as compared to fluocinonide. 17,21-Bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (halopredone acetate; Topicon), a new corticosteroid for topical use, was compared with fluocinonide in a double blind sequential study. The tests were made on a total of 16 patients affected with psoriasis and exudative dermatitis. In each patient, the symmetrically distributed skin lesions were separately treated with either halopredone acetate or the reference compound. The two active substances were in the same concentration (0.05%) in the same carrier (cream), and both reduced the subjective and objective symptoms of these skin conditions. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two medicated areas. Haloperidone acetate, the excipients of the cream and the reference compound were all excellently tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:341898", "title": "Effect of systemic lupus erythematosus antibodies against DNA on RNA synthesis.", "content": "The majority of tested systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera inhibited RNA synthesis in vitro on the stage of RNA chain elongation. Two sera were also active in inhibiting the binding of the enzyme to the template. No correlation has been found between the sera activity in filter radioimmunoassay, their specificity to double- or single-stranded DNA, and the degree of RNA synthesis inhibition.", "contents": "Effect of systemic lupus erythematosus antibodies against DNA on RNA synthesis. The majority of tested systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera inhibited RNA synthesis in vitro on the stage of RNA chain elongation. Two sera were also active in inhibiting the binding of the enzyme to the template. No correlation has been found between the sera activity in filter radioimmunoassay, their specificity to double- or single-stranded DNA, and the degree of RNA synthesis inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:341904", "title": "Clinical study of the relationship between dose and response to halopredone acetate in dermatoses.", "content": "A comparative clinical investigation with three different concentrations of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (halopredone acetate; Topicon), a new topical corticosteroid, has been made to assess the optimum concentration of active substance to be incorporated into cream on the basis of the therapeutic effects achieved in dermatologic patients. The remarkable therapeutical effectiveness of the new steroid, however, has made it impossible to ascertain statistically significant differences between preparations containing either 0.01%, 0.025% or 0.05% of active substance, and to gain thereby a clear answer concerning the relationship between dose and response. Numerous haematochemical controls were made during the trials. In particular, we determined the plasma cortisol levels in patients suffering from large lesions requiring prolonged occlusive medication. No significant alterations of the basal values were observed. As already observed in animals, halopredone, acetate is devoid in humans also of the wellknown effects on the hypophysial-adrenal axis due to transcutaneous absorption of steroids.", "contents": "Clinical study of the relationship between dose and response to halopredone acetate in dermatoses. A comparative clinical investigation with three different concentrations of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (halopredone acetate; Topicon), a new topical corticosteroid, has been made to assess the optimum concentration of active substance to be incorporated into cream on the basis of the therapeutic effects achieved in dermatologic patients. The remarkable therapeutical effectiveness of the new steroid, however, has made it impossible to ascertain statistically significant differences between preparations containing either 0.01%, 0.025% or 0.05% of active substance, and to gain thereby a clear answer concerning the relationship between dose and response. Numerous haematochemical controls were made during the trials. In particular, we determined the plasma cortisol levels in patients suffering from large lesions requiring prolonged occlusive medication. No significant alterations of the basal values were observed. As already observed in animals, halopredone, acetate is devoid in humans also of the wellknown effects on the hypophysial-adrenal axis due to transcutaneous absorption of steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:341905", "title": "Clinical investigation of halopredone acetate, a new topical steroid, in dermatology. Controlled study.", "content": "17,21-Bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (halopredone acetate; Topicon) cream, a new synthetic corticosteroid for topical use, has been evaluated against betamethasone valerate by means of double-blind sequential study, where the patients, mainly affected with psoriasis, presented symmetrically located lesions which were treated with either the new drug or the reference cream so that each patient could serve as his own control. Activity and tolerability of the two preparations were equivalent. This equivalence is particularly significant when bearing in mind that the concentration of the active principle (0.01%) contained in the halopredone acetate cream is one of the lowest employed so far and 10 times lower than that of the reference steroid (betamethasone valerate 0.1%). A second open trial, made in 30 patients suffering from psoriasis, confirmed the positive anti-inflammatory properties which the new substance had already displayed during the previous pharmacological tests.", "contents": "Clinical investigation of halopredone acetate, a new topical steroid, in dermatology. Controlled study. 17,21-Bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (halopredone acetate; Topicon) cream, a new synthetic corticosteroid for topical use, has been evaluated against betamethasone valerate by means of double-blind sequential study, where the patients, mainly affected with psoriasis, presented symmetrically located lesions which were treated with either the new drug or the reference cream so that each patient could serve as his own control. Activity and tolerability of the two preparations were equivalent. This equivalence is particularly significant when bearing in mind that the concentration of the active principle (0.01%) contained in the halopredone acetate cream is one of the lowest employed so far and 10 times lower than that of the reference steroid (betamethasone valerate 0.1%). A second open trial, made in 30 patients suffering from psoriasis, confirmed the positive anti-inflammatory properties which the new substance had already displayed during the previous pharmacological tests."}
{"id": "PMID:341906", "title": "[Open study of befuraline (DIV 154) in 64 depressive patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The therapeutic efficacy of the new compound N-benzo[B]-furan-2-ylcarbonyl-N'-benzylpiperazine hydrochloride (befuraline) was evaluated in 64 patients presenting various depressive syndromes. Improvement was found in 33 cases (= 52%) under a daily dose of 150 mg befuraline; 31 of these patients improved within the first 8 days of treatment. Patients with endogenous depression responded favourably to the befuraline therapy, 23 (= 70%) of these (33) patients showing full recovery. Improvement was more frequently observed in patients with mild depression than in severe cases. It seems noteworthy that under befuraline treatment there was also a marked improvement in 21 cases in whom previous long-term therapy with other psychotropic drugs had remained ineffective. Side effects consisted mainly of reversible psycho-organic troubles; extrapyramidal disorders were not observed.", "contents": "[Open study of befuraline (DIV 154) in 64 depressive patients (author's transl)]. The therapeutic efficacy of the new compound N-benzo[B]-furan-2-ylcarbonyl-N'-benzylpiperazine hydrochloride (befuraline) was evaluated in 64 patients presenting various depressive syndromes. Improvement was found in 33 cases (= 52%) under a daily dose of 150 mg befuraline; 31 of these patients improved within the first 8 days of treatment. Patients with endogenous depression responded favourably to the befuraline therapy, 23 (= 70%) of these (33) patients showing full recovery. Improvement was more frequently observed in patients with mild depression than in severe cases. It seems noteworthy that under befuraline treatment there was also a marked improvement in 21 cases in whom previous long-term therapy with other psychotropic drugs had remained ineffective. Side effects consisted mainly of reversible psycho-organic troubles; extrapyramidal disorders were not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:341907", "title": "Effect of zimelidine (H 102/09) in depressive patients.", "content": "Z-1-(4-Bromophenyl)-1-(3-pyridyl)-3-dimethylaminopropene dihydrochloride hydrate (zimelidine; H 102/09), a newly developed bicyclic substance, was tested in a pilot study for its clinical effect in 10 female patients with a depressive syndrome. Zimelidine inhibits the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reuptake more potently than does chlorimipramine. The action on the norepinephrine reuptake is weaker compared with imipramine, also the cardiotoxic and anticholinergic effects are lower. Zimelidine was administered for 20 days in a daily dose of 150 mg. A significant (p less than 0.05) improvement from the beginning of the treatment to the 15th day was demonstrated in Hamilton rating scale and a self-rating scale (von Zerssen). Nevertheless, the zimelidine treatment had to be discontinued between the 15th and 18th days in 3 patients, because of agitation symptoms. The antidepressant action in some patients justifies the performance of controlled studies.", "contents": "Effect of zimelidine (H 102/09) in depressive patients. Z-1-(4-Bromophenyl)-1-(3-pyridyl)-3-dimethylaminopropene dihydrochloride hydrate (zimelidine; H 102/09), a newly developed bicyclic substance, was tested in a pilot study for its clinical effect in 10 female patients with a depressive syndrome. Zimelidine inhibits the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reuptake more potently than does chlorimipramine. The action on the norepinephrine reuptake is weaker compared with imipramine, also the cardiotoxic and anticholinergic effects are lower. Zimelidine was administered for 20 days in a daily dose of 150 mg. A significant (p less than 0.05) improvement from the beginning of the treatment to the 15th day was demonstrated in Hamilton rating scale and a self-rating scale (von Zerssen). Nevertheless, the zimelidine treatment had to be discontinued between the 15th and 18th days in 3 patients, because of agitation symptoms. The antidepressant action in some patients justifies the performance of controlled studies."}
{"id": "PMID:341927", "title": "Clinical electrophysiological effects of atenolol--a new cardioselective beta-blocking agent.", "content": "Atenolol, a cardioselective beta-blocking agent, at dose levels of 0.03, 0.06, and 0.12 mg/kg intravenously, produced prolongation of atrioventricular nodal conduction in 22 patients with suspected coronary artery disease. In a dose of 0.12 mg/kg body weight atenolol produced significant prolongation of sinus cycle length, sinus node recovery time, atrioventricular node conduction, and the effective and functional refractory periods of the atrium and the atrioventricular node. No significant effects were observed on the His Purkinje system or the effective refractory periods of the ventricle. In these actions atenolol closely resembles propranolol. However, because in contrast to propranolol it increases atrial refractoriness, it may have advantages in the treatment of atrial arrhythmias.", "contents": "Clinical electrophysiological effects of atenolol--a new cardioselective beta-blocking agent. Atenolol, a cardioselective beta-blocking agent, at dose levels of 0.03, 0.06, and 0.12 mg/kg intravenously, produced prolongation of atrioventricular nodal conduction in 22 patients with suspected coronary artery disease. In a dose of 0.12 mg/kg body weight atenolol produced significant prolongation of sinus cycle length, sinus node recovery time, atrioventricular node conduction, and the effective and functional refractory periods of the atrium and the atrioventricular node. No significant effects were observed on the His Purkinje system or the effective refractory periods of the ventricle. In these actions atenolol closely resembles propranolol. However, because in contrast to propranolol it increases atrial refractoriness, it may have advantages in the treatment of atrial arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:341928", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of atenolol in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of atenolol, a new cardioselective beta-blocking agent, have been studied at rest in 8 patients with coronary artery disease. The drug was administered intravenously in cumulative doses of 0.03, 0.06, and 0.12 mg/kg body weight. A significant decrease in heart rate was associated with a fall in cardiac output. However, this cardiac output fall was not entiely rate dependent, since stroke volume fell significantly both during spontaneous sinus rhythm and when heart rate was maintained constant by atrial pacing. A dose related and significant reduction occurred in left ventricular dP/dt max without significant change in left ventricular filling pressure or mean aortic pressure. Total peripheral resistance at rest rose after atenolol. The haemodynamic findings more closely resemble those which follow intravenous propranolol than those after intravenous practolol in a similar group of patients. These actions of atenolol suggest that it may be a useful agent in the treatment of patients with angina pectoris.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of atenolol in patients with coronary artery disease. The haemodynamic effects of atenolol, a new cardioselective beta-blocking agent, have been studied at rest in 8 patients with coronary artery disease. The drug was administered intravenously in cumulative doses of 0.03, 0.06, and 0.12 mg/kg body weight. A significant decrease in heart rate was associated with a fall in cardiac output. However, this cardiac output fall was not entiely rate dependent, since stroke volume fell significantly both during spontaneous sinus rhythm and when heart rate was maintained constant by atrial pacing. A dose related and significant reduction occurred in left ventricular dP/dt max without significant change in left ventricular filling pressure or mean aortic pressure. Total peripheral resistance at rest rose after atenolol. The haemodynamic findings more closely resemble those which follow intravenous propranolol than those after intravenous practolol in a similar group of patients. These actions of atenolol suggest that it may be a useful agent in the treatment of patients with angina pectoris."}
{"id": "PMID:341934", "title": "Analgesic effect of ethyl alcohol.", "content": "The analgesic properties of ethyl alcohol administered i.v. were investigated, using elevation of the pain threshold for applied somatic stimuli as an index. Alcohol proved markedly superior to saline in this respect and produced an effect equivalent to that of i.v. morphine.", "contents": "Analgesic effect of ethyl alcohol. The analgesic properties of ethyl alcohol administered i.v. were investigated, using elevation of the pain threshold for applied somatic stimuli as an index. Alcohol proved markedly superior to saline in this respect and produced an effect equivalent to that of i.v. morphine."}
{"id": "PMID:341935", "title": "Effects of adrenaline and the concentration of solution on extradural block with etidocaine.", "content": "Forty patients allocated to four groups received extradural injections of etidocaine for the performance of lower abdominal surgery. Twenty millilitre of the 1% or 1.5% solutions with or without adrenaline (1:200 000) was given in a double-blind manner. The addition of adrenaline to etidocaine did not significantly prolong the duration of analgesia, but it produced significant more motor block. Etidocaine 1.5% caused significantly longer durations of analgesia and more motor block than the 1% solution. The spread of sensory analgesia was similar with all four solutions of local anaesthetic agent.", "contents": "Effects of adrenaline and the concentration of solution on extradural block with etidocaine. Forty patients allocated to four groups received extradural injections of etidocaine for the performance of lower abdominal surgery. Twenty millilitre of the 1% or 1.5% solutions with or without adrenaline (1:200 000) was given in a double-blind manner. The addition of adrenaline to etidocaine did not significantly prolong the duration of analgesia, but it produced significant more motor block. Etidocaine 1.5% caused significantly longer durations of analgesia and more motor block than the 1% solution. The spread of sensory analgesia was similar with all four solutions of local anaesthetic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:341939", "title": "Effect of mianserin hydrochloride on peripheral uptake mechanisms for noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in man.", "content": "1. Mianserin seems to have little effect on peripheral noradrenaline (NA) re-uptake mechanisms as shown by its lack of effects on the tyramine dose and NA dose/pressor response. 2. Mianserin has no effect on the hypotensive action of bethanidine. 3. Mianserin in vivo has a significant action on platlet transport (Vmax) of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which changes toward normal values in depressive patients on the drug. This action is not observed in vitro. 4. It is possible that a metabolite of mianserin is responsible for this effect, and that this may be of therapeutic importance.", "contents": "Effect of mianserin hydrochloride on peripheral uptake mechanisms for noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in man. 1. Mianserin seems to have little effect on peripheral noradrenaline (NA) re-uptake mechanisms as shown by its lack of effects on the tyramine dose and NA dose/pressor response. 2. Mianserin has no effect on the hypotensive action of bethanidine. 3. Mianserin in vivo has a significant action on platlet transport (Vmax) of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which changes toward normal values in depressive patients on the drug. This action is not observed in vitro. 4. It is possible that a metabolite of mianserin is responsible for this effect, and that this may be of therapeutic importance."}
{"id": "PMID:341940", "title": "Cardiovascular responses to mianserin hydrochloride: a comparison with tricyclic antidepressant drugs.", "content": "1. The cardiovascular responses of mianserin hydrochloride and tricyclic antidepressant drugs were investigated using non-invasive methods of cardiac investigation. A study of the interaction of mianserin and antihypertensive drug therapy is reported. 2. In six normal volunteers, mianserin hydrochloride 20 mg was shown to prolong the corrected Q-T interval at 150 min (P less than 0.001). It did not affect heart rate, systolic time intervals or the peak normalized derivative of the apexcardiogram. Amitriptyline 50 mg increased the corrected pre-ejection period interval (PEPI) and the PEP/left ventricular ejection time (LVET) ratio of the systolic time intervals at 150 min (P less than 0.001). Q-T interval was shortened at 90 minutes. 3. In a double-blind patient study, clomipramine increased heart rate, P-R interval, QRS and corrected Q-T interval in one patient at 2 weeks. Mianserin prolonged corrected Q-T interval at 1 week but this returned to the pretreatment time by 2 weeks in two patients. 4. In an open study, mianserin 20 mg three times daily did not antagonize the hypotensive action of propranolol or propranolol and hydrallazine in three patients. 5. In a double-blind study in three patients with desmethylimipramine 25 mg three times daily, mianserin 20 mg three times daily did not antagonize the hypotensive action of either guanethidine or bethanidine.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses to mianserin hydrochloride: a comparison with tricyclic antidepressant drugs. 1. The cardiovascular responses of mianserin hydrochloride and tricyclic antidepressant drugs were investigated using non-invasive methods of cardiac investigation. A study of the interaction of mianserin and antihypertensive drug therapy is reported. 2. In six normal volunteers, mianserin hydrochloride 20 mg was shown to prolong the corrected Q-T interval at 150 min (P less than 0.001). It did not affect heart rate, systolic time intervals or the peak normalized derivative of the apexcardiogram. Amitriptyline 50 mg increased the corrected pre-ejection period interval (PEPI) and the PEP/left ventricular ejection time (LVET) ratio of the systolic time intervals at 150 min (P less than 0.001). Q-T interval was shortened at 90 minutes. 3. In a double-blind patient study, clomipramine increased heart rate, P-R interval, QRS and corrected Q-T interval in one patient at 2 weeks. Mianserin prolonged corrected Q-T interval at 1 week but this returned to the pretreatment time by 2 weeks in two patients. 4. In an open study, mianserin 20 mg three times daily did not antagonize the hypotensive action of propranolol or propranolol and hydrallazine in three patients. 5. In a double-blind study in three patients with desmethylimipramine 25 mg three times daily, mianserin 20 mg three times daily did not antagonize the hypotensive action of either guanethidine or bethanidine."}
{"id": "PMID:341941", "title": "Anticholinergic and blood pressure effects of mianserin, amitriptyline and placebo.", "content": "1. Eighteen healthy male volunteers were treated at random in double-blind conditions with mianserin, amitriptyline, or placebo for 8 days. Measurements were made of various parameters indicative of anticholinergic and blood pressure effects. 2. Mianserin showed no significant anticholinergic effects on any of the measures used. Compared with placebo, mianserin significantly reduced pupil diameter and tended to increase salivary production and increase the distance of the near point. 3. Amitriptyline showed evidence of anticholinergic effects in that salivary production fell to a level significantly lower than that of the mianserin- or placebo-treated subjects. The distance of the near point tended to increase during amitriptyline treatment. Compared with placebo, amitriptyline also significantly reduced pupil diameter on some occasions. 4. Amitriptyline produced postural hypotension to a statistically significant degree, whereas this effect was not observed during mianserin treatment. 5. In conclusion, mianserin in doses of up to 60 mg daily given to healthy males seemed to lack the anticholinergic effects and postural hypotension associated with amitriptyline treatment.", "contents": "Anticholinergic and blood pressure effects of mianserin, amitriptyline and placebo. 1. Eighteen healthy male volunteers were treated at random in double-blind conditions with mianserin, amitriptyline, or placebo for 8 days. Measurements were made of various parameters indicative of anticholinergic and blood pressure effects. 2. Mianserin showed no significant anticholinergic effects on any of the measures used. Compared with placebo, mianserin significantly reduced pupil diameter and tended to increase salivary production and increase the distance of the near point. 3. Amitriptyline showed evidence of anticholinergic effects in that salivary production fell to a level significantly lower than that of the mianserin- or placebo-treated subjects. The distance of the near point tended to increase during amitriptyline treatment. Compared with placebo, amitriptyline also significantly reduced pupil diameter on some occasions. 4. Amitriptyline produced postural hypotension to a statistically significant degree, whereas this effect was not observed during mianserin treatment. 5. In conclusion, mianserin in doses of up to 60 mg daily given to healthy males seemed to lack the anticholinergic effects and postural hypotension associated with amitriptyline treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:341942", "title": "Clinical study of mianserin, imipramine and placebo in depression: blood level and MHPG correlations.", "content": "1. The clinical efficacy of mianserin, a tetracyclic compound, was compared with imipramine and placebo in 47 hospitalized depressed patients. 2. The clinical ratings showed that the three treatment groups improved equivalently during hospitalization. 3. Plasma levels of mianserin correlated with changes in the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression, total score and two of its factors (anxiety/somatization, and retardation) and the item 'late insomnia'. 4. Drowsiness was a more frequent side-effect among mianserin patients on day 4; no other side-effect distinguished the treatments. 5. No relationship between MHPG levels and treatment or treatment outcome were observed.", "contents": "Clinical study of mianserin, imipramine and placebo in depression: blood level and MHPG correlations. 1. The clinical efficacy of mianserin, a tetracyclic compound, was compared with imipramine and placebo in 47 hospitalized depressed patients. 2. The clinical ratings showed that the three treatment groups improved equivalently during hospitalization. 3. Plasma levels of mianserin correlated with changes in the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression, total score and two of its factors (anxiety/somatization, and retardation) and the item 'late insomnia'. 4. Drowsiness was a more frequent side-effect among mianserin patients on day 4; no other side-effect distinguished the treatments. 5. No relationship between MHPG levels and treatment or treatment outcome were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:341943", "title": "Electroencephalogram study of mianserin in depressed patients.", "content": "1. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings and blood level assessments were included in a clinical comparison of the effects of mianserin (GB-94), imipramine and placebo in depressed, hospitalized patients during a 3-week observation period. 2. Temporal changes in behavioural ratings were observed, but these failed to be distinguished among the active drugs and placebo. EEG measures also showed temporal changes, but these also failed to distinguish among the drug conditions, except at 2 h after administration of the first dose. 3. Plasma levels of mianserin were obtained with EEG recordings in a temporal relationship to the behavioural assessments. There were no correlations between the changes in EEG variables and plasma levels of mianserin, or between EEG and behavioural variables, except on acute administration. The lack of discrimination for the EEG variables may be related to the quality of the EEG recordings and the poor control of the temporal relationships of behavioural assessments to EEG recording and drug dosing.", "contents": "Electroencephalogram study of mianserin in depressed patients. 1. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings and blood level assessments were included in a clinical comparison of the effects of mianserin (GB-94), imipramine and placebo in depressed, hospitalized patients during a 3-week observation period. 2. Temporal changes in behavioural ratings were observed, but these failed to be distinguished among the active drugs and placebo. EEG measures also showed temporal changes, but these also failed to distinguish among the drug conditions, except at 2 h after administration of the first dose. 3. Plasma levels of mianserin were obtained with EEG recordings in a temporal relationship to the behavioural assessments. There were no correlations between the changes in EEG variables and plasma levels of mianserin, or between EEG and behavioural variables, except on acute administration. The lack of discrimination for the EEG variables may be related to the quality of the EEG recordings and the poor control of the temporal relationships of behavioural assessments to EEG recording and drug dosing."}
{"id": "PMID:341944", "title": "Effects of amitriptyline and mianserin on psychomotor skills and memory in man.", "content": "1. Twenty volunteers were treated with amitriptyline 25 mg, mianserin 10 mg, and placebo, three times daily for 2 weeks each, in a double-blind cross-over study. Tests of psychomotor function and of learning and memory, were carried out after consumption of alcohol or a placebo drink at intervals during each treatment period. 2. Coordinative and reactive skills were affected by mianserin on the first day only, but by amitriptyline up to day 7 in most of the tests. Both drugs seemed to interact additively with alcohol. 3. Amitriptyline impaired short-term memory span and acquisition, and alcohol enhanced these effects. Mianserin did not affect learning and memory, and did not interact with alcohol in this respect. 4. The differing effects of amitripyline and mianserin are considered in relation to anticholinergic properties.", "contents": "Effects of amitriptyline and mianserin on psychomotor skills and memory in man. 1. Twenty volunteers were treated with amitriptyline 25 mg, mianserin 10 mg, and placebo, three times daily for 2 weeks each, in a double-blind cross-over study. Tests of psychomotor function and of learning and memory, were carried out after consumption of alcohol or a placebo drink at intervals during each treatment period. 2. Coordinative and reactive skills were affected by mianserin on the first day only, but by amitriptyline up to day 7 in most of the tests. Both drugs seemed to interact additively with alcohol. 3. Amitriptyline impaired short-term memory span and acquisition, and alcohol enhanced these effects. Mianserin did not affect learning and memory, and did not interact with alcohol in this respect. 4. The differing effects of amitripyline and mianserin are considered in relation to anticholinergic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:341945", "title": "Comparative double-blind trial of mianserin hydrochloride (Organon GB94) and diazepam in patients with depressive illness.", "content": "1. The antidepressant action of mianserin was tested in a double-blind clinical trial lasting 6 weeks. Forty-six patients with moderate to severe degrees of depression were treated at random with mianserin or diazepam. Patients who failed to improve by week 3 were taken out of the trial. 2. Mianserin was more effective than diazepam in reducing scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression. Fewer patients allocated to mianserin had to be withdrawn from the trial on account of failure to improve. Mianserin was more effective than diazepam in reducing symptoms of 'retarded depression' and as effective as diazepam in reducing symptoms of 'anxious depression'. 3. Mianserin did not cause any more side-effects than diazepam, very few side-effects being encountered with either drug. 4. The design of this trial on antidepressant drugs is commended on ethical grounds.", "contents": "Comparative double-blind trial of mianserin hydrochloride (Organon GB94) and diazepam in patients with depressive illness. 1. The antidepressant action of mianserin was tested in a double-blind clinical trial lasting 6 weeks. Forty-six patients with moderate to severe degrees of depression were treated at random with mianserin or diazepam. Patients who failed to improve by week 3 were taken out of the trial. 2. Mianserin was more effective than diazepam in reducing scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression. Fewer patients allocated to mianserin had to be withdrawn from the trial on account of failure to improve. Mianserin was more effective than diazepam in reducing symptoms of 'retarded depression' and as effective as diazepam in reducing symptoms of 'anxious depression'. 3. Mianserin did not cause any more side-effects than diazepam, very few side-effects being encountered with either drug. 4. The design of this trial on antidepressant drugs is commended on ethical grounds."}
{"id": "PMID:341947", "title": "Relationship between mianserin plasma levels and antidepressant effect in a double-blind trial comparing a single night-time and divided daily dose regimens.", "content": "1. Twenty-six in-patients and 24 out-patients suffering from moderate or severe primary depressive illness were randomly allocated to either a single night-time dose of mianserin 60 mg or a three times daily regimen in a double-blind controlled trial. 2. There was no significant difference in antidepressant effect between the two dosage regimens in either patient group measured using Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS), the Beck Self-Rating Inventory (BSRI) and the new Montgomery and Asberg Depression Scale (MADS). 3. A significant negative correlation (-0.36 P less than 0.05) was found between plasma levels and clinical response using the MADS. A trend for patients with low levels to do worse was also observed suggesting a curvilinear relationship. A highly significant poorer clinical response in patients with levels above 70 microgram/1 was observed using the MADS (t = 3.33, P less than 0.005). This was also seen with the HRS (t = 2.42, P less than 0.02). 4. A significant correlation (r = 0.29, P less than 0.05) with age is reported, and a highly significant increased variability (F = 7.07, P less than 0.001) of mianserin plasma levels in patients over 55 was demonstrated.", "contents": "Relationship between mianserin plasma levels and antidepressant effect in a double-blind trial comparing a single night-time and divided daily dose regimens. 1. Twenty-six in-patients and 24 out-patients suffering from moderate or severe primary depressive illness were randomly allocated to either a single night-time dose of mianserin 60 mg or a three times daily regimen in a double-blind controlled trial. 2. There was no significant difference in antidepressant effect between the two dosage regimens in either patient group measured using Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS), the Beck Self-Rating Inventory (BSRI) and the new Montgomery and Asberg Depression Scale (MADS). 3. A significant negative correlation (-0.36 P less than 0.05) was found between plasma levels and clinical response using the MADS. A trend for patients with low levels to do worse was also observed suggesting a curvilinear relationship. A highly significant poorer clinical response in patients with levels above 70 microgram/1 was observed using the MADS (t = 3.33, P less than 0.005). This was also seen with the HRS (t = 2.42, P less than 0.02). 4. A significant correlation (r = 0.29, P less than 0.05) with age is reported, and a highly significant increased variability (F = 7.07, P less than 0.001) of mianserin plasma levels in patients over 55 was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:341949", "title": "Mianserin in the treatment of depressive illness and anxiety states in general practice.", "content": "1. In an initial study in general practice, mianserin was shown to be of similar antidepressant efficacy to imipramine. 2. A subsequent placebo-controlled study confirmed that mianserin is an effective as imipramine, and also demonstrated that both mianserin and imipramine are superior to placebo in the treatment of depression in general practice. 3. In a third trial, mianserin was found to be as effective as diazepam in the treatment of anxiety states in general practice. 4. The overall incidence of side-effects in this series of studies, either with mianserin or with the comparison drugs, was very low.", "contents": "Mianserin in the treatment of depressive illness and anxiety states in general practice. 1. In an initial study in general practice, mianserin was shown to be of similar antidepressant efficacy to imipramine. 2. A subsequent placebo-controlled study confirmed that mianserin is an effective as imipramine, and also demonstrated that both mianserin and imipramine are superior to placebo in the treatment of depression in general practice. 3. In a third trial, mianserin was found to be as effective as diazepam in the treatment of anxiety states in general practice. 4. The overall incidence of side-effects in this series of studies, either with mianserin or with the comparison drugs, was very low."}
{"id": "PMID:341950", "title": "A double-blind multicentre trial comparing mianserin with imipramine.", "content": "1. Fifty-four depressive in-patients aged 18-45 yr, were treated at random, in double-blind conditions, with mianserin 60 mg daily or imipramine 150 mg daily in three divided doses for 4 weeks. Nitrazepam and diazepam were also allowed if necessary. 2. There was no significant difference in antidepressant efficacy between the two groups, as assessed by the rating scales of Hamilton, Beck and Overall, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and a global clinical rating. 3. The overall frequency of side-effects was significantly lower with mianserin than with imipramine. Autonomic symptoms increased in severity during treatment with imipramine, but not with mianserin. 4. the patients treated with imipramine had a fall in blood pressure which was not observed during mianserin treatment.", "contents": "A double-blind multicentre trial comparing mianserin with imipramine. 1. Fifty-four depressive in-patients aged 18-45 yr, were treated at random, in double-blind conditions, with mianserin 60 mg daily or imipramine 150 mg daily in three divided doses for 4 weeks. Nitrazepam and diazepam were also allowed if necessary. 2. There was no significant difference in antidepressant efficacy between the two groups, as assessed by the rating scales of Hamilton, Beck and Overall, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and a global clinical rating. 3. The overall frequency of side-effects was significantly lower with mianserin than with imipramine. Autonomic symptoms increased in severity during treatment with imipramine, but not with mianserin. 4. the patients treated with imipramine had a fall in blood pressure which was not observed during mianserin treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:341951", "title": "A comparison of ampicillin, erythromycin and erythromycin with sulphametopyrazine in the treatment of infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.", "content": "A comparative study of ampicillin (500 mg four times daily), erythromycin (500 mg four times daily) and sulphametopyrazine (1 g at start of exacerbation) followed by erythromycin (500 mg four times daily) was carried out in infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Ampicillin and erythromycin were found to be equally effective, but the combination of erythromycin and sulphametopyrazine was significantly less effective. Unwanted effects were more frequent with ampicillin and with erythromycin plus sulphametopyrazine than with erythromycin alone.", "contents": "A comparison of ampicillin, erythromycin and erythromycin with sulphametopyrazine in the treatment of infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. A comparative study of ampicillin (500 mg four times daily), erythromycin (500 mg four times daily) and sulphametopyrazine (1 g at start of exacerbation) followed by erythromycin (500 mg four times daily) was carried out in infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Ampicillin and erythromycin were found to be equally effective, but the combination of erythromycin and sulphametopyrazine was significantly less effective. Unwanted effects were more frequent with ampicillin and with erythromycin plus sulphametopyrazine than with erythromycin alone."}
{"id": "PMID:341952", "title": "House dust mite hyposensitization.", "content": "A double-blind controlled trial of house dust mite hyposensitization was carried out in 14 patients with asthma, who were hypersensitive on skin testing to the house dust mite alone. Measurements were made, using a Wright's peak flowmeter, during the 15-month trial period. Precautions were taken in the home to reduce the mite population. At the end of the trial, no clinical improvement was noted subjectively or objectively, despite a reduced bronchial sensitivity to allergen in the treated group. The role of the house dust mite as a cause of asthma is discussed.", "contents": "House dust mite hyposensitization. A double-blind controlled trial of house dust mite hyposensitization was carried out in 14 patients with asthma, who were hypersensitive on skin testing to the house dust mite alone. Measurements were made, using a Wright's peak flowmeter, during the 15-month trial period. Precautions were taken in the home to reduce the mite population. At the end of the trial, no clinical improvement was noted subjectively or objectively, despite a reduced bronchial sensitivity to allergen in the treated group. The role of the house dust mite as a cause of asthma is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341953", "title": "Immuno-electron microscopic studies of surface receptors and antigens of human Langerhans cells.", "content": "A heteroantiserum, prepared in rabbits against fractionated cell membranes of a human B-lymphoblastoid cell line, was used to study the distribution of Ia antigen(s) in human epidermis. Indirect immunofluorescence staining demonstrated specific reactivity of dendritic supra-basal cells, consistent in location with Langerhans cells. Basally located cells were noted in biopsy specimens from vitiliginous skin and from the leukodermatous regions of halo naevi. The specificity of the reaction was confirmed at the ultrastructural level by means of ferritin labelling methods. Cell surface staining was confined in the epidermis to Langerhans cells. Fc and C3' receptors were studied by means of rosetting methods. Negative results were obtained on frozen sections, while 2-3% of cells formed rosettes when applied to an epidermal cell suspension.", "contents": "Immuno-electron microscopic studies of surface receptors and antigens of human Langerhans cells. A heteroantiserum, prepared in rabbits against fractionated cell membranes of a human B-lymphoblastoid cell line, was used to study the distribution of Ia antigen(s) in human epidermis. Indirect immunofluorescence staining demonstrated specific reactivity of dendritic supra-basal cells, consistent in location with Langerhans cells. Basally located cells were noted in biopsy specimens from vitiliginous skin and from the leukodermatous regions of halo naevi. The specificity of the reaction was confirmed at the ultrastructural level by means of ferritin labelling methods. Cell surface staining was confined in the epidermis to Langerhans cells. Fc and C3' receptors were studied by means of rosetting methods. Negative results were obtained on frozen sections, while 2-3% of cells formed rosettes when applied to an epidermal cell suspension."}
{"id": "PMID:341954", "title": "Immunopathological studies on the cutaneous lesions in sarcoidosis.", "content": "We examined the immunohistology of the cutaneous granulomas in sarcoidosis. By direct immunofluorescence immunoglobulin deposits were found in the skin lesions of 5 to 8 patients. These consisted of IgM within blood vessel wall (5 patients), IgM at the epidermal-dermal junction (2 patients) and IgG within and around the granuloma (2 patients). A fibrin network was present within the granulomas. Biopsy of a Kveim test site but not of uninvolved skin or of an erythema nodosum lesion showed similar immunofluorescence findings. Sheep erythrocytes sensitized with IgG antibody adhered to epithelioid cells within the granuloma indicating the presence of surface Fc receptors. At the periphery of the granulomas were B-lymphocytes. These findings are similar to those described in nodal and pulmonary sarcoid granulomas, and suggest that humoral antibodies may be important in the pathogenesis of the sarcoid granuloma.", "contents": "Immunopathological studies on the cutaneous lesions in sarcoidosis. We examined the immunohistology of the cutaneous granulomas in sarcoidosis. By direct immunofluorescence immunoglobulin deposits were found in the skin lesions of 5 to 8 patients. These consisted of IgM within blood vessel wall (5 patients), IgM at the epidermal-dermal junction (2 patients) and IgG within and around the granuloma (2 patients). A fibrin network was present within the granulomas. Biopsy of a Kveim test site but not of uninvolved skin or of an erythema nodosum lesion showed similar immunofluorescence findings. Sheep erythrocytes sensitized with IgG antibody adhered to epithelioid cells within the granuloma indicating the presence of surface Fc receptors. At the periphery of the granulomas were B-lymphocytes. These findings are similar to those described in nodal and pulmonary sarcoid granulomas, and suggest that humoral antibodies may be important in the pathogenesis of the sarcoid granuloma."}
{"id": "PMID:341955", "title": "The long term treatment with beta-carotene in erythropoietic protoporphyria: a controlled trial.", "content": "The efficacy of oral beta-carotene for the prevention of photosensitivity symptoms in erythropoietic protoporphyria was studied in a controlled cross-over trial in which it was compared with a placebo. No significant difference was found between the 2 preparations. Patients' symptoms showed statistically significant association with sunlight hour records.", "contents": "The long term treatment with beta-carotene in erythropoietic protoporphyria: a controlled trial. The efficacy of oral beta-carotene for the prevention of photosensitivity symptoms in erythropoietic protoporphyria was studied in a controlled cross-over trial in which it was compared with a placebo. No significant difference was found between the 2 preparations. Patients' symptoms showed statistically significant association with sunlight hour records."}
{"id": "PMID:341956", "title": "Streptococcal impetigo and acute glomerulonephritis in children in Cairo.", "content": "Impetigo contagiosa in Cairo affected young children of both sexes, the face being the main site. Post-impetigo nephritis, confirmed by a low serum C3 level and by urinalysis, occurred in only 11% of cases. Streptococcus pyogenes strains were recovered from 84% of the skin lesions. Sixteen types were identified according to their T-protein, and most infections were associated with T3/B3264, T13/B3264, T5, T11, T12, T8/25/Imp 19 and T14/49; the majority of these types were also recovered from houseflies. The types isolated from cases of post-impetigo nephritis were T4 (M 60), T14/49 (M49), T8/25/Imp 19 (mostly M 55) and T11. Seventy percent of the patients infected with T4 (M 60) and 40% of those infected with T14/49 (M 49) developed nephritis. Strains isolated from the skin bore a closer resemblance to those isolated from the nose than to those found in the throat. The ASO response was poor in uncomplicated impetigo but the titre rose more aften in post-impetigo nephritis.", "contents": "Streptococcal impetigo and acute glomerulonephritis in children in Cairo. Impetigo contagiosa in Cairo affected young children of both sexes, the face being the main site. Post-impetigo nephritis, confirmed by a low serum C3 level and by urinalysis, occurred in only 11% of cases. Streptococcus pyogenes strains were recovered from 84% of the skin lesions. Sixteen types were identified according to their T-protein, and most infections were associated with T3/B3264, T13/B3264, T5, T11, T12, T8/25/Imp 19 and T14/49; the majority of these types were also recovered from houseflies. The types isolated from cases of post-impetigo nephritis were T4 (M 60), T14/49 (M49), T8/25/Imp 19 (mostly M 55) and T11. Seventy percent of the patients infected with T4 (M 60) and 40% of those infected with T14/49 (M 49) developed nephritis. Strains isolated from the skin bore a closer resemblance to those isolated from the nose than to those found in the throat. The ASO response was poor in uncomplicated impetigo but the titre rose more aften in post-impetigo nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:341958", "title": "An immunoenzyme histochemical technique for the detection of platelet antibodies from the serum of patients with idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).", "content": "The resent report describes a simple, reproducible, semi-quantitative immunohistochemical assay for the detection of antiplatelet antibody. Evaluation of the technique in 10 children with active idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), seven children with thrombocytopenia due to other causes, and 12 normal individuals revealed that the assay consistently and reliably distinguished children with ITP from the other groups. Individuals who had had multiple platelet transfusions and individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) also had antiplatelet antibodies detectable using this technique although the levels were less than those of individuals with ITP. The method can be used effectively to monitor the course of ITP and the effects of therapy.", "contents": "An immunoenzyme histochemical technique for the detection of platelet antibodies from the serum of patients with idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). The resent report describes a simple, reproducible, semi-quantitative immunohistochemical assay for the detection of antiplatelet antibody. Evaluation of the technique in 10 children with active idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), seven children with thrombocytopenia due to other causes, and 12 normal individuals revealed that the assay consistently and reliably distinguished children with ITP from the other groups. Individuals who had had multiple platelet transfusions and individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) also had antiplatelet antibodies detectable using this technique although the levels were less than those of individuals with ITP. The method can be used effectively to monitor the course of ITP and the effects of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:341959", "title": "Platelet Autoimmunity.", "content": "Autoimmunity to platelets was looked for by complement fixation, antiglobulin consumption, transformation and migration-inhibition techniques. Only the migration-inhibition method gave consistently positive results. The test was positive in nine out of 14 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and all five patients with glandular fever.", "contents": "Platelet Autoimmunity. Autoimmunity to platelets was looked for by complement fixation, antiglobulin consumption, transformation and migration-inhibition techniques. Only the migration-inhibition method gave consistently positive results. The test was positive in nine out of 14 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and all five patients with glandular fever."}
{"id": "PMID:341960", "title": "Immunological evidence that human factor VIII is composed of two linked moieties.", "content": "The relationship between the three measurable components of the factor VIII complex, procoagulant activity (VIII:C), Ristocetin cofactor (VIIIR:WF) and  factor VIII related antigen (VIIR:AG), has been investigated using a solid phase immunoadsorption system in which homologous antibodies specific for VIII:C are insolubilized onto Sepharose beads. The VIII:C component of partially purified factor VIII can be completely separated from the Willebrand factor (VIIIR:WF/VIIIR:AG) by this technique. The loss of VIII:C has no detectable effect on the molecular size, antigenicity or electrophoretic mobility of the original molecule. The Willebrand factor (WF) recovered from these immunoadsorption columns was used to absorb heterologous antisera to factor VIII. A specific heterologous antiserum to VIII:C, which no longer neutralized VIIIR:WF nor precipitated VIIIR:AG, was obtained. Heterologous antisera to WF were prepared which potently neutralized VIIR:WF and precipitated with VIIIR:AG, but also weakly neutralized VIII:C (titre I u/ml). This study is compatible with the theory that VIII:C and VIIIR:WF/VIIIR:AG are two different but linked entities.", "contents": "Immunological evidence that human factor VIII is composed of two linked moieties. The relationship between the three measurable components of the factor VIII complex, procoagulant activity (VIII:C), Ristocetin cofactor (VIIIR:WF) and  factor VIII related antigen (VIIR:AG), has been investigated using a solid phase immunoadsorption system in which homologous antibodies specific for VIII:C are insolubilized onto Sepharose beads. The VIII:C component of partially purified factor VIII can be completely separated from the Willebrand factor (VIIIR:WF/VIIIR:AG) by this technique. The loss of VIII:C has no detectable effect on the molecular size, antigenicity or electrophoretic mobility of the original molecule. The Willebrand factor (WF) recovered from these immunoadsorption columns was used to absorb heterologous antisera to factor VIII. A specific heterologous antiserum to VIII:C, which no longer neutralized VIIIR:WF nor precipitated VIIIR:AG, was obtained. Heterologous antisera to WF were prepared which potently neutralized VIIR:WF and precipitated with VIIIR:AG, but also weakly neutralized VIII:C (titre I u/ml). This study is compatible with the theory that VIII:C and VIIIR:WF/VIIIR:AG are two different but linked entities."}
{"id": "PMID:341961", "title": "Myelotoxicity of methotrexate in animals with pyogenic infection.", "content": "Rats stimulated into prolonged increased neutrophil production by the induction of a unilateral pyo-hydronephrosis showed consistent profound neutropenia when methotrexate (MTX) was given during the first 2 d of infection. Thereafter greater neutropenia than that observed in non-infected rats was only observed in occasional animals. There was a significant correlation between the degree of neutropenia induced by MTX and the day after MTX upon which this occurred. The main target for myelotoxicity by MTX appears to be the myelocyte. Its precursors seem relatively insensitive.", "contents": "Myelotoxicity of methotrexate in animals with pyogenic infection. Rats stimulated into prolonged increased neutrophil production by the induction of a unilateral pyo-hydronephrosis showed consistent profound neutropenia when methotrexate (MTX) was given during the first 2 d of infection. Thereafter greater neutropenia than that observed in non-infected rats was only observed in occasional animals. There was a significant correlation between the degree of neutropenia induced by MTX and the day after MTX upon which this occurred. The main target for myelotoxicity by MTX appears to be the myelocyte. Its precursors seem relatively insensitive."}
{"id": "PMID:341964", "title": "Induction of labour by pharmacological and physiological doses of intravenous oxytocin.", "content": "In addition to membrane rupture, pharmacological doses of oxytocin (2.6 mU/minute rusing stepwise to 422.4 mU/minute) were used in 134 patients and the results compared to those obtained in 144 patients given only physiological doses of oxytocin (2.6 to 13.2 mU/minute). Pharmacological doses of oxytocin gave better results in terms of induction-delivery intervals, incidence of failed inductions and puerperal morbidity. The incidence of hypertonus was similar in both groups and unrelated to oxytocin doses. A uterine activity of 276 Montevideo units, modified to 200 to 220 Montevideo units for grande multiparae, is defined as the goal of oxytocin treatment in induction of labour. A sign of imminent uterine tetany in the intrauterine pressure curve (the 'damping sign') is described.", "contents": "Induction of labour by pharmacological and physiological doses of intravenous oxytocin. In addition to membrane rupture, pharmacological doses of oxytocin (2.6 mU/minute rusing stepwise to 422.4 mU/minute) were used in 134 patients and the results compared to those obtained in 144 patients given only physiological doses of oxytocin (2.6 to 13.2 mU/minute). Pharmacological doses of oxytocin gave better results in terms of induction-delivery intervals, incidence of failed inductions and puerperal morbidity. The incidence of hypertonus was similar in both groups and unrelated to oxytocin doses. A uterine activity of 276 Montevideo units, modified to 200 to 220 Montevideo units for grande multiparae, is defined as the goal of oxytocin treatment in induction of labour. A sign of imminent uterine tetany in the intrauterine pressure curve (the 'damping sign') is described."}
{"id": "PMID:341965", "title": "Panretinal photocoagulation in central retinal vein occlusion: A randomised controlled clinical study.", "content": "A randomised controlled study of photocoagulation compared with no treatment in central retinal vein occlusion is reported. Forty-eight patients were allocated into treated and control groups by a random procedure 3 months after their first visual symptoms. For the analysis they were subdivided into (1) ischaemic type, and (2) hyperpermeability-response macular-oedema type of central retinal vein occlusion. In neither group did treatment confer benefit as far as visual acuity was concerned. However, iris, disc, and retinal neovascularisation improved after treatment in the ischaemic group. In addition none of the treated patients progressed to neovascular glaucoma. Macular-oedema improved in treated patients with the hyperpermeability response, but the visual field was affected and atrophic changes at the macular precluded visual improvement. It is concluded that photocoagulation should be used only to prevent complications in the ischaemic type of central retinal vein occlusion. It does not appear to be of value in the hyperpermeability group.", "contents": "Panretinal photocoagulation in central retinal vein occlusion: A randomised controlled clinical study. A randomised controlled study of photocoagulation compared with no treatment in central retinal vein occlusion is reported. Forty-eight patients were allocated into treated and control groups by a random procedure 3 months after their first visual symptoms. For the analysis they were subdivided into (1) ischaemic type, and (2) hyperpermeability-response macular-oedema type of central retinal vein occlusion. In neither group did treatment confer benefit as far as visual acuity was concerned. However, iris, disc, and retinal neovascularisation improved after treatment in the ischaemic group. In addition none of the treated patients progressed to neovascular glaucoma. Macular-oedema improved in treated patients with the hyperpermeability response, but the visual field was affected and atrophic changes at the macular precluded visual improvement. It is concluded that photocoagulation should be used only to prevent complications in the ischaemic type of central retinal vein occlusion. It does not appear to be of value in the hyperpermeability group."}
{"id": "PMID:341966", "title": "Bilateral cataract: extraction in classic haemophilia with retrobulbar anaesthesia and peripheral iridectomy.", "content": "A 47-year-old factor VIII deficient haemophiliac successfully underwent bilateral cataract extraction. The use of cryoprecipitates to achieve haemostasis permitted retrobulbar anaesthesia and a peripheral iridectomy without complication. We consider that the use of cryoprecipitated factor VIII concentrate allows safe elective ocular surgery in patients with classic haemophilia.", "contents": "Bilateral cataract: extraction in classic haemophilia with retrobulbar anaesthesia and peripheral iridectomy. A 47-year-old factor VIII deficient haemophiliac successfully underwent bilateral cataract extraction. The use of cryoprecipitates to achieve haemostasis permitted retrobulbar anaesthesia and a peripheral iridectomy without complication. We consider that the use of cryoprecipitated factor VIII concentrate allows safe elective ocular surgery in patients with classic haemophilia."}
{"id": "PMID:341967", "title": "Endothelial cell loss and corneal thickness after intracapsular extraction and iris clip lens implantation: a randomised controlled trial (interim report).", "content": "Patients in a randomised controlled trial were chosen either to have iris clip lens implantation after intracapsular cataract extraction or intracapsular extraction only. They were assessed in terms of corneal thickness, postoperative epithelial oedema, and endothelial cell counts. All patients had 1 eye submitted to operation, which was carried out by the same surgeon. There was significantly greater increase in corneal thickness (P less than 0.05) on the 5th postoperative day in eyes which had lens implants (23 patients with intracapsular extraction and 19 with implant), but the difference between the 2 groups became insignificant at 1 month (17 patients in each group). Daily corneal thickness measurements and observations of epithelial oedema in a subgroup (20 patients divided equally into 2 groups) showed that postoperatively there was greater and more widespread corneal oedema after implant surgery. When the operated eye was compared with the unoperated eye, endothelial cell loss was significantly greater in those with implants (P less than 0.01) than in those with simple intracapsular extraction.", "contents": "Endothelial cell loss and corneal thickness after intracapsular extraction and iris clip lens implantation: a randomised controlled trial (interim report). Patients in a randomised controlled trial were chosen either to have iris clip lens implantation after intracapsular cataract extraction or intracapsular extraction only. They were assessed in terms of corneal thickness, postoperative epithelial oedema, and endothelial cell counts. All patients had 1 eye submitted to operation, which was carried out by the same surgeon. There was significantly greater increase in corneal thickness (P less than 0.05) on the 5th postoperative day in eyes which had lens implants (23 patients with intracapsular extraction and 19 with implant), but the difference between the 2 groups became insignificant at 1 month (17 patients in each group). Daily corneal thickness measurements and observations of epithelial oedema in a subgroup (20 patients divided equally into 2 groups) showed that postoperatively there was greater and more widespread corneal oedema after implant surgery. When the operated eye was compared with the unoperated eye, endothelial cell loss was significantly greater in those with implants (P less than 0.01) than in those with simple intracapsular extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:341968", "title": "Photoinduced affinity labeling of the Escherichia coli ribosome puromycin site.", "content": "The photoincorporation of puromycin into Escherichia coli ribosomes has been studied in detail. Incorporation into protein L23 as a function of puromycin concentration follows a simple saturation curve and is specifically blocked by structural and functional analogues of puromycin, thus demonstrating that such incorporation proceeds via an affinity labeling process. Incorporation into L23 becomes more specific as the light fluence is reduced, indicating that such incorporation takes place from a native rather than light-denatured puromycin site. L23 remains the major labeled protein using ribosomes prepared by several procedures, suggesting the conservative nature of the site. In addition evidence is presented for affinity labeling of S14 and of a site in the RNA fraction of the 50S particle. Specific incorporation appears to proceed with an anomalously high quantum yield. The detailed photochemical mechanism is not understood, although 8-alkylation of purine moiety has been excluded. Incorporation is largely inhibited in the presence of thiol reagents.", "contents": "Photoinduced affinity labeling of the Escherichia coli ribosome puromycin site. The photoincorporation of puromycin into Escherichia coli ribosomes has been studied in detail. Incorporation into protein L23 as a function of puromycin concentration follows a simple saturation curve and is specifically blocked by structural and functional analogues of puromycin, thus demonstrating that such incorporation proceeds via an affinity labeling process. Incorporation into L23 becomes more specific as the light fluence is reduced, indicating that such incorporation takes place from a native rather than light-denatured puromycin site. L23 remains the major labeled protein using ribosomes prepared by several procedures, suggesting the conservative nature of the site. In addition evidence is presented for affinity labeling of S14 and of a site in the RNA fraction of the 50S particle. Specific incorporation appears to proceed with an anomalously high quantum yield. The detailed photochemical mechanism is not understood, although 8-alkylation of purine moiety has been excluded. Incorporation is largely inhibited in the presence of thiol reagents."}
{"id": "PMID:341969", "title": "Altered topography of 16S RNA in the inactive form of Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal subunits.", "content": "We have studied the topography of 16S RNA in the inactive form of the 30S ribosomal subunit (Ginsburg, I., et al. (1973) J. Mol. Biol. 79, 481), using the guanine-specific reagent kethoxal. Oligonucleotides surrounding reactive guanine residues were isolated and quantitated by means of diagonal electrophoresis and sequenced. Comparison of these results with experiments on active or reactivated subunits reveals the following: (1) Most of the sites which are reactive in active 30S subunits are much more reactive (average 13-fold) in inactive subunits. Upon reactivation, these sites return to a less reactive state. Thus, a reversible increase in accessibility of specific 16S RNA sites parallels the reversible loss of protein synthesis activity of 30S subunits. (2) The number of kethoxal-reactive sites in inactive subunits is about twice that of active subunits. The nucleotide sequences and locations of the additional accessible sites in inactive subunits have been determined. (3) Sites that can be located in the 16S RNA sequence are distributed throughout the RNA chain in inactive subunits, in contrast to the clustering observed in active subunits. (4) The sites of kethoxal substitution are single stranded. Yet, of the 30 sites that can be located, 23 were predicted to be base paired in the proposed secondary structure model for 16S RNA (Ehresmann, C., et al. (1975), Nucleic Acids Res. 2, 265).", "contents": "Altered topography of 16S RNA in the inactive form of Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal subunits. We have studied the topography of 16S RNA in the inactive form of the 30S ribosomal subunit (Ginsburg, I., et al. (1973) J. Mol. Biol. 79, 481), using the guanine-specific reagent kethoxal. Oligonucleotides surrounding reactive guanine residues were isolated and quantitated by means of diagonal electrophoresis and sequenced. Comparison of these results with experiments on active or reactivated subunits reveals the following: (1) Most of the sites which are reactive in active 30S subunits are much more reactive (average 13-fold) in inactive subunits. Upon reactivation, these sites return to a less reactive state. Thus, a reversible increase in accessibility of specific 16S RNA sites parallels the reversible loss of protein synthesis activity of 30S subunits. (2) The number of kethoxal-reactive sites in inactive subunits is about twice that of active subunits. The nucleotide sequences and locations of the additional accessible sites in inactive subunits have been determined. (3) Sites that can be located in the 16S RNA sequence are distributed throughout the RNA chain in inactive subunits, in contrast to the clustering observed in active subunits. (4) The sites of kethoxal substitution are single stranded. Yet, of the 30 sites that can be located, 23 were predicted to be base paired in the proposed secondary structure model for 16S RNA (Ehresmann, C., et al. (1975), Nucleic Acids Res. 2, 265)."}
{"id": "PMID:341971", "title": "Mechanism of ethanol-induced changes in lipid composition of Escherichia coli: inhibition of saturated fatty acid synthesis in vivo.", "content": "The in vivo effects of ethanol on lipid synthesis in Escherichia coli have been examined. Under conditions which uncoupled fatty acid synthesis from phospholipid synthesis, ethanol decreased the amount of saturated fatty acids synthesized but had little effect on the selectivity of their incorporation into phospholipids. In the absence of fatty acid degradation and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, E. coli was still able to adapt its membrane lipids to ethanol, while the inhibition of total fatty acid synthesis eliminated this response. During growth in the presence of ethanol, strain K1060 (an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph) incorporated an increased amount of exogenous heptadecanoic acid (17:0) to compensate for the reduction in palmitic acid (16:0) available from biosynthesis. Thus, our results indicate that the reduced levels of saturated fatty acids observed in the phospholipids of E. coli following growth in the presence of ethanol result primarily from a decrease in the amounts of saturated fatty acids available for phospholipid synthesis.", "contents": "Mechanism of ethanol-induced changes in lipid composition of Escherichia coli: inhibition of saturated fatty acid synthesis in vivo. The in vivo effects of ethanol on lipid synthesis in Escherichia coli have been examined. Under conditions which uncoupled fatty acid synthesis from phospholipid synthesis, ethanol decreased the amount of saturated fatty acids synthesized but had little effect on the selectivity of their incorporation into phospholipids. In the absence of fatty acid degradation and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, E. coli was still able to adapt its membrane lipids to ethanol, while the inhibition of total fatty acid synthesis eliminated this response. During growth in the presence of ethanol, strain K1060 (an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph) incorporated an increased amount of exogenous heptadecanoic acid (17:0) to compensate for the reduction in palmitic acid (16:0) available from biosynthesis. Thus, our results indicate that the reduced levels of saturated fatty acids observed in the phospholipids of E. coli following growth in the presence of ethanol result primarily from a decrease in the amounts of saturated fatty acids available for phospholipid synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:341973", "title": "Stereochemistry of reactions catalyzed by glutamate decarboxylase.", "content": "When the decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid by the glutamate decarboxylase from Escherichia coli is carried out in D2O, the product gamma-aminobutyric acid contains a single deuterium atom. The stereochemistry of this material was established by conversion to levorotatory methyl 4-phthalimido [4(-2)H] butyrate. The dextrorotatory isomer of the latter compound was synthesized from S-[2(-2)H] glycine by a series of reactions not affecting the stereochemistry at the chiral center. Thus, the decarboxylation of glutamic acid occurs with retention of configuration. Decarboxylation of L-alpha-methylglutamic acid by this enzyme produced levorotatory gamma-aminovaleric acid and thus also occurs with retention of configuration.", "contents": "Stereochemistry of reactions catalyzed by glutamate decarboxylase. When the decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid by the glutamate decarboxylase from Escherichia coli is carried out in D2O, the product gamma-aminobutyric acid contains a single deuterium atom. The stereochemistry of this material was established by conversion to levorotatory methyl 4-phthalimido [4(-2)H] butyrate. The dextrorotatory isomer of the latter compound was synthesized from S-[2(-2)H] glycine by a series of reactions not affecting the stereochemistry at the chiral center. Thus, the decarboxylation of glutamic acid occurs with retention of configuration. Decarboxylation of L-alpha-methylglutamic acid by this enzyme produced levorotatory gamma-aminovaleric acid and thus also occurs with retention of configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:341976", "title": "Shape of protein L11 from the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Protein L11 from the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli A19 was purified by a method using nondenaturing conditions. Its shape in solution was studied by hydrodynamic and low-angle x-ray scattering experiments. The results from both methods are in good agreement. In buffers similar to the ribosomal reconstitution buffer, the protein is monomeric at concentrations up to 3 mg/mL and has a molecular weight of 16 000-17 000. The protein molecule resembles a prolate ellipsoid with an axial ratio of 5-6:1 a radius of gyration of 34 A, and a maximal length of 150 A. From the low-angle x-ray diffraction data, a more refined model of the protein molecule has been constructed consisting of two ellipsoids joined by their long axes.", "contents": "Shape of protein L11 from the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli. Protein L11 from the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli A19 was purified by a method using nondenaturing conditions. Its shape in solution was studied by hydrodynamic and low-angle x-ray scattering experiments. The results from both methods are in good agreement. In buffers similar to the ribosomal reconstitution buffer, the protein is monomeric at concentrations up to 3 mg/mL and has a molecular weight of 16 000-17 000. The protein molecule resembles a prolate ellipsoid with an axial ratio of 5-6:1 a radius of gyration of 34 A, and a maximal length of 150 A. From the low-angle x-ray diffraction data, a more refined model of the protein molecule has been constructed consisting of two ellipsoids joined by their long axes."}
{"id": "PMID:341978", "title": "Spreading of biomembranes at the air/water interface.", "content": "This paper presents the compression isotherms obtained by spreading membranes of intestinal brush border, human erythrocyte and Escherichia coli (cytoplasmic) at the air/water interface. Unilamellar membrane films were formed, with a good yield, at zero surface pressure, whereas multilamellar structures were formed at high surface pressure. Once formed, the films were particularly stable and could be manipulated without any detectable loss. With doubly-labelled E. coli cytoplasmic membrane, we could show that phospholipids and proteins spread, with the same yield, as a single unit. Moreover, we studied the influence of hydrolytic enzymes, chemical agents and cations on the compression isotherm of biomembranes. The resultant changes in architecture of membrane films can provide a very simple method of studying the influence of membrane packing on catalytic activity and protein conformation of membrane-bound proteins.", "contents": "Spreading of biomembranes at the air/water interface. This paper presents the compression isotherms obtained by spreading membranes of intestinal brush border, human erythrocyte and Escherichia coli (cytoplasmic) at the air/water interface. Unilamellar membrane films were formed, with a good yield, at zero surface pressure, whereas multilamellar structures were formed at high surface pressure. Once formed, the films were particularly stable and could be manipulated without any detectable loss. With doubly-labelled E. coli cytoplasmic membrane, we could show that phospholipids and proteins spread, with the same yield, as a single unit. Moreover, we studied the influence of hydrolytic enzymes, chemical agents and cations on the compression isotherm of biomembranes. The resultant changes in architecture of membrane films can provide a very simple method of studying the influence of membrane packing on catalytic activity and protein conformation of membrane-bound proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:341979", "title": "Synthesis of alpha3 phage DNA in replication mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Host functions for DNA replication of bacteriophage alpha3, a representative of group A microvirid phages, were studied using dna and rep mutants of Escherichia coli. In dna+ cells, conversion of phage alpha3 single-stranded DNA (SS) into the double-stranded replicative form (RF) was insensitive to 30--150 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol, 200 microgram/ml of rifampicin, 50 microgram/ml of nalidixic acid, or 200 microgram/ml of novobiocin. At 43 degrees C, synthesis of the parental RF was inhibited in dnaG and dnaZ mutants, but not in dnaE and rep strains. Replication of phage alpha3 progeny RF was prevented by 50 microgram/ml of mitomycin C (in hcr+ bacteria), 50 microgram/ml of nalidixic acid or 200 microgram/ml of novoviocin, but neither by 30 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol nor by 200 microgram/ml of rifampicin. Besides dnaG and dnaZ gene products, dnaE and rep functions were essential for progeny RF synthesis. Host factor dependence of alpha3 was relatively simple and, in contrast with phages phiX174 and G4, alpha3 did not require dnaB and dnaC(D) activities.", "contents": "Synthesis of alpha3 phage DNA in replication mutants of Escherichia coli. Host functions for DNA replication of bacteriophage alpha3, a representative of group A microvirid phages, were studied using dna and rep mutants of Escherichia coli. In dna+ cells, conversion of phage alpha3 single-stranded DNA (SS) into the double-stranded replicative form (RF) was insensitive to 30--150 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol, 200 microgram/ml of rifampicin, 50 microgram/ml of nalidixic acid, or 200 microgram/ml of novobiocin. At 43 degrees C, synthesis of the parental RF was inhibited in dnaG and dnaZ mutants, but not in dnaE and rep strains. Replication of phage alpha3 progeny RF was prevented by 50 microgram/ml of mitomycin C (in hcr+ bacteria), 50 microgram/ml of nalidixic acid or 200 microgram/ml of novoviocin, but neither by 30 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol nor by 200 microgram/ml of rifampicin. Besides dnaG and dnaZ gene products, dnaE and rep functions were essential for progeny RF synthesis. Host factor dependence of alpha3 was relatively simple and, in contrast with phages phiX174 and G4, alpha3 did not require dnaB and dnaC(D) activities."}
{"id": "PMID:341980", "title": "The efficiency of methionine incorporation from isoaccepting species of tRNAMet into rabbit globin in an homologous reticulocyte lysate system.", "content": "Rabbit globin alpha and beta chains were labeled with [3H]leucine, and with [35S] -methionine from reticulocyte tRNAMet isoacceptors using a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free synthesis system. [35S]Methionine from the three tRNAMet species isolated by RPC-5 chromatography was incorporated into internal positions of both alpha and beta globin. The initiator tRNA, tRNAIMet, exhibited very low efficiency for incorporating methionine internally, while tRNAIIMet was four times more efficient than tRNAIIIMet. Amino acid analysis of the tryptic peptides of the labeled globins revealed that all three isoacceptors incorporated methionine into the normal methionine peptides. Similar studies with Escherichia coli [35S]Met-tRNAfMet showed a 3-fold increase over the reticulocyte initiator tRNA in its capacity to incorporate methionine into the internal positions of rabbit globin.", "contents": "The efficiency of methionine incorporation from isoaccepting species of tRNAMet into rabbit globin in an homologous reticulocyte lysate system. Rabbit globin alpha and beta chains were labeled with [3H]leucine, and with [35S] -methionine from reticulocyte tRNAMet isoacceptors using a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free synthesis system. [35S]Methionine from the three tRNAMet species isolated by RPC-5 chromatography was incorporated into internal positions of both alpha and beta globin. The initiator tRNA, tRNAIMet, exhibited very low efficiency for incorporating methionine internally, while tRNAIIMet was four times more efficient than tRNAIIIMet. Amino acid analysis of the tryptic peptides of the labeled globins revealed that all three isoacceptors incorporated methionine into the normal methionine peptides. Similar studies with Escherichia coli [35S]Met-tRNAfMet showed a 3-fold increase over the reticulocyte initiator tRNA in its capacity to incorporate methionine into the internal positions of rabbit globin."}
{"id": "PMID:341982", "title": "On the accessibility and selection of the initiator site of mRNA in protein synthesis.", "content": "The specificity of the cell-free system of Escherichia coli for mRNA was examined, and the \"accessibility\" of some natural and synthetic RNAs to the ribosomes was determined by measurement of AcPhe-tRNA and fMet-tRNA binding, AcPhe-puromycin and fMet-puromycin formation, and polypeptide synthesis. The E. coli system effectively initiates the translation of various synthetic RNAs with AcPhe-tRNA or fMet-tRNA under conditions optimal for the translation of viral RNA. Poly(A,G,U) is accessible to the ribosomes according to all of the above criteria. Poly(A,C,G,U), 23 S rRNA, R17 RNA, and MS2 RNA, on the other hand, show limited accessibility when tested for initiator tRNA binding, or for AcPhe-puromycin and fMet-puromycin formation. MS2 and R17 RNA, but not poly(A,C,G,U) and 23 S rRNA, show accessibility when measured by polypeptide synthesis. The results suggest that, except at initiator sites of natural mRNA, an RNA containing about equal amounts of all four bases is inaccessible to E. coli ribosomes for polypeptide synthesis. Rate constants obtained for fMet-tRNA binding with MS2 RNA, poly(A,G,U), and poly(C,G,U) indicate that the ribosomes do not have any special affinity for the viral RNA. Thus, the selection of the initiator site in protein synthesis may be critically determined more by the accessibility of the initiator codon than by ribosomal recognition of the site.", "contents": "On the accessibility and selection of the initiator site of mRNA in protein synthesis. The specificity of the cell-free system of Escherichia coli for mRNA was examined, and the \"accessibility\" of some natural and synthetic RNAs to the ribosomes was determined by measurement of AcPhe-tRNA and fMet-tRNA binding, AcPhe-puromycin and fMet-puromycin formation, and polypeptide synthesis. The E. coli system effectively initiates the translation of various synthetic RNAs with AcPhe-tRNA or fMet-tRNA under conditions optimal for the translation of viral RNA. Poly(A,G,U) is accessible to the ribosomes according to all of the above criteria. Poly(A,C,G,U), 23 S rRNA, R17 RNA, and MS2 RNA, on the other hand, show limited accessibility when tested for initiator tRNA binding, or for AcPhe-puromycin and fMet-puromycin formation. MS2 and R17 RNA, but not poly(A,C,G,U) and 23 S rRNA, show accessibility when measured by polypeptide synthesis. The results suggest that, except at initiator sites of natural mRNA, an RNA containing about equal amounts of all four bases is inaccessible to E. coli ribosomes for polypeptide synthesis. Rate constants obtained for fMet-tRNA binding with MS2 RNA, poly(A,G,U), and poly(C,G,U) indicate that the ribosomes do not have any special affinity for the viral RNA. Thus, the selection of the initiator site in protein synthesis may be critically determined more by the accessibility of the initiator codon than by ribosomal recognition of the site."}
{"id": "PMID:341983", "title": "Covalent cross-linking of ribosomal RNA and proteins by methylene blue-sensitized photooxidation.", "content": "Ribosomal proteins are covalently cross-linked to ribosomal RNA by irradiation with visible light in the presence of methylene blue and O2. Proteins S3, S4, S5 and S7 from the 30 S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes and L2 and L3 from the 50 S subunit are among the cross-linked proteins. S3 and S5 had not previously been identified as RNA-binding proteins.", "contents": "Covalent cross-linking of ribosomal RNA and proteins by methylene blue-sensitized photooxidation. Ribosomal proteins are covalently cross-linked to ribosomal RNA by irradiation with visible light in the presence of methylene blue and O2. Proteins S3, S4, S5 and S7 from the 30 S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes and L2 and L3 from the 50 S subunit are among the cross-linked proteins. S3 and S5 had not previously been identified as RNA-binding proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:341984", "title": "Purification of RNAase II by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Purification of RNAase II to electrophoretic homogeneity is described. The exonuclease is activated by K+ and Mg2+ and hydrolyses poly(A) to 5'-AMP, exclusively as described by Nossal and Singer (1968, J. Biol. Chem. 243, 913--922). To separate RNAase II from ribosomes, DEAE-cellulose chromatography was used. Two additional chromatographic steps give a preparation that yields 10 bands after analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resulted in a final preparation which on analytical polyacrylamide gels gives a single band. A molecular weight of 76 000 +/- 4000 was obtained from Sephadex G-200 chromatography, with three bands from sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) denaturation and SDS gel electrophoresis. The subunits have a molecular weight of 40 000 +/- 2000, 33 000 +/- 2000, and 26 000 +/- 1000. The enzyme thus appears to consist of three dissimilar subunits.", "contents": "Purification of RNAase II by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purification of RNAase II to electrophoretic homogeneity is described. The exonuclease is activated by K+ and Mg2+ and hydrolyses poly(A) to 5'-AMP, exclusively as described by Nossal and Singer (1968, J. Biol. Chem. 243, 913--922). To separate RNAase II from ribosomes, DEAE-cellulose chromatography was used. Two additional chromatographic steps give a preparation that yields 10 bands after analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resulted in a final preparation which on analytical polyacrylamide gels gives a single band. A molecular weight of 76 000 +/- 4000 was obtained from Sephadex G-200 chromatography, with three bands from sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) denaturation and SDS gel electrophoresis. The subunits have a molecular weight of 40 000 +/- 2000, 33 000 +/- 2000, and 26 000 +/- 1000. The enzyme thus appears to consist of three dissimilar subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:341985", "title": "Factors influencing the observed half-lives of specific synthetic capacities in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "We have identified a variety of factors affecting the stability of allophanate hydrolase-specific and gross cellular protein synthetic capacities. These synthetic capacities have been extrapolated by many laboratories to represent functional messenger RNAs. Synthetic capacity turnover rates that we measured were greater in diploid organisms than in haploid strains and were proportional to the temperature of the culture medium. The stability of allophanate hydrolase-specific synthetic capacity was not influenced by alterations in the nitrogen source provided in the culture medium, but was increased up to 15-fold by the total inhibition of protein synthesis. Cultures in which protein synthesis was inhibited as little as 20% exhibited hydrolase-specific synthetic capacities more than 2-fold greater than those observed in the absence of inhibition.", "contents": "Factors influencing the observed half-lives of specific synthetic capacities in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have identified a variety of factors affecting the stability of allophanate hydrolase-specific and gross cellular protein synthetic capacities. These synthetic capacities have been extrapolated by many laboratories to represent functional messenger RNAs. Synthetic capacity turnover rates that we measured were greater in diploid organisms than in haploid strains and were proportional to the temperature of the culture medium. The stability of allophanate hydrolase-specific synthetic capacity was not influenced by alterations in the nitrogen source provided in the culture medium, but was increased up to 15-fold by the total inhibition of protein synthesis. Cultures in which protein synthesis was inhibited as little as 20% exhibited hydrolase-specific synthetic capacities more than 2-fold greater than those observed in the absence of inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:341986", "title": "Bacteriophage phiX174 growth in an Escherichia coli dnaIts mutant, KS810.", "content": "A bacteriophage phiX174-sensitive Escherichia coli dnaIts mutant, KS810, was constructed and growth of phiX174 in the cells was investigated. phiX174 and phiX174am3trD could grow normally at 43 degrees C as well as 27 degrees C, therefore we conclude that the growth of bacteriophage phiX174 is not dependent upon the host dnaI gene product.", "contents": "Bacteriophage phiX174 growth in an Escherichia coli dnaIts mutant, KS810. A bacteriophage phiX174-sensitive Escherichia coli dnaIts mutant, KS810, was constructed and growth of phiX174 in the cells was investigated. phiX174 and phiX174am3trD could grow normally at 43 degrees C as well as 27 degrees C, therefore we conclude that the growth of bacteriophage phiX174 is not dependent upon the host dnaI gene product."}
{"id": "PMID:341987", "title": "On the mechanism of action of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthase. Steady-state investigations.", "content": "Tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli (L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indole), EC 4.2.1.20) synthesizes L-trypotophan from indoleglycerol phosphate and L-serine, releasing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, or from indole and L-serine. The latter reaction (B reaction), catalyzed either by the beta2 species or by the (alpha2 beta2) complex, has been studied by steady-state methods. A sequential mechanism is indicated. Inhibition experiments with the substrate analogue benzimidazole were carried out in order to distinguish between random and ordered mechanisms. The results are compatible with a random sequential mechanism. The dissociation constants of the enzyme-substrate complexes are evaluated. When catalyzed by the tetrameric complex (alpha2 beta2) the B reaction is inhibited by higher concentrations of the substrate indole. This inhibition does not follow the usual substrate inhibition pattern. The question whether the binding of indole to the alpha-subunit exerts an inhibitory effect on the beta2 species, possibly by reversing the activation by the alpha subunit of the beta2 species, is discussed.", "contents": "On the mechanism of action of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthase. Steady-state investigations. Tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli (L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indole), EC 4.2.1.20) synthesizes L-trypotophan from indoleglycerol phosphate and L-serine, releasing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, or from indole and L-serine. The latter reaction (B reaction), catalyzed either by the beta2 species or by the (alpha2 beta2) complex, has been studied by steady-state methods. A sequential mechanism is indicated. Inhibition experiments with the substrate analogue benzimidazole were carried out in order to distinguish between random and ordered mechanisms. The results are compatible with a random sequential mechanism. The dissociation constants of the enzyme-substrate complexes are evaluated. When catalyzed by the tetrameric complex (alpha2 beta2) the B reaction is inhibited by higher concentrations of the substrate indole. This inhibition does not follow the usual substrate inhibition pattern. The question whether the binding of indole to the alpha-subunit exerts an inhibitory effect on the beta2 species, possibly by reversing the activation by the alpha subunit of the beta2 species, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:341988", "title": "Intermolecular interaction studies on native and enzyme-treated acid-soluble collagen.", "content": "The aggregative properties of acid-soluble collagen, native or enzyme treated, have been studied by electric birefringence and low shear rate viscosity. A unique type of aggregate has been found, about 700 nm long for native collagen and 530 nm for pepsin treated, regardless of the acetic acid concentration in the range 1--100 mM. The number of aggregates increases with collagen concentrations, as could be expected for electrostatic interactions. On the contrary, pepsin-extracted cartilage collagen forms aggregates of covalent nature, the number of which is independent of concentration. Viscosity measurements show two different interaction mechanisms: a short distance one which can be identified with the electric birefringence-detected aggregation, and a long distance superstructure which disappears when salt is added to the solution.", "contents": "Intermolecular interaction studies on native and enzyme-treated acid-soluble collagen. The aggregative properties of acid-soluble collagen, native or enzyme treated, have been studied by electric birefringence and low shear rate viscosity. A unique type of aggregate has been found, about 700 nm long for native collagen and 530 nm for pepsin treated, regardless of the acetic acid concentration in the range 1--100 mM. The number of aggregates increases with collagen concentrations, as could be expected for electrostatic interactions. On the contrary, pepsin-extracted cartilage collagen forms aggregates of covalent nature, the number of which is independent of concentration. Viscosity measurements show two different interaction mechanisms: a short distance one which can be identified with the electric birefringence-detected aggregation, and a long distance superstructure which disappears when salt is added to the solution."}
{"id": "PMID:341991", "title": "Rotational diffusion of Escherichia coli ribosomes. I. - Free 70 S, 50 S and 30 S particles.", "content": "The rotational brownian diffusion of Escherichia coli ribosomes has been studied by following the transient dichroism generated by optical excitation of a covalent probe into its triplet state. The induced absorption anisotropy decays exponentially with characteristic correlation times: 2.5 microseconds, 1.6 microseconds and 1.1 microseconds for the 70S ribosome and the 50S and 30S subparticles respectively. The corresponding Stokes radii are in the same order, 133 A, 115 A and 103 A. The hydrodynamic properties are discussed in terms of an ellipsoidal shape of the ribosome particles.", "contents": "Rotational diffusion of Escherichia coli ribosomes. I. - Free 70 S, 50 S and 30 S particles. The rotational brownian diffusion of Escherichia coli ribosomes has been studied by following the transient dichroism generated by optical excitation of a covalent probe into its triplet state. The induced absorption anisotropy decays exponentially with characteristic correlation times: 2.5 microseconds, 1.6 microseconds and 1.1 microseconds for the 70S ribosome and the 50S and 30S subparticles respectively. The corresponding Stokes radii are in the same order, 133 A, 115 A and 103 A. The hydrodynamic properties are discussed in terms of an ellipsoidal shape of the ribosome particles."}
{"id": "PMID:341992", "title": "Rotational diffusion of Escherichia coli ribosomes. II. - Ribosome attachment to polyurydilic acid.", "content": "Ribosome attachment to poly(U) has been studied by following the rotational diffusion of polyribosomes in solution. On the average, 13-17 and 50 nucleotides are found to be associated with 30S and 70S ribosome respectively. For an equal length of poly(U), the number of particles in a 30S polysome is four times that in a 70S polysome. The results are consistent with a structure of the polysome in which individual ribosomes are in close contact.", "contents": "Rotational diffusion of Escherichia coli ribosomes. II. - Ribosome attachment to polyurydilic acid. Ribosome attachment to poly(U) has been studied by following the rotational diffusion of polyribosomes in solution. On the average, 13-17 and 50 nucleotides are found to be associated with 30S and 70S ribosome respectively. For an equal length of poly(U), the number of particles in a 30S polysome is four times that in a 70S polysome. The results are consistent with a structure of the polysome in which individual ribosomes are in close contact."}
{"id": "PMID:341993", "title": "[Biosynthesis of thiazole from thiamine in Escherichia coli].", "content": "The incorporation into the thiazole moiety of thiamine of several labeled compounds has been studied on short time incubations of washed-cells suspensions. No incorporation of radioactivity from [G-14C] methionine was found in a mutant auxotrophic for methionine. No radioactivity was incorporated from [U-14C] aspartate or from [U-14C] serine. The incorporation of 35S from sulphate was lowered by cysteine or glutathione but was unaffected by methionine or homocystine. Although the synthesis of thiazole is dependent on methionine, neither the sulphur atom nor the carbon chain of thiazole originate from methonine in E. coli. No carbon originates from cysteine which is the likely direct donor of sulphur.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of thiazole from thiamine in Escherichia coli]. The incorporation into the thiazole moiety of thiamine of several labeled compounds has been studied on short time incubations of washed-cells suspensions. No incorporation of radioactivity from [G-14C] methionine was found in a mutant auxotrophic for methionine. No radioactivity was incorporated from [U-14C] aspartate or from [U-14C] serine. The incorporation of 35S from sulphate was lowered by cysteine or glutathione but was unaffected by methionine or homocystine. Although the synthesis of thiazole is dependent on methionine, neither the sulphur atom nor the carbon chain of thiazole originate from methonine in E. coli. No carbon originates from cysteine which is the likely direct donor of sulphur."}
{"id": "PMID:341994", "title": "[Dependence of inhibition by levorin of amino acid incorporation into protoplasts and subcellular proteins of Candida albicans on the change of endocellular potassium concentration].", "content": "Levorin is found to decrease more efficiently potassium concentration in C. albicans protoplasts under their incubation in the presence of sodium than in the medium containing the equivalent amount of potassium. Minimal inhibitory concentration of levorin for resistant C. albicans cells incubated on potassium-depeleted medium was in 4 times lower than for cells incubated in potassium-enriched medium. The decrease of membrane permeability for 14C-amino acids and their incorporation into membrane, ribosomal and soluble proteins under the effect of levorin was more pronounced when protoplasts were cultivated in sodium-containing medium than in potassium-containing one. In both media the inhibition of 14C-amino acid incorporation by levorin into ribosomal and cytosol proteins was more efficient than into membrane proteins, but these differences were less pronounced in case of potassium-containing medium.", "contents": "[Dependence of inhibition by levorin of amino acid incorporation into protoplasts and subcellular proteins of Candida albicans on the change of endocellular potassium concentration]. Levorin is found to decrease more efficiently potassium concentration in C. albicans protoplasts under their incubation in the presence of sodium than in the medium containing the equivalent amount of potassium. Minimal inhibitory concentration of levorin for resistant C. albicans cells incubated on potassium-depeleted medium was in 4 times lower than for cells incubated in potassium-enriched medium. The decrease of membrane permeability for 14C-amino acids and their incorporation into membrane, ribosomal and soluble proteins under the effect of levorin was more pronounced when protoplasts were cultivated in sodium-containing medium than in potassium-containing one. In both media the inhibition of 14C-amino acid incorporation by levorin into ribosomal and cytosol proteins was more efficient than into membrane proteins, but these differences were less pronounced in case of potassium-containing medium."}
{"id": "PMID:341995", "title": "[Determination of leucine-binding protein content of Escherichia coli cells].", "content": "A radioimmunochemical method of determination of leucine-binding protein and a method, based on the selective absorption of the protein and its complex with leucine on DEAE-cellulose, has been developed. The protein content in the E. coli cells at different stage of growth has been determined by the radioimmunochemical and equilibrium dialysis methods. It was shown that the protein content in the cells is practically independent of the growth-phase.", "contents": "[Determination of leucine-binding protein content of Escherichia coli cells]. A radioimmunochemical method of determination of leucine-binding protein and a method, based on the selective absorption of the protein and its complex with leucine on DEAE-cellulose, has been developed. The protein content in the E. coli cells at different stage of growth has been determined by the radioimmunochemical and equilibrium dialysis methods. It was shown that the protein content in the cells is practically independent of the growth-phase."}
{"id": "PMID:341996", "title": "[Translation of poly U by ribosomes from rel+ and rel- E. coli strains].", "content": "A translation of polyU in a cell-free system from CP78 (relA+) and CP79 (relA-) E. coli strains is investigated. The strains studied no not differ in misreading at Mg2+ concentration of 20 mM and concentrations of 16 mM (optimal for phenylalanine incorporation) and 18-22 mM (optimal for leucine incorporation) respectively. It is found that leucine incorporation increases similarly in both strains under conditions simulating an amino acid deficience (in phenylalanine-free incubation medium): the ratio leucine(-phenylalanine)/leucine (+phenylalanine) is 3.5-4 at a concentration of enzymatic fraction protein being 15-30 mkg per example, and it is 2 st a concentration of enzymatic fraction of 60-180 mkg of protein. It is suggested that differences in activities of a number of enzymes under amino acid starvation in Rel+ and Rel- cells are not due to differences in the precision of mRNA translation, but depend on the activity of respective genes.", "contents": "[Translation of poly U by ribosomes from rel+ and rel- E. coli strains]. A translation of polyU in a cell-free system from CP78 (relA+) and CP79 (relA-) E. coli strains is investigated. The strains studied no not differ in misreading at Mg2+ concentration of 20 mM and concentrations of 16 mM (optimal for phenylalanine incorporation) and 18-22 mM (optimal for leucine incorporation) respectively. It is found that leucine incorporation increases similarly in both strains under conditions simulating an amino acid deficience (in phenylalanine-free incubation medium): the ratio leucine(-phenylalanine)/leucine (+phenylalanine) is 3.5-4 at a concentration of enzymatic fraction protein being 15-30 mkg per example, and it is 2 st a concentration of enzymatic fraction of 60-180 mkg of protein. It is suggested that differences in activities of a number of enzymes under amino acid starvation in Rel+ and Rel- cells are not due to differences in the precision of mRNA translation, but depend on the activity of respective genes."}
{"id": "PMID:341998", "title": "Effects of diazepam on phobic avoidance behavior and phobic anxiety.", "content": "The efficacy of diazepam for controlling phobic avoidance behavior and phobic anxiety and the potential usefulness of the behavioral approach measure for screening new antianxiety drugs was investigated in a double-blind study. The distance from the phobic object beyond which the subject would not approach and a rating of subjective anxiety at closest approach were made in 14 phobic patients immediately before and again 2 hr after 10-mg oral diazepam or placebo. Behavioral approach to the object was increased and subjective anxiety was decreased by diazepam as compared to placebo. The method appeared useful for early clinical screening of new drugs because it discriminated drug from placebo in a single short session using small groups and because it employed a more objective dependent measure than self-report of subjective feeling states.", "contents": "Effects of diazepam on phobic avoidance behavior and phobic anxiety. The efficacy of diazepam for controlling phobic avoidance behavior and phobic anxiety and the potential usefulness of the behavioral approach measure for screening new antianxiety drugs was investigated in a double-blind study. The distance from the phobic object beyond which the subject would not approach and a rating of subjective anxiety at closest approach were made in 14 phobic patients immediately before and again 2 hr after 10-mg oral diazepam or placebo. Behavioral approach to the object was increased and subjective anxiety was decreased by diazepam as compared to placebo. The method appeared useful for early clinical screening of new drugs because it discriminated drug from placebo in a single short session using small groups and because it employed a more objective dependent measure than self-report of subjective feeling states."}
{"id": "PMID:342004", "title": "A phase II clinical trial of cytembena. Clinical screening group of E.O.R.T.C.", "content": "In a phase II clinical (screening) trial, Cytembena has induced 20% objective regressions in uterus cervix carcinoma. This agent did not induce any myelosuppressive toxicity.", "contents": "A phase II clinical trial of cytembena. Clinical screening group of E.O.R.T.C. In a phase II clinical (screening) trial, Cytembena has induced 20% objective regressions in uterus cervix carcinoma. This agent did not induce any myelosuppressive toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:342005", "title": "The interpretation of the mass spectrum of an ornithine-containing lipid from Thiobacillus thiooxidans.", "content": "The electron impact mass spectrum of a previously identified ornithine-containing lipid from Thiobacillus thiooxidans has been interpreted using exact mass measurements, low and high energy ionization, and defocused metastable studies. The spectrum, which did not contain a molecular ion for the intact lipid, was consistent with cyclization of the ornithine zwitterionic moiety with elimination of water to give 3[3'-(11,12-methylene-2-hydroxyoctadecanoxy)hexadecanylamine]-2-piperidone. Production of this sufficiently volatile species for mass spectral analysis was accomplished by gentle pyrolysis in the mass spectrometer source. The spectrum can be understood to arise by three primary decompositions which serve to separate the two fatty acid constituents. The remainder of the spectrum is consistent with the expected fragmentations of these constituents.", "contents": "The interpretation of the mass spectrum of an ornithine-containing lipid from Thiobacillus thiooxidans. The electron impact mass spectrum of a previously identified ornithine-containing lipid from Thiobacillus thiooxidans has been interpreted using exact mass measurements, low and high energy ionization, and defocused metastable studies. The spectrum, which did not contain a molecular ion for the intact lipid, was consistent with cyclization of the ornithine zwitterionic moiety with elimination of water to give 3[3'-(11,12-methylene-2-hydroxyoctadecanoxy)hexadecanylamine]-2-piperidone. Production of this sufficiently volatile species for mass spectral analysis was accomplished by gentle pyrolysis in the mass spectrometer source. The spectrum can be understood to arise by three primary decompositions which serve to separate the two fatty acid constituents. The remainder of the spectrum is consistent with the expected fragmentations of these constituents."}
{"id": "PMID:342006", "title": "[Use of 51Cr-labelled macrophages for the objective evaluation of macrophage migration inhibition].", "content": "A possibility of using 51Cr-labeld macrophages migrating from the capillaries and lysed with sodium dodecyl sulfate for objective and quantitative assessment of the results of macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) microassay was demonstrated on the basis of correlation analysis of the experimental data. Migration area and sensitivity of 51Cr-labeled macrophages to the action of the factor of migration inhibition were found not to differ from those of unlabeled macrophages. In the assessment of the absolute macrophage migration values and its reduction under the action of the factor of migration inhibition formed in the H-2 system, and also of the specificity of this reduction there was revealed a high correlation between the migration area and the value of the migrant cell label.", "contents": "[Use of 51Cr-labelled macrophages for the objective evaluation of macrophage migration inhibition]. A possibility of using 51Cr-labeld macrophages migrating from the capillaries and lysed with sodium dodecyl sulfate for objective and quantitative assessment of the results of macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) microassay was demonstrated on the basis of correlation analysis of the experimental data. Migration area and sensitivity of 51Cr-labeled macrophages to the action of the factor of migration inhibition were found not to differ from those of unlabeled macrophages. In the assessment of the absolute macrophage migration values and its reduction under the action of the factor of migration inhibition formed in the H-2 system, and also of the specificity of this reduction there was revealed a high correlation between the migration area and the value of the migrant cell label."}
{"id": "PMID:342007", "title": "Multimarker analysis of T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "A 68-yr-old male with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) presented with splenomegaly and skin infiltration but no lymphadenopathy. The peripheral blood WBC cound was 300 x 10(9)/liter, with 95% small mature-appearing lymphocytes that were E-rosette positive and EAC-rosette negative. Further characterization of the patient's cells was performed using antisera with known lymphoid sub-population specificity. Anti-p23,30, which reacts with normal circulating B cells but not with T cells or thymocytes, was unreactive with the patient's cells. Anti-311, which reacts with both thymocytes and circulating T cells, was reactive with the patient's cells. Anti-Bk, which reacts only with thymocytes and not with circulating T-cells, failed to react with the patient's cells. The enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, present in thymocytes but absent for circulating T-cells, was also absent from the patient's lymphoid cells. Multimarker analysis therefore showed a mature T-lymphocyte phenotype on this patient's leukemia cells. Further functional analysis will probably show that such cells represent clonal expansion of a mature T-cell subpopulation, analogous to the B-cell clonality of common-variant CLL.", "contents": "Multimarker analysis of T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A 68-yr-old male with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) presented with splenomegaly and skin infiltration but no lymphadenopathy. The peripheral blood WBC cound was 300 x 10(9)/liter, with 95% small mature-appearing lymphocytes that were E-rosette positive and EAC-rosette negative. Further characterization of the patient's cells was performed using antisera with known lymphoid sub-population specificity. Anti-p23,30, which reacts with normal circulating B cells but not with T cells or thymocytes, was unreactive with the patient's cells. Anti-311, which reacts with both thymocytes and circulating T cells, was reactive with the patient's cells. Anti-Bk, which reacts only with thymocytes and not with circulating T-cells, failed to react with the patient's cells. The enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, present in thymocytes but absent for circulating T-cells, was also absent from the patient's lymphoid cells. Multimarker analysis therefore showed a mature T-lymphocyte phenotype on this patient's leukemia cells. Further functional analysis will probably show that such cells represent clonal expansion of a mature T-cell subpopulation, analogous to the B-cell clonality of common-variant CLL."}
{"id": "PMID:342013", "title": "Pediatrics in an eighteenth century remedy book.", "content": "A manuscript home remedy book of several hundred pages in German, with entries from 1631 to 1861, was found in the Washington University School of Medicine Library some years ago. Two sections on diseases of children, from the early seventeenth to the mid-eighteenth centuries, have been translated and compared with both printed and manuscript pediatric works. People cited and geographicl places mentioned are discussed. The final conclusion reached is that the text is closer in tone and philosophy to the stream of manuscripts going back to classical times than it is to the printed book of its time. An appendix lists treatment of the wet-nurse in place of the child, and treatments for debility or wasting and pain in the abdomen, and traces these through classical and later manuscript sources.", "contents": "Pediatrics in an eighteenth century remedy book. A manuscript home remedy book of several hundred pages in German, with entries from 1631 to 1861, was found in the Washington University School of Medicine Library some years ago. Two sections on diseases of children, from the early seventeenth to the mid-eighteenth centuries, have been translated and compared with both printed and manuscript pediatric works. People cited and geographicl places mentioned are discussed. The final conclusion reached is that the text is closer in tone and philosophy to the stream of manuscripts going back to classical times than it is to the printed book of its time. An appendix lists treatment of the wet-nurse in place of the child, and treatments for debility or wasting and pain in the abdomen, and traces these through classical and later manuscript sources."}
{"id": "PMID:342015", "title": "MEDLEARN: a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) program for MEDLARS.", "content": "*MEDLEARN*, a second-generation computer-assisted instruction (CAI) program available (nationally) since October 1976, provides on-line training for MEDLINE, one of the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS) data base. *MEDLEARN* was developed as a joint effort between NLM and The George Washington University Medical Center. Using MEDLINE formats throughout, *MEDLEARN* combines tutorial dialogue, drill and practice, testing, and simulation. The program was designed in three tracks oriented to basic methods, advanced techniques, and new developments. Each topic is presented on two levels, permitting an alternate explanation for users encountering difficulty. *MEDLEARN*, coded in the computer language PILOT, was developed with a modular structure which promotes ease of writing and revision. A versatile control structure maximizes student control. Frequent interactions check immediate recall, general comprehension, and integration of knowledge. Two MEDLINE simulations are included, providing the student an opportunity to formulate and execute a search, have it evaluated, and then perform the search in MEDLINE. Commenting, news broadcasting, and monitoring (with permission only) capabilities are also available. Subjective field appraisals have been positive and NLM plans to expand *MEDLEARN* and produce similar programs for other data bases.", "contents": "MEDLEARN: a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) program for MEDLARS. *MEDLEARN*, a second-generation computer-assisted instruction (CAI) program available (nationally) since October 1976, provides on-line training for MEDLINE, one of the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS) data base. *MEDLEARN* was developed as a joint effort between NLM and The George Washington University Medical Center. Using MEDLINE formats throughout, *MEDLEARN* combines tutorial dialogue, drill and practice, testing, and simulation. The program was designed in three tracks oriented to basic methods, advanced techniques, and new developments. Each topic is presented on two levels, permitting an alternate explanation for users encountering difficulty. *MEDLEARN*, coded in the computer language PILOT, was developed with a modular structure which promotes ease of writing and revision. A versatile control structure maximizes student control. Frequent interactions check immediate recall, general comprehension, and integration of knowledge. Two MEDLINE simulations are included, providing the student an opportunity to formulate and execute a search, have it evaluated, and then perform the search in MEDLINE. Commenting, news broadcasting, and monitoring (with permission only) capabilities are also available. Subjective field appraisals have been positive and NLM plans to expand *MEDLEARN* and produce similar programs for other data bases."}
{"id": "PMID:342019", "title": "A description of the Kurzweil reading machine and a status report on its testing and dissemination.", "content": "This paper presents a technical overview of the different subsystems of the Kurzweil Reading Machine--the nature of the information processed by each subsystem and the type of transformations performed. A description of how the user directs the machine is provided. The Veterans Administration's testing program, as well as those of the Bureau of Education for the Handicapped, the Rehabilitation Services Administration, and the National Federation of the Blind, are outlined. Preliminary tests of the machine with blind secondary school students have focused on the intelligibility of the synthetic speech output, and the results of these tests are presented.", "contents": "A description of the Kurzweil reading machine and a status report on its testing and dissemination. This paper presents a technical overview of the different subsystems of the Kurzweil Reading Machine--the nature of the information processed by each subsystem and the type of transformations performed. A description of how the user directs the machine is provided. The Veterans Administration's testing program, as well as those of the Bureau of Education for the Handicapped, the Rehabilitation Services Administration, and the National Federation of the Blind, are outlined. Preliminary tests of the machine with blind secondary school students have focused on the intelligibility of the synthetic speech output, and the results of these tests are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:342032", "title": "The uptake kinetics and metabolism of extraneuronal noradrenaline in guinea-pig trachea as studied with quantitative fluorescence microphotometry.", "content": "1 Extraneuronal uptake of noradrenaline and alpha-methylnoradrenaline into single cells of guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle have been studied by means of quantitative fluorescence microphotometry. 2 Fluorescence brightness due to accumulation of alpha-methylnoradrenaline was dose-dependent and was increased by the catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor drugs, tropolone or beta-thujaplicin (200 micrometer) but not by 3,4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (200 microgram). 3 Fluorescence brightness due to accumulation of noradrenaline was increased if animals were pretreated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug, nialamide. 4 The study suggests that metabolism of amines by catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase can occur subsequent to extraneuronal uptake is guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. 5 The uptake of noradrenaline into tracheal smooth muscle was concentration-dependent, saturable, and had a Km of 156 micrometer.", "contents": "The uptake kinetics and metabolism of extraneuronal noradrenaline in guinea-pig trachea as studied with quantitative fluorescence microphotometry. 1 Extraneuronal uptake of noradrenaline and alpha-methylnoradrenaline into single cells of guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle have been studied by means of quantitative fluorescence microphotometry. 2 Fluorescence brightness due to accumulation of alpha-methylnoradrenaline was dose-dependent and was increased by the catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor drugs, tropolone or beta-thujaplicin (200 micrometer) but not by 3,4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (200 microgram). 3 Fluorescence brightness due to accumulation of noradrenaline was increased if animals were pretreated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug, nialamide. 4 The study suggests that metabolism of amines by catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase can occur subsequent to extraneuronal uptake is guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. 5 The uptake of noradrenaline into tracheal smooth muscle was concentration-dependent, saturable, and had a Km of 156 micrometer."}
{"id": "PMID:342036", "title": "Renal angiography problems in live kidney donors.", "content": "We compared renal angiographic and operative findings in 88 live kidney donors. Fifty patients had normal arteriograms and uneventful nephrectomies. Abnormal renal parenchymal or main artery lesions were found in eight donors (9%). These included four renal artery stenoses; the kidney distal to the lesion was used for transplanting. Thirty one patients (35%) had multiple renal arteries. Only 24 of these (77%) were diagnosed at pre-operative angiography, though on review angiogram accuracy could be raised to 94%. Except for one patient the accessory renal arteries missed at angiography were tiny twigs; the small renal infarcts caused by ligating them did not impair transplant survival. There was one serious misdiagnosis of multiple renal arteries, preventable on review of the abdominal aortogram. We condiser  pre-operative angiography an essential step for the live kidney donor. It is the most accurate way of ensuring that his remaining kidney will be structurally sound. Finding multiple renal arteries has a decisive impact on management. Abdominal aortography rather than routine selective arteriography is the safe and therefore preferable approach to these patients.", "contents": "Renal angiography problems in live kidney donors. We compared renal angiographic and operative findings in 88 live kidney donors. Fifty patients had normal arteriograms and uneventful nephrectomies. Abnormal renal parenchymal or main artery lesions were found in eight donors (9%). These included four renal artery stenoses; the kidney distal to the lesion was used for transplanting. Thirty one patients (35%) had multiple renal arteries. Only 24 of these (77%) were diagnosed at pre-operative angiography, though on review angiogram accuracy could be raised to 94%. Except for one patient the accessory renal arteries missed at angiography were tiny twigs; the small renal infarcts caused by ligating them did not impair transplant survival. There was one serious misdiagnosis of multiple renal arteries, preventable on review of the abdominal aortogram. We condiser  pre-operative angiography an essential step for the live kidney donor. It is the most accurate way of ensuring that his remaining kidney will be structurally sound. Finding multiple renal arteries has a decisive impact on management. Abdominal aortography rather than routine selective arteriography is the safe and therefore preferable approach to these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:342037", "title": "Day care and short stay surgery for hernia.", "content": "The duration of postoperative stay has been falling in recent years as more conditions are considered suitable for outpatient care. The introduction of short stay surgery not only relieves hospital waiting lists but also represents an economic advantage and has certain social benefits for the patient. The treatment of more patients as day cases reallocates the workload, putting increased responsibility on to outpatient clinics and general practitioner and community services. It also demands careful consideration of in-hospital operative and anaesthetic techniques to speed recovery and minimize complications.", "contents": "Day care and short stay surgery for hernia. The duration of postoperative stay has been falling in recent years as more conditions are considered suitable for outpatient care. The introduction of short stay surgery not only relieves hospital waiting lists but also represents an economic advantage and has certain social benefits for the patient. The treatment of more patients as day cases reallocates the workload, putting increased responsibility on to outpatient clinics and general practitioner and community services. It also demands careful consideration of in-hospital operative and anaesthetic techniques to speed recovery and minimize complications."}
{"id": "PMID:342039", "title": "Flow and function in machine-preserved kidneys.", "content": "One hundred machine-preserved cadaver kidneys were transplanted irrespective of their flow rates on the preservation machine. Twenty-five per cent had flows of below 100 ml/min and 11 per cent had flows of below 80 ml/min. There was no correlation between the flow rate and function at 1, 3 or 12 months. There was no difference in the flow rate between those kidneys which functioned immediately and those which never functioned. A fall in flow rate was associated with acute tubular necrosis of longer duration but eventual function was not impaired. There was a higher incidence of early aggressive rejection in kidneys which functioned immediately. Preservation failure per se is a rare cause of primary non-function. Adherence to a policy of ignoring the flow characteristics of machine-preserved kidneys could make up to 25 per cent more kidneys available for transplantation.", "contents": "Flow and function in machine-preserved kidneys. One hundred machine-preserved cadaver kidneys were transplanted irrespective of their flow rates on the preservation machine. Twenty-five per cent had flows of below 100 ml/min and 11 per cent had flows of below 80 ml/min. There was no correlation between the flow rate and function at 1, 3 or 12 months. There was no difference in the flow rate between those kidneys which functioned immediately and those which never functioned. A fall in flow rate was associated with acute tubular necrosis of longer duration but eventual function was not impaired. There was a higher incidence of early aggressive rejection in kidneys which functioned immediately. Preservation failure per se is a rare cause of primary non-function. Adherence to a policy of ignoring the flow characteristics of machine-preserved kidneys could make up to 25 per cent more kidneys available for transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:342040", "title": "Arterial anastomoses in renal transplantation.", "content": "A consecutive series of 260 renal transplants was analysed to find the outcome of different arterial anastomoses. In 177 cases the renal vessel was anastomosed to the end of the internal iliac artery; 15 per cent developed vascular complications. Thirty-eight of these patients subsequently underwent allograft nephrectomy; none died from haemorrhage. In 83 patients the renal vessel was anastomosed end to side to the iliac artery, and vascular complications occurred in 14 per cent. Thirty-two patients subsequently underwent allograft nephrectomy; 8 were associated with severe haemorrhage and 5 of these were fatal.", "contents": "Arterial anastomoses in renal transplantation. A consecutive series of 260 renal transplants was analysed to find the outcome of different arterial anastomoses. In 177 cases the renal vessel was anastomosed to the end of the internal iliac artery; 15 per cent developed vascular complications. Thirty-eight of these patients subsequently underwent allograft nephrectomy; none died from haemorrhage. In 83 patients the renal vessel was anastomosed end to side to the iliac artery, and vascular complications occurred in 14 per cent. Thirty-two patients subsequently underwent allograft nephrectomy; 8 were associated with severe haemorrhage and 5 of these were fatal."}
{"id": "PMID:342041", "title": "The bacteriology of primary wound sepsis in potentially contaminated abdominal operations: the effect of irrigation, povidone-iodine and cephaloridine on the sepsis rate assessed in a clinical trial.", "content": "Two hundred and nine potentially contaminated abdominal operations were randomly allocated to prophylaxis with a single dose of 1 g cephaloridine intraincisionally, irrigation of the wound at the end of the operation with saline or spraying of the wound with povidone-iodine. In high risk operations (ileocolorectal or those in obese patients) the rate of major wound sepsis in those protected by cephaloridine was 3.8% compared with 13.2% in the irrigation and 16.7% in the povidone-iodine groups. In low risk operations no significant differences in sepsis rates were found. Bacteriological studies of incised organs, subcutaneous fat and pus showed that the majority of wound infections arose from endogenous sources. The outstanding problem remains that of prevention of contamination of the abdominal wall during surgery.", "contents": "The bacteriology of primary wound sepsis in potentially contaminated abdominal operations: the effect of irrigation, povidone-iodine and cephaloridine on the sepsis rate assessed in a clinical trial. Two hundred and nine potentially contaminated abdominal operations were randomly allocated to prophylaxis with a single dose of 1 g cephaloridine intraincisionally, irrigation of the wound at the end of the operation with saline or spraying of the wound with povidone-iodine. In high risk operations (ileocolorectal or those in obese patients) the rate of major wound sepsis in those protected by cephaloridine was 3.8% compared with 13.2% in the irrigation and 16.7% in the povidone-iodine groups. In low risk operations no significant differences in sepsis rates were found. Bacteriological studies of incised organs, subcutaneous fat and pus showed that the majority of wound infections arose from endogenous sources. The outstanding problem remains that of prevention of contamination of the abdominal wall during surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:342043", "title": "Wound infection in emergency appendicectomy: a prospective trial with tropical ampicillin and antiseptic solution irrigation.", "content": "A randomized controlled trial in 374 patients requiring emergency appendicectomy to determine the value of topical ampicillin and an antiseptic solution of chlorhexidine and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (Savlon) in preventing wound infection is reported. The application of 1 g of ampicillin powder to the wound significantly reduced wound infection in perforated appendicitis, but not in unperforated appendicitis. Wound irrigation with 1% cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide was ineffective in preventing wound infection in all grades of appendicitis. When wound contamination is difficult to avoid, as in perforated appendicitis, topical ampicillin should be used to reduce the rate of wound infection.", "contents": "Wound infection in emergency appendicectomy: a prospective trial with tropical ampicillin and antiseptic solution irrigation. A randomized controlled trial in 374 patients requiring emergency appendicectomy to determine the value of topical ampicillin and an antiseptic solution of chlorhexidine and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (Savlon) in preventing wound infection is reported. The application of 1 g of ampicillin powder to the wound significantly reduced wound infection in perforated appendicitis, but not in unperforated appendicitis. Wound irrigation with 1% cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide was ineffective in preventing wound infection in all grades of appendicitis. When wound contamination is difficult to avoid, as in perforated appendicitis, topical ampicillin should be used to reduce the rate of wound infection."}
{"id": "PMID:342062", "title": "Cimetidine: prophylaxis against upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage after renal transplantation.", "content": "The incidence of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage within four months of renal transplantation was studied in two groups of patients. Thirty patients who received prophylactic cimetidine suffered no episodes of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, while six of the 33 patients who did not receive cimetidine suffered haemorrhages and one of them died as a result. The difference between the groups was significant. The results suggest that the prophylactic use of cimetidine in patients receiving renal transplants is worth while.", "contents": "Cimetidine: prophylaxis against upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage after renal transplantation. The incidence of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage within four months of renal transplantation was studied in two groups of patients. Thirty patients who received prophylactic cimetidine suffered no episodes of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, while six of the 33 patients who did not receive cimetidine suffered haemorrhages and one of them died as a result. The difference between the groups was significant. The results suggest that the prophylactic use of cimetidine in patients receiving renal transplants is worth while."}
{"id": "PMID:342069", "title": "Antibodies to Candida albicans in human cervicovaginal secretions.", "content": "The incidence of IgA and IgG antibodies against Candida albicans was determined in cervicovaginal secretions from 95 non-pregnant women. IgG antibodies were detected in 21.2% of women with vaginal candidosis, in 23.5% of women harbouring yeasts in the vagina without clinical signs of infection, and in 26.6% of women not harbouring yeasts in the vagina. IgA antibodies were found in 6.1% of women with vaginal candidosis, in 5.9% of women harbouring yeasts in the vagina without clinical signs of infection, and in 8.9% of women not harbouring yeasts in the vagina. IgG antibodies against C. albicans were detected in the serum of all 95 women. It is suggested that a proportion of the antibodies found in the secretions was derived from the circulation.", "contents": "Antibodies to Candida albicans in human cervicovaginal secretions. The incidence of IgA and IgG antibodies against Candida albicans was determined in cervicovaginal secretions from 95 non-pregnant women. IgG antibodies were detected in 21.2% of women with vaginal candidosis, in 23.5% of women harbouring yeasts in the vagina without clinical signs of infection, and in 26.6% of women not harbouring yeasts in the vagina. IgA antibodies were found in 6.1% of women with vaginal candidosis, in 5.9% of women harbouring yeasts in the vagina without clinical signs of infection, and in 8.9% of women not harbouring yeasts in the vagina. IgG antibodies against C. albicans were detected in the serum of all 95 women. It is suggested that a proportion of the antibodies found in the secretions was derived from the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:342071", "title": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of S-100 protein and GFA protein in interstitial cells of rat pineal gland.", "content": "The presence of the glial marker proteins, the S-100 and the glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein, in the pineal gland was investigated in the rat. Using both the indirect peroxidase-labelled immunoglobulin technique and the unlabelled antibody enzyme (PAP) method, we observed few scattered S-100 and GFA positive cells in the pineal. The number, location and morphology of these cells suggest they are the pineal interstitial cells. This indicates that the interstitial cells are of neuroectodermal origin, possibly macroglial cells themselves.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of S-100 protein and GFA protein in interstitial cells of rat pineal gland. The presence of the glial marker proteins, the S-100 and the glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein, in the pineal gland was investigated in the rat. Using both the indirect peroxidase-labelled immunoglobulin technique and the unlabelled antibody enzyme (PAP) method, we observed few scattered S-100 and GFA positive cells in the pineal. The number, location and morphology of these cells suggest they are the pineal interstitial cells. This indicates that the interstitial cells are of neuroectodermal origin, possibly macroglial cells themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:342073", "title": "Cutaneous receptive field enlargement following skin-grafting in the frog, D. pictus.", "content": "Misdirected wiping responses occur in Discoglossus pictus frogs when skin-grafted early in larval life. Cutaneous receptive fields (CRF) for various peripheral nerve branches were mapped electrophysiologically in control and skin-grafted frogs. The ventrolateral nerve branch (VL) frequently provided innervation for significant areas of dorsal skin in both control and skin-grafted animals. Although the VL crossed over onto dorsal skin areas in some skin-grafted frogs giving rise to misdirected reflexes, these dorsal extensions frequently failed to include all skin areas from which the maladaptive reflexes could be elicited. It was concluded that misdirected reflexes are mediated via dorsal nerve branches occupying normal mid-dorsal areas of the back.", "contents": "Cutaneous receptive field enlargement following skin-grafting in the frog, D. pictus. Misdirected wiping responses occur in Discoglossus pictus frogs when skin-grafted early in larval life. Cutaneous receptive fields (CRF) for various peripheral nerve branches were mapped electrophysiologically in control and skin-grafted frogs. The ventrolateral nerve branch (VL) frequently provided innervation for significant areas of dorsal skin in both control and skin-grafted animals. Although the VL crossed over onto dorsal skin areas in some skin-grafted frogs giving rise to misdirected reflexes, these dorsal extensions frequently failed to include all skin areas from which the maladaptive reflexes could be elicited. It was concluded that misdirected reflexes are mediated via dorsal nerve branches occupying normal mid-dorsal areas of the back."}
{"id": "PMID:342080", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in a nine year renal transplant survivor: a case report with a discussion of the risk of development of epithelial carcinomas in renal transplant survivors.", "content": "A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in a 26-year-old man developing nine years after renal transplantation is presented. This is the first such case to be reported. Within seven months, widespread tumor metastases resulted in death. Pathologic examination of the transplanted kidney demonstrated neither re-establishment of glomerulonephritis nor evidence of rejection, and lack of significant renal disease was confirmed by electron microscopy. This long term survival without development of renal pathology is also of great interest.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in a nine year renal transplant survivor: a case report with a discussion of the risk of development of epithelial carcinomas in renal transplant survivors. A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in a 26-year-old man developing nine years after renal transplantation is presented. This is the first such case to be reported. Within seven months, widespread tumor metastases resulted in death. Pathologic examination of the transplanted kidney demonstrated neither re-establishment of glomerulonephritis nor evidence of rejection, and lack of significant renal disease was confirmed by electron microscopy. This long term survival without development of renal pathology is also of great interest."}
{"id": "PMID:342081", "title": "Prednimustine (NSC-134087, Leo 1031) treatment of lymphocytic and lymphocytic-histiocytic lymphomas.", "content": "Nineteen patients with advanced lymphocytic or lymphocytic-histiocytic lymphomas were treated with Prednimustine (NSC-134087, Leo 1031). The median induction dose was 25 mg/m2 a day by mouth (range 11-42). Ten patients had previously received radiation or chemotherapy, or both. Four patients had a complete remission and eleven a partial remission. The median duration of remission was 12.5+ months for complete responders and 5 months for partial responders. Thirteen patients had a moderate myelosuppression. One patient had urticaria and pruritus and refused further treatment.", "contents": "Prednimustine (NSC-134087, Leo 1031) treatment of lymphocytic and lymphocytic-histiocytic lymphomas. Nineteen patients with advanced lymphocytic or lymphocytic-histiocytic lymphomas were treated with Prednimustine (NSC-134087, Leo 1031). The median induction dose was 25 mg/m2 a day by mouth (range 11-42). Ten patients had previously received radiation or chemotherapy, or both. Four patients had a complete remission and eleven a partial remission. The median duration of remission was 12.5+ months for complete responders and 5 months for partial responders. Thirteen patients had a moderate myelosuppression. One patient had urticaria and pruritus and refused further treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:342084", "title": "Perspectives on the statistician's role in cooperative clinical research.", "content": "Some contributions which the statistician can make to cooperative research are briefly discussed in the hope of furthering communication between statistician and clinician. In the planning stages the major issues are those of sample size, randomization, data collection and early termination. Careful consideration of these points can help ensure that the main questions posed by the trial are answered as economically as possible. During the final stages the major statistical contribution is in analysis and presentation of results in a way which explores the interrelationships between the most important baseline and therapeutic factors and their joint effect on outcome.", "contents": "Perspectives on the statistician's role in cooperative clinical research. Some contributions which the statistician can make to cooperative research are briefly discussed in the hope of furthering communication between statistician and clinician. In the planning stages the major issues are those of sample size, randomization, data collection and early termination. Careful consideration of these points can help ensure that the main questions posed by the trial are answered as economically as possible. During the final stages the major statistical contribution is in analysis and presentation of results in a way which explores the interrelationships between the most important baseline and therapeutic factors and their joint effect on outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:342085", "title": "Primary malignant melanoma of the cerebellum: a case with metastases outside the nervous system.", "content": "A case of primary intracranial melanoma in a 65-year-old female is described. A complete postmortem examination revealed multiple metastases in the liver, and eliminated the possibility of an extraneural primary melanoma. A review of the literature confirmed that such cases are highly exceptional, and that an exhaustive autopsy including particularly the eyes is indispensable to substantiate the diagnosis. When these conditions are fulfilled, there is no reason not to consider the eventuality of visceral deposits from a primary melanoma of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Primary malignant melanoma of the cerebellum: a case with metastases outside the nervous system. A case of primary intracranial melanoma in a 65-year-old female is described. A complete postmortem examination revealed multiple metastases in the liver, and eliminated the possibility of an extraneural primary melanoma. A review of the literature confirmed that such cases are highly exceptional, and that an exhaustive autopsy including particularly the eyes is indispensable to substantiate the diagnosis. When these conditions are fulfilled, there is no reason not to consider the eventuality of visceral deposits from a primary melanoma of the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:342086", "title": "The clinical pharmacology of methotrexate: new applications of an old drug.", "content": "Methotrexate is now used widely for the treatment of acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteogenic sarcoma, choriocarcinoma, breast carcinoma, pulmonary and epidermoid carcinoma, and intrathecal chemotherapy. It is also useful in bone marrow transplantation, severe psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, Wegener's granulomatosis and sarcoidosis. The recent dramatic intensification of methotrexate therapy can be attributed in part to advances in our understanding of the clinical pharmacology of the folate antagonists, as well as to the combination of positive results and their effective dissemination to medical oncologists. The review summarizes the pharmacologic findings and illustrates how they are currently being applied to the treatment of malignant disease.", "contents": "The clinical pharmacology of methotrexate: new applications of an old drug. Methotrexate is now used widely for the treatment of acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteogenic sarcoma, choriocarcinoma, breast carcinoma, pulmonary and epidermoid carcinoma, and intrathecal chemotherapy. It is also useful in bone marrow transplantation, severe psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, Wegener's granulomatosis and sarcoidosis. The recent dramatic intensification of methotrexate therapy can be attributed in part to advances in our understanding of the clinical pharmacology of the folate antagonists, as well as to the combination of positive results and their effective dissemination to medical oncologists. The review summarizes the pharmacologic findings and illustrates how they are currently being applied to the treatment of malignant disease."}
{"id": "PMID:342089", "title": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia in a renal transplant recipient.", "content": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia developed four years after renal transplantation in a patient, who had been treated with immunosuppressive agents since then. The low incidence of leukemia in comparison with malignant lymphoma in renal transplant recipients and some pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia in a renal transplant recipient. Chronic granulocytic leukemia developed four years after renal transplantation in a patient, who had been treated with immunosuppressive agents since then. The low incidence of leukemia in comparison with malignant lymphoma in renal transplant recipients and some pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:342090", "title": "Mutagenicity of some congeners of benzidine in the Salmonella typhimurium assay system.", "content": "The analogs of benzidine were assay for mutagenicity using Salmonella typhimurium TA-98 and TA-100 and a mouse liver enzyme preparation. Only 4-aminobiphenyl produced both frameshift and base pair substitution mutations and 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine was the only compound which was mutagenic without the mammalian enzyme factor. When hydrochloride salts of the parent compounds were made to improve their stability for animal feeding experiments, the mutagenicity for the Salmonella tester strains was reduced except for 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine. Animal feeding trials in mice are underway to determine the dose response relationship of tumor incidence and molecular configuration.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of some congeners of benzidine in the Salmonella typhimurium assay system. The analogs of benzidine were assay for mutagenicity using Salmonella typhimurium TA-98 and TA-100 and a mouse liver enzyme preparation. Only 4-aminobiphenyl produced both frameshift and base pair substitution mutations and 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine was the only compound which was mutagenic without the mammalian enzyme factor. When hydrochloride salts of the parent compounds were made to improve their stability for animal feeding experiments, the mutagenicity for the Salmonella tester strains was reduced except for 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine. Animal feeding trials in mice are underway to determine the dose response relationship of tumor incidence and molecular configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:342091", "title": "The mutagenicity of airborne particulate pollutants.", "content": "The mutagenic effect of extracts derived from airborne particulate matter was investigated with the Ames-test. The whole extract proved to be distinctly mutagenic. To find out whether the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be responsible for the mutagenic effect, the extract was split into several fractions. The fraction containing the polycyclic compounds showed the lowest mutagenic rate that was enzymatically mediated. The other fractions required metabolic activation for some of their components, but some components were active without metabolic activation.", "contents": "The mutagenicity of airborne particulate pollutants. The mutagenic effect of extracts derived from airborne particulate matter was investigated with the Ames-test. The whole extract proved to be distinctly mutagenic. To find out whether the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be responsible for the mutagenic effect, the extract was split into several fractions. The fraction containing the polycyclic compounds showed the lowest mutagenic rate that was enzymatically mediated. The other fractions required metabolic activation for some of their components, but some components were active without metabolic activation."}
{"id": "PMID:342093", "title": "Chromomycin A3 for advanced breast cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "Chromomycin A3 was administered iv to 26 patients in a phase I trial. The maximum tolerated dose established in this study was 0.75 mg/m2/day iv X 5 days. The drug was then given to 48 evaluable patients with far-advanced disseminated breast cancer. Two short partial remissions and one clinical improvement were seen. Toxic manifestations consisted of frequent and usually reversible renal toxicity, nausea and vomiting, occasional thrombocytopenia, hypocalcemia, and two instances of semicoma. Drug toxicity may have contributed to the death of two patients.", "contents": "Chromomycin A3 for advanced breast cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Chromomycin A3 was administered iv to 26 patients in a phase I trial. The maximum tolerated dose established in this study was 0.75 mg/m2/day iv X 5 days. The drug was then given to 48 evaluable patients with far-advanced disseminated breast cancer. Two short partial remissions and one clinical improvement were seen. Toxic manifestations consisted of frequent and usually reversible renal toxicity, nausea and vomiting, occasional thrombocytopenia, hypocalcemia, and two instances of semicoma. Drug toxicity may have contributed to the death of two patients."}
{"id": "PMID:342095", "title": "Current dilemmas in the management of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis.", "content": "Testicular tumors are the second most common neoplasm in young adult males. Improved techniques of staging, surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy have markedly improved the survival of these patients during the past twenty years. However, the treatment of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors remains controversial. This paper reviews the current literature and suggests that methods of performing controlled clinical trials must be found if we are to learn the best methods of treating these patients.", "contents": "Current dilemmas in the management of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis. Testicular tumors are the second most common neoplasm in young adult males. Improved techniques of staging, surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy have markedly improved the survival of these patients during the past twenty years. However, the treatment of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors remains controversial. This paper reviews the current literature and suggests that methods of performing controlled clinical trials must be found if we are to learn the best methods of treating these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:342101", "title": "Substructure of inner mitochondrial membranes of myocardial cells as shown by cryo-ultramicrotomy.", "content": "The substructure of the inner mitochondrial membranes has been studied by cryo-ultramicrotomy under conditions during which denaturation of proteins by treatment with chemical solutes has been totally avoided. In such preparations, the inner membrane has a substructure consisting of globular subunits. These subunits have an average diameter of ca. 20 A-ca. 62 A and are fairly regularly spaced. Intracristal space is absent in the unstained, freeze-dried preparations, whereas a space of ca 40 A is seen in preparations lightly treated by OsO4-vapour. It is concluded that the subunits of the inner mitochondrial membranes probably consist either of single protein molecules or of complexes of protein molecules.", "contents": "Substructure of inner mitochondrial membranes of myocardial cells as shown by cryo-ultramicrotomy. The substructure of the inner mitochondrial membranes has been studied by cryo-ultramicrotomy under conditions during which denaturation of proteins by treatment with chemical solutes has been totally avoided. In such preparations, the inner membrane has a substructure consisting of globular subunits. These subunits have an average diameter of ca. 20 A-ca. 62 A and are fairly regularly spaced. Intracristal space is absent in the unstained, freeze-dried preparations, whereas a space of ca 40 A is seen in preparations lightly treated by OsO4-vapour. It is concluded that the subunits of the inner mitochondrial membranes probably consist either of single protein molecules or of complexes of protein molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:342102", "title": "The distribution of LHRH in the hypothalamus of the thirsting rat. A light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study.", "content": "Prolonged thirst provokes an activation of the LHRH system which enables the visualization of fiber connections not seen in untreated control animals. This type of experimental stress situation increases the number of LHRH-containing fibers in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and in the median eminence. The number of LHRH-producing cells in the preoptic nucleus is increased and the fiber connection between this area and the median eminence can be observed. The tanycytes and the perikarya of the arcuate nucleus do not react with the antibody against LHRH. Moreover, during thirst, a network of LHRH-containing fibers is observed in the medial mammillary nucleus. The results obtained at the light microscopic level have been confirmed and supplemented by electron microscopic immunocytochemical observations.", "contents": "The distribution of LHRH in the hypothalamus of the thirsting rat. A light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study. Prolonged thirst provokes an activation of the LHRH system which enables the visualization of fiber connections not seen in untreated control animals. This type of experimental stress situation increases the number of LHRH-containing fibers in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and in the median eminence. The number of LHRH-producing cells in the preoptic nucleus is increased and the fiber connection between this area and the median eminence can be observed. The tanycytes and the perikarya of the arcuate nucleus do not react with the antibody against LHRH. Moreover, during thirst, a network of LHRH-containing fibers is observed in the medial mammillary nucleus. The results obtained at the light microscopic level have been confirmed and supplemented by electron microscopic immunocytochemical observations."}
{"id": "PMID:342103", "title": "Localisation of somatostatin- and gastrin-like immunoreactivity in the gastrointestinal tract of Ciona intestinalis L.", "content": "Somatostatin- and gastrin-like immunoreactivity has been found by immunofluorescence in cells of the stomach and intestinal epithelia of Ciona intestinalis L. The cells containing the peptide immunoreactive to mammalian anti-gastrin can be restained with Grimelius' technique for argyrophilia.", "contents": "Localisation of somatostatin- and gastrin-like immunoreactivity in the gastrointestinal tract of Ciona intestinalis L. Somatostatin- and gastrin-like immunoreactivity has been found by immunofluorescence in cells of the stomach and intestinal epithelia of Ciona intestinalis L. The cells containing the peptide immunoreactive to mammalian anti-gastrin can be restained with Grimelius' technique for argyrophilia."}
{"id": "PMID:342104", "title": "The effect of the ionophore A23187 on amylase release, cellular integrity and ultrastructure of mouse pancreatic acini.", "content": "The effects of the Ca2 + ionophore A2317 on pancreatic amylase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, cellular electrolyte balance and ultrastructure were studied with the use of incubated pancreatic fragments. A23187 (0.3 micrometer) in the presence of Ca2 +, increased amylase release but at higher concentrations (1-10 micrometer) also increased LDH release and increased uptake of 14C-sucrose with concomitant loss of tissue K + and gain in Na +. The ultrastructure of the majority of acini appeared normal and showed depletion of zymogen granules. Microtubules and microfilaments which have been implicated in the release process were normal or increased in number. In the absence of Ca + the ionophore had no effect on secretion, cellular integrity or ultrastructure. It is concluded that A23187 in the presence of Ca2 + increases amylase release by a mechanism comparable to the terminal steps in stimulus-secretion coupling induced by physiological secretagogues. This provides further evidence that amylase release is mediated by a rise in cell Ca2 + although the mechanisms of the ionophore- and physiological secretagogue-induced rise in Ca + are probably different. High concentrations of ionophore (greater than 1 micrometer) also induce Ca2 + dependent damage in a fraction of the cells.", "contents": "The effect of the ionophore A23187 on amylase release, cellular integrity and ultrastructure of mouse pancreatic acini. The effects of the Ca2 + ionophore A2317 on pancreatic amylase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, cellular electrolyte balance and ultrastructure were studied with the use of incubated pancreatic fragments. A23187 (0.3 micrometer) in the presence of Ca2 +, increased amylase release but at higher concentrations (1-10 micrometer) also increased LDH release and increased uptake of 14C-sucrose with concomitant loss of tissue K + and gain in Na +. The ultrastructure of the majority of acini appeared normal and showed depletion of zymogen granules. Microtubules and microfilaments which have been implicated in the release process were normal or increased in number. In the absence of Ca + the ionophore had no effect on secretion, cellular integrity or ultrastructure. It is concluded that A23187 in the presence of Ca2 + increases amylase release by a mechanism comparable to the terminal steps in stimulus-secretion coupling induced by physiological secretagogues. This provides further evidence that amylase release is mediated by a rise in cell Ca2 + although the mechanisms of the ionophore- and physiological secretagogue-induced rise in Ca + are probably different. High concentrations of ionophore (greater than 1 micrometer) also induce Ca2 + dependent damage in a fraction of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:342105", "title": "beta-Lipotropin in brain: localization in hypothalamic neurons by immunoperoxidase technique.", "content": "beta-Lipotropin (beta-LPH) has been localized in hypothalamus and pituitary of sheep and ox by the immunoperoxidase technique. In both species beta-LPH was found in perikarya of arcuate neurons as well as in cells of the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary. A large number of immunoreactive axons were found in the arcuate region; some appeared to innervate other neurons and others projected to portal capillaries. Stained fiber segments were also scattered throughout the hypothalamus. The presence of beta-LPH in hypothalamic neurons supports the possibility that brain beta-LPH may be a precursor for opiate-like or other peptides which may be involved in neuromodulation or neurohormonal activities.", "contents": "beta-Lipotropin in brain: localization in hypothalamic neurons by immunoperoxidase technique. beta-Lipotropin (beta-LPH) has been localized in hypothalamus and pituitary of sheep and ox by the immunoperoxidase technique. In both species beta-LPH was found in perikarya of arcuate neurons as well as in cells of the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary. A large number of immunoreactive axons were found in the arcuate region; some appeared to innervate other neurons and others projected to portal capillaries. Stained fiber segments were also scattered throughout the hypothalamus. The presence of beta-LPH in hypothalamic neurons supports the possibility that brain beta-LPH may be a precursor for opiate-like or other peptides which may be involved in neuromodulation or neurohormonal activities."}
{"id": "PMID:342106", "title": "Intra- and extrahypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin pathways in the rat.", "content": "Perfusion of rat brain followed by immersion fixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1% paraformaldehyde, purification of the first antisera and application of the unlabelled antibody enzyme method were used to specifically identify vasopressin and oxytocin containing cells and fibres. The conventional sites of production of these hormones were confirmed as follows: supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, suprachiasmatic nucleus (only vasopressin), and other cells and cell groups of the hypothalamus. Fibres from the suprachiasmatic nucleus spread out in various direction, and probably project to the nucleus praeopticus periventricularis, organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and in the direction of the supraoptic nucleus. Oxytocin and vasopressin containing pathways could be traced from the paraventricular nucleus to the lateral ventricle, the stria terminalis and the stria medullaris. Some of the oxytocin and vasopressin containing tracts appear to continue onto ther septum. The possible importance of these morphological findings for the behavioural effects of vasopressin and oxytocin is discussed.", "contents": "Intra- and extrahypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin pathways in the rat. Perfusion of rat brain followed by immersion fixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1% paraformaldehyde, purification of the first antisera and application of the unlabelled antibody enzyme method were used to specifically identify vasopressin and oxytocin containing cells and fibres. The conventional sites of production of these hormones were confirmed as follows: supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, suprachiasmatic nucleus (only vasopressin), and other cells and cell groups of the hypothalamus. Fibres from the suprachiasmatic nucleus spread out in various direction, and probably project to the nucleus praeopticus periventricularis, organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and in the direction of the supraoptic nucleus. Oxytocin and vasopressin containing pathways could be traced from the paraventricular nucleus to the lateral ventricle, the stria terminalis and the stria medullaris. Some of the oxytocin and vasopressin containing tracts appear to continue onto ther septum. The possible importance of these morphological findings for the behavioural effects of vasopressin and oxytocin is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:342107", "title": "Immunocytochemical demonstration of calcitonin-containing C-cells in the thyroid glands of different mammals.", "content": "In the thyroid glands of the horse, pig, deer, mole, and rat, C-cells could be demonstrated by means of the immunocytochemical PAP-technique using rabbit antisera against human calcitonin. Only in ruminants, the cross-reaction between the intracellularly stored antigen and the antibodies used appeared to be incomplete.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical demonstration of calcitonin-containing C-cells in the thyroid glands of different mammals. In the thyroid glands of the horse, pig, deer, mole, and rat, C-cells could be demonstrated by means of the immunocytochemical PAP-technique using rabbit antisera against human calcitonin. Only in ruminants, the cross-reaction between the intracellularly stored antigen and the antibodies used appeared to be incomplete."}
{"id": "PMID:342115", "title": "Characterization of the intermediate (10 nm) filaments of cultured cells using an autoimmune rabbit antiserum.", "content": "An antiserum has been found in a nonimmunized rabbit which reacts strongly with a system of filaments in various fibroblasts, epithelial cells, macrophages and neuroblastoma. These filaments are distinct from the actin microfilament bundles visualized by an antibody against actin, and they are not affected by brief treatment with cytochalasin B. The pattern of these filaments somewhat resembles that described for microtubules, but the filaments could be clearly distinguished from microtubules by a comparison of their respective immunofluorescent patterns during cell division. In response to the drugs colcemid and vinblastine, the filaments reacting with this preimmune serum condense to form a compact perinuclear coil of fibers, a distribution and behavior in agreement with that previously described for the 10 nm or intermediate filaments studied by electron microscopy. Further evidence supporting our conclusion that this antiserum reacts with intermediate filaments is provided by a comparison of electron micrographs and the immunofluorescent patterns from parallel cell cultures. To identify the antigens reacting with this antiserum we have used the new technique of immuno-autoradiography on SDS gels of whole cell extracts. Two reactive polypeptide chains have been identified with apparent molecular weights of 56,000 and 30,000 daltons.", "contents": "Characterization of the intermediate (10 nm) filaments of cultured cells using an autoimmune rabbit antiserum. An antiserum has been found in a nonimmunized rabbit which reacts strongly with a system of filaments in various fibroblasts, epithelial cells, macrophages and neuroblastoma. These filaments are distinct from the actin microfilament bundles visualized by an antibody against actin, and they are not affected by brief treatment with cytochalasin B. The pattern of these filaments somewhat resembles that described for microtubules, but the filaments could be clearly distinguished from microtubules by a comparison of their respective immunofluorescent patterns during cell division. In response to the drugs colcemid and vinblastine, the filaments reacting with this preimmune serum condense to form a compact perinuclear coil of fibers, a distribution and behavior in agreement with that previously described for the 10 nm or intermediate filaments studied by electron microscopy. Further evidence supporting our conclusion that this antiserum reacts with intermediate filaments is provided by a comparison of electron micrographs and the immunofluorescent patterns from parallel cell cultures. To identify the antigens reacting with this antiserum we have used the new technique of immuno-autoradiography on SDS gels of whole cell extracts. Two reactive polypeptide chains have been identified with apparent molecular weights of 56,000 and 30,000 daltons."}
{"id": "PMID:342117", "title": "Some rRNA operons in E. coli have tRNA genes at their distal ends.", "content": "We have previously isolated seven rRNA operons on plasmids or lambda transducing phages and identified various tRNAs encoded by these operons. Each of the seven operons has one of two different spacer tRNA gene arrangements between the genes for 16S and 23S rRNA: either tRNAGlu2 or both tRNAIle1 and tRNAAla1B genes. In addition, various tRNA genes are located at or near the distal ends of rRNA operons. In particular, genes for tRNATrp and tRNAAsp1 are located at the distal end of rrnC at 83 min on the E. coli chromosome. Experiments with various hybrid plasmids, some of which lack the rRNA promoter, have now demonstrated that this promoter is necessary for expression of the distal tRNA genes. Rifampicin run-out experiments have also provided evidence that the tRNATrp gene is located farther from its promoter than the spacer tRNA gene or the 5S RNA gene. These results confirm the localization of genes for tRNATrp and tRNAAsp1 at the distal end of rrnC and strongly suggest that they are co-transcribed with the genes for 16S, tRNAGlu2, 23S and 5S RNA. Other such distal tRNAs have been identified, and it is suggested that they too are part of rRNA operons.", "contents": "Some rRNA operons in E. coli have tRNA genes at their distal ends. We have previously isolated seven rRNA operons on plasmids or lambda transducing phages and identified various tRNAs encoded by these operons. Each of the seven operons has one of two different spacer tRNA gene arrangements between the genes for 16S and 23S rRNA: either tRNAGlu2 or both tRNAIle1 and tRNAAla1B genes. In addition, various tRNA genes are located at or near the distal ends of rRNA operons. In particular, genes for tRNATrp and tRNAAsp1 are located at the distal end of rrnC at 83 min on the E. coli chromosome. Experiments with various hybrid plasmids, some of which lack the rRNA promoter, have now demonstrated that this promoter is necessary for expression of the distal tRNA genes. Rifampicin run-out experiments have also provided evidence that the tRNATrp gene is located farther from its promoter than the spacer tRNA gene or the 5S RNA gene. These results confirm the localization of genes for tRNATrp and tRNAAsp1 at the distal end of rrnC and strongly suggest that they are co-transcribed with the genes for 16S, tRNAGlu2, 23S and 5S RNA. Other such distal tRNAs have been identified, and it is suggested that they too are part of rRNA operons."}
{"id": "PMID:342136", "title": "The first decade of aortocoronary bypass grafting, 1967-1977. A review.", "content": "Despite a decade of experience with aortocoronary bypass grafting embracing 300,000 or more operations, indications for its use remain controversial. The controversy persists because of a lack of adequate controls with which to compare the clinical course of operated patients; only 1248 have been reported who have been studied in a carefully controlled and random manner. Benefit has been claimed frequently by comparing the course of patients treated surgically with medically treated patients followed the decade before. Such comparisons are not valid in view of the well documented changes in the natural history of coronary artery disease that have been occurring during the last decade. Despite a low operative mortality and rate of graft closure, available data in the literature do not indicate that initial symptomatic improvement necessarily persists, or that myocardial infarctions, arrhythmias, or congestive heart failure will be prevented, or that life will be prolonged in the vast majority of operated patients.", "contents": "The first decade of aortocoronary bypass grafting, 1967-1977. A review. Despite a decade of experience with aortocoronary bypass grafting embracing 300,000 or more operations, indications for its use remain controversial. The controversy persists because of a lack of adequate controls with which to compare the clinical course of operated patients; only 1248 have been reported who have been studied in a carefully controlled and random manner. Benefit has been claimed frequently by comparing the course of patients treated surgically with medically treated patients followed the decade before. Such comparisons are not valid in view of the well documented changes in the natural history of coronary artery disease that have been occurring during the last decade. Despite a low operative mortality and rate of graft closure, available data in the literature do not indicate that initial symptomatic improvement necessarily persists, or that myocardial infarctions, arrhythmias, or congestive heart failure will be prevented, or that life will be prolonged in the vast majority of operated patients."}
{"id": "PMID:342137", "title": "Use of a programmable calculator in processing and interpreting serum cholinesterase phenotypes.", "content": "Cholinesterase phenotyping is done at 25 degrees C with use of benzoylcholine as substrate and dibucaine, fluoride, chloride, and succinyldicholine as inhibitors. We wrote a diagnostic program in modified BASIC language for the processing and interpretation of these cholinesterase phenotypes. We used the HP 9830A calculator. The diagnostic aspect of the program uses 646 words, a further 86 words being used to run this program. The traditional and the programmed reporting procedures were duplicated for 296 consecutive patients, with no case of disagreement between the two reporting methods as to the appropriate phenotype. The programmed system requested nine repeat analyses more than did the traditional method. Seven of these were due to the tight limits set in the program for the fluoride inhibitor numbers. These tight limits were set to ensure that there was as limited an overlap as possible between the phenotypes E1uE1u and E1uE1f. The remaining two repeats were due to the restrictions placed on the succinyldicholine inhibitor numbers that would be acceptable before a patient was designated as having the relatively rare phenotype, E1aE1f.", "contents": "Use of a programmable calculator in processing and interpreting serum cholinesterase phenotypes. Cholinesterase phenotyping is done at 25 degrees C with use of benzoylcholine as substrate and dibucaine, fluoride, chloride, and succinyldicholine as inhibitors. We wrote a diagnostic program in modified BASIC language for the processing and interpretation of these cholinesterase phenotypes. We used the HP 9830A calculator. The diagnostic aspect of the program uses 646 words, a further 86 words being used to run this program. The traditional and the programmed reporting procedures were duplicated for 296 consecutive patients, with no case of disagreement between the two reporting methods as to the appropriate phenotype. The programmed system requested nine repeat analyses more than did the traditional method. Seven of these were due to the tight limits set in the program for the fluoride inhibitor numbers. These tight limits were set to ensure that there was as limited an overlap as possible between the phenotypes E1uE1u and E1uE1f. The remaining two repeats were due to the restrictions placed on the succinyldicholine inhibitor numbers that would be acceptable before a patient was designated as having the relatively rare phenotype, E1aE1f."}
{"id": "PMID:342140", "title": "Closure of anterior palate fistulae.", "content": "Attempts at closure of anterior palate fistulas using local tissue have resulted in a high rate of failure. In addition most of these patients have associated maxillary collapse which must be corrected prior to surgery. A technique using a buccal mucosal flap to gain unscarred tissue for the anterior closure and bone grafts to fill the bony defect has been performed in nineteen patients with anterior palate fistulas. The results have been satisfactory from a functional and esthetic standpoint. In addition associated deformities have been corrected simultaneously.", "contents": "Closure of anterior palate fistulae. Attempts at closure of anterior palate fistulas using local tissue have resulted in a high rate of failure. In addition most of these patients have associated maxillary collapse which must be corrected prior to surgery. A technique using a buccal mucosal flap to gain unscarred tissue for the anterior closure and bone grafts to fill the bony defect has been performed in nineteen patients with anterior palate fistulas. The results have been satisfactory from a functional and esthetic standpoint. In addition associated deformities have been corrected simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:342141", "title": "A comparison of two creatine kinase MB determinations: a chromatographic versus an immunological method.", "content": "Determinations of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase by ion-exchange chromatography and by an immunological method show good overall correlation in plasma of patients with proven infarctions, r=0.98. In analyzing myocardial tissue samples, unexpected discrepancies are found between these two methods. An as-yet-unidentified creatine kinase, in chromatography behaving as MM and immunologically undistinguishable from MB, is found.", "contents": "A comparison of two creatine kinase MB determinations: a chromatographic versus an immunological method. Determinations of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase by ion-exchange chromatography and by an immunological method show good overall correlation in plasma of patients with proven infarctions, r=0.98. In analyzing myocardial tissue samples, unexpected discrepancies are found between these two methods. An as-yet-unidentified creatine kinase, in chromatography behaving as MM and immunologically undistinguishable from MB, is found."}
{"id": "PMID:342143", "title": "Treatment of senile osteoporosis with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "About 30% of patients with clinical osteoporosis had histological signs of osteomalacia, in spite of normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3). The excess osteoid disappeared during treatment with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OHD3). These patients might have reduced ability to convert 25-OHD3 to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3). The intestinal calcium absorption increased during treatment with 1alpha-OHD3, but this was accompanied by a rise in urinary calcium excretion. Photon absorptiometry of the forearm indicated increased bone mineral content during treatment with a daily dose of 2 microgram 1alpha-OHD3 and a supplement of 1 g of calcium. This therapeutic combination, however, caused frequent episodes of hypercalcaemia, so further studies are necessary to evaluate an appropriate dose of 1alpha-OHD3 with or without a calcium supplement.", "contents": "Treatment of senile osteoporosis with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. About 30% of patients with clinical osteoporosis had histological signs of osteomalacia, in spite of normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3). The excess osteoid disappeared during treatment with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OHD3). These patients might have reduced ability to convert 25-OHD3 to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3). The intestinal calcium absorption increased during treatment with 1alpha-OHD3, but this was accompanied by a rise in urinary calcium excretion. Photon absorptiometry of the forearm indicated increased bone mineral content during treatment with a daily dose of 2 microgram 1alpha-OHD3 and a supplement of 1 g of calcium. This therapeutic combination, however, caused frequent episodes of hypercalcaemia, so further studies are necessary to evaluate an appropriate dose of 1alpha-OHD3 with or without a calcium supplement."}
{"id": "PMID:342145", "title": "Physiological and therapeutic differences between vitamin D, its metabolites and analogues.", "content": "Since several metabolites and analogues of vitamin D have become available, their physiological and therapeutic potential have been studied in various disorders of mineral metabolism, particularly those classically termed vitamin D-resistant. In some instances this resistance appears to be due to defective metabolism of vitamin D or to defective target organ responses, but in others it is not. Although the precise effect of vitamin D or its metabolites on mineralization of bone is still unknown there is some evidence that the metabolites differ in their relative effects on intestine, bone, muscle and parathyroid glands. These differences may eventually have therapeutic value. At present the major advantage of 1alpha-hydroxylated derivatives of vitamin D over other compounds resides in their more rapid onset and reversal of action which makes them much easier and safer to use.", "contents": "Physiological and therapeutic differences between vitamin D, its metabolites and analogues. Since several metabolites and analogues of vitamin D have become available, their physiological and therapeutic potential have been studied in various disorders of mineral metabolism, particularly those classically termed vitamin D-resistant. In some instances this resistance appears to be due to defective metabolism of vitamin D or to defective target organ responses, but in others it is not. Although the precise effect of vitamin D or its metabolites on mineralization of bone is still unknown there is some evidence that the metabolites differ in their relative effects on intestine, bone, muscle and parathyroid glands. These differences may eventually have therapeutic value. At present the major advantage of 1alpha-hydroxylated derivatives of vitamin D over other compounds resides in their more rapid onset and reversal of action which makes them much easier and safer to use."}
{"id": "PMID:342147", "title": "Diagnostic procedures in disorders of calcium metabolism.", "content": "The investigation of a patient with a suspected disorder of calcium metabolism is most rapidly and efficiently performed by observing a standard procedure, the initial stages of which are simple and mandatory, the later stages more complex and determined by the initial results and the depth of investigation required. Needless to say, the investigations are preceded by history taking and routine physical examination. The following account is a summary of available procedures, most of which have been described elsewhere in greater detail (Nordin et al., 1976a).", "contents": "Diagnostic procedures in disorders of calcium metabolism. The investigation of a patient with a suspected disorder of calcium metabolism is most rapidly and efficiently performed by observing a standard procedure, the initial stages of which are simple and mandatory, the later stages more complex and determined by the initial results and the depth of investigation required. Needless to say, the investigations are preceded by history taking and routine physical examination. The following account is a summary of available procedures, most of which have been described elsewhere in greater detail (Nordin et al., 1976a)."}
{"id": "PMID:342150", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in six patients with trichinosis.", "content": "The sera of six patients infected with Trichinella spiralis were studied for the presence of circulating immune complexes (CIC). CIC were present in all six patients studied 1 month after infection. In two patients in whom serial serum samples were available, as clinical improvement occurred there was a decrease in the level of CIC and an increase in the fluorescent antibody titres.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in six patients with trichinosis. The sera of six patients infected with Trichinella spiralis were studied for the presence of circulating immune complexes (CIC). CIC were present in all six patients studied 1 month after infection. In two patients in whom serial serum samples were available, as clinical improvement occurred there was a decrease in the level of CIC and an increase in the fluorescent antibody titres."}
{"id": "PMID:342151", "title": "Immunological studies of human placentae: the distribution and character of immunoglobulins in chorionic villi.", "content": "All four human IgG subclasses, and both kappa and lambda light chains, were detected by immunofluorescence in similar distributions in chorionic villi of human placentae. IgG1 and IgG3 were the predominant subclasses. No evidence was obtained for local enzymatic digestion of IgG during placental transfer. Most of the IgG on the trophoblastic basement membrane (TBM) was loosely bound and could be removed by prolonged washing, although some appeared to be more tightly bound to small segments of the TBM. IgM, but not IgA, was present in small amounts in placental villous structures. Immunoglobulin was never observed within the syncytiotrophoblast. Antisera to IgG genetic (Gm) markers were used to locate IgG thought to be of foetal or maternal origin. The presence of paternal Gm markers not carried by the mother was taken as evidence for foetal IgG. Foetal (paternal) Gm markers were observed in placentae, although maternal IgG was the major immunoglobulin present in placental villi. Both maternal and foetal IgG were demonstrated in fibrinoid deposits, vessel walls and the cytoplasm of some stromal cells. Only foetal IgG was definitively observed in the immunoglobulin that is tightly bound to the TBM.", "contents": "Immunological studies of human placentae: the distribution and character of immunoglobulins in chorionic villi. All four human IgG subclasses, and both kappa and lambda light chains, were detected by immunofluorescence in similar distributions in chorionic villi of human placentae. IgG1 and IgG3 were the predominant subclasses. No evidence was obtained for local enzymatic digestion of IgG during placental transfer. Most of the IgG on the trophoblastic basement membrane (TBM) was loosely bound and could be removed by prolonged washing, although some appeared to be more tightly bound to small segments of the TBM. IgM, but not IgA, was present in small amounts in placental villous structures. Immunoglobulin was never observed within the syncytiotrophoblast. Antisera to IgG genetic (Gm) markers were used to locate IgG thought to be of foetal or maternal origin. The presence of paternal Gm markers not carried by the mother was taken as evidence for foetal IgG. Foetal (paternal) Gm markers were observed in placentae, although maternal IgG was the major immunoglobulin present in placental villi. Both maternal and foetal IgG were demonstrated in fibrinoid deposits, vessel walls and the cytoplasm of some stromal cells. Only foetal IgG was definitively observed in the immunoglobulin that is tightly bound to the TBM."}
{"id": "PMID:342152", "title": "Interstitial nephritis in rats produced by E. coli in adjuvant: immunological findings.", "content": "An increased incidence and severity of interstitial nephritis was produced in F344/fmai rats immunized with E. coli 022 in pertussis vaccine for 12-15 months. Migration of peritoneal exudate cells from immunized animals was inhibited by syngeneic kidney antigens. One out of twenty-eight immunized animals developed anti-TBM antibodies. In this model, interstitial nephritis develops in association with cell-mediated immunity to kidney tissue.", "contents": "Interstitial nephritis in rats produced by E. coli in adjuvant: immunological findings. An increased incidence and severity of interstitial nephritis was produced in F344/fmai rats immunized with E. coli 022 in pertussis vaccine for 12-15 months. Migration of peritoneal exudate cells from immunized animals was inhibited by syngeneic kidney antigens. One out of twenty-eight immunized animals developed anti-TBM antibodies. In this model, interstitial nephritis develops in association with cell-mediated immunity to kidney tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:342154", "title": "Deficiency of serum bactericidal activity against Salmonella typhimurium in sickle cell anaemia.", "content": "Systemic salmonellosis is a recognized complication of sickle cell anemia (SCA). In our initial study of SCA host defences against salmonella, we evaluated the bactericidal activity of serum against Salmonella typhimurium. When compared to controls, sera from eight out of nineteen SCA patients were deficient in bactericidal function. Levels of factor B, haemolytic complement and agglutinating antibody were similar in SCA and control sera. However, abnormalities that might theoretically account for the decreased antibacterial activity were observed in many SCA sera. These abnormal findings included: (a) defective function of the alternative complement pathway (decreased bacterial killing in the presence of Mg EGTA); (b) low serum C3 concentration; and (c) decreased total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), with a resultant increase in per cent saturation of iron-binding capacity. Of these deficiencies only the abnormal alternative pathway function was significantly associated with decreased serum bactericidal activity. A suggested function of serum bactericidal activity is prevention of bacteraemia by susceptible organisms. Thus diminished serum bactericidal capacity may increase the risk of Salmonella bacteraemia in some individuals with sickle cell disease.", "contents": "Deficiency of serum bactericidal activity against Salmonella typhimurium in sickle cell anaemia. Systemic salmonellosis is a recognized complication of sickle cell anemia (SCA). In our initial study of SCA host defences against salmonella, we evaluated the bactericidal activity of serum against Salmonella typhimurium. When compared to controls, sera from eight out of nineteen SCA patients were deficient in bactericidal function. Levels of factor B, haemolytic complement and agglutinating antibody were similar in SCA and control sera. However, abnormalities that might theoretically account for the decreased antibacterial activity were observed in many SCA sera. These abnormal findings included: (a) defective function of the alternative complement pathway (decreased bacterial killing in the presence of Mg EGTA); (b) low serum C3 concentration; and (c) decreased total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), with a resultant increase in per cent saturation of iron-binding capacity. Of these deficiencies only the abnormal alternative pathway function was significantly associated with decreased serum bactericidal activity. A suggested function of serum bactericidal activity is prevention of bacteraemia by susceptible organisms. Thus diminished serum bactericidal capacity may increase the risk of Salmonella bacteraemia in some individuals with sickle cell disease."}
{"id": "PMID:342155", "title": "Cell-mediated immunological reactivity in neonates and infants with congenital syphilis.", "content": "Thirty-eight mothers and babies were assessed by the lymphocyte transformation test for their cell-mediated immune responses to Treponema pallidum and to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD). All babies, including controls, appeared to be reactive when results of [3H]-thymidine incorporation were expressed as net counts per minute. This was because of high background activity, which was most marked in cells from neonates. When results were expressed as stimulation ratios, it was revealed that cells from neonates were unreactive to both antigens, even when those from their mothers were reactive. Cells from some older babies with active congenital syphilis were reactive to both antigens.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunological reactivity in neonates and infants with congenital syphilis. Thirty-eight mothers and babies were assessed by the lymphocyte transformation test for their cell-mediated immune responses to Treponema pallidum and to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD). All babies, including controls, appeared to be reactive when results of [3H]-thymidine incorporation were expressed as net counts per minute. This was because of high background activity, which was most marked in cells from neonates. When results were expressed as stimulation ratios, it was revealed that cells from neonates were unreactive to both antigens, even when those from their mothers were reactive. Cells from some older babies with active congenital syphilis were reactive to both antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:342156", "title": "Characterization of cell subpopulations of the thymus by a hydrophobic fluorescent probe: 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate.", "content": "1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate (ANS) is a hydrophobic fluorescent probe. ANS is not fluorescent in water or in RPMI 1640 medium, but it becomes fluorescent when bound to hydrophobic components of cells. The binding of ANS to mouse thymocytes shows that two cell subpopulations are identified, which differ in their emission wave-lengths, as reflected by their distinct 'blue' and 'green' fluorescence. This difference correlates with the DNA content of cells and this technique may characterize thymic cells in the G1 or in the S-G2 phases of the cell cycle in a quick and simple way.", "contents": "Characterization of cell subpopulations of the thymus by a hydrophobic fluorescent probe: 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate. 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate (ANS) is a hydrophobic fluorescent probe. ANS is not fluorescent in water or in RPMI 1640 medium, but it becomes fluorescent when bound to hydrophobic components of cells. The binding of ANS to mouse thymocytes shows that two cell subpopulations are identified, which differ in their emission wave-lengths, as reflected by their distinct 'blue' and 'green' fluorescence. This difference correlates with the DNA content of cells and this technique may characterize thymic cells in the G1 or in the S-G2 phases of the cell cycle in a quick and simple way."}
{"id": "PMID:342157", "title": "The effect of cyclophosphamide on an ocular immune response. I. Primary response.", "content": "The ocular inflammation and antibody production that follow intravitreal injection of rabbit eyes with bovine gamma globulin were suppressed by treatment with Cytoxan by the intramuscular (i.m.) route. The drug suppressed PFC responses of uveal tract and corneal cells when it was administered, beginning as late as 5 days after immunization, if treatment was continued until day 12 or 13. Short-term treatments and treatment with smaller Cytoxan doses were less effective. We noted a good correlation between the presence or absence of ocular inflammation, suppression of ocular PFC responses and depression of serum, aqueous humour and vitreous humour antibody titres. In some treatment groups ocular antibody production seemed to be completely suppressed, while in others antibody production was significantly delayed.", "contents": "The effect of cyclophosphamide on an ocular immune response. I. Primary response. The ocular inflammation and antibody production that follow intravitreal injection of rabbit eyes with bovine gamma globulin were suppressed by treatment with Cytoxan by the intramuscular (i.m.) route. The drug suppressed PFC responses of uveal tract and corneal cells when it was administered, beginning as late as 5 days after immunization, if treatment was continued until day 12 or 13. Short-term treatments and treatment with smaller Cytoxan doses were less effective. We noted a good correlation between the presence or absence of ocular inflammation, suppression of ocular PFC responses and depression of serum, aqueous humour and vitreous humour antibody titres. In some treatment groups ocular antibody production seemed to be completely suppressed, while in others antibody production was significantly delayed."}
{"id": "PMID:342158", "title": "Studies on the heterophile antibodies of infectious mononucleosis. I. Separation of four antibody populations, one of which contains lymphocytotoxic activity.", "content": "With the aid of insolubilized immunoadsorbents made with glycoproteins, extracted from cow red blood cells (RBC), and with guinea-pig kidney tissue, heterophile antibody populations of the Paul--Bunnell type and the Forssman type were eluted from infectious mononucleosis sera. Two Paul--Bunnell-type antibody populations were separated on the basis of their affinity for cow RBC antigens. The lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the infectious mononucleosis sera were eluted among the low-affinity Paul--Bunnell antibodies.", "contents": "Studies on the heterophile antibodies of infectious mononucleosis. I. Separation of four antibody populations, one of which contains lymphocytotoxic activity. With the aid of insolubilized immunoadsorbents made with glycoproteins, extracted from cow red blood cells (RBC), and with guinea-pig kidney tissue, heterophile antibody populations of the Paul--Bunnell type and the Forssman type were eluted from infectious mononucleosis sera. Two Paul--Bunnell-type antibody populations were separated on the basis of their affinity for cow RBC antigens. The lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the infectious mononucleosis sera were eluted among the low-affinity Paul--Bunnell antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:342159", "title": "Multiple myeloma and monoclonal IgA with anti-actin reactivity.", "content": "Serum containing a monoclonal IgA protein from a patient with multiple myeloma gave intense immunofluorescent staining of smooth muscle fibres and the striations of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and thymic myoid cells. It also gave a weaker reaction with hepatocytes in a 'polygonal' pattern, and with renal glomeruli in a diffuse pattern. In culture fibroblasts, the serum stained long, parallel cytoplasmic filaments. Specificity of the staining reactions for actin was established by their prevention on serum absorption with skeletal muscle actin, but not by skeletal muscle myosin, tropomyosin or troponin, and by the demonstration that eluates obtained by acid dissociation of the serum-actin precipitates gave the same staining reactions as the original serum. Localization of the anti-actin reactivity to the monoclonal IgA protein was established by the observation that the same staining reactions were obtained with a monospecific IgA conjugate, with the eluate derived from the gamma globulin band of a serumel ectrophoretic strip, and with a purified euglobulin (IgA) fraction; also, the eluates obtained by acid dissociation of the serum actin precipitates contained monoclonal IgA.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma and monoclonal IgA with anti-actin reactivity. Serum containing a monoclonal IgA protein from a patient with multiple myeloma gave intense immunofluorescent staining of smooth muscle fibres and the striations of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and thymic myoid cells. It also gave a weaker reaction with hepatocytes in a 'polygonal' pattern, and with renal glomeruli in a diffuse pattern. In culture fibroblasts, the serum stained long, parallel cytoplasmic filaments. Specificity of the staining reactions for actin was established by their prevention on serum absorption with skeletal muscle actin, but not by skeletal muscle myosin, tropomyosin or troponin, and by the demonstration that eluates obtained by acid dissociation of the serum-actin precipitates gave the same staining reactions as the original serum. Localization of the anti-actin reactivity to the monoclonal IgA protein was established by the observation that the same staining reactions were obtained with a monospecific IgA conjugate, with the eluate derived from the gamma globulin band of a serumel ectrophoretic strip, and with a purified euglobulin (IgA) fraction; also, the eluates obtained by acid dissociation of the serum actin precipitates contained monoclonal IgA."}
{"id": "PMID:342160", "title": "A study of maternal lymphoid organs and the progeny following treatment with immunomodulating agents during pregnancy.", "content": "Whether differences in foetoplacental weight and post-implantation mortality in rodents are secondary to heterosis and inbreeding depression or antigenic differences between mother and foetus has been a continuing controversy. To determine whether non-specific depression or stimulation of the maternal immune system affects the success of the foetoplacental allograft, groups of virgin Fischer (Ag-B1) females of similar age and weight mated with DA (Ag-B4) males were treated with daily intraperitoneal injections of: (a) saline, (b) methylprednisolone (MP), 1-0 mg/kg, (c) cyclophosphamide (CY), 3.0 mg/kg, or (d) azathioprine (AZ), 3.0 mg/kg; or they were injected intraperitoneally on the fifth day of gestation with: (a) B. pertussis, 1.0 ml, (b) C. parvum, 0.2 ml, or (c) BCG, 0.1 ml. None of the immunostimulating agents were detrimental to the progeny, but the immunosupprissive drugs caused an increased percentage of foetal deaths and foetoplacental growth retardation. The reduced foetal and placental size induced by CY or AZ could be partially blocked by simultaneous maternal treatment with BCG. Analysis of mean maternal weight gain, spleen weight assays, changes in the lymph nodes draining the uterus and comparison of data from non-pregnant animals and syngeneic pregnancies treated with these agents suggest that immunosuppressive drugs reduce foetal survival rates and produce foetoplacental growth retardation via a combination of immunological and cytotoxic mechanisms.", "contents": "A study of maternal lymphoid organs and the progeny following treatment with immunomodulating agents during pregnancy. Whether differences in foetoplacental weight and post-implantation mortality in rodents are secondary to heterosis and inbreeding depression or antigenic differences between mother and foetus has been a continuing controversy. To determine whether non-specific depression or stimulation of the maternal immune system affects the success of the foetoplacental allograft, groups of virgin Fischer (Ag-B1) females of similar age and weight mated with DA (Ag-B4) males were treated with daily intraperitoneal injections of: (a) saline, (b) methylprednisolone (MP), 1-0 mg/kg, (c) cyclophosphamide (CY), 3.0 mg/kg, or (d) azathioprine (AZ), 3.0 mg/kg; or they were injected intraperitoneally on the fifth day of gestation with: (a) B. pertussis, 1.0 ml, (b) C. parvum, 0.2 ml, or (c) BCG, 0.1 ml. None of the immunostimulating agents were detrimental to the progeny, but the immunosupprissive drugs caused an increased percentage of foetal deaths and foetoplacental growth retardation. The reduced foetal and placental size induced by CY or AZ could be partially blocked by simultaneous maternal treatment with BCG. Analysis of mean maternal weight gain, spleen weight assays, changes in the lymph nodes draining the uterus and comparison of data from non-pregnant animals and syngeneic pregnancies treated with these agents suggest that immunosuppressive drugs reduce foetal survival rates and produce foetoplacental growth retardation via a combination of immunological and cytotoxic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:342174", "title": "Response of asthmatic patients to fenoterol inhalation: a method of quantifying the airway bronchodilator dose.", "content": "A radiotracer technique is described which enables direct measurement of the dose and distribution of inhaled aerosol bronchodilator in man. The mean (+/-SD) amounts of the B2-adrenergic agonist, fenoterol, administered to a group of 12 asthmatic subjects in a double-blind randomized fashion were: placebo, 0 microgram; low dose, 5.6 (+/-1.2) microgram; medium dose, 32.7 (+/-7.3) microgram; and high dose, 127.5 (+/-29.2) microgram, with a mean of 86.3% of the total subject dose being deposited in the lungs. The medium and high doses of fenoterol produced similar increases above baseline in forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV1), maximum flow at 50% of vital capacity (V max 50), and maximum flow at 25% of vital capacity (V max 25). These increases were greater than those with placebo for the entire 4-hr study (p less than 0.01). The low dose of fenoterol was more effective than placebo in increasing FEV1, V max 50, and V max 25 above baseline values (p less than 0.05), but not for the entire 4-hr study. The high-dose fenoterol caused palpitations and tremor in 3 of the 12 subjects, and the medium-dose fenoterol caused palpitations in one of these subjects.", "contents": "Response of asthmatic patients to fenoterol inhalation: a method of quantifying the airway bronchodilator dose. A radiotracer technique is described which enables direct measurement of the dose and distribution of inhaled aerosol bronchodilator in man. The mean (+/-SD) amounts of the B2-adrenergic agonist, fenoterol, administered to a group of 12 asthmatic subjects in a double-blind randomized fashion were: placebo, 0 microgram; low dose, 5.6 (+/-1.2) microgram; medium dose, 32.7 (+/-7.3) microgram; and high dose, 127.5 (+/-29.2) microgram, with a mean of 86.3% of the total subject dose being deposited in the lungs. The medium and high doses of fenoterol produced similar increases above baseline in forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV1), maximum flow at 50% of vital capacity (V max 50), and maximum flow at 25% of vital capacity (V max 25). These increases were greater than those with placebo for the entire 4-hr study (p less than 0.01). The low dose of fenoterol was more effective than placebo in increasing FEV1, V max 50, and V max 25 above baseline values (p less than 0.05), but not for the entire 4-hr study. The high-dose fenoterol caused palpitations and tremor in 3 of the 12 subjects, and the medium-dose fenoterol caused palpitations in one of these subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:342180", "title": "Current treatment of acute leukemia.", "content": "For patients with ALL we must be able to identify clearly both standard and high-risk patients. For standard-risk patients in whom life expectancy is long, therapy regimens must be designed to provide optimal control with minimal short- and long-term toxicity. For patients with high-risk ALL, methods must be found to circumvent the problem of early acquisition of drug resistance by the leukemic lymphoblasts. For patients with AML, more work must be done to improve the results of remission induction. But the major problem for these patients is the maintenance of a remission once it is obtained. Perhaps one of the critical factors in AML is the interrelationship of normal and leukemic marrow elements in therapy response. Disease-free survival time must be improved before considerations of CNS prophylaxis and cessation of therapy can be approached.", "contents": "Current treatment of acute leukemia. For patients with ALL we must be able to identify clearly both standard and high-risk patients. For standard-risk patients in whom life expectancy is long, therapy regimens must be designed to provide optimal control with minimal short- and long-term toxicity. For patients with high-risk ALL, methods must be found to circumvent the problem of early acquisition of drug resistance by the leukemic lymphoblasts. For patients with AML, more work must be done to improve the results of remission induction. But the major problem for these patients is the maintenance of a remission once it is obtained. Perhaps one of the critical factors in AML is the interrelationship of normal and leukemic marrow elements in therapy response. Disease-free survival time must be improved before considerations of CNS prophylaxis and cessation of therapy can be approached."}
{"id": "PMID:342181", "title": "Caries-preventive effect of two concentrations of stannous fluoride mouthrinse.", "content": "The effectiveness of a stannous fluoride mouthrinse, when used once each school day, was investigated in a 3-year study. Effervescent stannous fluoride tablets of two concentrations were dissolved in 20 ml of water, giving solutions of 100 parts/10(6)F- and 200 parts/10(6)F- respectively. Approximately 1,200 children, with a mean age of 10 years, were divided on a random basis into three groups. Two of the groups rinsed with the two strengths of solution and the third group rinsed with a placebo. Examinations were carried out at the commencement of the study, and at yearly intervals thereafter. The final series was carried out a year after the rinsing procedures were terminated. There were significant reductions in the numbers of new caries in each of the two experimental groups as compared with the controls. The concentration of the solutions appeared to have little influence on the results. More dramatic reductions were noted in the teeth which erupted during the course of the study. A residual effect was demonstrated a year after the rinsing procedures were terminated.", "contents": "Caries-preventive effect of two concentrations of stannous fluoride mouthrinse. The effectiveness of a stannous fluoride mouthrinse, when used once each school day, was investigated in a 3-year study. Effervescent stannous fluoride tablets of two concentrations were dissolved in 20 ml of water, giving solutions of 100 parts/10(6)F- and 200 parts/10(6)F- respectively. Approximately 1,200 children, with a mean age of 10 years, were divided on a random basis into three groups. Two of the groups rinsed with the two strengths of solution and the third group rinsed with a placebo. Examinations were carried out at the commencement of the study, and at yearly intervals thereafter. The final series was carried out a year after the rinsing procedures were terminated. There were significant reductions in the numbers of new caries in each of the two experimental groups as compared with the controls. The concentration of the solutions appeared to have little influence on the results. More dramatic reductions were noted in the teeth which erupted during the course of the study. A residual effect was demonstrated a year after the rinsing procedures were terminated."}
{"id": "PMID:342182", "title": "Comparison of blind and non-blind assessments of occlusal sealant retention.", "content": "A comparison was made of scoring the retention status of BIS-GMA occlusal sealants 5 years after they had been placed, according to a non-blind and blind method of identification of teeth that had been sealed. Subjects were 175 children ages 15--18. One examiner made all the assessments. Retention of sealant was classified as all present, partly missing or all missing. There was 90.5% complete agreement between non-blind and blind examinations in scoring the retention status of 893 occlusal sites. Essentially no difference in agreement was found between sites on maxillary and mandibular teeth nor according to sites in specific teeth. There was only a slight tendency to classify more sites as having sealant present at the non-blind examinations than at the blind examinations, 56.7% and 55.1%, respectively. These findings would seem to indicate that whether examinations are done blindly or non-blindly is of minor importance in making an accurate assessment of sealant retention.", "contents": "Comparison of blind and non-blind assessments of occlusal sealant retention. A comparison was made of scoring the retention status of BIS-GMA occlusal sealants 5 years after they had been placed, according to a non-blind and blind method of identification of teeth that had been sealed. Subjects were 175 children ages 15--18. One examiner made all the assessments. Retention of sealant was classified as all present, partly missing or all missing. There was 90.5% complete agreement between non-blind and blind examinations in scoring the retention status of 893 occlusal sites. Essentially no difference in agreement was found between sites on maxillary and mandibular teeth nor according to sites in specific teeth. There was only a slight tendency to classify more sites as having sealant present at the non-blind examinations than at the blind examinations, 56.7% and 55.1%, respectively. These findings would seem to indicate that whether examinations are done blindly or non-blindly is of minor importance in making an accurate assessment of sealant retention."}
{"id": "PMID:342183", "title": "Adequte cohort sizes for caries clinical trials.", "content": "Methods of determining cohort sizes were examined to determine their appropriateness for use in multi-group caries clinical trials. The appropriate method to sue depends on the type of trial being planned. It is shown that multiple comparison methods using certain Bonferonni type t-statistics ought to be used in trials in which different levels of frequencies of application of known caries inhibitors are being tested. It is also demonstrated that using the F-test procedure in the determination of cohort sizes can result in unacceptable low sensitivity levels being realized for the comparisons of primary concern. Tables are presented which can be used to determine group sizes needed to achieve specified sensitivity levels for two-groups trials and multi-group trials.", "contents": "Adequte cohort sizes for caries clinical trials. Methods of determining cohort sizes were examined to determine their appropriateness for use in multi-group caries clinical trials. The appropriate method to sue depends on the type of trial being planned. It is shown that multiple comparison methods using certain Bonferonni type t-statistics ought to be used in trials in which different levels of frequencies of application of known caries inhibitors are being tested. It is also demonstrated that using the F-test procedure in the determination of cohort sizes can result in unacceptable low sensitivity levels being realized for the comparisons of primary concern. Tables are presented which can be used to determine group sizes needed to achieve specified sensitivity levels for two-groups trials and multi-group trials."}
{"id": "PMID:342194", "title": "Toxins produced by Candida albicans.", "content": "From studies on high-and-low molecular-weight candidial toxins, with special reference to the etiopathology of experimental-weight candidial toxins, with special reference to the etiopathology of experimental C. albicans infection, it may be concluded that these toxins, particularly the high-molecular-weight ones, play a very important role as parasitic factors in the extablishment of the infection, possibly also affecting its course. This concept of the role of Candidial toxins may be considered also applicable to the establishment of natural candidosis. It is speculated that these toxins might be more or less ubiquitously produced in pathogenic fungi, not only C. albicans but also other species of the genus Candida as well as those of other fungal genera. They may be to some extent related to the etiopathology of their respective fungal infections.", "contents": "Toxins produced by Candida albicans. From studies on high-and-low molecular-weight candidial toxins, with special reference to the etiopathology of experimental-weight candidial toxins, with special reference to the etiopathology of experimental C. albicans infection, it may be concluded that these toxins, particularly the high-molecular-weight ones, play a very important role as parasitic factors in the extablishment of the infection, possibly also affecting its course. This concept of the role of Candidial toxins may be considered also applicable to the establishment of natural candidosis. It is speculated that these toxins might be more or less ubiquitously produced in pathogenic fungi, not only C. albicans but also other species of the genus Candida as well as those of other fungal genera. They may be to some extent related to the etiopathology of their respective fungal infections."}
{"id": "PMID:342195", "title": "Cryptococcosis: a diagnostic challenge.", "content": "Human cryptococcosis is an exogenous human infection of increasing frequency and growing importance. Early diagnosis is essential for the clinical outcome, no matter whether the infection is primary or secondary to underlying disease. Reliable and quick diagnostic methods are outlined and some pitfalls are discussed. Direct microscopy is essential, followed by cultivation procedures and serologic tests.", "contents": "Cryptococcosis: a diagnostic challenge. Human cryptococcosis is an exogenous human infection of increasing frequency and growing importance. Early diagnosis is essential for the clinical outcome, no matter whether the infection is primary or secondary to underlying disease. Reliable and quick diagnostic methods are outlined and some pitfalls are discussed. Direct microscopy is essential, followed by cultivation procedures and serologic tests."}
{"id": "PMID:342196", "title": "A comparison of aphasic and normal adults in a sentence-verification task.", "content": "This study showed that in certain sentence-processing tasks, aphasics fail to perform correctly because they fail to execute particular mental operations. A straightforward information-processing model describes the mental processes that are used in deciding whether a sentence is true or false of an accompanying picture. The aphasics' performance, interpreted in light of the model, indicates what step in their processing is not operating properly in this task.", "contents": "A comparison of aphasic and normal adults in a sentence-verification task. This study showed that in certain sentence-processing tasks, aphasics fail to perform correctly because they fail to execute particular mental operations. A straightforward information-processing model describes the mental processes that are used in deciding whether a sentence is true or false of an accompanying picture. The aphasics' performance, interpreted in light of the model, indicates what step in their processing is not operating properly in this task."}
{"id": "PMID:342205", "title": "Decreased serum complement in the Gardner-Diamond syndrome: immunofluorescent findings and association with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "Immunologic and immunofluorescent profiles of two patients with the Gardner-Diamond syndrome are described. During the time ecchymoses were present, both patients had decreased serum complement levels; when the lesions healed, the serum complement level returned to normal. One patient had associated angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and subepidermal deposits of immunoglobulin IgM at the basement membrane of ecchymotic skin. The other patient had a normal immunofluorescent pattern. Both patients had increased B-cell counts. The association of immunologic and immunofluorescent findings in patients with the Gardner-Diamond syndrome is suggestive and deserves further study.", "contents": "Decreased serum complement in the Gardner-Diamond syndrome: immunofluorescent findings and association with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Immunologic and immunofluorescent profiles of two patients with the Gardner-Diamond syndrome are described. During the time ecchymoses were present, both patients had decreased serum complement levels; when the lesions healed, the serum complement level returned to normal. One patient had associated angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and subepidermal deposits of immunoglobulin IgM at the basement membrane of ecchymotic skin. The other patient had a normal immunofluorescent pattern. Both patients had increased B-cell counts. The association of immunologic and immunofluorescent findings in patients with the Gardner-Diamond syndrome is suggestive and deserves further study."}
{"id": "PMID:342217", "title": "[In-patient treatment of peptic ulcer with cimetidine. I. Effect on duodenal ulcer healing (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of 300 mg cimetidine q.i.d. on ulcer healing was studied in a controlled double-blind clinical trial of 71 in-patients with duodenal ulcer. Healing occurred in 48.5% of patients in the cimetidine group after two weeks, and in 20.6% in the placebo group (P less than 0.05). The healing rate was 88% in the cimetidine group at four weeks, 79.4% in the placebo group. Only during the first day was ulcer pain significantly reduced in the cimetidine-treated patients. Neither basal nor pentagastrin-stimulated acid and pepsin secretions were affected by 17-day administration of cimetidine. The drug had to be withdrawn in two patients because of elevated serum-creatinine levels. There was no other untoward effect.", "contents": "[In-patient treatment of peptic ulcer with cimetidine. I. Effect on duodenal ulcer healing (author's transl)]. The effect of 300 mg cimetidine q.i.d. on ulcer healing was studied in a controlled double-blind clinical trial of 71 in-patients with duodenal ulcer. Healing occurred in 48.5% of patients in the cimetidine group after two weeks, and in 20.6% in the placebo group (P less than 0.05). The healing rate was 88% in the cimetidine group at four weeks, 79.4% in the placebo group. Only during the first day was ulcer pain significantly reduced in the cimetidine-treated patients. Neither basal nor pentagastrin-stimulated acid and pepsin secretions were affected by 17-day administration of cimetidine. The drug had to be withdrawn in two patients because of elevated serum-creatinine levels. There was no other untoward effect."}
{"id": "PMID:342218", "title": "[In-patient treatment of peptic ulcer with cimetidine. II. Controlled double-blind trial on gastric ulcer patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In a controlled double-blind clinical trial of 39 in-patients with gastric ulcer the effect of cimetidine on ulcer healing, ulcer pain and pentagastrin-stimulated acid and pepsin secretion was measured. A faster healing rate in the cimetidine group was statistically not significant. Cimetidine had no effect on ulcer pain and pentagastrin-stimulated acid and pepsin secretion. There were no serious untoward reactions.", "contents": "[In-patient treatment of peptic ulcer with cimetidine. II. Controlled double-blind trial on gastric ulcer patients (author's transl)]. In a controlled double-blind clinical trial of 39 in-patients with gastric ulcer the effect of cimetidine on ulcer healing, ulcer pain and pentagastrin-stimulated acid and pepsin secretion was measured. A faster healing rate in the cimetidine group was statistically not significant. Cimetidine had no effect on ulcer pain and pentagastrin-stimulated acid and pepsin secretion. There were no serious untoward reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:342220", "title": "[Prolonged renal graft survival induced by blood transfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "All renal allotransplants performed at the Cantonal Hospital, Zurich, in 1975 and 1976 were analysed with respect to pre-transplant blood transfusions, excluding secondary transplants, patients on dialysis outside of Switzerland, combined renal and pancreatic transplants, and women with previous pregnancies but without transfusions. Among 72 patients left for analysis there were 16 who had never received any pre-transplant blood transfusion. Their graft survival was much worse (one-year graft survival 36%) than that in patients with previous transfusions (one-year graft survival 70--80%). Patients without previous blood transfusion should, therefore, no longer be admitted for renal transplantation.", "contents": "[Prolonged renal graft survival induced by blood transfusion (author's transl)]. All renal allotransplants performed at the Cantonal Hospital, Zurich, in 1975 and 1976 were analysed with respect to pre-transplant blood transfusions, excluding secondary transplants, patients on dialysis outside of Switzerland, combined renal and pancreatic transplants, and women with previous pregnancies but without transfusions. Among 72 patients left for analysis there were 16 who had never received any pre-transplant blood transfusion. Their graft survival was much worse (one-year graft survival 36%) than that in patients with previous transfusions (one-year graft survival 70--80%). Patients without previous blood transfusion should, therefore, no longer be admitted for renal transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:342228", "title": "Fenoterol: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in asthma.", "content": "Fenoterol, the 4-hydroxyphenyl derivative of orciprenaline, is a resorcinol derivative with relatively high selectivity for beta2-adrenoceptors. It is active in man after inhalation or oral administration and is indicated in the treatment of bronchospasm associated with asthma, bronchitis and other obstructive airway diseases. Clinical experience has shown that fenoterol is an effective bronchodilator with negligible effects on the cardiovascular system following aerosol administration of usual therapeutic doses. In children, inhaled fenoterol is effective in preventing exercise-induced asthma and administration of the aerosol in young children has been successfully used to terminate acute asthma attacks. In trials in adults, inhaled fenoterol was superior to placebo. In other controlled studies, it showed a tendency to cause a slightly greater maximum improvement in airway function as assessed spirometrically, and to have a longer duration of action than inhaled orciprenaline, salbutamol or terbutaline, although in these trials statistically significant differences were often not found. The onset of maximum effect is less rapid than with isoprenaline but is longer lasting. About 60% of the eventual maximum response to fenoterol is reached in the first few minutes after inhalation. Oral fenoterol is more effective than placebo, ephedrine or orciprenaline, and probably similar to salbutamol and terbutaline. Following usual aerosol doses, side-effects are minimal. Oral administration is associated with a higher incidence of side-effects than inhalation, including fine muscle tremor and tachycardia.", "contents": "Fenoterol: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in asthma. Fenoterol, the 4-hydroxyphenyl derivative of orciprenaline, is a resorcinol derivative with relatively high selectivity for beta2-adrenoceptors. It is active in man after inhalation or oral administration and is indicated in the treatment of bronchospasm associated with asthma, bronchitis and other obstructive airway diseases. Clinical experience has shown that fenoterol is an effective bronchodilator with negligible effects on the cardiovascular system following aerosol administration of usual therapeutic doses. In children, inhaled fenoterol is effective in preventing exercise-induced asthma and administration of the aerosol in young children has been successfully used to terminate acute asthma attacks. In trials in adults, inhaled fenoterol was superior to placebo. In other controlled studies, it showed a tendency to cause a slightly greater maximum improvement in airway function as assessed spirometrically, and to have a longer duration of action than inhaled orciprenaline, salbutamol or terbutaline, although in these trials statistically significant differences were often not found. The onset of maximum effect is less rapid than with isoprenaline but is longer lasting. About 60% of the eventual maximum response to fenoterol is reached in the first few minutes after inhalation. Oral fenoterol is more effective than placebo, ephedrine or orciprenaline, and probably similar to salbutamol and terbutaline. Following usual aerosol doses, side-effects are minimal. Oral administration is associated with a higher incidence of side-effects than inhalation, including fine muscle tremor and tachycardia."}
{"id": "PMID:342229", "title": "Loperamide: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in diarrhoea.", "content": "Loperamide, a butyramide derivative is a new agent for use in symptomatic control of acute non-specific diarrhoea and chronic diarrhoea. Unlike diphenoxylate or codeine, loperamide does not appear to exert opiate activity in man at normal therapeutic doses. In acute diarrhoea, loperamide provides more rapid control of symptoms than diphenoxylate when given in a flexible dosage according to unformed bowel movements, and in single dose studies 4mg loperamide has a much longer duration of effect than 5mg diphenoxylate. Loperamide is probably superior to diphenoxylate in providing symptomatic control of chronic diarrhoea such as that associated with chronic inflammatory bowel disease or following gastrointestinal surgery. It has been used for up to 3 years in such conditions without evidence of tolerance. The possibility of once daily dosage of loperamide in chronic diarrhoea is an advantage. Side-effects have not proved a problem.", "contents": "Loperamide: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in diarrhoea. Loperamide, a butyramide derivative is a new agent for use in symptomatic control of acute non-specific diarrhoea and chronic diarrhoea. Unlike diphenoxylate or codeine, loperamide does not appear to exert opiate activity in man at normal therapeutic doses. In acute diarrhoea, loperamide provides more rapid control of symptoms than diphenoxylate when given in a flexible dosage according to unformed bowel movements, and in single dose studies 4mg loperamide has a much longer duration of effect than 5mg diphenoxylate. Loperamide is probably superior to diphenoxylate in providing symptomatic control of chronic diarrhoea such as that associated with chronic inflammatory bowel disease or following gastrointestinal surgery. It has been used for up to 3 years in such conditions without evidence of tolerance. The possibility of once daily dosage of loperamide in chronic diarrhoea is an advantage. Side-effects have not proved a problem."}
{"id": "PMID:342230", "title": "Drug-induced agranulocytosis.", "content": "An unexpected precipitous fall in peripheral leucocyte count may occur during treatment of certain sensitised individuals with drugs usually well tolerated by most people. Three basic mechanisms for drug sensitivity have been found. One is characterised by sudden destruction of large numbers of leucocytes in peripheral blood by antibodies elicited in response to drug sensitivity. A prototype for this type of reaction is aminopyrine. A second mechanism involves the production of a lupus-like syndrome followed by leucopenia in response to sensitisation to drugs such as procainamide. A third type involves development of agranulocytosis following a latent period during which a sensitive patient is treated with large amounts of chlorpromazine. This type of reaction is associated with production of bone marrow insufficiency in a patient who is believed to have a limited proliferative potential of bone marrow cells, which limit compensatory bone marrow response during treatment with a drug (e.g. chlorpromazine) that has limited bone marrow toxicity.", "contents": "Drug-induced agranulocytosis. An unexpected precipitous fall in peripheral leucocyte count may occur during treatment of certain sensitised individuals with drugs usually well tolerated by most people. Three basic mechanisms for drug sensitivity have been found. One is characterised by sudden destruction of large numbers of leucocytes in peripheral blood by antibodies elicited in response to drug sensitivity. A prototype for this type of reaction is aminopyrine. A second mechanism involves the production of a lupus-like syndrome followed by leucopenia in response to sensitisation to drugs such as procainamide. A third type involves development of agranulocytosis following a latent period during which a sensitive patient is treated with large amounts of chlorpromazine. This type of reaction is associated with production of bone marrow insufficiency in a patient who is believed to have a limited proliferative potential of bone marrow cells, which limit compensatory bone marrow response during treatment with a drug (e.g. chlorpromazine) that has limited bone marrow toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:342231", "title": "Cimetidine: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in peptic ulcer disease.", "content": "Cimetidine is a specific competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist which effectively inhibits gastric acid secretion and is advocated for the treatment of chronic peptic ulceration, haemorrhage from erosive gastritis, and the control of gastric hypersecretion and peptic ulceration in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Placebo-controlled trials in outpatients have demonstrated its efficacy in promoting the healing of endoscopically diagnosed duodenal ulceration, during a period of 4 to 6 weeks, but its role in the treatment of gastric ulcer is less clear. Preliminary evidence suggests that maintenance therapy with cimetidine reduces the rate of recurrence of duodenal ulcer, but further studies are required to clarify its role in this situation and in the treatment of oesophagitis and acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Cimetidine controls the peptic ulceration of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in most patients when given continuously for up to 2 years. Side-effects have generally been trivial and have very seldom necessitated withdrawal of therapy except in the rare occurrence of gynaecomastia. The haematological abnormalities particularly agranulocytosis, which lead to the withdrawal from clinical use of metiamide, have not been reported with cimetidine, except for 1 case of transient neutropenia. The safety of long-term cimetidine administration has yet to be determined.", "contents": "Cimetidine: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in peptic ulcer disease. Cimetidine is a specific competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist which effectively inhibits gastric acid secretion and is advocated for the treatment of chronic peptic ulceration, haemorrhage from erosive gastritis, and the control of gastric hypersecretion and peptic ulceration in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Placebo-controlled trials in outpatients have demonstrated its efficacy in promoting the healing of endoscopically diagnosed duodenal ulceration, during a period of 4 to 6 weeks, but its role in the treatment of gastric ulcer is less clear. Preliminary evidence suggests that maintenance therapy with cimetidine reduces the rate of recurrence of duodenal ulcer, but further studies are required to clarify its role in this situation and in the treatment of oesophagitis and acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Cimetidine controls the peptic ulceration of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in most patients when given continuously for up to 2 years. Side-effects have generally been trivial and have very seldom necessitated withdrawal of therapy except in the rare occurrence of gynaecomastia. The haematological abnormalities particularly agranulocytosis, which lead to the withdrawal from clinical use of metiamide, have not been reported with cimetidine, except for 1 case of transient neutropenia. The safety of long-term cimetidine administration has yet to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:342234", "title": "Properties of the main endonuclease specific for apurinic sites of Escherichia coli (endonuclease VI). Mechanism of apurinic site excision from DNA.", "content": "The main endonuclease for apurinic sites of Escherichia coli (endonuclease VI) has no action on normal strands, either in double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, or on alkylated sites. The enzyme has an optimum pH at 8.5, is inhibited by EDTA and needs Mg2+ for its activity; it has a half-life of 7 min at 40 degrees C. A purified preparation of endonuclease VI, free of endonuclease II activity, contained exonuclease III; the two activities (endonuclease VI and exonuclease III) copurified and were inactivated with the same half-lives at 40 degrees C. Endonuclease VI cuts the DNA strands on the 5' side of the apurinic sites giving a 3'-OH and a 5'-phosphate, and exonuclease III, working afterwards, leaves the apurinic site in the DNA molecule; this apurinic site can subsequently be removed by DNA polymerase I. The details of the excision of apurinic sites in vitro from DNA by endonuclease VI/exonuclease III, DNA polymerase I and ligase, are described; it is suggested that exonuclease III works as an antiligase to facilitate the DNA repair.", "contents": "Properties of the main endonuclease specific for apurinic sites of Escherichia coli (endonuclease VI). Mechanism of apurinic site excision from DNA. The main endonuclease for apurinic sites of Escherichia coli (endonuclease VI) has no action on normal strands, either in double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, or on alkylated sites. The enzyme has an optimum pH at 8.5, is inhibited by EDTA and needs Mg2+ for its activity; it has a half-life of 7 min at 40 degrees C. A purified preparation of endonuclease VI, free of endonuclease II activity, contained exonuclease III; the two activities (endonuclease VI and exonuclease III) copurified and were inactivated with the same half-lives at 40 degrees C. Endonuclease VI cuts the DNA strands on the 5' side of the apurinic sites giving a 3'-OH and a 5'-phosphate, and exonuclease III, working afterwards, leaves the apurinic site in the DNA molecule; this apurinic site can subsequently be removed by DNA polymerase I. The details of the excision of apurinic sites in vitro from DNA by endonuclease VI/exonuclease III, DNA polymerase I and ligase, are described; it is suggested that exonuclease III works as an antiligase to facilitate the DNA repair."}
{"id": "PMID:342235", "title": "Immunochemical measurement of conformational heterogeneity of poly(inosinic acid).", "content": "Several pure poly(I) preparations differed in: (a) their complement fixation reactivity with anti-poly(I) antiserum; (b) their ability to bind to a solid-phase anti-poly(I) antibody-Sepharose column; (c) their ability to inactivate serum complement; and (d) their reactivity with purified antibodies to double-stranded RNA. In particular, poly(I) samples that could induce interferon production differed from non-inducer poly(I)s; the inducers reacted weakly with anti-poly(I) antiserum and were the only ones that reacted with antibodies to double-stranded RNA. One inducer poly(I) did not inactivate complement, and differed from non-inducer poly(I) in quantitative aspects of poly(I) . poly(C) formation with varying amounts of poly(C). An additional type of poly(I) preparation reacted poorly with anti-poly(I) antiserum, did not react with anti-double-stranded-RNA antibodies and failed to induce interferon production. The varying forms of poly(I) were not interconvertible by boiling and rapid chilling. These results indicate that several different stable structural forms of poly(I) may result from a standardized synthetic procedure.", "contents": "Immunochemical measurement of conformational heterogeneity of poly(inosinic acid). Several pure poly(I) preparations differed in: (a) their complement fixation reactivity with anti-poly(I) antiserum; (b) their ability to bind to a solid-phase anti-poly(I) antibody-Sepharose column; (c) their ability to inactivate serum complement; and (d) their reactivity with purified antibodies to double-stranded RNA. In particular, poly(I) samples that could induce interferon production differed from non-inducer poly(I)s; the inducers reacted weakly with anti-poly(I) antiserum and were the only ones that reacted with antibodies to double-stranded RNA. One inducer poly(I) did not inactivate complement, and differed from non-inducer poly(I) in quantitative aspects of poly(I) . poly(C) formation with varying amounts of poly(C). An additional type of poly(I) preparation reacted poorly with anti-poly(I) antiserum, did not react with anti-double-stranded-RNA antibodies and failed to induce interferon production. The varying forms of poly(I) were not interconvertible by boiling and rapid chilling. These results indicate that several different stable structural forms of poly(I) may result from a standardized synthetic procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:342236", "title": "Blue-dextran--Sepharose affinity chromatography: recognition of a polynucleotide binding site of a protein.", "content": "Native Escherichia coli polynucleotide phosphorylase can be retained on blue-dextran--Sepharose. The bound enzyme cannot be displaced by its mononucleotide substrates such as ADP, UDP, CDP, GDP and IDP, but it is easily eluted by its polymeric substrates. Under identical conditions, lactate dehydrogenase, bound on blue-dextran--Sepharose, is not eluted by poly(I) but can be specifically displaced by NADH. On the other hand, the trypsinized polynucleotide phosphorylase, known to be an active enzyme which has lost its polynucleotide site, does not bind to the affinity column. The native polynucleotide phosphorylase can also be tightly bound to poly(U)--agarose and displaced from it only by high salt concentration. The trypsinized enzyme is not bound at all on poly(I)--AGAROSe. Moreover, the native enzyme linked on blue-dextran--Sepharose, remains active indicating a free access of nucleoside diphosphates to the active center. These results taken together show that the dye ligand is not inserted onto the mononucleotide binding site and suggest rather that it binds to the polynucleotide binding region. The implications of this study and the application of blue-dextran--Sepharose affinity chromatography to other proteins having affinity for nucleic acids are discussed.", "contents": "Blue-dextran--Sepharose affinity chromatography: recognition of a polynucleotide binding site of a protein. Native Escherichia coli polynucleotide phosphorylase can be retained on blue-dextran--Sepharose. The bound enzyme cannot be displaced by its mononucleotide substrates such as ADP, UDP, CDP, GDP and IDP, but it is easily eluted by its polymeric substrates. Under identical conditions, lactate dehydrogenase, bound on blue-dextran--Sepharose, is not eluted by poly(I) but can be specifically displaced by NADH. On the other hand, the trypsinized polynucleotide phosphorylase, known to be an active enzyme which has lost its polynucleotide site, does not bind to the affinity column. The native polynucleotide phosphorylase can also be tightly bound to poly(U)--agarose and displaced from it only by high salt concentration. The trypsinized enzyme is not bound at all on poly(I)--AGAROSe. Moreover, the native enzyme linked on blue-dextran--Sepharose, remains active indicating a free access of nucleoside diphosphates to the active center. These results taken together show that the dye ligand is not inserted onto the mononucleotide binding site and suggest rather that it binds to the polynucleotide binding region. The implications of this study and the application of blue-dextran--Sepharose affinity chromatography to other proteins having affinity for nucleic acids are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:342239", "title": "Alterations in tRNAs containing 2-methylthio-N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)-adenosine during growth of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in the presence of iron-binding proteins.", "content": "Escherichia coli grown in chemically produced iron-deficient media have well characterized alterations in the chromatographic properties of tRNAs containing the modified nucleoside 2-methylthio-N6-(delta2-isopentenyl) adenosine. The present report shows that similar tRNA alterations occur in enteropathogenic E. coli inhibited by human milk and bovine colostrum, the inhibited bacteria containing 10% or less of the normal tRNA species. Adding sufficient iron to saturate the iron-binding capacity of the lactoferrin present in milk and colostrum reversed these changes which are probably due to a failure to methylthiolate the isopentenyladenosine. Although adding iron led to a rapid replacement of abnormal tRNA by the chromatographically normal species, and to a resumption of multiplication, the tRNA alterations are not directly related to the inhibition of growth. Strains of E. coli which grew normally in milk, colostrum and in defined media containing the iron-binding protein transferrin or ovotransferrin also contained about 90% of the abnormal species. Rapid conversion of abnormal tRNA to normal tRNA occurred on adding iron and in the absence of RNA synthesis. The tRNA changes are discussed in relation to their possible connection with both the adaptation of E. coli to growth under the iron-restricted conditions imposed by iron-binding proteins in tissue fluids and with bacterial pathogenicity.", "contents": "Alterations in tRNAs containing 2-methylthio-N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)-adenosine during growth of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in the presence of iron-binding proteins. Escherichia coli grown in chemically produced iron-deficient media have well characterized alterations in the chromatographic properties of tRNAs containing the modified nucleoside 2-methylthio-N6-(delta2-isopentenyl) adenosine. The present report shows that similar tRNA alterations occur in enteropathogenic E. coli inhibited by human milk and bovine colostrum, the inhibited bacteria containing 10% or less of the normal tRNA species. Adding sufficient iron to saturate the iron-binding capacity of the lactoferrin present in milk and colostrum reversed these changes which are probably due to a failure to methylthiolate the isopentenyladenosine. Although adding iron led to a rapid replacement of abnormal tRNA by the chromatographically normal species, and to a resumption of multiplication, the tRNA alterations are not directly related to the inhibition of growth. Strains of E. coli which grew normally in milk, colostrum and in defined media containing the iron-binding protein transferrin or ovotransferrin also contained about 90% of the abnormal species. Rapid conversion of abnormal tRNA to normal tRNA occurred on adding iron and in the absence of RNA synthesis. The tRNA changes are discussed in relation to their possible connection with both the adaptation of E. coli to growth under the iron-restricted conditions imposed by iron-binding proteins in tissue fluids and with bacterial pathogenicity."}
{"id": "PMID:342240", "title": "The malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification, characterisation and studies on their regulation.", "content": "1. One mitochondrial and one cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase isoenzyme could be purified from acetate grown cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 2. The purification procedure uses chromatography on dextran blue columns as an essential step for enrichment, and reverse ammonium sulfate chromatography on celite for isoenzyme separation. 3. The homogeneity of the preparations was established by gel electrophoreses in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate and by a sedimentation run in the analytical ultracentrifuge. 4. Both enzymes are dimers with a molecular weight of 75 000 for the cytoplasmic and of 68 000 for the mitochondrial enzyme. 5. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping showed that both enzymes are closely related, but genetically different (true isoenzymes). 6. The cytoplasmic enzyme shows electrophoretic splitting. This is most likely due to post-translational deamination in vivo. 7. Antibodies to both isoenzymes could be obtained in rabbits. The antisera to cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase were specific for this enzyme. Antisera to mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase react with both isoenzymes. Neither type of antisera precipitated an inactive protein after the glucose-dependent inactivation of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase in vivo.", "contents": "The malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification, characterisation and studies on their regulation. 1. One mitochondrial and one cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase isoenzyme could be purified from acetate grown cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 2. The purification procedure uses chromatography on dextran blue columns as an essential step for enrichment, and reverse ammonium sulfate chromatography on celite for isoenzyme separation. 3. The homogeneity of the preparations was established by gel electrophoreses in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate and by a sedimentation run in the analytical ultracentrifuge. 4. Both enzymes are dimers with a molecular weight of 75 000 for the cytoplasmic and of 68 000 for the mitochondrial enzyme. 5. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping showed that both enzymes are closely related, but genetically different (true isoenzymes). 6. The cytoplasmic enzyme shows electrophoretic splitting. This is most likely due to post-translational deamination in vivo. 7. Antibodies to both isoenzymes could be obtained in rabbits. The antisera to cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase were specific for this enzyme. Antisera to mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase react with both isoenzymes. Neither type of antisera precipitated an inactive protein after the glucose-dependent inactivation of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:342243", "title": "Lipid intermediates in the synthesis of the inner core of yeast mannan.", "content": "The synthesis by yeast microsomes of compounds that are probably dolichol-pyrophosphate derivatives containing N,N'-diacetylchitobiose and several mannose residues is described. However, the presence of monosaccharide residues other than N-acetylglucosamine and mannose has not been ruled out. The amount of the lipid derivatives synthesized was enhanced by the addition to the incubation mixture of an organic-solvent-soluble extract from rat liver known to contain dolicholpyrophosphate oligosaccharides. Incubation of these derivatives with yeast microsomes led to the transfer of about fifteen percent of their saccharide moieties to endogenous proteins. The oligosaccharides released from the dolichol derivatives by mild acid hydrolysis could serve as primers for the synthesis of a polysaccharide having the characteristics of mannan outer-chain. It is suggested that the dolichol-pyrophosphate derivatives described in this paper are intermediates in the synthesis of mannan inner core.", "contents": "Lipid intermediates in the synthesis of the inner core of yeast mannan. The synthesis by yeast microsomes of compounds that are probably dolichol-pyrophosphate derivatives containing N,N'-diacetylchitobiose and several mannose residues is described. However, the presence of monosaccharide residues other than N-acetylglucosamine and mannose has not been ruled out. The amount of the lipid derivatives synthesized was enhanced by the addition to the incubation mixture of an organic-solvent-soluble extract from rat liver known to contain dolicholpyrophosphate oligosaccharides. Incubation of these derivatives with yeast microsomes led to the transfer of about fifteen percent of their saccharide moieties to endogenous proteins. The oligosaccharides released from the dolichol derivatives by mild acid hydrolysis could serve as primers for the synthesis of a polysaccharide having the characteristics of mannan outer-chain. It is suggested that the dolichol-pyrophosphate derivatives described in this paper are intermediates in the synthesis of mannan inner core."}
{"id": "PMID:342244", "title": "Simultaneous purification and some properties of aspartate: tRNA ligase and seven other amino-acid:tRNA ligases from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A procedure is described for the purification of the aspartate:tRNA ligase from Escherichia coli to a stage where it was homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. From the same batch of E. coli the lysine, phenylalanine and serine ligases were obtained in an apparently homogeneous form while the alanine, glutamine, leucine and valine enzymes had a purity varying from 20% to 80%. Aspartate: tRNA ligase, which has not been obtained in a highly purified form before, has been characterized in terms of its molecular parameters.", "contents": "Simultaneous purification and some properties of aspartate: tRNA ligase and seven other amino-acid:tRNA ligases from Escherichia coli. A procedure is described for the purification of the aspartate:tRNA ligase from Escherichia coli to a stage where it was homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. From the same batch of E. coli the lysine, phenylalanine and serine ligases were obtained in an apparently homogeneous form while the alanine, glutamine, leucine and valine enzymes had a purity varying from 20% to 80%. Aspartate: tRNA ligase, which has not been obtained in a highly purified form before, has been characterized in terms of its molecular parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:342246", "title": "Initiation of lambda DNA replication in vitro promoted by isolated P-gene product.", "content": "The product of the P gene of bacteriophage lambda was isolated from heat-induced lambda-lysogenic Escherichia coli cells. It was found to bind to DNA, to be devoid of nuclease activity acting on double-stranded lambda DNA and of nicking/closing activity. Initiation of lambda DNA replication promoted by the P-gene product in a complementation assay in vitro was sensitive to rifampicin. Sedimentation analysis of the products and their hybridization to separated lambda DNA strands indicate that lambda DNA was formed in a reaction similar to ring-to-ring replication in vivo. The reaction was symmetric from the beginning, i.e. both lambda DNA strands were copied without delay.", "contents": "Initiation of lambda DNA replication in vitro promoted by isolated P-gene product. The product of the P gene of bacteriophage lambda was isolated from heat-induced lambda-lysogenic Escherichia coli cells. It was found to bind to DNA, to be devoid of nuclease activity acting on double-stranded lambda DNA and of nicking/closing activity. Initiation of lambda DNA replication promoted by the P-gene product in a complementation assay in vitro was sensitive to rifampicin. Sedimentation analysis of the products and their hybridization to separated lambda DNA strands indicate that lambda DNA was formed in a reaction similar to ring-to-ring replication in vivo. The reaction was symmetric from the beginning, i.e. both lambda DNA strands were copied without delay."}
{"id": "PMID:342247", "title": "Piracetam in the treatment of post-concussional syndrome. A double-blind study.", "content": "The effect of piracetam, a cyclical derivative of GABA, was compared with that of a placebo in a double-blind study of 60 patients with post-concussional syndrome of 2-12 months' duration. The daily dose of piracetam was 4,800 mg. After 8 weeks of treatment piracetam significantly reduced the occurrence and severity of the following symptoms: vertigo, headache, tiredness, decresed alertness, increased sweating and neurasthenic symptoms. No significant effect was observed on the following symptoms: tremor, orthostatic symptoms, and memory disorders. Side effect were reported by 64% of the patients under piracetam and by 32% under placebo. In the author's opinion, piracetam seems to be a promising new drug for the treatment of post-concussional syndrome.", "contents": "Piracetam in the treatment of post-concussional syndrome. A double-blind study. The effect of piracetam, a cyclical derivative of GABA, was compared with that of a placebo in a double-blind study of 60 patients with post-concussional syndrome of 2-12 months' duration. The daily dose of piracetam was 4,800 mg. After 8 weeks of treatment piracetam significantly reduced the occurrence and severity of the following symptoms: vertigo, headache, tiredness, decresed alertness, increased sweating and neurasthenic symptoms. No significant effect was observed on the following symptoms: tremor, orthostatic symptoms, and memory disorders. Side effect were reported by 64% of the patients under piracetam and by 32% under placebo. In the author's opinion, piracetam seems to be a promising new drug for the treatment of post-concussional syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:342248", "title": "Intraoperative blood flow in transplanted human kidneys and its relation to subsequent function.", "content": "The value of intraoperative blood flow measurement during clinical kidney grafting to predict subsequent function was studied in the course of 19 consecutive transplantations. The results indicate that when blood pressure and heart rate of the recipients are within normal limits there exists a significant relationship between renal blood supply and recovery of the kidney function. The operative blood flow into the graft correlated, moreover, with the state of presensitization of the recipients, as determined by antibody-against-panel assays. The possible causes of these relationships are discussed. It is emphasized that actual viability of allotransplanted kidneys depends on both pre-and intraoperative pathophysiological processes.", "contents": "Intraoperative blood flow in transplanted human kidneys and its relation to subsequent function. The value of intraoperative blood flow measurement during clinical kidney grafting to predict subsequent function was studied in the course of 19 consecutive transplantations. The results indicate that when blood pressure and heart rate of the recipients are within normal limits there exists a significant relationship between renal blood supply and recovery of the kidney function. The operative blood flow into the graft correlated, moreover, with the state of presensitization of the recipients, as determined by antibody-against-panel assays. The possible causes of these relationships are discussed. It is emphasized that actual viability of allotransplanted kidneys depends on both pre-and intraoperative pathophysiological processes."}
{"id": "PMID:342249", "title": "New developments in the surgical treatment of renovascular arterial hypertension.", "content": "Surgery of the renal artery and its branches has not developed at the same rate as the progress made in arterial hypertension renovascular studies. Therefore, the percentage of cure is still low, the mortality rate high and the complications frequent. Based on the experiences in renal allo- and autotransplants, on the progress achieved in different fields, such as extracorporeal kidney surgery, on a new way of approach to the spleen's hilus, on the development of microsurgery and on a better knowledge of the biopathology of vascular grafts, new orientations for this type of surgery are supported. No matter which technique is followed, renal hypothermia by arterial perfusion, elimination of the diseased arterial segment, placement of the kidney in the continuity of another arterial system (auto-or splenorenal transplants), substitution of the transperitoneal approach by the retroperitoneal one, and, in complicated cases, the practice of ex situ arterial reconstruction surgery, is considered fundamental. Statistics, following these guidelines, are presented, which indicates that there were no deaths and that the percentage of success is higher than with classic revascularization surgery.", "contents": "New developments in the surgical treatment of renovascular arterial hypertension. Surgery of the renal artery and its branches has not developed at the same rate as the progress made in arterial hypertension renovascular studies. Therefore, the percentage of cure is still low, the mortality rate high and the complications frequent. Based on the experiences in renal allo- and autotransplants, on the progress achieved in different fields, such as extracorporeal kidney surgery, on a new way of approach to the spleen's hilus, on the development of microsurgery and on a better knowledge of the biopathology of vascular grafts, new orientations for this type of surgery are supported. No matter which technique is followed, renal hypothermia by arterial perfusion, elimination of the diseased arterial segment, placement of the kidney in the continuity of another arterial system (auto-or splenorenal transplants), substitution of the transperitoneal approach by the retroperitoneal one, and, in complicated cases, the practice of ex situ arterial reconstruction surgery, is considered fundamental. Statistics, following these guidelines, are presented, which indicates that there were no deaths and that the percentage of success is higher than with classic revascularization surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:342250", "title": "Fibrinolytic degradation products in urine of anticoagulated transplant patients.", "content": "A study of the level of urinary fibrinolytic split products in 14 renal transplant patients who received oral anticoagulants postoperatively revealed a tendency toward increased levels of fibrinolytic split products that were temporally related to graft rejection. The amount of fibrinolytic split products in the urine was positively related to the severity of rejection as well as to the final status of the allograft. Thus, the urinary level of fibrinolytic split products, as determined by the latex-coated particle test, can be used as an indicator of the course of warfarin-anticoagulated patients after renal allografting.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic degradation products in urine of anticoagulated transplant patients. A study of the level of urinary fibrinolytic split products in 14 renal transplant patients who received oral anticoagulants postoperatively revealed a tendency toward increased levels of fibrinolytic split products that were temporally related to graft rejection. The amount of fibrinolytic split products in the urine was positively related to the severity of rejection as well as to the final status of the allograft. Thus, the urinary level of fibrinolytic split products, as determined by the latex-coated particle test, can be used as an indicator of the course of warfarin-anticoagulated patients after renal allografting."}
{"id": "PMID:342251", "title": "Tubular defects in patients forming calcium-containing stones.", "content": "The study of renal function, primarily the tubular function, in 55 patients with idiopathic, recurrent renal stones showed a large number of abnormalities. 49% of the patients, especially the women were affected. The most common defect was a reduced acidification capacity of varying degrees of severity in 64% of the woman and in 20% of the men. Impairment of the acidification capacity of the distal tubule was found in 18% and of the proximal tubule in 11% of the patients. Inability to dilute the urine after water loading was found in 17% and tubular proteinuria also in 17% of the patients. Most patients with an impaired tubular function had a severe stone disease. The defects in acidification and dilution capacity ought to be of pathogenetic importance for stone formation and should be considered in the selection of preventive therapy.", "contents": "Tubular defects in patients forming calcium-containing stones. The study of renal function, primarily the tubular function, in 55 patients with idiopathic, recurrent renal stones showed a large number of abnormalities. 49% of the patients, especially the women were affected. The most common defect was a reduced acidification capacity of varying degrees of severity in 64% of the woman and in 20% of the men. Impairment of the acidification capacity of the distal tubule was found in 18% and of the proximal tubule in 11% of the patients. Inability to dilute the urine after water loading was found in 17% and tubular proteinuria also in 17% of the patients. Most patients with an impaired tubular function had a severe stone disease. The defects in acidification and dilution capacity ought to be of pathogenetic importance for stone formation and should be considered in the selection of preventive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:342252", "title": "A review of age changes in perceptual information processing ability with regard to driving.", "content": "Age related changes in the sensory modalities of hearing and vision, along with changes in the information processing abilities of selective attention, perceptual style, and perceptual-motor reaction time, were reviewed in the context of driving behavior. Literature reported, indicated age related changes in these abilities have relevance for the understanding of the driving behavior of the older adult.", "contents": "A review of age changes in perceptual information processing ability with regard to driving. Age related changes in the sensory modalities of hearing and vision, along with changes in the information processing abilities of selective attention, perceptual style, and perceptual-motor reaction time, were reviewed in the context of driving behavior. Literature reported, indicated age related changes in these abilities have relevance for the understanding of the driving behavior of the older adult."}
{"id": "PMID:342259", "title": "Mesenteric hemopoietic colonies. II. Occurrence in mice after transplantation of syngeneic normal bone marrow cells.", "content": "Syngeneic normal bone marrow cells (BMC) were i.p. transplanted into six different strains of lethally irradiated mice (other than BALB/c). The occurrence of mesenteric hemopoietic colonies (MHC) was determined microscopically. The size and numbers of MHC were augmented when the transplantation period was lengthened. On the tenth day spleen colonies were found in all mice.", "contents": "Mesenteric hemopoietic colonies. II. Occurrence in mice after transplantation of syngeneic normal bone marrow cells. Syngeneic normal bone marrow cells (BMC) were i.p. transplanted into six different strains of lethally irradiated mice (other than BALB/c). The occurrence of mesenteric hemopoietic colonies (MHC) was determined microscopically. The size and numbers of MHC were augmented when the transplantation period was lengthened. On the tenth day spleen colonies were found in all mice."}
{"id": "PMID:342260", "title": "Simultaneous assay by six methods of the effect on haemopoietic precursor cells of adriamycin, methyl CCNU, 60Co gamma-rays, vinblastine, and cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "The spleen colony assay, three agar colony assays and two repopulating assays have been employed to measure the effect of single doses of adriamycin, methyl CCNU, 60CO gamma-rays, vinblastine and repeated injection of cytosine arabinoside on early haemopoietic precursors. The results show that there is no consistent correlation between the effect of these agents on the six assays, and the differences in proliferation rate of the cells contributing to the various assays could not be demonstrated by the phase specific agents vinblastine and cytosine arabinoside. The relatively high survival of granulocyte repopulating ability after adriamycin and methyl CCNU indicates that the capacity for differentiation and maturation can be influenced by cytotoxic agents so that colony assays while estimating the number of progenitor cells surviving do not necessarily provide a reliable guide to the capacity of the cells for restoring haemopoiesis. Comparison of colony formation by normal bone marrow cells with the three agar colony assays showed that the agar diffusion chamber method gave three times as many colonies and a much smaller variation between experiments compared to the in vitro agar assay with endotoxin mouse serum as colony stimulating factor. The thin layer feeder cell method gave an intermediate number of colonies.", "contents": "Simultaneous assay by six methods of the effect on haemopoietic precursor cells of adriamycin, methyl CCNU, 60Co gamma-rays, vinblastine, and cytosine arabinoside. The spleen colony assay, three agar colony assays and two repopulating assays have been employed to measure the effect of single doses of adriamycin, methyl CCNU, 60CO gamma-rays, vinblastine and repeated injection of cytosine arabinoside on early haemopoietic precursors. The results show that there is no consistent correlation between the effect of these agents on the six assays, and the differences in proliferation rate of the cells contributing to the various assays could not be demonstrated by the phase specific agents vinblastine and cytosine arabinoside. The relatively high survival of granulocyte repopulating ability after adriamycin and methyl CCNU indicates that the capacity for differentiation and maturation can be influenced by cytotoxic agents so that colony assays while estimating the number of progenitor cells surviving do not necessarily provide a reliable guide to the capacity of the cells for restoring haemopoiesis. Comparison of colony formation by normal bone marrow cells with the three agar colony assays showed that the agar diffusion chamber method gave three times as many colonies and a much smaller variation between experiments compared to the in vitro agar assay with endotoxin mouse serum as colony stimulating factor. The thin layer feeder cell method gave an intermediate number of colonies."}
{"id": "PMID:342262", "title": "A direct assay of granulocytic repopulating ability.", "content": "A direct method of assay of the 'granulocytic repopulating ability' (GRA) of bone marrow in normal or treated mice, which utilizes determinations of total bone marrow cellularity and peroxidase positive cells, is described. Ten days after transplantation of normal femoral marrow, the total number of marrow granulocytes in the recipients is proportional to the marrow dose in the range 0.01 to 0.03 of a femur. Above 0.01 femur the proportion of granulocytes is constant at about 60% so there is a high correlation between total cellularity and total granulocytes. Assay of erythroid repopulating ability can be performed in the same animals. Using the GRA assay, the results for the dose response curve for cyclophosphamide, and the relationship of GRA to erythroid repopulating ability (ERA) and spleen colony forming cells, are similar to those obtained using the endotoxin technique. The simplicity of the GRA technique enhances the feasibility of multiple simultaneous hematopoietic precursor cell assays.", "contents": "A direct assay of granulocytic repopulating ability. A direct method of assay of the 'granulocytic repopulating ability' (GRA) of bone marrow in normal or treated mice, which utilizes determinations of total bone marrow cellularity and peroxidase positive cells, is described. Ten days after transplantation of normal femoral marrow, the total number of marrow granulocytes in the recipients is proportional to the marrow dose in the range 0.01 to 0.03 of a femur. Above 0.01 femur the proportion of granulocytes is constant at about 60% so there is a high correlation between total cellularity and total granulocytes. Assay of erythroid repopulating ability can be performed in the same animals. Using the GRA assay, the results for the dose response curve for cyclophosphamide, and the relationship of GRA to erythroid repopulating ability (ERA) and spleen colony forming cells, are similar to those obtained using the endotoxin technique. The simplicity of the GRA technique enhances the feasibility of multiple simultaneous hematopoietic precursor cell assays."}
{"id": "PMID:342263", "title": "Proliferative response of clonal acute myelogenous leukemia cells in localized grafts of normal bone marrow stroma to in vivo stimulation of myelopoiesis.", "content": "Bone marrow from inbred Wistar/Furth (W/Fu) rats, normal and 90% replaced by acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), was transplanted, respectively, to the left and right kidneys of adult W/Fu rats. After a transient period of hypocellularity, AML grafts repopulated to pre-transplant cellularity by day 9, whereas normal bone marrow (NBM) grafts required 25 days for repopulation to pre-transplant cellularity. Grafted leukemia cells remained localized to the kidney for 17 days. In NBM grafts phlebotomy accelerated erythroid proliferation, and intrathoracic inoculation of live Escherichia coli accelerated myeloid proliferation; in AML grafts only E. coli injection increased bone marrow proliferation. There was no morphologically detectable differentiation of W/Fu AML cells. These studies provide evidence of a myelopoietic response of AML blast cells in vivo and present a transplantation technique for comparison of localized grafts of leukemic and normal bone marrow in the same animal.", "contents": "Proliferative response of clonal acute myelogenous leukemia cells in localized grafts of normal bone marrow stroma to in vivo stimulation of myelopoiesis. Bone marrow from inbred Wistar/Furth (W/Fu) rats, normal and 90% replaced by acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), was transplanted, respectively, to the left and right kidneys of adult W/Fu rats. After a transient period of hypocellularity, AML grafts repopulated to pre-transplant cellularity by day 9, whereas normal bone marrow (NBM) grafts required 25 days for repopulation to pre-transplant cellularity. Grafted leukemia cells remained localized to the kidney for 17 days. In NBM grafts phlebotomy accelerated erythroid proliferation, and intrathoracic inoculation of live Escherichia coli accelerated myeloid proliferation; in AML grafts only E. coli injection increased bone marrow proliferation. There was no morphologically detectable differentiation of W/Fu AML cells. These studies provide evidence of a myelopoietic response of AML blast cells in vivo and present a transplantation technique for comparison of localized grafts of leukemic and normal bone marrow in the same animal."}
{"id": "PMID:342265", "title": "Dose-dependence of the augmentation of hemopoiesis by thymocytes.", "content": "We have used the spleen colony assay and the 24-h uptake of 59Fe by hemopoietic tissues to study certain quantitative aspects of the interaction of parent-strain thymocytes and marrow cells transplanted into lethally irradiated F1 hybrid mice. The data show that thymocytes augment bone marrow growth at least partly by increasing the proportion of stem cells from parental marrow that from colonies in the hybrid animal. This increase in spleen colony number is a linear function of the number of thymocytes injected within certain dose ranges. At higher thymocytes doses, a plateau is reached where further increase in the number of thymocytes injected does not result in an increase in the number of spleen colonies; this plateau occurs at just that level of response given by the same marrow dose when transplanted into isogeneic (parent-strain) recipients. Experiments in which 59Fe uptake up red blood cells and spleen was used to measure marrow growth yielded similar results, except that the plateau in uptake occurred at a much lower level than that measured for the same marrow dose in isogeneic recipients. This apparent discrepancy in results obtained from the two different assays may best be explained by the recent observation that thymocytes shift the differentiation pattern of marrow stem cells away from erythropoiesis and toward granulopoiesis. The absolute thymocyte dose seems to be more important than the thymocyte: marrow-cell ratio in determining the degree of augmentation observed.", "contents": "Dose-dependence of the augmentation of hemopoiesis by thymocytes. We have used the spleen colony assay and the 24-h uptake of 59Fe by hemopoietic tissues to study certain quantitative aspects of the interaction of parent-strain thymocytes and marrow cells transplanted into lethally irradiated F1 hybrid mice. The data show that thymocytes augment bone marrow growth at least partly by increasing the proportion of stem cells from parental marrow that from colonies in the hybrid animal. This increase in spleen colony number is a linear function of the number of thymocytes injected within certain dose ranges. At higher thymocytes doses, a plateau is reached where further increase in the number of thymocytes injected does not result in an increase in the number of spleen colonies; this plateau occurs at just that level of response given by the same marrow dose when transplanted into isogeneic (parent-strain) recipients. Experiments in which 59Fe uptake up red blood cells and spleen was used to measure marrow growth yielded similar results, except that the plateau in uptake occurred at a much lower level than that measured for the same marrow dose in isogeneic recipients. This apparent discrepancy in results obtained from the two different assays may best be explained by the recent observation that thymocytes shift the differentiation pattern of marrow stem cells away from erythropoiesis and toward granulopoiesis. The absolute thymocyte dose seems to be more important than the thymocyte: marrow-cell ratio in determining the degree of augmentation observed."}
{"id": "PMID:342266", "title": "The nature of toxicity of human serum in the bioassay for erythropoietin using mouse foetal liver cells.", "content": "Using several immunological techniques, it was possible to demonstrate that toxicity of human serum in the foetal mouse liver cell bioassay for erythropoietin was due to complement-dependent IgM hetero antibodies to mouse foetal liver cells. The titre of the antibodies in 50 normal human sera ranged between 2 and 64 as measured in an agglutination test with mouse erythrocytes. Specificity of the antibodies for the ABO-or Ii-blood group system could not be established. Inactivation of complement by heating a serum for 30 minutes at 56 degrees C abolished toxicity.", "contents": "The nature of toxicity of human serum in the bioassay for erythropoietin using mouse foetal liver cells. Using several immunological techniques, it was possible to demonstrate that toxicity of human serum in the foetal mouse liver cell bioassay for erythropoietin was due to complement-dependent IgM hetero antibodies to mouse foetal liver cells. The titre of the antibodies in 50 normal human sera ranged between 2 and 64 as measured in an agglutination test with mouse erythrocytes. Specificity of the antibodies for the ABO-or Ii-blood group system could not be established. Inactivation of complement by heating a serum for 30 minutes at 56 degrees C abolished toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:342269", "title": "Circles in spermatocyte chromatin loops. Electron microscopy and AgAs-NORs studies.", "content": "We describe the production of circles in chromomeric loops during the pachytene stage of the spermatocytes. These circles are found attached to chromatin or already free in the nucleoplasm. Each circle measures an average of 3700 A in circunference. We suggest that such circles might indicate the presence of tandem repetitions.", "contents": "Circles in spermatocyte chromatin loops. Electron microscopy and AgAs-NORs studies. We describe the production of circles in chromomeric loops during the pachytene stage of the spermatocytes. These circles are found attached to chromatin or already free in the nucleoplasm. Each circle measures an average of 3700 A in circunference. We suggest that such circles might indicate the presence of tandem repetitions."}
{"id": "PMID:342271", "title": "[Comparison of the effect of sidnocarb and other psychostimulants on discrimination and prediction processes in performing conditioned food-procuring reflexes].", "content": "In an Y-shaped maze a differentiation of the positive and negative reflex signals given at random in a ratio of 50 to 50 per cent and an active selection of one of two feeding troughs, reinforced at varying frequency (0.1--0.9), were determined. Sydnocarb (10--20 mg/kg) had no influence on the realization of the food-procurement response, but improved the discrimination of the signals. Only small doses of amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg), caffein (20 mg/kg) and acephen (10 mg/kg) also improved the response to conditioned signals. Sydnocarb reduced the number of runs to a rarely reinforced feeding trough and, at the same time, stimulated an active choice of the latter. Amphetamine largely facilitated an active choice of the runs direction. Caffein displayed a tendency to reduce the number of wrong approaches. Acephen hampered an active choice of compartments in the Y-maze without impairing the ability to distinguish the frequency of the feeding troughs reinforcement.", "contents": "[Comparison of the effect of sidnocarb and other psychostimulants on discrimination and prediction processes in performing conditioned food-procuring reflexes]. In an Y-shaped maze a differentiation of the positive and negative reflex signals given at random in a ratio of 50 to 50 per cent and an active selection of one of two feeding troughs, reinforced at varying frequency (0.1--0.9), were determined. Sydnocarb (10--20 mg/kg) had no influence on the realization of the food-procurement response, but improved the discrimination of the signals. Only small doses of amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg), caffein (20 mg/kg) and acephen (10 mg/kg) also improved the response to conditioned signals. Sydnocarb reduced the number of runs to a rarely reinforced feeding trough and, at the same time, stimulated an active choice of the latter. Amphetamine largely facilitated an active choice of the runs direction. Caffein displayed a tendency to reduce the number of wrong approaches. Acephen hampered an active choice of compartments in the Y-maze without impairing the ability to distinguish the frequency of the feeding troughs reinforcement."}
{"id": "PMID:342284", "title": "Hormonal and clinical responses in amenorrhetic patients treated with gonadotropins and a nasal form of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "Synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the form of nasal drops was self-administered by five amenorrheic patients in an attempt to assess its therapeutic value in anovulatory infertility. After follicular maturation had been induced with human menopausal gonadotropins (HMG), a total daily dose of 7.5 mg of GnRH in the form of nasal drops was self-administered at 2-hour intervals for 6 hours on 3 consecutive days. In four patients, plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were significantly elevated over a period of at least 8 hours. In three of these patients, in addition, there was a definite upward shift in the basal body temperature (BBT) curve, and uterine bleeding occurred 6 to 9 days after the first dose of GnRH. In the fourth patient, ovulation was induced as indicated by a biphasic BBT curve, a plasma progesterone level of 13 ng/ml, and a luteal phase of 15 days. In the remaining patient, there was a borderline LH response and no clinical response. It is concluded that GnRH, in the form of nasal drops, is effective in eliciting and maintaining elevated plasma LH levels in patients in whom follicular maturation has been induced with HMG. By obtaining ovulatory LH levels, such a regimen can lead to ovulation. In addition, intranasal self-administration of GnRH is convenient and may provide an alternative route of administration for long-term therapy with this hormone.", "contents": "Hormonal and clinical responses in amenorrhetic patients treated with gonadotropins and a nasal form of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the form of nasal drops was self-administered by five amenorrheic patients in an attempt to assess its therapeutic value in anovulatory infertility. After follicular maturation had been induced with human menopausal gonadotropins (HMG), a total daily dose of 7.5 mg of GnRH in the form of nasal drops was self-administered at 2-hour intervals for 6 hours on 3 consecutive days. In four patients, plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were significantly elevated over a period of at least 8 hours. In three of these patients, in addition, there was a definite upward shift in the basal body temperature (BBT) curve, and uterine bleeding occurred 6 to 9 days after the first dose of GnRH. In the fourth patient, ovulation was induced as indicated by a biphasic BBT curve, a plasma progesterone level of 13 ng/ml, and a luteal phase of 15 days. In the remaining patient, there was a borderline LH response and no clinical response. It is concluded that GnRH, in the form of nasal drops, is effective in eliciting and maintaining elevated plasma LH levels in patients in whom follicular maturation has been induced with HMG. By obtaining ovulatory LH levels, such a regimen can lead to ovulation. In addition, intranasal self-administration of GnRH is convenient and may provide an alternative route of administration for long-term therapy with this hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:342293", "title": "Remissions of mycosis fungoides induced by nitrogen mustard (HN2). Topical treatment and hydration of tumours and plaques with HN2. Topical desensitization to HN2. A clinical and histopathological controlled study.", "content": "In this study 12 patients with mycosis fungoides were treated with whole body topical application of HN2. In addition 4 of these patients had gauzes moistened with the same HN2 solution placed upon plaques and tumours. 4 patients developed in allergic contact dermatitis, and this complication was overcome by percutaneous desensitizing in 3 of them. After starting hydration of plaques and tumours with HN2, the average time to obtain complete clinical remission was shorted from 4.4 to 2.5 months. A little later at the optimal histologic response, there was no or almost no cellular infiltration in 5 cases, while in 6 cases there was only a slight, unspecific, lymphocytic infiltrate in the dermis.", "contents": "Remissions of mycosis fungoides induced by nitrogen mustard (HN2). Topical treatment and hydration of tumours and plaques with HN2. Topical desensitization to HN2. A clinical and histopathological controlled study. In this study 12 patients with mycosis fungoides were treated with whole body topical application of HN2. In addition 4 of these patients had gauzes moistened with the same HN2 solution placed upon plaques and tumours. 4 patients developed in allergic contact dermatitis, and this complication was overcome by percutaneous desensitizing in 3 of them. After starting hydration of plaques and tumours with HN2, the average time to obtain complete clinical remission was shorted from 4.4 to 2.5 months. A little later at the optimal histologic response, there was no or almost no cellular infiltration in 5 cases, while in 6 cases there was only a slight, unspecific, lymphocytic infiltrate in the dermis."}
{"id": "PMID:342294", "title": "Induction of delayed reaction to dinitrophenylated lymphocytes in guinea pigs with contact sensitivity to DNCB.", "content": "The incidence of dinitrophenylated cells in guinea pig lymphocytes incubated with 0-30 mM concentrations of DNBSO3Na in phosphate-buffered saline was examined by an immunofluorescence method using fluorescence-labelled anti-DNP antibody. Under our experimental conditions, the incidence was roughly proportional to the concentration used. Using DNP-lymphocytes as an antigen for skin testing, a marked delayed reaction was induced in guinea pigs sensitized by painting with DNCB and intradermal injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Induction of delayed reaction to dinitrophenylated lymphocytes in guinea pigs with contact sensitivity to DNCB. The incidence of dinitrophenylated cells in guinea pig lymphocytes incubated with 0-30 mM concentrations of DNBSO3Na in phosphate-buffered saline was examined by an immunofluorescence method using fluorescence-labelled anti-DNP antibody. Under our experimental conditions, the incidence was roughly proportional to the concentration used. Using DNP-lymphocytes as an antigen for skin testing, a marked delayed reaction was induced in guinea pigs sensitized by painting with DNCB and intradermal injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:342295", "title": "Comparative blanching activities of proprietary diflucortolone valerate topical preparations.", "content": "The blanching activities and hence bioavailabilities of the cream, ointment and fatty ointment preparations of Nerisone and Temetex (diflucortolone valerate 0.1%) were evaluated using an occluded and unoccluded blanching assay. These products were compared to Synalar ointment and cream (fluocinolone acetonide 0.025%), established topical corticosteroid preparations. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between similar formulations of diflucortolone valerate. Significant differences were noted between diflucortolone valerate and fluocinolone acetonide preparations.", "contents": "Comparative blanching activities of proprietary diflucortolone valerate topical preparations. The blanching activities and hence bioavailabilities of the cream, ointment and fatty ointment preparations of Nerisone and Temetex (diflucortolone valerate 0.1%) were evaluated using an occluded and unoccluded blanching assay. These products were compared to Synalar ointment and cream (fluocinolone acetonide 0.025%), established topical corticosteroid preparations. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between similar formulations of diflucortolone valerate. Significant differences were noted between diflucortolone valerate and fluocinolone acetonide preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:342297", "title": "The relationship between congenital defects and the use of exogenous progestional \"contraceptive\" hormones during pregnancy: a 20-year review.", "content": "This review of 20 years of medical literature on the occurrence of congenital defects among offspring of women who ingested \"progestational\" or contraceptive hormones during pregnancy emphasizes the need for additional studies with carefully selected control groups. Other problems encountered in interpreting the existing literature, including the use of imprecise definitions, confusing nomenclature and inadequate clinical information, are also discussed.", "contents": "The relationship between congenital defects and the use of exogenous progestional \"contraceptive\" hormones during pregnancy: a 20-year review. This review of 20 years of medical literature on the occurrence of congenital defects among offspring of women who ingested \"progestational\" or contraceptive hormones during pregnancy emphasizes the need for additional studies with carefully selected control groups. Other problems encountered in interpreting the existing literature, including the use of imprecise definitions, confusing nomenclature and inadequate clinical information, are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:342300", "title": "Double-blind oral analgesic study of butorphanol in musculoskeletal pain: a comparison with codeine and placebo.", "content": "Butorphanol tartrate (4 mg and 8 mg) was compared to codeine phosphate (60 mg) and placebo for oral analgesic activity and side-effects employing a double-blind design in ninety-three out-patients suffering from moderate to very severe musculoskeletal pain. The study duration was 72 hours with medication administered every 4 to 6 hours (four times daily) for a total of twelve doses per patient. The results demonstrate that both the 4 mg and 8 mg doses of butorphanol were significantly better (p less than 0.u5) than placebo. While codeine 60 mg also proved active, it appears to be less efficacious than the high dose of butorphanol. The peak effect appeared to be evident in 1 to 2 hours. Butorphanol may be at least seven times more potent than codeine on a milligram basis. Although no serious side-effects were observed, butorphanol appeared to present a greater incidence of side-effects than codeine and placebo in this study.", "contents": "Double-blind oral analgesic study of butorphanol in musculoskeletal pain: a comparison with codeine and placebo. Butorphanol tartrate (4 mg and 8 mg) was compared to codeine phosphate (60 mg) and placebo for oral analgesic activity and side-effects employing a double-blind design in ninety-three out-patients suffering from moderate to very severe musculoskeletal pain. The study duration was 72 hours with medication administered every 4 to 6 hours (four times daily) for a total of twelve doses per patient. The results demonstrate that both the 4 mg and 8 mg doses of butorphanol were significantly better (p less than 0.u5) than placebo. While codeine 60 mg also proved active, it appears to be less efficacious than the high dose of butorphanol. The peak effect appeared to be evident in 1 to 2 hours. Butorphanol may be at least seven times more potent than codeine on a milligram basis. Although no serious side-effects were observed, butorphanol appeared to present a greater incidence of side-effects than codeine and placebo in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:342302", "title": "Clinical trial with Lunerin mixture and Lunerin mite in children with secretory otitis media.", "content": "A double-blind comparison between a combined antihistaminc and vasoconstricting preparation (Lunerin Mixture, Lunerin Mite) and placebo was performed in children with secretory otitis media. It was shown that the children given the active drug reacted more favourably on every investigated parameter (hearing threshold, appearance and mobility of the ear drum, number of myringotomies and observation time) than the patients who were given placebo. The incidence of side-effects was low.", "contents": "Clinical trial with Lunerin mixture and Lunerin mite in children with secretory otitis media. A double-blind comparison between a combined antihistaminc and vasoconstricting preparation (Lunerin Mixture, Lunerin Mite) and placebo was performed in children with secretory otitis media. It was shown that the children given the active drug reacted more favourably on every investigated parameter (hearing threshold, appearance and mobility of the ear drum, number of myringotomies and observation time) than the patients who were given placebo. The incidence of side-effects was low."}
{"id": "PMID:342303", "title": "Clinical trial of acebutolol (Sectral) in hypertension.", "content": "Acebutolol (Sectral) was used successfully in a clinical trial involving thirty-two hypertensive patients. Twenty-three patients received acebutolol at a dosage of 400--800 mg daily as sole treatment and nine patients received concurrent treatment with thiazide diuretics. In both groups of patients there was a substantial fall in diastolic and systolic pressure to levels within the normotensive range. The combination of acebutolol with thiazide diuretics was a particularly effective form of anti-hypertensive treatment where a greater anti-hypertensive effect was required. Acebutolol did not significantly slow the heart rate. The only side-effect was slight pitting oedema of both legs in one patient. Acebutolol appears to be a useful anti-hypertensive in the management of hypertension.", "contents": "Clinical trial of acebutolol (Sectral) in hypertension. Acebutolol (Sectral) was used successfully in a clinical trial involving thirty-two hypertensive patients. Twenty-three patients received acebutolol at a dosage of 400--800 mg daily as sole treatment and nine patients received concurrent treatment with thiazide diuretics. In both groups of patients there was a substantial fall in diastolic and systolic pressure to levels within the normotensive range. The combination of acebutolol with thiazide diuretics was a particularly effective form of anti-hypertensive treatment where a greater anti-hypertensive effect was required. Acebutolol did not significantly slow the heart rate. The only side-effect was slight pitting oedema of both legs in one patient. Acebutolol appears to be a useful anti-hypertensive in the management of hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:342305", "title": "An attenuated influenza virus vaccine: protection against homologous and heterologous strains of virus.", "content": "An effective influenza vaccine should be capable of providing protection against both the homologous virus strain and heterologous strains representing antigenic \"drift\". Two attenuated vaccines were evaluated, an A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) and an A/England/42/72 (H3N2) strain. Volunteers were immunized intranasally with either placebo or vaccine in a \"double-blind\" fashion in two doses, 2 weeks apart. Eighty-four subjects were challenged 30-100 days after the second dose with either the homologous or a heterologous strain. The heterologous strain for the A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) vaccinees was the A/England/42/72 (H3N2) virulent strain. The heterologous strain for the A/England/42/72 (H3N2) vaccinees was a virulent A/Dunedin/73 (H3N2) strain. Both vaccines led to good protection against both homologous and heterologous challenges. The protection rate against illness for the A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) vaccinees was 73% and 100% following homologous and heterologous challenges, respectively. The protection rate for the A/England/42/72 H3N2) vaccinees was 100% following both homologous and heterologous challenges. The protection rates against infection (as judged by antibody responses, irrespective of signs and symptoms) were also good. For the A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) vaccinees the rates were 73% (homologous) and 86% (heterologous). For the A/England/42/72 vaccinees, the rates were 72% and 60% respectively. Thus, immunity induced by these attenuated influenza vaccines extends to provide protection against related but non-identical influenza viruses.", "contents": "An attenuated influenza virus vaccine: protection against homologous and heterologous strains of virus. An effective influenza vaccine should be capable of providing protection against both the homologous virus strain and heterologous strains representing antigenic \"drift\". Two attenuated vaccines were evaluated, an A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) and an A/England/42/72 (H3N2) strain. Volunteers were immunized intranasally with either placebo or vaccine in a \"double-blind\" fashion in two doses, 2 weeks apart. Eighty-four subjects were challenged 30-100 days after the second dose with either the homologous or a heterologous strain. The heterologous strain for the A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) vaccinees was the A/England/42/72 (H3N2) virulent strain. The heterologous strain for the A/England/42/72 (H3N2) vaccinees was a virulent A/Dunedin/73 (H3N2) strain. Both vaccines led to good protection against both homologous and heterologous challenges. The protection rate against illness for the A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) vaccinees was 73% and 100% following homologous and heterologous challenges, respectively. The protection rate for the A/England/42/72 H3N2) vaccinees was 100% following both homologous and heterologous challenges. The protection rates against infection (as judged by antibody responses, irrespective of signs and symptoms) were also good. For the A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) vaccinees the rates were 73% (homologous) and 86% (heterologous). For the A/England/42/72 vaccinees, the rates were 72% and 60% respectively. Thus, immunity induced by these attenuated influenza vaccines extends to provide protection against related but non-identical influenza viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:342306", "title": "Challenge versus natural infection as an index or protection after influenza immunization.", "content": "The most important consideration in evaluating an immunization procedure is protection from infection. Protection provided by influenza vaccines can best be determined by large scale field trials and natural infection. However, these are difficult to control and epidemics cannot always be accurately predicted. On the other hand, representative artificial challenge studies can be controlled and are easier to perform. In the studies, reported protection achieved against artificial challenge is compared with protection effected in vaccinees during natural influenza epidemic. Protection rate against artificial challenge with influenza A was 96% when vaccine and challenge viruses were homotypic. When the vaccine strain and challenges virus were heterotypic, protection ranged from 70-100%. Protection rate from infection during a homotypic epidemic was, retrospectively, 95%; while 50-87% protection from influenza illness was achieved during a heterotypic epidemic. In all instances, vaccinees experienced mild, mostly afebrile upper respiratory symptoms, unlike controls who had moderate to severe symptoms, often with fever. Infecting virus was shed more often by unvaccinated controls. Although artificial challenge was performed in healthy young adults, epidemiological results indicate that similar protection can be achieved for children, the elderly or high risk. Thus statistically representative sampling of immunized and non-immunized controls and challenge can be used as a direct indication of vaccine efficacy against natural infection in all populations.", "contents": "Challenge versus natural infection as an index or protection after influenza immunization. The most important consideration in evaluating an immunization procedure is protection from infection. Protection provided by influenza vaccines can best be determined by large scale field trials and natural infection. However, these are difficult to control and epidemics cannot always be accurately predicted. On the other hand, representative artificial challenge studies can be controlled and are easier to perform. In the studies, reported protection achieved against artificial challenge is compared with protection effected in vaccinees during natural influenza epidemic. Protection rate against artificial challenge with influenza A was 96% when vaccine and challenge viruses were homotypic. When the vaccine strain and challenges virus were heterotypic, protection ranged from 70-100%. Protection rate from infection during a homotypic epidemic was, retrospectively, 95%; while 50-87% protection from influenza illness was achieved during a heterotypic epidemic. In all instances, vaccinees experienced mild, mostly afebrile upper respiratory symptoms, unlike controls who had moderate to severe symptoms, often with fever. Infecting virus was shed more often by unvaccinated controls. Although artificial challenge was performed in healthy young adults, epidemiological results indicate that similar protection can be achieved for children, the elderly or high risk. Thus statistically representative sampling of immunized and non-immunized controls and challenge can be used as a direct indication of vaccine efficacy against natural infection in all populations."}
{"id": "PMID:342307", "title": "Laboratory and clinical evaluation of new live influenza virus vaccines. Need for minimum requirements.", "content": "Recently, new methods for the selection of candidate live influenza vaccine viruses have become available. They are based on the characterization of the genetic material of these viruses and have been shown to correlate with attenuation for man. Adequately attenuated viruses have been obtained from various H3N2 strains using standard methods of attenuation for each strain. These  vaccine strains met the criteria for live attenuated influenza virus vaccines: they were attenuated, non-transmissible and immunogenic. The use of modern methods of attenuation also allows rapid updating of live influenza virus vaccines. Laboratory methods used, the safety testing of candidate vaccines in animals and man will be discussed. There is an urgent need for standardization and for the establishment of minimum requirements and specifications.", "contents": "Laboratory and clinical evaluation of new live influenza virus vaccines. Need for minimum requirements. Recently, new methods for the selection of candidate live influenza vaccine viruses have become available. They are based on the characterization of the genetic material of these viruses and have been shown to correlate with attenuation for man. Adequately attenuated viruses have been obtained from various H3N2 strains using standard methods of attenuation for each strain. These  vaccine strains met the criteria for live attenuated influenza virus vaccines: they were attenuated, non-transmissible and immunogenic. The use of modern methods of attenuation also allows rapid updating of live influenza virus vaccines. Laboratory methods used, the safety testing of candidate vaccines in animals and man will be discussed. There is an urgent need for standardization and for the establishment of minimum requirements and specifications."}
{"id": "PMID:342313", "title": "Small-scale field trial with neuraminidase vaccine.", "content": "An inactivated whole-virus vaccine was prepared from the influenza virus recombinant H0N2 and administered to two groups of subjects. A total of 1,200 subjects were vaccinated; comparable groups of subjects served as controls. From a portion of the vaccinees sera were obtained prior to vaccination and three to four weeks afterwards. Serological tests revealed development of or increase in the antibody against H0 in a great majority of the vaccinated subjects and against N2 in slightly more than half of them. Antibody response to H3 antigen was only rarely encountered. Approximately three months after vaccination an influenza epidemic caused by Victoria-like (H3N2) viruses broke out in Czechoslovakia. Numerous influenza cases occurred in the two populations followed. Morbidity was significantly lower among the vaccinated than among the control subjects, indicating a protective effect of the neuraminidase vaccine under field conditions.", "contents": "Small-scale field trial with neuraminidase vaccine. An inactivated whole-virus vaccine was prepared from the influenza virus recombinant H0N2 and administered to two groups of subjects. A total of 1,200 subjects were vaccinated; comparable groups of subjects served as controls. From a portion of the vaccinees sera were obtained prior to vaccination and three to four weeks afterwards. Serological tests revealed development of or increase in the antibody against H0 in a great majority of the vaccinated subjects and against N2 in slightly more than half of them. Antibody response to H3 antigen was only rarely encountered. Approximately three months after vaccination an influenza epidemic caused by Victoria-like (H3N2) viruses broke out in Czechoslovakia. Numerous influenza cases occurred in the two populations followed. Morbidity was significantly lower among the vaccinated than among the control subjects, indicating a protective effect of the neuraminidase vaccine under field conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:342310", "title": "Clinical reactions to an adsorbed killed trivalent influenza vaccine (including A/New Jersey 8/76 antigen) with different immunization methods.", "content": "The local and general reactions of 489 individuals vaccinated with an adsorbed killed influenza vaccine (containing A/New Jersey 8/76, A/Victoria 3/75, B/Hong kong 8/73 antigens) were studied on the fourth day after vaccination. 179 participants were vaccinated by syringe, the rest by jet injector. Local indurations were observed in 7.3% of participants injected by needle versus 14.1% to 19.5%, respectively in individuals immunized with two different jet guns (Lodi, Scherer). 2 ulcerations on the injection site were found in the jet group. Complaints about local sensations were much fewer in the group injected by needle (2.8%) than in the groups injected by jet injectors (11.8-14.1%). Postvaccinal systemic reactions were similar (between 8.5-11.2%) in both groups. Febrile reactions were altogether low (2.8%).", "contents": "Clinical reactions to an adsorbed killed trivalent influenza vaccine (including A/New Jersey 8/76 antigen) with different immunization methods. The local and general reactions of 489 individuals vaccinated with an adsorbed killed influenza vaccine (containing A/New Jersey 8/76, A/Victoria 3/75, B/Hong kong 8/73 antigens) were studied on the fourth day after vaccination. 179 participants were vaccinated by syringe, the rest by jet injector. Local indurations were observed in 7.3% of participants injected by needle versus 14.1% to 19.5%, respectively in individuals immunized with two different jet guns (Lodi, Scherer). 2 ulcerations on the injection site were found in the jet group. Complaints about local sensations were much fewer in the group injected by needle (2.8%) than in the groups injected by jet injectors (11.8-14.1%). Postvaccinal systemic reactions were similar (between 8.5-11.2%) in both groups. Febrile reactions were altogether low (2.8%)."}
{"id": "PMID:342309", "title": "Experience with monovalent and bivalent influenza vaccines in Canada 1976. Clinical evaluation of vaccines from four sources.", "content": "Clinical trials in adults of monovalent (200 CCA Units per dose) and bivalent (400 CCA Units per dose) inactivated influenza whole virus A/Swine and A/Victoria vaccines from different sources resulted in variations in clinical reactivity which may not be significant because of lack of controls and observer bias. In adults with no pre-vaccine antibody (HI less than 1/10) the A/Swine Monovalent vaccine from one source evoked significantly lower response than did the A/Swine component of the Bivalent vaccine from another source. Serologic response to A/Victoria antigen was comparable for vaccines prepared with material from two sources. In medically high risk children two doses of Bivalent A/Swine A/Victoria influenza vaccine, with the dosage adjusted according to age, stimulated acceptable serologic response without an unacceptable frequency of local and general reactions. The response was higher in the youngest and older age groups included in the clinical trial than in the seven to twelve year old group implying a dose to age relationship.", "contents": "Experience with monovalent and bivalent influenza vaccines in Canada 1976. Clinical evaluation of vaccines from four sources. Clinical trials in adults of monovalent (200 CCA Units per dose) and bivalent (400 CCA Units per dose) inactivated influenza whole virus A/Swine and A/Victoria vaccines from different sources resulted in variations in clinical reactivity which may not be significant because of lack of controls and observer bias. In adults with no pre-vaccine antibody (HI less than 1/10) the A/Swine Monovalent vaccine from one source evoked significantly lower response than did the A/Swine component of the Bivalent vaccine from another source. Serologic response to A/Victoria antigen was comparable for vaccines prepared with material from two sources. In medically high risk children two doses of Bivalent A/Swine A/Victoria influenza vaccine, with the dosage adjusted according to age, stimulated acceptable serologic response without an unacceptable frequency of local and general reactions. The response was higher in the youngest and older age groups included in the clinical trial than in the seven to twelve year old group implying a dose to age relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:342315", "title": "Influenza surveillance of Wisconsin (USA) population-detection of A/New Jersey by isolation and serologic monitoring and vaccine evaluation.", "content": "The 1976-77 influenza surveillance in Wisconsin consisted of three major areas of study. Serum and virus isolation specimens were obtained from the practicing medical community and from epidemiologic studies. From all sources 1,132 throat specimens were tested by egg and tissue culture inoculations. Three isolations similar to A/New Jersey/8/76 were recovered from pig farm associated patients. One contact with one of the isolate patients seroconverted to A/New Jersey suggesting patient to patient spread. Serological monitoring of 1,361 patients showed no other A/New Jersey activity in the state. In addition 31 influenza B/Hong Kong and 8 A/Victoria isolates have been recovered as well as 34 B and 11 A seroconversions. A surveillance using primarily syphilis serology premarital serums has been conducted from August 29, 1976 through April 23, 1977. No significant influenza A activity in the state was recognized by this study. However, increased herd immunity from vaccination was detected. The last phase of this surveillance was an evaluation of the mass immunization program and the efficacy of the vaccines. Two-hundred-ninety individuals contributed pre- and post-vaccine serums to this study. Eighty-three percent of those persons with a pre-vaccine titer of 1:80 or less to A/New Jersey/8/76 developed a post-vaccine titer four-fold or greater to that virus type. Those who received vaccine containing A/Victoria/3/75 were less responsive. Refractiveness to vaccine antibody stimulation was greater than or equal to 1:160 for A/New Jersey and less than or equal to 1:40 with A/Victoria.", "contents": "Influenza surveillance of Wisconsin (USA) population-detection of A/New Jersey by isolation and serologic monitoring and vaccine evaluation. The 1976-77 influenza surveillance in Wisconsin consisted of three major areas of study. Serum and virus isolation specimens were obtained from the practicing medical community and from epidemiologic studies. From all sources 1,132 throat specimens were tested by egg and tissue culture inoculations. Three isolations similar to A/New Jersey/8/76 were recovered from pig farm associated patients. One contact with one of the isolate patients seroconverted to A/New Jersey suggesting patient to patient spread. Serological monitoring of 1,361 patients showed no other A/New Jersey activity in the state. In addition 31 influenza B/Hong Kong and 8 A/Victoria isolates have been recovered as well as 34 B and 11 A seroconversions. A surveillance using primarily syphilis serology premarital serums has been conducted from August 29, 1976 through April 23, 1977. No significant influenza A activity in the state was recognized by this study. However, increased herd immunity from vaccination was detected. The last phase of this surveillance was an evaluation of the mass immunization program and the efficacy of the vaccines. Two-hundred-ninety individuals contributed pre- and post-vaccine serums to this study. Eighty-three percent of those persons with a pre-vaccine titer of 1:80 or less to A/New Jersey/8/76 developed a post-vaccine titer four-fold or greater to that virus type. Those who received vaccine containing A/Victoria/3/75 were less responsive. Refractiveness to vaccine antibody stimulation was greater than or equal to 1:160 for A/New Jersey and less than or equal to 1:40 with A/Victoria."}
{"id": "PMID:342321", "title": "Mechanism of barbituric-acid protection against inhibition by alloxan of glucose-induced insulin release.", "content": "Isolated rat islets were maintained in a simple static incubation system and were exposed to alloxan for a period of five minutes. Alloxan inhibited subsequent glucose-induced insulin release in a dose-dependent manner at 37 degrees C., with 650 muM alloxan producing 94 per cent inhibition of insulin release. Barbituric acid, a compound structurally related to alloxan, provided complete protection (at 37 degrees C.) against this inhibition of insulin release when present during the alloxan exposure. At 23 degrees C., barbituric acid was shown to be absent from the intracellular space of the islet yet still protected completely against alloxan inhibition of insulin release. Thus, barbituric acid apparently provided protection against alloxan in the extracellular medium. By fluorometric and chromatographic analyses, it was determined that barbituric acid reacted rapidly with alloxan to produce a new compound. These findings indicate that barbituric acid protected against alloxan by a chemical reaction in the medium.", "contents": "Mechanism of barbituric-acid protection against inhibition by alloxan of glucose-induced insulin release. Isolated rat islets were maintained in a simple static incubation system and were exposed to alloxan for a period of five minutes. Alloxan inhibited subsequent glucose-induced insulin release in a dose-dependent manner at 37 degrees C., with 650 muM alloxan producing 94 per cent inhibition of insulin release. Barbituric acid, a compound structurally related to alloxan, provided complete protection (at 37 degrees C.) against this inhibition of insulin release when present during the alloxan exposure. At 23 degrees C., barbituric acid was shown to be absent from the intracellular space of the islet yet still protected completely against alloxan inhibition of insulin release. Thus, barbituric acid apparently provided protection against alloxan in the extracellular medium. By fluorometric and chromatographic analyses, it was determined that barbituric acid reacted rapidly with alloxan to produce a new compound. These findings indicate that barbituric acid protected against alloxan by a chemical reaction in the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:342311", "title": "Clinical trials with a new influenza subunit vaccine in adults and children.", "content": "The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a new influenza subunit vaccine containing essentially only hemagglutinin and neuraminidase has been studied in man. Studies in primed individuals demonstrated that the subunit vaccine induced antibody levels as high as those induced by a comparable whole virus vaccine, or a commercially available whole virus vaccine or by a split vaccine. The commercial whole virus vaccine caused systemic reactions, including fever and headache in 15% of volunteers. In contrast local and systemic reactions were significantly fewer after application of subunit vaccine. When unprimed individuals were vaccinated serological responses were, however, superior with whole virus vaccines. The subunit vaccine demonstrated good immunogenicity and a very low reactogenicity in children. Three months after vaccination, a number of the children were challenged intranasally with live attenuated influenza virus. All proved, as judged by virus isolation and antibody response to be resistant.", "contents": "Clinical trials with a new influenza subunit vaccine in adults and children. The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a new influenza subunit vaccine containing essentially only hemagglutinin and neuraminidase has been studied in man. Studies in primed individuals demonstrated that the subunit vaccine induced antibody levels as high as those induced by a comparable whole virus vaccine, or a commercially available whole virus vaccine or by a split vaccine. The commercial whole virus vaccine caused systemic reactions, including fever and headache in 15% of volunteers. In contrast local and systemic reactions were significantly fewer after application of subunit vaccine. When unprimed individuals were vaccinated serological responses were, however, superior with whole virus vaccines. The subunit vaccine demonstrated good immunogenicity and a very low reactogenicity in children. Three months after vaccination, a number of the children were challenged intranasally with live attenuated influenza virus. All proved, as judged by virus isolation and antibody response to be resistant."}
{"id": "PMID:342314", "title": "Serum SRH antibody level as a measure of the immunity against natural and artificial A/Victoria/3/75 infections.", "content": "A natural influenza A/Victoria/3/75 outbreak occurred in two communities where part of the residents had been vaccinated with a live recombinant vaccine strain, the RIT 4025 strain (A/Scotland/840/74 serotype). Using the single radial hemolysis technique to measure the antibody level, a relationship was established between the rate of infection and the pre-epidemic serum antibody titer. The higher the pre-epidemic antibody titer, the lower the rate of infection and illness. The protective titer 50% (PT 50) against infection was equal to 26.7 mm2. The same calculation was applied to a population of placebo recipients and RIT 4025 vaccinees challenged with a virulent A/Victoria/3/75 strain. Although the number of volunteers was much smaller, the same correlation was found for the infection detected by a significant antibody rise and for confirmed illness.", "contents": "Serum SRH antibody level as a measure of the immunity against natural and artificial A/Victoria/3/75 infections. A natural influenza A/Victoria/3/75 outbreak occurred in two communities where part of the residents had been vaccinated with a live recombinant vaccine strain, the RIT 4025 strain (A/Scotland/840/74 serotype). Using the single radial hemolysis technique to measure the antibody level, a relationship was established between the rate of infection and the pre-epidemic serum antibody titer. The higher the pre-epidemic antibody titer, the lower the rate of infection and illness. The protective titer 50% (PT 50) against infection was equal to 26.7 mm2. The same calculation was applied to a population of placebo recipients and RIT 4025 vaccinees challenged with a virulent A/Victoria/3/75 strain. Although the number of volunteers was much smaller, the same correlation was found for the infection detected by a significant antibody rise and for confirmed illness."}
{"id": "PMID:342322", "title": "Incidence and significance of different types of connective tissue antibodies in adult and pediatric gastroenterological disorders.", "content": "The incidence of connective tissue antibodies was assessed in 3,000 adults and in 388 pediatric patients with gastroenterological disorders. Following a previous classification, connective tissue antibodies were distinguished in 5 different types, R1 and R2 reacting with reticulin components, KC with Kupffer cells, AC and Rs with intra- and extracellular mesenchymal antigens. R1 predominated in children and was observed only in patients with malabsorption; the great majority of them had celiac disease and an abnormal small bowel mucosa. Ac was rarely seen in children and occurred in several unrelated gastrointestinal diseases of the adult; its incidence, however, was significantly higher in disorders with idiopathic and secondary malabsorption. R2, KC and Rs were seen only occasionally in unrelated gastroenterological disorders without malabsorption. R1, therefore, seems to be strongly suggestive of a malabsorption syndrome with abnormal small bowel mucosa and AC is a nonspecific reaction occuring predominantly in primary and secondary malabsorption; the other connective tissue antibodies have no clinical significance in gastroenterological disorders.", "contents": "Incidence and significance of different types of connective tissue antibodies in adult and pediatric gastroenterological disorders. The incidence of connective tissue antibodies was assessed in 3,000 adults and in 388 pediatric patients with gastroenterological disorders. Following a previous classification, connective tissue antibodies were distinguished in 5 different types, R1 and R2 reacting with reticulin components, KC with Kupffer cells, AC and Rs with intra- and extracellular mesenchymal antigens. R1 predominated in children and was observed only in patients with malabsorption; the great majority of them had celiac disease and an abnormal small bowel mucosa. Ac was rarely seen in children and occurred in several unrelated gastrointestinal diseases of the adult; its incidence, however, was significantly higher in disorders with idiopathic and secondary malabsorption. R2, KC and Rs were seen only occasionally in unrelated gastroenterological disorders without malabsorption. R1, therefore, seems to be strongly suggestive of a malabsorption syndrome with abnormal small bowel mucosa and AC is a nonspecific reaction occuring predominantly in primary and secondary malabsorption; the other connective tissue antibodies have no clinical significance in gastroenterological disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:342323", "title": "Extrapancreatic glucagons.", "content": "From the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract a number of peptides can be extracted, which are glucagon-like in their behavior towards antisera raised against the pancreatic hormone. The biochemistry and physiology of these peptides are critically reviewed. Although important advances have been made, facilitated by improved praparative and analytical techniques, many problems remain unresolved. It is, however, now well established that a peptide, which is indistinguishable from true, pancreatic glucagon (NW 3,485) is found in extrapancreatic gastrointestinal tissue from all species investigated. While abundant in dogs, especially in the gastric mucosa, much less is found in extra-pancreatic tissues of man and pig. Results from studies in dogs are therefore not necessarily relevant to other species. Human and porcine gut, however, contain other glucagon-like peptides (gut-type glucagon, enteroglucagon, gut GLI), one of which resembles true glucagon (MW 3,485) in its biological activity, but a definite physiological role for these peptides has not yet been established. The recent isolation and purification of one of the latter peptides undoubtedly will facilitate greatly future research in this field.", "contents": "Extrapancreatic glucagons. From the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract a number of peptides can be extracted, which are glucagon-like in their behavior towards antisera raised against the pancreatic hormone. The biochemistry and physiology of these peptides are critically reviewed. Although important advances have been made, facilitated by improved praparative and analytical techniques, many problems remain unresolved. It is, however, now well established that a peptide, which is indistinguishable from true, pancreatic glucagon (NW 3,485) is found in extrapancreatic gastrointestinal tissue from all species investigated. While abundant in dogs, especially in the gastric mucosa, much less is found in extra-pancreatic tissues of man and pig. Results from studies in dogs are therefore not necessarily relevant to other species. Human and porcine gut, however, contain other glucagon-like peptides (gut-type glucagon, enteroglucagon, gut GLI), one of which resembles true glucagon (MW 3,485) in its biological activity, but a definite physiological role for these peptides has not yet been established. The recent isolation and purification of one of the latter peptides undoubtedly will facilitate greatly future research in this field."}
{"id": "PMID:342324", "title": "Possible toxic effects of normal and diabetic patient serum on pancreatic B-cells.", "content": "Serum from normal blood-donors and juvenile diabetic patients inhibited Rb+ accumulation and stimulated release of 51Cr and insulin in suspensions of dispersed pancreatic islet cells prepared from ob/ob mouse islets, which are rich in B-cells. The effects indicate the presence of a B-cytotoxic factor in human serum. Serum from mouse and fetal calf also inhibited the islet cell accumulation of Rb+. Toxicity was not suppressed by treating serum with protein A-Sepharose and did not correlate with islet cell binding of fluorescent antibodies to human immunoglobulin. Whereas all sera inhibited Rb+ accumulation, 3 of 6 diabetic patient sera, but no blood-donor serum, made the cells fluoresce on exposure to the fluorescent antibodies. Supporting a dependence on complement, toxicity remained after dialysis, but was destroyed by treating serum with zymosan-A or heating at 56 degrees for 30 min.", "contents": "Possible toxic effects of normal and diabetic patient serum on pancreatic B-cells. Serum from normal blood-donors and juvenile diabetic patients inhibited Rb+ accumulation and stimulated release of 51Cr and insulin in suspensions of dispersed pancreatic islet cells prepared from ob/ob mouse islets, which are rich in B-cells. The effects indicate the presence of a B-cytotoxic factor in human serum. Serum from mouse and fetal calf also inhibited the islet cell accumulation of Rb+. Toxicity was not suppressed by treating serum with protein A-Sepharose and did not correlate with islet cell binding of fluorescent antibodies to human immunoglobulin. Whereas all sera inhibited Rb+ accumulation, 3 of 6 diabetic patient sera, but no blood-donor serum, made the cells fluoresce on exposure to the fluorescent antibodies. Supporting a dependence on complement, toxicity remained after dialysis, but was destroyed by treating serum with zymosan-A or heating at 56 degrees for 30 min."}
{"id": "PMID:342319", "title": "HI antibody response in volunteers vaccinated with live influenza A/New Jersey/76 vaccine.", "content": "Live freeze-dried influenza A/New Jersey/76 vaccine prepared from the \"cold-adapted variant\" of NIB-3 strain. Three groups of about 50 persons were included in a double-blind placebo-controlled field trial. One group received the vaccine with 7 log EID50/dose, the other 6 log EID50/dose and the third received placebo. One half of persons from each group were given a second dose of the corresponding preparation after two weeks. The immunogenicity of the vaccine was evaluated by the determination of HI antibody conversion rate in seronegative persons. The proportion of vacinated persons with seroconversion, regardless of the number of doses, increased with time, and 16 weeks after vaccination reached the maximum value of 0.87 in persons given vaccine with 7 log EID50 per dose and 0.55 in those given 6 log EID50/dose. In twice-vaccinated persons the proportion of seroconversion was higher regardless of the virus titre of the vaccine. The highest proportion of seroconversion (0.93) was recorded in persons vaccinated twice with 7 log EID50/dose 16 weeks after vaccination.", "contents": "HI antibody response in volunteers vaccinated with live influenza A/New Jersey/76 vaccine. Live freeze-dried influenza A/New Jersey/76 vaccine prepared from the \"cold-adapted variant\" of NIB-3 strain. Three groups of about 50 persons were included in a double-blind placebo-controlled field trial. One group received the vaccine with 7 log EID50/dose, the other 6 log EID50/dose and the third received placebo. One half of persons from each group were given a second dose of the corresponding preparation after two weeks. The immunogenicity of the vaccine was evaluated by the determination of HI antibody conversion rate in seronegative persons. The proportion of vacinated persons with seroconversion, regardless of the number of doses, increased with time, and 16 weeks after vaccination reached the maximum value of 0.87 in persons given vaccine with 7 log EID50 per dose and 0.55 in those given 6 log EID50/dose. In twice-vaccinated persons the proportion of seroconversion was higher regardless of the virus titre of the vaccine. The highest proportion of seroconversion (0.93) was recorded in persons vaccinated twice with 7 log EID50/dose 16 weeks after vaccination."}
{"id": "PMID:342318", "title": "Attenuation of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus strain, preparation of live vaccine and vaccine reactogenicity in volunteers.", "content": "The NIB-3 strain (a recombinant of influenza A/New Jersey/76 and X-31 strains) was further attenuated by nine egg passages at 28 degrees C for the purpose of obtaining a \"cold-adapted variant\" suitable for preparation of live freeze-dried vaccine with 5% peptone. The vaccine with two infectivity titres, of 7 and 6 log EID50/dose respectively, administered intranasally, was studied in a double-blind placebo-controlled field trial. The reactogenicity of the vaccine was evaluated on the basis of fever reactions during the first three days after vaccination and by the detection of local virus recovery from throat swabs taken on the first four days after vaccination. The majority of vaccines had no fever. On the first day following vaccination the proportions of persons with low-grade fever (up to 37.4 degrees C) were the same in the groups given placebo and vaccine with 6 log EID50/dose respectively. In the group vaccinated with 7 log EID50/dose there were 8% more persons with low-grade fever than in the group given placebo, but this difference was not significant (P greater than 0.05). On the second and the third day after vaccination there was no difference between the proportions of persons with low-grade fever in all the three groups. The highest number of virus isolations, i.e. 26%, was found in persons vaccinated with 7 log EID50/dose, 72 h after vaccination. In the placebo group the virus was not isolated from any person during the entire course of the study.", "contents": "Attenuation of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus strain, preparation of live vaccine and vaccine reactogenicity in volunteers. The NIB-3 strain (a recombinant of influenza A/New Jersey/76 and X-31 strains) was further attenuated by nine egg passages at 28 degrees C for the purpose of obtaining a \"cold-adapted variant\" suitable for preparation of live freeze-dried vaccine with 5% peptone. The vaccine with two infectivity titres, of 7 and 6 log EID50/dose respectively, administered intranasally, was studied in a double-blind placebo-controlled field trial. The reactogenicity of the vaccine was evaluated on the basis of fever reactions during the first three days after vaccination and by the detection of local virus recovery from throat swabs taken on the first four days after vaccination. The majority of vaccines had no fever. On the first day following vaccination the proportions of persons with low-grade fever (up to 37.4 degrees C) were the same in the groups given placebo and vaccine with 6 log EID50/dose respectively. In the group vaccinated with 7 log EID50/dose there were 8% more persons with low-grade fever than in the group given placebo, but this difference was not significant (P greater than 0.05). On the second and the third day after vaccination there was no difference between the proportions of persons with low-grade fever in all the three groups. The highest number of virus isolations, i.e. 26%, was found in persons vaccinated with 7 log EID50/dose, 72 h after vaccination. In the placebo group the virus was not isolated from any person during the entire course of the study."}
{"id": "PMID:342330", "title": "[A comparison between chromic catgut and polyglycolic acid sutures in episiotomy repair (author's transl)].", "content": "Polyglycolic acid sutures (Dexon) were compared to chromic catgut sutures in episiotomy repair. When polyglycolic acid sutures were used, the degree of postpartum perineal pain was approximately half as great, and the incidence of dehiscence of episiotomy was 3--5 times greater in the chromic catgut group. The cosmetic results 3 months postpartum were clearly better by using Dexon sutures, especially when the perineal skin was closed by a continuous intracutaneous suture.", "contents": "[A comparison between chromic catgut and polyglycolic acid sutures in episiotomy repair (author's transl)]. Polyglycolic acid sutures (Dexon) were compared to chromic catgut sutures in episiotomy repair. When polyglycolic acid sutures were used, the degree of postpartum perineal pain was approximately half as great, and the incidence of dehiscence of episiotomy was 3--5 times greater in the chromic catgut group. The cosmetic results 3 months postpartum were clearly better by using Dexon sutures, especially when the perineal skin was closed by a continuous intracutaneous suture."}
{"id": "PMID:342331", "title": "[Mediolateral versus median episiotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1969 to 1976, 15,715 episiotomies were done in 24,598 deliveries. The median episiotomy was progressively preferred and the technique of suture improved. The incidence of secondary sutures for dehiscence was reduced from 74 (3.4%) in 1971 to 6 (0.3%) in 1976. Extension into the rectum expectedly rose in incidence. The figures presented, show that the complication rate following mediolateral episiotomy is higher than following median episiotomy including the complication rate with extensions into the rectum.", "contents": "[Mediolateral versus median episiotomy (author's transl)]. From 1969 to 1976, 15,715 episiotomies were done in 24,598 deliveries. The median episiotomy was progressively preferred and the technique of suture improved. The incidence of secondary sutures for dehiscence was reduced from 74 (3.4%) in 1971 to 6 (0.3%) in 1976. Extension into the rectum expectedly rose in incidence. The figures presented, show that the complication rate following mediolateral episiotomy is higher than following median episiotomy including the complication rate with extensions into the rectum."}
{"id": "PMID:342332", "title": "[Diagnosis of candida albicans mycosis in gynaecology by the germ tube test (author's transl)].", "content": "Experience with the germ tube test for the diagnosis of candida mycosis in gynaecology and dermatology is reported. Candida albicans forms germ tubes in human serum and other culture media at 37 degrees C within 2 to 3 hours. If the initial culture grows yeast, the germ tube test permits the exact identification of the yeast as candida albicans within three to five hours. The specificity of the test is approximately 99%. Of 3270 samples 934 grew yeast and 742 were candida albicans by the germ tube test. 6 samples with a negative germ tube test were identified as candida albicans by the Chlamydospore test. 125 samples showed a candida species, 45 samples showed a torulopsis species and 16 tests identified a trichosporon species. This test is valuable in the routine office practice of gynaecology because of its simplicity and speed.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of candida albicans mycosis in gynaecology by the germ tube test (author's transl)]. Experience with the germ tube test for the diagnosis of candida mycosis in gynaecology and dermatology is reported. Candida albicans forms germ tubes in human serum and other culture media at 37 degrees C within 2 to 3 hours. If the initial culture grows yeast, the germ tube test permits the exact identification of the yeast as candida albicans within three to five hours. The specificity of the test is approximately 99%. Of 3270 samples 934 grew yeast and 742 were candida albicans by the germ tube test. 6 samples with a negative germ tube test were identified as candida albicans by the Chlamydospore test. 125 samples showed a candida species, 45 samples showed a torulopsis species and 16 tests identified a trichosporon species. This test is valuable in the routine office practice of gynaecology because of its simplicity and speed."}
{"id": "PMID:342334", "title": "[Allele specificity of genetic recombination in T4 phage using the indicator crossing study method].", "content": "The diagrams of relative correction ability of eighteen rII mutants of T4 phage were constructed on the basis of two-factor crosses, which were grouped into indicator series. In each series a pair of closely linked compared markers was crossed against indicator ones, the latter being distant enough so as to avoid simultaneous correction with the compared marker. The differences between the frequencies of wild type recombinants in crosses of two compared markers with indicator ones remained constant within the series and can be used as a measure of the differences between the compared markers in their correction ability. Mutants of base substitution type have small but statistically significant differences in correction ability. Simultaneous substitution of two bases in one codon yields a mutant which shows higher correction ability when compared to the mutant obtained as a result of substitution of only one base in the same codon. Frame shift mutants show much wider range of correctibility: some of them are corrected more rarely and others more frequently than base substitution mutants are.", "contents": "[Allele specificity of genetic recombination in T4 phage using the indicator crossing study method]. The diagrams of relative correction ability of eighteen rII mutants of T4 phage were constructed on the basis of two-factor crosses, which were grouped into indicator series. In each series a pair of closely linked compared markers was crossed against indicator ones, the latter being distant enough so as to avoid simultaneous correction with the compared marker. The differences between the frequencies of wild type recombinants in crosses of two compared markers with indicator ones remained constant within the series and can be used as a measure of the differences between the compared markers in their correction ability. Mutants of base substitution type have small but statistically significant differences in correction ability. Simultaneous substitution of two bases in one codon yields a mutant which shows higher correction ability when compared to the mutant obtained as a result of substitution of only one base in the same codon. Frame shift mutants show much wider range of correctibility: some of them are corrected more rarely and others more frequently than base substitution mutants are."}
{"id": "PMID:342335", "title": "[Radiobiological method of studying the structure of the partially diploid area in T4 bacteriophage].", "content": "The mechanism of cross-reactivation after UV-irradiation was examined using different deletion mutants as recipients. A model of the rescue mechanism of partly diploid area was suggested. The method of cross-reactivation in demonstrated to permit an easy determination of the orientation of duplicated genes.", "contents": "[Radiobiological method of studying the structure of the partially diploid area in T4 bacteriophage]. The mechanism of cross-reactivation after UV-irradiation was examined using different deletion mutants as recipients. A model of the rescue mechanism of partly diploid area was suggested. The method of cross-reactivation in demonstrated to permit an easy determination of the orientation of duplicated genes."}
{"id": "PMID:342336", "title": "[Genetic study of plasmid-associated high-frequency mutations to streptomycin resistance in Escherichia coli].", "content": "Escherichia coli CTR1(RT1)RHfm1) carrying two H-factors and having unusually high frequency of mutation to high level streptomycin resistance is studied. The high frequency of mutation (about 10(-6) to streptomycin resistance is connected with the presence of R factor RHfm1, controlling the resistance to chloramphenicol and low level streptomacin resistance, but not with RT1, controlling the resistance to tetracycline. Spontaneous or ethidium bromide-induced loss of RHfm1 is accompanied by a decrease of the mutation frequency to 10(-9). RHfm1 is efficiently transmissible to other strains at 28 degrees C. The acquisition of RHfm1 by strains of E. coli K-12 ans S. typhimurium LT2 was followed by a 1000--10000-fold increase of the frequejcy of mutation to streptomycin resistance. Some streptomycin resistant mutants were isolated, and chromosome location of the mutations was demonstrated. The streptomycin resistant mutants were unable to transmit high level of resistance to streptomycin with R factor, but only low level one. The loss of RHfm1 by streptomycin resistant mutants was accompanied by the return to the streptomycin sensitivity of the initial R- strans (E. coli K-12 mutants) or by a decrease of the streptomycin resistance to the level, only 2-fold higher than that of R- wild type (E. coli CTR1 mutant). Thus, the mutantions had practically no effect on streptomycin resistance of R- strains, but could lead to high resistance phenotypes in the presence of RHfm1. The mutant loci in all three studied strains were found to be closely linked to the locus \"fus\" on the genetic map of E. coli.", "contents": "[Genetic study of plasmid-associated high-frequency mutations to streptomycin resistance in Escherichia coli]. Escherichia coli CTR1(RT1)RHfm1) carrying two H-factors and having unusually high frequency of mutation to high level streptomycin resistance is studied. The high frequency of mutation (about 10(-6) to streptomycin resistance is connected with the presence of R factor RHfm1, controlling the resistance to chloramphenicol and low level streptomacin resistance, but not with RT1, controlling the resistance to tetracycline. Spontaneous or ethidium bromide-induced loss of RHfm1 is accompanied by a decrease of the mutation frequency to 10(-9). RHfm1 is efficiently transmissible to other strains at 28 degrees C. The acquisition of RHfm1 by strains of E. coli K-12 ans S. typhimurium LT2 was followed by a 1000--10000-fold increase of the frequejcy of mutation to streptomycin resistance. Some streptomycin resistant mutants were isolated, and chromosome location of the mutations was demonstrated. The streptomycin resistant mutants were unable to transmit high level of resistance to streptomycin with R factor, but only low level one. The loss of RHfm1 by streptomycin resistant mutants was accompanied by the return to the streptomycin sensitivity of the initial R- strans (E. coli K-12 mutants) or by a decrease of the streptomycin resistance to the level, only 2-fold higher than that of R- wild type (E. coli CTR1 mutant). Thus, the mutantions had practically no effect on streptomycin resistance of R- strains, but could lead to high resistance phenotypes in the presence of RHfm1. The mutant loci in all three studied strains were found to be closely linked to the locus \"fus\" on the genetic map of E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:342337", "title": "[Competence in Escherichia coli cells. V. Interaction of the competence factor with the cells].", "content": "Some trends of the interaction of the competence factor with the cells are described on the model of phage lambda transfection. It is shown that this process depends on the composition of the recipients growth media, the temperature regime in the interaction processand on the concentration of the competence factor and the recipient cells. The preliminary treatment of the recipient by EDTA (0.0001 M), CaCl2 (less than 0.02 M), MgCl2 (less than 0.01 M), and NaCl (less than 0.01 M) resulted in the increaze of their sensitivity to subsequent treatment by the factor. Data are obtained demonstrating that after the treatment of cells by the competence factor their sensitivity to decreased CaCl2 concentration is increasing.", "contents": "[Competence in Escherichia coli cells. V. Interaction of the competence factor with the cells]. Some trends of the interaction of the competence factor with the cells are described on the model of phage lambda transfection. It is shown that this process depends on the composition of the recipients growth media, the temperature regime in the interaction processand on the concentration of the competence factor and the recipient cells. The preliminary treatment of the recipient by EDTA (0.0001 M), CaCl2 (less than 0.02 M), MgCl2 (less than 0.01 M), and NaCl (less than 0.01 M) resulted in the increaze of their sensitivity to subsequent treatment by the factor. Data are obtained demonstrating that after the treatment of cells by the competence factor their sensitivity to decreased CaCl2 concentration is increasing."}
{"id": "PMID:342341", "title": "Assessment of drug therapy in chronic brain failure.", "content": "An 'arteriosclerosis score' has been devised in an attempt to differentiate between vascular and ideopathic chronic brain failure. The score was found to correlate closely with the ADL score, but not with MSQ score, nor with a battery of seven psychological tests. There are, however, close intercorrelations between certain psychological tests and the MSQ. This paper describes a series of tests, their correlations with each other in a group of elderly people, difficulties in their administration and the practical problems inherent in assessing drugs intended to be used in the prevention or treatment of brain failure.", "contents": "Assessment of drug therapy in chronic brain failure. An 'arteriosclerosis score' has been devised in an attempt to differentiate between vascular and ideopathic chronic brain failure. The score was found to correlate closely with the ADL score, but not with MSQ score, nor with a battery of seven psychological tests. There are, however, close intercorrelations between certain psychological tests and the MSQ. This paper describes a series of tests, their correlations with each other in a group of elderly people, difficulties in their administration and the practical problems inherent in assessing drugs intended to be used in the prevention or treatment of brain failure."}
{"id": "PMID:342355", "title": "Chronic laxative abuse associated with pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia.", "content": "Marked pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia was found in a patient with laxative-induced diarrhoea. It is suggested that laxative abuse might be an important aetiological factor in patients with pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia and the watery diarrhoea syndrome but in whom no hormonal excess can be demonstrated.", "contents": "Chronic laxative abuse associated with pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia. Marked pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia was found in a patient with laxative-induced diarrhoea. It is suggested that laxative abuse might be an important aetiological factor in patients with pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia and the watery diarrhoea syndrome but in whom no hormonal excess can be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:342356", "title": "IgA and IgG reticulin antibodies in coeliac and non-coeliac patients.", "content": "Using indirect immunofluorescence, comparisons were made of patterns of staining of five tissue substrates with 28 RI reticulin antibody-positive coeliac sera, and 23 RI reticulin antibody-positive non-coeliac sera. IgA and IgG fluorescein conjugates were used separately. IgA antibodies were seen in 22 coeliac patients (78%) compared with three non-coeliacs (13%). Concomitant sinusoidal fluorescence (RS pattern) was seen more frequently with the non-coeliac (60.9%) than with the coeliac sera (10.7%). Such differences may help to distinguish those patients who should have a jejunal biopsy when using the reticulin antibody as a screening test for coeliac disease.", "contents": "IgA and IgG reticulin antibodies in coeliac and non-coeliac patients. Using indirect immunofluorescence, comparisons were made of patterns of staining of five tissue substrates with 28 RI reticulin antibody-positive coeliac sera, and 23 RI reticulin antibody-positive non-coeliac sera. IgA and IgG fluorescein conjugates were used separately. IgA antibodies were seen in 22 coeliac patients (78%) compared with three non-coeliacs (13%). Concomitant sinusoidal fluorescence (RS pattern) was seen more frequently with the non-coeliac (60.9%) than with the coeliac sera (10.7%). Such differences may help to distinguish those patients who should have a jejunal biopsy when using the reticulin antibody as a screening test for coeliac disease."}
{"id": "PMID:342357", "title": "Localisation of e-antigen in nuclei of hepatocytes in HBsAg-positive liver diseases.", "content": "By the direct immunofluorescence technique 19 liver biopsies were examined for the presence of the e-antigen associated with the hepatitis B virus infection. With the use of double incubation and blocking experiments with FITC and Rhodamine labelled antisera against hepatitis B core antigen and e-antigen, evidence is presented that the e-antigen is localised in the nuclei of the hepatocytes. We conclude that the e-antigen and the core antigen are not identical, although they are often present simultaneously in the nucleus of the hepatocyte.", "contents": "Localisation of e-antigen in nuclei of hepatocytes in HBsAg-positive liver diseases. By the direct immunofluorescence technique 19 liver biopsies were examined for the presence of the e-antigen associated with the hepatitis B virus infection. With the use of double incubation and blocking experiments with FITC and Rhodamine labelled antisera against hepatitis B core antigen and e-antigen, evidence is presented that the e-antigen is localised in the nuclei of the hepatocytes. We conclude that the e-antigen and the core antigen are not identical, although they are often present simultaneously in the nucleus of the hepatocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:342358", "title": "Can hepatic coma be caused by a reduction of brain noradrenaline or dopamine?", "content": "Intraventricular infusions of octopamine which raised brain octopamine concentrations more than 20 000-fold resulted in reductions in brain noradrenaline and dopamine by as much as 90% without affecting the alertness or activity of normal rats. As this reduction of brain catecholamines is much greater than any reported in hepatic coma, we do not believe that values observed in experimental hepatic failure have aetiological significance for the encephalopathy that ensues.", "contents": "Can hepatic coma be caused by a reduction of brain noradrenaline or dopamine? Intraventricular infusions of octopamine which raised brain octopamine concentrations more than 20 000-fold resulted in reductions in brain noradrenaline and dopamine by as much as 90% without affecting the alertness or activity of normal rats. As this reduction of brain catecholamines is much greater than any reported in hepatic coma, we do not believe that values observed in experimental hepatic failure have aetiological significance for the encephalopathy that ensues."}
{"id": "PMID:342359", "title": "Carbenoxolone sodium capsules in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. An endoscopic controlled trial.", "content": "Eighty-six patients with duodenal ulcer were treated in a multicentre controlled trial with carbenoxolone capsules (Duogastrone, 50 mg four times a day for six weeks) or a placebo. Sixty-nine patients accepted endoscopy at the beginning and end of the treatment. Symptomatic responses and endoscopic improvement were significantly greater in those receiving the active preparation than in those receiving the control capsules, complete, endoscopically assessed, healing being achieved in 65% and 20%, respectively, of individuals having accepted endoscopy, after six weeks' treatment. Side-effects of salt and water retention or hypokalaemia were noted in over a quarter of those receiving the carbenoxolone capsules, but none of the adverse effects was severe enough to necessitate withdrawal of treatment.", "contents": "Carbenoxolone sodium capsules in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. An endoscopic controlled trial. Eighty-six patients with duodenal ulcer were treated in a multicentre controlled trial with carbenoxolone capsules (Duogastrone, 50 mg four times a day for six weeks) or a placebo. Sixty-nine patients accepted endoscopy at the beginning and end of the treatment. Symptomatic responses and endoscopic improvement were significantly greater in those receiving the active preparation than in those receiving the control capsules, complete, endoscopically assessed, healing being achieved in 65% and 20%, respectively, of individuals having accepted endoscopy, after six weeks' treatment. Side-effects of salt and water retention or hypokalaemia were noted in over a quarter of those receiving the carbenoxolone capsules, but none of the adverse effects was severe enough to necessitate withdrawal of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:342360", "title": "Double-blind controlled trial of amylopectin sulphate (Depepsen) in the symptomatic treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "content": "In a double-blind controlled trial amylopectin sulphate (Depepsen) had no significant advantage over placebo in the symptomatic treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Double-blind controlled trial of amylopectin sulphate (Depepsen) in the symptomatic treatment of duodenal ulcer. In a double-blind controlled trial amylopectin sulphate (Depepsen) had no significant advantage over placebo in the symptomatic treatment of duodenal ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:342361", "title": "Portal circulation and portal hypertension.", "content": "During the last 25 years, there have been important developments in visualising the portal vein, in examining its contents, and in measuring the pressure of blood flowing within it. Radiologists have set the scene and now is the time of the scanner. These technical advances have been applied to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with portal hypertension, and many ingenious surgical techniques have been proposed. The problem of successful treatment of the patient with bleeding oesophageal varices and cirrhosis of the liver, however, has not yet been solved. This report discusses the portal vein in terms of pressure, flow, and regeneration factors. Portal hypertension is classified and methods of relief are discussed.", "contents": "Portal circulation and portal hypertension. During the last 25 years, there have been important developments in visualising the portal vein, in examining its contents, and in measuring the pressure of blood flowing within it. Radiologists have set the scene and now is the time of the scanner. These technical advances have been applied to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with portal hypertension, and many ingenious surgical techniques have been proposed. The problem of successful treatment of the patient with bleeding oesophageal varices and cirrhosis of the liver, however, has not yet been solved. This report discusses the portal vein in terms of pressure, flow, and regeneration factors. Portal hypertension is classified and methods of relief are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:342368", "title": "Results of the investigation of soil for contamination with pathogenic leptospires.", "content": "In the natural focus of leptospirosis at the lake Nero (Yaroslav region, USSR) 630 samples of soil were investigated for the presence of leptospires. Seven cultures of leptospires were isolated from the soil; five of them were pathogenic (four belonged to the serogroup Grippotyphosa and one to the serogroup Hebdomadis) and two were saprophytic. Among the cultures of pathogenic leptospires isolated from the soil there was observed the same quantitative ratio of serogroups as among cultures obtained from rodents, which suggests that the leptospires circulate from mammals to soil and vice versa.", "contents": "Results of the investigation of soil for contamination with pathogenic leptospires. In the natural focus of leptospirosis at the lake Nero (Yaroslav region, USSR) 630 samples of soil were investigated for the presence of leptospires. Seven cultures of leptospires were isolated from the soil; five of them were pathogenic (four belonged to the serogroup Grippotyphosa and one to the serogroup Hebdomadis) and two were saprophytic. Among the cultures of pathogenic leptospires isolated from the soil there was observed the same quantitative ratio of serogroups as among cultures obtained from rodents, which suggests that the leptospires circulate from mammals to soil and vice versa."}
{"id": "PMID:342369", "title": "Mesostigmatid mites of small mammals from the Hindu Kush (Afghanistan).", "content": "During the First Czechoslovak mountaineering expedition to the Hindu Kush (1965) a material of mesostigmatid mites was collected from small mammals, yielding 16 species. Due to the fact that it is the first collection of these parasites studied in Afghanistan, a zoogeographic analysis, altitudinal stratification and epidemiological estimation are appended.", "contents": "Mesostigmatid mites of small mammals from the Hindu Kush (Afghanistan). During the First Czechoslovak mountaineering expedition to the Hindu Kush (1965) a material of mesostigmatid mites was collected from small mammals, yielding 16 species. Due to the fact that it is the first collection of these parasites studied in Afghanistan, a zoogeographic analysis, altitudinal stratification and epidemiological estimation are appended."}
{"id": "PMID:342370", "title": "Ticks of small mammals from the Hindu Kush (Afghanistan).", "content": "During the First Czechoslovak expedition to the East Hindu Kush in June-September 1965 a total of 193 hosts belonging to 12 species was examined on the presence of ticks. Specimens of the genera Ixodes, Haemaphysalis, Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus were found. Data and comments are given for the species collected.", "contents": "Ticks of small mammals from the Hindu Kush (Afghanistan). During the First Czechoslovak expedition to the East Hindu Kush in June-September 1965 a total of 193 hosts belonging to 12 species was examined on the presence of ticks. Specimens of the genera Ixodes, Haemaphysalis, Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus were found. Data and comments are given for the species collected."}
{"id": "PMID:342371", "title": "An all-metal block for replica plating of microbial colonies.", "content": "The surface of a metal block made of an aluminium alloy is covered with narrow perpendicular grooves, which thus form an array of quadrangular pyramids touching base to base. The surface is further provided with a marker which assures the positioning of the master plate and the replica plate. Replicas prepared using this block are of higher quality than those using the velveteen-covered cylinder. A single master plate will provide ten or more replicas of good quality, the master plate being preserved for further work. Last but not least, the all-metal block can be easily cleaned and heat-sterilized.", "contents": "An all-metal block for replica plating of microbial colonies. The surface of a metal block made of an aluminium alloy is covered with narrow perpendicular grooves, which thus form an array of quadrangular pyramids touching base to base. The surface is further provided with a marker which assures the positioning of the master plate and the replica plate. Replicas prepared using this block are of higher quality than those using the velveteen-covered cylinder. A single master plate will provide ten or more replicas of good quality, the master plate being preserved for further work. Last but not least, the all-metal block can be easily cleaned and heat-sterilized."}
{"id": "PMID:342372", "title": "Antimutagenic effects of caffeine during nitrosoguanidine-induced mutagenesis of Salmonella typhimurium cells and phages.", "content": "The effect of caffeine on nitrosoguanidine-induced mutagenesis of Salmonella typhimurium and its P22 and L phages was studied. The detected mutations included phage \"clear\" mutations, reversions of phage \"amber\" mutation, and prototrophic reversions of the his- auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium. Neither the recA mutation of the host nor the erf mutation of the phage genome were found to affect the nitrosoguanidine-induced mutagenesis of the phage during vegetative growth. Beginning with a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml, caffeine decreased the frequency of mutants by 30--60%, attaining a maximum effect at 1.5 mg/ml and retaining this effect even at higher concentrations. A similar antimutagenic effect was observed with the mutagenesis of the host cells. The nitrosoguanidine-induced mutagenesis does not seem to be related to the function of the recA cell gene or the erf phage gene. The mechanism of mutagenesis by nitrosoguanidine probably has two components, one of them caffeine sensitive, the other caffeine-resistant.", "contents": "Antimutagenic effects of caffeine during nitrosoguanidine-induced mutagenesis of Salmonella typhimurium cells and phages. The effect of caffeine on nitrosoguanidine-induced mutagenesis of Salmonella typhimurium and its P22 and L phages was studied. The detected mutations included phage \"clear\" mutations, reversions of phage \"amber\" mutation, and prototrophic reversions of the his- auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium. Neither the recA mutation of the host nor the erf mutation of the phage genome were found to affect the nitrosoguanidine-induced mutagenesis of the phage during vegetative growth. Beginning with a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml, caffeine decreased the frequency of mutants by 30--60%, attaining a maximum effect at 1.5 mg/ml and retaining this effect even at higher concentrations. A similar antimutagenic effect was observed with the mutagenesis of the host cells. The nitrosoguanidine-induced mutagenesis does not seem to be related to the function of the recA cell gene or the erf phage gene. The mechanism of mutagenesis by nitrosoguanidine probably has two components, one of them caffeine sensitive, the other caffeine-resistant."}
{"id": "PMID:342382", "title": "Serum levels of prolactin, LH and LH-RH after ablation of the medial basal hypothalamus.", "content": "4 weeks after surgical ablation (MHA) of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) in adult male rats, serum levels of prolactin, LH, and LH-RH were determined by radioimmunoassay. Blood samples were obtained by jugular venipuncture under ether anesthesia (designated 'stress' samples) and 30 min after the ether stress by rapid decapitation (designated 'resting samples). 30 min after ether, serum levels of prolactin, LH, and LH-RH in MHA rats were comparable to those of intact and sham-operated controls. Among intact and sham-operated rats, ether elicited an initial increased in prolactin but not in LH or LH-RH. In the MHA group, prolactin levels were also acutely increased, although the increment was not as great as in control groups. The data indicate that considerable basal prolactin and LH secretion persists after MHA, and that this continued secretion may be regulated by neurohoromones such as LH-RH which arise from areas outside the MBH.", "contents": "Serum levels of prolactin, LH and LH-RH after ablation of the medial basal hypothalamus. 4 weeks after surgical ablation (MHA) of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) in adult male rats, serum levels of prolactin, LH, and LH-RH were determined by radioimmunoassay. Blood samples were obtained by jugular venipuncture under ether anesthesia (designated 'stress' samples) and 30 min after the ether stress by rapid decapitation (designated 'resting samples). 30 min after ether, serum levels of prolactin, LH, and LH-RH in MHA rats were comparable to those of intact and sham-operated controls. Among intact and sham-operated rats, ether elicited an initial increased in prolactin but not in LH or LH-RH. In the MHA group, prolactin levels were also acutely increased, although the increment was not as great as in control groups. The data indicate that considerable basal prolactin and LH secretion persists after MHA, and that this continued secretion may be regulated by neurohoromones such as LH-RH which arise from areas outside the MBH."}
{"id": "PMID:342383", "title": "Endocrine studies in primary hypogonadism.", "content": "Two 15-year-old boys with primary hypogonadism had evaluation of their hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Testicular biopsies and chromsomal studies were also performed. Both patients presented with delayed puberty and short stature and had prepubertal LH, FSH and testosterone concentrations. Serial 24-hour frequent-interval blood studies over a 2-year period in one patient (R.F.) showed a gradual progression from a normal early pubertal LH secretory pattern to one characteristic of 'primary' testicular failure. The testicular biopsies showed prepubertal tests with no significant germinal cell maturation. Although both patients had some somatic stigmata of Noonan's syndrome, they had different karyotypes (XY and xyq-). These studies show that elevated levels of LH and FSH in primary hypogonadism syndrome may not become apparent until after the onset of CNS puberty.", "contents": "Endocrine studies in primary hypogonadism. Two 15-year-old boys with primary hypogonadism had evaluation of their hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Testicular biopsies and chromsomal studies were also performed. Both patients presented with delayed puberty and short stature and had prepubertal LH, FSH and testosterone concentrations. Serial 24-hour frequent-interval blood studies over a 2-year period in one patient (R.F.) showed a gradual progression from a normal early pubertal LH secretory pattern to one characteristic of 'primary' testicular failure. The testicular biopsies showed prepubertal tests with no significant germinal cell maturation. Although both patients had some somatic stigmata of Noonan's syndrome, they had different karyotypes (XY and xyq-). These studies show that elevated levels of LH and FSH in primary hypogonadism syndrome may not become apparent until after the onset of CNS puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:342385", "title": "Yeast dipeptidase: active site mapping by kinetic studies with substrates and substrate analogs.", "content": "In order to characterize the active site of yeast dipeptidase in more detail, kinetic studies with a variety of dipeptide substrates and substrate analogs were performed. To analyze kinetic data, computer programs were developed which first calculate initial velocities from progress curves and then evaluate the kinetic parameters by nonlinear regression analysis. A free carboxyl group is a prerequisite for binding of dipeptidase substrates; its position relative to the peptide bond must not deviate from the normal L-dipeptide conformation. The spatial arrangement of the terminal ammonium ion seems to be less crucial. The enzyme's substrate specificity clearly reflects the interactions of the substrate amino acid side chains with complementary dipeptidase subsites. The domain of the enzyme in contact with the C-terminal substrate side chain seems to be an open structure of moderately hydrophobic character. In contrast, the binding site for the amino-terminal side chain is a more strongly hydrophobic \"pocket\" of limited dimensions. The kinetics of inhibition by free amino acids points to an ordered release of products from the enzyme.", "contents": "Yeast dipeptidase: active site mapping by kinetic studies with substrates and substrate analogs. In order to characterize the active site of yeast dipeptidase in more detail, kinetic studies with a variety of dipeptide substrates and substrate analogs were performed. To analyze kinetic data, computer programs were developed which first calculate initial velocities from progress curves and then evaluate the kinetic parameters by nonlinear regression analysis. A free carboxyl group is a prerequisite for binding of dipeptidase substrates; its position relative to the peptide bond must not deviate from the normal L-dipeptide conformation. The spatial arrangement of the terminal ammonium ion seems to be less crucial. The enzyme's substrate specificity clearly reflects the interactions of the substrate amino acid side chains with complementary dipeptidase subsites. The domain of the enzyme in contact with the C-terminal substrate side chain seems to be an open structure of moderately hydrophobic character. In contrast, the binding site for the amino-terminal side chain is a more strongly hydrophobic \"pocket\" of limited dimensions. The kinetics of inhibition by free amino acids points to an ordered release of products from the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:342386", "title": "tRNA isopentenyltransferase from Zea mays L. Characterization of the isopentenylation reaction of tRNA, oligo (A) and other nucleic acids.", "content": "The extraction and purification of the tRNA isopentenyltransferase from maize root tips and kernels are reported. The relative amounts of this enzyme in different organs of maize have been determined. Root tips have the highest enzyme activities, followed by kernels and young leaves. Old leaves exhibit very low activity. The molecular mass of the monomeric enzyme was determined to be 57000 - 63000 dalton. pH and Mg2 optima are in full agreement with the data reported for the enzymes from yeast and Escherichia coli. Spermine enhances the isopentenylation of tRNA from kernels. The \"Km\" values of KMnO4-treated or untreated bulk tRNA from yeast and maize root tips and kernels were in the range of 10 to 34 micrometer while the Km values of of single species like tRNASer4 from rat liver and tRNATyrKMnO4 from E. coli were 1.1 and 6.6 micrometer, respectively. The tRNA isopentenyltransferase from maize root tips and kernels catalyzes the incorporation of 2-isopentenyl groups into (Ap)3-7A, endogenous bulk oligonucleotos from maize root tips and kernels, and into poly(A), RNA from MS-2 phages and, to a very low extent, into adenosine. The Km values of (Ap)3-7 A varied in the range of 250 to 750micrometer. Although oligonucleotides have less affinity to the enzyme, the formation of i6A within oligonucleotides may occur in vivo, due to their higher concentrations in cells.", "contents": "tRNA isopentenyltransferase from Zea mays L. Characterization of the isopentenylation reaction of tRNA, oligo (A) and other nucleic acids. The extraction and purification of the tRNA isopentenyltransferase from maize root tips and kernels are reported. The relative amounts of this enzyme in different organs of maize have been determined. Root tips have the highest enzyme activities, followed by kernels and young leaves. Old leaves exhibit very low activity. The molecular mass of the monomeric enzyme was determined to be 57000 - 63000 dalton. pH and Mg2 optima are in full agreement with the data reported for the enzymes from yeast and Escherichia coli. Spermine enhances the isopentenylation of tRNA from kernels. The \"Km\" values of KMnO4-treated or untreated bulk tRNA from yeast and maize root tips and kernels were in the range of 10 to 34 micrometer while the Km values of of single species like tRNASer4 from rat liver and tRNATyrKMnO4 from E. coli were 1.1 and 6.6 micrometer, respectively. The tRNA isopentenyltransferase from maize root tips and kernels catalyzes the incorporation of 2-isopentenyl groups into (Ap)3-7A, endogenous bulk oligonucleotos from maize root tips and kernels, and into poly(A), RNA from MS-2 phages and, to a very low extent, into adenosine. The Km values of (Ap)3-7 A varied in the range of 250 to 750micrometer. Although oligonucleotides have less affinity to the enzyme, the formation of i6A within oligonucleotides may occur in vivo, due to their higher concentrations in cells."}
{"id": "PMID:342390", "title": "Differentiation of murine erythroleukemic (Friend) cells: an in vitro model of erythropoiesis.", "content": "Normal erythropoiesis involves differentiation of uncommitted stem cells through committed erythroid precursors into cells specialized for hemoglobin synthesis. Several aspects of this developmental sequence may be studied in murine erythroleukemic cells infected with Friend virus complex. These cells are arrested at the proerythroblast stage, yet capable of continuous growth in vitro. Maturation along an erythroid pathway is induced after treatment with a variety of agents (e.g. dimethylsulfoxide, butyric acid, hemin, ouabain). Following induction, the cells morphologically resemble normoblasts, accumulate globin mRNAs and strain-specific globins, increase heme synthesis and acquire erythrocyte membrane antigens. Cloned populations of erythroleukemic cells mature in a nonhomogeneous fashion upon induction, indicative of a stochastic response in the inductive process. This \"probability of differentiation\" phenotype is formally analogous to stem cell development in which hematopoietic precursor cells form a constant, dividing population from which cells are continuously maturing. Although the sequence of events involved in triggering differentiation is uncertain, cloning and cell hybridization experiments demonstrate that this phenotype is under rather stable genetic (or epigenetic) control. Recent molecular analysis shows that induced differentiation is accompanied by transcriptional activation of the globin genes rather than posttranscriptional stabilization of the globin RNAs. Further application of cellular, molecular and genetic approaches in this system may help to define specific control mechanisms in erythroid development.", "contents": "Differentiation of murine erythroleukemic (Friend) cells: an in vitro model of erythropoiesis. Normal erythropoiesis involves differentiation of uncommitted stem cells through committed erythroid precursors into cells specialized for hemoglobin synthesis. Several aspects of this developmental sequence may be studied in murine erythroleukemic cells infected with Friend virus complex. These cells are arrested at the proerythroblast stage, yet capable of continuous growth in vitro. Maturation along an erythroid pathway is induced after treatment with a variety of agents (e.g. dimethylsulfoxide, butyric acid, hemin, ouabain). Following induction, the cells morphologically resemble normoblasts, accumulate globin mRNAs and strain-specific globins, increase heme synthesis and acquire erythrocyte membrane antigens. Cloned populations of erythroleukemic cells mature in a nonhomogeneous fashion upon induction, indicative of a stochastic response in the inductive process. This \"probability of differentiation\" phenotype is formally analogous to stem cell development in which hematopoietic precursor cells form a constant, dividing population from which cells are continuously maturing. Although the sequence of events involved in triggering differentiation is uncertain, cloning and cell hybridization experiments demonstrate that this phenotype is under rather stable genetic (or epigenetic) control. Recent molecular analysis shows that induced differentiation is accompanied by transcriptional activation of the globin genes rather than posttranscriptional stabilization of the globin RNAs. Further application of cellular, molecular and genetic approaches in this system may help to define specific control mechanisms in erythroid development."}
{"id": "PMID:342391", "title": "Regulation of differentiation in normal and transformed erythroid cells.", "content": "Studies are described employing two erythropoietic systems to elucidate regulatory mechanisms that control both normal erythropoiesis and erythroid differentiation of transformed hemopoietic precursors. Evidence is provided suggesting that normal erythroid cell precursors require erythropoietin as a growth factor that regulates the number of precursors capable of differentiating. Murine erythroleukemia cells proliferate without need of erythropoietin; they show a variable, generally low, rate of spontaneous differentiation and a brisk rate of erythropoiesis in response to a variety of chemical agents. Present studies suggest that these chemical inducers initiate a series of events including cell surface related changes, alterations in cell cycle kinetics, and modifications of chromatin and DNA structure which result in the irreversible commitment of these leukemia cells to erythroid differentiation and the synthesis of red-cell-specific products.", "contents": "Regulation of differentiation in normal and transformed erythroid cells. Studies are described employing two erythropoietic systems to elucidate regulatory mechanisms that control both normal erythropoiesis and erythroid differentiation of transformed hemopoietic precursors. Evidence is provided suggesting that normal erythroid cell precursors require erythropoietin as a growth factor that regulates the number of precursors capable of differentiating. Murine erythroleukemia cells proliferate without need of erythropoietin; they show a variable, generally low, rate of spontaneous differentiation and a brisk rate of erythropoiesis in response to a variety of chemical agents. Present studies suggest that these chemical inducers initiate a series of events including cell surface related changes, alterations in cell cycle kinetics, and modifications of chromatin and DNA structure which result in the irreversible commitment of these leukemia cells to erythroid differentiation and the synthesis of red-cell-specific products."}
{"id": "PMID:342393", "title": "Protection against syngeneic tumor grafts induced by inoculation with normal allogeneic tissues.", "content": "Subcutaneous injection of normal allogeneic kidney and liver tissues extended survival of DBA/2Cr mice challenged with a lethal dose of syngeneic L5178Y lymphoma cells. Immunization with a combination of tissues from five strains provided far more protection than immunization with tissue from any single strain. It is suggested that the basis of this protective effect is a cross-reactivity or identity between tumor-associated transplantation antigens (TATA) on the L5178Y tumor and non-H-2 alloantigens normally expressed by some allogeneic tissues.", "contents": "Protection against syngeneic tumor grafts induced by inoculation with normal allogeneic tissues. Subcutaneous injection of normal allogeneic kidney and liver tissues extended survival of DBA/2Cr mice challenged with a lethal dose of syngeneic L5178Y lymphoma cells. Immunization with a combination of tissues from five strains provided far more protection than immunization with tissue from any single strain. It is suggested that the basis of this protective effect is a cross-reactivity or identity between tumor-associated transplantation antigens (TATA) on the L5178Y tumor and non-H-2 alloantigens normally expressed by some allogeneic tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:342394", "title": "Tumor inhibition by effector cells cultured from progressing sarcomas.", "content": "The effect of cytotoxic lymphoid cells emerging in primary cultures of an antigenic sarcoma of strain 13 guinea pigs was investigated on tumor growth in vivo. The growth of lethal tumor inocula was inhibited or the tumor cells were completely rejected in normal syngeneic recipients treated s.c. with low doses (5 X 10(5)) of effector cells which were mixed with the tumor cells. A higher dose (2.5 X 10(6)) of killer cells did not affect significantly tumor growth in normal recipients. Significant tumor inhibition was observed in X-irradiated recipients given high doses (2.2 X 10(6)) of effector cells locally although rejection did not occur with high frequency. Local treatment of X-irradiated recipients with low doses (5 X 10(5)) of effector cells did not influence tumor growth. Systemic treatment of normal or X-irradiated recipients with effector cells had little effect at any dose, although tumor inocula were occasionally rejected. Sonication of the cytotoxic effector cells prior to administration inhibited their tumor suppressing effect. Animals that rejected the first tumor inoculum were immune to a second lethal dose of sarcoma cells. It is indicated by the results that tumor rejection in vivo is not simply a matter of killer-target cell interaction, but rather a complex and poorly understood phenomenon.", "contents": "Tumor inhibition by effector cells cultured from progressing sarcomas. The effect of cytotoxic lymphoid cells emerging in primary cultures of an antigenic sarcoma of strain 13 guinea pigs was investigated on tumor growth in vivo. The growth of lethal tumor inocula was inhibited or the tumor cells were completely rejected in normal syngeneic recipients treated s.c. with low doses (5 X 10(5)) of effector cells which were mixed with the tumor cells. A higher dose (2.5 X 10(6)) of killer cells did not affect significantly tumor growth in normal recipients. Significant tumor inhibition was observed in X-irradiated recipients given high doses (2.2 X 10(6)) of effector cells locally although rejection did not occur with high frequency. Local treatment of X-irradiated recipients with low doses (5 X 10(5)) of effector cells did not influence tumor growth. Systemic treatment of normal or X-irradiated recipients with effector cells had little effect at any dose, although tumor inocula were occasionally rejected. Sonication of the cytotoxic effector cells prior to administration inhibited their tumor suppressing effect. Animals that rejected the first tumor inoculum were immune to a second lethal dose of sarcoma cells. It is indicated by the results that tumor rejection in vivo is not simply a matter of killer-target cell interaction, but rather a complex and poorly understood phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:342395", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of an antibody enhancing factor from leukaemic owl monkey cell cultures.", "content": "Herpesvirus saimiri inoculated into owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) causes leukaemia and lymphoma. Peripheral lymphocytes from leukaemic monkeys grown in culture are predominantly T lymphocytes. The supernatants from these cultures  contain a factor which enhances the antibody response of murine B cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The factor has been partially characterized by ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-chromatography, gel filtration over Sephadex G-150 and disc-gel electrophoresis. The enhancing factor is a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 40,000.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of an antibody enhancing factor from leukaemic owl monkey cell cultures. Herpesvirus saimiri inoculated into owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) causes leukaemia and lymphoma. Peripheral lymphocytes from leukaemic monkeys grown in culture are predominantly T lymphocytes. The supernatants from these cultures  contain a factor which enhances the antibody response of murine B cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The factor has been partially characterized by ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-chromatography, gel filtration over Sephadex G-150 and disc-gel electrophoresis. The enhancing factor is a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 40,000."}
{"id": "PMID:342396", "title": "The immunological response of CBA mice to P. yoelii. II. The passive transfer of immunity with serum and cells.", "content": "CBA mice infected with the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei yoelii (P. yoelii) develop a self-resolving infection lasting 15-18 days; on recovery from a primary infection they are immune to further infection. Cell and serum transfers from immune to non-immune mice were used to analyse the mechanism of resistance. Whereas serum from mice which had recovered from a single infection was ineffective in transferring immunity, hyperimmune serum (from mice repeatedly challenged with P. yoelii) protected against challenge inocula of 10(4) and 5 X 10(4) but was ineffective against higher inocula (10(5)). Doses of serum which completely protected intact mice were ineffective when administered to T-cell deprived recipients. The injection of spleen cells from recovered mice conferred immunity on both normal and T cell deprived mice. Pretreatment of immune cell donors with cyclophosphamide reduce the ability of spleen cells to transfer immunity. Treatment of the immune cells with an anti-Thy 1 antiserum and complement in vitro did not abrogate their protective effect. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the effector mechanisms which might operate in murine malaria.", "contents": "The immunological response of CBA mice to P. yoelii. II. The passive transfer of immunity with serum and cells. CBA mice infected with the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei yoelii (P. yoelii) develop a self-resolving infection lasting 15-18 days; on recovery from a primary infection they are immune to further infection. Cell and serum transfers from immune to non-immune mice were used to analyse the mechanism of resistance. Whereas serum from mice which had recovered from a single infection was ineffective in transferring immunity, hyperimmune serum (from mice repeatedly challenged with P. yoelii) protected against challenge inocula of 10(4) and 5 X 10(4) but was ineffective against higher inocula (10(5)). Doses of serum which completely protected intact mice were ineffective when administered to T-cell deprived recipients. The injection of spleen cells from recovered mice conferred immunity on both normal and T cell deprived mice. Pretreatment of immune cell donors with cyclophosphamide reduce the ability of spleen cells to transfer immunity. Treatment of the immune cells with an anti-Thy 1 antiserum and complement in vitro did not abrogate their protective effect. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the effector mechanisms which might operate in murine malaria."}
{"id": "PMID:342398", "title": "Further studies of the adjuvant properties of homologous IgG split products: mode of action of F(ab')2 and related fragments.", "content": "Peptic bivalent and monovalent Fab' fragments as well as F(ab')2 fragment from a purified rabbit anti-DNP antibody were equally effective in enhancement of the immune response to SRBC. In contrast, the papain Fab fragment of normal IgG possessed a considerably lower enhancing activity. These data indicate that the effector site(s) controlling the adjuvant activity of F(ab')2 and related fragments is structurally distinct from the antibody active site(s) within the fragment molecule, and is located in C-terminal region of the heavy chain Fd fragment. When F(ab')2 fragment was injected into rabbits together with the proteinase inhibitor Trasylol it failed to enhance the immune response to SRBC. Furthermore, Trasylol interferes with the ability of F(ab')2 or Fab' fragment to activate the complement system both in vivo and in vitro. This, together with the observation that F(ab')2 fragments enhance the response to T-dependent antigens (SRBC and bovine gamma globulin) but fail to augment the response to LPS, suggests that these fragments may operate via activation of complement and thereby influence indirectly the reactivity of complement receptor B cells.", "contents": "Further studies of the adjuvant properties of homologous IgG split products: mode of action of F(ab')2 and related fragments. Peptic bivalent and monovalent Fab' fragments as well as F(ab')2 fragment from a purified rabbit anti-DNP antibody were equally effective in enhancement of the immune response to SRBC. In contrast, the papain Fab fragment of normal IgG possessed a considerably lower enhancing activity. These data indicate that the effector site(s) controlling the adjuvant activity of F(ab')2 and related fragments is structurally distinct from the antibody active site(s) within the fragment molecule, and is located in C-terminal region of the heavy chain Fd fragment. When F(ab')2 fragment was injected into rabbits together with the proteinase inhibitor Trasylol it failed to enhance the immune response to SRBC. Furthermore, Trasylol interferes with the ability of F(ab')2 or Fab' fragment to activate the complement system both in vivo and in vitro. This, together with the observation that F(ab')2 fragments enhance the response to T-dependent antigens (SRBC and bovine gamma globulin) but fail to augment the response to LPS, suggests that these fragments may operate via activation of complement and thereby influence indirectly the reactivity of complement receptor B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:342399", "title": "Suppression of primary immune response by heterologous anti-lymphocyte sera.", "content": "The effect of anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) on the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in rats was studied by the Jerne Plaque technique. ALS against normal rat lymph node cells, ALS(N) suppressed the immune response to SRBC when administered before the antigen and had no effect on the immune response when administered either with or after the antigen. ALS(I), which was produced against lymph node cells from SRBC immunized rats, produced significant immunosuppression when administered either before or after the antigen.", "contents": "Suppression of primary immune response by heterologous anti-lymphocyte sera. The effect of anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) on the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in rats was studied by the Jerne Plaque technique. ALS against normal rat lymph node cells, ALS(N) suppressed the immune response to SRBC when administered before the antigen and had no effect on the immune response when administered either with or after the antigen. ALS(I), which was produced against lymph node cells from SRBC immunized rats, produced significant immunosuppression when administered either before or after the antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:342401", "title": "Differential tolerance of thymus-independent and thymus-dependent antibody responses.", "content": "The effect of pre-immunization with soluble haptenated serum proteins or haptenated carbohydrates on the subsequent responses to the hapten in thymus-dependent or thymus-independent form was investigated. In certain cases both thymus-dependent and -independent responses were suppressed whilst in others a differential suppression of thymus-independent responsiveness was observed. These results are discussed in terms of B-cell subpopulations and mechanisms of tolerance induction.", "contents": "Differential tolerance of thymus-independent and thymus-dependent antibody responses. The effect of pre-immunization with soluble haptenated serum proteins or haptenated carbohydrates on the subsequent responses to the hapten in thymus-dependent or thymus-independent form was investigated. In certain cases both thymus-dependent and -independent responses were suppressed whilst in others a differential suppression of thymus-independent responsiveness was observed. These results are discussed in terms of B-cell subpopulations and mechanisms of tolerance induction."}
{"id": "PMID:342407", "title": "Relationship between bactericidal action of complement and fluidity of cellular membranes.", "content": "The mode of complement-mediated killing of Escherichia coli B cells grown at 25 and 42 degrees C and of E. coli K-12 UFAts cells grown in the presence of oleic and elaidic aicds was examined in relation to their membrane lipid compositions and the thermodynamic properties of membrane phospholipids. Phospholipids isolated from 25 degrees C-grown cells of strain B and from oleic acid-incorporated cells of strain K-12 UFAts had lower phase transition temperatures than did phospholipids from E. coli strain B grown at 42 degrees C or those from strain K-12 UFAts grown on elaidic acid. The rate of cellular susceptibility to complement action closely correlated with the liquid crystalline phase of phospholipids of cell membranes. These findings suggest that membrane fluidity is obligatory for the final expression of complement action.", "contents": "Relationship between bactericidal action of complement and fluidity of cellular membranes. The mode of complement-mediated killing of Escherichia coli B cells grown at 25 and 42 degrees C and of E. coli K-12 UFAts cells grown in the presence of oleic and elaidic aicds was examined in relation to their membrane lipid compositions and the thermodynamic properties of membrane phospholipids. Phospholipids isolated from 25 degrees C-grown cells of strain B and from oleic acid-incorporated cells of strain K-12 UFAts had lower phase transition temperatures than did phospholipids from E. coli strain B grown at 42 degrees C or those from strain K-12 UFAts grown on elaidic acid. The rate of cellular susceptibility to complement action closely correlated with the liquid crystalline phase of phospholipids of cell membranes. These findings suggest that membrane fluidity is obligatory for the final expression of complement action."}
{"id": "PMID:342408", "title": "Demonstration of the role of cytophilic antibody in resistance to malaria parasites (Plasmodium berghei) in rats.", "content": "This paper reports the results of a study of the nature of the immune response against Plasmodium berghei parasites by inbred rats. A macrophage-cytophilic antibody specific for malarial antigens was identified and characterized. Detection of the antibody on the macrophage surface was accomplished by the parasite adherence tests and by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Isolation and purification of the macrophage-cytophilic and opsonic antibodies from hyperimmune rat serum was accomplished by QAE-Sephadez A-50 elution chromatography, and of the macrophage-cytophilic antibody by adsorption with and elution from syngeneic macrophages as well. Characterization of the cytophilic antibody as immunoglobulin G1 was done by immunoelectrophoresis and by Ouchterlony-type double diffusion in gel. Passive protection tests in weanling inbred rats have demonstrated that the opsonizing antibody conferred some protection against P. berghei. The macrophage-cytophilic antibody, on the other hand, was not protective alone but acted synergistically with the opsonizing antibody.", "contents": "Demonstration of the role of cytophilic antibody in resistance to malaria parasites (Plasmodium berghei) in rats. This paper reports the results of a study of the nature of the immune response against Plasmodium berghei parasites by inbred rats. A macrophage-cytophilic antibody specific for malarial antigens was identified and characterized. Detection of the antibody on the macrophage surface was accomplished by the parasite adherence tests and by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Isolation and purification of the macrophage-cytophilic and opsonic antibodies from hyperimmune rat serum was accomplished by QAE-Sephadez A-50 elution chromatography, and of the macrophage-cytophilic antibody by adsorption with and elution from syngeneic macrophages as well. Characterization of the cytophilic antibody as immunoglobulin G1 was done by immunoelectrophoresis and by Ouchterlony-type double diffusion in gel. Passive protection tests in weanling inbred rats have demonstrated that the opsonizing antibody conferred some protection against P. berghei. The macrophage-cytophilic antibody, on the other hand, was not protective alone but acted synergistically with the opsonizing antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:342409", "title": "Effect of L1210 leukemia on the susceptibility of mice to Candida albicans infections.", "content": "This study was carried out to determine whether animals bearing L1210 leukemia were more susceptible to candida infection in the absence of immunosuppression and to determine also if the L1210 cells suppressed the inflammatory response of the animal host. Systemic infection was studied by intravenous injection of Candida albicans and checking for the number of candida organisms cultured from the blood and the kidneys. Localized infection was studied by intramuscular injection of C. albicans into the thighs and measuring the changes in the thigh size. Compared with tumor-free controls, the intravenous injection resulted in higher counts of C. albicans from the blood and the kidneys of tumor-bearing animals. No significant difference in the localized swelling was noted between tumor- and nontumor-bearing mice with respect to intramuscular injection of C. albicans. The results thus indicate that L1210 leukemia increases susceptibility of tumor-bearing animals to systemic candida infection. L1210 cells were shown to reduce the accumulation of neutrophils and to suppress the inflammatory reaction elicited by C. albicans.", "contents": "Effect of L1210 leukemia on the susceptibility of mice to Candida albicans infections. This study was carried out to determine whether animals bearing L1210 leukemia were more susceptible to candida infection in the absence of immunosuppression and to determine also if the L1210 cells suppressed the inflammatory response of the animal host. Systemic infection was studied by intravenous injection of Candida albicans and checking for the number of candida organisms cultured from the blood and the kidneys. Localized infection was studied by intramuscular injection of C. albicans into the thighs and measuring the changes in the thigh size. Compared with tumor-free controls, the intravenous injection resulted in higher counts of C. albicans from the blood and the kidneys of tumor-bearing animals. No significant difference in the localized swelling was noted between tumor- and nontumor-bearing mice with respect to intramuscular injection of C. albicans. The results thus indicate that L1210 leukemia increases susceptibility of tumor-bearing animals to systemic candida infection. L1210 cells were shown to reduce the accumulation of neutrophils and to suppress the inflammatory reaction elicited by C. albicans."}
{"id": "PMID:342410", "title": "Secretion of antimycobacterial fatty acids by normal and activated macrophages.", "content": "Cellular resistance to facultative intracellular parasites has been studied by determining the antimycobacterial activity and the amount of fatty acids in sera and in heptane extracts of freshly collected and 24-h-cultured normal and activated guinea pig alveolar macrophages and liver cells. The quantity and the antimycobacterial activity of extractable fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography and the agar plate diffusion test, respectively. These determinations showed that heptane extracts of activated cells inhibited the growth of BCG much more effectively than fractions prepared from normal cells; chromatographic analyses showed that extracts of activated cells contained six times more C(16) and C(18) long-chain fatty acids than did fractions of normal cells. Heptane extracts of 24-h-cultured cells and of their media showed that during incubation normal and activated cells release fatty acids into the culture media without apparent cell injury; in all experiments liver cells produced larger amounts of fatty acids than alveolar macrophages. Sera collected from activated guinea pigs inhibited the growth of BCG and contained two to five times more total fatty acids than did the growth-supporting normal serum. That bactericidal fatty acids are excreted into the tissue culture medium of incubated cells or into the blood of immunologically stimulated animals suggests that macrophages can exert antibacterial effects without phagocytosis.", "contents": "Secretion of antimycobacterial fatty acids by normal and activated macrophages. Cellular resistance to facultative intracellular parasites has been studied by determining the antimycobacterial activity and the amount of fatty acids in sera and in heptane extracts of freshly collected and 24-h-cultured normal and activated guinea pig alveolar macrophages and liver cells. The quantity and the antimycobacterial activity of extractable fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography and the agar plate diffusion test, respectively. These determinations showed that heptane extracts of activated cells inhibited the growth of BCG much more effectively than fractions prepared from normal cells; chromatographic analyses showed that extracts of activated cells contained six times more C(16) and C(18) long-chain fatty acids than did fractions of normal cells. Heptane extracts of 24-h-cultured cells and of their media showed that during incubation normal and activated cells release fatty acids into the culture media without apparent cell injury; in all experiments liver cells produced larger amounts of fatty acids than alveolar macrophages. Sera collected from activated guinea pigs inhibited the growth of BCG and contained two to five times more total fatty acids than did the growth-supporting normal serum. That bactericidal fatty acids are excreted into the tissue culture medium of incubated cells or into the blood of immunologically stimulated animals suggests that macrophages can exert antibacterial effects without phagocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:342411", "title": "Effect on particle size of solubilization of wild-type and Re chemotype lipopolysaccharides solubilized with bovine serum albumin and triethylamine.", "content": "Disaggregation of wild-type and Re chemotype lipopolysaccharides (LPS) has been accomplished by solubilization with triethylamine followed by stabilization with bovine serum albumin in order to determine the degree of aggregation. Solubilization with 1.5% triethylamine was found to be more effective than with lower concentrations, as judged by permeation chromatography. Chromatographic analysis of triethylamine-bovine serum albumin-disaggregated LPS showed a range of particle sizes. Wild-type LPS yielded size classes of 1 X 10(6) to 4 X 10(6) daltons, 250,000 daltons, and 20,000 daltons. Re LPS yielded size classes of 1 X 10(6) to 4 X 10(6) daltons and 20,000 daltons. Untreated LPS was always greater than 4 X 10(6) daltons. Chemical characterization of the size classes revealed 3-keto-2-deoxyoctonate in all size classes and suggests that the O-antigenic side chain length may determine the aggregate size in solubilized LPS.", "contents": "Effect on particle size of solubilization of wild-type and Re chemotype lipopolysaccharides solubilized with bovine serum albumin and triethylamine. Disaggregation of wild-type and Re chemotype lipopolysaccharides (LPS) has been accomplished by solubilization with triethylamine followed by stabilization with bovine serum albumin in order to determine the degree of aggregation. Solubilization with 1.5% triethylamine was found to be more effective than with lower concentrations, as judged by permeation chromatography. Chromatographic analysis of triethylamine-bovine serum albumin-disaggregated LPS showed a range of particle sizes. Wild-type LPS yielded size classes of 1 X 10(6) to 4 X 10(6) daltons, 250,000 daltons, and 20,000 daltons. Re LPS yielded size classes of 1 X 10(6) to 4 X 10(6) daltons and 20,000 daltons. Untreated LPS was always greater than 4 X 10(6) daltons. Chemical characterization of the size classes revealed 3-keto-2-deoxyoctonate in all size classes and suggests that the O-antigenic side chain length may determine the aggregate size in solubilized LPS."}
{"id": "PMID:342412", "title": "Role of bacterial products in periodontitis: immune response in gnotobiotic rats monoinfected with Eikenella corrodens.", "content": "The development of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to Eikenella corrodens (a bacterium that causes periodontal lesions in gnotobiotic rats) was measured and compared with the rate of appearance of macroscopic lesions. A possible inverse relationship was found. A strong cell-mediated immune response, as measured by skin reactivity and lymphocyte mitogenesis, occurred between 4 and 6 weeks after infection and subsided soon thereafter to a low response level. Humoral antibodies to endotoxin from E. corrodens could not be detected at any time. The disease developed only after the cell-mediated immune response diminished, thus suggesting that lack of an efficient immune response may permit the development of the disease. This is seemingly in contradiction to the assumption that tissue destruction in such cases is caused by the immune response and its products. We are inclined to believe, based on our findings reported here, that the lack of immune responsiveness to the bacterium and/or its products is the major causative factor in the development of periodontitis. At the same time, we wish to emphasize that occurrence of both phenomena during the long development of periodontal disease is possible.", "contents": "Role of bacterial products in periodontitis: immune response in gnotobiotic rats monoinfected with Eikenella corrodens. The development of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to Eikenella corrodens (a bacterium that causes periodontal lesions in gnotobiotic rats) was measured and compared with the rate of appearance of macroscopic lesions. A possible inverse relationship was found. A strong cell-mediated immune response, as measured by skin reactivity and lymphocyte mitogenesis, occurred between 4 and 6 weeks after infection and subsided soon thereafter to a low response level. Humoral antibodies to endotoxin from E. corrodens could not be detected at any time. The disease developed only after the cell-mediated immune response diminished, thus suggesting that lack of an efficient immune response may permit the development of the disease. This is seemingly in contradiction to the assumption that tissue destruction in such cases is caused by the immune response and its products. We are inclined to believe, based on our findings reported here, that the lack of immune responsiveness to the bacterium and/or its products is the major causative factor in the development of periodontitis. At the same time, we wish to emphasize that occurrence of both phenomena during the long development of periodontal disease is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:342413", "title": "O antigen as virulence factor in mouse typhoid: effect of B-cell suppression.", "content": "Immunosuppression by cyclophosphamide was used to make mice incapable of B-lymphocyte responses; they could not make an antibody response to NIP-Ficoll. These mice, as well as untreated mice, were challenged intraperitoneally with graded doses of isogenic O-4,12 or O-6,7 Salmonella typhimurium derivatives. The 50% lethal dose of the O-6,7 strains was 35- to 70-fold higher than that of the O-4,12 strains, both in the normal and the immunosuppressed animals, although the latter were approximately 1,000-fold more susceptible to the infection by either challenge organism. We conclude that the O-antigen-dependent difference in the mouse virulence of these sister strains is not mediated through differences in their capacity to evoke B-lymphocyte-mediated immune responses.", "contents": "O antigen as virulence factor in mouse typhoid: effect of B-cell suppression. Immunosuppression by cyclophosphamide was used to make mice incapable of B-lymphocyte responses; they could not make an antibody response to NIP-Ficoll. These mice, as well as untreated mice, were challenged intraperitoneally with graded doses of isogenic O-4,12 or O-6,7 Salmonella typhimurium derivatives. The 50% lethal dose of the O-6,7 strains was 35- to 70-fold higher than that of the O-4,12 strains, both in the normal and the immunosuppressed animals, although the latter were approximately 1,000-fold more susceptible to the infection by either challenge organism. We conclude that the O-antigen-dependent difference in the mouse virulence of these sister strains is not mediated through differences in their capacity to evoke B-lymphocyte-mediated immune responses."}
{"id": "PMID:342414", "title": "Detection of heat-labile enterotoxin-like activity in stools of patients with cholera and Escherichia coli diarrhea.", "content": "The Y1 adrenal cell tissue culture assay was used to detect heat-labile enterotoxin-like activity in the stools of 14 of 74 patients with diarrhea. A positive effect of the stool on the adrenal cells was heat-labile and neutralized by cholera antitoxin. Enterotoxin-like activity was detected in the stools of 10 of 30 patients with cholera and in those of 2 of 4 from whom heat-labile Escherichia coli were isolated. None of the stools from nine individuals with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella, or Shigella infections were positive. Two of 31 individuals from whom no pathogens were isolated had detectable toxin-like activity in their stools. The Y1 adrenal cell assay provides a rapid method of diagnosing heat-labile enterotoxigenic diarrhea and could be an adjunct in epidemiological studies of gastroenteritis.", "contents": "Detection of heat-labile enterotoxin-like activity in stools of patients with cholera and Escherichia coli diarrhea. The Y1 adrenal cell tissue culture assay was used to detect heat-labile enterotoxin-like activity in the stools of 14 of 74 patients with diarrhea. A positive effect of the stool on the adrenal cells was heat-labile and neutralized by cholera antitoxin. Enterotoxin-like activity was detected in the stools of 10 of 30 patients with cholera and in those of 2 of 4 from whom heat-labile Escherichia coli were isolated. None of the stools from nine individuals with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella, or Shigella infections were positive. Two of 31 individuals from whom no pathogens were isolated had detectable toxin-like activity in their stools. The Y1 adrenal cell assay provides a rapid method of diagnosing heat-labile enterotoxigenic diarrhea and could be an adjunct in epidemiological studies of gastroenteritis."}
{"id": "PMID:342415", "title": "Alteration of clearance function by group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin and its relation to suppression of the antibody response.", "content": "The effect of purified group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) type A on the processing of and antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was studied in BALB/cWat mice. The rate of clearance of 51Cr-labeled SRBC from the bloodstream was decreased 3 or 24 h following a single intravenous injection of 1 or 10 microgram of SPE. Delayed uptake of label was observed in both the livers and spleens of SPE-treated mice, suggesting an inhibitory effect of the toxin on phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Three daily intravenous injections of 0.1 or 1 microgram of purified SPE type A suppressed the early immunoglobulin response to SRBC. The role of altered macrophage function in producing the immunosuppression was tested in macrophage transfer experiments. SPE treatment suppressed the antibody response to SRBC transferred by normal macrophages, indicating that the immunosuppressive effect of the toxin was not due solely to altered antigen processing by macrophages.", "contents": "Alteration of clearance function by group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin and its relation to suppression of the antibody response. The effect of purified group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) type A on the processing of and antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was studied in BALB/cWat mice. The rate of clearance of 51Cr-labeled SRBC from the bloodstream was decreased 3 or 24 h following a single intravenous injection of 1 or 10 microgram of SPE. Delayed uptake of label was observed in both the livers and spleens of SPE-treated mice, suggesting an inhibitory effect of the toxin on phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Three daily intravenous injections of 0.1 or 1 microgram of purified SPE type A suppressed the early immunoglobulin response to SRBC. The role of altered macrophage function in producing the immunosuppression was tested in macrophage transfer experiments. SPE treatment suppressed the antibody response to SRBC transferred by normal macrophages, indicating that the immunosuppressive effect of the toxin was not due solely to altered antigen processing by macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:342416", "title": "Mitogenic activity of bacterial lipopolysaccharides in vivo: morphological and functinal characterization of responding cells.", "content": "The in vivo effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on mouse spleen cell subpopulations was investigated. Intravenous administration of LPS resulted in marked enlargement of the spleen, accompanied by increased cellular proliferation and enhanced nucleated cell recoveries. At least two morphologically distinct cell types appeared to be targets for LPS. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes accumulated rapidly with a relatively minor degree of cell division. In contrast, a substantial proportion of splenic lymphocytes transformed into large lymphocytes and blast cells which actively incorporated [3H]thymidine. Proliferating cells were identified as bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes by their ability to form C3-dependent rosettes and to synthesize immunoglobulin. These cellular responses were not antigenically induced, since LPS derived from mutants lacking the polysaccharide moiety gave similar results. Thus, splenic B lymphocytes appear to interact and respond to LPS in vivo in the same manner as observed in vitro. These data suggest that the capacity of LPS to directly activate B lymphocytes, initiate cellular proliferation, and induce immunoglobulin production by bone marrow-derived cells in vivo may contribute to its adjuvant activity.", "contents": "Mitogenic activity of bacterial lipopolysaccharides in vivo: morphological and functinal characterization of responding cells. The in vivo effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on mouse spleen cell subpopulations was investigated. Intravenous administration of LPS resulted in marked enlargement of the spleen, accompanied by increased cellular proliferation and enhanced nucleated cell recoveries. At least two morphologically distinct cell types appeared to be targets for LPS. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes accumulated rapidly with a relatively minor degree of cell division. In contrast, a substantial proportion of splenic lymphocytes transformed into large lymphocytes and blast cells which actively incorporated [3H]thymidine. Proliferating cells were identified as bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes by their ability to form C3-dependent rosettes and to synthesize immunoglobulin. These cellular responses were not antigenically induced, since LPS derived from mutants lacking the polysaccharide moiety gave similar results. Thus, splenic B lymphocytes appear to interact and respond to LPS in vivo in the same manner as observed in vitro. These data suggest that the capacity of LPS to directly activate B lymphocytes, initiate cellular proliferation, and induce immunoglobulin production by bone marrow-derived cells in vivo may contribute to its adjuvant activity."}
{"id": "PMID:342417", "title": "Elicitation of endotoxemic  effects in C3H/HeJ mice with glucocorticoid antagonizing factor and partial characterization of the factor.", "content": "C3H/HeJ mice were used to study the origin  and nature of endotoxin-induced glucocorticoid antagonizing factor (GAF). In conventional mice GAF is believed to be responsible for a variety of effects that occur as a result of an injection of endotoxin, including the inhibition of hormonal induction of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and of glyconeogenesis. Responses in such animals are seen whether the endotoxin is extracted with phenol-water or with trichloroacetic acid. C3H/HeJ mice do not respond (or produce GAF?) after an intravenous injection of phenol-water lipopolysaccharide, but they react normally (produce GAF?) when given a trichloroacetic acid preparation. They also behave the same as conventional animals when injected with serum from poisoned normal mice, especially when the reticuloendothelial system of the donors has been activated by prior injections of Zymosan or heat-killed tubercle bacilli. The C3H/HeJ mice have been used, therefore, as assay animals to establish that peak levels of GAF appear in donor serum about 2 h after an injection of lipopolysaccharide, and it is produced intraperitoneally in C3H/HeJ mice given a mixture of endotoxin and peritoneal exudate cells derived from responder mice. GAF elutes from Sephadex G-200 along with markers of known molecular weight in the region of 100,000 to 200,000. It is inactivated by trypsin and by heating at 75 degrees C for 1 h.", "contents": "Elicitation of endotoxemic  effects in C3H/HeJ mice with glucocorticoid antagonizing factor and partial characterization of the factor. C3H/HeJ mice were used to study the origin  and nature of endotoxin-induced glucocorticoid antagonizing factor (GAF). In conventional mice GAF is believed to be responsible for a variety of effects that occur as a result of an injection of endotoxin, including the inhibition of hormonal induction of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and of glyconeogenesis. Responses in such animals are seen whether the endotoxin is extracted with phenol-water or with trichloroacetic acid. C3H/HeJ mice do not respond (or produce GAF?) after an intravenous injection of phenol-water lipopolysaccharide, but they react normally (produce GAF?) when given a trichloroacetic acid preparation. They also behave the same as conventional animals when injected with serum from poisoned normal mice, especially when the reticuloendothelial system of the donors has been activated by prior injections of Zymosan or heat-killed tubercle bacilli. The C3H/HeJ mice have been used, therefore, as assay animals to establish that peak levels of GAF appear in donor serum about 2 h after an injection of lipopolysaccharide, and it is produced intraperitoneally in C3H/HeJ mice given a mixture of endotoxin and peritoneal exudate cells derived from responder mice. GAF elutes from Sephadex G-200 along with markers of known molecular weight in the region of 100,000 to 200,000. It is inactivated by trypsin and by heating at 75 degrees C for 1 h."}
{"id": "PMID:342424", "title": "Microfluorometric analysis of anti-complement and indirect immunofluorescence tests for human papovavirus (JCV and BKV) T antigens.", "content": "The anti-complement immunofluorescence (ACIF) test was compared with the conventionally used indirect IF (IIF) in regard to its usefulness for the detection of low amounts of human papovavirus tumor (T) antigen. Fluorescence microscopic analysis revealed that it is significantly more sensitive. Microfluorometric measurements on the intensity of staining of T-antigen-positive nuclei demonstrated that JCV T in HJC-15 cells was 35-fold and BKV T in BK-L3 cells 94-fold more intensively stained in the ACIF then in the IIF. It appears that the lower the actual amount of a given antigen the more valuable is the ACIF test.", "contents": "Microfluorometric analysis of anti-complement and indirect immunofluorescence tests for human papovavirus (JCV and BKV) T antigens. The anti-complement immunofluorescence (ACIF) test was compared with the conventionally used indirect IF (IIF) in regard to its usefulness for the detection of low amounts of human papovavirus tumor (T) antigen. Fluorescence microscopic analysis revealed that it is significantly more sensitive. Microfluorometric measurements on the intensity of staining of T-antigen-positive nuclei demonstrated that JCV T in HJC-15 cells was 35-fold and BKV T in BK-L3 cells 94-fold more intensively stained in the ACIF then in the IIF. It appears that the lower the actual amount of a given antigen the more valuable is the ACIF test."}
{"id": "PMID:342425", "title": "Human natural cytotoxicity in the blood and lymphoid organs of healthy donors and patients with malignant disease.", "content": "Natural cytotoxicity against CLA-4 and D6 target cells was determined in the peripheral blood of healthy donors and women with mammary carcinoma (localized to the breast and axilla), and in human normal and regional tumour lymph nodes. The NK cell activity in the blood of women with clinically localized mammary carcinoma showed a wide range of reactivities but was similar to the pattern detected in healthy controls. The NK cell activity in human normal lymph nodes also showed a wide range and was the same irrespective of the anatomical site of origin of the lymph node. Lymph nodes draining a variety of solid tumours had a similar spectrum of NK cell activity, there being no obvious correlation between the level of NK cell activity and such parameters as size and histological type of tumour, hyperplasia or metastatic spread in the regional node. Trypsin treatment of lymphocyte suspensions from the various lymphoid compartments suggested that the cell responsible for natural cytotoxicity in blood was probably different from the NK cell in tonsil and lymph nodes.", "contents": "Human natural cytotoxicity in the blood and lymphoid organs of healthy donors and patients with malignant disease. Natural cytotoxicity against CLA-4 and D6 target cells was determined in the peripheral blood of healthy donors and women with mammary carcinoma (localized to the breast and axilla), and in human normal and regional tumour lymph nodes. The NK cell activity in the blood of women with clinically localized mammary carcinoma showed a wide range of reactivities but was similar to the pattern detected in healthy controls. The NK cell activity in human normal lymph nodes also showed a wide range and was the same irrespective of the anatomical site of origin of the lymph node. Lymph nodes draining a variety of solid tumours had a similar spectrum of NK cell activity, there being no obvious correlation between the level of NK cell activity and such parameters as size and histological type of tumour, hyperplasia or metastatic spread in the regional node. Trypsin treatment of lymphocyte suspensions from the various lymphoid compartments suggested that the cell responsible for natural cytotoxicity in blood was probably different from the NK cell in tonsil and lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:342426", "title": "Isolation of a sulfated glycopeptidic antigen from human gastric tumors: its localization in normal and cancerous gastrointestinal tissues.", "content": "A sulfated glycopeptidic antigen (SGA) was purified from papain-digested cancerous human gastric mucosa. The amino acid composition of this antigen was characterized by a high percentage of threonine and proline. Serine was present in small quantities and aromatic amino acids were absent. The amount of sulfate present was evaluated at 7.5%. Fucose, galactose, N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine and sialic acid were found to be present in the molar ratio 1:4.6:3.0:6.2:5.0. With immunofluorescence techniques, a rabbit antiserum against the sulfated glycopeptide stained adult gastric mucosa when this tissue had intestinal metaplasia and stained the goblet cells of the intestinal tract (small and large intestines). About 50% of colonic carcinomas and some gastric carcinomas contained SGA. This sulfated antigen was present in well-differentiated tumors and there was a good correlation between tumoral acid mucous secretory activity and the SGA positivity.", "contents": "Isolation of a sulfated glycopeptidic antigen from human gastric tumors: its localization in normal and cancerous gastrointestinal tissues. A sulfated glycopeptidic antigen (SGA) was purified from papain-digested cancerous human gastric mucosa. The amino acid composition of this antigen was characterized by a high percentage of threonine and proline. Serine was present in small quantities and aromatic amino acids were absent. The amount of sulfate present was evaluated at 7.5%. Fucose, galactose, N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine and sialic acid were found to be present in the molar ratio 1:4.6:3.0:6.2:5.0. With immunofluorescence techniques, a rabbit antiserum against the sulfated glycopeptide stained adult gastric mucosa when this tissue had intestinal metaplasia and stained the goblet cells of the intestinal tract (small and large intestines). About 50% of colonic carcinomas and some gastric carcinomas contained SGA. This sulfated antigen was present in well-differentiated tumors and there was a good correlation between tumoral acid mucous secretory activity and the SGA positivity."}
{"id": "PMID:342430", "title": "The effect of the electron affinic sensitizers Ro 07-0582 and Ro 03-6156 on the survival of several E. coli mutants.", "content": "Concentration versus radiosensitizing effect curves have been determined for four E. coli strains with two nitroaromatic sensitizers. The data are consistent with a simple competition kinetic model of sensitization, and K values for Ro 07-0582 are reported. An empirical relationship, DMF=alpha o.e.r., relating the dose-modifying factor produced by a given concentration of sensitizer to the oxygen-enhancement ratio of a bacterium was found to hold for all the mutants tested for values of alpha greater than 1/o.e.r. The limiting value of alpha at high concentrations of sensitizer was 0.75. Some implications of this relationship and the limiting value of alpha are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of the electron affinic sensitizers Ro 07-0582 and Ro 03-6156 on the survival of several E. coli mutants. Concentration versus radiosensitizing effect curves have been determined for four E. coli strains with two nitroaromatic sensitizers. The data are consistent with a simple competition kinetic model of sensitization, and K values for Ro 07-0582 are reported. An empirical relationship, DMF=alpha o.e.r., relating the dose-modifying factor produced by a given concentration of sensitizer to the oxygen-enhancement ratio of a bacterium was found to hold for all the mutants tested for values of alpha greater than 1/o.e.r. The limiting value of alpha at high concentrations of sensitizer was 0.75. Some implications of this relationship and the limiting value of alpha are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:342435", "title": "[Penfluridol. Results of a year-long clinical trial].", "content": "During an open clinical trial, 51 schizophrenic patients were treated with Penfluirdol, 34 for 1 year and 17 for a shorter time. The mean dosage of Penfluirdol was 22 up to 28 mg per week. Assessments were made on days 0, 14, 28, 56, 90, 180, 270, and 365 using the AMP system and the EPRS scale of Simpson and Angus. The symptomatology was mainly reduced during the first 3 months of treatment and remained afterwards relative unchanged. Penfluridol showed a good antipsychotic effect on productive schizophrenic symptoms (thought disorders and paranoid symptoms, autism and schizophrenic affective disorders). The dosage used showed only a slight sedative effect and was well tolerated concerning autonomic and extrapyramidal side-effects.", "contents": "[Penfluridol. Results of a year-long clinical trial]. During an open clinical trial, 51 schizophrenic patients were treated with Penfluirdol, 34 for 1 year and 17 for a shorter time. The mean dosage of Penfluirdol was 22 up to 28 mg per week. Assessments were made on days 0, 14, 28, 56, 90, 180, 270, and 365 using the AMP system and the EPRS scale of Simpson and Angus. The symptomatology was mainly reduced during the first 3 months of treatment and remained afterwards relative unchanged. Penfluridol showed a good antipsychotic effect on productive schizophrenic symptoms (thought disorders and paranoid symptoms, autism and schizophrenic affective disorders). The dosage used showed only a slight sedative effect and was well tolerated concerning autonomic and extrapyramidal side-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:342436", "title": "A review of nicotinic acid, N-methylated indoleamines and schizophrenia.", "content": "The hypothesis that endogenously formed, N-methylated metabolites of indoleamines may play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia was reviewed. Although N-methylated indoleamines can be produced in vivo and have significant psychotomimetic effects, there is little evidence for a specific increase in the methylation of indoleamines in schizophrenic patients. It was noted that even if the relationship between schizophrenia and N-methylated indoleamines had existed, nicotinic acid would not be an appropriate therapeutic agent.", "contents": "A review of nicotinic acid, N-methylated indoleamines and schizophrenia. The hypothesis that endogenously formed, N-methylated metabolites of indoleamines may play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia was reviewed. Although N-methylated indoleamines can be produced in vivo and have significant psychotomimetic effects, there is little evidence for a specific increase in the methylation of indoleamines in schizophrenic patients. It was noted that even if the relationship between schizophrenia and N-methylated indoleamines had existed, nicotinic acid would not be an appropriate therapeutic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:342437", "title": "Double-blind trial of thiothixene and chlorpromazine in acute schizophrenia.", "content": "In a double-blind trial of chlorpromazine and thiothixene conducted with 79 acutely ill, newly hospitalized schizophrenic patients, chlorpromazine and thiothixene were shown to be equally effective in producing meaningful symptomatic improvment over an average period of approximately 3 weeks, as measured by Global Assessments (CGI), BPRS, and NOSIE.", "contents": "Double-blind trial of thiothixene and chlorpromazine in acute schizophrenia. In a double-blind trial of chlorpromazine and thiothixene conducted with 79 acutely ill, newly hospitalized schizophrenic patients, chlorpromazine and thiothixene were shown to be equally effective in producing meaningful symptomatic improvment over an average period of approximately 3 weeks, as measured by Global Assessments (CGI), BPRS, and NOSIE."}
{"id": "PMID:342438", "title": "Differences in effect between nomifensine and nortriptyline.", "content": "A double-blind study comparing the effects of nomifensine and nortriptyline, which was carried out exclusively on outpatients with retarded depressions, showed nomifensine to have a distinctive antidepressive and activating effect. 40 patients (17 male and 23 female) with either endogenous, endogenous/psychogenic or psychogenic depression were divided into two treatment groups (20 patients to each group). During the 21-day study, all patients were given three 50 mg capsules of nomifensine or nortriptyline per day. With the aid of a depression scale, a significant improvement in the psychic symptoms was noted both in the nomifensine and the nortriptyline group. There was no evidence of a significant difference in the two drugs. The data obtained from the dropouts suggest that nomifensine had a better effect. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that nomifensine is suitable for the treatment of patients with retarded depressions.", "contents": "Differences in effect between nomifensine and nortriptyline. A double-blind study comparing the effects of nomifensine and nortriptyline, which was carried out exclusively on outpatients with retarded depressions, showed nomifensine to have a distinctive antidepressive and activating effect. 40 patients (17 male and 23 female) with either endogenous, endogenous/psychogenic or psychogenic depression were divided into two treatment groups (20 patients to each group). During the 21-day study, all patients were given three 50 mg capsules of nomifensine or nortriptyline per day. With the aid of a depression scale, a significant improvement in the psychic symptoms was noted both in the nomifensine and the nortriptyline group. There was no evidence of a significant difference in the two drugs. The data obtained from the dropouts suggest that nomifensine had a better effect. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that nomifensine is suitable for the treatment of patients with retarded depressions."}
{"id": "PMID:342439", "title": "Host response to allogeneic implants in the anterior chamber of the rat eye.", "content": "The anterior chamber of the eye has long been considered an immunologically privileged site, but the nature of this privilege has been re-examined recently. In our study, we used rats with defined genetic differences as the donors and the recipients. Implants were from split-ear sections, and the host response was measured both in vivo, by implant survival time, and in vitro, by the mixed-leukocyte reaction and the 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay. Controls consisted of syngeneic implants and allogeneic orthotopic skin grafts. This study has shown that (1) host sensitization occurs approximately 7 days after implantation, (2) cytotoxic effector cells are produced by day 14, with a peak on day 21, (3) implant survival time is long in spite of the presence of competent effector cells, and (4) the survival time of implants is directly related to the degree of genetic histoincompatibility. The reasons for the long implant survival in hosts with a demonstrable immune reactivity has not been established, but the survival time appears to be related to the route of sensitization (vascular rather than lymphatic), which lends itself to the production of serum blocking factors and the procurement of supressor T cells.", "contents": "Host response to allogeneic implants in the anterior chamber of the rat eye. The anterior chamber of the eye has long been considered an immunologically privileged site, but the nature of this privilege has been re-examined recently. In our study, we used rats with defined genetic differences as the donors and the recipients. Implants were from split-ear sections, and the host response was measured both in vivo, by implant survival time, and in vitro, by the mixed-leukocyte reaction and the 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay. Controls consisted of syngeneic implants and allogeneic orthotopic skin grafts. This study has shown that (1) host sensitization occurs approximately 7 days after implantation, (2) cytotoxic effector cells are produced by day 14, with a peak on day 21, (3) implant survival time is long in spite of the presence of competent effector cells, and (4) the survival time of implants is directly related to the degree of genetic histoincompatibility. The reasons for the long implant survival in hosts with a demonstrable immune reactivity has not been established, but the survival time appears to be related to the route of sensitization (vascular rather than lymphatic), which lends itself to the production of serum blocking factors and the procurement of supressor T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:342440", "title": "M-K medium and postmortem cytologic damage.", "content": "Freshly enucleated rabbit eyes were refrigerated at +4 degrees C under standard eye bank conditions for 2, 6, 9, and 21 days. One group of corneas with a scleral rim were excised and placed in M-K medium, stored for 18, 24, or 48 hr at +4 degrees C; they were then removed, and endothelial cell viability was evaluated with nitroblue tetrazolium. The cells were examined by light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A second group of corneas were similarly obtained and then used as donor corneas from 6 mm transplants. Each recipient rabbit was evaluated daily by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and corneal pachometry. Fourteen days postoperatively, the rabbits were sacrificed, the eyes enucleated, and the excised corneas were evaluated in a fashion similar to those of group 1. M-K medium storage protected the morphology and functional integrity of the rabbit corneal endothelium up to 48 hr beyond moist chamber storage for 2, 6, and 9 days. However, M-K medium appeared to have no such effect on corneas that had been moist chamber--stored for 21 days. These results suggest that some human corneas with a prolonged time from death to moist chamber storage may be utilized for corneal transplantation after further storage in M-K medium.", "contents": "M-K medium and postmortem cytologic damage. Freshly enucleated rabbit eyes were refrigerated at +4 degrees C under standard eye bank conditions for 2, 6, 9, and 21 days. One group of corneas with a scleral rim were excised and placed in M-K medium, stored for 18, 24, or 48 hr at +4 degrees C; they were then removed, and endothelial cell viability was evaluated with nitroblue tetrazolium. The cells were examined by light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A second group of corneas were similarly obtained and then used as donor corneas from 6 mm transplants. Each recipient rabbit was evaluated daily by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and corneal pachometry. Fourteen days postoperatively, the rabbits were sacrificed, the eyes enucleated, and the excised corneas were evaluated in a fashion similar to those of group 1. M-K medium storage protected the morphology and functional integrity of the rabbit corneal endothelium up to 48 hr beyond moist chamber storage for 2, 6, and 9 days. However, M-K medium appeared to have no such effect on corneas that had been moist chamber--stored for 21 days. These results suggest that some human corneas with a prolonged time from death to moist chamber storage may be utilized for corneal transplantation after further storage in M-K medium."}
{"id": "PMID:342441", "title": "Collagen polymorphism in mature rabbit cornea.", "content": "Sequential extraction of mature rabbit corneal stroma with NaCl-Tris buffer and acetic acid solubilized only 12% of the total corneal collagen. Pepsin (E:S 1:10,4 degrees C, 48 hr) in 0.4 M acetic acid solubilized 91% to 95% of the total collagen in the residue. Approximately 68% of the solubilized material could be precipitated at 2.5M NaCl and a further 3% to 9% at 3.5M NaCl. The collagenous material precipitating at 2.5M NaCl contained alpha, beta, gamma, and some higher molecular weight components and had a CNBr profile similar to bovine type I skin collagen. It had an hydroxylysine/lysine (OHLys/Lys) ratio of 0.43, similar to that of skin collagen, but unlike skin collagen was 52% glycosyled. Although the 3.5M NaCl precipitate had a CNBr peptide profile similar to that of type I collagen, it contained two additional collagen chains of molecular weight approximately 140,000 and 100,000 daltons, had an OHLys/Lys ratio of 0.62, and was 66% glycosylated. Individual chains were separated from the collagen precipitates by gel electrophoresis,and the additional collagen chains were shown to be carbohydrate rich. These additional collagen chains may be derived from one or more molecular species which are physiologically important in the maintenance of the unique organization of corneal collagen.", "contents": "Collagen polymorphism in mature rabbit cornea. Sequential extraction of mature rabbit corneal stroma with NaCl-Tris buffer and acetic acid solubilized only 12% of the total corneal collagen. Pepsin (E:S 1:10,4 degrees C, 48 hr) in 0.4 M acetic acid solubilized 91% to 95% of the total collagen in the residue. Approximately 68% of the solubilized material could be precipitated at 2.5M NaCl and a further 3% to 9% at 3.5M NaCl. The collagenous material precipitating at 2.5M NaCl contained alpha, beta, gamma, and some higher molecular weight components and had a CNBr profile similar to bovine type I skin collagen. It had an hydroxylysine/lysine (OHLys/Lys) ratio of 0.43, similar to that of skin collagen, but unlike skin collagen was 52% glycosyled. Although the 3.5M NaCl precipitate had a CNBr peptide profile similar to that of type I collagen, it contained two additional collagen chains of molecular weight approximately 140,000 and 100,000 daltons, had an OHLys/Lys ratio of 0.62, and was 66% glycosylated. Individual chains were separated from the collagen precipitates by gel electrophoresis,and the additional collagen chains were shown to be carbohydrate rich. These additional collagen chains may be derived from one or more molecular species which are physiologically important in the maintenance of the unique organization of corneal collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:342442", "title": "A reconsideration of visual evoked potentials for fast automated ophthalmic refractions.", "content": "Visual evoked potentials (VEP's) recorded from the scalp are sensitive to retinal image sharpness and thus to changes in the refractive state of the eye. Initially the responses to checkerboard flash or reversal stimuli were computer-averaged in order to raise the signal above the noise, primarily the electroencephalogram (EEG). Recently analogue Fourier signal analysis has been proposed for using the VEP for rapid clinical refraction. We have confirmed that this method can measure the spherical refractive state to within +/- 0.50D. However, because of large slow-wave fluctuations, measurements of changes within +/- 1.00D are not always clear. Despite its promise the method does not appear to be clinically useful at present.", "contents": "A reconsideration of visual evoked potentials for fast automated ophthalmic refractions. Visual evoked potentials (VEP's) recorded from the scalp are sensitive to retinal image sharpness and thus to changes in the refractive state of the eye. Initially the responses to checkerboard flash or reversal stimuli were computer-averaged in order to raise the signal above the noise, primarily the electroencephalogram (EEG). Recently analogue Fourier signal analysis has been proposed for using the VEP for rapid clinical refraction. We have confirmed that this method can measure the spherical refractive state to within +/- 0.50D. However, because of large slow-wave fluctuations, measurements of changes within +/- 1.00D are not always clear. Despite its promise the method does not appear to be clinically useful at present."}
{"id": "PMID:342446", "title": "The influence of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-Furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide and phenacetin on the immune status in male Fischer rats.", "content": "The effect of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANTF) and phenacetin on the immune status of Fischer rats was determined utilizing the spleen plaque and phytohemagglutinin blastogenesis assays 6, 10, and 15 weeks after administration at doses of 0.2 per cent and 0.535 per cent, respectively. Azathioprine (0.02 per cent of the diet) was tested as a known immunosuppressive chemical for comparison, and a negative control group, fed a control diet without added chemicals, was also tested. Immunosuppression was shown in the rats receiving azathioprine at all times by both assays, whereas in FANFT-fed rats immunosuppression was greater than in the control group (not statistically significant). Results from rats fed phenacetin were not significantly different than those of the control group. These results show that immunosuppression does not occur in rats administered phenacetin for up to 15 weeks, nor in FANFT-induced bladder carcinogenesis at the time of reversible bladder mucosal hyperplasia (6 weeks), or when the mucosal lesions have become irreversible, non-invasive carcinomas (10 and 15 weeks).", "contents": "The influence of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-Furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide and phenacetin on the immune status in male Fischer rats. The effect of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANTF) and phenacetin on the immune status of Fischer rats was determined utilizing the spleen plaque and phytohemagglutinin blastogenesis assays 6, 10, and 15 weeks after administration at doses of 0.2 per cent and 0.535 per cent, respectively. Azathioprine (0.02 per cent of the diet) was tested as a known immunosuppressive chemical for comparison, and a negative control group, fed a control diet without added chemicals, was also tested. Immunosuppression was shown in the rats receiving azathioprine at all times by both assays, whereas in FANFT-fed rats immunosuppression was greater than in the control group (not statistically significant). Results from rats fed phenacetin were not significantly different than those of the control group. These results show that immunosuppression does not occur in rats administered phenacetin for up to 15 weeks, nor in FANFT-induced bladder carcinogenesis at the time of reversible bladder mucosal hyperplasia (6 weeks), or when the mucosal lesions have become irreversible, non-invasive carcinomas (10 and 15 weeks)."}
{"id": "PMID:342449", "title": "[Antibody monstration in blastomyces infections].", "content": "The evidence of humoral antibodies against yeasts can be a valuable help in the diagnosis of such infections. It is however necessary to use several sensitive methods, which complete one another in the detection of the different immunoglobulins. In the interpretation of the results the titer dynamic is decisive, especially in those patients whose antibody answer is suppressed by their disease and/or their therapeutic treatment. In most of the yeast infections Candida albicans can be used as antigen for the detection of antibodies because there is a strong relationship between the antigens of most of the yeasts important in human infections. C. krusei, C. pseudotropicalis and C. guilliermondii do not display enough common antigens to make a diagnosis against these yeasts possible with C. albicans. In that case homologous antigens have to be used. Cross reactions with other microorganisms are less frequent than usually supposed. Therefore so called false positive Candida titers have to be examined very carefully by clinical signs and culture methods.", "contents": "[Antibody monstration in blastomyces infections]. The evidence of humoral antibodies against yeasts can be a valuable help in the diagnosis of such infections. It is however necessary to use several sensitive methods, which complete one another in the detection of the different immunoglobulins. In the interpretation of the results the titer dynamic is decisive, especially in those patients whose antibody answer is suppressed by their disease and/or their therapeutic treatment. In most of the yeast infections Candida albicans can be used as antigen for the detection of antibodies because there is a strong relationship between the antigens of most of the yeasts important in human infections. C. krusei, C. pseudotropicalis and C. guilliermondii do not display enough common antigens to make a diagnosis against these yeasts possible with C. albicans. In that case homologous antigens have to be used. Cross reactions with other microorganisms are less frequent than usually supposed. Therefore so called false positive Candida titers have to be examined very carefully by clinical signs and culture methods."}
{"id": "PMID:342453", "title": "[Reconstruction of injured veins under the ligament].", "content": "The difficulties met, when reconstructing an injured v. femoralis communis, are greater than those of other veinous segments of the leg. This is due to the fact that the vein, being disconnected from its natural braces, is compressed by the inguinal ligament. In order to overcome this elective difficulty, a modification of the ring of Kunlin, especially thought out for this part of the body and clinically tested, is presented.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of injured veins under the ligament]. The difficulties met, when reconstructing an injured v. femoralis communis, are greater than those of other veinous segments of the leg. This is due to the fact that the vein, being disconnected from its natural braces, is compressed by the inguinal ligament. In order to overcome this elective difficulty, a modification of the ring of Kunlin, especially thought out for this part of the body and clinically tested, is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:342454", "title": "[Quality of life and the subjective well-being after successful kidney transplantations].", "content": "The quality of life following kidney transplantation is examined. For this reason a total of 38 patients were questioned. There were three subgroups: 18 adults and 10 children with excellent kidney function and 10 patients in whom nephrectomy had to be performed after rejection of the transplanted organ. The extent and importance of the changes of various criteria considered essential for judgement of the quality of life are illustrated. Adults and children alike consider the improvement of drinking and eating habits, improvement of physical fitness and of the capability to deal with psychological problems as the essence of their greater joy in life. For children there are added advantages at school and in the choice of their occupational activity. In conclusion there is a definite improvement of the quality of life following renal transplantation.", "contents": "[Quality of life and the subjective well-being after successful kidney transplantations]. The quality of life following kidney transplantation is examined. For this reason a total of 38 patients were questioned. There were three subgroups: 18 adults and 10 children with excellent kidney function and 10 patients in whom nephrectomy had to be performed after rejection of the transplanted organ. The extent and importance of the changes of various criteria considered essential for judgement of the quality of life are illustrated. Adults and children alike consider the improvement of drinking and eating habits, improvement of physical fitness and of the capability to deal with psychological problems as the essence of their greater joy in life. For children there are added advantages at school and in the choice of their occupational activity. In conclusion there is a definite improvement of the quality of life following renal transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:342455", "title": "[Experiences of tangential excision of burned hands].", "content": "Tangential excision and immediate grafting of deep burns of the hands enable wound closure within 14 days. Mobility of the hand is rapidly restored, pain is practically omitted, scar formation is minimized, and sensitivity is restored to normal in the majority of cases. Considering only surviving patients accounting for a total of 247 hand (hospitalisation from January 1974 to June 1977), we tangentially excised 118 hands. Two thirds of the tangential excisions needed no more corrections. One third had corrections of interdigital webs, dermabrasion of graft margins, excision of scars, or correction of contractions mainly of the fifth finger. On questioning, half of the patients admitted increased vulnerability of the transplanted skin but were not impeded by this. Work incapacity in those cases in which the hands determined the uptake of manual labour was only 5 weeks.", "contents": "[Experiences of tangential excision of burned hands]. Tangential excision and immediate grafting of deep burns of the hands enable wound closure within 14 days. Mobility of the hand is rapidly restored, pain is practically omitted, scar formation is minimized, and sensitivity is restored to normal in the majority of cases. Considering only surviving patients accounting for a total of 247 hand (hospitalisation from January 1974 to June 1977), we tangentially excised 118 hands. Two thirds of the tangential excisions needed no more corrections. One third had corrections of interdigital webs, dermabrasion of graft margins, excision of scars, or correction of contractions mainly of the fifth finger. On questioning, half of the patients admitted increased vulnerability of the transplanted skin but were not impeded by this. Work incapacity in those cases in which the hands determined the uptake of manual labour was only 5 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:342456", "title": "[Groin flap plastic surgery using McGregor's method].", "content": "The specific advantages of the groin flap to the other axial pattern flaps from the trunk are outlined, followed by a detailed description of the operative procedure and the postoperative management. Based on our experience, the groin flap is an uncritical flap and can be recommended in numerous instances either of primary repair or secondary reconstruction of the injured hand.", "contents": "[Groin flap plastic surgery using McGregor's method]. The specific advantages of the groin flap to the other axial pattern flaps from the trunk are outlined, followed by a detailed description of the operative procedure and the postoperative management. Based on our experience, the groin flap is an uncritical flap and can be recommended in numerous instances either of primary repair or secondary reconstruction of the injured hand."}
{"id": "PMID:342457", "title": "Haemoglobin--a frustrated oxidase? Implications for red cell metabolism.", "content": "The haem proteins can be considered, in one aspect of their function, as machines for activating oxygen. In the case of oxygen-carriers such as haemoglobin, the globin has evolved so that its conformation limits access to the haem group, with resultant reversible release of oxygen. However, distortion of the globin may allow either the discharge of oxygen as the activated product superoxide or, more threateningly, allow direct function of the haemoglobin as an oxidative enzyme. Support for this is shown by the reaction with acetylphenylhydrazine where haemoglobin functions as both an oxidase and oxygenase. An implication of oxidase activity is the potential to initiate free radical formation particularly with unsaturated lipids. Observations of the acetylphenylhydrazine reaction emphasize the role of glutathione as a free radical scavenger.", "contents": "Haemoglobin--a frustrated oxidase? Implications for red cell metabolism. The haem proteins can be considered, in one aspect of their function, as machines for activating oxygen. In the case of oxygen-carriers such as haemoglobin, the globin has evolved so that its conformation limits access to the haem group, with resultant reversible release of oxygen. However, distortion of the globin may allow either the discharge of oxygen as the activated product superoxide or, more threateningly, allow direct function of the haemoglobin as an oxidative enzyme. Support for this is shown by the reaction with acetylphenylhydrazine where haemoglobin functions as both an oxidase and oxygenase. An implication of oxidase activity is the potential to initiate free radical formation particularly with unsaturated lipids. Observations of the acetylphenylhydrazine reaction emphasize the role of glutathione as a free radical scavenger."}
{"id": "PMID:342459", "title": "Adrenergic innervation of the human gall bladder.", "content": "Adrenergic innervation of the human gall bladder was studied using two specific fluorescence histochemical methods. Blue-green fluorescing varicose nerves were scarce and mostly followed the course of blood vessels as typical perivascular plexuses. However, some adrenergic nerves not associated with the vessels were occasionally seen, as well as structures suggestive of a pericellular arrangement of varicose adrenergic nerve terminals on non-fluorescing ganglion cells. A few enterochromaffin cells were seen in the epithelial lining, also in the deep invaginations obviously representing the Aschoff-Rokitansky sinuses. Occasionally, small rounded cells with a rounded, relatively large nucleus, and exhibiting a weak yellow-green to blue-green granular cytoplasmic fluorescence, were observed in the wall of the gall bladder. The possible functional and evolutionary significance of these neural and endocrine elements was discussed against the data on physiological and pharmacological studies obtained from the literature. It was concluded that their significance is, in all probability, secondary to the influence of the intestinal polypeptide hormones, vagal innervation and circulating catecholamines upon the normal function of the gall bladder. The glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence histochemical method was found to be superior to the conventional formaldehyde technique in studies on human tissue.", "contents": "Adrenergic innervation of the human gall bladder. Adrenergic innervation of the human gall bladder was studied using two specific fluorescence histochemical methods. Blue-green fluorescing varicose nerves were scarce and mostly followed the course of blood vessels as typical perivascular plexuses. However, some adrenergic nerves not associated with the vessels were occasionally seen, as well as structures suggestive of a pericellular arrangement of varicose adrenergic nerve terminals on non-fluorescing ganglion cells. A few enterochromaffin cells were seen in the epithelial lining, also in the deep invaginations obviously representing the Aschoff-Rokitansky sinuses. Occasionally, small rounded cells with a rounded, relatively large nucleus, and exhibiting a weak yellow-green to blue-green granular cytoplasmic fluorescence, were observed in the wall of the gall bladder. The possible functional and evolutionary significance of these neural and endocrine elements was discussed against the data on physiological and pharmacological studies obtained from the literature. It was concluded that their significance is, in all probability, secondary to the influence of the intestinal polypeptide hormones, vagal innervation and circulating catecholamines upon the normal function of the gall bladder. The glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence histochemical method was found to be superior to the conventional formaldehyde technique in studies on human tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:342460", "title": "Change with age of Feulgen-DNA values in the blood-sucking insect, Triatoma infestans Klug.", "content": "Feulgen-DNA values were evaluated cytophotometrically in the Malpighian tubes of T. infestans at the nymphal, adult and ageing life periods. In all cases the total nuclear Feulgen-DNA contents were found to be distributed within the 32C and 64C classes. However, part of the Feulgen-DNA values is shifted to lower intervals in ageing insects, as compared with nymphal and adult individuals, promoted by decrease in Feulgen-DNA values of the euchromatins. Changed response to Feulgen reaction due to some aging-induced alteration in DNP complexes, and/or breaks and loss of DNA in the euchromatins, as part of the senescence process, are ascribed to be responsible for such phenomenon.", "contents": "Change with age of Feulgen-DNA values in the blood-sucking insect, Triatoma infestans Klug. Feulgen-DNA values were evaluated cytophotometrically in the Malpighian tubes of T. infestans at the nymphal, adult and ageing life periods. In all cases the total nuclear Feulgen-DNA contents were found to be distributed within the 32C and 64C classes. However, part of the Feulgen-DNA values is shifted to lower intervals in ageing insects, as compared with nymphal and adult individuals, promoted by decrease in Feulgen-DNA values of the euchromatins. Changed response to Feulgen reaction due to some aging-induced alteration in DNP complexes, and/or breaks and loss of DNA in the euchromatins, as part of the senescence process, are ascribed to be responsible for such phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:342461", "title": "[The development of the vertebrate skull (author's transl)].", "content": "The greater metabolic demands for oxygen in warm-blooded animals led to the separation of the upper respiratory tract from the digestive during development and the evolution of a \"respiratory skull.\" The sphenoid sinus originated from the posterior divisions of the nasal cavity, and adapted itself functionally to the other pneumatic cavities. The latter represent inversions of the main nasal cavity and are found only in mammals. The \"respiratory skull\" is considered to be not only a clinical nosologic entity but also a development step of vertebrate skull formation.", "contents": "[The development of the vertebrate skull (author's transl)]. The greater metabolic demands for oxygen in warm-blooded animals led to the separation of the upper respiratory tract from the digestive during development and the evolution of a \"respiratory skull.\" The sphenoid sinus originated from the posterior divisions of the nasal cavity, and adapted itself functionally to the other pneumatic cavities. The latter represent inversions of the main nasal cavity and are found only in mammals. The \"respiratory skull\" is considered to be not only a clinical nosologic entity but also a development step of vertebrate skull formation."}
{"id": "PMID:342464", "title": "Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure in dogs.", "content": "Application of positive end-expiratory pressure to dogs with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema increased intracranial pressure (measured as cerebrospinal fluid pressure) and decreased cerebral perfusion pressure. The magnitude of these changes depended on the amount of end-expiratory pressure applied and the lung compliance.", "contents": "Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure in dogs. Application of positive end-expiratory pressure to dogs with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema increased intracranial pressure (measured as cerebrospinal fluid pressure) and decreased cerebral perfusion pressure. The magnitude of these changes depended on the amount of end-expiratory pressure applied and the lung compliance."}
{"id": "PMID:342465", "title": "Mastitis and other diseases of the goat's udder.", "content": "Udder problems of modern dairy goats are similar to those seen in dairy cows. Anomalies of the goat's udder and teats are common, and many may be hereditary. Skin diseases of the udder include viral infections, mange, sunburn, wounds, and staphylococcal dermatitis. There are numerous known causes of caprine mastitis. These include streptococci, hemolytic and nonhemolytic staphylococci, corynebacteria, and mycoplasmas. Diagnosis of mastitis in goats is often difficult, as the udder secretion may remain grossly normal and somatic cell counts in nonmastitic goats are higher than the recognized normal range for cows. The importance of nonhemolytic staphylococcal cultures remains uncertain. Nonhemolytic staphylococci were isolated at the New York State Mastitis Laboratory from 30% of normal halves and from 22% of halves of udders from goats with assorted clinical problems. Treatment and prophylaxis of caprine mastitis closely parallel the standard technique recommended for bovine mastitis.", "contents": "Mastitis and other diseases of the goat's udder. Udder problems of modern dairy goats are similar to those seen in dairy cows. Anomalies of the goat's udder and teats are common, and many may be hereditary. Skin diseases of the udder include viral infections, mange, sunburn, wounds, and staphylococcal dermatitis. There are numerous known causes of caprine mastitis. These include streptococci, hemolytic and nonhemolytic staphylococci, corynebacteria, and mycoplasmas. Diagnosis of mastitis in goats is often difficult, as the udder secretion may remain grossly normal and somatic cell counts in nonmastitic goats are higher than the recognized normal range for cows. The importance of nonhemolytic staphylococcal cultures remains uncertain. Nonhemolytic staphylococci were isolated at the New York State Mastitis Laboratory from 30% of normal halves and from 22% of halves of udders from goats with assorted clinical problems. Treatment and prophylaxis of caprine mastitis closely parallel the standard technique recommended for bovine mastitis."}
{"id": "PMID:342470", "title": "The response of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in gnotobiotic piglets to the presence of bacterial antigen in the alimentary tract.", "content": "The cellular changes in the ileum and duodenum and in the mesenteric and prefemoral lymph nodes of gnotobiotic piglets were observed following feeding with a live culture of a non-pathogenic E. coli. There was a rapid and intense reaction in the lower ileum, and follicles were formed; germinal centres were formed in the mesenteric lymph node after a short delay. Germinal centres were not seen in the prefemoral lymph node, though there were pyroninophilic cells in the cortex of this node. Plasma cells were not detected in the medulla of either the mesenteric or the prefemoral lymph nodes, but pyroninophilic cells and plasma cells were found in the lamina propria of the duodenum from 7 days after infection oneards. These observations demonstrate the requirement of an intestinal flora for the development of normal Peyer's patch architecture and indicate that the Peyer's patch response secondarily affects the mesenteric lymph node. The observations also suggest that there is a haematogenous dissemination of pyroninophilic cells from gut-associated lymphoid tissue to, amongst other sites, the duodenum; this may be of importance in both natural and artificial immunization by the oral route.", "contents": "The response of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in gnotobiotic piglets to the presence of bacterial antigen in the alimentary tract. The cellular changes in the ileum and duodenum and in the mesenteric and prefemoral lymph nodes of gnotobiotic piglets were observed following feeding with a live culture of a non-pathogenic E. coli. There was a rapid and intense reaction in the lower ileum, and follicles were formed; germinal centres were formed in the mesenteric lymph node after a short delay. Germinal centres were not seen in the prefemoral lymph node, though there were pyroninophilic cells in the cortex of this node. Plasma cells were not detected in the medulla of either the mesenteric or the prefemoral lymph nodes, but pyroninophilic cells and plasma cells were found in the lamina propria of the duodenum from 7 days after infection oneards. These observations demonstrate the requirement of an intestinal flora for the development of normal Peyer's patch architecture and indicate that the Peyer's patch response secondarily affects the mesenteric lymph node. The observations also suggest that there is a haematogenous dissemination of pyroninophilic cells from gut-associated lymphoid tissue to, amongst other sites, the duodenum; this may be of importance in both natural and artificial immunization by the oral route."}
{"id": "PMID:342471", "title": "Complexity of branching dendritic trees: dependence on number of trees per cell and effects of branch loss during sectioning.", "content": "We have investigated whether the complexity of dendritic trees is correlated with the number of primary dendrites per neuron (trees per cell). In estimating the average number of branches of centrifugal orders 1-5 per tree we used statistical methods to compensate for loss of parts of trees during sectioning. Limitations of these methods are discussed. Neurons from four populations, stained by the Golgi-Cox method, were examined: stellate cells from layer IV, area 17 of visual cortex, in normal and dark-reared cats; the pyramidal cells from layer V, somatosensory cortex, in two strains of rats. In all four groups of neurons the average number of branches of higher orders (3, 4, 5) per tree tended to be smaller in neurons bearing more trees. Thus all trees from a population of neurons should not be assumed to be equivalent. The decreasin high-order branches per tree tended to offset the increase in number of trees per cell. In three of the four groups these opposed tendencies maintained the average number of high-order branches per neuron nearly independent of the number of trees per cell. Natural selection may have favoured near-constancy in the number of high-order branches to reduce dispersion among neurons of one type in functional input-output rleations.", "contents": "Complexity of branching dendritic trees: dependence on number of trees per cell and effects of branch loss during sectioning. We have investigated whether the complexity of dendritic trees is correlated with the number of primary dendrites per neuron (trees per cell). In estimating the average number of branches of centrifugal orders 1-5 per tree we used statistical methods to compensate for loss of parts of trees during sectioning. Limitations of these methods are discussed. Neurons from four populations, stained by the Golgi-Cox method, were examined: stellate cells from layer IV, area 17 of visual cortex, in normal and dark-reared cats; the pyramidal cells from layer V, somatosensory cortex, in two strains of rats. In all four groups of neurons the average number of branches of higher orders (3, 4, 5) per tree tended to be smaller in neurons bearing more trees. Thus all trees from a population of neurons should not be assumed to be equivalent. The decreasin high-order branches per tree tended to offset the increase in number of trees per cell. In three of the four groups these opposed tendencies maintained the average number of high-order branches per neuron nearly independent of the number of trees per cell. Natural selection may have favoured near-constancy in the number of high-order branches to reduce dispersion among neurons of one type in functional input-output rleations."}
{"id": "PMID:342472", "title": "Vascular permeability and axonal regeneration in skin autotransplanted into the brain.", "content": "Pieces of skin were autotransplanted from the pinna of an ear into a cerebral hemisphere in 36 albino rats. The grafts were examined 2, 4 and 6 weeks later for signs of vascular permeability and for the presence of nerve fibres. An intravenously injected fluorescent protein exuded into the connective tissue of the dermis and into the spaces between epidermal cells. Extravascular leukocytes were also seen in the dermis. Nerve fibres, derived from the caudate nucleus, corpus callosum and neocortex, were seen in nearly all the grafts, entering both the dermis and epidermis. They were more numerous after the fourth and sixth than after the second post-operative week. A few of these axons were myelinated and a few contained acetylcholinesterase. It has thus been shown that central axons can regenerate into a region in which they are surrounded by proteins and cells derived from the blood, for at least 6 weeks. This observation does not support a recently advanced hypothesis invoking autoimmunity as the cause of the failure of most axons to regenerate following severance within the central nervous system. It is tentatively suggested that the presence of plasma proteins in the extracellular fluid around the tips of axons may be necessary for the occurrence of regeneration.", "contents": "Vascular permeability and axonal regeneration in skin autotransplanted into the brain. Pieces of skin were autotransplanted from the pinna of an ear into a cerebral hemisphere in 36 albino rats. The grafts were examined 2, 4 and 6 weeks later for signs of vascular permeability and for the presence of nerve fibres. An intravenously injected fluorescent protein exuded into the connective tissue of the dermis and into the spaces between epidermal cells. Extravascular leukocytes were also seen in the dermis. Nerve fibres, derived from the caudate nucleus, corpus callosum and neocortex, were seen in nearly all the grafts, entering both the dermis and epidermis. They were more numerous after the fourth and sixth than after the second post-operative week. A few of these axons were myelinated and a few contained acetylcholinesterase. It has thus been shown that central axons can regenerate into a region in which they are surrounded by proteins and cells derived from the blood, for at least 6 weeks. This observation does not support a recently advanced hypothesis invoking autoimmunity as the cause of the failure of most axons to regenerate following severance within the central nervous system. It is tentatively suggested that the presence of plasma proteins in the extracellular fluid around the tips of axons may be necessary for the occurrence of regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:342474", "title": "A32390A, a new biologically active metabolite. III. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity.", "content": "A32390A, an isonitrile-containing derivative of mannitol, represents a new class of antifungal antibiotics. In vitro antifungal activity of A32390A was found against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum. In vivo antifungal activity of A32390A was demonstrated in mice infected with C. albicans. Accumulative doses of 37.5 approximately 600 mg/kg, administered subcutaneously over a 24-hour period, showed significant activity without demonstrating toxicity. A32390A was effective, but not as effective as amphotericin B, in reducing the number of Candida cells isolated from the kidney of infected mice. Urinary excretion of A32390A accounted for only 10% of the administered dose. Improved bioavailability of A32390A was accomplished when the antibiotic was combined with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) in a solid dispersion. Administration of A32390A as a 10% dispersion in PVP resulted in increased urinary excretion of the drug and reduced the amount of drug required for in vivo activity.", "contents": "A32390A, a new biologically active metabolite. III. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity. A32390A, an isonitrile-containing derivative of mannitol, represents a new class of antifungal antibiotics. In vitro antifungal activity of A32390A was found against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum. In vivo antifungal activity of A32390A was demonstrated in mice infected with C. albicans. Accumulative doses of 37.5 approximately 600 mg/kg, administered subcutaneously over a 24-hour period, showed significant activity without demonstrating toxicity. A32390A was effective, but not as effective as amphotericin B, in reducing the number of Candida cells isolated from the kidney of infected mice. Urinary excretion of A32390A accounted for only 10% of the administered dose. Improved bioavailability of A32390A was accomplished when the antibiotic was combined with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) in a solid dispersion. Administration of A32390A as a 10% dispersion in PVP resulted in increased urinary excretion of the drug and reduced the amount of drug required for in vivo activity."}
{"id": "PMID:342475", "title": "Carriomycin, a new polyether antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.", "content": "Carriomycin, a new polyether antibiotic, was isolated from culture broth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus strain T-42082. It is active against Gram-positive bacteria, several fungi, yeasts and mycoplasma. It is also coccidiostatic. The free acid of carriomycin occurs as colorless prisms having the molecular formula C47H80O15 (M.W. 885.15), m.p. 120 approximately 122 degrees C and [alpha]25D -0.5 in methanol. It has no characteristic absorption maxima in the ultraviolet spectrum. The presence of one carboxyl and three methoxy groups was observed from its infrared, PMR and CMR spectra.", "contents": "Carriomycin, a new polyether antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Carriomycin, a new polyether antibiotic, was isolated from culture broth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus strain T-42082. It is active against Gram-positive bacteria, several fungi, yeasts and mycoplasma. It is also coccidiostatic. The free acid of carriomycin occurs as colorless prisms having the molecular formula C47H80O15 (M.W. 885.15), m.p. 120 approximately 122 degrees C and [alpha]25D -0.5 in methanol. It has no characteristic absorption maxima in the ultraviolet spectrum. The presence of one carboxyl and three methoxy groups was observed from its infrared, PMR and CMR spectra."}
{"id": "PMID:342476", "title": "The effects of trimethoprim and erythromycin on polysome metabolism in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Trimethoprim and erythromycin were shown to have different overall effects on in vivo polysome metabolism in Escherichia coli. In a rel A+-rel A pair of strains, trimethoprim treatment induces a reduction of polysome level to a variable extent, similarly to aminoacyl tRNA deprivation of cells, but persisting polysomes remain dynamic structures in a state of continual turnover. In contrast, erythromycin stabilizes polysome level to a high value in either kind of strain, but maintained polysomes appear as \"frozen\" structures unable to undergo ribosome translocation.", "contents": "The effects of trimethoprim and erythromycin on polysome metabolism in Escherichia coli. Trimethoprim and erythromycin were shown to have different overall effects on in vivo polysome metabolism in Escherichia coli. In a rel A+-rel A pair of strains, trimethoprim treatment induces a reduction of polysome level to a variable extent, similarly to aminoacyl tRNA deprivation of cells, but persisting polysomes remain dynamic structures in a state of continual turnover. In contrast, erythromycin stabilizes polysome level to a high value in either kind of strain, but maintained polysomes appear as \"frozen\" structures unable to undergo ribosome translocation."}
{"id": "PMID:342485", "title": "Transport-defective Escherichia coli ecf mutant permeable to protons and nucleotides.", "content": "This paper describes a third type of transport-defective ecf mutant of Escherichia coli which is altered in membrane proton permeability. Mutants of this class also excrete ATP and other nucleotides and form filament-like cells. This lesion requires cell growth at the nonpermissive temperature.", "contents": "Transport-defective Escherichia coli ecf mutant permeable to protons and nucleotides. This paper describes a third type of transport-defective ecf mutant of Escherichia coli which is altered in membrane proton permeability. Mutants of this class also excrete ATP and other nucleotides and form filament-like cells. This lesion requires cell growth at the nonpermissive temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:342486", "title": "Small stable RNAs from Escherichia coli: evidence for the existence of new molecules and for a new ribonucleoprotein particle containing 6S RNA.", "content": "Small stable RNA molecules of Escherichia coli other than 5S (rRNA) and 4S (tRNA) were studied. Two of the molecules corresponded to 4.5S and 6S RNA, which have been reported previously. The third stable RNA molecule, 10S RNA, has not been described before. RNA labeled with (32)P(i) or [(14)C]uracil for a relatively long time, when separated in 5%/12% tandem polyacrylamide gels, displayed three bands corresponding to 10S, 6S, and 4.5S RNA in addition to rRNA and tRNA bands. These RNAs were stable in pulse-chase-labeling experiments. The amount of these RNAs was small, comprising only 0.2 to 0.5% of the total (32)P incorporation. However, this amount represented a large number of molecules; for 6S and 4.5S, it was about 1,000/DNA molecule. These three RNAs were found in the postribosomal supernatant fraction. None of them was found in purified nucleoid fractions in which the tightly coiled DNA molecules were contained. Of these three RNAs, 6S RNA was unique in that it seemed to exist in a ribonucleoprotein particle. All these RNAs, as well as tRNA, were very stable in the cell under various physiological conditions. 5S RNA was less stable. On the other hand, purified 6S RNA was more susceptible than tRNA to cell nucleases when incubated with cell extracts, suggesting that, being in a particle, it is protected from cell nucleases.", "contents": "Small stable RNAs from Escherichia coli: evidence for the existence of new molecules and for a new ribonucleoprotein particle containing 6S RNA. Small stable RNA molecules of Escherichia coli other than 5S (rRNA) and 4S (tRNA) were studied. Two of the molecules corresponded to 4.5S and 6S RNA, which have been reported previously. The third stable RNA molecule, 10S RNA, has not been described before. RNA labeled with (32)P(i) or [(14)C]uracil for a relatively long time, when separated in 5%/12% tandem polyacrylamide gels, displayed three bands corresponding to 10S, 6S, and 4.5S RNA in addition to rRNA and tRNA bands. These RNAs were stable in pulse-chase-labeling experiments. The amount of these RNAs was small, comprising only 0.2 to 0.5% of the total (32)P incorporation. However, this amount represented a large number of molecules; for 6S and 4.5S, it was about 1,000/DNA molecule. These three RNAs were found in the postribosomal supernatant fraction. None of them was found in purified nucleoid fractions in which the tightly coiled DNA molecules were contained. Of these three RNAs, 6S RNA was unique in that it seemed to exist in a ribonucleoprotein particle. All these RNAs, as well as tRNA, were very stable in the cell under various physiological conditions. 5S RNA was less stable. On the other hand, purified 6S RNA was more susceptible than tRNA to cell nucleases when incubated with cell extracts, suggesting that, being in a particle, it is protected from cell nucleases."}
{"id": "PMID:342487", "title": "Expression of Escherichia coli fol alleles in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Studies of the expression of Escherichia coli fol alleles in Salmonella typhimurium indicated that fol regulatory functions are highly conserved between these bacterial species.", "contents": "Expression of Escherichia coli fol alleles in Salmonella typhimurium. Studies of the expression of Escherichia coli fol alleles in Salmonella typhimurium indicated that fol regulatory functions are highly conserved between these bacterial species."}
{"id": "PMID:342488", "title": "Evidence that glucose starvation-sensitive mutants are altered in the relB locus.", "content": "Genetic mapping studies indicate that the relaxed-control mutants isolated on the basis of sensitivity to glucose starvation contain lesions in the relB locus. These mutants, which are sensitive to protein synthesis inhibitors such as sulfacetamide, exhibit relaxed control of both RNA and phospholipid syntheses.", "contents": "Evidence that glucose starvation-sensitive mutants are altered in the relB locus. Genetic mapping studies indicate that the relaxed-control mutants isolated on the basis of sensitivity to glucose starvation contain lesions in the relB locus. These mutants, which are sensitive to protein synthesis inhibitors such as sulfacetamide, exhibit relaxed control of both RNA and phospholipid syntheses."}
{"id": "PMID:342489", "title": "Size of the lipid precursor pool in Escherichia coli.", "content": "In Escherichia coli the lipid precursor pool (glycerol and acetate) was found to be less than 5,000 molecules per cell.", "contents": "Size of the lipid precursor pool in Escherichia coli. In Escherichia coli the lipid precursor pool (glycerol and acetate) was found to be less than 5,000 molecules per cell."}
{"id": "PMID:342490", "title": "Plasmid conferring increased sensitivity to mercuric chloride and cobalt chloride found in some laboratory strains of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Some lines of the widely used strain CR34 of Escherichia coli K-12 carry a plasmid. The plasmid has a mass of 12 +/- 2 X 10(6) megadaltons and is maintained at a low copy number per cell (1 to 2), and this number is not amplified by growth of cells in the presence of chloramphenicol. The plasmid is designated as pCU3. The presence of pCU3 confers on the strain increased sensitivity to mercuric chloride and cobalt chloride. The plasmid has also been observed to fuse or recombine with the plasmid R64-11.", "contents": "Plasmid conferring increased sensitivity to mercuric chloride and cobalt chloride found in some laboratory strains of Escherichia coli K-12. Some lines of the widely used strain CR34 of Escherichia coli K-12 carry a plasmid. The plasmid has a mass of 12 +/- 2 X 10(6) megadaltons and is maintained at a low copy number per cell (1 to 2), and this number is not amplified by growth of cells in the presence of chloramphenicol. The plasmid is designated as pCU3. The presence of pCU3 confers on the strain increased sensitivity to mercuric chloride and cobalt chloride. The plasmid has also been observed to fuse or recombine with the plasmid R64-11."}
{"id": "PMID:342491", "title": "Changes in cell size and shape in thymine-requiring Escherichia coli associated with growth in low concentrations of thymine.", "content": "Thymine auxotrophs of three unrelated strains of Escherichia coli (K-12, B/r, and 15) were grown in media containing various concentrations of thymine. During steady-state growth conditions, cell volume increased as thymine concentration decreased but, in contrast to previous reports, this change was due to an increase in cell length without change in cell diameter.", "contents": "Changes in cell size and shape in thymine-requiring Escherichia coli associated with growth in low concentrations of thymine. Thymine auxotrophs of three unrelated strains of Escherichia coli (K-12, B/r, and 15) were grown in media containing various concentrations of thymine. During steady-state growth conditions, cell volume increased as thymine concentration decreased but, in contrast to previous reports, this change was due to an increase in cell length without change in cell diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:342492", "title": "Effects of high temperature on Escherichia coli F pili.", "content": "The effects of high temperatures (46 to 50 degrees C) on the production of F pili by Escherichia coli were studied by electron microscopy. Attached F pili rapidly disappeared at 48 and 50 degrees C but not at 46 degrees C. Free pili were not denatured at these temperatures. The pili that disappeared from the cells at 50 degrees C did not appear as free pili in the culture supernatant fluid, indicating that the pili had retracted to the cell surface or into the cell. The adsorption of either R17 phage or F pili antibody to the sides of pili prevented retraction. The disappearance of pili was accompanied by a loss in the ability to adsorb R17 phage but not M13 phage, suggesting that the tip of a pilus remains exposed after retraction.", "contents": "Effects of high temperature on Escherichia coli F pili. The effects of high temperatures (46 to 50 degrees C) on the production of F pili by Escherichia coli were studied by electron microscopy. Attached F pili rapidly disappeared at 48 and 50 degrees C but not at 46 degrees C. Free pili were not denatured at these temperatures. The pili that disappeared from the cells at 50 degrees C did not appear as free pili in the culture supernatant fluid, indicating that the pili had retracted to the cell surface or into the cell. The adsorption of either R17 phage or F pili antibody to the sides of pili prevented retraction. The disappearance of pili was accompanied by a loss in the ability to adsorb R17 phage but not M13 phage, suggesting that the tip of a pilus remains exposed after retraction."}
{"id": "PMID:342493", "title": "Requirements for suppression of a dnaG mutation by an I-type plasmid.", "content": "We have confirmed and further characterized the phenomenon of suppression of a dnaG mutation by an I plasmid and determined the requirements for the complete expression of suppressibility. The authentic derepressed mutation of the conjugal fertility system, described earlier, was shown to be one of the requirements. The second requirement is a previously undescribed type of mutation leading to a far higher degree of derepression of this system than the authentic drd mutation. This second mutation leads to extremely high conjugal fertility and pilus production. A third requirement for the complete expression of suppressibility is that the host recA function  remain intact. recA function is required not merely for the fulfillment of the other two requirements described above, but also for an additional step or steps leading to its complete expression. The nature of this step(s) is unknown, but it is not insertion of the plasmid into the host genome.", "contents": "Requirements for suppression of a dnaG mutation by an I-type plasmid. We have confirmed and further characterized the phenomenon of suppression of a dnaG mutation by an I plasmid and determined the requirements for the complete expression of suppressibility. The authentic derepressed mutation of the conjugal fertility system, described earlier, was shown to be one of the requirements. The second requirement is a previously undescribed type of mutation leading to a far higher degree of derepression of this system than the authentic drd mutation. This second mutation leads to extremely high conjugal fertility and pilus production. A third requirement for the complete expression of suppressibility is that the host recA function  remain intact. recA function is required not merely for the fulfillment of the other two requirements described above, but also for an additional step or steps leading to its complete expression. The nature of this step(s) is unknown, but it is not insertion of the plasmid into the host genome."}
{"id": "PMID:342494", "title": "General screening procedure for RNA modificationless mutants: isolation of Escherichia coli strains with specific defects in RNA methylation.", "content": "A general method for the isolation of mutants of Escherichia coli that are defective in RNA modification is described. The method is based on the fact that RNA with specific undermodifications accumulates under nonpermissive growth conditions and that such a defect can be detected by remodification either in vivo at permissive conditions or in vitro. The method provides a means by which to study mutations affecting essential modification reactions. The usefulness of the method was demonstrated by the isolation of two rRNA and two tRNA methylation defective mutants. Both rRNA mutants accept methyl groups into their 23S rRNA in vitro. Analyses of in vitro methylated 23S rRNA from one of the mutants revealed the presence of several methylated nucleosides, of which 6-methyladenosine was the most abundant  (40% of recovered radioactivity). In 23S rRNA from the other mutant, the only product formed in vitro was 5-methylcytidine. The tRNA mutants are characterized in the accompanying paper.", "contents": "General screening procedure for RNA modificationless mutants: isolation of Escherichia coli strains with specific defects in RNA methylation. A general method for the isolation of mutants of Escherichia coli that are defective in RNA modification is described. The method is based on the fact that RNA with specific undermodifications accumulates under nonpermissive growth conditions and that such a defect can be detected by remodification either in vivo at permissive conditions or in vitro. The method provides a means by which to study mutations affecting essential modification reactions. The usefulness of the method was demonstrated by the isolation of two rRNA and two tRNA methylation defective mutants. Both rRNA mutants accept methyl groups into their 23S rRNA in vitro. Analyses of in vitro methylated 23S rRNA from one of the mutants revealed the presence of several methylated nucleosides, of which 6-methyladenosine was the most abundant  (40% of recovered radioactivity). In 23S rRNA from the other mutant, the only product formed in vitro was 5-methylcytidine. The tRNA mutants are characterized in the accompanying paper."}
{"id": "PMID:342495", "title": "Escherichia coli mutants with defects in the biosynthesis of 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thio-uridine or 1-methylguanosine in their tRNA.", "content": "Two tRNA methyltransferase mutants, isolated as described in the accompanying paper (G.R. Bj\u00f6rk and K. Kjellin-Str\u00e5by, J. Bacteriol. 133:499-207, 1978), are biochemicaaly and genetically characterized. tRNA from mutant IB13 lacks 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thio-uridine in vivo due to a permanently nonfunctional methyltransferase. Thus tRNA from this mutant is a specific substrate for the corresponding tRNA methyltransferase in vitro. In spite of this defect in tRNA, such a mutant is viable. Mutant IB11 is conditionally defective in the biosynthesis of 1-methylguanosine in tRNA due to a temperature-sensitive tRNA (1-methyl-guanosine) methyltransferase. In mutant cells grown at a high temperature, the level of 1-methylguanosine in bulk tRNA is 20% of that of the wild type, demonstrating that in this mutant an 80% deficiency of 1-methylguanosine in tRNA is not lethal. Genetically these two distinct lesions, trmC2, causing 5=methylaminomethyl-2-thio-uridine deficiency, and trmD1, giving a temperature-sensitive tRNA (1-methylguanosine)methyltransferase, are both located between 50 and 61 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutants with defects in the biosynthesis of 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thio-uridine or 1-methylguanosine in their tRNA. Two tRNA methyltransferase mutants, isolated as described in the accompanying paper (G.R. Bj\u00f6rk and K. Kjellin-Str\u00e5by, J. Bacteriol. 133:499-207, 1978), are biochemicaaly and genetically characterized. tRNA from mutant IB13 lacks 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thio-uridine in vivo due to a permanently nonfunctional methyltransferase. Thus tRNA from this mutant is a specific substrate for the corresponding tRNA methyltransferase in vitro. In spite of this defect in tRNA, such a mutant is viable. Mutant IB11 is conditionally defective in the biosynthesis of 1-methylguanosine in tRNA due to a temperature-sensitive tRNA (1-methyl-guanosine) methyltransferase. In mutant cells grown at a high temperature, the level of 1-methylguanosine in bulk tRNA is 20% of that of the wild type, demonstrating that in this mutant an 80% deficiency of 1-methylguanosine in tRNA is not lethal. Genetically these two distinct lesions, trmC2, causing 5=methylaminomethyl-2-thio-uridine deficiency, and trmD1, giving a temperature-sensitive tRNA (1-methylguanosine)methyltransferase, are both located between 50 and 61 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:342496", "title": "Transfer of nitrogen fixation genes from a bacterium with the characteristics of both Rhizobium and Agrobacterium.", "content": "Strain T1K, reported to be Rhizobium trifolii strain T1 carrying the drug resistance plasmid RU-1drd, was able to transfer a cluster of nif+ genes to Escherichia coli K-12. Additional genetic material, resembling the gal-chlA region of E. coli, was also transferred from strain T1K. The segregation pattern of these transferred genes suggested that they were on a plasmid. Although strain TIK was able to nodulate red and white clover, it also formed very slow-growing galls on tomato stems and shared many physiological properties with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, to which it seemed more closely related than to R. trifolii. The R. trifolii hybrid T1 (R1-19drd), constructed by conjugation, did not share any of these properties of both A. tumefaciens. Thus, strain T1K appears to be a bacterium with properties of both A. tumefaciens and R. trifolii and with the capacity to transfer nif+ genes and other functions which it may have \"cloned\" from another bacterium such as Klebsiella.", "contents": "Transfer of nitrogen fixation genes from a bacterium with the characteristics of both Rhizobium and Agrobacterium. Strain T1K, reported to be Rhizobium trifolii strain T1 carrying the drug resistance plasmid RU-1drd, was able to transfer a cluster of nif+ genes to Escherichia coli K-12. Additional genetic material, resembling the gal-chlA region of E. coli, was also transferred from strain T1K. The segregation pattern of these transferred genes suggested that they were on a plasmid. Although strain TIK was able to nodulate red and white clover, it also formed very slow-growing galls on tomato stems and shared many physiological properties with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, to which it seemed more closely related than to R. trifolii. The R. trifolii hybrid T1 (R1-19drd), constructed by conjugation, did not share any of these properties of both A. tumefaciens. Thus, strain T1K appears to be a bacterium with properties of both A. tumefaciens and R. trifolii and with the capacity to transfer nif+ genes and other functions which it may have \"cloned\" from another bacterium such as Klebsiella."}
{"id": "PMID:342497", "title": "Isolation of specialized transducing bacteriophages carrying the structural genes of the hexuronate system in Escherichia coli K-12: exu region.", "content": "In Escherichia coli HfrH 58, isolated by Shimada et al., a heat-inducible phage has been integrated in a secondary attachment site. We have characterized tha nature of the lambda integration. The exuR regulatory gene is inactivated by prophage integration. Genetic and biochemical analysis indicated a gene order: uxaA-uxaC-exuT-(exuR')-lambdaNRAJ (exuR''). By induction of HfrH 58, one class of deletions extending into the exu region was obtained. Analysis of these deletions confirms the exu region topography and the regulatory mechanism of the hexuronate system previously described. It has been possible to regenerate a functional exuR gene by prophage exision. Various lambda transducing particles plaque-forming and defective transducing phages carrying the left part or the right part of the exu region, have been derived from the secondary site lysogen HfrH 58. A phage carrying the entire exuR region was constructed by a cross between these two types of phage. The construction and characterization of these exu transducing phages are presented.", "contents": "Isolation of specialized transducing bacteriophages carrying the structural genes of the hexuronate system in Escherichia coli K-12: exu region. In Escherichia coli HfrH 58, isolated by Shimada et al., a heat-inducible phage has been integrated in a secondary attachment site. We have characterized tha nature of the lambda integration. The exuR regulatory gene is inactivated by prophage integration. Genetic and biochemical analysis indicated a gene order: uxaA-uxaC-exuT-(exuR')-lambdaNRAJ (exuR''). By induction of HfrH 58, one class of deletions extending into the exu region was obtained. Analysis of these deletions confirms the exu region topography and the regulatory mechanism of the hexuronate system previously described. It has been possible to regenerate a functional exuR gene by prophage exision. Various lambda transducing particles plaque-forming and defective transducing phages carrying the left part or the right part of the exu region, have been derived from the secondary site lysogen HfrH 58. A phage carrying the entire exuR region was constructed by a cross between these two types of phage. The construction and characterization of these exu transducing phages are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:342498", "title": "2-deoxygalactose, a specific substrate of the Salmonella typhiimurium galactose permease: its use for the isolation of galP mutants.", "content": "2-Deoxygalactose is a specific substrate of the galactose permease. The apparent Km is about 500 micron, compared to 45 micron for galactose, whereas the maximal rate of uptake is one-half to one-third of that of galactose. None of the other galactose transport systems, including methyl beta-D-thiogalactosides I and II, the beta-methyl-galactoside permease, and both arabinose systems, is able to catalyze transport of 2-deoxygalactose to a significant extent. 2-Deoxygalactose can also be used to isolate mutants defective in galactose permease, since it is bacteriostatic. Colonies that grow with lactate, malate, or succinate as a carbon source in the presence of 0.5 to 2 mM 2-doexygalactose were found to be mostly galP mutants, lacking galactose permease. Spontaneous 2-deoxygalactose-resistant strains arose with a frequency of about 2 X 10(-6). galP mutants have also been derived from pts deletion mutants that require galactose permease for growth on glucose. Revertants have been obtained that have acquired the parental phenotype.", "contents": "2-deoxygalactose, a specific substrate of the Salmonella typhiimurium galactose permease: its use for the isolation of galP mutants. 2-Deoxygalactose is a specific substrate of the galactose permease. The apparent Km is about 500 micron, compared to 45 micron for galactose, whereas the maximal rate of uptake is one-half to one-third of that of galactose. None of the other galactose transport systems, including methyl beta-D-thiogalactosides I and II, the beta-methyl-galactoside permease, and both arabinose systems, is able to catalyze transport of 2-deoxygalactose to a significant extent. 2-Deoxygalactose can also be used to isolate mutants defective in galactose permease, since it is bacteriostatic. Colonies that grow with lactate, malate, or succinate as a carbon source in the presence of 0.5 to 2 mM 2-doexygalactose were found to be mostly galP mutants, lacking galactose permease. Spontaneous 2-deoxygalactose-resistant strains arose with a frequency of about 2 X 10(-6). galP mutants have also been derived from pts deletion mutants that require galactose permease for growth on glucose. Revertants have been obtained that have acquired the parental phenotype."}
{"id": "PMID:342499", "title": "Role of the chlC gene in formation of the formate-nitrate reductase pathway in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Five temperature-sensitive chlC mutants were isolated from Escherichia coli by the technique of localized mutagenesis. All of the mutants produced severely reduced levels of both nitrate reductase and formate dehydrogenase when grown at 43 degrees C. In three of the mutants, the nitrate reductase activity produced at the permissive temperature was shown to be thermolabile compared with the activity produced by the parent wild-type strain, both in membrane preparations and in preparations released from the membrane by deoxycholate. In each case, formate dehydrogenase activity was similar to the wild-type activity in its stability to heat. It is concluded that the chlC gene codes for at least one of the polypeptide chains of nitrate reductase and that the chlC mutations affect indirectly the formation of formate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Role of the chlC gene in formation of the formate-nitrate reductase pathway in Escherichia coli. Five temperature-sensitive chlC mutants were isolated from Escherichia coli by the technique of localized mutagenesis. All of the mutants produced severely reduced levels of both nitrate reductase and formate dehydrogenase when grown at 43 degrees C. In three of the mutants, the nitrate reductase activity produced at the permissive temperature was shown to be thermolabile compared with the activity produced by the parent wild-type strain, both in membrane preparations and in preparations released from the membrane by deoxycholate. In each case, formate dehydrogenase activity was similar to the wild-type activity in its stability to heat. It is concluded that the chlC gene codes for at least one of the polypeptide chains of nitrate reductase and that the chlC mutations affect indirectly the formation of formate dehydrogenase."}
{"id": "PMID:342500", "title": "Genetic and segregation analysis of Escherichia coli strains containing a tandem duplication of the trpD-purB region of the chromosome.", "content": "Genetic and segregation analysis of Escherichia coli strains containing a partial duplication of the trp operon reveal that the 2.5-min-long region trpD-purB is duplicated in tandem in the chromosome. The adjacent loci cysB and fabD are not duplicated. Although one copy of the duplicated region is longer than the maximum size of bacteriophage P1kc transducing fragments, the frequency at which the duplicated segment trpDCBA is transferred by transduction to tonB-trp deletion strains is equal to that observed for transfer of the normal trp operon. This suggests that three-point recombination events believed to account for transduction of long duplications occur as frequently as two-point recombination events believed to account for normal transduction. Cotransduction frequencies of trpDCBA with the duplicated loci tonB, galU, tyrT, and hemA are very similar to those for the trp operon with the same loci. This indicates that normal genetic linkage is maintained during the three-point recombination event. However, purB, which is normally unlinked to trp by transduction, is closely linked to trpDCBA and thus must be near the repeat point of the duplication. Transduction tests with point mutations in the trp operon indicated that the repeat point occurs near the normal boundary between trpE and trpD. Segregation analysis of heterogenotes constructed from tonB-trp deletion strains shows that the frequency at which a marker is lost is approximately proportional to its distance from the repeat point. This finding is consistent with a random, singlesite crossover event during segregation. Several observations indicate that non-reciprocal genetic exchange also occurs between copies of the duplication. Analysis of heterogenotes containing dadR1 and dadR(+) demonstrate that the mutant allele is transdominant.", "contents": "Genetic and segregation analysis of Escherichia coli strains containing a tandem duplication of the trpD-purB region of the chromosome. Genetic and segregation analysis of Escherichia coli strains containing a partial duplication of the trp operon reveal that the 2.5-min-long region trpD-purB is duplicated in tandem in the chromosome. The adjacent loci cysB and fabD are not duplicated. Although one copy of the duplicated region is longer than the maximum size of bacteriophage P1kc transducing fragments, the frequency at which the duplicated segment trpDCBA is transferred by transduction to tonB-trp deletion strains is equal to that observed for transfer of the normal trp operon. This suggests that three-point recombination events believed to account for transduction of long duplications occur as frequently as two-point recombination events believed to account for normal transduction. Cotransduction frequencies of trpDCBA with the duplicated loci tonB, galU, tyrT, and hemA are very similar to those for the trp operon with the same loci. This indicates that normal genetic linkage is maintained during the three-point recombination event. However, purB, which is normally unlinked to trp by transduction, is closely linked to trpDCBA and thus must be near the repeat point of the duplication. Transduction tests with point mutations in the trp operon indicated that the repeat point occurs near the normal boundary between trpE and trpD. Segregation analysis of heterogenotes constructed from tonB-trp deletion strains shows that the frequency at which a marker is lost is approximately proportional to its distance from the repeat point. This finding is consistent with a random, singlesite crossover event during segregation. Several observations indicate that non-reciprocal genetic exchange also occurs between copies of the duplication. Analysis of heterogenotes containing dadR1 and dadR(+) demonstrate that the mutant allele is transdominant."}
{"id": "PMID:342501", "title": "Utilization of arginine by Klebsiella aerogenes.", "content": "Klebsiella aerogenes utilized arginine as the sole source of carbon or nitrogen for growth. Arginine was degraded to 2-ketoglutarate and not to succinate, since a citrate synthaseless mutant grows on arginine as the only nitrogen source. When glucose was the energy source, all four nitrogen atoms of arginine were utilized. Three of them apparently did not pass through ammonia but were transferred by transamination, since a mutant unable to produce glutamate by glutamate synthase or glutamate dehydrogenase utilized three of four nitrogen atoms of arginine. Urea was not involved as intermediate, since a unreaseless mutant did not accumulate urea and grew on arginine as efficiently as the wild-type strain. Ornithine appeared to be an intermediate, because cells grown either on glucose and arginine or arginine alone could convert arginine in the presence of hydroxylamine to ornithine. This indicates that an amidinotransferase is the initiating enzyme of arginine breakdown. In addition, the cells contained a transaminase specific for ornithine. In contrast to the hydroxylamine-dependent reaction, this activity could be demonstrated in extracts. The arginine-utilizing system (aut) is apparently controlled like the enzymes responsible for the degradation of histidine (hut) through induction, catabolite repression, and activation by glutamine synthetase.", "contents": "Utilization of arginine by Klebsiella aerogenes. Klebsiella aerogenes utilized arginine as the sole source of carbon or nitrogen for growth. Arginine was degraded to 2-ketoglutarate and not to succinate, since a citrate synthaseless mutant grows on arginine as the only nitrogen source. When glucose was the energy source, all four nitrogen atoms of arginine were utilized. Three of them apparently did not pass through ammonia but were transferred by transamination, since a mutant unable to produce glutamate by glutamate synthase or glutamate dehydrogenase utilized three of four nitrogen atoms of arginine. Urea was not involved as intermediate, since a unreaseless mutant did not accumulate urea and grew on arginine as efficiently as the wild-type strain. Ornithine appeared to be an intermediate, because cells grown either on glucose and arginine or arginine alone could convert arginine in the presence of hydroxylamine to ornithine. This indicates that an amidinotransferase is the initiating enzyme of arginine breakdown. In addition, the cells contained a transaminase specific for ornithine. In contrast to the hydroxylamine-dependent reaction, this activity could be demonstrated in extracts. The arginine-utilizing system (aut) is apparently controlled like the enzymes responsible for the degradation of histidine (hut) through induction, catabolite repression, and activation by glutamine synthetase."}
{"id": "PMID:342502", "title": "Light effects in yeast: inhibition by visible light of growth and transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown at low temperatures.", "content": "Growth rate, sugar transport, and amino acid transport of yeast cells grown at 12 degrees C were inhibited by cool-white fluorescent light. At light intensities below 1,250 lx, growth and membrane transport were only slightly inhibited. Above 1,250 lx, there was increasing inhibition of both processes. Transport of histidine was completely inhibited after 3 to 5 days in cultures grown at 12 degrees C under 3,500-lx illumination. Cells grown at 20 degrees C were not inhibited by light intensities that caused complete loss of viability and membrane transport activity in cells grown at 12 degrees C.", "contents": "Light effects in yeast: inhibition by visible light of growth and transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown at low temperatures. Growth rate, sugar transport, and amino acid transport of yeast cells grown at 12 degrees C were inhibited by cool-white fluorescent light. At light intensities below 1,250 lx, growth and membrane transport were only slightly inhibited. Above 1,250 lx, there was increasing inhibition of both processes. Transport of histidine was completely inhibited after 3 to 5 days in cultures grown at 12 degrees C under 3,500-lx illumination. Cells grown at 20 degrees C were not inhibited by light intensities that caused complete loss of viability and membrane transport activity in cells grown at 12 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:342503", "title": "Transduction of plasmid determinants in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.", "content": "Buoyant density analysis of transducing lysates derived from Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli indicated that phage particles bearing plasmid determinants contain a quantity of DNA equivalent to that found in the lytic particles. Transducing particles that bear plasmid determinants smaller than viral DNA must therefore contain a quantity of DNA in excess of a single plasmid genome. In the E. coli P1vir system, a dependence upon host-mediated recombination for the transduction of small plasmids, but not for large R factors or chromosomal genes, was observed. However, no evidence for the involvement of such functions in the transduction of S. aureus plasmids was obtained. Although the origin of the additional DNA in plasmid transducing particles has not been identified, circumstantial evidence has been presented in the staphylococcal system indicating that transducing particles carrying a small tetracycline plasmid are not formed by the wrapping of multiple copies of this plasmid DNA.", "contents": "Transduction of plasmid determinants in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Buoyant density analysis of transducing lysates derived from Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli indicated that phage particles bearing plasmid determinants contain a quantity of DNA equivalent to that found in the lytic particles. Transducing particles that bear plasmid determinants smaller than viral DNA must therefore contain a quantity of DNA in excess of a single plasmid genome. In the E. coli P1vir system, a dependence upon host-mediated recombination for the transduction of small plasmids, but not for large R factors or chromosomal genes, was observed. However, no evidence for the involvement of such functions in the transduction of S. aureus plasmids was obtained. Although the origin of the additional DNA in plasmid transducing particles has not been identified, circumstantial evidence has been presented in the staphylococcal system indicating that transducing particles carrying a small tetracycline plasmid are not formed by the wrapping of multiple copies of this plasmid DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:342504", "title": "Chemotaxis of Salmonella typhimurium to amino acids and some sugars.", "content": "Patterns of chemotaxis by Salmonella typhimurium strain LT-2 to l-amino acids and to several sugars were quantitated by the Adler capillary procedure. Competition experiments indicated that LT-2 possesses three predominant receptors, or interacting sets of receptors, for amino acids. These were termed the aspartate, serine, and alanine classes, respectively. Studies with strains carrying point and deletion mutations affecting components of the phosphoenolpyruvate: glycose phosphotransferase system (PTS) made unlikely a role in primary reception of d-glucose by the three soluble PTS components, namely HPr, enzyme I, and factor III. A ptsG mutant defective in membrane-bound enzyme IIB' of the high-affinity glucose transport system was shown to exhibit normal chemotaxis providing pleiotropic effects of the mutation were eliminated by its genotypic combination with other pts mutations or, phenotypically, by addition of cyclic AMP and substrate. A correlation was demonstrated between chemotaxis to glucose and activity of the low-affinity glucose transport complex, membrane-bound enzymes IIB:IIA, and an enzyme IIB:IIA mutant was shown to have a preponderant defect in chemotaxis to glucose and mannose. Of four systems capable of galactose transport, only the beta-methylgalactoside transport system was implicated in chemotaxis to galactose. Some properties of a mutant possibly defective in processing of signals for chemotaxis to sugars is described.", "contents": "Chemotaxis of Salmonella typhimurium to amino acids and some sugars. Patterns of chemotaxis by Salmonella typhimurium strain LT-2 to l-amino acids and to several sugars were quantitated by the Adler capillary procedure. Competition experiments indicated that LT-2 possesses three predominant receptors, or interacting sets of receptors, for amino acids. These were termed the aspartate, serine, and alanine classes, respectively. Studies with strains carrying point and deletion mutations affecting components of the phosphoenolpyruvate: glycose phosphotransferase system (PTS) made unlikely a role in primary reception of d-glucose by the three soluble PTS components, namely HPr, enzyme I, and factor III. A ptsG mutant defective in membrane-bound enzyme IIB' of the high-affinity glucose transport system was shown to exhibit normal chemotaxis providing pleiotropic effects of the mutation were eliminated by its genotypic combination with other pts mutations or, phenotypically, by addition of cyclic AMP and substrate. A correlation was demonstrated between chemotaxis to glucose and activity of the low-affinity glucose transport complex, membrane-bound enzymes IIB:IIA, and an enzyme IIB:IIA mutant was shown to have a preponderant defect in chemotaxis to glucose and mannose. Of four systems capable of galactose transport, only the beta-methylgalactoside transport system was implicated in chemotaxis to galactose. Some properties of a mutant possibly defective in processing of signals for chemotaxis to sugars is described."}
{"id": "PMID:342505", "title": "Frequency of replication from alternative origins in the composite R plasmid NR1.", "content": "The relative frequency of initiation of DNA replication within the RTF-Tc and r-determinant components of the composite drug resistance plasmid NR1 in Proteus mirabilis was evaluated. Using fractionated radioactively labeled plasmid DNA, analytical procedures that distinguished between the two components of the composite plasmid were carried out. A mixture of uniformly 14C-labeled and 3H-pulse-labeled plasmid DNA (pulse-labeled origin[s] of replication) was used in each of three experiments. First, shear products of the DNA were analyzed using CsCl density gradient centrifugation. Second, fragmented DNA was hybridized to nonradioactive RTF-Tc and r-determinant DNAs immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. Third, the radioactive plasmid DNAs immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. Third, the radioactive plasmid DNA was digested with restriction enzyme (EcoRI), producing a set of RTF-Tc and r-determinant fragments with differing 3H/14C isotpe ratios. The three experiments suggested that under the conditions used to accumulate replicating plasmid DNA molecules (DNA substrate limitation), the r-determinant origin of replication was preferentially utilized in the composite plasmid.", "contents": "Frequency of replication from alternative origins in the composite R plasmid NR1. The relative frequency of initiation of DNA replication within the RTF-Tc and r-determinant components of the composite drug resistance plasmid NR1 in Proteus mirabilis was evaluated. Using fractionated radioactively labeled plasmid DNA, analytical procedures that distinguished between the two components of the composite plasmid were carried out. A mixture of uniformly 14C-labeled and 3H-pulse-labeled plasmid DNA (pulse-labeled origin[s] of replication) was used in each of three experiments. First, shear products of the DNA were analyzed using CsCl density gradient centrifugation. Second, fragmented DNA was hybridized to nonradioactive RTF-Tc and r-determinant DNAs immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. Third, the radioactive plasmid DNAs immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. Third, the radioactive plasmid DNA was digested with restriction enzyme (EcoRI), producing a set of RTF-Tc and r-determinant fragments with differing 3H/14C isotpe ratios. The three experiments suggested that under the conditions used to accumulate replicating plasmid DNA molecules (DNA substrate limitation), the r-determinant origin of replication was preferentially utilized in the composite plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:342506", "title": "Regulation of the major proline permease gene of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The structural gene for the major proline permease is located in a tight cluster with genes coding for the proline degradative enzymes, proline oxidase and pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase. Expression of the permease is regulated in parallel with the two degradative enzymes, and all three functions are subject to catabolite repression. Regulatory mutants (putC) have constitutively high levels of all three activities, suggesting that all are regulated by a single mechanism.", "contents": "Regulation of the major proline permease gene of Salmonella typhimurium. The structural gene for the major proline permease is located in a tight cluster with genes coding for the proline degradative enzymes, proline oxidase and pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase. Expression of the permease is regulated in parallel with the two degradative enzymes, and all three functions are subject to catabolite repression. Regulatory mutants (putC) have constitutively high levels of all three activities, suggesting that all are regulated by a single mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:342507", "title": "Cluster of genes controlling proline degradation in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A cluster of genes essential for degradation of proline to glutamate (put) is located between the pyrC and pyrD loci at min 22 of the Salmonella chromosome. A series of 25 deletion mutants of this region have been isolated and used to construct a fine-structure map of the put genes. The map includes mutations affecting the proline degradative activities, proline oxidase and pyrroline-5-carboxylic dehydrogenase. Also included are mutations affecting the major proline permease and a regulatory mutation that affects both enzyme and permease production. The two enzymatic activities appear to be encoded by a single gene (putA). The regulatory mutation maps between the putA gene and the proline permease gene (putP).", "contents": "Cluster of genes controlling proline degradation in Salmonella typhimurium. A cluster of genes essential for degradation of proline to glutamate (put) is located between the pyrC and pyrD loci at min 22 of the Salmonella chromosome. A series of 25 deletion mutants of this region have been isolated and used to construct a fine-structure map of the put genes. The map includes mutations affecting the proline degradative activities, proline oxidase and pyrroline-5-carboxylic dehydrogenase. Also included are mutations affecting the major proline permease and a regulatory mutation that affects both enzyme and permease production. The two enzymatic activities appear to be encoded by a single gene (putA). The regulatory mutation maps between the putA gene and the proline permease gene (putP)."}
{"id": "PMID:342508", "title": "Synergistic killing of Escherichia coli by near-UV radiation and hydrogen peroxide: distinction between recA-repairable and recA-nonrepairable damage.", "content": "Wild-type cells and six DNA repair-deficient mutants (lexA, recA, recB, recA, recB, polA1, and uvrA) of Escherichia coli K-12 were treated with near-ultraviolet radiation plus hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). At low H2O2 concentrations (6 X 10(-6) to 6 X 10(-4) M), synergistic killing occurred in all strains except those containing a mutation in recA. This RecA-repairable damage was absent from stationary-phase cells but increased in logarithmic cells as a function of growth rate. At higher H2O2 concentrations (above 6 X 10(-4) M) plus near-ultraviolet radiation, all strains, including those with a mutation in recA, were synergistically killed; thus, at high H2O2 concentrations, the damage was not RecA repairable.", "contents": "Synergistic killing of Escherichia coli by near-UV radiation and hydrogen peroxide: distinction between recA-repairable and recA-nonrepairable damage. Wild-type cells and six DNA repair-deficient mutants (lexA, recA, recB, recA, recB, polA1, and uvrA) of Escherichia coli K-12 were treated with near-ultraviolet radiation plus hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). At low H2O2 concentrations (6 X 10(-6) to 6 X 10(-4) M), synergistic killing occurred in all strains except those containing a mutation in recA. This RecA-repairable damage was absent from stationary-phase cells but increased in logarithmic cells as a function of growth rate. At higher H2O2 concentrations (above 6 X 10(-4) M) plus near-ultraviolet radiation, all strains, including those with a mutation in recA, were synergistically killed; thus, at high H2O2 concentrations, the damage was not RecA repairable."}
{"id": "PMID:342509", "title": "Promoter- and attenuator-related metabolic regulation of the Salmonella typhimurium histidine operon.", "content": "Expression of the histidine (his) operon in Salmonella typhimurium was found to be positively correlated with the intracellular level of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp). Limitation for amino acids other than histidine elicited a histidine-independent metabolic regulation of the operon. In bacteria grown at decreased growth rates, his operon expression was metabolically regulated up to a point, after which further decreases in growth rate no longer resulted in further enhancement of operon expression. Studies using strains carrying various regulatory and deletion mutations indicated that metabolic regulation is achieved predominantly by increased RNA chain initiations at the primary (P1) and internal (P2) promoters. Metabolic regulation ordinarly did not involve changes in RNA chain terminations at the attenuator site of the his operon. A model is proposed that involves ppGpp-induced changes in RNA polymerase initiation specificity at particular promoters. A second, special form of metabolic regulation may operate which also is histidine independent, but does involve relief of attenuation.", "contents": "Promoter- and attenuator-related metabolic regulation of the Salmonella typhimurium histidine operon. Expression of the histidine (his) operon in Salmonella typhimurium was found to be positively correlated with the intracellular level of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp). Limitation for amino acids other than histidine elicited a histidine-independent metabolic regulation of the operon. In bacteria grown at decreased growth rates, his operon expression was metabolically regulated up to a point, after which further decreases in growth rate no longer resulted in further enhancement of operon expression. Studies using strains carrying various regulatory and deletion mutations indicated that metabolic regulation is achieved predominantly by increased RNA chain initiations at the primary (P1) and internal (P2) promoters. Metabolic regulation ordinarly did not involve changes in RNA chain terminations at the attenuator site of the his operon. A model is proposed that involves ppGpp-induced changes in RNA polymerase initiation specificity at particular promoters. A second, special form of metabolic regulation may operate which also is histidine independent, but does involve relief of attenuation."}
{"id": "PMID:342510", "title": "Genetic analysis of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes.", "content": "The genetics of antibiotic resistance in mutant strains of Streptococcus pyrogenes was studied. Utilizing a type 6 strain (9440) primarily resistant to strepttomycin (Strr), classes of mutant strains were isolated that were resistant to one of the following antibiotics: rifampin (Rifr), erythromycin (Eryr), thiostrepton (Tstr), spiramycin (Sprr), fusidic acid (Fusr), gramicidin (Grcr), ethidium bromide (Ebrr), kanamycin (Kanr), neomycin (Neor), oleandomycin (Oler), gentamicin (Genr), and novobiocin (Novr). Transduction experiments separated antibiotic resistance markers into two distinct groups: transducible markers, including Fusr, Bacr, Ksg+, Spcr, Eryr, Sprr, Rifr, Stlr, and Tstr (Bacr, Ksgr, Spcr, and Stlr refer to resistance to bacitracin, kasugamycin, spectinomycin, and streptolydigan, respectively), and nontransducible markers, including Grcr, Ebrr, Kanr, Neor, Oler, Genr, and Novr. By means of two- and three-point crosses, transducible markers (excluding tst) were located in three separate linkage groups. spr was found to be linked with ery and spc in the order spc-ery-spr, whereas in a separate linkage group the order was determined to be str-fus-bac-ksg. The third linkage group contained the rif and stl markers.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes. The genetics of antibiotic resistance in mutant strains of Streptococcus pyrogenes was studied. Utilizing a type 6 strain (9440) primarily resistant to strepttomycin (Strr), classes of mutant strains were isolated that were resistant to one of the following antibiotics: rifampin (Rifr), erythromycin (Eryr), thiostrepton (Tstr), spiramycin (Sprr), fusidic acid (Fusr), gramicidin (Grcr), ethidium bromide (Ebrr), kanamycin (Kanr), neomycin (Neor), oleandomycin (Oler), gentamicin (Genr), and novobiocin (Novr). Transduction experiments separated antibiotic resistance markers into two distinct groups: transducible markers, including Fusr, Bacr, Ksg+, Spcr, Eryr, Sprr, Rifr, Stlr, and Tstr (Bacr, Ksgr, Spcr, and Stlr refer to resistance to bacitracin, kasugamycin, spectinomycin, and streptolydigan, respectively), and nontransducible markers, including Grcr, Ebrr, Kanr, Neor, Oler, Genr, and Novr. By means of two- and three-point crosses, transducible markers (excluding tst) were located in three separate linkage groups. spr was found to be linked with ery and spc in the order spc-ery-spr, whereas in a separate linkage group the order was determined to be str-fus-bac-ksg. The third linkage group contained the rif and stl markers."}
{"id": "PMID:342511", "title": "Near-UV mutagenesis: photoreactivation of 365-nm-induced mutational lesions in Escherichia coli WP2s.", "content": "Reversion to tryptophan independence induced by 365-nm and 254-nm radiation was studied in Escherichia coli WP2s (B/r trp uvrA). Under aerobic conditions, the mutant frequency responses was of the fluence-square or \"two-hit\" type at both 365 and 254 nm when revertants were assayed on minimal agar supplemented with 2% nutrient broth (SEM plates). In contrast, when mutants were assayed on minimal agar supplemented with tryptophan only, the revertant yield was reduced to very low values at 365 nm, whereas values substantially greater than with SEM plates were obtained at 254 nm. Premutational lesions induced by both 365-nm and 254-nm radiation were photoreactivated more than 10-fold when assayed on SEM plates, implicating pyrimidine dimers as premutational lesions at both wavelengths. The strong photoreactivation of 365-nm-induced mutagenesis contrasted strikingly with the complete absence of photoreactivation of 365-nm-induced lethality in this strain.", "contents": "Near-UV mutagenesis: photoreactivation of 365-nm-induced mutational lesions in Escherichia coli WP2s. Reversion to tryptophan independence induced by 365-nm and 254-nm radiation was studied in Escherichia coli WP2s (B/r trp uvrA). Under aerobic conditions, the mutant frequency responses was of the fluence-square or \"two-hit\" type at both 365 and 254 nm when revertants were assayed on minimal agar supplemented with 2% nutrient broth (SEM plates). In contrast, when mutants were assayed on minimal agar supplemented with tryptophan only, the revertant yield was reduced to very low values at 365 nm, whereas values substantially greater than with SEM plates were obtained at 254 nm. Premutational lesions induced by both 365-nm and 254-nm radiation were photoreactivated more than 10-fold when assayed on SEM plates, implicating pyrimidine dimers as premutational lesions at both wavelengths. The strong photoreactivation of 365-nm-induced mutagenesis contrasted strikingly with the complete absence of photoreactivation of 365-nm-induced lethality in this strain."}
{"id": "PMID:342512", "title": "Nucleoid release from Escherichia coli cells.", "content": "The time course of morphological changes during lysis of Escherichia coli cells was examined with respect to an undisturbed release of nucleoids. The addition of detergents to plasmolyzed, osmotic sensitive cells resulted in the immediate reversal of plasmolysis followed by the appearance of rod-shaped ghost cells without any detectable spheroplast formation. Electron microscopic examination of the rod-shaped ghost cells revealed a zonal gap in the cell envelope, allowing the free release of the nucleoid. Due to the high ionic strength, a suitable cell lysis was shown to require higher incubation temperatures. However, in the absence of an appropriate control this may result in the sphering and vesiculation of ghost cell envelopes and even the unfolding of released nucleoids. To avoid this unfavorable consequence of lysis at high temperatures, a microscopic examination on the course of rod-shaped ghost formation is suggested.", "contents": "Nucleoid release from Escherichia coli cells. The time course of morphological changes during lysis of Escherichia coli cells was examined with respect to an undisturbed release of nucleoids. The addition of detergents to plasmolyzed, osmotic sensitive cells resulted in the immediate reversal of plasmolysis followed by the appearance of rod-shaped ghost cells without any detectable spheroplast formation. Electron microscopic examination of the rod-shaped ghost cells revealed a zonal gap in the cell envelope, allowing the free release of the nucleoid. Due to the high ionic strength, a suitable cell lysis was shown to require higher incubation temperatures. However, in the absence of an appropriate control this may result in the sphering and vesiculation of ghost cell envelopes and even the unfolding of released nucleoids. To avoid this unfavorable consequence of lysis at high temperatures, a microscopic examination on the course of rod-shaped ghost formation is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:342513", "title": "Expression of the uvrB gene of Escherichia coli: in vitro construction of a pMB9 uvrB plasmid.", "content": "Bacteriophage lambdab2att2 [lambdab2cI857intam6(deltabioAB)bioFCD+uvrB+phr+] codes for a function(s) that confers UV resistance (Uvr+) and reactivation of irradiated phage (Hcr+) to an Uvr-Hcr-Escherichia coli strain. It was demonstrated that these functions are expressed under the control of bacterial regulatory elements located on lambdab2att2 DNA. The location of the E. coli uvrB gene on the DNA of this transducing phage was established by heteroduplex and restriction-enzyme analyses. Recombinant DNA molecules were constructed in vitro from plasmid pMB9 (Tcr), as the vector, and an EcoRI fragment (Eco-RI-F) of lambdab2att2 DNA. The resulting plasmid, designated pNP5, has a molecular weight of 5.1 X 10(6) and replicates in a relaxed fashion. Transformation of E. coli uvrB with plasmid pNP5 resulted in clones that are Uvr+ Tcr. Irradiation of bacteria transformed with plasmid pNP5 with low UV doses revealed a complete restoratation of the Uvr+ phenotype by the presence of the cloned EcoRI-F DNA, while only a partial restoration was observed after irradiation with high UV doses. Likewise, the Hcr+ character was also partially restored due to the presence of pNP5. No correlation was found between the acquired Uvr+, Hcr+ properties, and the presence of correndonuclease II activity in an extract of bacteria that harbor plasmid pNP5.", "contents": "Expression of the uvrB gene of Escherichia coli: in vitro construction of a pMB9 uvrB plasmid. Bacteriophage lambdab2att2 [lambdab2cI857intam6(deltabioAB)bioFCD+uvrB+phr+] codes for a function(s) that confers UV resistance (Uvr+) and reactivation of irradiated phage (Hcr+) to an Uvr-Hcr-Escherichia coli strain. It was demonstrated that these functions are expressed under the control of bacterial regulatory elements located on lambdab2att2 DNA. The location of the E. coli uvrB gene on the DNA of this transducing phage was established by heteroduplex and restriction-enzyme analyses. Recombinant DNA molecules were constructed in vitro from plasmid pMB9 (Tcr), as the vector, and an EcoRI fragment (Eco-RI-F) of lambdab2att2 DNA. The resulting plasmid, designated pNP5, has a molecular weight of 5.1 X 10(6) and replicates in a relaxed fashion. Transformation of E. coli uvrB with plasmid pNP5 resulted in clones that are Uvr+ Tcr. Irradiation of bacteria transformed with plasmid pNP5 with low UV doses revealed a complete restoratation of the Uvr+ phenotype by the presence of the cloned EcoRI-F DNA, while only a partial restoration was observed after irradiation with high UV doses. Likewise, the Hcr+ character was also partially restored due to the presence of pNP5. No correlation was found between the acquired Uvr+, Hcr+ properties, and the presence of correndonuclease II activity in an extract of bacteria that harbor plasmid pNP5."}
{"id": "PMID:342514", "title": "Incomplete flagellar structures in nonflagellate mutants of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Incomplete flagellar structures were detected in osmotically shocked cells or membrane-associated fraction of many nonflagellate mutants of Salmonella typhimurium by electron microscopy. The predominant types of these structures in the mutants were cistron specific. The incomplete basal bodies were detected in flaFI, flaFIV, flaFVIII, and flaFIX mutants, the structure homologous to a basal body in flaFV mutants, the polyhook-basal body complex in flaR mutants, and the hook-basal body complex in flaL and flaU mutants. No structures homologous to flagellar bases or their parts were detected in the early-fla group nonflagellate mutants of flaAI, flaAII, flaAIII, flaB, flaC, flaD, flaE, flaFII, flaFIII, flaFVI, flaFVII, flaFX, flaK, and flaM. From these observations, a process of flagellar morphogenesis was postulated. The functions of the early-fla group are essential to the formation of S ring-M ring-rod complexes bound to the membrane. The completion of basal bodies requires succeeding functions of flaFI, flaFIV, flaFVIII, and flaFIX. Next, the formation of hooks attached to basal bodies proceeds by the function of flaFV and by flaR, which controls the hook length. Flagellar filaments appear at the tips of hooks because of the functions of flaL, flaU, and flagellin genes.", "contents": "Incomplete flagellar structures in nonflagellate mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. Incomplete flagellar structures were detected in osmotically shocked cells or membrane-associated fraction of many nonflagellate mutants of Salmonella typhimurium by electron microscopy. The predominant types of these structures in the mutants were cistron specific. The incomplete basal bodies were detected in flaFI, flaFIV, flaFVIII, and flaFIX mutants, the structure homologous to a basal body in flaFV mutants, the polyhook-basal body complex in flaR mutants, and the hook-basal body complex in flaL and flaU mutants. No structures homologous to flagellar bases or their parts were detected in the early-fla group nonflagellate mutants of flaAI, flaAII, flaAIII, flaB, flaC, flaD, flaE, flaFII, flaFIII, flaFVI, flaFVII, flaFX, flaK, and flaM. From these observations, a process of flagellar morphogenesis was postulated. The functions of the early-fla group are essential to the formation of S ring-M ring-rod complexes bound to the membrane. The completion of basal bodies requires succeeding functions of flaFI, flaFIV, flaFVIII, and flaFIX. Next, the formation of hooks attached to basal bodies proceeds by the function of flaFV and by flaR, which controls the hook length. Flagellar filaments appear at the tips of hooks because of the functions of flaL, flaU, and flagellin genes."}
{"id": "PMID:342515", "title": "Fine cleavage map of a small colicin E1 plasmid carrying genes responsible for replication and colicin E1 immunity.", "content": "A small plasmid (pAO2, 1 megadalton) carrying genes responsible for replication and colicin E1 immunity has been constructed from colicin E1 plasmid (A. Oka, K. Sugimoto, and M. Takanami, Proc. Mol. Biol. Jpn., p. 113-115, 1976). pAO2 DNA was cleaved into unique fragments with seven restriction endonucleases (R.HaeII,R.HaeIII,R.HapII,R.HhaI,R.AluI,R.HgaI, and R.HinfI). R.HaeII cleaved pAO2 DNA at two sites, R.HaeIII at four sites, R.HapII at nine sites, R.HhaI at eight sites, R-AluI at nine sites, R.HgaI at two sites, and R.HinfI at four sites, respectively. The order of HaeIII fragments of pAO2 was deduced from the physical map of colicin E1 plasmid previously reported (A. Oka and M. Takanami, Nature (London) 264:193-196, 1976). HapII, HhaI, and AluI fragments of pAO2 were assigned by analyzing overlapping sets of fragments arising upon digestion of individual HaeIII fragments with one of R.HapII, R.HhaI, or R.AluI, and upon their reciprocal digestion. The cleavage sites for R.HaeII, R.HgaI, and R.HinfI were localized on HapII, HhaI, and AluI fragments by combined digestion. On the basis of these data and estimates of the size of each fragment, a fine cleavage map of pAO2 was constructed.", "contents": "Fine cleavage map of a small colicin E1 plasmid carrying genes responsible for replication and colicin E1 immunity. A small plasmid (pAO2, 1 megadalton) carrying genes responsible for replication and colicin E1 immunity has been constructed from colicin E1 plasmid (A. Oka, K. Sugimoto, and M. Takanami, Proc. Mol. Biol. Jpn., p. 113-115, 1976). pAO2 DNA was cleaved into unique fragments with seven restriction endonucleases (R.HaeII,R.HaeIII,R.HapII,R.HhaI,R.AluI,R.HgaI, and R.HinfI). R.HaeII cleaved pAO2 DNA at two sites, R.HaeIII at four sites, R.HapII at nine sites, R.HhaI at eight sites, R-AluI at nine sites, R.HgaI at two sites, and R.HinfI at four sites, respectively. The order of HaeIII fragments of pAO2 was deduced from the physical map of colicin E1 plasmid previously reported (A. Oka and M. Takanami, Nature (London) 264:193-196, 1976). HapII, HhaI, and AluI fragments of pAO2 were assigned by analyzing overlapping sets of fragments arising upon digestion of individual HaeIII fragments with one of R.HapII, R.HhaI, or R.AluI, and upon their reciprocal digestion. The cleavage sites for R.HaeII, R.HgaI, and R.HinfI were localized on HapII, HhaI, and AluI fragments by combined digestion. On the basis of these data and estimates of the size of each fragment, a fine cleavage map of pAO2 was constructed."}
{"id": "PMID:342516", "title": "Production of giant cells of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Giant cells, with volumes up to 500-fold those of normal cells, have been produced by both genetic and pharmacological means in Escherichia coli K-12. In the genetic approach, an envB or mon mutation (conferring rounded or irregular morphology) was combined with a lon mutation (block of septation after irradiation). UV irradiation and subsequent incubation for 2 to 5 h in a rich medium supplemented with 1% sodium chloride led t; production of polymorphic giant cells. In the pharmacological approach, incubation of several different strains of E. coli K-12 with the drug 6-amidinopenicillanic acid (FL1060) in the same rich medium gave rise to a homogeneous population of smoothly rounded giant cells.", "contents": "Production of giant cells of Escherichia coli. Giant cells, with volumes up to 500-fold those of normal cells, have been produced by both genetic and pharmacological means in Escherichia coli K-12. In the genetic approach, an envB or mon mutation (conferring rounded or irregular morphology) was combined with a lon mutation (block of septation after irradiation). UV irradiation and subsequent incubation for 2 to 5 h in a rich medium supplemented with 1% sodium chloride led t; production of polymorphic giant cells. In the pharmacological approach, incubation of several different strains of E. coli K-12 with the drug 6-amidinopenicillanic acid (FL1060) in the same rich medium gave rise to a homogeneous population of smoothly rounded giant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:342518", "title": "Effects of phospholipids on L-lactate dehydrogenase from membranes of Escherichia coli. Activation and stabilization of the enzyme with phospholipids.", "content": "Membrane-bound L-lactate dehydrogenase was freed from the detergent used during purification. The detergent-free enzyme had about one-half the specific activity of the enzyme in 1.0% Tween 80, and was only partially sensitive to the specific antibody. This enzyme was activated about 3-fold with phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, or a mixture of phospholipids. The phospholipid-activated enzyme had a similar Km value for L-lactate to that of the membrane enzyme and was completely inhibited by the specific antibody. On heat treatment, the phospholipid-activated enzyme was more stable than detergent-free enzyme and was as stable as membrane-bound enzyme. The alpha helical content of the enzyme increased 1.7-fold during preincubation with these lipids and the alpha helix became more stable during heat treatment than that of the detergent-free enzyme. These results suggest that the enzyme showed monomolecular dispersion in the lipid bilayer and that its conformation, including its active site and secondary structure, was different from that of the detergent-free enzyme. Phosphatidylethanolamine, dilauroyl lecithin and lecithin from egg yolk had none of the above effects on the activity or the secondary structure of the enzyme. On the other hand, mixtures of each of these lipids and cholate had essentially similar effects to phosphatidylglycerol.", "contents": "Effects of phospholipids on L-lactate dehydrogenase from membranes of Escherichia coli. Activation and stabilization of the enzyme with phospholipids. Membrane-bound L-lactate dehydrogenase was freed from the detergent used during purification. The detergent-free enzyme had about one-half the specific activity of the enzyme in 1.0% Tween 80, and was only partially sensitive to the specific antibody. This enzyme was activated about 3-fold with phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, or a mixture of phospholipids. The phospholipid-activated enzyme had a similar Km value for L-lactate to that of the membrane enzyme and was completely inhibited by the specific antibody. On heat treatment, the phospholipid-activated enzyme was more stable than detergent-free enzyme and was as stable as membrane-bound enzyme. The alpha helical content of the enzyme increased 1.7-fold during preincubation with these lipids and the alpha helix became more stable during heat treatment than that of the detergent-free enzyme. These results suggest that the enzyme showed monomolecular dispersion in the lipid bilayer and that its conformation, including its active site and secondary structure, was different from that of the detergent-free enzyme. Phosphatidylethanolamine, dilauroyl lecithin and lecithin from egg yolk had none of the above effects on the activity or the secondary structure of the enzyme. On the other hand, mixtures of each of these lipids and cholate had essentially similar effects to phosphatidylglycerol."}
{"id": "PMID:342521", "title": "Characterization of two forms of asparaginase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae X2180-1A synthesizes two forms of asparaginase: L-asparaginase I, an internal constitutive enzyme, and asparaginase II, an external enzyme which is secreted in response to nitrogen starvation. The two enzymes are biochemically and genetically distinct. The structural gene for asparaginase I (asp 1) is closely linked to the trp 4 gene on chromosome IV. The gene controlling the synthesis of asparaginase II is not linked to either the trp 4 or asp 1 genes. The rate of biosynthesis of asparaginase II is unaltered in yeast strains carrying the structural gene mutation for asparaginase I. Asparaginase II has been purified approximately 300-fold from crude extracts of Saccharomyces by heat and pH treatment, ethanol fractionation, ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by Sephadex G-25 chromatography, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Multiple activity peaks were obtained which, upon gas chromatographic analysis, exhibit varying mannose to protein ratios. Asparaginase I has been purified approximately 100-fold from crude extracts of Saccharomyces by protamine sulfate treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel permeation chromatography, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. No carbohydrate component was observed upon gas chromatographic analysis. Comparative kinetic and analytic studies show the two enzymes have little in common except their ability to hydrolyze L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia.", "contents": "Characterization of two forms of asparaginase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces cerevisiae X2180-1A synthesizes two forms of asparaginase: L-asparaginase I, an internal constitutive enzyme, and asparaginase II, an external enzyme which is secreted in response to nitrogen starvation. The two enzymes are biochemically and genetically distinct. The structural gene for asparaginase I (asp 1) is closely linked to the trp 4 gene on chromosome IV. The gene controlling the synthesis of asparaginase II is not linked to either the trp 4 or asp 1 genes. The rate of biosynthesis of asparaginase II is unaltered in yeast strains carrying the structural gene mutation for asparaginase I. Asparaginase II has been purified approximately 300-fold from crude extracts of Saccharomyces by heat and pH treatment, ethanol fractionation, ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by Sephadex G-25 chromatography, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Multiple activity peaks were obtained which, upon gas chromatographic analysis, exhibit varying mannose to protein ratios. Asparaginase I has been purified approximately 100-fold from crude extracts of Saccharomyces by protamine sulfate treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel permeation chromatography, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. No carbohydrate component was observed upon gas chromatographic analysis. Comparative kinetic and analytic studies show the two enzymes have little in common except their ability to hydrolyze L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia."}
{"id": "PMID:342522", "title": "Identification of an Escherichia coli nuclease acting on structurally altered transfer RNA molecules.", "content": "A nuclease (RNase D) that can recognize structurally altered transfer RNA molecules has been partially purified from Escherichia coli. The enzyme acts poorly on intact tRNA and is inactive with the synthetic polyribonucleotides, poly(A), poly(U), or double-stranded poly(A).poly(U). The enzyme requires Mg2+ for activity and is stimulated by the monovalent cations, K+ and NH4+. The products of the reaction are 5'-mononucleotides. The molecular weight of the protein is about 60,000 as judged by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The enzyme does not correspond to any known E. coli ribonuclease and may represent an intracellular scavenging mechanism for denatured tRNAs and other inactive RNA molecules.", "contents": "Identification of an Escherichia coli nuclease acting on structurally altered transfer RNA molecules. A nuclease (RNase D) that can recognize structurally altered transfer RNA molecules has been partially purified from Escherichia coli. The enzyme acts poorly on intact tRNA and is inactive with the synthetic polyribonucleotides, poly(A), poly(U), or double-stranded poly(A).poly(U). The enzyme requires Mg2+ for activity and is stimulated by the monovalent cations, K+ and NH4+. The products of the reaction are 5'-mononucleotides. The molecular weight of the protein is about 60,000 as judged by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The enzyme does not correspond to any known E. coli ribonuclease and may represent an intracellular scavenging mechanism for denatured tRNAs and other inactive RNA molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:342523", "title": "Differential effect of hydroxyurea on a ribonucleotide reductase system.", "content": "Infection of Escherichia coli with phage T4 induces a large increase in ribonucleotide reductase activity. We show that hydroxyurea inhibits T4-induced CDP, ADP, UDP, and GDP reductase activities in vitro. Moreover, there are significant differences in the degree of inhibition of each ribonucleotide reductase activity. The reductase activities for CDP and ADP are more sensitive to hydroxyurea than those for UDP and GDP, particularly at high hydroxyurea molarities. As little as 5 x 10(-4)M hydroxyurea lowers CDP and ADP reductase activities to 25 to 30% whereas as much as 0.5 M hydroxyurea is needed to lower UDP and GDP reductase activities to 50%.", "contents": "Differential effect of hydroxyurea on a ribonucleotide reductase system. Infection of Escherichia coli with phage T4 induces a large increase in ribonucleotide reductase activity. We show that hydroxyurea inhibits T4-induced CDP, ADP, UDP, and GDP reductase activities in vitro. Moreover, there are significant differences in the degree of inhibition of each ribonucleotide reductase activity. The reductase activities for CDP and ADP are more sensitive to hydroxyurea than those for UDP and GDP, particularly at high hydroxyurea molarities. As little as 5 x 10(-4)M hydroxyurea lowers CDP and ADP reductase activities to 25 to 30% whereas as much as 0.5 M hydroxyurea is needed to lower UDP and GDP reductase activities to 50%."}
{"id": "PMID:342524", "title": "Human skin collagen. Presence of type I and type III at all levels of the dermis.", "content": "Human skin was sliced with a dermatome, and the ratio of type I to type III collagens at various depths was assayed by comparing the quantities of peptides of each derived from cyanogen bromide digestion of the cut skin. Although immunofluorescent studies have suggested type III collagen is located predominantly beneath the epidermis and around appendages, biochemical determination demonstrates the same ratio of type I to type III collagen at all levels of the dermis even in the absence of cutaneous appendages.", "contents": "Human skin collagen. Presence of type I and type III at all levels of the dermis. Human skin was sliced with a dermatome, and the ratio of type I to type III collagens at various depths was assayed by comparing the quantities of peptides of each derived from cyanogen bromide digestion of the cut skin. Although immunofluorescent studies have suggested type III collagen is located predominantly beneath the epidermis and around appendages, biochemical determination demonstrates the same ratio of type I to type III collagen at all levels of the dermis even in the absence of cutaneous appendages."}
{"id": "PMID:342527", "title": "Biosynthesis of lipid A. Enzymatic incorporation of 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonate into a precursor of lipid A in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The cell envelope fraction of Salmonella typhimurium contains an enzyme system which catalyzes transfer of 3-deoxyoctulosonate (KDO) from CMP-KDO to an incomplete, KDO-deficient precursor of lipid A. The enzyme system is firmly membrane-bound, but has been solubilized by treatment with nonionic detergent at alkaline pH and partially purified. Both the particulate and partially purified fractions catalyzed formation of a single reaction product containing 2 residues of KDO. Periodate oxidation of the purified product permitted tentative identification of the KDO disaccharide structure as KDO2-4KDO.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of lipid A. Enzymatic incorporation of 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonate into a precursor of lipid A in Salmonella typhimurium. The cell envelope fraction of Salmonella typhimurium contains an enzyme system which catalyzes transfer of 3-deoxyoctulosonate (KDO) from CMP-KDO to an incomplete, KDO-deficient precursor of lipid A. The enzyme system is firmly membrane-bound, but has been solubilized by treatment with nonionic detergent at alkaline pH and partially purified. Both the particulate and partially purified fractions catalyzed formation of a single reaction product containing 2 residues of KDO. Periodate oxidation of the purified product permitted tentative identification of the KDO disaccharide structure as KDO2-4KDO."}
{"id": "PMID:342528", "title": "A conditional lethal mutant of Escherichia coli which affects the processing of ribosomal RNA.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutant strain was isolated from an RNase III-(rnc) strain of Escherichia coli. At the permissive temperature it behaves like the parental strain, but at the nonpermissive temperature it fails to produce normal levels of 23 S and 5 S rRNA, while instead the 25 S rRNA species becomes very prominent. (The 25 S molecule appears in rnc cells and contains 23 S rRNA sequences). When an rnc+ mutation was introduced to such a strain, or when the rnc mutation was replaced by an rnc+ allele, the strain remained temperature-sensitive. At the permissive temperature such strains synthesized rRNA like any other E. coli strain, but at the nonpermissive temperature they remained unable to synthesize normal levels of 5 S rRNA, and instead a larger molecule was accumulated. The simplest interpretation of theses findings is that the mutant strain contains a temperature-sensitive processing endoribonuclease, RNase E, which normally introduces a cut in the growing rRNA chain somewhere between the 23 S and the 5 S rRNA cistrons. These findings help also to explain the nature and origin of the various rRNA species observed in RNase III- cells and add to our understanding of processing of ribosomal RNA in normal cells of Escherichia coli.", "contents": "A conditional lethal mutant of Escherichia coli which affects the processing of ribosomal RNA. A temperature-sensitive mutant strain was isolated from an RNase III-(rnc) strain of Escherichia coli. At the permissive temperature it behaves like the parental strain, but at the nonpermissive temperature it fails to produce normal levels of 23 S and 5 S rRNA, while instead the 25 S rRNA species becomes very prominent. (The 25 S molecule appears in rnc cells and contains 23 S rRNA sequences). When an rnc+ mutation was introduced to such a strain, or when the rnc mutation was replaced by an rnc+ allele, the strain remained temperature-sensitive. At the permissive temperature such strains synthesized rRNA like any other E. coli strain, but at the nonpermissive temperature they remained unable to synthesize normal levels of 5 S rRNA, and instead a larger molecule was accumulated. The simplest interpretation of theses findings is that the mutant strain contains a temperature-sensitive processing endoribonuclease, RNase E, which normally introduces a cut in the growing rRNA chain somewhere between the 23 S and the 5 S rRNA cistrons. These findings help also to explain the nature and origin of the various rRNA species observed in RNase III- cells and add to our understanding of processing of ribosomal RNA in normal cells of Escherichia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:342531", "title": "The clinical use of combined xenografts of bone and autologous red marrow. A preliminary report.", "content": "The beneficial effect upon osteogenesis of imprenating bone grafts with autologous red marrow is well documented. The experimental findings reported in a previous paper suggested that prepared xenograft bone might provide a good medium for osteogenesis by marrow cells. This paper is a preliminary report of the first clinical attempt to use xenografts of bone combined with autologous red marrow. Kiel bone, which was found the most suitable, was impregnated with marrow aspirated from the iliac crest and, apart from one case of infection, gave excellent results in twenty-eight patients under conditions covering a wide range of indications for bone grafting. Further trials should allow a more valid assessment.", "contents": "The clinical use of combined xenografts of bone and autologous red marrow. A preliminary report. The beneficial effect upon osteogenesis of imprenating bone grafts with autologous red marrow is well documented. The experimental findings reported in a previous paper suggested that prepared xenograft bone might provide a good medium for osteogenesis by marrow cells. This paper is a preliminary report of the first clinical attempt to use xenografts of bone combined with autologous red marrow. Kiel bone, which was found the most suitable, was impregnated with marrow aspirated from the iliac crest and, apart from one case of infection, gave excellent results in twenty-eight patients under conditions covering a wide range of indications for bone grafting. Further trials should allow a more valid assessment."}
{"id": "PMID:342532", "title": "The osteoninductive property of decalcified bone matrix. An experimental study,.", "content": "Demineralised homologous bone-matrix implant was used to bridge a large circumferential osteoperiosteal gap in the diaphysis of the ulna of rabbits. Periodic observations of the graft were made clinically, radiologically, histologically and by tetracycline fluorescence up to forty-two weeks. By the twelfth week after operation 81 per cent of the animals revealed bone formation in the implant and complete bridging of the gap. The new bone was laid on the surface and in the substance of the matrix, suggesting that the inductive principle was acting locally. The bone, once formed, remodelled to the texture of a mature tubular bone and did not undergo absorption during a long follow-up period. Demineralise bone-matrix proved to be a highly osteoinductive and readily osteoconductive material. The graft did not evoke any appreciable local foreign-body or immunogenic reaction. The high degree of success in bridging massive bone defects justifies further serious studies and hopes for a useful substitute for massive autologous bone grafts.", "contents": "The osteoninductive property of decalcified bone matrix. An experimental study,. Demineralised homologous bone-matrix implant was used to bridge a large circumferential osteoperiosteal gap in the diaphysis of the ulna of rabbits. Periodic observations of the graft were made clinically, radiologically, histologically and by tetracycline fluorescence up to forty-two weeks. By the twelfth week after operation 81 per cent of the animals revealed bone formation in the implant and complete bridging of the gap. The new bone was laid on the surface and in the substance of the matrix, suggesting that the inductive principle was acting locally. The bone, once formed, remodelled to the texture of a mature tubular bone and did not undergo absorption during a long follow-up period. Demineralise bone-matrix proved to be a highly osteoinductive and readily osteoconductive material. The graft did not evoke any appreciable local foreign-body or immunogenic reaction. The high degree of success in bridging massive bone defects justifies further serious studies and hopes for a useful substitute for massive autologous bone grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:342533", "title": "\"Osteopetrosis\" in the Fairbank Collection.", "content": "The \"osteopetrosis\" section of the Fairbank Collection in the Radiology Museum of the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital contains radiographs and case notes of twenty-two patients. This material has been reviewed in terms of modern concepts in an attempt to obtain a long-term follow-up and a firm diagnosis in each individual. Nine patients proved to have the classical autosomal dominant form of osteopetrosis, four had the malignant autosomal recessive type, craniometaphyseal dysplasia was present in two kindreds and isolated individuals had pyknodysostosis, atypical craniodiaphyseal dysplasia and craniosclerosis with osteopathia striata. As these conditions differ greatly in their clinical and genetic prognoses, diagnostic categorisation is of practical importance.", "contents": "\"Osteopetrosis\" in the Fairbank Collection. The \"osteopetrosis\" section of the Fairbank Collection in the Radiology Museum of the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital contains radiographs and case notes of twenty-two patients. This material has been reviewed in terms of modern concepts in an attempt to obtain a long-term follow-up and a firm diagnosis in each individual. Nine patients proved to have the classical autosomal dominant form of osteopetrosis, four had the malignant autosomal recessive type, craniometaphyseal dysplasia was present in two kindreds and isolated individuals had pyknodysostosis, atypical craniodiaphyseal dysplasia and craniosclerosis with osteopathia striata. As these conditions differ greatly in their clinical and genetic prognoses, diagnostic categorisation is of practical importance."}
{"id": "PMID:342535", "title": "Characterization of columnar absorptive epithelial cells isolated from rat jejunum.", "content": "The origin and yield of cells isolated from rat jejunum have been assessed; 80-90% of the mature columnar absorptive cells but none of the Paneth, endocrine or regenerating crypt cells were recovered by the methods described. The structural integrity of the isolated cells was tested by phase contrast-, Nomarski interference- and fluorescence light-microscopy; and also by transmission electron microscopy; the isolated cells appeared structurally intact by all microscopic criteria applied. The isolated cells were judged to be functionally intact because they satisfied a number of tests designed to answer three logically related questions, namely: was the cell-surface membrane intact; were the cells able to accumulate selected solutes against a concentration gradient from the exterior medium; and were the cells able to perform biochemical functions which depended upon the integrated activities of several subcellular structures? The isolated cells did retain and accumulate selected solutes, respired at a steady rate on endogenous substrates, showed enhanced respiration on exogenous glucose and glutamine, maintained favourable intracellular proportions of adenine nucleotides (ATP:ADP:AMP), and synthesized cell protein from extracellular amino acids in proportion to the time of incubation. The isolated cells accounted for 80% of the lactic acid produced by intact rat jejunum under similar conditions of incubation.", "contents": "Characterization of columnar absorptive epithelial cells isolated from rat jejunum. The origin and yield of cells isolated from rat jejunum have been assessed; 80-90% of the mature columnar absorptive cells but none of the Paneth, endocrine or regenerating crypt cells were recovered by the methods described. The structural integrity of the isolated cells was tested by phase contrast-, Nomarski interference- and fluorescence light-microscopy; and also by transmission electron microscopy; the isolated cells appeared structurally intact by all microscopic criteria applied. The isolated cells were judged to be functionally intact because they satisfied a number of tests designed to answer three logically related questions, namely: was the cell-surface membrane intact; were the cells able to accumulate selected solutes against a concentration gradient from the exterior medium; and were the cells able to perform biochemical functions which depended upon the integrated activities of several subcellular structures? The isolated cells did retain and accumulate selected solutes, respired at a steady rate on endogenous substrates, showed enhanced respiration on exogenous glucose and glutamine, maintained favourable intracellular proportions of adenine nucleotides (ATP:ADP:AMP), and synthesized cell protein from extracellular amino acids in proportion to the time of incubation. The isolated cells accounted for 80% of the lactic acid produced by intact rat jejunum under similar conditions of incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:342536", "title": "Rapid Tween 80 hydrolysis test for mycobacteria.", "content": "A rapid Tween 80 hydrolysis test for mycobacteria utilizing gas-liquid chromatography is described. The test requires 1 h of incubation followed by simple extraction and chromatography of nonderivatized oleic acid.", "contents": "Rapid Tween 80 hydrolysis test for mycobacteria. A rapid Tween 80 hydrolysis test for mycobacteria utilizing gas-liquid chromatography is described. The test requires 1 h of incubation followed by simple extraction and chromatography of nonderivatized oleic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:342534", "title": "Function of the autotransplanted pancreatic segment in the dog.", "content": "Autotransplantation of the left lobe of the pancreas to the neck vessels was performed in 13 dogs. The technique employed made it possible to examine pancreatic secretion and arteriovenous difference in enzymes immediately after transplantation. Following functional examination the pancreatic duct was ligated. From 4 to 20 postoperative days the graft was intact only in 3 dogs. Severe autolysis of the graft and/or of the surrounding tissue developed in ten dogs 4 to 6 days after transplantation. Stimulation with secretin elicited immediate secretion response of the graft, the volume of secretion and output of amylase corresponding to normal values. A statistically significant arteriovenous difference was found both for amylase and LDH before and after secretin. Stimulation of exocrine secretion of the graft elicited a marked increase of enzyme concentration in the arterial and particularly in the venous blood of the graft. Cellular damage with subsequent leakage of enzymes into extracellular fluid plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of autolysis of the graft and surrounding tissues.", "contents": "Function of the autotransplanted pancreatic segment in the dog. Autotransplantation of the left lobe of the pancreas to the neck vessels was performed in 13 dogs. The technique employed made it possible to examine pancreatic secretion and arteriovenous difference in enzymes immediately after transplantation. Following functional examination the pancreatic duct was ligated. From 4 to 20 postoperative days the graft was intact only in 3 dogs. Severe autolysis of the graft and/or of the surrounding tissue developed in ten dogs 4 to 6 days after transplantation. Stimulation with secretin elicited immediate secretion response of the graft, the volume of secretion and output of amylase corresponding to normal values. A statistically significant arteriovenous difference was found both for amylase and LDH before and after secretin. Stimulation of exocrine secretion of the graft elicited a marked increase of enzyme concentration in the arterial and particularly in the venous blood of the graft. Cellular damage with subsequent leakage of enzymes into extracellular fluid plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of autolysis of the graft and surrounding tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:342537", "title": "Growth and amino acid requirements of various strains of group B streptococci.", "content": "A chemically defined medium (FMC; B. Terleckyj, N. P. Willett, and G. D. Shockman, Infect. Immun. 11:649-655, 1975) was used to compare the growth and amino acid requirements of 16 strains of group B streptococci, consisting of both laboratory-passaged organisms and fresh clinical isolates from adult and neonatal infections. The 5 standard Lancefield immunizing strains of group B streptococci, 090 (Ia), H36B (Ib), A909 (Ic), 18RS21 (II), and D136C (III), had doubling times in FMC (28 to 36 min) similar to those observed in Todd-Hewitt glucose broth (24 to 30 min). Similar doubling times were obtained with 11 clinical isolates growing in Todd-Hewitt glucose broth and FMC. The optimum buffering capacity of FMC was provided by 0.06 M sodium phosphate, and 1% glucose gave maximum cell yield. The group B streptococci, with minor exceptions, were very homogeneous in their amino acid requirements under both aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, glutamate, arginine, valine, leucine, lysine, methionine, isoleucine, cystine, and histidine were required by all 16 strains under both aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. In addition, threonine was required by all strains under aerobic growth conditions, whereas only 9 strains required threonine under anaerobic conditions. Serine was required by only 3 type III fresh clinical isolates aerobically, but not anaerobically. A requirement for glycine varied from strain to strain, apparently influenced by the oxidation-reduction potential of the growth medium.", "contents": "Growth and amino acid requirements of various strains of group B streptococci. A chemically defined medium (FMC; B. Terleckyj, N. P. Willett, and G. D. Shockman, Infect. Immun. 11:649-655, 1975) was used to compare the growth and amino acid requirements of 16 strains of group B streptococci, consisting of both laboratory-passaged organisms and fresh clinical isolates from adult and neonatal infections. The 5 standard Lancefield immunizing strains of group B streptococci, 090 (Ia), H36B (Ib), A909 (Ic), 18RS21 (II), and D136C (III), had doubling times in FMC (28 to 36 min) similar to those observed in Todd-Hewitt glucose broth (24 to 30 min). Similar doubling times were obtained with 11 clinical isolates growing in Todd-Hewitt glucose broth and FMC. The optimum buffering capacity of FMC was provided by 0.06 M sodium phosphate, and 1% glucose gave maximum cell yield. The group B streptococci, with minor exceptions, were very homogeneous in their amino acid requirements under both aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, glutamate, arginine, valine, leucine, lysine, methionine, isoleucine, cystine, and histidine were required by all 16 strains under both aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. In addition, threonine was required by all strains under aerobic growth conditions, whereas only 9 strains required threonine under anaerobic conditions. Serine was required by only 3 type III fresh clinical isolates aerobically, but not anaerobically. A requirement for glycine varied from strain to strain, apparently influenced by the oxidation-reduction potential of the growth medium."}
{"id": "PMID:342538", "title": "Comparison of specimen collection and laboratory techniques for isolation of Haemophilus ducreyi.", "content": "Sixteen patients with clinical chancroid were studied prospectively; different culture media and sampling techniques from genital lesions were evaluated. Technique A was aspiration of a saline wash from the ulcer which was pooled and inoculated into rabbit blood, rabbit blood + vancomycin (5 microgram/ml), and semisolid chocolate agar + vancomycin (3 microgram/ml). Each primary culture medium was subcultured to chocolate agar with 1% IsoVitaleX (CA), CA with vancomycin (3 microgram/ml) plus polymyxin (7.5 microgram/ml; CA + vp). Technique B was the use of a cotton swab, plated directly on CA, CA + v, and CA + vp. Nine strains of Haemophilus ducreyi were obtained. Technique A yielded seven strains, whereas technique B yielded eight strains; with each technique, five strains were isolated only after use of selective antibiotic  media. CA + v medium yielded the largest number of isolates. Direct inoculation by swab to CA + v from chancroidal ulcers is effective as an isolation technique for growth of H. ducreyi.", "contents": "Comparison of specimen collection and laboratory techniques for isolation of Haemophilus ducreyi. Sixteen patients with clinical chancroid were studied prospectively; different culture media and sampling techniques from genital lesions were evaluated. Technique A was aspiration of a saline wash from the ulcer which was pooled and inoculated into rabbit blood, rabbit blood + vancomycin (5 microgram/ml), and semisolid chocolate agar + vancomycin (3 microgram/ml). Each primary culture medium was subcultured to chocolate agar with 1% IsoVitaleX (CA), CA with vancomycin (3 microgram/ml) plus polymyxin (7.5 microgram/ml; CA + vp). Technique B was the use of a cotton swab, plated directly on CA, CA + v, and CA + vp. Nine strains of Haemophilus ducreyi were obtained. Technique A yielded seven strains, whereas technique B yielded eight strains; with each technique, five strains were isolated only after use of selective antibiotic  media. CA + v medium yielded the largest number of isolates. Direct inoculation by swab to CA + v from chancroidal ulcers is effective as an isolation technique for growth of H. ducreyi."}
{"id": "PMID:342539", "title": "New centrifugation blood culture device.", "content": "A single-tube blood culture device designed for centrifugation in a tabletop centrifuge is described. Reconstruction experiments using 21 different organisms and human donor blood indicate that excellent recovery can be obtained by centrifugation for 30 min at 3,000 X g.", "contents": "New centrifugation blood culture device. A single-tube blood culture device designed for centrifugation in a tabletop centrifuge is described. Reconstruction experiments using 21 different organisms and human donor blood indicate that excellent recovery can be obtained by centrifugation for 30 min at 3,000 X g."}
{"id": "PMID:342540", "title": "Practical colorimeter for direct measurement of microplates in enzyme immunoassay systems.", "content": "A colorimeter capable of measuring results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reactions directly in the wells of a microtiter plate is described. This colorimeter proved to be as accurate as a conventional spectrophotometer in assessing ELISA reactions, but had the advantage of not requiring transfer of the specimen to a separate chamber. With this colorimeter, 96 specimens can be read in approximately 5 min. A practical colorimeter such as this can make the use of ELISA tests more feasible for many laboratories.", "contents": "Practical colorimeter for direct measurement of microplates in enzyme immunoassay systems. A colorimeter capable of measuring results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reactions directly in the wells of a microtiter plate is described. This colorimeter proved to be as accurate as a conventional spectrophotometer in assessing ELISA reactions, but had the advantage of not requiring transfer of the specimen to a separate chamber. With this colorimeter, 96 specimens can be read in approximately 5 min. A practical colorimeter such as this can make the use of ELISA tests more feasible for many laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:342541", "title": "Evaluation of a micromethod for determination of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus infection.", "content": "A micromethod was developed for quantitative estimation in saliva of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli. With a semiautomatic pipette, 25 microliter of diluted saliva was spotted on the surface of an agar plate containing a selective medium. This volume gave a spot with a diameter of about 10 mm in which separate colonies could be counted. The results obtained with the spotting technique showed excellent agreement with those obtained with conventional agar plating. The method is convenient and results in a substantial saving of culture media.", "contents": "Evaluation of a micromethod for determination of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus infection. A micromethod was developed for quantitative estimation in saliva of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli. With a semiautomatic pipette, 25 microliter of diluted saliva was spotted on the surface of an agar plate containing a selective medium. This volume gave a spot with a diameter of about 10 mm in which separate colonies could be counted. The results obtained with the spotting technique showed excellent agreement with those obtained with conventional agar plating. The method is convenient and results in a substantial saving of culture media."}
{"id": "PMID:342542", "title": "Rapid screening for significant bacteriuria using a Coulter Counter.", "content": "A Coulter Counter was evaluated for detecting significant bacteriuria. Simple urinary particle counts showed agreement in 883 of the 956 (92.4%) urine specimens examined compared to a standard culture procedure. They also provided a semiquantitative estimate of bacterial numbers in specimens diagnosed as infected by culture. Sample preparation before counting was minimal, and results were obtained within two to four minutes.", "contents": "Rapid screening for significant bacteriuria using a Coulter Counter. A Coulter Counter was evaluated for detecting significant bacteriuria. Simple urinary particle counts showed agreement in 883 of the 956 (92.4%) urine specimens examined compared to a standard culture procedure. They also provided a semiquantitative estimate of bacterial numbers in specimens diagnosed as infected by culture. Sample preparation before counting was minimal, and results were obtained within two to four minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:342543", "title": "Use of cell cultures as an indicator of pathogenicity of free-living amoebae.", "content": "Results comparing the time needed for the development of cytopathic effects in cell cultures with that needed to cause death in mice using inocula of Naegleria and Acanthamoeba are presented. The significance of the source and concentration of the inocula is demonstrated. The use of cell cultures as an indicator of the pathogenicity of free-living amoebae is discussed.", "contents": "Use of cell cultures as an indicator of pathogenicity of free-living amoebae. Results comparing the time needed for the development of cytopathic effects in cell cultures with that needed to cause death in mice using inocula of Naegleria and Acanthamoeba are presented. The significance of the source and concentration of the inocula is demonstrated. The use of cell cultures as an indicator of the pathogenicity of free-living amoebae is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:342544", "title": "Specific and non-specific resistance to aminoglycosides in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The turbidimetric responses of a strain of Escherichia coli K12 to gentamicin and tobramycin were investigated. Both agents showed antibacterial activity below the conventionally measured minimum inhibitory concentration, but exposure to such subinhibitory concentrations of either agent generated a bacterial population which was able to grow in previously inhibitory concentrations at a rate equivalent to that of the parent culture. The increase in resistance was non-specific in that both aminoglycosides were equally affected, and was unstable on multiple passage in drug-free broth. The response to tobramycin was unaffected by the presence of an R factor conferring gentamicin resistance, but exposure of the R factor bearing strain to gentamicin caused a concomitant increase in the resistance to tobramycin, apparently by a non-specific adaptive mechanism similar to that observed with the parent strain. It is suggested that prior treatment of a gentamicin-resistant organism with gentamicin (as may occur during blind therapy) may adversely affect the subsequent response to other aminoglycosides.", "contents": "Specific and non-specific resistance to aminoglycosides in Escherichia coli. The turbidimetric responses of a strain of Escherichia coli K12 to gentamicin and tobramycin were investigated. Both agents showed antibacterial activity below the conventionally measured minimum inhibitory concentration, but exposure to such subinhibitory concentrations of either agent generated a bacterial population which was able to grow in previously inhibitory concentrations at a rate equivalent to that of the parent culture. The increase in resistance was non-specific in that both aminoglycosides were equally affected, and was unstable on multiple passage in drug-free broth. The response to tobramycin was unaffected by the presence of an R factor conferring gentamicin resistance, but exposure of the R factor bearing strain to gentamicin caused a concomitant increase in the resistance to tobramycin, apparently by a non-specific adaptive mechanism similar to that observed with the parent strain. It is suggested that prior treatment of a gentamicin-resistant organism with gentamicin (as may occur during blind therapy) may adversely affect the subsequent response to other aminoglycosides."}
{"id": "PMID:342545", "title": "Evaluation and application of an improved bacteriocin typing method for Klebsiella aerogenes.", "content": "A bacteriocin typing method was evaluated using 200 strains of Klebsiella aerogenes, 93% of which fell into 11 distinct types. The typing technique was successfully applied to the monitoring and control of hospital cross-infection.", "contents": "Evaluation and application of an improved bacteriocin typing method for Klebsiella aerogenes. A bacteriocin typing method was evaluated using 200 strains of Klebsiella aerogenes, 93% of which fell into 11 distinct types. The typing technique was successfully applied to the monitoring and control of hospital cross-infection."}
{"id": "PMID:342546", "title": "Identification of Enterobacteriaceae by the API 20E system.", "content": "Since the introduction of the API 20E kit a number of identification schemes have been developed by the manufacturer for use with the kit. We evaluated the success of these various schemes in identifying 206 strains belonging to 34 taxa of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Many of the strains were atypical and only 94% could be identified by our own system of 50 conventional tests and a computer program. The most advanced identification scheme so far developed for the API 20E kit (the Analytical Profile Index and complementary Computer Service) allowed 88% of the 206 strains to be correctly identified, although 2% were incorrectly identified. The tests in the API 20E kit and 52 conventional tests were separately evaluated for their ability to discriminate between the 34 taxa considered in this study. Our results suggest that replacing some of the tests in the present API 20E kit might further improve its diagnostic performance.", "contents": "Identification of Enterobacteriaceae by the API 20E system. Since the introduction of the API 20E kit a number of identification schemes have been developed by the manufacturer for use with the kit. We evaluated the success of these various schemes in identifying 206 strains belonging to 34 taxa of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Many of the strains were atypical and only 94% could be identified by our own system of 50 conventional tests and a computer program. The most advanced identification scheme so far developed for the API 20E kit (the Analytical Profile Index and complementary Computer Service) allowed 88% of the 206 strains to be correctly identified, although 2% were incorrectly identified. The tests in the API 20E kit and 52 conventional tests were separately evaluated for their ability to discriminate between the 34 taxa considered in this study. Our results suggest that replacing some of the tests in the present API 20E kit might further improve its diagnostic performance."}
{"id": "PMID:342547", "title": "An assessment of radial haemolysis in the detection of rubella antibody.", "content": "The results obtained by radial haemolysis in the detection of antibodies to rubella virus compared well with those obtained by haemagglutination inhibition. Radial haemolysis is unaffected by non-specific inhibitors. The sera do not therefore require pretreatment and the results are less equivocal. Radial haemolysis appears to be as sensitive as immunofluorescence and floatation centrifugation. It is possible to examine large numbers of sera with a considerable saving of time compared with the traditional haemagglutination technique. Rheumatoid factor may cause interference in radial haemolysis. Immune sera may be recorded as non-immune. This interference can be removed by 2-mercaptoethanol or reduced by heating sera at 60 degrees C for 20 minutes.", "contents": "An assessment of radial haemolysis in the detection of rubella antibody. The results obtained by radial haemolysis in the detection of antibodies to rubella virus compared well with those obtained by haemagglutination inhibition. Radial haemolysis is unaffected by non-specific inhibitors. The sera do not therefore require pretreatment and the results are less equivocal. Radial haemolysis appears to be as sensitive as immunofluorescence and floatation centrifugation. It is possible to examine large numbers of sera with a considerable saving of time compared with the traditional haemagglutination technique. Rheumatoid factor may cause interference in radial haemolysis. Immune sera may be recorded as non-immune. This interference can be removed by 2-mercaptoethanol or reduced by heating sera at 60 degrees C for 20 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:342548", "title": "Gastric and duodenal mucosa in 'healthy' individuals. An endoscopic and histopathological study of 50 volunteers.", "content": "The results of histological and immunohistochemical examination of gastric and duodenal biopsy specimens from 50 volunteers without a clinical history of gastrointestinal disease are reported. Multiple specimens of tissue from standard sites in the stomach and duodenum were carefully orientated, and serially sectioned for examination by light microscopy and for immunohistochemical characterisation of plasma cells within the lamina propria. The antrum and fundus were normal in 32 of the 50 subjects but the other 18 showed histopathological evidence of gastritis in either the antrum or fundus. The latter appeared to be age-related. There was considerable variation in the appearance of the surface epithelium of the duodenum within as well as among individual subjects. Superficial gastric metaplasia in one or more biopsy specimens from the duodenal bulb was found in 64% of individuals. Histopathological examination of the duodenum revealed signs of chronic inflammation in 12% of the subjects. In two individuals there was active inflammation but in only one of these was the diagnosis made on endoscopic appearances. Histological criteria important for the diagnosis of duodenitis are discussed. The number of plasma cells in different biopsy specimens from subjects not showing histological signs of inflammation was variable. The ratio IgA:IgG:IgM producing plasma cells was remarkably constant from subject to subject as well as from specimen to specimen.", "contents": "Gastric and duodenal mucosa in 'healthy' individuals. An endoscopic and histopathological study of 50 volunteers. The results of histological and immunohistochemical examination of gastric and duodenal biopsy specimens from 50 volunteers without a clinical history of gastrointestinal disease are reported. Multiple specimens of tissue from standard sites in the stomach and duodenum were carefully orientated, and serially sectioned for examination by light microscopy and for immunohistochemical characterisation of plasma cells within the lamina propria. The antrum and fundus were normal in 32 of the 50 subjects but the other 18 showed histopathological evidence of gastritis in either the antrum or fundus. The latter appeared to be age-related. There was considerable variation in the appearance of the surface epithelium of the duodenum within as well as among individual subjects. Superficial gastric metaplasia in one or more biopsy specimens from the duodenal bulb was found in 64% of individuals. Histopathological examination of the duodenum revealed signs of chronic inflammation in 12% of the subjects. In two individuals there was active inflammation but in only one of these was the diagnosis made on endoscopic appearances. Histological criteria important for the diagnosis of duodenitis are discussed. The number of plasma cells in different biopsy specimens from subjects not showing histological signs of inflammation was variable. The ratio IgA:IgG:IgM producing plasma cells was remarkably constant from subject to subject as well as from specimen to specimen."}
{"id": "PMID:342554", "title": "A topical treatment program for psoriasis with low anthralin concentrations.", "content": "A treatment program for psoriasis in which 0.01--0.05% anthralin was used has been clinically evaluated. In such low concentrations it is possible to use anthralin if one simultaneously avoids exposing the skin to unnecessary external mechanical trauma, including the mechanical removal of the scales from the lesions. Applied in this fashion, anthralin then also becomes most suitable for use in ambulatory therapy. In these low concentrations it does not irritate either the involved or the non-involved psoriatic skin. No discoloration of the clothes, the skin, the hair or the nails was observed.", "contents": "A topical treatment program for psoriasis with low anthralin concentrations. A treatment program for psoriasis in which 0.01--0.05% anthralin was used has been clinically evaluated. In such low concentrations it is possible to use anthralin if one simultaneously avoids exposing the skin to unnecessary external mechanical trauma, including the mechanical removal of the scales from the lesions. Applied in this fashion, anthralin then also becomes most suitable for use in ambulatory therapy. In these low concentrations it does not irritate either the involved or the non-involved psoriatic skin. No discoloration of the clothes, the skin, the hair or the nails was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:342555", "title": "Clear and dark basal keratinocytes in human epidermis. A stereologic study.", "content": "Standardized techniques of stereologic cytology were applied to normal human epidermis, in order to comparatively describe the suprabasal and the dark and clear basal keratinocytes. The results, expressed mainly in surface and volume densities of epidermal components, showed that some important stereologic parameters of dark basal keratinocyte constituents exhibited values which could be interpreted as intermediate between those of the clear basal keratinocytes and those of the suprabasal keratinocytes. Although the degenerative nature of dark cells cannot be ruled out, the stereologic characterization of their cell architecture also could indicate that dark basal cells are already differentiating keratinocytes still remaining in the basal layer.", "contents": "Clear and dark basal keratinocytes in human epidermis. A stereologic study. Standardized techniques of stereologic cytology were applied to normal human epidermis, in order to comparatively describe the suprabasal and the dark and clear basal keratinocytes. The results, expressed mainly in surface and volume densities of epidermal components, showed that some important stereologic parameters of dark basal keratinocyte constituents exhibited values which could be interpreted as intermediate between those of the clear basal keratinocytes and those of the suprabasal keratinocytes. Although the degenerative nature of dark cells cannot be ruled out, the stereologic characterization of their cell architecture also could indicate that dark basal cells are already differentiating keratinocytes still remaining in the basal layer."}
{"id": "PMID:342551", "title": "Effectiveness of temazepam with short-intermediate-, and long-term use: sleep laboratory evaluation.", "content": "The effectiveness of 30 mg temazepam (SaH 47-603) for inducing and maintaining sleep was evaluated in the sleep laboratory in six insomniac subjects under conditions of short-, intermediate-, and long-term drug administration. Administration of temazepam had no effect on sleep induction. In addition, effectiveness was not demonstrated for sleep maintenance: wake time after sleep onset was not significantly decreased on any of the three drug conditions, while the number of nightly awakenings was significantly decreased on all three drug conditions. Total wake time was decreased only slightly with short-term drug administration and was similar to baseline with intermediate- and long-term use. The percent REM sleep was essentially unchanged throughout the drug administration period. On the initial set of withdrawal nights, the per cent REM sleep was slightly but no significantly increased over baseline. The per cent slow wave sleep decreased significantly with short-, intermediate-, and long-term drug administration. After withdrawal, the percent slow wave sleep returned to baseline values.", "contents": "Effectiveness of temazepam with short-intermediate-, and long-term use: sleep laboratory evaluation. The effectiveness of 30 mg temazepam (SaH 47-603) for inducing and maintaining sleep was evaluated in the sleep laboratory in six insomniac subjects under conditions of short-, intermediate-, and long-term drug administration. Administration of temazepam had no effect on sleep induction. In addition, effectiveness was not demonstrated for sleep maintenance: wake time after sleep onset was not significantly decreased on any of the three drug conditions, while the number of nightly awakenings was significantly decreased on all three drug conditions. Total wake time was decreased only slightly with short-term drug administration and was similar to baseline with intermediate- and long-term use. The percent REM sleep was essentially unchanged throughout the drug administration period. On the initial set of withdrawal nights, the per cent REM sleep was slightly but no significantly increased over baseline. The per cent slow wave sleep decreased significantly with short-, intermediate-, and long-term drug administration. After withdrawal, the percent slow wave sleep returned to baseline values."}
{"id": "PMID:342552", "title": "High-dose furosemide in Nigerians with severe chronic renal failure: effect on fecal water content.", "content": "The effect of high doses of furosemide, 200 to 800 mg daily, has been studied in 12 Nigerias with edema associated with severe chronic renal failure and hypertension. They all responded well and lost their edema fluid during a period which varied from 10 to 57 days. The fecal water content and the frequency of bowel opening while on furosemide were significantly higher than without furosemide in six of these patients. It is concluded that the gastrointestinal tract is a major contributory site of fluid loss in patients with grossly impaired renal function.", "contents": "High-dose furosemide in Nigerians with severe chronic renal failure: effect on fecal water content. The effect of high doses of furosemide, 200 to 800 mg daily, has been studied in 12 Nigerias with edema associated with severe chronic renal failure and hypertension. They all responded well and lost their edema fluid during a period which varied from 10 to 57 days. The fecal water content and the frequency of bowel opening while on furosemide were significantly higher than without furosemide in six of these patients. It is concluded that the gastrointestinal tract is a major contributory site of fluid loss in patients with grossly impaired renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:342563", "title": "The morphologic relationship between dental resins and etched dentin.", "content": "A scanning electron microscopic examination of the interface between etched dentin and several different commercial resins showed that pretreatment with othophosphoric acid enlarged the dentinal tubules facilitating penetration of the resin. The depth of penetration increased from approximately 0.2 mm to 2.0 mm when dentin was dried for 24 hours compared to using the normal clinical protocol. The hydration of dentin and/or the presence of dentinal fluid probably influences the degree of resin penetration. While penetration would provide a means of mechanical retention of resin it would probably do so at the expense of dentin and pulp viability particularly where remaining dentin thickness is less than 1.0 mm. Penetration of toxic resin would account in part for the enhanced inflammatory pulpal response observed following application of acid etch restorative procedures.", "contents": "The morphologic relationship between dental resins and etched dentin. A scanning electron microscopic examination of the interface between etched dentin and several different commercial resins showed that pretreatment with othophosphoric acid enlarged the dentinal tubules facilitating penetration of the resin. The depth of penetration increased from approximately 0.2 mm to 2.0 mm when dentin was dried for 24 hours compared to using the normal clinical protocol. The hydration of dentin and/or the presence of dentinal fluid probably influences the degree of resin penetration. While penetration would provide a means of mechanical retention of resin it would probably do so at the expense of dentin and pulp viability particularly where remaining dentin thickness is less than 1.0 mm. Penetration of toxic resin would account in part for the enhanced inflammatory pulpal response observed following application of acid etch restorative procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:342564", "title": "New method evaluates coupling agents bonding polymer to tooth mineral.", "content": "Polymerized test specimens consist of a Bis-GMA matrix and a filler of synthetic hydroxyapatite previously coated with the coupling agent under investigation. As the concentration of filler increases for a given coupling agent, the specimen's tensile strength decreases. The more effective the coupling agent, the less pronounced is the decrease. Application of the method is proposed for classifying coupling agents as well as providing a means for assessing the weakening effects of environmental exposure.", "contents": "New method evaluates coupling agents bonding polymer to tooth mineral. Polymerized test specimens consist of a Bis-GMA matrix and a filler of synthetic hydroxyapatite previously coated with the coupling agent under investigation. As the concentration of filler increases for a given coupling agent, the specimen's tensile strength decreases. The more effective the coupling agent, the less pronounced is the decrease. Application of the method is proposed for classifying coupling agents as well as providing a means for assessing the weakening effects of environmental exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:342566", "title": "Prevention of cobblestoning in hair transplantation.", "content": "Cobblestoning, a complication of the hair transplant technique, occurs when donor grafts taken by punch sometimes heal above the surrounding skin. A suturing technique whereby cobblestoning may be prevented is described in detail.", "contents": "Prevention of cobblestoning in hair transplantation. Cobblestoning, a complication of the hair transplant technique, occurs when donor grafts taken by punch sometimes heal above the surrounding skin. A suturing technique whereby cobblestoning may be prevented is described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:342572", "title": "Modification of impulsive tempo in learning-disabled pupils.", "content": "Thirty-three impulsive learning-disabled males, aged 9-12 years, were assigned to one of three treatment conditions: (a) Modeling, in which subjects were exposed to a videotape of a boy demonstrating reflective problem-solving activities and instructing himself to perform cautiously; (b) Modeling Plus Self-Verbalization, in which subjects observed the same videotape and were additionally required to verbalize similar reflective instructions; and (c) Control, in which subjects were shown a videotape of the task materials used in the modeling videotape, but without the model. Subjects were tested immediately after exposure to treatment, and again 3 weeks later, on different forms of the Matching Familiar Figures test. Both Modeling and Modeling Plus Self-Verbalization conditions were superior to Control in reducing errors on the immediate test, but the three treatments did not differ on the delayed test. No significant differences among the three conditions were found with regard to response latency. Discrepancies between the present results and those of previous related studies were noted, and potential research directions were suggested.", "contents": "Modification of impulsive tempo in learning-disabled pupils. Thirty-three impulsive learning-disabled males, aged 9-12 years, were assigned to one of three treatment conditions: (a) Modeling, in which subjects were exposed to a videotape of a boy demonstrating reflective problem-solving activities and instructing himself to perform cautiously; (b) Modeling Plus Self-Verbalization, in which subjects observed the same videotape and were additionally required to verbalize similar reflective instructions; and (c) Control, in which subjects were shown a videotape of the task materials used in the modeling videotape, but without the model. Subjects were tested immediately after exposure to treatment, and again 3 weeks later, on different forms of the Matching Familiar Figures test. Both Modeling and Modeling Plus Self-Verbalization conditions were superior to Control in reducing errors on the immediate test, but the three treatments did not differ on the delayed test. No significant differences among the three conditions were found with regard to response latency. Discrepancies between the present results and those of previous related studies were noted, and potential research directions were suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:342573", "title": "Reflection-impulsivity in normal and behavior-disordered children.", "content": "The primary index of reflection-impulsivity is Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF), which yields both a latency and an error score. To evaluate further the construct validity of these measures, both the latency and error scores of 9- and 15-year-old normal and \"acting-out\" behavior-disordered children were compared. Young behavior-disordered children were found to be more impulsive than the other groups on the MFF error measure. No differences occurred on the MFF latency measure. This result is consistent with previous findings with normal children in supporting the construct validity of the MFF error score and raising questions about the construct validity of the MFF latency score. Findings were inconsistent with Kagan's assertion that normal children become more reflective with age. The older behavior-disordered children were more reflective on the error measure than the younger behavior-disordered children and had equivalent error scores to both age groups of normals. This finding suggested a lag in the development of reflection in behavior-disordered children.", "contents": "Reflection-impulsivity in normal and behavior-disordered children. The primary index of reflection-impulsivity is Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF), which yields both a latency and an error score. To evaluate further the construct validity of these measures, both the latency and error scores of 9- and 15-year-old normal and \"acting-out\" behavior-disordered children were compared. Young behavior-disordered children were found to be more impulsive than the other groups on the MFF error measure. No differences occurred on the MFF latency measure. This result is consistent with previous findings with normal children in supporting the construct validity of the MFF error score and raising questions about the construct validity of the MFF latency score. Findings were inconsistent with Kagan's assertion that normal children become more reflective with age. The older behavior-disordered children were more reflective on the error measure than the younger behavior-disordered children and had equivalent error scores to both age groups of normals. This finding suggested a lag in the development of reflection in behavior-disordered children."}
{"id": "PMID:342578", "title": "Oral hygiene: a history of tongue scraping and brushing.", "content": "Tongue scraping and brushing have been practiced for hundreds of years but are still little appreciated or used by the public. Throughout the centuries, tongue scrapers have been constructed of thin, flexible strips of wood, various meals, ivory, mother-of-pearl, whalebone, celluloid, tortoiseshell, and plastic. Recent scientific evidence has validated the need to practice habitual and thorough tongue brushing as part of daily home oral hygiene procedures.", "contents": "Oral hygiene: a history of tongue scraping and brushing. Tongue scraping and brushing have been practiced for hundreds of years but are still little appreciated or used by the public. Throughout the centuries, tongue scrapers have been constructed of thin, flexible strips of wood, various meals, ivory, mother-of-pearl, whalebone, celluloid, tortoiseshell, and plastic. Recent scientific evidence has validated the need to practice habitual and thorough tongue brushing as part of daily home oral hygiene procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:342579", "title": "Congenital absence of teeth: a review with emphasis on inheritance patterns.", "content": "Congenital absence of teeth is a heritably phenomenon probably most often passed to each generation by an autosomal dominant pattern with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Correlation of hypodontia with systemic disease leads to the hypothesis that this frequent dental anomaly may in some cases be a microform of systemic ectodermal dysplasia.", "contents": "Congenital absence of teeth: a review with emphasis on inheritance patterns. Congenital absence of teeth is a heritably phenomenon probably most often passed to each generation by an autosomal dominant pattern with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Correlation of hypodontia with systemic disease leads to the hypothesis that this frequent dental anomaly may in some cases be a microform of systemic ectodermal dysplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:342580", "title": "Composite resins bonded to porcelain with silane solution.", "content": "A system of bonding composite resins to dental porcelain with silane solution produced a reliable bond. The introduction of stresses, particularly thermal and functional, needs to be investigated further and tested clinically. This technique is now being investigated clinically in a number of porcelain-fused-to-gold restorations. It could be an effective method of intraoral repair of fractured or chipped porcelain restorations.", "contents": "Composite resins bonded to porcelain with silane solution. A system of bonding composite resins to dental porcelain with silane solution produced a reliable bond. The introduction of stresses, particularly thermal and functional, needs to be investigated further and tested clinically. This technique is now being investigated clinically in a number of porcelain-fused-to-gold restorations. It could be an effective method of intraoral repair of fractured or chipped porcelain restorations."}
{"id": "PMID:342584", "title": "Techniques to improve the seating of castings.", "content": "A convergence of 20 degrees for full crowns is the most likely to be seen clinically, as determined by random measurements taken at a dental laboratory. Castings did not seat without cement, by an average of 215 micron at 10 degrees of convergence, or by 99 micron at 20 degrees of convergence. Biting forces will seat a casting approximately 150 micron, but will cause random concentrations of force against tooth structure, thus compressing it. All castings tend to rebound from this position. Zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate cemented crowns seated to 33 micron and 20 micron respectively when relieved, but each were elevated to 112 micron when not relieved. A silicophosphate cement displaced crowns with 20 degrees of convergence 122 micron under \"ideal\" clinical conditions, even when relieved; and with CBA 9080 cement, more than 500 micron. A die relief method was found to be the most suitable of the three casting compensation techniques. Casting retention, after cementation, was increased by 25%.", "contents": "Techniques to improve the seating of castings. A convergence of 20 degrees for full crowns is the most likely to be seen clinically, as determined by random measurements taken at a dental laboratory. Castings did not seat without cement, by an average of 215 micron at 10 degrees of convergence, or by 99 micron at 20 degrees of convergence. Biting forces will seat a casting approximately 150 micron, but will cause random concentrations of force against tooth structure, thus compressing it. All castings tend to rebound from this position. Zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate cemented crowns seated to 33 micron and 20 micron respectively when relieved, but each were elevated to 112 micron when not relieved. A silicophosphate cement displaced crowns with 20 degrees of convergence 122 micron under \"ideal\" clinical conditions, even when relieved; and with CBA 9080 cement, more than 500 micron. A die relief method was found to be the most suitable of the three casting compensation techniques. Casting retention, after cementation, was increased by 25%."}
{"id": "PMID:342585", "title": "Numerical and experimental evaluation of energy inputs, temperature gradients, and thermal stresses during restorative procedures.", "content": "Wet cutting in enamel should be used during restorative procedures. According to evidence reported here, dry cutting can induce sufficiently high thermal stresses to fracture the enamel. Temperatures resulting from dry cutting in dentin are high enough to cause biologic pulp damage if the cutting is within 1 to 2 mm of the pulp. Cracks induced in the cavity walls by dry cutting may eventually contribute to marginal failure. A hand-held syringe directing a small, high-velocity stream of water into the cutting region is a more effective cooling technique than an air-water spray.", "contents": "Numerical and experimental evaluation of energy inputs, temperature gradients, and thermal stresses during restorative procedures. Wet cutting in enamel should be used during restorative procedures. According to evidence reported here, dry cutting can induce sufficiently high thermal stresses to fracture the enamel. Temperatures resulting from dry cutting in dentin are high enough to cause biologic pulp damage if the cutting is within 1 to 2 mm of the pulp. Cracks induced in the cavity walls by dry cutting may eventually contribute to marginal failure. A hand-held syringe directing a small, high-velocity stream of water into the cutting region is a more effective cooling technique than an air-water spray."}
{"id": "PMID:342586", "title": "Dental management of patients receiving hemodialysis and kidney transplants.", "content": "The dental management of patients who received hemodialysis or a kidney transplant has been described. Emphasis has been placed on oral findings as well as on management considerations that are necessary for safe outpatient dental treatment. As with most patients who have systemic disease, emphasis must be on frequent recall examinations and strong preventive measures to minimize the need for extensive dental treatment. Close consultation between dentist and physician is essential for safe dental management of these patients. Few segments of the population need dental services as desperately as do patients receiving hemodialysis or kidney transplants. In this ever-increasing group of patients, dental disease may have consequences much more serious than the loss of function, esthetics, and comfort. Instead, dental problems may compromise the patient's general health and hinder medical efforts to either maintain or replace vital kidney functions.", "contents": "Dental management of patients receiving hemodialysis and kidney transplants. The dental management of patients who received hemodialysis or a kidney transplant has been described. Emphasis has been placed on oral findings as well as on management considerations that are necessary for safe outpatient dental treatment. As with most patients who have systemic disease, emphasis must be on frequent recall examinations and strong preventive measures to minimize the need for extensive dental treatment. Close consultation between dentist and physician is essential for safe dental management of these patients. Few segments of the population need dental services as desperately as do patients receiving hemodialysis or kidney transplants. In this ever-increasing group of patients, dental disease may have consequences much more serious than the loss of function, esthetics, and comfort. Instead, dental problems may compromise the patient's general health and hinder medical efforts to either maintain or replace vital kidney functions."}
{"id": "PMID:342588", "title": "Centrophenoxine: effects on aging mammalian brain.", "content": "A study was made of the effects of centrophenoxine on the learning and memory of old mice. The results were correlated with changes in neuronal lipofuscin in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Old female mice (11-12 months) were treated with centropheoxine for three months and their learning and memory were tested in a T-maze. The number of trials required to attain the criterion in the 20 treated old mice were compared with those for 20 untreated mice of the same age and for 20 younger untreated mice. The treated animals learned the task with significantly fewer trials, and also exhibited a reduction of neuronal lipofuscin pigment in both the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. The changes in lipofuscin were demonstrated by study of the characteristic autofluorescence, and by histolchemical and ultrastructural (electron microscope) observations.", "contents": "Centrophenoxine: effects on aging mammalian brain. A study was made of the effects of centrophenoxine on the learning and memory of old mice. The results were correlated with changes in neuronal lipofuscin in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Old female mice (11-12 months) were treated with centropheoxine for three months and their learning and memory were tested in a T-maze. The number of trials required to attain the criterion in the 20 treated old mice were compared with those for 20 untreated mice of the same age and for 20 younger untreated mice. The treated animals learned the task with significantly fewer trials, and also exhibited a reduction of neuronal lipofuscin pigment in both the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. The changes in lipofuscin were demonstrated by study of the characteristic autofluorescence, and by histolchemical and ultrastructural (electron microscope) observations."}
{"id": "PMID:342589", "title": "Development of variable- focus lenses and a new refractor.", "content": "This paper traces the events that led to the development of the variable-focus lens, the variable-power astigmatic lens, and the principle of remote refraction and \"phantom lenses.\" These developments formed the basis for invention of a new subjective refractor-the Vision Analyzer- whose novel design and rapid operation are described.", "contents": "Development of variable- focus lenses and a new refractor. This paper traces the events that led to the development of the variable-focus lens, the variable-power astigmatic lens, and the principle of remote refraction and \"phantom lenses.\" These developments formed the basis for invention of a new subjective refractor-the Vision Analyzer- whose novel design and rapid operation are described."}
{"id": "PMID:342593", "title": "Diseases of aging untreated virgin female RFM and BALB/c mice.", "content": "Diseases of untreated, virgin female barrier-maintained RFM and BALB/c mice used as controls in a large radiation aging experiment were necropsied after natural death. The spectrum and incidence of neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases were somewhat different in the two strains. Both strains show a high incidence of neoplasma (largely reticulum cell sarcomas and lung tumors) and of glomerulosclerosis. A wide variety of other diseases was noted in much lower incidence. The findings in the RF were briefly compared with those in earlier experiments with that strain in this laboratory.", "contents": "Diseases of aging untreated virgin female RFM and BALB/c mice. Diseases of untreated, virgin female barrier-maintained RFM and BALB/c mice used as controls in a large radiation aging experiment were necropsied after natural death. The spectrum and incidence of neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases were somewhat different in the two strains. Both strains show a high incidence of neoplasma (largely reticulum cell sarcomas and lung tumors) and of glomerulosclerosis. A wide variety of other diseases was noted in much lower incidence. The findings in the RF were briefly compared with those in earlier experiments with that strain in this laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:342594", "title": "The impairment index as a symptom-independent parameter of drug efficacy in geriatric psychopharmacology.", "content": "A method for the determination of drug efficacy in geriatric psychopharmacology is presented. Sixty patients with mild senile organic  brain syndrome were evaluated by a battery of neuropsychological tests. Subsequently these patients were randomly assigned to either drug or placebo treatment for 90 days. One group received 300 mg per day of Naftidrofuryl (Praxilene) while the other received identical placebo. Upon retest, the data indicated that Naftidrofuryl produced significant improvements in reaction time, short-term memory, and iconic memory. Ten neuropsychological test scores as well as two POMS mood factors were incorporated into an Impairment Index. This index was drug sensitive and proved to be symptom independent.", "contents": "The impairment index as a symptom-independent parameter of drug efficacy in geriatric psychopharmacology. A method for the determination of drug efficacy in geriatric psychopharmacology is presented. Sixty patients with mild senile organic  brain syndrome were evaluated by a battery of neuropsychological tests. Subsequently these patients were randomly assigned to either drug or placebo treatment for 90 days. One group received 300 mg per day of Naftidrofuryl (Praxilene) while the other received identical placebo. Upon retest, the data indicated that Naftidrofuryl produced significant improvements in reaction time, short-term memory, and iconic memory. Ten neuropsychological test scores as well as two POMS mood factors were incorporated into an Impairment Index. This index was drug sensitive and proved to be symptom independent."}
{"id": "PMID:342596", "title": "An immunocytochemical study of a rat pituitary multipotential clone.", "content": "The 2A8 clone, a normal diploid rat anterior pituitary cell strain, was investigated by immunocytochemistry to determine the cell types into which the clonal cells differentiated in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo study was carried out by injecting the 2A8 clone preparation either into the hypothalamic region or under the kidney capsule. After thirty days the implants were removed and studied by immunocytochemistry. In vitro, many prolactin cells and a few growth hormone cells were found. In vivo, however, prolactin, growth hormone, ACTH and TSH cells and gonadotrophs were identified. We concluded that the 2A8 clone was multipotential. Since the gonadotrophs of the implants made in the hypothalamic region were larger and more plentiful than those in the kidney implants, and since gonadotrophs were lacking in the in vitro system, it appeared that the hypophysiotrophic environment was the most conducive to gonadotrophic differentiation and maintenance, and that the factor or factors necessary for cyto-differentiation were apparently present in the general circulation of the rat but absent in the growth medium of our culture cells.", "contents": "An immunocytochemical study of a rat pituitary multipotential clone. The 2A8 clone, a normal diploid rat anterior pituitary cell strain, was investigated by immunocytochemistry to determine the cell types into which the clonal cells differentiated in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo study was carried out by injecting the 2A8 clone preparation either into the hypothalamic region or under the kidney capsule. After thirty days the implants were removed and studied by immunocytochemistry. In vitro, many prolactin cells and a few growth hormone cells were found. In vivo, however, prolactin, growth hormone, ACTH and TSH cells and gonadotrophs were identified. We concluded that the 2A8 clone was multipotential. Since the gonadotrophs of the implants made in the hypothalamic region were larger and more plentiful than those in the kidney implants, and since gonadotrophs were lacking in the in vitro system, it appeared that the hypophysiotrophic environment was the most conducive to gonadotrophic differentiation and maintenance, and that the factor or factors necessary for cyto-differentiation were apparently present in the general circulation of the rat but absent in the growth medium of our culture cells."}
{"id": "PMID:342597", "title": "Light and myopic refraction in children.", "content": "Studies over many years, carried out in different climatic zones of the country, were focussed on the investigation of the role of light in the prophylaxis of development of near-sightedness. It has been found that not only the accommodation reflex but also the pupillary reflex play a role in the enhancement of the optic power of the eye. A scheme of interaction of the mentioned reflexes depending on the level of visible radiation was presented. Provision of optimum illumination is one of the basic conditions for the prevention of eye fatigue and development of myopia.", "contents": "Light and myopic refraction in children. Studies over many years, carried out in different climatic zones of the country, were focussed on the investigation of the role of light in the prophylaxis of development of near-sightedness. It has been found that not only the accommodation reflex but also the pupillary reflex play a role in the enhancement of the optic power of the eye. A scheme of interaction of the mentioned reflexes depending on the level of visible radiation was presented. Provision of optimum illumination is one of the basic conditions for the prevention of eye fatigue and development of myopia."}
{"id": "PMID:342598", "title": "Investigation of insecticidal properties of aerosols of mixtures of pyrethroids and DDVP.", "content": "Systematic studies of the effectivity of aerosols of the mixtures of DDVP and pyrethroids tested on house flies revealed synergism among the mentioned substances the degree of which was determined by the composition of the mixtures. Among the formulae under study, the mixture of DDVP and neopynamin in a ratio 9 : 1 is of greatest interest.", "contents": "Investigation of insecticidal properties of aerosols of mixtures of pyrethroids and DDVP. Systematic studies of the effectivity of aerosols of the mixtures of DDVP and pyrethroids tested on house flies revealed synergism among the mentioned substances the degree of which was determined by the composition of the mixtures. Among the formulae under study, the mixture of DDVP and neopynamin in a ratio 9 : 1 is of greatest interest."}
{"id": "PMID:342599", "title": "Core region in Proteus mirabilis lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Four R mutants of P. mirabilis were isolated. The composition of their degraded polysaccharides (PS) obtained from the respective lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as well as the composition and properties of the PS-fractions separated by column chromatography were examined. The results were compared with those obtained with PS of the wild type. One of the mutants could be classified as an Ra-type mutant, presenting a complete LPS core. This polysaccharide core contains: galacturonic acid, glucosamine, glucose, D-glycero-D-mannoheptose, L-glycero-D-mannoheptose in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 2 and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate. Taking into consideration the common sugars described previously in the LPS chemotypes of P. hauseri, the composition of the complete core region mentioned above represents the LPS core part of all the chemotypes, containing two different heptoses.", "contents": "Core region in Proteus mirabilis lipopolysaccharide. Four R mutants of P. mirabilis were isolated. The composition of their degraded polysaccharides (PS) obtained from the respective lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as well as the composition and properties of the PS-fractions separated by column chromatography were examined. The results were compared with those obtained with PS of the wild type. One of the mutants could be classified as an Ra-type mutant, presenting a complete LPS core. This polysaccharide core contains: galacturonic acid, glucosamine, glucose, D-glycero-D-mannoheptose, L-glycero-D-mannoheptose in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 2 and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate. Taking into consideration the common sugars described previously in the LPS chemotypes of P. hauseri, the composition of the complete core region mentioned above represents the LPS core part of all the chemotypes, containing two different heptoses."}
{"id": "PMID:342600", "title": "On the possible mechanism of the protective effect of Escherichia.", "content": "A model on a HEp-2 cell culture was elaborated, permitting the study of the ability of microbes to be adsorbed an to proliferate on the surface of cells and of the mechanism of their protective effect. The ability of E. coli strains to be adsorbed and to proliferate on the surface of a cell culture was found to differ. It has been demonstrated that the protection of the cell culture from subsequent infection with virulent Shigella can be explained not only by the antagonistic activity of E. coli strains, but also by their ability to be adsorbed and to proliferate on the surface of cells. A similar mechanism of protective effect is supposed in preparations of the Colibacterin type.", "contents": "On the possible mechanism of the protective effect of Escherichia. A model on a HEp-2 cell culture was elaborated, permitting the study of the ability of microbes to be adsorbed an to proliferate on the surface of cells and of the mechanism of their protective effect. The ability of E. coli strains to be adsorbed and to proliferate on the surface of a cell culture was found to differ. It has been demonstrated that the protection of the cell culture from subsequent infection with virulent Shigella can be explained not only by the antagonistic activity of E. coli strains, but also by their ability to be adsorbed and to proliferate on the surface of cells. A similar mechanism of protective effect is supposed in preparations of the Colibacterin type."}
{"id": "PMID:342602", "title": "Suppression of natural killer cell cytotoxicity by splenocytes from Corynebacterium parvum-injected, bone marrow-tolerant, and infant mice.", "content": "Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity to YAC-1 lymphoma was investigated in mice tolerant to bone marrow grafts (BM-tolerant), Corynebacterium parvum- (C. parvum) treated mice, and infant mice. Also the comparison was made between the NK cell and the hemopoietic-resistance effector (HR-E) cells. It was found that the BM-tolerant mice and C. parvum-treated mice showed either no or markedly decreased NK cell cytotoxicity. These mice were also nonresponders to bone marrow grafts in vivo. The lack of or decreased reactivity was apparently caused by the regulatory cell activities of the suppressor cell since the splenocytes from C. parvum-treated and BM-tolerant mice suppressed significantly the cytotoxic activities of otherwise fully functional NK cells. Similar suppressive effect on NK cells was mounted by splenocytes from infant mice, indicating again the suppressor cell regulation of NK cell cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Suppression of natural killer cell cytotoxicity by splenocytes from Corynebacterium parvum-injected, bone marrow-tolerant, and infant mice. Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity to YAC-1 lymphoma was investigated in mice tolerant to bone marrow grafts (BM-tolerant), Corynebacterium parvum- (C. parvum) treated mice, and infant mice. Also the comparison was made between the NK cell and the hemopoietic-resistance effector (HR-E) cells. It was found that the BM-tolerant mice and C. parvum-treated mice showed either no or markedly decreased NK cell cytotoxicity. These mice were also nonresponders to bone marrow grafts in vivo. The lack of or decreased reactivity was apparently caused by the regulatory cell activities of the suppressor cell since the splenocytes from C. parvum-treated and BM-tolerant mice suppressed significantly the cytotoxic activities of otherwise fully functional NK cells. Similar suppressive effect on NK cells was mounted by splenocytes from infant mice, indicating again the suppressor cell regulation of NK cell cytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:342603", "title": "C57BL/10/CR mice: nonresponders to activation by the lipid a moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "C57BL/10/CR mice do not respond to the lipid A moiety of LPS. This defect was demonstrated in vivo by a decreased production of the acute phase serum amyloid protein SAA. In addition, the defect was demonstrated in vitro by using cultures of spleen cells and peritoneal cells. No mitogenesis of spleen cells or enhanced glucose utilization by either spleen cells or peritoneal cells was observed when the cells were stimulated by lipid A or phenol-extracted Escherichia coli K235 LPS. The response of these mice to PHA, Con A, Poly I:C, 8BrcGMP, and butanol extraced E. coli K235 LPS was normal. Thus, the inability of lipid A to stimulate B lymphocyte mitogenesis and activate peritoneal cells in vitro may correlate with its inability to induce the acute phase SAA in vivo. B10/CR mice represent another strain, similar to the C3H/HeJ, which is nonresponsive to lipid A and should be useful in eludcidating the mechanism by which bacterial LPS activates cells.", "contents": "C57BL/10/CR mice: nonresponders to activation by the lipid a moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. C57BL/10/CR mice do not respond to the lipid A moiety of LPS. This defect was demonstrated in vivo by a decreased production of the acute phase serum amyloid protein SAA. In addition, the defect was demonstrated in vitro by using cultures of spleen cells and peritoneal cells. No mitogenesis of spleen cells or enhanced glucose utilization by either spleen cells or peritoneal cells was observed when the cells were stimulated by lipid A or phenol-extracted Escherichia coli K235 LPS. The response of these mice to PHA, Con A, Poly I:C, 8BrcGMP, and butanol extraced E. coli K235 LPS was normal. Thus, the inability of lipid A to stimulate B lymphocyte mitogenesis and activate peritoneal cells in vitro may correlate with its inability to induce the acute phase SAA in vivo. B10/CR mice represent another strain, similar to the C3H/HeJ, which is nonresponsive to lipid A and should be useful in eludcidating the mechanism by which bacterial LPS activates cells."}
{"id": "PMID:342604", "title": "Infection with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin activates murine thymus-independent (B) lymphocytes.", "content": "Thymus-independent (B) lymphocytes from BCG-infected mice respond with enhanced or depressed levels of proliferation relative to the nonspecific levels of stimulation induced by tuberculin. The type of response obtained depends on how BCG was administered and the source of the lymphocytes. The proliferation of splenic B lymphocytes was depressed when BCG was given i.v. and unchanged when BCG was given subcutaneously, whereas the lymph node B cell response was enhanced regardless of the route of injecting BCG. BCG was found also to be a mitogen for normal B cells in vitro and to stimulate polyclonal activation of B cells in vivo. Finally, evidence is presented which indicates that the depressed splenic B cell response to tuberculin may be due to the activation of suppressor T cells.", "contents": "Infection with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin activates murine thymus-independent (B) lymphocytes. Thymus-independent (B) lymphocytes from BCG-infected mice respond with enhanced or depressed levels of proliferation relative to the nonspecific levels of stimulation induced by tuberculin. The type of response obtained depends on how BCG was administered and the source of the lymphocytes. The proliferation of splenic B lymphocytes was depressed when BCG was given i.v. and unchanged when BCG was given subcutaneously, whereas the lymph node B cell response was enhanced regardless of the route of injecting BCG. BCG was found also to be a mitogen for normal B cells in vitro and to stimulate polyclonal activation of B cells in vivo. Finally, evidence is presented which indicates that the depressed splenic B cell response to tuberculin may be due to the activation of suppressor T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:342607", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies with 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanato stilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (SITS).", "content": "The application of the fluorochrome 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanato stilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (SITS) in immunofluorescence was studied. The optimal excitation wave length is 350 nm, and optimal fluorescence is obtained at 420 nm. After purification of the commercial compound, conjugation is performed in a strong buffer at pH 9.0-9.5. SITS conjugates were very satisfactory for immunofluorescence studies of the cytoplasmic antigens of cell preparations, but their blue emission was difficult to distinguish from autofluorescence in sections of human tissues. Good results with immunofluorescence on membrane bound antigens were obtained by using an ultra-violet laser beam as light source. SITS can be used simultaneously with FITC and TRITC conjugates thus making it possible to show three antigens in one preparation.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies with 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanato stilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (SITS). The application of the fluorochrome 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanato stilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (SITS) in immunofluorescence was studied. The optimal excitation wave length is 350 nm, and optimal fluorescence is obtained at 420 nm. After purification of the commercial compound, conjugation is performed in a strong buffer at pH 9.0-9.5. SITS conjugates were very satisfactory for immunofluorescence studies of the cytoplasmic antigens of cell preparations, but their blue emission was difficult to distinguish from autofluorescence in sections of human tissues. Good results with immunofluorescence on membrane bound antigens were obtained by using an ultra-violet laser beam as light source. SITS can be used simultaneously with FITC and TRITC conjugates thus making it possible to show three antigens in one preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:342608", "title": "Quantitative determination of human leukocyte interferon by microfluorometric immunoassay with FITC-labeled anti-interferon immunoglobulin.", "content": "The possibility of quantitative determination of human leukocyte interferon using FITC-labeled anti-interferon antibody was studied. Anti-interferon immunoglobulin of high specific activity was obtained as a result of long-term immunization of a donkey with human leukocyte interferon preparation and subsequent fractionation and immunoadsorption steps. This immunoglobulin was labeled with FITC and then used for titration of human leukocyte interferon by the fluorescence inhibition immunoassay. The titres of different preparations of human leukocyte interferon in the immunoassay were comparable with the titres of the same preparations detected by the inhibition of a cytopathic effect of VSV.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of human leukocyte interferon by microfluorometric immunoassay with FITC-labeled anti-interferon immunoglobulin. The possibility of quantitative determination of human leukocyte interferon using FITC-labeled anti-interferon antibody was studied. Anti-interferon immunoglobulin of high specific activity was obtained as a result of long-term immunization of a donkey with human leukocyte interferon preparation and subsequent fractionation and immunoadsorption steps. This immunoglobulin was labeled with FITC and then used for titration of human leukocyte interferon by the fluorescence inhibition immunoassay. The titres of different preparations of human leukocyte interferon in the immunoassay were comparable with the titres of the same preparations detected by the inhibition of a cytopathic effect of VSV."}
{"id": "PMID:342609", "title": "Characterisation and separation of human lymphocytes forming mouse red cell rosettes.", "content": "Rosette formation between human lymphocytes and mouse red blood cells (MRBC) was examined as a marker for B lymphocytes and as a method of B lymphocyte separation. A small proportion of lymphocytes formed spontaneous rosettes with MRBC (mean value 6%) and the number was considerably increased by pretreating the lymphocytes with neuraminidase (mean value 16%). Double marker tests demonstrated that lymphocytes forming MRBC rosette were immunoglobulin (Ig) bearing cells, with a high proportion of IgM bearing cells, but not all Ig bearing cells formed MRBC rosettes. Lymphocyte populations enriched with T or B lymphocytes, by SRBC rosette sedimentation and nylon column filtration, gave values for MRBC rosettes consistent with a subpopulation of Ig bearing cells. Separation of MRBC rosette-forming cells gave a relatively poor degree of separation and rerosetting with MRBC produced variable results.", "contents": "Characterisation and separation of human lymphocytes forming mouse red cell rosettes. Rosette formation between human lymphocytes and mouse red blood cells (MRBC) was examined as a marker for B lymphocytes and as a method of B lymphocyte separation. A small proportion of lymphocytes formed spontaneous rosettes with MRBC (mean value 6%) and the number was considerably increased by pretreating the lymphocytes with neuraminidase (mean value 16%). Double marker tests demonstrated that lymphocytes forming MRBC rosette were immunoglobulin (Ig) bearing cells, with a high proportion of IgM bearing cells, but not all Ig bearing cells formed MRBC rosettes. Lymphocyte populations enriched with T or B lymphocytes, by SRBC rosette sedimentation and nylon column filtration, gave values for MRBC rosettes consistent with a subpopulation of Ig bearing cells. Separation of MRBC rosette-forming cells gave a relatively poor degree of separation and rerosetting with MRBC produced variable results."}
{"id": "PMID:342610", "title": "A new method for the simultaneous assay of rosette-forming and antibody-secreting cells, utilising immune adhesion reactions in monolayer.", "content": "Mixtures of sheep erythrocytes and immune spleen cells from mice were incubated in shallow slide chambers coated with erythrocyte ghosts or anti-mouse Ig, with poly L-lysine as a coupling agent. Antigen-binding cells and erythrocytes surrounding antibody-releasing lymphocytes became bound to the reactive surfaces by immunocytoagglutination and could be readily observed on inversion of the chambers. The sensitivity of the method compares with those currently in use for quantification of antibody-releasing cells, and resolution of rosettes is markedly superior to that obtainable in other assay systems. The advantages and limitations of the method are discussed.", "contents": "A new method for the simultaneous assay of rosette-forming and antibody-secreting cells, utilising immune adhesion reactions in monolayer. Mixtures of sheep erythrocytes and immune spleen cells from mice were incubated in shallow slide chambers coated with erythrocyte ghosts or anti-mouse Ig, with poly L-lysine as a coupling agent. Antigen-binding cells and erythrocytes surrounding antibody-releasing lymphocytes became bound to the reactive surfaces by immunocytoagglutination and could be readily observed on inversion of the chambers. The sensitivity of the method compares with those currently in use for quantification of antibody-releasing cells, and resolution of rosettes is markedly superior to that obtainable in other assay systems. The advantages and limitations of the method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:342611", "title": "Use of a unique chemiluminescence spectrometer in a study of factors influencing granulocyte light emission.", "content": "Factors contributing to variability in chemiluminescence (CL) measurements of phagocytizing granulocytes were identified and controlled. Observed CL was decreased by light quenching caused by red blood cells, hemoglobin, phagocytizable particles, and granulocytes. Increases in CL were achieved by opsonization with heat labile and heat stable (antibody) serum factors, reaction temperatures in the range of 37-40 degrees C, and mixing. The effects of controlled temperature variation and mixing were studied with a chemiluminescence spectrometer uniquely designed for such studies. Features of this spectrometer which make it more suitable than the previously employed scintillation spectrometers for the observation of granulocyte and other chemiluminescent systems include; (1) the ability to measure CL immediately upon reaction initiation; (2) simplicity of photomultiplier tube exchange; and (3) built-in optical filter holders for spectral analysis.", "contents": "Use of a unique chemiluminescence spectrometer in a study of factors influencing granulocyte light emission. Factors contributing to variability in chemiluminescence (CL) measurements of phagocytizing granulocytes were identified and controlled. Observed CL was decreased by light quenching caused by red blood cells, hemoglobin, phagocytizable particles, and granulocytes. Increases in CL were achieved by opsonization with heat labile and heat stable (antibody) serum factors, reaction temperatures in the range of 37-40 degrees C, and mixing. The effects of controlled temperature variation and mixing were studied with a chemiluminescence spectrometer uniquely designed for such studies. Features of this spectrometer which make it more suitable than the previously employed scintillation spectrometers for the observation of granulocyte and other chemiluminescent systems include; (1) the ability to measure CL immediately upon reaction initiation; (2) simplicity of photomultiplier tube exchange; and (3) built-in optical filter holders for spectral analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:342612", "title": "Rapid method for preparing bone marrow cells from small laboratory animals.", "content": "A new method is described by which long bones may be removed from small laboratory animals for the preparation of bone marrow cell suspensions for use in immunologic assays. Bones are obtained free of muscle and cartilage, and the procedures is adaptable for use under aseptic experimental conditions.", "contents": "Rapid method for preparing bone marrow cells from small laboratory animals. A new method is described by which long bones may be removed from small laboratory animals for the preparation of bone marrow cell suspensions for use in immunologic assays. Bones are obtained free of muscle and cartilage, and the procedures is adaptable for use under aseptic experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:342613", "title": "Cell migration from clotted plasma droplets in vitro: development of a new method for MIF assay.", "content": "A new in vitro method for MIF assay has been developed using cells contained in clotted plasma droplets. It gives results concordant with the capillary tube method for H37 Ra Mycobacteria sensitized mice and PPD sensitized healthy persons. The technique is applicable to any migratory cell population and requires only a small number of cells for performance. It is technically simple, not time consuming and practicable both in patients and experimental animals.", "contents": "Cell migration from clotted plasma droplets in vitro: development of a new method for MIF assay. A new in vitro method for MIF assay has been developed using cells contained in clotted plasma droplets. It gives results concordant with the capillary tube method for H37 Ra Mycobacteria sensitized mice and PPD sensitized healthy persons. The technique is applicable to any migratory cell population and requires only a small number of cells for performance. It is technically simple, not time consuming and practicable both in patients and experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:342615", "title": "Swine influenza A at Fort Dix, New Jersey (January-February 1976). IV. Summary and speculation.", "content": "Influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus was detected at Fort Dix from January 19 through February 9, 1976 and infected at least 230 military personnel. Thirteen hospital admissions for acute respiratory disease were associated with influenza A/New Jersey infection, and additional members of index training companies may have been hospitalized with influenza A/New Jersey. This virus was likely introduced into the reception center by an incoming trainee. Although our studies could not eliminate the possibility that influenza A/New jersey strains are inherently less transmissible in humans than H3N2 viruses, the simultaneous transmission of influenza A/Victoria/75 virus and the unusual environment in basic combat training may explain why influenza A/New Jersey did not spread significantly outside of this training population.", "contents": "Swine influenza A at Fort Dix, New Jersey (January-February 1976). IV. Summary and speculation. Influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus was detected at Fort Dix from January 19 through February 9, 1976 and infected at least 230 military personnel. Thirteen hospital admissions for acute respiratory disease were associated with influenza A/New Jersey infection, and additional members of index training companies may have been hospitalized with influenza A/New Jersey. This virus was likely introduced into the reception center by an incoming trainee. Although our studies could not eliminate the possibility that influenza A/New jersey strains are inherently less transmissible in humans than H3N2 viruses, the simultaneous transmission of influenza A/Victoria/75 virus and the unusual environment in basic combat training may explain why influenza A/New Jersey did not spread significantly outside of this training population."}
{"id": "PMID:342616", "title": "Swine influenza virus infections in humans.", "content": "Influenza in swine was first recognized as an epizootic disease in 1918. During that same year influenza virus in humans caused the worst pandemic on record. The virus of swine influenza was isolated in 1930. Swine influenza virus was first isolated from humans in 1974. Since then, including the cases at Fort Dix, there have been a total of nine viral isolations from humans in the United States. Serologic evidence of infections with swine influenza virus in humans has also been obtained. Evidence for transmission of swine influenza virus to humans before 1974 is minimal and circumstantial. Recent recognition of infections with swine influenza virus may be the result of better surveillance, increased numbers of susceptible humans, or increased viral infectivity for humans. Nevertheless, the apparent frequency of human infections and the declining levels of antibodies to swine influenza virus in the human population suggest that influenza viruses of swine may be a potential sources of epidemic disease for humans.", "contents": "Swine influenza virus infections in humans. Influenza in swine was first recognized as an epizootic disease in 1918. During that same year influenza virus in humans caused the worst pandemic on record. The virus of swine influenza was isolated in 1930. Swine influenza virus was first isolated from humans in 1974. Since then, including the cases at Fort Dix, there have been a total of nine viral isolations from humans in the United States. Serologic evidence of infections with swine influenza virus in humans has also been obtained. Evidence for transmission of swine influenza virus to humans before 1974 is minimal and circumstantial. Recent recognition of infections with swine influenza virus may be the result of better surveillance, increased numbers of susceptible humans, or increased viral infectivity for humans. Nevertheless, the apparent frequency of human infections and the declining levels of antibodies to swine influenza virus in the human population suggest that influenza viruses of swine may be a potential sources of epidemic disease for humans."}
{"id": "PMID:342617", "title": "Measurement of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to influenza virus in the 1976 influenza vaccine program: methods and test reproducibility.", "content": "Titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody were determined for all sera obtained from participants in the 1976 Influenza Vaccine Test Program. At least eight control sera were included in each test during the vaccine trial period for the purpose of monitoring HAI test reproducibility. Estimates of day-to-day reproducibility were defined as the percentages of duplicate aliquots of the same sera, tested on two separate days, having HAI antibody titers that did not differ by more than one twofold dilution. These reproducibility estimates ranged from 89% to 97% with influenza A/New Jersey/76 and A/Mayo Clinic/74 antigens. In contrast, within-day reproducibility estimates obtained from all sets of control sera ranged from 96% to 98%. Estimates of day-to-day test reproducibility obtained with selected sera taken after vaccination that were titrated on two differen days ranged from 90% to 98%. Geometric mean titers of these sera tested weeks or months apart differed on some occasions during the test period.", "contents": "Measurement of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to influenza virus in the 1976 influenza vaccine program: methods and test reproducibility. Titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody were determined for all sera obtained from participants in the 1976 Influenza Vaccine Test Program. At least eight control sera were included in each test during the vaccine trial period for the purpose of monitoring HAI test reproducibility. Estimates of day-to-day reproducibility were defined as the percentages of duplicate aliquots of the same sera, tested on two separate days, having HAI antibody titers that did not differ by more than one twofold dilution. These reproducibility estimates ranged from 89% to 97% with influenza A/New Jersey/76 and A/Mayo Clinic/74 antigens. In contrast, within-day reproducibility estimates obtained from all sets of control sera ranged from 96% to 98%. Estimates of day-to-day test reproducibility obtained with selected sera taken after vaccination that were titrated on two differen days ranged from 90% to 98%. Geometric mean titers of these sera tested weeks or months apart differed on some occasions during the test period."}
{"id": "PMID:342618", "title": "Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines in normal adults.", "content": "Inactivated influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines were administered intramuscularly to 199 normal adults, aged 19-59, in doses of 200, 400, or 800 chick cell-agglutinating units in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Systemic reactions (including fever) were uncommon, were mild, lasted less than 24 hr, and were more frequently associated with the largest dose. Local reactions were common but mild. A single, rapidly reversible, allergic reaction was noted in a volunteer 2 hr after vaccination. There was a trend toward fewer systemic reactions in vaccines who had preexisting hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibodies to the vaccine virus in their sera as compared with seronegative vaccines. All vaccine preparations at all three dosages evoked serum HAI titers of greater than or equal to 20 to greater than or equal to 40 in a high proportion of seronegative recipients, with significantly greater geometric mean titers at the highest dosage. Vaccines between the ages of 19 and 23 years manifested significantly lower serologic responses than did vaccinees over the age of 23. Thus, normal adults over the age of 23 can be immunized with a single, well-tolerated dose of A/New Jersey/76 vaccines.", "contents": "Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines in normal adults. Inactivated influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines were administered intramuscularly to 199 normal adults, aged 19-59, in doses of 200, 400, or 800 chick cell-agglutinating units in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Systemic reactions (including fever) were uncommon, were mild, lasted less than 24 hr, and were more frequently associated with the largest dose. Local reactions were common but mild. A single, rapidly reversible, allergic reaction was noted in a volunteer 2 hr after vaccination. There was a trend toward fewer systemic reactions in vaccines who had preexisting hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibodies to the vaccine virus in their sera as compared with seronegative vaccines. All vaccine preparations at all three dosages evoked serum HAI titers of greater than or equal to 20 to greater than or equal to 40 in a high proportion of seronegative recipients, with significantly greater geometric mean titers at the highest dosage. Vaccines between the ages of 19 and 23 years manifested significantly lower serologic responses than did vaccinees over the age of 23. Thus, normal adults over the age of 23 can be immunized with a single, well-tolerated dose of A/New Jersey/76 vaccines."}
{"id": "PMID:342619", "title": "Comparative study of reactogenicity and immunogenicity of influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) virus vaccines in normal volunteers.", "content": "Local and systemic reactions and antibody responses to three different doses of influenza virus vaccine (A/New Jersey/76 [Hsw1N1]) produced by four different manufacturers were studied. Local and systemic reactions that peaked between 8 and 24 hr after vaccine administration were related to the source of the vaccine more than to the dose. Antibody conversion occurred in almost 90% of subjects over the age of 25 years but in only 61% of subjects 25 years or younger. This low response rate was due almost entirely to the lack of response of volunteers who received split-product vaccine (only 49% of subjects became seropositive). In addition, individuals with symptoms of local reaction had a rate of antibody conversion and magnitude of antibody response that were significantly higher than those observed in subjects who did not have local reactions. These findings suggest that in subjects older than 25 years, all four vaccines produced a high frequency of antibody response with a minimum of side effects. In addition, split-virus vaccine is less immunogenic than whole-virus vaccine in subjects younger than 25 years. Production of a vaccine devoid of local reaction may not be advisable.", "contents": "Comparative study of reactogenicity and immunogenicity of influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) virus vaccines in normal volunteers. Local and systemic reactions and antibody responses to three different doses of influenza virus vaccine (A/New Jersey/76 [Hsw1N1]) produced by four different manufacturers were studied. Local and systemic reactions that peaked between 8 and 24 hr after vaccine administration were related to the source of the vaccine more than to the dose. Antibody conversion occurred in almost 90% of subjects over the age of 25 years but in only 61% of subjects 25 years or younger. This low response rate was due almost entirely to the lack of response of volunteers who received split-product vaccine (only 49% of subjects became seropositive). In addition, individuals with symptoms of local reaction had a rate of antibody conversion and magnitude of antibody response that were significantly higher than those observed in subjects who did not have local reactions. These findings suggest that in subjects older than 25 years, all four vaccines produced a high frequency of antibody response with a minimum of side effects. In addition, split-virus vaccine is less immunogenic than whole-virus vaccine in subjects younger than 25 years. Production of a vaccine devoid of local reaction may not be advisable."}
{"id": "PMID:342620", "title": "Clinical trials of monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines in adults: reactogenicity, antibody response, and antibody persistence.", "content": "Responses to monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines were evaluated in 22-43-year-old, antibody-negative males. Three doses of vaccine (200, 400, and 800 chick cell-agglutinating [CCA] units) from each of four manufacturers and a placebo were given intramuscularly. Mild systemic complaints occurred in 12% of vaccines and moderate reactions in 5%, mostly in recipients of 800 CCA units of the vaccines. Reactogenicities of subvirion vaccines were intermediate, while different preparations of whole-virus vaccine were the most and the least reactogenic. Local reactions to 200-CCA unit doses of vaccines resembled reactions to placebo. Serum antibody responses against influenza A/swine/37 virus and current swine-like strains were similar for recipients of vaccines from three manufacturers. Among recipients of 200 CCA units of the vaccines, 79% developed antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:20. Increasing antibody response was not uniformly associated with increasing vaccine dose but did correlate with increasing reactogenicity. Antibody titers fell about twofold over six months, and they fell slightly more for recipients of subvirion than for recipients of whole-virus vaccines.", "contents": "Clinical trials of monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines in adults: reactogenicity, antibody response, and antibody persistence. Responses to monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines were evaluated in 22-43-year-old, antibody-negative males. Three doses of vaccine (200, 400, and 800 chick cell-agglutinating [CCA] units) from each of four manufacturers and a placebo were given intramuscularly. Mild systemic complaints occurred in 12% of vaccines and moderate reactions in 5%, mostly in recipients of 800 CCA units of the vaccines. Reactogenicities of subvirion vaccines were intermediate, while different preparations of whole-virus vaccine were the most and the least reactogenic. Local reactions to 200-CCA unit doses of vaccines resembled reactions to placebo. Serum antibody responses against influenza A/swine/37 virus and current swine-like strains were similar for recipients of vaccines from three manufacturers. Among recipients of 200 CCA units of the vaccines, 79% developed antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:20. Increasing antibody response was not uniformly associated with increasing vaccine dose but did correlate with increasing reactogenicity. Antibody titers fell about twofold over six months, and they fell slightly more for recipients of subvirion than for recipients of whole-virus vaccines."}
{"id": "PMID:342621", "title": "Antibody responses and reactogenicity of graded doses of inactivated influenza A/New Jersey/76 whole-virus vaccine in humans.", "content": "Graded doses of inactivated whole influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 virus vaccine were injected into healthy volunteers. Presence of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody was uncommon before vaccination in persons younger than 45 years and most common in those older than 65 years. All vaccine doses (4-61 microgram of hemagglutinin) induced HAI antibody in at least 50% of recipients, although a booster dose was required to induce high titers in those younger than 24 years of age. A tendency for HAI titers to increase with increasing age and dose was noted. A trivalent vaccine (composed of A/New Jersey/76, A/Victoria/75, and B/Hong Kong/73) given to persons 21-44 years old produced HAI antibody titers to A/New Jersey/76 similar to those produced by the same dose of A/New Jersey/76 as a monovalent vaccine and produced higher titers in subjects 65 years of age or older. Increases in neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody were small and infrequent. Local and system symptoms were commonly reported after vaccination but were mostly mild (11% had moderate pain and 19% had muscular aches). Reactions were less common among those with HAI antibody at the time of vaccination and were unacceptably severe (in 20% of recipients) only in seronegative recipients given the 61-microgram dose of hemagglutinin.", "contents": "Antibody responses and reactogenicity of graded doses of inactivated influenza A/New Jersey/76 whole-virus vaccine in humans. Graded doses of inactivated whole influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 virus vaccine were injected into healthy volunteers. Presence of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody was uncommon before vaccination in persons younger than 45 years and most common in those older than 65 years. All vaccine doses (4-61 microgram of hemagglutinin) induced HAI antibody in at least 50% of recipients, although a booster dose was required to induce high titers in those younger than 24 years of age. A tendency for HAI titers to increase with increasing age and dose was noted. A trivalent vaccine (composed of A/New Jersey/76, A/Victoria/75, and B/Hong Kong/73) given to persons 21-44 years old produced HAI antibody titers to A/New Jersey/76 similar to those produced by the same dose of A/New Jersey/76 as a monovalent vaccine and produced higher titers in subjects 65 years of age or older. Increases in neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody were small and infrequent. Local and system symptoms were commonly reported after vaccination but were mostly mild (11% had moderate pain and 19% had muscular aches). Reactions were less common among those with HAI antibody at the time of vaccination and were unacceptably severe (in 20% of recipients) only in seronegative recipients given the 61-microgram dose of hemagglutinin."}
{"id": "PMID:342622", "title": "Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of parenteral monovalent influenza A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) virus vaccine in healthy adults.", "content": "Monovalent influenza A/Victoria/3/75 whole-virus vaccines prepared by Merck Sharp and Dohme (West Point, Pa.) and Merrell-National Laboratories (Cincinnati, Ohio) and split-virus vaccines prepared by Parke, Davis and Company (Detroit, Mich.) and Wyeth Laboratories (Philadelphia, Pa.) containing 200, 400, and 800 chick cell-agglutinating units per dose were compared with a placebo in double-blind trials in which 208 adults participated. Titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody of greater than or equal to 1:20 were found in greater than 80% of the volunteers 21 days after vaccination. Seroconversion, defined as a fourfold or greater increase in antibody titer, occurred more frequently among seronegative volunteers than among seropositive volunteers. The geometric mean titers obtained with the whole-virus or split-virus vaccines were not significantly different. Reaction rates had no relation to seroconversion, nor did seronegative subjects have more reactions than seropositive subjects. Local reactions from all vaccines increased with increasing dose. Significantly more overall reactions, \"bothersome\" reactions, and febrile reactions occurred in the recipients of whole-virus vaccine. Of nine volunteers who reported temperatures of greater than 100 F, one had received split-virus vaccine, seven had received whole-virus vaccine, and one had received the placebo. Most systemic reactions were mild, and all were self-limited.", "contents": "Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of parenteral monovalent influenza A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) virus vaccine in healthy adults. Monovalent influenza A/Victoria/3/75 whole-virus vaccines prepared by Merck Sharp and Dohme (West Point, Pa.) and Merrell-National Laboratories (Cincinnati, Ohio) and split-virus vaccines prepared by Parke, Davis and Company (Detroit, Mich.) and Wyeth Laboratories (Philadelphia, Pa.) containing 200, 400, and 800 chick cell-agglutinating units per dose were compared with a placebo in double-blind trials in which 208 adults participated. Titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody of greater than or equal to 1:20 were found in greater than 80% of the volunteers 21 days after vaccination. Seroconversion, defined as a fourfold or greater increase in antibody titer, occurred more frequently among seronegative volunteers than among seropositive volunteers. The geometric mean titers obtained with the whole-virus or split-virus vaccines were not significantly different. Reaction rates had no relation to seroconversion, nor did seronegative subjects have more reactions than seropositive subjects. Local reactions from all vaccines increased with increasing dose. Significantly more overall reactions, \"bothersome\" reactions, and febrile reactions occurred in the recipients of whole-virus vaccine. Of nine volunteers who reported temperatures of greater than 100 F, one had received split-virus vaccine, seven had received whole-virus vaccine, and one had received the placebo. Most systemic reactions were mild, and all were self-limited."}
{"id": "PMID:342623", "title": "Serologic responses and systemic reactions in adults after vaccination with bivalent A/Victoria/75-A/New Jersey/76 and monovalent B/Hong Kong/72 influenza vaccines.", "content": "Bivalent A/Victoria/75-A/New Jersey/76 and monovalent B/Hong Kong/72 influenza vaccines were given alone or together to adutls, and systemic reactions and antibody responses were determined. The rates of systemic reactivity observed varied among vaccine groups. Disrupted vaccines and whole-virus vaccines containing type B antigen only did not cause significant reactivity. Systemic reactions were observed after administration of the bivalent A whole-virus vaccines, and this reactivity was increased if the B vaccine was also administered. Reactions to the more reactive vaccines were less frequent in older subjects or in younger individuals with evidence of previous exposure to influenza antigens in the vaccine. Antibody responses in this study indicated that individuals older than 25 years responded better to A/New Jersey antigens than did younger subjects. The A/Victoria antigen produced lower antibody levels in older individuals than in younger subjects. The B/Hong Kong antibody responses were similar in all vaccine groups.", "contents": "Serologic responses and systemic reactions in adults after vaccination with bivalent A/Victoria/75-A/New Jersey/76 and monovalent B/Hong Kong/72 influenza vaccines. Bivalent A/Victoria/75-A/New Jersey/76 and monovalent B/Hong Kong/72 influenza vaccines were given alone or together to adutls, and systemic reactions and antibody responses were determined. The rates of systemic reactivity observed varied among vaccine groups. Disrupted vaccines and whole-virus vaccines containing type B antigen only did not cause significant reactivity. Systemic reactions were observed after administration of the bivalent A whole-virus vaccines, and this reactivity was increased if the B vaccine was also administered. Reactions to the more reactive vaccines were less frequent in older subjects or in younger individuals with evidence of previous exposure to influenza antigens in the vaccine. Antibody responses in this study indicated that individuals older than 25 years responded better to A/New Jersey antigens than did younger subjects. The A/Victoria antigen produced lower antibody levels in older individuals than in younger subjects. The B/Hong Kong antibody responses were similar in all vaccine groups."}
{"id": "PMID:342624", "title": "Clinical trials of bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 vaccines in the elderly.", "content": "This placebo-controlled evaluation in elderly persons of inactivated influenza virus vaccines containing 200 or 400 chicke cell-agglutinating units of both A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75 antigens revealed mild systemic reactions in 7.8% and moderate reactions in 4.9% of vaccinees. These reactions were more common after administration of whole-virus than subvirion vaccines, more frequent in females than males, and more frequent in persons with low initial titers of antibody to A/New Jersey antigen. Local inflammation occurred in 18.7% of vaccinees (predominantly females) and frequently was seen with systemic reactions, but did not correlate with antibody response. Titers of antibody to A/New Jersey antigen were initially high and 99% of vaccinees had titers of greater than 1:20 after vaccination. Titers of antibody to A/Victoria antigen were initially low, and 56% of vaccinees had titers of greater than 1:20 after vaccination. Fourfold or greater increases in titer occurred in about 50% of vaccinees for each virus, most often concomitantly. Antibody responses to subvirion and whole-virus vaccines were similar, and increased responses with higher doses coincided with increased reactogenicity. Later revaccinations because of low titers of A/Victoria antibody produced negligible antibody responses.", "contents": "Clinical trials of bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 vaccines in the elderly. This placebo-controlled evaluation in elderly persons of inactivated influenza virus vaccines containing 200 or 400 chicke cell-agglutinating units of both A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75 antigens revealed mild systemic reactions in 7.8% and moderate reactions in 4.9% of vaccinees. These reactions were more common after administration of whole-virus than subvirion vaccines, more frequent in females than males, and more frequent in persons with low initial titers of antibody to A/New Jersey antigen. Local inflammation occurred in 18.7% of vaccinees (predominantly females) and frequently was seen with systemic reactions, but did not correlate with antibody response. Titers of antibody to A/New Jersey antigen were initially high and 99% of vaccinees had titers of greater than 1:20 after vaccination. Titers of antibody to A/Victoria antigen were initially low, and 56% of vaccinees had titers of greater than 1:20 after vaccination. Fourfold or greater increases in titer occurred in about 50% of vaccinees for each virus, most often concomitantly. Antibody responses to subvirion and whole-virus vaccines were similar, and increased responses with higher doses coincided with increased reactogenicity. Later revaccinations because of low titers of A/Victoria antibody produced negligible antibody responses."}
{"id": "PMID:342625", "title": "Responses of elderly and chronically ill subjects to bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1)-A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) vaccines.", "content": "Antibody responses and side effects to bivalent influenza A virus vaccines from three different manufacturers, containing 200 or 400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units each of A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) antigens, were evaluated in 234 ambulatory elderly and chronically ill volunteers in a placebo-controlled, doubld-blind study. Systemic reactions did not occur significantly more often among recipients of vaccine than among volunteers who received placebo. Local reactions to vaccines were observed but were mild, transient, and well tolerated. Occurrence of preexisting antibody to each antigen was common. Titers of antibody to A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) antigen of greater than or equal to 1:40 occurred after immunization in 94%-100% of volunteers receiving vaccines and in 66% of the placebo recipients. Titers of antibody to A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) antigen of greater than or equal to 1:40 occurred in 53%-85% of vaccine recipients compared with 34% of those in the placebo group. Thus, bivalent split-product and whole-virus influenza I vaccines containing 200/200 or 400/400 CCA units of the two antigens appeared to be nearly equivalent in incidence and severity of side effects and antibody responses in recipients.", "contents": "Responses of elderly and chronically ill subjects to bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1)-A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) vaccines. Antibody responses and side effects to bivalent influenza A virus vaccines from three different manufacturers, containing 200 or 400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units each of A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) antigens, were evaluated in 234 ambulatory elderly and chronically ill volunteers in a placebo-controlled, doubld-blind study. Systemic reactions did not occur significantly more often among recipients of vaccine than among volunteers who received placebo. Local reactions to vaccines were observed but were mild, transient, and well tolerated. Occurrence of preexisting antibody to each antigen was common. Titers of antibody to A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) antigen of greater than or equal to 1:40 occurred after immunization in 94%-100% of volunteers receiving vaccines and in 66% of the placebo recipients. Titers of antibody to A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) antigen of greater than or equal to 1:40 occurred in 53%-85% of vaccine recipients compared with 34% of those in the placebo group. Thus, bivalent split-product and whole-virus influenza I vaccines containing 200/200 or 400/400 CCA units of the two antigens appeared to be nearly equivalent in incidence and severity of side effects and antibody responses in recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:342626", "title": "Studies of inactivated influenza virus vaccines in hospital employees: reactogenicity and absenteeism.", "content": "The impact of a mass influenza vaccination program on the operation of a major medical center was evaluated in adult volunteer employees who were given either ether-split or whole-virus bivalent influenza vaccine in a double-blind manner by jet-injector gun. Each volunteer completed a reaction information form, nurses monitored temperatures, and data on absenteeism of the employees of the Nursing Service and the Building Management Service were collected. The results of this study demonstrated that the mass campaign did not adversely affect absenteeism. However, the whole-virus vaccine caused significantly more local, systemic, and febrile reactions thant the split-virus vaccine. Purified inactivated influenza virus vaccines can be given in a mass campaign to hospital personnel without adversely affecting the operation of the hospital.", "contents": "Studies of inactivated influenza virus vaccines in hospital employees: reactogenicity and absenteeism. The impact of a mass influenza vaccination program on the operation of a major medical center was evaluated in adult volunteer employees who were given either ether-split or whole-virus bivalent influenza vaccine in a double-blind manner by jet-injector gun. Each volunteer completed a reaction information form, nurses monitored temperatures, and data on absenteeism of the employees of the Nursing Service and the Building Management Service were collected. The results of this study demonstrated that the mass campaign did not adversely affect absenteeism. However, the whole-virus vaccine caused significantly more local, systemic, and febrile reactions thant the split-virus vaccine. Purified inactivated influenza virus vaccines can be given in a mass campaign to hospital personnel without adversely affecting the operation of the hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:342627", "title": "Swine influenza virus vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of inactivated influenza virus vaccines in patients with multiple sclerosis. The vaccine used contained 200 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of influenza A/New Jersey/76 and 200 CCA units of influenza A/Victoria/75 whole viruses (Merrell-National Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio). The frequency of clinical relapses of multiple sclerosis was the same in the vaccine-treated (four of 33 patients) and placebo-treated (four of 33) groups. An untreated control group had a slightly higher rate of relapses (four of 22). Toxic reactions to the vaccine were not a significant problem. The efficacy of the vaccination as measured by titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody was comparable to that reported for the general population. However, patients with preexisting antibody were less responsive to the vaccine than normal controls studied previously. The patients who did not respond to the vaccine tended to be older and more disabled. There were no changes in titers of antibody to rubeola or rubella virus after vaccination or in relation to change in clinical course. It is concluded that the vaccine is safe and effective in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Swine influenza virus vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of inactivated influenza virus vaccines in patients with multiple sclerosis. The vaccine used contained 200 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of influenza A/New Jersey/76 and 200 CCA units of influenza A/Victoria/75 whole viruses (Merrell-National Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio). The frequency of clinical relapses of multiple sclerosis was the same in the vaccine-treated (four of 33 patients) and placebo-treated (four of 33) groups. An untreated control group had a slightly higher rate of relapses (four of 22). Toxic reactions to the vaccine were not a significant problem. The efficacy of the vaccination as measured by titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody was comparable to that reported for the general population. However, patients with preexisting antibody were less responsive to the vaccine than normal controls studied previously. The patients who did not respond to the vaccine tended to be older and more disabled. There were no changes in titers of antibody to rubeola or rubella virus after vaccination or in relation to change in clinical course. It is concluded that the vaccine is safe and effective in patients with multiple sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:342628", "title": "Reactivity and immunogenicity of monovalent A/New Jersey/76 influenza virus vaccines in children.", "content": "This paper presents the methodology of the multicenter collaborative clinical trials that evaluated monovalent A/New Jersey/76 influenza virus vaccines in healthy children six months to 18 years of age and describes the experience involving 264 children six months to 10 years of age in Omaha, Nebraska. Results indicated that chidren can be safely and effectively immunized with carefully adjusted two-dose regimens that take into account the differences between split-virus and whole-virus vaccines and between the two whole-virsu vaccines.", "contents": "Reactivity and immunogenicity of monovalent A/New Jersey/76 influenza virus vaccines in children. This paper presents the methodology of the multicenter collaborative clinical trials that evaluated monovalent A/New Jersey/76 influenza virus vaccines in healthy children six months to 18 years of age and describes the experience involving 264 children six months to 10 years of age in Omaha, Nebraska. Results indicated that chidren can be safely and effectively immunized with carefully adjusted two-dose regimens that take into account the differences between split-virus and whole-virus vaccines and between the two whole-virsu vaccines."}
{"id": "PMID:342629", "title": "Monovalent inactivated A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) vaccine in healthy children aged three to five years.", "content": "Single doses (50, 100, or 200 chick cell-agglutinating [CCA] units) of split-product or whole-virus (50 or 100 CCA units), monovalent inactivated A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1n1) virus vaccine or placebo were given to healthy children aged three to five years in Maryland. Split-product vaccine was nonreactogenic but also virtually nonimmunogenic. Lower doses of whole-virus vaccine (50 CCA units of Merck, Sharp and Dohme [West Point, Pa.] and 50 or 100 CCA units of Merrell-National Laboratories [Cincinnati, Ohio] vaccine) were mildly reactogenic (approximately 25% of the children had low-grade fevers of 100 F-101 F). These dosage levels of whole-virus vaccine stimulated titers of greater than or equal to 1:20 in 68% and titers of greater than or equal to 1:40 in 37% of the children. Two inoculations of whole-virus vaccine (primary immunization followed by a booster one month later) were tolerated and induced titers of greater than or equal to 1:80 in 100% of the children.", "contents": "Monovalent inactivated A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) vaccine in healthy children aged three to five years. Single doses (50, 100, or 200 chick cell-agglutinating [CCA] units) of split-product or whole-virus (50 or 100 CCA units), monovalent inactivated A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1n1) virus vaccine or placebo were given to healthy children aged three to five years in Maryland. Split-product vaccine was nonreactogenic but also virtually nonimmunogenic. Lower doses of whole-virus vaccine (50 CCA units of Merck, Sharp and Dohme [West Point, Pa.] and 50 or 100 CCA units of Merrell-National Laboratories [Cincinnati, Ohio] vaccine) were mildly reactogenic (approximately 25% of the children had low-grade fevers of 100 F-101 F). These dosage levels of whole-virus vaccine stimulated titers of greater than or equal to 1:20 in 68% and titers of greater than or equal to 1:40 in 37% of the children. Two inoculations of whole-virus vaccine (primary immunization followed by a booster one month later) were tolerated and induced titers of greater than or equal to 1:80 in 100% of the children."}
{"id": "PMID:342630", "title": "Clinical reactions and serologic responses in healthy children aged six to 35 months after two-dose regimens of inactivated A/New Jersey/76 influenza virus vaccines.", "content": "In collaborative clinical trials, two-dose regimens of four monovalent A/New Jersey (NJ)/76 influenza virus vaccines were evaluated in 89 children aged six to 35 months. Clinical reactions to vaccination consisted primarily of low-grade fever. Rectal temperatures of between 100 F and 102 F occurred less frequently after inoculation with split-product vaccines (seven [23%] of 31 children) than whole-virus vaccines (19 [33%] of 58). After administration of single doses of vaccines, titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody reached greater than or equal to 1:20 in three (13%) of the 23 recipients of split-product vaccines and in 23 (51%) of the 45 recipients of whole-virus vaccines. After administration of two doses, 89%-94% of recipients of Parke, Davis and Company (PD, Detroit, Mich.), Merrell-National Laboratories (Cincinnati, Ohio), and Merck Sharp and Dohme (West Point, Pa.) vaccines, but only 50% of the recipients of Wyeth Laboratories (Philadelphia, Pa.) vaccine, had titers of HAI antibody of greater than or equal to 1:20. Single doses of more reactogenic whole-virus vaccines may be justifiable for rapid immunization of young children during epidemics of influenza. Given in a two-dose regimen, however, PD split-product vaccine was immunogenic and was the most well-tolerated vaccine tested in this age group.", "contents": "Clinical reactions and serologic responses in healthy children aged six to 35 months after two-dose regimens of inactivated A/New Jersey/76 influenza virus vaccines. In collaborative clinical trials, two-dose regimens of four monovalent A/New Jersey (NJ)/76 influenza virus vaccines were evaluated in 89 children aged six to 35 months. Clinical reactions to vaccination consisted primarily of low-grade fever. Rectal temperatures of between 100 F and 102 F occurred less frequently after inoculation with split-product vaccines (seven [23%] of 31 children) than whole-virus vaccines (19 [33%] of 58). After administration of single doses of vaccines, titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody reached greater than or equal to 1:20 in three (13%) of the 23 recipients of split-product vaccines and in 23 (51%) of the 45 recipients of whole-virus vaccines. After administration of two doses, 89%-94% of recipients of Parke, Davis and Company (PD, Detroit, Mich.), Merrell-National Laboratories (Cincinnati, Ohio), and Merck Sharp and Dohme (West Point, Pa.) vaccines, but only 50% of the recipients of Wyeth Laboratories (Philadelphia, Pa.) vaccine, had titers of HAI antibody of greater than or equal to 1:20. Single doses of more reactogenic whole-virus vaccines may be justifiable for rapid immunization of young children during epidemics of influenza. Given in a two-dose regimen, however, PD split-product vaccine was immunogenic and was the most well-tolerated vaccine tested in this age group."}
{"id": "PMID:342631", "title": "Clinical trials with inactivated monovalent (A/New Jersey/76) and bivalent (A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75) influenza vaccines in Los Angeles children.", "content": "Clinical and serologic responses to inactivated influenza virus vaccines were studied in 444 children in Los Angeles under doubld-blind, placebo-controlled protocols. One- and two-dose regimens employing monovalent (A/New Jersey/76) and bivalent (A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75) vaccine were studied in separate trials. In a single dose, whole-virus vaccines were more potent than split-product vaccines as primary inducers of immunity against influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus. Split-product vaccines were better tolerated clinically and, after two-dose regiments, produced rates of seroconversion (greater than 90%) against A/New Jersey/76 virus comparable to those produced by two doses of whole-virus vaccines. Analysis of heterotypic antibody responses induced by monovalent A/New Jersey/76 vaccines revealed only slight increases in antibody against influenza A/Victoria/75 virus. After vaccination with bivalent vaccines, levels of antibody against influenza A/Victoria/75 virus were significantly higher in subjects who received high doses of split-product vaccines than in subjects who received whole-virus vaccines.", "contents": "Clinical trials with inactivated monovalent (A/New Jersey/76) and bivalent (A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75) influenza vaccines in Los Angeles children. Clinical and serologic responses to inactivated influenza virus vaccines were studied in 444 children in Los Angeles under doubld-blind, placebo-controlled protocols. One- and two-dose regimens employing monovalent (A/New Jersey/76) and bivalent (A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75) vaccine were studied in separate trials. In a single dose, whole-virus vaccines were more potent than split-product vaccines as primary inducers of immunity against influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus. Split-product vaccines were better tolerated clinically and, after two-dose regiments, produced rates of seroconversion (greater than 90%) against A/New Jersey/76 virus comparable to those produced by two doses of whole-virus vaccines. Analysis of heterotypic antibody responses induced by monovalent A/New Jersey/76 vaccines revealed only slight increases in antibody against influenza A/Victoria/75 virus. After vaccination with bivalent vaccines, levels of antibody against influenza A/Victoria/75 virus were significantly higher in subjects who received high doses of split-product vaccines than in subjects who received whole-virus vaccines."}
{"id": "PMID:342632", "title": "IgM and IgG antibody responses after immunization of children with inactivated monovalent (A/New Jersey/76) and bivalent (A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75) influenza virus vaccines.", "content": "The character of the immune response to inactivated monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 and bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 vaccines was studied in children six months to 18 years of age. Titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in sera taken after vaccination were measured before and after treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol. IgG antibody predominated in responses to the influenza A/Victoria/75 component of bivalent vaccines. In contrast, specific IgM antibody to influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus developed after administration of both monovalent and bivalent vaccines and appeared to characterize the immune response to this antigenic \"shift\" strain in children. Prevalences of IgM antibody against influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus did not differ significantly by age. This finding implies that type rather than extent of previous experience with influenza determines the IgM antibody response to an antigenic \"shifts.\" Split-product vaccines produced significantly fewer IgM antibody responses to influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus than did whole-virus vaccines, a phenomenon that may correlate with their diminished reactogenicity and immunogenicity in children.", "contents": "IgM and IgG antibody responses after immunization of children with inactivated monovalent (A/New Jersey/76) and bivalent (A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75) influenza virus vaccines. The character of the immune response to inactivated monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 and bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 vaccines was studied in children six months to 18 years of age. Titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in sera taken after vaccination were measured before and after treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol. IgG antibody predominated in responses to the influenza A/Victoria/75 component of bivalent vaccines. In contrast, specific IgM antibody to influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus developed after administration of both monovalent and bivalent vaccines and appeared to characterize the immune response to this antigenic \"shift\" strain in children. Prevalences of IgM antibody against influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus did not differ significantly by age. This finding implies that type rather than extent of previous experience with influenza determines the IgM antibody response to an antigenic \"shifts.\" Split-product vaccines produced significantly fewer IgM antibody responses to influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus than did whole-virus vaccines, a phenomenon that may correlate with their diminished reactogenicity and immunogenicity in children."}
{"id": "PMID:342634", "title": "Bacterial flora of the small bowel before and after bypass procedure for morbid obesity.", "content": "The contents of the proximal jejunum and distal ileum were cultured quantitatively in eight patients who were undergoing intestinal bypass procedure for obesity. Five jejunal specimens were sterile, and three contained low counts of a predominantly aerobic flora. Ileal contents yielded variable but usually higher counts than in the jejunum, and there were similar numbers of anaerobes and aerobes. In three patients in whom a bypass was established, contents of the functioning small bowel showed counts of 10(5.0)-10(7.6) colony-forming units/ml. These counts exceeded the counts in the normal terminal ileum, and the flora qualitatively resembled that of feces. Four specimens from excluded loops revealed colonization with fecal organisms, and the counts ranged between 10(6.4) and 10(9.7) colony-forming units/ml. In jejunoileal bypass both the functioning small bowel and the excluded loop become colonized with colonic flora, a phenomenon that may contribute to some of the side effects of this procedure.", "contents": "Bacterial flora of the small bowel before and after bypass procedure for morbid obesity. The contents of the proximal jejunum and distal ileum were cultured quantitatively in eight patients who were undergoing intestinal bypass procedure for obesity. Five jejunal specimens were sterile, and three contained low counts of a predominantly aerobic flora. Ileal contents yielded variable but usually higher counts than in the jejunum, and there were similar numbers of anaerobes and aerobes. In three patients in whom a bypass was established, contents of the functioning small bowel showed counts of 10(5.0)-10(7.6) colony-forming units/ml. These counts exceeded the counts in the normal terminal ileum, and the flora qualitatively resembled that of feces. Four specimens from excluded loops revealed colonization with fecal organisms, and the counts ranged between 10(6.4) and 10(9.7) colony-forming units/ml. In jejunoileal bypass both the functioning small bowel and the excluded loop become colonized with colonic flora, a phenomenon that may contribute to some of the side effects of this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:342635", "title": "Phagocytosis of Candida albicans by human leukocytes: opsonic requirements.", "content": "The kinetics of phagocytosis of Candida albicans by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was studied. The basis for these studies was a phagocytic assay with use of C. albicans radiolabeled with [3H]adenine. After incubation of leukocytes with C. albicans, extracellular C. albicans was separated from phagocytes by centrifugation through Ficoll-Hypaque suspensions (specific density, 1.175 g/cm3). Recovery of leukocytes by this technique was greater than or equal to 85%. The initial rate of phagocytosis was more rapid than that previously reported for bacteria. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate, vinblastine, ethylmaleimide, NaF, and ice bath temperature completely inhibited phagocytosis. Colchicine had no effect, and NaN3 was partially inhibitory. Pooled sera possessed low titers (greater than or equal to 1:40) of heat-stable opsonins. The opsonic activity of pooled sera was shown to depend primarily upon complement activated through both the alternative and classical pathways. Decomplemented hyperimmune sera were opsonic at high dilutions (greater than or equal to 1:160), and  complement amplified the initial rate of ingestion seen with hyperimmune sera.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of Candida albicans by human leukocytes: opsonic requirements. The kinetics of phagocytosis of Candida albicans by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was studied. The basis for these studies was a phagocytic assay with use of C. albicans radiolabeled with [3H]adenine. After incubation of leukocytes with C. albicans, extracellular C. albicans was separated from phagocytes by centrifugation through Ficoll-Hypaque suspensions (specific density, 1.175 g/cm3). Recovery of leukocytes by this technique was greater than or equal to 85%. The initial rate of phagocytosis was more rapid than that previously reported for bacteria. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate, vinblastine, ethylmaleimide, NaF, and ice bath temperature completely inhibited phagocytosis. Colchicine had no effect, and NaN3 was partially inhibitory. Pooled sera possessed low titers (greater than or equal to 1:40) of heat-stable opsonins. The opsonic activity of pooled sera was shown to depend primarily upon complement activated through both the alternative and classical pathways. Decomplemented hyperimmune sera were opsonic at high dilutions (greater than or equal to 1:160), and  complement amplified the initial rate of ingestion seen with hyperimmune sera."}
{"id": "PMID:342636", "title": "The epidemiology and genetics of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from diseases animals in New York.", "content": "Only 12% of 249 strains of Salmonella typhimurium isolated during the period 1973-1976 from diseased animals were sensitive to six commonly used antibiotics. Isolates from calves exhibited the highest frequency of resistance as well as a steadily increasing frequency of resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. The majority of strains from horses, dogs, and cats were also resistant to more than one antibiotic, a finding which was interpreted as primarily an effect of therapeutic rather than of growth-promoting use of antibiotics in these species. Ninety-one percent of resistant strains possessed transferable resistance. In 31% of these strains, the transfer factors were heat-sensitive and did not function at 37 C. The determinant of resistance to ampicillin was usually associated with a non-heat-sensitive transfer factor, whereas resistance to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and tetracycline was more commonly associated with heat-sensitive transfer factors. Strains of S. typhimurium with similar patterns of resistance often contained different plasmids. There was more genetic homogeneity among determinants of resistance to tetracycline than among other determinants.", "contents": "The epidemiology and genetics of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from diseases animals in New York. Only 12% of 249 strains of Salmonella typhimurium isolated during the period 1973-1976 from diseased animals were sensitive to six commonly used antibiotics. Isolates from calves exhibited the highest frequency of resistance as well as a steadily increasing frequency of resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. The majority of strains from horses, dogs, and cats were also resistant to more than one antibiotic, a finding which was interpreted as primarily an effect of therapeutic rather than of growth-promoting use of antibiotics in these species. Ninety-one percent of resistant strains possessed transferable resistance. In 31% of these strains, the transfer factors were heat-sensitive and did not function at 37 C. The determinant of resistance to ampicillin was usually associated with a non-heat-sensitive transfer factor, whereas resistance to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and tetracycline was more commonly associated with heat-sensitive transfer factors. Strains of S. typhimurium with similar patterns of resistance often contained different plasmids. There was more genetic homogeneity among determinants of resistance to tetracycline than among other determinants."}
{"id": "PMID:342637", "title": "Prevention of endotoxin-induced abortion by treatment of mice with antisera.", "content": "Small amounts of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), usually extracted from smooth organisms, have previously been shown to interrupt pregnancy in mice. The findings reported here demonstrate that LPS obtained from rough bacterial strains were also abortifacient. Moreover, lipid A, which represents a common toxic structure of LPS in many species of gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, had the same activity, whereas the nontoxic polysaccharide moiety did not affect pregnancy. Our data also showed that specific bacterial antisera raised in various animal species protected pregnant mice from the abortifacient effect of smooth or rough LPS, and that this activity disappeared after absorption of the antisera with homologous bacteria. Nevertheless, antibodies to lipid A protected pregnant female mice challenged with lipid A or even with LPS extracted from various organisms. Moreover, pregnant mice treated with both antiserum and an antiserotonin compound were protected more effectively against LPS-induced abortion than mice treated with either substance alone.", "contents": "Prevention of endotoxin-induced abortion by treatment of mice with antisera. Small amounts of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), usually extracted from smooth organisms, have previously been shown to interrupt pregnancy in mice. The findings reported here demonstrate that LPS obtained from rough bacterial strains were also abortifacient. Moreover, lipid A, which represents a common toxic structure of LPS in many species of gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, had the same activity, whereas the nontoxic polysaccharide moiety did not affect pregnancy. Our data also showed that specific bacterial antisera raised in various animal species protected pregnant mice from the abortifacient effect of smooth or rough LPS, and that this activity disappeared after absorption of the antisera with homologous bacteria. Nevertheless, antibodies to lipid A protected pregnant female mice challenged with lipid A or even with LPS extracted from various organisms. Moreover, pregnant mice treated with both antiserum and an antiserotonin compound were protected more effectively against LPS-induced abortion than mice treated with either substance alone."}
{"id": "PMID:342639", "title": "Hepatitis B immune globulin: final report of a controlled, multicenter trial of efficacy in prevention of dialysis-associated hepatitis.", "content": "In a randomized, double-blind multicenter trial, 284 patients and 282 staff members of renal dialysis units who lacked detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) were randomly assigned to receive two 3-ml injections of immune serum globulin with high, intermediate, or low titers of anti-HBs four months apart. The incidence of infection with hepatitis B and of development of HBsAg was significantly lower in both patients and staff who received the high-titer material than in subjects who received the low-titer preparation eight but not 12 months after randomization (P less than 0.01 for patients and P less than 0.04 for staff, low-titer vs. high-titer at eight months). The high-titer hepatitis B immune globulin preparation did not appear to affect the severity of the cases of hepatitis that did occur, the proportion of subjects who developed persistent antigenemia, or the magnitude or timing of primary anti-HBs responses.", "contents": "Hepatitis B immune globulin: final report of a controlled, multicenter trial of efficacy in prevention of dialysis-associated hepatitis. In a randomized, double-blind multicenter trial, 284 patients and 282 staff members of renal dialysis units who lacked detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) were randomly assigned to receive two 3-ml injections of immune serum globulin with high, intermediate, or low titers of anti-HBs four months apart. The incidence of infection with hepatitis B and of development of HBsAg was significantly lower in both patients and staff who received the high-titer material than in subjects who received the low-titer preparation eight but not 12 months after randomization (P less than 0.01 for patients and P less than 0.04 for staff, low-titer vs. high-titer at eight months). The high-titer hepatitis B immune globulin preparation did not appear to affect the severity of the cases of hepatitis that did occur, the proportion of subjects who developed persistent antigenemia, or the magnitude or timing of primary anti-HBs responses."}
{"id": "PMID:342640", "title": "Demonstration of mycoplasmas in tissue by the immunoperoxidase technique.", "content": "The immunoperoxidase technique was shown to be a sensitive method for demonstration of the presence of mycoplasmas in tissue and swabs taken from the upper respiratory tract.", "contents": "Demonstration of mycoplasmas in tissue by the immunoperoxidase technique. The immunoperoxidase technique was shown to be a sensitive method for demonstration of the presence of mycoplasmas in tissue and swabs taken from the upper respiratory tract."}
{"id": "PMID:342641", "title": "Correlation between rate of infection and preexisting titer of serum antibody as determined by single radial hemolysis during and epidemic of influenza A/Victoria/3/75.", "content": "During an outbreak of infection with wild-type influenza A/Victoria/3/75 virus, a correlation was established between the rate of infection and the preepidemic titer of serum antibody to that virus as measured by the single radial hemolysis technique. Titers of antibody determined by the hemagglutination inhibition method as well as by the single radial hemolysis technique were directly correlated with the rate of infection. By use of the single radial hemolysis technique, the 50% protective titer of antibody was calculated for a population of recipients of live influenza A/Victoria/3/75 virus vaccine.", "contents": "Correlation between rate of infection and preexisting titer of serum antibody as determined by single radial hemolysis during and epidemic of influenza A/Victoria/3/75. During an outbreak of infection with wild-type influenza A/Victoria/3/75 virus, a correlation was established between the rate of infection and the preepidemic titer of serum antibody to that virus as measured by the single radial hemolysis technique. Titers of antibody determined by the hemagglutination inhibition method as well as by the single radial hemolysis technique were directly correlated with the rate of infection. By use of the single radial hemolysis technique, the 50% protective titer of antibody was calculated for a population of recipients of live influenza A/Victoria/3/75 virus vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:342642", "title": "A method for specific diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever on fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue by immunofluorescence.", "content": "For specific demonstration of Rickettsia rickettsii in fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, the technique of trypsin digestion of deparaffinized, rehydrated sections was investigated. It was determined that 3.5 hr of digestion was optimal for achieving discrete, bright, green immunofluorescence of rickettsiae. At autopsy kidneys from seven of 10 cases of probably Rocky Mountain spotted fever contained structures that were specifically stained and that had the size and shape of rickettsiae. These structures were strictly limited to the endothelium and vascular walls of renal capillaries, veins, and arteries. Results from controls indicated that specificity of the immunofluorescence. R. rickettsii may be demonstrated by this method with greater sensitivity and specificity than by current histological methods. The technique allows retrospective analysis of certain organs for pathogenesis of involvement in Rocky Moutain spotted fever and offers a specific diagnostic test.", "contents": "A method for specific diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever on fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue by immunofluorescence. For specific demonstration of Rickettsia rickettsii in fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, the technique of trypsin digestion of deparaffinized, rehydrated sections was investigated. It was determined that 3.5 hr of digestion was optimal for achieving discrete, bright, green immunofluorescence of rickettsiae. At autopsy kidneys from seven of 10 cases of probably Rocky Mountain spotted fever contained structures that were specifically stained and that had the size and shape of rickettsiae. These structures were strictly limited to the endothelium and vascular walls of renal capillaries, veins, and arteries. Results from controls indicated that specificity of the immunofluorescence. R. rickettsii may be demonstrated by this method with greater sensitivity and specificity than by current histological methods. The technique allows retrospective analysis of certain organs for pathogenesis of involvement in Rocky Moutain spotted fever and offers a specific diagnostic test."}
{"id": "PMID:342647", "title": "Antigens in urine of patients with glomerulonephritis and in normal human serum which cross-react with group A streptococci: identification and partial characterization.", "content": "Hyperimmune rabbit antisera antisera against group A streptococci precipitate protein antigens present in the urines of patients with poststreptococcal AGN and other glomerulopathies and also present in normal human serum. Over 90% of patients with AGN excrete detectable amounts of cross-reactive antigens in their urines, as do approximately 20% of patients with nonstreptococcal glomerulopathies. The streptococcal antigens are present in culture supernates, and immunodiffusion reactions in agar gel show identity or partial identity of serum, urine, and streptococcal antigens with antisera prepared against either urine proteins or against whole group A streptococci. Cross-reactive antibodies are removed from rabbit antisera by absorption with streptococcal culture supernates but not by absorption with a variety of streptococcal somatic constituents. The cross-reactive antigens have been isolated from streptococcal cultures grown in synthetic medium, thus eliminating the possibility of artefact due to tissue antigens present in Todd-Hewitt broth. The principal antigens have now been purified both from AGN urine and streptococcal supernates by molecular sieve and ion-exchange chromatography. They both have a molecular weight of approximately 360,000 daltons, as estimated on columns of agarose. The urine antigen has been applied to SDS-PAGE, and the migration of the major band was consistent with a molecular weight of 85,000 daltons. Rabbit antiserum to purified urine antigen precipitates both AGN urine and streptococcal supernates. These newly recognized human antigens, which cross-react with group A streptococcal antigens, are of particular interest because of their presence in readily available biologic fluids and their preferential excretion in almost all patients with poststreptococcal AGN.", "contents": "Antigens in urine of patients with glomerulonephritis and in normal human serum which cross-react with group A streptococci: identification and partial characterization. Hyperimmune rabbit antisera antisera against group A streptococci precipitate protein antigens present in the urines of patients with poststreptococcal AGN and other glomerulopathies and also present in normal human serum. Over 90% of patients with AGN excrete detectable amounts of cross-reactive antigens in their urines, as do approximately 20% of patients with nonstreptococcal glomerulopathies. The streptococcal antigens are present in culture supernates, and immunodiffusion reactions in agar gel show identity or partial identity of serum, urine, and streptococcal antigens with antisera prepared against either urine proteins or against whole group A streptococci. Cross-reactive antibodies are removed from rabbit antisera by absorption with streptococcal culture supernates but not by absorption with a variety of streptococcal somatic constituents. The cross-reactive antigens have been isolated from streptococcal cultures grown in synthetic medium, thus eliminating the possibility of artefact due to tissue antigens present in Todd-Hewitt broth. The principal antigens have now been purified both from AGN urine and streptococcal supernates by molecular sieve and ion-exchange chromatography. They both have a molecular weight of approximately 360,000 daltons, as estimated on columns of agarose. The urine antigen has been applied to SDS-PAGE, and the migration of the major band was consistent with a molecular weight of 85,000 daltons. Rabbit antiserum to purified urine antigen precipitates both AGN urine and streptococcal supernates. These newly recognized human antigens, which cross-react with group A streptococcal antigens, are of particular interest because of their presence in readily available biologic fluids and their preferential excretion in almost all patients with poststreptococcal AGN."}
{"id": "PMID:342648", "title": "Facial nerve schwannoma.", "content": "The present article gives a brief and complete account of the incidence, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, management and prognosis of the schwannoma with special reference to facial nerve schwannomas. A case report of a rare schwannoma of the vertical part of the facial nerve found on biopsy of tissue during a postaural modified radical mastoidectomy is included.", "contents": "Facial nerve schwannoma. The present article gives a brief and complete account of the incidence, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, management and prognosis of the schwannoma with special reference to facial nerve schwannomas. A case report of a rare schwannoma of the vertical part of the facial nerve found on biopsy of tissue during a postaural modified radical mastoidectomy is included."}
{"id": "PMID:342664", "title": "Oestradiol receptors in the rat anterior pituitary gland during the oestrous cycle: quantitation of receptor activity in relation to gonadotrophin releasing hormone-mediated luteinizing hormone release.", "content": "Specific oestradiol binding to a receptor in nuclear and cytosol fractions of the rat anterior pituitary gland and pituitary responsiveness to gonadotrophin releasing horomone (GnRH) during the oestrous cycle have been studied. To accomplish this, both unoccupied and occupied oestradiol-binding sites in the nucleus and total cell were measured during the oestrous cycle. The concentration of unoccupied and occupied sites and total oestradiol binding in the cytosol fluctuated during the cycle. At pro-oestrus, the concentration of cytosol receptor was diminished by about 40% and replenishment occurred during oestrus. On the other hand, a profound increase is concentrations of cellular and nuclear receptors occurred at pro-oestrus. Administration of GnRH significantly LH release at all stages of the cycle. The maximum stimulation of LH release by GnRH was observed at 13.00 h of pro-oestrus. From these studies, it is concluded that pituitary responsiveness to exogenous GnRH during pro-oestrus parallels the changes in the content of oestrogen receptors in the cytosol and nucleus.", "contents": "Oestradiol receptors in the rat anterior pituitary gland during the oestrous cycle: quantitation of receptor activity in relation to gonadotrophin releasing hormone-mediated luteinizing hormone release. Specific oestradiol binding to a receptor in nuclear and cytosol fractions of the rat anterior pituitary gland and pituitary responsiveness to gonadotrophin releasing horomone (GnRH) during the oestrous cycle have been studied. To accomplish this, both unoccupied and occupied oestradiol-binding sites in the nucleus and total cell were measured during the oestrous cycle. The concentration of unoccupied and occupied sites and total oestradiol binding in the cytosol fluctuated during the cycle. At pro-oestrus, the concentration of cytosol receptor was diminished by about 40% and replenishment occurred during oestrus. On the other hand, a profound increase is concentrations of cellular and nuclear receptors occurred at pro-oestrus. Administration of GnRH significantly LH release at all stages of the cycle. The maximum stimulation of LH release by GnRH was observed at 13.00 h of pro-oestrus. From these studies, it is concluded that pituitary responsiveness to exogenous GnRH during pro-oestrus parallels the changes in the content of oestrogen receptors in the cytosol and nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:342665", "title": "The interaction in vitro of Pneumocystis carinii with macrophages and L-cells.", "content": "A model was developed for studying the interaction between Pneumocystis, rat-derived cells, and humoral factors. Pneumocystis were obtained in large quantity by bronchial lavage of steroid-treated rats. The trophozoite was the predominant form obtained, and it could readily be recognized by phase contrast microscopy. Organisms maintained a typical morphology for at least 3 days in culture, and 10-20% took up radiolabeled nucleotides. Pneumocystis readily adhered to cell surfaces in a similar manner in alveolar macrophages from steroid-treated or normal rats, mouse peritoneal macrophages, and L-cells. Adherent organisms were not interiorized to a significant degree in the absence of antipneumocystis serum. After addition of rabbit antipneumocystis serum, rapid interiorization of organisms occurred from the surface of macrophages but not L-cells. Organisms appeared to be promptly destroyed within macrophages after interiorization. Persisting or multiplying intracellular forms were not seen. Antipneumocystis serum did not morphologically alter Pneumocystis. These observations suggest a role for antibody and mononuclear phagocytes during the immune response to Pneumocystis.", "contents": "The interaction in vitro of Pneumocystis carinii with macrophages and L-cells. A model was developed for studying the interaction between Pneumocystis, rat-derived cells, and humoral factors. Pneumocystis were obtained in large quantity by bronchial lavage of steroid-treated rats. The trophozoite was the predominant form obtained, and it could readily be recognized by phase contrast microscopy. Organisms maintained a typical morphology for at least 3 days in culture, and 10-20% took up radiolabeled nucleotides. Pneumocystis readily adhered to cell surfaces in a similar manner in alveolar macrophages from steroid-treated or normal rats, mouse peritoneal macrophages, and L-cells. Adherent organisms were not interiorized to a significant degree in the absence of antipneumocystis serum. After addition of rabbit antipneumocystis serum, rapid interiorization of organisms occurred from the surface of macrophages but not L-cells. Organisms appeared to be promptly destroyed within macrophages after interiorization. Persisting or multiplying intracellular forms were not seen. Antipneumocystis serum did not morphologically alter Pneumocystis. These observations suggest a role for antibody and mononuclear phagocytes during the immune response to Pneumocystis."}
{"id": "PMID:342666", "title": "Culture of mononuclear phagocytes on a teflon surface to prevent adherence.", "content": "A method is described for the culture of mononuclear phagocytes in suspension by incubation on a Teflon film to which the cells do not adhere. The characteristics of peritoneal macrophages, bone marrow mononuclear phagocytes, macrophage cell lines, and fibroblasts cultured in this way are similar to those observed after culture on glass or plastic surfaces. Culture of mononuclear phagocytes in Teflon film dishes has three important advantages: the cells can be easily harvested without damage, recovery is almost complete, and the cells are not functionally impaired. Thus, this method makes it possible to use cultured mononuclear phagocytes for many studied that could previously only be done in freshly collected cells.", "contents": "Culture of mononuclear phagocytes on a teflon surface to prevent adherence. A method is described for the culture of mononuclear phagocytes in suspension by incubation on a Teflon film to which the cells do not adhere. The characteristics of peritoneal macrophages, bone marrow mononuclear phagocytes, macrophage cell lines, and fibroblasts cultured in this way are similar to those observed after culture on glass or plastic surfaces. Culture of mononuclear phagocytes in Teflon film dishes has three important advantages: the cells can be easily harvested without damage, recovery is almost complete, and the cells are not functionally impaired. Thus, this method makes it possible to use cultured mononuclear phagocytes for many studied that could previously only be done in freshly collected cells."}
{"id": "PMID:342667", "title": "Genetic control of endotoxic responses in mice.", "content": "A number of altered immunologic responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in C3H/HeJ mice result from the expression in B lymphocytes of a defective genetic locus, termed Lps. Lps has been mapped to chromosome 4 between two loci, Mup-1 and Ps. As it is difficult to type individual mice for LPS responsiveness in more than one type of assay, we have utilized Mup-1 as a genetic marker to correlate LPS responses in mice to the expression of the Lps locus. Three nonlymphoid responses to LPS have been examined in 12 recombinant inbred strains of mice and in a backcross linkage analysis, and are all regulated by the expression of the Lps locus. These responses are hypothermal changes in body temperature, and the elevation in serum levels of a colony stimulating factor and the precursor of the secondary amyloid protein AA. Therefore, the initiation of LPS responses in different cell types in mice involve the expression of a common locus. These linkage studies provide a means for analyzing the genetic control of many of the diverse reactions of the endotoxic response to LPS.", "contents": "Genetic control of endotoxic responses in mice. A number of altered immunologic responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in C3H/HeJ mice result from the expression in B lymphocytes of a defective genetic locus, termed Lps. Lps has been mapped to chromosome 4 between two loci, Mup-1 and Ps. As it is difficult to type individual mice for LPS responsiveness in more than one type of assay, we have utilized Mup-1 as a genetic marker to correlate LPS responses in mice to the expression of the Lps locus. Three nonlymphoid responses to LPS have been examined in 12 recombinant inbred strains of mice and in a backcross linkage analysis, and are all regulated by the expression of the Lps locus. These responses are hypothermal changes in body temperature, and the elevation in serum levels of a colony stimulating factor and the precursor of the secondary amyloid protein AA. Therefore, the initiation of LPS responses in different cell types in mice involve the expression of a common locus. These linkage studies provide a means for analyzing the genetic control of many of the diverse reactions of the endotoxic response to LPS."}
{"id": "PMID:342668", "title": "Tissue culture of isolated glomeruli in experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis.", "content": "As a means of studying mechanisms of response to injury in glomerulonephritis, glomeruli from normal sheep and rabbits and from sheep and rabbits with experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis have been isolated and grown in tissue culture. The cellular outgrowths from the normal and diseased glomeruli have been compared. The outgrowth of glomeruli from normal animals contained only two cell populations whose microscopic and ultrastructural appearances were of epithelial and mesangial cells. The same cells were also observed in the outgrowths of glomeruli from animals with crescenti nephritis but in addition a third population of cells was present in large numbers. These cells were identified as macrophages by their mobility, ultrastructure, phagocytic capacity, and presence of Fc receptors. Glomerular outgrowth from sheep with crescentic glomerulonephritis contained 170 +/- 20 (SEM) macrophages and outgrowths from rabbits with crescentic nephritis contained 64 +/- 6 (SEM) macrophages per glomerulus. We have previously observed large numbers of macrophages in the outgrowth of isolated glomeruli from humans with rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis. The predominance of the macrophage in cultures of glomeruli from both human and animal crescentic glomerulonephritis suggests that this is an important cell in the inflammatory reaction occurring in crescentic glomerulonephritis and may comprise a substantial proportion of the cells forming the crescent.", "contents": "Tissue culture of isolated glomeruli in experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. As a means of studying mechanisms of response to injury in glomerulonephritis, glomeruli from normal sheep and rabbits and from sheep and rabbits with experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis have been isolated and grown in tissue culture. The cellular outgrowths from the normal and diseased glomeruli have been compared. The outgrowth of glomeruli from normal animals contained only two cell populations whose microscopic and ultrastructural appearances were of epithelial and mesangial cells. The same cells were also observed in the outgrowths of glomeruli from animals with crescenti nephritis but in addition a third population of cells was present in large numbers. These cells were identified as macrophages by their mobility, ultrastructure, phagocytic capacity, and presence of Fc receptors. Glomerular outgrowth from sheep with crescentic glomerulonephritis contained 170 +/- 20 (SEM) macrophages and outgrowths from rabbits with crescentic nephritis contained 64 +/- 6 (SEM) macrophages per glomerulus. We have previously observed large numbers of macrophages in the outgrowth of isolated glomeruli from humans with rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis. The predominance of the macrophage in cultures of glomeruli from both human and animal crescentic glomerulonephritis suggests that this is an important cell in the inflammatory reaction occurring in crescentic glomerulonephritis and may comprise a substantial proportion of the cells forming the crescent."}
{"id": "PMID:342669", "title": "The differential destructive and enhancing effects of anti-H-2K, H-2D, and anti-Ia antisera on murine skin allografts.", "content": "Nude (athymic) or anti-lymphocyte serum-treated mice have absent delayed graft rejection due to impaired T-cell responses. Nonetheless, these mice can reject skin grafts, acutely, when treated with anti-H-2 antibody and additional complement. Resolution of the components in the H-2 antisera, by either absorption or by selective production of antisera of restricted specificity has demonstrated that anti-H-2K or H-2D antiser are graft destructive, and as shown elsewhere, are nonenhancing. By contrast, anti-Ia sera are not capable of causing allograft destruction even when used in extremely high doses and were previously noted to be enhancing. The mechanism of such differential effects is not apparent, but the findings are clearly of importance to transplantation in man, where sera reacting specifically with B cells may also be enhancing and nondestructive.", "contents": "The differential destructive and enhancing effects of anti-H-2K, H-2D, and anti-Ia antisera on murine skin allografts. Nude (athymic) or anti-lymphocyte serum-treated mice have absent delayed graft rejection due to impaired T-cell responses. Nonetheless, these mice can reject skin grafts, acutely, when treated with anti-H-2 antibody and additional complement. Resolution of the components in the H-2 antisera, by either absorption or by selective production of antisera of restricted specificity has demonstrated that anti-H-2K or H-2D antiser are graft destructive, and as shown elsewhere, are nonenhancing. By contrast, anti-Ia sera are not capable of causing allograft destruction even when used in extremely high doses and were previously noted to be enhancing. The mechanism of such differential effects is not apparent, but the findings are clearly of importance to transplantation in man, where sera reacting specifically with B cells may also be enhancing and nondestructive."}
{"id": "PMID:342671", "title": "Streptococal throat infections in family practice.", "content": "Beta hemolytic streptococcal throat infections occur often enough and cause sufficient morbidity that careful diagnosis and appropriate treatment are matters of concern to the family physician and others involved in primary patient care. Throat cultures aid the precision of diagnosis; a simple, inexpensive, and accurate method of performing cultures in the office is described. The risk of rheumatic fever secondary to untreated streptococcal infections appears to be less than it once was, and further work defining this risk in various population groups is needed. Penicillin remains the drug of choice for treatment, with blood levels maintained for at least ten days either by oral administration or by a single intramuscular dose of benzathine penicillin G. The results of a recent survey of US family practice programs and an equivalent number of practicing family physicians show that most physicians use a selective approach to diagnosis and treatment of throat infections based on symptoms, signs, and age of the patient.", "contents": "Streptococal throat infections in family practice. Beta hemolytic streptococcal throat infections occur often enough and cause sufficient morbidity that careful diagnosis and appropriate treatment are matters of concern to the family physician and others involved in primary patient care. Throat cultures aid the precision of diagnosis; a simple, inexpensive, and accurate method of performing cultures in the office is described. The risk of rheumatic fever secondary to untreated streptococcal infections appears to be less than it once was, and further work defining this risk in various population groups is needed. Penicillin remains the drug of choice for treatment, with blood levels maintained for at least ten days either by oral administration or by a single intramuscular dose of benzathine penicillin G. The results of a recent survey of US family practice programs and an equivalent number of practicing family physicians show that most physicians use a selective approach to diagnosis and treatment of throat infections based on symptoms, signs, and age of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:342672", "title": "Inhibition of \"spontaneous,\" notochord-induced, and collagen-induced in vitro somite chondrogenesis by the calcium lonophore, A23187.", "content": "The present study represents a first step in investigating the possible involvement of calcium (Ca2+) in the stimulation of somite chondrogenesis elicited by extracellular matrix components produced by the embryonic notochord. The ionophore, A23187, a drug that facilitates Ca2+ uptake leading to elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels, at concentrations of 0.25-1.0 microgram/ml severely impairs \"spontaneous\" somite chondrogenesis, i.e., inhibits the formation of the small amount of cartilaginous matrix normally formed by embryonic somites in vitro in the absence of inducing tissues. This inhibition is reflected in a considerable reduction in sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation by A23187-treated somite explants. Furthermore, A23187 inhibits the striking stimulation of cartilaginous matrix formation and sulfated GAG accumulation normally elicited by the embryonic notochord and collagen substrates. In fact, 1.0 microgram/ml of A23187 reduces sulfated GAG accumulation by somites cultured in association with notochord or on collagen to a level even below that accumulated by somites cultured in the absence of these inductive agents. Although these results must be interpreted with caution, they provide incentive for considering a possible regulatory role for Ca2+ in the chondrogenic response of somites to extracellular matrix components produced by the embryonic notochord.", "contents": "Inhibition of \"spontaneous,\" notochord-induced, and collagen-induced in vitro somite chondrogenesis by the calcium lonophore, A23187. The present study represents a first step in investigating the possible involvement of calcium (Ca2+) in the stimulation of somite chondrogenesis elicited by extracellular matrix components produced by the embryonic notochord. The ionophore, A23187, a drug that facilitates Ca2+ uptake leading to elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels, at concentrations of 0.25-1.0 microgram/ml severely impairs \"spontaneous\" somite chondrogenesis, i.e., inhibits the formation of the small amount of cartilaginous matrix normally formed by embryonic somites in vitro in the absence of inducing tissues. This inhibition is reflected in a considerable reduction in sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation by A23187-treated somite explants. Furthermore, A23187 inhibits the striking stimulation of cartilaginous matrix formation and sulfated GAG accumulation normally elicited by the embryonic notochord and collagen substrates. In fact, 1.0 microgram/ml of A23187 reduces sulfated GAG accumulation by somites cultured in association with notochord or on collagen to a level even below that accumulated by somites cultured in the absence of these inductive agents. Although these results must be interpreted with caution, they provide incentive for considering a possible regulatory role for Ca2+ in the chondrogenic response of somites to extracellular matrix components produced by the embryonic notochord."}
{"id": "PMID:342673", "title": "Interaction of immunoglobulin fragments with the mammalian sperm acrosome.", "content": "A study was made of the interaction of immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin fragments from sera of rabbits and pigs with the acrosomes of ten species of mammalian spermatozoa to investigate previous reports of an interaction between normal serum and the acrosome. It was shown that this could be predominantly attributed to IgC, although there was weak staining due to IgM. Further, it was shown that IgG interacted through the Fc fragment, the Fab fragment causing only weak staining of homologous spermatozoa.", "contents": "Interaction of immunoglobulin fragments with the mammalian sperm acrosome. A study was made of the interaction of immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin fragments from sera of rabbits and pigs with the acrosomes of ten species of mammalian spermatozoa to investigate previous reports of an interaction between normal serum and the acrosome. It was shown that this could be predominantly attributed to IgC, although there was weak staining due to IgM. Further, it was shown that IgG interacted through the Fc fragment, the Fab fragment causing only weak staining of homologous spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:342675", "title": "Ganglioside alterations in guinea pig brains at end stages of experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.", "content": "Gangliosides were isolated from guinea pig brains at the end stages of experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Quantitative analyses revealed marked decreases of ganglioside levels in pathologically devastated tissues such as cerebral cortex (-21%), basal ganglia and thalamus (-18%), and brain stem (-23%). The cerebellum revealed only minor pathological abnormalities and its ganglioside level remained unchanged. Thin-layer chromatography of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob brain gangliosides showed aberrant ganglioside patterns in all regions studied, including the cerebellum. With some exceptions, a trend in ganglioside pattern changes was detected which consisted of proliferation of GM3, GD3, GD2 and loss of GM1, GD1a, GD1b and GT1b.", "contents": "Ganglioside alterations in guinea pig brains at end stages of experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Gangliosides were isolated from guinea pig brains at the end stages of experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Quantitative analyses revealed marked decreases of ganglioside levels in pathologically devastated tissues such as cerebral cortex (-21%), basal ganglia and thalamus (-18%), and brain stem (-23%). The cerebellum revealed only minor pathological abnormalities and its ganglioside level remained unchanged. Thin-layer chromatography of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob brain gangliosides showed aberrant ganglioside patterns in all regions studied, including the cerebellum. With some exceptions, a trend in ganglioside pattern changes was detected which consisted of proliferation of GM3, GD3, GD2 and loss of GM1, GD1a, GD1b and GT1b."}
{"id": "PMID:342679", "title": "A 3-months' study of enzymes as denture cleansers.", "content": "It was the purpose of the study to test the efficacy of dissolvent tablets containing mutanase and protease in removing denture plaque. The study group consisted of forty institutionalized geriatric denture wearers, who were assigned randomly into an enzyme group and a placebo group. Enzyme tablets and placebo for denture soaking were administered by the nurses. The dentures were immersed for 15 min once daily for three months. The amount of denture plaque, the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa, and the concentration of yeasts and bacteria in mucosal and denture smears were recorded before, during, and after the experimental period. The study was designed and carried out as a double-blind study. After denture soaking for six weeks a significant reduction of the amount of denture plaque and improvement of the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa was recorded. After denture soaking for twelve weeks the conditions had improved further when comparing the enzyme group with the placebo group.", "contents": "A 3-months' study of enzymes as denture cleansers. It was the purpose of the study to test the efficacy of dissolvent tablets containing mutanase and protease in removing denture plaque. The study group consisted of forty institutionalized geriatric denture wearers, who were assigned randomly into an enzyme group and a placebo group. Enzyme tablets and placebo for denture soaking were administered by the nurses. The dentures were immersed for 15 min once daily for three months. The amount of denture plaque, the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa, and the concentration of yeasts and bacteria in mucosal and denture smears were recorded before, during, and after the experimental period. The study was designed and carried out as a double-blind study. After denture soaking for six weeks a significant reduction of the amount of denture plaque and improvement of the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa was recorded. After denture soaking for twelve weeks the conditions had improved further when comparing the enzyme group with the placebo group."}
{"id": "PMID:342680", "title": "Mechanism of adhesion of polymers to acid-etched enamel. Effect of acid concentration and washing on bond strength.", "content": "The tensile bond strengths of composites to enamel etched with various concentrations of phosphoric acid have been shown to correlate closely with the phase diagram for the system Ca(OH)2/H3PO4/H2O. Bond strengths were independent of the adhesive used and were a maximum when using approximately 20% phosphoric acid as etchant. High bond strengths were obtained with 2% phosphoric acid etchant without 'tag' formation, after short term water immersion. Washing the enamel for 60 s instead of 15 s after etching significantly increased the bond strengths obtained with 16 and 30% acid but not with 2%. Etching enamel with phosphoric acid results in deposition of calcium phosphates, which must be removed to give optimal bonding.", "contents": "Mechanism of adhesion of polymers to acid-etched enamel. Effect of acid concentration and washing on bond strength. The tensile bond strengths of composites to enamel etched with various concentrations of phosphoric acid have been shown to correlate closely with the phase diagram for the system Ca(OH)2/H3PO4/H2O. Bond strengths were independent of the adhesive used and were a maximum when using approximately 20% phosphoric acid as etchant. High bond strengths were obtained with 2% phosphoric acid etchant without 'tag' formation, after short term water immersion. Washing the enamel for 60 s instead of 15 s after etching significantly increased the bond strengths obtained with 16 and 30% acid but not with 2%. Etching enamel with phosphoric acid results in deposition of calcium phosphates, which must be removed to give optimal bonding."}
{"id": "PMID:342683", "title": "The status of psychological testing in clinical psychology: relationships between test use and professional activities and orientations.", "content": "A survey of clinical psychologists determined that both objective and projective tests were used with high frequency. The two tests clinicians most frequently recommended clinical students learn to administer were projective (the Rorschach and the TAT) and, among the 10 most frequently recommended tests, projective tests were recommended approximately 30% more often than objective tests. Clinicians who were frequent test users recommended both objective and projective tests more often than those not using tests. Clinicians doing substantial teaching and research tended to recommend projective tests less often than clinicians not engaged in those activities. Behavior therapists recommended projective tests less often than eclectic, Freudian, and neo-Freudian therapists.", "contents": "The status of psychological testing in clinical psychology: relationships between test use and professional activities and orientations. A survey of clinical psychologists determined that both objective and projective tests were used with high frequency. The two tests clinicians most frequently recommended clinical students learn to administer were projective (the Rorschach and the TAT) and, among the 10 most frequently recommended tests, projective tests were recommended approximately 30% more often than objective tests. Clinicians who were frequent test users recommended both objective and projective tests more often than those not using tests. Clinicians doing substantial teaching and research tended to recommend projective tests less often than clinicians not engaged in those activities. Behavior therapists recommended projective tests less often than eclectic, Freudian, and neo-Freudian therapists."}
{"id": "PMID:342684", "title": "Differentiation of brain damage among low IQ subjects with three projective techniques.", "content": "Using a battery of three projective techniques (Rorschach, Hand Test, Bender-Gestalt) only slight discrimination was found between low IQ subjects classified according to the presence or absence of brain trauma (exogenous vs endogenous), while substantial discrimination was obtained between the same subjects categorized in terms of \"lower\" (60-74) and \"higher\" (75-89) FS WAIS IQ. All four groups used in this study had been first equated on sex and age. Results were interpreted as supporting the position that some sort of brain impairment underlies most or all retardation. Question was raised concerning the efficacy of projective techniques for diagnosing organicity in subjects of average or better intelligence.", "contents": "Differentiation of brain damage among low IQ subjects with three projective techniques. Using a battery of three projective techniques (Rorschach, Hand Test, Bender-Gestalt) only slight discrimination was found between low IQ subjects classified according to the presence or absence of brain trauma (exogenous vs endogenous), while substantial discrimination was obtained between the same subjects categorized in terms of \"lower\" (60-74) and \"higher\" (75-89) FS WAIS IQ. All four groups used in this study had been first equated on sex and age. Results were interpreted as supporting the position that some sort of brain impairment underlies most or all retardation. Question was raised concerning the efficacy of projective techniques for diagnosing organicity in subjects of average or better intelligence."}
{"id": "PMID:342691", "title": "Piroxicam (CP 16171) in rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled clinical trial with novel assessment techniques.", "content": "Piroxicam (CP 16171), a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, decreased pain, stiffness, and inflammation and increased the patient's ability to perform tasks in a double-blind study of patients with active, definite rheumatoid arthritis, poorly controlled despite standard therapy. Clinically and statistically significant improvement occurred in grip strength, walking time, and morning stiffness, and in patient and physician evaluation. Seventy-five per cent of the piroxicam-treated patients increased their daily activities. Three patients treated with the tablet form of piroxicam developed gastrointestinal ulcerations. Another patient developed iron deficiency anemia.", "contents": "Piroxicam (CP 16171) in rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled clinical trial with novel assessment techniques. Piroxicam (CP 16171), a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, decreased pain, stiffness, and inflammation and increased the patient's ability to perform tasks in a double-blind study of patients with active, definite rheumatoid arthritis, poorly controlled despite standard therapy. Clinically and statistically significant improvement occurred in grip strength, walking time, and morning stiffness, and in patient and physician evaluation. Seventy-five per cent of the piroxicam-treated patients increased their daily activities. Three patients treated with the tablet form of piroxicam developed gastrointestinal ulcerations. Another patient developed iron deficiency anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:342692", "title": "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with L-histidine: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.", "content": "A randomized cooperative double-blind trial of oral L-histidine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis was carried out. Patients were treated with either L-histidine 4.5 g daily, or placebo, for 30 weeks. None of the clinical measurements showed an advantage of histidine over placebo. A small decrease in rheumatoid factor titer and a small increase in hematocrit were found only in the histidine group. There was suggestive evidence of a beneficial effect of histidine in patients with more active and prolonged disease, based upon subjective doubld-blind evaluations by physicians and patients. No adverse effects of histidine therapy were noted. Histidine cannot be advocated as a therapeutic agent in rheumatoid arthritis, but further studies in certain groups of patients seem justified.", "contents": "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with L-histidine: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. A randomized cooperative double-blind trial of oral L-histidine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis was carried out. Patients were treated with either L-histidine 4.5 g daily, or placebo, for 30 weeks. None of the clinical measurements showed an advantage of histidine over placebo. A small decrease in rheumatoid factor titer and a small increase in hematocrit were found only in the histidine group. There was suggestive evidence of a beneficial effect of histidine in patients with more active and prolonged disease, based upon subjective doubld-blind evaluations by physicians and patients. No adverse effects of histidine therapy were noted. Histidine cannot be advocated as a therapeutic agent in rheumatoid arthritis, but further studies in certain groups of patients seem justified."}
{"id": "PMID:342693", "title": "Branched-chain analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.", "content": "Benzoyl-, acetylsalicylyl-, indomethacinyl-, pyroglutamylhistidyl-, and pyroglutamyl-D-phenylalanyl-D-tryptophanylseryltyrosyl groups were attached to a moderately active inhibitory analogue of LH-RH, [D-Phe2,D-Trp3-D-Lys6]-LH-RH, via the epsilon-amino group of the lysine residue. The resulting compounds were assayed for anti-LH-RH activity and for their ability to block ovulation in the rat. The decrease in polarity and increase in size of the lysine side chain resulting from addition of the aromatic acyl groups gave almost no increase in inhibitory activity. Addition of the dipeptide, less than Glu-His, also had little effect on potency. However, incorporation of the pentapeptide sequence to give a branched pentadecapeptide with essentially two N termini resulted in antiovulatory activity greater than the parent peptide or any other analogue thus far tested by us. The corresponding agonist peptide, [Nepsilon-(less than Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr)-D-Lys6]-LH-RH, was also synthesized and tested for LH- and FSH-releasing activity. Surprisingly, it was no more active than [D-Lys6]-LH-RH itself, suggesting that an intact C terminus as well as an N terminus is necessary for the full expression of gonadotropin release.", "contents": "Branched-chain analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Benzoyl-, acetylsalicylyl-, indomethacinyl-, pyroglutamylhistidyl-, and pyroglutamyl-D-phenylalanyl-D-tryptophanylseryltyrosyl groups were attached to a moderately active inhibitory analogue of LH-RH, [D-Phe2,D-Trp3-D-Lys6]-LH-RH, via the epsilon-amino group of the lysine residue. The resulting compounds were assayed for anti-LH-RH activity and for their ability to block ovulation in the rat. The decrease in polarity and increase in size of the lysine side chain resulting from addition of the aromatic acyl groups gave almost no increase in inhibitory activity. Addition of the dipeptide, less than Glu-His, also had little effect on potency. However, incorporation of the pentapeptide sequence to give a branched pentadecapeptide with essentially two N termini resulted in antiovulatory activity greater than the parent peptide or any other analogue thus far tested by us. The corresponding agonist peptide, [Nepsilon-(less than Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr)-D-Lys6]-LH-RH, was also synthesized and tested for LH- and FSH-releasing activity. Surprisingly, it was no more active than [D-Lys6]-LH-RH itself, suggesting that an intact C terminus as well as an N terminus is necessary for the full expression of gonadotropin release."}
{"id": "PMID:342694", "title": "Synthesis of pyrimido[5,4-c]quinolines and related quinolines as potential antimalarials.", "content": "3-Ethylaminomethyl-2-methyl-4(1H)-quinolone (1a) and its 6-CH3, 6-OCH3, and 7-Cl derivatives were prepared by means of the Mannich reaction. Conversion to the 4-chloro derivatives and condensation with 3-chloroaniline gave the corresponding 4-(3-chloroanilino) derivatives. Cyclization of 4-(3-chloroanilino)-2,6-dimethyl-3-ethyl-aminomethylquinoline (3a) and its 6-OCH3 derivative with paraformaldehyde gave 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3,9-dimethyl-3-ethyltetrahydropyrimido[5,4-c]quinoline (4a) and the 9-OCH3 derivative 4b. Treatment of 4b with benzaldehyde gave 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-ethyl-9-methoxy-5-styryltetrahydropyrimido[5,4-c]quinoline (5). 3-Benzylaminomethyl-6-methoxy-2-methyl-4(1H)-quinolone (1e) and 3,3'-(1,3-benzyliminodimethylene)di[2-methyl-4(1H)-quinolone] (6b) were also synthesized. The compounds were inactive as antimalarials.", "contents": "Synthesis of pyrimido[5,4-c]quinolines and related quinolines as potential antimalarials. 3-Ethylaminomethyl-2-methyl-4(1H)-quinolone (1a) and its 6-CH3, 6-OCH3, and 7-Cl derivatives were prepared by means of the Mannich reaction. Conversion to the 4-chloro derivatives and condensation with 3-chloroaniline gave the corresponding 4-(3-chloroanilino) derivatives. Cyclization of 4-(3-chloroanilino)-2,6-dimethyl-3-ethyl-aminomethylquinoline (3a) and its 6-OCH3 derivative with paraformaldehyde gave 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3,9-dimethyl-3-ethyltetrahydropyrimido[5,4-c]quinoline (4a) and the 9-OCH3 derivative 4b. Treatment of 4b with benzaldehyde gave 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-ethyl-9-methoxy-5-styryltetrahydropyrimido[5,4-c]quinoline (5). 3-Benzylaminomethyl-6-methoxy-2-methyl-4(1H)-quinolone (1e) and 3,3'-(1,3-benzyliminodimethylene)di[2-methyl-4(1H)-quinolone] (6b) were also synthesized. The compounds were inactive as antimalarials."}
{"id": "PMID:342695", "title": "Analysis of family history data for evidence of non-Mendelian inheritance resulting from vertical transmission.", "content": "A number of infections of man, as well as of other animal and plant species, are heavily dependent upon 'vertical transmission'--that is direct parent-to-progeny transfer--for their maintenance in host populations. Such vertical transmission may be considered as a form of inheritance. It is usually non-Mendelian. This paper discusses the implications of such inheritance for the distribution of disease in families. A method is described for making quantitative predictions of prevalence rates of infection and of disease within different classes of relatives of either infected or uninfected probands. It is pointed out that, whereas a maternal line excess is to be expected among relatives of positive probands, the opposite should be found in families of negative probands. Expected differences between maternal and paternal line prevalence rates of observable disease decline rapidly with distance of relationship from the proband, and are greatly reduced by diagnostic insensitivity (analogous to penetrance). The implications of this analytic method for the design of family history studies are discussed. Published data on familial breast cancer are reviewed, and found to show no evidence that this condition is associated with a non-integrated vertically transmitted agent.", "contents": "Analysis of family history data for evidence of non-Mendelian inheritance resulting from vertical transmission. A number of infections of man, as well as of other animal and plant species, are heavily dependent upon 'vertical transmission'--that is direct parent-to-progeny transfer--for their maintenance in host populations. Such vertical transmission may be considered as a form of inheritance. It is usually non-Mendelian. This paper discusses the implications of such inheritance for the distribution of disease in families. A method is described for making quantitative predictions of prevalence rates of infection and of disease within different classes of relatives of either infected or uninfected probands. It is pointed out that, whereas a maternal line excess is to be expected among relatives of positive probands, the opposite should be found in families of negative probands. Expected differences between maternal and paternal line prevalence rates of observable disease decline rapidly with distance of relationship from the proband, and are greatly reduced by diagnostic insensitivity (analogous to penetrance). The implications of this analytic method for the design of family history studies are discussed. Published data on familial breast cancer are reviewed, and found to show no evidence that this condition is associated with a non-integrated vertically transmitted agent."}
{"id": "PMID:342696", "title": "A 'new' syndrome of mental retardation with characteristic facies and brachyphalangy.", "content": "This paper describes 6 individuals, occurring in 3 generations of a single family, who were affected by a distinct syndrome which included: retardation and microcephaly; a small oval face with almond-shaped eyes, droopy eyelids, a small nose, and small downturned mouth; minor acral skeletal anomalies, and short stature. Craniosynostosis, heart defects, and limited elbow extension were seen less frequently. Expression was variable and parents who were in the direct vertical line of transmission of the syndrome showed few, if any, overt signs of the disease. However, the metacarpal/phalangeal profile of the parents showed a similar pattern to that seen in the affected individuals, and it is suggested that this profile may be the most sensitive indicator of carrier status.", "contents": "A 'new' syndrome of mental retardation with characteristic facies and brachyphalangy. This paper describes 6 individuals, occurring in 3 generations of a single family, who were affected by a distinct syndrome which included: retardation and microcephaly; a small oval face with almond-shaped eyes, droopy eyelids, a small nose, and small downturned mouth; minor acral skeletal anomalies, and short stature. Craniosynostosis, heart defects, and limited elbow extension were seen less frequently. Expression was variable and parents who were in the direct vertical line of transmission of the syndrome showed few, if any, overt signs of the disease. However, the metacarpal/phalangeal profile of the parents showed a similar pattern to that seen in the affected individuals, and it is suggested that this profile may be the most sensitive indicator of carrier status."}
{"id": "PMID:342697", "title": "Effects of calcium ionophores on the transport and distribution of calcium in isolated cells and in liver and kidney slices.", "content": "The effects of calcium ionophores on cellular calcium metabolism were studied in cultured kidney cells, in cells freshly isolated from rat kidney, and in liver and kidney slices. In isolated cells, these ionophores decreased the total cellular Ca content and the mitochondrial Ca. 45Ca efflux from prelabelled cells was also stimulated even in the absence of extracellular Ca. In slices, the ionphore A23187 increased the total slice Ca and the uptake of 45Ca. However, the mitochondria isolated from these slices treated with the ionophore had a lower total Ca and a depressed relative radioactivity. These results suggest that the increased cytosolic Ca produced by Ca ionophores may be due to mobilization of intracellular Ca stores rather than to a net shift of Ca from the extracellular fluids to the cell.", "contents": "Effects of calcium ionophores on the transport and distribution of calcium in isolated cells and in liver and kidney slices. The effects of calcium ionophores on cellular calcium metabolism were studied in cultured kidney cells, in cells freshly isolated from rat kidney, and in liver and kidney slices. In isolated cells, these ionophores decreased the total cellular Ca content and the mitochondrial Ca. 45Ca efflux from prelabelled cells was also stimulated even in the absence of extracellular Ca. In slices, the ionphore A23187 increased the total slice Ca and the uptake of 45Ca. However, the mitochondria isolated from these slices treated with the ionophore had a lower total Ca and a depressed relative radioactivity. These results suggest that the increased cytosolic Ca produced by Ca ionophores may be due to mobilization of intracellular Ca stores rather than to a net shift of Ca from the extracellular fluids to the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:342699", "title": "Structural and functional aspects of biological freezing techniques.", "content": "The cooling procedures used to prepare samples for ultrastructural examination at low temperatures often differ markedly from those used to recover optimal function of cells on thawing. The implications of these differences are reviewed. Damage and alteration to the structure and function of the cells may be caused by the high concentrations of cryoprotective agents such as glycerol or dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) often added to reduce ice crystal artefacts. Under the rapid cooling conditions commonly employed for structural studies, these additives are not cryoprotective; low rates of cooling are necessary for them to be effective. Rapidly cooled cells that contain intracellular ice are only injured during rewarming so their structure may be as yet unaltered by any damaging effects at low temperatures. Most cells able to recover on thawing are grossly shrunken at low temperatures but since they are potentially functional they are of interest structurally. These cryobiological principles are illustrated with freeze-fracture, freeze substitution and functional assays. The cell types chosen were Chlorella sp. and mammalian tissue culture cells.", "contents": "Structural and functional aspects of biological freezing techniques. The cooling procedures used to prepare samples for ultrastructural examination at low temperatures often differ markedly from those used to recover optimal function of cells on thawing. The implications of these differences are reviewed. Damage and alteration to the structure and function of the cells may be caused by the high concentrations of cryoprotective agents such as glycerol or dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) often added to reduce ice crystal artefacts. Under the rapid cooling conditions commonly employed for structural studies, these additives are not cryoprotective; low rates of cooling are necessary for them to be effective. Rapidly cooled cells that contain intracellular ice are only injured during rewarming so their structure may be as yet unaltered by any damaging effects at low temperatures. Most cells able to recover on thawing are grossly shrunken at low temperatures but since they are potentially functional they are of interest structurally. These cryobiological principles are illustrated with freeze-fracture, freeze substitution and functional assays. The cell types chosen were Chlorella sp. and mammalian tissue culture cells."}
{"id": "PMID:342698", "title": "Calcium antagonists and islet function: VII. Effect of calcium deprivation.", "content": "The role of extracellular Ca2+ in the regulation of islet function is investigated. Decreasing extracellular Ca2+ concentrations cause a dose-related inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release. Whereas the efflux of 45Ca from perifused islets is transiently increased on exposure to Ca2+-deprived media, it is unaffected by a partial lowering of the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Under the latter condition, therefore, the observed reduction in the size of the islets' exchangeable calcium pool(s) appears to be due to reduced Ca2+ entry. The proper effect of glucose on Ca handling by the islets is apparently not affected by a lowering in the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Nevertheless, in islets exposed to glucose and incubated in Ca2+-deprived media, glucose uptake and oxidation and lactate output are decreased, whereas the islet ATP level is increased, as if extracellular Ca2+ shortage were to affect not only the cellular pool of Ca regulating insulin release, but also energy-consuming processes possibly located at the cell membrane.", "contents": "Calcium antagonists and islet function: VII. Effect of calcium deprivation. The role of extracellular Ca2+ in the regulation of islet function is investigated. Decreasing extracellular Ca2+ concentrations cause a dose-related inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release. Whereas the efflux of 45Ca from perifused islets is transiently increased on exposure to Ca2+-deprived media, it is unaffected by a partial lowering of the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Under the latter condition, therefore, the observed reduction in the size of the islets' exchangeable calcium pool(s) appears to be due to reduced Ca2+ entry. The proper effect of glucose on Ca handling by the islets is apparently not affected by a lowering in the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Nevertheless, in islets exposed to glucose and incubated in Ca2+-deprived media, glucose uptake and oxidation and lactate output are decreased, whereas the islet ATP level is increased, as if extracellular Ca2+ shortage were to affect not only the cellular pool of Ca regulating insulin release, but also energy-consuming processes possibly located at the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:342700", "title": "Biological freezing and cryofixation.", "content": "Freezing and freeze fixation are commonly used to achieve ultrastructural and biological preservation. Freezing in biological materials is complex because of their heterogeneous nature-water is unevenly distributed and the various domains are separated by semi-permeable membranes. Processes to be considered include: (1) osmotic gradients leading to redistribution of water, (2) nucleation and uncontrolled growth of ice crystals, (3) recrystallization of nucleated aqueous substrate. To avoid ultrastructural deformation in biological specimens cryofixatives are commonly employed. These are water soluble molecules, able to penetrate cell membranes (e.g. glycerol and dimethylsulphoxide). Interacting strongly with water, ions and bipolymers, they give rise to metabolic and physiological changes which render them useless for X-ray microprobe analytical studies. However, they can enable tissues to survive low temperature storage. Some plants and animals develop in vivo mechanisms which enable them to avoid or tolerate freezing. Alternative means of cryofixation have recently been developed. They rely on non-penetrating polymers of high and specific water binding capacity. These polymers enable the extracellular spaces to be vitrified rather than frozen. Such suppression of ice nuclei enables the cell contents to be maximally subcooled, resulting in the formation of nm dimension ice crystals. Since the polymers have a low osmotic activity and do not penetrate membranes, the interior of the cell is substantially undisturbed. Also hydrophilic polymers used as cryofixatives are physiologically less active than conventional cryoprotectants at equivalent weight concentrations, and th eir mechanical properties render them useful as matrices for cryosectioning.", "contents": "Biological freezing and cryofixation. Freezing and freeze fixation are commonly used to achieve ultrastructural and biological preservation. Freezing in biological materials is complex because of their heterogeneous nature-water is unevenly distributed and the various domains are separated by semi-permeable membranes. Processes to be considered include: (1) osmotic gradients leading to redistribution of water, (2) nucleation and uncontrolled growth of ice crystals, (3) recrystallization of nucleated aqueous substrate. To avoid ultrastructural deformation in biological specimens cryofixatives are commonly employed. These are water soluble molecules, able to penetrate cell membranes (e.g. glycerol and dimethylsulphoxide). Interacting strongly with water, ions and bipolymers, they give rise to metabolic and physiological changes which render them useless for X-ray microprobe analytical studies. However, they can enable tissues to survive low temperature storage. Some plants and animals develop in vivo mechanisms which enable them to avoid or tolerate freezing. Alternative means of cryofixation have recently been developed. They rely on non-penetrating polymers of high and specific water binding capacity. These polymers enable the extracellular spaces to be vitrified rather than frozen. Such suppression of ice nuclei enables the cell contents to be maximally subcooled, resulting in the formation of nm dimension ice crystals. Since the polymers have a low osmotic activity and do not penetrate membranes, the interior of the cell is substantially undisturbed. Also hydrophilic polymers used as cryofixatives are physiologically less active than conventional cryoprotectants at equivalent weight concentrations, and th eir mechanical properties render them useful as matrices for cryosectioning."}
{"id": "PMID:342715", "title": "Benzene toxicity: a critical evaluation: analytical techniques.", "content": "The choice of any procedure for analysis involves consideration of a number of factors and is best resolved by professional judgment. In general, techniques that require the fewest steps for sample preparation give the best results and instrumentation should be selected with this in mind. In recent times, the most successful determinations of benzene have used nonvisible spectrophotometry and gas chromatography. These techniques provide good sensitivity and require minimal sample preparation. Spectrophotometric methods are best used where there are few interfering compounds and therefore they are adequate for determinations of benzene in air, water, some industrial gases, and simple solvent mixtures. The development of Fourier transform interfacing has greatly improved the sensitivity of spectrophotometers and allows for improved accuracy using small samples. This has been especially realized in the direct analysis of gases by infrared spectrophotometry. The usefulness of gas chromatography lies in its ability to separate components in a mixture before analysis. For this reason, gas chromatography is the technique of choice for determining benzene in complex gaseous or liquid mixtures and biological systems. The development of microcircuitry has improved detector response as well as reduced the costs of most instruments. This, combined with the availability of prepacked columns, has made the gas chromatograph a standard instrument in even small laboratories.", "contents": "Benzene toxicity: a critical evaluation: analytical techniques. The choice of any procedure for analysis involves consideration of a number of factors and is best resolved by professional judgment. In general, techniques that require the fewest steps for sample preparation give the best results and instrumentation should be selected with this in mind. In recent times, the most successful determinations of benzene have used nonvisible spectrophotometry and gas chromatography. These techniques provide good sensitivity and require minimal sample preparation. Spectrophotometric methods are best used where there are few interfering compounds and therefore they are adequate for determinations of benzene in air, water, some industrial gases, and simple solvent mixtures. The development of Fourier transform interfacing has greatly improved the sensitivity of spectrophotometers and allows for improved accuracy using small samples. This has been especially realized in the direct analysis of gases by infrared spectrophotometry. The usefulness of gas chromatography lies in its ability to separate components in a mixture before analysis. For this reason, gas chromatography is the technique of choice for determining benzene in complex gaseous or liquid mixtures and biological systems. The development of microcircuitry has improved detector response as well as reduced the costs of most instruments. This, combined with the availability of prepacked columns, has made the gas chromatograph a standard instrument in even small laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:342722", "title": "Nasoseptal perforation--closure by external septorhinoplasty.", "content": "The successful correction of perforations of the nasal septum is still difficult. This treatment has been greatly facilitated by the use of the external septorhinoplasty, without compromising the airway or causing cosmetic deformity. Supportive autogenous graft material is used routinely and bipedicled mucoperichondrial flaps are used when necessary. Seven consecutive patients have been successfully treated by this method.", "contents": "Nasoseptal perforation--closure by external septorhinoplasty. The successful correction of perforations of the nasal septum is still difficult. This treatment has been greatly facilitated by the use of the external septorhinoplasty, without compromising the airway or causing cosmetic deformity. Supportive autogenous graft material is used routinely and bipedicled mucoperichondrial flaps are used when necessary. Seven consecutive patients have been successfully treated by this method."}
{"id": "PMID:342723", "title": "Camouflaging scars in the head and neck area.", "content": "Any break in the continiuty of healthy skin results in the formation of a scar. The way the scar is formed and the factors affecting the final appearance are discussed. Basic surgical principles as they relate to the revision of scars and the different surgical techniques used for revising scars are presented. Surgical adjuncts used following scar revision and hypertrophic scars and keloids and their treatment are also discussed.", "contents": "Camouflaging scars in the head and neck area. Any break in the continiuty of healthy skin results in the formation of a scar. The way the scar is formed and the factors affecting the final appearance are discussed. Basic surgical principles as they relate to the revision of scars and the different surgical techniques used for revising scars are presented. Surgical adjuncts used following scar revision and hypertrophic scars and keloids and their treatment are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:342724", "title": "Inhibitory effect of fatty acids on the entry of the lipid-containing bacteriophage PR4 into Escherichia coli.", "content": "Various unsaturated fatty acids (notably palmitoleic acid and oleic acid) interfered with plaque production by the lipid-containing bacteriophage PR4 on lawns of Escherichia coli. Addition of fatty acid to give 50 mug/ml ( approximately 0.2 mM) at the time of infection prevented phage replication. If, however, the fatty acid was added after infection, normal amounts of phage were produced. If the fatty acid was added (to 50 mug/ml) to the host cell culture a long enough time before infection such that the fatty acid concentration in the growth medium at the time of infection was reduced to less, similar5 mug/ml (due to fatty acid incorporation by the host cells), normal phage replication occurred also. Neither palmitoleic acid nor oleic acid prevented PR4 attachment to E. coli. Several types of experiments indicated that it is the entry process of the virus that is inhibited by these fatty acids. Specifically, if the fatty acid was added at the time of infection, the host cells were not killed by the virus and no detectable amounts of viral protein were synthesized. In addition, experiments using purified radioisotope-labeled virions showed directly that entry is inhibited. Mutants of PR4 that did replicate in the presence of oleic acid arose spontaneously at a frequency of 10(-6). Three of these mutants that have been further characterized have protein and phospholipid compositions indistinguishable from those of wild-type PR4.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of fatty acids on the entry of the lipid-containing bacteriophage PR4 into Escherichia coli. Various unsaturated fatty acids (notably palmitoleic acid and oleic acid) interfered with plaque production by the lipid-containing bacteriophage PR4 on lawns of Escherichia coli. Addition of fatty acid to give 50 mug/ml ( approximately 0.2 mM) at the time of infection prevented phage replication. If, however, the fatty acid was added after infection, normal amounts of phage were produced. If the fatty acid was added (to 50 mug/ml) to the host cell culture a long enough time before infection such that the fatty acid concentration in the growth medium at the time of infection was reduced to less, similar5 mug/ml (due to fatty acid incorporation by the host cells), normal phage replication occurred also. Neither palmitoleic acid nor oleic acid prevented PR4 attachment to E. coli. Several types of experiments indicated that it is the entry process of the virus that is inhibited by these fatty acids. Specifically, if the fatty acid was added at the time of infection, the host cells were not killed by the virus and no detectable amounts of viral protein were synthesized. In addition, experiments using purified radioisotope-labeled virions showed directly that entry is inhibited. Mutants of PR4 that did replicate in the presence of oleic acid arose spontaneously at a frequency of 10(-6). Three of these mutants that have been further characterized have protein and phospholipid compositions indistinguishable from those of wild-type PR4."}
{"id": "PMID:342725", "title": "Late effect of bacteriophage T4D on the permeability barrier of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Cold centrifugation of lysis-inhibited Escherichia coli B infected with wild-type T4D results in extensive lysis beginning around 20 min after infection at 37 degrees C. Infection with an e mutant, which fails to make lysozyme, prevents lysis, but does not prevent a marked loss of K+ and Mg3+. The t gene product, thought to disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane in natural lysis, is not required for this handling-induced cation loss or lysis. Three lines of evidence argue that late protein synthesis is required to develop this potential for cation loss; the potential does not develop in infections by: (i) mutants defective in DNA synthesis, (ii) mutants defective in gene 55, and (iii) wild-type T4 when chloramphenicol is added at 6 min after infection. All late mutants examined, which are blocked in the major pathways of morphogenesis, do not prevent development of the potential. The evidence argues for a new, late effect of T4 infection on the cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "Late effect of bacteriophage T4D on the permeability barrier of Escherichia coli. Cold centrifugation of lysis-inhibited Escherichia coli B infected with wild-type T4D results in extensive lysis beginning around 20 min after infection at 37 degrees C. Infection with an e mutant, which fails to make lysozyme, prevents lysis, but does not prevent a marked loss of K+ and Mg3+. The t gene product, thought to disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane in natural lysis, is not required for this handling-induced cation loss or lysis. Three lines of evidence argue that late protein synthesis is required to develop this potential for cation loss; the potential does not develop in infections by: (i) mutants defective in DNA synthesis, (ii) mutants defective in gene 55, and (iii) wild-type T4 when chloramphenicol is added at 6 min after infection. All late mutants examined, which are blocked in the major pathways of morphogenesis, do not prevent development of the potential. The evidence argues for a new, late effect of T4 infection on the cytoplasmic membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:342726", "title": "Exclusion of bacteriophage T1 by bacteriophage lambda. I. Early exclusion requires lambda N gene product and host factors involved in N gene expression.", "content": "Two modes of exclusion of T1 by lambda are distinguished. \"Early\" exclusion depends on gene N, but not on gene Q. It is at least partially ineffective against T1am23. \"Late\" exclusion depends on gene Q and effects T1am23 as well as T1+. Early exclusion is a direct effect of N gene product, rather than N gene being required for the expression of some other lambda gene. Three host mutations, groN, nusA, and nusB, known to interfere with lambda replication by affecting N gene expression, also interfere with the ability of lambda to exclude T1.", "contents": "Exclusion of bacteriophage T1 by bacteriophage lambda. I. Early exclusion requires lambda N gene product and host factors involved in N gene expression. Two modes of exclusion of T1 by lambda are distinguished. \"Early\" exclusion depends on gene N, but not on gene Q. It is at least partially ineffective against T1am23. \"Late\" exclusion depends on gene Q and effects T1am23 as well as T1+. Early exclusion is a direct effect of N gene product, rather than N gene being required for the expression of some other lambda gene. Three host mutations, groN, nusA, and nusB, known to interfere with lambda replication by affecting N gene expression, also interfere with the ability of lambda to exclude T1."}
{"id": "PMID:342727", "title": "Purification and structures of recombining and replicating bacteriophage T7 DNA.", "content": "During the infection of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage T7, there is a gradual conversion of host DNA to T7 DNA. Recombination and replication occur during this time. We have devised a new way of examining the physical structures of the intermediates of these processes. It is based on the observation that there are no sites in T7 DNA susceptible to cleavage by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. E. coli DNA, on the other hand, is susceptible to degradation by EcoRI. Thus, phage and host DNA can be separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation after treatment with EcoRI. Concatemeric T7 DNA contains a high proportion of branched, gapped, and whiskered structures. These appear to be intermediates of replication and recombination. This approach also monitors the conversion process from host to T7 DNA.", "contents": "Purification and structures of recombining and replicating bacteriophage T7 DNA. During the infection of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage T7, there is a gradual conversion of host DNA to T7 DNA. Recombination and replication occur during this time. We have devised a new way of examining the physical structures of the intermediates of these processes. It is based on the observation that there are no sites in T7 DNA susceptible to cleavage by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. E. coli DNA, on the other hand, is susceptible to degradation by EcoRI. Thus, phage and host DNA can be separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation after treatment with EcoRI. Concatemeric T7 DNA contains a high proportion of branched, gapped, and whiskered structures. These appear to be intermediates of replication and recombination. This approach also monitors the conversion process from host to T7 DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:342729", "title": "Chenotherapy for gallstone dissolution. I. Efficacy and safety.", "content": "Clinical experience with chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for dissolving gallstones is reported, with particular attention to determinants of response. Of 12 patients receiving 15 mg/kg/day or more, ten responded (83%); only 15 of 40 patients (38%) receiving less than 15 mg/kg/day responded. Large solitary stones and stones in gallbladders that visualized poorly after oral cholecystography had a lower response rate. Radiopaque stones did not respond in 18 patients. Five of ten patients with stones in the common bile duct responded. Small, dose-related elevations in SGOT were the only biochemical abnormality observed. Liver biopsy specimens showed no notable abnormality. Diarrhea was an infrequent problem. Stones recurred in three of 15 patients during six to 48 months of observation without treatment. Chenodeoxycholic acid, when given in adequate dosage, continues to appear promising as medical therapy for asymptomatic radiolucent gallstones in radiologically visualizing gallbladders.", "contents": "Chenotherapy for gallstone dissolution. I. Efficacy and safety. Clinical experience with chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for dissolving gallstones is reported, with particular attention to determinants of response. Of 12 patients receiving 15 mg/kg/day or more, ten responded (83%); only 15 of 40 patients (38%) receiving less than 15 mg/kg/day responded. Large solitary stones and stones in gallbladders that visualized poorly after oral cholecystography had a lower response rate. Radiopaque stones did not respond in 18 patients. Five of ten patients with stones in the common bile duct responded. Small, dose-related elevations in SGOT were the only biochemical abnormality observed. Liver biopsy specimens showed no notable abnormality. Diarrhea was an infrequent problem. Stones recurred in three of 15 patients during six to 48 months of observation without treatment. Chenodeoxycholic acid, when given in adequate dosage, continues to appear promising as medical therapy for asymptomatic radiolucent gallstones in radiologically visualizing gallbladders."}
{"id": "PMID:342736", "title": "Influenza vaccination in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Renal transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy are prone to major pulmonary infections. Development of influenza virus infection may lead to renal allograft damage or rejection. These patients should therefore be protected against influenza viruses by vaccination. A satisfactory antibody response was found in 12 (60%) of 20 renal transplant recipients vaccinated. Among 15 control subjects, the antibody response was satisfactory in all participants (100%). Factors that might play a role in suppression of antibody response include use of immunosuppressive drugs and renal allograft function. Immunization is safe and does not appear to affect renal allograft function.", "contents": "Influenza vaccination in renal transplant recipients. Renal transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy are prone to major pulmonary infections. Development of influenza virus infection may lead to renal allograft damage or rejection. These patients should therefore be protected against influenza viruses by vaccination. A satisfactory antibody response was found in 12 (60%) of 20 renal transplant recipients vaccinated. Among 15 control subjects, the antibody response was satisfactory in all participants (100%). Factors that might play a role in suppression of antibody response include use of immunosuppressive drugs and renal allograft function. Immunization is safe and does not appear to affect renal allograft function."}
{"id": "PMID:342737", "title": "Single-dose tetracycline therapy for shigellosis in adults.", "content": "Forty-two adults who had Shigella isolated from stool (26 symptomatic, 16 asymptomatic) received a single oral dose of tetracycline hydrochloride (2.5 g). Minimal inhibitory concentrations of the 42 isolates demonstrated that 41% were sensitive to tetracycline. Sixteen of 18 patients with diarrhea who had tetracycline-resistant Shigella and all eight patients with diarrhea who had tetracycline-sensitive Shigella were clinical well and had Shigella-negative stools 48 hours after therapy. Fifteen of 16 asymptomatic patients demonstrated clearing of Shigella from stool within 48 hours of therapy. Single-dose tetracycline therapy is effective in the treatment of Shigella regardless of clinical expression of illness or in vitro sensitive of the organism.", "contents": "Single-dose tetracycline therapy for shigellosis in adults. Forty-two adults who had Shigella isolated from stool (26 symptomatic, 16 asymptomatic) received a single oral dose of tetracycline hydrochloride (2.5 g). Minimal inhibitory concentrations of the 42 isolates demonstrated that 41% were sensitive to tetracycline. Sixteen of 18 patients with diarrhea who had tetracycline-resistant Shigella and all eight patients with diarrhea who had tetracycline-sensitive Shigella were clinical well and had Shigella-negative stools 48 hours after therapy. Fifteen of 16 asymptomatic patients demonstrated clearing of Shigella from stool within 48 hours of therapy. Single-dose tetracycline therapy is effective in the treatment of Shigella regardless of clinical expression of illness or in vitro sensitive of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:342787", "title": "Serious group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections in adults: report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Adult infections with group B beta-hemolytic streptococci have been infrequently reported in the past. Two patients described herein, one with meningitis and the other with suppurative arthritis, emphasize that the organism is a potential pathogen and cause of serious infections in adults. The literature pertinent to these group B streptococcal infections is reviewed.", "contents": "Serious group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections in adults: report of two cases and review of the literature. Adult infections with group B beta-hemolytic streptococci have been infrequently reported in the past. Two patients described herein, one with meningitis and the other with suppurative arthritis, emphasize that the organism is a potential pathogen and cause of serious infections in adults. The literature pertinent to these group B streptococcal infections is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:342789", "title": "Nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin and amikacin.", "content": "We evaluated 124 patients for nephrotoxicity associated with gentamicin or amikacin therapy. The incidence of definite nephrotoxicity was 10.5% during therapy, with a mean increase in creatinine of 1.0 mg/100 ml (range, 0.5-3.6 mg/100 ml). Nephrotoxicity developed late in therapy (mean, day 10) and the creatinine continued to increase after cessation of therapy for as long as nine days. Age, initial creatinine, total dose and initial \"peak\" and \"valley\" levels did not correlate with nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity developed in 8 of 97 patients treated for less than or equal to 11 days and 5 of 19 treated for greater than 11 days (chi square, p less than .01). \"Peak\" and \"valley\" levels rose significantly (t-test, p less than .05) during therapy and increased more in those with nephrotoxicity. A \"peak\" level of amikacin of greater than or equal to 38.5 micrometer/ml or of gentamicin of greater than or equal to 10 micrometer/ml or a rise in the \"valley\" levels of amikacin above 10 micrometer/ml was also associated with nephrotoxicity (chi square, p less than .025). These data help define the natural history and the host and drug factors that affect the development of gentamicin- and amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "Nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin and amikacin. We evaluated 124 patients for nephrotoxicity associated with gentamicin or amikacin therapy. The incidence of definite nephrotoxicity was 10.5% during therapy, with a mean increase in creatinine of 1.0 mg/100 ml (range, 0.5-3.6 mg/100 ml). Nephrotoxicity developed late in therapy (mean, day 10) and the creatinine continued to increase after cessation of therapy for as long as nine days. Age, initial creatinine, total dose and initial \"peak\" and \"valley\" levels did not correlate with nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity developed in 8 of 97 patients treated for less than or equal to 11 days and 5 of 19 treated for greater than 11 days (chi square, p less than .01). \"Peak\" and \"valley\" levels rose significantly (t-test, p less than .05) during therapy and increased more in those with nephrotoxicity. A \"peak\" level of amikacin of greater than or equal to 38.5 micrometer/ml or of gentamicin of greater than or equal to 10 micrometer/ml or a rise in the \"valley\" levels of amikacin above 10 micrometer/ml was also associated with nephrotoxicity (chi square, p less than .025). These data help define the natural history and the host and drug factors that affect the development of gentamicin- and amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:342797", "title": "[Combined use of glucagon and strophanthin in myocardial infarct complicated by severe cardiac insufficiency].", "content": "The effects of isolated and combined use of strophanthin and glucagon on the values of central hemodynamics and cardiac contractile function were compared. The study was conducted on patients with myocardial infarction complicated by congestive heart failure in the acute period of the disease. It was found that a combination of these drugs had a synergic inotropic effect. A conclusion was drawn on the advantages of the combined use of strophanthin and glucagon in the treatment of severe congestive heart failure in the acute period of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Combined use of glucagon and strophanthin in myocardial infarct complicated by severe cardiac insufficiency]. The effects of isolated and combined use of strophanthin and glucagon on the values of central hemodynamics and cardiac contractile function were compared. The study was conducted on patients with myocardial infarction complicated by congestive heart failure in the acute period of the disease. It was found that a combination of these drugs had a synergic inotropic effect. A conclusion was drawn on the advantages of the combined use of strophanthin and glucagon in the treatment of severe congestive heart failure in the acute period of myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:342798", "title": "[Acid-base state and blood oxygenation in cardiac insufficiency treated by drug agents].", "content": "The effect of different drugs on the acid-base condition and gases of arterial blood was studied by Astrup's micromethod in 124 tests in patients with circulatory insufficiency. Cardiac glycosides correct the moderate decrease in blood oxygen tension and respiratory alkalosis in patients with left-ventricular failure. Morphine has a good arresting effect in attacks of cardiac asthma and corrects or reduces the respiratory alkalosis typical of the disease but at the same time reduces the saturation of blood with oxygen. The use of oxygen together with morphine removes this unfavourable effect of the drugs. Euphylline often intensifies respiratory alkalosis, while its effect on oxygen tension in the blood and its saturation with oxygen is poorly pronounced and diversely directed. Lasics causes a favourable correcting effect on the acid-base condition and oxygenation of blood in pulmonary edema marked by metabolic acidosis.", "contents": "[Acid-base state and blood oxygenation in cardiac insufficiency treated by drug agents]. The effect of different drugs on the acid-base condition and gases of arterial blood was studied by Astrup's micromethod in 124 tests in patients with circulatory insufficiency. Cardiac glycosides correct the moderate decrease in blood oxygen tension and respiratory alkalosis in patients with left-ventricular failure. Morphine has a good arresting effect in attacks of cardiac asthma and corrects or reduces the respiratory alkalosis typical of the disease but at the same time reduces the saturation of blood with oxygen. The use of oxygen together with morphine removes this unfavourable effect of the drugs. Euphylline often intensifies respiratory alkalosis, while its effect on oxygen tension in the blood and its saturation with oxygen is poorly pronounced and diversely directed. Lasics causes a favourable correcting effect on the acid-base condition and oxygenation of blood in pulmonary edema marked by metabolic acidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:342807", "title": "[The medical arrangements of the Westphalian Wilhelms-University in M\u00fcnster (author's transl)].", "content": "The buildings of the clinics and institutions of the medical faculty in M\u00fcnster which were planned in 1914 and completed in 1925 were enlarged considerably with numerous new buildings in the 1950's because of increasing specialisation in medicine. The university eye clinic built in 1925 was enlarged in 1970 by the addition of a bed wing and in 1975 by the new construction of the out patients department. In 1969 the foundation stone for the new central clinic with the four bed towers was laid. The eye clinic will not move into the new central clinic, because the old part of the present eye clinic was also completely renovated, besides the construction of both the additions. This description is complemented by conclusive data on the number and bed-use of the single clinics and on the cost of the new wing and the number of students.", "contents": "[The medical arrangements of the Westphalian Wilhelms-University in M\u00fcnster (author's transl)]. The buildings of the clinics and institutions of the medical faculty in M\u00fcnster which were planned in 1914 and completed in 1925 were enlarged considerably with numerous new buildings in the 1950's because of increasing specialisation in medicine. The university eye clinic built in 1925 was enlarged in 1970 by the addition of a bed wing and in 1975 by the new construction of the out patients department. In 1969 the foundation stone for the new central clinic with the four bed towers was laid. The eye clinic will not move into the new central clinic, because the old part of the present eye clinic was also completely renovated, besides the construction of both the additions. This description is complemented by conclusive data on the number and bed-use of the single clinics and on the cost of the new wing and the number of students."}
{"id": "PMID:342808", "title": "[On the history of ophthalmology and of the eye clinic in M\u00fcnster (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of ophthalmology in M\u00fcnster is described from the itinerant oculists and sooth-sayers of the middle ages to the completion of the enlargements to the eye clinic in the year 1977. After the foundation of the university in 1780 Prof. Anton Sentrup, Professor of Anatomy, held the first lecture in the special field of instruction of ophthalmology. But up to the introduction of a chair for ophthalmology more than a century passed by, after the university in M\u00fcnster was closed in 1818 in favour of the unversity in Bonn following political changes. In the so's of the 19th century private eye clinics were foundet in M\u00fcnster. In 1924 the new University in M\u00fcnster received a chair for ophthalmology. The first director of the eye clinic was Prof. Aurel von Szily. He was followed by Oswald Marchesani, Wilhelm Rohrschneider, Wolfgang Riehm and Fritz Hollwich. The increase in the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities and the continuously increasing numbers of patients made necessary the enlargement of the clinic by the addition of an operation and ward wing and of an outpatients' department. These additions which were begun in 1968 were completed in summer 1977 under the leadership of Prof. Hollwich.", "contents": "[On the history of ophthalmology and of the eye clinic in M\u00fcnster (author's transl)]. The development of ophthalmology in M\u00fcnster is described from the itinerant oculists and sooth-sayers of the middle ages to the completion of the enlargements to the eye clinic in the year 1977. After the foundation of the university in 1780 Prof. Anton Sentrup, Professor of Anatomy, held the first lecture in the special field of instruction of ophthalmology. But up to the introduction of a chair for ophthalmology more than a century passed by, after the university in M\u00fcnster was closed in 1818 in favour of the unversity in Bonn following political changes. In the so's of the 19th century private eye clinics were foundet in M\u00fcnster. In 1924 the new University in M\u00fcnster received a chair for ophthalmology. The first director of the eye clinic was Prof. Aurel von Szily. He was followed by Oswald Marchesani, Wilhelm Rohrschneider, Wolfgang Riehm and Fritz Hollwich. The increase in the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities and the continuously increasing numbers of patients made necessary the enlargement of the clinic by the addition of an operation and ward wing and of an outpatients' department. These additions which were begun in 1968 were completed in summer 1977 under the leadership of Prof. Hollwich."}
{"id": "PMID:342809", "title": "[The history of glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In the clinical history of chronic open angle glaucoma one can distinguish four periods concerning the pathogenetic theories. These are: 1. the nervous and vascular theory, 2. the mechanical theory, 3. the mixed theory and 4. the biochemical, enzymatic and molecular theory, which in the future will become more and more important.", "contents": "[The history of glaucoma (author's transl)]. In the clinical history of chronic open angle glaucoma one can distinguish four periods concerning the pathogenetic theories. These are: 1. the nervous and vascular theory, 2. the mechanical theory, 3. the mixed theory and 4. the biochemical, enzymatic and molecular theory, which in the future will become more and more important."}
{"id": "PMID:342810", "title": "[The iridociliary suture (author's transl)].", "content": "During a trabeculectomy it is possible to interfere with the boundary between the iris and the ciliary body-that is with the iridociliary suture. The author describes some special features of this region which can be recognized through the operating microscope, with allusions to some aspects of optical microscopy.", "contents": "[The iridociliary suture (author's transl)]. During a trabeculectomy it is possible to interfere with the boundary between the iris and the ciliary body-that is with the iridociliary suture. The author describes some special features of this region which can be recognized through the operating microscope, with allusions to some aspects of optical microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:342813", "title": "[On the normalization of the content of human urine of procoagulant after renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "With human urine a very active procoagulant is excreted which converts prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of factor V, phospholipids and calcium chloride. In kidney diseases, its excretion is considerably reduced or totally absent. A negative correlation exists between these diseases and protein excretion. Kidney transplantation results in a normalization, however showing a trend which is not always parallel with the normalization of the blood creatinine levels. During the post-transplantation period, an occasional temporary, but very clear reduction with abnormal values of the kidney function tests can be observed. It is presumed that the procoagulant excretion could represent a hitherto unexplored function of the tubuli.", "contents": "[On the normalization of the content of human urine of procoagulant after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. With human urine a very active procoagulant is excreted which converts prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of factor V, phospholipids and calcium chloride. In kidney diseases, its excretion is considerably reduced or totally absent. A negative correlation exists between these diseases and protein excretion. Kidney transplantation results in a normalization, however showing a trend which is not always parallel with the normalization of the blood creatinine levels. During the post-transplantation period, an occasional temporary, but very clear reduction with abnormal values of the kidney function tests can be observed. It is presumed that the procoagulant excretion could represent a hitherto unexplored function of the tubuli."}
{"id": "PMID:342822", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence, by immunoperoxidase technique, for a tubular reabsoprtion of endogenous albumin in normal rat.", "content": "The reabsorption of endogenous albumin in the proximal tubules of the normal Munich-Wistar rat has been studied using immunoperoxidase techniques. The lumina of the superficial proximal tubules were found to remain open after in situ fixation, allowing good penetration of the conjugates. Labeling typical of an endocytotic process was observed only in the proximal tubules. This fact suggests that the glomerular filtration barrier is not an absolute one for denogenous albumin.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence, by immunoperoxidase technique, for a tubular reabsoprtion of endogenous albumin in normal rat. The reabsorption of endogenous albumin in the proximal tubules of the normal Munich-Wistar rat has been studied using immunoperoxidase techniques. The lumina of the superficial proximal tubules were found to remain open after in situ fixation, allowing good penetration of the conjugates. Labeling typical of an endocytotic process was observed only in the proximal tubules. This fact suggests that the glomerular filtration barrier is not an absolute one for denogenous albumin."}
{"id": "PMID:342823", "title": "Comparative study of skin reactions in leprosy patients to M. leprae-lepromin and to ICRC-in, an antigen from cultivable acid-fast bacilli from M. leprae isolated from lepromatous nodules.", "content": "Skin test antigens (Dharmendra type) were prepared from fresh M. leprae (lepromin) and from a culture of strain C-44 ICRC bacilli (ICRCin) grown 'in vitro' from M. leprae isolate from lepromatous nodules. Comparative study of skin reactivity to lepromin and ICRCin--both \"early\" and \"late\" reactions in 76 leprosy patients was conducted. In 29 lepromatous (LL) cases, 25 exhibited totally negative reaction at the end of third week. In tuberculoid (TT) 22 and 23 out of 31 were positive (greater than 4.5 mm) at 3 weeks to lepromin and ICRCin respectively. In the 16 BB group, the reactions were comparable in the same patient. The cellular reaction in tuberculoid cases consisted of lymphocytic infiltration, epitheloid giant cells and Langhan type cells and indistinguishable from each other. These data with characteristic total lack of reaction in 25/29 lepromatous leprosy cases and identical cellular reaction in TT patients, provide strong evidence that ICRC bacillus strain C-44 is antigenically identical with M. leprae.", "contents": "Comparative study of skin reactions in leprosy patients to M. leprae-lepromin and to ICRC-in, an antigen from cultivable acid-fast bacilli from M. leprae isolated from lepromatous nodules. Skin test antigens (Dharmendra type) were prepared from fresh M. leprae (lepromin) and from a culture of strain C-44 ICRC bacilli (ICRCin) grown 'in vitro' from M. leprae isolate from lepromatous nodules. Comparative study of skin reactivity to lepromin and ICRCin--both \"early\" and \"late\" reactions in 76 leprosy patients was conducted. In 29 lepromatous (LL) cases, 25 exhibited totally negative reaction at the end of third week. In tuberculoid (TT) 22 and 23 out of 31 were positive (greater than 4.5 mm) at 3 weeks to lepromin and ICRCin respectively. In the 16 BB group, the reactions were comparable in the same patient. The cellular reaction in tuberculoid cases consisted of lymphocytic infiltration, epitheloid giant cells and Langhan type cells and indistinguishable from each other. These data with characteristic total lack of reaction in 25/29 lepromatous leprosy cases and identical cellular reaction in TT patients, provide strong evidence that ICRC bacillus strain C-44 is antigenically identical with M. leprae."}
{"id": "PMID:342825", "title": "Tissue lipids in leprosy.", "content": "A total of 30 cases of leprosy (15 lepromatous and 15 tuberculoid) were studied by histochemical procedures for lipids in the morbid skin. The possible origin and relation of lipids to the presence of lepra bacilli in the lepra cells is discussed.", "contents": "Tissue lipids in leprosy. A total of 30 cases of leprosy (15 lepromatous and 15 tuberculoid) were studied by histochemical procedures for lipids in the morbid skin. The possible origin and relation of lipids to the presence of lepra bacilli in the lepra cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:342826", "title": "The chemotherapy of leprosy from a microbiological standpoint.", "content": "The increased knowledge concerning microbiology and chemotherapy of leprosy is exposed. Great stress is put on the knowledge of chemotherapy of tuberculosis that has accumulated during the last two decades and the guidelines that are equally valid for the chemotherapy of leprosy. The problems of the chemotherapy of the different forms of the disease are exposed and future lines of research indicated.", "contents": "The chemotherapy of leprosy from a microbiological standpoint. The increased knowledge concerning microbiology and chemotherapy of leprosy is exposed. Great stress is put on the knowledge of chemotherapy of tuberculosis that has accumulated during the last two decades and the guidelines that are equally valid for the chemotherapy of leprosy. The problems of the chemotherapy of the different forms of the disease are exposed and future lines of research indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:342832", "title": "Response of neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells to a yeast extract.", "content": "PCO, an aqueous-alcoholic extract of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was found to inhibit mitoses of 4 different ascites tumors removed from mice. Carried as established in vitro lines 6 tumors and 4 established lines of non-neoplastic cells could not be inhibited by PCO. Primary cultures (diploid) of mouse embryo tissue cells and granulocytic blast cells from adult mice also could not be mitotically inhibited by PCO.", "contents": "Response of neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells to a yeast extract. PCO, an aqueous-alcoholic extract of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was found to inhibit mitoses of 4 different ascites tumors removed from mice. Carried as established in vitro lines 6 tumors and 4 established lines of non-neoplastic cells could not be inhibited by PCO. Primary cultures (diploid) of mouse embryo tissue cells and granulocytic blast cells from adult mice also could not be mitotically inhibited by PCO."}
{"id": "PMID:342834", "title": "Internal configuration of saphenous-coronary anastomoses as studied by the cast-injection technique.", "content": "A study of the internal configuration of saphenous vein--to--coronary artery anastomoses was undertaken to examine the effect of technical factors. One hundred fifty anastomoses were constructed in isolated swine hearts and epoxy-resin casts were made of the anastomoses by pressure-injection. The effects of interrupted sutures, continuous suture, vein tailoring, vein-to-artery size ratio, and end-to-side and side-to-side anastomoses were evaluated. We made several observations: (1) The external appearance of an anastomosis is not a reliable indicator of internal configuration. (2) Interrupted suturing consistently produces an internal configuration with minimal deformity. (3) Unless special precautions are taken with continuous suturing, severe deformities may occur. Very fine suture spacing and knotting distal corner sutures are recommended. (4) Proper vein-to-artery size ratio and \"cobra-head\" vein tailoring are desirable. (5) Side-to-side anastomoses are similarly significantly affected by suture techniques, vein graft size, venotomy size, and orientation. The study of the internal configuration of saphenous-coronary anastomoses is a simple and readily available method which should be useful to all coronary surgeons in assessing and perfecting their techniques.", "contents": "Internal configuration of saphenous-coronary anastomoses as studied by the cast-injection technique. A study of the internal configuration of saphenous vein--to--coronary artery anastomoses was undertaken to examine the effect of technical factors. One hundred fifty anastomoses were constructed in isolated swine hearts and epoxy-resin casts were made of the anastomoses by pressure-injection. The effects of interrupted sutures, continuous suture, vein tailoring, vein-to-artery size ratio, and end-to-side and side-to-side anastomoses were evaluated. We made several observations: (1) The external appearance of an anastomosis is not a reliable indicator of internal configuration. (2) Interrupted suturing consistently produces an internal configuration with minimal deformity. (3) Unless special precautions are taken with continuous suturing, severe deformities may occur. Very fine suture spacing and knotting distal corner sutures are recommended. (4) Proper vein-to-artery size ratio and \"cobra-head\" vein tailoring are desirable. (5) Side-to-side anastomoses are similarly significantly affected by suture techniques, vein graft size, venotomy size, and orientation. The study of the internal configuration of saphenous-coronary anastomoses is a simple and readily available method which should be useful to all coronary surgeons in assessing and perfecting their techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:342835", "title": "Prevention of pulmonary insufficiency through prophylactic use of PEEP and rapid respiratory rates.", "content": "This study evaluated the effectiveness of prophylactic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) rapid respiratory rates (RRR), and high tidal volume (HTV) in prevention of congestive atelectasis. Measurements of pulmonary hemodynamics, mechanics, gas exchange, functional residual capacity (FRC), pathology, and cinemicroscopy were performed in 45 anesthetized dogs subjected to hemorrhagic hypotension. Randomly, the animals received control ventilation, HTV (20 ml. per kilogram), RRR (32 breaths per minute), or PEEP (5 cm. of water). Carbon dioxide was added as needed to maintain normocapnia. Control and HTV animals showed characteristic changes of congestive atelectasis (capillary congestion, stasis, interstitial edema, periarterial hemorrhage, alveolar edema, and hemorrhage). These microscopic and cinemicroscopic changes were prevented by PEEP and RRR and correlated with decreased physiological shunting (PEEP 10 percent, RRR 13 percent, HTV 22 percent; p less than 0.01) in the postshock phase. PEEP increased FRC by 40 percent (p less than 0.02) and reduced the pulmonary artery--small pulmonary vein gradient (PA-SPV), suggesting a direct effect on the capillary bed. RRR did not affect FRC but minimized the SPV-LA gradient. This effect on the pulmonary venules theoretically could be mediated by stimulating lymphatic flow, thereby decreasing interstitial edema. Thus PEEP and RRR are beneficial when used prophylactically but may work by widely differing mechanisms.", "contents": "Prevention of pulmonary insufficiency through prophylactic use of PEEP and rapid respiratory rates. This study evaluated the effectiveness of prophylactic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) rapid respiratory rates (RRR), and high tidal volume (HTV) in prevention of congestive atelectasis. Measurements of pulmonary hemodynamics, mechanics, gas exchange, functional residual capacity (FRC), pathology, and cinemicroscopy were performed in 45 anesthetized dogs subjected to hemorrhagic hypotension. Randomly, the animals received control ventilation, HTV (20 ml. per kilogram), RRR (32 breaths per minute), or PEEP (5 cm. of water). Carbon dioxide was added as needed to maintain normocapnia. Control and HTV animals showed characteristic changes of congestive atelectasis (capillary congestion, stasis, interstitial edema, periarterial hemorrhage, alveolar edema, and hemorrhage). These microscopic and cinemicroscopic changes were prevented by PEEP and RRR and correlated with decreased physiological shunting (PEEP 10 percent, RRR 13 percent, HTV 22 percent; p less than 0.01) in the postshock phase. PEEP increased FRC by 40 percent (p less than 0.02) and reduced the pulmonary artery--small pulmonary vein gradient (PA-SPV), suggesting a direct effect on the capillary bed. RRR did not affect FRC but minimized the SPV-LA gradient. This effect on the pulmonary venules theoretically could be mediated by stimulating lymphatic flow, thereby decreasing interstitial edema. Thus PEEP and RRR are beneficial when used prophylactically but may work by widely differing mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:342839", "title": "Hospital emergency room utilization in Montreal before and after Medicare: the Quebec experience.", "content": "The impact of the introduction of Medicare in Quebec on hospital emergency room services was examined in Metropolitan Montreal. After Medicare, the emergency room visit rate increased 14 per cent per year compared to a 7 per cent per year increase in the five years preceding Medicare. The outpatient clinic visit rate continued an upward trend (4 per cent per year). In six of the hospitals selected for more detailed studies, patient interviews revealed that before Medicare 33 per cent of emergency room attenders attempted to contact a physician before reporting to the emergency room and 63 per cent were successful in speaking to the physician. After Medicare, 39 per cent attempted but only 38 per cent were successful. Before Medicare, 47 per cent of patients said that their usual source of care was a private physician, and only 17 per cent usually sought care in the emergency room. After Medicare 58 per cent reported a private physician and 31 per cent the emergency room. These findings together with the increased population density of physicians and increased annual number of physician visits per person suggest that there has been a substantial rise in demand from the public for medical care of which one important early manifestation is an increased reliance on emergency rooms.", "contents": "Hospital emergency room utilization in Montreal before and after Medicare: the Quebec experience. The impact of the introduction of Medicare in Quebec on hospital emergency room services was examined in Metropolitan Montreal. After Medicare, the emergency room visit rate increased 14 per cent per year compared to a 7 per cent per year increase in the five years preceding Medicare. The outpatient clinic visit rate continued an upward trend (4 per cent per year). In six of the hospitals selected for more detailed studies, patient interviews revealed that before Medicare 33 per cent of emergency room attenders attempted to contact a physician before reporting to the emergency room and 63 per cent were successful in speaking to the physician. After Medicare, 39 per cent attempted but only 38 per cent were successful. Before Medicare, 47 per cent of patients said that their usual source of care was a private physician, and only 17 per cent usually sought care in the emergency room. After Medicare 58 per cent reported a private physician and 31 per cent the emergency room. These findings together with the increased population density of physicians and increased annual number of physician visits per person suggest that there has been a substantial rise in demand from the public for medical care of which one important early manifestation is an increased reliance on emergency rooms."}
{"id": "PMID:342847", "title": "[Facial reconstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "The radical tumour surgery and an adequate covering of defects in the face area are preferably combined in one operation. On ten examples of a total of 58 cases methods of covering of one, two and three layers of cheeck defects were demonstrated.", "contents": "[Facial reconstruction (author's transl)]. The radical tumour surgery and an adequate covering of defects in the face area are preferably combined in one operation. On ten examples of a total of 58 cases methods of covering of one, two and three layers of cheeck defects were demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:342848", "title": "[Covering defects after exstirpation of tumours in the ear region (author's transl)].", "content": "Some possibilities are shown to cover defects in the ear region. Especially \"bi-loped flaps\" will be used, and some variations of this type of flap are described.", "contents": "[Covering defects after exstirpation of tumours in the ear region (author's transl)]. Some possibilities are shown to cover defects in the ear region. Especially \"bi-loped flaps\" will be used, and some variations of this type of flap are described."}
{"id": "PMID:342849", "title": "Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.", "content": "As a serendipitous by-product of polio virus research, a highly fatal amoebic meningoencephalitis was recognized in animals. The causative microorganisms, contaminants of the viral cultures, were identified as small soil amoebae. These organisms, previously considered non-pathogenic, are prevalent throughout the world. Based on animal studies, the original investigators suggested the possibility of a similar disease in humans. Seven years later, human cases of amoebic meningoencephalitis were reported from widely separated areas of the world. Since 1965, a total of 79 cases have been reported. The literature of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis is presented. The history of the discovery and elucidation of this disease is reviewed. The 79 cases reported in the world literature are divided into two groups, those diagnosed retrospectively after reviewing previous deaths from meningoencephalitis, and those diagnosed at the time of the illness. The classification, morphology, pathogenicity, virulence and distribution of pathogenic soil amoebae are reviewed. The presenting clinical findings, diagnostic procedures, pathology, and management of this recently recognized, highly fatal, human disease is presented along with a report of a new case. Otolaryngologists should become familiar with this serious disorder with a transnasal portal of entry.", "contents": "Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. As a serendipitous by-product of polio virus research, a highly fatal amoebic meningoencephalitis was recognized in animals. The causative microorganisms, contaminants of the viral cultures, were identified as small soil amoebae. These organisms, previously considered non-pathogenic, are prevalent throughout the world. Based on animal studies, the original investigators suggested the possibility of a similar disease in humans. Seven years later, human cases of amoebic meningoencephalitis were reported from widely separated areas of the world. Since 1965, a total of 79 cases have been reported. The literature of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis is presented. The history of the discovery and elucidation of this disease is reviewed. The 79 cases reported in the world literature are divided into two groups, those diagnosed retrospectively after reviewing previous deaths from meningoencephalitis, and those diagnosed at the time of the illness. The classification, morphology, pathogenicity, virulence and distribution of pathogenic soil amoebae are reviewed. The presenting clinical findings, diagnostic procedures, pathology, and management of this recently recognized, highly fatal, human disease is presented along with a report of a new case. Otolaryngologists should become familiar with this serious disorder with a transnasal portal of entry."}
{"id": "PMID:342850", "title": "Levamisole in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis.", "content": "In a pilot study as well as in a double-blind placebo-controlled study, 21 patients suffering from recurrent aphthous stomatitis were treated with the immunotherapeutic agent, levamisole. The results obtained confirm previous studies that levamisole has a beneficial effect on the symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and is well-tolerated.", "contents": "Levamisole in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. In a pilot study as well as in a double-blind placebo-controlled study, 21 patients suffering from recurrent aphthous stomatitis were treated with the immunotherapeutic agent, levamisole. The results obtained confirm previous studies that levamisole has a beneficial effect on the symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and is well-tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:342871", "title": "Process or product: awareness vs. aesthetics.", "content": "A historic perspective on the roles of the patient and psychotherapist relative to creative expression clearly demonstrates an emphasis on content, on the projective interpretation of the product. The author challenges the emphasis on product rather than process, the educational 'shop-window' approach to achievers and the talented, as well as the negative effects of 'labeling', and the validity of some forms of projective psychological testing. Discussed is the influence exerted by the psychotherapist through Rogerian 'leakage'. In addition, techniques are suggested for expanding sensory awareness and synthesizing communication skills as a means of enhancing self-image and creative potential. The contention is that the more ways that a skill is synthesized, the more complete is the learning. The more complete the learning, the greater the sense of security. The more secure the individual, the more willing (s)he is to venture into other areas where risk of failure has been a deterrent.", "contents": "Process or product: awareness vs. aesthetics. A historic perspective on the roles of the patient and psychotherapist relative to creative expression clearly demonstrates an emphasis on content, on the projective interpretation of the product. The author challenges the emphasis on product rather than process, the educational 'shop-window' approach to achievers and the talented, as well as the negative effects of 'labeling', and the validity of some forms of projective psychological testing. Discussed is the influence exerted by the psychotherapist through Rogerian 'leakage'. In addition, techniques are suggested for expanding sensory awareness and synthesizing communication skills as a means of enhancing self-image and creative potential. The contention is that the more ways that a skill is synthesized, the more complete is the learning. The more complete the learning, the greater the sense of security. The more secure the individual, the more willing (s)he is to venture into other areas where risk of failure has been a deterrent."}
{"id": "PMID:342872", "title": "The use of drawings for psychiatric evaluation of a defendant in a case of homicide.", "content": "From an initial spontaneous drawing on the back of a cigarette carton and through a series of subsequent drawings, a defendant, who shot and killed his victim before five witnesses, was granted a complete psychiatric examination on the findings of the drawing analysis. He was evaluated as a paranoid schizophrenic and eventually was acquitted but found insane and committed to a state hospital for treatment. His drawings indicated his threatened sexual identity through a disturbed body image while his movement from reality to disintegration and back is evidenced in corresponding crystalline and fragmentary form productions. The case points out the significance of drawings for psychiatric examination and evidence where they are available. An outline and discussion is appended of the history of the determination of criminal responsibility.", "contents": "The use of drawings for psychiatric evaluation of a defendant in a case of homicide. From an initial spontaneous drawing on the back of a cigarette carton and through a series of subsequent drawings, a defendant, who shot and killed his victim before five witnesses, was granted a complete psychiatric examination on the findings of the drawing analysis. He was evaluated as a paranoid schizophrenic and eventually was acquitted but found insane and committed to a state hospital for treatment. His drawings indicated his threatened sexual identity through a disturbed body image while his movement from reality to disintegration and back is evidenced in corresponding crystalline and fragmentary form productions. The case points out the significance of drawings for psychiatric examination and evidence where they are available. An outline and discussion is appended of the history of the determination of criminal responsibility."}
{"id": "PMID:342873", "title": "Isolation of labeled triiodothyronine from serum using affinity chromatography: application to the extimation of the peripheral T4 to T3 conversion in rats.", "content": "A method for the isolation of small quantities of labeled 3,5,3' -triiodothyronine (T3) from serum or thyroid extracts is described. Conjugates of rabbit anti-T3 antibody to Sepharose 4B are incubated with 0.5 to 1 ml of human or rat serum at pH 8.6 for 1 hr. The tubes are centrifuged and washed with buffer followed by 6 M guanidine to remove nonspecifically bound labeled thyroxine (T4). The fraction of T3 and T4 bound to the Sepharose conjugate varies depending on the concentration of serum in the initial incubation tubes, the T3 and T4 content, and the specificity of the antiserum used. In a system that contains 0.5 ml of normal human serum, 1 ml of glycine-acetate buffer (pH 8.6), and 0.25 ml settled Sepharose-anti-T3 conjugate, the T3 to T4 binding ratio was generally 150-200, with up to as much as 50% of T3 bound to the pellet. The coefficient of variation of the method is less than 5%, and it may be performed in a matter of hours. There is no detectable conversion of T4 to T3 during the separation process. Using this technique, conversion of T4 to T3 was evaluated in euthyroid rats after injection  of 125l-T4. Over the period of 36-72 hr after injection, a ratio of T3 to T4 of 0.74 +- 0.06 x 10-2 (mean +- SE) was present in the plasma. Using the calculated metabolic clearance rates for T3 and T4 in these animals, fractional conversion of T4 to T3 was estimated to be 27%, in good agreement with results obtained by other techniques. This method would appear to be of value for specific isolation of the small quantities of T3 produced from T4 after in vivo or in vitro T4 to T3 conversion.", "contents": "Isolation of labeled triiodothyronine from serum using affinity chromatography: application to the extimation of the peripheral T4 to T3 conversion in rats. A method for the isolation of small quantities of labeled 3,5,3' -triiodothyronine (T3) from serum or thyroid extracts is described. Conjugates of rabbit anti-T3 antibody to Sepharose 4B are incubated with 0.5 to 1 ml of human or rat serum at pH 8.6 for 1 hr. The tubes are centrifuged and washed with buffer followed by 6 M guanidine to remove nonspecifically bound labeled thyroxine (T4). The fraction of T3 and T4 bound to the Sepharose conjugate varies depending on the concentration of serum in the initial incubation tubes, the T3 and T4 content, and the specificity of the antiserum used. In a system that contains 0.5 ml of normal human serum, 1 ml of glycine-acetate buffer (pH 8.6), and 0.25 ml settled Sepharose-anti-T3 conjugate, the T3 to T4 binding ratio was generally 150-200, with up to as much as 50% of T3 bound to the pellet. The coefficient of variation of the method is less than 5%, and it may be performed in a matter of hours. There is no detectable conversion of T4 to T3 during the separation process. Using this technique, conversion of T4 to T3 was evaluated in euthyroid rats after injection  of 125l-T4. Over the period of 36-72 hr after injection, a ratio of T3 to T4 of 0.74 +- 0.06 x 10-2 (mean +- SE) was present in the plasma. Using the calculated metabolic clearance rates for T3 and T4 in these animals, fractional conversion of T4 to T3 was estimated to be 27%, in good agreement with results obtained by other techniques. This method would appear to be of value for specific isolation of the small quantities of T3 produced from T4 after in vivo or in vitro T4 to T3 conversion."}
{"id": "PMID:342874", "title": "Immunological properties of Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharides.", "content": "Immunological effects of wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations obtained from Vibrio cholerae Inaba 569B, Ogawa NIH 41 and NAG 4715 strains by the hot phenol-water procedure were examined in mice. Although these LPS lack KDO, which are basic components of the core region of most gram-negative LPS, they still have potencies as B-cell mitogens, adjuvants, immunosuppressants, polyclonal B-cell activators and phagocytic stimulants for macrophages. The activities of these V. cholerae LPS on murine immune system seemed to be weaker than those of Salmonella typhimurium LT2-LPS. Among these V. cholerae LPS, NAG 4715-LPS showed the strongest mitogenic activity and phagocytic stimulation, while the potencies of this NAG 4715-LPS for the induction of polyclonal B cell activation, adjuvant effects and immunosuppression did not seem to be greater to those of the other LPS.", "contents": "Immunological properties of Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharides. Immunological effects of wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations obtained from Vibrio cholerae Inaba 569B, Ogawa NIH 41 and NAG 4715 strains by the hot phenol-water procedure were examined in mice. Although these LPS lack KDO, which are basic components of the core region of most gram-negative LPS, they still have potencies as B-cell mitogens, adjuvants, immunosuppressants, polyclonal B-cell activators and phagocytic stimulants for macrophages. The activities of these V. cholerae LPS on murine immune system seemed to be weaker than those of Salmonella typhimurium LT2-LPS. Among these V. cholerae LPS, NAG 4715-LPS showed the strongest mitogenic activity and phagocytic stimulation, while the potencies of this NAG 4715-LPS for the induction of polyclonal B cell activation, adjuvant effects and immunosuppression did not seem to be greater to those of the other LPS."}
{"id": "PMID:342875", "title": "Temperature sensitive R plasmids isolated from Proteus strains.", "content": "Out of 32 R plasmids isolated from Proteus strains, 17 were found to be temperature sensitive with respect to inheritance in E. coli cells. They were fi- and classified into incompatibility group T or V. Cells carrying T group Rms273 plasmid were temperature sensitive with respect to growth and conjugal transfer in both E. coli and Proteus. The V group YOR-10 plasmid was stable in Proteus even at 42 C. However, the loss frequency of YOR-10 plasmid in E. coli reached 100% after 4 hr of incubation at 42 C, in spite of stable inheritance at 25 C. Conjugal transfer of the YOR-10 plasmid in E. coli was also strongly inhibited at 42 C. It has been concluded that instability of V group R plasmids in E. coli is due to their thermosensitive inheritance in the progeny cells at high temperatures.", "contents": "Temperature sensitive R plasmids isolated from Proteus strains. Out of 32 R plasmids isolated from Proteus strains, 17 were found to be temperature sensitive with respect to inheritance in E. coli cells. They were fi- and classified into incompatibility group T or V. Cells carrying T group Rms273 plasmid were temperature sensitive with respect to growth and conjugal transfer in both E. coli and Proteus. The V group YOR-10 plasmid was stable in Proteus even at 42 C. However, the loss frequency of YOR-10 plasmid in E. coli reached 100% after 4 hr of incubation at 42 C, in spite of stable inheritance at 25 C. Conjugal transfer of the YOR-10 plasmid in E. coli was also strongly inhibited at 42 C. It has been concluded that instability of V group R plasmids in E. coli is due to their thermosensitive inheritance in the progeny cells at high temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:342876", "title": "An endotoxin induced serum factor that causes enhancement of antibody response to heterologous erythrocytes.", "content": "The sera obtained from blood of the mice, which had been intravenously injected with LPS several hours in advance, contained some active substance capable of enhancing anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibody responses in mice. Activity of the sera was still retained after passage through a rabbit anti-LPS antibody-coated Sepharose 4B column, but greatly reduced by passage through a rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte antibody-coated Sepharose 4B column. The active substance in the sera was eluted through a Sephadex G-200 column at the same position as the serum albumin. The addition of this substance to B cell rich spleen cell cultures in vitro in the presence of SRBC generated tremendous numbers of antibody forming cells 4 days after the incubation, suggesting that this substance was able to take over the helper function of T cells in thymus dependent antibody responses. However, this substance was not capable of stimulating 3H-thymidine-uptake into cultured spleen cells. The possible role of this substance in the adjuvant effect of LPS is discussed.", "contents": "An endotoxin induced serum factor that causes enhancement of antibody response to heterologous erythrocytes. The sera obtained from blood of the mice, which had been intravenously injected with LPS several hours in advance, contained some active substance capable of enhancing anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibody responses in mice. Activity of the sera was still retained after passage through a rabbit anti-LPS antibody-coated Sepharose 4B column, but greatly reduced by passage through a rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte antibody-coated Sepharose 4B column. The active substance in the sera was eluted through a Sephadex G-200 column at the same position as the serum albumin. The addition of this substance to B cell rich spleen cell cultures in vitro in the presence of SRBC generated tremendous numbers of antibody forming cells 4 days after the incubation, suggesting that this substance was able to take over the helper function of T cells in thymus dependent antibody responses. However, this substance was not capable of stimulating 3H-thymidine-uptake into cultured spleen cells. The possible role of this substance in the adjuvant effect of LPS is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:342879", "title": "Attitudes of medical undergraduates in Glasgow to computer-assisted learning.", "content": "Computer-assisted learning (CAL) has been introduced as part of the undergraduate teaching course in general practice during the penultimate year of the medical course. The student is given an opportunity to make clinical decisions and to manage a case over a significant time scale. The attitudes of the students are favourable to this method of instruction.", "contents": "Attitudes of medical undergraduates in Glasgow to computer-assisted learning. Computer-assisted learning (CAL) has been introduced as part of the undergraduate teaching course in general practice during the penultimate year of the medical course. The student is given an opportunity to make clinical decisions and to manage a case over a significant time scale. The attitudes of the students are favourable to this method of instruction."}
{"id": "PMID:342883", "title": "[Effects of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol on the carbohydrate- and lipometabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed in 17 patients suffering from hyperthyreosis before and after a week of treatment with propranolol. The blood taken until the 125. minute after the glucose load was used for the determination of serum glucose, the free fatty acids (FFA), the free glycerol and the radioimmunologically measurable insulin (IRI). The following results were received: After the treatment with propranolol the glucose tolerance decreased significantly. The insulin secretion was diminished showing a significant difference for the fifth minute after glucose injection. The concentration of the FFA remained unchanged. The levels of the free glycerol were significantly lower after the propranolol treatment than before. Though an inhibition of lipolysis was possible by the propranolol treatment the glucose tolerance did not improve due to the inhibition of insulin secretion under propranolol. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents do not lead to an essential change in the carbohydrate- and lipometobolism. Therefore, their use in hyperthyroidism is mainly justified because of the cardial symptomatology.", "contents": "[Effects of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol on the carbohydrate- and lipometabolism (author's transl)]. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed in 17 patients suffering from hyperthyreosis before and after a week of treatment with propranolol. The blood taken until the 125. minute after the glucose load was used for the determination of serum glucose, the free fatty acids (FFA), the free glycerol and the radioimmunologically measurable insulin (IRI). The following results were received: After the treatment with propranolol the glucose tolerance decreased significantly. The insulin secretion was diminished showing a significant difference for the fifth minute after glucose injection. The concentration of the FFA remained unchanged. The levels of the free glycerol were significantly lower after the propranolol treatment than before. Though an inhibition of lipolysis was possible by the propranolol treatment the glucose tolerance did not improve due to the inhibition of insulin secretion under propranolol. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents do not lead to an essential change in the carbohydrate- and lipometobolism. Therefore, their use in hyperthyroidism is mainly justified because of the cardial symptomatology."}
{"id": "PMID:342886", "title": "[Fluphenazine dekanoate (Dapotum D minor): onset and duration of the effect. A psychological trial. 1st communication (author's transl)].", "content": "36 patients with psychosomatic symptoms were treated in a double blind study versus placebo with fluphenazine dekanoate (Dapotum D minor). They were tested before injection and on the 1st, 7th and 14th day. The patients were selected by the personality questionnaire of Maudsley (MMQ). All showed signs of neurotic reactions and vegetative instability. The therapeutic success was controlled with the mentioned questionnaire, with the self states of v. Zerssen and with a specified questionnaire. The evaluation was done by variance and covariance analysis. The onset of effect was observed after 24 to 48 hours. After one week the optimal effect occured, which was maintained until 2 weeks after the injection. The general behaviour improved significantly.", "contents": "[Fluphenazine dekanoate (Dapotum D minor): onset and duration of the effect. A psychological trial. 1st communication (author's transl)]. 36 patients with psychosomatic symptoms were treated in a double blind study versus placebo with fluphenazine dekanoate (Dapotum D minor). They were tested before injection and on the 1st, 7th and 14th day. The patients were selected by the personality questionnaire of Maudsley (MMQ). All showed signs of neurotic reactions and vegetative instability. The therapeutic success was controlled with the mentioned questionnaire, with the self states of v. Zerssen and with a specified questionnaire. The evaluation was done by variance and covariance analysis. The onset of effect was observed after 24 to 48 hours. After one week the optimal effect occured, which was maintained until 2 weeks after the injection. The general behaviour improved significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:342888", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin E level and search for myelin basic protein specific IgE antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Circulating levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) have been determined by solid-phase radioimmunoassay in groups of patients with different clinical courses of multiple sclerosis (MS) and in healthy controls. The geometric mean of the serum IgE level in the MS patients was somewhat less than that in the control group (64 U/ml), but this decrease was not significant. Contrary to the findings of Campbell [1, 2, 3, 4], circulating IgE in the MS patients was not specifically adsorbed on bovine myelin basic protein (BMBP) immunoadsorbent and does not give a positive immunofluorescence using guinea pig brain sections.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin E level and search for myelin basic protein specific IgE antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis. Circulating levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) have been determined by solid-phase radioimmunoassay in groups of patients with different clinical courses of multiple sclerosis (MS) and in healthy controls. The geometric mean of the serum IgE level in the MS patients was somewhat less than that in the control group (64 U/ml), but this decrease was not significant. Contrary to the findings of Campbell [1, 2, 3, 4], circulating IgE in the MS patients was not specifically adsorbed on bovine myelin basic protein (BMBP) immunoadsorbent and does not give a positive immunofluorescence using guinea pig brain sections."}
{"id": "PMID:342889", "title": "Sensitivity of strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to tobramycin and other antibiotics.", "content": "The sensitivity patterns of strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli associated with diarrhoeal disease of infants to tobramycin and other antibiotics were estimated. The activity of tobramycin and of gentamicin alone and in combinations against recent isolates of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was investigated. It was found that all the strains included in the present study were sensitive to tobramycin and gentamicin and most of them were sensitive to colistin and furazolidone. No significant differences in minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and rates of killing were found between tobramycin and gentamicin, and they acted in an additive manner against most of the strains tested.", "contents": "Sensitivity of strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to tobramycin and other antibiotics. The sensitivity patterns of strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli associated with diarrhoeal disease of infants to tobramycin and other antibiotics were estimated. The activity of tobramycin and of gentamicin alone and in combinations against recent isolates of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was investigated. It was found that all the strains included in the present study were sensitive to tobramycin and gentamicin and most of them were sensitive to colistin and furazolidone. No significant differences in minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and rates of killing were found between tobramycin and gentamicin, and they acted in an additive manner against most of the strains tested."}
{"id": "PMID:342890", "title": "Mitomycin-C alone and in combination with infused 5-fluorouracil to the treatment of disseminated gastrointestinal carcinomas.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-two previously untreated patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract were randomized to receive either a 120-hr infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) with mitomycin-C or mitomycin-C alone. Superiority of the combination treatment was demonstrated with remissions in 30 out of 82 (37%) patients versus 9 out of 50 (18%) with the single drug treatment (P = 0.02). The median survial with 5FU--mitomycin-C was 29 weeks, as opposed to 20 weeks with mitomycin-C alone (P = 0.03). The combination produced significantly more severe myelotoxicity than the single drug, and jaundiced patients experienced more myelosuppression than non-jaundiced patients with both treatments.", "contents": "Mitomycin-C alone and in combination with infused 5-fluorouracil to the treatment of disseminated gastrointestinal carcinomas. One hundred and thirty-two previously untreated patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract were randomized to receive either a 120-hr infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) with mitomycin-C or mitomycin-C alone. Superiority of the combination treatment was demonstrated with remissions in 30 out of 82 (37%) patients versus 9 out of 50 (18%) with the single drug treatment (P = 0.02). The median survial with 5FU--mitomycin-C was 29 weeks, as opposed to 20 weeks with mitomycin-C alone (P = 0.03). The combination produced significantly more severe myelotoxicity than the single drug, and jaundiced patients experienced more myelosuppression than non-jaundiced patients with both treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:342903", "title": "Exchange of individual ribosomal proteins between ribosomes as studied by heavy isotope-transfer experiments.", "content": "Whether the individual ribosomal proteins undergo exchange between robosomes in vivo during cell growth was examined using heavy isotope transfer methodology. E. coli was grown first in a heavy isotope medium in the presence of [3H] leucine and then transferred to normal medium and allowed to grow for one generation in the presence of [14C] leucine. The \"heavy\" and \"light\" ribosomes that were present in such cells were separated by sedimentation and the ribosomal proteins resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The individual proteins were burnt in O2 and their contents of [3H] and [14C] labels determined. From the analysis of the data we find that the great majority of the ribosomal proteins of E. coli does not undergo exchange during cell growth. Proteins which were found to exchange to varying levels in different transfer experiments were S1, S2, L7/L12, L9, L10 and L33. All of them except L9 exchanged to the same levels in control experiments in which separately grown heavy and light cells were mixed and processed. These proteins therefore undergo exchange during cell breakage and ribosome isolation. Protein L9 consistently showed appreciably greater exchange in transfer experiments as compared to the controls suggesting that it may exchange in vivo.", "contents": "Exchange of individual ribosomal proteins between ribosomes as studied by heavy isotope-transfer experiments. Whether the individual ribosomal proteins undergo exchange between robosomes in vivo during cell growth was examined using heavy isotope transfer methodology. E. coli was grown first in a heavy isotope medium in the presence of [3H] leucine and then transferred to normal medium and allowed to grow for one generation in the presence of [14C] leucine. The \"heavy\" and \"light\" ribosomes that were present in such cells were separated by sedimentation and the ribosomal proteins resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The individual proteins were burnt in O2 and their contents of [3H] and [14C] labels determined. From the analysis of the data we find that the great majority of the ribosomal proteins of E. coli does not undergo exchange during cell growth. Proteins which were found to exchange to varying levels in different transfer experiments were S1, S2, L7/L12, L9, L10 and L33. All of them except L9 exchanged to the same levels in control experiments in which separately grown heavy and light cells were mixed and processed. These proteins therefore undergo exchange during cell breakage and ribosome isolation. Protein L9 consistently showed appreciably greater exchange in transfer experiments as compared to the controls suggesting that it may exchange in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:342904", "title": "Origin of replication, oriC, of the Escherichia coli chromosome: mapping of genes relative to R.EcoRI cleavage sites in the oriC region.", "content": "A precise genetic-physical map of the tna-ilv region at 82 min on the genetic map of E. coli is obtained through deletion mapping and analysis by restriction endonuclease EcoRI of plasmids, derived from an F' carrying the genes between aroE and ilv. A locus, designated het, which in its diploid state results in slow growth and heterogeneity of cell size due to distorted cell division, maps between bglB and asn, 30-45 kb counterclockwise of ilv. The pattern of R.EcoRI cleavage sites in the het region is identical with the pattern obtained by Marsh and Worcel (1977) who analyzed DNA labeled preferentially in the region of the DNA replication origin (oriC). We suggest that oriC is identical with the het site and that it can be allocated to a position 32 kb counterclockwise of the ilv operon.", "contents": "Origin of replication, oriC, of the Escherichia coli chromosome: mapping of genes relative to R.EcoRI cleavage sites in the oriC region. A precise genetic-physical map of the tna-ilv region at 82 min on the genetic map of E. coli is obtained through deletion mapping and analysis by restriction endonuclease EcoRI of plasmids, derived from an F' carrying the genes between aroE and ilv. A locus, designated het, which in its diploid state results in slow growth and heterogeneity of cell size due to distorted cell division, maps between bglB and asn, 30-45 kb counterclockwise of ilv. The pattern of R.EcoRI cleavage sites in the het region is identical with the pattern obtained by Marsh and Worcel (1977) who analyzed DNA labeled preferentially in the region of the DNA replication origin (oriC). We suggest that oriC is identical with the het site and that it can be allocated to a position 32 kb counterclockwise of the ilv operon."}
{"id": "PMID:342905", "title": "Inhibition of thymidine phosphorylase in vivo provides a rapid method for switching DNA labeling.", "content": "Uridine blocks the in vivo conversion of thymine to thymidine in Escherichia coli, thus, one can change DNA labels by labelling first with a thymine label (e.g. 14C) and then, at the time of the change, adding 50 microgram uridine per ml and thymidine (e.g. 3H). The cells immediately start using the thymidine, ignore the thymine for several generations, and are not affected by the uridine.", "contents": "Inhibition of thymidine phosphorylase in vivo provides a rapid method for switching DNA labeling. Uridine blocks the in vivo conversion of thymine to thymidine in Escherichia coli, thus, one can change DNA labels by labelling first with a thymine label (e.g. 14C) and then, at the time of the change, adding 50 microgram uridine per ml and thymidine (e.g. 3H). The cells immediately start using the thymidine, ignore the thymine for several generations, and are not affected by the uridine."}
{"id": "PMID:342906", "title": "Caffeine enhancement of radiation killing in different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Haploid and diploid wild type strains, and three classes of radiation-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were tested for enhancement of UV-inactivation by caffeine in growth medium. In addition, the sensitizing effect of caffeine was studied in a haploid and a diploid wild type strain after gamma-irradiation. The drug sensitized the UV-irradiated cells of all strains except those reported to be only slightly UV-sensitive but highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. After gamma-irradiation, no caffeine-enhancement of killing was observed in stationary phase cells of either the haploid or the diploid strain. However, log-phase cells of both strains were partially sensitized. The results of both sets of experiments suggested that caffeine interferes with a recombinational repair occurring in cells in S or G2 phase.", "contents": "Caffeine enhancement of radiation killing in different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Haploid and diploid wild type strains, and three classes of radiation-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were tested for enhancement of UV-inactivation by caffeine in growth medium. In addition, the sensitizing effect of caffeine was studied in a haploid and a diploid wild type strain after gamma-irradiation. The drug sensitized the UV-irradiated cells of all strains except those reported to be only slightly UV-sensitive but highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. After gamma-irradiation, no caffeine-enhancement of killing was observed in stationary phase cells of either the haploid or the diploid strain. However, log-phase cells of both strains were partially sensitized. The results of both sets of experiments suggested that caffeine interferes with a recombinational repair occurring in cells in S or G2 phase."}
{"id": "PMID:342909", "title": "[Correlation between a novel phenotype towards streptomycin and the binding of an additional protein to the ribosome in mutants of Escherichia coli B].", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli have been isolated containing streptomycin suppressors that exhibit novel phenotypes with respect to strA alleles. In one class of these mutants, the suppressor effect parallels a strong binding to the ribosome of an additional protein in at least stoichiometric amounts. Transduction experiments confirmed that the level of suppression and the degree of binding of this protein were correlated.", "contents": "[Correlation between a novel phenotype towards streptomycin and the binding of an additional protein to the ribosome in mutants of Escherichia coli B]. Mutants of Escherichia coli have been isolated containing streptomycin suppressors that exhibit novel phenotypes with respect to strA alleles. In one class of these mutants, the suppressor effect parallels a strong binding to the ribosome of an additional protein in at least stoichiometric amounts. Transduction experiments confirmed that the level of suppression and the degree of binding of this protein were correlated."}
{"id": "PMID:342911", "title": "Changes in regulation of ribosome synthesis during different stages of the life cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Diploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, each homozygous for one of the temperature sensitive mutations rna2, rna3, rna4, rna6 or rna8, are temperature sensitive for ribosome synthesis during vegetative growth, but are not inhibited for ribosomal synthesis at the restrictive temperature under sporulation conditions. The continued ribosome biosynthesis at the restrictive temperature (34 degrees C) during sporulation includes de novo synthesis of both ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins. This lack of inhibition of ribosome biosynthesis is found even when cells committed to complete sporulation are returned to vegetative growth medium. The ribosomes synthesized at 34 degrees C are apparently functional, as they are found in polyribosomes. Although the rna mutants do not regulate ribosome synthesis during sporulation, all of these diploid strains fail to complete sporulation at 34 degrees C. The cells are arrested after the second meiotic nuclear division but before ascus formation. The failure to complete sporulation at the restrictive temperature and the inhibition of ribosome biosynthesis during growth are caused by the same mutation, because revertants selected for temperature independent growth were also able to sporulate at 34 degrees C.", "contents": "Changes in regulation of ribosome synthesis during different stages of the life cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Diploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, each homozygous for one of the temperature sensitive mutations rna2, rna3, rna4, rna6 or rna8, are temperature sensitive for ribosome synthesis during vegetative growth, but are not inhibited for ribosomal synthesis at the restrictive temperature under sporulation conditions. The continued ribosome biosynthesis at the restrictive temperature (34 degrees C) during sporulation includes de novo synthesis of both ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins. This lack of inhibition of ribosome biosynthesis is found even when cells committed to complete sporulation are returned to vegetative growth medium. The ribosomes synthesized at 34 degrees C are apparently functional, as they are found in polyribosomes. Although the rna mutants do not regulate ribosome synthesis during sporulation, all of these diploid strains fail to complete sporulation at 34 degrees C. The cells are arrested after the second meiotic nuclear division but before ascus formation. The failure to complete sporulation at the restrictive temperature and the inhibition of ribosome biosynthesis during growth are caused by the same mutation, because revertants selected for temperature independent growth were also able to sporulate at 34 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:342912", "title": "Re-initiation of tryptophan operon expression in a promoter deletion strain of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A genetic and enzymological study was made of five spontaneous prototrophic revertants of a tryptophan auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium which carries a deletion extending from the closely linked supX locus into the trp operator-promoter region. The revertants were found to have regained initiation of expression of all five trp genes. Recombinational tests showed that in each case the genetic change responsible for re-initiation is cotransducible with the trp-cysB region of the chromosome. Two different mechanisms leading to re-initiation of trp gene expression were established: (a) an extension of the limits of the original deletion resulting in the fusion of the trp structural genes with a nearby gene or gene set located outside the operator end of trp, and (b) translocation of a duplicate set of the trp structural genes to other chromosomal sites, located operator-distal to the normal trp operon, in such a manner that they are functionally fused to foreign genetic units. One revertant which arose by mechanism (a) was shown to have an extended deletion with one new terminus in trp and the other in the nearby cysB locus. All the revertants exhibit constitutive expression of the trp enzymes, with activities varying among strains from five to forty five times greater than the fully repressed wild type level. The protein product of trpA, the first structural gene of the operon, appears to have been partially damaged by the re-initiation event in at least two strains, while in the other strains, the enzyme appears in preliminary tests to be indistinguishable from that of wild type.", "contents": "Re-initiation of tryptophan operon expression in a promoter deletion strain of Salmonella typhimurium. A genetic and enzymological study was made of five spontaneous prototrophic revertants of a tryptophan auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium which carries a deletion extending from the closely linked supX locus into the trp operator-promoter region. The revertants were found to have regained initiation of expression of all five trp genes. Recombinational tests showed that in each case the genetic change responsible for re-initiation is cotransducible with the trp-cysB region of the chromosome. Two different mechanisms leading to re-initiation of trp gene expression were established: (a) an extension of the limits of the original deletion resulting in the fusion of the trp structural genes with a nearby gene or gene set located outside the operator end of trp, and (b) translocation of a duplicate set of the trp structural genes to other chromosomal sites, located operator-distal to the normal trp operon, in such a manner that they are functionally fused to foreign genetic units. One revertant which arose by mechanism (a) was shown to have an extended deletion with one new terminus in trp and the other in the nearby cysB locus. All the revertants exhibit constitutive expression of the trp enzymes, with activities varying among strains from five to forty five times greater than the fully repressed wild type level. The protein product of trpA, the first structural gene of the operon, appears to have been partially damaged by the re-initiation event in at least two strains, while in the other strains, the enzyme appears in preliminary tests to be indistinguishable from that of wild type."}
{"id": "PMID:342913", "title": "A gene involved in the metabolic control of ppGpp synthesis.", "content": "A genetic locus has been identified which controls the basal synthesis of ppGpp in growing E. coli. Cells carrying a recessive allele of the relX gene have a very low concentration of ppGpp during balanced growth, and fail to accumulate ppGpp in response to carbon/energy source downshift. Moreover, the recessive relX allele renders the cells unable to grow at 42 degrees C and, when coupled with relA, makes the cells sensitive to the presence of leucine in minimal medium. RelX is cotransduced with fuc and relA and located at approximately 59.4 min on the E. coli genetic map.", "contents": "A gene involved in the metabolic control of ppGpp synthesis. A genetic locus has been identified which controls the basal synthesis of ppGpp in growing E. coli. Cells carrying a recessive allele of the relX gene have a very low concentration of ppGpp during balanced growth, and fail to accumulate ppGpp in response to carbon/energy source downshift. Moreover, the recessive relX allele renders the cells unable to grow at 42 degrees C and, when coupled with relA, makes the cells sensitive to the presence of leucine in minimal medium. RelX is cotransduced with fuc and relA and located at approximately 59.4 min on the E. coli genetic map."}
{"id": "PMID:342914", "title": "Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a regulator of metabolism.", "content": "Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate affects the rate of a large variety of enzyme reactions. In some instances its role as a physiologic effector is well documented. In many cases the effects of fructose bishosphate on particular enzymes have been demonstrated in vitro but the link to physiologic conditions has not yet been established. It is the purpose of this paper to summarize the scattered findings in fructose bisphosphate as an effector of enzyme reactions and to draw some conclusions about the role of the compound in metabolic regulation.", "contents": "Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a regulator of metabolism. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate affects the rate of a large variety of enzyme reactions. In some instances its role as a physiologic effector is well documented. In many cases the effects of fructose bishosphate on particular enzymes have been demonstrated in vitro but the link to physiologic conditions has not yet been established. It is the purpose of this paper to summarize the scattered findings in fructose bisphosphate as an effector of enzyme reactions and to draw some conclusions about the role of the compound in metabolic regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:342921", "title": "[Antibody-coaded bacteria in urine sediment of children with urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "In 40 girls and 9 women with recurrent, non-obstructive urinary tract infections, and in 5 patients with nephrolithiasis the site of infection was determined by 108 bladder washout tests. The corresponding sediments were examined for antibody-coaded bacteria using an immunofluorescence test (IFT). The IFT was positive in 18 (72%) of 25 supravesical bacteriurias. Out of 75 vesical bacteriurias 39 infantile and 7 adult (together 61%) specimens contained antibody-coaded bacteria. We think the IFT is of no diagnostic value in localizing recurrent urinary tract infections in girls. For adults such an evaluation is not yet possible due to our small number of cases.", "contents": "[Antibody-coaded bacteria in urine sediment of children with urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. In 40 girls and 9 women with recurrent, non-obstructive urinary tract infections, and in 5 patients with nephrolithiasis the site of infection was determined by 108 bladder washout tests. The corresponding sediments were examined for antibody-coaded bacteria using an immunofluorescence test (IFT). The IFT was positive in 18 (72%) of 25 supravesical bacteriurias. Out of 75 vesical bacteriurias 39 infantile and 7 adult (together 61%) specimens contained antibody-coaded bacteria. We think the IFT is of no diagnostic value in localizing recurrent urinary tract infections in girls. For adults such an evaluation is not yet possible due to our small number of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:342922", "title": "[Clinical experience with the use of continuous positive airway pressure delivered by the nasal route (N-CPAP) (author's transl)].", "content": "The nasal CPAP modification of spontaneous positive pressure breathing is technically simple, non-invasive for the patient, and does not interfere with routine infant care, yet provides most of the advantages of other CPAP modifications. Endotracheal intubation is eliminated since airway pressure is delivered by two short canules attached by means of adhesive tape to the patient's nose. The CPAP system was used in the care of 35 newborns and premature infants admitted to the University Children's Clinic Graz, with the diagnosis of respiratory distress (31 cases) or apnea-syndrome (4 cases) between Sept. 1973 and July 1975. The indications for the use of this system was based on the arterial oxygen tension values while breathing 100% O2 for 15 min. 22 of the 28 patients surviving were treated with N-CPAP alone, whereas 13 patients were CPAP-failures and required further ventilation (IPPV,PEEP). In the latter group apnea and 2 cases of pneumothorax necessitated intubation and ventilation, rather than the respiratory distress for which they had been initially treated. All 7 patients who died during this study were from this group of N-CPAP-failures (20% of the total, 54% of all N-CPAP-failures). Keeping ambient oxygen concentrations constant, an increase in arterial oxygen tension was measured in almost all patients surviving on N-CPAP and was initially even seen in those who later died, so that the ambient oxygen concentration could eventually be decreased.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with the use of continuous positive airway pressure delivered by the nasal route (N-CPAP) (author's transl)]. The nasal CPAP modification of spontaneous positive pressure breathing is technically simple, non-invasive for the patient, and does not interfere with routine infant care, yet provides most of the advantages of other CPAP modifications. Endotracheal intubation is eliminated since airway pressure is delivered by two short canules attached by means of adhesive tape to the patient's nose. The CPAP system was used in the care of 35 newborns and premature infants admitted to the University Children's Clinic Graz, with the diagnosis of respiratory distress (31 cases) or apnea-syndrome (4 cases) between Sept. 1973 and July 1975. The indications for the use of this system was based on the arterial oxygen tension values while breathing 100% O2 for 15 min. 22 of the 28 patients surviving were treated with N-CPAP alone, whereas 13 patients were CPAP-failures and required further ventilation (IPPV,PEEP). In the latter group apnea and 2 cases of pneumothorax necessitated intubation and ventilation, rather than the respiratory distress for which they had been initially treated. All 7 patients who died during this study were from this group of N-CPAP-failures (20% of the total, 54% of all N-CPAP-failures). Keeping ambient oxygen concentrations constant, an increase in arterial oxygen tension was measured in almost all patients surviving on N-CPAP and was initially even seen in those who later died, so that the ambient oxygen concentration could eventually be decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:342924", "title": "[Clinical studies on the choleretic agent Febuprol (author's transl)].", "content": "In previous pharmacological experiments with the choleretic agent Febuprol, healthy subjects showed a significant increase in bile flow and its constituents in the acute experiment. As a consequence of these results we have carried out a double-blind cross-over therapeutic trial with Febuprol in 50 patients with a cholecystopathic symptom complex. After a 14 days' treatment (3 capsules daily) a significant improvement of the typical symptoms (feeling of fullness, pressure in the upper abdomen, meteorism, constipation, flatulence and nausea after food) was recorded in these patients. Moreover a significant lowering of the serum cholesterol level was noteworthy.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on the choleretic agent Febuprol (author's transl)]. In previous pharmacological experiments with the choleretic agent Febuprol, healthy subjects showed a significant increase in bile flow and its constituents in the acute experiment. As a consequence of these results we have carried out a double-blind cross-over therapeutic trial with Febuprol in 50 patients with a cholecystopathic symptom complex. After a 14 days' treatment (3 capsules daily) a significant improvement of the typical symptoms (feeling of fullness, pressure in the upper abdomen, meteorism, constipation, flatulence and nausea after food) was recorded in these patients. Moreover a significant lowering of the serum cholesterol level was noteworthy."}
{"id": "PMID:342926", "title": "[Liver substitution and liver grafting (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibilities of an artificial liver substitution are very limited; at most various partial functions of the liver can be substituted for a short time. Technically, the various modifications of hemoperfusion are given first importance, especially hemoperfusion through a carbon filter. But the best possible intensive therapy with substitution of the substances reduced by insufficiency of the liver, e.g. coagulation factors, is the most important measure in the treatment of hepatic coma at the present time. Shortterm biological substitution with extracorporeal perfusion of a primate liver is possibly the most suitable form of liver substitution. Longterm substitution can only be possible and thought of by liver grafting. In recent years some workers have obtained marked improvement, especially reduction of mortality, with clinical orthotopic liver grafts.", "contents": "[Liver substitution and liver grafting (author's transl)]. The possibilities of an artificial liver substitution are very limited; at most various partial functions of the liver can be substituted for a short time. Technically, the various modifications of hemoperfusion are given first importance, especially hemoperfusion through a carbon filter. But the best possible intensive therapy with substitution of the substances reduced by insufficiency of the liver, e.g. coagulation factors, is the most important measure in the treatment of hepatic coma at the present time. Shortterm biological substitution with extracorporeal perfusion of a primate liver is possibly the most suitable form of liver substitution. Longterm substitution can only be possible and thought of by liver grafting. In recent years some workers have obtained marked improvement, especially reduction of mortality, with clinical orthotopic liver grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:342927", "title": "[The operative treatment of prolapse of the rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "Different kinds of mucosal prolapse at the rectum are differentiated. True and prolapse with protrusion of considerable portions of the rectum principally occur in later life. For younger patients several rather complicated operative procedures for the elimination of anal prolapse come into consideration, but usually they cannot be reasonably accepted by older patients. For this reason a simple method is recommended which carries little risk and yet promises satisfactory result--such as the insertion of a Thiersch ring. Whereas with this technique, if correctly carried out, improvement of the condition is almost certain to be expected, the longterm result over several years is limited, as a followup examination showed. Insertion of a Thiersch ring can, howeever, be repeated without difficulty. This procedure will retain its indication because of its simplicity.", "contents": "[The operative treatment of prolapse of the rectum (author's transl)]. Different kinds of mucosal prolapse at the rectum are differentiated. True and prolapse with protrusion of considerable portions of the rectum principally occur in later life. For younger patients several rather complicated operative procedures for the elimination of anal prolapse come into consideration, but usually they cannot be reasonably accepted by older patients. For this reason a simple method is recommended which carries little risk and yet promises satisfactory result--such as the insertion of a Thiersch ring. Whereas with this technique, if correctly carried out, improvement of the condition is almost certain to be expected, the longterm result over several years is limited, as a followup examination showed. Insertion of a Thiersch ring can, howeever, be repeated without difficulty. This procedure will retain its indication because of its simplicity."}
{"id": "PMID:342928", "title": "Caffeine.", "content": "Most of the population of the world is exposed to caffeine to a greater or lesser extent since it occurs in a number of plants used in the preparation of widely consumed drinks, and has in addition a limited therapeutic use. Chromosomal abnormalities are induced by caffeine in both plant cells and in mammalian cells in culture and it also has some anti-mitotic activity. DNA-repair processes sensitive to caffeine have been demonstrated in a number of cell systems and it has been shown to affect a wide range of other cellular processes. Caffeine has potent mutagenic effects in Escherichia coli and other micro-organisms both when acting alone and in combination with other mutagens. However its mutagenic activity in Drosophila has been disputed and the available evidence suggests that it is neither mutagenic in mammals nor synergistic with other mutagens although at very high doses it appears to have some teratogenic activity in mammals.", "contents": "Caffeine. Most of the population of the world is exposed to caffeine to a greater or lesser extent since it occurs in a number of plants used in the preparation of widely consumed drinks, and has in addition a limited therapeutic use. Chromosomal abnormalities are induced by caffeine in both plant cells and in mammalian cells in culture and it also has some anti-mitotic activity. DNA-repair processes sensitive to caffeine have been demonstrated in a number of cell systems and it has been shown to affect a wide range of other cellular processes. Caffeine has potent mutagenic effects in Escherichia coli and other micro-organisms both when acting alone and in combination with other mutagens. However its mutagenic activity in Drosophila has been disputed and the available evidence suggests that it is neither mutagenic in mammals nor synergistic with other mutagens although at very high doses it appears to have some teratogenic activity in mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:342929", "title": "Relationships between mutation and transformation frequencies in mammalian cells treated \"in vitro\" with chemical carcinogens.", "content": "An analytical quantitative comparison of data from the literature about frequencies of mutations and transformations induced by mutagenic-carcinogenic compounds in mammalian cells was carried out without any selection of unfitting data. The analysis was performed for equitoxic doses and background level. Data on transformation frequency came from 105 experiments performed with 34 carcinogenic compounds: those on mutation frequency came from 66 experiments performed with 26 mutagenic compounds; 7 compounds were assayed for both these activities. The difference in frequency between structural mutations and transformations was about 10(2)-10(3) and it appears statistically extremely significant. These results seem to indicate an absolute difference between structural mutations and transformations. In the framework of other observations it is suggested that structural alterations in a single gene are perhaps only a component of the steps present in the oncogenetic process. We may regard as \"epigenetic\" type phenomena the other steps involved in this process.", "contents": "Relationships between mutation and transformation frequencies in mammalian cells treated \"in vitro\" with chemical carcinogens. An analytical quantitative comparison of data from the literature about frequencies of mutations and transformations induced by mutagenic-carcinogenic compounds in mammalian cells was carried out without any selection of unfitting data. The analysis was performed for equitoxic doses and background level. Data on transformation frequency came from 105 experiments performed with 34 carcinogenic compounds: those on mutation frequency came from 66 experiments performed with 26 mutagenic compounds; 7 compounds were assayed for both these activities. The difference in frequency between structural mutations and transformations was about 10(2)-10(3) and it appears statistically extremely significant. These results seem to indicate an absolute difference between structural mutations and transformations. In the framework of other observations it is suggested that structural alterations in a single gene are perhaps only a component of the steps present in the oncogenetic process. We may regard as \"epigenetic\" type phenomena the other steps involved in this process."}
{"id": "PMID:342931", "title": "The mechanism of the mutagenic action of hydroxylamine XII. Phenotypic suppression of amber mutants of phage T7 by hydroxylamine and O-methylhydroxylamine.", "content": "The reproduction of phage T7 in the presence of hydroxylamine (HA) (mutagenesis in vivo) results in the phenotypic suppression of some amber mutants. The presence of O-methylhydroxylamine (OMHA) results in a similar effect, indicating a similar mechanism for the action of the two compounds. Since the rate of reaction of mutagen with nucleoside residues under these conditions in negligibly low, one of the most plausible explanations of this effect is the enzymic formation of modified precursors and their incorporation into bacterial tRNAs or phage-induced RNA.", "contents": "The mechanism of the mutagenic action of hydroxylamine XII. Phenotypic suppression of amber mutants of phage T7 by hydroxylamine and O-methylhydroxylamine. The reproduction of phage T7 in the presence of hydroxylamine (HA) (mutagenesis in vivo) results in the phenotypic suppression of some amber mutants. The presence of O-methylhydroxylamine (OMHA) results in a similar effect, indicating a similar mechanism for the action of the two compounds. Since the rate of reaction of mutagen with nucleoside residues under these conditions in negligibly low, one of the most plausible explanations of this effect is the enzymic formation of modified precursors and their incorporation into bacterial tRNAs or phage-induced RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:342932", "title": "The mechanism of the mutagenic action of hydroxylamine XIII. Reversion of phage MS2 amber mutants in the presence of hydroxylamines.", "content": "The replication of the phage MS2 in the presence of either hydroxylamine (HA) or O-methylhydroxylamine (OMHA) (mutagenesis in vivo) results in an increase in the reversion frequency of two amber mutations in the maturation protein. When acting on the extracellular phage (mutagenesis in vitro) the mutagens do not affect the reversion frequency. The most probable mode of mutagenic action of the hydroxylamines on the vegetative MS2 phage involves the enzymic formation of modified precursors and their incorporation into RNA.", "contents": "The mechanism of the mutagenic action of hydroxylamine XIII. Reversion of phage MS2 amber mutants in the presence of hydroxylamines. The replication of the phage MS2 in the presence of either hydroxylamine (HA) or O-methylhydroxylamine (OMHA) (mutagenesis in vivo) results in an increase in the reversion frequency of two amber mutations in the maturation protein. When acting on the extracellular phage (mutagenesis in vitro) the mutagens do not affect the reversion frequency. The most probable mode of mutagenic action of the hydroxylamines on the vegetative MS2 phage involves the enzymic formation of modified precursors and their incorporation into RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:342933", "title": "High mutagenicity of N-(alpha-acyloxy)alkyl-N-alkylnitrosamines in S. typhimurium: model compounds for metabolically activated N,N-dialkylnitrosamines.", "content": "A series of N,N-dialkylnitrosamines (alkyl means methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl or tert-butyl group) mono-substituted at the alpha-carbon with an acetoxy group, were tested for their mutagenic action in Salmonella typhimurium TA1530 in the presence or absence of a rat-liver supernatant from 9000 X g. The presumed released of methyl, ethyl, n-butyl and n-propyl carbonium ions from the corresponding alpha-acetoxy derivatives, either by enzymic cleavage or by non-enzymic hydrolysis of the ester group, caused high mutagenicity in the bacteria. As has been demonstrated for certain alpha-acetoxy compounds, the mutagenicity of these compounds was inversely related to their half-lives in aqueous media. N-(Acetoxy)methyl-N-tert-butylnitrosamine and a beta-acetoxy derivative of N,N-diethylnitrosamine were not mutagenic either in the presence or in the absence of hydrolysing rat-liver enzymes. These results support the hypothesis that alpha-carbon hydroxylation is one mechanism involved in the metabolic activation of N,N-dialkylnitrosamines.", "contents": "High mutagenicity of N-(alpha-acyloxy)alkyl-N-alkylnitrosamines in S. typhimurium: model compounds for metabolically activated N,N-dialkylnitrosamines. A series of N,N-dialkylnitrosamines (alkyl means methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl or tert-butyl group) mono-substituted at the alpha-carbon with an acetoxy group, were tested for their mutagenic action in Salmonella typhimurium TA1530 in the presence or absence of a rat-liver supernatant from 9000 X g. The presumed released of methyl, ethyl, n-butyl and n-propyl carbonium ions from the corresponding alpha-acetoxy derivatives, either by enzymic cleavage or by non-enzymic hydrolysis of the ester group, caused high mutagenicity in the bacteria. As has been demonstrated for certain alpha-acetoxy compounds, the mutagenicity of these compounds was inversely related to their half-lives in aqueous media. N-(Acetoxy)methyl-N-tert-butylnitrosamine and a beta-acetoxy derivative of N,N-diethylnitrosamine were not mutagenic either in the presence or in the absence of hydrolysing rat-liver enzymes. These results support the hypothesis that alpha-carbon hydroxylation is one mechanism involved in the metabolic activation of N,N-dialkylnitrosamines."}
{"id": "PMID:342934", "title": "Selection with cycloheximide of metabolic and UV-sensitive mutants of Schizophyllum commune and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The difference in lethality to cycloheximide between actively dividing and non-dividing cells was exploited to enhance detection of auxotrophic and UV-sensitive mutants in the fungi Schizophyllum commune and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "contents": "Selection with cycloheximide of metabolic and UV-sensitive mutants of Schizophyllum commune and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The difference in lethality to cycloheximide between actively dividing and non-dividing cells was exploited to enhance detection of auxotrophic and UV-sensitive mutants in the fungi Schizophyllum commune and Saccharomyces cerevisiae."}
{"id": "PMID:342935", "title": "Diepoxybutane-induced male-transmissible X-autosome translocations in Drosophila melanogaster: a test of the supporting evidence for the Lifschytz-Lindsley model of spermatogenesis.", "content": "The Lifschytz-Lindley model of spermatogenesis in heterogametic animals postulates a stage of gene inactivation during spermatogenesis, which affects the X-chromosome and the autosomes at different times. The frequent male infertility of X-ray induced X-autosome translocations is attributed to disruption in the timing of this stage by breaks that occur in the interior euchromatic portion of the X. Indeed, all male-fertile X-ray induced translocations between the X and an autosome had their breakpoints in the proximal or distal portion of the X. We now show that this was true also for 16 male-fertile X-autosome translocations that had been induced by an alkylating agent, diepoxybutane (DEB). The significantly higher proportion of male-fertile X-translocations in this experiment than in experiments with ionizing radiation apparently is due to a preference of diepoxybutane for the induction of breaks in the \"permissive\" regions of the X. Older data suggest that this preference is even stronger for mustard gas as chromosome-breaking agent. While these data do not add further evidence to the Lifschytz-Lindley model, they remove a potential objection to it.", "contents": "Diepoxybutane-induced male-transmissible X-autosome translocations in Drosophila melanogaster: a test of the supporting evidence for the Lifschytz-Lindsley model of spermatogenesis. The Lifschytz-Lindley model of spermatogenesis in heterogametic animals postulates a stage of gene inactivation during spermatogenesis, which affects the X-chromosome and the autosomes at different times. The frequent male infertility of X-ray induced X-autosome translocations is attributed to disruption in the timing of this stage by breaks that occur in the interior euchromatic portion of the X. Indeed, all male-fertile X-ray induced translocations between the X and an autosome had their breakpoints in the proximal or distal portion of the X. We now show that this was true also for 16 male-fertile X-autosome translocations that had been induced by an alkylating agent, diepoxybutane (DEB). The significantly higher proportion of male-fertile X-translocations in this experiment than in experiments with ionizing radiation apparently is due to a preference of diepoxybutane for the induction of breaks in the \"permissive\" regions of the X. Older data suggest that this preference is even stronger for mustard gas as chromosome-breaking agent. While these data do not add further evidence to the Lifschytz-Lindley model, they remove a potential objection to it."}
{"id": "PMID:342936", "title": "Expression of TEM-induced damage to postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis of the mouse during early embryogenesis. I. Investigations with in vitro embryo culture.", "content": "After treatment of postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis of the mouse with TEM, dose and stage of spermatogenesis-dependent disturbances of the early embryonic development can be observed both in vivo and after in vitro culture of the embryos. The observations in both systems can be correlated. The embryo-culture system thereby enables analysis of the expression of mutagen-induced damage more accurately than the in vivo dominant lethal test. With the doses used (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) TEM-treatment of the fathers did not affect the rate of fertilized and cleaving eggs during the first three weeks post-treatment but severely disturbed the further development of the embryos at all stages up to implantation, exhibiting a maximum effect on morulae.", "contents": "Expression of TEM-induced damage to postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis of the mouse during early embryogenesis. I. Investigations with in vitro embryo culture. After treatment of postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis of the mouse with TEM, dose and stage of spermatogenesis-dependent disturbances of the early embryonic development can be observed both in vivo and after in vitro culture of the embryos. The observations in both systems can be correlated. The embryo-culture system thereby enables analysis of the expression of mutagen-induced damage more accurately than the in vivo dominant lethal test. With the doses used (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) TEM-treatment of the fathers did not affect the rate of fertilized and cleaving eggs during the first three weeks post-treatment but severely disturbed the further development of the embryos at all stages up to implantation, exhibiting a maximum effect on morulae."}
{"id": "PMID:342937", "title": "Lack of effect on the chromosomal non-disjunction in aged female mice after low dose X-irradiation.", "content": "Karyotypes were determined in 1064 embryos of aged C57/BL mothers. The virgin female mice were irradiated with 0, 4, 8 or 16 R of X-rays, respectively, and placed with young untreated males 5 days after irradiation. 10.5-days old embryos were recovered from the uterus. Aneuploid embryos classified as alive (heart beats observed at the dissection) were 1 monosomic in the control group (496 embryos) and 2 trisomics in the irradiated group (568 embryos). The number of aneuploid embryos classified as dead was 4 trisomic cases in the control group and 3 trisomics in the irradiated group. The data indicate that trisomic embryos are not uncommon in the mouse but are eliminated in post-implantation death. In contrast to the results of Yamamoto et al. the present data do not demonstrate an increased frequency of chromosome abnormalities in embryos of aged mice X-irradiated before mating as compared to non-irradiated ones.", "contents": "Lack of effect on the chromosomal non-disjunction in aged female mice after low dose X-irradiation. Karyotypes were determined in 1064 embryos of aged C57/BL mothers. The virgin female mice were irradiated with 0, 4, 8 or 16 R of X-rays, respectively, and placed with young untreated males 5 days after irradiation. 10.5-days old embryos were recovered from the uterus. Aneuploid embryos classified as alive (heart beats observed at the dissection) were 1 monosomic in the control group (496 embryos) and 2 trisomics in the irradiated group (568 embryos). The number of aneuploid embryos classified as dead was 4 trisomic cases in the control group and 3 trisomics in the irradiated group. The data indicate that trisomic embryos are not uncommon in the mouse but are eliminated in post-implantation death. In contrast to the results of Yamamoto et al. the present data do not demonstrate an increased frequency of chromosome abnormalities in embryos of aged mice X-irradiated before mating as compared to non-irradiated ones."}
{"id": "PMID:342938", "title": "Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of mycotoxins using Salmonella typhimurium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The mutagenic effects of fiteen mycotoxins on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D-3 were tested. Only aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin were mutagenic. Both were active against S. typhimurium strain TA1538 and S. cerevisiae strain D-3; however, both required activation by the hepatic S-9 enzyme preparation. A positive correlation between the other mycotoxins reported to be carcinogenic and the two in vitro test systems employed was not demonstrated in our hands.", "contents": "Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of mycotoxins using Salmonella typhimurium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutagenic effects of fiteen mycotoxins on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D-3 were tested. Only aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin were mutagenic. Both were active against S. typhimurium strain TA1538 and S. cerevisiae strain D-3; however, both required activation by the hepatic S-9 enzyme preparation. A positive correlation between the other mycotoxins reported to be carcinogenic and the two in vitro test systems employed was not demonstrated in our hands."}
{"id": "PMID:342939", "title": "Mutagenicity of alkyl-(omega-hydroxyalkyl) nitrosamines related to dibutylnitrosamine.", "content": "Various alkyl-(omega-hydroxyalkyl) derivatives related to dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) were investigated for mutagenicity in the absence of liver-activation system. Butyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)-, butyl-(3-hydroxypropyl)-, and butyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-nitrosamines were so tested and found to be mutagenic for TA 1535 strain of Salmonella typhimurium. In all cases, a simple dose-response relationship was observed. Furthermore, no significant (p less than 0.05) differences in the mutagenicity of the various test compounds were observed as the alkyl sidechain possessing the OH group increased in length. From these results it is siggested that mutagenesis in S. typhimurium by the higher dialkylnitrosamines is partially due to the formation of omega-hydroxylated derivatives in addition to the major mutagenic metabolite derived from alpha-carbon dealkylation.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of alkyl-(omega-hydroxyalkyl) nitrosamines related to dibutylnitrosamine. Various alkyl-(omega-hydroxyalkyl) derivatives related to dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) were investigated for mutagenicity in the absence of liver-activation system. Butyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)-, butyl-(3-hydroxypropyl)-, and butyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-nitrosamines were so tested and found to be mutagenic for TA 1535 strain of Salmonella typhimurium. In all cases, a simple dose-response relationship was observed. Furthermore, no significant (p less than 0.05) differences in the mutagenicity of the various test compounds were observed as the alkyl sidechain possessing the OH group increased in length. From these results it is siggested that mutagenesis in S. typhimurium by the higher dialkylnitrosamines is partially due to the formation of omega-hydroxylated derivatives in addition to the major mutagenic metabolite derived from alpha-carbon dealkylation."}
{"id": "PMID:342940", "title": "The efficiency and extent of mutagenic activity of some new mutagens of base-analogue type.", "content": "N4-Hydroxycytidine, 5-methyl-N4-hydroxydeoxycytidine and 2-amino-N6-hydroxyadenine were tested for their mutagenic activity in S. typhimurium and E. coli cells. Reversion analysis of different markers was applied in a plate-test system, and 2-aminopurine was used as a reference mutagen. (i) 2-Amino-N6-hydroxyadenine was the most potent mutagen. In some cases it gave more than 1000 colonies of revertants per plate. (ii) N6-Hydroxycytidine was the least specific mutagen. Almost all the tested markers were inducible to revert by this analogue. (iii) The mutagenic specificity of 5-methyl-N4-hydroxydeoxycytidine seemed to be opposite to that of 2-aminopurine. This suggests that the former can induce transition of CG to TA. (iv) A comparison of the mutagenic actions of N4-hydroxycytidine and 5-methyl-N4-hydroxy-deoxycytidine showed that deoxyriboside analogues are not necessarily more efficient mutagens than ribonucleosides. (v) No purine or pyrimidine deficiency was needed for mutagenesis to occur for any of the mutagens investigated. (vi) The results on bacteria with different repair abilities suggest that base-analogue mutagenesis (except perhaps for BrdUrd) occurs mainly during replication of nucleic acids containing substituted nucleosides with bi-functional specificity.", "contents": "The efficiency and extent of mutagenic activity of some new mutagens of base-analogue type. N4-Hydroxycytidine, 5-methyl-N4-hydroxydeoxycytidine and 2-amino-N6-hydroxyadenine were tested for their mutagenic activity in S. typhimurium and E. coli cells. Reversion analysis of different markers was applied in a plate-test system, and 2-aminopurine was used as a reference mutagen. (i) 2-Amino-N6-hydroxyadenine was the most potent mutagen. In some cases it gave more than 1000 colonies of revertants per plate. (ii) N6-Hydroxycytidine was the least specific mutagen. Almost all the tested markers were inducible to revert by this analogue. (iii) The mutagenic specificity of 5-methyl-N4-hydroxydeoxycytidine seemed to be opposite to that of 2-aminopurine. This suggests that the former can induce transition of CG to TA. (iv) A comparison of the mutagenic actions of N4-hydroxycytidine and 5-methyl-N4-hydroxy-deoxycytidine showed that deoxyriboside analogues are not necessarily more efficient mutagens than ribonucleosides. (v) No purine or pyrimidine deficiency was needed for mutagenesis to occur for any of the mutagens investigated. (vi) The results on bacteria with different repair abilities suggest that base-analogue mutagenesis (except perhaps for BrdUrd) occurs mainly during replication of nucleic acids containing substituted nucleosides with bi-functional specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:342941", "title": "Mutagenicity of fume particles from metal arc welding on stainless steel in the Salmonella/microsome test.", "content": "Mutagenic activity of fume particles produced by metal arc welding on stainless steel (ss) is demonstrated by using the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test described by Ames et al., with strain TA100 (base-pair substitution) and TA98 (frame-shift reversion). Results of a representative but limited selection of processes and materials show that mutagenic activity is a function of process and process parameters. Welding on stainless steel produces particles that are mutagenic, whereas welding on mild steel (ms) produces particles that are not. Manual metal arc (MMA) welding on stainless steel produces particles of higher mutagenic activity than does metal inert gas (MIG) welding, and fume particles produced by MIG welding under short-arc transfer. Further studies of welding fumes (both particles and gases) must be performed to determine process parameters of significance for the mutagenic activity.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of fume particles from metal arc welding on stainless steel in the Salmonella/microsome test. Mutagenic activity of fume particles produced by metal arc welding on stainless steel (ss) is demonstrated by using the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test described by Ames et al., with strain TA100 (base-pair substitution) and TA98 (frame-shift reversion). Results of a representative but limited selection of processes and materials show that mutagenic activity is a function of process and process parameters. Welding on stainless steel produces particles that are mutagenic, whereas welding on mild steel (ms) produces particles that are not. Manual metal arc (MMA) welding on stainless steel produces particles of higher mutagenic activity than does metal inert gas (MIG) welding, and fume particles produced by MIG welding under short-arc transfer. Further studies of welding fumes (both particles and gases) must be performed to determine process parameters of significance for the mutagenic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:342942", "title": "Mutagenic effect of dichloromethane on Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The possible mutagenicity of the organic solvent dichloromethane was investigated with the mutation test as described by Ames et al. The compound was mutagenic in both tester strains used, namely TA98 and TA100. The administration of rat-liver homogenate did not appear to be essential though it slightly increased the number of mutations.", "contents": "Mutagenic effect of dichloromethane on Salmonella typhimurium. The possible mutagenicity of the organic solvent dichloromethane was investigated with the mutation test as described by Ames et al. The compound was mutagenic in both tester strains used, namely TA98 and TA100. The administration of rat-liver homogenate did not appear to be essential though it slightly increased the number of mutations."}
{"id": "PMID:342943", "title": "Mutagenicity testing of certified food colors and related azo, xanthene and triphenylmethane dyes with the Salmonella/microsome system.", "content": "Thirty-seven azo, xanthene and triphenylmethane dyes including FD and C colors currently approved for use in the U.S.A. and a number of delisted food colors, were tested in the Salmonella/microsome system. In addition to direct plate tests with five tester strains (TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA1538, TA98), the azo dyes were also assayed after chemical reduction to their component amines. Also, a selected group of azo dyes was subjected to liquid tests (both aerobic with microsomes and anaerobic) and to plate tests involving initial 16 h anaerobic incubations to facilitate microbial reduction of the azo bond. None of the presently listed FD and C colors was mutagenic in any of the test modifications. Among formerly listed colors only Butter Yellow (p-dimethylaminoazobenzene), a recognized animal carcinogen, was mutagenic in the aerobic liquid test. Several other azo dyes were either directly mutagenic,  viz. Acid Alizarin Yellow R and Alizarin Yellow GG; required microsomal activation, viz. Acid Alizarin Red B and Methyl Red; or required chemical reduction and microsomal activation, viz. Acid Alizarin Violet N and Sudan IV. Of the non-azo dyes tested only two xanthene dyes appeared to be mutagenic, viz. 9-(2-sulfophenyl)-6-hydroxy-3-isoxanthenone and its 2,4,5,7-tetrabromo derivative.", "contents": "Mutagenicity testing of certified food colors and related azo, xanthene and triphenylmethane dyes with the Salmonella/microsome system. Thirty-seven azo, xanthene and triphenylmethane dyes including FD and C colors currently approved for use in the U.S.A. and a number of delisted food colors, were tested in the Salmonella/microsome system. In addition to direct plate tests with five tester strains (TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA1538, TA98), the azo dyes were also assayed after chemical reduction to their component amines. Also, a selected group of azo dyes was subjected to liquid tests (both aerobic with microsomes and anaerobic) and to plate tests involving initial 16 h anaerobic incubations to facilitate microbial reduction of the azo bond. None of the presently listed FD and C colors was mutagenic in any of the test modifications. Among formerly listed colors only Butter Yellow (p-dimethylaminoazobenzene), a recognized animal carcinogen, was mutagenic in the aerobic liquid test. Several other azo dyes were either directly mutagenic,  viz. Acid Alizarin Yellow R and Alizarin Yellow GG; required microsomal activation, viz. Acid Alizarin Red B and Methyl Red; or required chemical reduction and microsomal activation, viz. Acid Alizarin Violet N and Sudan IV. Of the non-azo dyes tested only two xanthene dyes appeared to be mutagenic, viz. 9-(2-sulfophenyl)-6-hydroxy-3-isoxanthenone and its 2,4,5,7-tetrabromo derivative."}
{"id": "PMID:342944", "title": "Mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium mutants of the benzene-soluble organic matter derived from air-borne particulate matter and its five fractions.", "content": "Air-borne particulate matter was collected on a filter, then extracted with benzene. The benzene-soluble material was separated into 5 fractions, namely acidic, basic, alipathic, polyaromatic and oxygenated fractions. The mutagenic activities of these fractions were examined with a set of Salmonella typhimurium mutants. The 6 mutants were from the TA1535 series, deep rough strains without excision repair, namely TA100 and TA98 (having a resistance-transfer factor) and the standard strain TA1535, TA1536, TA1537 and TA1538. Linear dose-response curves were obtained for the benzene-soluble organic matter, and its acidic, polyaromatic and oxygenated fractions with strain TA98 and a 9000 X g liver supernatant from both phenobarbital(PB)- and dibenz(a,h)anthracene(DBA)-treated rats. Among the 5 fractions tested, 3 fractions, namely the acidic, polyaromatic and oxygenated, played an important role in the mutagenicity of the benzene-soluble organic matter derived from air-borne particulate matter. The 9000 X g rat-liver supernatant was not required to make the acidic fraction mutagenic.", "contents": "Mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium mutants of the benzene-soluble organic matter derived from air-borne particulate matter and its five fractions. Air-borne particulate matter was collected on a filter, then extracted with benzene. The benzene-soluble material was separated into 5 fractions, namely acidic, basic, alipathic, polyaromatic and oxygenated fractions. The mutagenic activities of these fractions were examined with a set of Salmonella typhimurium mutants. The 6 mutants were from the TA1535 series, deep rough strains without excision repair, namely TA100 and TA98 (having a resistance-transfer factor) and the standard strain TA1535, TA1536, TA1537 and TA1538. Linear dose-response curves were obtained for the benzene-soluble organic matter, and its acidic, polyaromatic and oxygenated fractions with strain TA98 and a 9000 X g liver supernatant from both phenobarbital(PB)- and dibenz(a,h)anthracene(DBA)-treated rats. Among the 5 fractions tested, 3 fractions, namely the acidic, polyaromatic and oxygenated, played an important role in the mutagenicity of the benzene-soluble organic matter derived from air-borne particulate matter. The 9000 X g rat-liver supernatant was not required to make the acidic fraction mutagenic."}
{"id": "PMID:342945", "title": "Mutagenicities of the pyrolyzates of peptides and proteins.", "content": "Pyrolyzates of 10 peptides, 10 proteins and 5 naturally-occurring materials were tested for mutagenicity in the histidine-requiring mutants Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Significant mutagenic activity was detected with pyrolyzates of most of these materials. The pyrolyzates requred a liver microsomal fraction, as representative of mammalian metabolism, for their detection as mutagens. Among the pyrolyzates tested, the highest mutagenic activity was observed with that of a tryptophan-containing peptide. The pyrolyzate of protein obtained from tobacco leaf also showed mutagenicity. The higher the protein content in the leaf the higher the mutagenic activity of the pyrolyzate. Protein in a tobacco leaf may be the principal precursor of mutagens in tobacco-smoke condensate.", "contents": "Mutagenicities of the pyrolyzates of peptides and proteins. Pyrolyzates of 10 peptides, 10 proteins and 5 naturally-occurring materials were tested for mutagenicity in the histidine-requiring mutants Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Significant mutagenic activity was detected with pyrolyzates of most of these materials. The pyrolyzates requred a liver microsomal fraction, as representative of mammalian metabolism, for their detection as mutagens. Among the pyrolyzates tested, the highest mutagenic activity was observed with that of a tryptophan-containing peptide. The pyrolyzate of protein obtained from tobacco leaf also showed mutagenicity. The higher the protein content in the leaf the higher the mutagenic activity of the pyrolyzate. Protein in a tobacco leaf may be the principal precursor of mutagens in tobacco-smoke condensate."}
{"id": "PMID:342946", "title": "Mutagenicity induced by lyophilization or storage of urine from isoniazid-treated rats.", "content": "Urine collected during 24 h after treatment of rats with 90--550 mg/kg isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid, INH) was after lyophilization, mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA1535. Urine collected directly from bladders of INH-treated rats was not mutagenic, and solutions of INH in water or urine became mutagenic only after lyophilization. In the absence of lyophilization, sterile urine from INH-treated rats became mutagenic after 8--14 days' storage at room temperature.", "contents": "Mutagenicity induced by lyophilization or storage of urine from isoniazid-treated rats. Urine collected during 24 h after treatment of rats with 90--550 mg/kg isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid, INH) was after lyophilization, mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA1535. Urine collected directly from bladders of INH-treated rats was not mutagenic, and solutions of INH in water or urine became mutagenic only after lyophilization. In the absence of lyophilization, sterile urine from INH-treated rats became mutagenic after 8--14 days' storage at room temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:342947", "title": "The in vivo induction of sister chromatid exchanges in the bone marrow of the Chinese hamster. II.N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and n-isopropyl-alpha-(2-methyl-hydrazino)-p-toluamide (Natulan), two carcinogenic compounds with specific mutagenicity problems.", "content": "N-Nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and N-isopropyl-alpha-(2-methylhyadrazino)-p-toluamide (Natulan) were examined with the in vivo SCE method of Vogel and Bauknecht. Only Natulan showed a positive effect with a significant increase of induced SCE between 10 and 25 mg/kg b.w. The six-point curve of the dose effect was of the plateau type. With DEN only a slight increase with high doses could be obtained, which was not significant when 50 or 100 cells were counted. Compared with the results of other tests published, Natulan gives positive results preferentially with in vivo mammalian tests but not with microorganisms. On the other hand, DEN is inactive in vivo on the chromosomal level, but preferentially induces point mutations at the molecular level in microorganisms and Drosophila. It is recommended to include in a battery of true mutagenicity tests also cytogenetic tests (in vivo SCE test and micronucleus test).", "contents": "The in vivo induction of sister chromatid exchanges in the bone marrow of the Chinese hamster. II.N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and n-isopropyl-alpha-(2-methyl-hydrazino)-p-toluamide (Natulan), two carcinogenic compounds with specific mutagenicity problems. N-Nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and N-isopropyl-alpha-(2-methylhyadrazino)-p-toluamide (Natulan) were examined with the in vivo SCE method of Vogel and Bauknecht. Only Natulan showed a positive effect with a significant increase of induced SCE between 10 and 25 mg/kg b.w. The six-point curve of the dose effect was of the plateau type. With DEN only a slight increase with high doses could be obtained, which was not significant when 50 or 100 cells were counted. Compared with the results of other tests published, Natulan gives positive results preferentially with in vivo mammalian tests but not with microorganisms. On the other hand, DEN is inactive in vivo on the chromosomal level, but preferentially induces point mutations at the molecular level in microorganisms and Drosophila. It is recommended to include in a battery of true mutagenicity tests also cytogenetic tests (in vivo SCE test and micronucleus test)."}
{"id": "PMID:342948", "title": "A comparison of two methods for evaluating drug-induced chromosome alterations.", "content": "Evaluating the technique and procedure for mutagenicity testing in mammals is a prerequisite to the development of a broad spectrum mutagenic assessment program. Two techniques, chromosome examination and micronucleus scoring, show promise but their applicability for mass screening is uncertain. We determined the slide observation time for these two techniques in mice treated orally, subcutaneously, intravenously, and intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide (CY). In each instance, we detected a dose-response in less observation time by counting micronuclei in polychromatophilic erythrocytes. The simplicity of the scoring method, the ease of micronucleus identification and the rapidity of scoring all suggest the micronucleus test may be favorably integrated into a mutagenicity screening program.", "contents": "A comparison of two methods for evaluating drug-induced chromosome alterations. Evaluating the technique and procedure for mutagenicity testing in mammals is a prerequisite to the development of a broad spectrum mutagenic assessment program. Two techniques, chromosome examination and micronucleus scoring, show promise but their applicability for mass screening is uncertain. We determined the slide observation time for these two techniques in mice treated orally, subcutaneously, intravenously, and intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide (CY). In each instance, we detected a dose-response in less observation time by counting micronuclei in polychromatophilic erythrocytes. The simplicity of the scoring method, the ease of micronucleus identification and the rapidity of scoring all suggest the micronucleus test may be favorably integrated into a mutagenicity screening program."}
{"id": "PMID:342949", "title": "Cytogenetic effects in the mouse of 17 chemical mutagens and carcinogens evaluated by the micronucleus test.", "content": "2 dialkylnitrosamines, 4 oxazaphosphorines, 6 aryldialkyltriazenes, urethane, N-hydroxyurethane, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, procarbazine (natulan) and the inorganic carcinogen potassium chromate were studied for cytogenetic activity in the micronucleus test on mouse bone marrow. Except diethylnitrosamine, all chemicals were active. The results are compared with those known from studies in other mammalian and sub-mammalian test systems. The results of the micro nucleus test correlate well with results from other mutagenicity tests and with the carcinogenicity of the chemicals. The lack of an effect on N-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA) is discussed with regard to the short life-time of the ultimate mutagen.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effects in the mouse of 17 chemical mutagens and carcinogens evaluated by the micronucleus test. 2 dialkylnitrosamines, 4 oxazaphosphorines, 6 aryldialkyltriazenes, urethane, N-hydroxyurethane, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, procarbazine (natulan) and the inorganic carcinogen potassium chromate were studied for cytogenetic activity in the micronucleus test on mouse bone marrow. Except diethylnitrosamine, all chemicals were active. The results are compared with those known from studies in other mammalian and sub-mammalian test systems. The results of the micro nucleus test correlate well with results from other mutagenicity tests and with the carcinogenicity of the chemicals. The lack of an effect on N-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA) is discussed with regard to the short life-time of the ultimate mutagen."}
{"id": "PMID:342962", "title": "Prophylactic doxycycline for travelers' diarrhea. Results of a prospective double-blind study of Peace Corps volunteers in Kenya.", "content": "We performed a randomized double-blind study to determine the efficacy of doxycycline (100 mg daily) in preventing travelers' diarrhea among 39 Peace Corps volunteers during their first five weeks in Kenya. The volunteers took either doxycycline or placebo for three weeks and were observed for an additional two weeks. Nine of 21 taking placebo and one of 18 taking doxycycline had travelers' diarrhea during the treatment period (P = 0.012). The protection seemed to persist for at least one week after the drug was stopped. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was the only pathogen isolated from the placebo group, but was not detected in persons taking doxycycline. None of these organisms were resistant to doxycycline or tetracycline, whereas resistance to tetracyclines and other antibiotics was common among the nonenterotoxigenic Esch. coli. We conclude that doxycycline effectively prevented most episodes of travelers' dirrhea.", "contents": "Prophylactic doxycycline for travelers' diarrhea. Results of a prospective double-blind study of Peace Corps volunteers in Kenya. We performed a randomized double-blind study to determine the efficacy of doxycycline (100 mg daily) in preventing travelers' diarrhea among 39 Peace Corps volunteers during their first five weeks in Kenya. The volunteers took either doxycycline or placebo for three weeks and were observed for an additional two weeks. Nine of 21 taking placebo and one of 18 taking doxycycline had travelers' diarrhea during the treatment period (P = 0.012). The protection seemed to persist for at least one week after the drug was stopped. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was the only pathogen isolated from the placebo group, but was not detected in persons taking doxycycline. None of these organisms were resistant to doxycycline or tetracycline, whereas resistance to tetracyclines and other antibiotics was common among the nonenterotoxigenic Esch. coli. We conclude that doxycycline effectively prevented most episodes of travelers' dirrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:342964", "title": "Prediction of protein structure from amino acid sequence.", "content": "In principle, it is possible to predict theoretically the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence. Recently substantial progress towards this goal has been made by the use of simple models to represent protein conformation and interatomic interactions, together with the knowledge gained form analyses of know protein structures.", "contents": "Prediction of protein structure from amino acid sequence. In principle, it is possible to predict theoretically the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence. Recently substantial progress towards this goal has been made by the use of simple models to represent protein conformation and interatomic interactions, together with the knowledge gained form analyses of know protein structures."}
{"id": "PMID:342973", "title": "Purification of mouse interferon by sequential affinity chromatography on poly(U)--and antibody--agarose columns.", "content": "Mouse interferon has been purified to homogeneity by twostep affinity chromatography. Two polypeptide bands were obtained on sodium dodecyl sulphate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis migrating at molecular weights 35,000 and 22,000, both having antiviral activity. The 35,000 but not the 22,000 band, also stained with periodic acid--Schiff. The specific activity was 8 X 10(9) of our laboratory units, corresponding to 2.4 X 10(9) NIH reference units.", "contents": "Purification of mouse interferon by sequential affinity chromatography on poly(U)--and antibody--agarose columns. Mouse interferon has been purified to homogeneity by twostep affinity chromatography. Two polypeptide bands were obtained on sodium dodecyl sulphate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis migrating at molecular weights 35,000 and 22,000, both having antiviral activity. The 35,000 but not the 22,000 band, also stained with periodic acid--Schiff. The specific activity was 8 X 10(9) of our laboratory units, corresponding to 2.4 X 10(9) NIH reference units."}
{"id": "PMID:342976", "title": "Repair deficient human disorders and cancer.", "content": "The analysis of the repair of damage to DNA in mammalian cells leads not only to a knowledge of which environmental agents are deleterious to living creatures, but also to an understanding of which reaction products in DNA are potentially carcinogenic and which tissues are the more sensitive.", "contents": "Repair deficient human disorders and cancer. The analysis of the repair of damage to DNA in mammalian cells leads not only to a knowledge of which environmental agents are deleterious to living creatures, but also to an understanding of which reaction products in DNA are potentially carcinogenic and which tissues are the more sensitive."}
{"id": "PMID:342978", "title": "In vivo synthesis and properties of uracil-containing DNA.", "content": "T4 bacteriophage DNA containing as much as 30% of its thymine replaced by uracil can be synthesised in Escherichia coli deficient in both dUTPase and uracil--DNA glycosidase. This uracil-containing DNA is competent for RNA transcription, and can be packaged into phage which are viable, if the host cells are deficient in uracil--DNA glycosidase activity. If the host cells are not deficient in this glycosidase activity the infecting phage DNA is rapidly attacked, resulting in more than 50% acid-solubilisation of the DNA. The infected cells are inefficiently killed, presumably because of very limited, if any, expression of the phage DNA. These results indicate that this replacement of thymine by uracil in DNA does not seriously impair the biological functionality of T4 DNA, provided the DNA is not subjected to the breakdown (repair) pathway initiated by uracil--DNA glycosidase.", "contents": "In vivo synthesis and properties of uracil-containing DNA. T4 bacteriophage DNA containing as much as 30% of its thymine replaced by uracil can be synthesised in Escherichia coli deficient in both dUTPase and uracil--DNA glycosidase. This uracil-containing DNA is competent for RNA transcription, and can be packaged into phage which are viable, if the host cells are deficient in uracil--DNA glycosidase activity. If the host cells are not deficient in this glycosidase activity the infecting phage DNA is rapidly attacked, resulting in more than 50% acid-solubilisation of the DNA. The infected cells are inefficiently killed, presumably because of very limited, if any, expression of the phage DNA. These results indicate that this replacement of thymine by uracil in DNA does not seriously impair the biological functionality of T4 DNA, provided the DNA is not subjected to the breakdown (repair) pathway initiated by uracil--DNA glycosidase."}
{"id": "PMID:342989", "title": "[Intravenous salbutamol in the treatment of bronchial spasm].", "content": "Personal experience with slow venous drip salbutamol is reported. The VC, MEVS and FEP values showed that the drug possessed a good bronchodilatatory action, though the presence of side-effects meant that doses had to be restricted.", "contents": "[Intravenous salbutamol in the treatment of bronchial spasm]. Personal experience with slow venous drip salbutamol is reported. The VC, MEVS and FEP values showed that the drug possessed a good bronchodilatatory action, though the presence of side-effects meant that doses had to be restricted."}
{"id": "PMID:342991", "title": "[Pseudotumor of the breast during a course of acute leukemia].", "content": "A case of breast infiltration with neoplasm-like clinical and radiological findings, occurring during acute leukaemia treated with polychemiosteroid therapy is described. Although at histopathological investigation this neoplasm is considered a reticulolymphoblastosarcoma, a personal suggestion that this breast infiltration is a blastic localization is put forward. This observation is a starting point for suggesting that antiblastic polichemio-therapy can change the clinical aspects of acute leukaemia.", "contents": "[Pseudotumor of the breast during a course of acute leukemia]. A case of breast infiltration with neoplasm-like clinical and radiological findings, occurring during acute leukaemia treated with polychemiosteroid therapy is described. Although at histopathological investigation this neoplasm is considered a reticulolymphoblastosarcoma, a personal suggestion that this breast infiltration is a blastic localization is put forward. This observation is a starting point for suggesting that antiblastic polichemio-therapy can change the clinical aspects of acute leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:342992", "title": "[Experiences with the use of sodium diclofenac (Voltaren) in rheumatic diseases].", "content": "150 mg/day sodic diclofenac was found particularly active in subjects with diathetic rheumatism and arthrosis. Excellent general and gastrointestinal tolerance was noted after prolonged administration and in aged subjects with cardiac damage. A protracted therapeutic effect was obtained, especially in cases of diathetic rheumatism.", "contents": "[Experiences with the use of sodium diclofenac (Voltaren) in rheumatic diseases]. 150 mg/day sodic diclofenac was found particularly active in subjects with diathetic rheumatism and arthrosis. Excellent general and gastrointestinal tolerance was noted after prolonged administration and in aged subjects with cardiac damage. A protracted therapeutic effect was obtained, especially in cases of diathetic rheumatism."}
{"id": "PMID:342993", "title": "[Clinical problems in current malaria. Considerations apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "Two cases of malaria imported from West Africa by two sailors (falciparum and vivax respectively) are reported. It is pointed out that nowadays malaria is no longer indigenous to Sicily but has to be imported; an increasing number of cases of malaria are being reported world-wide in relation to increased traffic volumes, particularly air traffic. This means growing importance of imported pathology for which a new training strategy is required (with regard to young physicians who at present are quite uniformed of the problem). Doctors and travellers should also be informed of the risk of contracting malaria.", "contents": "[Clinical problems in current malaria. Considerations apropos of 2 cases]. Two cases of malaria imported from West Africa by two sailors (falciparum and vivax respectively) are reported. It is pointed out that nowadays malaria is no longer indigenous to Sicily but has to be imported; an increasing number of cases of malaria are being reported world-wide in relation to increased traffic volumes, particularly air traffic. This means growing importance of imported pathology for which a new training strategy is required (with regard to young physicians who at present are quite uniformed of the problem). Doctors and travellers should also be informed of the risk of contracting malaria."}
{"id": "PMID:343003", "title": "Hydroxyproline excretion following renal transplantation: comparison with values found in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "The amounts of total hydroxyproline (THP), free hydroxyproline (FHP) and non-dialysable hydroxyproline (NDHP) excreted in the urine by six patients with chronic renal failure who received kidney transplants and six patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were studied. Following transplantation three of the four patients with radiological evidence of hyperparathyroidism developed hypercalcaemia and excreted more than 360 mumol THP/24 hours on at least one occasion. The remaining patients were normocalcaemic and excreted less THP and a higher proportion of NDHP. In all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, THP excretion fell after adenoma removal but there was an increased excretion of NDHP:THP. It is suggested that studies of hydroxyproline excretion may contribute to clinical assessment of healing of renal osteodystrophy and involution of the parathyroid glands after renal allograft transplantation.", "contents": "Hydroxyproline excretion following renal transplantation: comparison with values found in primary hyperparathyroidism. The amounts of total hydroxyproline (THP), free hydroxyproline (FHP) and non-dialysable hydroxyproline (NDHP) excreted in the urine by six patients with chronic renal failure who received kidney transplants and six patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were studied. Following transplantation three of the four patients with radiological evidence of hyperparathyroidism developed hypercalcaemia and excreted more than 360 mumol THP/24 hours on at least one occasion. The remaining patients were normocalcaemic and excreted less THP and a higher proportion of NDHP. In all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, THP excretion fell after adenoma removal but there was an increased excretion of NDHP:THP. It is suggested that studies of hydroxyproline excretion may contribute to clinical assessment of healing of renal osteodystrophy and involution of the parathyroid glands after renal allograft transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:343006", "title": "Prazosin in hypertension. Part II. Effects of the initial dose.", "content": "The events after the first dose of prazosin have been studied. Twenty-four patients with hypertension were given a single 1 mg tablet. Supine and erect blood pressures were recorded at 15-minute intervals for up to 270 minutes. Six had no previous therapy, 18 were uncontrolled on other drugs, chiefly thiazides or beta-adrenergic blockers or a combination of both. In 10 patients in whom no symptoms of postural hypotension occurred, there was a mean maximum erect diastolic blood pressure fall of 21/14mmHg at an average of 110 minutes after the dose. The remaining 14 had symptoms of postural hypotension of which four were milk, seven moderate and three severe. The mean maximum erect diastolic blood pressure reduction in this group was 67/52mmHg at a mean of 90 minutes after the dose. Subsequent therapeutic response was better in those with an abrupt initial blood pressure fall. Twenty-two further patients were studied in the same manner with a single dose 0.5mg (tablet), 11 of them in a double-blind within-patient crossover study with placebo. Postural symptoms or significant tachycardia did not occur with this dose. Most patients experience some postural hypotension after the first dose of prazosin. Symptoms occur only when this fall is marked, and the extent of the fall is dose related.", "contents": "Prazosin in hypertension. Part II. Effects of the initial dose. The events after the first dose of prazosin have been studied. Twenty-four patients with hypertension were given a single 1 mg tablet. Supine and erect blood pressures were recorded at 15-minute intervals for up to 270 minutes. Six had no previous therapy, 18 were uncontrolled on other drugs, chiefly thiazides or beta-adrenergic blockers or a combination of both. In 10 patients in whom no symptoms of postural hypotension occurred, there was a mean maximum erect diastolic blood pressure fall of 21/14mmHg at an average of 110 minutes after the dose. The remaining 14 had symptoms of postural hypotension of which four were milk, seven moderate and three severe. The mean maximum erect diastolic blood pressure reduction in this group was 67/52mmHg at a mean of 90 minutes after the dose. Subsequent therapeutic response was better in those with an abrupt initial blood pressure fall. Twenty-two further patients were studied in the same manner with a single dose 0.5mg (tablet), 11 of them in a double-blind within-patient crossover study with placebo. Postural symptoms or significant tachycardia did not occur with this dose. Most patients experience some postural hypotension after the first dose of prazosin. Symptoms occur only when this fall is marked, and the extent of the fall is dose related."}
{"id": "PMID:343010", "title": "Desamino arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) as a diagnostic agent.", "content": "The use of 1-desamino-8-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) was examined as a diagnostic agent, within the context of the comprehensive one day renal function test. Thirty-three normal young subjects were examined in an 8 1/2 hour day. It was found that a 20 microgram intranasal dose of DDAVP consistently resulted in the production of a urinary osmolality to 800mosmol/kg or more, with no untoward effect. DDAVP can advantageously replace pitressin tannate in oil as a diagnostic agent.", "contents": "Desamino arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) as a diagnostic agent. The use of 1-desamino-8-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) was examined as a diagnostic agent, within the context of the comprehensive one day renal function test. Thirty-three normal young subjects were examined in an 8 1/2 hour day. It was found that a 20 microgram intranasal dose of DDAVP consistently resulted in the production of a urinary osmolality to 800mosmol/kg or more, with no untoward effect. DDAVP can advantageously replace pitressin tannate in oil as a diagnostic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:343016", "title": "Carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy.", "content": "The signs and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnant patients are outlined and the diagnostic methods are reviewed. Carpal tunnel syndrome that occurs during pregnancy almost invariably abates postpartum. Due to the benign course and excellent prognosis in most cases, splinting of the wrist is indicated in the pregnant patient.", "contents": "Carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy. The signs and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnant patients are outlined and the diagnostic methods are reviewed. Carpal tunnel syndrome that occurs during pregnancy almost invariably abates postpartum. Due to the benign course and excellent prognosis in most cases, splinting of the wrist is indicated in the pregnant patient."}
{"id": "PMID:343018", "title": "Dysplasia. A real concept or a misnomer?", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to summarize the author's views on precancerous lesions of the epithelium of the uterine cervix. It is pointed out that the pathologist's ability to prognosticate the outcome of any such lesion is limited. The names attached to these lesions, ranging from mild dysplasia to carcinoma in situ do not necessarily reflect their true biologic potential in terms of disappearance, persistence, or progression. It is suggested that a unified nomenclature of these lesions may be helpful in clarifying the issue at hand. Comments on the accomplishments and failures of the cytologic methods of diagnosis of these lesions are appended.", "contents": "Dysplasia. A real concept or a misnomer? The purpose of this paper is to summarize the author's views on precancerous lesions of the epithelium of the uterine cervix. It is pointed out that the pathologist's ability to prognosticate the outcome of any such lesion is limited. The names attached to these lesions, ranging from mild dysplasia to carcinoma in situ do not necessarily reflect their true biologic potential in terms of disappearance, persistence, or progression. It is suggested that a unified nomenclature of these lesions may be helpful in clarifying the issue at hand. Comments on the accomplishments and failures of the cytologic methods of diagnosis of these lesions are appended."}
{"id": "PMID:343024", "title": "Improved results in combination chemotherapy of head and neck cancer using a kinetically-based approach: a randomised study with and without adriamycin.", "content": "One hundred and seventeen patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were randomised between two combination schedules, one with and the other without adramycin. Responses (more than 50% tumor regression) were 67% overall with 63% responding to the combination without adriamycin and 82% responding to the schedule containing it. The increase in response rate seen with the addition of adriamycin is not statistically significant. Prior radiotherapy reduced the likelihood of response to chemotherapy.", "contents": "Improved results in combination chemotherapy of head and neck cancer using a kinetically-based approach: a randomised study with and without adriamycin. One hundred and seventeen patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were randomised between two combination schedules, one with and the other without adramycin. Responses (more than 50% tumor regression) were 67% overall with 63% responding to the combination without adriamycin and 82% responding to the schedule containing it. The increase in response rate seen with the addition of adriamycin is not statistically significant. Prior radiotherapy reduced the likelihood of response to chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:343026", "title": "[Molecular organization and genome expression in eukaryotes].", "content": "The recent data on the structural organization and expression of genome in eukaryotes are reviewed. Different types of nucleotide sequences (repetitions, palindromes, homopolymers) represented in the regions of genome transcription, as well as in mRNA's of the cytoplasm and nuclear messenger-like RNA's are analyzed. Probable functions of different types of sequences are discussed. The problem of nuclear precursors of cytoplasmic mRNA's and in particular heterogeneous nuclear RNA is considered. It is noted that this population of molecules is heterogeneous not only by the molecular weight, but also by some other parameters. Stable messenger-like 28S and 18S RNA's found in the nuclei are described. In addition to the already known scheme of rapid posttranscriptional processing of pre-mRNA, a hypothesis is put forward to the effect that the selective transport of mRNA molecules stored in the nucleus from the nucleus into the cytoplasm is realized at the expense of extended processing.", "contents": "[Molecular organization and genome expression in eukaryotes]. The recent data on the structural organization and expression of genome in eukaryotes are reviewed. Different types of nucleotide sequences (repetitions, palindromes, homopolymers) represented in the regions of genome transcription, as well as in mRNA's of the cytoplasm and nuclear messenger-like RNA's are analyzed. Probable functions of different types of sequences are discussed. The problem of nuclear precursors of cytoplasmic mRNA's and in particular heterogeneous nuclear RNA is considered. It is noted that this population of molecules is heterogeneous not only by the molecular weight, but also by some other parameters. Stable messenger-like 28S and 18S RNA's found in the nuclei are described. In addition to the already known scheme of rapid posttranscriptional processing of pre-mRNA, a hypothesis is put forward to the effect that the selective transport of mRNA molecules stored in the nucleus from the nucleus into the cytoplasm is realized at the expense of extended processing."}
{"id": "PMID:343027", "title": "[Research on the artificial regulation of sex in animals in the USSR].", "content": "The problem of artificial sex control was cardinally solved only for the silkworm among the domestic animals. The artificial sex control is realized by means of several methods. The artificial ameiotic parthenogenesis allows to obtain isogenic parthenogenetic progeny of only female sex. The meiotic parthenogenesis, on the contrary, gives only male progeny characterized by homozygosis by all genes. As a result of androgenesis with the participation of ooplasm and male nuclear material, only male progeny develops as well. Sex marked strains in which the female and male eggs are coloured in different may were obtained by means of translocation of the dominant genes controlling the egg colour on W chromosome determining the female sex. This allows readily to pick out the eggs of desirable sex only with the help of photoelectric equipment. The males of a specially raised strain balanced by two non-allelic sex-linked lethals, when being crossed with the females of any other strain, give male progeny only. The developed methods of sex control have found wide application in theoretical investigations of various directions and practical sericulture.", "contents": "[Research on the artificial regulation of sex in animals in the USSR]. The problem of artificial sex control was cardinally solved only for the silkworm among the domestic animals. The artificial sex control is realized by means of several methods. The artificial ameiotic parthenogenesis allows to obtain isogenic parthenogenetic progeny of only female sex. The meiotic parthenogenesis, on the contrary, gives only male progeny characterized by homozygosis by all genes. As a result of androgenesis with the participation of ooplasm and male nuclear material, only male progeny develops as well. Sex marked strains in which the female and male eggs are coloured in different may were obtained by means of translocation of the dominant genes controlling the egg colour on W chromosome determining the female sex. This allows readily to pick out the eggs of desirable sex only with the help of photoelectric equipment. The males of a specially raised strain balanced by two non-allelic sex-linked lethals, when being crossed with the females of any other strain, give male progeny only. The developed methods of sex control have found wide application in theoretical investigations of various directions and practical sericulture."}
{"id": "PMID:343028", "title": "[Transplantation of somatic nuclei into activated teleost eggs (the example of the loach, Misgurnus fossilis L.)].", "content": "Some peculiarities of the technique of nuclear transplantation for teleostean fishes are described, the loach (Misgurnus fossilis) taken as an example. The cells of the late high blastula were used as donors and the activated non-enucleated and enucleated (by X-rays, 20 kR) eggs of the loach as recipients. Following the nuclear transplantation in the activated non-enucleated eggs, 33 (out of 128) normal blastulae were obtained, one of which developed until hatching. Following the nuclear transplantation in the activated enucleated eggs, 34 (out of 251) blastulae were obtained, 6 embryos hatched and 2 larvae attained the stage of active feeding.", "contents": "[Transplantation of somatic nuclei into activated teleost eggs (the example of the loach, Misgurnus fossilis L.)]. Some peculiarities of the technique of nuclear transplantation for teleostean fishes are described, the loach (Misgurnus fossilis) taken as an example. The cells of the late high blastula were used as donors and the activated non-enucleated and enucleated (by X-rays, 20 kR) eggs of the loach as recipients. Following the nuclear transplantation in the activated non-enucleated eggs, 33 (out of 128) normal blastulae were obtained, one of which developed until hatching. Following the nuclear transplantation in the activated enucleated eggs, 34 (out of 251) blastulae were obtained, 6 embryos hatched and 2 larvae attained the stage of active feeding."}
{"id": "PMID:343029", "title": "[Complications of the combined cataract-keratoplasty operation].", "content": "The results of 43 corneal graft operations combined with cataract extraction were investigated. The visual acuity was improved in 63% of cases in spite of the fact that some eyes were suffering from additional diseases or had prior operations. Complications of surgical procedure were rare. Postoperatively a raise of intraocular pressure was sometimes noted. In postinflammatory and post-traumatic cases, corneal opacifications were frequent, but they were rare in keratoconus or in endothelial corneal dystrophies.", "contents": "[Complications of the combined cataract-keratoplasty operation]. The results of 43 corneal graft operations combined with cataract extraction were investigated. The visual acuity was improved in 63% of cases in spite of the fact that some eyes were suffering from additional diseases or had prior operations. Complications of surgical procedure were rare. Postoperatively a raise of intraocular pressure was sometimes noted. In postinflammatory and post-traumatic cases, corneal opacifications were frequent, but they were rare in keratoconus or in endothelial corneal dystrophies."}
{"id": "PMID:343030", "title": "Failure of inhibiting corneal graft rejection in rabbits by 5 alpha-androstane-3,17-dione.", "content": "Corneal transplantations were performed on both eyes of 19 albino rabbits. For each animal both grafts were taken from one pigmented donor rabbit. In all animals one eye was treated with a 2% 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione ointment (alphaA) and the other eye with an ointment containing no steroid (6 rabbits) or 2% cortisol (13 rabbits). Our experiments showed that alphaA cannot inhibit the efferent limb of corneal graft rejection as effectively as cortisol. we discuss some histological features of corneal graft rejection and our technique of corneal grafting in rabbits.", "contents": "Failure of inhibiting corneal graft rejection in rabbits by 5 alpha-androstane-3,17-dione. Corneal transplantations were performed on both eyes of 19 albino rabbits. For each animal both grafts were taken from one pigmented donor rabbit. In all animals one eye was treated with a 2% 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione ointment (alphaA) and the other eye with an ointment containing no steroid (6 rabbits) or 2% cortisol (13 rabbits). Our experiments showed that alphaA cannot inhibit the efferent limb of corneal graft rejection as effectively as cortisol. we discuss some histological features of corneal graft rejection and our technique of corneal grafting in rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:343031", "title": "[Aggressive eyelid basalioma with erythroderma ichthyosiforme congenita sicca].", "content": "Report on an agressive eyelid basalioma which led, in a patient with Erythrodermia ichthyosiformis congenita sicca, to exenteration of the oribt. Presentation of clinical and histopathological findings and discussion about the histogenic character of both diseases considering also present literature on this subject.", "contents": "[Aggressive eyelid basalioma with erythroderma ichthyosiforme congenita sicca]. Report on an agressive eyelid basalioma which led, in a patient with Erythrodermia ichthyosiformis congenita sicca, to exenteration of the oribt. Presentation of clinical and histopathological findings and discussion about the histogenic character of both diseases considering also present literature on this subject."}
{"id": "PMID:343032", "title": "Analgesic activity of ibuprofen (Motrin) in postoperative oral surgical pain.", "content": "The effectiveness of 400 and 800 mg. of ibuprofen was compared to that of 650 mg. of aspirin, 65 mg. of propoxyphene HCl, and placebo in 510 patients experiencing pain subsequent to oral surgical procedures. In double-blind study, patients were randomly assigned to one of five experimental groups and instructed to report the intensity of pain (complete, partial, or none) over a 3-hour period of evaluation. Ibuprofen, at both doses, was shown to be more effective for both degree and duration of relief from pain.", "contents": "Analgesic activity of ibuprofen (Motrin) in postoperative oral surgical pain. The effectiveness of 400 and 800 mg. of ibuprofen was compared to that of 650 mg. of aspirin, 65 mg. of propoxyphene HCl, and placebo in 510 patients experiencing pain subsequent to oral surgical procedures. In double-blind study, patients were randomly assigned to one of five experimental groups and instructed to report the intensity of pain (complete, partial, or none) over a 3-hour period of evaluation. Ibuprofen, at both doses, was shown to be more effective for both degree and duration of relief from pain."}
{"id": "PMID:343061", "title": "Marijuana and human performance: an annotated bibliography (1970-1975).", "content": "A bibliography of 199 annotated references was compiled to aid the reader in determining the impact of marijuana on psychomotor, cognitive, and physiological factors considered pertinent to flight performance. The bibliography contains an index which categorizes the references into the following major areas: (1) reviews or overviews of issues, literature or research; (2) psychological effects of marijuana use; (3) physiological and pharmacological research; (4) medical comments and research critiques; and (5) additional reference sources. The basic period of coverage is 1970 to 1975, although selected studies from earlier years are also included.", "contents": "Marijuana and human performance: an annotated bibliography (1970-1975). A bibliography of 199 annotated references was compiled to aid the reader in determining the impact of marijuana on psychomotor, cognitive, and physiological factors considered pertinent to flight performance. The bibliography contains an index which categorizes the references into the following major areas: (1) reviews or overviews of issues, literature or research; (2) psychological effects of marijuana use; (3) physiological and pharmacological research; (4) medical comments and research critiques; and (5) additional reference sources. The basic period of coverage is 1970 to 1975, although selected studies from earlier years are also included."}
{"id": "PMID:343062", "title": "Relaxation and exercise for hyperactive impulsive children.", "content": "This study explored the effectiveness of progressive relaxation and large muscle exercise in improving the cognitive performance of hyperactive, impulsive males. Progressive relaxation and large muscle exercise were compared to an attentional-training placebo, a no-treatment control, and a nonhyperactive control. While no differences were found on the Continuous Performance Task, relaxation, exercise, and nonhyperactive control groups performed significantly better on the Matching Familiar Figures test than the no-treatment control. Results were suggestive of the effectiveness of both progressive relaxation and large muscle exercise in treating hyperactive, impulsive youngsters.", "contents": "Relaxation and exercise for hyperactive impulsive children. This study explored the effectiveness of progressive relaxation and large muscle exercise in improving the cognitive performance of hyperactive, impulsive males. Progressive relaxation and large muscle exercise were compared to an attentional-training placebo, a no-treatment control, and a nonhyperactive control. While no differences were found on the Continuous Performance Task, relaxation, exercise, and nonhyperactive control groups performed significantly better on the Matching Familiar Figures test than the no-treatment control. Results were suggestive of the effectiveness of both progressive relaxation and large muscle exercise in treating hyperactive, impulsive youngsters."}
{"id": "PMID:343064", "title": "The effect of iodine supplementation on the reproductive rates of goats and sheep.", "content": "Three trials involving 140 does and 185 ewes were conducted at Ilonga. In the three trials, potassium iodide doses of 210 mg were drenched to half of the female animals 3 times during the first trial, 5 times and 4 times during and after the mating periods of the second and third trials respectively. The percent kidding/lambing was higher in the treated group of animals than in the control animals. The increase was due to high numbers of twin sets particulary in goats. The goitre incidences in the offspring, was significantly reduced by the administration of iodide to mothers during pregnancy. The average birth weight of the kids/lambs was depressed by iodide drenching in the first and second trials.", "contents": "The effect of iodine supplementation on the reproductive rates of goats and sheep. Three trials involving 140 does and 185 ewes were conducted at Ilonga. In the three trials, potassium iodide doses of 210 mg were drenched to half of the female animals 3 times during the first trial, 5 times and 4 times during and after the mating periods of the second and third trials respectively. The percent kidding/lambing was higher in the treated group of animals than in the control animals. The increase was due to high numbers of twin sets particulary in goats. The goitre incidences in the offspring, was significantly reduced by the administration of iodide to mothers during pregnancy. The average birth weight of the kids/lambs was depressed by iodide drenching in the first and second trials."}
{"id": "PMID:343065", "title": "On arginine splitting as a taxonomic criterion with special regard to the separation of Aeromonas and Vibrio.", "content": "An investigation of various methods and media intended for arginine testing of Aeromonas or Vibrio, showed that the method of Thornley (1960) was superior to the others for this purpose because it showed the best conformity with the established taxonomy of a number of type strains and because it furthermore yielded the lowest percentage of false positive reactions from a number of Aeromonas/Vibrio-suspect strains of marine origin.", "contents": "On arginine splitting as a taxonomic criterion with special regard to the separation of Aeromonas and Vibrio. An investigation of various methods and media intended for arginine testing of Aeromonas or Vibrio, showed that the method of Thornley (1960) was superior to the others for this purpose because it showed the best conformity with the established taxonomy of a number of type strains and because it furthermore yielded the lowest percentage of false positive reactions from a number of Aeromonas/Vibrio-suspect strains of marine origin."}
{"id": "PMID:343066", "title": "[Recrudescence of imported malaria (author's transl)].", "content": "In the light of two recent cases of severe central nervous system malaria due to neglect in chemoprophylaxis, the authors report the very marked recrudescence in imported malaria and draw attention to the frequency of cases due to P. falciparum, the agent of malignant tertian fever and of malignant episodes. The necessity of early diagnosis in such cases is mentioned, together with the treatment of simple malaria and, in particular, of malignant varieties. In order to be effective, chemoprophylaxis must be begun immediately following arrival in an endemic area, continued  regularly throughout the stay there and continued for 2 months after leaving. The blood of former malaria suffers, in order to avoid the risks of transfusion malaria, should be used only after seroimmunological studies have demonstrated the absence of anti-malaria antibodies.", "contents": "[Recrudescence of imported malaria (author's transl)]. In the light of two recent cases of severe central nervous system malaria due to neglect in chemoprophylaxis, the authors report the very marked recrudescence in imported malaria and draw attention to the frequency of cases due to P. falciparum, the agent of malignant tertian fever and of malignant episodes. The necessity of early diagnosis in such cases is mentioned, together with the treatment of simple malaria and, in particular, of malignant varieties. In order to be effective, chemoprophylaxis must be begun immediately following arrival in an endemic area, continued  regularly throughout the stay there and continued for 2 months after leaving. The blood of former malaria suffers, in order to avoid the risks of transfusion malaria, should be used only after seroimmunological studies have demonstrated the absence of anti-malaria antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:343077", "title": "Physiology of abnormal movements.", "content": "The units of the central nervous system controlling voluntary movement are described and the roles of the motor and sensory cortex, of the basal ganglia and cerebellum and of the final common loop are outlined. The pathophysiology underlying disturbances of movement, power and tone of the limbs is discussed, with particular reference to the more common dyskinesias.", "contents": "Physiology of abnormal movements. The units of the central nervous system controlling voluntary movement are described and the roles of the motor and sensory cortex, of the basal ganglia and cerebellum and of the final common loop are outlined. The pathophysiology underlying disturbances of movement, power and tone of the limbs is discussed, with particular reference to the more common dyskinesias."}
{"id": "PMID:343078", "title": "Symptomatic Parkinsonism.", "content": "Parkinson's disease, 'paralysis agitans', is characterized by a number of abnormalities. A similar clinical picture may be symptomatic of other disturbances: these are briefly described and the differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Symptomatic Parkinsonism. Parkinson's disease, 'paralysis agitans', is characterized by a number of abnormalities. A similar clinical picture may be symptomatic of other disturbances: these are briefly described and the differential diagnosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:343079", "title": "The treatment of Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The treatment of Parkinson's disease is discussed. Levodopa is the most effective drug in this therapy. The place of other agents is discussed.", "contents": "The treatment of Parkinson's disease. The treatment of Parkinson's disease is discussed. Levodopa is the most effective drug in this therapy. The place of other agents is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:343080", "title": "Left ventricular function in ischaemic heart disease. A review.", "content": "The clinical significance of the abnormalities seen at left ventriculography in ischaemic heart disease is discussed. Aneurysms may be recognized when left ventriculography is combined with coronary arteriography to show the characteristic obliteration of the supplying artery. Localized areas of abnormal contraction seen at rest are almost certainly indicative of infarcts. Similar areas provoked by exercise or atrial pacing represent the site of acute ischaemia. The ischaemic ventricle may be recognized by abnormal response to exercise, even in the absence of angina. The abnormal response may be reversed by successful revascularization surgery.", "contents": "Left ventricular function in ischaemic heart disease. A review. The clinical significance of the abnormalities seen at left ventriculography in ischaemic heart disease is discussed. Aneurysms may be recognized when left ventriculography is combined with coronary arteriography to show the characteristic obliteration of the supplying artery. Localized areas of abnormal contraction seen at rest are almost certainly indicative of infarcts. Similar areas provoked by exercise or atrial pacing represent the site of acute ischaemia. The ischaemic ventricle may be recognized by abnormal response to exercise, even in the absence of angina. The abnormal response may be reversed by successful revascularization surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:343082", "title": "The effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (L.H.R.H.) on serum L.H. and ovarian growth in turkeys.", "content": "Serum L.H. of non-laying hens (NL.) was significantly higher than serum LH of layers (L.). All NL. hens  showed a marked increase in serum L.H. within 5 min. of an i.v. injection of 20 or 40 micrograms of L.H.R.H. The L.H. levels of NL. hens were significantly lower at 15 min. after L.H.R.H. injection than at 5 min. The laying turkeys were erratic in their response, with clear cut, small rises in L.H. occurring only in some individuals with hard shelled eggs in utero. Hens with membranous eggs or with empty uteri failed to respond to the L.H.R.H. While F.S.H./L.H. injections caused significant ovarian and oviducal growth, L.H.R.H. given by daily i.m. injection for 7 days or twice daily i.v. injection for 6 days failed to do so. Subcutaneous implants of 1 mg. of L.H.R.H. in polyacrylamide gel led to prolonged elevation in serum L.H.R.H. and increased serum L.H. for about 12 hr. but caused no change in ovarian or oviducal weights.", "contents": "The effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (L.H.R.H.) on serum L.H. and ovarian growth in turkeys. Serum L.H. of non-laying hens (NL.) was significantly higher than serum LH of layers (L.). All NL. hens  showed a marked increase in serum L.H. within 5 min. of an i.v. injection of 20 or 40 micrograms of L.H.R.H. The L.H. levels of NL. hens were significantly lower at 15 min. after L.H.R.H. injection than at 5 min. The laying turkeys were erratic in their response, with clear cut, small rises in L.H. occurring only in some individuals with hard shelled eggs in utero. Hens with membranous eggs or with empty uteri failed to respond to the L.H.R.H. While F.S.H./L.H. injections caused significant ovarian and oviducal growth, L.H.R.H. given by daily i.m. injection for 7 days or twice daily i.v. injection for 6 days failed to do so. Subcutaneous implants of 1 mg. of L.H.R.H. in polyacrylamide gel led to prolonged elevation in serum L.H.R.H. and increased serum L.H. for about 12 hr. but caused no change in ovarian or oviducal weights."}
{"id": "PMID:343081", "title": "Effect of noxythiolin on experimental peritonitis.", "content": "The intraperitoneal instillation of noxythiolin in the treatment of peritonitis is widespread in clinical practice despite contradictory evidence as to its efficacy. In this light the value of noxythiolin was reappraised by studying its effect in guinea-pigs and mice with induced bacterial peritonitis. Treatment with a 1% solution of noxythiolin reduced the mortality rate of mice by 14% (P less than 0.1). The guinea-pig model proved unreliable giving inconsistent mortality rates throughout. Further studies are required to determine the optimum dose and concentration of noxythiolin while the search for more effective intraperitoneal antiseptics should continue.", "contents": "Effect of noxythiolin on experimental peritonitis. The intraperitoneal instillation of noxythiolin in the treatment of peritonitis is widespread in clinical practice despite contradictory evidence as to its efficacy. In this light the value of noxythiolin was reappraised by studying its effect in guinea-pigs and mice with induced bacterial peritonitis. Treatment with a 1% solution of noxythiolin reduced the mortality rate of mice by 14% (P less than 0.1). The guinea-pig model proved unreliable giving inconsistent mortality rates throughout. Further studies are required to determine the optimum dose and concentration of noxythiolin while the search for more effective intraperitoneal antiseptics should continue."}
{"id": "PMID:343083", "title": "Degeneration of the mucosal surface of the small intestine of the chicken in Salmonella infection.", "content": "Day-old chicks were infected with Salmonella typhimurium. The impact on the intestinal mucosa was observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Salmonella infected birds were characterized as having areas on their intestinal mucosal cells devoid of microvilli. The absence of microvilli probably interferes with absorption of the digesta.", "contents": "Degeneration of the mucosal surface of the small intestine of the chicken in Salmonella infection. Day-old chicks were infected with Salmonella typhimurium. The impact on the intestinal mucosa was observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Salmonella infected birds were characterized as having areas on their intestinal mucosal cells devoid of microvilli. The absence of microvilli probably interferes with absorption of the digesta."}
{"id": "PMID:343084", "title": "Behavioral and electroencephalographic manifestations of avian epilepsy: a review of the literature.", "content": "Recently, electrophysiological studies on sleep and wakefulness in birds have yielded useful results. Furthermore, recent evidence obtained in behavioral and electroencephalographical investigations of epileptic birds, induced neuropharmacologically or genetically, have led to recognition of the fact that epileptic seizures are present in aves, and that these seizures reveal many similarities between mammalian and avian epilepsy. While the investigation of birds is of obvrious value for demonstrating the neuropharmacological interrelationship with the brain, comparison of the correlation between abnormal behavior and the electroencephalogram in birds and higher vertebrates requires further research. In the present paper, normal and abnormal electroencephalographic activity associated with behavior of birds is reviewed. It was concluded that birds provide a useful preparation for studying experimental epilepsy.", "contents": "Behavioral and electroencephalographic manifestations of avian epilepsy: a review of the literature. Recently, electrophysiological studies on sleep and wakefulness in birds have yielded useful results. Furthermore, recent evidence obtained in behavioral and electroencephalographical investigations of epileptic birds, induced neuropharmacologically or genetically, have led to recognition of the fact that epileptic seizures are present in aves, and that these seizures reveal many similarities between mammalian and avian epilepsy. While the investigation of birds is of obvrious value for demonstrating the neuropharmacological interrelationship with the brain, comparison of the correlation between abnormal behavior and the electroencephalogram in birds and higher vertebrates requires further research. In the present paper, normal and abnormal electroencephalographic activity associated with behavior of birds is reviewed. It was concluded that birds provide a useful preparation for studying experimental epilepsy."}
{"id": "PMID:343085", "title": "Effect of vitamin E and A on humoral immunity and phagocytosis in E. coli infected chicken.", "content": "Dietary supplementation of either vitamin E (300 mg./kg. diet) or vitamin A (60,000 I.U./kg. diet) significantly reduced E. coli caused mortality, but the combination of the two vitamins did not. Protection was attributed to increased antibody production and increased phagocytosis, although neither factor alone gave a significant correlation with mortality. Vitamin E level significantly increased especially in the spleen of supplemented chicks, but vitamin A suppressed this increase, partially explaining the lack of protection in vitamin E and A supplemented chicks.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin E and A on humoral immunity and phagocytosis in E. coli infected chicken. Dietary supplementation of either vitamin E (300 mg./kg. diet) or vitamin A (60,000 I.U./kg. diet) significantly reduced E. coli caused mortality, but the combination of the two vitamins did not. Protection was attributed to increased antibody production and increased phagocytosis, although neither factor alone gave a significant correlation with mortality. Vitamin E level significantly increased especially in the spleen of supplemented chicks, but vitamin A suppressed this increase, partially explaining the lack of protection in vitamin E and A supplemented chicks."}
{"id": "PMID:343086", "title": "Effect of cold exposure on the immune response of chickens.", "content": "The effect of various environmental temperature changes on the antibody production of chickens were examined. Chronic cold exposure significantly increased the antibody titers. Birds exposed to 32.2 degrees C. and above had significantly depressed agglutinin levels. Short term cold exposures 2 or 4 times following the antigen injection enhanced the agglutinin and hemolysin response. Thirty minute cold exposures for 2 or 4 times significantly increased IgM antibody production and markedly reduced the IgG antibody. The data suggest the elevation of antibody titers are in relation to time of the cold treatment and antigen injection. Observed differences of antibody production may be due to cold induced changes in the metabolic activity of antigen reactive cells and antibody producing cells.", "contents": "Effect of cold exposure on the immune response of chickens. The effect of various environmental temperature changes on the antibody production of chickens were examined. Chronic cold exposure significantly increased the antibody titers. Birds exposed to 32.2 degrees C. and above had significantly depressed agglutinin levels. Short term cold exposures 2 or 4 times following the antigen injection enhanced the agglutinin and hemolysin response. Thirty minute cold exposures for 2 or 4 times significantly increased IgM antibody production and markedly reduced the IgG antibody. The data suggest the elevation of antibody titers are in relation to time of the cold treatment and antigen injection. Observed differences of antibody production may be due to cold induced changes in the metabolic activity of antigen reactive cells and antibody producing cells."}
{"id": "PMID:343087", "title": "The effect of starvation on antibody production of chicks.", "content": "The effect of 24 and 48 hours of food and water deprivation on ascorbic acid, liver, leukocyte counts and internal lymphoid organ weights of crossbred chicks was examined. Starvation caused an increase in plasma ascorbic acid level, a significant decrease in leucocyte count in peripheral blood, significant loss in body weight and a profound loss in liver, bursa of fabricius, spleen and thymus weights. Deprived chicks were I.V. injected with Escherichia coli dead bacteria and sheep red blood cells at different times before and after onset of deprivation. Blood samples were taken 3, 6, and 12 days thereafter. A lower antibody titer was found on the 6th day post vaccination in the groups where deprivation started on the day before or on the day of vaccination.", "contents": "The effect of starvation on antibody production of chicks. The effect of 24 and 48 hours of food and water deprivation on ascorbic acid, liver, leukocyte counts and internal lymphoid organ weights of crossbred chicks was examined. Starvation caused an increase in plasma ascorbic acid level, a significant decrease in leucocyte count in peripheral blood, significant loss in body weight and a profound loss in liver, bursa of fabricius, spleen and thymus weights. Deprived chicks were I.V. injected with Escherichia coli dead bacteria and sheep red blood cells at different times before and after onset of deprivation. Blood samples were taken 3, 6, and 12 days thereafter. A lower antibody titer was found on the 6th day post vaccination in the groups where deprivation started on the day before or on the day of vaccination."}
{"id": "PMID:343088", "title": "Effect of low level feeding chlortetracycline on subsequent therapy of chicks infected with Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A six-week trial was conducted to determine if therapeutic use of chlortetracycline (CTC) would be affected by previous use of the same antibiotics at subtherapeutic levels in the feed. Results indicated therapeutic effect of CTC on mortality was not compromised by the previous use of the low level antibiotic.", "contents": "Effect of low level feeding chlortetracycline on subsequent therapy of chicks infected with Salmonella typhimurium. A six-week trial was conducted to determine if therapeutic use of chlortetracycline (CTC) would be affected by previous use of the same antibiotics at subtherapeutic levels in the feed. Results indicated therapeutic effect of CTC on mortality was not compromised by the previous use of the low level antibiotic."}
{"id": "PMID:343096", "title": "Purification and characterization of human and bovine platelet factor 4.", "content": "Platelet antiheparin, platelet factor 4, was isolated from freeze-thaw lysates of fresh bovine and outdated human platelet concentrates by a single step affinity chromatographic procedure. The yields of PF4 were 93 microgram and 142 microgram/ml of human and bovine platelets respectively. Antiheparin activity of the products were 558 units/mg for the bovine isolate and 489 units/mg for the human material. The bovine product is a single chain polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 12,300. Amino acid composition indicates 107-109 residues compared to the smaller human product which has an apparent molecular weight of 8,000 for a 70 residue polypeptide. The intact polypeptide was resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis as opposed to the reduced-alkylated derivative which was susceptible to hydrolysis in the presence and absence of heparin.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of human and bovine platelet factor 4. Platelet antiheparin, platelet factor 4, was isolated from freeze-thaw lysates of fresh bovine and outdated human platelet concentrates by a single step affinity chromatographic procedure. The yields of PF4 were 93 microgram and 142 microgram/ml of human and bovine platelets respectively. Antiheparin activity of the products were 558 units/mg for the bovine isolate and 489 units/mg for the human material. The bovine product is a single chain polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 12,300. Amino acid composition indicates 107-109 residues compared to the smaller human product which has an apparent molecular weight of 8,000 for a 70 residue polypeptide. The intact polypeptide was resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis as opposed to the reduced-alkylated derivative which was susceptible to hydrolysis in the presence and absence of heparin."}
{"id": "PMID:343101", "title": "Identification of a host protein necessary for bacteriophage morphogenesis (the groE gene product).", "content": "Mutations in the groE gene of Escherichia coli, which block the correct assembly of the phage lambda head, have been previously described. Many groE mutations exert pleiotropic effects, such as inability to propagate phages T4 and T5 and inability to form colonies at 43 degrees. With the help of the EcoRI and HindIII restrictionenzymes and the appropriate phage vectors, we have constructed two lambda transducing phages, called W3 and H18, that carry the groE+ bacterial gene. Upon lysogenization by phage H18 the groE bacterial mutants recover their gro+ phenotype for both phage growth and the ability to form colonies at 43 degrees. We have identified the groE+ bacterial gene product as a protein of 65,000 molecular weight. Mutants of the W3 transducing phage that were selected on the basis of their ability to propagate on some groE mutant hosts induce the synthesis of a groE protein with altered electrophoretic mobility.", "contents": "Identification of a host protein necessary for bacteriophage morphogenesis (the groE gene product). Mutations in the groE gene of Escherichia coli, which block the correct assembly of the phage lambda head, have been previously described. Many groE mutations exert pleiotropic effects, such as inability to propagate phages T4 and T5 and inability to form colonies at 43 degrees. With the help of the EcoRI and HindIII restrictionenzymes and the appropriate phage vectors, we have constructed two lambda transducing phages, called W3 and H18, that carry the groE+ bacterial gene. Upon lysogenization by phage H18 the groE bacterial mutants recover their gro+ phenotype for both phage growth and the ability to form colonies at 43 degrees. We have identified the groE+ bacterial gene product as a protein of 65,000 molecular weight. Mutants of the W3 transducing phage that were selected on the basis of their ability to propagate on some groE mutant hosts induce the synthesis of a groE protein with altered electrophoretic mobility."}
{"id": "PMID:343102", "title": "Role of the host in virus assembly: cloning of the Escherichia coli groE gene and identification of its protein product.", "content": "Correct assembly of the heads of bacteriophages lambda and T4 requires the function of the groE gene of the Escherichia coli host. We have isolated a transducing derivative of lambda, called lambda gt-Ec.groE, that carries a functional copy of the groE gene. Unlike wild-type lambda, this phage is able to form plaques on hosts with a mutant groE gene. We have isolated an amber mutation in the groE gene carried by the phage, and this has made it possible to identify the groE product as a protein of molecular weight 65,000. In the phage, the groE gene is under the control of an early phage promoter.", "contents": "Role of the host in virus assembly: cloning of the Escherichia coli groE gene and identification of its protein product. Correct assembly of the heads of bacteriophages lambda and T4 requires the function of the groE gene of the Escherichia coli host. We have isolated a transducing derivative of lambda, called lambda gt-Ec.groE, that carries a functional copy of the groE gene. Unlike wild-type lambda, this phage is able to form plaques on hosts with a mutant groE gene. We have isolated an amber mutation in the groE gene carried by the phage, and this has made it possible to identify the groE product as a protein of molecular weight 65,000. In the phage, the groE gene is under the control of an early phage promoter."}
{"id": "PMID:343103", "title": "Translational specificity of Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosomes.", "content": "The translational specificity of Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosomes was studied by determining the effectiveness of various synthetic RNAs as templates at 37 degrees and at higher temperatures. The effectiveness of poly(G,U) was maximal at a G:U ratio of 1:3; it declined with lower G content because of reduced ribosomal affinity for the RNA and, with higher G, because of interference by secondary structure. The effectiveness of poly(A,C,G,U) also declined when secondary structure was increased by increasing (G+C) content. Escherichia coli ribosomes exhibited a similar specificity for poly-(G,U), but had a lower sensitivity to interference by RNA secondary structure. In both bacterial species, sensitivity to secondary structure was determined by the 30S ribosomal subunit.", "contents": "Translational specificity of Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosomes. The translational specificity of Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosomes was studied by determining the effectiveness of various synthetic RNAs as templates at 37 degrees and at higher temperatures. The effectiveness of poly(G,U) was maximal at a G:U ratio of 1:3; it declined with lower G content because of reduced ribosomal affinity for the RNA and, with higher G, because of interference by secondary structure. The effectiveness of poly(A,C,G,U) also declined when secondary structure was increased by increasing (G+C) content. Escherichia coli ribosomes exhibited a similar specificity for poly-(G,U), but had a lower sensitivity to interference by RNA secondary structure. In both bacterial species, sensitivity to secondary structure was determined by the 30S ribosomal subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:343104", "title": "Structure of yeast phenylalanine-tRNA genes: an intervening DNA segment within the region coding for the tRNA.", "content": "Sixteen bacterial clones containing sequences complementary to yeast PhetRNA were isolated from a collection of hybrid plasmids containing BamHI restriction endonuclease-generated yeast DNA fragments inserted in the plasmid vector pBR315. Ten of these clones contained hybrid plasmids with distinct BamHI fragments. The sequence of the Phe-tRNA structural genes and adjacent regions of three of these clones is reported here. In the region flanking the tRNA gene, the sequence of two of the cloned DNAs is similar; the sequence of the third varies considerably. All three of the tRNA genes are bordered by A,T-rich regions. In particular, near the region coding for the 3' end of the tRNA there is a long sequence of As in the coding strand. This is reminiscent of the region of termination of transcription of the yeast 5S rRNA gene. The sequences coding for the Phe-tRNA contain an additional segment of 18 or 19 base pairs (depending upon the clone) not predicted by the yeast Phe-tRNA sequence. These intervening segments are nearly identical in the three clones and are located within the structural gene, two base pairs from the nucleotides coding for the tRNA anticodon.", "contents": "Structure of yeast phenylalanine-tRNA genes: an intervening DNA segment within the region coding for the tRNA. Sixteen bacterial clones containing sequences complementary to yeast PhetRNA were isolated from a collection of hybrid plasmids containing BamHI restriction endonuclease-generated yeast DNA fragments inserted in the plasmid vector pBR315. Ten of these clones contained hybrid plasmids with distinct BamHI fragments. The sequence of the Phe-tRNA structural genes and adjacent regions of three of these clones is reported here. In the region flanking the tRNA gene, the sequence of two of the cloned DNAs is similar; the sequence of the third varies considerably. All three of the tRNA genes are bordered by A,T-rich regions. In particular, near the region coding for the 3' end of the tRNA there is a long sequence of As in the coding strand. This is reminiscent of the region of termination of transcription of the yeast 5S rRNA gene. The sequences coding for the Phe-tRNA contain an additional segment of 18 or 19 base pairs (depending upon the clone) not predicted by the yeast Phe-tRNA sequence. These intervening segments are nearly identical in the three clones and are located within the structural gene, two base pairs from the nucleotides coding for the tRNA anticodon."}
{"id": "PMID:343105", "title": "Electron microscopic determination of the binding sites of ribosomal proteins S4 and S8 on 16S RNA.", "content": "Specific complexes.early in the assembly of Escherichia coli ribosomes were examined in the electron microscope. Complexes between ribosomal protein S4 or S8 and 16S RNA were fixed gently with formaldehyde and then denatured for protein-free spreading. Binding of each protein was found to preserve an easily recognized configuration in the RNA that allows the sites of protein binding to be determined. S8--16S RNA complexes have a single hairpin loop near the middle of the 16S RNA, 798 +/- 21 bases from one end and 657 +/- 26 bases from the other. S4-16S RNA complexes have two adjacent loops at one end with 250--450 bases. This structure probably arises from the simultaneous binding of S4 to three noncontiguous sites on the RNA. Measurements of these complexes place the binding sites near the 5' end, at more than one site 250--585 nucleotides from the 5' end and 645 +/- 45 bases from the 3' end. The latter site has not been recognized previously as a distinct S4 binding site. This approach allows the binding sites to be determined without knowledge of the nucleotide sequence and gives insight into the configuration of the rRNA in the assembling ribisome.", "contents": "Electron microscopic determination of the binding sites of ribosomal proteins S4 and S8 on 16S RNA. Specific complexes.early in the assembly of Escherichia coli ribosomes were examined in the electron microscope. Complexes between ribosomal protein S4 or S8 and 16S RNA were fixed gently with formaldehyde and then denatured for protein-free spreading. Binding of each protein was found to preserve an easily recognized configuration in the RNA that allows the sites of protein binding to be determined. S8--16S RNA complexes have a single hairpin loop near the middle of the 16S RNA, 798 +/- 21 bases from one end and 657 +/- 26 bases from the other. S4-16S RNA complexes have two adjacent loops at one end with 250--450 bases. This structure probably arises from the simultaneous binding of S4 to three noncontiguous sites on the RNA. Measurements of these complexes place the binding sites near the 5' end, at more than one site 250--585 nucleotides from the 5' end and 645 +/- 45 bases from the 3' end. The latter site has not been recognized previously as a distinct S4 binding site. This approach allows the binding sites to be determined without knowledge of the nucleotide sequence and gives insight into the configuration of the rRNA in the assembling ribisome."}
{"id": "PMID:343106", "title": "Streptomycin causes misreading of natural messenger by interacting with ribosomes after initiation.", "content": "The induction of misreading by streptomycin in vitro, previously observed with synthetic messengers, is now demonstrated with natural (endogenous or viral) messenger by the use of extracts of temperature sensitive mutants lacking Glu--tRNA or Val--tRNA synthetase. With chain-elongating but noninitiating ribosomes (i.e., purified polysomes) deprived of an aminoacyl--tRNA, streptomycin and other aminoglycosides, over a wide range of concentrations, stimulate incorporation. With ribosomes initiating in the presence of streptomycin stimulation is also observed but it is restricted, just like phenotypic suppression in cells, to very low streptomycin concentrattions which evidently allow some ribosomes to initiate and later encounter them in the course of chain elongation. The stimulation is accompanied by an increase in the size of the products; hence, it is evidently due to substitution of an incorrect aminoacyl--tRNA for a missing one. The test introduced here also has revealed a misreading effect of streptomycin on resistant ribosomes. In addition, significant intrinsic misreading was observed without streptomycin, indicating that under optimal conditions for in vitro protein synthesis an empty codon is frequently read by an incorrect aminoacyl--tRNA.", "contents": "Streptomycin causes misreading of natural messenger by interacting with ribosomes after initiation. The induction of misreading by streptomycin in vitro, previously observed with synthetic messengers, is now demonstrated with natural (endogenous or viral) messenger by the use of extracts of temperature sensitive mutants lacking Glu--tRNA or Val--tRNA synthetase. With chain-elongating but noninitiating ribosomes (i.e., purified polysomes) deprived of an aminoacyl--tRNA, streptomycin and other aminoglycosides, over a wide range of concentrations, stimulate incorporation. With ribosomes initiating in the presence of streptomycin stimulation is also observed but it is restricted, just like phenotypic suppression in cells, to very low streptomycin concentrattions which evidently allow some ribosomes to initiate and later encounter them in the course of chain elongation. The stimulation is accompanied by an increase in the size of the products; hence, it is evidently due to substitution of an incorrect aminoacyl--tRNA for a missing one. The test introduced here also has revealed a misreading effect of streptomycin on resistant ribosomes. In addition, significant intrinsic misreading was observed without streptomycin, indicating that under optimal conditions for in vitro protein synthesis an empty codon is frequently read by an incorrect aminoacyl--tRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:343107", "title": "Mutant RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli terminates transcription in strains making defective rho factor.", "content": "We have isolated a rifampicin-resistant mutant of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase that restores transcription termination in strains with a defective rho protein. In such strains, the mutant RNA polymerase terminates transcription at normally rho-dependent sites at the end of the trp operon, in bacteriophage lambda, and within the lac operon. In addition, a strain with this mutant RNA polymerase remains viable with an amber mutation in rho, whereas a strain with wild-type RNA polymerase does not. These results suggest that the mutant RNA polymerase can terminate transcription at normally rho-dependent sites in the absence of rho.", "contents": "Mutant RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli terminates transcription in strains making defective rho factor. We have isolated a rifampicin-resistant mutant of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase that restores transcription termination in strains with a defective rho protein. In such strains, the mutant RNA polymerase terminates transcription at normally rho-dependent sites at the end of the trp operon, in bacteriophage lambda, and within the lac operon. In addition, a strain with this mutant RNA polymerase remains viable with an amber mutation in rho, whereas a strain with wild-type RNA polymerase does not. These results suggest that the mutant RNA polymerase can terminate transcription at normally rho-dependent sites in the absence of rho."}
{"id": "PMID:343108", "title": "Detection of prokaryotic signal peptidase in an Escherichia coli membrane fraction: endoproteolytic cleavage of nascent f1 pre-coat protein.", "content": "An inverted membrane vesicle fraction isolated from uninfected Escherichia coli and largely derived from the inner membrane has been shown to contain an endoproteolytic activity that cleaves nascent bacteriophage f1 pre-coat protein into two identifiable products. The electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate/urea/polyacrylamide gels and the partial amino-terminal sequence of the larger fragment were indistinguishable from those of the mature phage coat protein. Partial amino-terminal sequence analysis showed that the smaller fragment corresponds to the amino-terminal \"signal peptide\" of f1 pre-coat protein. Cleavage occurred only if the membrane fraction was present during in vitro synthesis, and was not observed if it was added after completion of pre-coat protein synthesis. The cleavage reaction was strongly stimulated when the membrane fraction was present together with the nonionic detergent Nikkol. These results are consistent with and discussed in terms of the signal hyothesis.", "contents": "Detection of prokaryotic signal peptidase in an Escherichia coli membrane fraction: endoproteolytic cleavage of nascent f1 pre-coat protein. An inverted membrane vesicle fraction isolated from uninfected Escherichia coli and largely derived from the inner membrane has been shown to contain an endoproteolytic activity that cleaves nascent bacteriophage f1 pre-coat protein into two identifiable products. The electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate/urea/polyacrylamide gels and the partial amino-terminal sequence of the larger fragment were indistinguishable from those of the mature phage coat protein. Partial amino-terminal sequence analysis showed that the smaller fragment corresponds to the amino-terminal \"signal peptide\" of f1 pre-coat protein. Cleavage occurred only if the membrane fraction was present during in vitro synthesis, and was not observed if it was added after completion of pre-coat protein synthesis. The cleavage reaction was strongly stimulated when the membrane fraction was present together with the nonionic detergent Nikkol. These results are consistent with and discussed in terms of the signal hyothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:343109", "title": "Quantitative forward mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium using 8-azaguanine resistance as a genetic marker.", "content": "We have developed a quantitative forward mutation assay using Salmonella typhimurium, in which resistance to the purine analog 8-azaguanine is used as a genetic marker. We present the assay protocol, the concentration-dependent toxicity and mutagenicity of five known mutagens (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ICR-191, 9-aminoacridine, dimethylnitrosamine, and benzo[a]pyrene), and reconstruction experiments testing the assay for possible bias. The relative merits of forward versus reverse mutation assays are discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative forward mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium using 8-azaguanine resistance as a genetic marker. We have developed a quantitative forward mutation assay using Salmonella typhimurium, in which resistance to the purine analog 8-azaguanine is used as a genetic marker. We present the assay protocol, the concentration-dependent toxicity and mutagenicity of five known mutagens (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ICR-191, 9-aminoacridine, dimethylnitrosamine, and benzo[a]pyrene), and reconstruction experiments testing the assay for possible bias. The relative merits of forward versus reverse mutation assays are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:343110", "title": "Mutation affecting thermostability of sigma subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase lies near the dnaG locus at about 66 min on the E. coli genetic map.", "content": "The Escherichia coli strain, ts-rnp5, originally described in 1975 by G. D. Burdick and H. Berger, is shown to possess an RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase) sigma subunit with an activity 4--6 times less thermostable at 45 degrees than sigma from wild-type strains. This defect remains associated with the sigma polypeptide through a variety of purification stages, including renaturation of sigma after its elution from sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. The mutation responsible for decreased thermostability of sigma, called rpoD1, cotransduces with dnaG and therefore is located at about 66 min of the E. coli genetic map.", "contents": "Mutation affecting thermostability of sigma subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase lies near the dnaG locus at about 66 min on the E. coli genetic map. The Escherichia coli strain, ts-rnp5, originally described in 1975 by G. D. Burdick and H. Berger, is shown to possess an RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase) sigma subunit with an activity 4--6 times less thermostable at 45 degrees than sigma from wild-type strains. This defect remains associated with the sigma polypeptide through a variety of purification stages, including renaturation of sigma after its elution from sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. The mutation responsible for decreased thermostability of sigma, called rpoD1, cotransduces with dnaG and therefore is located at about 66 min of the E. coli genetic map."}
{"id": "PMID:343111", "title": "Formation of a ternary complex: actin, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate, and the subfragments of myosin.", "content": "The formation of the ternary complex composed of actin, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate [AMP-P(NH)P], and myosin subfragment 1 (S-1) was studied using the analytical ultracentrifuge with UV optics, which enabled the direct determination of the extent of dissociation of actin.S-1 (acto.S-1) by AMP-P(NH)P. In contrast to the reaction with ATP, at saturating levels of AMP-P(NH)P (1.5 mM), extensive formation of the ternary acto.S-1.AMP-P(NH)P complex occurs at 22 degrees . With 40 muM actin present, AMP-P(NH)P causes almost no dissociation of the acto.S-1 complex at 0.04 M ionic strength, while even at 0.22 M ionic strength one-third of the S-1 remains associated with actin and AMP-P(NH)P in a ternary complex. A detailed study of the binding of S-1.AMP-P(NH)P to actin using the Scatchard plot analysis shows that, at saturation, 1 mol of S-1.AMP-P(NH)P binds per mol of actin monomer. There appears to be no cooperativity occurring as the S-1.AMP-P(NH)P binds along the actin filament, with the possible exception of a slight positive cooperativity when most of the sites on the actin filament are saturated. The turbidity of the ternary complex is identical to the turbidity of acto.S-1 alone. Preliminary experiments with the two-headed subfragment of myosin, heavy meromyosin (HMM), show that the binding of HMM.[AMP-P(NH)P](2) to actin is only about twice as strong as the binding of S-1.AMP-P(NH)P to actin, indicating that the second head contributes very little to the free energy of binding.", "contents": "Formation of a ternary complex: actin, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate, and the subfragments of myosin. The formation of the ternary complex composed of actin, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate [AMP-P(NH)P], and myosin subfragment 1 (S-1) was studied using the analytical ultracentrifuge with UV optics, which enabled the direct determination of the extent of dissociation of actin.S-1 (acto.S-1) by AMP-P(NH)P. In contrast to the reaction with ATP, at saturating levels of AMP-P(NH)P (1.5 mM), extensive formation of the ternary acto.S-1.AMP-P(NH)P complex occurs at 22 degrees . With 40 muM actin present, AMP-P(NH)P causes almost no dissociation of the acto.S-1 complex at 0.04 M ionic strength, while even at 0.22 M ionic strength one-third of the S-1 remains associated with actin and AMP-P(NH)P in a ternary complex. A detailed study of the binding of S-1.AMP-P(NH)P to actin using the Scatchard plot analysis shows that, at saturation, 1 mol of S-1.AMP-P(NH)P binds per mol of actin monomer. There appears to be no cooperativity occurring as the S-1.AMP-P(NH)P binds along the actin filament, with the possible exception of a slight positive cooperativity when most of the sites on the actin filament are saturated. The turbidity of the ternary complex is identical to the turbidity of acto.S-1 alone. Preliminary experiments with the two-headed subfragment of myosin, heavy meromyosin (HMM), show that the binding of HMM.[AMP-P(NH)P](2) to actin is only about twice as strong as the binding of S-1.AMP-P(NH)P to actin, indicating that the second head contributes very little to the free energy of binding."}
{"id": "PMID:343112", "title": "Structural analysis of spermine and magnesium ion binding to yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA.", "content": "Refinement of the diffraction data at 2.5-A resolution from orthorhombic crystals of yeast tRNAPhe has proceeded to the point where spermine and magnesium ions can be located in the difference electron density map. Two spermine molecules are found: one is located in the major groove at one end of the anticodon stem; the other is near the variable loop and curls around phosphate 10 in a region where the polynucleotide chain takes a sharp turn. Four distinct magnesium ions have been identified: one in the anticodon loop, two in the D loop, and one coordinated with phosphates 8, 9, 11, and 12, where the polynucleotide chain is coiled. The conformation of the anticodon stem and loop is stabilized by the cations at the end of the molecule. The positions of these ions may be related to aspects of the biological activity of tRNA. The spermine and magnesium ions appear to be important in maintaining the overall folding of the tRNA molecule.", "contents": "Structural analysis of spermine and magnesium ion binding to yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA. Refinement of the diffraction data at 2.5-A resolution from orthorhombic crystals of yeast tRNAPhe has proceeded to the point where spermine and magnesium ions can be located in the difference electron density map. Two spermine molecules are found: one is located in the major groove at one end of the anticodon stem; the other is near the variable loop and curls around phosphate 10 in a region where the polynucleotide chain takes a sharp turn. Four distinct magnesium ions have been identified: one in the anticodon loop, two in the D loop, and one coordinated with phosphates 8, 9, 11, and 12, where the polynucleotide chain is coiled. The conformation of the anticodon stem and loop is stabilized by the cations at the end of the molecule. The positions of these ions may be related to aspects of the biological activity of tRNA. The spermine and magnesium ions appear to be important in maintaining the overall folding of the tRNA molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:343113", "title": "Physical organization of the ilvEDAC genes of Escherichia coli strain K-12.", "content": "We have determined the physical location of the ilvEDAC genes on the restriction cleavage map of the ilv region of Escherichia coli K-12 by two methods: (i) heteroduplex and endonuclease cleavage analysis of hybrid phages carrying genetically defined parts of the ilv cluster and (ii) complementation analysis and enzyme assays to determine ilv gene expression from hybrid plasmids containing DNA restriction fragments of the transducing phage lambdah80dilv. The ilvEDA and ilvC operons occupy 2.4 and 0.9 megadalton sequences of DNA, respectively, and are separated by a region of 0.6-0.75 megadalton. The ilvD region, specifying dihydroxy acid dehydrase, has a maximum coding capacity of about 55,000 daltons of polypeptide. Our results confirm that ilvC is transcribed clockwise on the E. coli K-12 map, in the same direction as ilaEDA. A secondary lambda attachment site within ilvC has been located on a small (0.45 megadalton) EcoRI fragment. Our results are compared to other physical studies of ilv DNA.", "contents": "Physical organization of the ilvEDAC genes of Escherichia coli strain K-12. We have determined the physical location of the ilvEDAC genes on the restriction cleavage map of the ilv region of Escherichia coli K-12 by two methods: (i) heteroduplex and endonuclease cleavage analysis of hybrid phages carrying genetically defined parts of the ilv cluster and (ii) complementation analysis and enzyme assays to determine ilv gene expression from hybrid plasmids containing DNA restriction fragments of the transducing phage lambdah80dilv. The ilvEDA and ilvC operons occupy 2.4 and 0.9 megadalton sequences of DNA, respectively, and are separated by a region of 0.6-0.75 megadalton. The ilvD region, specifying dihydroxy acid dehydrase, has a maximum coding capacity of about 55,000 daltons of polypeptide. Our results confirm that ilvC is transcribed clockwise on the E. coli K-12 map, in the same direction as ilaEDA. A secondary lambda attachment site within ilvC has been located on a small (0.45 megadalton) EcoRI fragment. Our results are compared to other physical studies of ilv DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:343122", "title": "Perfusion-fixation procedure for immediate histologic processing of brain tissue.", "content": "The rat brain can be hardened instantly by in vivo perfusion of the head with 50 ml of 50% Formalin followed by 50 ml of 10% sucrose-formalin. The brain can be sectioned on the freezing microtome immediately after the above perfusion. With routine staining procedures for unmounted sections histological slides of excellent quality can be prepared within an hour after perfusion.", "contents": "Perfusion-fixation procedure for immediate histologic processing of brain tissue. The rat brain can be hardened instantly by in vivo perfusion of the head with 50 ml of 50% Formalin followed by 50 ml of 10% sucrose-formalin. The brain can be sectioned on the freezing microtome immediately after the above perfusion. With routine staining procedures for unmounted sections histological slides of excellent quality can be prepared within an hour after perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:343123", "title": "Precision stereotaxic procedure for the mouse (Mus musculus): method and instrumentation.", "content": "A precision stereotaxic procedure for mouse brain research is described accompanied by a new design in mouse stereotaxic head holder and a new device used to guarantee accurate alignment of the skull in the stereotaxic device. This method and instrumentation when applied in forthcoming research will contribute to the development of investigations of structure/function relationship in mouse brain.", "contents": "Precision stereotaxic procedure for the mouse (Mus musculus): method and instrumentation. A precision stereotaxic procedure for mouse brain research is described accompanied by a new design in mouse stereotaxic head holder and a new device used to guarantee accurate alignment of the skull in the stereotaxic device. This method and instrumentation when applied in forthcoming research will contribute to the development of investigations of structure/function relationship in mouse brain."}
{"id": "PMID:343124", "title": "Behavioral alteration of plasma phenylalanine concentration.", "content": "The concentration of 13 neutral and acidic plasma amino acids was measured before, during and after either 40 min of control relaxation or 40 min of the process known as transcendental meditation (TM). An electro-oculogram, electroencephalogram, and electromyogram were simultaneously monitored in these subjects. Increased phenylalanine concentration was noted during TM practice with no change during control relaxation; no difference between the groups of total time slept or sleep stage percent was observed. The stability of phenylalanine concentration in controls and lack of correlation of increased phenylalanine with sleep in the long-term practitioners seem to suggest a relationship of the phenylalanine increase to TM practice.", "contents": "Behavioral alteration of plasma phenylalanine concentration. The concentration of 13 neutral and acidic plasma amino acids was measured before, during and after either 40 min of control relaxation or 40 min of the process known as transcendental meditation (TM). An electro-oculogram, electroencephalogram, and electromyogram were simultaneously monitored in these subjects. Increased phenylalanine concentration was noted during TM practice with no change during control relaxation; no difference between the groups of total time slept or sleep stage percent was observed. The stability of phenylalanine concentration in controls and lack of correlation of increased phenylalanine with sleep in the long-term practitioners seem to suggest a relationship of the phenylalanine increase to TM practice."}
{"id": "PMID:343126", "title": "Fluorescein test for prediction of flap viability during breast reconstructions.", "content": "The fluorescein test is a useful ancillary procedure for predicting the viability of breast flaps in reconstructive procedures after subcutaneous mastectomy or radial mastectomy.", "contents": "Fluorescein test for prediction of flap viability during breast reconstructions. The fluorescein test is a useful ancillary procedure for predicting the viability of breast flaps in reconstructive procedures after subcutaneous mastectomy or radial mastectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:343127", "title": "Influence of some operative and postoperative factors on capsular contracture around breast prostheses.", "content": "In a follow-up of 490 patients with breast implants, neither the size of the prosthesis nor the nature of the surgical procedure (simple augmentation mammaplasty or after subcutaneous mastectomy) increased the incidence of capsular contracture. Hematoma or infection were followed by a higher incidence of capsular contracture. Drainage with suction and the instillation of steroid around the prostheses seemed to be effective in reducing the incidence of capsular contracture. In the steroid-treated group, the need for open surgical treatment was reduced. The recurrence rate after closed capsulotomy, or open capsulotomy, was not significantly different from that following the more extensive procedure of capsulectomy.", "contents": "Influence of some operative and postoperative factors on capsular contracture around breast prostheses. In a follow-up of 490 patients with breast implants, neither the size of the prosthesis nor the nature of the surgical procedure (simple augmentation mammaplasty or after subcutaneous mastectomy) increased the incidence of capsular contracture. Hematoma or infection were followed by a higher incidence of capsular contracture. Drainage with suction and the instillation of steroid around the prostheses seemed to be effective in reducing the incidence of capsular contracture. In the steroid-treated group, the need for open surgical treatment was reduced. The recurrence rate after closed capsulotomy, or open capsulotomy, was not significantly different from that following the more extensive procedure of capsulectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:343128", "title": "The versatility of the laterally based cervicofacial flap for cheek repairs.", "content": "The versatility of the laterally based cervicofacial flap is described for coverage of defects following removal of cancers of the head and neck. It requires no delay procedures, and it gives excellent results in terms of both function and appearance.", "contents": "The versatility of the laterally based cervicofacial flap for cheek repairs. The versatility of the laterally based cervicofacial flap is described for coverage of defects following removal of cancers of the head and neck. It requires no delay procedures, and it gives excellent results in terms of both function and appearance."}
{"id": "PMID:343130", "title": "Electrical burns causing a urinary bladder fistula. Case report.", "content": "We present a patient with electrical burns which resulted in loss of the right upper arm and a urinary bladder fistula. A jump flap was used to cover the repaired bladder, and also to cover the stump of the amputated right arm.", "contents": "Electrical burns causing a urinary bladder fistula. Case report. We present a patient with electrical burns which resulted in loss of the right upper arm and a urinary bladder fistula. A jump flap was used to cover the repaired bladder, and also to cover the stump of the amputated right arm."}
{"id": "PMID:343131", "title": "Hidradenitis suppurativa of the breast areolae. Case report.", "content": "A case of hidradenitis suppurativa of the areolae of the breasts is presented. The treatment was excision and split-skin grafting, and this was successful.", "contents": "Hidradenitis suppurativa of the breast areolae. Case report. A case of hidradenitis suppurativa of the areolae of the breasts is presented. The treatment was excision and split-skin grafting, and this was successful."}
{"id": "PMID:343134", "title": "[History of psychotherapy in Russia and the Soviet Union].", "content": "Previously, articles on and contributions to the history of psychotherapy proceeded on the assumption that the most essential sources were to be found in Anglo-Saxon and German literature. Developments in other civilizations were usually treated as undeserving of consideration. It is important to note that a large amount of specialized literature on psychotherapy has been published in the Soviet Union, and this shows that a great importance is attached in that country to the treatment of nervous and mental disorders by psychological methods. A review of the writings of S. S. Korsakov and V. M. Bekhterev shows that the essential principles of group psychotherapy had been recognized by those authors already in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, respectively. Results achieved by Makarenko appear valuable in the light of what we know today. The method of \"collective psychotherapy\", which was first described by Libch, is discussed in detail. This method is being widely used in the Soviet Union. The concern of this paper is to describe developments which have not so far been covered in our literature, thus attempting to make an addition to psychotherapeutic activity in this country.", "contents": "[History of psychotherapy in Russia and the Soviet Union]. Previously, articles on and contributions to the history of psychotherapy proceeded on the assumption that the most essential sources were to be found in Anglo-Saxon and German literature. Developments in other civilizations were usually treated as undeserving of consideration. It is important to note that a large amount of specialized literature on psychotherapy has been published in the Soviet Union, and this shows that a great importance is attached in that country to the treatment of nervous and mental disorders by psychological methods. A review of the writings of S. S. Korsakov and V. M. Bekhterev shows that the essential principles of group psychotherapy had been recognized by those authors already in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, respectively. Results achieved by Makarenko appear valuable in the light of what we know today. The method of \"collective psychotherapy\", which was first described by Libch, is discussed in detail. This method is being widely used in the Soviet Union. The concern of this paper is to describe developments which have not so far been covered in our literature, thus attempting to make an addition to psychotherapeutic activity in this country."}
{"id": "PMID:343135", "title": "[Development of current problems regarding perinatal CNS lesions from a neuropathologic viewpoint].", "content": "Perinatal central-nervous-system lesions may be found in as many as one third of all subjects who died before, during, or after the time of birth. Today, hypoxia is considered to be an essential cause of such lesions; in contrast to views held previously, birth trauma, i.e., physical injury to an infant during its delivery, is of minor pathogenetic importance. Neurohistological studies showed that it is especially prolonged hypoxia - in addition to cerebral hemorrhage, damage to the cerebral parenchyma and medullary substance - which can cause lesion of the brain stem. A relatively frequent occurrence are isolated ischemic cerebrospinal nerve cell lesions. Their prognostic dignity in regard to the possible formation of synapses and the problem of damage to the neuroglia are as yet imperfectly understood.", "contents": "[Development of current problems regarding perinatal CNS lesions from a neuropathologic viewpoint]. Perinatal central-nervous-system lesions may be found in as many as one third of all subjects who died before, during, or after the time of birth. Today, hypoxia is considered to be an essential cause of such lesions; in contrast to views held previously, birth trauma, i.e., physical injury to an infant during its delivery, is of minor pathogenetic importance. Neurohistological studies showed that it is especially prolonged hypoxia - in addition to cerebral hemorrhage, damage to the cerebral parenchyma and medullary substance - which can cause lesion of the brain stem. A relatively frequent occurrence are isolated ischemic cerebrospinal nerve cell lesions. Their prognostic dignity in regard to the possible formation of synapses and the problem of damage to the neuroglia are as yet imperfectly understood."}
{"id": "PMID:343136", "title": "Peer review and PSRO in American psychiatry.", "content": "The past 5 years have provided major pressures for and development in the varied areas of peer review of medical services. Organized psychiatry's activities on the national and local levels have been vigorous and responsive. The author traces the development of the mandated, professional and third party payer forms of peer review and the mechanisms and requirements within these programs. The specific programs and projects within the American Psychiatric Association and it's district affilates are also reviewed.", "contents": "Peer review and PSRO in American psychiatry. The past 5 years have provided major pressures for and development in the varied areas of peer review of medical services. Organized psychiatry's activities on the national and local levels have been vigorous and responsive. The author traces the development of the mandated, professional and third party payer forms of peer review and the mechanisms and requirements within these programs. The specific programs and projects within the American Psychiatric Association and it's district affilates are also reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:343152", "title": "A systems-analytical approach to macro-evolutionary phenomena.", "content": "Two sets of evolutionary phenomena find no explanation through current theory. For the static phenomena (such as homology, homonomy, systematic weight, and \"Type\") there is no causal base, although these principles are responsible for all phenomena of predictable order in the living world. The dynamic phenomena (such as homodynamy, coadaptation, parallel evolution, orthogenesis, Cartesian transformation, typostrophy, hetermorphosis, systemic mutation, and spontaneous atavism) have no causal explanation, although they are responsible for all directed phenomena in macroevolution. These phenomena share one unifying principle which can be explained by a system theory of evolution based on, but extending, the current synthetic theory. This system theory envisages feedback conditions between genotype and phenotype by which the chances of successful adaptation increase if the genetic units, by insertion of superimposed genes, copy the functional dependencies of those phene structures for which they code. This positive feedback of the adaptive speed (or probability) within a single adaptive direction is compensated by negative feedback in most of the alternative directions. The negative feedback operates as selection not be environmental but by systemic conditions developed by the organization of the organism. The consequences are an imitatively organized system of gene interractions, the rehabilitation of classical systematics, the reality of the \"natural system,\" and, in general, the resolution of the contradiction between neodarwinists and their critics, between reductionists and holists, between \"a priori\" and \"a posteriori\" views, between idealism and materialism, and between the notions of freedom and of purpose in evolution.", "contents": "A systems-analytical approach to macro-evolutionary phenomena. Two sets of evolutionary phenomena find no explanation through current theory. For the static phenomena (such as homology, homonomy, systematic weight, and \"Type\") there is no causal base, although these principles are responsible for all phenomena of predictable order in the living world. The dynamic phenomena (such as homodynamy, coadaptation, parallel evolution, orthogenesis, Cartesian transformation, typostrophy, hetermorphosis, systemic mutation, and spontaneous atavism) have no causal explanation, although they are responsible for all directed phenomena in macroevolution. These phenomena share one unifying principle which can be explained by a system theory of evolution based on, but extending, the current synthetic theory. This system theory envisages feedback conditions between genotype and phenotype by which the chances of successful adaptation increase if the genetic units, by insertion of superimposed genes, copy the functional dependencies of those phene structures for which they code. This positive feedback of the adaptive speed (or probability) within a single adaptive direction is compensated by negative feedback in most of the alternative directions. The negative feedback operates as selection not be environmental but by systemic conditions developed by the organization of the organism. The consequences are an imitatively organized system of gene interractions, the rehabilitation of classical systematics, the reality of the \"natural system,\" and, in general, the resolution of the contradiction between neodarwinists and their critics, between reductionists and holists, between \"a priori\" and \"a posteriori\" views, between idealism and materialism, and between the notions of freedom and of purpose in evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:343165", "title": "Pulmonary nocardiosis.", "content": "Six cases of pulmonary nocardiosis are reported. All patients were compromised hosts treated with corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressive agents. The clinical presentations ranged from malaise to respiratory failure. The radiological manifestations varied from a solitary nodule to extensive cavitary bronchopneumonia with distant dissemination. The diagnosis was made by sputum culture in one, open lung biopsy in 3, and at autopsy in 2 others. In 3 patients, in whom early diagnosis was made, the infection was controlled by sulfonamide therapy.", "contents": "Pulmonary nocardiosis. Six cases of pulmonary nocardiosis are reported. All patients were compromised hosts treated with corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressive agents. The clinical presentations ranged from malaise to respiratory failure. The radiological manifestations varied from a solitary nodule to extensive cavitary bronchopneumonia with distant dissemination. The diagnosis was made by sputum culture in one, open lung biopsy in 3, and at autopsy in 2 others. In 3 patients, in whom early diagnosis was made, the infection was controlled by sulfonamide therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:343166", "title": "Small vessel calcification and its relationship to secondary hyperparathyroidism in the renal homotransplant patient.", "content": "Of 131 patients who received one or more renal transplants over a twelve-year period, 12 patients showed evidence of extensive small vessels calcification on routine bone surveys. All patients developed symptomatology directly attributable to advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism. In addition, all patients eventually showed evidence of extensive bone disease. Progressive small-vessel calcification in the renal homotransplant patient should alert the clinician and radiologist to underlying secondary hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Small vessel calcification and its relationship to secondary hyperparathyroidism in the renal homotransplant patient. Of 131 patients who received one or more renal transplants over a twelve-year period, 12 patients showed evidence of extensive small vessels calcification on routine bone surveys. All patients developed symptomatology directly attributable to advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism. In addition, all patients eventually showed evidence of extensive bone disease. Progressive small-vessel calcification in the renal homotransplant patient should alert the clinician and radiologist to underlying secondary hyperparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:343167", "title": "Diffuse cortical calcification in rejected renal transplants.", "content": "Two cases of diffuse cortical calcification in rejected renal transplants are presented. Rejected renal transplants are added to bilateral renal cortical necrosis and chronic glomerulonephritis as causes of diffuse cortical calcification. Possible mechanisms of calcification are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Diffuse cortical calcification in rejected renal transplants. Two cases of diffuse cortical calcification in rejected renal transplants are presented. Rejected renal transplants are added to bilateral renal cortical necrosis and chronic glomerulonephritis as causes of diffuse cortical calcification. Possible mechanisms of calcification are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:343168", "title": "Percutaneous nephropyelostomy in the management of obstructed renal transplants.", "content": "Five percutaneous nephropyelostomies were performed on 4 patients with obstructed renal allografts. In all instances the procedure significantly influenced further management of these patients. It allowed pressure measurement within the obstructed collecting system, assessment of renal function after prolonged drainage, and anatomical delineation of the site of the obstruction using antegrade pyelography. Percutaneous pyelonephrostomy and drainage is a useful means to determine whether obstruction or rejection is the major contributor to renal failure following renal transplantation.", "contents": "Percutaneous nephropyelostomy in the management of obstructed renal transplants. Five percutaneous nephropyelostomies were performed on 4 patients with obstructed renal allografts. In all instances the procedure significantly influenced further management of these patients. It allowed pressure measurement within the obstructed collecting system, assessment of renal function after prolonged drainage, and anatomical delineation of the site of the obstruction using antegrade pyelography. Percutaneous pyelonephrostomy and drainage is a useful means to determine whether obstruction or rejection is the major contributor to renal failure following renal transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:343169", "title": "Central lymphatic irradiation to low dose for advanced nodular lymphoreticular tumors (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma).", "content": "Total central lymphatic irradiation (2500-3000 rads in 3 to 6 weeks) including the entire abdomen, the supradiaphragmatic nodal areas, and Waldeyer's ring is being investigated as a potentially curative approach to patients with Stage III disease. Twenty-two patients have been treated (24-month minimum observation). All evidence of disease has disappeared in every patient. Three patients have developed local recurrence; 2 of them received 2000 rads or less. Three patients had marginal recurrences, and 5 developed generalized disease involving viscera. Fourteen patients (64%) are alive and free of any evidence of disease from 24-90 months (median, 54 months). Absolute survival is 82% (18/22).", "contents": "Central lymphatic irradiation to low dose for advanced nodular lymphoreticular tumors (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma). Total central lymphatic irradiation (2500-3000 rads in 3 to 6 weeks) including the entire abdomen, the supradiaphragmatic nodal areas, and Waldeyer's ring is being investigated as a potentially curative approach to patients with Stage III disease. Twenty-two patients have been treated (24-month minimum observation). All evidence of disease has disappeared in every patient. Three patients have developed local recurrence; 2 of them received 2000 rads or less. Three patients had marginal recurrences, and 5 developed generalized disease involving viscera. Fourteen patients (64%) are alive and free of any evidence of disease from 24-90 months (median, 54 months). Absolute survival is 82% (18/22)."}
{"id": "PMID:343179", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica and pseudotuberculosis infection in children.", "content": "The clinical symptoms of infections with Y. ent. and pseudotub. are of a different nature. Whether the infection becomes apparent in form of a pseudo-appendicitis, enterocolitis or a typho-septic disease does apparently not only depend on the type of pathogens but also on the children's condition with regard to their resistance. All forms mentioned are observed in case of infections with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as well as in case of infections with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as well as in case of infections with Yersinia enterocolitica. However, infections with Yersinia enterocolitica seem to have more frequently a chronic course and to be accompanied by conjunctivitis, arthritis and skin diseases. For the subacute and the chronic forms of the disease, a specific treatment is not necessary in most cases. Severe enterocolitis and septicemia, however, need an antibiotic therapy besides the symptomatic therapy. The best antibiotics for an infection with Yersinia enterocolitica still seem to be the tetracyclines and leucomycine, for an infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis also the cephalosporines, ampicilline and carbenicilline.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica and pseudotuberculosis infection in children. The clinical symptoms of infections with Y. ent. and pseudotub. are of a different nature. Whether the infection becomes apparent in form of a pseudo-appendicitis, enterocolitis or a typho-septic disease does apparently not only depend on the type of pathogens but also on the children's condition with regard to their resistance. All forms mentioned are observed in case of infections with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as well as in case of infections with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as well as in case of infections with Yersinia enterocolitica. However, infections with Yersinia enterocolitica seem to have more frequently a chronic course and to be accompanied by conjunctivitis, arthritis and skin diseases. For the subacute and the chronic forms of the disease, a specific treatment is not necessary in most cases. Severe enterocolitis and septicemia, however, need an antibiotic therapy besides the symptomatic therapy. The best antibiotics for an infection with Yersinia enterocolitica still seem to be the tetracyclines and leucomycine, for an infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis also the cephalosporines, ampicilline and carbenicilline."}
{"id": "PMID:343181", "title": "Pregnancy termination with the PGE2-analogue SHB 286.", "content": "A group of 94 volunteers were treated with PGE2-analogue SHB 286 at the 12+1 week of pregnancy. Of the 94 gravidas, 78 received a single extravular dose of 50-200 microgram (Mean +/- S.E. 76 +/- 7 microgram) while 16 a short intravenous infusion of 1000-2000 microgram SHB 286. Despite the single treatment and low dose, the success rate was 69% and the instillation abortion time only 15 +/- 1 hours. At 24 hours after treatment even those gravidas who failed to abort (31%) had sufficient cervical dilatation for curettage and thus could be spared from rapid surgical dilatation. Peripheral plasma progesterone and estradiol-17 beta decreased significantly at 4 hours after treatment in those gravidas who subsequently aborted. After an initial contracture response of the uterus to SHB 286, the cyclic intraterine pressure evolved gradually. In 4 hours it reached significantly higher levels in those gravidas who subsequently aborted than in those who did not.", "contents": "Pregnancy termination with the PGE2-analogue SHB 286. A group of 94 volunteers were treated with PGE2-analogue SHB 286 at the 12+1 week of pregnancy. Of the 94 gravidas, 78 received a single extravular dose of 50-200 microgram (Mean +/- S.E. 76 +/- 7 microgram) while 16 a short intravenous infusion of 1000-2000 microgram SHB 286. Despite the single treatment and low dose, the success rate was 69% and the instillation abortion time only 15 +/- 1 hours. At 24 hours after treatment even those gravidas who failed to abort (31%) had sufficient cervical dilatation for curettage and thus could be spared from rapid surgical dilatation. Peripheral plasma progesterone and estradiol-17 beta decreased significantly at 4 hours after treatment in those gravidas who subsequently aborted. After an initial contracture response of the uterus to SHB 286, the cyclic intraterine pressure evolved gradually. In 4 hours it reached significantly higher levels in those gravidas who subsequently aborted than in those who did not."}
{"id": "PMID:343182", "title": "Single shot prostaglandin gel for labor induction.", "content": "A viscous suspension of prostaglandin E2 was introduced endocervically to induce labor in patients with favourable induction features. The method was found to be effective and compared favourably with the conventional practices of amniotomy and intravenous oxytocin infusion or oral prostaglandin therapy. Several advantages were found including a high degree of patient acceptability.", "contents": "Single shot prostaglandin gel for labor induction. A viscous suspension of prostaglandin E2 was introduced endocervically to induce labor in patients with favourable induction features. The method was found to be effective and compared favourably with the conventional practices of amniotomy and intravenous oxytocin infusion or oral prostaglandin therapy. Several advantages were found including a high degree of patient acceptability."}
{"id": "PMID:343189", "title": "[Analysis of gamma-ray spectra by using fast Fourier transform (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to simplify the mass data processing in a response matrix method for gamma-ray spectral analysis, a method using a Fast Fourier Transform devised. The validity of the method was confirmed by a computer simulation for spectra of a NaI detector. The method uses the fact that spectral data can be represented by Fourier series with reduced number of terms. The estimation of intensities of gamma-ray components is performed by a matrix operation using the compressed data of an observation spectrum and standard spectra in Fourier coefficients. The identification of gamma-ray energies is also easy. Several features in the method and a general problem to be solved in a response matrix method are described.", "contents": "[Analysis of gamma-ray spectra by using fast Fourier transform (author's transl)]. In order to simplify the mass data processing in a response matrix method for gamma-ray spectral analysis, a method using a Fast Fourier Transform devised. The validity of the method was confirmed by a computer simulation for spectra of a NaI detector. The method uses the fact that spectral data can be represented by Fourier series with reduced number of terms. The estimation of intensities of gamma-ray components is performed by a matrix operation using the compressed data of an observation spectrum and standard spectra in Fourier coefficients. The identification of gamma-ray energies is also easy. Several features in the method and a general problem to be solved in a response matrix method are described."}
{"id": "PMID:343205", "title": "Immunosuppression of mice by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "Studies were initiated to determine the effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) on the production of indirect IgG plaque-forming and rosette-forming cells in mice. BDF1 mice were immunized with sheep erythrocytes followed by multiple injections of 10, 25 or 40 mg/kg THC. Results indicated that both parameters were significantly reduced by 25 mg/kg, thus affirming the immunosuppressive properties of this substance in mice.", "contents": "Immunosuppression of mice by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Studies were initiated to determine the effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) on the production of indirect IgG plaque-forming and rosette-forming cells in mice. BDF1 mice were immunized with sheep erythrocytes followed by multiple injections of 10, 25 or 40 mg/kg THC. Results indicated that both parameters were significantly reduced by 25 mg/kg, thus affirming the immunosuppressive properties of this substance in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:343206", "title": "African hamster lymphocytes as a model for immunologic studies.", "content": "The mitogenic response of splenic lymphocytes from Mystromys albicaudatus was studied to evaluate the potential of this animal as a model for immunologic research. In response to phytochemagglutinin and concanavalin A, splenic cells from Mystromys, unlike those from mouse strains, incorporate [3H] thymidine optimally in microculture at 10(5) to 2 X 10(5) cells per microculture. Maximum magnitude of incorporation in response to the same doses of mitogen used in mouse splenic lymphocyte microculture is greater than 10(5) cpm. Moreover, this high incorporation at low cell concentration has been observed in cultures from animals ranging from six to 24 months of age. Splenic cells from Mystromys give little or no incorporation with either LPS or PPD in doses mitogenic to mouse lymphocytes. These features of mitogenic response in Mystromys lymphocyte cultures suggest several useful applications to studies of mechanisms of mitogenesis.", "contents": "African hamster lymphocytes as a model for immunologic studies. The mitogenic response of splenic lymphocytes from Mystromys albicaudatus was studied to evaluate the potential of this animal as a model for immunologic research. In response to phytochemagglutinin and concanavalin A, splenic cells from Mystromys, unlike those from mouse strains, incorporate [3H] thymidine optimally in microculture at 10(5) to 2 X 10(5) cells per microculture. Maximum magnitude of incorporation in response to the same doses of mitogen used in mouse splenic lymphocyte microculture is greater than 10(5) cpm. Moreover, this high incorporation at low cell concentration has been observed in cultures from animals ranging from six to 24 months of age. Splenic cells from Mystromys give little or no incorporation with either LPS or PPD in doses mitogenic to mouse lymphocytes. These features of mitogenic response in Mystromys lymphocyte cultures suggest several useful applications to studies of mechanisms of mitogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:343207", "title": "Regeneration of wool follicles in autografts of sheep skin.", "content": "Three experiments involving six sheep were carried out at three different times in the annual wool growth cycle. Forty-eight full-thickness fitted autografts were sampled 2 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 21 and 28 days after grafting. The histopathology of the grafts is described. Individual variation in 'take' was probably related to the speed with which vascular integrity was reestablished between graft and bed. Delayed acceptance caused the death of pilosebaceous units. In a successful graft, wool follicle regeneration appears to occur in three main ways: (1) an inactive follicle regenerates from the dormant bulb at about seven days, (2) follicles that were active at the time of grafting have first to form a papilla stalk, and such follicles did not become active until 11 days, (3) sometimes one or more outgrowths appeared at higher levels suggesting follicle regeneration by branching. In addition there were a few instances of de novo downgrowth of follicle plugs from the epidermis. Wool growth on the graft therefore arises almost entirely from the reorganisation of preexisting follicles.", "contents": "Regeneration of wool follicles in autografts of sheep skin. Three experiments involving six sheep were carried out at three different times in the annual wool growth cycle. Forty-eight full-thickness fitted autografts were sampled 2 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 21 and 28 days after grafting. The histopathology of the grafts is described. Individual variation in 'take' was probably related to the speed with which vascular integrity was reestablished between graft and bed. Delayed acceptance caused the death of pilosebaceous units. In a successful graft, wool follicle regeneration appears to occur in three main ways: (1) an inactive follicle regenerates from the dormant bulb at about seven days, (2) follicles that were active at the time of grafting have first to form a papilla stalk, and such follicles did not become active until 11 days, (3) sometimes one or more outgrowths appeared at higher levels suggesting follicle regeneration by branching. In addition there were a few instances of de novo downgrowth of follicle plugs from the epidermis. Wool growth on the graft therefore arises almost entirely from the reorganisation of preexisting follicles."}
{"id": "PMID:343209", "title": "Therapeutic responses of piglets to experimentally induced colibacillosis.", "content": "The purpose of these experiments was to determine the effects of prior exposure to antimicrobials on subsequent treatment of artificially induced colibacillosis in pigs. One- to two-week-old piglets were given 10(7) multiple antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli orally. Two groups of the piglets received priming doses at different levels of the antimicrobial preparation, ASP-250 before challenge. The remaining group received no antimicrobial. Piglets ill as a result of the challenge were treated with chloramphenicol of chlortetracycline, or received no treatment. Chloramphenicol was significantly more effective than chlortetracycline in terminating colibacillosis in the primed and unprimed groups. There were fewer deaths and relapse cases in those groups which received chloramphenicol treatment. Results in piglets treated with chlortetracycline were not significantly better than those which received no treatment.", "contents": "Therapeutic responses of piglets to experimentally induced colibacillosis. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the effects of prior exposure to antimicrobials on subsequent treatment of artificially induced colibacillosis in pigs. One- to two-week-old piglets were given 10(7) multiple antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli orally. Two groups of the piglets received priming doses at different levels of the antimicrobial preparation, ASP-250 before challenge. The remaining group received no antimicrobial. Piglets ill as a result of the challenge were treated with chloramphenicol of chlortetracycline, or received no treatment. Chloramphenicol was significantly more effective than chlortetracycline in terminating colibacillosis in the primed and unprimed groups. There were fewer deaths and relapse cases in those groups which received chloramphenicol treatment. Results in piglets treated with chlortetracycline were not significantly better than those which received no treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:343210", "title": "Indirect fluorescent antibody levels in experimental Babesia divergens infections of cattle.", "content": "In splenectomised calves infected with Babesia divergens IFA titres appeared after peak parasitaemia and maximum titres were observed 35 days after infection: the IFA response of adult non-splenectomised cattle was similar. It was concluded that the absence of a spleen did not markedly inhibit the IFA response of cattle to B divergens infection.", "contents": "Indirect fluorescent antibody levels in experimental Babesia divergens infections of cattle. In splenectomised calves infected with Babesia divergens IFA titres appeared after peak parasitaemia and maximum titres were observed 35 days after infection: the IFA response of adult non-splenectomised cattle was similar. It was concluded that the absence of a spleen did not markedly inhibit the IFA response of cattle to B divergens infection."}
{"id": "PMID:343212", "title": "The aetiology and significance of the phagocytosis of erythrocytes and leucocytes in sheep infected with Trypanosoma congolense (Broden, 1904).", "content": "The phagocytosis of erythrocytes and leucocytes in sheep infected with Trypanosoma congolense is shown to be due to the coating of the blood cells with trypanosomal antigen. The occurrence of the phagocytic activity is dependent on fluctuations of the parasitaemia and is significant in maintaining the anaemic state of the subject.", "contents": "The aetiology and significance of the phagocytosis of erythrocytes and leucocytes in sheep infected with Trypanosoma congolense (Broden, 1904). The phagocytosis of erythrocytes and leucocytes in sheep infected with Trypanosoma congolense is shown to be due to the coating of the blood cells with trypanosomal antigen. The occurrence of the phagocytic activity is dependent on fluctuations of the parasitaemia and is significant in maintaining the anaemic state of the subject."}
{"id": "PMID:343224", "title": "[The contractile filament system of carcinoma cells. Immunofluorescent and electron microscopic study].", "content": "Recent research has shown that the cytoplasm of several varieties of non muscular cells contains contractile proteins similar to those of striated muscle (actin and myosin, with the control complex of troponin and tropomyosin). Using indirect immunofluorescent staining with specific antisera, the authors demonstrate that the cytoplasm of the cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma contains actin, myosin and actinin (tropomyosin seems to be lacking). They have found these contractile proteins inconstantly in various precarcinomatous states, but never in normal epithelium, except in a few basal cells. In electronic microscopy, these contractile proteins correspond to a network of microfilaments of 40-80 A, more rarely 100-120 A, Clearly different from tonofilaments, located mainly in the peripheral part of the cytoplasm, just under the plasmalemmal membrane. It is tempting to speculate that the occurence of a contractile filamentous apparatus in the cells of oral carcinomas--already described in skin and mammal gland carcinomas--allows to these cells amoeboid movements and active migration, which might to some extent explain their tendency to invade surrounding tissues and to produce metastasis.", "contents": "[The contractile filament system of carcinoma cells. Immunofluorescent and electron microscopic study]. Recent research has shown that the cytoplasm of several varieties of non muscular cells contains contractile proteins similar to those of striated muscle (actin and myosin, with the control complex of troponin and tropomyosin). Using indirect immunofluorescent staining with specific antisera, the authors demonstrate that the cytoplasm of the cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma contains actin, myosin and actinin (tropomyosin seems to be lacking). They have found these contractile proteins inconstantly in various precarcinomatous states, but never in normal epithelium, except in a few basal cells. In electronic microscopy, these contractile proteins correspond to a network of microfilaments of 40-80 A, more rarely 100-120 A, Clearly different from tonofilaments, located mainly in the peripheral part of the cytoplasm, just under the plasmalemmal membrane. It is tempting to speculate that the occurence of a contractile filamentous apparatus in the cells of oral carcinomas--already described in skin and mammal gland carcinomas--allows to these cells amoeboid movements and active migration, which might to some extent explain their tendency to invade surrounding tissues and to produce metastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:343225", "title": "Serum levels of human pancreatic polypeptide in renal disease.", "content": "The newly recognized pancreatic polypeptide (PP) has been demonstrated in the circulation of healthy subjects, although its physiological role is not definately established. In order to investigate the renal role in the elimination of PP from the circulation, PP was determined in patients with varying degrees of renal damage, in patients on chronic haemodialysis, and in patients who have undergone renal transplantation. A close correlation was found between glomerular filtration rate and serum PP. In the uraemic group, PP levels were highly elevated as compared to normal individuals. After renal transplantation, PP values declined in step with the improvement in glomerular filtration rate. The increased serum PP levels in renal failure raise the possibility of PP being involved in the development of uraemic gastrointestinal symptoms.", "contents": "Serum levels of human pancreatic polypeptide in renal disease. The newly recognized pancreatic polypeptide (PP) has been demonstrated in the circulation of healthy subjects, although its physiological role is not definately established. In order to investigate the renal role in the elimination of PP from the circulation, PP was determined in patients with varying degrees of renal damage, in patients on chronic haemodialysis, and in patients who have undergone renal transplantation. A close correlation was found between glomerular filtration rate and serum PP. In the uraemic group, PP levels were highly elevated as compared to normal individuals. After renal transplantation, PP values declined in step with the improvement in glomerular filtration rate. The increased serum PP levels in renal failure raise the possibility of PP being involved in the development of uraemic gastrointestinal symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:343220", "title": "Prevention of hepatitis B infections by passive immunization.", "content": "Experience with the use of standard immune serum globulin (ISG) and the more recently available hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) is reviewed. The biologic phenomena which could be affected by passive immunization are discussed, as are recommendations for the use of these forms of passive immunization in the prevention of hepatitis B infections.", "contents": "Prevention of hepatitis B infections by passive immunization. Experience with the use of standard immune serum globulin (ISG) and the more recently available hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) is reviewed. The biologic phenomena which could be affected by passive immunization are discussed, as are recommendations for the use of these forms of passive immunization in the prevention of hepatitis B infections."}
{"id": "PMID:343226", "title": "Gastric mucosal damage caused by plain and microencapsulated acetylsalicylic acid tablets in healthy subjects: a gastrocamera study.", "content": "In a randomized, cross-over study plain acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) tablet and microencapsulated ASA tablets were given in doses of 1 gram 3 times a day for 3 days to 8 healthy subjects with no previous gastrointestinal disturbances. Gastrocamera examinations were performed before the ASA treatment and 1--2 hours after the last dose of ASA. The gastric mucosa appeared macroscopically normal at all the control examinations; whereas musocal bleeding was evident in all the subjects after the ASA treatment. There was no statistically significant difference between the plain ASA and the microencapsulated ASA preparations. No correlation could be found between the ASA concentration in plasma and the gastric mucosal damage.", "contents": "Gastric mucosal damage caused by plain and microencapsulated acetylsalicylic acid tablets in healthy subjects: a gastrocamera study. In a randomized, cross-over study plain acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) tablet and microencapsulated ASA tablets were given in doses of 1 gram 3 times a day for 3 days to 8 healthy subjects with no previous gastrointestinal disturbances. Gastrocamera examinations were performed before the ASA treatment and 1--2 hours after the last dose of ASA. The gastric mucosa appeared macroscopically normal at all the control examinations; whereas musocal bleeding was evident in all the subjects after the ASA treatment. There was no statistically significant difference between the plain ASA and the microencapsulated ASA preparations. No correlation could be found between the ASA concentration in plasma and the gastric mucosal damage."}
{"id": "PMID:343222", "title": "Decision-making considerations in the choice of radioactive diagnostic and therapeutic agents.", "content": "There are no ideal radioactive diagnostic or therapeutic agents. There is only the best compromise at a given time between the agent's physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, its compatibility with available instrumentation needed for its use, and the ability to assure quality and availiability. This article elaborates on the parameters affecting such compromise.", "contents": "Decision-making considerations in the choice of radioactive diagnostic and therapeutic agents. There are no ideal radioactive diagnostic or therapeutic agents. There is only the best compromise at a given time between the agent's physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, its compatibility with available instrumentation needed for its use, and the ability to assure quality and availiability. This article elaborates on the parameters affecting such compromise."}
{"id": "PMID:343221", "title": "Epidermal cytoplasmic antibodies. (Incidence and clinical significance).", "content": "Antibodies to epidermal cytoplasmic antigens were detected by the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) technique in 36% of 100 adult healthy subjects and in 17.6% of 17 normal newborn infants. This type of autoantibody occurred in 33% of 100 cases with vitiligo, in 32.5% of 40 cases with psoriasis, in 55.3% of patients with malignant tumours and in 72.7% of subjects with malignant melanoma. The frequency of the autoimmune reactions was statistically significant only in patients with malignant neoplasms. In the majority of positive cases the IF pattern involved the upper layers of the epidermal cells (U-CYT). The basal layer was generally negative. Only a few cases showed a pattern involving both the upper and the basal layers (G-CYT). However, a wide variation in staining was noted when sera were tested on different skin specimens or different sections of the same skin. To identify the nature of the target antigen(s), absorption experiments of sera were attempted with lyophilized and particulate antigens. Animal and human blood cells and lyophilized homogenates of malignant tumours failed to absorb the autoimmune activity of positive sera. Only a powder preparation of keratin induced a decrease in antibody titres. It is postulated that they are the result of an antigenic stimulation by exogenous substances commonly present in the environment.", "contents": "Epidermal cytoplasmic antibodies. (Incidence and clinical significance). Antibodies to epidermal cytoplasmic antigens were detected by the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) technique in 36% of 100 adult healthy subjects and in 17.6% of 17 normal newborn infants. This type of autoantibody occurred in 33% of 100 cases with vitiligo, in 32.5% of 40 cases with psoriasis, in 55.3% of patients with malignant tumours and in 72.7% of subjects with malignant melanoma. The frequency of the autoimmune reactions was statistically significant only in patients with malignant neoplasms. In the majority of positive cases the IF pattern involved the upper layers of the epidermal cells (U-CYT). The basal layer was generally negative. Only a few cases showed a pattern involving both the upper and the basal layers (G-CYT). However, a wide variation in staining was noted when sera were tested on different skin specimens or different sections of the same skin. To identify the nature of the target antigen(s), absorption experiments of sera were attempted with lyophilized and particulate antigens. Animal and human blood cells and lyophilized homogenates of malignant tumours failed to absorb the autoimmune activity of positive sera. Only a powder preparation of keratin induced a decrease in antibody titres. It is postulated that they are the result of an antigenic stimulation by exogenous substances commonly present in the environment."}
{"id": "PMID:343228", "title": "CLL and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma in one patient: clonal proliferation of two different B cells.", "content": "A case report is presented of a 77-year-old woman suffering from a composite lymphoma, known as Richter's Syndrome, consisting of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Light-microscopic investigation revealed the presence of CLL cells in the blood and bone marrow and a combination of CLL cells and large immunoblastic cells in the lymph node. Immunological investigation showed that both malignant cell types were B cells. The CLL cells carried a monoclonal surface immunoglobulin (S-Ig) micron lambda, and the immunoblastic cells had a monoclonal S-Ig micron K. These findings indicated that both clonal lymphoproliferative diseases were probably derived from different tumour stem cells.", "contents": "CLL and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma in one patient: clonal proliferation of two different B cells. A case report is presented of a 77-year-old woman suffering from a composite lymphoma, known as Richter's Syndrome, consisting of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Light-microscopic investigation revealed the presence of CLL cells in the blood and bone marrow and a combination of CLL cells and large immunoblastic cells in the lymph node. Immunological investigation showed that both malignant cell types were B cells. The CLL cells carried a monoclonal surface immunoglobulin (S-Ig) micron lambda, and the immunoblastic cells had a monoclonal S-Ig micron K. These findings indicated that both clonal lymphoproliferative diseases were probably derived from different tumour stem cells."}
{"id": "PMID:343229", "title": "Studies of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity in a plaque assay: evidence of human monocyte-like effector cells.", "content": "Two different methods for evaluating 'in vitro' cytotoxicity against antibody-coated target cells mediated by mononuclear leukocytes were compared. One was a plaque assay for identification of the cytotoxic cell and the other the classical chromium release assay for antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). A marked decrease in plaque-forming cells (PFC) was observed in a cell suspension depleted of peroxidase-positive cells and cells with membrane-bound Ig (B lymphocytes) by fractionation on a nylon fiber column. In contrast, the ADCC activity was considerably increased by these depletions. A similar effect was obtained by removal of phagocytic cells with iron. These results, together with the observations after depletion of E-RFC (T lymphocytes) or EA-RFC (Fc-receptor-bearing cells), suggest that the PFC in the assay system used were of monocytic origin and differnet from the cells responsible for the ADCC.", "contents": "Studies of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity in a plaque assay: evidence of human monocyte-like effector cells. Two different methods for evaluating 'in vitro' cytotoxicity against antibody-coated target cells mediated by mononuclear leukocytes were compared. One was a plaque assay for identification of the cytotoxic cell and the other the classical chromium release assay for antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). A marked decrease in plaque-forming cells (PFC) was observed in a cell suspension depleted of peroxidase-positive cells and cells with membrane-bound Ig (B lymphocytes) by fractionation on a nylon fiber column. In contrast, the ADCC activity was considerably increased by these depletions. A similar effect was obtained by removal of phagocytic cells with iron. These results, together with the observations after depletion of E-RFC (T lymphocytes) or EA-RFC (Fc-receptor-bearing cells), suggest that the PFC in the assay system used were of monocytic origin and differnet from the cells responsible for the ADCC."}
{"id": "PMID:343230", "title": "A high molecular weight serum protein is the carrier for amyloid-related protein SAA.", "content": "In the present study evidence is presented that SAA in serum complexes to a carrier protein with a molecular weight of 100,000-200,000 daltons, with mobility in the alpha-region on electrophoresis, and with a rather low normal serum concentration. The carrier protein is apparently not albumin. SAA isolated from the carrier protein has a molecular weight of 14,000 daltons and does not complex to any considerable extent with itself under neutral conditions.", "contents": "A high molecular weight serum protein is the carrier for amyloid-related protein SAA. In the present study evidence is presented that SAA in serum complexes to a carrier protein with a molecular weight of 100,000-200,000 daltons, with mobility in the alpha-region on electrophoresis, and with a rather low normal serum concentration. The carrier protein is apparently not albumin. SAA isolated from the carrier protein has a molecular weight of 14,000 daltons and does not complex to any considerable extent with itself under neutral conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:343243", "title": "[A candida bezoar in the Chiari reticulum of the right heart atrium].", "content": "An incidental finding at autopsy in a 55-year-old woman who died of complications of uterine cervical carcinoma was a 3 cm long polyp attached to the rete of Chiari in the right atrium. The lesion was interpreted grossly as either a pedunculated metastasis to the heart or an unusual atrial tumor. Histologic examination revealed it to be a fungus ball composed of regularly grouped Candida mycelia. The patient's history revealed Candida septicemia several months prior to death for which she had been treated by heavy doses of antibiotics administered through indwelling catheter. The causes of this unusual anatomo-pathologic finding are discussed in the light of our observations and those reviewed in the literature.", "contents": "[A candida bezoar in the Chiari reticulum of the right heart atrium]. An incidental finding at autopsy in a 55-year-old woman who died of complications of uterine cervical carcinoma was a 3 cm long polyp attached to the rete of Chiari in the right atrium. The lesion was interpreted grossly as either a pedunculated metastasis to the heart or an unusual atrial tumor. Histologic examination revealed it to be a fungus ball composed of regularly grouped Candida mycelia. The patient's history revealed Candida septicemia several months prior to death for which she had been treated by heavy doses of antibiotics administered through indwelling catheter. The causes of this unusual anatomo-pathologic finding are discussed in the light of our observations and those reviewed in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:343245", "title": "[Lung circulation in emphysema].", "content": "Pulmonary emphysema is regularly complicated by pulmonary hypertension which is, however, mostly of minor degree. As long as pulmonary capillary pressure and cardiac output remain within normal limits, the elevated pressure in the pulmonary artery is due to an increase of vascular resistance for which hypoxia is responsible in the first place, while rarefaction of vascular ramifications due to the emphysematic destructive process in the pulmonary parenchyma plays only a secondary role. Breathing of oxygen decreases pulmonary hypertension, an effect which is reinforced by combination of oxygen with IPPB. Phentolamine lowers both vascular resistance and pressure in the pulmonary artery in short-term administration. The effect of hemodilution on pulmonary hypertension in emphysematic patients with hypoxic polycythemia is, however, somewhat disappointing if the hematocrit value remains below 60%. Some rheological causes for this therapeutic failure are discussed.", "contents": "[Lung circulation in emphysema]. Pulmonary emphysema is regularly complicated by pulmonary hypertension which is, however, mostly of minor degree. As long as pulmonary capillary pressure and cardiac output remain within normal limits, the elevated pressure in the pulmonary artery is due to an increase of vascular resistance for which hypoxia is responsible in the first place, while rarefaction of vascular ramifications due to the emphysematic destructive process in the pulmonary parenchyma plays only a secondary role. Breathing of oxygen decreases pulmonary hypertension, an effect which is reinforced by combination of oxygen with IPPB. Phentolamine lowers both vascular resistance and pressure in the pulmonary artery in short-term administration. The effect of hemodilution on pulmonary hypertension in emphysematic patients with hypoxic polycythemia is, however, somewhat disappointing if the hematocrit value remains below 60%. Some rheological causes for this therapeutic failure are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:343247", "title": "[Comparative study of 3 irreversible hydrocolloids].", "content": "This study was realized: to determine the best manipulation of 3 alginates; to compare their dimensional stability; to compare their reproduction of detail; to evaluate, through these 3 criteria, the best of the 3 alginates. It seems necessary to point out that: The 3 examined alginates show a poor dimensional stability on account of the deformations produced during the setting time and the removal of the impression. The immediate pouring of the model gives the best results, because storing the impression is accompanied by dimensional changes. The other methods of conservation seem considerably less accurate. The reproduction of detail is excellent with the 3 alginates. The accuracy is of 25 micrometer, but it is not possible to take advantage of this quality, because the compatibility and the accuracy of model stone are insufficiently adapted to the properties of the alginates. CA-37 is, among the 3 studied alginates, the one which gave the worst results with regard to the ease of manipulation and compatibility with Vel Mix Stone.", "contents": "[Comparative study of 3 irreversible hydrocolloids]. This study was realized: to determine the best manipulation of 3 alginates; to compare their dimensional stability; to compare their reproduction of detail; to evaluate, through these 3 criteria, the best of the 3 alginates. It seems necessary to point out that: The 3 examined alginates show a poor dimensional stability on account of the deformations produced during the setting time and the removal of the impression. The immediate pouring of the model gives the best results, because storing the impression is accompanied by dimensional changes. The other methods of conservation seem considerably less accurate. The reproduction of detail is excellent with the 3 alginates. The accuracy is of 25 micrometer, but it is not possible to take advantage of this quality, because the compatibility and the accuracy of model stone are insufficiently adapted to the properties of the alginates. CA-37 is, among the 3 studied alginates, the one which gave the worst results with regard to the ease of manipulation and compatibility with Vel Mix Stone."}
{"id": "PMID:343248", "title": "[Crown and bridgework prostheses. A survey of the literature].", "content": "From 1975 to 1977, 20 dental journals of German, Anglo-American, French and Scandinavian origin were examined for articles concerning crowns and bridges. 286 articles specifically concerned fixed prosthetics, and certain subjects were treated more than others (metal ceramics, relation between restorations and periodontium). It was attempted to give a survey of articles that were clinically oriented, which permitted to reduce the number of articles reviewed.", "contents": "[Crown and bridgework prostheses. A survey of the literature]. From 1975 to 1977, 20 dental journals of German, Anglo-American, French and Scandinavian origin were examined for articles concerning crowns and bridges. 286 articles specifically concerned fixed prosthetics, and certain subjects were treated more than others (metal ceramics, relation between restorations and periodontium). It was attempted to give a survey of articles that were clinically oriented, which permitted to reduce the number of articles reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:343250", "title": "Endorphins: naloxone fails to alter experimental pain or mood in humans.", "content": "In 30 human subjects, experimental pain was produced by either ischemia or cold-water immersion. In a double-blind procedure, intravenous doses of up to 10 milligrams of naloxone hydrochloride in saline were indistinguishable from similarly administered saline alone. There were no effects on subjective pain ratings, finger plethysmograph recordings, or responses to mood-state questionnaires. These laboratory procedures do not activate any functionally significant pain-attenuating or mood-altering effect of endorphins.", "contents": "Endorphins: naloxone fails to alter experimental pain or mood in humans. In 30 human subjects, experimental pain was produced by either ischemia or cold-water immersion. In a double-blind procedure, intravenous doses of up to 10 milligrams of naloxone hydrochloride in saline were indistinguishable from similarly administered saline alone. There were no effects on subjective pain ratings, finger plethysmograph recordings, or responses to mood-state questionnaires. These laboratory procedures do not activate any functionally significant pain-attenuating or mood-altering effect of endorphins."}
{"id": "PMID:343251", "title": "Ethanol: modifications of acute intoxication by divalent cations.", "content": "Calcium, other divalent cations, and calcium antagonists were tested for their ability to alter ethanol-induced sleeping time, hypothermia, and behavioral intoxication in mice and rats. Calcium given intraventricularly significantly enhanced sleeping time and behavioral intoxication in a dose-related manner. The ionophores X537A and A23187 accentuated the effect of a low dose of calcium, whereas the calcium chelators EDTA and EGTA decreased sleeping time. Calcium also enhanced tertiary butanol- and chloral hydrate-induced sleeping time. The effects of cations on ethanol-induced hypothermia were less significant. The results suggest the existence of a central calcium pool that is involved in ethanol intoxication in rodents.", "contents": "Ethanol: modifications of acute intoxication by divalent cations. Calcium, other divalent cations, and calcium antagonists were tested for their ability to alter ethanol-induced sleeping time, hypothermia, and behavioral intoxication in mice and rats. Calcium given intraventricularly significantly enhanced sleeping time and behavioral intoxication in a dose-related manner. The ionophores X537A and A23187 accentuated the effect of a low dose of calcium, whereas the calcium chelators EDTA and EGTA decreased sleeping time. Calcium also enhanced tertiary butanol- and chloral hydrate-induced sleeping time. The effects of cations on ethanol-induced hypothermia were less significant. The results suggest the existence of a central calcium pool that is involved in ethanol intoxication in rodents."}
{"id": "PMID:343252", "title": "Myosin: immunofluorescent localization in neuronal and glial cultures.", "content": "The distribution of intracellular myosin was studied by the double antibody immunofluorescence method in primary organotypic neuronal cultures and two established neuronal and glial cell lines. An array of parallel filaments aligned with the major cellular axis and a three-dimensional subsurface network were shown to react with two different myosin antibodies. The presence of myosin-rich filaments in regions known to contain actin filaments suggests that these proteins interact to generate the motive force in nonmuscle contractile systems.", "contents": "Myosin: immunofluorescent localization in neuronal and glial cultures. The distribution of intracellular myosin was studied by the double antibody immunofluorescence method in primary organotypic neuronal cultures and two established neuronal and glial cell lines. An array of parallel filaments aligned with the major cellular axis and a three-dimensional subsurface network were shown to react with two different myosin antibodies. The presence of myosin-rich filaments in regions known to contain actin filaments suggests that these proteins interact to generate the motive force in nonmuscle contractile systems."}
{"id": "PMID:343255", "title": "Significance of hemolytic streptococci for Nashville school children: clinical and serologic observations.", "content": "The results of this study (1969-1971 confirm previous findings that incidence rates for hemolytic and group A streptococci in Nashville school children fluctuate sporadically. During these two years, there was a significant decrease in streptococcal incidence and in typability of group A streptococci. A positive throat culture was not associated significantly more often with symptoms of an infection of the upper respiratory tract than when symptoms were absent. The larger the number of group A streptococci present in the throat culture, the more likely was a streptococcal antibody increase to occur. Nevertheless, some children with small numbers of group A streptococci had an antibody increase, and the degree of positivity of the throat culture was not a very accurate indication of whether an antibody response would occur. Epidemiologic factors such as age, sex, race, or crowding in the home did not seem to play a highly significant role in rates. Seasonal influences were marked in 1969-1970 but not in 1970-1971. Regarding socioeconomic background, the rates were consistently lower in Clemons school, which serves a predominantly black neighborhood of higher socioeconomic level, than in the other two schools. Our findings confirm that the incidence of acquisition of the hemolytic streptococcus is a continually changing, dynamic process among school children.", "contents": "Significance of hemolytic streptococci for Nashville school children: clinical and serologic observations. The results of this study (1969-1971 confirm previous findings that incidence rates for hemolytic and group A streptococci in Nashville school children fluctuate sporadically. During these two years, there was a significant decrease in streptococcal incidence and in typability of group A streptococci. A positive throat culture was not associated significantly more often with symptoms of an infection of the upper respiratory tract than when symptoms were absent. The larger the number of group A streptococci present in the throat culture, the more likely was a streptococcal antibody increase to occur. Nevertheless, some children with small numbers of group A streptococci had an antibody increase, and the degree of positivity of the throat culture was not a very accurate indication of whether an antibody response would occur. Epidemiologic factors such as age, sex, race, or crowding in the home did not seem to play a highly significant role in rates. Seasonal influences were marked in 1969-1970 but not in 1970-1971. Regarding socioeconomic background, the rates were consistently lower in Clemons school, which serves a predominantly black neighborhood of higher socioeconomic level, than in the other two schools. Our findings confirm that the incidence of acquisition of the hemolytic streptococcus is a continually changing, dynamic process among school children."}
{"id": "PMID:343256", "title": "Prophylactic antibiotics in vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy.", "content": "A double-blind, prospective study over a 12-month period evaluated the effectiveness of cefazolin and cephalexin in reducing infection and morbidity in private patients undergoing vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy. Prophylactic antibiotics reduced febrile morbidity from 74.4% to 20.8% in the vaginal group and from 46.2% to 24.0% in the abdominal group. Serious postoperative infections such as pelvic abscess, pelvic cellulitis and abdominal wound infection were reduced from 11.5% to 0% in the abdominal group and from 32.6% to 2.1% in the vaginal group. The use of prophylactic antibiotics was of benefit in the perimenopausal and postmenopausal patient, as well as in the premenopausal patient, although, in some categories, the numbers were too small to be statistically significant.", "contents": "Prophylactic antibiotics in vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy. A double-blind, prospective study over a 12-month period evaluated the effectiveness of cefazolin and cephalexin in reducing infection and morbidity in private patients undergoing vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy. Prophylactic antibiotics reduced febrile morbidity from 74.4% to 20.8% in the vaginal group and from 46.2% to 24.0% in the abdominal group. Serious postoperative infections such as pelvic abscess, pelvic cellulitis and abdominal wound infection were reduced from 11.5% to 0% in the abdominal group and from 32.6% to 2.1% in the vaginal group. The use of prophylactic antibiotics was of benefit in the perimenopausal and postmenopausal patient, as well as in the premenopausal patient, although, in some categories, the numbers were too small to be statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:343257", "title": "Gray scale ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology.", "content": "Ultrasound can provide significant information in the fields of obstetrics and gynecology, Fetal presentation, presence of multiple gestation, and gross fetal abnormalities are easily determined. Measurement of the biparietal diameter correlates more closely with gestational age than does use of the fetogram. In addition, there is no evidence of fetal toxicity by this method, and the placenta is easily located. Ultrasound is the preferred method for diagnosis of placenta previa. Abnormalities of the early gestational period including missed abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and molar pregnancy also can be diagnosed by ultrasound. The cystic or solid nature of pelvic masses can be assessed as well as their relationship to the uterus and adnexa.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology. Ultrasound can provide significant information in the fields of obstetrics and gynecology, Fetal presentation, presence of multiple gestation, and gross fetal abnormalities are easily determined. Measurement of the biparietal diameter correlates more closely with gestational age than does use of the fetogram. In addition, there is no evidence of fetal toxicity by this method, and the placenta is easily located. Ultrasound is the preferred method for diagnosis of placenta previa. Abnormalities of the early gestational period including missed abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and molar pregnancy also can be diagnosed by ultrasound. The cystic or solid nature of pelvic masses can be assessed as well as their relationship to the uterus and adnexa."}
{"id": "PMID:343258", "title": "Request for sex change.", "content": "Five patients who presented at the Veterans Administration Mental Hygiene Clinic, Brentwood Hospital, Los Angeles, California, are described. All claimed to be transsexuals and requested estrogens and sex reassignment surgery on admission. They created great difficulty at the time of their admission and follow-up because of lack of precedents for such eventualities in government medicine. These veterans, displaying a mosaic of psychologic problems, were followed up for a period of three years. The federal social medicine system, particularly the VA, is not equipped psychologically or physically to deal with unusual requests.", "contents": "Request for sex change. Five patients who presented at the Veterans Administration Mental Hygiene Clinic, Brentwood Hospital, Los Angeles, California, are described. All claimed to be transsexuals and requested estrogens and sex reassignment surgery on admission. They created great difficulty at the time of their admission and follow-up because of lack of precedents for such eventualities in government medicine. These veterans, displaying a mosaic of psychologic problems, were followed up for a period of three years. The federal social medicine system, particularly the VA, is not equipped psychologically or physically to deal with unusual requests."}
{"id": "PMID:343259", "title": "Disorders of taste and smell.", "content": "Symptoms of disorders in taste and smell range from loss of the sensations to an increased sensitivity. Causes include infections, metabolic disorders, and central nervous system disturbances. In many instances, the diagnosis for these disorders is obvious, such as an upper respiratory tract infection. In some cases, the diagnosis eludes the clinician and no pathologic condition is found. For the idiopathic taste disorders, zinc therapy is available; however, no therapy exists for idiopathic smell disorders.", "contents": "Disorders of taste and smell. Symptoms of disorders in taste and smell range from loss of the sensations to an increased sensitivity. Causes include infections, metabolic disorders, and central nervous system disturbances. In many instances, the diagnosis for these disorders is obvious, such as an upper respiratory tract infection. In some cases, the diagnosis eludes the clinician and no pathologic condition is found. For the idiopathic taste disorders, zinc therapy is available; however, no therapy exists for idiopathic smell disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:343260", "title": "Multiple flap coverage for degloving hand injuries.", "content": "A technic incorporating the simultaneous elevation of multiple adjacent thoracoabdominal pedicale flaps, based in opposite directions, has been successfully used on four patients with extensive degloving injuries of the hand. In all cases, the hand was later divided into individual digits. A five-year follow-up of three patients is presented, illustrating functional results good enough to allow the patients to return to work. The special problems of a circumferential wound and digital shortening appear to be better controlled by this technic than by a single long \"wrap-around\" flap. Various technics of skin coverage are reviewed.", "contents": "Multiple flap coverage for degloving hand injuries. A technic incorporating the simultaneous elevation of multiple adjacent thoracoabdominal pedicale flaps, based in opposite directions, has been successfully used on four patients with extensive degloving injuries of the hand. In all cases, the hand was later divided into individual digits. A five-year follow-up of three patients is presented, illustrating functional results good enough to allow the patients to return to work. The special problems of a circumferential wound and digital shortening appear to be better controlled by this technic than by a single long \"wrap-around\" flap. Various technics of skin coverage are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:343261", "title": "Amaurosis and primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain: clinicopathologic study of a case.", "content": "A 63-year-old man developed headache, left hemiparesis, and progressive visual loss. Craniotomy demonstrated reticulum cell sarcoma within the right temporal lobe. Necropsy revealed extensive involvement of optic nerves by primary RCS. Autopsy suggested that local compression of optic nerves by tumor cell infiltrates may produce atrophy in addition to sustained, generalized elevation of intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Amaurosis and primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain: clinicopathologic study of a case. A 63-year-old man developed headache, left hemiparesis, and progressive visual loss. Craniotomy demonstrated reticulum cell sarcoma within the right temporal lobe. Necropsy revealed extensive involvement of optic nerves by primary RCS. Autopsy suggested that local compression of optic nerves by tumor cell infiltrates may produce atrophy in addition to sustained, generalized elevation of intracranial pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:343271", "title": "Professor F. P. Scott (1915-1976)--his contribution to dermatology in South Africa.", "content": "Tribute is paid to F. P. Scott, and the nature and circumstances of his contribution to dermatology are described. Conditions prevailing in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State during his lifetime are related to his professional, academic and research achievements.", "contents": "Professor F. P. Scott (1915-1976)--his contribution to dermatology in South Africa. Tribute is paid to F. P. Scott, and the nature and circumstances of his contribution to dermatology are described. Conditions prevailing in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State during his lifetime are related to his professional, academic and research achievements."}
{"id": "PMID:343273", "title": "Effects of propranolol and atenolol on blood pressure and plasma renin activity in patients with moderate hypertension.", "content": "A double-blind crossover trial was completed in 15 patients with moderate hypertension and the effects of propranolol (Inderal) 80 mg twice a day and atenolol (Tenormin) 100 mg twice a day were assessed on blood pressure, pulse rate and plasma renin activity (PRA), while patients were maintained on 1 cyclopenthiazide tablet (Navidrex K) per day. Both agents caused a significant reduction in blood pressure and pulse rate with patients at rest and during exercise. Plasma renin activity was significantly reduced by both agents in subjects with normal and high renin levels (with PRA 2-8 ng/ml/h and greater than 8 ng/ml/h respectively). Blood pressure responses could not be correlated with renin status or reduction in pulse rate. No adverse effects were attributable to either of the two beta-adrenergic blocking agents and we concluded that a beta1-selective agent, which has the advantage of not aggravating bronchospasm, can replace the non-selective propranolol.", "contents": "Effects of propranolol and atenolol on blood pressure and plasma renin activity in patients with moderate hypertension. A double-blind crossover trial was completed in 15 patients with moderate hypertension and the effects of propranolol (Inderal) 80 mg twice a day and atenolol (Tenormin) 100 mg twice a day were assessed on blood pressure, pulse rate and plasma renin activity (PRA), while patients were maintained on 1 cyclopenthiazide tablet (Navidrex K) per day. Both agents caused a significant reduction in blood pressure and pulse rate with patients at rest and during exercise. Plasma renin activity was significantly reduced by both agents in subjects with normal and high renin levels (with PRA 2-8 ng/ml/h and greater than 8 ng/ml/h respectively). Blood pressure responses could not be correlated with renin status or reduction in pulse rate. No adverse effects were attributable to either of the two beta-adrenergic blocking agents and we concluded that a beta1-selective agent, which has the advantage of not aggravating bronchospasm, can replace the non-selective propranolol."}
{"id": "PMID:343275", "title": "The incidence of infections in compromised patients at Groote Schuur hospital. An autopsy study.", "content": "The results of a retrospective autopsy study of 115 adult patients with haematological or lymphoreticular malignancies or who had undergone transplantation procedures, are presented. The overall incidence of infection was 65%, 123 infections being detected in 75 patients. The bulk of the infections involved the gastro-intestinal and respiratory systems, other systems being considerably less frequently affected. Patients who had received allografts and subsequent immunosuppression had the highest incidence of viral inclusions, especially cytomegalovirus. Candida infections were more common than aspergillosis, and severe fungal infections were most frequent in patients with acute leukaemia who had been treated aggressively. The only other mycosis detected was cryptococcosis. Bacterial pneumonia was the most frequent infection over-all (36%). Tuberculosis, pyelonephritis and Pneumocystis pneumonitis were also encountered.", "contents": "The incidence of infections in compromised patients at Groote Schuur hospital. An autopsy study. The results of a retrospective autopsy study of 115 adult patients with haematological or lymphoreticular malignancies or who had undergone transplantation procedures, are presented. The overall incidence of infection was 65%, 123 infections being detected in 75 patients. The bulk of the infections involved the gastro-intestinal and respiratory systems, other systems being considerably less frequently affected. Patients who had received allografts and subsequent immunosuppression had the highest incidence of viral inclusions, especially cytomegalovirus. Candida infections were more common than aspergillosis, and severe fungal infections were most frequent in patients with acute leukaemia who had been treated aggressively. The only other mycosis detected was cryptococcosis. Bacterial pneumonia was the most frequent infection over-all (36%). Tuberculosis, pyelonephritis and Pneumocystis pneumonitis were also encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:343278", "title": "Transplantation of children's kidneys into adult recipients.", "content": "In the present study of 31 kidneys transplanted from donors ranging in age from one to one-half to nine years, the ability of kidneys from donors in the pediatric age group to provide adequate renal function in adults is evaluated. Kidney function was reviewed six months, one year, three years and five years after transplantation. Forty per cent of the transplanted kidneys from this age group had excellent function at six months. Of the kidneys at risk for five years, 30 per cent were still functioning. Kidneys from donors three years of age and younger developed a creatinine clearance rate of 20 milliliters per minute in 12 days or less. Maximum creatinine clearance rates for kidneys from donors of the pediatric age group equaled those of adult donors. In addition, recipients of pediatric kidneys after one year tended to maintain a lower creatinine level than did their counterparts receiving adult kidneys. Thus, kidneys from donors as young as 18 months of age can be transplanted individually without special difficulties and can be expected to provide excellent renal function for adult recipients.", "contents": "Transplantation of children's kidneys into adult recipients. In the present study of 31 kidneys transplanted from donors ranging in age from one to one-half to nine years, the ability of kidneys from donors in the pediatric age group to provide adequate renal function in adults is evaluated. Kidney function was reviewed six months, one year, three years and five years after transplantation. Forty per cent of the transplanted kidneys from this age group had excellent function at six months. Of the kidneys at risk for five years, 30 per cent were still functioning. Kidneys from donors three years of age and younger developed a creatinine clearance rate of 20 milliliters per minute in 12 days or less. Maximum creatinine clearance rates for kidneys from donors of the pediatric age group equaled those of adult donors. In addition, recipients of pediatric kidneys after one year tended to maintain a lower creatinine level than did their counterparts receiving adult kidneys. Thus, kidneys from donors as young as 18 months of age can be transplanted individually without special difficulties and can be expected to provide excellent renal function for adult recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:343279", "title": "Estimation of the antral and duodenal gastrin cell population removed by gastrectomy from patients with peptic ulcer.", "content": "The total number of gastric and duodenal gastrin cells was determined in the gastrectomy specimens from eight patients with peptic ulcer. Planimetry was used to determine the antral and duodenal surface. The immunoperoxydase method with specific antigastrin antibodies was used for staining gastrin cells, and the mean concentration of nucleated gastrin cells per square millimeter of antral and duodenal surface was determined by light microscopy. The mean number of duodenal gastrin cells in the resected duodenum was 4.8 per cent of the total gastric gastrin cell mass. The concentration of gastrin cells in the antrum was quite variable from one mucosal site to another. The degree of extension of the antral gastritic areas was a major factor influencing the mean concentration value. The total number of gastrin cells in the stomach varied from approximately 7 to 74 million cells. Our data indicate that hyperplasia of gastrin cells cannot be demonstrated by studies performed in small specimens taken for biopsy.", "contents": "Estimation of the antral and duodenal gastrin cell population removed by gastrectomy from patients with peptic ulcer. The total number of gastric and duodenal gastrin cells was determined in the gastrectomy specimens from eight patients with peptic ulcer. Planimetry was used to determine the antral and duodenal surface. The immunoperoxydase method with specific antigastrin antibodies was used for staining gastrin cells, and the mean concentration of nucleated gastrin cells per square millimeter of antral and duodenal surface was determined by light microscopy. The mean number of duodenal gastrin cells in the resected duodenum was 4.8 per cent of the total gastric gastrin cell mass. The concentration of gastrin cells in the antrum was quite variable from one mucosal site to another. The degree of extension of the antral gastritic areas was a major factor influencing the mean concentration value. The total number of gastrin cells in the stomach varied from approximately 7 to 74 million cells. Our data indicate that hyperplasia of gastrin cells cannot be demonstrated by studies performed in small specimens taken for biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:343283", "title": "Controlled subtotal evacuation of intracerebral haematomas by stereotactic technique.", "content": "A new instrument for stereotactic evacuation of intracerebral haematomas is presented, as well as preliminary clinical experiences. A combined screw-and-suction technique makes possible the evacuation of even densely coagulated clots. The principle for a limited removal of a hemorrhagic mass in the brain is discussed.", "contents": "Controlled subtotal evacuation of intracerebral haematomas by stereotactic technique. A new instrument for stereotactic evacuation of intracerebral haematomas is presented, as well as preliminary clinical experiences. A combined screw-and-suction technique makes possible the evacuation of even densely coagulated clots. The principle for a limited removal of a hemorrhagic mass in the brain is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:343285", "title": "Hematogenous infection of total knee implants.", "content": "Three cases of hematogenous infection of total knee replacement are reported. In two cases septicemia following cholecystectomy resulted in E. coli infection of the knee joint. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy of implant patients undergoing dental or surgical procedures is recommended.", "contents": "Hematogenous infection of total knee implants. Three cases of hematogenous infection of total knee replacement are reported. In two cases septicemia following cholecystectomy resulted in E. coli infection of the knee joint. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy of implant patients undergoing dental or surgical procedures is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:343286", "title": "Withdrawal from positive end-expiratory pressure.", "content": "A retrospective review was carried out involving 82 patients who required positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) therapy for acute respiratory insufficiency. One third of the attempts at reducing the level of PEEP were unsuccessful and led to reinstitution of the original or an increased level of PEEP. Premature lowering of PEEP resulted in significant deterioration in oxygenation which persisted for more than 24 hours after reinstitution of PEEP in a significant number of patients. In addition, one half of these patients required increased levels of PEEP (above prelowering levels) to achieve adequate oxygenation. PEEP lowering attempts were categorized as either successes or failures. A comparison was made between the prelowering respiratory measurements of these two groups. The discriminant criteria produced were (1) an improving oxygenation index (rising (PaO2/FIO2) and (2) a stable or improving effective compliance. Using these prelowering criteria, it was possible to distinguish between the successes and failures in 95% of cases. Based on the data collected, proposed guidelines for PEEP lowering are presented.", "contents": "Withdrawal from positive end-expiratory pressure. A retrospective review was carried out involving 82 patients who required positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) therapy for acute respiratory insufficiency. One third of the attempts at reducing the level of PEEP were unsuccessful and led to reinstitution of the original or an increased level of PEEP. Premature lowering of PEEP resulted in significant deterioration in oxygenation which persisted for more than 24 hours after reinstitution of PEEP in a significant number of patients. In addition, one half of these patients required increased levels of PEEP (above prelowering levels) to achieve adequate oxygenation. PEEP lowering attempts were categorized as either successes or failures. A comparison was made between the prelowering respiratory measurements of these two groups. The discriminant criteria produced were (1) an improving oxygenation index (rising (PaO2/FIO2) and (2) a stable or improving effective compliance. Using these prelowering criteria, it was possible to distinguish between the successes and failures in 95% of cases. Based on the data collected, proposed guidelines for PEEP lowering are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:343287", "title": "Pediatric cadaver kidneys for transplantation.", "content": "A group of 24 kidneys from donors ranging in age from 1 1/2 to 10 years were transplanted singly into adults and were compared to a group of 44 adult cadaveric kidneys transplanted into adults. There were no vascular complications in either group. There were two urological complications in the 24 pediatric donor cases and none with the adult donor cases. During the first month after transplantation, the mean creatinine clearance was lower in the pediatric donor group; later the function of the pediatric donor kidneys was at least as good as the function of the adult donor grafts. In the group of pediatric donor kidneys, the outcome using kidneys from donors younger than 3 years of age was less satisfactory than for donors 3 to 10 years of age. These data suggest that transplantation of a single pediatric kidney into an adult, particularly if the pediatric donor is at least 3 years of age, will provide satisfactory renal function.", "contents": "Pediatric cadaver kidneys for transplantation. A group of 24 kidneys from donors ranging in age from 1 1/2 to 10 years were transplanted singly into adults and were compared to a group of 44 adult cadaveric kidneys transplanted into adults. There were no vascular complications in either group. There were two urological complications in the 24 pediatric donor cases and none with the adult donor cases. During the first month after transplantation, the mean creatinine clearance was lower in the pediatric donor group; later the function of the pediatric donor kidneys was at least as good as the function of the adult donor grafts. In the group of pediatric donor kidneys, the outcome using kidneys from donors younger than 3 years of age was less satisfactory than for donors 3 to 10 years of age. These data suggest that transplantation of a single pediatric kidney into an adult, particularly if the pediatric donor is at least 3 years of age, will provide satisfactory renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:343288", "title": "Pancreatic autotransplantation following resection.", "content": "A patient with recurrent pancreatitis was treated by near-total pancreatectomy. The tail of the pancreas, together with the splenic artery and vein, was transplanted into the thigh, with anastomoses of the splenic vessels to the femoral vessels. Two months after operation simultaneously drawn blood samples from both femoral veins showed elevated insulin on the grafted side. Two years after operation the patient is free of symptoms and is not diabetic.", "contents": "Pancreatic autotransplantation following resection. A patient with recurrent pancreatitis was treated by near-total pancreatectomy. The tail of the pancreas, together with the splenic artery and vein, was transplanted into the thigh, with anastomoses of the splenic vessels to the femoral vessels. Two months after operation simultaneously drawn blood samples from both femoral veins showed elevated insulin on the grafted side. Two years after operation the patient is free of symptoms and is not diabetic."}
{"id": "PMID:343298", "title": "Daily monitoring of the immune response to various allografts in rats.", "content": "The appearance of activated lymphocytes and antibodies in the circulation of rats was monitored following allogeneic kidney, skin, or combined skin-spleen transplants. Lymphocyte activation was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, and antibody by a hemolytic assay. These assays have been developed so that small samples of blood could be used, thus maintaining recipient survival and allowing for daily correlation between the response observed and the fate of the graft. These responses were detected after allogeneic transplantation in two recipient strains, but not following isogeneic renal or skin transplantation in either strain. The relative levels, time of onset and persistence of lymphocyte proliferation and of hemolytic antibody were found to differ substantially for the three different kinds of allografts. In general, these studies have demonstrated the validity of using the lymphocyte proliferative and humoral responses together as indicators of a current immune response against allogeneic renal transplants.", "contents": "Daily monitoring of the immune response to various allografts in rats. The appearance of activated lymphocytes and antibodies in the circulation of rats was monitored following allogeneic kidney, skin, or combined skin-spleen transplants. Lymphocyte activation was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, and antibody by a hemolytic assay. These assays have been developed so that small samples of blood could be used, thus maintaining recipient survival and allowing for daily correlation between the response observed and the fate of the graft. These responses were detected after allogeneic transplantation in two recipient strains, but not following isogeneic renal or skin transplantation in either strain. The relative levels, time of onset and persistence of lymphocyte proliferation and of hemolytic antibody were found to differ substantially for the three different kinds of allografts. In general, these studies have demonstrated the validity of using the lymphocyte proliferative and humoral responses together as indicators of a current immune response against allogeneic renal transplants."}
{"id": "PMID:343307", "title": "[Topographical changes in the labial fornix in the endentulous mandible due to the insertion of dentures].", "content": "The evaluation of 278 lateral teleradiographs obtained from 139 full denture wearers with and without their prostheses permitted to measure the position of the lavial vestibule in the mandible. In contrast to significant sagittal changes in position, no vertical ones were detected after insertion of the denture. Due to these findings, the author is very cautious in assessing  the possibility of targeted deepening of the alveololabial sulcus in the region of the labial vestibule by functional impression taking or by shaping the labial border of the denture.", "contents": "[Topographical changes in the labial fornix in the endentulous mandible due to the insertion of dentures]. The evaluation of 278 lateral teleradiographs obtained from 139 full denture wearers with and without their prostheses permitted to measure the position of the lavial vestibule in the mandible. In contrast to significant sagittal changes in position, no vertical ones were detected after insertion of the denture. Due to these findings, the author is very cautious in assessing  the possibility of targeted deepening of the alveololabial sulcus in the region of the labial vestibule by functional impression taking or by shaping the labial border of the denture."}
{"id": "PMID:343309", "title": "Cell mediated and humoral immunity in experimental Plasmodium berghei infection.", "content": "Adoptive passive transfer of immunity to Plasmodium berghei infection has been investigated in an inbred strain of Swiss mice. The mice were made hyperimmune by repeated passage of 10(3) parasites and subsequent therapy with an antimalarial drug. Immune sera and cells obtained from thymus, spleen and peritoneal exudate were transferred to normal animals which were subsequently challenged with standard doses of P. berghei. It was observed that: (a) immune serum in high doses (0.5 ml/mouse) enhanced parasitaemia; when used in smaller doses (0.1 ml/mouse), it afforded a considerable degree of protection; (b) viable immune lymphocytes obtained from thymus and lymph node afforded protection; (c) the mixed population of cells obtained from spleens of immunized mice, as well as peritoneal exudate, protected mice against challenge inoculum; (d) glutaraldehyde-treated spleen cells and material obtained after freezing and thawing the same number of spleen cells, macrophages and lymph node also afforded protection. These findings confirm that, under these experimental conditions, immunity against P. berghei is mediated through (i) specific antibody which is dose-dependent, (ii) cell-mediated immunity and (iii) effective response to processed antigen.", "contents": "Cell mediated and humoral immunity in experimental Plasmodium berghei infection. Adoptive passive transfer of immunity to Plasmodium berghei infection has been investigated in an inbred strain of Swiss mice. The mice were made hyperimmune by repeated passage of 10(3) parasites and subsequent therapy with an antimalarial drug. Immune sera and cells obtained from thymus, spleen and peritoneal exudate were transferred to normal animals which were subsequently challenged with standard doses of P. berghei. It was observed that: (a) immune serum in high doses (0.5 ml/mouse) enhanced parasitaemia; when used in smaller doses (0.1 ml/mouse), it afforded a considerable degree of protection; (b) viable immune lymphocytes obtained from thymus and lymph node afforded protection; (c) the mixed population of cells obtained from spleens of immunized mice, as well as peritoneal exudate, protected mice against challenge inoculum; (d) glutaraldehyde-treated spleen cells and material obtained after freezing and thawing the same number of spleen cells, macrophages and lymph node also afforded protection. These findings confirm that, under these experimental conditions, immunity against P. berghei is mediated through (i) specific antibody which is dose-dependent, (ii) cell-mediated immunity and (iii) effective response to processed antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:343311", "title": "Toxocaral larva migrans: the use of larval secretory antigens in haemagglutination and soluble antigen fluorescent antibody tests.", "content": "Toxocara larval excretions and secretions collected from in vitro culture were used as antigen in passive haemagglutination and soluble antigen fluorescent antibody tests for the diagnosis of visceral larva migrans in experimental animals and man. Antibody to toxocaral secretions was detected in rabbits within 13 days of light Toxocara infection (ten larvae per kg) and within four days of heavy infection (10(4) larvae). Antibody was not detected following infection with 10(4) Ascaris suum larvae. In human sera, antibody was detected at low titre in 1% of 100 healthy adults and in 2% of 50 children. High titres were observed in one third of 170 patients with suspected visceral larva migrans and in 23 of 27 such patients presenting with an eosinophilia greater than 20%. In 25 patients with ocular lesions of an undiagnosed nature, four showed significant levels of anti-Toxocara antibody.", "contents": "Toxocaral larva migrans: the use of larval secretory antigens in haemagglutination and soluble antigen fluorescent antibody tests. Toxocara larval excretions and secretions collected from in vitro culture were used as antigen in passive haemagglutination and soluble antigen fluorescent antibody tests for the diagnosis of visceral larva migrans in experimental animals and man. Antibody to toxocaral secretions was detected in rabbits within 13 days of light Toxocara infection (ten larvae per kg) and within four days of heavy infection (10(4) larvae). Antibody was not detected following infection with 10(4) Ascaris suum larvae. In human sera, antibody was detected at low titre in 1% of 100 healthy adults and in 2% of 50 children. High titres were observed in one third of 170 patients with suspected visceral larva migrans and in 23 of 27 such patients presenting with an eosinophilia greater than 20%. In 25 patients with ocular lesions of an undiagnosed nature, four showed significant levels of anti-Toxocara antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:343312", "title": "Treatment of intestinal amoebiasis and vaginal trichomoniasis with panidazole and its comparison with metronidazole.", "content": "A dose range study in 18 patients suffering from intestinal amoebiasis and treated with doses of panidazole between 1.0 and 2.0 g per day for six days revealed that the best therapeutic results were obtained with the higher dose. This dose was then compared with metronidazole, at the same dose, in a clinical trial in 100 patients with intestinal amoebiasis. Cure rates were 68% and 80% for the two drugs respectively. In 100 cases of vaginal trichomoniasis treated with panidazole at the dose of 1.0 g per day for seven days in half of the patients and for 10 days in the other half, we obtained 50% and 60% cure rates. The results of our studies with both amoebiasis and trichomoniasis were not superior to those obtained with metronidazole and other nitroimidazole derivatives. Side effects were found in 74% of the patients treated for amoebiasis and in 46% of the cases treated for trichomoniasis. No toxic effects were revealed by haematological, biochemical and renal function tests nor by cardiovascular studies.", "contents": "Treatment of intestinal amoebiasis and vaginal trichomoniasis with panidazole and its comparison with metronidazole. A dose range study in 18 patients suffering from intestinal amoebiasis and treated with doses of panidazole between 1.0 and 2.0 g per day for six days revealed that the best therapeutic results were obtained with the higher dose. This dose was then compared with metronidazole, at the same dose, in a clinical trial in 100 patients with intestinal amoebiasis. Cure rates were 68% and 80% for the two drugs respectively. In 100 cases of vaginal trichomoniasis treated with panidazole at the dose of 1.0 g per day for seven days in half of the patients and for 10 days in the other half, we obtained 50% and 60% cure rates. The results of our studies with both amoebiasis and trichomoniasis were not superior to those obtained with metronidazole and other nitroimidazole derivatives. Side effects were found in 74% of the patients treated for amoebiasis and in 46% of the cases treated for trichomoniasis. No toxic effects were revealed by haematological, biochemical and renal function tests nor by cardiovascular studies."}
{"id": "PMID:343314", "title": "Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: The effect of chloroquine on their development.", "content": "Asexual erythrocytic parasites of Plasmodium falciparum are killed by chloroquine, whilst mature gametocytes are not. The gametocytes of P. falciparum take 10 days to develop to maturity and their sensitivity to chloroquine during this time was studied in vitro to investigate when the switch from susceptibility to insusceptibility occurred and to compare the responses of asexual and immature sexual parasites to the drug. 45 to 50% of asexual parasites and immature gametocytes less than one day old survived in 0.1n. mols of chloroquine per ml but 0.3n. mols of drug per ml was lethal to both. Chloroquine at 1.0n mols per ml was lethal to developing gametocytes during their first six days of growth probably due, at least in part, to the drug disorganizing the parasite's digestion of host erythrocyte haemoglobin. The drug clumped the pigment of developing gametocytes. Only immature gametocytes in the final stage of development (stage 4) survive in high chloroquine concentrations.", "contents": "Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: The effect of chloroquine on their development. Asexual erythrocytic parasites of Plasmodium falciparum are killed by chloroquine, whilst mature gametocytes are not. The gametocytes of P. falciparum take 10 days to develop to maturity and their sensitivity to chloroquine during this time was studied in vitro to investigate when the switch from susceptibility to insusceptibility occurred and to compare the responses of asexual and immature sexual parasites to the drug. 45 to 50% of asexual parasites and immature gametocytes less than one day old survived in 0.1n. mols of chloroquine per ml but 0.3n. mols of drug per ml was lethal to both. Chloroquine at 1.0n mols per ml was lethal to developing gametocytes during their first six days of growth probably due, at least in part, to the drug disorganizing the parasite's digestion of host erythrocyte haemoglobin. The drug clumped the pigment of developing gametocytes. Only immature gametocytes in the final stage of development (stage 4) survive in high chloroquine concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:343326", "title": "A study of the conversion from paid to altruistic blood donors in New Mexico.", "content": "We investigated the recent conversion of the New Mexico blood supply from a donor recruitment base which depended almost entirely upon paid, responsibility fee, and insured donors to 100 per cent reliance upon altruistic donors. Blood Services of New Mexico (BSNM) effected this change. The local Red Cross played a key role in interpreting the change to the community and in providing entree for BSNM recruiters to the right places in the community, resulting in the enlistment of an almost entirely new group of donors who had never been asked to give blood before. The sequence of decision making is identified in relation to the detailed results during the transition. Altruistically donated blood did not significantly alter the incidence of HBsAg in the New Mexico blood supply. The supply of blood was not interrupted or diminished, the range and quality of blood services improved and the cost of blood service to the patient was reduced. The New Mexico community responded magnificently, although focal responsibility for the success of this project rests with a small number of key individuals. New Mexico now has an altruistically donated blood supply.", "contents": "A study of the conversion from paid to altruistic blood donors in New Mexico. We investigated the recent conversion of the New Mexico blood supply from a donor recruitment base which depended almost entirely upon paid, responsibility fee, and insured donors to 100 per cent reliance upon altruistic donors. Blood Services of New Mexico (BSNM) effected this change. The local Red Cross played a key role in interpreting the change to the community and in providing entree for BSNM recruiters to the right places in the community, resulting in the enlistment of an almost entirely new group of donors who had never been asked to give blood before. The sequence of decision making is identified in relation to the detailed results during the transition. Altruistically donated blood did not significantly alter the incidence of HBsAg in the New Mexico blood supply. The supply of blood was not interrupted or diminished, the range and quality of blood services improved and the cost of blood service to the patient was reduced. The New Mexico community responded magnificently, although focal responsibility for the success of this project rests with a small number of key individuals. New Mexico now has an altruistically donated blood supply."}
{"id": "PMID:343329", "title": "[Mechanism of the reaction of substrate phosphorylation in the tricarboxylic acid cycle].", "content": "The suggested sequence of the reactions differs from those presented in literature and includes the following compounds as intermediate ones: the complex of enzyme having 2ATP and two residues of phosphoric acid; the complex of enzyme having four residues of phosphoric acid; the complex of enzyme containing two residues of phosphoric acid and two residues of succinic acid. Sequences of the reactions suggested in literature involve as intermediate compounds a phosphorylated derivative of the enzyme (E--P), phosphorylated derivative CoA linked with the enzyme (E.CoA--P), a high-ergic compound of the enzyme with CoA (E.CoA) and succinyl phosphate linked with the enzyme (E.succinyl--P).", "contents": "[Mechanism of the reaction of substrate phosphorylation in the tricarboxylic acid cycle]. The suggested sequence of the reactions differs from those presented in literature and includes the following compounds as intermediate ones: the complex of enzyme having 2ATP and two residues of phosphoric acid; the complex of enzyme having four residues of phosphoric acid; the complex of enzyme containing two residues of phosphoric acid and two residues of succinic acid. Sequences of the reactions suggested in literature involve as intermediate compounds a phosphorylated derivative of the enzyme (E--P), phosphorylated derivative CoA linked with the enzyme (E.CoA--P), a high-ergic compound of the enzyme with CoA (E.CoA) and succinyl phosphate linked with the enzyme (E.succinyl--P)."}
{"id": "PMID:343342", "title": "[Urinary infection and vesicorenal reflux after renal transplant (author's transl)].", "content": "Worldwide experience shows that a urinary infection can endanger a renal transplant. Our experience with vesicorenal reflux and its possible complications led gave us to check randomly selected patients with renal transplant. In 3 out of 4 patients with chronic or relapsing infections, reflux was found. Four out of 23 patients with no reflux had a chronic urinary infection. In our opinion a ureter implantat with antireflux mechanism in the bladder should be given closest attention.", "contents": "[Urinary infection and vesicorenal reflux after renal transplant (author's transl)]. Worldwide experience shows that a urinary infection can endanger a renal transplant. Our experience with vesicorenal reflux and its possible complications led gave us to check randomly selected patients with renal transplant. In 3 out of 4 patients with chronic or relapsing infections, reflux was found. Four out of 23 patients with no reflux had a chronic urinary infection. In our opinion a ureter implantat with antireflux mechanism in the bladder should be given closest attention."}
{"id": "PMID:343343", "title": "[Occult reflux (author's transl)].", "content": "Level diagnosis repeatedly performed in patients without roentgenologically demonstrable reflux demonstrated bladder bacteriuria in 80% of the cases. The remaining 20% had supravesical bacteriuria. We called this occult reflux, if reinfection was demonstrated. Contamination of the upper tract by occult reflux can, but must not induce pyelonephritis. Bilateral antireflux surgery frequently eliminates occult reflux of bacteria, so this seems a debatable method of treatment.", "contents": "[Occult reflux (author's transl)]. Level diagnosis repeatedly performed in patients without roentgenologically demonstrable reflux demonstrated bladder bacteriuria in 80% of the cases. The remaining 20% had supravesical bacteriuria. We called this occult reflux, if reinfection was demonstrated. Contamination of the upper tract by occult reflux can, but must not induce pyelonephritis. Bilateral antireflux surgery frequently eliminates occult reflux of bacteria, so this seems a debatable method of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:343344", "title": "Serum antibody titers in treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for chronic prostatitis.", "content": "A comparative study of the clinical, bacteriologic, and serum antibody titer response of 22 men who received therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for chronic prostatitis due to various strains of Escherichia coli was done. Of the 7 patients who were cured by therapy on the basis of clinical and bacteriologic data, 6 of 6 patients who had elevated serum antibody titers prior to treatment demonstrated a decrease to normal range of serum titers during follow-up, confirming disappearance of the bacterial antigen. Of the 15 patients who were not cured on the basis of clinical and bacteriologic data, 12 of 12 patients who had elevated serum antibody titers prior to treatment demonstrated no change in serum titers throughout the study, confirming persistence of the bacterial antigen.", "contents": "Serum antibody titers in treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for chronic prostatitis. A comparative study of the clinical, bacteriologic, and serum antibody titer response of 22 men who received therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for chronic prostatitis due to various strains of Escherichia coli was done. Of the 7 patients who were cured by therapy on the basis of clinical and bacteriologic data, 6 of 6 patients who had elevated serum antibody titers prior to treatment demonstrated a decrease to normal range of serum titers during follow-up, confirming disappearance of the bacterial antigen. Of the 15 patients who were not cured on the basis of clinical and bacteriologic data, 12 of 12 patients who had elevated serum antibody titers prior to treatment demonstrated no change in serum titers throughout the study, confirming persistence of the bacterial antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:343345", "title": "Solitary infected renal cyst: report of 2 cases and review of literature.", "content": "Two cases of suppuration in solitary renal cyst are reported. The clinical history of acute pyelonephritis, avascular mass lesion of the kidney with ipsilateral pleural effusion (triad) seen in a female patient of child-bearing age is characteristic of this condition. Surgical management is satisfactory. Our Case 1 is the first reported case of solitary infected cyst that ruptured retroperitoneally, clinically mimicking a subphrenic abscess.", "contents": "Solitary infected renal cyst: report of 2 cases and review of literature. Two cases of suppuration in solitary renal cyst are reported. The clinical history of acute pyelonephritis, avascular mass lesion of the kidney with ipsilateral pleural effusion (triad) seen in a female patient of child-bearing age is characteristic of this condition. Surgical management is satisfactory. Our Case 1 is the first reported case of solitary infected cyst that ruptured retroperitoneally, clinically mimicking a subphrenic abscess."}
{"id": "PMID:343348", "title": "[Methods of anastomosis in anterior resection of the rectum].", "content": "For the second row of anastomosis sutures in anterior resection the authors employed the technic of \"enlarging rectosigmoid anastomosis\", which is formed by two running sutures. The second row of sutures is put prior to the withdrawal of the apparatus KTs-28, which is used for pulling the stoma into the wound and turning of both anastomosed intestines to provide an adequate access to the anastomotic line. The experience with the initial II operations seems to be fairly promising. No stricture of the anastomosis develops while using this technic. Indications to the anterior resection of the rectum for cancer are discussed.", "contents": "[Methods of anastomosis in anterior resection of the rectum]. For the second row of anastomosis sutures in anterior resection the authors employed the technic of \"enlarging rectosigmoid anastomosis\", which is formed by two running sutures. The second row of sutures is put prior to the withdrawal of the apparatus KTs-28, which is used for pulling the stoma into the wound and turning of both anastomosed intestines to provide an adequate access to the anastomotic line. The experience with the initial II operations seems to be fairly promising. No stricture of the anastomosis develops while using this technic. Indications to the anterior resection of the rectum for cancer are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:343349", "title": "Pathological changes in the small intestine of neonatal calves with enteric colibacillosis.", "content": "Three neonatal calves, protected from colisepticaemia by intravenously administered immunoglobulin M, were infected orally with Escherichia coli type 0101 K?(A). All calves developed severe enteric colibacillosis. When they were 4 days old stunting and fusion of villi were seen in the distal half of the small intestine and were associated with adhesion of the challenge organism to the mucosa. Two uninfected control calves kept under similar conditions, did not develop diarrhoea and had no lesions.", "contents": "Pathological changes in the small intestine of neonatal calves with enteric colibacillosis. Three neonatal calves, protected from colisepticaemia by intravenously administered immunoglobulin M, were infected orally with Escherichia coli type 0101 K?(A). All calves developed severe enteric colibacillosis. When they were 4 days old stunting and fusion of villi were seen in the distal half of the small intestine and were associated with adhesion of the challenge organism to the mucosa. Two uninfected control calves kept under similar conditions, did not develop diarrhoea and had no lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:343353", "title": "[Immunogenicity in Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum irradiated with gamma rays].", "content": "Studied with the imunogenicity of Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum bacteria treated with 1, 10 and 20 MR gamma rays or killed with acetone. Bacterial cultures were irradiated with a LMB-gamma M device, having a 137Cs source, single doses being of a 3,252 R/min power Biozzi's clearance test was employed to determine the changes in the immunogenic properties of the irradiated bacteria. The results obtained with both the clearance test and the protection test spoke of a considerable drop in the immunogenic capacity of the irradiated bacteria, using rates of 10, and especially of 20 MR gamma rays as compared to those killed with acetone. Protection was manifested best by bacteria treated at the rate of 1 MR gamma-rays, which pointed to the possibility of their practical use in the immunoprophylaxis of pullorum disease in birds.", "contents": "[Immunogenicity in Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum irradiated with gamma rays]. Studied with the imunogenicity of Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum bacteria treated with 1, 10 and 20 MR gamma rays or killed with acetone. Bacterial cultures were irradiated with a LMB-gamma M device, having a 137Cs source, single doses being of a 3,252 R/min power Biozzi's clearance test was employed to determine the changes in the immunogenic properties of the irradiated bacteria. The results obtained with both the clearance test and the protection test spoke of a considerable drop in the immunogenic capacity of the irradiated bacteria, using rates of 10, and especially of 20 MR gamma rays as compared to those killed with acetone. Protection was manifested best by bacteria treated at the rate of 1 MR gamma-rays, which pointed to the possibility of their practical use in the immunoprophylaxis of pullorum disease in birds."}
{"id": "PMID:343354", "title": "[Biochemical and serological studies of the E. coli strains isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis].", "content": "Studies were serologically and biochemically a total of 17 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from mastitis-affected cows in the districts of Sofia, Varna, and Plovidiv. Demonstrated were the serogroups 0125, 0111, 086, 025, 026, 055, and 0128, which were pathogenic for humans too. Via the milk they were shown to reach both newborn animals and children and to cause severely expressed colienteritis. All investigated strains attacked glucose and manite, reduced nitrates into nitrites, and gave a positive reaction with methyl red but did not ferment starch, insulin, sucrose, and maltose; neither did they produce hydrogen sulfide and liquefaction of gelatin. They gave a negative Voges-Proscauer reaction. Single strains were negative with regard to lactose and indole, and the strains' activity with regard to sorbite, inosite and adonite varied.", "contents": "[Biochemical and serological studies of the E. coli strains isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis]. Studies were serologically and biochemically a total of 17 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from mastitis-affected cows in the districts of Sofia, Varna, and Plovidiv. Demonstrated were the serogroups 0125, 0111, 086, 025, 026, 055, and 0128, which were pathogenic for humans too. Via the milk they were shown to reach both newborn animals and children and to cause severely expressed colienteritis. All investigated strains attacked glucose and manite, reduced nitrates into nitrites, and gave a positive reaction with methyl red but did not ferment starch, insulin, sucrose, and maltose; neither did they produce hydrogen sulfide and liquefaction of gelatin. They gave a negative Voges-Proscauer reaction. Single strains were negative with regard to lactose and indole, and the strains' activity with regard to sorbite, inosite and adonite varied."}
{"id": "PMID:343355", "title": "[Clinical and experimental studies of suppurative surgical infection in cattle].", "content": "Investigated were a total of 30 cattle 6 of which had experimental surgery infection and 24 showed spontaneously developing suppurative infection. The animals were studied in terms of general status, blood picture, quality of urine and synovia, and rumen content. The dynamis was followed up of the development of sepsis and purulent artritis. It was found that in case of suppurative surgical infections in cattle the general status was invariably affected, the severity of the process depending on its localization and developmental phase. Changes were observed also in the eye fundus and in the urinary and the digestive system. There were anemia and leukopenia which alternated with leukocytosis, and transient changes in the values of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the blood electrolytes. The SGOT values almost constantly increased, and the hemoculture was not positive in all cases.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental studies of suppurative surgical infection in cattle]. Investigated were a total of 30 cattle 6 of which had experimental surgery infection and 24 showed spontaneously developing suppurative infection. The animals were studied in terms of general status, blood picture, quality of urine and synovia, and rumen content. The dynamis was followed up of the development of sepsis and purulent artritis. It was found that in case of suppurative surgical infections in cattle the general status was invariably affected, the severity of the process depending on its localization and developmental phase. Changes were observed also in the eye fundus and in the urinary and the digestive system. There were anemia and leukopenia which alternated with leukocytosis, and transient changes in the values of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the blood electrolytes. The SGOT values almost constantly increased, and the hemoculture was not positive in all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:343356", "title": "[Use of an immunoadsorbent in differentiating B and D salmonelloses in poultry].", "content": "An immunoadsorbent was obtained from a lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum, employing the method of Eskenazy. It was used to adsorb the O agglutinating antibodies against S. gallinarum-pullcorum, S. enteritidis, S. heidelberg in blood sera of birds. Adsorption of sera was carried out at room temperature for 40 min. It was demonstrated that the product was highly specific. It fully and specifically found the O agglutinating antibodies in the sera of birds infected with S. gallinarum-pullorum and S. enteritidis and in the sera of birds coming from a flock with pullorum infection, however, did not bind the O agglutinating antibodies induced by the O antigens 4 and 5 characteristic of Salmonella heidelberg, resp., group B. A following investigation of the sera, using a S. heidelberg test-antigen, specified the sera of birds infected with S. heidelberg only. The application of the immunoadsorbent makes it possible to speed up the adsorption of the O agglutinating antibodies, and thus, for one or several hours within a single working day the differentiation is carried out of B and D Salmonella infections in birds.", "contents": "[Use of an immunoadsorbent in differentiating B and D salmonelloses in poultry]. An immunoadsorbent was obtained from a lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum, employing the method of Eskenazy. It was used to adsorb the O agglutinating antibodies against S. gallinarum-pullcorum, S. enteritidis, S. heidelberg in blood sera of birds. Adsorption of sera was carried out at room temperature for 40 min. It was demonstrated that the product was highly specific. It fully and specifically found the O agglutinating antibodies in the sera of birds infected with S. gallinarum-pullorum and S. enteritidis and in the sera of birds coming from a flock with pullorum infection, however, did not bind the O agglutinating antibodies induced by the O antigens 4 and 5 characteristic of Salmonella heidelberg, resp., group B. A following investigation of the sera, using a S. heidelberg test-antigen, specified the sera of birds infected with S. heidelberg only. The application of the immunoadsorbent makes it possible to speed up the adsorption of the O agglutinating antibodies, and thus, for one or several hours within a single working day the differentiation is carried out of B and D Salmonella infections in birds."}
{"id": "PMID:343357", "title": "[Change in the quantity of coliform and Proteus bacteria during the ripening of raw, nonperishable meat products].", "content": "Studied were the changes in the amount of coliform and Proteus bacteria in the production of raw-dried and raw-smoked unperishable meat products, employing model testing procedures of experimentally contaminated meat products with Escherichia coli and Bacterium proteus, through following up the changes in the counts of coliform and Proteus bacteria in batches of regular production, and by the investigation of raw meat samples of varying moisture content. The studies were carried out at eight enterprises working under different technologic conditions. A total of twenty series of model experiments were carried out with artificially contaminated batches of products as well as twenty-one series of experiments with batches of regular production, and some 93 meat products, dried to a various extent, were sampled. Results showed that during the ripening process with unperishable meat products the reduce in the numbers of coliform bacteria is more intense than the decrease in the Proteus organisms. The process of smoking did not change the amount of these microbes. In unperishable raw meat products that meet the requirements of the Bulgarian State Standard coliforms are found in 43 per cent of the samples, and Proteus bacteria are not present.", "contents": "[Change in the quantity of coliform and Proteus bacteria during the ripening of raw, nonperishable meat products]. Studied were the changes in the amount of coliform and Proteus bacteria in the production of raw-dried and raw-smoked unperishable meat products, employing model testing procedures of experimentally contaminated meat products with Escherichia coli and Bacterium proteus, through following up the changes in the counts of coliform and Proteus bacteria in batches of regular production, and by the investigation of raw meat samples of varying moisture content. The studies were carried out at eight enterprises working under different technologic conditions. A total of twenty series of model experiments were carried out with artificially contaminated batches of products as well as twenty-one series of experiments with batches of regular production, and some 93 meat products, dried to a various extent, were sampled. Results showed that during the ripening process with unperishable meat products the reduce in the numbers of coliform bacteria is more intense than the decrease in the Proteus organisms. The process of smoking did not change the amount of these microbes. In unperishable raw meat products that meet the requirements of the Bulgarian State Standard coliforms are found in 43 per cent of the samples, and Proteus bacteria are not present."}
{"id": "PMID:343358", "title": "[Immunodepressive activity of cell fractions of Escherichia coli O138:K81:H19].", "content": "A soluble cell fraction (cytosol), an O-antigen (endotoxin), and an unsoluble cell ingredient were isolated from a 24-hour culture of Escherichia coli O138:K81:H19. Their immunosuppressive action was determined by using the tuberculin test and the survival rate of the allographts. It was found that: 1. Cytosol appears to be a slightly toxic preparation with well expressed immunosuppressive action. 2. The endotoxin is highly toxic, producing the same effect as cytosol. 3. The unsoluble cell ingredient is a comparatively toxic preparation, producing an undependable immunosuppressive effect. Discussed is the mechanism of the immunosuppressive activity of the investigated subcellular fractions. It believed to be due to a certain injurious action on the function of the T-cells.", "contents": "[Immunodepressive activity of cell fractions of Escherichia coli O138:K81:H19]. A soluble cell fraction (cytosol), an O-antigen (endotoxin), and an unsoluble cell ingredient were isolated from a 24-hour culture of Escherichia coli O138:K81:H19. Their immunosuppressive action was determined by using the tuberculin test and the survival rate of the allographts. It was found that: 1. Cytosol appears to be a slightly toxic preparation with well expressed immunosuppressive action. 2. The endotoxin is highly toxic, producing the same effect as cytosol. 3. The unsoluble cell ingredient is a comparatively toxic preparation, producing an undependable immunosuppressive effect. Discussed is the mechanism of the immunosuppressive activity of the investigated subcellular fractions. It believed to be due to a certain injurious action on the function of the T-cells."}
{"id": "PMID:343388", "title": "[Problems of the amino acid content in the blood plasma and their absorption in the intestines in chronic lead poisoning].", "content": "As against controls essential differences in the amino acids content were disclosed largely in patients with a well-marked form of poisoning, i. e. a fall in the level of 7 from among 17 amino acid under examination (valine, glycine, leucine, lysine, serine, tyrosine, phenylalanine). After a peroral administration of 100 gm of an amino acids mixture the increment in the amount of amino acids in the blood of these patients proved lower than in controls both after a lapse of 30 and 60 minutes. In patients with a mild form of poisoning a fall of the serine, tyrosine and phenylalanine level in the blood was ascertained. The amino acids loading revealed a lesser accretion of amino acids in the blood on expiration of 60 minutes. The specific D-penicillinamine medication had no effect on the amino acids content in the plasma and their absorption in the intestines.", "contents": "[Problems of the amino acid content in the blood plasma and their absorption in the intestines in chronic lead poisoning]. As against controls essential differences in the amino acids content were disclosed largely in patients with a well-marked form of poisoning, i. e. a fall in the level of 7 from among 17 amino acid under examination (valine, glycine, leucine, lysine, serine, tyrosine, phenylalanine). After a peroral administration of 100 gm of an amino acids mixture the increment in the amount of amino acids in the blood of these patients proved lower than in controls both after a lapse of 30 and 60 minutes. In patients with a mild form of poisoning a fall of the serine, tyrosine and phenylalanine level in the blood was ascertained. The amino acids loading revealed a lesser accretion of amino acids in the blood on expiration of 60 minutes. The specific D-penicillinamine medication had no effect on the amino acids content in the plasma and their absorption in the intestines."}
{"id": "PMID:343398", "title": "[Hepatitis b infection in renal transplant recipients (author's transl)].", "content": "During a period of 4 1/2 years the incidence and clinical course of endemic hepatitis B infection was studied in 43 renal transplant recipients with an observation time of 3 to 47 (average: 26.3) months after surgery. During the investigation period 27 out of 43 patients (62.8 per cent) had hepatitis B infection. In 8 patients HBs antigenaemia persisted after chronic dialysis treatment. After surgery HBs antigenaemia was detected for the first time in 7 patients. Recurrence of HBs antigenaemia was noted in one patient. In 7 further cases with HBs antigenaemia after transplantation regular controls of HBsAg and HBsAb were not available before transplantation. In 2 patients HBs antibodies were detectable at the time of transplantation; 2 further patients developed HBs antibodies postoperatively. Hepatitis B infection showed a mild and persistent clinical course. 6 out of 7 icteric patients simultaneously had other severe mycotic and viral infections. Therefore, the conclusion was drawn that in patients with coexisting multiple infections liver damage is not necessarily attributable to HBs antigenaemia.", "contents": "[Hepatitis b infection in renal transplant recipients (author's transl)]. During a period of 4 1/2 years the incidence and clinical course of endemic hepatitis B infection was studied in 43 renal transplant recipients with an observation time of 3 to 47 (average: 26.3) months after surgery. During the investigation period 27 out of 43 patients (62.8 per cent) had hepatitis B infection. In 8 patients HBs antigenaemia persisted after chronic dialysis treatment. After surgery HBs antigenaemia was detected for the first time in 7 patients. Recurrence of HBs antigenaemia was noted in one patient. In 7 further cases with HBs antigenaemia after transplantation regular controls of HBsAg and HBsAb were not available before transplantation. In 2 patients HBs antibodies were detectable at the time of transplantation; 2 further patients developed HBs antibodies postoperatively. Hepatitis B infection showed a mild and persistent clinical course. 6 out of 7 icteric patients simultaneously had other severe mycotic and viral infections. Therefore, the conclusion was drawn that in patients with coexisting multiple infections liver damage is not necessarily attributable to HBs antigenaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:343400", "title": "[Experimental lung transplantation: functional studies of the graft compared with a normal and a pathological contralateral organ (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short description of the technique of experimental lung homotransplantation, the function of the graft is investigated both from the haemodynamic and respiratory point of view. Perfusion of the transplant was studied in acute and chronic experiments. The haemodynamic rate can be normal even when there are signs of rejection. In the first week there was always a decrease in the perfusion ratio. Lung function tests revealed adequate functional capacity of the graft, capable of sustaining life of the animal, as long as rejection is kept under control. Normal values as obtained with a healthy organ were not achieved, however. Studies in dogs with pathological changes in the contralateral lung showed that the graft is able to tolerate the total cardiac output and to provide adequate respiratory function. In animals with an emphysematous contralateral lung, no ventilation-perfusion imbalance resulted in the homotransplanted organ even when unilateral papain instillation had induced severe emphysematous changes in lung structure of the contralateral organ.", "contents": "[Experimental lung transplantation: functional studies of the graft compared with a normal and a pathological contralateral organ (author's transl)]. After a short description of the technique of experimental lung homotransplantation, the function of the graft is investigated both from the haemodynamic and respiratory point of view. Perfusion of the transplant was studied in acute and chronic experiments. The haemodynamic rate can be normal even when there are signs of rejection. In the first week there was always a decrease in the perfusion ratio. Lung function tests revealed adequate functional capacity of the graft, capable of sustaining life of the animal, as long as rejection is kept under control. Normal values as obtained with a healthy organ were not achieved, however. Studies in dogs with pathological changes in the contralateral lung showed that the graft is able to tolerate the total cardiac output and to provide adequate respiratory function. In animals with an emphysematous contralateral lung, no ventilation-perfusion imbalance resulted in the homotransplanted organ even when unilateral papain instillation had induced severe emphysematous changes in lung structure of the contralateral organ."}
{"id": "PMID:343403", "title": "Corticosteroid therapy of intrathoracic sarcoidosis stages I and II--results of a controlled clinical trial.", "content": "It is difficult to evaluate the efficacy of sarcoidosis therapy. There are high rates of spontaneous remission, frequently pushing course and tendency to relapses after treatment. 280 patients with histologically confirmed mediastino-pulmonary sarcoidosis in stage I and II without extrapulmonary manifestations have been admitted until now in a controlled clinical trial. More than 150 of them have been analysed after a follow-up of 3 to 5 years, in 40 cases already to 7 years. The patients have been treated by prednisolone and isoniazide for six and 12 months respectively and compared with a non-treated control group. 6 and 12 months after the start of observation X-ray regression has been more often observed in the treated than in the non-treated patients. However, the results after 3 and 5 years were nearly similar in all groups: improvement in 75% and complete resolution in 60% respectively. It seems to us therefore that prednisolone shows only an effect on the early stage of sarcoidosis but is without any influence on the late X-ray results. In consequence corticosteroid therapy is clearly indicated only in patients with progressive course of the disease.", "contents": "Corticosteroid therapy of intrathoracic sarcoidosis stages I and II--results of a controlled clinical trial. It is difficult to evaluate the efficacy of sarcoidosis therapy. There are high rates of spontaneous remission, frequently pushing course and tendency to relapses after treatment. 280 patients with histologically confirmed mediastino-pulmonary sarcoidosis in stage I and II without extrapulmonary manifestations have been admitted until now in a controlled clinical trial. More than 150 of them have been analysed after a follow-up of 3 to 5 years, in 40 cases already to 7 years. The patients have been treated by prednisolone and isoniazide for six and 12 months respectively and compared with a non-treated control group. 6 and 12 months after the start of observation X-ray regression has been more often observed in the treated than in the non-treated patients. However, the results after 3 and 5 years were nearly similar in all groups: improvement in 75% and complete resolution in 60% respectively. It seems to us therefore that prednisolone shows only an effect on the early stage of sarcoidosis but is without any influence on the late X-ray results. In consequence corticosteroid therapy is clearly indicated only in patients with progressive course of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:343406", "title": "[Effect of training in sports on the cardiovascular system of children and adolescents].", "content": "In a review the specific reaction of the cardiovascular system of children and youth to actual athletic stress and on a staying power training is dealt with. The present knowledge is imperfect because the medicine had a cautious opinion of the maximum stress of the infantile heart till recent times, and children training systematically were exceptions. The examination of the cardiovascular system of training children is complicated as far as the effects of training are mostly equal in direction like growth, maturing, and development effects. But it is evident that the infantile circulation system is well adaptable to staying power results. During training a cardiac enlargement surpassing the growth rate is arising. Under the condition of rest the heart of the trained child is more subjected to vagal control with the appropriate functional consequences. By submaximum stress an economization of the function can be observed. During stress a stronger inotropia with increased stroke volume and better oxygen absorption is stated. The post-stress phase is characterized by an accelerated return of the deflected functions to the zero level. Furthermore statements are made about the specific ECG of sporting children, about the problems of sports at heart diseases, about acceleration and retardation as well as about the transformation of physiologic knowledge into methodical conceptions for training.", "contents": "[Effect of training in sports on the cardiovascular system of children and adolescents]. In a review the specific reaction of the cardiovascular system of children and youth to actual athletic stress and on a staying power training is dealt with. The present knowledge is imperfect because the medicine had a cautious opinion of the maximum stress of the infantile heart till recent times, and children training systematically were exceptions. The examination of the cardiovascular system of training children is complicated as far as the effects of training are mostly equal in direction like growth, maturing, and development effects. But it is evident that the infantile circulation system is well adaptable to staying power results. During training a cardiac enlargement surpassing the growth rate is arising. Under the condition of rest the heart of the trained child is more subjected to vagal control with the appropriate functional consequences. By submaximum stress an economization of the function can be observed. During stress a stronger inotropia with increased stroke volume and better oxygen absorption is stated. The post-stress phase is characterized by an accelerated return of the deflected functions to the zero level. Furthermore statements are made about the specific ECG of sporting children, about the problems of sports at heart diseases, about acceleration and retardation as well as about the transformation of physiologic knowledge into methodical conceptions for training."}
{"id": "PMID:343408", "title": "[Controlled trials of premedication of fiberendoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "In four controlled studies on 771 consecutive patients we tested the value of premedication before passing a fiberendoscope. Following local anaesthesia of the throat, 10 mgs of diazepam in patients less than 60 years and 5 mgs in those over 60 years quickly injected intravenously caused a sufficient premedication for fiberendoscopy. Premedication with diazepam is better than placebo. We fell that omission of premedication is not justifiable. Flunitrazepam, for premedication, in doses of 1-2 mgs did not prove to be suitable. 20 patients were radiologically controlled for signs of aspiration following premedication and endoskopy. They showed no signs of aspiration.", "contents": "[Controlled trials of premedication of fiberendoscopy (author's transl)]. In four controlled studies on 771 consecutive patients we tested the value of premedication before passing a fiberendoscope. Following local anaesthesia of the throat, 10 mgs of diazepam in patients less than 60 years and 5 mgs in those over 60 years quickly injected intravenously caused a sufficient premedication for fiberendoscopy. Premedication with diazepam is better than placebo. We fell that omission of premedication is not justifiable. Flunitrazepam, for premedication, in doses of 1-2 mgs did not prove to be suitable. 20 patients were radiologically controlled for signs of aspiration following premedication and endoskopy. They showed no signs of aspiration."}
{"id": "PMID:343409", "title": "[\"Hepatogenic ulcer\": theories and facts (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of literature is given concerning the incidence, pathogenesis and clinical relevance of peptic ulcer in chronic liver disease. 1. Today there is no doubt about a highly significant incidence of peptic ulcer in chronic liver diseases, especially in cirrhosis of the liver. Therefore it seems reasonable to use the term \"hepatogenic ulcer\". 2. Assuming a relation between chronic liver disease and peptic ulceration several theories are discussed with regard to the causality and etiology. Most investigators suppose the diseased liver as \"primum movens\" in peptic ulceration by means of conditioning different ulcerogenic factors. 3. The clinical finding of increased frequency of peptic ulcer in cirrhotics despite of reduced gastric acid output is no contradiction. It can be explained by relative disturbance of the balance between aggressive and protective mechanism, the latter being diminished. Although a dysfunction of gastric mucus is recently assumed, the specific pathogenetic factor is not clear up to now. 4 Nevertheless, there is no doubt about the clinical relevance of this type of ulcer, given by diagnostic and therapeutic problems and pitfalls.", "contents": "[\"Hepatogenic ulcer\": theories and facts (author's transl)]. A review of literature is given concerning the incidence, pathogenesis and clinical relevance of peptic ulcer in chronic liver disease. 1. Today there is no doubt about a highly significant incidence of peptic ulcer in chronic liver diseases, especially in cirrhosis of the liver. Therefore it seems reasonable to use the term \"hepatogenic ulcer\". 2. Assuming a relation between chronic liver disease and peptic ulceration several theories are discussed with regard to the causality and etiology. Most investigators suppose the diseased liver as \"primum movens\" in peptic ulceration by means of conditioning different ulcerogenic factors. 3. The clinical finding of increased frequency of peptic ulcer in cirrhotics despite of reduced gastric acid output is no contradiction. It can be explained by relative disturbance of the balance between aggressive and protective mechanism, the latter being diminished. Although a dysfunction of gastric mucus is recently assumed, the specific pathogenetic factor is not clear up to now. 4 Nevertheless, there is no doubt about the clinical relevance of this type of ulcer, given by diagnostic and therapeutic problems and pitfalls."}
{"id": "PMID:343410", "title": "[A critical analysis of the present state of recognizing the fetal hazard in pregnancy, via hormonal determinations (author's transl)].", "content": "The experience published in medical literature on the pregnancy hormones HPL and estrogens, is subjected to a critical review. The reported studies are examined in detail, first of all, with regard to the performance of the pregnancy hormones in fetal risk situations, taking certain pregnancy complications into account. The ranking of these paremeters in arriving at obstetric decisions in fetal emergency situations, is then described. This is followed by an assessment of the importance of the pregnancy hormones as prognostic parameters for forecasting fetal hazard in cases where pregnancy appears to have taken an uneventful courese, basing on few results available to date. All findings indicate that biochemical monitoring during pregnancy contributes toward individualization of the obstetric decisions.", "contents": "[A critical analysis of the present state of recognizing the fetal hazard in pregnancy, via hormonal determinations (author's transl)]. The experience published in medical literature on the pregnancy hormones HPL and estrogens, is subjected to a critical review. The reported studies are examined in detail, first of all, with regard to the performance of the pregnancy hormones in fetal risk situations, taking certain pregnancy complications into account. The ranking of these paremeters in arriving at obstetric decisions in fetal emergency situations, is then described. This is followed by an assessment of the importance of the pregnancy hormones as prognostic parameters for forecasting fetal hazard in cases where pregnancy appears to have taken an uneventful courese, basing on few results available to date. All findings indicate that biochemical monitoring during pregnancy contributes toward individualization of the obstetric decisions."}
{"id": "PMID:343414", "title": "[Hemodynamics in patients with coronary heart disease under conditions of physical exercise before and after mepindolol-sulfate (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of exercise upon hemodynamic variables was investigated in seven patients with coronary artery disease during an eight-week double blind cross-over study with placebo and with mepindolol-sulfate, a new beta-receptor blocking agent. 1. The first hemodynamic sign of myocardial ischemia during exercise was an increase of pulmonary capillary pressure in parallel with ST-segment depression in the Ecg. 2. Angina was accompanied by a fall of the stroke volume and an increase of the peripheral resistance. 3. During beta-receptor blockade with mepindolol-sulfate angina was compensated,  the unfavourable hemodynamic effects seen during placebo did not occur. 4. No signs of congestive heart failure were found during mepindolol-sulfate-therapy. 5. Mepindolol-sulfate showed a pronounced blood-pressure lowering effect.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics in patients with coronary heart disease under conditions of physical exercise before and after mepindolol-sulfate (author's transl)]. The effect of exercise upon hemodynamic variables was investigated in seven patients with coronary artery disease during an eight-week double blind cross-over study with placebo and with mepindolol-sulfate, a new beta-receptor blocking agent. 1. The first hemodynamic sign of myocardial ischemia during exercise was an increase of pulmonary capillary pressure in parallel with ST-segment depression in the Ecg. 2. Angina was accompanied by a fall of the stroke volume and an increase of the peripheral resistance. 3. During beta-receptor blockade with mepindolol-sulfate angina was compensated,  the unfavourable hemodynamic effects seen during placebo did not occur. 4. No signs of congestive heart failure were found during mepindolol-sulfate-therapy. 5. Mepindolol-sulfate showed a pronounced blood-pressure lowering effect."}
{"id": "PMID:343420", "title": "Arthritis: an ancient disease yields to research.", "content": "The author traces the history of arthritis, noting at least one instance when it affected the course of history, and describes the significant contributions to the understanding and treatment of the disease of the American Rheumatism Association and its Foundation.", "contents": "Arthritis: an ancient disease yields to research. The author traces the history of arthritis, noting at least one instance when it affected the course of history, and describes the significant contributions to the understanding and treatment of the disease of the American Rheumatism Association and its Foundation."}
{"id": "PMID:343435", "title": "[Significance of physico-chemical procedures and biochemical methods for uremia detoxification and construction of modern artificial kidneys].", "content": "1. The most well-known principles of artifical kidneys (those which are already in use as well as those which are being developed) and the principles of the partial kidneys are subdivided into a sequence of ordinal numbers. 2. Here these methods are critized partly more briefly, partly more detailed. 3. The author deals with some details of the A-coal-adsorption, in which case the uraemic detoxication is particularly taken into consideration. 4. Then the essential advantages of the use of adsorbents in the uraemic detoxication and in the removal of toxines in general as well as their significance for the construction of modern artificial kidneys are compiled.", "contents": "[Significance of physico-chemical procedures and biochemical methods for uremia detoxification and construction of modern artificial kidneys]. 1. The most well-known principles of artifical kidneys (those which are already in use as well as those which are being developed) and the principles of the partial kidneys are subdivided into a sequence of ordinal numbers. 2. Here these methods are critized partly more briefly, partly more detailed. 3. The author deals with some details of the A-coal-adsorption, in which case the uraemic detoxication is particularly taken into consideration. 4. Then the essential advantages of the use of adsorbents in the uraemic detoxication and in the removal of toxines in general as well as their significance for the construction of modern artificial kidneys are compiled."}
{"id": "PMID:343438", "title": "[The roux-en-y-loop (author's transl)].", "content": "78 patients were operated on from 1st July to 31th December 1976 according to the method of Roux-en-Y-loop under several indications concerning primary and secondary reconstructive procedures in abdominal surgery. The experiences made are good. We recommend this method.", "contents": "[The roux-en-y-loop (author's transl)]. 78 patients were operated on from 1st July to 31th December 1976 according to the method of Roux-en-Y-loop under several indications concerning primary and secondary reconstructive procedures in abdominal surgery. The experiences made are good. We recommend this method."}
{"id": "PMID:343440", "title": "[Effectiveness of cervical suture in the prophylaxis of premature deliveries (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of surgical treatment of cervical insufficiency according to McDonald's method in 150 pregnant women are discussed. The diagnosis was based upon anamnesis, examination of the vaginal segment of the uterus and the behaviour of cervix throughout the gestation period. The results depended upon the extent to which uterine cervix dilated before operation. Sutures were inserted in 150 pregnant women, and positive results were obtained in 119 cases (79%). In pregnant women with obstetric history of incompetence a prophylactic application of cervical sutures seems to be justified.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of cervical suture in the prophylaxis of premature deliveries (author's transl)]. Results of surgical treatment of cervical insufficiency according to McDonald's method in 150 pregnant women are discussed. The diagnosis was based upon anamnesis, examination of the vaginal segment of the uterus and the behaviour of cervix throughout the gestation period. The results depended upon the extent to which uterine cervix dilated before operation. Sutures were inserted in 150 pregnant women, and positive results were obtained in 119 cases (79%). In pregnant women with obstetric history of incompetence a prophylactic application of cervical sutures seems to be justified."}
{"id": "PMID:343441", "title": "[Circular suture of the cervix in placenta praevia].", "content": "In the accidents of placenta praevia a modified cervixcerclage was used to 25 women during gestation period of 20 to 35 weeks. The circulare suture goes under the bundles of uterine oessels. This inables to escape the lesions of oessels and dystrophy of the cervix uteri. The circulare suture helps to reduce a number of premature labours. The labours were delayed for 23 days and fetal mortality reduced to 10,53%. Cervixcerclage is indicated. Fetal mortality to prevent fetal mortality and to prolonge the pregnancy.", "contents": "[Circular suture of the cervix in placenta praevia]. In the accidents of placenta praevia a modified cervixcerclage was used to 25 women during gestation period of 20 to 35 weeks. The circulare suture goes under the bundles of uterine oessels. This inables to escape the lesions of oessels and dystrophy of the cervix uteri. The circulare suture helps to reduce a number of premature labours. The labours were delayed for 23 days and fetal mortality reduced to 10,53%. Cervixcerclage is indicated. Fetal mortality to prevent fetal mortality and to prolonge the pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:343442", "title": "[Echinococci of the spinal canal].", "content": "The authors present a 51-year-old patient who was admitted to the neurosurgical department of the hospital because of paraparesis and vegetative disturbances. Myelography showed a complete lumbosacral stop. During surgery, large masses of Echinococcal cysts were removed from the extradural space. 20 months after the intervention, another operation became necessary because of a relapse. The fact is stressed that in spinal hydatidosis late relapses must be expected.", "contents": "[Echinococci of the spinal canal]. The authors present a 51-year-old patient who was admitted to the neurosurgical department of the hospital because of paraparesis and vegetative disturbances. Myelography showed a complete lumbosacral stop. During surgery, large masses of Echinococcal cysts were removed from the extradural space. 20 months after the intervention, another operation became necessary because of a relapse. The fact is stressed that in spinal hydatidosis late relapses must be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:343443", "title": "[Current status of diagnosis of the cerebrospinal-fluid space using Amipaque (metrizamide)].", "content": "A report is given on 73 examinations using Metrizamide (8 thoracolumbar myelographies, 18 ventriculographies, 47 suboccipital myelographies) under consideration of the latest literature. Subsequent systematic EEG-controls were carried out in 52 patients. Exact observance of the indication, adequate dosage, optimum preparation and after-treatment of the patients as well as a appropriate operation technique can limitate the vegetativ side-effects and avoid rarely occurring serious complications. Publications in the literature as well as our own experiences stress the excellent representation of the details of the ventricular system and the spinal subarachnoid space.", "contents": "[Current status of diagnosis of the cerebrospinal-fluid space using Amipaque (metrizamide)]. A report is given on 73 examinations using Metrizamide (8 thoracolumbar myelographies, 18 ventriculographies, 47 suboccipital myelographies) under consideration of the latest literature. Subsequent systematic EEG-controls were carried out in 52 patients. Exact observance of the indication, adequate dosage, optimum preparation and after-treatment of the patients as well as a appropriate operation technique can limitate the vegetativ side-effects and avoid rarely occurring serious complications. Publications in the literature as well as our own experiences stress the excellent representation of the details of the ventricular system and the spinal subarachnoid space."}
{"id": "PMID:343450", "title": "[Acute intestinal diseases in Northern Africa].", "content": "Analysis of morbidity of dysentery and the rest diarrheal affections according to the books for primary recording of patients at one of the large administrative territories of the Northern Africa showed that official statistics reflected only 1/13 of dysentery patients who applied for medical aid (18.2 and 236.3 per 100 000 residents, respectively). Morbidity index of the rest of diarrheal affections constituted 2424.5 per 100 000. The mean lethality in diarrhea affections (including dysentery) was 1.7%. The fact that in the examination of 439 persons who came in contact with the patients suffering from typhoid fever the causative agents of dysentery were isolated in 19 (4.3%) indicated their wide circulation among the population.", "contents": "[Acute intestinal diseases in Northern Africa]. Analysis of morbidity of dysentery and the rest diarrheal affections according to the books for primary recording of patients at one of the large administrative territories of the Northern Africa showed that official statistics reflected only 1/13 of dysentery patients who applied for medical aid (18.2 and 236.3 per 100 000 residents, respectively). Morbidity index of the rest of diarrheal affections constituted 2424.5 per 100 000. The mean lethality in diarrhea affections (including dysentery) was 1.7%. The fact that in the examination of 439 persons who came in contact with the patients suffering from typhoid fever the causative agents of dysentery were isolated in 19 (4.3%) indicated their wide circulation among the population."}
{"id": "PMID:343451", "title": "[Mapping of the genetic locus determining the degree of natural resistance to erythromycin in Salmonella].", "content": "The locus which determines ordinary (natural--ery or) level of resistance to erythromycin in Salmonella has been mapped. According to the results of conjugation mating and the analysis of the properties' transfer gradient this region is localized next to his--locus, the gene order being; trp--his--eryor. However, no contransduction of eryor--locus with his--gene has been demonstrated. An assumption on a possible mechanism of alteration of natural level of erythromycin resistance in S. typhimurium mutants Er-4 and Es-1 (received earlier) has been made. This mechanism is connected with alterations in cell permeability.", "contents": "[Mapping of the genetic locus determining the degree of natural resistance to erythromycin in Salmonella]. The locus which determines ordinary (natural--ery or) level of resistance to erythromycin in Salmonella has been mapped. According to the results of conjugation mating and the analysis of the properties' transfer gradient this region is localized next to his--locus, the gene order being; trp--his--eryor. However, no contransduction of eryor--locus with his--gene has been demonstrated. An assumption on a possible mechanism of alteration of natural level of erythromycin resistance in S. typhimurium mutants Er-4 and Es-1 (received earlier) has been made. This mechanism is connected with alterations in cell permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:343452", "title": "[Anaphylactogenic, antigeni and avid properties of the antibotulin serum from the blood of various animal species].", "content": "It was shown that purified and concentrated by the \"Diaferm\" method antibotulin sera from horse and cattle blood failed to differ by anaphylactogenic properties; at the same time in sensitization of the organism to protein of one animal species the use of the sera of another species provided a lesser reactogenicity of the preparation. The antigenic activity of the purified and concentrated sera from the blood or horses and cows in testing on rabbits was identical, but in response to cow alpha-globulin the animals responsed by a more intensive production of precipitins. The activity of cow and horse antibotulin serum (determined by the rate and stability of their association with the corresponding toxin) proved to be identical.", "contents": "[Anaphylactogenic, antigeni and avid properties of the antibotulin serum from the blood of various animal species]. It was shown that purified and concentrated by the \"Diaferm\" method antibotulin sera from horse and cattle blood failed to differ by anaphylactogenic properties; at the same time in sensitization of the organism to protein of one animal species the use of the sera of another species provided a lesser reactogenicity of the preparation. The antigenic activity of the purified and concentrated sera from the blood or horses and cows in testing on rabbits was identical, but in response to cow alpha-globulin the animals responsed by a more intensive production of precipitins. The activity of cow and horse antibotulin serum (determined by the rate and stability of their association with the corresponding toxin) proved to be identical."}
{"id": "PMID:343453", "title": "[Ways of determination of the intensity of the epidemic process in Shigella sonnei dysentery].", "content": "Proper view on the true prevalence of Sonne dysentery characterised by polymorphous clinical picture in which many cases coursed in subclinical form could be reached only by using additional active methods for detecting the infection rate of the population. For this purpose the authors applied passive hemagglutination test which permitted to reveal the response of the organism to the antigenic stimulation in the course of two months after the sustained sickness. Over 12 000 persons were examined. According to the results of passive hemagglutination test seasonal activization of the epidemic process occurred one month earlier than it was revealed by recording of the incidence of the disease. The results of the mentioned test also showed infection rate of the population with Sonne dysentery to be as a rule greater than established by the official statistics.", "contents": "[Ways of determination of the intensity of the epidemic process in Shigella sonnei dysentery]. Proper view on the true prevalence of Sonne dysentery characterised by polymorphous clinical picture in which many cases coursed in subclinical form could be reached only by using additional active methods for detecting the infection rate of the population. For this purpose the authors applied passive hemagglutination test which permitted to reveal the response of the organism to the antigenic stimulation in the course of two months after the sustained sickness. Over 12 000 persons were examined. According to the results of passive hemagglutination test seasonal activization of the epidemic process occurred one month earlier than it was revealed by recording of the incidence of the disease. The results of the mentioned test also showed infection rate of the population with Sonne dysentery to be as a rule greater than established by the official statistics."}
{"id": "PMID:343455", "title": "[Bacteriocinogenic properties of Proteus].", "content": "As revealed, bacteriocinogenia was widespread in bacteria of the Proteus genus (85 +/- 3.87%). Proteus cultures isolated from various sources failed to differ by the number of bacteriocinogenic cultures and by bacteriocinogenic activity. Bacteriocinogenic cultures were mostly revealed among the Proteius mirabilis strains.", "contents": "[Bacteriocinogenic properties of Proteus]. As revealed, bacteriocinogenia was widespread in bacteria of the Proteus genus (85 +/- 3.87%). Proteus cultures isolated from various sources failed to differ by the number of bacteriocinogenic cultures and by bacteriocinogenic activity. Bacteriocinogenic cultures were mostly revealed among the Proteius mirabilis strains."}
{"id": "PMID:343456", "title": "[Submicroscopic study of bacteria and spores under the effect of peracetic acid and various aspects of the mechanism of its action].", "content": "Microbial cells (E. coli and staphylococcus) and B. cereus spores were used in this work. Peracetic acid in a concentration of 0.005% caused the death of 99% of the microbes in 20 minutes, and 0.1% peracetic acid caused the death of 99% of the spores in 45 minutes. Changes in the surface and internal structures of the cells were revealed on the ultrathin sections of microbial cells and spores after the action of the preparation. The noted changes were explained by disturbance of permeability barrier and a high reactogenic capacity of the activated oxygen of peracetic acid.", "contents": "[Submicroscopic study of bacteria and spores under the effect of peracetic acid and various aspects of the mechanism of its action]. Microbial cells (E. coli and staphylococcus) and B. cereus spores were used in this work. Peracetic acid in a concentration of 0.005% caused the death of 99% of the microbes in 20 minutes, and 0.1% peracetic acid caused the death of 99% of the spores in 45 minutes. Changes in the surface and internal structures of the cells were revealed on the ultrathin sections of microbial cells and spores after the action of the preparation. The noted changes were explained by disturbance of permeability barrier and a high reactogenic capacity of the activated oxygen of peracetic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:343457", "title": "[Abolishment of allogeneic inhibition of colony formation with the aid of various RNA classes].", "content": "The authors analysed the capacity of various temperature fractions of RNA isolated from the spleen of donors of the bone marrow cells (of mice C57BL/6I) and recipients--hybrids (CBA X C57BL/6I) F1 to abolish the depression of colony formation in the nonsyngenous organism. In the administration of bone marrow cells of mice of parental genotype C57BL/6I of the irradiated recipients F1 there is observed a sharp depression of the number of colony forming units in the spleen F1. This depression can be eliminated by preliminary incubation of the bone marrow cells of mice of parental genotype with a 63 degrees fraction of the recipient's RNA. Preliminary inculation of the bone marrow cells of mice of parental genotype with 85 degrees and cytoplasmic fractions of recipient's RNA led to a partial restoration of colony formation only. The 45 degrees and 55 degrees RNA fractions of the recipient's RNA produced no restoring action. None of the temperature RNA fractions of the RNA of donor bone marrow cells were capable of abolishment of the colony formation depression in the nonsyngenous organism. It is supposed that restoration of the colony forming capacity in the nonsyngenous organism was connected with the activity of matrix RNA of the 63 degrees fraction obtained from the recipient's spleen.", "contents": "[Abolishment of allogeneic inhibition of colony formation with the aid of various RNA classes]. The authors analysed the capacity of various temperature fractions of RNA isolated from the spleen of donors of the bone marrow cells (of mice C57BL/6I) and recipients--hybrids (CBA X C57BL/6I) F1 to abolish the depression of colony formation in the nonsyngenous organism. In the administration of bone marrow cells of mice of parental genotype C57BL/6I of the irradiated recipients F1 there is observed a sharp depression of the number of colony forming units in the spleen F1. This depression can be eliminated by preliminary incubation of the bone marrow cells of mice of parental genotype with a 63 degrees fraction of the recipient's RNA. Preliminary inculation of the bone marrow cells of mice of parental genotype with 85 degrees and cytoplasmic fractions of recipient's RNA led to a partial restoration of colony formation only. The 45 degrees and 55 degrees RNA fractions of the recipient's RNA produced no restoring action. None of the temperature RNA fractions of the RNA of donor bone marrow cells were capable of abolishment of the colony formation depression in the nonsyngenous organism. It is supposed that restoration of the colony forming capacity in the nonsyngenous organism was connected with the activity of matrix RNA of the 63 degrees fraction obtained from the recipient's spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:343461", "title": "[Central hemodynamics in the late, poststroke period in hypertension].", "content": "The authors studies the state and changes in the CNS and ECG in 92 patients (43 males and 49 females) with hypertensive disease, sequalae of strokes and patients with lesions in the basin of internal carotid arteries. The observed contingent demonstrated 2 types of circulation: hyperkinetic and hypokinetic. According to the ECG data, the latter form was characterized by an expressed ischemic cardiopathy, with developed preclinical insufficiency of circulation. Repeated studies of the hemodynamics following 2 years detected in some of the patients with a high dyastolic pressure a transition of the hyperkinetic type of circulation into a hyperkinetic. Unlike the patients with a high dyastolic pressure, the hyperkinetic type of circulation with a low dyastolic pressure, according to primary and repeated examinations of hemodynamics and the ECG were characterized by relatively benign changes.", "contents": "[Central hemodynamics in the late, poststroke period in hypertension]. The authors studies the state and changes in the CNS and ECG in 92 patients (43 males and 49 females) with hypertensive disease, sequalae of strokes and patients with lesions in the basin of internal carotid arteries. The observed contingent demonstrated 2 types of circulation: hyperkinetic and hypokinetic. According to the ECG data, the latter form was characterized by an expressed ischemic cardiopathy, with developed preclinical insufficiency of circulation. Repeated studies of the hemodynamics following 2 years detected in some of the patients with a high dyastolic pressure a transition of the hyperkinetic type of circulation into a hyperkinetic. Unlike the patients with a high dyastolic pressure, the hyperkinetic type of circulation with a low dyastolic pressure, according to primary and repeated examinations of hemodynamics and the ECG were characterized by relatively benign changes."}
{"id": "PMID:343463", "title": "[Complications of kidney transplants].", "content": "Increasingly more publications are reported on reassuring results after kidney transplantation. After some initial difficulties promising results were achieved on three patients who now live with a transplanted kidney. The importance of improving diagnostic possibilities and the reduction of damages caused by immunosuppressive drugs is stressed and the possibility of altering if necessary the combination of drugs is suggested.", "contents": "[Complications of kidney transplants]. Increasingly more publications are reported on reassuring results after kidney transplantation. After some initial difficulties promising results were achieved on three patients who now live with a transplanted kidney. The importance of improving diagnostic possibilities and the reduction of damages caused by immunosuppressive drugs is stressed and the possibility of altering if necessary the combination of drugs is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:343465", "title": "Short-term regulation of LH and FSH secretion in cyclic women. I. Altered pituitary response to a second of two LH-RH injections at short intervals.", "content": "The effects of two iv 25 microgram LH-RH injections (180 tests) at different intervals (30 min to 24 h) on radioimmunoassay serum LH and FSH levels were investigated in 30 women in the midfollicular or midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The pituitary LH and FSH response to the second LH-RH injection at time-intervals of 30 and 360 min was significantly lower than the response elicited after the first injection. The second response was significantly higher at 60 to 180 min intervals. The maximum increment occurred at 120 min. No significant differences between the two pituitary responses to LH-RH were found at intervals of 240 min and 24 h. A theory with regard to intracellular processes of hormone synthesis and degradation is proposed to explain these time-dependent differences in the pituitary LH and FSH response.", "contents": "Short-term regulation of LH and FSH secretion in cyclic women. I. Altered pituitary response to a second of two LH-RH injections at short intervals. The effects of two iv 25 microgram LH-RH injections (180 tests) at different intervals (30 min to 24 h) on radioimmunoassay serum LH and FSH levels were investigated in 30 women in the midfollicular or midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The pituitary LH and FSH response to the second LH-RH injection at time-intervals of 30 and 360 min was significantly lower than the response elicited after the first injection. The second response was significantly higher at 60 to 180 min intervals. The maximum increment occurred at 120 min. No significant differences between the two pituitary responses to LH-RH were found at intervals of 240 min and 24 h. A theory with regard to intracellular processes of hormone synthesis and degradation is proposed to explain these time-dependent differences in the pituitary LH and FSH response."}
{"id": "PMID:343467", "title": "Fertile eunuch syndrome versus classic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism.", "content": "The functioning of the hypothalamo-pituitary-target organs axis was assessed in 3 patients with 'fertile eunuch' syndrome (FE) and 6 patients with 'classic' hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HH) with or without hyposmia. Both groups of patients did not differ from each other with regard to basal serum prolactin levels, pituitary growth hormone and thyrotrophin reserve and the thyroid or adrenal gland function. Both groups differed, however, with respect to the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal function: 1. the pituitary LH response to exogenous LH-RH was (low)-normal in FE and blunted in HH; 2. the basal FSH levels were normal in FE and undetectable in HH; 3. the basal LH levels were normal in FE and 3/6 patients with HH and low in the remaining three; 4. the basal and HCG stimulated plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly higher in FE than HH. The data suggest that FE represents a less severe form of LH-RH deficiency, rather than a distinct disorder.", "contents": "Fertile eunuch syndrome versus classic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. The functioning of the hypothalamo-pituitary-target organs axis was assessed in 3 patients with 'fertile eunuch' syndrome (FE) and 6 patients with 'classic' hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HH) with or without hyposmia. Both groups of patients did not differ from each other with regard to basal serum prolactin levels, pituitary growth hormone and thyrotrophin reserve and the thyroid or adrenal gland function. Both groups differed, however, with respect to the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal function: 1. the pituitary LH response to exogenous LH-RH was (low)-normal in FE and blunted in HH; 2. the basal FSH levels were normal in FE and undetectable in HH; 3. the basal LH levels were normal in FE and 3/6 patients with HH and low in the remaining three; 4. the basal and HCG stimulated plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly higher in FE than HH. The data suggest that FE represents a less severe form of LH-RH deficiency, rather than a distinct disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:343464", "title": "Variation of blood glucose and serum growth hormone, prolactin and insulin in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes, after OGTT and pretreatment with 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine.", "content": "In insulin-dependent diabetics high GH values are usually observed. The OGTT does not modify these levels. It was observed that CB 154 (2-Br-alpha ergocryptine) seems capable of lowering GH in acromegalics. We thought it pertinent to check whether or not CB 154 could reduce GH also in diabetics. OGTT was performed in insulin-dependent diabetic patients; 5 days later the same test was repeated after pretreatment with 2.5 mg of CB 154. Serum IRI, GH, hPRL levels and blood glucose values were checked during the test. Significant GH and hPRL variations were not observed after OGTT in the diabetic subjects examined; IRI was always absent, and glycemia followed the model of the diabetic curve. On the contrary, after pretreatment with CB 154, we observed: 1) hPRL reduction; 2) GH increase, sometimes as early as 30 min after OGTT; 3) IRI was never present and blood glucose levels were lower than the values observed with glucose alone. Contrary to what is observed in acromegalics, CB 154 is unable to lower the increased GH levels normally present in insulin-dependent diabetics. After pretreatment with CB 154, OGTT seems to release GH, which is not observed after glucose alone. This can be accounted for only by postulating an antagonism at the hypothalamic level between the adrenergic and serotoninergic pathways of GH stimulation.", "contents": "Variation of blood glucose and serum growth hormone, prolactin and insulin in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes, after OGTT and pretreatment with 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine. In insulin-dependent diabetics high GH values are usually observed. The OGTT does not modify these levels. It was observed that CB 154 (2-Br-alpha ergocryptine) seems capable of lowering GH in acromegalics. We thought it pertinent to check whether or not CB 154 could reduce GH also in diabetics. OGTT was performed in insulin-dependent diabetic patients; 5 days later the same test was repeated after pretreatment with 2.5 mg of CB 154. Serum IRI, GH, hPRL levels and blood glucose values were checked during the test. Significant GH and hPRL variations were not observed after OGTT in the diabetic subjects examined; IRI was always absent, and glycemia followed the model of the diabetic curve. On the contrary, after pretreatment with CB 154, we observed: 1) hPRL reduction; 2) GH increase, sometimes as early as 30 min after OGTT; 3) IRI was never present and blood glucose levels were lower than the values observed with glucose alone. Contrary to what is observed in acromegalics, CB 154 is unable to lower the increased GH levels normally present in insulin-dependent diabetics. After pretreatment with CB 154, OGTT seems to release GH, which is not observed after glucose alone. This can be accounted for only by postulating an antagonism at the hypothalamic level between the adrenergic and serotoninergic pathways of GH stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:343470", "title": "Insulin release, insulin content, and glucose utilization in isolated mouse islets maintained in tissue culture.", "content": "To elucidate the remission phase in juvenile diabetics the insulin release, insulin content, and glucose utilization were measured in isolated Langerhans' islets from mice maintained for 6 days in a tissue culture at a glucose concentration of 278 mmol, followed by a culture period of 4 days at 6.1 mmol glucose. These experiments revealed that the ability of the islets to store and secrete insulin during glucose stimulation decreased considerably during incubation at high concentrations of glucose. When the glucose concentration in the incubation medium was reduced, these properties could be re-established. Basal as well as glucose-stimulated glucose utilization increased greatly during incubation at high glucose concentrations. However, it was not possible to normalize the glucose utilization during 4 days' incubation at 6.1 mmol glucose. The results indicate that unphysiologically high concentrations of glucose may induce long-lasting changes in the function of Langerhans' islets.", "contents": "Insulin release, insulin content, and glucose utilization in isolated mouse islets maintained in tissue culture. To elucidate the remission phase in juvenile diabetics the insulin release, insulin content, and glucose utilization were measured in isolated Langerhans' islets from mice maintained for 6 days in a tissue culture at a glucose concentration of 278 mmol, followed by a culture period of 4 days at 6.1 mmol glucose. These experiments revealed that the ability of the islets to store and secrete insulin during glucose stimulation decreased considerably during incubation at high concentrations of glucose. When the glucose concentration in the incubation medium was reduced, these properties could be re-established. Basal as well as glucose-stimulated glucose utilization increased greatly during incubation at high glucose concentrations. However, it was not possible to normalize the glucose utilization during 4 days' incubation at 6.1 mmol glucose. The results indicate that unphysiologically high concentrations of glucose may induce long-lasting changes in the function of Langerhans' islets."}
{"id": "PMID:343471", "title": "Development of the insulin secretory defect in genetically diabetic (db/db) mouse.", "content": "Genetically diabetic mice (C57BL/KsJ-db/db) were used as a model to study the development of defects of insulin secretion in relation to common metabolic indicators (body weight, serum glucose and insulin, and islet insluin contant). Consistent with the idea of a protective effect of oestrogen on the pancreatic beta-cell, the female diabetic mice survived longer than the males. In males, while serum insulin decreased in the later stages of the disease, serum glucose increased progressively with age. Perfusion of the diabetic pancreases revealed a rise and subsequent fall with age of the basal insulin released at 3 mM glucose. Despite previous reports of beta-cell hyperplasia, progressive impairment of the insulin response to 20 mM glucose, or to 20 mM glucose and 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, was seen with increasing age in experiments with perfused pancreas or microdissected islets. Islet content of insulin also decreased progressively with age in the diabetic animals.", "contents": "Development of the insulin secretory defect in genetically diabetic (db/db) mouse. Genetically diabetic mice (C57BL/KsJ-db/db) were used as a model to study the development of defects of insulin secretion in relation to common metabolic indicators (body weight, serum glucose and insulin, and islet insluin contant). Consistent with the idea of a protective effect of oestrogen on the pancreatic beta-cell, the female diabetic mice survived longer than the males. In males, while serum insulin decreased in the later stages of the disease, serum glucose increased progressively with age. Perfusion of the diabetic pancreases revealed a rise and subsequent fall with age of the basal insulin released at 3 mM glucose. Despite previous reports of beta-cell hyperplasia, progressive impairment of the insulin response to 20 mM glucose, or to 20 mM glucose and 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, was seen with increasing age in experiments with perfused pancreas or microdissected islets. Islet content of insulin also decreased progressively with age in the diabetic animals."}
{"id": "PMID:343476", "title": "Trial of the prophylactic effect of diazoxide in the treatment of familial periodic hypokalemia.", "content": "Five patients suffering from familial periodic paralysis with hypokalemia (FPP) were exposed to standard paralysis induction trials which elicited total paralyysis and hypokalemia. In all cases the serum potassium fell to or below 2.6 mmol/1. After being pre-treated with diazoxide for 72 h, the same five patients were exposed to the same standardized paralysis induction procedure. None of them developed any demonstrable symptoms or signs of paralysis. In one the serum potassium dropped to 3.2 mmol/1, but in all the others the levels were higher. The serum glucose level was significant higher (P less than 0.01), the serum insulin level was significant lower (P less than 0.01) when induction of paralysis was attempted under diazoxide cover than during the untreated stimulation phase. Three patients were put on prophylactic diazoxide medication. After a few months, without paralytic episodes or other prophylactic drugs, adaptation to the diazoxide occurred and the previous, frequent paralytic episodes returned in unchanged severity. This experimental prophylactic effect of diazoxide supports the hypothesis that the glucose deposition in muscles is a major step in eliciting the parese attacks in FPP.", "contents": "Trial of the prophylactic effect of diazoxide in the treatment of familial periodic hypokalemia. Five patients suffering from familial periodic paralysis with hypokalemia (FPP) were exposed to standard paralysis induction trials which elicited total paralyysis and hypokalemia. In all cases the serum potassium fell to or below 2.6 mmol/1. After being pre-treated with diazoxide for 72 h, the same five patients were exposed to the same standardized paralysis induction procedure. None of them developed any demonstrable symptoms or signs of paralysis. In one the serum potassium dropped to 3.2 mmol/1, but in all the others the levels were higher. The serum glucose level was significant higher (P less than 0.01), the serum insulin level was significant lower (P less than 0.01) when induction of paralysis was attempted under diazoxide cover than during the untreated stimulation phase. Three patients were put on prophylactic diazoxide medication. After a few months, without paralytic episodes or other prophylactic drugs, adaptation to the diazoxide occurred and the previous, frequent paralytic episodes returned in unchanged severity. This experimental prophylactic effect of diazoxide supports the hypothesis that the glucose deposition in muscles is a major step in eliciting the parese attacks in FPP."}
{"id": "PMID:343477", "title": "Viral meningoencephalitis and head injury.", "content": "Among 162 children referred with head injury (in a 3-year period) a viral meningoencephalitis was proven to be present in seven cases. Only one patient showed symptoms of infection before the accident. On admission classical signs of viral meningoencephalitis were absent or mixed with the complications of head injury. A diagnosis of viral meningitis/meningoencephalitis was documented by immunofluorescent demonstration of viral antigens in CSF cells and/or pattern of CSF cytology and/or conventional serological methods. Whether the trauma and the infection are coincidental or causally related can not be decided definitively. A hypothesis is presented suggesting diminished alertness in subclinical viral meningoencephalitis, leading to accident proneness.", "contents": "Viral meningoencephalitis and head injury. Among 162 children referred with head injury (in a 3-year period) a viral meningoencephalitis was proven to be present in seven cases. Only one patient showed symptoms of infection before the accident. On admission classical signs of viral meningoencephalitis were absent or mixed with the complications of head injury. A diagnosis of viral meningitis/meningoencephalitis was documented by immunofluorescent demonstration of viral antigens in CSF cells and/or pattern of CSF cytology and/or conventional serological methods. Whether the trauma and the infection are coincidental or causally related can not be decided definitively. A hypothesis is presented suggesting diminished alertness in subclinical viral meningoencephalitis, leading to accident proneness."}
{"id": "PMID:343478", "title": "Osteogenesis after bone and bone marrow transplantation. II. The initial cellular events following transplantation of decalcified allografts of cancellous bone.", "content": "An experimental study was done in rabbits to investigate the fate of allogeneic iliac cancellous bone, both non-decalcified and decalcified with hydrochloric acid, transplanted to a muscular site for up to 14 days. Some of the treated allografts were impregnated with autologous bone marrow cells, obtained from the femoral medulla by aspiration, and each was compared with allografts alone. Combined myelo-osseous grafts produced bone after 7 to 8 days implantation, as did marrow autografts alone. In addition non-decalcified implants stimulated the production of multinucleated giant cells. Three different types of wash solution were used but these did not inftical events in bone formation after transplantation occur less than 8 days after tho the clinical aspects of bone grafting.", "contents": "Osteogenesis after bone and bone marrow transplantation. II. The initial cellular events following transplantation of decalcified allografts of cancellous bone. An experimental study was done in rabbits to investigate the fate of allogeneic iliac cancellous bone, both non-decalcified and decalcified with hydrochloric acid, transplanted to a muscular site for up to 14 days. Some of the treated allografts were impregnated with autologous bone marrow cells, obtained from the femoral medulla by aspiration, and each was compared with allografts alone. Combined myelo-osseous grafts produced bone after 7 to 8 days implantation, as did marrow autografts alone. In addition non-decalcified implants stimulated the production of multinucleated giant cells. Three different types of wash solution were used but these did not inftical events in bone formation after transplantation occur less than 8 days after tho the clinical aspects of bone grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:343479", "title": "Double blind evaluation of extradural methyl prednisolone for herniated lumbar discs.", "content": "A double blind study was carried out in 51 patients suffering from lumbar root compression syndrome of 12 days to 36 weeks duration. All patients had signs, symptoms and radiological abnormalities related to a herniated lumbar disc. Each patient received an extradural injection of either 2 ml (80 mg) methyl prednisolone or 2 ml normal saline solution. Neurological examination and interview of the patients with the aid of a questionnaire before and after extradural injection failed to demonstrate any statistically significant difference in outcome between the two groups. At follow-up 14 +/- 6 months after extradural injection 58.3 per cent of the patients in the control group and 51.9 per cent of the patients in the treatment group had undergone surgical treatment with laminectomy. Our results indicate that a single extradural injection of methyl prednisolone (80 mg) is no more effective than a placebo injection in relieving chronic symptoms due to myelographically demonstrable lumbar disc herniation.", "contents": "Double blind evaluation of extradural methyl prednisolone for herniated lumbar discs. A double blind study was carried out in 51 patients suffering from lumbar root compression syndrome of 12 days to 36 weeks duration. All patients had signs, symptoms and radiological abnormalities related to a herniated lumbar disc. Each patient received an extradural injection of either 2 ml (80 mg) methyl prednisolone or 2 ml normal saline solution. Neurological examination and interview of the patients with the aid of a questionnaire before and after extradural injection failed to demonstrate any statistically significant difference in outcome between the two groups. At follow-up 14 +/- 6 months after extradural injection 58.3 per cent of the patients in the control group and 51.9 per cent of the patients in the treatment group had undergone surgical treatment with laminectomy. Our results indicate that a single extradural injection of methyl prednisolone (80 mg) is no more effective than a placebo injection in relieving chronic symptoms due to myelographically demonstrable lumbar disc herniation."}
{"id": "PMID:343483", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. A comparison between chloramphenicol and ampicillin therapy with special reference to impaired hearing.", "content": "131 patients suffering from meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae or parainfluenzae were re-examined after 1-15 years, using hospital records, questionnaires, and audiological examination, especially to compare chloramphenicol and ampicillin therapy. Mortality was 3.8%. Subdural effusions occurred in 14.5% of cases uni- or bilaterally. There was deafness in 2.3%, and moderate hearing loss in 8.4%. Convulsions appeared later in 6.9%. The final outcome was good in 60%. The most important factors in prognosis seemed to be the severity of the symptoms and the condition of the patient on admission to hospital. No clear difference was seen between the results of chloramphenicol and ampicillin therapy, but total loss of vestibular function was found in 3 cases in the ampicillin group, and in none in the chloramphenicol group. In mortality and deafness, the differences in outcome were similar, although not statistically significant. As these observations show, the therapy used in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis needs re-evaluation.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. A comparison between chloramphenicol and ampicillin therapy with special reference to impaired hearing. 131 patients suffering from meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae or parainfluenzae were re-examined after 1-15 years, using hospital records, questionnaires, and audiological examination, especially to compare chloramphenicol and ampicillin therapy. Mortality was 3.8%. Subdural effusions occurred in 14.5% of cases uni- or bilaterally. There was deafness in 2.3%, and moderate hearing loss in 8.4%. Convulsions appeared later in 6.9%. The final outcome was good in 60%. The most important factors in prognosis seemed to be the severity of the symptoms and the condition of the patient on admission to hospital. No clear difference was seen between the results of chloramphenicol and ampicillin therapy, but total loss of vestibular function was found in 3 cases in the ampicillin group, and in none in the chloramphenicol group. In mortality and deafness, the differences in outcome were similar, although not statistically significant. As these observations show, the therapy used in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis needs re-evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:343484", "title": "Dialysis and renal transplantation of children in Europe, 1975.", "content": "The number of new paediatric patients accepted for treatment by regular dialysis and transplantation increased more slowly than in previous years. Survival in children above 10 years appeared to be better with all modes of therapy than in younger children. The only improvement in survival noted among the different treatments was in patient and graft survival of living donor transplants. A quarter of all children transferred to home dialysis were less than 10 years of age. Nephronophthisis and Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis emerged as major primary renal diseases. In 1975 the proportion of retransplants in children rose and living donor grafts from fathers were more common than from mothers. Evening dialysis was practised more frequently in both hospital and home dialysis and rehabilitation in these patients seemed to be better than for those dialysed at other times. Renal osteodystrophy was present in at least half of all children dialysed for more than 1 year. The degree of grouth retardation was affected by sex, chronological age and the primary renal disease. Body height on dialysis and after transplantation progressively reduced in the majority of children. Growth seemed to be more impaired in boys than in girls on dialysis. Bone age advanced faster than height age especially in girls. The pubertal growth spurt was usually delayed and depressed on long-term dialysis and the development of genitalia and pubic hair as well as menarche was retarded.", "contents": "Dialysis and renal transplantation of children in Europe, 1975. The number of new paediatric patients accepted for treatment by regular dialysis and transplantation increased more slowly than in previous years. Survival in children above 10 years appeared to be better with all modes of therapy than in younger children. The only improvement in survival noted among the different treatments was in patient and graft survival of living donor transplants. A quarter of all children transferred to home dialysis were less than 10 years of age. Nephronophthisis and Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis emerged as major primary renal diseases. In 1975 the proportion of retransplants in children rose and living donor grafts from fathers were more common than from mothers. Evening dialysis was practised more frequently in both hospital and home dialysis and rehabilitation in these patients seemed to be better than for those dialysed at other times. Renal osteodystrophy was present in at least half of all children dialysed for more than 1 year. The degree of grouth retardation was affected by sex, chronological age and the primary renal disease. Body height on dialysis and after transplantation progressively reduced in the majority of children. Growth seemed to be more impaired in boys than in girls on dialysis. Bone age advanced faster than height age especially in girls. The pubertal growth spurt was usually delayed and depressed on long-term dialysis and the development of genitalia and pubic hair as well as menarche was retarded."}
{"id": "PMID:343480", "title": "The role of local gas composition in pathogenesis of maxillary sinus empyema.", "content": "An impaired ostial function may be of importance in the pathogenesis of the maxillary sinus empyema due to changes of the antral gas composition. Oxygen is usually not demonstrable in purulent sinus secretion while carbon dioxide accumulates. In vitro, pneumococci were able to create a similar gas environment, provided that the gas exchange between the medium and the atmospheric air was reduced. It is suggested that heavy antral growth of facultative anaerobes, such as pneumococci, is related to the antral ventilation, which when impeded facilitates bacterial growth.", "contents": "The role of local gas composition in pathogenesis of maxillary sinus empyema. An impaired ostial function may be of importance in the pathogenesis of the maxillary sinus empyema due to changes of the antral gas composition. Oxygen is usually not demonstrable in purulent sinus secretion while carbon dioxide accumulates. In vitro, pneumococci were able to create a similar gas environment, provided that the gas exchange between the medium and the atmospheric air was reduced. It is suggested that heavy antral growth of facultative anaerobes, such as pneumococci, is related to the antral ventilation, which when impeded facilitates bacterial growth."}
{"id": "PMID:343485", "title": "Prognosis of neonates with symptomatic respiratory insufficiency surviving with the aid of ventilator therapy.", "content": "Twenty-one survivors representing all survivors of neonatal symptomatic respiratory distress treated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation have been follow-up at an age of 2.9 to 7.0 years. The chance of survival proved to be relatively favourable in infants ventilated for perinatal pneumonias and unfavourable in infants ventilated for haemorrhagic diseases and respiratory insufficiency secondary to surgical conditions. At the follow-up half of the children presented with neurological symptoms but only 10% were found severely handicapped. One infant had a tracheostomy due to a laryngeal stenosis, while none developed broncho-pulmonary dysplasia. The late prognosis seemed unfavourable when the children had suffered from severe birth asphyxia and in infants ventilated for prolonged recurrent apnoeic spells. The relation between the clinical indications for ventilator therapy and later outcome is obscured however, by a vase number of complicating perinatal events.", "contents": "Prognosis of neonates with symptomatic respiratory insufficiency surviving with the aid of ventilator therapy. Twenty-one survivors representing all survivors of neonatal symptomatic respiratory distress treated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation have been follow-up at an age of 2.9 to 7.0 years. The chance of survival proved to be relatively favourable in infants ventilated for perinatal pneumonias and unfavourable in infants ventilated for haemorrhagic diseases and respiratory insufficiency secondary to surgical conditions. At the follow-up half of the children presented with neurological symptoms but only 10% were found severely handicapped. One infant had a tracheostomy due to a laryngeal stenosis, while none developed broncho-pulmonary dysplasia. The late prognosis seemed unfavourable when the children had suffered from severe birth asphyxia and in infants ventilated for prolonged recurrent apnoeic spells. The relation between the clinical indications for ventilator therapy and later outcome is obscured however, by a vase number of complicating perinatal events."}
{"id": "PMID:343486", "title": "Long term prognosis of infants with severe idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. I. Neurological and mental outcome.", "content": "76 out of 77 children surviving IRDS with the aid of intermittent positive pressure ventilation have been followed-up by the age 2.6-7.6 years together with 68 matched controls. Moderate or severe neurological, developmental or mental abnormalities were present in 17% of all IRDS survivors. Statistical comparison of the matched pairs of IRDS survivors and controls revealed no significant differences in the prevalence of abnormalities. In the IRDS survivors the occurrence of cerebral palsy related to prematurity while the development of psycho-motor and mental retardation related to low birth weight and low milk intake during the first week suggesting that both prenatal and postnatal growth retardation may have been of importance. Statistical analysis of a number of preventilatory and ventilatory parameters did not show significant differences between these groups of IRDS survivors and the remainder. Ventilator treatment is recommended as a promising adjunct to the therapy of severe IRDS in centers where the necessary experience and equipment is at hand.", "contents": "Long term prognosis of infants with severe idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. I. Neurological and mental outcome. 76 out of 77 children surviving IRDS with the aid of intermittent positive pressure ventilation have been followed-up by the age 2.6-7.6 years together with 68 matched controls. Moderate or severe neurological, developmental or mental abnormalities were present in 17% of all IRDS survivors. Statistical comparison of the matched pairs of IRDS survivors and controls revealed no significant differences in the prevalence of abnormalities. In the IRDS survivors the occurrence of cerebral palsy related to prematurity while the development of psycho-motor and mental retardation related to low birth weight and low milk intake during the first week suggesting that both prenatal and postnatal growth retardation may have been of importance. Statistical analysis of a number of preventilatory and ventilatory parameters did not show significant differences between these groups of IRDS survivors and the remainder. Ventilator treatment is recommended as a promising adjunct to the therapy of severe IRDS in centers where the necessary experience and equipment is at hand."}
{"id": "PMID:343481", "title": "The early vascularization of an autogenous bone inlay into an artificial defect in the rabbit mandibula.", "content": "The revascularization of two different autogenous bone grafts to an artificial defect in the rabbit mandibula was studied by means of microangiography, using Indian ink infusion into the carotid artery. The revascularization was compared between a longitudinally split autogenous humeral full thickness bone graft in 19 rabbits and autogenous full bone grafts from the iliac crest in 14 rabbits. The vascular pattern and ingrowth was followed at weekly intervals right to the end of the first month postoperatively. A progressive revascularization was found in both grafts investigated. The periosteum of the humeral graft was earlier and more completely revascularized than when an iliac graft was used. The penetration and downgrowth of capillaries were on the other hand more complete within the iliac graft. The vascular pattern is discussed with special reference to the osteogenesis in the bone grafts.", "contents": "The early vascularization of an autogenous bone inlay into an artificial defect in the rabbit mandibula. The revascularization of two different autogenous bone grafts to an artificial defect in the rabbit mandibula was studied by means of microangiography, using Indian ink infusion into the carotid artery. The revascularization was compared between a longitudinally split autogenous humeral full thickness bone graft in 19 rabbits and autogenous full bone grafts from the iliac crest in 14 rabbits. The vascular pattern and ingrowth was followed at weekly intervals right to the end of the first month postoperatively. A progressive revascularization was found in both grafts investigated. The periosteum of the humeral graft was earlier and more completely revascularized than when an iliac graft was used. The penetration and downgrowth of capillaries were on the other hand more complete within the iliac graft. The vascular pattern is discussed with special reference to the osteogenesis in the bone grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:343482", "title": "A clinical pilot study on preformed autologous ossicles. I.", "content": "The study is part of a project aimed at obtaining an autologous, preformed transplant for reconstruction of a defect ossicular chain. In animal experiments we found that bone could be produced in a titanium mould placed in the tibia of the rabbit and dog. To find out whether this observation was applicable in man, 5 patients with ossicular defects were selected. A titanium mould containing two chambers was placed in the proximal tibial metaphysis for 6 months. When the moulds were extracted bone was found in 7 of the 10 chambers. In 2 of these the bone was stable and suitable for ossiculoplasty. On histological examination the same picture as in the animal experiments was found, an outer layer of cortical bone surrounding a system of spongy bone with marrow and haematopoietic cells. Microradiological examination verified the presence of mineralized bone tissue.", "contents": "A clinical pilot study on preformed autologous ossicles. I. The study is part of a project aimed at obtaining an autologous, preformed transplant for reconstruction of a defect ossicular chain. In animal experiments we found that bone could be produced in a titanium mould placed in the tibia of the rabbit and dog. To find out whether this observation was applicable in man, 5 patients with ossicular defects were selected. A titanium mould containing two chambers was placed in the proximal tibial metaphysis for 6 months. When the moulds were extracted bone was found in 7 of the 10 chambers. In 2 of these the bone was stable and suitable for ossiculoplasty. On histological examination the same picture as in the animal experiments was found, an outer layer of cortical bone surrounding a system of spongy bone with marrow and haematopoietic cells. Microradiological examination verified the presence of mineralized bone tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:343487", "title": "Long term prognosis of infants with severe idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. II. Cardio-pulmonary outcome.", "content": "75 out of 77 children surviving IRDS with the aid of intermittent positive pressure ventilation have been followed up by age 2.6-7.6 years together with 68 matched controls. The morbidity of lower respiratory tract illnesses was significantly higher in IRDS survivors than in controls affecting a total of 48%, half whom were admitted to hospital on at least on occasion. Only 3 IRDS survivors had pneumonias beyound their third year, however. One child suffered from a moderate stridor due to a partial laryngeal stenosis and one from some dyspnoea at function caused by broncho-pulmonary dysplasia. Thoracic X-ray changes were found significantly more often and more marked in IRDS survivors but on the whole the changes were discrete. Neither the occurrence of pneumonia nor X-ray changes in the IRDS survivors were statistically relatable to a number of neonatal or therapeutical characteristics. Measurements of heart volume, respiratory frequency, oxygen saturation and acid-base values did not differ between the groups. Ventilated IRDS survivors, even with some degree of radiographic demonstrable residua, thus seem to have a good long-term prognosis with regard to lung function, irrespective of a preliminary high morbidity of lower respiratory tract illnesses.", "contents": "Long term prognosis of infants with severe idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. II. Cardio-pulmonary outcome. 75 out of 77 children surviving IRDS with the aid of intermittent positive pressure ventilation have been followed up by age 2.6-7.6 years together with 68 matched controls. The morbidity of lower respiratory tract illnesses was significantly higher in IRDS survivors than in controls affecting a total of 48%, half whom were admitted to hospital on at least on occasion. Only 3 IRDS survivors had pneumonias beyound their third year, however. One child suffered from a moderate stridor due to a partial laryngeal stenosis and one from some dyspnoea at function caused by broncho-pulmonary dysplasia. Thoracic X-ray changes were found significantly more often and more marked in IRDS survivors but on the whole the changes were discrete. Neither the occurrence of pneumonia nor X-ray changes in the IRDS survivors were statistically relatable to a number of neonatal or therapeutical characteristics. Measurements of heart volume, respiratory frequency, oxygen saturation and acid-base values did not differ between the groups. Ventilated IRDS survivors, even with some degree of radiographic demonstrable residua, thus seem to have a good long-term prognosis with regard to lung function, irrespective of a preliminary high morbidity of lower respiratory tract illnesses."}
{"id": "PMID:343488", "title": "Hypophyso-gonadal function in the diabetic child.", "content": "14 diabetic boys (five with a family history of diabetes and nine without) and 29 \"short normal\" boys were studied. A gonadal function test (2.000 IU of hCG i.m. for 3 days and plasma testosterone assay before and after the hCG administration) as well as an LH-RH test (50 microgram i.v.) were carried out. While basal testosterone level turned out to be similar in the two groups of children, it was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) after hCG than the mean value of the control group. This difference was mainly observed in those patients with a family history of diabetes. In the diabetic children, basal LH level was normal and the pituitary LH reserve was lower than in the control group. Both basal FSH level and FSH pituitary reserve were lower than in normal children. These data show that an alteration in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal function is already evident in the diabetic child.", "contents": "Hypophyso-gonadal function in the diabetic child. 14 diabetic boys (five with a family history of diabetes and nine without) and 29 \"short normal\" boys were studied. A gonadal function test (2.000 IU of hCG i.m. for 3 days and plasma testosterone assay before and after the hCG administration) as well as an LH-RH test (50 microgram i.v.) were carried out. While basal testosterone level turned out to be similar in the two groups of children, it was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) after hCG than the mean value of the control group. This difference was mainly observed in those patients with a family history of diabetes. In the diabetic children, basal LH level was normal and the pituitary LH reserve was lower than in the control group. Both basal FSH level and FSH pituitary reserve were lower than in normal children. These data show that an alteration in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal function is already evident in the diabetic child."}
{"id": "PMID:343489", "title": "Papaverine in the prophylaxis of migraine and other vascular headache in children.", "content": "A daily dose of papaverine (5--10 mg per kg body weight) was administered on a double-blind basis for two months to 42 successive child patients suffering from migraine or other vascular headache attacks not less than twice a month. Thirty-seven patients received the drug for the whole period of two months and 31 of these could be followed for a period of one to 10 months (mean 4.5 months) after the cessation of the treatment. Nineteen received papaverine and 18 placebo. Six out of 19 papaverine patients and none of 18 placebo patients were completely free from attacks during the treatment. Altogether 11 patients in the papaverine group and 5 in the placebo group experienced a 75--100% reduction in attack frequency which was accompanied by lower intensity and shorter duration of attacks. The results were best in cases with classical migraine. An \"excellent\" or \"good\" drug effect was experienced by 58% of papaverine patients and 17% of placebo patients.", "contents": "Papaverine in the prophylaxis of migraine and other vascular headache in children. A daily dose of papaverine (5--10 mg per kg body weight) was administered on a double-blind basis for two months to 42 successive child patients suffering from migraine or other vascular headache attacks not less than twice a month. Thirty-seven patients received the drug for the whole period of two months and 31 of these could be followed for a period of one to 10 months (mean 4.5 months) after the cessation of the treatment. Nineteen received papaverine and 18 placebo. Six out of 19 papaverine patients and none of 18 placebo patients were completely free from attacks during the treatment. Altogether 11 patients in the papaverine group and 5 in the placebo group experienced a 75--100% reduction in attack frequency which was accompanied by lower intensity and shorter duration of attacks. The results were best in cases with classical migraine. An \"excellent\" or \"good\" drug effect was experienced by 58% of papaverine patients and 17% of placebo patients."}
{"id": "PMID:343490", "title": "Hydrops fetalis, hydramnios and hepatic vascular malformation associated with cutaneous hemangioma and chorioangioma.", "content": "A premature baby presented with severe hydrops fetalis due to a multifocal angiomatous malformation of the liver. There were two other small vascular tumors: hemangioma of the skin and chorioangioma. Hydramnios and placental edema were also present. The association of severe hydrops fetalis and hydramnios with angiomatous malformation of the liver was not found in reviewing the literature.", "contents": "Hydrops fetalis, hydramnios and hepatic vascular malformation associated with cutaneous hemangioma and chorioangioma. A premature baby presented with severe hydrops fetalis due to a multifocal angiomatous malformation of the liver. There were two other small vascular tumors: hemangioma of the skin and chorioangioma. Hydramnios and placental edema were also present. The association of severe hydrops fetalis and hydramnios with angiomatous malformation of the liver was not found in reviewing the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:343491", "title": "Primary intracranial malignant lymphomas with particular reference to their pathogenesis.", "content": "During the past 6 years we have experienced a total of 6 cases of malignant lymphomas, which originated primarily in the central nervous system. The most reliable diagnostic criteria will be a \"perivascular cuffing\" by silver impregnation with further spreading of tumor cells to the periphery, a \"starry-sky\" appearance consisting of numerous histiocytes with foamy cytoplasm intermingled with tumor cells, and cytological features of the imprint preparation. Since there is a close histologic similarity to extracerebral malignant lymphomas, we would like to propose that these tumors should be regarded as primary malignant lymphomas of the central nervous system instead of mere reticulum cell sarcoma-microglioma, and also would like to regard the brain to be not an exceptional site other than visceral lymphomas for occurrences of malignant lymphomas. For the pathogenesis of primary intracranial malignant lymphomas, the hypothesis, proposed by FEIGIN, of the possible existence of multipotential stem cells in the brain was discussed.", "contents": "Primary intracranial malignant lymphomas with particular reference to their pathogenesis. During the past 6 years we have experienced a total of 6 cases of malignant lymphomas, which originated primarily in the central nervous system. The most reliable diagnostic criteria will be a \"perivascular cuffing\" by silver impregnation with further spreading of tumor cells to the periphery, a \"starry-sky\" appearance consisting of numerous histiocytes with foamy cytoplasm intermingled with tumor cells, and cytological features of the imprint preparation. Since there is a close histologic similarity to extracerebral malignant lymphomas, we would like to propose that these tumors should be regarded as primary malignant lymphomas of the central nervous system instead of mere reticulum cell sarcoma-microglioma, and also would like to regard the brain to be not an exceptional site other than visceral lymphomas for occurrences of malignant lymphomas. For the pathogenesis of primary intracranial malignant lymphomas, the hypothesis, proposed by FEIGIN, of the possible existence of multipotential stem cells in the brain was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:343493", "title": "On the diagnosis of coagulase-negative staphylococci with emphasis on Staphylococcus saprophyticus.", "content": "This study concerns the diagnosis of coagulase-negative staphylococci, with special emphasis on novobiocin-resistant species, vis S. saprophyticus, S. cohnii and S. xylosus. Disc diffusion tests for novobiocin were found useful in the differential diagnosis of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from urine specimens, but not from pus and blood cultures. We report on the resistance of S. saprophyticus to nalidixic acid and the use of this characteristic in the diagnosis of coagulase-negative staphylococci known to be novobiocin-sensitive, but which have subsequently acquired resistance to novobiocin. The results of different tests for betalactamase production in S. saprophyticus are presented. \"Clover leaf\" tests suggested such a production in about half of the strains studied, while no strain produced betalactamase as indicated by tests using chromogenic cephalosporin or benzylpenicillin in capillary tube tests. -The failure of tests for nitrate reduction, glucose consumption and of cultrues of urine on MacConkey's agar in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus, is documented. The concept \"significant bacteriuria\" in the diagnosis of S. saprophyticus infections of the urinary tract above the bladder neck is also considered.", "contents": "On the diagnosis of coagulase-negative staphylococci with emphasis on Staphylococcus saprophyticus. This study concerns the diagnosis of coagulase-negative staphylococci, with special emphasis on novobiocin-resistant species, vis S. saprophyticus, S. cohnii and S. xylosus. Disc diffusion tests for novobiocin were found useful in the differential diagnosis of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from urine specimens, but not from pus and blood cultures. We report on the resistance of S. saprophyticus to nalidixic acid and the use of this characteristic in the diagnosis of coagulase-negative staphylococci known to be novobiocin-sensitive, but which have subsequently acquired resistance to novobiocin. The results of different tests for betalactamase production in S. saprophyticus are presented. \"Clover leaf\" tests suggested such a production in about half of the strains studied, while no strain produced betalactamase as indicated by tests using chromogenic cephalosporin or benzylpenicillin in capillary tube tests. -The failure of tests for nitrate reduction, glucose consumption and of cultrues of urine on MacConkey's agar in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus, is documented. The concept \"significant bacteriuria\" in the diagnosis of S. saprophyticus infections of the urinary tract above the bladder neck is also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:343494", "title": "Bacteria and bacterial antigen in the kidney in human chronic renal disease. Bacteriological and immunofluorescence Studies.", "content": "Kidneys obtained by nephrectomy from 85 patients with chronic nephropathy were examined by bacterial culture and by immunofluorescence for a content of E. coli antigen. A panel of 10 E. coli 0-antisera, representing the strains most commonly causing urinary tract infection, and antiserum against common enterobacterial antigen (CA), were used. Bacteria could be cultured from the nephrectomy specimens in 24 cases, mainly in cases of obstructive chronic pyelonephritis, analgesic nephropathy and congenital renal disease. By immunofluorescence, type-specific 0-antigen was found in whole bacteria and amorphously in macrophages, CA only in whole bacteria. Whole bacteria could be visualized in 12 cases, macrophages only in two cases. Amorphous bacterial antigen was no observed outside phagocytizing cells. On the basis of these results, it seems unlikely that progression of the renal lesions in chronic renal disease is due to persistant bacterial antigen in the absence of viable bacteria. Chronic pyelonephritis, defined as an interstitial nephritis due to the effects of bacterial infection in the renal parenchyma and pelvic mucosa, appears always to be a secondary manifestation following obstruction or primary renal disease, such as analgesic nephropathy or congenital renal disease.", "contents": "Bacteria and bacterial antigen in the kidney in human chronic renal disease. Bacteriological and immunofluorescence Studies. Kidneys obtained by nephrectomy from 85 patients with chronic nephropathy were examined by bacterial culture and by immunofluorescence for a content of E. coli antigen. A panel of 10 E. coli 0-antisera, representing the strains most commonly causing urinary tract infection, and antiserum against common enterobacterial antigen (CA), were used. Bacteria could be cultured from the nephrectomy specimens in 24 cases, mainly in cases of obstructive chronic pyelonephritis, analgesic nephropathy and congenital renal disease. By immunofluorescence, type-specific 0-antigen was found in whole bacteria and amorphously in macrophages, CA only in whole bacteria. Whole bacteria could be visualized in 12 cases, macrophages only in two cases. Amorphous bacterial antigen was no observed outside phagocytizing cells. On the basis of these results, it seems unlikely that progression of the renal lesions in chronic renal disease is due to persistant bacterial antigen in the absence of viable bacteria. Chronic pyelonephritis, defined as an interstitial nephritis due to the effects of bacterial infection in the renal parenchyma and pelvic mucosa, appears always to be a secondary manifestation following obstruction or primary renal disease, such as analgesic nephropathy or congenital renal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:343495", "title": "Bacteriuria and renal infection in kidney-transplant recipients.", "content": "In 64 patients who had undergone renal transplantation, later on followed by bilateral nephrectomy, bacterial growth culture was performed from the original kidneys. The presence of bacteria in the nephrectomy specimens was compared with the occurrence of significant bacteriuria before transplantation and in the period between transplantation and nephrectomy. Bacteria could be cultured from the nephrectomy specimens of 18 (28.1 per cent) of the patients, almost exclusively confined to cases of obstructive chronic pyelonephritis, analgesic nephropathy and congenital renal disease. Before transplantation, bacteriuria had been recorded in 34.4 per cent of the patients, most frequently in the three groups of diseases just mentioned. Between the transplantation and nephrectomy, bacteriuria occurred in 75.0 per cent of the patients. Patients with E. coliuria before transplantation were particularly liable to have E. coliuria also after the transplantation and to E. coli in the nephrectomy specimens, whereas patients in whon E. coliuria did not occur until in the post-transplantation period were less susceptible to E. coli infection involving the kidneys. Probably the presence of bacteria in the nephrectomy specimens is related to the primary disease rather than to immunosuppressive and antiobiotic agents administered in the post-transplantation period.", "contents": "Bacteriuria and renal infection in kidney-transplant recipients. In 64 patients who had undergone renal transplantation, later on followed by bilateral nephrectomy, bacterial growth culture was performed from the original kidneys. The presence of bacteria in the nephrectomy specimens was compared with the occurrence of significant bacteriuria before transplantation and in the period between transplantation and nephrectomy. Bacteria could be cultured from the nephrectomy specimens of 18 (28.1 per cent) of the patients, almost exclusively confined to cases of obstructive chronic pyelonephritis, analgesic nephropathy and congenital renal disease. Before transplantation, bacteriuria had been recorded in 34.4 per cent of the patients, most frequently in the three groups of diseases just mentioned. Between the transplantation and nephrectomy, bacteriuria occurred in 75.0 per cent of the patients. Patients with E. coliuria before transplantation were particularly liable to have E. coliuria also after the transplantation and to E. coli in the nephrectomy specimens, whereas patients in whon E. coliuria did not occur until in the post-transplantation period were less susceptible to E. coli infection involving the kidneys. Probably the presence of bacteria in the nephrectomy specimens is related to the primary disease rather than to immunosuppressive and antiobiotic agents administered in the post-transplantation period."}
{"id": "PMID:343496", "title": "Antibodies against E. coli O-antigens and common enterobacterial antigen in kidney-transplant recipients. Comparison of antibody findings with evidence of urinary tract infection.", "content": "Using indirect haemagglutination, sera from 45 patients who had undergone renal transplantation were examined for 0-antibodies against 10 selected uropathogenic E. coli strains, and against common enterobacterial antigen (anti-CA). Bilateral nephrectomy was carried out, usually less than three months after transplantation, and serum from the time of nephrectomy was examined. The aim was to correlate antibody findings with evidence of urinary tract infection (UTI), as assessed by significant bacteriuria or growth of bacteria from the nephrectomy specimens. All the sera contained antibodies against several of the E. coli strains, mostly in titres less than or equal to 160, but titres up to 5120 occurred. No statistically significant correlation was found between the occurrence of high titres of type-specific 0-antibodies to E. coli and evidence of E. coli UTI. In contrast, anti-CA-present in the sera of 19 patients, mostly in titres of 10-40-occured with significantly increased frequency in patients with E. coliuria before transplantation and in patients with growth of E. coli from the nephrectomy specimens. It is concluded that anti-CA-even in low titres-appeared to give a better serological parameter of E. coli UTI than screening for antibodies against the selected uropathogenic E. coli strains.", "contents": "Antibodies against E. coli O-antigens and common enterobacterial antigen in kidney-transplant recipients. Comparison of antibody findings with evidence of urinary tract infection. Using indirect haemagglutination, sera from 45 patients who had undergone renal transplantation were examined for 0-antibodies against 10 selected uropathogenic E. coli strains, and against common enterobacterial antigen (anti-CA). Bilateral nephrectomy was carried out, usually less than three months after transplantation, and serum from the time of nephrectomy was examined. The aim was to correlate antibody findings with evidence of urinary tract infection (UTI), as assessed by significant bacteriuria or growth of bacteria from the nephrectomy specimens. All the sera contained antibodies against several of the E. coli strains, mostly in titres less than or equal to 160, but titres up to 5120 occurred. No statistically significant correlation was found between the occurrence of high titres of type-specific 0-antibodies to E. coli and evidence of E. coli UTI. In contrast, anti-CA-present in the sera of 19 patients, mostly in titres of 10-40-occured with significantly increased frequency in patients with E. coliuria before transplantation and in patients with growth of E. coli from the nephrectomy specimens. It is concluded that anti-CA-even in low titres-appeared to give a better serological parameter of E. coli UTI than screening for antibodies against the selected uropathogenic E. coli strains."}
{"id": "PMID:343497", "title": "Humoral and cell-mediated immunity to hepatitis B virus antigen in a haemodialysis-renal transplantation unit.", "content": "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the corresponding antibody (anti-HBs), the antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and the cellular immune response to purified HBsAg (leucocyte migration inhibition test: LMT-HBsAg) were determined in 19 staff members, 11 long-term haemodialysis patients, and 22 renal transplant patients in a haemodialysis-renal transplantation unit. Past or present infection, as expressed by the presence of circulating anti-HBs or HBsAg, was found in 30 cases (58 per cent) (11 staff members, six dialysis patients and 13 transplant patients). Anti-HBc was found in all the ten HBsAg positive cases--all patients--and in 15 out of 20 anti-HBs positive cases. Four staff members and seven patients had positive LMT-HBsAg; of these only one patient had HBsAg, whereas seven cases had anti-HBs. Neither the antibody determination nor the leucocyte migration inhibition assay disclosed any significant difference between patients and staff which could explain the different course of the hepatitis B virus infection in the two groups.", "contents": "Humoral and cell-mediated immunity to hepatitis B virus antigen in a haemodialysis-renal transplantation unit. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the corresponding antibody (anti-HBs), the antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and the cellular immune response to purified HBsAg (leucocyte migration inhibition test: LMT-HBsAg) were determined in 19 staff members, 11 long-term haemodialysis patients, and 22 renal transplant patients in a haemodialysis-renal transplantation unit. Past or present infection, as expressed by the presence of circulating anti-HBs or HBsAg, was found in 30 cases (58 per cent) (11 staff members, six dialysis patients and 13 transplant patients). Anti-HBc was found in all the ten HBsAg positive cases--all patients--and in 15 out of 20 anti-HBs positive cases. Four staff members and seven patients had positive LMT-HBsAg; of these only one patient had HBsAg, whereas seven cases had anti-HBs. Neither the antibody determination nor the leucocyte migration inhibition assay disclosed any significant difference between patients and staff which could explain the different course of the hepatitis B virus infection in the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:343498", "title": "Human leucocyte migration: studies with an improved skin chamber technique.", "content": "An improved skin chamber technique has been developed for the study of localized leucocyte mobilization (LLM). Uniform \"windows\" of denuded dermis were produced by a suction device applied to the forearm skin, eliciting delineated areas of epidermal separation by blister formation. The acellular blister fluid, roof and basement membrane were removed, and the blister base was covered with a rubber chamber containing autologous serum as leucocyte attractant. Duplicate chambers were harvested at prescribed intervals during the first 24 hours. In 15 healthy individuals, virtually no cells were observed after 2 hours, a median of 1.9 X 10(6) after 4 hours, increasing to 3.8 X 10(7) after 24 hours. Subnormal LLM was demonstrated in three of seven patients with severe bacterial infections and in three of seven leukaemia patients. LLM was normal in eight patients with other malignancies. Ninety to 98 per cent of the cells were polymorphonuclear neutrophils and less than 1 per cent were erythrocytes. In the chamber neutrophils, vacuolization of the cytoplasm was prominent, bactericidal capacity reduced and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction increased, thus indicating functional derangement of emigrated cells compared to peripheral blood neutrophils. Simplicity and good reproducibility should make this method a valuable tool in the study of leucocyte migration.", "contents": "Human leucocyte migration: studies with an improved skin chamber technique. An improved skin chamber technique has been developed for the study of localized leucocyte mobilization (LLM). Uniform \"windows\" of denuded dermis were produced by a suction device applied to the forearm skin, eliciting delineated areas of epidermal separation by blister formation. The acellular blister fluid, roof and basement membrane were removed, and the blister base was covered with a rubber chamber containing autologous serum as leucocyte attractant. Duplicate chambers were harvested at prescribed intervals during the first 24 hours. In 15 healthy individuals, virtually no cells were observed after 2 hours, a median of 1.9 X 10(6) after 4 hours, increasing to 3.8 X 10(7) after 24 hours. Subnormal LLM was demonstrated in three of seven patients with severe bacterial infections and in three of seven leukaemia patients. LLM was normal in eight patients with other malignancies. Ninety to 98 per cent of the cells were polymorphonuclear neutrophils and less than 1 per cent were erythrocytes. In the chamber neutrophils, vacuolization of the cytoplasm was prominent, bactericidal capacity reduced and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction increased, thus indicating functional derangement of emigrated cells compared to peripheral blood neutrophils. Simplicity and good reproducibility should make this method a valuable tool in the study of leucocyte migration."}
{"id": "PMID:343499", "title": "Immunoglobulin class of antilymphocyte antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and their families.", "content": "Antilymphocyte antibody (ALA) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was studied using an indirect immunofluorescent technique with air-dried, acetone-fixed lymphocytes. Ninety-four per cent of patients with SLE and 65 per cent of their relatives had ALA. The ALA response in SLE patients involved antibodies of all classes. However, the ALA in their relatives was primarily of the IgM class. Restriction of the class of ALA in asymptomatic relatives is analogous to that seen with anti-RNA antibodies and suggests that the switch to production of autoantibodies of the IgG class may be important in the pathogenesis of SLE.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin class of antilymphocyte antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and their families. Antilymphocyte antibody (ALA) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was studied using an indirect immunofluorescent technique with air-dried, acetone-fixed lymphocytes. Ninety-four per cent of patients with SLE and 65 per cent of their relatives had ALA. The ALA response in SLE patients involved antibodies of all classes. However, the ALA in their relatives was primarily of the IgM class. Restriction of the class of ALA in asymptomatic relatives is analogous to that seen with anti-RNA antibodies and suggests that the switch to production of autoantibodies of the IgG class may be important in the pathogenesis of SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:343500", "title": "The effect of nitrazepam on manual skill, grip strength, and reaction time with special reference to subjective evaluation of effects on sleep.", "content": "The effects of 5 and 10 mg oral nitrazepam doses on manual skills, grip strength, and reaction time 8 hours after ingestion of the drugs were studied in 34 healthy female volunteers aged 19-22 years. 5 mg nitrazepam caused a slight but insignificant decrease in psychomotor skills. With 10 mg psychomotor skills were influenced significantly. Grip strength and reaction time were not influenced either by the 5 or 10 mg doses. The investigators corroborate the value of the established effects of nitrazepam as a hypnotic, but recommend that caution should be excercised in prescribing the drug as a hypnotic (especially in doses exceeding 5 mg) to work-aged subjects as there is a risk of significant effect on the psychomotor skills. Furthermore, the drug may cause fatigue.", "contents": "The effect of nitrazepam on manual skill, grip strength, and reaction time with special reference to subjective evaluation of effects on sleep. The effects of 5 and 10 mg oral nitrazepam doses on manual skills, grip strength, and reaction time 8 hours after ingestion of the drugs were studied in 34 healthy female volunteers aged 19-22 years. 5 mg nitrazepam caused a slight but insignificant decrease in psychomotor skills. With 10 mg psychomotor skills were influenced significantly. Grip strength and reaction time were not influenced either by the 5 or 10 mg doses. The investigators corroborate the value of the established effects of nitrazepam as a hypnotic, but recommend that caution should be excercised in prescribing the drug as a hypnotic (especially in doses exceeding 5 mg) to work-aged subjects as there is a risk of significant effect on the psychomotor skills. Furthermore, the drug may cause fatigue."}
{"id": "PMID:343501", "title": "A quantitative study of the insulin release induced by vagal stimulation in anesthetized cats.", "content": "Insulin was released by vagal stimulation in anesthetized and eviscerated cats. The plasma insulin concentration and blood flow in the portal vein were determined concomitantly and the insulin output was calculated. Stimulation of either the right or the left cervical vagus released the same amount of insulin, whereas bilateral stimulation released twice as much. Following a stimulation that depleted the \"vagally-releasable pool\", a recovery period of 15--20 min was needed before the same maximal output could be obtained again. With shorter interstimulatory periods  the amounts of insulin released were reduced. When less than 2--3 00 impulses were applied during a stimulation period, the amount of insulin released per impulse was constant. Atropine (0.2--2 mg/kg) did not reduce the vagally-induced insulin release.", "contents": "A quantitative study of the insulin release induced by vagal stimulation in anesthetized cats. Insulin was released by vagal stimulation in anesthetized and eviscerated cats. The plasma insulin concentration and blood flow in the portal vein were determined concomitantly and the insulin output was calculated. Stimulation of either the right or the left cervical vagus released the same amount of insulin, whereas bilateral stimulation released twice as much. Following a stimulation that depleted the \"vagally-releasable pool\", a recovery period of 15--20 min was needed before the same maximal output could be obtained again. With shorter interstimulatory periods  the amounts of insulin released were reduced. When less than 2--3 00 impulses were applied during a stimulation period, the amount of insulin released per impulse was constant. Atropine (0.2--2 mg/kg) did not reduce the vagally-induced insulin release."}
{"id": "PMID:343502", "title": "Prostaglandin content in blood and lung tissue during alveolar hypoxia.", "content": "The aim of the present work was to investigate whether prostaglandins (PGs) are synthetized and released from isolated blood-perfused rat and cat lungs secondary to vasoconstriction induced by alveolar hypoxia. The lungs were perfused with autologous blood with constant volume inflow via the pulmonary artery in a recirculating system. They were ventilated with constant volume positive pressure, and acute alveolar hypoxia was induced by ventilation with a gas containing 2% O2. A superfusion bioassay technique was used to measure PG-like activity in the perfusate from the lungs, the blood being re-oxygenated before reaching the assay tissues. The oxygenator prevented the perfusate hypoxia induced by ventilation hypoxia to affect the bioassay tissues. The assay tissues were rat stomach strip, rat colon and chick rectum. They were sensitive to calibrating doses of 0.5--1 ng/ml PGE2 and 1--2 ng/ml PGF2alpha. In another series of experiments PGs of the F-series were measured in lung tissue from normoxic and hypoxic lungs with radioimmunoassay technique. No increase in PG-like activity could be detected in the venous effluent by means of bioassay during hypoxia, nor was the lung tissue content of immunoactive PGF increased by hypoxia. The present findings indicate that alveolar hypoxia does not stimulate PG-synthesis in lungs, refuting that PGs are important mediators of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia. It is concluded that PGs play no significant role in producing the pressor response to alveolar hypoxia.", "contents": "Prostaglandin content in blood and lung tissue during alveolar hypoxia. The aim of the present work was to investigate whether prostaglandins (PGs) are synthetized and released from isolated blood-perfused rat and cat lungs secondary to vasoconstriction induced by alveolar hypoxia. The lungs were perfused with autologous blood with constant volume inflow via the pulmonary artery in a recirculating system. They were ventilated with constant volume positive pressure, and acute alveolar hypoxia was induced by ventilation with a gas containing 2% O2. A superfusion bioassay technique was used to measure PG-like activity in the perfusate from the lungs, the blood being re-oxygenated before reaching the assay tissues. The oxygenator prevented the perfusate hypoxia induced by ventilation hypoxia to affect the bioassay tissues. The assay tissues were rat stomach strip, rat colon and chick rectum. They were sensitive to calibrating doses of 0.5--1 ng/ml PGE2 and 1--2 ng/ml PGF2alpha. In another series of experiments PGs of the F-series were measured in lung tissue from normoxic and hypoxic lungs with radioimmunoassay technique. No increase in PG-like activity could be detected in the venous effluent by means of bioassay during hypoxia, nor was the lung tissue content of immunoactive PGF increased by hypoxia. The present findings indicate that alveolar hypoxia does not stimulate PG-synthesis in lungs, refuting that PGs are important mediators of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia. It is concluded that PGs play no significant role in producing the pressor response to alveolar hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:343507", "title": "Angiography of the testicular artery. III. Testis and epididymis analysed with a magnification technique.", "content": "The resolving capacity of magnification testicular angiography, as related to the known vascular anatomy of the testis and epididymis, was analysed on the basis of 9 normal angiographies and 8 cases of hydrocele with proven normal status of the testis and epididymis. The intratesticular vascular arrangement was demonstrated remarkably well, but of the epididymal vascularity only that in the head of the epididymis. The vascular anatomy of the testis as resolved by angiography may be utilized in the diagnosis of the location and nature of intra- and extratesticular mass lesions.", "contents": "Angiography of the testicular artery. III. Testis and epididymis analysed with a magnification technique. The resolving capacity of magnification testicular angiography, as related to the known vascular anatomy of the testis and epididymis, was analysed on the basis of 9 normal angiographies and 8 cases of hydrocele with proven normal status of the testis and epididymis. The intratesticular vascular arrangement was demonstrated remarkably well, but of the epididymal vascularity only that in the head of the epididymis. The vascular anatomy of the testis as resolved by angiography may be utilized in the diagnosis of the location and nature of intra- and extratesticular mass lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:343508", "title": "The diagnostic value of protein clearances in rejection of human renal allografts.", "content": "The relative clearances of transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, and IgA were used as a diagnostic test for detection of acute rejection episodes after renal transplantation, using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction. Thirty-six out of 40 rejections were predicted by 0--5 days. The sensitivity and specificity were 90% and 98%, respectively. The predictive value of a positive diagnostic test was 86% and of a negative 99%. False positives caused by fever and urinary obstruction could probably be excluded by the finding of an increased urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin prior to the increased relative clearance of transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG and IgA. This would improve the predictive value of a positive test to 95%. Daily or more frequent protein clearance determinations should be performed in renal transplant patients, since the method used was easy, rapid and suited for sequential analysis, and the procedure was without risk for the patient.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of protein clearances in rejection of human renal allografts. The relative clearances of transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, and IgA were used as a diagnostic test for detection of acute rejection episodes after renal transplantation, using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction. Thirty-six out of 40 rejections were predicted by 0--5 days. The sensitivity and specificity were 90% and 98%, respectively. The predictive value of a positive diagnostic test was 86% and of a negative 99%. False positives caused by fever and urinary obstruction could probably be excluded by the finding of an increased urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin prior to the increased relative clearance of transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG and IgA. This would improve the predictive value of a positive test to 95%. Daily or more frequent protein clearance determinations should be performed in renal transplant patients, since the method used was easy, rapid and suited for sequential analysis, and the procedure was without risk for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:343509", "title": "Comparative natriuretic and diuretic efficacy of theophylline ethylenediamine and of bendroflumethiazide during long-term treatment with the potent diuretic bumetanide. Permutation trial tests in patients with congestive heart failure.", "content": "The additive natriuretic and diuretic effects of theophylline ethylenediamine and of bendroflumethiazide have been compared in permutation trial tests in patients with advanced congestive heart failure receiving long-term treatment with the highly potent diuretic, bumetanide. Statistical analysis of renal water and electrolyte excretion revealed that theophylline ethylenediamine, 400 mg orally, and bendroflumethiazide, 5 mg orally, had very similar effects, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The mechanism of action of the supplementary diuretics is discussed. It is concluded that theophylline ethylenediamine represents a useful alternative to thiazide diuretics when supplementary natriuretic treatment is considered in patients with congestive heart failure during long-term treatment with potent diuretics. The significance of maintaining the potassium balance during such a combined regimen is stressed.", "contents": "Comparative natriuretic and diuretic efficacy of theophylline ethylenediamine and of bendroflumethiazide during long-term treatment with the potent diuretic bumetanide. Permutation trial tests in patients with congestive heart failure. The additive natriuretic and diuretic effects of theophylline ethylenediamine and of bendroflumethiazide have been compared in permutation trial tests in patients with advanced congestive heart failure receiving long-term treatment with the highly potent diuretic, bumetanide. Statistical analysis of renal water and electrolyte excretion revealed that theophylline ethylenediamine, 400 mg orally, and bendroflumethiazide, 5 mg orally, had very similar effects, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The mechanism of action of the supplementary diuretics is discussed. It is concluded that theophylline ethylenediamine represents a useful alternative to thiazide diuretics when supplementary natriuretic treatment is considered in patients with congestive heart failure during long-term treatment with potent diuretics. The significance of maintaining the potassium balance during such a combined regimen is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:343531", "title": "Noble metal complexes in cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "Platinum coordination complexes form a new class of active anticancer agents in animals and man. Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II), the most widely investigated drug, is now in experimental clinical use against a wide variety of cancers in man. The dose-limiting toxicity in man is renal tubular damage. Hydration of the patient and the use of osmotic diuretics have minimized this effect and allowed higher doses with largely improved responses. Combination chemotherapy with the drug has also produced significant response rates in a variety of cancers. The mode of action of the drug is not yet clear, but most likely involves a primary lesion on nuclear DNA and the stimulation of a host reaction to the cancer. So far, only square planar and octahedral complexes of platinum, with a variety of inorganic and organic ligands, have shown marked activity in animal studies.", "contents": "Noble metal complexes in cancer chemotherapy. Platinum coordination complexes form a new class of active anticancer agents in animals and man. Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II), the most widely investigated drug, is now in experimental clinical use against a wide variety of cancers in man. The dose-limiting toxicity in man is renal tubular damage. Hydration of the patient and the use of osmotic diuretics have minimized this effect and allowed higher doses with largely improved responses. Combination chemotherapy with the drug has also produced significant response rates in a variety of cancers. The mode of action of the drug is not yet clear, but most likely involves a primary lesion on nuclear DNA and the stimulation of a host reaction to the cancer. So far, only square planar and octahedral complexes of platinum, with a variety of inorganic and organic ligands, have shown marked activity in animal studies."}
{"id": "PMID:343535", "title": "Iodine and mammary cancer.", "content": "From laboratory studies presented, iodine appears to be a requisite for the normalcy of breast tissue in higher vertebrates. When lacking, the parenchyma in rodents and humans show atypia, dysplasia, and even neoplasia. Iodine-deficient breast tissues are also more susceptible to carcinogen action and promote lesions earlier and in greater profusion. Metabolically, iodine-deficient breasts show changes in RNA/DNA ratios, estrogen receptor proteins, and cytosol iodine levels. Clinically, radionuclide studies have shown that breast atypia and malignancy have increased radioactive iodine uptakes. Imaging of the breasts in high-risk women has localized breast tumors. The potential use of breast iodine determination to determine estrogen dependence of breast cancer has been considered and the role of iodide therapy discussed. In conclusion, iodine appears to be a compulsory element for the breast tissue growth and development. It presents great potential for its use in research directed toward the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer.", "contents": "Iodine and mammary cancer. From laboratory studies presented, iodine appears to be a requisite for the normalcy of breast tissue in higher vertebrates. When lacking, the parenchyma in rodents and humans show atypia, dysplasia, and even neoplasia. Iodine-deficient breast tissues are also more susceptible to carcinogen action and promote lesions earlier and in greater profusion. Metabolically, iodine-deficient breasts show changes in RNA/DNA ratios, estrogen receptor proteins, and cytosol iodine levels. Clinically, radionuclide studies have shown that breast atypia and malignancy have increased radioactive iodine uptakes. Imaging of the breasts in high-risk women has localized breast tumors. The potential use of breast iodine determination to determine estrogen dependence of breast cancer has been considered and the role of iodide therapy discussed. In conclusion, iodine appears to be a compulsory element for the breast tissue growth and development. It presents great potential for its use in research directed toward the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:343543", "title": "Noncardiac pulmonary edema.", "content": "Several mechanisms leading to noncardiac pulmonary edema have been reviewed. Common features are damage to and increased permeability of vascular endothelium, interstitial and alveolar edema fluid high in protein content, increased pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure, nondependent distribution of the edema and normal left atrial or wedge pressure. The available evidence suggests that in some instances the sites of leakage are the pulmonary arterial walls and, perhaps in some, overperfused, damaged capillary beds. Therapeutic obestives differ from those in cardiac pulmonary edema in that efforts are directed toward a reduction in pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary arterial pressure during the period that endothelial healing is taking place.", "contents": "Noncardiac pulmonary edema. Several mechanisms leading to noncardiac pulmonary edema have been reviewed. Common features are damage to and increased permeability of vascular endothelium, interstitial and alveolar edema fluid high in protein content, increased pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure, nondependent distribution of the edema and normal left atrial or wedge pressure. The available evidence suggests that in some instances the sites of leakage are the pulmonary arterial walls and, perhaps in some, overperfused, damaged capillary beds. Therapeutic obestives differ from those in cardiac pulmonary edema in that efforts are directed toward a reduction in pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary arterial pressure during the period that endothelial healing is taking place."}
{"id": "PMID:343550", "title": "Heredity of the choroidal dystrophies.", "content": "Sorsby's pseudo-inflammatory dystrophy and choroidal sclerosis are autosomal dominant, while gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is autosomal recessive and choroideremia intermediate sex-linked.", "contents": "Heredity of the choroidal dystrophies. Sorsby's pseudo-inflammatory dystrophy and choroidal sclerosis are autosomal dominant, while gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is autosomal recessive and choroideremia intermediate sex-linked."}
{"id": "PMID:343552", "title": "Visual field defects, cup-disc ratio and fluorescein angiography in glaucomatous optic atrophy.", "content": "Fluorescein angiography was carried out in 150 glaucoma subjects. Among them 94 subjects were selected to evaluate the correlation between functional loss and the findings of fluorescein angiography in the optic disc. The intensity of fluorescence was assessed in the superficial reticular capillaries and radial epipapillary capillaries. Functional loss was estimated by the visual field defects and cup-disc ratio. A marked decrease in the capillaries was seen in accordance with the increase in the cup-disc ratio. Also, the intensity of fluorescence in the optic disc paralleled the change in the visual field: the greater the deterioration in the visual field, the fewer the capillaries in the optic nerve head and vice versa. The fluorograms of 94 subjects were placed in one out of six groups, i.e. (1) normal, (2) arcuate scotoma, (3) superior or inferior nasal defects, (4) superior or inferior defects, (5) central residue or (6) temporal residue. The common factors correlating the fluorescein angiography in the glaucomatous optic disc with visual field loss were explored in 94 subjects, and it was possible to predict the visual field change from the capillary distribution in the glaucomatous optic disc.", "contents": "Visual field defects, cup-disc ratio and fluorescein angiography in glaucomatous optic atrophy. Fluorescein angiography was carried out in 150 glaucoma subjects. Among them 94 subjects were selected to evaluate the correlation between functional loss and the findings of fluorescein angiography in the optic disc. The intensity of fluorescence was assessed in the superficial reticular capillaries and radial epipapillary capillaries. Functional loss was estimated by the visual field defects and cup-disc ratio. A marked decrease in the capillaries was seen in accordance with the increase in the cup-disc ratio. Also, the intensity of fluorescence in the optic disc paralleled the change in the visual field: the greater the deterioration in the visual field, the fewer the capillaries in the optic nerve head and vice versa. The fluorograms of 94 subjects were placed in one out of six groups, i.e. (1) normal, (2) arcuate scotoma, (3) superior or inferior nasal defects, (4) superior or inferior defects, (5) central residue or (6) temporal residue. The common factors correlating the fluorescein angiography in the glaucomatous optic disc with visual field loss were explored in 94 subjects, and it was possible to predict the visual field change from the capillary distribution in the glaucomatous optic disc."}
{"id": "PMID:343559", "title": "Vascular events in inflammation.", "content": "Seven topics of vascular events in inflammation are discussed independently: (1) It is pointed out that too frequently generalizations have been made of vascular phenomena registered in one specific situation, and evidence is given that the existence of a characteristic vascular reaction pattern in the inflammatory processes is doubtful. (2) Considering the results of recent experiments, it is suggested that the role of the nervous system in inflammation should be reassessed. Although its influence seems to be of a minor nature in many \"laboratorial\" situations, it is of primary importance when nerves are stimulated by electric antidromic excitations and may be relevant in injuries sufficiently severe to damage peripheral nerves. (3) Attention is called to the diversity of vascular leakage types. (4) The dissociation between vascular permeability, oedema and diapedesis is presented and discussed. (5 and 6) The ultrastructural features and the role of endothelial vesicles and junctions are updated and commented upon. (7) The barrier effect of the basement membrane in vascular permeability alterations is discussed and an alternative hypothesis is suggested: the basal lamina does not usually retain particles or blood cells and the temporary halt of elements in the ground substance may be due to the pressure and flux differences in and outside the vessels.", "contents": "Vascular events in inflammation. Seven topics of vascular events in inflammation are discussed independently: (1) It is pointed out that too frequently generalizations have been made of vascular phenomena registered in one specific situation, and evidence is given that the existence of a characteristic vascular reaction pattern in the inflammatory processes is doubtful. (2) Considering the results of recent experiments, it is suggested that the role of the nervous system in inflammation should be reassessed. Although its influence seems to be of a minor nature in many \"laboratorial\" situations, it is of primary importance when nerves are stimulated by electric antidromic excitations and may be relevant in injuries sufficiently severe to damage peripheral nerves. (3) Attention is called to the diversity of vascular leakage types. (4) The dissociation between vascular permeability, oedema and diapedesis is presented and discussed. (5 and 6) The ultrastructural features and the role of endothelial vesicles and junctions are updated and commented upon. (7) The barrier effect of the basement membrane in vascular permeability alterations is discussed and an alternative hypothesis is suggested: the basal lamina does not usually retain particles or blood cells and the temporary halt of elements in the ground substance may be due to the pressure and flux differences in and outside the vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:343566", "title": "Carnitine metabolism in human subjects. II. Values of carnitine in biological fluids and tissues of \"normal\" subjects.", "content": "Carnitine values in \"normal\" or \"control\" human subjects are assembled in the second part of this review. Data were found on blood, skeletal muscle, urine, heart muscle, and semen. Factors that affect these measures are related to the data.", "contents": "Carnitine metabolism in human subjects. II. Values of carnitine in biological fluids and tissues of \"normal\" subjects. Carnitine values in \"normal\" or \"control\" human subjects are assembled in the second part of this review. Data were found on blood, skeletal muscle, urine, heart muscle, and semen. Factors that affect these measures are related to the data."}
{"id": "PMID:343568", "title": "Fiber, intestinal sterols, and colon cancer.", "content": "It has been postulated that dietary fiber's protective effect against the development of colon cancer, diverticular disease, and atherosclerosis may be due to the adsorption and/or dilution of intestinal sterols such as bile acids and neural sterols and their bacterial metabolites by component(s) of fiber. Dietary fiber is made up of four major components-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin. There is evidence that hemicellulose and pectin may induce an increase in fecal bile acid excretion in man which may be accompanied by a decrease in serum cholesterol. Natural fibers, such as rolled oats, alfalfa, guar gum, and Bengal gram have been shown to have hypocholesterolemic properties of alfalfa, wheat straw, and some other fibers found considerable amounts of bile acids in vitro. On the other hand, wheat bran, oat hulls, and all the synthetic fibers tested bound only negligible amounts of bile acids under the same conditions. Vegetarians in the United States have lower plasma lipids and different plasma lipoprotein patterns than those of comparable control populations on regular mixed diet. They also have smaller daily fractional turnover rates of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid pool size. In addition, populations on a mixed Western diet, where the rate of large bowel cancer is high (North American, English, Scottish, etc.) degraded and excreted cholesterol and bile acid metabolites to a greater degree than populations where the rate of colon cancer is comparatively low (Ugandan, Japanese, etc). It cannot be denied that the fiber theory linking fiber deficiency with the development of colon cancer and other diseases, is simple, attractive and appears to be firmly based in common sense. When subjected to research studies, however, the situation appears much more complex than expected. Although some progress is being made, the data are often contradictory and confusing, probably due to lack of adequate documentation of fiber intake (e.g., use of dietary fiber instead of crude fiber) and/or the absence of detailed information on the chemistry of the fiber itself.", "contents": "Fiber, intestinal sterols, and colon cancer. It has been postulated that dietary fiber's protective effect against the development of colon cancer, diverticular disease, and atherosclerosis may be due to the adsorption and/or dilution of intestinal sterols such as bile acids and neural sterols and their bacterial metabolites by component(s) of fiber. Dietary fiber is made up of four major components-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin. There is evidence that hemicellulose and pectin may induce an increase in fecal bile acid excretion in man which may be accompanied by a decrease in serum cholesterol. Natural fibers, such as rolled oats, alfalfa, guar gum, and Bengal gram have been shown to have hypocholesterolemic properties of alfalfa, wheat straw, and some other fibers found considerable amounts of bile acids in vitro. On the other hand, wheat bran, oat hulls, and all the synthetic fibers tested bound only negligible amounts of bile acids under the same conditions. Vegetarians in the United States have lower plasma lipids and different plasma lipoprotein patterns than those of comparable control populations on regular mixed diet. They also have smaller daily fractional turnover rates of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid pool size. In addition, populations on a mixed Western diet, where the rate of large bowel cancer is high (North American, English, Scottish, etc.) degraded and excreted cholesterol and bile acid metabolites to a greater degree than populations where the rate of colon cancer is comparatively low (Ugandan, Japanese, etc). It cannot be denied that the fiber theory linking fiber deficiency with the development of colon cancer and other diseases, is simple, attractive and appears to be firmly based in common sense. When subjected to research studies, however, the situation appears much more complex than expected. Although some progress is being made, the data are often contradictory and confusing, probably due to lack of adequate documentation of fiber intake (e.g., use of dietary fiber instead of crude fiber) and/or the absence of detailed information on the chemistry of the fiber itself."}
{"id": "PMID:343569", "title": "The role of the microbiology laboratory in surveillance and control of nosocomial infections.", "content": "The microbiology laboratory's rapid and consistent identification of nosocomial pathogens is a keystone in the surveillance and control of hospital-acquired infections. In addition, the laboratory serves as a source of expert consultation for clinicians and infection control personnel and as an \"early warning center\" for infection problems. In making its contributions to infection control most effective, the laboratory must recognize its capabilities and limitations, must insure that the materials and methods it uses and the specimens it processes meet high standards, must provide retrievable records, and must have a good working knowledge of microbiologic technics used to evaluate both endemic and epidemic infections. Moreover, because laboratory workers come into contact daily with potentially infectious specimens and isolates, the laboratory's contributions to infection control should also include the prevention and surveillance of laboratory-acquired infections.", "contents": "The role of the microbiology laboratory in surveillance and control of nosocomial infections. The microbiology laboratory's rapid and consistent identification of nosocomial pathogens is a keystone in the surveillance and control of hospital-acquired infections. In addition, the laboratory serves as a source of expert consultation for clinicians and infection control personnel and as an \"early warning center\" for infection problems. In making its contributions to infection control most effective, the laboratory must recognize its capabilities and limitations, must insure that the materials and methods it uses and the specimens it processes meet high standards, must provide retrievable records, and must have a good working knowledge of microbiologic technics used to evaluate both endemic and epidemic infections. Moreover, because laboratory workers come into contact daily with potentially infectious specimens and isolates, the laboratory's contributions to infection control should also include the prevention and surveillance of laboratory-acquired infections."}
{"id": "PMID:343570", "title": "A hemolytic plate method for alternative-pathway complement activity assay.", "content": "A new hemolytic plate method for the functional assessment of alternative-pathway complement activity is described. The plates are easy to prepare and the method simple to perform. Analysis of 23 normal serum samples showed a mean lysis diameter of 4.1 +/- 0.2 mm (1 standard deviation).", "contents": "A hemolytic plate method for alternative-pathway complement activity assay. A new hemolytic plate method for the functional assessment of alternative-pathway complement activity is described. The plates are easy to prepare and the method simple to perform. Analysis of 23 normal serum samples showed a mean lysis diameter of 4.1 +/- 0.2 mm (1 standard deviation)."}
{"id": "PMID:343571", "title": "Comparison of a commercial identification kit and conventional biochemical tests used for the identification of enteric gram-negative rods.", "content": "A comparison between 11 Minitek biochemical tests and corresponding conventional tubed media was undertaken with 1,089 isolates of enteric gram-negative rods. Overall correlation between Minitek and conventional biochemicals was 97.4%. Minitek proved to be a time- and space-saving miniaturized biochemical system that can be used effectively for the identification of enteric gram-negative rods.", "contents": "Comparison of a commercial identification kit and conventional biochemical tests used for the identification of enteric gram-negative rods. A comparison between 11 Minitek biochemical tests and corresponding conventional tubed media was undertaken with 1,089 isolates of enteric gram-negative rods. Overall correlation between Minitek and conventional biochemicals was 97.4%. Minitek proved to be a time- and space-saving miniaturized biochemical system that can be used effectively for the identification of enteric gram-negative rods."}
{"id": "PMID:343572", "title": "\"Fruiting bodies\" of aspergillus on the skin of a burned patient.", "content": "A case of a young man with an extensive total-body-surface burn complicated by wound infection is presented. One of the fungal organisms in the cutaneous burn wound had morphologically characteristic and diagnostic features by development of conidiophores (\"fruiting bodies\") pathognomonic of Aspergillus spp.", "contents": "\"Fruiting bodies\" of aspergillus on the skin of a burned patient. A case of a young man with an extensive total-body-surface burn complicated by wound infection is presented. One of the fungal organisms in the cutaneous burn wound had morphologically characteristic and diagnostic features by development of conidiophores (\"fruiting bodies\") pathognomonic of Aspergillus spp."}
{"id": "PMID:343573", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica septicemia.", "content": "Yersinia enterocolitica was recovered from the blood of an infant with sepsis and fever but with few gastrointestinal symptoms. The age of this patient was unusual as septicemia owing to this organism has most frequently been seen in adults. Because of the absence of digestive symptoms, it is uncertain what the portal of entry of the organism might have been. Yersinia enterocolitica is not often recognized, either because of difficulties in identification or because it may not be recognized as a human pathogen.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica septicemia. Yersinia enterocolitica was recovered from the blood of an infant with sepsis and fever but with few gastrointestinal symptoms. The age of this patient was unusual as septicemia owing to this organism has most frequently been seen in adults. Because of the absence of digestive symptoms, it is uncertain what the portal of entry of the organism might have been. Yersinia enterocolitica is not often recognized, either because of difficulties in identification or because it may not be recognized as a human pathogen."}
{"id": "PMID:343575", "title": "Monocyte functional capacity in chronic neutropenia.", "content": "The bactericidal activity of monocytes from a child with chronic benign granulocytopenia who has had virtual absence of neutrophils yet minimal infections since birth was examined against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and compared with that of monocyte and neutrophils from 20 control subjects. Studies on monocyte function in this patient with no neutrophils revealed normal monocyte kill of both organisms when compared with control monocytes. Monocyte and neutrophil killing of both organisms was similar in control subjects at bacteria to phagocyte ratios of 1:1. When ratios of 3:1 were employed, however, control neutrophils were more effective than control and patient monocytes in reducing the number of viable organisms. These findings support the neutrophil as the more effective blood phagocyte but stress the importance of monocyte functional capacity in patients compromised by granulocytopenia or neutrophil functional defects.", "contents": "Monocyte functional capacity in chronic neutropenia. The bactericidal activity of monocytes from a child with chronic benign granulocytopenia who has had virtual absence of neutrophils yet minimal infections since birth was examined against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and compared with that of monocyte and neutrophils from 20 control subjects. Studies on monocyte function in this patient with no neutrophils revealed normal monocyte kill of both organisms when compared with control monocytes. Monocyte and neutrophil killing of both organisms was similar in control subjects at bacteria to phagocyte ratios of 1:1. When ratios of 3:1 were employed, however, control neutrophils were more effective than control and patient monocytes in reducing the number of viable organisms. These findings support the neutrophil as the more effective blood phagocyte but stress the importance of monocyte functional capacity in patients compromised by granulocytopenia or neutrophil functional defects."}
{"id": "PMID:343576", "title": "Botticelli demonstrates the Babinski reflex more than 400 years before Babinski; pediatrics in art.", "content": "Botticelli, one of the greatest painters of the Italian Rennaissance, demonstrated the Babinski reflex more than 400 years before the publication of Babinski's first description of this reflex.", "contents": "Botticelli demonstrates the Babinski reflex more than 400 years before Babinski; pediatrics in art. Botticelli, one of the greatest painters of the Italian Rennaissance, demonstrated the Babinski reflex more than 400 years before the publication of Babinski's first description of this reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:343580", "title": "Viruses and diarrhea--a review.", "content": "A critical analysis of the literature shows that only a few viral agents have been proved by accepted criteria to cause acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus, of the RNA family reoviridae, is the cause of most childhood gastroenteritis. The parvovirus-like agents (Norwalk, Hawaii, MC, and W) are proved agents of epidemic gastroenteritis. There is good evidence that the Marcy, FS, and Niigata agents were the causes of gastroenteritis outbreaks. Thirty percent of all acute gastroenteritis episodes in large investigations are still etiologically unaccounted for. Much work remains to be done on define the pathogenesis and immunology of viral gastroenteritides.", "contents": "Viruses and diarrhea--a review. A critical analysis of the literature shows that only a few viral agents have been proved by accepted criteria to cause acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus, of the RNA family reoviridae, is the cause of most childhood gastroenteritis. The parvovirus-like agents (Norwalk, Hawaii, MC, and W) are proved agents of epidemic gastroenteritis. There is good evidence that the Marcy, FS, and Niigata agents were the causes of gastroenteritis outbreaks. Thirty percent of all acute gastroenteritis episodes in large investigations are still etiologically unaccounted for. Much work remains to be done on define the pathogenesis and immunology of viral gastroenteritides."}
{"id": "PMID:343581", "title": "Gastric analysis in selected populations. Improvement of its clinical usefulness.", "content": "Little doubt exists concerning the limited usefulness of gastric analysis as a screening test in unselected populations. Reliable tests, such as those for glycemia, are also of limited value when performed blindly on the general population. When, however, gastric analysis is performed on an adequate preselected population, it has a valuable role in the diagnosis and management of several gastroduodenal diseases. Highly satisfactory results can be obtained when the proper population is selected because errors are minimized due to an increased prevalence of diseases. We have verified the reliability of two types of gastric analyses: the conventional method of gastric analysis based on measurement of acid output alone (CGA) and the so-called gastroionogram (GIG), in 100 consecutive gastric analyses using the method proposed by Kronborg. Gastroionogram increases specificity (even at the risk of decreasing sensitivity) and provides an excellent predictive value of the test. With the same conditions CGA is less useful because of the overlapping among normal and diseased groups. It is useful, however, for separating patients into three groups of normal secretors, hyposecretors and hypersecretors.", "contents": "Gastric analysis in selected populations. Improvement of its clinical usefulness. Little doubt exists concerning the limited usefulness of gastric analysis as a screening test in unselected populations. Reliable tests, such as those for glycemia, are also of limited value when performed blindly on the general population. When, however, gastric analysis is performed on an adequate preselected population, it has a valuable role in the diagnosis and management of several gastroduodenal diseases. Highly satisfactory results can be obtained when the proper population is selected because errors are minimized due to an increased prevalence of diseases. We have verified the reliability of two types of gastric analyses: the conventional method of gastric analysis based on measurement of acid output alone (CGA) and the so-called gastroionogram (GIG), in 100 consecutive gastric analyses using the method proposed by Kronborg. Gastroionogram increases specificity (even at the risk of decreasing sensitivity) and provides an excellent predictive value of the test. With the same conditions CGA is less useful because of the overlapping among normal and diseased groups. It is useful, however, for separating patients into three groups of normal secretors, hyposecretors and hypersecretors."}
{"id": "PMID:343583", "title": "Acute digoxin poisonings: review of therapy.", "content": "Acute digoxin poisoning, its recognition and management, are reviewed. The uses of syrup of ipecac, gastric lavage, activated charcoal, cholestyramine, colestipol, edetate sodium and cathartics as measures to terminate the drug exposure are discussed. Measures to hasten digoxin elimination, such as the use of furosemide, hemodialysis and digoxin-specific antibodies are reviewed. Supportive management may include treatment with atropine, phenytoin, lidocaine, propranolol, glucose, insulin and sodium polystyrene sulfonate. Proper management of digoxin poisoning involves the use of standard decontamination procedures (emesis or gastric lavage). Activated charcoal is strongly recommended, followed by rapidly acting cathartics. Antiarrhythmic therapy usually involves atropine sulfate and phenytoin sodium.", "contents": "Acute digoxin poisonings: review of therapy. Acute digoxin poisoning, its recognition and management, are reviewed. The uses of syrup of ipecac, gastric lavage, activated charcoal, cholestyramine, colestipol, edetate sodium and cathartics as measures to terminate the drug exposure are discussed. Measures to hasten digoxin elimination, such as the use of furosemide, hemodialysis and digoxin-specific antibodies are reviewed. Supportive management may include treatment with atropine, phenytoin, lidocaine, propranolol, glucose, insulin and sodium polystyrene sulfonate. Proper management of digoxin poisoning involves the use of standard decontamination procedures (emesis or gastric lavage). Activated charcoal is strongly recommended, followed by rapidly acting cathartics. Antiarrhythmic therapy usually involves atropine sulfate and phenytoin sodium."}
{"id": "PMID:343584", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: dietary fiber and fiber supplements in the therapy of gastrointestinal disorders.", "content": "Dietary fiber and fiber supplements are reviewed, with particular emphasis on their sources, composition and properties; physiological actions on gastrointestinal functions; and uses in gastrointestinal disease states (functional bowel disease, diverticular disease and other conditions). Adverse effects and contraindications, and the hypothesis of diet's effect on colon cancer also are discussed. Dietary fiber supplements may relieve symptoms of constipation, spastic colon, and diverticular disease; in the two latter disorders, colonic pressure relationships are altered. It is concluded that current evidence does not support other therapeutic uses for dietary fiber sonstituents, except possibly in patients with anal fissures and hemorrhoids, which can be helped by the passage of a softer stool.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: dietary fiber and fiber supplements in the therapy of gastrointestinal disorders. Dietary fiber and fiber supplements are reviewed, with particular emphasis on their sources, composition and properties; physiological actions on gastrointestinal functions; and uses in gastrointestinal disease states (functional bowel disease, diverticular disease and other conditions). Adverse effects and contraindications, and the hypothesis of diet's effect on colon cancer also are discussed. Dietary fiber supplements may relieve symptoms of constipation, spastic colon, and diverticular disease; in the two latter disorders, colonic pressure relationships are altered. It is concluded that current evidence does not support other therapeutic uses for dietary fiber sonstituents, except possibly in patients with anal fissures and hemorrhoids, which can be helped by the passage of a softer stool."}
{"id": "PMID:343585", "title": "Chromosomal aneuploidy in a patient with hypereosinophilic syndrome. Evidence for a malignant disease.", "content": "A patient with rapidly fatal hypereosinophilic syndrome and a bone marrow chromosomal abnormality, 49,XYY,t(3:5),+8,+mar, is described. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of eosinophils failed to reveal any significant abnormalities. Previous cytogenetic data on patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome have been deficient in that few studies have been performed with banding technics. These technics may help in the classification of hypereosinophilic syndrome and predict which patients will have a rapidly fatal course.", "contents": "Chromosomal aneuploidy in a patient with hypereosinophilic syndrome. Evidence for a malignant disease. A patient with rapidly fatal hypereosinophilic syndrome and a bone marrow chromosomal abnormality, 49,XYY,t(3:5),+8,+mar, is described. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of eosinophils failed to reveal any significant abnormalities. Previous cytogenetic data on patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome have been deficient in that few studies have been performed with banding technics. These technics may help in the classification of hypereosinophilic syndrome and predict which patients will have a rapidly fatal course."}
{"id": "PMID:343587", "title": "Circulating proinsulin in patients with maturity onset diabetes.", "content": "The contribution of proinsulin to the total serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) was measured in 59 patients with maturity onset diabetes (23 being treated with diet alone and 36 with oral sulfonylurea agents) and compared to that in 44 control subjects. The percentage of proinsulin was increased in 11 patients and correlated with plasma glucose, but not with IRI. There was no difference between the drug-treated group and diet-treated group, or between patients taking different sulfonylurea agents. Sequential studies in one patient showed normalization of the proportion of proinsulin following lowering of the plasma glucose level. It is probably that the increased circulating proportion of proinsulin in hyperglycemic diabetic patients is secondary to beta cell exhaustion with release of less mature granules.", "contents": "Circulating proinsulin in patients with maturity onset diabetes. The contribution of proinsulin to the total serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) was measured in 59 patients with maturity onset diabetes (23 being treated with diet alone and 36 with oral sulfonylurea agents) and compared to that in 44 control subjects. The percentage of proinsulin was increased in 11 patients and correlated with plasma glucose, but not with IRI. There was no difference between the drug-treated group and diet-treated group, or between patients taking different sulfonylurea agents. Sequential studies in one patient showed normalization of the proportion of proinsulin following lowering of the plasma glucose level. It is probably that the increased circulating proportion of proinsulin in hyperglycemic diabetic patients is secondary to beta cell exhaustion with release of less mature granules."}
{"id": "PMID:343588", "title": "Pulmonary disease caused by Candida species.", "content": "Candida species are often found in sputum specimens. Their role as a possible cause of pulmonary disease is a frequent consideration, particularly in patients receiving immunosuppressive or long-standing antimicrobial therapy. At Memorial Hospital and New York Hospital, 30 patients with histologic evidence of Candida pulmonary infection were identified over a two year period. These infections reached the lungs by hematogenous spread in 10 patients and by aspiration in 16 patients. Most the patients had malignant neoplastic disease. The Candida pulmonary disease appeared to be significant clinical factor in only three cases. Experience from our institutions and from the literature indicates that Candida species rarely cause significant pulmonary disease. When such involvement is extensive, the patient is usually terminally ill from multiple other factors.", "contents": "Pulmonary disease caused by Candida species. Candida species are often found in sputum specimens. Their role as a possible cause of pulmonary disease is a frequent consideration, particularly in patients receiving immunosuppressive or long-standing antimicrobial therapy. At Memorial Hospital and New York Hospital, 30 patients with histologic evidence of Candida pulmonary infection were identified over a two year period. These infections reached the lungs by hematogenous spread in 10 patients and by aspiration in 16 patients. Most the patients had malignant neoplastic disease. The Candida pulmonary disease appeared to be significant clinical factor in only three cases. Experience from our institutions and from the literature indicates that Candida species rarely cause significant pulmonary disease. When such involvement is extensive, the patient is usually terminally ill from multiple other factors."}
{"id": "PMID:343589", "title": "Ionizing irradiation and the induction of clinically significant disease in the human thyroid gland.", "content": "Because of increasing concern over continuing medical and potential nonmedical exposure of the thyroid to radiation, risk estimates have been developed for acute thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, and both benign and malignant thyroid nodules following exposure of the human thyroid to external and internal sources of ionizing radiation. These estimates are unique in that they are based entirely on data in human subjects are included corrections for the spontaneous occurrence of thyroid disease in human populations not subjected to radiation whenever possible.", "contents": "Ionizing irradiation and the induction of clinically significant disease in the human thyroid gland. Because of increasing concern over continuing medical and potential nonmedical exposure of the thyroid to radiation, risk estimates have been developed for acute thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, and both benign and malignant thyroid nodules following exposure of the human thyroid to external and internal sources of ionizing radiation. These estimates are unique in that they are based entirely on data in human subjects are included corrections for the spontaneous occurrence of thyroid disease in human populations not subjected to radiation whenever possible."}
{"id": "PMID:343590", "title": "Immune suppression of hematopoiesis.", "content": "Recent evidence suggests that immune mechanisms can injure proliferating hematopoietic precursor cells in the bone marrow. These may involve either humoral antibody or cell-mediated cytotoxic mechanisms. Immune injury can result in a variety of bone marrow failure syndromes. Immunologically induced abnormalities or blood cell production may be restricted to a single series, such as erythrocyte or granulocyte precursors, or may involve several hematopoietic lines; clinical manifestations reflect the cell line or lines that are injured. Immune suppression of hematopoiesis has now been described in pure red cell aplasia, immune panleukopenia, systemic lupus erythematosus, atypical cases of aplastic anemia and miscellaneous other hematologic diseases.", "contents": "Immune suppression of hematopoiesis. Recent evidence suggests that immune mechanisms can injure proliferating hematopoietic precursor cells in the bone marrow. These may involve either humoral antibody or cell-mediated cytotoxic mechanisms. Immune injury can result in a variety of bone marrow failure syndromes. Immunologically induced abnormalities or blood cell production may be restricted to a single series, such as erythrocyte or granulocyte precursors, or may involve several hematopoietic lines; clinical manifestations reflect the cell line or lines that are injured. Immune suppression of hematopoiesis has now been described in pure red cell aplasia, immune panleukopenia, systemic lupus erythematosus, atypical cases of aplastic anemia and miscellaneous other hematologic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:343591", "title": "Massive proteinuria and acute renal failure in a patient with acute silicoproteinosis.", "content": "Acute pulmonary silicoproteinosis, massive proteinuria and fatal renal failure developed in a 23 year old male sandblaster. Examination of the kidney by immunofluorescence revealed granular deposits of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and the third component of complement (C3) along the glomerular basement membrane. Light microscopy disclosed mild proliferative glomerulonephritis with loss of colloidal iron staining for sialoprotein, and electron microscopy disclosed an increased density of epithelial cytoplasm, altered lysosomes and endothelial cell microtubular structures. The silicon content of the kidney was 264 parts per million (ppm), but particles of silicon were not demonstrated by electron microscopy. No primary or systemic causes of renal diseases were elucidated. The renal dysfunction apparently resulted from acute renal silicon toxicity, a new complication of acute pulmonary silicoproteinosis.", "contents": "Massive proteinuria and acute renal failure in a patient with acute silicoproteinosis. Acute pulmonary silicoproteinosis, massive proteinuria and fatal renal failure developed in a 23 year old male sandblaster. Examination of the kidney by immunofluorescence revealed granular deposits of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and the third component of complement (C3) along the glomerular basement membrane. Light microscopy disclosed mild proliferative glomerulonephritis with loss of colloidal iron staining for sialoprotein, and electron microscopy disclosed an increased density of epithelial cytoplasm, altered lysosomes and endothelial cell microtubular structures. The silicon content of the kidney was 264 parts per million (ppm), but particles of silicon were not demonstrated by electron microscopy. No primary or systemic causes of renal diseases were elucidated. The renal dysfunction apparently resulted from acute renal silicon toxicity, a new complication of acute pulmonary silicoproteinosis."}
{"id": "PMID:343592", "title": "Dynamic testing of hypothalamic-pituitary function in abnormalities of ovulation.", "content": "A review of 26 unusual patients indicates that a combined luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH)-clomiphene test in conjunction with an estrogen provocation test not only was helpful in identifying underlying pathophysiology of anovulation but also proved useful in the clinical management of the patients. Dynamic testing per se does not establish a diagnosis but, in conjunction with history and other laboratory findings, it does make possible further subdivisions of groups of patients who otherwise appear similar, both clinically and from routine laboratory evaluations. It, therefore, tends to pinpoint a lesion and establish the area in which further tests should be made. It is concluded that the value of such investigations will be more evident as gynecologic endocrinology moves into investigation of the supratentorial control of hypothalamic function and as hypothalamic LRH becomes available as a therapeutic agent.", "contents": "Dynamic testing of hypothalamic-pituitary function in abnormalities of ovulation. A review of 26 unusual patients indicates that a combined luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH)-clomiphene test in conjunction with an estrogen provocation test not only was helpful in identifying underlying pathophysiology of anovulation but also proved useful in the clinical management of the patients. Dynamic testing per se does not establish a diagnosis but, in conjunction with history and other laboratory findings, it does make possible further subdivisions of groups of patients who otherwise appear similar, both clinically and from routine laboratory evaluations. It, therefore, tends to pinpoint a lesion and establish the area in which further tests should be made. It is concluded that the value of such investigations will be more evident as gynecologic endocrinology moves into investigation of the supratentorial control of hypothalamic function and as hypothalamic LRH becomes available as a therapeutic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:343593", "title": "Clinical relevance of research on the structure of human chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has been studied extensively over the past 10 years, and some structural correlates of its chemical, biological, and immunologic properties have been defined. A review of these observations and their relevance to clinical applications of methods for detecting hCG is presented.", "contents": "Clinical relevance of research on the structure of human chorionic gonadotropin. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has been studied extensively over the past 10 years, and some structural correlates of its chemical, biological, and immunologic properties have been defined. A review of these observations and their relevance to clinical applications of methods for detecting hCG is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:343596", "title": "Transfer factor and possible applications in gynecology.", "content": "Dialyzable transfer factor (TFd) is reviewed against its historical background, preparation methods, physiochemical properties, possible mechanisms of action, pharmacology, and clinical studies, including several areas relating to gynecology. The possible role of TFd as an adjunct in the treatment of cancer is discussed. The discussion centers on gynecologic cancer in several patients who have received TFd. The difficulties and future possibilities for this modality of treatment are considered.", "contents": "Transfer factor and possible applications in gynecology. Dialyzable transfer factor (TFd) is reviewed against its historical background, preparation methods, physiochemical properties, possible mechanisms of action, pharmacology, and clinical studies, including several areas relating to gynecology. The possible role of TFd as an adjunct in the treatment of cancer is discussed. The discussion centers on gynecologic cancer in several patients who have received TFd. The difficulties and future possibilities for this modality of treatment are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:343598", "title": "An ultraviolet photographic technique for monitoring plaque during direct bonding procedures.", "content": "An ultraviolet-light dental camera was used to disclose plaque in relation to directly bonded plastic orthodontic brackets. No disclosing solution was used. The reestablishment of plaque patterns 14 days after a prophylaxis and in the presence of the brackets was noted. A further cleaning after debonding removed the plaque, which returned to the base line pattern within 14 days. Small resin remnants left during debonding did not form foci for plaque growth and spread over a 6-month observation period.", "contents": "An ultraviolet photographic technique for monitoring plaque during direct bonding procedures. An ultraviolet-light dental camera was used to disclose plaque in relation to directly bonded plastic orthodontic brackets. No disclosing solution was used. The reestablishment of plaque patterns 14 days after a prophylaxis and in the presence of the brackets was noted. A further cleaning after debonding removed the plaque, which returned to the base line pattern within 14 days. Small resin remnants left during debonding did not form foci for plaque growth and spread over a 6-month observation period."}
{"id": "PMID:343601", "title": "Effect of chronic pentagastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin on pancreas of rats.", "content": "Pentagastrin (1.5 mg/kg), 20% pure natural cholecystokinin (CCK, 37.5 Ivy dog U/kg) or secretin (25 microgram/kg) was given in a depot carrier subcutaneously to rats 3 times daily for 15 days. The dose of CCK and secretin was submaximal for pancreatic secretion, whereas the dose of pentagastrin was supramaximal for gastric acid secretion. The pancreatic wet weight increased by 12% (P less than 0.01) in the rats treated with pentagastrin, 57% (P less than 0.001) in those treated with CCK, and 9% (P less than 0.01) in those treated with secretin. In CCK-treated rats, the maximal protein and bicarbonate outputs in response to cholecystokinin increased proportionately to the increase in pancreatic weight, but maximal bicarbonate and protein outputs in response to secretin were unaltered. The secretin-treated rats showed a lowered basal secretion of bicarbonate and a lowered sensitivity to secretin stimulation, but the maximal bicarbonate and protein outputs to secretin and CCK were unchanged. Treatment with pentagastrin produced no significant changes in pancreatic responses to secretin or CCK. We conclude that 1) the increase in pancreatic weight produced by repeated injections of cholecystokinin was accompanied by proportional increase in functional capacity as reflected by the increased maximal bicarbonate and protein outputs in response to cholecystokinin, and 2) repeated administration of secretin decreased the sensitivity of the pancreas to secretin without altering maximal bicarbonate response.", "contents": "Effect of chronic pentagastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin on pancreas of rats. Pentagastrin (1.5 mg/kg), 20% pure natural cholecystokinin (CCK, 37.5 Ivy dog U/kg) or secretin (25 microgram/kg) was given in a depot carrier subcutaneously to rats 3 times daily for 15 days. The dose of CCK and secretin was submaximal for pancreatic secretion, whereas the dose of pentagastrin was supramaximal for gastric acid secretion. The pancreatic wet weight increased by 12% (P less than 0.01) in the rats treated with pentagastrin, 57% (P less than 0.001) in those treated with CCK, and 9% (P less than 0.01) in those treated with secretin. In CCK-treated rats, the maximal protein and bicarbonate outputs in response to cholecystokinin increased proportionately to the increase in pancreatic weight, but maximal bicarbonate and protein outputs in response to secretin were unaltered. The secretin-treated rats showed a lowered basal secretion of bicarbonate and a lowered sensitivity to secretin stimulation, but the maximal bicarbonate and protein outputs to secretin and CCK were unchanged. Treatment with pentagastrin produced no significant changes in pancreatic responses to secretin or CCK. We conclude that 1) the increase in pancreatic weight produced by repeated injections of cholecystokinin was accompanied by proportional increase in functional capacity as reflected by the increased maximal bicarbonate and protein outputs in response to cholecystokinin, and 2) repeated administration of secretin decreased the sensitivity of the pancreas to secretin without altering maximal bicarbonate response."}
{"id": "PMID:343602", "title": "Current concepts on the pathophysiology of acute renal failure.", "content": "In the pase decade, several experimental models of acute renal failure (ARF) have been evaluated with micropuncture and hemodynamic techniques. Five of these models have been most extensively studied: glycerol injection, renal artery clamping, intrarenal norepinephrine infusion, uranyl nitrate, and mercuric chloride administration. In the first three models, renal ischemia is the initiating insult, whereas in the two nephrotoxic models a direct effect of the agent on cellular integrity is also seemingly operative. In all of these models, renal blood flow 24--48 h after the initial insult either spontaneously returns to normal or can be elevated to this level with volume expansion but without restoration of the glomerular filtration rate. Therefore, the maintenance of ARF in these various models is due to other factors, which include tubular obstruction, leakage of filtrate across damaged tubular epithelium, and a decrease in the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient. In a given model, one or all three of these alterations may be present. Although these various models may not be completely analogous to the clinical setting, they have provided powerful tools for the study of ARF and their use has greatly increased our knowledge in this field.", "contents": "Current concepts on the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. In the pase decade, several experimental models of acute renal failure (ARF) have been evaluated with micropuncture and hemodynamic techniques. Five of these models have been most extensively studied: glycerol injection, renal artery clamping, intrarenal norepinephrine infusion, uranyl nitrate, and mercuric chloride administration. In the first three models, renal ischemia is the initiating insult, whereas in the two nephrotoxic models a direct effect of the agent on cellular integrity is also seemingly operative. In all of these models, renal blood flow 24--48 h after the initial insult either spontaneously returns to normal or can be elevated to this level with volume expansion but without restoration of the glomerular filtration rate. Therefore, the maintenance of ARF in these various models is due to other factors, which include tubular obstruction, leakage of filtrate across damaged tubular epithelium, and a decrease in the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient. In a given model, one or all three of these alterations may be present. Although these various models may not be completely analogous to the clinical setting, they have provided powerful tools for the study of ARF and their use has greatly increased our knowledge in this field."}
{"id": "PMID:343603", "title": "Fluorescein dye-dilution technique and retinal circulation.", "content": "Using theoretical models for the flow of fluourescein dye in retinal arteries and veins, we have determined the effects of optical absorption in blood of the incident excitation light and the emitted fluorescent light on the time course of measured fluorescence intensity, I(t). Our results indicate that I(t) curves recorded from arteries adequately represent the mean time course of the fluorescein concentration (C(t)), when either a circular or rectangular light-collecting aperture is used. I(t) curves recorded from veins adequately represent C(t), but only when a circular aperture of approximately the same diameter as that of the vessel is used. A two-point fluorophotometer, which provides simultaneous, on-line measurements of arterial and venous I(t) curves is described. Typical recordings obtained with the instrument are shown and the method employed to analyze the curves quantitatively is described in detail. This method, which consists of fitting the first passage of the fluorescence intensity curve with a log-normal function, provides results that are more accurate than those obtained using the standard exponential extrapolation method.", "contents": "Fluorescein dye-dilution technique and retinal circulation. Using theoretical models for the flow of fluourescein dye in retinal arteries and veins, we have determined the effects of optical absorption in blood of the incident excitation light and the emitted fluorescent light on the time course of measured fluorescence intensity, I(t). Our results indicate that I(t) curves recorded from arteries adequately represent the mean time course of the fluorescein concentration (C(t)), when either a circular or rectangular light-collecting aperture is used. I(t) curves recorded from veins adequately represent C(t), but only when a circular aperture of approximately the same diameter as that of the vessel is used. A two-point fluorophotometer, which provides simultaneous, on-line measurements of arterial and venous I(t) curves is described. Typical recordings obtained with the instrument are shown and the method employed to analyze the curves quantitatively is described in detail. This method, which consists of fitting the first passage of the fluorescence intensity curve with a log-normal function, provides results that are more accurate than those obtained using the standard exponential extrapolation method."}
{"id": "PMID:343607", "title": "Chemoprophylaxis and malaria in American servicemen returning from Vietnam.", "content": "Information relating to chemoprophylaxis and malaria in 49 men who served with the United States Armed Forces in Vietnam and who developed overt malaria after departure from Vietnam indicated that: 1) compliance with intended chemoprophylactic regimens was far optimal; 2) a history of recent prophylactic ingestion of chloroquine was not a reliable indicator of infection with chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum: 3) reported ingestion of half or more of an intended terminal chemoprophylactic regimen was associated with a prolongation of the time that elapsed before initial post-departure episodes of vivax malaria; and 4) such partial compliance with intended terminal chemoprophylaxis may have been associated with a decreased incidence of second post-departure episodes of vivax malaria.", "contents": "Chemoprophylaxis and malaria in American servicemen returning from Vietnam. Information relating to chemoprophylaxis and malaria in 49 men who served with the United States Armed Forces in Vietnam and who developed overt malaria after departure from Vietnam indicated that: 1) compliance with intended chemoprophylactic regimens was far optimal; 2) a history of recent prophylactic ingestion of chloroquine was not a reliable indicator of infection with chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum: 3) reported ingestion of half or more of an intended terminal chemoprophylactic regimen was associated with a prolongation of the time that elapsed before initial post-departure episodes of vivax malaria; and 4) such partial compliance with intended terminal chemoprophylaxis may have been associated with a decreased incidence of second post-departure episodes of vivax malaria."}
{"id": "PMID:343608", "title": "Babesia microti infection in man: evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test.", "content": "An indirect immunofluorescent antibody test was used to detect antibody to Babesia microti in human sera. Nine patients from Nantucket Island, Massachusetts infected with B. microti had serum titers greater than or equal to 1,024. Of 84 control sera from New York City residents, 246 sera from patients with possible exposure to ticks, and 36 sera from patients with suspected or confirmed tick bites, none was reactive at titers of 1:16 or above. The within-test reproducibility was within one fourfold dilution in 95% of trials. Test-to-test reproducibility was within one fourfold dilution in 33% of trials and within two fourfold dilutions in 100% of trials. Although cross-reactions among infected patients' sera and antigens of B. argentina, B. equi, B. bigemina, Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, and P. brasilianum were common, titers were highest to the homologous antigen.", "contents": "Babesia microti infection in man: evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. An indirect immunofluorescent antibody test was used to detect antibody to Babesia microti in human sera. Nine patients from Nantucket Island, Massachusetts infected with B. microti had serum titers greater than or equal to 1,024. Of 84 control sera from New York City residents, 246 sera from patients with possible exposure to ticks, and 36 sera from patients with suspected or confirmed tick bites, none was reactive at titers of 1:16 or above. The within-test reproducibility was within one fourfold dilution in 95% of trials. Test-to-test reproducibility was within one fourfold dilution in 33% of trials and within two fourfold dilutions in 100% of trials. Although cross-reactions among infected patients' sera and antigens of B. argentina, B. equi, B. bigemina, Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, and P. brasilianum were common, titers were highest to the homologous antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:343609", "title": "Plasmodium falciparum: responses of a semi-immune individual to homologous and heterologous challenges, and non-infectivity of gametocytes in Anopheles stephensi.", "content": "With strict adherence to ethical guidelines, a semi-immune volunteer was exposed to homologous and heterologous blood challenges with strains of Plasmodium falciparum from Vietnam and Tanzania. On both occasions infections developed, but clinical manifestations were moderated, prepatent periods increased, and parasitemias limited. Gametocytes produced by these infections failed to infect Anopheles stephensi. Possible reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "Plasmodium falciparum: responses of a semi-immune individual to homologous and heterologous challenges, and non-infectivity of gametocytes in Anopheles stephensi. With strict adherence to ethical guidelines, a semi-immune volunteer was exposed to homologous and heterologous blood challenges with strains of Plasmodium falciparum from Vietnam and Tanzania. On both occasions infections developed, but clinical manifestations were moderated, prepatent periods increased, and parasitemias limited. Gametocytes produced by these infections failed to infect Anopheles stephensi. Possible reasons for this are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:343618", "title": "Pathogenesis of congenital malformations. An hypothesis.", "content": "An hypothesis of neural crest injury, derived from a radiologic analysis of thalidomide deformities, is suggested as a possible pathogenetic mechanism of dysmelia and its associated visceral defects. Supportive evidence from a variety of sources is presented, and the hypothesis is shown to provide a unifying concept for a number of previously unrelated facts.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of congenital malformations. An hypothesis. An hypothesis of neural crest injury, derived from a radiologic analysis of thalidomide deformities, is suggested as a possible pathogenetic mechanism of dysmelia and its associated visceral defects. Supportive evidence from a variety of sources is presented, and the hypothesis is shown to provide a unifying concept for a number of previously unrelated facts."}
{"id": "PMID:343619", "title": "Healing of experimental colonic anastomoses. The effect of suture technic on collagen concentration in the colonic wall.", "content": "The present experimental study in rats has demonstrated a marked difference in the healing process of anastomoses in the left colon following two different suture technics: continuous and interrupted sutures. Rats having anastomoses constructed of continuous suture showed a high incidence of complications and a marked decrease of collagen concentration in the anastomosis and in the colonic wall proximal to the anastomosis during the first week of healing. In animals with anastomoses made of interrupted sutures there were fewer complications, the decrease in collagen concentration was confined to the anastomotic region, and the recovery of collagen concentration occurred earlier. The findings indicate that the interrupted suture technic is preferable for anastomosis in the left colon.", "contents": "Healing of experimental colonic anastomoses. The effect of suture technic on collagen concentration in the colonic wall. The present experimental study in rats has demonstrated a marked difference in the healing process of anastomoses in the left colon following two different suture technics: continuous and interrupted sutures. Rats having anastomoses constructed of continuous suture showed a high incidence of complications and a marked decrease of collagen concentration in the anastomosis and in the colonic wall proximal to the anastomosis during the first week of healing. In animals with anastomoses made of interrupted sutures there were fewer complications, the decrease in collagen concentration was confined to the anastomotic region, and the recovery of collagen concentration occurred earlier. The findings indicate that the interrupted suture technic is preferable for anastomosis in the left colon."}
{"id": "PMID:343620", "title": "A ten year experience with cadaver kidney preservation using cryoprecipitated plasma.", "content": "Between August 1967 and January 1977, 699 cadaver kidneys were preserved and transplanted in our hospital after continuous perfusion with cryoprecipitated plasma. Overall graft survival of primary transplants was 55 +/- 2 per cent at one year and 41 +/- 2 per cent at four years. The results with ninety-six second transplants were similar. The number of HLA antigens shared and the duration of preservation did not influence graft survival. Patient survival among 426 cadaver graft recipients since September 1972, when lower dose immunosuppression was started, was 91 +/- 1 per cent at one year and 84 +/- 2 per cent at four years, significantly better than survival before then. Survival of fifty-two recipients of cadaver retransplants since September 1972 was 86 +/- 5 per cent at one year and 86 +/- 5 per cent at four years, which was better than before. The incidence of posttransplantation dialysis was 30 per cent and did not correlate with the length of preservation. Primary wound infections, primary ureteral extravasation, and vascular complications each occurred with an incidence of 1.1 per cent or less in patients treated with lower dose immunosuppression. Only four kidneys were lost because of complications, and in no instance was the need for transplant nephrectomy directly related to the method of preservation. Perfusion preservation with cryoprecipitated plasma gives excellent results compared with alternative methods.", "contents": "A ten year experience with cadaver kidney preservation using cryoprecipitated plasma. Between August 1967 and January 1977, 699 cadaver kidneys were preserved and transplanted in our hospital after continuous perfusion with cryoprecipitated plasma. Overall graft survival of primary transplants was 55 +/- 2 per cent at one year and 41 +/- 2 per cent at four years. The results with ninety-six second transplants were similar. The number of HLA antigens shared and the duration of preservation did not influence graft survival. Patient survival among 426 cadaver graft recipients since September 1972, when lower dose immunosuppression was started, was 91 +/- 1 per cent at one year and 84 +/- 2 per cent at four years, significantly better than survival before then. Survival of fifty-two recipients of cadaver retransplants since September 1972 was 86 +/- 5 per cent at one year and 86 +/- 5 per cent at four years, which was better than before. The incidence of posttransplantation dialysis was 30 per cent and did not correlate with the length of preservation. Primary wound infections, primary ureteral extravasation, and vascular complications each occurred with an incidence of 1.1 per cent or less in patients treated with lower dose immunosuppression. Only four kidneys were lost because of complications, and in no instance was the need for transplant nephrectomy directly related to the method of preservation. Perfusion preservation with cryoprecipitated plasma gives excellent results compared with alternative methods."}
{"id": "PMID:343622", "title": "Changing concepts of cancer surgery: surgery as immunotherapy.", "content": "Historically, the effectiveness of surgical therapy for cancer was thought to depend upon the successful removal of every last tumor cell from the patient's body. However, this view is not consistent with modern concepts of surgical oncology which suggest that successful cancer surgery depends upon how favorably it influences the patient's defenses against the cancer. Recent evidence suggests that the growing neoplasm is capable of evading immune attack by producing specific and nonspecific immunosuppression of the host's defenses to enhance tumor growth. The extent of the immunosuppression correlates with the tumor burden; immunosuppression is reversed by removing the neoplasm. Therefore, cancer surgery acts as immunotherapy because it removes the cancer cells that produce the immunodepression and allows the patient's immune response to recover.", "contents": "Changing concepts of cancer surgery: surgery as immunotherapy. Historically, the effectiveness of surgical therapy for cancer was thought to depend upon the successful removal of every last tumor cell from the patient's body. However, this view is not consistent with modern concepts of surgical oncology which suggest that successful cancer surgery depends upon how favorably it influences the patient's defenses against the cancer. Recent evidence suggests that the growing neoplasm is capable of evading immune attack by producing specific and nonspecific immunosuppression of the host's defenses to enhance tumor growth. The extent of the immunosuppression correlates with the tumor burden; immunosuppression is reversed by removing the neoplasm. Therefore, cancer surgery acts as immunotherapy because it removes the cancer cells that produce the immunodepression and allows the patient's immune response to recover."}
{"id": "PMID:343629", "title": "Positive end-expiratory pressure. Immediate haemodynamic effects during artificial ventilation.", "content": "The immediate haemodynamic effects of the addition of a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cmH2O has been studied in eleven patients undergoing artificial ventilation for respiratory failure. Mean cardiac output fell from 6.0 to 5.5 litres/min. This was due to a similar decrease in stroke volume. Individual patients showed greater, though short-lived, changes. There was also a statistically significant increase in central venous pressure (from 8-9 cmH2O) and peripheral resistance (from 1280 to 1380 dyn sec cm-5) associated with the application of PEEP. Overall changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were insignificant. Arterial oxygen tension increased in the majority of patients but the mean figure was unchanged. Mean  oxygen delivery to the tissues fell from 830 to 780 ml/min.", "contents": "Positive end-expiratory pressure. Immediate haemodynamic effects during artificial ventilation. The immediate haemodynamic effects of the addition of a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cmH2O has been studied in eleven patients undergoing artificial ventilation for respiratory failure. Mean cardiac output fell from 6.0 to 5.5 litres/min. This was due to a similar decrease in stroke volume. Individual patients showed greater, though short-lived, changes. There was also a statistically significant increase in central venous pressure (from 8-9 cmH2O) and peripheral resistance (from 1280 to 1380 dyn sec cm-5) associated with the application of PEEP. Overall changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were insignificant. Arterial oxygen tension increased in the majority of patients but the mean figure was unchanged. Mean  oxygen delivery to the tissues fell from 830 to 780 ml/min."}
{"id": "PMID:343630", "title": "0.125% bupivacaine for obstetric analgesia?", "content": "A prospective trial was designed to assess the effectiveness of three different concentrations of bupivacaine (Marcain) for use in obstetric epidural analgesia. The purpose of the study was to see if reduction of the concentration of bupivacaine to 0.125% would reduce the total dose of the drug given without reducing the efficiency of the epidural block. The concentrations studies were 0.125%, 0.25% and 0.375%. The trial was limited to fit primiparous patients at term with singleton pregnancies and vertex presentation. Patients with intercurrent medical disease or with toxaemia were excluded. A total of ninety-three patients were studied, and once admitted to the trial they were randomly allocated to one of the three concentrations. In general the results of the trial show that 0.125% bupivacaine had a significantly higher failure rate than either of the other two concentrations, but in those cases where 0.125% was effective and achieved total pain relief there was a significant reduction in the amount of the drug used.", "contents": "0.125% bupivacaine for obstetric analgesia? A prospective trial was designed to assess the effectiveness of three different concentrations of bupivacaine (Marcain) for use in obstetric epidural analgesia. The purpose of the study was to see if reduction of the concentration of bupivacaine to 0.125% would reduce the total dose of the drug given without reducing the efficiency of the epidural block. The concentrations studies were 0.125%, 0.25% and 0.375%. The trial was limited to fit primiparous patients at term with singleton pregnancies and vertex presentation. Patients with intercurrent medical disease or with toxaemia were excluded. A total of ninety-three patients were studied, and once admitted to the trial they were randomly allocated to one of the three concentrations. In general the results of the trial show that 0.125% bupivacaine had a significantly higher failure rate than either of the other two concentrations, but in those cases where 0.125% was effective and achieved total pain relief there was a significant reduction in the amount of the drug used."}
{"id": "PMID:343631", "title": "United they fall, divided they stand.", "content": "The historical context of unification or separation of the academic bodies of the various branches of the profession in Great Britain and Ireland is examined.", "contents": "United they fall, divided they stand. The historical context of unification or separation of the academic bodies of the various branches of the profession in Great Britain and Ireland is examined."}
{"id": "PMID:343641", "title": "Pituitary and testicular response to LH-RH and to a long-acting analogue (D-leu-6-LH-RH-ethylamide).", "content": "The LH, FSH and testosterone response to 50 microgram i.v. LH-RH and to 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 microgram i.m. D-Leu-6-LH-RH-ethylamide was studied in 6 subjects with normogonadotrophic, idiopathic oligozoospermia. All injections were given between 8:00 and 9:00 a.m. at weekly intervals. Blood samples were collected before and 30 and 45 minutes after injection of LH-RH, and before and 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after D-Leu-6-LH-RH-ethylamide injections. Serum levels of LH, FSH, and testosterone were measured by triplicate by R.I.A. LH and FSH responses to LH-RH showed peak values at 30 minutes, whereas following injections of D-Leu-6-LH-RH-ethylamide, maximal values were recorded between 4 and 6 hours and were higher than those obtained with LH-RH. A significant rise of serum testosterone levels was observed after all stimuli, with peak values 45 minutes after LH-RH and 4 to 6 hours after D-Leu-6-Lh-RH-ethylamide injections. The testosterone levels obtained following LH-RH and different doses of the analogue did not differ significantly from one another. The same sequence of maximal LH and FSH values was obtained after injections of LH-RH and of D-Leu-6-LH-RH-ethylamide, particularly at doses of 10.0 and 20.0 microgram. This suggests that the gonadotrophin response to these agents would be a true reflection of the individual mode of pituitary response.", "contents": "Pituitary and testicular response to LH-RH and to a long-acting analogue (D-leu-6-LH-RH-ethylamide). The LH, FSH and testosterone response to 50 microgram i.v. LH-RH and to 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 microgram i.m. D-Leu-6-LH-RH-ethylamide was studied in 6 subjects with normogonadotrophic, idiopathic oligozoospermia. All injections were given between 8:00 and 9:00 a.m. at weekly intervals. Blood samples were collected before and 30 and 45 minutes after injection of LH-RH, and before and 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after D-Leu-6-LH-RH-ethylamide injections. Serum levels of LH, FSH, and testosterone were measured by triplicate by R.I.A. LH and FSH responses to LH-RH showed peak values at 30 minutes, whereas following injections of D-Leu-6-LH-RH-ethylamide, maximal values were recorded between 4 and 6 hours and were higher than those obtained with LH-RH. A significant rise of serum testosterone levels was observed after all stimuli, with peak values 45 minutes after LH-RH and 4 to 6 hours after D-Leu-6-Lh-RH-ethylamide injections. The testosterone levels obtained following LH-RH and different doses of the analogue did not differ significantly from one another. The same sequence of maximal LH and FSH values was obtained after injections of LH-RH and of D-Leu-6-LH-RH-ethylamide, particularly at doses of 10.0 and 20.0 microgram. This suggests that the gonadotrophin response to these agents would be a true reflection of the individual mode of pituitary response."}
{"id": "PMID:343645", "title": "A compromise for closed system anesthesia.", "content": "Closed system anesthesia is economical, minimally, polluting, and conserves a patient's airway heat and moisture. Yet this method of anesthesia is not widely used because it is considered dangerous by many clinicians. We review the origins of that belief and then test the application of 2 schemes for administering potent agents in a closed system with CO2 absorption. We 1st employed Lowe's square-root-of-time uptake model in 30 patients, using halothane or enflurane. We found that the model provided a good starting point for learning to use the closed system. However, anesthetic concentrations were not accurately predicted. Based on our experience with that model, we examined a simpler approach. We began each of 10 anesthetics using a semiclosed system, then closed the system. Only sufficient O2 for metabolic demand and halothane were added to the closed system. The rate of halothane administration was the same for each patient. This approach proved clinically satisfactory, and the measured halothane concentration remained relatively constant during 45 minutes using the closed system. Changing from a semiclosed to a closed system affords the advantages of the closed system 75 percent of the time, yet requires no extra tasks or equipment.", "contents": "A compromise for closed system anesthesia. Closed system anesthesia is economical, minimally, polluting, and conserves a patient's airway heat and moisture. Yet this method of anesthesia is not widely used because it is considered dangerous by many clinicians. We review the origins of that belief and then test the application of 2 schemes for administering potent agents in a closed system with CO2 absorption. We 1st employed Lowe's square-root-of-time uptake model in 30 patients, using halothane or enflurane. We found that the model provided a good starting point for learning to use the closed system. However, anesthetic concentrations were not accurately predicted. Based on our experience with that model, we examined a simpler approach. We began each of 10 anesthetics using a semiclosed system, then closed the system. Only sufficient O2 for metabolic demand and halothane were added to the closed system. The rate of halothane administration was the same for each patient. This approach proved clinically satisfactory, and the measured halothane concentration remained relatively constant during 45 minutes using the closed system. Changing from a semiclosed to a closed system affords the advantages of the closed system 75 percent of the time, yet requires no extra tasks or equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:343650", "title": "Arterio-venous shunting in renal transplant rejection.", "content": "The angiographic appearance of arterio-venous shunting has been reported in one previous case of a patient with acute severe transplant rejection. Two additional cases are presented here. In the first the arteriovenous shunting is massive, and the venous filling is within the first second of the study. In the second the shunting is less severe, and the venous filling occurs later in the arterial phase. Shunting is probably caused by multiple microscopic arterio-venous fistulae secondary to the vasculitis of rejection. We propose that the presence of arterio-venous shunting suggests renal transplant rejection and may indicate a poor prognosis for reversal of this rejection.", "contents": "Arterio-venous shunting in renal transplant rejection. The angiographic appearance of arterio-venous shunting has been reported in one previous case of a patient with acute severe transplant rejection. Two additional cases are presented here. In the first the arteriovenous shunting is massive, and the venous filling is within the first second of the study. In the second the shunting is less severe, and the venous filling occurs later in the arterial phase. Shunting is probably caused by multiple microscopic arterio-venous fistulae secondary to the vasculitis of rejection. We propose that the presence of arterio-venous shunting suggests renal transplant rejection and may indicate a poor prognosis for reversal of this rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:343646", "title": "Chest physiotherapy: the effect on arterial oxygenation.", "content": "A prospective study of 47 patients during mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure was undertaken to evaluate changes in Pao2 following chest physiotherapy. In contrast to other studies, we found no significant change in Pao2 following chest physiotherapy (p greater than 0.05). Different technics for physiotherapy and ventilation may have accounted for the absence of hypoxemia reported by others. Possible reasons for failure to improve Pao2 were suggested. Chest X-ray before and within 24 hours of physiotherapy showed improvement in 68 percent of patients. Chest physiotherapy was most effective in the treatment of unilobar densities and produced dramatic improvement in atelectasis of acute onset.", "contents": "Chest physiotherapy: the effect on arterial oxygenation. A prospective study of 47 patients during mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure was undertaken to evaluate changes in Pao2 following chest physiotherapy. In contrast to other studies, we found no significant change in Pao2 following chest physiotherapy (p greater than 0.05). Different technics for physiotherapy and ventilation may have accounted for the absence of hypoxemia reported by others. Possible reasons for failure to improve Pao2 were suggested. Chest X-ray before and within 24 hours of physiotherapy showed improvement in 68 percent of patients. Chest physiotherapy was most effective in the treatment of unilobar densities and produced dramatic improvement in atelectasis of acute onset."}
{"id": "PMID:343651", "title": "Pathophysiology of capillary circulation: Raynaud's disease.", "content": "Despite the frequency of Raynaud's disease in cold climates, the etiology of the condition remains uncertain. This report reviews the literature since Raynaud's original description and Lewis and Pickering's addition to the concept, and several recent observations which add to our understanding of the disease are discussed. We investigated the effect of posture and a vasodilator drug on the digital capillary circulation; digital blood flow increases as the body moves from a recumbent, through a sitting, ti an upright position. Bradilan, a vasodilator drug, increases the circulation in the recumbent and sitting positions, but has no effect in standing patients, despite symptomatic relief.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of capillary circulation: Raynaud's disease. Despite the frequency of Raynaud's disease in cold climates, the etiology of the condition remains uncertain. This report reviews the literature since Raynaud's original description and Lewis and Pickering's addition to the concept, and several recent observations which add to our understanding of the disease are discussed. We investigated the effect of posture and a vasodilator drug on the digital capillary circulation; digital blood flow increases as the body moves from a recumbent, through a sitting, ti an upright position. Bradilan, a vasodilator drug, increases the circulation in the recumbent and sitting positions, but has no effect in standing patients, despite symptomatic relief."}
{"id": "PMID:343652", "title": "The value of thermography in peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "The value of thermography as a reliable, noninvasive, and rapid method of investigating patients with peripheral vascular disease is discussed. Thermography has great value in managing deep venous thrombosis, in estimating the optimal site of amputation, in evaluating vasoactive drugs, and correctly timing the division of pedicled skin flaps. Its use in localizing incompetent perforating veins of the leg and in monitoring patients with cerebrovascular disease after surgery to the carotid arteries is also briefly described.", "contents": "The value of thermography in peripheral vascular disease. The value of thermography as a reliable, noninvasive, and rapid method of investigating patients with peripheral vascular disease is discussed. Thermography has great value in managing deep venous thrombosis, in estimating the optimal site of amputation, in evaluating vasoactive drugs, and correctly timing the division of pedicled skin flaps. Its use in localizing incompetent perforating veins of the leg and in monitoring patients with cerebrovascular disease after surgery to the carotid arteries is also briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:343658", "title": "Atmospheric mold spores in Tehran, Iran.", "content": "Plate method, using modified Sabouraud and Littman Oxgall agra media, was used to study atmospheric mold spores in Tehran, Iran, for a complete year. Twenty-two different genera of molds were identified and counted. Of these, yeast, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Rhodotorula, Alternaria, Stemphylium and Aspergillus were the most abundant and were seen all year 'round. Other genera were observed seasonally and in small numbers.", "contents": "Atmospheric mold spores in Tehran, Iran. Plate method, using modified Sabouraud and Littman Oxgall agra media, was used to study atmospheric mold spores in Tehran, Iran, for a complete year. Twenty-two different genera of molds were identified and counted. Of these, yeast, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Rhodotorula, Alternaria, Stemphylium and Aspergillus were the most abundant and were seen all year 'round. Other genera were observed seasonally and in small numbers."}
{"id": "PMID:343659", "title": "Controlled trial of bronchodilator-mucolytic aerosols, combined and separate.", "content": "In seven of 30 ambulatory asthmatics the inhalation of 10% acetylcysteine reduced the FEV1 by more than 10% (range: 14% to 53%). Inclusion of isoproterenol (0.05%) reversed this depression over the entire trial in six of these subjects, while the seventh responded similarly except for the last measurement. It is concluded that the addition of isoproterenol to an acetylcysteine aerosol in the above ratio can eliminate the ventilatory impairment induced by the latter and is therefore indicated for those patients with chronic obstructive lung disease who benefit from a mucolytic agent.", "contents": "Controlled trial of bronchodilator-mucolytic aerosols, combined and separate. In seven of 30 ambulatory asthmatics the inhalation of 10% acetylcysteine reduced the FEV1 by more than 10% (range: 14% to 53%). Inclusion of isoproterenol (0.05%) reversed this depression over the entire trial in six of these subjects, while the seventh responded similarly except for the last measurement. It is concluded that the addition of isoproterenol to an acetylcysteine aerosol in the above ratio can eliminate the ventilatory impairment induced by the latter and is therefore indicated for those patients with chronic obstructive lung disease who benefit from a mucolytic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:343660", "title": "Long-term study comparing fenoterol and isoproterenol inhalation in asthmatic patients.", "content": "In a parallel-group, double-blind study 28 chronic asthmatic patients were treated for 90 days with metered dose inhalers of fenoterol and isoproterenol, at daily doses of 0.4 mg t.i.d. and 0.15 mg t.i.d., respectively. Fenoterol produced significant improvements in FEV1 and FEF25-75%, greater than those achieved with isoproterenol, in tests on days 1, 45 and 90; its median duration of action was two to four times longer than that of isoproterenol. Ratings for overall responses to treatment were higher for fenoterol and mean attack rates showed a greater decline than with isoproterenol.", "contents": "Long-term study comparing fenoterol and isoproterenol inhalation in asthmatic patients. In a parallel-group, double-blind study 28 chronic asthmatic patients were treated for 90 days with metered dose inhalers of fenoterol and isoproterenol, at daily doses of 0.4 mg t.i.d. and 0.15 mg t.i.d., respectively. Fenoterol produced significant improvements in FEV1 and FEF25-75%, greater than those achieved with isoproterenol, in tests on days 1, 45 and 90; its median duration of action was two to four times longer than that of isoproterenol. Ratings for overall responses to treatment were higher for fenoterol and mean attack rates showed a greater decline than with isoproterenol."}
{"id": "PMID:343661", "title": "Colibacillosis in neonatal lambs: onset of diarrheal disease and isolation and characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from enteric and septicemic forms of the disease.", "content": "A lamb ligated intestinal segment (LIS) test was adapted to determine the enterotoxigenicity of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from fecal and blood specimens from neonatal lambs with overt diarrheal disease. The lamb LIS was distended by 28 of 80 (37%) isolates from fecal specimens from 23 affected lambs. Enterotoxigenic E coli isolations were made from 10 of the 23 lambs examined. Isolates of E coli were made from the blood of 17 of 76 (22%) animals with severe diarrheal disease. Distention of the lamb LIS was caused by 3 of 39 (7.7%) isolates from 2 of 17 lambs with E coli septicemia. All lambs (n = 266) that were born during a 4-day period in an intensified shed lambing operation and that were not given prophylactic antibiotic therapy developed diarrheal disease within 28 hours of birth. Signs of enteric disease appeared in lambs born during inclement weather in a significantly (P less than 0.001) shorter period than in those born during mild weather conditions.", "contents": "Colibacillosis in neonatal lambs: onset of diarrheal disease and isolation and characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from enteric and septicemic forms of the disease. A lamb ligated intestinal segment (LIS) test was adapted to determine the enterotoxigenicity of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from fecal and blood specimens from neonatal lambs with overt diarrheal disease. The lamb LIS was distended by 28 of 80 (37%) isolates from fecal specimens from 23 affected lambs. Enterotoxigenic E coli isolations were made from 10 of the 23 lambs examined. Isolates of E coli were made from the blood of 17 of 76 (22%) animals with severe diarrheal disease. Distention of the lamb LIS was caused by 3 of 39 (7.7%) isolates from 2 of 17 lambs with E coli septicemia. All lambs (n = 266) that were born during a 4-day period in an intensified shed lambing operation and that were not given prophylactic antibiotic therapy developed diarrheal disease within 28 hours of birth. Signs of enteric disease appeared in lambs born during inclement weather in a significantly (P less than 0.001) shorter period than in those born during mild weather conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:343664", "title": "Nematospiroides dubius as a vector for Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium within the 3rd stage larvae of Nematospiroides dubius was shown to infect mice, evidenced by prolonged shedding of salmonellae in the feces. Numbers of S typhimurium needed to infect mice were approximately 1,000- fold less if incorporated within the 3rd-stage larvae of N dubius. Results of these experiments demonstrate that nematode parasites may act as a vector for pathogenic species of enteric bacteria.", "contents": "Nematospiroides dubius as a vector for Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella typhimurium within the 3rd stage larvae of Nematospiroides dubius was shown to infect mice, evidenced by prolonged shedding of salmonellae in the feces. Numbers of S typhimurium needed to infect mice were approximately 1,000- fold less if incorporated within the 3rd-stage larvae of N dubius. Results of these experiments demonstrate that nematode parasites may act as a vector for pathogenic species of enteric bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:343663", "title": "Immune response of ponies to experimental infection with Ehrlichia equi.", "content": "Four ponies experimentally infected with Ehrlichia equi developed substantial cell-mediated immune responses, as measured by the leukocyte migration-inhibition test. Serum anti-E equi antibodies up to 1:1,280 were demonstrated by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Cell-mediated immune responses returned to a base-line value by day 200 after primary inoculation, but serum antibody titers persisted for at least 300 days after inoculation. Two additional susceptible ponies, which were inoculated with convalescent blood or organ homogenates from ponies recovered from acute equine ehrlichiosis, treated with tetracycline, and subsequently challenge exposed with E equi-infective blood, did not develop clinical disease. This study suggested that ponies are resistant to reinfection with E equi following clinical ehrlichiosis.", "contents": "Immune response of ponies to experimental infection with Ehrlichia equi. Four ponies experimentally infected with Ehrlichia equi developed substantial cell-mediated immune responses, as measured by the leukocyte migration-inhibition test. Serum anti-E equi antibodies up to 1:1,280 were demonstrated by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Cell-mediated immune responses returned to a base-line value by day 200 after primary inoculation, but serum antibody titers persisted for at least 300 days after inoculation. Two additional susceptible ponies, which were inoculated with convalescent blood or organ homogenates from ponies recovered from acute equine ehrlichiosis, treated with tetracycline, and subsequently challenge exposed with E equi-infective blood, did not develop clinical disease. This study suggested that ponies are resistant to reinfection with E equi following clinical ehrlichiosis."}
{"id": "PMID:343665", "title": "An invasive procedure for in utero fetal electrocardiology: recording of fetal electrocardiograms by applying electrodes through the uterus.", "content": "An in utero technique was developed that allows direct access to the canine fetus for experimentation. This procedure reduces the need for fetal manipulation and umbilical blood flow compromise and reduces fetal fluid loss. In pregnant bitches, uterine horns could be delivered through a ventral midline incision. By manipulating the fetal membranes, and positioning the fetuses through them, electrodes could be inserted subcutaneously in the fetuses. Electrocardiograms satisfactory for interpretation were obtained from as many as 4 fetuses in a bitch for periods up to postoperative week 3.", "contents": "An invasive procedure for in utero fetal electrocardiology: recording of fetal electrocardiograms by applying electrodes through the uterus. An in utero technique was developed that allows direct access to the canine fetus for experimentation. This procedure reduces the need for fetal manipulation and umbilical blood flow compromise and reduces fetal fluid loss. In pregnant bitches, uterine horns could be delivered through a ventral midline incision. By manipulating the fetal membranes, and positioning the fetuses through them, electrodes could be inserted subcutaneously in the fetuses. Electrocardiograms satisfactory for interpretation were obtained from as many as 4 fetuses in a bitch for periods up to postoperative week 3."}
{"id": "PMID:343666", "title": "A method for locating individual leukocytes for comparative study by light and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "A method is presented for locating individual leukocytes and platelets in Wright's stained blood films for comparative study by light and scanning electron microscopy. The individual cells in the blood films were photographed and the field was circled with a diamond marker objective. The slide was scored and broken; pieces of the stained slide containing the numbered circles were fixed (with conductive cement) to a metal stub, air dried, and coated with metallic gold. The metal stub was placed in a scanning electron microscope, and the marked cells were readily located and photographed so that their three-dimensional surface morphology could be compared with the morphologic features of stained cells in the blood film photographed with the light microscope. Characteristics of individual cell types are discussed.", "contents": "A method for locating individual leukocytes for comparative study by light and scanning electron microscopy. A method is presented for locating individual leukocytes and platelets in Wright's stained blood films for comparative study by light and scanning electron microscopy. The individual cells in the blood films were photographed and the field was circled with a diamond marker objective. The slide was scored and broken; pieces of the stained slide containing the numbered circles were fixed (with conductive cement) to a metal stub, air dried, and coated with metallic gold. The metal stub was placed in a scanning electron microscope, and the marked cells were readily located and photographed so that their three-dimensional surface morphology could be compared with the morphologic features of stained cells in the blood film photographed with the light microscope. Characteristics of individual cell types are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:343667", "title": "Thymectomy in preweanling kittens: technique and immunologic consequences.", "content": "Thymectomy of 5-week-old kittens was accomplished by left parasternal thoracotomy, ligation of the left internal thoracic artery, and removal of the thymus from the mediastinum by traction and blunt dissection. Thymectomy had no adverse clinical effects, and neither the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytomitogens nor the proportions of circulating lymphocytes  bearing T- or B-cell markers differed substantially between thymectomized cats and nonthymectomized control cats. Skin allograft rejection times of the thymectomized cats (3 weeks after operation) were slightly longer than those of littermate nonthymectomized controls. We conclude that removal of the thymus in preweanling kittens does not have important physiologic or immunologic consequences.", "contents": "Thymectomy in preweanling kittens: technique and immunologic consequences. Thymectomy of 5-week-old kittens was accomplished by left parasternal thoracotomy, ligation of the left internal thoracic artery, and removal of the thymus from the mediastinum by traction and blunt dissection. Thymectomy had no adverse clinical effects, and neither the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytomitogens nor the proportions of circulating lymphocytes  bearing T- or B-cell markers differed substantially between thymectomized cats and nonthymectomized control cats. Skin allograft rejection times of the thymectomized cats (3 weeks after operation) were slightly longer than those of littermate nonthymectomized controls. We conclude that removal of the thymus in preweanling kittens does not have important physiologic or immunologic consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:343668", "title": "Effects of atmospheric ammonia on pulmonary bacterial clearance in the young pig.", "content": "Young pigs were exposed to an aerosol of a nonpathogenic strain of Escherichia coli and then were retained in air-pollutant exposure chambers for a 2-hour clearance period. In series 1 (n = 80 pigs), 40 exposed young pigs (principals; 15.5 days of age) were placed in an atmosphere of filtered room air + 50 ppm of atmospheric NH3 during the clearance period; control pigs were exposed to filtered room air without added NH3. In series 2 (n = 24 pigs), 12 exposed young pigs (principals; 6.2 days of age) were similarly maintained, but at a lower concentration of atmospheric NH3 (75 ppm). At the end of the clearance period pigs were killed and pulmonary bacterial clearance was determined. Pigs kept in the NH3-contaminated atmospheres (either concentration) harbored more bacteria, on the average, in their lungs than did the controls. If series 1 and 2 data were combined, pigs kept in the NH3-contaminated atmospheres had 51% more bacteria in their lungs than did the controls. Pulmonic weight and ratio of pulmonic weight to body weight of pigs kept in the NH3-contaminated atmosphere were greater than those of the controls in series 1, but not in series 2. Gross and histopathologic examinations of lung tissue generally revealed no differences between controls and principals in either series 1 or 2.", "contents": "Effects of atmospheric ammonia on pulmonary bacterial clearance in the young pig. Young pigs were exposed to an aerosol of a nonpathogenic strain of Escherichia coli and then were retained in air-pollutant exposure chambers for a 2-hour clearance period. In series 1 (n = 80 pigs), 40 exposed young pigs (principals; 15.5 days of age) were placed in an atmosphere of filtered room air + 50 ppm of atmospheric NH3 during the clearance period; control pigs were exposed to filtered room air without added NH3. In series 2 (n = 24 pigs), 12 exposed young pigs (principals; 6.2 days of age) were similarly maintained, but at a lower concentration of atmospheric NH3 (75 ppm). At the end of the clearance period pigs were killed and pulmonary bacterial clearance was determined. Pigs kept in the NH3-contaminated atmospheres (either concentration) harbored more bacteria, on the average, in their lungs than did the controls. If series 1 and 2 data were combined, pigs kept in the NH3-contaminated atmospheres had 51% more bacteria in their lungs than did the controls. Pulmonic weight and ratio of pulmonic weight to body weight of pigs kept in the NH3-contaminated atmosphere were greater than those of the controls in series 1, but not in series 2. Gross and histopathologic examinations of lung tissue generally revealed no differences between controls and principals in either series 1 or 2."}
{"id": "PMID:343669", "title": "Immunocompetent cells of the turkey: age and organ distribution patterns of T and B lymphoid cells.", "content": "The percentage of lymphoid cells from the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen, peripheral blood, and cecal tonsils reactin with chicken antisera to turkey bursa and thymus were evaluated, using 1-day-old to 5-week-old turkeys. For this, rabbit anti-chicken globulin fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate was used. The percentage of lymphoid cells showing immunoglobulin surface determinants from these organs also was examined, using a direct immunofluorescence test with a rabbit anti-turkey globulin fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate. This study suggests that the bursa-specific antigen and immunoglobulin surface determinants could be used as markers for bursa-derived cells in the turkey. It also was found that thymus-specific antigen could be used as a marker for thymus-derived cells.", "contents": "Immunocompetent cells of the turkey: age and organ distribution patterns of T and B lymphoid cells. The percentage of lymphoid cells from the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen, peripheral blood, and cecal tonsils reactin with chicken antisera to turkey bursa and thymus were evaluated, using 1-day-old to 5-week-old turkeys. For this, rabbit anti-chicken globulin fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate was used. The percentage of lymphoid cells showing immunoglobulin surface determinants from these organs also was examined, using a direct immunofluorescence test with a rabbit anti-turkey globulin fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate. This study suggests that the bursa-specific antigen and immunoglobulin surface determinants could be used as markers for bursa-derived cells in the turkey. It also was found that thymus-specific antigen could be used as a marker for thymus-derived cells."}
{"id": "PMID:343671", "title": "Rapid development of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in histiocytic lymphoma.", "content": "A 24-year-old man with documented histiocytic lymphoma developed a nodular interstitial infiltrate, as shown by chest roentgenograms during a 10-day period of observation. He also developed fever, chills, and purulent sputum. Open-lung biopsy revealed histiocytic lymphoma without evidence of infection. This case demonstrates that lymphoma can cause rapid development of infiltrates observable by roentgenography. Because the infiltrate could be neoplastic or infectious, empiric therapy without an exact diagnosis is not warranted.", "contents": "Rapid development of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in histiocytic lymphoma. A 24-year-old man with documented histiocytic lymphoma developed a nodular interstitial infiltrate, as shown by chest roentgenograms during a 10-day period of observation. He also developed fever, chills, and purulent sputum. Open-lung biopsy revealed histiocytic lymphoma without evidence of infection. This case demonstrates that lymphoma can cause rapid development of infiltrates observable by roentgenography. Because the infiltrate could be neoplastic or infectious, empiric therapy without an exact diagnosis is not warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:343674", "title": "[Infantile cortical hyperostosis. A case report (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors present a case of infantile cortical hyperostosis with several clinical and radiologic unusual aspects they principally stand out the observation of hypotonia and widely split sutures, possibly never published before.", "contents": "[Infantile cortical hyperostosis. A case report (author's transl)]. Authors present a case of infantile cortical hyperostosis with several clinical and radiologic unusual aspects they principally stand out the observation of hypotonia and widely split sutures, possibly never published before."}
{"id": "PMID:343675", "title": "[Treatment of infantile hydrocephalus with isosorbide dinitrate (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighteen of infantile hydrocephalus have been treated with isosorbide dinitrate. Pharmacology of this compound is considered. It appears that completely dinitrated isosorbide is the major metabolite. Isosorbide may be effective in a variable proportion of various types of infantile hydrocephalus. Results of isosorbide dinitrate therapy in children with \"communicating\" and \"noncommunicating\" hydrocephalus are reported. Treatment was monitored by simple measurements, and it's toxicity proved to be scanty.", "contents": "[Treatment of infantile hydrocephalus with isosorbide dinitrate (author's transl)]. Eighteen of infantile hydrocephalus have been treated with isosorbide dinitrate. Pharmacology of this compound is considered. It appears that completely dinitrated isosorbide is the major metabolite. Isosorbide may be effective in a variable proportion of various types of infantile hydrocephalus. Results of isosorbide dinitrate therapy in children with \"communicating\" and \"noncommunicating\" hydrocephalus are reported. Treatment was monitored by simple measurements, and it's toxicity proved to be scanty."}
{"id": "PMID:343678", "title": "Type B hepatitis after needle-stick exposure: prevention with hepatitis B immune globulin. Final report of the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study.", "content": "Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and immune serum globulin (ISG) were examined in a randomized, double-blind trial to assess their relative efficacies in preventing type B hepatitis after needle-stick exposure to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG)-positive donors. Clinical hepatitis developed in 1.4% of HBIG and in 5.9% of ISG recipients (P = 0.016), and seroconversion (anti-HBs) occurred in 5.6% and 20.7% of them respectively (P less than 0.001). Mild and transient side-effects were noted in 3.0% of ISG and in 3.2% of HBIG recipients. Available donor sera were examined for DNA polymerase (DNAP) and e antigen and antibody (HBeAg; anti-HBE). Both DNAP and HBeAg showed a highly statistically significant correlation with the infectivity of HBsAg-positive donors. Hepatitis B immune globulin remained significantly superior to ISG in preventing type B hepatitis even when the analysis was confined to these two high-risk subgroups. The efficacy of ISG in preventing type B hepatitis cannot be ascertained because a true placebo group was not included.", "contents": "Type B hepatitis after needle-stick exposure: prevention with hepatitis B immune globulin. Final report of the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and immune serum globulin (ISG) were examined in a randomized, double-blind trial to assess their relative efficacies in preventing type B hepatitis after needle-stick exposure to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG)-positive donors. Clinical hepatitis developed in 1.4% of HBIG and in 5.9% of ISG recipients (P = 0.016), and seroconversion (anti-HBs) occurred in 5.6% and 20.7% of them respectively (P less than 0.001). Mild and transient side-effects were noted in 3.0% of ISG and in 3.2% of HBIG recipients. Available donor sera were examined for DNA polymerase (DNAP) and e antigen and antibody (HBeAg; anti-HBE). Both DNAP and HBeAg showed a highly statistically significant correlation with the infectivity of HBsAg-positive donors. Hepatitis B immune globulin remained significantly superior to ISG in preventing type B hepatitis even when the analysis was confined to these two high-risk subgroups. The efficacy of ISG in preventing type B hepatitis cannot be ascertained because a true placebo group was not included."}
{"id": "PMID:343679", "title": "B-cell lymphosarcoma cell leukemia: dynamics of surface-membrance immunoglobulin. Value for differentiation from chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Circulating abnormal lymphoid cells in patients with lymphosarcoma cell leukemia show intense fluorescence when stained with fluoroscein-labeled anti-immunoglobulin. The fluorescence is brighter than normal B cells in contrast with chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, which have much weaker fluorescence than normal. Also in striking contrast with chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, lymphosarcoma cell leukemia cells redistribute the surface immunoglobulin rapidly during incubation at 37 degrees C to form bright caps. In this respect they more closely resemble normal B cells than chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. In addition, in sequential studies, the appearance of these characteristics among the circulating cells of patients with lymphoma has been shown at a time when the appearance of a leukemic phase was equivocal morphologically. Thus these cellular characteristics may be helpful in the early diagnosis of a leukemic phase of lymphoma as well as distinguishing these cells from those in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "contents": "B-cell lymphosarcoma cell leukemia: dynamics of surface-membrance immunoglobulin. Value for differentiation from chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Circulating abnormal lymphoid cells in patients with lymphosarcoma cell leukemia show intense fluorescence when stained with fluoroscein-labeled anti-immunoglobulin. The fluorescence is brighter than normal B cells in contrast with chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, which have much weaker fluorescence than normal. Also in striking contrast with chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, lymphosarcoma cell leukemia cells redistribute the surface immunoglobulin rapidly during incubation at 37 degrees C to form bright caps. In this respect they more closely resemble normal B cells than chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. In addition, in sequential studies, the appearance of these characteristics among the circulating cells of patients with lymphoma has been shown at a time when the appearance of a leukemic phase was equivocal morphologically. Thus these cellular characteristics may be helpful in the early diagnosis of a leukemic phase of lymphoma as well as distinguishing these cells from those in chronic lymphocytic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:343680", "title": "Asymptomatic coronary artery disease: angiography in diabetic patients before renal transplantation. Relation of findings to postoperative survival.", "content": "Twenty-one juvenile-onset diabetic patients with azotemic nephropathy underwent coronary angiography and left ventriculography before renal transplantation or chronic hemodialysis. Two-year survival of 12 patients with no coronary artery disease (group A) was 88% compared to 22% for nine patients with coronary artery disease (group B) (P less than 0.025). Each group A patient underwent renal transplantation (nine live-related, three cadaveric). Four group B patients received cadaveric allografts. Among group A patients two cadaveric allografts functioned while in group B patients no allografts were successful. In the absence of coronary artery disease, results were similar to those reported for nondiabetic persons. In the presence of coronary artery disease, 62% of the deaths were due to myocardial infarction or sudden death. These results indicate that atherosclerotic coronary artery disease is a major determinant of survival in diabetic patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis or renal transplantation.", "contents": "Asymptomatic coronary artery disease: angiography in diabetic patients before renal transplantation. Relation of findings to postoperative survival. Twenty-one juvenile-onset diabetic patients with azotemic nephropathy underwent coronary angiography and left ventriculography before renal transplantation or chronic hemodialysis. Two-year survival of 12 patients with no coronary artery disease (group A) was 88% compared to 22% for nine patients with coronary artery disease (group B) (P less than 0.025). Each group A patient underwent renal transplantation (nine live-related, three cadaveric). Four group B patients received cadaveric allografts. Among group A patients two cadaveric allografts functioned while in group B patients no allografts were successful. In the absence of coronary artery disease, results were similar to those reported for nondiabetic persons. In the presence of coronary artery disease, 62% of the deaths were due to myocardial infarction or sudden death. These results indicate that atherosclerotic coronary artery disease is a major determinant of survival in diabetic patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis or renal transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:343682", "title": "Orofacial odontogenic infections.", "content": "Clinical manifestations of odontogenic orofacial infections are protean and are largely dictated by complex microbiota and anatomic routes of spread. Complications such as suppurative mediastinal or intracranial extension, retropharyngeal spread and airway obstruction, pleuropulmonary involvement, and hematogenous dissemination indicate the potentially serious nature of these infections. In this review we emphasize the pathogenetic mechanisms of infection, the principles of antimicrobial therapy, and the need for early surgical intervention.", "contents": "Orofacial odontogenic infections. Clinical manifestations of odontogenic orofacial infections are protean and are largely dictated by complex microbiota and anatomic routes of spread. Complications such as suppurative mediastinal or intracranial extension, retropharyngeal spread and airway obstruction, pleuropulmonary involvement, and hematogenous dissemination indicate the potentially serious nature of these infections. In this review we emphasize the pathogenetic mechanisms of infection, the principles of antimicrobial therapy, and the need for early surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:343683", "title": "Antihemophilic factor (factor VIII).", "content": "Antihemophilic factor (Factor VIII) is an agent in normal plasma that corrects the coagulative defect of classic hemophillia. The plasma of hemophiliacs contains normal amounts of a variant of antihemophilic factor deficient in clot-promoting properties. In contrast, von Willebrand's disease is usually associated with a true deficiency of this protein. In this disorder, the platelets are poorly aggregated by ristocetin, a defect ascribed to deficiency of antihemophilic factor. Structural studies of antihemophilic factor suggest that it is composed of two dissociable subcomponents, one of high molecular weight that contains the bulk of protein and sustains ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation, and another of lower molecular weight with procoagulant activity. Both subcomponents have been identified in hemophilic plasma, as if the smaller subcomponent were qualitatively abnormal. Carriers of hemophilia can often be detected because their plasmas contain a disproportionately high concentration of antihemophilic factor, measured immunologically, compared with the titer of procoagulant antihemophilic factor.", "contents": "Antihemophilic factor (factor VIII). Antihemophilic factor (Factor VIII) is an agent in normal plasma that corrects the coagulative defect of classic hemophillia. The plasma of hemophiliacs contains normal amounts of a variant of antihemophilic factor deficient in clot-promoting properties. In contrast, von Willebrand's disease is usually associated with a true deficiency of this protein. In this disorder, the platelets are poorly aggregated by ristocetin, a defect ascribed to deficiency of antihemophilic factor. Structural studies of antihemophilic factor suggest that it is composed of two dissociable subcomponents, one of high molecular weight that contains the bulk of protein and sustains ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation, and another of lower molecular weight with procoagulant activity. Both subcomponents have been identified in hemophilic plasma, as if the smaller subcomponent were qualitatively abnormal. Carriers of hemophilia can often be detected because their plasmas contain a disproportionately high concentration of antihemophilic factor, measured immunologically, compared with the titer of procoagulant antihemophilic factor."}
{"id": "PMID:343689", "title": "An unusual macular lesion associated with malaria.", "content": "A case of a young man afflicted with falciparum malaria is presented in which the primary ocular finding was a subpigment epithelial hemorrhage involving the macula. Previous reports in the literature concentrate on peripheral and central retinal hemorrhages, almost to the exclusion of choroidal vascular abnormalities. The value of this case lies in the recognition that the choroid can assume an important role in fundus abnormalities associated with malaria, probably on the basis of obstructive phenomena with subsequent ischemic degenerative changes, similar to the process which involves the retinal vessels and central nervous system.", "contents": "An unusual macular lesion associated with malaria. A case of a young man afflicted with falciparum malaria is presented in which the primary ocular finding was a subpigment epithelial hemorrhage involving the macula. Previous reports in the literature concentrate on peripheral and central retinal hemorrhages, almost to the exclusion of choroidal vascular abnormalities. The value of this case lies in the recognition that the choroid can assume an important role in fundus abnormalities associated with malaria, probably on the basis of obstructive phenomena with subsequent ischemic degenerative changes, similar to the process which involves the retinal vessels and central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:343692", "title": "Current state of transplantation of the pancreas.", "content": "Studies of pancreatic transplantation have been made using the pancreatic tail as an autotransplant model. The endocrine function of the pancreas has been shown to be relatively resistant to warm ischaemic injury. Autotransplantation of the pancreatic tail with a double arterial anastomosis technique can be achieved with 100% immediate success, the graft maintaining satisfactory glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. No important changes in glucose homoeostasis have been shown to result from diversion of pancreatic insulin secretion from portal to systemic veins.", "contents": "Current state of transplantation of the pancreas. Studies of pancreatic transplantation have been made using the pancreatic tail as an autotransplant model. The endocrine function of the pancreas has been shown to be relatively resistant to warm ischaemic injury. Autotransplantation of the pancreatic tail with a double arterial anastomosis technique can be achieved with 100% immediate success, the graft maintaining satisfactory glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. No important changes in glucose homoeostasis have been shown to result from diversion of pancreatic insulin secretion from portal to systemic veins."}
{"id": "PMID:343695", "title": "Operative pancreatic biopsy: a survey of current practice.", "content": "The attitudes of surgeons working in Great Britain and Ireland towards pancreatic biopsy and the use of other preoperative investigations in cases of pancreatic disease are examined on the basis of replies to a postal questionnaire. The value, accuracy, and complications of pancreatic biopsy are discussed with reference to the surgical literature.", "contents": "Operative pancreatic biopsy: a survey of current practice. The attitudes of surgeons working in Great Britain and Ireland towards pancreatic biopsy and the use of other preoperative investigations in cases of pancreatic disease are examined on the basis of replies to a postal questionnaire. The value, accuracy, and complications of pancreatic biopsy are discussed with reference to the surgical literature."}
{"id": "PMID:343691", "title": "[Autoplastic closure of a persistent postoperative laryngeal fistula in a patient who had undergone previous irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a case of closure of a postoperative laryngeal fistula in an irradiated area, obtained after the failure of several local plastic procedures. They used a distant pediculated flap, taken from non-irradiated tissue and from an unusual site: an acromio-occipital flap, using the acromial part with secondary repositioning of the nutrient pedicle. They emphasise the excellent vitality of this flap, its healing effect in the area of radio-dermatitis despite poor general condition, and the necessity for bypass of the upper airway during the time of healing.", "contents": "[Autoplastic closure of a persistent postoperative laryngeal fistula in a patient who had undergone previous irradiation (author's transl)]. The authors present a case of closure of a postoperative laryngeal fistula in an irradiated area, obtained after the failure of several local plastic procedures. They used a distant pediculated flap, taken from non-irradiated tissue and from an unusual site: an acromio-occipital flap, using the acromial part with secondary repositioning of the nutrient pedicle. They emphasise the excellent vitality of this flap, its healing effect in the area of radio-dermatitis despite poor general condition, and the necessity for bypass of the upper airway during the time of healing."}
{"id": "PMID:343698", "title": "An assessment of effectiveness of PLATO basic medical science lessons.", "content": "The present study investigated the effectiveness of PLATO basic medical science lessons. Evidence was found that users of the PLATO lessons earned higher mean scores than non-users on subtests of basic science examinations. The findings offer encouragement that PLATO materials may be viable educational tools within a first-year basic science program.", "contents": "An assessment of effectiveness of PLATO basic medical science lessons. The present study investigated the effectiveness of PLATO basic medical science lessons. Evidence was found that users of the PLATO lessons earned higher mean scores than non-users on subtests of basic science examinations. The findings offer encouragement that PLATO materials may be viable educational tools within a first-year basic science program."}
{"id": "PMID:343700", "title": "Detecting enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains of porcine origin. 1. Correlations between O and K antigens and the enterotoxin production in strains isolated from the newborn piglet.", "content": "A study of enterotoxin production by means of biological tests (Y1 adrenal cells and suckling mice) using 67 Escherichia coli strains responsible for diarrhea in newborn piglets, confirmed the advantages of these methods and demonstrated the correlation between antigenic specificity and enterotoxin production. In particular the presence of capsular antigen K 88 is related to the thermolabile (LT) fraction of the enterotoxin in 73.9 % of the enteropathogenic strains studied.", "contents": "Detecting enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains of porcine origin. 1. Correlations between O and K antigens and the enterotoxin production in strains isolated from the newborn piglet. A study of enterotoxin production by means of biological tests (Y1 adrenal cells and suckling mice) using 67 Escherichia coli strains responsible for diarrhea in newborn piglets, confirmed the advantages of these methods and demonstrated the correlation between antigenic specificity and enterotoxin production. In particular the presence of capsular antigen K 88 is related to the thermolabile (LT) fraction of the enterotoxin in 73.9 % of the enteropathogenic strains studied."}
{"id": "PMID:343703", "title": "Intraperson variability. Magnitude, source, and influence on interpretation and diagnosis.", "content": "In a person in a steady state the set of values obtained for a test carried out on a series of samples will show fluctuation about a value (the setting). In practice a single test value is usually taken as an estimate of the setting. The general consequences of this approximation are discussed in relation to the various uses of data in diagnosis, and illustrated for the common measurements of clinical chemistry. The magnitude of these consequences depends on the proportion of the total variation in a group of persons which is caused by these fluctuations in the person--within-person variation (VarWP). When the proportion is high the aim should be to reduce VarWP. When VarWP is high because of analytical error, then improved analytical technique or replicate analysis is required. Otherwise standardised techniques and conditions for venepuncture or, as a last resort, repeated samplings are necessary. These problems are discussed in relation to the detection of hypokalaemia.", "contents": "Intraperson variability. Magnitude, source, and influence on interpretation and diagnosis. In a person in a steady state the set of values obtained for a test carried out on a series of samples will show fluctuation about a value (the setting). In practice a single test value is usually taken as an estimate of the setting. The general consequences of this approximation are discussed in relation to the various uses of data in diagnosis, and illustrated for the common measurements of clinical chemistry. The magnitude of these consequences depends on the proportion of the total variation in a group of persons which is caused by these fluctuations in the person--within-person variation (VarWP). When the proportion is high the aim should be to reduce VarWP. When VarWP is high because of analytical error, then improved analytical technique or replicate analysis is required. Otherwise standardised techniques and conditions for venepuncture or, as a last resort, repeated samplings are necessary. These problems are discussed in relation to the detection of hypokalaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:343704", "title": "Enzyme induction by drugs. Its relevance to clinical biochemistry.", "content": "The properties of the hepatic microsomal, drug detoxicating, enzyme system are reviewed with particular reference to its inducibility. Induction is modified by various factors of which the diet is particularly important. A theoretical model system for induction has been proposed and this is discussed. There are a number of methods for assessing microsomal enzyme induction in man, none of which is ideal. Nevertheless, induction is a well recognized phenomenon in man and has a bearing on the metabolism of a number of endogenous substances. The effect of induction on steroid metabolism and the relationship between inducers, vitamin D, and metabolic bone disease is discussed. Bilirubin metabolism is affected by changes in microsomal enzyme activity and inducers have been used therapeutically in some cases of hyperbilirubinaemia. The relationship between drugs and the hepatic porphyrias is reviewed. The hepatic microsomal enzyme system is but one of many inducible enzymes and the role of induction in general in metabolic regulation is emphasised.", "contents": "Enzyme induction by drugs. Its relevance to clinical biochemistry. The properties of the hepatic microsomal, drug detoxicating, enzyme system are reviewed with particular reference to its inducibility. Induction is modified by various factors of which the diet is particularly important. A theoretical model system for induction has been proposed and this is discussed. There are a number of methods for assessing microsomal enzyme induction in man, none of which is ideal. Nevertheless, induction is a well recognized phenomenon in man and has a bearing on the metabolism of a number of endogenous substances. The effect of induction on steroid metabolism and the relationship between inducers, vitamin D, and metabolic bone disease is discussed. Bilirubin metabolism is affected by changes in microsomal enzyme activity and inducers have been used therapeutically in some cases of hyperbilirubinaemia. The relationship between drugs and the hepatic porphyrias is reviewed. The hepatic microsomal enzyme system is but one of many inducible enzymes and the role of induction in general in metabolic regulation is emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:343709", "title": "[Development of a method for the quantitative evaluation of microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics utilizing disks. The determination of the minimal doxycycline concentration that depresses microorganism growth using disks containing this antibiotic].", "content": "A quantitative method for estimation of microbial sensitivity to doxycycline with the use of discs containing 10 gamma of the antibiotic was developed. The antibiotic concentrations in the agar were determined at a distance equal to the radius of the growth inhibition zone with the help of a curve of the dependence of the logarithm of the doxycycline concentration in agar at the period of the average critical time of the zone formation equal to 5 hours and the distance from the disc center. The antibiotic concentration in the agar at the zone edges was almost the same as the MIC of doxycycline against the test-cultures determined with the method of serial dilutions in agar.", "contents": "[Development of a method for the quantitative evaluation of microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics utilizing disks. The determination of the minimal doxycycline concentration that depresses microorganism growth using disks containing this antibiotic]. A quantitative method for estimation of microbial sensitivity to doxycycline with the use of discs containing 10 gamma of the antibiotic was developed. The antibiotic concentrations in the agar were determined at a distance equal to the radius of the growth inhibition zone with the help of a curve of the dependence of the logarithm of the doxycycline concentration in agar at the period of the average critical time of the zone formation equal to 5 hours and the distance from the disc center. The antibiotic concentration in the agar at the zone edges was almost the same as the MIC of doxycycline against the test-cultures determined with the method of serial dilutions in agar."}
{"id": "PMID:343710", "title": "[Vibrion variability under the action of antibiotics].", "content": "Tetracycline, streptomycin and monomycin resistant variants of the cholera and NAG-vibrios were obtained by means of repeated passages on nutrient media with increasing concentrations of the antibiotics (114 variants V. cholerae asiaticae, 1337 variants of V. cholerae eltor and 299 variants of NAG-vibrios of the 1st Heiberg group). The highest number of the antibiotic resistant variants was obtained under the effect of streptomycin and the resistance level to it was much higher (up to 8000 gamma/ml) than that to tetracycline or monomycin (160 or 320 gamma/ml respectively). The study of the differential-diagnostic properties of the above vibrios showed that 14.8 per cent of the strains of V. cholerae asiaticae and 4.6 per cent of the strains of V. cholerae eltor became non-typical with respect to the colony morphology and fermentative properties. Their agglutinability with the species or type specific cholera sera partially decreased. Nine per cent out of 299 antibiotic resistant NAG-vibrios had changes only in the colony structure. None of them changed their fermentative properties or acquired even minor capacity for agglutination with cholera sera or lysing with specific bacteriophages. The described changes in the properties of the antibiotic resistant cholera and NAG-vibrios were not stable and disappeared after 2- or 3-fold passages on media containing no antibiotics.", "contents": "[Vibrion variability under the action of antibiotics]. Tetracycline, streptomycin and monomycin resistant variants of the cholera and NAG-vibrios were obtained by means of repeated passages on nutrient media with increasing concentrations of the antibiotics (114 variants V. cholerae asiaticae, 1337 variants of V. cholerae eltor and 299 variants of NAG-vibrios of the 1st Heiberg group). The highest number of the antibiotic resistant variants was obtained under the effect of streptomycin and the resistance level to it was much higher (up to 8000 gamma/ml) than that to tetracycline or monomycin (160 or 320 gamma/ml respectively). The study of the differential-diagnostic properties of the above vibrios showed that 14.8 per cent of the strains of V. cholerae asiaticae and 4.6 per cent of the strains of V. cholerae eltor became non-typical with respect to the colony morphology and fermentative properties. Their agglutinability with the species or type specific cholera sera partially decreased. Nine per cent out of 299 antibiotic resistant NAG-vibrios had changes only in the colony structure. None of them changed their fermentative properties or acquired even minor capacity for agglutination with cholera sera or lysing with specific bacteriophages. The described changes in the properties of the antibiotic resistant cholera and NAG-vibrios were not stable and disappeared after 2- or 3-fold passages on media containing no antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:343711", "title": "[Rifampicin action on the ultrastructure of E. coli cells].", "content": "The ultrastructure of Coli bacteria exposed to rifampicin was studied. Dependence of the level of the ultrastructural changes on the antibiotic concentration and the time of incubation with the antibiotic was shown. After exclusion of the antibiotic from the medium the organism growth with normal ultrastructure was observed.", "contents": "[Rifampicin action on the ultrastructure of E. coli cells]. The ultrastructure of Coli bacteria exposed to rifampicin was studied. Dependence of the level of the ultrastructural changes on the antibiotic concentration and the time of incubation with the antibiotic was shown. After exclusion of the antibiotic from the medium the organism growth with normal ultrastructure was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:343712", "title": "In vitro susceptibility of Nocardia asteroides to amikacin.", "content": "By drug dilution tests in agar, it has been shown that each of 27 strains of Nocardia asteroides was inhibited by 1 mug or less of amikacin per ml of medium.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibility of Nocardia asteroides to amikacin. By drug dilution tests in agar, it has been shown that each of 27 strains of Nocardia asteroides was inhibited by 1 mug or less of amikacin per ml of medium."}
{"id": "PMID:343713", "title": "Hemodialysis-associated infections: treatment with cephapirin.", "content": "Large doses of cephapirin (50 mg/kg) administered during the first and last half hours of routine hemodialysis produced effective antimicrobial serum concentrations for 48 h. Repetitive administration during five successive hemodialysis sessions did not result in accumulation or accelerated metabolism of cephapirin. Ten infectious episodes in nine patients were treated in this manner with good clinical results and no toxicity.", "contents": "Hemodialysis-associated infections: treatment with cephapirin. Large doses of cephapirin (50 mg/kg) administered during the first and last half hours of routine hemodialysis produced effective antimicrobial serum concentrations for 48 h. Repetitive administration during five successive hemodialysis sessions did not result in accumulation or accelerated metabolism of cephapirin. Ten infectious episodes in nine patients were treated in this manner with good clinical results and no toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:343714", "title": "Development of the agar disk method for the rapid selection of cephalosporin producers with improved yields.", "content": "To screen the abilities of mutant strains of Cephalosporium to produce cephalosporin C, colonies of the organism were grown on the surface of small (4-mm diameter) disks of agar medium. After incubation of the disks for periods of up to 5 days, the antibiotic contents of the disks were assayed by placing them on agar plates of the assay organism and determining the diameters of the inhibition zones. The amount of nitrogen source in the agar disk medium was used to control the amount of antibiotic produced in the disk and, thus, the sensitivity of screening. The relation of agar disk inhibition zone diameters to log shake-flask titers was linear with short incubation times (2 to 3 days) of the disks, but shifted towards a higher order with prolonged incubation (4 to 5 days). The optimum incubation time for the disks was 4 to 5 days, and then a 15% difference in zone diameters was significant with 10 disks per sample. The minimum difference between the shake-flask titers, which could be detected by the agar disk method with 10 disks per sample, was about 30% with 5 days of incubation for the disks. The results suggest that the shake-flask culture underestimated the degree of improvement in strain productivity.", "contents": "Development of the agar disk method for the rapid selection of cephalosporin producers with improved yields. To screen the abilities of mutant strains of Cephalosporium to produce cephalosporin C, colonies of the organism were grown on the surface of small (4-mm diameter) disks of agar medium. After incubation of the disks for periods of up to 5 days, the antibiotic contents of the disks were assayed by placing them on agar plates of the assay organism and determining the diameters of the inhibition zones. The amount of nitrogen source in the agar disk medium was used to control the amount of antibiotic produced in the disk and, thus, the sensitivity of screening. The relation of agar disk inhibition zone diameters to log shake-flask titers was linear with short incubation times (2 to 3 days) of the disks, but shifted towards a higher order with prolonged incubation (4 to 5 days). The optimum incubation time for the disks was 4 to 5 days, and then a 15% difference in zone diameters was significant with 10 disks per sample. The minimum difference between the shake-flask titers, which could be detected by the agar disk method with 10 disks per sample, was about 30% with 5 days of incubation for the disks. The results suggest that the shake-flask culture underestimated the degree of improvement in strain productivity."}
{"id": "PMID:343717", "title": "Bullous pemphigoid and other disorders associated with autoimmune phenomena.", "content": "Although bullous pemphigoid is a disease associated with autoantibodies, it rarely has been associated with other diseases associated with autoimmune phenomena. We report the occurrence of bullous pemphigoid, pernicious anemia, and rheumatoid arthritis in a patient.", "contents": "Bullous pemphigoid and other disorders associated with autoimmune phenomena. Although bullous pemphigoid is a disease associated with autoantibodies, it rarely has been associated with other diseases associated with autoimmune phenomena. We report the occurrence of bullous pemphigoid, pernicious anemia, and rheumatoid arthritis in a patient."}
{"id": "PMID:343718", "title": "Cicatricial pemphigoid and rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A review of our experience with cicatricial pemphigoid revealed three patients with cicatrical pemphigoid and rheumatoid arthritis and one patient with ankylosing spondylitis who had a high titer of rheumatoid factor. A comparison of these four patients with patients who had bullous pemphigoid and rheumatoid arthritis shows similarities between cicatricial pemphigoid and bullous pemphigoid in relation to the development of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Cicatricial pemphigoid and rheumatoid arthritis. A review of our experience with cicatricial pemphigoid revealed three patients with cicatrical pemphigoid and rheumatoid arthritis and one patient with ankylosing spondylitis who had a high titer of rheumatoid factor. A comparison of these four patients with patients who had bullous pemphigoid and rheumatoid arthritis shows similarities between cicatricial pemphigoid and bullous pemphigoid in relation to the development of rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:343719", "title": "Plane xanthoma and multiple myeloma with lipoprotein--paraprotein complexing.", "content": "Clinicopathologic findings are reported of a woman with generalized plane xanthoma, multiple myeloma (IgG type K), and hyperlipemia with very high levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride. Complexing of the serum lipoproteins and immunoglobulins had cryoglobulin properties and was separable by ultracentrifugation. Immunofluorescent studies of skin and bone marrow demonstrated deposits of IgG with low density lipoprotein apoprotein and IgG with beta-lipoprotein, respectively. Although immunosuppressive therapy resulted in return of serum IgG, lipid, and lipoprotein levels to normal, the patient died from the myeloma. Serum lipoprotein-paraprotein complexes have been demonstrated in at least 20 other cases of cutaneous xanthomatosis and myeloma. This interaction may result in an autoimmune hyperlipemia.", "contents": "Plane xanthoma and multiple myeloma with lipoprotein--paraprotein complexing. Clinicopathologic findings are reported of a woman with generalized plane xanthoma, multiple myeloma (IgG type K), and hyperlipemia with very high levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride. Complexing of the serum lipoproteins and immunoglobulins had cryoglobulin properties and was separable by ultracentrifugation. Immunofluorescent studies of skin and bone marrow demonstrated deposits of IgG with low density lipoprotein apoprotein and IgG with beta-lipoprotein, respectively. Although immunosuppressive therapy resulted in return of serum IgG, lipid, and lipoprotein levels to normal, the patient died from the myeloma. Serum lipoprotein-paraprotein complexes have been demonstrated in at least 20 other cases of cutaneous xanthomatosis and myeloma. This interaction may result in an autoimmune hyperlipemia."}
{"id": "PMID:343723", "title": "Diagnosis of acute bacterial pneumonia in Nigerian children. Value of needle aspiration of lung of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Eighty-eight Nigerian children with untreated, severe, acute pneumonia were investigated by standard bacteriological techniques (blood culture and culture of pharyngeal secretions) and by needle aspiration of the consolidated lung. Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) against grouped pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae type b antisera was carried out on serum samples from 45 patients. The aetiology of pneumonia was shown by examination of the needle aspirate in 70/88 patients (79%), by CIE in 9/45 patients (20%), and by blood culture in 4/36 patients (11%). Overall, a bacterial cause for pneumonia was shown in 73/88 patients (83%). The results of pharyngeal culture were misleading when compared with cultures of needle aspirates. The prediction of aetiology from the radiological appearance was alos inaccurate, even for labor pneumonia. Needle aspiration of the lung, with a low (5%) and minor complication rate, merits wider application in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary infections in children. Tradiational bacteriological techniques (blood culture and pharyngeal culture) are of very limited value. The place of CIE in the investigation of childhood pneumonia still needs thorough evaluation.", "contents": "Diagnosis of acute bacterial pneumonia in Nigerian children. Value of needle aspiration of lung of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis. Eighty-eight Nigerian children with untreated, severe, acute pneumonia were investigated by standard bacteriological techniques (blood culture and culture of pharyngeal secretions) and by needle aspiration of the consolidated lung. Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) against grouped pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae type b antisera was carried out on serum samples from 45 patients. The aetiology of pneumonia was shown by examination of the needle aspirate in 70/88 patients (79%), by CIE in 9/45 patients (20%), and by blood culture in 4/36 patients (11%). Overall, a bacterial cause for pneumonia was shown in 73/88 patients (83%). The results of pharyngeal culture were misleading when compared with cultures of needle aspirates. The prediction of aetiology from the radiological appearance was alos inaccurate, even for labor pneumonia. Needle aspiration of the lung, with a low (5%) and minor complication rate, merits wider application in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary infections in children. Tradiational bacteriological techniques (blood culture and pharyngeal culture) are of very limited value. The place of CIE in the investigation of childhood pneumonia still needs thorough evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:343724", "title": "Rifampicin therapy in shigellosis in infancy.", "content": "Eleven infants aged 1-2 years suffering from shigellosis associated with Shigella flexneri type 6 were treated with rifampicin. All were initially treated with antimicrobial drugs to which Sh. flexneri was shown to be sensitive, but without effect. Rifampicin was effective in curing gastrointestinal symptoms and eradicating the bacilli in all infants in 5 days. The drug was given in a dose of 10-12 mg/kg per day divided into two equal parts, for 7 days. No untoward side effects were observed. Our experience should encourage the use of this agent in controlling outbreaks of shigellosis and in curing resistant Shigella spp. infections where other antimicrobial agents prove to be inefficient.", "contents": "Rifampicin therapy in shigellosis in infancy. Eleven infants aged 1-2 years suffering from shigellosis associated with Shigella flexneri type 6 were treated with rifampicin. All were initially treated with antimicrobial drugs to which Sh. flexneri was shown to be sensitive, but without effect. Rifampicin was effective in curing gastrointestinal symptoms and eradicating the bacilli in all infants in 5 days. The drug was given in a dose of 10-12 mg/kg per day divided into two equal parts, for 7 days. No untoward side effects were observed. Our experience should encourage the use of this agent in controlling outbreaks of shigellosis and in curing resistant Shigella spp. infections where other antimicrobial agents prove to be inefficient."}
{"id": "PMID:343725", "title": "Radioisotope scanning using a gamma camera.", "content": "Sixteen outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis took part in a placebo controlled double-blind crossover study. In addition to conventional measurements, a radioactive index was measured using a gamma camera that indicated a radioactive count over the measured joints and a comparable area of normal adjacent bone. This index showed poor correlation with other conventional measurements of change in the clinical trial.", "contents": "Radioisotope scanning using a gamma camera. Sixteen outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis took part in a placebo controlled double-blind crossover study. In addition to conventional measurements, a radioactive index was measured using a gamma camera that indicated a radioactive count over the measured joints and a comparable area of normal adjacent bone. This index showed poor correlation with other conventional measurements of change in the clinical trial."}
{"id": "PMID:343726", "title": "Naproxen in osteoarthrosis. Double-blind crossover trial.", "content": "In this double-blind crossover trial, naproxen (750 mg/day) was compared to placebo for the treatment of osteoarthrosis of the hip and knee. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either naproxen or placebo for 4 weeks and then to treatment with the alternate agent for a second 4-week period. 8 out of 9 objective and subjective measurements of drug efficacy clearly differentiated naproxen from placebo at highly significant levels (P = 0.0001 to 0.0004). Patient daily check lists of osteoarthrotic symptoms also showed a statistically significant difference between naproxen and placebo therapy. Both physicians and patients, when asked to give a 'final drug preference', showed a significant preference for naproxen over placebo. In general, the incidence of side effects was low and approximately the same for both naproxen and placebo. Laboratory assessments showed little difference between groups. The trial showed naproxen to be an effective and well tolerated drug for the treatment of osteoarthrosis of the hip and knee.", "contents": "Naproxen in osteoarthrosis. Double-blind crossover trial. In this double-blind crossover trial, naproxen (750 mg/day) was compared to placebo for the treatment of osteoarthrosis of the hip and knee. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either naproxen or placebo for 4 weeks and then to treatment with the alternate agent for a second 4-week period. 8 out of 9 objective and subjective measurements of drug efficacy clearly differentiated naproxen from placebo at highly significant levels (P = 0.0001 to 0.0004). Patient daily check lists of osteoarthrotic symptoms also showed a statistically significant difference between naproxen and placebo therapy. Both physicians and patients, when asked to give a 'final drug preference', showed a significant preference for naproxen over placebo. In general, the incidence of side effects was low and approximately the same for both naproxen and placebo. Laboratory assessments showed little difference between groups. The trial showed naproxen to be an effective and well tolerated drug for the treatment of osteoarthrosis of the hip and knee."}
{"id": "PMID:343727", "title": "Double-blind trial of naproxen and phenylbutazone in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "In a double-blind double-placebo crossover study naproxen (500-750 mg daily) was found to be equivalent to phenylbutazone (400-600 mg daily) in the control of disease activity in 20 patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis during a two times 5-week trial period. No serious side effects were observed during the trial period. Gastric complaints occurred twice as often under phenylbutazone as under naproxen.", "contents": "Double-blind trial of naproxen and phenylbutazone in ankylosing spondylitis. In a double-blind double-placebo crossover study naproxen (500-750 mg daily) was found to be equivalent to phenylbutazone (400-600 mg daily) in the control of disease activity in 20 patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis during a two times 5-week trial period. No serious side effects were observed during the trial period. Gastric complaints occurred twice as often under phenylbutazone as under naproxen."}
{"id": "PMID:343728", "title": "Sulindac. Trials of a new anti-inflammatory drug.", "content": "Trials in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis showed sulindac to be an analgesic with anti-inflammatory properties and at least as effective as aspirin. It was effective within 24 hours in doses of 300-400 mg daily. It had the advantages of twice daily administration and a lower incidence of gastric side effects than aspirin. Constipation, usually mild, occurred in 20-30% of cases. Like other anti-inflammatory drugs, it was effective in only a proportion of the patients.", "contents": "Sulindac. Trials of a new anti-inflammatory drug. Trials in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis showed sulindac to be an analgesic with anti-inflammatory properties and at least as effective as aspirin. It was effective within 24 hours in doses of 300-400 mg daily. It had the advantages of twice daily administration and a lower incidence of gastric side effects than aspirin. Constipation, usually mild, occurred in 20-30% of cases. Like other anti-inflammatory drugs, it was effective in only a proportion of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:343733", "title": "Pulmonary infections in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Forty-six episodes of pulmonary infection occurred in 41 patients during a seven year period in which 187 renal transplants were performed in 168 patients. Thirty-seven episodes followed 152 cadaveric transplants (24.39%), and four episodes followed 35 living related donor transplants (11.4%). Five patients had two episodes of pulmonary infection. Twenty-four patients recovered, and 17 died (41.5%). Pulmonary infections appeared from two days to three years after transplantation, but predominated in the first four months (32/46). They were caused primarily by bacterial agents (74%) with protozoa, fungi, and viruses appearing less frequently. In 35 episodes, a single etiologic agent was found, but 11 were caused by two or more agents. When compared with noninfected recipients, there was no significant difference with regard to number of rejection crises, maintenance prednisone dosage, or blood glucose. However, subnormal renal function was significantly associated with the development of infection. Azathioprine dosages were actually higher for the noninfected patients, reflecting a tendency to lower the dose of azathioprine in the presence of decreased renal function. Fever was the most common presenting symptom. Transtracheal aspiration with Gram stain and direct sensitivity plating routinely provided early and accurate identification of the organism and a guide for therapy in bacterial infections. Pulmonary infection in renal transplant recipients is associated with a high mortality rate. Early diagnosis and specific treatment are essential to successful management.", "contents": "Pulmonary infections in renal transplant recipients. Forty-six episodes of pulmonary infection occurred in 41 patients during a seven year period in which 187 renal transplants were performed in 168 patients. Thirty-seven episodes followed 152 cadaveric transplants (24.39%), and four episodes followed 35 living related donor transplants (11.4%). Five patients had two episodes of pulmonary infection. Twenty-four patients recovered, and 17 died (41.5%). Pulmonary infections appeared from two days to three years after transplantation, but predominated in the first four months (32/46). They were caused primarily by bacterial agents (74%) with protozoa, fungi, and viruses appearing less frequently. In 35 episodes, a single etiologic agent was found, but 11 were caused by two or more agents. When compared with noninfected recipients, there was no significant difference with regard to number of rejection crises, maintenance prednisone dosage, or blood glucose. However, subnormal renal function was significantly associated with the development of infection. Azathioprine dosages were actually higher for the noninfected patients, reflecting a tendency to lower the dose of azathioprine in the presence of decreased renal function. Fever was the most common presenting symptom. Transtracheal aspiration with Gram stain and direct sensitivity plating routinely provided early and accurate identification of the organism and a guide for therapy in bacterial infections. Pulmonary infection in renal transplant recipients is associated with a high mortality rate. Early diagnosis and specific treatment are essential to successful management."}
{"id": "PMID:343730", "title": "[Sensitivity to chemoantibiotic therapy of new isolated Salmonellae strains (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of chemoantibiotic sensitivity tests carried out on 626 Salmonellae strains, isolated in 1973, 1974 and 1975 at the Bacteriol. Laboratory of S. Maria Nuova Hospital, Florence (Italy), are here related. The lowest percentages of antibiotic resistance have been noted to gentamycin and colimycin. Significant differences of antibiotic resistances were observed in single tested strains: the Salmonella wien strains were polyresistant, while the Salmonella panama strains showed a very high sensitivity to all the antibiotics. The conclusion is that in order to conduct a correct and useful antibiotic therapy, the microbic sensitivity test on isolated Salmonellae strains should be always performed.", "contents": "[Sensitivity to chemoantibiotic therapy of new isolated Salmonellae strains (author's transl)]. The results of chemoantibiotic sensitivity tests carried out on 626 Salmonellae strains, isolated in 1973, 1974 and 1975 at the Bacteriol. Laboratory of S. Maria Nuova Hospital, Florence (Italy), are here related. The lowest percentages of antibiotic resistance have been noted to gentamycin and colimycin. Significant differences of antibiotic resistances were observed in single tested strains: the Salmonella wien strains were polyresistant, while the Salmonella panama strains showed a very high sensitivity to all the antibiotics. The conclusion is that in order to conduct a correct and useful antibiotic therapy, the microbic sensitivity test on isolated Salmonellae strains should be always performed."}
{"id": "PMID:343729", "title": "[Ulterior acquisitions regarding the salmonellosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors report the results of the bacteriological researches on the incidence of the Salmonella of our zone, after a brief consideration of general aspects salmonellosis. Our observations are refered to 1005 samples of feces of which 84 cases proved positive to Salmonella. It is pointed out that morbidity, represented by Salmonella typhi, paratyphi A and B is low, while it is high for the Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis. The Authors conclude stating that epidemiological situation of salmonellosis still represents a problem of remarkable importance which demands the intensification and the use of efficacious measures of prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Ulterior acquisitions regarding the salmonellosis (author's transl)]. The Authors report the results of the bacteriological researches on the incidence of the Salmonella of our zone, after a brief consideration of general aspects salmonellosis. Our observations are refered to 1005 samples of feces of which 84 cases proved positive to Salmonella. It is pointed out that morbidity, represented by Salmonella typhi, paratyphi A and B is low, while it is high for the Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis. The Authors conclude stating that epidemiological situation of salmonellosis still represents a problem of remarkable importance which demands the intensification and the use of efficacious measures of prophylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:343734", "title": "The association of lung distention, PEEP and biventricular failure.", "content": "Although positive and expiratory pressure (PEEP) is known to depress the cardiac output, the mechanism remains debated. Two series of experiments were designed to explore this mechanism. In the first study, the application of 15 cm H(2)O of PEEP to nine anesthetized, ventilated dogs led to a reduction of cardiac index from (mean +/- one standard error of the mean) 2.71 L/min .m (2) +/- 0.35 to 2.19 L/min m(2) +/- 0.22 (p < .05) and a drop in mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 117 mm Hg +/- 8 to 91 mm Hg +/- 11 (p < .01). The mean net (vascular minus pleural pressure) pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) rose from 15.3 mm Hg +/- 1.2 to 20.6 mm Hg +/- 1.8 (p < .02). The mean net central venous pressure (CVP) rose from 5.2 mm Hg +/- 0.9 to 8.4 mm Hg +/- 0.9 (p < .05) and the net pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) rose from 6.7 mm Hg +/- 0.7 to 9.5 mm Hg +/- 0.9 (p < .01). There was a nonsignificant rise in the mean net left atrial pressure (LAP). As PEEP was raised in increments from 0 to 20 cm H(2)O, both LAP and PAWP increased. The rise in PAWP was always greater than the increase in LAP. The difference between PAWP and LAP was strongly correlated with the increase in MPAP (r = 0.98). This relationship was useful in correcting the PAWP during PEEP. The problem of cardiac depression was evaluated in a second series of eight dogs. These animals underwent complete chest wall excision to eliminate any possible direct effects of increased pleural pressure on the heart and great vessels. The absence of the chest wall permitted hyperexpansion of the lungs, particularly with positive end expiratory pressure. At 15 cm H(2)O of PEEP, the mean cardiac index fell in these animals from 2.36 L/min. m(2) +/- 0.26 to 1.47 L/min.m(2) +/- 0.18 (p < .01) and the MAP fell from 105 mm Hg +/- 16.2 to 68 mm Hg +/- 4.8 (p < .001). The CVP rose from a mean of 5.5 mm Hg +/- 0.4 to 8.3 mm Hg +/- 0.6 (p < .01) and the LAP rose from 6.3 mm Hg +/- 0.8 to 8.0 mm Hg +/- 1.1 (p < .05). The MPAP rose from 18.0 mm Hg +/- 0.6 to 23.3 mm Hg +/- 1.6 (p < .01). Comparison of Group I and II showed a significantly greater depression of the cardiac output and MAP in the open-chested animals. At the same time LAP was significantly higher. These data strongly suggest that PEEP and particularly pulmonary hyperinflation induce biventricular failure.", "contents": "The association of lung distention, PEEP and biventricular failure. Although positive and expiratory pressure (PEEP) is known to depress the cardiac output, the mechanism remains debated. Two series of experiments were designed to explore this mechanism. In the first study, the application of 15 cm H(2)O of PEEP to nine anesthetized, ventilated dogs led to a reduction of cardiac index from (mean +/- one standard error of the mean) 2.71 L/min .m (2) +/- 0.35 to 2.19 L/min m(2) +/- 0.22 (p < .05) and a drop in mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 117 mm Hg +/- 8 to 91 mm Hg +/- 11 (p < .01). The mean net (vascular minus pleural pressure) pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) rose from 15.3 mm Hg +/- 1.2 to 20.6 mm Hg +/- 1.8 (p < .02). The mean net central venous pressure (CVP) rose from 5.2 mm Hg +/- 0.9 to 8.4 mm Hg +/- 0.9 (p < .05) and the net pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) rose from 6.7 mm Hg +/- 0.7 to 9.5 mm Hg +/- 0.9 (p < .01). There was a nonsignificant rise in the mean net left atrial pressure (LAP). As PEEP was raised in increments from 0 to 20 cm H(2)O, both LAP and PAWP increased. The rise in PAWP was always greater than the increase in LAP. The difference between PAWP and LAP was strongly correlated with the increase in MPAP (r = 0.98). This relationship was useful in correcting the PAWP during PEEP. The problem of cardiac depression was evaluated in a second series of eight dogs. These animals underwent complete chest wall excision to eliminate any possible direct effects of increased pleural pressure on the heart and great vessels. The absence of the chest wall permitted hyperexpansion of the lungs, particularly with positive end expiratory pressure. At 15 cm H(2)O of PEEP, the mean cardiac index fell in these animals from 2.36 L/min. m(2) +/- 0.26 to 1.47 L/min.m(2) +/- 0.18 (p < .01) and the MAP fell from 105 mm Hg +/- 16.2 to 68 mm Hg +/- 4.8 (p < .001). The CVP rose from a mean of 5.5 mm Hg +/- 0.4 to 8.3 mm Hg +/- 0.6 (p < .01) and the LAP rose from 6.3 mm Hg +/- 0.8 to 8.0 mm Hg +/- 1.1 (p < .05). The MPAP rose from 18.0 mm Hg +/- 0.6 to 23.3 mm Hg +/- 1.6 (p < .01). Comparison of Group I and II showed a significantly greater depression of the cardiac output and MAP in the open-chested animals. At the same time LAP was significantly higher. These data strongly suggest that PEEP and particularly pulmonary hyperinflation induce biventricular failure."}
{"id": "PMID:343735", "title": "Evaluation of wound irrigation by pulsatile jet and conventional methods.", "content": "Irrigation of wounds to remove bacteria and foreign material is an essential of wound management along with debridement. The effectiveness of saline lavage by high pressure (50 psi) pulsatile jet irrigation has been compared with conventional gravity flow and bulb syringe procedures. Experimental paravertebral incisional surface wounds in 234 randomized rats were either clean or traumatized and soiled. Wounds in 200 of the rats were seeded with E. coli (log 8.80). Swab specimens of each wound were taken at incision, after seeding, after irrigation, and at three, seven, and ten days after closure. Eulates of more than 1600 specimens were cultured. No anaerobes were found. Irrigation diminished bacterial counts in all wounds, but only pulsatile jet irrigation brought about significant (P less than 0.05) reduction of bacteria in each type of wound. After three days E. coli was significantly diminished in all wounds, regardless of irrigation or none, owing to host defense mechanisms. Nevertheless, clean contaminated wounds were infected at three days but not at seven days after lavage, while traumatized wounds remained infected at ten days except for those initially irrigated by pulsatile jet. Thus, pulsatile jet irrigation removed bacterial from experimental wounds more efficiently than conventional procedures.", "contents": "Evaluation of wound irrigation by pulsatile jet and conventional methods. Irrigation of wounds to remove bacteria and foreign material is an essential of wound management along with debridement. The effectiveness of saline lavage by high pressure (50 psi) pulsatile jet irrigation has been compared with conventional gravity flow and bulb syringe procedures. Experimental paravertebral incisional surface wounds in 234 randomized rats were either clean or traumatized and soiled. Wounds in 200 of the rats were seeded with E. coli (log 8.80). Swab specimens of each wound were taken at incision, after seeding, after irrigation, and at three, seven, and ten days after closure. Eulates of more than 1600 specimens were cultured. No anaerobes were found. Irrigation diminished bacterial counts in all wounds, but only pulsatile jet irrigation brought about significant (P less than 0.05) reduction of bacteria in each type of wound. After three days E. coli was significantly diminished in all wounds, regardless of irrigation or none, owing to host defense mechanisms. Nevertheless, clean contaminated wounds were infected at three days but not at seven days after lavage, while traumatized wounds remained infected at ten days except for those initially irrigated by pulsatile jet. Thus, pulsatile jet irrigation removed bacterial from experimental wounds more efficiently than conventional procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:343736", "title": "Impact of blood transfusion on renal transplantation.", "content": "The relationship between transfusion of different preparations of blood, sensitization to HLA antigens and survival of subsequent kidney transplants was investigated in 90 consecutive recipients. HLA lymphocytotoxins in transplant candidates precluded or greatly delayed receipt of an allograft (p less than 0.0005). Furthermore, only 17% of such sensitized recipients had functioning grafts one year after transplantation compared to 57% survival for nonsensitized recipients (p less than .02). A small number of nonsensitized patients who were never transfused had surprisingly poor one year graft survival (25%). If frozen blood is used for transfusion rather than whole/packed RBC, the incidence of patient sensitization can be markedly reduced without subsequent compromise in transplant survival (51%). It is concluded that as a consequence of avoiding HLA sensitization by transfusion of frozen blood (processed by agglomeration), the period of hemodialysis required for potential graft recipients will be shortened and an increased proportion of potential recipients will be successfully treated by transplantation.", "contents": "Impact of blood transfusion on renal transplantation. The relationship between transfusion of different preparations of blood, sensitization to HLA antigens and survival of subsequent kidney transplants was investigated in 90 consecutive recipients. HLA lymphocytotoxins in transplant candidates precluded or greatly delayed receipt of an allograft (p less than 0.0005). Furthermore, only 17% of such sensitized recipients had functioning grafts one year after transplantation compared to 57% survival for nonsensitized recipients (p less than .02). A small number of nonsensitized patients who were never transfused had surprisingly poor one year graft survival (25%). If frozen blood is used for transfusion rather than whole/packed RBC, the incidence of patient sensitization can be markedly reduced without subsequent compromise in transplant survival (51%). It is concluded that as a consequence of avoiding HLA sensitization by transfusion of frozen blood (processed by agglomeration), the period of hemodialysis required for potential graft recipients will be shortened and an increased proportion of potential recipients will be successfully treated by transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:343737", "title": "Hematuria in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "This study is a retrospective analysis of microscopic and gross hematuria in 127 male renal transplant recipients. The incidence of hematuria was 12%. The causes of hematuria were similar to those in the general population with inflammatory conditions predominating. Urologic malignancy was not found. Hematuria heralded rejection episodes in three instances. Complete evaluation of hematuria revealed pathology of the urinary tract in every instance.", "contents": "Hematuria in renal transplant recipients. This study is a retrospective analysis of microscopic and gross hematuria in 127 male renal transplant recipients. The incidence of hematuria was 12%. The causes of hematuria were similar to those in the general population with inflammatory conditions predominating. Urologic malignancy was not found. Hematuria heralded rejection episodes in three instances. Complete evaluation of hematuria revealed pathology of the urinary tract in every instance."}
{"id": "PMID:343738", "title": "Myocardial revascularization in patients receiving long-term propranolol therapy.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients receiving long-term propranolol therapy underwent myocardial revascularization to relieve stable or unstable angina. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, one (Group 1) in which propranolol was discontinued 48 hours prior to operation and one (Group 2) in which patients received a final dose of propranolol 1 to 2 hours prior to operation. Several physiological variables were compared, and there was no statistically significant difference between the groups except for a slower pulse rate in Group 2 patients. Although the patients in Group 1 showed a greater frequency of hypertension before bypass, the incidence of postoperative complications and perioperative myocardial infarction was the same for both groups. The findings of this study indicate that myocardial revascularization is safe even if propranolol is administered up to 1 or 2 hours before operation.", "contents": "Myocardial revascularization in patients receiving long-term propranolol therapy. Twenty-seven patients receiving long-term propranolol therapy underwent myocardial revascularization to relieve stable or unstable angina. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, one (Group 1) in which propranolol was discontinued 48 hours prior to operation and one (Group 2) in which patients received a final dose of propranolol 1 to 2 hours prior to operation. Several physiological variables were compared, and there was no statistically significant difference between the groups except for a slower pulse rate in Group 2 patients. Although the patients in Group 1 showed a greater frequency of hypertension before bypass, the incidence of postoperative complications and perioperative myocardial infarction was the same for both groups. The findings of this study indicate that myocardial revascularization is safe even if propranolol is administered up to 1 or 2 hours before operation."}
{"id": "PMID:343731", "title": "[Incidence of fecal contamination in the samples of gicens and vegetables usually eaten uncooked (author's transl)].", "content": "The presence of E. coli has been found in the 48% of the samples of gicens and vegetables usually caten uncooked. The high incidence of fecal contamination suggests the necessity to build sewage plants, to forbid the use of superficial waters for irrigation and sanitary education to avoid alimentary contamination and enteric germ transmission.", "contents": "[Incidence of fecal contamination in the samples of gicens and vegetables usually eaten uncooked (author's transl)]. The presence of E. coli has been found in the 48% of the samples of gicens and vegetables usually caten uncooked. The high incidence of fecal contamination suggests the necessity to build sewage plants, to forbid the use of superficial waters for irrigation and sanitary education to avoid alimentary contamination and enteric germ transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:343739", "title": "Moderate and extreme hemodilution in open-heart surgery: fluid balance and acid-base studies.", "content": "Two groups of patients underwent aortic valve replacement. Fifteen patients received moderate hemodilution (mean hematocrit, 27%) with 40% donor blood in the priming solution. Extreme hemodilution was used in 14 patients (mean hematocrit, 18%) with a nonhemic prime and withdrawal of blood at the start of operation. Both groups were given more than 7 liters of fluid during operation; donor blood was primarily used in the moderately diluted patients, and Ringer's acetate was primarily given to the other group. The diuretic response to this fluid load was much more pronounced in the extreme than in the moderate hemodilution group. Eighteen hours postoperatively, patients in the moderate and extreme hemodilution groups had an excess of about 2 and 1.5 liters of water, respectively. In the patients who had moderate dilution an average of 1,000 ml of erythrocytes disappeared from circulation; no such disappearance could be found in the other group. The moderate group showed significantly lower arterial PO2 postoperatively than the extreme group. There were, however, no differences between the two groups in mixed venous PO2 during perfusion or in acid-base and osmolality values.", "contents": "Moderate and extreme hemodilution in open-heart surgery: fluid balance and acid-base studies. Two groups of patients underwent aortic valve replacement. Fifteen patients received moderate hemodilution (mean hematocrit, 27%) with 40% donor blood in the priming solution. Extreme hemodilution was used in 14 patients (mean hematocrit, 18%) with a nonhemic prime and withdrawal of blood at the start of operation. Both groups were given more than 7 liters of fluid during operation; donor blood was primarily used in the moderately diluted patients, and Ringer's acetate was primarily given to the other group. The diuretic response to this fluid load was much more pronounced in the extreme than in the moderate hemodilution group. Eighteen hours postoperatively, patients in the moderate and extreme hemodilution groups had an excess of about 2 and 1.5 liters of water, respectively. In the patients who had moderate dilution an average of 1,000 ml of erythrocytes disappeared from circulation; no such disappearance could be found in the other group. The moderate group showed significantly lower arterial PO2 postoperatively than the extreme group. There were, however, no differences between the two groups in mixed venous PO2 during perfusion or in acid-base and osmolality values."}
{"id": "PMID:343740", "title": "Reconstructive valve surgery.", "content": "Despite continued refinement of heart valve prostheses, valve replacement carries risks of thromboembolic, mechanical, and infectious complications, and long-term success is further limited by the eventual wear of prosthetic parts. In many patients with congenital or acquired valve diseases, valve function may be improved, if not restored, by reconstructive techniques, prosthetic replacement being thereby avoided or delayed. This review examines the current status of reconstructive procedures for management of diseased valves, with emphasis on long-term results and post-operative hemodynamic studies. In many instances the choice between reconstruction and replacement of a diseased valve remains controversial. The documented success of selectively applied reconstructive techniques, however, weighs against expedient decisions for prosthetic replacement and supports a continuing search for new techniques.", "contents": "Reconstructive valve surgery. Despite continued refinement of heart valve prostheses, valve replacement carries risks of thromboembolic, mechanical, and infectious complications, and long-term success is further limited by the eventual wear of prosthetic parts. In many patients with congenital or acquired valve diseases, valve function may be improved, if not restored, by reconstructive techniques, prosthetic replacement being thereby avoided or delayed. This review examines the current status of reconstructive procedures for management of diseased valves, with emphasis on long-term results and post-operative hemodynamic studies. In many instances the choice between reconstruction and replacement of a diseased valve remains controversial. The documented success of selectively applied reconstructive techniques, however, weighs against expedient decisions for prosthetic replacement and supports a continuing search for new techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:343741", "title": "Long-term blood pressure changes in renal homotransplantation.", "content": "Long-term blood pressure changes were studied in 50 patients who had undergone renal homotransplantation. Excluded were those subjects with arterial stenosis of the transplanted kidney, acute or rapidly progressive rejection, or recurrent glomerulonephritis, as well as those retaining their own diseased kidney(s). The blood pressure after the end of the first year was stable and, therefore, was utilized as the reference blood pressure for this study. One year after transplantation, hypertension was observed in 20% of the patients. Mean blood pressure was positively correlated with age (P less than .01), body weight (P less than .001), and serum creatinine level (P less than .001), and negatively correlated with maintenance dose of prednisone (P less than .01). A higher incidence of hypertension was observed in cadaver kidney transplantation than in living related-donor transplantation. The study minimizes the role of glucocorticoids and emphasizes the role of renal factors in the mechanism of the long-term blood pressure changes.", "contents": "Long-term blood pressure changes in renal homotransplantation. Long-term blood pressure changes were studied in 50 patients who had undergone renal homotransplantation. Excluded were those subjects with arterial stenosis of the transplanted kidney, acute or rapidly progressive rejection, or recurrent glomerulonephritis, as well as those retaining their own diseased kidney(s). The blood pressure after the end of the first year was stable and, therefore, was utilized as the reference blood pressure for this study. One year after transplantation, hypertension was observed in 20% of the patients. Mean blood pressure was positively correlated with age (P less than .01), body weight (P less than .001), and serum creatinine level (P less than .001), and negatively correlated with maintenance dose of prednisone (P less than .01). A higher incidence of hypertension was observed in cadaver kidney transplantation than in living related-donor transplantation. The study minimizes the role of glucocorticoids and emphasizes the role of renal factors in the mechanism of the long-term blood pressure changes."}
{"id": "PMID:343742", "title": "Tests for treponemal antibody in CSF.", "content": "We studied the potential usefulness of CSF treponemal tests in the diagnosis of neurosyphillis. The CSF was tested with the microhemagglutination test for Treponema pallidum (CSF-MHA-TP test) and with the CSF-FTA test by using undiluted CSF and CSF diluted in saline and in sorbent. In a prospective evaluation, of 177 nonsyphilitics, none had reactive CSF-MHA-TP tests and only one had a reactive CSF-FTA test. However, five of 15 syphilitics with no other evidence of neurosyphilis had reactive CSF-FTA tests. The CSF-FTA test reactivity appeared most likely when the titer of the serum FTA test was high. In a retrospective evaluation of syphilitics with reactive CSF-FTA tests, similar patterns of reactivity occurred in patients with and without other evidence of neurosyphilis. Without other supporting clinical or laboratory data, the diagnostic value of a reactive CSF-FTA test is unknown.", "contents": "Tests for treponemal antibody in CSF. We studied the potential usefulness of CSF treponemal tests in the diagnosis of neurosyphillis. The CSF was tested with the microhemagglutination test for Treponema pallidum (CSF-MHA-TP test) and with the CSF-FTA test by using undiluted CSF and CSF diluted in saline and in sorbent. In a prospective evaluation, of 177 nonsyphilitics, none had reactive CSF-MHA-TP tests and only one had a reactive CSF-FTA test. However, five of 15 syphilitics with no other evidence of neurosyphilis had reactive CSF-FTA tests. The CSF-FTA test reactivity appeared most likely when the titer of the serum FTA test was high. In a retrospective evaluation of syphilitics with reactive CSF-FTA tests, similar patterns of reactivity occurred in patients with and without other evidence of neurosyphilis. Without other supporting clinical or laboratory data, the diagnostic value of a reactive CSF-FTA test is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:343743", "title": "Multicenter comparison of naproxen and indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In a double-blind, crossover study, naproxen, 250 mg twice a day, naproxen, 500 mg taken at bedtime, and indomethacin, 25 mg four times a day, were compared in 132 patients with rheumatoid arthritis; six centers participated in the study. Objective indices of arthritis activity, such as number of clinically active joints, walking time, and duration of morning stiffness, were nearly identical for the three treatment regimens. Of particular interest was the observation that efficacy of a single daily dose of naproxen was comparable to that of the twice-daily dosage. Naproxen was better tolerated than indomethacin, as shown by a statistically significant difference in the incidence of CNS complaints.", "contents": "Multicenter comparison of naproxen and indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis. In a double-blind, crossover study, naproxen, 250 mg twice a day, naproxen, 500 mg taken at bedtime, and indomethacin, 25 mg four times a day, were compared in 132 patients with rheumatoid arthritis; six centers participated in the study. Objective indices of arthritis activity, such as number of clinically active joints, walking time, and duration of morning stiffness, were nearly identical for the three treatment regimens. Of particular interest was the observation that efficacy of a single daily dose of naproxen was comparable to that of the twice-daily dosage. Naproxen was better tolerated than indomethacin, as shown by a statistically significant difference in the incidence of CNS complaints."}
{"id": "PMID:343744", "title": "Pseudogynecomastia secondary to injection of heroin into breast tissue.", "content": "A 50-year-old man who has a heroin addict developed bilateral, symmetrical swelling of the breasts as a result of injecting himself directly into the breasts for several years. Results of histologic examination of the breast tissue showed granulomatous inflammation and a foreign body reaction without gynecomastia or tumor. Liver and endocrine functions were generally normal.", "contents": "Pseudogynecomastia secondary to injection of heroin into breast tissue. A 50-year-old man who has a heroin addict developed bilateral, symmetrical swelling of the breasts as a result of injecting himself directly into the breasts for several years. Results of histologic examination of the breast tissue showed granulomatous inflammation and a foreign body reaction without gynecomastia or tumor. Liver and endocrine functions were generally normal."}
{"id": "PMID:343745", "title": "[Chronic peritoneal dialysis: an alternative to iterative hemodialysis].", "content": "27 children, aged 7 months to 15 years, with terminal renal failure and no available vascular access, were treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis for 3 weeks to 9 months (mean 3 months). An indwelling silicon catheter fitted with a subcutaneous dacron felt cuff was used; the average catheter life time was 10 weeks (3 to 25 weeks). Control of uremia was satisfactory with mean serum urea decreasing from 2 to 1 g/l and creatinine from 130 mg/l to 60 mg/l after 48 hours of dialysis. No uremic complications occured. Total serum protein remained stable: mean: 62 g/l prior to treatment and 60 g/l after the treatment period. Hematocrit was higher than in hemodialysed children (17% versus 15%). Three children were directly transplanted without difficulty. However, some complications did occur. There were 27 episodes of catheter obstruction leading to 12 surgical interventions. 18 episodes of peritonitis (5% of total dialyses) occured in 12 patients, and two were lethal. The frequency of complications prohibits a recommendation of chronic peritoneal dialysis over hemodialysis in children; this technique however remains very helpful in those situations where vascular access is difficult.", "contents": "[Chronic peritoneal dialysis: an alternative to iterative hemodialysis]. 27 children, aged 7 months to 15 years, with terminal renal failure and no available vascular access, were treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis for 3 weeks to 9 months (mean 3 months). An indwelling silicon catheter fitted with a subcutaneous dacron felt cuff was used; the average catheter life time was 10 weeks (3 to 25 weeks). Control of uremia was satisfactory with mean serum urea decreasing from 2 to 1 g/l and creatinine from 130 mg/l to 60 mg/l after 48 hours of dialysis. No uremic complications occured. Total serum protein remained stable: mean: 62 g/l prior to treatment and 60 g/l after the treatment period. Hematocrit was higher than in hemodialysed children (17% versus 15%). Three children were directly transplanted without difficulty. However, some complications did occur. There were 27 episodes of catheter obstruction leading to 12 surgical interventions. 18 episodes of peritonitis (5% of total dialyses) occured in 12 patients, and two were lethal. The frequency of complications prohibits a recommendation of chronic peritoneal dialysis over hemodialysis in children; this technique however remains very helpful in those situations where vascular access is difficult."}
{"id": "PMID:343746", "title": "[Cytological detection of a myeloic metaplasia in punctates of transplanted kidneys and their diagnostic importance (author's transl)].", "content": "In 30 patients who had undergone renal transplantations, 45 renal biopsies were carried through for a suspected acute immuno-incompatibility (rejection) during the period from 1974-1975. Of all bioptic material taken swab-preparations were made at the same time, aiming at clarifying the cytomorphological criteria of the acute transplant rejection. In 14 out of 27 cases where an acute transplant rejection was histologically diagnosed, myelocytes and normoblasts were found in the smears. In one out of two chronic cases of transplant rejection the detection of metaplasias was negative. Thus, the detection of myeloic metaplasias in renal punctates is an important criterium for the cytodiagnostics of a transplant rejection crisis.", "contents": "[Cytological detection of a myeloic metaplasia in punctates of transplanted kidneys and their diagnostic importance (author's transl)]. In 30 patients who had undergone renal transplantations, 45 renal biopsies were carried through for a suspected acute immuno-incompatibility (rejection) during the period from 1974-1975. Of all bioptic material taken swab-preparations were made at the same time, aiming at clarifying the cytomorphological criteria of the acute transplant rejection. In 14 out of 27 cases where an acute transplant rejection was histologically diagnosed, myelocytes and normoblasts were found in the smears. In one out of two chronic cases of transplant rejection the detection of metaplasias was negative. Thus, the detection of myeloic metaplasias in renal punctates is an important criterium for the cytodiagnostics of a transplant rejection crisis."}
{"id": "PMID:343748", "title": "Chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery for colorectal cancer. A follow-up report.", "content": "An adjuvant program of fluorouracil for patients undergoing \"curative\" resection for adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum was initiated as a randomized clinical trial in January 1968. Patients were randomly assigned to an intraluminal fluorouracil or intraluminal control (saline) group and were so treated at the time of surgical resection if findings at operation indicated that all gross neoplastic disease could be resected. Those patients receiving intraluminal fluorouracil (30 mg/kg) received intravenous fluorouracil (10 mg/kg) on each of the first two postoperative days and five subsequent postoperative courses of oral fluorouracil (90 mg/kg) in each 18-day course over a one-year period. By July 1, 1975, there were 203 patients undergoing curative resection entered into the study. Survival and disease-free data, as of Dec 31, 1976, revealed no benefit from this adjuvant course of fluorouracil. These data support the need for continued randomized clinical trials of new and innovative adjuvant therapy compared with an untreated control group.", "contents": "Chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery for colorectal cancer. A follow-up report. An adjuvant program of fluorouracil for patients undergoing \"curative\" resection for adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum was initiated as a randomized clinical trial in January 1968. Patients were randomly assigned to an intraluminal fluorouracil or intraluminal control (saline) group and were so treated at the time of surgical resection if findings at operation indicated that all gross neoplastic disease could be resected. Those patients receiving intraluminal fluorouracil (30 mg/kg) received intravenous fluorouracil (10 mg/kg) on each of the first two postoperative days and five subsequent postoperative courses of oral fluorouracil (90 mg/kg) in each 18-day course over a one-year period. By July 1, 1975, there were 203 patients undergoing curative resection entered into the study. Survival and disease-free data, as of Dec 31, 1976, revealed no benefit from this adjuvant course of fluorouracil. These data support the need for continued randomized clinical trials of new and innovative adjuvant therapy compared with an untreated control group."}
{"id": "PMID:343749", "title": "Renal allograft rupture with iliofemoral thrombophlebitis.", "content": "Spontaneous rupture of a renal allograft in the early posttransplant period is associated with tachycardia, hypotension, oliguria, swelling, pain, a falling hematocrit level, and tenderness at the transplant site. Occasionally, the ruptured allograft can be saved by control of the hemorrhage. Deep vein thrombophlebitis, a common occurrence after prolonged surgery and cortocosteroid therapy, is less common in renal allograft transplantation, but may be associated with renal vein thrombosis. The simultaneous occurrence of deep vein thrombophlebitis, renal vein thrombosis, and allograft rupture contraindicates anticoagulent therapy. We present a patient in whom ipsilateral deep vein thrombophlebitis developed eight days after a cadaveric renal allograft, followed in two days by hypotension, a falling hematocrit level, oliguria, and a painfall mass at the allograft site. Surgical exploration revealed a ruptured allograft with iliofemoral and renal vein thrombosis and profuse hemorrhage. A transplant nephrectomy was performed.", "contents": "Renal allograft rupture with iliofemoral thrombophlebitis. Spontaneous rupture of a renal allograft in the early posttransplant period is associated with tachycardia, hypotension, oliguria, swelling, pain, a falling hematocrit level, and tenderness at the transplant site. Occasionally, the ruptured allograft can be saved by control of the hemorrhage. Deep vein thrombophlebitis, a common occurrence after prolonged surgery and cortocosteroid therapy, is less common in renal allograft transplantation, but may be associated with renal vein thrombosis. The simultaneous occurrence of deep vein thrombophlebitis, renal vein thrombosis, and allograft rupture contraindicates anticoagulent therapy. We present a patient in whom ipsilateral deep vein thrombophlebitis developed eight days after a cadaveric renal allograft, followed in two days by hypotension, a falling hematocrit level, oliguria, and a painfall mass at the allograft site. Surgical exploration revealed a ruptured allograft with iliofemoral and renal vein thrombosis and profuse hemorrhage. A transplant nephrectomy was performed."}
{"id": "PMID:343750", "title": "Reperitonealization and invagination of the lesser curvature of the stomach following proximal gastric vagotomy.", "content": "Lesser curve necrosis usually presents as free perforation. A case of large gastric ulcer occurring very shortly after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) for a duodenal ulcer that was almost certainly due to ischemic necrosis of the lesser curve is presented here. Reperitonealization and invagination of the lesser curve is recommended following PGV so that, if necrosis occurs, it will take place within the stomach and not into the free peritoneal cavity. This maneuver may also avoid possible vagal reinnervation and the formation of dense adhesions between the stomach and liver.", "contents": "Reperitonealization and invagination of the lesser curvature of the stomach following proximal gastric vagotomy. Lesser curve necrosis usually presents as free perforation. A case of large gastric ulcer occurring very shortly after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) for a duodenal ulcer that was almost certainly due to ischemic necrosis of the lesser curve is presented here. Reperitonealization and invagination of the lesser curve is recommended following PGV so that, if necrosis occurs, it will take place within the stomach and not into the free peritoneal cavity. This maneuver may also avoid possible vagal reinnervation and the formation of dense adhesions between the stomach and liver."}
{"id": "PMID:343753", "title": "Electron microscope observations of the membrane surrounding polyhedral inclusion bodies of insects.", "content": "Paracrystalline inclusion bodies (polyhedra) which occlude insect viruses are bounded by two membrane units which are closely appressed. The membranes appear to be similar to those of cisternae found in the nucleus. These cisternae were observed associated with polyhedra in various stages of condensation and appression.", "contents": "Electron microscope observations of the membrane surrounding polyhedral inclusion bodies of insects. Paracrystalline inclusion bodies (polyhedra) which occlude insect viruses are bounded by two membrane units which are closely appressed. The membranes appear to be similar to those of cisternae found in the nucleus. These cisternae were observed associated with polyhedra in various stages of condensation and appression."}
{"id": "PMID:343752", "title": "Preparation of projection-less particles from influenza virus and their messenger activities in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems.", "content": "A fraction of projection-less particles was prepared from influenza A/Dunedin/4/73 and A/Victoria/3/75 (X-47) (H3N2) by detergent treatment and extraction into ether at 0 degrees C. The activity of this material in stimulating protein synthesis in vitro was studied and compared with that of isolated virion RNA using a) an RNA-dependent E. coli system, and b) a wheat germ system. In the bacterial system the purified RNA had the highest template activity, while in the eukaryotic system the disrupted particle preparation was by far the most active. Translation products were formed with immunological and electrophoretic properties similar to those of several influenza virion proteins. The experiments indicate that, when added in the form of disrupted projection-less particles, RNA from influenza A2 virus is utilized as a template by eukaryotic ribosomes.", "contents": "Preparation of projection-less particles from influenza virus and their messenger activities in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. A fraction of projection-less particles was prepared from influenza A/Dunedin/4/73 and A/Victoria/3/75 (X-47) (H3N2) by detergent treatment and extraction into ether at 0 degrees C. The activity of this material in stimulating protein synthesis in vitro was studied and compared with that of isolated virion RNA using a) an RNA-dependent E. coli system, and b) a wheat germ system. In the bacterial system the purified RNA had the highest template activity, while in the eukaryotic system the disrupted particle preparation was by far the most active. Translation products were formed with immunological and electrophoretic properties similar to those of several influenza virion proteins. The experiments indicate that, when added in the form of disrupted projection-less particles, RNA from influenza A2 virus is utilized as a template by eukaryotic ribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:343754", "title": "A rapid and inexpensive procedure for the purification of adenovirions.", "content": "A procedure for the purification of adenovirions is described. About 99 per cent pure adenovirions were obtained within only eight hours by use of chloroform treatment and two cycles of simultaneous sedimentation velocity and isopycnic centrifugation through a glycerol layer into a preformed potassium bromide gradient.", "contents": "A rapid and inexpensive procedure for the purification of adenovirions. A procedure for the purification of adenovirions is described. About 99 per cent pure adenovirions were obtained within only eight hours by use of chloroform treatment and two cycles of simultaneous sedimentation velocity and isopycnic centrifugation through a glycerol layer into a preformed potassium bromide gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:343755", "title": "[Morphology of the endocrine portion of the teleost pancreas].", "content": "Endocrine component of the crucian (Carassius carassius), carp (Cyprinus carpio), tench (Tinca tinca) and silurus (Silurus glanis) pancreas is structurally organized in the form of pancreatic islets. Gorbusha (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) has, besides the islets, some Brockman's bodies. Endocrine component of the pancreas of Teleostei possesses A-, B-, D and acinar-islet cells \"B\". All types of cells are shoot-shaped and all have contacts with the capillaries. Extrusion of the hormones from the endocrine cells is carried out via emiocytosis, and in gorbusha at the time of migration--by microapocrine means. Secretory granules were observed to get into the capillaries and make hormonal storage necessary for fish migration. It was demonstrated that endocrine component of the pancreas in Teleostei is highly rich in innervation, neuronal fibers containing small granular vesicles.", "contents": "[Morphology of the endocrine portion of the teleost pancreas]. Endocrine component of the crucian (Carassius carassius), carp (Cyprinus carpio), tench (Tinca tinca) and silurus (Silurus glanis) pancreas is structurally organized in the form of pancreatic islets. Gorbusha (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) has, besides the islets, some Brockman's bodies. Endocrine component of the pancreas of Teleostei possesses A-, B-, D and acinar-islet cells \"B\". All types of cells are shoot-shaped and all have contacts with the capillaries. Extrusion of the hormones from the endocrine cells is carried out via emiocytosis, and in gorbusha at the time of migration--by microapocrine means. Secretory granules were observed to get into the capillaries and make hormonal storage necessary for fish migration. It was demonstrated that endocrine component of the pancreas in Teleostei is highly rich in innervation, neuronal fibers containing small granular vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:343757", "title": "[Systems disinhibition and disintegration in pathology].", "content": "Two phenomena of universal biological significance are described, namely, disinhibition of the functional structures and disintegration of the biological systems. Both phenomena are interrelated: disintegration of systems releases its component functional structures from inhibition, and the uncontrolled activity of the disinhibited (hyperactive) functional structures leads further disintegration. These phenomena are initiated by a lesion. Disinhibition of the functional structures manifests itself differently in various systems, but it is always based on the deficiency of biological control. The formation of hyperactive structures as determinants which transform physiological systems into pathological ones, as well as derepression of subsequent links of the cellular genetic apparatus are particularly important in these phenomena. Some tissue processes have been investigated with regard to the latter. Under normal conditions the controlled disinhibition (facilitation) or derepression may be physiologically important and necessary for functioning. In the paper, a class of pathological processes termed as regulation diseases resulting from disturbances in the function regulation is defined.", "contents": "[Systems disinhibition and disintegration in pathology]. Two phenomena of universal biological significance are described, namely, disinhibition of the functional structures and disintegration of the biological systems. Both phenomena are interrelated: disintegration of systems releases its component functional structures from inhibition, and the uncontrolled activity of the disinhibited (hyperactive) functional structures leads further disintegration. These phenomena are initiated by a lesion. Disinhibition of the functional structures manifests itself differently in various systems, but it is always based on the deficiency of biological control. The formation of hyperactive structures as determinants which transform physiological systems into pathological ones, as well as derepression of subsequent links of the cellular genetic apparatus are particularly important in these phenomena. Some tissue processes have been investigated with regard to the latter. Under normal conditions the controlled disinhibition (facilitation) or derepression may be physiologically important and necessary for functioning. In the paper, a class of pathological processes termed as regulation diseases resulting from disturbances in the function regulation is defined."}
{"id": "PMID:343759", "title": "[Methodological aspects in studying the radiation pathomorphosis of human tumors].", "content": "The paper discusses methodological aspects of radial pathomorphism of human tumors. Its main feature is a type change of clinico-anatomical features of some nosological forms of malignant tumors under the influence of radiation therapy. Morphological manifestations of radial pathomorphism are variable, but its criteria require systematization. The development of radial changes occurs step-wisely and is characterized by structural-functional rearrangement of the tumor and circumflex normal tissues.", "contents": "[Methodological aspects in studying the radiation pathomorphosis of human tumors]. The paper discusses methodological aspects of radial pathomorphism of human tumors. Its main feature is a type change of clinico-anatomical features of some nosological forms of malignant tumors under the influence of radiation therapy. Morphological manifestations of radial pathomorphism are variable, but its criteria require systematization. The development of radial changes occurs step-wisely and is characterized by structural-functional rearrangement of the tumor and circumflex normal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:343765", "title": "Selective vacuolar myopathy with atrophy of type II fibers. Occurrence in a childhood case of acid maltase deficiency.", "content": "A 12-year-old boy being examined for vague chest pains was found to be suffering from acid maltase deficiency. Unlike previously reported cases in which vacuolization was most commonly noted in type I fibers, type II fibers were selectively involved in this patient and were atrophic Type I fibers were spared, or occasionally contained one or more small globular structures consisting of large, complex aggregates of lysosomal profiles.", "contents": "Selective vacuolar myopathy with atrophy of type II fibers. Occurrence in a childhood case of acid maltase deficiency. A 12-year-old boy being examined for vague chest pains was found to be suffering from acid maltase deficiency. Unlike previously reported cases in which vacuolization was most commonly noted in type I fibers, type II fibers were selectively involved in this patient and were atrophic Type I fibers were spared, or occasionally contained one or more small globular structures consisting of large, complex aggregates of lysosomal profiles."}
{"id": "PMID:343767", "title": "Epithelialization of the anterior chamber after transcorneal (McCannel) suture.", "content": "A 35-year-old woman developed epithelialization of the anterior chamber with secondary glaucoma, following the use of a transcorneal (McCannel-type) suture to repair a traumatic iridodialysis. Clinical photographs and histologic documentation illustrate the potential for this serious complication from this surgical technique.", "contents": "Epithelialization of the anterior chamber after transcorneal (McCannel) suture. A 35-year-old woman developed epithelialization of the anterior chamber with secondary glaucoma, following the use of a transcorneal (McCannel-type) suture to repair a traumatic iridodialysis. Clinical photographs and histologic documentation illustrate the potential for this serious complication from this surgical technique."}
{"id": "PMID:343768", "title": "The effect of suture depth on outflow facility in penetrating keratoplasty.", "content": "Outflow facility was measured in human eye bank eyes following penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) and cataract extraction. After measuring baseline outflow facility, a PKP and lens extraction was performed with the corneal button replaced by both interrupted \"through-and-through\" sutures and a conventional mid-to-deep stromal running suture. Outflow facility was unchanged from baseline with both sutures. However, following removal of through-and-through sutures outflow facility decreased 37%. This same suturing procedure was repeated in a second group of phakic eyes in which suture depth did not influence outflow facility.", "contents": "The effect of suture depth on outflow facility in penetrating keratoplasty. Outflow facility was measured in human eye bank eyes following penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) and cataract extraction. After measuring baseline outflow facility, a PKP and lens extraction was performed with the corneal button replaced by both interrupted \"through-and-through\" sutures and a conventional mid-to-deep stromal running suture. Outflow facility was unchanged from baseline with both sutures. However, following removal of through-and-through sutures outflow facility decreased 37%. This same suturing procedure was repeated in a second group of phakic eyes in which suture depth did not influence outflow facility."}
{"id": "PMID:343772", "title": "[Bone concentration of a new antimicrobial agent azlocillin (author's transl)].", "content": "The literature regarding bone level concentrations of different antimicrobial agents is reviewed. The investigation using Azlocillin shows a sufficiantly high concentration in human bone to include this agent among other semisynthetic penicillins.", "contents": "[Bone concentration of a new antimicrobial agent azlocillin (author's transl)]. The literature regarding bone level concentrations of different antimicrobial agents is reviewed. The investigation using Azlocillin shows a sufficiantly high concentration in human bone to include this agent among other semisynthetic penicillins."}
{"id": "PMID:343773", "title": "Detection of syphilitic hearing loss.", "content": "Syphilis can cause sensorineural hearing loss that is potentially treatable. To determine the incidence of positive serological findings in patients with sensorineural hearing loss, the rapid plasma reagin card test (RPRCT) and the FTA-ABS test were performed in a study group composed of patients with sensorineural hearing loss of obscure origin. Of the 306 patients with sensorineural hearing loss, 20 (6.5%) demonstrated a positive FTA-ABS as compared with two of 100 (2%) of the control group. Considerable variation was found in the rate of the false-negative and the biological false-positive RPRCT as performed by our hospital and state laboratories when compared with the results of the FTA-ABS test. Syphilis should be considered in any patient with sensorineural hearing loss of obscure origin, despite a negative history for syphilis. The FTA-ABS is the preferred test to exclude hearing loss of syphilitic origin.", "contents": "Detection of syphilitic hearing loss. Syphilis can cause sensorineural hearing loss that is potentially treatable. To determine the incidence of positive serological findings in patients with sensorineural hearing loss, the rapid plasma reagin card test (RPRCT) and the FTA-ABS test were performed in a study group composed of patients with sensorineural hearing loss of obscure origin. Of the 306 patients with sensorineural hearing loss, 20 (6.5%) demonstrated a positive FTA-ABS as compared with two of 100 (2%) of the control group. Considerable variation was found in the rate of the false-negative and the biological false-positive RPRCT as performed by our hospital and state laboratories when compared with the results of the FTA-ABS test. Syphilis should be considered in any patient with sensorineural hearing loss of obscure origin, despite a negative history for syphilis. The FTA-ABS is the preferred test to exclude hearing loss of syphilitic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:343774", "title": "The nasal dorsum flap.", "content": "Closure of full-thickness defects of the nasal tip and sorsum requires both a satisfactory functional and an acceptable cosmetic result. The nasal dorsum flap is particularly well suited for closure of many such defects. The basic design of the flap, as well as several useful modifications, are discussed.", "contents": "The nasal dorsum flap. Closure of full-thickness defects of the nasal tip and sorsum requires both a satisfactory functional and an acceptable cosmetic result. The nasal dorsum flap is particularly well suited for closure of many such defects. The basic design of the flap, as well as several useful modifications, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:343775", "title": "Aspergillosis of the frontal sinus.", "content": "Aspergillus is the most common fungal infection of the paranasal sinuses and usually appears as a chronic disease in an otherwise healthy person. Previously reported cases have involved the maxillary sinus alone in the majority of cases. To my knowledge, isolated frontal sinus aspergillosis has not been previously reported. A frontal osteoplastic flap approach was used to expose a fungus ball in the right frontal sinus of a healthy 69-year-old man. Histologic preparations and fungal cultures showed Aspergillus fumigatus. Follow-up substantiated prior experience that surgical removal of the fungal mass with drainage of the involved sinus is the treatment of choice in healthy patients with Aspergillus involving the paranasal sinuses.", "contents": "Aspergillosis of the frontal sinus. Aspergillus is the most common fungal infection of the paranasal sinuses and usually appears as a chronic disease in an otherwise healthy person. Previously reported cases have involved the maxillary sinus alone in the majority of cases. To my knowledge, isolated frontal sinus aspergillosis has not been previously reported. A frontal osteoplastic flap approach was used to expose a fungus ball in the right frontal sinus of a healthy 69-year-old man. Histologic preparations and fungal cultures showed Aspergillus fumigatus. Follow-up substantiated prior experience that surgical removal of the fungal mass with drainage of the involved sinus is the treatment of choice in healthy patients with Aspergillus involving the paranasal sinuses."}
{"id": "PMID:343781", "title": "Evidence for a high proportion of inactive ribosomes in slow-growing yeast cells.", "content": "From the protein and RNA content of Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing in different media we calculate that ribosome efficiency is changed: incorporation of amino acids into protein decreases from 8.8 amino acids/s per ribosome in fast-growing cells (0.54 doubling/h) to 5.2 amino acids/s per ribosome in slow-growing cells (0.30 doubling/h). We could not detect significant protein turnover in either fast-or slow-growing cultures, so the lower ribosome efficiency does not seem to be an artifact caused by changes in unstable protein production at different growth rates. Nor is the lower ribosome efficiency due to slower migration of ribosomes along mRNA: the times required to complete polypeptides of known molecular weights are the same in slow-growing cells as those previously determined for fast-growing cells [Waldron, Jund & Lacroute (1974) FEBS Lett. 46, 11-16]. We therefore deduce that ribosome efficiency changes in yeast because the fraction of ribosomes engaged in protein synthesis falls (from 84% in fast-growing cells to 50% in slow-growing cells.", "contents": "Evidence for a high proportion of inactive ribosomes in slow-growing yeast cells. From the protein and RNA content of Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing in different media we calculate that ribosome efficiency is changed: incorporation of amino acids into protein decreases from 8.8 amino acids/s per ribosome in fast-growing cells (0.54 doubling/h) to 5.2 amino acids/s per ribosome in slow-growing cells (0.30 doubling/h). We could not detect significant protein turnover in either fast-or slow-growing cultures, so the lower ribosome efficiency does not seem to be an artifact caused by changes in unstable protein production at different growth rates. Nor is the lower ribosome efficiency due to slower migration of ribosomes along mRNA: the times required to complete polypeptides of known molecular weights are the same in slow-growing cells as those previously determined for fast-growing cells [Waldron, Jund & Lacroute (1974) FEBS Lett. 46, 11-16]. We therefore deduce that ribosome efficiency changes in yeast because the fraction of ribosomes engaged in protein synthesis falls (from 84% in fast-growing cells to 50% in slow-growing cells."}
{"id": "PMID:343782", "title": "Recognition of individual Escherichia coli transfer ribonucleic acids by 1-adenine-specific methyltransferase from rat liver.", "content": "Purified 1-adenine-specific tRNA methyltransferase from rat liver preferentially methylated Escherichia coli tRNA species containing the target adenylate residue in a G-T-psi-C-G-A-A-U-C sequence. The results of methylation of various tRNA species are discussed.", "contents": "Recognition of individual Escherichia coli transfer ribonucleic acids by 1-adenine-specific methyltransferase from rat liver. Purified 1-adenine-specific tRNA methyltransferase from rat liver preferentially methylated Escherichia coli tRNA species containing the target adenylate residue in a G-T-psi-C-G-A-A-U-C sequence. The results of methylation of various tRNA species are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:343779", "title": "Salmonella enteritidis and Arizona hinshawii isolated from wild sandhill cranes.", "content": "Salmonella enteritidis serotype Rubislaw and Arizona hinshawii were isolated from cloacal swabs of \"healthy\" live-trapped sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) in Indiana and Wisconsin. These respective isolations were the first reported from wild sandhill cranes.", "contents": "Salmonella enteritidis and Arizona hinshawii isolated from wild sandhill cranes. Salmonella enteritidis serotype Rubislaw and Arizona hinshawii were isolated from cloacal swabs of \"healthy\" live-trapped sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) in Indiana and Wisconsin. These respective isolations were the first reported from wild sandhill cranes."}
{"id": "PMID:343783", "title": "Characterization of two acid proteinases found in rabbit skin homografts.", "content": "Two types of acid proteinase activity found in rabbit skin homografts were characterized by studying the effect of temperature, pH and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Their chromatographic behaviour was characterized on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-75, G-100 and G-200, and their molecular weights were estimated by gel filtration. One of the acid proteinases in the homograft resembled cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5) of normal skin. The other acid proteinase differed from cathepsin D with respect to heat inactivation, pH optimum and molecular weight; it was not inactivated on heating at 60 degrees C for 60 min, its pH optimum was 2.5 and its molecular weight measured by Sephadex G-100 chromatography was 100 000. In all these respects, the heat-stable proteinase resembles cathepsin E (EC 3.4.23.5) of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes.", "contents": "Characterization of two acid proteinases found in rabbit skin homografts. Two types of acid proteinase activity found in rabbit skin homografts were characterized by studying the effect of temperature, pH and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Their chromatographic behaviour was characterized on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-75, G-100 and G-200, and their molecular weights were estimated by gel filtration. One of the acid proteinases in the homograft resembled cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5) of normal skin. The other acid proteinase differed from cathepsin D with respect to heat inactivation, pH optimum and molecular weight; it was not inactivated on heating at 60 degrees C for 60 min, its pH optimum was 2.5 and its molecular weight measured by Sephadex G-100 chromatography was 100 000. In all these respects, the heat-stable proteinase resembles cathepsin E (EC 3.4.23.5) of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:343784", "title": "Demonstration of chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) in the stomach of newborn pig.", "content": "The stomach of newborn pig contains a proteinase that is immunologically closely related to calf chymosin (rennin) (EC 3.4.23.4.). None of the pepsins from the stomach of adult pig is present in the newborn pig. Pig chymosin has optimal general proteolytic activity around pH 3.5. The ratio of milk-clotting activity to general proteolytic activity is about 30--70 times higher than that of pyloric and fundic pepsins.", "contents": "Demonstration of chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) in the stomach of newborn pig. The stomach of newborn pig contains a proteinase that is immunologically closely related to calf chymosin (rennin) (EC 3.4.23.4.). None of the pepsins from the stomach of adult pig is present in the newborn pig. Pig chymosin has optimal general proteolytic activity around pH 3.5. The ratio of milk-clotting activity to general proteolytic activity is about 30--70 times higher than that of pyloric and fundic pepsins."}
{"id": "PMID:343787", "title": "[Demonstrating the effectiveness of cerebroactive drugs in aged patients. Results of a randomized double-blind study of a vincamine containing special preparation].", "content": "The neuropsychiatric symptoms of old patients with disturbed cerebral metabolism or blood flow mostly lead to great individual difficulties and make those patients difficult to handle: in the family as well as in hospital such patients develop alienation, isolation and therefore adaptation to a social structure deteriorates with time. In the course of a test program for medicinal therapy of this syndrome we studied the efficacy of a vincamine containing formulation (Pervincamin forte retard or Pervincamin ampoules, respectively) on the symptoms of a chronical brain disturbance. The study was randomised double-blind. We found that under the influence of the vincamine formulation the subjective symptoms, such as lack of interest, apathy, aggressiveness, raging, psychomotoric retardation, lack of concentration, dysmnesia, decreased with a statistical significance (p less than or equal to 0.05). Also the subjective symptoms, reported by the patients, such as tinnitus and vertigo decreased significantly under the treatment with the vincamine preparation. Therefore some of the parameters important for resocialisation and revitalisation of old patients could be influenced in a favourable way. Basing on the good results of our investigations, the treatment of psychiatric disturbances in old patients with vincamine containing drugs seems to be justified.", "contents": "[Demonstrating the effectiveness of cerebroactive drugs in aged patients. Results of a randomized double-blind study of a vincamine containing special preparation]. The neuropsychiatric symptoms of old patients with disturbed cerebral metabolism or blood flow mostly lead to great individual difficulties and make those patients difficult to handle: in the family as well as in hospital such patients develop alienation, isolation and therefore adaptation to a social structure deteriorates with time. In the course of a test program for medicinal therapy of this syndrome we studied the efficacy of a vincamine containing formulation (Pervincamin forte retard or Pervincamin ampoules, respectively) on the symptoms of a chronical brain disturbance. The study was randomised double-blind. We found that under the influence of the vincamine formulation the subjective symptoms, such as lack of interest, apathy, aggressiveness, raging, psychomotoric retardation, lack of concentration, dysmnesia, decreased with a statistical significance (p less than or equal to 0.05). Also the subjective symptoms, reported by the patients, such as tinnitus and vertigo decreased significantly under the treatment with the vincamine preparation. Therefore some of the parameters important for resocialisation and revitalisation of old patients could be influenced in a favourable way. Basing on the good results of our investigations, the treatment of psychiatric disturbances in old patients with vincamine containing drugs seems to be justified."}
{"id": "PMID:343778", "title": "Epizootiological investigations of colibacillosis in turkeys.", "content": "One experimental and two field studies were conducted to assess the input of the three most common pathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli (01a, 02a, and 078) via the hatch debris, environment of turkey buildings, and feed and water supplied these turkeys. Air samples were also taken to assess the environmental load in the experimental study. These studies revealed that in one field trial the input of E. coli 02a in conjunction with mild infections of Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) and avian influenza (AI) contributed to an outbreak of acute colibacillosis with high mortality. E. coli 02a was isolated from the infected organs. At the processing plant, airsacculitis scores revealed lesions attributed mainly to MM. Lactose-broth rinsings of whole eviscerated turkeys indicated that pathogenic E. coli 01a and 02a could be detected at the time the turkeys are marketed.", "contents": "Epizootiological investigations of colibacillosis in turkeys. One experimental and two field studies were conducted to assess the input of the three most common pathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli (01a, 02a, and 078) via the hatch debris, environment of turkey buildings, and feed and water supplied these turkeys. Air samples were also taken to assess the environmental load in the experimental study. These studies revealed that in one field trial the input of E. coli 02a in conjunction with mild infections of Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) and avian influenza (AI) contributed to an outbreak of acute colibacillosis with high mortality. E. coli 02a was isolated from the infected organs. At the processing plant, airsacculitis scores revealed lesions attributed mainly to MM. Lactose-broth rinsings of whole eviscerated turkeys indicated that pathogenic E. coli 01a and 02a could be detected at the time the turkeys are marketed."}
{"id": "PMID:343788", "title": "[Clinical trial of tramadol by means of the \"paired card\" system (author's transl)].", "content": "1. 1-(m-Methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal) was administered i.v. to patients suffering from pain of various origins. Its efficacy and side effects were compared with those of metamizole and placebo. 2. Tramadol (100 mg) was as effective as metamizole (2.5 mg) and significantly more effective than placebo. 3. All three compounds showed no significant differences in type and number of side effects.", "contents": "[Clinical trial of tramadol by means of the \"paired card\" system (author's transl)]. 1. 1-(m-Methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal) was administered i.v. to patients suffering from pain of various origins. Its efficacy and side effects were compared with those of metamizole and placebo. 2. Tramadol (100 mg) was as effective as metamizole (2.5 mg) and significantly more effective than placebo. 3. All three compounds showed no significant differences in type and number of side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:343790", "title": "[The effect of tramadol in an open clinical trial (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The new analgesic drug 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal) was administered to a total of 840 patients by i.m. or i.v. injection or in suppository form in an open multi-center trial. The drug was found to be an effective and well-tolerated analgesic. 2. In all three forms of administration more than 80% of the patients treated rated the therapeutic efficacy of tramadol good to very good. In most cases the analgesic effect set in within 30 min and lasted 3--7 h. Tramadol was effective in relieving pain of various origins. 3. Serious side effects were not observed. The most frequent side effect was drowsiness. Transient hot flushes and outbreaks of sweating occurred occasionally following i.v. injection.", "contents": "[The effect of tramadol in an open clinical trial (author's transl)]. 1. The new analgesic drug 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal) was administered to a total of 840 patients by i.m. or i.v. injection or in suppository form in an open multi-center trial. The drug was found to be an effective and well-tolerated analgesic. 2. In all three forms of administration more than 80% of the patients treated rated the therapeutic efficacy of tramadol good to very good. In most cases the analgesic effect set in within 30 min and lasted 3--7 h. Tramadol was effective in relieving pain of various origins. 3. Serious side effects were not observed. The most frequent side effect was drowsiness. Transient hot flushes and outbreaks of sweating occurred occasionally following i.v. injection."}
{"id": "PMID:343795", "title": "[Treatment of Sydenham's chorea with perphenazine].", "content": "Symptomatic therapy in Sydenham's chorea has not been satisfactory. Perphenazine was tested as an alternative to diminish abnormal movements. A Syndenham's chorea comparative double-blind study (17 patients) using it, with reserpine and placebo as controls, was designed. Perphenazine was tried also in another open-study (13 patients with Syndenham's chorea). Out of the 2 groups, those which received perphenazine improved earlier and in a greater proportion than controls, with statistical significance (p is less than 0.01).", "contents": "[Treatment of Sydenham's chorea with perphenazine]. Symptomatic therapy in Sydenham's chorea has not been satisfactory. Perphenazine was tested as an alternative to diminish abnormal movements. A Syndenham's chorea comparative double-blind study (17 patients) using it, with reserpine and placebo as controls, was designed. Perphenazine was tried also in another open-study (13 patients with Syndenham's chorea). Out of the 2 groups, those which received perphenazine improved earlier and in a greater proportion than controls, with statistical significance (p is less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:343803", "title": "Improved immune-suppression techniques for the exongrafting of human tumours.", "content": "The transplantability of a xenografted human adenocarcinoma has been examined in mice that had been immune-suppressed by thymectomy and whole-body irradiation and the results have been compared with transplantation into athymic (nude) mice. Two alternative techniques were used to prevent marrow failure following whole-body irradiation: reconstituting the animals with a marrow graft, or protecting them by an injection of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) 2 days before the irradiation. The results show that the Ara-C-prepared mice were more receptive to transplantation than marrow-grafted or nude mice, and they were the only animals that developed regional metastases from implanted xenografts. Some recovery of immunity occurred in both types of immune-suppressed mice, which was evident more than 5 weeks after immune-suppression and which was more marked in females than in males. It was concluded that the immune-suppressed mice were superior to nude mice for short-term experiments but they may be less satisfactory for long-term experiments.", "contents": "Improved immune-suppression techniques for the exongrafting of human tumours. The transplantability of a xenografted human adenocarcinoma has been examined in mice that had been immune-suppressed by thymectomy and whole-body irradiation and the results have been compared with transplantation into athymic (nude) mice. Two alternative techniques were used to prevent marrow failure following whole-body irradiation: reconstituting the animals with a marrow graft, or protecting them by an injection of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) 2 days before the irradiation. The results show that the Ara-C-prepared mice were more receptive to transplantation than marrow-grafted or nude mice, and they were the only animals that developed regional metastases from implanted xenografts. Some recovery of immunity occurred in both types of immune-suppressed mice, which was evident more than 5 weeks after immune-suppression and which was more marked in females than in males. It was concluded that the immune-suppressed mice were superior to nude mice for short-term experiments but they may be less satisfactory for long-term experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:343804", "title": "An in vitro colony assay for human tumours grown in immune-suppressed mice and treated in vivo with cytotoxic agents.", "content": "An in vitro agar colony technique has been developed for the growth of tumour cells taken directly from human tumours grown in immune-suppressed mice. The novel feature of the technique is the addition of a replenishable liquid phase which permits the maintenance of relatively slowly growing cells. A number of different xenografted tumours have been cultured successfully in this system, with red blood cells added to the agar and using 5% O2 in the gas phase. The technique has been used to assay cell survival in tumours treated in vivo with cytotoxic agents, and examples are given of survival curves obtained from a pancreatic tumours irradiated with gamma-rays and a colonic tumour from mice treated with cyclophosphamide. The results obtained by this in vitro method are in agreement with those from the agar diffusion chamber technique. This culture method has also been successfully used for the growth of cells taken directly from human tumour biopsy samples obtained in the clinic.", "contents": "An in vitro colony assay for human tumours grown in immune-suppressed mice and treated in vivo with cytotoxic agents. An in vitro agar colony technique has been developed for the growth of tumour cells taken directly from human tumours grown in immune-suppressed mice. The novel feature of the technique is the addition of a replenishable liquid phase which permits the maintenance of relatively slowly growing cells. A number of different xenografted tumours have been cultured successfully in this system, with red blood cells added to the agar and using 5% O2 in the gas phase. The technique has been used to assay cell survival in tumours treated in vivo with cytotoxic agents, and examples are given of survival curves obtained from a pancreatic tumours irradiated with gamma-rays and a colonic tumour from mice treated with cyclophosphamide. The results obtained by this in vitro method are in agreement with those from the agar diffusion chamber technique. This culture method has also been successfully used for the growth of cells taken directly from human tumour biopsy samples obtained in the clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:343806", "title": "Psoriasis treated with clobetasol propionate and photochemotherapy.", "content": "Comparable lesions in 16 patients with chronic plaque psoriasis were treated with clobetasol propionate or placebo ointments for 1 week before beginning photochemotherapy. The greater improvement of the steroid treated lesions was maintained after the ointment was withdrawn and there was a mean period of 31 days before those treated with placebo showed a comparable response to photochemotherapy. By the end of the study 8 patients were completely free of psoriasis, healing being achieved after a mean of 7.2 photochemotherapy treatments on the steroid treated lesions compared with 13.5 where a placebo ointment was used. No patient had any adverse reaction to treatment.", "contents": "Psoriasis treated with clobetasol propionate and photochemotherapy. Comparable lesions in 16 patients with chronic plaque psoriasis were treated with clobetasol propionate or placebo ointments for 1 week before beginning photochemotherapy. The greater improvement of the steroid treated lesions was maintained after the ointment was withdrawn and there was a mean period of 31 days before those treated with placebo showed a comparable response to photochemotherapy. By the end of the study 8 patients were completely free of psoriasis, healing being achieved after a mean of 7.2 photochemotherapy treatments on the steroid treated lesions compared with 13.5 where a placebo ointment was used. No patient had any adverse reaction to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:343807", "title": "Immunofluorescent tracing of cytoplasmic components involved in keratinocyte differentiation.", "content": "Sera with epidermal cytoplasmic antibodies (E.C.A.) produced by human subjects after bone marrow transplantation have been studied by indirect immunofluorescen on rabbit lip sections. These sections were used in order to give on a single specimen, areas of mucosa, of parakeratotic and of orthokeratotic epithelium. It has been demonstrated that E.C.A. distinguished the basal cell layer from the upper cell layers on the three areas. Moreover, E.C.A. were not found to react identically on mucosal, parakeratotic and orthokeratotic epithelium. These findings strongly suggest that the target antigens for E.C.A. are molecules involved in keratinocyte differentiation.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent tracing of cytoplasmic components involved in keratinocyte differentiation. Sera with epidermal cytoplasmic antibodies (E.C.A.) produced by human subjects after bone marrow transplantation have been studied by indirect immunofluorescen on rabbit lip sections. These sections were used in order to give on a single specimen, areas of mucosa, of parakeratotic and of orthokeratotic epithelium. It has been demonstrated that E.C.A. distinguished the basal cell layer from the upper cell layers on the three areas. Moreover, E.C.A. were not found to react identically on mucosal, parakeratotic and orthokeratotic epithelium. These findings strongly suggest that the target antigens for E.C.A. are molecules involved in keratinocyte differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:343808", "title": "Pattern of amblyopia and fixation after keratoplasty.", "content": "Forty cases of clear corneal grafts in 2 groups of patients who developed corneal opacities either before or after 5 years of age were investigated for the pattern of amblyopia and fixation. A severe irreversible form of amblyopia with eccentric fixation was observed in cases of unilateral corneal opacity when the anomaly occurred before the age of 5 years and corneal grafting was delayed until the second or third decade of life. If the opacity was bilateral, although the onset was before the age of 5 years, the improvement in visual acuity after corneal grafting occurred in the relatively better eye with foveal fixation. Good visual results were seen after corneal grafting when the offending opacity occurred after the age of 5 years. Foveal fixation was also observed in most of these cases. None of the patients who had a squint preoperatively lost their angle of strabismus. Four cases in group B, however, developed an alternating squint postoperatively.", "contents": "Pattern of amblyopia and fixation after keratoplasty. Forty cases of clear corneal grafts in 2 groups of patients who developed corneal opacities either before or after 5 years of age were investigated for the pattern of amblyopia and fixation. A severe irreversible form of amblyopia with eccentric fixation was observed in cases of unilateral corneal opacity when the anomaly occurred before the age of 5 years and corneal grafting was delayed until the second or third decade of life. If the opacity was bilateral, although the onset was before the age of 5 years, the improvement in visual acuity after corneal grafting occurred in the relatively better eye with foveal fixation. Good visual results were seen after corneal grafting when the offending opacity occurred after the age of 5 years. Foveal fixation was also observed in most of these cases. None of the patients who had a squint preoperatively lost their angle of strabismus. Four cases in group B, however, developed an alternating squint postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:343810", "title": "Nucleotide clusters in deoxyribonucleic acids: sequence analysis of DNA using pyrimidine oligonucleotides as primers in the DNA polymerase I repair reaction.", "content": "Pyrimidine oligonucleotides have been shown to prime the E. coli DNA polymerase I repair reaction, specifically and reproducibly. DNA molecules up to 30 nucleotides long have been obtained from the extension of oligopyrimidine primers, 9 to 11 nucleotides long isolated from the complementary (minus) strand of bacteriophage S13 RFDNA using S13 viral DNA as the template molecule. The sequences of the extended primers were determined from mobility shift following separation of partially extended primers by ionophoresis and homochromatography, and by a modification of the \"plus\" system of Sanger and Coulson (1975). The 3' leads to 5' exonuclease activity of E. coli DNA polymerase was utilized for the \"plus\" system in the presence of single dNTPs and also with two dNTPs in the reaction, to give a nearest neighbor type of analysis for sequence confirmation. The ready availability of oligopyrimidine primers from any DNA and the simplification of the \"plus\" method broaden the range of applicability of the primed DNA polymerase I repair reaction for DNA sequence analysis.", "contents": "Nucleotide clusters in deoxyribonucleic acids: sequence analysis of DNA using pyrimidine oligonucleotides as primers in the DNA polymerase I repair reaction. Pyrimidine oligonucleotides have been shown to prime the E. coli DNA polymerase I repair reaction, specifically and reproducibly. DNA molecules up to 30 nucleotides long have been obtained from the extension of oligopyrimidine primers, 9 to 11 nucleotides long isolated from the complementary (minus) strand of bacteriophage S13 RFDNA using S13 viral DNA as the template molecule. The sequences of the extended primers were determined from mobility shift following separation of partially extended primers by ionophoresis and homochromatography, and by a modification of the \"plus\" system of Sanger and Coulson (1975). The 3' leads to 5' exonuclease activity of E. coli DNA polymerase was utilized for the \"plus\" system in the presence of single dNTPs and also with two dNTPs in the reaction, to give a nearest neighbor type of analysis for sequence confirmation. The ready availability of oligopyrimidine primers from any DNA and the simplification of the \"plus\" method broaden the range of applicability of the primed DNA polymerase I repair reaction for DNA sequence analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:343811", "title": "Photobinding of 8-methoxypsoralen to transfer RNA and 5-fluorouracil-enriched transfer RNA.", "content": "The photobinding of [3H]8MOP to tRNA upon irradiation at 365 nm in the absence of O2 was determined by gel filtration. The maximum photobinding was found to be ca. 4 mol of 8MOP er mol of tRNA and 5FU-tRNA, with an overall quantum yield of 2.3 X 10(-3). The photobinding kinetics for 8MOP-tRNA showed an apparent induction period or sigmoidal kinetic curve, indicating a specific initial photobinding site on tRNA which was identified as 4-thiouridine at position 8 from the 5'-end of Escherichia coli tRNA. Photobinding of 8MOP to 5FU-tRNA proceeded without an apparent induction period. 8MOP-tRNA and 8MOP-5FU-tRNA adducts were characterized by absorption, fluorescence, and CD spectroscopy. A modified procedure was also developed to analyze the nucleoside composition in modified 8MOP-tRNA and 8MOP-5FU-tRNA. The results showed that 8MOP photochemically added mainly to pyrimidine bases. The photobinding of 8MOP changed the conformation (secondary in particular) of tRNA and inhibited aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity.", "contents": "Photobinding of 8-methoxypsoralen to transfer RNA and 5-fluorouracil-enriched transfer RNA. The photobinding of [3H]8MOP to tRNA upon irradiation at 365 nm in the absence of O2 was determined by gel filtration. The maximum photobinding was found to be ca. 4 mol of 8MOP er mol of tRNA and 5FU-tRNA, with an overall quantum yield of 2.3 X 10(-3). The photobinding kinetics for 8MOP-tRNA showed an apparent induction period or sigmoidal kinetic curve, indicating a specific initial photobinding site on tRNA which was identified as 4-thiouridine at position 8 from the 5'-end of Escherichia coli tRNA. Photobinding of 8MOP to 5FU-tRNA proceeded without an apparent induction period. 8MOP-tRNA and 8MOP-5FU-tRNA adducts were characterized by absorption, fluorescence, and CD spectroscopy. A modified procedure was also developed to analyze the nucleoside composition in modified 8MOP-tRNA and 8MOP-5FU-tRNA. The results showed that 8MOP photochemically added mainly to pyrimidine bases. The photobinding of 8MOP changed the conformation (secondary in particular) of tRNA and inhibited aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:343812", "title": "Kinetic studies of Escherichia coli transfer RNA (uracil-5-)-methyltransferase.", "content": "The kinetic mechanism of a semipurified tRNA (uracil-5-)-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.35) preparation obtained from Escherichia coli has been studied at pH 9.0 in the presence and absence of products. The initial velocity and product inhibition patterns are consistent with a random order of addition of adenosylmethionine and transfer RNA to separate and independent binding sites on the enzyme. Values have been determined for the Michaelis and product inhibitor constants.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of Escherichia coli transfer RNA (uracil-5-)-methyltransferase. The kinetic mechanism of a semipurified tRNA (uracil-5-)-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.35) preparation obtained from Escherichia coli has been studied at pH 9.0 in the presence and absence of products. The initial velocity and product inhibition patterns are consistent with a random order of addition of adenosylmethionine and transfer RNA to separate and independent binding sites on the enzyme. Values have been determined for the Michaelis and product inhibitor constants."}
{"id": "PMID:343815", "title": "The plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Isolation and some properties.", "content": "The isolation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae plasma membrane was carried out after hypotonic lysis of yeast protoplasts treated with concanavalin A by two independent methods: a, at low speed centrifugation and b, at high speed centrifugation in a density gradient. Several techniques (electron microscopic, enzymic, tagging, etc.) were used to ascertain the degree of purification of the plasma membranes obtained. The low speed centrifugation technique as compared with the other method gave a higher yield of plasma membranes with a similar degree of purification. Analysis of the yeast plasma membrane of normally growing cells by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed at least 25 polypeptide bands. Twelve glycoprotein bands were also found, and their apparent molecular weights were determined. Treatment of the protoplasts with cycloheximide resulted in a significant decrease in the carbohydrate and protein content of the plasma membrane. The electrophoretic pattern of the plasma membrane of cycloheximide-treated cells showed a redistribution of the relative amounts of each protein band and a drastic reduction in the number of Schiff-positive bands. The isoelectric point of the most abundant proteins was low (pI 4) or lower than expected from previous data. A large part of the mannosyl transferase activity found in the cell (80%) was associated with the internal membranes, the remaining activity (20%) was located in the plasma membrane preparation. Part of the mannosyl transferase activity of the cells is located at the plasma membrane surface. Invertase (an external mannoprotein) is found in both the plasma and internal membranes, and as the specific activity dropped significantly following cycloheximide treatment of the cells, it is suggested that these membranes systems are the structures for the glycosylation of a precursor invertase and its subsequent release into the periplasmic space. Other transferase found in the plasma membrane preparation transfers glucose residues from UDPglucose to a poly(alpha(1 leads to 4) polymer identified as glycogen.", "contents": "The plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Isolation and some properties. The isolation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae plasma membrane was carried out after hypotonic lysis of yeast protoplasts treated with concanavalin A by two independent methods: a, at low speed centrifugation and b, at high speed centrifugation in a density gradient. Several techniques (electron microscopic, enzymic, tagging, etc.) were used to ascertain the degree of purification of the plasma membranes obtained. The low speed centrifugation technique as compared with the other method gave a higher yield of plasma membranes with a similar degree of purification. Analysis of the yeast plasma membrane of normally growing cells by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed at least 25 polypeptide bands. Twelve glycoprotein bands were also found, and their apparent molecular weights were determined. Treatment of the protoplasts with cycloheximide resulted in a significant decrease in the carbohydrate and protein content of the plasma membrane. The electrophoretic pattern of the plasma membrane of cycloheximide-treated cells showed a redistribution of the relative amounts of each protein band and a drastic reduction in the number of Schiff-positive bands. The isoelectric point of the most abundant proteins was low (pI 4) or lower than expected from previous data. A large part of the mannosyl transferase activity found in the cell (80%) was associated with the internal membranes, the remaining activity (20%) was located in the plasma membrane preparation. Part of the mannosyl transferase activity of the cells is located at the plasma membrane surface. Invertase (an external mannoprotein) is found in both the plasma and internal membranes, and as the specific activity dropped significantly following cycloheximide treatment of the cells, it is suggested that these membranes systems are the structures for the glycosylation of a precursor invertase and its subsequent release into the periplasmic space. Other transferase found in the plasma membrane preparation transfers glucose residues from UDPglucose to a poly(alpha(1 leads to 4) polymer identified as glycogen."}
{"id": "PMID:343817", "title": "Binding of [3H]narciclasine to eukaryotic ribosomes. A study on a structure-activity relationship.", "content": "[3H]Narciclasine is a specific inhibitor of peptide bond formation on eukaryotic ribosomes and binds to 60-S ribosomal subunits. Binding of [3H]-narciclasine to yeast ribosomes is inhibited by many other inhibitors of peptide bond formation including anisomycin, several sequiterpene antibiotics (trichodermin, trichothecin, fusarenon X and verrucarin A) several Cephalotaxus alkaloids (harringtonine, homoharringtonine and isoharringtonine), several Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (pretazettine, haemanthamine, lycorine, pseudolycorine and dihydrolycorine) and the narciclasine derivatives trans-dihydronarciclasine, trans-dihydronarciclasine acetonide and isonarciclasine. Binding is also inhibited, although to a very small extent, by methylnarciclasine and cisdihydronarciclasine. In contrast, no inhibition of [3H]narciclasine binding was observed in the presence of certain other inhibitors of peptide bond formation including blasticidin S, gougerotin, sparsomycin and puromycin.", "contents": "Binding of [3H]narciclasine to eukaryotic ribosomes. A study on a structure-activity relationship. [3H]Narciclasine is a specific inhibitor of peptide bond formation on eukaryotic ribosomes and binds to 60-S ribosomal subunits. Binding of [3H]-narciclasine to yeast ribosomes is inhibited by many other inhibitors of peptide bond formation including anisomycin, several sequiterpene antibiotics (trichodermin, trichothecin, fusarenon X and verrucarin A) several Cephalotaxus alkaloids (harringtonine, homoharringtonine and isoharringtonine), several Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (pretazettine, haemanthamine, lycorine, pseudolycorine and dihydrolycorine) and the narciclasine derivatives trans-dihydronarciclasine, trans-dihydronarciclasine acetonide and isonarciclasine. Binding is also inhibited, although to a very small extent, by methylnarciclasine and cisdihydronarciclasine. In contrast, no inhibition of [3H]narciclasine binding was observed in the presence of certain other inhibitors of peptide bond formation including blasticidin S, gougerotin, sparsomycin and puromycin."}
{"id": "PMID:343818", "title": "Inhibition of phosphoglycerate kinase by salicylates.", "content": "A kinetic analysis has been performed on the inhibition of the yeast phosphoglycerate kinase (APT:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3) reaction by 2-hydroxybenzoate (salicylate) and two of its iododerivatives, 2-hydroxy-5-iodobenzoate and 2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoate. The results give evidence that the salicylates mimic the nucleotide binding at the catalytic centre. The enzyme has an affinity for salicylate that dramatically increases for each iodine atom introduced to the benzene ring. Parabolic inhibition give evidence for two inhibitor binding sites per enzyme molecule. The two Ki values are 10 and 180 mM for salicylate, 0.60 and 13 mM for iodosalicylate and 0.064 and 0.70 mM for diiodosalicylate. The 2'-OH of the nucleotide substrate appears to be important for the catalytic events.", "contents": "Inhibition of phosphoglycerate kinase by salicylates. A kinetic analysis has been performed on the inhibition of the yeast phosphoglycerate kinase (APT:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3) reaction by 2-hydroxybenzoate (salicylate) and two of its iododerivatives, 2-hydroxy-5-iodobenzoate and 2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoate. The results give evidence that the salicylates mimic the nucleotide binding at the catalytic centre. The enzyme has an affinity for salicylate that dramatically increases for each iodine atom introduced to the benzene ring. Parabolic inhibition give evidence for two inhibitor binding sites per enzyme molecule. The two Ki values are 10 and 180 mM for salicylate, 0.60 and 13 mM for iodosalicylate and 0.064 and 0.70 mM for diiodosalicylate. The 2'-OH of the nucleotide substrate appears to be important for the catalytic events."}
{"id": "PMID:343819", "title": "Biosynthesis and characterization of large dolichyl diphosphate-linked oligosaccharides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Yeast membranes incorporate radioactivity from GDP[14C]mannose into various glycolipids. These can be separated by thin layer chromatography into at least seven components. The major component has been identified previously as dolichyl monophosphate mannose. Only one additional component is not sensitive to mild alkaline saponification, but is hydrolyzed instead under mild acidic conditions. This latter glycolipid has all the characteristics of a polyprenyl diphosphate oligosaccharide with a sugar moiety of more than 12 hexose units. It runs like dolichyl diphosphate derivatives on a DEAE column and evidence is presented that the lipid moiety is a polyprenol. When radioactive Dol-PP-di-N-acetylchitobiose is incubated with yeast membranes in the presence of non-radioactive GDPmannose a small amount of a larger lipid oligosaccharides is formed besides the previously-described Dol-PP-(GlcNAc)2 mannose. This oligosaccharide has all the properties of the glycolipid described above. Its formation is greatly increased when Triton is omitted from the incubation. Radioactivity of the polyprenyl diphosphate [14C]oligosaccharide is transferred to ethanol-insoluble material, most likely endogenous membrane glycoproteins.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and characterization of large dolichyl diphosphate-linked oligosaccharides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast membranes incorporate radioactivity from GDP[14C]mannose into various glycolipids. These can be separated by thin layer chromatography into at least seven components. The major component has been identified previously as dolichyl monophosphate mannose. Only one additional component is not sensitive to mild alkaline saponification, but is hydrolyzed instead under mild acidic conditions. This latter glycolipid has all the characteristics of a polyprenyl diphosphate oligosaccharide with a sugar moiety of more than 12 hexose units. It runs like dolichyl diphosphate derivatives on a DEAE column and evidence is presented that the lipid moiety is a polyprenol. When radioactive Dol-PP-di-N-acetylchitobiose is incubated with yeast membranes in the presence of non-radioactive GDPmannose a small amount of a larger lipid oligosaccharides is formed besides the previously-described Dol-PP-(GlcNAc)2 mannose. This oligosaccharide has all the properties of the glycolipid described above. Its formation is greatly increased when Triton is omitted from the incubation. Radioactivity of the polyprenyl diphosphate [14C]oligosaccharide is transferred to ethanol-insoluble material, most likely endogenous membrane glycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:343820", "title": "[Characterization of the membrane attached to the folded chromosome isolated from Escherichia coli].", "content": "Phospholipid analysis of the membranes associated with fast sedimenting folded chromosomes prepared by lysis of E. coli CR 34 shows that both inner and outer membranes are parts of the complex, in proportions not very different from that found in the whole bacteria. During the preparation of the folded chromosomes, the most recently synthesized molecules of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanoamine are more sensitive to solubilisation, particularly those from the cytoplasmic membrane. Identification of a dominant fraction, the outer membrane, in some complexes, results from a preferential solubilization of the inner membrane. These results do not favor any specific association between the folded chromosome and the membranes.", "contents": "[Characterization of the membrane attached to the folded chromosome isolated from Escherichia coli]. Phospholipid analysis of the membranes associated with fast sedimenting folded chromosomes prepared by lysis of E. coli CR 34 shows that both inner and outer membranes are parts of the complex, in proportions not very different from that found in the whole bacteria. During the preparation of the folded chromosomes, the most recently synthesized molecules of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanoamine are more sensitive to solubilisation, particularly those from the cytoplasmic membrane. Identification of a dominant fraction, the outer membrane, in some complexes, results from a preferential solubilization of the inner membrane. These results do not favor any specific association between the folded chromosome and the membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:343822", "title": "[The autonomic transfer of mitochondrial factors (cytoduction) during crossing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells].", "content": "When crossing the genetically marked yeast strains obtained from the Gif collection we observed the appearance of haploid nucleo-cytoplasmic hybrids carrying the 3 nuclear markers of the rho- parent and the mitochondrial markers (rho+ ER CR) of the other parent. The frequency of such cytoduction was about 1 per cent. The mitochondrial markers ER and CR were transmited to cytoductants together and did not segregate. The possible mechanisms of the cytoduction and its significance are discussed.", "contents": "[The autonomic transfer of mitochondrial factors (cytoduction) during crossing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells]. When crossing the genetically marked yeast strains obtained from the Gif collection we observed the appearance of haploid nucleo-cytoplasmic hybrids carrying the 3 nuclear markers of the rho- parent and the mitochondrial markers (rho+ ER CR) of the other parent. The frequency of such cytoduction was about 1 per cent. The mitochondrial markers ER and CR were transmited to cytoductants together and did not segregate. The possible mechanisms of the cytoduction and its significance are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:343824", "title": "A selected bibliography of biomedical and environmental applications of stable isotopes. I--Deuterium 1971-1976.", "content": "A compilation of selected references to the use of deuterium in biochemical, pharmacological, clinical and environmental applications for the period 1971-1976 is presented. As a further aid, author and subject indices have been compiled.", "contents": "A selected bibliography of biomedical and environmental applications of stable isotopes. I--Deuterium 1971-1976. A compilation of selected references to the use of deuterium in biochemical, pharmacological, clinical and environmental applications for the period 1971-1976 is presented. As a further aid, author and subject indices have been compiled."}
{"id": "PMID:343833", "title": "[Edema of the paws of white mice--test for assessing the activity of E. coli enterotoxins].", "content": "The authors studied the paw edema test in mice for detection of the E. coli (strain P-99) enterotoxins activity. This test proved to be simple, sensitive and reproducible; it permitted to determine the activity of thermostable and thermolabile enterotoxins and endotoxin; the mentioned test was particularly useful in testing various preparations of enterotoxins obtained during their extraction and purification.", "contents": "[Edema of the paws of white mice--test for assessing the activity of E. coli enterotoxins]. The authors studied the paw edema test in mice for detection of the E. coli (strain P-99) enterotoxins activity. This test proved to be simple, sensitive and reproducible; it permitted to determine the activity of thermostable and thermolabile enterotoxins and endotoxin; the mentioned test was particularly useful in testing various preparations of enterotoxins obtained during their extraction and purification."}
{"id": "PMID:343834", "title": "[Microcinematographic study of pancreatic islet cells from fetal cattle].", "content": "The growth characteristics of pancreatic islet cell cultures of bovine fetuses were investigated by the method of time-lapse cinemicrography. These monolayer cultures consisted of epithelial cells only. Under the influenc of high glucose concentration in the growth medium (up to 300 mg per 100 ml) there occurred an activation of mitochondrial apparatus of the islet cells, stimulation of cytogranulokinesis, and intensification of accumulation of the secretory granules with the subsequent degranulation of the islet cells. These data were compared with the results of cytological control of fixed and stained culture.", "contents": "[Microcinematographic study of pancreatic islet cells from fetal cattle]. The growth characteristics of pancreatic islet cell cultures of bovine fetuses were investigated by the method of time-lapse cinemicrography. These monolayer cultures consisted of epithelial cells only. Under the influenc of high glucose concentration in the growth medium (up to 300 mg per 100 ml) there occurred an activation of mitochondrial apparatus of the islet cells, stimulation of cytogranulokinesis, and intensification of accumulation of the secretory granules with the subsequent degranulation of the islet cells. These data were compared with the results of cytological control of fixed and stained culture."}
{"id": "PMID:343835", "title": "[Immunomorphologic study of the early stages of amyloidogenesis].", "content": "Early stages of amyloidogenesis were studied in mice with experimental amyloidosis. According to indirect Coons' method the cryostat sections of the spleens and other organs of mice were incubated first with pure rabbit fibrillar protein antiamyloid antibodies, and then with pure fluorescein-labeled foat antirabbit IgG antibodies. At the early period after 1--2 casein injections there appeared amyloid protein in the intercellular space and in the blood filling the spleen and liver sinuses. Formation of the typical amyloid deposits in the spleen were completed by the 5th--7th day of the experiment after 3--4 casein injections.", "contents": "[Immunomorphologic study of the early stages of amyloidogenesis]. Early stages of amyloidogenesis were studied in mice with experimental amyloidosis. According to indirect Coons' method the cryostat sections of the spleens and other organs of mice were incubated first with pure rabbit fibrillar protein antiamyloid antibodies, and then with pure fluorescein-labeled foat antirabbit IgG antibodies. At the early period after 1--2 casein injections there appeared amyloid protein in the intercellular space and in the blood filling the spleen and liver sinuses. Formation of the typical amyloid deposits in the spleen were completed by the 5th--7th day of the experiment after 3--4 casein injections."}
{"id": "PMID:343837", "title": "Platelet factor VIII-related antigen: studies in vivo after transfusion in patients with von Willebrand disease.", "content": "Four unrelated patients with a severe form of von Willebrand disease showed no detectable factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIR:AG) in either their plasma or their platelets. They received cryoprecipitate infusions, three patients in a single injection each and one every day for 9 days before and after surgery. Platelet VIIIR:Ag was studied at different times during and after transfusion using electroimmunoassay of platelet extracts and electron microscopy of the platelets incubated with anti-VIIIR:Ag antibodies coupled to peroxidase. No VIIIR-Ag was detected in or around the patients' platelets, although this antigen was detected in the circulating blood. These results that there was no VIIIR:Ag uptake from the plasma by the platelets and that platelet VIIIR:Ag came from megakaryocytes.", "contents": "Platelet factor VIII-related antigen: studies in vivo after transfusion in patients with von Willebrand disease. Four unrelated patients with a severe form of von Willebrand disease showed no detectable factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIR:AG) in either their plasma or their platelets. They received cryoprecipitate infusions, three patients in a single injection each and one every day for 9 days before and after surgery. Platelet VIIIR:Ag was studied at different times during and after transfusion using electroimmunoassay of platelet extracts and electron microscopy of the platelets incubated with anti-VIIIR:Ag antibodies coupled to peroxidase. No VIIIR-Ag was detected in or around the patients' platelets, although this antigen was detected in the circulating blood. These results that there was no VIIIR:Ag uptake from the plasma by the platelets and that platelet VIIIR:Ag came from megakaryocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:343839", "title": "[Polychemotherapy of advanced breast cancer. Triple combination with doxorubicin. Analysis of 209 observation].", "content": "Two hundred and nine patients with breast cancer in an advanced stage were treated according to a chemotherapeutic regimen associating doxorubicin, vincristine and methotrexate, administered in courses of 5 days every three weeks. This analysis deals only with the short range results; they confirm those of a previous randomized study. A global objective response was obtained in 187 cases (89%) and a measurable regression of the lesions in 150 cases (71%); in these later cases 90 (43%) had a regression of more than 50 per cent. The most striking effects, often rapidly observed, involve sites which are not generally sensitive: liver (40%), pleura (24%) and bone (only 6%, but 8 times out of 10 a definite action on the pain syndrome). Side effects were, on the whole, acceptable (only one severe hematologic complication); however, the risk of myocardiac toxocity due to the accumulation of doxorubicin limits the utilization of this association. It thus needs to be relayed by other drug regimens which are included in a program of long term action, but has interesting characteristics as induction chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Polychemotherapy of advanced breast cancer. Triple combination with doxorubicin. Analysis of 209 observation]. Two hundred and nine patients with breast cancer in an advanced stage were treated according to a chemotherapeutic regimen associating doxorubicin, vincristine and methotrexate, administered in courses of 5 days every three weeks. This analysis deals only with the short range results; they confirm those of a previous randomized study. A global objective response was obtained in 187 cases (89%) and a measurable regression of the lesions in 150 cases (71%); in these later cases 90 (43%) had a regression of more than 50 per cent. The most striking effects, often rapidly observed, involve sites which are not generally sensitive: liver (40%), pleura (24%) and bone (only 6%, but 8 times out of 10 a definite action on the pain syndrome). Side effects were, on the whole, acceptable (only one severe hematologic complication); however, the risk of myocardiac toxocity due to the accumulation of doxorubicin limits the utilization of this association. It thus needs to be relayed by other drug regimens which are included in a program of long term action, but has interesting characteristics as induction chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:343860", "title": "Metabolic effects of heavy physical training on female 'age-group' swimmers.", "content": "Twelve female age-group swimmers and twelve female controls, aged ten to sixteen, performed a pre-training discontinuous maximal cycle ergometer test to determine the capacities of their anaerobic (alactacid and lactacid) and aerobic energy systems. Heart rate and oxygen uptake were determined during rest, exercise, and recovery. Blood samples were collected before and after exercise for determination of blood lactic acid concentrations. Tests were readministered to both groups immediately following the swimmers' competitive season. It was concluded that female swimmers possess significantly superior oxygen transport systems as compared to the untrained controls and that the high level of aerobic fitness is maintained throughout their training programme.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of heavy physical training on female 'age-group' swimmers. Twelve female age-group swimmers and twelve female controls, aged ten to sixteen, performed a pre-training discontinuous maximal cycle ergometer test to determine the capacities of their anaerobic (alactacid and lactacid) and aerobic energy systems. Heart rate and oxygen uptake were determined during rest, exercise, and recovery. Blood samples were collected before and after exercise for determination of blood lactic acid concentrations. Tests were readministered to both groups immediately following the swimmers' competitive season. It was concluded that female swimmers possess significantly superior oxygen transport systems as compared to the untrained controls and that the high level of aerobic fitness is maintained throughout their training programme."}
{"id": "PMID:343862", "title": "Clinical trial of four pancreatic scanning agents.", "content": "Four 75Se-labelled amino acids have been tested in 22 patients. In 11 of the patients pancreatic function was estimated by the Lundh test. Scans at varying time intervals up to 30 hours from isotope administration were assessed by blind marking. Pancreatic visualization with all four agents was markedly poorer than would have been expected with 75Se-selenomethionine. Whole-body retention was estimated for all four agents; two showed faster 75Se clearance than selenomethionine. Radioactivity in duodenal aspirate was measured for two of the agents.", "contents": "Clinical trial of four pancreatic scanning agents. Four 75Se-labelled amino acids have been tested in 22 patients. In 11 of the patients pancreatic function was estimated by the Lundh test. Scans at varying time intervals up to 30 hours from isotope administration were assessed by blind marking. Pancreatic visualization with all four agents was markedly poorer than would have been expected with 75Se-selenomethionine. Whole-body retention was estimated for all four agents; two showed faster 75Se clearance than selenomethionine. Radioactivity in duodenal aspirate was measured for two of the agents."}
{"id": "PMID:343863", "title": "Controlled clinical trial of arginine for infertile men with oligozoospermia.", "content": "64 infertile men with oligozoospermia took part in a double blind cross-over trial. Each patient received matching capsules of a placebo and arginine for periods of 12 weeks. There was no difference in the conception rates of the wives or changes in the quality of the semen during each period of treatment.", "contents": "Controlled clinical trial of arginine for infertile men with oligozoospermia. 64 infertile men with oligozoospermia took part in a double blind cross-over trial. Each patient received matching capsules of a placebo and arginine for periods of 12 weeks. There was no difference in the conception rates of the wives or changes in the quality of the semen during each period of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:343868", "title": "Lichenoid tattoo hypersensitivity.", "content": "Four patients are described who developed granulomatous reactions in the red portions of their tattoos. Histopathological and immunofluorescence studies showed features of lichen planus. Mercury was identified in only one patient's lesion, and hypersensitivity to mercury was shown by patch testing in one other patient. Tattooing may provide a localised antigenic challenge resulting in spontaneously occurring lichen planus.", "contents": "Lichenoid tattoo hypersensitivity. Four patients are described who developed granulomatous reactions in the red portions of their tattoos. Histopathological and immunofluorescence studies showed features of lichen planus. Mercury was identified in only one patient's lesion, and hypersensitivity to mercury was shown by patch testing in one other patient. Tattooing may provide a localised antigenic challenge resulting in spontaneously occurring lichen planus."}
{"id": "PMID:343891", "title": "Interaction of chlorambucil with tRNA.", "content": "Preincubation of purified mixed tRNAs from Escherichia coli K12-MO with 2.94 mM chlorambucil (CAB) for 2 h at 37 degrees C results in the inhibition of the capacity of mixed tRNAs to accept alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine by 100, 71, 100, 100, 100, 95, 32, 88, 36, 26, 96, 78, 44, 31, 34, 98, 38, and 17% respectively. Preincubation of tRNA with 0.75 mM and 0.29 mM CAB inhibited aminoacylation by aspartic acid to the extent of 69 and 17% respectively. CAB has no apparent effect upon the capacity of ATP to function in the formation of aminoacylated tRNALeu.", "contents": "Interaction of chlorambucil with tRNA. Preincubation of purified mixed tRNAs from Escherichia coli K12-MO with 2.94 mM chlorambucil (CAB) for 2 h at 37 degrees C results in the inhibition of the capacity of mixed tRNAs to accept alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine by 100, 71, 100, 100, 100, 95, 32, 88, 36, 26, 96, 78, 44, 31, 34, 98, 38, and 17% respectively. Preincubation of tRNA with 0.75 mM and 0.29 mM CAB inhibited aminoacylation by aspartic acid to the extent of 69 and 17% respectively. CAB has no apparent effect upon the capacity of ATP to function in the formation of aminoacylated tRNALeu."}
{"id": "PMID:343894", "title": "New drugs in hypertension.", "content": "Clonidine, propranolol, bethanidine and debrisoquine effectively decrease blood pressure by suppressing renin secretion or interfering with function of the sympathetic nervous system. In man these compounds exert an antihypertensive effect within several hours or days and their duration of action is sufficient to permit administration twice or thrice daily. Clonidine and propranolol are especially useful if sexual dysfunction or postural hypotension is undesirable. Although bethanidine and debrisoquine may produce these adverse effects, they are beneficial in severe hypertension and produce fewer side effects than guanethidine. Clonidine frequently causes sedation, and rebound hypertension may occur with sudden cessation of therapy. Injudicious use of propranolol may provoke heart failure or asthma in susceptible individuals. The combination of a thiazide diuretic with propranolol and one of hydralazine, bethanidine and debrisoquine may be used to treat severe or complicated hypertension.", "contents": "New drugs in hypertension. Clonidine, propranolol, bethanidine and debrisoquine effectively decrease blood pressure by suppressing renin secretion or interfering with function of the sympathetic nervous system. In man these compounds exert an antihypertensive effect within several hours or days and their duration of action is sufficient to permit administration twice or thrice daily. Clonidine and propranolol are especially useful if sexual dysfunction or postural hypotension is undesirable. Although bethanidine and debrisoquine may produce these adverse effects, they are beneficial in severe hypertension and produce fewer side effects than guanethidine. Clonidine frequently causes sedation, and rebound hypertension may occur with sudden cessation of therapy. Injudicious use of propranolol may provoke heart failure or asthma in susceptible individuals. The combination of a thiazide diuretic with propranolol and one of hydralazine, bethanidine and debrisoquine may be used to treat severe or complicated hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:343895", "title": "5. New approaches to the management of flail chest.", "content": "Although continuous positive-pressure ventilation (internal pneumatic fixation) was a great advance in the treatment of flail chest and is now the standard treatment of this condition, early and late complications related to tracheostomy and long-term ventilation are associated with this method. These complications can be avoided by use of three recently adopted techniques--expectant therapy, intermittent mandatory ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure, and early surgical stabilization of fractures. All patients should continue to be treated in intensive care units so that impending respiratory failure can be identified and treated. These newer forms of therapy not only have the advantages of avoiding complications inherent in tracheostomy and prolonged ventilation, but also decrease the length of hospital stay and expense of treatment.", "contents": "5. New approaches to the management of flail chest. Although continuous positive-pressure ventilation (internal pneumatic fixation) was a great advance in the treatment of flail chest and is now the standard treatment of this condition, early and late complications related to tracheostomy and long-term ventilation are associated with this method. These complications can be avoided by use of three recently adopted techniques--expectant therapy, intermittent mandatory ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure, and early surgical stabilization of fractures. All patients should continue to be treated in intensive care units so that impending respiratory failure can be identified and treated. These newer forms of therapy not only have the advantages of avoiding complications inherent in tracheostomy and prolonged ventilation, but also decrease the length of hospital stay and expense of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:343896", "title": "7. The groin flap: a new technique to repair traumatic tissue defects.", "content": "Tissue loss from trauma, particularly in the hand and forearm, occasionally requires immediate skin-flap coverage to ensure optimal healing. A consistently safe technique of skin-flap coverage is use of a groin flap. Anatomic studies of this flap have revealed the reliability of blood supply by the superficial circumflex iliac vessels to an area of skin and subcutaneous tissue running paralle to the inguinal ligament lateral to the femoral artery, and the axial relation of the vessels to the flap allows the surgeon to take a longer flap than usual without fear of vascular embarassment. Three case reports illustrate the value of the groin flap in primary soft-tissue closure and in the treatment of acute traumatic injuries.", "contents": "7. The groin flap: a new technique to repair traumatic tissue defects. Tissue loss from trauma, particularly in the hand and forearm, occasionally requires immediate skin-flap coverage to ensure optimal healing. A consistently safe technique of skin-flap coverage is use of a groin flap. Anatomic studies of this flap have revealed the reliability of blood supply by the superficial circumflex iliac vessels to an area of skin and subcutaneous tissue running paralle to the inguinal ligament lateral to the femoral artery, and the axial relation of the vessels to the flap allows the surgeon to take a longer flap than usual without fear of vascular embarassment. Three case reports illustrate the value of the groin flap in primary soft-tissue closure and in the treatment of acute traumatic injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:343897", "title": "Results of 12 years' treatment of chronic renal failure by dialysis and transplantation.", "content": "The survival of 305 patients with chronic renal failure treated at the Vancouver General Hospital by centre and home peritoneal dialysis, centre and home hemodialysis and cadaver renal transplantation over a 12-year period was analysed. There was decreasing survival with age except in patients undergoing home dialysis. Hypertension and analgesic nephropathy as primary causes of renal disease were associated with a poor prognosis. Hence age and diagnosis appear to be two of the main determinants of survival. Cardiovascular disease was the commonest cause of death but seven deaths were due to dialysis dementia. The results compare favourably with other published statistics.", "contents": "Results of 12 years' treatment of chronic renal failure by dialysis and transplantation. The survival of 305 patients with chronic renal failure treated at the Vancouver General Hospital by centre and home peritoneal dialysis, centre and home hemodialysis and cadaver renal transplantation over a 12-year period was analysed. There was decreasing survival with age except in patients undergoing home dialysis. Hypertension and analgesic nephropathy as primary causes of renal disease were associated with a poor prognosis. Hence age and diagnosis appear to be two of the main determinants of survival. Cardiovascular disease was the commonest cause of death but seven deaths were due to dialysis dementia. The results compare favourably with other published statistics."}
{"id": "PMID:343900", "title": "Cigarette smoking and reactions to air pollutants.", "content": "There are many mechanisms whereby recent exposure to cigarette smoke augments the toxicity of common air contaminants: the total pollutant burden is increased, there is cumulative irritation of the airways, pollutants are deposited selectively in the airways, ventilatory patterns are altered, mucus production is increased, ciliary function is depressed, mucosal characteristics are altered, macrophage activity is depressed and specific allergic reactions may occur. In the longer term adverse changes of form and function may develop in the lining of the airways.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking and reactions to air pollutants. There are many mechanisms whereby recent exposure to cigarette smoke augments the toxicity of common air contaminants: the total pollutant burden is increased, there is cumulative irritation of the airways, pollutants are deposited selectively in the airways, ventilatory patterns are altered, mucus production is increased, ciliary function is depressed, mucosal characteristics are altered, macrophage activity is depressed and specific allergic reactions may occur. In the longer term adverse changes of form and function may develop in the lining of the airways."}
{"id": "PMID:343902", "title": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis: in vitro measles immunity and sensitization to myelin basic protein.", "content": "Three children with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), 12 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 12 healthy persons were studied by the macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) assay with measles and rubella antigens and with myelin basic protein. For the SSPE patients the mean migration indexes +/- standard deviation were 44.1 +/- 10.9 for measles antigen, 38.7 +/- 12.3 for rubella antigen and 49.8 +/- 25.7 for myelin basic protein; for the MS patients the indexes were 103.0 +/- 10.6, 93.8 +/- 15.0 and 89.3 +/- 19.9; and for the healthy subjects the indexes were 68.8 +/- 22.6, 77.7 +/- 31.3 and 100.1 +/- 6.5. The results of this study showed increased cellular immunity to measles and rubella in SSPE patients as compared with healthy persons, and absence of immunity to measles in MS patients. Patients with MS showed hypersensitivity to myelin basic protein during clinical exacerbations that was not associated with changes in immunity to measles, whereas all SSPE patients showed a significant response regardless to stage of illness.", "contents": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis: in vitro measles immunity and sensitization to myelin basic protein. Three children with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), 12 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 12 healthy persons were studied by the macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) assay with measles and rubella antigens and with myelin basic protein. For the SSPE patients the mean migration indexes +/- standard deviation were 44.1 +/- 10.9 for measles antigen, 38.7 +/- 12.3 for rubella antigen and 49.8 +/- 25.7 for myelin basic protein; for the MS patients the indexes were 103.0 +/- 10.6, 93.8 +/- 15.0 and 89.3 +/- 19.9; and for the healthy subjects the indexes were 68.8 +/- 22.6, 77.7 +/- 31.3 and 100.1 +/- 6.5. The results of this study showed increased cellular immunity to measles and rubella in SSPE patients as compared with healthy persons, and absence of immunity to measles in MS patients. Patients with MS showed hypersensitivity to myelin basic protein during clinical exacerbations that was not associated with changes in immunity to measles, whereas all SSPE patients showed a significant response regardless to stage of illness."}
{"id": "PMID:343903", "title": "Postdiarrheal arthropathy of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.", "content": "Two patients with acute gastroenteritis in whom polyarthritis subsequently developed were found to have positive serologic results for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. With resolution of the arthropathy the antibody titres decreased. While the patient without the histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27 had an acute, self-limited arthritis, the patient with this antigen had a more chronic arthritis. Serologic typing and stool culture for Y. pseudotuberculosis should be done in cases of postdysenteric arthritis.", "contents": "Postdiarrheal arthropathy of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Two patients with acute gastroenteritis in whom polyarthritis subsequently developed were found to have positive serologic results for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. With resolution of the arthropathy the antibody titres decreased. While the patient without the histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27 had an acute, self-limited arthritis, the patient with this antigen had a more chronic arthritis. Serologic typing and stool culture for Y. pseudotuberculosis should be done in cases of postdysenteric arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:343904", "title": "Combination antibiotic therapy in an outbreak of prosthetic endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis.", "content": "The efficacy of combination antibiotics in vivo and in vitro was studied during an outbreak of prosthetic endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis in 10 patients. The epidemic curve suggested that patients were infected at the time of their operation, with an interval from that time until diagnosis of 11 days to 20 months. The overall mortality was 50%. Four of six patients treated with gentamicin in combination with a penicillin analogue, a cephalosporin or clindamycin survived without reoperation. One of four patients survived when treated with regimens that did not include gentamicin. In vitro studies showed a median minimum inhibitory concentration for methicillin of 8.0 microgram/mL, compared with 0.1 microgram/mL for cephalothin, clindamycin and gentamicin, and a synergistic bactericidal effect between gentamicin and methicillin, cephalothin or clindamycin. These data suggest that gentamicin is a valuable component of combination antibiotic therapy in prosthetic endocarditis caused by S. epidermidis.", "contents": "Combination antibiotic therapy in an outbreak of prosthetic endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. The efficacy of combination antibiotics in vivo and in vitro was studied during an outbreak of prosthetic endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis in 10 patients. The epidemic curve suggested that patients were infected at the time of their operation, with an interval from that time until diagnosis of 11 days to 20 months. The overall mortality was 50%. Four of six patients treated with gentamicin in combination with a penicillin analogue, a cephalosporin or clindamycin survived without reoperation. One of four patients survived when treated with regimens that did not include gentamicin. In vitro studies showed a median minimum inhibitory concentration for methicillin of 8.0 microgram/mL, compared with 0.1 microgram/mL for cephalothin, clindamycin and gentamicin, and a synergistic bactericidal effect between gentamicin and methicillin, cephalothin or clindamycin. These data suggest that gentamicin is a valuable component of combination antibiotic therapy in prosthetic endocarditis caused by S. epidermidis."}
{"id": "PMID:343905", "title": "Role of the adrenal cortex and sodium in the pathogenesis of human hypertension.", "content": "After 30 years of continuous research into the mechanisms of human hypertension, we summarize the results obtained by the members of the multidisciplinary research group on hypertension of the Clinical Research Institute of Montreal on the disturbances of minerlocorticoid activity in a rigorously selected group of patients with early, mild essential hypertension. We attempt to integrate these findings with those of many other groups working on other aspects of hypertensive cardiovascular diseases. On the assumption that the increased peripheral resistance responsible for hypertension results from an imbalance or a disturbance of the equilibrium between the sympathetic nervous system and norepinephrine on one hand, and the vascular tone, sensitivity and responsiveness of the arterial smooth muscle to norepinephrine and to angiotensin II on the other hand, three models that fit the experimental and clinical facts as known at present are described.", "contents": "Role of the adrenal cortex and sodium in the pathogenesis of human hypertension. After 30 years of continuous research into the mechanisms of human hypertension, we summarize the results obtained by the members of the multidisciplinary research group on hypertension of the Clinical Research Institute of Montreal on the disturbances of minerlocorticoid activity in a rigorously selected group of patients with early, mild essential hypertension. We attempt to integrate these findings with those of many other groups working on other aspects of hypertensive cardiovascular diseases. On the assumption that the increased peripheral resistance responsible for hypertension results from an imbalance or a disturbance of the equilibrium between the sympathetic nervous system and norepinephrine on one hand, and the vascular tone, sensitivity and responsiveness of the arterial smooth muscle to norepinephrine and to angiotensin II on the other hand, three models that fit the experimental and clinical facts as known at present are described."}
{"id": "PMID:343907", "title": "Combination chemotherapy in metastatic malignant melanoma: a randomized study of three DTIC-containing combination.", "content": "The activity of three DTIC-containing combinations was compared in a prospective randomized study. Of 101 patients randomized to receive one of the three regimens, 95 received adequate trials. Response rates were as follows: DTIC + cyclophosphamide 7/29 (24%); DTIC + vinblastine 6/34 (18%); DTIC + procarbazine 4/32 (13%). None of these response rates is significantly superior to any of the others. When the activity of the combination is analyzed by sex, DTIC + cyclophosphamide appears more active in females than the other regimens, but the difference is not statistically significant. Response to treatment is associated with significant prolongation of life; the median survival among responders was 11 months, while those who progressed lived a median of 4 months from the start of therapy. Toxicity of all regimens appeared to be about the same; therapy with DTIC + procarbazine was associated with significantly more nausea and vomiting. This study has failed to demonstrate clearly that any of three combinations is superior to any of the others.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy in metastatic malignant melanoma: a randomized study of three DTIC-containing combination. The activity of three DTIC-containing combinations was compared in a prospective randomized study. Of 101 patients randomized to receive one of the three regimens, 95 received adequate trials. Response rates were as follows: DTIC + cyclophosphamide 7/29 (24%); DTIC + vinblastine 6/34 (18%); DTIC + procarbazine 4/32 (13%). None of these response rates is significantly superior to any of the others. When the activity of the combination is analyzed by sex, DTIC + cyclophosphamide appears more active in females than the other regimens, but the difference is not statistically significant. Response to treatment is associated with significant prolongation of life; the median survival among responders was 11 months, while those who progressed lived a median of 4 months from the start of therapy. Toxicity of all regimens appeared to be about the same; therapy with DTIC + procarbazine was associated with significantly more nausea and vomiting. This study has failed to demonstrate clearly that any of three combinations is superior to any of the others."}
{"id": "PMID:343908", "title": "Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma complicating chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Nine patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who also developed diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DH) are described. The incidence of patients with CLL developing DH was at least 3.3%. CLL existed for a median of 2 years before the diagnosis of DH. DH presented in 8 patients with abdominal symptoms and/or enlarging lymph nodes, spleen and liver. There were no consistent laboratory abnormalities associated with the onset of DH. In 4 of the patients the DH appeared to be localized. Eight of the 9 patients have died with a median survival of 2 months from the diagnosis of DH. Whether DH occurs as a result of \"blastic transformation\" of pre-existing CLL or is a second, unrelated malignancy is not certain. It is hypothesized that utilizing current therapies for DH might favorably influence survival.", "contents": "Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma complicating chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nine patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who also developed diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DH) are described. The incidence of patients with CLL developing DH was at least 3.3%. CLL existed for a median of 2 years before the diagnosis of DH. DH presented in 8 patients with abdominal symptoms and/or enlarging lymph nodes, spleen and liver. There were no consistent laboratory abnormalities associated with the onset of DH. In 4 of the patients the DH appeared to be localized. Eight of the 9 patients have died with a median survival of 2 months from the diagnosis of DH. Whether DH occurs as a result of \"blastic transformation\" of pre-existing CLL or is a second, unrelated malignancy is not certain. It is hypothesized that utilizing current therapies for DH might favorably influence survival."}
{"id": "PMID:343909", "title": "Pleomorphic adenoma (\"mixed\" tumor) of human female breast mimicking carcinoma clinico-radiologically.", "content": "A case of pleomorphic adenoma (\"mixed\" tumor) of the breast is described Although rare, this is a distinctive primary neoplasm which can be mistaken for a malignant tumor both clinically and radiologically. Brief reviews of the pertinent literature and of the possible origin of the tumor are presented.", "contents": "Pleomorphic adenoma (\"mixed\" tumor) of human female breast mimicking carcinoma clinico-radiologically. A case of pleomorphic adenoma (\"mixed\" tumor) of the breast is described Although rare, this is a distinctive primary neoplasm which can be mistaken for a malignant tumor both clinically and radiologically. Brief reviews of the pertinent literature and of the possible origin of the tumor are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:343910", "title": "Anaerobic liver abscess and intrahepatic metastases: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A patient is described in whom the first recurrence of a cloacogenic carcinoma of the rectum was an intrahepatic metastasis associated with an hepatic abscess caused by the anaerobic bacterium Peptococcus prevotii. Three previously reported cases of infection associated with hepatic tumor nodules have been found in which bacteriologic data were provided, and in all three cases anaerobic bacteria were the primary or only infection organisms. Experimental data exist which document the ability of certain anaerobic bacteria to grow selectively in tumor nodules, but not in the normal tissues of a tumor-bearing host. Since 23% of patients with liver metastases have fever and offer a clinical picture compatible with infection, occult anaerobic infection associated with liver metastases may be more common than previously recognized.", "contents": "Anaerobic liver abscess and intrahepatic metastases: a case report and review of the literature. A patient is described in whom the first recurrence of a cloacogenic carcinoma of the rectum was an intrahepatic metastasis associated with an hepatic abscess caused by the anaerobic bacterium Peptococcus prevotii. Three previously reported cases of infection associated with hepatic tumor nodules have been found in which bacteriologic data were provided, and in all three cases anaerobic bacteria were the primary or only infection organisms. Experimental data exist which document the ability of certain anaerobic bacteria to grow selectively in tumor nodules, but not in the normal tissues of a tumor-bearing host. Since 23% of patients with liver metastases have fever and offer a clinical picture compatible with infection, occult anaerobic infection associated with liver metastases may be more common than previously recognized."}
{"id": "PMID:343911", "title": "Granulocytic sarcoma of the uterus.", "content": "The presenting features of vaginal bleeding and abnormal cytologic smears in a elderly patient with simultaneously occurring acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), were due to massive infiltration of the uterine cervix and endometrium by immature myeloid elements or granulocytic sarcoma. The abnormal cytologic smears and uterine mass were initially believed to represent a poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. The diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma was confirmed with the naphthol AS-D chloroacetate stain that demonstrated activity in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells.", "contents": "Granulocytic sarcoma of the uterus. The presenting features of vaginal bleeding and abnormal cytologic smears in a elderly patient with simultaneously occurring acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), were due to massive infiltration of the uterine cervix and endometrium by immature myeloid elements or granulocytic sarcoma. The abnormal cytologic smears and uterine mass were initially believed to represent a poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. The diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma was confirmed with the naphthol AS-D chloroacetate stain that demonstrated activity in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:343912", "title": "Evaluation of two plasma fucosyltransferases as marker enzymes in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Levels of two fusosyltransferases were measured in plasmas of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at different phases of the disease. The level of a GDP-fucose: galactoside fucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.69) was found elevated in nonresponding patients and was correlated with estimated tumor burden. Enzyme levels in the normal range were found in patients in remission, maintained on chemotherapy, or unmaintained. The plasma level of a GDP-fucose; N-acetylglucosaminide fucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.68) was elevated in all individuals receiving drug therapy regardless of diesease status, but returned to normal levels during unmaintained remissions.", "contents": "Evaluation of two plasma fucosyltransferases as marker enzymes in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Levels of two fusosyltransferases were measured in plasmas of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at different phases of the disease. The level of a GDP-fucose: galactoside fucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.69) was found elevated in nonresponding patients and was correlated with estimated tumor burden. Enzyme levels in the normal range were found in patients in remission, maintained on chemotherapy, or unmaintained. The plasma level of a GDP-fucose; N-acetylglucosaminide fucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.68) was elevated in all individuals receiving drug therapy regardless of diesease status, but returned to normal levels during unmaintained remissions."}
{"id": "PMID:343913", "title": "2alpha, 3alpha-epithio-5alpha-androstan-17beta-yl 1-methoxycyclopentyl ether in the treatment of advanced breast cancer: Japanese Cooperative Group of Hormonal Treatment for Breast Cancer.", "content": "A new antiestrogenic steroid, 2alpha, 3alpha-epithio-5alpha-androstand-17beta-yl 1-methoxy-cyclopentyl ether, mepitiostane, given orally 10 mg b.i.d. to 50 patients with advanced breast cancer, produced objective regression of the tumor in 17 cases (34%). Objective regression of the metastases was seen in 20 of the 48 control patients given fluoxymesterone, 10 mg b.i.d. orally (47.7%). These figures do not differ significantly. The study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial employing the protocol of the Cooperative Breast Cancer Group. There was a significantly lower incidence of hepatotoxicity in the patients given mepitiostane.", "contents": "2alpha, 3alpha-epithio-5alpha-androstan-17beta-yl 1-methoxycyclopentyl ether in the treatment of advanced breast cancer: Japanese Cooperative Group of Hormonal Treatment for Breast Cancer. A new antiestrogenic steroid, 2alpha, 3alpha-epithio-5alpha-androstand-17beta-yl 1-methoxy-cyclopentyl ether, mepitiostane, given orally 10 mg b.i.d. to 50 patients with advanced breast cancer, produced objective regression of the tumor in 17 cases (34%). Objective regression of the metastases was seen in 20 of the 48 control patients given fluoxymesterone, 10 mg b.i.d. orally (47.7%). These figures do not differ significantly. The study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial employing the protocol of the Cooperative Breast Cancer Group. There was a significantly lower incidence of hepatotoxicity in the patients given mepitiostane."}
{"id": "PMID:343914", "title": "Fanconi syndrome associated with cephalothin and gentamicin therapy.", "content": "A case is reported of Fanconi syndrome and nonliquric renal failure, following a brief course of cephalothin and gentamicin, in a patient with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. These drugs, especially when used in combination, have been associated with nephrotoxicity manifested as acute tubular necrosis and altered proximal tubular function, but biochemical evidence for generalized proximal tubular dysfunction has not been accurately defined. Thus far, only two other antibiotics, degraded tetracycline and streptozotocin, have been implicated in producing an acquired Fanconi syndrome.", "contents": "Fanconi syndrome associated with cephalothin and gentamicin therapy. A case is reported of Fanconi syndrome and nonliquric renal failure, following a brief course of cephalothin and gentamicin, in a patient with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. These drugs, especially when used in combination, have been associated with nephrotoxicity manifested as acute tubular necrosis and altered proximal tubular function, but biochemical evidence for generalized proximal tubular dysfunction has not been accurately defined. Thus far, only two other antibiotics, degraded tetracycline and streptozotocin, have been implicated in producing an acquired Fanconi syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:343917", "title": "A new analytical method for determining duration of phases, rate of DNA synthesis and degree of synchronization from flow-cytometric data on synchronized cell populations.", "content": "L-cells synchronized by mitotic selection were investigated by flow-cytometry and the fractions of cells in the various cell cycle compartments were determined as a function of time. A new analytical evaluation procedure was developed, by which the mean transit-times of cells through various cell cycle phases can be calculated from these data. Three examples for application of the method are presented: (1) determination of the duration of G1, S, G2 + M and of the whole cell cycle; (2) calculation of the rate of DNA synthesis in several subcompartments of the S-phase; and (3) evaluation of the degree of synchronization at different stages of the cell cycle.", "contents": "A new analytical method for determining duration of phases, rate of DNA synthesis and degree of synchronization from flow-cytometric data on synchronized cell populations. L-cells synchronized by mitotic selection were investigated by flow-cytometry and the fractions of cells in the various cell cycle compartments were determined as a function of time. A new analytical evaluation procedure was developed, by which the mean transit-times of cells through various cell cycle phases can be calculated from these data. Three examples for application of the method are presented: (1) determination of the duration of G1, S, G2 + M and of the whole cell cycle; (2) calculation of the rate of DNA synthesis in several subcompartments of the S-phase; and (3) evaluation of the degree of synchronization at different stages of the cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:343918", "title": "Endocrine cells in the oesophagus of the ascidian Styela clava, a cytochemical and immunofluorescence study.", "content": "Immunocytochemical studies have demonstrated the occurrence of an insulin-immunoreactive cell type in the oesophageal epithelium of the Ascidian Styela clava. Staining with aldehyde fuchsin has demonstrated a number of similar small, triangular, cells located on the basement membrane, which may have an endocrine function. Argyrophilic cells have also been found, suggesting the presence of a second endocrine cell type. The absence of argentaffin cells has led us to believe that the cells so far observed do not produce biogenic amines such as 5-HT (5-Hydroxytryptamine). The nature of these cells is discussed with reference to endocrine-like cells found in the digestive tracts of other protochordates.", "contents": "Endocrine cells in the oesophagus of the ascidian Styela clava, a cytochemical and immunofluorescence study. Immunocytochemical studies have demonstrated the occurrence of an insulin-immunoreactive cell type in the oesophageal epithelium of the Ascidian Styela clava. Staining with aldehyde fuchsin has demonstrated a number of similar small, triangular, cells located on the basement membrane, which may have an endocrine function. Argyrophilic cells have also been found, suggesting the presence of a second endocrine cell type. The absence of argentaffin cells has led us to believe that the cells so far observed do not produce biogenic amines such as 5-HT (5-Hydroxytryptamine). The nature of these cells is discussed with reference to endocrine-like cells found in the digestive tracts of other protochordates."}
{"id": "PMID:343919", "title": "Different myosins in myoid and entodermal reticular epithelial cells of the thymus. An immunocytochemical study using specific antibodies against striated and smooth muscle myosin.", "content": "A sensitive immunofluorescence microscopical technique employing specific antibodies against highly purified actin and (smooth muscle type) myosin from chicken gizzard and myosin from human striated muscle was used to localize these contractile proteins in the thymus of rat, guinea-pig, cat and chicken. Myoid cells were seen to react with antibodies to striated, but not to smooth muscle type myosin, whereas reticular epithelial cells contained smooth, but not striated type myosin. Actin immunoreactivity was found in both myoid and reticular epithelial cells.", "contents": "Different myosins in myoid and entodermal reticular epithelial cells of the thymus. An immunocytochemical study using specific antibodies against striated and smooth muscle myosin. A sensitive immunofluorescence microscopical technique employing specific antibodies against highly purified actin and (smooth muscle type) myosin from chicken gizzard and myosin from human striated muscle was used to localize these contractile proteins in the thymus of rat, guinea-pig, cat and chicken. Myoid cells were seen to react with antibodies to striated, but not to smooth muscle type myosin, whereas reticular epithelial cells contained smooth, but not striated type myosin. Actin immunoreactivity was found in both myoid and reticular epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:343920", "title": "Immunofluorescence of somatostatin-producing sites in the hypothalamus of the tadpole, Alytes obstetricans Laur.", "content": "Three sites of somatostatin-synthesizing perikarya, or a related antigen, were determined by immunofluorescence in the hypothalamus of the tadpole, Alytes obstetricans (Amphibia, Anura). Two sites of neurosecretory perikarya were localized in the preoptic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus; the axons extended either to the anterior diencephalon or to the median eminence and the pituitary. The third site was found in the posterior hypothalamus. These neurosecretory cells showed a strong immunofluorescent reaction; their axons all terminated at the level of the median eminence. Somatostatin cells were only found in intact or hypophysectomized tadpoles given somatotropin (STH). The strong reaction observed in hypophysectomized tadpoles was possibly due to the loss of the terminal portion of the neurosecretory pathway (median eminence and pituitary) by which the agent is transported to the site of discharge.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence of somatostatin-producing sites in the hypothalamus of the tadpole, Alytes obstetricans Laur. Three sites of somatostatin-synthesizing perikarya, or a related antigen, were determined by immunofluorescence in the hypothalamus of the tadpole, Alytes obstetricans (Amphibia, Anura). Two sites of neurosecretory perikarya were localized in the preoptic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus; the axons extended either to the anterior diencephalon or to the median eminence and the pituitary. The third site was found in the posterior hypothalamus. These neurosecretory cells showed a strong immunofluorescent reaction; their axons all terminated at the level of the median eminence. Somatostatin cells were only found in intact or hypophysectomized tadpoles given somatotropin (STH). The strong reaction observed in hypophysectomized tadpoles was possibly due to the loss of the terminal portion of the neurosecretory pathway (median eminence and pituitary) by which the agent is transported to the site of discharge."}
{"id": "PMID:343926", "title": "Ultrastructural immunocytochemical distribution of tubulin in cultured cells treated with microtubule inhibitors.", "content": "Microtubules in tissue cultured cells are stained immunocytochemically with the PAP-method using a purified antitubulin antibody. Treatment of the cells with microtubule inhibitors (colchicine, nocodazole, vinblastine) results in the disappearance of microtubules. The diffuse cytoplasmic staining is strongly increased in the cells by colchicine and nocodazole. Vinblastine produces paracrystalline aggregates that are strongly stained and macrotubules that are unstained. The diffuse staining is much less in vinblastine-treated cells. The bundles of intermediate filaments that are induced by all microtubule inhibitors do not bind the antitubulin antibody.", "contents": "Ultrastructural immunocytochemical distribution of tubulin in cultured cells treated with microtubule inhibitors. Microtubules in tissue cultured cells are stained immunocytochemically with the PAP-method using a purified antitubulin antibody. Treatment of the cells with microtubule inhibitors (colchicine, nocodazole, vinblastine) results in the disappearance of microtubules. The diffuse cytoplasmic staining is strongly increased in the cells by colchicine and nocodazole. Vinblastine produces paracrystalline aggregates that are strongly stained and macrotubules that are unstained. The diffuse staining is much less in vinblastine-treated cells. The bundles of intermediate filaments that are induced by all microtubule inhibitors do not bind the antitubulin antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:343927", "title": "Active chromatin structure.", "content": "Active gene sequences are present in the nucleosomal fraction of chromatin. Histones are attached to the DNA of transcribing non-ribosomal genes, and EM images suggest that their conformation is related to that of nucleosomes, or is readily converted to that structure on preparation for microscopy. Active nucleosomes do have, however, a changed conformation, since their DNA is more susceptible to endonucleolytic attack by DNase I. This alteration appears to reflect potential rather than actual transcriptional activity. Mechanisms for nucleosome disassembly to allow transcription without histone have been proposed. These involve alterations in histone-histone interactions without perturbation of histone-DNA contact.", "contents": "Active chromatin structure. Active gene sequences are present in the nucleosomal fraction of chromatin. Histones are attached to the DNA of transcribing non-ribosomal genes, and EM images suggest that their conformation is related to that of nucleosomes, or is readily converted to that structure on preparation for microscopy. Active nucleosomes do have, however, a changed conformation, since their DNA is more susceptible to endonucleolytic attack by DNase I. This alteration appears to reflect potential rather than actual transcriptional activity. Mechanisms for nucleosome disassembly to allow transcription without histone have been proposed. These involve alterations in histone-histone interactions without perturbation of histone-DNA contact."}
{"id": "PMID:343940", "title": "A study on the microbial filtration efficiency of surgical face masks--with special reference to the non-woven fabric mask.", "content": "With the experimental apparatus designed and made available by Nicholes, we evaluated the bacterial filtration efficienty (B.F.E.) of the non-woven fabric and cotton cloth masks. The apparatus was supplied by Nicholes (U.S. Military Specification 36954 C mask, surgical, disposable). The study presented here was performed as a round robin test with Nicholes. By using this apparatus, comparison was made as to the B.F.E. of the six different kinds of surgical face mask before and after prolonged use. The result was obtained that the disposable mask made of glass fiber mat combined with non-woven fabric proved to be the highest in performance with a B.F.E. of 98.1-99.4%. It is useful both in preventing hospital infection and in general clinical practice. The B.F.E. of the conventional cotton cloth masks is not only lower but variable over a wide range of 43.1-93.6%.", "contents": "A study on the microbial filtration efficiency of surgical face masks--with special reference to the non-woven fabric mask. With the experimental apparatus designed and made available by Nicholes, we evaluated the bacterial filtration efficienty (B.F.E.) of the non-woven fabric and cotton cloth masks. The apparatus was supplied by Nicholes (U.S. Military Specification 36954 C mask, surgical, disposable). The study presented here was performed as a round robin test with Nicholes. By using this apparatus, comparison was made as to the B.F.E. of the six different kinds of surgical face mask before and after prolonged use. The result was obtained that the disposable mask made of glass fiber mat combined with non-woven fabric proved to be the highest in performance with a B.F.E. of 98.1-99.4%. It is useful both in preventing hospital infection and in general clinical practice. The B.F.E. of the conventional cotton cloth masks is not only lower but variable over a wide range of 43.1-93.6%."}
{"id": "PMID:343948", "title": "Quantitative toxicology: interlaboratory and intermethod evaluation in New York State.", "content": "The New York State Department of Health has conducted a proficiency evaluation program in quantitative toxicology since 1974. Serum samples containing a barbiturate and phenytoin, together with either glutethimide, procainamide, or theophylline, are sent to participating laboratories quarterly. Within the first two years of the program the percentage of laboratories able to quantitate 75% of the test samples to within 25% of the gravimetric values increased from 25 (1974-1975) to 40% (1975-1976). This improvement was partly due to licensure requirements, improved technology for sample preparation and analysis, and the availability of better quality-control practice. An obstacle to obtaining uniform accuracy is the lack of adequate calibration or testing materials. To overcome these obstacles, pure drugs are weighed into a bovine serum matrix, and the weights are confirmed by reference laboratories and used as the target values in the testing program. Comparison of the methods used by participants in this program for barbiturate and phenytoin yielded equations different from those found in other method evaluations.", "contents": "Quantitative toxicology: interlaboratory and intermethod evaluation in New York State. The New York State Department of Health has conducted a proficiency evaluation program in quantitative toxicology since 1974. Serum samples containing a barbiturate and phenytoin, together with either glutethimide, procainamide, or theophylline, are sent to participating laboratories quarterly. Within the first two years of the program the percentage of laboratories able to quantitate 75% of the test samples to within 25% of the gravimetric values increased from 25 (1974-1975) to 40% (1975-1976). This improvement was partly due to licensure requirements, improved technology for sample preparation and analysis, and the availability of better quality-control practice. An obstacle to obtaining uniform accuracy is the lack of adequate calibration or testing materials. To overcome these obstacles, pure drugs are weighed into a bovine serum matrix, and the weights are confirmed by reference laboratories and used as the target values in the testing program. Comparison of the methods used by participants in this program for barbiturate and phenytoin yielded equations different from those found in other method evaluations."}
{"id": "PMID:343952", "title": "Hyperlipidemia in uremic children: response to peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis.", "content": "Hemodialysis and hyperlipidemia have been associated in both adults and children. The present study indicates hyperlipidemia in uremic children treated with peritoneal dialysis and implies that the cardiovascular risk felt to exist with hemodialysis also exists in peritoneal dialysis. Thirty-eight children with chronic renal insufficiency or end-stage renal disease were followed serially under varying conditions of medical management, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplantation. Serum triglyceride concentrations in patients on peritoneal dialysis were not significantly different from those in patients on hemodialysis, but both were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than concentrations in patients on medical management and transplantation.", "contents": "Hyperlipidemia in uremic children: response to peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Hemodialysis and hyperlipidemia have been associated in both adults and children. The present study indicates hyperlipidemia in uremic children treated with peritoneal dialysis and implies that the cardiovascular risk felt to exist with hemodialysis also exists in peritoneal dialysis. Thirty-eight children with chronic renal insufficiency or end-stage renal disease were followed serially under varying conditions of medical management, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplantation. Serum triglyceride concentrations in patients on peritoneal dialysis were not significantly different from those in patients on hemodialysis, but both were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than concentrations in patients on medical management and transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:343953", "title": "Prolonged survival after renal transplantation in primary hyperoxaluria of childhood.", "content": "Cadaver renal transplantation was performed in a 14-year-old girl with primary hyperoxaluria. Acute tubular necrosis was present initially, and a moderate rejection crisis occurred at 6 weeks. Renal biopsy performed at 4 months showed considerable deposition of calcium oxalate. Urinary excretion of oxalate varied between 315-371 mg/24 hr per 1.73 m2 (normal less than 50 mg). Despite these unfavourable factors, renal function has remained stable for the last 2 1/2 years; the serum creatinine is 1.5 mg/100 ml at 3 years. This is the longest surviving graft reported so far in documented primary hyperoxaluria. Graft failures in previous reports could in part be explained by additional complicating factors. It is concluded that renal transplantation is not necessarily contraindicated in primary hyperoxaluria.", "contents": "Prolonged survival after renal transplantation in primary hyperoxaluria of childhood. Cadaver renal transplantation was performed in a 14-year-old girl with primary hyperoxaluria. Acute tubular necrosis was present initially, and a moderate rejection crisis occurred at 6 weeks. Renal biopsy performed at 4 months showed considerable deposition of calcium oxalate. Urinary excretion of oxalate varied between 315-371 mg/24 hr per 1.73 m2 (normal less than 50 mg). Despite these unfavourable factors, renal function has remained stable for the last 2 1/2 years; the serum creatinine is 1.5 mg/100 ml at 3 years. This is the longest surviving graft reported so far in documented primary hyperoxaluria. Graft failures in previous reports could in part be explained by additional complicating factors. It is concluded that renal transplantation is not necessarily contraindicated in primary hyperoxaluria."}
{"id": "PMID:343959", "title": "Collagens, elastin and noncollagenous protein of the intervertebral disk.", "content": "This is a review of the recent developments in collagens, elastin, and noncollagenous protein of the normal and abnormal intervertebral disk. Much progress has been made on the chemistry of the normal disk constituents. However, little work has been done to date on the essential lesion of the early degenerative disk in humans; a major effort in this field is indicated in the next decade. The reasons are obvious, for in the unraveling of the etiology of degeneration of the intervertebral disk lies the hope and expectation of prevention of disk failure.", "contents": "Collagens, elastin and noncollagenous protein of the intervertebral disk. This is a review of the recent developments in collagens, elastin, and noncollagenous protein of the normal and abnormal intervertebral disk. Much progress has been made on the chemistry of the normal disk constituents. However, little work has been done to date on the essential lesion of the early degenerative disk in humans; a major effort in this field is indicated in the next decade. The reasons are obvious, for in the unraveling of the etiology of degeneration of the intervertebral disk lies the hope and expectation of prevention of disk failure."}
{"id": "PMID:343960", "title": "Biomechanics and biochemistry of the intervertebral disks: the need for correlation studies.", "content": "The literature on the biomechanics of the intervertebral disk is reviewed with emphasis on biomechanical--biochemical--morphological correlative studies. The deficiency of definitive correlative studies is apparent and an appeal is made to interested investigators to fill in the voids in this extremely important area of study. A comprehensive theory of intervertebral disk failure awaits application of existing biomechanical, biochemical and morphological techniques in a detailed and methodical manner to the normal and early degenerative human intervertebral disks.", "contents": "Biomechanics and biochemistry of the intervertebral disks: the need for correlation studies. The literature on the biomechanics of the intervertebral disk is reviewed with emphasis on biomechanical--biochemical--morphological correlative studies. The deficiency of definitive correlative studies is apparent and an appeal is made to interested investigators to fill in the voids in this extremely important area of study. A comprehensive theory of intervertebral disk failure awaits application of existing biomechanical, biochemical and morphological techniques in a detailed and methodical manner to the normal and early degenerative human intervertebral disks."}
{"id": "PMID:343967", "title": "Analgesic activity of floctafenine after cholecystectomy.", "content": "In a double-blind, crossover study involving 40 post-cholecystectomy patients, the analgesic activity of a new oral nonnarcotic agent, floctafenine, was compared with that of oral meperidine and oral propoxyphene. A behavioral approach to the measurement of pain relief, i.e., the measurement of pain on movement or coughing, was used in addition to the accepted subjective method. Floctafenine 200 mg was found to have analgesic activity intermediate between that of meperidine 75 mg and propoxyphene 65 mg. Patients reported the fewest side effects after floctafenine. Initial pain level was found to affect the final pain score. Effects on pain relief due to age, sex, time of the day, and carryover effects were also examined and not found to be significant.", "contents": "Analgesic activity of floctafenine after cholecystectomy. In a double-blind, crossover study involving 40 post-cholecystectomy patients, the analgesic activity of a new oral nonnarcotic agent, floctafenine, was compared with that of oral meperidine and oral propoxyphene. A behavioral approach to the measurement of pain relief, i.e., the measurement of pain on movement or coughing, was used in addition to the accepted subjective method. Floctafenine 200 mg was found to have analgesic activity intermediate between that of meperidine 75 mg and propoxyphene 65 mg. Patients reported the fewest side effects after floctafenine. Initial pain level was found to affect the final pain score. Effects on pain relief due to age, sex, time of the day, and carryover effects were also examined and not found to be significant."}
{"id": "PMID:343962", "title": "The Herbert total knee replacement: a longer than three year follow-up.", "content": "Thirty personally performed Herbert total knee replacements, evaluated during a 3-year follow-up, were found not to function well. At the end of one postoperative year 6 knees had symptomatic metal synovitis and required replacement. By the end of 3 years the Herbert total knee replacement had functioned in only 12 patients. The largest single follow-up complication was foreign body synovitis, inflammation of the synovium secondary to small free metal fragments produced by the 2 components rubbing against each other during gait.", "contents": "The Herbert total knee replacement: a longer than three year follow-up. Thirty personally performed Herbert total knee replacements, evaluated during a 3-year follow-up, were found not to function well. At the end of one postoperative year 6 knees had symptomatic metal synovitis and required replacement. By the end of 3 years the Herbert total knee replacement had functioned in only 12 patients. The largest single follow-up complication was foreign body synovitis, inflammation of the synovium secondary to small free metal fragments produced by the 2 components rubbing against each other during gait."}
{"id": "PMID:343968", "title": "Fendosal and aspirin in postpartum uterine pain.", "content": "The analgesic efficacy of fendosal, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent structurally related to salicylic acid, was compared with that of aspirin and placebo in 100 patients with postpartum uterine pain in a single oral dose, parallel, stratified, randomized, double-blind design. With 650 mg aspirin and with 200 or 400 mg fendosal, but not with 100 mg, analgesic effects, as measured subjectively by mean pain intensity scores, began within 1 hr and had similar time-effect patterns for the first 4 or 5 hr. Thereafter with the 2 higher doses of fendosal analgesia contimued to increase, reaching a peak at 6 hr (p less than 0.05) and persisting beyond 7 hr (p less than 0.01), whereas there was no aspirin analgesia after the fifth hour. With 100 mg fendosal time of onset tended to be delayed 2 hr or more, and duration was short. The most effective treatment (largest mean 7-hr sum of pain intensity difference [SPID] scores) was 400 mg fendosal (p less than 0.01); 200 mg fendosal was rated second (p less than 0.01), 650 mg aspirin, third (p less than 0.05), 100 mg fendosal, fourth, and placebo, fifth. There was no significant side effects. These results demonstrate the efficacy of single doses of fendosal as well as the dose-dependent magnitude and time course of effects on postpartum uterine pain.", "contents": "Fendosal and aspirin in postpartum uterine pain. The analgesic efficacy of fendosal, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent structurally related to salicylic acid, was compared with that of aspirin and placebo in 100 patients with postpartum uterine pain in a single oral dose, parallel, stratified, randomized, double-blind design. With 650 mg aspirin and with 200 or 400 mg fendosal, but not with 100 mg, analgesic effects, as measured subjectively by mean pain intensity scores, began within 1 hr and had similar time-effect patterns for the first 4 or 5 hr. Thereafter with the 2 higher doses of fendosal analgesia contimued to increase, reaching a peak at 6 hr (p less than 0.05) and persisting beyond 7 hr (p less than 0.01), whereas there was no aspirin analgesia after the fifth hour. With 100 mg fendosal time of onset tended to be delayed 2 hr or more, and duration was short. The most effective treatment (largest mean 7-hr sum of pain intensity difference [SPID] scores) was 400 mg fendosal (p less than 0.01); 200 mg fendosal was rated second (p less than 0.01), 650 mg aspirin, third (p less than 0.05), 100 mg fendosal, fourth, and placebo, fifth. There was no significant side effects. These results demonstrate the efficacy of single doses of fendosal as well as the dose-dependent magnitude and time course of effects on postpartum uterine pain."}
{"id": "PMID:343961", "title": "Autoradiography and histology in a case of idiopathic femoral head necrosis.", "content": "The necrotic femoral head in a patient with a transplanted kidney was examined autoradiographically (with fluorine--18 and Technitium--99 m--Polyphosphate) and histologically (i.e. with long interval Tetracycline labellings). A well circumscribed area of necrotic bone was demonstrated in the weight bearing part of the caput giving evidence of a solitary infarction. The demarcation zone showed revascularization, and appositional bone formation accounted for the increased density. Foci of necrotic bone were observed further away from the necrotic area indicating an originally more extensive vascular insufficiency. In the subchondral bone a fissure had arisen probably due to rarefaction of bone during the process of revascularization. It is suggested that the vascular insufficiency was a result of a reduced resistance of the bone tissue altered by steroid therapy.", "contents": "Autoradiography and histology in a case of idiopathic femoral head necrosis. The necrotic femoral head in a patient with a transplanted kidney was examined autoradiographically (with fluorine--18 and Technitium--99 m--Polyphosphate) and histologically (i.e. with long interval Tetracycline labellings). A well circumscribed area of necrotic bone was demonstrated in the weight bearing part of the caput giving evidence of a solitary infarction. The demarcation zone showed revascularization, and appositional bone formation accounted for the increased density. Foci of necrotic bone were observed further away from the necrotic area indicating an originally more extensive vascular insufficiency. In the subchondral bone a fissure had arisen probably due to rarefaction of bone during the process of revascularization. It is suggested that the vascular insufficiency was a result of a reduced resistance of the bone tissue altered by steroid therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:343969", "title": "Effect of a nitrogen analog of tetrahydrocannabinol on cancer pain.", "content": "Two consecutive, randomized, double-blind trials were performed to test the analgesic properties of a synthetic nitrogen analog of tetrahydrocannabinol (NIB). In the first trial, the test preparation was superior to placebo and approximately equivalent to 50 mg of codeine phosphate. In the second study, the tetrahydrocannabinol analog was superior to placebo and to 50 mg secobarbital. NIB is not useful clinically because of the frequency of side effects.", "contents": "Effect of a nitrogen analog of tetrahydrocannabinol on cancer pain. Two consecutive, randomized, double-blind trials were performed to test the analgesic properties of a synthetic nitrogen analog of tetrahydrocannabinol (NIB). In the first trial, the test preparation was superior to placebo and approximately equivalent to 50 mg of codeine phosphate. In the second study, the tetrahydrocannabinol analog was superior to placebo and to 50 mg secobarbital. NIB is not useful clinically because of the frequency of side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:343970", "title": "Gastrointestinal microbleeding after aspirin and naproxen.", "content": "Gastrointestinal bleeding is the most serious side effect encountered with the anti-inflammatory antirheumatic drugs. Using the 51Cr labeling technique, the comparative quantity of blood loss with aspirin or naproxen has been previously done on normal volunteers. With the present study, 12 rheumatoid arthritic patients were controlled in a double-blind crossover study with the same radioactive technique. There is a difference in favor of naproxen. The difference between the baseline period and naproxen administration was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal microbleeding after aspirin and naproxen. Gastrointestinal bleeding is the most serious side effect encountered with the anti-inflammatory antirheumatic drugs. Using the 51Cr labeling technique, the comparative quantity of blood loss with aspirin or naproxen has been previously done on normal volunteers. With the present study, 12 rheumatoid arthritic patients were controlled in a double-blind crossover study with the same radioactive technique. There is a difference in favor of naproxen. The difference between the baseline period and naproxen administration was not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:343963", "title": "Newer knowledge of skeletogenesis: macromolecular transitions in the extracellular matrix.", "content": "Morphogenesis of skeletal tissues is accompanied by dramatic changes in the types and amounts of extracellular macromolecules synthesized. These changes correlate with the morphological and structural characteristics of each tissue type involved in skeletogenesis, viz. mesenchyme, cartilage and bone. At the beginning of skeletogenesis, a hyaluronate-rich extracellular matrix may provide a beneficial milieu for mesenchymal cell migration and proliferation, and prevent precocious differentiation. This matrix also contains type I collagen and possibly a unique sulfated proteoglycan. Cartilage differentiation, during endochondral osteogenesis, involves the removal of hyaluronate and the production of large amounts of type II collagen and a characteristic chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan. Further complex transitions in arrangement and concentration of proteoglycan occur in the epiphyseal growth plate followed by sudden depletion at the site of initiation of bone formation. In addition, at this site, the type of collagen synthesized reverts from type II back to type I. Bone formation at periosteal sites also involves removal of proteoglycan. The collagen component of both osteoid and bone matrix is type I but the level of hydroxylation of lysine moieties may be significantly higher in osteoid. It is proposed that changes in extracellular matrix composition are important factors in the control of morphogenesis as well as in providing suitable structural properties to the developing skeletal tissues.", "contents": "Newer knowledge of skeletogenesis: macromolecular transitions in the extracellular matrix. Morphogenesis of skeletal tissues is accompanied by dramatic changes in the types and amounts of extracellular macromolecules synthesized. These changes correlate with the morphological and structural characteristics of each tissue type involved in skeletogenesis, viz. mesenchyme, cartilage and bone. At the beginning of skeletogenesis, a hyaluronate-rich extracellular matrix may provide a beneficial milieu for mesenchymal cell migration and proliferation, and prevent precocious differentiation. This matrix also contains type I collagen and possibly a unique sulfated proteoglycan. Cartilage differentiation, during endochondral osteogenesis, involves the removal of hyaluronate and the production of large amounts of type II collagen and a characteristic chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan. Further complex transitions in arrangement and concentration of proteoglycan occur in the epiphyseal growth plate followed by sudden depletion at the site of initiation of bone formation. In addition, at this site, the type of collagen synthesized reverts from type II back to type I. Bone formation at periosteal sites also involves removal of proteoglycan. The collagen component of both osteoid and bone matrix is type I but the level of hydroxylation of lysine moieties may be significantly higher in osteoid. It is proposed that changes in extracellular matrix composition are important factors in the control of morphogenesis as well as in providing suitable structural properties to the developing skeletal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:343980", "title": "Safety evaluation of medical plastics.", "content": "At present, there is no evidence of toxicity from the use of PVC plasticized plastics in medical practice. The major components of plasticized PVC have been examined over a span of years and each passing year sees a confirmation of the lack of toxicity. From time to time, misconceptions of new workers in the field may raise issues that have been examined and found to no longer be issues. Considering all the factors of cost, convenience, and safety, it appears that plasticized PVC containers continue to have a valuable place in medical practice.", "contents": "Safety evaluation of medical plastics. At present, there is no evidence of toxicity from the use of PVC plasticized plastics in medical practice. The major components of plasticized PVC have been examined over a span of years and each passing year sees a confirmation of the lack of toxicity. From time to time, misconceptions of new workers in the field may raise issues that have been examined and found to no longer be issues. Considering all the factors of cost, convenience, and safety, it appears that plasticized PVC containers continue to have a valuable place in medical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:343983", "title": "The development of Chinese herbal medicine and the Pen-ts'ao.", "content": "Chinese medicine employs complex mixtures of remedies and does not appreciate the advantage or effectiveness of a single drug entity. Chinese herbal remedies are derived from animal, mineral, as well as arboreous and herbaceous sources. At least 1,500 different herbal drugs have been tested, analysed, and used in Chinese medicine; this is well documented in more than 50 different or revised editions of Pen-ts'ao. Both Sheng-nung Pen-ts'ao Ching, the earliest Chinese materia medica book, and the latest Pen-ts'ao Kang-mu are well-known and valuable compendia of herbal drugs.", "contents": "The development of Chinese herbal medicine and the Pen-ts'ao. Chinese medicine employs complex mixtures of remedies and does not appreciate the advantage or effectiveness of a single drug entity. Chinese herbal remedies are derived from animal, mineral, as well as arboreous and herbaceous sources. At least 1,500 different herbal drugs have been tested, analysed, and used in Chinese medicine; this is well documented in more than 50 different or revised editions of Pen-ts'ao. Both Sheng-nung Pen-ts'ao Ching, the earliest Chinese materia medica book, and the latest Pen-ts'ao Kang-mu are well-known and valuable compendia of herbal drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:343989", "title": "Current developments in bovine mastitis treatment and control.", "content": "Mastitis in its complexity has managed to forestall all efforts of eradication in spite of years of research, antibiotics and practical control measures. This minisymposium will touch on seven topics current to treatment and control of this economically important disease.", "contents": "Current developments in bovine mastitis treatment and control. Mastitis in its complexity has managed to forestall all efforts of eradication in spite of years of research, antibiotics and practical control measures. This minisymposium will touch on seven topics current to treatment and control of this economically important disease."}
{"id": "PMID:343990", "title": "Small animal reproductive problems.", "content": "Reproductive problems in the dog and cat are an important segment of the total case load in many veterinary practices. The interest in pet population control, estrus control, artificial insemination and planned pregnancies of pets as well as the advanced knowledge and technology in immunology, microbiology, pathology, physiology and related sciences are expanding the knowledge concerning pet reproduction. The use of radioimmunoassays (RIA) to detect minute amounts of hormones in the serum or plasma of animals has given the physiologist a precise biological measuring stick. As hormone testing laboratories become available, the RIA will become a valuable aide to the veterinary clinician, clients and their pets in diagnosing and possibly preventing or treating reproductive disorders. Knowledge of the normal canine and feline reproductive physiology, pathogenesis of reproductive disorders and a thorough history, genital tract examination, collection and examination of specimens for diagnosis and realistic treatments are all fundamental to a successful management of these disorders.", "contents": "Small animal reproductive problems. Reproductive problems in the dog and cat are an important segment of the total case load in many veterinary practices. The interest in pet population control, estrus control, artificial insemination and planned pregnancies of pets as well as the advanced knowledge and technology in immunology, microbiology, pathology, physiology and related sciences are expanding the knowledge concerning pet reproduction. The use of radioimmunoassays (RIA) to detect minute amounts of hormones in the serum or plasma of animals has given the physiologist a precise biological measuring stick. As hormone testing laboratories become available, the RIA will become a valuable aide to the veterinary clinician, clients and their pets in diagnosing and possibly preventing or treating reproductive disorders. Knowledge of the normal canine and feline reproductive physiology, pathogenesis of reproductive disorders and a thorough history, genital tract examination, collection and examination of specimens for diagnosis and realistic treatments are all fundamental to a successful management of these disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:343991", "title": "A comparison of sodium fusidate ointment ('Fucidin') alone versus oral antibiotic therapy in soft-tissue infections.", "content": "A study was carried out in 90 patients with superficial, soft-tissue infections to compare the effectiveness of topical treatment with 2% sodium fusidate ointment used alone, and oral antibiotic therapy (clindamycin, erythromycin, or flucloxacillin) plus a placebo ointment. The results showed that the number of days for healing to take place was significantly shorter with sodium fusidate ointment, and there was also a highly significant preference for it over oral antibiotic therapy in the subjective assessment of clinical response. Bacteriological investigations of swabs from 58 of the patients showed Staphylococcus aureus to be the most frequently isolated pathogen: 72% of the strains were penicillin-resistant but all were sensitive to sodium fusidate. It is suggested that oral antibiotic therapy should be reserved for those cases where there is evidence of systemic spread of the infection and that sodium fusidate ointment, with or without surgical drainage, should be the standard initial treatment in the out-patient and general practice situation.", "contents": "A comparison of sodium fusidate ointment ('Fucidin') alone versus oral antibiotic therapy in soft-tissue infections. A study was carried out in 90 patients with superficial, soft-tissue infections to compare the effectiveness of topical treatment with 2% sodium fusidate ointment used alone, and oral antibiotic therapy (clindamycin, erythromycin, or flucloxacillin) plus a placebo ointment. The results showed that the number of days for healing to take place was significantly shorter with sodium fusidate ointment, and there was also a highly significant preference for it over oral antibiotic therapy in the subjective assessment of clinical response. Bacteriological investigations of swabs from 58 of the patients showed Staphylococcus aureus to be the most frequently isolated pathogen: 72% of the strains were penicillin-resistant but all were sensitive to sodium fusidate. It is suggested that oral antibiotic therapy should be reserved for those cases where there is evidence of systemic spread of the infection and that sodium fusidate ointment, with or without surgical drainage, should be the standard initial treatment in the out-patient and general practice situation."}
{"id": "PMID:343998", "title": "Is vitamin E involved in the autoimmune mechanism?", "content": "Autoimmune diseases are characterized by an alteration of the body's defense mechanism, designed for protection against infections and toxic injuries, which for unknown reasons attacks and destroys normal tissue. Some evidence strongly suggests that such diseases are the result of hydrolytic enzymes that escape from lysosomes whose membranes have been damaged by lipid peroxidation or other causes and that combine with and denature normal tissue proteins--in effect converting them into foreign proteins--to which the body then reacts by producing antibodies. During the past ten years, in a private dermatologic practice, we have conducted clinical investigations on the possible therapeutic value of vitamin E in the management of a number of disabling skin diseases of unknown etiology as well as several muscular disorders. Among the diseases that were successfully controlled were a number in the autoimmune category, including scleroderma, discoid lupus erythematosus, porphyria cutanea tarda, several types of vasculitis, and polymyositis. Since vitamin E is a physiologic stabilizer of cellular and lysosomal membranes, and since some autoimmune diseases respond to vitamin E, we suggest that a relative deficiency of vitamin E damages lysosomal membranes, thus initiating the autoimmune process.", "contents": "Is vitamin E involved in the autoimmune mechanism? Autoimmune diseases are characterized by an alteration of the body's defense mechanism, designed for protection against infections and toxic injuries, which for unknown reasons attacks and destroys normal tissue. Some evidence strongly suggests that such diseases are the result of hydrolytic enzymes that escape from lysosomes whose membranes have been damaged by lipid peroxidation or other causes and that combine with and denature normal tissue proteins--in effect converting them into foreign proteins--to which the body then reacts by producing antibodies. During the past ten years, in a private dermatologic practice, we have conducted clinical investigations on the possible therapeutic value of vitamin E in the management of a number of disabling skin diseases of unknown etiology as well as several muscular disorders. Among the diseases that were successfully controlled were a number in the autoimmune category, including scleroderma, discoid lupus erythematosus, porphyria cutanea tarda, several types of vasculitis, and polymyositis. Since vitamin E is a physiologic stabilizer of cellular and lysosomal membranes, and since some autoimmune diseases respond to vitamin E, we suggest that a relative deficiency of vitamin E damages lysosomal membranes, thus initiating the autoimmune process."}
{"id": "PMID:343992", "title": "Tolmetin in osteoarthrosis of the hip and knee: double-blind crossover trials.", "content": "A double-blind crossover study was carried out in 24 patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip or knee to compare the efficacy of a 1200 mg tolmetin daily dose with a 600 mg daily dose, each given for 2 weeks. Both regimens were well tolerated and appeared to give satisfactory relief of pain, but no differences in response between the two dosages were noted either because the number of patients involved were small or because the methods of monitoring clinical improvement were not sufficiently sensitive. A further double-blind crossover study was carried out in 40 patients to compare the efficacy of 1200 mg tolmetin daily with 150 mg ketoprofen daily, each drug being given for 2 weeks after an initial 1-week period on placebo. Pain was monitored using a visual analogue line technique and significant differences were found between both active and placebo periods. Analysis of the biochemical monitoring of both trials showed statistically significant rises in blood urea for all active treatment periods. There were no concomitant changes in serum creatinine, suggesting this effect to be extra-renal in origin. In general, side-effect incidence was low; 1 patient withdrew from ketoprofen treatment because of weight increase and urine retention.", "contents": "Tolmetin in osteoarthrosis of the hip and knee: double-blind crossover trials. A double-blind crossover study was carried out in 24 patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip or knee to compare the efficacy of a 1200 mg tolmetin daily dose with a 600 mg daily dose, each given for 2 weeks. Both regimens were well tolerated and appeared to give satisfactory relief of pain, but no differences in response between the two dosages were noted either because the number of patients involved were small or because the methods of monitoring clinical improvement were not sufficiently sensitive. A further double-blind crossover study was carried out in 40 patients to compare the efficacy of 1200 mg tolmetin daily with 150 mg ketoprofen daily, each drug being given for 2 weeks after an initial 1-week period on placebo. Pain was monitored using a visual analogue line technique and significant differences were found between both active and placebo periods. Analysis of the biochemical monitoring of both trials showed statistically significant rises in blood urea for all active treatment periods. There were no concomitant changes in serum creatinine, suggesting this effect to be extra-renal in origin. In general, side-effect incidence was low; 1 patient withdrew from ketoprofen treatment because of weight increase and urine retention."}
{"id": "PMID:343993", "title": "Comparison of 0.1% halcinonide with 0.05% betamethasone dipropionate in the treatment of acute and chronic dermatoses.", "content": "A 4-week, bilateral, controlled study was carried out in 53 patients with various acute and chronic dermatoses to compare the effectiveness of 0.1% halcinonide in a water-miscible base, applied once daily, with 0.05% betamethasone dipropionate cream applied twice daily. Patients' response to treatment was assessed at the end of each week. Halcinonide proved to be equally as effective as betamethasone dipropionate in most and superior in some patients with psoriasis, lichen chronicus simplex, and atopic and neurodermatitis. There was also a prompt response to once daily treatment with halcinonide in patients with contact dermatitis, eczema of the hands, and more serious cases of eczema nummulare and allergic skin reactions, many of whom had failed to respond to previous topical steroid therapy. Both preparations were well tolerated and side-effects were noted in only 1 patient with psoriasis whose condition was aggravated by halcinonide. Only 3 patients had a relapse during the 1-month follow-up period after treatment was stopped.", "contents": "Comparison of 0.1% halcinonide with 0.05% betamethasone dipropionate in the treatment of acute and chronic dermatoses. A 4-week, bilateral, controlled study was carried out in 53 patients with various acute and chronic dermatoses to compare the effectiveness of 0.1% halcinonide in a water-miscible base, applied once daily, with 0.05% betamethasone dipropionate cream applied twice daily. Patients' response to treatment was assessed at the end of each week. Halcinonide proved to be equally as effective as betamethasone dipropionate in most and superior in some patients with psoriasis, lichen chronicus simplex, and atopic and neurodermatitis. There was also a prompt response to once daily treatment with halcinonide in patients with contact dermatitis, eczema of the hands, and more serious cases of eczema nummulare and allergic skin reactions, many of whom had failed to respond to previous topical steroid therapy. Both preparations were well tolerated and side-effects were noted in only 1 patient with psoriasis whose condition was aggravated by halcinonide. Only 3 patients had a relapse during the 1-month follow-up period after treatment was stopped."}
{"id": "PMID:343999", "title": "Double-blind cross-over study of levamisole as immunoprophylaxis for recurrent herpes progenitalis.", "content": "A double-blind cross-over study of the immunoprophylactic influence of levamisole was undertaken in a study of forty patients with chronic, recurrent herpes progenitalis. Clinical records failed to show significant reduction in the frequency or severity of attacks in levamisole-treated patients when compared with placebo-treated control patients. At evaluation six months after levamisole administration, there was no essential alteration in the course of the disease in the initial treatment group.", "contents": "Double-blind cross-over study of levamisole as immunoprophylaxis for recurrent herpes progenitalis. A double-blind cross-over study of the immunoprophylactic influence of levamisole was undertaken in a study of forty patients with chronic, recurrent herpes progenitalis. Clinical records failed to show significant reduction in the frequency or severity of attacks in levamisole-treated patients when compared with placebo-treated control patients. At evaluation six months after levamisole administration, there was no essential alteration in the course of the disease in the initial treatment group."}
{"id": "PMID:343994", "title": "Relative potency of the atropine-like effects of a new parasympatholytic drug, scopolamine-N-(cyclopropyl methyl) bromide and those of hyoscine-N-butyl bromide.", "content": "A double-blind crossover trial with a 4-point bioassay was carried out in 8 convalescent in-patients  to study the relative potency of scopolamine-N-(cyclopropyl methyl) bromide (DA 3177), a new parasympatholytic drug, administered at doses of 2.5 mg and 5 mg i.v., and hyoscine-N-butyl bromide, administered at doses of 10 mg and 20 mg i.v., in producing atropine-like effects. The results showed that the effects on heart rate and near point of accommodation were slightly less with DA 3177, while its effects on salivary secretion were a little greater than those of hyoscine-N-butyl bromide. It is suggested that study of the pharmacodynamic effects of parasympatholytic drugs is a relatively simple way of predicting which doses should be effective spasmolytically.", "contents": "Relative potency of the atropine-like effects of a new parasympatholytic drug, scopolamine-N-(cyclopropyl methyl) bromide and those of hyoscine-N-butyl bromide. A double-blind crossover trial with a 4-point bioassay was carried out in 8 convalescent in-patients  to study the relative potency of scopolamine-N-(cyclopropyl methyl) bromide (DA 3177), a new parasympatholytic drug, administered at doses of 2.5 mg and 5 mg i.v., and hyoscine-N-butyl bromide, administered at doses of 10 mg and 20 mg i.v., in producing atropine-like effects. The results showed that the effects on heart rate and near point of accommodation were slightly less with DA 3177, while its effects on salivary secretion were a little greater than those of hyoscine-N-butyl bromide. It is suggested that study of the pharmacodynamic effects of parasympatholytic drugs is a relatively simple way of predicting which doses should be effective spasmolytically."}
{"id": "PMID:344000", "title": "Coexistent bullous pemphigoid and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A case of coexistent bullous pemphigoid and systemic lupus erythematosus is reported. Evidence for an immunologic pathogenesis is reviewed for both disorders. It is suggested that the coexistence of bullous pemphigoid and systemic lupus erythematosus may represent a similar pathomechanism.", "contents": "Coexistent bullous pemphigoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. A case of coexistent bullous pemphigoid and systemic lupus erythematosus is reported. Evidence for an immunologic pathogenesis is reviewed for both disorders. It is suggested that the coexistence of bullous pemphigoid and systemic lupus erythematosus may represent a similar pathomechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:343995", "title": "A double-blind comparison of 1% hydrocortisone plus 10% urea ('Alphaderm') and 0.1% betamethasone 17-valerate in the treatment of non-infective inflammatory dermatoses.", "content": "A double-blind controlled trial was carried out over a period of 3 weeks to assess the effectiveness of 1% hydrocortisone, in a specialized carbamide drug delivery system, compared with 0.1% betamethasone 17-valerate cream in the treatment of 21 patients with bilateral, symmetrical, non-infective inflammatory dermatoses. The trial preparations were applied topically twice daily, each to one side only during the trial. Although overall patient preference tended to favour betamethasone 17-valerate, the physician's assessment of clinical improvement, based on severity rating scores, indicated that both preparations were equally effective and there were no significant differences between the calculated mean percentage clinical improvements at the end of each week.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of 1% hydrocortisone plus 10% urea ('Alphaderm') and 0.1% betamethasone 17-valerate in the treatment of non-infective inflammatory dermatoses. A double-blind controlled trial was carried out over a period of 3 weeks to assess the effectiveness of 1% hydrocortisone, in a specialized carbamide drug delivery system, compared with 0.1% betamethasone 17-valerate cream in the treatment of 21 patients with bilateral, symmetrical, non-infective inflammatory dermatoses. The trial preparations were applied topically twice daily, each to one side only during the trial. Although overall patient preference tended to favour betamethasone 17-valerate, the physician's assessment of clinical improvement, based on severity rating scores, indicated that both preparations were equally effective and there were no significant differences between the calculated mean percentage clinical improvements at the end of each week."}
{"id": "PMID:344003", "title": "Desoximetasone--a new topical corticosteroid: short- and long-term experiences.", "content": "A new potent topical corticosteroid, desoximetasone, was clinically evaluated in several hundred patients with steroid-responsive dermatoses. Both short-term and long-term comparative studies showed desoximetasone emollient cream (0.25 percent) to be highly effective. Studies comparing betamethasone valerate cream C0. p1 percent) with desoximetasone emollient cream (0.25 percent) showed the new topical steroid to be clinically superior in the relief of moderate and severe inflammatory manifestations of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. In addition, desoximetasone was found to be safe, well tolerated, and accepted by the patients.", "contents": "Desoximetasone--a new topical corticosteroid: short- and long-term experiences. A new potent topical corticosteroid, desoximetasone, was clinically evaluated in several hundred patients with steroid-responsive dermatoses. Both short-term and long-term comparative studies showed desoximetasone emollient cream (0.25 percent) to be highly effective. Studies comparing betamethasone valerate cream C0. p1 percent) with desoximetasone emollient cream (0.25 percent) showed the new topical steroid to be clinically superior in the relief of moderate and severe inflammatory manifestations of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. In addition, desoximetasone was found to be safe, well tolerated, and accepted by the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:344004", "title": "Nuclear envelope transport capacity and the cell cycle in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).", "content": "Changes in the nuclear envelope transport capacity, as measured by the number of nuclear pore complexes/unit nuclear volume/cell, were followed during the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle using data obtained by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Pore number per unit nuclear volume decreased sharply in early G0, remained steady from mid-GO through S to G2, and showed a further slight decrease at M and G1. These periods of decline apparently resulted from nuclear enlargement without sufficient formation of new nuclear pore complexes to maintain the pore number to nuclear volume ratio. However, marked nuclear pore formation did accompany both increases in nuclear volume. The significance of these changes in relation to other events in the cell cycle is discussed. The validity of using nuclear pore number/unit nuclear volume and other pore number data as indices of nuclear envelope transport capacity and cell activity is critically examined.", "contents": "Nuclear envelope transport capacity and the cell cycle in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Changes in the nuclear envelope transport capacity, as measured by the number of nuclear pore complexes/unit nuclear volume/cell, were followed during the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle using data obtained by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Pore number per unit nuclear volume decreased sharply in early G0, remained steady from mid-GO through S to G2, and showed a further slight decrease at M and G1. These periods of decline apparently resulted from nuclear enlargement without sufficient formation of new nuclear pore complexes to maintain the pore number to nuclear volume ratio. However, marked nuclear pore formation did accompany both increases in nuclear volume. The significance of these changes in relation to other events in the cell cycle is discussed. The validity of using nuclear pore number/unit nuclear volume and other pore number data as indices of nuclear envelope transport capacity and cell activity is critically examined."}
{"id": "PMID:344007", "title": "Clinical comparison of fenoterol and albuterol administered by inhalation. A double-blind study.", "content": "The effects of inhaling 0.4 mg of fenoterol hydrobromide (Berotec), 0.2 mg of albuterol (salbutamol), or placebo were compared in a double-blind three-way crossover study in a group of 12 asthmatic patients. After inhalation of fenoterol, the maximum increase in the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) was 0.76 L (48 percent) and in the peak expiratory flow (PEF) was 100 L/min (47 percent). The corresponding figures after inhalation of albuterol were 0.68 L (46 percent) and 98 L/min (48 percent), respectively. In comparison with administration of placebo, the FEV1 was significantly increased until six hours after inhalation of either drug. From three to six hours after inhalation, the effect of administration of fenoterol (as measured by FEV1 or PEF) significantly exceeded that of albuterol. Administration of either drug resulted in approximately equal bronchodilation (as measured by the increase in FEV1 or PEF), the effect of inhalation of fenoterol being of longer duration.", "contents": "Clinical comparison of fenoterol and albuterol administered by inhalation. A double-blind study. The effects of inhaling 0.4 mg of fenoterol hydrobromide (Berotec), 0.2 mg of albuterol (salbutamol), or placebo were compared in a double-blind three-way crossover study in a group of 12 asthmatic patients. After inhalation of fenoterol, the maximum increase in the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) was 0.76 L (48 percent) and in the peak expiratory flow (PEF) was 100 L/min (47 percent). The corresponding figures after inhalation of albuterol were 0.68 L (46 percent) and 98 L/min (48 percent), respectively. In comparison with administration of placebo, the FEV1 was significantly increased until six hours after inhalation of either drug. From three to six hours after inhalation, the effect of administration of fenoterol (as measured by FEV1 or PEF) significantly exceeded that of albuterol. Administration of either drug resulted in approximately equal bronchodilation (as measured by the increase in FEV1 or PEF), the effect of inhalation of fenoterol being of longer duration."}
{"id": "PMID:344008", "title": "The validity of determinations of pulmonary wedge pressure during mechanical ventilation.", "content": "Changes in the mean pulmonary wedge pressure were measured during temporary disconnection from a ventilator in 29 patients to assess the effects of therapy with controlled-volume ventilation on determinations of pulmonary wedge pressure. In 16 observations performed during therapy with intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, the mean value for the pulmonary wedge pressure was the same (10.3 mm Hg) with the patients connected to or disconnected from the ventilator. Thirteen of the patients were also maintained on therapy with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP); the mean (+/- SD) of 17 measurements of pulmonary wedge pressure did not show a significant variation on cessation of mechanical ventilation (12.5 +/- 6.7 mm Hg vs 11.7 +/- 6.9 mm Hg; P greater than 0.05). We conclude that pulmonary wedge pressure can be measured accurately at the end of exhalation during the administration of positive-pressure ventilation with 10 cm H2O of PEEP. The suggested practice of discontinuing mechanical ventilation in order to obtain a more exact measurement is not warranted.", "contents": "The validity of determinations of pulmonary wedge pressure during mechanical ventilation. Changes in the mean pulmonary wedge pressure were measured during temporary disconnection from a ventilator in 29 patients to assess the effects of therapy with controlled-volume ventilation on determinations of pulmonary wedge pressure. In 16 observations performed during therapy with intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, the mean value for the pulmonary wedge pressure was the same (10.3 mm Hg) with the patients connected to or disconnected from the ventilator. Thirteen of the patients were also maintained on therapy with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP); the mean (+/- SD) of 17 measurements of pulmonary wedge pressure did not show a significant variation on cessation of mechanical ventilation (12.5 +/- 6.7 mm Hg vs 11.7 +/- 6.9 mm Hg; P greater than 0.05). We conclude that pulmonary wedge pressure can be measured accurately at the end of exhalation during the administration of positive-pressure ventilation with 10 cm H2O of PEEP. The suggested practice of discontinuing mechanical ventilation in order to obtain a more exact measurement is not warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:344009", "title": "Corticosteroids in chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema.", "content": "Chronic bronchitis and emphysema (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) represent a major health problem in this country. Corticosteroids have provided an important advance in the management of bronchial asthma, but the role of these drugs in the therapy for COPD has not been defined clearly. To gain further insight into this problem, an overview of the pharmacologic properties and mechanisms of action of corticosteroids on the cellular systems of the lung and a critical analysis of the 17 studies evaluating the efficacy of therapy with corticosteroids in COPD were done. There are several theoretic reasons why corticosteroids might be useful in treating COPD; however the majority of studies have not demonstrated a positive effect, yet individual patients have attained marked improvement. An objectively monitored, finite trial of therapy with corticosteroids in the patient with COPD who has worsening symptoms is warranted, as the benefit is high in responsive individuals and the risk is low in nonresponders.", "contents": "Corticosteroids in chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) represent a major health problem in this country. Corticosteroids have provided an important advance in the management of bronchial asthma, but the role of these drugs in the therapy for COPD has not been defined clearly. To gain further insight into this problem, an overview of the pharmacologic properties and mechanisms of action of corticosteroids on the cellular systems of the lung and a critical analysis of the 17 studies evaluating the efficacy of therapy with corticosteroids in COPD were done. There are several theoretic reasons why corticosteroids might be useful in treating COPD; however the majority of studies have not demonstrated a positive effect, yet individual patients have attained marked improvement. An objectively monitored, finite trial of therapy with corticosteroids in the patient with COPD who has worsening symptoms is warranted, as the benefit is high in responsive individuals and the risk is low in nonresponders."}
{"id": "PMID:344011", "title": "Deposits of immunoglobulin and complement in the pulmonary tissue of patients with \"heroin lung\".", "content": "Pulmonary tissues from six patients who died with a clinical diagnosis of \"heroin lung\" (heroin-induced pulmonary edema) were examined with the light microscope and electron microscope. Immunofluorescent microscopic analysis revealed multifocal granular alveolar septal deposits of IgM in all patients, C3 complement in five patients, IgG in four patients, fibrinogen in three patients, and IgA in two patients. IgM, IgG, IgA, and C3 complement were eluted from the lungs of these addicts with citrate buffer with a low pH. No deposition of albumin was found in any of the specimens. These findings are believed to represent the first report of immune complexes in the alveolar capillary membrane in patients with heroin-induced pulmonary edema. Electron-microscopic studies revealed a proteinaceous plasma-like fluid in the alveolar spaces, thereby confirming the heroin induced pulmonary edema. Mechanisms of transport of edematous fluids from alveolar capillaries to alveolar spaces in lungs from heroin addicts are considered.", "contents": "Deposits of immunoglobulin and complement in the pulmonary tissue of patients with \"heroin lung\". Pulmonary tissues from six patients who died with a clinical diagnosis of \"heroin lung\" (heroin-induced pulmonary edema) were examined with the light microscope and electron microscope. Immunofluorescent microscopic analysis revealed multifocal granular alveolar septal deposits of IgM in all patients, C3 complement in five patients, IgG in four patients, fibrinogen in three patients, and IgA in two patients. IgM, IgG, IgA, and C3 complement were eluted from the lungs of these addicts with citrate buffer with a low pH. No deposition of albumin was found in any of the specimens. These findings are believed to represent the first report of immune complexes in the alveolar capillary membrane in patients with heroin-induced pulmonary edema. Electron-microscopic studies revealed a proteinaceous plasma-like fluid in the alveolar spaces, thereby confirming the heroin induced pulmonary edema. Mechanisms of transport of edematous fluids from alveolar capillaries to alveolar spaces in lungs from heroin addicts are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:344012", "title": "Aerosol therapy with Sch 1000. Short-term mucociliary clearance in normal and bronchitic subjects and toxicology in normal subjects.", "content": "The anticholinergic bronchodilator drug, Sch 1000, was administered as an aerosol by a metered-dose inhaler (200 microgram) to six normal and six bronchitic subjects. The short-term effect on mucociliary clearance was assessed and compared to a placebo (propellant and dispersal agent) in a double-blind crossover study. Mucociliary clearance in the normal group was significantly faster with administration of Sch 1000 than with placebo (P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between the effects of administration of Sch 1000 and placebo on mucociliary clearance in the bronchitic group. Pulmonary function was significantly increased by therapy with Sch 1000 (as compared to administration of placebo) in the bronchitic group for two hours (P less than 0.05) and in the normal group for one hour (P less than 0.05). In another study, 12 normal subjects inhaled aerosols containing 40 microgram of placebo or 400 microgram of Sch 1000 from metered-dose inhalers on separate days in a randomized double-blind fashion. A significant sustained improvement in pulmonary function (P less than 0.05) and a transient fall in diastolic blood pressure were observed after administration of Sch 1000.", "contents": "Aerosol therapy with Sch 1000. Short-term mucociliary clearance in normal and bronchitic subjects and toxicology in normal subjects. The anticholinergic bronchodilator drug, Sch 1000, was administered as an aerosol by a metered-dose inhaler (200 microgram) to six normal and six bronchitic subjects. The short-term effect on mucociliary clearance was assessed and compared to a placebo (propellant and dispersal agent) in a double-blind crossover study. Mucociliary clearance in the normal group was significantly faster with administration of Sch 1000 than with placebo (P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between the effects of administration of Sch 1000 and placebo on mucociliary clearance in the bronchitic group. Pulmonary function was significantly increased by therapy with Sch 1000 (as compared to administration of placebo) in the bronchitic group for two hours (P less than 0.05) and in the normal group for one hour (P less than 0.05). In another study, 12 normal subjects inhaled aerosols containing 40 microgram of placebo or 400 microgram of Sch 1000 from metered-dose inhalers on separate days in a randomized double-blind fashion. A significant sustained improvement in pulmonary function (P less than 0.05) and a transient fall in diastolic blood pressure were observed after administration of Sch 1000."}
{"id": "PMID:344013", "title": "Symptomatic unilateral cannon \"a\" waves in a patient with a ventricular pacemaker.", "content": "A 64-year-old woman was referred because of intermittent pulsations of the left side of the neck, face, and scalp that were first noticed after the insertion of a ventricular pacemaker. The pacemaker had been inserted because of symptomatic 2:1 atrioventricular block. Right cardiac catherization showed cannon \"a\" waves, and phlebographic studies revealed stenosis of the right innominate and internal jugular veins. The symptoms were abolished by conversion to an atrial synchronous pacing system. Comments are offered on the hemodynamic findings, the \"pacemaking syndrome\", and the use of atrial synchronous pacing.", "contents": "Symptomatic unilateral cannon \"a\" waves in a patient with a ventricular pacemaker. A 64-year-old woman was referred because of intermittent pulsations of the left side of the neck, face, and scalp that were first noticed after the insertion of a ventricular pacemaker. The pacemaker had been inserted because of symptomatic 2:1 atrioventricular block. Right cardiac catherization showed cannon \"a\" waves, and phlebographic studies revealed stenosis of the right innominate and internal jugular veins. The symptoms were abolished by conversion to an atrial synchronous pacing system. Comments are offered on the hemodynamic findings, the \"pacemaking syndrome\", and the use of atrial synchronous pacing."}
{"id": "PMID:344019", "title": "Detoxification from methadone maintenance: double-blind comparison of two methods.", "content": "A well-rehabilitated group of 22 methadone maintenance patients were detoxified under ambulatory and double-blind conditions, over 42 days, either by decreasing the daily dose of methadone and supplementing it by propoxyphene napsylate (M--PN), or by decreasing the daily dose of methadone administered in two equal doses given 12 hours apart (M--M). All of 12 (100%) M--M and 5 of 10 (50%) M--PN subjects were able to temporarily withdraw from methadone maintenance, although two of the M--PN patients required maintenance with propoxyphene napsylate to cease methadone maintenance. In our experience both detoxification methods employed appear superior to the standard withdrawal technique of simply reducing the daily methadone maintenance dose in a step-wise fashion.", "contents": "Detoxification from methadone maintenance: double-blind comparison of two methods. A well-rehabilitated group of 22 methadone maintenance patients were detoxified under ambulatory and double-blind conditions, over 42 days, either by decreasing the daily dose of methadone and supplementing it by propoxyphene napsylate (M--PN), or by decreasing the daily dose of methadone administered in two equal doses given 12 hours apart (M--M). All of 12 (100%) M--M and 5 of 10 (50%) M--PN subjects were able to temporarily withdraw from methadone maintenance, although two of the M--PN patients required maintenance with propoxyphene napsylate to cease methadone maintenance. In our experience both detoxification methods employed appear superior to the standard withdrawal technique of simply reducing the daily methadone maintenance dose in a step-wise fashion."}
{"id": "PMID:344037", "title": "Purification of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone-degrading enzyme by affinity chromatography.", "content": "A crude preparation of Kallikrein inactivator, which inhibits the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-degrading enzyme(s) from rat hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, was fractionated by passage through an ion-exchange column. The enzyme-inhibiting fraction was coupled to Sepharose and the resin obtained was used for, affinity-chromatography purification of the GnRH-degrading enzyme. The enzyme from crude tissue preparations was retained on this column and eluted by 0.05 M phosphate buffer. A 9-12 fold increase in the specific activity of the enzyme was achieved. Bacitracin, an effective peptide inhibitor of the degradation of GnRH, was also coupled to Sepharose. Three different such Sepharose-bacitracin conjugates were synthesized, two of which inhibited the degradation of GnRH by hypothalamic and pituitary extracts. They all failed, however, to separate the active enzymic fraction from the bulk of accompanying proteins, using affinity chromatographic techniques.", "contents": "Purification of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone-degrading enzyme by affinity chromatography. A crude preparation of Kallikrein inactivator, which inhibits the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-degrading enzyme(s) from rat hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, was fractionated by passage through an ion-exchange column. The enzyme-inhibiting fraction was coupled to Sepharose and the resin obtained was used for, affinity-chromatography purification of the GnRH-degrading enzyme. The enzyme from crude tissue preparations was retained on this column and eluted by 0.05 M phosphate buffer. A 9-12 fold increase in the specific activity of the enzyme was achieved. Bacitracin, an effective peptide inhibitor of the degradation of GnRH, was also coupled to Sepharose. Three different such Sepharose-bacitracin conjugates were synthesized, two of which inhibited the degradation of GnRH by hypothalamic and pituitary extracts. They all failed, however, to separate the active enzymic fraction from the bulk of accompanying proteins, using affinity chromatographic techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:344038", "title": "Insulin and glucagon secretion and the insulin sensitivity of peripheric organs of colony-bred sand rats fed with pellet diet after weaning.", "content": "Colony-bred sand rats were fed with rat pellet chow in restricted quantities or ad libitum for 8--10 or 28--31 weeks after weaning. The changes of glucose metabolism were characterized by an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. The daily food intake and the average weight gain differed only in the first 5--7 weeks of pellet nutrition. In the impaired glucose tolerance tests of all sand rats the high basal plasma IRI levels were not significantly increased by the grossly enhanced blood glucose concentrations. The insulin secretion of either acutely incubated or for 8 days cultivated isolated pancreatic islets, however, was stimulated already by low (1.7 and 5 mM) glucose concentrations in all diet groups. Otherwise the glucagon secretion of isolated islets was not suppressed by high glucose concentrations. No changes of insulin or glucagon contents of islets were found in the different diet groups. The adipocytes of all animals revealed a complete ineffectiveness of insulin on the glucose utilization to CO2 and triglycerides. The basal glucose conversion  to CO2 and glycogen in skeletal muscle and the stimulatory potency of insulin was low and not distinctly different in all groups. In liver glycogen and triglyceride contents as well as gluconeogenic enzyme activities were not influenced by feeding of different quantities of pellet diet at the investigated time points. The time course of the metabolic and clinical alterations demonstrates that the peripheral organs become insensitive to insulin in the first weeks after weaning.", "contents": "Insulin and glucagon secretion and the insulin sensitivity of peripheric organs of colony-bred sand rats fed with pellet diet after weaning. Colony-bred sand rats were fed with rat pellet chow in restricted quantities or ad libitum for 8--10 or 28--31 weeks after weaning. The changes of glucose metabolism were characterized by an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. The daily food intake and the average weight gain differed only in the first 5--7 weeks of pellet nutrition. In the impaired glucose tolerance tests of all sand rats the high basal plasma IRI levels were not significantly increased by the grossly enhanced blood glucose concentrations. The insulin secretion of either acutely incubated or for 8 days cultivated isolated pancreatic islets, however, was stimulated already by low (1.7 and 5 mM) glucose concentrations in all diet groups. Otherwise the glucagon secretion of isolated islets was not suppressed by high glucose concentrations. No changes of insulin or glucagon contents of islets were found in the different diet groups. The adipocytes of all animals revealed a complete ineffectiveness of insulin on the glucose utilization to CO2 and triglycerides. The basal glucose conversion  to CO2 and glycogen in skeletal muscle and the stimulatory potency of insulin was low and not distinctly different in all groups. In liver glycogen and triglyceride contents as well as gluconeogenic enzyme activities were not influenced by feeding of different quantities of pellet diet at the investigated time points. The time course of the metabolic and clinical alterations demonstrates that the peripheral organs become insensitive to insulin in the first weeks after weaning."}
{"id": "PMID:344039", "title": "Transitional steady-state investigations during aerobic-anaerobic transition of glucose utilization by Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Transitional steady-state investigations during changes in oxygen tension under aerobic and during aerobic-anaerobic transition conditions were carried out with the aim of finding an indicator system which separates the equilibrium from the non-equilibrium state. Of the parameters used i.e. biomass formation, CO2 production, Q02, NADH oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, only the three enzymes requiring NADH or NADP for their function fulfilled the requirements. Biomass production and CO2 formation were useful only during the aerobic-anaerobic transition period. In each case the response was immediate and the indicator systems demonstrated that a new steady state of oxygen was always obtained after 11 h which, at the specific growth rate used, was equivalent to at least two volume replacements of the growth vessel.", "contents": "Transitional steady-state investigations during aerobic-anaerobic transition of glucose utilization by Escherichia coli K-12. Transitional steady-state investigations during changes in oxygen tension under aerobic and during aerobic-anaerobic transition conditions were carried out with the aim of finding an indicator system which separates the equilibrium from the non-equilibrium state. Of the parameters used i.e. biomass formation, CO2 production, Q02, NADH oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, only the three enzymes requiring NADH or NADP for their function fulfilled the requirements. Biomass production and CO2 formation were useful only during the aerobic-anaerobic transition period. In each case the response was immediate and the indicator systems demonstrated that a new steady state of oxygen was always obtained after 11 h which, at the specific growth rate used, was equivalent to at least two volume replacements of the growth vessel."}
{"id": "PMID:344042", "title": "Bromocryptine in levodopa response-losing parkinsonism. A double blind study.", "content": "23 patients with advanced Parkinson's disease were allocated in a double-blind study of bromocryptine. These patients had an insufficient or deteriorating response to levodopa treatment. The dosages of levodopa were optimal and stabilized 3 months prior to and during this 5-month study. The addition  of bromocryptine in high doses (average daily dose 71 mg) induced a significant improvement in the total score of the Webster and the NUDS scales. The global assessment, both by the investigator and by the patients, also showed significant improvement. The efficacy of bromocryptine in these type of parkinsonian patients in a double-blind trial has not yet been established. The conclusion of this trial is that bromocryptine significantly increases the therapeutic effectiveness in these poorly levodopa responding parkinsonian patients.", "contents": "Bromocryptine in levodopa response-losing parkinsonism. A double blind study. 23 patients with advanced Parkinson's disease were allocated in a double-blind study of bromocryptine. These patients had an insufficient or deteriorating response to levodopa treatment. The dosages of levodopa were optimal and stabilized 3 months prior to and during this 5-month study. The addition  of bromocryptine in high doses (average daily dose 71 mg) induced a significant improvement in the total score of the Webster and the NUDS scales. The global assessment, both by the investigator and by the patients, also showed significant improvement. The efficacy of bromocryptine in these type of parkinsonian patients in a double-blind trial has not yet been established. The conclusion of this trial is that bromocryptine significantly increases the therapeutic effectiveness in these poorly levodopa responding parkinsonian patients."}
{"id": "PMID:344043", "title": "Plasma kallikrein activity and prekallikrein levels during endotoxin shock in dogs.", "content": "Endotoxin shock (ES) was induced in Labrador retriever dogs by infusion of a lethal dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Spontaneous plasma kallikrein activity and prekallikrein levels were determined during subsequent stages of the shock both by an esterolytic assay (BAEe) and a new amidolytic assay utilizing a chromogenic tripeptide derivative (Chromozym PK, Prntapharm AG, Basel Switzerland). During the late stages of shock characterized by a substantial decline of blood pressure, plasma prekallikrein levels determined by the amidolytic assay were considerably reduced. In this phase of the shock both the esterolytic and the amidolytic assays revealed a significant elevation of spontaneous activity. Plasma prekallikrein determined by the esterolytic assay was found to be elevated vs. control values for the whole duration of ES. The findings made seem to associate activation of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system to the circulatory collapse of endotoxin shock in dogs.", "contents": "Plasma kallikrein activity and prekallikrein levels during endotoxin shock in dogs. Endotoxin shock (ES) was induced in Labrador retriever dogs by infusion of a lethal dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Spontaneous plasma kallikrein activity and prekallikrein levels were determined during subsequent stages of the shock both by an esterolytic assay (BAEe) and a new amidolytic assay utilizing a chromogenic tripeptide derivative (Chromozym PK, Prntapharm AG, Basel Switzerland). During the late stages of shock characterized by a substantial decline of blood pressure, plasma prekallikrein levels determined by the amidolytic assay were considerably reduced. In this phase of the shock both the esterolytic and the amidolytic assays revealed a significant elevation of spontaneous activity. Plasma prekallikrein determined by the esterolytic assay was found to be elevated vs. control values for the whole duration of ES. The findings made seem to associate activation of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system to the circulatory collapse of endotoxin shock in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:344044", "title": "Antibody-coated bacteria and pregnancy.", "content": "A study is made of 158 pregnant patients, between 3 and 9 months pregnant, in order to determine, by means of urine culture and ACB, the index of subclinical infections during pregnancy involving the renal parenchyma. The conclusion is reached that these infections occur in 4.42% of cases and out of those cases 57.14% were later shown to have an organic pathology of the excretory tracts.", "contents": "Antibody-coated bacteria and pregnancy. A study is made of 158 pregnant patients, between 3 and 9 months pregnant, in order to determine, by means of urine culture and ACB, the index of subclinical infections during pregnancy involving the renal parenchyma. The conclusion is reached that these infections occur in 4.42% of cases and out of those cases 57.14% were later shown to have an organic pathology of the excretory tracts."}
{"id": "PMID:344047", "title": "Graft rejection in earthworms: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Graft rejection in the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, is mediated by granulocytic coelomocytes (neutrophils, by light microscopy). Within 1--3 days post-transplantation of body-wall xenografts, granulocytic coelomocytes migrate to the transplant site, penetrate the graft matrix, and actively phagocytize viable muscle fibers. Destruction of muscle tissues may be augmented by lymphocytic coelomocytes (basophils, by light microscopy), but these cells participate in a minor way and do so very late in the rejection process (days 11--13). Xenografts, autografts and sham-operated controls display generalized inflammatory reactions, including coelomyocyte infiltration into the grafted tissues. In autografts, however, granulocytes only penetrate the inner longitudinal muscle layers and extensive infiltration, persistence and complete destruction never occur. Lymphocytic coelomocytes are not observed in autografts or sham-operated controls. Grafts rejection by leukocytes in an advanced invertebrate confirms that aspects of cell-mediated immunity evolved early in phylogenetic history.", "contents": "Graft rejection in earthworms: an electron microscopic study. Graft rejection in the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, is mediated by granulocytic coelomocytes (neutrophils, by light microscopy). Within 1--3 days post-transplantation of body-wall xenografts, granulocytic coelomocytes migrate to the transplant site, penetrate the graft matrix, and actively phagocytize viable muscle fibers. Destruction of muscle tissues may be augmented by lymphocytic coelomocytes (basophils, by light microscopy), but these cells participate in a minor way and do so very late in the rejection process (days 11--13). Xenografts, autografts and sham-operated controls display generalized inflammatory reactions, including coelomyocyte infiltration into the grafted tissues. In autografts, however, granulocytes only penetrate the inner longitudinal muscle layers and extensive infiltration, persistence and complete destruction never occur. Lymphocytic coelomocytes are not observed in autografts or sham-operated controls. Grafts rejection by leukocytes in an advanced invertebrate confirms that aspects of cell-mediated immunity evolved early in phylogenetic history."}
{"id": "PMID:344058", "title": "Endotoxin-induced acceleration of ovum transport in rabbits.", "content": "Salmonella enteritidis-Boivin endotoxin (1--20 microgram/kg) induced accelerated oviductal ovum transport in rabbits in a dose-related manner. Indomethacin prevented this effect. Levels of prostaglandin E and F in uterine vein blood increased following endotoxin injection.", "contents": "Endotoxin-induced acceleration of ovum transport in rabbits. Salmonella enteritidis-Boivin endotoxin (1--20 microgram/kg) induced accelerated oviductal ovum transport in rabbits in a dose-related manner. Indomethacin prevented this effect. Levels of prostaglandin E and F in uterine vein blood increased following endotoxin injection."}
{"id": "PMID:344057", "title": "Microtubules, interkinetic nuclear migration and neurulation.", "content": "The hypotheses dealing with mechanisms of neurulation are reviewed briefly. The phenomenon of interkinetic nuclear migration is thought to be an important factor to be considered in the invagination of the neuroepithelium in the chick embryo. Evidence is presented that implicates cytoplasmic microtubules in this phenomenon. It is suggested that microtubules not only participate in cell elongation but also that they are involved, through interkinetic nuclear migration, in the broadening of the basal region of the cells; this widening progressively creates the strain that ensures the invagination of the neuroepithelium.", "contents": "Microtubules, interkinetic nuclear migration and neurulation. The hypotheses dealing with mechanisms of neurulation are reviewed briefly. The phenomenon of interkinetic nuclear migration is thought to be an important factor to be considered in the invagination of the neuroepithelium in the chick embryo. Evidence is presented that implicates cytoplasmic microtubules in this phenomenon. It is suggested that microtubules not only participate in cell elongation but also that they are involved, through interkinetic nuclear migration, in the broadening of the basal region of the cells; this widening progressively creates the strain that ensures the invagination of the neuroepithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:344076", "title": "Immunofluorescence localization of thyroglobulin autoantibody producing cells in various organs of obese strain (OS) chickens.", "content": "All major lymphoid organs from animals of the Obese strain (OS) of chickens which develop a spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis with circulating thyroglobulin autoantibodies (Tg-AAb) were investigated for Tg-AAb producing cells using the immunofluorescence method (IF). No Tg-binding cells could be detected in spleen, bursa. Harderian glands, thymus, coecal tonsils or bone marrow. The infiltrated thyroid gland was shown to be the only site of Tg-AAb production detectable by IF.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence localization of thyroglobulin autoantibody producing cells in various organs of obese strain (OS) chickens. All major lymphoid organs from animals of the Obese strain (OS) of chickens which develop a spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis with circulating thyroglobulin autoantibodies (Tg-AAb) were investigated for Tg-AAb producing cells using the immunofluorescence method (IF). No Tg-binding cells could be detected in spleen, bursa. Harderian glands, thymus, coecal tonsils or bone marrow. The infiltrated thyroid gland was shown to be the only site of Tg-AAb production detectable by IF."}
{"id": "PMID:344077", "title": "Immunological enhancement of muscle allografts induced by serum from tolerant rats.", "content": "Serum from tolerant animals induced immunological enhancement of muscle allografts. Serum from both animals bearing tolerated skin allografts and animals in which tolerance to skin grafts disappeared was effective. No significant differences between these two types of allografts were found with respect to contractile and histochemical behaviour. Serum from animals in which skin allografts survived transiently following non-specific treatment induced weak immunological enhancement. The changes in contractile and histochemical properties of muscle allografts serve as adequate parameters for assessment of the success of immunological enhancement.", "contents": "Immunological enhancement of muscle allografts induced by serum from tolerant rats. Serum from tolerant animals induced immunological enhancement of muscle allografts. Serum from both animals bearing tolerated skin allografts and animals in which tolerance to skin grafts disappeared was effective. No significant differences between these two types of allografts were found with respect to contractile and histochemical behaviour. Serum from animals in which skin allografts survived transiently following non-specific treatment induced weak immunological enhancement. The changes in contractile and histochemical properties of muscle allografts serve as adequate parameters for assessment of the success of immunological enhancement."}
{"id": "PMID:344078", "title": "[Effect of caerulein on pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretion from the perfused rat pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "Several investigations in vivo and in vitro have shown that gastro-intestinal hormones stimulate insulin secretion. However, the reports on the insulinotropic activity of pancreozymin are contradictory. The conflicting results are probably due to the fact that pure native preparation of this hormone has not been obtained in \"physiologic\" doses. In the present study this problem has been investigated by exposing rat pancreas to caerulein in vitro. Caerulein, an active decapeptide isolated from the skin of the Australian amphibia Hyla caerulea, resembles pancreozymin in chemical structure, including C-terminus. This active polypeptide of nonmammalian origin has been shown to possess all the biological activities of pancreozymin. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the significance of the interactions of exocrine and endocrine pancreas using perfused rat pancreas in vitro. Biphasic insulin release was demonstrated with caerulein at concentrations higher than 1 ng/ml. Insulin response of the first phase was proportional to the dose up to 1 microgram/ml. The second phase of insulin release was, however, almost constant, regardless of the concentrations of caerulein. Release of glucagon was stimulated by the same concentrations of caerulein which stimulated insulin release. Maximal response of the pancreatic amylase and pancretic juice output were observed with 1 ng/ml of caerulein. With higher doses, significantly less secretory responses were observed. The dissociation of the response to caerulein between endocrine and exocrine pancreas was found.", "contents": "[Effect of caerulein on pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretion from the perfused rat pancreas (author's transl)]. Several investigations in vivo and in vitro have shown that gastro-intestinal hormones stimulate insulin secretion. However, the reports on the insulinotropic activity of pancreozymin are contradictory. The conflicting results are probably due to the fact that pure native preparation of this hormone has not been obtained in \"physiologic\" doses. In the present study this problem has been investigated by exposing rat pancreas to caerulein in vitro. Caerulein, an active decapeptide isolated from the skin of the Australian amphibia Hyla caerulea, resembles pancreozymin in chemical structure, including C-terminus. This active polypeptide of nonmammalian origin has been shown to possess all the biological activities of pancreozymin. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the significance of the interactions of exocrine and endocrine pancreas using perfused rat pancreas in vitro. Biphasic insulin release was demonstrated with caerulein at concentrations higher than 1 ng/ml. Insulin response of the first phase was proportional to the dose up to 1 microgram/ml. The second phase of insulin release was, however, almost constant, regardless of the concentrations of caerulein. Release of glucagon was stimulated by the same concentrations of caerulein which stimulated insulin release. Maximal response of the pancreatic amylase and pancretic juice output were observed with 1 ng/ml of caerulein. With higher doses, significantly less secretory responses were observed. The dissociation of the response to caerulein between endocrine and exocrine pancreas was found."}
{"id": "PMID:344084", "title": "A controlled study of Trancopal in sleep disturbances due to rheumatic disease.", "content": "A placebo controlled, double-blind study was carried out in six centres in general practice to assess the effectiveness of Trancopal in treating sleep disturbances due to rheumatic disorders. Eighty-five patients received a usual dose of two tablets of Trancopal or matching placebo at night for two weeks. Patients were assessed weekly and kept a daily record of the quality of sleep. All ratings showed that patients slept significantly better on Trancopal than on placebo. Day-time rheumatic stiffness however was not significantly reduced. Six patients receiving Trancopal reported side-effects chiefly drowsiness (five patients) which was controlled by dose reduction. It was concluded that for rheumatic patients Trancopal offers an acceptable alternative to current hypnotics over which it may prove to have some advantages, particularly for the elderly.", "contents": "A controlled study of Trancopal in sleep disturbances due to rheumatic disease. A placebo controlled, double-blind study was carried out in six centres in general practice to assess the effectiveness of Trancopal in treating sleep disturbances due to rheumatic disorders. Eighty-five patients received a usual dose of two tablets of Trancopal or matching placebo at night for two weeks. Patients were assessed weekly and kept a daily record of the quality of sleep. All ratings showed that patients slept significantly better on Trancopal than on placebo. Day-time rheumatic stiffness however was not significantly reduced. Six patients receiving Trancopal reported side-effects chiefly drowsiness (five patients) which was controlled by dose reduction. It was concluded that for rheumatic patients Trancopal offers an acceptable alternative to current hypnotics over which it may prove to have some advantages, particularly for the elderly."}
{"id": "PMID:344085", "title": "A controlled study of Trancopal in the treatment of sleep disturbances due to anxiety.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients presenting with sleep disturbances due to mild neurotic anxiety were treated for two weeks with a single night-time dose of 400 mg trancopal or matching placebo under double-blind conditions. Patients kept a daily record of the quality of their sleep and the observer carried out a weekly rating of anxiety using a modified Hamilton scale. By Day 7 patients receiving Trancopal had a significantly better rating for sleep and mean Hamilton scores for day-time anxiety than the placebo group. Side-effects were minimal. It was concluded that for patients with sleep disturbances due to neurotic anxiety Trancopal is a well tolerated and effective alternative to the hypnotics.", "contents": "A controlled study of Trancopal in the treatment of sleep disturbances due to anxiety. Sixty-eight patients presenting with sleep disturbances due to mild neurotic anxiety were treated for two weeks with a single night-time dose of 400 mg trancopal or matching placebo under double-blind conditions. Patients kept a daily record of the quality of their sleep and the observer carried out a weekly rating of anxiety using a modified Hamilton scale. By Day 7 patients receiving Trancopal had a significantly better rating for sleep and mean Hamilton scores for day-time anxiety than the placebo group. Side-effects were minimal. It was concluded that for patients with sleep disturbances due to neurotic anxiety Trancopal is a well tolerated and effective alternative to the hypnotics."}
{"id": "PMID:344086", "title": "A comparison of the relative efficacy of Serenace and chlorpromazine in the treatment of chronic schizophrenics.", "content": "A study designed to assess the relative efficacy of chlorpromazine and Serenace in the control of chronic schizophrenics is described. Twenty-five cases were selected for the study and were randomly allocated to treatment. The condition of the patients was assessed at fortnightly intervals over the eight-week duration of trial period. No significant differences in side-effects emerged in patients on chlorpromazine and Serenace in the dosages administered. The statistically significant trends all showed a superiority of Serenace above chlorpromazine which was in accord with the clinical picture.", "contents": "A comparison of the relative efficacy of Serenace and chlorpromazine in the treatment of chronic schizophrenics. A study designed to assess the relative efficacy of chlorpromazine and Serenace in the control of chronic schizophrenics is described. Twenty-five cases were selected for the study and were randomly allocated to treatment. The condition of the patients was assessed at fortnightly intervals over the eight-week duration of trial period. No significant differences in side-effects emerged in patients on chlorpromazine and Serenace in the dosages administered. The statistically significant trends all showed a superiority of Serenace above chlorpromazine which was in accord with the clinical picture."}
{"id": "PMID:344087", "title": "Randomized controlled trial of Syn-Ergel and an active placebo in the treatment of heartburn of pregnancy.", "content": "A randomized controlled trial was performed to study the efficacy of Syn-Ergel with an active placebo in the treatment of heartburn of pregnancy in ninety-two patients completing 7 days of therapy. Syn-Ergel was significantly better (p less than 0.001) in all groups of pre-treatment pain severity in relieving the symptoms, and had a longer duration of action, than the active placebo. Complete relief of pain was achieved in 79.5% of Syn-Ergel treatments with a further 10% of treatments resulting in marked easing of discomfort at 1 hour following administration. The corresponding figures for the 'active placebo' were 56% and 20%. The combination of an antacid and a protective mucosal coating agent would appear to be a useful approach in the treatment of heartburn of pregnacy.", "contents": "Randomized controlled trial of Syn-Ergel and an active placebo in the treatment of heartburn of pregnancy. A randomized controlled trial was performed to study the efficacy of Syn-Ergel with an active placebo in the treatment of heartburn of pregnancy in ninety-two patients completing 7 days of therapy. Syn-Ergel was significantly better (p less than 0.001) in all groups of pre-treatment pain severity in relieving the symptoms, and had a longer duration of action, than the active placebo. Complete relief of pain was achieved in 79.5% of Syn-Ergel treatments with a further 10% of treatments resulting in marked easing of discomfort at 1 hour following administration. The corresponding figures for the 'active placebo' were 56% and 20%. The combination of an antacid and a protective mucosal coating agent would appear to be a useful approach in the treatment of heartburn of pregnacy."}
{"id": "PMID:344088", "title": "A comparison of naproxen, indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid in pain after varicose vein surgery.", "content": "Oral naproxen in doses of 500 mg and 750 mg daily was compared with oral indomethacin, 75 mg daily, in a double-blind, completely randomized study of patients with post-operative pain after out-patients varicose vein surgery. Altogether, 120 patients were studied. In the study 750 mg naproxen proved to be equal in respect of analgesic efficacy to 75 mg indomethacin, and it was clearly superior to 1500 mg acetylsalicylic acid. Naproxen, 500 to 750 mg daily, afforded adequate post-operative analgesia in 98% of patients. The side-effects were mild. On the basis of the study, naproxen can be recommended as a pain-relieving drug after minor surgery, particularly when an antiphlogistic effect is also desirable.", "contents": "A comparison of naproxen, indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid in pain after varicose vein surgery. Oral naproxen in doses of 500 mg and 750 mg daily was compared with oral indomethacin, 75 mg daily, in a double-blind, completely randomized study of patients with post-operative pain after out-patients varicose vein surgery. Altogether, 120 patients were studied. In the study 750 mg naproxen proved to be equal in respect of analgesic efficacy to 75 mg indomethacin, and it was clearly superior to 1500 mg acetylsalicylic acid. Naproxen, 500 to 750 mg daily, afforded adequate post-operative analgesia in 98% of patients. The side-effects were mild. On the basis of the study, naproxen can be recommended as a pain-relieving drug after minor surgery, particularly when an antiphlogistic effect is also desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:344090", "title": "A trial of trimebutine in spastic colon.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover trial of three days duration on each drug, trimebutine in a dose of 200 mg three times daily was significantly more effective than placebo in relieving the symptoms of mild to moderate degrees of spastic colon (p less than 0.001). The only side-effect necessitating discontinuation of treatment was one case of vomiting.", "contents": "A trial of trimebutine in spastic colon. In a double-blind crossover trial of three days duration on each drug, trimebutine in a dose of 200 mg three times daily was significantly more effective than placebo in relieving the symptoms of mild to moderate degrees of spastic colon (p less than 0.001). The only side-effect necessitating discontinuation of treatment was one case of vomiting."}
{"id": "PMID:344094", "title": "Enhancement of the antibody response in vitro by BCG.", "content": "The addition of heat-killed BCG to mouse spleen cells in Marbrook cultures causes an enhanced in vitro antibody response against sheep red blood cells, the extent depending on BCG concentration and on whether the spleen cells have been previously primed with BCG in vivo. Moreover, a factor is produced by spleen cells incubated in vitro with BCG which enhances the antibody response of spleen cells from normal untreated mice, the extent of enhancement again depending on BCG concentration and the origin of the spleen cells producing the factor. Filtration through a 0.22 mu filter removes the enhancing activity of the bacteria but not of the factor produced by spleen cultures in the presence of the bacteria. The cellular basis of the enhancement of the antibody response will be discussed.", "contents": "Enhancement of the antibody response in vitro by BCG. The addition of heat-killed BCG to mouse spleen cells in Marbrook cultures causes an enhanced in vitro antibody response against sheep red blood cells, the extent depending on BCG concentration and on whether the spleen cells have been previously primed with BCG in vivo. Moreover, a factor is produced by spleen cells incubated in vitro with BCG which enhances the antibody response of spleen cells from normal untreated mice, the extent of enhancement again depending on BCG concentration and the origin of the spleen cells producing the factor. Filtration through a 0.22 mu filter removes the enhancing activity of the bacteria but not of the factor produced by spleen cultures in the presence of the bacteria. The cellular basis of the enhancement of the antibody response will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:344095", "title": "Effects of drugs on immune responsiveness in rabbits.", "content": "The effects of chemotherapeutica: 6 mercaptopurine (6 MP), nitrogen mustard (HN2) and cyclophosphamide (Cy) on T and B cells were studied in standardized experimental systems. From the histological and immunological results it was concluded that: (a) A course of 9 daily 6 MP injections affected antibody production only when given after antigenic stimulation. Histologically figures of mitotic death were found among proliferating cells of plasmacellular-germinal centre-and specific cellular reactions. It was concluded that a net mitotic death of 50% would account for the observed immunological and histological effects; (b) HN2 and Cy affected antibody production itself when administered during a very restricted period (1 through 3 days after ag.). Histologically only morphological changes were found in differentiating immature plasmacells and interphase death of cells involved in germinal centre reactions. Loss of responsiveness depended on the degree of interphase death of follicular elements. Cy interfered with the formation of T helper cells in thymus-dependent antibody production; (c) L-Asparaginase (1,000 U) only prevented the origination of T-helper cells. Neither antibody-producing cells nor their precursors were affected.", "contents": "Effects of drugs on immune responsiveness in rabbits. The effects of chemotherapeutica: 6 mercaptopurine (6 MP), nitrogen mustard (HN2) and cyclophosphamide (Cy) on T and B cells were studied in standardized experimental systems. From the histological and immunological results it was concluded that: (a) A course of 9 daily 6 MP injections affected antibody production only when given after antigenic stimulation. Histologically figures of mitotic death were found among proliferating cells of plasmacellular-germinal centre-and specific cellular reactions. It was concluded that a net mitotic death of 50% would account for the observed immunological and histological effects; (b) HN2 and Cy affected antibody production itself when administered during a very restricted period (1 through 3 days after ag.). Histologically only morphological changes were found in differentiating immature plasmacells and interphase death of cells involved in germinal centre reactions. Loss of responsiveness depended on the degree of interphase death of follicular elements. Cy interfered with the formation of T helper cells in thymus-dependent antibody production; (c) L-Asparaginase (1,000 U) only prevented the origination of T-helper cells. Neither antibody-producing cells nor their precursors were affected."}
{"id": "PMID:344098", "title": "Host responses in adjuvant contact suppression of experimental rat tumours.", "content": "BCG (Glaxo) and C. parvum (Wellcome CN 6134) have been examined for suppression of growth of a range of syngeneically transplanted rat tumours, both carcinogen-induced and of spontaneous origin. Treatment by locally applied adjuvant controlled growth of both immunogenic and non-immunogenic tumours, and the response to highly immunogenic tumours was not abolished by host immunosuppression with whole body irradiation known to abrogate induction of tumour-specific immunity. In addition, rat tumour xenografts in congenitally athymic mice were suppressed by admixture with BCG or C. parvum. In contrast to these findings in immunoincompetent animals, host phagocytic cell depletion, by systemic administration of silica, a known macrophage poison, abrogated adjuvant contact suppression of tumours in syngeneic rats and athymic mice. These findings suggest that tumour suppression by regionally applied adjuvants may be more dependent upon local activation of host macrophages than upon generalized stimulation of lymphocyte mediated responses. This is further supported by the market correlation, within a range of tumours, between susceptibility to regionally applied BCG and normal levels of host macrophage infiltration, and in addition the facilitation of tumour suppression achieved by macrophage enrichment of tumour cell: BCG inocula.", "contents": "Host responses in adjuvant contact suppression of experimental rat tumours. BCG (Glaxo) and C. parvum (Wellcome CN 6134) have been examined for suppression of growth of a range of syngeneically transplanted rat tumours, both carcinogen-induced and of spontaneous origin. Treatment by locally applied adjuvant controlled growth of both immunogenic and non-immunogenic tumours, and the response to highly immunogenic tumours was not abolished by host immunosuppression with whole body irradiation known to abrogate induction of tumour-specific immunity. In addition, rat tumour xenografts in congenitally athymic mice were suppressed by admixture with BCG or C. parvum. In contrast to these findings in immunoincompetent animals, host phagocytic cell depletion, by systemic administration of silica, a known macrophage poison, abrogated adjuvant contact suppression of tumours in syngeneic rats and athymic mice. These findings suggest that tumour suppression by regionally applied adjuvants may be more dependent upon local activation of host macrophages than upon generalized stimulation of lymphocyte mediated responses. This is further supported by the market correlation, within a range of tumours, between susceptibility to regionally applied BCG and normal levels of host macrophage infiltration, and in addition the facilitation of tumour suppression achieved by macrophage enrichment of tumour cell: BCG inocula."}
{"id": "PMID:344099", "title": "Unanticipated effect of BCG in mice treated by radiotherapy.", "content": "Female C57 Bl/6 mice (6-8 weeks old) bearing the Lewis or the MBL-2 tumor received a localized irradiation (1,600 Rads; Cobalt 60) three days after the tumor implantation. We compared the association of irradiation and Immuno-BCG-F (1 mg/mice i.v.) with three control groups (no treatment, irradiation alone, Immuno-BCG-F alone). The timing and number of BCG injections varied in the different sub-groups. Results were improved in the Lewis tumor system when BCG was injected just after the end of the irradiation. Efficiency improved with the number of injections (P less than 0.05). In the MBL-2 system, depending on the timing of BCG injections we observed significant survival prolongation (irradiation + BCG) as compared to control groups. It has to be noted that the use of BCG alone enhanced tumor growth in two models.", "contents": "Unanticipated effect of BCG in mice treated by radiotherapy. Female C57 Bl/6 mice (6-8 weeks old) bearing the Lewis or the MBL-2 tumor received a localized irradiation (1,600 Rads; Cobalt 60) three days after the tumor implantation. We compared the association of irradiation and Immuno-BCG-F (1 mg/mice i.v.) with three control groups (no treatment, irradiation alone, Immuno-BCG-F alone). The timing and number of BCG injections varied in the different sub-groups. Results were improved in the Lewis tumor system when BCG was injected just after the end of the irradiation. Efficiency improved with the number of injections (P less than 0.05). In the MBL-2 system, depending on the timing of BCG injections we observed significant survival prolongation (irradiation + BCG) as compared to control groups. It has to be noted that the use of BCG alone enhanced tumor growth in two models."}
{"id": "PMID:344100", "title": "Various modalities of local administration of bacterial immunostimulants in transplantable rat tumours and in primitive methylcholanthrene mouse tumours.", "content": "The frequent use of intra-lesional injection of bacterial immunostimulants is hampered by apparent rarity of susceptible tumours, absence of therapeutic effect on large tumours, lack of variety of experimental models, eventual traumatism which is feared in case of intra-lesional, and injection in visceral cancers. (1) Methylcholanthrene induced primitive tumours in mice are more frequently susceptible when the carcinogen induction dosage is low (0.01 mg). (2) Using transplantable rat tumours, one susceptible and one resistant to intra-tumoral BCG or Corynebacterium parvum therapy, we have shown that both are resistant to systemic administration of immunostimulants. For the susceptible tumour, subcutaneous peritumoral multiple injections have the same efficacy as intra-tumoral injection in curing small tumours and ipsilateral distant tumours, when the rats receive a double graft of the same tumour. Superficial multifocal intratumoral injections can cure more voluminous susceptible tumours. The association of peritumoral and intra-tumoral injections rendered susceptible the usually resistant tumours.", "contents": "Various modalities of local administration of bacterial immunostimulants in transplantable rat tumours and in primitive methylcholanthrene mouse tumours. The frequent use of intra-lesional injection of bacterial immunostimulants is hampered by apparent rarity of susceptible tumours, absence of therapeutic effect on large tumours, lack of variety of experimental models, eventual traumatism which is feared in case of intra-lesional, and injection in visceral cancers. (1) Methylcholanthrene induced primitive tumours in mice are more frequently susceptible when the carcinogen induction dosage is low (0.01 mg). (2) Using transplantable rat tumours, one susceptible and one resistant to intra-tumoral BCG or Corynebacterium parvum therapy, we have shown that both are resistant to systemic administration of immunostimulants. For the susceptible tumour, subcutaneous peritumoral multiple injections have the same efficacy as intra-tumoral injection in curing small tumours and ipsilateral distant tumours, when the rats receive a double graft of the same tumour. Superficial multifocal intratumoral injections can cure more voluminous susceptible tumours. The association of peritumoral and intra-tumoral injections rendered susceptible the usually resistant tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:344102", "title": "A phase I study of a multi-modal schedule with Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "A Phase I study of an immuno-chemotherapy regime was carried out using C. parvum as an immune-modulator. 14 women were studied. All received doses of C. parvum ranging from 2.5 mg to 21 mg administered in 1 litre of dextrose saline over 4 h. No evidence of tumour enhancement was observed.", "contents": "A phase I study of a multi-modal schedule with Corynebacterium parvum. A Phase I study of an immuno-chemotherapy regime was carried out using C. parvum as an immune-modulator. 14 women were studied. All received doses of C. parvum ranging from 2.5 mg to 21 mg administered in 1 litre of dextrose saline over 4 h. No evidence of tumour enhancement was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:344101", "title": "Monitoring of a multi-modal schedule for the treatment of disseminated breast cancer.", "content": "39 women and 1 man have been monitored by sequential CEA, immunoglobulin, lymphocyte and monocyte readings, hydroxyproline excretion, scans and x-rays. CEA is shown to be a useful monitor of disease. The significance of the lymphocyte counts is discussed.", "contents": "Monitoring of a multi-modal schedule for the treatment of disseminated breast cancer. 39 women and 1 man have been monitored by sequential CEA, immunoglobulin, lymphocyte and monocyte readings, hydroxyproline excretion, scans and x-rays. CEA is shown to be a useful monitor of disease. The significance of the lymphocyte counts is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:344103", "title": "Clinical trial with Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "Corynebacterium parvum was administered to sixteen patients with malignant tumors submitted to repeated chemotherapy courses. A total of 428 injections of C. parvum at a dose of 3.5 mg/m2 in weekly, biweekly and monthly administration was given between the chemotherapy courses. Injection of C. parvum was followed by fever and local pain in 15/16 patients. Three patients presented a local ulceration during the initial period of weekly injections. Splenomegaly was observed after the second month of treatment, peripheral and bone-marrow monocytic infiltration after the second month. The decreased lymphocyte stimulation by PHA observed during the first two months was followed by an increased response. Cutaneous reactions to three antigens increased progressively in most patients and negative pre-treatment tests became positive after treatment.", "contents": "Clinical trial with Corynebacterium parvum. Corynebacterium parvum was administered to sixteen patients with malignant tumors submitted to repeated chemotherapy courses. A total of 428 injections of C. parvum at a dose of 3.5 mg/m2 in weekly, biweekly and monthly administration was given between the chemotherapy courses. Injection of C. parvum was followed by fever and local pain in 15/16 patients. Three patients presented a local ulceration during the initial period of weekly injections. Splenomegaly was observed after the second month of treatment, peripheral and bone-marrow monocytic infiltration after the second month. The decreased lymphocyte stimulation by PHA observed during the first two months was followed by an increased response. Cutaneous reactions to three antigens increased progressively in most patients and negative pre-treatment tests became positive after treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:344111", "title": "On the role of the proinsulin C-peptide.", "content": "Intracellular cleavage of protein and polypeptide precursors is now recognized as a widely occurring biosynthetic mechanism. As this field has developed, proinsulin and its cleavage patterns and secretory products have served as useful models for investigations of other systems. A particularly relevant aspect of the proprotein concept is the simple mechanism it provides for the co\u00f6rdinate synthesis and discharge of related peptides from endocrine or other secretory cells. This report reviews briefly the role of the proinsulin C-peptide, first in terms of its special biosynthetic functions, which are unique to the assembly of the two-chain insulin structure, and then with regard to its more general implications for other biosynthetic and secretory systems.", "contents": "On the role of the proinsulin C-peptide. Intracellular cleavage of protein and polypeptide precursors is now recognized as a widely occurring biosynthetic mechanism. As this field has developed, proinsulin and its cleavage patterns and secretory products have served as useful models for investigations of other systems. A particularly relevant aspect of the proprotein concept is the simple mechanism it provides for the co\u00f6rdinate synthesis and discharge of related peptides from endocrine or other secretory cells. This report reviews briefly the role of the proinsulin C-peptide, first in terms of its special biosynthetic functions, which are unique to the assembly of the two-chain insulin structure, and then with regard to its more general implications for other biosynthetic and secretory systems."}
{"id": "PMID:344106", "title": "Experience with BCG adjuvant immunotherapy in stage II malignant melanoma.", "content": "23 \"high risk\" melanoma patients treated with BCG-AIT are compared with a non-randomized control group of 35 Stage II melanoma patients receiving other treatment. The results are discussed. It has been noted that patients with weak initial BCG reactions survived longer than patients with strongly positive first BCG reactions. This observation could be interesting for the choice of immunotherapy.", "contents": "Experience with BCG adjuvant immunotherapy in stage II malignant melanoma. 23 \"high risk\" melanoma patients treated with BCG-AIT are compared with a non-randomized control group of 35 Stage II melanoma patients receiving other treatment. The results are discussed. It has been noted that patients with weak initial BCG reactions survived longer than patients with strongly positive first BCG reactions. This observation could be interesting for the choice of immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:344105", "title": "Clinical studies with Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "In a pilot study twelve patients with malignant disease were treated with Corynebacterium parvum. The clinical results were encouraging. A prospective randomised controlled clinical trial of C. parvum therapy in the treatment of patients with carcinoma of the bronchus began in August 1976. 22 pateints have been admitted to the trial and 11 treated with C. parvum. Clinical progress is reported. Radiological, haematological, biochemical and immunological measurements have been made and these results are presented with emphasis on the immunological data. Marked elevation of C. parvum antibody titre occurs. Lymphocyte reactivity, assessed by responses to phytohaemagglutinin and poke-weed mitogen and by the formation of T and B-cell rosettes, was significantly depressed in all patients compared to healthy volunteers, but in patients receiving C. parvum there is a relative increase in B-lymphocyte activity. Mild platelet depression occurs. No alteration to complement activity has been detected.", "contents": "Clinical studies with Corynebacterium parvum. In a pilot study twelve patients with malignant disease were treated with Corynebacterium parvum. The clinical results were encouraging. A prospective randomised controlled clinical trial of C. parvum therapy in the treatment of patients with carcinoma of the bronchus began in August 1976. 22 pateints have been admitted to the trial and 11 treated with C. parvum. Clinical progress is reported. Radiological, haematological, biochemical and immunological measurements have been made and these results are presented with emphasis on the immunological data. Marked elevation of C. parvum antibody titre occurs. Lymphocyte reactivity, assessed by responses to phytohaemagglutinin and poke-weed mitogen and by the formation of T and B-cell rosettes, was significantly depressed in all patients compared to healthy volunteers, but in patients receiving C. parvum there is a relative increase in B-lymphocyte activity. Mild platelet depression occurs. No alteration to complement activity has been detected."}
{"id": "PMID:344107", "title": "Randomized trial of chemoimmunotherapy for resectable and non-resectable gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "Two trials were carried out in order to compare, in two similar groups of patients, the efficacity of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) with or without BCG. The first trial comprised 159 patients with different forms of carcinoma. The differences in survival rate between the 77 patients treated with 5FU and the 82 patients who had received 5FU and BCG seem to be in favour of the combined treatment, but are not statistically significant. The second trial (20 cases treated with 5FU and 23 cases treated with 5FU and BCG) concerned patients with Dukes' Stage B and C colorectal cancer; the results of the combined treatment are clearly more favourable.", "contents": "Randomized trial of chemoimmunotherapy for resectable and non-resectable gastrointestinal cancer. Two trials were carried out in order to compare, in two similar groups of patients, the efficacity of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) with or without BCG. The first trial comprised 159 patients with different forms of carcinoma. The differences in survival rate between the 77 patients treated with 5FU and the 82 patients who had received 5FU and BCG seem to be in favour of the combined treatment, but are not statistically significant. The second trial (20 cases treated with 5FU and 23 cases treated with 5FU and BCG) concerned patients with Dukes' Stage B and C colorectal cancer; the results of the combined treatment are clearly more favourable."}
{"id": "PMID:344113", "title": "Residual beta-cell function and its metabolic consequences.", "content": "Improvement in the sensitivity and specificity of the C-peptide immunoassay and studies of larger groups of patients have increased our knowledge of the importance of residual beta-cell function and its metabolic consequences in insulin-treated diabetic patients. During the first five to 10 years after the onset of diabetes mellitus residual beta-cell function is demonstrable in the majority of insulin-treated patients irrespective of the severity of the initial symptoms and only partly dependent on the patient's age at diagnosis. Residual beta-cell function facilitates good control. Stable patients have a higher C-peptide concentration in plasma than unstable ones, but unmeasurable C-peptide is not always associated with poor control. More data are needed before the full significance of an even minimal reserve of beta-cell function is elucidated. It also remains to be shown whether the reductive in beta-cell function in diabetic patients has a qualitative as well as quantitative component.", "contents": "Residual beta-cell function and its metabolic consequences. Improvement in the sensitivity and specificity of the C-peptide immunoassay and studies of larger groups of patients have increased our knowledge of the importance of residual beta-cell function and its metabolic consequences in insulin-treated diabetic patients. During the first five to 10 years after the onset of diabetes mellitus residual beta-cell function is demonstrable in the majority of insulin-treated patients irrespective of the severity of the initial symptoms and only partly dependent on the patient's age at diagnosis. Residual beta-cell function facilitates good control. Stable patients have a higher C-peptide concentration in plasma than unstable ones, but unmeasurable C-peptide is not always associated with poor control. More data are needed before the full significance of an even minimal reserve of beta-cell function is elucidated. It also remains to be shown whether the reductive in beta-cell function in diabetic patients has a qualitative as well as quantitative component."}
{"id": "PMID:344108", "title": "Randomized trial in advanced breast cancer using combination chemotherapy with or without C. parvum; preliminary results.", "content": "In a prospectively randomized cooperative study patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with or without Corynebacterium parvum (C.p.)5 mg/sc/m2 on day 1 in addition to CAO/CMF (Cyclophosphamid (C) 150 mg/m2/d per os X 5 d and Adriamycine (A) 50 mg/m2 i.v. d 1 and Oncovin (O) 1.0 mg/m2 i.v. d 1. 6 CAO-cycles q 28 days later were followed by monthly CMF cycles q 28 d with Cyclophosphamide (same dose), Methotrexate 30 mg/m2 i.v. 1 and 5-fluorouracil 600 mg/m2 i.v. d 1). 76 patients entered the study until January 1, 1977. The patients' characteristics (age, cytostatic pretreatment, tumor free interval, metastatic sites and mean doses of CA) were well balanced in the two groups. The lowest values of WBC and platelets on d 14 of the monthly CAO-cycles show a mean nadir of 1,630/mm2 and 122'850/mm3 respectively in the C.p.-group and of 1,890/mm2 and 141'760/mm3 in the group without C.p. GI-toxicity was seen more frequently in the C.p. group. An improvement of symptoms was observed in 88% of the C.p.-CAO/CMF treated group and in 77% of the group without C.p. Complete and good partial remissions (greater than 50% tumor size reduction) were seen in 53% of the CAO-C.p. treated patients and in 34% of the patients in the control group without C.p. Survival data presently show a trend of improvement by the addition of C.p. to the CAO-CMF-chemotherapy regimen.", "contents": "Randomized trial in advanced breast cancer using combination chemotherapy with or without C. parvum; preliminary results. In a prospectively randomized cooperative study patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with or without Corynebacterium parvum (C.p.)5 mg/sc/m2 on day 1 in addition to CAO/CMF (Cyclophosphamid (C) 150 mg/m2/d per os X 5 d and Adriamycine (A) 50 mg/m2 i.v. d 1 and Oncovin (O) 1.0 mg/m2 i.v. d 1. 6 CAO-cycles q 28 days later were followed by monthly CMF cycles q 28 d with Cyclophosphamide (same dose), Methotrexate 30 mg/m2 i.v. 1 and 5-fluorouracil 600 mg/m2 i.v. d 1). 76 patients entered the study until January 1, 1977. The patients' characteristics (age, cytostatic pretreatment, tumor free interval, metastatic sites and mean doses of CA) were well balanced in the two groups. The lowest values of WBC and platelets on d 14 of the monthly CAO-cycles show a mean nadir of 1,630/mm2 and 122'850/mm3 respectively in the C.p.-group and of 1,890/mm2 and 141'760/mm3 in the group without C.p. GI-toxicity was seen more frequently in the C.p. group. An improvement of symptoms was observed in 88% of the C.p.-CAO/CMF treated group and in 77% of the group without C.p. Complete and good partial remissions (greater than 50% tumor size reduction) were seen in 53% of the CAO-C.p. treated patients and in 34% of the patients in the control group without C.p. Survival data presently show a trend of improvement by the addition of C.p. to the CAO-CMF-chemotherapy regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:344114", "title": "beta-cell function in children with diabetes.", "content": "Although it is generally believed that insulin secretion is minimal or absent in juvenile-onset diabetes, we have found appreciable levels of C-peptide at the time of onset in 12 patients, 4 to 16 years old (9.3 +/- 4.2). Ten of them had ketonuria but none severe ketoacidosis. All entered a remission period. Most of the patients had near normal C-peptide levels during the remission, and their beta cells had the capacity to respond to a breakfast stimulation with increased insulin secretion. C-peptide and proinsulin were also determined in 98 juvenile diabetics with age at onset of 1 to 16 years (6.8 +/- 3.9) and a duration of diabetes between two and 17 years (6.7 +/- 3.4). Many were found to have persisting beta-cell function, which seems to be of importance for ensuring stability in metabolic control. Although little is known about factors that may slow or reverse the process leading to beta-cell failure, our results suggest that early detection and intensive treatment of diabetes before severe metabolic disturbances have occurred may help preserve beta-cell function.", "contents": "beta-cell function in children with diabetes. Although it is generally believed that insulin secretion is minimal or absent in juvenile-onset diabetes, we have found appreciable levels of C-peptide at the time of onset in 12 patients, 4 to 16 years old (9.3 +/- 4.2). Ten of them had ketonuria but none severe ketoacidosis. All entered a remission period. Most of the patients had near normal C-peptide levels during the remission, and their beta cells had the capacity to respond to a breakfast stimulation with increased insulin secretion. C-peptide and proinsulin were also determined in 98 juvenile diabetics with age at onset of 1 to 16 years (6.8 +/- 3.9) and a duration of diabetes between two and 17 years (6.7 +/- 3.4). Many were found to have persisting beta-cell function, which seems to be of importance for ensuring stability in metabolic control. Although little is known about factors that may slow or reverse the process leading to beta-cell failure, our results suggest that early detection and intensive treatment of diabetes before severe metabolic disturbances have occurred may help preserve beta-cell function."}
{"id": "PMID:344104", "title": "Clinical experience in the use of C. parvum in the treatment of locally advanced carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with locally advanced breast cancer which had failed to respond to conventional therapy have been treated by infusion of C. parvum (strain CN 6134, Wellcome Research Laboratories) in 5% Dextrose. Thirteen patients had a single dose of 15 mg. C. parvum over 4 h and 8 patients received 5 daily infusions of 4 mg C. parvum over 1 h. In 3 patients there was some evidence of tumour regression. Pyrexia, often associated with rigors, headaches, vomiting and variations in blood pressure occurred in most patients receiving either schedule, although the severity of the side effects decreased daily in those receiving 5 treatments. One patient became comatose within 24 h of treatment and died two weeks later. Progressive swelling of the arm on the side of the tumour and inflammation of the primary lesion were prominent in those receiving 5 daily treatments. These results show that caution must be exercised in the clinical use of C. parvum and the search for an ideal schedule should continue.", "contents": "Clinical experience in the use of C. parvum in the treatment of locally advanced carcinoma of the breast. Twenty-one patients with locally advanced breast cancer which had failed to respond to conventional therapy have been treated by infusion of C. parvum (strain CN 6134, Wellcome Research Laboratories) in 5% Dextrose. Thirteen patients had a single dose of 15 mg. C. parvum over 4 h and 8 patients received 5 daily infusions of 4 mg C. parvum over 1 h. In 3 patients there was some evidence of tumour regression. Pyrexia, often associated with rigors, headaches, vomiting and variations in blood pressure occurred in most patients receiving either schedule, although the severity of the side effects decreased daily in those receiving 5 treatments. One patient became comatose within 24 h of treatment and died two weeks later. Progressive swelling of the arm on the side of the tumour and inflammation of the primary lesion were prominent in those receiving 5 daily treatments. These results show that caution must be exercised in the clinical use of C. parvum and the search for an ideal schedule should continue."}
{"id": "PMID:344115", "title": "betacell function during insulin or chlorpropamide treatment of maturity-onset diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Maturity-onset diabetic patients usually have raised overnight-fasting plasma glucose levels associated with \"normal\" basal plasma insulin levels. The basal hyperglycemia is proportional to the degree of insulin deficiency. Basal insulin or C-peptide levels become subnormal if normal fasting plasma glucose levels are attained with insulin. Basal hyperglycemia is probably a compensatory response to maintain near-normal basal insulin levels. A logical therapy of maturity-onset diabetes is to produce basal normoglycemia by means of a constant basal insulin supplement, which can be provided by ultralente insulin. The reduced insulin response of diabetics to intravenous glucose is slightly increased when basal normoglycemia is established, suggesting that the high plasma glucose levels compromise beta cell function. The insulin response to meals in a mild diabetic is not affected by mild hyperglycemia but can be depleted if gross hyperglycemia occurs. Maintenance of normoglycemia then allows beta cell \"recovery\". In mild diabetics (c. less than 9 mmol per liter basal plasma glucose), chlorpropamide sufficiently stimulates beta cell secretion so that basal normoglycemia can be produced. The C-peptide response to meals is improved, whereas comparable reduction of the plasma glucose with insulin does not alter the meal response. Thus basal normoglycemia can be produced by \"resting\" beta cells with a basal insulin supplement or by stimulating them with sulfonylurea therapy.", "contents": "betacell function during insulin or chlorpropamide treatment of maturity-onset diabetes mellitus. Maturity-onset diabetic patients usually have raised overnight-fasting plasma glucose levels associated with \"normal\" basal plasma insulin levels. The basal hyperglycemia is proportional to the degree of insulin deficiency. Basal insulin or C-peptide levels become subnormal if normal fasting plasma glucose levels are attained with insulin. Basal hyperglycemia is probably a compensatory response to maintain near-normal basal insulin levels. A logical therapy of maturity-onset diabetes is to produce basal normoglycemia by means of a constant basal insulin supplement, which can be provided by ultralente insulin. The reduced insulin response of diabetics to intravenous glucose is slightly increased when basal normoglycemia is established, suggesting that the high plasma glucose levels compromise beta cell function. The insulin response to meals in a mild diabetic is not affected by mild hyperglycemia but can be depleted if gross hyperglycemia occurs. Maintenance of normoglycemia then allows beta cell \"recovery\". In mild diabetics (c. less than 9 mmol per liter basal plasma glucose), chlorpropamide sufficiently stimulates beta cell secretion so that basal normoglycemia can be produced. The C-peptide response to meals is improved, whereas comparable reduction of the plasma glucose with insulin does not alter the meal response. Thus basal normoglycemia can be produced by \"resting\" beta cells with a basal insulin supplement or by stimulating them with sulfonylurea therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:344109", "title": "C. parvum clinical protocols: prototypes and summary results in U. S. trials with Wellcome Coparvax.", "content": "Clinical investigations utilizing Wellcome C. parvum in cancer therapy number more than one hundred in multiple institutions. Multiple diseases in various stages are being attacked by multi-modality therapy, making the role of immunotherapy very difficult to assess. Fundamental laboratory observations have suggested ways of weaving non-specific with specific immunotherapy, and these with chemotherapy and radiation to yield maximum therapeutic benefit. Current protocols include examples of the critical interactions as well as instructive information on dosing, timing and adjunctive symptomatic therapies. Several protocols will be reviewed, especially where promising clinical results are expected. Important differences between systemic and regional administration are observed.", "contents": "C. parvum clinical protocols: prototypes and summary results in U. S. trials with Wellcome Coparvax. Clinical investigations utilizing Wellcome C. parvum in cancer therapy number more than one hundred in multiple institutions. Multiple diseases in various stages are being attacked by multi-modality therapy, making the role of immunotherapy very difficult to assess. Fundamental laboratory observations have suggested ways of weaving non-specific with specific immunotherapy, and these with chemotherapy and radiation to yield maximum therapeutic benefit. Current protocols include examples of the critical interactions as well as instructive information on dosing, timing and adjunctive symptomatic therapies. Several protocols will be reviewed, especially where promising clinical results are expected. Important differences between systemic and regional administration are observed."}
{"id": "PMID:344116", "title": "HLA, islet cell antibodies, and types of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, in contrast to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, is associated with HLA factors B8, BW15, and B18. Recent studies have shown the association to be even stronger with HLA, DW3, and DW4 and have produced evidence for the existence of two \"diabetogenic\" genes predisposing to insulin-dependent diabetes in different ways. Evidence to suggest the existence of a gene--associated with DW2--that protects against the disease is accumulating. Islet cell antibodies are a feature of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and can be seen, in most cases, at the time of diagnosis.", "contents": "HLA, islet cell antibodies, and types of diabetes mellitus. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, in contrast to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, is associated with HLA factors B8, BW15, and B18. Recent studies have shown the association to be even stronger with HLA, DW3, and DW4 and have produced evidence for the existence of two \"diabetogenic\" genes predisposing to insulin-dependent diabetes in different ways. Evidence to suggest the existence of a gene--associated with DW2--that protects against the disease is accumulating. Islet cell antibodies are a feature of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and can be seen, in most cases, at the time of diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:344110", "title": "Clinical immunotherapy experiences in the Southeastern Cancer Study Group.", "content": "The Southeastern Cancer Study Group has been particularly interested in the use of immunological adjuvants in the treatment of melanoma and acute myelogenous leukemia. A study of chemotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy in randomly selected patients with metastatic malignant melanoma revealed no significant increase in either complete remissions or overall survival in the group receiving chemoimmunotherapy. Preliminary results in a study involving maintenance of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (chemotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy) revealed suggestive but not statistically significant increases in remission duration and survival in the group receiving immunotherapy. Data from these ongoing studies and plans for new group studies are presented in this paper.", "contents": "Clinical immunotherapy experiences in the Southeastern Cancer Study Group. The Southeastern Cancer Study Group has been particularly interested in the use of immunological adjuvants in the treatment of melanoma and acute myelogenous leukemia. A study of chemotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy in randomly selected patients with metastatic malignant melanoma revealed no significant increase in either complete remissions or overall survival in the group receiving chemoimmunotherapy. Preliminary results in a study involving maintenance of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (chemotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy) revealed suggestive but not statistically significant increases in remission duration and survival in the group receiving immunotherapy. Data from these ongoing studies and plans for new group studies are presented in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:344117", "title": "Prevalence of residual beta-cell function in insulin-dependent diabetics in relation to age at onset and duration of diabetes.", "content": "The influence of the age at onset as well as the duration of disease on the prevalence of residual beta-cell function was studied in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Two hundred and sixty-seven patients presented at an early age (10-19.9 years) and 158 patients had a late onset (30-39.9 years of age). beta-cell function was evaluated by measuring serum C-peptide immunoreactivity. Fifty-six patients (21.0 per cent) in the early-onset group and 64 (40.5 per cent) in the late-onset group had residual beta-cell function. The prevalence of residual beta-cell function was almost 100 per cent during the first two years of disease and was lower thereafter in diabetics with early onset. About 15 per cent of all patients with a duration between 15 and 35 years had residual beta-cell secretory function.", "contents": "Prevalence of residual beta-cell function in insulin-dependent diabetics in relation to age at onset and duration of diabetes. The influence of the age at onset as well as the duration of disease on the prevalence of residual beta-cell function was studied in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Two hundred and sixty-seven patients presented at an early age (10-19.9 years) and 158 patients had a late onset (30-39.9 years of age). beta-cell function was evaluated by measuring serum C-peptide immunoreactivity. Fifty-six patients (21.0 per cent) in the early-onset group and 64 (40.5 per cent) in the late-onset group had residual beta-cell function. The prevalence of residual beta-cell function was almost 100 per cent during the first two years of disease and was lower thereafter in diabetics with early onset. About 15 per cent of all patients with a duration between 15 and 35 years had residual beta-cell secretory function."}
{"id": "PMID:344118", "title": "Islet function in diabetics with persistent islet cell antibodies.", "content": "Seventeen (14 per cent) of 121 long-term insulin-treated diabetics were found to be positive for islet cell antibodies. Their duration of diabetes ranged between five and 45 years. Thirteen of these 17 patients were tested for the persistence of islet cell function by measurement of C-peptide. There was no detectable C-peptide in 12 patients, confirming that islet function had ceased. The significance of the persistence of islet cell antibodies in diabetes is unknown.", "contents": "Islet function in diabetics with persistent islet cell antibodies. Seventeen (14 per cent) of 121 long-term insulin-treated diabetics were found to be positive for islet cell antibodies. Their duration of diabetes ranged between five and 45 years. Thirteen of these 17 patients were tested for the persistence of islet cell function by measurement of C-peptide. There was no detectable C-peptide in 12 patients, confirming that islet function had ceased. The significance of the persistence of islet cell antibodies in diabetes is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:344119", "title": "Lactic acidosis in biguanide-treated diabetics: a review of 330 cases.", "content": "The paper presents an analysis of clinical symptoms, signs and laboratory data of 330 diabetic patients who developed lactic acidosis after having been treated with biguanides (phenformin, buformin, metformin). From the review of the literature an attempt is made to find special features that predisposed patients to develop lactic acidosis such as accompanying illnesses and additional medications, to describe the course of illness and also the factors that influenced the prognosis. Of the patients that developed lactic acidosis 50.3% died. These patients were older, they suffered more frequently from cardiovascular shock, their acidosis was more severe, the whole blood lactate concentration was higher, and the degree of renal insufficiency was more advanced. From our observations we conclude the the treatment of diabetes mellitus with biguanides should be reserved for specially selected patients.", "contents": "Lactic acidosis in biguanide-treated diabetics: a review of 330 cases. The paper presents an analysis of clinical symptoms, signs and laboratory data of 330 diabetic patients who developed lactic acidosis after having been treated with biguanides (phenformin, buformin, metformin). From the review of the literature an attempt is made to find special features that predisposed patients to develop lactic acidosis such as accompanying illnesses and additional medications, to describe the course of illness and also the factors that influenced the prognosis. Of the patients that developed lactic acidosis 50.3% died. These patients were older, they suffered more frequently from cardiovascular shock, their acidosis was more severe, the whole blood lactate concentration was higher, and the degree of renal insufficiency was more advanced. From our observations we conclude the the treatment of diabetes mellitus with biguanides should be reserved for specially selected patients."}
{"id": "PMID:344125", "title": "Failure of glucagon in the treatment of alcoholic pancreatitis.", "content": "Glucagon has been claimed to be an effective treatment for pancreatitis, but the studies reporting this were either uncontrolled or did not use concurrent controls, and none were double blind. To evaluate the efficacy of glucagon for alcohol-related pancreatitis, we performed a controlled, randomized, double blind study. Twenty-six patients with pancreatitis associated with alcohol ingestion received either glucagon or placebo in addition to intravenous fluids, nasogastric suction, and meperidine as needed. There were no statistically significant differences between the group which received glucagon and the group which did not in any of 12 parameters which included symptoms, signs, laboratory tests, and requests for analgesia. We conclude that glucagon in addition to conventional therapy is no better for the treatment of alcoholic pancreatitis than conventional therapy alone.", "contents": "Failure of glucagon in the treatment of alcoholic pancreatitis. Glucagon has been claimed to be an effective treatment for pancreatitis, but the studies reporting this were either uncontrolled or did not use concurrent controls, and none were double blind. To evaluate the efficacy of glucagon for alcohol-related pancreatitis, we performed a controlled, randomized, double blind study. Twenty-six patients with pancreatitis associated with alcohol ingestion received either glucagon or placebo in addition to intravenous fluids, nasogastric suction, and meperidine as needed. There were no statistically significant differences between the group which received glucagon and the group which did not in any of 12 parameters which included symptoms, signs, laboratory tests, and requests for analgesia. We conclude that glucagon in addition to conventional therapy is no better for the treatment of alcoholic pancreatitis than conventional therapy alone."}
{"id": "PMID:344126", "title": "Protective effect of metronidazole in experimental ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Administration of carrageenan to guinea pigs produces colonic lesions which are similar to those noted in idiopathic ulcerative colitis of human beings. This model was used to determine fecal flora changes and response to antimicrobial probes during the evolution of carrageenan-induced colitis. The results of fecal flora analysis showed that mean coliform concentrations increased from 10(2.7) to 10(7.4) per g during the initial stages of colonic ulceration. Pretreatment of carrageenan recipients with antimicrobials directed against coliforms reduced the concentrations of these organisms, but failed to attenuate the disease process. On the other hand, pretreatment with metronidazole, an antimicrobial primarily active against anaerobic bacteria, prevented carrageenan-induced colitis in a majority of animals. Delayed treatment with metronidazole until after colitis was established showed no salutory benefits. These results suggest that anaerobic bacteria play a role in the initial events of carrageenan-induced colitis in the guinea pig model.", "contents": "Protective effect of metronidazole in experimental ulcerative colitis. Administration of carrageenan to guinea pigs produces colonic lesions which are similar to those noted in idiopathic ulcerative colitis of human beings. This model was used to determine fecal flora changes and response to antimicrobial probes during the evolution of carrageenan-induced colitis. The results of fecal flora analysis showed that mean coliform concentrations increased from 10(2.7) to 10(7.4) per g during the initial stages of colonic ulceration. Pretreatment of carrageenan recipients with antimicrobials directed against coliforms reduced the concentrations of these organisms, but failed to attenuate the disease process. On the other hand, pretreatment with metronidazole, an antimicrobial primarily active against anaerobic bacteria, prevented carrageenan-induced colitis in a majority of animals. Delayed treatment with metronidazole until after colitis was established showed no salutory benefits. These results suggest that anaerobic bacteria play a role in the initial events of carrageenan-induced colitis in the guinea pig model."}
{"id": "PMID:344127", "title": "Quantitation of antral gastrin cell populations in the dog.", "content": "A method for enumerating G cells in dog antral mucosa by a fluorescent antibody technique was shown to be valid with respect to specificity and reproducibility. The state of intracellular gastrin storage does not influence G cell identification by this technique. To obtain values representative of the entire antrum, all G cells in long strips of antral mucosa must be counted. Results are best expressed as G cells per centimeter length of mucosa. Even with large mucosal samples there are considerable variations in G cell density within a single antrum. The \"average\" dog antrum contains about 35 million G cells. We observed as much as 2-fold range in G cell density from one dog to another. Each animal should, therefore, serve as its own control when influences on G cell populations are to be studied experimentally.", "contents": "Quantitation of antral gastrin cell populations in the dog. A method for enumerating G cells in dog antral mucosa by a fluorescent antibody technique was shown to be valid with respect to specificity and reproducibility. The state of intracellular gastrin storage does not influence G cell identification by this technique. To obtain values representative of the entire antrum, all G cells in long strips of antral mucosa must be counted. Results are best expressed as G cells per centimeter length of mucosa. Even with large mucosal samples there are considerable variations in G cell density within a single antrum. The \"average\" dog antrum contains about 35 million G cells. We observed as much as 2-fold range in G cell density from one dog to another. Each animal should, therefore, serve as its own control when influences on G cell populations are to be studied experimentally."}
{"id": "PMID:344128", "title": "Immunoelectron cytochemical localization of motilin in human duodenal enterochromaffin cells.", "content": "Two types of enterochromaffin cells can be demonstrated in the human duodenal mucosa by means of the Masson-Fontana reaction for argentaffinity applied to ultrathin sections. The 22-amino acid peptide motilin has now been localized exclusively to the duodenal type of enterochromaffin cell by immunoelectron microscopy. This cell occurs predominantly in the duodenum and upper jejunum. It is concluded that at least two types of enterochromaffin cells exist in the human gut mucosa and that they produce at least one biogenic amine as well as two peptides. Therefore they could provide a useful model for studies of the interrelationship of storage and release of amines and peptides.", "contents": "Immunoelectron cytochemical localization of motilin in human duodenal enterochromaffin cells. Two types of enterochromaffin cells can be demonstrated in the human duodenal mucosa by means of the Masson-Fontana reaction for argentaffinity applied to ultrathin sections. The 22-amino acid peptide motilin has now been localized exclusively to the duodenal type of enterochromaffin cell by immunoelectron microscopy. This cell occurs predominantly in the duodenum and upper jejunum. It is concluded that at least two types of enterochromaffin cells exist in the human gut mucosa and that they produce at least one biogenic amine as well as two peptides. Therefore they could provide a useful model for studies of the interrelationship of storage and release of amines and peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:344129", "title": "Liver disease and nutrition.", "content": "The liver plays a central role in the digestion, metabolism, and storage of nutrients. A deficiency of nutrients is often associated with liver disease and may be caused by decreased intake, decreased absorption, decreased storage, abnormalities in metabolism, or the increased requirements for nutrients. Alcoholism is a frequent cause of both malnutrition and liver disease, but nutritional deficiencies are also common in liver diseases not associated with alcoholism.", "contents": "Liver disease and nutrition. The liver plays a central role in the digestion, metabolism, and storage of nutrients. A deficiency of nutrients is often associated with liver disease and may be caused by decreased intake, decreased absorption, decreased storage, abnormalities in metabolism, or the increased requirements for nutrients. Alcoholism is a frequent cause of both malnutrition and liver disease, but nutritional deficiencies are also common in liver diseases not associated with alcoholism."}
{"id": "PMID:344132", "title": "[Problems in paediatric gynaecology (author's transl)].", "content": "The present survey deals with the physiological development and pathological disturbances of the female genital organs in childhood. The different phases in development of the female genitals are discussed under sections on the newborn phase, the resting phase and the maturing time. Then follows a description of the most important illnesses met with in practice including various types of vulvovaginitis, tumours, genital bleeding and accidental injuries. This review could not be extended to include a description of congenital malformations and endocrinological disturbances.", "contents": "[Problems in paediatric gynaecology (author's transl)]. The present survey deals with the physiological development and pathological disturbances of the female genital organs in childhood. The different phases in development of the female genitals are discussed under sections on the newborn phase, the resting phase and the maturing time. Then follows a description of the most important illnesses met with in practice including various types of vulvovaginitis, tumours, genital bleeding and accidental injuries. This review could not be extended to include a description of congenital malformations and endocrinological disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:344135", "title": "Insertion sequence IS2 associated with int-constitutive mutants of bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "We have examined mutations in bacteriophage lambda called int-c, which confer elevated constitutive expression on the int gene for prophage integration. One class of mutations, which map between the b538 and bio386 endpoints, does not appear to be associated with any major chromosomal modification, whereas the second class has the IS2 insertion sequence in orientation II within the region between gene int and the b538 endpoint, All int-c mutations are within gene xis, with the possible exception of int-c548, which might be located between int and xis. The present data are most consistent with the following notion: (1) the point mutations of class one inactivate the tI terminator signal of the pI-tI leader RNA for gene int and thus render int expression independent of the antiterminating action of the cII and cIII products, and (2) the second class of int-c mutants is constitutive for Int because the IS2 insertion, when strategically located between int and tI, provides a new constitutive promoter for int transciption.", "contents": "Insertion sequence IS2 associated with int-constitutive mutants of bacteriophage lambda. We have examined mutations in bacteriophage lambda called int-c, which confer elevated constitutive expression on the int gene for prophage integration. One class of mutations, which map between the b538 and bio386 endpoints, does not appear to be associated with any major chromosomal modification, whereas the second class has the IS2 insertion sequence in orientation II within the region between gene int and the b538 endpoint, All int-c mutations are within gene xis, with the possible exception of int-c548, which might be located between int and xis. The present data are most consistent with the following notion: (1) the point mutations of class one inactivate the tI terminator signal of the pI-tI leader RNA for gene int and thus render int expression independent of the antiterminating action of the cII and cIII products, and (2) the second class of int-c mutants is constitutive for Int because the IS2 insertion, when strategically located between int and tI, provides a new constitutive promoter for int transciption."}
{"id": "PMID:344136", "title": "Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. I. Ampicillin-resistant derivatives of the plasmid pMB9.", "content": "In vitro recombination via restriction endonucleases and the in vivo genetic translocation of the Ap resistance (Apr) gene resulted in the construction of a new cloning vehicle, the plasmid pBR313. This vector was derived from a ColE1-like plasmid and, while it does not produce colicon E1, it still retains colicin E1 immunity. The Apr and tetracycline resistance (Tcr) markers carried in pBR313 were derived from the ampicillin transposon (TnA) of pRSF2124 and pSC101 respectively. During the construction of pBR313, the TnA component was altered and the Apr gene in pBR313 can no longer be translocated. This plasmid has a molecular weight of 5.8 Mdalton and has been characterized using thirteen restriction enzymes, six of which (EcoRI, SmaI, HpaI, HindIII, BamHI and SalI) cleave the plasmid at unique restriction sites. This allows the molecular cloning of DNA fragments generated by these six enzymes. The restriction sites for the latter three enzymes, HindIII, BamHI and SalI, are located in the Tcr gene(s). Cloning DNA fragments into these sites alters the expression of the Tcr mechanisms thus providing a selection for cells carrying recombinant plasmid molecules. An enrichment method for AprTcS cells carrying recombinant plasmid molecules is described.", "contents": "Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. I. Ampicillin-resistant derivatives of the plasmid pMB9. In vitro recombination via restriction endonucleases and the in vivo genetic translocation of the Ap resistance (Apr) gene resulted in the construction of a new cloning vehicle, the plasmid pBR313. This vector was derived from a ColE1-like plasmid and, while it does not produce colicon E1, it still retains colicin E1 immunity. The Apr and tetracycline resistance (Tcr) markers carried in pBR313 were derived from the ampicillin transposon (TnA) of pRSF2124 and pSC101 respectively. During the construction of pBR313, the TnA component was altered and the Apr gene in pBR313 can no longer be translocated. This plasmid has a molecular weight of 5.8 Mdalton and has been characterized using thirteen restriction enzymes, six of which (EcoRI, SmaI, HpaI, HindIII, BamHI and SalI) cleave the plasmid at unique restriction sites. This allows the molecular cloning of DNA fragments generated by these six enzymes. The restriction sites for the latter three enzymes, HindIII, BamHI and SalI, are located in the Tcr gene(s). Cloning DNA fragments into these sites alters the expression of the Tcr mechanisms thus providing a selection for cells carrying recombinant plasmid molecules. An enrichment method for AprTcS cells carrying recombinant plasmid molecules is described."}
{"id": "PMID:344137", "title": "Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. II. A multipurpose cloning system.", "content": "In vitro recombination techniques were used to construct a new cloning vehicle, pBR322. This plasmid, derived from pBR313, is a relaxed replicating plasmid, does not produce and is sensitive to colicin E1, and carries resistance genes to the antibiotics ampicillin (Ap) and tetracycline (Tc). The antibiotic-resistant genes on pBR322 are not transposable. The vector pBR322 was constructed in order to have a plasmid with a single PstI site, located in the ampicillin-resistant gene (Apr), in addition to four unique restriction sites, EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI and SalI. Survival of Escherichia coli strain X1776 containing pBR313 and pBR322 as a function of thymine and diaminopimelic acid (DAP) starvation and sensitivity to bile salts was found to be equivalent to the non-plasmid containing strain. Conjugal transfer of these plasmids in bi- and triparental matings were significantly reduced or undetectable relative to the plasmid ColE1.", "contents": "Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. II. A multipurpose cloning system. In vitro recombination techniques were used to construct a new cloning vehicle, pBR322. This plasmid, derived from pBR313, is a relaxed replicating plasmid, does not produce and is sensitive to colicin E1, and carries resistance genes to the antibiotics ampicillin (Ap) and tetracycline (Tc). The antibiotic-resistant genes on pBR322 are not transposable. The vector pBR322 was constructed in order to have a plasmid with a single PstI site, located in the ampicillin-resistant gene (Apr), in addition to four unique restriction sites, EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI and SalI. Survival of Escherichia coli strain X1776 containing pBR313 and pBR322 as a function of thymine and diaminopimelic acid (DAP) starvation and sensitivity to bile salts was found to be equivalent to the non-plasmid containing strain. Conjugal transfer of these plasmids in bi- and triparental matings were significantly reduced or undetectable relative to the plasmid ColE1."}
{"id": "PMID:344138", "title": "Enrichment for the globin coding region in a chromatin fraction from chick reticulocytes by endonuclease digestion.", "content": "A nuclease-sensitive fraction was obtained from chick reticulocyte chromatin by brief digestion with an endonuclease (DNAase II, deoxyribonucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.6). The nuclease-sensitive fraction typically contained less than 1% of the chromatin-DNA but about 50% or more of the nascent chromatin-bound RNA. Hybridization of chick globin complementary DNA to the DNA component of the nuclease-sensitive fraction of reticulocyte chromatin indicated a 3--5 fold enrichment for the globin coding region of the chromatin. The control experiment utilizing DNA from a nuclease-sensitive fraction of chick liver chromatin did not show a comparable enrichment for the globin coding region. This suggests that the endonuclease-effected enrichment for the globin coding region in the nuclease-sensitive fraction of reticulocyte chromatin is to some degree specific for structural genes transcribed in reticulocytes.", "contents": "Enrichment for the globin coding region in a chromatin fraction from chick reticulocytes by endonuclease digestion. A nuclease-sensitive fraction was obtained from chick reticulocyte chromatin by brief digestion with an endonuclease (DNAase II, deoxyribonucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.6). The nuclease-sensitive fraction typically contained less than 1% of the chromatin-DNA but about 50% or more of the nascent chromatin-bound RNA. Hybridization of chick globin complementary DNA to the DNA component of the nuclease-sensitive fraction of reticulocyte chromatin indicated a 3--5 fold enrichment for the globin coding region of the chromatin. The control experiment utilizing DNA from a nuclease-sensitive fraction of chick liver chromatin did not show a comparable enrichment for the globin coding region. This suggests that the endonuclease-effected enrichment for the globin coding region in the nuclease-sensitive fraction of reticulocyte chromatin is to some degree specific for structural genes transcribed in reticulocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:344139", "title": "ColE1 cloning of a ribosomal RNA promoter region from lambdarifd18 by selection for lambda integration and excision functions.", "content": "The expression of the ribosomal RNA gene carried by the lambda transducing phage lambdarifd18 is shown to be subject to stringent amino acid control. lambdarifd18 DNA was digested with endonuclease EcoRI and ligated to similarly restricted ColE1 plasmid DNA. Selection for expression of lambda integration and excision gene activity carried by the same DNA fragment results in cloning of the promoter proximal portion of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The resulting chemera expresses lambda integration and excision functions as well as encoding the promoter proximal half of a 16S ribosomal RNA gene.", "contents": "ColE1 cloning of a ribosomal RNA promoter region from lambdarifd18 by selection for lambda integration and excision functions. The expression of the ribosomal RNA gene carried by the lambda transducing phage lambdarifd18 is shown to be subject to stringent amino acid control. lambdarifd18 DNA was digested with endonuclease EcoRI and ligated to similarly restricted ColE1 plasmid DNA. Selection for expression of lambda integration and excision gene activity carried by the same DNA fragment results in cloning of the promoter proximal portion of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The resulting chemera expresses lambda integration and excision functions as well as encoding the promoter proximal half of a 16S ribosomal RNA gene."}
{"id": "PMID:344140", "title": "Heteroduplex mapping of small plasmids derived from R-factor R12: in vivo recombination occurs at IS1 insertion sequences.", "content": "Small, autonomously replicating plasmids derived by in vivo recombination from R-factor R12 (= R100) have been structurally mapped by heteroduplex formation between the plasmids and an R-factor which is structurally closely related to R6-5. Recombination resulting in generation of the small resistance-free plasmids occurs between the (IS1)b insertion sequence and various other sites on the opposite side of an origin of replication. A larger R12-derived plasmid pSM17, carrying streptomycin (Sm), sulfadiazole (Sa), and chloramphenicol (Cm) resistances, has recombined in a similar manner but at the (IS1)a sequence. A new structural coordinate origin for R100 and for partially homologous R-factors is proposed based upon the location of the (IS1)b sequence.", "contents": "Heteroduplex mapping of small plasmids derived from R-factor R12: in vivo recombination occurs at IS1 insertion sequences. Small, autonomously replicating plasmids derived by in vivo recombination from R-factor R12 (= R100) have been structurally mapped by heteroduplex formation between the plasmids and an R-factor which is structurally closely related to R6-5. Recombination resulting in generation of the small resistance-free plasmids occurs between the (IS1)b insertion sequence and various other sites on the opposite side of an origin of replication. A larger R12-derived plasmid pSM17, carrying streptomycin (Sm), sulfadiazole (Sa), and chloramphenicol (Cm) resistances, has recombined in a similar manner but at the (IS1)a sequence. A new structural coordinate origin for R100 and for partially homologous R-factors is proposed based upon the location of the (IS1)b sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:344141", "title": "Colicinogenic mutant of ColE1 plasmid that fails to confer immunity to colicin E1.", "content": "Insertion of the ampicillin transposon (Tn3) into ColE1 DNAs causes various mutations in the plasmids. Escherichia coli K-12 cells carrying one of these mutants showed novel properties; they were sensitive to colicin E1 and were able to produce active colicin E1. The site and the orientation of Tn3 insertion in this mutant ColE1 DNA were determined by heteroduplex analysis and by enzymatic digestion with restriction endonucleases. The potential usefulness of this mutant ColE1 DNA as a cloning vehicle is discussed.", "contents": "Colicinogenic mutant of ColE1 plasmid that fails to confer immunity to colicin E1. Insertion of the ampicillin transposon (Tn3) into ColE1 DNAs causes various mutations in the plasmids. Escherichia coli K-12 cells carrying one of these mutants showed novel properties; they were sensitive to colicin E1 and were able to produce active colicin E1. The site and the orientation of Tn3 insertion in this mutant ColE1 DNA were determined by heteroduplex analysis and by enzymatic digestion with restriction endonucleases. The potential usefulness of this mutant ColE1 DNA as a cloning vehicle is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:344142", "title": "Current status of coliphage lambda EK2 vectors.", "content": "This article summarizes the rationale behind the design of standardized laboratory tests for certification of bacteriophage lambda EK-2 vector systems. A discussion and description of the six vector systems which have been certified by the U.S. National Institutes of Health are also included. An appendix describes the officially approved laboratory tests in detail.", "contents": "Current status of coliphage lambda EK2 vectors. This article summarizes the rationale behind the design of standardized laboratory tests for certification of bacteriophage lambda EK-2 vector systems. A discussion and description of the six vector systems which have been certified by the U.S. National Institutes of Health are also included. An appendix describes the officially approved laboratory tests in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:344143", "title": "Isolation and characterization of transducing coliphage fd carrying a kanamycin resistance gene.", "content": "The DNA segment (Tn903) with a size of 3100 nucleotide pairs which carries a gene specifying kanamycin resistance derived from a chimeric plasmid pML21 (Hershfield et al., 1976) was transposed to various sites on the filamentous phage fd DNA. Wild type fd can be restored by excision of Tn903 from the resulting hybrid DNA molecule. The fd DNA carrying Tn903 when converted to the mature phage particle, was capable of transducing the kanamycin marker, and its replicative form DNA could be maintained in a bacterial cell like a plasmid.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of transducing coliphage fd carrying a kanamycin resistance gene. The DNA segment (Tn903) with a size of 3100 nucleotide pairs which carries a gene specifying kanamycin resistance derived from a chimeric plasmid pML21 (Hershfield et al., 1976) was transposed to various sites on the filamentous phage fd DNA. Wild type fd can be restored by excision of Tn903 from the resulting hybrid DNA molecule. The fd DNA carrying Tn903 when converted to the mature phage particle, was capable of transducing the kanamycin marker, and its replicative form DNA could be maintained in a bacterial cell like a plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:344144", "title": "DNA cleavage of lambda and phi 80 transducing phages carrying the argA, argECBH, argF and argI operons of Escherichia coli K-12 with the restriction endonucleases EcoRI, SmaI and HindIII.", "content": "DNA isolated from each of the seven arginine transducing phages lambdaargA2cI857susS7, phi80ppc argECBH, phi80argF, phi80argF ilambdacI857, lambdaargF2, lambdaargF23 and lambdaargI valScI857susS7 has been specifically cleaved by the restriction endonucleases EcoRI, SmaI and HindIII. The DNA fragments resulting from single, and in some cases, double endonuclease digests were separated by electrophoresis in agarose and also in polyacrylamide gel. The electrophoretic patterns thus obtained were compared with those produced by digestion of DNA isolated from the corresponding lambda and phi80 parental phages. The majority of cleavage sites produced by the action of these restriction enzymes on arginine transducing DNA have been physically mapped.", "contents": "DNA cleavage of lambda and phi 80 transducing phages carrying the argA, argECBH, argF and argI operons of Escherichia coli K-12 with the restriction endonucleases EcoRI, SmaI and HindIII. DNA isolated from each of the seven arginine transducing phages lambdaargA2cI857susS7, phi80ppc argECBH, phi80argF, phi80argF ilambdacI857, lambdaargF2, lambdaargF23 and lambdaargI valScI857susS7 has been specifically cleaved by the restriction endonucleases EcoRI, SmaI and HindIII. The DNA fragments resulting from single, and in some cases, double endonuclease digests were separated by electrophoresis in agarose and also in polyacrylamide gel. The electrophoretic patterns thus obtained were compared with those produced by digestion of DNA isolated from the corresponding lambda and phi80 parental phages. The majority of cleavage sites produced by the action of these restriction enzymes on arginine transducing DNA have been physically mapped."}
{"id": "PMID:344155", "title": "Escherichia coli antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Sera from 30 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (16 with Crohn's disease (CD) and 14 with ulcerative colitis (UC) were assayed for the presence of antibodies against 159 Escherichia coli O-antigens and compared with sera from 16 matched control subjects. The majority of patients with IBD had agglutinating antibodies to a higher number of Escherichia coli O-antigens and in higher titres than the control group. The number of positive agglutinins was O-33 mean 13.8 in CD, O-26 mean 7.9 for UC, and O-7 mean 1.5 in controls. Eight patients with IBD and arthropathy had antibodies to fewer O-antigens (O-7 mean 3.2). The antibodies were in the IgG and IgM, in titres corresponding to original values. No specific O-serotypes were associated with IBD. Common serotypes, R-plasmid carrying serotypes, and those associated with shigella-like adult diarrhoea were detected. O14 was detected only in five patients and O119 in none. There was no correlation between the number of Escherichia coli agglutinins and the site and severity of the disease or type of therapy. It is suggested that the presence of the high numbers of Escherichia coli antibodies is secondary to the disease process and is unlikely to be causally involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, but may play a role in the perpetuation of the disease and in the extraintestinal complications.", "contents": "Escherichia coli antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Sera from 30 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (16 with Crohn's disease (CD) and 14 with ulcerative colitis (UC) were assayed for the presence of antibodies against 159 Escherichia coli O-antigens and compared with sera from 16 matched control subjects. The majority of patients with IBD had agglutinating antibodies to a higher number of Escherichia coli O-antigens and in higher titres than the control group. The number of positive agglutinins was O-33 mean 13.8 in CD, O-26 mean 7.9 for UC, and O-7 mean 1.5 in controls. Eight patients with IBD and arthropathy had antibodies to fewer O-antigens (O-7 mean 3.2). The antibodies were in the IgG and IgM, in titres corresponding to original values. No specific O-serotypes were associated with IBD. Common serotypes, R-plasmid carrying serotypes, and those associated with shigella-like adult diarrhoea were detected. O14 was detected only in five patients and O119 in none. There was no correlation between the number of Escherichia coli agglutinins and the site and severity of the disease or type of therapy. It is suggested that the presence of the high numbers of Escherichia coli antibodies is secondary to the disease process and is unlikely to be causally involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, but may play a role in the perpetuation of the disease and in the extraintestinal complications."}
{"id": "PMID:344156", "title": "Effects of bran on serum cholesterol, faecal mass, fat, bile acids and neutral sterols, and biliary lipids in patients with diverticular disease of the colon.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with symptomatic diverticular disease of the colon were randomly allocated to control and high-fibre groups so that the long-term effect (up to 12 months) of bran on serum, faecal and biliary lipids could be studied. Even in cases of high initial values, faecal mass was increased by bran and the change was positively correlated with the change in dietary fibre. Faecal fat and dry weight were also increased. Faecal bile acids were initially slightly raised and were positively correlated with wet weight both off and on bran. The latter significantly decreased the excretion and concentration of bile acids, in particular the high initial values. The change in bile acids was not correlated with the change in dietary fibre or faecal wet weight. Sterol balance values indicated that the bran-induced decrease in faecal bile acids was associated with a lower cholesterol synthesis. Serum cholesterol decreased significantly in two hypercholesterolaemic individuals only. Correlations between different parameters revealed that the higher the initial level or the greater the drop in cholesterol synthesis, the greater the decrease in serum cholesterol. Bran had no effect on the biliary saturation of cholesterol. The percentage of biliary deoxycholate was negatively correlated with faecal mass (less so with faecal bile acid output) both before and during bran and was significantly decreased by bran. The percentage of cholic acid increased correspondingly and that of chenodeoxycholate remained unchanged. Faecal bile acids also indicated that the synthesis of the two primary bile acids was lowered by bran to the same degree.", "contents": "Effects of bran on serum cholesterol, faecal mass, fat, bile acids and neutral sterols, and biliary lipids in patients with diverticular disease of the colon. Twenty-two patients with symptomatic diverticular disease of the colon were randomly allocated to control and high-fibre groups so that the long-term effect (up to 12 months) of bran on serum, faecal and biliary lipids could be studied. Even in cases of high initial values, faecal mass was increased by bran and the change was positively correlated with the change in dietary fibre. Faecal fat and dry weight were also increased. Faecal bile acids were initially slightly raised and were positively correlated with wet weight both off and on bran. The latter significantly decreased the excretion and concentration of bile acids, in particular the high initial values. The change in bile acids was not correlated with the change in dietary fibre or faecal wet weight. Sterol balance values indicated that the bran-induced decrease in faecal bile acids was associated with a lower cholesterol synthesis. Serum cholesterol decreased significantly in two hypercholesterolaemic individuals only. Correlations between different parameters revealed that the higher the initial level or the greater the drop in cholesterol synthesis, the greater the decrease in serum cholesterol. Bran had no effect on the biliary saturation of cholesterol. The percentage of biliary deoxycholate was negatively correlated with faecal mass (less so with faecal bile acid output) both before and during bran and was significantly decreased by bran. The percentage of cholic acid increased correspondingly and that of chenodeoxycholate remained unchanged. Faecal bile acids also indicated that the synthesis of the two primary bile acids was lowered by bran to the same degree."}
{"id": "PMID:344157", "title": "Effect of prolonged cimetidine therapy on gastric acid secretion in man.", "content": "In a double blind trial, 23 patients with endoscopically confirmed duodenal ulceration received cimetidine (300 mg four times daily in six patients, or 400 mg four times daily in 10 patients) or placebo (seven patients) for six weeks. Before entry into the trial, pentagastrin (6 microgram.kg-1.h-1)--stimulated gastric acid secretion after a single oral dose of 300 or 400 mg cimetidine was lowered by 82.1% and 81.0%, respectively, while no significant inhibition was recorded in the patients receiving placebo (8.8%). The same test repeated after six weeks of continuous treatment showed that the effect of the drug was maintained, the percentage inhibition of acid secretion being of the same order as in the first test.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged cimetidine therapy on gastric acid secretion in man. In a double blind trial, 23 patients with endoscopically confirmed duodenal ulceration received cimetidine (300 mg four times daily in six patients, or 400 mg four times daily in 10 patients) or placebo (seven patients) for six weeks. Before entry into the trial, pentagastrin (6 microgram.kg-1.h-1)--stimulated gastric acid secretion after a single oral dose of 300 or 400 mg cimetidine was lowered by 82.1% and 81.0%, respectively, while no significant inhibition was recorded in the patients receiving placebo (8.8%). The same test repeated after six weeks of continuous treatment showed that the effect of the drug was maintained, the percentage inhibition of acid secretion being of the same order as in the first test."}
{"id": "PMID:344159", "title": "Glucagon therapy in acute pancreatitis. Report of a double-blind trial.", "content": "The results of a double-blind trial of glucagon in 69 patients with acute pancreatitis are reported. In a subgroup of 59 patients statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the glucagon-treated (n = 29; 2 X 5 mg protamine-zinc glucagon intramuscularly per day) and the placebo-treated (n = 30) subjects for the following data: duration of pain left spontaneously and induced by palpation, amounts of analgesics and antispasmodics required by the patients, duration of hospital stay, amylase activities in serum and 24 hour urine collections. Mortality rates did not differ significantly between the glucagon-treated and the placebo-treated subjects in the total group of 69 patients and in the two subgroups of patients who were treated conservatively (n = 59) and those who underwent laparotomy because of severe peritonitis (n = 10). From the results of this study it is concluded that favourable effects of glucagon upon the course of acute pancreatitis--if they do exist--are not significant.", "contents": "Glucagon therapy in acute pancreatitis. Report of a double-blind trial. The results of a double-blind trial of glucagon in 69 patients with acute pancreatitis are reported. In a subgroup of 59 patients statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the glucagon-treated (n = 29; 2 X 5 mg protamine-zinc glucagon intramuscularly per day) and the placebo-treated (n = 30) subjects for the following data: duration of pain left spontaneously and induced by palpation, amounts of analgesics and antispasmodics required by the patients, duration of hospital stay, amylase activities in serum and 24 hour urine collections. Mortality rates did not differ significantly between the glucagon-treated and the placebo-treated subjects in the total group of 69 patients and in the two subgroups of patients who were treated conservatively (n = 59) and those who underwent laparotomy because of severe peritonitis (n = 10). From the results of this study it is concluded that favourable effects of glucagon upon the course of acute pancreatitis--if they do exist--are not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:344160", "title": "Serum level of immunoreactive gastrin: influence of kidney function.", "content": "Serum gastrin levels have been studied in 70 patients with chronically reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as estimated by 51Cr-EDTA clearance, creatinine, and beta2-microglobulin values. A strong dependence upon GFR was found, although the correlation between gastrin levels and GFR was not as high as that between beta2-microglobulin and GFR, indicating the existence of extrarenal factors regulating the levels of circulating gastrin. In a separate group of 31 patients on maintenance dialysis the mean gastrin level was 65.9 pmol/l--that is, a fourfold increase compared to healthy subjects. Three of the uraemic patients had pronounced rises in serum gastrin in the range 800-1800 pmol/l. Finally, the influence of acute alterations of kidney function on serum gastrin was studied in 11 patients undergoing renal transplantation. In addition to a GFR dependence the results indicate the existence of feedback mechanisms in gastrin homeostasis. Although the clinical importance of the increased gastrin levels in renal failure is unknown, hypergastrinaemia occurs with sufficient frequency to be involved in upper gastrointestinal complications of uraemic patients.", "contents": "Serum level of immunoreactive gastrin: influence of kidney function. Serum gastrin levels have been studied in 70 patients with chronically reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as estimated by 51Cr-EDTA clearance, creatinine, and beta2-microglobulin values. A strong dependence upon GFR was found, although the correlation between gastrin levels and GFR was not as high as that between beta2-microglobulin and GFR, indicating the existence of extrarenal factors regulating the levels of circulating gastrin. In a separate group of 31 patients on maintenance dialysis the mean gastrin level was 65.9 pmol/l--that is, a fourfold increase compared to healthy subjects. Three of the uraemic patients had pronounced rises in serum gastrin in the range 800-1800 pmol/l. Finally, the influence of acute alterations of kidney function on serum gastrin was studied in 11 patients undergoing renal transplantation. In addition to a GFR dependence the results indicate the existence of feedback mechanisms in gastrin homeostasis. Although the clinical importance of the increased gastrin levels in renal failure is unknown, hypergastrinaemia occurs with sufficient frequency to be involved in upper gastrointestinal complications of uraemic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:344163", "title": "Isolation of antilymphocyte antibodies, with a solid water-insoluble not gel-like immunoadsorbent.", "content": "An immunoadsorbent, consisting of a copolymer from acrylnitrile and methacrylic acid's beta-amino-ethylester as the insoluble, not gel-like carrier, 1.3-difluor-4.6-dinitrobenzene as the binding substance and isolated sheep spleen lymphocytes, is described. It may be especially useful for the preparation of \"pure antibodies\" to cells and greater or smaller antigenic particles. The immunoadsorbent can easily be prepared in an one-step method, it is stable, and high flow rates can be obtained in column chromatography.", "contents": "Isolation of antilymphocyte antibodies, with a solid water-insoluble not gel-like immunoadsorbent. An immunoadsorbent, consisting of a copolymer from acrylnitrile and methacrylic acid's beta-amino-ethylester as the insoluble, not gel-like carrier, 1.3-difluor-4.6-dinitrobenzene as the binding substance and isolated sheep spleen lymphocytes, is described. It may be especially useful for the preparation of \"pure antibodies\" to cells and greater or smaller antigenic particles. The immunoadsorbent can easily be prepared in an one-step method, it is stable, and high flow rates can be obtained in column chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:344166", "title": "Neural repair for sensory restoration in a groin flap.", "content": "A preliminary study of the recovery of sensation in groin flaps, after suture of the lateral cutaneous branches of the twelfth thoracic nerve supplying the groin flap with those of the hand, is described. This appears to be a worthwhile procedure.", "contents": "Neural repair for sensory restoration in a groin flap. A preliminary study of the recovery of sensation in groin flaps, after suture of the lateral cutaneous branches of the twelfth thoracic nerve supplying the groin flap with those of the hand, is described. This appears to be a worthwhile procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:344167", "title": "Eliminating the gap in flexor tendon surgery. A new method of suture.", "content": "A new method of tendon suture has been designed to eliminate the development of a gap when tension is applied to the repair. It has been demonstrated to resist distraction at relatively high tensions on cadaveric tendon. The possible advantages of the technique are discussed.", "contents": "Eliminating the gap in flexor tendon surgery. A new method of suture. A new method of tendon suture has been designed to eliminate the development of a gap when tension is applied to the repair. It has been demonstrated to resist distraction at relatively high tensions on cadaveric tendon. The possible advantages of the technique are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:344168", "title": "[Tendon suture in the tendinous sheath--experimental study].", "content": "Tendon sutures were carried out in the flexor digitorum longus tendon 54 rabbits within the osteofibrous canal at the level of the ankle joint. The suture technique of BUNNELL, LENGEMANN and KESSLER were compared. The adhesions and the vascular pattern in the suture are were observed by means of idian ink injection, microdissection and in thin sections cleared with methyl salicylate. Tendon healing with only minimal adhesions seems to be possible provided that the gap between the tendon stumps is rather small. It originates from the vascularised epitenon of the tendon stumps. In tendon sutures after KESSLER the gap averaged only 2,5 mm whereas the average after BUNNELL suture was 6,7 mm, after LENGEMANN suture 9,8 mm. Early mobilisation of the tendons without tension according to the technique of KLEINERT seems to be suitable to minimise adhesions in the suture area.", "contents": "[Tendon suture in the tendinous sheath--experimental study]. Tendon sutures were carried out in the flexor digitorum longus tendon 54 rabbits within the osteofibrous canal at the level of the ankle joint. The suture technique of BUNNELL, LENGEMANN and KESSLER were compared. The adhesions and the vascular pattern in the suture are were observed by means of idian ink injection, microdissection and in thin sections cleared with methyl salicylate. Tendon healing with only minimal adhesions seems to be possible provided that the gap between the tendon stumps is rather small. It originates from the vascularised epitenon of the tendon stumps. In tendon sutures after KESSLER the gap averaged only 2,5 mm whereas the average after BUNNELL suture was 6,7 mm, after LENGEMANN suture 9,8 mm. Early mobilisation of the tendons without tension according to the technique of KLEINERT seems to be suitable to minimise adhesions in the suture area."}
{"id": "PMID:344169", "title": "[Therapeutic possibilities malformations of the metacarpus].", "content": "The most common deformities of the metacarpus occur in conjunction with poly- and oligodactyly. The authors first refer to the most important operations in treating these deformities and emphasize that in certain cases solitary resection of surplus fingers is not enough: in addition, outgrown articular process must be removed, bent metacarpals osteotomised and capsular defects closed. The treatment of oligodactylic hands is made difficult by cutaneous and osseous syndactyly. The operating surgeon should have sufficient experience in plastic surgery to be able to take care of severe adduction contractures of the thumb with constriction of thumb commissure. For aplasia and hypoplasia in the thumb ray the already proven index finger pollizisation is thetherapy of choice. Triphalangeal thumbs are operated according to the same principles. On the other hand in brachyphalangeal thumbs commissure increase and correction of the clinodactylia are of prime importance. Phalangisation is very rewarding in certain forms of synbrachydactyly. In some deformities only the thumb is present. In these cases we recommend an opposition post built out of a tubed flap and autogenous bone graft. Some examples of defective hands surgically treated are shown.", "contents": "[Therapeutic possibilities malformations of the metacarpus]. The most common deformities of the metacarpus occur in conjunction with poly- and oligodactyly. The authors first refer to the most important operations in treating these deformities and emphasize that in certain cases solitary resection of surplus fingers is not enough: in addition, outgrown articular process must be removed, bent metacarpals osteotomised and capsular defects closed. The treatment of oligodactylic hands is made difficult by cutaneous and osseous syndactyly. The operating surgeon should have sufficient experience in plastic surgery to be able to take care of severe adduction contractures of the thumb with constriction of thumb commissure. For aplasia and hypoplasia in the thumb ray the already proven index finger pollizisation is thetherapy of choice. Triphalangeal thumbs are operated according to the same principles. On the other hand in brachyphalangeal thumbs commissure increase and correction of the clinodactylia are of prime importance. Phalangisation is very rewarding in certain forms of synbrachydactyly. In some deformities only the thumb is present. In these cases we recommend an opposition post built out of a tubed flap and autogenous bone graft. Some examples of defective hands surgically treated are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:344180", "title": "Calcium and pancreatic beta-cell function: glucose stimulation uptake of lanthanum-displaceable 45-Ca from low or normal calcium-containing media.", "content": "The uptake of 45Ca was studied in beta-cell-rich pancreatic islets microdissected from ob/ob-mice. Glucose stimulated 45Ca incorporation in a lanthanum-displaceable pool remaining after correction for the extracellular space occupied by sucrose. It is suggested that the glucose effect on the lanthanum-displaceable calcium is the cause rather than the result of the secretion of insulin since it could be demonstrated also in the presence of only trace amounts of extracellular calcium.", "contents": "Calcium and pancreatic beta-cell function: glucose stimulation uptake of lanthanum-displaceable 45-Ca from low or normal calcium-containing media. The uptake of 45Ca was studied in beta-cell-rich pancreatic islets microdissected from ob/ob-mice. Glucose stimulated 45Ca incorporation in a lanthanum-displaceable pool remaining after correction for the extracellular space occupied by sucrose. It is suggested that the glucose effect on the lanthanum-displaceable calcium is the cause rather than the result of the secretion of insulin since it could be demonstrated also in the presence of only trace amounts of extracellular calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:344181", "title": "Effect of caerulein upon insulin and glucagon secretion in dogs.", "content": "In order to investigate the action of caerulein upon insulin and glucagon secretion, experimental studies were carried out using anesthetized dogs, in which graded doses of caerulein were infused into the pancreatic artery, and insulin and glucagon were measured in the blood obtained from the pancreatic vein. When caerulein was administered at a rate of 15 ng/min, neigher changes of blood glucose in the femoral artery nor plasma levels of insulin or glucagon in the pancreatic vein were prominent. Caerulein infusion at a rate of 120, 240 or 480 ng/min caused a prompt rise of plasma insulin and a delayed increase of plasma glucagon in the pancreatin vein. Blood glucose in the femoral artery increased only with caerulein doses of 240 ng/min or more. A significant increase in pancreatic vein blood flow rate was demonstrated after the infusion of caerulein at a rate of 240 ng/min or more. Neither caerulein-induced insulin secretion nor glucagon secretion was influenced by a simultaneous infusion of glucose. In contrast, caerulein-induced glucagon secretion was exaggreated by a simultaneous arginine infusion. It was concluded from the present experiments that caerulein infusion into the pancreatic artery resulted in increased secretion of insulin and glucagon from the pancreas.", "contents": "Effect of caerulein upon insulin and glucagon secretion in dogs. In order to investigate the action of caerulein upon insulin and glucagon secretion, experimental studies were carried out using anesthetized dogs, in which graded doses of caerulein were infused into the pancreatic artery, and insulin and glucagon were measured in the blood obtained from the pancreatic vein. When caerulein was administered at a rate of 15 ng/min, neigher changes of blood glucose in the femoral artery nor plasma levels of insulin or glucagon in the pancreatic vein were prominent. Caerulein infusion at a rate of 120, 240 or 480 ng/min caused a prompt rise of plasma insulin and a delayed increase of plasma glucagon in the pancreatin vein. Blood glucose in the femoral artery increased only with caerulein doses of 240 ng/min or more. A significant increase in pancreatic vein blood flow rate was demonstrated after the infusion of caerulein at a rate of 240 ng/min or more. Neither caerulein-induced insulin secretion nor glucagon secretion was influenced by a simultaneous infusion of glucose. In contrast, caerulein-induced glucagon secretion was exaggreated by a simultaneous arginine infusion. It was concluded from the present experiments that caerulein infusion into the pancreatic artery resulted in increased secretion of insulin and glucagon from the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:344185", "title": "Tax and Medicare aspects of hospital malpractice insurance. Part 1.", "content": "This first part of a two-part article on how tax laws and Medicare regulations affect hospital malpractice insurance discusses self-insurance mechanisms, particularly trust funds. Relationships among tax exemptions, Medicare and other intermediaries' reimbursements, investment income from such funds, and payments to and from the funds are examined.", "contents": "Tax and Medicare aspects of hospital malpractice insurance. Part 1. This first part of a two-part article on how tax laws and Medicare regulations affect hospital malpractice insurance discusses self-insurance mechanisms, particularly trust funds. Relationships among tax exemptions, Medicare and other intermediaries' reimbursements, investment income from such funds, and payments to and from the funds are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:344186", "title": "Voluntary effort was inevitable, head of FAH says.", "content": "The voluntary effort to contain costs was never intended to fight off a single piece of legislation, says Michael Bromberg, executive director of the Federation of American Hospitals. It will unite the various elements in the health care field so that they can successfully face the threat of federal intervention year after year. In addition to the Federation of American Hospitals, the American Hospital Association and the American Medical Association are partners in the voluntary effort.", "contents": "Voluntary effort was inevitable, head of FAH says. The voluntary effort to contain costs was never intended to fight off a single piece of legislation, says Michael Bromberg, executive director of the Federation of American Hospitals. It will unite the various elements in the health care field so that they can successfully face the threat of federal intervention year after year. In addition to the Federation of American Hospitals, the American Hospital Association and the American Medical Association are partners in the voluntary effort."}
{"id": "PMID:344190", "title": "The lymphoid system. Its normal architecture and the potential for understanding the system through the study of lymphoproliferative diseases.", "content": "This article presents a view of lymphoid tissue architecture as defined by the traffic of defined lymphoid cell classes. The compartmentalization of lymphocytes is discussed in reference to specific cell-cell interactions that occur in antigen-driven immune responses. Finally, the distribution of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes in humans is defined and compared with animal model systems.", "contents": "The lymphoid system. Its normal architecture and the potential for understanding the system through the study of lymphoproliferative diseases. This article presents a view of lymphoid tissue architecture as defined by the traffic of defined lymphoid cell classes. The compartmentalization of lymphocytes is discussed in reference to specific cell-cell interactions that occur in antigen-driven immune responses. Finally, the distribution of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes in humans is defined and compared with animal model systems."}
{"id": "PMID:344192", "title": "Recent progress in the study of autoantibodies to nuclear antigens.", "content": "Autoantibodies to nuclear antigens can now be classified according to their immunologic specificities. They include antibodies that react with DNA, deoxyribonucleoprotein, nuclear histones, and nuclear acidic protein antigens. It has been established that there are several antinuclear antibodies that react with nuclear acidic proteins, and these include antibodies to Sm antigen, nuclear ribonucleoprotein, and SS-A and SS-B antigens. It has also been established that certain systemic rheumatic diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, and scleroderma, are characterized by antibodies of some specificities and not of others. Thus, distinct profiles of antibodies to nuclear antigens may be present, and these may be used as diagnostic aids. Further characterization of these specific nuclear antigen-antibody systems may help in unraveling the etiology and pathogenetic mechanims of these diseases.", "contents": "Recent progress in the study of autoantibodies to nuclear antigens. Autoantibodies to nuclear antigens can now be classified according to their immunologic specificities. They include antibodies that react with DNA, deoxyribonucleoprotein, nuclear histones, and nuclear acidic protein antigens. It has been established that there are several antinuclear antibodies that react with nuclear acidic proteins, and these include antibodies to Sm antigen, nuclear ribonucleoprotein, and SS-A and SS-B antigens. It has also been established that certain systemic rheumatic diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, and scleroderma, are characterized by antibodies of some specificities and not of others. Thus, distinct profiles of antibodies to nuclear antigens may be present, and these may be used as diagnostic aids. Further characterization of these specific nuclear antigen-antibody systems may help in unraveling the etiology and pathogenetic mechanims of these diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:344193", "title": "Hepatitis B. Cytologic localization of virus antigens and the role of the immune response.", "content": "Antigens of the hepatitis B virus have been localized within liver tissue by various immunologic, histochemical, and electron microscopic methods. The abundance and distribution of these virus antigens are in part determined by the host immune response. This interaction of immune mechanisms with the hepatitis B virus may be related to the pathogenesis and natural history of human hepatitis B virus infection.", "contents": "Hepatitis B. Cytologic localization of virus antigens and the role of the immune response. Antigens of the hepatitis B virus have been localized within liver tissue by various immunologic, histochemical, and electron microscopic methods. The abundance and distribution of these virus antigens are in part determined by the host immune response. This interaction of immune mechanisms with the hepatitis B virus may be related to the pathogenesis and natural history of human hepatitis B virus infection."}
{"id": "PMID:344196", "title": "The detection of human B lymphocytes by both light and electron microscopy utilizing colloidal gold labeled anti-immunoglobulin.", "content": "Colloidal gold was used to label rabbit anti-goat IgG for the indirect detection of goat anti-human IgD and IgM. Utilizing this technique, surface immunoglobulin was visualized on human blood B lymphocytes at both the light and electron microscopic levels of resolution. By this technique, percentages of lymphocytes were found to closely correlate with those of the standard immunofluorescent procedure. The ease of the procedure along with the clarity of the marker in both light and electron microscopy suggest wide applicability in clinical and research studies of lymphocyte membrane markers.", "contents": "The detection of human B lymphocytes by both light and electron microscopy utilizing colloidal gold labeled anti-immunoglobulin. Colloidal gold was used to label rabbit anti-goat IgG for the indirect detection of goat anti-human IgD and IgM. Utilizing this technique, surface immunoglobulin was visualized on human blood B lymphocytes at both the light and electron microscopic levels of resolution. By this technique, percentages of lymphocytes were found to closely correlate with those of the standard immunofluorescent procedure. The ease of the procedure along with the clarity of the marker in both light and electron microscopy suggest wide applicability in clinical and research studies of lymphocyte membrane markers."}
{"id": "PMID:344197", "title": "Sequential IgM and IgG2 anti-DNP antibody responses against DNP-E. coli and DNP-lipopolysacchardies in guinea-pigs.", "content": "When 2,4-dinitrophenylated cells (DNP-E. coli) and lipopolysaccharides (DNP-LPS) of Escherichia coli were injected i.p. into guinea-pigs, they were capable of inducing sequential production of IgM and IgG2 anti-DNP antibodies, both of which were substantially thymus-independent, but only a trace of IgG1 anti-DNP antibody was produced. On the other hand, thymus-dependent DNP-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) induced concomitantly both the IgG1 and IgG2 antibody responses in the presence of LPS. Therefore, the preferential IgG2 antibody response against DNP-LPS seems to be elicited with DNP-LPS itself and not by a combination of mitogenic stimulation with LPS and haptenic stimulation with other contaminating substances carrying DNP residues. Furthermore, it may not be related to affinity of the antibodies produced since there was no significant difference in the affinity for DNP residue between the IgG2 and IgG1 anti-DNP antibodies produced with DNP-E. coli and DNP-BSA, respectively.", "contents": "Sequential IgM and IgG2 anti-DNP antibody responses against DNP-E. coli and DNP-lipopolysacchardies in guinea-pigs. When 2,4-dinitrophenylated cells (DNP-E. coli) and lipopolysaccharides (DNP-LPS) of Escherichia coli were injected i.p. into guinea-pigs, they were capable of inducing sequential production of IgM and IgG2 anti-DNP antibodies, both of which were substantially thymus-independent, but only a trace of IgG1 anti-DNP antibody was produced. On the other hand, thymus-dependent DNP-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) induced concomitantly both the IgG1 and IgG2 antibody responses in the presence of LPS. Therefore, the preferential IgG2 antibody response against DNP-LPS seems to be elicited with DNP-LPS itself and not by a combination of mitogenic stimulation with LPS and haptenic stimulation with other contaminating substances carrying DNP residues. Furthermore, it may not be related to affinity of the antibodies produced since there was no significant difference in the affinity for DNP residue between the IgG2 and IgG1 anti-DNP antibodies produced with DNP-E. coli and DNP-BSA, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:344198", "title": "Preparation of a specific antiserum towards the microfibrillar protein of elastic tissues.", "content": "The microfibrillar protein (MFP) of bovine foetal ligamentum nuchae was prepared and used to induce an antiserum (I) in rabbit. Antibody (I), reacted with a dispersion of MFP in Ouchterlony plates, produced one major precipitin band (A) and two minor bands (B and C). The major band (A) was used to prepare antiserum (II) in a second rabbit. Antibody (II) was monospecific for precipitin band (A) and was shown to be selectively directed against MFP of bovine and chick elastic fibres by immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase techniques. Immunoperoxidase-labelling techniques demonstrated the regular organization of microfibrillar protein on the surface of elastic fibres and suggested the ability of MFP to assemble into a framework defining the three dimensional polymerization of elastin monomers during the formation of elastin fibres. It was observed that collagen fibrils, which were in close association with the microfibrillar protein on the surface of elastic fibres, also possessed a protein which was immunologically related to MFP.", "contents": "Preparation of a specific antiserum towards the microfibrillar protein of elastic tissues. The microfibrillar protein (MFP) of bovine foetal ligamentum nuchae was prepared and used to induce an antiserum (I) in rabbit. Antibody (I), reacted with a dispersion of MFP in Ouchterlony plates, produced one major precipitin band (A) and two minor bands (B and C). The major band (A) was used to prepare antiserum (II) in a second rabbit. Antibody (II) was monospecific for precipitin band (A) and was shown to be selectively directed against MFP of bovine and chick elastic fibres by immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase techniques. Immunoperoxidase-labelling techniques demonstrated the regular organization of microfibrillar protein on the surface of elastic fibres and suggested the ability of MFP to assemble into a framework defining the three dimensional polymerization of elastin monomers during the formation of elastin fibres. It was observed that collagen fibrils, which were in close association with the microfibrillar protein on the surface of elastic fibres, also possessed a protein which was immunologically related to MFP."}
{"id": "PMID:344199", "title": "Quantitative phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Use of radiolabelled emulsions to measure thae rate of phagocytosis.", "content": "A new micro-method for the quantitative measurement of phagocytosis by neutrophils is described. The material used for phagocytosis consists of a radioactive oil emulsion coated with E. coli lipopolysaccharide. Uptake of radioactive material is a function of cell number, duration of incubation, dilution of serum used for opsonization, content of lipopolysaccharide and concentration of emulsion. This method can be used to quantify rapidly and precisely phagocytosis rates of as few as 5 x 10(4)-10(6) polymorphonuclear leucocytes and the opsonic activity of 10 microliter serum.", "contents": "Quantitative phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Use of radiolabelled emulsions to measure thae rate of phagocytosis. A new micro-method for the quantitative measurement of phagocytosis by neutrophils is described. The material used for phagocytosis consists of a radioactive oil emulsion coated with E. coli lipopolysaccharide. Uptake of radioactive material is a function of cell number, duration of incubation, dilution of serum used for opsonization, content of lipopolysaccharide and concentration of emulsion. This method can be used to quantify rapidly and precisely phagocytosis rates of as few as 5 x 10(4)-10(6) polymorphonuclear leucocytes and the opsonic activity of 10 microliter serum."}
{"id": "PMID:344200", "title": "Role of mouse IgG and IgE homocytotropic antibodies in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.", "content": "The role of the mouse homocytotropic antibodies in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction was investigated. One class of antibody was heat stable, detected at 2 h but not at 48 h after passive transfer, and belonged to a sublcass of mouse IgG. The other was heat labile, detected at 2 h and 48 h after passive transfer, and belonged to the IgE class of mouse immunoglobulins. In the presence of IgG, IgE homocytotropic antibody was not detected early after passive transfer. This was thought to be due to a masking of IgE by IgG antibodies rather than a competition for mast cell surface receptors, since inhibition studies with rat IgE myeloma protein suggested that mouse IgE and IgG1 may have different receptor sites on mast cell surfaces.", "contents": "Role of mouse IgG and IgE homocytotropic antibodies in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The role of the mouse homocytotropic antibodies in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction was investigated. One class of antibody was heat stable, detected at 2 h but not at 48 h after passive transfer, and belonged to a sublcass of mouse IgG. The other was heat labile, detected at 2 h and 48 h after passive transfer, and belonged to the IgE class of mouse immunoglobulins. In the presence of IgG, IgE homocytotropic antibody was not detected early after passive transfer. This was thought to be due to a masking of IgE by IgG antibodies rather than a competition for mast cell surface receptors, since inhibition studies with rat IgE myeloma protein suggested that mouse IgE and IgG1 may have different receptor sites on mast cell surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:344203", "title": "The effects of splenectomy, mesenteric lymphadenectomy and portacaval shunt on antibody responses to antigens within the small intestine.", "content": "The primary and secondary systemic antibody responses to protein antigens introduced into the gut (diphtheria toxoid, lauroylated human serum albumin) were not diminished or enhanced by previous splenectomy, mesenteric lymphadenectomy or portacaval shunt. Immunization with diphtheria toxoid before such operations did not produce significant alterations in the responses. The cells forming antibody were found predominantly in the lamina propria of the small bowel and to a lesser extent in the subcapsular sinuses of the mesenteric lymph nodes when tissues were examined by the fluorescent antibody technique, ten days after the secondary stimulus of intestinal diphtheria toxoid. The experiments show that the responses, stimulated locally by gut absorbed protein are little affected by an altered portal circulation.", "contents": "The effects of splenectomy, mesenteric lymphadenectomy and portacaval shunt on antibody responses to antigens within the small intestine. The primary and secondary systemic antibody responses to protein antigens introduced into the gut (diphtheria toxoid, lauroylated human serum albumin) were not diminished or enhanced by previous splenectomy, mesenteric lymphadenectomy or portacaval shunt. Immunization with diphtheria toxoid before such operations did not produce significant alterations in the responses. The cells forming antibody were found predominantly in the lamina propria of the small bowel and to a lesser extent in the subcapsular sinuses of the mesenteric lymph nodes when tissues were examined by the fluorescent antibody technique, ten days after the secondary stimulus of intestinal diphtheria toxoid. The experiments show that the responses, stimulated locally by gut absorbed protein are little affected by an altered portal circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:344208", "title": "Immunity to Mycobacterium leprae infections induced in mice by BCG vaccination at different times before or after challenge.", "content": "Viable suspensions of BCG, an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, have been previously shown to immunize mice against infections with M. leprae. Usually, the mice have been vaccinated about 1 month before challenge. Experiments have now been carried out with single intradermal injections of BCG given before or after the M. leprae challenge. Approximately equal immunizing effect was seen in one experiment when the BCG was given at -168, -119, -70, and -28 days relative to challenge. Approximately equal protection was observed in another experiment when the vaccine was given at -28, +28, and +56 days. In the latter experiment, however, vaccine given at +91 days appeared to be somewhat less effective. Enlargement of the lymph nodes regional to the intradermal vaccine site persisted for at least the duration of the experiment, approximately 400 days. Thus, antigenic stimulation appears to have continued throughout the period of observation.", "contents": "Immunity to Mycobacterium leprae infections induced in mice by BCG vaccination at different times before or after challenge. Viable suspensions of BCG, an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, have been previously shown to immunize mice against infections with M. leprae. Usually, the mice have been vaccinated about 1 month before challenge. Experiments have now been carried out with single intradermal injections of BCG given before or after the M. leprae challenge. Approximately equal immunizing effect was seen in one experiment when the BCG was given at -168, -119, -70, and -28 days relative to challenge. Approximately equal protection was observed in another experiment when the vaccine was given at -28, +28, and +56 days. In the latter experiment, however, vaccine given at +91 days appeared to be somewhat less effective. Enlargement of the lymph nodes regional to the intradermal vaccine site persisted for at least the duration of the experiment, approximately 400 days. Thus, antigenic stimulation appears to have continued throughout the period of observation."}
{"id": "PMID:344209", "title": "Unsustained multiplication of treponema pallidum (nichols virulent strain) in vitro in the presence of oxygen.", "content": "Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain) was incubated with or without oxygen using a modified medium supplemented with reduced glutathione and a variety of nutrients (PRNF10-B). Two- to fourfold increases in treponemal numbers were observed in cultures without mammalian cells within 96 h of incubation under 5 to 6% oxygen. Treponemal motility and multiplication were maintained more satisfactorily in cultures that were diluted and transferred daily, using an equal volume of fresh medium. Treponemes incubated without oxygen did not significantly increase in number. Virulent microorganisms were detected for at least 96 h in the cell-free system. In the presence of 3 to 4% oxygen, two- to fivefold increases in treponemal numbers were observed in the supernatant fluids of cultures containing human prepuce cells after 48 to 120 h at 35 degrees C. Without oxygen, treponemal numbers rarely approached a threefold increase. Virulent treponemes were detected by the rabbit skin lesion test after at least 120 h in vitro. Regardless of the system of incubation, increases in treponemal numbers could not be sustained for longer than 120 h, and treponemal virulence decreased as a function of time in vitro.", "contents": "Unsustained multiplication of treponema pallidum (nichols virulent strain) in vitro in the presence of oxygen. Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain) was incubated with or without oxygen using a modified medium supplemented with reduced glutathione and a variety of nutrients (PRNF10-B). Two- to fourfold increases in treponemal numbers were observed in cultures without mammalian cells within 96 h of incubation under 5 to 6% oxygen. Treponemal motility and multiplication were maintained more satisfactorily in cultures that were diluted and transferred daily, using an equal volume of fresh medium. Treponemes incubated without oxygen did not significantly increase in number. Virulent microorganisms were detected for at least 96 h in the cell-free system. In the presence of 3 to 4% oxygen, two- to fivefold increases in treponemal numbers were observed in the supernatant fluids of cultures containing human prepuce cells after 48 to 120 h at 35 degrees C. Without oxygen, treponemal numbers rarely approached a threefold increase. Virulent treponemes were detected by the rabbit skin lesion test after at least 120 h in vitro. Regardless of the system of incubation, increases in treponemal numbers could not be sustained for longer than 120 h, and treponemal virulence decreased as a function of time in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:344210", "title": "Effect of zinc chloride on hamster lymphoid cells: mitogenicity and differential enhancement of lipopolysaccharide stimulation of lymphocytes.", "content": "ZnCl2 over a very narrow concentration range was found to be mitogenic for hamster lymph node cells but not for thymocytes or splenocytes. Maximal leucine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]thymidine incorporation. Addition of 10 micron ZnCl2 was found to greatly enhance the stimulation observed with the B-lymphocyte mitogen lipopolysaccharide but not with dextran sulfate or the T-lymphocyte mitogen lipopolysaccharide but not with dextran sulfate or the T-lymphocyte mitogen concanavalin A. Although not mitogenic for splenocytes, 10 to 25 micron ZnCl2 slightly enhanced lipopolysaccharide stimulation but not concanavalin A or dextran sulfate stimulation. The effect of ZnCl2 on lipopolysaccharide stimulation was also confirmed with outbred Hartley guinea pig splenocytes and lymph node cells. Zinc chloride (50 micron) was mitogenic for both of these tissues; the response to lipopolysaccharide was enhanced by addition of 50 micron ZnCl2, but the concanavalin A response was unaffected. The possibility that the zinc effect is mediated by proteolytic mechanisms is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of zinc chloride on hamster lymphoid cells: mitogenicity and differential enhancement of lipopolysaccharide stimulation of lymphocytes. ZnCl2 over a very narrow concentration range was found to be mitogenic for hamster lymph node cells but not for thymocytes or splenocytes. Maximal leucine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]thymidine incorporation. Addition of 10 micron ZnCl2 was found to greatly enhance the stimulation observed with the B-lymphocyte mitogen lipopolysaccharide but not with dextran sulfate or the T-lymphocyte mitogen lipopolysaccharide but not with dextran sulfate or the T-lymphocyte mitogen concanavalin A. Although not mitogenic for splenocytes, 10 to 25 micron ZnCl2 slightly enhanced lipopolysaccharide stimulation but not concanavalin A or dextran sulfate stimulation. The effect of ZnCl2 on lipopolysaccharide stimulation was also confirmed with outbred Hartley guinea pig splenocytes and lymph node cells. Zinc chloride (50 micron) was mitogenic for both of these tissues; the response to lipopolysaccharide was enhanced by addition of 50 micron ZnCl2, but the concanavalin A response was unaffected. The possibility that the zinc effect is mediated by proteolytic mechanisms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:344211", "title": "Suppression of antibody response by group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin and characterization of the cells involved.", "content": "The effect of purified streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPE) on the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes was studied in cultures of mouse spleen cells. Purified SPE types A, B, and C shared the ability to suppress the day 4 direct plaque-forming cell response when added to cultures. SPE A and C were most suppressive at concentrations of 0.1 to 1 ng per culture, while SPE B was active at 1 microgram per culture. Pretreatment of mice with SPE A, 3 h before removal of their spleens for culture, also produced suppression. Cell populations were separated from spleens of normal and toxin-treated mice and recombined in culture to test the cellular site of action of SPE immunosuppression. When nonadherent cells (lymphocytes) and adherent cells (macrophages) from control and SPE-treated mice were separated and recombined, the plaque-forming cell response depended on the source of lymphocytes. Macrophages from toxin-treated mice functioned normally in the presence of control lymphocytes. In a further experiment, toxin pretreatment failed to suppress the plaque-forming cell response of spleen cells that were T-cell depleted and reconstituted with control thymocytes. When the T lymphocytes were removed from toxin-treated spleen cell suspensions, the remaining cells were able to respond normally to antigen if normal helper T cells were provided. The results suggest that the suppressive activity of SPE on antibody production is mediated by altered activity of T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Suppression of antibody response by group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin and characterization of the cells involved. The effect of purified streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPE) on the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes was studied in cultures of mouse spleen cells. Purified SPE types A, B, and C shared the ability to suppress the day 4 direct plaque-forming cell response when added to cultures. SPE A and C were most suppressive at concentrations of 0.1 to 1 ng per culture, while SPE B was active at 1 microgram per culture. Pretreatment of mice with SPE A, 3 h before removal of their spleens for culture, also produced suppression. Cell populations were separated from spleens of normal and toxin-treated mice and recombined in culture to test the cellular site of action of SPE immunosuppression. When nonadherent cells (lymphocytes) and adherent cells (macrophages) from control and SPE-treated mice were separated and recombined, the plaque-forming cell response depended on the source of lymphocytes. Macrophages from toxin-treated mice functioned normally in the presence of control lymphocytes. In a further experiment, toxin pretreatment failed to suppress the plaque-forming cell response of spleen cells that were T-cell depleted and reconstituted with control thymocytes. When the T lymphocytes were removed from toxin-treated spleen cell suspensions, the remaining cells were able to respond normally to antigen if normal helper T cells were provided. The results suggest that the suppressive activity of SPE on antibody production is mediated by altered activity of T lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:344212", "title": "Chicken embryo model for type III group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal septicemia.", "content": "A lethal septicemia was induced in 11- and 12-day-old chicken embryos with intravenous inoculation of relatively small numbers of a clinical isolate (GBBHS-III-Bell) or a reference strain (GBBHS-III-D136-C) of group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (GBBHS). GBBHS-III-Bell was more virulent than GBBHS-III-D136-C, and 11-day-old chicken embryos were more susceptible than 12-day-old chicken embryos. Type-specific rabbit antisera protected the embryos from bacterial challenge, and this protective effect was absorbed with homologous but not heterologous GBBHS strains. A heterologous antiserum and normal rabbit sera provided some protection, which could be absorbed with either homologous or heterologous GBBHS strains. The chicken embryo is a suitable animal model for the study of infection and immunity with GBBHS type III.", "contents": "Chicken embryo model for type III group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal septicemia. A lethal septicemia was induced in 11- and 12-day-old chicken embryos with intravenous inoculation of relatively small numbers of a clinical isolate (GBBHS-III-Bell) or a reference strain (GBBHS-III-D136-C) of group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (GBBHS). GBBHS-III-Bell was more virulent than GBBHS-III-D136-C, and 11-day-old chicken embryos were more susceptible than 12-day-old chicken embryos. Type-specific rabbit antisera protected the embryos from bacterial challenge, and this protective effect was absorbed with homologous but not heterologous GBBHS strains. A heterologous antiserum and normal rabbit sera provided some protection, which could be absorbed with either homologous or heterologous GBBHS strains. The chicken embryo is a suitable animal model for the study of infection and immunity with GBBHS type III."}
{"id": "PMID:344213", "title": "Experimental murine candidiasis: pathological and immune responses to cutaneous inoculation with Candida albicans.", "content": "Cutaneous infection of mice with Candida albicans elicited a predominantly acute inflammatory response, stimulated the production of precipitating antibodies, and conferred protection against subsequent intravenous challenge with the same organism. The acute inflammatory skin reaction seen after cutaneous infection suggested a predominantly humoral response to Candida. Animals infected cutaneously a second time with viable C. albicans developed larger skin lesions than animals infected only once, and the twice-infected animals were more resistant to an intravenous challenge as well. The cutaneous inoculation of mice with heat-killed C. albicans was less effective in stimulating antibody production, in eliciting the inflammatory response, and in inducing a protective response demonstrable by intravenous challenge with viable Candida. This model of experimental candidiasis represents a reproducible means of studying a protective immune response to the organism.", "contents": "Experimental murine candidiasis: pathological and immune responses to cutaneous inoculation with Candida albicans. Cutaneous infection of mice with Candida albicans elicited a predominantly acute inflammatory response, stimulated the production of precipitating antibodies, and conferred protection against subsequent intravenous challenge with the same organism. The acute inflammatory skin reaction seen after cutaneous infection suggested a predominantly humoral response to Candida. Animals infected cutaneously a second time with viable C. albicans developed larger skin lesions than animals infected only once, and the twice-infected animals were more resistant to an intravenous challenge as well. The cutaneous inoculation of mice with heat-killed C. albicans was less effective in stimulating antibody production, in eliciting the inflammatory response, and in inducing a protective response demonstrable by intravenous challenge with viable Candida. This model of experimental candidiasis represents a reproducible means of studying a protective immune response to the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:344214", "title": "Humoral bactericidal systems: antibacterial potential of serum from young animals.", "content": "The antibacterial potential of fresh serum obtained from young animals during a pre-antibody period of development was assessed against two smooth and two rough strains of gram-negative bacteria. The bactericidal capacity of serum from 3- to 4-week-old guinea pigs and 4- to 5-week-old rabbits was compared with that of serum from adults. Serum from young animals was deficient in natural antibodies, and in conventional dilution assays the bactericidal action was unimpressive, especially against the smooth strains. However, when decimal increments of bacteria were incubated in fresh undiluted serum, killing of both smooth and rough strains proved substantial. This finding may have particular meaning in the very young animal when natural antibodies are at ebb: cellular defense mechanisms may function less efficiently at this time and effect a greater reliance on humoral antibacterial systems.", "contents": "Humoral bactericidal systems: antibacterial potential of serum from young animals. The antibacterial potential of fresh serum obtained from young animals during a pre-antibody period of development was assessed against two smooth and two rough strains of gram-negative bacteria. The bactericidal capacity of serum from 3- to 4-week-old guinea pigs and 4- to 5-week-old rabbits was compared with that of serum from adults. Serum from young animals was deficient in natural antibodies, and in conventional dilution assays the bactericidal action was unimpressive, especially against the smooth strains. However, when decimal increments of bacteria were incubated in fresh undiluted serum, killing of both smooth and rough strains proved substantial. This finding may have particular meaning in the very young animal when natural antibodies are at ebb: cellular defense mechanisms may function less efficiently at this time and effect a greater reliance on humoral antibacterial systems."}
{"id": "PMID:344215", "title": "Humoral bactericidal systems: nonspecific and specific mechanisms.", "content": "Bactericidal systems in normal serum from month-old rabbits and guinea pigs were characterized in terms of activity against rough- and smooth-phase species of gram-negative bacteria. Killing of the rough strains in the absence of natural antibody required complement and at least one additional nonspecific component exhibiting lability to freezer storage and to heating at 52 degrees C. Bactericidal action against the smooth-phase organisms, on the other hand, appeared to require natural antibody in addition to complement and the labile component. Both nonspecific and specific bactericidal systems were also functional in normal serum from adult animals. In immune systems, the labile nonspecific component was not essential for bactericidal activity. Whereas immune systems were subject to inhibition by homologous endotoxins, the normal serum bactericidal systems were not, indicating that the natural antibodies in normal serum were specific for surface antigens other than the O-somatic polysaccharides. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to probable complement pathways that mediate killing in each of the systems described.", "contents": "Humoral bactericidal systems: nonspecific and specific mechanisms. Bactericidal systems in normal serum from month-old rabbits and guinea pigs were characterized in terms of activity against rough- and smooth-phase species of gram-negative bacteria. Killing of the rough strains in the absence of natural antibody required complement and at least one additional nonspecific component exhibiting lability to freezer storage and to heating at 52 degrees C. Bactericidal action against the smooth-phase organisms, on the other hand, appeared to require natural antibody in addition to complement and the labile component. Both nonspecific and specific bactericidal systems were also functional in normal serum from adult animals. In immune systems, the labile nonspecific component was not essential for bactericidal activity. Whereas immune systems were subject to inhibition by homologous endotoxins, the normal serum bactericidal systems were not, indicating that the natural antibodies in normal serum were specific for surface antigens other than the O-somatic polysaccharides. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to probable complement pathways that mediate killing in each of the systems described."}
{"id": "PMID:344216", "title": "Comparative efficacy and toxicity of a ribosomal vaccine, acetone-killed cells, lipopolysaccharide, and a live cell vaccine prepared from Salmonella typhhimurium.", "content": "The protective and toxic properties of a ribosomal vaccine prepared from Salmonella typhimurium W118-2 were systematicaly compared with those of an acetone-killed whole cell vaccine, purified lipopolysaccharide, and living cells in CD-1 mice. Tests of graded immunizing doses of each vaccine against several  challenge doses of live strain W118-2 showed that, although the protection given by ribosomes approached the levels of protection conferred by living organisms, acetone-killed cells administered in appropriate dosages provided levels of protection comparable to that of ribosomes. Lipopolysaccharide was found to be significantly less protective than the other vaccines. On a dry-weight basis, ribosomes were the least toxic with a 50% toxic dose (TD50) of 5,000 microgram; acetone-killed cells had an intermediate TD50 of 1,400 microgram; and lipolysaccharide was the most toxic, with a TD50 of 320 microgram. The dose of each vaccine that protected 50% of the mice against a challenge of 1,00 times the 50% lethal dose was determined and divided by the TD50 to give the therapeutic index. This ratio also indicated that the ribosomes and acetone-killed cells were equally effective, whereas lipopolysaccharide was markedly inferior.", "contents": "Comparative efficacy and toxicity of a ribosomal vaccine, acetone-killed cells, lipopolysaccharide, and a live cell vaccine prepared from Salmonella typhhimurium. The protective and toxic properties of a ribosomal vaccine prepared from Salmonella typhimurium W118-2 were systematicaly compared with those of an acetone-killed whole cell vaccine, purified lipopolysaccharide, and living cells in CD-1 mice. Tests of graded immunizing doses of each vaccine against several  challenge doses of live strain W118-2 showed that, although the protection given by ribosomes approached the levels of protection conferred by living organisms, acetone-killed cells administered in appropriate dosages provided levels of protection comparable to that of ribosomes. Lipopolysaccharide was found to be significantly less protective than the other vaccines. On a dry-weight basis, ribosomes were the least toxic with a 50% toxic dose (TD50) of 5,000 microgram; acetone-killed cells had an intermediate TD50 of 1,400 microgram; and lipolysaccharide was the most toxic, with a TD50 of 320 microgram. The dose of each vaccine that protected 50% of the mice against a challenge of 1,00 times the 50% lethal dose was determined and divided by the TD50 to give the therapeutic index. This ratio also indicated that the ribosomes and acetone-killed cells were equally effective, whereas lipopolysaccharide was markedly inferior."}
{"id": "PMID:344217", "title": "Parasite-specified phagocytosis of Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis by L and HeLa cells.", "content": "Phagocytosis of the 6BC strain of Chlamydia psittaci and the lymphogranuloma venereum 440L strain of Chlamydia trachomatis by L cells and HeLa 229 cells occurred at rates and to extents that were 10 to 100 times greater than those observed for the phagocytosis of Escherichia coli and polystyrene latex spheres. Both species of Chlamydia were efficiently taken up by host cells of a type they had not previously encountered. Phagocytosis of chlamydiae was brought about by the interaction of parasite surface ligands with elements of the host cell surface. The chlamydial ligands were readily denatured by heat, were masked by antibody, and were resistant to proteases and detergents. The host cell components were reversibly removed by proteases. Chlamydial phagocytosis was inhibited when host cells were incubated for many hours with cycloheximide. It was suggested that the presence on the chlamydial cell surface of ligands with high affinity for normal, ubiquitously occurring structures on the surface of host cells is an evolutionary adaptation to intracellular existence. The term parasite-specified phagocytosis was used to describe the efficient phagocytosis of chlamydiae by nonprofessional phagocytes and to distinguish it from the host-specified immunological and non-immunological phagocytosis carried out by professional phagocytes.", "contents": "Parasite-specified phagocytosis of Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis by L and HeLa cells. Phagocytosis of the 6BC strain of Chlamydia psittaci and the lymphogranuloma venereum 440L strain of Chlamydia trachomatis by L cells and HeLa 229 cells occurred at rates and to extents that were 10 to 100 times greater than those observed for the phagocytosis of Escherichia coli and polystyrene latex spheres. Both species of Chlamydia were efficiently taken up by host cells of a type they had not previously encountered. Phagocytosis of chlamydiae was brought about by the interaction of parasite surface ligands with elements of the host cell surface. The chlamydial ligands were readily denatured by heat, were masked by antibody, and were resistant to proteases and detergents. The host cell components were reversibly removed by proteases. Chlamydial phagocytosis was inhibited when host cells were incubated for many hours with cycloheximide. It was suggested that the presence on the chlamydial cell surface of ligands with high affinity for normal, ubiquitously occurring structures on the surface of host cells is an evolutionary adaptation to intracellular existence. The term parasite-specified phagocytosis was used to describe the efficient phagocytosis of chlamydiae by nonprofessional phagocytes and to distinguish it from the host-specified immunological and non-immunological phagocytosis carried out by professional phagocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:344218", "title": "Contribution of immunoglobulins M and G, complement, and properdin to the intracellular killing of Escherichia coli by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The effect of immunoglobulins and complement (C) on phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Escherichia coli was studied in vitro. The incubation system consisted of monolayers of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and C-resistant, [3H]thymidine-labeled E. coli C source was human serum deprived of immunoglobulins and properdin by immunoabsorption. In the absence of C, only immunoglobulin G-coated bacteria were phagocytosed, whereas immunoglobulin M lacked opsonic activity. In the presence of C, phagocytosis was enhanced; however, immunoglobulin M was now more efficient than immunoglobulin G. Intracellular killing was notably augmented when C was activated by immunoglobulin G- or immunoglobulin M-coated bacteria; in contrast, the alternative activation of C by properdin had no effect on phagocytosis or intracellular killing. These results demonstrate the importance of immunoglobulins together with C not only for phagocytosis but also for efficient intracellular killing.", "contents": "Contribution of immunoglobulins M and G, complement, and properdin to the intracellular killing of Escherichia coli by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The effect of immunoglobulins and complement (C) on phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Escherichia coli was studied in vitro. The incubation system consisted of monolayers of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and C-resistant, [3H]thymidine-labeled E. coli C source was human serum deprived of immunoglobulins and properdin by immunoabsorption. In the absence of C, only immunoglobulin G-coated bacteria were phagocytosed, whereas immunoglobulin M lacked opsonic activity. In the presence of C, phagocytosis was enhanced; however, immunoglobulin M was now more efficient than immunoglobulin G. Intracellular killing was notably augmented when C was activated by immunoglobulin G- or immunoglobulin M-coated bacteria; in contrast, the alternative activation of C by properdin had no effect on phagocytosis or intracellular killing. These results demonstrate the importance of immunoglobulins together with C not only for phagocytosis but also for efficient intracellular killing."}
{"id": "PMID:344219", "title": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of Escherichia coli O15 (RDEC-1) enteric infection in rabbits.", "content": "RDEC-1 is a piliated strain of Escherichia coli that was isolated from and produces diarrhea in rabbits without invading the mucosa or synthesizing one of the classical enterotoxins. Previous histological and fluorescent-antibody studies of RDEC-1 diarrhea revealed an acute inflammatory response and large numbers of RDEC-1 associated with (adhering to) the mucosal surface of the ileum, cecum, and colon. The purpose of the present investigation was to further elucidate the histopathology by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. SEM revealed aggregates of bacteria on the surface of the gut; their distribution was patchy in the ileum and diffuse in the cecum and colon. Bacteria were in contact with each other and appeared to be closely associated with the epithelial surface. TEM showed that the brush border region of the epithelial cells was found to be in varying stages of degeneration, and the bacteria could not be seen adhering to the mucosal cells unless the brush border was absent. Bacteria were in close contact only with epithelial cells that had lost their brush border. The space between the bacteria and the epithelial cells was 11 nm, and it appeared to be filled, in most cases, with densely stained material. This E. coli rarely penetrated epithelial cells, but when it did; it was found in the supranuclear region and never reached the lamina propria. From previous and present studies, it seems probable that RDEC-1 produces diarrhea in rabbits by a mechanism that may be cytotoxic and differs from the classic mechanisms by which E. coli produces diarrhea.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of Escherichia coli O15 (RDEC-1) enteric infection in rabbits. RDEC-1 is a piliated strain of Escherichia coli that was isolated from and produces diarrhea in rabbits without invading the mucosa or synthesizing one of the classical enterotoxins. Previous histological and fluorescent-antibody studies of RDEC-1 diarrhea revealed an acute inflammatory response and large numbers of RDEC-1 associated with (adhering to) the mucosal surface of the ileum, cecum, and colon. The purpose of the present investigation was to further elucidate the histopathology by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. SEM revealed aggregates of bacteria on the surface of the gut; their distribution was patchy in the ileum and diffuse in the cecum and colon. Bacteria were in contact with each other and appeared to be closely associated with the epithelial surface. TEM showed that the brush border region of the epithelial cells was found to be in varying stages of degeneration, and the bacteria could not be seen adhering to the mucosal cells unless the brush border was absent. Bacteria were in close contact only with epithelial cells that had lost their brush border. The space between the bacteria and the epithelial cells was 11 nm, and it appeared to be filled, in most cases, with densely stained material. This E. coli rarely penetrated epithelial cells, but when it did; it was found in the supranuclear region and never reached the lamina propria. From previous and present studies, it seems probable that RDEC-1 produces diarrhea in rabbits by a mechanism that may be cytotoxic and differs from the classic mechanisms by which E. coli produces diarrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:344220", "title": "Cell-associated levan of Actinomyces viscosus.", "content": "Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 15987 was examined for the presence of cell-associated levan by absorption of myeloma proteins with antilevan activity and direct immunofluorescence. Levan was not detectable on the surface of glucose-grown A. viscosus, but after a brief incubation of these cells with 5% sucrose, they were encapsulated with tenaciously adhering levan. The levan layer constituted between 0.02 and 0.03% of the cell dry weight. In contrast, sucrose-grown A. viscosus cells possessed a low level of cell-associated levan, which was only moderately increased by incubation in sucrose and which partially existed as a loose slime rather than a tenacious capsule.", "contents": "Cell-associated levan of Actinomyces viscosus. Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 15987 was examined for the presence of cell-associated levan by absorption of myeloma proteins with antilevan activity and direct immunofluorescence. Levan was not detectable on the surface of glucose-grown A. viscosus, but after a brief incubation of these cells with 5% sucrose, they were encapsulated with tenaciously adhering levan. The levan layer constituted between 0.02 and 0.03% of the cell dry weight. In contrast, sucrose-grown A. viscosus cells possessed a low level of cell-associated levan, which was only moderately increased by incubation in sucrose and which partially existed as a loose slime rather than a tenacious capsule."}
{"id": "PMID:344221", "title": "Detection and characterization of colonization factor of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from adults with diarrhea.", "content": "The fimbriate colonization factor antigen (CEA) of Escherichia coli strain H-1047 was isolated and used to prepare anti-CFA antiserum. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) isolated from 29 adults with diarrhea acquired in Mexico were examined for CFA by using this serum. Retrospectively, it was found that ETEC possessing the H-10407-type CFA were isolated from 25 (86%) of these diarrhea cases as compared with 2 of 11 (18%) from asymptomatic controls from whom ETEC had been isolated. CFA was found onE. coli of various serotypes, as demonstrated by bacterial agglutination by the anti-CFA serum. Heat treating the cells at 65 degress C for 1 h prevented the agglutination. CFA-positive strains did not react with anti-CFA serum when the cultures were grown at a low incubation temperature (18 degrees C). E. coli isolates identified serologically as CFA positive were shown to adhere to the intestinal villous surfaces of infant rabbits. By the indirect immunofluorescence technique, it was found that adhesion occurred preferentially in the upper 20 cm of the small intestine. Also, the ability or inability of various isolates to adhere to intestinal mucosa in vivo correlated with the presence or absence of fimbriae on the cells when grown in vitro. Agglutinability with anti-CFA serum, fimbriae, and adhesiveness were spontaneously lost by many isolates after laboratory passage in a manner previously described with E. coli H-10407. These observations suggest that the H-10407-type CFA plays a role in the virulence of ETEC possessing this antigen.", "contents": "Detection and characterization of colonization factor of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from adults with diarrhea. The fimbriate colonization factor antigen (CEA) of Escherichia coli strain H-1047 was isolated and used to prepare anti-CFA antiserum. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) isolated from 29 adults with diarrhea acquired in Mexico were examined for CFA by using this serum. Retrospectively, it was found that ETEC possessing the H-10407-type CFA were isolated from 25 (86%) of these diarrhea cases as compared with 2 of 11 (18%) from asymptomatic controls from whom ETEC had been isolated. CFA was found onE. coli of various serotypes, as demonstrated by bacterial agglutination by the anti-CFA serum. Heat treating the cells at 65 degress C for 1 h prevented the agglutination. CFA-positive strains did not react with anti-CFA serum when the cultures were grown at a low incubation temperature (18 degrees C). E. coli isolates identified serologically as CFA positive were shown to adhere to the intestinal villous surfaces of infant rabbits. By the indirect immunofluorescence technique, it was found that adhesion occurred preferentially in the upper 20 cm of the small intestine. Also, the ability or inability of various isolates to adhere to intestinal mucosa in vivo correlated with the presence or absence of fimbriae on the cells when grown in vitro. Agglutinability with anti-CFA serum, fimbriae, and adhesiveness were spontaneously lost by many isolates after laboratory passage in a manner previously described with E. coli H-10407. These observations suggest that the H-10407-type CFA plays a role in the virulence of ETEC possessing this antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:344222", "title": "Immunity to experimental renal candidiasis in rats.", "content": "Germfree rats were found to be more susceptible to intravenous challenge with Candida albicans than were conventional rats. The resistance of conventional rats could be overcome by increasing the challenge dose. The resistance of the germfree rat was enhanced by vaccination with Formalin-killed C. albicans in complete Freund adjuvant, complete Freund adjuvant, or incomplete Freund adjuvant. These results, and histological evidence obtained from infected gnotobiotic rats, provided further information on the mechanism of resistance to the disseminated form of candidiasis.", "contents": "Immunity to experimental renal candidiasis in rats. Germfree rats were found to be more susceptible to intravenous challenge with Candida albicans than were conventional rats. The resistance of conventional rats could be overcome by increasing the challenge dose. The resistance of the germfree rat was enhanced by vaccination with Formalin-killed C. albicans in complete Freund adjuvant, complete Freund adjuvant, or incomplete Freund adjuvant. These results, and histological evidence obtained from infected gnotobiotic rats, provided further information on the mechanism of resistance to the disseminated form of candidiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:344223", "title": "Adult mice as a model for early onset group B streptococcal disease.", "content": "The intravenous inoculation of adult mice with virulent group B streptococci serotype Ia resulted in fulminating sepsis with extensive colonization of the lungs and kidneys. The time course of the infection lasting 24 to 40 h, extensive pulmonary colonization, and resistance of the type Ia organism to phagocytosis in the absence of specific antibody suggest that mice are an appropriate model for the study of early onset streptococcal infection of human neonates.", "contents": "Adult mice as a model for early onset group B streptococcal disease. The intravenous inoculation of adult mice with virulent group B streptococci serotype Ia resulted in fulminating sepsis with extensive colonization of the lungs and kidneys. The time course of the infection lasting 24 to 40 h, extensive pulmonary colonization, and resistance of the type Ia organism to phagocytosis in the absence of specific antibody suggest that mice are an appropriate model for the study of early onset streptococcal infection of human neonates."}
{"id": "PMID:344224", "title": "Acid precipitation of Clostridium botulinum type C and D toxins from whole culture by addition of ribonucleic acid as a precipitation aid.", "content": "The ratios of ribonucleic acid to protein contents of Clostridium botulinum type C, D, and E cultures were lower than those of type A, B, and F cultures. Addition of ribonucleic acid at 0.4 mg/ml to culture satisfactorily aided acid precipitation of type C and D toxins, but not that of type E toxin.", "contents": "Acid precipitation of Clostridium botulinum type C and D toxins from whole culture by addition of ribonucleic acid as a precipitation aid. The ratios of ribonucleic acid to protein contents of Clostridium botulinum type C, D, and E cultures were lower than those of type A, B, and F cultures. Addition of ribonucleic acid at 0.4 mg/ml to culture satisfactorily aided acid precipitation of type C and D toxins, but not that of type E toxin."}
{"id": "PMID:344225", "title": "Immunomorphology and pathogenesis of echinococcosis. III: Microscopic immunofluorescence studies in experimental alveolar echinococcosis.", "content": "By application of immunohistological methods in experimental alveolar echinococcosis, detailed information was obtained on the antigenic properties of each component of the echinococcus cyst. It was established that of the various layers, the capsula germinativa of the parasite cyst possesses the strongest antigenicity regardless of localization and maturity of the cysts. The dissemination of echinococcal antigens within the internal organs of the experimental animals was found to follow the general trends of other infections. Substances obtained from the capsula germinativa appear most suitable as reagents for immunodiagnostic purposes due to their strong antigenicity.", "contents": "Immunomorphology and pathogenesis of echinococcosis. III: Microscopic immunofluorescence studies in experimental alveolar echinococcosis. By application of immunohistological methods in experimental alveolar echinococcosis, detailed information was obtained on the antigenic properties of each component of the echinococcus cyst. It was established that of the various layers, the capsula germinativa of the parasite cyst possesses the strongest antigenicity regardless of localization and maturity of the cysts. The dissemination of echinococcal antigens within the internal organs of the experimental animals was found to follow the general trends of other infections. Substances obtained from the capsula germinativa appear most suitable as reagents for immunodiagnostic purposes due to their strong antigenicity."}
{"id": "PMID:344226", "title": "Treatment with a single daily dose of gentamicin in urinary tract infection in relation to the site of infection.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with various types of recurrent urinary tract infection were treated with a single daily dose of 160 mg gentamicin for eight to nine days. The treatment eliminated bacteriuria in 19 patients. Evaluation of the therapeutical results according to the site of infection showed elimination of bacteriuria in all patients with lower urinary tract infection. Thus a single daily dose of gentamicin can be recommended in recurrent lower urinary tract infection, and also in upper urinary tract infection not associated with a major impairment of renal function.", "contents": "Treatment with a single daily dose of gentamicin in urinary tract infection in relation to the site of infection. Twenty-three patients with various types of recurrent urinary tract infection were treated with a single daily dose of 160 mg gentamicin for eight to nine days. The treatment eliminated bacteriuria in 19 patients. Evaluation of the therapeutical results according to the site of infection showed elimination of bacteriuria in all patients with lower urinary tract infection. Thus a single daily dose of gentamicin can be recommended in recurrent lower urinary tract infection, and also in upper urinary tract infection not associated with a major impairment of renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:344227", "title": "The diagnostic application of specific antiprocollagen sera. II. Analysis of liver biopsies.", "content": "Frozen, unfixed sections of human liver biopsies from patients with acute, subchronic, and chronic hepatitis or fibrotic liver disease were studied in indirect immunofluorescence with specific antisera to type I and type III procollagen. In early stages of both hepatitis and fibrotic liver disease, intralobular type III collagen synthesis is increased. Maximum values are reached years after the onset of disease. Intralobular procollagen I content is not increased in the acute stage, but rises only later. An increase of procollagen I seems to herald irreversible liver changes. This approach allows for exact localization and semiquantitative analysis of the synthesis of type I and type III collagen, and adds a new parameter to the diagnostic approaches in liver diseases.", "contents": "The diagnostic application of specific antiprocollagen sera. II. Analysis of liver biopsies. Frozen, unfixed sections of human liver biopsies from patients with acute, subchronic, and chronic hepatitis or fibrotic liver disease were studied in indirect immunofluorescence with specific antisera to type I and type III procollagen. In early stages of both hepatitis and fibrotic liver disease, intralobular type III collagen synthesis is increased. Maximum values are reached years after the onset of disease. Intralobular procollagen I content is not increased in the acute stage, but rises only later. An increase of procollagen I seems to herald irreversible liver changes. This approach allows for exact localization and semiquantitative analysis of the synthesis of type I and type III collagen, and adds a new parameter to the diagnostic approaches in liver diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:344228", "title": "Partial purification of human kidney antigens.", "content": "A chromatographic method using immunoaffinity has been utilized in the search for kidney-specific antigens. After repeated absorptions by liver proteins coupled to a column of Sepharose CN-Br of a rabbit anti-human kidney serum, several antibodies remained. When these antibodies were coupled to a similar column and used for immunoaffinity chromatography, 8 kidney antigens, studied as peptides with molecular weights of 33,000, 80,000, 98,000 and 110,000-125,000 were obtained. They should not be found in similarly treated liver extracts.", "contents": "Partial purification of human kidney antigens. A chromatographic method using immunoaffinity has been utilized in the search for kidney-specific antigens. After repeated absorptions by liver proteins coupled to a column of Sepharose CN-Br of a rabbit anti-human kidney serum, several antibodies remained. When these antibodies were coupled to a similar column and used for immunoaffinity chromatography, 8 kidney antigens, studied as peptides with molecular weights of 33,000, 80,000, 98,000 and 110,000-125,000 were obtained. They should not be found in similarly treated liver extracts."}
{"id": "PMID:344229", "title": "Regulating influence of transferred immune spleen cells on the primary response of mice to sheep red blood cells.", "content": "The regulating influence of transferred immune spleen cells on the primary response of mice to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was investigated. When splenic memory cells were intravenously inoculated, the greater part of these cells disappeared from the peripheral blood between 30 min and 6 h after injection. Transfer of immune spleen cells 2 days before immunization with 4 X 10(8) SRBC intravenously caused decreased numbers of PFC in the recipient spleen and up to 10 times as many PFC in the bone marrow. Apparently, the regulating influence of immune spleen cells upon antibody formation during the primary response can differ in different organs.", "contents": "Regulating influence of transferred immune spleen cells on the primary response of mice to sheep red blood cells. The regulating influence of transferred immune spleen cells on the primary response of mice to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was investigated. When splenic memory cells were intravenously inoculated, the greater part of these cells disappeared from the peripheral blood between 30 min and 6 h after injection. Transfer of immune spleen cells 2 days before immunization with 4 X 10(8) SRBC intravenously caused decreased numbers of PFC in the recipient spleen and up to 10 times as many PFC in the bone marrow. Apparently, the regulating influence of immune spleen cells upon antibody formation during the primary response can differ in different organs."}
{"id": "PMID:344230", "title": "Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF). III. Generation in human peripheral leukocytes.", "content": "Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) can be released from human peripheral leukocytes by an IgE-anti-IgE reaction, by the calcium ionophore A 23187 and during phagocytosis. Supernatants and sonicates of unstimulated cells contain little or no ECF. On stimulation, however, ECF activity increases in the cells and even more so in the supernatants. This holds for purified neutrophils (PMNs) as well as for basophil-containing mononuclear cell preparations. These findings contrast with those in lung homogenates, where ECF-A is present in mast cells in a preformed state. On chromatographic analysis, the ECF present within cells does not differ from that released into the supernatant. For the generation of ECF, calcium and an intact cell are necessary. Inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein synthesis do not affect ECF generation or release. The metabolic inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), suppresses ECF activity in leukocyte supernatants to a greater extent than in the cell pellets while the reserve is true for colchicine. This further confirms that ECF is not preformed within cells and that its generation and release are two active, distinct metabolic processes.", "contents": "Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF). III. Generation in human peripheral leukocytes. Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) can be released from human peripheral leukocytes by an IgE-anti-IgE reaction, by the calcium ionophore A 23187 and during phagocytosis. Supernatants and sonicates of unstimulated cells contain little or no ECF. On stimulation, however, ECF activity increases in the cells and even more so in the supernatants. This holds for purified neutrophils (PMNs) as well as for basophil-containing mononuclear cell preparations. These findings contrast with those in lung homogenates, where ECF-A is present in mast cells in a preformed state. On chromatographic analysis, the ECF present within cells does not differ from that released into the supernatant. For the generation of ECF, calcium and an intact cell are necessary. Inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein synthesis do not affect ECF generation or release. The metabolic inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), suppresses ECF activity in leukocyte supernatants to a greater extent than in the cell pellets while the reserve is true for colchicine. This further confirms that ECF is not preformed within cells and that its generation and release are two active, distinct metabolic processes."}
{"id": "PMID:344231", "title": "Eosinophils chemotactic factor (ECF). IV. Inhibitory activity in human peripheral leukocytes.", "content": "A low molecular weight eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) can be released from human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes by phagocytosis, by reverse anaphylaxis or by the calcium ionophore A 23187. During later phases of ECF-release, a leukocyte-derived ECF inhibitor (LDI) is concomitantly released. Inhibitory activity is also present in sonicates of unstimulated cells, suggesting that the factor is preformed. On chromatographic analysis of neutrophil (PMN) sonicates, two peaks of inhibitory activity at greater than 200,000 and at about 80,000 daltons each are eluted. With preparations containing lymphocytes, monocytes and basophils (L/M/B), only peak (greater than 200,000 daltons) is apparent. The LDI is heat stabile (56 degrees C, 1 h), affects only the ECF and not the migrating eosinophils, and does not inactive bacterial factor or deactivate neutrophils. Evidence is presented suggesting that the mode is by binding of ECF rather than by enzymatic destruction.", "contents": "Eosinophils chemotactic factor (ECF). IV. Inhibitory activity in human peripheral leukocytes. A low molecular weight eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) can be released from human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes by phagocytosis, by reverse anaphylaxis or by the calcium ionophore A 23187. During later phases of ECF-release, a leukocyte-derived ECF inhibitor (LDI) is concomitantly released. Inhibitory activity is also present in sonicates of unstimulated cells, suggesting that the factor is preformed. On chromatographic analysis of neutrophil (PMN) sonicates, two peaks of inhibitory activity at greater than 200,000 and at about 80,000 daltons each are eluted. With preparations containing lymphocytes, monocytes and basophils (L/M/B), only peak (greater than 200,000 daltons) is apparent. The LDI is heat stabile (56 degrees C, 1 h), affects only the ECF and not the migrating eosinophils, and does not inactive bacterial factor or deactivate neutrophils. Evidence is presented suggesting that the mode is by binding of ECF rather than by enzymatic destruction."}
{"id": "PMID:344232", "title": "Production and traffic of B lymphocytes in the extracortical central area of the guinea pig thymus.", "content": "Lymphocytes in the stroma and lymphatics of the extra-cortical central area (ECCA) of the guinea pig thymus have been studied with light microscopy, quantitative microscopy, colchicin-induced mitotic arrest, EA (IgG) and EA (IgM) C adherence, surface immunoglobulins (Ig total, IgM, IgG), alkaline phosphatase activity and the effect of cyclophosphamide administration. The results suggest, that AP-positive, SIg-positive EAC-negative lymphocytes in the ECCA proliferate and maturate into AP-negative, SIg-positive, EAC-positive lymphocytes. The latter leave the thymus through the lymphatics. Calculations show that daily 8-9 X 10(6) B lymphocytes are produced in the ECCA and leave this area through the lymphatics. As this number is more than 10% of the number of T cells which daily leave the thymus, we conclude that in the ECCA a considerable number of B lymphocytes is produced.", "contents": "Production and traffic of B lymphocytes in the extracortical central area of the guinea pig thymus. Lymphocytes in the stroma and lymphatics of the extra-cortical central area (ECCA) of the guinea pig thymus have been studied with light microscopy, quantitative microscopy, colchicin-induced mitotic arrest, EA (IgG) and EA (IgM) C adherence, surface immunoglobulins (Ig total, IgM, IgG), alkaline phosphatase activity and the effect of cyclophosphamide administration. The results suggest, that AP-positive, SIg-positive EAC-negative lymphocytes in the ECCA proliferate and maturate into AP-negative, SIg-positive, EAC-positive lymphocytes. The latter leave the thymus through the lymphatics. Calculations show that daily 8-9 X 10(6) B lymphocytes are produced in the ECCA and leave this area through the lymphatics. As this number is more than 10% of the number of T cells which daily leave the thymus, we conclude that in the ECCA a considerable number of B lymphocytes is produced."}
{"id": "PMID:344234", "title": "Prognostic indicators of alcoholism treatment outcome.", "content": "This literature review is a systematic attempt to isolate the personal characteristics of alcoholics generally associated with their prognosis. Forty-five studies which met certain standards for inclusion are summarized here. The description of each study and its corresponding list of characteristics of alcoholics investigated for prognostic value are reported in tables. The tables do not reveal stable predictors across the studies, though some personal characteristics are more generally of predictive value than are others. A number of reasons for the absence of predictor stability are discussed--among them the possibility that certain treatments may work best with certain alcoholic patients.", "contents": "Prognostic indicators of alcoholism treatment outcome. This literature review is a systematic attempt to isolate the personal characteristics of alcoholics generally associated with their prognosis. Forty-five studies which met certain standards for inclusion are summarized here. The description of each study and its corresponding list of characteristics of alcoholics investigated for prognostic value are reported in tables. The tables do not reveal stable predictors across the studies, though some personal characteristics are more generally of predictive value than are others. A number of reasons for the absence of predictor stability are discussed--among them the possibility that certain treatments may work best with certain alcoholic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:344235", "title": "Acupuncture in the treatment of addiction: a review and analysis.", "content": "Many claims have been made about the usefulness of acupuncture as an analgesic and in the cure of certain conditions. The background of some of these claims is examined as are alternative hypotheses for some of the observations that have been reported. The studies that have served as the basis of much of what has been said and written about the use of acupuncture in the management of addictions are reviewed and found to fall seriously short of adequate clinical trials. The utility of acupuncture remains unproven, and some directions for future research are suggested.", "contents": "Acupuncture in the treatment of addiction: a review and analysis. Many claims have been made about the usefulness of acupuncture as an analgesic and in the cure of certain conditions. The background of some of these claims is examined as are alternative hypotheses for some of the observations that have been reported. The studies that have served as the basis of much of what has been said and written about the use of acupuncture in the management of addictions are reviewed and found to fall seriously short of adequate clinical trials. The utility of acupuncture remains unproven, and some directions for future research are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:344236", "title": "Outcome research on treatment and on the drug abuser: an exploration.", "content": "The study of treatment outcome has its own history, and the experience of other service fields in this area may be of considerable interest to researchers concerned with the effectiveness of treatment for drug abusers. Methodological issues that emerged from psychotherapy's efforts at self-evaluation are reviewed and contrasted with work done on treatment outcome in drug programs. An overview is presented of current research on the improvement of drug abusers and on treatment effectiveness.", "contents": "Outcome research on treatment and on the drug abuser: an exploration. The study of treatment outcome has its own history, and the experience of other service fields in this area may be of considerable interest to researchers concerned with the effectiveness of treatment for drug abusers. Methodological issues that emerged from psychotherapy's efforts at self-evaluation are reviewed and contrasted with work done on treatment outcome in drug programs. An overview is presented of current research on the improvement of drug abusers and on treatment effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:344237", "title": "Alcoholism scales of the MMPI: contributions and future directions.", "content": "Though MMPI alcoholism scales have been constructed to provide objective information for making alcoholism diagnoses, they have not met with general acceptance. Research has been criticized since alcoholics were not clearly defined and were not subdivided into homogeneous categories. Prealcoholics were not studied and no consistent findings emerged. The present review of alcoholics and prealcoholics indicates that some scales, such as the MacAndrew, are consistent in discriminating alcoholics from controls even when alcoholics were not subdivided into homogeneous categories. These findings suggest that alcoholics have personality characteristics that distinguish them from other groups and provide psychometric justification for alcoholism diagnoses.", "contents": "Alcoholism scales of the MMPI: contributions and future directions. Though MMPI alcoholism scales have been constructed to provide objective information for making alcoholism diagnoses, they have not met with general acceptance. Research has been criticized since alcoholics were not clearly defined and were not subdivided into homogeneous categories. Prealcoholics were not studied and no consistent findings emerged. The present review of alcoholics and prealcoholics indicates that some scales, such as the MacAndrew, are consistent in discriminating alcoholics from controls even when alcoholics were not subdivided into homogeneous categories. These findings suggest that alcoholics have personality characteristics that distinguish them from other groups and provide psychometric justification for alcoholism diagnoses."}
{"id": "PMID:344238", "title": "Locus of control research on alcoholic populations: a review. I. Development, scales, and treatment.", "content": "Research literature dealing with the relationships of locus of control to alcoholism and the treatment of alcoholism is reviewed. The review includes a discussion of some of the scales used in this research, the relative locus of control of alcoholics compared with controls, the change in locus of control during treatment of alcoholics, and the relationship of locus of control to treatment success. Much of the research is inconclusive. Research on the control orientation of alcoholics compared to controls has had equivocal results, but the better designed studies tend to find no difference or externality in alcoholics. Most studies find that alcoholics become more internal over treatment, but the relationship of locus of control to treatment success is unclear. Methodological difficulties have included problems with sampling, selecting appropriate controls, assuming homogeneity of alcoholics as a group, and assuming linearity and unidimensionality of the scales. A number of needed studies which would clarify some of the questions are suggested.", "contents": "Locus of control research on alcoholic populations: a review. I. Development, scales, and treatment. Research literature dealing with the relationships of locus of control to alcoholism and the treatment of alcoholism is reviewed. The review includes a discussion of some of the scales used in this research, the relative locus of control of alcoholics compared with controls, the change in locus of control during treatment of alcoholics, and the relationship of locus of control to treatment success. Much of the research is inconclusive. Research on the control orientation of alcoholics compared to controls has had equivocal results, but the better designed studies tend to find no difference or externality in alcoholics. Most studies find that alcoholics become more internal over treatment, but the relationship of locus of control to treatment success is unclear. Methodological difficulties have included problems with sampling, selecting appropriate controls, assuming homogeneity of alcoholics as a group, and assuming linearity and unidimensionality of the scales. A number of needed studies which would clarify some of the questions are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:344243", "title": "Pinta, yaws, and venereal syphilis in Colombia.", "content": "Three treponemal infections of man have coexisted in Colombia, South America for centuries. In former years, Colombia and Mexico were the world's most highly endemic countries for pinta. Within Colombia, highest rates of infection with pinta occurred among the mestizo and Indian populations in the Andean and Caribbean departments of Huila, Tolima, Antiochia, Magdalena and Cesar. Yaws occurred primarily in rural areas along the Pacific coast among descendants of African slaves. Infectious syphilis is most often reported from the three largest urban areas, and from three other densely populated departments in the Andean region. During the 21-year period from 1954 to 1974, almost four times as many cases of pinta as yaws were reported. The incidence rates of yaws and pinta have declined almost in parallel in Colombia, even though there has been a national campaign against yaws, but not against pinta. The incidence of primary and secondary syphilis increased only slightly during the same period. The total burden of reported treponematoses (excluding tertiary and congenital syphilis) declinded by over 40 per cent, while the ratios of reported yaws, pinta and infectious syphilis rose from 1:3:4 in 1954 to 1:7:975 in 1974.", "contents": "Pinta, yaws, and venereal syphilis in Colombia. Three treponemal infections of man have coexisted in Colombia, South America for centuries. In former years, Colombia and Mexico were the world's most highly endemic countries for pinta. Within Colombia, highest rates of infection with pinta occurred among the mestizo and Indian populations in the Andean and Caribbean departments of Huila, Tolima, Antiochia, Magdalena and Cesar. Yaws occurred primarily in rural areas along the Pacific coast among descendants of African slaves. Infectious syphilis is most often reported from the three largest urban areas, and from three other densely populated departments in the Andean region. During the 21-year period from 1954 to 1974, almost four times as many cases of pinta as yaws were reported. The incidence rates of yaws and pinta have declined almost in parallel in Colombia, even though there has been a national campaign against yaws, but not against pinta. The incidence of primary and secondary syphilis increased only slightly during the same period. The total burden of reported treponematoses (excluding tertiary and congenital syphilis) declinded by over 40 per cent, while the ratios of reported yaws, pinta and infectious syphilis rose from 1:3:4 in 1954 to 1:7:975 in 1974."}
{"id": "PMID:344239", "title": "A study of cellular and humoral immunity in three species of armadillos. Part I.", "content": "In the present study the membrane receptors of immunocompetent cells and immunoglobulins in three varieties of armadillos were explored for determining, in later studies, the possible differences in inoculated animals developing leprosy. The studies of cellular immunity were performed in five Chaetophroctus villosus (Ch.v), one Dasypus hibridus septecinctus (DHS) and one Zaedus Pichei (ZP), while the humoral immunity was studied with a serum pool of 17 Ch.v and 6 DHS. The results obtained demonstrate that the lymphocytes of the three species studied have receptors for SRBC, C3 and Ig-s, and no receptors for Fc segment of immunoglobulins. With reference to immunoglobulins no definite alteration of the humoral immunity was observed with the exception that DHS presents increased IgG levels and Ch.v increased IgM.", "contents": "A study of cellular and humoral immunity in three species of armadillos. Part I. In the present study the membrane receptors of immunocompetent cells and immunoglobulins in three varieties of armadillos were explored for determining, in later studies, the possible differences in inoculated animals developing leprosy. The studies of cellular immunity were performed in five Chaetophroctus villosus (Ch.v), one Dasypus hibridus septecinctus (DHS) and one Zaedus Pichei (ZP), while the humoral immunity was studied with a serum pool of 17 Ch.v and 6 DHS. The results obtained demonstrate that the lymphocytes of the three species studied have receptors for SRBC, C3 and Ig-s, and no receptors for Fc segment of immunoglobulins. With reference to immunoglobulins no definite alteration of the humoral immunity was observed with the exception that DHS presents increased IgG levels and Ch.v increased IgM."}
{"id": "PMID:344245", "title": "Solid phase synthesis of porcine LH-releasing hormone with hydrogen chloride in formic acid as the deblocking reagent.", "content": "The decapeptide corresponding to the amino acid sequence of porcine luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) which involves 1 mol of tryptophan was synthesized via solid phase synthesis with two different deblocking procedures which used hydrogen chloride in formic acid and hydrogen chloride in acetic acid containing 1% 2-mercaptoethanol. After some fundamental studies on the former reagent with respect to deblocking efficiency toward the Boc group, 0.5 M hydrogen chloride (a 10-fold molar excess with respect to the N-terminal Boc group) in formic acid was used in the present synthesis. The two synthetic products exhibited the same chemical and biological properties as an authentic LH-RH. Hydrogen chloride in formic acid has proved effective without a scavenger although loss of peptide from the resin occurred to a somewhat greater extent than that with hydrogen chloride in acetic acid. A derivative of the synthetic LH-RH formylated at the indole nitrogen had a greatly diminished biological activity, indicating that the intact indole side chain is essential for the activity.", "contents": "Solid phase synthesis of porcine LH-releasing hormone with hydrogen chloride in formic acid as the deblocking reagent. The decapeptide corresponding to the amino acid sequence of porcine luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) which involves 1 mol of tryptophan was synthesized via solid phase synthesis with two different deblocking procedures which used hydrogen chloride in formic acid and hydrogen chloride in acetic acid containing 1% 2-mercaptoethanol. After some fundamental studies on the former reagent with respect to deblocking efficiency toward the Boc group, 0.5 M hydrogen chloride (a 10-fold molar excess with respect to the N-terminal Boc group) in formic acid was used in the present synthesis. The two synthetic products exhibited the same chemical and biological properties as an authentic LH-RH. Hydrogen chloride in formic acid has proved effective without a scavenger although loss of peptide from the resin occurred to a somewhat greater extent than that with hydrogen chloride in acetic acid. A derivative of the synthetic LH-RH formylated at the indole nitrogen had a greatly diminished biological activity, indicating that the intact indole side chain is essential for the activity."}
{"id": "PMID:344247", "title": "Involvement of membrane lipids in radiation damage to potassium ion permeability of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Radiation damage to K+ permeability of an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of E. coli grown with oleate or linolenate was investigated at different temperatures. A remarkable effect of radiation was observed at 0 degrees C with cells that had been grown with linolenate at 42 degrees C. This indicates that, besides protein, membrane lipids at least are involved in the radiation damage. The damage also seems to be affected by the fluidity of membrane lipids.", "contents": "Involvement of membrane lipids in radiation damage to potassium ion permeability of Escherichia coli. Radiation damage to K+ permeability of an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of E. coli grown with oleate or linolenate was investigated at different temperatures. A remarkable effect of radiation was observed at 0 degrees C with cells that had been grown with linolenate at 42 degrees C. This indicates that, besides protein, membrane lipids at least are involved in the radiation damage. The damage also seems to be affected by the fluidity of membrane lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:344248", "title": "Effect of ratio of enzymes to substrate on amino acid patterns released from proteins in vitro.", "content": "Using an in vitro procedure, with both plant (gluten and edestin) and animal proteins (egg white and casein) as ratio of protein substrate to enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, erepsin) was increased in progressive stages, there was a change in the amino acids released; the proportions of some amino acids progressively increased, others progressively decreased while still others remained constant. The pattern of amino acids released was distinct for each protein and as substrate increased relative to enzymes, certain amino acids essential for the human increased with some proteins and decreased with others which suggests nutritional implications. The variations in amino acids released with changes in ratio of substrate to enzymes was not a random effect but an apparent orderly process. The phenomenon is termed \"variable ratio effect\".", "contents": "Effect of ratio of enzymes to substrate on amino acid patterns released from proteins in vitro. Using an in vitro procedure, with both plant (gluten and edestin) and animal proteins (egg white and casein) as ratio of protein substrate to enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, erepsin) was increased in progressive stages, there was a change in the amino acids released; the proportions of some amino acids progressively increased, others progressively decreased while still others remained constant. The pattern of amino acids released was distinct for each protein and as substrate increased relative to enzymes, certain amino acids essential for the human increased with some proteins and decreased with others which suggests nutritional implications. The variations in amino acids released with changes in ratio of substrate to enzymes was not a random effect but an apparent orderly process. The phenomenon is termed \"variable ratio effect\"."}
{"id": "PMID:344251", "title": "A closed submucous cervical suture for the incompetent cervix.", "content": "Twenty-five consecutive cases of cervical incompetence were treated by a closed submucous cervical suture that I developed. Twenty patients proceeded to term and delivered live babies. This was statistically significant when compared to their own reproductive performance before operation (P less than 0.001). The suture described is simple, easy, quick, bloodless, anchored to three points in the cervical musculature and is passed deep to the cervical blood vessels.", "contents": "A closed submucous cervical suture for the incompetent cervix. Twenty-five consecutive cases of cervical incompetence were treated by a closed submucous cervical suture that I developed. Twenty patients proceeded to term and delivered live babies. This was statistically significant when compared to their own reproductive performance before operation (P less than 0.001). The suture described is simple, easy, quick, bloodless, anchored to three points in the cervical musculature and is passed deep to the cervical blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:344246", "title": "Studies of superobesity III: Body image changes after jejuno-ileal bypass surgery.", "content": "Changes in the perceptual-cognitive and affective components of the body image were studied in ten women who had undergone jejuno-ileal bypass surgery. As weight loss occurs, the cognitive body schema adjusts readily to the patients' new reality, whereas the affective component remains essentially unchanged during the first year after surgery. Implications of findings are discussed.", "contents": "Studies of superobesity III: Body image changes after jejuno-ileal bypass surgery. Changes in the perceptual-cognitive and affective components of the body image were studied in ten women who had undergone jejuno-ileal bypass surgery. As weight loss occurs, the cognitive body schema adjusts readily to the patients' new reality, whereas the affective component remains essentially unchanged during the first year after surgery. Implications of findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:344252", "title": "Experience with auto suture surgical stapling instruments. Fate of enterically applied staples.", "content": "Inverting serosa-to serosa staple applications may lead to intraluminal extrusion of staples. The possible clinical pathological consequences of such a migration are examined. Technical maneuvers designed to prevent errors and expedite safer handling of automatic stapling devices are presented. Automatic stapling instruments, both in the animal model and in the clinical situation, have produced eminently satisfactory results for us.", "contents": "Experience with auto suture surgical stapling instruments. Fate of enterically applied staples. Inverting serosa-to serosa staple applications may lead to intraluminal extrusion of staples. The possible clinical pathological consequences of such a migration are examined. Technical maneuvers designed to prevent errors and expedite safer handling of automatic stapling devices are presented. Automatic stapling instruments, both in the animal model and in the clinical situation, have produced eminently satisfactory results for us."}
{"id": "PMID:344254", "title": "Antibacterial prophylaxis in patients after prostatectomy.", "content": "Seventy-five patients with prostatic adenoma and sterile urine cultures were treated prophylactically after operation, with one of four antibacterial drugs (Nitrofurantoin, Mandelamine, Biseptol, Chlorocid). Administration of Nitrofurantoin and Mandelamine in the postoperative period was found to be advantageous. In patients receiving these drugs, incidence of urinary tract infections was reduced by one half compared with a control group of untreated patients.", "contents": "Antibacterial prophylaxis in patients after prostatectomy. Seventy-five patients with prostatic adenoma and sterile urine cultures were treated prophylactically after operation, with one of four antibacterial drugs (Nitrofurantoin, Mandelamine, Biseptol, Chlorocid). Administration of Nitrofurantoin and Mandelamine in the postoperative period was found to be advantageous. In patients receiving these drugs, incidence of urinary tract infections was reduced by one half compared with a control group of untreated patients."}
{"id": "PMID:344255", "title": "Malacoplakia of testis.", "content": "A case of malacoplakia of testis with a typical clinical course, related to urogenital E. coli infection is presented. By means of electron microscopy, we have identified several forms of Michaelis-Gutmann bodies within the lesion. X-ray spectral analysis revealed that these bodies contain large amounts of calcium, phosphate, sulfur, sodium and chloride. The pathogenesis of malacoplakia and the formation of Michaelis-Gutmann bodies is shortly discussed.", "contents": "Malacoplakia of testis. A case of malacoplakia of testis with a typical clinical course, related to urogenital E. coli infection is presented. By means of electron microscopy, we have identified several forms of Michaelis-Gutmann bodies within the lesion. X-ray spectral analysis revealed that these bodies contain large amounts of calcium, phosphate, sulfur, sodium and chloride. The pathogenesis of malacoplakia and the formation of Michaelis-Gutmann bodies is shortly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:344265", "title": "Interrelationships among arenaviruses measured by indirect immunofluorescence.", "content": "An evaluation of reciprocal indirect immunofluorescent antibody titers for at least one representative of each known arenavirus serotype leads to the conclusion that the Old World aranaviruses are more closely related to each other than to other members of the group. These relationships are particularly evident in evaluations of human convalescent sera. New World arenaviruses cross-react strongly with each other in most instances but only weakly with with Old World arenaviruses.", "contents": "Interrelationships among arenaviruses measured by indirect immunofluorescence. An evaluation of reciprocal indirect immunofluorescent antibody titers for at least one representative of each known arenavirus serotype leads to the conclusion that the Old World aranaviruses are more closely related to each other than to other members of the group. These relationships are particularly evident in evaluations of human convalescent sera. New World arenaviruses cross-react strongly with each other in most instances but only weakly with with Old World arenaviruses."}
{"id": "PMID:344266", "title": "Altered phenotypic expression of ultraviolet-irradiated nuclear polyhedrosis virus.", "content": "UV (254 nm) irradiation of nuclear polyhedrosis virus results in formation of small plaques. The small-plaque effect is reversed by photoreactivation. Analysis of plaque formation kinetics indicates a slower formation and subsequent enlargement of plaques from UV-irradiated virus in comparison to non-irradiated virus. A delay in viral DNA synthesis is suggested as an explanation for the observed small-plaque effect.", "contents": "Altered phenotypic expression of ultraviolet-irradiated nuclear polyhedrosis virus. UV (254 nm) irradiation of nuclear polyhedrosis virus results in formation of small plaques. The small-plaque effect is reversed by photoreactivation. Analysis of plaque formation kinetics indicates a slower formation and subsequent enlargement of plaques from UV-irradiated virus in comparison to non-irradiated virus. A delay in viral DNA synthesis is suggested as an explanation for the observed small-plaque effect."}
{"id": "PMID:344263", "title": "The clinical, pathologic and radiographic spectrum of the intrathoracic lymphomas.", "content": "The malignant lymphomas have many similarities, both pathologically and radiographically. The several unique or unusual features of these neoplasms should be kept in mind to identify their radiographic patterns of presentation. The radiologist confronted with the responsibility of evaluating a person with a known lymphoma should design his study and bias his opinion based on a thorough knowledge of the type and clinical stage of the tumor, as well as the treatment status of the patient.", "contents": "The clinical, pathologic and radiographic spectrum of the intrathoracic lymphomas. The malignant lymphomas have many similarities, both pathologically and radiographically. The several unique or unusual features of these neoplasms should be kept in mind to identify their radiographic patterns of presentation. The radiologist confronted with the responsibility of evaluating a person with a known lymphoma should design his study and bias his opinion based on a thorough knowledge of the type and clinical stage of the tumor, as well as the treatment status of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:344267", "title": "Isolation of field rabies virus strains in CER and murine neuroblastoma cell cultures.", "content": "Infection of CER and murine neuroblastoma (clone N18) cell cultures by inoculation of brain tissue from rabid skunks, dogs, equines, foxes, bats and cows was detected by immunofluorescence 2--5 days after inoculation.", "contents": "Isolation of field rabies virus strains in CER and murine neuroblastoma cell cultures. Infection of CER and murine neuroblastoma (clone N18) cell cultures by inoculation of brain tissue from rabid skunks, dogs, equines, foxes, bats and cows was detected by immunofluorescence 2--5 days after inoculation."}
{"id": "PMID:344264", "title": "Effect of endotoxemia on contrast media reactions.", "content": "Since complement activation is sharply temperature-dependent, we have examined the effects of fever produced by a very small dose of endotoxin on contrast media lethality in rabbits. After the injection of 8.2 ml/kg of 52% methylglucamine iodipamide, a group of rabbits exhibiting an average temperature elevation of 1.5 degrees C had a 100% mortality rate. This was contrasted to a 30% mortality in control rabbits receiving contrast alone, and no mortality in rabbits receiving endotoxin alone. The rabbits with fever and increased mortality exhibited increased activation of serum complement. From this preliminary data it appears that caution should be observed in performing a contrast examination in a patient with endotoxemia and/or a fever.", "contents": "Effect of endotoxemia on contrast media reactions. Since complement activation is sharply temperature-dependent, we have examined the effects of fever produced by a very small dose of endotoxin on contrast media lethality in rabbits. After the injection of 8.2 ml/kg of 52% methylglucamine iodipamide, a group of rabbits exhibiting an average temperature elevation of 1.5 degrees C had a 100% mortality rate. This was contrasted to a 30% mortality in control rabbits receiving contrast alone, and no mortality in rabbits receiving endotoxin alone. The rabbits with fever and increased mortality exhibited increased activation of serum complement. From this preliminary data it appears that caution should be observed in performing a contrast examination in a patient with endotoxemia and/or a fever."}
{"id": "PMID:344274", "title": "Epiphyseal chondroblastoma (a study of 39 cases).", "content": "A fully documented series of thirty nine cases of epiphyseal chondroblastoma is described. This is a remarkable series because of the rarity of this tumour. There is a slight predilection for the male sex. The age most affected is ten to twenty years. The tumour progresses slowly and joint involvement and pain are slight. The commonest site is the proximal epiphysis of the humerus, followed by the epiphyses of the knee. The classical appearances are of a clearly defined area of osteolysis, central or eccentric, with foci of calcification, in the epiphyseal or apophyseal regions, and often transgressing the epiphyseal cartilage. We have never observed involvement of the opposite bone in the affected joint. In four of our thirty nine cases the neoplasm invaded the point and/or soft tissues. The differential diagnosis, especially in localisations at the knee, is with giant cell tumour. The tumour is slow growing and the prognosis is always good. We have never seen malignant transformations or so-called \"benign\" pulmonary metastases. The few recurrences in this series (five out of thirty nine) were all cured by a second operation. Curettage and grafting is the operation of choice.", "contents": "Epiphyseal chondroblastoma (a study of 39 cases). A fully documented series of thirty nine cases of epiphyseal chondroblastoma is described. This is a remarkable series because of the rarity of this tumour. There is a slight predilection for the male sex. The age most affected is ten to twenty years. The tumour progresses slowly and joint involvement and pain are slight. The commonest site is the proximal epiphysis of the humerus, followed by the epiphyses of the knee. The classical appearances are of a clearly defined area of osteolysis, central or eccentric, with foci of calcification, in the epiphyseal or apophyseal regions, and often transgressing the epiphyseal cartilage. We have never observed involvement of the opposite bone in the affected joint. In four of our thirty nine cases the neoplasm invaded the point and/or soft tissues. The differential diagnosis, especially in localisations at the knee, is with giant cell tumour. The tumour is slow growing and the prognosis is always good. We have never seen malignant transformations or so-called \"benign\" pulmonary metastases. The few recurrences in this series (five out of thirty nine) were all cured by a second operation. Curettage and grafting is the operation of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:344278", "title": "[Skin changes in art. I. Examples from the Germanistic National Museum in N\u00fcrnberg].", "content": "At three works of art in possession of the Germanic National Museum, N\u00fcrnberg, the attempt was made of diagnosing dermatologic alternations. The three paintings show naevi pigmentosi, basaliomas and varicosis.", "contents": "[Skin changes in art. I. Examples from the Germanistic National Museum in N\u00fcrnberg]. At three works of art in possession of the Germanic National Museum, N\u00fcrnberg, the attempt was made of diagnosing dermatologic alternations. The three paintings show naevi pigmentosi, basaliomas and varicosis."}
{"id": "PMID:344273", "title": "Selenalysine as substrate of lysine decarboxylase.", "content": "Selenalysine, a lysine analog having the C4 methylene group substituted by a selenium atom, may be decarboxylated to selenolanthionamine by bacterial lysine decarboxylase. The kinetic parameters obtained studying comparatively the decarboxylation of lysine, thialysine and selenalysine showed that while the enzyme is more effective on lysine than on its two analogs, there are no great differences between the last two. These results indicate that the substrate specificity of lysine decarboxylase is greatly affected by the substitution of a carbon atom of the substrate molecule, but the presence of either sulfur or selenium as eteroatom is without appreciable effect on the binding of the lysine analogs to the enzyme. In other words either sulfur- or selenium-containing substrate analogs are acted upon in the same way by lysine decarboxylase.", "contents": "Selenalysine as substrate of lysine decarboxylase. Selenalysine, a lysine analog having the C4 methylene group substituted by a selenium atom, may be decarboxylated to selenolanthionamine by bacterial lysine decarboxylase. The kinetic parameters obtained studying comparatively the decarboxylation of lysine, thialysine and selenalysine showed that while the enzyme is more effective on lysine than on its two analogs, there are no great differences between the last two. These results indicate that the substrate specificity of lysine decarboxylase is greatly affected by the substitution of a carbon atom of the substrate molecule, but the presence of either sulfur or selenium as eteroatom is without appreciable effect on the binding of the lysine analogs to the enzyme. In other words either sulfur- or selenium-containing substrate analogs are acted upon in the same way by lysine decarboxylase."}
{"id": "PMID:344280", "title": "A simplified method for the evaluation of human faecal flora in clinical practice.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of aerobic and anaerobic faecal flora was determined by a new and easy method. 10 microliter of 12 ten-fold dilutions in saline of samples of faeces were plated on the surface of culture media solidified in wells of sterile virology plexiglass plates (diameter 16 mm; 0.5 ml culture media) and incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h. The same dilutions and the same plexiglass plates were used under anaerobic conditions for analysis of anaerobic flora (under atmosphere of N2 85%, CO2 10%, H2 5%, negative pressure, at 37 degrees C for 48 h). The analysis was performed on 35 healthy breast-fed newborn infants, 1--6 days old. After birth, the meconium in sterile; already at 25 h of life some bacterial species (Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides) show the maximal concentration in faeces and do not grow afterwards; other bacterial species (Coliforms, aerobic and anaerobic Streptococci) increase gradually during the first week of life. This method gives the same results as the conventional techniques (i.e. Petri dishes), but in an easier and quicker way; therefore it seems useful in clinical practice.", "contents": "A simplified method for the evaluation of human faecal flora in clinical practice. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of aerobic and anaerobic faecal flora was determined by a new and easy method. 10 microliter of 12 ten-fold dilutions in saline of samples of faeces were plated on the surface of culture media solidified in wells of sterile virology plexiglass plates (diameter 16 mm; 0.5 ml culture media) and incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h. The same dilutions and the same plexiglass plates were used under anaerobic conditions for analysis of anaerobic flora (under atmosphere of N2 85%, CO2 10%, H2 5%, negative pressure, at 37 degrees C for 48 h). The analysis was performed on 35 healthy breast-fed newborn infants, 1--6 days old. After birth, the meconium in sterile; already at 25 h of life some bacterial species (Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides) show the maximal concentration in faeces and do not grow afterwards; other bacterial species (Coliforms, aerobic and anaerobic Streptococci) increase gradually during the first week of life. This method gives the same results as the conventional techniques (i.e. Petri dishes), but in an easier and quicker way; therefore it seems useful in clinical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:344281", "title": "Bacterial infections in the newborns.", "content": "In the care of 5178 live newborns from October 1971 to October 1974, 252 (4.7%) cases of bacterial infections were diagnosed. Of this number, 131 were full-term and 121 premature newborns. The three most frequent types of infections were gastroenteritis (103 cases = 40.8%), urinary tract infections (77 cases = 30.5%), and septicaemia (51 cases = 20.2%). The three organisms most frequently found were E. coli, Proteus and Enterobacter. The prevalence of gram-negative over gram-posivite germs was very remarkable. In 38 infected newborns the highest IgM levels were achieved at the acme of the illness, and they decreased when the infection subsided.", "contents": "Bacterial infections in the newborns. In the care of 5178 live newborns from October 1971 to October 1974, 252 (4.7%) cases of bacterial infections were diagnosed. Of this number, 131 were full-term and 121 premature newborns. The three most frequent types of infections were gastroenteritis (103 cases = 40.8%), urinary tract infections (77 cases = 30.5%), and septicaemia (51 cases = 20.2%). The three organisms most frequently found were E. coli, Proteus and Enterobacter. The prevalence of gram-negative over gram-posivite germs was very remarkable. In 38 infected newborns the highest IgM levels were achieved at the acme of the illness, and they decreased when the infection subsided."}
{"id": "PMID:344282", "title": "Nonketotic hyperglycinemia treated with strychnine, a glycine receptor antagonist.", "content": "A 6 1/2-month-old boy suffering from nonketotic hyperglycinemia has been treated for at least 12 months with oral strychnine. The drug caused improvement of muscle tone, motoricity, vigilance and social behavior. Glycine is one of the putative neurotransmitters of postsynaptic inhibition, particularly at the spinal and reticular levels, strychnine its antagonist at the postsynaptic membrane. Strychnine improved the patient's motoricity presumably by blocking the excessive glycine-mediated inhibition of motoneurons. The beneficial effect of strychnine on vigilance and social behavior is more difficult to explain but may have been related to its antagonism of glycine inhibition of brainstem reticular neurons.", "contents": "Nonketotic hyperglycinemia treated with strychnine, a glycine receptor antagonist. A 6 1/2-month-old boy suffering from nonketotic hyperglycinemia has been treated for at least 12 months with oral strychnine. The drug caused improvement of muscle tone, motoricity, vigilance and social behavior. Glycine is one of the putative neurotransmitters of postsynaptic inhibition, particularly at the spinal and reticular levels, strychnine its antagonist at the postsynaptic membrane. Strychnine improved the patient's motoricity presumably by blocking the excessive glycine-mediated inhibition of motoneurons. The beneficial effect of strychnine on vigilance and social behavior is more difficult to explain but may have been related to its antagonism of glycine inhibition of brainstem reticular neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:344292", "title": "Sympathetic influence on alveolar surface activity in hyperventilated dog.", "content": "Hyperventilating IPPB, defined as intermittent positive-pressure breathing with a frequency of 32 beats/min and inspiratory pressure of 30 cmH2O, was administered for 14 h to open-chested anesthetized dogs in which nerves to one bronchus were operatively blocked. In the nerve-intact lungs, the lung stability index calculated from the pressure-volume relationship decreased with the duration of the hyperventilating IPPB (correlation coefficient r = -0.66, P less than 0.001), and atelectasis and hemorrhage appeared. In the nerve-blocked lungs, the index did not decrease during the 14 h of hyperventilating IPPB, and the appearance was almost normal. After pharmacologic sympathetic block with phenoxybenzamine, the lung stability index of both the operatively nerve-blocked lung and the nerve-intact lung was not decreased by hyperventilating IPPB. From these findings, we conclude that sympathetic block can protect pulmonary surface activity from the adverse effects of hyperventilating IPPB.", "contents": "Sympathetic influence on alveolar surface activity in hyperventilated dog. Hyperventilating IPPB, defined as intermittent positive-pressure breathing with a frequency of 32 beats/min and inspiratory pressure of 30 cmH2O, was administered for 14 h to open-chested anesthetized dogs in which nerves to one bronchus were operatively blocked. In the nerve-intact lungs, the lung stability index calculated from the pressure-volume relationship decreased with the duration of the hyperventilating IPPB (correlation coefficient r = -0.66, P less than 0.001), and atelectasis and hemorrhage appeared. In the nerve-blocked lungs, the index did not decrease during the 14 h of hyperventilating IPPB, and the appearance was almost normal. After pharmacologic sympathetic block with phenoxybenzamine, the lung stability index of both the operatively nerve-blocked lung and the nerve-intact lung was not decreased by hyperventilating IPPB. From these findings, we conclude that sympathetic block can protect pulmonary surface activity from the adverse effects of hyperventilating IPPB."}
{"id": "PMID:344293", "title": "Spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow in dogs in increased force environments.", "content": "Spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow (SDPBF) during 2- to 3-min exposures to 6-8 Gy acceleration was studied, using radioactive microspheres in dogs, and compared to previously reported 1 Gy control distributions. Isotope distributions were measured by scintiscanning individual 1-cm-thick cross sections of excised, fixed lungs. Results indicate: 1) the fraction of cardiac output traversing left and right lungs did not change systematically with the duration and magnitude of acceleration; but 2) the fraction is strongly affected by the occurrence or absence of fast deep breaths, which cause an increase or decrease, respectively, in blood flow through the dependent lung; and 3) Gy acceleration caused a significant increase in relative pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in nondependent and dependent regions of the lung concurrent with a decrease in PVR in the midsagittal region of the thorax. Result 3 may be mediated primarily by changes in regional alveolar volume and geometry in the nondependent hemithorax conbined with hydrostatic effects of extravascular fluid and active hypoxic response in the dependent region and is superimposed on, and may override, hydrostatic effects of perfusion pressures on SDPBF during acceleration.", "contents": "Spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow in dogs in increased force environments. Spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow (SDPBF) during 2- to 3-min exposures to 6-8 Gy acceleration was studied, using radioactive microspheres in dogs, and compared to previously reported 1 Gy control distributions. Isotope distributions were measured by scintiscanning individual 1-cm-thick cross sections of excised, fixed lungs. Results indicate: 1) the fraction of cardiac output traversing left and right lungs did not change systematically with the duration and magnitude of acceleration; but 2) the fraction is strongly affected by the occurrence or absence of fast deep breaths, which cause an increase or decrease, respectively, in blood flow through the dependent lung; and 3) Gy acceleration caused a significant increase in relative pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in nondependent and dependent regions of the lung concurrent with a decrease in PVR in the midsagittal region of the thorax. Result 3 may be mediated primarily by changes in regional alveolar volume and geometry in the nondependent hemithorax conbined with hydrostatic effects of extravascular fluid and active hypoxic response in the dependent region and is superimposed on, and may override, hydrostatic effects of perfusion pressures on SDPBF during acceleration."}
{"id": "PMID:344297", "title": "Pretreatment with colistin and Proteus sensitivity to other agents.", "content": "The effects of pretreatment with colistin (polymyxin E) on the sensitivity of Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris and P. morganii strains to tris and sodium deoxycholate (DOC) have been studied. Pretreatment of two P. mirabilis strains (NCTC 60 and 4199) with low concentrations (0.25 approximately 1 microgram/ml) of colistin rendered them sensitive to lysis by tris (0.05M) or DOC (250 approximately 1,000 microgram/ml) although DOC induced lysis of control (non-colistin-treated) suspensions also. In contrast, the other P. mirabilis strains, as well as the P. vulgaris and P. morganii strains were little affected by tris (0.2M) or DOC (10,000 microgram/ml) even after exposure of the cells to high colistin concentrations (up to 500 microgram/ml). Colistin-pretreated or control cells of P. mirabilis NCTC 60 rapidly lost viability when suspended in water but not when held in 0.16M sodium chloride solution. Ethylenediamine tetraacetate-pretreated cells of strains 60 and 4199 were fairly sensitive to tris, although the extent of the lysis was less than when colistin was used as pretreating agent. One strain of P. vulgaris (NCTC 4175) became sensitive to tris and to DOC following exposure of the cells to ampicillin.", "contents": "Pretreatment with colistin and Proteus sensitivity to other agents. The effects of pretreatment with colistin (polymyxin E) on the sensitivity of Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris and P. morganii strains to tris and sodium deoxycholate (DOC) have been studied. Pretreatment of two P. mirabilis strains (NCTC 60 and 4199) with low concentrations (0.25 approximately 1 microgram/ml) of colistin rendered them sensitive to lysis by tris (0.05M) or DOC (250 approximately 1,000 microgram/ml) although DOC induced lysis of control (non-colistin-treated) suspensions also. In contrast, the other P. mirabilis strains, as well as the P. vulgaris and P. morganii strains were little affected by tris (0.2M) or DOC (10,000 microgram/ml) even after exposure of the cells to high colistin concentrations (up to 500 microgram/ml). Colistin-pretreated or control cells of P. mirabilis NCTC 60 rapidly lost viability when suspended in water but not when held in 0.16M sodium chloride solution. Ethylenediamine tetraacetate-pretreated cells of strains 60 and 4199 were fairly sensitive to tris, although the extent of the lysis was less than when colistin was used as pretreating agent. One strain of P. vulgaris (NCTC 4175) became sensitive to tris and to DOC following exposure of the cells to ampicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:344298", "title": "The comparative synergistic activity of amikacin, gentamicin, netilmicin and azlocillin, mezlocillin, carbenicillin and ticarcillin against Serratia marcescens.", "content": "The synergistic activities of netilmicin, gentamicin and amikacin combined with carbenicillin, ticarcillin, azlocillin and mezlocillin were investigated against 32 Serratia marcescens isolates. Synergy could be demonstrated by killing curve technique, isobologram plots as susceptibility data with any of the aminoglycosides and penicillins combinations. No antagonism was shown with any of the combinations. The majority of the isolates were resistant to the aminoglycosides and penicillins. Combination of either ureido-penicillin or carbenicillin with gentamicin or netilmicin did not reduce the MIC values to levels achievable in serum but did reduce the MIC levels of both agents to those achievable in urine. The combination of ureido-penicillins or carbenicillin and ticarcillin with amikacin reduced the inhibitory levels of all isolates to levels achievable in both serum and urine.", "contents": "The comparative synergistic activity of amikacin, gentamicin, netilmicin and azlocillin, mezlocillin, carbenicillin and ticarcillin against Serratia marcescens. The synergistic activities of netilmicin, gentamicin and amikacin combined with carbenicillin, ticarcillin, azlocillin and mezlocillin were investigated against 32 Serratia marcescens isolates. Synergy could be demonstrated by killing curve technique, isobologram plots as susceptibility data with any of the aminoglycosides and penicillins combinations. No antagonism was shown with any of the combinations. The majority of the isolates were resistant to the aminoglycosides and penicillins. Combination of either ureido-penicillin or carbenicillin with gentamicin or netilmicin did not reduce the MIC values to levels achievable in serum but did reduce the MIC levels of both agents to those achievable in urine. The combination of ureido-penicillins or carbenicillin and ticarcillin with amikacin reduced the inhibitory levels of all isolates to levels achievable in both serum and urine."}
{"id": "PMID:344302", "title": "The hyperkinetic child syndrome and brain monoamines: pharmacology and therapeutic implications.", "content": "Decreased catecholaminergic activity within the central nervous system has been associated with altered arousal, attention, learning, and kinetic function in animals and humans. The hyperkinetic child syndrome (HCS) involves dysfunction in all these spheres and may thus reflect diminished catecholamine activity, particularly as related to brain dopamine. Accordingly, the efficacy of catecholaminergic agents in treating the HCS is a predictable rather than a paradoxical effect of these agents. Sufficient evidence is now available to strongly implicate catecholamine hypoactivity in the pathopharmacology of the HCS.", "contents": "The hyperkinetic child syndrome and brain monoamines: pharmacology and therapeutic implications. Decreased catecholaminergic activity within the central nervous system has been associated with altered arousal, attention, learning, and kinetic function in animals and humans. The hyperkinetic child syndrome (HCS) involves dysfunction in all these spheres and may thus reflect diminished catecholamine activity, particularly as related to brain dopamine. Accordingly, the efficacy of catecholaminergic agents in treating the HCS is a predictable rather than a paradoxical effect of these agents. Sufficient evidence is now available to strongly implicate catecholamine hypoactivity in the pathopharmacology of the HCS."}
{"id": "PMID:344303", "title": "Doxepin or diazepam for anxious and anxious-depressed outpatients?", "content": "A six-week double blind comparison of doxepin and diazepam in the treatment of 61 anxious outpatients showed few drug differences. Diazepam treated patients improved significantly more early in the trial, according to a few measures. They also had significantly fewer complaints of drowsiness. By six weeks, the medicines appeared roughly equal in efficacy. Practically no support was found for the position that doxepin may be more beneficial for anxious-depressive syndromes. In all patients, and also within the anxious-depressive subgroup, there were small mean differences on many criteria favoring doxepin at six weeks, but none reached significance. The doxepin group gained significantly more weight. Possible biasing influences were present requiring that the results be interpreted with particular caution.", "contents": "Doxepin or diazepam for anxious and anxious-depressed outpatients? A six-week double blind comparison of doxepin and diazepam in the treatment of 61 anxious outpatients showed few drug differences. Diazepam treated patients improved significantly more early in the trial, according to a few measures. They also had significantly fewer complaints of drowsiness. By six weeks, the medicines appeared roughly equal in efficacy. Practically no support was found for the position that doxepin may be more beneficial for anxious-depressive syndromes. In all patients, and also within the anxious-depressive subgroup, there were small mean differences on many criteria favoring doxepin at six weeks, but none reached significance. The doxepin group gained significantly more weight. Possible biasing influences were present requiring that the results be interpreted with particular caution."}
{"id": "PMID:344304", "title": "Evaluation of loxapine hydrochloride oral concentrate (loxitane C) in acute schizophrenia.", "content": "In an open study of 4-weeks duration, both an oral liquid concentrate formulation of loxapine hydrochloride (LOXITANE C) and capsules of loxapine succinate (LOXITANE) were administered to 11 acutely disturbed schizophrenic patients. Optimal dosage levels achieved with the concentrate proved satisfactory with the capsules. Efficacy evaluation with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Systematic Nurses' Observation of Psychopathology (SNOOP), and Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) indicated rapid improvement with concentrate administration and continued improvement with capsule administration. All but two side effects were extrapyramidal or sedative, all but one were mild or moderate in severity, and the frequency was similar with the two formulations. Cardiovascular and clinical laboratory findings remained essentially unchanged with both formulations.", "contents": "Evaluation of loxapine hydrochloride oral concentrate (loxitane C) in acute schizophrenia. In an open study of 4-weeks duration, both an oral liquid concentrate formulation of loxapine hydrochloride (LOXITANE C) and capsules of loxapine succinate (LOXITANE) were administered to 11 acutely disturbed schizophrenic patients. Optimal dosage levels achieved with the concentrate proved satisfactory with the capsules. Efficacy evaluation with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Systematic Nurses' Observation of Psychopathology (SNOOP), and Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) indicated rapid improvement with concentrate administration and continued improvement with capsule administration. All but two side effects were extrapyramidal or sedative, all but one were mild or moderate in severity, and the frequency was similar with the two formulations. Cardiovascular and clinical laboratory findings remained essentially unchanged with both formulations."}
{"id": "PMID:344305", "title": "Prediction of lithium response in affective disorders.", "content": "Lithium carbonate has established itself as an effective therapeutic agent in primary affective disorders. As not all the patients with primary affective disorders respond to lithium therapy, it is necessary to identify responders prior to treatment. The important indicators of favourable lithium response include a definitive diagnosis of primary affective disorder, occurrence of less than four episodes of mania and depression within one year, psychotic features during both manic as well as depressive episodes, \"grandiose-elated\" picture during manic episodes; a family history of bipolar illness and response of affected family members to lithium treatment. While those with more than four episodes are not likely to respond to lithium therapy, those with episodes less frequent than once a year or two may not need prophylactic lithium. Among the depressed, hypersomnic depressed patients respond to lithium combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. In addition to clinical predictors of response to lithium treatment, there are a number of pharmacokinetic, neurophysiological and biochemical indices which have been employed as supplementary predictors of response to lithium therapy.", "contents": "Prediction of lithium response in affective disorders. Lithium carbonate has established itself as an effective therapeutic agent in primary affective disorders. As not all the patients with primary affective disorders respond to lithium therapy, it is necessary to identify responders prior to treatment. The important indicators of favourable lithium response include a definitive diagnosis of primary affective disorder, occurrence of less than four episodes of mania and depression within one year, psychotic features during both manic as well as depressive episodes, \"grandiose-elated\" picture during manic episodes; a family history of bipolar illness and response of affected family members to lithium treatment. While those with more than four episodes are not likely to respond to lithium therapy, those with episodes less frequent than once a year or two may not need prophylactic lithium. Among the depressed, hypersomnic depressed patients respond to lithium combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. In addition to clinical predictors of response to lithium treatment, there are a number of pharmacokinetic, neurophysiological and biochemical indices which have been employed as supplementary predictors of response to lithium therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:344306", "title": "Stereotaxic treatment of seizure disorder.", "content": "Individuals with intractable epilepsy have a murky existence, fraught with medical helplessness, social rejection and personal despair. Drugs control many, but unfortunately not all, cases of epilepsy. An attempt to elucidate on the indications, selections and rationale for the stereotaxic interruption is made. Three cases of intractable epilepsy treated by stereotaxic Fields of Forel Interruptions are reported with special emphasis on pre and postoperative evaluations. Based on the data so far available, it appears that a significant number of patients with medically intractable epilepsy who are not candidates for \"standard\" neurosurgical interventions, can be helped further by stereotaxic interruptions with minimal morbidity.", "contents": "Stereotaxic treatment of seizure disorder. Individuals with intractable epilepsy have a murky existence, fraught with medical helplessness, social rejection and personal despair. Drugs control many, but unfortunately not all, cases of epilepsy. An attempt to elucidate on the indications, selections and rationale for the stereotaxic interruption is made. Three cases of intractable epilepsy treated by stereotaxic Fields of Forel Interruptions are reported with special emphasis on pre and postoperative evaluations. Based on the data so far available, it appears that a significant number of patients with medically intractable epilepsy who are not candidates for \"standard\" neurosurgical interventions, can be helped further by stereotaxic interruptions with minimal morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:344307", "title": "Legal aspects of electrotherapy in a catatonic renal transplant patient.", "content": "The treatment of a case of catatonic schizophrenia in a renal transplanted patient is presented and demonstrates that electrotherapy can be life-saving and that there are already adequate legal controls which guarantee the patient's rights. Yet zealots are attempting to have legislators pass laws preventing the use of electrotherapy even in voluntary patients. To help prevent these resolutions from being passed, psychiatrists must become more active in the legislative process.", "contents": "Legal aspects of electrotherapy in a catatonic renal transplant patient. The treatment of a case of catatonic schizophrenia in a renal transplanted patient is presented and demonstrates that electrotherapy can be life-saving and that there are already adequate legal controls which guarantee the patient's rights. Yet zealots are attempting to have legislators pass laws preventing the use of electrotherapy even in voluntary patients. To help prevent these resolutions from being passed, psychiatrists must become more active in the legislative process."}
{"id": "PMID:344308", "title": "Some characteristics of beta-naphthyl triphosphate as a substrate of heavy meromyosin. F-actin-inactivated hydrolysis showing initial burst.", "content": "The initial burst of Pi liberation was found in the hydrolysis of beta-naphthyl triphosphate (beta-NapP3) by heavy meromyosin (HMM) in the presence of Mg ions as well as in the hydrolysis of ATP. However, unlike that of ATP, the steady-state hydrolysis of beta-NapP3 by HMM was inhibited by the addition of F-actin to the reaction solution. Although the possession of an initial burst-like property during interaction of a substrate and myosin is believed by many investigators to be a key factor in F-actin activation of substrate hydrolysis in vitro and in the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction, the above results suggest that this is not generally true. beta-NaP3 did not induce superprecipitation of actomyosin solution and suppressed ATP-induced superprecipitation.", "contents": "Some characteristics of beta-naphthyl triphosphate as a substrate of heavy meromyosin. F-actin-inactivated hydrolysis showing initial burst. The initial burst of Pi liberation was found in the hydrolysis of beta-naphthyl triphosphate (beta-NapP3) by heavy meromyosin (HMM) in the presence of Mg ions as well as in the hydrolysis of ATP. However, unlike that of ATP, the steady-state hydrolysis of beta-NapP3 by HMM was inhibited by the addition of F-actin to the reaction solution. Although the possession of an initial burst-like property during interaction of a substrate and myosin is believed by many investigators to be a key factor in F-actin activation of substrate hydrolysis in vitro and in the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction, the above results suggest that this is not generally true. beta-NaP3 did not induce superprecipitation of actomyosin solution and suppressed ATP-induced superprecipitation."}
{"id": "PMID:344309", "title": "Coordination of levels of elongation factors Tu, Ts, and G, and ribosomal protein SI in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The amounts of the polypeptide chain elongation factors Tu, Ts, and G, and ribosomal protein SI were assessed under various growth conditions using three independent procedures: (a) Immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis, (b) radioimmune assay, and (c) activity measurements. It was demonstrated that, during balanced growth of E. coli, the intracellular levels of these proteins increased in proportion to the growth rate, and the ratio of EF-Tu:EF-Ts:EF-G:protein SI was 4-5:1:1:1, at all growth rates. The effects of isoleucine starvation on the rates of synthesis of these proteins were examined using a pair of isogenic stringent and relaxed strains. The syntheses of all these proteins were found to be under the influence of stringent control. These results indicate that in E. coli the syntheses of the above four proteins are regulated in a coordinated manner and are subject to stringent control.", "contents": "Coordination of levels of elongation factors Tu, Ts, and G, and ribosomal protein SI in Escherichia coli. The amounts of the polypeptide chain elongation factors Tu, Ts, and G, and ribosomal protein SI were assessed under various growth conditions using three independent procedures: (a) Immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis, (b) radioimmune assay, and (c) activity measurements. It was demonstrated that, during balanced growth of E. coli, the intracellular levels of these proteins increased in proportion to the growth rate, and the ratio of EF-Tu:EF-Ts:EF-G:protein SI was 4-5:1:1:1, at all growth rates. The effects of isoleucine starvation on the rates of synthesis of these proteins were examined using a pair of isogenic stringent and relaxed strains. The syntheses of all these proteins were found to be under the influence of stringent control. These results indicate that in E. coli the syntheses of the above four proteins are regulated in a coordinated manner and are subject to stringent control."}
{"id": "PMID:344310", "title": "Purification and properties of a pig heart thiolase with broad chain length specificity and comparison of thiolases from pig heart and Escherichia coli.", "content": "A thiolase (acetyl CoA acyltransferase, EC 2.3-1.16) which acts on substrates of various chain lengths (thiolase I) has been purified from pig heart muscle 366-fold to near homogeneity as judged by gel electrophoresis. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 200,000 in the absence and 46,000 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Kinetic measurements with acetoacetyl coenzyme A, 3-ketohexanoyl-CoA, 3-ketooctanoyl-CoA, and 3-ketodecanoyl-CoA yielded apparent Km values of 16, 8.3, 2.4, and 1.8 micron, respectively, whereas apparent Vmax values of 65 to 69 mumol/min/mg were obtained with all substrates except for acetoacetyl-CoA, with which a value of 26.5 mumol/min/mg was observed. Antibodies prepared against this thiolase were used to demonstrate that thiolase I and acetoacetyl-CoA thilase (thiolase II) from pig heart mitochondria are immunologically unrelated. The antibodies cross-reacted, however, with thiolase I from beef heart. Kinetic constants (Km, Vmax) were also determined for thiolases I and II from Escherichia coli, as were the native and subunit molecular weights of E. coli thiolase II. Although the E. coli thiolases were found to be immunologically distinct from the pig heart enzymes, their physical and kinetic properties are strikingly similar to those of the heart thiolases. In view of this finding and in view of the known physiological functions of the E. coli thiolases, it is proposed that thiolase I from pig heart is only involved in fatty acid metabolism, whereas thiolase II functions solely in ketone body degradation.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a pig heart thiolase with broad chain length specificity and comparison of thiolases from pig heart and Escherichia coli. A thiolase (acetyl CoA acyltransferase, EC 2.3-1.16) which acts on substrates of various chain lengths (thiolase I) has been purified from pig heart muscle 366-fold to near homogeneity as judged by gel electrophoresis. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 200,000 in the absence and 46,000 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Kinetic measurements with acetoacetyl coenzyme A, 3-ketohexanoyl-CoA, 3-ketooctanoyl-CoA, and 3-ketodecanoyl-CoA yielded apparent Km values of 16, 8.3, 2.4, and 1.8 micron, respectively, whereas apparent Vmax values of 65 to 69 mumol/min/mg were obtained with all substrates except for acetoacetyl-CoA, with which a value of 26.5 mumol/min/mg was observed. Antibodies prepared against this thiolase were used to demonstrate that thiolase I and acetoacetyl-CoA thilase (thiolase II) from pig heart mitochondria are immunologically unrelated. The antibodies cross-reacted, however, with thiolase I from beef heart. Kinetic constants (Km, Vmax) were also determined for thiolases I and II from Escherichia coli, as were the native and subunit molecular weights of E. coli thiolase II. Although the E. coli thiolases were found to be immunologically distinct from the pig heart enzymes, their physical and kinetic properties are strikingly similar to those of the heart thiolases. In view of this finding and in view of the known physiological functions of the E. coli thiolases, it is proposed that thiolase I from pig heart is only involved in fatty acid metabolism, whereas thiolase II functions solely in ketone body degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:344311", "title": "Isolation and characterization of phosphothioredoxin from Excherichia coli.", "content": "Thioredoxin was isolated as a phosphoprotein from actively growing cultures of Escherichia coli. Labeling was performed in vivo by growing cells in the presence of 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate, and phosphothioredoxin was purified in one step by immunoabsorption to a thioredoxin antibody column. The stoichiometry of phosphate bound was 0.7 to 0.8 mol of phosphate/mol of thioredoxin. The phospho-amino acid linkage was identified as a thiol phosphate by several criteria: (a) the maximum lability of the phosphate bond was between pH 2.5 and 3.5 (t1/2 (37 degrees) = 200 h (pH 7 to 8); 0.4 h (pH 3.0); 200 h (pH 1.0)); (b) the phosphate linkage was very labile in the presence of iodine at neutral pH (t1/2 less than 1 min); and the phosphopeptide was identified as Cys32-Gly-Pro-Cys35-Lys, the same sequence previously implicated as the active site for disulfide-linked oxidation-reduction reactions. Phosphate was distributed on either cysteine, with 60% of the phosphate bound to cysteine32. Results are discussed in terms of the possible role of phosphothioredoxin as an intermediate in phosphotransferase reactions.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of phosphothioredoxin from Excherichia coli. Thioredoxin was isolated as a phosphoprotein from actively growing cultures of Escherichia coli. Labeling was performed in vivo by growing cells in the presence of 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate, and phosphothioredoxin was purified in one step by immunoabsorption to a thioredoxin antibody column. The stoichiometry of phosphate bound was 0.7 to 0.8 mol of phosphate/mol of thioredoxin. The phospho-amino acid linkage was identified as a thiol phosphate by several criteria: (a) the maximum lability of the phosphate bond was between pH 2.5 and 3.5 (t1/2 (37 degrees) = 200 h (pH 7 to 8); 0.4 h (pH 3.0); 200 h (pH 1.0)); (b) the phosphate linkage was very labile in the presence of iodine at neutral pH (t1/2 less than 1 min); and the phosphopeptide was identified as Cys32-Gly-Pro-Cys35-Lys, the same sequence previously implicated as the active site for disulfide-linked oxidation-reduction reactions. Phosphate was distributed on either cysteine, with 60% of the phosphate bound to cysteine32. Results are discussed in terms of the possible role of phosphothioredoxin as an intermediate in phosphotransferase reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:344312", "title": "Isotope effects in 3-dehydroquinate synthase and dehydratase. Mechanistic implications.", "content": "The mechanism of 3-dehydroquinate synthase was explored by incubating partially purified enzyme with mixtures of [1-14C]3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAHP) and one of the specifically tritiated substrates [4-3H]DAHP, [5-3H]DAHP, [6-3H]DAHP, (7RS)-[7-3H]DAHP, (7R)-[7-3H]DAHP, or (7S)-[7-3H]DAHP. Kinetic and secondary 3H isotope effects were calculated from 3H:14C ratios obtained in unreacted DAHP, 3-dehydroquinate, and 3-dehydroshikimate. 3H was not incorporated from the medium into 3-dehydroquinate, indicating that a carbanion (or methyl group) at C-7 is not formed. A kinetic isotope effect kH/k3H of 1.7 was observed at C-5, and afforded support for a mechanism involving oxidation of C-5 with NAD. A similar kinetic isotope effect was found at C-6 owing to removal of a proton in elimination of phosphate, which is reasonably assumed to be the next step in 3-dehydroquinate synthase. Hydrogen at C-7 of DAHP was not lost in the cyclization step of the reaction, indicating that the enol formed in phosphate elimination participated directly in an aldolase-type reaction with the carbonyl at C-2. In the dehydration of 3-dehydroquinate to 3-dehydroshikimate the (7R) proton from (7RS)- or (7R)-[7-3H]DAHP is lost, indicating that the 7R proton occupies the 2R position in dehydroquinate. Hence the cyclization step occurs with inversion of configuration at C-7. A kinetic isotope effect kH/k3H = 2.3 was observed in the conversion of (2R)-[2-3H]dehydroquinate to dehydroshikimate. Hence loss of a proton from the enzyme-dehydroquinate imine contributed to rate limitation in the reaction.", "contents": "Isotope effects in 3-dehydroquinate synthase and dehydratase. Mechanistic implications. The mechanism of 3-dehydroquinate synthase was explored by incubating partially purified enzyme with mixtures of [1-14C]3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAHP) and one of the specifically tritiated substrates [4-3H]DAHP, [5-3H]DAHP, [6-3H]DAHP, (7RS)-[7-3H]DAHP, (7R)-[7-3H]DAHP, or (7S)-[7-3H]DAHP. Kinetic and secondary 3H isotope effects were calculated from 3H:14C ratios obtained in unreacted DAHP, 3-dehydroquinate, and 3-dehydroshikimate. 3H was not incorporated from the medium into 3-dehydroquinate, indicating that a carbanion (or methyl group) at C-7 is not formed. A kinetic isotope effect kH/k3H of 1.7 was observed at C-5, and afforded support for a mechanism involving oxidation of C-5 with NAD. A similar kinetic isotope effect was found at C-6 owing to removal of a proton in elimination of phosphate, which is reasonably assumed to be the next step in 3-dehydroquinate synthase. Hydrogen at C-7 of DAHP was not lost in the cyclization step of the reaction, indicating that the enol formed in phosphate elimination participated directly in an aldolase-type reaction with the carbonyl at C-2. In the dehydration of 3-dehydroquinate to 3-dehydroshikimate the (7R) proton from (7RS)- or (7R)-[7-3H]DAHP is lost, indicating that the 7R proton occupies the 2R position in dehydroquinate. Hence the cyclization step occurs with inversion of configuration at C-7. A kinetic isotope effect kH/k3H = 2.3 was observed in the conversion of (2R)-[2-3H]dehydroquinate to dehydroshikimate. Hence loss of a proton from the enzyme-dehydroquinate imine contributed to rate limitation in the reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:344314", "title": "Purification and properties of a major cytochrome b peptide from baker's yeast.", "content": "A major cytochrome b peptide was purified from yeast mitochondria by a procedure involving solubilization in deoxycholic and cholic acids, ammonium sulfate fractionation, proteolytic digestion, and sucrose gradient centrifugation in the presence of Tween 80. The homogeneity of the purified protein was established by the criteria that the product was spectrally pure and yielded a single band on both sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by gel isoelectric focusing. The purified cytochrome b polypeptide had absorption maxima at 562, 532, and 430 nm in the reduced form and at 525 to 570 nm and 419 nm in the oxidized form. The reduced minus oxidized difference spectra revealed absorption bands at 562, 532, and 430 nm at room temperature and 559, 529, and 429 nm at 77 K, respectively. The heme group was identified as protoheme by formation of the reduced pyridine hemochromogen. Treatment of the reduced form with carbon monoxide affected the absorption spectrum, indicating that the isolated hemoprotein was modified compared to native cytochrome b. The apparent molecular weight of the preparation was 28,000 based on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and 28,800 based on sucrose gradient centrifugation. The isolated cytochrome b polypeptide showed a strong tendency to aggregate.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a major cytochrome b peptide from baker's yeast. A major cytochrome b peptide was purified from yeast mitochondria by a procedure involving solubilization in deoxycholic and cholic acids, ammonium sulfate fractionation, proteolytic digestion, and sucrose gradient centrifugation in the presence of Tween 80. The homogeneity of the purified protein was established by the criteria that the product was spectrally pure and yielded a single band on both sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by gel isoelectric focusing. The purified cytochrome b polypeptide had absorption maxima at 562, 532, and 430 nm in the reduced form and at 525 to 570 nm and 419 nm in the oxidized form. The reduced minus oxidized difference spectra revealed absorption bands at 562, 532, and 430 nm at room temperature and 559, 529, and 429 nm at 77 K, respectively. The heme group was identified as protoheme by formation of the reduced pyridine hemochromogen. Treatment of the reduced form with carbon monoxide affected the absorption spectrum, indicating that the isolated hemoprotein was modified compared to native cytochrome b. The apparent molecular weight of the preparation was 28,000 based on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and 28,800 based on sucrose gradient centrifugation. The isolated cytochrome b polypeptide showed a strong tendency to aggregate."}
{"id": "PMID:344318", "title": "Inactivation of uridine nucleosidase in yeast. Purification and properties of an inactivating protein.", "content": "It has been previously demonstrated in our laboratory that uridine nucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.3) is subjected in yeast to inactivation. An inactivating fraction has been isolated and purified to homogeneity with a procedure which includes gel filtration, adsorption chromatography, and electrofocusing techniques. The molecular weight of the enzyme, estimated either by sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis or by gel filtration is approximately 44,000. No quaternary structure was evidenced. The inactivating activity possesses proteolytic activity against casein and hemoglobin with pH optima of 2.5 and 3.2, respectively. The optimal pH for uridine nucleosidase inactivation is around 4.7. The inactivating activity as well as the proteolytic activity of the preparation can be inhibited by IA but not by IB2 and IC, yeast macromolecular inhibitors for proteinase A (EC 3.4.23.8), B (EC 3.4.22.9), and C (EC 3.4.12.8), respectively. The apparent isoelectric point is pH 4.03. The carbohydrate content is 8.5%. A comparison of the properties of the inactivating protein with those of known yeast proteinases leads to the conclusion that it is identical with the enzyme previously designated as proteinase A, which for the first time has been obtained homogeneous and characterized. It has been shown that proteinase A could play a physiological role in the uridine nucleosidase inactivation process when it is associated, as a complex, with proteinase B.", "contents": "Inactivation of uridine nucleosidase in yeast. Purification and properties of an inactivating protein. It has been previously demonstrated in our laboratory that uridine nucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.3) is subjected in yeast to inactivation. An inactivating fraction has been isolated and purified to homogeneity with a procedure which includes gel filtration, adsorption chromatography, and electrofocusing techniques. The molecular weight of the enzyme, estimated either by sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis or by gel filtration is approximately 44,000. No quaternary structure was evidenced. The inactivating activity possesses proteolytic activity against casein and hemoglobin with pH optima of 2.5 and 3.2, respectively. The optimal pH for uridine nucleosidase inactivation is around 4.7. The inactivating activity as well as the proteolytic activity of the preparation can be inhibited by IA but not by IB2 and IC, yeast macromolecular inhibitors for proteinase A (EC 3.4.23.8), B (EC 3.4.22.9), and C (EC 3.4.12.8), respectively. The apparent isoelectric point is pH 4.03. The carbohydrate content is 8.5%. A comparison of the properties of the inactivating protein with those of known yeast proteinases leads to the conclusion that it is identical with the enzyme previously designated as proteinase A, which for the first time has been obtained homogeneous and characterized. It has been shown that proteinase A could play a physiological role in the uridine nucleosidase inactivation process when it is associated, as a complex, with proteinase B."}
{"id": "PMID:344319", "title": "Effects of sulfhydryl reagents on the binding and release of penicillin G by D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Purified D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA of Escherichia coli is inhibited by penicillin G and binds penicillin G reversibly. The binding of penicillin to the enzyme is relatively insensitive to sulfhydryl reagents, while release of penicillin from the enzyme is severely inhibited by these reagents. The inhibition of release parallels the inhibition of carboxypeptidase activity by the sulfhydryl reagents. In the presence of the sulfhydryl reagent p-chloromercuribenzoate, an acyl-enzyme intermediate, produced by the reaction of carboxypeptidase IA with diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine, accumulates and can be isolated. These results indicate that binding of penicillin to carboxypeptidase IA occurs by an acylation step of the carboxypeptidase reaction, while penicillin release occurs by a deacylation step of the reaction. Only the latter is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents.", "contents": "Effects of sulfhydryl reagents on the binding and release of penicillin G by D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA of Escherichia coli. Purified D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA of Escherichia coli is inhibited by penicillin G and binds penicillin G reversibly. The binding of penicillin to the enzyme is relatively insensitive to sulfhydryl reagents, while release of penicillin from the enzyme is severely inhibited by these reagents. The inhibition of release parallels the inhibition of carboxypeptidase activity by the sulfhydryl reagents. In the presence of the sulfhydryl reagent p-chloromercuribenzoate, an acyl-enzyme intermediate, produced by the reaction of carboxypeptidase IA with diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine, accumulates and can be isolated. These results indicate that binding of penicillin to carboxypeptidase IA occurs by an acylation step of the carboxypeptidase reaction, while penicillin release occurs by a deacylation step of the reaction. Only the latter is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents."}
{"id": "PMID:344322", "title": "The threonine-sensitive homoserine dehydrogenase and aspartokinase activities of Escherichia coli K12. Carboxymethylation of the enzyme: threonine binding and inhibition are functionally dissociable.", "content": "The inactivation of the aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I by iodoacetic acid and the effect on the sensitivity to its inhibitor, L-threonine, were examined. Both aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase inactivation, as well as the dehydrogenase desensitization toward L-threonine occur as a pseudo-first order process. During its inactivation, the aspartokinase remains sensitive to L-threonine. At 50% inactivation, the inhibition curve of the aspartokinase by L-threonine displays homotropic cooperative effects. This alkylated protein retains eight binding sites for L-threonine. During the carboxymethylation, the protein remains in the tetrameric form until half of the kinase activity is lost. At the end of the inactivation aggregate forms and dimers appear.", "contents": "The threonine-sensitive homoserine dehydrogenase and aspartokinase activities of Escherichia coli K12. Carboxymethylation of the enzyme: threonine binding and inhibition are functionally dissociable. The inactivation of the aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I by iodoacetic acid and the effect on the sensitivity to its inhibitor, L-threonine, were examined. Both aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase inactivation, as well as the dehydrogenase desensitization toward L-threonine occur as a pseudo-first order process. During its inactivation, the aspartokinase remains sensitive to L-threonine. At 50% inactivation, the inhibition curve of the aspartokinase by L-threonine displays homotropic cooperative effects. This alkylated protein retains eight binding sites for L-threonine. During the carboxymethylation, the protein remains in the tetrameric form until half of the kinase activity is lost. At the end of the inactivation aggregate forms and dimers appear."}
{"id": "PMID:344325", "title": "Binding of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors in Electrophorus and Torpedo electroplax membranes.", "content": "Antisera against purified acetylcholine receptors from the electric tissues of Torpedo californica and of Electrophorus electricus were raised in rabbits. The antisera contain antibodies which bind to both autologous and heterologous receptors in solution as shown by an immunoprecipitation assay. Antibodies in both types of antisera bind specifically to the postjunctional membrane on the innervated surface of the intact electroplax from Electrophorus electric tissue as demonstrated by an indirect immunohistochemical procedure using horseradish peroxidase conjugated to anti-rabbit IgG. Only anti-Electrophorus receptor antisera, however, cause inhibition of the receptor-mediated depolarization of the intact Electrophorus electroplax. The lack of inhibition by anti-Torpedo receptor antibodies, which do bind, suggests that the receptor does not undergo extensive movement during activity. The binding of anti-Torpedo antibodies to receptor-rich vesicles prepared by subcellular fractionation of Torpedo electric tissue was demonstrated by both direct and indirect immunohistochemical methods using ferritin conjugates. These vesicles can be conveniently collected and prepared for electron microscopy on Millipore filters, a procedure requiring only 25 micrograms of membrane protein per filter. In addition, it was possible to visualize the binding of anti-Torpedo receptor antibodies directly, without ferritin. These anti-Torpedo receptor antibodies, however, do not inhibit the binding of acetylcholine or of alpha-neurotoxin to receptor in Torpedo microsacs but do inhibit binding of alpha-neurotoxin to Torpedo receptor in Triton X-100 solution. It is likely that the principal antigenic determinants on receptor are at sites other than the acetylcholine-binding sites and that inhibition of receptor function, when it occurs, may be due to a stabilization by antibody binding of an inactive conformational state.", "contents": "Binding of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors in Electrophorus and Torpedo electroplax membranes. Antisera against purified acetylcholine receptors from the electric tissues of Torpedo californica and of Electrophorus electricus were raised in rabbits. The antisera contain antibodies which bind to both autologous and heterologous receptors in solution as shown by an immunoprecipitation assay. Antibodies in both types of antisera bind specifically to the postjunctional membrane on the innervated surface of the intact electroplax from Electrophorus electric tissue as demonstrated by an indirect immunohistochemical procedure using horseradish peroxidase conjugated to anti-rabbit IgG. Only anti-Electrophorus receptor antisera, however, cause inhibition of the receptor-mediated depolarization of the intact Electrophorus electroplax. The lack of inhibition by anti-Torpedo receptor antibodies, which do bind, suggests that the receptor does not undergo extensive movement during activity. The binding of anti-Torpedo antibodies to receptor-rich vesicles prepared by subcellular fractionation of Torpedo electric tissue was demonstrated by both direct and indirect immunohistochemical methods using ferritin conjugates. These vesicles can be conveniently collected and prepared for electron microscopy on Millipore filters, a procedure requiring only 25 micrograms of membrane protein per filter. In addition, it was possible to visualize the binding of anti-Torpedo receptor antibodies directly, without ferritin. These anti-Torpedo receptor antibodies, however, do not inhibit the binding of acetylcholine or of alpha-neurotoxin to receptor in Torpedo microsacs but do inhibit binding of alpha-neurotoxin to Torpedo receptor in Triton X-100 solution. It is likely that the principal antigenic determinants on receptor are at sites other than the acetylcholine-binding sites and that inhibition of receptor function, when it occurs, may be due to a stabilization by antibody binding of an inactive conformational state."}
{"id": "PMID:344326", "title": "Chlorotetracycline as a fluorescent Ca2+ probe in pancreatic islet cells.", "content": "Pancreatic islets, or suspensions of islet cells, from noninbred ob/ob-mice were incubated with chlorotetracycline and analyzed for Ca2+-dependent fluorescence in a microscope. Unless logarithmically transformed, signals from islets were asymmetrically distributed with unstable variance. Signals from cells pelleted in glass capillaries were more homogeneous and depended linearly on the thickness of the sample. The effect of sample thickness and a significant enhancement of fluorescence by alloxan suggest that beta-cells were involved in producing the signal from whole islets. The signal from dispersed cells was probably diagnostic of Ca2+ in beta-cell plasma membranes because it was suppressed by La3+ and had a spectrum indicative of an apolar micromilieu; fluorescent staining of cell surfaces was directly seen at high magnification. Fluorescence from cells was enhanced by 0.5-10 mM Ca2+ in a dose-dependent manner, whereas less than 0.5 mM Ca2+ saturated the probe alone in methanol. The signal from islets or dispersed cells was suppressed by 5 mM theophylline; that from cells was also suppressed by 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, 1.2 or 15 mM Mg2+, 3-20 mM D-glucose, and, to a lesser extent, 20 mM 3-O-methyl-D-glucose. D-glucose was more inhibitory in the absence than in the presence of Mg2+, as if Mg2+ and D-glucose influenced the same Ca2+ pool. L-glucose, D-mannopheptulose, or diazoxide had no noticeable effect and 20 mM bicarbonate was stimulatory. The results suggest that microscopy of chlorotetracycline-stained cells can aid in characterizing calcium pools of importance for secretion. Initiation of insulin release may be associated with an increas", "contents": "Chlorotetracycline as a fluorescent Ca2+ probe in pancreatic islet cells. Pancreatic islets, or suspensions of islet cells, from noninbred ob/ob-mice were incubated with chlorotetracycline and analyzed for Ca2+-dependent fluorescence in a microscope. Unless logarithmically transformed, signals from islets were asymmetrically distributed with unstable variance. Signals from cells pelleted in glass capillaries were more homogeneous and depended linearly on the thickness of the sample. The effect of sample thickness and a significant enhancement of fluorescence by alloxan suggest that beta-cells were involved in producing the signal from whole islets. The signal from dispersed cells was probably diagnostic of Ca2+ in beta-cell plasma membranes because it was suppressed by La3+ and had a spectrum indicative of an apolar micromilieu; fluorescent staining of cell surfaces was directly seen at high magnification. Fluorescence from cells was enhanced by 0.5-10 mM Ca2+ in a dose-dependent manner, whereas less than 0.5 mM Ca2+ saturated the probe alone in methanol. The signal from islets or dispersed cells was suppressed by 5 mM theophylline; that from cells was also suppressed by 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, 1.2 or 15 mM Mg2+, 3-20 mM D-glucose, and, to a lesser extent, 20 mM 3-O-methyl-D-glucose. D-glucose was more inhibitory in the absence than in the presence of Mg2+, as if Mg2+ and D-glucose influenced the same Ca2+ pool. L-glucose, D-mannopheptulose, or diazoxide had no noticeable effect and 20 mM bicarbonate was stimulatory. The results suggest that microscopy of chlorotetracycline-stained cells can aid in characterizing calcium pools of importance for secretion. Initiation of insulin release may be associated with an increas"}
{"id": "PMID:344327", "title": "Freeze-fracturing in ultrahigh vacuum at -196 degrees C.", "content": "Conventional freeze-etching is carried out in a vacuum of approximately 10(-6) torr and at a specimen temperature of -100 degrees C. The relatively poor topographic resolution of most freeze-etch replicas, and the lack of complementarity of morphological details in double replicas have been thought to be caused by structural distortions during fracturing, and radiation damage during replication. Both phenomena can be reduced by lowering the specimen temperature. To prevent condensation of residual gases (especially H2O) on the fracture faces at lower specimen temperature, an improved vacuum is required. Therefore, an ultrahigh vacuum freeze-fracture apparatus has been developed which allows fracturing and Pt/C-shadowing of specimens at -196 degrees C while maintaining a vacuum of 10(-9) torr. It consists of a modified Balzers BA 350 ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) unit, equipped with an airlock which enables the input of nonhoar-frosted specimens directly into the evacuated bell jar. A comparison of the paracrystalline plasmalemma structure in yeast cells portrayed by the conventional technique and by UHV-freeze-fracturing at -196 degrees C shows the improved topographic resolution which has been achieved with the new technique. The improvement is explained by less structural distortions during fracturing at lower temperatures. The particles of the paracrystalline regions on the P face are more regularly arranged and exhibit a craterlike substructure which corresponds with a ringlike depression in the E face. The optical diffraction patterns of these paracrystalline regions demonstrate the improvement of the structural record by showing well-defined third- and fourth-order spots.", "contents": "Freeze-fracturing in ultrahigh vacuum at -196 degrees C. Conventional freeze-etching is carried out in a vacuum of approximately 10(-6) torr and at a specimen temperature of -100 degrees C. The relatively poor topographic resolution of most freeze-etch replicas, and the lack of complementarity of morphological details in double replicas have been thought to be caused by structural distortions during fracturing, and radiation damage during replication. Both phenomena can be reduced by lowering the specimen temperature. To prevent condensation of residual gases (especially H2O) on the fracture faces at lower specimen temperature, an improved vacuum is required. Therefore, an ultrahigh vacuum freeze-fracture apparatus has been developed which allows fracturing and Pt/C-shadowing of specimens at -196 degrees C while maintaining a vacuum of 10(-9) torr. It consists of a modified Balzers BA 350 ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) unit, equipped with an airlock which enables the input of nonhoar-frosted specimens directly into the evacuated bell jar. A comparison of the paracrystalline plasmalemma structure in yeast cells portrayed by the conventional technique and by UHV-freeze-fracturing at -196 degrees C shows the improved topographic resolution which has been achieved with the new technique. The improvement is explained by less structural distortions during fracturing at lower temperatures. The particles of the paracrystalline regions on the P face are more regularly arranged and exhibit a craterlike substructure which corresponds with a ringlike depression in the E face. The optical diffraction patterns of these paracrystalline regions demonstrate the improvement of the structural record by showing well-defined third- and fourth-order spots."}
{"id": "PMID:344328", "title": "External fibronectin of cultured human fibroblasts is predominantly a matrix protein.", "content": "The distribution of a major glycoprotein (fibronectin) of human fibroblast cultures was studied in immunoelectron microscopy with peroxidase- or ferritin-labeled antibodies. External fibronectin was visualized in pericellular structures, in some areas on the growth substratum, and to a lesser degree in close association with the upper and lower surface membranes of the cell. The pericellular fibronectin-containing structures consisted of amorphous or vaguely fibrillar material forming strands or patches, 50-500 nm in diameter; the structures appeared to mediate distant cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate contacts. When in close association with the plasma membrane, fibronectin markers were seen as discrete patches. The exact relationship between this form of fibronectin and the plasma membrane, however, remained open. Filamentous material was commonly seen in the cortical cytoplasm under patches of membrane-associated fibronectin. The distribution that we observed is consistent with the proposed roles of fibronectin in cell interactions with neighboring structures and with its presence in vivo as an extracellular glycoprotein in connective tissue matrix and basal laminae.", "contents": "External fibronectin of cultured human fibroblasts is predominantly a matrix protein. The distribution of a major glycoprotein (fibronectin) of human fibroblast cultures was studied in immunoelectron microscopy with peroxidase- or ferritin-labeled antibodies. External fibronectin was visualized in pericellular structures, in some areas on the growth substratum, and to a lesser degree in close association with the upper and lower surface membranes of the cell. The pericellular fibronectin-containing structures consisted of amorphous or vaguely fibrillar material forming strands or patches, 50-500 nm in diameter; the structures appeared to mediate distant cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate contacts. When in close association with the plasma membrane, fibronectin markers were seen as discrete patches. The exact relationship between this form of fibronectin and the plasma membrane, however, remained open. Filamentous material was commonly seen in the cortical cytoplasm under patches of membrane-associated fibronectin. The distribution that we observed is consistent with the proposed roles of fibronectin in cell interactions with neighboring structures and with its presence in vivo as an extracellular glycoprotein in connective tissue matrix and basal laminae."}
{"id": "PMID:344329", "title": "Intracellular localization of the high molecular weight microtubule accessory protein by indirect immunofluorescence.", "content": "Microtubule accessory proteins were isolated from porcine brain microtubules by phosphocellulose chromatography, and the high molecular weight protein (HMW protein), purified from this microtubule-associated fraction by electrophoretic elution from SDS gels, was used to raise antisera in rabbits. In agarose double diffusion tests, the antiserum obtained forms precipitin lines with purified HMW protein but not with tau protein or tubulin. When rat glial cells (strain C6) are examined by indirect immunofluorescence, this serum specifically stains a colchicine-sensitive filamentous cytoplasmic network in interphase cells, a network indistinguishable from that seen when cells are treated with antitubulin serum. In dividing cells, specific staining of the mitotic spindle and the stem body is observed with the antiserum to HMW protein. These studies indicate that HMW protein, like tau protein, is associated with microtubules in intact cells.", "contents": "Intracellular localization of the high molecular weight microtubule accessory protein by indirect immunofluorescence. Microtubule accessory proteins were isolated from porcine brain microtubules by phosphocellulose chromatography, and the high molecular weight protein (HMW protein), purified from this microtubule-associated fraction by electrophoretic elution from SDS gels, was used to raise antisera in rabbits. In agarose double diffusion tests, the antiserum obtained forms precipitin lines with purified HMW protein but not with tau protein or tubulin. When rat glial cells (strain C6) are examined by indirect immunofluorescence, this serum specifically stains a colchicine-sensitive filamentous cytoplasmic network in interphase cells, a network indistinguishable from that seen when cells are treated with antitubulin serum. In dividing cells, specific staining of the mitotic spindle and the stem body is observed with the antiserum to HMW protein. These studies indicate that HMW protein, like tau protein, is associated with microtubules in intact cells."}
{"id": "PMID:344330", "title": "Intracellular calcium as a modulator of transepithelial permeability to water in frog urinary bladder.", "content": "The divalent cation ionophore A 23187 was used to evaluate the action of intracellular calcium on net transepithelial water movement across the isolated frog urinary bladder. Incubation with the ionophore increases the net basal water flux in a dose-dependent fashion but independent of the extracellular calcium concentration. Bladders pretreated with A 23187 and exposed thereafter to an increase in calcium concentration exhibit a water permeability that under certain conditions can be comparable to that achieved with antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Lowering the serosal calcium at the peak of the hydrosmotic responses to both ADH and A 23187 inhibited the maintenance of the net water flux. The action of a supramaximal dose of ADH is blunted in bladders pretreated with A 23187, while the hydrosmotic effects of a submaximal dose are enhanced when the ionophore is added together with the hormone. The results show that an increase in transepithelial water movement can be triggered by calcium and that serosal calcium is needed to sustain the response. This hydrosmotic response may be dependent upon the rate at which intracellular calcium concentrations change and on the absolute concentration attained. It is suggested that calcium is involved in the action of ADH on water permeability and may act as a modulator of the hydrosmotic response.", "contents": "Intracellular calcium as a modulator of transepithelial permeability to water in frog urinary bladder. The divalent cation ionophore A 23187 was used to evaluate the action of intracellular calcium on net transepithelial water movement across the isolated frog urinary bladder. Incubation with the ionophore increases the net basal water flux in a dose-dependent fashion but independent of the extracellular calcium concentration. Bladders pretreated with A 23187 and exposed thereafter to an increase in calcium concentration exhibit a water permeability that under certain conditions can be comparable to that achieved with antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Lowering the serosal calcium at the peak of the hydrosmotic responses to both ADH and A 23187 inhibited the maintenance of the net water flux. The action of a supramaximal dose of ADH is blunted in bladders pretreated with A 23187, while the hydrosmotic effects of a submaximal dose are enhanced when the ionophore is added together with the hormone. The results show that an increase in transepithelial water movement can be triggered by calcium and that serosal calcium is needed to sustain the response. This hydrosmotic response may be dependent upon the rate at which intracellular calcium concentrations change and on the absolute concentration attained. It is suggested that calcium is involved in the action of ADH on water permeability and may act as a modulator of the hydrosmotic response."}
{"id": "PMID:344331", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of diazepam, oxazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in human blood.", "content": "We describe a rapid method for precisely measuring concentrations of diazepam, oxazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in blood by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The drugs, together with an internal standard, prazepam, are extracted from 2 ml of blood and analyzed isocratically on a reversed-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.01 M sodium acetate buffer (35:65 v/v). The eluted drugs are detected by their absorption at 240 nm. The sensitivity of this method is 30 microgram/l for oxazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam, 40 microgram/l for diazapam, for 2-ml blood samples. Relative recovery of added drugs to blood varies from 91 to 110%. The day-to-day precision (coefficient of variation) established by 10 replicate analyses was 2.8 to 9.6%.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of diazepam, oxazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in human blood. We describe a rapid method for precisely measuring concentrations of diazepam, oxazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in blood by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The drugs, together with an internal standard, prazepam, are extracted from 2 ml of blood and analyzed isocratically on a reversed-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.01 M sodium acetate buffer (35:65 v/v). The eluted drugs are detected by their absorption at 240 nm. The sensitivity of this method is 30 microgram/l for oxazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam, 40 microgram/l for diazapam, for 2-ml blood samples. Relative recovery of added drugs to blood varies from 91 to 110%. The day-to-day precision (coefficient of variation) established by 10 replicate analyses was 2.8 to 9.6%."}
{"id": "PMID:344332", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of benzodiazepines in human plasma.", "content": "A simple and sensitive method for determination of benzodiazepines in plasma has been developed using high-performance liquid chromatography in a reverse-phase mode. The method is illustrated by application to plasma samples containing diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam at concentrations which would be encountered during therapy, with limits of detection of 10 ng/ml and 2 ng/ml for diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam, respectively.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of benzodiazepines in human plasma. A simple and sensitive method for determination of benzodiazepines in plasma has been developed using high-performance liquid chromatography in a reverse-phase mode. The method is illustrated by application to plasma samples containing diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam at concentrations which would be encountered during therapy, with limits of detection of 10 ng/ml and 2 ng/ml for diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:344333", "title": "Use of Autobac 1 for rapid assimilation testing of Candida and Torulopsis species.", "content": "We devised a system of presumptive identification of some yeasts that uses the Autobac 1 (Pfizer Inc.) instrument to detect carbon assimilation by 218 strains of Candida and Torulopsis. This system compared favorably with a conventional system of yeast identification and also with the Uni-Yeast-Tek (Corning Medical) and API (Analytab Products Inc.) methods.", "contents": "Use of Autobac 1 for rapid assimilation testing of Candida and Torulopsis species. We devised a system of presumptive identification of some yeasts that uses the Autobac 1 (Pfizer Inc.) instrument to detect carbon assimilation by 218 strains of Candida and Torulopsis. This system compared favorably with a conventional system of yeast identification and also with the Uni-Yeast-Tek (Corning Medical) and API (Analytab Products Inc.) methods."}
{"id": "PMID:344334", "title": "Evaluation of three test procedures for identification of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical sources.", "content": "A total of 520 clinical and environmental isolates of the family Micrococcaceae that fermented glucose anaerobically were tested for their ability to produce coagulase, thermostable nuclease, and deoxyribonuclease. Of these, 450 isolates coagulated rabbit plasma, produced thermostable nuclease, and were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, 447 of which produced a 3+ to 4+ clot. The remaining three isolates produced a 2+ clot, deoxyribonuclease, and thermostable nuclease. It was found that three of the S. aureus isolates failed to produce deoxyribonuclease. A total of 70 isolates which did not coagulate rabbit plasma and which were thermostable nuclease negative were identified as S. epidermidis. Three of them produced deoxyribonuclease. It is suggested that the thermostable nuclease test be performed on all isolates producing a 2+ (or 1+) clot in the coagulase test before identifying them as S. aureus.", "contents": "Evaluation of three test procedures for identification of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical sources. A total of 520 clinical and environmental isolates of the family Micrococcaceae that fermented glucose anaerobically were tested for their ability to produce coagulase, thermostable nuclease, and deoxyribonuclease. Of these, 450 isolates coagulated rabbit plasma, produced thermostable nuclease, and were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, 447 of which produced a 3+ to 4+ clot. The remaining three isolates produced a 2+ clot, deoxyribonuclease, and thermostable nuclease. It was found that three of the S. aureus isolates failed to produce deoxyribonuclease. A total of 70 isolates which did not coagulate rabbit plasma and which were thermostable nuclease negative were identified as S. epidermidis. Three of them produced deoxyribonuclease. It is suggested that the thermostable nuclease test be performed on all isolates producing a 2+ (or 1+) clot in the coagulase test before identifying them as S. aureus."}
{"id": "PMID:344335", "title": "Pigment production by Cryptococcus neoformans and other Cryptococcus species from aminophenols and diaminobenzenes.", "content": "Cryptococcus neoformans and other Cryptococcus species can produce pigment(s) from many aminophenol and diaminobenzene compounds. Pigment production from these compounds is similar to the conversion of diphenols to melanin by C. neoformans. Several pigmentation patterns (resulting in the identification or grouping of Cryptococcus species) have been observed by using diaminobenzene and aminophenol compounds as substrates. The most common pigmentation pattern observed was pigment production by both C. neoformans and C. terreus. In contrast to the diphenols, only two aminophenols (4-hydroxymetanilamide and 3-aminotyrosine) were found to be highly specific as substrates. They allowed only C. neoformans to produce pigment. When 4-aminosalicylic acid was the substrate, a unique pattern was observed because only C. terreus, C. diffluens, and C. albidus produced pigment. Finally, a pattern was observed in which C. neoformans produced large amounts of pigment from aminophenol and diaminobenzene compounds, whereas the other Cryptococcus species produced smaller amounts. A simplified scheme with three substrates resulted in the identification of C. terreus and C. neoformans as well as two groups of other Cryptococcus species, group I (C. albidus and C. diffluens) and group II (C. laurentii and C. luteolus).", "contents": "Pigment production by Cryptococcus neoformans and other Cryptococcus species from aminophenols and diaminobenzenes. Cryptococcus neoformans and other Cryptococcus species can produce pigment(s) from many aminophenol and diaminobenzene compounds. Pigment production from these compounds is similar to the conversion of diphenols to melanin by C. neoformans. Several pigmentation patterns (resulting in the identification or grouping of Cryptococcus species) have been observed by using diaminobenzene and aminophenol compounds as substrates. The most common pigmentation pattern observed was pigment production by both C. neoformans and C. terreus. In contrast to the diphenols, only two aminophenols (4-hydroxymetanilamide and 3-aminotyrosine) were found to be highly specific as substrates. They allowed only C. neoformans to produce pigment. When 4-aminosalicylic acid was the substrate, a unique pattern was observed because only C. terreus, C. diffluens, and C. albidus produced pigment. Finally, a pattern was observed in which C. neoformans produced large amounts of pigment from aminophenol and diaminobenzene compounds, whereas the other Cryptococcus species produced smaller amounts. A simplified scheme with three substrates resulted in the identification of C. terreus and C. neoformans as well as two groups of other Cryptococcus species, group I (C. albidus and C. diffluens) and group II (C. laurentii and C. luteolus)."}
{"id": "PMID:344336", "title": "Hemolytic mutants of group A Streptococcus pyogenes.", "content": "Hemolytic mutants of Lancefield strain SS-95 and ATCC 19615 Streptococcus pyogenes were produced by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. These mutants contained the same levels of streptolysin O, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase, deoxyribonuclease, and hyaluronidase. The mutants were deficient in streptolysin S, as was the naturally occurring nonhemolytic Lowry strain. The mutants retained their pathogenicity for mice and, when reisolated from the dead animals, produced the mutant hemolytic pattern.", "contents": "Hemolytic mutants of group A Streptococcus pyogenes. Hemolytic mutants of Lancefield strain SS-95 and ATCC 19615 Streptococcus pyogenes were produced by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. These mutants contained the same levels of streptolysin O, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase, deoxyribonuclease, and hyaluronidase. The mutants were deficient in streptolysin S, as was the naturally occurring nonhemolytic Lowry strain. The mutants retained their pathogenicity for mice and, when reisolated from the dead animals, produced the mutant hemolytic pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:344337", "title": "Analysis of group B streptococcal types associated with disease in human infants and adults.", "content": "It is important to resolve existing differences of opinion regarding group B streptococcal type distribution in human disease because of the relevance of type prevalence to future programs of prevention. This report compares data obtained from typing 392 group B streptococci isolated from systemic infections in both infants and adults in the United States from 1972 through 1975. The data showed a substantial predominance of type III among strains isolated from cases of infant meningitis and from \"late-onset\" septicemia but did not confirm a prior report that type Ia causes most cases of \"early-onset\" infant septicemia. Type II was the predominant serotype among 11 cerebrospinal fluid isolates from adults. The fact that over one-fourth of the isolates were types other than Ia or III means that future epidemiological studies, including definition of immunological factors, must include all five group B types.", "contents": "Analysis of group B streptococcal types associated with disease in human infants and adults. It is important to resolve existing differences of opinion regarding group B streptococcal type distribution in human disease because of the relevance of type prevalence to future programs of prevention. This report compares data obtained from typing 392 group B streptococci isolated from systemic infections in both infants and adults in the United States from 1972 through 1975. The data showed a substantial predominance of type III among strains isolated from cases of infant meningitis and from \"late-onset\" septicemia but did not confirm a prior report that type Ia causes most cases of \"early-onset\" infant septicemia. Type II was the predominant serotype among 11 cerebrospinal fluid isolates from adults. The fact that over one-fourth of the isolates were types other than Ia or III means that future epidemiological studies, including definition of immunological factors, must include all five group B types."}
{"id": "PMID:344338", "title": "Fermentation of raffinose by lactose-fermenting strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and by sucrose-fermenting strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Introduction of plasmids carrying the lacY gene (lactose permease gene) into Yersinia enterocolitica results in cells being able to ferment both lactose and raffinose. Transfer of such plasmids into Escherichia coli C600 (lacY) confers ability to ferment lactose but not raffinose. Derivatives of C600 that ferment both lactose and sucrose (Lac+ Scr+ strains) are able to ferment raffinose, but do not grow well on raffinose minimal medium. Fermentation of raffinose by Lac+ strains of Y. enterocolitica, and by Lac+ Scr+ strains of E. coli, is explained in terms of transport of raffinose via the lac permease and subsequent breakdown catalyzed by invertase.", "contents": "Fermentation of raffinose by lactose-fermenting strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and by sucrose-fermenting strains of Escherichia coli. Introduction of plasmids carrying the lacY gene (lactose permease gene) into Yersinia enterocolitica results in cells being able to ferment both lactose and raffinose. Transfer of such plasmids into Escherichia coli C600 (lacY) confers ability to ferment lactose but not raffinose. Derivatives of C600 that ferment both lactose and sucrose (Lac+ Scr+ strains) are able to ferment raffinose, but do not grow well on raffinose minimal medium. Fermentation of raffinose by Lac+ strains of Y. enterocolitica, and by Lac+ Scr+ strains of E. coli, is explained in terms of transport of raffinose via the lac permease and subsequent breakdown catalyzed by invertase."}
{"id": "PMID:344339", "title": "Detection of group B streptococcal antibodies in human sera by radioimmunoassay: concentrations of type-specific antibodies in sera of adults and infants infected with group B streptococci.", "content": "Current interest in determining the possible protective role of antibodies against group B streptococcal disease prompted this study of the feasibility of using a radioimmunoassay to measure type-specific immunity in humans. The radioimmunoassay was standardized as a quantitative test for antibodies against the carbohydrate (CHO) antigens of all five group B types. The data showed that the CHO antigens extracted by a cold trichloroacetic acid-sonification method measure more antibodies than do the corresponding CHO antigens extracted by hot hydrochloric acid; that the Ia CHOs extracted from two different types, Ia and Ic, measure the same quantity of Ia antibodies; and that human sera contain antibodies reactive with all five type-specific CHOs. No evidence of \"protective\" antibody was found in the serum samples studied, although there was evidence of and antibody response in adults to prolonged colonization by group B streptococci. The wide ranges of antibody concentration in a serum bank collection, the broad reactivity of all human sera tested, and the mixed populations of antibodies in human sera that react with different determinants on the same type-specific CHO antigen (type III) indicate that further studies must be done to better define normal and susceptible populations and to determine antigenic components important in protection.", "contents": "Detection of group B streptococcal antibodies in human sera by radioimmunoassay: concentrations of type-specific antibodies in sera of adults and infants infected with group B streptococci. Current interest in determining the possible protective role of antibodies against group B streptococcal disease prompted this study of the feasibility of using a radioimmunoassay to measure type-specific immunity in humans. The radioimmunoassay was standardized as a quantitative test for antibodies against the carbohydrate (CHO) antigens of all five group B types. The data showed that the CHO antigens extracted by a cold trichloroacetic acid-sonification method measure more antibodies than do the corresponding CHO antigens extracted by hot hydrochloric acid; that the Ia CHOs extracted from two different types, Ia and Ic, measure the same quantity of Ia antibodies; and that human sera contain antibodies reactive with all five type-specific CHOs. No evidence of \"protective\" antibody was found in the serum samples studied, although there was evidence of and antibody response in adults to prolonged colonization by group B streptococci. The wide ranges of antibody concentration in a serum bank collection, the broad reactivity of all human sera tested, and the mixed populations of antibodies in human sera that react with different determinants on the same type-specific CHO antigen (type III) indicate that further studies must be done to better define normal and susceptible populations and to determine antigenic components important in protection."}
{"id": "PMID:344340", "title": "Quantitative fluorescent immunoassay of antibodies to, and surface antigens of, Actinomyces viscosus.", "content": "Optimal conditions for a fluorescence immunoassay of antibodies to, and surface antigens of, Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 19246 are described. In the standard fluorescence immunoassay, 10(8) colony-forming units of A. viscosus reacted with an antibody preparation, were washed, and then were treated with an excess of fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G. After another set of washes, fluorescence was determined in a spectofluorometer; in most cases excitation was at 485 nm, with emission measured at 525 nm. These conditions minimized interference from light scatter and stray light. Under appropriate conditions, antibodies to A. viscosus could be readily determined, with the fluorescence of the specific antibody-treated cells more than five times the fluorescence of controls treated with normal rabbit serum. Organisms coated with specific antibody could be detected at levels approaching 10(5) colony-forming units per ml. The standard fluorescence immunoassay procedure was readily adapted to the measurement of either particulate or soluble surface antigens of A. viscosus by competition of the antigen with a fixed amount of antibody in the standard assay system; the competition resulted in an antigen dose-dependent inhibition of fluorescence. The fluorescent immunoassay system thus appears to be a general one that could be applied to other microbial systems as well.", "contents": "Quantitative fluorescent immunoassay of antibodies to, and surface antigens of, Actinomyces viscosus. Optimal conditions for a fluorescence immunoassay of antibodies to, and surface antigens of, Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 19246 are described. In the standard fluorescence immunoassay, 10(8) colony-forming units of A. viscosus reacted with an antibody preparation, were washed, and then were treated with an excess of fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G. After another set of washes, fluorescence was determined in a spectofluorometer; in most cases excitation was at 485 nm, with emission measured at 525 nm. These conditions minimized interference from light scatter and stray light. Under appropriate conditions, antibodies to A. viscosus could be readily determined, with the fluorescence of the specific antibody-treated cells more than five times the fluorescence of controls treated with normal rabbit serum. Organisms coated with specific antibody could be detected at levels approaching 10(5) colony-forming units per ml. The standard fluorescence immunoassay procedure was readily adapted to the measurement of either particulate or soluble surface antigens of A. viscosus by competition of the antigen with a fixed amount of antibody in the standard assay system; the competition resulted in an antigen dose-dependent inhibition of fluorescence. The fluorescent immunoassay system thus appears to be a general one that could be applied to other microbial systems as well."}
{"id": "PMID:344341", "title": "Evaluation of a semiautomated prestandardized immunofluorescence test system for detection of anti-native deoxyribonucleic acid antibodies.", "content": "An immunofluorescence-native deoxyribonucleic acid (nDNA) antibody test system (Zeus Scientific, Inc.) was compared with a radioimmunoassay procedure (FARR assay) for detecting anti-nDNA antibodies in human serum. Double-blind studies of split samples obtained from 236 patients showed an 80% correlation between the immunofluorescence-nDNA antibody test system and the radioimmunoassay procedure. Studies of sera from patients with known diagnoses showed positive nDNA antibody findings in biopsy-prove n systemic lupus erythematosus only. The immunofluorescence-nDNA antibody test system provides a reliable, simple, and economically feasible alternative method for detecting nDNA antibodies that can be employed in any laboratory equipped with a fluorescence microscope.", "contents": "Evaluation of a semiautomated prestandardized immunofluorescence test system for detection of anti-native deoxyribonucleic acid antibodies. An immunofluorescence-native deoxyribonucleic acid (nDNA) antibody test system (Zeus Scientific, Inc.) was compared with a radioimmunoassay procedure (FARR assay) for detecting anti-nDNA antibodies in human serum. Double-blind studies of split samples obtained from 236 patients showed an 80% correlation between the immunofluorescence-nDNA antibody test system and the radioimmunoassay procedure. Studies of sera from patients with known diagnoses showed positive nDNA antibody findings in biopsy-prove n systemic lupus erythematosus only. The immunofluorescence-nDNA antibody test system provides a reliable, simple, and economically feasible alternative method for detecting nDNA antibodies that can be employed in any laboratory equipped with a fluorescence microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:344342", "title": "Multiple-inocula (replicator) CAMP test for presumptive identification of group B streptococci.", "content": "A replicator method for performing the CAMP test is described. Of 304 group B streptococci tested, 303 (99.7%) were CAMP positive. None of 1,093 non-group B streptococci was CAMP positive.", "contents": "Multiple-inocula (replicator) CAMP test for presumptive identification of group B streptococci. A replicator method for performing the CAMP test is described. Of 304 group B streptococci tested, 303 (99.7%) were CAMP positive. None of 1,093 non-group B streptococci was CAMP positive."}
{"id": "PMID:344343", "title": "Titration of human serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii with a simple fluorometric assay.", "content": "A new technique, FIAX, has been evaluated for the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. It is based on a \"dipstick\" principle, and a special fluorometer is used to perform the indirect immunofluorescence test. The procedure appears to be simple and rapid and merits consideration as a useful serological test for toxoplasmosis.", "contents": "Titration of human serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii with a simple fluorometric assay. A new technique, FIAX, has been evaluated for the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. It is based on a \"dipstick\" principle, and a special fluorometer is used to perform the indirect immunofluorescence test. The procedure appears to be simple and rapid and merits consideration as a useful serological test for toxoplasmosis."}
{"id": "PMID:344344", "title": "Rapid sodium chloride tolerance test for presumptive identification of enterococci.", "content": "A rapid test is described which distinguishes enterococci from other group D streptococci in 8 to 24 h by use of a medium containing brain heart infusion agar, NaCl, dextrose, and bromocresol purple.", "contents": "Rapid sodium chloride tolerance test for presumptive identification of enterococci. A rapid test is described which distinguishes enterococci from other group D streptococci in 8 to 24 h by use of a medium containing brain heart infusion agar, NaCl, dextrose, and bromocresol purple."}
{"id": "PMID:344345", "title": "Sterilisation in the laboratory autoclave using direct air displacement by steam.", "content": "A device using a steam injection funnel is described by means of which air can be driven quickly and surely from an autoclave load. It is simple and inexpensive, necessitates no changes in the working routine of a microbiology laboratory, and does not interfere with the operation of the autoclave in its normal mode.", "contents": "Sterilisation in the laboratory autoclave using direct air displacement by steam. A device using a steam injection funnel is described by means of which air can be driven quickly and surely from an autoclave load. It is simple and inexpensive, necessitates no changes in the working routine of a microbiology laboratory, and does not interfere with the operation of the autoclave in its normal mode."}
{"id": "PMID:344346", "title": "Synergy between sulphonamide and trimethoprim in the presence of pus.", "content": "Synergy between sulphadiazine and trimethoprim against Escherichia coli has been demonstrated in culture media not containing lysed horse blood despite the presence of pus or a pus extract which inhibited the action of each drug separately. Synergy may therefore be important where pus is present in vivo.", "contents": "Synergy between sulphonamide and trimethoprim in the presence of pus. Synergy between sulphadiazine and trimethoprim against Escherichia coli has been demonstrated in culture media not containing lysed horse blood despite the presence of pus or a pus extract which inhibited the action of each drug separately. Synergy may therefore be important where pus is present in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:344347", "title": "Effect of thymidine on activity of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole.", "content": "Thymidine at levels as low as 0.05 mg/1 reduces the activities of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim and their combination in vitro. Using a biological assay procedure, levels of thymidine greater than this were interpreted as being present in urine. The addition of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim, singly or in combination, to urine obtained from patients with urinary tract infections showed that all the antibacterial effect towards sensitive organisms was due to the trimethoprim component. It is suggested that trimethoprim should replace the combination co-trimoxazole for the treatment of some lower urinary tract infections, and that laboratory media, if they are to resemble the clinical environment, should contain thymidine.", "contents": "Effect of thymidine on activity of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole. Thymidine at levels as low as 0.05 mg/1 reduces the activities of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim and their combination in vitro. Using a biological assay procedure, levels of thymidine greater than this were interpreted as being present in urine. The addition of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim, singly or in combination, to urine obtained from patients with urinary tract infections showed that all the antibacterial effect towards sensitive organisms was due to the trimethoprim component. It is suggested that trimethoprim should replace the combination co-trimoxazole for the treatment of some lower urinary tract infections, and that laboratory media, if they are to resemble the clinical environment, should contain thymidine."}
{"id": "PMID:344348", "title": "Isolation of chlamydiae in untreated and Cytochalasin B treated McCoy cells.", "content": "A comparison was made between untreated McCoy cells and McCoy cells treated with Cytochalasin B for the isolation of chlamydiae of subgroup A. Chlamydiae were isolated in both cell systems from 125 specimens, whereas six agents were isolated only in untreated cultures and seven agents were isolated only in Cytochalasin B treated cultures.", "contents": "Isolation of chlamydiae in untreated and Cytochalasin B treated McCoy cells. A comparison was made between untreated McCoy cells and McCoy cells treated with Cytochalasin B for the isolation of chlamydiae of subgroup A. Chlamydiae were isolated in both cell systems from 125 specimens, whereas six agents were isolated only in untreated cultures and seven agents were isolated only in Cytochalasin B treated cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:344350", "title": "The distribution of substance P immunoreactive fibers in the rat central nervous system.", "content": "A detailed account of the distribution of immunoreactive substance P-containing structures in the rat central nervous system is presented, from results obtained by applying an indirect immunofluorescent technique. High densities of substance P-containing nerve terminals were present in sensory nuclei and other non-sensory structures such as thalamus, hypothalamus and extrapyramidal system. Substance P-reactive neuron cell bodies were present in spinal root ganglia, nucleus habenulae medialis, nucleus interpeduncularis, caudoputamen and globus pallidus. Most of the neocortex and the cerebellar cortices had no substance P-positive elements. The results support the hypothesis that substance P may be a widespread neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.", "contents": "The distribution of substance P immunoreactive fibers in the rat central nervous system. A detailed account of the distribution of immunoreactive substance P-containing structures in the rat central nervous system is presented, from results obtained by applying an indirect immunofluorescent technique. High densities of substance P-containing nerve terminals were present in sensory nuclei and other non-sensory structures such as thalamus, hypothalamus and extrapyramidal system. Substance P-reactive neuron cell bodies were present in spinal root ganglia, nucleus habenulae medialis, nucleus interpeduncularis, caudoputamen and globus pallidus. Most of the neocortex and the cerebellar cortices had no substance P-positive elements. The results support the hypothesis that substance P may be a widespread neurotransmitter in the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:344351", "title": "A contribution to the electron microscopic morphometric analysis of peripheral nerve.", "content": "Several aspects of data collection and analyses of peripheral nerve experiments employing light and electron microscopic morphometric techniques have not been adequately discussed in the literature. From statistical tests performed on nerve data, it was found that light compared with electron microscopic morphometry underestimates the number of small fibers. An optimum sampling strategy must take into account a potential bias toward small fibers introduced by measuring fibers from electronmicrographs. It must also take into account a potential bias introduced by the non-random distribution of nerve fibers of different sizes in nerves. These biases are offset by sampling a large enough number of fibers from large enough area electron micrographs. A method is presented for analysing periopheral nerve data using the nested analysis of variance. This requires first dividing the usual bimodal nerve fiber distribution into component normally distributed parts. The number of fibers in the two portions of a bimodal distribution must be considered in data analysis. Knowledge of the variances of parameters to be studied in any particular nerve is necessary for optimum sampling strategies.", "contents": "A contribution to the electron microscopic morphometric analysis of peripheral nerve. Several aspects of data collection and analyses of peripheral nerve experiments employing light and electron microscopic morphometric techniques have not been adequately discussed in the literature. From statistical tests performed on nerve data, it was found that light compared with electron microscopic morphometry underestimates the number of small fibers. An optimum sampling strategy must take into account a potential bias toward small fibers introduced by measuring fibers from electronmicrographs. It must also take into account a potential bias introduced by the non-random distribution of nerve fibers of different sizes in nerves. These biases are offset by sampling a large enough number of fibers from large enough area electron micrographs. A method is presented for analysing periopheral nerve data using the nested analysis of variance. This requires first dividing the usual bimodal nerve fiber distribution into component normally distributed parts. The number of fibers in the two portions of a bimodal distribution must be considered in data analysis. Knowledge of the variances of parameters to be studied in any particular nerve is necessary for optimum sampling strategies."}
{"id": "PMID:344356", "title": "A psychological rationale for the use of nitrous oxide psychosedation for children.", "content": "N2O is, perhaps, the best adjunct, available today, in the management of emotional factors which influence problem behavior. It is not panacea, however, and should be used only in conjunction with sound psychological methods. The use of N2O must not be thought of as a method by which dentists can elude their responsibility to deal logically with the fears and anxieties of the patient. The fears and anxieties are frequently the result of rational mental functions flowing logically from the individual's previous dental history and learning experience. Viewed thusly, patients can be assisted to overcome the problems at a logical level, and N2O or other sedatives may be mere tools to assist the patient in overcoming the emotional elements of the situation. The real worth of N2O can only be evaluated intelligently by those who learn to \"demand and to expect rational explanation in addition to empirical discovery\".", "contents": "A psychological rationale for the use of nitrous oxide psychosedation for children. N2O is, perhaps, the best adjunct, available today, in the management of emotional factors which influence problem behavior. It is not panacea, however, and should be used only in conjunction with sound psychological methods. The use of N2O must not be thought of as a method by which dentists can elude their responsibility to deal logically with the fears and anxieties of the patient. The fears and anxieties are frequently the result of rational mental functions flowing logically from the individual's previous dental history and learning experience. Viewed thusly, patients can be assisted to overcome the problems at a logical level, and N2O or other sedatives may be mere tools to assist the patient in overcoming the emotional elements of the situation. The real worth of N2O can only be evaluated intelligently by those who learn to \"demand and to expect rational explanation in addition to empirical discovery\"."}
{"id": "PMID:344363", "title": "The treatment of chronic renal failure by transplantation.", "content": "The entire transplantation experience at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital has been reviewed. This extends between 1951 and 1976, a 25 year period. Information on all patients has been undated through September 1976. Four different periods in the total experience have been compared, as determined by variations in immunosuppressive protocols. Although survival of renal allografts have plateaued over the past several years, the progressive decline in recipient mortality makes renal transplantation an increasingly attractive alternative to dialysis. Transplantation should be used in close conjunction with dialysis in the long-term treatment of patients with chronic renal failure.", "contents": "The treatment of chronic renal failure by transplantation. The entire transplantation experience at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital has been reviewed. This extends between 1951 and 1976, a 25 year period. Information on all patients has been undated through September 1976. Four different periods in the total experience have been compared, as determined by variations in immunosuppressive protocols. Although survival of renal allografts have plateaued over the past several years, the progressive decline in recipient mortality makes renal transplantation an increasingly attractive alternative to dialysis. Transplantation should be used in close conjunction with dialysis in the long-term treatment of patients with chronic renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:344365", "title": "Incidence and prevalence of home dialysis.", "content": "The proportion of patients on home hemodialysis in the United States has declined continuously since 1972 despite an increasing total number of patients treated by dialysis. Regional variations and the experience in Europe are described. The reasons for the changing pattern of dialysis in the United States are discussed, together with possible measures which could help to reverse the present trend of increasing use of more expensive center dialysis which has features making rehabilitation more difficult for many patients.", "contents": "Incidence and prevalence of home dialysis. The proportion of patients on home hemodialysis in the United States has declined continuously since 1972 despite an increasing total number of patients treated by dialysis. Regional variations and the experience in Europe are described. The reasons for the changing pattern of dialysis in the United States are discussed, together with possible measures which could help to reverse the present trend of increasing use of more expensive center dialysis which has features making rehabilitation more difficult for many patients."}
{"id": "PMID:344366", "title": "Home dialysis in New York State.", "content": "A description of New York State's program for providing assistance to patients on home dialysis. This program, which antedates the Medicare benefits provided under P.L. 92-603, Section 299I, was designated a Medicare provider in September 1975. Through its program, the Institute is able to provide home dialysis patients in the State with equipment, supplies and medications at a savings to the payors of these services, and presents a viable alternative to in-center dialysis.", "contents": "Home dialysis in New York State. A description of New York State's program for providing assistance to patients on home dialysis. This program, which antedates the Medicare benefits provided under P.L. 92-603, Section 299I, was designated a Medicare provider in September 1975. Through its program, the Institute is able to provide home dialysis patients in the State with equipment, supplies and medications at a savings to the payors of these services, and presents a viable alternative to in-center dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:344370", "title": "The erupting first permanent molar--its place in stratified clinical field studies.", "content": "Erupting first permanent molars of 5 1/2 to 6 1/2 year-olds are eminently suited for the clinical testing of potential caries-inhibiting techniques. Due to the rapid onset of caries in these teeth, accurate monitoring of new materials/regimes can be instituted and meaningful data obtained within one year of trial commencement. In addition, by concentrating on this age-group and by also stratifying for socio-economic status, deciduous caries experience and three-month wide age-bands, different trials' data can be readily compared. A further benefit is that these most caries-prone teeth can be protected thus saving the need for block injections in young subjects and alleviating later orthodontic problems.", "contents": "The erupting first permanent molar--its place in stratified clinical field studies. Erupting first permanent molars of 5 1/2 to 6 1/2 year-olds are eminently suited for the clinical testing of potential caries-inhibiting techniques. Due to the rapid onset of caries in these teeth, accurate monitoring of new materials/regimes can be instituted and meaningful data obtained within one year of trial commencement. In addition, by concentrating on this age-group and by also stratifying for socio-economic status, deciduous caries experience and three-month wide age-bands, different trials' data can be readily compared. A further benefit is that these most caries-prone teeth can be protected thus saving the need for block injections in young subjects and alleviating later orthodontic problems."}
{"id": "PMID:344371", "title": "Improving interrater agreement in evaluation in dentistry by the use of comparison stimuli.", "content": "Research shows that use of rating scales with precisely defined scale points improves interrater agreement. Instead of words, scale points may be defined by products for which ratings have been established by consensual agreement. These products serve as standards for raters. In two studies, raters assessed student products using conventional rating scales and identical scales together with comparison stimuli (photographic exemplars) of consensually established values of 3 (adequate) for each criterion. Results of the first study (but not the second) clearly confirmed the contribution of exemplars to interrater agreement. Findings suggested that single exemplars significantly enhance agreement for criteria on which the ideal is an end point on a continuum. Multiple exemplars may be necessary for other criteria. Comparison stimuli offered promise for improving interrater agreement, but further work is necessary to adapt their use for complex criteria that frequently define the quality of dental preparations.", "contents": "Improving interrater agreement in evaluation in dentistry by the use of comparison stimuli. Research shows that use of rating scales with precisely defined scale points improves interrater agreement. Instead of words, scale points may be defined by products for which ratings have been established by consensual agreement. These products serve as standards for raters. In two studies, raters assessed student products using conventional rating scales and identical scales together with comparison stimuli (photographic exemplars) of consensually established values of 3 (adequate) for each criterion. Results of the first study (but not the second) clearly confirmed the contribution of exemplars to interrater agreement. Findings suggested that single exemplars significantly enhance agreement for criteria on which the ideal is an end point on a continuum. Multiple exemplars may be necessary for other criteria. Comparison stimuli offered promise for improving interrater agreement, but further work is necessary to adapt their use for complex criteria that frequently define the quality of dental preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:344373", "title": "Egocentrism and classroom adjustment.", "content": "This study examined the relationship between persistent egocentrism and adjustment status in normal school children. Fifty-three fourth-graders (33 males, 20 females) were administered measures of egocentrism and peer sociometric status, and indices of classroom adjustment were obtained from teachers. Degree of egocentrism was shown to correlate with classroom adjustment for both boys and girls and with peer group status for boys. The pattern of correlations suggested that the negative consequences of persistent egocentrism were different for the two sexes, with high egocentrism associated with shy, anxious behavior for girls and acting-out and learning difficulties for boys.", "contents": "Egocentrism and classroom adjustment. This study examined the relationship between persistent egocentrism and adjustment status in normal school children. Fifty-three fourth-graders (33 males, 20 females) were administered measures of egocentrism and peer sociometric status, and indices of classroom adjustment were obtained from teachers. Degree of egocentrism was shown to correlate with classroom adjustment for both boys and girls and with peer group status for boys. The pattern of correlations suggested that the negative consequences of persistent egocentrism were different for the two sexes, with high egocentrism associated with shy, anxious behavior for girls and acting-out and learning difficulties for boys."}
{"id": "PMID:344374", "title": "Protein in the U.S. diet.", "content": "Nationwide studies carried out between 1965 and 1975 have been reviewed to determine: (a) The adequacy of dietary protein nutrition in the United States, (b) the level of protein available from the national food supply, and (c) the effects of excessive amounts of protein in the diet. On the basis of the studies reviewed, it can be concluded that the diets of most Americans are adequate in quantity and quality of protein.", "contents": "Protein in the U.S. diet. Nationwide studies carried out between 1965 and 1975 have been reviewed to determine: (a) The adequacy of dietary protein nutrition in the United States, (b) the level of protein available from the national food supply, and (c) the effects of excessive amounts of protein in the diet. On the basis of the studies reviewed, it can be concluded that the diets of most Americans are adequate in quantity and quality of protein."}
{"id": "PMID:344376", "title": "Albert Mueller-Deham: distinguished geriatric clinician.", "content": "Modern geriatrics is the product of notable clinicians, past and present. However, recognition has been unequal. Pioneers whose publications were pre-eminent in their time have not received adequate identification. In consequence, the field is poorer for such neglect. Albert Mueller-Deham (1881-1971) of Vienna did excellent work in geriatrics. His clinical abilities were based on long staff attendance at a major hospital and by his insistence on attendance, with his staff, at autopsies. His key textbook was published in 1937 in German. His career in Austria was disrupted by political forces but, with energy and ability, he continued it with distinction in the United States. After retirement at age 70, he turned to social writings. A bio-bibliography of this noteworthy man is based on several letters, a personal narrative that he wrote in response to questions about his years in geriatrics, notes from one of his staff, and recollections by his co-author in 1942 of the revised American edition of the book. Students of aging can benefit by recourse to his classical text with its group of clinical principles.", "contents": "Albert Mueller-Deham: distinguished geriatric clinician. Modern geriatrics is the product of notable clinicians, past and present. However, recognition has been unequal. Pioneers whose publications were pre-eminent in their time have not received adequate identification. In consequence, the field is poorer for such neglect. Albert Mueller-Deham (1881-1971) of Vienna did excellent work in geriatrics. His clinical abilities were based on long staff attendance at a major hospital and by his insistence on attendance, with his staff, at autopsies. His key textbook was published in 1937 in German. His career in Austria was disrupted by political forces but, with energy and ability, he continued it with distinction in the United States. After retirement at age 70, he turned to social writings. A bio-bibliography of this noteworthy man is based on several letters, a personal narrative that he wrote in response to questions about his years in geriatrics, notes from one of his staff, and recollections by his co-author in 1942 of the revised American edition of the book. Students of aging can benefit by recourse to his classical text with its group of clinical principles."}
{"id": "PMID:344382", "title": "Microvascular second toe transfer for digital reconstruction.", "content": "Reconstruction of a severely damaged hand, with multiple amputations of digits, presents a difficult reconstructive problem. The development of a safe method of transfer of the great toe for thumb reconstruction, using the dorsalis pedis artery and the saphenous vein, suggested the possibility of one-stage microvascular transfer of the second toe for reconstruction of fingers. In two patients a one-stage transfer of the second toe was done to replace an index finger and in another for restoration of part of the left ring finger. The transplants survived without anticoagulants and vessel complications were not encountered. Sensory return was adequate and a significant improvement in function was achieved.", "contents": "Microvascular second toe transfer for digital reconstruction. Reconstruction of a severely damaged hand, with multiple amputations of digits, presents a difficult reconstructive problem. The development of a safe method of transfer of the great toe for thumb reconstruction, using the dorsalis pedis artery and the saphenous vein, suggested the possibility of one-stage microvascular transfer of the second toe for reconstruction of fingers. In two patients a one-stage transfer of the second toe was done to replace an index finger and in another for restoration of part of the left ring finger. The transplants survived without anticoagulants and vessel complications were not encountered. Sensory return was adequate and a significant improvement in function was achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:344383", "title": "Multilating multidigital injuries: use of a free microvascular flap from a nonreplantable part.", "content": "In severe hand injuries, all usable parts should be salvaged from amputated nonreplantable areas. A case is presented in which a free flap taken from an amputated finger was used to reconstruct a severely injured but viable remaining digit. This was done as part of the primary reconstructive effort and provided a well vascularized protective cover for the surviving injured digit.", "contents": "Multilating multidigital injuries: use of a free microvascular flap from a nonreplantable part. In severe hand injuries, all usable parts should be salvaged from amputated nonreplantable areas. A case is presented in which a free flap taken from an amputated finger was used to reconstruct a severely injured but viable remaining digit. This was done as part of the primary reconstructive effort and provided a well vascularized protective cover for the surviving injured digit."}
{"id": "PMID:344789", "title": "The effect of antimicrobial feed additives on the colonization of the alimentary tract of chickens by Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Groups of 33 chickens were fed continuously on diets containing feed additives that are employed commercially for a variety of purposes, and were infected orally when 4 days old with a nalidixic acid-resistant mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. The amount of S. typhimurium organisms excreted in their faeces was estimated by culturing them at intervals and in a standard manner on brilliant green agar containing sodium nalidixate; when the chickens were killed their caecal contents were examined by the same technique.Avoparcin and lincomycin, like nitrovin and tylosin (Smith & Tucker, 1975b), favoured colonization of the alimentary tract by the S. typhimurium organisms as shown by the fact that the chickens to which they were fed excreted these organisms in their faeces in higher concentration and for longer periods of time than did chickens fed on non-medicated diets. Amprolium, monensin, dimetridazole, arsenilic acid and nitro-hydroxyphenylarsonate had no obvious effect on the salmonella excretion pattern.When only five chickens in each group were experimentally infected so that the effect of the feed additives on infections acquired by contact could be monitored, avoparcin, lincomycin, nitrovin and tylosin again favoured colonization of the alimentary tract with the S. typhimurium organisms and so did dimetridazole. Arsenilic acid, in contrast, hindered the development of infection. Amprolium, monensin and nitro-hydroxyphenylarsonate were without obvious effect.Many of the chickens that were fed on diets that favoured S. typhimurium colonization, but not those fed on non-medicated diets, were still excreting S. typhimurium organisms in their faeces when they were killed at 56 days of age, the age at which broiler chickens kept under commercial conditions are usually slaughtered.", "contents": "The effect of antimicrobial feed additives on the colonization of the alimentary tract of chickens by Salmonella typhimurium. Groups of 33 chickens were fed continuously on diets containing feed additives that are employed commercially for a variety of purposes, and were infected orally when 4 days old with a nalidixic acid-resistant mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. The amount of S. typhimurium organisms excreted in their faeces was estimated by culturing them at intervals and in a standard manner on brilliant green agar containing sodium nalidixate; when the chickens were killed their caecal contents were examined by the same technique.Avoparcin and lincomycin, like nitrovin and tylosin (Smith & Tucker, 1975b), favoured colonization of the alimentary tract by the S. typhimurium organisms as shown by the fact that the chickens to which they were fed excreted these organisms in their faeces in higher concentration and for longer periods of time than did chickens fed on non-medicated diets. Amprolium, monensin, dimetridazole, arsenilic acid and nitro-hydroxyphenylarsonate had no obvious effect on the salmonella excretion pattern.When only five chickens in each group were experimentally infected so that the effect of the feed additives on infections acquired by contact could be monitored, avoparcin, lincomycin, nitrovin and tylosin again favoured colonization of the alimentary tract with the S. typhimurium organisms and so did dimetridazole. Arsenilic acid, in contrast, hindered the development of infection. Amprolium, monensin and nitro-hydroxyphenylarsonate were without obvious effect.Many of the chickens that were fed on diets that favoured S. typhimurium colonization, but not those fed on non-medicated diets, were still excreting S. typhimurium organisms in their faeces when they were killed at 56 days of age, the age at which broiler chickens kept under commercial conditions are usually slaughtered."}
{"id": "PMID:344790", "title": "Prophylaxis against tetanus in non-immune patients with wounds: the role of antibiotics and of human antitetanus globulin.", "content": "The potential value of oral erythromycin for antitetanus prophylaxis in non-immune patients with open wounds was assessed. Serum obtained by venepuncture from health persons 2 h after an oral dose of an erythromycin preparation was used as a culture medium rendered anaerobic by addition of cooked meat. Strains of Clostridium tetani inoculated into these sera failed to multiply when the donor had taken 500 mg of erythromycin estolate before a meal; other erythromycin preparations and the estolate at a dosage of 250 mg were ineffective or inconsistent in their inhibition of the growth of Cl. tetani. Human antitetanus globulin (ATG) was given to 12 patients, 9 with severe injuries and 3 with extensive burns, all of whom were judged, from their history, to be non-immune (or with expired immunity); all except one had received large intravenous infusions of blood and/or other fluids. Serum antitoxin assays by a mouse protection technique on days 0, 1--2, 3--5, 6--10 and 14+ showed no detectable antitoxin (less than 0.01) unit/ml) in the initial (pre-ATG) sample from three patients with severe injuries and in one with extensive burns. All the patients in the severely injured group showed an early appearance or increase in tetanus antitoxin to protective titres. Two of the three severely burned patients showed, respectively, a delayed appearance or an increase in antitoxin; the other burned patients showed a reduction from the initial pre-ATG titre, followed by a return to that titre after day 5.", "contents": "Prophylaxis against tetanus in non-immune patients with wounds: the role of antibiotics and of human antitetanus globulin. The potential value of oral erythromycin for antitetanus prophylaxis in non-immune patients with open wounds was assessed. Serum obtained by venepuncture from health persons 2 h after an oral dose of an erythromycin preparation was used as a culture medium rendered anaerobic by addition of cooked meat. Strains of Clostridium tetani inoculated into these sera failed to multiply when the donor had taken 500 mg of erythromycin estolate before a meal; other erythromycin preparations and the estolate at a dosage of 250 mg were ineffective or inconsistent in their inhibition of the growth of Cl. tetani. Human antitetanus globulin (ATG) was given to 12 patients, 9 with severe injuries and 3 with extensive burns, all of whom were judged, from their history, to be non-immune (or with expired immunity); all except one had received large intravenous infusions of blood and/or other fluids. Serum antitoxin assays by a mouse protection technique on days 0, 1--2, 3--5, 6--10 and 14+ showed no detectable antitoxin (less than 0.01) unit/ml) in the initial (pre-ATG) sample from three patients with severe injuries and in one with extensive burns. All the patients in the severely injured group showed an early appearance or increase in tetanus antitoxin to protective titres. Two of the three severely burned patients showed, respectively, a delayed appearance or an increase in antitoxin; the other burned patients showed a reduction from the initial pre-ATG titre, followed by a return to that titre after day 5."}
{"id": "PMID:344795", "title": "Genetic differences in BCG-induced resistance to Schistosoma mansoni are not controlled by genes within the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse.", "content": "Induction of nonspecific resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection after the i.v. injection of viable BCG was investigated in outbred mice and a panel of inbred and H-2 congenic strains. Significant protection was induced in CF1, A/J, C57BL/6, C57BL/10, DBA/2, C57BR, and SJL mice. BALB/c mice were not protected whereas CBA and C3H mice expressed intermediate degrees of protection. Expression of the protective phenomenon is not controlled by genes within the MHC as shown by the marked differences in response between BALB/c and DBA/2 (H-2d) as well as between C57BR and C3H (H-2k) mice. H-2 congenic strains with C57BL/10 background (B10.A and B10.D2) were high responders. BALB.B10 mice carrying the high responder (B10) MHC on the nonresponder (BALB/c) background were not protected. The degree of splenic hypertrophy did not correlate with the expression of nonspecific resistance. These results demonstrate that, in addition to controlling specific immune responses, genetic differences influence the nonspecific protective phenomena related to BCG administration as well.", "contents": "Genetic differences in BCG-induced resistance to Schistosoma mansoni are not controlled by genes within the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse. Induction of nonspecific resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection after the i.v. injection of viable BCG was investigated in outbred mice and a panel of inbred and H-2 congenic strains. Significant protection was induced in CF1, A/J, C57BL/6, C57BL/10, DBA/2, C57BR, and SJL mice. BALB/c mice were not protected whereas CBA and C3H mice expressed intermediate degrees of protection. Expression of the protective phenomenon is not controlled by genes within the MHC as shown by the marked differences in response between BALB/c and DBA/2 (H-2d) as well as between C57BR and C3H (H-2k) mice. H-2 congenic strains with C57BL/10 background (B10.A and B10.D2) were high responders. BALB.B10 mice carrying the high responder (B10) MHC on the nonresponder (BALB/c) background were not protected. The degree of splenic hypertrophy did not correlate with the expression of nonspecific resistance. These results demonstrate that, in addition to controlling specific immune responses, genetic differences influence the nonspecific protective phenomena related to BCG administration as well."}
{"id": "PMID:344797", "title": "Immunologic characterization of hairy cell leukemias in continuous culture.", "content": "The immunobiologic characteristics of three continuous cell lines established from hairy cell leukemia cells were investigated. All three cell lines continued to produce tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, the enzymatic marker of hairy cells. Two of these cell lines were B lymphoid in nature. They carried Fc and C receptors, had surface and internal immunoglobulin, and did not form spontaneous sheep red blood cell rosettes. Experiments employing biosynthetic radiolabeling of immunoglobulin demonstrated distinctive immunoglobulin kinetics for each of these two hairy cell lines. One cell line remained quite similar to the original hairy cells from which it was derived whereas the other B lymphoid hairy cell line had undergone a switch in the immunoglobulin isotype produced. The third hairy cell leukemia line was shown to be of thymic derivation. These cells formed spontaneous sheep red blood cell rosettes and did not carry Fc or C receptors. The spontaneous sheep red blood cell rosette-forming cells contained tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. They did not possess surface on internal immunoglobulin and did not synthesize immunoglobulin in vitro. Hairy cell leukemia cells maintained in permanent cell culture retain their immunobiologic properties and offer the opportunity for indepth study of these unusual cells.", "contents": "Immunologic characterization of hairy cell leukemias in continuous culture. The immunobiologic characteristics of three continuous cell lines established from hairy cell leukemia cells were investigated. All three cell lines continued to produce tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, the enzymatic marker of hairy cells. Two of these cell lines were B lymphoid in nature. They carried Fc and C receptors, had surface and internal immunoglobulin, and did not form spontaneous sheep red blood cell rosettes. Experiments employing biosynthetic radiolabeling of immunoglobulin demonstrated distinctive immunoglobulin kinetics for each of these two hairy cell lines. One cell line remained quite similar to the original hairy cells from which it was derived whereas the other B lymphoid hairy cell line had undergone a switch in the immunoglobulin isotype produced. The third hairy cell leukemia line was shown to be of thymic derivation. These cells formed spontaneous sheep red blood cell rosettes and did not carry Fc or C receptors. The spontaneous sheep red blood cell rosette-forming cells contained tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. They did not possess surface on internal immunoglobulin and did not synthesize immunoglobulin in vitro. Hairy cell leukemia cells maintained in permanent cell culture retain their immunobiologic properties and offer the opportunity for indepth study of these unusual cells."}
{"id": "PMID:344798", "title": "A newly described activity of guinea pig IgG1 antibodies: transfer of cutaneous basophil reactions.", "content": "Hapten-specific delayed time course skin reactions containing predominant accumulations of basophils and eosinophils were elicited in newborn guinea pigs after i.v. transfer of small amounts of oxazolone immune serum. The immune serum was fractionated by column chromatography procedures, and the fractions were examined for their ability in transferring this form of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH). Only the 7S IgG-containing peak from Sephadex G-200 columns, and only the IgG1-containing fractions from DEAE columns, transferred CBH. An affinity column of bound oxazolone removed the activity from immune serum, and it could be recovered from the column by eluting with soluble oxazolone. About 35 microgram of purified IgG1 anti-oxazolone antibody could systemically transfer CBH reactivity. An immunoadsorbant column of anti-IgG1 removed this activity, but a column of anti-IgG2 did not. None of the procedures were able to separate activity in transferring CBH from passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) activity classically associated with guinea pig IgG1 antibody. IgG1 from 8-day immune and 31-day hyperimmune donors were both effective. The average association constant of 8-day antibody was 8 X 10(-4) M-1. Transfer of cutaneous basophil reactions can be mediated by low affinity serum 7S IgG1 antibody.", "contents": "A newly described activity of guinea pig IgG1 antibodies: transfer of cutaneous basophil reactions. Hapten-specific delayed time course skin reactions containing predominant accumulations of basophils and eosinophils were elicited in newborn guinea pigs after i.v. transfer of small amounts of oxazolone immune serum. The immune serum was fractionated by column chromatography procedures, and the fractions were examined for their ability in transferring this form of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH). Only the 7S IgG-containing peak from Sephadex G-200 columns, and only the IgG1-containing fractions from DEAE columns, transferred CBH. An affinity column of bound oxazolone removed the activity from immune serum, and it could be recovered from the column by eluting with soluble oxazolone. About 35 microgram of purified IgG1 anti-oxazolone antibody could systemically transfer CBH reactivity. An immunoadsorbant column of anti-IgG1 removed this activity, but a column of anti-IgG2 did not. None of the procedures were able to separate activity in transferring CBH from passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) activity classically associated with guinea pig IgG1 antibody. IgG1 from 8-day immune and 31-day hyperimmune donors were both effective. The average association constant of 8-day antibody was 8 X 10(-4) M-1. Transfer of cutaneous basophil reactions can be mediated by low affinity serum 7S IgG1 antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:344799", "title": "Enhancement of carrier-specific helper T cell function by the synthetic adjuvant, N-acetyl muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP).", "content": "The adjuvant effect of a synthetic peptidoglycan, muramyl dipeptide (N-acetyl muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, MDP), was studied by using the anti-Tnp PFC and hemagglutinin responses of BALB/c mice to hapten-carrier conjugates. Administration of Tnp-OVA and MDP in saline to mice, followed 2 weeks later by a boost of Tnp-OVA in saline, led to significantly higher IgM and IgG anti-Tnp PFC and total anti-Tnp-hemagglutinin responses than those obtained in mice not treated with MDP in the initial immunization. A similar adjuvant effect by MDP on anti-hapten PFC responses was seen if mice were primed with KLH together with MDP and challenged with Tnp-KLH 2 weeks later. This apparent effect on carrier priming for helper function was confirmed and quantitated by double adoptive transfer experiments with graded numbers of spleen cells from KLH +/- MDP-primed mice and a fixed number of hapten-primed spleen cells from syngeneic Tnp-OVA immunized animals. These data suggest that at least one mode of action of the synthetic adjuvant MDP is via the enhanced stimulation of the helper T cell function.", "contents": "Enhancement of carrier-specific helper T cell function by the synthetic adjuvant, N-acetyl muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP). The adjuvant effect of a synthetic peptidoglycan, muramyl dipeptide (N-acetyl muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, MDP), was studied by using the anti-Tnp PFC and hemagglutinin responses of BALB/c mice to hapten-carrier conjugates. Administration of Tnp-OVA and MDP in saline to mice, followed 2 weeks later by a boost of Tnp-OVA in saline, led to significantly higher IgM and IgG anti-Tnp PFC and total anti-Tnp-hemagglutinin responses than those obtained in mice not treated with MDP in the initial immunization. A similar adjuvant effect by MDP on anti-hapten PFC responses was seen if mice were primed with KLH together with MDP and challenged with Tnp-KLH 2 weeks later. This apparent effect on carrier priming for helper function was confirmed and quantitated by double adoptive transfer experiments with graded numbers of spleen cells from KLH +/- MDP-primed mice and a fixed number of hapten-primed spleen cells from syngeneic Tnp-OVA immunized animals. These data suggest that at least one mode of action of the synthetic adjuvant MDP is via the enhanced stimulation of the helper T cell function."}
{"id": "PMID:344801", "title": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of human antibodies. I. Measurement of IgG antibody to bee venom antigens.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRA) has been developed to measure IgG antibodies to bee venom (BV) and phospholipiase A2 (PLA) in human sera. The principle of the test is similar to that of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) measuring IgE antibody. Cyanogen-bromide-activated paper discs coupled with BV or PLA followed by supplementary coupling with human serum albumin were incubated with standard or test sera, washed, and incubated with 125I-labeled anti IgG. The serum levels of the IgG antibody have been temporarily expressed in arbitrary units. the reaction between the antigen and antibody was specific and the results were reproducible. Sera from 19 beekeepers, 42 beesting-sensitive patients and 20 blood donors (controls) were assayed by the SPRA. IgG antibodies to BV and PLA could not be detected (less than 4 U/ml) in all control sera, in 25 of the 42 patients and in one beekeeper. The IgG antibodies in 17 patients ranged between 5 to 58 U/ml (mean 7.6 U/ml), and in the 18 beekeepers ranged between 8 to 160 U/ml (mean 59 U/ml).", "contents": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of human antibodies. I. Measurement of IgG antibody to bee venom antigens. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRA) has been developed to measure IgG antibodies to bee venom (BV) and phospholipiase A2 (PLA) in human sera. The principle of the test is similar to that of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) measuring IgE antibody. Cyanogen-bromide-activated paper discs coupled with BV or PLA followed by supplementary coupling with human serum albumin were incubated with standard or test sera, washed, and incubated with 125I-labeled anti IgG. The serum levels of the IgG antibody have been temporarily expressed in arbitrary units. the reaction between the antigen and antibody was specific and the results were reproducible. Sera from 19 beekeepers, 42 beesting-sensitive patients and 20 blood donors (controls) were assayed by the SPRA. IgG antibodies to BV and PLA could not be detected (less than 4 U/ml) in all control sera, in 25 of the 42 patients and in one beekeeper. The IgG antibodies in 17 patients ranged between 5 to 58 U/ml (mean 7.6 U/ml), and in the 18 beekeepers ranged between 8 to 160 U/ml (mean 59 U/ml)."}
{"id": "PMID:344802", "title": "The use of detergents and immunoperoxidase reagents for the ultrastructural demonstration of internal immunoglobulin in lymph cells.", "content": "Lymph-borne immunoblasts were fixed in dilute glutaraldehyde and then treated with saponin. This treatment made most parts of the cells permeable to ferritin, so that anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies which had been conjugated to horse radish peroxidase (HRP) had no difficulty in gaining access to Ig which thus could be demonstrated at an ultrastructural level. Best results were obtained by fixing the cells in 0.1% glutaraldehyde for 7 min and then treating them with a 1% solution of saponin for 100 min at 55 degrees C before exposing them to the Ig-HRP conjugate. The method yielded reproducible results and although it causes a small amount of ultrastructural damage, it may be of value in detecting a variety of intracellular antigens.", "contents": "The use of detergents and immunoperoxidase reagents for the ultrastructural demonstration of internal immunoglobulin in lymph cells. Lymph-borne immunoblasts were fixed in dilute glutaraldehyde and then treated with saponin. This treatment made most parts of the cells permeable to ferritin, so that anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies which had been conjugated to horse radish peroxidase (HRP) had no difficulty in gaining access to Ig which thus could be demonstrated at an ultrastructural level. Best results were obtained by fixing the cells in 0.1% glutaraldehyde for 7 min and then treating them with a 1% solution of saponin for 100 min at 55 degrees C before exposing them to the Ig-HRP conjugate. The method yielded reproducible results and although it causes a small amount of ultrastructural damage, it may be of value in detecting a variety of intracellular antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:344803", "title": "An indirect, quantifiable assay for cytophilic antibody.", "content": "An indirect, quantifiable method for in vitro measurement of anti-SRBC antibody cytophilic for macrophages is described. The procedure consists of adding dilutions of normal or immune serum to 4 X 10(6) macrophages in 35 mm plastic petri dishes for 1 h at 4 degrees C. The plates are throughly washed to remove unbound antibody and 2 X 10(7) 51Cr-SRBC are added for 2 h at 4 degrees C. Total cpm in the plates is determined, non-bound 51Cr-SRBC are removed by washing and the plates are re-counted. Percent binding is calculated from these two values. The assay provides data consistent with visual determinations of number of SRBC/100 macrophages but has less variability and is performed more rapidly and easily than the visual method.", "contents": "An indirect, quantifiable assay for cytophilic antibody. An indirect, quantifiable method for in vitro measurement of anti-SRBC antibody cytophilic for macrophages is described. The procedure consists of adding dilutions of normal or immune serum to 4 X 10(6) macrophages in 35 mm plastic petri dishes for 1 h at 4 degrees C. The plates are throughly washed to remove unbound antibody and 2 X 10(7) 51Cr-SRBC are added for 2 h at 4 degrees C. Total cpm in the plates is determined, non-bound 51Cr-SRBC are removed by washing and the plates are re-counted. Percent binding is calculated from these two values. The assay provides data consistent with visual determinations of number of SRBC/100 macrophages but has less variability and is performed more rapidly and easily than the visual method."}
{"id": "PMID:344810", "title": "A prospective study of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in endemic diarrheal disease.", "content": "The rate of isolation of Escherichia coli belonging to the traditional serotypes enteropathogenic for infants was studied prospectively in two groups. Group 1 consisted of children with diarrhea and of controls without gastrointestinal disease who were matched for age and inpatient or outpatient status. Group 2 consisted of families entered in a prospective study of rotavirus infections. In group 1 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli were found in 13 (6%) of 220 children younger than 12 months of age and in nine (6%) of 143 children 12--35 months of age, all of whom had diarrhea. Enteropathogenic E. coli were found in only one of an equal number of matched controls (P = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively). In group 2 enteropathogenic E. coli were present in seven (18%) of 38 specimens obtained during diarrheal episodes, as compared with five (1%) of 492 specimens obtained when there was no diarrhea (P less than 0.001). The enteropathogenic E. coli isolated were not enterotoxigenic. The most common serogroup was O111, but many different O:H serotypes were detected. Thus, the association of enteropathogenic E. coli with endemic diarrhea was significant, even though no enteropathogenic mechanism was apparent.", "contents": "A prospective study of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in endemic diarrheal disease. The rate of isolation of Escherichia coli belonging to the traditional serotypes enteropathogenic for infants was studied prospectively in two groups. Group 1 consisted of children with diarrhea and of controls without gastrointestinal disease who were matched for age and inpatient or outpatient status. Group 2 consisted of families entered in a prospective study of rotavirus infections. In group 1 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli were found in 13 (6%) of 220 children younger than 12 months of age and in nine (6%) of 143 children 12--35 months of age, all of whom had diarrhea. Enteropathogenic E. coli were found in only one of an equal number of matched controls (P = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively). In group 2 enteropathogenic E. coli were present in seven (18%) of 38 specimens obtained during diarrheal episodes, as compared with five (1%) of 492 specimens obtained when there was no diarrhea (P less than 0.001). The enteropathogenic E. coli isolated were not enterotoxigenic. The most common serogroup was O111, but many different O:H serotypes were detected. Thus, the association of enteropathogenic E. coli with endemic diarrhea was significant, even though no enteropathogenic mechanism was apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:344824", "title": "Hydrocarbon and multibranched ester waxes from the uropygial gland secretion of grebes (Podicipediformes).", "content": "The uropygial gland secretion of some grebes (Podicipediformes) had been shown to contain saturated and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and monoester waxes. While ester waxes are common constituents of preen gland secretions, nonisoprenoid hydrocarbons have not been detected hitherto. The wax constituents are very complex, belonging to several multibranched homologous series, including unusual acids with ethyl branches. The waxes were identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and equivalent chain length comparisons. A method for the prediction of equivalent chain length values of unknown methyl esters is offered. The results are discussed from a chemotaxonomic viewpoint.", "contents": "Hydrocarbon and multibranched ester waxes from the uropygial gland secretion of grebes (Podicipediformes). The uropygial gland secretion of some grebes (Podicipediformes) had been shown to contain saturated and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and monoester waxes. While ester waxes are common constituents of preen gland secretions, nonisoprenoid hydrocarbons have not been detected hitherto. The wax constituents are very complex, belonging to several multibranched homologous series, including unusual acids with ethyl branches. The waxes were identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and equivalent chain length comparisons. A method for the prediction of equivalent chain length values of unknown methyl esters is offered. The results are discussed from a chemotaxonomic viewpoint."}
{"id": "PMID:344825", "title": "The steroids of 2000-year-old human coprolites.", "content": "Six samples of human coprolites, some more than 2,000 years old, were analyzed for fecal steroid composition. Despite this very lengthy period of storage, the fecal steroids of coprolites were remarkably similar to those of stool samples collected today. The sterol nucleus was clearly rather stable under the dry environmental conditions of the Nevada Caves. The steroid content (microgram/g dried weight) of coprolite was low in comparison to that of modern man. The bile acid/cholesterol and plant sterol/cholesterol ratios of the coprolite, however, were similar to these ratios of the stools of modern man. In the six coprolites, an average 73% of the neutral steroids was digitonin-precipitable. This precipitate was composed of cholesterol and three plant sterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol) and their bacteria-modified products. A portion of the neutral steroids had been converted to products tentatively identified as epimers of these steroids. Individual bile acids were identified in the coprolite. The bile acid composition of the coprolite was similar to that of the stool of modern man.", "contents": "The steroids of 2000-year-old human coprolites. Six samples of human coprolites, some more than 2,000 years old, were analyzed for fecal steroid composition. Despite this very lengthy period of storage, the fecal steroids of coprolites were remarkably similar to those of stool samples collected today. The sterol nucleus was clearly rather stable under the dry environmental conditions of the Nevada Caves. The steroid content (microgram/g dried weight) of coprolite was low in comparison to that of modern man. The bile acid/cholesterol and plant sterol/cholesterol ratios of the coprolite, however, were similar to these ratios of the stools of modern man. In the six coprolites, an average 73% of the neutral steroids was digitonin-precipitable. This precipitate was composed of cholesterol and three plant sterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol) and their bacteria-modified products. A portion of the neutral steroids had been converted to products tentatively identified as epimers of these steroids. Individual bile acids were identified in the coprolite. The bile acid composition of the coprolite was similar to that of the stool of modern man."}
{"id": "PMID:344828", "title": "Inhibition by melatonin of the pituitary response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in vivo.", "content": "The rate of secretion of 17-oxosteroids by the testes of anaesthetized dogs in vivo was used as an index of LH secretion. Intracarotid injection of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH, 1, 5 or 10 microgram/kg body wt) resulted in an increase in the testicular 17-oxosteroid secretion which was roughly proportional to the dose administered and which reached a maximum 60 min after the injection. Testicular output of 17-oxosteroids was unaffected by administration of melatonin (10 or 100 microgram/kg body wt) into the carotid artery. When LH-RH (5 microgram/kg) was injected into the carotid artery 3 h after intracarotid injection of melatonin (10 or 100 microgram/kg), the testicular response to LH-RH was considerably diminished. Pretreatment with melatonin (100 microgram/kg) did not alter the testicular response to human chorionic gonadotrophin (20 i.u./kg body wt) given i.v. Is is concluded that melatonin may act directly on the anterior pituitary gland in dogs to inhibit the LH-RH-induced release of LH.", "contents": "Inhibition by melatonin of the pituitary response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in vivo. The rate of secretion of 17-oxosteroids by the testes of anaesthetized dogs in vivo was used as an index of LH secretion. Intracarotid injection of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH, 1, 5 or 10 microgram/kg body wt) resulted in an increase in the testicular 17-oxosteroid secretion which was roughly proportional to the dose administered and which reached a maximum 60 min after the injection. Testicular output of 17-oxosteroids was unaffected by administration of melatonin (10 or 100 microgram/kg body wt) into the carotid artery. When LH-RH (5 microgram/kg) was injected into the carotid artery 3 h after intracarotid injection of melatonin (10 or 100 microgram/kg), the testicular response to LH-RH was considerably diminished. Pretreatment with melatonin (100 microgram/kg) did not alter the testicular response to human chorionic gonadotrophin (20 i.u./kg body wt) given i.v. Is is concluded that melatonin may act directly on the anterior pituitary gland in dogs to inhibit the LH-RH-induced release of LH."}
{"id": "PMID:344829", "title": "Localization of trophoblast-defined surface antigens during early mouse embryogenesis.", "content": "The binding pattern of a rabbit antiserum raised against mouse-ectoplacental-cone trophoblast on component cell populations in the pre-implantation and early post-implantation mouse embryo has been examined at the electron-microscope level using an immunoperoxidase-labelling technique. Binding was not detectable on the 1-cell stage, appeared at low levels at the 8-cell stage and was heavy on the trophectoderm and its trophoblast giant cell and extra-embryonic ectoderm descendants in the post-implantation embryo. In contrast, immunosurgically isolated 3 1/2-day inner cell masses (ICM) showed only slight labelling, whilst ICM derivatives in the 7 1/2-day embryo were unlabelled. The results indicate that the antiserum may be identifying a trophoblast-specific surface determinant(s), which appears with the differentiation of the trohectoderm and is maintained on some of the cell populations derived from this tissue at least until the early post-implantation stages.", "contents": "Localization of trophoblast-defined surface antigens during early mouse embryogenesis. The binding pattern of a rabbit antiserum raised against mouse-ectoplacental-cone trophoblast on component cell populations in the pre-implantation and early post-implantation mouse embryo has been examined at the electron-microscope level using an immunoperoxidase-labelling technique. Binding was not detectable on the 1-cell stage, appeared at low levels at the 8-cell stage and was heavy on the trophectoderm and its trophoblast giant cell and extra-embryonic ectoderm descendants in the post-implantation embryo. In contrast, immunosurgically isolated 3 1/2-day inner cell masses (ICM) showed only slight labelling, whilst ICM derivatives in the 7 1/2-day embryo were unlabelled. The results indicate that the antiserum may be identifying a trophoblast-specific surface determinant(s), which appears with the differentiation of the trohectoderm and is maintained on some of the cell populations derived from this tissue at least until the early post-implantation stages."}
{"id": "PMID:344832", "title": "The biochemical and genetic basis for high frequency thiomethyl galactoside resistance in lambda,lambdadg lysogens of Escherichia coli.", "content": "In a culture of Escherichia coli K12 gal (lambdadg), cells which form large colonies on agar plates containing galactose and thiomethyl beta-D-galactoside (TMG) appear at high frequency. These clones are resistant to growth inhibition by TMG on galactose minimal medium. Biochemical studies of the steady-state levels of galactokinase and UDPgalactose 4-epimerase suggest that the resistant clones have extra copies of the genes for the galactose-metabolizing enzymes. The mutation for TMG resistance is not located in either the bacterial or the bacteriophage genome, but is probably due to an aberrant association between cell and prophage DNA. Mapping the TMG-resistant characteristic by phage P1 indicates that TMG-resistant bacteria posses at least two GAL+ OPERONS, ONE OF WHICH IS COTRANSDUCIBLe with bio+. In addition, TMG-resistant bacteria behave like lambdadg polylysogens when challenged with the phage lambdaI90c17. From these genetic experiments we conclude that TMG-resistant bacteria arise by duplication of the lambdadg prophage. Finally, gal+ bacteria which carry a single, additional, lambdadg prophage are TMG-resistant. TMG resistance is probably a gal+ gene dosage effect.", "contents": "The biochemical and genetic basis for high frequency thiomethyl galactoside resistance in lambda,lambdadg lysogens of Escherichia coli. In a culture of Escherichia coli K12 gal (lambdadg), cells which form large colonies on agar plates containing galactose and thiomethyl beta-D-galactoside (TMG) appear at high frequency. These clones are resistant to growth inhibition by TMG on galactose minimal medium. Biochemical studies of the steady-state levels of galactokinase and UDPgalactose 4-epimerase suggest that the resistant clones have extra copies of the genes for the galactose-metabolizing enzymes. The mutation for TMG resistance is not located in either the bacterial or the bacteriophage genome, but is probably due to an aberrant association between cell and prophage DNA. Mapping the TMG-resistant characteristic by phage P1 indicates that TMG-resistant bacteria posses at least two GAL+ OPERONS, ONE OF WHICH IS COTRANSDUCIBLe with bio+. In addition, TMG-resistant bacteria behave like lambdadg polylysogens when challenged with the phage lambdaI90c17. From these genetic experiments we conclude that TMG-resistant bacteria arise by duplication of the lambdadg prophage. Finally, gal+ bacteria which carry a single, additional, lambdadg prophage are TMG-resistant. TMG resistance is probably a gal+ gene dosage effect."}
{"id": "PMID:344833", "title": "Antibodies against outer membrane proteins in rabbit antisera prepared against Escherichia coli O26 K60.", "content": "Antibodies directed against the protein constituents of the outer envelope membrane of Escherichia coli O26 K60 were demonstrated in antisera elicited in rabbits against three different preparations of the bacterium. Outer membraned solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulphate were applied to the antisera in an interfacial precipitin test, followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the resulting immunecomplexes. Protein profiles showed a complete outer membrane protein pattern, indicating the antigenic character of these proteins. Antisera containing antibodies against outer membrane proteins and free of reactive antibodies against lipopolysaccharide showed relatively low agglutinating activities against the bacteria. The antibodies against the protein constituents of the outer membrane belong mainly to the 7S class immunoglobulins, as indicated by 2-mercaptoethanol treatment of the antisera.", "contents": "Antibodies against outer membrane proteins in rabbit antisera prepared against Escherichia coli O26 K60. Antibodies directed against the protein constituents of the outer envelope membrane of Escherichia coli O26 K60 were demonstrated in antisera elicited in rabbits against three different preparations of the bacterium. Outer membraned solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulphate were applied to the antisera in an interfacial precipitin test, followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the resulting immunecomplexes. Protein profiles showed a complete outer membrane protein pattern, indicating the antigenic character of these proteins. Antisera containing antibodies against outer membrane proteins and free of reactive antibodies against lipopolysaccharide showed relatively low agglutinating activities against the bacteria. The antibodies against the protein constituents of the outer membrane belong mainly to the 7S class immunoglobulins, as indicated by 2-mercaptoethanol treatment of the antisera."}
{"id": "PMID:344834", "title": "A persistent infection of baby hamster kidney-21 cells with mumps virus and the role of temperature-sensitive variants.", "content": "A persistent infection of baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells with mumps virus (BHKpi) was maintained for over 60 cell passages in the absence of antiserum. Viral persistence was demonstrated in the cultures by hemadsorption, immunofluorescence, multinucleate syncytia, and released mumps virus at the level of 10(2)--10(3) fluorescent focus-forming units/ml. No detectable levels of interferon were found in cultures persistently infected with mumps virus. Approximately 85--95% of the cells contained viral antigens. Nuclear fluorescence was observed in the persistently infected cells. Mumps virus from persistently infected clutures (MuVpi) was more heat-labile than wild-type mumps (MuVo) when subjected to 40 degrees C. BHKpi cells had a more rapid doubling time and a higher cloning efficiency in soft agar in comparison to BHK-21 cells. MuVpi was also found to be temperature-sensitive. The temperature-sensitivity of MuVpi was determined by the efficiency of plating at 33 degrees and 39 degrees C. MuVpi readily established a persistent infection in BHK-21 cells with less cytopathology than MuVo, and released temperature-sensitive virus.", "contents": "A persistent infection of baby hamster kidney-21 cells with mumps virus and the role of temperature-sensitive variants. A persistent infection of baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells with mumps virus (BHKpi) was maintained for over 60 cell passages in the absence of antiserum. Viral persistence was demonstrated in the cultures by hemadsorption, immunofluorescence, multinucleate syncytia, and released mumps virus at the level of 10(2)--10(3) fluorescent focus-forming units/ml. No detectable levels of interferon were found in cultures persistently infected with mumps virus. Approximately 85--95% of the cells contained viral antigens. Nuclear fluorescence was observed in the persistently infected cells. Mumps virus from persistently infected clutures (MuVpi) was more heat-labile than wild-type mumps (MuVo) when subjected to 40 degrees C. BHKpi cells had a more rapid doubling time and a higher cloning efficiency in soft agar in comparison to BHK-21 cells. MuVpi was also found to be temperature-sensitive. The temperature-sensitivity of MuVpi was determined by the efficiency of plating at 33 degrees and 39 degrees C. MuVpi readily established a persistent infection in BHK-21 cells with less cytopathology than MuVo, and released temperature-sensitive virus."}
{"id": "PMID:344835", "title": "Clinical and serologic effects of live attenuated serum inhibitor-resistant influenza B vaccine in seronegative adults.", "content": "The clinical effects, nasal and serum antibody responses, and virus excretion of a live attenuated serum inhibitor-resistant influenza B virus vaccine, R75, was evaluated in 43 seronegative healthy adults by a random double-blind study. Symptom responses were minimal and were not significantly different between vaccine and placebo groups. No fevers, abnormalities in physical examination or laboratory testing developed during 4 weeks of observation. Among vaccinees, 10 (48%) developed serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies, 16 (76%) developed serum neutralization (N) antibodies and 4 (19%) developed nasal N antibodies. The GMT responses from study day 0 to day 28 were 4.0 to 10.4 for serum HI, 1.8 to 9.8 for serum N, and 1.0 to 1.4 for nasal N. There were no significant titer changes in the placebo group. No virus excretion was detected. Although there are some questions concerning the relationship of antibody levels to protection, the low antibody responses in this study are an indication that R75 is not sufficiently immunogenic.", "contents": "Clinical and serologic effects of live attenuated serum inhibitor-resistant influenza B vaccine in seronegative adults. The clinical effects, nasal and serum antibody responses, and virus excretion of a live attenuated serum inhibitor-resistant influenza B virus vaccine, R75, was evaluated in 43 seronegative healthy adults by a random double-blind study. Symptom responses were minimal and were not significantly different between vaccine and placebo groups. No fevers, abnormalities in physical examination or laboratory testing developed during 4 weeks of observation. Among vaccinees, 10 (48%) developed serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies, 16 (76%) developed serum neutralization (N) antibodies and 4 (19%) developed nasal N antibodies. The GMT responses from study day 0 to day 28 were 4.0 to 10.4 for serum HI, 1.8 to 9.8 for serum N, and 1.0 to 1.4 for nasal N. There were no significant titer changes in the placebo group. No virus excretion was detected. Although there are some questions concerning the relationship of antibody levels to protection, the low antibody responses in this study are an indication that R75 is not sufficiently immunogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:344839", "title": "Studies on the fine structural localization of zinc iodide-osmium reaction in the brain. III. Some characteristics of localization in the synaptosomes.", "content": "Synaptosomes from rat cerebral cortex were impregnated in the zinc iodide--osmium (ZIO) solution. The fine structural localization of the ZIO impregnation product was studied and, in addition, the function-dependent features of the reaction were examined after electrical stimulation or potassium chloride treatment. It was revealed that: (i) Aldehyde prefixation resulted in an increase in the number of reactive synaptic vesicles in all types of synaptosomes; (ii) Electrical stimulation decreased the number of reactive vesicles in a voltage dependent manner; (iii) Potassium chloride treatment also reduced the reactivity of vesicles; the reduction was dependent on the concentration of potassium and duration of treatment; (iv) Experimental interventions leading to the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles and to fatigue of the nerve terminals also resulted in a decrease of the ZIO-reaction product of synaptic vesicles in a manner proportional to the strength of stimuli.", "contents": "Studies on the fine structural localization of zinc iodide-osmium reaction in the brain. III. Some characteristics of localization in the synaptosomes. Synaptosomes from rat cerebral cortex were impregnated in the zinc iodide--osmium (ZIO) solution. The fine structural localization of the ZIO impregnation product was studied and, in addition, the function-dependent features of the reaction were examined after electrical stimulation or potassium chloride treatment. It was revealed that: (i) Aldehyde prefixation resulted in an increase in the number of reactive synaptic vesicles in all types of synaptosomes; (ii) Electrical stimulation decreased the number of reactive vesicles in a voltage dependent manner; (iii) Potassium chloride treatment also reduced the reactivity of vesicles; the reduction was dependent on the concentration of potassium and duration of treatment; (iv) Experimental interventions leading to the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles and to fatigue of the nerve terminals also resulted in a decrease of the ZIO-reaction product of synaptic vesicles in a manner proportional to the strength of stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:344841", "title": "Wire closure of intracranial arteriotomy. Technical note.", "content": "A technique is desdribed for closure of intracranial arteriotomies in areas of difficult exposure, using wire sutures that can be twisted rather than tied.", "contents": "Wire closure of intracranial arteriotomy. Technical note. A technique is desdribed for closure of intracranial arteriotomies in areas of difficult exposure, using wire sutures that can be twisted rather than tied."}
{"id": "PMID:344842", "title": "Eikenella osteomyelitis of the mandible associated with anemia of chronic disease.", "content": "An unusual case of mixed bacterial osteomyelitis has been reported. The prodominant organism, E corrodens, normally is an inhabitant of the aerodigestive tract; its pathogenicity should not be overlooked in the diagnosis and treatment of oral infections. In addition, descriptions of anemia of chronic disease and of the spontaneous healing of a large defect of the bone have been presented.", "contents": "Eikenella osteomyelitis of the mandible associated with anemia of chronic disease. An unusual case of mixed bacterial osteomyelitis has been reported. The prodominant organism, E corrodens, normally is an inhabitant of the aerodigestive tract; its pathogenicity should not be overlooked in the diagnosis and treatment of oral infections. In addition, descriptions of anemia of chronic disease and of the spontaneous healing of a large defect of the bone have been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:344850", "title": "The effectiveness of the short- and long-term use of crystallized theophylline in asthmatic children.", "content": "The bioavailability, duration of action, and efficacy of a crystallized tablet form of theophylline were studied in 16 nonsteroid-dependent asthmatic children. All required bronchodilator drugs daily for control of symptoms. Theophylline 125 mg, ephedrine SO4 30 mg, T + E, or placebo were given in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design on four separate days. Pulmonary function tests (FVC, FEV1, FEF25-75) and serum T levels were determined at 0, 4, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours on both day one and after day 7 of a every-six-hour drug dosage schedule. Mean maximum T levels were achieved at two hours with a peak mean of 2.94 microgram/ml +/- 0.24 SEM on day one. On day 8, the maximum T levels were higher, with a peak mean at two hours of 4.69 microgram/ml +/- 0.49 SEM. Computer analyses for pharmokinetics are compatible with 100% absorption of this preparation. Pulmonary function tests were significantly improved (FEV1 20% and FEF25-75 15%) at T levels of 2 to 5 microgram/ml. Addition of E to the T regimen further improved pulmonary function only on day one and had no effect on the last study day.", "contents": "The effectiveness of the short- and long-term use of crystallized theophylline in asthmatic children. The bioavailability, duration of action, and efficacy of a crystallized tablet form of theophylline were studied in 16 nonsteroid-dependent asthmatic children. All required bronchodilator drugs daily for control of symptoms. Theophylline 125 mg, ephedrine SO4 30 mg, T + E, or placebo were given in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design on four separate days. Pulmonary function tests (FVC, FEV1, FEF25-75) and serum T levels were determined at 0, 4, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours on both day one and after day 7 of a every-six-hour drug dosage schedule. Mean maximum T levels were achieved at two hours with a peak mean of 2.94 microgram/ml +/- 0.24 SEM on day one. On day 8, the maximum T levels were higher, with a peak mean at two hours of 4.69 microgram/ml +/- 0.49 SEM. Computer analyses for pharmokinetics are compatible with 100% absorption of this preparation. Pulmonary function tests were significantly improved (FEV1 20% and FEF25-75 15%) at T levels of 2 to 5 microgram/ml. Addition of E to the T regimen further improved pulmonary function only on day one and had no effect on the last study day."}
{"id": "PMID:344853", "title": "Differences in Hand Test responses of healthy females across the life-span.", "content": "The Hand Test was administered to 175 females ranging from 17 to 72 years. Subjects were all \"community-living,\" within normal range of hearing and vision, in good health, and had a modal education level of high school graduate. Results were consistent with previous findings using projective techniques with the elderly, in that a depletion and constriction of personality appears to be concomitant with the normal aging process.", "contents": "Differences in Hand Test responses of healthy females across the life-span. The Hand Test was administered to 175 females ranging from 17 to 72 years. Subjects were all \"community-living,\" within normal range of hearing and vision, in good health, and had a modal education level of high school graduate. Results were consistent with previous findings using projective techniques with the elderly, in that a depletion and constriction of personality appears to be concomitant with the normal aging process."}
{"id": "PMID:344859", "title": "A new clapsing system for unilateral distal-extension removable partial dentures.", "content": "The background, rationale, and technique for fabricating the remodified Hart-Dunn attachment system have been presented. This subpontic attachment is a product of clinical experience in managing the unilateral distal extension removable partial denture patient. Minimal retention, reduced torque throughout the arch during function, and distribution of force according to sound mechanical principles make this remodified subpontic attachment the preferred method of treating most unilateral distal extension removable partial denture patients.", "contents": "A new clapsing system for unilateral distal-extension removable partial dentures. The background, rationale, and technique for fabricating the remodified Hart-Dunn attachment system have been presented. This subpontic attachment is a product of clinical experience in managing the unilateral distal extension removable partial denture patient. Minimal retention, reduced torque throughout the arch during function, and distribution of force according to sound mechanical principles make this remodified subpontic attachment the preferred method of treating most unilateral distal extension removable partial denture patients."}
{"id": "PMID:344860", "title": "Stresses from loading distal-extension removable partial dentures.", "content": "A concentrated load of 222 N in the region of the central fossa of the second molar resulted in stresses in the supporting bone which increased gradually from zero in the region of the retromolar pad to about 25 MN/m2 distal to the second molar. Stresses in the alveolar bone supporting the second premolar were about 30 MN/m2 at the cemento-enamel junction, decreased to about 20 MN/m2 distal to the apex of the root, increased to 100 MN/m2 at the apex, and decreased to 3 MN/m2 near the mesial upper third of the root surface. When a distributed load of 222 N was applied to the first and second molar region, the stress distribution was similar to that observed for the concentrated load, and stress magnitudes were about 20% lower. Dramatic decreases in stress, with the maximum stress at the apex being 40 MN/m2, occurred when a 222 N load was distributed in the area of the marginal ridge.", "contents": "Stresses from loading distal-extension removable partial dentures. A concentrated load of 222 N in the region of the central fossa of the second molar resulted in stresses in the supporting bone which increased gradually from zero in the region of the retromolar pad to about 25 MN/m2 distal to the second molar. Stresses in the alveolar bone supporting the second premolar were about 30 MN/m2 at the cemento-enamel junction, decreased to about 20 MN/m2 distal to the apex of the root, increased to 100 MN/m2 at the apex, and decreased to 3 MN/m2 near the mesial upper third of the root surface. When a distributed load of 222 N was applied to the first and second molar region, the stress distribution was similar to that observed for the concentrated load, and stress magnitudes were about 20% lower. Dramatic decreases in stress, with the maximum stress at the apex being 40 MN/m2, occurred when a 222 N load was distributed in the area of the marginal ridge."}
{"id": "PMID:344861", "title": "A study of various factors influencing shade of bonded porcelain.", "content": "Seventy-two specimens of four commercially used precious metals were constructed. The porcelain applied to these specimens was glazed up to nine times for shade comparison. Specimens were also studied with a scanning electron microscope prior to and after application of the porcelain. The important observations from this study were: 1. The four types of precious metals looked alike after casting and surface treatment and prior to application of porcelain. 2. Porcelain-bonded-to-metal shades were not influenced by the types of precious metals used. 3. Porcelain-bonded-to-metal shades remained stable after six glazings and changed only slightly after nine firings.", "contents": "A study of various factors influencing shade of bonded porcelain. Seventy-two specimens of four commercially used precious metals were constructed. The porcelain applied to these specimens was glazed up to nine times for shade comparison. Specimens were also studied with a scanning electron microscope prior to and after application of the porcelain. The important observations from this study were: 1. The four types of precious metals looked alike after casting and surface treatment and prior to application of porcelain. 2. Porcelain-bonded-to-metal shades were not influenced by the types of precious metals used. 3. Porcelain-bonded-to-metal shades remained stable after six glazings and changed only slightly after nine firings."}
{"id": "PMID:344863", "title": "Human blood pressure and pulse rate response to racemic epinephrine retraction cord.", "content": "1. The pulse rate of patients after application of racemic epinephrine-impregnated retraction cords depends more on the level of anxiety and stress than on the level of the epinephrine. 2. Blood pressure is elevated by placement of racemic epinephrine-impregnated retraction cords upon an exposed vascular bed or lacerated tissue. 3. Four percent racemic epinephrine-impregnated retraction cords cause less elevation of blood pressure than 8% racemic epinephrine cords. 4. Although the elevations in blood pressure from 8% cord occur within a narrow range, this range may be hazardous to cardiac patients. Therefore, 4% racemic epinephrine cord should be used. 5. A desirable amount of tissue retraction is produced by 4% racemic epinephrine cord. 6. Dry cords do not provide adequate retraction of tissue and are contraindicated for tissue-retraction purposes.", "contents": "Human blood pressure and pulse rate response to racemic epinephrine retraction cord. 1. The pulse rate of patients after application of racemic epinephrine-impregnated retraction cords depends more on the level of anxiety and stress than on the level of the epinephrine. 2. Blood pressure is elevated by placement of racemic epinephrine-impregnated retraction cords upon an exposed vascular bed or lacerated tissue. 3. Four percent racemic epinephrine-impregnated retraction cords cause less elevation of blood pressure than 8% racemic epinephrine cords. 4. Although the elevations in blood pressure from 8% cord occur within a narrow range, this range may be hazardous to cardiac patients. Therefore, 4% racemic epinephrine cord should be used. 5. A desirable amount of tissue retraction is produced by 4% racemic epinephrine cord. 6. Dry cords do not provide adequate retraction of tissue and are contraindicated for tissue-retraction purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:344864", "title": "Spherical powder for retaining thermosetting acrylic resin veneers.", "content": "1. Nine different sizes of spherical powder were prepared, and their effectiveness as retentive devices was evaluated against those available commercially. 2. Smaller-diameter spherical powder (No. 5) gave the best results of all retaining devices tested. 3. The physical properties of the resins play an important role in the retentive strength with No. 5 retention beads. The retentive strength was reduced when brittle resin was used. 4. The retentive strength of the resin veneer was greatly affected by the angle of stress at the incisal resin. The retentive strength increased as the angle between the longitudinal axis of the specimen and the direction of stress decreased.", "contents": "Spherical powder for retaining thermosetting acrylic resin veneers. 1. Nine different sizes of spherical powder were prepared, and their effectiveness as retentive devices was evaluated against those available commercially. 2. Smaller-diameter spherical powder (No. 5) gave the best results of all retaining devices tested. 3. The physical properties of the resins play an important role in the retentive strength with No. 5 retention beads. The retentive strength was reduced when brittle resin was used. 4. The retentive strength of the resin veneer was greatly affected by the angle of stress at the incisal resin. The retentive strength increased as the angle between the longitudinal axis of the specimen and the direction of stress decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:344866", "title": "A method of stabilizing removable partial denture castings during clinical and laboratory procedures.", "content": "The use of a temporary incisal rest at the most anterior point of a removable partial denture framework is advocated. This rest provides stabilization during intraoral and laboratory procedures when the corrected master cast technique is used.", "contents": "A method of stabilizing removable partial denture castings during clinical and laboratory procedures. The use of a temporary incisal rest at the most anterior point of a removable partial denture framework is advocated. This rest provides stabilization during intraoral and laboratory procedures when the corrected master cast technique is used."}
{"id": "PMID:344871", "title": "Studies on the control of the corpus luteum in the vole, Microtus agrestis.", "content": "The lifespan of corpora lutea resulting from hormonally induced ovulations was prolonged by exogenous prolactin, concurrent lactation, or pregnancy. Treatment of mated females with bromocriptine resulted in failure of luteal function only when the drug was given before Day 6 of pregnancy. Pregnancy was dependent on the presence of the ovaries in its later stages. The results suggest that prolactin is luteotrophic in early pregnancy but that a placental luteotrophin may become effective by Day 6 of pregnancy.", "contents": "Studies on the control of the corpus luteum in the vole, Microtus agrestis. The lifespan of corpora lutea resulting from hormonally induced ovulations was prolonged by exogenous prolactin, concurrent lactation, or pregnancy. Treatment of mated females with bromocriptine resulted in failure of luteal function only when the drug was given before Day 6 of pregnancy. Pregnancy was dependent on the presence of the ovaries in its later stages. The results suggest that prolactin is luteotrophic in early pregnancy but that a placental luteotrophin may become effective by Day 6 of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:344872", "title": "Effect of prolactin on the LH response to synthetic LH-RH in ovariectomized ewes.", "content": "When ovariectomized ewes were treated with LH-RH, all 3 receiving prolactin infusion and 4 out of 5 receiving an infusion of NaCl solution responded.", "contents": "Effect of prolactin on the LH response to synthetic LH-RH in ovariectomized ewes. When ovariectomized ewes were treated with LH-RH, all 3 receiving prolactin infusion and 4 out of 5 receiving an infusion of NaCl solution responded."}
{"id": "PMID:344873", "title": "Comparison of LH release and luteal function in cyclic and LH-RH-treated anoestrous ewes pretreated with PMSG or oestrogen.", "content": "Pretreatment of seasonally anoestrous Clun Forest ewes with 750 i.u. PMSG or 50 microgram oestradiol benzoate 24 or 7 h respectively before a single injection of 150 microgram synthetic LH-RH significantly increased the release of LH compared to that after injection of 150 microgram LH-RH alone. Total LH release in the two \"combined\" treatments was approximately 70% of that found at a natural oestrus, compared to 25% for LH-RH alone. All but one of the treated ewes ovulated, but only those pretreated with PMSG consistently produced corpora lutea capable of elevating peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations although these were lower than those at natural mid-cycle. These progesterone concentrations were, however, comparable to those during the natural cycle when corrected for the higher metabolic clearance rate found during anoestrus.", "contents": "Comparison of LH release and luteal function in cyclic and LH-RH-treated anoestrous ewes pretreated with PMSG or oestrogen. Pretreatment of seasonally anoestrous Clun Forest ewes with 750 i.u. PMSG or 50 microgram oestradiol benzoate 24 or 7 h respectively before a single injection of 150 microgram synthetic LH-RH significantly increased the release of LH compared to that after injection of 150 microgram LH-RH alone. Total LH release in the two \"combined\" treatments was approximately 70% of that found at a natural oestrus, compared to 25% for LH-RH alone. All but one of the treated ewes ovulated, but only those pretreated with PMSG consistently produced corpora lutea capable of elevating peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations although these were lower than those at natural mid-cycle. These progesterone concentrations were, however, comparable to those during the natural cycle when corrected for the higher metabolic clearance rate found during anoestrus."}
{"id": "PMID:344874", "title": "Presence and activity of LH-RH in the mid-term human fetus.", "content": "Immunoreactive LH-RH was present in all the hypothalamic and cortical extracts of mid-term human fetuses studied and in the cortical tissue removed from the two youngest fetuses. Gonadotrophin-releasing activity of hypothalamic and cortical extracts was demonstrated by the significant rises of circulating LH after infusion into oestrogen and progesterone-primed ovariectomized rats.", "contents": "Presence and activity of LH-RH in the mid-term human fetus. Immunoreactive LH-RH was present in all the hypothalamic and cortical extracts of mid-term human fetuses studied and in the cortical tissue removed from the two youngest fetuses. Gonadotrophin-releasing activity of hypothalamic and cortical extracts was demonstrated by the significant rises of circulating LH after infusion into oestrogen and progesterone-primed ovariectomized rats."}
{"id": "PMID:344885", "title": "Evaluation of a gross anatomy program without dissection.", "content": "Freshman medical students have been participating in an experimental multimedia gross anatomy program at Emory University for five years. The program includes audiovisuals, computer-assisted instruction, and tutorial sessions using prosected specimens. No lectures are given nor is dissection permitted. Experimental and traditional groups were compared by intramural written and practical examinations and by an extramural written examination prepared by the National Board of Medical Examiners and the Association of Anatomy Chairmen. Study of 35 intramural examinations given to five classes showed students in the traditional course with significantly higher performance in three examinations and students in the experimental course with significantly higher performance in six examinations. Neither group's performance was significantly higher on any extramural examination. It was concluded that, as measured by conventional examinations, students in the multimedia program with prosection tutorials learned human anatomy as well as those in the traditional lecture-dissection program.", "contents": "Evaluation of a gross anatomy program without dissection. Freshman medical students have been participating in an experimental multimedia gross anatomy program at Emory University for five years. The program includes audiovisuals, computer-assisted instruction, and tutorial sessions using prosected specimens. No lectures are given nor is dissection permitted. Experimental and traditional groups were compared by intramural written and practical examinations and by an extramural written examination prepared by the National Board of Medical Examiners and the Association of Anatomy Chairmen. Study of 35 intramural examinations given to five classes showed students in the traditional course with significantly higher performance in three examinations and students in the experimental course with significantly higher performance in six examinations. Neither group's performance was significantly higher on any extramural examination. It was concluded that, as measured by conventional examinations, students in the multimedia program with prosection tutorials learned human anatomy as well as those in the traditional lecture-dissection program."}
{"id": "PMID:344895", "title": "Comparison of various immunological methods for distinguishing among mammalian pancreatic ribonucleases of known amino acid sequence.", "content": "Fourteen mammalian pancreatic ribonucleases of known amino acid sequence were compared by 1 or more of 3 different immunological methods: standard quantitative micro-complement fixation, spot-plate micro-complement fixation, and inhibition of phage inactivation. It was found that, while the results obtained by the 3 techniques were correlated with one another, the standard micro-complement fixation procedure was most versatile, economical of materials, and easiest to execute. The standard MC'F technique was more sensitive than the spot-plate technique to differences in amino acid sequence. The inhibition of phage inactivation method was more sensitive than the standard method for measuring differences among closely related RNases but proved impractical for amino acid differences over 15%; the MC'F method could be extended to at least 30% sequence differences. The standard method, moreover, readily detected the single amino acid difference between dromedary and camel RNases. A linear relationship was found between immunological distance (y) in the MC'F test and percent sequence difference (x) which fit the equation y = 7x. The strength of the correlation between immunological distance and percent sequence difference is consistent with the proposal that a large fraction of the evolutionary substitutions of amino acids in ribonuclease are immunologically detectable. This could be explained either by a multideterminant hypothesis or by a pauci-determinant hypothesis which says that substitutions occurring outside determinants produce small conformational changes influencing determinant reactivity.", "contents": "Comparison of various immunological methods for distinguishing among mammalian pancreatic ribonucleases of known amino acid sequence. Fourteen mammalian pancreatic ribonucleases of known amino acid sequence were compared by 1 or more of 3 different immunological methods: standard quantitative micro-complement fixation, spot-plate micro-complement fixation, and inhibition of phage inactivation. It was found that, while the results obtained by the 3 techniques were correlated with one another, the standard micro-complement fixation procedure was most versatile, economical of materials, and easiest to execute. The standard MC'F technique was more sensitive than the spot-plate technique to differences in amino acid sequence. The inhibition of phage inactivation method was more sensitive than the standard method for measuring differences among closely related RNases but proved impractical for amino acid differences over 15%; the MC'F method could be extended to at least 30% sequence differences. The standard method, moreover, readily detected the single amino acid difference between dromedary and camel RNases. A linear relationship was found between immunological distance (y) in the MC'F test and percent sequence difference (x) which fit the equation y = 7x. The strength of the correlation between immunological distance and percent sequence difference is consistent with the proposal that a large fraction of the evolutionary substitutions of amino acids in ribonuclease are immunologically detectable. This could be explained either by a multideterminant hypothesis or by a pauci-determinant hypothesis which says that substitutions occurring outside determinants produce small conformational changes influencing determinant reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:344896", "title": "Pattern and chance in the use of the genetic code.", "content": "The use of triplet code words in E. coli, phiX174, MS2, and rabbit globin was examined. A significant deficiency of purines in the third position of four fold degenerate codons was noted, although its significance is not understood. There has been no consistent selection against uracil in pyrimidine restricted codons. For many amino acids the choice between code words appears random, while for arginine, isoleucine, and probably glycine, distinct biases exist which can be explained in terms of tRNA availability.", "contents": "Pattern and chance in the use of the genetic code. The use of triplet code words in E. coli, phiX174, MS2, and rabbit globin was examined. A significant deficiency of purines in the third position of four fold degenerate codons was noted, although its significance is not understood. There has been no consistent selection against uracil in pyrimidine restricted codons. For many amino acids the choice between code words appears random, while for arginine, isoleucine, and probably glycine, distinct biases exist which can be explained in terms of tRNA availability."}
{"id": "PMID:344898", "title": "Prognostic factors in the initial response to therapy by patients with advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Identification of important prognostic factors with respect to the patient's initial response to therapy was made from a set of 25 covariates available on 281 patients with advanced breast cancer. Since the patients studied were all participants in a randomized clinical trial that involved three different treatment regimens (repeated weekly treatment of a combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, and prednisone; intermittent treatment of the same preceding five drugs given in 5-day courses every 4 weeks; or treatment every 3 weeks with adriamycin as a single agent), the effect of these treatments on the selection of important covariates was assessed. Although some evidence indicated that the set of important covariates differed by treatment, the differences were not strong enough to be of practical importance. Non-Caucasian patients did poorly on all regimens with a response rate of only 31% compared to 62% for Caucasian patients. The covariates of major prognostic importance for Caucasians were: disease-free interval, liver involvement, and performance status. Ambulatory patients with long disease-free intervals and no liver involvement had the best prognosis. After adjustments were made for these three covariates, the remaining covariates (such as menopausal status, bone involvement, number of metastatic sites, and duration of metastatic disease) were not significantly related to response. As reported earlier, the treatment effect was significant, even after adjustments were made for the important covariates.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in the initial response to therapy by patients with advanced breast cancer. Identification of important prognostic factors with respect to the patient's initial response to therapy was made from a set of 25 covariates available on 281 patients with advanced breast cancer. Since the patients studied were all participants in a randomized clinical trial that involved three different treatment regimens (repeated weekly treatment of a combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, and prednisone; intermittent treatment of the same preceding five drugs given in 5-day courses every 4 weeks; or treatment every 3 weeks with adriamycin as a single agent), the effect of these treatments on the selection of important covariates was assessed. Although some evidence indicated that the set of important covariates differed by treatment, the differences were not strong enough to be of practical importance. Non-Caucasian patients did poorly on all regimens with a response rate of only 31% compared to 62% for Caucasian patients. The covariates of major prognostic importance for Caucasians were: disease-free interval, liver involvement, and performance status. Ambulatory patients with long disease-free intervals and no liver involvement had the best prognosis. After adjustments were made for these three covariates, the remaining covariates (such as menopausal status, bone involvement, number of metastatic sites, and duration of metastatic disease) were not significantly related to response. As reported earlier, the treatment effect was significant, even after adjustments were made for the important covariates."}
{"id": "PMID:344899", "title": "Efficacy of BCG vaccination in prevention of cancer: an update.", "content": "From 1949 to 1951, a controlled trial of BCG vaccinations was conducted in Puerto Rico. The 191,827 children, 1-18 years of age, initially enrolled in the study were skin-tested with tuberculin to determine their eligibility for vaccination. A total of 82,269 children were classified as reactors and not vaccinated. Of the 109, 558 nonreactors, 31,586 refused vaccination, 50,634 were vaccinated with BCG, and 27,338 were left unvaccinated as controls. We ascertained the incidence of cancer over an average follow-up period of 23.3 years in the latter two groups using the Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry. By the end of December 1973, a total of 77 cancers had been diagnosed among the controls and 150 among the vaccinees. The overall incidence of cancer among the two groups was similar. Although a number of differences existed between the vaccinee group and the controls in regard to the incidence of cancer at various \"sites\", none of these differences was statistically significant. However, when cases of lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease were combined for analysis, a statistically significant excess of cases occurred among the vaccinees. We concluded that BCG vaccination had no protective effect on the subsequent development of cancer in this population. The slight excess of cases of lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease among the vaccinees raised the possibility that BCG may have had an adverse effect.", "contents": "Efficacy of BCG vaccination in prevention of cancer: an update. From 1949 to 1951, a controlled trial of BCG vaccinations was conducted in Puerto Rico. The 191,827 children, 1-18 years of age, initially enrolled in the study were skin-tested with tuberculin to determine their eligibility for vaccination. A total of 82,269 children were classified as reactors and not vaccinated. Of the 109, 558 nonreactors, 31,586 refused vaccination, 50,634 were vaccinated with BCG, and 27,338 were left unvaccinated as controls. We ascertained the incidence of cancer over an average follow-up period of 23.3 years in the latter two groups using the Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry. By the end of December 1973, a total of 77 cancers had been diagnosed among the controls and 150 among the vaccinees. The overall incidence of cancer among the two groups was similar. Although a number of differences existed between the vaccinee group and the controls in regard to the incidence of cancer at various \"sites\", none of these differences was statistically significant. However, when cases of lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease were combined for analysis, a statistically significant excess of cases occurred among the vaccinees. We concluded that BCG vaccination had no protective effect on the subsequent development of cancer in this population. The slight excess of cases of lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease among the vaccinees raised the possibility that BCG may have had an adverse effect."}
{"id": "PMID:344900", "title": "Antitumor immunity in strain 2 guinea pigs immunized with potassium chloride extracts of L2C tumor cells.", "content": "Extracts of L2C tumor cells stimulated in vitro production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs immunized with L2C tumor cells. Guinea pigs immunized with extracts of L2C tumor cells that were active in vitro (in the MIF assay) were completely resistant to challenge with viable tumor cells given 2 weeks later. Furthermore, guinea pigs immunized with extracts of L2C tumor cells within 1 hour after challenge with viable L2C tumor cells survived substantially longer than did nonimmunized controls. The immunoprotective and immunotherapeutic effects seen in guinea pigs given injections of viable L2C tumor cells were obtained with extracts of L2C tumor cells but not with extracts of another guinea pig tumor (line 10 hepatoma) or with extracts of normal guinea pig lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Antitumor immunity in strain 2 guinea pigs immunized with potassium chloride extracts of L2C tumor cells. Extracts of L2C tumor cells stimulated in vitro production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs immunized with L2C tumor cells. Guinea pigs immunized with extracts of L2C tumor cells that were active in vitro (in the MIF assay) were completely resistant to challenge with viable tumor cells given 2 weeks later. Furthermore, guinea pigs immunized with extracts of L2C tumor cells within 1 hour after challenge with viable L2C tumor cells survived substantially longer than did nonimmunized controls. The immunoprotective and immunotherapeutic effects seen in guinea pigs given injections of viable L2C tumor cells were obtained with extracts of L2C tumor cells but not with extracts of another guinea pig tumor (line 10 hepatoma) or with extracts of normal guinea pig lymphoid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:344902", "title": "Power take-off injuries.", "content": "Power take-off injuries are uncommon, but serious and potentially fatal. Seven cases are reported demonstrating the violent trauma that can be incurred. The danger associated with use of machines with this and other power equipment is emphasized. Safety shields should be improved, and operators educated about the importance of retaining the shields and using machinery properly at all times.", "contents": "Power take-off injuries. Power take-off injuries are uncommon, but serious and potentially fatal. Seven cases are reported demonstrating the violent trauma that can be incurred. The danger associated with use of machines with this and other power equipment is emphasized. Safety shields should be improved, and operators educated about the importance of retaining the shields and using machinery properly at all times."}
{"id": "PMID:344903", "title": "Tracheo-innominate artery erosion in a burned child.", "content": "A tracheo-innominate artery erosion in a 10-year-old boy 10 months after 80% burns in a gasoline explosion is reported. Tracheostomy was performed on the day of the burn to maintain an airway. Fatal hemorrhage from the erosion was the cause of death. Prevention can be achieved by: correct placement (second or third ring); aseptic tracheal toilet; positive nitrogen balance; and earliest possible tracheostomy removal.", "contents": "Tracheo-innominate artery erosion in a burned child. A tracheo-innominate artery erosion in a 10-year-old boy 10 months after 80% burns in a gasoline explosion is reported. Tracheostomy was performed on the day of the burn to maintain an airway. Fatal hemorrhage from the erosion was the cause of death. Prevention can be achieved by: correct placement (second or third ring); aseptic tracheal toilet; positive nitrogen balance; and earliest possible tracheostomy removal."}
{"id": "PMID:344914", "title": "Primary appendectomy. The effect of prophylatic cephaloridine on postoperative wound infection.", "content": "A prospective, randomized, double-blind study on the effect of cephaloridine prophylaxis in the surgical management of appendicitis was performed. Of the 139 patients studied, 70 received cephaloridine and 69 received placebo prophylaxis. Both groups of patients were well matched with regard to age, sex, operative findings, and bacteria isolated at operation. Postoperative wound infections were detected in 11.6% of placebo-treated patients and in 1.4% of cephaloridine-treated patients (P less than .02). Prophylactic treatment with cephaloridine of patients undergoing surgery for uncomplicated appendicitis resulted in a perceptible reduction in the rate of postoperative wound infection.", "contents": "Primary appendectomy. The effect of prophylatic cephaloridine on postoperative wound infection. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study on the effect of cephaloridine prophylaxis in the surgical management of appendicitis was performed. Of the 139 patients studied, 70 received cephaloridine and 69 received placebo prophylaxis. Both groups of patients were well matched with regard to age, sex, operative findings, and bacteria isolated at operation. Postoperative wound infections were detected in 11.6% of placebo-treated patients and in 1.4% of cephaloridine-treated patients (P less than .02). Prophylactic treatment with cephaloridine of patients undergoing surgery for uncomplicated appendicitis resulted in a perceptible reduction in the rate of postoperative wound infection."}
{"id": "PMID:344916", "title": "North American Indian rock art and hallucinogenic drugs.", "content": "It is proposed that the aboriginal rock paintings in two areas of North America may have been produced by shamans while they were under the influence of hallucinogenic agents derived from plants. The first of these areas is the Chumash and Yokuts Indian region of California, where polychrome paintings show designs similar to those visualized during the trance induced by decoctions of jimsonweed (Datura species). The second area is the lower Pecos River region of Texas, where shamanistic figures display traits considered to be conceptual analogues of the mescal bean (Sophora secundiflora) cult as practiced during historic times by Great Plains Indians. Although the evidence is only circumstantial, the proposed connections between these rock drawings and mind-expanding pharmacologic compounds fit well into the documented relationship that encompasses hallucinogenic drugs and certain movable objects of pre-Columbian American art.", "contents": "North American Indian rock art and hallucinogenic drugs. It is proposed that the aboriginal rock paintings in two areas of North America may have been produced by shamans while they were under the influence of hallucinogenic agents derived from plants. The first of these areas is the Chumash and Yokuts Indian region of California, where polychrome paintings show designs similar to those visualized during the trance induced by decoctions of jimsonweed (Datura species). The second area is the lower Pecos River region of Texas, where shamanistic figures display traits considered to be conceptual analogues of the mescal bean (Sophora secundiflora) cult as practiced during historic times by Great Plains Indians. Although the evidence is only circumstantial, the proposed connections between these rock drawings and mind-expanding pharmacologic compounds fit well into the documented relationship that encompasses hallucinogenic drugs and certain movable objects of pre-Columbian American art."}
{"id": "PMID:344922", "title": "Computer-based case tracing (COMTRAC).", "content": "To assist clinical assessment and decision making, a computer-based system has been developed to organize key data of individual medical records and display these data in a standard graphic format for each disease. A program for multiple myeloma has been completed and 150 case records entered. The data accessed by computer-based case tracing on all cases of a particular disease are available for cumulative and comparative analyses of different therapeutic regimens.", "contents": "Computer-based case tracing (COMTRAC). To assist clinical assessment and decision making, a computer-based system has been developed to organize key data of individual medical records and display these data in a standard graphic format for each disease. A program for multiple myeloma has been completed and 150 case records entered. The data accessed by computer-based case tracing on all cases of a particular disease are available for cumulative and comparative analyses of different therapeutic regimens."}
{"id": "PMID:344924", "title": "Antibody response to group A streptococci in acute rheumatic fever.", "content": "The Streptozyme test was compared with the three conventional tests (ASO, AH and ASK). Two hundred and four human serum specimens were tested by each of four tests. Sera taken during acute phase from patients with acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis exhibited very high titers by the Streptozyme test. Titers of less than 100 would be considered negative and titers of 200 or greater highly suggestive or recent streptococcal infections by the Streptozyme test. The Streptozyme test appears to represent a simple, sensitive test for the detection of serum antibodies to streptococcal products. However, the complexity of the Streptozyme reagent suggests that more extensive studies are needed.", "contents": "Antibody response to group A streptococci in acute rheumatic fever. The Streptozyme test was compared with the three conventional tests (ASO, AH and ASK). Two hundred and four human serum specimens were tested by each of four tests. Sera taken during acute phase from patients with acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis exhibited very high titers by the Streptozyme test. Titers of less than 100 would be considered negative and titers of 200 or greater highly suggestive or recent streptococcal infections by the Streptozyme test. The Streptozyme test appears to represent a simple, sensitive test for the detection of serum antibodies to streptococcal products. However, the complexity of the Streptozyme reagent suggests that more extensive studies are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:344950", "title": "Septicemic infection in nude mice caused by a virulent strain of Mycobacterium bovis.", "content": "Following i.v. infection with 2.3 to 2 X 10(6) viable organisms of Mycobacterium bovis strain Ravenel, congentitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice of BALB/c background died earlier than their heterozygous (nu/+) counterparts, showing necrotic nodules in the heart and kidney with the involvement of liver and spleen. Pulmonary lesions in nu/nu mice, however, were less severe than those of dead nu/+ mice. In the reticuloendothelial organs of nu/nu mice, macrophages loaded numerous acid fast bacilli were transiently proliferated and later, necrotic-exudative lesions were produced without epithelioid granuloma formation, while necrotic lesions appeared at very early stage of infection in the other organs as well as adipose tissues. After thymocyte-reconstitution nu/nu mice were capable of developing epithelioid granulomas as seen in nu/+ mice, though having more numerous bacilli in granulomas than those of nu/+.", "contents": "Septicemic infection in nude mice caused by a virulent strain of Mycobacterium bovis. Following i.v. infection with 2.3 to 2 X 10(6) viable organisms of Mycobacterium bovis strain Ravenel, congentitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice of BALB/c background died earlier than their heterozygous (nu/+) counterparts, showing necrotic nodules in the heart and kidney with the involvement of liver and spleen. Pulmonary lesions in nu/nu mice, however, were less severe than those of dead nu/+ mice. In the reticuloendothelial organs of nu/nu mice, macrophages loaded numerous acid fast bacilli were transiently proliferated and later, necrotic-exudative lesions were produced without epithelioid granuloma formation, while necrotic lesions appeared at very early stage of infection in the other organs as well as adipose tissues. After thymocyte-reconstitution nu/nu mice were capable of developing epithelioid granulomas as seen in nu/+ mice, though having more numerous bacilli in granulomas than those of nu/+."}
{"id": "PMID:344955", "title": "Effect of anticonvulsants on thalamic afterdischarge in rats and cats.", "content": "Effects of anticonvulsants were determined on thalamic afterdischarge in gallamine-immobilized cats and d-tubocurarine-immobilized rats in order to clarify the participation of anticonvulsants in the thalamus. Thalamic afterdischarge was induced by electrical stimulation of cat nucleus centralis lateralis and rat nucleus reticularis at 50 Hz, 1 msec for 4 sec. In cats, diphenylhydantoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and diazepam raised afterdischarge threshold, and shortened its duration induced at twice the threshold voltage. Trimethadione and dipropylacetate raised the threshold, but did not change the duration. In rats, diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, and diazepam raised the threshold, and shortened the duration with comparable dose ranges used for cats. Dipropylacetate and acetazolamide raised the threshold, although did not change the duration except for shortening action with a higher dose of dipropylacetate. Trimethadione was without effect. These results suggest that the depressive effect of anticonvulsants on the thalamus is, at least in part, associated with control of the epilepsies.", "contents": "Effect of anticonvulsants on thalamic afterdischarge in rats and cats. Effects of anticonvulsants were determined on thalamic afterdischarge in gallamine-immobilized cats and d-tubocurarine-immobilized rats in order to clarify the participation of anticonvulsants in the thalamus. Thalamic afterdischarge was induced by electrical stimulation of cat nucleus centralis lateralis and rat nucleus reticularis at 50 Hz, 1 msec for 4 sec. In cats, diphenylhydantoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and diazepam raised afterdischarge threshold, and shortened its duration induced at twice the threshold voltage. Trimethadione and dipropylacetate raised the threshold, but did not change the duration. In rats, diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, and diazepam raised the threshold, and shortened the duration with comparable dose ranges used for cats. Dipropylacetate and acetazolamide raised the threshold, although did not change the duration except for shortening action with a higher dose of dipropylacetate. Trimethadione was without effect. These results suggest that the depressive effect of anticonvulsants on the thalamus is, at least in part, associated with control of the epilepsies."}
{"id": "PMID:344971", "title": "[Atrial complex in bronchial ECG leads].", "content": "The authors suggest a probe electrode by means of which the ECG may be recorded in the bronchial leads simultaneously from four levels of the atrioventricular zone. The P wave of bronchial ECG's was analysed in 24 patients who had no pathological changes in the respiratory organs and cardiovascular system in comparison with similar indices of routine ECG's. The informativeness of ECG's recorded in the bronchial leads in study of the bioelectric activity of the right and left atria is determined. It is pointed out that esophageal leads may be used for analysing the electric activity of the right atrium when they are recorded from the level of an electrode (28.5--31.5 cm) introduced into the esophagus.", "contents": "[Atrial complex in bronchial ECG leads]. The authors suggest a probe electrode by means of which the ECG may be recorded in the bronchial leads simultaneously from four levels of the atrioventricular zone. The P wave of bronchial ECG's was analysed in 24 patients who had no pathological changes in the respiratory organs and cardiovascular system in comparison with similar indices of routine ECG's. The informativeness of ECG's recorded in the bronchial leads in study of the bioelectric activity of the right and left atria is determined. It is pointed out that esophageal leads may be used for analysing the electric activity of the right atrium when they are recorded from the level of an electrode (28.5--31.5 cm) introduced into the esophagus."}
{"id": "PMID:344980", "title": "[Experiences with the implantation of anterior chamber lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "On account of the good results with the new generation of anterior chamber lenses reported by C.D. Binkhorst, the implantation of lenses was begun in 1969 at the Department of Ophthalmology in Bremen and 350 anterior chamber lenses were implanted till 1st Febr. 1977. After the presentation of indications and the operative technique, the problems of postoperative treatment, the results and complications are discussed. According to our experiences up to now, we see in the implantation of iris-supported artificial lenses an enrichment of our surgical possibilities particularly in respect of special functional requirements.", "contents": "[Experiences with the implantation of anterior chamber lenses (author's transl)]. On account of the good results with the new generation of anterior chamber lenses reported by C.D. Binkhorst, the implantation of lenses was begun in 1969 at the Department of Ophthalmology in Bremen and 350 anterior chamber lenses were implanted till 1st Febr. 1977. After the presentation of indications and the operative technique, the problems of postoperative treatment, the results and complications are discussed. According to our experiences up to now, we see in the implantation of iris-supported artificial lenses an enrichment of our surgical possibilities particularly in respect of special functional requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:344981", "title": "[Results of c\u00fcppers \"fadenoperation\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The so called \"Fadenoperation\" C\u00fcppers was performed in 233 patients = 40% of the cases who had been treated by muscle surgery at the University Eye Clinic Hamburg in 1975. The results in the different indication groups are presented. The most frequent indications are: Increased objective squint angle during near fixation, incomitant binocular movements in the horizontal plane, unstabile objective angles, nystagmus compensation (block-) syndrome, variation of Kestenbaum's nystagmusoperation. The result in 2/3 of the cases was satisfying, further surgery being not necessary.", "contents": "[Results of c\u00fcppers \"fadenoperation\" (author's transl)]. The so called \"Fadenoperation\" C\u00fcppers was performed in 233 patients = 40% of the cases who had been treated by muscle surgery at the University Eye Clinic Hamburg in 1975. The results in the different indication groups are presented. The most frequent indications are: Increased objective squint angle during near fixation, incomitant binocular movements in the horizontal plane, unstabile objective angles, nystagmus compensation (block-) syndrome, variation of Kestenbaum's nystagmusoperation. The result in 2/3 of the cases was satisfying, further surgery being not necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:344989", "title": "Ethylene dibromide as a mitogen for liver.", "content": "Intubation of ethylene dibromide (7.5 to 10 mg. per 100 gm. of body weight) into the stomach of nonfasted Wistar rats induces DNA synthesis and cell division in the liver. The peak of DNA synthesis, as measured by 3H-methyl thymidine incorporation, was attained at or shortly after 24 hours. The mitotic waves measured with the aid of colchicine occurred at 24 to 30 hours and 48 to 54 hours after ethylene dibromide treatment. Approximately 16 per cent of liver cells entered mitosis. The increase in DNA synthesis was confirmed by autoradiography. The stimulation of liver cell mitosis occurs in nonfasted animals without apparent cell necrosis. Thus, ethylene dibromide appears to be an effective mitogen for liver under some experimental conditions. The possible relationship between the mitogenic effect at a low dosage range and necrosis at a higher range is discussed.", "contents": "Ethylene dibromide as a mitogen for liver. Intubation of ethylene dibromide (7.5 to 10 mg. per 100 gm. of body weight) into the stomach of nonfasted Wistar rats induces DNA synthesis and cell division in the liver. The peak of DNA synthesis, as measured by 3H-methyl thymidine incorporation, was attained at or shortly after 24 hours. The mitotic waves measured with the aid of colchicine occurred at 24 to 30 hours and 48 to 54 hours after ethylene dibromide treatment. Approximately 16 per cent of liver cells entered mitosis. The increase in DNA synthesis was confirmed by autoradiography. The stimulation of liver cell mitosis occurs in nonfasted animals without apparent cell necrosis. Thus, ethylene dibromide appears to be an effective mitogen for liver under some experimental conditions. The possible relationship between the mitogenic effect at a low dosage range and necrosis at a higher range is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:344994", "title": "The discovery of addiction. Changing conceptions of habitual drunkenness in America.", "content": "The modern conception of alcoholism as a progressive, addictive disease dates from the late 18th century. By the mid-1800s it had become an integral part of American Temperance thought, as did the belief that total abstinence offered the only remedy for intemperance.", "contents": "The discovery of addiction. Changing conceptions of habitual drunkenness in America. The modern conception of alcoholism as a progressive, addictive disease dates from the late 18th century. By the mid-1800s it had become an integral part of American Temperance thought, as did the belief that total abstinence offered the only remedy for intemperance."}
{"id": "PMID:344995", "title": "Operative treatment of prolapse of the pars membranacea of the trachea.", "content": "A new method of operation for stiffening the tracheal back wall in cases of prolapse of the pars membranacea is reported; it has been applied with success on 22 cases. The advantages of this technically demanding operation starting from the neck over the method using transthoracic access with insertion of bone chips, fascia graft, or plastic prostheses are discussed.", "contents": "Operative treatment of prolapse of the pars membranacea of the trachea. A new method of operation for stiffening the tracheal back wall in cases of prolapse of the pars membranacea is reported; it has been applied with success on 22 cases. The advantages of this technically demanding operation starting from the neck over the method using transthoracic access with insertion of bone chips, fascia graft, or plastic prostheses are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:344996", "title": "Bacterial sputum cultures. A clinician's viewpoint.", "content": "The expectorated sputum and transtracheal aspiration bacterial culture data presented by Murray and Washington were reanalyzed after removing several species unlikely to cause pneumonia in adults. After these exclusions, mean numbers of species isolated per specimen were not excessive. Those specimens with more than 25 leukocytes per field (groups 3, 4, and 5) has similar numbers of isolates per specimen (1.04, 1.05, and 1.05) compared with those with fewer than 25 leukocytes per field (groups 1, 0.57, and 2, 0.59). For this reason and others, it is recommended that expectorated sputum samples be accepted for bacterial culture if they contain more than 25 leukocytes per field.", "contents": "Bacterial sputum cultures. A clinician's viewpoint. The expectorated sputum and transtracheal aspiration bacterial culture data presented by Murray and Washington were reanalyzed after removing several species unlikely to cause pneumonia in adults. After these exclusions, mean numbers of species isolated per specimen were not excessive. Those specimens with more than 25 leukocytes per field (groups 3, 4, and 5) has similar numbers of isolates per specimen (1.04, 1.05, and 1.05) compared with those with fewer than 25 leukocytes per field (groups 1, 0.57, and 2, 0.59). For this reason and others, it is recommended that expectorated sputum samples be accepted for bacterial culture if they contain more than 25 leukocytes per field."}
{"id": "PMID:344997", "title": "Should yeasts in respiratory secretions be identified?", "content": "Four hundred forty samples of sputa and bronchial washings were examined microscopically for evidence of pulmonary and oropharyngeal secretions. Most (88%) sputa showed definite evidence of oropharyngeal contamination, whereas bronchial washings showed much less frequent (21%) contamination. Culture results of the same specimens showed that yeasts (excluding dimorphic fungi) were recovered from 74% of the sputa and 25% of the bronchial washings. It seems that microscopic evidence of oropharyngeal contamination is a reliable index for predicting the presence of yeasts in respiratory secretions. Their presence in cultures of respiratory secretions probably represents \"normal flora\" except for Cryptococcus neoformans, and their routine identification is not warranted.", "contents": "Should yeasts in respiratory secretions be identified? Four hundred forty samples of sputa and bronchial washings were examined microscopically for evidence of pulmonary and oropharyngeal secretions. Most (88%) sputa showed definite evidence of oropharyngeal contamination, whereas bronchial washings showed much less frequent (21%) contamination. Culture results of the same specimens showed that yeasts (excluding dimorphic fungi) were recovered from 74% of the sputa and 25% of the bronchial washings. It seems that microscopic evidence of oropharyngeal contamination is a reliable index for predicting the presence of yeasts in respiratory secretions. Their presence in cultures of respiratory secretions probably represents \"normal flora\" except for Cryptococcus neoformans, and their routine identification is not warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:344998", "title": "Bullous and cicatricial pemphigoid. Clinical, histopathologic, and immunopathologic correlations.", "content": "A study of the records, biopsies, and immunopathologic data from 84 patients with bullous pemphigoid and 60 patients with cicatricial pemphigoid revealed that patients with bullous pemphigoid and negative or perhaps very low titer of circulating antibasement-membrane antibodies may constitute a distinct subgroup of patients with bullous pemphigoid. This group contained more women than men, had increased mucous membrane involvement, and had higher incidences of hypothyroidism, positive antinuclear antibody tests, and malignancy than did the other patients with bullous pemphigoid. Six of 41 patients with bullous pemphigoid who were given sulfapyridine or dapsone responded to these drugs, and these 6 constitute another group of patients necessitating further study. In nine patients, localized pemphigoid was found. The lesions were of two types: those occurring in sun-exposed areas and those occurring pretibially. Three of 57 patients with cicatricial pemphigoid had circulating antibasement-membrane antibodies. The clinical extent of disease in cicatricial pemphigoid was less extensive in our series than that previously seen at our institution. This was probably due to the earlier and more accurate diagnosis afforded by immunopathologic studies and to wider appreciation of the disease among nondermatologists.", "contents": "Bullous and cicatricial pemphigoid. Clinical, histopathologic, and immunopathologic correlations. A study of the records, biopsies, and immunopathologic data from 84 patients with bullous pemphigoid and 60 patients with cicatricial pemphigoid revealed that patients with bullous pemphigoid and negative or perhaps very low titer of circulating antibasement-membrane antibodies may constitute a distinct subgroup of patients with bullous pemphigoid. This group contained more women than men, had increased mucous membrane involvement, and had higher incidences of hypothyroidism, positive antinuclear antibody tests, and malignancy than did the other patients with bullous pemphigoid. Six of 41 patients with bullous pemphigoid who were given sulfapyridine or dapsone responded to these drugs, and these 6 constitute another group of patients necessitating further study. In nine patients, localized pemphigoid was found. The lesions were of two types: those occurring in sun-exposed areas and those occurring pretibially. Three of 57 patients with cicatricial pemphigoid had circulating antibasement-membrane antibodies. The clinical extent of disease in cicatricial pemphigoid was less extensive in our series than that previously seen at our institution. This was probably due to the earlier and more accurate diagnosis afforded by immunopathologic studies and to wider appreciation of the disease among nondermatologists."}
{"id": "PMID:344999", "title": "An assessment of cell-mediated immunity in acute allograft rejection in man. A prospective study.", "content": "A detailed multifactorial computer analysis of several in vitro tests of cell-mediated immunity has been carried out before and after surgery in 15 renal transplant recipients. Factors studied include lymphocyte blastogenesis, T- and B-cell levels, and lymphocyte protein synthesis. Large doses of immunosuppressive agents chnage lymphocyte subpopulations. This is seen especially in transplant patients who have rejection and who have decreased numbers of circulating lymphocytes. The T cells are selectively depressed more than the B cells. This is also reflected in the greater responsiveness of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes compared with lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A. In this environment, rejection takes place. These observations suggest that rejection may be initiated by cortisone-resistant lymphocytes of the thymic medullary type. Measurements of changes in lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens or changes in lymphocyte subpopulations do not reliably predict rejection. However, measurement of lymphocyte protein synthesis fills the criterion of providing a reliable test that can be carried out quickly, and in the future may be valuable in predicting rejection.", "contents": "An assessment of cell-mediated immunity in acute allograft rejection in man. A prospective study. A detailed multifactorial computer analysis of several in vitro tests of cell-mediated immunity has been carried out before and after surgery in 15 renal transplant recipients. Factors studied include lymphocyte blastogenesis, T- and B-cell levels, and lymphocyte protein synthesis. Large doses of immunosuppressive agents chnage lymphocyte subpopulations. This is seen especially in transplant patients who have rejection and who have decreased numbers of circulating lymphocytes. The T cells are selectively depressed more than the B cells. This is also reflected in the greater responsiveness of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes compared with lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A. In this environment, rejection takes place. These observations suggest that rejection may be initiated by cortisone-resistant lymphocytes of the thymic medullary type. Measurements of changes in lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens or changes in lymphocyte subpopulations do not reliably predict rejection. However, measurement of lymphocyte protein synthesis fills the criterion of providing a reliable test that can be carried out quickly, and in the future may be valuable in predicting rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:345003", "title": "Role of the venous system in circulatory control.", "content": "The systemic venous system is a dynamic component of the cardiovascular system, and it has a key role in the maintenance of the appropriate filling of the chambers of the heart and hence of the stroke volume. Studies in man and animals have characterized the different mechanisms that control the three major components--the splanchnic, muscle, and cutaneous vascular beds--and have provided information on the changes caused by disease and by chemical agents. Concerning man, much of the information has of necessity been derived from the behavior of the limb veins, the control of which is different from that of the splanchnic capacitance vessels. Studies of the behavior of the splanchnic capacitance vessels are needed before the action of drugs that affect the cardiovascular system of man is fully understood.", "contents": "Role of the venous system in circulatory control. The systemic venous system is a dynamic component of the cardiovascular system, and it has a key role in the maintenance of the appropriate filling of the chambers of the heart and hence of the stroke volume. Studies in man and animals have characterized the different mechanisms that control the three major components--the splanchnic, muscle, and cutaneous vascular beds--and have provided information on the changes caused by disease and by chemical agents. Concerning man, much of the information has of necessity been derived from the behavior of the limb veins, the control of which is different from that of the splanchnic capacitance vessels. Studies of the behavior of the splanchnic capacitance vessels are needed before the action of drugs that affect the cardiovascular system of man is fully understood."}
{"id": "PMID:345009", "title": "Immune reactivity during aging. I. T-helper dependent and independent antibody responses to different antigens, in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The immunological status during aging was assessed by measuring the antibody response of the long-lived (C3H/eb X C57Bl/6J)F1 mice to various antigens in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, a decrease in antibody production to DNP and NIP haptenic determinants coupled on to BGG, as well as the response to SRBC, was observed. The decline was more pronounced in the IgG as compared to IgM antibodies. The results were recorded when various parameters such as antigen dose and kinetics of the response, were considered. Reduction of the antibody response was also noted when PVP was employed as immunogen. Similar results were noted when the responses to SRBC and DNP--polylysine were induced and followed in spleen organ cultures. In all of these experimental systems, the peak response was observed in mice 6--12 months old. From then on a gradual decrease was manifested, mice 30--36 months old producing significantly low responses. The results demonstrate that decrease in antibody production is expressed in the isolated spleen tissue in the same manner as in the intact animal. Furthermore, they were interpreted as indicating that the lesion may be at the T helper and the B cell compartments.", "contents": "Immune reactivity during aging. I. T-helper dependent and independent antibody responses to different antigens, in vivo and in vitro. The immunological status during aging was assessed by measuring the antibody response of the long-lived (C3H/eb X C57Bl/6J)F1 mice to various antigens in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, a decrease in antibody production to DNP and NIP haptenic determinants coupled on to BGG, as well as the response to SRBC, was observed. The decline was more pronounced in the IgG as compared to IgM antibodies. The results were recorded when various parameters such as antigen dose and kinetics of the response, were considered. Reduction of the antibody response was also noted when PVP was employed as immunogen. Similar results were noted when the responses to SRBC and DNP--polylysine were induced and followed in spleen organ cultures. In all of these experimental systems, the peak response was observed in mice 6--12 months old. From then on a gradual decrease was manifested, mice 30--36 months old producing significantly low responses. The results demonstrate that decrease in antibody production is expressed in the isolated spleen tissue in the same manner as in the intact animal. Furthermore, they were interpreted as indicating that the lesion may be at the T helper and the B cell compartments."}
{"id": "PMID:345010", "title": "Immune reactivity during aging. II. Analysis of the cellular mechanisms involved in the deficient antibody response in old mice.", "content": "Analysis was made of the cellular basis of decline in the antibody immune response with advancing age. Employing the cell transfer system, it was found that spleen cells of aged mice have a limited capacity to react to SRBC when transferred into young irradiated recipients. Partial reconstitution was achieved when thymus cells from young untreated donors were applied together with the spleen cells, suggesting that deficiency in T helper cell function is responsible in part for the limited response. Similar studies using the T helper-independent antigen PVP also resulted in low levels of antibodies in the irradiated recipients. Treatment of the spleen cells with anti-theta serum before transfer did not lead to an increased response. Hence, it is suggested that the reduced response is related to limited function in the B cell compartment, and not to function of T suppressor cells. Transfer of bone marrow cells from aged into young irradiated recipients indicated that cells capable of differentiation into antibody-producing cells are available during aging. It is thus maintained that the defect at the B cell level is of a developmental nature.", "contents": "Immune reactivity during aging. II. Analysis of the cellular mechanisms involved in the deficient antibody response in old mice. Analysis was made of the cellular basis of decline in the antibody immune response with advancing age. Employing the cell transfer system, it was found that spleen cells of aged mice have a limited capacity to react to SRBC when transferred into young irradiated recipients. Partial reconstitution was achieved when thymus cells from young untreated donors were applied together with the spleen cells, suggesting that deficiency in T helper cell function is responsible in part for the limited response. Similar studies using the T helper-independent antigen PVP also resulted in low levels of antibodies in the irradiated recipients. Treatment of the spleen cells with anti-theta serum before transfer did not lead to an increased response. Hence, it is suggested that the reduced response is related to limited function in the B cell compartment, and not to function of T suppressor cells. Transfer of bone marrow cells from aged into young irradiated recipients indicated that cells capable of differentiation into antibody-producing cells are available during aging. It is thus maintained that the defect at the B cell level is of a developmental nature."}
{"id": "PMID:345011", "title": "In-home health services in California: some lessons for national health insurance.", "content": "Spiralling Medicare and Medicaid expenditures, recent revelations about unhealthy conditions in nursing homes, and pressure for national health insurance have led to increased interest in in-home health services as appropriate and cost-effective. Medicare and Medicaid provided some stimulus for development of in-home health services. Shortly after these programs went into effect, however, major policy decisions were made aimed at curbing utilization of in-home health services. California home health data for 1966-1973 document the effects of major policies that led to the development and decline of in-home health services under Medicare and Medicaid. A review of those policies, supported by the California data, indicate that in-home health services have been greatly restricted by historical underdevelopment and legislative and regulatory emphases. In addition, the study indicates the limitations of the kind of data currently collected and suggests data requirements necessary for future program evaluation and planning in home health.", "contents": "In-home health services in California: some lessons for national health insurance. Spiralling Medicare and Medicaid expenditures, recent revelations about unhealthy conditions in nursing homes, and pressure for national health insurance have led to increased interest in in-home health services as appropriate and cost-effective. Medicare and Medicaid provided some stimulus for development of in-home health services. Shortly after these programs went into effect, however, major policy decisions were made aimed at curbing utilization of in-home health services. California home health data for 1966-1973 document the effects of major policies that led to the development and decline of in-home health services under Medicare and Medicaid. A review of those policies, supported by the California data, indicate that in-home health services have been greatly restricted by historical underdevelopment and legislative and regulatory emphases. In addition, the study indicates the limitations of the kind of data currently collected and suggests data requirements necessary for future program evaluation and planning in home health."}
{"id": "PMID:345013", "title": "[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (1 case)].", "content": "A male patient is presented is clinical and histopathological characteristics are typical of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (cutaneous and articular hyperelasticity and cutaneous fragility with the presence of atrophic scars). Looking into the family history we think that other relatives had the same disease and they had died during their childhood due to internal hemorrhages. The patient we present did not have significant hemorrhages in any moment. The elastic fibers in the dermal papilla are reduced giving rise to the appearance of being increased in the middle and deep dermis.", "contents": "[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (1 case)]. A male patient is presented is clinical and histopathological characteristics are typical of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (cutaneous and articular hyperelasticity and cutaneous fragility with the presence of atrophic scars). Looking into the family history we think that other relatives had the same disease and they had died during their childhood due to internal hemorrhages. The patient we present did not have significant hemorrhages in any moment. The elastic fibers in the dermal papilla are reduced giving rise to the appearance of being increased in the middle and deep dermis."}
{"id": "PMID:345014", "title": "[Stuccokeratosis].", "content": "The clinical and histopathological aspects of \"Stuccokeratoses\" are described. The frecuency, of the disease, the etiological aspects, nosology and differential diagnosis are mentioned. A patient with the typical clinical picture is reported. A good result with 0.5% retinoic acid solution is mentioned.", "contents": "[Stuccokeratosis]. The clinical and histopathological aspects of \"Stuccokeratoses\" are described. The frecuency, of the disease, the etiological aspects, nosology and differential diagnosis are mentioned. A patient with the typical clinical picture is reported. A good result with 0.5% retinoic acid solution is mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:345015", "title": "[Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of rare location].", "content": "The authors report a case of Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus located exclusively in the nipples, appearing during the puberty of a male patient thereby justifying the presentation of this work.", "contents": "[Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of rare location]. The authors report a case of Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus located exclusively in the nipples, appearing during the puberty of a male patient thereby justifying the presentation of this work."}
{"id": "PMID:345016", "title": "[Immunopathological studies in herpes gestationis].", "content": "Immunologic studies were made in two patients with \"herpes gestationis\". Direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies lead to the following results: 1. DIF was done with antisera against IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and C3. Only the deposit of C3 was detected on the basal membrane zone of the lesioned skin. In one of the patients the deposit was found also on healthy skin. 2. IIF did not show immunoglobulins against the basal membrane in sera but in both patients a termolabil factor (factor HG) which activates the fixation of the complement onto the basal membrane zone was detected. No correlation between the immunopathologic pattern of Herpes gestationis and that of the other bullous diseases which cause subepidermic bullae was found. However there was a significant similarity between the immunologic pattern of Herpes gestationis and Bullous pemphigoid.", "contents": "[Immunopathological studies in herpes gestationis]. Immunologic studies were made in two patients with \"herpes gestationis\". Direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies lead to the following results: 1. DIF was done with antisera against IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and C3. Only the deposit of C3 was detected on the basal membrane zone of the lesioned skin. In one of the patients the deposit was found also on healthy skin. 2. IIF did not show immunoglobulins against the basal membrane in sera but in both patients a termolabil factor (factor HG) which activates the fixation of the complement onto the basal membrane zone was detected. No correlation between the immunopathologic pattern of Herpes gestationis and that of the other bullous diseases which cause subepidermic bullae was found. However there was a significant similarity between the immunologic pattern of Herpes gestationis and Bullous pemphigoid."}
{"id": "PMID:345017", "title": "[Groenblad-Strandberg syndrome. Study with scanning microscopy provided with an X rays analyzer].", "content": "A skin biopsy a 37 year old man with typical lesion of pseudoxanthoma elasticum associated with angioid striae (Groenblad-Strandberg syndrome) was examined with a scanning EM (SSM-2A) and a scanning EM provided with a X ray microanalyser. With the scanning EM (SSM-SA) it was possible to see tabular crystalline deposits with subround faces and rhombohedric tendency. The scanning EM provided with a X ray microanaliser enabled us to see crystalline deposits which in some fields adopt a star-shaped form corresponding to calcium crystals of not very well defined habit. The X ray microanalyser shows us the correspondence between the star shaped figures and a calcium salt. The potassium, sodium and magnesium analysis of the specimen permits us to verify that the pseudoxanthoma elasticum dermis is rich in K and poor in Mg.", "contents": "[Groenblad-Strandberg syndrome. Study with scanning microscopy provided with an X rays analyzer]. A skin biopsy a 37 year old man with typical lesion of pseudoxanthoma elasticum associated with angioid striae (Groenblad-Strandberg syndrome) was examined with a scanning EM (SSM-2A) and a scanning EM provided with a X ray microanalyser. With the scanning EM (SSM-SA) it was possible to see tabular crystalline deposits with subround faces and rhombohedric tendency. The scanning EM provided with a X ray microanaliser enabled us to see crystalline deposits which in some fields adopt a star-shaped form corresponding to calcium crystals of not very well defined habit. The X ray microanalyser shows us the correspondence between the star shaped figures and a calcium salt. The potassium, sodium and magnesium analysis of the specimen permits us to verify that the pseudoxanthoma elasticum dermis is rich in K and poor in Mg."}
{"id": "PMID:345018", "title": "[Analysis of delayed hypersensitivity to antibiotics].", "content": "The delayed hypersensitivity to antibiotics existing in Brazil, including the systemically administered, is analyzed. The sulphanilamide, penicillin, neomycin, oxacillin, oxitetraciclyne, chloramphenicol and kanamycin were the more positive to the contact test. We do not find any difference in the test between sex and race. The positivity was 7,5 times higher in adults than in children. In spite the high positivity in atopic patients we could not demonstrate the same in patients with other allergic procesus history.", "contents": "[Analysis of delayed hypersensitivity to antibiotics]. The delayed hypersensitivity to antibiotics existing in Brazil, including the systemically administered, is analyzed. The sulphanilamide, penicillin, neomycin, oxacillin, oxitetraciclyne, chloramphenicol and kanamycin were the more positive to the contact test. We do not find any difference in the test between sex and race. The positivity was 7,5 times higher in adults than in children. In spite the high positivity in atopic patients we could not demonstrate the same in patients with other allergic procesus history."}
{"id": "PMID:345019", "title": "[Desmoplastic melanoma].", "content": "Conley et al., in 1971, described a special type of melanoma characterized by a superficial melanic lesion at the onset; repeated local relapses as subcutaneous tumorations with an histological picture closely resembling an atypical fibroxantoma or fibrosarcoma. After a review of all the published material the autors presents a personal case with the clinical, histological and evolutive characteristics of this disease. The most interesting findings of the published case are the following: The special stains for the melanocytes (silver stain, Dopa, tyrosinase and cholinesterase) were all negative. There was an intense positivity for the lisosomal enzymes (non specific sterases, and acid phosphatases). The ultrastructural study of the tumoral tissues as well as the cells of cultures showed abundant cells with tumoral aspects, with prominent nucleoli somewhat dilated granular endoplasmic reticulum, myelin-like figures, lipidic vacuoles and abundant lisosomes. No melanosomes or premelanosomes were observed. Beside these tumoral cells abundant typical fibroblastic elements were found. There was a great amount of collagen fibers with periodicity superior to the normal. The conclusion is that the desmoplastic melanoma must be considered as a tumor of mesenchimatous origin intervening in its development multiple local and general factors.", "contents": "[Desmoplastic melanoma]. Conley et al., in 1971, described a special type of melanoma characterized by a superficial melanic lesion at the onset; repeated local relapses as subcutaneous tumorations with an histological picture closely resembling an atypical fibroxantoma or fibrosarcoma. After a review of all the published material the autors presents a personal case with the clinical, histological and evolutive characteristics of this disease. The most interesting findings of the published case are the following: The special stains for the melanocytes (silver stain, Dopa, tyrosinase and cholinesterase) were all negative. There was an intense positivity for the lisosomal enzymes (non specific sterases, and acid phosphatases). The ultrastructural study of the tumoral tissues as well as the cells of cultures showed abundant cells with tumoral aspects, with prominent nucleoli somewhat dilated granular endoplasmic reticulum, myelin-like figures, lipidic vacuoles and abundant lisosomes. No melanosomes or premelanosomes were observed. Beside these tumoral cells abundant typical fibroblastic elements were found. There was a great amount of collagen fibers with periodicity superior to the normal. The conclusion is that the desmoplastic melanoma must be considered as a tumor of mesenchimatous origin intervening in its development multiple local and general factors."}
{"id": "PMID:345032", "title": "Diet and sterol biohydrogenation in the rat: occurrence of epicoprostanol.", "content": "The fecal sterols from rats fed several types of semipurified or commercial diets were analyzed by a combination of thin layer and gas liquid chromatography. In rats fed semipurified diets with lard, sucrose, and casein, increasing proportions of lard (0, 8, 20, 65%) enhanced the fecal coprostanol/coprostanol + cholesterol ratio (from 0.50 to 0.85). This ratio was reduced by replacing lard with triolein or a mixture of calcium oleate and linoleate (1:1) and did not change when trierucin was substituted. No coprostanol formation was observed in rats fed a diet with tripalmitin or tristearin. The addition of sodium hyodeoxycholate (0.5%) or cholestyramine (2%) to the basal diet was without effect on the coprostanol/coprostanol + cholesterol ratio in the feces. The addition of sodium taurocholate (0.2, 0.75, and 4%) strongly reduced coprostanol formation, while a chronic bile duct ligation led to an enhancement. Cholesterol feeding (0.05, 0.2, and 0.5% in the diet) slightly increased (from 51 to 66%) coprostanol formation. Trace amounts of epicoprostanol were generally found in the feces. However, in some cases a very high proportion (up to 60%) of this sterol was observed. Possible relationships between the presence of epicoprostanol and the nature of the diet are discussed.", "contents": "Diet and sterol biohydrogenation in the rat: occurrence of epicoprostanol. The fecal sterols from rats fed several types of semipurified or commercial diets were analyzed by a combination of thin layer and gas liquid chromatography. In rats fed semipurified diets with lard, sucrose, and casein, increasing proportions of lard (0, 8, 20, 65%) enhanced the fecal coprostanol/coprostanol + cholesterol ratio (from 0.50 to 0.85). This ratio was reduced by replacing lard with triolein or a mixture of calcium oleate and linoleate (1:1) and did not change when trierucin was substituted. No coprostanol formation was observed in rats fed a diet with tripalmitin or tristearin. The addition of sodium hyodeoxycholate (0.5%) or cholestyramine (2%) to the basal diet was without effect on the coprostanol/coprostanol + cholesterol ratio in the feces. The addition of sodium taurocholate (0.2, 0.75, and 4%) strongly reduced coprostanol formation, while a chronic bile duct ligation led to an enhancement. Cholesterol feeding (0.05, 0.2, and 0.5% in the diet) slightly increased (from 51 to 66%) coprostanol formation. Trace amounts of epicoprostanol were generally found in the feces. However, in some cases a very high proportion (up to 60%) of this sterol was observed. Possible relationships between the presence of epicoprostanol and the nature of the diet are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:345042", "title": "Hormones in breast cancer: update 1978.", "content": "The role of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor (ER) assays in determining therapeutic strategies for advanced breast cancer is certainly well established. The use of ER assays in the primary breast tumor specimen to predict for early recurrence and ultimate survival is a new finding, however, and will probably be employed in future trials of adjuvant therapy. The prevalence and significance of nuclear-bound ER still requires additional clarification. Our previous suggestion that progesterone receptor measurements might be a useful marker for hormone dependence in advanced breast cancer is gaining support and may soon have a place in routine therapeutic decision-making. The emphasis on early adjuvant therapy has hastened the search for a safe endocrine therapy that would have good patient compliance and achieve remission rates comparable to previous agents and procedures. Antiestrogens show promise of meeting these requirements. We are now beginning an era in which primary and secondary systemic therapies for breast cancer can be based on sound biologic principles. The empirical approach is outdated.", "contents": "Hormones in breast cancer: update 1978. The role of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor (ER) assays in determining therapeutic strategies for advanced breast cancer is certainly well established. The use of ER assays in the primary breast tumor specimen to predict for early recurrence and ultimate survival is a new finding, however, and will probably be employed in future trials of adjuvant therapy. The prevalence and significance of nuclear-bound ER still requires additional clarification. Our previous suggestion that progesterone receptor measurements might be a useful marker for hormone dependence in advanced breast cancer is gaining support and may soon have a place in routine therapeutic decision-making. The emphasis on early adjuvant therapy has hastened the search for a safe endocrine therapy that would have good patient compliance and achieve remission rates comparable to previous agents and procedures. Antiestrogens show promise of meeting these requirements. We are now beginning an era in which primary and secondary systemic therapies for breast cancer can be based on sound biologic principles. The empirical approach is outdated."}
{"id": "PMID:345062", "title": "Cleaning of scanning electron microscope specimens by puncture perfusion.", "content": "Puncture perfusion method was described for elimination of blood and tissue fluid in the scanning electron microscope specimens. It was also demonstrated that the puncture perfusion is of excellent use in cleaning the small samples including the human biopsy samples, which are hardly washed by the vascular cannulation.", "contents": "Cleaning of scanning electron microscope specimens by puncture perfusion. Puncture perfusion method was described for elimination of blood and tissue fluid in the scanning electron microscope specimens. It was also demonstrated that the puncture perfusion is of excellent use in cleaning the small samples including the human biopsy samples, which are hardly washed by the vascular cannulation."}
{"id": "PMID:345074", "title": "[Electron microscopy: A clinically useful, desirable or useless tool in kidney biopsy diagnostics? (author's transl)].", "content": "Electron microscopic investigation of renal biopsies is indispensable in cases of suspected Alport's syndrome, benign (familial) hematuria, nail patella syndrome as well as for the identification of viruses, virus-like endothelial tubular structures and crystalloid deposits in cryoglobulinemia. Additional valuable information is provided for all other glomerular nephropathies especially for exact classification of glomerulonephritis. Electron microscopy can by no means be a substitute for light microscopy or immunofluorescence, respectively. Provided that clinical-pathological cooperation is optimal, best results can be obtained by simultaneous application of all three methods.", "contents": "[Electron microscopy: A clinically useful, desirable or useless tool in kidney biopsy diagnostics? (author's transl)]. Electron microscopic investigation of renal biopsies is indispensable in cases of suspected Alport's syndrome, benign (familial) hematuria, nail patella syndrome as well as for the identification of viruses, virus-like endothelial tubular structures and crystalloid deposits in cryoglobulinemia. Additional valuable information is provided for all other glomerular nephropathies especially for exact classification of glomerulonephritis. Electron microscopy can by no means be a substitute for light microscopy or immunofluorescence, respectively. Provided that clinical-pathological cooperation is optimal, best results can be obtained by simultaneous application of all three methods."}
{"id": "PMID:345071", "title": "An explanation of axonal regeneration in peripheral nerves and its failure in the central nervous system.", "content": "Nerve fibres severed within peripheral nerves are able to regenerate and reinnervate the structures they formerly supplied. Most axons severed within the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) do not regenerate in this way. Regenerative axonal growth begins to occur in the CNS but ceases about two weeks after injury. Five earlier theories purporting to explain this difference are reviewed and found not to account satisfactorily for many experimental observations. A new hypothesis is advanced in which it is held that in order for regeneration to take place, the growing tips of the axons must be surrounded by extracellular fluid containing proteins (of specified identity) derived from the blood plasma. Such proteins are thought to be imbibed by the tips of the fibres and transported retrogradely to the neuronal cell-bodies. With this hypothesis it is possible to explain the success of axonal regeneration in peripheral nerves and its failure in the CNS. It is also possible to account for the exceptional circumstances in which axons do regenerate in the CNS. Various experiments are suggested for testing the validity of the new hypothesis.", "contents": "An explanation of axonal regeneration in peripheral nerves and its failure in the central nervous system. Nerve fibres severed within peripheral nerves are able to regenerate and reinnervate the structures they formerly supplied. Most axons severed within the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) do not regenerate in this way. Regenerative axonal growth begins to occur in the CNS but ceases about two weeks after injury. Five earlier theories purporting to explain this difference are reviewed and found not to account satisfactorily for many experimental observations. A new hypothesis is advanced in which it is held that in order for regeneration to take place, the growing tips of the axons must be surrounded by extracellular fluid containing proteins (of specified identity) derived from the blood plasma. Such proteins are thought to be imbibed by the tips of the fibres and transported retrogradely to the neuronal cell-bodies. With this hypothesis it is possible to explain the success of axonal regeneration in peripheral nerves and its failure in the CNS. It is also possible to account for the exceptional circumstances in which axons do regenerate in the CNS. Various experiments are suggested for testing the validity of the new hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:345078", "title": "Protection of foreign DNA against host-controlled restriction in bacterial cells. I. protection of F' plasmid DNA by preinfection with bacteriophages T3 or T7.", "content": "Foreign F'lac plasmid DNA which is introduced into potentially restricting E. coli recipient cells can be protected from restriction by preinfecting the recipient cells with UV-inactivated T3 or T7 bacteriophages which express the ocr gene function. The recipient cells survive and are able to replicate themselves as well as the newly acquired plasmid.", "contents": "Protection of foreign DNA against host-controlled restriction in bacterial cells. I. protection of F' plasmid DNA by preinfection with bacteriophages T3 or T7. Foreign F'lac plasmid DNA which is introduced into potentially restricting E. coli recipient cells can be protected from restriction by preinfecting the recipient cells with UV-inactivated T3 or T7 bacteriophages which express the ocr gene function. The recipient cells survive and are able to replicate themselves as well as the newly acquired plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:345080", "title": "Restoration of polarity by N-deficiency in lambda phage containing a translocated trp operon segment.", "content": "When translation of trp mRNA is terminated by a nonsense codon or by antibiotics like chloramphenicol, the amount of the mRNA distal to the blocked ribosomes is found at much lower levels (\"polarity\"). Polarity is alleviated when the trp mRNA is formed as part of a long transcript from the phage lambda promoter PL (Segawa and Imamoto, 1974; Franklin, 1974); but the relief of polarity is itself largely dependent on the lambda protein N. In a phage that joins the trp operon segment (trpD, C, B A) to a point distal to the N gene, lacking the tL site, synthesis of trp mRNA starting at the PL promoter continues even when translation is generally inhibited by chloramphenicol, but in the absence of functional N gene product synthesis of the mRNA can be blocked by the antibiotic. Unexpectedly, in the absence of N function, even when translation is occurring, weak termination of transcription occurs at some sites in the translocated trp operon.", "contents": "Restoration of polarity by N-deficiency in lambda phage containing a translocated trp operon segment. When translation of trp mRNA is terminated by a nonsense codon or by antibiotics like chloramphenicol, the amount of the mRNA distal to the blocked ribosomes is found at much lower levels (\"polarity\"). Polarity is alleviated when the trp mRNA is formed as part of a long transcript from the phage lambda promoter PL (Segawa and Imamoto, 1974; Franklin, 1974); but the relief of polarity is itself largely dependent on the lambda protein N. In a phage that joins the trp operon segment (trpD, C, B A) to a point distal to the N gene, lacking the tL site, synthesis of trp mRNA starting at the PL promoter continues even when translation is generally inhibited by chloramphenicol, but in the absence of functional N gene product synthesis of the mRNA can be blocked by the antibiotic. Unexpectedly, in the absence of N function, even when translation is occurring, weak termination of transcription occurs at some sites in the translocated trp operon."}
{"id": "PMID:345081", "title": "Dual autogenous regulatory role of threonine deaminase in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "We describe the regulatory properties of two strains carrying either the ilvA624 or the ilvA625 mutations, located in the structural gene for threonine deaminase. Crude extracts of both these strains possess a threonine deaminase activity migrating on polyacrylamide gels, differently from the wild type enzyme. Growth studies demonstrate that these mutations do not cause a limitation of isoleucine biosynthesis, suggesting normal catalytic activity of deaminase. A regulatory consequence of the ilvA624 allele is a derepression of the isoleucine-valine biosynthetic enzymes, which is recessive to an ilvA+ allele. The ilvA625 mutation causes a derepression which is dominant in an ilvA625/ILVA+ diploid. We interpret these data assuming that threonine deaminase, previously shown to be an autogenous regulator of the ilv genes, lacks a repressor function in the ilvA624 mutant, while in the ilvA625 mutant it is a better activator than wild type threonine deaminase. The data are discussed in terms of a model requiring that threonine deaminase, or a precursor of it, is in equilibrium between two forms, one being an activator of gene expression and the other being a repressor.", "contents": "Dual autogenous regulatory role of threonine deaminase in Escherichia coli K-12. We describe the regulatory properties of two strains carrying either the ilvA624 or the ilvA625 mutations, located in the structural gene for threonine deaminase. Crude extracts of both these strains possess a threonine deaminase activity migrating on polyacrylamide gels, differently from the wild type enzyme. Growth studies demonstrate that these mutations do not cause a limitation of isoleucine biosynthesis, suggesting normal catalytic activity of deaminase. A regulatory consequence of the ilvA624 allele is a derepression of the isoleucine-valine biosynthetic enzymes, which is recessive to an ilvA+ allele. The ilvA625 mutation causes a derepression which is dominant in an ilvA625/ILVA+ diploid. We interpret these data assuming that threonine deaminase, previously shown to be an autogenous regulator of the ilv genes, lacks a repressor function in the ilvA624 mutant, while in the ilvA625 mutant it is a better activator than wild type threonine deaminase. The data are discussed in terms of a model requiring that threonine deaminase, or a precursor of it, is in equilibrium between two forms, one being an activator of gene expression and the other being a repressor."}
{"id": "PMID:345082", "title": "Effect of mutations affecting lysyl-tRNAlys on the regulation of lysine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "When studying mutants affecting lysyl-tRNA synthetase or tRNAlys (hisT, hisW), a lack of correlation is clearly observed between the amount of lysyl-tRNA and the level of derepression of several lysine biosynthetic enzymes. This exlcudes the possible role of lysyl-tRNA as the specific corepressor of the lysine regulon. However, the level of derepression of DAP-decarboxylase, the last enzyme of the lysine pathway, is very low in the hisT mutant; this indicates that tRNAlys is a secondary effector involved in the regulation of the synthesis of this enzyme.", "contents": "Effect of mutations affecting lysyl-tRNAlys on the regulation of lysine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. When studying mutants affecting lysyl-tRNA synthetase or tRNAlys (hisT, hisW), a lack of correlation is clearly observed between the amount of lysyl-tRNA and the level of derepression of several lysine biosynthetic enzymes. This exlcudes the possible role of lysyl-tRNA as the specific corepressor of the lysine regulon. However, the level of derepression of DAP-decarboxylase, the last enzyme of the lysine pathway, is very low in the hisT mutant; this indicates that tRNAlys is a secondary effector involved in the regulation of the synthesis of this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:345083", "title": "Packaging of ColE1 DNA having a lambda phage cohesive end site.", "content": "The mechanism of lambda phage-mediated transduction of hybrid colicin E1 DNAs of various lengths was studied, and factors influencing the formation of these transducing particles were investigated. The results were as follows: 1. The presence of a cohesive end site of lambda phage (coslambda) on colicin E1 DNA was essential for packaging of the DNA. 2. Packaging of colicin E1 DNAs, which carry coslambda with molecular sizes corresponding to 68% of that of lambda phage DNA, was observed in the absence of all known recombination functions of E. coli K-12 and of lambda phage. 3. Hybrid colicin E1 DNAs having coslambda with molecular sizes corresponding to 28% of that of lambda phage DNA were packaged within lambda phage particles as trimers; hybrid DNAs with coslambda of 40 and 47% of the length of lambda phage DNA were packaged as dimers; and those with molecular sizes of 68% of that of lambda phage DNA were packaged mostly as monomers. These results demonstrated that two factors are essential for the packaging of DNAs within lambda phage particles; the presence of coslambda on the DNA molecule and an appropriate size of DNA.", "contents": "Packaging of ColE1 DNA having a lambda phage cohesive end site. The mechanism of lambda phage-mediated transduction of hybrid colicin E1 DNAs of various lengths was studied, and factors influencing the formation of these transducing particles were investigated. The results were as follows: 1. The presence of a cohesive end site of lambda phage (coslambda) on colicin E1 DNA was essential for packaging of the DNA. 2. Packaging of colicin E1 DNAs, which carry coslambda with molecular sizes corresponding to 68% of that of lambda phage DNA, was observed in the absence of all known recombination functions of E. coli K-12 and of lambda phage. 3. Hybrid colicin E1 DNAs having coslambda with molecular sizes corresponding to 28% of that of lambda phage DNA were packaged within lambda phage particles as trimers; hybrid DNAs with coslambda of 40 and 47% of the length of lambda phage DNA were packaged as dimers; and those with molecular sizes of 68% of that of lambda phage DNA were packaged mostly as monomers. These results demonstrated that two factors are essential for the packaging of DNAs within lambda phage particles; the presence of coslambda on the DNA molecule and an appropriate size of DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:345085", "title": "A comparison of the activities of the products of the two genes for elongation factor Tu.", "content": "The two species of Elongation Factor Tu coded for by the tufA and tufB genes were synthesized in UV-irradiated E coli infected by transducing phages bearing the separate genes. Both proteins interact similarly with EFTs, GDP, and phe-tRNA. Although the phe-tRNA.EFTu.GMP.PNP complex containing the tufA gene product binds somewhat more tightly to ribosomes, both proteins promote the complete process of binding phe tRNA to ribosomes at similar rates.", "contents": "A comparison of the activities of the products of the two genes for elongation factor Tu. The two species of Elongation Factor Tu coded for by the tufA and tufB genes were synthesized in UV-irradiated E coli infected by transducing phages bearing the separate genes. Both proteins interact similarly with EFTs, GDP, and phe-tRNA. Although the phe-tRNA.EFTu.GMP.PNP complex containing the tufA gene product binds somewhat more tightly to ribosomes, both proteins promote the complete process of binding phe tRNA to ribosomes at similar rates."}
{"id": "PMID:345086", "title": "Over-synthesis and instability of sigma protein in a merodiploid strain of Escherichia coli.", "content": "We have used two different methods to study the rates of RNA polymerase subunit synthesis in haploid Escherichia coli K12, and a KLF10 rPOB, C+ merodiploid derivative, when grown in glucose-minimal medium at 37 degrees C. Our results indicate that the haploid strain produces beta, beta', alpha and sigma in the molar ratios 1.01:0.99: less than or equal to 2.90:0.26; and that all these subunits are reasonably stable during subsequent growth. The merodiploid produces alpha at the same rate as the haploid, beta and beta' at a 42% higher rate, and sigma at twice the rate. Some 40% of the newly synthesised beta and beta' is degraded within one hour; the residuum is as stable as in the haploid. Alpha is stable throughout. By contrast, sigma is subject to a marked and continuous turnover in the merodiploid. These results are discussed in terms of gene dosage and regulatory effects.", "contents": "Over-synthesis and instability of sigma protein in a merodiploid strain of Escherichia coli. We have used two different methods to study the rates of RNA polymerase subunit synthesis in haploid Escherichia coli K12, and a KLF10 rPOB, C+ merodiploid derivative, when grown in glucose-minimal medium at 37 degrees C. Our results indicate that the haploid strain produces beta, beta', alpha and sigma in the molar ratios 1.01:0.99: less than or equal to 2.90:0.26; and that all these subunits are reasonably stable during subsequent growth. The merodiploid produces alpha at the same rate as the haploid, beta and beta' at a 42% higher rate, and sigma at twice the rate. Some 40% of the newly synthesised beta and beta' is degraded within one hour; the residuum is as stable as in the haploid. Alpha is stable throughout. By contrast, sigma is subject to a marked and continuous turnover in the merodiploid. These results are discussed in terms of gene dosage and regulatory effects."}
{"id": "PMID:345088", "title": "Explanations accounting for transduction by bacteriophage lambda in maltose negative bacteriophage lambda resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Entry of DNA from lambda phages particles into lambdarMAl- mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 is shown to be due to two distinguishable processes. One, residual transduction, results from a low level expression of lamB. The other one, background transduction, is independent of gene lamB. Interpretations are presented for these results. It is propos that residual transduction is due to a weak promoter pB3 located within or near the distal part of the gene preceeding lamB in the same operon. It is proposed that background transduction is due to a secondary receptor structure for phage lambda. Finally a tentative hypothesis relatin pB3 to insertion sequences is presented.", "contents": "Explanations accounting for transduction by bacteriophage lambda in maltose negative bacteriophage lambda resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. Entry of DNA from lambda phages particles into lambdarMAl- mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 is shown to be due to two distinguishable processes. One, residual transduction, results from a low level expression of lamB. The other one, background transduction, is independent of gene lamB. Interpretations are presented for these results. It is propos that residual transduction is due to a weak promoter pB3 located within or near the distal part of the gene preceeding lamB in the same operon. It is proposed that background transduction is due to a secondary receptor structure for phage lambda. Finally a tentative hypothesis relatin pB3 to insertion sequences is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:345090", "title": "A mutation that increases the activity of nonsense suppressors in Escherichia coli.", "content": "We have isolated a new mutation, ups, that amplifies the suppressor activity of all the nonsense suppressors we have tested so far at low but not at high temperature. The properties of ups make it a very useful tool to improve the systems of temperature sensitive suppressors thus far described. ups maps between 25 to 27 min on the E. coli genetic map (Bachmann et al., 1976) and has no suppressor activity of its own. Its effects on translational fidelity are not influenced by mutations for ribosomal drug resistance. Thus, ups is different from ram which exhibits cooperative control of translation with other ribosomal proteins. The possible functions of ups in the cell are discussed.", "contents": "A mutation that increases the activity of nonsense suppressors in Escherichia coli. We have isolated a new mutation, ups, that amplifies the suppressor activity of all the nonsense suppressors we have tested so far at low but not at high temperature. The properties of ups make it a very useful tool to improve the systems of temperature sensitive suppressors thus far described. ups maps between 25 to 27 min on the E. coli genetic map (Bachmann et al., 1976) and has no suppressor activity of its own. Its effects on translational fidelity are not influenced by mutations for ribosomal drug resistance. Thus, ups is different from ram which exhibits cooperative control of translation with other ribosomal proteins. The possible functions of ups in the cell are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:345091", "title": "Transposition of a DNA sequence determining kanamycin resistance into the single-stranded genome of bacteriophage fd.", "content": "Derivatives of bacteriophages fd which transduce kanamycin resistance were selected after growth of the phage in an E. coli strain that carried transpoon 5 (Tn5). Different clones of transducing phage and their DNAs were characterized by gel electrophoresis, electron microscopy, and by their ability to multiply in the absence of helper phage. Integration of the intact transposon into the full size phage genome was correlated with an increase in size of the phage particle from 0.95 mu to 1.7 mu, and with the appearance in the phage DNA of the stem loop structure characteristic for single-stranded Tn5 DNA. In non-defective phages the site of insertion was mapped by heteroduplex analysis within the intergenic region of the phage genome. Defective transducing phages were characterized as an insertion of Tn5 into a phage gene, and/or as a partial deletion or duplication of phage and transposon DNA. The size of the transducing phage from different defective clones varied from 0.6 mu to 3.0 mu and was directly proportional to the DNA content. These results demonstrate that filamentous bacteriophage are highly capable to replicate and package very different amounts of foreign DNA.", "contents": "Transposition of a DNA sequence determining kanamycin resistance into the single-stranded genome of bacteriophage fd. Derivatives of bacteriophages fd which transduce kanamycin resistance were selected after growth of the phage in an E. coli strain that carried transpoon 5 (Tn5). Different clones of transducing phage and their DNAs were characterized by gel electrophoresis, electron microscopy, and by their ability to multiply in the absence of helper phage. Integration of the intact transposon into the full size phage genome was correlated with an increase in size of the phage particle from 0.95 mu to 1.7 mu, and with the appearance in the phage DNA of the stem loop structure characteristic for single-stranded Tn5 DNA. In non-defective phages the site of insertion was mapped by heteroduplex analysis within the intergenic region of the phage genome. Defective transducing phages were characterized as an insertion of Tn5 into a phage gene, and/or as a partial deletion or duplication of phage and transposon DNA. The size of the transducing phage from different defective clones varied from 0.6 mu to 3.0 mu and was directly proportional to the DNA content. These results demonstrate that filamentous bacteriophage are highly capable to replicate and package very different amounts of foreign DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:345092", "title": "Regional replication of the bacterial chromosome induced by derepression of prophage lambda. III. Role of the replication in escape synthesis of gal operon.", "content": "Recent evidence suggests that the escape synthesis of gal operon following derepression of the prophage lambda in Escherichia coli K12 involves transcription originating at the lambda promoter (PL) to extend through gal under the conditions in which lambda DNA replication is prevented. Whether the observed expression of gal is due to transcription initiating at PL or at the bacterial promoter for gal (Pgal) was examined in the case of lambda DNA replication being normal. The experiments are based on that two types of transcription are distinguished from each other by the following properties: 1. Pgal-promoted transcription is inhibited by chloramphenicol, while PL-promoted transcription is not. 2. PL-promoted transcription suppresses the polar effect caused by nonsense mutation in a bacterial gene, while Pgal-promoted transcription does not do so. -he results have suggested that gal escape synthesis in lambda-induced lysogen results from transcription which initiates not only at PL but also at Pgal. The Pgal-promoted transcription may be a consequence, direct or indirect, of the concomitant replication of gal DNA.", "contents": "Regional replication of the bacterial chromosome induced by derepression of prophage lambda. III. Role of the replication in escape synthesis of gal operon. Recent evidence suggests that the escape synthesis of gal operon following derepression of the prophage lambda in Escherichia coli K12 involves transcription originating at the lambda promoter (PL) to extend through gal under the conditions in which lambda DNA replication is prevented. Whether the observed expression of gal is due to transcription initiating at PL or at the bacterial promoter for gal (Pgal) was examined in the case of lambda DNA replication being normal. The experiments are based on that two types of transcription are distinguished from each other by the following properties: 1. Pgal-promoted transcription is inhibited by chloramphenicol, while PL-promoted transcription is not. 2. PL-promoted transcription suppresses the polar effect caused by nonsense mutation in a bacterial gene, while Pgal-promoted transcription does not do so. -he results have suggested that gal escape synthesis in lambda-induced lysogen results from transcription which initiates not only at PL but also at Pgal. The Pgal-promoted transcription may be a consequence, direct or indirect, of the concomitant replication of gal DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:345093", "title": "The effects of coumarin on the frequency of deletions in a duplication strain of Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Strains of A. nidulans with a chromosome segment in duplicate show instability resulting from deletions in either of the duplicate segments. In Dp (I, II) strains, with the terminal segment of IR attached terminally to IIR, spontaneous deletions occur most frequently, though not exclusively, from the translocated segment. Coumarin, at concentrations which did not affect viability viability or growth rate, enhanced the instability of Dp (I, II) strains by selectively increasing only the deletion class of highest spontaneous frequency. This selective action is interpreted tentatively as due to inhibition of the repair of a particular class of DNA lesion occurring spontaneously in the attachment region of Dp (I, II) strains.", "contents": "The effects of coumarin on the frequency of deletions in a duplication strain of Aspergillus nidulans. Strains of A. nidulans with a chromosome segment in duplicate show instability resulting from deletions in either of the duplicate segments. In Dp (I, II) strains, with the terminal segment of IR attached terminally to IIR, spontaneous deletions occur most frequently, though not exclusively, from the translocated segment. Coumarin, at concentrations which did not affect viability viability or growth rate, enhanced the instability of Dp (I, II) strains by selectively increasing only the deletion class of highest spontaneous frequency. This selective action is interpreted tentatively as due to inhibition of the repair of a particular class of DNA lesion occurring spontaneously in the attachment region of Dp (I, II) strains."}
{"id": "PMID:345094", "title": "Two major groups of colicin factors: their molecular weights.", "content": "Colicin factors are thought to fall into two taxonomic groups which differ in, amongst other properties, the molecular weight of the plasmid DNA and the host range of the colicin protein. This hypothesis is supported by the plasmids found in 26 colicinogenic strains. Two small Col factors may have arisen from larger factors, judging from similarities between their colicins.", "contents": "Two major groups of colicin factors: their molecular weights. Colicin factors are thought to fall into two taxonomic groups which differ in, amongst other properties, the molecular weight of the plasmid DNA and the host range of the colicin protein. This hypothesis is supported by the plasmids found in 26 colicinogenic strains. Two small Col factors may have arisen from larger factors, judging from similarities between their colicins."}
{"id": "PMID:345095", "title": "Ribosomal proteins of yeast strains carrying mutations which affect the efficiency of nonsense suppression.", "content": "We have examined the ribosomal proteins of strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which differ in the efficiency with which ochre nonsense mutations are suppressed. The strains in which ochre suppression is poor were [psi]- or carried antisuppressor mutations; those in which suppression was highly efficient were [psi]+ or carried allosuppressor mutations. The ribosomal proteins of these strains, as judged by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were indistinguishable from those of wild-type.", "contents": "Ribosomal proteins of yeast strains carrying mutations which affect the efficiency of nonsense suppression. We have examined the ribosomal proteins of strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which differ in the efficiency with which ochre nonsense mutations are suppressed. The strains in which ochre suppression is poor were [psi]- or carried antisuppressor mutations; those in which suppression was highly efficient were [psi]+ or carried allosuppressor mutations. The ribosomal proteins of these strains, as judged by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were indistinguishable from those of wild-type."}
{"id": "PMID:345096", "title": "Supersuppressors in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Simultaneous reversion of mutations in two different Aspergillus nidulans loci adA and metG was found to be due monogenic suppressor mutations. Preliminary evidence for the existance of supersuppressors in A. nidulans is presented.", "contents": "Supersuppressors in Aspergillus nidulans. Simultaneous reversion of mutations in two different Aspergillus nidulans loci adA and metG was found to be due monogenic suppressor mutations. Preliminary evidence for the existance of supersuppressors in A. nidulans is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:345098", "title": "Amplification of the lactose carrier protein in Escherichia coli using a plasmid vector.", "content": "The isolation and properties of a hybrid plasmid carrying the Y gene of the lac operon of Escherichia coli are described. The lactose carrier protein, coded for by the Y gene, is readily identified upon lac operon induction in strains carrying the plasmid. The protein comprises about 15% of the cytoplasmic membrane protein synthesized in the first generation after induction, compared with a wild type strain induced under the same conditions where lactose carrier protein comprises 1.4% of the cytoplasmic membrane protein.", "contents": "Amplification of the lactose carrier protein in Escherichia coli using a plasmid vector. The isolation and properties of a hybrid plasmid carrying the Y gene of the lac operon of Escherichia coli are described. The lactose carrier protein, coded for by the Y gene, is readily identified upon lac operon induction in strains carrying the plasmid. The protein comprises about 15% of the cytoplasmic membrane protein synthesized in the first generation after induction, compared with a wild type strain induced under the same conditions where lactose carrier protein comprises 1.4% of the cytoplasmic membrane protein."}
{"id": "PMID:345099", "title": "Superinfection exclusion and changes in cellular transport processes in phage infected Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The changes induced by bacteriophage P22 in the cellular transport process(es) of the host Salmonella typhimurium (Taneja et al., 1975; Khandekar et al., 1975; Bandyopadhyay and Chakravorty, 1976) involve interactions between the superinfection exclusion system of the resident prophage and the C immunity region of the superinfecting phage. The sie A gene of the prophage interferes with the changes in the cellular transport process induced by the superinfecting phage. However, if the superinfecting phage carries active C1 and C2 genes there is no such interference. Thus the C1 and C2 genes of the superinfecting phage seem to be expressed in the sieA+ lysogen.", "contents": "Superinfection exclusion and changes in cellular transport processes in phage infected Salmonella typhimurium. The changes induced by bacteriophage P22 in the cellular transport process(es) of the host Salmonella typhimurium (Taneja et al., 1975; Khandekar et al., 1975; Bandyopadhyay and Chakravorty, 1976) involve interactions between the superinfection exclusion system of the resident prophage and the C immunity region of the superinfecting phage. The sie A gene of the prophage interferes with the changes in the cellular transport process induced by the superinfecting phage. However, if the superinfecting phage carries active C1 and C2 genes there is no such interference. Thus the C1 and C2 genes of the superinfecting phage seem to be expressed in the sieA+ lysogen."}
{"id": "PMID:345100", "title": "Construction and properties of recombinant plasmids containing the rII genes of bacteriophage T4.", "content": "The EcoRI digestion products of phage T4 DNA have been examined using a phage DNA transformation assay. A 2.6 X 10(6) Dalton fragment was found to contain the rII genes. This fragment was purified and then treated with HindIII endonuclease. The cleavage products were ligated to the vector plasmid pBR313 and viable recombinant plasmids recovered. A genetic assay was employed to demonstrate that the recombinants contained T4 DNA and to localize on the phage genetic map the EcoRI and HindIII sites cleaved during the construction of the plasmids. Preliminary characterization suggests that a fragment covering the beginning of the rIIA gene possibly contains a promotor which is active in uninfected cells.", "contents": "Construction and properties of recombinant plasmids containing the rII genes of bacteriophage T4. The EcoRI digestion products of phage T4 DNA have been examined using a phage DNA transformation assay. A 2.6 X 10(6) Dalton fragment was found to contain the rII genes. This fragment was purified and then treated with HindIII endonuclease. The cleavage products were ligated to the vector plasmid pBR313 and viable recombinant plasmids recovered. A genetic assay was employed to demonstrate that the recombinants contained T4 DNA and to localize on the phage genetic map the EcoRI and HindIII sites cleaved during the construction of the plasmids. Preliminary characterization suggests that a fragment covering the beginning of the rIIA gene possibly contains a promotor which is active in uninfected cells."}
{"id": "PMID:345108", "title": "[Haematuria in children. II. Diagnostic problems in proteinuria and the nephrotic syndrome in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Methods for detection of proteinuria and its causes are reviewed. Recommendations are given concerning the diagnostic procedures after detection of pathological proteinuria. The nephrotic syndrome is discussed mainly under the aspect of predictability of the histo-pathological form of the glomerular lesions from clinical and biochemical parameters.", "contents": "[Haematuria in children. II. Diagnostic problems in proteinuria and the nephrotic syndrome in childhood (author's transl)]. Methods for detection of proteinuria and its causes are reviewed. Recommendations are given concerning the diagnostic procedures after detection of pathological proteinuria. The nephrotic syndrome is discussed mainly under the aspect of predictability of the histo-pathological form of the glomerular lesions from clinical and biochemical parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:345102", "title": "[Construction and molecular cloning of hybrid plasmids containing specific fragments of Escherichia coli DNA].", "content": "In the paper a convenient procedure for the isolation of specific Eco RI-fragments of E. coli genome and their amplification on Km-resistance plasmid vector CKdelta11 is described. Plasmid CKdelta11 contains Col E1 replicon and has only one Eco RI site. The hybrid molecules were constructed in vitro using Eco RI-digestion followed by ligation. Then appropriated E. coli strain (polyauxotrophic strain E. coli K12 AB 2463) was transformed with ligated DNA mixture and hybrid plasmids, containing arg, leu, his and thr chromosomal markers were selected by molecular cloning and isolated from the obtained E. coli clones. The hybrid plasmids have two Eco RI sites and consist of one Eco RI-fragment of initial plasmid CKdelta11 and one Eco RI-fragment of El coli DNA. The method described allows to isolate and amplify on hybrid plasmids DNA fragments, containing any selectable genes or genes adjacent to the selectable ones.", "contents": "[Construction and molecular cloning of hybrid plasmids containing specific fragments of Escherichia coli DNA]. In the paper a convenient procedure for the isolation of specific Eco RI-fragments of E. coli genome and their amplification on Km-resistance plasmid vector CKdelta11 is described. Plasmid CKdelta11 contains Col E1 replicon and has only one Eco RI site. The hybrid molecules were constructed in vitro using Eco RI-digestion followed by ligation. Then appropriated E. coli strain (polyauxotrophic strain E. coli K12 AB 2463) was transformed with ligated DNA mixture and hybrid plasmids, containing arg, leu, his and thr chromosomal markers were selected by molecular cloning and isolated from the obtained E. coli clones. The hybrid plasmids have two Eco RI sites and consist of one Eco RI-fragment of initial plasmid CKdelta11 and one Eco RI-fragment of El coli DNA. The method described allows to isolate and amplify on hybrid plasmids DNA fragments, containing any selectable genes or genes adjacent to the selectable ones."}
{"id": "PMID:345104", "title": "[New method of determining parameters of oligonucleotide complex formation with nucleic acids according to the results of alkylation in complexes. Comparison with the method of equilibrium dialysis].", "content": "Binding constants of oligonucleotides with nucleic acids can be determined using data of nucleic acids alkylation with 2',3'-O-4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)benzylidene oligonucleotides. The latter bind to complementary sequences of nucleic acids, the binding constants of which are close to that of oligonucleotides. The extent of alkylation allows to determinate the equilibrium concentration of the binding with small corrections by an equation given, and hence to estimate the binding constants by standard modes. The binding constants of oligoadenylate and oligocytydilate derivatives with 23S RNA and rRNA have been determined at 0 degrees and 20 degrees by the method suggested and by the method of equilibrium dialysis. The binding constants are consistent of the magnitudes, as well as of the plots of the binding constants versus the oligomer and RNA concentrations and versus the oligomer length. The data obtained indicate that alkylation within the complexes of tri-hexamers with rRNA proceeds under the condition of an established equilibrium. Limits of the method suggested are evaluated.", "contents": "[New method of determining parameters of oligonucleotide complex formation with nucleic acids according to the results of alkylation in complexes. Comparison with the method of equilibrium dialysis]. Binding constants of oligonucleotides with nucleic acids can be determined using data of nucleic acids alkylation with 2',3'-O-4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)benzylidene oligonucleotides. The latter bind to complementary sequences of nucleic acids, the binding constants of which are close to that of oligonucleotides. The extent of alkylation allows to determinate the equilibrium concentration of the binding with small corrections by an equation given, and hence to estimate the binding constants by standard modes. The binding constants of oligoadenylate and oligocytydilate derivatives with 23S RNA and rRNA have been determined at 0 degrees and 20 degrees by the method suggested and by the method of equilibrium dialysis. The binding constants are consistent of the magnitudes, as well as of the plots of the binding constants versus the oligomer and RNA concentrations and versus the oligomer length. The data obtained indicate that alkylation within the complexes of tri-hexamers with rRNA proceeds under the condition of an established equilibrium. Limits of the method suggested are evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:345109", "title": "[Haematuria in children. III. Treatment of glomerular diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of acute Glomerulonephritis is outlined, that of the Nephrotic Syndrome discussed.", "contents": "[Haematuria in children. III. Treatment of glomerular diseases (author's transl)]. The treatment of acute Glomerulonephritis is outlined, that of the Nephrotic Syndrome discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:345110", "title": "[Haematuria in children. IV. Therapie of chronic renal insufficiency in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The care of children with chronic renal insufficiency implies close cooperation between paediatric practitioners and paediatric units for renal disease. The children's disease must be detected at an early stage, its cause and course clarified. Adequate medical, psychological and social care during the period of compensated retention reduces complications at the beginning of dialysis- and transplant-programmes. At the moment good results in children justify the considerable expense. Many problems still remain unanswered as far as long term prognosis, growth, psychological, social, and sexual development are concerned.", "contents": "[Haematuria in children. IV. Therapie of chronic renal insufficiency in childhood (author's transl)]. The care of children with chronic renal insufficiency implies close cooperation between paediatric practitioners and paediatric units for renal disease. The children's disease must be detected at an early stage, its cause and course clarified. Adequate medical, psychological and social care during the period of compensated retention reduces complications at the beginning of dialysis- and transplant-programmes. At the moment good results in children justify the considerable expense. Many problems still remain unanswered as far as long term prognosis, growth, psychological, social, and sexual development are concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:345105", "title": "[Interaction of DNA with RNA-polymerase from Escherichia coli cells infected and uninfected with T2 phage].", "content": "RNA polymerase from T2 infected E. coli has greatly reduced activity as compared to the enzyme from uninfected bacteria. Nevertheless both RNA polymerases synthesize heterogenous RNA species with the same maximum corresponding to chain length of 5600 nucleotides on T2 DNA. Rifampicin-challenge experiments suggest that these enzymes have identical kinetics of RNA chain initiation and elongation but their ability to form rapidly starting (RS) and delay starting (I) binary complexes with phage DNA are different. The temperature of I leads to RS transition on T2 DNA is 15 degrees for E. coli holoenzyme, but is 35 degrees for the RNA polymerase from infected cells. The transition temperature depends both on the core and on sigma fraction. Shift temperature technique was developed to investigate the kinetics of I in equilibrium RS complexes rearrangements and their temperature dependence. The rate of these rearrangements is strongly temperature dependent for E. coli holoenzyme, while for RNA polymerase from infected cells it is much lower and is practically temperature independent. From the kinetic data and from the temperature dependence of equilibrium RS-complexes concentration, the rate constants of RS-complexes formation and decay are calculated. The kinetic data obtained in rifampicin challenge experiments are in agreement with the data on the dissociation of DNA-enzyme complexes performed by the filter assay.", "contents": "[Interaction of DNA with RNA-polymerase from Escherichia coli cells infected and uninfected with T2 phage]. RNA polymerase from T2 infected E. coli has greatly reduced activity as compared to the enzyme from uninfected bacteria. Nevertheless both RNA polymerases synthesize heterogenous RNA species with the same maximum corresponding to chain length of 5600 nucleotides on T2 DNA. Rifampicin-challenge experiments suggest that these enzymes have identical kinetics of RNA chain initiation and elongation but their ability to form rapidly starting (RS) and delay starting (I) binary complexes with phage DNA are different. The temperature of I leads to RS transition on T2 DNA is 15 degrees for E. coli holoenzyme, but is 35 degrees for the RNA polymerase from infected cells. The transition temperature depends both on the core and on sigma fraction. Shift temperature technique was developed to investigate the kinetics of I in equilibrium RS complexes rearrangements and their temperature dependence. The rate of these rearrangements is strongly temperature dependent for E. coli holoenzyme, while for RNA polymerase from infected cells it is much lower and is practically temperature independent. From the kinetic data and from the temperature dependence of equilibrium RS-complexes concentration, the rate constants of RS-complexes formation and decay are calculated. The kinetic data obtained in rifampicin challenge experiments are in agreement with the data on the dissociation of DNA-enzyme complexes performed by the filter assay."}
{"id": "PMID:345111", "title": "[X-ray microanalysis of Michaelis-Gutmann bodies with the use of EDAX].", "content": "X-ray microanalysis of Michaelis--Gutmann bodies in human malakoplakia (kidney and testes) and in that of rats induced experimentally by administration of endotoxin of Escherichia coli, was carried out. The presence of calcium could be revealed in every Michaelis--Gutmann body according to the lines of Kalfa and K3 as well. The amount of it was in correlation with the stage of the calcification. In the Michaelis--Gutmann bodies found in the rat kidney, fixed without OsO4 presence of P could also be demonstrated. The correlation between the weight per cent of Ca and P seems to evidence the presence of CaHPO4. Results of the X-ray microanalysis of Michaelis--Gutmann bodies found in human and in experimentally induced malakoplakia appeared to be similar.", "contents": "[X-ray microanalysis of Michaelis-Gutmann bodies with the use of EDAX]. X-ray microanalysis of Michaelis--Gutmann bodies in human malakoplakia (kidney and testes) and in that of rats induced experimentally by administration of endotoxin of Escherichia coli, was carried out. The presence of calcium could be revealed in every Michaelis--Gutmann body according to the lines of Kalfa and K3 as well. The amount of it was in correlation with the stage of the calcification. In the Michaelis--Gutmann bodies found in the rat kidney, fixed without OsO4 presence of P could also be demonstrated. The correlation between the weight per cent of Ca and P seems to evidence the presence of CaHPO4. Results of the X-ray microanalysis of Michaelis--Gutmann bodies found in human and in experimentally induced malakoplakia appeared to be similar."}
{"id": "PMID:345112", "title": "[Mutagenic and teratogenic effects of cigarette smoke. A summary of experimental and clinical observations (author's transl)].", "content": "The mutagenic effect of compounds in cigarette smoke condensate has been demonstrated by the Ames test. A small percentage of cells is transformed into malignant cells. In animal experiments, evidence was found for the teratogenic effects of the contents of cigarette smoke. Among the published epidemiological statistical observations on the effects on humans are a reduction of the birth weight due to maternal smoking, an increase in perinatal mortality if the father smokes and twice the incidence of deformities in children of fathers who smoke heavily. The knowledge of these connections should be of significance for family planning consultation.", "contents": "[Mutagenic and teratogenic effects of cigarette smoke. A summary of experimental and clinical observations (author's transl)]. The mutagenic effect of compounds in cigarette smoke condensate has been demonstrated by the Ames test. A small percentage of cells is transformed into malignant cells. In animal experiments, evidence was found for the teratogenic effects of the contents of cigarette smoke. Among the published epidemiological statistical observations on the effects on humans are a reduction of the birth weight due to maternal smoking, an increase in perinatal mortality if the father smokes and twice the incidence of deformities in children of fathers who smoke heavily. The knowledge of these connections should be of significance for family planning consultation."}
{"id": "PMID:345103", "title": "[Phenomenon of w-reactivation in plasmids].", "content": "An analysis of the action of the bacterial repair system on the UV-irradiated pMB9 plasmid has been carried out. It has been shown that the UV-irradiated plasmid is repaired in the bacteria similarly to the DNA of bacteriophage (lambda): the effectiveness of the UVR-system is lowered two-three times, and the postreplicativing REC system acts only at low doses of the UV-light. The phenomenon of omega-reactivation is observed both with plasmid and phage DNAs.", "contents": "[Phenomenon of w-reactivation in plasmids]. An analysis of the action of the bacterial repair system on the UV-irradiated pMB9 plasmid has been carried out. It has been shown that the UV-irradiated plasmid is repaired in the bacteria similarly to the DNA of bacteriophage (lambda): the effectiveness of the UVR-system is lowered two-three times, and the postreplicativing REC system acts only at low doses of the UV-light. The phenomenon of omega-reactivation is observed both with plasmid and phage DNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:345114", "title": "[Transplantation pneumonology].", "content": "The importance of the lung in graft surgery is essentially characterized by three points: infection in immunosuppression, transplantation lung and the transplant. The therapeutic reduction of endogenous defense increases the risk of infection considerably. Every hint of pulmonary infection in the patient with a transplant demands a thorough diagnostic investigation, even operative measures not being excluded in the course of clarification. The phenomenon of \"transplantation lung\" is probably caused by circulating antigen-antibody complexes. In lung transplantation, difficulties begin in obtaining a satisfactory organ, most donors with cerebral death cannot be considered. Immune-induced changes of the hemostasis system lead to microemboli and extravasation into the alveolar space. The risk of infection is greatest here, because the transplant is in constant communication with the outside world.", "contents": "[Transplantation pneumonology]. The importance of the lung in graft surgery is essentially characterized by three points: infection in immunosuppression, transplantation lung and the transplant. The therapeutic reduction of endogenous defense increases the risk of infection considerably. Every hint of pulmonary infection in the patient with a transplant demands a thorough diagnostic investigation, even operative measures not being excluded in the course of clarification. The phenomenon of \"transplantation lung\" is probably caused by circulating antigen-antibody complexes. In lung transplantation, difficulties begin in obtaining a satisfactory organ, most donors with cerebral death cannot be considered. Immune-induced changes of the hemostasis system lead to microemboli and extravasation into the alveolar space. The risk of infection is greatest here, because the transplant is in constant communication with the outside world."}
{"id": "PMID:345106", "title": "[Effect of several factors on synthesis of RNA-polymerase subunits by Escherichia coli K12].", "content": "In merodiploid cells containing a double dose of structural genes of RNA polymerase subunits--rpoB and rpoC--the rate of synthesis of beta- and beta'-subunits is 2 times higher than in haploid cells. Missense mutation rpoC1 (tsX) in the beta'-polypeptide gene accelerates the synthesis of both beta- and beta'-subunits, particularly at a nonpermissive temperature. When rpoB-rpoC operon containing mutation rpoC1 is duplicated no dose effect of these genes is observed. In the heterozygous state mutation rpoC1 produces almost no accelerating effect on the synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits i. e. is recessive with respect to the wild allele of rpoC. In the presence of rifampicin the synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits in a sensitive wild-type strain is stimulated 6-fold, the same effect is observed with cells carrying mutation rpoC1, the latter, however, itself accelerates the synthesis of these subunits 3-fold. Thus the effects of rifampicin and the mutation are synergistic indicating that these factors act independently. Similar data have also been obtained with rifampicin-treated cells of rpoB22 amber-mutant. In UV-irradiated cells, amino acid incorporation into beta- and beta'-subunits declines more rapidly than into the total protein. When either irradiated or non-irradiated cells are infected with a transducing phage lambdarifd-47 which carries rpoB gene, the synthesis of beta-proceeds at a higher rate. Irradiation of bacteria before the infection (500 erg/mm2) results in 6.5-fold acceleration of the synthesis induced by subsequent infection with lambdarifd-47 as compared to non-infected non-irradiated cells; the fraction of newly formed beta-polypeptide with respect to total protein grows 20-fold in this case. The data are considered with regard to the possible mechanisms of regulation of synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits.", "contents": "[Effect of several factors on synthesis of RNA-polymerase subunits by Escherichia coli K12]. In merodiploid cells containing a double dose of structural genes of RNA polymerase subunits--rpoB and rpoC--the rate of synthesis of beta- and beta'-subunits is 2 times higher than in haploid cells. Missense mutation rpoC1 (tsX) in the beta'-polypeptide gene accelerates the synthesis of both beta- and beta'-subunits, particularly at a nonpermissive temperature. When rpoB-rpoC operon containing mutation rpoC1 is duplicated no dose effect of these genes is observed. In the heterozygous state mutation rpoC1 produces almost no accelerating effect on the synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits i. e. is recessive with respect to the wild allele of rpoC. In the presence of rifampicin the synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits in a sensitive wild-type strain is stimulated 6-fold, the same effect is observed with cells carrying mutation rpoC1, the latter, however, itself accelerates the synthesis of these subunits 3-fold. Thus the effects of rifampicin and the mutation are synergistic indicating that these factors act independently. Similar data have also been obtained with rifampicin-treated cells of rpoB22 amber-mutant. In UV-irradiated cells, amino acid incorporation into beta- and beta'-subunits declines more rapidly than into the total protein. When either irradiated or non-irradiated cells are infected with a transducing phage lambdarifd-47 which carries rpoB gene, the synthesis of beta-proceeds at a higher rate. Irradiation of bacteria before the infection (500 erg/mm2) results in 6.5-fold acceleration of the synthesis induced by subsequent infection with lambdarifd-47 as compared to non-infected non-irradiated cells; the fraction of newly formed beta-polypeptide with respect to total protein grows 20-fold in this case. The data are considered with regard to the possible mechanisms of regulation of synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:345115", "title": "W-reactivation and W-mutagenesis of gamma-irradiated phage lambda.", "content": "UV irradiation of Escherichia coli wild-type cells manifested the phenomena of W-reactivation (WR) and W-mutagenesis (WM) of phage lambda irradiated by 60Co gamma-rays in broth. WR of gamma-irradiated phage was half as efficient as that of UV-irradiated phage, although the frequency of c mutations in conditions of WR was about the same in both phages. The xthA and recBrecC sbcB mutants were practically identical with wild-type cells in respect of WR and WM of UV- and gamma-irradiated phage. As in UV-irradiated phage, WR and WM of gamma-irradiated phage were absolutely dependent on the recA+ and lexA+ genes of the host cell. WR and WM required much smaller doses of UV radiation for induction in polA1 and uvrB mutants. The lig-ts mutant, temperature sensitive in polynucleotide ligase, was deficient in WR and WM of UV- and gamma-irradiated phage at the semi-permissive temperature of 37 degrees. The uvrE502 mutant and the allelic recL152 strain were absolutely deficient in WR and WM of gamma-irradiated phage. In UV-irradiated phage WR was reduced, but not eliminated, in the uvrE mutant, and WM was entirely suppressed. This is another example of uncoupling of WR and WM which shows that several repair systems are active in WR but only some of them are mutagenic.", "contents": "W-reactivation and W-mutagenesis of gamma-irradiated phage lambda. UV irradiation of Escherichia coli wild-type cells manifested the phenomena of W-reactivation (WR) and W-mutagenesis (WM) of phage lambda irradiated by 60Co gamma-rays in broth. WR of gamma-irradiated phage was half as efficient as that of UV-irradiated phage, although the frequency of c mutations in conditions of WR was about the same in both phages. The xthA and recBrecC sbcB mutants were practically identical with wild-type cells in respect of WR and WM of UV- and gamma-irradiated phage. As in UV-irradiated phage, WR and WM of gamma-irradiated phage were absolutely dependent on the recA+ and lexA+ genes of the host cell. WR and WM required much smaller doses of UV radiation for induction in polA1 and uvrB mutants. The lig-ts mutant, temperature sensitive in polynucleotide ligase, was deficient in WR and WM of UV- and gamma-irradiated phage at the semi-permissive temperature of 37 degrees. The uvrE502 mutant and the allelic recL152 strain were absolutely deficient in WR and WM of gamma-irradiated phage. In UV-irradiated phage WR was reduced, but not eliminated, in the uvrE mutant, and WM was entirely suppressed. This is another example of uncoupling of WR and WM which shows that several repair systems are active in WR but only some of them are mutagenic."}
{"id": "PMID:345122", "title": "Colonic myoelectrical activity in irritable-bowel syndrome. Effect of eating and anticholinergics.", "content": "To determine the effect of a standard meal on colonic myoelectrical and motor activity in the irritable-bowel syndrome and to determine the effect of a single dose of an oral anticholinergic drug (clidinium bromide) on this response, we studied 10 patients. These patients showed a prolonged increase in both colonic spike (P less than 0.05) and motor activity (P less than 0.05) after eating as compared to normal subjects. Clidinium did not affect the frequency of colonic slow waves or the basal colonic spike and motor activity. However, the anticholinergic reduced the prolonged postprandial colonic spike and motor response in the patients and also reduced the postprandial increase in colonic contractions at 3 cycles per minute (P less than 0.05). These studies indicate that patients with the irritable-bowel syndrome show an abnormally prolonged post-prandial increase in colonic spike and motor activity. An anticholinergic drug reduces the duration and the magnitude of this abnormal colonic response.", "contents": "Colonic myoelectrical activity in irritable-bowel syndrome. Effect of eating and anticholinergics. To determine the effect of a standard meal on colonic myoelectrical and motor activity in the irritable-bowel syndrome and to determine the effect of a single dose of an oral anticholinergic drug (clidinium bromide) on this response, we studied 10 patients. These patients showed a prolonged increase in both colonic spike (P less than 0.05) and motor activity (P less than 0.05) after eating as compared to normal subjects. Clidinium did not affect the frequency of colonic slow waves or the basal colonic spike and motor activity. However, the anticholinergic reduced the prolonged postprandial colonic spike and motor response in the patients and also reduced the postprandial increase in colonic contractions at 3 cycles per minute (P less than 0.05). These studies indicate that patients with the irritable-bowel syndrome show an abnormally prolonged post-prandial increase in colonic spike and motor activity. An anticholinergic drug reduces the duration and the magnitude of this abnormal colonic response."}
{"id": "PMID:345126", "title": "A rho-dependent termination site in the gene coding for tyrosine tRNA su3 of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A set of partially overlapping DNA restriction fragments that support promoter-dependent transcription of the tRNATyr1 gene of Escherichia coli has been used to study site-specific termination in vitro. Transcription termination occurs at a specific site 224-226 nucleotides beyond the end of the structural gene and is completely dependent on rho-factor. Certain features of this site suggest differences from other termination sites previously studied. A role for specific sequence recognition is suggested.", "contents": "A rho-dependent termination site in the gene coding for tyrosine tRNA su3 of Escherichia coli. A set of partially overlapping DNA restriction fragments that support promoter-dependent transcription of the tRNATyr1 gene of Escherichia coli has been used to study site-specific termination in vitro. Transcription termination occurs at a specific site 224-226 nucleotides beyond the end of the structural gene and is completely dependent on rho-factor. Certain features of this site suggest differences from other termination sites previously studied. A role for specific sequence recognition is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:345129", "title": "Phase relations between a circadian rhythm and its zeitgeber within the range of entrainment.", "content": "The regular day-night changes in tissues, physiologic functions, and behavior of organisms are based on endogenous rhythmic processes which under constant conditions continue with periods slightly deviating from 24 h. These 'circadian' rhythms have properties of self-sustained oscillators. Under natural conditions, circadian rhythms are synchronized (entrained) to 24 h by periodic factors in the environment, the so-called 'zeitgebers'. In the laboratory, circadian rhythms can also be entrained to periods other than 24 h within certain limits. Data on the phase relationship between the circadian rhythm and an entraining light-dark cycle for vertebrates, insects, plants, and unicellular organisms are reviewed.", "contents": "Phase relations between a circadian rhythm and its zeitgeber within the range of entrainment. The regular day-night changes in tissues, physiologic functions, and behavior of organisms are based on endogenous rhythmic processes which under constant conditions continue with periods slightly deviating from 24 h. These 'circadian' rhythms have properties of self-sustained oscillators. Under natural conditions, circadian rhythms are synchronized (entrained) to 24 h by periodic factors in the environment, the so-called 'zeitgebers'. In the laboratory, circadian rhythms can also be entrained to periods other than 24 h within certain limits. Data on the phase relationship between the circadian rhythm and an entraining light-dark cycle for vertebrates, insects, plants, and unicellular organisms are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:345130", "title": "Microbial catabolism, the carbon cycle and environmental pollution.", "content": "The establishment of a carbon cycle was a necessary prerequisite for the evolution of higher forms of life. This could not have been achieved without the direct participation of oxygen gas in certain metabolic reactions. The controlled activation of oxygen is catalyzed by microbial oxygenases; in principle, activated oxygen is hazardous to all living forms but without it, the degradative segment of the carbon cycle could not operate. The degradation of aromatic compounds is not an esoteric activity of a few specialized microorganisms. It occurs continuously, accompanied by fixation and cycling of oxygen on a massive scale; but like other global biochemical processes it tends to be neglected in general biological curricula. However, knowledge of the scope and limitations of microbial catabolic enzymes is central to the development of rational approaches to many of society's environmental concerns.", "contents": "Microbial catabolism, the carbon cycle and environmental pollution. The establishment of a carbon cycle was a necessary prerequisite for the evolution of higher forms of life. This could not have been achieved without the direct participation of oxygen gas in certain metabolic reactions. The controlled activation of oxygen is catalyzed by microbial oxygenases; in principle, activated oxygen is hazardous to all living forms but without it, the degradative segment of the carbon cycle could not operate. The degradation of aromatic compounds is not an esoteric activity of a few specialized microorganisms. It occurs continuously, accompanied by fixation and cycling of oxygen on a massive scale; but like other global biochemical processes it tends to be neglected in general biological curricula. However, knowledge of the scope and limitations of microbial catabolic enzymes is central to the development of rational approaches to many of society's environmental concerns."}
{"id": "PMID:345135", "title": "Immediate and remote results of dermatoplastic operations in patients with malignant skin neoplasms.", "content": "The results of dermatoplasty made in 698 patients suffering from skin neoplasms are reported. The plastic operations do not negatively affect the course of the disease; at the same time they enable the surgeon to perform more radical resection of a tumor.", "contents": "Immediate and remote results of dermatoplastic operations in patients with malignant skin neoplasms. The results of dermatoplasty made in 698 patients suffering from skin neoplasms are reported. The plastic operations do not negatively affect the course of the disease; at the same time they enable the surgeon to perform more radical resection of a tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:345136", "title": "The influence of extracts from the skeletal muscle of guinea-pigs infected with Myco bovis BCG-Praha and/or with Myco fortuitum on the viability of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Description of results obtained by following the influence of muscle from guinea-pigs infected with Myco bovis BCG-Praha and/or Myco fortuitum on the viability of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells is presented. The muscle extracts were prepared from the striated muscles of the upper and lower extremities as well as the sternal muscle of guinea-pigs killed on the 1st, 15th, 35th and 70th days after infection with the above-mentioned mycobacterial strains. It follows from the results obtained that only muscle extracts from guinea-pigs infected with BCG-Praha will exhibit a considerable potential inhibiting the viability of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. This inhibitory factory could not be eliminated from muscle extracts either through saturation by a homologous mycobacterial strain or by homogenates of striated muscles gained from healthy, non-infected guinea-pigs.", "contents": "The influence of extracts from the skeletal muscle of guinea-pigs infected with Myco bovis BCG-Praha and/or with Myco fortuitum on the viability of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Description of results obtained by following the influence of muscle from guinea-pigs infected with Myco bovis BCG-Praha and/or Myco fortuitum on the viability of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells is presented. The muscle extracts were prepared from the striated muscles of the upper and lower extremities as well as the sternal muscle of guinea-pigs killed on the 1st, 15th, 35th and 70th days after infection with the above-mentioned mycobacterial strains. It follows from the results obtained that only muscle extracts from guinea-pigs infected with BCG-Praha will exhibit a considerable potential inhibiting the viability of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. This inhibitory factory could not be eliminated from muscle extracts either through saturation by a homologous mycobacterial strain or by homogenates of striated muscles gained from healthy, non-infected guinea-pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:345139", "title": "Lipid disorders in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, lipoprotein and phospholipid levels were higher in 76 transplant recipients than in normal age-matched controls. 22 patients exhibited a normal lipid pattern; 12 a type IIa, 12 a type IIb, and 30 a type IV hyperlipidemia. Lipid abnormalities were not related to serum creatinine, parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum albumin, plasma glucose, transplant age, relative body weight or steroid administration schedule. Only plasma triglyceride level was related to mean prednisone dosage. In order to reduce the apparent cardiovascular risk posed by these changes in plasma lipid concentration, hypocaloric diet was administered to 16 patients with hypertriglyceridemia or mixed hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. With these dietary measures, plasma lipid concentrations returned to normal and remained stable during the period of observation (6--18 months).", "contents": "Lipid disorders in renal transplant recipients. Plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, lipoprotein and phospholipid levels were higher in 76 transplant recipients than in normal age-matched controls. 22 patients exhibited a normal lipid pattern; 12 a type IIa, 12 a type IIb, and 30 a type IV hyperlipidemia. Lipid abnormalities were not related to serum creatinine, parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum albumin, plasma glucose, transplant age, relative body weight or steroid administration schedule. Only plasma triglyceride level was related to mean prednisone dosage. In order to reduce the apparent cardiovascular risk posed by these changes in plasma lipid concentration, hypocaloric diet was administered to 16 patients with hypertriglyceridemia or mixed hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. With these dietary measures, plasma lipid concentrations returned to normal and remained stable during the period of observation (6--18 months)."}
{"id": "PMID:345140", "title": "Effect of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 3 deoxy-1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, 24R, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and successful renal transplantation on calcium absorption in haemodialysis patients.", "content": "Using a 2-hour 47Ca absorption test, significant depression of active calcium absorption was demonstrated in 48 vitamin D untreated haemodialysis patients. This malabsorption of calcium could be corrected by the daily oral administration of 1--2 microgram of 1alphaOHD3 and 1--1.5 microgram of 1,25(OH)2D3. 5 microgram daily for 2 weeks of 3-deoxy-1alphaOHD3 AND 16 and 64 microgram daily for 1 week of 24R,25(OH)2D3 proved ineffective. In 32 successfully transplanted patients, restoration of normal or near normal renal function (serum creatinine less than 1.9 mg/100 ml) was not always followed by an immediate improvement in active calcium absorption. Calcium absorption, especially in female patients, was adversely affected by the required immunosuppressive prednisone therapy and improvement was slow.", "contents": "Effect of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 3 deoxy-1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, 24R, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and successful renal transplantation on calcium absorption in haemodialysis patients. Using a 2-hour 47Ca absorption test, significant depression of active calcium absorption was demonstrated in 48 vitamin D untreated haemodialysis patients. This malabsorption of calcium could be corrected by the daily oral administration of 1--2 microgram of 1alphaOHD3 and 1--1.5 microgram of 1,25(OH)2D3. 5 microgram daily for 2 weeks of 3-deoxy-1alphaOHD3 AND 16 and 64 microgram daily for 1 week of 24R,25(OH)2D3 proved ineffective. In 32 successfully transplanted patients, restoration of normal or near normal renal function (serum creatinine less than 1.9 mg/100 ml) was not always followed by an immediate improvement in active calcium absorption. Calcium absorption, especially in female patients, was adversely affected by the required immunosuppressive prednisone therapy and improvement was slow."}
{"id": "PMID:345143", "title": "Ovulation induced by LH-RH in rats made anovulatory by various experimental procedures.", "content": "The injection of LH-RH induced ovulation in constant estrous rats (CEA), made anovulatory either by frontal hypothalamic deafferentation (FHD), or by exposure to continuous light (CL), or by neonatal androgenization (NA) with 0.500 mg testosterone propionate (NA500). Rats neonatally treated with 1.250 mg testosterone (NA1250) were almost unable to ovulate. 100% of FHD-CEA rats ovulated in response to 10 ng LH-RH, which is 1/3 of the lowest dose able to determine 100% of full ovulation in control proestrous rats. NA500-CEA rats, on the other hand, ovulated in response to doses comparable to those effective in the controls, whereas in CL-CEA rats the doses required for full ovulation were 2-3 times higher than in the controls. The results of these experiments demonstrate that the pituitary glands of CEA rats respond to the stimulation by the specific hypothalamic releasing factor. The pituitary response, however, appears enhanced in FHD-CEA rats and markedly depressed in CL-CEA animals.", "contents": "Ovulation induced by LH-RH in rats made anovulatory by various experimental procedures. The injection of LH-RH induced ovulation in constant estrous rats (CEA), made anovulatory either by frontal hypothalamic deafferentation (FHD), or by exposure to continuous light (CL), or by neonatal androgenization (NA) with 0.500 mg testosterone propionate (NA500). Rats neonatally treated with 1.250 mg testosterone (NA1250) were almost unable to ovulate. 100% of FHD-CEA rats ovulated in response to 10 ng LH-RH, which is 1/3 of the lowest dose able to determine 100% of full ovulation in control proestrous rats. NA500-CEA rats, on the other hand, ovulated in response to doses comparable to those effective in the controls, whereas in CL-CEA rats the doses required for full ovulation were 2-3 times higher than in the controls. The results of these experiments demonstrate that the pituitary glands of CEA rats respond to the stimulation by the specific hypothalamic releasing factor. The pituitary response, however, appears enhanced in FHD-CEA rats and markedly depressed in CL-CEA animals."}
{"id": "PMID:345144", "title": "Pituitary responsiveness to LRF in castrated male hamsters exposed to different photoperiodic conditions.", "content": "The effect of various doses of LRF on pituitary LH and FSH release was examined in castrated adult male hamsters with different photoperiodic histories. Gonadotropin (Gn) release in response to LRF was independent of whether the animals had been exposed to a photostimulatory (LD 14:10) or a nonstimulatory (LD 6:18) light cycle for 60 days following castration. The lowest dose that caused a significant increase in serum Gns was 10 ng LRF/100 g b.w. for LH and 50 ng LRF/100 g b.w. for FSH. These results indicate that photoperiod, which is well known to exert major effects on the reproductive system of the golden hamster, does not do so by directly altering the responsiveness of the pituitary gland to hypothalamic Gn-releasing factor.", "contents": "Pituitary responsiveness to LRF in castrated male hamsters exposed to different photoperiodic conditions. The effect of various doses of LRF on pituitary LH and FSH release was examined in castrated adult male hamsters with different photoperiodic histories. Gonadotropin (Gn) release in response to LRF was independent of whether the animals had been exposed to a photostimulatory (LD 14:10) or a nonstimulatory (LD 6:18) light cycle for 60 days following castration. The lowest dose that caused a significant increase in serum Gns was 10 ng LRF/100 g b.w. for LH and 50 ng LRF/100 g b.w. for FSH. These results indicate that photoperiod, which is well known to exert major effects on the reproductive system of the golden hamster, does not do so by directly altering the responsiveness of the pituitary gland to hypothalamic Gn-releasing factor."}
{"id": "PMID:345145", "title": "Treatment of isolated gonadotropin deficiency in men with synthetic LR-RH and a more potent analogue of LH-RH.", "content": "Six patients with idiopathic isolated gonadotropin deficiency (IGD) were treated with 100 microgram LH-RH s.c. 3 times daily, leading to subnormal increases of serum gonadotropin (Gn) and testosterone (T) levels, and promoting puberty from stage I to stage II-III of TANNER. S.c. administration of 100 microgram of the more potent and longer-lasting analogue 6-D-Leu-10-Des-Gly-ethylamide-LH-RH induced LH and FSH rises after the very first application in these patients for more than 12 h. However, long-term therapy with the analogue (100 microgram s.c./day) did not improve hypogonadism. Paradoxically, on daily treatment (8 patients) with 6-D-Leu-10-Des-Gly-ethylamide-LH-RH the FSH serum levels fell after 1 week and the LH levels after 8 weeks of treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of isolated gonadotropin deficiency in men with synthetic LR-RH and a more potent analogue of LH-RH. Six patients with idiopathic isolated gonadotropin deficiency (IGD) were treated with 100 microgram LH-RH s.c. 3 times daily, leading to subnormal increases of serum gonadotropin (Gn) and testosterone (T) levels, and promoting puberty from stage I to stage II-III of TANNER. S.c. administration of 100 microgram of the more potent and longer-lasting analogue 6-D-Leu-10-Des-Gly-ethylamide-LH-RH induced LH and FSH rises after the very first application in these patients for more than 12 h. However, long-term therapy with the analogue (100 microgram s.c./day) did not improve hypogonadism. Paradoxically, on daily treatment (8 patients) with 6-D-Leu-10-Des-Gly-ethylamide-LH-RH the FSH serum levels fell after 1 week and the LH levels after 8 weeks of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:345146", "title": "Biological and immunological luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) activity of the ovine pineal.", "content": "An acid extract of ovine pineal tissue inhibited luteinising hormon (LH) release in ovariectomized oestrogen and progesterone (OEP) pre-treated female rats, and did not exhibit any LH-RH-like immunoreactivity in vitro.", "contents": "Biological and immunological luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) activity of the ovine pineal. An acid extract of ovine pineal tissue inhibited luteinising hormon (LH) release in ovariectomized oestrogen and progesterone (OEP) pre-treated female rats, and did not exhibit any LH-RH-like immunoreactivity in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:345142", "title": "[Reconstruction of the facial nerve in the parotid-masseter region].", "content": "The technique and results of surgical reconstruction of different extent of the extratemporal part of the facial nerve after oncological operations and after accidental injuries are reported. Return of facial nerve function was observed in 15 out of 17 cases (87%) with follow-up over 1 year. An own modification of nerve suture is described. Attention is called to the possibility of perineural and endoneural spread of parotid malignant neoplasms.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the facial nerve in the parotid-masseter region]. The technique and results of surgical reconstruction of different extent of the extratemporal part of the facial nerve after oncological operations and after accidental injuries are reported. Return of facial nerve function was observed in 15 out of 17 cases (87%) with follow-up over 1 year. An own modification of nerve suture is described. Attention is called to the possibility of perineural and endoneural spread of parotid malignant neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:345165", "title": "Pulmonary pathology at necropsy.", "content": "A simple method of perfusion of the lungs at necropsy was used in a series of 293 necropsies. The lungs were examined 24-48 hours after fixation. Two hundred and eighty-eight cases (98.3 percent) showed abnormalities and 92 of them (31 percent) showed multiple pathology. Unexpected pulmonary thrombo-embolic disease was found in 38 cases (12.9 percent) and the lungs were normal in only five cases (1.7 percent). The technique is simple and is advocated as a means of investigating lung pathology at necropsy.", "contents": "Pulmonary pathology at necropsy. A simple method of perfusion of the lungs at necropsy was used in a series of 293 necropsies. The lungs were examined 24-48 hours after fixation. Two hundred and eighty-eight cases (98.3 percent) showed abnormalities and 92 of them (31 percent) showed multiple pathology. Unexpected pulmonary thrombo-embolic disease was found in 38 cases (12.9 percent) and the lungs were normal in only five cases (1.7 percent). The technique is simple and is advocated as a means of investigating lung pathology at necropsy."}
{"id": "PMID:345171", "title": "[Study on the use of glass ceramics in osteo-odonto-keratoplasty].", "content": "Report of preparatory investigations about the usefulness of 'glass ceramics' in keratoplasty in a modification of Strampelli's method: Under the available implantation materials, glass ceramics seem to be the best as they join strongly to the bone and to interstitial tissues. As glass ceramics are suitable to keratoplasty, the necessity of loosing a tooth in osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis after Strampelli can be avoided. Other advantages are standardization of the whole procedure, shortening of operation time and extension of indications for the operation. Based on our results, further investigations with longer implantation times, especially in eyes, are being performed at another place.", "contents": "[Study on the use of glass ceramics in osteo-odonto-keratoplasty]. Report of preparatory investigations about the usefulness of 'glass ceramics' in keratoplasty in a modification of Strampelli's method: Under the available implantation materials, glass ceramics seem to be the best as they join strongly to the bone and to interstitial tissues. As glass ceramics are suitable to keratoplasty, the necessity of loosing a tooth in osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis after Strampelli can be avoided. Other advantages are standardization of the whole procedure, shortening of operation time and extension of indications for the operation. Based on our results, further investigations with longer implantation times, especially in eyes, are being performed at another place."}
{"id": "PMID:345172", "title": "Spectacle correction of alphakia: how aspheric do they have to be?", "content": "A comparison of spheric and aspheric cataract lenses was carried out on 28 patients with uncomplicated surgery. Lenses were evaluated with respect to eccentric acuity, visual field, ring scotoma, magnification, distortion, and subjective preferences. The results suggest that design differences can be applied to specific visual tasks, thus improving clinical lens prescribing.", "contents": "Spectacle correction of alphakia: how aspheric do they have to be? A comparison of spheric and aspheric cataract lenses was carried out on 28 patients with uncomplicated surgery. Lenses were evaluated with respect to eccentric acuity, visual field, ring scotoma, magnification, distortion, and subjective preferences. The results suggest that design differences can be applied to specific visual tasks, thus improving clinical lens prescribing."}
{"id": "PMID:345173", "title": "Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: the second report of diabetic retinopathy study findings.", "content": "Data from the Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) show that photocoagulad inhibited the progression of retinopathy. These beneficial effects were noted to some degree in all those stages of diabetic retinopathy which were included in the Study. Some deleterious effects of treatment were also found, including losses of visual acuity and constriction of peripheral visual field. The risk of these harmful effects was considered acceptable in eyes with retinopathy in the moderate or severe retinopathy in the moderate or severe proliferative stage when the risk of severe visual loss without treatment was great. In early proliferative or severe nonproliferative retinopathy, when the risk of severe visual loss without treatment was less, the risks of harmful treatment effects assumed greater importance. In these earlier stages, DRS findings have not led to a clear choice between prompt treatment and deferral of treatment unless and until progression to a more severe stage occurs.", "contents": "Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: the second report of diabetic retinopathy study findings. Data from the Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) show that photocoagulad inhibited the progression of retinopathy. These beneficial effects were noted to some degree in all those stages of diabetic retinopathy which were included in the Study. Some deleterious effects of treatment were also found, including losses of visual acuity and constriction of peripheral visual field. The risk of these harmful effects was considered acceptable in eyes with retinopathy in the moderate or severe retinopathy in the moderate or severe proliferative stage when the risk of severe visual loss without treatment was great. In early proliferative or severe nonproliferative retinopathy, when the risk of severe visual loss without treatment was less, the risks of harmful treatment effects assumed greater importance. In these earlier stages, DRS findings have not led to a clear choice between prompt treatment and deferral of treatment unless and until progression to a more severe stage occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:345174", "title": "A randomized double-blind trial of levamisole in the therapy of recurrent aphthous stomatitis.", "content": "A Controlled, double-blind study was performed to compare the effects of levamisole and placebo in eighteen patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Levamisole is a drug which enhances defective cellular immune responses. It was administered in a flexible dosage schedule: 50 mg. three times daily for three consecutive days at the start of an aphthous lesion but with an interval of at least 2 weeks between courses of therapy. Placebo consisted of pills that were identical in appearance, taken according to the same schedule. Statistical evaluation showed decreased frequency of lesions, shorter duration, and diminished pain of lesions in the group receiving levamisole. Subsequent follow-up in an open trial confirmed these results.", "contents": "A randomized double-blind trial of levamisole in the therapy of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. A Controlled, double-blind study was performed to compare the effects of levamisole and placebo in eighteen patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Levamisole is a drug which enhances defective cellular immune responses. It was administered in a flexible dosage schedule: 50 mg. three times daily for three consecutive days at the start of an aphthous lesion but with an interval of at least 2 weeks between courses of therapy. Placebo consisted of pills that were identical in appearance, taken according to the same schedule. Statistical evaluation showed decreased frequency of lesions, shorter duration, and diminished pain of lesions in the group receiving levamisole. Subsequent follow-up in an open trial confirmed these results."}
{"id": "PMID:345175", "title": "Effect of immediate dowel space preparation on the apical seal of endodontically filled teeth.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate in vitro the effect of using hot endodonic pluggers for immediate dowel space preparation on the apical seal of endodontically treated teeth filled by a chloropercha technique. The results demonstrated that, when the coronal half of the root canal filling material was removed immediately after placement with pluggers, there was a loss of the apical seal and leakage in thirteen of twenty teeth. There was also leakage in thirteen of twenty teeth in which dowel spaces were not prepared. This study did not demonstrate a significant difference statistically in loss of apical seal and leakage between teeth prepared with and those without immediate dowel space preparations with pluggers using a chloropercha filling technique. Immediate preparation of the dowel spaces had no effect on the apical seal. The chloropercha technique by itself showed evidence of very high leakage when used to fill the root canal.", "contents": "Effect of immediate dowel space preparation on the apical seal of endodontically filled teeth. The purpose of this study was to investigate in vitro the effect of using hot endodonic pluggers for immediate dowel space preparation on the apical seal of endodontically treated teeth filled by a chloropercha technique. The results demonstrated that, when the coronal half of the root canal filling material was removed immediately after placement with pluggers, there was a loss of the apical seal and leakage in thirteen of twenty teeth. There was also leakage in thirteen of twenty teeth in which dowel spaces were not prepared. This study did not demonstrate a significant difference statistically in loss of apical seal and leakage between teeth prepared with and those without immediate dowel space preparations with pluggers using a chloropercha filling technique. Immediate preparation of the dowel spaces had no effect on the apical seal. The chloropercha technique by itself showed evidence of very high leakage when used to fill the root canal."}
{"id": "PMID:345198", "title": "The influence of anxiety and pain sensitivity on experimental pain in man.", "content": "A study was made of a number of factors that might be responsible for the unreliable results obtained in experimentally induced pain in man. In a randomised, double-blind, cross-over study on 32 healthy, male volunteers, the ischaemic pain test [14] and several psychological tests were performed. The influence of the following factors on the pain test results were examined: (a) ingestion of single, oral doses of 1000 mg aspirin (ASA) and placebo, (b) practice effect, (c) initial pain sensitivity, (d) anxiety, coping behaviour, attitude to the experiment and personality factors. The analgesic activity of ASA could not be demonstrated. An interaction between primary pain sensitivity and the sequence of drug administration was found. Furthermore, anxiety had a marked influence on the test results. Using experimental pain models reliable results are not to be expected as anxiety fluctuates intra- and interindividually in an unpredictable and uncontrollable manner.", "contents": "The influence of anxiety and pain sensitivity on experimental pain in man. A study was made of a number of factors that might be responsible for the unreliable results obtained in experimentally induced pain in man. In a randomised, double-blind, cross-over study on 32 healthy, male volunteers, the ischaemic pain test [14] and several psychological tests were performed. The influence of the following factors on the pain test results were examined: (a) ingestion of single, oral doses of 1000 mg aspirin (ASA) and placebo, (b) practice effect, (c) initial pain sensitivity, (d) anxiety, coping behaviour, attitude to the experiment and personality factors. The analgesic activity of ASA could not be demonstrated. An interaction between primary pain sensitivity and the sequence of drug administration was found. Furthermore, anxiety had a marked influence on the test results. Using experimental pain models reliable results are not to be expected as anxiety fluctuates intra- and interindividually in an unpredictable and uncontrollable manner."}
{"id": "PMID:345207", "title": "Airway resistance in infants after various treatments for hyaline membrane disease: special emphasis on prolonged high levels of inspired oxygen.", "content": "Thoracic gas volume, airway resistance (Raw), and dynamic lung compliance (CL) were measured in 48 infants surviving after hyaline membrane disease. Some infants were found to have a small reduction in CL after recovery from the acute phase of the illness but no other abnormalities were detected, irrespective of the type of treatment received. When studied again between the ages of 4 and 10 months, CL had returned to normal, but all infants who had been treated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) during the neonatal period were found to have developed a raised Raw. In contrast, all nonventilated infants, including those who had received up to five days of oxygen therapy in concentrations above 80%, had normal lung function. We conclude that IPPV, and not the increased inspired oxygen concentration, damaged the airways and interfered with their growth.", "contents": "Airway resistance in infants after various treatments for hyaline membrane disease: special emphasis on prolonged high levels of inspired oxygen. Thoracic gas volume, airway resistance (Raw), and dynamic lung compliance (CL) were measured in 48 infants surviving after hyaline membrane disease. Some infants were found to have a small reduction in CL after recovery from the acute phase of the illness but no other abnormalities were detected, irrespective of the type of treatment received. When studied again between the ages of 4 and 10 months, CL had returned to normal, but all infants who had been treated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) during the neonatal period were found to have developed a raised Raw. In contrast, all nonventilated infants, including those who had received up to five days of oxygen therapy in concentrations above 80%, had normal lung function. We conclude that IPPV, and not the increased inspired oxygen concentration, damaged the airways and interfered with their growth."}
{"id": "PMID:345218", "title": "Influence of Ca2+ on red cell deformability and adaptation to sphering agents.", "content": "The following results indicate the close connection between Ca2+ and red cell deformability: ATP-depleted red cells have a lowered deformability, but chlorpromazine and papaverine return the deformability to normal despite unchanged low ATP-concentrations of the cells. Both drugs are known to displace membrane-bound calcium. Without significantly decreasing red cell ATP-content, the calcium-ionophore A23187 reduces the deformability in the presence of 10(-4) to 10(-3) mol external calcium. The ionophore is ineffective in reducing the red cell deformability when the cells are suspended in a calcium-free medium. The sphering agent lysolecithin is less effective in reducing red cell deformability, when the external calcium-concentration is kept low. Without lysolecithin external Ca2+ is ineffective in reducing red cell deformability for several h. These results have been interpreted as showing a calcium-induced reduced mobility of the protein moiety in the red cell membrane.", "contents": "Influence of Ca2+ on red cell deformability and adaptation to sphering agents. The following results indicate the close connection between Ca2+ and red cell deformability: ATP-depleted red cells have a lowered deformability, but chlorpromazine and papaverine return the deformability to normal despite unchanged low ATP-concentrations of the cells. Both drugs are known to displace membrane-bound calcium. Without significantly decreasing red cell ATP-content, the calcium-ionophore A23187 reduces the deformability in the presence of 10(-4) to 10(-3) mol external calcium. The ionophore is ineffective in reducing the red cell deformability when the cells are suspended in a calcium-free medium. The sphering agent lysolecithin is less effective in reducing red cell deformability, when the external calcium-concentration is kept low. Without lysolecithin external Ca2+ is ineffective in reducing red cell deformability for several h. These results have been interpreted as showing a calcium-induced reduced mobility of the protein moiety in the red cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:345219", "title": "Rat intestinal brush border enzymes release by deoxycholate in vivo.", "content": "The release of proteins, sucrase (SA), maltase (MA), leucine aminopeptidase (LA) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity from rat jejunum by sodium deoxycholate (DOC) was studied by an in vivo perfusion technique. In our experimental conditions, a 2 mmol/1 DOC perfusion for 30 min induced a marked and reversible release of proteins and hydrolases. When specific activities were considered, each enzyme showed a distinct release pattern. Significantly, the SA release was largely increased, the AP release was decreased and there was no correlation between the releases of SA and AP. Furthermore, the various enzymes recovered into the lumen were solubilized at different extents. SA was chiefly present in a soluble and AP in a particular form. The microscopical appearances showed a slight exfoliation of the epithelial cells from the villous tips but no specific changes when compared to the control group. The results are discussed in terms of enzymic localization in the brush border membrane; SA would be located very superficially in the surface membrane and AP buried in the membrane and less accessible than the other enzymes.", "contents": "Rat intestinal brush border enzymes release by deoxycholate in vivo. The release of proteins, sucrase (SA), maltase (MA), leucine aminopeptidase (LA) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity from rat jejunum by sodium deoxycholate (DOC) was studied by an in vivo perfusion technique. In our experimental conditions, a 2 mmol/1 DOC perfusion for 30 min induced a marked and reversible release of proteins and hydrolases. When specific activities were considered, each enzyme showed a distinct release pattern. Significantly, the SA release was largely increased, the AP release was decreased and there was no correlation between the releases of SA and AP. Furthermore, the various enzymes recovered into the lumen were solubilized at different extents. SA was chiefly present in a soluble and AP in a particular form. The microscopical appearances showed a slight exfoliation of the epithelial cells from the villous tips but no specific changes when compared to the control group. The results are discussed in terms of enzymic localization in the brush border membrane; SA would be located very superficially in the surface membrane and AP buried in the membrane and less accessible than the other enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:345220", "title": "Comparison between the oxygen removal rate and the histological structure of normal and tumour tissues.", "content": "A technique has been used to measure distributions of oxygen removal rate, QR, in samples of recently excised tissue where QR is defined as the ratio of the oxygen uptake rate to the oxygen solubility. QR was measured at 91 sampling points across a cross section of tissue of diameter 5 mm. By placing markers in the tissue and using special procedures to obtain sections of the tissue samples it was possible to compare the distributions of QR with the histological structure of the tissues. The overall resolution of the system is about 1/2 mm so that structures of the order of a millimetre or more could be examined. There are considerable inhomogeneities in QR within some normal tissues, for example 4-19 mm Hg/s in rat kidney and 0.4-1.5 mm Hg/s in human cervix. Inhomogeneities in tumour tissues are also associated with the histological structure and examples for the Lewis lung mouse carcinoma show a correlation between QR and regions of viable or necrotic tissue. For a biopsy sample of human carcinoma of the cervix QR correlates with the degree of local infiltration by tumour cells.", "contents": "Comparison between the oxygen removal rate and the histological structure of normal and tumour tissues. A technique has been used to measure distributions of oxygen removal rate, QR, in samples of recently excised tissue where QR is defined as the ratio of the oxygen uptake rate to the oxygen solubility. QR was measured at 91 sampling points across a cross section of tissue of diameter 5 mm. By placing markers in the tissue and using special procedures to obtain sections of the tissue samples it was possible to compare the distributions of QR with the histological structure of the tissues. The overall resolution of the system is about 1/2 mm so that structures of the order of a millimetre or more could be examined. There are considerable inhomogeneities in QR within some normal tissues, for example 4-19 mm Hg/s in rat kidney and 0.4-1.5 mm Hg/s in human cervix. Inhomogeneities in tumour tissues are also associated with the histological structure and examples for the Lewis lung mouse carcinoma show a correlation between QR and regions of viable or necrotic tissue. For a biopsy sample of human carcinoma of the cervix QR correlates with the degree of local infiltration by tumour cells."}
{"id": "PMID:345228", "title": "[A new method of pancreatic transplantation. II. Double renal and pancreatic transplantation in a diabetic with renal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "A 41-year-old man who had suffered from insulin-dependent diabetes since the age of twenty and who had severe degenerative complications with chronic renal failure, underwent pancreatic transplantation. The graft was prepared by intraduct injection of neoprene in order to suppress the exocrine function of the gland. It was situated in the iliac fossa and has ensured the complete correction of diabetes for more than 10 months. This favourable situation made it possible to carry out a renal transplant which could not have been envisaged previously in this patient with very unstable and progressive diabetes who was dialysed under very difficult conditions.", "contents": "[A new method of pancreatic transplantation. II. Double renal and pancreatic transplantation in a diabetic with renal failure (author's transl)]. A 41-year-old man who had suffered from insulin-dependent diabetes since the age of twenty and who had severe degenerative complications with chronic renal failure, underwent pancreatic transplantation. The graft was prepared by intraduct injection of neoprene in order to suppress the exocrine function of the gland. It was situated in the iliac fossa and has ensured the complete correction of diabetes for more than 10 months. This favourable situation made it possible to carry out a renal transplant which could not have been envisaged previously in this patient with very unstable and progressive diabetes who was dialysed under very difficult conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:345229", "title": "[Non resectable squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Study of the immunological status as prognosis factor and attempt at immunorestoration with B.C.G. (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty-six patients with bronchus non resectable squamous cell carcinoma (stage III and 14) entered into a protocol of chemotherapy depending upon their initial immunological status. These patients with (+) skin tests to recall antigens were allocated to a chemotherapy programme; patients with initially (-) skin tests were submitted to a protocol of immunorestauration with B.C.G. After three weeks of B.C.G. applications on scarifications 17 patients out of 31 presented with (+) skin tests and were considered as immunocompetent patients. All the patients then were submitted to chemotherapy protocol. The comparison of different median of survival have demonstrated that immune status appears as the more fundamental prognosis factor; the B.C.G. is able to transitory restore the immunity of the patients without any modification of the tumour progress. The median of survival of patients with initially (+) skin tests was ten months, and only two months for patients with (-) skin tests. The median of survival of patients whom immunity was restored with B.C.G. was nine months. The results of this trial let us to propose new strategy for treatment of these patients.", "contents": "[Non resectable squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Study of the immunological status as prognosis factor and attempt at immunorestoration with B.C.G. (author's transl)]. Sixty-six patients with bronchus non resectable squamous cell carcinoma (stage III and 14) entered into a protocol of chemotherapy depending upon their initial immunological status. These patients with (+) skin tests to recall antigens were allocated to a chemotherapy programme; patients with initially (-) skin tests were submitted to a protocol of immunorestauration with B.C.G. After three weeks of B.C.G. applications on scarifications 17 patients out of 31 presented with (+) skin tests and were considered as immunocompetent patients. All the patients then were submitted to chemotherapy protocol. The comparison of different median of survival have demonstrated that immune status appears as the more fundamental prognosis factor; the B.C.G. is able to transitory restore the immunity of the patients without any modification of the tumour progress. The median of survival of patients with initially (+) skin tests was ten months, and only two months for patients with (-) skin tests. The median of survival of patients whom immunity was restored with B.C.G. was nine months. The results of this trial let us to propose new strategy for treatment of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:345230", "title": "[Epidemiology of Burkitt's lymphoma in tropical areas - its relationship with malaria (author's transl)].", "content": "Epidemiology of tropical Burkitt's lymphoma shows the concomitant existence of the three following characteristics in endemic areas: - fairly dense rural population with a low standard of living; - early occurrence of primary infection by the Epstein-Barr virus (whose genome is always present in all tumour cells); - stable malaria. The social and economic level of these areas accounts for the specific features of the viral infection. Climatic factors determine permanent of prolonged transmission of malaria which could be mediated through a mitogen. Eradication of malaria could be a useful way to induce a fall in Burkitt's lymphoma incidence.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of Burkitt's lymphoma in tropical areas - its relationship with malaria (author's transl)]. Epidemiology of tropical Burkitt's lymphoma shows the concomitant existence of the three following characteristics in endemic areas: - fairly dense rural population with a low standard of living; - early occurrence of primary infection by the Epstein-Barr virus (whose genome is always present in all tumour cells); - stable malaria. The social and economic level of these areas accounts for the specific features of the viral infection. Climatic factors determine permanent of prolonged transmission of malaria which could be mediated through a mitogen. Eradication of malaria could be a useful way to induce a fall in Burkitt's lymphoma incidence."}
{"id": "PMID:345232", "title": "[Essential hypertension: long term haemodynamic effects of a diuretic combination (cyclothiazide-triamterene) (author's transl)].", "content": "The long terme hemodynamic effect of cyclothiazide 3 mg-triamterene 150 mg was studied in 10 patients with permanent essential hypertension. Diuretic therapy induced a significant fall in blood pressure (p less than 0.001) and total peripheral resistance (p less than 0.01), without significant change in cardiac index or blood volume. The result suggests that adaptative mechanisms of the circulatory system determine the decrease of blood pressure, independently of the pharmacological effect of the drug.", "contents": "[Essential hypertension: long term haemodynamic effects of a diuretic combination (cyclothiazide-triamterene) (author's transl)]. The long terme hemodynamic effect of cyclothiazide 3 mg-triamterene 150 mg was studied in 10 patients with permanent essential hypertension. Diuretic therapy induced a significant fall in blood pressure (p less than 0.001) and total peripheral resistance (p less than 0.01), without significant change in cardiac index or blood volume. The result suggests that adaptative mechanisms of the circulatory system determine the decrease of blood pressure, independently of the pharmacological effect of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:345233", "title": "[Polycystic ovary syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent developments have occurred in the understanding of the physiopathology of polycystic ovary (Stein-Leventhal) syndrome. The authors describe in particular the present bio-chemical definition of so-called type I polycystic ovary syndrome: very high and anarchical secretion of LH by the pituitary, explosive response of LH during the LH-RH test, contrasting with normal levels of FSH under basal conditions and after stimulation with LH-RH. In the polycystic ovary, positive and negative feedback exerted by oestrogens at the level of the hypothalamus are intact. In particular, the administration of clomiphene results, in the majority of cases, in ovulation in patients with this disorder. The mechanisms (ovarian hyperproduction of androstenedione, increased transformation of androstenedione into testosterone then dihydrotestosterone and into androstanediol) responsible for the development of hyperandrogenism during polycystic ovary syndrome are also analysed.", "contents": "[Polycystic ovary syndrome (author's transl)]. Recent developments have occurred in the understanding of the physiopathology of polycystic ovary (Stein-Leventhal) syndrome. The authors describe in particular the present bio-chemical definition of so-called type I polycystic ovary syndrome: very high and anarchical secretion of LH by the pituitary, explosive response of LH during the LH-RH test, contrasting with normal levels of FSH under basal conditions and after stimulation with LH-RH. In the polycystic ovary, positive and negative feedback exerted by oestrogens at the level of the hypothalamus are intact. In particular, the administration of clomiphene results, in the majority of cases, in ovulation in patients with this disorder. The mechanisms (ovarian hyperproduction of androstenedione, increased transformation of androstenedione into testosterone then dihydrotestosterone and into androstanediol) responsible for the development of hyperandrogenism during polycystic ovary syndrome are also analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:345234", "title": "[Aneurysms of the ascending aorta; total replacement with reimplantation of the coronary arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "The replacement of the entire aorta and the aortic valve is the procedure of choice in aneurysms involving the aortic annulus. This method, which necessitate the reimplantation of the coronary arteries, is, however, sometimes difficult and carries a greater operative risk of bleeding problems. Our experience of 15 such cases lead us to propose some modifications (such the use of an independent coronary conduit and the atrial drainage of the peri prosthetic space) in order to make the operation simple and safer.", "contents": "[Aneurysms of the ascending aorta; total replacement with reimplantation of the coronary arteries (author's transl)]. The replacement of the entire aorta and the aortic valve is the procedure of choice in aneurysms involving the aortic annulus. This method, which necessitate the reimplantation of the coronary arteries, is, however, sometimes difficult and carries a greater operative risk of bleeding problems. Our experience of 15 such cases lead us to propose some modifications (such the use of an independent coronary conduit and the atrial drainage of the peri prosthetic space) in order to make the operation simple and safer."}
{"id": "PMID:345238", "title": "[Long-term survey of renal transplant preserved with Collins solution (author's transl)].", "content": "Collins solution is one of the world methods used for kidney preservation. A long term survey of transplanted kidneys thus preserved has never been reported. Clinical, biological, radiological and pathological data collected from 225 cadaver kidney tranplantations were analysed according to the total ischemic time (T.I.T) groupe I: TIT less than or equal to 12 hours, groupe II: TIT from 12 to 30 hours). No difference could be demonstrated between the two groups whether considering the percentage of immediate function, the serum creatinine level which was normal up to two years, the incidence of abnormal blood pressure, the pathological changes on routine biopsies performed at 6 months and 2 years and arteriographic features at 2 years. A better graft survival rate was consistently found at 6 months one year and 2 years when TIT was between 12 and 30 hours. This could be related to the higher indicence of well matched kidneys in this group of patients. The efficiency of exchange programs for compatible kidneys is thus emphasized.", "contents": "[Long-term survey of renal transplant preserved with Collins solution (author's transl)]. Collins solution is one of the world methods used for kidney preservation. A long term survey of transplanted kidneys thus preserved has never been reported. Clinical, biological, radiological and pathological data collected from 225 cadaver kidney tranplantations were analysed according to the total ischemic time (T.I.T) groupe I: TIT less than or equal to 12 hours, groupe II: TIT from 12 to 30 hours). No difference could be demonstrated between the two groups whether considering the percentage of immediate function, the serum creatinine level which was normal up to two years, the incidence of abnormal blood pressure, the pathological changes on routine biopsies performed at 6 months and 2 years and arteriographic features at 2 years. A better graft survival rate was consistently found at 6 months one year and 2 years when TIT was between 12 and 30 hours. This could be related to the higher indicence of well matched kidneys in this group of patients. The efficiency of exchange programs for compatible kidneys is thus emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:345239", "title": "[The selection and surveillance of cadaver kidney recipients. Recent development in graft immunology (author's transl)].", "content": "This study, based on results of 252 cadaver kidney transplantations, shows that some factors which reflect individual immune response capacity, such as ability to produce anti-HLA antibodies, sex and response to hepatitis B virus, appear, along with HLA compatibility, to markedly influence renal graft survival and leads us to propose the following new guide-line for cadaver kidney recipient selection: For \"good responders\" (i.e., patients with anti-HLA antibodies, females and HBs Ag negative individuals) a close HLA compatibility with the donor (3 or 4 antigens in common) is necessary, while this need not be observed for \"non-responders\" (i.e., patients without preformed anti-HLA antibodies, males and HBs Ag persistent carriers). Furthermore, review of recent methods proposed for detecting early cellular and humoral manifestations of rejection leads to proposal of the following immunological monitoring of the transplant recipient. Systematic and frequent testing for circulating cytotoxic cells and antibodies against donor antigens, regular dosage of complement factors and of the nephretic factor, and investigations for the migration leukocyte inhibiting factor and macrophage arming factor, possibly produced in vitro by lymphocytes. Both these protocols for recipient selection and immunological monitoring can henceforth be applied and may contribute to improve cadaver kidney transplantation prognosis.", "contents": "[The selection and surveillance of cadaver kidney recipients. Recent development in graft immunology (author's transl)]. This study, based on results of 252 cadaver kidney transplantations, shows that some factors which reflect individual immune response capacity, such as ability to produce anti-HLA antibodies, sex and response to hepatitis B virus, appear, along with HLA compatibility, to markedly influence renal graft survival and leads us to propose the following new guide-line for cadaver kidney recipient selection: For \"good responders\" (i.e., patients with anti-HLA antibodies, females and HBs Ag negative individuals) a close HLA compatibility with the donor (3 or 4 antigens in common) is necessary, while this need not be observed for \"non-responders\" (i.e., patients without preformed anti-HLA antibodies, males and HBs Ag persistent carriers). Furthermore, review of recent methods proposed for detecting early cellular and humoral manifestations of rejection leads to proposal of the following immunological monitoring of the transplant recipient. Systematic and frequent testing for circulating cytotoxic cells and antibodies against donor antigens, regular dosage of complement factors and of the nephretic factor, and investigations for the migration leukocyte inhibiting factor and macrophage arming factor, possibly produced in vitro by lymphocytes. Both these protocols for recipient selection and immunological monitoring can henceforth be applied and may contribute to improve cadaver kidney transplantation prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:345242", "title": "Restriction endonuclease cleavage map of mitochondrial DNA from Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA of the ascomycete fungus Aspergillus nidulans, a circular molecule of 31 500 base pairs, is cleaved by restriction endonucleases Eco R I, Hind II, Hind III and Bgl II into 3, 7, 9 and 5 fragments, respectively. The relative positions of the cleavage sites could be mapped by analysis of fragments obtained by double enzyme digestions of whole DNA and by complete and partial redigestion of isolated restriction fragments.", "contents": "Restriction endonuclease cleavage map of mitochondrial DNA from Aspergillus nidulans. Mitochondrial DNA of the ascomycete fungus Aspergillus nidulans, a circular molecule of 31 500 base pairs, is cleaved by restriction endonucleases Eco R I, Hind II, Hind III and Bgl II into 3, 7, 9 and 5 fragments, respectively. The relative positions of the cleavage sites could be mapped by analysis of fragments obtained by double enzyme digestions of whole DNA and by complete and partial redigestion of isolated restriction fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:345243", "title": "Electron microscopic visualization of tRNA genes with ferritin-avidin: biotin labels.", "content": "A method is described for indirect electron microscopic visualization and mapping of tRNA and other short transcripts hybridized to DNA. This method depends upon the attachment of the electron-dense protein ferritin to the RNA, the binding being mediated by the remarkably strong association of the egg white protein avidin with biotin. Biotin is covalently attached to the 3' end of tRNA using an NH2(CH2)5NH2 bridge. The tRNA-biotin adduct is hybridized to complementary DNA sequences present in a single stranded non-homology loop of a DNA:DNA heteroduplex. Avidin, covalently crosslinked to ferritin, is mixed with the heteroduplex and becomes bound to the hybridized tRNA-biotin. Observation of the DNA:RNA-biotin:avidin-ferritin complex by electron microscopy specifically and accurately reveals the position of the tRNA gene, with a frequency of labeling of approximately 50%.", "contents": "Electron microscopic visualization of tRNA genes with ferritin-avidin: biotin labels. A method is described for indirect electron microscopic visualization and mapping of tRNA and other short transcripts hybridized to DNA. This method depends upon the attachment of the electron-dense protein ferritin to the RNA, the binding being mediated by the remarkably strong association of the egg white protein avidin with biotin. Biotin is covalently attached to the 3' end of tRNA using an NH2(CH2)5NH2 bridge. The tRNA-biotin adduct is hybridized to complementary DNA sequences present in a single stranded non-homology loop of a DNA:DNA heteroduplex. Avidin, covalently crosslinked to ferritin, is mixed with the heteroduplex and becomes bound to the hybridized tRNA-biotin. Observation of the DNA:RNA-biotin:avidin-ferritin complex by electron microscopy specifically and accurately reveals the position of the tRNA gene, with a frequency of labeling of approximately 50%."}
{"id": "PMID:345244", "title": "Selective inhibition of uracil tRNA methylases of E. coli by ethionine.", "content": "L-ethionine has been found to inhibit uracil tRNA methylating enzymes in vitro under conditions where methylation of other tRNA bases is unaffected. No selective inhibitor for uracil tRNA methylases has been identified previously. 15 mM L-ethionine or 30 mM D,L-ethionine caused about 40% inhibition of tRNA methylation catalyzed by enzyme extracts from E. coli B or E. coli M3S (mixtures of methylases for uracil, guanine, cytosine, and adenine) but did not inhibit the activity of preparations from an E. coli mutant that lacks uracil tRNA methylase. Analysis of the 14CH3 bases in methyl-deficient E. coli tRNA after its in vitro methylation with E. coli B3 enzymes in the presence or absence of ethionine showed that ethionine inhibited 14CH3 transfer to uracil in tRNA, but did not diminish significantly the 14CH3 transfer to other tRNA bases. Under similar conditions 0.6 mM S-adenosylethionine and 0.2 mM ethylthioadenosine inhibited the overall tRNA base methylating activity of E. coli B preparations about 50% but neither of these ethionine metabolites preferentially inhibited uracil methylation. Ethionine was not competitive with S-adenosyl methionine. Uracil methylation was not inhibited by alanine, valine, or ethionine sulfoxide. It is suggested that the thymine deficiency that we found earlier in tRNA from ethionine-treated E. coli B cells, resulted from base specific inhibition by the amino acid, ethionine, of uracil tRNA methylation in vivo.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of uracil tRNA methylases of E. coli by ethionine. L-ethionine has been found to inhibit uracil tRNA methylating enzymes in vitro under conditions where methylation of other tRNA bases is unaffected. No selective inhibitor for uracil tRNA methylases has been identified previously. 15 mM L-ethionine or 30 mM D,L-ethionine caused about 40% inhibition of tRNA methylation catalyzed by enzyme extracts from E. coli B or E. coli M3S (mixtures of methylases for uracil, guanine, cytosine, and adenine) but did not inhibit the activity of preparations from an E. coli mutant that lacks uracil tRNA methylase. Analysis of the 14CH3 bases in methyl-deficient E. coli tRNA after its in vitro methylation with E. coli B3 enzymes in the presence or absence of ethionine showed that ethionine inhibited 14CH3 transfer to uracil in tRNA, but did not diminish significantly the 14CH3 transfer to other tRNA bases. Under similar conditions 0.6 mM S-adenosylethionine and 0.2 mM ethylthioadenosine inhibited the overall tRNA base methylating activity of E. coli B preparations about 50% but neither of these ethionine metabolites preferentially inhibited uracil methylation. Ethionine was not competitive with S-adenosyl methionine. Uracil methylation was not inhibited by alanine, valine, or ethionine sulfoxide. It is suggested that the thymine deficiency that we found earlier in tRNA from ethionine-treated E. coli B cells, resulted from base specific inhibition by the amino acid, ethionine, of uracil tRNA methylation in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:345246", "title": "A rapid method for the isolation of circular DNA using an aqueous two-phase partition system.", "content": "A method of isolating circular plasmid DNA from cleared lysates of E. coli is described. Purification is achieved by virtue of the rapid re-annealing kinetics or supercoiled DNA. After a brief denaturation step, double stranded plasmid DNA is separated from denatured chromosomal DNA and RNA in a two-phase partition system using dextran and polyethylene glycol. The method is much more rapid than the conventional dye-centrifugation technique and plasmid DNA of comparable purity and yield is obtained.", "contents": "A rapid method for the isolation of circular DNA using an aqueous two-phase partition system. A method of isolating circular plasmid DNA from cleared lysates of E. coli is described. Purification is achieved by virtue of the rapid re-annealing kinetics or supercoiled DNA. After a brief denaturation step, double stranded plasmid DNA is separated from denatured chromosomal DNA and RNA in a two-phase partition system using dextran and polyethylene glycol. The method is much more rapid than the conventional dye-centrifugation technique and plasmid DNA of comparable purity and yield is obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:345245", "title": "Insertion of synthetic copies of human globin genes into bacterial plasmids.", "content": "Double stranded human globin cDNA was synthesized by use of viral reverse transcriptase from globin mRNA of cord blood of premature infants requiring exchange transfusions. The cDNA was introduced into plasmids and the recombinant DNA plasmids used to transform E. coli X1776. A number of transformants were obtained. Plasmid DNA from selected colonies was isolated and characterized for the type of globin cDNA it contained by three types of procedures: 1) hybridization to previously characterized 3H-labeled alpha,beta and gamma cDNA; 2) analysis of the size and nature of fragments produced by digestion of the plasma DNA by different restriction endonucleases; and 3) by rapid DNA sequence analysis of selected DNA fragments produced by restriction endonuclease digestion. Analysis by these techniques of plasmid DNA from different colonies has definitively identified the presence of human alpha, beta or gamma cDNA sequences in different plasmids.", "contents": "Insertion of synthetic copies of human globin genes into bacterial plasmids. Double stranded human globin cDNA was synthesized by use of viral reverse transcriptase from globin mRNA of cord blood of premature infants requiring exchange transfusions. The cDNA was introduced into plasmids and the recombinant DNA plasmids used to transform E. coli X1776. A number of transformants were obtained. Plasmid DNA from selected colonies was isolated and characterized for the type of globin cDNA it contained by three types of procedures: 1) hybridization to previously characterized 3H-labeled alpha,beta and gamma cDNA; 2) analysis of the size and nature of fragments produced by digestion of the plasma DNA by different restriction endonucleases; and 3) by rapid DNA sequence analysis of selected DNA fragments produced by restriction endonuclease digestion. Analysis by these techniques of plasmid DNA from different colonies has definitively identified the presence of human alpha, beta or gamma cDNA sequences in different plasmids."}
{"id": "PMID:345251", "title": "The physician's office laboratory: how does yours measure up?", "content": "Tests results can be misleading or worthless if commonsense rules are ignored. A primary source of error or confusion relates to specimen collection and labeling.", "contents": "The physician's office laboratory: how does yours measure up? Tests results can be misleading or worthless if commonsense rules are ignored. A primary source of error or confusion relates to specimen collection and labeling."}
{"id": "PMID:345252", "title": "Histamine H2-receptor antagonist in treatment of peptic ulcer.", "content": "Cimetidine promotes the healing of duodenal ulcer, but prolonged use (perhaps in low dosage) seems to be necessary in many cases to prevent relapse. H2 receptors are widely distributed in body tissue, but important effects of blockade of the extragastric receptors have not been detected. Nor has serious toxicity been noted. Cimetidine probably will become a familiar, much-used, and valuable drug.", "contents": "Histamine H2-receptor antagonist in treatment of peptic ulcer. Cimetidine promotes the healing of duodenal ulcer, but prolonged use (perhaps in low dosage) seems to be necessary in many cases to prevent relapse. H2 receptors are widely distributed in body tissue, but important effects of blockade of the extragastric receptors have not been detected. Nor has serious toxicity been noted. Cimetidine probably will become a familiar, much-used, and valuable drug."}
{"id": "PMID:345254", "title": "Potassium depletion in heart failure and its relation to long-term treatment with diuretics: a review of the literature.", "content": "There have been many studies which suggest that patients with heart failure were potassium depleted. This depletion has been attributed to the use of potent diuretics, and these are now given with either potassium supplements or potassium-retaining diuretics. A detailed examination of the studies suggests that the reported decrease in body potassium compared with the results in healthy persons is not due to the diuretics. It can be partly explained by a failure to match patients and controls in terms of age, and the remaining difference can be explained by muscle wasting. There is therefore no evidence of a potassium depletion in these patients with heart failure.", "contents": "Potassium depletion in heart failure and its relation to long-term treatment with diuretics: a review of the literature. There have been many studies which suggest that patients with heart failure were potassium depleted. This depletion has been attributed to the use of potent diuretics, and these are now given with either potassium supplements or potassium-retaining diuretics. A detailed examination of the studies suggests that the reported decrease in body potassium compared with the results in healthy persons is not due to the diuretics. It can be partly explained by a failure to match patients and controls in terms of age, and the remaining difference can be explained by muscle wasting. There is therefore no evidence of a potassium depletion in these patients with heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:345263", "title": "[Effect of nerobol on the histophysiology of the islands of Langerhans of intact and castrated female rats].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 250 albino female rats, 100 to 120 g in weight. A study was made of the influence of nerobol on the insular apparatus of the pancreas. A 10-day administration of nerobol in a dose of 10 mg/kg stimulated the functional activity of the insular apparatus, facilitated the course of alloxan diabetes, increased the tolerance of the beta-cells of the islets to alloxan both in intact and in castrated female rats.", "contents": "[Effect of nerobol on the histophysiology of the islands of Langerhans of intact and castrated female rats]. Experiments were conducted on 250 albino female rats, 100 to 120 g in weight. A study was made of the influence of nerobol on the insular apparatus of the pancreas. A 10-day administration of nerobol in a dose of 10 mg/kg stimulated the functional activity of the insular apparatus, facilitated the course of alloxan diabetes, increased the tolerance of the beta-cells of the islets to alloxan both in intact and in castrated female rats."}
{"id": "PMID:345265", "title": "[Endocrine changes in experimental hypothalamic obesity in rats].", "content": "Hypothalamic adiposity in rats developing in bilateral electrolytic damage of the ventromedial hypothalamus is characterized by a marked activation of the insular apparatus of the pancreas, enhanced biosynthesis and secretion of the somatotropin by the hypophysis, reduction of the thyrotropic function of the hypophysis and functional activity of the thyroid gland with a disturbed metabolism of the thyroid hormones in target tissues, unchanged or reduced glucocorticoid function of the adrenal glands, intensified lipogenesis, reduction of the content of cyclic 3',5'-adenosinmonophosphate in a number of organs and tissues.", "contents": "[Endocrine changes in experimental hypothalamic obesity in rats]. Hypothalamic adiposity in rats developing in bilateral electrolytic damage of the ventromedial hypothalamus is characterized by a marked activation of the insular apparatus of the pancreas, enhanced biosynthesis and secretion of the somatotropin by the hypophysis, reduction of the thyrotropic function of the hypophysis and functional activity of the thyroid gland with a disturbed metabolism of the thyroid hormones in target tissues, unchanged or reduced glucocorticoid function of the adrenal glands, intensified lipogenesis, reduction of the content of cyclic 3',5'-adenosinmonophosphate in a number of organs and tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:345266", "title": "[Various changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and the state of the islands of Langerhans in female rabbits after long-term feeding with food rich in carbohydrates and ovariectomy].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 21 female rabbits. Prolonged excessive feeding with food rich in readily assimilated carbohydrates (bisquits) started at immature age caused hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the insular apparatus of the pancreas, particularly in ovariectomy. The average blood sugar level on fasting stomach displayed a significant reduction in ovariectomized female rabbits. Some female rabbits displayed signs of \"exhaustion\" of beta-cells of the islets of the pancreas, with the development of latent diabetes mellitus in one of them. Prolonged excessive feeding with food rich in readily assimilated carbohydrates led to the intensification of atherogenesis, most pronounced in the animals with signs of \"exhaustion\" of beta-cells of the islets of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Various changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and the state of the islands of Langerhans in female rabbits after long-term feeding with food rich in carbohydrates and ovariectomy]. Experiments were conducted on 21 female rabbits. Prolonged excessive feeding with food rich in readily assimilated carbohydrates (bisquits) started at immature age caused hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the insular apparatus of the pancreas, particularly in ovariectomy. The average blood sugar level on fasting stomach displayed a significant reduction in ovariectomized female rabbits. Some female rabbits displayed signs of \"exhaustion\" of beta-cells of the islets of the pancreas, with the development of latent diabetes mellitus in one of them. Prolonged excessive feeding with food rich in readily assimilated carbohydrates led to the intensification of atherogenesis, most pronounced in the animals with signs of \"exhaustion\" of beta-cells of the islets of the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:345273", "title": "Homology-dependent cutting in trans of DNA in extracts of Escherichia coli: an approach to the enzymology of genetic recombination.", "content": "An in vitro system is described in which the cutting of crosslinked phiX replicative form (RF) I DNA molecules by the uvr system of Escherichia coli induces the cutting of homologous undamaged DNA during incubation with crude extracts of thermally induced E. coli (lambda precA+) lysogens. This reaction, which has also been observed in intact E. coli lysogens infected with lambda phages, is dependent on the presence of functional recA+ and uvrB+ gene products. Extracts from thermally induced lambda precA+ lysogens of E. coli proved to be substantially more active than extracts from nonlysogenic cells of the same strain. The results provide preliminary evidence for an endonuclease activity that cuts intact superhelical DNA in response to interaction with homologus damaged DNA. In the present paper, we describe an in vitro system in which both the endonucleolytic cutting of DNA containing crosslinks and the induced cutting of undamaged DNA can be studied without purification of the participating enzymes. Although the information obtained is fragmentary and often puzzling, we feel that this system can contribute to an understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in repair and recombination.", "contents": "Homology-dependent cutting in trans of DNA in extracts of Escherichia coli: an approach to the enzymology of genetic recombination. An in vitro system is described in which the cutting of crosslinked phiX replicative form (RF) I DNA molecules by the uvr system of Escherichia coli induces the cutting of homologous undamaged DNA during incubation with crude extracts of thermally induced E. coli (lambda precA+) lysogens. This reaction, which has also been observed in intact E. coli lysogens infected with lambda phages, is dependent on the presence of functional recA+ and uvrB+ gene products. Extracts from thermally induced lambda precA+ lysogens of E. coli proved to be substantially more active than extracts from nonlysogenic cells of the same strain. The results provide preliminary evidence for an endonuclease activity that cuts intact superhelical DNA in response to interaction with homologus damaged DNA. In the present paper, we describe an in vitro system in which both the endonucleolytic cutting of DNA containing crosslinks and the induced cutting of undamaged DNA can be studied without purification of the participating enzymes. Although the information obtained is fragmentary and often puzzling, we feel that this system can contribute to an understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in repair and recombination."}
{"id": "PMID:345274", "title": "Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of Escherichia coli membranes.", "content": "Several fluorinated fatty acids of the general structure CH3(CH2)13--mCF2(CH2)m--2COOH are incorporated biosynthetically as unsaturated fatty acid analogues into the phospholipids of Escherichia coli. Under optimum conditions an unsaturated fatty acid autotroph, K1060B5, can be grown so that 50% of the total phospholipid fatty acids are 8,8-difluoromyristate. Conditions are found for which more than 20% of the fatty acids are fluorinated before a decrease in growth rate is observed. We have used 19F nuclear magnetic resonance to examine membranes isolated from E. coli grown under the latter conditions. A comparison is made with spectra of aqueous dispersions of extracted E. coli phospholipids and model multilayer phospholipid membranes. An explanation of the 19F resonance line shape in these membrane systems and the relationship to a molecular order parameter is given. It is apparent that 19F nuclear magnetic resonance is more sensitive to the degree of ordering or fluidity of phospholipids than spin labels or fluorescent probes. For instance, a dramatic effect of membrane protein on lipid fluidity can be seen. Finally, this method can be used to measure the proportion of frozen and fluid lipid in biological membranes at temperatures within the span of the gel-to-lipid phase transition.", "contents": "Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of Escherichia coli membranes. Several fluorinated fatty acids of the general structure CH3(CH2)13--mCF2(CH2)m--2COOH are incorporated biosynthetically as unsaturated fatty acid analogues into the phospholipids of Escherichia coli. Under optimum conditions an unsaturated fatty acid autotroph, K1060B5, can be grown so that 50% of the total phospholipid fatty acids are 8,8-difluoromyristate. Conditions are found for which more than 20% of the fatty acids are fluorinated before a decrease in growth rate is observed. We have used 19F nuclear magnetic resonance to examine membranes isolated from E. coli grown under the latter conditions. A comparison is made with spectra of aqueous dispersions of extracted E. coli phospholipids and model multilayer phospholipid membranes. An explanation of the 19F resonance line shape in these membrane systems and the relationship to a molecular order parameter is given. It is apparent that 19F nuclear magnetic resonance is more sensitive to the degree of ordering or fluidity of phospholipids than spin labels or fluorescent probes. For instance, a dramatic effect of membrane protein on lipid fluidity can be seen. Finally, this method can be used to measure the proportion of frozen and fluid lipid in biological membranes at temperatures within the span of the gel-to-lipid phase transition."}
{"id": "PMID:345275", "title": "On the process of cellular division in Escherichia coli: a series of mutants of E. coli altered in the penicillin-binding proteins.", "content": "A series of mutants defective in penicillin-binding components (or protein) (PBCs) was isolated from a collection of thermosensitive mutants of Escherichia coli. The mutants included mutations for each PBC (1 through 4) and a mutation in the activity of D-alanine carboxypeptidase 1a (PBC-5/6). PBC-1 was resolved into two components, PBC-1a and PBC-1b, which were the products of different genes referred to as ponA and ponB, respectively. No mutation examined in ponA-- or ponB--, by itself, was associated  with a thermosensitive defect in growth. The mutants having ponB-- were hypersensitive to cephalosporins, which showed unusually high affinity to PBC-1a. Murein synthetic activity decreased markedly in cell-free preparations from the ponB-- mutant. The double mutation ponA-- ponB-- was found to be lethal. A mutant having ponAts and ponB-- revealed thermosensitivity of growth and lysed at the restrictive temperature. It is concluded that PBC-1a and PBC-1b could share a biochemical reaction necessary for cell elongation so that the function of either one may bypass the loss of the function of the other. With the series of mutants, the chromosomal locus of the gene for each PBC was mapped: ponA (PBC-1a) 73.5 min, ponB (PBC-1b) 3.3 min, rodA (PBC-2) 14.4 min, ftsI (PBC-3) 1.8 min, dacB (PBC-4) 68 min, and dacA (PBC-5/6) 13.7 min.", "contents": "On the process of cellular division in Escherichia coli: a series of mutants of E. coli altered in the penicillin-binding proteins. A series of mutants defective in penicillin-binding components (or protein) (PBCs) was isolated from a collection of thermosensitive mutants of Escherichia coli. The mutants included mutations for each PBC (1 through 4) and a mutation in the activity of D-alanine carboxypeptidase 1a (PBC-5/6). PBC-1 was resolved into two components, PBC-1a and PBC-1b, which were the products of different genes referred to as ponA and ponB, respectively. No mutation examined in ponA-- or ponB--, by itself, was associated  with a thermosensitive defect in growth. The mutants having ponB-- were hypersensitive to cephalosporins, which showed unusually high affinity to PBC-1a. Murein synthetic activity decreased markedly in cell-free preparations from the ponB-- mutant. The double mutation ponA-- ponB-- was found to be lethal. A mutant having ponAts and ponB-- revealed thermosensitivity of growth and lysed at the restrictive temperature. It is concluded that PBC-1a and PBC-1b could share a biochemical reaction necessary for cell elongation so that the function of either one may bypass the loss of the function of the other. With the series of mutants, the chromosomal locus of the gene for each PBC was mapped: ponA (PBC-1a) 73.5 min, ponB (PBC-1b) 3.3 min, rodA (PBC-2) 14.4 min, ftsI (PBC-3) 1.8 min, dacB (PBC-4) 68 min, and dacA (PBC-5/6) 13.7 min."}
{"id": "PMID:345276", "title": "Interaction of mycobacterial polymethylpolysaccharides with paranaric acid and palmitoyl-coenzyme A: structural specificity and monomeric dissociation constants.", "content": "The long-chain polyenoic fatty acids alpha- and beta-paranaric acid form complexes with the 6-O-methylglucose polysaccharide from Mycobacterium smegmatis as demonstrated by an enhanced fluorescence emission of the paranaric acid. This interaction is eliminated by digestion of the methylglucose polysaccharide with alpha-amylase and glucoamylase, which removes four hexose units from the nonreducing end of the chain. Titration of the methylglucose polysaccharide with either paranaric acid isomer suggests formation of a 1:1 complex with a dissociation constant (K(d)) of 0.4 muM. The fluorescence emission of this complex is quenched by palmitoyl-CoA, which indicates that the paranaric acid can be displaced by the acoyl-CoA, a conclusion confirmed by gel filtration. The presumed polysaccharide/palmitoyl-CoA complex has a K(d) of about 0.1 muM. Acoyl-CoA derivatives with shorter fatty acid chains and free palmitic acid complete less effectively, indicating that they form weaker complexes with the polysaccharide. The methylmannose polysaccharides with 12 or 13 sugar units also complex paranaric acid strongly (K(d) approximately 0.4 muM), whereas the isomer with 11 sugar units complexes weakly.The methylglucose polysaccharide has been coupled to L-tryptophan methyl ester. The fluorescence emission spectrum of the attached tryptophan group is shifted to a shorter wavelength relative to N-acetyl-L-tryptophan methyl ester, and this effect is enhanced in the corresponding derivative made with the amylase-digested polysaccharide. The circular dichroism spectrum of the polysaccharide-tryptophan derivative shows three bands with negative ellipticity, in the 270-300 nm region, not observed in the amylase-digested derivative. These results imply that the tryptophan is in a more structured environment in the former than in the latter derivative. alpha-Paranaric acid binds to the polysaccharide-tryptophan conjugate and shows an enhanced fluorescence emission with partial quenching of the tryptophan fluorescence emission, suggestive of F\u00f6rster energy transfer from tryptophan to paranaric acid.", "contents": "Interaction of mycobacterial polymethylpolysaccharides with paranaric acid and palmitoyl-coenzyme A: structural specificity and monomeric dissociation constants. The long-chain polyenoic fatty acids alpha- and beta-paranaric acid form complexes with the 6-O-methylglucose polysaccharide from Mycobacterium smegmatis as demonstrated by an enhanced fluorescence emission of the paranaric acid. This interaction is eliminated by digestion of the methylglucose polysaccharide with alpha-amylase and glucoamylase, which removes four hexose units from the nonreducing end of the chain. Titration of the methylglucose polysaccharide with either paranaric acid isomer suggests formation of a 1:1 complex with a dissociation constant (K(d)) of 0.4 muM. The fluorescence emission of this complex is quenched by palmitoyl-CoA, which indicates that the paranaric acid can be displaced by the acoyl-CoA, a conclusion confirmed by gel filtration. The presumed polysaccharide/palmitoyl-CoA complex has a K(d) of about 0.1 muM. Acoyl-CoA derivatives with shorter fatty acid chains and free palmitic acid complete less effectively, indicating that they form weaker complexes with the polysaccharide. The methylmannose polysaccharides with 12 or 13 sugar units also complex paranaric acid strongly (K(d) approximately 0.4 muM), whereas the isomer with 11 sugar units complexes weakly.The methylglucose polysaccharide has been coupled to L-tryptophan methyl ester. The fluorescence emission spectrum of the attached tryptophan group is shifted to a shorter wavelength relative to N-acetyl-L-tryptophan methyl ester, and this effect is enhanced in the corresponding derivative made with the amylase-digested polysaccharide. The circular dichroism spectrum of the polysaccharide-tryptophan derivative shows three bands with negative ellipticity, in the 270-300 nm region, not observed in the amylase-digested derivative. These results imply that the tryptophan is in a more structured environment in the former than in the latter derivative. alpha-Paranaric acid binds to the polysaccharide-tryptophan conjugate and shows an enhanced fluorescence emission with partial quenching of the tryptophan fluorescence emission, suggestive of F\u00f6rster energy transfer from tryptophan to paranaric acid."}
{"id": "PMID:345277", "title": "Escherichia coli dnaB mutant defective in DNA initiation: isolation and properties of the dnaB protein.", "content": "Extracts of the DNA initiation-defective mutant Escherichia coli dnaB252 are inactive in a dnaB complementation assay but yield a ribonucleoside triphosphatase activity of native molecular weight of about 270,000 (60,000-dalton polypeptide as subunit) that can be inactivated by antibody to dnaB. On the other hand, extracts of a dnaB252(P1 bac) lysogen, in which the dnaB mutation is suppressed in vivo by the constitutive expression of the P1 dnaB analog (ban protein), are active in dnaB complementation and the activity is also sensitive to dnaB antibody. Upon further purification two proteins (with polypeptide molecular weights of 60,000 and 56,000, respectively) are found associated with each other (native molecular weight about 270,000). The larger and the smaller protein are tentatively identified as the dnaB and P1 ban protein. It is suggested that suppression of the dnaB mutation by prophage P1 bac is accomplished by a stabilization of dnaB252 by P1 ban subunit molecules in a heteromultimer.", "contents": "Escherichia coli dnaB mutant defective in DNA initiation: isolation and properties of the dnaB protein. Extracts of the DNA initiation-defective mutant Escherichia coli dnaB252 are inactive in a dnaB complementation assay but yield a ribonucleoside triphosphatase activity of native molecular weight of about 270,000 (60,000-dalton polypeptide as subunit) that can be inactivated by antibody to dnaB. On the other hand, extracts of a dnaB252(P1 bac) lysogen, in which the dnaB mutation is suppressed in vivo by the constitutive expression of the P1 dnaB analog (ban protein), are active in dnaB complementation and the activity is also sensitive to dnaB antibody. Upon further purification two proteins (with polypeptide molecular weights of 60,000 and 56,000, respectively) are found associated with each other (native molecular weight about 270,000). The larger and the smaller protein are tentatively identified as the dnaB and P1 ban protein. It is suggested that suppression of the dnaB mutation by prophage P1 bac is accomplished by a stabilization of dnaB252 by P1 ban subunit molecules in a heteromultimer."}
{"id": "PMID:345278", "title": "Nascent peptide as sole attachment of polysomes to membranes in bacteria.", "content": "When membrane-polysome complexes from Escherichia coli were treated with puromycin, at various Mg2+ and K+ concentrations, the bulk of the ribosomes were released from the membrane. Moreover, many released ribosomes released ribosomes remained attached to mRNA (pseudopolysomes). These results suggest that ribosomes are attached to the membrane in bacteria solely by their nascent chain. Without a direct attachment the conformational changes associated with chain elongation on the ribosome cannot force the growing chain through the membrane, and so alternative sources of energy for the transfer must be considered.", "contents": "Nascent peptide as sole attachment of polysomes to membranes in bacteria. When membrane-polysome complexes from Escherichia coli were treated with puromycin, at various Mg2+ and K+ concentrations, the bulk of the ribosomes were released from the membrane. Moreover, many released ribosomes released ribosomes remained attached to mRNA (pseudopolysomes). These results suggest that ribosomes are attached to the membrane in bacteria solely by their nascent chain. Without a direct attachment the conformational changes associated with chain elongation on the ribosome cannot force the growing chain through the membrane, and so alternative sources of energy for the transfer must be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:345279", "title": "Molecular cytochemistry: incorporation of fluorescently labeled actin into living cells.", "content": "Actin labeled with 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein has been incorporated into the functional pool of actin in Chaos carolinensis and Physarum polycephalum by direct microinjection. The functional activity of the labeled actin has been analyzed at three levels of organization as: (a) with the purified actin, (b) in motile extracts of cells, and (c) in living motile cells. The labeled actin exhibited normal polymerization and activated myosin ATPase to a similar extent as unlabeled controls. Labeled actin and endogenous actin were incorporated into contracted pellets to approximately the same extent in motile cell extracts. After labeled actin had been microinjected into single C. carolinensis cells, the fluorescent actin spread into both the endoplasm and etoplasm without forming distinct fibrils. In contrast, fluorescent bundles developed in the ectoplasm of P. polycephalum following microinjection of labeled actin. This experimental method in conjunction with fluorescence spectroscopic techniques could become a powerful tool for studying the intracellular distribution and structural changes of components in living cells.", "contents": "Molecular cytochemistry: incorporation of fluorescently labeled actin into living cells. Actin labeled with 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein has been incorporated into the functional pool of actin in Chaos carolinensis and Physarum polycephalum by direct microinjection. The functional activity of the labeled actin has been analyzed at three levels of organization as: (a) with the purified actin, (b) in motile extracts of cells, and (c) in living motile cells. The labeled actin exhibited normal polymerization and activated myosin ATPase to a similar extent as unlabeled controls. Labeled actin and endogenous actin were incorporated into contracted pellets to approximately the same extent in motile cell extracts. After labeled actin had been microinjected into single C. carolinensis cells, the fluorescent actin spread into both the endoplasm and etoplasm without forming distinct fibrils. In contrast, fluorescent bundles developed in the ectoplasm of P. polycephalum following microinjection of labeled actin. This experimental method in conjunction with fluorescence spectroscopic techniques could become a powerful tool for studying the intracellular distribution and structural changes of components in living cells."}
{"id": "PMID:345280", "title": "Comutagenic effect of norharman and harman with 2-acetylaminofluorene derivatives.", "content": "Norharman enhanced the known mutagenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene derivatives in the Salmonella test system. The mutagenicities of 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-aminofluorene, and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene were enhanced by norharman only when rat liver microsomal enzymes were added, whereas the mutagenicity of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene was increased in the absence of microsomal enzymes. Harman also increased mutagenesis, althouth less so than norharman.", "contents": "Comutagenic effect of norharman and harman with 2-acetylaminofluorene derivatives. Norharman enhanced the known mutagenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene derivatives in the Salmonella test system. The mutagenicities of 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-aminofluorene, and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene were enhanced by norharman only when rat liver microsomal enzymes were added, whereas the mutagenicity of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene was increased in the absence of microsomal enzymes. Harman also increased mutagenesis, althouth less so than norharman."}
{"id": "PMID:345281", "title": "Affinity filters, a new approach to the isolation of tox mutants of Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "We have devised a novel plate assay method for detecting mutants of Vibrio cholerae altered in the production of cholera toxin (tox mutants). Colonies replicated from a master plate are grown on the surface of a cellulose filter disc to which ganglioside-albumin conjugates have been attached. Toxin secreted by the colonies is tightly bound to the ganglioside filters. After removal of the cells by washing, the bound toxin may be detected by treating the filters with radioactively labeled antibodies against either whole toxin or one of its constituent polypeptide chains, followed by autoradiography. Colonies producing significantly greater of lesser amounts of toxin than the parental type are easily recognized and can be shown in liquid culture to have the corresponding hypertoxinogenic or hypotoxinogenic phenotype. This method, termed \"the ganglioside filter assay,\" is applicable to screening large numbers of colonies and should facilitate isolation of various specific classes of mutants in cholera toxin production. In modified form the method will be applicable to various systems in which mutants of secreted proteins are sought.", "contents": "Affinity filters, a new approach to the isolation of tox mutants of Vibrio cholerae. We have devised a novel plate assay method for detecting mutants of Vibrio cholerae altered in the production of cholera toxin (tox mutants). Colonies replicated from a master plate are grown on the surface of a cellulose filter disc to which ganglioside-albumin conjugates have been attached. Toxin secreted by the colonies is tightly bound to the ganglioside filters. After removal of the cells by washing, the bound toxin may be detected by treating the filters with radioactively labeled antibodies against either whole toxin or one of its constituent polypeptide chains, followed by autoradiography. Colonies producing significantly greater of lesser amounts of toxin than the parental type are easily recognized and can be shown in liquid culture to have the corresponding hypertoxinogenic or hypotoxinogenic phenotype. This method, termed \"the ganglioside filter assay,\" is applicable to screening large numbers of colonies and should facilitate isolation of various specific classes of mutants in cholera toxin production. In modified form the method will be applicable to various systems in which mutants of secreted proteins are sought."}
{"id": "PMID:345289", "title": "Hypnotic effectiveness of sodium salicylamide with short-term use: sleep laboratory studies.", "content": "Sodium salicylamide in doses of 650 and 1,300 mg was evaluated in two separate sleep laboratory drug evaluation studies of insomniac patients. Each study utilized a standard protocol of 10 consecutive laboratory nights consisting of four placebo nights for adaptation and baseline, three drug nights for short-term drug administration and three placebo nights for evaluating withdrawal. Neither dose had a clear-cut hypnotic effect in inducing or maintaining sleep. Sleep stages were not effected by drug administration or drug withdrawal. Both the objective findings and subjective estimates suggest that the 1,300-mg dose may have a slight sedative effect. However, when salicylamide is used as an ingredient in over-the-counter preparations, the usual dose is only 200-400 mg.", "contents": "Hypnotic effectiveness of sodium salicylamide with short-term use: sleep laboratory studies. Sodium salicylamide in doses of 650 and 1,300 mg was evaluated in two separate sleep laboratory drug evaluation studies of insomniac patients. Each study utilized a standard protocol of 10 consecutive laboratory nights consisting of four placebo nights for adaptation and baseline, three drug nights for short-term drug administration and three placebo nights for evaluating withdrawal. Neither dose had a clear-cut hypnotic effect in inducing or maintaining sleep. Sleep stages were not effected by drug administration or drug withdrawal. Both the objective findings and subjective estimates suggest that the 1,300-mg dose may have a slight sedative effect. However, when salicylamide is used as an ingredient in over-the-counter preparations, the usual dose is only 200-400 mg."}
{"id": "PMID:345290", "title": "Hygrophotographic technique for testing local antiperspirant activity.", "content": "Bilateral stopping of plantar perspiration in the mouse was obtained by application of a cotton-wool swab soaked in a 3% solution of BRL 556 in 60% ethanol for 1--2 min to the plantar surface of its right hind paw. For humans, aerosols which are at present on the market produce a sensible reduction in palmar sweating. The effect was recorded and illustrated by a modified hygrophotographic technique in which the sweat, released in the form of water vapor, was recorded by the hygrophotographic film, without any contact with the skin. In the mouse, the recording was carried out by the application to the plantar surface of a piece of hygrophotographic film, by the aid of an adhesive tape.", "contents": "Hygrophotographic technique for testing local antiperspirant activity. Bilateral stopping of plantar perspiration in the mouse was obtained by application of a cotton-wool swab soaked in a 3% solution of BRL 556 in 60% ethanol for 1--2 min to the plantar surface of its right hind paw. For humans, aerosols which are at present on the market produce a sensible reduction in palmar sweating. The effect was recorded and illustrated by a modified hygrophotographic technique in which the sweat, released in the form of water vapor, was recorded by the hygrophotographic film, without any contact with the skin. In the mouse, the recording was carried out by the application to the plantar surface of a piece of hygrophotographic film, by the aid of an adhesive tape."}
{"id": "PMID:345302", "title": "One-stage repair of compound leg defects with free, revascularized flaps of groin skin and iliac bone.", "content": "The successful revascularized free transfer of a composite flap of groin skin with attached iliac bone is presented in two patients. The findings in the preliminary dissections and injection studies in cadavers are discussed, and the superficial circumflex iliac system is recommended as a stem for free flaps of groin skin and iliac bone. If iliac bone alone is required for a revascularized graft, then the deep circumflex iliac system would seem suitable for the stem. Further clinical cases are necessary to determine the indications for this procedure, and patients should be carefully selected. The need for preoperative preparation and planning on a sound anatomical background is emphasized, and preoperative angiography seems advisable. The ability to sew small vessels together reliably is one thing: the when and where is another.", "contents": "One-stage repair of compound leg defects with free, revascularized flaps of groin skin and iliac bone. The successful revascularized free transfer of a composite flap of groin skin with attached iliac bone is presented in two patients. The findings in the preliminary dissections and injection studies in cadavers are discussed, and the superficial circumflex iliac system is recommended as a stem for free flaps of groin skin and iliac bone. If iliac bone alone is required for a revascularized graft, then the deep circumflex iliac system would seem suitable for the stem. Further clinical cases are necessary to determine the indications for this procedure, and patients should be carefully selected. The need for preoperative preparation and planning on a sound anatomical background is emphasized, and preoperative angiography seems advisable. The ability to sew small vessels together reliably is one thing: the when and where is another."}
{"id": "PMID:345303", "title": "The tensor fascia lata myocutaneous free flap.", "content": "The tensor fascia lata muscle and its overlying skin provide a reliable myocutaneous unit containing a large amount of soft tissue for a free flap transfer. Its anatomy is outlined, and the operative technique for transfer is detailed in a case of chronic stasis ulcer of the lower leg.", "contents": "The tensor fascia lata myocutaneous free flap. The tensor fascia lata muscle and its overlying skin provide a reliable myocutaneous unit containing a large amount of soft tissue for a free flap transfer. Its anatomy is outlined, and the operative technique for transfer is detailed in a case of chronic stasis ulcer of the lower leg."}
{"id": "PMID:345304", "title": "Construction of male genitalia in the transsexual, using a tubed groin flap for the penis and a hydraulic inflation device.", "content": "A technique for construction of external male genitalia in a transsexual patient is presented in detail. The McGregor groin flap is used for penile construction, and the Scott inflatable prosthesis is used to produce an erection. The shape of the penis is improved by secondary local excisions, and the clitoris is bivalved and inserted at the base of the penis to allow sexual sensation. The appearance and the function of the constructed genitalia have been deemed quite satisfactory by this transsexual patient.", "contents": "Construction of male genitalia in the transsexual, using a tubed groin flap for the penis and a hydraulic inflation device. A technique for construction of external male genitalia in a transsexual patient is presented in detail. The McGregor groin flap is used for penile construction, and the Scott inflatable prosthesis is used to produce an erection. The shape of the penis is improved by secondary local excisions, and the clitoris is bivalved and inserted at the base of the penis to allow sexual sensation. The appearance and the function of the constructed genitalia have been deemed quite satisfactory by this transsexual patient."}
{"id": "PMID:345305", "title": "The medial gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap.", "content": "Our experience with the medial gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap is presented. We have found it to be a reliable flap which can be transferred in one stage to solve difficult coverage problems about the knee and upper leg.", "contents": "The medial gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap. Our experience with the medial gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap is presented. We have found it to be a reliable flap which can be transferred in one stage to solve difficult coverage problems about the knee and upper leg."}
{"id": "PMID:345306", "title": "A transverse thoracoabdominal skin flap for closure after radical mastectomy.", "content": "For closure of radical mastectomy defects, we present a new rotation flap using thoracoabdominal skin which crosses the midline of the trunk. This allows a rapid closure without the necessity of a delay.", "contents": "A transverse thoracoabdominal skin flap for closure after radical mastectomy. For closure of radical mastectomy defects, we present a new rotation flap using thoracoabdominal skin which crosses the midline of the trunk. This allows a rapid closure without the necessity of a delay."}
{"id": "PMID:345307", "title": "A modification of the dermal-flap canthal lift for correction of the paralyzed lower eyelid.", "content": "A modification of the dermal-flap canthoplasty, described by Edgerton and Wolfort for the correction of paralysis of the lower lid, is described. It has produced excellent results in our experience.", "contents": "A modification of the dermal-flap canthal lift for correction of the paralyzed lower eyelid. A modification of the dermal-flap canthoplasty, described by Edgerton and Wolfort for the correction of paralysis of the lower lid, is described. It has produced excellent results in our experience."}
{"id": "PMID:345308", "title": "Reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex.", "content": "We present a technique for nipple-areolar reconstruction, which consists basically of hinging two quadrangular dermafat flaps together after denuding the entire area. Mucosal grafts are then applied over the whole nipple-areolar site.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex. We present a technique for nipple-areolar reconstruction, which consists basically of hinging two quadrangular dermafat flaps together after denuding the entire area. Mucosal grafts are then applied over the whole nipple-areolar site."}
{"id": "PMID:345309", "title": "\"De-epithelization\" and dermal pedicles.", "content": "Biopsy specimens from 38 \"de-epithelized\" dermal pedicles were examined microscopically. There was considerable variation in the depth of the plane among surgeons, procedures, and even between specimens from two sides of a bilateral procedure done by the same surgeon. Usually, the \"de-epithelization\" removed all the epidermis plus the upper layer of dermis containing the pilosebaceous apparatus. The significance of this finding as related to the future development of epidermal inclusion cysts is uncertain. Also, it brings into question the importance of \"the dermal plexus circulation,\" which many have thought to be critical for viability of the nipple.", "contents": "\"De-epithelization\" and dermal pedicles. Biopsy specimens from 38 \"de-epithelized\" dermal pedicles were examined microscopically. There was considerable variation in the depth of the plane among surgeons, procedures, and even between specimens from two sides of a bilateral procedure done by the same surgeon. Usually, the \"de-epithelization\" removed all the epidermis plus the upper layer of dermis containing the pilosebaceous apparatus. The significance of this finding as related to the future development of epidermal inclusion cysts is uncertain. Also, it brings into question the importance of \"the dermal plexus circulation,\" which many have thought to be critical for viability of the nipple."}
{"id": "PMID:345310", "title": "Effect of proteins depletion on the surviving length in experimental skin flaps.", "content": "Protein depletion appears to augment, rather than decrease, the length of a skin flap surviving in rats. We were able to document a lowering of serum viscosity in these animals. The augmentation of flap survival produced by protein depletion may even be greater than that produced by the delay phenomenon. A reduction in the total weight of flaps is present in the protein-depleted animals, and this may contribute to the augmentation of flap survival in them.", "contents": "Effect of proteins depletion on the surviving length in experimental skin flaps. Protein depletion appears to augment, rather than decrease, the length of a skin flap surviving in rats. We were able to document a lowering of serum viscosity in these animals. The augmentation of flap survival produced by protein depletion may even be greater than that produced by the delay phenomenon. A reduction in the total weight of flaps is present in the protein-depleted animals, and this may contribute to the augmentation of flap survival in them."}
{"id": "PMID:345311", "title": "Congenital scalp defect with thrombosis of the sagittal sinus. Case report.", "content": "A case report of a congenital scalp defect, associated with thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus, is presented. A thrombectomy of the sinus, followed by skin grafting, was successful in achieving wound closure and a healthy, normal child. We propose that thrombectomy be considered for future similar situations.", "contents": "Congenital scalp defect with thrombosis of the sagittal sinus. Case report. A case report of a congenital scalp defect, associated with thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus, is presented. A thrombectomy of the sinus, followed by skin grafting, was successful in achieving wound closure and a healthy, normal child. We propose that thrombectomy be considered for future similar situations."}
{"id": "PMID:345313", "title": "A comparative controlled trial of pimozide and fluphenazine decanoate in the continuation therapy of schizophrenia.", "content": "Evidence from a controlled, comparative trial indicates that oral pimozide is clinically at least as effective as depot injections of fluphenazine decanoate in the continuation therapy of a group of schizophrenic patients discharged from hospital. The administration of pimozide was associated with fewer unwanted effects. The implications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "A comparative controlled trial of pimozide and fluphenazine decanoate in the continuation therapy of schizophrenia. Evidence from a controlled, comparative trial indicates that oral pimozide is clinically at least as effective as depot injections of fluphenazine decanoate in the continuation therapy of a group of schizophrenic patients discharged from hospital. The administration of pimozide was associated with fewer unwanted effects. The implications of the findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:345314", "title": "Initial response to drugs in depressive illness and psychiatric and community adjustment a year later.", "content": "Three hundred and sixty depressed in-patients initially treated with imipramine, chlorpromazine or a placebo were re-evaluated a year later. Patients showing the poorest adjustment at one year were those who failed to show a good initial response to treatment and those who responded positively to a placebo.", "contents": "Initial response to drugs in depressive illness and psychiatric and community adjustment a year later. Three hundred and sixty depressed in-patients initially treated with imipramine, chlorpromazine or a placebo were re-evaluated a year later. Patients showing the poorest adjustment at one year were those who failed to show a good initial response to treatment and those who responded positively to a placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:345337", "title": "Computed tomography in renal transplant problems.", "content": "Nineteen patients were studied with computed tomography immediately after kidney transplantation and subsequently if declining renal function was noted. Abscess formation, hematoma and lymphocele were satisfactorily demonstrated. Of 8 diagnosed abnormal densities, 5 were proved correct (abscess 2; serous collection and old blood 1; lymphocele 1; and hematoma (fresh) 1). Two were not proved but abnormalities resolved on medical therapy. There was one incorrect diagnosis: what was thought to be an abnormal fluid collection was really a markedly enlarged edematous rejected kidney. Computed tomography represents an excellent method of following the course of therapy, whether surgical or conservative.", "contents": "Computed tomography in renal transplant problems. Nineteen patients were studied with computed tomography immediately after kidney transplantation and subsequently if declining renal function was noted. Abscess formation, hematoma and lymphocele were satisfactorily demonstrated. Of 8 diagnosed abnormal densities, 5 were proved correct (abscess 2; serous collection and old blood 1; lymphocele 1; and hematoma (fresh) 1). Two were not proved but abnormalities resolved on medical therapy. There was one incorrect diagnosis: what was thought to be an abnormal fluid collection was really a markedly enlarged edematous rejected kidney. Computed tomography represents an excellent method of following the course of therapy, whether surgical or conservative."}
{"id": "PMID:345336", "title": "Pain associated with peripheral angiography: is lidocaine effective?", "content": "In a double-blind study, 28 patients for peripheral angiography received contrast injection both with and without lidocaine. In 22 patients not receiving premedication, the addition of lidocaine to the contrast medium resulted in increased pain in 54.5% of patients and no difference in pain in 41% when compared to contrast alone. In patients premedicated with 5--10 mg Valium intravenously, the addition of lidocaine to the contrast medium resulted in increased pain in half the patients and no difference in the others. The physiologic mechanisms are discussed, and the importance of hyperosmolality of contrast agents in pain production is stressed.", "contents": "Pain associated with peripheral angiography: is lidocaine effective? In a double-blind study, 28 patients for peripheral angiography received contrast injection both with and without lidocaine. In 22 patients not receiving premedication, the addition of lidocaine to the contrast medium resulted in increased pain in 54.5% of patients and no difference in pain in 41% when compared to contrast alone. In patients premedicated with 5--10 mg Valium intravenously, the addition of lidocaine to the contrast medium resulted in increased pain in half the patients and no difference in the others. The physiologic mechanisms are discussed, and the importance of hyperosmolality of contrast agents in pain production is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:345341", "title": "Dose response to intramuscular glucagon during hypotonic radiography.", "content": "In a study to determine a dose response to glucagon during hypotonic duodenography, 15 male and female volunteers received placebo and 0.25 mg 1 mg and 2 mg glucagon intramuscularly, double-blind and cross-over. When 0.25 mg glucagon was given, the onset of drug effect was approximately 13--18 min: the mean duration of moderate hypotonicity was approximately 4--7 min. The larger the dose, the greater the duration of drug action. When 2 mg glucagon was given, the onset of drug effect occurred in approximately 4--7 min; the mean duration of moderate hypotonicity was 22--32 min. There were no changes in pulse or blood pressure attributable to the drug with these doses, and reports of nausea and diarrhea did not increase significantly until a dose above 1 mg was given. One mg glucagon given IM is useful in hypotonic upper Gl radiographic examinations. The onset of hypotonicity was 8--10 min with a duration of 12--27 min when this dose was given. Few reports of side effects were attributable to this dose.", "contents": "Dose response to intramuscular glucagon during hypotonic radiography. In a study to determine a dose response to glucagon during hypotonic duodenography, 15 male and female volunteers received placebo and 0.25 mg 1 mg and 2 mg glucagon intramuscularly, double-blind and cross-over. When 0.25 mg glucagon was given, the onset of drug effect was approximately 13--18 min: the mean duration of moderate hypotonicity was approximately 4--7 min. The larger the dose, the greater the duration of drug action. When 2 mg glucagon was given, the onset of drug effect occurred in approximately 4--7 min; the mean duration of moderate hypotonicity was 22--32 min. There were no changes in pulse or blood pressure attributable to the drug with these doses, and reports of nausea and diarrhea did not increase significantly until a dose above 1 mg was given. One mg glucagon given IM is useful in hypotonic upper Gl radiographic examinations. The onset of hypotonicity was 8--10 min with a duration of 12--27 min when this dose was given. Few reports of side effects were attributable to this dose."}
{"id": "PMID:345340", "title": "The evolution of the basic concepts underlying the practice of radiotherapy from 1949 to 1977.", "content": "In his overview of the history and theoretical developments of radiotherapy, the author stresses the following concepts: (a) sensitivity is not linked to histology but to the volume of cancer; (b) the dose must not necessarily be homogeneous in the target volume but related to varying volumes of cancer; (c) the fact that irradiation may not be the sole treatment in some tumors does not mean that it does not have a place in their management; (d) as a general rule, large tumors should not be treated with irradiation only, if gross cancer can be resected simply; (e) since there is a dose-response curve for control rates and for complications, an optimum dose level must be maintained; and (f) the patient's quality of life is a major concern.", "contents": "The evolution of the basic concepts underlying the practice of radiotherapy from 1949 to 1977. In his overview of the history and theoretical developments of radiotherapy, the author stresses the following concepts: (a) sensitivity is not linked to histology but to the volume of cancer; (b) the dose must not necessarily be homogeneous in the target volume but related to varying volumes of cancer; (c) the fact that irradiation may not be the sole treatment in some tumors does not mean that it does not have a place in their management; (d) as a general rule, large tumors should not be treated with irradiation only, if gross cancer can be resected simply; (e) since there is a dose-response curve for control rates and for complications, an optimum dose level must be maintained; and (f) the patient's quality of life is a major concern."}
{"id": "PMID:345342", "title": "Double-blind radiographic study of dose response to intravenous glucagon for hypotonic duodenography.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine a dose response to glucagon during hypotonic duodenography. Fifteen male and female volunteers received placebo and 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, and 2 mg of glucagon intravenously, double-blind, and crossover. Onset of drug effect occurred in approximately 45 seconds, regardless of the dose of glucagon given. There was a significant (p less than 0.01) decrease in gastrointestinal tonicity with all doses. The larger the dose, the greater the duration of drug action. Satisfactory stomach, duodenal, and small bowel hypotonicity for radiography were obtained with 0.25 to 0.5 mg of glucagon given intravenously with few side effects.", "contents": "Double-blind radiographic study of dose response to intravenous glucagon for hypotonic duodenography. This study was undertaken to determine a dose response to glucagon during hypotonic duodenography. Fifteen male and female volunteers received placebo and 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, and 2 mg of glucagon intravenously, double-blind, and crossover. Onset of drug effect occurred in approximately 45 seconds, regardless of the dose of glucagon given. There was a significant (p less than 0.01) decrease in gastrointestinal tonicity with all doses. The larger the dose, the greater the duration of drug action. Satisfactory stomach, duodenal, and small bowel hypotonicity for radiography were obtained with 0.25 to 0.5 mg of glucagon given intravenously with few side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:345345", "title": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and cold hemagglutinin disease: clinical disease and laboratory findings.", "content": "As is apparent from the length of this review, a multitude of laboratory investigations can be performed on the blood of patients with AIHA and CHD. Unfortunately, because of the considerable complexity of some of these tests, their significance is not always apparent to the physician who treats the patient. Communication gaps between the laboratory scientist and the physician at the bedside are bound to occur because of the high degree of specialization of both immunohematology and medical care. The purpose of this review has been to bridge the communication gap. The agents that cause AIHA and CHD are antibodies. Although they are often autoantibodies of complex specificity, usually reacting with all normal red cells, they nevertheless obey most of the rules explaining the action of alloantibodies that sometimes complicate transfusion therapy. By approaching AIHA and CHD as antibody-induced conditions, and by regarding autoantibodies as similar in their actions to alloantibodies, hopefully, physicians will appreciate the significance of the tests performed in the laboratory. For their part, the laboratory workers will be able not only to report test results but also to explain the findings. This review may aid in establishing the essential dialogue.", "contents": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and cold hemagglutinin disease: clinical disease and laboratory findings. As is apparent from the length of this review, a multitude of laboratory investigations can be performed on the blood of patients with AIHA and CHD. Unfortunately, because of the considerable complexity of some of these tests, their significance is not always apparent to the physician who treats the patient. Communication gaps between the laboratory scientist and the physician at the bedside are bound to occur because of the high degree of specialization of both immunohematology and medical care. The purpose of this review has been to bridge the communication gap. The agents that cause AIHA and CHD are antibodies. Although they are often autoantibodies of complex specificity, usually reacting with all normal red cells, they nevertheless obey most of the rules explaining the action of alloantibodies that sometimes complicate transfusion therapy. By approaching AIHA and CHD as antibody-induced conditions, and by regarding autoantibodies as similar in their actions to alloantibodies, hopefully, physicians will appreciate the significance of the tests performed in the laboratory. For their part, the laboratory workers will be able not only to report test results but also to explain the findings. This review may aid in establishing the essential dialogue."}
{"id": "PMID:345361", "title": "Prostacyclin formation by myometrial & decidual fractions of the pregnant rat uterus.", "content": "Chopped samples of myometrium, decidua and extrinsic blood vessels from the pregnant rat uterus when incubated at room temperature generated a prostacyclin-like substance. Activity in the incubation mixtures was compared against authentic prostacyclin in two assay systems: relaxation of strips of bovine coronary artery and inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation of rabbit platelet-rich plasma. Results estimated from inhibition of platelet aggregation showed that activity generated by all samples was low on day 12 of pregnancy (less than 0.25 ng/mg). However at the time of delivery (day 22) myometrial synthesis had increased 18.5 fold to over 3 ng/mg of prostacyclin whereas decidual production had only increased 5 times. As there was no increase in synthesis by the extrinsic uterine blood vessels over this period it is proposed that the myometrial muscle cells are the probable source of the prostacyclin-like material.", "contents": "Prostacyclin formation by myometrial & decidual fractions of the pregnant rat uterus. Chopped samples of myometrium, decidua and extrinsic blood vessels from the pregnant rat uterus when incubated at room temperature generated a prostacyclin-like substance. Activity in the incubation mixtures was compared against authentic prostacyclin in two assay systems: relaxation of strips of bovine coronary artery and inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation of rabbit platelet-rich plasma. Results estimated from inhibition of platelet aggregation showed that activity generated by all samples was low on day 12 of pregnancy (less than 0.25 ng/mg). However at the time of delivery (day 22) myometrial synthesis had increased 18.5 fold to over 3 ng/mg of prostacyclin whereas decidual production had only increased 5 times. As there was no increase in synthesis by the extrinsic uterine blood vessels over this period it is proposed that the myometrial muscle cells are the probable source of the prostacyclin-like material."}
{"id": "PMID:345370", "title": "[Production of colicins V and V2 in vitro and in vivo. Study of their inhibitory action on phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages].", "content": "In recent years, a possible relationship between pathogenicity and colicinogeny in some Escherichia coli colicin V-producing strains had been inferred. In our laboratory, we have elaborated a simple in vitro method for the production of colicin V free of large, non dialyzable macromolecules and presumably of bacterial endotoxin. This allows study of the effects of colicin V in vivo without an undesirable added physiological response of the experimental animal to endotoxin. All the Col V+ strains we have studied displayed a greater ability to survive in the peritoneal cavity of mice than the Col V- strains. Also, we have detected colicin V in peritoneal fluids of agonizing mice injected with Col V+ strains. Phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages seemed to be inhibited in vitro in the presence of colicin V. Colicin V is not toxic in vivo in low concentration, after intraperitoneal or intravenous injection but it may favor the multiplication and the invasiveness of the strains that produce it.", "contents": "[Production of colicins V and V2 in vitro and in vivo. Study of their inhibitory action on phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages]. In recent years, a possible relationship between pathogenicity and colicinogeny in some Escherichia coli colicin V-producing strains had been inferred. In our laboratory, we have elaborated a simple in vitro method for the production of colicin V free of large, non dialyzable macromolecules and presumably of bacterial endotoxin. This allows study of the effects of colicin V in vivo without an undesirable added physiological response of the experimental animal to endotoxin. All the Col V+ strains we have studied displayed a greater ability to survive in the peritoneal cavity of mice than the Col V- strains. Also, we have detected colicin V in peritoneal fluids of agonizing mice injected with Col V+ strains. Phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages seemed to be inhibited in vitro in the presence of colicin V. Colicin V is not toxic in vivo in low concentration, after intraperitoneal or intravenous injection but it may favor the multiplication and the invasiveness of the strains that produce it."}
{"id": "PMID:345380", "title": "Comparative study of carbuterol and salbutamol from metered aerosols in bronchial asthma.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover trial carbuterol and salbutamol were administered by aerosol for 7 days each to 20 patients with reversible obstructive airways disease. In addition to assessment of subjective response, objective measurements were made of response of the respiratory system (FEV1, FVC, MMEFR) and cardiovascular system (pulse rate, blood pressure, ECG) to each drug. Both carbuterol and salbutamol were found to be effective, well-tolerated bronchodilators when given over a 7 day period; there was no significant difference between the drugs in any of the parameters studied. Carbuterol is a safe and effective alternative to salbutamol.", "contents": "Comparative study of carbuterol and salbutamol from metered aerosols in bronchial asthma. In a double-blind crossover trial carbuterol and salbutamol were administered by aerosol for 7 days each to 20 patients with reversible obstructive airways disease. In addition to assessment of subjective response, objective measurements were made of response of the respiratory system (FEV1, FVC, MMEFR) and cardiovascular system (pulse rate, blood pressure, ECG) to each drug. Both carbuterol and salbutamol were found to be effective, well-tolerated bronchodilators when given over a 7 day period; there was no significant difference between the drugs in any of the parameters studied. Carbuterol is a safe and effective alternative to salbutamol."}
{"id": "PMID:345406", "title": "Retention and effectiveness of a chemically polymerized pit and fissure sealant after 2 years.", "content": "Following a single application of a chemically polymerized fissure sealant (Concise Enamel Bond System) 60% of the sealants were present after 2 years of examination. The effectiveness of the treatment was highly significant and the caries reduction, irrespective of the sealant status, was found to be about 50%. The caries reduction was 98% in sealed pairs where the material was fully retained.", "contents": "Retention and effectiveness of a chemically polymerized pit and fissure sealant after 2 years. Following a single application of a chemically polymerized fissure sealant (Concise Enamel Bond System) 60% of the sealants were present after 2 years of examination. The effectiveness of the treatment was highly significant and the caries reduction, irrespective of the sealant status, was found to be about 50%. The caries reduction was 98% in sealed pairs where the material was fully retained."}
{"id": "PMID:345408", "title": "Oral use of chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste in epileptic children.", "content": "The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the effect of a 3-min daily toothbrushing with 1% chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste on dental plaque, gingivitis and gingival hyperplasia in 30 mentally retarded epileptic children treated with phenytoin. A double-blind cross-over technique was used. Brushing once daily for 2 months with 1% chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste resulted in significantly lower Pl I and G I values. Gingival hyperplasia was not significantly reduced by the use of the chlorhexidine toothpaste.", "contents": "Oral use of chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste in epileptic children. The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the effect of a 3-min daily toothbrushing with 1% chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste on dental plaque, gingivitis and gingival hyperplasia in 30 mentally retarded epileptic children treated with phenytoin. A double-blind cross-over technique was used. Brushing once daily for 2 months with 1% chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste resulted in significantly lower Pl I and G I values. Gingival hyperplasia was not significantly reduced by the use of the chlorhexidine toothpaste."}
{"id": "PMID:345404", "title": "Pineal compounds with antigonadotropic activity.", "content": "The work presents the experimental data reported by specialty literature as well as those reported by the authoress on studying the pineal substances with antigonadotropic activity, namely the indole compounds and pineal polypeptides. The effects observed after administration of melatonin--prototype of the pineal-indole family--and of more or less purified pineal extracts are presented. The matter discussed upon is whether or not melatonin or arginine-vasotocin are the pineal hormones responsible for the complex actions induced by the pineal extracts.", "contents": "Pineal compounds with antigonadotropic activity. The work presents the experimental data reported by specialty literature as well as those reported by the authoress on studying the pineal substances with antigonadotropic activity, namely the indole compounds and pineal polypeptides. The effects observed after administration of melatonin--prototype of the pineal-indole family--and of more or less purified pineal extracts are presented. The matter discussed upon is whether or not melatonin or arginine-vasotocin are the pineal hormones responsible for the complex actions induced by the pineal extracts."}
{"id": "PMID:345410", "title": "Metronidazole in Crohn's disease. A double blind cross-over clinical trial.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with active Crohn's disease treated with salazosulfapyridin or prednisone, were in addition given metronidazole 1.000 mg daily or placebo for two months each in a double-blind cross-over study. No statistically significant effect was observed on the overall clinical condition in the 20 patients who completed the trial, although haemoglobin rose and ESR fell significantly in the metronidazole periods. In the 6 patients with colonic involvement only an improvement was registered both in symptoms and laboratory values.", "contents": "Metronidazole in Crohn's disease. A double blind cross-over clinical trial. Twenty-two patients with active Crohn's disease treated with salazosulfapyridin or prednisone, were in addition given metronidazole 1.000 mg daily or placebo for two months each in a double-blind cross-over study. No statistically significant effect was observed on the overall clinical condition in the 20 patients who completed the trial, although haemoglobin rose and ESR fell significantly in the metronidazole periods. In the 6 patients with colonic involvement only an improvement was registered both in symptoms and laboratory values."}
{"id": "PMID:345411", "title": "The role of caerulein in tests of exocrine pancreatic function.", "content": "Secretin (1 CU/Kg) plus Caerulein (100 ng/Kg) or Cholecystokinin (1 or 2 IvyU/Kg) were given by rapid intravenous injection (Schedule 1) or by continuous infusion (Schedule 2) to 63 control subjects (C) and 69 patients affected by chronic pancreatitis (CP). Duodenal juice was collected for two and four 30-minute periods in schedule 1 and schedule 2, respectively. Volume, bicarbonate, and enzyme content were measured. Secretin-Daerulein, by rapid intravenous injection, showed a strong overlapping between C and CP values and led to some side-effects. Secretin-Caerulein by continuous intravenous infusion gave almost identical results as the Secretin-Cholecystokinin.", "contents": "The role of caerulein in tests of exocrine pancreatic function. Secretin (1 CU/Kg) plus Caerulein (100 ng/Kg) or Cholecystokinin (1 or 2 IvyU/Kg) were given by rapid intravenous injection (Schedule 1) or by continuous infusion (Schedule 2) to 63 control subjects (C) and 69 patients affected by chronic pancreatitis (CP). Duodenal juice was collected for two and four 30-minute periods in schedule 1 and schedule 2, respectively. Volume, bicarbonate, and enzyme content were measured. Secretin-Daerulein, by rapid intravenous injection, showed a strong overlapping between C and CP values and led to some side-effects. Secretin-Caerulein by continuous intravenous infusion gave almost identical results as the Secretin-Cholecystokinin."}
{"id": "PMID:345412", "title": "Pre-medication for endoscopy. A trial of atropine, pentazocine or pethidine as a supplement to diazepam.", "content": "The effects of giving atropine, pentazocine or pethidine, 30--45 minutes before intravenous diazepam have been assessed and compared with a control group given diazepam alone in a double-blind controlled trial of pre-medication for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy involving 143 patients and 6 endoscopists. Atropine or pentazocine increased the success rate of the procedure (p 0.007) but gave no other definite benefit. Pethidine improved the degree of sedation (p 0.01) and the success rate (p 0.007); the combination of pethidine given before diazepam ranked first of all the four treatment regimes. The patients' opinion of the procedure correlated with the duration of endoscopy and the experience of the endoscopist.", "contents": "Pre-medication for endoscopy. A trial of atropine, pentazocine or pethidine as a supplement to diazepam. The effects of giving atropine, pentazocine or pethidine, 30--45 minutes before intravenous diazepam have been assessed and compared with a control group given diazepam alone in a double-blind controlled trial of pre-medication for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy involving 143 patients and 6 endoscopists. Atropine or pentazocine increased the success rate of the procedure (p 0.007) but gave no other definite benefit. Pethidine improved the degree of sedation (p 0.01) and the success rate (p 0.007); the combination of pethidine given before diazepam ranked first of all the four treatment regimes. The patients' opinion of the procedure correlated with the duration of endoscopy and the experience of the endoscopist."}
{"id": "PMID:345413", "title": "The influence of beta-sitosterol on biliary cholesterol saturation and bile acid kinetics in man.", "content": "beta-Sitosterol, administered in doses of 12 g/d, resulted in a mean decrease of 11% in serum cholesterol and of 12% in biliary cholesterol saturation after 6-8 weeks. Sustained effects were found in some individuals treated for longer periods. Significant changes in bile acid kinetics could not be detected. The results lend support for further investigations of sitosterol as a possible adjunct therapy in cholelitholytic treatment.", "contents": "The influence of beta-sitosterol on biliary cholesterol saturation and bile acid kinetics in man. beta-Sitosterol, administered in doses of 12 g/d, resulted in a mean decrease of 11% in serum cholesterol and of 12% in biliary cholesterol saturation after 6-8 weeks. Sustained effects were found in some individuals treated for longer periods. Significant changes in bile acid kinetics could not be detected. The results lend support for further investigations of sitosterol as a possible adjunct therapy in cholelitholytic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:345414", "title": "Methyl-prostaglandin E2 analogues for healing of gastro-duodenal ulcers.", "content": "117 patients were submitted to the randomized double-blind clinical trial. Methylated analogues of prostaglandin E2 administered orally markedly suppressed gastric acid secretion and--in comparison to placebo--accelerated cicatrization of duodenal ulcers, but not of gastric ulcers. The resistance of some ulcers to healing was not dependent on gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "Methyl-prostaglandin E2 analogues for healing of gastro-duodenal ulcers. 117 patients were submitted to the randomized double-blind clinical trial. Methylated analogues of prostaglandin E2 administered orally markedly suppressed gastric acid secretion and--in comparison to placebo--accelerated cicatrization of duodenal ulcers, but not of gastric ulcers. The resistance of some ulcers to healing was not dependent on gastric acid secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:345415", "title": "Effect of cimetidine on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion before and after 6 weeks of cimetidine treatment.", "content": "To see whether the effect of cimetidine changes during a treatment period, the effect of intravenous cimetidine on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion was studied before and after a 6-week course of oral cimetidine treatment, 1 g/day, in 10 duodenal ulcer patients. Pentagastrin, 1.5 microgram . kg-1 . h-1, was infused for 165 min, and cimetidine, 1.2 mg . kg-1 . h-1, was added by concomitant infusion during the last 90 min. The second secretion test was carried out 60 hours after the last dose of cimetidine. Acid and pepsin secretion, in response to pentagastrin stimulation, was not significantly changed after 6 weeks of daily cimetidine treatment. The response to pentagastrin plus cimetidine was, however, significantly higher at the end than at the start of the treatment period. The results suggested a slightly reduced effect of cimetidine after prolonged use.", "contents": "Effect of cimetidine on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion before and after 6 weeks of cimetidine treatment. To see whether the effect of cimetidine changes during a treatment period, the effect of intravenous cimetidine on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion was studied before and after a 6-week course of oral cimetidine treatment, 1 g/day, in 10 duodenal ulcer patients. Pentagastrin, 1.5 microgram . kg-1 . h-1, was infused for 165 min, and cimetidine, 1.2 mg . kg-1 . h-1, was added by concomitant infusion during the last 90 min. The second secretion test was carried out 60 hours after the last dose of cimetidine. Acid and pepsin secretion, in response to pentagastrin stimulation, was not significantly changed after 6 weeks of daily cimetidine treatment. The response to pentagastrin plus cimetidine was, however, significantly higher at the end than at the start of the treatment period. The results suggested a slightly reduced effect of cimetidine after prolonged use."}
{"id": "PMID:345416", "title": "Immunohistochemical investigation of gastrin-producing cells (G cells). Estimation of antral density, mucosal distribution, and total mass of G cells in resected stomachs from patients with peptic ulcer disease.", "content": "The mucosal distribution of G cells was quantitatively mapped in resected stomachs from 42 patients (12 with gastric ulcer, 11 with duodenal ulcer, 14 with duodenal ulcer and uremia, and 5 with gastric cancer). Along the histological border of the proximal part of the pyloric antrum there was in all patient categories a transitional zone of varying extent, with a low G-cell density before the cells disappeared in the body of the stomach. The proximal end of the duodenum contained considerably fewer G cells than in the antrum, and the number was virtually equal in all groups. Within the antrum there was in the material as a whole a gradual increase in G-cell density from the proximal to the distal part, but this difference was not apparent for the gastric ulcer patients. When corresponding antral segments were compared between the various patient groups, the G-cell density was found to be significantly decreased in the distal antrum of the gastric ulcer patients. In all patient categories, except the duodenal ulcer group with uremia, the circumferential distribution of G cells showed reduced density along the curvatura minor. For the material as a whole there were great individual variations in the overall antral G-cell density, in the antral area corresponding to the distribution of G cells and in the total G-cell mass; these three variables were not significantly related to diagnosis, age or sex.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical investigation of gastrin-producing cells (G cells). Estimation of antral density, mucosal distribution, and total mass of G cells in resected stomachs from patients with peptic ulcer disease. The mucosal distribution of G cells was quantitatively mapped in resected stomachs from 42 patients (12 with gastric ulcer, 11 with duodenal ulcer, 14 with duodenal ulcer and uremia, and 5 with gastric cancer). Along the histological border of the proximal part of the pyloric antrum there was in all patient categories a transitional zone of varying extent, with a low G-cell density before the cells disappeared in the body of the stomach. The proximal end of the duodenum contained considerably fewer G cells than in the antrum, and the number was virtually equal in all groups. Within the antrum there was in the material as a whole a gradual increase in G-cell density from the proximal to the distal part, but this difference was not apparent for the gastric ulcer patients. When corresponding antral segments were compared between the various patient groups, the G-cell density was found to be significantly decreased in the distal antrum of the gastric ulcer patients. In all patient categories, except the duodenal ulcer group with uremia, the circumferential distribution of G cells showed reduced density along the curvatura minor. For the material as a whole there were great individual variations in the overall antral G-cell density, in the antral area corresponding to the distribution of G cells and in the total G-cell mass; these three variables were not significantly related to diagnosis, age or sex."}
{"id": "PMID:345417", "title": "Does the oesophageal balloon compress oesophageal varices?", "content": "The pressure transmitted to the oesophageal wall was measured in 3 patients with bleeding oesophageal varices controlled by balloon tamponade. The pressure transmitted was considerably lower than the pressure inflated, and all patients suffered retrosternal pain when the transmitted pressure rose to 40 mm Hg. Furthermore, the diameters of oesophageal balloons of 23 Sengstaken-Blakemore tubes (R\u00fcsch) were measured at increasing inflation pressure. The compliance was very high. All balloons bulged at median inflation pressures of 75 mm Hg, and the pressures fell to a median of 55 mm Hg unaffected by further inflations. The diameter at 40 mmHg was 27.3 mm. In the light of these observations it remains still to be explained how the oesophageal balloon of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube effects haemostasis in bleeding oesophageal varices.", "contents": "Does the oesophageal balloon compress oesophageal varices? The pressure transmitted to the oesophageal wall was measured in 3 patients with bleeding oesophageal varices controlled by balloon tamponade. The pressure transmitted was considerably lower than the pressure inflated, and all patients suffered retrosternal pain when the transmitted pressure rose to 40 mm Hg. Furthermore, the diameters of oesophageal balloons of 23 Sengstaken-Blakemore tubes (R\u00fcsch) were measured at increasing inflation pressure. The compliance was very high. All balloons bulged at median inflation pressures of 75 mm Hg, and the pressures fell to a median of 55 mm Hg unaffected by further inflations. The diameter at 40 mmHg was 27.3 mm. In the light of these observations it remains still to be explained how the oesophageal balloon of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube effects haemostasis in bleeding oesophageal varices."}
{"id": "PMID:345418", "title": "In vitro mitogen stimulation of synovial fluid lymphocytes from rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients: dissociation between the response to antigens and polyclonal mitogens.", "content": "The in vitro responses to mitogens of synovial fluid lymphocytes obtained from eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and eight patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) were studied. The results were compared to the transformation of the patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with the same mitogens. Both RA and JRA synovial fluid lymphocytes showed a low transformation to the polyclonal mitogens PHA and PWM with a low ratio PHA-response/PWM-response. The stimulatory effect of purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) was high, whereas a Candida albicans antigen preparation gave a more variable stimulation of the synovial fluid lymphocytes. In some patients the complete mitogen transformation profile of lymphocytes obtained from synovial fluid, synovial tissue and peripheral blood was studied. The results of the synovial fluid and tissue lymphocytes were similar.", "contents": "In vitro mitogen stimulation of synovial fluid lymphocytes from rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients: dissociation between the response to antigens and polyclonal mitogens. The in vitro responses to mitogens of synovial fluid lymphocytes obtained from eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and eight patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) were studied. The results were compared to the transformation of the patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with the same mitogens. Both RA and JRA synovial fluid lymphocytes showed a low transformation to the polyclonal mitogens PHA and PWM with a low ratio PHA-response/PWM-response. The stimulatory effect of purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) was high, whereas a Candida albicans antigen preparation gave a more variable stimulation of the synovial fluid lymphocytes. In some patients the complete mitogen transformation profile of lymphocytes obtained from synovial fluid, synovial tissue and peripheral blood was studied. The results of the synovial fluid and tissue lymphocytes were similar."}
{"id": "PMID:345419", "title": "Antibodies to smooth muscle and other tissue components in infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Antibodies to tissue components were studied by the indirect immunofluorescent method in 24 patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM). Smooth-muscle antibodies (SMA) were found in 70.8% of the patients, and in only one (3.8%) of 26 controls. SMA in patients were of the IgG (54.2%), the IgA (12.5%) and the IgM (41.6%) class. IgM-SMA occurred in the early phase of the disease, while IgG-SMA were found both early and late in its course. It was not possible to demonstrate that the development of SMA was due to liver involvement. Antinuclear antibodies, parietal-cell antibodies and antibodies to the cytoplasm of renal tubular cells were not detected significantly more often in patients than in controls. The serum concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM were elevated in the acute phase of IM, and it was found that the Ig values were higher in patients with SMA than in those without.", "contents": "Antibodies to smooth muscle and other tissue components in infectious mononucleosis. Antibodies to tissue components were studied by the indirect immunofluorescent method in 24 patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM). Smooth-muscle antibodies (SMA) were found in 70.8% of the patients, and in only one (3.8%) of 26 controls. SMA in patients were of the IgG (54.2%), the IgA (12.5%) and the IgM (41.6%) class. IgM-SMA occurred in the early phase of the disease, while IgG-SMA were found both early and late in its course. It was not possible to demonstrate that the development of SMA was due to liver involvement. Antinuclear antibodies, parietal-cell antibodies and antibodies to the cytoplasm of renal tubular cells were not detected significantly more often in patients than in controls. The serum concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM were elevated in the acute phase of IM, and it was found that the Ig values were higher in patients with SMA than in those without."}
{"id": "PMID:345421", "title": "Hemolytic streptococci among infants in a maternity department. Report of an outbreak.", "content": "Reports of several streptococcal infections among babies after discharge from a maternity department initiated an epidemiologic study. Out of 100 infants in the 3 maternity wards 67% were colonized on the umbilicus with hemolytic streptococci group A. It was assumed that the spread had occurred from infant to infant in connection with the nursing. By means of new and strict hygienic routines, isolation and penicillin treatment of the colonized infants the spread was rapidly brought to an end. A retrospective study among the children delivered up to 6 weeks earlier showed that no less than 64% had had clinical signs of infection of possible streptococcal origin. Infections had also occurred among many family members. The observations emphasize the importance of strict hygienic routines and continuous bacteriologic surveillance in maternity departments, as well as close contact between maternity departments and health centers for children.", "contents": "Hemolytic streptococci among infants in a maternity department. Report of an outbreak. Reports of several streptococcal infections among babies after discharge from a maternity department initiated an epidemiologic study. Out of 100 infants in the 3 maternity wards 67% were colonized on the umbilicus with hemolytic streptococci group A. It was assumed that the spread had occurred from infant to infant in connection with the nursing. By means of new and strict hygienic routines, isolation and penicillin treatment of the colonized infants the spread was rapidly brought to an end. A retrospective study among the children delivered up to 6 weeks earlier showed that no less than 64% had had clinical signs of infection of possible streptococcal origin. Infections had also occurred among many family members. The observations emphasize the importance of strict hygienic routines and continuous bacteriologic surveillance in maternity departments, as well as close contact between maternity departments and health centers for children."}
{"id": "PMID:345422", "title": "Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci in an intramural neonatal population.", "content": "An intramural population of 2480 neonates (88.7% of total births at the Grace Maternity Hospital, Halifax, Canada) was studied by rectal swabs collected within one hour after birth. Group B streptococci were recovered from 54 (21.7/1000 livebirths). Of these, 12(4.8/1000 livebirths) became symptomatic; all were term infants and none was born after prolonged membrane rupture. Two infants with pneumonia (0.8/1000) had severe life threatening illness; one was infected with group B streptococcus, serotype III, the other with both serotypes Ia and II. Serotyping of isolates showed equal distribution of types Ia, Ib, II and III but the symptomatic group showed a predominance of serotype III.", "contents": "Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci in an intramural neonatal population. An intramural population of 2480 neonates (88.7% of total births at the Grace Maternity Hospital, Halifax, Canada) was studied by rectal swabs collected within one hour after birth. Group B streptococci were recovered from 54 (21.7/1000 livebirths). Of these, 12(4.8/1000 livebirths) became symptomatic; all were term infants and none was born after prolonged membrane rupture. Two infants with pneumonia (0.8/1000) had severe life threatening illness; one was infected with group B streptococcus, serotype III, the other with both serotypes Ia and II. Serotyping of isolates showed equal distribution of types Ia, Ib, II and III but the symptomatic group showed a predominance of serotype III."}
{"id": "PMID:345423", "title": "\"Discontinuous\" antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infections.", "content": "Although it is a common belief that most antibiotics require 4 doses daily, on theoretical grounds such frequent administration may not be necessary (at least for bactericidal antibiotics) and can compromise patient compliance. In 548 patients with urinary tract infections studied under double-blind conditions, 1 g of cephradine orally twice daily provided results equivalent to those obtained with 500 mg of cephradine given 4 times a day. A total of 242 (89%) of 272 patients in the b.i.d. group and 246 (89%) of 276 patients in the q.i.d. group responded well and rapidly. The incidence of adverse reactions attributable to cephradine was equivalent in the two groups.", "contents": "\"Discontinuous\" antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infections. Although it is a common belief that most antibiotics require 4 doses daily, on theoretical grounds such frequent administration may not be necessary (at least for bactericidal antibiotics) and can compromise patient compliance. In 548 patients with urinary tract infections studied under double-blind conditions, 1 g of cephradine orally twice daily provided results equivalent to those obtained with 500 mg of cephradine given 4 times a day. A total of 242 (89%) of 272 patients in the b.i.d. group and 246 (89%) of 276 patients in the q.i.d. group responded well and rapidly. The incidence of adverse reactions attributable to cephradine was equivalent in the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:345424", "title": "Pathogenicity in mice of strains of Candida albicans with different in vitro sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine.", "content": "The pathogenicity in mice of 7 strains of Candida albicans with different in vitro susceptibility to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) was investigated. Resistant strains were not less virulent than susceptible strains. This is contradictory to findings reported for candida strains resistant to polyene antibiotics, which were less pathogenic than susceptible strains. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Pathogenicity in mice of strains of Candida albicans with different in vitro sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine. The pathogenicity in mice of 7 strains of Candida albicans with different in vitro susceptibility to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) was investigated. Resistant strains were not less virulent than susceptible strains. This is contradictory to findings reported for candida strains resistant to polyene antibiotics, which were less pathogenic than susceptible strains. The implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:345425", "title": "Candida peritonitis in a patient receiving chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "A 59-year-old woman with end-stage renal failure due to chronic pyelonephritis developed Candida albicans peritonitis after receiving chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis for 4 months. She was successfully treated with 5-fluorocytosine added to the dialysis fluid.", "contents": "Candida peritonitis in a patient receiving chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis. A 59-year-old woman with end-stage renal failure due to chronic pyelonephritis developed Candida albicans peritonitis after receiving chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis for 4 months. She was successfully treated with 5-fluorocytosine added to the dialysis fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:345426", "title": "The closure of urinary-vaginal fistulas.", "content": "Reported series of urinary-vaginal fistulas repaired by a vaginal approach show at least 85% primary closure. However, many patients have had several unsuccessful operations elsewhere prior to the final repair. This means that regularly successful closure is possible, but it demands a certain \"know-how\" and engagement. In search for the general principles leading to such successful primary closure, different published techniques have been studied. It appears that the essential features are the establishment of a proper distance between the inner vesical and the outer vaginal epithelium and the creation of broad raw surfaces to be ajoined. The operation should not involve any risk of enlarging the existing fistula, and the transfer of normal tissue to the site of the repair and the interposition of tissue between the cavities to be separated are sound reconstructive procedures. A personal technique based on these principles is presented. The gynecologists of to-day most often refer urinary-vaginal fistulas to the urologists, who almost without exception prefer a suprapubic transvesical approach. It is strongly recommended that the large majority of urinary-vaginal fistulas should be repaired by the vaginal approach which is a minor intervention. The plastic surgeon should be engaged in the management of urinary-vaginal fistulas.", "contents": "The closure of urinary-vaginal fistulas. Reported series of urinary-vaginal fistulas repaired by a vaginal approach show at least 85% primary closure. However, many patients have had several unsuccessful operations elsewhere prior to the final repair. This means that regularly successful closure is possible, but it demands a certain \"know-how\" and engagement. In search for the general principles leading to such successful primary closure, different published techniques have been studied. It appears that the essential features are the establishment of a proper distance between the inner vesical and the outer vaginal epithelium and the creation of broad raw surfaces to be ajoined. The operation should not involve any risk of enlarging the existing fistula, and the transfer of normal tissue to the site of the repair and the interposition of tissue between the cavities to be separated are sound reconstructive procedures. A personal technique based on these principles is presented. The gynecologists of to-day most often refer urinary-vaginal fistulas to the urologists, who almost without exception prefer a suprapubic transvesical approach. It is strongly recommended that the large majority of urinary-vaginal fistulas should be repaired by the vaginal approach which is a minor intervention. The plastic surgeon should be engaged in the management of urinary-vaginal fistulas."}
{"id": "PMID:345427", "title": "Keloids treated with topical injections of triamcinolone acetonide (kenalog). Immediate and long-term results.", "content": "In a prospective trial, the results of local steroid treatment of keloids have been studied. 52 patients were treated with Kenalog (triamcinolone acetonide) injections alone, whilst in 15 patients, steroid therapy was combined with excision of the keloid. The combined treatment gave no better results than injection therapy alone. The early result of treatment was the complete flattening of the lesions and cessation of itching in the majority of cases. However in one-third of the cases partial recurrence was found after one year, and after 5 years, the recurrence rate was 50%.", "contents": "Keloids treated with topical injections of triamcinolone acetonide (kenalog). Immediate and long-term results. In a prospective trial, the results of local steroid treatment of keloids have been studied. 52 patients were treated with Kenalog (triamcinolone acetonide) injections alone, whilst in 15 patients, steroid therapy was combined with excision of the keloid. The combined treatment gave no better results than injection therapy alone. The early result of treatment was the complete flattening of the lesions and cessation of itching in the majority of cases. However in one-third of the cases partial recurrence was found after one year, and after 5 years, the recurrence rate was 50%."}
{"id": "PMID:345428", "title": "The early ingrowth of an autogenous bone inlay into an artificial defect in the rabbit mandibula.", "content": "The \"take\" and incorporation of two different autogenous bone grafts to an artificial defect in the rabbit mandibula was studied by means of conventional light microscopy, fluorescence miscroscopy and X-ray photography. The ingrowth rate was compared between a longitudinally split autogenous full thickness humeral bone graft in 21 rabbits and an autogenous full bone graft from the iliac crest in 14 rabbits. The rabbits were sacrificed at weekly intervals right to the end of the first month postoperatively, and morphological analyses were made. It was found that both types of graft became progressively incorporated into the mandibular defect. The humeral graft was better attached to the host bone but the graft cortex was not bone labelled to the same extent as when an iliac graft was used.", "contents": "The early ingrowth of an autogenous bone inlay into an artificial defect in the rabbit mandibula. The \"take\" and incorporation of two different autogenous bone grafts to an artificial defect in the rabbit mandibula was studied by means of conventional light microscopy, fluorescence miscroscopy and X-ray photography. The ingrowth rate was compared between a longitudinally split autogenous full thickness humeral bone graft in 21 rabbits and an autogenous full bone graft from the iliac crest in 14 rabbits. The rabbits were sacrificed at weekly intervals right to the end of the first month postoperatively, and morphological analyses were made. It was found that both types of graft became progressively incorporated into the mandibular defect. The humeral graft was better attached to the host bone but the graft cortex was not bone labelled to the same extent as when an iliac graft was used."}
{"id": "PMID:345431", "title": "Prostatic carcinoma treated with 2,6-cis-diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (Cisobitan).", "content": "Thirteen patients with stage III or IV carcinoma of the prostate were treated with 2,6-cis-Diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (Cisobitan, a new organosilicon compound. The drug proved to be a strong antiandrogen and exerted all the known effects of estrogens, including feminization and cardiovascular complications. It is therefore doubtful whether Cisobitan will be a reasonable alternative to estrogens in the treatment of patients with advanced prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Prostatic carcinoma treated with 2,6-cis-diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (Cisobitan). Thirteen patients with stage III or IV carcinoma of the prostate were treated with 2,6-cis-Diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (Cisobitan, a new organosilicon compound. The drug proved to be a strong antiandrogen and exerted all the known effects of estrogens, including feminization and cardiovascular complications. It is therefore doubtful whether Cisobitan will be a reasonable alternative to estrogens in the treatment of patients with advanced prostatic cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:345433", "title": "Peritoneal dialysis and heparin.", "content": "In a prospective, controlled and double-blind investigation the influence of heparin--added to the dialysis solution--on the lapse of peritoneal dialysis is studied. The material comprises 9 patients, all of whom had 2 peritoneal dialysis, one with and one without heparin added to the dialysis solution. A significantly higher inflow and outflow were found in the heparin group. Further the total length of one dialyted procedure--which according to literature never seems to have been exposed to an investigation-the results of the present investigation supports the theoretical considerations of adding heparin to peritoneal dialysis solutions.", "contents": "Peritoneal dialysis and heparin. In a prospective, controlled and double-blind investigation the influence of heparin--added to the dialysis solution--on the lapse of peritoneal dialysis is studied. The material comprises 9 patients, all of whom had 2 peritoneal dialysis, one with and one without heparin added to the dialysis solution. A significantly higher inflow and outflow were found in the heparin group. Further the total length of one dialyted procedure--which according to literature never seems to have been exposed to an investigation-the results of the present investigation supports the theoretical considerations of adding heparin to peritoneal dialysis solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:345434", "title": "Renal transplantation in polycystic kidney disease.", "content": "Thirty-one renal transplantations were performed in 25 patients with end-stage polycystic disease of the kidneys. Of the 14 recipients transplanted with both polycystic kidneys in situ and followed for at least 6 months, 10 had a previous history of urinary tract infection. Four of these 14 recipients had relapsing urinary tract infection after transplantation, the other 10 have been at risk on immunosuppressive therapy for a total of 152 months and have had no trouble that could be attributed to the presence of the polycystic kidneys. Despite the potentiality of polycystic kidneys to be a source of post-transplant infection when left in situ, a good outcome of renal transplatation could be achieved without preparative bilateral nephrectomy. The one-year patient and graft survivals are comparable to those obtained in our total transplantation series and renal transplantation is considered to be an acceptable therapy in polycystic disease.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in polycystic kidney disease. Thirty-one renal transplantations were performed in 25 patients with end-stage polycystic disease of the kidneys. Of the 14 recipients transplanted with both polycystic kidneys in situ and followed for at least 6 months, 10 had a previous history of urinary tract infection. Four of these 14 recipients had relapsing urinary tract infection after transplantation, the other 10 have been at risk on immunosuppressive therapy for a total of 152 months and have had no trouble that could be attributed to the presence of the polycystic kidneys. Despite the potentiality of polycystic kidneys to be a source of post-transplant infection when left in situ, a good outcome of renal transplatation could be achieved without preparative bilateral nephrectomy. The one-year patient and graft survivals are comparable to those obtained in our total transplantation series and renal transplantation is considered to be an acceptable therapy in polycystic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:345435", "title": "Angiography and isotope renography in acute rejection of renal transplant.", "content": "Isotope renography and transplant angiography were performed during 37 acute episodes of renal transplant rejection. Renography demonstrated rejection in 70% of the irreversible and 55% of the reversible processes. Angiography, though reliable in irrerversible rejection, was diagnostic in only 30% of the reversible cases. Renography is the method of choice for diagnosing rejection and its accuracy is improved by repitition. Angiography should be reserved for patients whose renal function is not restored by treatment for rejection.", "contents": "Angiography and isotope renography in acute rejection of renal transplant. Isotope renography and transplant angiography were performed during 37 acute episodes of renal transplant rejection. Renography demonstrated rejection in 70% of the irreversible and 55% of the reversible processes. Angiography, though reliable in irrerversible rejection, was diagnostic in only 30% of the reversible cases. Renography is the method of choice for diagnosing rejection and its accuracy is improved by repitition. Angiography should be reserved for patients whose renal function is not restored by treatment for rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:345436", "title": "[Serum immunoglobulins during immunosuppressive therapy following kidney transplantation].", "content": "Immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM and the complement factor C'3 were measured in the serum of 103 kidney allograft recipients. As compared to those in 50 patients on hemodialysis treatment, 100 hospitalized patients and 100 blood donors, the mean values for IgA, IgG and C'3 were significantly decreased. IgM was higher than in blood donors. The longitudinal profile in 6 transplant patients showed remarkably stable immunoglobulin concentrations. No association between low IgG levels and infections or rejection episodes was observed.", "contents": "[Serum immunoglobulins during immunosuppressive therapy following kidney transplantation]. Immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM and the complement factor C'3 were measured in the serum of 103 kidney allograft recipients. As compared to those in 50 patients on hemodialysis treatment, 100 hospitalized patients and 100 blood donors, the mean values for IgA, IgG and C'3 were significantly decreased. IgM was higher than in blood donors. The longitudinal profile in 6 transplant patients showed remarkably stable immunoglobulin concentrations. No association between low IgG levels and infections or rejection episodes was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:345437", "title": "[Hemorrhoids: recognition and current therapeutic possibilities].", "content": "Up to 5% of the patients of a general practitioner have terminal bowel disease, most frequently hemorrhoids. Any patient who presents with ano-rectal discomfort or anal blood losses should undergo thorough proctologic examination including rectoscopy. Digital palpation is insufficient as only 10% of rectal carcinomas can be reached. The treatment of hemorrhoids should be started by instructing the patient on anal hygiene, to be followed only then by symptomatic application of creams or suppositories. If these symptomatic measures fail, treatment by injections is indicated. This method may be complicated by localized or extensive necrosis of the rectal mucosa, the cause of which is assumed to be an immunologic event resembling the Arthus phenomenon in which bacterial or possibly pharmacologic substances may act as antigens. Therefore, a method of provoking coagulation without using foreign substances was sought. Thermocoagulation by the infrared coagulator appears to be a suitable method: first experience tends show equal efficacy with coagulation by injection treatment. Prolapsing hemorrhoids are still treated by barron ligation. The precise management of each therapeutic approach is described.", "contents": "[Hemorrhoids: recognition and current therapeutic possibilities]. Up to 5% of the patients of a general practitioner have terminal bowel disease, most frequently hemorrhoids. Any patient who presents with ano-rectal discomfort or anal blood losses should undergo thorough proctologic examination including rectoscopy. Digital palpation is insufficient as only 10% of rectal carcinomas can be reached. The treatment of hemorrhoids should be started by instructing the patient on anal hygiene, to be followed only then by symptomatic application of creams or suppositories. If these symptomatic measures fail, treatment by injections is indicated. This method may be complicated by localized or extensive necrosis of the rectal mucosa, the cause of which is assumed to be an immunologic event resembling the Arthus phenomenon in which bacterial or possibly pharmacologic substances may act as antigens. Therefore, a method of provoking coagulation without using foreign substances was sought. Thermocoagulation by the infrared coagulator appears to be a suitable method: first experience tends show equal efficacy with coagulation by injection treatment. Prolapsing hemorrhoids are still treated by barron ligation. The precise management of each therapeutic approach is described."}
{"id": "PMID:345440", "title": "The therapeutic efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). A double blind controlled trial of ECT and simulated ECT.", "content": "A double-blind controlled trial of ECT versus simulated ECT is described. The results show that real ECT is significantly superior to simulated ECT in the treatment of depressive illness.", "contents": "The therapeutic efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). A double blind controlled trial of ECT and simulated ECT. A double-blind controlled trial of ECT versus simulated ECT is described. The results show that real ECT is significantly superior to simulated ECT in the treatment of depressive illness."}
{"id": "PMID:345441", "title": "Prostacyclin: a potentially valuable agent for preserving myocardial tissue in acute myocardial ischemia.", "content": "Prostacyclin, a potent, naturally occurring prostaglandin exerts a variety of cardiovascular and cellular actions of potential value in acute myocardial ischemia. These properties include the reduction of systemic blood pressure without changing heart rate, the lowering of coronary vascular and total peripheral resistance, the inhibition of platelet aggregation and the concomitant formation of thromboxane B2, and the reduction of the release of lysosomal enzymes.", "contents": "Prostacyclin: a potentially valuable agent for preserving myocardial tissue in acute myocardial ischemia. Prostacyclin, a potent, naturally occurring prostaglandin exerts a variety of cardiovascular and cellular actions of potential value in acute myocardial ischemia. These properties include the reduction of systemic blood pressure without changing heart rate, the lowering of coronary vascular and total peripheral resistance, the inhibition of platelet aggregation and the concomitant formation of thromboxane B2, and the reduction of the release of lysosomal enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:345442", "title": "Fluorescence-immunocytochemistry: simultaneous localization of catecholamines and gonadotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and dopamine were identified simultaneously in the same block of tissue from the median eminence of the rat brain. Two distinct bands of dopamine terminals were found in the lateral median eminence: an inner band which overlapped the gonadotropin-releasing hormone terminals and an outer band which appeared juxtaposed to portal capillaries.", "contents": "Fluorescence-immunocytochemistry: simultaneous localization of catecholamines and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and dopamine were identified simultaneously in the same block of tissue from the median eminence of the rat brain. Two distinct bands of dopamine terminals were found in the lateral median eminence: an inner band which overlapped the gonadotropin-releasing hormone terminals and an outer band which appeared juxtaposed to portal capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:345443", "title": "Rejection of male skin grafts by splenectomized female mice.", "content": "Female mice of the C3H strain normally do not reject skin grafts from males of the same strain; however, 40 percent of splenectomized C3H female mice completely rejected C3H male skin grafts applied 2 weeks later. All splenectomized females showed at least transitory signs of graft rejection.", "contents": "Rejection of male skin grafts by splenectomized female mice. Female mice of the C3H strain normally do not reject skin grafts from males of the same strain; however, 40 percent of splenectomized C3H female mice completely rejected C3H male skin grafts applied 2 weeks later. All splenectomized females showed at least transitory signs of graft rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:345446", "title": "Technical considerations in in vivo thyroid studies.", "content": "Radionuclide thyroid studies, although among the oldest of clinical nuclear medicine procedures, continue to show growth and change. In the 7 years since thyroid studies were last reviewed in the Seminars, there have been marked changes in the preferred ways of doing these studies. In the areas of radiopharmaceuticals, 131I remains a useful agent in selected circumstances, but 99mTc-pertechnetate has become the agent of choice for imaging applications. Iodine-123 represents an exciting possibility for the future if problems in cost and radiopurity can be solved. New data on the dosimetry of the various agents allow for more rational choices among them, and useful guidelines can now be given for the use of these radiopharmaceuticals in problem areas such as pregnancy, nursing, and the pediatric age group. The scintillation camera with a pinhole collimator has become the instrument of choice for thyroid imaging, and the use of computers and the availability of systems for fluorescent scanning have added new possibilities for thyroid evaluation. Ancillary techniques such as ultrasound scanning also offer the possibility of improved diagnostic accuracy. These developments are reviewed in the context of clinical studies, together with a discussion of specific clinical applications and a brief look to the future.", "contents": "Technical considerations in in vivo thyroid studies. Radionuclide thyroid studies, although among the oldest of clinical nuclear medicine procedures, continue to show growth and change. In the 7 years since thyroid studies were last reviewed in the Seminars, there have been marked changes in the preferred ways of doing these studies. In the areas of radiopharmaceuticals, 131I remains a useful agent in selected circumstances, but 99mTc-pertechnetate has become the agent of choice for imaging applications. Iodine-123 represents an exciting possibility for the future if problems in cost and radiopurity can be solved. New data on the dosimetry of the various agents allow for more rational choices among them, and useful guidelines can now be given for the use of these radiopharmaceuticals in problem areas such as pregnancy, nursing, and the pediatric age group. The scintillation camera with a pinhole collimator has become the instrument of choice for thyroid imaging, and the use of computers and the availability of systems for fluorescent scanning have added new possibilities for thyroid evaluation. Ancillary techniques such as ultrasound scanning also offer the possibility of improved diagnostic accuracy. These developments are reviewed in the context of clinical studies, together with a discussion of specific clinical applications and a brief look to the future."}
{"id": "PMID:345448", "title": "The treatment of thyroid carcinoma with radioactive iodine.", "content": "Radioiodine (131I) treatment of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma is a well-evaluated therapeutic model for nuclear medicine which has never been equaled by subsequent developments. It is still a unique method of treating cancer. The treatment of thyroid cancer begins with a systematic approach to the most common first symptom or sign; a neck mass. Data have accumulated to show that well-differentiated thyroid cancer does kill commonly enough to warrant aggressive treatment, even in young individuals. There is also evidence that the more complete the thyroidectomy, the lower the death and recurrence rate of the thyroid cancer, and the more effective the use of 131I in both detecting and treating metastases. There are now considerable data demonstrating that 131I after surgery decreases both the recurrence rate and death rate from well-differentiated thyroid cancer.  After uptake is \"ablated\", there is a 1%--2% recurrence rate in patients with the most extensive disease at the time of the initial treatment. This recurrence is effectively retreated with another dose of 131I. Surgery and 131I should be used as long as they are effective before resorting to teletherapy. There are now considerable data to show that the morbidity of surgical and 131I treatment is reasonable in contrast to the recurrence and death rate from nonaggressively treated well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Serious consideration should be given to using a low iodine diet before treatment with radioiodine.", "contents": "The treatment of thyroid carcinoma with radioactive iodine. Radioiodine (131I) treatment of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma is a well-evaluated therapeutic model for nuclear medicine which has never been equaled by subsequent developments. It is still a unique method of treating cancer. The treatment of thyroid cancer begins with a systematic approach to the most common first symptom or sign; a neck mass. Data have accumulated to show that well-differentiated thyroid cancer does kill commonly enough to warrant aggressive treatment, even in young individuals. There is also evidence that the more complete the thyroidectomy, the lower the death and recurrence rate of the thyroid cancer, and the more effective the use of 131I in both detecting and treating metastases. There are now considerable data demonstrating that 131I after surgery decreases both the recurrence rate and death rate from well-differentiated thyroid cancer.  After uptake is \"ablated\", there is a 1%--2% recurrence rate in patients with the most extensive disease at the time of the initial treatment. This recurrence is effectively retreated with another dose of 131I. Surgery and 131I should be used as long as they are effective before resorting to teletherapy. There are now considerable data to show that the morbidity of surgical and 131I treatment is reasonable in contrast to the recurrence and death rate from nonaggressively treated well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Serious consideration should be given to using a low iodine diet before treatment with radioiodine."}
{"id": "PMID:345450", "title": "Familial cancer and cancer families.", "content": "From this brief review is should be evident that the hereditary varieties of common cancers are characterized by a high degree of genetic heterogeneity. The specific types of hereditary cancers can be identified by focusing on the histologic types and sites of involvement, not only of the primary neoplasm, but also of associated neoplasms and associated conditions or stigmata, as well as by focusing on the age of the patient at the time of diagnosis, tumor localization and frequency, and the mode of inheritance. Identification of specific types of hereditary cancers has important utility as a means of isolating homogeneous groups of patients and unaffected relatives for studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Familial cancer and cancer families. From this brief review is should be evident that the hereditary varieties of common cancers are characterized by a high degree of genetic heterogeneity. The specific types of hereditary cancers can be identified by focusing on the histologic types and sites of involvement, not only of the primary neoplasm, but also of associated neoplasms and associated conditions or stigmata, as well as by focusing on the age of the patient at the time of diagnosis, tumor localization and frequency, and the mode of inheritance. Identification of specific types of hereditary cancers has important utility as a means of isolating homogeneous groups of patients and unaffected relatives for studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:345462", "title": "Perioperative antibiotics in major elective gynecologic surgery.", "content": "The efficacy of a three-dose, perioperative regimen of cefazolin or placebo in reducing postoperative infectious morbidity was evaluated in a double-blind study in 206 patients undergoing elective vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy. Postoperative infectious morbidity was defined as: an oral temperature of 100.4 F (38 C) or greater on any two postoperative days (excluding the first day), positive bacteriologic cultures, or pus from a wound. In premenopausal patients, cefazolin significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative infectious morbidity; 19% of the cefazolin group who had abdominal hysterectomy had evidence of infection compared to 71% of the placebo group, and 10% of the cefazolin group who had vaginal hysterectomies had evidence of infection compared to 37% of the placebo group. In postmenopausal patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy, cefazolin also reduced the incidence of postoperative infection compared to placebo, but the difference was not significant (20% compared to 37%).", "contents": "Perioperative antibiotics in major elective gynecologic surgery. The efficacy of a three-dose, perioperative regimen of cefazolin or placebo in reducing postoperative infectious morbidity was evaluated in a double-blind study in 206 patients undergoing elective vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy. Postoperative infectious morbidity was defined as: an oral temperature of 100.4 F (38 C) or greater on any two postoperative days (excluding the first day), positive bacteriologic cultures, or pus from a wound. In premenopausal patients, cefazolin significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative infectious morbidity; 19% of the cefazolin group who had abdominal hysterectomy had evidence of infection compared to 71% of the placebo group, and 10% of the cefazolin group who had vaginal hysterectomies had evidence of infection compared to 37% of the placebo group. In postmenopausal patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy, cefazolin also reduced the incidence of postoperative infection compared to placebo, but the difference was not significant (20% compared to 37%)."}
{"id": "PMID:345484", "title": "The use of neurolept analgesia for gastro-intestinal endoscopy.", "content": "A prospective double-blind study of the effects of sedation in 142 patients undergoing gastro-intestinal endoscopy was performed. Four regimens were studied (neurolept analgesia with and without topical anaesthesia, and anticholinergic and topical anaesthesia, with and without diazepam). Droperidol and fentanyl without topical anaesthesia yielded the best results as far as tolerance and side-effects were concerned. It is suggested that this form of neurolept analgesia be used for gastro-intestinal endoscopy.", "contents": "The use of neurolept analgesia for gastro-intestinal endoscopy. A prospective double-blind study of the effects of sedation in 142 patients undergoing gastro-intestinal endoscopy was performed. Four regimens were studied (neurolept analgesia with and without topical anaesthesia, and anticholinergic and topical anaesthesia, with and without diazepam). Droperidol and fentanyl without topical anaesthesia yielded the best results as far as tolerance and side-effects were concerned. It is suggested that this form of neurolept analgesia be used for gastro-intestinal endoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:345486", "title": "Early diagnosis of opportunistic systemic fungal and nocardial infections.", "content": "An approach to the expediting of the diagnosis of opportunistic systemic mycoses is presented. Communication between clinician and microbiologist is basic to this approach. The importance of the clinical assessment of the individual patient, coupled with a high index of suspicion, is stressed. Our experience with 11 of 42 cases of systemic mycosis over a 28-month period is analysed. For the diagnosis of fungaemia a method for the microscopical examination of peripheral blood is briefly evaluated, and a membrane filter blood culture technique is shown to be valuable, yielding results in 16-24 hours. In the absence of fungaemia the considered microscopical examination of suitable specimens, when feasible, is the most rapid method available. Serological methods may be helpful in early diagnosis, but this is often hampered by the absence of baseline sera and by the lengthy nature of some tests. Newer indirect methods such as gas chromatography are being developed but have not yet been used routinely.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of opportunistic systemic fungal and nocardial infections. An approach to the expediting of the diagnosis of opportunistic systemic mycoses is presented. Communication between clinician and microbiologist is basic to this approach. The importance of the clinical assessment of the individual patient, coupled with a high index of suspicion, is stressed. Our experience with 11 of 42 cases of systemic mycosis over a 28-month period is analysed. For the diagnosis of fungaemia a method for the microscopical examination of peripheral blood is briefly evaluated, and a membrane filter blood culture technique is shown to be valuable, yielding results in 16-24 hours. In the absence of fungaemia the considered microscopical examination of suitable specimens, when feasible, is the most rapid method available. Serological methods may be helpful in early diagnosis, but this is often hampered by the absence of baseline sera and by the lengthy nature of some tests. Newer indirect methods such as gas chromatography are being developed but have not yet been used routinely."}
{"id": "PMID:345487", "title": "Ureteric obstruction in renal allograft recipients.", "content": "In 50 consecutive renal allograft recipients, operated upon between September 1975 and March 1977, we have encountered 10 cases of ureteric obstruction. The patients fell into two groups: those with ureteric obstruction of early onset due to intraluminal blood clot, oedema of the distal end of the ureter, ureteric tip necrosis or extrinsic compression by the spermatic cord, and those with obstruction of late onset due to ureteric fibrosis. Two cases of ureteric obstruction due to oedema and 1 due to intraluminal blood clot resolved spontaneously. Transurethral ureteric meatotomy, a recommended procedure for the relief of ureteric obstruction in suitable cases, was successful in 1 of our patients. The remaining 6 patients required open surgical procedures for relief of obstruction. In no instance did ureteric obstruction result in death or graft failure.", "contents": "Ureteric obstruction in renal allograft recipients. In 50 consecutive renal allograft recipients, operated upon between September 1975 and March 1977, we have encountered 10 cases of ureteric obstruction. The patients fell into two groups: those with ureteric obstruction of early onset due to intraluminal blood clot, oedema of the distal end of the ureter, ureteric tip necrosis or extrinsic compression by the spermatic cord, and those with obstruction of late onset due to ureteric fibrosis. Two cases of ureteric obstruction due to oedema and 1 due to intraluminal blood clot resolved spontaneously. Transurethral ureteric meatotomy, a recommended procedure for the relief of ureteric obstruction in suitable cases, was successful in 1 of our patients. The remaining 6 patients required open surgical procedures for relief of obstruction. In no instance did ureteric obstruction result in death or graft failure."}
{"id": "PMID:345488", "title": "Infective complications in renal allograft recipients.", "content": "Infective complications were analysed in 74 patients who underwent renal transplantation. Bacterial infections were seen in 69%, viral infections in 48% and fungal infections in 17% of these patients. The urinary tract was involved in 56% of patients, the lungs in 24% and the upper respiratory tract in 17%. Less common were cellulitis (7%), CNS infections (4%), and other sites of infection.", "contents": "Infective complications in renal allograft recipients. Infective complications were analysed in 74 patients who underwent renal transplantation. Bacterial infections were seen in 69%, viral infections in 48% and fungal infections in 17% of these patients. The urinary tract was involved in 56% of patients, the lungs in 24% and the upper respiratory tract in 17%. Less common were cellulitis (7%), CNS infections (4%), and other sites of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:345489", "title": "The use of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone to induce ovulation.", "content": "The therapeutic use of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) to induce ovulation has been explored. Three dosage schemes have been compared: a single dose of LH-RH, multiple doses of LH-RH, and LH-RH used in combination with human menopausal gonadotrophins (HMG). The results of these three schemes are presented and compared; the last regimen has proved most successful, with a high pregnancy rate, a low incidence of multiple pregnancy and no evidence of ovarian hyperstimulation.", "contents": "The use of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone to induce ovulation. The therapeutic use of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) to induce ovulation has been explored. Three dosage schemes have been compared: a single dose of LH-RH, multiple doses of LH-RH, and LH-RH used in combination with human menopausal gonadotrophins (HMG). The results of these three schemes are presented and compared; the last regimen has proved most successful, with a high pregnancy rate, a low incidence of multiple pregnancy and no evidence of ovarian hyperstimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:345491", "title": "Examination of the immunoglobulin classes involved in the serological response of pregnant sheep to Aspergillus fumigatus.", "content": "Pregnant sheep inoculated with Aspergillus fumigatus conidia developed agglutinating and precipitating antibodies for mycelial antigens. The agglutinins were initially exclusively of the IgM class, but were later supplemented by IgG antibodies, although IgM production was usually sustained throughout the serological response. Precipitins active in the immunodiffusion test were of the IgG class. They developed later in the immune response than agglutinins and declined more rapidly. The precipitins and IgG agglutinins were more closely associated with recent active infection than IgM agglutinins.", "contents": "Examination of the immunoglobulin classes involved in the serological response of pregnant sheep to Aspergillus fumigatus. Pregnant sheep inoculated with Aspergillus fumigatus conidia developed agglutinating and precipitating antibodies for mycelial antigens. The agglutinins were initially exclusively of the IgM class, but were later supplemented by IgG antibodies, although IgM production was usually sustained throughout the serological response. Precipitins active in the immunodiffusion test were of the IgG class. They developed later in the immune response than agglutinins and declined more rapidly. The precipitins and IgG agglutinins were more closely associated with recent active infection than IgM agglutinins."}
{"id": "PMID:345492", "title": "Kidney homogenate, a test medium to determine the inhibitory effect of antimycotics on yeasts.", "content": "The test procedure described in this paper aims at assessing the effectiveness of antimycotics against yeasts. The inhibitory effect on Candida albicans growth is determined in the presence of kidney homogenate, an in vitro test medium offering fungal growth conditions similar to physiological conditions. The inoculum consists of kidney material from Candida-infected mice. By dilution with kidney material from uninfected mice the initial number of viable particles is standardised. Specimens withdrawn from this inoculum are mixed with different concentrations of the test substance and incubated for 24 hours. The inhibition of fungal growth is assessed on the basis of the number of colony-forming units in comparison with controls to which no test substance was added. The growth phase of C. albicans during incubation in vitro resembles that observed in the kidney in vivo, i.e. besides yeast cells, the fungus produces a great number of pseudomycelia and mycelia. The results of the tests conducted with the top-ranking antimycotics give good evidence of their therapeutic efficacy. The testing of further active substances revealed advantages of the new test model over existing test methods.", "contents": "Kidney homogenate, a test medium to determine the inhibitory effect of antimycotics on yeasts. The test procedure described in this paper aims at assessing the effectiveness of antimycotics against yeasts. The inhibitory effect on Candida albicans growth is determined in the presence of kidney homogenate, an in vitro test medium offering fungal growth conditions similar to physiological conditions. The inoculum consists of kidney material from Candida-infected mice. By dilution with kidney material from uninfected mice the initial number of viable particles is standardised. Specimens withdrawn from this inoculum are mixed with different concentrations of the test substance and incubated for 24 hours. The inhibition of fungal growth is assessed on the basis of the number of colony-forming units in comparison with controls to which no test substance was added. The growth phase of C. albicans during incubation in vitro resembles that observed in the kidney in vivo, i.e. besides yeast cells, the fungus produces a great number of pseudomycelia and mycelia. The results of the tests conducted with the top-ranking antimycotics give good evidence of their therapeutic efficacy. The testing of further active substances revealed advantages of the new test model over existing test methods."}
{"id": "PMID:345493", "title": "Study of the role of pigeons in the dissemination of Cryptococcus neoformans in nature.", "content": "Cryptococcus neoformans was recovered from droppings collected within the first 24 h from pigeons experimentally fed with a dose of 5 X 10(6) cells. The fungus proved to multiply well though differently in the sterilized pigeon and chicken excreta seeded with the organism. In  both unsterile types of droppings no viable cells of C. neoformans were detected after 4 weeks incubation. Isolated bacterial flora from the intestinal contents of apparently healthy pigeons showed a complete inhibitory effect on the growth of C. neoforms in vitro. It has been concluded that pigeons do not favor multiplication of the fungus in their gut and consequently they do not seem to play an active biological role in dissemination of C. neoformans in nature.", "contents": "Study of the role of pigeons in the dissemination of Cryptococcus neoformans in nature. Cryptococcus neoformans was recovered from droppings collected within the first 24 h from pigeons experimentally fed with a dose of 5 X 10(6) cells. The fungus proved to multiply well though differently in the sterilized pigeon and chicken excreta seeded with the organism. In  both unsterile types of droppings no viable cells of C. neoformans were detected after 4 weeks incubation. Isolated bacterial flora from the intestinal contents of apparently healthy pigeons showed a complete inhibitory effect on the growth of C. neoforms in vitro. It has been concluded that pigeons do not favor multiplication of the fungus in their gut and consequently they do not seem to play an active biological role in dissemination of C. neoformans in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:345500", "title": "Some leads to the etiology of cancer of the large bowel.", "content": "1. Large bowel cancer is common in the Western countries and is relatively rare in the developing countries. 2. It is related to diet, probably to dietary meat or fat. 3. It has been postulated that the Western diet results in a high concentration in the large bowel of bile acids and that these are metabolized by the gut bacteria to carcinogens or cocarcinogens. 4. There is evidence in support of this postulate from studies of populations in various parts of the world and from a retrospective case-control study. 5. A role for dietary fiber has also been suggested, but there is little evidence in favor of this.", "contents": "Some leads to the etiology of cancer of the large bowel. 1. Large bowel cancer is common in the Western countries and is relatively rare in the developing countries. 2. It is related to diet, probably to dietary meat or fat. 3. It has been postulated that the Western diet results in a high concentration in the large bowel of bile acids and that these are metabolized by the gut bacteria to carcinogens or cocarcinogens. 4. There is evidence in support of this postulate from studies of populations in various parts of the world and from a retrospective case-control study. 5. A role for dietary fiber has also been suggested, but there is little evidence in favor of this."}
{"id": "PMID:345503", "title": "Problems and resolution of lower extremity venous disease.", "content": "Venous aberrations in the lower extremity, whether acute or chronic, have disastrous effects on individual patients, their families, and society in general. Whether the challenge is the treatment of varicose veins or that of maintaining patency of a venous reconstruction, it is obvious that many questions remain unanswered. Additional experimental research and clinical experience must be documented in carefully organized scientific studies.", "contents": "Problems and resolution of lower extremity venous disease. Venous aberrations in the lower extremity, whether acute or chronic, have disastrous effects on individual patients, their families, and society in general. Whether the challenge is the treatment of varicose veins or that of maintaining patency of a venous reconstruction, it is obvious that many questions remain unanswered. Additional experimental research and clinical experience must be documented in carefully organized scientific studies."}
{"id": "PMID:345504", "title": "Intraoperative protection of the myocardium.", "content": "It appears obvious that in evaluating gross mortality and morbidity, clinical statistics are insufficient to demonstrate which form of a myocardial protective measure is safest. Previous studies indicate that significant ischemic injury may not be detectable by routine measurements of contractility. Only microscopic examination of the heart at a later period will allow detection of the patchy ischemic injury. In patients, loss of cardiac reserve as measured by postoperative catheterization, particularly compliance studies, and stress testing may be the final clinical arbiter of this controversy.", "contents": "Intraoperative protection of the myocardium. It appears obvious that in evaluating gross mortality and morbidity, clinical statistics are insufficient to demonstrate which form of a myocardial protective measure is safest. Previous studies indicate that significant ischemic injury may not be detectable by routine measurements of contractility. Only microscopic examination of the heart at a later period will allow detection of the patchy ischemic injury. In patients, loss of cardiac reserve as measured by postoperative catheterization, particularly compliance studies, and stress testing may be the final clinical arbiter of this controversy."}
{"id": "PMID:345506", "title": "Critical comparison of renal transplant survival between recipients of live related donor and cadaver organs.", "content": "Survival statistics of 163 cadaver and 60 live related donor renal transplants from a single center were analyzed. Survival rates at one, two and three years for 38 first cadaver transplants matched for a haplotype and 34 first live related donor haplotype matched kidneys were virtually the same. In addition, nine, four antigen matched cadaver transplants had a comparable survival rate at one, two and three years to the larger group of 25 HL-A identical live related donor kidneys. When poor risk cadaver recipients were excluded from the entire cadaver group, the graft survival rate approached that of the live related group at one year but declined more rapidly at two and three years than did the live related donor group. Thus, cadaver renal transplantation in this series appears to be an alternative to comparably matched live related donor transplants. An increased effort should be made to identify and use brain death cadaver donors for transplantation. As more donors become available and national sharing systems are improved, a strong case can be made to avoid the use of live related donor kidneys, except in instances of a perfect match.", "contents": "Critical comparison of renal transplant survival between recipients of live related donor and cadaver organs. Survival statistics of 163 cadaver and 60 live related donor renal transplants from a single center were analyzed. Survival rates at one, two and three years for 38 first cadaver transplants matched for a haplotype and 34 first live related donor haplotype matched kidneys were virtually the same. In addition, nine, four antigen matched cadaver transplants had a comparable survival rate at one, two and three years to the larger group of 25 HL-A identical live related donor kidneys. When poor risk cadaver recipients were excluded from the entire cadaver group, the graft survival rate approached that of the live related group at one year but declined more rapidly at two and three years than did the live related donor group. Thus, cadaver renal transplantation in this series appears to be an alternative to comparably matched live related donor transplants. An increased effort should be made to identify and use brain death cadaver donors for transplantation. As more donors become available and national sharing systems are improved, a strong case can be made to avoid the use of live related donor kidneys, except in instances of a perfect match."}
{"id": "PMID:345512", "title": "The effect of adenosine and allopurinol on the tolerance of the collapsed lung to warm ischemia.", "content": "The collapsed left lungs of dogs were subjected to 1 hour of normothermic ischemia in situ followed by immediate ligation of the contralateral pulmonary artery. Adenosine in a dose of 50 mg/kg prolonged the survival of the dogs significantly. In the survivors only transient changes in the chest x-ray were seen, and no changes in arterial oxygenation were observed. The pulmonary architecture was well preserved on histological studies 14 days after operation. Animals whose ischemic lungs were not protected by adenosine showed an immediate drop in arterial oxygenation and a massive infiltrate of the ischemic lung. Histological study of the lungs showed a complete breakdown of the capillary-alveolar barrier. Allopurinol alone was ineffective by itself and was not able to improve the survival achieved with adenosine further. We conclude that it is possible to prolong the tolerance of a deflated lung to normothermic ischemia by pretreatment with adenosine.", "contents": "The effect of adenosine and allopurinol on the tolerance of the collapsed lung to warm ischemia. The collapsed left lungs of dogs were subjected to 1 hour of normothermic ischemia in situ followed by immediate ligation of the contralateral pulmonary artery. Adenosine in a dose of 50 mg/kg prolonged the survival of the dogs significantly. In the survivors only transient changes in the chest x-ray were seen, and no changes in arterial oxygenation were observed. The pulmonary architecture was well preserved on histological studies 14 days after operation. Animals whose ischemic lungs were not protected by adenosine showed an immediate drop in arterial oxygenation and a massive infiltrate of the ischemic lung. Histological study of the lungs showed a complete breakdown of the capillary-alveolar barrier. Allopurinol alone was ineffective by itself and was not able to improve the survival achieved with adenosine further. We conclude that it is possible to prolong the tolerance of a deflated lung to normothermic ischemia by pretreatment with adenosine."}
{"id": "PMID:345509", "title": "St. John Ophthalmic Hospital. An ancient tradition of service revived in the Holy Land.", "content": "In Jerusalem in 1888, the Hospital of St. John was founded to combat the eye diseases prevalent in the Middle East. Since that time, this institution has survived world wars and local ones, and the geographic confusion created by redefinition of national borders. The author reviews the remarkable 90-year history of this institution, with special emphasis on her 13-year personal association there.", "contents": "St. John Ophthalmic Hospital. An ancient tradition of service revived in the Holy Land. In Jerusalem in 1888, the Hospital of St. John was founded to combat the eye diseases prevalent in the Middle East. Since that time, this institution has survived world wars and local ones, and the geographic confusion created by redefinition of national borders. The author reviews the remarkable 90-year history of this institution, with special emphasis on her 13-year personal association there."}
{"id": "PMID:345511", "title": "100 years of the visual cycle.", "content": "One--hundred years have passed since Franz Boll and Willy K\u00fchne first characterized rhodopsin and discovered the visual pigment cycle. Some of the events and individuals of that period are described, and color photographs are presented to show the appearance of rhodopsin in the living retina.", "contents": "100 years of the visual cycle. One--hundred years have passed since Franz Boll and Willy K\u00fchne first characterized rhodopsin and discovered the visual pigment cycle. Some of the events and individuals of that period are described, and color photographs are presented to show the appearance of rhodopsin in the living retina."}
{"id": "PMID:345520", "title": "[Food poisoning in cattle caused by ingestion of brewers' grains contaminated with Clostridium botulinum type B (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1977, outbreaks of disease associated with serious losses occurred on twenty cattle farms. This disease was due to the fact that the animals had been fed brewers' grains. The clinical picture was marked by anorexia, profuse salivation, regurgitation and dehydration. The course of the disease varied with the severity of the attack. Toxicological tests were negative. Cl. botulinum type B as well as toxin type B were found to be present in the brewers' grains fairly often. As a rule, Cl. botulinum was also detected in the rumen contents and faeces. The treatment of the animals is described; this resulted in recovery in a number of cases. When experimental animals were fed brewers' grains from farms on which outbreaks had occurred, this induced similar clinical pictures. The results of studies on the aetiology and pathogenesis are discussed. It is concluded that the clinical picture was an atypical form of botulism caused by Cl. botulinum type B. Possible causes of this abnormal clinical picture are discussed in greater detail.", "contents": "[Food poisoning in cattle caused by ingestion of brewers' grains contaminated with Clostridium botulinum type B (author's transl)]. In 1977, outbreaks of disease associated with serious losses occurred on twenty cattle farms. This disease was due to the fact that the animals had been fed brewers' grains. The clinical picture was marked by anorexia, profuse salivation, regurgitation and dehydration. The course of the disease varied with the severity of the attack. Toxicological tests were negative. Cl. botulinum type B as well as toxin type B were found to be present in the brewers' grains fairly often. As a rule, Cl. botulinum was also detected in the rumen contents and faeces. The treatment of the animals is described; this resulted in recovery in a number of cases. When experimental animals were fed brewers' grains from farms on which outbreaks had occurred, this induced similar clinical pictures. The results of studies on the aetiology and pathogenesis are discussed. It is concluded that the clinical picture was an atypical form of botulism caused by Cl. botulinum type B. Possible causes of this abnormal clinical picture are discussed in greater detail."}
{"id": "PMID:345510", "title": "Reticulum cell sarcoma (histiocytic lymphoma) of the orbit.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic features of 13 patients with biopsy-proven reticulum cell sarcoma of the orbit are reviewed. All of the patients were adults, in contrast to many previous reports that have emphasized how common this tumor is in children. Eight patients presented with proptosis and without prior diagnosis of lymphoma, and 5 patients developed orbital deposits in the course of a known systemic lymphoma. Of the 8 patients whose orbital biopsies established the diagnosis, 4 were found concomitantly to have other sites of disease, and 4 patients developed other evidence of lymphoma from 2 to 15 months after orbital biopsy. None of the cases in this series was interpreted as a primary orbital lymphoma. The histopathologic findings, the problem of histogenesis, and the need for systemic staging of cytologically malignant orbital lymphoma are discussed.", "contents": "Reticulum cell sarcoma (histiocytic lymphoma) of the orbit. The clinical and pathologic features of 13 patients with biopsy-proven reticulum cell sarcoma of the orbit are reviewed. All of the patients were adults, in contrast to many previous reports that have emphasized how common this tumor is in children. Eight patients presented with proptosis and without prior diagnosis of lymphoma, and 5 patients developed orbital deposits in the course of a known systemic lymphoma. Of the 8 patients whose orbital biopsies established the diagnosis, 4 were found concomitantly to have other sites of disease, and 4 patients developed other evidence of lymphoma from 2 to 15 months after orbital biopsy. None of the cases in this series was interpreted as a primary orbital lymphoma. The histopathologic findings, the problem of histogenesis, and the need for systemic staging of cytologically malignant orbital lymphoma are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:345525", "title": "[Ultrasound in tumor diagnostics and treatment planning (author's transl)].", "content": "The fundamental requirements of irradiation planning are discussed delimitating the minimum and maximum demands of planning. Different possibilities to represent the topographic relations within the irradiation plane of the patient's cross-section are described. The computer-assisted system for irradiation planning, installed at our hospital by means of MAT construction, is discussed. A pathway is shown which leads to individual treatment planning and considers dosimetrically the actual conditions of the patient who will undergo radiation therapy. The possibilities and limits of ultrasonic cross-sectional imaging are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Ultrasound in tumor diagnostics and treatment planning (author's transl)]. The fundamental requirements of irradiation planning are discussed delimitating the minimum and maximum demands of planning. Different possibilities to represent the topographic relations within the irradiation plane of the patient's cross-section are described. The computer-assisted system for irradiation planning, installed at our hospital by means of MAT construction, is discussed. A pathway is shown which leads to individual treatment planning and considers dosimetrically the actual conditions of the patient who will undergo radiation therapy. The possibilities and limits of ultrasonic cross-sectional imaging are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:345527", "title": "[Problems of incorporation of removable dentures with special reference to psychosomatic changes due to aging].", "content": "The successful use of technically unobjectionable plate dentures is a very complicated process that depends upon the patient's psychic attitude towards the removable prosthesis, the motivation, the ability of the sensory terminal organs in the oral cavity to get accustomed to the foreign body (the prosthesis), the adaptation and the learning of new sequences of reflex movements as a motor-muscular performance of perfection. These three factors, which the author regards as essential prerequisites of the incorporation (i. e., the untroubled mechanical use of the prostheses), are interpreted in the light of clinical experience and opinions from the most recent literature.", "contents": "[Problems of incorporation of removable dentures with special reference to psychosomatic changes due to aging]. The successful use of technically unobjectionable plate dentures is a very complicated process that depends upon the patient's psychic attitude towards the removable prosthesis, the motivation, the ability of the sensory terminal organs in the oral cavity to get accustomed to the foreign body (the prosthesis), the adaptation and the learning of new sequences of reflex movements as a motor-muscular performance of perfection. These three factors, which the author regards as essential prerequisites of the incorporation (i. e., the untroubled mechanical use of the prostheses), are interpreted in the light of clinical experience and opinions from the most recent literature."}
{"id": "PMID:345530", "title": "Trampolines and triangles. The surgical pathology of the vitreous.", "content": "The vitreous cavity may be invaded by cells penetrating through dehiscences in the inner limiting lamina of the retina, and exaggerated vitreo-retinal adhesions may also develop at such sites. The vitreous often separates from the inner limiting lamina except at these anomalous adhesions, and retinal traction thus results from excessive movement of the otherwise detached gel; traction on the retina may also follow proliferation and contraction of invading cells on the retinal surface, along the posterior hyaloid interface, or traversing the gel. Traction complications are liable to occur at sites of vitreo-retinal adhesion during surgical removal of opaque gel, while division of transgel strands and epiretinal or posterior hyaloid membranes may be necessary in order to relieve retinal traction.", "contents": "Trampolines and triangles. The surgical pathology of the vitreous. The vitreous cavity may be invaded by cells penetrating through dehiscences in the inner limiting lamina of the retina, and exaggerated vitreo-retinal adhesions may also develop at such sites. The vitreous often separates from the inner limiting lamina except at these anomalous adhesions, and retinal traction thus results from excessive movement of the otherwise detached gel; traction on the retina may also follow proliferation and contraction of invading cells on the retinal surface, along the posterior hyaloid interface, or traversing the gel. Traction complications are liable to occur at sites of vitreo-retinal adhesion during surgical removal of opaque gel, while division of transgel strands and epiretinal or posterior hyaloid membranes may be necessary in order to relieve retinal traction."}
{"id": "PMID:345531", "title": "Doyne Memorial Lecture, 1977. The superior oblique tendon.", "content": "New concepts concerning the anatomy of the tissues surrounding the superior oblique tendon are presented. A safe visual approach to the tendon after its penetration through Tenon's capsule is described. The various surgical procedures and techniques developed to weaken the overacting superior oblique muscles associated with A pattern and the taut superior oblique muscle found in Brown's syndrome are reviewed.", "contents": "Doyne Memorial Lecture, 1977. The superior oblique tendon. New concepts concerning the anatomy of the tissues surrounding the superior oblique tendon are presented. A safe visual approach to the tendon after its penetration through Tenon's capsule is described. The various surgical procedures and techniques developed to weaken the overacting superior oblique muscles associated with A pattern and the taut superior oblique muscle found in Brown's syndrome are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:345534", "title": "Double--blind clinical trial of adenine arabinoside and idoxuridine in herpetic corneal ulcers.", "content": "The results are reported of a fully controlled randomized double-blind clincial trial of adenine arabinoside and idoxuridine ointment in sixty patients with herpetic ulceration of the cornea. Although both antivirals showed a trend towards superiority over placebo, the therapeutic effect did not reach statistical significance in spite of the known efficacy in laboratory animals. Further studies in rabbits are reported; these indicate that systemic immunity may play a role in combating virus proliferation in recurrent disease, and it is considered this disguises the efficacy of topical antiviral therapy in clinical trials, thus necessitating an estimated requirement for approximately fifty patients per treatment group to obtain significant effects. It is concluded that an antiviral is valuable in the treatment of ulcerative herpetic keratitis, particularly in primary disease and in the presence of systemic and local immunosuppression after the use of topical adrenocorticosteroid. In recurrent disease, where a trigger factor is known, experience has shown that therapy can be profitably administered before the onset of clinical disease.", "contents": "Double--blind clinical trial of adenine arabinoside and idoxuridine in herpetic corneal ulcers. The results are reported of a fully controlled randomized double-blind clincial trial of adenine arabinoside and idoxuridine ointment in sixty patients with herpetic ulceration of the cornea. Although both antivirals showed a trend towards superiority over placebo, the therapeutic effect did not reach statistical significance in spite of the known efficacy in laboratory animals. Further studies in rabbits are reported; these indicate that systemic immunity may play a role in combating virus proliferation in recurrent disease, and it is considered this disguises the efficacy of topical antiviral therapy in clinical trials, thus necessitating an estimated requirement for approximately fifty patients per treatment group to obtain significant effects. It is concluded that an antiviral is valuable in the treatment of ulcerative herpetic keratitis, particularly in primary disease and in the presence of systemic and local immunosuppression after the use of topical adrenocorticosteroid. In recurrent disease, where a trigger factor is known, experience has shown that therapy can be profitably administered before the onset of clinical disease."}
{"id": "PMID:345536", "title": "Failure of diethylcarbamazine as a provocative test in subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis.", "content": "The effect of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) on levels of microfilaraemia in 70 patients with subperiodic, Pacific-variant Wuchereria bancrofti infection was studied one hour after oral administration of 5 mg/kg of drug. In contrast to the immediate DEC-induced increase in microfilaraemia which had been previously described in patients with nocturnally periodic filariasis, diethylcarbamazine failed to elicit such a response in patients with subperiodic bancrofti infection. Indeed, one hour after oral DEC the number of circulating microfilariae was reduced to about 8% of pre-treatment values.", "contents": "Failure of diethylcarbamazine as a provocative test in subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis. The effect of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) on levels of microfilaraemia in 70 patients with subperiodic, Pacific-variant Wuchereria bancrofti infection was studied one hour after oral administration of 5 mg/kg of drug. In contrast to the immediate DEC-induced increase in microfilaraemia which had been previously described in patients with nocturnally periodic filariasis, diethylcarbamazine failed to elicit such a response in patients with subperiodic bancrofti infection. Indeed, one hour after oral DEC the number of circulating microfilariae was reduced to about 8% of pre-treatment values."}
{"id": "PMID:345544", "title": "Trasylol (aprotinin) and kidney preservation.", "content": "Experiments carried out in rats and sheep have shown that Trasylol (aprotinin) is helpful in protecting kidneys from the harmful effects of ischaemia. After critical periods of ischaemia, renal failure was less frequent in the treated groups, and glomerular leakage of 131I-labelled albumin was greatly reduced.", "contents": "Trasylol (aprotinin) and kidney preservation. Experiments carried out in rats and sheep have shown that Trasylol (aprotinin) is helpful in protecting kidneys from the harmful effects of ischaemia. After critical periods of ischaemia, renal failure was less frequent in the treated groups, and glomerular leakage of 131I-labelled albumin was greatly reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:345545", "title": "Major histocompatibility complex and non-major histocompatibility complex antigens on mouse ectoplacental cone and placental trophoblastic cells.", "content": "The expression of major histocompatibility complex and non-major histocompatibility complex antigens on mouse trophoblast cultured from two defined stages of development was investigated by the sensitive in vitro mixed haemadsorption assay. Outgrowths obtained 3 to 5 days after explanation of 7 1/2-day ectoplacental cones contained a mixed population of cells. Those with a giant cell morphology showed no haemadsorption with congenic H-2 antisera and were reactive with non H-2 antiserum only in the CBA strain. Other, smaller cells were reactive for both H-2 and non-H-2 in all strains examined except for C57BL, where the cells were nonreactive for H-2. Monolayer cultures of 13 to 14-day placental suspensions tested 24 hr after preparation were strongly reactive for both H-2 and non-H-2. The identity and alloantigenic status of the cells are discussed in relation to their function in maternal-foetal immunological interactions.", "contents": "Major histocompatibility complex and non-major histocompatibility complex antigens on mouse ectoplacental cone and placental trophoblastic cells. The expression of major histocompatibility complex and non-major histocompatibility complex antigens on mouse trophoblast cultured from two defined stages of development was investigated by the sensitive in vitro mixed haemadsorption assay. Outgrowths obtained 3 to 5 days after explanation of 7 1/2-day ectoplacental cones contained a mixed population of cells. Those with a giant cell morphology showed no haemadsorption with congenic H-2 antisera and were reactive with non H-2 antiserum only in the CBA strain. Other, smaller cells were reactive for both H-2 and non-H-2 in all strains examined except for C57BL, where the cells were nonreactive for H-2. Monolayer cultures of 13 to 14-day placental suspensions tested 24 hr after preparation were strongly reactive for both H-2 and non-H-2. The identity and alloantigenic status of the cells are discussed in relation to their function in maternal-foetal immunological interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:345546", "title": "A virological study of human kidney explant cultures from renal allograft recipients.", "content": "Human kidney tissue obtained at pretransplant nephrectomy from 13 adults and 1 child with end stage renal disease was cultured to provide a source for attempted detection of viruses. Cultures were observed throughout their life span for cytopathogenic viruses. Supernatants from 13 cultures were tested for hemagglutinating viruses (including measles, rubella, influenza, parainfluenza, and mumps) using various species of red blood cells. Kidney cells were cocultivated with Vero and human foreskin cells and indirect immunofluorescence was attempted in one instance. No viruses were detected. Nevertheless 9 of the 14 patients developed infections with herpes group viruses post-transplant. Either replicating viruses were not present in the kidneys of the patients prior to transplant or the techniques used were not adequate to detect them However, the establishment of organ cultures from patients with chronic renal disease is practical and may be a useful method for further virological investigation.", "contents": "A virological study of human kidney explant cultures from renal allograft recipients. Human kidney tissue obtained at pretransplant nephrectomy from 13 adults and 1 child with end stage renal disease was cultured to provide a source for attempted detection of viruses. Cultures were observed throughout their life span for cytopathogenic viruses. Supernatants from 13 cultures were tested for hemagglutinating viruses (including measles, rubella, influenza, parainfluenza, and mumps) using various species of red blood cells. Kidney cells were cocultivated with Vero and human foreskin cells and indirect immunofluorescence was attempted in one instance. No viruses were detected. Nevertheless 9 of the 14 patients developed infections with herpes group viruses post-transplant. Either replicating viruses were not present in the kidneys of the patients prior to transplant or the techniques used were not adequate to detect them However, the establishment of organ cultures from patients with chronic renal disease is practical and may be a useful method for further virological investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:345547", "title": "Effects of conjugated and nonconjugated antithymocyte globulin and trenimon on T lymphocytes and skin graft rejection.", "content": "These studies were undertaken to investigate the use of a technique for \"homing\" of an alkylating agent to lymphocytes as an immunosuppressive approach to inhibit allograft rejection. Trenimon (Tr) was bound covalently to antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and the effects of the complex on peripheral blood cells, thymus cells, spleen cells, and on foreign skin graft rejection assessed. When rabbit ATG was bound covalently to Tr, an alkylating agent, the conjugate (ATG-Tr) retained both complement-dependent antithymus cell acitivity and alkylating activity in vitro, but these activities were reduced. In vivo ATG decreased lymphocytes and increased neutrophils in the blood. ATG-Tr reduced circulating lymphocytes to lower levels and partially attenuated the rise in neutrophils. The in vivo effects of ATG, Tr, ATG-Tr, and ATG mixed with Tr (ATG + Tr) on thymus cells, spleen cells, T lymphocytes in the spleen, and rejection of a foreign skin graft were compared. Tr decreased all cell types, especially thymocytes, but did not delay graft rejection. ATG and ATG-Tr decreased thymocytes, eradicated T cells from the spleen, and delayed graft rejection 3-fold. ATG + Tr decreased thymocytes as Tr had done, eradicated T cells from the spleen, and delayed graft rejection 5-fold. It was concluded that ATG-Tr possessed antithymocyte antibody activity and Tr alkylating activity, but did not confer an immunological advantage over ATG alone, and that ATG and Tr mixed together unbound acted synergistically to delay graft rejection.", "contents": "Effects of conjugated and nonconjugated antithymocyte globulin and trenimon on T lymphocytes and skin graft rejection. These studies were undertaken to investigate the use of a technique for \"homing\" of an alkylating agent to lymphocytes as an immunosuppressive approach to inhibit allograft rejection. Trenimon (Tr) was bound covalently to antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and the effects of the complex on peripheral blood cells, thymus cells, spleen cells, and on foreign skin graft rejection assessed. When rabbit ATG was bound covalently to Tr, an alkylating agent, the conjugate (ATG-Tr) retained both complement-dependent antithymus cell acitivity and alkylating activity in vitro, but these activities were reduced. In vivo ATG decreased lymphocytes and increased neutrophils in the blood. ATG-Tr reduced circulating lymphocytes to lower levels and partially attenuated the rise in neutrophils. The in vivo effects of ATG, Tr, ATG-Tr, and ATG mixed with Tr (ATG + Tr) on thymus cells, spleen cells, T lymphocytes in the spleen, and rejection of a foreign skin graft were compared. Tr decreased all cell types, especially thymocytes, but did not delay graft rejection. ATG and ATG-Tr decreased thymocytes, eradicated T cells from the spleen, and delayed graft rejection 3-fold. ATG + Tr decreased thymocytes as Tr had done, eradicated T cells from the spleen, and delayed graft rejection 5-fold. It was concluded that ATG-Tr possessed antithymocyte antibody activity and Tr alkylating activity, but did not confer an immunological advantage over ATG alone, and that ATG and Tr mixed together unbound acted synergistically to delay graft rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:345548", "title": "Detection of B cell antibodies in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "A retrospective study for the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies was performed on sera collected from 119 kidney graft recipients. Sera that had been collected on days 12 to 19 post-transplant were tested for cytotoxic reactions against a panel of human peripheral blood lymphocytes from 60 unrelated donors and 37 to 47 cultured human lymphoid cell lines (LCL). Forty-nine sera were negative against peripheral blood lymphocytes but contained cytotoxic antibody against cells on the LCL panel. Several sera were tested on E rosette-purified peripheral blood lymphocyte B cells and T cells from five donors whose LCL had also been tested. LCL appeared to be more sensitive to cytotoxic reactions than their B cell counterparts and may identify additional specificities which may not be related to the B cell alloantigenic system. Mixed lymphocyte culture blocking experiments were carried out against all combinations of these five cells. Some sera showed reactions of identity for B cells and LCL, and blocked the appropriate stimulator cells in mixed lymphocyte culture. Two sera that were positive for LCL but negative for B cell blocked only responder cells in the mixed lymphocyte culture.", "contents": "Detection of B cell antibodies in renal transplant recipients. A retrospective study for the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies was performed on sera collected from 119 kidney graft recipients. Sera that had been collected on days 12 to 19 post-transplant were tested for cytotoxic reactions against a panel of human peripheral blood lymphocytes from 60 unrelated donors and 37 to 47 cultured human lymphoid cell lines (LCL). Forty-nine sera were negative against peripheral blood lymphocytes but contained cytotoxic antibody against cells on the LCL panel. Several sera were tested on E rosette-purified peripheral blood lymphocyte B cells and T cells from five donors whose LCL had also been tested. LCL appeared to be more sensitive to cytotoxic reactions than their B cell counterparts and may identify additional specificities which may not be related to the B cell alloantigenic system. Mixed lymphocyte culture blocking experiments were carried out against all combinations of these five cells. Some sera showed reactions of identity for B cells and LCL, and blocked the appropriate stimulator cells in mixed lymphocyte culture. Two sera that were positive for LCL but negative for B cell blocked only responder cells in the mixed lymphocyte culture."}
{"id": "PMID:345549", "title": "Prediction of long-term kidney transplant survival rates by monitoring early graft function and clinical grades.", "content": "Statistically significant correlations were found between kidney graft function at 1 day, 1 week, or 1 month and long-term graft survival. Transplant centers with poor early results usually had poor long-term outcome. Assignment of clinical grades to patients with transplants also correlated significantly with subsequent graft survival. It is concluded that monitoring early graft function and clinical grades can be utilized in the assessment of new treatment protocols after relatively short transplant follow-up.", "contents": "Prediction of long-term kidney transplant survival rates by monitoring early graft function and clinical grades. Statistically significant correlations were found between kidney graft function at 1 day, 1 week, or 1 month and long-term graft survival. Transplant centers with poor early results usually had poor long-term outcome. Assignment of clinical grades to patients with transplants also correlated significantly with subsequent graft survival. It is concluded that monitoring early graft function and clinical grades can be utilized in the assessment of new treatment protocols after relatively short transplant follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:345552", "title": "Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in aplastic anemia--report of 25 cases.", "content": "Bone marrow transplantation using an HLA-MLC-identical sibling is the most valuable treatment of severe aplastic anemia.2,6,7 Between November 1973 and March 1977, 25 consecutive patients have been treated by marrow transplantation in our unit. Nine patients are alive with complete hematologic restoration between 3 months and 3 years. The high mortality can be largely accounted for by marrow graft rejection (14 patients). Despite the small number of patients, we have tried to identify prognostic factors associated with marrow graft rejection. They are mainly the existence of anti-HLA antibodies, the sex difference, and the normal PHA and MLC response before grafting. After the graft, the disappearance of anti-HLA antibodies has a good prognostic value. The appearance of autolymphocytotoxins seems to correlate strongly either with rejection or graft-versus-host disease.", "contents": "Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in aplastic anemia--report of 25 cases. Bone marrow transplantation using an HLA-MLC-identical sibling is the most valuable treatment of severe aplastic anemia.2,6,7 Between November 1973 and March 1977, 25 consecutive patients have been treated by marrow transplantation in our unit. Nine patients are alive with complete hematologic restoration between 3 months and 3 years. The high mortality can be largely accounted for by marrow graft rejection (14 patients). Despite the small number of patients, we have tried to identify prognostic factors associated with marrow graft rejection. They are mainly the existence of anti-HLA antibodies, the sex difference, and the normal PHA and MLC response before grafting. After the graft, the disappearance of anti-HLA antibodies has a good prognostic value. The appearance of autolymphocytotoxins seems to correlate strongly either with rejection or graft-versus-host disease."}
{"id": "PMID:345566", "title": "Magnesium: not essential for renal preservations by initial perfusion and hypothermic storage.", "content": "Experimental observations regarding the role of divalent magnesium ion in hypothermic renal preservation have presumed the inclusion of this substance in synthetic preservation media. Retrospective analysis of the validity and application of these experimental data and consideration of the problems related to precipitation of magnesium salts in \"intracellular\" perfusates has instigated investigation related to the necessity of including this ingredient in our previously described hyperosmolar intracellular electrolyte solutions. Omission of magnesium chloride from these perfusates has not adversely affected ultimate renal function in canine kidneys preserved for 2 and 3 days following perfusion and storage in these solutions. The absolute necessity of including magnesium in these solutions in order to effect successful renal preservation is challenged.", "contents": "Magnesium: not essential for renal preservations by initial perfusion and hypothermic storage. Experimental observations regarding the role of divalent magnesium ion in hypothermic renal preservation have presumed the inclusion of this substance in synthetic preservation media. Retrospective analysis of the validity and application of these experimental data and consideration of the problems related to precipitation of magnesium salts in \"intracellular\" perfusates has instigated investigation related to the necessity of including this ingredient in our previously described hyperosmolar intracellular electrolyte solutions. Omission of magnesium chloride from these perfusates has not adversely affected ultimate renal function in canine kidneys preserved for 2 and 3 days following perfusion and storage in these solutions. The absolute necessity of including magnesium in these solutions in order to effect successful renal preservation is challenged."}
{"id": "PMID:345570", "title": "Anaemia treatment trials in a rural population of Tanzania.", "content": "In a coastal population in whom anaemia was common, two randomised controlled trials were undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of treating iron deficiency anaemia at a dispensary and at primary schools. For anaemic adult villagers treated at a dispensary, one dose of tetrachlorethylene for hookworm infection and a once per week visit to collect medicines were found to be satisfactory. A small but significant increase in haemoglobin level was produced by four weeks oral iron therapy, but this was only maintained after seven months by the group that had initially also received tetrachlorethylene. In children (5-14 years) no significant rise in haemoglobin level was obtained by using oral iron and/or TCE, either at the dispensary or at the primary schools. This suggests that malaria was a more potent cause of anaemia in these children.", "contents": "Anaemia treatment trials in a rural population of Tanzania. In a coastal population in whom anaemia was common, two randomised controlled trials were undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of treating iron deficiency anaemia at a dispensary and at primary schools. For anaemic adult villagers treated at a dispensary, one dose of tetrachlorethylene for hookworm infection and a once per week visit to collect medicines were found to be satisfactory. A small but significant increase in haemoglobin level was produced by four weeks oral iron therapy, but this was only maintained after seven months by the group that had initially also received tetrachlorethylene. In children (5-14 years) no significant rise in haemoglobin level was obtained by using oral iron and/or TCE, either at the dispensary or at the primary schools. This suggests that malaria was a more potent cause of anaemia in these children."}
{"id": "PMID:345572", "title": "The hepatic toxicity of antituberculosis regimens containing isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide.", "content": "This paper reviews hepatic toxicity during chemoprophylactic treatment with isoniazid alone, and during the treatment or retreatment of active pulmonary tuberculosis with regimens containing one or more of the drugs isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide. Chemoprophylaxis with isoniazid carries a risk of drug-induced hepatitis, and this risk needs to be weighed against the advantages of preventing tuberculosis morbidity. The risks of hepatitis during standard treatment based on isoniazid are very small, and most patients who develop hepatitis recover. Moreover, it is often doubtful whether hepatitis is in fact drug-induced, and a proportion of patients who develop it already have liver disease at the time treatment is started. The risks are acceptable in the treatment of bacteriologically active disease. There is no consistent evidence that giving rifampicin with isoniazid in the initial treatment of tuberculosis increases the risk of hepatitis; in particular, transient abnormalities in the results of tests of liver function during the early weeks of treatment do not imply serious toxicity; patients who are rapid acetylators of isoniazid are not, as has been suggested, exposed to any special risk, and patients with known liver disease can also be treated without undue risk. Retreatment regimens based on rifampicin plus ethambutol carry a low risk of hepatitis, even though patients who need retreating have often experience toxicity during their initial treatment. Frist-line or second-line regimens containing pyrazinamide in currently accepted dosages, given daily or intermittently, carry a low and acceptable risk of hepatic toxicity. Finally, current studies of daily and intermittent short-course regimens based on isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide will extend our knowledge of hepatic toxicity. Because such regimens involve small total quantitites of drugs given over short periods they are likely to give rise to less hepatic toxicity than regimens of standard duration.", "contents": "The hepatic toxicity of antituberculosis regimens containing isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide. This paper reviews hepatic toxicity during chemoprophylactic treatment with isoniazid alone, and during the treatment or retreatment of active pulmonary tuberculosis with regimens containing one or more of the drugs isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide. Chemoprophylaxis with isoniazid carries a risk of drug-induced hepatitis, and this risk needs to be weighed against the advantages of preventing tuberculosis morbidity. The risks of hepatitis during standard treatment based on isoniazid are very small, and most patients who develop hepatitis recover. Moreover, it is often doubtful whether hepatitis is in fact drug-induced, and a proportion of patients who develop it already have liver disease at the time treatment is started. The risks are acceptable in the treatment of bacteriologically active disease. There is no consistent evidence that giving rifampicin with isoniazid in the initial treatment of tuberculosis increases the risk of hepatitis; in particular, transient abnormalities in the results of tests of liver function during the early weeks of treatment do not imply serious toxicity; patients who are rapid acetylators of isoniazid are not, as has been suggested, exposed to any special risk, and patients with known liver disease can also be treated without undue risk. Retreatment regimens based on rifampicin plus ethambutol carry a low risk of hepatitis, even though patients who need retreating have often experience toxicity during their initial treatment. Frist-line or second-line regimens containing pyrazinamide in currently accepted dosages, given daily or intermittently, carry a low and acceptable risk of hepatic toxicity. Finally, current studies of daily and intermittent short-course regimens based on isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide will extend our knowledge of hepatic toxicity. Because such regimens involve small total quantitites of drugs given over short periods they are likely to give rise to less hepatic toxicity than regimens of standard duration."}
{"id": "PMID:345579", "title": "Polycythemia after kidney transplantation: influence of the native kidneys on the production of hemoglobin.", "content": "3 patients with renal transplantation who developed polycythemia presented normalization of the hemoglobin levels immediately after nephrectomy of the native kidneys. This observation induced the authors to study the role of the native kidneys in the genesis of polycythemia in recipients of renal allografts. Comparison was made among 32 patients submitted to renal transplantation, with maintenance of native kidneys (group I) and among 31 under the same conditions, but without the native kidneys (group II). Both groups were comparable according to age, sex, rejection crisis incidence and immunosuppressive therapy. It was observed that the hemoglobin levels of group I were significantly higher (p less than 0.05 to p less than 0.005) than those observed in group II, from the 3rd to the 30th posttransplantation month, becoming comparable from the 36th to the 54th months. The hemoglobin production, measured by the kinetics of labeled iron (59Fe), was higher in patients of group I. The authors concluded that the native kidneys are responsible for the observed polycythemia after a kidney transplantation.", "contents": "Polycythemia after kidney transplantation: influence of the native kidneys on the production of hemoglobin. 3 patients with renal transplantation who developed polycythemia presented normalization of the hemoglobin levels immediately after nephrectomy of the native kidneys. This observation induced the authors to study the role of the native kidneys in the genesis of polycythemia in recipients of renal allografts. Comparison was made among 32 patients submitted to renal transplantation, with maintenance of native kidneys (group I) and among 31 under the same conditions, but without the native kidneys (group II). Both groups were comparable according to age, sex, rejection crisis incidence and immunosuppressive therapy. It was observed that the hemoglobin levels of group I were significantly higher (p less than 0.05 to p less than 0.005) than those observed in group II, from the 3rd to the 30th posttransplantation month, becoming comparable from the 36th to the 54th months. The hemoglobin production, measured by the kinetics of labeled iron (59Fe), was higher in patients of group I. The authors concluded that the native kidneys are responsible for the observed polycythemia after a kidney transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:345584", "title": "[Extrarenal manifestations of renal cell carcinoma: the primary metastatic lesion (author's transl)].", "content": "In 18 patients, histologic evaluation of a solitary distant metastasis with characteristic hypernephroid pattern subsequently led to the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. The metastatic lesion was treated surgically in 15 cases; 14 patients underwent radical surgery and one patient with a solitary kidney underwent partial nephrectomy. Osseous metastases were predominant (12 out of 18). There was an excellent morphologic agreement between metastatic and primary lesions: in no case were metastases less differentiated than the primary tumor. Therefore in all cases of metastases with hypernephroid structures an aggressive search for renal malignancy is required. Five-year survival was 5% and identical to a group of 61 patients with metastases and a symptomatic renal cell carcinoma at diagnosis. The poor prognosis was not influenced by surgical extirpation of the solitary metastasis.", "contents": "[Extrarenal manifestations of renal cell carcinoma: the primary metastatic lesion (author's transl)]. In 18 patients, histologic evaluation of a solitary distant metastasis with characteristic hypernephroid pattern subsequently led to the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. The metastatic lesion was treated surgically in 15 cases; 14 patients underwent radical surgery and one patient with a solitary kidney underwent partial nephrectomy. Osseous metastases were predominant (12 out of 18). There was an excellent morphologic agreement between metastatic and primary lesions: in no case were metastases less differentiated than the primary tumor. Therefore in all cases of metastases with hypernephroid structures an aggressive search for renal malignancy is required. Five-year survival was 5% and identical to a group of 61 patients with metastases and a symptomatic renal cell carcinoma at diagnosis. The poor prognosis was not influenced by surgical extirpation of the solitary metastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:345585", "title": "Avascular necrosis following renal transplantation. Experience with 449 allografts with and without high-dose steroid therapy.", "content": "From January 1, 1971, to January 1, 1976, 173 renal allografts were transplanted into 146 patients. Intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) was given to all mismatched recipients in a dose of 1 Gm. on the day of transplant and in varying amounts during acute allograft rejection. In 7 patients, 4.8 per cent of 146 patients and 4 per cent of 173 allografts, with a minimum follow-up of fifteen months avascular necrosis of one or more joints developed with an average of 9.4 months after transplantation and a range of five to eighteen months. The total dose of IVMP given to the patients with aseptic necrosis varied between 3 and 18 Gm. from the time of transplantation until the onset of skeletal symptoms. This incidence was nearly identical to the 5 per cent of 242 patients and 4.3 per cent of 276 renal allografts from the same center performed between January 1, 1963, and January 1, 1971, when intravenous steroid pulse therapy was not utilized. Since January, 1971, total joint replacement of the hip or knee were performed in 4 of the 7 affected patients six to sixteen months after the onset of symptoms. Renal function remained stable after surgery in all 4 patients. Virtually normal range of motion was present within three months after surgery. Although the controversy of steroid therapy in the pathogenesis of avascular necrosis still exists, judicious use of high-dose IVMP therapy does not appear to increase its incidence. Early surgery is recommended when the radiologic evidence confirms the clinical findings of avascular necrosis in order to ameliorate pain, correct restriction of movement, and promote full rehabilitation.", "contents": "Avascular necrosis following renal transplantation. Experience with 449 allografts with and without high-dose steroid therapy. From January 1, 1971, to January 1, 1976, 173 renal allografts were transplanted into 146 patients. Intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) was given to all mismatched recipients in a dose of 1 Gm. on the day of transplant and in varying amounts during acute allograft rejection. In 7 patients, 4.8 per cent of 146 patients and 4 per cent of 173 allografts, with a minimum follow-up of fifteen months avascular necrosis of one or more joints developed with an average of 9.4 months after transplantation and a range of five to eighteen months. The total dose of IVMP given to the patients with aseptic necrosis varied between 3 and 18 Gm. from the time of transplantation until the onset of skeletal symptoms. This incidence was nearly identical to the 5 per cent of 242 patients and 4.3 per cent of 276 renal allografts from the same center performed between January 1, 1963, and January 1, 1971, when intravenous steroid pulse therapy was not utilized. Since January, 1971, total joint replacement of the hip or knee were performed in 4 of the 7 affected patients six to sixteen months after the onset of symptoms. Renal function remained stable after surgery in all 4 patients. Virtually normal range of motion was present within three months after surgery. Although the controversy of steroid therapy in the pathogenesis of avascular necrosis still exists, judicious use of high-dose IVMP therapy does not appear to increase its incidence. Early surgery is recommended when the radiologic evidence confirms the clinical findings of avascular necrosis in order to ameliorate pain, correct restriction of movement, and promote full rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:345586", "title": "Oxybutynin chloride in control of post-trasurethral vesical pain and spasm.", "content": "Oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan) and placebo were randomized in a double-blind trial to determine the effectiveness of the test agent in controlling post-transurethral pain and spasm. Oxybutynin chloride was found effective in controlling pain and spasm; no significant side effects were noted.", "contents": "Oxybutynin chloride in control of post-trasurethral vesical pain and spasm. Oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan) and placebo were randomized in a double-blind trial to determine the effectiveness of the test agent in controlling post-transurethral pain and spasm. Oxybutynin chloride was found effective in controlling pain and spasm; no significant side effects were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:345587", "title": "Sickle cell trait: possible contributory cause of renal allograft failure.", "content": "A black male with known sickle cell trait (hemoglobin AS) received two cadaveric renal transplants in succession. After excellent initial graft function he had what appeared clinically to be an acute rejection episode which could not be reversed by immunosuppressive therapy on either occasion. The histopathology of the removed allografts did not reveal a picture of acute rejection, but instead revealed extensive intravascular sickling of the erythrocytes. This is important especially for the transplant centers in the United States which may have a significant number of the black population among the renal allograft recipients.", "contents": "Sickle cell trait: possible contributory cause of renal allograft failure. A black male with known sickle cell trait (hemoglobin AS) received two cadaveric renal transplants in succession. After excellent initial graft function he had what appeared clinically to be an acute rejection episode which could not be reversed by immunosuppressive therapy on either occasion. The histopathology of the removed allografts did not reveal a picture of acute rejection, but instead revealed extensive intravascular sickling of the erythrocytes. This is important especially for the transplant centers in the United States which may have a significant number of the black population among the renal allograft recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:345591", "title": "[Leg amputation with transposition of the plantar skin and calcaneous tuber in severe mechanical trauma complicated by shock].", "content": "Diaphyseal shin amputations with transposition of the plantar skin and calcanean tuber on the neurovascular bundle were performed upon 4 cases. The late results have been studied. The patients use prothesis with the support on the end of the stump, and walk without the walking-stick. The authors believe it possible to carry out such operations, under the conditions of a specialized medical institution, for severe injuries to the lower extremities complicated with shock after a thorough debridement of the wound.", "contents": "[Leg amputation with transposition of the plantar skin and calcaneous tuber in severe mechanical trauma complicated by shock]. Diaphyseal shin amputations with transposition of the plantar skin and calcanean tuber on the neurovascular bundle were performed upon 4 cases. The late results have been studied. The patients use prothesis with the support on the end of the stump, and walk without the walking-stick. The authors believe it possible to carry out such operations, under the conditions of a specialized medical institution, for severe injuries to the lower extremities complicated with shock after a thorough debridement of the wound."}
{"id": "PMID:345597", "title": "Apparatus for pasteurising teat cup liners between cows in a herringbone parlour.", "content": "In a herringbone milking parlour, teat cup liners were deliberately contaminated in turn with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae and Sterp uberis. Contamination was achieved by filling the liners with milk that contained 10(6) test organisms per ml. After the clusters had been back-flushed with water at 85 degrees C for five seconds, normal swabbing methods failed to recover any contaminating organisms from the teat liners in 56 tests out of 64. After 10 seconds back-flushing no recoveries were made in the same number of tests. The apparatus developed to effect this back-flushing for a particular herringbone parlour is described, with details of its routine use during milking. For a 100-cow herd, the running cost of such equipment using a five-second back-flush is estimated at no more than 4 pounds per week and, in its present form, would not add more than 10 seconds to the total milking time for each cow. Improvements in design of the apparatus, and in milking techniques arising from the routine use of the device, are also considered.", "contents": "Apparatus for pasteurising teat cup liners between cows in a herringbone parlour. In a herringbone milking parlour, teat cup liners were deliberately contaminated in turn with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae and Sterp uberis. Contamination was achieved by filling the liners with milk that contained 10(6) test organisms per ml. After the clusters had been back-flushed with water at 85 degrees C for five seconds, normal swabbing methods failed to recover any contaminating organisms from the teat liners in 56 tests out of 64. After 10 seconds back-flushing no recoveries were made in the same number of tests. The apparatus developed to effect this back-flushing for a particular herringbone parlour is described, with details of its routine use during milking. For a 100-cow herd, the running cost of such equipment using a five-second back-flush is estimated at no more than 4 pounds per week and, in its present form, would not add more than 10 seconds to the total milking time for each cow. Improvements in design of the apparatus, and in milking techniques arising from the routine use of the device, are also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:345606", "title": "[Coliform bacteria in raw and pasteurized milk].", "content": "Studied were 360 samples of raw and 1404 samples of pasteurized milk, collected from three milk centers, for the presence of coliform bacteria. It was found that the coli titer of the raw milk varied from 10(-5) up to 10(-7), depending on the season. The regimes of pasteurization applied kill 100 per cent of the present coli organisms. After the thermic treatment the milk was additionally contaminated with coli forms from the containers and the equipment in dependence on the conditions of washing and disinfection. The coli titer of the pasteurized milk varied from 1 to 10(-3). A total of 602 strains of coliform bacteria were isolated from the pasteurized and the raw milk; the bacteria were differentiated by the scheme of Kauffmann. Most commonly encountered were the coli forms of the following genera:Citrobacter (35 per cent), Enterobacter (29.8 per cent), Klebsiella (23.9 per cent), and Escherichia (11.3 per cent). The following species were prevailing in raw milk: Kl. aerogenes, Ent. aerogenes, Ent. cloacae, C. freundi, and C. intermedium. In pasteurized milk dominating were Kl. aerogenes, C. freundi. Ent. aerogenes, and Ent. cloacae.", "contents": "[Coliform bacteria in raw and pasteurized milk]. Studied were 360 samples of raw and 1404 samples of pasteurized milk, collected from three milk centers, for the presence of coliform bacteria. It was found that the coli titer of the raw milk varied from 10(-5) up to 10(-7), depending on the season. The regimes of pasteurization applied kill 100 per cent of the present coli organisms. After the thermic treatment the milk was additionally contaminated with coli forms from the containers and the equipment in dependence on the conditions of washing and disinfection. The coli titer of the pasteurized milk varied from 1 to 10(-3). A total of 602 strains of coliform bacteria were isolated from the pasteurized and the raw milk; the bacteria were differentiated by the scheme of Kauffmann. Most commonly encountered were the coli forms of the following genera:Citrobacter (35 per cent), Enterobacter (29.8 per cent), Klebsiella (23.9 per cent), and Escherichia (11.3 per cent). The following species were prevailing in raw milk: Kl. aerogenes, Ent. aerogenes, Ent. cloacae, C. freundi, and C. intermedium. In pasteurized milk dominating were Kl. aerogenes, C. freundi. Ent. aerogenes, and Ent. cloacae."}
{"id": "PMID:345607", "title": "[Transfer of multi-drug resistance in vivo by salmonellae and shigella in white mice].", "content": "The oral infection accomplished by 0.3 cm3 X 10(10) microbial bodies of Salmonella heidelberg and Shigella sonnei in albino mice the pathogens were found to localize in the intestines. The Salmonellae were detected up to the 10th day, and the Shigellae--up to the 14th day. Both Shigella and Salmonella transferred multi-drug resistance to some enterobacteria--E. coli and Proteus as well as to Salmonella typhimurium when the latter was also present in the intestinal tract; of these some 10--40 per cent acquire the multi-drug resistance of Salmonella heidelberg and Shigella sonnei. This type of resistance was most often transferred en bloc for the six, resp., eight markers. On some occasions segregation was observed with the transference of particular markers only.", "contents": "[Transfer of multi-drug resistance in vivo by salmonellae and shigella in white mice]. The oral infection accomplished by 0.3 cm3 X 10(10) microbial bodies of Salmonella heidelberg and Shigella sonnei in albino mice the pathogens were found to localize in the intestines. The Salmonellae were detected up to the 10th day, and the Shigellae--up to the 14th day. Both Shigella and Salmonella transferred multi-drug resistance to some enterobacteria--E. coli and Proteus as well as to Salmonella typhimurium when the latter was also present in the intestinal tract; of these some 10--40 per cent acquire the multi-drug resistance of Salmonella heidelberg and Shigella sonnei. This type of resistance was most often transferred en bloc for the six, resp., eight markers. On some occasions segregation was observed with the transference of particular markers only."}
{"id": "PMID:345620", "title": "[Effect of prednisolone on the nucleic acid content and RNA synthesis in human lymph nodes in systemic diseases].", "content": "Studies on quantitative DNA content in lymphnode cells in patients with lymphogranulomatosis and reticulosis indicated that small prednisolon concentrations (0.1 mg/100 mg of cells) may be responsible for a reduced amount of DNA. The study of the quantitative content and turnover rate of total RNA has shown by the labeled uridine-H3 precursor incorporation a considerable decrease of RNA content and the reduce incorporation of the label in total RNA (approximately by 40% on an average).", "contents": "[Effect of prednisolone on the nucleic acid content and RNA synthesis in human lymph nodes in systemic diseases]. Studies on quantitative DNA content in lymphnode cells in patients with lymphogranulomatosis and reticulosis indicated that small prednisolon concentrations (0.1 mg/100 mg of cells) may be responsible for a reduced amount of DNA. The study of the quantitative content and turnover rate of total RNA has shown by the labeled uridine-H3 precursor incorporation a considerable decrease of RNA content and the reduce incorporation of the label in total RNA (approximately by 40% on an average)."}
{"id": "PMID:345621", "title": "[Immunoglobulins and nonspecific immunity factors in leukemias].", "content": "The authors report the data on immunoglobulins G, A, M content and their relationship with other factors of natural immunity in 55 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia and in 43 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia. The results have evidenced the impaired synthesis of immunoglobulins in acute in acute leukemia and the reduction of IgA and IgM already in the initial stage of chronic lymphatic leukemia. A correlation between mean values of immunoglobulins content and other factors of immunological resistance allowed a statement to be made that in the absence of impaired immunoglobulins synthesis there is a distinct coincidence of immunoglobulin content curves and titres of agglutinating and bacteriolytic antibodies.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulins and nonspecific immunity factors in leukemias]. The authors report the data on immunoglobulins G, A, M content and their relationship with other factors of natural immunity in 55 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia and in 43 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia. The results have evidenced the impaired synthesis of immunoglobulins in acute in acute leukemia and the reduction of IgA and IgM already in the initial stage of chronic lymphatic leukemia. A correlation between mean values of immunoglobulins content and other factors of immunological resistance allowed a statement to be made that in the absence of impaired immunoglobulins synthesis there is a distinct coincidence of immunoglobulin content curves and titres of agglutinating and bacteriolytic antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:345624", "title": "[Delagil treatment of tumorous pleurisy].", "content": "A review of the literature is given on the efficacy of intrapleural use of different drugs (embichine, thiophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, etc. and also acrichin (chinacrin) for malignant pleural involvement with the presence of exudate in the pleural cavity. Under study was the efficacy of intrapleural injection of delagil in 28 patients with pulmonary cancer, breast cancer and other malignant tumors with the presence of exudate in the pleural cavities. The effect, manifested in the cessation of the fluid accumulation, its encapsulation, was observed in 60 per cent of patients, an average duration of the remission being 8.3 months. In highly sensitive tumors (cancer of ovaries, breast cancer) the treatment should be initiated with intrapleural injection of thiophosphamide or embichine, and in case of failure delagil is to be employed intrapleurally. As a rule, side-effects, manifested in chest pains and temperature rise up to 38.5 degrees are of a short duration and require no special therapy.", "contents": "[Delagil treatment of tumorous pleurisy]. A review of the literature is given on the efficacy of intrapleural use of different drugs (embichine, thiophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, etc. and also acrichin (chinacrin) for malignant pleural involvement with the presence of exudate in the pleural cavity. Under study was the efficacy of intrapleural injection of delagil in 28 patients with pulmonary cancer, breast cancer and other malignant tumors with the presence of exudate in the pleural cavities. The effect, manifested in the cessation of the fluid accumulation, its encapsulation, was observed in 60 per cent of patients, an average duration of the remission being 8.3 months. In highly sensitive tumors (cancer of ovaries, breast cancer) the treatment should be initiated with intrapleural injection of thiophosphamide or embichine, and in case of failure delagil is to be employed intrapleurally. As a rule, side-effects, manifested in chest pains and temperature rise up to 38.5 degrees are of a short duration and require no special therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:345628", "title": "[Prolonged renal graft survival after repeated blood transfusions (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to investigate the influence of pretransplant blood transfusions on renal graft survival, the results in 43 recipients with 10 or more transfusion (group A) were compared with those in 48 recipients with less than 10 or no transfusions (group B). In both groups cadaveric kidneys with mainly 3 or more mismatched histocompatibility antigens were transplanted. The incidence of preformed cytotoxic antibodies was similar in both groups (25.6% and 22.9%, respectively). The cumulative renal graft survival rate was significantly higher in the poly-transfused group: 85.6% +/- 6.1% and 73.4 +/- 7.9% after 1 and 2 years, respectively, in group A in comparison with 73.9 +/- 6.6% and 63.3 +/- 8.1% after 1 and 2 years respectively, in group B (Wilcoxon rank sum test: p less than 0.05). Severe renal rejection with a serum creatinine above 3 mg/100 ml was more frequently observed in group B than in group A. Enhancement due to blocking antibodies must be assumed as a possible explanation for the favourable effect of repeated pretransplant transfusions on graft survival rates.", "contents": "[Prolonged renal graft survival after repeated blood transfusions (author's transl)]. In order to investigate the influence of pretransplant blood transfusions on renal graft survival, the results in 43 recipients with 10 or more transfusion (group A) were compared with those in 48 recipients with less than 10 or no transfusions (group B). In both groups cadaveric kidneys with mainly 3 or more mismatched histocompatibility antigens were transplanted. The incidence of preformed cytotoxic antibodies was similar in both groups (25.6% and 22.9%, respectively). The cumulative renal graft survival rate was significantly higher in the poly-transfused group: 85.6% +/- 6.1% and 73.4 +/- 7.9% after 1 and 2 years, respectively, in group A in comparison with 73.9 +/- 6.6% and 63.3 +/- 8.1% after 1 and 2 years respectively, in group B (Wilcoxon rank sum test: p less than 0.05). Severe renal rejection with a serum creatinine above 3 mg/100 ml was more frequently observed in group B than in group A. Enhancement due to blocking antibodies must be assumed as a possible explanation for the favourable effect of repeated pretransplant transfusions on graft survival rates."}
{"id": "PMID:345629", "title": "[The influence of pretreatment with specific antibodies on Renal Xenograft Rejection (author's transl)].", "content": "26 pig kidneys were perfused in a \"Gambro\" kidney perfusion machine. The perfusates used were unmodified canine plasma and serum, as well as complement-free plasma, gamma-globulin solutions obtained from dogs immunized against pig leucocytes (ALG) and 2-mercapto-ethanol treated ALG (2 ME-ALG). The typical pig-to-dog xenograft rejection was reproduced by ex vivo perfusion with native dog plasma and serum. Using complement-free dog plasma, ALG and 2 ME-ALG pig kidneys could be perfused for several hours without significant increase in perfusion resistance. 22 pig kidneys, pretreated by perfusion for 2 hours with complement-free dog plasma, ALG and 2 ME-ALG, were transplanted on to the vessels of the neck of recipient dogs. Grafts pretreated with decomplemented dog plasma and 2 ME-ALG were rejected in the usual fashion within 5 to 20 min. Pretreatment with ALG resulted in a prolongation of graft function for 80 to 100 min. It is suggested that ALG exerted a transient blocking effect on the cytotoxic action of recipient IgM resembling passive enhancement; this phenomenon may be limited to sites with low antigen density, corresponding to in vitro findings of passive enhancement on cells with low surface antigen density.", "contents": "[The influence of pretreatment with specific antibodies on Renal Xenograft Rejection (author's transl)]. 26 pig kidneys were perfused in a \"Gambro\" kidney perfusion machine. The perfusates used were unmodified canine plasma and serum, as well as complement-free plasma, gamma-globulin solutions obtained from dogs immunized against pig leucocytes (ALG) and 2-mercapto-ethanol treated ALG (2 ME-ALG). The typical pig-to-dog xenograft rejection was reproduced by ex vivo perfusion with native dog plasma and serum. Using complement-free dog plasma, ALG and 2 ME-ALG pig kidneys could be perfused for several hours without significant increase in perfusion resistance. 22 pig kidneys, pretreated by perfusion for 2 hours with complement-free dog plasma, ALG and 2 ME-ALG, were transplanted on to the vessels of the neck of recipient dogs. Grafts pretreated with decomplemented dog plasma and 2 ME-ALG were rejected in the usual fashion within 5 to 20 min. Pretreatment with ALG resulted in a prolongation of graft function for 80 to 100 min. It is suggested that ALG exerted a transient blocking effect on the cytotoxic action of recipient IgM resembling passive enhancement; this phenomenon may be limited to sites with low antigen density, corresponding to in vitro findings of passive enhancement on cells with low surface antigen density."}
{"id": "PMID:345630", "title": "[Advances in the surgical treatment of renal calculi (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important advances in the surgical management of renal calculi are reviewed and the following current concepts are discussed: operation of the kidney in situ with dorsal muscle-sparing lumbotomy; intrasinusal pyelolithotomy as a modern principle of stone surgery; modern techniques for the localization and removal of stones from the renal pelvis (X-ray, ultrasound, coagulum pyelotomy); methods of hypothermal kidney preservation and operative techniques for staghorn calculi; and modes of surgical stone prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Advances in the surgical treatment of renal calculi (author's transl)]. The most important advances in the surgical management of renal calculi are reviewed and the following current concepts are discussed: operation of the kidney in situ with dorsal muscle-sparing lumbotomy; intrasinusal pyelolithotomy as a modern principle of stone surgery; modern techniques for the localization and removal of stones from the renal pelvis (X-ray, ultrasound, coagulum pyelotomy); methods of hypothermal kidney preservation and operative techniques for staghorn calculi; and modes of surgical stone prophylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:345634", "title": "Different restriction of bacteriophages T3 and T7 by P1-lysogenic cells and the role of the T3-coded SAMase.", "content": "The intracellular growth of the phages T3 and T7 is restricted in the presence of the Escherichia coli prophage P1. Phage T3 has a higher ability to express its genome and to damage the host cell than T7. This partial protection of T3 against P1 restriction is due to the T3-coded SAMase, an enzyme which degrades S-adenosylmethionine, the cofactor of the P1 restriction endonuclease. Since we did not observe DNA cleavage in vivo, we conclude that the in vivo action of the P1 nuclease is limited to a SAM-dependent repressor-like binding to T3 and T7 DNA, while further reactions with the DNA (modification vs cleavage) are blocked.", "contents": "Different restriction of bacteriophages T3 and T7 by P1-lysogenic cells and the role of the T3-coded SAMase. The intracellular growth of the phages T3 and T7 is restricted in the presence of the Escherichia coli prophage P1. Phage T3 has a higher ability to express its genome and to damage the host cell than T7. This partial protection of T3 against P1 restriction is due to the T3-coded SAMase, an enzyme which degrades S-adenosylmethionine, the cofactor of the P1 restriction endonuclease. Since we did not observe DNA cleavage in vivo, we conclude that the in vivo action of the P1 nuclease is limited to a SAM-dependent repressor-like binding to T3 and T7 DNA, while further reactions with the DNA (modification vs cleavage) are blocked."}
{"id": "PMID:345635", "title": "[Glycine dependence of Staphylococcus aureus strains].", "content": "Glycine dependent Staphylococcus aureus var. bovis strains (TSCHAPE and RISCHE 1971) were tested for their ability to grow on glycine containing and glycine deprived media. We observed glycine dependence only in minimal media. In complete media the strains grew in absence of glycine. Testing the ability of some glycine precursors we found that in minimal media glycine could be replaced by threonine and in some cases by serine. One mutant (Gly 100 Glyox.r.) was able to metabolize glyoxylate instead of glycine. Aspartic acid was metabolized in presence of glycine. Using 14C-aspartic acid we detected 14C-glycine and 14C-threonine. Presumably the bacteria metabolize aspartic acid to glycine via threonine.", "contents": "[Glycine dependence of Staphylococcus aureus strains]. Glycine dependent Staphylococcus aureus var. bovis strains (TSCHAPE and RISCHE 1971) were tested for their ability to grow on glycine containing and glycine deprived media. We observed glycine dependence only in minimal media. In complete media the strains grew in absence of glycine. Testing the ability of some glycine precursors we found that in minimal media glycine could be replaced by threonine and in some cases by serine. One mutant (Gly 100 Glyox.r.) was able to metabolize glyoxylate instead of glycine. Aspartic acid was metabolized in presence of glycine. Using 14C-aspartic acid we detected 14C-glycine and 14C-threonine. Presumably the bacteria metabolize aspartic acid to glycine via threonine."}
{"id": "PMID:345636", "title": "[On some aspects of modern research of arteriosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Atherogenesis is the result of interactions of factors originating from blood stream and the reaction of the arterial wall. Basing on this we have a pathogenetic trias: blood--lining membrane--arterial wall. Under these aspects some modern trends of experimental research are discussed. An example of blood-plasmatic injury is the hyperlipidaemia. The permeability of the lining endothelium regulates the infiltration and is influenced by several factors. The reactions of the modified smooth muscle cells in the arterial wall are the most important events in early atherogenesis. The metabolic decompensation of these cells is a main factor in the transition to advanced lesions. The efficiency of the cells is the preliminary condition for the reversibility of atherosclerotic lesions. Only early stages have some chances of regression; one must bear in mind this together with all therapeutical treatments.", "contents": "[On some aspects of modern research of arteriosclerosis (author's transl)]. Atherogenesis is the result of interactions of factors originating from blood stream and the reaction of the arterial wall. Basing on this we have a pathogenetic trias: blood--lining membrane--arterial wall. Under these aspects some modern trends of experimental research are discussed. An example of blood-plasmatic injury is the hyperlipidaemia. The permeability of the lining endothelium regulates the infiltration and is influenced by several factors. The reactions of the modified smooth muscle cells in the arterial wall are the most important events in early atherogenesis. The metabolic decompensation of these cells is a main factor in the transition to advanced lesions. The efficiency of the cells is the preliminary condition for the reversibility of atherosclerotic lesions. Only early stages have some chances of regression; one must bear in mind this together with all therapeutical treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:345631", "title": "C.-E.A. Winslow Day: proceedings of the June 3, 1977 centenary celebration.", "content": "Sponsored by Yale University, the City of New Haven, and the John B. Pierce Foundation, the C.-E.A. Winslow Day program consisted of speeches by Mr. Leonard Woodcock, President Emeritus, U.A.W., the Honorable Kenneth Gibson, Mayor of Newark, and Dr. Hector Acu\u00f1a, Director, Pan American Health Organization; reminiscences of Ira Hiscock, Anna M.R. Lauder Professor Emeritus of Public Health, Mary Elizabeth Tennant, Associate Professor Emeritus of Nursing (Public Health), A. Pharo Gagge, Emeritus Fellow, John B. Pierce Foundation, and Mrs. Harriet Welch, Former President of the VNA of New Haven. The proceedings also included the presentation of gifts and the official C.-E.A. Winslow Day Proclamation.", "contents": "C.-E.A. Winslow Day: proceedings of the June 3, 1977 centenary celebration. Sponsored by Yale University, the City of New Haven, and the John B. Pierce Foundation, the C.-E.A. Winslow Day program consisted of speeches by Mr. Leonard Woodcock, President Emeritus, U.A.W., the Honorable Kenneth Gibson, Mayor of Newark, and Dr. Hector Acu\u00f1a, Director, Pan American Health Organization; reminiscences of Ira Hiscock, Anna M.R. Lauder Professor Emeritus of Public Health, Mary Elizabeth Tennant, Associate Professor Emeritus of Nursing (Public Health), A. Pharo Gagge, Emeritus Fellow, John B. Pierce Foundation, and Mrs. Harriet Welch, Former President of the VNA of New Haven. The proceedings also included the presentation of gifts and the official C.-E.A. Winslow Day Proclamation."}
{"id": "PMID:345633", "title": "Oliver Wendell Holmes: the professor and autocrat addresses medical matters.", "content": "Oliver Wendell Holmes, the physician, poet and novelist, was a frequent and at times outspoken commentator on the practice of medicine. His speeches and writings reveal Holmes's remarkable wit and facility in addressing such topics as medical education, drug prescription and medicine in society. Although delivered in the previous century his comments often seem to retain remarkable relevance in the current medical forum.", "contents": "Oliver Wendell Holmes: the professor and autocrat addresses medical matters. Oliver Wendell Holmes, the physician, poet and novelist, was a frequent and at times outspoken commentator on the practice of medicine. His speeches and writings reveal Holmes's remarkable wit and facility in addressing such topics as medical education, drug prescription and medicine in society. Although delivered in the previous century his comments often seem to retain remarkable relevance in the current medical forum."}
{"id": "PMID:345632", "title": "Double-blind comparison of iodamide and diatrizoate for excretory urography.", "content": "A double-blind comparison of meglumine iodamide and Renografin 60 (52% meglumine diatrizoate and 8% sodium diatrizoate) for bolus excretory urography was performed. Doses of 0.8 cc/kg. to a maximum of 55 cc were administered to fifty patients, twenty-five receiving each drug.There is a suggestion that iodamide may be superior to diatrizoate in pyelocalyceal opacification while being equal to diatrizoate in parenchymal opacification and in types and severity of side-effects.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of iodamide and diatrizoate for excretory urography. A double-blind comparison of meglumine iodamide and Renografin 60 (52% meglumine diatrizoate and 8% sodium diatrizoate) for bolus excretory urography was performed. Doses of 0.8 cc/kg. to a maximum of 55 cc were administered to fifty patients, twenty-five receiving each drug.There is a suggestion that iodamide may be superior to diatrizoate in pyelocalyceal opacification while being equal to diatrizoate in parenchymal opacification and in types and severity of side-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:345643", "title": "[Breath analysis tests in gastrointestinal disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "From various breath tests up to now mainly measurement of respiratory 14CO2 and hydrogen have attained clinical application. Breath tests are easily performable, without discomfort for patient or in investigator and do hardly require active support of the patient. On the other hand absorption tests, as 14C-tripalmitate- and 14C-lactose-breath test, are influenced by alterations of the metabolism in a considerable degree, and clinical significance and specificity of the 14C-cholylcycline-breath test remains questionable hitherto. Nevertheless, obtained values which are independent from metabolism, high sensitivity and lack of competitive methods are arguments for the 14C-cholylglycinebreth test for the diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth in the small bowel. Breath analysis of hydrogen seems to be a very sensitive and reliable method for detecting carbohydrate malabsorption, as lactose intolerance.", "contents": "[Breath analysis tests in gastrointestinal disorders (author's transl)]. From various breath tests up to now mainly measurement of respiratory 14CO2 and hydrogen have attained clinical application. Breath tests are easily performable, without discomfort for patient or in investigator and do hardly require active support of the patient. On the other hand absorption tests, as 14C-tripalmitate- and 14C-lactose-breath test, are influenced by alterations of the metabolism in a considerable degree, and clinical significance and specificity of the 14C-cholylcycline-breath test remains questionable hitherto. Nevertheless, obtained values which are independent from metabolism, high sensitivity and lack of competitive methods are arguments for the 14C-cholylglycinebreth test for the diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth in the small bowel. Breath analysis of hydrogen seems to be a very sensitive and reliable method for detecting carbohydrate malabsorption, as lactose intolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:345677", "title": "[The application of methodological aspects of the social sciences to psychoanalytic research--impressions from Tutzing, 1976].", "content": "Discussing problems in the application of methodological aspects of social sciences to psychoanalytic research the question was asked whether statistical methodology can be adapted to the multidimensional communicative process of psychoanalysis. Referring to the fact that experimentally and methodologically confirmed research usually demands a reduction of the process to be examined it was pointed out that the results of these studies might undergo a reduction in statement value and practicable clinical relevance accordingly.", "contents": "[The application of methodological aspects of the social sciences to psychoanalytic research--impressions from Tutzing, 1976]. Discussing problems in the application of methodological aspects of social sciences to psychoanalytic research the question was asked whether statistical methodology can be adapted to the multidimensional communicative process of psychoanalysis. Referring to the fact that experimentally and methodologically confirmed research usually demands a reduction of the process to be examined it was pointed out that the results of these studies might undergo a reduction in statement value and practicable clinical relevance accordingly."}
{"id": "PMID:345683", "title": "Agar-coated dip-slides for the cultivation, storage and transport.", "content": "Dip-slides which are covered with suitable agar media (e.g. malt extract agar, potato dextrose agar, Czapek Dox agar) are well suited for the cultivation, storage and transport of moulds and phytopathogenic fungi. Most of the organisms develop equally well on dip-slides and in Petri dishes.", "contents": "Agar-coated dip-slides for the cultivation, storage and transport. Dip-slides which are covered with suitable agar media (e.g. malt extract agar, potato dextrose agar, Czapek Dox agar) are well suited for the cultivation, storage and transport of moulds and phytopathogenic fungi. Most of the organisms develop equally well on dip-slides and in Petri dishes."}
{"id": "PMID:345684", "title": "Microbial society and its activity in the soil.", "content": "In this study, with the help of the buried slide method, a qualitative observation of the microsociological association in the soil was assessed. Fungal mycelium cohabiting with bacterial forms, rods as well as cocci, individual colonies of Azotobacter-type cells, and certain algae of Hantzschia species were recorded in a central European typical garden soil. The use of CHOLODNY-STRUGGER combination method was helpful in ascertaining the decaying nature of a soil nematode and also fungal mycelium which, during the process of decomposition, served there as a substrate for bacterial multiplication. Colony of Clostridium-type rod-shaped bacteria existed between the soil particles, acting as living bridges. When examined under fluorescent microscope, the bacterial forms emitted shining fluorescence of green colour which in effect presented them as lighted objects, prominent against the dull red background of soil objects and other decaying substances.", "contents": "Microbial society and its activity in the soil. In this study, with the help of the buried slide method, a qualitative observation of the microsociological association in the soil was assessed. Fungal mycelium cohabiting with bacterial forms, rods as well as cocci, individual colonies of Azotobacter-type cells, and certain algae of Hantzschia species were recorded in a central European typical garden soil. The use of CHOLODNY-STRUGGER combination method was helpful in ascertaining the decaying nature of a soil nematode and also fungal mycelium which, during the process of decomposition, served there as a substrate for bacterial multiplication. Colony of Clostridium-type rod-shaped bacteria existed between the soil particles, acting as living bridges. When examined under fluorescent microscope, the bacterial forms emitted shining fluorescence of green colour which in effect presented them as lighted objects, prominent against the dull red background of soil objects and other decaying substances."}
{"id": "PMID:345678", "title": "[A comparative study on the therapeutic results between respiratory feedback (RFB) and a placebo treatment].", "content": "In a controlled study 24 patients with neurotic and psychosomatic symptoms were treated with Respiratory Feedback (RFB) in 12 consecutive sessions. The observed changes were compared with the results of a control group. Its members were subjected to a nonsystematic treatment causing them to relax (placebo-group). In this group the physical symptoms of three quarters of the patients changed for the worse whereas significant psychic changes were not observed. In the RFB-group, however, significant improvements were to be found in regard to the physical as well as the psychic condition of the patients. The most distictive changes were reduction in the disposition to exhaustion, a decrease of the vegetative symptoms, and a decline of the compleints about heart trouble, poor circulation and pains in parts of the stomach and intestinal system. Psychologically a distinct reduction of fear, neuroticism, increased extraversion scores and a positive change of mood followed. It is being discussed if the observed changes in the RFB-group can be attributed to specific effects of the Respiratory-Feedback (RFB).", "contents": "[A comparative study on the therapeutic results between respiratory feedback (RFB) and a placebo treatment]. In a controlled study 24 patients with neurotic and psychosomatic symptoms were treated with Respiratory Feedback (RFB) in 12 consecutive sessions. The observed changes were compared with the results of a control group. Its members were subjected to a nonsystematic treatment causing them to relax (placebo-group). In this group the physical symptoms of three quarters of the patients changed for the worse whereas significant psychic changes were not observed. In the RFB-group, however, significant improvements were to be found in regard to the physical as well as the psychic condition of the patients. The most distictive changes were reduction in the disposition to exhaustion, a decrease of the vegetative symptoms, and a decline of the compleints about heart trouble, poor circulation and pains in parts of the stomach and intestinal system. Psychologically a distinct reduction of fear, neuroticism, increased extraversion scores and a positive change of mood followed. It is being discussed if the observed changes in the RFB-group can be attributed to specific effects of the Respiratory-Feedback (RFB)."}
{"id": "PMID:345687", "title": "Synthesis of vitamin B12 by various species of mycobacteria.", "content": "The synthesis of Vitamin B12 by five reference strains of species of mycobacteria, the influence of cobalt upton the synthesis and the correlation between the phase of growth and quantitative biosynthesis of Vitamin B12 were studied. Assays were performed on cell extracts and culture filtrates using Lactobacillus leichmannii ATCC7830 (tube method). All five species synthesized Vitamin B12, which could be deomonstrated both in cell extracts and in the culture filtrates. An optimum accumulation of Vitamin B12 by BCG and M. phlei could be observed on the 30th day of cultivation. Addition of cobalt did not influence the growth of BCG and M. phlei, but markedly enhanced the production of Vitamin B12. Cells contained much more Vitamin B12 than culture filtrates did. Vitamin B12 levels in M. smegmatis, M. fortuitum and M. asiaticum were lower than those in BCG and M. phlei.", "contents": "Synthesis of vitamin B12 by various species of mycobacteria. The synthesis of Vitamin B12 by five reference strains of species of mycobacteria, the influence of cobalt upton the synthesis and the correlation between the phase of growth and quantitative biosynthesis of Vitamin B12 were studied. Assays were performed on cell extracts and culture filtrates using Lactobacillus leichmannii ATCC7830 (tube method). All five species synthesized Vitamin B12, which could be deomonstrated both in cell extracts and in the culture filtrates. An optimum accumulation of Vitamin B12 by BCG and M. phlei could be observed on the 30th day of cultivation. Addition of cobalt did not influence the growth of BCG and M. phlei, but markedly enhanced the production of Vitamin B12. Cells contained much more Vitamin B12 than culture filtrates did. Vitamin B12 levels in M. smegmatis, M. fortuitum and M. asiaticum were lower than those in BCG and M. phlei."}
{"id": "PMID:345688", "title": "[Tetracyclines: bacteriostatic or bactericidal drugs? In vitro studies with rolitetracycline, minocycline and doxycycline (author's transl)].", "content": "Minimal bacteriostatic and minimal bactericidal concentrations of rolitetracycline, minocycline and doxycycline on 20 different E. coli serotypes and 16 staphylococcus aureus strains have been compared in bouillon and serum. In addition growth curves of all strains in bouillon and serum without and with antibiotics in concentrations corresponding to the minimal inhibitory concentration of each strain have been followed for 24 hours. In E. coli minimal bactericidal concentrations of all 3 tetracyclines in bouillon on average were only twice as high as the minimal bacteriostatic concentrations of the drugs, tested. Minimal bacteriostatic and bactericidal concentrations in serum were significantly lower than in bouillon. 27 out of 20 E. coli strains were inhibited by less than 0.012 microgram/ml. In staphylococci minimal bactericidal concentrations were substantially higher than the minimal bacteriostatic concentrations (on average at least four times higher). In E. coli addition of serum increased the antimicrobial activity of all tetracyclines tested. Growth curves in bouillon tended to show some bactericidal shape at 3, 7 and 24 hours following addition of the tetracyclines at minimal bacteriostatic concentrations. Bactericidal activity of tetracyclines at the MIC was substantially improved by addition of serum. This was not true for staphylococci in which neither minimal bactericidal and bacteriostatic concentrations nor growth curves could be significantly improved by addition of serum.", "contents": "[Tetracyclines: bacteriostatic or bactericidal drugs? In vitro studies with rolitetracycline, minocycline and doxycycline (author's transl)]. Minimal bacteriostatic and minimal bactericidal concentrations of rolitetracycline, minocycline and doxycycline on 20 different E. coli serotypes and 16 staphylococcus aureus strains have been compared in bouillon and serum. In addition growth curves of all strains in bouillon and serum without and with antibiotics in concentrations corresponding to the minimal inhibitory concentration of each strain have been followed for 24 hours. In E. coli minimal bactericidal concentrations of all 3 tetracyclines in bouillon on average were only twice as high as the minimal bacteriostatic concentrations of the drugs, tested. Minimal bacteriostatic and bactericidal concentrations in serum were significantly lower than in bouillon. 27 out of 20 E. coli strains were inhibited by less than 0.012 microgram/ml. In staphylococci minimal bactericidal concentrations were substantially higher than the minimal bacteriostatic concentrations (on average at least four times higher). In E. coli addition of serum increased the antimicrobial activity of all tetracyclines tested. Growth curves in bouillon tended to show some bactericidal shape at 3, 7 and 24 hours following addition of the tetracyclines at minimal bacteriostatic concentrations. Bactericidal activity of tetracyclines at the MIC was substantially improved by addition of serum. This was not true for staphylococci in which neither minimal bactericidal and bacteriostatic concentrations nor growth curves could be significantly improved by addition of serum."}
{"id": "PMID:345689", "title": "[Resection and enteroanastomosis in the ligated rabbit gut test as a modified and sparing operating procedure (author's transl)].", "content": "For detection of heat labile enterotoxin of E. coli we also carried out the ligated rabbit gut test, which was complicated by a high primary mortality. We modified the operating technique as follows. We interrupted the continuity of the ileum by resection of the segment containing the loops and restored the passage by an end-to-end-anastomosis of the oral and aboral stumps of the gut. The technique is explained by pictures. The strains from patients were incubated in Brain Heart Infusion broth (Difco) by 37 degrees C for 48 hours without shaking. The strains were tested both as suspensions and as sterile filtrates by injection of 2 ml each using positive (O 148:-:28, B 7 A) and negative controls (U 5/41 O 1:K1:H7, neotype strain). We used rabbits (Helle Grosssilber) weighing 1500 to 2500 g. Operation was performed under general anaesthesia with pentobarbital (SPOFA) and under aseptic conditions. After a period of 18 hours the animals were killed, and the index of enterosorpiton was estimated. An index of 1.0 or greater was regarded as positive. This technique is an sparing procedure, the artificial ileus is avoided, the surviving rate of the rabbits is higher, and the possibility is given to carry out long time studies on enteropathogenetic problems. The results of our studies on 17 rabbits with a total number of 100 loops are summarized in a table.", "contents": "[Resection and enteroanastomosis in the ligated rabbit gut test as a modified and sparing operating procedure (author's transl)]. For detection of heat labile enterotoxin of E. coli we also carried out the ligated rabbit gut test, which was complicated by a high primary mortality. We modified the operating technique as follows. We interrupted the continuity of the ileum by resection of the segment containing the loops and restored the passage by an end-to-end-anastomosis of the oral and aboral stumps of the gut. The technique is explained by pictures. The strains from patients were incubated in Brain Heart Infusion broth (Difco) by 37 degrees C for 48 hours without shaking. The strains were tested both as suspensions and as sterile filtrates by injection of 2 ml each using positive (O 148:-:28, B 7 A) and negative controls (U 5/41 O 1:K1:H7, neotype strain). We used rabbits (Helle Grosssilber) weighing 1500 to 2500 g. Operation was performed under general anaesthesia with pentobarbital (SPOFA) and under aseptic conditions. After a period of 18 hours the animals were killed, and the index of enterosorpiton was estimated. An index of 1.0 or greater was regarded as positive. This technique is an sparing procedure, the artificial ileus is avoided, the surviving rate of the rabbits is higher, and the possibility is given to carry out long time studies on enteropathogenetic problems. The results of our studies on 17 rabbits with a total number of 100 loops are summarized in a table."}
{"id": "PMID:345690", "title": "[Detection of rubella virus antibodies in single radial haemolysis-test (author's transl)].", "content": "Different kinds of erythrocytes (human, pigeon, chicken and sheep) and complement (guinea pig, rabbit and rat) were tested in rubella single radial hemolysis-test (SRHT, hemolysis-in-gel = HIG-test) in order to detect IgG and IgM antibodies. Experiments showed that sera which were used as complement, contained antibodies against different kinds of erythrocytes. If complement from rabbit and rat should be used, an adsorption will be necessary. For serological surveillance sheep and chicken erythrocytes in connection with guinea pig serum as complement were best suited. Positive results were also obtained with pigeon erythrocytes whereas human RBC gave negative reactions. A detection of IgM antibodies in the SRHT was not possible.", "contents": "[Detection of rubella virus antibodies in single radial haemolysis-test (author's transl)]. Different kinds of erythrocytes (human, pigeon, chicken and sheep) and complement (guinea pig, rabbit and rat) were tested in rubella single radial hemolysis-test (SRHT, hemolysis-in-gel = HIG-test) in order to detect IgG and IgM antibodies. Experiments showed that sera which were used as complement, contained antibodies against different kinds of erythrocytes. If complement from rabbit and rat should be used, an adsorption will be necessary. For serological surveillance sheep and chicken erythrocytes in connection with guinea pig serum as complement were best suited. Positive results were also obtained with pigeon erythrocytes whereas human RBC gave negative reactions. A detection of IgM antibodies in the SRHT was not possible."}
{"id": "PMID:345691", "title": "A new technique of heterogenous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, stick-ELISA. I. Description of the technique.", "content": "A new quantitative technique is described to perform hererogenous enzyme-linded immunosorbent assay using polysterene sticks as solid phase (Stick-ELISA). Advantage of the technique is a combination of economic antigen and conjugate requirements, rapid and thorough washing procedures, and part adaption to general automation devices present in most hospital laboratories which render the technique equally ideal for small and large series in routine serodiagnosis.", "contents": "A new technique of heterogenous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, stick-ELISA. I. Description of the technique. A new quantitative technique is described to perform hererogenous enzyme-linded immunosorbent assay using polysterene sticks as solid phase (Stick-ELISA). Advantage of the technique is a combination of economic antigen and conjugate requirements, rapid and thorough washing procedures, and part adaption to general automation devices present in most hospital laboratories which render the technique equally ideal for small and large series in routine serodiagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:345692", "title": "[Experience with a new culture medium for salmonella diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A new medium for the cultivation of Salmonella is presented which enables an immediate distinction of Proteus bacteria and Citrobacter. The time needed for diagnosis is reduced, expenditure on staff and material will be reduced. The \"positive\" salmonella yield from faeces specimens is increased as compared to Leifson agar and SS agar.", "contents": "[Experience with a new culture medium for salmonella diagnosis (author's transl)]. A new medium for the cultivation of Salmonella is presented which enables an immediate distinction of Proteus bacteria and Citrobacter. The time needed for diagnosis is reduced, expenditure on staff and material will be reduced. The \"positive\" salmonella yield from faeces specimens is increased as compared to Leifson agar and SS agar."}
{"id": "PMID:345693", "title": "Survey of resistance to metals and antibiotics in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Japan.", "content": "Clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae (746 isolates) were studied for the resistance to four metals and four drugs. The distribution patterns of their susceptibility to Hg, Cd and As clearly revealed two peaks, but only a single peak of resistance to Pb. It can be seen that resistance was demonstrable in media containing the following concentrations of the metals (micrograms/ml): HgCl2, 10; CdCl2, 400; and Na2HAsO4, 400. In K. pneumoniae, the frequency fo resistance to these concentrations of Hg, Cd and As were 65,8%, 98,3% and 83,8%, respectively. On the other hand, the frequency to antibiotic resistance of K. pneumoniae were 68,1% of SM, 51,2% of TC, 49,7% of CP and 36,7% of KM. Furthermore, many isolates (99,6%) were metal-resistant. Most of these metal-reisitant strains were multiple-metal-resistant and also multiple-drug-resistance. And about 30% of total isolates were metal-resistant but drug-sensitive, whereas the frequency of the metal-sensitive and drug-resistant strains was 0%.", "contents": "Survey of resistance to metals and antibiotics in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Japan. Clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae (746 isolates) were studied for the resistance to four metals and four drugs. The distribution patterns of their susceptibility to Hg, Cd and As clearly revealed two peaks, but only a single peak of resistance to Pb. It can be seen that resistance was demonstrable in media containing the following concentrations of the metals (micrograms/ml): HgCl2, 10; CdCl2, 400; and Na2HAsO4, 400. In K. pneumoniae, the frequency fo resistance to these concentrations of Hg, Cd and As were 65,8%, 98,3% and 83,8%, respectively. On the other hand, the frequency to antibiotic resistance of K. pneumoniae were 68,1% of SM, 51,2% of TC, 49,7% of CP and 36,7% of KM. Furthermore, many isolates (99,6%) were metal-resistant. Most of these metal-reisitant strains were multiple-metal-resistant and also multiple-drug-resistance. And about 30% of total isolates were metal-resistant but drug-sensitive, whereas the frequency of the metal-sensitive and drug-resistant strains was 0%."}
{"id": "PMID:345695", "title": "[Design-dependent transmission of bacteria by internal infection of dental turbines (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of the present investigation point to an up to now little recognized possibility of bacterial transmission by dental turbines, namely, the intake of spray water by reverse suction from the turbine hand piece into the cooling water system on turning off the unit. Reverse suction is provided in most modern dental turbine units to prevent after-drip and the cooling of the pre-warmed spray. As a consequence, microorganisms of the oral flora and possibly disease-producing bacteria may be carried into the cooling water system and thus be transmitted to the next patient when using the same turbine. In carefully planned experiments employing E. coli as test organisms it could be shown both in simulated manipulation in the oral cavity as well as in in vitro experiments that transmission of bacteria is possible in up to 10 ml of spray water ejected (equivalent to 10 spray water fractions of 1 ml each). In older model turbines without spray water reverse suction, bacteria were absent after ejection of no more than 6 ml of cooling water (in fractions of 1 ml each). In order to avoid transmission of bacteria in spray water of dental turbines it appears necessary to subject the turbine hand piece or the turbine head, resp., to rigorous disinfection and to allow delivery of at least 20 ml of spray water - corresponding to about 20 second's operation - before reusing the unit.", "contents": "[Design-dependent transmission of bacteria by internal infection of dental turbines (author's transl)]. The results of the present investigation point to an up to now little recognized possibility of bacterial transmission by dental turbines, namely, the intake of spray water by reverse suction from the turbine hand piece into the cooling water system on turning off the unit. Reverse suction is provided in most modern dental turbine units to prevent after-drip and the cooling of the pre-warmed spray. As a consequence, microorganisms of the oral flora and possibly disease-producing bacteria may be carried into the cooling water system and thus be transmitted to the next patient when using the same turbine. In carefully planned experiments employing E. coli as test organisms it could be shown both in simulated manipulation in the oral cavity as well as in in vitro experiments that transmission of bacteria is possible in up to 10 ml of spray water ejected (equivalent to 10 spray water fractions of 1 ml each). In older model turbines without spray water reverse suction, bacteria were absent after ejection of no more than 6 ml of cooling water (in fractions of 1 ml each). In order to avoid transmission of bacteria in spray water of dental turbines it appears necessary to subject the turbine hand piece or the turbine head, resp., to rigorous disinfection and to allow delivery of at least 20 ml of spray water - corresponding to about 20 second's operation - before reusing the unit."}
{"id": "PMID:345696", "title": "[The value of possible skull-cap replacement surgery].", "content": "After describing the valence of the various possible plastic procedures for covering defects of the skull cap, the results obtained by the authors are presented. In childhood, autografting from the inner layer of the wing of the ilium or from the ribs is given preference. In adults, the authors carry out alloplasty with hot-polymerizing methacrylate in order to prevent a second surgical intervention for obtaining autogenous material. If surgery has to be carried out in the vicinity of the paranasal sinuses, autogenous cartilaginous cubes must be inserted between the sinuses and the alloplasty because direct contact of the alloplastic material with the sinuses exposed to infection hazards must be avoided.", "contents": "[The value of possible skull-cap replacement surgery]. After describing the valence of the various possible plastic procedures for covering defects of the skull cap, the results obtained by the authors are presented. In childhood, autografting from the inner layer of the wing of the ilium or from the ribs is given preference. In adults, the authors carry out alloplasty with hot-polymerizing methacrylate in order to prevent a second surgical intervention for obtaining autogenous material. If surgery has to be carried out in the vicinity of the paranasal sinuses, autogenous cartilaginous cubes must be inserted between the sinuses and the alloplasty because direct contact of the alloplastic material with the sinuses exposed to infection hazards must be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:345697", "title": "[Mycoplasma meningoencephalitis and encephalomyelitis in children].", "content": "The authors report of some results of clinico-morphological studies in generalized mycoplasmic infections in 7 babies, who died from meningoencephalitis and encephalomyelitis. Morphological studies of the CNS demonstrated not only structural tissue changes, but permitted to detect the agent-mycoplasma. A clinical diagnosis of mycoplasmic lesions of the nervous system is of certain difficulty due to the polymorphism of neurological signs. The clinical picture of the nervous system affection consisted of disorders of cortical functions in combination with the pathology of the subcortical structures, disorders in the brain stem and the spinal cord. The initial symptom of the nervous system affection in 5 cases was a convulsive syndrome, in 2--bulbar disorders. The authors give some data testifying to a possibility of an intrauterine lesion of the CNS.", "contents": "[Mycoplasma meningoencephalitis and encephalomyelitis in children]. The authors report of some results of clinico-morphological studies in generalized mycoplasmic infections in 7 babies, who died from meningoencephalitis and encephalomyelitis. Morphological studies of the CNS demonstrated not only structural tissue changes, but permitted to detect the agent-mycoplasma. A clinical diagnosis of mycoplasmic lesions of the nervous system is of certain difficulty due to the polymorphism of neurological signs. The clinical picture of the nervous system affection consisted of disorders of cortical functions in combination with the pathology of the subcortical structures, disorders in the brain stem and the spinal cord. The initial symptom of the nervous system affection in 5 cases was a convulsive syndrome, in 2--bulbar disorders. The authors give some data testifying to a possibility of an intrauterine lesion of the CNS."}
{"id": "PMID:345700", "title": "Sulphate permease of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Some properties of the sulphate transport system and the isolation of sulphate permease mutants in E. coli K12 are described. The gene coding for sulphate permease is located in the same region as the cysA gene in Salmonella typhimurium.", "contents": "Sulphate permease of Escherichia coli K12. Some properties of the sulphate transport system and the isolation of sulphate permease mutants in E. coli K12 are described. The gene coding for sulphate permease is located in the same region as the cysA gene in Salmonella typhimurium."}
{"id": "PMID:345703", "title": "Preoperative normovolemic hemodilution in total hip arthroplasty. A clinical study.", "content": "Pre-operative normovolemic hemodilution was used in 20 patients undergoing total hip replacement. The hematocrit was lowered to 25-30% immediately before operation. 23 patients, in whom operative blood loss was replaced with bank blood, served as a control group. In the hemodilution group the amount of homologous blood transfusions was reduced with 50% compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in clinical complications between the two groups. The technique is simple and the increase in anaesthesia and operation time only about 20 min.", "contents": "Preoperative normovolemic hemodilution in total hip arthroplasty. A clinical study. Pre-operative normovolemic hemodilution was used in 20 patients undergoing total hip replacement. The hematocrit was lowered to 25-30% immediately before operation. 23 patients, in whom operative blood loss was replaced with bank blood, served as a control group. In the hemodilution group the amount of homologous blood transfusions was reduced with 50% compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in clinical complications between the two groups. The technique is simple and the increase in anaesthesia and operation time only about 20 min."}
{"id": "PMID:345704", "title": "Effect of dextran on factor VIII and thrombus stability in humans. Significance of varying infusion rates.", "content": "The in vivo effect of dextran 70 on Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) and thrombus stability has been studied in human volunteers after infusion at various rates. Varying the infusion time of dextran from 15 minutes to 2 hours did not result in any differences in the concentrations of dextran, fibrinogen and hematocrit, thus indicating similar degrees of hemodilution. Nor were any differences found in the effect of dextran on Factor VIII and thrombus stability. With regard to the antithrombotic function of dextran by hemodilution and effect on Factor VIII, there does not seem to be any advantage in giving dextran rapidly. This information could be of value in the treatment of elderly patients, for whom thrombosis prophylaxis is especially indicated and whose tolerance for hypervolemia is limited.", "contents": "Effect of dextran on factor VIII and thrombus stability in humans. Significance of varying infusion rates. The in vivo effect of dextran 70 on Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) and thrombus stability has been studied in human volunteers after infusion at various rates. Varying the infusion time of dextran from 15 minutes to 2 hours did not result in any differences in the concentrations of dextran, fibrinogen and hematocrit, thus indicating similar degrees of hemodilution. Nor were any differences found in the effect of dextran on Factor VIII and thrombus stability. With regard to the antithrombotic function of dextran by hemodilution and effect on Factor VIII, there does not seem to be any advantage in giving dextran rapidly. This information could be of value in the treatment of elderly patients, for whom thrombosis prophylaxis is especially indicated and whose tolerance for hypervolemia is limited."}
{"id": "PMID:345705", "title": "Venous function in previously thrombosed legs. A follow-up study of streptokinase-treated patients.", "content": "The results of streptokinase treatment of deep venous thrombosis in 14 patients are described, the immediate effect evaluated by phlebography and the result of a follow-up examination with foot-volumetry performed to evaluate the venous function in the previously thrombosed legs.", "contents": "Venous function in previously thrombosed legs. A follow-up study of streptokinase-treated patients. The results of streptokinase treatment of deep venous thrombosis in 14 patients are described, the immediate effect evaluated by phlebography and the result of a follow-up examination with foot-volumetry performed to evaluate the venous function in the previously thrombosed legs."}
{"id": "PMID:345706", "title": "Acute pancreatitis treated with and without addition of insulin.", "content": "During a five-year period 365 cases of acute pancreatitis were treated one or several times. 165 subjects were treated on 222 occasions without insulin included in the therapeutic arsenal and 258 subjects were treated on 408 occasions with insulin included in the therapy. The insulin treated group had a significantly lower mortality rate (7.9 and 1.9% respectively). No other systematic factors of importance for the difference were found.", "contents": "Acute pancreatitis treated with and without addition of insulin. During a five-year period 365 cases of acute pancreatitis were treated one or several times. 165 subjects were treated on 222 occasions without insulin included in the therapeutic arsenal and 258 subjects were treated on 408 occasions with insulin included in the therapy. The insulin treated group had a significantly lower mortality rate (7.9 and 1.9% respectively). No other systematic factors of importance for the difference were found."}
{"id": "PMID:345707", "title": "Single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in appendectomy.", "content": "Prophylactic antibiotics will reduce the number of wound infections after so-called clean-contaminated gastrointestinal operations. The prophylactic regimen must be designed with the pharmacokinetical properties of the used drug, in mind. A safe and simple, easily standardized procedure, applicable in both elective and acute clinical situations is preferable. A single-dose regimen with prophylactic cephaloridine has been tried and evaluated.", "contents": "Single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in appendectomy. Prophylactic antibiotics will reduce the number of wound infections after so-called clean-contaminated gastrointestinal operations. The prophylactic regimen must be designed with the pharmacokinetical properties of the used drug, in mind. A safe and simple, easily standardized procedure, applicable in both elective and acute clinical situations is preferable. A single-dose regimen with prophylactic cephaloridine has been tried and evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:345702", "title": "[Problems of wound healing during kidney transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Infection of the transplant bed caused an important morbidity and mortality. Meticulous preoperative preparation and surgical technique, the local irrigation of the transplant site with local antibiotics as well as the barrier-nursing of these high risk patients are all equally important factors to limit infectious complications in the transplant population. Since the use of the barrier-nursing principle, infection rate fell down from 8.1% to 3.6% for primary transplant wounds. The infection rate of the potentially contaminated wounds is much better than the pourcentage obtained in analogous interventions in general surgery. Nevertheless, despite these measures, re-intervention on a transplant still remains much more susceptible to infection because of the high technical difficulty of these interventions.", "contents": "[Problems of wound healing during kidney transplantation (author's transl)]. Infection of the transplant bed caused an important morbidity and mortality. Meticulous preoperative preparation and surgical technique, the local irrigation of the transplant site with local antibiotics as well as the barrier-nursing of these high risk patients are all equally important factors to limit infectious complications in the transplant population. Since the use of the barrier-nursing principle, infection rate fell down from 8.1% to 3.6% for primary transplant wounds. The infection rate of the potentially contaminated wounds is much better than the pourcentage obtained in analogous interventions in general surgery. Nevertheless, despite these measures, re-intervention on a transplant still remains much more susceptible to infection because of the high technical difficulty of these interventions."}
{"id": "PMID:345708", "title": "Effect of prophylactic systemic administration of cephalothin in colorectal surgery.", "content": "The effect of standardized prophylactic treatment with systemically administered cephalothin (Keflin) was studied in a series of 120 consecutive patients in whom elective colorectal surgery was planned. The patients were divided by random selection into one treatment group and one control group. The same mechanical cleansing with cathartics and tap water enemas was performed in both groups. The patients in the treatment group received intravenously 2 g cephalothin 2 hours prior to the operation, 2 g during the operation and then 2 g every 6th hour during 4 days. 14 cases were excluded for various reasons. In 19 cases only minor operations were performed, such as laparotomy with or without simultaneous colostomy. The overall frequency of infections was 17.5% in the treatment group and 53.1% in the control group. In the 87 cases undergoing major operations, infections were registered in 17.4% of the treated patients and 58.5% of the control patients. The difference is highly significant (p less than 0.001) in both cases. Escherichia coli was present in about 70% of the infections, often together with other aerobic or anaerobic organisms.", "contents": "Effect of prophylactic systemic administration of cephalothin in colorectal surgery. The effect of standardized prophylactic treatment with systemically administered cephalothin (Keflin) was studied in a series of 120 consecutive patients in whom elective colorectal surgery was planned. The patients were divided by random selection into one treatment group and one control group. The same mechanical cleansing with cathartics and tap water enemas was performed in both groups. The patients in the treatment group received intravenously 2 g cephalothin 2 hours prior to the operation, 2 g during the operation and then 2 g every 6th hour during 4 days. 14 cases were excluded for various reasons. In 19 cases only minor operations were performed, such as laparotomy with or without simultaneous colostomy. The overall frequency of infections was 17.5% in the treatment group and 53.1% in the control group. In the 87 cases undergoing major operations, infections were registered in 17.4% of the treated patients and 58.5% of the control patients. The difference is highly significant (p less than 0.001) in both cases. Escherichia coli was present in about 70% of the infections, often together with other aerobic or anaerobic organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:345709", "title": "Evaluation of collagen film implantation for local haemostasis after transvesical prostatectomy.", "content": "A study has been undertaken to evaluate the effect of internal implantation of collagen film in man. This was made as a randomized study in 50 transvesical prostatectomies. The film was well tolerated, gave rise to no untoward reactions and had little haemostatic effect.", "contents": "Evaluation of collagen film implantation for local haemostasis after transvesical prostatectomy. A study has been undertaken to evaluate the effect of internal implantation of collagen film in man. This was made as a randomized study in 50 transvesical prostatectomies. The film was well tolerated, gave rise to no untoward reactions and had little haemostatic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:345701", "title": "[Double blind study of the action of two topic drugs on the thrombosis of the carotid artery of rats after microsuture (author's transl)].", "content": "The action of 2 topic agents on the thrombosis of the carotid artery after microsuture was studied in rats. These drugs were magnesium sulfate whose antithrombotic effect has been demonstrated in vitro, and Ringer lactate considered inactive on coagulation. Twenty-two randomized rats underwent an end-to-end microsuture of the primitive carotid artery, the solutions being used to wash the lumen of the vessel and to irrigate the operative field. Arterial patency was controlled after one hour and after 10 days. No statistically significant difference was found between the two series.", "contents": "[Double blind study of the action of two topic drugs on the thrombosis of the carotid artery of rats after microsuture (author's transl)]. The action of 2 topic agents on the thrombosis of the carotid artery after microsuture was studied in rats. These drugs were magnesium sulfate whose antithrombotic effect has been demonstrated in vitro, and Ringer lactate considered inactive on coagulation. Twenty-two randomized rats underwent an end-to-end microsuture of the primitive carotid artery, the solutions being used to wash the lumen of the vessel and to irrigate the operative field. Arterial patency was controlled after one hour and after 10 days. No statistically significant difference was found between the two series."}
{"id": "PMID:345711", "title": "Diagnostic problems on nosographic classification of polycystic disease of the ovary.", "content": "Nineteen patients with polycystic disease of the ovary have been studied. From the humoral point of view the group was found to consist of two populations distinguishable from one another by their basal LH levels. In type I cases LH was definitely increased (M = 53.46 +/- 12.79 mIU/ml) whereas FSH (M = 8.10 +/- 0.74 mIU/ml), prolactin (M = 10.48 +/- 2.12 ng/ml), 17beta-estradiol (M = 124.76 +/- 11.21 pg/ml), progesterone (M = 0.321 +/- 0.078 ng/ml) were all within the normal range for the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Testosterone levels were raised (M = 121.15 +/- 24.55 ng/100 ml) but not to an extent significantly different from that of patients with type II disease (M = 119,5 +/- 33.53 ng/100 ml). All the other hormonal parameters were within the normal range also in type II disease; for LH the difference between the means of the two groups was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Urinary 17-ketosteroids were not significantly different in the two groups of patients and the values found always fell within the normal range for our laboratory. LH-RH stimulation (50 microgram i.v.) elicited an exaggerated response in type I and a normal one in type II. The FSH response was always deficient and delayed in both groups. Since there was no correlation of the humoral data to the macroscopic aspect of the ovary as visualized by celioscopy, the practical importanze of endocrine exploration of these cases is stressed, especially as regards LH levels and androgen secretion, at least for the identification of cases in which polycystic disease of the ovary is suspected.", "contents": "Diagnostic problems on nosographic classification of polycystic disease of the ovary. Nineteen patients with polycystic disease of the ovary have been studied. From the humoral point of view the group was found to consist of two populations distinguishable from one another by their basal LH levels. In type I cases LH was definitely increased (M = 53.46 +/- 12.79 mIU/ml) whereas FSH (M = 8.10 +/- 0.74 mIU/ml), prolactin (M = 10.48 +/- 2.12 ng/ml), 17beta-estradiol (M = 124.76 +/- 11.21 pg/ml), progesterone (M = 0.321 +/- 0.078 ng/ml) were all within the normal range for the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Testosterone levels were raised (M = 121.15 +/- 24.55 ng/100 ml) but not to an extent significantly different from that of patients with type II disease (M = 119,5 +/- 33.53 ng/100 ml). All the other hormonal parameters were within the normal range also in type II disease; for LH the difference between the means of the two groups was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Urinary 17-ketosteroids were not significantly different in the two groups of patients and the values found always fell within the normal range for our laboratory. LH-RH stimulation (50 microgram i.v.) elicited an exaggerated response in type I and a normal one in type II. The FSH response was always deficient and delayed in both groups. Since there was no correlation of the humoral data to the macroscopic aspect of the ovary as visualized by celioscopy, the practical importanze of endocrine exploration of these cases is stressed, especially as regards LH levels and androgen secretion, at least for the identification of cases in which polycystic disease of the ovary is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:345722", "title": "Fresh autotransfusion in major surgery.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate whether 600-800 ml of fresh autologous blood, withdrawn just before anesthesia and retransfused at the end of the operation, would reduce early postoperative anemia. Thirty-nine patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy were autotransfused, while 44, submitted to the same operation, served as controls. Appropriate amounts of lactated Ringer solution were infused during phlebotomy and operation. The cardiovascular system remained stable and diuresis high. Postoperative complications were few and did not prolong hospitalization. The mean peroperative blood loss per patient was 680 ml. Fresh autotransfusion did not improve early postoperative anemia.", "contents": "Fresh autotransfusion in major surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether 600-800 ml of fresh autologous blood, withdrawn just before anesthesia and retransfused at the end of the operation, would reduce early postoperative anemia. Thirty-nine patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy were autotransfused, while 44, submitted to the same operation, served as controls. Appropriate amounts of lactated Ringer solution were infused during phlebotomy and operation. The cardiovascular system remained stable and diuresis high. Postoperative complications were few and did not prolong hospitalization. The mean peroperative blood loss per patient was 680 ml. Fresh autotransfusion did not improve early postoperative anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:345723", "title": "Morphological differentiation of the fossil dinosaur bone cells. Light, transmission electron-, and scanning electron-microscopic studies.", "content": "The investigation was carried out on the fossil dinosaur bone from before 80 million years. Samples for examination were prepared with specially elaborated methods. Thus the isolated osteocytes of the dinosaur bone, which had previously undergone natural fossilizing processes, were obtained. This permitted their morphological assessment. On the basis of the images obtained in the light, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopes, two types of osteocytes were distinguished. Type I was characterized by an elongated shape, its length exceeding the width several times; the mean dimensions of this osteocyte amounted to 28.8/7.03 micron. Type II was shorter, its mean dimensions being equal to 20.28/6.88 micron. Moreover, two types of osteocytes processes were differentiated: the first was represented by thick processes, so-called 'axial processes', whose diameter ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 micron, and which, as a rule, departed from the pole of the cell. They ran farther from the mother cell body to more distant osteocytes. The other type consisted of thin processes departing from various points of the cell body in no particular arrangement but always extrapolarly. They branched off in a close vicinity of the mother osteocyte. Their diameter ranged between 0.076 and 0.35 micron.", "contents": "Morphological differentiation of the fossil dinosaur bone cells. Light, transmission electron-, and scanning electron-microscopic studies. The investigation was carried out on the fossil dinosaur bone from before 80 million years. Samples for examination were prepared with specially elaborated methods. Thus the isolated osteocytes of the dinosaur bone, which had previously undergone natural fossilizing processes, were obtained. This permitted their morphological assessment. On the basis of the images obtained in the light, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopes, two types of osteocytes were distinguished. Type I was characterized by an elongated shape, its length exceeding the width several times; the mean dimensions of this osteocyte amounted to 28.8/7.03 micron. Type II was shorter, its mean dimensions being equal to 20.28/6.88 micron. Moreover, two types of osteocytes processes were differentiated: the first was represented by thick processes, so-called 'axial processes', whose diameter ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 micron, and which, as a rule, departed from the pole of the cell. They ran farther from the mother cell body to more distant osteocytes. The other type consisted of thin processes departing from various points of the cell body in no particular arrangement but always extrapolarly. They branched off in a close vicinity of the mother osteocyte. Their diameter ranged between 0.076 and 0.35 micron."}
{"id": "PMID:345724", "title": "Observations on living rat spermatogenic cells in different developmental stages.", "content": "In the seminiferous tubules of the rat, as in most mammalian species, the developing germ cells form associations with constant cell composition. These cellular associations or stages follow each other in a regular manner along the seminiferous tubules giving rise to seminiferous epithelial wave. When a freshly isolated unstained seminiferous tubulus of the rat is subjected to transillumination under a stereomicroscope, the different segments of the seminiferous epithelial wave absorb light in a characteristic manner permitting their recognition. Using this technique, small segments with accurately known cell composition can be isolated and studied in living state with phase-contrast microscopy. In several cases, the phase-contrast microscopy gives more information about the cell morphology than conventional histological methods. In this study all major developmental steps from early spermatogonia to mature spermatids have been described. The findings of the present study can be used as reference material in the evaluation and identification of the various cell types of the seminiferous tubules obtained, e.g. by the Staput fractionation method. In addition, the findings may be helpful in the evaluation of spermatogenic and Sertoli cells in culture conditions.", "contents": "Observations on living rat spermatogenic cells in different developmental stages. In the seminiferous tubules of the rat, as in most mammalian species, the developing germ cells form associations with constant cell composition. These cellular associations or stages follow each other in a regular manner along the seminiferous tubules giving rise to seminiferous epithelial wave. When a freshly isolated unstained seminiferous tubulus of the rat is subjected to transillumination under a stereomicroscope, the different segments of the seminiferous epithelial wave absorb light in a characteristic manner permitting their recognition. Using this technique, small segments with accurately known cell composition can be isolated and studied in living state with phase-contrast microscopy. In several cases, the phase-contrast microscopy gives more information about the cell morphology than conventional histological methods. In this study all major developmental steps from early spermatogonia to mature spermatids have been described. The findings of the present study can be used as reference material in the evaluation and identification of the various cell types of the seminiferous tubules obtained, e.g. by the Staput fractionation method. In addition, the findings may be helpful in the evaluation of spermatogenic and Sertoli cells in culture conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:345727", "title": "Marginal leakage and consistency of the composite resin material in etched cavities.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to evaluate the degree of adaptation of undiluted and diluted composite resin to etched enamel walls with and without an intermediary resin. Cavities (O = 2 mm) were drilled in extracted teeth and the walls were etched with phosphoric acid. Fillings were made of Concise composite resin, without applying an intermediary resin (1), after applying the resin layer (2), after diluting the mix with one (3) or two (4) drops of catalyst resin but without an intermediary resin, and after diluting the mix and applying the resin layer (5). The fillings were ground flush with the tooth surface and the teeth were cycled thermally between two dye solutions baths. The marginal penetration of the dye was evaluated by measuring the discoloured portion of the margin at different depths using a stereomicroscope. The restorations with an intermediary resin (2 and 5) exhibited significantly less leakage than fillings without the intermediary layer (1, 3 and 4). When no resin layer was applied the dilution of the mix seemed to reduce the leakage compared with undiluted material but the differences were not statistically significant. The results indicate the advantage of using an intermediary resin with etching even when the composite is diluted.", "contents": "Marginal leakage and consistency of the composite resin material in etched cavities. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the degree of adaptation of undiluted and diluted composite resin to etched enamel walls with and without an intermediary resin. Cavities (O = 2 mm) were drilled in extracted teeth and the walls were etched with phosphoric acid. Fillings were made of Concise composite resin, without applying an intermediary resin (1), after applying the resin layer (2), after diluting the mix with one (3) or two (4) drops of catalyst resin but without an intermediary resin, and after diluting the mix and applying the resin layer (5). The fillings were ground flush with the tooth surface and the teeth were cycled thermally between two dye solutions baths. The marginal penetration of the dye was evaluated by measuring the discoloured portion of the margin at different depths using a stereomicroscope. The restorations with an intermediary resin (2 and 5) exhibited significantly less leakage than fillings without the intermediary layer (1, 3 and 4). When no resin layer was applied the dilution of the mix seemed to reduce the leakage compared with undiluted material but the differences were not statistically significant. The results indicate the advantage of using an intermediary resin with etching even when the composite is diluted."}
{"id": "PMID:345726", "title": "Glia-specific antigen in the intracranial tumors. Immunofluorescence study.", "content": "26 gliomas and 14 non-glial tumors were examined for the presence of nervous system specific antigen (CGSA) to assess the antigenic properties of neoplastic tissue in relation to histogenesis and degree of differentiation of tumors. Double layer immunofluorescence (IMF) technique was used for the cellular localization of the antigen. CGSA was found in the cytoplasm of normal, reactive and neoplastic neuroglial cells. Well differentiated astrocytomas showed the strongest IMF reactions and largest number of IMF-positive cells. Tumors with histological signs of anaplasia displayed foci of IMF-negative cells irregularly distributed in the sections. There were no completely negative astrocytomas owing to a marked affinity of the specific astisera to the astrocytic cell line. In the oligodendrogliomas a smaller amount of the antigen was found than in the astrocytomas. Histological evidence of malignancy in these tumors was accompanied by strikingly small number of positive cells and weaker IMF reactions as compared to the well differentiated oligodendrogliomas. Anaplastic gliomas showed only traces of CGSA and non-glial tumors were entirely negative. The results suggest a deficiency of normal antigenic material in the neoplastic glia, particularly of oligodendrogliomas and anaplastic gliomas.", "contents": "Glia-specific antigen in the intracranial tumors. Immunofluorescence study. 26 gliomas and 14 non-glial tumors were examined for the presence of nervous system specific antigen (CGSA) to assess the antigenic properties of neoplastic tissue in relation to histogenesis and degree of differentiation of tumors. Double layer immunofluorescence (IMF) technique was used for the cellular localization of the antigen. CGSA was found in the cytoplasm of normal, reactive and neoplastic neuroglial cells. Well differentiated astrocytomas showed the strongest IMF reactions and largest number of IMF-positive cells. Tumors with histological signs of anaplasia displayed foci of IMF-negative cells irregularly distributed in the sections. There were no completely negative astrocytomas owing to a marked affinity of the specific astisera to the astrocytic cell line. In the oligodendrogliomas a smaller amount of the antigen was found than in the astrocytomas. Histological evidence of malignancy in these tumors was accompanied by strikingly small number of positive cells and weaker IMF reactions as compared to the well differentiated oligodendrogliomas. Anaplastic gliomas showed only traces of CGSA and non-glial tumors were entirely negative. The results suggest a deficiency of normal antigenic material in the neoplastic glia, particularly of oligodendrogliomas and anaplastic gliomas."}
{"id": "PMID:345728", "title": "The stability of water in the pores of acid etched human enamel.", "content": "A mechanism is proposed, explaining the fact that drying by compressed air for 5-10 sec. will remove acid and dissolved enamel from the relatively long and narrow pores of etched enamel surfaces. It is a consequence of the proposed mechanism that water in the liquid state is not stable in the pores, and accordingly, that condensation of water vapour on the etched and dried surfaces is not likely to occur. This was confirmed by studying tag formation in etched enamel surfaces under conditions where water vapour will condense on unetched tooth surfaces.", "contents": "The stability of water in the pores of acid etched human enamel. A mechanism is proposed, explaining the fact that drying by compressed air for 5-10 sec. will remove acid and dissolved enamel from the relatively long and narrow pores of etched enamel surfaces. It is a consequence of the proposed mechanism that water in the liquid state is not stable in the pores, and accordingly, that condensation of water vapour on the etched and dried surfaces is not likely to occur. This was confirmed by studying tag formation in etched enamel surfaces under conditions where water vapour will condense on unetched tooth surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:345729", "title": "Intrauterine death due to infection with group B Streptococci.", "content": "During the 6-year period 1970-1975 5 cases of late intrauterine death caused by group B streptococcal infection were seen in two obstetrical departments in the Stockholm area. During the same period 17 638 infants were born in the two departments, and in 117 cases intrauterine death occurred. Hematogenous spread of the infection from the mother was the most likely cause in the 5 cases. This figure should be compared with a carrier rate of 15-20% in pregnant women in the Stockholm area.", "contents": "Intrauterine death due to infection with group B Streptococci. During the 6-year period 1970-1975 5 cases of late intrauterine death caused by group B streptococcal infection were seen in two obstetrical departments in the Stockholm area. During the same period 17 638 infants were born in the two departments, and in 117 cases intrauterine death occurred. Hematogenous spread of the infection from the mother was the most likely cause in the 5 cases. This figure should be compared with a carrier rate of 15-20% in pregnant women in the Stockholm area."}
{"id": "PMID:345730", "title": "Doxycycline (Vibramycin) in pelvic inflammatory disease.", "content": "Using standardized laparoscopy technique, fluid was aspirated from the pouch of Douglas, from the Fallopian tubes and from ovarian cysts in 85 cases with clinical diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The concentration of doxycycline in the aspirates was measured after oral ingestion of 200 mg of doxycycline (Vibramycin). A therapeutic level was achieved in the tubes and in ovarian cysts within a few hours, and on continuation of the treatment these values followed the plasma concentration closely, still being within the therapeutic range 24 hours after the final dose. The clinical effect was excellent, 94% (60/64) of the cases with verified PID being cured by doxycycline.", "contents": "Doxycycline (Vibramycin) in pelvic inflammatory disease. Using standardized laparoscopy technique, fluid was aspirated from the pouch of Douglas, from the Fallopian tubes and from ovarian cysts in 85 cases with clinical diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The concentration of doxycycline in the aspirates was measured after oral ingestion of 200 mg of doxycycline (Vibramycin). A therapeutic level was achieved in the tubes and in ovarian cysts within a few hours, and on continuation of the treatment these values followed the plasma concentration closely, still being within the therapeutic range 24 hours after the final dose. The clinical effect was excellent, 94% (60/64) of the cases with verified PID being cured by doxycycline."}
{"id": "PMID:345725", "title": "[Therapeutic effect of piracetam in a case of posthypoxic action myoclonus (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the advent of intensive care units the number of cases of posthypoxic action or intention myoclonus has greatly increased. This has given rise to renewed research into the physiopathology and therapy of the disease. The latent effective treatment is based on derivatives of benzodiazepine, and especially L-5-hydroxytryptophan, administered with or without an inhibitor of peripheral decarboxylase. The disadvantages of these compounds, associated with their secondary effects, make our fortuitous discovery of the effectively curative action of piracetam doubly valuable.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effect of piracetam in a case of posthypoxic action myoclonus (author's transl)]. Since the advent of intensive care units the number of cases of posthypoxic action or intention myoclonus has greatly increased. This has given rise to renewed research into the physiopathology and therapy of the disease. The latent effective treatment is based on derivatives of benzodiazepine, and especially L-5-hydroxytryptophan, administered with or without an inhibitor of peripheral decarboxylase. The disadvantages of these compounds, associated with their secondary effects, make our fortuitous discovery of the effectively curative action of piracetam doubly valuable."}
{"id": "PMID:345732", "title": "Decreased fetal movements and polyhydramnios.", "content": "It was previously demonstrated that in high-risk pregnancies, pronounced reduction of fetal movements until cessation, with audible fetal heart sounds, indicates severe fetal distress and impending death. Immediate delivery is indicated provided the fetus is viable. Three instances of cessation of fetal movements associated with polyhydramnios are reported; the fetuses proved to have malformations lethal for the newborn infant. These cases of polyhydramnios with diminished fetal movements stress the importance of investigating fetal morphology in this condition. Antenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies may influence decisions about intervening in cases of decreased fetal movements.", "contents": "Decreased fetal movements and polyhydramnios. It was previously demonstrated that in high-risk pregnancies, pronounced reduction of fetal movements until cessation, with audible fetal heart sounds, indicates severe fetal distress and impending death. Immediate delivery is indicated provided the fetus is viable. Three instances of cessation of fetal movements associated with polyhydramnios are reported; the fetuses proved to have malformations lethal for the newborn infant. These cases of polyhydramnios with diminished fetal movements stress the importance of investigating fetal morphology in this condition. Antenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies may influence decisions about intervening in cases of decreased fetal movements."}
{"id": "PMID:345733", "title": "A double-blind study of the influence of tranexamic acid on the central corneal thickness after cataract extraction.", "content": "A double-blind study of the influence of systemic tranexamic acid on the central corneal thickness after cataract extraction was performed in 17 pairs of patients. Apart from the cataract, no were present. A sequential statistics was used to show that the increase in central corneal thickness after operation was significantly less in the tranexamic acid treated group than in the placebo group. There was no significant difference in intraocular pressure between the tranexamic acid and the placebo treated group. The possible influence of tranexamic acid on the thickness controlling mechanism of the cornea is discussed, and studies concerning the fibrinolytic system, the complement system and the aqueous humour amino acid treated patients are mentioned.", "contents": "A double-blind study of the influence of tranexamic acid on the central corneal thickness after cataract extraction. A double-blind study of the influence of systemic tranexamic acid on the central corneal thickness after cataract extraction was performed in 17 pairs of patients. Apart from the cataract, no were present. A sequential statistics was used to show that the increase in central corneal thickness after operation was significantly less in the tranexamic acid treated group than in the placebo group. There was no significant difference in intraocular pressure between the tranexamic acid and the placebo treated group. The possible influence of tranexamic acid on the thickness controlling mechanism of the cornea is discussed, and studies concerning the fibrinolytic system, the complement system and the aqueous humour amino acid treated patients are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:345734", "title": "Progress in cataract surgery using microsurgical technique.", "content": "A microsurgical technique for cataract extraction is presented. The operations were performed with a corneal incision and a continuous nylon 10-0 suture. This technique is evaluated by the study of 1289 cases, consecutively operated on. The complication rate was very low. Haemorrhage in the anterior chamber was found in 1%. Delayed reformation of the anterior chamber occurred in only two cases. No cases of iris prolapse occurred. The intraocular pressure was not interferred with by the operation. Wound rupture following removal of the suture three months post-operatively occurred in 1%. The advantages of the corneal incision and continuous nylon suture are discussed (less irritation, good and secure wound closure).", "contents": "Progress in cataract surgery using microsurgical technique. A microsurgical technique for cataract extraction is presented. The operations were performed with a corneal incision and a continuous nylon 10-0 suture. This technique is evaluated by the study of 1289 cases, consecutively operated on. The complication rate was very low. Haemorrhage in the anterior chamber was found in 1%. Delayed reformation of the anterior chamber occurred in only two cases. No cases of iris prolapse occurred. The intraocular pressure was not interferred with by the operation. Wound rupture following removal of the suture three months post-operatively occurred in 1%. The advantages of the corneal incision and continuous nylon suture are discussed (less irritation, good and secure wound closure)."}
{"id": "PMID:345735", "title": "The effect of 1.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure.", "content": "A controlled trial was instituted to compare the effect on intraocular pressure of topical administration of timolol maleate with epinephrine hydrochloride. A bottling error by the manufacturer resulted in the placebo bottles containing 1.5% timolol maleate. This drug given twice a day for two weeks significantly reduced intraocular pressure and produced no side effects.", "contents": "The effect of 1.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure. A controlled trial was instituted to compare the effect on intraocular pressure of topical administration of timolol maleate with epinephrine hydrochloride. A bottling error by the manufacturer resulted in the placebo bottles containing 1.5% timolol maleate. This drug given twice a day for two weeks significantly reduced intraocular pressure and produced no side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:345736", "title": "Vascular histology of the guinea pig cochlea.", "content": "Detailed histological findings on all the regularly occurring cochlear vessels in the normal guinea pig are presented. Vessels were examined using a surface prepration technique and phase-contrast microscopy. Particular attention was paid to the density of red blood corpuscles, the thickness of the vascular wall, the occurrence of endothelial cells and pericytes, together with their possible influence on the vessel lumen and the existence of perivascular spaces and vessels lacking blood corpuscles. The data are compared with some previous findings of \"vascular pathology\" following noise stimulation. The possible functional significance of some of the morphological findings is also discussed.", "contents": "Vascular histology of the guinea pig cochlea. Detailed histological findings on all the regularly occurring cochlear vessels in the normal guinea pig are presented. Vessels were examined using a surface prepration technique and phase-contrast microscopy. Particular attention was paid to the density of red blood corpuscles, the thickness of the vascular wall, the occurrence of endothelial cells and pericytes, together with their possible influence on the vessel lumen and the existence of perivascular spaces and vessels lacking blood corpuscles. The data are compared with some previous findings of \"vascular pathology\" following noise stimulation. The possible functional significance of some of the morphological findings is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:345743", "title": "An ultrastructural study with enzyme-labeled antibody technique on immunoglobulin-containing cells in human tonsils, especially in germinal centers.", "content": "Localization of IgG, IgA and IgM in human palatine tonsils, especially in germinal centers, was studied with the electron microscopical enzyme-labeled antibody method. The large germinal center cells differentiate into two kinds of cells within the germinal center; one was the medium-sized germinal center cells not engaging in intracytoplasmic production of immunoglobulins and another was the immature cells producing at least one of the three classes of immunoglobulins, especially IgM. The latter continued to maturate and developed into the intermediate-matured cells and probably into the plasmocytes. The three classes of immunoglobulins were also deposited in the form of admixtures in the intercellular spaces among the constituent cells of the germinal centers, mainly attaching on the cell membrane of desmodendric cells. In addition, some of the deposits were found freely in the intercellular spaces. Some differences between the immunoglobulin-containing cells outside and within the germinal centers were pointed out.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study with enzyme-labeled antibody technique on immunoglobulin-containing cells in human tonsils, especially in germinal centers. Localization of IgG, IgA and IgM in human palatine tonsils, especially in germinal centers, was studied with the electron microscopical enzyme-labeled antibody method. The large germinal center cells differentiate into two kinds of cells within the germinal center; one was the medium-sized germinal center cells not engaging in intracytoplasmic production of immunoglobulins and another was the immature cells producing at least one of the three classes of immunoglobulins, especially IgM. The latter continued to maturate and developed into the intermediate-matured cells and probably into the plasmocytes. The three classes of immunoglobulins were also deposited in the form of admixtures in the intercellular spaces among the constituent cells of the germinal centers, mainly attaching on the cell membrane of desmodendric cells. In addition, some of the deposits were found freely in the intercellular spaces. Some differences between the immunoglobulin-containing cells outside and within the germinal centers were pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:345748", "title": "Communication in the family of the asthmatic child. An experimental approach.", "content": "The literature is reviewed in order to see what support, direct or indirect, was to be found for adopting a communication perspective in gaining insight into childhood asthma. A study is presented on the communication (pattern and efficiency) of parents having an asthmatic child in a standardized communication situation in which a communication conflict is induced. Parents of children with severe chronic heart disease were used as control couples. As expected, the parents having asthmatic children proved to be a heterogeneous group with respect to communication efficiency. Two-thirds of the couples showed a communication as efficient as that of the control couples, whereas one third demonstrated an extremely inefficient communication in that they failed totally to cope with the experimentally induced communication conflict.", "contents": "Communication in the family of the asthmatic child. An experimental approach. The literature is reviewed in order to see what support, direct or indirect, was to be found for adopting a communication perspective in gaining insight into childhood asthma. A study is presented on the communication (pattern and efficiency) of parents having an asthmatic child in a standardized communication situation in which a communication conflict is induced. Parents of children with severe chronic heart disease were used as control couples. As expected, the parents having asthmatic children proved to be a heterogeneous group with respect to communication efficiency. Two-thirds of the couples showed a communication as efficient as that of the control couples, whereas one third demonstrated an extremely inefficient communication in that they failed totally to cope with the experimentally induced communication conflict."}
{"id": "PMID:345749", "title": "Gradual reduction of neuroleptic drugs among chronic schizophrenics. A double-blind controlled study.", "content": "Neuroleptic drugs were gradually reduced from 25 hospitalized chronic schizophrenics while 23 such patients were maintained on matched dosages of neuroleptics. At the end of 15 weeks, 74% of the drug-reduced subjects and 80% of the drug-maintained subjects were rated to have decompensated. Drug-reduced patients decompensated while receiving a mean of 75 mg equivalent of chlorpromazine. Clinical stability was obtained at 150 mg equivalent of chlorpromazine. Twenty-six percent of the drug-reduced patients showed no signs of clinical relapse at the end of the 15-week trial and were receiving a mean of 8 mg equivalent of chlorpromazine. The results suggest that gradual and successive reductions in maintenance antipsychotic drugs can be implemented with minimal risk to the clinical status of the chronic mental patient.", "contents": "Gradual reduction of neuroleptic drugs among chronic schizophrenics. A double-blind controlled study. Neuroleptic drugs were gradually reduced from 25 hospitalized chronic schizophrenics while 23 such patients were maintained on matched dosages of neuroleptics. At the end of 15 weeks, 74% of the drug-reduced subjects and 80% of the drug-maintained subjects were rated to have decompensated. Drug-reduced patients decompensated while receiving a mean of 75 mg equivalent of chlorpromazine. Clinical stability was obtained at 150 mg equivalent of chlorpromazine. Twenty-six percent of the drug-reduced patients showed no signs of clinical relapse at the end of the 15-week trial and were receiving a mean of 8 mg equivalent of chlorpromazine. The results suggest that gradual and successive reductions in maintenance antipsychotic drugs can be implemented with minimal risk to the clinical status of the chronic mental patient."}
{"id": "PMID:345753", "title": "The excretional patterns of lactate, pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate in renal transplants.", "content": "The excretional patterns of lactate, pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate were investigated after renal transplantation in 36 patients. Fourteen patients had received a living-donor kidney with short ischemia time and good initial graft function, 22 had a cadaver transplant with an initial 125iothalamate clearance of more than 6 ml/min. The excretion of lactate and pyruvate did not vary significantly from that seen in normal controls or patients with uremia. In six patients with cadaver transplants, clearance values of alpha-ketoglutarate exceeded that of the glomerular filtration rate, indicating a net tubular secretion of this substance. During acute rejection episodes in 5 patients, no changes were seen in the excretional patterns of lactate, pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate.", "contents": "The excretional patterns of lactate, pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate in renal transplants. The excretional patterns of lactate, pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate were investigated after renal transplantation in 36 patients. Fourteen patients had received a living-donor kidney with short ischemia time and good initial graft function, 22 had a cadaver transplant with an initial 125iothalamate clearance of more than 6 ml/min. The excretion of lactate and pyruvate did not vary significantly from that seen in normal controls or patients with uremia. In six patients with cadaver transplants, clearance values of alpha-ketoglutarate exceeded that of the glomerular filtration rate, indicating a net tubular secretion of this substance. During acute rejection episodes in 5 patients, no changes were seen in the excretional patterns of lactate, pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate."}
{"id": "PMID:345769", "title": "The glutathione S-transferases: a group of multifunctional detoxification proteins.", "content": "The physiological roles of the glutathione S-transferases, by whatever name, seem to result in detoxification. As is true of albumin, members of this group of proteins bind an enormous number of compounds that appear to have in common only hydrophobic topography; the binding of bilirubin is an example of a major function common to all higher species. If the ligand bears a sufficiently electrophilic center, it will be attacked by the nucleophile GSH; such compounds would be the substrates of the enzyme. And should such a ligand be extraordinarily reactive--as, for example, some of the epoxide carcinogens generated by the cytochrome P450-linked, mixed-function oxidases, or even 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene--then reaction may occur either with GSH or irreversibly with the transferase itself. By reason of the wide distribution and high intracellular concentration of these proteins, there appears to be sufficient enzyme for all three roles in detoxification.", "contents": "The glutathione S-transferases: a group of multifunctional detoxification proteins. The physiological roles of the glutathione S-transferases, by whatever name, seem to result in detoxification. As is true of albumin, members of this group of proteins bind an enormous number of compounds that appear to have in common only hydrophobic topography; the binding of bilirubin is an example of a major function common to all higher species. If the ligand bears a sufficiently electrophilic center, it will be attacked by the nucleophile GSH; such compounds would be the substrates of the enzyme. And should such a ligand be extraordinarily reactive--as, for example, some of the epoxide carcinogens generated by the cytochrome P450-linked, mixed-function oxidases, or even 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene--then reaction may occur either with GSH or irreversibly with the transferase itself. By reason of the wide distribution and high intracellular concentration of these proteins, there appears to be sufficient enzyme for all three roles in detoxification."}
{"id": "PMID:345779", "title": "The possible role of neutrophil proteinases in damage to articular cartilage.", "content": "The proteolytic degradation of articular cartilage that is seen in the arthritides affects both of the major structural components of the tissue, proteoglycan and collagen. Neutrophil leucocytes are abundant in the synovial fluid of the inflamed joints, and we have considered whether the large quantities of neutral proteinases carried by these cells could contribute to the cartilage degradation. The two neutrophil serine proteinases have been isolated, and shown to break down both proteoglycan and collagen in articular cartilage. The enzymes attacked the non-helical terminal peptides of the collagen, eliminating the cross-links, thus destabilizing and solubilizing, the fibres. The soluble collagen then denatured spontaneously, and was further degraded. Although large quantities of the neutrophil proteinases are probably released in the synovial fluid each day, the inhibitory capacity of the fluid is seldom, if ever, saturated. Nevertheless, immunologically mediated release of the neutrophil enzymes in 'frustrated endocytosis' at the cartilage surface could give rise to the generalized damage that has been reported by others.", "contents": "The possible role of neutrophil proteinases in damage to articular cartilage. The proteolytic degradation of articular cartilage that is seen in the arthritides affects both of the major structural components of the tissue, proteoglycan and collagen. Neutrophil leucocytes are abundant in the synovial fluid of the inflamed joints, and we have considered whether the large quantities of neutral proteinases carried by these cells could contribute to the cartilage degradation. The two neutrophil serine proteinases have been isolated, and shown to break down both proteoglycan and collagen in articular cartilage. The enzymes attacked the non-helical terminal peptides of the collagen, eliminating the cross-links, thus destabilizing and solubilizing, the fibres. The soluble collagen then denatured spontaneously, and was further degraded. Although large quantities of the neutrophil proteinases are probably released in the synovial fluid each day, the inhibitory capacity of the fluid is seldom, if ever, saturated. Nevertheless, immunologically mediated release of the neutrophil enzymes in 'frustrated endocytosis' at the cartilage surface could give rise to the generalized damage that has been reported by others."}
{"id": "PMID:345780", "title": "Macrophage proteases and rheumatic diseases: regulation of plasminogen activator by thymus-derived lymphocytes.", "content": "Macrophages in culture secrete a variety of products including neutral protease activities such as plasminogen activator(s) (P.A.), collagenase and elastase. These products are not made by unstimulated macrophages, but only after induction by inflammatory stimuli, phagocytosis and lymphokines. Phagocytosis induces the prompt release of high levels of P.A. by endotoxin-primed macrophages and prolonged secretion follows uptake of non-degradable particles. Stimulation of lymphocytes results in the release of a supernatant product which enhances P.A. secretion by unstimulated mouse macrophages up to 5-fold. The production of the P.A. inducer (P.A.I.) is immunologically specific and is found in allogeneic mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) reactions, but not in syngeneic controls. The P.A. is also induced in activated macrophages from animals infected with BCG of T. cruzi and challenged with specific antigen. Production of the P.A.I. in MLC reactions depends on the presence of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes and is closely correlated with the appearance of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF). The induction of macrophage P.A. and other proteases provides an important pathway for activating macrophages in delayed hypersensitivity reactions and could contribute significantly to tissue destruction in chronic inflammatory diseases in joints.", "contents": "Macrophage proteases and rheumatic diseases: regulation of plasminogen activator by thymus-derived lymphocytes. Macrophages in culture secrete a variety of products including neutral protease activities such as plasminogen activator(s) (P.A.), collagenase and elastase. These products are not made by unstimulated macrophages, but only after induction by inflammatory stimuli, phagocytosis and lymphokines. Phagocytosis induces the prompt release of high levels of P.A. by endotoxin-primed macrophages and prolonged secretion follows uptake of non-degradable particles. Stimulation of lymphocytes results in the release of a supernatant product which enhances P.A. secretion by unstimulated mouse macrophages up to 5-fold. The production of the P.A. inducer (P.A.I.) is immunologically specific and is found in allogeneic mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) reactions, but not in syngeneic controls. The P.A. is also induced in activated macrophages from animals infected with BCG of T. cruzi and challenged with specific antigen. Production of the P.A.I. in MLC reactions depends on the presence of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes and is closely correlated with the appearance of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF). The induction of macrophage P.A. and other proteases provides an important pathway for activating macrophages in delayed hypersensitivity reactions and could contribute significantly to tissue destruction in chronic inflammatory diseases in joints."}
{"id": "PMID:345781", "title": "The role of macrophage activation in chronic inflammation.", "content": "The macrophage is the characteristic cell type in chronic inflammatory reactions, in the rheumatoid synovium, as in other sites. When macrophages are activated, considerable synthesis of enzymes and other proteins occurs. Macrophages can be activated by (i) products of activated lymphocytes, (ii) immune complexes and (iii) the complement cleavage product C3b. Among the many consequences of macrophage activation are (i) secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, (ii) cleavage of C3 into C3a, which is cytolytic, and C3b, (iii) production of tissue thromboplastin, a powerful procoagulant, and (iv) formation of polyamine oxidase, which in the presence of appropriate substrates generates factors that lyse or limit the proliferation of tumour cells, lymphocytes and micro-organisms. The relevance of these observations to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory reactions is discussed.", "contents": "The role of macrophage activation in chronic inflammation. The macrophage is the characteristic cell type in chronic inflammatory reactions, in the rheumatoid synovium, as in other sites. When macrophages are activated, considerable synthesis of enzymes and other proteins occurs. Macrophages can be activated by (i) products of activated lymphocytes, (ii) immune complexes and (iii) the complement cleavage product C3b. Among the many consequences of macrophage activation are (i) secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, (ii) cleavage of C3 into C3a, which is cytolytic, and C3b, (iii) production of tissue thromboplastin, a powerful procoagulant, and (iv) formation of polyamine oxidase, which in the presence of appropriate substrates generates factors that lyse or limit the proliferation of tumour cells, lymphocytes and micro-organisms. The relevance of these observations to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory reactions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:345782", "title": "The polymorphonuclear leukocyte.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are one of the main sources of enzymes responsible for tissue damage in inflammatory processes. These enzymes are stored in two types of cytoplasmic granules. Azurophil granules contain lysosomal hydrolases, neutral serine proteinases, and bactericidal elements (myeloperoxidase and lysozyme). Specific granules contain collagenase, lysozyme and lactoferrin but lack lysosomal hydrolases. PMNs store all four classes of tissue proteinases, carboxyl, thiol and serine proteinases in the azurophil granules, and metallo proteinases in the specific granules. Three serine proteinases have been identified, elastase, cathepsin G and a third enzyme, which together account for a large proportion of the protein of the azurophil granules. In the course of phagocytic events, all these enzymes are released extracellularly. The neutral proteinases degrade proteoglycans and collagen. In vitro, they stimulate B-lymphocytes, which suggests that they may have immuno-potentiating activity when they are released at sites of chronic inflammation.", "contents": "The polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are one of the main sources of enzymes responsible for tissue damage in inflammatory processes. These enzymes are stored in two types of cytoplasmic granules. Azurophil granules contain lysosomal hydrolases, neutral serine proteinases, and bactericidal elements (myeloperoxidase and lysozyme). Specific granules contain collagenase, lysozyme and lactoferrin but lack lysosomal hydrolases. PMNs store all four classes of tissue proteinases, carboxyl, thiol and serine proteinases in the azurophil granules, and metallo proteinases in the specific granules. Three serine proteinases have been identified, elastase, cathepsin G and a third enzyme, which together account for a large proportion of the protein of the azurophil granules. In the course of phagocytic events, all these enzymes are released extracellularly. The neutral proteinases degrade proteoglycans and collagen. In vitro, they stimulate B-lymphocytes, which suggests that they may have immuno-potentiating activity when they are released at sites of chronic inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:345786", "title": "The influence of atrial activity on ventricular capture by failing artificial pacemakers. I. Report of two new cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Atrial activity can influence the ability of a failing artificial pacemaker to excite the heart. An appropriately timed atrial beat may cause failure in excitation by pacemaker stimuli which are usually successful in ventricular capture. Conversely, stimuli which usually fail in excitation may be made to succeed by an appropriately timed atrial beat. Two case reports and a review of the literature are presented. Alternative mechanisms for this influence of atrial activity are electrotonic effects (Wedensky facilitation or inhibition) and mechanical effects (motion of the pacing catheter or ventricular myocardium). The authors consider the latter mechanism preferable.", "contents": "The influence of atrial activity on ventricular capture by failing artificial pacemakers. I. Report of two new cases and review of the literature. Atrial activity can influence the ability of a failing artificial pacemaker to excite the heart. An appropriately timed atrial beat may cause failure in excitation by pacemaker stimuli which are usually successful in ventricular capture. Conversely, stimuli which usually fail in excitation may be made to succeed by an appropriately timed atrial beat. Two case reports and a review of the literature are presented. Alternative mechanisms for this influence of atrial activity are electrotonic effects (Wedensky facilitation or inhibition) and mechanical effects (motion of the pacing catheter or ventricular myocardium). The authors consider the latter mechanism preferable."}
{"id": "PMID:345783", "title": "\"Aspergillus fumigatus\"--a pathogen and allergen.", "content": "Aspergillus fumigatus is being increasingly recognised as causing various pathological conditions in man, animals and birds. In man the use of antibiotics has increased the importance of fungi in various clinical situations as opportunistic infective agents. In man, cavities in the lung are often (20 per cent) colonised by Aspergillus species, nearly always A. fumigatus. The mycetoma so formed can be specifically diagnosed by finding precipitating antibodies to A. fumigatus in the serum. In an asthma clinic, the findings of an immediate positive prick skin test to A. fumigatus, with or without precipitating antibodies to the fungus, confirms the diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis. These asthmatic patients develop transient lung infiltrations and proximal bronchiectasis, so that they eventually develop some degree of irreversible airways obstruction. Except for a small number of old patients, there are usually multiple positive type I skin responses to other inhalant allergens which will include other aspergilli species. Basically the complaint is a complication of allergic asthma. When first seen the patients often have treated with repeated courses of antibiotics for presumed infective asthma. Some of the findings in 86 asthmatic patients suffering from pulmonary aspergillosis will be presented.", "contents": "\"Aspergillus fumigatus\"--a pathogen and allergen. Aspergillus fumigatus is being increasingly recognised as causing various pathological conditions in man, animals and birds. In man the use of antibiotics has increased the importance of fungi in various clinical situations as opportunistic infective agents. In man, cavities in the lung are often (20 per cent) colonised by Aspergillus species, nearly always A. fumigatus. The mycetoma so formed can be specifically diagnosed by finding precipitating antibodies to A. fumigatus in the serum. In an asthma clinic, the findings of an immediate positive prick skin test to A. fumigatus, with or without precipitating antibodies to the fungus, confirms the diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis. These asthmatic patients develop transient lung infiltrations and proximal bronchiectasis, so that they eventually develop some degree of irreversible airways obstruction. Except for a small number of old patients, there are usually multiple positive type I skin responses to other inhalant allergens which will include other aspergilli species. Basically the complaint is a complication of allergic asthma. When first seen the patients often have treated with repeated courses of antibiotics for presumed infective asthma. Some of the findings in 86 asthmatic patients suffering from pulmonary aspergillosis will be presented."}
{"id": "PMID:345796", "title": "Iron deficiency, infections, and immune function: a reassessment.", "content": "Many physicians believe that patients with iron deficiency have an increased susceptibility to infections. Data in the literature, however, are contradictory, and in many instances the reports are vulnerable to critical review. Literature available through 1976 was analyzed in an attempt to define possible relationships between infections, immune function, and states of iron imbalance, both iron deficiency and overload. Critical points that must be considered for an accurate interpretation were emphasized. It seems clear that the inflammatory response, when assessed by skin reactivity, is diminished in iron deficiency. The precise molecular defect remains undefined, but the abnormality is detected by several assays measuring cell-mediated immunity. Normal function is usually restored following iron repletion.", "contents": "Iron deficiency, infections, and immune function: a reassessment. Many physicians believe that patients with iron deficiency have an increased susceptibility to infections. Data in the literature, however, are contradictory, and in many instances the reports are vulnerable to critical review. Literature available through 1976 was analyzed in an attempt to define possible relationships between infections, immune function, and states of iron imbalance, both iron deficiency and overload. Critical points that must be considered for an accurate interpretation were emphasized. It seems clear that the inflammatory response, when assessed by skin reactivity, is diminished in iron deficiency. The precise molecular defect remains undefined, but the abnormality is detected by several assays measuring cell-mediated immunity. Normal function is usually restored following iron repletion."}
{"id": "PMID:345797", "title": "The pathos of pathology and a possible cure: H.P. Smith Memorial Lecture.", "content": "This H.P. Smith Memorial Lecture attempts to define and prescribe treatments for a malady afflicting clinical pathology today--its difficulty in communicating the vital role of the pathologist in patient care to the public, politicians--and, in many instances, our own colleagues in other medical specialties. In paying tribute to a pioneering clinical pathologist, Dr. H. P. Smith, attention is drawn to his diagnosis of these problems--a diagnosis he perceived decades ago. The ancient meaning of pathos, the Greek stem for which the word pathology comes, is used to pinpoint the problems that have led to clinical pathology's own pathos--the lack of recognition afforded those physicians who practice it. A review of the conditions that led to this state is presented, and these conditions are compared with others present in our specialty, e.g., the \"behind the scenes\" situation of surgical pathology and the decline of the utilization of the autopsy. Factors that tend to frustrate the normal relationship between the clinical pathologist and the patient, as well as his or her role as a consultant to the attending physicians, are summarized. Suggestions are put forward for changing the image of the clinical pathologist from one of near invisibility to one of dynamic interaction with patients and with other physicians of the medical care group, for the good of all concerned.", "contents": "The pathos of pathology and a possible cure: H.P. Smith Memorial Lecture. This H.P. Smith Memorial Lecture attempts to define and prescribe treatments for a malady afflicting clinical pathology today--its difficulty in communicating the vital role of the pathologist in patient care to the public, politicians--and, in many instances, our own colleagues in other medical specialties. In paying tribute to a pioneering clinical pathologist, Dr. H. P. Smith, attention is drawn to his diagnosis of these problems--a diagnosis he perceived decades ago. The ancient meaning of pathos, the Greek stem for which the word pathology comes, is used to pinpoint the problems that have led to clinical pathology's own pathos--the lack of recognition afforded those physicians who practice it. A review of the conditions that led to this state is presented, and these conditions are compared with others present in our specialty, e.g., the \"behind the scenes\" situation of surgical pathology and the decline of the utilization of the autopsy. Factors that tend to frustrate the normal relationship between the clinical pathologist and the patient, as well as his or her role as a consultant to the attending physicians, are summarized. Suggestions are put forward for changing the image of the clinical pathologist from one of near invisibility to one of dynamic interaction with patients and with other physicians of the medical care group, for the good of all concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:345798", "title": "Cytochemical findings in human nonneoplastic blood and tonsillar B and T lymphocytes.", "content": "The cytochemical profiles of B and T lymphocytes from the bloods of eight normal donors and the tonsils of three normal individuals were studied. An intense and localized alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (alpha-NAE) activity was found in the majority of blood and tonsillar T lymphcytes, in contrast to the very low alpha-NAE activity observed in the blood and tonsillar B lymphocytes. A very low percentage of tonsillar B lymphocytes had beta-glucuronidase (betaG) activity, while relatively normal betaG activity was observed in the tonsillar T lymphocytes and the blood B and T lymphocytes. Acid phosphatase (AcP) activities were found to be similar in both B and T lymphocytes from blood and tonsils. These findings suggest that the alpha-NAE reaction may be useful as a cytochemical marker for distinguished B from T lymphocytic proliferations. They also revealed that there is no appreciable difference in AcP and betaG activity between B and T lymphocytes obtained from the blood of normal donors.", "contents": "Cytochemical findings in human nonneoplastic blood and tonsillar B and T lymphocytes. The cytochemical profiles of B and T lymphocytes from the bloods of eight normal donors and the tonsils of three normal individuals were studied. An intense and localized alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (alpha-NAE) activity was found in the majority of blood and tonsillar T lymphcytes, in contrast to the very low alpha-NAE activity observed in the blood and tonsillar B lymphocytes. A very low percentage of tonsillar B lymphocytes had beta-glucuronidase (betaG) activity, while relatively normal betaG activity was observed in the tonsillar T lymphocytes and the blood B and T lymphocytes. Acid phosphatase (AcP) activities were found to be similar in both B and T lymphocytes from blood and tonsils. These findings suggest that the alpha-NAE reaction may be useful as a cytochemical marker for distinguished B from T lymphocytic proliferations. They also revealed that there is no appreciable difference in AcP and betaG activity between B and T lymphocytes obtained from the blood of normal donors."}
{"id": "PMID:345799", "title": "A rapid slide test for penicillinase.", "content": "The authors developed a rapid slide test modification of the iodometric method for detection of penicillinase produced by organisms growing on routine plating media. A loopful of colonies is scraped from the agar surface and emulsified in one drop of an iodine-penicillin solution on a glass slide. Addition of a drop of 0.4% starch solution results in a purple color when penicillinase is not present; a colorless reaction denotes a positive test. The slide test yielded positive results identical to those of a starch agar-plate method with 26 Staphylococcus aureus isolates; a further seven showed comparable negative tests. Penicillinase production was associated with a S. aureus penicillin MIC of greater than or equal to 0.5 micron/ml. All 15 Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates gave negative test results, as did 22 Bacteroides fragilis (MIC greater than or equal to 3.1). Twenty ampicillin-susceptible Haemophilus influenzae were negative by both the slide test and a Levinthal broth method; an additional five resistant (MIC greater than or equal to 10) isolates were positive by both methods. Twenty-eight (penicillin MIC greater than or equal to 0.8) of 50 Bacteroides melaninogenicus were slide test-positive for penicillinase. Two penicillinase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae gave positive slide tests, while eight other non-penicillinase-producers were negative.", "contents": "A rapid slide test for penicillinase. The authors developed a rapid slide test modification of the iodometric method for detection of penicillinase produced by organisms growing on routine plating media. A loopful of colonies is scraped from the agar surface and emulsified in one drop of an iodine-penicillin solution on a glass slide. Addition of a drop of 0.4% starch solution results in a purple color when penicillinase is not present; a colorless reaction denotes a positive test. The slide test yielded positive results identical to those of a starch agar-plate method with 26 Staphylococcus aureus isolates; a further seven showed comparable negative tests. Penicillinase production was associated with a S. aureus penicillin MIC of greater than or equal to 0.5 micron/ml. All 15 Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates gave negative test results, as did 22 Bacteroides fragilis (MIC greater than or equal to 3.1). Twenty ampicillin-susceptible Haemophilus influenzae were negative by both the slide test and a Levinthal broth method; an additional five resistant (MIC greater than or equal to 10) isolates were positive by both methods. Twenty-eight (penicillin MIC greater than or equal to 0.8) of 50 Bacteroides melaninogenicus were slide test-positive for penicillinase. Two penicillinase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae gave positive slide tests, while eight other non-penicillinase-producers were negative."}
{"id": "PMID:345803", "title": "Jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. A critical appraisal.", "content": "One hundred one carefully screened morbidity obese patients underwent jejunoileal bypass and were followed closely over a mean follow-up period of 32 months. Although there were no operative deaths, three per cent of patients died postoperatively of liver failure or its complications. A fourth patient died of a pulmonary embolus after reoperation, and the fifth patient died cachectic with severe diarrhea after excessive weight loss. Nineteen per cent of the patients required restoration of intestinal continuity (reversal), most for either liver failure or late fluid and electrolyte derangements. All but two survived reversal and are doing well despite massive weight gain. Fifty-eight per cent of the patients had major complications which either required major reoperation (reversal, cholecystectomy or incisional hernia repair) or were potentially life-threatening (liver failure, hepatic fibrosis or urinary tract stones). As described in other series, abnormalities in serum electrolytes and vitamins were seen. In addition, hypovitaminosis D occurred in a number of patients and as with other serum parameters measured, was time-dependent in that improvement was seen in most patients over the postoperative interval studied. Because of the high rate of complications and reversals, we believe that jejunoileal bypass should be reserved for patients with morbid obesity whose lives are imminently threatened by obesity or its sequellae.", "contents": "Jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. A critical appraisal. One hundred one carefully screened morbidity obese patients underwent jejunoileal bypass and were followed closely over a mean follow-up period of 32 months. Although there were no operative deaths, three per cent of patients died postoperatively of liver failure or its complications. A fourth patient died of a pulmonary embolus after reoperation, and the fifth patient died cachectic with severe diarrhea after excessive weight loss. Nineteen per cent of the patients required restoration of intestinal continuity (reversal), most for either liver failure or late fluid and electrolyte derangements. All but two survived reversal and are doing well despite massive weight gain. Fifty-eight per cent of the patients had major complications which either required major reoperation (reversal, cholecystectomy or incisional hernia repair) or were potentially life-threatening (liver failure, hepatic fibrosis or urinary tract stones). As described in other series, abnormalities in serum electrolytes and vitamins were seen. In addition, hypovitaminosis D occurred in a number of patients and as with other serum parameters measured, was time-dependent in that improvement was seen in most patients over the postoperative interval studied. Because of the high rate of complications and reversals, we believe that jejunoileal bypass should be reserved for patients with morbid obesity whose lives are imminently threatened by obesity or its sequellae."}
{"id": "PMID:345805", "title": "Fatal viscerotropic Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Report of a case diagnosed by immunofluorescence.", "content": "A case of fatal viscerotropic Rocky Mountain spotted fever with virtual absence of cutaneous lesions was diagnosed at autopsy by specific immunofluorescent demonstration of Rickettsia rickettsii in spleen, kidney, epididymis and skin. The clinical presentation was that of insidious onset of fever, renal failure, hypotension, hyponatremia and obtundation over a 10 day period. The patient had respiratory insufficiency, hypocalcemia, increases in creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase, billirubin and serum phosphate, grand mal seizure, myalgia and unremitting shock with death occurring on day 12 of illness. Postmortem examination revealed severe vasculitis with interstitial nephritis and multifocal tubular necrosis, pericholangitis with bile stasis, glial nodules in the brain, multifocal rhabdomyonecrosis, interstitial pneumonitis and mild interstitial myocarditis. Risk factors which this patient shared with other patients with fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever were failure to recognize a rash, failure to obtain a tick bite history, male sex, black race and age greater than 30 years.", "contents": "Fatal viscerotropic Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Report of a case diagnosed by immunofluorescence. A case of fatal viscerotropic Rocky Mountain spotted fever with virtual absence of cutaneous lesions was diagnosed at autopsy by specific immunofluorescent demonstration of Rickettsia rickettsii in spleen, kidney, epididymis and skin. The clinical presentation was that of insidious onset of fever, renal failure, hypotension, hyponatremia and obtundation over a 10 day period. The patient had respiratory insufficiency, hypocalcemia, increases in creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase, billirubin and serum phosphate, grand mal seizure, myalgia and unremitting shock with death occurring on day 12 of illness. Postmortem examination revealed severe vasculitis with interstitial nephritis and multifocal tubular necrosis, pericholangitis with bile stasis, glial nodules in the brain, multifocal rhabdomyonecrosis, interstitial pneumonitis and mild interstitial myocarditis. Risk factors which this patient shared with other patients with fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever were failure to recognize a rash, failure to obtain a tick bite history, male sex, black race and age greater than 30 years."}
{"id": "PMID:345804", "title": "Acid maltase deficiency in adults presenting as respiratory failure.", "content": "During the past nine years 10 patients with the adult form of acid maltase deficiency have been observed at the Mayo Clinic. Three of the adults presented with respiratory failure. In all three the respiratory manifestations dominated the clinical picture and the cause of the respiratory failure (muscle weakness) and the underlying myopathy (glycogen storage disease) were initially unsuspected. Careful evaluation of the respiratory function tests, including the maximal static respiratory pressures, electromyographic examination and histochemical and biochemical studies of muscle biopsy specimens eventually led to the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Acid maltase deficiency in adults presenting as respiratory failure. During the past nine years 10 patients with the adult form of acid maltase deficiency have been observed at the Mayo Clinic. Three of the adults presented with respiratory failure. In all three the respiratory manifestations dominated the clinical picture and the cause of the respiratory failure (muscle weakness) and the underlying myopathy (glycogen storage disease) were initially unsuspected. Careful evaluation of the respiratory function tests, including the maximal static respiratory pressures, electromyographic examination and histochemical and biochemical studies of muscle biopsy specimens eventually led to the correct diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:345809", "title": "Replacement therapy for inherited enzyme deficiency: liver orthotopic transplantation in Niemann-Pick disease type A.", "content": "Liver homotransplantation was attempted as replacement therapy in a 2-year-old patient with near total absence of sphingomyelinase activity of Niemann-Pick disease type A. Satisfactory function of the graft was observed until the death of the recipient from respiratory complication 2 years after transplantation. The clinical stigmata of the disease became less severe during the first 6 months after transplantation, with no further improvement thereafter. Sphingomyelinase activity was restored to near normal levels in serum, was present in cerebrospinal fluid and was maintained in the graft at normal or supranormal levels. No accumulation of sphingomyelin was observed in the transplanted organ as evaluated by histopathological and chromatographic studies. These findings support the interest of organ transplantation for long-term enzyme replacement in Niemann-Pick disease type A and similar lysosomal deficiencies.", "contents": "Replacement therapy for inherited enzyme deficiency: liver orthotopic transplantation in Niemann-Pick disease type A. Liver homotransplantation was attempted as replacement therapy in a 2-year-old patient with near total absence of sphingomyelinase activity of Niemann-Pick disease type A. Satisfactory function of the graft was observed until the death of the recipient from respiratory complication 2 years after transplantation. The clinical stigmata of the disease became less severe during the first 6 months after transplantation, with no further improvement thereafter. Sphingomyelinase activity was restored to near normal levels in serum, was present in cerebrospinal fluid and was maintained in the graft at normal or supranormal levels. No accumulation of sphingomyelin was observed in the transplanted organ as evaluated by histopathological and chromatographic studies. These findings support the interest of organ transplantation for long-term enzyme replacement in Niemann-Pick disease type A and similar lysosomal deficiencies."}
{"id": "PMID:345810", "title": "Pituitary response to bolus and continuous intravenous infusion of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in normal women and women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.", "content": "Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were measured in response to luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF), given as a 100 microgram intravenous bolus and/or as a 4 hour infusion of 0.2 microgram per minute to 27 normal menstruating women and 15 women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). In PCOS, LH response to bolus LRF was significantly greater than those of normal women at days 1 to 4 and 8 to 10 of the cycle, whereas FSH responses were similar in all women studied. Continuous LRF infusion resulted in a biphasic LH release pattern. In normal women, the early phase was low until days 12 to 14 of the normal cycle, whereas the second phase rose progressively from the early follicular to the periovulatory period. In PCOS, the early phase was relatively large and qualitatively resembled the normal periovulatory pattern. The increased pituitary LH response to LRF in PCOS is associated with a relatively large early releasable LH pool and a low FSH response.", "contents": "Pituitary response to bolus and continuous intravenous infusion of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in normal women and women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were measured in response to luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF), given as a 100 microgram intravenous bolus and/or as a 4 hour infusion of 0.2 microgram per minute to 27 normal menstruating women and 15 women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). In PCOS, LH response to bolus LRF was significantly greater than those of normal women at days 1 to 4 and 8 to 10 of the cycle, whereas FSH responses were similar in all women studied. Continuous LRF infusion resulted in a biphasic LH release pattern. In normal women, the early phase was low until days 12 to 14 of the normal cycle, whereas the second phase rose progressively from the early follicular to the periovulatory period. In PCOS, the early phase was relatively large and qualitatively resembled the normal periovulatory pattern. The increased pituitary LH response to LRF in PCOS is associated with a relatively large early releasable LH pool and a low FSH response."}
{"id": "PMID:345811", "title": "Real-time B-scan-directed amniocentesis.", "content": "Utilizing real-time B scan, 150 amniocenteses, 14 in the second trimester and 136 in the third trimester, were carried out in 143 patients. In 146 procedures, amniotic fluid was obtained with a single attempt. In four other procedures, two attempts were required, and oligohydramnios was present in two. In one, both taps were dry, while in the other a second tap yielded a slight amount of meconium fluid. One patient was tapped in a site other than that suggested by real-time scanning, and a bloody tap (Apt negative) was obtained. Clear fluid was obtained when the real-time-indicated site was used. The remaining patient had premature rupture of membranes, and two attempts yielded bloody fluid (Apt negative) and the procedure was abandoned. Amniocenteses in eight patients had failed previously (one to three attempts). With the subsequent aid of real-time B scan, fluid was obtained in a single attempt. These data suggest that real-time B scanning prior to and/or during amniocentesis is as reliable as the static B scan method and, in some cases, may have a clear advantage.", "contents": "Real-time B-scan-directed amniocentesis. Utilizing real-time B scan, 150 amniocenteses, 14 in the second trimester and 136 in the third trimester, were carried out in 143 patients. In 146 procedures, amniotic fluid was obtained with a single attempt. In four other procedures, two attempts were required, and oligohydramnios was present in two. In one, both taps were dry, while in the other a second tap yielded a slight amount of meconium fluid. One patient was tapped in a site other than that suggested by real-time scanning, and a bloody tap (Apt negative) was obtained. Clear fluid was obtained when the real-time-indicated site was used. The remaining patient had premature rupture of membranes, and two attempts yielded bloody fluid (Apt negative) and the procedure was abandoned. Amniocenteses in eight patients had failed previously (one to three attempts). With the subsequent aid of real-time B scan, fluid was obtained in a single attempt. These data suggest that real-time B scanning prior to and/or during amniocentesis is as reliable as the static B scan method and, in some cases, may have a clear advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:345807", "title": "Monocyte function in familial Mediterranean fever.", "content": "Monocytes derived from the peripheral blood of patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) demonstrated a consistently lower phagocytic capacity (38-44%) for 125I-labelled Shigella flexneri when compared to monocytes from healthy subjects. Phagocytosis of both viable and killed Staphylococcus albus was similar in patients and controls. However, FMF monocytes had a two- to eight-fold depressed bactericidal capacity against S. albus in comparison to normal monocytes. Acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase monocyte activities were similar in patients and controls. It is suggested that the defects in monocyte function may be of importance in the pathogenesis of FMF. Colchicine had no effect on any of the indices studied.", "contents": "Monocyte function in familial Mediterranean fever. Monocytes derived from the peripheral blood of patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) demonstrated a consistently lower phagocytic capacity (38-44%) for 125I-labelled Shigella flexneri when compared to monocytes from healthy subjects. Phagocytosis of both viable and killed Staphylococcus albus was similar in patients and controls. However, FMF monocytes had a two- to eight-fold depressed bactericidal capacity against S. albus in comparison to normal monocytes. Acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase monocyte activities were similar in patients and controls. It is suggested that the defects in monocyte function may be of importance in the pathogenesis of FMF. Colchicine had no effect on any of the indices studied."}
{"id": "PMID:345815", "title": "The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in 132 insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancies.", "content": "A total of 228 determinations of L/S ratios were performed in 132 insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancies. A declining L/S ratio was observed in 6 per cent of the cases without adverse effects on the fetus. No significant difference in the percentage of mature L/S ratios by weeks of pregnancy was found in the different classes of diabetes. An immature L/S ratio was associated with a significant increase of low Apgar scores. At each stage of pregnancy, there was no significant difference in the percentage of mature L/S ratios according to the sex of the baby nor according to the presence or absence of polyhydramnios. Among the five infants with HMD two had a mature L/S ratio within 2 days of birth. This represents 3 per cent incidence of false-positive results. Despite this finding, we feel that the determination of L/S ratio is a useful advance in the management of diabetic pregnancies.", "contents": "The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in 132 insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancies. A total of 228 determinations of L/S ratios were performed in 132 insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancies. A declining L/S ratio was observed in 6 per cent of the cases without adverse effects on the fetus. No significant difference in the percentage of mature L/S ratios by weeks of pregnancy was found in the different classes of diabetes. An immature L/S ratio was associated with a significant increase of low Apgar scores. At each stage of pregnancy, there was no significant difference in the percentage of mature L/S ratios according to the sex of the baby nor according to the presence or absence of polyhydramnios. Among the five infants with HMD two had a mature L/S ratio within 2 days of birth. This represents 3 per cent incidence of false-positive results. Despite this finding, we feel that the determination of L/S ratio is a useful advance in the management of diabetic pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:345817", "title": "Factors affecting pituitary gonadotropin function in users of oral contraceptive steroids.", "content": "In order to determine whether certain factors influence the direct pituitary suppressive effect of contraceptive steroid, 50 subjects who had used various formulations of oral contraceptive steroids for periods of time ranging from one to nine years were stimulated with 50 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during the last week of oral contraceptive ingestion. The response of lutinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was compared to the results obtained in nine control subjects with regard to: (1) age of subject. (2) type of contraceptive formulation used, and (3) length of use. Prestimulation levels of LH and FSH, respectively, were significantly decreased in 37 (74 per cent) and 42 (84 per cent) of the subjects. Following GnRH stimulation, peak responses of serum LH and FSH, respectively, were also significantly lower than those in the control subjects in 40 (80 per cent) and 45 (90 per cent of the subjects. The degree of suppression of pituitary gonadotropins, both before and after GnRH administration was significantly correlated with the type of steroid formulation used, being greatest with a combination of d-norgestrel and ethinyl estradiol. No correlation was found with length of use of oral contraceptives or age of the subjects.", "contents": "Factors affecting pituitary gonadotropin function in users of oral contraceptive steroids. In order to determine whether certain factors influence the direct pituitary suppressive effect of contraceptive steroid, 50 subjects who had used various formulations of oral contraceptive steroids for periods of time ranging from one to nine years were stimulated with 50 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during the last week of oral contraceptive ingestion. The response of lutinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was compared to the results obtained in nine control subjects with regard to: (1) age of subject. (2) type of contraceptive formulation used, and (3) length of use. Prestimulation levels of LH and FSH, respectively, were significantly decreased in 37 (74 per cent) and 42 (84 per cent) of the subjects. Following GnRH stimulation, peak responses of serum LH and FSH, respectively, were also significantly lower than those in the control subjects in 40 (80 per cent) and 45 (90 per cent of the subjects. The degree of suppression of pituitary gonadotropins, both before and after GnRH administration was significantly correlated with the type of steroid formulation used, being greatest with a combination of d-norgestrel and ethinyl estradiol. No correlation was found with length of use of oral contraceptives or age of the subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:345819", "title": "Chromosomes and the gynecologist.", "content": "Recent advances in cytogenetic techniques made a valuable contribution toward the modern practice of obstetrics and gynecology. The state of the art regarding the application of these techniques is reviewed in the following areas: the clinical features related to the various sex and autosomal chromosomal anomalies, the cytogenetics of gynecologic malignancies, the chromosomal analysis of spontaneous abortion and of parents with habitual abortions. Chromosome studies in male infertility revealed abnormalities in 11.5 per cent of 69 patients with azoospermia and 9.1 per cent of 165 patients with oligospermia. Among 77 patients with primary amenorrhea, 27.3 per cent revealed chromosomal abnormalities compared to 3.8 per cent in 103 patients with secondary amenorrhea. The term \"ovotesticular dysgenesis\" is used for the first time in the literature to describe a specific histologic type of streak gonad which contains ovarian stroma and dysgenetic testicular tubules.", "contents": "Chromosomes and the gynecologist. Recent advances in cytogenetic techniques made a valuable contribution toward the modern practice of obstetrics and gynecology. The state of the art regarding the application of these techniques is reviewed in the following areas: the clinical features related to the various sex and autosomal chromosomal anomalies, the cytogenetics of gynecologic malignancies, the chromosomal analysis of spontaneous abortion and of parents with habitual abortions. Chromosome studies in male infertility revealed abnormalities in 11.5 per cent of 69 patients with azoospermia and 9.1 per cent of 165 patients with oligospermia. Among 77 patients with primary amenorrhea, 27.3 per cent revealed chromosomal abnormalities compared to 3.8 per cent in 103 patients with secondary amenorrhea. The term \"ovotesticular dysgenesis\" is used for the first time in the literature to describe a specific histologic type of streak gonad which contains ovarian stroma and dysgenetic testicular tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:345823", "title": "Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis in pre-Columbian Chileans.", "content": "Two cases of gallbladder disease found in Chilean mummies are presented. The cholesterol gallstones in these cases produced in one individual a localized peritonitis and in the other a probable duct obstruction. No cases of this disease have been seen in Peruvian mummies while in Chile it seems quite common, suggesting some environmental factor in the etiology.", "contents": "Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis in pre-Columbian Chileans. Two cases of gallbladder disease found in Chilean mummies are presented. The cholesterol gallstones in these cases produced in one individual a localized peritonitis and in the other a probable duct obstruction. No cases of this disease have been seen in Peruvian mummies while in Chile it seems quite common, suggesting some environmental factor in the etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:345824", "title": "The unmotivated patient syndrome: survey of therapeutic interventions.", "content": "The authors describe five groups of patients who have been found to respond poorly to psychiatric treatment--people from lower socioeconomic groups, juvenile delinquents, drug-addicted individuals, alcoholics and military psychiatric patients. Although these groups of patients represent different etiologies and symptom-specific pathologies, many of their members have in common a lack of motivation for change. The authors discuss the reasons for this lack of motivation, suggesting that focusing on this factor would promote a better understanding of the unmotivated patient syndrome and lead to the development of more effective psychotherapeutic efforts.", "contents": "The unmotivated patient syndrome: survey of therapeutic interventions. The authors describe five groups of patients who have been found to respond poorly to psychiatric treatment--people from lower socioeconomic groups, juvenile delinquents, drug-addicted individuals, alcoholics and military psychiatric patients. Although these groups of patients represent different etiologies and symptom-specific pathologies, many of their members have in common a lack of motivation for change. The authors discuss the reasons for this lack of motivation, suggesting that focusing on this factor would promote a better understanding of the unmotivated patient syndrome and lead to the development of more effective psychotherapeutic efforts."}
{"id": "PMID:345825", "title": "Acetylation phenotype, platelet monoamine oxidase inhibition, and the effectiveness of phenelzine in depression.", "content": "The authors treated 16 depressed patients with up to 90 mg/day of phenelzine. After acetylation phenotype was determined and platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity measured, no significant relationship was observed between clinical improvement and acetylation phenotype or between MAO inhibition and acetylation. Discrepant findings regarding acetylation phenotype and the effects of phenelzine are discussed. The authors do not recommend a sulfamethazine phenotype test as a predictor of outcome for phenelzine.", "contents": "Acetylation phenotype, platelet monoamine oxidase inhibition, and the effectiveness of phenelzine in depression. The authors treated 16 depressed patients with up to 90 mg/day of phenelzine. After acetylation phenotype was determined and platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity measured, no significant relationship was observed between clinical improvement and acetylation phenotype or between MAO inhibition and acetylation. Discrepant findings regarding acetylation phenotype and the effects of phenelzine are discussed. The authors do not recommend a sulfamethazine phenotype test as a predictor of outcome for phenelzine."}
{"id": "PMID:345826", "title": "Inhibition of platelet monoamine oxidase in depressed subjects treated with phenelzine.", "content": "The authors treated 19 depressive inpatients double-blind with a mean dose of 78 mg/day of phenelzine for 3 weeks to determine the possible relationship between monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition and the effectiveness of phenelzine. Clinical ratings made on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the SCL-90 indicated a minimum of 60% MAO inhibition had to be achieved for the drug to be consistently beneficial.", "contents": "Inhibition of platelet monoamine oxidase in depressed subjects treated with phenelzine. The authors treated 19 depressive inpatients double-blind with a mean dose of 78 mg/day of phenelzine for 3 weeks to determine the possible relationship between monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition and the effectiveness of phenelzine. Clinical ratings made on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the SCL-90 indicated a minimum of 60% MAO inhibition had to be achieved for the drug to be consistently beneficial."}
{"id": "PMID:345827", "title": "The effect of high doses of vitamin B6 on autistic children: a double-blind crossover study.", "content": "The authors used data from an earlier nonblind study to identify 16 autistic-type child outpatients who had apparently improved when given vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). In a double-blind study each child's B6 supplement was replaced during two separate experimental trial periods with either a B6 supplement or a matched placebo. Behavior was rated as deteriorating significantly during the B6 withdrawal.", "contents": "The effect of high doses of vitamin B6 on autistic children: a double-blind crossover study. The authors used data from an earlier nonblind study to identify 16 autistic-type child outpatients who had apparently improved when given vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). In a double-blind study each child's B6 supplement was replaced during two separate experimental trial periods with either a B6 supplement or a matched placebo. Behavior was rated as deteriorating significantly during the B6 withdrawal."}
{"id": "PMID:345830", "title": "The ultrastructural diagnosis of diffuse large-cell (\"histiocytic\") lymphoma. Fine structural study of 30 cases.", "content": "Thirty cases of diffuse large-cell (\"histiocytic\") lymphoma were studied with the electron microscope. The purpose was to define the criteria requisite for the ultrastructural diagnosis of large-cell lymphoma. The fine structural features of the lymphoma cells were compared to those of similar appearing reticuloendothelial neoplasms and other tumors that may simulate large-cell lymphoma by light microscopy. Two variants of large-cell lymphoma were recognized, each composed of neoplastic lymphoid cells with the morphologic features of transformed lymphocytes. The larger group represents large noncleaved cell lymphoma of Lukes and Collins' functional classification, while the second type corresponds to lymphoma of large cleaved cells. The ultrastructural features of large-cell lymphoma are uniform and usually easily identified. By utilizing diagnostic electron microscopy, large-cell lymphoma can often be distinguished from similar appearing tumors presenting as diagnostic problems at the light microscopic level.", "contents": "The ultrastructural diagnosis of diffuse large-cell (\"histiocytic\") lymphoma. Fine structural study of 30 cases. Thirty cases of diffuse large-cell (\"histiocytic\") lymphoma were studied with the electron microscope. The purpose was to define the criteria requisite for the ultrastructural diagnosis of large-cell lymphoma. The fine structural features of the lymphoma cells were compared to those of similar appearing reticuloendothelial neoplasms and other tumors that may simulate large-cell lymphoma by light microscopy. Two variants of large-cell lymphoma were recognized, each composed of neoplastic lymphoid cells with the morphologic features of transformed lymphocytes. The larger group represents large noncleaved cell lymphoma of Lukes and Collins' functional classification, while the second type corresponds to lymphoma of large cleaved cells. The ultrastructural features of large-cell lymphoma are uniform and usually easily identified. By utilizing diagnostic electron microscopy, large-cell lymphoma can often be distinguished from similar appearing tumors presenting as diagnostic problems at the light microscopic level."}
{"id": "PMID:345847", "title": "The relationship of alcohol to aging and the elderly.", "content": "Alcohol may be related to diminution of function in tissues and organ systems as well as individuals. Aging cells, systems, and people may respond differently to alcohol. These concepts are explored.", "contents": "The relationship of alcohol to aging and the elderly. Alcohol may be related to diminution of function in tissues and organ systems as well as individuals. Aging cells, systems, and people may respond differently to alcohol. These concepts are explored."}
{"id": "PMID:345849", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of the elderly alcoholic.", "content": "Treatment interventions will be much more effective when delivered through facilities serving the aged, such as senior citizen programs, outpatient, geriatric, medical or psychiatric programs, nursing homes, or home-care programs. It is unlikely that significant numbers of elderly will be willing to go to alcoholism programs to deal with their problem drinking.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of the elderly alcoholic. Treatment interventions will be much more effective when delivered through facilities serving the aged, such as senior citizen programs, outpatient, geriatric, medical or psychiatric programs, nursing homes, or home-care programs. It is unlikely that significant numbers of elderly will be willing to go to alcoholism programs to deal with their problem drinking."}
{"id": "PMID:345850", "title": "The elderly as a unique population: alcoholism.", "content": "The clinician who is faced with the task of diagnosing alcoholism in the elderly should be aware of the limitations of the diagnostic criteria for this population and should regard these criteria merely as areas from which to begin a much more detailed inquiry into the role of alcohol in any problems the patient may report.", "contents": "The elderly as a unique population: alcoholism. The clinician who is faced with the task of diagnosing alcoholism in the elderly should be aware of the limitations of the diagnostic criteria for this population and should regard these criteria merely as areas from which to begin a much more detailed inquiry into the role of alcohol in any problems the patient may report."}
{"id": "PMID:345851", "title": "Drug therapy in the elderly: the clinical pharmacology of aging.", "content": "It is becoming increasingly apparent that age and the changes of aging are factors to be taken into account in drug therapy and in the study of drug actions. Older people have more adverse reactions to drugs than do younger people. Several studies in hospitalized patients have confirmed the fact that the incidence of untoward reactions to drugs increases with advancing age.", "contents": "Drug therapy in the elderly: the clinical pharmacology of aging. It is becoming increasingly apparent that age and the changes of aging are factors to be taken into account in drug therapy and in the study of drug actions. Older people have more adverse reactions to drugs than do younger people. Several studies in hospitalized patients have confirmed the fact that the incidence of untoward reactions to drugs increases with advancing age."}
{"id": "PMID:345852", "title": "Alcoholism and aviation medical certification.", "content": "A \"history\" of alcoholism may be 2 mo old or 20 yr ago. No two individuals are completely alike, and it would be nearly impossible to write a satisfactory regulation that could define when an individual is medically safe to return to flying. Individual consideration would seem to be the fairest way to deal with this issue.", "contents": "Alcoholism and aviation medical certification. A \"history\" of alcoholism may be 2 mo old or 20 yr ago. No two individuals are completely alike, and it would be nearly impossible to write a satisfactory regulation that could define when an individual is medically safe to return to flying. Individual consideration would seem to be the fairest way to deal with this issue."}
{"id": "PMID:345853", "title": "Characteristics of alcoholics who drink socially after treatment.", "content": "This study is concerned with the differences among groups of alcoholics who became social drinkers, abstinent, or remained nonsocial drinkers after treatment. A total of 1091 alcoholics were studied. It appears as if those who become social drinkers are those who are less serious alcoholics with more social and other supports.", "contents": "Characteristics of alcoholics who drink socially after treatment. This study is concerned with the differences among groups of alcoholics who became social drinkers, abstinent, or remained nonsocial drinkers after treatment. A total of 1091 alcoholics were studied. It appears as if those who become social drinkers are those who are less serious alcoholics with more social and other supports."}
{"id": "PMID:345854", "title": "An assessment of hospital care for the alcoholic patient.", "content": "Current medical practice, vis-\u00e0-vis chemical dependency, was assessed in a university hospital setting. Findings indicate that the majority of physicians and nurses at this facility (1) did not take adequate alcohol and drug use histories, (2) did not identify chemical dependency as a medical problem even when they knew dependency was present, and (3) did not involve themselves in treatment or treatment recommendations even when the problem was identified.", "contents": "An assessment of hospital care for the alcoholic patient. Current medical practice, vis-\u00e0-vis chemical dependency, was assessed in a university hospital setting. Findings indicate that the majority of physicians and nurses at this facility (1) did not take adequate alcohol and drug use histories, (2) did not identify chemical dependency as a medical problem even when they knew dependency was present, and (3) did not involve themselves in treatment or treatment recommendations even when the problem was identified."}
{"id": "PMID:345855", "title": "Alcohol metabolism and sensitivity reactions among the Reddis of South India.", "content": "Alcohol was given orally to 41 healthy young male volunteers from small Hindu (Reddis) farming villages in south and central Andhra Pradesh, India. A complete description of the Reddis study, plus transcultural group differences, is given, and the alcohol metabolism and sensitivity literature is critically reviewed.", "contents": "Alcohol metabolism and sensitivity reactions among the Reddis of South India. Alcohol was given orally to 41 healthy young male volunteers from small Hindu (Reddis) farming villages in south and central Andhra Pradesh, India. A complete description of the Reddis study, plus transcultural group differences, is given, and the alcohol metabolism and sensitivity literature is critically reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:345856", "title": "Racial differences in circadian variation of ethanol metabolism.", "content": "In two experiments, independent groups of male social drinkers were administered equal doses of ethanol per unit of body weight (0.66 ml/kg) at different times during the day. Peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was achieved, and the time taken to return to a BAC of 20 mg/100 ml and the rate of ethanol metabolism per hour were determined.", "contents": "Racial differences in circadian variation of ethanol metabolism. In two experiments, independent groups of male social drinkers were administered equal doses of ethanol per unit of body weight (0.66 ml/kg) at different times during the day. Peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was achieved, and the time taken to return to a BAC of 20 mg/100 ml and the rate of ethanol metabolism per hour were determined."}
{"id": "PMID:345857", "title": "Ethanol metabolism in male American Indians and whites.", "content": "Ethanol metabolism rates were investigated in a group of 17 male American Indians and a group of 17 male whites of similar age, education, weight, and drinking history. A moderate dose of alcohol (0.52 g/kg) was administered orally to each subject, and blood alcohol levels were determined by breath analysis. The American Indian group demonstrated a significantly faster rate of alcohol metabolism than the white group. The peak blood alcohol level was significantly higher for the American Indians than for the whites, and the American Indian group demonstrated a significantly faster absorption rate than the white group.", "contents": "Ethanol metabolism in male American Indians and whites. Ethanol metabolism rates were investigated in a group of 17 male American Indians and a group of 17 male whites of similar age, education, weight, and drinking history. A moderate dose of alcohol (0.52 g/kg) was administered orally to each subject, and blood alcohol levels were determined by breath analysis. The American Indian group demonstrated a significantly faster rate of alcohol metabolism than the white group. The peak blood alcohol level was significantly higher for the American Indians than for the whites, and the American Indian group demonstrated a significantly faster absorption rate than the white group."}
{"id": "PMID:345858", "title": "Racial comparisons of alcohol metabolism: background, problems, and results.", "content": "The background of and problems in making comparisons among different racial groups in their rates of alcohol metabolism are reviewed. The results of five studies are discussed. It is concluded that the variation among races in rate of alcohol metabolism is not different in kind than variation among individuals within a given race. There are good reasons to expect the former variation to be smaller than the latter.", "contents": "Racial comparisons of alcohol metabolism: background, problems, and results. The background of and problems in making comparisons among different racial groups in their rates of alcohol metabolism are reviewed. The results of five studies are discussed. It is concluded that the variation among races in rate of alcohol metabolism is not different in kind than variation among individuals within a given race. There are good reasons to expect the former variation to be smaller than the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:345859", "title": "Metabolic responses of Chinese, Japanese and Europeans to alcohol.", "content": "Thirty-nine Chinese, 47 Japanese, and 68 Europeans were tested for rate of alcohol metabolism under standardized conditions. The Japanese and Chinese metabolized at a significantly higher rate. Possible sources of such differences are considered.", "contents": "Metabolic responses of Chinese, Japanese and Europeans to alcohol. Thirty-nine Chinese, 47 Japanese, and 68 Europeans were tested for rate of alcohol metabolism under standardized conditions. The Japanese and Chinese metabolized at a significantly higher rate. Possible sources of such differences are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:345860", "title": "Impaired visual search in alcoholics.", "content": "Visual search performance was studied in detoxified long-term alcoholics, short-term alcoholics, and nonalcoholic controls. Measures of search time and errors indicated that alcoholics had significantly longer search times than controls and that long-term alcoholics had comparatively longer search times and more shape errors in the left visual hemispace than the other groups. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that alcoholism results in subtle frontal lobe and right hemisphere dysfunctions.", "contents": "Impaired visual search in alcoholics. Visual search performance was studied in detoxified long-term alcoholics, short-term alcoholics, and nonalcoholic controls. Measures of search time and errors indicated that alcoholics had significantly longer search times than controls and that long-term alcoholics had comparatively longer search times and more shape errors in the left visual hemispace than the other groups. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that alcoholism results in subtle frontal lobe and right hemisphere dysfunctions."}
{"id": "PMID:345861", "title": "Can dopamine beta-hydroxylase levels predict adverse reactions to disulfiram?", "content": "Disulfiram had more pronounced sedative effects on healthy normal subjects with low levels of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) than it did on subjects with higher levels. It is suggested that DBH levels might provide a means of predicting increased susceptibility to disulfiram side effects.", "contents": "Can dopamine beta-hydroxylase levels predict adverse reactions to disulfiram? Disulfiram had more pronounced sedative effects on healthy normal subjects with low levels of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) than it did on subjects with higher levels. It is suggested that DBH levels might provide a means of predicting increased susceptibility to disulfiram side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:345863", "title": "[General anaesthesia in microlaryngeal surgery by injection-technique with a modified Carden tube (author's transl)].", "content": "A method of general anaesthesia and pulmonary ventilation with automatic intermittent positive pressure for endoscopic laryngeal surgery is described. We have used a technique with a modified Carden tube which gives more freedom to the otolaryngologist. Arterial blood gas studies performed on 10 patients indicated adequacy of ventilation throughout and following the procedure. The special features of this technique are mentioned.", "contents": "[General anaesthesia in microlaryngeal surgery by injection-technique with a modified Carden tube (author's transl)]. A method of general anaesthesia and pulmonary ventilation with automatic intermittent positive pressure for endoscopic laryngeal surgery is described. We have used a technique with a modified Carden tube which gives more freedom to the otolaryngologist. Arterial blood gas studies performed on 10 patients indicated adequacy of ventilation throughout and following the procedure. The special features of this technique are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:345866", "title": "[The early history of the anatomical journals and the significance of the anatomischer anzeiger (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported the history of the eldest anatomical journals and their precursors, the periodicals of scientific societies and academies (part 1). The first anatomical periodical striktly speaking is the Archiv f\u00fcr die Physiologie founded in 1795 by the famous neuronanatomist REIL in Halle/Saale. Subsequently the genealogy of several journals founded in the 19th century is represented and continued up to our days. In the same way it is proved the history of the refering and abstracting publications. The eldest refering magazine is the Bericht \u00fcber die Fortschritte der Anatomie und Physiologie published by HENLE and MEISSNER in 1856--71. The Publisher GUSTAV FISCHER in Jena takes a leading part in publication of anatomical periodicals, esp. Anatomischer Anzeiger and his supplements Verhandlungen der Anatomischen Gesellschaft, and of annual reports in anatomy. In the centre of this paper it is standing the importance of the Anatomischer Anzeiger founded by KARL VON BARDELEBEN in 1886 and published by the Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena. Reporting the fateful history of Anatomical Recorder and of the Proceedings of the Anatomical Society until 1945 (part 2) and since the last world war (part 4) it is told about the editors follows one upon another. The Anatomischer Anzeiger represented a central paper of the entire scientific anatomy and in a body one of the most spreaded and versatilest anatomical journals in the world. Important stages in the history of anatomy are formed by the Anzeiger till our days.", "contents": "[The early history of the anatomical journals and the significance of the anatomischer anzeiger (author's transl)]. It is reported the history of the eldest anatomical journals and their precursors, the periodicals of scientific societies and academies (part 1). The first anatomical periodical striktly speaking is the Archiv f\u00fcr die Physiologie founded in 1795 by the famous neuronanatomist REIL in Halle/Saale. Subsequently the genealogy of several journals founded in the 19th century is represented and continued up to our days. In the same way it is proved the history of the refering and abstracting publications. The eldest refering magazine is the Bericht \u00fcber die Fortschritte der Anatomie und Physiologie published by HENLE and MEISSNER in 1856--71. The Publisher GUSTAV FISCHER in Jena takes a leading part in publication of anatomical periodicals, esp. Anatomischer Anzeiger and his supplements Verhandlungen der Anatomischen Gesellschaft, and of annual reports in anatomy. In the centre of this paper it is standing the importance of the Anatomischer Anzeiger founded by KARL VON BARDELEBEN in 1886 and published by the Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena. Reporting the fateful history of Anatomical Recorder and of the Proceedings of the Anatomical Society until 1945 (part 2) and since the last world war (part 4) it is told about the editors follows one upon another. The Anatomischer Anzeiger represented a central paper of the entire scientific anatomy and in a body one of the most spreaded and versatilest anatomical journals in the world. Important stages in the history of anatomy are formed by the Anzeiger till our days."}
{"id": "PMID:345867", "title": "[VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena and its journal Anatomischer Anzeiger (author's transl)].", "content": "On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena it is perhaps appropriate to pay tribute to the extraordinary merit due to this firm for the publication of the Anatomischer Anzeiger established by Karl von Bardeleben in 1886. This contribution shows that the viability and great international regard enjoyed by the journal are due not only to the advanced ideas upon which it was based but also to the publishing spirit exhibited by the original publisher, Gustav Fischer. The Anatomischer Anzeiger will retain its international character in future and will remain a versatile anatomical journal publishing profound and scientifically stimulating papers in all fields of anatomy.", "contents": "[VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena and its journal Anatomischer Anzeiger (author's transl)]. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena it is perhaps appropriate to pay tribute to the extraordinary merit due to this firm for the publication of the Anatomischer Anzeiger established by Karl von Bardeleben in 1886. This contribution shows that the viability and great international regard enjoyed by the journal are due not only to the advanced ideas upon which it was based but also to the publishing spirit exhibited by the original publisher, Gustav Fischer. The Anatomischer Anzeiger will retain its international character in future and will remain a versatile anatomical journal publishing profound and scientifically stimulating papers in all fields of anatomy."}
{"id": "PMID:345868", "title": "[On the development of anatomical investigation of the pancreas from Vesal till Bichat (author's transl)].", "content": "This investigation contains the knowledge of the pancreas from the 17th to the 19th century. A boundray-stone are the investigations of BRUNNER (1689). He has in pancreatectomized dogs the symptoms of diabetes mellitus described but not the diagnosis. An other culminating point is the system of tissues, described by Bichat (1800). In the other hand the knowledge of histology of pancreas is in this period very small.", "contents": "[On the development of anatomical investigation of the pancreas from Vesal till Bichat (author's transl)]. This investigation contains the knowledge of the pancreas from the 17th to the 19th century. A boundray-stone are the investigations of BRUNNER (1689). He has in pancreatectomized dogs the symptoms of diabetes mellitus described but not the diagnosis. An other culminating point is the system of tissues, described by Bichat (1800). In the other hand the knowledge of histology of pancreas is in this period very small."}
{"id": "PMID:345869", "title": "Functional anatomy of the portal vein and its main and segmental branches in the adult man.", "content": "The AA. study the special disposition of collagen, elastic and muscular fibers in the supraduodenal portion of the portal vein and its main and segmental branches. Forty specimens were removed at necropsy from adult individuals and prepared by various methods: a) pellicle preparations stained by resorcin-fuchsin (Weigert), Azan, azo-carmine B, alum-carmine, or else examined by polarized light without staining, b) dissection under stereomicroscope of specimens treated by the method of Semper or van Gieson, c) histological sections stained by Masson's trichrome, Azan, Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin and Verh\u00f6ff methods. The results corresponding to the different layers and levels of the vascular system studied are schematically reported in Figures 1A, 1C, 2A, 2E and 4B and are commented upon under a morphofunctional criterion.", "contents": "Functional anatomy of the portal vein and its main and segmental branches in the adult man. The AA. study the special disposition of collagen, elastic and muscular fibers in the supraduodenal portion of the portal vein and its main and segmental branches. Forty specimens were removed at necropsy from adult individuals and prepared by various methods: a) pellicle preparations stained by resorcin-fuchsin (Weigert), Azan, azo-carmine B, alum-carmine, or else examined by polarized light without staining, b) dissection under stereomicroscope of specimens treated by the method of Semper or van Gieson, c) histological sections stained by Masson's trichrome, Azan, Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin and Verh\u00f6ff methods. The results corresponding to the different layers and levels of the vascular system studied are schematically reported in Figures 1A, 1C, 2A, 2E and 4B and are commented upon under a morphofunctional criterion."}
{"id": "PMID:345870", "title": "Heterogeneity of the MtTW15 mammosomatotropic tumor. I. Light microscopic evaluation of cell types by means of immunocytochemistry, morphometric quantitation, fluorescence cytophotometry and radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Large MtTW15 pituitary tumors produced 200- to 800-fold elevations in serum growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) levels. Female tumor hosts showed doubling in body weight, milk secretion, and a 2-fold hepatosplenomegaly. Pituitaries of host animals were reduced by about 50% in both weight and concentrations of GH and PRL. Large tumors were well-encapsulated, multinodular and showed variable amounts of necrosis and hemorrhage. Cytofluorometric analysis revealed a range of 100-fold in nuclear DNA content of tumor parenchymal cells which were chromophobic, pleomorphic and frequently mitotic. Concentrations of hormones in tumors were less than in normal pituitaries and highly variable with the ratio of GH/PRL ranging up to 30-fold within the same tumor. Immunostaining and linear scanning quantitation showed that about 50% of the tumor cells contained immunodetectable hormones. Comparison of immunostained adjacent sections showed that hormone-containing tumor cells were pleomorphic, unequally distributed within nodules, lacking in distinctive identifying morphological characteristics and that they contained GH or PRL but not both hormones simultaneously. Collectively our results show that large MtTW15 tumors are comprised of a markedly heterogeneous population of tumor cells and they suggest that the hormone-containing cells are monohormonal secreting tumor cells which can produce GH or PRL but not both hormones.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of the MtTW15 mammosomatotropic tumor. I. Light microscopic evaluation of cell types by means of immunocytochemistry, morphometric quantitation, fluorescence cytophotometry and radioimmunoassay. Large MtTW15 pituitary tumors produced 200- to 800-fold elevations in serum growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) levels. Female tumor hosts showed doubling in body weight, milk secretion, and a 2-fold hepatosplenomegaly. Pituitaries of host animals were reduced by about 50% in both weight and concentrations of GH and PRL. Large tumors were well-encapsulated, multinodular and showed variable amounts of necrosis and hemorrhage. Cytofluorometric analysis revealed a range of 100-fold in nuclear DNA content of tumor parenchymal cells which were chromophobic, pleomorphic and frequently mitotic. Concentrations of hormones in tumors were less than in normal pituitaries and highly variable with the ratio of GH/PRL ranging up to 30-fold within the same tumor. Immunostaining and linear scanning quantitation showed that about 50% of the tumor cells contained immunodetectable hormones. Comparison of immunostained adjacent sections showed that hormone-containing tumor cells were pleomorphic, unequally distributed within nodules, lacking in distinctive identifying morphological characteristics and that they contained GH or PRL but not both hormones simultaneously. Collectively our results show that large MtTW15 tumors are comprised of a markedly heterogeneous population of tumor cells and they suggest that the hormone-containing cells are monohormonal secreting tumor cells which can produce GH or PRL but not both hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:345871", "title": "Actin- and myosin-like filaments in rat brain pericytes.", "content": "Heavy meromyosin (HMM) labeling was used to identify the nature of the filaments which form bundles in the cytoplasm of the pericytes in brain tissue. Rat brain tissue pieces were incubated in glycerol solutions at 4 degrees and then transferred into buffer (pH 7.0), (1) without HMM, (2) with HMM, (3) with HMM + 5 mM ATP, and (4) with HMM + 2.5 mM Na+ pyrophosphate. In pericytes from untreated tissue, smooth-surfaced microfilaments, averaging 6 nm in diameter, appear to branch and anastomose and to anchor on the plasma membrane. After exposure to HMM, the number and the density of the microfilaments are strikingly increased. These tightly-packed microfilaments are now heavily coated with exogeneous HMM thus increasing in width to 18-20 mm. They intertwine in closely-woven networks. After incubation in HMM solutions containing ATP or Na+ phosphate, they are no longer coated with thick sidearms. It can thus be concluded that these microfilaments are of actin-like nature. In addition, after incubation in ATP, they are intermingled with, and converge onto the surfaces of, thick, tapered filaments, which we have tentatively identified as of myosin-like nature. Thus, it appears that certain of the major elements necessary for contraction are present in brain pericytes.", "contents": "Actin- and myosin-like filaments in rat brain pericytes. Heavy meromyosin (HMM) labeling was used to identify the nature of the filaments which form bundles in the cytoplasm of the pericytes in brain tissue. Rat brain tissue pieces were incubated in glycerol solutions at 4 degrees and then transferred into buffer (pH 7.0), (1) without HMM, (2) with HMM, (3) with HMM + 5 mM ATP, and (4) with HMM + 2.5 mM Na+ pyrophosphate. In pericytes from untreated tissue, smooth-surfaced microfilaments, averaging 6 nm in diameter, appear to branch and anastomose and to anchor on the plasma membrane. After exposure to HMM, the number and the density of the microfilaments are strikingly increased. These tightly-packed microfilaments are now heavily coated with exogeneous HMM thus increasing in width to 18-20 mm. They intertwine in closely-woven networks. After incubation in HMM solutions containing ATP or Na+ phosphate, they are no longer coated with thick sidearms. It can thus be concluded that these microfilaments are of actin-like nature. In addition, after incubation in ATP, they are intermingled with, and converge onto the surfaces of, thick, tapered filaments, which we have tentatively identified as of myosin-like nature. Thus, it appears that certain of the major elements necessary for contraction are present in brain pericytes."}
{"id": "PMID:345872", "title": "Ultrastructure of the corneal nerves after fixation with potassium permanganate.", "content": "The innervation of the rat cornea was investigated electron microscopically after KMnO4 fixation. Myelinated nerve fibres were observed only in the limbal margin of the cornea, whereas the axons located in the stroma of the avascular cornea were surrounded by the Schwann cell cytoplasm. Axon profiles with small (300-500 A) granular vesicles and another type with agranular vesicles were seen among the non-vesiculated fibres in all parts of the cornea. After superior cervical ganglionectomy it was not possible to find any axons with small granular vesicles. On the other hand, sone degenerating axon profiles were observed in the stromal nerve trunks after ganglionectomy. In the epithelium-naked axons with an occasional mitochondrion and a few agranular vesicles penetrated between the epithelial cells. Moreover, axons filled with several mitochondria were rarely observed in the epithelium, but these were difficult to differentiate from the surrounding epithelial cells. The role of the different nerve types observed in the cornea is discussed. The results suggest that the rat cornea  has a dual vegetative innervation.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the corneal nerves after fixation with potassium permanganate. The innervation of the rat cornea was investigated electron microscopically after KMnO4 fixation. Myelinated nerve fibres were observed only in the limbal margin of the cornea, whereas the axons located in the stroma of the avascular cornea were surrounded by the Schwann cell cytoplasm. Axon profiles with small (300-500 A) granular vesicles and another type with agranular vesicles were seen among the non-vesiculated fibres in all parts of the cornea. After superior cervical ganglionectomy it was not possible to find any axons with small granular vesicles. On the other hand, sone degenerating axon profiles were observed in the stromal nerve trunks after ganglionectomy. In the epithelium-naked axons with an occasional mitochondrion and a few agranular vesicles penetrated between the epithelial cells. Moreover, axons filled with several mitochondria were rarely observed in the epithelium, but these were difficult to differentiate from the surrounding epithelial cells. The role of the different nerve types observed in the cornea is discussed. The results suggest that the rat cornea  has a dual vegetative innervation."}
{"id": "PMID:345884", "title": "A comparative evaluation of fenoterol and terbutaline in the treatment of asthma.", "content": "In a double-blind trial of six weeks' duration 30 chronic asthmatic outpatients were treated with 5 mg tablets of either fenoterol or terbutaline two to four times daily. In pulmonary function tests on days 1, 21 and 42 there were no statistically significant differences between the two drugs in terms of mean increases in FEV1 or in duration of effect. No decline in efficacy musculoskeletal side effects declined as the study progressed.", "contents": "A comparative evaluation of fenoterol and terbutaline in the treatment of asthma. In a double-blind trial of six weeks' duration 30 chronic asthmatic outpatients were treated with 5 mg tablets of either fenoterol or terbutaline two to four times daily. In pulmonary function tests on days 1, 21 and 42 there were no statistically significant differences between the two drugs in terms of mean increases in FEV1 or in duration of effect. No decline in efficacy musculoskeletal side effects declined as the study progressed."}
{"id": "PMID:345886", "title": "The usefulness of transfer factor in asthma associated with frequent infections.", "content": "Fifteen patients underwent controlled trial with transfer factor for repeated infections and severe asthma. Marked decrease in respiratory infections and striking improvement in asthma resulted. The authors suggest that transfer factor may reconstitute immune function, thus representing a unique approach to severe asthma associated with frequent infections.", "contents": "The usefulness of transfer factor in asthma associated with frequent infections. Fifteen patients underwent controlled trial with transfer factor for repeated infections and severe asthma. Marked decrease in respiratory infections and striking improvement in asthma resulted. The authors suggest that transfer factor may reconstitute immune function, thus representing a unique approach to severe asthma associated with frequent infections."}
{"id": "PMID:345887", "title": "The cardiorespiratory effects of oral terbutaline and an ephedrine-theophylline-phenobarbital combination: comparison in patients with chronic obstructive ventilatory disorders.", "content": "Initial responses and changes in baseline after two-week treatments with a sustained release ephedrine-theophylline-phenobarbital (ETP) tablet and terbutaline tablets were studied in a double-blind crossover trial for 20 patients with chronic obstructive lung diseases. At the 12th hour after the second dose of terbutaline both drugs were active with mean changes at four and eight hours favoring ETP. After two weeks of treatment improvement in baseline functions also favored the combination. Although terbutaline was effective, ETP was the superior bronchodilator with a later peak response, greater magnitude of improvement and longer duration of action. The differences suggest the advantage of reinforcing ephedrine with a methylxanthine derivative.", "contents": "The cardiorespiratory effects of oral terbutaline and an ephedrine-theophylline-phenobarbital combination: comparison in patients with chronic obstructive ventilatory disorders. Initial responses and changes in baseline after two-week treatments with a sustained release ephedrine-theophylline-phenobarbital (ETP) tablet and terbutaline tablets were studied in a double-blind crossover trial for 20 patients with chronic obstructive lung diseases. At the 12th hour after the second dose of terbutaline both drugs were active with mean changes at four and eight hours favoring ETP. After two weeks of treatment improvement in baseline functions also favored the combination. Although terbutaline was effective, ETP was the superior bronchodilator with a later peak response, greater magnitude of improvement and longer duration of action. The differences suggest the advantage of reinforcing ephedrine with a methylxanthine derivative."}
{"id": "PMID:345888", "title": "Environmentally triggered cardiac disease.", "content": "Twelve highly selected patients with non-arteriosclerotic cardiac arrhythmias and/or chest pain refractory to medication and having symptoms related to smooth muscle sensitization were studied in a rigidly controlled, relatively fume- and particle-free environment. The majority of signs and symptoms cleared in 10 patients without medication while under environmental control, and in 10 of the 12 patients all arrhythmias were reproduced with controlled, repeated individual-blind and double-blind incitant challenges. Blood abnormalities occurred in the complement and T-lymphocyte systems.", "contents": "Environmentally triggered cardiac disease. Twelve highly selected patients with non-arteriosclerotic cardiac arrhythmias and/or chest pain refractory to medication and having symptoms related to smooth muscle sensitization were studied in a rigidly controlled, relatively fume- and particle-free environment. The majority of signs and symptoms cleared in 10 patients without medication while under environmental control, and in 10 of the 12 patients all arrhythmias were reproduced with controlled, repeated individual-blind and double-blind incitant challenges. Blood abnormalities occurred in the complement and T-lymphocyte systems."}
{"id": "PMID:345889", "title": "A sustained release theophylline preparation: efficacy in childhood asthma with low serum theophylline levels.", "content": "In a double-blind, crossover study a sustained release theophylline preparation was found to be effective and safe while controlling the symptoms and improving the measured pulmonary function of 16 chronic childhood asthmatics. Serum theophylline levels between 2.5 and 8.1 microgram/ml were adequate for control of clinical disease.", "contents": "A sustained release theophylline preparation: efficacy in childhood asthma with low serum theophylline levels. In a double-blind, crossover study a sustained release theophylline preparation was found to be effective and safe while controlling the symptoms and improving the measured pulmonary function of 16 chronic childhood asthmatics. Serum theophylline levels between 2.5 and 8.1 microgram/ml were adequate for control of clinical disease."}
{"id": "PMID:345891", "title": "Collection and cultivation of and phagocytosis by pulmonary macrophages obtained from hysterectomy-derived pigs.", "content": "Methods were developed for procuring phagocytically active macrophages from porcine lung with minimal damage to respiratory tissues. Procedures included anesthetizing, surgically introducing a T-shaped tracheal catheter, and repeatedly flushing the respiratory tract. Macrophages collected in this manner were characterized as to numbers, types, and phagocytic activity, nonselective lavage of the pulmonary airways of unstimulated and stimulated (evoking agent: thioglycolate medium) animals yielded 5 X 10(7) and 11 X 10(7) respiratory cells per pig, respectively. Because sufficient quantities (300 to 600 cells/test) of unstimulated cells were collected, stimulated cells contaminated with thioglycolate were not further tested. Morphologically, unstimulated macrophages were mainly spherical and mononucleated by variable in size, ranging from 9 to 30 micrometer. Culturally, macrophages adhered to plastic or glass surfaces and readily phagocytized fungal spores, staphylococci, and latex particles in an enrichment medium containing greater than or equal to 20% bovine fetal serum. Macrophages failed to replicate during a 3-week maintenance period. The data suggest that porcine phagocytes of the pulmonary system comprise a free-cell population that is a major surface-constitutive part of the luminal surface of the airways.", "contents": "Collection and cultivation of and phagocytosis by pulmonary macrophages obtained from hysterectomy-derived pigs. Methods were developed for procuring phagocytically active macrophages from porcine lung with minimal damage to respiratory tissues. Procedures included anesthetizing, surgically introducing a T-shaped tracheal catheter, and repeatedly flushing the respiratory tract. Macrophages collected in this manner were characterized as to numbers, types, and phagocytic activity, nonselective lavage of the pulmonary airways of unstimulated and stimulated (evoking agent: thioglycolate medium) animals yielded 5 X 10(7) and 11 X 10(7) respiratory cells per pig, respectively. Because sufficient quantities (300 to 600 cells/test) of unstimulated cells were collected, stimulated cells contaminated with thioglycolate were not further tested. Morphologically, unstimulated macrophages were mainly spherical and mononucleated by variable in size, ranging from 9 to 30 micrometer. Culturally, macrophages adhered to plastic or glass surfaces and readily phagocytized fungal spores, staphylococci, and latex particles in an enrichment medium containing greater than or equal to 20% bovine fetal serum. Macrophages failed to replicate during a 3-week maintenance period. The data suggest that porcine phagocytes of the pulmonary system comprise a free-cell population that is a major surface-constitutive part of the luminal surface of the airways."}
{"id": "PMID:345892", "title": "African swine fever: microplaque assay by an immunoperoxidase method.", "content": "A microplaque assay for Vero cell-adapted Lisborn '60 strain of African swine fever virus (L'60-uncloned) and a large plaque-forming strain cloned from the L'60-uncloned strain was developed by an immunoperoxidase method. The immunoperoxidase method can be used to stain microplaques of 3 days after inoculation, whereas the conventional plaque assay requires 5 to 7 days to develop visible plaques. A linear relationship between viral concentration in the inoculum and plaque numbers was observed. Viral titers obtained by both microplaque assay and conventional plaque assay were comparable, and both methods were reproducible and reliable. The viral titer obtained by either one of the plaque assay methods was approximately 0.9 log10 lower than that obtained by the hemadsorption test.", "contents": "African swine fever: microplaque assay by an immunoperoxidase method. A microplaque assay for Vero cell-adapted Lisborn '60 strain of African swine fever virus (L'60-uncloned) and a large plaque-forming strain cloned from the L'60-uncloned strain was developed by an immunoperoxidase method. The immunoperoxidase method can be used to stain microplaques of 3 days after inoculation, whereas the conventional plaque assay requires 5 to 7 days to develop visible plaques. A linear relationship between viral concentration in the inoculum and plaque numbers was observed. Viral titers obtained by both microplaque assay and conventional plaque assay were comparable, and both methods were reproducible and reliable. The viral titer obtained by either one of the plaque assay methods was approximately 0.9 log10 lower than that obtained by the hemadsorption test."}
{"id": "PMID:345893", "title": "Bovine antibody against Streptococcus agalactiae, type Ia, produced by preparturient intramammary and systemic vaccination.", "content": "Four pregnant heifers were immunized by the intramammary route with killed or live Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine, and a 5th heifer was vaccinated by the intramuscular route with killed vaccine. Antibody in the colostrum from vaccinated and non-vaccinated glands was compared. Antibacterial glands was compared. Antibacterial antibody titers of the 4 immunoglobulin classes were determined by indirect fluorescent antibody assay. Although the content of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2, and IgM in the colostrum from the vaccinated glands was not substantially different from the nonvaccinated glands, IgA content was considerably greater in the former. Antibody specific to S agalactiae was isolated from all colostrum samples. The mouse passive protection test and Ouchterlony analysis were used to demonstrate the presence of type-specific antibody to Ia strain used for vaccination. The passive mouse protection test also was useful to compare the protective capacity of specific S agalactiae, type Ia, antibodies of immunoglobulin classes IgG, IgM, and IgA. Increased protective capacity of IgM and IgA over IgG1, on a weight basis, was demonstrated. The present study indicates that S agalactiae preparations, when introduced into the mammary gland, can give rise to local antibody synthesis in the vaccinated glands.", "contents": "Bovine antibody against Streptococcus agalactiae, type Ia, produced by preparturient intramammary and systemic vaccination. Four pregnant heifers were immunized by the intramammary route with killed or live Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine, and a 5th heifer was vaccinated by the intramuscular route with killed vaccine. Antibody in the colostrum from vaccinated and non-vaccinated glands was compared. Antibacterial glands was compared. Antibacterial antibody titers of the 4 immunoglobulin classes were determined by indirect fluorescent antibody assay. Although the content of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2, and IgM in the colostrum from the vaccinated glands was not substantially different from the nonvaccinated glands, IgA content was considerably greater in the former. Antibody specific to S agalactiae was isolated from all colostrum samples. The mouse passive protection test and Ouchterlony analysis were used to demonstrate the presence of type-specific antibody to Ia strain used for vaccination. The passive mouse protection test also was useful to compare the protective capacity of specific S agalactiae, type Ia, antibodies of immunoglobulin classes IgG, IgM, and IgA. Increased protective capacity of IgM and IgA over IgG1, on a weight basis, was demonstrated. The present study indicates that S agalactiae preparations, when introduced into the mammary gland, can give rise to local antibody synthesis in the vaccinated glands."}
{"id": "PMID:345894", "title": "Comparison of three methods of differentiating bovine mycoplasma.", "content": "Growth inhibition (GI) by specific antisera, direct fluorescent antibody technique (FAT), and fatty-acid profile analysis by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) were compared as methods for identifying 13 strains of bovine mycoplasma. By the FAT, there were 8 bilateral and 13 unilateral cross reactions. In the GI study, there were 4 bilateral and 7 unilateral cross reactions. In both FAT and GI studies, there were fluorescence and inhibition, respectively, with 13 homologous antisera. Analysis by GLC revealed the 13 mycoplasmas could be placed into 4 distinct chromatographic groupings. The GLC profiles of 2 organisms were sufficiently unique that they could be used for specific identification.", "contents": "Comparison of three methods of differentiating bovine mycoplasma. Growth inhibition (GI) by specific antisera, direct fluorescent antibody technique (FAT), and fatty-acid profile analysis by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) were compared as methods for identifying 13 strains of bovine mycoplasma. By the FAT, there were 8 bilateral and 13 unilateral cross reactions. In the GI study, there were 4 bilateral and 7 unilateral cross reactions. In both FAT and GI studies, there were fluorescence and inhibition, respectively, with 13 homologous antisera. Analysis by GLC revealed the 13 mycoplasmas could be placed into 4 distinct chromatographic groupings. The GLC profiles of 2 organisms were sufficiently unique that they could be used for specific identification."}
{"id": "PMID:345902", "title": "Massive colonic diverticular hemorrhage in a transplant patient.", "content": "An infrequent colonic complication, massive diverticular hemorrhage, occurred in a high-risk renal transplant recipient. Arteriographic location of the bleeding site, colotomy and arterial ligation were used to successfully control the hemorrhage and gave a satisfactory longterm result.", "contents": "Massive colonic diverticular hemorrhage in a transplant patient. An infrequent colonic complication, massive diverticular hemorrhage, occurred in a high-risk renal transplant recipient. Arteriographic location of the bleeding site, colotomy and arterial ligation were used to successfully control the hemorrhage and gave a satisfactory longterm result."}
{"id": "PMID:345903", "title": "Salmonella typhimurium pancreatic abscess: report of a case.", "content": "A case of pancreatic abscess from Salmonella typhimurium is reported. After surgical drainage of the abscess, positive stool cultures persisted. Finally, after intensive antimicrobial therapy with tetracycline and chloramphenicol, and cholecystectomy, stool cultures became negative. This is, to our knowledge, the first published case of S. typhimurium pancreative abscess.", "contents": "Salmonella typhimurium pancreatic abscess: report of a case. A case of pancreatic abscess from Salmonella typhimurium is reported. After surgical drainage of the abscess, positive stool cultures persisted. Finally, after intensive antimicrobial therapy with tetracycline and chloramphenicol, and cholecystectomy, stool cultures became negative. This is, to our knowledge, the first published case of S. typhimurium pancreative abscess."}
{"id": "PMID:345904", "title": "Abnormal function of endocrine pancreas and anterior pituitary in Friedreich's ataxia. Studies in a family.", "content": "A family had three siblings affected with classic Friedreich's ataxia. One sibling died at age 20 with fulminant diabetic ketoacidosis. The other two affected siblings are identical twin sisters without clinical diabetes but with an abnormality in the metabolism of exogenously administered glucose. These twins also have abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary control of prolactin and possibly of growth-hormone secretion. This study extends the previous reports of endocrine deficienceis associated with Friedreich's ataxia. The mechanisms underlying this association are undetermined but could represent pleiotropic effects of the Friedreich's ataxia gene or secondary manifestations of the primary central nervous system degeneration, or both.", "contents": "Abnormal function of endocrine pancreas and anterior pituitary in Friedreich's ataxia. Studies in a family. A family had three siblings affected with classic Friedreich's ataxia. One sibling died at age 20 with fulminant diabetic ketoacidosis. The other two affected siblings are identical twin sisters without clinical diabetes but with an abnormality in the metabolism of exogenously administered glucose. These twins also have abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary control of prolactin and possibly of growth-hormone secretion. This study extends the previous reports of endocrine deficienceis associated with Friedreich's ataxia. The mechanisms underlying this association are undetermined but could represent pleiotropic effects of the Friedreich's ataxia gene or secondary manifestations of the primary central nervous system degeneration, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:345905", "title": "Asthma improved by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "A patient who claimed benefit from aspirin for her reversible bronchospasm was challenged orally in a placebo-controlled study with aspirin and other aspirin-like drugs. Specific airways conductance and spirometry were monitored for up to 150 minutes after oral challenge. Aspirin, mefenamic acid, and ibuprofen administration resulted in marked (45% to 80%) improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) compared to lactose placebo. Indomethacin, sodium salicylate, and tartrazine resulted in modest (15% to 25%) FEV1 improvement, while phenylbutazone produced a 25% decrease. These results are discussed here in terms of the ability of these drugs to inhibit the prostaglandin synthetase enzyme system. This case suggests that aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be beneficial rather than harmful in some asthmatic patients.", "contents": "Asthma improved by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A patient who claimed benefit from aspirin for her reversible bronchospasm was challenged orally in a placebo-controlled study with aspirin and other aspirin-like drugs. Specific airways conductance and spirometry were monitored for up to 150 minutes after oral challenge. Aspirin, mefenamic acid, and ibuprofen administration resulted in marked (45% to 80%) improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) compared to lactose placebo. Indomethacin, sodium salicylate, and tartrazine resulted in modest (15% to 25%) FEV1 improvement, while phenylbutazone produced a 25% decrease. These results are discussed here in terms of the ability of these drugs to inhibit the prostaglandin synthetase enzyme system. This case suggests that aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be beneficial rather than harmful in some asthmatic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:345906", "title": "Management of household contacts of leprosy patients.", "content": "We describe an approach to the management of household contacts of leprosy patients and the rationale on which it is based. Initially, all household contacts should be interviewed and examined for symptoms and signs consistent with leprosy and appropriate diagnostic measures taken. Contacts of untreated lepromatous and dimorphous (borderline) leprosy patients are at relatively high risk of disease and should be examined annually for at least 5 years. Dapsone prophylaxis has been shown to prevent secondary cases in contacts up to 25 years old and should be used in these and possibly in older persons. Insufficient data exist to support a recommendation for the use of BCG at present.", "contents": "Management of household contacts of leprosy patients. We describe an approach to the management of household contacts of leprosy patients and the rationale on which it is based. Initially, all household contacts should be interviewed and examined for symptoms and signs consistent with leprosy and appropriate diagnostic measures taken. Contacts of untreated lepromatous and dimorphous (borderline) leprosy patients are at relatively high risk of disease and should be examined annually for at least 5 years. Dapsone prophylaxis has been shown to prevent secondary cases in contacts up to 25 years old and should be used in these and possibly in older persons. Insufficient data exist to support a recommendation for the use of BCG at present."}
{"id": "PMID:345907", "title": "Corticosteroid-induced lymphopenia, immunosuppression, and body defense.", "content": "The apparent paradox of heightened adrenal corticosteroid levels associated with reduction in the competence of the body's defensive apparatus to cope with exposure to new microbial antigens is considered. The question is asked how this lowered defensive capability, which occurs in the face of a threat to body integrity, is consistent with Cannon's principals of the \"wisdom of the body.\" The suggestion is offered that the immunologic response to self-antigens exposed by disease or trauma may be suppressed by corticosteroid to offset the likelihood of autoimmune attack.", "contents": "Corticosteroid-induced lymphopenia, immunosuppression, and body defense. The apparent paradox of heightened adrenal corticosteroid levels associated with reduction in the competence of the body's defensive apparatus to cope with exposure to new microbial antigens is considered. The question is asked how this lowered defensive capability, which occurs in the face of a threat to body integrity, is consistent with Cannon's principals of the \"wisdom of the body.\" The suggestion is offered that the immunologic response to self-antigens exposed by disease or trauma may be suppressed by corticosteroid to offset the likelihood of autoimmune attack."}
{"id": "PMID:345917", "title": "[Manic-depressive psychoses. Chronic treatment with tricyclic antidepressive agents].", "content": "Long-course Tricyclic anti-depressing treatment affonds clinical healing--i.e. abolition of the recurrences--in melancolic unipolary periodic depressions. This treatment--T.A.T.C.--allows a good prevention of melancolic recurrences in bipolar periodic patterns of psychosis. For the authors Lithium and/or Dipropylac\u00e9tamide are not sufficient protection for melancolic or maniac recurrences in this patterns. It seems to be three patterns in fact: pure melancolic, pure maniac, and maniaco-depressive. Therapeutic and psychopathologic considerations.", "contents": "[Manic-depressive psychoses. Chronic treatment with tricyclic antidepressive agents]. Long-course Tricyclic anti-depressing treatment affonds clinical healing--i.e. abolition of the recurrences--in melancolic unipolary periodic depressions. This treatment--T.A.T.C.--allows a good prevention of melancolic recurrences in bipolar periodic patterns of psychosis. For the authors Lithium and/or Dipropylac\u00e9tamide are not sufficient protection for melancolic or maniac recurrences in this patterns. It seems to be three patterns in fact: pure melancolic, pure maniac, and maniaco-depressive. Therapeutic and psychopathologic considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:345920", "title": "Comparative intraocular pressure effects of adsorbocarpine and isoptocarpine.", "content": "Nine symmetrical ocular hypertensives used Adsorbocarpine in one eye and Isoptocarpine in the other. Each medication was given twice daily for one week, then Isoptocarpine was used 4 time daily. The 2 drugs were equally effective as twice daily medications while Isoptocarpine 4 times daily was significantly more effective than either given twice daily. The pH of the Adsorbocarpine may not have been optimal although commercially available solutions were used. The results indicated that pilocarpine in either vehicle can lower intraocular pressure when given less than 4 times daily; however, conclusive studies are needed before this can be recommended as a widespread clinical practice.", "contents": "Comparative intraocular pressure effects of adsorbocarpine and isoptocarpine. Nine symmetrical ocular hypertensives used Adsorbocarpine in one eye and Isoptocarpine in the other. Each medication was given twice daily for one week, then Isoptocarpine was used 4 time daily. The 2 drugs were equally effective as twice daily medications while Isoptocarpine 4 times daily was significantly more effective than either given twice daily. The pH of the Adsorbocarpine may not have been optimal although commercially available solutions were used. The results indicated that pilocarpine in either vehicle can lower intraocular pressure when given less than 4 times daily; however, conclusive studies are needed before this can be recommended as a widespread clinical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:345921", "title": "Senile entropion: modified Schimek operation.", "content": "Senile entropion is a common cause of ocular discomfort. Medical treatment is ineffective for it and a definitive operation generally is required. Many surgical procedures are available, but most of them are not effective. The operation described in this paper was devised by one of us (H.G.S.) 9 years ago, employing a modification of the Schimek procedure. It has the advantage, however, of fixation of the sutures to the periosteum of the lateral orbital rim and thus provides firm support for the lid septum. The operation is simple, safe, and takes little more. Even if entropion recurs, the operation can be repeated with no damage to the lid.", "contents": "Senile entropion: modified Schimek operation. Senile entropion is a common cause of ocular discomfort. Medical treatment is ineffective for it and a definitive operation generally is required. Many surgical procedures are available, but most of them are not effective. The operation described in this paper was devised by one of us (H.G.S.) 9 years ago, employing a modification of the Schimek procedure. It has the advantage, however, of fixation of the sutures to the periosteum of the lateral orbital rim and thus provides firm support for the lid septum. The operation is simple, safe, and takes little more. Even if entropion recurs, the operation can be repeated with no damage to the lid."}
{"id": "PMID:345918", "title": "[Investigation on the incompatibility groups of some colicinogenic factors Ia (author's transl)].", "content": "Compatibility studies of six ColIa factors showed that these plasmids do not always constitute an homogeneous group: four factors belong to the usual Ialpha group, one factor to the O group and the last one is simultaneously incompatible with Ialpha and O plasmids.", "contents": "[Investigation on the incompatibility groups of some colicinogenic factors Ia (author's transl)]. Compatibility studies of six ColIa factors showed that these plasmids do not always constitute an homogeneous group: four factors belong to the usual Ialpha group, one factor to the O group and the last one is simultaneously incompatible with Ialpha and O plasmids."}
{"id": "PMID:345927", "title": "Wound closure with Dexon (polyglycolic acid) mass suture.", "content": "A series of 814 consectuvie laparotomy incisions at three hospitals were closed with No 2 Dexon (polyglycolic acid) sutures using the 'near and far' technique. The incidence of wound dehiscence was 0.5%, of sinus formation 1%, and of incisional hernia 2.2% at 6 months and 6% at 3 years.", "contents": "Wound closure with Dexon (polyglycolic acid) mass suture. A series of 814 consectuvie laparotomy incisions at three hospitals were closed with No 2 Dexon (polyglycolic acid) sutures using the 'near and far' technique. The incidence of wound dehiscence was 0.5%, of sinus formation 1%, and of incisional hernia 2.2% at 6 months and 6% at 3 years."}
{"id": "PMID:345931", "title": "The burning of John Hunter's papers: a new explanation.", "content": "It is commonly accepted that Sir Everard Home destroyed the Hunterian Manuscripts to hide the extent to which he had used them for his own publications. We suggest that his real reason for burning the papers was to hide the identity of the person who had been the subject of John Hunter's famous inoculation experiment.", "contents": "The burning of John Hunter's papers: a new explanation. It is commonly accepted that Sir Everard Home destroyed the Hunterian Manuscripts to hide the extent to which he had used them for his own publications. We suggest that his real reason for burning the papers was to hide the identity of the person who had been the subject of John Hunter's famous inoculation experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:345936", "title": "Total body suspension in the treatment of burns. Report of two cases.", "content": "Total body suspension by skeletal traction was used in the treatment of two children with severe circular truncal burns. The authors do not know of any previous reports on complete body suspension, and the demonstration of the possible treatment of burn injuries in this way is considered important. The favourable aspects of the treatment, i.e. prevention of infection and pressure sores, easier nursing, physiotherapy and handling during operations, are emphasized.", "contents": "Total body suspension in the treatment of burns. Report of two cases. Total body suspension by skeletal traction was used in the treatment of two children with severe circular truncal burns. The authors do not know of any previous reports on complete body suspension, and the demonstration of the possible treatment of burn injuries in this way is considered important. The favourable aspects of the treatment, i.e. prevention of infection and pressure sores, easier nursing, physiotherapy and handling during operations, are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:345947", "title": "[Tasks and methods of industrial anthropology. A review].", "content": "In the course of the industrialization of our work-environment, and in conjunction with the mass production of consumer goods, it has proven necessary to determine systematically the body-measurements important to this area, and to develop a constellation of technical aspects for their application. This has required the development of new measuring methods which go beyond those of classical anthropology; the acquisition of data concerning the distribution of body size and proportion in the various regional and social sub-populations; and finally, determination of the parameters of work-environment which are dictated by human form and function. Industrial anthropology has developed more and more in the past few years as a field of study whose object is the interaction between people and their technical environment.", "contents": "[Tasks and methods of industrial anthropology. A review]. In the course of the industrialization of our work-environment, and in conjunction with the mass production of consumer goods, it has proven necessary to determine systematically the body-measurements important to this area, and to develop a constellation of technical aspects for their application. This has required the development of new measuring methods which go beyond those of classical anthropology; the acquisition of data concerning the distribution of body size and proportion in the various regional and social sub-populations; and finally, determination of the parameters of work-environment which are dictated by human form and function. Industrial anthropology has developed more and more in the past few years as a field of study whose object is the interaction between people and their technical environment."}
{"id": "PMID:345944", "title": "The measurement of total serum proteins by the Biuret method.", "content": "The biuret reaction for proteins provides a simple and precise method for measuring serum proteins; Beer's law is obeyed to at least 10 g per dl. Several stable biuret reagents are available. Hemoglobin is the only important cause of interference which cannot be minimized by use of a sample blank. The mechanism of the biuret reaction is described and attention is drawn to the heterogeneity of the serum proteins and to the use of a certified albumin standard.", "contents": "The measurement of total serum proteins by the Biuret method. The biuret reaction for proteins provides a simple and precise method for measuring serum proteins; Beer's law is obeyed to at least 10 g per dl. Several stable biuret reagents are available. Hemoglobin is the only important cause of interference which cannot be minimized by use of a sample blank. The mechanism of the biuret reaction is described and attention is drawn to the heterogeneity of the serum proteins and to the use of a certified albumin standard."}
{"id": "PMID:345945", "title": "Osmotic pressure of the serum proteins.", "content": "The osmotic pressure of the serum proteins (colloid osmotic pressure [COP] or \"oncotic\" pressure) is only one of the four Starling forces (plus the capillary permeability coefficient) which affect the net filtration of fluid from the capillaries. The COP will vary with the concentration of total serum proteins, but more so with the specific pattern or composition of the protein components, especially albumin. The use of formulas utilizing total protein (or albumin/globulin) to calculate COP is not warranted. COP should be determined; this is easy at the present time with the advent of a compact commercial instrument. Generalized or localized edema (e.g., pulmonary edema or ascites) has been associated with low serum albumin and low COP values. This is not always so since cases of analbuminemia do not necessarily exhibit edema. The study of COP is warranted but precautions are necessary in proper interpretation of the causes of \"edema,\"--the Starling forces and hemodynamic factors, capillary permeability, lymphatic return, etc., are all involved in the phenomenon.", "contents": "Osmotic pressure of the serum proteins. The osmotic pressure of the serum proteins (colloid osmotic pressure [COP] or \"oncotic\" pressure) is only one of the four Starling forces (plus the capillary permeability coefficient) which affect the net filtration of fluid from the capillaries. The COP will vary with the concentration of total serum proteins, but more so with the specific pattern or composition of the protein components, especially albumin. The use of formulas utilizing total protein (or albumin/globulin) to calculate COP is not warranted. COP should be determined; this is easy at the present time with the advent of a compact commercial instrument. Generalized or localized edema (e.g., pulmonary edema or ascites) has been associated with low serum albumin and low COP values. This is not always so since cases of analbuminemia do not necessarily exhibit edema. The study of COP is warranted but precautions are necessary in proper interpretation of the causes of \"edema,\"--the Starling forces and hemodynamic factors, capillary permeability, lymphatic return, etc., are all involved in the phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:345946", "title": "General considerations of coagulation proteins.", "content": "The coagulation system is part of the continuum of host response to injury and is thus intimately involved with the kinin, complement and fibrinolytic systems. In fact, as these multiple interrelationships have unfolded, it has become difficult to define components as belonging to just one system. With this limitation in mind, an attempt has been made to present the biochemistry and physiology of those factors which appear to have a dominant role in the coagulation system. Coagulation proteins in general are single chain glycoprotein molecules. The reactions which lead to their activation are usually dependent on the presence of an appropriate surface, which often is a phospholipid micelle. Large molecular weight cofactors are bound to the surface, frequently by calcium, and act to induce a favorable conformational change in the reacting molecules. These molecules are typically serine proteases which remove small peptides from the clotting factors, converting the single chain species to two chain molecules with active site exposed. The sequence of activation is defined by the enzymes and substrates involved and eventuates in fibrin formation. Multiple alternative pathways and control mechanisms exist throughout the normal sequence to limit coagulation to the area of injury and to prevent interference with the systemic circulation.", "contents": "General considerations of coagulation proteins. The coagulation system is part of the continuum of host response to injury and is thus intimately involved with the kinin, complement and fibrinolytic systems. In fact, as these multiple interrelationships have unfolded, it has become difficult to define components as belonging to just one system. With this limitation in mind, an attempt has been made to present the biochemistry and physiology of those factors which appear to have a dominant role in the coagulation system. Coagulation proteins in general are single chain glycoprotein molecules. The reactions which lead to their activation are usually dependent on the presence of an appropriate surface, which often is a phospholipid micelle. Large molecular weight cofactors are bound to the surface, frequently by calcium, and act to induce a favorable conformational change in the reacting molecules. These molecules are typically serine proteases which remove small peptides from the clotting factors, converting the single chain species to two chain molecules with active site exposed. The sequence of activation is defined by the enzymes and substrates involved and eventuates in fibrin formation. Multiple alternative pathways and control mechanisms exist throughout the normal sequence to limit coagulation to the area of injury and to prevent interference with the systemic circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:345956", "title": "[Determination of the microbial contamination of tablets of tetracycline series antibiotics].", "content": "The experiments showed that the method of direct plating of tetracycline tablet suspensions on solid nutrient media containing magnesium sulfate may be used for determination of microbial contamination. The method provided determination of both the antibiotic resistant and the antibiotic sensitive organisms which may be present in the drug. Dilution of the basic suspensions increased the probability of the microbe detection in the tablets.", "contents": "[Determination of the microbial contamination of tablets of tetracycline series antibiotics]. The experiments showed that the method of direct plating of tetracycline tablet suspensions on solid nutrient media containing magnesium sulfate may be used for determination of microbial contamination. The method provided determination of both the antibiotic resistant and the antibiotic sensitive organisms which may be present in the drug. Dilution of the basic suspensions increased the probability of the microbe detection in the tablets."}
{"id": "PMID:345957", "title": "[Phosphate group donors for neomycin inactivation by resistant microorganism strains].", "content": "The substrate specificity of aminoglycoside phosphotransferases isolated from 3 strain of E. coli and purified was studied. All pure enzymes phosphorilated neomycin, paromomycin, lividomycin, neamine, ribostamycin, kanamycins A and B. Only ATP was the donor of the phosphate groups in these reactions, while in the non-purified extracts GTP but not UTP or CTP served as the donor of the phosphate group for inactivation of neomycin. The substrate specificity indicated that the above enzymes were aminoglycoside-3(1)-phosphotransferases. Inactivation of neomycin with the use of the phosphate group of phosphoenolpiruvate as the donor in the non-purified enzymatic preparations of the neomycin-resistant strains of E. coli and Pseudomonas was not observed.", "contents": "[Phosphate group donors for neomycin inactivation by resistant microorganism strains]. The substrate specificity of aminoglycoside phosphotransferases isolated from 3 strain of E. coli and purified was studied. All pure enzymes phosphorilated neomycin, paromomycin, lividomycin, neamine, ribostamycin, kanamycins A and B. Only ATP was the donor of the phosphate groups in these reactions, while in the non-purified extracts GTP but not UTP or CTP served as the donor of the phosphate group for inactivation of neomycin. The substrate specificity indicated that the above enzymes were aminoglycoside-3(1)-phosphotransferases. Inactivation of neomycin with the use of the phosphate group of phosphoenolpiruvate as the donor in the non-purified enzymatic preparations of the neomycin-resistant strains of E. coli and Pseudomonas was not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:345958", "title": "[Comparative study of the effect of different rifamycins on bacterial cell metabolism and on the RNA-polymerase reaction in a cell-free system].", "content": "The results of the study on the inhibitory effect of a number of rifamycin derivatives, such as rifamycin B, rifamycin O, rifamycin, rifamycin A, 25-desacetylrifampicin and rifampicin are presented. It was shown that rifampicin had the highest inhibitory effect on the synthesis of RNA in the cells of E. coli and Staph. aureus. It inhibited the above process by 93.0 and 98.8 per cent respectively. The data on the cells of Staph. aureus, as well as the data on comparison of the inhibitory effect of rifampicin derivatives with respect to the RNA-polymerase reaction in acellular systems are presented.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the effect of different rifamycins on bacterial cell metabolism and on the RNA-polymerase reaction in a cell-free system]. The results of the study on the inhibitory effect of a number of rifamycin derivatives, such as rifamycin B, rifamycin O, rifamycin, rifamycin A, 25-desacetylrifampicin and rifampicin are presented. It was shown that rifampicin had the highest inhibitory effect on the synthesis of RNA in the cells of E. coli and Staph. aureus. It inhibited the above process by 93.0 and 98.8 per cent respectively. The data on the cells of Staph. aureus, as well as the data on comparison of the inhibitory effect of rifampicin derivatives with respect to the RNA-polymerase reaction in acellular systems are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:345959", "title": "[Heliomycin suppression of RNA synthesis in a cell-free system].", "content": "Heliomycin inhibited in vitro the RNA-polymerase reaction catalyzed by the preparation of DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase from E. coli. The blocking effect increased with a rise in the antibiotic concentration. The inhibitory effect of heliomycin decreased, when the amount of RNA-polymerase in the system increased. Yet, it did not depend on the content of DNA and the nature of the DNA preparation. Preincubation of RNA-polymerase with DNA resulting in formation of the enzyme-matrix complex did not prevent blocking RNA synthesis by heliomycin. Suppression of the RNA-polymerase reaction did not depend on the time of the antibiotic addition to the polymerizing system. Heliomycin had a significant activity not only with respect to the bacterial RNA-polymerase, but also in the system containing the enzyme isolated from the cells of Crithidia oncopelti.", "contents": "[Heliomycin suppression of RNA synthesis in a cell-free system]. Heliomycin inhibited in vitro the RNA-polymerase reaction catalyzed by the preparation of DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase from E. coli. The blocking effect increased with a rise in the antibiotic concentration. The inhibitory effect of heliomycin decreased, when the amount of RNA-polymerase in the system increased. Yet, it did not depend on the content of DNA and the nature of the DNA preparation. Preincubation of RNA-polymerase with DNA resulting in formation of the enzyme-matrix complex did not prevent blocking RNA synthesis by heliomycin. Suppression of the RNA-polymerase reaction did not depend on the time of the antibiotic addition to the polymerizing system. Heliomycin had a significant activity not only with respect to the bacterial RNA-polymerase, but also in the system containing the enzyme isolated from the cells of Crithidia oncopelti."}
{"id": "PMID:345960", "title": "[Effect of gentamycin, decamethoxin and prodigiozan on the course and outcome of experimental pyocyanic infection in white mice].", "content": "The therapeutic and prophylactic effectiveness of gentamicin, decamethoxin and prodigiozan was determined on albino mice infected with two-fold lethal doses of the antibiotic-resistant strain of Ps. aeruginosa. Correlation between the effectiveness of the drug and the dose and time of its administration was found. Pronounced prophylactic and therapeutic effect of gentamicin in combination with decamethoxin was noted. Prodigiozan, a bacterial polysaccharide had no significant effect on the experimental pyocyanic infection of albino mice.", "contents": "[Effect of gentamycin, decamethoxin and prodigiozan on the course and outcome of experimental pyocyanic infection in white mice]. The therapeutic and prophylactic effectiveness of gentamicin, decamethoxin and prodigiozan was determined on albino mice infected with two-fold lethal doses of the antibiotic-resistant strain of Ps. aeruginosa. Correlation between the effectiveness of the drug and the dose and time of its administration was found. Pronounced prophylactic and therapeutic effect of gentamicin in combination with decamethoxin was noted. Prodigiozan, a bacterial polysaccharide had no significant effect on the experimental pyocyanic infection of albino mice."}
{"id": "PMID:345961", "title": "[Stimulating effect of prodigiozan on nonspecific reactivity in typhoid fever, dysentery and staphylococcal infection].", "content": "A number of factors of nonspecific reactivity, i.e. complement, lysozyme, properdin, blood serum bactericidal activity, leucocyte phagocytal activity, phagocytal index and completed phagocytosis were studied on 160 guinea pigs with experimental typhoid fever, dysentery and staphylococcal infections. The data of the study showed that with the use of prodigiozan the non-specific reactivity of the host increased even within a short period of time. At the same time the pathological changes in the internal organs in their histochemical investigation decreased.", "contents": "[Stimulating effect of prodigiozan on nonspecific reactivity in typhoid fever, dysentery and staphylococcal infection]. A number of factors of nonspecific reactivity, i.e. complement, lysozyme, properdin, blood serum bactericidal activity, leucocyte phagocytal activity, phagocytal index and completed phagocytosis were studied on 160 guinea pigs with experimental typhoid fever, dysentery and staphylococcal infections. The data of the study showed that with the use of prodigiozan the non-specific reactivity of the host increased even within a short period of time. At the same time the pathological changes in the internal organs in their histochemical investigation decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:345962", "title": "[Results of 10 years of use of lincomycin (1966-1976) in the clinics of the N. N. Priorov Central Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics].", "content": "During 10 years 1063 patients were treated with lincomycin used parentally or orally at the N. N. Priorov Central Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedy. The doses and the rate of its use depended on the state of the patient, its age and weight. Lincomycin was used for the treatment of patients with osteomyelitis or purulent wound infection, as well as for prophylaxis of suppuration. The drug was used for a long period of time under conditions of the same hospital, and it was shown that it remained up to the present days highly effective in therapy of infections and especially bone infections caused by staphylococci sensitive to it. The 10-year study of staphylococcal sensitivity to lincomycin revealed an insignificant increase in the development of resistance to it. The paper presents data on the importance of adequate surgical interventions in addition to the antibiotic therapy in cases with bone infections. A possibility of lincomycin combined use with other antibiotics and gentamicin or kanamycin in particular was shown. Complications, such as diarrhea and urticaria were registered in 11 patients.", "contents": "[Results of 10 years of use of lincomycin (1966-1976) in the clinics of the N. N. Priorov Central Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics]. During 10 years 1063 patients were treated with lincomycin used parentally or orally at the N. N. Priorov Central Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedy. The doses and the rate of its use depended on the state of the patient, its age and weight. Lincomycin was used for the treatment of patients with osteomyelitis or purulent wound infection, as well as for prophylaxis of suppuration. The drug was used for a long period of time under conditions of the same hospital, and it was shown that it remained up to the present days highly effective in therapy of infections and especially bone infections caused by staphylococci sensitive to it. The 10-year study of staphylococcal sensitivity to lincomycin revealed an insignificant increase in the development of resistance to it. The paper presents data on the importance of adequate surgical interventions in addition to the antibiotic therapy in cases with bone infections. A possibility of lincomycin combined use with other antibiotics and gentamicin or kanamycin in particular was shown. Complications, such as diarrhea and urticaria were registered in 11 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:345964", "title": "Selective enrichment of aromatic amino acid auxotrophs in Hansenula polymorpha.", "content": "Aromatic amino acid auxotrophs of the methanol-utilizing yeast Hansenula polymorpha were effectively selected by the use of nystatin and a medium that inhibits the growth of tyrosine auxotrophs. The procedure resulted in a frequency of aromatic auxotrophs of 2% of survivors and an enrichment of 20-fold. The new procedure also takes less time than traditional procedures. Of the auxotrophic mutants isolated, two-thirds required tyrosine and the remainder were tyrosine-phenylalanine double auxotrophs.", "contents": "Selective enrichment of aromatic amino acid auxotrophs in Hansenula polymorpha. Aromatic amino acid auxotrophs of the methanol-utilizing yeast Hansenula polymorpha were effectively selected by the use of nystatin and a medium that inhibits the growth of tyrosine auxotrophs. The procedure resulted in a frequency of aromatic auxotrophs of 2% of survivors and an enrichment of 20-fold. The new procedure also takes less time than traditional procedures. Of the auxotrophic mutants isolated, two-thirds required tyrosine and the remainder were tyrosine-phenylalanine double auxotrophs."}
{"id": "PMID:345965", "title": "Construction of a urocanic acid-producing strain of Serratia marcescens by transduction.", "content": "In Serratia marcescens, the mutation responsible for triazolealanine (TRA) resistance was transferred from a TRA-resistant mutant to a urocanase-less mutant by PS20-mediated transduction. The two crosses were performed using as donors two TRA-resistant mutants, whose phenotypes included increased levels of histidine-biosynthetic enzymes and feedback-insensitive phosphoribosyltransferase. In one cross, TRA-resistant transductants were urocanase-less mutants having only increased levels of the enzymes and barely detectable levels of urocanic acid. In the other cross, the transductants were urocanase-less mutants having both phenotypes of the donor, and most produced high concentrations (10.5 mg/ml) of urocanic acid.", "contents": "Construction of a urocanic acid-producing strain of Serratia marcescens by transduction. In Serratia marcescens, the mutation responsible for triazolealanine (TRA) resistance was transferred from a TRA-resistant mutant to a urocanase-less mutant by PS20-mediated transduction. The two crosses were performed using as donors two TRA-resistant mutants, whose phenotypes included increased levels of histidine-biosynthetic enzymes and feedback-insensitive phosphoribosyltransferase. In one cross, TRA-resistant transductants were urocanase-less mutants having only increased levels of the enzymes and barely detectable levels of urocanic acid. In the other cross, the transductants were urocanase-less mutants having both phenotypes of the donor, and most produced high concentrations (10.5 mg/ml) of urocanic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:345966", "title": "Membrane filter procedure for enumeration of Candida albicans in natural waters.", "content": "A membrane filter procedure is described for the enumeration of Candida albicans in natural waters. Several hundred milliliters of sample can be examined by filtration through 1.2-micrometer membranes. Selectivity is achieved by the use of a defined (yeast-nitrogen base plus maltos-) agar medium inclusion of the antimicrobial agents chloramphenicol and cycloheximide, and incubation at 37 degrees C. C. albicans colonies are differentiated primarily through color by use of a bismuth salt indicator system. Average recovery of various strains of C. albicans stressed in seawater at 4 degrees C was 82%, compared with those of spread plate controls on a noninhibitory medium. With river water and raw sewage, 90% of typical C. albicans colonies were confirmed as such in a simplified germ tube test. Atypical colonies verified as C. albicans were infrequent (3%). C. tropicalis and Torulopsis candida were the most common false-positive colonies.", "contents": "Membrane filter procedure for enumeration of Candida albicans in natural waters. A membrane filter procedure is described for the enumeration of Candida albicans in natural waters. Several hundred milliliters of sample can be examined by filtration through 1.2-micrometer membranes. Selectivity is achieved by the use of a defined (yeast-nitrogen base plus maltos-) agar medium inclusion of the antimicrobial agents chloramphenicol and cycloheximide, and incubation at 37 degrees C. C. albicans colonies are differentiated primarily through color by use of a bismuth salt indicator system. Average recovery of various strains of C. albicans stressed in seawater at 4 degrees C was 82%, compared with those of spread plate controls on a noninhibitory medium. With river water and raw sewage, 90% of typical C. albicans colonies were confirmed as such in a simplified germ tube test. Atypical colonies verified as C. albicans were infrequent (3%). C. tropicalis and Torulopsis candida were the most common false-positive colonies."}
{"id": "PMID:345967", "title": "Airborne enteric bacteria and viruses from spray irrigation with wastewater.", "content": "The relationship between bacterial concentrations in wastewater used for spray irrigation and in the air was examined. Aerosolized coliforms were detected when their concentration was 10(3)/ml or more in the wastewater. Relative humidity and solar irradiation appeared to affect viable bacteria in the air; a positive correlation was found between relative humidity and the number of aerosolized bacteria. The correlation between solar irradiation and bacterial level, on the other hand, was negative. During night irrigation, up to 10 times more aerosolized bacteria were detected than with day irrigation. Wind velocity did not play an important role in the survival of aerosolized bacteria. Echovirus 7 was isolated in 4 out of 12 air samples collected 40 m downwind from the sprinkler.", "contents": "Airborne enteric bacteria and viruses from spray irrigation with wastewater. The relationship between bacterial concentrations in wastewater used for spray irrigation and in the air was examined. Aerosolized coliforms were detected when their concentration was 10(3)/ml or more in the wastewater. Relative humidity and solar irradiation appeared to affect viable bacteria in the air; a positive correlation was found between relative humidity and the number of aerosolized bacteria. The correlation between solar irradiation and bacterial level, on the other hand, was negative. During night irrigation, up to 10 times more aerosolized bacteria were detected than with day irrigation. Wind velocity did not play an important role in the survival of aerosolized bacteria. Echovirus 7 was isolated in 4 out of 12 air samples collected 40 m downwind from the sprinkler."}
{"id": "PMID:345968", "title": "Restriction endonuclease analysis for the identification of baculovirus pesticides.", "content": "Gel electrophoresis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragments generated by digesting the DNA genomes of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV) with restriction endonucleases provides DNA fragment patterns that may be used to identify different viruses of this group. Characteristic fragment patterns were obtained for three NPVs, which are important as biological pesticides (Autographa californica NPV, Orgyia pseudotsugata NPV, and Heliothis zea NPV). The DNA fragment patterns of the A. californica NPV genoms did not change with passage through the alternate insect host, Trichoplusia ni. Heterogeneity in one preparation of O. pseudotsugata NPV was observed. The identification procedure is direct and precise. Applications of this procedure include quality control of commercial preparations of viral pesticides and screening for genetic alterations in the viruses.", "contents": "Restriction endonuclease analysis for the identification of baculovirus pesticides. Gel electrophoresis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragments generated by digesting the DNA genomes of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV) with restriction endonucleases provides DNA fragment patterns that may be used to identify different viruses of this group. Characteristic fragment patterns were obtained for three NPVs, which are important as biological pesticides (Autographa californica NPV, Orgyia pseudotsugata NPV, and Heliothis zea NPV). The DNA fragment patterns of the A. californica NPV genoms did not change with passage through the alternate insect host, Trichoplusia ni. Heterogeneity in one preparation of O. pseudotsugata NPV was observed. The identification procedure is direct and precise. Applications of this procedure include quality control of commercial preparations of viral pesticides and screening for genetic alterations in the viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:345969", "title": "Recovery of sublethally heat-injured Salmonella typhimurium on supplemented plating media.", "content": "The efficacy of 32 additives to Levine eosin-methylene blue-salts agar medium (EMBS) for the recovery of sublethally heat-injured Salmonella typhimurium was evaluated. In order of decreasing effectiveness, lactate, mannitol, and alpha-glycerophosphate mediated 90% or more recovery of injured cells; similar levels of recovery were obtained on EMBS supplemented with 1% (wt/vol) tryptic soy broth, protease peptone, or plate count agar. Other additives showed little or no capacity for repair or strongly inhibited heated and nonheated cell suspensions. Conditions of growth and storage before heat treatment were also found to markedly affect susceptibility to heat injury.", "contents": "Recovery of sublethally heat-injured Salmonella typhimurium on supplemented plating media. The efficacy of 32 additives to Levine eosin-methylene blue-salts agar medium (EMBS) for the recovery of sublethally heat-injured Salmonella typhimurium was evaluated. In order of decreasing effectiveness, lactate, mannitol, and alpha-glycerophosphate mediated 90% or more recovery of injured cells; similar levels of recovery were obtained on EMBS supplemented with 1% (wt/vol) tryptic soy broth, protease peptone, or plate count agar. Other additives showed little or no capacity for repair or strongly inhibited heated and nonheated cell suspensions. Conditions of growth and storage before heat treatment were also found to markedly affect susceptibility to heat injury."}
{"id": "PMID:345970", "title": "Computer-assisted identification of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "A computer program was developed to identify anaerobic bacteria by using simultaneous pattern recognition via a Bayesian probabilistic model. The system is intended for use as a rapid, precise, and reproducible aid in the identification of unknown isolates. The program operates on a data base of 28 genera comprising 238 species of anaerobic bacteria that can be separated by the program. Input to the program consists of biochemical and gas chromatographic test results in binary format. The system is flexible and yields outputs of: (i) most probable species, (ii) significant test results conflicting with established data, and (iii) differential tests of significance for missing test results.", "contents": "Computer-assisted identification of anaerobic bacteria. A computer program was developed to identify anaerobic bacteria by using simultaneous pattern recognition via a Bayesian probabilistic model. The system is intended for use as a rapid, precise, and reproducible aid in the identification of unknown isolates. The program operates on a data base of 28 genera comprising 238 species of anaerobic bacteria that can be separated by the program. Input to the program consists of biochemical and gas chromatographic test results in binary format. The system is flexible and yields outputs of: (i) most probable species, (ii) significant test results conflicting with established data, and (iii) differential tests of significance for missing test results."}
{"id": "PMID:345971", "title": "Relation between radiation resistance and salt sensitivity of spores of five strains of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and E.", "content": "The NaCl tolerance of different strains of Clostridium botulinum varies over a wide range, and the patterns of NaCl inhibition differ distinctly and characteristically from strain to strain. The more radiation-resistant strains, such as 33A, 62A, and 7272A, are more resistant to NaCl, whereas the more radiation-sensitive strains, such as 51B and 1304E, are more sensitive to NaCl. This rule appears to hold irrespective of whether the spores were unirradiated controls or whether they were radiation damaged prior to exposure to NaCl in the recovery media. The data seem to indicate that radiation doses in the shoulder portion of the radiation survival curves did not noticeably sensitive the spores to NaCl, whereas radiation doses in the exponential-decline portion of the survival curve invariably produced a distinct sensitization. Thus, strains 33A and 62A were not sensitized to NaCl by 0.3 to 0.4 Mrad, i.e., in the shoulder portion of the survival curve. Radiation-sensitive strain 51B, which shows no distinct shoulder in its survival curve, was sensitized to NaCl by 0.1 Mrad, the lowest radiation dose employed in this study. These observations seem to suggest a possible relationship between deoxyribonucleic acid repair capacity and salt tolerance.", "contents": "Relation between radiation resistance and salt sensitivity of spores of five strains of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and E. The NaCl tolerance of different strains of Clostridium botulinum varies over a wide range, and the patterns of NaCl inhibition differ distinctly and characteristically from strain to strain. The more radiation-resistant strains, such as 33A, 62A, and 7272A, are more resistant to NaCl, whereas the more radiation-sensitive strains, such as 51B and 1304E, are more sensitive to NaCl. This rule appears to hold irrespective of whether the spores were unirradiated controls or whether they were radiation damaged prior to exposure to NaCl in the recovery media. The data seem to indicate that radiation doses in the shoulder portion of the radiation survival curves did not noticeably sensitive the spores to NaCl, whereas radiation doses in the exponential-decline portion of the survival curve invariably produced a distinct sensitization. Thus, strains 33A and 62A were not sensitized to NaCl by 0.3 to 0.4 Mrad, i.e., in the shoulder portion of the survival curve. Radiation-sensitive strain 51B, which shows no distinct shoulder in its survival curve, was sensitized to NaCl by 0.1 Mrad, the lowest radiation dose employed in this study. These observations seem to suggest a possible relationship between deoxyribonucleic acid repair capacity and salt tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:345972", "title": "Characteristics of the constituent substrains of Bacillus popilliae growing in batch and continuous cultures.", "content": "Continuous culture of Bacillus popilliae was achieved for the first time in a small chemostat. Initially, variable cell yields during steady-state chemostat growth led to a re-examination of growth rates in batch cultures. B. popilliae NRRL B-2309 and a wild strain were both found to be natural mixtures of three substrains characterized by different growth rates and colony morphologies and varying stability. Selected subcultures grown continuously provided data for three different cell production curves. Cell yields were two to three times greater per unit of medium in continuous than in batch culture, and about 1% of slow-growing chemostat cells formed typical spores.", "contents": "Characteristics of the constituent substrains of Bacillus popilliae growing in batch and continuous cultures. Continuous culture of Bacillus popilliae was achieved for the first time in a small chemostat. Initially, variable cell yields during steady-state chemostat growth led to a re-examination of growth rates in batch cultures. B. popilliae NRRL B-2309 and a wild strain were both found to be natural mixtures of three substrains characterized by different growth rates and colony morphologies and varying stability. Selected subcultures grown continuously provided data for three different cell production curves. Cell yields were two to three times greater per unit of medium in continuous than in batch culture, and about 1% of slow-growing chemostat cells formed typical spores."}
{"id": "PMID:345973", "title": "Isolation and cultivation of spirochetes and other spiral-shaped bacteria associated with the cecal mucosa of rats and mice.", "content": "A method for the culture of spiral-shaped bacteria associated with the intestinal mucosa of rodents is described. The appearance in culture of a spiral organism from rat ceca and a spirochete from mouse ceca is illustrated; these organisms are morphologically similar to the major inhabitants of the cecal mucosa in each animal species.", "contents": "Isolation and cultivation of spirochetes and other spiral-shaped bacteria associated with the cecal mucosa of rats and mice. A method for the culture of spiral-shaped bacteria associated with the intestinal mucosa of rodents is described. The appearance in culture of a spiral organism from rat ceca and a spirochete from mouse ceca is illustrated; these organisms are morphologically similar to the major inhabitants of the cecal mucosa in each animal species."}
{"id": "PMID:345975", "title": "[Erythema elevatum diutinum. II. Immunoelectronmicroscopical study of leukocytoclastic vasculitis within the intracutaneous test reaction induced by streptococcal antigen (author's transl)].", "content": "A leukocytoclastic vasculitis was induced by intracutaneous injection of streptococcal antigen in a patient with erythema elevatum diutinum (E.e.d.). The immunoelectronmicroscopical demonstration of C3 was performed by use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase multistep technique 24 h after the injection of the antigen. Deposits of C3 were found between endothelial cells, on the outer surface of endothelial cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells, as well as within the multilayered basal lamina of small vessels. Intact and disintegrating neutrophils accumulate within the vessel walls and in their surroundings. Necrosis and fibrin deposition are present in advanced stages. The findings demonstrate the sequence of events in leukocytoclastic vasculitis at the ultrastructural level. They also support the hypothesis that in E.e.d. an Arthus type reaction induced by bacterial antigens may be of pathogenetic significance.", "contents": "[Erythema elevatum diutinum. II. Immunoelectronmicroscopical study of leukocytoclastic vasculitis within the intracutaneous test reaction induced by streptococcal antigen (author's transl)]. A leukocytoclastic vasculitis was induced by intracutaneous injection of streptococcal antigen in a patient with erythema elevatum diutinum (E.e.d.). The immunoelectronmicroscopical demonstration of C3 was performed by use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase multistep technique 24 h after the injection of the antigen. Deposits of C3 were found between endothelial cells, on the outer surface of endothelial cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells, as well as within the multilayered basal lamina of small vessels. Intact and disintegrating neutrophils accumulate within the vessel walls and in their surroundings. Necrosis and fibrin deposition are present in advanced stages. The findings demonstrate the sequence of events in leukocytoclastic vasculitis at the ultrastructural level. They also support the hypothesis that in E.e.d. an Arthus type reaction induced by bacterial antigens may be of pathogenetic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:345984", "title": "Acute neurological complications after liver transplantation with particular reference to intraoperative cerebral air embolus.", "content": "Nine of 48 adult patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation developed significant clinical neurological abnormalities recognized shortly after operation. Decrease in consciousness occurred with resultant coma, focal and generalized seizures and the occasional appearance of a state of akinetic mutism. Neuropathological abnormalities consisted of multifocal areas of infarction in cerebral cortex and basal ganglia in five patients, central pontine myelinolysis in five (often more extensive than usually reported), Wernicke's encephalopathy in three, glial nodules in two, and fungal abscesses in one. Alzheimer II astrocytosis was found in all brains available for retrospective study. There was direct evidence in two  of the patients that air embolization from the homografts had occurred. Correlation of this with the brain infarcts in these and other cases seems reasonable. The ease with which air passed to the systemic circulation is explicable by the right to left venous--arterial shunts that are common in chronic liver disease. With the delination of this cause for the neurologic complications, measures to prevent it in future cases have been described.", "contents": "Acute neurological complications after liver transplantation with particular reference to intraoperative cerebral air embolus. Nine of 48 adult patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation developed significant clinical neurological abnormalities recognized shortly after operation. Decrease in consciousness occurred with resultant coma, focal and generalized seizures and the occasional appearance of a state of akinetic mutism. Neuropathological abnormalities consisted of multifocal areas of infarction in cerebral cortex and basal ganglia in five patients, central pontine myelinolysis in five (often more extensive than usually reported), Wernicke's encephalopathy in three, glial nodules in two, and fungal abscesses in one. Alzheimer II astrocytosis was found in all brains available for retrospective study. There was direct evidence in two  of the patients that air embolization from the homografts had occurred. Correlation of this with the brain infarcts in these and other cases seems reasonable. The ease with which air passed to the systemic circulation is explicable by the right to left venous--arterial shunts that are common in chronic liver disease. With the delination of this cause for the neurologic complications, measures to prevent it in future cases have been described."}
{"id": "PMID:345985", "title": "A comparative study of IPPB, the incentive spirometer, and blow bottles: the prevention of atelectasis following cardiac surgery.", "content": "Following cardiac operations, 145 patients were treated with either intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB), blod bottles, or an incentive spirometer in an attempt to alter the incidence of atelectasis. Pulmonary complications occurred in 30% of the patients receiving IPPB, 15% of those using an incentive spirometer, and 8% of those using blow bottles. Gastrointestinal side-effects occurred in 20% of the IPPB group and were rare in other groups. The cost of IPPB is also considerably greater than either incentive spirometry or blow bottles. IPPB is not essential to prevention of atelectasis in postoperative cardiac surgical patients and may be inferior to other methods.", "contents": "A comparative study of IPPB, the incentive spirometer, and blow bottles: the prevention of atelectasis following cardiac surgery. Following cardiac operations, 145 patients were treated with either intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB), blod bottles, or an incentive spirometer in an attempt to alter the incidence of atelectasis. Pulmonary complications occurred in 30% of the patients receiving IPPB, 15% of those using an incentive spirometer, and 8% of those using blow bottles. Gastrointestinal side-effects occurred in 20% of the IPPB group and were rare in other groups. The cost of IPPB is also considerably greater than either incentive spirometry or blow bottles. IPPB is not essential to prevention of atelectasis in postoperative cardiac surgical patients and may be inferior to other methods."}
{"id": "PMID:345986", "title": "Platelet dysfunction associated with cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The clinical significance and pathogenesis of the platelet dysfunction following cardiopulmonary bypass were studied in conjunction with the degree of functional impairment associated with the use of membrane and bubble oxygenators. Forty consecutive patients had the following tests preoperatively and postoperatively: complete blood count (CBC), platelet count, prothrombin consumption time, bleeding time, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, euglobulin clot lysis, fibrin degradation products, and platelet aggregation tests. Six patients were given 14C-serotonin tests before and after operation, and preoperative and postoperative electron micrographs were made of the platelets of 3 patients. The amount of blood lost, the blood transfused, and plasma hemoglobin levels were also measured. Abnormal aggregation of platelets was found, with no difference between the membrane and bubble oxygenators. In vitro aggregation tests with protamine sulfate and hemoglobin solutions, as well as the 14C-serotonin studies and electron micrographs, suggest that platelets acquire storage pool deficiency and an abnormal membrane during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "Platelet dysfunction associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. The clinical significance and pathogenesis of the platelet dysfunction following cardiopulmonary bypass were studied in conjunction with the degree of functional impairment associated with the use of membrane and bubble oxygenators. Forty consecutive patients had the following tests preoperatively and postoperatively: complete blood count (CBC), platelet count, prothrombin consumption time, bleeding time, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, euglobulin clot lysis, fibrin degradation products, and platelet aggregation tests. Six patients were given 14C-serotonin tests before and after operation, and preoperative and postoperative electron micrographs were made of the platelets of 3 patients. The amount of blood lost, the blood transfused, and plasma hemoglobin levels were also measured. Abnormal aggregation of platelets was found, with no difference between the membrane and bubble oxygenators. In vitro aggregation tests with protamine sulfate and hemoglobin solutions, as well as the 14C-serotonin studies and electron micrographs, suggest that platelets acquire storage pool deficiency and an abnormal membrane during cardiopulmonary bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:345987", "title": "Effect of glucocorticoids on WBC counts in splenectomized renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Change in peripheral blood WBC and differential cell count in response to oral glucocorticoids (steroids) was examined in 36 stable renal transplant patients receiving their usual steroid dose on a daily or alternate-day steroid schedule. Three hours following steroid therapy mean WBC count had increased significantly. Mean change in WBC count was +2,400 cells/cu mm with individual values ranging from -600 to +8,000/cu mm. No differences were observed between patients receiving daily or alternate-day regimens. Changes in WBC count were due almost entirely to an increase in segmented granulocytes and a decrease in lymphocytes. there was no correlation between dose of steroid and WBC responses. However, when retested, a given patient's WBC response to a given dose of steroid was reproducible. Differences between patients, with respect to WBC response to steroids, could not be explained by differences in azathioprine dose and was not related to initial WBC count hematocrit value, age, duration of transplant, or levels of serum creatinine, BUM, or serum phosphorus. Because of the clinical importance of the WBC count in the renal transplant recipient and the potential for large and unpredictable changes in WBC count in response to steroids, WBC and differential cell count should be obtained before the morning steroid dose.", "contents": "Effect of glucocorticoids on WBC counts in splenectomized renal transplant recipients. Change in peripheral blood WBC and differential cell count in response to oral glucocorticoids (steroids) was examined in 36 stable renal transplant patients receiving their usual steroid dose on a daily or alternate-day steroid schedule. Three hours following steroid therapy mean WBC count had increased significantly. Mean change in WBC count was +2,400 cells/cu mm with individual values ranging from -600 to +8,000/cu mm. No differences were observed between patients receiving daily or alternate-day regimens. Changes in WBC count were due almost entirely to an increase in segmented granulocytes and a decrease in lymphocytes. there was no correlation between dose of steroid and WBC responses. However, when retested, a given patient's WBC response to a given dose of steroid was reproducible. Differences between patients, with respect to WBC response to steroids, could not be explained by differences in azathioprine dose and was not related to initial WBC count hematocrit value, age, duration of transplant, or levels of serum creatinine, BUM, or serum phosphorus. Because of the clinical importance of the WBC count in the renal transplant recipient and the potential for large and unpredictable changes in WBC count in response to steroids, WBC and differential cell count should be obtained before the morning steroid dose."}
{"id": "PMID:345988", "title": "Indirect immunofluorescense reaction in cysticercosis.", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIR) was used to investigate cysticercosis in the serum of 604 subjects; control group I, with 100 subjects gave the following results: 2 per cent positive, 3 per cent weak positive and 95 per cent negative. Group II had 35 cases of cysticercosis, showing 94.28 per cent positive, 5.71 per cent weak positive and 0 per cent negative. In group III, with 100 patients, other diseases were studied showing 5 per cent positive, 7 per cent weak positive and 88 per cent negative. Group IV, with 364 cases with possible cysticercosis, showed 48.90 per cent positive, 10.98 per cent weak positive and 40.10 per cent negative. In group V, five cases of Taenia saginata parasitosis were studied showing a weak positive reading.", "contents": "Indirect immunofluorescense reaction in cysticercosis. The indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIR) was used to investigate cysticercosis in the serum of 604 subjects; control group I, with 100 subjects gave the following results: 2 per cent positive, 3 per cent weak positive and 95 per cent negative. Group II had 35 cases of cysticercosis, showing 94.28 per cent positive, 5.71 per cent weak positive and 0 per cent negative. In group III, with 100 patients, other diseases were studied showing 5 per cent positive, 7 per cent weak positive and 88 per cent negative. Group IV, with 364 cases with possible cysticercosis, showed 48.90 per cent positive, 10.98 per cent weak positive and 40.10 per cent negative. In group V, five cases of Taenia saginata parasitosis were studied showing a weak positive reading."}
{"id": "PMID:345991", "title": "Growth of host dependent Bdellovibrio in host cell free system.", "content": "A particulate, subcellular fraction of Escherichia coli was shown to promote the growth of host dependent (H-D) Bdellovibrio in the absence of host cells. The growth promoting activity was enhanced by both cations and trypisn, and destroyed by pronase. During the axenic growth unipolar spheres appear in the elongating Bdellovibrio forms. Thymidine monophosphate was more readily incorporated than thymidine into the Bdellovibrio DNA during growth in the host free system.", "contents": "Growth of host dependent Bdellovibrio in host cell free system. A particulate, subcellular fraction of Escherichia coli was shown to promote the growth of host dependent (H-D) Bdellovibrio in the absence of host cells. The growth promoting activity was enhanced by both cations and trypisn, and destroyed by pronase. During the axenic growth unipolar spheres appear in the elongating Bdellovibrio forms. Thymidine monophosphate was more readily incorporated than thymidine into the Bdellovibrio DNA during growth in the host free system."}
{"id": "PMID:345993", "title": "Indomethacin in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea.", "content": "The efficacy of indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, in severe dysmenorrhoea was established in a double-blind crossover study using aspirin and placebo as the control drugs. Forty-seven female undergraduates were treated twice with each of the three substances during six consecutive menstrual cycles. Good or moderate relief was achieved in 71% of the cycles treated with indomethacin, in 40% of those treated with aspirin and in 21% of those treated with the placebo. Dizziness and drowsiness were cited by 14 patients (30%) as side-effects of indomethacin, none of these patients discontinued the therapy because all obtained good or moderate relief from dysmenorrhoea. Indomethacin proved to be a valuable agent, and significantly better than aspirin in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea. It allowed many dysmenorrhoeic women to carry out their normal activities and work during the menstrual period.", "contents": "Indomethacin in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. The efficacy of indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, in severe dysmenorrhoea was established in a double-blind crossover study using aspirin and placebo as the control drugs. Forty-seven female undergraduates were treated twice with each of the three substances during six consecutive menstrual cycles. Good or moderate relief was achieved in 71% of the cycles treated with indomethacin, in 40% of those treated with aspirin and in 21% of those treated with the placebo. Dizziness and drowsiness were cited by 14 patients (30%) as side-effects of indomethacin, none of these patients discontinued the therapy because all obtained good or moderate relief from dysmenorrhoea. Indomethacin proved to be a valuable agent, and significantly better than aspirin in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea. It allowed many dysmenorrhoeic women to carry out their normal activities and work during the menstrual period."}
{"id": "PMID:345994", "title": "Relationship of mastodynia with its endocrine environment and treatment in a double blind trial with lynestrenol.", "content": "Serum analysis carried out about 7 days before menstruation in 33 patients with mastodynia and 20 controls confirmed that progesterone is frequently decreased and prolactinaemia increased in the patients with mastodynia compared with controls of the same age. In a double blind trial, administration of Lynestrenol to 47 patients with mastodynia (each of whom was given 10 mg per day from the 10th to the 24th day of the cycle) resulted in a significant improvement of this condition in 80% of the treated cases. The therapeutic failures may be explained by anomalies in the secretion of prolactin, and may possibly be linked to individual sensitivity factors.", "contents": "Relationship of mastodynia with its endocrine environment and treatment in a double blind trial with lynestrenol. Serum analysis carried out about 7 days before menstruation in 33 patients with mastodynia and 20 controls confirmed that progesterone is frequently decreased and prolactinaemia increased in the patients with mastodynia compared with controls of the same age. In a double blind trial, administration of Lynestrenol to 47 patients with mastodynia (each of whom was given 10 mg per day from the 10th to the 24th day of the cycle) resulted in a significant improvement of this condition in 80% of the treated cases. The therapeutic failures may be explained by anomalies in the secretion of prolactin, and may possibly be linked to individual sensitivity factors."}
{"id": "PMID:345996", "title": "Malakoplakia in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Classic malakoplakia was found in the colon of a patient with a 30-year history of proven ulcerative colitis. She had undergone total proctocolectomy after failure of medical treatment to control her illness. Immunoperoxidase studies showed immunoglobulins and muramidase within the malakoplakic histiocytes, and electron microscopy showed bacteria resembling Escherichia coli in the same cells. Immunologic studies on the patient showed an unusually high E coli antibody titer (1:512) in her serum and reduced numbers of circulating T-lymphocytes with reduced cytotoxic activity. This case shows the paradoxical rarity of malakoplakia in ulcerative colitis and reaffirms the presence of an immunologic defect that may be pathogenetically significant.", "contents": "Malakoplakia in ulcerative colitis. Classic malakoplakia was found in the colon of a patient with a 30-year history of proven ulcerative colitis. She had undergone total proctocolectomy after failure of medical treatment to control her illness. Immunoperoxidase studies showed immunoglobulins and muramidase within the malakoplakic histiocytes, and electron microscopy showed bacteria resembling Escherichia coli in the same cells. Immunologic studies on the patient showed an unusually high E coli antibody titer (1:512) in her serum and reduced numbers of circulating T-lymphocytes with reduced cytotoxic activity. This case shows the paradoxical rarity of malakoplakia in ulcerative colitis and reaffirms the presence of an immunologic defect that may be pathogenetically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:345997", "title": "Disseminated petriellidosis (allescheriosis).", "content": "Disseminated infection by Petriellidium (Allescheria) boydii occurred in an immunosuppressed renal allograft recipient. A probable airborne pulmonary infection underwent hematogenous spread to the brain, thyroid, and heart. The organism develops septate, branching hyphae in tissue and may be misdiagnosed as Aspergillus. The basic pathologic lesions are necrosis with a predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytic reaction and abscess formation, and a mild granulomatous response with macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. A particular tropism for blood vessels was observed. The vascular organs, brain, and thyroid have been involved in all three disseminated cases reported thus far.", "contents": "Disseminated petriellidosis (allescheriosis). Disseminated infection by Petriellidium (Allescheria) boydii occurred in an immunosuppressed renal allograft recipient. A probable airborne pulmonary infection underwent hematogenous spread to the brain, thyroid, and heart. The organism develops septate, branching hyphae in tissue and may be misdiagnosed as Aspergillus. The basic pathologic lesions are necrosis with a predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytic reaction and abscess formation, and a mild granulomatous response with macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. A particular tropism for blood vessels was observed. The vascular organs, brain, and thyroid have been involved in all three disseminated cases reported thus far."}
{"id": "PMID:346002", "title": "Right renal vein extension in cadaver kidney transplantation.", "content": "Right renal vein extension by transverse closure of the transected inferior vena cava solves the problem of the short right renal vein in cadaver kidney transplantation.", "contents": "Right renal vein extension in cadaver kidney transplantation. Right renal vein extension by transverse closure of the transected inferior vena cava solves the problem of the short right renal vein in cadaver kidney transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:346003", "title": "Asymptomatic eyebrow mass. A rare presenting sign of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "A 60-year-old woman had a solitary mass in her left eyebrow that was first thought to be a dermoid cyst and following excision and histological examination was found to be a localized, malignant, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the mixed lymphocytic and histiocytic type. Subsequent lymphangiography after excisional biopsy of the left eyebrow mass demonstrated extensive para-aortic and inguinal lymph node involvement.", "contents": "Asymptomatic eyebrow mass. A rare presenting sign of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A 60-year-old woman had a solitary mass in her left eyebrow that was first thought to be a dermoid cyst and following excision and histological examination was found to be a localized, malignant, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the mixed lymphocytic and histiocytic type. Subsequent lymphangiography after excisional biopsy of the left eyebrow mass demonstrated extensive para-aortic and inguinal lymph node involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:346004", "title": "Wound excision to fascia in burn patients.", "content": "All charts of burn patients admitted to the US Army Institute of Surgical Research over a four-year period were reviewed to determine the efficacy of excision of the burn wound to fascia as a therapeutic modality. Of 1,013 burn patients, 72 underwent this procedure. The patients who had excisions had a mean total burn size of 52% of body surface area (BSA) and a mean third-degree burn of 33%. We correlated survival with burn size, associated injuries, day of excision, wound coverage, and sepsis. Survival in the group who had excisions (57%) did not differ substantially from that of the other patients (38%) when broken down by burn size. Careful selection of patients for this procedure and criteria for selection are stressed.", "contents": "Wound excision to fascia in burn patients. All charts of burn patients admitted to the US Army Institute of Surgical Research over a four-year period were reviewed to determine the efficacy of excision of the burn wound to fascia as a therapeutic modality. Of 1,013 burn patients, 72 underwent this procedure. The patients who had excisions had a mean total burn size of 52% of body surface area (BSA) and a mean third-degree burn of 33%. We correlated survival with burn size, associated injuries, day of excision, wound coverage, and sepsis. Survival in the group who had excisions (57%) did not differ substantially from that of the other patients (38%) when broken down by burn size. Careful selection of patients for this procedure and criteria for selection are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:345998", "title": "[Comparative studies of the response of normolipemic and dyslipemic aged subjects to 2 forms of delayed-action nicotinic acid polyesters. Pentaerythrotol tetranicotinate and inositol hexanicotinate. Results of a controlled cross-over trial].", "content": "A cross-over trial was run to compare the effects of two delayed-action nicotinic acid polyesters (pentaerythritol-tetranticotinate, PETN, and inositol-hexanicotinate, MIEN) in 59 aged normo- and dyslipaemic subjects. PETN tended to normalise the lipid picture in much the same way as nicotin acid, without a drastic effect on circulating lipids and lipoproteins. MIEN, on the other hand, had only a slight effect on total blood lipids, and appeared to be ineffective or negative with respect to the other lipid parameters. PETN proved capable of releasing active concentrations of nicotinic acid in vivo for a period of time that was sufficient to correct hyperlipaemia in age subjects. The side-effects were slight, infrequent and quickly reversible.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of the response of normolipemic and dyslipemic aged subjects to 2 forms of delayed-action nicotinic acid polyesters. Pentaerythrotol tetranicotinate and inositol hexanicotinate. Results of a controlled cross-over trial]. A cross-over trial was run to compare the effects of two delayed-action nicotinic acid polyesters (pentaerythritol-tetranticotinate, PETN, and inositol-hexanicotinate, MIEN) in 59 aged normo- and dyslipaemic subjects. PETN tended to normalise the lipid picture in much the same way as nicotin acid, without a drastic effect on circulating lipids and lipoproteins. MIEN, on the other hand, had only a slight effect on total blood lipids, and appeared to be ineffective or negative with respect to the other lipid parameters. PETN proved capable of releasing active concentrations of nicotinic acid in vivo for a period of time that was sufficient to correct hyperlipaemia in age subjects. The side-effects were slight, infrequent and quickly reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:346000", "title": "[beta-cell pancreatic hyperplasia. Considerations on a clinical case].", "content": "Differential haematological and instrumental examinations (OGTT, protracted fasting, i.v. tolbutamide, blood insulin, pancreatic scintiscanning, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, panoramic abdominal arteriography, and selective arteriography of the coeliac trunk), preceded subtotal pancreasectomy in a severe case of hypoglycaemia attributable to organic hyperinsulinism. Epstein's method was used to extract insulin from the pancreatic tissue for radioimmunological assay.", "contents": "[beta-cell pancreatic hyperplasia. Considerations on a clinical case]. Differential haematological and instrumental examinations (OGTT, protracted fasting, i.v. tolbutamide, blood insulin, pancreatic scintiscanning, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, panoramic abdominal arteriography, and selective arteriography of the coeliac trunk), preceded subtotal pancreasectomy in a severe case of hypoglycaemia attributable to organic hyperinsulinism. Epstein's method was used to extract insulin from the pancreatic tissue for radioimmunological assay."}
{"id": "PMID:346005", "title": "Chronic upper extremity arterial insufficiency. Etiology, manifestations, and operative management.", "content": "Forty-eight arterial reconstructions were performed for chronic upper extremity ischemia in 43 patients, aged 31 to 81 years. Diagnostic arterial catheterization was the most frequent cause of symptomatic occlusion, followed by proximal arteriosclerotic lesions and noniatrogenic trauma. Doppler ultrasound evaluation provided important diagnostic and prognostic data that complemented information derived from arteriography. Indications for operation included disabling claudication (39 cases) or digital gangrene (four cases). Restoration of normal extremity function can be anticipated except in instances where poor forearm runoff exists. Autogenous saphenous and basilic interposition vein grafts have proved excellent for axillary-brachial revascularizations. Axillary-axillary bypass procedures for innominate-subclavian artery occlusions appear hemodynamically sound and technically simple. Follow-up, averaging 48 months, extended to 144 months. Late vein graft failure or progressive distal occlusive disease was not encountered.", "contents": "Chronic upper extremity arterial insufficiency. Etiology, manifestations, and operative management. Forty-eight arterial reconstructions were performed for chronic upper extremity ischemia in 43 patients, aged 31 to 81 years. Diagnostic arterial catheterization was the most frequent cause of symptomatic occlusion, followed by proximal arteriosclerotic lesions and noniatrogenic trauma. Doppler ultrasound evaluation provided important diagnostic and prognostic data that complemented information derived from arteriography. Indications for operation included disabling claudication (39 cases) or digital gangrene (four cases). Restoration of normal extremity function can be anticipated except in instances where poor forearm runoff exists. Autogenous saphenous and basilic interposition vein grafts have proved excellent for axillary-brachial revascularizations. Axillary-axillary bypass procedures for innominate-subclavian artery occlusions appear hemodynamically sound and technically simple. Follow-up, averaging 48 months, extended to 144 months. Late vein graft failure or progressive distal occlusive disease was not encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:346006", "title": "Use of synthetic absorbable sutures for abdominal and chest wound closure. Experience with 650 consecutive cases.", "content": "The advent of synthetic collagen suture (polyglycolic acid and polyglacin 910) has provided a new dimension in surgical suturing. However, surgeons in general have not yet taken full advantage of the potential that this new material offers. Associated evisceration and wound dehiscence rates as well as the incidence rate of wound infection were assessed since these represent standards by which the suture material can be evaluated. In an entire series of 650 cases, there has been one case of wound dehiscence with evisceration. The incidence of infection has been less than 1%, which is comparable to previous experience with interrupted, nonabsorbable sutures. The time required for closure using the new material has been approximately one third of that associated with the use of conventional interrupted closure sutures. This implies a substantial cost reduction for the patient. As a result of this experience, the synthetic absorbable sutures seem to represent the material of choice for routine abdominal or chest wound closure.", "contents": "Use of synthetic absorbable sutures for abdominal and chest wound closure. Experience with 650 consecutive cases. The advent of synthetic collagen suture (polyglycolic acid and polyglacin 910) has provided a new dimension in surgical suturing. However, surgeons in general have not yet taken full advantage of the potential that this new material offers. Associated evisceration and wound dehiscence rates as well as the incidence rate of wound infection were assessed since these represent standards by which the suture material can be evaluated. In an entire series of 650 cases, there has been one case of wound dehiscence with evisceration. The incidence of infection has been less than 1%, which is comparable to previous experience with interrupted, nonabsorbable sutures. The time required for closure using the new material has been approximately one third of that associated with the use of conventional interrupted closure sutures. This implies a substantial cost reduction for the patient. As a result of this experience, the synthetic absorbable sutures seem to represent the material of choice for routine abdominal or chest wound closure."}
{"id": "PMID:346007", "title": "Mechanisms of bacterial mutagenesis and properties of mutagenesis tester strains.", "content": "Bacterial tester strains are available which can detect base pair substitution, frameshift and deletion mutations. I consider possible mechanisms for these types of event. I describe the four main types of DNA repair process operating in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium and how they may influence mutation: Means of modifying repair processes to increase the sensitivity of tester strains are discussed. The properties of some current strains are briefly described. I comment adversely on forward mutation systems and discuss aspects of the strategy and methodology of mutagenicity testing with bacteria.", "contents": "Mechanisms of bacterial mutagenesis and properties of mutagenesis tester strains. Bacterial tester strains are available which can detect base pair substitution, frameshift and deletion mutations. I consider possible mechanisms for these types of event. I describe the four main types of DNA repair process operating in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium and how they may influence mutation: Means of modifying repair processes to increase the sensitivity of tester strains are discussed. The properties of some current strains are briefly described. I comment adversely on forward mutation systems and discuss aspects of the strategy and methodology of mutagenicity testing with bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:346010", "title": "Pituitary adenomas and dyspituitarism.", "content": "Recent studies of the structure and function of pituitary adenomas reveal that the majority are functional and that the commonest type is a prolactin secreting adenoma. Studies of hypothalamic-pituitary function provide evidence to suggest that the adenoma develops following prolonged hypothalamic stimulation of the pituitary gland, and that the clinical dyspituitarism is due to the hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction and not to pituitary destruction by the adenoma. Pituitary adenomas may be classified into those due to a basic neuroendocrine dysfunction (prolactin secreting, acromegaly, Cushing's disease) and those arising secondary to end-organ failure (TSH and FSH secreting). The former group have APUD characteristics and may form part of a pluriglandular syndrome of apudomas. The persistence of a basic neuroendocrine dysfunction following the surgical removal of an adenoma explains the frequent recurrence of symptoms in patients and indicates a need for continued surveillance and long-term therapy.", "contents": "Pituitary adenomas and dyspituitarism. Recent studies of the structure and function of pituitary adenomas reveal that the majority are functional and that the commonest type is a prolactin secreting adenoma. Studies of hypothalamic-pituitary function provide evidence to suggest that the adenoma develops following prolonged hypothalamic stimulation of the pituitary gland, and that the clinical dyspituitarism is due to the hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction and not to pituitary destruction by the adenoma. Pituitary adenomas may be classified into those due to a basic neuroendocrine dysfunction (prolactin secreting, acromegaly, Cushing's disease) and those arising secondary to end-organ failure (TSH and FSH secreting). The former group have APUD characteristics and may form part of a pluriglandular syndrome of apudomas. The persistence of a basic neuroendocrine dysfunction following the surgical removal of an adenoma explains the frequent recurrence of symptoms in patients and indicates a need for continued surveillance and long-term therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:346011", "title": "The application of clinical trials to solid tumour management: an introduction.", "content": "This paper discusses the relevance of clinical trials to the management of solid tumours. It introduces the types of clinical trials, the requirements for patient assessment, and an overall strategy for importance of statistical and ethical considerations is discussed. There is an invitation for practising surgeons to participate in trials relevant to their speciality. The necessay framework and requirements for a clinical protocol are discussed separately in the following paper.", "contents": "The application of clinical trials to solid tumour management: an introduction. This paper discusses the relevance of clinical trials to the management of solid tumours. It introduces the types of clinical trials, the requirements for patient assessment, and an overall strategy for importance of statistical and ethical considerations is discussed. There is an invitation for practising surgeons to participate in trials relevant to their speciality. The necessay framework and requirements for a clinical protocol are discussed separately in the following paper."}
{"id": "PMID:346012", "title": "Bilateral renal artery aneurysms: in-situ and extracorporeal repair.", "content": "Renal artery aneurysms are uncommon, but when they do occur they are frequently associated with hypertension which may be amenable to surgery. Complex arterial abnormalities which formerly would have been treated by nephrectomy may now be reconstructed with preservation of the kidney. This is illustrated by a patient with renovascular hypertension and bilateral renal artery aneurysms, in whom arteriography and renal vein renin ratios were used as a guide to surgery performed in two stages. An in-situ repair was performed on one side. On the other side, where the aneurysm involved the three main branches of the renal artery, an extracorporeal repair was performed using continuous cold perfusion, substitution of the pathological segment with the patient's internal iliac artery, and autotransplantation to the iliac fossa. Both kidneys were retained and the hypertension was cured.", "contents": "Bilateral renal artery aneurysms: in-situ and extracorporeal repair. Renal artery aneurysms are uncommon, but when they do occur they are frequently associated with hypertension which may be amenable to surgery. Complex arterial abnormalities which formerly would have been treated by nephrectomy may now be reconstructed with preservation of the kidney. This is illustrated by a patient with renovascular hypertension and bilateral renal artery aneurysms, in whom arteriography and renal vein renin ratios were used as a guide to surgery performed in two stages. An in-situ repair was performed on one side. On the other side, where the aneurysm involved the three main branches of the renal artery, an extracorporeal repair was performed using continuous cold perfusion, substitution of the pathological segment with the patient's internal iliac artery, and autotransplantation to the iliac fossa. Both kidneys were retained and the hypertension was cured."}
{"id": "PMID:346014", "title": "Occupational hazards of missile operations with special regard to the hydrazine propellants.", "content": "The second generation of ballistic missiles and boosters, characterized by increased range and quick reaction capability, required the development of new high-energy storage propellants. This exploration led to the introduction of hydrazine (Hz), monomethylhydrazine (MMH), and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) into the USAF inventory. These compounds are all storable, noncryogenic, high-energy fuels which may be used alone or in combination as mixed amine fuels. Early toxicology experiments were to produce data on acute and subacute effects of the propellants in order to set standards for test and operational procedures to protect propellant handlers. The early work indicated that, despite similar chemical characteristics, there were marked differences between the compounds in terms of toxicological mechanisms. Since the propellant systems have been used for some 15 years, recent emphasis on toxicology has been centered on the more chronic effects and on an increasing body of evidence from animal experiments that the compounds may possess oncogenic potential as well as chronic systemic effects. This paper addresses itself to data leading up to current occupational standards.", "contents": "Occupational hazards of missile operations with special regard to the hydrazine propellants. The second generation of ballistic missiles and boosters, characterized by increased range and quick reaction capability, required the development of new high-energy storage propellants. This exploration led to the introduction of hydrazine (Hz), monomethylhydrazine (MMH), and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) into the USAF inventory. These compounds are all storable, noncryogenic, high-energy fuels which may be used alone or in combination as mixed amine fuels. Early toxicology experiments were to produce data on acute and subacute effects of the propellants in order to set standards for test and operational procedures to protect propellant handlers. The early work indicated that, despite similar chemical characteristics, there were marked differences between the compounds in terms of toxicological mechanisms. Since the propellant systems have been used for some 15 years, recent emphasis on toxicology has been centered on the more chronic effects and on an increasing body of evidence from animal experiments that the compounds may possess oncogenic potential as well as chronic systemic effects. This paper addresses itself to data leading up to current occupational standards."}
{"id": "PMID:346015", "title": "Explosive decompression of subjects up to a 20,000-m altitude using a two-pressure flying suit.", "content": "The RSAF two-pressure flying suit system to protect the pilot at high altitude has been tested from different medical safety aspects. To secure adequate alveolar oxygen pressure, the suit admits up to 70 mm Hg (9.3 kPa) positive pressure breathing by counter-pressure against the thorax and by a 3.2 times higher pressure in the anti-G suit. After 1 h of oxygen breathing, subjects were exposed to explosive decompression from an altitude of 9,000 m to 17,500 or 20,000 m in 0.5 s in a hypobaric chamber. No symptoms of decompression sickness or of alveolar rupture with gas embolism to the central nervous system were seen. Pulmonary X-rays after the test did not reveal any signs of lung rupture with extrapulmonary gas leakage. With the precordial Doppler ultrasound technique, intracardial gas bubbles (silent bubbles) could be detected only in one subject after explosive decompression to a 20,000-m altitude in the 10 experiments.", "contents": "Explosive decompression of subjects up to a 20,000-m altitude using a two-pressure flying suit. The RSAF two-pressure flying suit system to protect the pilot at high altitude has been tested from different medical safety aspects. To secure adequate alveolar oxygen pressure, the suit admits up to 70 mm Hg (9.3 kPa) positive pressure breathing by counter-pressure against the thorax and by a 3.2 times higher pressure in the anti-G suit. After 1 h of oxygen breathing, subjects were exposed to explosive decompression from an altitude of 9,000 m to 17,500 or 20,000 m in 0.5 s in a hypobaric chamber. No symptoms of decompression sickness or of alveolar rupture with gas embolism to the central nervous system were seen. Pulmonary X-rays after the test did not reveal any signs of lung rupture with extrapulmonary gas leakage. With the precordial Doppler ultrasound technique, intracardial gas bubbles (silent bubbles) could be detected only in one subject after explosive decompression to a 20,000-m altitude in the 10 experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:346016", "title": "An early behavioral description of a person with Turner's syndrome.", "content": "A person with Turner's syndrome was described by Dr. Charles Pears in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, in 1805. The description included behavioral traits of mild temperament, absence of heterosexual interests, and concern about social stigmatization. These traits are the object of current behavior genetic studies of persons with Turner's syndrome.", "contents": "An early behavioral description of a person with Turner's syndrome. A person with Turner's syndrome was described by Dr. Charles Pears in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, in 1805. The description included behavioral traits of mild temperament, absence of heterosexual interests, and concern about social stigmatization. These traits are the object of current behavior genetic studies of persons with Turner's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:346018", "title": "Studies on sex-organ development. Changes in chromatin structure during spermatogenesis in maturing rooster testis as demonstrated by the initiation pattern of ribonucleic acid synthesis in vitro.", "content": "To probe the structural change in the genome of the differentiating germ cell of the maturing rooster testis, the chromatin from nuclei at various stages of differentiation were transcribed with prokaryotic RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli or with eukaryotic RNA polymerase II from wheat germ. The transcription was performed under conditions of blockage of RNA chain reinitiation in vitro with rifampicin or rifampicin AF/013. With the E. coli enzyme, the changes in (1) the titration curve for the enzyme-chromatin interaction, (2) the number of initiation sites, (3) the rate of elongation of RNA chains, and (4) the kinetics of the formation of stable initiation complexes revealed the unmasking of DNA in elongated spermatids and the masking of DNA in spermatozoa. In both cases the stability of the DNA duplex in the initiation region for RNA synthesis greatly increased. In contrast with the E. coli enzyme, the wheat-germ RNA polymerase II was relatively inefficient at transcribing chromatin of elongated spermatids. Such behaviour can be predicted if unmasked double-stranded DNA is present in elongated spermatids.", "contents": "Studies on sex-organ development. Changes in chromatin structure during spermatogenesis in maturing rooster testis as demonstrated by the initiation pattern of ribonucleic acid synthesis in vitro. To probe the structural change in the genome of the differentiating germ cell of the maturing rooster testis, the chromatin from nuclei at various stages of differentiation were transcribed with prokaryotic RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli or with eukaryotic RNA polymerase II from wheat germ. The transcription was performed under conditions of blockage of RNA chain reinitiation in vitro with rifampicin or rifampicin AF/013. With the E. coli enzyme, the changes in (1) the titration curve for the enzyme-chromatin interaction, (2) the number of initiation sites, (3) the rate of elongation of RNA chains, and (4) the kinetics of the formation of stable initiation complexes revealed the unmasking of DNA in elongated spermatids and the masking of DNA in spermatozoa. In both cases the stability of the DNA duplex in the initiation region for RNA synthesis greatly increased. In contrast with the E. coli enzyme, the wheat-germ RNA polymerase II was relatively inefficient at transcribing chromatin of elongated spermatids. Such behaviour can be predicted if unmasked double-stranded DNA is present in elongated spermatids."}
{"id": "PMID:346029", "title": "[Measurement of cerebral blood flow with hydrogen clearance method: technique and a comparative study with the venous out flow method (author's transl)].", "content": "Local cerebral blood flow was measured with hydrogen clearance method in fifteen dogs and compared to direct measurement obtained by Michenfelder's venous out flow method. The sagittal sinus was exposed by a midline frontooccipital incision and extensive craniectomy. A tappered catheter was passed in to the superior sagittal. sinus. For measuring hydrogen clearance, platinum wire electrodes with a red tip of 0.5 mm in length and 0.3 mm in diameter were introduced into the parietal and occipital cortex. About ten percent hydrogen gas was given directly into the endotracheal tube for three to five minutes and the obtained clearance curves were transferred to semilog graph papers. Total cerebral blood flow was caliculated by bicompartmental analysis and compared to the two minutes initial slop index. The results are as follows. 1) A linear regression analysis of flows caliculated from the initial slope and bicompartmental analysis shows a high correlation coefficient. 2) There is a high correlation between flows caliculated from electrodes used at the same experiments. 3) Cerebral blood flow from the initial slope measured by hydrogen clearance method shows a high correlation wit flows caliculated from Michenfelder's venous out flow method.", "contents": "[Measurement of cerebral blood flow with hydrogen clearance method: technique and a comparative study with the venous out flow method (author's transl)]. Local cerebral blood flow was measured with hydrogen clearance method in fifteen dogs and compared to direct measurement obtained by Michenfelder's venous out flow method. The sagittal sinus was exposed by a midline frontooccipital incision and extensive craniectomy. A tappered catheter was passed in to the superior sagittal. sinus. For measuring hydrogen clearance, platinum wire electrodes with a red tip of 0.5 mm in length and 0.3 mm in diameter were introduced into the parietal and occipital cortex. About ten percent hydrogen gas was given directly into the endotracheal tube for three to five minutes and the obtained clearance curves were transferred to semilog graph papers. Total cerebral blood flow was caliculated by bicompartmental analysis and compared to the two minutes initial slop index. The results are as follows. 1) A linear regression analysis of flows caliculated from the initial slope and bicompartmental analysis shows a high correlation coefficient. 2) There is a high correlation between flows caliculated from electrodes used at the same experiments. 3) Cerebral blood flow from the initial slope measured by hydrogen clearance method shows a high correlation wit flows caliculated from Michenfelder's venous out flow method."}
{"id": "PMID:346039", "title": "Membrane fluidity, capping of cell-surface antigens and immune response in mouse leukaemia cells.", "content": "Transplantation of primary GRSL cells in the ascitic form led to a decrease in membrane microviscosity as measured by the fluorescence polarization technique. The transplanted GRSL ascitic cells showed a markedly lower ability to form caps with respect to both virus-related (MLr, GIX) and normal (H-2.7(G), H-2.8(K) and TL1.2) cell-surface antigens and their appropriate antisera in the indirect membrane immunofluorescence tests, than did primary GRSL cells, transplanted GRSL cells growing in solid form, and thymocytes, which all exhibited significantly higher membrane microviscosities. Transplantation of primary GRSL cells into syngeneic mice pre-irradiated with 400 rad did not lead to a fall in membrane microviscosity. It is suggested that the host immune response in intact mice leads to a selective survival of ascitic tumour cells with low membrane microviscosity.", "contents": "Membrane fluidity, capping of cell-surface antigens and immune response in mouse leukaemia cells. Transplantation of primary GRSL cells in the ascitic form led to a decrease in membrane microviscosity as measured by the fluorescence polarization technique. The transplanted GRSL ascitic cells showed a markedly lower ability to form caps with respect to both virus-related (MLr, GIX) and normal (H-2.7(G), H-2.8(K) and TL1.2) cell-surface antigens and their appropriate antisera in the indirect membrane immunofluorescence tests, than did primary GRSL cells, transplanted GRSL cells growing in solid form, and thymocytes, which all exhibited significantly higher membrane microviscosities. Transplantation of primary GRSL cells into syngeneic mice pre-irradiated with 400 rad did not lead to a fall in membrane microviscosity. It is suggested that the host immune response in intact mice leads to a selective survival of ascitic tumour cells with low membrane microviscosity."}
{"id": "PMID:346040", "title": "A model of salmonella enteritis: the behaviour of Salmonella enteritidis in chick intestine studies by light and electron microscopy.", "content": "Salmonella enteritidis was injected into isolated \"loops\" of duodenum, midgut and ileocaeca in anaesthetized 1-day-old chicks. Using light microscopy with conventional staining and fluorescent antibody techniques, the organism were observed in increasing numbers in the epithelium and lamina propria of each region between 2 and 12 h after inoculation. The potential ability of the salmonellas to enter the mucosa at any level of the intestine was thus demonstrated. The penetration of caecal epithelium by the organisms was studied by electron-microscopy. Uptake of salmonellas was associated with evaginations which formed at the luminal surface of the epithelium. In the epithelial cells, the bacteria were enclosed within membrane-bound vacuoles and appeared undamaged by intracellular passage. Surface evaginations almost completely replaced the brush border in regions where large numbers of the organisms were involved. Occasional salmonellas were found in the lamina propria both free and intracellularly. Results of culture and light microscopy following oral and intracloacal inoculation are also presented.", "contents": "A model of salmonella enteritis: the behaviour of Salmonella enteritidis in chick intestine studies by light and electron microscopy. Salmonella enteritidis was injected into isolated \"loops\" of duodenum, midgut and ileocaeca in anaesthetized 1-day-old chicks. Using light microscopy with conventional staining and fluorescent antibody techniques, the organism were observed in increasing numbers in the epithelium and lamina propria of each region between 2 and 12 h after inoculation. The potential ability of the salmonellas to enter the mucosa at any level of the intestine was thus demonstrated. The penetration of caecal epithelium by the organisms was studied by electron-microscopy. Uptake of salmonellas was associated with evaginations which formed at the luminal surface of the epithelium. In the epithelial cells, the bacteria were enclosed within membrane-bound vacuoles and appeared undamaged by intracellular passage. Surface evaginations almost completely replaced the brush border in regions where large numbers of the organisms were involved. Occasional salmonellas were found in the lamina propria both free and intracellularly. Results of culture and light microscopy following oral and intracloacal inoculation are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:346041", "title": "Observations on the in vivo reaction of antinuclear antibodies with epidermal cells.", "content": "In evaluating the normal skin of five patients with mixed connective tissue disease, four patients were noted to have both basement membrane zone and speckled epidermal nuclear immunofluorescence. The positive epidermal nuclear reaction was found to be associated with IgG, and no evidence of complement involvement was seen. In vitro testing demonstrated that normal control skin incubated with high-titred antisera to nuclear ribonucleoprotein reporduced the findings observed in direct staining, but incubation with high-titred antisera to other nuclear antigens such as Sm and single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid did not cause positive epidermal nuclear staining. The association of antibodies to ribonucleoprotein and speckled epidermal nuclear immunofluorescence is discussed. Also considered is the possibility of other factors affecting nuclear membrane permeability.", "contents": "Observations on the in vivo reaction of antinuclear antibodies with epidermal cells. In evaluating the normal skin of five patients with mixed connective tissue disease, four patients were noted to have both basement membrane zone and speckled epidermal nuclear immunofluorescence. The positive epidermal nuclear reaction was found to be associated with IgG, and no evidence of complement involvement was seen. In vitro testing demonstrated that normal control skin incubated with high-titred antisera to nuclear ribonucleoprotein reporduced the findings observed in direct staining, but incubation with high-titred antisera to other nuclear antigens such as Sm and single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid did not cause positive epidermal nuclear staining. The association of antibodies to ribonucleoprotein and speckled epidermal nuclear immunofluorescence is discussed. Also considered is the possibility of other factors affecting nuclear membrane permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:346042", "title": "Mycophenolic acid in psoriasis.", "content": "Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a fermentation product of a penicillium mould which has shown antitumour acitivity in certain animal models. It blocks nucleic acid synthesis by interfering with the interconversions of inosine monophosphate (IMP), xanthine monophosphate (XMP) and guanine monophosphate (GMP) thereby inhibiting growth and/or replication of tumour cells. In vivo activity depends on the presence of a beta-glucuronidase which is abundant in the cell wall of epithelial tissues. Encouraged by results obtained in earlier clinical trials, we have studied 28 patients with psoriasis, 21 in double-blind fashion. A comparison of disease severity in patients before and after receiving MPA versus patients receiving placebo clearly showed the superiority of drug over placebo. The mean severity score of patients receiving MPA as an initial course of therapy improved by 56% versus 9% in patients receiving placebo. Patients receiving MPA after an initial course of placebo therapy showed improvement in their mean severity score averaging 86%. Those patients receiving placebo after an initial course of MPA showed worsening of their mean severity score averaging 70%. Overall, about 75% of MPA treated patients have shown good to excellent responses, and toxicity appears low. Evidence suggests that MPA may be very useful in treating severe psoriasis.", "contents": "Mycophenolic acid in psoriasis. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a fermentation product of a penicillium mould which has shown antitumour acitivity in certain animal models. It blocks nucleic acid synthesis by interfering with the interconversions of inosine monophosphate (IMP), xanthine monophosphate (XMP) and guanine monophosphate (GMP) thereby inhibiting growth and/or replication of tumour cells. In vivo activity depends on the presence of a beta-glucuronidase which is abundant in the cell wall of epithelial tissues. Encouraged by results obtained in earlier clinical trials, we have studied 28 patients with psoriasis, 21 in double-blind fashion. A comparison of disease severity in patients before and after receiving MPA versus patients receiving placebo clearly showed the superiority of drug over placebo. The mean severity score of patients receiving MPA as an initial course of therapy improved by 56% versus 9% in patients receiving placebo. Patients receiving MPA after an initial course of placebo therapy showed improvement in their mean severity score averaging 86%. Those patients receiving placebo after an initial course of MPA showed worsening of their mean severity score averaging 70%. Overall, about 75% of MPA treated patients have shown good to excellent responses, and toxicity appears low. Evidence suggests that MPA may be very useful in treating severe psoriasis."}
{"id": "PMID:346046", "title": "Calcium-induced damage of haemoglobin SS and normal erythrocytes.", "content": "An ionophore specific for divalent cations has been used to load normal erythrocytes and erythrocytes from patients with sickle cell anaemia (Hb SS disease), with small amounts of calcium. Such calcium accumulation leads to decreased cellular water, potassium, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and osmotic fragility, all characteristics of irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs). In addition, calcium loading of Hb SS, but not normal, erythrocytes causes a marked decrease of haemoglobin oxygen affinity; another, and specific, hallmark of ISCs. Ionophore-induced accumulation of calcium by deoxygenated Hb SS erythrocytes also leads to temporary retention of sickled shape following reoxygenation, despite the absence of detectable intracellular haemoglobin S fibres. All these effects require calcium in the incubation medium and support the idea that increased intracellular calcium is important in the formation of ISCs in patients with Hb SS disease.", "contents": "Calcium-induced damage of haemoglobin SS and normal erythrocytes. An ionophore specific for divalent cations has been used to load normal erythrocytes and erythrocytes from patients with sickle cell anaemia (Hb SS disease), with small amounts of calcium. Such calcium accumulation leads to decreased cellular water, potassium, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and osmotic fragility, all characteristics of irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs). In addition, calcium loading of Hb SS, but not normal, erythrocytes causes a marked decrease of haemoglobin oxygen affinity; another, and specific, hallmark of ISCs. Ionophore-induced accumulation of calcium by deoxygenated Hb SS erythrocytes also leads to temporary retention of sickled shape following reoxygenation, despite the absence of detectable intracellular haemoglobin S fibres. All these effects require calcium in the incubation medium and support the idea that increased intracellular calcium is important in the formation of ISCs in patients with Hb SS disease."}
{"id": "PMID:346049", "title": "Lack of effect of prednisone administration on bleeding time and platelet function of normal subjects.", "content": "The effect of 80 mg prednisone given orally for 2 d on normal and post-aspirin bleeding times and platelet function has been studied in a randomized, multiple cross-over, double-blind controlled trial in 12 normal volunteers. Mean template bleeding times were 6.6 min (placebo/placebo), 5.9 min (prednisone/placebo), 10.0 min (placebo/aspirin) and 8.7 min (prednisone/aspirin). The shortening after prednisone administration was not statistically significant. Prednisone had no effect on platelet glass bead retention nor on platelet aggregation by collagen, adrenalin and adenosine diphosphate. Thus conventional clinical doses of prednisone did not impair platelet function and did not enhance primary haemostatis in normal subjects as measured by the bleeding time.", "contents": "Lack of effect of prednisone administration on bleeding time and platelet function of normal subjects. The effect of 80 mg prednisone given orally for 2 d on normal and post-aspirin bleeding times and platelet function has been studied in a randomized, multiple cross-over, double-blind controlled trial in 12 normal volunteers. Mean template bleeding times were 6.6 min (placebo/placebo), 5.9 min (prednisone/placebo), 10.0 min (placebo/aspirin) and 8.7 min (prednisone/aspirin). The shortening after prednisone administration was not statistically significant. Prednisone had no effect on platelet glass bead retention nor on platelet aggregation by collagen, adrenalin and adenosine diphosphate. Thus conventional clinical doses of prednisone did not impair platelet function and did not enhance primary haemostatis in normal subjects as measured by the bleeding time."}
{"id": "PMID:346052", "title": "A new system of microsurgery for human and experimental corneal graftin. I. The contact lens corneal cutter, stereotaxic eye holder, donor disc chuck, and frame.", "content": "A new microsurgical system is presented for human and experimental corneal grafting. The system is based on novel methods of corneal cutting and holding which simplify collection procedures and minimise operator manipulation during transplantation.", "contents": "A new system of microsurgery for human and experimental corneal graftin. I. The contact lens corneal cutter, stereotaxic eye holder, donor disc chuck, and frame. A new microsurgical system is presented for human and experimental corneal grafting. The system is based on novel methods of corneal cutting and holding which simplify collection procedures and minimise operator manipulation during transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:346053", "title": "A new system of microsurgery for human and experimental corneal grafting. II. Clinical and experimental applications.", "content": "After preliminary testing with pig, dog, rabbit, monkey, cat, and human cadaver eyes the CLCC system has been used for penetrating and lamellar keratoplasty in human subjects. Clinical experience covers a broad range of corneal pathology. Detailed operative instructions and observations are given. In the experimental situation the CLCC is being used to achieve deep lamellar corneal dissection for a continuing study of non-penetrating keratoplasty.", "contents": "A new system of microsurgery for human and experimental corneal grafting. II. Clinical and experimental applications. After preliminary testing with pig, dog, rabbit, monkey, cat, and human cadaver eyes the CLCC system has been used for penetrating and lamellar keratoplasty in human subjects. Clinical experience covers a broad range of corneal pathology. Detailed operative instructions and observations are given. In the experimental situation the CLCC is being used to achieve deep lamellar corneal dissection for a continuing study of non-penetrating keratoplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:346054", "title": "Mastering the donor eye: a new device for obtaining donor corneal discs.", "content": "In recognition of the many inexactitudes involved in cutting donor corneal discs, a new instrument is here described which should help to eliminate many of then, and its mode of use is outlined. For a long time instruments available to assist the corneal surgeon in his management of donor material have been inadequate. Many devices are awkward to use, or give rise to donor discs of an unreliable or uneven edge profile. In an attempt to overcome these difficulties we have designed, produced and tested a new instrument which we feel represents an advance. Because different surgeons use fresh or stored material, and because some prefer to trephine from the epithelial surface while others opt to punch from the endothelium, we have endeavoured to meet all these requirements.", "contents": "Mastering the donor eye: a new device for obtaining donor corneal discs. In recognition of the many inexactitudes involved in cutting donor corneal discs, a new instrument is here described which should help to eliminate many of then, and its mode of use is outlined. For a long time instruments available to assist the corneal surgeon in his management of donor material have been inadequate. Many devices are awkward to use, or give rise to donor discs of an unreliable or uneven edge profile. In an attempt to overcome these difficulties we have designed, produced and tested a new instrument which we feel represents an advance. Because different surgeons use fresh or stored material, and because some prefer to trephine from the epithelial surface while others opt to punch from the endothelium, we have endeavoured to meet all these requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:346061", "title": "The binding of lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli to mammalian cell membranes and its effect on liposomes.", "content": "The kinetics of the absorption of 32P- or 14C-labelled lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli NCTC 8623, serotype 0 125, chemotype XII, to erythrocytes, leukocytes, peritoneal macrophages and peritoneal lymphocytes was examined. Under variable conditions maximal levels of binding were found due to saturation of receptor sites on the cell membrane or steric hindrance by bound lipopolysaccharide. During adsorption slight leakage of haemoglobin was found but complete lysis of erythrocytes was ruled out after noting the effect of lipopolysaccharide on artificial lipid bilayers. The affinit of lipopolysaccharide to cell membranes revealed a consistent pattern of cyclic fluctuation between adsorption and desorption. A model was proposed to explain this cyclic fluctuation in binding based on membrane reorganization. It was significant that the cycle of lipopolysaccharide adsorption-desorption proceeded to completion even if the process was interrupted. The indication was that, once triggered, membrane reorganization occurred independently without influence from the test environment.", "contents": "The binding of lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli to mammalian cell membranes and its effect on liposomes. The kinetics of the absorption of 32P- or 14C-labelled lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli NCTC 8623, serotype 0 125, chemotype XII, to erythrocytes, leukocytes, peritoneal macrophages and peritoneal lymphocytes was examined. Under variable conditions maximal levels of binding were found due to saturation of receptor sites on the cell membrane or steric hindrance by bound lipopolysaccharide. During adsorption slight leakage of haemoglobin was found but complete lysis of erythrocytes was ruled out after noting the effect of lipopolysaccharide on artificial lipid bilayers. The affinit of lipopolysaccharide to cell membranes revealed a consistent pattern of cyclic fluctuation between adsorption and desorption. A model was proposed to explain this cyclic fluctuation in binding based on membrane reorganization. It was significant that the cycle of lipopolysaccharide adsorption-desorption proceeded to completion even if the process was interrupted. The indication was that, once triggered, membrane reorganization occurred independently without influence from the test environment."}
{"id": "PMID:346062", "title": "Preferential release of new outer membrane fragments by exponentially growing Escherichia coli.", "content": "We have examined whether the outer membrane fragments released by normally growing Escherichia coli contain relatively old or new outer membrane. Double-label experiments show that after incorporation of radioactive leucine into E. coli protein, there is a preferential release of outer membrane material which contains a high percentage of newly labeled protein. This implies that outer membrane fragments are preferentially released from those regions where newly synthesized proteins are inserted into the outer membrane. We estimate that these insertion regions cover no more than 13% of the total outer membrane, and that newly inserted proteins diffuse in the plane of the outer membrane with a diffusion constant less than or equal to 5.10(-13) cm2/s.", "contents": "Preferential release of new outer membrane fragments by exponentially growing Escherichia coli. We have examined whether the outer membrane fragments released by normally growing Escherichia coli contain relatively old or new outer membrane. Double-label experiments show that after incorporation of radioactive leucine into E. coli protein, there is a preferential release of outer membrane material which contains a high percentage of newly labeled protein. This implies that outer membrane fragments are preferentially released from those regions where newly synthesized proteins are inserted into the outer membrane. We estimate that these insertion regions cover no more than 13% of the total outer membrane, and that newly inserted proteins diffuse in the plane of the outer membrane with a diffusion constant less than or equal to 5.10(-13) cm2/s."}
{"id": "PMID:346063", "title": "The effect of osmotic shock on the accessibility of the murein layer of exponentially growing Escherichia coli to lysozyme.", "content": "The restricted access of lysozyme to the murein layer of exponential phase Escherichia coli is enhanced considerably by osmotic shock. When cells suspended in Tris/EDTA/sucrose are diluted 11-fold in water or 10 mM EDTA in the presence of lysozyme, their susceptibility to lysozyme increases by a factor of 50--100, for both Escherichia coli JC411 and W3110, grown to the early exponential phase in unsuppleneted or supplemented minimal media, and in Brain Heart Infusion. Since an 11-fold dilution causes lysis of lysozyme spheroplasts, the effects of  a 2-fold dilution have also been investigated. A 2-fold dilution of cell suspended in TrisEDTA/sucrose still increases their susceptibility to lysozyme by a factor of 10--50, but the resulting spheroplasts remain intact. EDTA is necessary to permit lysozyme access to the murein layer during the dilution, which is ineffective in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2. These results are discussed in terms of the formation of lysozyme spheroplasts from young Escherichia coli.", "contents": "The effect of osmotic shock on the accessibility of the murein layer of exponentially growing Escherichia coli to lysozyme. The restricted access of lysozyme to the murein layer of exponential phase Escherichia coli is enhanced considerably by osmotic shock. When cells suspended in Tris/EDTA/sucrose are diluted 11-fold in water or 10 mM EDTA in the presence of lysozyme, their susceptibility to lysozyme increases by a factor of 50--100, for both Escherichia coli JC411 and W3110, grown to the early exponential phase in unsuppleneted or supplemented minimal media, and in Brain Heart Infusion. Since an 11-fold dilution causes lysis of lysozyme spheroplasts, the effects of  a 2-fold dilution have also been investigated. A 2-fold dilution of cell suspended in TrisEDTA/sucrose still increases their susceptibility to lysozyme by a factor of 10--50, but the resulting spheroplasts remain intact. EDTA is necessary to permit lysozyme access to the murein layer during the dilution, which is ineffective in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2. These results are discussed in terms of the formation of lysozyme spheroplasts from young Escherichia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:346064", "title": "Phosphate transport in membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Escherichia coli strain AN710 possesses only the PIT system for phosphate transport. Membrane vesicles from this strain, which contain phosphate internally, perform exchange and active transport of phosphate. The energy for active transport is supplied by the respiratory chain with ascorbate phenazine methosulphate as electron donor. To a lesser extent also the oxidation of D-lactate energizes phosphate transport; the oxidation of succinate is only marginally effective. Phosphate transport is driven by the proton-motive force and in particular by the pH gradient across the membrane. This view is supported by the observation that phosphate transport is stimulated by valinomycin, inhibited by nigericin and abolished by the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. Neither inhibitor affects phosphate exchange. The phosphate analogue arsenate inhibits both the exchange reaction and active transport. Both processes are stimulated by K+ and Mg2+, the highest activities being observed with both ions present. Membrane vesicles have also been isolated from Escherichia coli K10, a strain which possesses only a functional PST phosphate transport system. These vesicles perform neither exchange nor active transport of phosphate, although active transport of amino acids is observed in the presence of ascorbate-phenazine methosulphate or D-lactate.", "contents": "Phosphate transport in membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli strain AN710 possesses only the PIT system for phosphate transport. Membrane vesicles from this strain, which contain phosphate internally, perform exchange and active transport of phosphate. The energy for active transport is supplied by the respiratory chain with ascorbate phenazine methosulphate as electron donor. To a lesser extent also the oxidation of D-lactate energizes phosphate transport; the oxidation of succinate is only marginally effective. Phosphate transport is driven by the proton-motive force and in particular by the pH gradient across the membrane. This view is supported by the observation that phosphate transport is stimulated by valinomycin, inhibited by nigericin and abolished by the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. Neither inhibitor affects phosphate exchange. The phosphate analogue arsenate inhibits both the exchange reaction and active transport. Both processes are stimulated by K+ and Mg2+, the highest activities being observed with both ions present. Membrane vesicles have also been isolated from Escherichia coli K10, a strain which possesses only a functional PST phosphate transport system. These vesicles perform neither exchange nor active transport of phosphate, although active transport of amino acids is observed in the presence of ascorbate-phenazine methosulphate or D-lactate."}
{"id": "PMID:346066", "title": "Quantitative aspects of free and esterified sterols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under various conditions.", "content": "For extraction of free and esterified sterols from yeast cells, a method was devised in which both forms of sterols were extracted with light petroleum after the treatment of the cells with acetone, and then with dimethylsulfoxide. The content of sterol esters in the cells under aerobic conditions markedly increased with time, amounting to 95% of the total sterols under some conditions. However, the formed sterol esters were decreased, accompanied with an increase of free sterols, when the cells were put under anaerobic conditions. Variations of radioactivities of both sterols which had been labeled in the side chain by incubation of the cells with [Me[-14C]methionine were examined on the cells grown under various conditions. No variation was observed on the cells under aerobic conditions. On the other hand, the labeled esters were hydrolyzed to yield free sterols in the cells under anaerobic conditions. In the cells under aerobic conditions, the free sterols were found to consist mainly of ergosterol, whereas the esterified sterols contained considerable amounts of zymosterol, lanosterol, and other intermediate sterols besides ergosterol.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of free and esterified sterols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under various conditions. For extraction of free and esterified sterols from yeast cells, a method was devised in which both forms of sterols were extracted with light petroleum after the treatment of the cells with acetone, and then with dimethylsulfoxide. The content of sterol esters in the cells under aerobic conditions markedly increased with time, amounting to 95% of the total sterols under some conditions. However, the formed sterol esters were decreased, accompanied with an increase of free sterols, when the cells were put under anaerobic conditions. Variations of radioactivities of both sterols which had been labeled in the side chain by incubation of the cells with [Me[-14C]methionine were examined on the cells grown under various conditions. No variation was observed on the cells under aerobic conditions. On the other hand, the labeled esters were hydrolyzed to yield free sterols in the cells under anaerobic conditions. In the cells under aerobic conditions, the free sterols were found to consist mainly of ergosterol, whereas the esterified sterols contained considerable amounts of zymosterol, lanosterol, and other intermediate sterols besides ergosterol."}
{"id": "PMID:346067", "title": "Regional differences in prostacyclin formation by the kidney. Prostacyclin is a major prostaglandin of renal cortex.", "content": "Microsomes prepared from rabbit renal cortex were found to synthesize substantial amounts of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha from prostaglandin G2 or arachidonic acid during an incubation. In contrast, no 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha was formed by renal medullary microsomes which synthesize predominantly prostaglandin E2. Mass spectral confirmation of the structure of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha from these incubations demonstrates the ability of the renal cortex to synthesize prostacyclin.", "contents": "Regional differences in prostacyclin formation by the kidney. Prostacyclin is a major prostaglandin of renal cortex. Microsomes prepared from rabbit renal cortex were found to synthesize substantial amounts of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha from prostaglandin G2 or arachidonic acid during an incubation. In contrast, no 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha was formed by renal medullary microsomes which synthesize predominantly prostaglandin E2. Mass spectral confirmation of the structure of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha from these incubations demonstrates the ability of the renal cortex to synthesize prostacyclin."}
{"id": "PMID:346069", "title": "Disaccharidase and lysosomal enzyme activities in amniotic fluid, intestinal mucosa and meconium. Correlation between morphology and disaccharidase activities in human fetal small intestine.", "content": "Brush border membrane bound disaccharidases (sucrase and maltase) and lysosomal enzyme (alpha-glucosidase, beta-D-fucosidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase) activities awere studied in amniotic fluid (AF). The above enzymes except N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase showed a decrease in activity with gestational age beginning at about the 19th week. The activities of sucrase and maltase correlate with the morphological maturation of fetal intestinal mucosa. The distribution of disaccharidases and lysosomal alpha-glucosidase in AF and intestinal mucosa showed different patterns suggesting that these enzymes originate in diverse fetal tissues.", "contents": "Disaccharidase and lysosomal enzyme activities in amniotic fluid, intestinal mucosa and meconium. Correlation between morphology and disaccharidase activities in human fetal small intestine. Brush border membrane bound disaccharidases (sucrase and maltase) and lysosomal enzyme (alpha-glucosidase, beta-D-fucosidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase) activities awere studied in amniotic fluid (AF). The above enzymes except N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase showed a decrease in activity with gestational age beginning at about the 19th week. The activities of sucrase and maltase correlate with the morphological maturation of fetal intestinal mucosa. The distribution of disaccharidases and lysosomal alpha-glucosidase in AF and intestinal mucosa showed different patterns suggesting that these enzymes originate in diverse fetal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:346070", "title": "Effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) and LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) on testosterone production in vivo, in fetal rabbit testis in late gestation.", "content": "Plasma and tesicular testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in the 29-day-old rabbit fetus receiving an injection of saline solution, LH or LHRH. 30 min following the injection of 5 microgram LH into the umbilical vein, testosterone levels were significantly increased by 287% in the plasma and 293% in the testis, compared with controls receiving saline solution. The injection of 2 microgram of LHRH under the same conditions significantly increased testicular testosterone by 256% and plasma testosterone by 746%. The results show that the fetal rabbit testis, at the end of gestation, is capable of responding to LH stimulation. The hypophysio-testicular axis is apparently functional at this stage of gestation, as shown by the response to LHRH.", "contents": "Effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) and LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) on testosterone production in vivo, in fetal rabbit testis in late gestation. Plasma and tesicular testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in the 29-day-old rabbit fetus receiving an injection of saline solution, LH or LHRH. 30 min following the injection of 5 microgram LH into the umbilical vein, testosterone levels were significantly increased by 287% in the plasma and 293% in the testis, compared with controls receiving saline solution. The injection of 2 microgram of LHRH under the same conditions significantly increased testicular testosterone by 256% and plasma testosterone by 746%. The results show that the fetal rabbit testis, at the end of gestation, is capable of responding to LH stimulation. The hypophysio-testicular axis is apparently functional at this stage of gestation, as shown by the response to LHRH."}
{"id": "PMID:346072", "title": "A model for traveling bands of chemotactic bacteria.", "content": "A theoretical model is used to study band formation by chemotactic populations of Escherichia coli. The model includes the bacterial response to attractant gradients, the chemotactic sensitivity of the bacteria to the concentration of the attractant, and population growth. For certain values of the parameters in the model, traveling bands of bacteria form and propagate with or without growth. Under specific growth conditions the band profile is maintained and the band propagates at constant speed. These predictions are in general agreement with the experiment results of J. Adler and earlier theoretical work by L. Segel and his collaborators. However, our theory differs in several important respects from the latter efforts. Suggestions are made for further experiments to test the proposed model and to clarify the nature of the processes which lead to band formation.", "contents": "A model for traveling bands of chemotactic bacteria. A theoretical model is used to study band formation by chemotactic populations of Escherichia coli. The model includes the bacterial response to attractant gradients, the chemotactic sensitivity of the bacteria to the concentration of the attractant, and population growth. For certain values of the parameters in the model, traveling bands of bacteria form and propagate with or without growth. Under specific growth conditions the band profile is maintained and the band propagates at constant speed. These predictions are in general agreement with the experiment results of J. Adler and earlier theoretical work by L. Segel and his collaborators. However, our theory differs in several important respects from the latter efforts. Suggestions are made for further experiments to test the proposed model and to clarify the nature of the processes which lead to band formation."}
{"id": "PMID:346073", "title": "The measurement of bacterial translation by photon correlation spectroscopy.", "content": "Photon correlation spectroscopy is shown to be a practical technique for the accurate determination of translational speeds of bacteria. Though other attempts have been made to use light scattering as a probe of various aspects of bacterial motility, no other comprehensive studies to establish firmly the basic capabilities and limitations of the technique have been published. The intrinsic accuracy of the assay of translational speeds by photon correlation spectroscopy is investigated by analysis of synthetic autocorrelation data; consistently accurate estimates of the mean and second moment of the speed distribution can be calculated. Extensive analyses of experimental preparations of Salmonella typhimurium examine the possible sources of experimental difficulty with the assay. Cinematography confirms the bacterial speed estimates obtained by photon correlation techniques.", "contents": "The measurement of bacterial translation by photon correlation spectroscopy. Photon correlation spectroscopy is shown to be a practical technique for the accurate determination of translational speeds of bacteria. Though other attempts have been made to use light scattering as a probe of various aspects of bacterial motility, no other comprehensive studies to establish firmly the basic capabilities and limitations of the technique have been published. The intrinsic accuracy of the assay of translational speeds by photon correlation spectroscopy is investigated by analysis of synthetic autocorrelation data; consistently accurate estimates of the mean and second moment of the speed distribution can be calculated. Extensive analyses of experimental preparations of Salmonella typhimurium examine the possible sources of experimental difficulty with the assay. Cinematography confirms the bacterial speed estimates obtained by photon correlation techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:346074", "title": "Environmental applications of mass spectrometry.", "content": "The 1976 publications reporting organic and spark source mass spectrometric studies on environmental samples were compiled. Emphasis was placed on pollutants identified rather than methods and techniques used, and reports that did not incorporate data obtained by a technique's application were not included. The 349 reports cited vary from those reporting hundreds of identified pollutants to those describing the analysis of only one sample containing one or a few pollutants. The following sample types were not considered to be environment samples: forensic samples, synthetic or 'standards' samples, and samples analyzed for drug residues.", "contents": "Environmental applications of mass spectrometry. The 1976 publications reporting organic and spark source mass spectrometric studies on environmental samples were compiled. Emphasis was placed on pollutants identified rather than methods and techniques used, and reports that did not incorporate data obtained by a technique's application were not included. The 349 reports cited vary from those reporting hundreds of identified pollutants to those describing the analysis of only one sample containing one or a few pollutants. The following sample types were not considered to be environment samples: forensic samples, synthetic or 'standards' samples, and samples analyzed for drug residues."}
{"id": "PMID:346077", "title": "LETS glycoprotein: arrangement and function at the cell surface.", "content": "LETS is a large surface glycoprotein that is found on normal fibroblasts, but is absent or exists in amounts on transformed cells. Immunofluorescent staining shows LETS protein fibrils arrayed around the cells, particularly concentrated beneath the cells and in the area between neighboring cells. LETS glycoprotein is disulfide-bonded at the cell surface into dimers and higher aggregates. Other surface proteins also appear to participate in disulfide bonding. Reduction of disulfide bonds leads to increased release of LETS protein from the cells, as does the addition of cytochalasin B. Purified LETS protein added to transformed cells binds to the cells in a fibrillar array similar to that seen on normal cells. Addition of LETS protein leads to increased attachment and spreading of cells and causes transformed cells to align like normal ones. It also causes the appearance of actin cables in transformed cells, which normally lack them. These effects are inhibited by specific antisera to LETS protein or by reduction of disulfide bonds in the protein and are blocked or reversed by proteolysis. The results suggest that LETS protein plays a role in adhesion of cells.", "contents": "LETS glycoprotein: arrangement and function at the cell surface. LETS is a large surface glycoprotein that is found on normal fibroblasts, but is absent or exists in amounts on transformed cells. Immunofluorescent staining shows LETS protein fibrils arrayed around the cells, particularly concentrated beneath the cells and in the area between neighboring cells. LETS glycoprotein is disulfide-bonded at the cell surface into dimers and higher aggregates. Other surface proteins also appear to participate in disulfide bonding. Reduction of disulfide bonds leads to increased release of LETS protein from the cells, as does the addition of cytochalasin B. Purified LETS protein added to transformed cells binds to the cells in a fibrillar array similar to that seen on normal cells. Addition of LETS protein leads to increased attachment and spreading of cells and causes transformed cells to align like normal ones. It also causes the appearance of actin cables in transformed cells, which normally lack them. These effects are inhibited by specific antisera to LETS protein or by reduction of disulfide bonds in the protein and are blocked or reversed by proteolysis. The results suggest that LETS protein plays a role in adhesion of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:346088", "title": "Platelet transfusion therapy. Optimal donor selection with a combination of lymphocytotoxicity and platelet fluorescence tests.", "content": "Although the value of HLA matching for the selection of platelet donors for patients refractory to random platelets is beyond doubt, even perfectly matched combinations sometimes fail to give a satisfactory transfusion response. With HLA typing and negative lymphocytotoxicity crossmatches, 35% of the platelet transfusions administered to 15 patients gave disappointing results (29 of 82). Additional crossmatching with the newly developed platelet fluorescence test described in this paper reduced the unexpected transfusion failures to 7% (6 of 82). Five of these failures were observed in one patient. The target of the antibodies detected with this platelet fluorescence test is not yet fully specified. It seems probable that both HLA and platelet-specific non-HLA antibodies were detected. No correlation of the results of platelet transfusions with the presence or absence of leukoagglutinating antibodies was found.", "contents": "Platelet transfusion therapy. Optimal donor selection with a combination of lymphocytotoxicity and platelet fluorescence tests. Although the value of HLA matching for the selection of platelet donors for patients refractory to random platelets is beyond doubt, even perfectly matched combinations sometimes fail to give a satisfactory transfusion response. With HLA typing and negative lymphocytotoxicity crossmatches, 35% of the platelet transfusions administered to 15 patients gave disappointing results (29 of 82). Additional crossmatching with the newly developed platelet fluorescence test described in this paper reduced the unexpected transfusion failures to 7% (6 of 82). Five of these failures were observed in one patient. The target of the antibodies detected with this platelet fluorescence test is not yet fully specified. It seems probable that both HLA and platelet-specific non-HLA antibodies were detected. No correlation of the results of platelet transfusions with the presence or absence of leukoagglutinating antibodies was found."}
{"id": "PMID:346089", "title": "B lymphocyte antigens in the differential diagnosis of human neoplasia.", "content": "Human B lymphocyte antigens (HBLA) were detected with fluorescent-labeled antibodies on malignant cells of 102 patients with Hodgkin disease and other lymphomas, plasma cell myeloma, and nonlymphoreticular neoplasms including carcinomas of the breast, lung, and ovary, soft tissue sarcomas, and neuroblastoma. HBLA were present in Hodgkin disease and other lymphomas of B cell or histiocyte derivation. They were absent in plasma cell myeloma and nonlymphoreticular neoplasms. Absorption studies revealed that malignant T cells had smaller amounts of HBLA, usually not detected by immunofluorescence. Expression of HBLA was dependent on both cell differentiation and origin. Detection of HBLA enabled immunologic distinction of Reed-Sternberg and other lymphoma cells from morphologically similar cells of nonlymphoreticular origin. The rapidity, reproducibility, and economy of the immunofluorescence test make this a useful clinical tool for the differential diagnosis of lymphoma from other malignant disorders in man.", "contents": "B lymphocyte antigens in the differential diagnosis of human neoplasia. Human B lymphocyte antigens (HBLA) were detected with fluorescent-labeled antibodies on malignant cells of 102 patients with Hodgkin disease and other lymphomas, plasma cell myeloma, and nonlymphoreticular neoplasms including carcinomas of the breast, lung, and ovary, soft tissue sarcomas, and neuroblastoma. HBLA were present in Hodgkin disease and other lymphomas of B cell or histiocyte derivation. They were absent in plasma cell myeloma and nonlymphoreticular neoplasms. Absorption studies revealed that malignant T cells had smaller amounts of HBLA, usually not detected by immunofluorescence. Expression of HBLA was dependent on both cell differentiation and origin. Detection of HBLA enabled immunologic distinction of Reed-Sternberg and other lymphoma cells from morphologically similar cells of nonlymphoreticular origin. The rapidity, reproducibility, and economy of the immunofluorescence test make this a useful clinical tool for the differential diagnosis of lymphoma from other malignant disorders in man."}
{"id": "PMID:346091", "title": "Ultrastructural features of the plasma cells in \"non-secretory\" myeloma.", "content": "A case of \"non-secretory\" multiple myeloma is described. The diagnosis was based on the clinical picture, typical radiological findings, and infiltration of the bone marrow by myeloma cells which showed specific immunofluorescence staining mainly with antisera for IgM and kappa light chains. An attempt is made to explain the absence of pathological proteins in the serum, based on the ultrastructural findings of the myeloma cells, which showed \"buddings\" of the cell membranes containing endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic material. It is suggested that the cells of the \"non-secretory\" type of multiple myeloma possess a normal excretory mechanism, but the pathological proteins are prevented to be secreted in the serum being surrounded by portions of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of the plasma cells in \"non-secretory\" myeloma. A case of \"non-secretory\" multiple myeloma is described. The diagnosis was based on the clinical picture, typical radiological findings, and infiltration of the bone marrow by myeloma cells which showed specific immunofluorescence staining mainly with antisera for IgM and kappa light chains. An attempt is made to explain the absence of pathological proteins in the serum, based on the ultrastructural findings of the myeloma cells, which showed \"buddings\" of the cell membranes containing endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic material. It is suggested that the cells of the \"non-secretory\" type of multiple myeloma possess a normal excretory mechanism, but the pathological proteins are prevented to be secreted in the serum being surrounded by portions of the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:346105", "title": "Disseminated toxoplasmosis with brain involvement in a renal allograft recipient.", "content": "A 47-year-old male with renal failure received a renal transplant which subsequently was rejected. After removal of the transplant the patient went into a catabolic state, and developed fever and hematochezia. The patient became septic, developed respiratory involvement. This is the eighth recorded case of central nervous system toxoplasmosis following renal transplantation.", "contents": "Disseminated toxoplasmosis with brain involvement in a renal allograft recipient. A 47-year-old male with renal failure received a renal transplant which subsequently was rejected. After removal of the transplant the patient went into a catabolic state, and developed fever and hematochezia. The patient became septic, developed respiratory involvement. This is the eighth recorded case of central nervous system toxoplasmosis following renal transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:346121", "title": "Microvascular surgery in degloving injuries: an experimental study.", "content": "Using an experimental model in the rabbit, the importance of direct cutaneous vessels for skin flap survival in skin avulsion injuries with, and without, a crushing injury has been investigated. The results are presented and possible application to the human situation discussed.", "contents": "Microvascular surgery in degloving injuries: an experimental study. Using an experimental model in the rabbit, the importance of direct cutaneous vessels for skin flap survival in skin avulsion injuries with, and without, a crushing injury has been investigated. The results are presented and possible application to the human situation discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:346122", "title": "Free flap transfer in rabbits using irradiated recipient vessels.", "content": "In rabbits free flaps anastomsed to irradiated vessels have about a 50:50 chance of survival.", "contents": "Free flap transfer in rabbits using irradiated recipient vessels. In rabbits free flaps anastomsed to irradiated vessels have about a 50:50 chance of survival."}
{"id": "PMID:346123", "title": "Pre-auricular full-thickness skin grafts.", "content": "The use of the pre-auricular region as a donor site for full-thickness skin grafts is described. It provides a valuable source of skin for the medial canthal-nose, eyelid-cheek areas, providing a good colour and texture match.", "contents": "Pre-auricular full-thickness skin grafts. The use of the pre-auricular region as a donor site for full-thickness skin grafts is described. It provides a valuable source of skin for the medial canthal-nose, eyelid-cheek areas, providing a good colour and texture match."}
{"id": "PMID:346124", "title": "The reversed dermis flap.", "content": "The reversed dermis principle of Hynes has been applied to flaps. There are 2 main varieties: the direct bridge pedicle flap and the turn-over local flap but the same principle might occasionally be useful in free flaps.", "contents": "The reversed dermis flap. The reversed dermis principle of Hynes has been applied to flaps. There are 2 main varieties: the direct bridge pedicle flap and the turn-over local flap but the same principle might occasionally be useful in free flaps."}
{"id": "PMID:346125", "title": "The place of the cross-leg flap in reconstructive surgery of the lower leg and foot: a review of 165 cases.", "content": "In a series of 165 cross-leg flaps, 94 per cent were successful. Some degree of necrosis occurred in almost half of them. Major necrosis requiring split-skin grafting occurred in less than one-fifth. Thrombo-embolic complications were rare and mainly in the older age group. The retunr of sensation was good; better in the flap than in the donor site. The long-term results were good with a low complication rate. On weight-bearing surfaces the cross-leg flap skin stands up well to wear and tear.", "contents": "The place of the cross-leg flap in reconstructive surgery of the lower leg and foot: a review of 165 cases. In a series of 165 cross-leg flaps, 94 per cent were successful. Some degree of necrosis occurred in almost half of them. Major necrosis requiring split-skin grafting occurred in less than one-fifth. Thrombo-embolic complications were rare and mainly in the older age group. The retunr of sensation was good; better in the flap than in the donor site. The long-term results were good with a low complication rate. On weight-bearing surfaces the cross-leg flap skin stands up well to wear and tear."}
{"id": "PMID:346137", "title": "The appearances of renal transplant lymphocoeles during dynamic renal scintigraphy.", "content": "Eight patients are described in whom transplant lymphocoeles were drained. All had 99Tcm-DTPA dynamic renal scintigrams performed pre-operatively; five showed features of obstruction. Photon deficient areas on the scintigrams and bladder deformities were of particular value in detecting lymphocoeles.", "contents": "The appearances of renal transplant lymphocoeles during dynamic renal scintigraphy. Eight patients are described in whom transplant lymphocoeles were drained. All had 99Tcm-DTPA dynamic renal scintigrams performed pre-operatively; five showed features of obstruction. Photon deficient areas on the scintigrams and bladder deformities were of particular value in detecting lymphocoeles."}
{"id": "PMID:346138", "title": "Prospective randomized multicentre trial of proximal gastric vagotomy or truncal vagotomy and antrectomy for chronic duodenal ulcer: interim results.", "content": "In three centres, 222 patients (Birmingham 70, London 87 and Rotterdam 65 patients) with chronic duodenal ulcer were treated by proximal gastrict vagotomy (PGV)  (116 patients) or truncal vagotomy and antrectomy (TVA) (106 patients) in a prospective randomized trial. After 1 year 5 recurrent duodenal ulcers (4.3 per cent) have been recorded in the PGV group, compared with 1 (1 per cent) in the TVA group. The reoperation rate was high in both groups-6 after PGV, usually for recurrent ulcer, and 7 after TVA, mostly for gastric retention. PGV showed a marked superiority in the number of patients with a good clinical result Visick I or II) at 1 year after operation, i.e. 82 per cent compared with 56 per cent for TVA.", "contents": "Prospective randomized multicentre trial of proximal gastric vagotomy or truncal vagotomy and antrectomy for chronic duodenal ulcer: interim results. In three centres, 222 patients (Birmingham 70, London 87 and Rotterdam 65 patients) with chronic duodenal ulcer were treated by proximal gastrict vagotomy (PGV)  (116 patients) or truncal vagotomy and antrectomy (TVA) (106 patients) in a prospective randomized trial. After 1 year 5 recurrent duodenal ulcers (4.3 per cent) have been recorded in the PGV group, compared with 1 (1 per cent) in the TVA group. The reoperation rate was high in both groups-6 after PGV, usually for recurrent ulcer, and 7 after TVA, mostly for gastric retention. PGV showed a marked superiority in the number of patients with a good clinical result Visick I or II) at 1 year after operation, i.e. 82 per cent compared with 56 per cent for TVA."}
{"id": "PMID:346139", "title": "Morbidity and mortality in renal transplant patients after incidental surgery.", "content": "Sixty-five further surgical procedures were carried out in 39 renal transplant patients without mortality and with low morbidity. There was a 9 per cent incidence of clean wound infection, and minor chest infection occurred in another 9 per cent. Stay in hospital for these procedures was not prolonged. The function of the transplanted kidney showed no deterioration after these further surgical procedures. The successfully transplanted patients is thus a good candidate for further surgery despite the previous renal failure and the continuing immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "Morbidity and mortality in renal transplant patients after incidental surgery. Sixty-five further surgical procedures were carried out in 39 renal transplant patients without mortality and with low morbidity. There was a 9 per cent incidence of clean wound infection, and minor chest infection occurred in another 9 per cent. Stay in hospital for these procedures was not prolonged. The function of the transplanted kidney showed no deterioration after these further surgical procedures. The successfully transplanted patients is thus a good candidate for further surgery despite the previous renal failure and the continuing immunosuppressive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:346140", "title": "The use of bulk evacuant in patients with haemorrhoids.", "content": "Fifty-three patients with symptomatic haemorrhoids have been studied in a double-blind cross-over trial of a bulk forming agent (ispaghula husk) against a placebo. Although only 11 per cent of patients ocmplained of constipation, a significant benefit in symptoms and improved bowel habit was demonstrated.", "contents": "The use of bulk evacuant in patients with haemorrhoids. Fifty-three patients with symptomatic haemorrhoids have been studied in a double-blind cross-over trial of a bulk forming agent (ispaghula husk) against a placebo. Although only 11 per cent of patients ocmplained of constipation, a significant benefit in symptoms and improved bowel habit was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:346141", "title": "Pile suture: a new technique for the treatment of haemorrhoids.", "content": "A new technique for the treatment of haemorrhoids, termed pile suture, is described. It appears to have significant advantages over conventional haemorrhoidectomy both in terms of incidence of complications and patient comfort.", "contents": "Pile suture: a new technique for the treatment of haemorrhoids. A new technique for the treatment of haemorrhoids, termed pile suture, is described. It appears to have significant advantages over conventional haemorrhoidectomy both in terms of incidence of complications and patient comfort."}
{"id": "PMID:346153", "title": "Prolonged antifibrinolysis: an effective non-surgical treatment for ruptured intracranial aneurysms?", "content": "The outcome of treatment with an antifibrinolytic agent (tranexamic acid) for six weeks after rupture of an intracranial aneurysm was assessed in a randomised controlled trial. Twenty-two out of 25 (88%) treated patients survived at follow-up of three to 33 months compared with 14 out of 25 (56%) control patients. Among the patients who did not undergo operation the survival rate was 81% (13 out of 16) in treated patients and 42% (8 out of 19) in controls. Antifibrinolytic treatment has so far been assumed merely to postpone rebleeding and has been used to enable surgery to be deferred. These findings suggest that tranexamic acid may actually prevent rebleeding without operation. Prolonged antifibrinolysis may therefore prove useful in those patients in good condition whose aneurysms do not lend themselves to surgical obliteration.", "contents": "Prolonged antifibrinolysis: an effective non-surgical treatment for ruptured intracranial aneurysms? The outcome of treatment with an antifibrinolytic agent (tranexamic acid) for six weeks after rupture of an intracranial aneurysm was assessed in a randomised controlled trial. Twenty-two out of 25 (88%) treated patients survived at follow-up of three to 33 months compared with 14 out of 25 (56%) control patients. Among the patients who did not undergo operation the survival rate was 81% (13 out of 16) in treated patients and 42% (8 out of 19) in controls. Antifibrinolytic treatment has so far been assumed merely to postpone rebleeding and has been used to enable surgery to be deferred. These findings suggest that tranexamic acid may actually prevent rebleeding without operation. Prolonged antifibrinolysis may therefore prove useful in those patients in good condition whose aneurysms do not lend themselves to surgical obliteration."}
{"id": "PMID:346161", "title": "Prophylactic effect of cimetidine in duodenal ulcer disease.", "content": "Fifty-seven symptom-free patients with duodenal ulcer entered a double-blind trial to assess the prophylactic  effect of cimetidine. Patients were randomly allocated to receive cimetidine 400 mg twice daily (29 patients) or placebo (28 patients). The trial was designed to imitate daily clinical practice, so duodenal ulcer disease was diagnosed by means of x-ray examination. Three patients from each group withdrew from the trial. All remaining patients continued to receive treatment for 12 months or until symptoms recurred. Three out of 26 patients suffered relapses during cimetidine treatment, compared with 20 out of 25 receiving placebo. No side effects were attributable to cimetidine. Long-term cimetidine treatment had no curative effect as relapses occurred soon after treatment was stopped. The estimated chance (cumulative remission rate +/- 2 SE) of remaining symptom-free 13 weeks after one year's cimetidine treatment had been completed was 47 +/- 21%. Maintenance treatment with cimetidine is a suitable alternative to elective in surgery in patients with duodenal ulcer subjects frequent relapses. Further study is needed to establish the optimal duration and safety of prolonged cimetidine treatment.", "contents": "Prophylactic effect of cimetidine in duodenal ulcer disease. Fifty-seven symptom-free patients with duodenal ulcer entered a double-blind trial to assess the prophylactic  effect of cimetidine. Patients were randomly allocated to receive cimetidine 400 mg twice daily (29 patients) or placebo (28 patients). The trial was designed to imitate daily clinical practice, so duodenal ulcer disease was diagnosed by means of x-ray examination. Three patients from each group withdrew from the trial. All remaining patients continued to receive treatment for 12 months or until symptoms recurred. Three out of 26 patients suffered relapses during cimetidine treatment, compared with 20 out of 25 receiving placebo. No side effects were attributable to cimetidine. Long-term cimetidine treatment had no curative effect as relapses occurred soon after treatment was stopped. The estimated chance (cumulative remission rate +/- 2 SE) of remaining symptom-free 13 weeks after one year's cimetidine treatment had been completed was 47 +/- 21%. Maintenance treatment with cimetidine is a suitable alternative to elective in surgery in patients with duodenal ulcer subjects frequent relapses. Further study is needed to establish the optimal duration and safety of prolonged cimetidine treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:346162", "title": "Serum ionised calcium concentration: measurement versus calculation.", "content": "Four hundred and eighteen measurements of serum ionised calcium, total calcium, and protein concentrations were made from 47 normal volunteers, 104 patients with chronic renal failure (33 being treated conservatively and 71 with regular haemodialysis), and 83 renal transplant recipients. The serum ionised calcium concentration was measured with an Orion SS-20 meter and calculated from the total serum calcium and protein concentrations by using three formulae and a nomogram. In the normal subjects and patients undergoing regular haemodialysis, whose serum calcium concentrations were in or near the normal range, three of the calculations gave results similar to those obtained by direct measurement. In patients with conservatively treated chronic renal failure and those who had received renal transplants, however, there was poor aggrement between the methods. When patients with hypercalcaemia and hypocalcaemia from all the groups were considered separately there was again poor agreement between calculated and measured concentrations of serum ionised calcium. Of the patients whose measured concentrations of serum ionised calcium were high, 69-76% were classified as normal by the four indirect methods. We conclude that calculation of the serum ionised calcium concentrations is not an adequate substitute for direct measurement.", "contents": "Serum ionised calcium concentration: measurement versus calculation. Four hundred and eighteen measurements of serum ionised calcium, total calcium, and protein concentrations were made from 47 normal volunteers, 104 patients with chronic renal failure (33 being treated conservatively and 71 with regular haemodialysis), and 83 renal transplant recipients. The serum ionised calcium concentration was measured with an Orion SS-20 meter and calculated from the total serum calcium and protein concentrations by using three formulae and a nomogram. In the normal subjects and patients undergoing regular haemodialysis, whose serum calcium concentrations were in or near the normal range, three of the calculations gave results similar to those obtained by direct measurement. In patients with conservatively treated chronic renal failure and those who had received renal transplants, however, there was poor aggrement between the methods. When patients with hypercalcaemia and hypocalcaemia from all the groups were considered separately there was again poor agreement between calculated and measured concentrations of serum ionised calcium. Of the patients whose measured concentrations of serum ionised calcium were high, 69-76% were classified as normal by the four indirect methods. We conclude that calculation of the serum ionised calcium concentrations is not an adequate substitute for direct measurement."}
{"id": "PMID:346165", "title": "Pituitary-testicular interrelationships in mumps orchitis and other viral infections.", "content": "Leydig-cell function was assessed in 27 men with acute mumps orchitis by measuring plasma testosterone concentrations before and after the administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). The test was also performed on groups of patients with other febrile viral infections and mumps without orchitis and on healthy euspermic men. The concentrations both before and after HCG were significantly lower in patients in the acute phase of mumps-but not in those with other viral infections and mumps without orchitis-than in the healthy men. Basal concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) were significantly increased in patients with acute mumps orchitis, while an exaggerated response to LH-releasing hormone was noted in four patients after the acute phase of the disease. Raised plasma LH concentrations were also found in several patients with viral infections, including mumps without orchitis. There appeared to be no particular merit of any of the treatments used (aspirin, prednisolone, and cold baths). In patients reevaluated three to five and 10 to 12 months after the acute phase of their disease the basal testosterone concentrations were similar to those of the healthy men, but several of the patients showed a severely impaired response to HCG. Mean basal FSH and LH concentrations were significantly increased 10 to 12 months after the acute phase, while the mean LH concentration was also raised at three to five months.It is concluded that mumps orchitis impairs Leydigcell function during the acute phase of the disease but may also have a more permanent damaging effect, similar to that found in the germinal epithelium.", "contents": "Pituitary-testicular interrelationships in mumps orchitis and other viral infections. Leydig-cell function was assessed in 27 men with acute mumps orchitis by measuring plasma testosterone concentrations before and after the administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). The test was also performed on groups of patients with other febrile viral infections and mumps without orchitis and on healthy euspermic men. The concentrations both before and after HCG were significantly lower in patients in the acute phase of mumps-but not in those with other viral infections and mumps without orchitis-than in the healthy men. Basal concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) were significantly increased in patients with acute mumps orchitis, while an exaggerated response to LH-releasing hormone was noted in four patients after the acute phase of the disease. Raised plasma LH concentrations were also found in several patients with viral infections, including mumps without orchitis. There appeared to be no particular merit of any of the treatments used (aspirin, prednisolone, and cold baths). In patients reevaluated three to five and 10 to 12 months after the acute phase of their disease the basal testosterone concentrations were similar to those of the healthy men, but several of the patients showed a severely impaired response to HCG. Mean basal FSH and LH concentrations were significantly increased 10 to 12 months after the acute phase, while the mean LH concentration was also raised at three to five months.It is concluded that mumps orchitis impairs Leydigcell function during the acute phase of the disease but may also have a more permanent damaging effect, similar to that found in the germinal epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:346167", "title": "Diagnostic treatment and reporting criteria for gonorrhoea in sexually transmitted disease clinics in England and Wales. 1: Diagnosis.", "content": "The current methods used in the diagnosis of gonorrhoea are reported. The sites sampled in symptomatic patients who were not gonorrhoea contacts and those sampled in symptomless contacts are described. Urethral specimens were taken routinely from all male heterosexual and active homosexual patients with a urethral discharge but in only 81% and 82% respectively of these patients if they were symptomless gonorrhoea contacts. Not all consultants would repeat investigations (smear and/or cultures) in gonorrhoea contacts if the initial ones were negative; heterosexual male and active homosexual patients were less likely to be seen again. Smears and cultures were performed routinely on women in 97% of clinics, but for men this was so in only 81% of clinics. The wider use of cultures for men, the policy with regard to the taking of urethral specimens from asymptomatic male heterosexual and active homosexual patients who are gonorrhoea contacts, and the number of diagnostic investigations required are discussed.", "contents": "Diagnostic treatment and reporting criteria for gonorrhoea in sexually transmitted disease clinics in England and Wales. 1: Diagnosis. The current methods used in the diagnosis of gonorrhoea are reported. The sites sampled in symptomatic patients who were not gonorrhoea contacts and those sampled in symptomless contacts are described. Urethral specimens were taken routinely from all male heterosexual and active homosexual patients with a urethral discharge but in only 81% and 82% respectively of these patients if they were symptomless gonorrhoea contacts. Not all consultants would repeat investigations (smear and/or cultures) in gonorrhoea contacts if the initial ones were negative; heterosexual male and active homosexual patients were less likely to be seen again. Smears and cultures were performed routinely on women in 97% of clinics, but for men this was so in only 81% of clinics. The wider use of cultures for men, the policy with regard to the taking of urethral specimens from asymptomatic male heterosexual and active homosexual patients who are gonorrhoea contacts, and the number of diagnostic investigations required are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:346168", "title": "A trial of adenine arabinoside in genital herpes.", "content": "Twenty-four episodes of genital herpes in 22 men, all confirmed by virus isolation, were studied in a double blind trial. They were treated either with 3% adenine arabinoside (Ara-A) in petrolatum ointment base or with the base alone applied four times daily for one week. The lesions were counted and sketeched on days 0, 2, and 7. There was no demonstrable advantage to be gained from the use of Ara-A ointment. The results of the Papanicolaou smears and virus isolation agreed in the diagnosis of 75% of cases. The presence of continuing lesions or fresh ones in some patients after the acute phase of the initial or recurrent attack of herpes necessitates the man taking precautions on resuming sexual intercourse.", "contents": "A trial of adenine arabinoside in genital herpes. Twenty-four episodes of genital herpes in 22 men, all confirmed by virus isolation, were studied in a double blind trial. They were treated either with 3% adenine arabinoside (Ara-A) in petrolatum ointment base or with the base alone applied four times daily for one week. The lesions were counted and sketeched on days 0, 2, and 7. There was no demonstrable advantage to be gained from the use of Ara-A ointment. The results of the Papanicolaou smears and virus isolation agreed in the diagnosis of 75% of cases. The presence of continuing lesions or fresh ones in some patients after the acute phase of the initial or recurrent attack of herpes necessitates the man taking precautions on resuming sexual intercourse."}
{"id": "PMID:346180", "title": "A DNA endonuclease isolated from yeast nuclear extract.", "content": "We have isolated and partially purified a DNA endonuclease from nuclei of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although purified on the basis of its ability to degrade denatured DNA, the enzyme can also attack native DNA. Denatured oligonucleotide products of the enzyme are sensitive to venom phosphodiesterase (EC3.1.4.1.) but not to bovine spleen phosphodiesterase (EC3.1.4.18). The enzyme has an estimated molecular weight of 6.6--7.5 X 10(4), more than twice as large as the endonucleases involved in DNA repair in Escherichia coli. When analyzed on glycerol gradients, the endonuclease sedimented as a single activity against both denatured DNA and closed circular DNA duplexes. The enzyme showed a 10-fold preference for denatured over native T7 DNA substrate, and appears to produce random nicks in a supercoiled replicative form of phiX174 DNA (RFI) with no discernable preference for the unpaired bases in the supercoiled duplex. The endonuclease appears to be distinct from the yeast endonucleases previously described.", "contents": "A DNA endonuclease isolated from yeast nuclear extract. We have isolated and partially purified a DNA endonuclease from nuclei of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although purified on the basis of its ability to degrade denatured DNA, the enzyme can also attack native DNA. Denatured oligonucleotide products of the enzyme are sensitive to venom phosphodiesterase (EC3.1.4.1.) but not to bovine spleen phosphodiesterase (EC3.1.4.18). The enzyme has an estimated molecular weight of 6.6--7.5 X 10(4), more than twice as large as the endonucleases involved in DNA repair in Escherichia coli. When analyzed on glycerol gradients, the endonuclease sedimented as a single activity against both denatured DNA and closed circular DNA duplexes. The enzyme showed a 10-fold preference for denatured over native T7 DNA substrate, and appears to produce random nicks in a supercoiled replicative form of phiX174 DNA (RFI) with no discernable preference for the unpaired bases in the supercoiled duplex. The endonuclease appears to be distinct from the yeast endonucleases previously described."}
{"id": "PMID:346182", "title": "Reversal of myocardial dysfunction in endotoxin shock with insulin.", "content": "Recent data reported from this laboratory have documented myocardial functional depression in endotoxin shock. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of insulin on the dysfunctioning canine myocardium subjected to lethal endotoxin shock. Experiments were conducted on isolated working left ventricular preparations in which LD90-100 endotoxin was administered prior to, or following, isolation of the heart. Determinations of myocardial performance were conducted under the conditions of controlled mean aortic pressure and cardiac output. Myocardial dysfunction occurred between 2 and 6 h postendotoxin, as evidenced by significantly increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, decreased power, and depressed negative dP/dt, although blood glucose concentrations were maintained at control values. Intraatrial infusions of insulin at rates of 6 U/min reversed all signs of myocardial dysfunction. During insulin infusion, heart rates decreased (p less than 0.02) and myocardial lactate uptake increased (p less than 0.02), while oxygen uptake and coronary blood flow were insignificantly altered.", "contents": "Reversal of myocardial dysfunction in endotoxin shock with insulin. Recent data reported from this laboratory have documented myocardial functional depression in endotoxin shock. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of insulin on the dysfunctioning canine myocardium subjected to lethal endotoxin shock. Experiments were conducted on isolated working left ventricular preparations in which LD90-100 endotoxin was administered prior to, or following, isolation of the heart. Determinations of myocardial performance were conducted under the conditions of controlled mean aortic pressure and cardiac output. Myocardial dysfunction occurred between 2 and 6 h postendotoxin, as evidenced by significantly increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, decreased power, and depressed negative dP/dt, although blood glucose concentrations were maintained at control values. Intraatrial infusions of insulin at rates of 6 U/min reversed all signs of myocardial dysfunction. During insulin infusion, heart rates decreased (p less than 0.02) and myocardial lactate uptake increased (p less than 0.02), while oxygen uptake and coronary blood flow were insignificantly altered."}
{"id": "PMID:346183", "title": "Chlamydiae, rickettsiae, and their cell wall defective variants.", "content": "Inapparent chlamydial and rickettsial infections are an important source of the dissemination of the parasites and may cause explosive outbreaks of severe diseases in man and animal. However, it is engimatic how these obligate intracellular microbes induce latency and why or how inapparent infections convert into active disease. Currently, microbiologists believe that chlamydiae and rickettsiae are gram-negative bacteria unique in their intracellular habitat. This review presents evidence that these organisms have another peculiarity; namely, defective cell walls present throughout much of their life cycle. In this survey, the properties of the small and large forms of chlamydiae and rickettsiae are reexamined with regard to the current knowledge of cell wall defective variants of free-living bacteria. Data are presented in support of the concept that chlamydiae and rickettsiae are cell wall defective microbes whose small 'bacterial' forms have lost the ability to reproduce as bacteria during evolution; the large forms including ultrafilterable phases of the life cycle of these parasites are responsible for inapparent infections of healthy carriers, whereas conversion into small 'bacterial forms may cause, under appropriate conditions manifest diseases. This concept may provide challenging and profitable directions in the search to explain puzzling phenomena associated with chlamydiae and rickettsiae.", "contents": "Chlamydiae, rickettsiae, and their cell wall defective variants. Inapparent chlamydial and rickettsial infections are an important source of the dissemination of the parasites and may cause explosive outbreaks of severe diseases in man and animal. However, it is engimatic how these obligate intracellular microbes induce latency and why or how inapparent infections convert into active disease. Currently, microbiologists believe that chlamydiae and rickettsiae are gram-negative bacteria unique in their intracellular habitat. This review presents evidence that these organisms have another peculiarity; namely, defective cell walls present throughout much of their life cycle. In this survey, the properties of the small and large forms of chlamydiae and rickettsiae are reexamined with regard to the current knowledge of cell wall defective variants of free-living bacteria. Data are presented in support of the concept that chlamydiae and rickettsiae are cell wall defective microbes whose small 'bacterial' forms have lost the ability to reproduce as bacteria during evolution; the large forms including ultrafilterable phases of the life cycle of these parasites are responsible for inapparent infections of healthy carriers, whereas conversion into small 'bacterial forms may cause, under appropriate conditions manifest diseases. This concept may provide challenging and profitable directions in the search to explain puzzling phenomena associated with chlamydiae and rickettsiae."}
{"id": "PMID:346184", "title": "Inhibition of granulocyte phagocytosis of Candida albicans by amphotericin B.", "content": "Phagocytic activity of PMN's in five healthy and five burned patients were measured in vitro. Addition of 1 microgram per millilitre of amphotericin B to the assay produced a marked inhibitory effect of the phagocytic activity of PMN against C. albicans.", "contents": "Inhibition of granulocyte phagocytosis of Candida albicans by amphotericin B. Phagocytic activity of PMN's in five healthy and five burned patients were measured in vitro. Addition of 1 microgram per millilitre of amphotericin B to the assay produced a marked inhibitory effect of the phagocytic activity of PMN against C. albicans."}
{"id": "PMID:346186", "title": "Kinetic analysis of batch and continuous culture of Streptococcus cremoris HP1.", "content": "The growth of Streptococcus cremoris on a semidefined medium was studied at initial lactose concentrations of 0.2-5.0% in batch culture, and in lactose-limited chemostat cultures at 0.5% lactose. Kinetic analysis of the batch data, using statisitcal techniques, indicated the importance of lactose limitation and lactic acid inhibition of the growth of S. cremoris. A model for the biomass production, lactose utilization, and lactic acid production in batch culture was proposed. In continuous culture, it was found that steady state populations were maintained at higher dilution rates (D = 0.6-0.7 h-1) than the maximum predicted by batch culture (0.56h-1). No evidence for a selection of fast growing mutants was obtained. Copious growth adhering to the walls of the fermentor (i.e. wall growth) occurred very rapidly at higher dilution rates and this undoubtedly affected steady-state growth and wash-out and, as a consequence, the apparent maximum dilution rate.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of batch and continuous culture of Streptococcus cremoris HP1. The growth of Streptococcus cremoris on a semidefined medium was studied at initial lactose concentrations of 0.2-5.0% in batch culture, and in lactose-limited chemostat cultures at 0.5% lactose. Kinetic analysis of the batch data, using statisitcal techniques, indicated the importance of lactose limitation and lactic acid inhibition of the growth of S. cremoris. A model for the biomass production, lactose utilization, and lactic acid production in batch culture was proposed. In continuous culture, it was found that steady state populations were maintained at higher dilution rates (D = 0.6-0.7 h-1) than the maximum predicted by batch culture (0.56h-1). No evidence for a selection of fast growing mutants was obtained. Copious growth adhering to the walls of the fermentor (i.e. wall growth) occurred very rapidly at higher dilution rates and this undoubtedly affected steady-state growth and wash-out and, as a consequence, the apparent maximum dilution rate."}
{"id": "PMID:346187", "title": "A method for the isolation of asporogenic mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis.", "content": "Asporogenic and oligosporogenic mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis can be isolated by streaking the bacteria onto a solid medium, incubating at 42 degrees C, and picking small, raised areas of growth which appear on the streaks after 48 h.", "contents": "A method for the isolation of asporogenic mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis. Asporogenic and oligosporogenic mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis can be isolated by streaking the bacteria onto a solid medium, incubating at 42 degrees C, and picking small, raised areas of growth which appear on the streaks after 48 h."}
{"id": "PMID:346188", "title": "Changes in tumor immunity during therapy determined by leukocyte adherence inhibition and dermal testing.", "content": "Leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) is an easily carried out in vitro test for tumor reactivity which is based on the prevention of adherence of leukocytes incubated with antigen to which the donor is immune. In this study a comparison is made with dermal response to tumor antigen. A total of 234 patients were tested, 74 of whom had melanoma, 111 of whom had squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, 18 of whom had neuroblastoma and 31 of whom had other tumors. Forty-two persons without tumors acted as controls for the LAI test. A high degree of correlation was found between LAI and dermal response. Furthermore, LAI exhibited marked tumor specificity and showed a ten-fold greater sensitivity than dermal response. LAI may be used to monitor serial changes in tumor reactivity in cancer patients.", "contents": "Changes in tumor immunity during therapy determined by leukocyte adherence inhibition and dermal testing. Leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) is an easily carried out in vitro test for tumor reactivity which is based on the prevention of adherence of leukocytes incubated with antigen to which the donor is immune. In this study a comparison is made with dermal response to tumor antigen. A total of 234 patients were tested, 74 of whom had melanoma, 111 of whom had squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, 18 of whom had neuroblastoma and 31 of whom had other tumors. Forty-two persons without tumors acted as controls for the LAI test. A high degree of correlation was found between LAI and dermal response. Furthermore, LAI exhibited marked tumor specificity and showed a ten-fold greater sensitivity than dermal response. LAI may be used to monitor serial changes in tumor reactivity in cancer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:346189", "title": "Tetracycline and quinacrine in the control of malignant pleural effusions. A randomized trial.", "content": "Eighteen patients with advanced metastatic malignancy who had 21 pleural effusions requiring sclerosis for control were randomly allocated to intrapleural therapy with tetracycline or quinacrine. Tetracycline produced partial or complete control of the effusion in ten of 12 trials for a median duration of 6 months (range 1.5 to 22 months). Partial or complete control was obtained in nine of ten trials with quinacrine, for a median duration of 3 months (range 1 to 13 months). All complete responders who died achieved control of their effusions until their terminal admissions despite clinical evidence of overt systemic tumor progression in the intervening period. Single-dose tetracycline therapy was accompanied by less fever (p less than 0.04) and less pleuritic pain (p = 0.09) than quinacrine. Tetracycline is effective, well tolerated, easily administered, and should be considered as the initial therapy for malignant pleural effusions requiring pleural sclerosis.", "contents": "Tetracycline and quinacrine in the control of malignant pleural effusions. A randomized trial. Eighteen patients with advanced metastatic malignancy who had 21 pleural effusions requiring sclerosis for control were randomly allocated to intrapleural therapy with tetracycline or quinacrine. Tetracycline produced partial or complete control of the effusion in ten of 12 trials for a median duration of 6 months (range 1.5 to 22 months). Partial or complete control was obtained in nine of ten trials with quinacrine, for a median duration of 3 months (range 1 to 13 months). All complete responders who died achieved control of their effusions until their terminal admissions despite clinical evidence of overt systemic tumor progression in the intervening period. Single-dose tetracycline therapy was accompanied by less fever (p less than 0.04) and less pleuritic pain (p = 0.09) than quinacrine. Tetracycline is effective, well tolerated, easily administered, and should be considered as the initial therapy for malignant pleural effusions requiring pleural sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:346191", "title": "Immunofluorescent detection of estrogen receptors in breast cancer. Comparison with dextran-coated charcoal and sucrose gradient assays.", "content": "Biopsy specimens from 106 women with primary operable, recurrent or metastatic breast cancer were analyzed in a double blind study designed to compare the results of a new fluorescent antibody method for detection of estrogen receptors with estrogen receptors measured biochemically with dextran-coated charcoal and sucrose gradient assay techniques. Assay results correlated in 89.4% of tumors analyzed, and molecular receptor forms (8S and 4S) were accurately predicted in 94.7% of neoplasms studied. Divergent results most often occurred in specimens sparsely populated with malignant cells. The new technique permitted recognition of possible sources of false negative results such as necrosis, absence of tumor and, on occasion, estrogen bound in vivo. It was possible to analyze by the immunofluorescence method two specimens of insufficient size for biochemical assay.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent detection of estrogen receptors in breast cancer. Comparison with dextran-coated charcoal and sucrose gradient assays. Biopsy specimens from 106 women with primary operable, recurrent or metastatic breast cancer were analyzed in a double blind study designed to compare the results of a new fluorescent antibody method for detection of estrogen receptors with estrogen receptors measured biochemically with dextran-coated charcoal and sucrose gradient assay techniques. Assay results correlated in 89.4% of tumors analyzed, and molecular receptor forms (8S and 4S) were accurately predicted in 94.7% of neoplasms studied. Divergent results most often occurred in specimens sparsely populated with malignant cells. The new technique permitted recognition of possible sources of false negative results such as necrosis, absence of tumor and, on occasion, estrogen bound in vivo. It was possible to analyze by the immunofluorescence method two specimens of insufficient size for biochemical assay."}
{"id": "PMID:346192", "title": "Adjuvant chemotherapy in the management of primary malignant melanoma.", "content": "In a prospective randomized study, the effect of chemotherapy (either systemic or combined intraarterial and systemic) was studied in 117 patients undergoing a curative resection of Clark's level III, IV or V malignant melanoma. Systemic chemotherapy was started one month after surgery one week courses with an I.V. injection of Vinblastin 6 mg/m2, Thiotepa 6 mg/m2, Rufocromomycine 60 microgram/m2, Methotrexate 15 mg/m2 on day one with procarbazine 30 mg/m2 orally daily were given every other week for three months and later every four weeks. Intraarterial chemotherapy of DTIC 80 mg/kg day for ten days was given 28 days prior to surgery. 65 patients with limb malignant melanoma were treated either by surgery only (27 patients), or by systemic chemotherapy (23 patients)  or by preoperative intraarterial chemotherapy and systemic chemotherapy (15 patients): 52 patients with non limb malignant melanoma were treated either by surgery only (28 patients) or by systemic chemotherapy (24 patients). We drew curves of disease free survival following surgery and studied the levelling off of the curves, 24 months after surgery 65% of the patients treated by surgery  alone were alive and free of disease whereas 81% of the patients treated by surgery and chemotherapy were alive and free of disease (p less than 0.05) suggesting a possible benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy. Intraarterial preoperative chemotherapy has not proved of additional benefit to date.", "contents": "Adjuvant chemotherapy in the management of primary malignant melanoma. In a prospective randomized study, the effect of chemotherapy (either systemic or combined intraarterial and systemic) was studied in 117 patients undergoing a curative resection of Clark's level III, IV or V malignant melanoma. Systemic chemotherapy was started one month after surgery one week courses with an I.V. injection of Vinblastin 6 mg/m2, Thiotepa 6 mg/m2, Rufocromomycine 60 microgram/m2, Methotrexate 15 mg/m2 on day one with procarbazine 30 mg/m2 orally daily were given every other week for three months and later every four weeks. Intraarterial chemotherapy of DTIC 80 mg/kg day for ten days was given 28 days prior to surgery. 65 patients with limb malignant melanoma were treated either by surgery only (27 patients), or by systemic chemotherapy (23 patients)  or by preoperative intraarterial chemotherapy and systemic chemotherapy (15 patients): 52 patients with non limb malignant melanoma were treated either by surgery only (28 patients) or by systemic chemotherapy (24 patients). We drew curves of disease free survival following surgery and studied the levelling off of the curves, 24 months after surgery 65% of the patients treated by surgery  alone were alive and free of disease whereas 81% of the patients treated by surgery and chemotherapy were alive and free of disease (p less than 0.05) suggesting a possible benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy. Intraarterial preoperative chemotherapy has not proved of additional benefit to date."}
{"id": "PMID:346193", "title": "Chemotherapy of malignant hemangiopericytoma.", "content": "Thirty-nine chemotherapy trials in 16 patients with metastatic hemangiopericytoma treated at MSKCC and 33 trials from the literature are reviewed. Adriamycin, alone or in combination drug regimens, is the most effective agent, producing complete and partial remission in 50% of cases. Other drugs which show some activity include vincristine, cyclophosphamide, actinomycin, methotrexate and DTIC. The available data indicate malignant hemangiopericytoma should be considered chemotherapeutically responsive tumors.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of malignant hemangiopericytoma. Thirty-nine chemotherapy trials in 16 patients with metastatic hemangiopericytoma treated at MSKCC and 33 trials from the literature are reviewed. Adriamycin, alone or in combination drug regimens, is the most effective agent, producing complete and partial remission in 50% of cases. Other drugs which show some activity include vincristine, cyclophosphamide, actinomycin, methotrexate and DTIC. The available data indicate malignant hemangiopericytoma should be considered chemotherapeutically responsive tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:346194", "title": "Intrathecal methotrexate overdose without neurotoxicity: case report and literature review.", "content": "A 24-month-old female developed a central nervous system relapse, while in bone marrow remission, eight months after the diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia was made. Inadvertently, she received 14 times the standard dose of intrathecal methotrexate (170 mg/m2 vs. 12 mg/m2). Treatment with intravenous leucovorin and oral dexamethasone was given. Her only symptomatology was mild headaches. No neurological abnormalities developed. Her cerebrospinal fluid methotrexate levels (5.2 X 10(-6)M at 23 hours and 5.9 X 10(-7)M at 47 hours) and half-life (t 1/2 = 8 hours) were within the range previously reported in patients following standard doses of intrathecal methotrexate who did not develop neurotoxicity. The various manifestations of neurotoxicity associated with the use of intrathecal methotrexate as well as those factors considered to play a part in the development of neurotoxicity are reviewed.", "contents": "Intrathecal methotrexate overdose without neurotoxicity: case report and literature review. A 24-month-old female developed a central nervous system relapse, while in bone marrow remission, eight months after the diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia was made. Inadvertently, she received 14 times the standard dose of intrathecal methotrexate (170 mg/m2 vs. 12 mg/m2). Treatment with intravenous leucovorin and oral dexamethasone was given. Her only symptomatology was mild headaches. No neurological abnormalities developed. Her cerebrospinal fluid methotrexate levels (5.2 X 10(-6)M at 23 hours and 5.9 X 10(-7)M at 47 hours) and half-life (t 1/2 = 8 hours) were within the range previously reported in patients following standard doses of intrathecal methotrexate who did not develop neurotoxicity. The various manifestations of neurotoxicity associated with the use of intrathecal methotrexate as well as those factors considered to play a part in the development of neurotoxicity are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:346195", "title": "Ultrastructural study of 28 cases of Ewing's sarcoma: typical and atypical forms.", "content": "The characteristics of 35 round cell sarcomas of bones are analyzed by optical and electron microscopical means, 28 cases of Ewing's sarcoma and 7 cases of malignant lymphomas (reticulum cell sarcoma) being distinguished. The existence of a morphological diversity within the Ewing's sarcoma group allows the authors to differentiate a conventional form of Ewing's sarcoma (21 cases) consisting of principal blastemic cells and secondary degenerative ones (dark cells) from an atypical variant (7 cases of atypical Ewin's sarcoma) whose structure adopts either an immature mesenchymal or histiocytic appearance. The ultrastructure of the atypical Ewing's cells demonstrates variability in size and in the nucleus, which is grooved and possesses prominent nucleoli. In the cytoplasm, in addition to the existence of a variable amount of glycogen, more highly differentiated structures appear when a comparison is made with the principal cells of the conventional Ewing's sarcoma. There exist filaments and mitochondria complexes, desmosomic-like junctions and profiles of endoplasmic reticulum. No transitional forms between the conventional and the atypical variants of Ewing's sarcoma have been observed. According to this analysis, when compared to other bone malignancies, the presence of glycogen as a means for identifying Ewing's sarcoma seems to be of restricted value. No clinical or anatomical differences could be established between either variant of Ewing's sarcoma.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of 28 cases of Ewing's sarcoma: typical and atypical forms. The characteristics of 35 round cell sarcomas of bones are analyzed by optical and electron microscopical means, 28 cases of Ewing's sarcoma and 7 cases of malignant lymphomas (reticulum cell sarcoma) being distinguished. The existence of a morphological diversity within the Ewing's sarcoma group allows the authors to differentiate a conventional form of Ewing's sarcoma (21 cases) consisting of principal blastemic cells and secondary degenerative ones (dark cells) from an atypical variant (7 cases of atypical Ewin's sarcoma) whose structure adopts either an immature mesenchymal or histiocytic appearance. The ultrastructure of the atypical Ewing's cells demonstrates variability in size and in the nucleus, which is grooved and possesses prominent nucleoli. In the cytoplasm, in addition to the existence of a variable amount of glycogen, more highly differentiated structures appear when a comparison is made with the principal cells of the conventional Ewing's sarcoma. There exist filaments and mitochondria complexes, desmosomic-like junctions and profiles of endoplasmic reticulum. No transitional forms between the conventional and the atypical variants of Ewing's sarcoma have been observed. According to this analysis, when compared to other bone malignancies, the presence of glycogen as a means for identifying Ewing's sarcoma seems to be of restricted value. No clinical or anatomical differences could be established between either variant of Ewing's sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:346196", "title": "Evaluation of esophageal dysplasia by cytofluorometric analysis.", "content": "In order to grade objectively and characterize dysplastic and precancerous esophageal epithelium its DNA content was measured by cytofluormetric methods and compared to normal and cancerous esophageal epithelium. This yielded the following results. With transition of the esophageal eipthelium  from mild dysplasia to severe dysplasia and finally to in situ carcinoma, Feulgen-DNA values showed patterns characteristic of a tetraploid population. They lacked prominent peaks which were usually observed with invasive carcinomas. Dominant near-tetraploid population and definite tetraploid-octoploid populations were characteristic of severe dysplasia or carcinoma. The mean Feulgen-DNA values were significantly larger in severe dysplasia than in the lesser grade of dysplasia as well as the normal epithelium. However, this was not the rule in the full blown carcinomas. It would appear that the esophageal cytophotometric patterns are analogous to those previously observed in the skin and uterine cervix.", "contents": "Evaluation of esophageal dysplasia by cytofluorometric analysis. In order to grade objectively and characterize dysplastic and precancerous esophageal epithelium its DNA content was measured by cytofluormetric methods and compared to normal and cancerous esophageal epithelium. This yielded the following results. With transition of the esophageal eipthelium  from mild dysplasia to severe dysplasia and finally to in situ carcinoma, Feulgen-DNA values showed patterns characteristic of a tetraploid population. They lacked prominent peaks which were usually observed with invasive carcinomas. Dominant near-tetraploid population and definite tetraploid-octoploid populations were characteristic of severe dysplasia or carcinoma. The mean Feulgen-DNA values were significantly larger in severe dysplasia than in the lesser grade of dysplasia as well as the normal epithelium. However, this was not the rule in the full blown carcinomas. It would appear that the esophageal cytophotometric patterns are analogous to those previously observed in the skin and uterine cervix."}
{"id": "PMID:346197", "title": "Fibromatosis of the breast.", "content": "A case of fibromatosis of the breast occurring in a 37-year-old woman is described. Only 15 cases of this type have been previously reported. In 5 of these cases there was also involvement of the underlying pectoral muscles, raising the possibility that some of these may have been of pectoral musculoaponeurotic origin. Two of the previously reported cases occurred in patients with Gardner's syndrome and 1 in a patient with \"familial muticentric fibromatosis.\" It is anticipated that fibromatosis of the breast will behave in a similar fashion to fibromatosis occurring in other sites; i.e., as a local aggressive lesion which exhibits a high incidence of local recurrence following incomplete excision.", "contents": "Fibromatosis of the breast. A case of fibromatosis of the breast occurring in a 37-year-old woman is described. Only 15 cases of this type have been previously reported. In 5 of these cases there was also involvement of the underlying pectoral muscles, raising the possibility that some of these may have been of pectoral musculoaponeurotic origin. Two of the previously reported cases occurred in patients with Gardner's syndrome and 1 in a patient with \"familial muticentric fibromatosis.\" It is anticipated that fibromatosis of the breast will behave in a similar fashion to fibromatosis occurring in other sites; i.e., as a local aggressive lesion which exhibits a high incidence of local recurrence following incomplete excision."}
{"id": "PMID:346198", "title": "Progress in the cytological diagnosis of gastric lymphoma: a report of 32 cases.", "content": "Thirty-two cases of gastric lymphoma have been examined cytologically in our laboratory. In one series (1953-1972), a technique combining washings and abrasion under fluoroscopic control was used. A positive diagnosis of malignancy was made in 7 of 17 cases. In a recent series (1972-1976), 15 cases of gastric lymphoma have been studied by direct abrasion during endoscopy. Malignant cells were identified in 13 cases and a correct diagnosis of lymphoma was made in 11 cases. Biopsy was positive for malignancy in 12 cases and lymphoma was specifically diagnosed in 9 instances. Combining cytology and biopsy, a diagnosis of cancer was made in 14 of 15 cases. Endoscopic cytology appears to be far superior to blind abrasion and washings techniques in the diagnosis of lymphoma of the stomach.", "contents": "Progress in the cytological diagnosis of gastric lymphoma: a report of 32 cases. Thirty-two cases of gastric lymphoma have been examined cytologically in our laboratory. In one series (1953-1972), a technique combining washings and abrasion under fluoroscopic control was used. A positive diagnosis of malignancy was made in 7 of 17 cases. In a recent series (1972-1976), 15 cases of gastric lymphoma have been studied by direct abrasion during endoscopy. Malignant cells were identified in 13 cases and a correct diagnosis of lymphoma was made in 11 cases. Biopsy was positive for malignancy in 12 cases and lymphoma was specifically diagnosed in 9 instances. Combining cytology and biopsy, a diagnosis of cancer was made in 14 of 15 cases. Endoscopic cytology appears to be far superior to blind abrasion and washings techniques in the diagnosis of lymphoma of the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:346200", "title": "Prognostic significance of parafollicular small lymphocytes in follicular lymphoma: clinicopathological studies of 82 cases of primary nodal origin.", "content": "Pretreatment biopsy material of 82 cases of follicular lymphoma of lymph node origin was reviewed. According to the amount of small lymphocytes in the parafollicular lymphoid tissue (PSL), tumors were classified: PSL++, abundant lymphocytes with prominent postcapillary venules; PSL+, a number of lymphocytes readily recognizable, postcapillary venules present but not prominent; PSL+/-, lymphocytes barely appreciable or absent. Five-year actuarial survival rates were 82.7% in PSL++, 42.3% in PSL+, and 0% in PSL+/-. Ten-year actuarial survival rates were 51.5% and 4.7% in PSL++ and +, respectively. The PSL++ pattern was often associated with localized disease. Patients surviving more than 5 years with disseminated disease had either PSL++ or +. Survival was better correlated with PSL patterns than histologic tumor types or clinical stages. Transition of the pattern from nodular to diffuse occurred in 17 of 26 cases observed and was concomitant with the progressive loss of parafollicular (or interfollicular) components, namely small lymphocytes and lymphocyte-associated vasculature. Classification of follicular lymphoma based on parafollicular small lymphocytes (PSL) offers a new set of prognostic criteria and a guide to improved clinical management.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of parafollicular small lymphocytes in follicular lymphoma: clinicopathological studies of 82 cases of primary nodal origin. Pretreatment biopsy material of 82 cases of follicular lymphoma of lymph node origin was reviewed. According to the amount of small lymphocytes in the parafollicular lymphoid tissue (PSL), tumors were classified: PSL++, abundant lymphocytes with prominent postcapillary venules; PSL+, a number of lymphocytes readily recognizable, postcapillary venules present but not prominent; PSL+/-, lymphocytes barely appreciable or absent. Five-year actuarial survival rates were 82.7% in PSL++, 42.3% in PSL+, and 0% in PSL+/-. Ten-year actuarial survival rates were 51.5% and 4.7% in PSL++ and +, respectively. The PSL++ pattern was often associated with localized disease. Patients surviving more than 5 years with disseminated disease had either PSL++ or +. Survival was better correlated with PSL patterns than histologic tumor types or clinical stages. Transition of the pattern from nodular to diffuse occurred in 17 of 26 cases observed and was concomitant with the progressive loss of parafollicular (or interfollicular) components, namely small lymphocytes and lymphocyte-associated vasculature. Classification of follicular lymphoma based on parafollicular small lymphocytes (PSL) offers a new set of prognostic criteria and a guide to improved clinical management."}
{"id": "PMID:346201", "title": "Fever and infection in leukemic patients: a study of 494 consecutive patients.", "content": "All of the febrile episodes occurring in 494 adults with acute leukemia were reviewed. There were an average of 2.39 febrile episodes per patient and the patients spent 28% of their days in the hospital with fever. Sixty-four percent of the febrile episodes were due to infection. The most common types of infection  were disseminated infection and pneumonia, which together accounted for 69% of the total episodes of documented infection. The etiologic agent was identified in 73% of the documented infections and gram-negative bacilli were responsible for the great majority. The most common gram-negative bacilli causing infection were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. During the course of their leukemia, 31% of the patients had repeated episodes of infection caused by the same organism and 13% ahd repeated FUO's. Fever occurred most often when the patients had neutropenia (less than 500/mm3). The fatality rate from septicemia decreased from 84% in 1966 to 44% in 1972. The fatality rate for major infections caused by gram-positive cocci was 16%, for gram-negative bacilli was 37% and for fungi was 86%. Although infection remains a serious problem in leukemia patients, considerable progress has been made.", "contents": "Fever and infection in leukemic patients: a study of 494 consecutive patients. All of the febrile episodes occurring in 494 adults with acute leukemia were reviewed. There were an average of 2.39 febrile episodes per patient and the patients spent 28% of their days in the hospital with fever. Sixty-four percent of the febrile episodes were due to infection. The most common types of infection  were disseminated infection and pneumonia, which together accounted for 69% of the total episodes of documented infection. The etiologic agent was identified in 73% of the documented infections and gram-negative bacilli were responsible for the great majority. The most common gram-negative bacilli causing infection were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. During the course of their leukemia, 31% of the patients had repeated episodes of infection caused by the same organism and 13% ahd repeated FUO's. Fever occurred most often when the patients had neutropenia (less than 500/mm3). The fatality rate from septicemia decreased from 84% in 1966 to 44% in 1972. The fatality rate for major infections caused by gram-positive cocci was 16%, for gram-negative bacilli was 37% and for fungi was 86%. Although infection remains a serious problem in leukemia patients, considerable progress has been made."}
{"id": "PMID:346202", "title": "Similarities among factors that render macrophages tumoricidal in lymphokine and interferon preparations.", "content": "Lymphokine preparations, including supernatants derived from antigen-stimulated Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-immune spleen cell cultures and normal spleen cells incubated with insoluble concanavalin A, were compared with partially purified L-cell interferon for the ability to render resting macrophages nonspecifically tumoricidal in vitro. Significant activation of macrophages by lymphokine preparations occurred at concentrations as low as 0.5 and 0.25% of the assay mixture for antigen-stimulated and concanavalin A-induced lymphokine, respectively. These end point concentrations were each determined to contain 0.3 unit of interferon per ml. Supernatants obtained from unstimulated normal spleen cells, concanavalin A-treated nu/nu spleen cells, or Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-immune spleen cells in the absence of sensitizing antigen did not enhance macrophage tumoricidal function and lacked interferon. Activation by L-cell interferon required at least 1 unit/ml. The macrophage-activating factors contained in lymphokine and interferon preparations were stable at pH 2 and at 56 degrees, but they were destroyed when heated at 80 degrees for 30 min, and were inactivated by trypsin. The data demonstrate common properties for the induction of tumoricidal macrophages by these divese preparations.", "contents": "Similarities among factors that render macrophages tumoricidal in lymphokine and interferon preparations. Lymphokine preparations, including supernatants derived from antigen-stimulated Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-immune spleen cell cultures and normal spleen cells incubated with insoluble concanavalin A, were compared with partially purified L-cell interferon for the ability to render resting macrophages nonspecifically tumoricidal in vitro. Significant activation of macrophages by lymphokine preparations occurred at concentrations as low as 0.5 and 0.25% of the assay mixture for antigen-stimulated and concanavalin A-induced lymphokine, respectively. These end point concentrations were each determined to contain 0.3 unit of interferon per ml. Supernatants obtained from unstimulated normal spleen cells, concanavalin A-treated nu/nu spleen cells, or Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-immune spleen cells in the absence of sensitizing antigen did not enhance macrophage tumoricidal function and lacked interferon. Activation by L-cell interferon required at least 1 unit/ml. The macrophage-activating factors contained in lymphokine and interferon preparations were stable at pH 2 and at 56 degrees, but they were destroyed when heated at 80 degrees for 30 min, and were inactivated by trypsin. The data demonstrate common properties for the induction of tumoricidal macrophages by these divese preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:346204", "title": "Purification and quantitation of preneoplastic antigen from hyperplastic nodules and normal liver.", "content": "The protein in microsomal membranes of hyperplastic nodules of livers from rats fed a diet containing 2-acetyl-aminofluorene referred to as the preneoplastic antigen has been purified to a nearly homogeneous state. A protein sharing identical immunodeterminants based on double agarose diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis has also been detected in deoxycholate-solubilized microsomes from normal liver, but it cannot be detected by gel immunodiffusion in the absence of detergent. There is approximately 4 times as much of this antigen in hyperplastic nodule microsomes as there is in normal microsomes as determined by electroimmunoassay. The antigen from nodules is not more than one-half the molecular weight of the antigen derived from normal microsomes in 0.2% deoxycholate. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that an altered state of membranes exists in hyperplastic nodule endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in increased amounts of immunoreactive preneoplastic antigen. The nodule protein has a decreased association with its membrane matrix.", "contents": "Purification and quantitation of preneoplastic antigen from hyperplastic nodules and normal liver. The protein in microsomal membranes of hyperplastic nodules of livers from rats fed a diet containing 2-acetyl-aminofluorene referred to as the preneoplastic antigen has been purified to a nearly homogeneous state. A protein sharing identical immunodeterminants based on double agarose diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis has also been detected in deoxycholate-solubilized microsomes from normal liver, but it cannot be detected by gel immunodiffusion in the absence of detergent. There is approximately 4 times as much of this antigen in hyperplastic nodule microsomes as there is in normal microsomes as determined by electroimmunoassay. The antigen from nodules is not more than one-half the molecular weight of the antigen derived from normal microsomes in 0.2% deoxycholate. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that an altered state of membranes exists in hyperplastic nodule endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in increased amounts of immunoreactive preneoplastic antigen. The nodule protein has a decreased association with its membrane matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:346205", "title": "Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of chemicals: a review of the Monograph Program of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (1971 to 1977).", "content": "In 1971 the International Agency for Research on Cancer initiated a program on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, which concentrated on the production of monographs on individual chemicals. A review of this ongoing program is presented here as a contribution to the discussion of primary prevention of cancer. A total of 368 chemicals were evaluated in the first 16 volumes of the International Agency for Research on Cancer monographs. For 26 chemicals (or industrial processes), a positive association between exposure and the occurrence of cancer in humans was observed. For 221 chemicals, some evidence of carcinogenicity was found in at least one species of experimental animals. However, no evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of these chemicals to humans was made, either because no epidemiological studies or case reports were available or because the results of available human studies were inconclusive. For the remaining 121 chemicals, the available data were inadequate for an evaluation of the presence or absence of a carcinogenic effect in experimental animals or humans. The criteria on which the carcinogenicity of chemicals to humans and/or experimental animals was assessed, from the initiation of this program in 1971 until 1977, have recently been revised and are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of chemicals: a review of the Monograph Program of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (1971 to 1977). In 1971 the International Agency for Research on Cancer initiated a program on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, which concentrated on the production of monographs on individual chemicals. A review of this ongoing program is presented here as a contribution to the discussion of primary prevention of cancer. A total of 368 chemicals were evaluated in the first 16 volumes of the International Agency for Research on Cancer monographs. For 26 chemicals (or industrial processes), a positive association between exposure and the occurrence of cancer in humans was observed. For 221 chemicals, some evidence of carcinogenicity was found in at least one species of experimental animals. However, no evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of these chemicals to humans was made, either because no epidemiological studies or case reports were available or because the results of available human studies were inconclusive. For the remaining 121 chemicals, the available data were inadequate for an evaluation of the presence or absence of a carcinogenic effect in experimental animals or humans. The criteria on which the carcinogenicity of chemicals to humans and/or experimental animals was assessed, from the initiation of this program in 1971 until 1977, have recently been revised and are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:346206", "title": "In vitro responses of peripheral blood and spleen lymphoid cells to mitogens and antigens in childhood Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Over the past 5 years, parameters of immunological function have been determined in all children with biopsy-proven Hodgkin's disease in the Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. This report summarizes the in vitro responses of lymphocytes to stimulation by mitogens and antigens (between January 1975 and December 1976) in 33 of these previously untreated patients. In nine of these patients, responses of the splenic lymphocytes were studied concomitantly with the responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Peripheral blood from normal children and adults was used as the control. Our results have demonstrated no significant differences between the responses of normal children and adult controls. The absolute necessity for concomitant studies of the controls and the patients was shown. The value of examining multiple concentrations of a single mitogen was also well defined. In the children with Hodgkin's disease, there was a consistent failure of the peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond to the lower concentration dose of phytohemagglutinin. However, this abnormality was not found in the splenic lymphocytes.", "contents": "In vitro responses of peripheral blood and spleen lymphoid cells to mitogens and antigens in childhood Hodgkin's disease. Over the past 5 years, parameters of immunological function have been determined in all children with biopsy-proven Hodgkin's disease in the Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. This report summarizes the in vitro responses of lymphocytes to stimulation by mitogens and antigens (between January 1975 and December 1976) in 33 of these previously untreated patients. In nine of these patients, responses of the splenic lymphocytes were studied concomitantly with the responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Peripheral blood from normal children and adults was used as the control. Our results have demonstrated no significant differences between the responses of normal children and adult controls. The absolute necessity for concomitant studies of the controls and the patients was shown. The value of examining multiple concentrations of a single mitogen was also well defined. In the children with Hodgkin's disease, there was a consistent failure of the peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond to the lower concentration dose of phytohemagglutinin. However, this abnormality was not found in the splenic lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:346207", "title": "Inhibitory effect of reducing agents on N-acetoxy- and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-induced mutagenesis.", "content": "The effect of cysteine (alpha-amino-beta-mercaptopropionic acid) on the mutagenic activities of the proximate carcinogen, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, and the ultimate carcinogen, N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, was examined by estimating the frequency of his+ revertants of Salmonella typhimurium. Nontoxic concentrations of cysteine significantly reduced the formation of revertants when it was applied concurrently with the two carcinogens. Cysteine showed no detectable effect on mutagenesis when added to bacteria before or after exposure to carcinogens. The magnitude of inhibition of mutagenesis depended on the dose of cysteine and the concentration of the carcinogens. Cysteine at equimolar concentrations inhibited to a larger degree the mutagenesis induced by N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene than it inhibited that elicited by N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. The inhibitory action of cysteamine and glutathione was comparable to that of cysteine. The results appear to be consistent with the assumption that cysteine traps electrophiles prior to their action on DNA.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of reducing agents on N-acetoxy- and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-induced mutagenesis. The effect of cysteine (alpha-amino-beta-mercaptopropionic acid) on the mutagenic activities of the proximate carcinogen, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, and the ultimate carcinogen, N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, was examined by estimating the frequency of his+ revertants of Salmonella typhimurium. Nontoxic concentrations of cysteine significantly reduced the formation of revertants when it was applied concurrently with the two carcinogens. Cysteine showed no detectable effect on mutagenesis when added to bacteria before or after exposure to carcinogens. The magnitude of inhibition of mutagenesis depended on the dose of cysteine and the concentration of the carcinogens. Cysteine at equimolar concentrations inhibited to a larger degree the mutagenesis induced by N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene than it inhibited that elicited by N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. The inhibitory action of cysteamine and glutathione was comparable to that of cysteine. The results appear to be consistent with the assumption that cysteine traps electrophiles prior to their action on DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:346209", "title": "Adjuvant therapy for osteosarcoma: preoperative and postoperative treatment.", "content": "Seventeen consecutive patients with osteogenic sarcoma participated in a prospective study to ascertain first, whether postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy could reduce the incidence of distant metastases and second, whether in situ tumor cell destruction could be achieved with preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy. To date 14 of 17 patients (85%) are alive and free of disease for a median survival time of 11 months. Three patients developed recurrent disease, one with local recurrence in the tibia and two with pulmonary metastases. Limb salvage was attained in 12 patients by cadaver allografts and in one patient by radiation alone at 6 months.", "contents": "Adjuvant therapy for osteosarcoma: preoperative and postoperative treatment. Seventeen consecutive patients with osteogenic sarcoma participated in a prospective study to ascertain first, whether postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy could reduce the incidence of distant metastases and second, whether in situ tumor cell destruction could be achieved with preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy. To date 14 of 17 patients (85%) are alive and free of disease for a median survival time of 11 months. Three patients developed recurrent disease, one with local recurrence in the tibia and two with pulmonary metastases. Limb salvage was attained in 12 patients by cadaver allografts and in one patient by radiation alone at 6 months."}
{"id": "PMID:346212", "title": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) in advanced osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "Eight patients with advanced metastatic osteogenic sarcoma were treated with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP). Prior to DDP, seven patients had amputations and all had received adjuvant adriamycin (ADR) therapy. In addition, prior to DDP, six patients had received high-dose methotrexate. There was one complete response (pulmonary metastases) and four partial responses (three metastases in the lungs and one in the bone). One additional patient, with local recurrence of osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible following initial resection and adjuvant ADR, was retreated with surgery and DDP and is disease-free for greater than 3 years. The cumulative dose ranged from 300 to 660 mg/m2. Toxicity included irreversible kidney damage in two patients, transient severe hematologic suppression in two patients, and nausea and vomiting in all patients. DDP is a new effective agent in the treatment of osteogenic sarcoma.", "contents": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) in advanced osteogenic sarcoma. Eight patients with advanced metastatic osteogenic sarcoma were treated with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP). Prior to DDP, seven patients had amputations and all had received adjuvant adriamycin (ADR) therapy. In addition, prior to DDP, six patients had received high-dose methotrexate. There was one complete response (pulmonary metastases) and four partial responses (three metastases in the lungs and one in the bone). One additional patient, with local recurrence of osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible following initial resection and adjuvant ADR, was retreated with surgery and DDP and is disease-free for greater than 3 years. The cumulative dose ranged from 300 to 660 mg/m2. Toxicity included irreversible kidney damage in two patients, transient severe hematologic suppression in two patients, and nausea and vomiting in all patients. DDP is a new effective agent in the treatment of osteogenic sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:346213", "title": "Sequential combination chemotherapy (containing high-dose cyclophosphamide) for metastic osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "Eleven patients with metastatic osteogenic sarcoma were treated with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and, in some cases, high-dose methotrexate. In the event of metastatic progression, the dose of cyclophosphamide was escalated by increasing the number of consecutive daily infusions (dose, 45 mg/kg/day). The results indicate that metastatic osteogenic sarcoma is marginally responsive to adriamycin and cyclophosphamide but rarely responsive to high-dose methotrexate as administered in this trial. The response of metastatic lesions was not improved by escalating the dose of cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Sequential combination chemotherapy (containing high-dose cyclophosphamide) for metastic osteogenic sarcoma. Eleven patients with metastatic osteogenic sarcoma were treated with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and, in some cases, high-dose methotrexate. In the event of metastatic progression, the dose of cyclophosphamide was escalated by increasing the number of consecutive daily infusions (dose, 45 mg/kg/day). The results indicate that metastatic osteogenic sarcoma is marginally responsive to adriamycin and cyclophosphamide but rarely responsive to high-dose methotrexate as administered in this trial. The response of metastatic lesions was not improved by escalating the dose of cyclophosphamide."}
{"id": "PMID:346214", "title": "Combination chemotherapy for osteosarcoma.", "content": "Because of the great risk for development of pulmonary metastases following amputation for osteosarcoma, 24 consecutive patients with \"clinically localized\" osteosarcoma of an extremity were given adjuvant combination chemotherapy with adriamycin-cyclophosphamide-high-dose methotrexate-citrovorum factor. Thirteen of these patients remain free of tumor from 11 to 48 months following amputation. The median disease-free survival is estimated to be 18 months and the median survival 27 months. No relapses have been observed in any patients surviving free of disease beyond 23 months. Combination chemotherapy was also given to 16 patients whose disease was not localized; eight with pulmonary metastases at or following diagnosis, one with nodal metastases at diagnosis, two with osteosarcoma following radiation therapy for other malignant tumors, three with osteosarcoma of flat bones, one with parosteal osteosarcoma, and one with multifocal osteosarcoma. Three of this latter group of patients are surviving free of tumor at 8, 17, and 19 months from diagnosis. Two young patients died from complications of methotrexate and adriamycin toxicity.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. Because of the great risk for development of pulmonary metastases following amputation for osteosarcoma, 24 consecutive patients with \"clinically localized\" osteosarcoma of an extremity were given adjuvant combination chemotherapy with adriamycin-cyclophosphamide-high-dose methotrexate-citrovorum factor. Thirteen of these patients remain free of tumor from 11 to 48 months following amputation. The median disease-free survival is estimated to be 18 months and the median survival 27 months. No relapses have been observed in any patients surviving free of disease beyond 23 months. Combination chemotherapy was also given to 16 patients whose disease was not localized; eight with pulmonary metastases at or following diagnosis, one with nodal metastases at diagnosis, two with osteosarcoma following radiation therapy for other malignant tumors, three with osteosarcoma of flat bones, one with parosteal osteosarcoma, and one with multifocal osteosarcoma. Three of this latter group of patients are surviving free of tumor at 8, 17, and 19 months from diagnosis. Two young patients died from complications of methotrexate and adriamycin toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:346218", "title": "Adjuvant chemotherapy for osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "Twenty-nine evaluable patients with nonmetastatic osteosarcoma were given sequential combination chemotherapy utilizing high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue, vincristine, adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide. Fourteen (48%) of 29 patients are currently disease-free for 8--48 months from initiation of chemotherapy with a median disease-free survival of 21 months. The projected 4-year disease-free survival is 13%. At 4 years the projected overall survival is 57%. In this particular study, adjuvant chemotherapy does not appear to significantly prevent the development of overt metastases. In four patients, delayed onset of metastasis was observed at 18--43 months from initiation of treatment.", "contents": "Adjuvant chemotherapy for osteogenic sarcoma. Twenty-nine evaluable patients with nonmetastatic osteosarcoma were given sequential combination chemotherapy utilizing high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue, vincristine, adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide. Fourteen (48%) of 29 patients are currently disease-free for 8--48 months from initiation of chemotherapy with a median disease-free survival of 21 months. The projected 4-year disease-free survival is 13%. At 4 years the projected overall survival is 57%. In this particular study, adjuvant chemotherapy does not appear to significantly prevent the development of overt metastases. In four patients, delayed onset of metastasis was observed at 18--43 months from initiation of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:346219", "title": "Adjuvant therapy for nonmetastatic osteogenic sarcoma: an evaluation of transfer factor versus combination chemotherapy.", "content": "A randomized study compared the effects of combination chemotherapy (high-dose methotrexate, adriamycin, and vincristine) with immunotherapy in the form of transfer factor in the adjuvant treatment of patients with nonmetastatic osteogenic sarcoma after apparent complete surgical ablation of the primary tumor. Thirty-two patients were evaluated. Of 22 patients who received chemotherapy, three died of drug-related complications and six were alive without disease recurrence between 260 and 673 days after operation. Ten patients in the transfer factor group converted their markers, and of these, five were alive without recurrence 420--753 days after operation. Neither treatment program was considered superior with respect to disease-free survival.", "contents": "Adjuvant therapy for nonmetastatic osteogenic sarcoma: an evaluation of transfer factor versus combination chemotherapy. A randomized study compared the effects of combination chemotherapy (high-dose methotrexate, adriamycin, and vincristine) with immunotherapy in the form of transfer factor in the adjuvant treatment of patients with nonmetastatic osteogenic sarcoma after apparent complete surgical ablation of the primary tumor. Thirty-two patients were evaluated. Of 22 patients who received chemotherapy, three died of drug-related complications and six were alive without disease recurrence between 260 and 673 days after operation. Ten patients in the transfer factor group converted their markers, and of these, five were alive without recurrence 420--753 days after operation. Neither treatment program was considered superior with respect to disease-free survival."}
{"id": "PMID:346220", "title": "Adjuvant treatment of osteogenic sarcoma with high-dose cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Six patients with osteosarcoma and no evidence of metastases received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with high-dose cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg iv every other day for five doses). Three of these patients are alive without evidence of disease at 2 1/2, 3, and 5 years following diagnosis. The regimen was tolerable in terms of toxicity. Cyclophosphamide in high doses may be effective adjuvant therapy in some patients with osteosarcoma.", "contents": "Adjuvant treatment of osteogenic sarcoma with high-dose cyclophosphamide. Six patients with osteosarcoma and no evidence of metastases received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with high-dose cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg iv every other day for five doses). Three of these patients are alive without evidence of disease at 2 1/2, 3, and 5 years following diagnosis. The regimen was tolerable in terms of toxicity. Cyclophosphamide in high doses may be effective adjuvant therapy in some patients with osteosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:346221", "title": "Adjuvant whole-lung radiation with or without adriamycin treatment in osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "Eighteen consecutive patients with osteogenic sarcoma were treated after initial surgery with 2000 rads of whole-lung radiation for 21--28 days. Eleven of these patients went on to receive adriamycin (20 mg/m2 X 3 days every 6 weeks). Three of seven evaluable patients are free of disease in the radiation group (median time to recurrence, 130 days) while six of ten evaluable patients are free of disease in the radiation + adriamycin group (median time to recurrence, 310+ days). These results are similar to published experience with whole-lung radiation and adriamycin alone.", "contents": "Adjuvant whole-lung radiation with or without adriamycin treatment in osteogenic sarcoma. Eighteen consecutive patients with osteogenic sarcoma were treated after initial surgery with 2000 rads of whole-lung radiation for 21--28 days. Eleven of these patients went on to receive adriamycin (20 mg/m2 X 3 days every 6 weeks). Three of seven evaluable patients are free of disease in the radiation group (median time to recurrence, 130 days) while six of ten evaluable patients are free of disease in the radiation + adriamycin group (median time to recurrence, 310+ days). These results are similar to published experience with whole-lung radiation and adriamycin alone."}
{"id": "PMID:346223", "title": "Treatment of essential hypertension with pindolol.", "content": "Pindolol was given for 12-15 consecutive weeks to 35 patients for the treatment of essential hypertension. Significant blood pressure reductions were achieved in the group of 28 patients who completed the trial, as tested by the Wilcoxon pair test. There was no difference in antihypertensive effect between a three times a day and a twice a day administration schedule. The incidence of side-effects was not affected by the change in dosage or schedule.", "contents": "Treatment of essential hypertension with pindolol. Pindolol was given for 12-15 consecutive weeks to 35 patients for the treatment of essential hypertension. Significant blood pressure reductions were achieved in the group of 28 patients who completed the trial, as tested by the Wilcoxon pair test. There was no difference in antihypertensive effect between a three times a day and a twice a day administration schedule. The incidence of side-effects was not affected by the change in dosage or schedule."}
{"id": "PMID:346224", "title": "Underestimation of true pulmonary blood volume by the pulmonary artery wedge injection technique in cardiac patients.", "content": "Pulmonary blood volume measurements were made comparing pulmonary artery with pulmonary artery wedge and left atrial dye dilution curves in 32 patients with cardiac disease. Mean transit times across the lungs were underestimated by the PAW curve technique. Hence calculated PBV by the right heart injections alone underestimates true PBV.", "contents": "Underestimation of true pulmonary blood volume by the pulmonary artery wedge injection technique in cardiac patients. Pulmonary blood volume measurements were made comparing pulmonary artery with pulmonary artery wedge and left atrial dye dilution curves in 32 patients with cardiac disease. Mean transit times across the lungs were underestimated by the PAW curve technique. Hence calculated PBV by the right heart injections alone underestimates true PBV."}
{"id": "PMID:346227", "title": "Immunocytochemical study of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. IV. Topographical distribution of neurophysin neurons of the sheep paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus.", "content": "An antiserum cross-reactive against ovine neurophysins-I-II and -III has been used in conjunction with the immunoperoxidase histochemical procedure to localize the cells of the sheep paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON). In order to describe the topographical distribution of the SON and PVN a study was made on the serial sections cut (a) transversely from rostral to caudal positions and (b) sagittally from lateral to medial positions of the hypothalamus. The cells of the SON, when examined in the transverse aspect, extended approximately 1900 mu caudally and when examined in the sagittal plane were contained within a lateral-medial distance of 4830 mu. In each case the SON cells lay adjacent to the optic chiasm. As sections were cut transversely, the cells of the PVN first appeared in a rostral position defined as 0mu and close to the ventral lining of the third ventricle. This general ventral and ventro-lateral distribution of cells maintained up to a caudal distance of approximately 840 mu. From positions 1260-2310mu there was a dramatic dorsal shift of the PVN cells which by this time had also extended laterally. The total rostral-caudal distance occupied by the PVN cells was 3150mu. That the lateral-medial distance occupied by the PVN was small (1050mu) was determined on examining the magnocellular nuclei in sagittal section.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical study of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. IV. Topographical distribution of neurophysin neurons of the sheep paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus. An antiserum cross-reactive against ovine neurophysins-I-II and -III has been used in conjunction with the immunoperoxidase histochemical procedure to localize the cells of the sheep paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON). In order to describe the topographical distribution of the SON and PVN a study was made on the serial sections cut (a) transversely from rostral to caudal positions and (b) sagittally from lateral to medial positions of the hypothalamus. The cells of the SON, when examined in the transverse aspect, extended approximately 1900 mu caudally and when examined in the sagittal plane were contained within a lateral-medial distance of 4830 mu. In each case the SON cells lay adjacent to the optic chiasm. As sections were cut transversely, the cells of the PVN first appeared in a rostral position defined as 0mu and close to the ventral lining of the third ventricle. This general ventral and ventro-lateral distribution of cells maintained up to a caudal distance of approximately 840 mu. From positions 1260-2310mu there was a dramatic dorsal shift of the PVN cells which by this time had also extended laterally. The total rostral-caudal distance occupied by the PVN cells was 3150mu. That the lateral-medial distance occupied by the PVN was small (1050mu) was determined on examining the magnocellular nuclei in sagittal section."}
{"id": "PMID:346228", "title": "Immunocytochemical identification of an LHRH-producing system originating in the preoptic nucleus of the duck.", "content": "A fluorescent technique applying specific LHRH and vasotocin antisera was used for the immunocytochemical localization of the respective neurosecretory systems in the hypothalamus of gonadectomized, testosterone-treated and/or serotonin injected male domestic ducks. An immunoreactive (IR) LHRH-producing system, with perikarya located in the preoptic nucleus, could be traced through the ventral hypothalamus down to the external layer of the rostral and caudal ME, in close vicinity to the hypophysial portal system. An IR-vasotocin system originating in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei ran through the ventral hypothalamus, but terminated in (i) the external layer of the rostral ME, and (ii) in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical identification of an LHRH-producing system originating in the preoptic nucleus of the duck. A fluorescent technique applying specific LHRH and vasotocin antisera was used for the immunocytochemical localization of the respective neurosecretory systems in the hypothalamus of gonadectomized, testosterone-treated and/or serotonin injected male domestic ducks. An immunoreactive (IR) LHRH-producing system, with perikarya located in the preoptic nucleus, could be traced through the ventral hypothalamus down to the external layer of the rostral and caudal ME, in close vicinity to the hypophysial portal system. An IR-vasotocin system originating in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei ran through the ventral hypothalamus, but terminated in (i) the external layer of the rostral ME, and (ii) in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis."}
{"id": "PMID:346233", "title": "Reaction of the anastral mitotic apparatus of endosperm cells of the plant Leucojum aestivum with antibodies to tubulin from porcine brain as revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy.", "content": "Structures binding an antibody against tubulin from porcine brain were localized in the giant anastral mitotic apparatus of endosperm cells of the monocotyledonous plant, Leucojum aestivum, by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Both continuous and chromosomal spindle fibers were strongly stained. Postive fluorescence was also noted in polar cap regions and, in prometaphase stages, to some extent at the fragmented nuclear envelope. Intermingling and branching of subfiber elements was frequently noted.", "contents": "Reaction of the anastral mitotic apparatus of endosperm cells of the plant Leucojum aestivum with antibodies to tubulin from porcine brain as revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Structures binding an antibody against tubulin from porcine brain were localized in the giant anastral mitotic apparatus of endosperm cells of the monocotyledonous plant, Leucojum aestivum, by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Both continuous and chromosomal spindle fibers were strongly stained. Postive fluorescence was also noted in polar cap regions and, in prometaphase stages, to some extent at the fragmented nuclear envelope. Intermingling and branching of subfiber elements was frequently noted."}
{"id": "PMID:346236", "title": "A method of synchronization of normal and malignant human cells in culture.", "content": "A method is described for providing reproducible S phase parasynchrony in both normal mesenchyme and transformed epithelia. Cells were seeded at low density in medium containing 10% serum. 24 h later the serum concentration was reduced to 0.5%. After 110th the cells were collected at the G1/S boundary in fresh medium containing 10% serum plus 2.5mM hydroxyurea over 20h. After removal of hydroxyurea and trypsinization the re-plated cells entered the S phase with a high degree of synchrony, as judged by autoradiography, pulse-labelling with 3H-thymidine, cell growth and time lapse cinematography. By 6h after synchronization 80% of the population had entered the S phase and between 10-13h 70% went through mitosis.", "contents": "A method of synchronization of normal and malignant human cells in culture. A method is described for providing reproducible S phase parasynchrony in both normal mesenchyme and transformed epithelia. Cells were seeded at low density in medium containing 10% serum. 24 h later the serum concentration was reduced to 0.5%. After 110th the cells were collected at the G1/S boundary in fresh medium containing 10% serum plus 2.5mM hydroxyurea over 20h. After removal of hydroxyurea and trypsinization the re-plated cells entered the S phase with a high degree of synchrony, as judged by autoradiography, pulse-labelling with 3H-thymidine, cell growth and time lapse cinematography. By 6h after synchronization 80% of the population had entered the S phase and between 10-13h 70% went through mitosis."}
{"id": "PMID:346237", "title": "An RNA core in the 30S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli and its structural and functional significance.", "content": "1. Evidence is presented for the occurrence of a very stable RNA core (S4-RNA) in \"native\" 16S RNA that is also present in the 30S subunit of Escherichia coli. A model giving the approximate location of this RNA core in the 30S subunit is presented. 2. It is proposed (a) that this S4-RNA acts as a nucleus for the assembly of the 30S subunit, and (b) that a small class of \"linkage\" proteins, including S4, further facilitate the assembly of the proteins to the RNA, thereby explaining some of the \"cooperative\" effects that are observed during in vitro assembly. 3. Evidence for the importance of the RNA core in the functioning of the ribosome is discussed.", "contents": "An RNA core in the 30S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli and its structural and functional significance. 1. Evidence is presented for the occurrence of a very stable RNA core (S4-RNA) in \"native\" 16S RNA that is also present in the 30S subunit of Escherichia coli. A model giving the approximate location of this RNA core in the 30S subunit is presented. 2. It is proposed (a) that this S4-RNA acts as a nucleus for the assembly of the 30S subunit, and (b) that a small class of \"linkage\" proteins, including S4, further facilitate the assembly of the proteins to the RNA, thereby explaining some of the \"cooperative\" effects that are observed during in vitro assembly. 3. Evidence for the importance of the RNA core in the functioning of the ribosome is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:346252", "title": "Effect of timolol plus hydrochlorothiazide plus hydralazine on essential hypertension.", "content": "The effect on hypertension of hydrochlorothiazide 100 mg daily plus timolol 20-60 mg daily versus hydrochlorothiazide plus placebo and of hydrochlorothiazide plus timolol plus hydralazine 40-200 mg daily versus hydrochlorothiazide plus placebo plus hydralazine was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study in 38 patients with hypertension. Hydrochlorothiazide plus timolol was more effective than hydrochlorothiazide plus placebo in lowering both supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Hydrochlorothiazide plus timolol plus hydralazine was a very effective regimen in lowering both supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The patients tolerated this regimen well with greater hypotensive activity and a lower incidence of side effects than on hydrochlorothiazide plus placebo plus hydralazine.", "contents": "Effect of timolol plus hydrochlorothiazide plus hydralazine on essential hypertension. The effect on hypertension of hydrochlorothiazide 100 mg daily plus timolol 20-60 mg daily versus hydrochlorothiazide plus placebo and of hydrochlorothiazide plus timolol plus hydralazine 40-200 mg daily versus hydrochlorothiazide plus placebo plus hydralazine was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study in 38 patients with hypertension. Hydrochlorothiazide plus timolol was more effective than hydrochlorothiazide plus placebo in lowering both supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Hydrochlorothiazide plus timolol plus hydralazine was a very effective regimen in lowering both supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The patients tolerated this regimen well with greater hypotensive activity and a lower incidence of side effects than on hydrochlorothiazide plus placebo plus hydralazine."}
{"id": "PMID:346253", "title": "Value and limitations of programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in the study and treatment of tachycardias.", "content": "A review is given on the use of programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in patients suffering from tachycardia. The application of this technique makes it possible to evaluate mechanisms of tachycardia directly in the human heart. By repeating the same stimulation program following drug administration the effect of drugs on arrhythmia mechanisms can be studied. There are several factors, however, that influence the amount of information on mechanism and pathway of tachycardia and selection of appropriate therapy that can be obtained during the study. These factors as well as how information obtained programmed electrical stimulation of the heart has resulted in a better use of the 12-lead electrocardiogram as a diagnostic tool are discussed.", "contents": "Value and limitations of programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in the study and treatment of tachycardias. A review is given on the use of programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in patients suffering from tachycardia. The application of this technique makes it possible to evaluate mechanisms of tachycardia directly in the human heart. By repeating the same stimulation program following drug administration the effect of drugs on arrhythmia mechanisms can be studied. There are several factors, however, that influence the amount of information on mechanism and pathway of tachycardia and selection of appropriate therapy that can be obtained during the study. These factors as well as how information obtained programmed electrical stimulation of the heart has resulted in a better use of the 12-lead electrocardiogram as a diagnostic tool are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:346254", "title": "Epicardial mapping in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Epicardial mapping provides a method for defining antegrade and retrograde sites of pre-excitation. It is best undertaken only after a careful, detailed preoperative electrophysiological study has been performed. The potential pitfalls of the technique are many and technical expertise must be constantly available to maintain a functioning system. For these reasons, it is not likely to lend itself to widespread application. The same techniques can be applied to localization of the site of origin of atrial or ventricular dysrhythmias, localization of myocardial ischemia and infarction, as well as to differentiate between epicardial delays due to conduction delay and those caused by intramural myocardial delay.", "contents": "Epicardial mapping in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Epicardial mapping provides a method for defining antegrade and retrograde sites of pre-excitation. It is best undertaken only after a careful, detailed preoperative electrophysiological study has been performed. The potential pitfalls of the technique are many and technical expertise must be constantly available to maintain a functioning system. For these reasons, it is not likely to lend itself to widespread application. The same techniques can be applied to localization of the site of origin of atrial or ventricular dysrhythmias, localization of myocardial ischemia and infarction, as well as to differentiate between epicardial delays due to conduction delay and those caused by intramural myocardial delay."}
{"id": "PMID:346255", "title": "Prognosis for patients with congenital heart disease and postoperative intraventricular conduction defects.", "content": "Intraventricular conduction defects are common following repair of various forms of congenital heart disease. Such defects may affect adversely the long-term prognosis of patients in whom cardiac hemodynamics were adequately restored. Review of previously published studies suggests that the site of the conduction defect may be the reason for the different prognoses reported for patients from different institutions. The so-called \"trifascicular block\" pattern which sometimes occurs following open heart surgery is probably due to a more extensive lesion to the branching and penetrating parts of the His bundle rather than additional injury to the posterior left bundle branch fibers. Transient complete heart block in the immediate postoperative period seems to be a predictor for late development of complete heart block or sudden death at least as powerful as right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock.", "contents": "Prognosis for patients with congenital heart disease and postoperative intraventricular conduction defects. Intraventricular conduction defects are common following repair of various forms of congenital heart disease. Such defects may affect adversely the long-term prognosis of patients in whom cardiac hemodynamics were adequately restored. Review of previously published studies suggests that the site of the conduction defect may be the reason for the different prognoses reported for patients from different institutions. The so-called \"trifascicular block\" pattern which sometimes occurs following open heart surgery is probably due to a more extensive lesion to the branching and penetrating parts of the His bundle rather than additional injury to the posterior left bundle branch fibers. Transient complete heart block in the immediate postoperative period seems to be a predictor for late development of complete heart block or sudden death at least as powerful as right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock."}
{"id": "PMID:346256", "title": "Depressant effect of digoxin on atrioventricular conduction in man.", "content": "We examined the effect of chronically administered digoxin on atrioventricular (A-V) conduction in nine cardiac transplant recipients. We assessed A-V conduction by measuring the duration from the pacing stimulus to the onset of the QRS complex (S'R interval) and by determining the occurrence of Wenckebach periodicity during rapid atrial pacing. We made measurements during a control period and during a period of digoxin administration of up to 37 days. During the digoxin period, the cycle length at which Wenckebach block occurred was prolonged by 14% of the control value and the S'R interval was significantly prolonged at paced rates of 110 beats per minute and faster. After digoxin was discontinued, the Wenckebach periodicity and S'R interval returned to control values. Atropine and propranolol did not alter digoxin's effect on A-V conduction. We conclude that digoxin exerts a direct (or non-neurally mediated) depressant effect upon A-V conduction in man, although the stress of tachycardia is necessary to demonstrate the effect.", "contents": "Depressant effect of digoxin on atrioventricular conduction in man. We examined the effect of chronically administered digoxin on atrioventricular (A-V) conduction in nine cardiac transplant recipients. We assessed A-V conduction by measuring the duration from the pacing stimulus to the onset of the QRS complex (S'R interval) and by determining the occurrence of Wenckebach periodicity during rapid atrial pacing. We made measurements during a control period and during a period of digoxin administration of up to 37 days. During the digoxin period, the cycle length at which Wenckebach block occurred was prolonged by 14% of the control value and the S'R interval was significantly prolonged at paced rates of 110 beats per minute and faster. After digoxin was discontinued, the Wenckebach periodicity and S'R interval returned to control values. Atropine and propranolol did not alter digoxin's effect on A-V conduction. We conclude that digoxin exerts a direct (or non-neurally mediated) depressant effect upon A-V conduction in man, although the stress of tachycardia is necessary to demonstrate the effect."}
{"id": "PMID:346257", "title": "Unexplained in-hospital fever following cardiac surgery. Natural history, relationship to postpericardiotomy syndrome, and a prospective study of therapy with indomethacin versus placebo.", "content": "In Part I of this study, the in-hospital course of 219 patients who had undergone a cardiac operation is analyzed. Fever (greater than or equal to 37.8 degrees C, rectal) was present after postoperative day 6 in 159 patients (73%) and was of unexplained cause in 118. Fever decay in the population of unexplained fever patients was exponential. All patients with unexplained postoperative fever were afebrile by postoperative day 19. In-hospital pericardial rub and pleuritic chest pain, widening of the mediastinum on chest film, and pleural effusion were not specifically associated with unexplained postoperative fever. In Part II, 67 patients with unexplained postoperative fever were given indomethacin (100 mg per day) or placebo for 7 days by a randomized, double-blind protocol. Indomethacin resulted in a shorter duration of fever (2.4 vs 3.5 days, P is less than 0.01) and in a shorter duration of chest pain, malaise, and myalgias compared to placebo. Sixty-seven percent of the patients in Part I and all of the patients in Part II were contacted 2-8 months following hospital discharge. Five percent had experienced an illness that we considered to be acute pericarditis, but its occurrence was unrelated to whether the patient had had in-hospital unexplained postoperative fever, in-hospital rub or chest pain, or in-hospital administration of indomethacin.", "contents": "Unexplained in-hospital fever following cardiac surgery. Natural history, relationship to postpericardiotomy syndrome, and a prospective study of therapy with indomethacin versus placebo. In Part I of this study, the in-hospital course of 219 patients who had undergone a cardiac operation is analyzed. Fever (greater than or equal to 37.8 degrees C, rectal) was present after postoperative day 6 in 159 patients (73%) and was of unexplained cause in 118. Fever decay in the population of unexplained fever patients was exponential. All patients with unexplained postoperative fever were afebrile by postoperative day 19. In-hospital pericardial rub and pleuritic chest pain, widening of the mediastinum on chest film, and pleural effusion were not specifically associated with unexplained postoperative fever. In Part II, 67 patients with unexplained postoperative fever were given indomethacin (100 mg per day) or placebo for 7 days by a randomized, double-blind protocol. Indomethacin resulted in a shorter duration of fever (2.4 vs 3.5 days, P is less than 0.01) and in a shorter duration of chest pain, malaise, and myalgias compared to placebo. Sixty-seven percent of the patients in Part I and all of the patients in Part II were contacted 2-8 months following hospital discharge. Five percent had experienced an illness that we considered to be acute pericarditis, but its occurrence was unrelated to whether the patient had had in-hospital unexplained postoperative fever, in-hospital rub or chest pain, or in-hospital administration of indomethacin."}
{"id": "PMID:346259", "title": "Coronary bypass graft fate: angiographic grading of 1400 consecutive grafts early after operation and of 1132 after one year.", "content": "All 1400 coronary bypass grafts, in 409 survivors of 414 patients undergoing 440 consecutive bypass operations, were selectively opacified in multiplane cineangiograms prior to hospital discharge and 1132 (81%) were restudied at one year. Grafts were graded A (excellent), B (fair) or O (occluded) by separate assessment of proximal and distal anastomoses and bypass trunks. In early graft studies 89% were patent (A and B), 79% graded A; at one year, 81% were patent, 74% graded A. Circumflex-marginal grafts fared less well early, but similarly late, compared with other grafts. Of all grafts graded B early, 37% became A, 39% remained B and 24% were occluded at one year; 90% of early graded A grafts remained so, 4% became B and 6% occluded; the grading system seems to have had useful predictive value. Distal anastomosis defects dictated early B grading in 81.3% of cases, trunk defects in 12.5% and proximal anastomosis defects in 2.7%. Trunk defects carried a worse prognosis for occlusion than did distal anastomosis defects. Side-to-side, vein-coronary anastomoses had a significantly higher patency rate than terminal end-to-side coronary anastomoses with the same veins.", "contents": "Coronary bypass graft fate: angiographic grading of 1400 consecutive grafts early after operation and of 1132 after one year. All 1400 coronary bypass grafts, in 409 survivors of 414 patients undergoing 440 consecutive bypass operations, were selectively opacified in multiplane cineangiograms prior to hospital discharge and 1132 (81%) were restudied at one year. Grafts were graded A (excellent), B (fair) or O (occluded) by separate assessment of proximal and distal anastomoses and bypass trunks. In early graft studies 89% were patent (A and B), 79% graded A; at one year, 81% were patent, 74% graded A. Circumflex-marginal grafts fared less well early, but similarly late, compared with other grafts. Of all grafts graded B early, 37% became A, 39% remained B and 24% were occluded at one year; 90% of early graded A grafts remained so, 4% became B and 6% occluded; the grading system seems to have had useful predictive value. Distal anastomosis defects dictated early B grading in 81.3% of cases, trunk defects in 12.5% and proximal anastomosis defects in 2.7%. Trunk defects carried a worse prognosis for occlusion than did distal anastomosis defects. Side-to-side, vein-coronary anastomoses had a significantly higher patency rate than terminal end-to-side coronary anastomoses with the same veins."}
{"id": "PMID:346260", "title": "Effect of digoxin and diuretics on high altitude left ventricular dysfunction.", "content": "Systolic time intervals, stroke volume, cardiac output and (dZ/dt)/RZ index were serially estimated in 51 normal healthy volunteers at sea level, for ten days after air induction to 3658 m altitude and on return to sea level. The subjects were divided into three groups and were administered a diuretic, beta methyldigoxin and placebo in a double blind protocol. The group on placebo showed an increase in heart rate, reduction in stroke index and cardiac index during high altitude exposure with normalization on return to sea level. A deterioration in left ventricular function as manifested by prolongation of pre-ejection period, increase in PEP/LVET ratio, reduction in (dZ/dt)/RZ index and left ventricular ejection time was also noted at high altitude. The subjects on digoxin maintained normal stroke/cardiac index and did not show any significant changes in the parameters of myocardial function. The diuretic group showed more deterioration in the parameters than the placebo group. No significant side effects were noted. Left ventricular dysfunction and reduction of stroke index at high altitudes may be causually related; digoxin administration may prevent them from occurring.", "contents": "Effect of digoxin and diuretics on high altitude left ventricular dysfunction. Systolic time intervals, stroke volume, cardiac output and (dZ/dt)/RZ index were serially estimated in 51 normal healthy volunteers at sea level, for ten days after air induction to 3658 m altitude and on return to sea level. The subjects were divided into three groups and were administered a diuretic, beta methyldigoxin and placebo in a double blind protocol. The group on placebo showed an increase in heart rate, reduction in stroke index and cardiac index during high altitude exposure with normalization on return to sea level. A deterioration in left ventricular function as manifested by prolongation of pre-ejection period, increase in PEP/LVET ratio, reduction in (dZ/dt)/RZ index and left ventricular ejection time was also noted at high altitude. The subjects on digoxin maintained normal stroke/cardiac index and did not show any significant changes in the parameters of myocardial function. The diuretic group showed more deterioration in the parameters than the placebo group. No significant side effects were noted. Left ventricular dysfunction and reduction of stroke index at high altitudes may be causually related; digoxin administration may prevent them from occurring."}
{"id": "PMID:346261", "title": "Computer-controlled instrument system for sequential chemical testing III. Application to liver assessment.", "content": "We used the previously described [Clin. Chem. 19, 1114 (1973)] and evaluated [Clin. Chem. 19, 1122 (1973)] computer-controlled instrument system for sequential chemical testing to select and perform tests of hepatic status, to aid the clinician in the diagnosis of liver disease. Results for total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase obtained from the continuous-flow analysis (SMA 12/60) admission screen were used by the instrument system to determine selectively the values for gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and total and direct bilirubin. Kit methods for the latter four tests were evaluated on the system; results were similar to manual procedures. A software, enzymatic ratemeter was found to be better than the previously described hardware ratemeter. The follow-up tests of serum prescribed by the system are compared to clinician-prescribed follow-up tests and discharge diagnoses. In 10 of 19 cases, the system and clinician ordered similar follow-up tests; in three cases follow-up differed, and in six cases, the system ordered follow-up tests and the clinician ordered none.", "contents": "Computer-controlled instrument system for sequential chemical testing III. Application to liver assessment. We used the previously described [Clin. Chem. 19, 1114 (1973)] and evaluated [Clin. Chem. 19, 1122 (1973)] computer-controlled instrument system for sequential chemical testing to select and perform tests of hepatic status, to aid the clinician in the diagnosis of liver disease. Results for total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase obtained from the continuous-flow analysis (SMA 12/60) admission screen were used by the instrument system to determine selectively the values for gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and total and direct bilirubin. Kit methods for the latter four tests were evaluated on the system; results were similar to manual procedures. A software, enzymatic ratemeter was found to be better than the previously described hardware ratemeter. The follow-up tests of serum prescribed by the system are compared to clinician-prescribed follow-up tests and discharge diagnoses. In 10 of 19 cases, the system and clinician ordered similar follow-up tests; in three cases follow-up differed, and in six cases, the system ordered follow-up tests and the clinician ordered none."}
{"id": "PMID:346262", "title": "Comparative determination of phenytoin by spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, enzyme immunoassay, and radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Sera from patients being treated with phenytoin were analyzed for the drug by spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, and liquid chromatography. The essay values obtained were intercompared statistically. Enzyme immunoassay and liquid chromatography appear to be attractive alternatives to the more traditional methods of spectrophotometry and gas chromatography. Our radioimmunoassay data correlated poorly with results by the four other methods.", "contents": "Comparative determination of phenytoin by spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, enzyme immunoassay, and radioimmunoassay. Sera from patients being treated with phenytoin were analyzed for the drug by spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, and liquid chromatography. The essay values obtained were intercompared statistically. Enzyme immunoassay and liquid chromatography appear to be attractive alternatives to the more traditional methods of spectrophotometry and gas chromatography. Our radioimmunoassay data correlated poorly with results by the four other methods."}
{"id": "PMID:346263", "title": "Radioimmunoassay and radioenzymatic assay of a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, netilmicin.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay and a radioenzymatic assay for netilmicin, a new aminoglycoside, were developed in our laboratories to assist in the study of the pharmacology of the drug and to establish values for use in its monitoring. The assays are sensitive, precise, and rapid, giving results that correlate (r = 0.90) with each other and with those of a microbiological assay in which Klebsiella pneumoniae is used as the test organism. Preliminary pharmacological studies show the drug to have a biological half-life of 135 min. which is comparable to that for other aminoglycosides.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay and radioenzymatic assay of a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, netilmicin. A radioimmunoassay and a radioenzymatic assay for netilmicin, a new aminoglycoside, were developed in our laboratories to assist in the study of the pharmacology of the drug and to establish values for use in its monitoring. The assays are sensitive, precise, and rapid, giving results that correlate (r = 0.90) with each other and with those of a microbiological assay in which Klebsiella pneumoniae is used as the test organism. Preliminary pharmacological studies show the drug to have a biological half-life of 135 min. which is comparable to that for other aminoglycosides."}
{"id": "PMID:346265", "title": "[Heterogeneity of glycogenosis with alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency: enzymatic studies in three families (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe four cases of atypical forms of glycogenosis with alpha-1,4-glucosidase (acid maltase) deficiency. The results of clinical, microscopic, histochemical, enzymological and immunological studies are described. Acid maltase activity has been studied in muscle, leukocytes and fibroblasts. The authors show no difference in the properties of acid maltase; the authors study the purified enzyme from various tissues.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of glycogenosis with alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency: enzymatic studies in three families (author's transl)]. The authors describe four cases of atypical forms of glycogenosis with alpha-1,4-glucosidase (acid maltase) deficiency. The results of clinical, microscopic, histochemical, enzymological and immunological studies are described. Acid maltase activity has been studied in muscle, leukocytes and fibroblasts. The authors show no difference in the properties of acid maltase; the authors study the purified enzyme from various tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:346266", "title": "Anti-drug sera raised by immunisation with a readily available drug-enzyme conjugate.", "content": "A phenytoin-enzyme conjugate, readily available as an enzyme-immunoassay reagent, is shown to be a convenient immunogen for production of anti-phenytoin sera for immunoassay purposes.", "contents": "Anti-drug sera raised by immunisation with a readily available drug-enzyme conjugate. A phenytoin-enzyme conjugate, readily available as an enzyme-immunoassay reagent, is shown to be a convenient immunogen for production of anti-phenytoin sera for immunoassay purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:346267", "title": "Thyroid function tests in patients on long-term treatment with various anticonvulsant drugs.", "content": "Thyroid function tests were studied in patients undergoing long-term treatment with various anticonvulsant drugs. Previous reports that diphenylhydantoin induces a decrease in the serum concentrations of total and free thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) without a change in the TSH concentration were confirmed. Diphenylhydantoin had no effect on reverse T3. Carbamazepine was also found to decrease serum T4, the free T4 index and T3 but, with the exception of T3, the decrease was smaller than that induced by diphenylhydantoin. Dipropylacetic acid did not influence the serum thyroid hormone concentrations, and neither did primidone. This demonstrates that the interaction between anticonvulsant drugs of different chemical structure and thyroid hormone metabolism is diverse. None of the drugs tested altered serum TSH or the T3 uptake test for the estimation of unsaturated thyroid hormone binding-capacity in serum. These two tests are considered diagnostically more dependable than the measurement of thyroid hormones in serum when diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine are administered.", "contents": "Thyroid function tests in patients on long-term treatment with various anticonvulsant drugs. Thyroid function tests were studied in patients undergoing long-term treatment with various anticonvulsant drugs. Previous reports that diphenylhydantoin induces a decrease in the serum concentrations of total and free thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) without a change in the TSH concentration were confirmed. Diphenylhydantoin had no effect on reverse T3. Carbamazepine was also found to decrease serum T4, the free T4 index and T3 but, with the exception of T3, the decrease was smaller than that induced by diphenylhydantoin. Dipropylacetic acid did not influence the serum thyroid hormone concentrations, and neither did primidone. This demonstrates that the interaction between anticonvulsant drugs of different chemical structure and thyroid hormone metabolism is diverse. None of the drugs tested altered serum TSH or the T3 uptake test for the estimation of unsaturated thyroid hormone binding-capacity in serum. These two tests are considered diagnostically more dependable than the measurement of thyroid hormones in serum when diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine are administered."}
{"id": "PMID:346268", "title": "Human chromosome preparations obtained from immunoadsorbent separated T- and B-cells.", "content": "A modification of immunoadsorbent column separation of T- and B-lymphocytes has been used to obtain karyotypable chromosome preparations. This method may be of some use in helping to gain further information about some mosaic conditions or the chromosome complement of appropriate blood disorders.", "contents": "Human chromosome preparations obtained from immunoadsorbent separated T- and B-cells. A modification of immunoadsorbent column separation of T- and B-lymphocytes has been used to obtain karyotypable chromosome preparations. This method may be of some use in helping to gain further information about some mosaic conditions or the chromosome complement of appropriate blood disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:346269", "title": "The natural antibody response to E. coli includes antibodies of the IgD class.", "content": "Antibodies to E. coli of the IgM, IgG and IgA class are readily demonstrable in normal human serum. Using the sensitive red cell-linked antigen-antiglobulin system, it has been demonstrated that antibodies of the IgD class are also part of this normal response. The IgD antibody titre is low and often could only be demonstrated in partially purified IgD preparations. The availability of purified IgD paraproteins and their Fabdelta and Fcdelta fragments, as well as antisera specific for these fragments, allowed the necessary critical specificity controls to be performed.", "contents": "The natural antibody response to E. coli includes antibodies of the IgD class. Antibodies to E. coli of the IgM, IgG and IgA class are readily demonstrable in normal human serum. Using the sensitive red cell-linked antigen-antiglobulin system, it has been demonstrated that antibodies of the IgD class are also part of this normal response. The IgD antibody titre is low and often could only be demonstrated in partially purified IgD preparations. The availability of purified IgD paraproteins and their Fabdelta and Fcdelta fragments, as well as antisera specific for these fragments, allowed the necessary critical specificity controls to be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:346270", "title": "Herpes gestationis: studies on the binding characteristics, activity and pathogenetic significance of the complement-fixing factor.", "content": "The sera of seven out of eight patients with Herpes gestationis contained a factor which fixed C3 but not detectable amounts of immunoglobulin (Ig) on the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of normal human skin. Using C2-deficient human serum and C4-deficient guinea-pig serum, fixation was shown to be dependent upon activation of the classical pathway, and chromatography and immunoabsorption studies indicated the H. gestationis factor to be an IgG immunoglobulin. In all seven sera the H. gestationis factor bound to, and could be eluted from, the eluate of staphylococcal protein A. Although the H. gestationis factor failed to block staining of human sera by a FITC-conjugated antibody prepared from bullous pemphigoid (BP) serum, complement fixation by five out of seven sera of patients with H. gestationis was blocked using F(ab')2 of IgG prepared from pooled BP serum. In a single patient rapid resolution of lesions followed plasma exchange on two separate occasions, indicating the pathogenetic importance of humoral factors in this disease.", "contents": "Herpes gestationis: studies on the binding characteristics, activity and pathogenetic significance of the complement-fixing factor. The sera of seven out of eight patients with Herpes gestationis contained a factor which fixed C3 but not detectable amounts of immunoglobulin (Ig) on the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of normal human skin. Using C2-deficient human serum and C4-deficient guinea-pig serum, fixation was shown to be dependent upon activation of the classical pathway, and chromatography and immunoabsorption studies indicated the H. gestationis factor to be an IgG immunoglobulin. In all seven sera the H. gestationis factor bound to, and could be eluted from, the eluate of staphylococcal protein A. Although the H. gestationis factor failed to block staining of human sera by a FITC-conjugated antibody prepared from bullous pemphigoid (BP) serum, complement fixation by five out of seven sera of patients with H. gestationis was blocked using F(ab')2 of IgG prepared from pooled BP serum. In a single patient rapid resolution of lesions followed plasma exchange on two separate occasions, indicating the pathogenetic importance of humoral factors in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:346273", "title": "Transplantation, immunosuppression and plasmapheresis in Goodpasture's syndrome.", "content": "Renal transplantation in the face of circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody can lead to recurrent glomerulonephritis. The severity of the recurrence may be related to the level of antibody present at the time of transplantation. We describe a patient with Goodpasture's Syndrome and moderate circulating anti-GBM antibody activity who received a renal transplant, followed by plasmapheresis and immunosuppression. The graft has functioned well for almost two years associated with a continued reduction in levels of circulating anti-GBM antibody.", "contents": "Transplantation, immunosuppression and plasmapheresis in Goodpasture's syndrome. Renal transplantation in the face of circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody can lead to recurrent glomerulonephritis. The severity of the recurrence may be related to the level of antibody present at the time of transplantation. We describe a patient with Goodpasture's Syndrome and moderate circulating anti-GBM antibody activity who received a renal transplant, followed by plasmapheresis and immunosuppression. The graft has functioned well for almost two years associated with a continued reduction in levels of circulating anti-GBM antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:346274", "title": "Observations on the evolution of idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Distinctive deposits of C3, C5 and properdin were identified in the minimally proliferative glomerular lesions of a patient with idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Biopsies of her renal allograft at times of recurrences of her disease and of five other patients with progressive renal failure but less severe crescent formation showed deposits identical composition and position, giving evidence of a common pathogenesis. The deposits were subepithelial and located in that part of the basement membrane in apposition to the mesangium (capillary waist). Breaks in the basement membrane were often exclusively in this area suggesting the deposits were causative. Ancillary observations suggest that the subepithelial deposits become unidentifiable after the scarring of severe extracapillary proliferation develops. Three of the patients had, in addition, intramembranous dense deposits but in other ways their disease was not characteristic of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Type II. Instead, the evidence indicated that all six patients were in early or lage stages of idiopathic (non-streptococcal) rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Observations on the evolution of idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Distinctive deposits of C3, C5 and properdin were identified in the minimally proliferative glomerular lesions of a patient with idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Biopsies of her renal allograft at times of recurrences of her disease and of five other patients with progressive renal failure but less severe crescent formation showed deposits identical composition and position, giving evidence of a common pathogenesis. The deposits were subepithelial and located in that part of the basement membrane in apposition to the mesangium (capillary waist). Breaks in the basement membrane were often exclusively in this area suggesting the deposits were causative. Ancillary observations suggest that the subepithelial deposits become unidentifiable after the scarring of severe extracapillary proliferation develops. Three of the patients had, in addition, intramembranous dense deposits but in other ways their disease was not characteristic of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Type II. Instead, the evidence indicated that all six patients were in early or lage stages of idiopathic (non-streptococcal) rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:346272", "title": "Gas chromatographic measurement of plasma levels of sodium valproate: tentative therapeutic range of a new anticonvulsant in the treatment of refractory epileptics.", "content": "1. A precise and rapid gas chromatographic method for the measurement of plasma sodium valproate concentrations is presented. 2. The extraction is a single step procedure, and is reproducible and linear throughout the concentration range encountered. 3. Clinical evaluation of the drug is presented in eighteen epileptics on the basis of the percentage of days on which subjects had seizures before and after sodium valproate therapy. 4. A tentative therapeutic range for sodium valproate is presented on the basis of plasma levels and therapeutic effect.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic measurement of plasma levels of sodium valproate: tentative therapeutic range of a new anticonvulsant in the treatment of refractory epileptics. 1. A precise and rapid gas chromatographic method for the measurement of plasma sodium valproate concentrations is presented. 2. The extraction is a single step procedure, and is reproducible and linear throughout the concentration range encountered. 3. Clinical evaluation of the drug is presented in eighteen epileptics on the basis of the percentage of days on which subjects had seizures before and after sodium valproate therapy. 4. A tentative therapeutic range for sodium valproate is presented on the basis of plasma levels and therapeutic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:346278", "title": "Total hip arthroplasty in the cardiac transplant patient.", "content": "Osteonecrosis of the femoral head following cardiac transplantation has led to bilateral total hip arthroplasties in 2 patients. The clinical course and rejections of these patients are outlined. The pathological changes in the femoral heads suggested that the process leading to osteonecrosis in the cardiac transplant patient is the same as that following renal transplantation, both being due to immunosuppression probably related to steroid dosage. Successful joint replacement can be carried out in the cardiac transplant with careful monitoring of anesthesia. Both patients have done well, being followed for 14 and 6 months respectively.", "contents": "Total hip arthroplasty in the cardiac transplant patient. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head following cardiac transplantation has led to bilateral total hip arthroplasties in 2 patients. The clinical course and rejections of these patients are outlined. The pathological changes in the femoral heads suggested that the process leading to osteonecrosis in the cardiac transplant patient is the same as that following renal transplantation, both being due to immunosuppression probably related to steroid dosage. Successful joint replacement can be carried out in the cardiac transplant with careful monitoring of anesthesia. Both patients have done well, being followed for 14 and 6 months respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:346279", "title": "The treatment of osteonecrosis of the hip with fresh osteochondral allografts and with the muscle pedicle graft technique.", "content": "Osteonecrosis of the hip in Stages 1 and 2 are treated by conservative measures such as rest, aspirin, and a cane. If activities of daily living are impaired or stronger analgesics become necessary the muscle pedicle graft is advised. Fresh osteochondral grafts are utilized to resurface the head of the femur in Stages 3 and 4 in vigorous patients below the age of 60 when strong analgesics are required to relieve pain. A total hip arthroplasty is the treatment of choice for all patients in Stage 5 or those beyond the age of 60 in Stages 3 and 4. Five patients have had allografts; all are doing well. Three have been followed over 2 years, one over one and one-half years, and the other over 6 months. Twenty-three patients have had muscle pedicle grafts. The results have been good in the 8 patients in Stages 1 and 2. Only 5 of the 15 patients with osteonecrosis in Stages 3 and 4 have had good results.", "contents": "The treatment of osteonecrosis of the hip with fresh osteochondral allografts and with the muscle pedicle graft technique. Osteonecrosis of the hip in Stages 1 and 2 are treated by conservative measures such as rest, aspirin, and a cane. If activities of daily living are impaired or stronger analgesics become necessary the muscle pedicle graft is advised. Fresh osteochondral grafts are utilized to resurface the head of the femur in Stages 3 and 4 in vigorous patients below the age of 60 when strong analgesics are required to relieve pain. A total hip arthroplasty is the treatment of choice for all patients in Stage 5 or those beyond the age of 60 in Stages 3 and 4. Five patients have had allografts; all are doing well. Three have been followed over 2 years, one over one and one-half years, and the other over 6 months. Twenty-three patients have had muscle pedicle grafts. The results have been good in the 8 patients in Stages 1 and 2. Only 5 of the 15 patients with osteonecrosis in Stages 3 and 4 have had good results."}
{"id": "PMID:346280", "title": "Onlay fibular bone grafting in treatment of tibial fracture non-union.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with tibial non-union or delayed union were treated by onlay grafting, using long struts from the ipsilateral fibula and without disturbing the non-union site. Internal fixation and excessive dissection can be avoided. Follow-up in 28 patients showed solid healing in all; 20/28 patients united the fracture within 7 months. Removal of the fibula as a distracting force, combined with the principles of onlay grafting advocated by Phemister, is effective surgical treatment.", "contents": "Onlay fibular bone grafting in treatment of tibial fracture non-union. Twenty-nine patients with tibial non-union or delayed union were treated by onlay grafting, using long struts from the ipsilateral fibula and without disturbing the non-union site. Internal fixation and excessive dissection can be avoided. Follow-up in 28 patients showed solid healing in all; 20/28 patients united the fracture within 7 months. Removal of the fibula as a distracting force, combined with the principles of onlay grafting advocated by Phemister, is effective surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:346285", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of diazepam.", "content": "Diazepam is still one of the most used of the benzodiazepine group of drugs. Extensive studies over 10 years have defined a fairly complete profile of its kinetics. Minor aspects relating to patterns of its metabolism and excretion in certain age groups and in some disease states remain to be described quantitatively. However, there is more than sufficient kinetic information available for the requirements of good clinical practice. For optimum clinical benefit with minimum side-effects the following kinetic properties should be borne in mind: (a) there is a large interindividual variation (up to 30-fold) in dose/blood level ratios, especially when treatment is short-term; (b) the elimination half-life is prolonged in the elderly and the newborn and in some cases of liver disease; (c) there is accumulation of the active N-desmethylated metabolite during long-term treatment; and (d) administration of diazepam to pregnant women leads to rapid distribution from the maternal to fetal compartment: accumulation of both diazepam and desmethyldiazepam could cause prolonged sedation in the newborn. As there does not appear to be any clear relationship between the concentration of diazepam in the plasma and clinical effect, measurement of blood levels, other than for research purposes, is unnecessary. Based on kinetic data, a single administration of diazepam at night should be adequate for hypnotic and anxiolytic effects in most patients.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of diazepam. Diazepam is still one of the most used of the benzodiazepine group of drugs. Extensive studies over 10 years have defined a fairly complete profile of its kinetics. Minor aspects relating to patterns of its metabolism and excretion in certain age groups and in some disease states remain to be described quantitatively. However, there is more than sufficient kinetic information available for the requirements of good clinical practice. For optimum clinical benefit with minimum side-effects the following kinetic properties should be borne in mind: (a) there is a large interindividual variation (up to 30-fold) in dose/blood level ratios, especially when treatment is short-term; (b) the elimination half-life is prolonged in the elderly and the newborn and in some cases of liver disease; (c) there is accumulation of the active N-desmethylated metabolite during long-term treatment; and (d) administration of diazepam to pregnant women leads to rapid distribution from the maternal to fetal compartment: accumulation of both diazepam and desmethyldiazepam could cause prolonged sedation in the newborn. As there does not appear to be any clear relationship between the concentration of diazepam in the plasma and clinical effect, measurement of blood levels, other than for research purposes, is unnecessary. Based on kinetic data, a single administration of diazepam at night should be adequate for hypnotic and anxiolytic effects in most patients."}
{"id": "PMID:346286", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of rifampicin.", "content": "After oral administration on an empty stomach, the absorption of rifampicin (rifampin) is rapid and practically complete. With a single 600mg dose, peak serum concentration of the order of 10microgram/ml generally occur 2 hours after administration. The half-life of rifampicin for this dose level is of the order of 2.5 hours. The amount of rifampicin extracted by the liver during its first passage through the hepatoportal system and transferred to bile is relevance for the time course of distribution of the antibiotic in the blood compartment. With dose of the order of 300 to 450mg, the excretory capacity of the liver for the antibiotic is saturated. As a consequence, increasing the dose of antibiotic results in a more than proportional increase in serum concentrations. On repeated administration, and most likely as a consequence of self-induced (autoinduction) metabolism, the rate of disappearance of rifampicin from the blood compartment increases in the early phase of treatment, the phenomenon affecting mainly the levels following the peak, with a consequent reduction in half-life. Approximately 80% of rifampicin is transported in blood bound to plasma proteins, mainly albumin. Rifampicin is well distributed, although to a different degree, in the various tissues of the human body. Probably in the hepatocyte, rifampicin undergoes a process of desacetylation. The metabolic derivative, desacetylrifampicin, is more polar than the parent compound, and microbiologically active. This metabolite accounts for the majority of the antibacterial activity in the bile Rifampicin is almost equally excreted in the bile and urine, the recovery in the 2 fluids being of the same order of magnitude. Administration of rifampicin to newborn infants and children is followed by blood levels generally lower than those found in adults for the same dose levels. In patients with impaired liver and kidney function the elimination of the antibiotic from the blood compartment is slower than in normal subjects. Rifampicin has been found to compete with bilirubin and other cholefil substances for biliary excretion, giving rise to transient and reversible increased bilirubin and BSP retention values. A kinetic model study on the transfer constants between various body compartments has indicated that rifampicin is rapidly absorbed from the intestine and that the absorption rate increases with time. Rifampicin as such is transferred into urine at a rate 3 times higher than the rate of transfer into bile. Desacetylrifampicin, the more polar metabolic derivative of rifampicin, behaves in the opposite way since its rate of transfer into bile is 4 times higher than that into urine. The rate of biotransformation of rifampicin into desacetylrifampicin is of the same order of magnitude as than of biotransformation of the latter into a further metabolic derivative, which could be a glucuronide conjugate...", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of rifampicin. After oral administration on an empty stomach, the absorption of rifampicin (rifampin) is rapid and practically complete. With a single 600mg dose, peak serum concentration of the order of 10microgram/ml generally occur 2 hours after administration. The half-life of rifampicin for this dose level is of the order of 2.5 hours. The amount of rifampicin extracted by the liver during its first passage through the hepatoportal system and transferred to bile is relevance for the time course of distribution of the antibiotic in the blood compartment. With dose of the order of 300 to 450mg, the excretory capacity of the liver for the antibiotic is saturated. As a consequence, increasing the dose of antibiotic results in a more than proportional increase in serum concentrations. On repeated administration, and most likely as a consequence of self-induced (autoinduction) metabolism, the rate of disappearance of rifampicin from the blood compartment increases in the early phase of treatment, the phenomenon affecting mainly the levels following the peak, with a consequent reduction in half-life. Approximately 80% of rifampicin is transported in blood bound to plasma proteins, mainly albumin. Rifampicin is well distributed, although to a different degree, in the various tissues of the human body. Probably in the hepatocyte, rifampicin undergoes a process of desacetylation. The metabolic derivative, desacetylrifampicin, is more polar than the parent compound, and microbiologically active. This metabolite accounts for the majority of the antibacterial activity in the bile Rifampicin is almost equally excreted in the bile and urine, the recovery in the 2 fluids being of the same order of magnitude. Administration of rifampicin to newborn infants and children is followed by blood levels generally lower than those found in adults for the same dose levels. In patients with impaired liver and kidney function the elimination of the antibiotic from the blood compartment is slower than in normal subjects. Rifampicin has been found to compete with bilirubin and other cholefil substances for biliary excretion, giving rise to transient and reversible increased bilirubin and BSP retention values. A kinetic model study on the transfer constants between various body compartments has indicated that rifampicin is rapidly absorbed from the intestine and that the absorption rate increases with time. Rifampicin as such is transferred into urine at a rate 3 times higher than the rate of transfer into bile. Desacetylrifampicin, the more polar metabolic derivative of rifampicin, behaves in the opposite way since its rate of transfer into bile is 4 times higher than that into urine. The rate of biotransformation of rifampicin into desacetylrifampicin is of the same order of magnitude as than of biotransformation of the latter into a further metabolic derivative, which could be a glucuronide conjugate..."}
{"id": "PMID:346292", "title": "Effect of aspirin on exercise-induced angina.", "content": "Suspecting that platelet thromboemboli could play a role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia, we did a random-order, double-blind, crossover study of the effect of the platelet aggregation inhibitor, aspirin, on treadmill exercise-induced angina in 13 men with coronary artery disease. Although collagen-induced platelet aggregation and the second phase of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation were significantly decreased and the rate of disaggregation of ADP-induced platelet aggregates was significantly increased after 650 mg aspirin in buffered solution, there was no delay in onset of exercise-induced angina, change in heart rate-blood pressure product at onset of angina, or change in S-T segment depression at onset of angina. Regardless of whether the patients had received placebo or aspirin on the preceding day, treadmill exercise until angina was followed by no changes in platelet aggregation or disaggregation, platelet count in blood or platelet-rich plasma, or of the plasma concentration of nonesterified fatty acids.", "contents": "Effect of aspirin on exercise-induced angina. Suspecting that platelet thromboemboli could play a role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia, we did a random-order, double-blind, crossover study of the effect of the platelet aggregation inhibitor, aspirin, on treadmill exercise-induced angina in 13 men with coronary artery disease. Although collagen-induced platelet aggregation and the second phase of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation were significantly decreased and the rate of disaggregation of ADP-induced platelet aggregates was significantly increased after 650 mg aspirin in buffered solution, there was no delay in onset of exercise-induced angina, change in heart rate-blood pressure product at onset of angina, or change in S-T segment depression at onset of angina. Regardless of whether the patients had received placebo or aspirin on the preceding day, treadmill exercise until angina was followed by no changes in platelet aggregation or disaggregation, platelet count in blood or platelet-rich plasma, or of the plasma concentration of nonesterified fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:346287", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine.", "content": "Carbamazepine seems to as effect as phenytoin in the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor epilepsy. It is the drug of first choice in trigeminal neuralgia. After single oral doses of carbamazepine, the absorption is fairly complete and the elimination half-life is about 35 hours (range 18 to 65 hours). During multiple dosing, the half-life is decreased to 10-20 hours, probably due to autoinduction of the oxidative metabolism of the drug. Phenytoin and barbiturates also induce the metabolism of carbamazepine. After single doses of carbamazepine, elimination follows dose-dependent first order kinetics. Carbamazepine is metabolised by oxidation before excretion in the urine. In experimental animals, the metabolite carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide has anticonvulsant activity comparable with that of the parent drug. The plasma concentration of the metabolite during long-term treatment of epileptic patients varies between 5 and 81% of that of the parent drug. The plasma protein binding of the metabolite is about 50% compared with about 75% for the parent drug. Less than 50% of a given carbamazepine doses has been identified as metabolites in the urine. The quantitatively most important metabolites is the trans-10,11-dihydro-10,11-diol. The kinetics of carbamazepine have been explored to some extent in pregnant women, newborns and children. Plasma levels of carbamazepine seem to decrease during pregnancy, possibly as a result of increased metabolism. The drug readily crosses the placenta and the levels measured in newborns are comparable with maternal plasma concentrations. In newborns exposed to the drug during fetal life, the plasma half-lives were relatively short (8.2 to 28.1 hours) indicating an induction of carbamazepine metabolism during gestation. The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in children aged 0.3 to 15 years are comparable with that in adults. A single daily dose of carbamazepine is insufficient; 2 doses per day are appropriate in most cases, but some patients may benefit from more frequent dosing to avoid side-effects. Compared with phenytoin, for example, very few controlled studies have been performed to establish the plasma level range of carbamazepine associated with the best therapeutic outcome. However, the best anticonvulsant effect of carbamazepine seems to be obtained at plasma levels of about 5 to 10microgram/ml (20 to 40mumol/L). Side-effects are most frequent at higher levels but may also be seen at lower levels.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine. Carbamazepine seems to as effect as phenytoin in the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor epilepsy. It is the drug of first choice in trigeminal neuralgia. After single oral doses of carbamazepine, the absorption is fairly complete and the elimination half-life is about 35 hours (range 18 to 65 hours). During multiple dosing, the half-life is decreased to 10-20 hours, probably due to autoinduction of the oxidative metabolism of the drug. Phenytoin and barbiturates also induce the metabolism of carbamazepine. After single doses of carbamazepine, elimination follows dose-dependent first order kinetics. Carbamazepine is metabolised by oxidation before excretion in the urine. In experimental animals, the metabolite carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide has anticonvulsant activity comparable with that of the parent drug. The plasma concentration of the metabolite during long-term treatment of epileptic patients varies between 5 and 81% of that of the parent drug. The plasma protein binding of the metabolite is about 50% compared with about 75% for the parent drug. Less than 50% of a given carbamazepine doses has been identified as metabolites in the urine. The quantitatively most important metabolites is the trans-10,11-dihydro-10,11-diol. The kinetics of carbamazepine have been explored to some extent in pregnant women, newborns and children. Plasma levels of carbamazepine seem to decrease during pregnancy, possibly as a result of increased metabolism. The drug readily crosses the placenta and the levels measured in newborns are comparable with maternal plasma concentrations. In newborns exposed to the drug during fetal life, the plasma half-lives were relatively short (8.2 to 28.1 hours) indicating an induction of carbamazepine metabolism during gestation. The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in children aged 0.3 to 15 years are comparable with that in adults. A single daily dose of carbamazepine is insufficient; 2 doses per day are appropriate in most cases, but some patients may benefit from more frequent dosing to avoid side-effects. Compared with phenytoin, for example, very few controlled studies have been performed to establish the plasma level range of carbamazepine associated with the best therapeutic outcome. However, the best anticonvulsant effect of carbamazepine seems to be obtained at plasma levels of about 5 to 10microgram/ml (20 to 40mumol/L). Side-effects are most frequent at higher levels but may also be seen at lower levels."}
{"id": "PMID:346293", "title": "Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and renal function in transplant patients.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with functioning renal allografts took part in a double-blind crossover trial during which placebo, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were given for periods of 14 days. The patients were divided into 2 groups. The first group consisting of 12 patients had serum creatinine levels less than 0.18 mmol/L and the second group of 10 patients had serum creatinine levels between 0.18 mmol/L and 0.35 mmol/L. Renal function at the end of each period was assessed by clearance of inulin (CIn), p-aminohippurate (CPAH) and endogenous creatinine (CCr). The second group also had a pitressin concentration test as a measure of distal tubule function. There was no change in inulin or creatinine clearance or in maximum concentration after pitressin in any of the patients in any of the phases. In the first group there was an increase in PAH clearance during the sulfonamide and trimethroprim/sulfamethoxazole phases. This change was not seen in the second group of patients with significantly impaired renal function.", "contents": "Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and renal function in transplant patients. Twenty-two patients with functioning renal allografts took part in a double-blind crossover trial during which placebo, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were given for periods of 14 days. The patients were divided into 2 groups. The first group consisting of 12 patients had serum creatinine levels less than 0.18 mmol/L and the second group of 10 patients had serum creatinine levels between 0.18 mmol/L and 0.35 mmol/L. Renal function at the end of each period was assessed by clearance of inulin (CIn), p-aminohippurate (CPAH) and endogenous creatinine (CCr). The second group also had a pitressin concentration test as a measure of distal tubule function. There was no change in inulin or creatinine clearance or in maximum concentration after pitressin in any of the patients in any of the phases. In the first group there was an increase in PAH clearance during the sulfonamide and trimethroprim/sulfamethoxazole phases. This change was not seen in the second group of patients with significantly impaired renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:346295", "title": "Rhytidectomy.", "content": "The success of rhytidectomy depends on the selection of the patient, the technique and skill of the surgeon, and preparation of the patient prior to surgery. The patient must be made aware of what to expect before, during, and after the operation. Patients can expect to look presentable enough to appear in public in 2 to 3 weeks following the surgery. The final result will be apparent in from 6 to 8 weeks after surgery (Figs. 8-10).", "contents": "Rhytidectomy. The success of rhytidectomy depends on the selection of the patient, the technique and skill of the surgeon, and preparation of the patient prior to surgery. The patient must be made aware of what to expect before, during, and after the operation. Patients can expect to look presentable enough to appear in public in 2 to 3 weeks following the surgery. The final result will be apparent in from 6 to 8 weeks after surgery (Figs. 8-10)."}
{"id": "PMID:346289", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of procainamide.", "content": "Procainamide is almost completely absorbed after oral administration and peak plasma concentrations are generally reached within 1 to 2 hours. Upon intravenous administration there is a rapid initial distribution phase, which is completed after about 30 minutes. The pharmacokinetics can be described by a 2-compartment open model. The plasma half-life during the beta-phase averages 3 hours. The apparent volume of distribution is about 2L/kg body weight. At therapeutic plasma levels about 15% is bound to plasma proteins. Approximately 50% of administered procainamide is eliminated as unchanged drug via the kidneys. N-Acetylprocainamide is the main metabolite and is the main metabolite and is pharmacologically active, with a recovery in urine of about 15% (range 7 to 34% in healthy subjects). The acetylation of procainamide seems to be under the same monogenic control as that of isoniazid. At least 2 more metabolites have been found but are not yet identified. The renal clearance of procainamide ranges from 179 to 660ml/min. Glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion seem to be the most important mechanisms. In patients with low-output cardiac and/or renal impairment, the absorption, distribution and elimination of the drug may be significantly altered. Determination of plasma levels is of particular value in these cases and will contribute to more safe and effective therapy in the majority of patients. As N-acetylprocainamide seems to have pharmacological effects comparable with those of procainamide, both agents should be monitored simultaneously in order to optimise therapy.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of procainamide. Procainamide is almost completely absorbed after oral administration and peak plasma concentrations are generally reached within 1 to 2 hours. Upon intravenous administration there is a rapid initial distribution phase, which is completed after about 30 minutes. The pharmacokinetics can be described by a 2-compartment open model. The plasma half-life during the beta-phase averages 3 hours. The apparent volume of distribution is about 2L/kg body weight. At therapeutic plasma levels about 15% is bound to plasma proteins. Approximately 50% of administered procainamide is eliminated as unchanged drug via the kidneys. N-Acetylprocainamide is the main metabolite and is the main metabolite and is pharmacologically active, with a recovery in urine of about 15% (range 7 to 34% in healthy subjects). The acetylation of procainamide seems to be under the same monogenic control as that of isoniazid. At least 2 more metabolites have been found but are not yet identified. The renal clearance of procainamide ranges from 179 to 660ml/min. Glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion seem to be the most important mechanisms. In patients with low-output cardiac and/or renal impairment, the absorption, distribution and elimination of the drug may be significantly altered. Determination of plasma levels is of particular value in these cases and will contribute to more safe and effective therapy in the majority of patients. As N-acetylprocainamide seems to have pharmacological effects comparable with those of procainamide, both agents should be monitored simultaneously in order to optimise therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:346308", "title": "Clinical data evaluation and the PL health control information system.", "content": "In a health control service environment, that is, a periodic, membership AMHTS type of comprehensive health check-up system, where clinical data evaluation especially an evaluation in terms of subject-specific normal ranges, is most important, the medical information system is required to handle: (1) Various network types files; (2) real-time immediacy; (3) an asserted reliability to meet personal health control purposes. As in other computer applications already successfully used, an indexed direct assess method (IDAM) developed is our solution. It allows us to provide multiple indices for the file network, instead of inverted files, a unique index-to-record relationship, preventing any unrecoverable chaining destruction and, thereby, provides any network type access a stable access time. Furthermore, for research purposes, a data integrity for on-line access and batch access was attained as well as a retrieval language system with a multiple key retrieval function.", "contents": "Clinical data evaluation and the PL health control information system. In a health control service environment, that is, a periodic, membership AMHTS type of comprehensive health check-up system, where clinical data evaluation especially an evaluation in terms of subject-specific normal ranges, is most important, the medical information system is required to handle: (1) Various network types files; (2) real-time immediacy; (3) an asserted reliability to meet personal health control purposes. As in other computer applications already successfully used, an indexed direct assess method (IDAM) developed is our solution. It allows us to provide multiple indices for the file network, instead of inverted files, a unique index-to-record relationship, preventing any unrecoverable chaining destruction and, thereby, provides any network type access a stable access time. Furthermore, for research purposes, a data integrity for on-line access and batch access was attained as well as a retrieval language system with a multiple key retrieval function."}
{"id": "PMID:346309", "title": "Automated classification of MMPI profiles into psychotic, neurotic or personality disorder types.", "content": "A Fortran program has been developed which can objectively classify Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory (MMPI) profiles as being psychotic, neurotic, personality disorder, or indeterminate types. The method used is a set of configural rules, 'Henrichs' rules for males'. The only input data required are K-corrected T scores, which are the end product of standard scoring techniques. To automate these rules it was necessary to rewrite them so that all decisions were the result of arithmetic comparisons or logical tests using only and, or and not. In particular, examination of the Welsh code, which many rules required, had to be stimulated by the use of several sorted arrays. The program has been carefully tested and is in the use in our computer lab.", "contents": "Automated classification of MMPI profiles into psychotic, neurotic or personality disorder types. A Fortran program has been developed which can objectively classify Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory (MMPI) profiles as being psychotic, neurotic, personality disorder, or indeterminate types. The method used is a set of configural rules, 'Henrichs' rules for males'. The only input data required are K-corrected T scores, which are the end product of standard scoring techniques. To automate these rules it was necessary to rewrite them so that all decisions were the result of arithmetic comparisons or logical tests using only and, or and not. In particular, examination of the Welsh code, which many rules required, had to be stimulated by the use of several sorted arrays. The program has been carefully tested and is in the use in our computer lab."}
{"id": "PMID:346305", "title": "Chinese alchemy: confluence and transformation.", "content": "The study of China's alchemical tradition can provide considerable insight into early Chinese medical theory, pharmaco-therapeutic practice and psychosomatic concepts. Chinese alchemy is a complex blending of philosophical, cosmological, physiological and natural scientific thought. This article presents a historical survey and analysis of some important aspects of Chinese alchemical research and theory.", "contents": "Chinese alchemy: confluence and transformation. The study of China's alchemical tradition can provide considerable insight into early Chinese medical theory, pharmaco-therapeutic practice and psychosomatic concepts. Chinese alchemy is a complex blending of philosophical, cosmological, physiological and natural scientific thought. This article presents a historical survey and analysis of some important aspects of Chinese alchemical research and theory."}
{"id": "PMID:346310", "title": "Feline salmonellosis. A nosocomial outbreak and experimental studies.", "content": "An outbreak of S. typhimurium gastroenteritis and septicemia is described in young cats admitted to a veterinary hospital for routine medical and surgical reasons. A morbidity of 32% and a mortality of 61% was observed in the outbreak. Affected cats exhibited oral shedding of the organism and contaminated feed and water dishes may have been the vehicle of spread of infection. Possible detrimental effects of incorrect choice of antibiotic therapy are discussed. Attempts to reproduce the disease in a group of laboratory cats were unsuccessful. Antibody production was poorly correlated with infection in these cats.", "contents": "Feline salmonellosis. A nosocomial outbreak and experimental studies. An outbreak of S. typhimurium gastroenteritis and septicemia is described in young cats admitted to a veterinary hospital for routine medical and surgical reasons. A morbidity of 32% and a mortality of 61% was observed in the outbreak. Affected cats exhibited oral shedding of the organism and contaminated feed and water dishes may have been the vehicle of spread of infection. Possible detrimental effects of incorrect choice of antibiotic therapy are discussed. Attempts to reproduce the disease in a group of laboratory cats were unsuccessful. Antibody production was poorly correlated with infection in these cats."}
{"id": "PMID:346313", "title": "DNA breakage, repair, and lethality accompanying 125I decay in microorganisms.", "content": "Effects of 125I decay in DNA were investigated by measurements of strand breaks and lethal efficiencies of the decays. In bacteriophages T1 and T4, local decay effects were compared with effects of the emitted electrons by induction of both single (ssb) and double strand breaks (dsb) in the intact phage head and in extended free state DNA. Most dsbs were found to result from local decay effects whereas most real ssbs are caused by the electrons. A simple one-to-one relationship seems to exist in the phages between the decays of 125I, numbers of dsbs and lethal effects. In E. coli rec+ and recA repair of dsbs was studied in addition to lethal decay efficiencies. In rec+ more than 70% of the dsbs were repaired within 1 h at 37 degrees C. No repair was observed in recA. The probability of lethality per 125I decay per completed genome was found to be 0.37 for rec+ and 0.93 for recA cells. The number of lethal events per unrepaired dsb was found to be practically equal to unity. Unrepaired dsbs thus seem to be the primary mechanism of lethality caused by 125I decay, and all unrepaired dsbs seem to be lethal.", "contents": "DNA breakage, repair, and lethality accompanying 125I decay in microorganisms. Effects of 125I decay in DNA were investigated by measurements of strand breaks and lethal efficiencies of the decays. In bacteriophages T1 and T4, local decay effects were compared with effects of the emitted electrons by induction of both single (ssb) and double strand breaks (dsb) in the intact phage head and in extended free state DNA. Most dsbs were found to result from local decay effects whereas most real ssbs are caused by the electrons. A simple one-to-one relationship seems to exist in the phages between the decays of 125I, numbers of dsbs and lethal effects. In E. coli rec+ and recA repair of dsbs was studied in addition to lethal decay efficiencies. In rec+ more than 70% of the dsbs were repaired within 1 h at 37 degrees C. No repair was observed in recA. The probability of lethality per 125I decay per completed genome was found to be 0.37 for rec+ and 0.93 for recA cells. The number of lethal events per unrepaired dsb was found to be practically equal to unity. Unrepaired dsbs thus seem to be the primary mechanism of lethality caused by 125I decay, and all unrepaired dsbs seem to be lethal."}
{"id": "PMID:346315", "title": "Double-blind comparison of halcinonide solution and placebo control in treatment of psoriasis of the scalp.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with psoriasis of the scalp participated in a double-blind, paired comparison study between halcinonide solution (0.1%) and placebo. The therapeutic response was excellent in sixteen patients treated with halcinonide and in one patient treated with placebo. In the comparative evaluation halcinonide was superior in twenty-two patients, the placebo was superior in four patients, and both drugs were equally effective in one patient. There were no adverse reactions due to halcinonide, but one patient experienced pruritus with the placebo solution.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of halcinonide solution and placebo control in treatment of psoriasis of the scalp. Twenty-seven patients with psoriasis of the scalp participated in a double-blind, paired comparison study between halcinonide solution (0.1%) and placebo. The therapeutic response was excellent in sixteen patients treated with halcinonide and in one patient treated with placebo. In the comparative evaluation halcinonide was superior in twenty-two patients, the placebo was superior in four patients, and both drugs were equally effective in one patient. There were no adverse reactions due to halcinonide, but one patient experienced pruritus with the placebo solution."}
{"id": "PMID:346312", "title": "Elevation of pulmonary artery pressure as a sign of pulmonary barotrauma (pneumothorax).", "content": "Pneumothorax occurs in approximately 25% of patients maintained on high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure. In several cases at our Institution, a sudden and rapid elevation in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) monitored by use of the Swan-Ganz catheter accompanied the development of a pneumothorax. In the three cases described, the change in PAP was observed before a pneumothorax became otherwise clinically evident. Two of the three patients had marked restrictive lung disease associated with the adult respiratory distress syndrome and the third patient had large bilateral pleural effusions. It is postulated that the rise in PAP was related to a sudden decrease in the size of an already compromised pulmonary arterial vascular bed produced by hypoxic vasoconstriction and mechanical compression secondary to the pneumothorax. In the ICU, elevation of PAP may be a useful and early indicator of pulmonary barotrauma.", "contents": "Elevation of pulmonary artery pressure as a sign of pulmonary barotrauma (pneumothorax). Pneumothorax occurs in approximately 25% of patients maintained on high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure. In several cases at our Institution, a sudden and rapid elevation in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) monitored by use of the Swan-Ganz catheter accompanied the development of a pneumothorax. In the three cases described, the change in PAP was observed before a pneumothorax became otherwise clinically evident. Two of the three patients had marked restrictive lung disease associated with the adult respiratory distress syndrome and the third patient had large bilateral pleural effusions. It is postulated that the rise in PAP was related to a sudden decrease in the size of an already compromised pulmonary arterial vascular bed produced by hypoxic vasoconstriction and mechanical compression secondary to the pneumothorax. In the ICU, elevation of PAP may be a useful and early indicator of pulmonary barotrauma."}
{"id": "PMID:346318", "title": "[Suture of flexor tendons and substitution of flexor tendons in the \"no-man's land\" in children].", "content": "From 1969 to 1976, there were 14 primary, 10 secondary one-stage, and 14 secondary two-stage repairs of injured flexor tendons in the so-called 'no-man's-land'. Functional results of these three operational methods are compared in this paper and show that, in children, flexor tendons in uncomplicated wounds can be sutured primarily, even in the 'no-man's-land'. Flexor tendons in complicated wounds also may be primarily sutured, but not as effectively. In the latter case, according to the results under review, secondary two-stage repair, not secondary one-stage repair, must be applied.", "contents": "[Suture of flexor tendons and substitution of flexor tendons in the \"no-man's land\" in children]. From 1969 to 1976, there were 14 primary, 10 secondary one-stage, and 14 secondary two-stage repairs of injured flexor tendons in the so-called 'no-man's-land'. Functional results of these three operational methods are compared in this paper and show that, in children, flexor tendons in uncomplicated wounds can be sutured primarily, even in the 'no-man's-land'. Flexor tendons in complicated wounds also may be primarily sutured, but not as effectively. In the latter case, according to the results under review, secondary two-stage repair, not secondary one-stage repair, must be applied."}
{"id": "PMID:346319", "title": "Antibodies in human serum and milk induced by enterobacteria and food proteins.", "content": "Ingestion of Escherichia coli O83 bacteria by adults resulted in a transient irregular colonization leading to a serum antibody response in only four out of 14 cases examined. In all of three pregnant women, however, IgA antibodies against E. coli O83 antigen were released from colostral cells after similar bacterial ingestion although no serum antibody response was noted. The findings indicate a link between the antigenic exposure to the gut and secretory antibodies of the IgA class, presumably locally formed in the mammary gland. Antibodies of the secretory IgA class registered in colostrum may, at least partly, reflect the antigenic exposure of the gut. These antibodies are probably important in protecting against E. coli infections in the neonate, as suggested by the findings of antibodies in human milk against O and K antigens of non-enteropathogenic as well as enteropathogenic serotypes of E. coli. Furthermore, in milk of women from low socio-economic groups in Pakistan, neutralizing antibodies were present against enterotoxins of E. coli bacteria and occasionally against Vibrio cholerae enterotoxins. In addition, secretory IgA antibodies against food proteins were detected in human milk. This suggests that intestinal exposure to such antigens could stimulate a local immune response in the gut resulting in triggered lymphoid cells homing to the mammary gland. These human milk secretory IgA antibodies against bovine milk proteins may help to prevent cow's milk allergy in infants on mixed feeding, since these infants tend to have a lower serum antibody response to cow's milk proteins than infants fed mostly artificially. Furthermore, children suffering from cow's milk protein intolerance and gluten enteropathy may have higher serum levels of antibody to cow's milk protein antigens than normal children, possibly reflecting increased permeability of the intestinal mucosa for various antigens.", "contents": "Antibodies in human serum and milk induced by enterobacteria and food proteins. Ingestion of Escherichia coli O83 bacteria by adults resulted in a transient irregular colonization leading to a serum antibody response in only four out of 14 cases examined. In all of three pregnant women, however, IgA antibodies against E. coli O83 antigen were released from colostral cells after similar bacterial ingestion although no serum antibody response was noted. The findings indicate a link between the antigenic exposure to the gut and secretory antibodies of the IgA class, presumably locally formed in the mammary gland. Antibodies of the secretory IgA class registered in colostrum may, at least partly, reflect the antigenic exposure of the gut. These antibodies are probably important in protecting against E. coli infections in the neonate, as suggested by the findings of antibodies in human milk against O and K antigens of non-enteropathogenic as well as enteropathogenic serotypes of E. coli. Furthermore, in milk of women from low socio-economic groups in Pakistan, neutralizing antibodies were present against enterotoxins of E. coli bacteria and occasionally against Vibrio cholerae enterotoxins. In addition, secretory IgA antibodies against food proteins were detected in human milk. This suggests that intestinal exposure to such antigens could stimulate a local immune response in the gut resulting in triggered lymphoid cells homing to the mammary gland. These human milk secretory IgA antibodies against bovine milk proteins may help to prevent cow's milk allergy in infants on mixed feeding, since these infants tend to have a lower serum antibody response to cow's milk proteins than infants fed mostly artificially. Furthermore, children suffering from cow's milk protein intolerance and gluten enteropathy may have higher serum levels of antibody to cow's milk protein antigens than normal children, possibly reflecting increased permeability of the intestinal mucosa for various antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:346320", "title": "Immunological responses to bacterial plaque in the mouth.", "content": "A heavy load of bacteria, referred to as dental plaque, accumulates at the junction between the teeth and gum. Bacterial plaque may be considered to have three functional components: (a) cariogenic organisms, (b) organisms inducing gingival inflammation and periodontal disease, and (c) adjuvant and tolerizing agents, such as lipopolysaccharides, dextrans and levans. Sequential investigation of plaque accumulation in man has shown a correlation between gingival inflammation and both lymphocyte transformation and macrophage migration inhibition. An adjuvant effect of in vivo plaque accumulation was manifested by the enhancement of T lymphocytes in the mixed leucocyte culture reaction and of B lymphocytes, as shown by the increased response to lipopolysaccharide. It may be significant that a substantial component of bacterial plaque consists of dextrans and levans, produced by certain streptococci and actinomyces, and lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. These bacterial products are B cell mitogens which may have an adjuvant or tolerizing effect on immune responses. The relationships between immunogenicity, mitogenicity, adjuvanticity and tolerogenicity of lipopolysaccharides, levan and dextran have not been clearly defined. However, important variables of the polyglycans are the molecular weight, type of branching, negative charge, epitope density, degradability, dosage and the sequence between mitogen and antigen. Dental plaque in man is a focus of B cell mitogens and T cell antigens which may modulate the immune responses in such a way as to induce a protective response in the development of caries and a damaging response in periodontal disease.", "contents": "Immunological responses to bacterial plaque in the mouth. A heavy load of bacteria, referred to as dental plaque, accumulates at the junction between the teeth and gum. Bacterial plaque may be considered to have three functional components: (a) cariogenic organisms, (b) organisms inducing gingival inflammation and periodontal disease, and (c) adjuvant and tolerizing agents, such as lipopolysaccharides, dextrans and levans. Sequential investigation of plaque accumulation in man has shown a correlation between gingival inflammation and both lymphocyte transformation and macrophage migration inhibition. An adjuvant effect of in vivo plaque accumulation was manifested by the enhancement of T lymphocytes in the mixed leucocyte culture reaction and of B lymphocytes, as shown by the increased response to lipopolysaccharide. It may be significant that a substantial component of bacterial plaque consists of dextrans and levans, produced by certain streptococci and actinomyces, and lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. These bacterial products are B cell mitogens which may have an adjuvant or tolerizing effect on immune responses. The relationships between immunogenicity, mitogenicity, adjuvanticity and tolerogenicity of lipopolysaccharides, levan and dextran have not been clearly defined. However, important variables of the polyglycans are the molecular weight, type of branching, negative charge, epitope density, degradability, dosage and the sequence between mitogen and antigen. Dental plaque in man is a focus of B cell mitogens and T cell antigens which may modulate the immune responses in such a way as to induce a protective response in the development of caries and a damaging response in periodontal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:346321", "title": "Sites of synthesis and localization of IgE in rats infested with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.", "content": "The tissue and cellular localization of IgE has been studied in normal rats and rats infested with the enteric parasite, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The results of the study do not support the suggestion that IgE is a secretory immunoglobulin with a physiology analogous to that of IgA. The lamina propria of the small intestine and the colonic and pulmonary mucosal surfaces contain numerous anti-IgE-binding cells, but these have been shown to be mast cells and not plasma cells. The major sites of IgE synthesis were the regional lymph nodes of the small intestine and the lungs, which contained large numbers of IgE-secreting plasma cells. Smaller numbers of IgE-secreting plasma cells were also found in peripheral lymph nodes, some of which were distant from tissues known to have direct contact with either larvae or adult worms. Peyer's patches, the intrapulmonary lymphoid tissue and the spleen contained few, if any, IgE-secreting plasma cells. The significance of the IgE which was readily demonstrated in germinal centres of Peyer's patches and several lymph nodes is not known. In contrast to infested animals, the lymphoid organs of normal rats rarely contained any IgE-containing cells. Thoracic duct lymph from infested animals contained only few IgE-containing large lymphocytes, similar in number to cells containing IgM or IgG but only 1/50 as many as those containing IgA. An unexpected observation was that mast cells in mucosal organs appear to contain intracellular IgE, differing in this respect from connective tissue mast cells. Mast cells lying between epithelial cells, the 'globule leucocytes', also appear to contain intracellular IgE and it is suggested that such cells may be responsible for the presence of IgE in exocrine secretions. This study highlights the need for careful identification of cells appearing to contain IgE and suggests reasons for the widely differing reports of the numbers of IgE-secreting plasma cells in human intestinal biopsies.", "contents": "Sites of synthesis and localization of IgE in rats infested with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The tissue and cellular localization of IgE has been studied in normal rats and rats infested with the enteric parasite, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The results of the study do not support the suggestion that IgE is a secretory immunoglobulin with a physiology analogous to that of IgA. The lamina propria of the small intestine and the colonic and pulmonary mucosal surfaces contain numerous anti-IgE-binding cells, but these have been shown to be mast cells and not plasma cells. The major sites of IgE synthesis were the regional lymph nodes of the small intestine and the lungs, which contained large numbers of IgE-secreting plasma cells. Smaller numbers of IgE-secreting plasma cells were also found in peripheral lymph nodes, some of which were distant from tissues known to have direct contact with either larvae or adult worms. Peyer's patches, the intrapulmonary lymphoid tissue and the spleen contained few, if any, IgE-secreting plasma cells. The significance of the IgE which was readily demonstrated in germinal centres of Peyer's patches and several lymph nodes is not known. In contrast to infested animals, the lymphoid organs of normal rats rarely contained any IgE-containing cells. Thoracic duct lymph from infested animals contained only few IgE-containing large lymphocytes, similar in number to cells containing IgM or IgG but only 1/50 as many as those containing IgA. An unexpected observation was that mast cells in mucosal organs appear to contain intracellular IgE, differing in this respect from connective tissue mast cells. Mast cells lying between epithelial cells, the 'globule leucocytes', also appear to contain intracellular IgE and it is suggested that such cells may be responsible for the presence of IgE in exocrine secretions. This study highlights the need for careful identification of cells appearing to contain IgE and suggests reasons for the widely differing reports of the numbers of IgE-secreting plasma cells in human intestinal biopsies."}
{"id": "PMID:346322", "title": "Immunology of the gut: role of the eosinophil.", "content": "The gut wall is one of the conspicuous sites of eosinophil accumulation, presumably because of local chemotactic stimuli. It is reasonable to assume that one chemotactic factor is released by the mast cell, which is often found in proximity to the eosinophil. The association of eosinophils and eosinophilia with allergic disorders has long been recognized, and recent work has shown that increased eosinophil production is mediated by the lymphocyte. That process shares characteristics with other immunological actions. An increased rate of eosinophil tissue accumulation and destruction may be the factor which initiates the mechanism for increased production. None of many hypotheses about the 'function' of the eosinophil is substantiated; nevertheless it seems likely that this member of the immunological apparatus, which tends to be distributed in the front line (mucosal and cutaneous tissues), fulfils some normal protective or homeostatic function. Aside from that assumed normal function, there is growing clinical evidence that eosinophils can at times cause host injury, for example in such states as eosinophilic gastroenteritis and endomyocarditis.", "contents": "Immunology of the gut: role of the eosinophil. The gut wall is one of the conspicuous sites of eosinophil accumulation, presumably because of local chemotactic stimuli. It is reasonable to assume that one chemotactic factor is released by the mast cell, which is often found in proximity to the eosinophil. The association of eosinophils and eosinophilia with allergic disorders has long been recognized, and recent work has shown that increased eosinophil production is mediated by the lymphocyte. That process shares characteristics with other immunological actions. An increased rate of eosinophil tissue accumulation and destruction may be the factor which initiates the mechanism for increased production. None of many hypotheses about the 'function' of the eosinophil is substantiated; nevertheless it seems likely that this member of the immunological apparatus, which tends to be distributed in the front line (mucosal and cutaneous tissues), fulfils some normal protective or homeostatic function. Aside from that assumed normal function, there is growing clinical evidence that eosinophils can at times cause host injury, for example in such states as eosinophilic gastroenteritis and endomyocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:346323", "title": "Genetic and nutritional variations in antigen handling and disease.", "content": "Low function (deficiency), within the 'normal range', of each of five immunity functions is associated with immunopathological disease, and/or defective antigen handling. These are probably genetically determined, either polygenic or single gene, but environmental factors such as diet influence them greatly, and the vulnerability may be especially great in the newborn period. The relevant systems are those involved in the immune elimination of antigen (antibody and macrophages) and those possibly involved in the immune exclusion of antigen (IgA, the alternative pathway of complement, and cilial action). The gut has an especially complicated role in antigen-handling, and feeding influences its capacity to do so. Eczema was prevented by a regimen of neonatal antigen avoidance, which was largely breast-feeding, and it is likely that other immunopathological diseases result from antigen contact during periods of malnutrition. The mechanisms of such effects are likely to be complicated, but adjustment of the environment to suit the genetically vulnerable, particularly in the newborn period, can lead to the prevention of disease.", "contents": "Genetic and nutritional variations in antigen handling and disease. Low function (deficiency), within the 'normal range', of each of five immunity functions is associated with immunopathological disease, and/or defective antigen handling. These are probably genetically determined, either polygenic or single gene, but environmental factors such as diet influence them greatly, and the vulnerability may be especially great in the newborn period. The relevant systems are those involved in the immune elimination of antigen (antibody and macrophages) and those possibly involved in the immune exclusion of antigen (IgA, the alternative pathway of complement, and cilial action). The gut has an especially complicated role in antigen-handling, and feeding influences its capacity to do so. Eczema was prevented by a regimen of neonatal antigen avoidance, which was largely breast-feeding, and it is likely that other immunopathological diseases result from antigen contact during periods of malnutrition. The mechanisms of such effects are likely to be complicated, but adjustment of the environment to suit the genetically vulnerable, particularly in the newborn period, can lead to the prevention of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:346324", "title": "Gastrointestinal complications of immunodeficiency syndromes.", "content": "Patients with B cell deficiency have a high incidence of prolonged Giardia lamblia infection of the gastrointestinal tract that causes symptoms of malabsorption with villus flattening. The changes are reversible with therapy directed against Giardia. There is a high incidence of pernicious anaemia in patients with agammaglobulinaemia. Those with abnormal B lymphocytes tend to develop lymphoid nodular hyperplasia. Gastrointestinal disease is rare in boys with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia when compared with adults with the 'acquired' or common variable form of the disease. T cell deficiency results in intractable diarrhoea and monilial infection of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal complications of immunodeficiency syndromes. Patients with B cell deficiency have a high incidence of prolonged Giardia lamblia infection of the gastrointestinal tract that causes symptoms of malabsorption with villus flattening. The changes are reversible with therapy directed against Giardia. There is a high incidence of pernicious anaemia in patients with agammaglobulinaemia. Those with abnormal B lymphocytes tend to develop lymphoid nodular hyperplasia. Gastrointestinal disease is rare in boys with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia when compared with adults with the 'acquired' or common variable form of the disease. T cell deficiency results in intractable diarrhoea and monilial infection of the gastrointestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:346333", "title": "[Computer-assisted diagnosis of haematological disease in hospital patients (author's transl)].", "content": "A system of computer-assisted diagnosis is described which, in analogy to conventional diagnosis, takes into account both logical and statistical factors. The arrangement of such a system makes it clear that, after a period of successful use in specialist branches of medicine, a phase of less spectacular success has occurred which, however, provides the conditions for including larger areas of medicine in computer-assisted diagnosis. These systems are likely to conform more closely to the needs of the doctor than previous ones. Whether they can be used in non-hospital practice would depend largely on whether the questions put to the system by the doctor do not take more time and answers can be given in short, easily understandable form. The best type of answer as well as the transmission of information can be discovered empirically. The differential diagnostic level of computer-assisted diagnosis is, according to present experience, quite satisfactory but can be further improved. This development is greatly helped by continuing increases in the speed of calculators and their data storage capacity.", "contents": "[Computer-assisted diagnosis of haematological disease in hospital patients (author's transl)]. A system of computer-assisted diagnosis is described which, in analogy to conventional diagnosis, takes into account both logical and statistical factors. The arrangement of such a system makes it clear that, after a period of successful use in specialist branches of medicine, a phase of less spectacular success has occurred which, however, provides the conditions for including larger areas of medicine in computer-assisted diagnosis. These systems are likely to conform more closely to the needs of the doctor than previous ones. Whether they can be used in non-hospital practice would depend largely on whether the questions put to the system by the doctor do not take more time and answers can be given in short, easily understandable form. The best type of answer as well as the transmission of information can be discovered empirically. The differential diagnostic level of computer-assisted diagnosis is, according to present experience, quite satisfactory but can be further improved. This development is greatly helped by continuing increases in the speed of calculators and their data storage capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:346327", "title": "Immunopathology of coeliac disease.", "content": "Coeliac disease may be defined as a condition in which there is an abnormal jejunal mucosa with loss of villi, which improves morphologically after treatment with a gluten-free diet. Pathologically, there is damage to the jejunal enterocytes, with hyperplasia of crypt cells so that overall enteropoiesis is increased. On conventional or scanning electron microscopy the enterocytes are markedly abnormal. Histochemically, the normal punctate appearance of the lysosomes is lost and sensitive lysosomal enzyme assays on mucosal biopsy samples using isopycnic centrifugation techniques show that there is an increase in total lysosomal activity with reduction in lysosomal latency. Studies following gluten feeding in patients whose mucosa has returned to normal after treatment with a gluten-free diet show that pathological abnormalities appear within 4--8 hours of gluten challenge. Complement together with extracellular IgM can be demonstrated in the lamina propria, suggesting the formation of immune complexes. In untreated coeliac disease there is a significant reduction in serum levels of C3 and C4. There is also evidence indicating the presence of immune complexes in the serum. Coeliac disease may therefore be an intestinal model of an immune complex disease, in which an antigen derived from gluten reacts with an antibody formed locally in the gut, fixing complement and causing damage to the enterocyte by activation of lysosomes.", "contents": "Immunopathology of coeliac disease. Coeliac disease may be defined as a condition in which there is an abnormal jejunal mucosa with loss of villi, which improves morphologically after treatment with a gluten-free diet. Pathologically, there is damage to the jejunal enterocytes, with hyperplasia of crypt cells so that overall enteropoiesis is increased. On conventional or scanning electron microscopy the enterocytes are markedly abnormal. Histochemically, the normal punctate appearance of the lysosomes is lost and sensitive lysosomal enzyme assays on mucosal biopsy samples using isopycnic centrifugation techniques show that there is an increase in total lysosomal activity with reduction in lysosomal latency. Studies following gluten feeding in patients whose mucosa has returned to normal after treatment with a gluten-free diet show that pathological abnormalities appear within 4--8 hours of gluten challenge. Complement together with extracellular IgM can be demonstrated in the lamina propria, suggesting the formation of immune complexes. In untreated coeliac disease there is a significant reduction in serum levels of C3 and C4. There is also evidence indicating the presence of immune complexes in the serum. Coeliac disease may therefore be an intestinal model of an immune complex disease, in which an antigen derived from gluten reacts with an antibody formed locally in the gut, fixing complement and causing damage to the enterocyte by activation of lysosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:346325", "title": "Immunological studies in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Three aspects of immunological function were studied in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (inflammatory bowel disease): atopic status and serum IgE levels; serum concentration of C-reactive protein; and C3 activation. The incidence of atopy, assessed by prick testing with common allergens, did not differ in patients with inflammatory bowel disease from healthy controls. 12 of 39 patients with Crohn's disease and 5 of 20 with ulcerative colitis, among whom were some non-atopic subjects, had elevated serum levels of IgE. Serum levels of C-reactive protein in patients were significantly greater than normal, even in those in whom the disease was clinically quiescent. Symptomatic patients with Crohn's disease had significantly higher levels than similar patients with ulcerative colitis and in Crohn's disease the levels correlated well with an overall assessment of severity and disease activity. Although conversion of C3 was detected in fresh serum samples from inflammatory bowel disease patients and not controls, only minimal traces were present in just 7 of 89 samples of EDTA--plasma from 47 patients; this finding did not correlate with disease activity. However, there were low titres of immunoconglutinin in the sera of some patients, but not in controls, suggesting that complement activation may be occurring in vivo.", "contents": "Immunological studies in inflammatory bowel disease. Three aspects of immunological function were studied in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (inflammatory bowel disease): atopic status and serum IgE levels; serum concentration of C-reactive protein; and C3 activation. The incidence of atopy, assessed by prick testing with common allergens, did not differ in patients with inflammatory bowel disease from healthy controls. 12 of 39 patients with Crohn's disease and 5 of 20 with ulcerative colitis, among whom were some non-atopic subjects, had elevated serum levels of IgE. Serum levels of C-reactive protein in patients were significantly greater than normal, even in those in whom the disease was clinically quiescent. Symptomatic patients with Crohn's disease had significantly higher levels than similar patients with ulcerative colitis and in Crohn's disease the levels correlated well with an overall assessment of severity and disease activity. Although conversion of C3 was detected in fresh serum samples from inflammatory bowel disease patients and not controls, only minimal traces were present in just 7 of 89 samples of EDTA--plasma from 47 patients; this finding did not correlate with disease activity. However, there were low titres of immunoconglutinin in the sera of some patients, but not in controls, suggesting that complement activation may be occurring in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:346328", "title": "The secretory IgA system of the gut.", "content": "Most commonly, humoral immunity manifested in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals is due to the presence of secretory IgA antibodies. Antibody specificities have been detected in the secretory IgA of gut secretions to a wide range of naturally occurring viral and bacterial components and to test antigens such as chemically modified proteins. Much of the IgA found in gut secretions is synthesized and secreted locally by the abundant plasma cells of the lamina propria. Development of methods for establishing local protective immunity in the gut requires knowledge of the origins of these plasma cells and of the whereabouts of their precursors when they are susceptible to antigen-driven proliferation and/or maturation. The Peyer's patches have been shown to contain a population of B lymphocytes especially rich in precursors for IgA plasma cells and in cells which can repopulate gut lamina propria with such IgA plasma cells. The Peyer's patches also appear to 'sample' gut antigens, in that small amounts of antigens are passed intact through their dome epithelial cells. Recent experiments bearing on the origins, differentiation and maturation, antigen sensitivity, migration and lodging of precursors for gut IgA plasma cells are discussed. We use the following three systems: (1) congenic transfer of cells from different murine lymphoid cell sources or mixtures of these (CB20 leads to BALB/c or BALB/c leads to CB20) and the use of allo-antisera to IgA allotypic determinants to assess their potential to impart an adoptive IgA antibody response to the recipient and to repopulate its histocompatible lamina propria with IgA plasma cells; (2) clonal precursor analysis (the method of Klinman) both to enumerate antigen-sensitive cells in different tissues of mice and to evaluate their potential to generate plasma cells making particular isotypes and idiotypes of antibodies; (3) use of pairs of Thiry-Vella loops in rabbits, each member either bearing or lacking a Peyer's patch, and quantitation of antibodies of each isotype and of total secretory IgA to assess the response of each loop with the time after local immunization. The results from all three systems provide strong evidence for the importance of Peyer's patches in supplying cells responsible for local humoral immunity and suggest both a differentiative pathway for IgA precursors and their whereabouts when antigen may cause the expansion of a population of specific cells.", "contents": "The secretory IgA system of the gut. Most commonly, humoral immunity manifested in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals is due to the presence of secretory IgA antibodies. Antibody specificities have been detected in the secretory IgA of gut secretions to a wide range of naturally occurring viral and bacterial components and to test antigens such as chemically modified proteins. Much of the IgA found in gut secretions is synthesized and secreted locally by the abundant plasma cells of the lamina propria. Development of methods for establishing local protective immunity in the gut requires knowledge of the origins of these plasma cells and of the whereabouts of their precursors when they are susceptible to antigen-driven proliferation and/or maturation. The Peyer's patches have been shown to contain a population of B lymphocytes especially rich in precursors for IgA plasma cells and in cells which can repopulate gut lamina propria with such IgA plasma cells. The Peyer's patches also appear to 'sample' gut antigens, in that small amounts of antigens are passed intact through their dome epithelial cells. Recent experiments bearing on the origins, differentiation and maturation, antigen sensitivity, migration and lodging of precursors for gut IgA plasma cells are discussed. We use the following three systems: (1) congenic transfer of cells from different murine lymphoid cell sources or mixtures of these (CB20 leads to BALB/c or BALB/c leads to CB20) and the use of allo-antisera to IgA allotypic determinants to assess their potential to impart an adoptive IgA antibody response to the recipient and to repopulate its histocompatible lamina propria with IgA plasma cells; (2) clonal precursor analysis (the method of Klinman) both to enumerate antigen-sensitive cells in different tissues of mice and to evaluate their potential to generate plasma cells making particular isotypes and idiotypes of antibodies; (3) use of pairs of Thiry-Vella loops in rabbits, each member either bearing or lacking a Peyer's patch, and quantitation of antibodies of each isotype and of total secretory IgA to assess the response of each loop with the time after local immunization. The results from all three systems provide strong evidence for the importance of Peyer's patches in supplying cells responsible for local humoral immunity and suggest both a differentiative pathway for IgA precursors and their whereabouts when antigen may cause the expansion of a population of specific cells."}
{"id": "PMID:346326", "title": "The natural history of the cells producing IgA in the gut.", "content": "The IgA-secreting cells in the lamina propria of the small intestine are derived from large lymphocytes which enter the blood by way of the thoracic duct and then migrate into the gut where they complete their differentiation into plasma cells. Three aspects of this cellular traffic have been examined in rats. 1. The cells in thoracic duct lymph which give rise to IgA-secreting cells in the lamina propria are among those which carry surface IgA. Blast cells lacking surface immunoglobulin migrate mainly into the Peyer's patches and do not contribute to the IgA response. 2. Studies on a secondary antibody response to cholera toxoid, in which the challenge was given into a Thiry-Vella loop, showed that the antibody-containing blast cells in thoracic duct lymph were derived from Peyer's patches. The mesenteric nodes contributed little, if anything, to the cellular response in the lymph. 3. The idea that secretory component is a signal for the emigration of large lymphocytes from the blood into the lamina propria lacks experimental support. Secretory component does not bind to the IgA on the surface of thoracic duct cells. On the other hand, antigen in the gut may play an important part in immobilizing large lymphocytes in the lamina propria once they have migrated.", "contents": "The natural history of the cells producing IgA in the gut. The IgA-secreting cells in the lamina propria of the small intestine are derived from large lymphocytes which enter the blood by way of the thoracic duct and then migrate into the gut where they complete their differentiation into plasma cells. Three aspects of this cellular traffic have been examined in rats. 1. The cells in thoracic duct lymph which give rise to IgA-secreting cells in the lamina propria are among those which carry surface IgA. Blast cells lacking surface immunoglobulin migrate mainly into the Peyer's patches and do not contribute to the IgA response. 2. Studies on a secondary antibody response to cholera toxoid, in which the challenge was given into a Thiry-Vella loop, showed that the antibody-containing blast cells in thoracic duct lymph were derived from Peyer's patches. The mesenteric nodes contributed little, if anything, to the cellular response in the lymph. 3. The idea that secretory component is a signal for the emigration of large lymphocytes from the blood into the lamina propria lacks experimental support. Secretory component does not bind to the IgA on the surface of thoracic duct cells. On the other hand, antigen in the gut may play an important part in immobilizing large lymphocytes in the lamina propria once they have migrated."}
{"id": "PMID:346329", "title": "Significance of immune mechanisms in relation to enteric infections of the gastrointestinal tract in animals.", "content": "The impact of bacterial colonization on the alimentary tract in early life is reflected in gross changes in morphology. Subsequent health, if not survival, may largely be determined by a continuum of local intestinal immune mechanisms and it is essential for antibody development during the neonatal period to compensate adequately for declining passive maternal antibody. Consequent upon the development of the gut microflora the lamina becomes infiltrated with immunocytes in which the dominant immunoglobulins produced are IgM and IgA. Both immunoglobulins are transported across the epithelium by a process involving membrane-bound vesicles. Germ-free and fistulated pigs and calves are shown to be able to respond to oral immunization with Escherichia coli O somatic antigens during the first week of life. Resistance to infection with enteropathogenic E. coli was significantly enhanced, along with other parameters of nutrition and performance. However, in the young chick, although the intestinal response to infection with E. coli was similar to that in the mammal, no response to E. coli O antigens could be determined on oral administration in germ-free or local intestinal applications in fistulated birds. In the mammalian intestine secretory antibodies participate in the control of pathogenic E. coli by blocking adhesion to the mucosal epithelium, interfering with the elaboration of surface antigens, inhibiting toxins, and facilitating rapid elimination from the alimentary tract by agglutination and bacteriostasis. In consequence fewer enteropathogens are excreted into the environment, an important feature in modern intensive systems of animal production.", "contents": "Significance of immune mechanisms in relation to enteric infections of the gastrointestinal tract in animals. The impact of bacterial colonization on the alimentary tract in early life is reflected in gross changes in morphology. Subsequent health, if not survival, may largely be determined by a continuum of local intestinal immune mechanisms and it is essential for antibody development during the neonatal period to compensate adequately for declining passive maternal antibody. Consequent upon the development of the gut microflora the lamina becomes infiltrated with immunocytes in which the dominant immunoglobulins produced are IgM and IgA. Both immunoglobulins are transported across the epithelium by a process involving membrane-bound vesicles. Germ-free and fistulated pigs and calves are shown to be able to respond to oral immunization with Escherichia coli O somatic antigens during the first week of life. Resistance to infection with enteropathogenic E. coli was significantly enhanced, along with other parameters of nutrition and performance. However, in the young chick, although the intestinal response to infection with E. coli was similar to that in the mammal, no response to E. coli O antigens could be determined on oral administration in germ-free or local intestinal applications in fistulated birds. In the mammalian intestine secretory antibodies participate in the control of pathogenic E. coli by blocking adhesion to the mucosal epithelium, interfering with the elaboration of surface antigens, inhibiting toxins, and facilitating rapid elimination from the alimentary tract by agglutination and bacteriostasis. In consequence fewer enteropathogens are excreted into the environment, an important feature in modern intensive systems of animal production."}
{"id": "PMID:346335", "title": "[Immunofluorescence test in the diagnosis of mushroom worker's lung (author's transl)].", "content": "Growing and harvesting a new edible mushroom (Pleurotus florida mushroom--oyster mushroom) liberates a high amount of spores the inhalation of which causes symptoms similar to those of \"farmer's lung\". The Ouchterlony test detects precipitins against antigens of the spore membrane only in cases with high serum antibody levels, i.e. only one in eight sufferers from the disease had a positive antibody test. Because of this, indirect immunofluorescence was used as a more sensitive method for serum antibody detection: all mushroom workers with clinical symptoms were found to have precipitating antibodies. The test is, therefore, superior to the Ouchterlony one, is simpler and saves time. Furthermore, the immunoglobulin class can easily be obtained at the same time.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescence test in the diagnosis of mushroom worker's lung (author's transl)]. Growing and harvesting a new edible mushroom (Pleurotus florida mushroom--oyster mushroom) liberates a high amount of spores the inhalation of which causes symptoms similar to those of \"farmer's lung\". The Ouchterlony test detects precipitins against antigens of the spore membrane only in cases with high serum antibody levels, i.e. only one in eight sufferers from the disease had a positive antibody test. Because of this, indirect immunofluorescence was used as a more sensitive method for serum antibody detection: all mushroom workers with clinical symptoms were found to have precipitating antibodies. The test is, therefore, superior to the Ouchterlony one, is simpler and saves time. Furthermore, the immunoglobulin class can easily be obtained at the same time."}
{"id": "PMID:346346", "title": "[New vistas on rubidium].", "content": "Rubidium salts have been used in human therapy since the end of the last century. The fact that an actual use in psychiatry has been considered is mainly due to Meltzer and al's works in 1969. The pharmacological studies do not reveal any psychopharmacological \"provile\" presently known; they point out that Rubidium has stimulant properties, whick, in certain conditions, can increase activity, central excitability and sometimes aggressiveness, among the animals used for the experiments. The hypothesis of a contingent antidepressant action of Rubidium is essentially based on the existence of properties opposite to those of Lithium. This is especially true in the biochemical field: Rubidium may enhance the release of Norepinephrine whereas Lithium has an opposite effect. The toxicological studies show that, because of some properties common to Rubidium and Potassium, it is necessary to control Potassium intake and to avoid that Rubidium replace too high a percentage of this ion: the extended half-life (about forty days in man) makes necessary the working up of chronical studies to evaluate the toxicity which is linked to its long-term accumulation. For Rubidium blood concentrations superior to 1 mEq/1., the first clinical studies seem to point out that an antidepressant action would exist. Nevertheless a certain delay of action is necessary to the onset of a therapeutic effect; no noticeable adverse effect has been detected.", "contents": "[New vistas on rubidium]. Rubidium salts have been used in human therapy since the end of the last century. The fact that an actual use in psychiatry has been considered is mainly due to Meltzer and al's works in 1969. The pharmacological studies do not reveal any psychopharmacological \"provile\" presently known; they point out that Rubidium has stimulant properties, whick, in certain conditions, can increase activity, central excitability and sometimes aggressiveness, among the animals used for the experiments. The hypothesis of a contingent antidepressant action of Rubidium is essentially based on the existence of properties opposite to those of Lithium. This is especially true in the biochemical field: Rubidium may enhance the release of Norepinephrine whereas Lithium has an opposite effect. The toxicological studies show that, because of some properties common to Rubidium and Potassium, it is necessary to control Potassium intake and to avoid that Rubidium replace too high a percentage of this ion: the extended half-life (about forty days in man) makes necessary the working up of chronical studies to evaluate the toxicity which is linked to its long-term accumulation. For Rubidium blood concentrations superior to 1 mEq/1., the first clinical studies seem to point out that an antidepressant action would exist. Nevertheless a certain delay of action is necessary to the onset of a therapeutic effect; no noticeable adverse effect has been detected."}
{"id": "PMID:346347", "title": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in prepubertal and pubertal girls.", "content": "Estimations of immunoreactive LH-RH and LH in pooled sera of girls, adult women and postmenopausal women have been carried out. The girls were divided into three groups: I--girls aged 2--4 years, II--girls aged 5--8 years and III--girls 9--12 years of age. The estimated concentrations of LH-RH in particular groups were as following: in group I--1.2 +/- 0.2 pg/ml, in group II--2.2 +/- 0.4 pg/ml, in group III 31.0 +/- 4.4 pg/ml, in adult women 6.3 +/- 1.8 pg/ml. and in postmenopausal women 16.6 +/- 2.4 pg/ml. The concentrations of LH in the same groups were 4.3 +/- 0.7; 4.5 +/- 0.8; 11.0 +/- 1.4, 23.3 +/- 2.4; and 120.0 +/- 14.7 mIU/ml, respectively. The authors suggest that the sexual maturation of girls is initiated by the enhanced hypothalamic activity, reflected in higher concentrations of immunoreactive LH-RH in peripheral serum.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in prepubertal and pubertal girls. Estimations of immunoreactive LH-RH and LH in pooled sera of girls, adult women and postmenopausal women have been carried out. The girls were divided into three groups: I--girls aged 2--4 years, II--girls aged 5--8 years and III--girls 9--12 years of age. The estimated concentrations of LH-RH in particular groups were as following: in group I--1.2 +/- 0.2 pg/ml, in group II--2.2 +/- 0.4 pg/ml, in group III 31.0 +/- 4.4 pg/ml, in adult women 6.3 +/- 1.8 pg/ml. and in postmenopausal women 16.6 +/- 2.4 pg/ml. The concentrations of LH in the same groups were 4.3 +/- 0.7; 4.5 +/- 0.8; 11.0 +/- 1.4, 23.3 +/- 2.4; and 120.0 +/- 14.7 mIU/ml, respectively. The authors suggest that the sexual maturation of girls is initiated by the enhanced hypothalamic activity, reflected in higher concentrations of immunoreactive LH-RH in peripheral serum."}
{"id": "PMID:346345", "title": "Verapamil: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use.", "content": "Verapamil is a novel antiarrhythmic and antianginal agent which, although introduced in 1962, has only recently gained prominence not only as a significant agent in cardiovascular therapeutics but also as a powerful tool to examine the nature of some of the biophysical phenomena at the membrane of cardiac and other excitable tissues. Verapamil is the prototype of those agents which selectively inhibit membrane transport of calcium, an action which accounts for the drug's peripheral and coronary vasodilator properties, its effect on excitation-contraction coupling and hence its negative inotropic propensity, as well as its depressant effects on the sinus node and atrioventricular conduction. Its pharmacological effects are largely independent of the autonomic nervous system. The main therapeutic uses of the drug are in the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias, angina, and possibly hypertension. The overall exp:rimental and clinical data suggest that verapamil will become an important and safe addition to existing drug regimens, especially as an agent of choice for the short-term treatment of most cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias. The initial experience in other arrhythmias, angina and hypertension, is also sufficiently encouraging to justify further detailed clinical trials to define its potential role in cardiovascular therapeutics.", "contents": "Verapamil: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Verapamil is a novel antiarrhythmic and antianginal agent which, although introduced in 1962, has only recently gained prominence not only as a significant agent in cardiovascular therapeutics but also as a powerful tool to examine the nature of some of the biophysical phenomena at the membrane of cardiac and other excitable tissues. Verapamil is the prototype of those agents which selectively inhibit membrane transport of calcium, an action which accounts for the drug's peripheral and coronary vasodilator properties, its effect on excitation-contraction coupling and hence its negative inotropic propensity, as well as its depressant effects on the sinus node and atrioventricular conduction. Its pharmacological effects are largely independent of the autonomic nervous system. The main therapeutic uses of the drug are in the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias, angina, and possibly hypertension. The overall exp:rimental and clinical data suggest that verapamil will become an important and safe addition to existing drug regimens, especially as an agent of choice for the short-term treatment of most cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias. The initial experience in other arrhythmias, angina and hypertension, is also sufficiently encouraging to justify further detailed clinical trials to define its potential role in cardiovascular therapeutics."}
{"id": "PMID:346349", "title": "Isolation and properties of two protein kinases from yeast which phosphorylate casein and some ribosomal proteins.", "content": "Three fractions of protein kinase from postribosomal supernatant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, active in phosphorylation of casein, were resolved on DEAE-cellulose. Two of these fractions: protein kinase 1 and protein kinase 3, were further purified about 1000 and 1800-fold respectively. The kinase 1 appeared to exist as a monomer with a molecular weight of 50 000 and utilized only ATP as phosphoryl donor. The protein kinase 3 was an aggregated form of enzyme with a molecular weight of above half a million and used both ATP and GTP for protein phosphorylation. Both isolated enzymes showed variations in respect to Michaelis constants, and inhibitory effects exerted by monovalent cations and nucleotide phosphates. The activity of the kinases was not affected by the presence of cAMP (adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate) or cGMP, however, only protein kinase 1 appeared to be a cAMP nucleotide-independent enzyme. Despite these differences both enzymes equally phosphorylated two strongly acidic proteins of the 60-S ribosome subunit, possibly related to L7, L12 of Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of two protein kinases from yeast which phosphorylate casein and some ribosomal proteins. Three fractions of protein kinase from postribosomal supernatant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, active in phosphorylation of casein, were resolved on DEAE-cellulose. Two of these fractions: protein kinase 1 and protein kinase 3, were further purified about 1000 and 1800-fold respectively. The kinase 1 appeared to exist as a monomer with a molecular weight of 50 000 and utilized only ATP as phosphoryl donor. The protein kinase 3 was an aggregated form of enzyme with a molecular weight of above half a million and used both ATP and GTP for protein phosphorylation. Both isolated enzymes showed variations in respect to Michaelis constants, and inhibitory effects exerted by monovalent cations and nucleotide phosphates. The activity of the kinases was not affected by the presence of cAMP (adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate) or cGMP, however, only protein kinase 1 appeared to be a cAMP nucleotide-independent enzyme. Despite these differences both enzymes equally phosphorylated two strongly acidic proteins of the 60-S ribosome subunit, possibly related to L7, L12 of Escherichia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:346350", "title": "Threonyl-tRNA, lysyl-tRNA and arginyl-tRNA synthetases from Baker's yeast. Substrate specificity with regard to ATP analogues.", "content": "Sixteen analogues of ATP have been tested in the aminoacylation reaction of threonyl-tRNA, lysyl-tRNA, and arginyl-tRNA synthetases from baker's yeast. Two compounds are substrates for threonyl-tRNA and for lysyl-tRNA synthetases and five compounds for arginyl-tRNA synthetase. There are six inhibitors for threonyl-tRNA, nine for lysyl-tRNA, and six for arginyl-tRNA synthetase. Their Km and Ki values have been determined. Thus positions 2, 6, 7, 8 and 9 of the purine moiety and 2' and 3' of the sugar moiety of the ATP molecule are important for catalytic action of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Remarkably arginyl-tRNA synthetase is the first aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase which tolerates bulky substituents at the sugar moiety of ATP. These data fit with the idea that synthetases of subunit structure need magnesium-ion-ATP complexes with an anti conformation as substrates whereas single-chain enzymes accept this substrate in the syn conformation.", "contents": "Threonyl-tRNA, lysyl-tRNA and arginyl-tRNA synthetases from Baker's yeast. Substrate specificity with regard to ATP analogues. Sixteen analogues of ATP have been tested in the aminoacylation reaction of threonyl-tRNA, lysyl-tRNA, and arginyl-tRNA synthetases from baker's yeast. Two compounds are substrates for threonyl-tRNA and for lysyl-tRNA synthetases and five compounds for arginyl-tRNA synthetase. There are six inhibitors for threonyl-tRNA, nine for lysyl-tRNA, and six for arginyl-tRNA synthetase. Their Km and Ki values have been determined. Thus positions 2, 6, 7, 8 and 9 of the purine moiety and 2' and 3' of the sugar moiety of the ATP molecule are important for catalytic action of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Remarkably arginyl-tRNA synthetase is the first aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase which tolerates bulky substituents at the sugar moiety of ATP. These data fit with the idea that synthetases of subunit structure need magnesium-ion-ATP complexes with an anti conformation as substrates whereas single-chain enzymes accept this substrate in the syn conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:346351", "title": "Changes in chromatin properties after partial extraction of non-histone proteins.", "content": "By treatment with tRNA in the presence of 1 mM MgCl2, a chromatin preparation was obtained containing all five major histone fractions but lacking a considerable portion of non-histone proteins. This chromatin preparation as well as chromatin extracted with 0.6 M NaCl (depleted of H1 histone and some non-histone proteins) were characterized in respect of solubility and chromatin DNA accessibility. Both samples possessed practically the same solubility in the presence of 0.15 M NaCl and 1 mM MgCl2. The solubility of tRNA-treated chromatin in 5 and 10 mM MgCl2 was higher than that of salt-extracted chromation. The accessibility of the DNA of these chromatin preparations was tested with DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli as a probe, using procedure that permits measurement of binding site frequency. Both tRNA-treated and salt-extracted chromatin contained as many as 33% and untreated chromatin as few as 4% of the number of binding sites found on protein-free DNA. These results demonstrate that at least in part the non-histone proteins are responsible for salt-induced insolubility and low DNA accessibility of chromatin, thus revealing the importance of non-histone proteins in the maintenance of an overall chromatin structure.", "contents": "Changes in chromatin properties after partial extraction of non-histone proteins. By treatment with tRNA in the presence of 1 mM MgCl2, a chromatin preparation was obtained containing all five major histone fractions but lacking a considerable portion of non-histone proteins. This chromatin preparation as well as chromatin extracted with 0.6 M NaCl (depleted of H1 histone and some non-histone proteins) were characterized in respect of solubility and chromatin DNA accessibility. Both samples possessed practically the same solubility in the presence of 0.15 M NaCl and 1 mM MgCl2. The solubility of tRNA-treated chromatin in 5 and 10 mM MgCl2 was higher than that of salt-extracted chromation. The accessibility of the DNA of these chromatin preparations was tested with DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli as a probe, using procedure that permits measurement of binding site frequency. Both tRNA-treated and salt-extracted chromatin contained as many as 33% and untreated chromatin as few as 4% of the number of binding sites found on protein-free DNA. These results demonstrate that at least in part the non-histone proteins are responsible for salt-induced insolubility and low DNA accessibility of chromatin, thus revealing the importance of non-histone proteins in the maintenance of an overall chromatin structure."}
{"id": "PMID:346352", "title": "The aminoacyladenylate mechanism in the aminoacylation reaction of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase.", "content": "It is shown from a combination of rapid quenching and steady-state kinetics that the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from yeast catalyses the formation of phenylalanyl-tRNA by the amino-acyladenylate pathway at pH 7.8 and 25 degrees C. The rate-determining step at saturating reagent concentrations is not the dissociation of the charged tRNA from the enzyme.", "contents": "The aminoacyladenylate mechanism in the aminoacylation reaction of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. It is shown from a combination of rapid quenching and steady-state kinetics that the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from yeast catalyses the formation of phenylalanyl-tRNA by the amino-acyladenylate pathway at pH 7.8 and 25 degrees C. The rate-determining step at saturating reagent concentrations is not the dissociation of the charged tRNA from the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:346353", "title": "Does verapamil have a clinically significant antihypertensive effect?", "content": "Verapamil was evaluated as an antihypertensive agent in a pilot study. Intravenous administration of 0.1 mg/kg, followed by constant infusion of 0.0035 mg/kg min, reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly; the maximal average decrease of 23/16 mm Hg occurred after 5 min. The resting pulse rate rose during infusion and prolongation of the atrio-ventricular conduction time was a constant finding. After the initial drop in blood pressure, a rise toward control levels was observed, despite an increase in the infusion rate. Five patients received oral treatment with verapamil 320-640 mg daily for 7 weeks. In four of the five patients a blood pressure reduction was obtained (mean: 14/12 mm Hg), but normotension was not achieved in any of them. In contrast to the acute studies, the atrio-ventricular conduction time showed no change and a decrease in resting pulse rate was noted. Two patients experienced sensations of heat and reddening of face during treatment. It is concluded that verapamil has a rather modest antihypertensive effect and it is not suitable for the treatment of arterial hypertension.", "contents": "Does verapamil have a clinically significant antihypertensive effect? Verapamil was evaluated as an antihypertensive agent in a pilot study. Intravenous administration of 0.1 mg/kg, followed by constant infusion of 0.0035 mg/kg min, reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly; the maximal average decrease of 23/16 mm Hg occurred after 5 min. The resting pulse rate rose during infusion and prolongation of the atrio-ventricular conduction time was a constant finding. After the initial drop in blood pressure, a rise toward control levels was observed, despite an increase in the infusion rate. Five patients received oral treatment with verapamil 320-640 mg daily for 7 weeks. In four of the five patients a blood pressure reduction was obtained (mean: 14/12 mm Hg), but normotension was not achieved in any of them. In contrast to the acute studies, the atrio-ventricular conduction time showed no change and a decrease in resting pulse rate was noted. Two patients experienced sensations of heat and reddening of face during treatment. It is concluded that verapamil has a rather modest antihypertensive effect and it is not suitable for the treatment of arterial hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:346354", "title": "Erythromycin succinate in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.", "content": "In 20 patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory tract infection the effectiveness of oral erythromicin succinate 3 X 500 mg daily has been tested. The duration of treatment was 10 days in all cases. The criteria of success, in addition to the clinical findings, were the results of bacteriological investigations and assessment of the appearance of the sputum. In all patients sputum and serum concentrations or erythromicin were determined. All pathogens isolated from the sputum of the patients were erythromicin-sensitive. One instance of development of resistance was observed. The drug was well tolerated.", "contents": "Erythromycin succinate in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. In 20 patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory tract infection the effectiveness of oral erythromicin succinate 3 X 500 mg daily has been tested. The duration of treatment was 10 days in all cases. The criteria of success, in addition to the clinical findings, were the results of bacteriological investigations and assessment of the appearance of the sputum. In all patients sputum and serum concentrations or erythromicin were determined. All pathogens isolated from the sputum of the patients were erythromicin-sensitive. One instance of development of resistance was observed. The drug was well tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:346356", "title": "Influence of pindolol (Visken) on respiratory function in 20 asthmatic patients.", "content": "The effect of a single oral dose of pindolol on bronchi was studied in a double-blind cross-over trial in 20 adult patients, most of whom had moderate bronchial asthma. A single dose of pindolol 5 mg, sufficient to cause a significant fall in heart rate and blood pressure at rest, did not produce a significant fall in the forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0). However, two patients showed marked deterioration in lung function after pindolol. A conventional therapeutic dose of salbutamol by inhalation produced a significant increase in ventilatory function relative to placebo, but it did not outweigh the bronchial effect of pindolol.", "contents": "Influence of pindolol (Visken) on respiratory function in 20 asthmatic patients. The effect of a single oral dose of pindolol on bronchi was studied in a double-blind cross-over trial in 20 adult patients, most of whom had moderate bronchial asthma. A single dose of pindolol 5 mg, sufficient to cause a significant fall in heart rate and blood pressure at rest, did not produce a significant fall in the forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0). However, two patients showed marked deterioration in lung function after pindolol. A conventional therapeutic dose of salbutamol by inhalation produced a significant increase in ventilatory function relative to placebo, but it did not outweigh the bronchial effect of pindolol."}
{"id": "PMID:346357", "title": "Effects of retinoic acid on the immune system: stimulation of T killer cell induction.", "content": "Retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A derivative with anti-tumor activity, was assayed for its effects on the immune system in mice. High doses of this compound (1000 microgram/mouse/day) have toxic effects and cause depletion on the peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus) while leaving the bone marrow cells unaffected. Both the in vivo and in vitro induction of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) to allogeneic tumor cells is stimulated at least tenfold by low doses (25--300 microgram/mouse/day) of RA while high doses suppress CMC induction. RA is shown to be a specific adjuvant for the induction of cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) and not a general T cell mitogen or adjuvant. It does not enhance the proliferative response in the mixed lymphocyte culture nor does it stimulate lymphocyte proliferation in response to the mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. The induction of cooperating T cells and the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction are also not stimulated by RA. In contrast to the reported stimulatory effects of retinyl palmitate and retinyl acetate, RA does not stimulate the humoral response to erythrocytes. The strong adjuvant effects that RA has on the induction of CMC at low doses may be responsible for its anti-tumor activity.", "contents": "Effects of retinoic acid on the immune system: stimulation of T killer cell induction. Retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A derivative with anti-tumor activity, was assayed for its effects on the immune system in mice. High doses of this compound (1000 microgram/mouse/day) have toxic effects and cause depletion on the peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus) while leaving the bone marrow cells unaffected. Both the in vivo and in vitro induction of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) to allogeneic tumor cells is stimulated at least tenfold by low doses (25--300 microgram/mouse/day) of RA while high doses suppress CMC induction. RA is shown to be a specific adjuvant for the induction of cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) and not a general T cell mitogen or adjuvant. It does not enhance the proliferative response in the mixed lymphocyte culture nor does it stimulate lymphocyte proliferation in response to the mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. The induction of cooperating T cells and the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction are also not stimulated by RA. In contrast to the reported stimulatory effects of retinyl palmitate and retinyl acetate, RA does not stimulate the humoral response to erythrocytes. The strong adjuvant effects that RA has on the induction of CMC at low doses may be responsible for its anti-tumor activity."}
{"id": "PMID:346358", "title": "An antiserum which recognizes lipopolysaccharide-reactive B cells in the mouse.", "content": "Rabbit antisera have been prepared against spleen B cells from C3H/Tif mice, high responders to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After complete absorption on tissues of C3H/Hej mice (LPS nonresponders), such antisera specifically stain and kill (in the presence of complement) a fraction of the B cells from a number of LPS high responder strains, and fail to recognize any cells in two different LPS nonresponder strains, C3H/HeJ and C57B1/10.Sc.Cr. The ontogeny, organ and strain distribution of this B cell marker parallels LPS reactivity. Frequencies of cells stained by this antiserum correspond to the frequencies of LPS-reactive B cell precursors recently determined. This antigent(s) is expressed by LPS-activated B cell blasts but not by cells which remain small after 48 h in the presence of LPS. Removal of the cells recognized by the antisera leads to depletion of LPS-reactive cells, while enriching for reactivity to another B cell mitogen, e.g. lipoprotein.", "contents": "An antiserum which recognizes lipopolysaccharide-reactive B cells in the mouse. Rabbit antisera have been prepared against spleen B cells from C3H/Tif mice, high responders to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After complete absorption on tissues of C3H/Hej mice (LPS nonresponders), such antisera specifically stain and kill (in the presence of complement) a fraction of the B cells from a number of LPS high responder strains, and fail to recognize any cells in two different LPS nonresponder strains, C3H/HeJ and C57B1/10.Sc.Cr. The ontogeny, organ and strain distribution of this B cell marker parallels LPS reactivity. Frequencies of cells stained by this antiserum correspond to the frequencies of LPS-reactive B cell precursors recently determined. This antigent(s) is expressed by LPS-activated B cell blasts but not by cells which remain small after 48 h in the presence of LPS. Removal of the cells recognized by the antisera leads to depletion of LPS-reactive cells, while enriching for reactivity to another B cell mitogen, e.g. lipoprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:346359", "title": "Suppression of an in vitro humoral immune response by cultured fetal thymus cells.", "content": "We studied the function of fetal thymocytes, derived from thymus progenitor cells of 14-day-old fetuses in an organ culture system, in an in vitro humoral immune response. The unprimed cultured fetal thymocytes suppressed the T-dependent primary immune response to adult syngeneic spleen cells against sheep red blood cells, but failed to suppress the response against the T-independent antigen NIP-POL [4(hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenyl)acetyl-coupled polymerized flagellin]. The suppression was abolished by anti-Thy-1 serum and complement treatment. Using a differential killing procedure, the suppressor cells were characterized as \"low\" Thy-1 cells. In addition, they were resistant to hydrocortisone. Suppression could only be achieved when the cultured fetal thymocytes were added during the first 48 h of culture, suggesting that their action occurred during the induction phase of the response. The implications of the high frequency of suppressor cells during fetal life are discussed.", "contents": "Suppression of an in vitro humoral immune response by cultured fetal thymus cells. We studied the function of fetal thymocytes, derived from thymus progenitor cells of 14-day-old fetuses in an organ culture system, in an in vitro humoral immune response. The unprimed cultured fetal thymocytes suppressed the T-dependent primary immune response to adult syngeneic spleen cells against sheep red blood cells, but failed to suppress the response against the T-independent antigen NIP-POL [4(hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenyl)acetyl-coupled polymerized flagellin]. The suppression was abolished by anti-Thy-1 serum and complement treatment. Using a differential killing procedure, the suppressor cells were characterized as \"low\" Thy-1 cells. In addition, they were resistant to hydrocortisone. Suppression could only be achieved when the cultured fetal thymocytes were added during the first 48 h of culture, suggesting that their action occurred during the induction phase of the response. The implications of the high frequency of suppressor cells during fetal life are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:346363", "title": "Experimental pyelonephritis induced by L-forms of Proteus mirabilis in rats.", "content": "Pyelonephritis was produced in 75 white rats by applying a 24-hour ligature on the ureter and by intravenous injection of a suspension of 5X10(9) cells of a stable Proteus mirabilis L-form. Pyelonephritis was proved microscopically in 44% of the animals. The revertants of the introduced L-form play an etiological role in the development of the infection. The stability of the pathohistological findings makes this model suitable for the purpose of experimental chemotherapy.", "contents": "Experimental pyelonephritis induced by L-forms of Proteus mirabilis in rats. Pyelonephritis was produced in 75 white rats by applying a 24-hour ligature on the ureter and by intravenous injection of a suspension of 5X10(9) cells of a stable Proteus mirabilis L-form. Pyelonephritis was proved microscopically in 44% of the animals. The revertants of the introduced L-form play an etiological role in the development of the infection. The stability of the pathohistological findings makes this model suitable for the purpose of experimental chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:346364", "title": "Animal experiments on the compensation of the immunosuppressive action of cyclophosphamide by 2-[-2-cyanaziridinyl-(1)-]-2-[-2-carbamoylaziridinyl-(1)]-propane BM 12 531.", "content": "BM U2 531, the 2-[2-Cyanaziridinyl-(1)-]-2-[-2-carbamoylaziridinyl-(1)-]-propane, the further development of BM 06 002 is able to compensate the immunosuppressive action of Cyclophosphamide and to increase the carcinostatic action of Cyclophosphamide. These properties are demonstrated 1. by a leucocytosis induced after application of BM 12 531 in rats 2. by a quick restauration of leucocyte depression induced by Cyclophosphamide in rats and dogs 3. by an increase of resistance against an infection (candida albicans) in mice 4. by an increase of antitumour effect of Cyclophosphamide against a DS-carcinosarcoma in rats.", "contents": "Animal experiments on the compensation of the immunosuppressive action of cyclophosphamide by 2-[-2-cyanaziridinyl-(1)-]-2-[-2-carbamoylaziridinyl-(1)]-propane BM 12 531. BM U2 531, the 2-[2-Cyanaziridinyl-(1)-]-2-[-2-carbamoylaziridinyl-(1)-]-propane, the further development of BM 06 002 is able to compensate the immunosuppressive action of Cyclophosphamide and to increase the carcinostatic action of Cyclophosphamide. These properties are demonstrated 1. by a leucocytosis induced after application of BM 12 531 in rats 2. by a quick restauration of leucocyte depression induced by Cyclophosphamide in rats and dogs 3. by an increase of resistance against an infection (candida albicans) in mice 4. by an increase of antitumour effect of Cyclophosphamide against a DS-carcinosarcoma in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:346365", "title": "Cellular changes of adrenal under the acute stress of O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS).", "content": "This investigation describes histological and cytometrical changes of cortical and medullary tissue of adrenal in rats under the acute stress of O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg). It has been observed that after injection of CS, the adrenal gland showed histological changes both in the cortical and medullary region.", "contents": "Cellular changes of adrenal under the acute stress of O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). This investigation describes histological and cytometrical changes of cortical and medullary tissue of adrenal in rats under the acute stress of O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg). It has been observed that after injection of CS, the adrenal gland showed histological changes both in the cortical and medullary region."}
{"id": "PMID:346367", "title": "The influence of aromatic amines and folate on acid production by Escherichia coli.", "content": "Folinic acid, adrenaline and noradrenaline, substances known to stimulate oxygen consumption by E. coli, are shown in this experiment to do so by different mechanisms. This work demonstrates stimulation of acid production by folinic acid and inhibition by adrenaline and noradrenaline.", "contents": "The influence of aromatic amines and folate on acid production by Escherichia coli. Folinic acid, adrenaline and noradrenaline, substances known to stimulate oxygen consumption by E. coli, are shown in this experiment to do so by different mechanisms. This work demonstrates stimulation of acid production by folinic acid and inhibition by adrenaline and noradrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:346366", "title": "A preliminary study on the behaviour and biochemical responses subsequent to the injection of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine into the substantia nigra of the rat.", "content": "Injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the substantia nigra of rats produces an increase of dopamine in the ipsilateral striatum, and when these animals are injected with amphetamine they do not exhibit any rotation. The mode of action of this neurotoxin is compared with that of 6-hydroxydopamine.", "contents": "A preliminary study on the behaviour and biochemical responses subsequent to the injection of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine into the substantia nigra of the rat. Injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the substantia nigra of rats produces an increase of dopamine in the ipsilateral striatum, and when these animals are injected with amphetamine they do not exhibit any rotation. The mode of action of this neurotoxin is compared with that of 6-hydroxydopamine."}
{"id": "PMID:346368", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of the acid-stable proteinase inhibitor (antileukoprotease) of human cervical mucus.", "content": "Localization of the acid-stable proteinase inhibitor of human cervical mucus within the epithelium of the upper cervix was possible by indirect immunofluorescence.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of the acid-stable proteinase inhibitor (antileukoprotease) of human cervical mucus. Localization of the acid-stable proteinase inhibitor of human cervical mucus within the epithelium of the upper cervix was possible by indirect immunofluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:346369", "title": "Inhibition of neural tube closure by ionophore A23187 in chick embryos.", "content": "Ionophore A23187 inhibited closure of the chick neural tube through its effects on cytoskeletal components.", "contents": "Inhibition of neural tube closure by ionophore A23187 in chick embryos. Ionophore A23187 inhibited closure of the chick neural tube through its effects on cytoskeletal components."}
{"id": "PMID:346370", "title": "An immunofluorescent method for identification of isolated thyrotropic cells.", "content": "A sensitive and specific immunofluorescent method for identification of thyrotropic cells was developed. The TSH-producing cells were found to be heterogenic in their morphology and intensity of staining.", "contents": "An immunofluorescent method for identification of isolated thyrotropic cells. A sensitive and specific immunofluorescent method for identification of thyrotropic cells was developed. The TSH-producing cells were found to be heterogenic in their morphology and intensity of staining."}
{"id": "PMID:346371", "title": "Polyvinylchloride (PVC) particles implantation in mouse liver. A technique for experimental study of schistosome eggs-induced liver pathology.", "content": "An injection of suspended PVC particles in the caecal vein of mice induces a foreign-body portal granuloma reaction in the liver. Plastic casts of the portal system, after PVC particles implantation, show modifications in the portal bed and are compared with plastic casts obtained in mice infested by Schistosoma mansoni. This technique can be useful to study the cellular dynamics of the portal granuloma and can be a model for schistosomal eggs induced liver pathology.", "contents": "Polyvinylchloride (PVC) particles implantation in mouse liver. A technique for experimental study of schistosome eggs-induced liver pathology. An injection of suspended PVC particles in the caecal vein of mice induces a foreign-body portal granuloma reaction in the liver. Plastic casts of the portal system, after PVC particles implantation, show modifications in the portal bed and are compared with plastic casts obtained in mice infested by Schistosoma mansoni. This technique can be useful to study the cellular dynamics of the portal granuloma and can be a model for schistosomal eggs induced liver pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:346379", "title": "Contribution of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors to the control of the kidney.", "content": "The role of cardiopulmonary receptors in the control of renal sympathetic nerve activity and of renin release is reviewed. The evidence indicates that cardiopulmonary receptors with vagal afferents exert a tonic inhibition on both renal nerve activity and on renin release. The magnitude of this inhibition appears directly related to changes in blood volume. Atrial as well as ventricular receptors can influence the secretion of renin. Cardiopulmonary receptors with vagal afferents may also reflexly modulate renal prostaglandin secretion. There is preliminary evidence to suggest that cardiopulmonary receptors with sympathetic afferents can influence renal nerve activity. The limitations of previous studies are outlined and a direction for future studies is suggested. It is concluded that alterations in cardiopulmonary vagal afferent input and the resulting changes in renal nerve activity and in renin release are appropriate for the maintenance of blood volume homeostasis.", "contents": "Contribution of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors to the control of the kidney. The role of cardiopulmonary receptors in the control of renal sympathetic nerve activity and of renin release is reviewed. The evidence indicates that cardiopulmonary receptors with vagal afferents exert a tonic inhibition on both renal nerve activity and on renin release. The magnitude of this inhibition appears directly related to changes in blood volume. Atrial as well as ventricular receptors can influence the secretion of renin. Cardiopulmonary receptors with vagal afferents may also reflexly modulate renal prostaglandin secretion. There is preliminary evidence to suggest that cardiopulmonary receptors with sympathetic afferents can influence renal nerve activity. The limitations of previous studies are outlined and a direction for future studies is suggested. It is concluded that alterations in cardiopulmonary vagal afferent input and the resulting changes in renal nerve activity and in renin release are appropriate for the maintenance of blood volume homeostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:346383", "title": "Value of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone testing in bromocriptine treatment of amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia in patients with pituitary tumors.", "content": "The results of bromocriptine treatment in 13 patients with radiologically evident pituitary tumors are described. A menorrhea was present in all patients, hyperprolactinemia in 12 of the 13 patients, and acromegaly in 3 patients. Five patients have previously been treated surgically and by radiotherapy because of suprasellar extension of the adenoma. Plasma prolactin levels after one single dose of 2.5 mg of bromocriptine were found to have no predictive value as to the dosage needed for treatment, whereas the plasma gonadotropin response after the administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone appeared to be predictive with respect to the return of ovulation during bromocriptine therapy.", "contents": "Value of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone testing in bromocriptine treatment of amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia in patients with pituitary tumors. The results of bromocriptine treatment in 13 patients with radiologically evident pituitary tumors are described. A menorrhea was present in all patients, hyperprolactinemia in 12 of the 13 patients, and acromegaly in 3 patients. Five patients have previously been treated surgically and by radiotherapy because of suprasellar extension of the adenoma. Plasma prolactin levels after one single dose of 2.5 mg of bromocriptine were found to have no predictive value as to the dosage needed for treatment, whereas the plasma gonadotropin response after the administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone appeared to be predictive with respect to the return of ovulation during bromocriptine therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:346384", "title": "D-leucine-6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ethylamide in the treatment of normogonadotropic oligoasthenospermia.", "content": "The effectiveness of D-leucine-6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ethylamide (D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA) in the treatment of idiopathic normogonadotropic oligoasthenospermia was assessed in 17 patients selected on the basis of at least three previous sperm counts; a history of long-standing infertility; normal serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone; and lack of any evidence of other pathologic involvement. On testicular biopsy all patients showed hypospermatogenesis or arrest at the spermatid stage with the exception of two with more severe disorders. D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA- was administered intramuscularly for 90 days at a daily dose of 5 microgram (four patients), 10 microgram (four patients), 20 microgram (five patients), and 200 microgram (four patients). The results showed no significant improvement in the parameters considered (number of spermatozoa per milliliter, percentage of live and motile spermatozoa, and percentage of forwardly progressive spermatozoa). D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA does not seem promising for the treatment of oligoasthenospermic patients.", "contents": "D-leucine-6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ethylamide in the treatment of normogonadotropic oligoasthenospermia. The effectiveness of D-leucine-6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ethylamide (D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA) in the treatment of idiopathic normogonadotropic oligoasthenospermia was assessed in 17 patients selected on the basis of at least three previous sperm counts; a history of long-standing infertility; normal serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone; and lack of any evidence of other pathologic involvement. On testicular biopsy all patients showed hypospermatogenesis or arrest at the spermatid stage with the exception of two with more severe disorders. D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA- was administered intramuscularly for 90 days at a daily dose of 5 microgram (four patients), 10 microgram (four patients), 20 microgram (five patients), and 200 microgram (four patients). The results showed no significant improvement in the parameters considered (number of spermatozoa per milliliter, percentage of live and motile spermatozoa, and percentage of forwardly progressive spermatozoa). D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA does not seem promising for the treatment of oligoasthenospermic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:346400", "title": "Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity. I. Membrane immunoglobulins of teleost lymphocytes.", "content": "Immunofluorescence studies of bream lymphoid tissues revealed that our 90% of the lymphocytes from blood, anterior kidney, spleen and thymus exhibited membrane immunoglobulin determinants. Furthermore, a majority of such cells were observed to undergo patching and capping when the membrane proteins were complexed with antisera to fish serum immunoglobulins. Lactoperoxidase catalysed radioiodination, detergent lysis and immunoprecipitation with appropriate antisera were employed to study the properties of this membrane immunoglobulin. Quantification, by inhibition of immunoprecipitation with serum immunoglobulin, indicated the average amount of immunoglobulin determinants for bream lymphocytes from either blood, anterior kidney, spleen or thymus to be about half that present on mouse B cells. Physiochemical characterization of labeled membrane immunoglobulin from bream lymphocytes suggested that only one class of immunoglobulin heavy chain was present and that about one-half of this material resembled the monomeric (2H-2L chain) IgM-like proteins present in bream serum. A major unanswered question raised by this study was whether or not certain of the bream membrane immunoglobulin determinants were associated with molecules that did not resemble \"classical\" immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity. I. Membrane immunoglobulins of teleost lymphocytes. Immunofluorescence studies of bream lymphoid tissues revealed that our 90% of the lymphocytes from blood, anterior kidney, spleen and thymus exhibited membrane immunoglobulin determinants. Furthermore, a majority of such cells were observed to undergo patching and capping when the membrane proteins were complexed with antisera to fish serum immunoglobulins. Lactoperoxidase catalysed radioiodination, detergent lysis and immunoprecipitation with appropriate antisera were employed to study the properties of this membrane immunoglobulin. Quantification, by inhibition of immunoprecipitation with serum immunoglobulin, indicated the average amount of immunoglobulin determinants for bream lymphocytes from either blood, anterior kidney, spleen or thymus to be about half that present on mouse B cells. Physiochemical characterization of labeled membrane immunoglobulin from bream lymphocytes suggested that only one class of immunoglobulin heavy chain was present and that about one-half of this material resembled the monomeric (2H-2L chain) IgM-like proteins present in bream serum. A major unanswered question raised by this study was whether or not certain of the bream membrane immunoglobulin determinants were associated with molecules that did not resemble \"classical\" immunoglobulins."}
{"id": "PMID:346401", "title": "Critical role of the thymus in establishing humoral immunity in amphibians: studies on Xenopus thymectomized in larval and adult life.", "content": "Proliferative studies on spleen lymphocytes suggest the absnece of induced cellular activity to sheep erythrocytes in Xenopus thymectomized at 7 days of age. Immunological studies (measurement of splenic rosette-forming and plaque-forming cells and serum haemolysins) show that throughout larval life the thymus plays a critical role in establishing reactivity to red cells, since thymectomy as late as 40 days (stage 57) impairs the antibody response. In contrast, thymectomy during metamorphosis or in early adult life has no apparent debilitating effect.", "contents": "Critical role of the thymus in establishing humoral immunity in amphibians: studies on Xenopus thymectomized in larval and adult life. Proliferative studies on spleen lymphocytes suggest the absnece of induced cellular activity to sheep erythrocytes in Xenopus thymectomized at 7 days of age. Immunological studies (measurement of splenic rosette-forming and plaque-forming cells and serum haemolysins) show that throughout larval life the thymus plays a critical role in establishing reactivity to red cells, since thymectomy as late as 40 days (stage 57) impairs the antibody response. In contrast, thymectomy during metamorphosis or in early adult life has no apparent debilitating effect."}
{"id": "PMID:346427", "title": "The effects of de-caffeinated coffee versus whole coffee on hyperactive children.", "content": "The effects of whole coffee and de-caffeinated coffee on hyperactive children were compared, using a double-blind crossover design. Reactions were assessed by tests of concentration, digit recall, visuo-motor co-ordination, and parents' and teachers' rating scales. Whole coffee was associated with a significant improvement on all measures when compared with de-caffeinated coffee. The results suggest that whole coffee as part of the normal diet may be a useful first step in the treatment of hyperactive children.", "contents": "The effects of de-caffeinated coffee versus whole coffee on hyperactive children. The effects of whole coffee and de-caffeinated coffee on hyperactive children were compared, using a double-blind crossover design. Reactions were assessed by tests of concentration, digit recall, visuo-motor co-ordination, and parents' and teachers' rating scales. Whole coffee was associated with a significant improvement on all measures when compared with de-caffeinated coffee. The results suggest that whole coffee as part of the normal diet may be a useful first step in the treatment of hyperactive children."}
{"id": "PMID:346430", "title": "Oral cimetidine in reflux esophagitis: a double blind controlled trial.", "content": "The efficacy of cimetidine (1.6 g per day) was evaluated using a double blind placebo-controlled trial in 24 patients with moderate or severe peptic reflux esophagitis. The results show that cimetidine is superior to placebo when using endoscopic and histological criteria. Improved patient symptomatology and lower antacid comsumption failed to reach statistical significance. No change in the abnormally low lower esophageal sphincter pressure was observed at the end of the trial. No clinical side effects or significant biochemical changes were noted during the trial.", "contents": "Oral cimetidine in reflux esophagitis: a double blind controlled trial. The efficacy of cimetidine (1.6 g per day) was evaluated using a double blind placebo-controlled trial in 24 patients with moderate or severe peptic reflux esophagitis. The results show that cimetidine is superior to placebo when using endoscopic and histological criteria. Improved patient symptomatology and lower antacid comsumption failed to reach statistical significance. No change in the abnormally low lower esophageal sphincter pressure was observed at the end of the trial. No clinical side effects or significant biochemical changes were noted during the trial."}
{"id": "PMID:346431", "title": "Incidence and pathophysiology of pulmonary edema in fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "Thirty-seven of 100 consecutive patients with fulminant hepatic failure had clinical and radiological evidence of pulmonary edema. None of them had clinical evidence of left heart failure, and the pulmonary artery wedge pressure measured in 12 patients was normal. Similarly, there was no evidence to incriminate renal failure, endotoxemia, or hypoalbuminemia. However, there was a significantly higher incidence of pulmonary edema in patients with cerebral edema, suggesting either a central origin for the pulmonary edema or common factors predisposing to edema in both sites. An additional local factor may have been the presence of intrapulmonary vasodilatation. Detailed isotope studies in 11 patients showed a significantly increased pulmonary extravascular water volume in the patients with pulmonary edema which was in keeping with the severity of the radiological changes. Although the over-all mortality was higher in those patients with pulmonary edema than in those without, the difference was not significant, and early ventilation with positive and expiratory pressure achieved adequate oxygenation in all but 3 patients.", "contents": "Incidence and pathophysiology of pulmonary edema in fulminant hepatic failure. Thirty-seven of 100 consecutive patients with fulminant hepatic failure had clinical and radiological evidence of pulmonary edema. None of them had clinical evidence of left heart failure, and the pulmonary artery wedge pressure measured in 12 patients was normal. Similarly, there was no evidence to incriminate renal failure, endotoxemia, or hypoalbuminemia. However, there was a significantly higher incidence of pulmonary edema in patients with cerebral edema, suggesting either a central origin for the pulmonary edema or common factors predisposing to edema in both sites. An additional local factor may have been the presence of intrapulmonary vasodilatation. Detailed isotope studies in 11 patients showed a significantly increased pulmonary extravascular water volume in the patients with pulmonary edema which was in keeping with the severity of the radiological changes. Although the over-all mortality was higher in those patients with pulmonary edema than in those without, the difference was not significant, and early ventilation with positive and expiratory pressure achieved adequate oxygenation in all but 3 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:346437", "title": "Context effects on nonsense codon suppression in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The influence of mRNA context on nonsense codon suppression has been studied by suppression measurements at one site in the Escherichia coli trpE gene and at two sites in the trpA gene. The ratio of suppression efficiencies of amber and ochre codons at each site (homotopic pairs) has been compared using ochre suppressing derivatives of tRNATyr. This ratio is independent of differential effects of the inserted amino acid on enzyme function. We have found that mRNA context can change the ratio of suppression efficiencies of homotopic nonsense codons at the three sites in the trp gene system over a ten-fold range. The causes of such variation, and, in particular the effect of certain adjacent nucleotides on nonsense codon suppression are considered.", "contents": "Context effects on nonsense codon suppression in Escherichia coli. The influence of mRNA context on nonsense codon suppression has been studied by suppression measurements at one site in the Escherichia coli trpE gene and at two sites in the trpA gene. The ratio of suppression efficiencies of amber and ochre codons at each site (homotopic pairs) has been compared using ochre suppressing derivatives of tRNATyr. This ratio is independent of differential effects of the inserted amino acid on enzyme function. We have found that mRNA context can change the ratio of suppression efficiencies of homotopic nonsense codons at the three sites in the trp gene system over a ten-fold range. The causes of such variation, and, in particular the effect of certain adjacent nucleotides on nonsense codon suppression are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:346438", "title": "Selection of Salmonella typhimurium mutants with altered serine transhydroxymethylase regulation.", "content": "In Salmonella typhimurium the glyA gene product, serine transhydroxymethylase (E.C. 2.1.2.1.; L-serine:tetrahydrofolate-5,10-hydroxymethyltransferase) is responsible for the interconversion of serine and glycine. This reaction also provides the cell with one-carbon units from the 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate formed during glycine synthesis. Despite the importance of this enzyme, however, no mutants in which its regulation has been specificially altered have been isolated. To isolate such mutants, we have devised a selection procedure using a strain (glyA951) in which the serine transhydroxymethylase activity is reduced. When this enzyme is completely repressed, the mutant requires gylcine for growth. Revertants which retain the glyA951 lesion, but no longer require glycine, have been isolated and the serine transhydroxymethylase regulation examined. One revertant has a 7-fold elevated serine transhydroxymethylase level, which can be repressed the normal amount (about 5-fold) when the cells are grown in supplemented media. Another revertant has only a 2-fold higher serine transhydroxymethylase level; however, the amount of repression is reduced. The new lesions in both mutants cotransduce with the glyA gene and are distinct from other mutations that alter the regulation of both serine transhydroxymethylase and the methionine biosyntheitc enzymes.", "contents": "Selection of Salmonella typhimurium mutants with altered serine transhydroxymethylase regulation. In Salmonella typhimurium the glyA gene product, serine transhydroxymethylase (E.C. 2.1.2.1.; L-serine:tetrahydrofolate-5,10-hydroxymethyltransferase) is responsible for the interconversion of serine and glycine. This reaction also provides the cell with one-carbon units from the 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate formed during glycine synthesis. Despite the importance of this enzyme, however, no mutants in which its regulation has been specificially altered have been isolated. To isolate such mutants, we have devised a selection procedure using a strain (glyA951) in which the serine transhydroxymethylase activity is reduced. When this enzyme is completely repressed, the mutant requires gylcine for growth. Revertants which retain the glyA951 lesion, but no longer require glycine, have been isolated and the serine transhydroxymethylase regulation examined. One revertant has a 7-fold elevated serine transhydroxymethylase level, which can be repressed the normal amount (about 5-fold) when the cells are grown in supplemented media. Another revertant has only a 2-fold higher serine transhydroxymethylase level; however, the amount of repression is reduced. The new lesions in both mutants cotransduce with the glyA gene and are distinct from other mutations that alter the regulation of both serine transhydroxymethylase and the methionine biosyntheitc enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:346439", "title": "Twenty-six chromosomal genes needed to maintain the killer double-stranded RNA plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The double-stranded RNA killer plasmid gives yeast strains carrying it both the ability to secret a protein toxin and immunity to that toxin. This report describes a new series of mutants in chromsomal genes needed for killer plasmid maintenance (mak genes). These mutants comprise 12 complementation groups. There are a total of at least 26 mak genes. Each mak gene product is needed for plasmid maintenance in diploids as well as in haploids. None of these mak mutations prevent the killer plasmid from entering the mak- spores in the process of meiotic sporulation. Complementation between mak mutants can be performed by mating meitoic spores from a makx/+ plasmid-carrying diploid with a maky haploid. If x = y, about half the diploid clones formed lose the killer plasmid. If x not equal to y, complementation occurs, and all of the diploid clones are killers.", "contents": "Twenty-six chromosomal genes needed to maintain the killer double-stranded RNA plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The double-stranded RNA killer plasmid gives yeast strains carrying it both the ability to secret a protein toxin and immunity to that toxin. This report describes a new series of mutants in chromsomal genes needed for killer plasmid maintenance (mak genes). These mutants comprise 12 complementation groups. There are a total of at least 26 mak genes. Each mak gene product is needed for plasmid maintenance in diploids as well as in haploids. None of these mak mutations prevent the killer plasmid from entering the mak- spores in the process of meiotic sporulation. Complementation between mak mutants can be performed by mating meitoic spores from a makx/+ plasmid-carrying diploid with a maky haploid. If x = y, about half the diploid clones formed lose the killer plasmid. If x not equal to y, complementation occurs, and all of the diploid clones are killers."}
{"id": "PMID:346440", "title": "[Mechanism of genetic recombination in bacterial conjugation. VIII. The heterogeneity of the progeny of exconjugants].", "content": "It is shown on several examples that the heterogeneity of recombinant clones after conjugation is independent on the conditions of primary selection (i.e. on the yield of primary clones). Therefore the prediction of the model of autonomously multiplying donor fragments is not confirmed by experimental data. Two additional characteristics of heterogeneity are introduced. The statistical distribution of merozygotes according to segregation time is measured. It is an exponential curve with a relaxation time approximately coinsident with the third cell division. A liner function is found for the dependence of heterogeneity on the distance between the selective and non-selective markers. The highest value for non-linked markers is about 15%. Alternative models for the explanation of the heterogeneity of exconjugants are discussed.", "contents": "[Mechanism of genetic recombination in bacterial conjugation. VIII. The heterogeneity of the progeny of exconjugants]. It is shown on several examples that the heterogeneity of recombinant clones after conjugation is independent on the conditions of primary selection (i.e. on the yield of primary clones). Therefore the prediction of the model of autonomously multiplying donor fragments is not confirmed by experimental data. Two additional characteristics of heterogeneity are introduced. The statistical distribution of merozygotes according to segregation time is measured. It is an exponential curve with a relaxation time approximately coinsident with the third cell division. A liner function is found for the dependence of heterogeneity on the distance between the selective and non-selective markers. The highest value for non-linked markers is about 15%. Alternative models for the explanation of the heterogeneity of exconjugants are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:346441", "title": "[Multiple mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. III. The identification of the mutational changes that occur].", "content": "Localization and molecular nature of mutations in multiple mutants of yeast Sacchromyces cerevisiae were studied. It was found that simultaneous changes in several genes located in more than five linkage groups took place during the arise of multiple mutants after a single UV-irradiation (at a dose of 300 erg/nm2). It was shown that reversions of original nonsense-mutations were due to mutational changes in the same genes and the arise of the forward nonsense-mutations in the other genes took place as a result of base changes in DNA.", "contents": "[Multiple mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. III. The identification of the mutational changes that occur]. Localization and molecular nature of mutations in multiple mutants of yeast Sacchromyces cerevisiae were studied. It was found that simultaneous changes in several genes located in more than five linkage groups took place during the arise of multiple mutants after a single UV-irradiation (at a dose of 300 erg/nm2). It was shown that reversions of original nonsense-mutations were due to mutational changes in the same genes and the arise of the forward nonsense-mutations in the other genes took place as a result of base changes in DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:346443", "title": "[Action of ftorafur on the chromosomes of normal and tumorous cells of the Djzungarian hamster in vitro].", "content": "The chromosome-breaking effect of antitumor agent ftorafur (0,1 mg/ml) was studied on cell cultures of normal and transformed Djungarian hamster's fibroblasts. After 24 hours of exposition with the drug 79% of aberrant malignant cells was registered, while the chromosomes of normal cells remained undamaged. After ftorafur's action for 2--12 hours and the following removal of the agent the level of aberrant metaphase among normal cells rose to 11--15%. Chromatid breaks were the predominant type of drug-induced aberrations. Thse results confirm the idea that ftorafur blocks the cell cycle of normal fibroblasts and that it's necessary to wash the drug off some period before fuxation in order to reveal its chromosome-breaking effect in metaphase cells. The striking distinctions in susceptibility of normal and malignant cells to the mutagenic effect of ftorafur is partly due to the distrubances of the cell cycle caused by this drug.", "contents": "[Action of ftorafur on the chromosomes of normal and tumorous cells of the Djzungarian hamster in vitro]. The chromosome-breaking effect of antitumor agent ftorafur (0,1 mg/ml) was studied on cell cultures of normal and transformed Djungarian hamster's fibroblasts. After 24 hours of exposition with the drug 79% of aberrant malignant cells was registered, while the chromosomes of normal cells remained undamaged. After ftorafur's action for 2--12 hours and the following removal of the agent the level of aberrant metaphase among normal cells rose to 11--15%. Chromatid breaks were the predominant type of drug-induced aberrations. Thse results confirm the idea that ftorafur blocks the cell cycle of normal fibroblasts and that it's necessary to wash the drug off some period before fuxation in order to reveal its chromosome-breaking effect in metaphase cells. The striking distinctions in susceptibility of normal and malignant cells to the mutagenic effect of ftorafur is partly due to the distrubances of the cell cycle caused by this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:346444", "title": "[F'ColVColBtrpcys plasmid in Erwinia aroideae].", "content": "Erwinia aroideae carries a cryptic plasmid with 30 S sedimentation coefficient. Plasmid F'ColVColBtrpcys does not dissociate in E. aroideae and is replicated under stringent control since the number of plasmid copies per chromosome does not exceed one. The behaviour of F'ColVColBtrpcys plasmid in E. aroideae is characterized by (1) instability observed at both spontaneous and after EB treatment, (2) depression of plasmid genes that determine colicin synthesis.", "contents": "[F'ColVColBtrpcys plasmid in Erwinia aroideae]. Erwinia aroideae carries a cryptic plasmid with 30 S sedimentation coefficient. Plasmid F'ColVColBtrpcys does not dissociate in E. aroideae and is replicated under stringent control since the number of plasmid copies per chromosome does not exceed one. The behaviour of F'ColVColBtrpcys plasmid in E. aroideae is characterized by (1) instability observed at both spontaneous and after EB treatment, (2) depression of plasmid genes that determine colicin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:346452", "title": "Procoagulant activity of activated monocytes.", "content": "Endotoxin-stimulated monocytes develop a very high tissue-factor-like activity as compared to an equivalent number of monocytes in a preparation of monocyte-enriched mononuclear blood cells obtained by Ficoll-Urovision density gradient centrifugation which is not exposed to endotoxin. In monocytes which were obtained by plastic adherence from the monocyte-enriched mononuclear blood cells, the tissue factor activity was as high as in the endotoxin-stimulated monocytes.", "contents": "Procoagulant activity of activated monocytes. Endotoxin-stimulated monocytes develop a very high tissue-factor-like activity as compared to an equivalent number of monocytes in a preparation of monocyte-enriched mononuclear blood cells obtained by Ficoll-Urovision density gradient centrifugation which is not exposed to endotoxin. In monocytes which were obtained by plastic adherence from the monocyte-enriched mononuclear blood cells, the tissue factor activity was as high as in the endotoxin-stimulated monocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:346457", "title": "[Pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia. 2. Distribution disorders, pseudo-thrombocytopenias].", "content": "A review of the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenias is given. The various types of thrombocytopenia are classified according to the main pathogenetic mechanisms such as reduced platelet production, increased platelet destruction and disturbed platelet distribution by splenic pooling. Finally thrombocytopenia by artefacts is discussed such as platelet satillitism and spontaneous aggregation. In the second part of the paper the differential diagnosis of several forms of thrombocytopenic purpura is presented.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia. 2. Distribution disorders, pseudo-thrombocytopenias]. A review of the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenias is given. The various types of thrombocytopenia are classified according to the main pathogenetic mechanisms such as reduced platelet production, increased platelet destruction and disturbed platelet distribution by splenic pooling. Finally thrombocytopenia by artefacts is discussed such as platelet satillitism and spontaneous aggregation. In the second part of the paper the differential diagnosis of several forms of thrombocytopenic purpura is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:346459", "title": "[Neoplasms of the small intestine].", "content": "Tumors of the small bowel comprise only 3--6% of all tumors of the intestine. The symptoms associated with tumors of the small bowel are not characteristic at the beginning. To establish an early diagnosis one must be \"small bowel conscious\". Mechanical intestinal obstruction, bleeding and perforation must be kept in mind for differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Neoplasms of the small intestine]. Tumors of the small bowel comprise only 3--6% of all tumors of the intestine. The symptoms associated with tumors of the small bowel are not characteristic at the beginning. To establish an early diagnosis one must be \"small bowel conscious\". Mechanical intestinal obstruction, bleeding and perforation must be kept in mind for differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:346467", "title": "The amino acid compositions of the tryptic, chymotryptic and peptic peptides from the L-2 light chain of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin.", "content": "The light chain fraction was separated from rabbit skeletal muscle myosin and four kinds of light chains, L-1, L-2, L-3 and L-4 in the fraction were further isolated by column chromatography using DEAE-cellulose DE-52. After amino-ethylation, the L-2 light chain was digested with trypsin. It was also digested with chymotrypsin and pepsin, respectively, after carboxymethylation. Each of the tryptic, chymotryptic and peptic peptides thus obtained was separated and purified and their amino acid compositions were analyzed.", "contents": "The amino acid compositions of the tryptic, chymotryptic and peptic peptides from the L-2 light chain of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin. The light chain fraction was separated from rabbit skeletal muscle myosin and four kinds of light chains, L-1, L-2, L-3 and L-4 in the fraction were further isolated by column chromatography using DEAE-cellulose DE-52. After amino-ethylation, the L-2 light chain was digested with trypsin. It was also digested with chymotrypsin and pepsin, respectively, after carboxymethylation. Each of the tryptic, chymotryptic and peptic peptides thus obtained was separated and purified and their amino acid compositions were analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:346472", "title": "Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein anaphylactoid purpura nephropathy: electron microscopic lesions mimicking acute poststreptococcal nephritis.", "content": "The clinical, laboratory, and histologic features of a patient with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome are presented. The skin biopsy examination showed \"leucocytoclastic vasculitis.\" Kidney tissue demonstrated deposits of IgG, C3, and fibrinogenfibrin by fluorescence microscopy in the mesangium and the peripheral glomerular basement membrane in a granular-nodular pattern. These correlated well with areas of mesangial hyperplasia and polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration seen by light and electron microscopy. Several well delineated, variably sized, subepithelial electron dense deposits flanked by polymorphonuclear leucotytes adherent to the glomerular basement membrane were seen in two of the four glomeruli examined by electron microscopy. The significance of these findings is discussed. A detailed ultrastructural evaluation of patients with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein nephropathy may yield information about the frequency of subepithelial deposits and perhaps may help to clarify the pathogenesis of this syndrome.", "contents": "Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein anaphylactoid purpura nephropathy: electron microscopic lesions mimicking acute poststreptococcal nephritis. The clinical, laboratory, and histologic features of a patient with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome are presented. The skin biopsy examination showed \"leucocytoclastic vasculitis.\" Kidney tissue demonstrated deposits of IgG, C3, and fibrinogenfibrin by fluorescence microscopy in the mesangium and the peripheral glomerular basement membrane in a granular-nodular pattern. These correlated well with areas of mesangial hyperplasia and polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration seen by light and electron microscopy. Several well delineated, variably sized, subepithelial electron dense deposits flanked by polymorphonuclear leucotytes adherent to the glomerular basement membrane were seen in two of the four glomeruli examined by electron microscopy. The significance of these findings is discussed. A detailed ultrastructural evaluation of patients with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein nephropathy may yield information about the frequency of subepithelial deposits and perhaps may help to clarify the pathogenesis of this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:346476", "title": "Comparison of the direct antiglobulin rosetting reaction with direct immunofluorescence in the detection of surface membrane immunoglobulin on human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Comparisons were made between the Direct Antiglobulin Rosetting Reaction (DARR) and Direct Immunofluorescence (DIF) in the detection of surface membrane immunoglobulin of human peripheral lymphocytes. The DARR was more sensitive and the results with this testing procedure (as opposed to those with the DIF) were not influenced by various treatments of the lymphocytes before testing, such as incubation in AB serum at +/- 4 degrees, incubation in serum-free medium at 37 degrees or short exposure to acetate buffer at pH 4.0. Again the DARR (as opposed to the DIF) gave essentially the same results whether the red cell-linked antiglobulin was IgG or the F(ab')2 preparation. With mixed rosetting for both T and SmIg+/- lymphocytes, there was only 1% or less null cells and only 5% or less lymphocytes rosetted with both marker red cells.", "contents": "Comparison of the direct antiglobulin rosetting reaction with direct immunofluorescence in the detection of surface membrane immunoglobulin on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Comparisons were made between the Direct Antiglobulin Rosetting Reaction (DARR) and Direct Immunofluorescence (DIF) in the detection of surface membrane immunoglobulin of human peripheral lymphocytes. The DARR was more sensitive and the results with this testing procedure (as opposed to those with the DIF) were not influenced by various treatments of the lymphocytes before testing, such as incubation in AB serum at +/- 4 degrees, incubation in serum-free medium at 37 degrees or short exposure to acetate buffer at pH 4.0. Again the DARR (as opposed to the DIF) gave essentially the same results whether the red cell-linked antiglobulin was IgG or the F(ab')2 preparation. With mixed rosetting for both T and SmIg+/- lymphocytes, there was only 1% or less null cells and only 5% or less lymphocytes rosetted with both marker red cells."}
{"id": "PMID:346477", "title": "Effect of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase on the phagocytosis of E. coli by macrophages in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The mechanisms by which Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase VCN acts as an adjuvant is unclear. We have studied the effect of VCN on the phagocyotsis of E. coli 0111 K58 by macrophages in vivo and in vitro. (1) Using and in vivo intraperitoneal clearance test we have shown that prior injection of VCN (50 units/mouse) into the peritoneal cavity of mice enhances the clearance of the bacteria as efficiently as an optimal amount of opsonizing antiserum. We have also shown that the enhancement of intraperitoneal clearance by VCN is due to phagocytosis and intracellular killing of the organisms by macrophages. (2) VCN does not enhance the i.v. clearance of E. coli o111 K58. (3) VCN promotes the attachment of the organisms to and phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Data are provided which suggest that the promotion of attachment and phagocytosis by VCN cannot be explained by a mere increase of passive absorption of the bacteria to the cell wall.", "contents": "Effect of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase on the phagocytosis of E. coli by macrophages in vivo and in vitro. The mechanisms by which Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase VCN acts as an adjuvant is unclear. We have studied the effect of VCN on the phagocyotsis of E. coli 0111 K58 by macrophages in vivo and in vitro. (1) Using and in vivo intraperitoneal clearance test we have shown that prior injection of VCN (50 units/mouse) into the peritoneal cavity of mice enhances the clearance of the bacteria as efficiently as an optimal amount of opsonizing antiserum. We have also shown that the enhancement of intraperitoneal clearance by VCN is due to phagocytosis and intracellular killing of the organisms by macrophages. (2) VCN does not enhance the i.v. clearance of E. coli o111 K58. (3) VCN promotes the attachment of the organisms to and phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Data are provided which suggest that the promotion of attachment and phagocytosis by VCN cannot be explained by a mere increase of passive absorption of the bacteria to the cell wall."}
{"id": "PMID:346481", "title": "Purification and chemical characterization of the heat-stable enterotoxin produced by porcine strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.", "content": "Heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) produced by porcine strains of enterotoxigenic (ENT+) Escherichia coli has been purified to apparent homogeneity by sequential ultrafiltration, acetone fractionation, preparative gel electrophoresis, diethylaminoethyl Bio-Gel A ion-exchange chromatography, and Bio-Gel P-10 gel filtration. The enterotoxin, purified more than 1,500-fold, exhibited a molecular weight of 4,400, as determined by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. A molecular weight of 5,100, representing 47 residues, was calculated from amino acid analysis data. The amino acid content was distinctive, with an unusually high proportion of cystines and few hydrophobic amino acids. A single amino-terminal residue, glycine, was observed. Purified ST was stable to heating (100 degrees C, 30 min) and did not lose biological activity after treatment with Pronase, trypsin, proteinase K, deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, and phospholipase C. Periodic acid oxidation and several organic solvents (acetone, phenol, chloroform, and methanol) had no effect on the biological activity of ST. Further, purified ST was stable to acid treatment at pH 1.0 but lost biological activity at pH values greater than 9.0. Neither lipopolysaccharide nor lipid contamination was evident in purified preparations. A characteristic absorption spectrum was observed during the course of the purification, which shifted from a maximum at 260 nm in crude preparations to 270 nm for the purified toxin. Antiserum obtained from rabbits immunized with ST or ST coupled to bovine serum albumin neutralized the action of the enterotoxin in suckling mice; however, passive hemagglutination and hemolysis titer assays suggested that ST is a poor antigen.", "contents": "Purification and chemical characterization of the heat-stable enterotoxin produced by porcine strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) produced by porcine strains of enterotoxigenic (ENT+) Escherichia coli has been purified to apparent homogeneity by sequential ultrafiltration, acetone fractionation, preparative gel electrophoresis, diethylaminoethyl Bio-Gel A ion-exchange chromatography, and Bio-Gel P-10 gel filtration. The enterotoxin, purified more than 1,500-fold, exhibited a molecular weight of 4,400, as determined by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. A molecular weight of 5,100, representing 47 residues, was calculated from amino acid analysis data. The amino acid content was distinctive, with an unusually high proportion of cystines and few hydrophobic amino acids. A single amino-terminal residue, glycine, was observed. Purified ST was stable to heating (100 degrees C, 30 min) and did not lose biological activity after treatment with Pronase, trypsin, proteinase K, deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, and phospholipase C. Periodic acid oxidation and several organic solvents (acetone, phenol, chloroform, and methanol) had no effect on the biological activity of ST. Further, purified ST was stable to acid treatment at pH 1.0 but lost biological activity at pH values greater than 9.0. Neither lipopolysaccharide nor lipid contamination was evident in purified preparations. A characteristic absorption spectrum was observed during the course of the purification, which shifted from a maximum at 260 nm in crude preparations to 270 nm for the purified toxin. Antiserum obtained from rabbits immunized with ST or ST coupled to bovine serum albumin neutralized the action of the enterotoxin in suckling mice; however, passive hemagglutination and hemolysis titer assays suggested that ST is a poor antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:346482", "title": "Cellular release of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage induction.", "content": "Treatment of some enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains with the antibiotic mitomycin C resulted in lysis of the bacteria. Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) activity of culture filtrates, determined by means of the Y-1 adrenal cell assay, increased dramatically as lysis of the culture proceeded. Further studies with E. coli strains 263 and B21-4 revealed that lysis is due to mitomycin C induction of vetetative development of a temperature bacteriophage. These findings suggest that the elevated levels of LT detected after mitomycin C treatment reflect the lytic release of cell-bound LT rather than the induction by mitomycin C of de novo toxin biosynthesis. Comparable increases in LT activity also resulted from thermal induction of a phage P1Cm lysogen of strain 263 or from sonic disruption of enterotoxigenic strains.", "contents": "Cellular release of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage induction. Treatment of some enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains with the antibiotic mitomycin C resulted in lysis of the bacteria. Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) activity of culture filtrates, determined by means of the Y-1 adrenal cell assay, increased dramatically as lysis of the culture proceeded. Further studies with E. coli strains 263 and B21-4 revealed that lysis is due to mitomycin C induction of vetetative development of a temperature bacteriophage. These findings suggest that the elevated levels of LT detected after mitomycin C treatment reflect the lytic release of cell-bound LT rather than the induction by mitomycin C of de novo toxin biosynthesis. Comparable increases in LT activity also resulted from thermal induction of a phage P1Cm lysogen of strain 263 or from sonic disruption of enterotoxigenic strains."}
{"id": "PMID:346483", "title": "Isoelectric point of cell-free K99 antigen exhibiting hemagglutinating properties.", "content": "The isoelectric point of the K99 antigen in partially purified preparations isolated from Escherichia coli B41 was 4.2. Electrofocused K99 antigen hemagglutinated guinea pig and sheep erythrocytes and gave a single precipitin line on diffusion against antisera to E. coli B41 and absorbed factor K99 antisera.", "contents": "Isoelectric point of cell-free K99 antigen exhibiting hemagglutinating properties. The isoelectric point of the K99 antigen in partially purified preparations isolated from Escherichia coli B41 was 4.2. Electrofocused K99 antigen hemagglutinated guinea pig and sheep erythrocytes and gave a single precipitin line on diffusion against antisera to E. coli B41 and absorbed factor K99 antisera."}
{"id": "PMID:346484", "title": "Characterization of a partially purified methanol-soluble heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin in infant mice.", "content": "While studying the involvement of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in the fluid secretion caused by heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) from Escherichia coli P16 in infant mice, it was noted that the culture filtrate containing ST also contained large amounts of cAMP. The present paper details attempts to obtain a cAMP-free ST preparation. The organisms were grown in a defined medium, and the heated culture filtrate was concentrated by reverse osmosis. After methanol extraction of the filtrate, which removed 80% of the nonactive solids, the methanol-soluble ST was further purified by gel filtration through a Sephadex G-10 column. The first fraction recovered after gel chromatography contained ST with a negligible amount of cAMP. Treatment with methanol did not adversely affect the enterotoxic activity. Certain parameters of the infant mouse model have been investigated, and using our ST preparation it has been found that animals remain responsive up to 15 days of age with an optimum assay time of 2 h after toxin challenge.", "contents": "Characterization of a partially purified methanol-soluble heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin in infant mice. While studying the involvement of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in the fluid secretion caused by heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) from Escherichia coli P16 in infant mice, it was noted that the culture filtrate containing ST also contained large amounts of cAMP. The present paper details attempts to obtain a cAMP-free ST preparation. The organisms were grown in a defined medium, and the heated culture filtrate was concentrated by reverse osmosis. After methanol extraction of the filtrate, which removed 80% of the nonactive solids, the methanol-soluble ST was further purified by gel filtration through a Sephadex G-10 column. The first fraction recovered after gel chromatography contained ST with a negligible amount of cAMP. Treatment with methanol did not adversely affect the enterotoxic activity. Certain parameters of the infant mouse model have been investigated, and using our ST preparation it has been found that animals remain responsive up to 15 days of age with an optimum assay time of 2 h after toxin challenge."}
{"id": "PMID:346485", "title": "Effects of fatty acids on motility retention by Treponema pallidum in vitro.", "content": "Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain) was incubated under 75% N2 + 20% H2 + 5% CO2 in prereduced serum-free modified Eagle-Richter medium supplemented with different concentrations of various long-chain fatty acids complexed with fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin. Motility retention was greater in medium with oleic acid containing 15 rather than 2 mg of albumin per ml. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, or linoleic acid alone caused rapid loss of motility at concentrations as low as 5 microgram/ml. Elaidic acid (92 microgram/ml) alone had no effect on motility. Various combinations of saturated plus unsaturated fatty acids did not inhibit motility retention or were less inhibitory than either of the individual fatty acid components. The combination of palmitic plus oleic acids was least toxic. Rapid loss of motility occurred with pairs of unsaturated or saturated fatty acids, or with Tween 40, 60, or 80, alone or combined. Autoxidation of oleic acid resulted in decreased toxicity for T. pallidum but increased toxicity for baby hamster kidney cells.", "contents": "Effects of fatty acids on motility retention by Treponema pallidum in vitro. Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain) was incubated under 75% N2 + 20% H2 + 5% CO2 in prereduced serum-free modified Eagle-Richter medium supplemented with different concentrations of various long-chain fatty acids complexed with fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin. Motility retention was greater in medium with oleic acid containing 15 rather than 2 mg of albumin per ml. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, or linoleic acid alone caused rapid loss of motility at concentrations as low as 5 microgram/ml. Elaidic acid (92 microgram/ml) alone had no effect on motility. Various combinations of saturated plus unsaturated fatty acids did not inhibit motility retention or were less inhibitory than either of the individual fatty acid components. The combination of palmitic plus oleic acids was least toxic. Rapid loss of motility occurred with pairs of unsaturated or saturated fatty acids, or with Tween 40, 60, or 80, alone or combined. Autoxidation of oleic acid resulted in decreased toxicity for T. pallidum but increased toxicity for baby hamster kidney cells."}
{"id": "PMID:346486", "title": "Ribosomal ribonucleic acid synthesis by virulent Treponema pallidum.", "content": "Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) synthesis by virulent Treponema pallidum was monitored by incorporation of [(3)H]uridine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable counts and examination of radiolabeled rRNA on polyacrylamide gels. Verification that rRNA synthesis originated with T. pallidum was based upon co-electrophoresis with Escherichia coli rRNA, proportionate reductions in the amount of rRNA synthesized when numbers of treponemes were decreased, and inclusion of appropriate animal cell controls. The rate of treponemal rRNA synthesis was greater at temperatures of 37 and 39 degrees C than at 33 degrees C; rRNA synthesis was inhibited at 4 and 42 degrees C and was effectively inhibited by actinomycin D. Kinetic experiments indicated that the majority of rRNA synthesis occurred early after extraction of treponemes from infected rabbit testicular tissue. Polyacrylamide gel profiles demonstrated the capacity of virulent T. pallidum to synthesize and process RNA to 23s, 16s, and 4 to 5s classes. Although motility of T. pallidum appeared unaffected during longer periods of incubation, pulselabeling experiments confirmed significant reductions in the rate of rRNA synthesis. When the effect of various environmental conditions upon rRNA synthesis was investigated, optimal synthesis was found to occur in an atmosphere of 20% oxygen whereas virtually no synthesis was observed under anaerobic or low-oxygen conditions.", "contents": "Ribosomal ribonucleic acid synthesis by virulent Treponema pallidum. Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) synthesis by virulent Treponema pallidum was monitored by incorporation of [(3)H]uridine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable counts and examination of radiolabeled rRNA on polyacrylamide gels. Verification that rRNA synthesis originated with T. pallidum was based upon co-electrophoresis with Escherichia coli rRNA, proportionate reductions in the amount of rRNA synthesized when numbers of treponemes were decreased, and inclusion of appropriate animal cell controls. The rate of treponemal rRNA synthesis was greater at temperatures of 37 and 39 degrees C than at 33 degrees C; rRNA synthesis was inhibited at 4 and 42 degrees C and was effectively inhibited by actinomycin D. Kinetic experiments indicated that the majority of rRNA synthesis occurred early after extraction of treponemes from infected rabbit testicular tissue. Polyacrylamide gel profiles demonstrated the capacity of virulent T. pallidum to synthesize and process RNA to 23s, 16s, and 4 to 5s classes. Although motility of T. pallidum appeared unaffected during longer periods of incubation, pulselabeling experiments confirmed significant reductions in the rate of rRNA synthesis. When the effect of various environmental conditions upon rRNA synthesis was investigated, optimal synthesis was found to occur in an atmosphere of 20% oxygen whereas virtually no synthesis was observed under anaerobic or low-oxygen conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:346487", "title": "Effects of antibiotic resistance plasmids on the bactericidal activity of normal rabbit serum.", "content": "The ability of normal rabbit serum to kill Escherichia coli J6-2 was measured. With the concentration of serum adjusted so that approximately 2% of the cells survived after 2 h of incubation, there was no killing of the same strain bearing the F-like plasmid R100. Other F-like plasmids also provided the host strain with resistance to serum bactericidal activity, whereas none of the I-like plasmids used provided the host strain with resistance. When E. coli J6-2 bore both R100 and an I-like plasmid, there was some resistance to serum but less than with R100 alone. The effects of lysozyme on E. coli J6-2, which had been treated with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and ethylenediaminetetraacetate, were not altered by the presence of R100. The plasmids from 16 clinical E. coli isolates were transferred to J6-2N, a nalidixic acid-resistant mutant of J6-2. Four of the 16 plasmids provided J6-2N with resistance to normal rabbit serum.", "contents": "Effects of antibiotic resistance plasmids on the bactericidal activity of normal rabbit serum. The ability of normal rabbit serum to kill Escherichia coli J6-2 was measured. With the concentration of serum adjusted so that approximately 2% of the cells survived after 2 h of incubation, there was no killing of the same strain bearing the F-like plasmid R100. Other F-like plasmids also provided the host strain with resistance to serum bactericidal activity, whereas none of the I-like plasmids used provided the host strain with resistance. When E. coli J6-2 bore both R100 and an I-like plasmid, there was some resistance to serum but less than with R100 alone. The effects of lysozyme on E. coli J6-2, which had been treated with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and ethylenediaminetetraacetate, were not altered by the presence of R100. The plasmids from 16 clinical E. coli isolates were transferred to J6-2N, a nalidixic acid-resistant mutant of J6-2. Four of the 16 plasmids provided J6-2N with resistance to normal rabbit serum."}
{"id": "PMID:346488", "title": "Differences in serological responses and excretion patterns of volunteers challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli with and without the colonization factor antigen.", "content": "Double-blind studies were performed to compare the virulence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli with and without the fimbriate colonization factor antigen (CFA), using young healthy adults (mean age, 23 years) as volunteers. In the first study one group of volunteers ingested 1 X 10(6) E. coli H-10407, the CFA-positive strain, and another group ingested 1 X 10(6) E. coli H-10407-P, the CFA-negative spontaneous derivative of strain H-10407. The second study was similar except that the test strains were administered at a dose of 1 X 10(8) viable cells. Three parameters of infection were monitored: (i) diarrhea and associated symptoms; (ii) excretion pattern of test strains; and (iii) humoral antibody response to CFA, somatic antigen, and heat-labile enterotoxin. Significant signs of illness occurred only in six of seven volunteers who ingested E. coli H-10407 at a dose of 1 X 10(8). At both doses, E. coli H-10407-P appeared in the stool on day 1 postchallenge and disappeared by day 4. In contrast, strain H-10407 was persistently excreted from the first to the last day of the study. Also, only those volunteers in the H-10407 challenge groups (12 of 13 analyzed) responded with a fourfold antibody titer rise to CFA, somatic antigen, and/or heat-labile enterotoxin. No reversion of H-10407-P to H-10407 was detected.", "contents": "Differences in serological responses and excretion patterns of volunteers challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli with and without the colonization factor antigen. Double-blind studies were performed to compare the virulence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli with and without the fimbriate colonization factor antigen (CFA), using young healthy adults (mean age, 23 years) as volunteers. In the first study one group of volunteers ingested 1 X 10(6) E. coli H-10407, the CFA-positive strain, and another group ingested 1 X 10(6) E. coli H-10407-P, the CFA-negative spontaneous derivative of strain H-10407. The second study was similar except that the test strains were administered at a dose of 1 X 10(8) viable cells. Three parameters of infection were monitored: (i) diarrhea and associated symptoms; (ii) excretion pattern of test strains; and (iii) humoral antibody response to CFA, somatic antigen, and heat-labile enterotoxin. Significant signs of illness occurred only in six of seven volunteers who ingested E. coli H-10407 at a dose of 1 X 10(8). At both doses, E. coli H-10407-P appeared in the stool on day 1 postchallenge and disappeared by day 4. In contrast, strain H-10407 was persistently excreted from the first to the last day of the study. Also, only those volunteers in the H-10407 challenge groups (12 of 13 analyzed) responded with a fourfold antibody titer rise to CFA, somatic antigen, and/or heat-labile enterotoxin. No reversion of H-10407-P to H-10407 was detected."}
{"id": "PMID:346489", "title": "Type I and II interferons and migration inhibitory factor: production in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-infected mice desensitized with old tuberculin or lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Mice with delayed hypersensitivity induced by infection with Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG were desensitized by a single large dose of specific antigen (old tuberculin, OT) or a nonspecific interferon stimulus (bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS). Subsequent challenge of the desensitized animals revealed only a homologous hyporeactivity, that is, mice desensitized with OT showed decreased type II and migration inhibitory factor (MIF) responses to the specific antigen, which were unaffected by desensitization with LPS. Conversely, mice desensitized with LPS showed a decreased type I interferon and MIF response to LPS, which was unaffected by desensitization with OT. These results suggest that type I interferon and its accompanying low-titered MIF activity are produced by cell populations different from those that produce type II interferon and its accompanying high-titered MIF activity.", "contents": "Type I and II interferons and migration inhibitory factor: production in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-infected mice desensitized with old tuberculin or lipopolysaccharide. Mice with delayed hypersensitivity induced by infection with Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG were desensitized by a single large dose of specific antigen (old tuberculin, OT) or a nonspecific interferon stimulus (bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS). Subsequent challenge of the desensitized animals revealed only a homologous hyporeactivity, that is, mice desensitized with OT showed decreased type II and migration inhibitory factor (MIF) responses to the specific antigen, which were unaffected by desensitization with LPS. Conversely, mice desensitized with LPS showed a decreased type I interferon and MIF response to LPS, which was unaffected by desensitization with OT. These results suggest that type I interferon and its accompanying low-titered MIF activity are produced by cell populations different from those that produce type II interferon and its accompanying high-titered MIF activity."}
{"id": "PMID:346490", "title": "Platelet aggregation in rabbits made tolerant to endotoxin.", "content": "Endotoxin may cause abnormal deposition of platelet-endotoxin aggregates, and this event could have damaging effects. We compared the aggregation characteristics of platelets from rabbits made tolerant to the lethal effects of endotoxin with those of platelets from normal rabbits. Platelets from tolerant rabbits aggregated more rapidly (greater than 90 s faster) in the presence of endotoxin than did platelets from nontolerant animals. Furthermore, platelets from tolerant animals aggregated reversibly. These characteristics of platelets from tolerant animals are due to humoral factors in the plasma, because 1:1 dilution of normal platelet-rich plasma with plasma from tolerant rabbits caused the normal platelets to behave like those from tolerant animals. Survival after challenge with lethal quantities of endotoxin was enhanced in tolerant rabbits; this may be due to promotion of more efficient removal of endotoxin-platelet complexes from the blood by the reticuloendothelial system.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation in rabbits made tolerant to endotoxin. Endotoxin may cause abnormal deposition of platelet-endotoxin aggregates, and this event could have damaging effects. We compared the aggregation characteristics of platelets from rabbits made tolerant to the lethal effects of endotoxin with those of platelets from normal rabbits. Platelets from tolerant rabbits aggregated more rapidly (greater than 90 s faster) in the presence of endotoxin than did platelets from nontolerant animals. Furthermore, platelets from tolerant animals aggregated reversibly. These characteristics of platelets from tolerant animals are due to humoral factors in the plasma, because 1:1 dilution of normal platelet-rich plasma with plasma from tolerant rabbits caused the normal platelets to behave like those from tolerant animals. Survival after challenge with lethal quantities of endotoxin was enhanced in tolerant rabbits; this may be due to promotion of more efficient removal of endotoxin-platelet complexes from the blood by the reticuloendothelial system."}
{"id": "PMID:346491", "title": "Kinetics of the humoral and cellular immune response of guinea pigs after injection of the synthetic adjuvant N-acetylmuramyl L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine: comparison with Freund complete adjuvant.", "content": "We studied the time course of humoral and cellular immunity of guinea pigs injected with the synthetic adjuvant N-acetylmuramyl L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP Pasteur, 10 microgram) in Freund incomplete adjuvant; the kinetics were compared with those obtained with Freund complete adjuvant (50 microgram of whole Mycobacterium butyricum). The antibody response to ovalbumin was faster and higher with MDP, but dropped sooner to a low level; the secondary response was, however, again higher for MDP than for Freund complete adjuvant. Cellular immunity, as measured by delayed hypersensitivity, and migration inhibition factor production werepositive for both adjuvants. The same response was followed in animals injected with MDPA, the nonamidated analog of MDP; the same kinetics as for Freund incomplete adjuvant were obtained for the primary response, but the secondary response was stronger and gave a positive delayed hypersensitivity reaction.", "contents": "Kinetics of the humoral and cellular immune response of guinea pigs after injection of the synthetic adjuvant N-acetylmuramyl L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine: comparison with Freund complete adjuvant. We studied the time course of humoral and cellular immunity of guinea pigs injected with the synthetic adjuvant N-acetylmuramyl L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP Pasteur, 10 microgram) in Freund incomplete adjuvant; the kinetics were compared with those obtained with Freund complete adjuvant (50 microgram of whole Mycobacterium butyricum). The antibody response to ovalbumin was faster and higher with MDP, but dropped sooner to a low level; the secondary response was, however, again higher for MDP than for Freund complete adjuvant. Cellular immunity, as measured by delayed hypersensitivity, and migration inhibition factor production werepositive for both adjuvants. The same response was followed in animals injected with MDPA, the nonamidated analog of MDP; the same kinetics as for Freund incomplete adjuvant were obtained for the primary response, but the secondary response was stronger and gave a positive delayed hypersensitivity reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:346492", "title": "Biochemical examination of sera during systemic Candida infection in mice.", "content": "Candida pathogenesis was examined by intravenous challenge of mice with either C. albicans or C. guilliermondii. Animals were moribund 12 h postchallenge with C. albicans and were found to have the greatest number of organisms in the heart and kidney, severe interstitial myocarditis, and elevated serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatine phosphokinase, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase. In contrast, challenge with C. guilliermondii resulted in a significantly lower renal census, no myocarditis, and no significant change in the concentration of these serum constituents. Challenge with nonviable C. albicans did not produce the effects observed with viable organisms. Moreover, challenge with filamentous C. albicans resulted in biochemical alterations of lower magnitude and in lower mortality rates. These results indicated that altered serum biochemistries were correlated with the histopathology of fatal Candida infection and that there were distinct differences with C. guilliermondii and the dimorphic phases of C. albicans.", "contents": "Biochemical examination of sera during systemic Candida infection in mice. Candida pathogenesis was examined by intravenous challenge of mice with either C. albicans or C. guilliermondii. Animals were moribund 12 h postchallenge with C. albicans and were found to have the greatest number of organisms in the heart and kidney, severe interstitial myocarditis, and elevated serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatine phosphokinase, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase. In contrast, challenge with C. guilliermondii resulted in a significantly lower renal census, no myocarditis, and no significant change in the concentration of these serum constituents. Challenge with nonviable C. albicans did not produce the effects observed with viable organisms. Moreover, challenge with filamentous C. albicans resulted in biochemical alterations of lower magnitude and in lower mortality rates. These results indicated that altered serum biochemistries were correlated with the histopathology of fatal Candida infection and that there were distinct differences with C. guilliermondii and the dimorphic phases of C. albicans."}
{"id": "PMID:346493", "title": "Oral hygiene and dental caries--a review.", "content": "Numerous studies have related dental caries experience of children with the frequency of their toothbrushing or with their oral cleanliness at the time of examination. Conflicting results were obtained and, therefore, no conclusions may be drawn from these studies. In other studies, the incidence of new carious lesions over a number of years was related to oral cleanliness during the same period of time. These studies showed that children with good oral hygiene had a lower caries incidence than those with poor oral hygiene, but the differences were small. Toothbrushing with a fluoridated toothpaste, which is now the usual practice, is effective in reducing caries incidence. Flossing can remove plaque from approximal tooth surfaces, and there is some evidence that it can reduce caries incidence. Dental caries can be largely prevented by highly efficient removal of plaque by toothbrushing and flossing. However, the available evidence suggests that regular prophylaxis by dental personnel is essential to maintain the necessary high level of efficiency. It is not known to what extent individuals are capable of removing their own plaque to the same high level of efficiency. It is probable that only highly-motivated individuals can maintain such a high standard of plaque control.", "contents": "Oral hygiene and dental caries--a review. Numerous studies have related dental caries experience of children with the frequency of their toothbrushing or with their oral cleanliness at the time of examination. Conflicting results were obtained and, therefore, no conclusions may be drawn from these studies. In other studies, the incidence of new carious lesions over a number of years was related to oral cleanliness during the same period of time. These studies showed that children with good oral hygiene had a lower caries incidence than those with poor oral hygiene, but the differences were small. Toothbrushing with a fluoridated toothpaste, which is now the usual practice, is effective in reducing caries incidence. Flossing can remove plaque from approximal tooth surfaces, and there is some evidence that it can reduce caries incidence. Dental caries can be largely prevented by highly efficient removal of plaque by toothbrushing and flossing. However, the available evidence suggests that regular prophylaxis by dental personnel is essential to maintain the necessary high level of efficiency. It is not known to what extent individuals are capable of removing their own plaque to the same high level of efficiency. It is probable that only highly-motivated individuals can maintain such a high standard of plaque control."}
{"id": "PMID:346495", "title": "Effect of Trichinella spiralis infection on delayed hypersensitivity to heterologous antigens.", "content": "Studies were initiated to determine the effects of the different phases of the nematode life cycle on the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) capabilities of the host. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 4 X 10(6) viable or heat-killed BCG at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after oral infection with 200 Trichinella spiralis larvae. Groups were tested for DTH 28 days after BCG inoculation by the footpad swelling assay. Infection with T. spiralis was found to suppress the response in mice administered viable BCG 0 or 3 days later. Mice injected with viable bacteria 7 days after T. spiralis regained the ability to develop in vivo DTH reactions against old tuberculin. Groups administered viable BCG 14 and 28 days after nematode infection yielded potentiated DTH responses, when compared with control mice. Animals infected with T. spiralis and later injected with heat-killed BCG required a longer interval to develop specific immunopotentiation. Maximum immunopotentiation seemed to be related to the presence of larvae in muscle tissue (28 days). These findings suggest that the effect of T. spiralis on the immune capabilities of the host is dependent on the different anatomical locations of the parasite.", "contents": "Effect of Trichinella spiralis infection on delayed hypersensitivity to heterologous antigens. Studies were initiated to determine the effects of the different phases of the nematode life cycle on the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) capabilities of the host. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 4 X 10(6) viable or heat-killed BCG at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after oral infection with 200 Trichinella spiralis larvae. Groups were tested for DTH 28 days after BCG inoculation by the footpad swelling assay. Infection with T. spiralis was found to suppress the response in mice administered viable BCG 0 or 3 days later. Mice injected with viable bacteria 7 days after T. spiralis regained the ability to develop in vivo DTH reactions against old tuberculin. Groups administered viable BCG 14 and 28 days after nematode infection yielded potentiated DTH responses, when compared with control mice. Animals infected with T. spiralis and later injected with heat-killed BCG required a longer interval to develop specific immunopotentiation. Maximum immunopotentiation seemed to be related to the presence of larvae in muscle tissue (28 days). These findings suggest that the effect of T. spiralis on the immune capabilities of the host is dependent on the different anatomical locations of the parasite."}
{"id": "PMID:346496", "title": "Host defense in cryptococcosis. I. An in vivo model for evaluating immune response.", "content": "An inbred mouse model was used to evaluate in vivo host immune response to Cryptococcus neoformans. Within 1 week of immunization, mice developed delayed type hypersensitivity reactions (DTH) to cryptococcal extracts derived from either culture filtrates or disrupted cells. There was no significant cross reactivity with extracts of other fungi. Previous immunization provided considerable protection against subsequent challenge with multiple strains of cryptococci. DTH also developed after nonimmunized mice were challenged with C. neoformans; however, in this situation DTH was not associated with prolonged survival. These studies indicate that mice can be immunized and protected against cryptococcosis and that this protection is associated with acquisition of DTH to cryptococcal antigens.", "contents": "Host defense in cryptococcosis. I. An in vivo model for evaluating immune response. An inbred mouse model was used to evaluate in vivo host immune response to Cryptococcus neoformans. Within 1 week of immunization, mice developed delayed type hypersensitivity reactions (DTH) to cryptococcal extracts derived from either culture filtrates or disrupted cells. There was no significant cross reactivity with extracts of other fungi. Previous immunization provided considerable protection against subsequent challenge with multiple strains of cryptococci. DTH also developed after nonimmunized mice were challenged with C. neoformans; however, in this situation DTH was not associated with prolonged survival. These studies indicate that mice can be immunized and protected against cryptococcosis and that this protection is associated with acquisition of DTH to cryptococcal antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:346498", "title": "Alcohol and mood: an updated review.", "content": "Research since 1968 on the relationship between alcohol and mood is reviewed and updated. There are measurement and methodological barriers to delineating this relationship. The literature is replete with mixed findings that the motivation for drinking alcohol is psychological benefit, tension reduction, or affective improvement. Conflicting and equivocal data have characterized self-reports of depression and other affects in alcoholics. Evidence suggests that alcoholics experience increasing dysphoria as a consequence of alcohol consumption, while nonalcoholics anticipate--and generally attain--elevated moods as a result of drinking. Suggestions are made for further alcohol-mood research.", "contents": "Alcohol and mood: an updated review. Research since 1968 on the relationship between alcohol and mood is reviewed and updated. There are measurement and methodological barriers to delineating this relationship. The literature is replete with mixed findings that the motivation for drinking alcohol is psychological benefit, tension reduction, or affective improvement. Conflicting and equivocal data have characterized self-reports of depression and other affects in alcoholics. Evidence suggests that alcoholics experience increasing dysphoria as a consequence of alcohol consumption, while nonalcoholics anticipate--and generally attain--elevated moods as a result of drinking. Suggestions are made for further alcohol-mood research."}
{"id": "PMID:346499", "title": "Locus of control research on alcoholic populations: a review. II. Relationship to other measures.", "content": "Research literature dealing with the relationships of locus of control to age, ability to function, and personality traits is reviewed. Results are contradictory on the relationship of locus of control in alcoholics to age, social desirability, and intellectual functioning. There is some tendency for internality to be related to better social functioning and the defenses of denial, intellectualization, and repression. There is some possible support for a relationship of externality and anxiety, and externality does appear related to helplessness, depression, isolation, general clinical pathology, and the defense of turning against another. No relationship has been found between locus of control and field dependence for alcoholics. Methodological difficulties have included problems with sampling, unsystematic research, assuming homogeneity of alcoholic samples, and assuming linearity and unidimensionality of the scales. Possible research which could clarify some of the areas are suggested.", "contents": "Locus of control research on alcoholic populations: a review. II. Relationship to other measures. Research literature dealing with the relationships of locus of control to age, ability to function, and personality traits is reviewed. Results are contradictory on the relationship of locus of control in alcoholics to age, social desirability, and intellectual functioning. There is some tendency for internality to be related to better social functioning and the defenses of denial, intellectualization, and repression. There is some possible support for a relationship of externality and anxiety, and externality does appear related to helplessness, depression, isolation, general clinical pathology, and the defense of turning against another. No relationship has been found between locus of control and field dependence for alcoholics. Methodological difficulties have included problems with sampling, unsystematic research, assuming homogeneity of alcoholic samples, and assuming linearity and unidimensionality of the scales. Possible research which could clarify some of the areas are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:346500", "title": "Polio, politics, publicity, and duplicity: ethical aspects in the development of the Salk vaccine.", "content": "This paper is an historical account of the discovery, testing, and early distribution of the Salk polio vaccine. The discovery posed fundamental dilemmas of medical research, pharmaceutical production, and public health. This paper assesses the ethical problems which arose, and examines critically their resolution. The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (March of Dimes) financed and directed the discovery of the vaccine, subsequent field trials, and early distribution. The Foundation's role is analyzed with special attention to the conflicts between its philanthropic and scientific functions. The reat public demand which the discovery of the vaccine generated created a need for federal control which was only partly met. The federal government did not have sufficient institutional and legal mechanisms to assure the safety of the vaccine and protect the public. This discussion illustrates the failure of the government to keep pace with medical technology.", "contents": "Polio, politics, publicity, and duplicity: ethical aspects in the development of the Salk vaccine. This paper is an historical account of the discovery, testing, and early distribution of the Salk polio vaccine. The discovery posed fundamental dilemmas of medical research, pharmaceutical production, and public health. This paper assesses the ethical problems which arose, and examines critically their resolution. The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (March of Dimes) financed and directed the discovery of the vaccine, subsequent field trials, and early distribution. The Foundation's role is analyzed with special attention to the conflicts between its philanthropic and scientific functions. The reat public demand which the discovery of the vaccine generated created a need for federal control which was only partly met. The federal government did not have sufficient institutional and legal mechanisms to assure the safety of the vaccine and protect the public. This discussion illustrates the failure of the government to keep pace with medical technology."}
{"id": "PMID:346504", "title": "Computerized tomography of the orbit.", "content": "The potential for using CT to diagnose orbital lesions is clearly demonstrated in this chapter. The patients discussed were all suffering from proptosis and had other complaints such as visual disturbances, pain, or ophthalmoplegia. CT is superior to ultrasonography in its ability to reproduce anatomical structures, including the retroocular space, bony walls of the orbit, and extraorbital regions, such as ethmoid sinuses and the cranial cavity. Such reproduction helps distinguish lesions arising within the orbit from those invading the orbit from outside. CT not only defines the extent of a lesion but also provides information about the physical properties of the tissue. The remarkable difference on CT between proptosis caused by thyrotoxic disease and that caused by intraorbital tumor or pseudotumor is a striking example of the way in which CT may contribute to more accurate diagnosis.", "contents": "Computerized tomography of the orbit. The potential for using CT to diagnose orbital lesions is clearly demonstrated in this chapter. The patients discussed were all suffering from proptosis and had other complaints such as visual disturbances, pain, or ophthalmoplegia. CT is superior to ultrasonography in its ability to reproduce anatomical structures, including the retroocular space, bony walls of the orbit, and extraorbital regions, such as ethmoid sinuses and the cranial cavity. Such reproduction helps distinguish lesions arising within the orbit from those invading the orbit from outside. CT not only defines the extent of a lesion but also provides information about the physical properties of the tissue. The remarkable difference on CT between proptosis caused by thyrotoxic disease and that caused by intraorbital tumor or pseudotumor is a striking example of the way in which CT may contribute to more accurate diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:346505", "title": "Diagnostic ultrasonography.", "content": "Ultrasonography and the more recently developed technique of computerized tomography (see the preceding chapter) should be used concurrently in the evaluation and diagnosis of suspected orbital pathology. Ultrasonography is easily performed and safe; it has no known complications or contraindications. Unique information concerning the position and acoustical quality of tumors can be obtained. However, the interpretation of the ultrasonogram can be quite difficult; highly sophisticated equipment is needed to obtain the finer resolution required to make tissue diagnosis.", "contents": "Diagnostic ultrasonography. Ultrasonography and the more recently developed technique of computerized tomography (see the preceding chapter) should be used concurrently in the evaluation and diagnosis of suspected orbital pathology. Ultrasonography is easily performed and safe; it has no known complications or contraindications. Unique information concerning the position and acoustical quality of tumors can be obtained. However, the interpretation of the ultrasonogram can be quite difficult; highly sophisticated equipment is needed to obtain the finer resolution required to make tissue diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:346506", "title": "Abnormal ocular motility with brainstem and cerebellar disorders.", "content": "The disorders of ocular motility seen in association with brainstem or cerebellar disorders may point to rather specific anatomical or pathological correlations. Pontine gaze palsy reflects involvement of the pontine paramedian reticular formation. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia signifies a lesion in the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Skew deviation may result from a lesion anywhere in the posterior fossa. Ocular bobbing typically results from a pontine lesion. The Sylvian aqueduct syndrome is characteristic of involvement in the upper midbrain-pretectal region, usually a pinealoma. Cerebellar lesions may be manifested by gaze paresis, skew deviation, disturbances of saccadic or smooth pursuit movements, ocular myoclonus, or several characteristic forms of nystagmus. Familiarity with these disorders may be of great help to the physician dealing with a patient with a possible posterior fossa lesion.", "contents": "Abnormal ocular motility with brainstem and cerebellar disorders. The disorders of ocular motility seen in association with brainstem or cerebellar disorders may point to rather specific anatomical or pathological correlations. Pontine gaze palsy reflects involvement of the pontine paramedian reticular formation. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia signifies a lesion in the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Skew deviation may result from a lesion anywhere in the posterior fossa. Ocular bobbing typically results from a pontine lesion. The Sylvian aqueduct syndrome is characteristic of involvement in the upper midbrain-pretectal region, usually a pinealoma. Cerebellar lesions may be manifested by gaze paresis, skew deviation, disturbances of saccadic or smooth pursuit movements, ocular myoclonus, or several characteristic forms of nystagmus. Familiarity with these disorders may be of great help to the physician dealing with a patient with a possible posterior fossa lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:346520", "title": "The insensitivity of the chicken eye to the inflammatory effects of x-rays in contrast to its sensitivity to other inflammatory agents.", "content": "The effects of x-rays and three chemical agents, known to cause intraocular inflammation in mammalian eyes, were studied on the chicken eye because this species was reported to be insensitive to the cataractogenic effects of x-rays. Intravitreal injection of Shigella endotoxin and topical and/or intravitreal administration of PGE2, PGF2alpha, or arachidonic acid caused a breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier, as indicated by flare and increased protein concentration in the aqueous humor. Following endotoxin injection, there was also a large accumulation of cells in the anterior chamber. The ocular inflammatory effects of endotoxin and arachidonic acid were inhibited by indomethacin. Thus the chicken eye reacts to these inflammatory agents in a manner similar to that previously described for the rabbit. In contrast, the inflammatory response which was reported to occur in the rabbit eye 3 to 4 hr after exposure to 500 or 1000 rads of x-rays was not observed in the chicken eye even after expsoure to 10,000 rads. Minimal flare and a small cellular infiltration were observed in some eyes only after extensive swelling of the surrounding tissues had developed. It is concluded that the insensitivity of the chicken eye to x-rays is due to some unique difference in the chain of events which mediates, or prevents, the effects of ionizing radiation rather than to a general insensivity to inflammatory agents.", "contents": "The insensitivity of the chicken eye to the inflammatory effects of x-rays in contrast to its sensitivity to other inflammatory agents. The effects of x-rays and three chemical agents, known to cause intraocular inflammation in mammalian eyes, were studied on the chicken eye because this species was reported to be insensitive to the cataractogenic effects of x-rays. Intravitreal injection of Shigella endotoxin and topical and/or intravitreal administration of PGE2, PGF2alpha, or arachidonic acid caused a breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier, as indicated by flare and increased protein concentration in the aqueous humor. Following endotoxin injection, there was also a large accumulation of cells in the anterior chamber. The ocular inflammatory effects of endotoxin and arachidonic acid were inhibited by indomethacin. Thus the chicken eye reacts to these inflammatory agents in a manner similar to that previously described for the rabbit. In contrast, the inflammatory response which was reported to occur in the rabbit eye 3 to 4 hr after exposure to 500 or 1000 rads of x-rays was not observed in the chicken eye even after expsoure to 10,000 rads. Minimal flare and a small cellular infiltration were observed in some eyes only after extensive swelling of the surrounding tissues had developed. It is concluded that the insensitivity of the chicken eye to x-rays is due to some unique difference in the chain of events which mediates, or prevents, the effects of ionizing radiation rather than to a general insensivity to inflammatory agents."}
{"id": "PMID:346521", "title": "Microsurgical anastomosis of vas deferens: an experimental study in the rat.", "content": "A patency rate of more than 90 per cent was achieved after 52 vasovasostomies. Satisfactory results were shown in both internally stented and nonstented anastomoses. A higher incidence of foreign body reaction was associated with silk sutures. Sperm granulomas and reduced patency were noted when superficial sutures were used indicating that a leakproof anastomosis is essential.", "contents": "Microsurgical anastomosis of vas deferens: an experimental study in the rat. A patency rate of more than 90 per cent was achieved after 52 vasovasostomies. Satisfactory results were shown in both internally stented and nonstented anastomoses. A higher incidence of foreign body reaction was associated with silk sutures. Sperm granulomas and reduced patency were noted when superficial sutures were used indicating that a leakproof anastomosis is essential."}
{"id": "PMID:346522", "title": "Desorption assay: a functional in vitro test for measuring the adhesion of E. coli on the urinary tract epithelium.", "content": "A functional test was developed to measure different adhesive properties of various Escherichia coli strains on the urinary tract epithelium. The test is based on initial incubation of everted canine ureteral segments in 2-hr cultures of E. coli (adsorption period), followed by sequential elutions in phosphate buffered saline. The release of bacteria (desorption rate) was measured from each elution by quantitative bacteriology. The function of the desorption assay was tested by showing different adhesive properties of various strains of E. coli. The strains isolated from infected canine urinary tracts showed high adhesion capacities superior to other strains of E. coli from different animal and/or tissue origin. This indicates a selective tissue and animal trophism determined by the strength of mucosal attachment. The test is also a valuable tool for measuring adhesion inhibiting substances in urine. The bulk of the adhesion inhibiting effect was localized in the urine ultrafiltrate.", "contents": "Desorption assay: a functional in vitro test for measuring the adhesion of E. coli on the urinary tract epithelium. A functional test was developed to measure different adhesive properties of various Escherichia coli strains on the urinary tract epithelium. The test is based on initial incubation of everted canine ureteral segments in 2-hr cultures of E. coli (adsorption period), followed by sequential elutions in phosphate buffered saline. The release of bacteria (desorption rate) was measured from each elution by quantitative bacteriology. The function of the desorption assay was tested by showing different adhesive properties of various strains of E. coli. The strains isolated from infected canine urinary tracts showed high adhesion capacities superior to other strains of E. coli from different animal and/or tissue origin. This indicates a selective tissue and animal trophism determined by the strength of mucosal attachment. The test is also a valuable tool for measuring adhesion inhibiting substances in urine. The bulk of the adhesion inhibiting effect was localized in the urine ultrafiltrate."}
{"id": "PMID:346531", "title": "[Immunity in syphilis].", "content": "Following a brief review of the characteristics of the causative organism of syphilis, its maintenance in laboratory animals and its relationship to the treponemes of the tropical treponematoses, consideration is given to the immune reactions and the development of antibodies to the treponeme of syphilis. The individual tests used in the diagnosis of syphilis, especially the complement fixation reactions and the flocculation tests, as well as the reactions employing specific antigens, such as the Treponemal Immobilisation Test (TPI), the Reiter Protein Complement Fixation Test (RPCFT), the Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Test (FTA-ABS) and the Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination Assay (TPHA), are discussed in detail. An evaluation of the results of the tests and the possible sources of errors are considered. The problem of the persistence of treponemes after clinically successful treatment is analysed and existing literature reviewed. The paper ends with a discussion of existing knowledge on protective immunity against infection with Treponema pallidum and a reminder of the need for further research into the immunology of syphilis.", "contents": "[Immunity in syphilis]. Following a brief review of the characteristics of the causative organism of syphilis, its maintenance in laboratory animals and its relationship to the treponemes of the tropical treponematoses, consideration is given to the immune reactions and the development of antibodies to the treponeme of syphilis. The individual tests used in the diagnosis of syphilis, especially the complement fixation reactions and the flocculation tests, as well as the reactions employing specific antigens, such as the Treponemal Immobilisation Test (TPI), the Reiter Protein Complement Fixation Test (RPCFT), the Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Test (FTA-ABS) and the Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination Assay (TPHA), are discussed in detail. An evaluation of the results of the tests and the possible sources of errors are considered. The problem of the persistence of treponemes after clinically successful treatment is analysed and existing literature reviewed. The paper ends with a discussion of existing knowledge on protective immunity against infection with Treponema pallidum and a reminder of the need for further research into the immunology of syphilis."}
{"id": "PMID:346532", "title": "[Psoriasis and bullous dermatoses].", "content": "In the last five years we observed in Berlin seven cases of psoriasis vulgaris combined with bullous eruptions of the pemphigoid type. Exogenious factors provoking the bullous eruptions were sun exposure, photochemotherapy and treatment with dithranol. These factors did not cause contact allergy of type IV, but pemphigoid eruption which could be characterised by immunfluorescence. This, was accompanied in two cases with high numbers of eosinophils in tissue and blood. The results show similarities with the findings of Person and Rogers who have shown the manifestation of otherwise subclinical pemphigoid in patients being treated for psoriasis.", "contents": "[Psoriasis and bullous dermatoses]. In the last five years we observed in Berlin seven cases of psoriasis vulgaris combined with bullous eruptions of the pemphigoid type. Exogenious factors provoking the bullous eruptions were sun exposure, photochemotherapy and treatment with dithranol. These factors did not cause contact allergy of type IV, but pemphigoid eruption which could be characterised by immunfluorescence. This, was accompanied in two cases with high numbers of eosinophils in tissue and blood. The results show similarities with the findings of Person and Rogers who have shown the manifestation of otherwise subclinical pemphigoid in patients being treated for psoriasis."}
{"id": "PMID:346534", "title": "Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin type B.", "content": "Determination of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin type B using ELISA is described. The ELISA is more sensitive than the micro-slide technique. The specificity of the determination of enterotoxin B depends on the specificity of the antisera used. Application of this new assay is evaluated and discussed.", "contents": "Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin type B. Determination of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin type B using ELISA is described. The ELISA is more sensitive than the micro-slide technique. The specificity of the determination of enterotoxin B depends on the specificity of the antisera used. Application of this new assay is evaluated and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:346535", "title": "Comparison of the Minitek test system with a conventional screening procedure for identification of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "A Minitek basic 9 disc/11 test system plus arabinose, inositol and rhamnose was compared with a conventional six tube screening system for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Correlation varied from 88.3 to 100% with the various substrates when studied against 737 strains of these and other gram-negative bacteria recently isolated in our clinical laboratory. Two discs, citrate and ornithine, which originally gave a correlation of 88.3 and 95.5% respectively were modified so that a final correlation of 99.4 and 96.3% was obtained. The average correlation using the eleven discs was 97%.", "contents": "Comparison of the Minitek test system with a conventional screening procedure for identification of Enterobacteriaceae. A Minitek basic 9 disc/11 test system plus arabinose, inositol and rhamnose was compared with a conventional six tube screening system for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Correlation varied from 88.3 to 100% with the various substrates when studied against 737 strains of these and other gram-negative bacteria recently isolated in our clinical laboratory. Two discs, citrate and ornithine, which originally gave a correlation of 88.3 and 95.5% respectively were modified so that a final correlation of 99.4 and 96.3% was obtained. The average correlation using the eleven discs was 97%."}
{"id": "PMID:346536", "title": "Micromethod for rapid identification of gram-negative, nonfermentative bacteria.", "content": "Because of the contemporary significance of gram-negative, nonfermentative bacteria as etiological agents, a simple, rapid determinative system is essential. Therefore, an accurate, reproducible, and an inexpensive micromethod for the identification of these organisms has been developed. Included in this system are twenty-five biochemical tests. Carbohydrate utilization is demonstrated by modification of Otto and Pickett's formula for oxidative attack and assimilation of carbon sources, while the other substrates are modifications of commercially available products. Inoculation is a two-fold procedure into a plastic multicompartmented tray with wells containing 100 micro liters of each substrate. Initial inoculation yields 10(5) colony forming units per well. The carbohydrates are supplemented with an additional 50 micro liters of a 1 X 10(11) saline suspension of organisms. Reactions are read after a maximum incubation of 48 hr at 35 C. The results obtained with the identification of 124 strains of nonfermentative bacteria utilizing a conventional media schema as suggested by the Center for Disease Control and the micromethod system demonstrated the high reproducibility and correlation achievable with this rapid and economical microtechnique.", "contents": "Micromethod for rapid identification of gram-negative, nonfermentative bacteria. Because of the contemporary significance of gram-negative, nonfermentative bacteria as etiological agents, a simple, rapid determinative system is essential. Therefore, an accurate, reproducible, and an inexpensive micromethod for the identification of these organisms has been developed. Included in this system are twenty-five biochemical tests. Carbohydrate utilization is demonstrated by modification of Otto and Pickett's formula for oxidative attack and assimilation of carbon sources, while the other substrates are modifications of commercially available products. Inoculation is a two-fold procedure into a plastic multicompartmented tray with wells containing 100 micro liters of each substrate. Initial inoculation yields 10(5) colony forming units per well. The carbohydrates are supplemented with an additional 50 micro liters of a 1 X 10(11) saline suspension of organisms. Reactions are read after a maximum incubation of 48 hr at 35 C. The results obtained with the identification of 124 strains of nonfermentative bacteria utilizing a conventional media schema as suggested by the Center for Disease Control and the micromethod system demonstrated the high reproducibility and correlation achievable with this rapid and economical microtechnique."}
{"id": "PMID:346537", "title": "Patient participation in the patient-provider interaction: the effects of patient question asking on the quality of interaction, satisfaction and compliance.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness, dynamics, and consequences of a health education intervention designed to increase patient question asking during the patient's medical visit. Data were collected at a Baltimore family and community health center which provides outpatient services to a low income, predominantly black and female population. The majority of the study participants were, in addition, elderly and chronically ill. A total of 294 patients and 3 providers took part in the study. The study design included random assignment of patients to experimental and placebo groups with two non-equivalent (non-randomized) control groups. Findings included: (1) The experimental group patients asked more direct questions and fewer indirect questions than did placebo group patients. (2) The experimental group patient-provider interaction was characterized by negative affect, anxiety, and anger, while the placebo group patient-provider interaction was characterized as mutually sympathetic. (3) The experimental group patients were less satisfied with care received in the clinic on the day of their visit than were placebo patients. (4) The experimental group patients demonstrated higher appointment-keeping ratios (an average number of appointments kept divided by an average number of appointments made) during a four-month prospective monitoring period.", "contents": "Patient participation in the patient-provider interaction: the effects of patient question asking on the quality of interaction, satisfaction and compliance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness, dynamics, and consequences of a health education intervention designed to increase patient question asking during the patient's medical visit. Data were collected at a Baltimore family and community health center which provides outpatient services to a low income, predominantly black and female population. The majority of the study participants were, in addition, elderly and chronically ill. A total of 294 patients and 3 providers took part in the study. The study design included random assignment of patients to experimental and placebo groups with two non-equivalent (non-randomized) control groups. Findings included: (1) The experimental group patients asked more direct questions and fewer indirect questions than did placebo group patients. (2) The experimental group patient-provider interaction was characterized by negative affect, anxiety, and anger, while the placebo group patient-provider interaction was characterized as mutually sympathetic. (3) The experimental group patients were less satisfied with care received in the clinic on the day of their visit than were placebo patients. (4) The experimental group patients demonstrated higher appointment-keeping ratios (an average number of appointments kept divided by an average number of appointments made) during a four-month prospective monitoring period."}
{"id": "PMID:346538", "title": "The evaluation of continuing medical education: a literature review.", "content": "The literature of continuing medical education (CME) program evaluation was reviewed and analyzed. The \"State-of-the-art\" of CME evaluation is depicted in a series of tables which indicate evaluation methods and results. Evaluation designs providing strong assurances of valid results were not often found. The weakness of most published evaluations limit possible conclusions about the effectiveness of CME.", "contents": "The evaluation of continuing medical education: a literature review. The literature of continuing medical education (CME) program evaluation was reviewed and analyzed. The \"State-of-the-art\" of CME evaluation is depicted in a series of tables which indicate evaluation methods and results. Evaluation designs providing strong assurances of valid results were not often found. The weakness of most published evaluations limit possible conclusions about the effectiveness of CME."}
{"id": "PMID:346540", "title": "Lysozyme antigenicity and tissue fixation.", "content": "The preservation of lysozyme (LZM) antigenicity was studied in paraffin embedded tissue blocks. The reactivity for LZM varied with the type of tissue studied, the fixative used, the osmolarity and pH of the fixative, fixation time and temperature, and the method of dehydration. In both rat and human tissues aqueous fixatives were superior to nonaqueous fixatives in retaining LZM antigenicity. Brief fixation in fixatives of low osmolarity enhanced LZM staining in the parenchymatous tissues but diminished staining in human cartilage; prolonged fixation in fixatives of high osmolarity gave opposite results. Least affected by fixation was the LZM antigenicity in the serous cells of the glands of the respiratory tract. These cells also stained most intensely for LZM of all autopsy material studied.", "contents": "Lysozyme antigenicity and tissue fixation. The preservation of lysozyme (LZM) antigenicity was studied in paraffin embedded tissue blocks. The reactivity for LZM varied with the type of tissue studied, the fixative used, the osmolarity and pH of the fixative, fixation time and temperature, and the method of dehydration. In both rat and human tissues aqueous fixatives were superior to nonaqueous fixatives in retaining LZM antigenicity. Brief fixation in fixatives of low osmolarity enhanced LZM staining in the parenchymatous tissues but diminished staining in human cartilage; prolonged fixation in fixatives of high osmolarity gave opposite results. Least affected by fixation was the LZM antigenicity in the serous cells of the glands of the respiratory tract. These cells also stained most intensely for LZM of all autopsy material studied."}
{"id": "PMID:346541", "title": "[The therapy of tinnitus resulting from blast injury (author's transl)].", "content": "In a prospective study aimed at the cure of tinnitus due to blast injury, oral treatment of 172 patients with the mono-substances Betahistine, Pentoxifyllin and Xantinol-nicotinate were compared with those of control patients who received no medications. Patients treated with Pentoxifyllin and Xantinol-nicotinate improved better than the comparative group without therapy although the differences were not considerable. Betahistine as compared with the other groups produced significantly better therapeutic results.", "contents": "[The therapy of tinnitus resulting from blast injury (author's transl)]. In a prospective study aimed at the cure of tinnitus due to blast injury, oral treatment of 172 patients with the mono-substances Betahistine, Pentoxifyllin and Xantinol-nicotinate were compared with those of control patients who received no medications. Patients treated with Pentoxifyllin and Xantinol-nicotinate improved better than the comparative group without therapy although the differences were not considerable. Betahistine as compared with the other groups produced significantly better therapeutic results."}
{"id": "PMID:346542", "title": "[The management of mandibular fractures by internal fixation (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of treating mandibular fractures with rigid internal fixation are discussed. This method was used in 55 patients through the application of dynamic compression plates. The technique was then assessed critically and the followup treatment evaluated. Indications and contraindications for the procedure are discussed, as are possible errors or complications. In addition, selected cases illustrating the advantages of the procedure for reconstruction and functional rehabilitation of mandibular defects following ablative surgery or trauma are described.", "contents": "[The management of mandibular fractures by internal fixation (author's transl)]. The results of treating mandibular fractures with rigid internal fixation are discussed. This method was used in 55 patients through the application of dynamic compression plates. The technique was then assessed critically and the followup treatment evaluated. Indications and contraindications for the procedure are discussed, as are possible errors or complications. In addition, selected cases illustrating the advantages of the procedure for reconstruction and functional rehabilitation of mandibular defects following ablative surgery or trauma are described."}
{"id": "PMID:346554", "title": "DNA replication pattern and cell wall growth in Escherichia coli PAT 84.", "content": "An electron microscopic radioautographic study was made of tritiated thymidine incorporation into the genome of Escherichia coli PAT 84 and of tritiated meso-D,L-2,6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) into the cell envelope. Pulse-labeled cells growing at 30 degrees C with a doubling time of 170 min were classified according to length by the method of agar filtration. Mathematical analysis of the length distribution led to the assumption of an exponential relation between length and time. A novel DNA replication pattern was found. Within the cell cycle DNA replication terminates at 70 min; then a gap follows of 64 min, after which DNA replication is initiated at 134 min. Thus, the C period is 106 min and the D period is 100 min. Cell constriction starts at 141 min and coincides with initiation of DNA replication. Detailed quantitative analysis of the [3H]thymidine grain frequency distribution allowed the distinction of three groups of cells. The first group incorporated no label, the second group an amount C, and the third group an amount 2 X C. The relative contribution of each group to a particular length class was determined. The data fitted very well into the DNA replication pattern. The same analysis was carried out on DAP pulse-labeled cells. Again, three groups of cells could be distinguished, and their relative contributions to each length class was determined. The group with the double amount of label was especially prominent at the end of the cell cycle. The emergence of this group might represent the acquisition of new lateral growth areas.", "contents": "DNA replication pattern and cell wall growth in Escherichia coli PAT 84. An electron microscopic radioautographic study was made of tritiated thymidine incorporation into the genome of Escherichia coli PAT 84 and of tritiated meso-D,L-2,6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) into the cell envelope. Pulse-labeled cells growing at 30 degrees C with a doubling time of 170 min were classified according to length by the method of agar filtration. Mathematical analysis of the length distribution led to the assumption of an exponential relation between length and time. A novel DNA replication pattern was found. Within the cell cycle DNA replication terminates at 70 min; then a gap follows of 64 min, after which DNA replication is initiated at 134 min. Thus, the C period is 106 min and the D period is 100 min. Cell constriction starts at 141 min and coincides with initiation of DNA replication. Detailed quantitative analysis of the [3H]thymidine grain frequency distribution allowed the distinction of three groups of cells. The first group incorporated no label, the second group an amount C, and the third group an amount 2 X C. The relative contribution of each group to a particular length class was determined. The data fitted very well into the DNA replication pattern. The same analysis was carried out on DAP pulse-labeled cells. Again, three groups of cells could be distinguished, and their relative contributions to each length class was determined. The group with the double amount of label was especially prominent at the end of the cell cycle. The emergence of this group might represent the acquisition of new lateral growth areas."}
{"id": "PMID:346555", "title": "Effect of R-plasmid RP1 and nutrient depletion on the gross cellular composition of Escherichia coli and its resistance to some uncoupling phenols.", "content": "The resistance of Escherichia coli batch cultures depleted of carbon (C-dep), magnesium (Mg-dep), or phosphate (P-dep) against low concentrations of 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, or 2-phenoxyethanol varied. C-dep cultures were always significantly more sensitive than Mg-dep or P-dep cultures. The presence of R-plasmid RP1 increased the sensitivity of C-dep cultures to 3- and 4-chlorophenol, yet had little effect on those cultured depleted in magnesium or phosphate ions. Cultures with R-plasmid RP1 had increased levels of beta-polyhydroxybutyrate irrespective of the nature of the depleting nutrient. P-dep bacteria had less than one-third of the phospholipid of other cell types, this deficiency being compensated for by increases in fatty acid and neutral lipid content. The reduction in phospholipid content of P-dep cultures was entirely accounted for by decreased diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine levels in these cells.", "contents": "Effect of R-plasmid RP1 and nutrient depletion on the gross cellular composition of Escherichia coli and its resistance to some uncoupling phenols. The resistance of Escherichia coli batch cultures depleted of carbon (C-dep), magnesium (Mg-dep), or phosphate (P-dep) against low concentrations of 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, or 2-phenoxyethanol varied. C-dep cultures were always significantly more sensitive than Mg-dep or P-dep cultures. The presence of R-plasmid RP1 increased the sensitivity of C-dep cultures to 3- and 4-chlorophenol, yet had little effect on those cultured depleted in magnesium or phosphate ions. Cultures with R-plasmid RP1 had increased levels of beta-polyhydroxybutyrate irrespective of the nature of the depleting nutrient. P-dep bacteria had less than one-third of the phospholipid of other cell types, this deficiency being compensated for by increases in fatty acid and neutral lipid content. The reduction in phospholipid content of P-dep cultures was entirely accounted for by decreased diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine levels in these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:346556", "title": "Evolution of ribosomal proteins in Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The evolution of ribosomal proteins of about 70 bacterial strains belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae has been studied by use of previously reported data (S. Osawa, T. Itoh, and E. Otaka, J. Bacteriol. 107:168-178, 1971) and those obtained in this paper. The proximity of the bacteria was quantified by co-chromatographing the differentially labeled ribosomal proteins from two strains on a column of carboxymethyl cellulose in various combinations. The were then classified into 12 groups (=species?) according to their ribosomal protein compositions and were placed in a phylogenic tree.", "contents": "Evolution of ribosomal proteins in Enterobacteriaceae. The evolution of ribosomal proteins of about 70 bacterial strains belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae has been studied by use of previously reported data (S. Osawa, T. Itoh, and E. Otaka, J. Bacteriol. 107:168-178, 1971) and those obtained in this paper. The proximity of the bacteria was quantified by co-chromatographing the differentially labeled ribosomal proteins from two strains on a column of carboxymethyl cellulose in various combinations. The were then classified into 12 groups (=species?) according to their ribosomal protein compositions and were placed in a phylogenic tree."}
{"id": "PMID:346557", "title": "Periplasmic localization of nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRTase) in Escherichia coli mediates the formation of nicotinate mononucleotide, a direct precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), from nicotinate and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. Specifically, NAPRTase contributes to NAD synthesis by utilizing intracellular nicotinate formed from NAD degradation products, which are recycled by NAD cycle enzymes and exogenous nicotinate when it is available. In previous studies, it has been tacitly assumed that almost all NAD cycle enzymes are localized in the cytoplasm of E. coli. The results of this investigation provide evidence that NAPRTase is a periplasmic (extracytoplasmic) enzyme. The osmotic shock of exponential-phase cells of E. coli K-12 and ML 308-225 resulted in the release of 63 to 72% and 42 to 48%, respectively, of the NAPRTase into the shock medium. In addition, when exponential cells of strains K-12 and ML 308-225 were converted into spheroplasts, 75 to 84% and 54 to 68%, respectively, of the enzyme was released into the spheroplast medium. Since previous estimates of the effective levels of NAPRTase present in putative repressed and derepressed E. coli cells appeared to be very low, a more convenient and accurate alternative method for the evaluation of NAPRTase in whole cells was developed. The results show that NAPRTase is subject only to a modest degree of enzyme repression. In addition, no evidence was found for the presence of a protein or low-molecular-weight inhibitor of the enzyme in repressed cells.", "contents": "Periplasmic localization of nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase in Escherichia coli. Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRTase) in Escherichia coli mediates the formation of nicotinate mononucleotide, a direct precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), from nicotinate and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. Specifically, NAPRTase contributes to NAD synthesis by utilizing intracellular nicotinate formed from NAD degradation products, which are recycled by NAD cycle enzymes and exogenous nicotinate when it is available. In previous studies, it has been tacitly assumed that almost all NAD cycle enzymes are localized in the cytoplasm of E. coli. The results of this investigation provide evidence that NAPRTase is a periplasmic (extracytoplasmic) enzyme. The osmotic shock of exponential-phase cells of E. coli K-12 and ML 308-225 resulted in the release of 63 to 72% and 42 to 48%, respectively, of the NAPRTase into the shock medium. In addition, when exponential cells of strains K-12 and ML 308-225 were converted into spheroplasts, 75 to 84% and 54 to 68%, respectively, of the enzyme was released into the spheroplast medium. Since previous estimates of the effective levels of NAPRTase present in putative repressed and derepressed E. coli cells appeared to be very low, a more convenient and accurate alternative method for the evaluation of NAPRTase in whole cells was developed. The results show that NAPRTase is subject only to a modest degree of enzyme repression. In addition, no evidence was found for the presence of a protein or low-molecular-weight inhibitor of the enzyme in repressed cells."}
{"id": "PMID:346558", "title": "Role of glutathione in reversing the deleterious effects of a thiol-oxidizing agent in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Diamide was found to be much less specific for the oxidation of glutathione in vivo in Escherichia coli than had been previously assumed. In vivo, only a slight alteration of the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione was found, whereas a significant amount of glutathione was found in the form of mixed disulfide with proteins. This latter occurrence was postulated as being responsible for the bacteriostatic effect of diamide.", "contents": "Role of glutathione in reversing the deleterious effects of a thiol-oxidizing agent in Escherichia coli. Diamide was found to be much less specific for the oxidation of glutathione in vivo in Escherichia coli than had been previously assumed. In vivo, only a slight alteration of the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione was found, whereas a significant amount of glutathione was found in the form of mixed disulfide with proteins. This latter occurrence was postulated as being responsible for the bacteriostatic effect of diamide."}
{"id": "PMID:346559", "title": "Intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on heat-treated Escherichia coli.", "content": "Heat treatment (55 degrees C for 40 min) of cell suspensions in buffer (ca. 3 x 10(9) cells per ml) of Escherichia coli ML35 caused a 4- to 4.5-log loss of cell viability. Similar results were found for several other E. coli strains that were examined. As a result of this heat treatment, 260-nm- and 280-nm-absorbing materials were released into the suspending buffer, along with about 10% of the total cellular radioactivity, when cells uniformly labeled with (14)C were used. In comparison with untreated cells, heat-treated E. coli ML35 cells showed (i) no significant changes in macromolecular composition other than ca. 22% less RNA content, (ii) an increased permeability to o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (a compound to which untreated cells are impermeable), (iii) almost complete loss of respiratory potential, and (iv) substantial losses of numerous glycolytic enzyme activities in cell extracts prepared from these cells. Intraperiplasmic development of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J with heat-treated E. coli ML35 as substrate cells appeared normal when observed microscopically, although bdellovibrio attachment and resultant bdelloplast formation were slightly retarded. No significant changes were observed in cell yields or in the ratios and contents of DNA, RNA, or protein between bdellovibrios harvested from untreated cells and those from heat-treated substrate cells after single-developmental-cycle growth on these cells. The average Y(ATP) values for intraperiplasmic growth on untreated and heat-treated substrate cells were 16.0 and 17.9, respectively. It is concluded that intraperiplasmic bdellovibrio growth on gently heat-treated E. coli substrate cells is very similar to growth on untreated substrate cells, even though the former substrate cells are nonviable and substantially impaired in many metabolic activities.", "contents": "Intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on heat-treated Escherichia coli. Heat treatment (55 degrees C for 40 min) of cell suspensions in buffer (ca. 3 x 10(9) cells per ml) of Escherichia coli ML35 caused a 4- to 4.5-log loss of cell viability. Similar results were found for several other E. coli strains that were examined. As a result of this heat treatment, 260-nm- and 280-nm-absorbing materials were released into the suspending buffer, along with about 10% of the total cellular radioactivity, when cells uniformly labeled with (14)C were used. In comparison with untreated cells, heat-treated E. coli ML35 cells showed (i) no significant changes in macromolecular composition other than ca. 22% less RNA content, (ii) an increased permeability to o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (a compound to which untreated cells are impermeable), (iii) almost complete loss of respiratory potential, and (iv) substantial losses of numerous glycolytic enzyme activities in cell extracts prepared from these cells. Intraperiplasmic development of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J with heat-treated E. coli ML35 as substrate cells appeared normal when observed microscopically, although bdellovibrio attachment and resultant bdelloplast formation were slightly retarded. No significant changes were observed in cell yields or in the ratios and contents of DNA, RNA, or protein between bdellovibrios harvested from untreated cells and those from heat-treated substrate cells after single-developmental-cycle growth on these cells. The average Y(ATP) values for intraperiplasmic growth on untreated and heat-treated substrate cells were 16.0 and 17.9, respectively. It is concluded that intraperiplasmic bdellovibrio growth on gently heat-treated E. coli substrate cells is very similar to growth on untreated substrate cells, even though the former substrate cells are nonviable and substantially impaired in many metabolic activities."}
{"id": "PMID:346560", "title": "Outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli. VII. Evidence that bacteriophage-directed protein 2 functions as a pore.", "content": "Protein 1, a major protein of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli, has been shown to be the pore allowing the passage of small hydrophilic solutes across the outer membrane. In E. coli K-12 protein 1 consists of two subspecies, 1a and 1b, whereas in E. coli B it consists of a single species which has an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of 1a. K-12 strains mutant at the ompB locus lack both proteins 1a and 1b and exhibit multiple transport defects, resistance to toxic metal ions, and tolerance to a number of colicins. Mutation at the tolF locus results in the loss of 1a, in less severe transport defects, and more limited colicin tolerance. Mutation at the par locus causes the loss of protein 1b, but no transport defects or colicin tolerance. Lysogeny of E. coli by phage PA-2 results in the production of a new major protein, protein 2. Lysogeny of K-12 ompB mutants resulted in dramatic reversal of the transport defects and restoration of the sensitivity to colicins E2 and E3 but not to other colicins. This was shown to be due to the production of protein 2, since lysogeny by phage mutants lacking the ability to elicit protein 2 production did not show this effect. Thus, protein 2 can function as an effective pore. ompB mutations in E. coli B also resulted in loss of protein 1 and similar multiple transport defects, but these were only partially reversed by phage lysogeny and the resulting production of protein 2. When the ompB region from E. coli B was moved by transduction into an E. coli K-12 background, only small amounts of proteins 1a and 1b were found in the outer membrane. These results indicate that genes governing the synthesis of outer membrane proteins may not function interchangeably between K-12 and B strains, indicating differences in regulation or biosynthesis of these proteins between these strains.", "contents": "Outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli. VII. Evidence that bacteriophage-directed protein 2 functions as a pore. Protein 1, a major protein of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli, has been shown to be the pore allowing the passage of small hydrophilic solutes across the outer membrane. In E. coli K-12 protein 1 consists of two subspecies, 1a and 1b, whereas in E. coli B it consists of a single species which has an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of 1a. K-12 strains mutant at the ompB locus lack both proteins 1a and 1b and exhibit multiple transport defects, resistance to toxic metal ions, and tolerance to a number of colicins. Mutation at the tolF locus results in the loss of 1a, in less severe transport defects, and more limited colicin tolerance. Mutation at the par locus causes the loss of protein 1b, but no transport defects or colicin tolerance. Lysogeny of E. coli by phage PA-2 results in the production of a new major protein, protein 2. Lysogeny of K-12 ompB mutants resulted in dramatic reversal of the transport defects and restoration of the sensitivity to colicins E2 and E3 but not to other colicins. This was shown to be due to the production of protein 2, since lysogeny by phage mutants lacking the ability to elicit protein 2 production did not show this effect. Thus, protein 2 can function as an effective pore. ompB mutations in E. coli B also resulted in loss of protein 1 and similar multiple transport defects, but these were only partially reversed by phage lysogeny and the resulting production of protein 2. When the ompB region from E. coli B was moved by transduction into an E. coli K-12 background, only small amounts of proteins 1a and 1b were found in the outer membrane. These results indicate that genes governing the synthesis of outer membrane proteins may not function interchangeably between K-12 and B strains, indicating differences in regulation or biosynthesis of these proteins between these strains."}
{"id": "PMID:346561", "title": "Isolation of an Escherichia coli K-12 dnaE mutation as a mutator.", "content": "Using a papillation method, a large number of Escherichia coli K-12 mutator mutations have been isolated. Only one of these (out of 1,250) mutator mutations has proved to be conditionally lethal at high temperatures. In vivo complementation tests indicated that this mutation, dnaE9, lies in dnaE, the structural gene for DNA polymerase III. The dnaE9 polymerase was not thermolabile in vitro; however, it showed a slow decline in specific activity in vivo at the nonpermissive temperature. Cultures of this mutant exhibited a comparably slow shutoff of DNA synthesis on shift to a nonpermissive temperature. dnaE9 showed temperature-sensitive mutator activity, which is not dependent on recA.", "contents": "Isolation of an Escherichia coli K-12 dnaE mutation as a mutator. Using a papillation method, a large number of Escherichia coli K-12 mutator mutations have been isolated. Only one of these (out of 1,250) mutator mutations has proved to be conditionally lethal at high temperatures. In vivo complementation tests indicated that this mutation, dnaE9, lies in dnaE, the structural gene for DNA polymerase III. The dnaE9 polymerase was not thermolabile in vitro; however, it showed a slow decline in specific activity in vivo at the nonpermissive temperature. Cultures of this mutant exhibited a comparably slow shutoff of DNA synthesis on shift to a nonpermissive temperature. dnaE9 showed temperature-sensitive mutator activity, which is not dependent on recA."}
{"id": "PMID:346562", "title": "Isolation and characterization of mutants of the plasmid pKM101 deficient in their ability to enhance mutagenesis and repair.", "content": "A screening procedure was developed for identifying mutants of the plasmid pKM101 no longer capable of enhancing mutagenesis. The test was based on the large pKM101-mediated increase in the number of Gal+ papillae observed on colonies of Salmonella typhimurium gal mutants plated on tetrazolium-galactose plates in the presence of a mutagen. The pKM101 mutant plasmids transferred normally, were stably maintained in cells, caused normal levels of ampicillin resistance, and still imparted sensitivity to phage Ike to their hosts. However, the pKM101 mutants had lost the ability to (i) enhance the reversion of both point and frameshift mutations, (ii) protect the cells against killing by UV irradiation, (iii) increase the spontaneous reversion rates of point mutations, (iv) enhance plasmid-mediated reactivation of UV-irradiated phage P22, (v) enhance Weigle reactivation. One pKM101 mutant with different properties from the others was identified by its increased spontaneous mutator effect. It is suggested that pKM101 amplifies the activity of the inducible error-prone repair systems in bacteria and that this is the function of pKM101 in the Ames Salmonella tester strains used for detection of carcinogens as mutagens.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of mutants of the plasmid pKM101 deficient in their ability to enhance mutagenesis and repair. A screening procedure was developed for identifying mutants of the plasmid pKM101 no longer capable of enhancing mutagenesis. The test was based on the large pKM101-mediated increase in the number of Gal+ papillae observed on colonies of Salmonella typhimurium gal mutants plated on tetrazolium-galactose plates in the presence of a mutagen. The pKM101 mutant plasmids transferred normally, were stably maintained in cells, caused normal levels of ampicillin resistance, and still imparted sensitivity to phage Ike to their hosts. However, the pKM101 mutants had lost the ability to (i) enhance the reversion of both point and frameshift mutations, (ii) protect the cells against killing by UV irradiation, (iii) increase the spontaneous reversion rates of point mutations, (iv) enhance plasmid-mediated reactivation of UV-irradiated phage P22, (v) enhance Weigle reactivation. One pKM101 mutant with different properties from the others was identified by its increased spontaneous mutator effect. It is suggested that pKM101 amplifies the activity of the inducible error-prone repair systems in bacteria and that this is the function of pKM101 in the Ames Salmonella tester strains used for detection of carcinogens as mutagens."}
{"id": "PMID:346563", "title": "Increased antimetabolite sensitivity with variation of carbon source during growth.", "content": "In Serratia marcescens, analogs of leucine (norleucine), methionine (alpha-methylmethionine), histidine (3-amino-1,2,4-triazolealanine), tyrosine (p-aminophenylalanine), and tryptophan (7-methylindole) are conditional inhibitors of growth; inhibition occurs during the metabolism of some carbon sources but not with others. A further increase in sensitivity to growth inhibition by these analogs can be accomplished through the use of particular combinations of carbon sources present in the inoculum and in the subsequent analog-containing culture medium. Variable sensitivity to analog-mediated inhibition of growth observed during growth on glucose, glycerol, fructose, or citrate correlated inversely with the intracellular pool sizes of the amino acids cognate to the analogs used. The above-cited results, in conjunction with previous results obtained with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, involve diverse biochemical pathways and suggest that nutritional manipulation to alter the pattern of carbon flow in microorganisms is a generally useful means to accomplish increased sensitivity to growth inhibition by metabolite analogs.", "contents": "Increased antimetabolite sensitivity with variation of carbon source during growth. In Serratia marcescens, analogs of leucine (norleucine), methionine (alpha-methylmethionine), histidine (3-amino-1,2,4-triazolealanine), tyrosine (p-aminophenylalanine), and tryptophan (7-methylindole) are conditional inhibitors of growth; inhibition occurs during the metabolism of some carbon sources but not with others. A further increase in sensitivity to growth inhibition by these analogs can be accomplished through the use of particular combinations of carbon sources present in the inoculum and in the subsequent analog-containing culture medium. Variable sensitivity to analog-mediated inhibition of growth observed during growth on glucose, glycerol, fructose, or citrate correlated inversely with the intracellular pool sizes of the amino acids cognate to the analogs used. The above-cited results, in conjunction with previous results obtained with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, involve diverse biochemical pathways and suggest that nutritional manipulation to alter the pattern of carbon flow in microorganisms is a generally useful means to accomplish increased sensitivity to growth inhibition by metabolite analogs."}
{"id": "PMID:346564", "title": "Replication of plasmid DNA in Proteus mirabilis in limiting concentrations of thymine.", "content": "Replicating forms of the R plasmid pRR12 and the colicin E1 plasmid RSF2124 were isolated from Proteus mirabilis after growth in medium containing a limiting concentration of thymine. Both plasmids were replicated as partially supercoiled intermediates, which have densities between the values of covalently closed circular and nicked circular plasmid DNA in ethidium bromide-cesium chloride gradients. In addition, both plasmids had replication intermediates, which have densities lower than that of linear P. mirabilis chromosomal DNA. Some structural features of these replication intermediates were examined.", "contents": "Replication of plasmid DNA in Proteus mirabilis in limiting concentrations of thymine. Replicating forms of the R plasmid pRR12 and the colicin E1 plasmid RSF2124 were isolated from Proteus mirabilis after growth in medium containing a limiting concentration of thymine. Both plasmids were replicated as partially supercoiled intermediates, which have densities between the values of covalently closed circular and nicked circular plasmid DNA in ethidium bromide-cesium chloride gradients. In addition, both plasmids had replication intermediates, which have densities lower than that of linear P. mirabilis chromosomal DNA. Some structural features of these replication intermediates were examined."}
{"id": "PMID:346565", "title": "Pyridoxine-requiring mutants of Escherichia coli: glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is not coded for by the pdxB gene.", "content": "Twenty-seven independent pyridoxineless mutants belonging to genetic linkage group I were assayed for glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase. Some mutants lacked enzyme activity entirely, and others showed activity ranging from very low to wild-type levels. Reversion to pyridoxine independence usually had no effect upon this activity. Transfer of the pyridoxine genes to a common host that had wild-type levels of enzyme activity made the recipient pyridoxineless without affecting the activity. These results negate the idea of an obligatory role for glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase in pyridoxine biosynthesis.", "contents": "Pyridoxine-requiring mutants of Escherichia coli: glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is not coded for by the pdxB gene. Twenty-seven independent pyridoxineless mutants belonging to genetic linkage group I were assayed for glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase. Some mutants lacked enzyme activity entirely, and others showed activity ranging from very low to wild-type levels. Reversion to pyridoxine independence usually had no effect upon this activity. Transfer of the pyridoxine genes to a common host that had wild-type levels of enzyme activity made the recipient pyridoxineless without affecting the activity. These results negate the idea of an obligatory role for glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase in pyridoxine biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:346566", "title": "Analysis of cell division in single clones of the Escherichia coli K-12 lexA mutant.", "content": "The growth of clones of lexA mutant and lexA+ cells was analyzed. During normal growth lexA mutant clones frequently divided early, producing smaller newborn cells than the lexA+ clones. Some newborn cells in the lexA clones did not elongate or divide at all, a response that was never observed in the lexA+ clones. When starved for thymidine, most of the lexA mutant clones elongated and subsequently divided. The majority of lexA+ clones also elongated but did not divide. The above results suggest that one of the functions of the lexA+ gene is coordination of DNA repair with cell division.", "contents": "Analysis of cell division in single clones of the Escherichia coli K-12 lexA mutant. The growth of clones of lexA mutant and lexA+ cells was analyzed. During normal growth lexA mutant clones frequently divided early, producing smaller newborn cells than the lexA+ clones. Some newborn cells in the lexA clones did not elongate or divide at all, a response that was never observed in the lexA+ clones. When starved for thymidine, most of the lexA mutant clones elongated and subsequently divided. The majority of lexA+ clones also elongated but did not divide. The above results suggest that one of the functions of the lexA+ gene is coordination of DNA repair with cell division."}
{"id": "PMID:346567", "title": "Replication of colicin E1 plasmid DNA in vivo requires no plasmid-encoded proteins.", "content": "A derivative of bacteriophage lambda containing a colicin E1 plasmid replicon was constructed by recombinant DNA techniques. This phage, lambdacol100, has two functional modes of DNA replication; it can replicate via either plasmid or phage replication systems. lambdacol100 has been used to introduce the colicin E1 plasmid replicon into Escherichia coli previously treated with chloramphenicol to block protein synthesis. Under these conditions, lambdacol100 DNA is replicated normally as a colicin E1 plasmid. This suggests that colicin E1 plasmid replication in vivo does not require any plasmid-encoded proteins.", "contents": "Replication of colicin E1 plasmid DNA in vivo requires no plasmid-encoded proteins. A derivative of bacteriophage lambda containing a colicin E1 plasmid replicon was constructed by recombinant DNA techniques. This phage, lambdacol100, has two functional modes of DNA replication; it can replicate via either plasmid or phage replication systems. lambdacol100 has been used to introduce the colicin E1 plasmid replicon into Escherichia coli previously treated with chloramphenicol to block protein synthesis. Under these conditions, lambdacol100 DNA is replicated normally as a colicin E1 plasmid. This suggests that colicin E1 plasmid replication in vivo does not require any plasmid-encoded proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:346568", "title": "In vitro synthesis of cystathionine gamma-synthetase in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Synthesis of cystathionine gamma-synthetase directed by DNA from a lambdadmet transducing phage has been achieved in cell extracts from Escherichia coli K-12. Enzyme synthesis was stimulated two- to threefold by the addition of guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate to the incubation mixtures. Kinetic studies showed a 1.5- to 2.0-min lag between initiation of transcription and completion of a translatable message. This lag is shorter than that observed for beta-galactosidase synthesis with DNA from a lac transducing phage known to initiate transcription at the lac promoter. This result, together with information on the structure of the transducing phage, shows that pL is not used for initiation of in vitro metB transcription. Attempts to demonstrate repression were not successful, and unexpectedly, extracts from metJ+ strains were found to be more effective at enzyme synthesis than those from their metJ derivatives.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of cystathionine gamma-synthetase in Escherichia coli K-12. Synthesis of cystathionine gamma-synthetase directed by DNA from a lambdadmet transducing phage has been achieved in cell extracts from Escherichia coli K-12. Enzyme synthesis was stimulated two- to threefold by the addition of guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate to the incubation mixtures. Kinetic studies showed a 1.5- to 2.0-min lag between initiation of transcription and completion of a translatable message. This lag is shorter than that observed for beta-galactosidase synthesis with DNA from a lac transducing phage known to initiate transcription at the lac promoter. This result, together with information on the structure of the transducing phage, shows that pL is not used for initiation of in vitro metB transcription. Attempts to demonstrate repression were not successful, and unexpectedly, extracts from metJ+ strains were found to be more effective at enzyme synthesis than those from their metJ derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:346569", "title": "Permease-specific mutations in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli that release the glycerol, maltose, melibiose, and lactose transport systems from regulation by the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system.", "content": "Several carbohydrate permease systems in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli are sensitive to regulation by the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system. Mutant Salmonella strains were isolated in which individual transport systems had been rendered insensitive to regulation by sugar substrates of the phosphotransferase system. In one such strain, glycerol uptake was insensitive to regulation; in another, the maltose transport system was resistant to inhibition; and in a third, the regulatory mutation specifically rendered the melibiose permease insensitive to regulation. An analogous mutation in E. coli abolished inhibition of the transport of beta-galactosides via the lactose permease system. The mutations were mapped near the genes which code for the affected transport proteins. The regulatory mutations rendered utilization of the particular carbohydrates resistant to inhibition and synthesis of the corresponding catabolic enzymes partially insensitive to repressive control by sugar substrates of the phosphotransferase system. Studies of repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis in E. coli were conducted with both lactose and isopropyl beta-thiogalactoside as exogenous sources of inducer. Employing high concentrations of isopropyl beta-thiogalactoside, repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis was not altered by the lactose-specific transport regulation-resistant mutation. By contrast, the more severe repression observed with lactose as the exogenous source of inducer was partially abolished by this regulatory mutation. The results support the conclusions that several transport systems, including the lactose permease system, are subject to allosteric regulation and that inhibition of inducer uptake is a primary cause of the repression of catabolic enzyme synthesis.", "contents": "Permease-specific mutations in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli that release the glycerol, maltose, melibiose, and lactose transport systems from regulation by the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system. Several carbohydrate permease systems in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli are sensitive to regulation by the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system. Mutant Salmonella strains were isolated in which individual transport systems had been rendered insensitive to regulation by sugar substrates of the phosphotransferase system. In one such strain, glycerol uptake was insensitive to regulation; in another, the maltose transport system was resistant to inhibition; and in a third, the regulatory mutation specifically rendered the melibiose permease insensitive to regulation. An analogous mutation in E. coli abolished inhibition of the transport of beta-galactosides via the lactose permease system. The mutations were mapped near the genes which code for the affected transport proteins. The regulatory mutations rendered utilization of the particular carbohydrates resistant to inhibition and synthesis of the corresponding catabolic enzymes partially insensitive to repressive control by sugar substrates of the phosphotransferase system. Studies of repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis in E. coli were conducted with both lactose and isopropyl beta-thiogalactoside as exogenous sources of inducer. Employing high concentrations of isopropyl beta-thiogalactoside, repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis was not altered by the lactose-specific transport regulation-resistant mutation. By contrast, the more severe repression observed with lactose as the exogenous source of inducer was partially abolished by this regulatory mutation. The results support the conclusions that several transport systems, including the lactose permease system, are subject to allosteric regulation and that inhibition of inducer uptake is a primary cause of the repression of catabolic enzyme synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:346570", "title": "Assignment of tra cistrons to EcoRI fragments of F sex factor DNA.", "content": "We describe here the cloning of single EcoRI fragments from the tra region of F DNA using ColE1::Tn3 as vector. These plasmids, as well as the series of Skurray et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:64-68, 1976), have been used to refine the map positions of tra cistrons on the F factor as well as to define a new DNA transfer cistron, traM. The current map of the tra cistrons is presented. None of the known tra cistrons, with the exception of traG, straddles an EcoRI site. The EcoRI site at 82 kilobases splits the traG cistron into two portions, an operator-proximal portion necessary for F pilus synthesis and an operator distal portion involved in conjugation itself. The operon structure of the tra cistrons was reevaluated, and we found that traI is at least partially independent of transcription of the traA to traD operon.", "contents": "Assignment of tra cistrons to EcoRI fragments of F sex factor DNA. We describe here the cloning of single EcoRI fragments from the tra region of F DNA using ColE1::Tn3 as vector. These plasmids, as well as the series of Skurray et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:64-68, 1976), have been used to refine the map positions of tra cistrons on the F factor as well as to define a new DNA transfer cistron, traM. The current map of the tra cistrons is presented. None of the known tra cistrons, with the exception of traG, straddles an EcoRI site. The EcoRI site at 82 kilobases splits the traG cistron into two portions, an operator-proximal portion necessary for F pilus synthesis and an operator distal portion involved in conjugation itself. The operon structure of the tra cistrons was reevaluated, and we found that traI is at least partially independent of transcription of the traA to traD operon."}
{"id": "PMID:346571", "title": "Transmembrane permeability channels in vesicles reconstituted from single species of porins from Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Aggregates of the \"major\" outer membrane proteins, \"porins,\" of Salmonella typhimurium form diffusion channels in reconstituted vesicle membranes. The aggregate consists of three species of porins with apparent molecular weights of 34,000, 35,000, and 36,000 when active aggregates are subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis after heating in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (Nakae, J. Biol. Chem. 251:2176-2178, 1976). Single species of porins were isolated by solubilization of membranes and subsequent gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate from the mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium that produced only single species of porin. The single species of porins of either 34,000, 35,000, or 36,000 daltons formed diffusion channels when assayed for sucrose permeability in the vesicle membranes reconstituted from porins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharides. The exclusion limits of the pores made of single species of porins were not distinguishable from each other and from the exclusion limits of the pores made of the porin aggregates from the wild-type strain, when the permeability of vesicle membranes to radioactive di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides and to various sizes of radioactive polyethylene glycol was determined. Porin-deficient mutants produced residual amounts of porin amounting to 1 to 5% that produced by the parent strain. This residual porin made diffusion channels when the isolated porins were incorporated into the vesicle membrane and assayed for permeability of saccharides.", "contents": "Transmembrane permeability channels in vesicles reconstituted from single species of porins from Salmonella typhimurium. Aggregates of the \"major\" outer membrane proteins, \"porins,\" of Salmonella typhimurium form diffusion channels in reconstituted vesicle membranes. The aggregate consists of three species of porins with apparent molecular weights of 34,000, 35,000, and 36,000 when active aggregates are subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis after heating in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (Nakae, J. Biol. Chem. 251:2176-2178, 1976). Single species of porins were isolated by solubilization of membranes and subsequent gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate from the mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium that produced only single species of porin. The single species of porins of either 34,000, 35,000, or 36,000 daltons formed diffusion channels when assayed for sucrose permeability in the vesicle membranes reconstituted from porins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharides. The exclusion limits of the pores made of single species of porins were not distinguishable from each other and from the exclusion limits of the pores made of the porin aggregates from the wild-type strain, when the permeability of vesicle membranes to radioactive di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides and to various sizes of radioactive polyethylene glycol was determined. Porin-deficient mutants produced residual amounts of porin amounting to 1 to 5% that produced by the parent strain. This residual porin made diffusion channels when the isolated porins were incorporated into the vesicle membrane and assayed for permeability of saccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:346572", "title": "Proteins synthesized in minicells containing plasmid ColE1 and its mutants.", "content": "Minicells containing the ColE1 plasmid and derivatives of it that contain a Tn3 insertion and deletions of the plasmid were shown to synthesize a variety of polypeptides: (i) a 56,000-dalton polypeptide was found that is colicin E1. (ii) A 15,000-dalton polypeptide is involved in plasmid DNA relaxation. (iii) A 14,000-dalton polypeptide may be the colicin immunity protein. (iv) A correlation between the location of various Tn3 insertions and the proteins synthesized from the plasmid DNA was found that suggests the locations of promoter sites in the plasmid and directions of transcription in two regions of the plasmid. (v) Polypeptides associated with the presence of Tn3 were identifiable. (vi) The nature and extent of gene expression of deletion mutants only generally correlates with the extent of the deletions.", "contents": "Proteins synthesized in minicells containing plasmid ColE1 and its mutants. Minicells containing the ColE1 plasmid and derivatives of it that contain a Tn3 insertion and deletions of the plasmid were shown to synthesize a variety of polypeptides: (i) a 56,000-dalton polypeptide was found that is colicin E1. (ii) A 15,000-dalton polypeptide is involved in plasmid DNA relaxation. (iii) A 14,000-dalton polypeptide may be the colicin immunity protein. (iv) A correlation between the location of various Tn3 insertions and the proteins synthesized from the plasmid DNA was found that suggests the locations of promoter sites in the plasmid and directions of transcription in two regions of the plasmid. (v) Polypeptides associated with the presence of Tn3 were identifiable. (vi) The nature and extent of gene expression of deletion mutants only generally correlates with the extent of the deletions."}
{"id": "PMID:346573", "title": "Positive detection of mycoplasma contamination by the whole-mount preparation of cell cultures for transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "Low-level mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures is difficult to recognize with presently available techniques. This report describes the adaptation of the whole-mount technique, usually used for scanning microscopy, for transmission electron microscopy. The differentiation between microvilli and the equal-sized filamentous mycoplasma is based on the differential density obtained by the use of the method described. This method allows positive identification of mycoplasma and reduces the preparation time and the time necessary for scanning the preparation.", "contents": "Positive detection of mycoplasma contamination by the whole-mount preparation of cell cultures for transmission electron microscopy. Low-level mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures is difficult to recognize with presently available techniques. This report describes the adaptation of the whole-mount technique, usually used for scanning microscopy, for transmission electron microscopy. The differentiation between microvilli and the equal-sized filamentous mycoplasma is based on the differential density obtained by the use of the method described. This method allows positive identification of mycoplasma and reduces the preparation time and the time necessary for scanning the preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:346574", "title": "Translation of the leader region of the Escherichia coli tryptophan operon.", "content": "When the trp operon of Escherichia coli contains either of two deletions that fuse the initial portion of the leader region to the distal segments of the trpE gene, novel fusion polypeptides are produced. The new polypeptides are synthesized efficiently both in vivo and in vitro, and their synthesis is subject to repression by trp repressor. Fingerprint analyses of tryptic and chymotryptic digests of the new polypeptides show that both contain trpE polypeptide sequences and, despite their different sizes, share the same N-terminal sequence. Our results suggest that synthesis of the new polypeptides is initiated at the AUG-centered ribosome-binding site in the leader region and proceeds in phase to the region coding for the C-terminal end of the trpE polypeptide.", "contents": "Translation of the leader region of the Escherichia coli tryptophan operon. When the trp operon of Escherichia coli contains either of two deletions that fuse the initial portion of the leader region to the distal segments of the trpE gene, novel fusion polypeptides are produced. The new polypeptides are synthesized efficiently both in vivo and in vitro, and their synthesis is subject to repression by trp repressor. Fingerprint analyses of tryptic and chymotryptic digests of the new polypeptides show that both contain trpE polypeptide sequences and, despite their different sizes, share the same N-terminal sequence. Our results suggest that synthesis of the new polypeptides is initiated at the AUG-centered ribosome-binding site in the leader region and proceeds in phase to the region coding for the C-terminal end of the trpE polypeptide."}
{"id": "PMID:346575", "title": "Role of murein lipoprotein in morphogenesis of the bacterial division septum: phenotypic similarity of lkyD and lpo mutants.", "content": "Phenotypes were compared in two different classes of mutants with defects in murein-lipoprotein (lkyD mutants of Salmonella typhimurium and an lpo mutant of Escherichia coli). Both mutations are associated with the same triad of phenotypic abnormalities, consisting of defective formation of the division septum, leakage of periplasmic proteins during growth, and increased sensitivity to several unrelated external toxic agents. The abnormality in septum formation consists of a defect in invagination of the outer membrane during formation of the nascent septum. The results suggest that formation of the murein-lipoprotein link plays an important role in differentiation of the division septum and perhaps also in maintaining the normal barrier function of the outer membrane.", "contents": "Role of murein lipoprotein in morphogenesis of the bacterial division septum: phenotypic similarity of lkyD and lpo mutants. Phenotypes were compared in two different classes of mutants with defects in murein-lipoprotein (lkyD mutants of Salmonella typhimurium and an lpo mutant of Escherichia coli). Both mutations are associated with the same triad of phenotypic abnormalities, consisting of defective formation of the division septum, leakage of periplasmic proteins during growth, and increased sensitivity to several unrelated external toxic agents. The abnormality in septum formation consists of a defect in invagination of the outer membrane during formation of the nascent septum. The results suggest that formation of the murein-lipoprotein link plays an important role in differentiation of the division septum and perhaps also in maintaining the normal barrier function of the outer membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:346576", "title": "Chitin synthesis in Candida albicans: comparison of yeast and hyphal forms.", "content": "Chitin synthesis was studied in both yeast and hyphae of the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans. Incorporation of N-acetyl-d-[1-(3)H]glucosamine ([(3)H]GluNAc) into an acid-alkali-insoluble fraction was 10 times greater in hyphal-phase cells. A crude preparation of chitin synthetase was obtained from sonically treated protoplasts of both forms of Candida. Enzyme activity, which was determined by using [(14)C]UDP-GLuNAc as a substrate, was exclusively associated with the 80,000 x g pellet from sonically treated protoplasts of both forms. It was determined that enzyme activity (nanomoles of [(14)C]UDP-GluNAc incorporated per milligram of protein) was approximately 2 times greater in hyphae versus yeast cells. Enzyme activity in both yeast and hyphae increased six- to sevenfold when the enzyme preparations were preincubated with trypsin. A vacuolar fraction, obtained from yeast cells but not from hyphae, stimulated enzyme activity when incubated with either yeast or hyphal enzyme preparations. Membrane fractions from protoplasts coated with [(3)H]concanavalin A before disruption were isolated by Renografin density gradient centrifugation. Chitin synthetase activity was preferentially associated with the concanavalin A-labeled fraction, suggesting that the enzyme was located on the plasma membrane. In addition, enzyme activity in protoplasts treated with cold glutaraldehyde before disruption was significantly greater than in protoplasts that were sonically disrupted and then treated with cold glutaraldehyde, indicating that the enzyme resides on the inner side of the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Chitin synthesis in Candida albicans: comparison of yeast and hyphal forms. Chitin synthesis was studied in both yeast and hyphae of the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans. Incorporation of N-acetyl-d-[1-(3)H]glucosamine ([(3)H]GluNAc) into an acid-alkali-insoluble fraction was 10 times greater in hyphal-phase cells. A crude preparation of chitin synthetase was obtained from sonically treated protoplasts of both forms of Candida. Enzyme activity, which was determined by using [(14)C]UDP-GLuNAc as a substrate, was exclusively associated with the 80,000 x g pellet from sonically treated protoplasts of both forms. It was determined that enzyme activity (nanomoles of [(14)C]UDP-GluNAc incorporated per milligram of protein) was approximately 2 times greater in hyphae versus yeast cells. Enzyme activity in both yeast and hyphae increased six- to sevenfold when the enzyme preparations were preincubated with trypsin. A vacuolar fraction, obtained from yeast cells but not from hyphae, stimulated enzyme activity when incubated with either yeast or hyphal enzyme preparations. Membrane fractions from protoplasts coated with [(3)H]concanavalin A before disruption were isolated by Renografin density gradient centrifugation. Chitin synthetase activity was preferentially associated with the concanavalin A-labeled fraction, suggesting that the enzyme was located on the plasma membrane. In addition, enzyme activity in protoplasts treated with cold glutaraldehyde before disruption was significantly greater than in protoplasts that were sonically disrupted and then treated with cold glutaraldehyde, indicating that the enzyme resides on the inner side of the plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:346577", "title": "New major outer membrane proteins found in an Escherichia coli tolF mutant resistant to bacteriophage TuIb.", "content": "Cell envelopes prepared from an Escherichia coli tolF strain selected as resistant to phage TuIb contained a new major outer membrane protein related to outer membrane proteins Ia and Ib. The strain that produces this protein is a tolF par double mutant but contains an additional mutation leading to the production of the new major outer membrane protein. Antibiotic sensitivity lost as a result of the tolF mutation is regained in strains that contain the new major outer membrane protein. This indicates that this protein functions to restore the selective permeability of the outer membrane to low-molecular-weight hydrophilic molecules.", "contents": "New major outer membrane proteins found in an Escherichia coli tolF mutant resistant to bacteriophage TuIb. Cell envelopes prepared from an Escherichia coli tolF strain selected as resistant to phage TuIb contained a new major outer membrane protein related to outer membrane proteins Ia and Ib. The strain that produces this protein is a tolF par double mutant but contains an additional mutation leading to the production of the new major outer membrane protein. Antibiotic sensitivity lost as a result of the tolF mutation is regained in strains that contain the new major outer membrane protein. This indicates that this protein functions to restore the selective permeability of the outer membrane to low-molecular-weight hydrophilic molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:346578", "title": "Reaction order of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor-mediated cell cycle arrest and mating inhibition.", "content": "Alpha-factor-mediated cell cycle arrest and mating inhibition of a mating-type cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been examined in liquid cultures. Cell cycle arrest may be monitored unambiguously by the appearance of morphologically abnormal cells after administration of alpha factor, whereas mating inhibition is determined by comparing the mating efficiency in the absence or presence of added alpha factor. For both cell cycle arrest and mating inhibition, a dose-dependent response may be observed at limiting concentrations of the pheromone. If cell cycle arrest and mating inhibition require a small number of alpha-factor molecules, one might expect that responsive/nonresponsive cells = K(alpha factor)(N) where N is the order of dependence of cell cycle arrest (or mating inhibition) on alpha-factor concentration. The value of N has been determined to be 0.98 +/- 0.18 (standard error of the mean) for cell cycle arrest and 1.08 +/- 0.32 for mating inhibition. These results support the notion that saturation of a single site by alpha factor is sufficient to cause cell cycle arrest or mating inhibition of a mating-type cells.", "contents": "Reaction order of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor-mediated cell cycle arrest and mating inhibition. Alpha-factor-mediated cell cycle arrest and mating inhibition of a mating-type cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been examined in liquid cultures. Cell cycle arrest may be monitored unambiguously by the appearance of morphologically abnormal cells after administration of alpha factor, whereas mating inhibition is determined by comparing the mating efficiency in the absence or presence of added alpha factor. For both cell cycle arrest and mating inhibition, a dose-dependent response may be observed at limiting concentrations of the pheromone. If cell cycle arrest and mating inhibition require a small number of alpha-factor molecules, one might expect that responsive/nonresponsive cells = K(alpha factor)(N) where N is the order of dependence of cell cycle arrest (or mating inhibition) on alpha-factor concentration. The value of N has been determined to be 0.98 +/- 0.18 (standard error of the mean) for cell cycle arrest and 1.08 +/- 0.32 for mating inhibition. These results support the notion that saturation of a single site by alpha factor is sufficient to cause cell cycle arrest or mating inhibition of a mating-type cells."}
{"id": "PMID:346579", "title": "Method for the genetic labeling of cryptic plasmids.", "content": "A recently developed method for detecting transposition was employed to genetically \"label\" conjugative plasmids such as F and Ent P307, which do not normally exhibit a readily identifiable phenotype.", "contents": "Method for the genetic labeling of cryptic plasmids. A recently developed method for detecting transposition was employed to genetically \"label\" conjugative plasmids such as F and Ent P307, which do not normally exhibit a readily identifiable phenotype."}
{"id": "PMID:346580", "title": "Mutations affecting the citrate-dependent iron uptake system in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Isolation of six strains of Escherichia coli K-12 carrying mutations affecting the citrate-dependent iron uptake system is described. Genetic analysis of these mutants showed that the mutation affecting the citrate system are cluster together at about min 6 on the E. coli chromosome.", "contents": "Mutations affecting the citrate-dependent iron uptake system in Escherichia coli. Isolation of six strains of Escherichia coli K-12 carrying mutations affecting the citrate-dependent iron uptake system is described. Genetic analysis of these mutants showed that the mutation affecting the citrate system are cluster together at about min 6 on the E. coli chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:346581", "title": "Phospholipid turnover during the division cycle of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The turnover of phospholipids in Escherichia coli B/r was analyzed in synchronously growing populations. The turnover of presynthesized phosphatidyl-glycerol and cardiolipin continued at a constant exponential rate throughout the division cycle.", "contents": "Phospholipid turnover during the division cycle of Escherichia coli. The turnover of phospholipids in Escherichia coli B/r was analyzed in synchronously growing populations. The turnover of presynthesized phosphatidyl-glycerol and cardiolipin continued at a constant exponential rate throughout the division cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:346583", "title": "Psychiatric illness and human renal transplantation.", "content": "This study focuses on physiological as well as psychological causes for psychiatric illness in renal transplant recipients. During an 18 month period 20 transplant recipients were evaluated in psychiatric consultation. A variety of psychiatric illnesses were noted with eight having a secondary depression diagnosed according to psychiatric research criteria. Case histories of these patients indicated that corticosteroid and meythyldopa therapy were significant etiologic agents in the development of the depressive syndrome. A step-wise approach to the management of patients with depressed mood or slowed thinking was proposed.", "contents": "Psychiatric illness and human renal transplantation. This study focuses on physiological as well as psychological causes for psychiatric illness in renal transplant recipients. During an 18 month period 20 transplant recipients were evaluated in psychiatric consultation. A variety of psychiatric illnesses were noted with eight having a secondary depression diagnosed according to psychiatric research criteria. Case histories of these patients indicated that corticosteroid and meythyldopa therapy were significant etiologic agents in the development of the depressive syndrome. A step-wise approach to the management of patients with depressed mood or slowed thinking was proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:346582", "title": "Ribonuclease III is involved in motility of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in ribonuclease III are nonmotile. All transductants and revertants that regained ribonuclease III also regained motility, and all transductants that remained or became rnc are nonmotile, although only some of the revertants that regained motility also became ribonuclease III+.", "contents": "Ribonuclease III is involved in motility of Escherichia coli. Mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in ribonuclease III are nonmotile. All transductants and revertants that regained ribonuclease III also regained motility, and all transductants that remained or became rnc are nonmotile, although only some of the revertants that regained motility also became ribonuclease III+."}
{"id": "PMID:346584", "title": "Studies on the oligomeric structure of yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase by cross-linking with bifunctional reagents.", "content": "The molecular w:ight of yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation was 207,000 +/- 13,000. The enzyme activity was proportional to the enzyme concentration in the range of 2 X 10(-11) M to 1 X 10(-7) M. Cross-linking patterns obtained with yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase after treatment with a series of diimidoesters of increasing chain lengths with different reaction times resulted in the appearance of tetramers as the largest cross-linked product of the enzyme subunits. The molecular weights of its monomer, dimer, trimer, and tetramer were, 57,000, 114,000, 171,000, and 228,000, respectively, as estimated from their mobilities on SDS-electrophoresis. In tetramers monomers are probably assembled in a heterologous square arrangement.", "contents": "Studies on the oligomeric structure of yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase by cross-linking with bifunctional reagents. The molecular w:ight of yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation was 207,000 +/- 13,000. The enzyme activity was proportional to the enzyme concentration in the range of 2 X 10(-11) M to 1 X 10(-7) M. Cross-linking patterns obtained with yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase after treatment with a series of diimidoesters of increasing chain lengths with different reaction times resulted in the appearance of tetramers as the largest cross-linked product of the enzyme subunits. The molecular weights of its monomer, dimer, trimer, and tetramer were, 57,000, 114,000, 171,000, and 228,000, respectively, as estimated from their mobilities on SDS-electrophoresis. In tetramers monomers are probably assembled in a heterologous square arrangement."}
{"id": "PMID:346585", "title": "Ergosterol biosynthesis in yeast. Pathways in the late stages and their variation under various conditions.", "content": "[Methyl-14C]methionine was supplied to yeast cells under aerobic and anaerobic conditions for the investigation of the pathway for ergosterol biosynthesis after the methylation of the side-chain. Under aerobic conditions, the incorporation of radioactivity into ergosterol was high. With a limited oxygen supply, in contrast, the radioactivity was first accumulated in ergosta-7,24(28)-dien-3beta-ol and ergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3beta-ol, and then transferred to ergost-7-en-3beta-ol, ergost-8-en-3beta-ol and ergosta-7,22-dien-3beta-ol with time. Under strictly anaerobic conditions, a double bond was introduced neither to delta5 nor to delta22. The results of the tracer experiments suggested the operation of several pathways in the late stages of ergosterol biosynthesis. It was also suggested that the main pathways varied depending on the conditions such as oxygen supply and other factors. The above conclusion was supported by the results of the analyses of the sterol compositions of the cells grown under various conditions.", "contents": "Ergosterol biosynthesis in yeast. Pathways in the late stages and their variation under various conditions. [Methyl-14C]methionine was supplied to yeast cells under aerobic and anaerobic conditions for the investigation of the pathway for ergosterol biosynthesis after the methylation of the side-chain. Under aerobic conditions, the incorporation of radioactivity into ergosterol was high. With a limited oxygen supply, in contrast, the radioactivity was first accumulated in ergosta-7,24(28)-dien-3beta-ol and ergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3beta-ol, and then transferred to ergost-7-en-3beta-ol, ergost-8-en-3beta-ol and ergosta-7,22-dien-3beta-ol with time. Under strictly anaerobic conditions, a double bond was introduced neither to delta5 nor to delta22. The results of the tracer experiments suggested the operation of several pathways in the late stages of ergosterol biosynthesis. It was also suggested that the main pathways varied depending on the conditions such as oxygen supply and other factors. The above conclusion was supported by the results of the analyses of the sterol compositions of the cells grown under various conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:346587", "title": "Binding and functional properties of concanavalin A and its derivatives. II. A proteolytic product with saccharide-binding activity.", "content": "Limited digestion of the intact subunit of concanavalin A (Mr = 26,000) with trypsin followed by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-100 has yielded a highly purified product designated here as Tn-Con A. Chemical studies have shown that Tn-Con A is composed of several components: a large fragment (Tn I, Mr = 19,000) spanning residues 1 to 172, and lower molecular weight polypeptides that are noncovalently associated with Tn I to form the active molecule. The molecular weight of Tn-Con A at pH 7 was 90,000, suggesting that, like native concanavalin A, it was a tetramer at physiological pH. Equilibrium dialysis experiments showed that Tn-Con A bound 1 molecule of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside/22,000 g atoms of protein and therefore that four saccharides are bound by the tetrameric molecule. Tn-Con A and native concanavalin A competed for the same receptors on the lymphocyte surface. Moreover, Tn-Con A was mitogenic for both mouse and human lymphocytes with dose-response curves similar to those of the native lectin. All of these results indicate that tryptic hydrolysis of concanavalin A produces a fragmented molecule retaining the saccharide-binding, subunit association, and mitogenic capacity of the native protein.", "contents": "Binding and functional properties of concanavalin A and its derivatives. II. A proteolytic product with saccharide-binding activity. Limited digestion of the intact subunit of concanavalin A (Mr = 26,000) with trypsin followed by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-100 has yielded a highly purified product designated here as Tn-Con A. Chemical studies have shown that Tn-Con A is composed of several components: a large fragment (Tn I, Mr = 19,000) spanning residues 1 to 172, and lower molecular weight polypeptides that are noncovalently associated with Tn I to form the active molecule. The molecular weight of Tn-Con A at pH 7 was 90,000, suggesting that, like native concanavalin A, it was a tetramer at physiological pH. Equilibrium dialysis experiments showed that Tn-Con A bound 1 molecule of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside/22,000 g atoms of protein and therefore that four saccharides are bound by the tetrameric molecule. Tn-Con A and native concanavalin A competed for the same receptors on the lymphocyte surface. Moreover, Tn-Con A was mitogenic for both mouse and human lymphocytes with dose-response curves similar to those of the native lectin. All of these results indicate that tryptic hydrolysis of concanavalin A produces a fragmented molecule retaining the saccharide-binding, subunit association, and mitogenic capacity of the native protein."}
{"id": "PMID:346590", "title": "A multienzyme system for priming the replication of phiX174 viral DNA.", "content": "Synthesis of the oligonucleotides that prime replication of phiX174 single-stranded DNA employs complex protein machinery of the host cell which is probably used by the cell to replicate its own chromosome. Primer synthesis depends on at least five proteins (DNA binding protein, dnaB and dnaC proteins, protein i, and protein n) and ATP to form a replication intermediate and another protein, primase (dnaG protein), to assemble the oligonucleotide by template transcription. The data in this paper show that ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates can serve as substrates and form hybrid primers when present together. Both RNA and DNA primers were initiated with ATP. At least three of the four base-pairing nucleoside triphosphates were required for the transcription that generates effective primers. Over 90% of the RNA and DNA transcripts were extended into complementary strands by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. At optimal triphosphate concentrations, the rate and extent of primer formation were greater from ribonucleoside triphosphates than from deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Uncoupled from DNA replication, the length of RNA primers was 14 to 50 residues, the DNA primers 4 to 20 residues. The fingerprint pattern of an RNase digest of RNA primers has a complexity suggestive of transcription from many sites on the phiX174 template. The multienzyme priming system is highly specific for phiX174 DNA as template.", "contents": "A multienzyme system for priming the replication of phiX174 viral DNA. Synthesis of the oligonucleotides that prime replication of phiX174 single-stranded DNA employs complex protein machinery of the host cell which is probably used by the cell to replicate its own chromosome. Primer synthesis depends on at least five proteins (DNA binding protein, dnaB and dnaC proteins, protein i, and protein n) and ATP to form a replication intermediate and another protein, primase (dnaG protein), to assemble the oligonucleotide by template transcription. The data in this paper show that ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates can serve as substrates and form hybrid primers when present together. Both RNA and DNA primers were initiated with ATP. At least three of the four base-pairing nucleoside triphosphates were required for the transcription that generates effective primers. Over 90% of the RNA and DNA transcripts were extended into complementary strands by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. At optimal triphosphate concentrations, the rate and extent of primer formation were greater from ribonucleoside triphosphates than from deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Uncoupled from DNA replication, the length of RNA primers was 14 to 50 residues, the DNA primers 4 to 20 residues. The fingerprint pattern of an RNase digest of RNA primers has a complexity suggestive of transcription from many sites on the phiX174 template. The multienzyme priming system is highly specific for phiX174 DNA as template."}
{"id": "PMID:346593", "title": "Urologic complications in renal homotransplantation.", "content": "Nineteen urologic complications developed in 161 renal transplant patients, 14 of whom developed cutaneous fistulae. The majority of complications occurred at the ureterovesical and ureteropelvic areas. Pelvic and vesical abnormalities were uncommon. Twelve patients with cutaneous fistulae were treated conservatively. The mortality rate in our series was 47%.", "contents": "Urologic complications in renal homotransplantation. Nineteen urologic complications developed in 161 renal transplant patients, 14 of whom developed cutaneous fistulae. The majority of complications occurred at the ureterovesical and ureteropelvic areas. Pelvic and vesical abnormalities were uncommon. Twelve patients with cutaneous fistulae were treated conservatively. The mortality rate in our series was 47%."}
{"id": "PMID:346604", "title": "Excretion of lipoteichoic acid by group A streptococci. Influence of penicillin on excretion and loss of ability to adhere to human oral mucosal cells.", "content": "Group A streptococci were grown in the presence of [2-(3)H]glycerol. Concentrated suspensions of the labeled organisms were incubated with and without penicillin. [(3)H]Glycerol-labeled material accumulated in the supernates in increasing amounts with increasing concentrations of penicillin, ranging from 0 to 50 U/ml. The excretion of labeled material occurred in the absence of nucleic acid synthesis or bacteriolysis indicating that the phenomenon is independent of cell multiplication or decay. The accumulation of label was paralleled by an accumulation of erythrocyte-sensitizing material measured by passive hemagglutination tests for lipoteichoic acid antigen, indicating that a portion of the labeled material possessed the properties of lipoteichoic acid. Culture supernates were fractionated by column chromatography, and the materials obtained were analyzed by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide, thin-layer chromatography, and paper chromatography. The ability of the same materials to bind to human erythrocytes and epithelial cells was tested. The culture supernate contained lipoteichoic acid, deacylated lipoteichoic acid, glycerol phosphate, and free glycerol. Penicillin caused an increase in the amounts of each of the excreted materials. Streptococci that were stimulated with penicillin to lose their lipoteichoic acid (previously shown to mediate adherence of group A streptococci) lost their ability to adhere to buccal mucosal cells, suggesting that penicillin may influence bacterial ecology by mechanisms other than killing sensitive organisms.", "contents": "Excretion of lipoteichoic acid by group A streptococci. Influence of penicillin on excretion and loss of ability to adhere to human oral mucosal cells. Group A streptococci were grown in the presence of [2-(3)H]glycerol. Concentrated suspensions of the labeled organisms were incubated with and without penicillin. [(3)H]Glycerol-labeled material accumulated in the supernates in increasing amounts with increasing concentrations of penicillin, ranging from 0 to 50 U/ml. The excretion of labeled material occurred in the absence of nucleic acid synthesis or bacteriolysis indicating that the phenomenon is independent of cell multiplication or decay. The accumulation of label was paralleled by an accumulation of erythrocyte-sensitizing material measured by passive hemagglutination tests for lipoteichoic acid antigen, indicating that a portion of the labeled material possessed the properties of lipoteichoic acid. Culture supernates were fractionated by column chromatography, and the materials obtained were analyzed by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide, thin-layer chromatography, and paper chromatography. The ability of the same materials to bind to human erythrocytes and epithelial cells was tested. The culture supernate contained lipoteichoic acid, deacylated lipoteichoic acid, glycerol phosphate, and free glycerol. Penicillin caused an increase in the amounts of each of the excreted materials. Streptococci that were stimulated with penicillin to lose their lipoteichoic acid (previously shown to mediate adherence of group A streptococci) lost their ability to adhere to buccal mucosal cells, suggesting that penicillin may influence bacterial ecology by mechanisms other than killing sensitive organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:346605", "title": "Cardiac and renal prostaglandin I2. Biosynthesis and biological effects in isolated perfused rabbit tissues.", "content": "Both the isolated perfused rabbit heart and kidney are capable of synthesizing prostaglandin (PG) I(2). The evidence that supports this finding includes: (a) radiochemical identification of the stable end-product of PGI(2), 6-keto-PGF(1alpha), in the venous effluent after arachidonic acid administration; (b) biological identification of the labile product in the venous effluents which causes relaxation of the bovine coronary artery assay tissue and inhibition of platelet aggregation; and (c) confirmation that arachidonic acid and its endoperoxide PGH(2), but not dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and its endoperoxide PGH(1), serve as the precursor for the coronary vasodilator and the inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The rabbit heart and kidney are both capable of converting exogenous arachidonate into PGI(2) but the normal perfused rabbit kidney apparently primarily converts endogenous arachidonate (e.g., generated by stimulation with bradykinin, angiotensin, ATP, or ischemia) into PGE(2); while the heart converts endogenous arachidonate primarily into PGI(2). Indomethacin inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase unmasks the continuous basal synthesis of PGI(2) by the heart, and of PGE(2) by the kidney. Cardiac PGI(2) administration causes a sharp transient reduction in coronary perfusion pressure, whereas the intracardiac injection of the PGH(2) causes an increase in coronary resistance without apparent cardiac conversion to PGI(2). The perfused heart rapidly degrades most of the exogenous endoperoxide probably into PGE(2), while exogenous PGI(2) traverses the heart without being metabolized. The coronary vasoconstriction produced by PGH(2) in the normal perfused rabbit heart suggests that the endoperoxide did not reach the PGI(2) synthetase, whereas the more lipid soluble precursor arachidonic acid (exogenous or endogenous) penetrated to the cyclooxygenase, which apparently is tightly coupled to the PGI(2) synthetase.", "contents": "Cardiac and renal prostaglandin I2. Biosynthesis and biological effects in isolated perfused rabbit tissues. Both the isolated perfused rabbit heart and kidney are capable of synthesizing prostaglandin (PG) I(2). The evidence that supports this finding includes: (a) radiochemical identification of the stable end-product of PGI(2), 6-keto-PGF(1alpha), in the venous effluent after arachidonic acid administration; (b) biological identification of the labile product in the venous effluents which causes relaxation of the bovine coronary artery assay tissue and inhibition of platelet aggregation; and (c) confirmation that arachidonic acid and its endoperoxide PGH(2), but not dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and its endoperoxide PGH(1), serve as the precursor for the coronary vasodilator and the inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The rabbit heart and kidney are both capable of converting exogenous arachidonate into PGI(2) but the normal perfused rabbit kidney apparently primarily converts endogenous arachidonate (e.g., generated by stimulation with bradykinin, angiotensin, ATP, or ischemia) into PGE(2); while the heart converts endogenous arachidonate primarily into PGI(2). Indomethacin inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase unmasks the continuous basal synthesis of PGI(2) by the heart, and of PGE(2) by the kidney. Cardiac PGI(2) administration causes a sharp transient reduction in coronary perfusion pressure, whereas the intracardiac injection of the PGH(2) causes an increase in coronary resistance without apparent cardiac conversion to PGI(2). The perfused heart rapidly degrades most of the exogenous endoperoxide probably into PGE(2), while exogenous PGI(2) traverses the heart without being metabolized. The coronary vasoconstriction produced by PGH(2) in the normal perfused rabbit heart suggests that the endoperoxide did not reach the PGI(2) synthetase, whereas the more lipid soluble precursor arachidonic acid (exogenous or endogenous) penetrated to the cyclooxygenase, which apparently is tightly coupled to the PGI(2) synthetase."}
{"id": "PMID:346606", "title": "Smoking treatment strategies, expectancy outcomes, and credibility in attention-placebo control conditions.", "content": "Assessed credibility of the rapid smoking procedure, covert sensitization a combined approach, satiation, and a relaxation technique in a group of 38 self-reported cigarette smokers. The results suggested that while sex is not a factor in credibility ratings, different treatment strategies do elicit varying degrees of confidence in terms of positive treatment expectances. Scheff\u00e9's method of posttest comparisons revealed that satiation was least preferred, while the relaxation procedure was rated the highest in credibility. The other aversive treatment strategies did not differ significantly from either the relaxation or satiation procedures. These findings are discussed as they relate to credibility as a nonspecific treatment variable that smoking researchers may effectively manipulate through a rating procedure in creating a more sound experimental design in attention-placebo control conditions.", "contents": "Smoking treatment strategies, expectancy outcomes, and credibility in attention-placebo control conditions. Assessed credibility of the rapid smoking procedure, covert sensitization a combined approach, satiation, and a relaxation technique in a group of 38 self-reported cigarette smokers. The results suggested that while sex is not a factor in credibility ratings, different treatment strategies do elicit varying degrees of confidence in terms of positive treatment expectances. Scheff\u00e9's method of posttest comparisons revealed that satiation was least preferred, while the relaxation procedure was rated the highest in credibility. The other aversive treatment strategies did not differ significantly from either the relaxation or satiation procedures. These findings are discussed as they relate to credibility as a nonspecific treatment variable that smoking researchers may effectively manipulate through a rating procedure in creating a more sound experimental design in attention-placebo control conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:346607", "title": "Differential mood changes in alcoholics as a function of anxiety management strategies.", "content": "A study was designed to compare the effects of three relaxation strategies on mood state profiles in a group of 30 male alcoholics. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) was used for pre- and posttest treatment measures. The results indicated that the three relaxation strategies--progressive relaxation training, (PRT), meditation training (MT), quiet rest (QR)--produced qualitatively different patterns. While both PRT and MT produced measurable decrements in self-reported tension and QR controls showed no change on any of the six subscales, PRT was observed to effect decreased depression as well as a trend toward increased vigor. Meditation training effects were limited to decreased tension and a nonsignificant decrease in fatigue. These results are discussed in terms of refinement of the \"relaxation response\" notion to a more heterogeneous, technique-centered definition.", "contents": "Differential mood changes in alcoholics as a function of anxiety management strategies. A study was designed to compare the effects of three relaxation strategies on mood state profiles in a group of 30 male alcoholics. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) was used for pre- and posttest treatment measures. The results indicated that the three relaxation strategies--progressive relaxation training, (PRT), meditation training (MT), quiet rest (QR)--produced qualitatively different patterns. While both PRT and MT produced measurable decrements in self-reported tension and QR controls showed no change on any of the six subscales, PRT was observed to effect decreased depression as well as a trend toward increased vigor. Meditation training effects were limited to decreased tension and a nonsignificant decrease in fatigue. These results are discussed in terms of refinement of the \"relaxation response\" notion to a more heterogeneous, technique-centered definition."}
{"id": "PMID:346608", "title": "The effect of test taking on acceptance of bogus personality statements.", "content": "Ss received either positively or negatively toned feedback after taking a projective test. Other Ss merely received the  feedback statements without taking the test. All Ss rated the feedback statements individually and as a unit as to how well they described their personality and the personality of people in general. Feedback as a unit was more acceptable when (a) the test was taken, and (b) when positively toned feedback was received. Collapsing across feedback conditions, personal acceptability was higher for those who took the test than for those who did not take the test. The method allowed for analysis of individual items and thereby provided an additional measure of acceptability than simply using the overall acceptability score.", "contents": "The effect of test taking on acceptance of bogus personality statements. Ss received either positively or negatively toned feedback after taking a projective test. Other Ss merely received the  feedback statements without taking the test. All Ss rated the feedback statements individually and as a unit as to how well they described their personality and the personality of people in general. Feedback as a unit was more acceptable when (a) the test was taken, and (b) when positively toned feedback was received. Collapsing across feedback conditions, personal acceptability was higher for those who took the test than for those who did not take the test. The method allowed for analysis of individual items and thereby provided an additional measure of acceptability than simply using the overall acceptability score."}
{"id": "PMID:346609", "title": "Outbreak of infantile enteritis caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O6.H16.", "content": "Ten out of 18 babies at risk developed enteritis in an outbreak in a special-care baby unit. Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli belonging to the traditional infantile enteropathogenic serogroups were not found in faeces from the babies and the staff, and no virus particles were found by electron microscopy. Detailed serotyping of E. coli showed that five of the 10 babies with diarrhoea and one of the eight without diarrhoea were excreting E. coli O6.H16. All six isolates of this serotype produced both heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxin. Enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli O6.H16 have caused outbreaks of enteritis in adults in the USA and Japan.", "contents": "Outbreak of infantile enteritis caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O6.H16. Ten out of 18 babies at risk developed enteritis in an outbreak in a special-care baby unit. Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli belonging to the traditional infantile enteropathogenic serogroups were not found in faeces from the babies and the staff, and no virus particles were found by electron microscopy. Detailed serotyping of E. coli showed that five of the 10 babies with diarrhoea and one of the eight without diarrhoea were excreting E. coli O6.H16. All six isolates of this serotype produced both heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxin. Enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli O6.H16 have caused outbreaks of enteritis in adults in the USA and Japan."}
{"id": "PMID:346610", "title": "Significance of alpha-subunit HCG demonstrated in breast carcinomas by the immunoperoxidase technique.", "content": "Fifty-three breast carcinomas were examined by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique for the presence of the alpha-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin. Positive staining occurred in 12 (22.6%). There was no correlation between alpha-subunit production and specific histological features, but production was related to the presence of lymph node metastases and hence a poorer prognosis. The alpha-subunit could be used as a prognostic indicator in the assessment of breast carcinoma.", "contents": "Significance of alpha-subunit HCG demonstrated in breast carcinomas by the immunoperoxidase technique. Fifty-three breast carcinomas were examined by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique for the presence of the alpha-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin. Positive staining occurred in 12 (22.6%). There was no correlation between alpha-subunit production and specific histological features, but production was related to the presence of lymph node metastases and hence a poorer prognosis. The alpha-subunit could be used as a prognostic indicator in the assessment of breast carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:346612", "title": "Distribution of transferrin, ferritin, and lactoferrin in human tissues.", "content": "An immunoperoxidase staining technique was used for detecting three major iron-binding proteins (transferrin, ferritin, and lactoferrin) in routine histological paraffin sections of human tissue. Transferrin was found mainly in hepatocytes, a variety of epithelial and myoepithelial cells, renal tubular cells, and histiocytes. Ferritin was most readily found in histiocytes and liver cells, with weaker reactions seen in epithelial cells. Lactoferrin was found in lactating breast tissue, bronchial glands, polymorphs, and gastric and duodenal epithelial cells. The technique is potentially valuable for investigating abnormal iron states.", "contents": "Distribution of transferrin, ferritin, and lactoferrin in human tissues. An immunoperoxidase staining technique was used for detecting three major iron-binding proteins (transferrin, ferritin, and lactoferrin) in routine histological paraffin sections of human tissue. Transferrin was found mainly in hepatocytes, a variety of epithelial and myoepithelial cells, renal tubular cells, and histiocytes. Ferritin was most readily found in histiocytes and liver cells, with weaker reactions seen in epithelial cells. Lactoferrin was found in lactating breast tissue, bronchial glands, polymorphs, and gastric and duodenal epithelial cells. The technique is potentially valuable for investigating abnormal iron states."}
{"id": "PMID:346613", "title": "Ethanol formed from arabinose: a rapid method for detecting Escherichia coli.", "content": "Head-space gas-liquid chromatography showed that Escherichia col are consistent in their ability to ferment arabinose with the production of ethanol. In both still and shaken cultures ethanol production is closely aligned with growth. Also ethanol production is related to inoculum size so that varying sizes of inocula may be distinguished by choosing a time of sampling early in growth. The method is suitable as a rapid test for E. coli and is applicable for use in detecting E. coli urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Ethanol formed from arabinose: a rapid method for detecting Escherichia coli. Head-space gas-liquid chromatography showed that Escherichia col are consistent in their ability to ferment arabinose with the production of ethanol. In both still and shaken cultures ethanol production is closely aligned with growth. Also ethanol production is related to inoculum size so that varying sizes of inocula may be distinguished by choosing a time of sampling early in growth. The method is suitable as a rapid test for E. coli and is applicable for use in detecting E. coli urinary tract infections."}
{"id": "PMID:346614", "title": "Head-space gas liquid chromatography for rapid detection of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis in urine.", "content": "Measuring ethanol formed from arabinose by Escherichia coli and dimethyl disulphide formed from methionine by Proteus mirabilis is a rapid way of detecting these organisms in the urine. Ethanol and dimethyl disulphide are detected by head-space gas-liquid chromatography. Since sedimented organisms and not whole urine are used the method is not subject to interference from compounds within the urine. When it was tested on 122 samples of urine, 94 from patients with suspected urinary infection and 28 supposedly uninfected control specimens, the results correlated well with viable counts by a conventional bacteriological method. As well as being rapid (results available in four hours) the method is reliable, easy to use, and could be automated. It now requires extensive testing in a hospital laboratory.", "contents": "Head-space gas liquid chromatography for rapid detection of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis in urine. Measuring ethanol formed from arabinose by Escherichia coli and dimethyl disulphide formed from methionine by Proteus mirabilis is a rapid way of detecting these organisms in the urine. Ethanol and dimethyl disulphide are detected by head-space gas-liquid chromatography. Since sedimented organisms and not whole urine are used the method is not subject to interference from compounds within the urine. When it was tested on 122 samples of urine, 94 from patients with suspected urinary infection and 28 supposedly uninfected control specimens, the results correlated well with viable counts by a conventional bacteriological method. As well as being rapid (results available in four hours) the method is reliable, easy to use, and could be automated. It now requires extensive testing in a hospital laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:346618", "title": "Retinal ganglion cells in the crucian carp (Carassius carassius). II. Overlap, shape and tangential orientation of dendritic trees.", "content": "Ganglion cells were studied in methylene blue stained flat-mounted retinas. Three categories of cells are described: small (S) and large (L) ganglion cells in the main ganglion cell layer, and large ganglion cells (LD) with somata more or less displaced into the inner plexiform layer. These LD cells have two to four very thick primary dendrites and are identifiable as ganglion cells by their axons. An analysis of published data reveals that the large ganglion cells of the crucian carp (type L and LD) have several striking characteristics in common with the large ganglion cells of the dogfish, the frog and the cat: (1) they are selectively stained by methylene blue; (2) they comprise only 2-5% of all the ganglion cells; (3) the large cells can be divided into two or three subtypes, and within each subtype the dendritic trees usually cover the retinal surface with a two- or threefold overlap.  New ganglion cells are formed from neuroblasts at the retinal margin and most dendrites first grow along this neuroblastic zone. Thus the main dendrites of the L and LD cells tend to be oriented parallel to the margin all around the periphery of a crucian carp retina. Independent of the size of the eye this parallel orientation disappears at the same relative distance from the margin (about one-third of the distance from the margin to the optic disc). If all L and LD cells are formed at the retinal margin and first develop oriented dendrites, we have to assume that the more randomly oriented dendritic trees in the central retina have undergone a reorganization.", "contents": "Retinal ganglion cells in the crucian carp (Carassius carassius). II. Overlap, shape and tangential orientation of dendritic trees. Ganglion cells were studied in methylene blue stained flat-mounted retinas. Three categories of cells are described: small (S) and large (L) ganglion cells in the main ganglion cell layer, and large ganglion cells (LD) with somata more or less displaced into the inner plexiform layer. These LD cells have two to four very thick primary dendrites and are identifiable as ganglion cells by their axons. An analysis of published data reveals that the large ganglion cells of the crucian carp (type L and LD) have several striking characteristics in common with the large ganglion cells of the dogfish, the frog and the cat: (1) they are selectively stained by methylene blue; (2) they comprise only 2-5% of all the ganglion cells; (3) the large cells can be divided into two or three subtypes, and within each subtype the dendritic trees usually cover the retinal surface with a two- or threefold overlap.  New ganglion cells are formed from neuroblasts at the retinal margin and most dendrites first grow along this neuroblastic zone. Thus the main dendrites of the L and LD cells tend to be oriented parallel to the margin all around the periphery of a crucian carp retina. Independent of the size of the eye this parallel orientation disappears at the same relative distance from the margin (about one-third of the distance from the margin to the optic disc). If all L and LD cells are formed at the retinal margin and first develop oriented dendrites, we have to assume that the more randomly oriented dendritic trees in the central retina have undergone a reorganization."}
{"id": "PMID:346616", "title": "Effects of halofenate on glucose tolerance in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia.", "content": "Halofenate, a triglyceride- and uric acid-lowering drug, potentiated the effect of oral hypoglycemics. Its effect on serial glucose tolerance was evaluated in ten patients with hypertriglyceridemia without overt diabetes. Six-hour oral glucose tolerance tests were done during a control period and every 24 weeks over two years of halofenate treatment. Abnormal glucose tolerance (chemical diabetes) was observed during the control period in six of ten patients. The number of abnormal tests gradually decreased to none by 48 weeks. Plasma glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid values during the glucose tolerance tests were reduced significantly. Halofenate induced significant serum uric acid reduction. No significant regressions were observed among levels of lipids, hormones, glucose, and uric acid. The mechanisms by which lipid-lowering drugs improve glucose tolerance are as yet unexplained.", "contents": "Effects of halofenate on glucose tolerance in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Halofenate, a triglyceride- and uric acid-lowering drug, potentiated the effect of oral hypoglycemics. Its effect on serial glucose tolerance was evaluated in ten patients with hypertriglyceridemia without overt diabetes. Six-hour oral glucose tolerance tests were done during a control period and every 24 weeks over two years of halofenate treatment. Abnormal glucose tolerance (chemical diabetes) was observed during the control period in six of ten patients. The number of abnormal tests gradually decreased to none by 48 weeks. Plasma glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid values during the glucose tolerance tests were reduced significantly. Halofenate induced significant serum uric acid reduction. No significant regressions were observed among levels of lipids, hormones, glucose, and uric acid. The mechanisms by which lipid-lowering drugs improve glucose tolerance are as yet unexplained."}
{"id": "PMID:346619", "title": "The forms of non-pyramidal neurons in the visual cortex of the rat.", "content": "Rapid Golgi preparations from area 17 of young adult rats have been studied to determine the morphology and distribution of non-pyramidal neurons. Such cells were observed in all of the cellular laminae of the cortex, but were particularly prevalent in layers IV and V. Non-pyramidal neurons were categorized according to two features: (1) dendritic projection pattern, and (2) abundance of dendritic spines. Dendritic patterns were classified as multipolar, bitufted, and bipolar, and spine patterns as spinous, sparsely spinous, and spine-free. Spinous dendrites were associated only with multipolar neurons, while sparsely spinous and spine-free dendrites were each associated with cells of all three non-pyramidal dendritic patterns. The most frequently observed non-pyramidal cell types were multipolar cells of the spine-free and sparsely spinous varieties. All of the general cell types encountered have been described in the literature on non-pyramidal neurons, indicating the lack of any unique forms in rat area 17. An analysis of the dendritic projections of individual non-pyramidal neurons through particular cortical laminae made possible an evaluation of common sources of dendrites present in the neuropil of each layer. Non-pyramidal cell axons were impregnated only in small numbers. Spinous multipolar axons invariably exhibited a descending main branch, while the axons of bipolar neurons were distributed in a narrow vertical field. Axonal patterns of remaining cell types, including Golgi type II arborizations, did not appear to correlate consistently with dendritic morphology. Axons of the basket cell type and \"horsetail\" axons associated with double bouquet cells of Cajal's original type were not impregnated.", "contents": "The forms of non-pyramidal neurons in the visual cortex of the rat. Rapid Golgi preparations from area 17 of young adult rats have been studied to determine the morphology and distribution of non-pyramidal neurons. Such cells were observed in all of the cellular laminae of the cortex, but were particularly prevalent in layers IV and V. Non-pyramidal neurons were categorized according to two features: (1) dendritic projection pattern, and (2) abundance of dendritic spines. Dendritic patterns were classified as multipolar, bitufted, and bipolar, and spine patterns as spinous, sparsely spinous, and spine-free. Spinous dendrites were associated only with multipolar neurons, while sparsely spinous and spine-free dendrites were each associated with cells of all three non-pyramidal dendritic patterns. The most frequently observed non-pyramidal cell types were multipolar cells of the spine-free and sparsely spinous varieties. All of the general cell types encountered have been described in the literature on non-pyramidal neurons, indicating the lack of any unique forms in rat area 17. An analysis of the dendritic projections of individual non-pyramidal neurons through particular cortical laminae made possible an evaluation of common sources of dendrites present in the neuropil of each layer. Non-pyramidal cell axons were impregnated only in small numbers. Spinous multipolar axons invariably exhibited a descending main branch, while the axons of bipolar neurons were distributed in a narrow vertical field. Axonal patterns of remaining cell types, including Golgi type II arborizations, did not appear to correlate consistently with dendritic morphology. Axons of the basket cell type and \"horsetail\" axons associated with double bouquet cells of Cajal's original type were not impregnated."}
{"id": "PMID:346620", "title": "Chronic renal failure in diabetes: survival with hemodialysis vs. transplantation.", "content": "Clinical observations for 49 diabetic patients who required chronic hemodialysis or renal transplantation during a four year period are presented. Twenty-seven dialysis patients had a two year cumulative survival of 74% compared to 54% for 22 transplantation patients. The cumulative survival of live-related donor recipients (77%) was similar to that of the dialysis group and significantly better than that of cadaveric allograft recipients (36%). While the incidences of cardiomegaly and of motor neuropathy were high among live-related donor recipients, dialysis patients more often demonstrated peripheral vascular disease. Causes of death in hemodialysis patients included cardipulmonary arrest and patient decision to discontinue therapy; in the transplantation group included cardiopulmonary arrest, sepsis, and stroke. Living-related transplantation remains the preferred mode of therapy because of the potential for rehabilitation. In terms of patient survival, the risks of cadaver transplantation must be weighted against the discomforts of chronic dialysis.", "contents": "Chronic renal failure in diabetes: survival with hemodialysis vs. transplantation. Clinical observations for 49 diabetic patients who required chronic hemodialysis or renal transplantation during a four year period are presented. Twenty-seven dialysis patients had a two year cumulative survival of 74% compared to 54% for 22 transplantation patients. The cumulative survival of live-related donor recipients (77%) was similar to that of the dialysis group and significantly better than that of cadaveric allograft recipients (36%). While the incidences of cardiomegaly and of motor neuropathy were high among live-related donor recipients, dialysis patients more often demonstrated peripheral vascular disease. Causes of death in hemodialysis patients included cardipulmonary arrest and patient decision to discontinue therapy; in the transplantation group included cardiopulmonary arrest, sepsis, and stroke. Living-related transplantation remains the preferred mode of therapy because of the potential for rehabilitation. In terms of patient survival, the risks of cadaver transplantation must be weighted against the discomforts of chronic dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:346617", "title": "The effect of diazepam on the recovery of endogenously depressed patients.", "content": "Forty endogenously depressed patients given standard antidepressants and/or electroconvulsive therapy in a general hospital psychiatric ward were assessed using the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The patients were then randomly assigned to two groups: Under double-blind conditions, one group received in addition 20 mg diazepam per day and the other, identical placebos. No additional benzodiazepines were prescribed during the study. Standard therapy with tricyclic antidepressants or electric shock was determined by the patients' own psychiatrists. The assessments were repeated after ten days of diazepam or placebo treatment. Fourteen patients (seven in each group) also completed the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Results of the Beck Depression Inventory indicated that the addition of diazepam retarded the improvement of the patients receiving only tricyclic antidepressants but had no effect on the recovery of patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy.", "contents": "The effect of diazepam on the recovery of endogenously depressed patients. Forty endogenously depressed patients given standard antidepressants and/or electroconvulsive therapy in a general hospital psychiatric ward were assessed using the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The patients were then randomly assigned to two groups: Under double-blind conditions, one group received in addition 20 mg diazepam per day and the other, identical placebos. No additional benzodiazepines were prescribed during the study. Standard therapy with tricyclic antidepressants or electric shock was determined by the patients' own psychiatrists. The assessments were repeated after ten days of diazepam or placebo treatment. Fourteen patients (seven in each group) also completed the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Results of the Beck Depression Inventory indicated that the addition of diazepam retarded the improvement of the patients receiving only tricyclic antidepressants but had no effect on the recovery of patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:346624", "title": "Auricular and Periauricular surgery.", "content": "Various surgical procedures are described for common disorders on and about the ear. Photographs are presented to show how they are performed. Applicable surgical subtleties and precautions are discussed.", "contents": "Auricular and Periauricular surgery. Various surgical procedures are described for common disorders on and about the ear. Photographs are presented to show how they are performed. Applicable surgical subtleties and precautions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:346625", "title": "The face lift as an office procedure.", "content": "Salient techniques for doing a face lift as an office procedure are described. Heavy preoperative sedation and analgesia are recommended. The various incisions required are diagramed and the extent of undermining required is depicted. The need for absolute hemostasis is stressed. The type of pressure dressing advised is pictured. Some useful variations practiced by other skilled plastic surgeons are presented.", "contents": "The face lift as an office procedure. Salient techniques for doing a face lift as an office procedure are described. Heavy preoperative sedation and analgesia are recommended. The various incisions required are diagramed and the extent of undermining required is depicted. The need for absolute hemostasis is stressed. The type of pressure dressing advised is pictured. Some useful variations practiced by other skilled plastic surgeons are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:346627", "title": "Clinical application of the functional matrix: mandibular reconstruction and monobloc functional therapy.", "content": "A 13-year-old black girl with an extensive ameloblastoma of the mandible required subtotal mandibular resection and immediate reconstruction with use of an autogenous, ipsilateral, corticocancellous graft from the iliac crest and monobic functional therapy. Twenty-seven months later, clinical evaluation showed normal mandibular function and no facial asymmetry. Bony architectural changes after 27 months included reformation of the coronoid process, angular process, and external oblique ridge; preservation of mandibular length and thickness; and maintenance of the alveolar ridge height. The reformation of the coronoid process suggests the importance of the functional matrix (temporalis muscle) in skeletal tissue growth. The monobloc appliance in conjunction with bone grafting is an effective means for transmission of biophysical stimuli and for maintenance of appropriate stress for remodeling of bone in the mandible.", "contents": "Clinical application of the functional matrix: mandibular reconstruction and monobloc functional therapy. A 13-year-old black girl with an extensive ameloblastoma of the mandible required subtotal mandibular resection and immediate reconstruction with use of an autogenous, ipsilateral, corticocancellous graft from the iliac crest and monobic functional therapy. Twenty-seven months later, clinical evaluation showed normal mandibular function and no facial asymmetry. Bony architectural changes after 27 months included reformation of the coronoid process, angular process, and external oblique ridge; preservation of mandibular length and thickness; and maintenance of the alveolar ridge height. The reformation of the coronoid process suggests the importance of the functional matrix (temporalis muscle) in skeletal tissue growth. The monobloc appliance in conjunction with bone grafting is an effective means for transmission of biophysical stimuli and for maintenance of appropriate stress for remodeling of bone in the mandible."}
{"id": "PMID:346628", "title": "Immunotherapy in cat-induced asthma. Double-blind trial with evaluation of bronchial responses to cat allergen and histamine.", "content": "Ten asymptomatic patients with normal pulmonary function were selected for a double-blind trial of immunotherapy in cat-induced asthma. Each patient had a positive prick test to cat pelt extract and also a positive bronchial challenge response to the same extract. Patients were randomly assigned to active treatment or placebo groups and received weekly or biweekly injections over a 3 to 4-month period. The 5 patients who received the active treatment received a cumulative dose of cat pelt extract that ranged from 16.4 to 44.8 mg of total solid containing 1.7 to 4.7 mg of cat allergen 1. Apparent systemic reactions were observed in 3 patients who received the placebo and 3 patients who received the active treatment. The 5 patients who received the active treatment showed a reduction in skin reactivity to cat pelt extract as well as a significant mean reduction in bronchial sensitivity to the same extract. The 5 patients who received the placebo showed no significant changes in skin reactivity or bronchial sensitivity to cat pelt extract. Bronchial response to histamine did not change significantly in either the active treatment of the placebo group.", "contents": "Immunotherapy in cat-induced asthma. Double-blind trial with evaluation of bronchial responses to cat allergen and histamine. Ten asymptomatic patients with normal pulmonary function were selected for a double-blind trial of immunotherapy in cat-induced asthma. Each patient had a positive prick test to cat pelt extract and also a positive bronchial challenge response to the same extract. Patients were randomly assigned to active treatment or placebo groups and received weekly or biweekly injections over a 3 to 4-month period. The 5 patients who received the active treatment received a cumulative dose of cat pelt extract that ranged from 16.4 to 44.8 mg of total solid containing 1.7 to 4.7 mg of cat allergen 1. Apparent systemic reactions were observed in 3 patients who received the placebo and 3 patients who received the active treatment. The 5 patients who received the active treatment showed a reduction in skin reactivity to cat pelt extract as well as a significant mean reduction in bronchial sensitivity to the same extract. The 5 patients who received the placebo showed no significant changes in skin reactivity or bronchial sensitivity to cat pelt extract. Bronchial response to histamine did not change significantly in either the active treatment of the placebo group."}
{"id": "PMID:346630", "title": "Severe impairment of dietary folate utilization in the elderly.", "content": "Absorption of folates, vitamin B6, pantothenate, and riboflavin from a natural food source (yeast) and from synthetic folylmonoglutamate was studied in 24 elderly subjects (age range, 73 to 101 years) and in 12 healthy younger subjects (age range, 24 to 42 years). All subjects absorbed riboflavin, vitamin B6, and pantothenate from yeast. Ingested folypolyglutamates (the preponderant folates in yeast) proved to be a very poor source of folates for the elderly subjects, whereas synthetic folylmonoglutamate served as a good source. In the younger subjects, yeast was a significant folate source. It is suggested that the folate deficits so common in the elderly are caused by impaired ability to obtain folate from ingested foods. The resultant folate deficit may induce changes in the epithelial structure and enzyme secretion of the small bowel, which may further exacerbate folate malabsorption.", "contents": "Severe impairment of dietary folate utilization in the elderly. Absorption of folates, vitamin B6, pantothenate, and riboflavin from a natural food source (yeast) and from synthetic folylmonoglutamate was studied in 24 elderly subjects (age range, 73 to 101 years) and in 12 healthy younger subjects (age range, 24 to 42 years). All subjects absorbed riboflavin, vitamin B6, and pantothenate from yeast. Ingested folypolyglutamates (the preponderant folates in yeast) proved to be a very poor source of folates for the elderly subjects, whereas synthetic folylmonoglutamate served as a good source. In the younger subjects, yeast was a significant folate source. It is suggested that the folate deficits so common in the elderly are caused by impaired ability to obtain folate from ingested foods. The resultant folate deficit may induce changes in the epithelial structure and enzyme secretion of the small bowel, which may further exacerbate folate malabsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:346631", "title": "Lactulose syrup assessed in a double-blind study of elderly constipated patients.", "content": "The laxative effects of 50% lactulose syrup and 50% glucose syrup were compared in a 12-week, double-blind study of 47 elderly constipated patients living in a nursing home. The dosage was 30 ml daily taken at bedtime; it was reduced to 15 ml if the initial dosage produced two or more bowel movements daily. The number of bowel movements during treatment in comparison to pretreatment was significantly increased in the 42 patients (19 lactulose, 23 glucose) who completed at least 8 weeks of the study. Laculose was superior to glucose in the mean number of bowel movements per day (p less than 0.02) and in the percentage of days in which at least one bowel movement occurred (p less than 0.05). Reduction in the severity of each 5 symptoms (cramping, griping, flatulence, tenesmus, bloating) was greater with lactulose. For relief of all 5 symptoms, lactulose was significantly more effective than glucose (p less than 0.04). The striking reduction in the number of fecal impactions (only 6 in the lactulose patients vs 66 in the controls) was highly significant (p less than 0.015). The lactulose patients needed fewer enemas than did the controls. No abnormal values were observed in laboratory tests.", "contents": "Lactulose syrup assessed in a double-blind study of elderly constipated patients. The laxative effects of 50% lactulose syrup and 50% glucose syrup were compared in a 12-week, double-blind study of 47 elderly constipated patients living in a nursing home. The dosage was 30 ml daily taken at bedtime; it was reduced to 15 ml if the initial dosage produced two or more bowel movements daily. The number of bowel movements during treatment in comparison to pretreatment was significantly increased in the 42 patients (19 lactulose, 23 glucose) who completed at least 8 weeks of the study. Laculose was superior to glucose in the mean number of bowel movements per day (p less than 0.02) and in the percentage of days in which at least one bowel movement occurred (p less than 0.05). Reduction in the severity of each 5 symptoms (cramping, griping, flatulence, tenesmus, bloating) was greater with lactulose. For relief of all 5 symptoms, lactulose was significantly more effective than glucose (p less than 0.04). The striking reduction in the number of fecal impactions (only 6 in the lactulose patients vs 66 in the controls) was highly significant (p less than 0.015). The lactulose patients needed fewer enemas than did the controls. No abnormal values were observed in laboratory tests."}
{"id": "PMID:346637", "title": "Bone grafts: a review of the literature.", "content": "Dr. Glidear discusses bone transplantation and the incorporation of transplanted bone into the host. The graft itself plays a role in its incorporation into the host by either attracting invading vessels from the bed or by forming anastomoses between itself and the host vascular channels. Vessels can invade a bony graft only when shear is eliminated or greatly minimized. The most frequent cause of transplantation failure is infection.", "contents": "Bone grafts: a review of the literature. Dr. Glidear discusses bone transplantation and the incorporation of transplanted bone into the host. The graft itself plays a role in its incorporation into the host by either attracting invading vessels from the bed or by forming anastomoses between itself and the host vascular channels. Vessels can invade a bony graft only when shear is eliminated or greatly minimized. The most frequent cause of transplantation failure is infection."}
{"id": "PMID:346638", "title": "Community mental health centers: politics and therapy.", "content": "This paper traces the development of theory and public awareness of mental health from 1900 to 1960, with particular stress on the rise of social psychiatric models and the impact of events in and around World War Two. The federal legislative history of the Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) program through 1976 is then outlined with regard to particular social problems (e.g., alcoholism) and to domestic politics as they influenced the program's regulations and mandates. A brief critique of the CMHC program from both viewpoints follows, with emphasis on poor administration, lack of community control, and poor evaluation and accountability. This is the basis of an argument for a more egalitarian, explicitly political viewpoint and methodology as a start toward solving problems that chronically afflict the mental health system.", "contents": "Community mental health centers: politics and therapy. This paper traces the development of theory and public awareness of mental health from 1900 to 1960, with particular stress on the rise of social psychiatric models and the impact of events in and around World War Two. The federal legislative history of the Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) program through 1976 is then outlined with regard to particular social problems (e.g., alcoholism) and to domestic politics as they influenced the program's regulations and mandates. A brief critique of the CMHC program from both viewpoints follows, with emphasis on poor administration, lack of community control, and poor evaluation and accountability. This is the basis of an argument for a more egalitarian, explicitly political viewpoint and methodology as a start toward solving problems that chronically afflict the mental health system."}
{"id": "PMID:346992", "title": "Fine structure of noradrenaline containing nerve fibers in the median eminence of female rat demonstrated by in situ fixation of potassium permanganate.", "content": "Fine structure of noradrenaline (NA) terminals in the internal layer of the median eminence (ME) was elucidated by in situ fixation of potassium permanganate. The NA terminals in ME contained relatively large cored vesicles (about 1000 A) together with a large number of small core vesicle (400-600 A). The most dominant feature that NA terminals show is the closed contact with ependymal cells and their processes. In the bulging abutting on the contact membrane, some of core vesicles fused or touched the membrane appearing to release the content into intercellular space or take up NA from the space. This finding shows that the NA terminals abutting on the ependymal cells and their processes have a close contact with them and give an important influence on regulation of ependymal function. Our present study further revealed that the NA terminals also had a close contact not only with the axon terminals in which ordinary spherical non-cored vesicles were exclusively present but also with the axonal fibers of neurosecretary system. These findings would infer complicated function of NA in ME.", "contents": "Fine structure of noradrenaline containing nerve fibers in the median eminence of female rat demonstrated by in situ fixation of potassium permanganate. Fine structure of noradrenaline (NA) terminals in the internal layer of the median eminence (ME) was elucidated by in situ fixation of potassium permanganate. The NA terminals in ME contained relatively large cored vesicles (about 1000 A) together with a large number of small core vesicle (400-600 A). The most dominant feature that NA terminals show is the closed contact with ependymal cells and their processes. In the bulging abutting on the contact membrane, some of core vesicles fused or touched the membrane appearing to release the content into intercellular space or take up NA from the space. This finding shows that the NA terminals abutting on the ependymal cells and their processes have a close contact with them and give an important influence on regulation of ependymal function. Our present study further revealed that the NA terminals also had a close contact not only with the axon terminals in which ordinary spherical non-cored vesicles were exclusively present but also with the axonal fibers of neurosecretary system. These findings would infer complicated function of NA in ME."}
{"id": "PMID:346993", "title": "Life change and illness studies: past history and future directions.", "content": "A selected review of life changes and illness studies is presented which illustrates both the diversity of samples that have been tests in these studies and the generally positive results which have been obtained. Although early (retrospective) work in this field led to simplistic explanations, later (prospective) studies have begun to document the several intervening variables which occur between subjects' recent life change experiences and their subsequent symptomatology and disease. A life change and illness model is presented to illustrate key intervening variables. The authors believe that future research in the field of life change and illness should concentrate on further delineations of these intervening variables--an effort necessitating active collaboration between social and medical scientists.", "contents": "Life change and illness studies: past history and future directions. A selected review of life changes and illness studies is presented which illustrates both the diversity of samples that have been tests in these studies and the generally positive results which have been obtained. Although early (retrospective) work in this field led to simplistic explanations, later (prospective) studies have begun to document the several intervening variables which occur between subjects' recent life change experiences and their subsequent symptomatology and disease. A life change and illness model is presented to illustrate key intervening variables. The authors believe that future research in the field of life change and illness should concentrate on further delineations of these intervening variables--an effort necessitating active collaboration between social and medical scientists."}
{"id": "PMID:346994", "title": "Epidemiologic research in hypertension: a critical appraisal.", "content": "Epidemiologic studies of blood pressure have been conducted for over twenty-five years, but the results of this research can only be described as modest. The basic epidemiologic and demographic description of blood pressure distributions in human populations remains problematic and psychosocial studies have not yielded clear and solid hypotheses pointing the way to future research. There is no doubt that blood pressures vary among and between population groups, and there seems little doubt that variations in life-style are associated with these differences. It is puzzling that we have failed to discern systematic and patterned relationships among these variables. It is suggested that a more useful approach to research in this field would be to distinguish factors that affect general susceptibility to becoming ill from those that initiate or maintain particular disease states.", "contents": "Epidemiologic research in hypertension: a critical appraisal. Epidemiologic studies of blood pressure have been conducted for over twenty-five years, but the results of this research can only be described as modest. The basic epidemiologic and demographic description of blood pressure distributions in human populations remains problematic and psychosocial studies have not yielded clear and solid hypotheses pointing the way to future research. There is no doubt that blood pressures vary among and between population groups, and there seems little doubt that variations in life-style are associated with these differences. It is puzzling that we have failed to discern systematic and patterned relationships among these variables. It is suggested that a more useful approach to research in this field would be to distinguish factors that affect general susceptibility to becoming ill from those that initiate or maintain particular disease states."}
{"id": "PMID:346995", "title": "Migration of radioactive products through alimentary chains (a review).", "content": "Data on the mobility of radioactive products in biocoenoses are presented and the main routes of their migration are discussed. Data on radioactive contamination of food products of vegetable, animal and marine origin are mentioned. It has been demonstrated that technological processing of raw material and culinary preparation of food products results in a considerable reduction in their contamination. Data on the amounts of radioactive nuclides taken up by the human organism in consequence of local and global fallout of radioactive products are reported.", "contents": "Migration of radioactive products through alimentary chains (a review). Data on the mobility of radioactive products in biocoenoses are presented and the main routes of their migration are discussed. Data on radioactive contamination of food products of vegetable, animal and marine origin are mentioned. It has been demonstrated that technological processing of raw material and culinary preparation of food products results in a considerable reduction in their contamination. Data on the amounts of radioactive nuclides taken up by the human organism in consequence of local and global fallout of radioactive products are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:346996", "title": "Incidence of Q fever in two inadequately investigated occupational groups.", "content": "In 1973 the authors investigated the incidence of Q fever serologically by means of the reaction of complement fixation (RCF) and the method of immunofluorescent titration (MIFT) in two inadequately investigated occupational groups--communal workers from the town of Russe and medical workers in obstetric departments of several towns in North Bulgaria. In addition, they carried out comparative studies in order to characterize the incidence and the degree of affection from the same disease in other persons exposed and not exposed at work in the same area--transport workers and blood donors. Out of 198 communal workers, 91 (45.95 +/- 3.54%) had positive titres for Q fever (1:8--1:512). A high incidence of Q fever was established in dustmen (61.40%), sweepers (46.55%) and drivers of dust cars (38.00%), i.e. persons collecting and rendering harmless the garbage of big town. Out of 174 medical workers in obstetric departments 65 (37.36% +/- 3.78%) were positive in titres 1:8--1:512. A high incidence of Q fever was established in obstetricians (57.14%), midwives (38.11%) and hospital attendants (34.38%), i.e. persons providing medical care for pregnant women or women in childbirth. In both groups the occupational hazard increases with the length of service. Out of 244 transport workers 82 (33.60% +/- 3.02%) were positive for Q fever, and out of 237 blood donors 19 (8.01 +/- 2.54%) were serologically positive for Q fever. The authors suggest continued investigation of these two occupational groups.", "contents": "Incidence of Q fever in two inadequately investigated occupational groups. In 1973 the authors investigated the incidence of Q fever serologically by means of the reaction of complement fixation (RCF) and the method of immunofluorescent titration (MIFT) in two inadequately investigated occupational groups--communal workers from the town of Russe and medical workers in obstetric departments of several towns in North Bulgaria. In addition, they carried out comparative studies in order to characterize the incidence and the degree of affection from the same disease in other persons exposed and not exposed at work in the same area--transport workers and blood donors. Out of 198 communal workers, 91 (45.95 +/- 3.54%) had positive titres for Q fever (1:8--1:512). A high incidence of Q fever was established in dustmen (61.40%), sweepers (46.55%) and drivers of dust cars (38.00%), i.e. persons collecting and rendering harmless the garbage of big town. Out of 174 medical workers in obstetric departments 65 (37.36% +/- 3.78%) were positive in titres 1:8--1:512. A high incidence of Q fever was established in obstetricians (57.14%), midwives (38.11%) and hospital attendants (34.38%), i.e. persons providing medical care for pregnant women or women in childbirth. In both groups the occupational hazard increases with the length of service. Out of 244 transport workers 82 (33.60% +/- 3.02%) were positive for Q fever, and out of 237 blood donors 19 (8.01 +/- 2.54%) were serologically positive for Q fever. The authors suggest continued investigation of these two occupational groups."}
{"id": "PMID:346998", "title": "B lymphocyte precursors in human bone marrow: an analysis of normal individuals and patients with antibody-deficiency states.", "content": "Lymphoid cells containing cytoplasmic IgM but lacking stable surface IgM are believed to be the direct precursors of B lymphocytes. We have characterized these pre-B cells in the bone marrow of normal individuals and patients with a variety of immunoglobulin deficiencies or hematologic disorders by using immunofluorescence and autoradiography. Pre-B cells comprised 5.8 +/- 5.7% of lymphoid cells in normal bone marrow. Eleven patients with infantile X-linked agammaglobulinemia (X-LA) lacked B lymphocytes but had a normal frequency (3.8 +/- 3.6%) of bone marrow pre-B cells. A smaller proportion of marrow pre-B cells from patients with X-LA were engaged in spontaneous DNA synthesis than was found for normal controls. In individuals other than the group with X-LA, the number of circulating B cells was positively correlated with the frequency of marrow pre-B cells. These results indicate that patients with X-LA have a defect in maturation of pre-B cells, and suggest that some patients with acquired B lymphocyte deficiency may have lost the capacity to generate pre-B cells from stem cells.", "contents": "B lymphocyte precursors in human bone marrow: an analysis of normal individuals and patients with antibody-deficiency states. Lymphoid cells containing cytoplasmic IgM but lacking stable surface IgM are believed to be the direct precursors of B lymphocytes. We have characterized these pre-B cells in the bone marrow of normal individuals and patients with a variety of immunoglobulin deficiencies or hematologic disorders by using immunofluorescence and autoradiography. Pre-B cells comprised 5.8 +/- 5.7% of lymphoid cells in normal bone marrow. Eleven patients with infantile X-linked agammaglobulinemia (X-LA) lacked B lymphocytes but had a normal frequency (3.8 +/- 3.6%) of bone marrow pre-B cells. A smaller proportion of marrow pre-B cells from patients with X-LA were engaged in spontaneous DNA synthesis than was found for normal controls. In individuals other than the group with X-LA, the number of circulating B cells was positively correlated with the frequency of marrow pre-B cells. These results indicate that patients with X-LA have a defect in maturation of pre-B cells, and suggest that some patients with acquired B lymphocyte deficiency may have lost the capacity to generate pre-B cells from stem cells."}
{"id": "PMID:346999", "title": "A two-step centrifugation procedure for the purification of sheep erythrocyte antigen-binding cells.", "content": "A two-step centrifugation procedure has been developed to isolate greater quantities of highly purified sheep erythrocyte antigen-binding cells (ABC) than previously possible. The first step involves partially separating sheep erythrocyte rosettes from unrosetted lymphocytes by their difference in buoyant density on Ficoll-Hypaque. Subsequent passage through a linear 5 to 10% Ficoll gradient produces further purification of rosettes by sedimentation velocity. Approximately 4.5 X 10(6) ABC can be obtained at 50 to 100% purity from 10(9) immune spleen cells (5 days post-immunization) and 1 X 10(5) ABC at 20 to 40% purity from 10(9) nonimmune spleen cells. The purified ABC from 5-day immune animals are 80 to 90% B cells and 10 to 20% T cells, and represent between 30 and 40% of the original ABC in the spleen cell population. Less than 0.2% of the purified ABC are plaque-forming cells (PFC) and less than 2% have intracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) or J chain. The quantities of ABC obtained are sufficient for investigating biochemical parameters of antigen-induced lymphocyte activation and for direct analysis of the surface isotypes found on antigen-binding cells after immunization.", "contents": "A two-step centrifugation procedure for the purification of sheep erythrocyte antigen-binding cells. A two-step centrifugation procedure has been developed to isolate greater quantities of highly purified sheep erythrocyte antigen-binding cells (ABC) than previously possible. The first step involves partially separating sheep erythrocyte rosettes from unrosetted lymphocytes by their difference in buoyant density on Ficoll-Hypaque. Subsequent passage through a linear 5 to 10% Ficoll gradient produces further purification of rosettes by sedimentation velocity. Approximately 4.5 X 10(6) ABC can be obtained at 50 to 100% purity from 10(9) immune spleen cells (5 days post-immunization) and 1 X 10(5) ABC at 20 to 40% purity from 10(9) nonimmune spleen cells. The purified ABC from 5-day immune animals are 80 to 90% B cells and 10 to 20% T cells, and represent between 30 and 40% of the original ABC in the spleen cell population. Less than 0.2% of the purified ABC are plaque-forming cells (PFC) and less than 2% have intracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) or J chain. The quantities of ABC obtained are sufficient for investigating biochemical parameters of antigen-induced lymphocyte activation and for direct analysis of the surface isotypes found on antigen-binding cells after immunization."}
{"id": "PMID:347001", "title": "Impairment of cell-mediated immunity in mutation diabetic mice (db/db).", "content": "Mutation diabetes in the mouse occurs in the C57BL/Ks strain. All homozygous animals (db/db) develop obesity, elevated blood sugar levels and increased or normal blood insulin concentration. The defects in cellular immunity in db/db mice and their littermate controls were examined both in vivo and in vitro. Significant suppression of delayed footpad swelling and first and second set skin allograft rejection time were observed. In addition, DNA synthesis in spleen cells after nonspecific mitogen stimulation was markedly inhibited. Diabetic animals with a mean blood sugar of 512 +/- 101 mg/100 ml did not respond to exogenous insulin therapy by lowering their blood sugar levels or reversing the defect in DNA synthesis. Adding insulin to spleen cell culture in vitro had no demonstrable effect on their response to mitogens. Thus, mutation diabetic mice with their known defect in the peripheral utilization of insulin have markedly suppressed cell-mediated immune mechanisms.", "contents": "Impairment of cell-mediated immunity in mutation diabetic mice (db/db). Mutation diabetes in the mouse occurs in the C57BL/Ks strain. All homozygous animals (db/db) develop obesity, elevated blood sugar levels and increased or normal blood insulin concentration. The defects in cellular immunity in db/db mice and their littermate controls were examined both in vivo and in vitro. Significant suppression of delayed footpad swelling and first and second set skin allograft rejection time were observed. In addition, DNA synthesis in spleen cells after nonspecific mitogen stimulation was markedly inhibited. Diabetic animals with a mean blood sugar of 512 +/- 101 mg/100 ml did not respond to exogenous insulin therapy by lowering their blood sugar levels or reversing the defect in DNA synthesis. Adding insulin to spleen cell culture in vitro had no demonstrable effect on their response to mitogens. Thus, mutation diabetic mice with their known defect in the peripheral utilization of insulin have markedly suppressed cell-mediated immune mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:347002", "title": "Senile cardiac amyloid: demonstration of a unique fibril protein in tissue sections.", "content": "Antisera were raised against degrading amyloid fibrils isolated from the heart of a patient with senile cardiac amyloidosis (SCA), and from a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). The antisera were absorbed and used in indirect immunofluorescence to identify an amyloid fibril protein (ASCA) in heart tissue from patients with senile cardiac amyloidosis and to identify the amyloid fibril protein (AMCT) found in association with medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Absorbed anti-ASCA antiserum did not react with normal tissue such as heart, liver, spleen, and striated muscle, or with amyloid tissue known to contain amyloid fibril proteins AA, AlambdaI, AlambdaIV, AlambdaV, AMCT or with pancreatic tissue containing islet amyloid deposits. The reactions with senile amyloid he,rt tissue could be blocked completely by degraded amyloid fibrils extracted from senile amyloid heart tissue or by amyloid fibril protein ASCA isolated from such fibrils. The anti-AMCT antiserum showed a similar specific reaction restricted to amyloid associated with MCT. In addition, antisera specific for amyloid fibril proteins AA, AlambdaI, AlambdaIV, and AlambdaV failed to react with senile cardiac amyloid, pancreatic islet amyloid, or medullary thyroid amyloid.", "contents": "Senile cardiac amyloid: demonstration of a unique fibril protein in tissue sections. Antisera were raised against degrading amyloid fibrils isolated from the heart of a patient with senile cardiac amyloidosis (SCA), and from a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). The antisera were absorbed and used in indirect immunofluorescence to identify an amyloid fibril protein (ASCA) in heart tissue from patients with senile cardiac amyloidosis and to identify the amyloid fibril protein (AMCT) found in association with medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Absorbed anti-ASCA antiserum did not react with normal tissue such as heart, liver, spleen, and striated muscle, or with amyloid tissue known to contain amyloid fibril proteins AA, AlambdaI, AlambdaIV, AlambdaV, AMCT or with pancreatic tissue containing islet amyloid deposits. The reactions with senile amyloid he,rt tissue could be blocked completely by degraded amyloid fibrils extracted from senile amyloid heart tissue or by amyloid fibril protein ASCA isolated from such fibrils. The anti-AMCT antiserum showed a similar specific reaction restricted to amyloid associated with MCT. In addition, antisera specific for amyloid fibril proteins AA, AlambdaI, AlambdaIV, and AlambdaV failed to react with senile cardiac amyloid, pancreatic islet amyloid, or medullary thyroid amyloid."}
{"id": "PMID:347004", "title": "Influence of the major histocompatibility complex in the pig (SLA) on serum haemolytic complement levels.", "content": "Sera from fourty-six non-congenic adult pigs from one inter-related herd were tested for their haemolytic serum complement levels. A comparison of these data with the major histocompatibility complex (SLA) genotypes of these animals resulted in the demonstration of highly significant differences in lytic activity between sera obtained from animals of two distinct SLA haplotypes. These data showed a high correlation between the SLA complex and the level of haemolytic activity.", "contents": "Influence of the major histocompatibility complex in the pig (SLA) on serum haemolytic complement levels. Sera from fourty-six non-congenic adult pigs from one inter-related herd were tested for their haemolytic serum complement levels. A comparison of these data with the major histocompatibility complex (SLA) genotypes of these animals resulted in the demonstration of highly significant differences in lytic activity between sera obtained from animals of two distinct SLA haplotypes. These data showed a high correlation between the SLA complex and the level of haemolytic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:347005", "title": "Localization of the collagenous component in skin basement membrane.", "content": "Antibodies to type IV collagen were produced by immunizing rabbits with a basement membrane collagen obtained from a transplantable mouse tumor. Using specifically purified antibodies, type IV collagen was localized ultrastructurally to the basal lamina part of the basement membrane zone.", "contents": "Localization of the collagenous component in skin basement membrane. Antibodies to type IV collagen were produced by immunizing rabbits with a basement membrane collagen obtained from a transplantable mouse tumor. Using specifically purified antibodies, type IV collagen was localized ultrastructurally to the basal lamina part of the basement membrane zone."}
{"id": "PMID:347006", "title": "Characterization of pemphigus antigen.", "content": "New factors controlling the reaction of pemphigus antibody and the pemphigus antigens were defined by studying the action of antibody on section prepared from human skin. The pemphigus antigenicity was protected by adding dithiothreitol and CaCl2 in buffer. Blocking studies of the -SH groups by sulfhydryl reagents rapidly decreased the reactivity of antigens. In addition pretreatment calcium chelating agents also decreased this reactivity.", "contents": "Characterization of pemphigus antigen. New factors controlling the reaction of pemphigus antibody and the pemphigus antigens were defined by studying the action of antibody on section prepared from human skin. The pemphigus antigenicity was protected by adding dithiothreitol and CaCl2 in buffer. Blocking studies of the -SH groups by sulfhydryl reagents rapidly decreased the reactivity of antigens. In addition pretreatment calcium chelating agents also decreased this reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:347007", "title": "Use of the Y-body for identification of skin source on a successfully grafted burn patient.", "content": "The use of the interphase male Y-body (fluorescent Y chromosome segment) technique with cryostat sections of both fresh and frozen-stored skin biopsies is described. A female burn patient appeared to retain her donor homografts, thereby negating the need for autografts. Since a retained homograft of this sort challenged our understanding of immunologic barriers, we applied the Y-body technique to cutaneous biopsies obtained from the patient's burn area that had been homografted with skin from a male donor, as well as control biopsies from the patient's unburned skin and normal control male and female skin. Based on clinical and cytogenetic observations, it was concluded that the most reasonable explanation for this case was that the regenerating tissue at the graft site was that of the recipient and not that of the originally grafted male skin.", "contents": "Use of the Y-body for identification of skin source on a successfully grafted burn patient. The use of the interphase male Y-body (fluorescent Y chromosome segment) technique with cryostat sections of both fresh and frozen-stored skin biopsies is described. A female burn patient appeared to retain her donor homografts, thereby negating the need for autografts. Since a retained homograft of this sort challenged our understanding of immunologic barriers, we applied the Y-body technique to cutaneous biopsies obtained from the patient's burn area that had been homografted with skin from a male donor, as well as control biopsies from the patient's unburned skin and normal control male and female skin. Based on clinical and cytogenetic observations, it was concluded that the most reasonable explanation for this case was that the regenerating tissue at the graft site was that of the recipient and not that of the originally grafted male skin."}
{"id": "PMID:347011", "title": "An immunofluorescence assay for double-stranded DNA antibodies using the Crithidia luciliae kinetoplast as a double-stranded DNA substrate.", "content": "Circulating antibodies to dsDNA are found predominately in SLE and are seen most often in those patients with active systemic disease, particularly severe lupus glomerulonephritis. An IIF technique for measuring these antibodies has recently been described. This uncomplicated assay employs the kinetoplast of the nonpathogenic hemoflagellate Crithidia lucilliae as a dsDNA substrate. We herein report our experience with this assay, emphasizing the methodology and interpretation of results. Although slightly less sensitive than a radioimmunoassay, we find that this IF technique is a specific and reliable qualitative method for detecting anti-dsDNA. An estimate of the amount of DNA antibody present can be obtained by serum titration. The test was positive in only two patient groups tested, SLE (48%) and MCTD (20%).", "contents": "An immunofluorescence assay for double-stranded DNA antibodies using the Crithidia luciliae kinetoplast as a double-stranded DNA substrate. Circulating antibodies to dsDNA are found predominately in SLE and are seen most often in those patients with active systemic disease, particularly severe lupus glomerulonephritis. An IIF technique for measuring these antibodies has recently been described. This uncomplicated assay employs the kinetoplast of the nonpathogenic hemoflagellate Crithidia lucilliae as a dsDNA substrate. We herein report our experience with this assay, emphasizing the methodology and interpretation of results. Although slightly less sensitive than a radioimmunoassay, we find that this IF technique is a specific and reliable qualitative method for detecting anti-dsDNA. An estimate of the amount of DNA antibody present can be obtained by serum titration. The test was positive in only two patient groups tested, SLE (48%) and MCTD (20%)."}
{"id": "PMID:347012", "title": "A rapid and quantitative assay of phagocytosis-connected oxygen consumption by leukocytes in whole blood.", "content": "We have devised a simple method for quantitative assay of the phagocytosis-connected oxygen consumption by human peripheral leukocytes. Time-consuming and leukocyte-debilitating cell fractionation procedure is avoided by the use of whole blood as assay material. Heparinized venous blood was treated with CO and put into a cuvette. A Clark-type oxygen electrode was equipped to the cuvette. A decrease in oxygen concentration in the whole blood was induced by the addition of bacteria. The decrease was exclusively dependent on phagocytizing leukocytes. All procedure can be performed within half an hour. Blood from boys with CGD showed little or negligible increase in oxygen consumption, and that from their mothers showed about 30% activity of control blood.", "contents": "A rapid and quantitative assay of phagocytosis-connected oxygen consumption by leukocytes in whole blood. We have devised a simple method for quantitative assay of the phagocytosis-connected oxygen consumption by human peripheral leukocytes. Time-consuming and leukocyte-debilitating cell fractionation procedure is avoided by the use of whole blood as assay material. Heparinized venous blood was treated with CO and put into a cuvette. A Clark-type oxygen electrode was equipped to the cuvette. A decrease in oxygen concentration in the whole blood was induced by the addition of bacteria. The decrease was exclusively dependent on phagocytizing leukocytes. All procedure can be performed within half an hour. Blood from boys with CGD showed little or negligible increase in oxygen consumption, and that from their mothers showed about 30% activity of control blood."}
{"id": "PMID:347014", "title": "Bactericidal and opsonic activity of cirrhotic ascites and nonascitic peritoneal fluid.", "content": "BA and OA of sera and uninfected ascitic fluid from patients with alcoholic cirrhosis were assayed against gram-negative enteric bacilli. This was compared with BA and OA in normal serum and in peritoneal fluid obtained at laparoscopy or laparotomy from noncirrhotic patients. Cirrhotic sera showed significantly reduced BA and OA against one of the organisms tested, Serratia marcescens. It had reduced OA but normal BA against E. coli. Ascitic fluid was markedly deficient in BA and OA against all strains tested when compared to both cirrhotic sera and nonascitic peritoneal fluid. Immunoglobulin and complement concentrations in cirrhotic ascites were reduced. Ascites did not inhibit the BA or OA of normal serum. However, replacement experiments suggested that the diminished activity of ascites was largely the result of its reduced complement concentration. The demonstrated deficit in both BA and OA of ascites may be a factor in the frequency of spontaneous enteric bacillary peritonitis in the cirrhotic patient.", "contents": "Bactericidal and opsonic activity of cirrhotic ascites and nonascitic peritoneal fluid. BA and OA of sera and uninfected ascitic fluid from patients with alcoholic cirrhosis were assayed against gram-negative enteric bacilli. This was compared with BA and OA in normal serum and in peritoneal fluid obtained at laparoscopy or laparotomy from noncirrhotic patients. Cirrhotic sera showed significantly reduced BA and OA against one of the organisms tested, Serratia marcescens. It had reduced OA but normal BA against E. coli. Ascitic fluid was markedly deficient in BA and OA against all strains tested when compared to both cirrhotic sera and nonascitic peritoneal fluid. Immunoglobulin and complement concentrations in cirrhotic ascites were reduced. Ascites did not inhibit the BA or OA of normal serum. However, replacement experiments suggested that the diminished activity of ascites was largely the result of its reduced complement concentration. The demonstrated deficit in both BA and OA of ascites may be a factor in the frequency of spontaneous enteric bacillary peritonitis in the cirrhotic patient."}
{"id": "PMID:347019", "title": "Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of ovarian steroids on gonadotrophin secretion in ovariectomized rats after anterior hypothalamic deafferentation.", "content": "The effect of frontal hypothalamic deafferentation on the release of LH and FSH was studied in ovariectomized rats. Frontal cuts were placed just in front of the arcuate nucleus, at the posterior border of the optic chiasma (RCS), at the level of the anterior commissure (POS) and in front of the optic chiasma (PCS). Animals with RCS and POS cuts showed vaginal smears with persistent cornification; the other groups had irregular cycles. The concentrations of LH and FSH in the serum increased after ovariectomy in deafferentated animals, but after 4 weeks the levels were lower than in the animals without hypothalamic lesions except for the PCS group. The more caudally that the cuts were located, the lower were the concentrations of hormones in the serum. The injection of repeated doses of oestradiol benzoate resulted in a decrease in serum gonadotrophin of both rats without hypothalamic lesions and RCS rats. Although a greater decrease was observed in the lesioned than in the intact rats, it is believed that such an effect does not indicate an increased sensitivity of deafferentated animals to this steroid. The stimulatory effect of progesterone on LH and FSH release was studied in ovariectomized rats primed with oestradiol benzoate. The responses were unchanged in PCS animals but failed to occur in POS and RCS rats. Measurement of the level of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in frontal hypothalamic slices from RCS animals showed a decreased level behind the cut and an increased one in front of it, suggesting that perikarya located in front of the section were sending their axons to the mediobasal hypothalamus. It is believed that the blockade of the stimulatory effect on gonadotrophins by frontal hypothalamic deafferentation is due to the transection of these axons. Cuts placed immediately in front of the arcuate nucleus, however, permitted progesterone-induced gonadotrophin release because of incoming neurones containing gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, which end in structures immediately rostral to the cut. The results indicate that effects of both inhibitory and stimulatory ovarian steroid feedback are impaired by frontal hypothalamic deafferentation.", "contents": "Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of ovarian steroids on gonadotrophin secretion in ovariectomized rats after anterior hypothalamic deafferentation. The effect of frontal hypothalamic deafferentation on the release of LH and FSH was studied in ovariectomized rats. Frontal cuts were placed just in front of the arcuate nucleus, at the posterior border of the optic chiasma (RCS), at the level of the anterior commissure (POS) and in front of the optic chiasma (PCS). Animals with RCS and POS cuts showed vaginal smears with persistent cornification; the other groups had irregular cycles. The concentrations of LH and FSH in the serum increased after ovariectomy in deafferentated animals, but after 4 weeks the levels were lower than in the animals without hypothalamic lesions except for the PCS group. The more caudally that the cuts were located, the lower were the concentrations of hormones in the serum. The injection of repeated doses of oestradiol benzoate resulted in a decrease in serum gonadotrophin of both rats without hypothalamic lesions and RCS rats. Although a greater decrease was observed in the lesioned than in the intact rats, it is believed that such an effect does not indicate an increased sensitivity of deafferentated animals to this steroid. The stimulatory effect of progesterone on LH and FSH release was studied in ovariectomized rats primed with oestradiol benzoate. The responses were unchanged in PCS animals but failed to occur in POS and RCS rats. Measurement of the level of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in frontal hypothalamic slices from RCS animals showed a decreased level behind the cut and an increased one in front of it, suggesting that perikarya located in front of the section were sending their axons to the mediobasal hypothalamus. It is believed that the blockade of the stimulatory effect on gonadotrophins by frontal hypothalamic deafferentation is due to the transection of these axons. Cuts placed immediately in front of the arcuate nucleus, however, permitted progesterone-induced gonadotrophin release because of incoming neurones containing gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, which end in structures immediately rostral to the cut. The results indicate that effects of both inhibitory and stimulatory ovarian steroid feedback are impaired by frontal hypothalamic deafferentation."}
{"id": "PMID:347020", "title": "Changes in the ovaries of rats after immunization against luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.", "content": "Rats were immunized against luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) and ovulation and follicular development were studied 12, 24 and 48 weeks later. The abolition of regular cyclic patterns of vaginal smears and the absence of luteal tissue in all but one of 32 rats showed that the immunization was effective in blocking ovulation. Follicular growth varied between rats and appeared to be dependent on whether the inhibition of LH-RH had been sufficient to affect the secretion of basal levels of gonadotrophins. Low levels of gonadotrophins were associated with poor follicular development, uterine atrophy and leucocytic vaginal smears, whereas levels of gonadotrophins similar to those in the dioestrous controls led to adequate follicular growth in the absence of ovulation, the production of cystic follicles, uterine stimulation and persistent vaginal oestrus. A group of rats was ovariectomized 12 weeks after immunization against LH-RH; animals with low antibody titres and large follicles responded with increases in the levels of LH and FSH in the blood, whereas in those with high antibody titres and little follicular development the concentrations of gonadotrophins remained low. The reproductive capacity of rats immunized against LH-RH was tested by caging them with normal male rats from 3 weeks after immunization. Although mating occurred in three rats during the first month, no offspring were produced. No matings occurred in the remaining 41 weeks.", "contents": "Changes in the ovaries of rats after immunization against luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Rats were immunized against luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) and ovulation and follicular development were studied 12, 24 and 48 weeks later. The abolition of regular cyclic patterns of vaginal smears and the absence of luteal tissue in all but one of 32 rats showed that the immunization was effective in blocking ovulation. Follicular growth varied between rats and appeared to be dependent on whether the inhibition of LH-RH had been sufficient to affect the secretion of basal levels of gonadotrophins. Low levels of gonadotrophins were associated with poor follicular development, uterine atrophy and leucocytic vaginal smears, whereas levels of gonadotrophins similar to those in the dioestrous controls led to adequate follicular growth in the absence of ovulation, the production of cystic follicles, uterine stimulation and persistent vaginal oestrus. A group of rats was ovariectomized 12 weeks after immunization against LH-RH; animals with low antibody titres and large follicles responded with increases in the levels of LH and FSH in the blood, whereas in those with high antibody titres and little follicular development the concentrations of gonadotrophins remained low. The reproductive capacity of rats immunized against LH-RH was tested by caging them with normal male rats from 3 weeks after immunization. Although mating occurred in three rats during the first month, no offspring were produced. No matings occurred in the remaining 41 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:347021", "title": "The use of epidemiologic methods in family practice.", "content": "Epidemiologic methods of research can be readily used in family practice. Since the 19th century, family physicians have used epidemiologic methods in making important contributions to the understanding of disease. Using these methods requires an organized practice including patient registers, encounter data, and detailed records. Descriptive studies can define certain characteristics that are related to disease. Case-control and cohort studies can provide evidence for the association of risk factors and disease. A stepwise outline for carrying out a study is presented.", "contents": "The use of epidemiologic methods in family practice. Epidemiologic methods of research can be readily used in family practice. Since the 19th century, family physicians have used epidemiologic methods in making important contributions to the understanding of disease. Using these methods requires an organized practice including patient registers, encounter data, and detailed records. Descriptive studies can define certain characteristics that are related to disease. Case-control and cohort studies can provide evidence for the association of risk factors and disease. A stepwise outline for carrying out a study is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:347022", "title": "Hamster sperm cross react with antiactin.", "content": "Hamster sperm extracts contain a polypeptide which comigrates with muscle action on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. On double diffusion precipitation plates, sperm extracts form a single precipitin band with an antibody to muscle actin (antiactin) and show a reaction of identity with muscle actin. Indirect immunofluorescent microscopy revealed that antiactin binds along the concave margin and equatorial segment in the acrosomal region, in the connecting piece of the neck, and in the principal piece of the tail. These results are evidence that hamster sperm contain actin. The possible significance of these observations in fertilization is considered.", "contents": "Hamster sperm cross react with antiactin. Hamster sperm extracts contain a polypeptide which comigrates with muscle action on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. On double diffusion precipitation plates, sperm extracts form a single precipitin band with an antibody to muscle actin (antiactin) and show a reaction of identity with muscle actin. Indirect immunofluorescent microscopy revealed that antiactin binds along the concave margin and equatorial segment in the acrosomal region, in the connecting piece of the neck, and in the principal piece of the tail. These results are evidence that hamster sperm contain actin. The possible significance of these observations in fertilization is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:347023", "title": "Quantitative behavioral studies of misdirected responses in skin-grafted Rana pipiens.", "content": "The experiments reported here describe quantitatively wiping responses elicited from three equal body sections of adult Rana pipiens having had one of two types of skin-graft operations as tadpoles. These experiments assessed the development of aberrant wiping responses in individuals and populations of grafted animals. Grafting parameters critical for the development of aberrant wiping responses were also determined. These studies indicated that the phenomenon of \"misdirected responses\" and the extent of these responses is highly variable among grafted individuals and between different populations of grafted animals. In addition, the development of \"misdirected responses\" is independent of premetamorphic stimulation and of a critical grafting period. The proportion of \"misdirected responses\" elicited upon cutaneous stimulation of individuals appears to be stable and predictable after metamorphosis. \"Misdirected responses\" could be elicited from animals with grafts including over 40% of the trunk skin. Wiping responses and grafting parameters of skin-grafted R. pipiens in other studies are also presented and possible sources of interstudy variation discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative behavioral studies of misdirected responses in skin-grafted Rana pipiens. The experiments reported here describe quantitatively wiping responses elicited from three equal body sections of adult Rana pipiens having had one of two types of skin-graft operations as tadpoles. These experiments assessed the development of aberrant wiping responses in individuals and populations of grafted animals. Grafting parameters critical for the development of aberrant wiping responses were also determined. These studies indicated that the phenomenon of \"misdirected responses\" and the extent of these responses is highly variable among grafted individuals and between different populations of grafted animals. In addition, the development of \"misdirected responses\" is independent of premetamorphic stimulation and of a critical grafting period. The proportion of \"misdirected responses\" elicited upon cutaneous stimulation of individuals appears to be stable and predictable after metamorphosis. \"Misdirected responses\" could be elicited from animals with grafts including over 40% of the trunk skin. Wiping responses and grafting parameters of skin-grafted R. pipiens in other studies are also presented and possible sources of interstudy variation discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347027", "title": "Fine structure, physiology and biochemistry of arthrospore germination in Streptomyces antibioticus.", "content": "During germination, Streptomyces antibioticus arthrospores passed through stages: darkening, swelling and germ tube emergence. The first stage, darkening, whose main features were a decrease in absorbance and a loss of refractility, only required exogenous divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+ or Fe2+) and energy that can be obtained from the spore reserves. This stage was blocked by agents that inhibit ATP formation but not by antibiotics that inhibit macromolecular synthesis. The second stage, swelling, needed an exogenous carbon source and was not blocked by mitomycin C. In this stage, the spores exhibited the highest cytochrome oxidase and catalase activities and respiratory quotient. The last stage, germ tube emergence, required additional carbon and nitrogen sources. Ammonium compounds were superior to nitrate. Dry weight remained constant during the stages of darkening and swelling, with a rapid increase from the moment of germ tube emergence. Optimum pH and temperature for germination were 8.0 and 45 degrees C, respectively. Heat treatment (55 degrees C for 10 min) had no effect on germination. The fine structure of the spore underwent important changes during germination. The wall of the swollen spore became stratified and the inner layer was continuous with the germ tube wall. Macromolecular synthesis occurred in the sequence RNA, protein and then DNA. Rifampicin, streptomycin and mitomycin C prevented synthesis when added at the start of incubation. The same effect was obtained if the addition was made during germination, except with mitomycin C which inhibited DNA, but not RNA and protein synthesis.", "contents": "Fine structure, physiology and biochemistry of arthrospore germination in Streptomyces antibioticus. During germination, Streptomyces antibioticus arthrospores passed through stages: darkening, swelling and germ tube emergence. The first stage, darkening, whose main features were a decrease in absorbance and a loss of refractility, only required exogenous divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+ or Fe2+) and energy that can be obtained from the spore reserves. This stage was blocked by agents that inhibit ATP formation but not by antibiotics that inhibit macromolecular synthesis. The second stage, swelling, needed an exogenous carbon source and was not blocked by mitomycin C. In this stage, the spores exhibited the highest cytochrome oxidase and catalase activities and respiratory quotient. The last stage, germ tube emergence, required additional carbon and nitrogen sources. Ammonium compounds were superior to nitrate. Dry weight remained constant during the stages of darkening and swelling, with a rapid increase from the moment of germ tube emergence. Optimum pH and temperature for germination were 8.0 and 45 degrees C, respectively. Heat treatment (55 degrees C for 10 min) had no effect on germination. The fine structure of the spore underwent important changes during germination. The wall of the swollen spore became stratified and the inner layer was continuous with the germ tube wall. Macromolecular synthesis occurred in the sequence RNA, protein and then DNA. Rifampicin, streptomycin and mitomycin C prevented synthesis when added at the start of incubation. The same effect was obtained if the addition was made during germination, except with mitomycin C which inhibited DNA, but not RNA and protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:347028", "title": "Stopped-flow spectrophotometric assay of glycerol permeation in Escherichia coli: applicability and limitations.", "content": "The passive permeation and facilitated diffusion of glycerol in various strains of Escherichia coli have been studied by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Contrary to the prediction for glycerol entry by simple diffusion, the reciprocal relaxation time (1/tau, s-1) for the passive permeation of glycerol in cells grown in the presence of glucose was not constant but decreased as the glycerol concentration increased above 100 mM. This anomaly was not due to refractive index differences or to the presence of residual levels of the glycerol facilitator protein in non-induced cells. Although reciprocal relaxation times for glycerol-induced E. coli exhibited the expected elevation relative to non-induced cells, a similar anomalous decrease 1/tar (s-1) with increasing glycerol concentration was observed. In addition, at early times after suspension in dilute buffer, the 1/tau (s-1) values obtained for induced or non-induced E. coli swelling in glycerol were considerably greater than for organisms incubated in dilute buffer for longer times. We concluded that either this spectrophotometric technique was not monitoring solely the permeation of glycerol into E. coli, or concentrations of glycerol above 100 mM significantly perturbed the structure of the E. coli cell envelope.", "contents": "Stopped-flow spectrophotometric assay of glycerol permeation in Escherichia coli: applicability and limitations. The passive permeation and facilitated diffusion of glycerol in various strains of Escherichia coli have been studied by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Contrary to the prediction for glycerol entry by simple diffusion, the reciprocal relaxation time (1/tau, s-1) for the passive permeation of glycerol in cells grown in the presence of glucose was not constant but decreased as the glycerol concentration increased above 100 mM. This anomaly was not due to refractive index differences or to the presence of residual levels of the glycerol facilitator protein in non-induced cells. Although reciprocal relaxation times for glycerol-induced E. coli exhibited the expected elevation relative to non-induced cells, a similar anomalous decrease 1/tar (s-1) with increasing glycerol concentration was observed. In addition, at early times after suspension in dilute buffer, the 1/tau (s-1) values obtained for induced or non-induced E. coli swelling in glycerol were considerably greater than for organisms incubated in dilute buffer for longer times. We concluded that either this spectrophotometric technique was not monitoring solely the permeation of glycerol into E. coli, or concentrations of glycerol above 100 mM significantly perturbed the structure of the E. coli cell envelope."}
{"id": "PMID:347029", "title": "Molecular properties of transmissible R factors of Haemophilus influenzae determing tetracycline resistance.", "content": "The tetracycline-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains LU121 and FR16017, recently isolated in West Germany, each harbour a plasmid; that of the former (pLU12U) has a mol. wt of 31.5 X 10(6) and that of the latter (pFR16017) has a mol. wt of 33 X 10(6). Conjugation and DNA-DNA hybridization studies have shown that both plasmids are self-transmissible and carry tetracycline-resistance genes. The purified plasmid DNA of H. influenzae strain LU121 transformed a sensitive Escherichia coli strain to tetracycline resistance. The two R factors are closely related to the H. influenzae plasmid specifying ampicillin resistance (pKRE5367). Electron microscope DNA heteroduplex analysis indicated that pLU121 and pFR15017 probably carry the tetracycline-resistance transposon TnD and that pKRE5367 probably carries the ampicillin-resistance transposon TnA. There is more than one integration site for the insertion which probably represents TnD in pFR15017. All three plasmids have a similar plasmid core and could have a common evolutionary origin.", "contents": "Molecular properties of transmissible R factors of Haemophilus influenzae determing tetracycline resistance. The tetracycline-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains LU121 and FR16017, recently isolated in West Germany, each harbour a plasmid; that of the former (pLU12U) has a mol. wt of 31.5 X 10(6) and that of the latter (pFR16017) has a mol. wt of 33 X 10(6). Conjugation and DNA-DNA hybridization studies have shown that both plasmids are self-transmissible and carry tetracycline-resistance genes. The purified plasmid DNA of H. influenzae strain LU121 transformed a sensitive Escherichia coli strain to tetracycline resistance. The two R factors are closely related to the H. influenzae plasmid specifying ampicillin resistance (pKRE5367). Electron microscope DNA heteroduplex analysis indicated that pLU121 and pFR15017 probably carry the tetracycline-resistance transposon TnD and that pKRE5367 probably carries the ampicillin-resistance transposon TnA. There is more than one integration site for the insertion which probably represents TnD in pFR15017. All three plasmids have a similar plasmid core and could have a common evolutionary origin."}
{"id": "PMID:347030", "title": "Agglutination of blastospores of Candida albicans by concanavalin A and its relationship with the distribution of mannan polymers and the ultrastructure of the cell wall.", "content": "Blastospores of Candida albicans were readily agglutinated by Concanavalin A (Con A) owing to the specific binding of this lectin to the mannan receptors of the cell surface. When mannan was extracted from the cell wall by neutral buffers, alkali and acid, the agglutination was decreased or lost depending on the degree of extraction. A relatively mild alkali treatment was sufficient to derange the multilayered wall organization and transform it into a uniform, medium-density structure having about the same thickness as the untreated wall. After a more drastic extraction, all the electron-dense components of the wall were lost, the residual, alkali-insoluble wall fabric being completely electron-transparent and of about the same thickness as the inner wall region of untreated cells. Thiol-reducing agents like mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol also extracted wall materials, an effect which was enhanced by pronase. After dithiothreitol-pronase treatment, the outer wall layers were removed but the inner wall region was not apparently damaged and some electron-dense components remained. None of these treatments significantly affected blastospore agglutination by Con A--this was reduced (but not abolished) only by the sequential action of pronase and helicase, which led to sphaeroplast formation. These sphaeroplasts showed a varied amount of residual wall consisting of evenly distributed, fibrogranular components. Two main conclusions were drawn from these results: (i) mannan polymers extend throughout the wall of the blastospore of C. albicans; (ii) the layering of the wall, as seen by ordinary fixation and staining for electron microscopy, essentially reflects the distribution of the various alkali-soluble complexes, at different levels, both over and in the rigid, glucan-chitin matrix.", "contents": "Agglutination of blastospores of Candida albicans by concanavalin A and its relationship with the distribution of mannan polymers and the ultrastructure of the cell wall. Blastospores of Candida albicans were readily agglutinated by Concanavalin A (Con A) owing to the specific binding of this lectin to the mannan receptors of the cell surface. When mannan was extracted from the cell wall by neutral buffers, alkali and acid, the agglutination was decreased or lost depending on the degree of extraction. A relatively mild alkali treatment was sufficient to derange the multilayered wall organization and transform it into a uniform, medium-density structure having about the same thickness as the untreated wall. After a more drastic extraction, all the electron-dense components of the wall were lost, the residual, alkali-insoluble wall fabric being completely electron-transparent and of about the same thickness as the inner wall region of untreated cells. Thiol-reducing agents like mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol also extracted wall materials, an effect which was enhanced by pronase. After dithiothreitol-pronase treatment, the outer wall layers were removed but the inner wall region was not apparently damaged and some electron-dense components remained. None of these treatments significantly affected blastospore agglutination by Con A--this was reduced (but not abolished) only by the sequential action of pronase and helicase, which led to sphaeroplast formation. These sphaeroplasts showed a varied amount of residual wall consisting of evenly distributed, fibrogranular components. Two main conclusions were drawn from these results: (i) mannan polymers extend throughout the wall of the blastospore of C. albicans; (ii) the layering of the wall, as seen by ordinary fixation and staining for electron microscopy, essentially reflects the distribution of the various alkali-soluble complexes, at different levels, both over and in the rigid, glucan-chitin matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:347031", "title": "Dimethyl sulphoxide reduction by micro-organisms.", "content": "Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) was reduced to dimethyl sulphide by a wide variety of micro-organism, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes, aerobes and anaerobes. Dimethyl sulphone was not reduced by any of the organisms tested. Cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli reduced DMSO using reduced pyridine nucleotides as electron donors. Activity was greater in anaerobically grown cells than in those grown aerobically. Two other sulphoxides, methionine sulphoxide and tetramethylene sulphoxide, substantially inhibited DMSO reduction by extracts. Mutants of E. coli, which were unable to reduce biotin sulphoxide to biotin, were tested for their ability to reduce DMSO in whole cells and extracts. These mutants were in four different gene loci, bisA to bisD. DMSO reductase activity of the mutants was generally less than that of the wild-type strain, and activity depended upon the gene locus involved, the growth medium and the growth conditions. Only the bisA mutant had very low activity under all conditions. All of the bis mutants were able to grow using methionine sulphoxide as a sulphur source, indicating that biotin sulphoxide and methionine sulphoxide are reduced by different enzyme systems. DMSO may be reduced by both of these enzyme systems.", "contents": "Dimethyl sulphoxide reduction by micro-organisms. Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) was reduced to dimethyl sulphide by a wide variety of micro-organism, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes, aerobes and anaerobes. Dimethyl sulphone was not reduced by any of the organisms tested. Cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli reduced DMSO using reduced pyridine nucleotides as electron donors. Activity was greater in anaerobically grown cells than in those grown aerobically. Two other sulphoxides, methionine sulphoxide and tetramethylene sulphoxide, substantially inhibited DMSO reduction by extracts. Mutants of E. coli, which were unable to reduce biotin sulphoxide to biotin, were tested for their ability to reduce DMSO in whole cells and extracts. These mutants were in four different gene loci, bisA to bisD. DMSO reductase activity of the mutants was generally less than that of the wild-type strain, and activity depended upon the gene locus involved, the growth medium and the growth conditions. Only the bisA mutant had very low activity under all conditions. All of the bis mutants were able to grow using methionine sulphoxide as a sulphur source, indicating that biotin sulphoxide and methionine sulphoxide are reduced by different enzyme systems. DMSO may be reduced by both of these enzyme systems."}
{"id": "PMID:347034", "title": "Pharmacologic effects of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid in man.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with cancer and concomitant infections with either herpes virus hominis or varicella zoster virus were treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (rIn.rCn) to determine: 1) the reliability of rIn.rCn to induce interferon production, and 2) the toxicity of the drug. Seven additional patients with herpes zoster were observed as controls. Two lots of rIn.rCn were used; Lot 1 was consistently effective in stimulating serum interferon at doses of 9 and 12 mg/kg, whereas Lot 2 was effective at doses of 3-12 mg/kg. There was no correlation between rIn.rCn doses within these ranges and the resultant interferon levels. Generally, peak serum interferon occurred within the first day. Toxicity to rIn.rCn consisted of fever in 21/24 patients, mild elevation of liver enzymes in 8/24 patients, and laboratory abnormalities of coagulation in 9 patients. The coagulation abnormalities appeared linearly related to the dose of rIn.rCn used. All these abnormalities were reversible, and none were considered severe of life-threatening. Since rIn.rCn was effective in stimulating interferon and since toxicity was considered acceptable, a randomized double-blind study was initiated to determine whether rIn.rCn is effective in the treatment of herpes zoster.", "contents": "Pharmacologic effects of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid in man. Twenty-four patients with cancer and concomitant infections with either herpes virus hominis or varicella zoster virus were treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (rIn.rCn) to determine: 1) the reliability of rIn.rCn to induce interferon production, and 2) the toxicity of the drug. Seven additional patients with herpes zoster were observed as controls. Two lots of rIn.rCn were used; Lot 1 was consistently effective in stimulating serum interferon at doses of 9 and 12 mg/kg, whereas Lot 2 was effective at doses of 3-12 mg/kg. There was no correlation between rIn.rCn doses within these ranges and the resultant interferon levels. Generally, peak serum interferon occurred within the first day. Toxicity to rIn.rCn consisted of fever in 21/24 patients, mild elevation of liver enzymes in 8/24 patients, and laboratory abnormalities of coagulation in 9 patients. The coagulation abnormalities appeared linearly related to the dose of rIn.rCn used. All these abnormalities were reversible, and none were considered severe of life-threatening. Since rIn.rCn was effective in stimulating interferon and since toxicity was considered acceptable, a randomized double-blind study was initiated to determine whether rIn.rCn is effective in the treatment of herpes zoster."}
{"id": "PMID:347035", "title": "Some aspects of the historical development of the autonomic nervous system.", "content": "On the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the death of Albert Kuntz (1879--1957), it is fitting that his great accomplishments be remembered. Present knowledge of the autonomic nervous system has been acquired and recorded over a long period of time. The contributions have been made by many investigators, from the crude observations of the early workers to the refinements and techniques of modern day scientists. Professor Kuntz was one of the great contributors to our present knowledge of the automatic nervous system; this paper is a small tribute in memory of his many accomplishments.", "contents": "Some aspects of the historical development of the autonomic nervous system. On the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the death of Albert Kuntz (1879--1957), it is fitting that his great accomplishments be remembered. Present knowledge of the autonomic nervous system has been acquired and recorded over a long period of time. The contributions have been made by many investigators, from the crude observations of the early workers to the refinements and techniques of modern day scientists. Professor Kuntz was one of the great contributors to our present knowledge of the automatic nervous system; this paper is a small tribute in memory of his many accomplishments."}
{"id": "PMID:347036", "title": "Fracture of the anterior superior iliac spine following anterior cervical fusion using iliac crest. Case report.", "content": "A case is presented in which fracture of the right anterior superior iliac spine occurred 2 weeks after the right iliac crest had been used as the donor site for a two-level anterior disectomy and fusion.", "contents": "Fracture of the anterior superior iliac spine following anterior cervical fusion using iliac crest. Case report. A case is presented in which fracture of the right anterior superior iliac spine occurred 2 weeks after the right iliac crest had been used as the donor site for a two-level anterior disectomy and fusion."}
{"id": "PMID:347037", "title": "An unusual late complication of Gasserian ganglion cecompression surgery. Case report.", "content": "The authors report an unusual complication following sugery for decompression of the Gasserian ganglion. Eight years postoperatively this patient developed a left temporal lobe granuloma caused by a piece of wood used to plug the foramen spinosum at surgery. The patient's clinical and radiological findings were suggestive of a glioma involving the temporal lobe.", "contents": "An unusual late complication of Gasserian ganglion cecompression surgery. Case report. The authors report an unusual complication following sugery for decompression of the Gasserian ganglion. Eight years postoperatively this patient developed a left temporal lobe granuloma caused by a piece of wood used to plug the foramen spinosum at surgery. The patient's clinical and radiological findings were suggestive of a glioma involving the temporal lobe."}
{"id": "PMID:347042", "title": "Hemophilus influenzae type b disease in a day-care center. Report of an outbreak.", "content": "Four episodes of serious Hemophilus influenzae type b infection occurred in three children attending a day-care center. This was 100 times the expected annual total. The pharyngeal carriage rate of Hib was 60% for siblings of patients, 20% for adult household contacts, and 5% for well children at the center. No carriers were found in control populations. Escherichia coli K100, which cross-reacts serologically with Hib, was found in rectal swabs of 20% of family contacts of patients and 3.5% of well children at the center. It was recovered from two of seven persons who carried Hib in the pharynx and two of 75 who did not (P = 0.035), suggesting that carriage of one organism may facilitate carriage of the other. In a randomized prospective trial with 85 patient contact, Hib carriage was eradicated in all of four carriers given ampicillin and in all of three given rifampin. There were no statistically significant differences in the rate of adverse reactions in the two treatment groups. No further cases were reported.", "contents": "Hemophilus influenzae type b disease in a day-care center. Report of an outbreak. Four episodes of serious Hemophilus influenzae type b infection occurred in three children attending a day-care center. This was 100 times the expected annual total. The pharyngeal carriage rate of Hib was 60% for siblings of patients, 20% for adult household contacts, and 5% for well children at the center. No carriers were found in control populations. Escherichia coli K100, which cross-reacts serologically with Hib, was found in rectal swabs of 20% of family contacts of patients and 3.5% of well children at the center. It was recovered from two of seven persons who carried Hib in the pharynx and two of 75 who did not (P = 0.035), suggesting that carriage of one organism may facilitate carriage of the other. In a randomized prospective trial with 85 patient contact, Hib carriage was eradicated in all of four carriers given ampicillin and in all of three given rifampin. There were no statistically significant differences in the rate of adverse reactions in the two treatment groups. No further cases were reported."}
{"id": "PMID:347048", "title": "Synthesis and biological activities of 10-substituted benzo[b][1,5]naphthyridines.", "content": "Eight 10-substituted benzo[b][1,5]naphthyridine derivatives containing N-(pyrrolidino)alkylamines, methanesulfonanilides, and aminoacetanilides were prepared, and their binding with DNA was studied by (a) Tm measurements and (b) the effect on DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in vitro. In addition, they were evaluated as antineoplastic agents in the P-388 test. None of the compounds exhibited anti-cancer activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activities of 10-substituted benzo[b][1,5]naphthyridines. Eight 10-substituted benzo[b][1,5]naphthyridine derivatives containing N-(pyrrolidino)alkylamines, methanesulfonanilides, and aminoacetanilides were prepared, and their binding with DNA was studied by (a) Tm measurements and (b) the effect on DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in vitro. In addition, they were evaluated as antineoplastic agents in the P-388 test. None of the compounds exhibited anti-cancer activity."}
{"id": "PMID:347050", "title": "Amino acid analogs IV:4-fluoroisoleucine.", "content": "4-Fluoroisoleucine was produced by ammonolysis of 2-bromo-4-fluoro-3-methylpentanoic acid, which resulted from the bromofluorination of 4-methyl-2-pentenoic acid. It did not inhibit Plasmodium berghei in mice at 640 mg/kg and was not toxic to the animals. The fluoroamino acid inhibited Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, Myrothecium verrucaria, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Mucor mucedo in Czapek solution agar at a concentration  between 10(4) and 10(3) microgram/ml. Growth of Escherichia coli was inhibited 25% at 900 microgram/ml in a defined medium.", "contents": "Amino acid analogs IV:4-fluoroisoleucine. 4-Fluoroisoleucine was produced by ammonolysis of 2-bromo-4-fluoro-3-methylpentanoic acid, which resulted from the bromofluorination of 4-methyl-2-pentenoic acid. It did not inhibit Plasmodium berghei in mice at 640 mg/kg and was not toxic to the animals. The fluoroamino acid inhibited Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, Myrothecium verrucaria, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Mucor mucedo in Czapek solution agar at a concentration  between 10(4) and 10(3) microgram/ml. Growth of Escherichia coli was inhibited 25% at 900 microgram/ml in a defined medium."}
{"id": "PMID:347051", "title": "Structure--activity studies on mutagenicity of nitrosamines using molecular connectivity.", "content": "The structure--activity relationship of a series of nitrosamines was evaluated for mutagenic potency as measured in the Ames test. The structural description was made using molecular connectivity. A good correlation was found.", "contents": "Structure--activity studies on mutagenicity of nitrosamines using molecular connectivity. The structure--activity relationship of a series of nitrosamines was evaluated for mutagenic potency as measured in the Ames test. The structural description was made using molecular connectivity. A good correlation was found."}
{"id": "PMID:347052", "title": "Effects of divalent cations, lanthanum, cation chelators and an ionophore on acetylcholine antinociception.", "content": "The antinociceptive effect of intracerebroventricularly administered acetylcholine as measured in the mouse tail-flick test was reduced by intracerebroventricularly injected calcium, magnesium and manganese. Maximum antagonism of acetylcholine-induced antinociception was observed with a 1-hour calcium pretreatment. Significant reduction existed at 2- but not 4-hour pretreatment. Barium and strontium were inactive. The antinociceptive effect of acetylcholine was potentiated by lanthanum and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid but not by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. The ionophore A23187 was shown to increase greatly the antagonistic effect of a low dose of calcium. The ionophore alone did not significantly alter the effect of acetylcholine. Thus, it appears that calcium must penetrate cell membranes to reduce the effect of acetylcholine. In addition to acetylcholine, it was found that the antinociceptive effects of oxotremorine and physostigmine could also be reduced by calcium. These data indicate that alterations in intracellular calcium are involved in cholinergically induced antinociception.", "contents": "Effects of divalent cations, lanthanum, cation chelators and an ionophore on acetylcholine antinociception. The antinociceptive effect of intracerebroventricularly administered acetylcholine as measured in the mouse tail-flick test was reduced by intracerebroventricularly injected calcium, magnesium and manganese. Maximum antagonism of acetylcholine-induced antinociception was observed with a 1-hour calcium pretreatment. Significant reduction existed at 2- but not 4-hour pretreatment. Barium and strontium were inactive. The antinociceptive effect of acetylcholine was potentiated by lanthanum and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid but not by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. The ionophore A23187 was shown to increase greatly the antagonistic effect of a low dose of calcium. The ionophore alone did not significantly alter the effect of acetylcholine. Thus, it appears that calcium must penetrate cell membranes to reduce the effect of acetylcholine. In addition to acetylcholine, it was found that the antinociceptive effects of oxotremorine and physostigmine could also be reduced by calcium. These data indicate that alterations in intracellular calcium are involved in cholinergically induced antinociception."}
{"id": "PMID:347053", "title": "Targets of octopamine action in the lobster: cyclic nucleotide changes and physiological effects in hemolymph, heart and exoskeletal muscle.", "content": "We have examined three potential targets of octopamine action of the lobster--hemolymph, heart and exoskeletal muscle--and found that each tissue responds to the amine with increases in cyclic adenosine 3': 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and changes in measurable physiological phenomena. A highly specific octopamine-stimulated increase in cAMP is observed in hemolymph, and this effect is probably due to the presence of a unique octopamine receptor on hematocytes. Pharmacological studies show that synephrine is a potent agonist of the hemolymph receptor for octopamine and that the alpha adrenergic receptor blockers phentolamine and dibenamine and the dopamine receptor blocker, chlorpromazine, are antagonists. Addition of octopamine to lobster hemolymph increases the rate of changes the nature of the clotting reaction. AMP levels in lobster heart are elevated by both octopamine and serotonin. Both amines also increase the rate and the amplitude of the heart beat. Octopamine, serotonin and dopamine all increase cAMP levels in lobster exoskeletal muscle preparations, and each amine causes changes in muscle tension and the strength of nerve evoked contractions. In none of the tissues studied have we been able to establish a direct relationship between amine-stimulated increases in cAMP levels and the physiological responses.", "contents": "Targets of octopamine action in the lobster: cyclic nucleotide changes and physiological effects in hemolymph, heart and exoskeletal muscle. We have examined three potential targets of octopamine action of the lobster--hemolymph, heart and exoskeletal muscle--and found that each tissue responds to the amine with increases in cyclic adenosine 3': 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and changes in measurable physiological phenomena. A highly specific octopamine-stimulated increase in cAMP is observed in hemolymph, and this effect is probably due to the presence of a unique octopamine receptor on hematocytes. Pharmacological studies show that synephrine is a potent agonist of the hemolymph receptor for octopamine and that the alpha adrenergic receptor blockers phentolamine and dibenamine and the dopamine receptor blocker, chlorpromazine, are antagonists. Addition of octopamine to lobster hemolymph increases the rate of changes the nature of the clotting reaction. AMP levels in lobster heart are elevated by both octopamine and serotonin. Both amines also increase the rate and the amplitude of the heart beat. Octopamine, serotonin and dopamine all increase cAMP levels in lobster exoskeletal muscle preparations, and each amine causes changes in muscle tension and the strength of nerve evoked contractions. In none of the tissues studied have we been able to establish a direct relationship between amine-stimulated increases in cAMP levels and the physiological responses."}
{"id": "PMID:347055", "title": "The Thompson dowel-rest system modified for chrome-cobalt removable partial denture frameworks.", "content": "This article has described the minimum laboratory and mouth procedures needed for fabrication of the Thompson dowel-rest removable partial denture using the modifications of (1) preconstructed dies for the dowel-rests, (2) a chrome-cobalt framework, and (3) a ball clasp retention device.", "contents": "The Thompson dowel-rest system modified for chrome-cobalt removable partial denture frameworks. This article has described the minimum laboratory and mouth procedures needed for fabrication of the Thompson dowel-rest removable partial denture using the modifications of (1) preconstructed dies for the dowel-rests, (2) a chrome-cobalt framework, and (3) a ball clasp retention device."}
{"id": "PMID:347057", "title": "Retention of endodontic dowels: effects of cement, dowel length, diameter, and design.", "content": "The retentive capacity of three preformed endodontic dowel designs was compared at two lengths and two diameters, with three different cements. The greatest single factor influencing retention of these devices was the design used. Of the types tested in this study, the most retentive were threaded, parallel-sided dowels screwed into tapped channels. Serrated, parallel-sided dowels cemented in matched cylindrical channels provided intermediate retention, and smooth-sided tapered posts were the least retentive. Another major factor in retention was the length of imbedment into dentin. An increase in dowel imbedment depth usually corresponded to increased retention. The effect of cement type was significant only with tapered dowels. Zinc phosphate cement was most retentive, carboxylate cement exhibited intermediate retention, and the epoxy cement was least retentive. For the other post designs, cement type had no significant effect on retentive capacity. Finally, variations in dowel diameter had no significant effect on retentive ability.", "contents": "Retention of endodontic dowels: effects of cement, dowel length, diameter, and design. The retentive capacity of three preformed endodontic dowel designs was compared at two lengths and two diameters, with three different cements. The greatest single factor influencing retention of these devices was the design used. Of the types tested in this study, the most retentive were threaded, parallel-sided dowels screwed into tapped channels. Serrated, parallel-sided dowels cemented in matched cylindrical channels provided intermediate retention, and smooth-sided tapered posts were the least retentive. Another major factor in retention was the length of imbedment into dentin. An increase in dowel imbedment depth usually corresponded to increased retention. The effect of cement type was significant only with tapered dowels. Zinc phosphate cement was most retentive, carboxylate cement exhibited intermediate retention, and the epoxy cement was least retentive. For the other post designs, cement type had no significant effect on retentive capacity. Finally, variations in dowel diameter had no significant effect on retentive ability."}
{"id": "PMID:347060", "title": "Interim complete immediate dentures for a patient wearing removable partial dentures.", "content": "This article describes a technique used for fabricating temporary (interim) complete dentures for a patient who had been wearing removable partial dentures and whose remaining teeth were to be extracted. Rather than attempt to incorporate the existing removable partial dentures into the interim complete dentures, the dentist used the existing dentures to fabricate acrylic resin teeth for the interim prosthesis.", "contents": "Interim complete immediate dentures for a patient wearing removable partial dentures. This article describes a technique used for fabricating temporary (interim) complete dentures for a patient who had been wearing removable partial dentures and whose remaining teeth were to be extracted. Rather than attempt to incorporate the existing removable partial dentures into the interim complete dentures, the dentist used the existing dentures to fabricate acrylic resin teeth for the interim prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:347068", "title": "Age-dependent changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis of the laying hen.", "content": "The functional integrity of the components of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis was examined in young and old laying hens. Ovarian function was tested by measuring the amount of progesterone released in response to an injection of LH, and pituitary function was investigated by measuring the increase in the plasma LH level after an injection of LH-RH. There were no differences between young and old birds in the response of the pituitary gland or the ovary to these stimuli. Hypothalamic function was investigated by studying the positive feedback action of a standard dose of progesterone on LH release; the positive feedback response was smaller (P less than 0.05) in old hens. It is suggested that the fall in the rate of lay in hens towards the end of their laying year is caused partly by a decrease in the response of the LH-positive feedback mechanism to progesterone.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis of the laying hen. The functional integrity of the components of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis was examined in young and old laying hens. Ovarian function was tested by measuring the amount of progesterone released in response to an injection of LH, and pituitary function was investigated by measuring the increase in the plasma LH level after an injection of LH-RH. There were no differences between young and old birds in the response of the pituitary gland or the ovary to these stimuli. Hypothalamic function was investigated by studying the positive feedback action of a standard dose of progesterone on LH release; the positive feedback response was smaller (P less than 0.05) in old hens. It is suggested that the fall in the rate of lay in hens towards the end of their laying year is caused partly by a decrease in the response of the LH-positive feedback mechanism to progesterone."}
{"id": "PMID:347069", "title": "The temporal relationship between plasma levels of FSH and LH in the ram.", "content": "Blood samples were collected from adult Soay rams at frequent intervals during the regressed, developing and active phases of the sexual cycle, or after i.v. injections of synthetic LH-RH or standard preparations of ovine FSH and LH, and were assayed for FSH, LH and testosterone. The highest FSH and LH levels occurred during the developing stage of the cycle, and the highest testosterone levels during the active stage. At each phase there were conspicuous short-term fluctuations in the concentrations of all three hormones, and episodic peaks of plasma LH were associated with increases in both FSH and testosterone. Synthetic LH-RH (5 microgram) induced a rise in the plasma values of FSH and LH at all stages and the magnitude and duration of the response could be predicted from a knowledge of the endogenous short-term fluctuations. When 50--250 ng LH-RH were given i.v. plasma LH increased in a way similar to that occurring spontaneously. The ratio of FSH:LH released after LH-RH changed with the stage of the sexual cycle, but the clearance rate of the two hormones was not affected. These findings are consistent with the control of FSH and LH by a single releasing hormone which is secreted in pulses. The different temporal patterns in the circulating FSH and LH result from differences in secretion and clearance.", "contents": "The temporal relationship between plasma levels of FSH and LH in the ram. Blood samples were collected from adult Soay rams at frequent intervals during the regressed, developing and active phases of the sexual cycle, or after i.v. injections of synthetic LH-RH or standard preparations of ovine FSH and LH, and were assayed for FSH, LH and testosterone. The highest FSH and LH levels occurred during the developing stage of the cycle, and the highest testosterone levels during the active stage. At each phase there were conspicuous short-term fluctuations in the concentrations of all three hormones, and episodic peaks of plasma LH were associated with increases in both FSH and testosterone. Synthetic LH-RH (5 microgram) induced a rise in the plasma values of FSH and LH at all stages and the magnitude and duration of the response could be predicted from a knowledge of the endogenous short-term fluctuations. When 50--250 ng LH-RH were given i.v. plasma LH increased in a way similar to that occurring spontaneously. The ratio of FSH:LH released after LH-RH changed with the stage of the sexual cycle, but the clearance rate of the two hormones was not affected. These findings are consistent with the control of FSH and LH by a single releasing hormone which is secreted in pulses. The different temporal patterns in the circulating FSH and LH result from differences in secretion and clearance."}
{"id": "PMID:347071", "title": "Experience with modern inert IUDs to date: a review and comments.", "content": "A review of data from various large-scale studies reveals as much variation between studies as between devices. Many factors clearly unrelated to the IUD design undoubtedly influence their efficacy and continued use. Thus, the conclusions of the 1968 FDA report on effectiveness and utility still appear valid at this time. They are: A. \"The Committee finds adequate scientific data attesting to the effectiveness and utility of the intrauterine devices.\" B. \"The intrauterine devices are highly effective in preventing pregnancy, although they are not quite as reliable as the hormonal contraceptives if the latter are taken according to instructions.\" C. \"The rate of continuation of use is similar to that of the oral contraceptives and is far higher than that of traditional methods, at least among the socially and economically deprived.\"", "contents": "Experience with modern inert IUDs to date: a review and comments. A review of data from various large-scale studies reveals as much variation between studies as between devices. Many factors clearly unrelated to the IUD design undoubtedly influence their efficacy and continued use. Thus, the conclusions of the 1968 FDA report on effectiveness and utility still appear valid at this time. They are: A. \"The Committee finds adequate scientific data attesting to the effectiveness and utility of the intrauterine devices.\" B. \"The intrauterine devices are highly effective in preventing pregnancy, although they are not quite as reliable as the hormonal contraceptives if the latter are taken according to instructions.\" C. \"The rate of continuation of use is similar to that of the oral contraceptives and is far higher than that of traditional methods, at least among the socially and economically deprived.\""}
{"id": "PMID:347072", "title": "Pregnancy and the IUD.", "content": "Intrauterine devices are an effective method of birth control. Their use has resulted in pregnancy in a small number of women. If the device is left in situ after conception occurs, the pregnancy is often associated with infection and bleeding. The device apparently exerts its major effect on the uterus and offers little contraceptive protection to the fallopian tube and ovaries.", "contents": "Pregnancy and the IUD. Intrauterine devices are an effective method of birth control. Their use has resulted in pregnancy in a small number of women. If the device is left in situ after conception occurs, the pregnancy is often associated with infection and bleeding. The device apparently exerts its major effect on the uterus and offers little contraceptive protection to the fallopian tube and ovaries."}
{"id": "PMID:347074", "title": "Pelvic pain and the IUD.", "content": "One of the most significant factors necessitating IUD removal is pelvic pain, which includes insertional pain, intermenstrual cramps, often associated with spotting and bleeding, and increased dysmenorrhea. The larger and stiffer devices and those whose shape does not conform to that of the endometrial cavity produce localized endometrial ulceration and inflammation, which contribute to these symptoms. Endometrial prostaglandin release secondary to the presence of an intrauterine foreign body may also play an important role. In patients who have pelvic pain with an IUD it is of utmost importance to completely evaluate them and exclude other causes of pain, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, with and without abscess formation, and ectopic gestation.", "contents": "Pelvic pain and the IUD. One of the most significant factors necessitating IUD removal is pelvic pain, which includes insertional pain, intermenstrual cramps, often associated with spotting and bleeding, and increased dysmenorrhea. The larger and stiffer devices and those whose shape does not conform to that of the endometrial cavity produce localized endometrial ulceration and inflammation, which contribute to these symptoms. Endometrial prostaglandin release secondary to the presence of an intrauterine foreign body may also play an important role. In patients who have pelvic pain with an IUD it is of utmost importance to completely evaluate them and exclude other causes of pain, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, with and without abscess formation, and ectopic gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:347076", "title": "Intracranial histiocytic lymphoma with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A patient with classical rheumatoid arthritis presented with a primary intracranial histiocytic lymphoma. He had not received cytotoxic drugs and had no evidence for Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome or immunodeficiency. Previous radiation therapy to the shoulders is regarded as a possible, though unlikely, risk factor.", "contents": "Intracranial histiocytic lymphoma with rheumatoid arthritis. A patient with classical rheumatoid arthritis presented with a primary intracranial histiocytic lymphoma. He had not received cytotoxic drugs and had no evidence for Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome or immunodeficiency. Previous radiation therapy to the shoulders is regarded as a possible, though unlikely, risk factor."}
{"id": "PMID:347079", "title": "Radiation damage relative to transmission electron microscopy of biological specimens at low temperature: a review.", "content": "When biological specimens are irradiated by the electron beam in the electron microscope, the specimen structure is damaged as a result of molecular excitation, ionization, and subsequent chemical reactions. The radiation damage that occurs in the normal process of electron microscopy is known to present severe limitations for imaging high resolution detail in biological specimens. The question of radiation damage at low temperatures has therefore been investigated with the view in mind of reducing somewhat the rate at which damage occurs. The radiation damage protection found for small molecule (anhydrous) organic compounds is generally rather limited or even non-existent. However, large molecular, hydrated materials show as much as a 10-fold reduction at low temperature in the rate at which radiation damage occurs, relative to the damage rate at room temperature. In the case of hydrated specimens, therefore, low temperature electron microscopy offers an important advantage as part of the overall effort required in obtaining high resolution images of complex biological structures.", "contents": "Radiation damage relative to transmission electron microscopy of biological specimens at low temperature: a review. When biological specimens are irradiated by the electron beam in the electron microscope, the specimen structure is damaged as a result of molecular excitation, ionization, and subsequent chemical reactions. The radiation damage that occurs in the normal process of electron microscopy is known to present severe limitations for imaging high resolution detail in biological specimens. The question of radiation damage at low temperatures has therefore been investigated with the view in mind of reducing somewhat the rate at which damage occurs. The radiation damage protection found for small molecule (anhydrous) organic compounds is generally rather limited or even non-existent. However, large molecular, hydrated materials show as much as a 10-fold reduction at low temperature in the rate at which radiation damage occurs, relative to the damage rate at room temperature. In the case of hydrated specimens, therefore, low temperature electron microscopy offers an important advantage as part of the overall effort required in obtaining high resolution images of complex biological structures."}
{"id": "PMID:347080", "title": "Cryofracture of paraffin-embedded heart muscle cells.", "content": "A comparative study of internal cellular structures of the sheep ventricular myocardium has been conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Access to the cell interior for three-dimensional studies was obtained by cryofracturing paraffin-embedded tissue frozen in liquid nitrogen. For accurate localization of structures of special interest thick paraffin sections were examined in the light microscope (LM). Based on the information gained, it was possible to fracture the block in a desired plane. The fracturing was carried out by a light blow to a precooled scalpel held against the surface of the block, which was immersed in liquid nitrogen. After thawing and deparaffinizing at room temperature in several baths of xylene, the tissue pieces were critical point dried using CO2. As xylene was found to be miscible with CO2, it also served as an intermediate fluid. This method resulted in good preservation fo the myofibrils, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules (T-tubules), which was confirmed by TEM studies of conventionally prepared tissue and of tissue originally prepared for SEM.", "contents": "Cryofracture of paraffin-embedded heart muscle cells. A comparative study of internal cellular structures of the sheep ventricular myocardium has been conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Access to the cell interior for three-dimensional studies was obtained by cryofracturing paraffin-embedded tissue frozen in liquid nitrogen. For accurate localization of structures of special interest thick paraffin sections were examined in the light microscope (LM). Based on the information gained, it was possible to fracture the block in a desired plane. The fracturing was carried out by a light blow to a precooled scalpel held against the surface of the block, which was immersed in liquid nitrogen. After thawing and deparaffinizing at room temperature in several baths of xylene, the tissue pieces were critical point dried using CO2. As xylene was found to be miscible with CO2, it also served as an intermediate fluid. This method resulted in good preservation fo the myofibrils, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules (T-tubules), which was confirmed by TEM studies of conventionally prepared tissue and of tissue originally prepared for SEM."}
{"id": "PMID:347081", "title": "A device for the rapid freezing of biological specimens under precisely controlled and reproducible conditions.", "content": "The construction and preliminary testing of a device is described which can be used to freeze biological specimens in any cryogenic liquid at temperatures down to the nitrogen freezing point (63 K) and which can operate in the pressure range 1.3 kNm-2 to 1 MNm-2. Ultra-rapid freezing can be carried out in a subcooled cryogenic liquid either hyperbarically or at atmospheric pressure. Slow freezing rates can be achieved by cooling the specimens in a controlled manner in the vapour phase above the liquid bath.", "contents": "A device for the rapid freezing of biological specimens under precisely controlled and reproducible conditions. The construction and preliminary testing of a device is described which can be used to freeze biological specimens in any cryogenic liquid at temperatures down to the nitrogen freezing point (63 K) and which can operate in the pressure range 1.3 kNm-2 to 1 MNm-2. Ultra-rapid freezing can be carried out in a subcooled cryogenic liquid either hyperbarically or at atmospheric pressure. Slow freezing rates can be achieved by cooling the specimens in a controlled manner in the vapour phase above the liquid bath."}
{"id": "PMID:347082", "title": "Low temperature scanning electron microscopy: a review.", "content": "Low temperature scanning electron microscopy is useful for morphological and analytical studies both in situations where low temperature techniques are used during specimen preparation and where low temperature stages are used for specimen examination and analysis. Examples are given of different low temperature specimen preparation techniques and how they may be applied to different types of specimen. There are still a number of problems associated with morphological identification in fully frozen-hydrated samples and it is important to carry out parallel studies using more conventional transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy preparation techniques. A number of criteria are presented, some or all of which may be used to establish the existence of the frozen-hydrated state.", "contents": "Low temperature scanning electron microscopy: a review. Low temperature scanning electron microscopy is useful for morphological and analytical studies both in situations where low temperature techniques are used during specimen preparation and where low temperature stages are used for specimen examination and analysis. Examples are given of different low temperature specimen preparation techniques and how they may be applied to different types of specimen. There are still a number of problems associated with morphological identification in fully frozen-hydrated samples and it is important to carry out parallel studies using more conventional transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy preparation techniques. A number of criteria are presented, some or all of which may be used to establish the existence of the frozen-hydrated state."}
{"id": "PMID:347083", "title": "Preparation of biological material for X-ray microanalysis of diffusible elements. I. Rapid freezing of biological tissue in nitrogen slush and preparation of ultrathin frozen sections in the absence of trough liquid.", "content": "Any method used for the analysis of diffusible elements within a cell should involve conditions which eliminate the redistribution of those elements. Redistribution of diffusible substances is caused by (a) ice damage during freezing, (b) thawing during sectioning, and (c) thawing during handling of sections. To eliminate this sections were cut (a) in the 5-8 micrometer ice crystal free surface layer obtained by freezing in melting nitrogen, (b) at a specimen temperature of 133 K and a knife temperature of 173 K to 153 K, and the temperature of the chamber was kept low by evaporating nitrogen from an extra reservoir inside the chamber, by regulating the output of a foil heater. A grid carrier was designed to simplify the section collection and the sections were affixed on to the grid in a press assembly. The sections were hard and translucent, and showed faint interference colours.", "contents": "Preparation of biological material for X-ray microanalysis of diffusible elements. I. Rapid freezing of biological tissue in nitrogen slush and preparation of ultrathin frozen sections in the absence of trough liquid. Any method used for the analysis of diffusible elements within a cell should involve conditions which eliminate the redistribution of those elements. Redistribution of diffusible substances is caused by (a) ice damage during freezing, (b) thawing during sectioning, and (c) thawing during handling of sections. To eliminate this sections were cut (a) in the 5-8 micrometer ice crystal free surface layer obtained by freezing in melting nitrogen, (b) at a specimen temperature of 133 K and a knife temperature of 173 K to 153 K, and the temperature of the chamber was kept low by evaporating nitrogen from an extra reservoir inside the chamber, by regulating the output of a foil heater. A grid carrier was designed to simplify the section collection and the sections were affixed on to the grid in a press assembly. The sections were hard and translucent, and showed faint interference colours."}
{"id": "PMID:347084", "title": "A method for the study of internal spaces in hard tissue matrices by SEM, with special reference to dentine.", "content": "Infiltration of a porous hard tissue with methyl methacrylate, followed by dissolution of the tissue provides a three-dimensional methacrylate cast of spaces within the tissue. Examination of such a cast by scanning electron microscopy provides information on the nature and extent of the pore system to a degree that cannot readily be visualized by the direct examination of fractured surfaces. The findings described concern human dentine but the technique may have a wider application in studies on the internal structure of other hard tissues.", "contents": "A method for the study of internal spaces in hard tissue matrices by SEM, with special reference to dentine. Infiltration of a porous hard tissue with methyl methacrylate, followed by dissolution of the tissue provides a three-dimensional methacrylate cast of spaces within the tissue. Examination of such a cast by scanning electron microscopy provides information on the nature and extent of the pore system to a degree that cannot readily be visualized by the direct examination of fractured surfaces. The findings described concern human dentine but the technique may have a wider application in studies on the internal structure of other hard tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:347085", "title": "Metallic deposition in specimens presenting cavities using the sputter coater.", "content": "Local charging effects in small biological cavities during SEM observation are apparent, even after sputter coating. Using an experimental model, the thickness of metallic coating at the bottom of cylindrical cavities has been measured and found to be less than 50% the thickness on the surface, depending on the relation of diameter to depth of the cylinder.", "contents": "Metallic deposition in specimens presenting cavities using the sputter coater. Local charging effects in small biological cavities during SEM observation are apparent, even after sputter coating. Using an experimental model, the thickness of metallic coating at the bottom of cylindrical cavities has been measured and found to be less than 50% the thickness on the surface, depending on the relation of diameter to depth of the cylinder."}
{"id": "PMID:347095", "title": "Competing-risk analysis of leukemia and nonleukemia mortality in X-irradiated, male RF mice.", "content": "The theory of competing risks, extended by the addition of several newly defined estimators, was applied to the analysis of mortality data for acutely X-irradiated, male RF mice, in which the cause of each death was assigned to one of four categories: myeloid leukemia (M), thymic lymphoma (T), lymphosarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma (L), and all remaining causes (R), Doses from 0 to 450 rads were delivered within two age ranges: A) 5-6 weeks and B) 9-10 weeks, to give 11 treatment groups totaling 2,073 mice. The data were analyzed in terms of: 1) the nonparametric, Kaplan-Meier (K-M) adjusted survival function; 2) its logarithmic transform, the cumulative force of mortality (cumFM) function; 3) a disease model called \"early terminating,\" applied to causes M and T; and 4) a \"late-terminating\" model, applied to causes L and R. For any given cause and group, two estimators were used, which measured, respectively: a) the relative lateness of the corrected (or adjusted) time course and b) the relative corrected incidence. For causes M and T, these were: a) the mean age of the force of mortality distribution (MAF), or corrected mean latent period; and b) the final cumFM. For causes L and R, the estimators were: a) the adjusted mean age at death (adjMAD), given an upper limit (as %) of adjusted mortality (adjMAD, 50% for L; adjMAD, 100%--the K-M estimator--for R) and b) the cumFM at a cutoff time of 640 days. For causes M and T, the MAF values showed highly significant decreases of the latent periods with dose, through 300 rads. The final cumFM data showed a marked increase of corrected incidence with dose, for both M and T. In addition, the data for cause M were consistent with a three-parameter, leukemogenic cell model that incorporated two opposing radiation effects: leukemogenic cell potentiation and cell killing. For cause R, the adjMAD, 100% data showed a general decrease with dose and considerable scatter. For cause L, the adjMAD, 50% values showed: for treatment A, a gradual decrease with dose through 300 rads; for treatment B, a highly significant drop for 150 rads, with little change for higher doses. The cumFM, 640-day values for both L and R showed a general increase of corrected incidence with dose. The mortality curves for all causes combined showed the expected life shortening, i.e., decreases of the mean age at death with dose, in the 0- to 300-rad range. In addition, the standard deviations of the mortality curves were significantly less for animals irradiated at age range B than at age range A, for each of the doses--150, 300, and 450 rads.", "contents": "Competing-risk analysis of leukemia and nonleukemia mortality in X-irradiated, male RF mice. The theory of competing risks, extended by the addition of several newly defined estimators, was applied to the analysis of mortality data for acutely X-irradiated, male RF mice, in which the cause of each death was assigned to one of four categories: myeloid leukemia (M), thymic lymphoma (T), lymphosarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma (L), and all remaining causes (R), Doses from 0 to 450 rads were delivered within two age ranges: A) 5-6 weeks and B) 9-10 weeks, to give 11 treatment groups totaling 2,073 mice. The data were analyzed in terms of: 1) the nonparametric, Kaplan-Meier (K-M) adjusted survival function; 2) its logarithmic transform, the cumulative force of mortality (cumFM) function; 3) a disease model called \"early terminating,\" applied to causes M and T; and 4) a \"late-terminating\" model, applied to causes L and R. For any given cause and group, two estimators were used, which measured, respectively: a) the relative lateness of the corrected (or adjusted) time course and b) the relative corrected incidence. For causes M and T, these were: a) the mean age of the force of mortality distribution (MAF), or corrected mean latent period; and b) the final cumFM. For causes L and R, the estimators were: a) the adjusted mean age at death (adjMAD), given an upper limit (as %) of adjusted mortality (adjMAD, 50% for L; adjMAD, 100%--the K-M estimator--for R) and b) the cumFM at a cutoff time of 640 days. For causes M and T, the MAF values showed highly significant decreases of the latent periods with dose, through 300 rads. The final cumFM data showed a marked increase of corrected incidence with dose, for both M and T. In addition, the data for cause M were consistent with a three-parameter, leukemogenic cell model that incorporated two opposing radiation effects: leukemogenic cell potentiation and cell killing. For cause R, the adjMAD, 100% data showed a general decrease with dose and considerable scatter. For cause L, the adjMAD, 50% values showed: for treatment A, a gradual decrease with dose through 300 rads; for treatment B, a highly significant drop for 150 rads, with little change for higher doses. The cumFM, 640-day values for both L and R showed a general increase of corrected incidence with dose. The mortality curves for all causes combined showed the expected life shortening, i.e., decreases of the mean age at death with dose, in the 0- to 300-rad range. In addition, the standard deviations of the mortality curves were significantly less for animals irradiated at age range B than at age range A, for each of the doses--150, 300, and 450 rads."}
{"id": "PMID:347099", "title": "Prospective trials of dexamethasone and aerosolized gentamicin in the treatment of inhalation injury in the burned patient.", "content": "The addition of an inhalation injury to a cutaneous burn results in a significant increase in patient mortality rates, both from early pulmonary edema and, later, Gram-negative pneumonitis. Steroids have been shown to decrease mortality in an inhalation injury model. Aerosolization of gentamicin has been used successfully to treat severe bronchial infections. Therefore, a prospective, randomized trial was undertaken to evaluate both these drugs. Sixty burned patients, with inhalation injury confirmed by bronchoscopy and 133Xenon scan, were studied: 30 patients received either dexamethasone or saline placebo for 3 days; serial pulmonary functions were measured on those able to cooperate; another 30 patients received either aerosolized gentamicin or placebo for 10 days. Both drug-treated groups were comparable to their controls in age and mean burn size. Results of the steroid trial showed no major differences in mortality, pulmonary complications, or changes in pulmonary functions. Results of the gentamicin trial showed no major differences in mortality, time of death, or pulmonary and septic complications between treated and control groups.", "contents": "Prospective trials of dexamethasone and aerosolized gentamicin in the treatment of inhalation injury in the burned patient. The addition of an inhalation injury to a cutaneous burn results in a significant increase in patient mortality rates, both from early pulmonary edema and, later, Gram-negative pneumonitis. Steroids have been shown to decrease mortality in an inhalation injury model. Aerosolization of gentamicin has been used successfully to treat severe bronchial infections. Therefore, a prospective, randomized trial was undertaken to evaluate both these drugs. Sixty burned patients, with inhalation injury confirmed by bronchoscopy and 133Xenon scan, were studied: 30 patients received either dexamethasone or saline placebo for 3 days; serial pulmonary functions were measured on those able to cooperate; another 30 patients received either aerosolized gentamicin or placebo for 10 days. Both drug-treated groups were comparable to their controls in age and mean burn size. Results of the steroid trial showed no major differences in mortality, pulmonary complications, or changes in pulmonary functions. Results of the gentamicin trial showed no major differences in mortality, time of death, or pulmonary and septic complications between treated and control groups."}
{"id": "PMID:347100", "title": "The variable effect of PEEP in acute respiratory failure associated with multiple trauma.", "content": "Both short and longterm effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on oxygenating capacity (OC) were investigated in three groups of patients with acute respiratory failure following multiple trauma (MT). Group A consisted of six patients with \"uncomplicated\" MT; Group B, eight patients with MT and generalized sepsis; Group C, nine patients with MT and lung contusion. OC was evaluated in terms of PaO2/FIO2 and P(A-a)DO2 on FIO 2 = 1.0. OC was markedly and equally reduced in the three patient groups before use of PEEP. The use of a mean PEEP of 6-7 cm H2O resulted in an initial improvement in mean PaO2/FIO2 of 152.5, 36.1, and 59.2 mm Hg, and an overall improvement of 196.8, 57.5, and 107.0 mm Hg in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. There was a similar improvement in both the initial and the overall effect of PEEP on P(A-a)DO2 in the three groups. The difference in the improvement in OC due to PEEP was statistically significant between Groups A and B. It is concluded that acute respiratory failure following MT includes a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes, and that the improvement in OCT due to PEEP depends on the clinical sydrome that is responsible for the respiratory failure associated with MT.", "contents": "The variable effect of PEEP in acute respiratory failure associated with multiple trauma. Both short and longterm effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on oxygenating capacity (OC) were investigated in three groups of patients with acute respiratory failure following multiple trauma (MT). Group A consisted of six patients with \"uncomplicated\" MT; Group B, eight patients with MT and generalized sepsis; Group C, nine patients with MT and lung contusion. OC was evaluated in terms of PaO2/FIO2 and P(A-a)DO2 on FIO 2 = 1.0. OC was markedly and equally reduced in the three patient groups before use of PEEP. The use of a mean PEEP of 6-7 cm H2O resulted in an initial improvement in mean PaO2/FIO2 of 152.5, 36.1, and 59.2 mm Hg, and an overall improvement of 196.8, 57.5, and 107.0 mm Hg in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. There was a similar improvement in both the initial and the overall effect of PEEP on P(A-a)DO2 in the three groups. The difference in the improvement in OC due to PEEP was statistically significant between Groups A and B. It is concluded that acute respiratory failure following MT includes a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes, and that the improvement in OCT due to PEEP depends on the clinical sydrome that is responsible for the respiratory failure associated with MT."}
{"id": "PMID:347104", "title": "The use of microfibrillar collagen hemostat for control of renal bleeding.", "content": "Microfibrillar collagen hemostat was used in 23 patients with renal injuries owing to multiple causes in an attempt to control small vessel bleeding from raw renal surface areas. Minimal complications have occurred with the use of this substance. Control of bleeding has been prompt and no late bleeding has occurred.", "contents": "The use of microfibrillar collagen hemostat for control of renal bleeding. Microfibrillar collagen hemostat was used in 23 patients with renal injuries owing to multiple causes in an attempt to control small vessel bleeding from raw renal surface areas. Minimal complications have occurred with the use of this substance. Control of bleeding has been prompt and no late bleeding has occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:347105", "title": "A technique for correction of ileocutaneous stomal stenosis.", "content": "A technique for the revision of the ileal stoma is described. The technique is based on the skin flap interposition procedure reported by Smith for the prevention of stomal stenosis.", "contents": "A technique for correction of ileocutaneous stomal stenosis. A technique for the revision of the ileal stoma is described. The technique is based on the skin flap interposition procedure reported by Smith for the prevention of stomal stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:347106", "title": "Levamisole in the treatment of non-invasive and invasive bladder cancer: a preliminary report.", "content": "We have done a double-blind, randomized, controlled study on 37 patients with transitional cell carcinoma in which levamisole was used as an immune adjuvant in addition to the standard therapy for non-invasive and invasive bladder cancer. Levamisole is administered easily and is well tolerated, especially when compared to other immune adjuvants, such as bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin or Corynecbacterium parvum. Recall antigens, dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity and total lymphocyte count demonstrated little correlation to the initial stage of disease. Monocyte chemotaxis was increased significantly in patients receiving levamisole. Since our study is ongoing on data exist as yet to make any statement regarding the efficacy of levamisole in the treatment of bladder cancer.", "contents": "Levamisole in the treatment of non-invasive and invasive bladder cancer: a preliminary report. We have done a double-blind, randomized, controlled study on 37 patients with transitional cell carcinoma in which levamisole was used as an immune adjuvant in addition to the standard therapy for non-invasive and invasive bladder cancer. Levamisole is administered easily and is well tolerated, especially when compared to other immune adjuvants, such as bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin or Corynecbacterium parvum. Recall antigens, dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity and total lymphocyte count demonstrated little correlation to the initial stage of disease. Monocyte chemotaxis was increased significantly in patients receiving levamisole. Since our study is ongoing on data exist as yet to make any statement regarding the efficacy of levamisole in the treatment of bladder cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:347107", "title": "Revascularization of totally occluded renal arteries.", "content": "Two cases of total renal artery occlusion are presented. The clinical durations of occlusion were 10 days and 6 months. Revascularization procedures were successful in both patients, resulting in return of renal function and alleviation of hypertension. Our 2 cases and a review of 30 other cases demonstrate that the maximum duration of main renal artery occlusion with subsequent return of renal function is unknown.", "contents": "Revascularization of totally occluded renal arteries. Two cases of total renal artery occlusion are presented. The clinical durations of occlusion were 10 days and 6 months. Revascularization procedures were successful in both patients, resulting in return of renal function and alleviation of hypertension. Our 2 cases and a review of 30 other cases demonstrate that the maximum duration of main renal artery occlusion with subsequent return of renal function is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:347102", "title": "Studies of immunoglobulin M and malarial antibodies in Nigerians.", "content": "Measurements of immunoglobulin M, in 111 healthy adult Nigerians have been presented. IgM values ranged between 10 and 518 mg per 100 ml with a mean of 213.2 mg per 100 ml. Using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, 53.7 per cent of the 111 symptomless subjects in the study had demonstrable malarial antibodies of titres greater than 10,000. The implications of the observations in a holoendemic malarial zone are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Studies of immunoglobulin M and malarial antibodies in Nigerians. Measurements of immunoglobulin M, in 111 healthy adult Nigerians have been presented. IgM values ranged between 10 and 518 mg per 100 ml with a mean of 213.2 mg per 100 ml. Using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, 53.7 per cent of the 111 symptomless subjects in the study had demonstrable malarial antibodies of titres greater than 10,000. The implications of the observations in a holoendemic malarial zone are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347110", "title": "High- and low-potency neuroleptics in elderly psychiatric patients.", "content": "The efficacy and side effects of a low-potency neuroleptic, thioridazine hydrochloride, and those of a high-potency neuroleptic, fluphenazine hydrochloride, were compared in 30 elderly chronic schizophrenic patients. Through a crossover design, each patient received both drugs with an intervening washout period. Although both drugs produced a similar degree of improvement, their side effects differed. Fluphenazine caused slightly more extrapyramidal effects than thioridazine, though few occurred with use of either drug. Thioridazine caused weight gain, blood pressure decreases, and ECG changes. High-potency neuroleptic agents appear to be the drugs of choice for elderly schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "High- and low-potency neuroleptics in elderly psychiatric patients. The efficacy and side effects of a low-potency neuroleptic, thioridazine hydrochloride, and those of a high-potency neuroleptic, fluphenazine hydrochloride, were compared in 30 elderly chronic schizophrenic patients. Through a crossover design, each patient received both drugs with an intervening washout period. Although both drugs produced a similar degree of improvement, their side effects differed. Fluphenazine caused slightly more extrapyramidal effects than thioridazine, though few occurred with use of either drug. Thioridazine caused weight gain, blood pressure decreases, and ECG changes. High-potency neuroleptic agents appear to be the drugs of choice for elderly schizophrenic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:347112", "title": "Double-blind evaluation of deanol in tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "We administered deanol acetamidobenzoate, 2.0 g/day for four weeks, a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, to 14 patients with tardive dyskineasia. The patient population included both inpatients and outpatients. The response was evaluated by subjective clinical impression and scoring of filmed sequences. Patients' conditions improved significantly from baseline scores while receiving both deanol and placebo, but there was no distinction between the two treatments.", "contents": "Double-blind evaluation of deanol in tardive dyskinesia. We administered deanol acetamidobenzoate, 2.0 g/day for four weeks, a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, to 14 patients with tardive dyskineasia. The patient population included both inpatients and outpatients. The response was evaluated by subjective clinical impression and scoring of filmed sequences. Patients' conditions improved significantly from baseline scores while receiving both deanol and placebo, but there was no distinction between the two treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:347114", "title": "Quality of life for long-term survivors of end-stage renal disease.", "content": "Eighteen children and adolescents who survived two years or longer in an attempt to manage their end-stage renal failure by transplantation were studied. The psychological adaptation of the young person to this form of management of renal disease was assessed by a semistructured interview of the patient and his parents. Fifty percent of the patients functioned at school or on the job and did not have depression. The remaining half did less well. In our institution a satisfactory quality of life required a successful transplant.", "contents": "Quality of life for long-term survivors of end-stage renal disease. Eighteen children and adolescents who survived two years or longer in an attempt to manage their end-stage renal failure by transplantation were studied. The psychological adaptation of the young person to this form of management of renal disease was assessed by a semistructured interview of the patient and his parents. Fifty percent of the patients functioned at school or on the job and did not have depression. The remaining half did less well. In our institution a satisfactory quality of life required a successful transplant."}
{"id": "PMID:347133", "title": "[Pharmacological action on the thrombocyte link in hemostasis in the treatment of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The expediency of using agents inhibiting the functional property of blood platelets for the treatment and prevention of thrombus formation in the system of arteries is substantiated theoretically and by the findings of experimental and clinical study. Data are cited on the clinical use of acetylsalicylic acid, dipyridamole, clofibrat, and also of such preparations as pyridinol carbamate, nonachlasine, pentoxyphylline, cetedil, heparin, streptokinase and anti-vitamins K for the treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease. The correlations of the clinical effect and the influence of these drugs on various aspects of the functional blood platelet activity is analysed.", "contents": "[Pharmacological action on the thrombocyte link in hemostasis in the treatment of ischemic heart disease]. The expediency of using agents inhibiting the functional property of blood platelets for the treatment and prevention of thrombus formation in the system of arteries is substantiated theoretically and by the findings of experimental and clinical study. Data are cited on the clinical use of acetylsalicylic acid, dipyridamole, clofibrat, and also of such preparations as pyridinol carbamate, nonachlasine, pentoxyphylline, cetedil, heparin, streptokinase and anti-vitamins K for the treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease. The correlations of the clinical effect and the influence of these drugs on various aspects of the functional blood platelet activity is analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:347135", "title": "[Indications for the use of inosine in myocardial infarct (a clinical and experimental study)].", "content": "The effect of the nucleoside Inosie-F (inosin) on the intracardiac hemodynamics and the contraction and relaxation of a diseased myocardium was studied in the clinic and in experiments. An examination was made of 102 patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction (22 received inosin by intravenous drip in a single dose of 200 mg in the acute stage of infarction; 60 patients were given inosin pills in a daily dose of 800 mg in the restoration period for one month, and 20 patients were given placebo). Comparative appraisal of treatment in the period of rehabilitation showed prevailing improvement in the condition of individuals treated with inosin, positive ECG dynamics, increase of cardiac output and decrease of peripheral resistance. In experiments on 28 dogs with a model of acute myocardial ischemia a noticeable improvement in myocardial contraction and relaxation in the absence of negative ECG dynamics was recorded after intravenous infusion of inosin. Inosin achieves maximum effect by 60-90 mins after the beginning of infusion.", "contents": "[Indications for the use of inosine in myocardial infarct (a clinical and experimental study)]. The effect of the nucleoside Inosie-F (inosin) on the intracardiac hemodynamics and the contraction and relaxation of a diseased myocardium was studied in the clinic and in experiments. An examination was made of 102 patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction (22 received inosin by intravenous drip in a single dose of 200 mg in the acute stage of infarction; 60 patients were given inosin pills in a daily dose of 800 mg in the restoration period for one month, and 20 patients were given placebo). Comparative appraisal of treatment in the period of rehabilitation showed prevailing improvement in the condition of individuals treated with inosin, positive ECG dynamics, increase of cardiac output and decrease of peripheral resistance. In experiments on 28 dogs with a model of acute myocardial ischemia a noticeable improvement in myocardial contraction and relaxation in the absence of negative ECG dynamics was recorded after intravenous infusion of inosin. Inosin achieves maximum effect by 60-90 mins after the beginning of infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:347136", "title": "[Evaluation of the efficacy of xavin treatment  of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The results of ksavin treatment of 90 patients suffering from ischemic heart disease are discussed. Ksavin was given in a daily dose of 450-1,200 mg for 3 weeks. The clinical efficacy of the treatment was correlated with the risk factors and the indices of the ECG, centra hemodynamics and spiroergometry. The effect was good in 55% of the patients and satisfactory in 30%. No effect was produced in 15% of the patients. The best results were observed in younger patients with disease of short duration and no concomitant arterial hypertension. A favourable effect of ksavin on lipid metabolism and blood coagulation was noted. The study showed ksavin to be an effective measure in the treatment of ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the efficacy of xavin treatment  of ischemic heart disease]. The results of ksavin treatment of 90 patients suffering from ischemic heart disease are discussed. Ksavin was given in a daily dose of 450-1,200 mg for 3 weeks. The clinical efficacy of the treatment was correlated with the risk factors and the indices of the ECG, centra hemodynamics and spiroergometry. The effect was good in 55% of the patients and satisfactory in 30%. No effect was produced in 15% of the patients. The best results were observed in younger patients with disease of short duration and no concomitant arterial hypertension. A favourable effect of ksavin on lipid metabolism and blood coagulation was noted. The study showed ksavin to be an effective measure in the treatment of ischemic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:347139", "title": "[Dynamics of the amount of fluid in the chest cavity and lower extremities in cardiac insufficiency under the influence of strophanthin and lasix].", "content": "The effect of lasix (in 51 patients) and strophanthin (in 16 patients) on the dynamics of changes in the amount of fluid in the chest and leg in cardiac insufficiency was studied by impedance plethysmography. It was established that in isolated insufficiency of only the left parts of the heart, parenteral administration of 20 mg of lasix led almost in all cases to a decrease in the total amount of fluid in the chest and its organs by 14% on the average; the decrease in the volume of fluid in pulmonary edema, cardiac asthma, and insufficiency of the left parts of the heart without acute manifestations is practically the same and amounts to 17, 14, and 12% on the average, respectively. In isolated hypervolemia of the pulmonary circulation, lasix causes a decrease in the amount of fluid in the leg also, by 7% on the average, in three fourths of cases. In total cardiac insufficiency, lasix reduces the volume of fluid in the chest and leg to a similar degree (by 13 and 16% on the average) practically in all cases.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the amount of fluid in the chest cavity and lower extremities in cardiac insufficiency under the influence of strophanthin and lasix]. The effect of lasix (in 51 patients) and strophanthin (in 16 patients) on the dynamics of changes in the amount of fluid in the chest and leg in cardiac insufficiency was studied by impedance plethysmography. It was established that in isolated insufficiency of only the left parts of the heart, parenteral administration of 20 mg of lasix led almost in all cases to a decrease in the total amount of fluid in the chest and its organs by 14% on the average; the decrease in the volume of fluid in pulmonary edema, cardiac asthma, and insufficiency of the left parts of the heart without acute manifestations is practically the same and amounts to 17, 14, and 12% on the average, respectively. In isolated hypervolemia of the pulmonary circulation, lasix causes a decrease in the amount of fluid in the leg also, by 7% on the average, in three fourths of cases. In total cardiac insufficiency, lasix reduces the volume of fluid in the chest and leg to a similar degree (by 13 and 16% on the average) practically in all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:347158", "title": "[Resection of the levator muscle: contribution to the surgical technique. (author's transl)].", "content": "The levator muscle of the upper lid is resected transconjunctivally as described by Wolff in 1896, the procedure is however improved by our present knowledge of more rigorous but controlled shortening of that muscle and by the use of the present most delicate suturing procedure. The sutures remain in situ and the stay in hospital is reduced to one or two days.", "contents": "[Resection of the levator muscle: contribution to the surgical technique. (author's transl)]. The levator muscle of the upper lid is resected transconjunctivally as described by Wolff in 1896, the procedure is however improved by our present knowledge of more rigorous but controlled shortening of that muscle and by the use of the present most delicate suturing procedure. The sutures remain in situ and the stay in hospital is reduced to one or two days."}
{"id": "PMID:347160", "title": "[Treatment of herpes simplex keratitis with Vidarabin ointment (author's transl)].", "content": "In 20 cases of herpes simplex keratitis the efficacy of Vidarabin ointment has been tested, in 19 cases after corneal abrasion. The eyes were treated once a day and padded until the epithelial defects had closed. Thereafter the ointment was applied 4 times per day for about one week more. On the average epithelial closure had been achieved after 2.4 days, complete normalization of the epithelium after a total of 3.6 days. This therapy results in a considerable shortening of the healing process as compared to the topical use of anti-viral medication alone. From this aspect Vidarabin ointment has proved to be a valuable adjuvant.", "contents": "[Treatment of herpes simplex keratitis with Vidarabin ointment (author's transl)]. In 20 cases of herpes simplex keratitis the efficacy of Vidarabin ointment has been tested, in 19 cases after corneal abrasion. The eyes were treated once a day and padded until the epithelial defects had closed. Thereafter the ointment was applied 4 times per day for about one week more. On the average epithelial closure had been achieved after 2.4 days, complete normalization of the epithelium after a total of 3.6 days. This therapy results in a considerable shortening of the healing process as compared to the topical use of anti-viral medication alone. From this aspect Vidarabin ointment has proved to be a valuable adjuvant."}
{"id": "PMID:347161", "title": "[Possibilities of examination on soft contact lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "Choosing typical lipid deposits on hema-lenses, the possibilities of examination are demonstrated. Apart from the macroscopic examination different microscopic methods are shown, allowing an examination of lenses without producing artefacts. Sections through hema-lenses give exact information about the relation between the deposit and the lens material.", "contents": "[Possibilities of examination on soft contact lenses (author's transl)]. Choosing typical lipid deposits on hema-lenses, the possibilities of examination are demonstrated. Apart from the macroscopic examination different microscopic methods are shown, allowing an examination of lenses without producing artefacts. Sections through hema-lenses give exact information about the relation between the deposit and the lens material."}
{"id": "PMID:347162", "title": "[Gonadotropin secretion after stimulation with a highly effective analog of the gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH) in normal adult human males (author's transl)].", "content": "Potent long acting anologs of GnRH are of great interest especially in view of treatment of hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and of cryptorchidism. To find necessary parenteral doses of such a substance immunoreactive serum LH and FSH were measured in 4 normal adult human males after s.c. injection of various doses of D-Leu6-des-Gly10-GnRH-EA. 5 microgram of the GnRH anlog were necessary to obtain increased serum gonadotropins over a period of at least 8 h. Comparable maximal levels were seen after i.v. bolus injection of 25 microgram natural GnRH a dose as used in diagnostic routine tests in 3 probands. Comparing the areas under the curves of LH secretion an over 15 times greater effectiveness of the analog was calculated.", "contents": "[Gonadotropin secretion after stimulation with a highly effective analog of the gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH) in normal adult human males (author's transl)]. Potent long acting anologs of GnRH are of great interest especially in view of treatment of hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and of cryptorchidism. To find necessary parenteral doses of such a substance immunoreactive serum LH and FSH were measured in 4 normal adult human males after s.c. injection of various doses of D-Leu6-des-Gly10-GnRH-EA. 5 microgram of the GnRH anlog were necessary to obtain increased serum gonadotropins over a period of at least 8 h. Comparable maximal levels were seen after i.v. bolus injection of 25 microgram natural GnRH a dose as used in diagnostic routine tests in 3 probands. Comparing the areas under the curves of LH secretion an over 15 times greater effectiveness of the analog was calculated."}
{"id": "PMID:347163", "title": "Surface markers on peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with follicular lymphoma suggesting a clonal origin.", "content": "PBL of 14 patients with FL were examined by membrane fluorescence using anti-Ig antibodies (mu, gamma, delta; kappa, lambda), spontaneous rosette formation with SRBC and rosette formation with SRBC coated by antibody-complement complexes (EAC). Eight of the patients were untreated. In 3 patients monoclonal Ig were detected in the serum or urine. 7 patients exhibited clonal proliferation as judged by analysis of surface Ig. In addition, normal or elevated figures for EAC rosettes were found. The strong expression of S. Ig in PBL of FL patients is in contrast to the findings in CLL and multiple meloma, the increase of EAC-rosettes is shared by myeloma patients. It follows that membrane properties of PBL as studied in this work is of value in the diagnosis of malignancies of the B-cell system.", "contents": "Surface markers on peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with follicular lymphoma suggesting a clonal origin. PBL of 14 patients with FL were examined by membrane fluorescence using anti-Ig antibodies (mu, gamma, delta; kappa, lambda), spontaneous rosette formation with SRBC and rosette formation with SRBC coated by antibody-complement complexes (EAC). Eight of the patients were untreated. In 3 patients monoclonal Ig were detected in the serum or urine. 7 patients exhibited clonal proliferation as judged by analysis of surface Ig. In addition, normal or elevated figures for EAC rosettes were found. The strong expression of S. Ig in PBL of FL patients is in contrast to the findings in CLL and multiple meloma, the increase of EAC-rosettes is shared by myeloma patients. It follows that membrane properties of PBL as studied in this work is of value in the diagnosis of malignancies of the B-cell system."}
{"id": "PMID:347166", "title": "Adaptive responses of the pulmonary macrophagic system to carbon. I. Kinetic studies.", "content": "The adaptive capacity of the lung to increase the output of alveolar macrophages is vital to its handling of foreign material, particularly in an overload situation. In previous papers we demonstrated the role of pulmonary intersititial cells in providing a pool of precursor cells that may be available for this purpose. We now extend these observations to a study of pulmonary cytodynamics in mice subjected to a single large load (4 mg.) of carbon delivered by endotracheal tube. The output of free macrophages over a period of 14 days was correlated with DNA synthesis of pulmonary cells as measured by their uptake of 3H-thymidine. The initial increase of macrophagic output, 5 times in 12 hours and 10 times in 24 hours occurred before any increase in mitotic activity or cellularity was demonstrated in the pulmonary interstitium. The high level of macrophagic cell output which was maintained over the next week was accompanied by increased thymidine uptake in the lung. Increased mitotic activity was confined to the interstitial cell population; no mitoses were observed in free macrophages. The results indicate a biphasic macrophagic response to inhaled particulates, an early phase apparently unrelated to a local cellular response and a later phase of interstitial cell proliferation which appears to be concerned with the maintenance of the high output of macrophages.", "contents": "Adaptive responses of the pulmonary macrophagic system to carbon. I. Kinetic studies. The adaptive capacity of the lung to increase the output of alveolar macrophages is vital to its handling of foreign material, particularly in an overload situation. In previous papers we demonstrated the role of pulmonary intersititial cells in providing a pool of precursor cells that may be available for this purpose. We now extend these observations to a study of pulmonary cytodynamics in mice subjected to a single large load (4 mg.) of carbon delivered by endotracheal tube. The output of free macrophages over a period of 14 days was correlated with DNA synthesis of pulmonary cells as measured by their uptake of 3H-thymidine. The initial increase of macrophagic output, 5 times in 12 hours and 10 times in 24 hours occurred before any increase in mitotic activity or cellularity was demonstrated in the pulmonary interstitium. The high level of macrophagic cell output which was maintained over the next week was accompanied by increased thymidine uptake in the lung. Increased mitotic activity was confined to the interstitial cell population; no mitoses were observed in free macrophages. The results indicate a biphasic macrophagic response to inhaled particulates, an early phase apparently unrelated to a local cellular response and a later phase of interstitial cell proliferation which appears to be concerned with the maintenance of the high output of macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:347167", "title": "Acute hematogenous pyelonephritis in the rabbit. Electron microscopic study of Escherichia coli localization and early acute inflammation.", "content": "Injection of approximately 10(6) to 10(9) Escherichia coli into the renal arteries of rabbits resulted in retention of sufficient numbers of organisms in renal vessels to permit study of the mechanism of localization by electron microscopy. After injection of the bacterial suspension, perfusion fixation was used to maintain open vascular contours. Individual organisms were found to adhere to the endothelium of glomerular and intertubular capillaries, and ruthenium red staining demonstrated a close interaction between the largely polysaccharide bacterial microcapsule and the sialoglycoprotein endothelial surface coat. Thus, individual E. coli seem to localize in the rabbit kidney in this model by sticking to the endothelial surfact coat of the renal vessels. After localization, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes appeared in the capillaries and phagocytosed the bacteria. Phagocytosis of bacteria was evident at 10 minutes and was almost complete at 60 minutes and, although less frequent, were associated with small amounts of fibrin at 60 minutes. This acute inflammation and thrombosis may be mediated by activation of complement through the alternate pathway.", "contents": "Acute hematogenous pyelonephritis in the rabbit. Electron microscopic study of Escherichia coli localization and early acute inflammation. Injection of approximately 10(6) to 10(9) Escherichia coli into the renal arteries of rabbits resulted in retention of sufficient numbers of organisms in renal vessels to permit study of the mechanism of localization by electron microscopy. After injection of the bacterial suspension, perfusion fixation was used to maintain open vascular contours. Individual organisms were found to adhere to the endothelium of glomerular and intertubular capillaries, and ruthenium red staining demonstrated a close interaction between the largely polysaccharide bacterial microcapsule and the sialoglycoprotein endothelial surface coat. Thus, individual E. coli seem to localize in the rabbit kidney in this model by sticking to the endothelial surfact coat of the renal vessels. After localization, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes appeared in the capillaries and phagocytosed the bacteria. Phagocytosis of bacteria was evident at 10 minutes and was almost complete at 60 minutes and, although less frequent, were associated with small amounts of fibrin at 60 minutes. This acute inflammation and thrombosis may be mediated by activation of complement through the alternate pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:347168", "title": "Tamm-Horsfall protein. Abnormal localization in renal disease.", "content": "Interstitial deposits of periodic acid-Schiff positive fibrillar material have been detected in a variety of diseases associated with tubulointerstitial pathology. This material has been shown to be Tamm-Horsfall protein by immunofluorescent, immunochemical, and electron microscopic studies. Prospective evaluation of 133 kidneys revealed deposits in 11 per cent. These deposits included medullary cystic disease (50 per cent), obstructive uropathy and vesicoureteral reflux (21 per cent), and tubulointerstitial disease (29 per cent). Tamm-Horsfall protein was also detected in Bowman's space in four cases of obstructive uropathy. It is proposed that these deposits result from severe tubular damage with release of Tamm-Horsfall protein from its normal intracellular and intralumenal locations into the renal interstitium. We speculate that the intersitial deposition of this sequestered protein may result in a continued inflammatory response and progressive renal damage.", "contents": "Tamm-Horsfall protein. Abnormal localization in renal disease. Interstitial deposits of periodic acid-Schiff positive fibrillar material have been detected in a variety of diseases associated with tubulointerstitial pathology. This material has been shown to be Tamm-Horsfall protein by immunofluorescent, immunochemical, and electron microscopic studies. Prospective evaluation of 133 kidneys revealed deposits in 11 per cent. These deposits included medullary cystic disease (50 per cent), obstructive uropathy and vesicoureteral reflux (21 per cent), and tubulointerstitial disease (29 per cent). Tamm-Horsfall protein was also detected in Bowman's space in four cases of obstructive uropathy. It is proposed that these deposits result from severe tubular damage with release of Tamm-Horsfall protein from its normal intracellular and intralumenal locations into the renal interstitium. We speculate that the intersitial deposition of this sequestered protein may result in a continued inflammatory response and progressive renal damage."}
{"id": "PMID:347175", "title": "Anal carcinoma: basic concepts and management.", "content": "Surgery has been the mainstay in the management of anal carcinoma. However, anal carcinomas are reasonably sensitive to ionizing radiation. By appropriate combinations of external radiation beams and interstitial implantation techniques, curative therapy with preservation of anal continence can be rendered by radiation alone. Sufficient radiation dose to the draining lymph nodes, both intraabdominal and inguinal, along with intensified dose to the primary lesions, is required for high cure and low complication rates.", "contents": "Anal carcinoma: basic concepts and management. Surgery has been the mainstay in the management of anal carcinoma. However, anal carcinomas are reasonably sensitive to ionizing radiation. By appropriate combinations of external radiation beams and interstitial implantation techniques, curative therapy with preservation of anal continence can be rendered by radiation alone. Sufficient radiation dose to the draining lymph nodes, both intraabdominal and inguinal, along with intensified dose to the primary lesions, is required for high cure and low complication rates."}
{"id": "PMID:347176", "title": "Antitumor tests of amygdalin in spontaneous animal tumor systems.", "content": "In a series of 6 experiments with CD8F1 mice with spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas Sugiura noted by macrovisual observation with some histology an overall average of 21% of mice with lung metastases when treated with 1,000--2,000 mg/kg/day of amygdalin compared with 90% of the control mice. The significance attributed to those early observations is seriously challenged by the negative findings of 3 independent investigators, by 2 out of 3 negative cooperative experiments in which Sugiura participated, and particularly by the blind experiment in which he and others under blind readings found no anticancer activity. Treatment of Swiss albino mice showed no destructive effect upon their spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas. Of the treated mice, 22% were found by macrovisual observation to have lung metastases while 91% were noted among the controls. The results are subject to questions raised in the discussion. Amygdalin at 2,000 mg/kg/day was ineffective both in treating and preventing the development of spontaneous leukemia in AKR mice. At 1,000 mg/kg/day it was not found effective in preventing or significantly delaying the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in CD8F1 mice. In summary, we do not have evidence to support taking amygdalin to clinical trial, although other considerations may require that one be conducted.", "contents": "Antitumor tests of amygdalin in spontaneous animal tumor systems. In a series of 6 experiments with CD8F1 mice with spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas Sugiura noted by macrovisual observation with some histology an overall average of 21% of mice with lung metastases when treated with 1,000--2,000 mg/kg/day of amygdalin compared with 90% of the control mice. The significance attributed to those early observations is seriously challenged by the negative findings of 3 independent investigators, by 2 out of 3 negative cooperative experiments in which Sugiura participated, and particularly by the blind experiment in which he and others under blind readings found no anticancer activity. Treatment of Swiss albino mice showed no destructive effect upon their spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas. Of the treated mice, 22% were found by macrovisual observation to have lung metastases while 91% were noted among the controls. The results are subject to questions raised in the discussion. Amygdalin at 2,000 mg/kg/day was ineffective both in treating and preventing the development of spontaneous leukemia in AKR mice. At 1,000 mg/kg/day it was not found effective in preventing or significantly delaying the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in CD8F1 mice. In summary, we do not have evidence to support taking amygdalin to clinical trial, although other considerations may require that one be conducted."}
{"id": "PMID:347177", "title": "Current expectations in cardiac transplantation.", "content": "Survival after cardiac transplantation has improved significantly over the past 3 1/2 years at our Center as compared to previous experience (Fig. 5). Currently, survival rates for 60 patients who have had heart transplantation since late in 1973 (program year mean survival +/- S.E.) are 66 percent (+/- 6.6 S.E.), 63 percent (+/- 7.0) and 58 percent (+/- 8.2) 1, 2, and 3 years after operation, respectively. In this report the major reasons for this successful trend have been summarized. These consist of transvenous endomyocardial biopsy for diagnosis and management of graft rejection, use of RATG, immunologic monitoring for early detection of impending rejection, and cardiac retransplantation in selected cases. The present expectations for survival and rehabilitation after heart transplantation are fully comparable to the current results of renal transplantation from unrelated donors. These considerations support the inclusion of cardiac transplantation as a realistic therapeutic alternative in the management of patients with advanced heart disease irremediable by standard forms of treatment.", "contents": "Current expectations in cardiac transplantation. Survival after cardiac transplantation has improved significantly over the past 3 1/2 years at our Center as compared to previous experience (Fig. 5). Currently, survival rates for 60 patients who have had heart transplantation since late in 1973 (program year mean survival +/- S.E.) are 66 percent (+/- 6.6 S.E.), 63 percent (+/- 7.0) and 58 percent (+/- 8.2) 1, 2, and 3 years after operation, respectively. In this report the major reasons for this successful trend have been summarized. These consist of transvenous endomyocardial biopsy for diagnosis and management of graft rejection, use of RATG, immunologic monitoring for early detection of impending rejection, and cardiac retransplantation in selected cases. The present expectations for survival and rehabilitation after heart transplantation are fully comparable to the current results of renal transplantation from unrelated donors. These considerations support the inclusion of cardiac transplantation as a realistic therapeutic alternative in the management of patients with advanced heart disease irremediable by standard forms of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:347178", "title": "Anesthetic experience with cardiac transplantation.", "content": "The anesthetic management of 17 patients undergoing cardiac transplantation is described. Recipients had severe biventricular failure and pulmonary hypertension. Careful administration of diazepam and morphine was the preferred induction method, and pancuronium was the favored relaxant for both intubation and maintenance. Sterile technique was used in placing endotracheal tubes. Relatively small doses of morphine and diazepam, combined with 50 percent nitrous oxide, were satisfactory for the maintenance of anesthesia. Postperfusion problems were few but included poor tolerance of hypovolemia and an exaggerated hypotensive response to protamine. Isoproterenol was required to support ventricular performance, but no other cardiac stimulants were needed. Postoperative courses were uneventful. There were no operative deaths and no recall of awareness during the operation with the described method of \"light\" anesthesia.", "contents": "Anesthetic experience with cardiac transplantation. The anesthetic management of 17 patients undergoing cardiac transplantation is described. Recipients had severe biventricular failure and pulmonary hypertension. Careful administration of diazepam and morphine was the preferred induction method, and pancuronium was the favored relaxant for both intubation and maintenance. Sterile technique was used in placing endotracheal tubes. Relatively small doses of morphine and diazepam, combined with 50 percent nitrous oxide, were satisfactory for the maintenance of anesthesia. Postperfusion problems were few but included poor tolerance of hypovolemia and an exaggerated hypotensive response to protamine. Isoproterenol was required to support ventricular performance, but no other cardiac stimulants were needed. Postoperative courses were uneventful. There were no operative deaths and no recall of awareness during the operation with the described method of \"light\" anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:347179", "title": "Improved survival of heart transplants. Graft and/or donor pretreatment with antilymphoblast globulin, cyclophosphamide, or methylprednisolone.", "content": "Survival of heart allografts flushed with antilymphoblast globulin (ALG) was significantly prolonged when the grafts were transplanted into minimally immunosuppressed recipients. When no immunosuppression was given, there was no prolongation of survival of ALG-flushed grafts. Donor pretreatment with cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone, or ALG had no influence in the prolongation of survival of cardiac allografts. We do not have a clear explanation for the prolonged survival of ALG-flushed grafts transplanted into minimally immunosuppressed recipients.", "contents": "Improved survival of heart transplants. Graft and/or donor pretreatment with antilymphoblast globulin, cyclophosphamide, or methylprednisolone. Survival of heart allografts flushed with antilymphoblast globulin (ALG) was significantly prolonged when the grafts were transplanted into minimally immunosuppressed recipients. When no immunosuppression was given, there was no prolongation of survival of ALG-flushed grafts. Donor pretreatment with cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone, or ALG had no influence in the prolongation of survival of cardiac allografts. We do not have a clear explanation for the prolonged survival of ALG-flushed grafts transplanted into minimally immunosuppressed recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:347180", "title": "Alterations in total and regional myocardial blood flow during acute rejection of orthotopic canine cardiac allografts.", "content": "Using radioactive microspheres, we studied the quantitative and sequential distribution of myocardial blood flow during acute rejection of cardiac orthotopic allografts in 15 nonimmunosuppressed dogs. During rejection mean cardiac output per kilogram decreased 49 percent from control, stroke volume per kilogram decreased 40 percent, total left ventricular flow decreased 43 percent, and the subendocardial/subepicardial flow ratio (I/O) of the left ventricular free wall decreased 21 percent. Relative subendocardial hypoperfusion occurred despite an increase in the ratio of left ventricle subendocardial supply (diastolic pressure-time index) to demand (tension-time index). The data indicate that total left ventricular flow decreases severely and selective left ventricular subendocardial ischemia develops very early during acute cardiac rejection.", "contents": "Alterations in total and regional myocardial blood flow during acute rejection of orthotopic canine cardiac allografts. Using radioactive microspheres, we studied the quantitative and sequential distribution of myocardial blood flow during acute rejection of cardiac orthotopic allografts in 15 nonimmunosuppressed dogs. During rejection mean cardiac output per kilogram decreased 49 percent from control, stroke volume per kilogram decreased 40 percent, total left ventricular flow decreased 43 percent, and the subendocardial/subepicardial flow ratio (I/O) of the left ventricular free wall decreased 21 percent. Relative subendocardial hypoperfusion occurred despite an increase in the ratio of left ventricle subendocardial supply (diastolic pressure-time index) to demand (tension-time index). The data indicate that total left ventricular flow decreases severely and selective left ventricular subendocardial ischemia develops very early during acute cardiac rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:347185", "title": "Pulmonary function in mitral stenosis.", "content": "The reported results of pulmonary function testing in patients with mitral stenosis are summarized, including a few studies done after operative correction of the mitral stenosis. The physiologic effects of increased pulmonary water explain most of the reversible abnormalities in pulmonary function. Fixed pathologic changes that occur with longstanding interstitial edema may account for the irreversible nature of other alterations in pulmonary function.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in mitral stenosis. The reported results of pulmonary function testing in patients with mitral stenosis are summarized, including a few studies done after operative correction of the mitral stenosis. The physiologic effects of increased pulmonary water explain most of the reversible abnormalities in pulmonary function. Fixed pathologic changes that occur with longstanding interstitial edema may account for the irreversible nature of other alterations in pulmonary function."}
{"id": "PMID:347189", "title": "Development of gastrointestinal function and selected dysfunctions.", "content": "This brief review of gastrointestinal function was designed to update the reader on our current state of knowledge about development in general as well as certain specific gastrointestinal functions necessary for effective enteric feedings as the primary source of neonatal nutrition. Many more studies in humans during the perinatal period are needed. However, these studies must await before their use can be condoned in man. The development of LES and gastric emptying was discussed in the context of regurgitation, a common problem in premature infants. Factors contributing to the maturation of the intestinal surface were reviewed as a basis for considering colostral stimulation of intestinal maturation in the external environment. Finally the development of intestinal motility and anal rectal tone were considered and suggestions as to further studies needed made.", "contents": "Development of gastrointestinal function and selected dysfunctions. This brief review of gastrointestinal function was designed to update the reader on our current state of knowledge about development in general as well as certain specific gastrointestinal functions necessary for effective enteric feedings as the primary source of neonatal nutrition. Many more studies in humans during the perinatal period are needed. However, these studies must await before their use can be condoned in man. The development of LES and gastric emptying was discussed in the context of regurgitation, a common problem in premature infants. Factors contributing to the maturation of the intestinal surface were reviewed as a basis for considering colostral stimulation of intestinal maturation in the external environment. Finally the development of intestinal motility and anal rectal tone were considered and suggestions as to further studies needed made."}
{"id": "PMID:347190", "title": "Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The alimentary tract is sterile at birth but colonic colonization is relatively complete by the end of the first week of life. The upper alimentary tract is colonized by microorganisms normally inhabiting the oral cavity. The colon on the other hand appears to be colonized by microorganisms originating in the maternallower alimentary tract. The colonic flora of infants is affected by diet (breast or formula feedings). The presence of a \"fecal-type\" flora in the proximal small bowel should be considered abnormal. Most authors agree on the need to define the role of the microflora in health and disease.", "contents": "Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. The alimentary tract is sterile at birth but colonic colonization is relatively complete by the end of the first week of life. The upper alimentary tract is colonized by microorganisms normally inhabiting the oral cavity. The colon on the other hand appears to be colonized by microorganisms originating in the maternallower alimentary tract. The colonic flora of infants is affected by diet (breast or formula feedings). The presence of a \"fecal-type\" flora in the proximal small bowel should be considered abnormal. Most authors agree on the need to define the role of the microflora in health and disease."}
{"id": "PMID:347201", "title": "[Comparative studies of various suture techniques in transthoracic esophagogastric anastomoses in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "In 27 dogs esophagogastric anastomoses were performed in a single-layered end-on, a three-layered end-on and a double-layered inverting technique. The anastomoses were reinvestigated on the 2., 4., 7., 15. and 30. postoperative day. Suture line leakages were not observed. The inverted suture resulted in considerable anastomotic stenosis, ulceration of the mucosa, disordered and initially incomplete revascularisation, and widespread granulomatous inflammatory reaction. In contrast, the end-on technique led to almost no stenosis, ordered revascularisation, and narrow and delicate scar tissue formation while maintaining a normally layered structure. The single-layered methode was superior to the three-layered one. The best results were obtained by the extramucous technique.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of various suture techniques in transthoracic esophagogastric anastomoses in dogs (author's transl)]. In 27 dogs esophagogastric anastomoses were performed in a single-layered end-on, a three-layered end-on and a double-layered inverting technique. The anastomoses were reinvestigated on the 2., 4., 7., 15. and 30. postoperative day. Suture line leakages were not observed. The inverted suture resulted in considerable anastomotic stenosis, ulceration of the mucosa, disordered and initially incomplete revascularisation, and widespread granulomatous inflammatory reaction. In contrast, the end-on technique led to almost no stenosis, ordered revascularisation, and narrow and delicate scar tissue formation while maintaining a normally layered structure. The single-layered methode was superior to the three-layered one. The best results were obtained by the extramucous technique."}
{"id": "PMID:347202", "title": "[Traumatic hemobilia. A case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of traumatic hemobilia is reported. After ligation of the left hepatic artery and additional dearterialisation a third bleeding period occured due to a porto-hepatic communication, diagnosed by a transumbilical portography. A left hepatic lobectomy was finally necessary to achieve hemostasis. This case demonstrates that a selective artery ligation for the treatment of hemobilia is only successful if a complete dearterialisation is performed at the first operation. Furthermore a porto-hepatic communication may require partial hepatectomy.", "contents": "[Traumatic hemobilia. A case report (author's transl)]. A case of traumatic hemobilia is reported. After ligation of the left hepatic artery and additional dearterialisation a third bleeding period occured due to a porto-hepatic communication, diagnosed by a transumbilical portography. A left hepatic lobectomy was finally necessary to achieve hemostasis. This case demonstrates that a selective artery ligation for the treatment of hemobilia is only successful if a complete dearterialisation is performed at the first operation. Furthermore a porto-hepatic communication may require partial hepatectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:347203", "title": "Reconstruction of laryngeal function for recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis: historical view, advancement of latest investigations and a preliminary experiment.", "content": "Historical investigations of the functional restoration for recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis are reviewed and some advancement in recent studies are introduced. A preliminary experiment is reported in which the ansa hypoglossi and the sternothyroid muscle pedicle was implanted into the denervated posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in dogs. From these experiments we have concluded that the ansa hypoglossi and sternothyroid muscle pedicle, which has been shown to transmit efferent inspiratory bursts, is capable of restoring function to the paralyzed posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in some dogs.", "contents": "Reconstruction of laryngeal function for recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis: historical view, advancement of latest investigations and a preliminary experiment. Historical investigations of the functional restoration for recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis are reviewed and some advancement in recent studies are introduced. A preliminary experiment is reported in which the ansa hypoglossi and the sternothyroid muscle pedicle was implanted into the denervated posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in dogs. From these experiments we have concluded that the ansa hypoglossi and sternothyroid muscle pedicle, which has been shown to transmit efferent inspiratory bursts, is capable of restoring function to the paralyzed posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in some dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:347216", "title": "[Device for measuring microconcentrations of indicator dyes in the blood].", "content": "A device operating on the principle of spectrophotometry that allows it by using an auricular sensor to continually record changes in the microconcentration (up to 1 mg/1) of dyes-indicators (ueviridin, cardiogrin, indigocarmin) that are introduced in the human blood circulation system for the purpose of diagnosing affections of the liver, kidneys and heart, is described.", "contents": "[Device for measuring microconcentrations of indicator dyes in the blood]. A device operating on the principle of spectrophotometry that allows it by using an auricular sensor to continually record changes in the microconcentration (up to 1 mg/1) of dyes-indicators (ueviridin, cardiogrin, indigocarmin) that are introduced in the human blood circulation system for the purpose of diagnosing affections of the liver, kidneys and heart, is described."}
{"id": "PMID:347217", "title": "[Comparison of cryogenic support systems of surgical instruments for the local destruction of large biological tissue lesions].", "content": "Of two types of systems for cryogenic support (SCS) of surgical instruments made with open and closed contours those of the discharge type meet to a greater extent basic requirements on the SCS as concerns destruction of extensive areas of the biological tissue. These SCS permit it more readily to withstand optimal conditions of cooling, can secure better reliability in performing operations, offer greater possibilities for unification of parts in packing up the set and for covering a wider range of operations. In cases when it is important to provide for self-containment and a longer period of continuous operation the application of the SCS with a closed contour is more advisable.", "contents": "[Comparison of cryogenic support systems of surgical instruments for the local destruction of large biological tissue lesions]. Of two types of systems for cryogenic support (SCS) of surgical instruments made with open and closed contours those of the discharge type meet to a greater extent basic requirements on the SCS as concerns destruction of extensive areas of the biological tissue. These SCS permit it more readily to withstand optimal conditions of cooling, can secure better reliability in performing operations, offer greater possibilities for unification of parts in packing up the set and for covering a wider range of operations. In cases when it is important to provide for self-containment and a longer period of continuous operation the application of the SCS with a closed contour is more advisable."}
{"id": "PMID:347222", "title": "Non-traumatic gram-negative bacillary meningitis in the Detroit Medical Center, 1964-1974; (with special mention of cases due to Escherichia coli).", "content": "Clinical and autopsy records of eight adults with non-traumatic gram-negative bacillary meningitis who were admitted to the hospitals of the Wayne State University--Detroit Medical Center during the years 1964 to 1974 were reviewed. There were five community-acquired cases, and five patients died. Escherichia coli was the causative enteric bacillus in six cases. Community-acquired infections were due to Esch. coli in four of the patients. Each of the patients with a community-acquired infection was a chronic alcoholic. Esch. coli bronchopneumonias, urinary infections, and bacteremias seeding the meninges were usual. Shunting contaminated portal venous blood through the liver in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis, or bypassing the liver with similar infected blood from a genitourinary source by way of Batson's perivertebral plexus draining into the cerebral dural sinuses may be important in the pathogenesis of these infrequent cases of nontraumatic gram-negative bacillary meningitis. Spontaneous gram-negative bacteremias, peritonitis, bronchopneumonias, and now \"meningitis\" may be a constellation of special complications of the alcoholic. Mortality among 25 patients with Esch. coli meningitis reported from 1922 to 1974 is approximately 50%, and has not changed appreciably during the antibiotic era. Mortality, however, is significantly higher in nosocomially acquired cases. Early and more recent cases have had bloody, xanthochromic pleocytoses indicative of leptomeningeal arterial and venous vasculitis, and far advanced disease. Since causative/enteric bacilli have been susceptible to antimicrobial agents employed, another mode of antibacterial administration, perhaps utilizing parenteral plus intraventricular dosing, particularly for patients acquiring their infections in the hospital, may be required.", "contents": "Non-traumatic gram-negative bacillary meningitis in the Detroit Medical Center, 1964-1974; (with special mention of cases due to Escherichia coli). Clinical and autopsy records of eight adults with non-traumatic gram-negative bacillary meningitis who were admitted to the hospitals of the Wayne State University--Detroit Medical Center during the years 1964 to 1974 were reviewed. There were five community-acquired cases, and five patients died. Escherichia coli was the causative enteric bacillus in six cases. Community-acquired infections were due to Esch. coli in four of the patients. Each of the patients with a community-acquired infection was a chronic alcoholic. Esch. coli bronchopneumonias, urinary infections, and bacteremias seeding the meninges were usual. Shunting contaminated portal venous blood through the liver in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis, or bypassing the liver with similar infected blood from a genitourinary source by way of Batson's perivertebral plexus draining into the cerebral dural sinuses may be important in the pathogenesis of these infrequent cases of nontraumatic gram-negative bacillary meningitis. Spontaneous gram-negative bacteremias, peritonitis, bronchopneumonias, and now \"meningitis\" may be a constellation of special complications of the alcoholic. Mortality among 25 patients with Esch. coli meningitis reported from 1922 to 1974 is approximately 50%, and has not changed appreciably during the antibiotic era. Mortality, however, is significantly higher in nosocomially acquired cases. Early and more recent cases have had bloody, xanthochromic pleocytoses indicative of leptomeningeal arterial and venous vasculitis, and far advanced disease. Since causative/enteric bacilli have been susceptible to antimicrobial agents employed, another mode of antibacterial administration, perhaps utilizing parenteral plus intraventricular dosing, particularly for patients acquiring their infections in the hospital, may be required."}
{"id": "PMID:347223", "title": "Human aeromonas infections: a review of the literature and a case report of endocarditis.", "content": "Our patient, with cirrhosis and chronic renal failure, represents an example of the susceptibility of a compromised host to Aeromonas infections. This patient, however, differs from previously reported cases in at least two important aspects. First, it is possible that her portal of entry was a fresh A-V fistula puncture site rather than an intestinal site. The temporal relationship of exposure to flood water prior to the onset of sepsis lends support to this possibility. Epidemiologic investigation of the dialysis center failed to reveal Aeromonas isolates from cultures of the water supply, machinery, or other patients. Second, this case is unique in that our patient developed a destructive aortic valve endocarditis resulting in valvular perforations and acute aortic insufficiency. Furthermore, this infection was initiated on what appears to have been a previously normal valve. Based on a review of the literature and the virulence demonstrated by A. hydrophila in our patient, we conclude that organisms of the genus Aeromonas are capable of inducing serious human infection. Such infections are more likely to occur in compromised hosts. A. hydrophila has accounted for the majority of reported infections.", "contents": "Human aeromonas infections: a review of the literature and a case report of endocarditis. Our patient, with cirrhosis and chronic renal failure, represents an example of the susceptibility of a compromised host to Aeromonas infections. This patient, however, differs from previously reported cases in at least two important aspects. First, it is possible that her portal of entry was a fresh A-V fistula puncture site rather than an intestinal site. The temporal relationship of exposure to flood water prior to the onset of sepsis lends support to this possibility. Epidemiologic investigation of the dialysis center failed to reveal Aeromonas isolates from cultures of the water supply, machinery, or other patients. Second, this case is unique in that our patient developed a destructive aortic valve endocarditis resulting in valvular perforations and acute aortic insufficiency. Furthermore, this infection was initiated on what appears to have been a previously normal valve. Based on a review of the literature and the virulence demonstrated by A. hydrophila in our patient, we conclude that organisms of the genus Aeromonas are capable of inducing serious human infection. Such infections are more likely to occur in compromised hosts. A. hydrophila has accounted for the majority of reported infections."}
{"id": "PMID:347224", "title": "Preparation and stability of mureinoplasts of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A peptidoglycan bounded form termed a mureinoplast was prepared from cells of Escherichia coli and the stability of this was examined in various suspending media. True protoplasts were subsequently formed from mureinoplasts.", "contents": "Preparation and stability of mureinoplasts of Escherichia coli. A peptidoglycan bounded form termed a mureinoplast was prepared from cells of Escherichia coli and the stability of this was examined in various suspending media. True protoplasts were subsequently formed from mureinoplasts."}
{"id": "PMID:347226", "title": "Cellular elements in the resistance to candida infection in mice. I. Contribution of T lymphocytes and phagocytes at various stages of infection.", "content": "Live organisms (cfu) of Candida albicans per organ were counted 1 hr and 1 to 20 days after an intravenous inoculation into various groups of mice which had distinct levels of immunologic or non-immunologic defense mechanisms. a) The number of cfu in the liver decreased progressively in normal mice, but those in the kidney maintained a constant level during the observation period. b) The number of cfu in the liver decreased progressively also in nude mice. In their kidneys, however, cfu increased progressively at a late stage of infection. c) In lethally irradiated AKR of nude mice in which phagocyte functions were severely depressed, the number of cfu increased progressively in both liver and kidney from the initial stage of infection. d) In immunized AKR mice, growth of C. albicans was suppressed at late stages of infection. Such protective immunity could be transferred partly with immune lymphoid cells but not with hyperimmune serum in the experimental system employed. In protection against candida infection, non-immune phagocytosis and T cell-mediated immunity appear to be required at the early and late stages of infection, respectively.", "contents": "Cellular elements in the resistance to candida infection in mice. I. Contribution of T lymphocytes and phagocytes at various stages of infection. Live organisms (cfu) of Candida albicans per organ were counted 1 hr and 1 to 20 days after an intravenous inoculation into various groups of mice which had distinct levels of immunologic or non-immunologic defense mechanisms. a) The number of cfu in the liver decreased progressively in normal mice, but those in the kidney maintained a constant level during the observation period. b) The number of cfu in the liver decreased progressively also in nude mice. In their kidneys, however, cfu increased progressively at a late stage of infection. c) In lethally irradiated AKR of nude mice in which phagocyte functions were severely depressed, the number of cfu increased progressively in both liver and kidney from the initial stage of infection. d) In immunized AKR mice, growth of C. albicans was suppressed at late stages of infection. Such protective immunity could be transferred partly with immune lymphoid cells but not with hyperimmune serum in the experimental system employed. In protection against candida infection, non-immune phagocytosis and T cell-mediated immunity appear to be required at the early and late stages of infection, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:347229", "title": "The assessment of an antiarrhythmic agent, sustained-release procainamide, with the aid of Holter monitoring.", "content": "A sustained-release preparation of procainamide (PAD) was evaluated in a double-blind cross-over study. The preparation was found to reduce ventricular ectopic activity in all seven patients who completed the investigation in five patients the effectiveness reached the defined level of significance. A larger clinical trial to assess the long-term use of this preparation in terms of efficacy, safety and convenience is recommended.", "contents": "The assessment of an antiarrhythmic agent, sustained-release procainamide, with the aid of Holter monitoring. A sustained-release preparation of procainamide (PAD) was evaluated in a double-blind cross-over study. The preparation was found to reduce ventricular ectopic activity in all seven patients who completed the investigation in five patients the effectiveness reached the defined level of significance. A larger clinical trial to assess the long-term use of this preparation in terms of efficacy, safety and convenience is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:347230", "title": "The susceptibility of Candida albicans to amphotericin B, nystatin, and 5-fluorocytosine.", "content": "Sensitivity tests were performed on 332 consecutive isolates of Candida albicans. All isolates were inhibited by 0.5 microgram/ml of amphotericin B, and 6.4 microgram/ml of nystatin; and 92.5% of strains were inhibited by 25 microgram/ml of 5-fluorocytosine. Therefore, all three drugs may be employed clinically in the treatment of candidiasis with a reasonable chance of success.", "contents": "The susceptibility of Candida albicans to amphotericin B, nystatin, and 5-fluorocytosine. Sensitivity tests were performed on 332 consecutive isolates of Candida albicans. All isolates were inhibited by 0.5 microgram/ml of amphotericin B, and 6.4 microgram/ml of nystatin; and 92.5% of strains were inhibited by 25 microgram/ml of 5-fluorocytosine. Therefore, all three drugs may be employed clinically in the treatment of candidiasis with a reasonable chance of success."}
{"id": "PMID:347232", "title": "A trial of lactose hydrolysed milk in Australian Aboriginal children.", "content": "Weight gains in 50 young Australian Aboriginal children were studied in a blind controlled hospital trial of reconstituted, lactose hydrolysed milk powder (test) and full-cream milk powder (control). The mean weight gains (+/- SEM) were 4.80 +/- 0.80 g kg-1 day-1 for children receiving the lactose hydrolysed milk, and 2.20 +/- 0.75 g kg-1 day-1 for those receiving the normal milk P less than 0.0125). Weight gain of infants (that is, those under one year of age) in the control group was less than 10% of that in the test group (P less than 0.0025). Weight gain was higher in children fed hydrolysed milk irrespective of percentage of Standard Weight for Age or the presence or absence of recognizable symptoms of lactose intolerance. Lactose malabsorption appears to be a major factor in the growth retardation of Aboriginal children. It is recommended that lactose hydrolysed milk replace normal milk in the supplementary feeding of Aboriginal infants and children.", "contents": "A trial of lactose hydrolysed milk in Australian Aboriginal children. Weight gains in 50 young Australian Aboriginal children were studied in a blind controlled hospital trial of reconstituted, lactose hydrolysed milk powder (test) and full-cream milk powder (control). The mean weight gains (+/- SEM) were 4.80 +/- 0.80 g kg-1 day-1 for children receiving the lactose hydrolysed milk, and 2.20 +/- 0.75 g kg-1 day-1 for those receiving the normal milk P less than 0.0125). Weight gain of infants (that is, those under one year of age) in the control group was less than 10% of that in the test group (P less than 0.0025). Weight gain was higher in children fed hydrolysed milk irrespective of percentage of Standard Weight for Age or the presence or absence of recognizable symptoms of lactose intolerance. Lactose malabsorption appears to be a major factor in the growth retardation of Aboriginal children. It is recommended that lactose hydrolysed milk replace normal milk in the supplementary feeding of Aboriginal infants and children."}
{"id": "PMID:347228", "title": "Does ambient ozone pose a serious public health concern as a widespread environmental mutagen?", "content": "Based on bacterial, plant, animal and human studies, it is evident that O3 is a general mutagen. However, there is still considerable uncertainty as to the extent to which O3 is a human mutagen. Attempts to develop dose-response relationships have not yielded consistent results in the several studies thus far reported. At the present time there is a complete lack of data concerning human responses from ambient exposure. In light of the extent of the photochemical oxidant problem in the U.S. and the potential genetic effects of O3, it is suggested that a major research effort be directed at both the elucidation of the potential mutagenic effects of O3 as well as the implementation of effective oxidant control strategies.", "contents": "Does ambient ozone pose a serious public health concern as a widespread environmental mutagen? Based on bacterial, plant, animal and human studies, it is evident that O3 is a general mutagen. However, there is still considerable uncertainty as to the extent to which O3 is a human mutagen. Attempts to develop dose-response relationships have not yielded consistent results in the several studies thus far reported. At the present time there is a complete lack of data concerning human responses from ambient exposure. In light of the extent of the photochemical oxidant problem in the U.S. and the potential genetic effects of O3, it is suggested that a major research effort be directed at both the elucidation of the potential mutagenic effects of O3 as well as the implementation of effective oxidant control strategies."}
{"id": "PMID:347234", "title": "[In vitro activity of cefoxitin compared with the activity of other antibiotics and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (author's transl)].", "content": "The new developed antibiotic cefoxitin has been tested in vitro on its effectiveness against bacteria isolated from human material. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and streptococci of the serological group D were not tested, because these microorganisms are not sensitive against this antibiotic. Besides cefoxitin other antibiotics (cephalothin, cephalexin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, penicillin G, oxacillin) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were also tested. As to the results cefoxitin shows the best effectiveness against all gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative bacteria including indol-positive species of proteus, providencia, serratia marcescens and the anaerobe, gram-negative, non-spore-forming rods. There are different results with enterobacter-, citrobacter-, achromobacter- and acinetobacter-species.", "contents": "[In vitro activity of cefoxitin compared with the activity of other antibiotics and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (author's transl)]. The new developed antibiotic cefoxitin has been tested in vitro on its effectiveness against bacteria isolated from human material. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and streptococci of the serological group D were not tested, because these microorganisms are not sensitive against this antibiotic. Besides cefoxitin other antibiotics (cephalothin, cephalexin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, penicillin G, oxacillin) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were also tested. As to the results cefoxitin shows the best effectiveness against all gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative bacteria including indol-positive species of proteus, providencia, serratia marcescens and the anaerobe, gram-negative, non-spore-forming rods. There are different results with enterobacter-, citrobacter-, achromobacter- and acinetobacter-species."}
{"id": "PMID:347243", "title": "Genetic map of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid CLO DF13 derived by insertion of the transposon Tn901.", "content": "An ampicillin transposon Tn901 was used as a \"mutagen\" to isolate insertion mutants of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid Clo DF13. By combining the obtained heteroduplex and restriction maps of the Clo DF13::Tn901 plasmids (van Emboden et al., 1977b) with their polypeptide pattern in minicells, we were able to map five genes on the Clo DF13 genome. These five genes designated A (cloacin gene), B, C, D, and G cover 55% of the coding capacity of Clo DF13 DNA. Since integration of Tn901 within these five genes did not result in a loss of the Clo DF13::Tn901 plasmids involved, it is suggested that these genes do not play an essential role in the maintenance of these plasmid insertion mutants. In addition, the described methods allowed us to indicate the initiation site of cloacin synthesis and to propose the counter-clockwise direction of transcription of the cloacin gene. The Tn901 DNA directed the synthesis of at least three polypeptides one of which is shown to be a TEM-1 beta-lactamase.", "contents": "Genetic map of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid CLO DF13 derived by insertion of the transposon Tn901. An ampicillin transposon Tn901 was used as a \"mutagen\" to isolate insertion mutants of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid Clo DF13. By combining the obtained heteroduplex and restriction maps of the Clo DF13::Tn901 plasmids (van Emboden et al., 1977b) with their polypeptide pattern in minicells, we were able to map five genes on the Clo DF13 genome. These five genes designated A (cloacin gene), B, C, D, and G cover 55% of the coding capacity of Clo DF13 DNA. Since integration of Tn901 within these five genes did not result in a loss of the Clo DF13::Tn901 plasmids involved, it is suggested that these genes do not play an essential role in the maintenance of these plasmid insertion mutants. In addition, the described methods allowed us to indicate the initiation site of cloacin synthesis and to propose the counter-clockwise direction of transcription of the cloacin gene. The Tn901 DNA directed the synthesis of at least three polypeptides one of which is shown to be a TEM-1 beta-lactamase."}
{"id": "PMID:347245", "title": "Cloning of a restriction fragment of phage mu DNA coding for early functions.", "content": "The DNA of an E. coli K12 strain harboring ten wildtype Mu prophages was restricted with endonuclease EcoRI, and the fragments ligated into the plasmid vector pMB9. Upon transformation of a strain carrying a heat inducible (Mu cts62) prophage, one temperature-resistant transformant was isolated. This transformant strain harbors the hybrid plasmid pKN001, containing the EcoRI.C fragment of Mu DNA as shown by restriction and heteroduplex analysis. Stable transformants of pKN001 are immune to superinfection with phage Mu. Transformation of Mu sensitive bacteria with pKN001 results in killing of the recipients (10(-4) surviving bacteria). The killing function is not expressed upon transformation of Mu-immune (lysogenic) bacteria.", "contents": "Cloning of a restriction fragment of phage mu DNA coding for early functions. The DNA of an E. coli K12 strain harboring ten wildtype Mu prophages was restricted with endonuclease EcoRI, and the fragments ligated into the plasmid vector pMB9. Upon transformation of a strain carrying a heat inducible (Mu cts62) prophage, one temperature-resistant transformant was isolated. This transformant strain harbors the hybrid plasmid pKN001, containing the EcoRI.C fragment of Mu DNA as shown by restriction and heteroduplex analysis. Stable transformants of pKN001 are immune to superinfection with phage Mu. Transformation of Mu sensitive bacteria with pKN001 results in killing of the recipients (10(-4) surviving bacteria). The killing function is not expressed upon transformation of Mu-immune (lysogenic) bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:347246", "title": "Genetic damage during thymidylate starvation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Thymidylate starvation in a yeast mutant auxotrophic for dTMP caused cell death and the induction of mutations in the mitochondrial genome. After 24 h of starvation almost all surviving cells were respiratory deficient petites. In addition, shorter episodes of dTMP starvation induced chloramphenicol and erythromycin resistant mutants, indicating the occurrence of mitochondrial point mutations. Suboptimal concentrations of exogenous thymidylate were also found to induce petites and a decline in cell viability and the magnitude of these effects was acutely dependent upon the dTMP concentration. Cesium chloride gradient analysis of DNA from cells undergoing thymineless incubation revealed a progressive loss of mitochondrial DNA, and a decrease in the molecular weight of nuclear DNA.", "contents": "Genetic damage during thymidylate starvation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thymidylate starvation in a yeast mutant auxotrophic for dTMP caused cell death and the induction of mutations in the mitochondrial genome. After 24 h of starvation almost all surviving cells were respiratory deficient petites. In addition, shorter episodes of dTMP starvation induced chloramphenicol and erythromycin resistant mutants, indicating the occurrence of mitochondrial point mutations. Suboptimal concentrations of exogenous thymidylate were also found to induce petites and a decline in cell viability and the magnitude of these effects was acutely dependent upon the dTMP concentration. Cesium chloride gradient analysis of DNA from cells undergoing thymineless incubation revealed a progressive loss of mitochondrial DNA, and a decrease in the molecular weight of nuclear DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:347248", "title": "Haemoprotein formation in yeast. III. The role of carbon catabolite repression in the regulation of catalase A and T formation.", "content": "Catalase A and T activities were investigated in two standard strains and three catalase regulatory cgr mutants of yeast in respiratory competent and incompetent states, which were under various degrees of glucose repression. The formation of catalase A was very sensitive to glucose repression and was characterized by a long delay in derepression. Deprivation of the energy source in respiratory incompetent cells prevented the derepression of catalase A. The lack of catalase A in respiratory imcompetent cells can be overcome by growing the cells in raffinose or by the prolongation of the fermentative phase of derepression. Catalase T is under control of different regulatory systems probably common with some other haemoproteins.", "contents": "Haemoprotein formation in yeast. III. The role of carbon catabolite repression in the regulation of catalase A and T formation. Catalase A and T activities were investigated in two standard strains and three catalase regulatory cgr mutants of yeast in respiratory competent and incompetent states, which were under various degrees of glucose repression. The formation of catalase A was very sensitive to glucose repression and was characterized by a long delay in derepression. Deprivation of the energy source in respiratory incompetent cells prevented the derepression of catalase A. The lack of catalase A in respiratory imcompetent cells can be overcome by growing the cells in raffinose or by the prolongation of the fermentative phase of derepression. Catalase T is under control of different regulatory systems probably common with some other haemoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:347250", "title": "Non-coordinate expression of the neighbouring genes rplL and rpoB,C of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The operon rpoB,C of Escherichia coli codes for the RNA polymerase subunits beta and beta'. rpoB procedes rpoC in the direction of transcription. The nearest characterised gene to rpoB on the chromosome is rplL, which codes for the ribosomal proteins L7/12. rplL appears to be transcribed in the same direction as rpoB,C, and it has been suggested that all three genes may lie in a single operon. The drug rifampicin induces increased production of beta and beta' in suitable strains of E. coli. We show here that alpha and sigma are also induced, whereas synthesis of L7/12 is not detectably affected.", "contents": "Non-coordinate expression of the neighbouring genes rplL and rpoB,C of Escherichia coli. The operon rpoB,C of Escherichia coli codes for the RNA polymerase subunits beta and beta'. rpoB procedes rpoC in the direction of transcription. The nearest characterised gene to rpoB on the chromosome is rplL, which codes for the ribosomal proteins L7/12. rplL appears to be transcribed in the same direction as rpoB,C, and it has been suggested that all three genes may lie in a single operon. The drug rifampicin induces increased production of beta and beta' in suitable strains of E. coli. We show here that alpha and sigma are also induced, whereas synthesis of L7/12 is not detectably affected."}
{"id": "PMID:347251", "title": "UV-inducible repair: influence on survival, dimer excision, DNA replication and breakdown in Escherichia coli B/r Her+ cells.", "content": "Using a model of double-UV-irradiation with inducing1 (non-lethal) and lethal fluences2 we have studied involvement of UV-inducible functions in post-UV-irradiation restoration processes and survival of Escherichia coli B/r thy-trp-Hcr+. Cells irratiated with both inducing and lethal fluences differed from cells irradiated with lethal fluence in the following respects: They were more UV resistant; they did not die during postincubation with chloramphenicol3; they exhibited a significant reduction in dimer excision; they were able to resume DNA replication and produce normal-sized DNA molecules in the presence of chloramphenicol. Since induction was provoked in cell prestarved for amino acids it was not associated with damage to points active in replication. However, the inducible product was more important for repair of replicating than non-replicating cells. The data indicate that protein necessary for resumption of DNA synthesis after UV is not constitutive but inducible.", "contents": "UV-inducible repair: influence on survival, dimer excision, DNA replication and breakdown in Escherichia coli B/r Her+ cells. Using a model of double-UV-irradiation with inducing1 (non-lethal) and lethal fluences2 we have studied involvement of UV-inducible functions in post-UV-irradiation restoration processes and survival of Escherichia coli B/r thy-trp-Hcr+. Cells irratiated with both inducing and lethal fluences differed from cells irradiated with lethal fluence in the following respects: They were more UV resistant; they did not die during postincubation with chloramphenicol3; they exhibited a significant reduction in dimer excision; they were able to resume DNA replication and produce normal-sized DNA molecules in the presence of chloramphenicol. Since induction was provoked in cell prestarved for amino acids it was not associated with damage to points active in replication. However, the inducible product was more important for repair of replicating than non-replicating cells. The data indicate that protein necessary for resumption of DNA synthesis after UV is not constitutive but inducible."}
{"id": "PMID:347252", "title": "Specific localization and quantification of biotin transport components in yeast by use of a biotin-conjugated, impermeant, electron-dense label.", "content": "Two approaches are described for the localization and quantification of biotin transport components in yeast cells. One approach is based on tracing the fate of a radioactive affinity label for the biotin transport system, [14C]biotinyl-p-nitrophenyl ester (pBNP), through various stages of subcellular fractionations. A complementary method involves the use of a biotin-derivatized, impermeant, electron-dense, affinity-cytochemical label (ferritin-biotin conjugates) for subsequent visualization by electron microscopy. Values of approximately 8,000 and 4,000 sites/cell, respectively, were achieved by the two methods. Complicating factors, future perspectives and the relevance of the two methods to the isolation of transport components are discussed.", "contents": "Specific localization and quantification of biotin transport components in yeast by use of a biotin-conjugated, impermeant, electron-dense label. Two approaches are described for the localization and quantification of biotin transport components in yeast cells. One approach is based on tracing the fate of a radioactive affinity label for the biotin transport system, [14C]biotinyl-p-nitrophenyl ester (pBNP), through various stages of subcellular fractionations. A complementary method involves the use of a biotin-derivatized, impermeant, electron-dense, affinity-cytochemical label (ferritin-biotin conjugates) for subsequent visualization by electron microscopy. Values of approximately 8,000 and 4,000 sites/cell, respectively, were achieved by the two methods. Complicating factors, future perspectives and the relevance of the two methods to the isolation of transport components are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347253", "title": "The relationship between guanosine tetraphosphate, polysomes and RNA synthesis in amino acid starved Escherichia coli.", "content": "A relA+ strain of E. coli with four amino acid requirements was starved separately for each amino acid, after which the levels of polysomes, guanosine-5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate and the residual net synthesis of RNA were determined. The polysome level and guanosine-5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate production were coordinately affected by starvation for the different amino acids, whereas no correlation was found between these two parameters and residual RNA synthesis. The main conclusion stemming from these results is that guanosine-5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate cannot act as the sole effector molecule in stringent control of RNA synthesis.", "contents": "The relationship between guanosine tetraphosphate, polysomes and RNA synthesis in amino acid starved Escherichia coli. A relA+ strain of E. coli with four amino acid requirements was starved separately for each amino acid, after which the levels of polysomes, guanosine-5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate and the residual net synthesis of RNA were determined. The polysome level and guanosine-5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate production were coordinately affected by starvation for the different amino acids, whereas no correlation was found between these two parameters and residual RNA synthesis. The main conclusion stemming from these results is that guanosine-5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate cannot act as the sole effector molecule in stringent control of RNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:347254", "title": "Differential effect of amino acid starvation on polysome decay in Escherichia coli.", "content": "In a relA+ strain of E. coli starved separately for each of four required amino acids, the intracellular concentration of polysomes decreases as a function of time in all cases: very rapidly in the absence of arginine or leucine, slowly in the absence of threonine or histidine. In a starved isogenic relA strain, the polysome level is either totally stable or else drops slowly. The decrease in the level, when it occurs, does not significantly affect the polysome size distribution. Models for polysome metabolism in amino acid starved cells are discussed.", "contents": "Differential effect of amino acid starvation on polysome decay in Escherichia coli. In a relA+ strain of E. coli starved separately for each of four required amino acids, the intracellular concentration of polysomes decreases as a function of time in all cases: very rapidly in the absence of arginine or leucine, slowly in the absence of threonine or histidine. In a starved isogenic relA strain, the polysome level is either totally stable or else drops slowly. The decrease in the level, when it occurs, does not significantly affect the polysome size distribution. Models for polysome metabolism in amino acid starved cells are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347255", "title": "[Immunological diagnosis of leukemias in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Subclassification of leukemias in childhood by cytochemical methods or blast size is arbitrary to some extent. The increased knowledge of physiological development of hematopoetic cells allows to classify these diseases according to the degree of differentiation of the cells involved. Immunological cell-membrane structures are used as for markers differentiation. In this way, 4 types of lymphoblastic leukemias and 5 types of myeloid leukemias can be diagnosed. This classification can help to answer clinical and theoretically important questions. In ALL and during the blast crisis of CML, new groups with increased risk are defined, important for the choise of initial therapy, and evaluation of therapeutic trials. The immunological markers can help to detect already small numbers of blasts at the beginning of a hematological relapse. Transformations of the blast type during the course of the disease can be explained. Experiments in animals indicate that an immunological classification of leukemias correlates with differences in pathogenesis and etiology.", "contents": "[Immunological diagnosis of leukemias in childhood (author's transl)]. Subclassification of leukemias in childhood by cytochemical methods or blast size is arbitrary to some extent. The increased knowledge of physiological development of hematopoetic cells allows to classify these diseases according to the degree of differentiation of the cells involved. Immunological cell-membrane structures are used as for markers differentiation. In this way, 4 types of lymphoblastic leukemias and 5 types of myeloid leukemias can be diagnosed. This classification can help to answer clinical and theoretically important questions. In ALL and during the blast crisis of CML, new groups with increased risk are defined, important for the choise of initial therapy, and evaluation of therapeutic trials. The immunological markers can help to detect already small numbers of blasts at the beginning of a hematological relapse. Transformations of the blast type during the course of the disease can be explained. Experiments in animals indicate that an immunological classification of leukemias correlates with differences in pathogenesis and etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:347278", "title": "R plasmid-mediated enhancement of mutagenesis in strains of Escherichia coli deficient is known repair functions.", "content": "The response to four mutagens (UV radiation, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), cis-platinum dichlorodiamine (cis-PDD), and a 2-aminopurine (AP)) known to cause different types of DNA damage was investigated in the WP2 strain wild-type for DNA repair and in uvrA-, lexA-, polA-, uvrD- and recL- strains. Each strain was also tested after introduction of either the pKM101 or R648 plasmid. The number of revertants produced by a given mutagen in a given bacterial strain depended in a complex way on: (1) the nature of the mutagen and the type of lesion it created in DNA; (2) the prensence and the nature of defects in the chromosomally determined DNA-repair system; and (3) the presence and the nature of plasmids with mutator effect. The results confirm that plasmids enhance mutagenesis through an error-prone DNA-repair system, which is expressed at different levels for different plasmids. Or, alternatively, different repair mechanisms for different plasmids may exist.", "contents": "R plasmid-mediated enhancement of mutagenesis in strains of Escherichia coli deficient is known repair functions. The response to four mutagens (UV radiation, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), cis-platinum dichlorodiamine (cis-PDD), and a 2-aminopurine (AP)) known to cause different types of DNA damage was investigated in the WP2 strain wild-type for DNA repair and in uvrA-, lexA-, polA-, uvrD- and recL- strains. Each strain was also tested after introduction of either the pKM101 or R648 plasmid. The number of revertants produced by a given mutagen in a given bacterial strain depended in a complex way on: (1) the nature of the mutagen and the type of lesion it created in DNA; (2) the prensence and the nature of defects in the chromosomally determined DNA-repair system; and (3) the presence and the nature of plasmids with mutator effect. The results confirm that plasmids enhance mutagenesis through an error-prone DNA-repair system, which is expressed at different levels for different plasmids. Or, alternatively, different repair mechanisms for different plasmids may exist."}
{"id": "PMID:347279", "title": "Phenotypic lag and mutation to 6-thioguanine resistance in diploid human lymphoblasts.", "content": "Mutants of a diploid human lymphoblast line resistant to 6-thioguanine (6TG) appear 6--16 generations after treatment with any of a diverse group of mutagents: methylnitrosourea (MNU), methylnitrosoguanidine (MNNG), ICR-191, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR). A hypothesis is advanced that expression of the 6-thioguanine-resistant state may require the removal of essentially all pre-existing hypoxanthine--guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) molecules via division, dilution, and protein turnover. Design of protocols for quantitative mutation assays requires attention to this phenomenon.", "contents": "Phenotypic lag and mutation to 6-thioguanine resistance in diploid human lymphoblasts. Mutants of a diploid human lymphoblast line resistant to 6-thioguanine (6TG) appear 6--16 generations after treatment with any of a diverse group of mutagents: methylnitrosourea (MNU), methylnitrosoguanidine (MNNG), ICR-191, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR). A hypothesis is advanced that expression of the 6-thioguanine-resistant state may require the removal of essentially all pre-existing hypoxanthine--guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) molecules via division, dilution, and protein turnover. Design of protocols for quantitative mutation assays requires attention to this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:347280", "title": "Removal of pyrimidine dimers from Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear DNA under nongrowth conditions as detected by a sensitive, enzymatic assay.", "content": "A sensitive and quantitative procedure for the detection of pyrimidine dimers in yesast nuclear DNA is described. The assay employs dimer-specific, endonuclease activities from Micrococcus luteus together with DNA sedimentation through calibrated, alkaline sucrose gradients to detect endonuclease-induced, single-strand breaks. Breaks were induced in a dose-dependent manner from 0 to 80 J m-2 at 254 nm and in numbers equivalent to the numbers of dimers induced by similar doses (Unrau et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 312 (1973) 626--632). This procedure also allows the use of [6-3H] uridine to label cellular nucleic acids, but dose not require extensive DNA purification to eliminate concomitantly labeled RNA. Endonuclease-sensitive sites in the wild-type, haploid strain S288C, after irradiation with 5 J m-2 (254 nm), were removed in less than 5 min when cells were incubated in buffer (pH 7.0) at 28 degrees C. After irradiation with doses from 30 to 100 Jm-2 site removal in S288C required longer postirradiation incubations and was about 90% complete. In a radiation-sensitive strain carrying the mutant allele rad4-3 the number of endonuclease-sensitive sites remained constant for 6 h after irradiation with 5 Jm-2. The retention of sites in this strain indicates that it is defective in the excision of pyrimidine dimers.", "contents": "Removal of pyrimidine dimers from Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear DNA under nongrowth conditions as detected by a sensitive, enzymatic assay. A sensitive and quantitative procedure for the detection of pyrimidine dimers in yesast nuclear DNA is described. The assay employs dimer-specific, endonuclease activities from Micrococcus luteus together with DNA sedimentation through calibrated, alkaline sucrose gradients to detect endonuclease-induced, single-strand breaks. Breaks were induced in a dose-dependent manner from 0 to 80 J m-2 at 254 nm and in numbers equivalent to the numbers of dimers induced by similar doses (Unrau et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 312 (1973) 626--632). This procedure also allows the use of [6-3H] uridine to label cellular nucleic acids, but dose not require extensive DNA purification to eliminate concomitantly labeled RNA. Endonuclease-sensitive sites in the wild-type, haploid strain S288C, after irradiation with 5 J m-2 (254 nm), were removed in less than 5 min when cells were incubated in buffer (pH 7.0) at 28 degrees C. After irradiation with doses from 30 to 100 Jm-2 site removal in S288C required longer postirradiation incubations and was about 90% complete. In a radiation-sensitive strain carrying the mutant allele rad4-3 the number of endonuclease-sensitive sites remained constant for 6 h after irradiation with 5 Jm-2. The retention of sites in this strain indicates that it is defective in the excision of pyrimidine dimers."}
{"id": "PMID:347282", "title": "Sister-chromatid exchange induced by X-ray of human lymphocytes and the effect of L-cysteine.", "content": "A staining technique that detects sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) has been used to examine the response of human lymphocyte chromosomes to various dosages of X-irradiation. The SCE frequency was markedly increased following irradiation. However, the increase was of a significantly smaller magnitude when irradiation occurred in the presence of an antimutagenic agent. Scoring SCEs may provide a useful technique for assaying the mutagenic effects of environmental carcinogens as well as the protective effects of antimutagenic agents.", "contents": "Sister-chromatid exchange induced by X-ray of human lymphocytes and the effect of L-cysteine. A staining technique that detects sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) has been used to examine the response of human lymphocyte chromosomes to various dosages of X-irradiation. The SCE frequency was markedly increased following irradiation. However, the increase was of a significantly smaller magnitude when irradiation occurred in the presence of an antimutagenic agent. Scoring SCEs may provide a useful technique for assaying the mutagenic effects of environmental carcinogens as well as the protective effects of antimutagenic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:347283", "title": "The mutagenicity of heterocyclic N-nitrosamines for Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "14 carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic heterocyclic N-nitrosamines were evaluated for mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium TA-1535, which responds to mutagens inducing base-pair substitutions. Both suspension and plate tests were used, with mouse and rat liver in vitro metabolic activation systems. All carcinogenic nitrosamines showed a positive response in at least one test system, as did the noncarcinogens. In general, the mutagenic responses obtained with mouse liver were equal to, or greater than, the responses obtained with rat liver in both the suspension and plate tests. Although it is difficult to make quantitative comparisons between plate and suspension tests, both systems appeared to be responsive to the same dose ranges for the individual nitrosamines.", "contents": "The mutagenicity of heterocyclic N-nitrosamines for Salmonella typhimurium. 14 carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic heterocyclic N-nitrosamines were evaluated for mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium TA-1535, which responds to mutagens inducing base-pair substitutions. Both suspension and plate tests were used, with mouse and rat liver in vitro metabolic activation systems. All carcinogenic nitrosamines showed a positive response in at least one test system, as did the noncarcinogens. In general, the mutagenic responses obtained with mouse liver were equal to, or greater than, the responses obtained with rat liver in both the suspension and plate tests. Although it is difficult to make quantitative comparisons between plate and suspension tests, both systems appeared to be responsive to the same dose ranges for the individual nitrosamines."}
{"id": "PMID:347285", "title": "Genetic activity of allyl chloride.", "content": "Allyl chloride (3-chloroprene) is mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium and it induces gene conversions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It also displays DNA-modifying activity for E. coli. This is in contrast to a recent study which reported its lack of genetic activity for Salmonella typhimurium.", "contents": "Genetic activity of allyl chloride. Allyl chloride (3-chloroprene) is mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium and it induces gene conversions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It also displays DNA-modifying activity for E. coli. This is in contrast to a recent study which reported its lack of genetic activity for Salmonella typhimurium."}
{"id": "PMID:347289", "title": "Complete correction of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome by allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation.", "content": "Two patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome had complete donor lymphoid and hematopoietic engraftment after successful allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation. One patient had had only a temporary donor T-lymphocyte graft after a previous transplantation, for which he had been prepared with cytarabine and cyclophosphamide; the patient's own T lymphocytes returned six months later. A repeat transplant, for which the patient was prepared with anti-human thymocyte serum, total-body irradiation and procarbazine, resulted in complete donor engraftment. The second patient underwent a successful transplantation after similar preparation, except that procarbazine was omitted. At 11 and five months after transplantation both had normal hematopoiesis and no evidence of graft-versus-host disease. This treatment of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome may be a model for the correction of other genetically determined immune and hematologic bone-marrow disorders.", "contents": "Complete correction of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome by allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation. Two patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome had complete donor lymphoid and hematopoietic engraftment after successful allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation. One patient had had only a temporary donor T-lymphocyte graft after a previous transplantation, for which he had been prepared with cytarabine and cyclophosphamide; the patient's own T lymphocytes returned six months later. A repeat transplant, for which the patient was prepared with anti-human thymocyte serum, total-body irradiation and procarbazine, resulted in complete donor engraftment. The second patient underwent a successful transplantation after similar preparation, except that procarbazine was omitted. At 11 and five months after transplantation both had normal hematopoiesis and no evidence of graft-versus-host disease. This treatment of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome may be a model for the correction of other genetically determined immune and hematologic bone-marrow disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:347290", "title": "The academic medical center: a stressed American institution.", "content": "In recent years, relations between academic medical centers and the government have become increasingly adversarial. Although the centers and the government were formerly partners in a number of health ventures, to the mutual benefit of both, the climate is now too often confrontational. It is a confrontation in which there will be no winners, but the larger society may be the loser. A number of pressures on academic centers have helped to contribute to this situation. The federal sector and academic medical institutions must understand one another better and rediscover effective ways to preserve the special strengths of academic medicine in this country.", "contents": "The academic medical center: a stressed American institution. In recent years, relations between academic medical centers and the government have become increasingly adversarial. Although the centers and the government were formerly partners in a number of health ventures, to the mutual benefit of both, the climate is now too often confrontational. It is a confrontation in which there will be no winners, but the larger society may be the loser. A number of pressures on academic centers have helped to contribute to this situation. The federal sector and academic medical institutions must understand one another better and rediscover effective ways to preserve the special strengths of academic medicine in this country."}
{"id": "PMID:347294", "title": "Human leukocyte interferon for the treatment of herpes zoster in patients with cancer.", "content": "We tested the effect of human leukocyte interferon on  early localized herpes zoster infections in three placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind trials involving 90 patients with cancer.  There were no significant differences in pretreatment severity of infection or nature of underlying disease in the groups. Higher dosages of more purified interferon in the second and third trials produced a significant (P less than or equal to 0.01) decrease in cutaneous dissemination. No dissemination occurred in those receiving the highest dosage (5.1 x 10(5) U per kilogram per day) (P less than or equal to 0.025). The number of days of new-vesicle formation in  the primary dermatome decreased (mean, 2.3 days, P less than or equal to 0.05) in this group. Treated patients had a trend toward less acute pain, and significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) diminished severity of post-herpetic neuralgia,  at the two highest dosage levels. Visceral complications were six times less frequent in interferon recipients. High-dosage interferon appeared effective in limiting cutaneous dissemination, visceral complications and progression within the primary dermatome.", "contents": "Human leukocyte interferon for the treatment of herpes zoster in patients with cancer. We tested the effect of human leukocyte interferon on  early localized herpes zoster infections in three placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind trials involving 90 patients with cancer.  There were no significant differences in pretreatment severity of infection or nature of underlying disease in the groups. Higher dosages of more purified interferon in the second and third trials produced a significant (P less than or equal to 0.01) decrease in cutaneous dissemination. No dissemination occurred in those receiving the highest dosage (5.1 x 10(5) U per kilogram per day) (P less than or equal to 0.025). The number of days of new-vesicle formation in  the primary dermatome decreased (mean, 2.3 days, P less than or equal to 0.05) in this group. Treated patients had a trend toward less acute pain, and significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) diminished severity of post-herpetic neuralgia,  at the two highest dosage levels. Visceral complications were six times less frequent in interferon recipients. High-dosage interferon appeared effective in limiting cutaneous dissemination, visceral complications and progression within the primary dermatome."}
{"id": "PMID:347306", "title": "Induced intragenic recombination in yeast can occur during the G1 mitotic phase.", "content": "The conditional cell division cycle yeast mutants cdc have been used to demonstrate that intragenic recombination induced by ultraviolet or gamma rays occurs in diploids arrested in G1, a short time after irradiation and before the initiation of the S phase. This implies that pairing of homologous chromosomes does not require duplicated chromatids.", "contents": "Induced intragenic recombination in yeast can occur during the G1 mitotic phase. The conditional cell division cycle yeast mutants cdc have been used to demonstrate that intragenic recombination induced by ultraviolet or gamma rays occurs in diploids arrested in G1, a short time after irradiation and before the initiation of the S phase. This implies that pairing of homologous chromosomes does not require duplicated chromatids."}
{"id": "PMID:347308", "title": "Mammals, resources and reproductive strategies.", "content": "The breeding systems of mammalian species are strongly influenced by the density and dispersion of their populations. These in turn are affected by variations in the distribution of resources. Through quantitative comparisons, it is possible to trace evolutionary relationships between feeding behaviour, population dispersion, breeding systems and morphology.", "contents": "Mammals, resources and reproductive strategies. The breeding systems of mammalian species are strongly influenced by the density and dispersion of their populations. These in turn are affected by variations in the distribution of resources. Through quantitative comparisons, it is possible to trace evolutionary relationships between feeding behaviour, population dispersion, breeding systems and morphology."}
{"id": "PMID:347317", "title": "Cellular reaction to autologous tumor tissue followed by \"skin window\" technique in orofacial tumors.", "content": "In a sample of patients with pseudotumors and benign and malignant tumors of the orofacial region there has repeatedly been investigated, after radical surgery, the cell reaction to autologous tumor tissue applied at indicated time intervals on a small skin lesion. The prognostically favorable picture of a cellular-type hypersensitivity reaction with massive participation of lymphoid cells and basophil granulocytes was only found in some basaliomas and leukoplakias. Conversely, spinocellular carcinomas are, irrespective of localization, characterized by areactivity.", "contents": "Cellular reaction to autologous tumor tissue followed by \"skin window\" technique in orofacial tumors. In a sample of patients with pseudotumors and benign and malignant tumors of the orofacial region there has repeatedly been investigated, after radical surgery, the cell reaction to autologous tumor tissue applied at indicated time intervals on a small skin lesion. The prognostically favorable picture of a cellular-type hypersensitivity reaction with massive participation of lymphoid cells and basophil granulocytes was only found in some basaliomas and leukoplakias. Conversely, spinocellular carcinomas are, irrespective of localization, characterized by areactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:347321", "title": "Antibody coating of urinary bacteria in transplanted patients.", "content": "24 patients with renal transplants were studied beyond the immediate postoperative period (greater than 8 weeks p.o.) for a period of 6 months in three weekly intervals. Quantitative bacteriology (dip slide method) and immunofluorescence microscopy (antibody coating of urinary bacteria) of the urine were regularly performed. Urinary tract infection was found in 13 of 24 patients, being permanent in 9 and episodic in 4 of the patients. There was no correlation between presence of urinary tract infection and deterioration of renal function. Mixed infection was found in 7 of the 13 patients and monoinfection in the others. In 7 out of these 13 patients, antibody coating of urinary bacteria could be demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy. In 3 of the 7 cases with antibody coating, this was permanently positive, in the other 4 it was intermittently positive. In only 1 case could conversion to positive antibody coating be attributed to urological complications (pyelostomy). Both IGG and IGA were demonstrable in 6 of 7 cases with positive antibody coating and IGG exclusively was demonstrable in 1 more case. IGM was questionably positive in 1 case and complement (beta1C) could not be demonstrated in any of the patients. This investigation shows that despite immunosuppression patients with renal transplants are able to mount an immune response against urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Antibody coating of urinary bacteria in transplanted patients. 24 patients with renal transplants were studied beyond the immediate postoperative period (greater than 8 weeks p.o.) for a period of 6 months in three weekly intervals. Quantitative bacteriology (dip slide method) and immunofluorescence microscopy (antibody coating of urinary bacteria) of the urine were regularly performed. Urinary tract infection was found in 13 of 24 patients, being permanent in 9 and episodic in 4 of the patients. There was no correlation between presence of urinary tract infection and deterioration of renal function. Mixed infection was found in 7 of the 13 patients and monoinfection in the others. In 7 out of these 13 patients, antibody coating of urinary bacteria could be demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy. In 3 of the 7 cases with antibody coating, this was permanently positive, in the other 4 it was intermittently positive. In only 1 case could conversion to positive antibody coating be attributed to urological complications (pyelostomy). Both IGG and IGA were demonstrable in 6 of 7 cases with positive antibody coating and IGG exclusively was demonstrable in 1 more case. IGM was questionably positive in 1 case and complement (beta1C) could not be demonstrated in any of the patients. This investigation shows that despite immunosuppression patients with renal transplants are able to mount an immune response against urinary tract infections."}
{"id": "PMID:347324", "title": "Evidence for an inhibitory dopaminergic and stimulatory noradrenergic hypothalamic influence on PMS-induced ovulation in the immature rat. II. A pharmacological analysis.", "content": "Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMS; 10 IU day 30)-induced ovulation was used as a model to study the effect of drugs interfering with monoamine neuro-transmission on CNS processes controlling ovulation. The drugs were administered during the critical period on day 32 and tubal eggs were counted in the morning of day 33. When injected during the critical period, dopamine (DA) receptor agonists such as apomorphine, ET 495, ergotamine, 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, lergotrile and ergocornine inhibited ovulation, an effect which was counteracted by the DA receptor blocking agent, pimozide. However, by itself pimozide had no significant effect, whereas combined noradrenaline (NA) and DA receptor blocking agents such as chlorpromazine and clozapine inhibited ovulation. alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents and drugs influencing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurotransmission did not affect ovulation. LH-RH removed the ovulatory blockade induced by ET 495 in the same dose-range as it removed pentobarbital-induced blockade of ovulation. Furthermore, ergocornine did not black ovulation after the critical period and was less effective when given prior to the critical period. Therefore it is likely that the DA receptor agonists act via a central action. Thus, the present findings give further support for the existence of a central inhibitory DA and facilitory NA mechanism in the control of PMS-induced ovulation in the immature female rat.", "contents": "Evidence for an inhibitory dopaminergic and stimulatory noradrenergic hypothalamic influence on PMS-induced ovulation in the immature rat. II. A pharmacological analysis. Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMS; 10 IU day 30)-induced ovulation was used as a model to study the effect of drugs interfering with monoamine neuro-transmission on CNS processes controlling ovulation. The drugs were administered during the critical period on day 32 and tubal eggs were counted in the morning of day 33. When injected during the critical period, dopamine (DA) receptor agonists such as apomorphine, ET 495, ergotamine, 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, lergotrile and ergocornine inhibited ovulation, an effect which was counteracted by the DA receptor blocking agent, pimozide. However, by itself pimozide had no significant effect, whereas combined noradrenaline (NA) and DA receptor blocking agents such as chlorpromazine and clozapine inhibited ovulation. alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents and drugs influencing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurotransmission did not affect ovulation. LH-RH removed the ovulatory blockade induced by ET 495 in the same dose-range as it removed pentobarbital-induced blockade of ovulation. Furthermore, ergocornine did not black ovulation after the critical period and was less effective when given prior to the critical period. Therefore it is likely that the DA receptor agonists act via a central action. Thus, the present findings give further support for the existence of a central inhibitory DA and facilitory NA mechanism in the control of PMS-induced ovulation in the immature female rat."}
{"id": "PMID:347325", "title": "Synthesis of LH-RH by rat hypothalamic tissue in vitro. II. Effect of short-term orchiectomy and estradiol benzoate therapy.", "content": "Normal, castrate and estradiol benzoate (EB; 1 microgram/100 g b.w. x 6d, s.c.)-treated castrate male rats were utilized to study the short term effects of these treatments upon the incorporation of 3H-glycine into LH-RH in vitro. The rise in serum LH and FSH observed in the untreated castrates was prevented by EB therapy. The treatment had no significant effect upon serum LH-RH levels or the incorporation of 3H-gly into LH-RH. EB treatment markedly (p less than 0.01) increased the hypothalamic LH-RH concentration and significantly lowered the specific activity (nCi/ng) of the 3H-gly-LH-RH (p less than 0.05). These results suggest that EB acts both on the pituitary and hypothalamus to suppress gonadotropin (Gn) release, but that, at the time period studied, neither castration or EB-treatment had any apparent effect upon hypothalamic LH-RH synthesis.", "contents": "Synthesis of LH-RH by rat hypothalamic tissue in vitro. II. Effect of short-term orchiectomy and estradiol benzoate therapy. Normal, castrate and estradiol benzoate (EB; 1 microgram/100 g b.w. x 6d, s.c.)-treated castrate male rats were utilized to study the short term effects of these treatments upon the incorporation of 3H-glycine into LH-RH in vitro. The rise in serum LH and FSH observed in the untreated castrates was prevented by EB therapy. The treatment had no significant effect upon serum LH-RH levels or the incorporation of 3H-gly into LH-RH. EB treatment markedly (p less than 0.01) increased the hypothalamic LH-RH concentration and significantly lowered the specific activity (nCi/ng) of the 3H-gly-LH-RH (p less than 0.05). These results suggest that EB acts both on the pituitary and hypothalamus to suppress gonadotropin (Gn) release, but that, at the time period studied, neither castration or EB-treatment had any apparent effect upon hypothalamic LH-RH synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:347326", "title": "Inhibition of prostaglandin-enhanced release of LH by antiserum to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.", "content": "Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGF2alpha, PGF2beta was infused into a lateral ventricle of the brain of adult male rats, after pretreatment with normal rabbit serum (NRS) or anti-LH-RH serum, and the concentration of LH in arterial plasma was determined. I.v. administration of anti-LH-RH serum 2.5 min prior to the infusion of 2 microgram or 20 microgram of PGE2 significantly inhibited the PGE2-induced rise of plasma LH. Intraventricular infusion of 20 microgram of PGF2alpha or PGF2beta into NRS-pretreated animals caused a marked increase in the plasma LH concentration; whereas, prior i.v. administration of anti-LH-RH serum blocked the PG-induced rise in plasma LH levels. It is concluded that PGE2, PGF2alpha, and PGF2beta stimulate the release of LH primarily by enhancing the release of LH-RH.", "contents": "Inhibition of prostaglandin-enhanced release of LH by antiserum to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGF2alpha, PGF2beta was infused into a lateral ventricle of the brain of adult male rats, after pretreatment with normal rabbit serum (NRS) or anti-LH-RH serum, and the concentration of LH in arterial plasma was determined. I.v. administration of anti-LH-RH serum 2.5 min prior to the infusion of 2 microgram or 20 microgram of PGE2 significantly inhibited the PGE2-induced rise of plasma LH. Intraventricular infusion of 20 microgram of PGF2alpha or PGF2beta into NRS-pretreated animals caused a marked increase in the plasma LH concentration; whereas, prior i.v. administration of anti-LH-RH serum blocked the PG-induced rise in plasma LH levels. It is concluded that PGE2, PGF2alpha, and PGF2beta stimulate the release of LH primarily by enhancing the release of LH-RH."}
{"id": "PMID:347327", "title": "The status of the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF).", "content": "Early in the history of studies on the release of ACTH by stress there were indications that ACTH might be released by multiple factors. But the neurohumoral theory, as formulated by G.W. Harris, suggested that every hypophysial hormone had its unique hypothalamic controlling agent and a search for the unique ACTH-releasing hormone went on for about 20 years. This review reexamines the case for multiple releasers of ACTH.", "contents": "The status of the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). Early in the history of studies on the release of ACTH by stress there were indications that ACTH might be released by multiple factors. But the neurohumoral theory, as formulated by G.W. Harris, suggested that every hypophysial hormone had its unique hypothalamic controlling agent and a search for the unique ACTH-releasing hormone went on for about 20 years. This review reexamines the case for multiple releasers of ACTH."}
{"id": "PMID:347329", "title": "Advances in the study of diffusion of innovation in health care organizations.", "content": "Federal government programs of the 1960s to rapidly diffuse technologies have been displaced on the '70s by efforts to constrain costly technological growth. As a guide to action, the understanding of reasons for adoption of innovation is essential; but the utility of available diffusion theory is limited by its focus on the speed of diffusion rather than any reasons for its adoption by organizations. In a practical sense, more is known about the administrator as decision maker than about those increasing situatiions in which physicians play a more central part. Until coherent, empirically grounded theories of organizational innovation are available, large-scale \"tests\" are premature and wasteful.", "contents": "Advances in the study of diffusion of innovation in health care organizations. Federal government programs of the 1960s to rapidly diffuse technologies have been displaced on the '70s by efforts to constrain costly technological growth. As a guide to action, the understanding of reasons for adoption of innovation is essential; but the utility of available diffusion theory is limited by its focus on the speed of diffusion rather than any reasons for its adoption by organizations. In a practical sense, more is known about the administrator as decision maker than about those increasing situatiions in which physicians play a more central part. Until coherent, empirically grounded theories of organizational innovation are available, large-scale \"tests\" are premature and wasteful."}
{"id": "PMID:347340", "title": "The smear technique in the diagnosis of neurosurgical biopsies.", "content": "This paper reviews 216 consecutive neurosurgical biopsies examined by the immediate smear technique, and the smear diagnoses are compared with the final diagnoses made on paraffin processed sections of the same material. Ninety three percent (93%) of the diagnoses were correct. The majority of errors were due to the incorrect classification of malignant tumours. The diagnosis of malignancy, however, was clearly established in all of these cases. The smear technique is suitable for application to material obtained at craniectomy, laminectomy, and also the small, soft pieces of tissue obtained by needle biopsy through a burr hole.", "contents": "The smear technique in the diagnosis of neurosurgical biopsies. This paper reviews 216 consecutive neurosurgical biopsies examined by the immediate smear technique, and the smear diagnoses are compared with the final diagnoses made on paraffin processed sections of the same material. Ninety three percent (93%) of the diagnoses were correct. The majority of errors were due to the incorrect classification of malignant tumours. The diagnosis of malignancy, however, was clearly established in all of these cases. The smear technique is suitable for application to material obtained at craniectomy, laminectomy, and also the small, soft pieces of tissue obtained by needle biopsy through a burr hole."}
{"id": "PMID:347342", "title": "Sodium valproate (Epilim) in the treatment of refractory epilepsy.", "content": "Sodium valproate was given to seven children with refractory epilepsy and mental retardation. Four of the children became fit free while another was much improved. Plasma levels of sodium valproate correlated well with the dose prescribed and did not approach the theoretical top-desirable level of 200 microgram/ml despite larger than recommended doses. Side effects were minimal and it is concluded that the drug is safe and useful.", "contents": "Sodium valproate (Epilim) in the treatment of refractory epilepsy. Sodium valproate was given to seven children with refractory epilepsy and mental retardation. Four of the children became fit free while another was much improved. Plasma levels of sodium valproate correlated well with the dose prescribed and did not approach the theoretical top-desirable level of 200 microgram/ml despite larger than recommended doses. Side effects were minimal and it is concluded that the drug is safe and useful."}
{"id": "PMID:347343", "title": "Rheumatic fever and streptococci: the Wairoa College study.", "content": "The decline in incidence of rheumatic fever seen in many countries is not evident in New Zealand. Wairoa county has the highest hospital admission rate within New Zealand, 232 per 100 000 per year, five times the national average, 43 per 100 000. Studies in Wairoa included a cross-sectional survey of the local secondary school. Throat swabbing yielded 13.6% of subjects positive for beta-haemolytic streptococcus group A. Boys had a higher rate than girls, and girls aged 14 and over had a lower rate than younger girls. Discriminant analysis failed to identify ethnic, social or geographic factors as contributing to positivity. Sibling concordance was not significant. ASO titres were high in comparison with another New Zealand study (Rotorua Lakes). There was an association between high ASO titre and throat swab positive for group A and group C streptococci. The prevalence of definite rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease was established as 11/715 (1.5%). A wide range of residential geographic, climatic and socioeconomic factors failed to discriminate between cases and noncases. Ethnicity alone was a significant discriminator, the cases being more Maori than noncases.", "contents": "Rheumatic fever and streptococci: the Wairoa College study. The decline in incidence of rheumatic fever seen in many countries is not evident in New Zealand. Wairoa county has the highest hospital admission rate within New Zealand, 232 per 100 000 per year, five times the national average, 43 per 100 000. Studies in Wairoa included a cross-sectional survey of the local secondary school. Throat swabbing yielded 13.6% of subjects positive for beta-haemolytic streptococcus group A. Boys had a higher rate than girls, and girls aged 14 and over had a lower rate than younger girls. Discriminant analysis failed to identify ethnic, social or geographic factors as contributing to positivity. Sibling concordance was not significant. ASO titres were high in comparison with another New Zealand study (Rotorua Lakes). There was an association between high ASO titre and throat swab positive for group A and group C streptococci. The prevalence of definite rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease was established as 11/715 (1.5%). A wide range of residential geographic, climatic and socioeconomic factors failed to discriminate between cases and noncases. Ethnicity alone was a significant discriminator, the cases being more Maori than noncases."}
{"id": "PMID:347344", "title": "Goodpasture's syndrome complicated by nocardia asteroides infection.", "content": "A case of Goodpasture's syndrome--an immunological disorder characterised by a proliferative glomerunlonephritis with haemorrhagic pulmonary alveolitis--is described. There has been complete functional recovery of the presenting renal failure, but the immunosuppressive therapy was complicated by a severe episode of metastasising nocardiosis.", "contents": "Goodpasture's syndrome complicated by nocardia asteroides infection. A case of Goodpasture's syndrome--an immunological disorder characterised by a proliferative glomerunlonephritis with haemorrhagic pulmonary alveolitis--is described. There has been complete functional recovery of the presenting renal failure, but the immunosuppressive therapy was complicated by a severe episode of metastasising nocardiosis."}
{"id": "PMID:347362", "title": "The biologic activities of cystic fibrosis serum. II. Ultrastructural aspects of the effect of cystic fibrosis sera and calcium ionophore A23187 on rabbit tracheal explants.", "content": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical observations indicate that both cystic fibrosis (CF) sera and calcium ionophore A23187 induce a swelling or an increase in the size and possibly the number of secondary lysosomes and an increase in mucus secretion in epithelium of the rabbit tracheal bioassay system. Extended incubation of the rabbit tracheal explants with either CF or control sera produces a cytotoxic effect on the tracheal epithelium, but only after the termination of the normal bioassay time period. Comparative ultrastructural study of the effect of both CF sera and calcium ionophore A23187 on the rabbit tracheal bioassay system indicates that increased membrane permeability to calcium may be important in the production of the ciliary dyskinesia response by CF serum factor(s) in the rabbit tracheal bioassay system.", "contents": "The biologic activities of cystic fibrosis serum. II. Ultrastructural aspects of the effect of cystic fibrosis sera and calcium ionophore A23187 on rabbit tracheal explants. Ultrastructural and cytochemical observations indicate that both cystic fibrosis (CF) sera and calcium ionophore A23187 induce a swelling or an increase in the size and possibly the number of secondary lysosomes and an increase in mucus secretion in epithelium of the rabbit tracheal bioassay system. Extended incubation of the rabbit tracheal explants with either CF or control sera produces a cytotoxic effect on the tracheal epithelium, but only after the termination of the normal bioassay time period. Comparative ultrastructural study of the effect of both CF sera and calcium ionophore A23187 on the rabbit tracheal bioassay system indicates that increased membrane permeability to calcium may be important in the production of the ciliary dyskinesia response by CF serum factor(s) in the rabbit tracheal bioassay system."}
{"id": "PMID:347363", "title": "Increased secretion of M\u00fcllerian inhibiting substance after immunological blockade of endogenous luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the rat.", "content": "In order to evaluate the role of leuteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and gonadotropins in the control of secretion of M\u00fcllerian inhibiting substance, groups of pregnant rats were injected intraperitoneally with high potency antiserum from a rabbit immunized with LHRH. Pregnant females were injected at 13 and 20 days of gestation with LHRH antiserum or an equal volume of normal rabbit serum as a control. The testes and penis were reduced in weight and size in 6-day-old pups of the experimental group indicating the luteinizing hormone (LH) was blocked and that LHRH antiserum was active. Testicular fragments of 17-day fetuses and 6-day-old pups showed an increase relative to controls in M\u00fcllerian inhibiting substance activity in a graded organ culture bioassay system. These studies suggest that secretion of M\u00fcllerian inhibiting substances is curtailed by one or both gonadotropins.", "contents": "Increased secretion of M\u00fcllerian inhibiting substance after immunological blockade of endogenous luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the rat. In order to evaluate the role of leuteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and gonadotropins in the control of secretion of M\u00fcllerian inhibiting substance, groups of pregnant rats were injected intraperitoneally with high potency antiserum from a rabbit immunized with LHRH. Pregnant females were injected at 13 and 20 days of gestation with LHRH antiserum or an equal volume of normal rabbit serum as a control. The testes and penis were reduced in weight and size in 6-day-old pups of the experimental group indicating the luteinizing hormone (LH) was blocked and that LHRH antiserum was active. Testicular fragments of 17-day fetuses and 6-day-old pups showed an increase relative to controls in M\u00fcllerian inhibiting substance activity in a graded organ culture bioassay system. These studies suggest that secretion of M\u00fcllerian inhibiting substances is curtailed by one or both gonadotropins."}
{"id": "PMID:347364", "title": "Effects of diet and behavior therapy on social and motor behavior of retarded phenylketonuric adults: an experimental analysis.", "content": "The effects of a low phenylalanine diet on six retarded phenylketonuric adults were assessed. An ABA individual-subject design was used in experiment I to assess the effects of a low phenylalanine diet on social and motor behavior. Following a baseline during which the subjects ingested a normal phenylalanine diet (phase A), a low phenylalanine diet (phase B) was administered in a double blind fashion. Finally, the baseline condition (phase A) was reinstated (normal diet). The low phenylalanine diet resulted in few significant behavioral changes for those subjects with which proper methodologic controls were employed. However, for two of six subjects motor behavior, including stereotypy and tremor, seem to have ameliorated. In experiment II, applied behavior analysis techniques, including differential reinforcement of other behavior and time out, were combined to radically reduce the frequency of stereotypy and self-abuse exhibited by one of the six subjects of experiment I.", "contents": "Effects of diet and behavior therapy on social and motor behavior of retarded phenylketonuric adults: an experimental analysis. The effects of a low phenylalanine diet on six retarded phenylketonuric adults were assessed. An ABA individual-subject design was used in experiment I to assess the effects of a low phenylalanine diet on social and motor behavior. Following a baseline during which the subjects ingested a normal phenylalanine diet (phase A), a low phenylalanine diet (phase B) was administered in a double blind fashion. Finally, the baseline condition (phase A) was reinstated (normal diet). The low phenylalanine diet resulted in few significant behavioral changes for those subjects with which proper methodologic controls were employed. However, for two of six subjects motor behavior, including stereotypy and tremor, seem to have ameliorated. In experiment II, applied behavior analysis techniques, including differential reinforcement of other behavior and time out, were combined to radically reduce the frequency of stereotypy and self-abuse exhibited by one of the six subjects of experiment I."}
{"id": "PMID:347369", "title": "Primary pediatric care in one community.", "content": "Primary pediatric practice in one community was studied by using a household interview survey, a pediatrician mail questionnaire, and an ambulatory care survey of nine practices reporting on all visits over a four-week period. The results for the study year 1975 are compared with those for 1971 and 1967. Pediatricians provided an ever-increasing proportion of ambulatory care. Of all the children who had a regular physician in 1967, only 47% had a pediatrician; by 1975, this proportion had increased to 74%. Well-child care continues to be the largest diagnostic category (30%), followed by treatment for upper respiratory tract infections (24%), otitis media (14%), and lower respiratory tract infections (6%). Variations by practice and patient characteristics are examined. If the observed changes indicate a nationwide trend, a larger number of pediatricians will be needed to cover their growing share in primary care for children. Working in multiple settings and delegating part of the work load to nurse practioners have helped to meet the growing demand.", "contents": "Primary pediatric care in one community. Primary pediatric practice in one community was studied by using a household interview survey, a pediatrician mail questionnaire, and an ambulatory care survey of nine practices reporting on all visits over a four-week period. The results for the study year 1975 are compared with those for 1971 and 1967. Pediatricians provided an ever-increasing proportion of ambulatory care. Of all the children who had a regular physician in 1967, only 47% had a pediatrician; by 1975, this proportion had increased to 74%. Well-child care continues to be the largest diagnostic category (30%), followed by treatment for upper respiratory tract infections (24%), otitis media (14%), and lower respiratory tract infections (6%). Variations by practice and patient characteristics are examined. If the observed changes indicate a nationwide trend, a larger number of pediatricians will be needed to cover their growing share in primary care for children. Working in multiple settings and delegating part of the work load to nurse practioners have helped to meet the growing demand."}
{"id": "PMID:347370", "title": "Renal transplantation in children ages 1 to 5 years.", "content": "Renal transplantation was carried out in 21 children ages 1 to 5 years. Eighteen received grafts from a living, related donor (LRD). Four children died, one following rejection, and three because of infection. Five children lost their initial grafts and two have received new transplants. Cumulative patient survival two and four years following LRD transplantation was 94% and 76%, respectively. This was similar to results found in children ages 6 to 14 years. Accelerated growth rates were seen in the first posttransplant year in those small children who were severely growth-retarded at the same time of transplantation and who achieved normal graft function. However, only one of these children ultimately reached the tenth percentile for height for chronological age. We conclude that renal transplantation is warranted in the very young child with renal failure.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in children ages 1 to 5 years. Renal transplantation was carried out in 21 children ages 1 to 5 years. Eighteen received grafts from a living, related donor (LRD). Four children died, one following rejection, and three because of infection. Five children lost their initial grafts and two have received new transplants. Cumulative patient survival two and four years following LRD transplantation was 94% and 76%, respectively. This was similar to results found in children ages 6 to 14 years. Accelerated growth rates were seen in the first posttransplant year in those small children who were severely growth-retarded at the same time of transplantation and who achieved normal graft function. However, only one of these children ultimately reached the tenth percentile for height for chronological age. We conclude that renal transplantation is warranted in the very young child with renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:347371", "title": "Deep hypothermia in infant cardiac surgery.", "content": "The value of infant cardiac surgery using deep hypothermia remains a debate. A steady number of cardiac centers have consented to this approach in spite of some filibuster. Physiologists are frightened, anesthetists may find it cumbersome, but surgeons using it enjoy the ease of correction in a bloodless and relaxed heart. The cardiologists may document acceptable results, but we also need the alert feedback from the provider of long-term health care--the pediatrician--to document possible flaws of this pristine modality. This article is intended to familiarize the pediatrician with the method of deep hypothermia: its origin, application, and appeal for consumer protection.", "contents": "Deep hypothermia in infant cardiac surgery. The value of infant cardiac surgery using deep hypothermia remains a debate. A steady number of cardiac centers have consented to this approach in spite of some filibuster. Physiologists are frightened, anesthetists may find it cumbersome, but surgeons using it enjoy the ease of correction in a bloodless and relaxed heart. The cardiologists may document acceptable results, but we also need the alert feedback from the provider of long-term health care--the pediatrician--to document possible flaws of this pristine modality. This article is intended to familiarize the pediatrician with the method of deep hypothermia: its origin, application, and appeal for consumer protection."}
{"id": "PMID:347375", "title": "The projective process: inferences derived from structural analysis.", "content": "It is hypothesized that projection is an organizational process involving a synthesis of psychological functions which results in a response which in uniquely representative of a class of important psychological experiences. Implications of this interpretation are discussed.", "contents": "The projective process: inferences derived from structural analysis. It is hypothesized that projection is an organizational process involving a synthesis of psychological functions which results in a response which in uniquely representative of a class of important psychological experiences. Implications of this interpretation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347376", "title": "An exploratory study of the draw-a-person as a measure of racial identity.", "content": "The race of the figure drawn on the Draw-A-Person Test is proposed as a measure of acceptance of racial identity. Reliability and validity of this measure were explored in a two-part study. Part 1 confirmed the hypothesis that the race of the figure drawn is related to the race of the child producing the drawing. Comparison of the figures drawn by black (n = 157) and white (n = 167) children confirmed three other hypotheses based on the voluminous literature suggesting that black children are less accepting of their racial group membership than whites. These hypotheses were: (a) whites should be more likely to draw figures that are clearly white than blacks are to draw figures that are clearly black, (b) whites should be less likely to draw blacks than blacks are to draw whites, and (c) blacks should be more likely to avoid giving clear indication of the race of the figures they draw than are whites. Inter-rater reliability for the race of the figure drawn was .79. Five weeks after the initial drawing, a subsample of 28 black children drew a second figure and performed a picture choice task designed to assess acceptance of racial identity. The race of the figure drawn showed a test-retest reliability of .53 and correlated significantly with the other measure of racial identity (r27 = .39).", "contents": "An exploratory study of the draw-a-person as a measure of racial identity. The race of the figure drawn on the Draw-A-Person Test is proposed as a measure of acceptance of racial identity. Reliability and validity of this measure were explored in a two-part study. Part 1 confirmed the hypothesis that the race of the figure drawn is related to the race of the child producing the drawing. Comparison of the figures drawn by black (n = 157) and white (n = 167) children confirmed three other hypotheses based on the voluminous literature suggesting that black children are less accepting of their racial group membership than whites. These hypotheses were: (a) whites should be more likely to draw figures that are clearly white than blacks are to draw figures that are clearly black, (b) whites should be less likely to draw blacks than blacks are to draw whites, and (c) blacks should be more likely to avoid giving clear indication of the race of the figures they draw than are whites. Inter-rater reliability for the race of the figure drawn was .79. Five weeks after the initial drawing, a subsample of 28 black children drew a second figure and performed a picture choice task designed to assess acceptance of racial identity. The race of the figure drawn showed a test-retest reliability of .53 and correlated significantly with the other measure of racial identity (r27 = .39)."}
{"id": "PMID:347382", "title": "[Evaluation of some methods for study of the pathogenecity and toxicity among enteropathogenic suspect E. coli strains (author's transl)].", "content": "The current methods for testing enteropathogenic E. coli have been revised and slightly modified for use in our laboratory. Their applicability as screening tools in epidemiological surveys is discussed. It is concluded that the current methods for detecting these E. coli in epidemiological surveys are inadequate and laborious and the need for a simple field method is stressed.", "contents": "[Evaluation of some methods for study of the pathogenecity and toxicity among enteropathogenic suspect E. coli strains (author's transl)]. The current methods for testing enteropathogenic E. coli have been revised and slightly modified for use in our laboratory. Their applicability as screening tools in epidemiological surveys is discussed. It is concluded that the current methods for detecting these E. coli in epidemiological surveys are inadequate and laborious and the need for a simple field method is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:347385", "title": "[Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Pituitary and testicular reactivity--receptivity to androgens (author's transl)].", "content": "Six subjects aged between 19 and 29 years were studied. Gonadotrophins, follicular stimulating hormone or FSH and luteotrophic hormone or LH, were low in all cases. Under the influence of a single dose of 150 microgram of hypothalamic gonadotrophin liberation factor (LHRH), there was a preferential increase in FSH whilst levels of LH were little influenced. The continuous infusion of LHRH was associated with the same phenomenon. Only prolonged administration (for approximately 12 months) of chorionic gonadotrophins, resultes in a significant rise in plasma testosterone levels (low in all cases in the absence of stimulation). The level of urinary 3alpha-androstanediol represents a good parameter of androgenicity. Urinary 3beta-androstanediol is a metabolite of androgens formed in the liver. In hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, and in particular in de Morsier's syndrome, the essential element would seem to be the absence of solicitation of the pituitary gonadotrophic cells by virtue of inadequate secretion of LHRH. The results of stimulation with chorionic gonadotrophins reflects the existence of inadequate maturation of testicular receptors to these hormones.", "contents": "[Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Pituitary and testicular reactivity--receptivity to androgens (author's transl)]. Six subjects aged between 19 and 29 years were studied. Gonadotrophins, follicular stimulating hormone or FSH and luteotrophic hormone or LH, were low in all cases. Under the influence of a single dose of 150 microgram of hypothalamic gonadotrophin liberation factor (LHRH), there was a preferential increase in FSH whilst levels of LH were little influenced. The continuous infusion of LHRH was associated with the same phenomenon. Only prolonged administration (for approximately 12 months) of chorionic gonadotrophins, resultes in a significant rise in plasma testosterone levels (low in all cases in the absence of stimulation). The level of urinary 3alpha-androstanediol represents a good parameter of androgenicity. Urinary 3beta-androstanediol is a metabolite of androgens formed in the liver. In hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, and in particular in de Morsier's syndrome, the essential element would seem to be the absence of solicitation of the pituitary gonadotrophic cells by virtue of inadequate secretion of LHRH. The results of stimulation with chorionic gonadotrophins reflects the existence of inadequate maturation of testicular receptors to these hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:347386", "title": "[Microangiopathic anaemia with thrombocytopaenia. Cure following excision of an angioma of the small intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "The association of a mixed anaemia (by occult haemorrhage and microangiopathic haemolysis) with a thrombocytopaenia led to a search for a digestive angioma. Arteriography, followed by exploratory laparotomy with preoperative enteroscopy and frozen section histological examination, led to the discovery of a small bowel angioma (multiple phlebectasias) which was partially resected. A review of the literature emphasised the rarity of intestinal angiomas with thrombocytopaenia (Kasabach and Merrit syndrome) and forms a basis for the discussion of haematological abnormalities (intravascular coagulation, microangiopathic anaemia) which may be induced by such vascular malformations.", "contents": "[Microangiopathic anaemia with thrombocytopaenia. Cure following excision of an angioma of the small intestine (author's transl)]. The association of a mixed anaemia (by occult haemorrhage and microangiopathic haemolysis) with a thrombocytopaenia led to a search for a digestive angioma. Arteriography, followed by exploratory laparotomy with preoperative enteroscopy and frozen section histological examination, led to the discovery of a small bowel angioma (multiple phlebectasias) which was partially resected. A review of the literature emphasised the rarity of intestinal angiomas with thrombocytopaenia (Kasabach and Merrit syndrome) and forms a basis for the discussion of haematological abnormalities (intravascular coagulation, microangiopathic anaemia) which may be induced by such vascular malformations."}
{"id": "PMID:347392", "title": "[Arterial hypertension: the role of the central nervous system. I. The nervous control of blood pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "Arterial pressure is rapidly and precisely readjusted by various reflexes. They are described from the anatomical and functional level. The most important is the medullary baroreflex. In spite of the complexity of their nervous connections and the numerous mediator substances involved, the cardiac vagal center and the sympathetic vasomotor centers are today better understood. The role of the brain is not purely reflex because it may also respond to biochemical variations (anoxia, circulating angiotensin). Finally, we shall describe the central mechanisms which play a role in situations as orthostatism, physical effort or stress. In relation to stress, we shall discuss the influence of suprabulbar structures on the baroreflexe and this will allow a description of three connected centers at different levels controlling arterial blood pressure via nervous mechanisms (i.e. diencephalic, medullary and spinal centers).", "contents": "[Arterial hypertension: the role of the central nervous system. I. The nervous control of blood pressure (author's transl)]. Arterial pressure is rapidly and precisely readjusted by various reflexes. They are described from the anatomical and functional level. The most important is the medullary baroreflex. In spite of the complexity of their nervous connections and the numerous mediator substances involved, the cardiac vagal center and the sympathetic vasomotor centers are today better understood. The role of the brain is not purely reflex because it may also respond to biochemical variations (anoxia, circulating angiotensin). Finally, we shall describe the central mechanisms which play a role in situations as orthostatism, physical effort or stress. In relation to stress, we shall discuss the influence of suprabulbar structures on the baroreflexe and this will allow a description of three connected centers at different levels controlling arterial blood pressure via nervous mechanisms (i.e. diencephalic, medullary and spinal centers)."}
{"id": "PMID:347395", "title": "The nucleoside sequence of tyrosine tRNA from Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of tRNATyr from B. stearothermophilus has been determined: pG-G-A-G-G-G-G-s4U-A-G-C-G-A-A-G-U-Gm-G-C-U-A-A-m1A-C-G-C-G-G-C-G-G-A-C-U-Q-U-A-ms2i6A-A-psi-C-C-G-C-U-C-C-C-U-U-U-G-G-G-U-U-C-G-G-C-G-G-T-psi-C-G-A-A-U-C-C-G-U-C-C-C-C-C-U-C-C-A-C-C-AOH. A combination of classical fingerprinting methods, partial nuclease P1 digestion and two-dimensional homochromatography and a rapid \"read off\" sequencing gel technique were used to establish the complete nucleotide sequence.", "contents": "The nucleoside sequence of tyrosine tRNA from Bacillus stearothermophilus. The nucleotide sequence of tRNATyr from B. stearothermophilus has been determined: pG-G-A-G-G-G-G-s4U-A-G-C-G-A-A-G-U-Gm-G-C-U-A-A-m1A-C-G-C-G-G-C-G-G-A-C-U-Q-U-A-ms2i6A-A-psi-C-C-G-C-U-C-C-C-U-U-U-G-G-G-U-U-C-G-G-C-G-G-T-psi-C-G-A-A-U-C-C-G-U-C-C-C-C-C-U-C-C-A-C-C-AOH. A combination of classical fingerprinting methods, partial nuclease P1 digestion and two-dimensional homochromatography and a rapid \"read off\" sequencing gel technique were used to establish the complete nucleotide sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:347396", "title": "Application of a rapid gel method to the sequencing of fragments of 16S ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A gel sequencing method has been applied to two 5' end-labelled fragments of the 16S ribosomal RNA from E. coli. The procedure involves partial enzymatic hydrolysis by ribonucleases T1, U2 or A, in order to generate series of end-labelled subfragments terminating in guanine, adenine, or pyrimidine residues, respectively. The two fragments concerned were approximately 75 and 90 nucleotides in length, and both arose from the 3' region of the 16S RNA. The sequences deduced are compared with the published sequence of 16S RNA, and contribute information to the final ordering of the ribonuclease T1 oligonucleotides in the latter, as well as revealing some probable errors.", "contents": "Application of a rapid gel method to the sequencing of fragments of 16S ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli. A gel sequencing method has been applied to two 5' end-labelled fragments of the 16S ribosomal RNA from E. coli. The procedure involves partial enzymatic hydrolysis by ribonucleases T1, U2 or A, in order to generate series of end-labelled subfragments terminating in guanine, adenine, or pyrimidine residues, respectively. The two fragments concerned were approximately 75 and 90 nucleotides in length, and both arose from the 3' region of the 16S RNA. The sequences deduced are compared with the published sequence of 16S RNA, and contribute information to the final ordering of the ribonuclease T1 oligonucleotides in the latter, as well as revealing some probable errors."}
{"id": "PMID:347397", "title": "1H NMR of valine tRNA modified bases. Evidence for multiple conformations.", "content": "Methyl and methylene protons of dihydrouridine 17 (hU), 6-methyladenosine 37 (M6A), 7-methylguanosine 46 (m7G), and ribothymidine 54 (rT) give clearly resolved peaks (220 MHz) for tRNA1val (coli solutions in D2O, 0.25 m NaCl, at 27 degrees C. Chemical shifts are generally consistent with a solution structure of tRNA1val similar to the crystal structure of tRNAphe (yeast). At least 3 separate transitions are observed as the temperature is raised. The earliest involves disruption of native tertiary structure and formation of intermediate structures in the m7G and rT regions. A second transition results in a change in structure of the anticodon loop, containing m6A. The final step involves unfolding of the m7G and rT intermediates and melting of the TpsiC helix. Low salt concentrations produce multiple, partially denatured conformations, rather than a unique form, for tRNA1val. Native structure is almost completely reformed by addition of Na+ but Mg2+ is required for correct conformation in the vicinity of m7G.", "contents": "1H NMR of valine tRNA modified bases. Evidence for multiple conformations. Methyl and methylene protons of dihydrouridine 17 (hU), 6-methyladenosine 37 (M6A), 7-methylguanosine 46 (m7G), and ribothymidine 54 (rT) give clearly resolved peaks (220 MHz) for tRNA1val (coli solutions in D2O, 0.25 m NaCl, at 27 degrees C. Chemical shifts are generally consistent with a solution structure of tRNA1val similar to the crystal structure of tRNAphe (yeast). At least 3 separate transitions are observed as the temperature is raised. The earliest involves disruption of native tertiary structure and formation of intermediate structures in the m7G and rT regions. A second transition results in a change in structure of the anticodon loop, containing m6A. The final step involves unfolding of the m7G and rT intermediates and melting of the TpsiC helix. Low salt concentrations produce multiple, partially denatured conformations, rather than a unique form, for tRNA1val. Native structure is almost completely reformed by addition of Na+ but Mg2+ is required for correct conformation in the vicinity of m7G."}
{"id": "PMID:347398", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of formylmethionine tRNA from Mycoplasma mycoides sp. capri.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of Mycoplasma mycoides sp. capri PG3 formylmethionine tRNA has been determined, using in vitro labeling techniques, to be pC-G-C-G-G-G-G-s4U-A-G-A-G-C-A-G-U-D (U)-G-G-D-A-G-C-U-C-G-C-C-G-G-G-C-U-C-A-U-A-A-C-C-C-G-G-A-G-G-C-C-G-C-A-G-G-U-psi- C-G-A-G-U-C-C-U-G-C-C-C-C-C-G-C-A-A-C-C-AOH. This tRNA contains only three modified nucleosides s4U, D and psi, all of which are derived from uridine. Both in the structural features which distinguish eukaryotic from prokaryotic initiator RNAs and in the overall sequence, this tRNA resembles a typical prokaryotic initiator tRNA. A comparison of the sequence of this tRNA with those of other prokaryotic initiator tRNAs suggests that taxonomically the Mycoplasma may be less related to the Cyanophyta (Anacystis nidulans) than to the bacteria and less related to the Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli) than to the Bacillaceae (Bacillus subtilis).", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of formylmethionine tRNA from Mycoplasma mycoides sp. capri. The nucleotide sequence of Mycoplasma mycoides sp. capri PG3 formylmethionine tRNA has been determined, using in vitro labeling techniques, to be pC-G-C-G-G-G-G-s4U-A-G-A-G-C-A-G-U-D (U)-G-G-D-A-G-C-U-C-G-C-C-G-G-G-C-U-C-A-U-A-A-C-C-C-G-G-A-G-G-C-C-G-C-A-G-G-U-psi- C-G-A-G-U-C-C-U-G-C-C-C-C-C-G-C-A-A-C-C-AOH. This tRNA contains only three modified nucleosides s4U, D and psi, all of which are derived from uridine. Both in the structural features which distinguish eukaryotic from prokaryotic initiator RNAs and in the overall sequence, this tRNA resembles a typical prokaryotic initiator tRNA. A comparison of the sequence of this tRNA with those of other prokaryotic initiator tRNAs suggests that taxonomically the Mycoplasma may be less related to the Cyanophyta (Anacystis nidulans) than to the bacteria and less related to the Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli) than to the Bacillaceae (Bacillus subtilis)."}
{"id": "PMID:347399", "title": "The identification of the tRNA substrates for the supK tRNA methylase.", "content": "Purified preparations of the tRNA methylase deficient in supK strains of Salmonella typhimurium transfer methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to at least two tRNA species, an alanine tRNA and a serine tRNA. The identity of the tRNA substrates for this enzyme was determined by a change in the elution position of the methyl-labeled tRNA from BND-cellulose columns before and after aminoacylation with a specific amino acid followed by derivatization of the free primary amino group with phenoxy- or naphthoxyacetate. The radioactive methyl group enzymatically added to these tRNAs is both acid and base labile and can be hydrolyzed to a volatile product at pHs above 7.5 and also at pH 1. The methylated 3'-nucleotide isolated from digested tRNA is a pyrimidine derivative and chromatographs like a modified uridylic acid. Its identity has not been established, but it is likely that it corresponds to the methyl ester of V, uridin-5-oxyacetic acid.", "contents": "The identification of the tRNA substrates for the supK tRNA methylase. Purified preparations of the tRNA methylase deficient in supK strains of Salmonella typhimurium transfer methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to at least two tRNA species, an alanine tRNA and a serine tRNA. The identity of the tRNA substrates for this enzyme was determined by a change in the elution position of the methyl-labeled tRNA from BND-cellulose columns before and after aminoacylation with a specific amino acid followed by derivatization of the free primary amino group with phenoxy- or naphthoxyacetate. The radioactive methyl group enzymatically added to these tRNAs is both acid and base labile and can be hydrolyzed to a volatile product at pHs above 7.5 and also at pH 1. The methylated 3'-nucleotide isolated from digested tRNA is a pyrimidine derivative and chromatographs like a modified uridylic acid. Its identity has not been established, but it is likely that it corresponds to the methyl ester of V, uridin-5-oxyacetic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:347400", "title": "Preparation and properties of insolubilized restriction endonucleases.", "content": "Type II restriction endonucleases Bam HI and Eco RI were covalently coupled to Sepharose. These insolubilized enzymes generated fragment patterns for several viral DNAs identical to those produced by the respective free enzymes. Conditions for optimal activity were similar for both bound and unbound forms of the enzymes. Insolubilization improved thermal stability of Bam HI and Eco RI. The bound enzyme can be recovered from reaction mixtures and reused several times. Upon storage at 4 degrees C, coupled endonucleases remained stable for several months.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of insolubilized restriction endonucleases. Type II restriction endonucleases Bam HI and Eco RI were covalently coupled to Sepharose. These insolubilized enzymes generated fragment patterns for several viral DNAs identical to those produced by the respective free enzymes. Conditions for optimal activity were similar for both bound and unbound forms of the enzymes. Insolubilization improved thermal stability of Bam HI and Eco RI. The bound enzyme can be recovered from reaction mixtures and reused several times. Upon storage at 4 degrees C, coupled endonucleases remained stable for several months."}
{"id": "PMID:347401", "title": "Template specific inhibitors of E. coli RNA polymerase.", "content": "Electroneutral analogs of polynucleotides, poly-9-vinyladenine and poly-1-vinyluracil inhibit E. coli RNA polymerase in all combinations where the single stranded polynucleotides are used as templates and the vinyl analogs are complementary to them. As templates both the ribo- and deoxyribopolynucleotides were tested; variation of the template concentration in the presence of vinyl analogs produced a competitive pattern of inhibition. The electroneutral analogs do not inhibit the enzyme activity when non-complementary single stranded polynucleotides or double stranded polynucleotides are used as templates; the latter fully supports transcription even when one of the strands is complementary to the analog.", "contents": "Template specific inhibitors of E. coli RNA polymerase. Electroneutral analogs of polynucleotides, poly-9-vinyladenine and poly-1-vinyluracil inhibit E. coli RNA polymerase in all combinations where the single stranded polynucleotides are used as templates and the vinyl analogs are complementary to them. As templates both the ribo- and deoxyribopolynucleotides were tested; variation of the template concentration in the presence of vinyl analogs produced a competitive pattern of inhibition. The electroneutral analogs do not inhibit the enzyme activity when non-complementary single stranded polynucleotides or double stranded polynucleotides are used as templates; the latter fully supports transcription even when one of the strands is complementary to the analog."}
{"id": "PMID:347402", "title": "Studies on ribosome structure and interactions near the m62Am62A sequence.", "content": "Antibodies raised against N6, N6-dimethyl adenosine were used to study the environment and role of the m62Am62A sequences in the E. coli ribosome. It is observed that this sequence is exposed on the surface of isolated 30S subunits, but becomes inaccessible for IgG interaction upon heat activation. The m62Am62A sequence is also inaccessible for IgG interaction in 70S ribosomes or 30S subunits immediately after dissociation of 70S particles. The presence of IgGs results in a significant inhibition of IF3 binding to unactivated 30S particles. IF3 binding to activated 30S subunits is unaffected by the IgGs. Crosslinking of 30S proteins S18 and S21 with the bifunctional phenylene dimaleimide reagents results in a reduction in the extent of 30S-IgG interaction. From what is already known about the location of S18, S21 and the IF3 binding site, it is suggested that the m62Am62A sequence is located close to the initiator tRNA binding site of the 30S subunit during initiation of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Studies on ribosome structure and interactions near the m62Am62A sequence. Antibodies raised against N6, N6-dimethyl adenosine were used to study the environment and role of the m62Am62A sequences in the E. coli ribosome. It is observed that this sequence is exposed on the surface of isolated 30S subunits, but becomes inaccessible for IgG interaction upon heat activation. The m62Am62A sequence is also inaccessible for IgG interaction in 70S ribosomes or 30S subunits immediately after dissociation of 70S particles. The presence of IgGs results in a significant inhibition of IF3 binding to unactivated 30S particles. IF3 binding to activated 30S subunits is unaffected by the IgGs. Crosslinking of 30S proteins S18 and S21 with the bifunctional phenylene dimaleimide reagents results in a reduction in the extent of 30S-IgG interaction. From what is already known about the location of S18, S21 and the IF3 binding site, it is suggested that the m62Am62A sequence is located close to the initiator tRNA binding site of the 30S subunit during initiation of protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:347403", "title": "The effect of specific structural modification on the biological activity of E. coli arginine tRNA.", "content": "Escherichia coli arginine tRNA1 has been modified at position s2C32 with iodoacetamide and a spin labelled derivative. The small effects on the charging ability of tRNA by the modifiications suggest that the synthetase does not bind to the tRNA in this region of the anticodon loop before the anticodon. A ternary complex of elongation factor Tu, GTP and the modified Arg-tRNA, can be formed allowing future studies of enzymatic binding to the ribosome. Using the triplet binding assay the native Arg-tRNA1 decodes all 4 codons beginning with CG. The modified Arg-tRNA1 has a restricted decoding but the decoding pattern is still unusual according to the Wobble Hypothesis.", "contents": "The effect of specific structural modification on the biological activity of E. coli arginine tRNA. Escherichia coli arginine tRNA1 has been modified at position s2C32 with iodoacetamide and a spin labelled derivative. The small effects on the charging ability of tRNA by the modifiications suggest that the synthetase does not bind to the tRNA in this region of the anticodon loop before the anticodon. A ternary complex of elongation factor Tu, GTP and the modified Arg-tRNA, can be formed allowing future studies of enzymatic binding to the ribosome. Using the triplet binding assay the native Arg-tRNA1 decodes all 4 codons beginning with CG. The modified Arg-tRNA1 has a restricted decoding but the decoding pattern is still unusual according to the Wobble Hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:347404", "title": "Recombinant plasmids containing Xenopus laevis globin structural genes derived from complementary DNA.", "content": "Details are presented of the in vitro synthesis of double-stranded DNA complementary to purified Xenopus globin messenger RNA, using a combination of reverse transcriptase, fragment 'A' of E. coli DNA polymerase 1 and S1 endonuclease. After selection of duplex DNA molecules approaching the length of Xenopus globin messenger RNA by sedimentation of the DNA through neutral sucrose gradients, the 3'-OH termini of the synthetic globin gene sequences were extended with short tracts of oligo dGMP using terminal transferase. This material was integrated into oligo dCMP-extended linear pCR1 plasmid DNA and amplified by transfection of E. coli. Plasmids carrying globin sequences were identified by hybridization of 32P-labelled globin mRNA to total cellular DNA in situ, by hybridization of purified plasmids to globin cDNA in solution, by analysis of recombinant DNA on polyacrylamide and agarose gels, and by heteroduplex mapping. The results show that extensive DNA copies of Xenopus globin mRNA have been integrated into recombinant plasmids.", "contents": "Recombinant plasmids containing Xenopus laevis globin structural genes derived from complementary DNA. Details are presented of the in vitro synthesis of double-stranded DNA complementary to purified Xenopus globin messenger RNA, using a combination of reverse transcriptase, fragment 'A' of E. coli DNA polymerase 1 and S1 endonuclease. After selection of duplex DNA molecules approaching the length of Xenopus globin messenger RNA by sedimentation of the DNA through neutral sucrose gradients, the 3'-OH termini of the synthetic globin gene sequences were extended with short tracts of oligo dGMP using terminal transferase. This material was integrated into oligo dCMP-extended linear pCR1 plasmid DNA and amplified by transfection of E. coli. Plasmids carrying globin sequences were identified by hybridization of 32P-labelled globin mRNA to total cellular DNA in situ, by hybridization of purified plasmids to globin cDNA in solution, by analysis of recombinant DNA on polyacrylamide and agarose gels, and by heteroduplex mapping. The results show that extensive DNA copies of Xenopus globin mRNA have been integrated into recombinant plasmids."}
{"id": "PMID:347405", "title": "Binding of E. coli RNA polymerase to chromatin subunits.", "content": "Chromatin subunits were prepared from purified rat liver nuclei and the template properties of the nucleosome preparation studied. It was found that: 1) The fundamental template restriction of chromatin (as compared to deproteinized DNA) is retained in the isolated nucleosomes, 2) On the average one molecule of RNA polymerase is bound to one molecule of DNA purified from nucleosomes, 3) The number of RNA polymerase binding sites on chromatin subunits is 6 to 20 times lower than that of the DNA extracted from these subunits, 4) Transcription can proceed through nucleosomes resulting in RNA chains approximately 150 nucleotides long.", "contents": "Binding of E. coli RNA polymerase to chromatin subunits. Chromatin subunits were prepared from purified rat liver nuclei and the template properties of the nucleosome preparation studied. It was found that: 1) The fundamental template restriction of chromatin (as compared to deproteinized DNA) is retained in the isolated nucleosomes, 2) On the average one molecule of RNA polymerase is bound to one molecule of DNA purified from nucleosomes, 3) The number of RNA polymerase binding sites on chromatin subunits is 6 to 20 times lower than that of the DNA extracted from these subunits, 4) Transcription can proceed through nucleosomes resulting in RNA chains approximately 150 nucleotides long."}
{"id": "PMID:347422", "title": "Influence of gonadotropic releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone and pineal extracts on testes of immature cockerels.", "content": "Two, seven, and ten-day-old S.C.W.L. cockerels were injected with pineal extract (PE), gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), alone or in combination, to determine the effect of PE on the action of exogenous GnRH and LH on the testis in immature cockerels. Radioactive phosphorus (P-32) uptake by the testis was used as an assay for gonadotropic activity. GnRH had no effects on cockerels aged two days. However, LH caused increased P-32 uptake compared to the saline control at this age. In seven- and ten-day-old cockerels, PE in combination with GnRH resulted in lower P-32 c.p.m./g. of testis compared to the non-PE treated birds at the same doses of GnRH. On the other hand, PE did not cause any decrease in testis response to LH. These results indicate that PE is acting to inhibit release of gonadotropins by GnRH.", "contents": "Influence of gonadotropic releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone and pineal extracts on testes of immature cockerels. Two, seven, and ten-day-old S.C.W.L. cockerels were injected with pineal extract (PE), gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), alone or in combination, to determine the effect of PE on the action of exogenous GnRH and LH on the testis in immature cockerels. Radioactive phosphorus (P-32) uptake by the testis was used as an assay for gonadotropic activity. GnRH had no effects on cockerels aged two days. However, LH caused increased P-32 uptake compared to the saline control at this age. In seven- and ten-day-old cockerels, PE in combination with GnRH resulted in lower P-32 c.p.m./g. of testis compared to the non-PE treated birds at the same doses of GnRH. On the other hand, PE did not cause any decrease in testis response to LH. These results indicate that PE is acting to inhibit release of gonadotropins by GnRH."}
{"id": "PMID:347432", "title": "[Effect of L-DOPA administration on brain bioelectrical activity in hypothalamo-hypophyseal diseases].", "content": "The influence of the L-DOPA preparation on the bioelectrical activity of the brain was studied in 15 patients with Itsenko-Cushing's disease and in 12 patients with diencephalic obesity. L-DOPA administration caused an increase of the theta-rhythm index in the anterior leads in comparison with the initial recording, although the periods of detection of this elevation differed in various patients. No changes of the character of the EEG recording during the test with L-DOPA in comparison with the background recording was revealed in the patients with Itsenko-Cushings disease.", "contents": "[Effect of L-DOPA administration on brain bioelectrical activity in hypothalamo-hypophyseal diseases]. The influence of the L-DOPA preparation on the bioelectrical activity of the brain was studied in 15 patients with Itsenko-Cushing's disease and in 12 patients with diencephalic obesity. L-DOPA administration caused an increase of the theta-rhythm index in the anterior leads in comparison with the initial recording, although the periods of detection of this elevation differed in various patients. No changes of the character of the EEG recording during the test with L-DOPA in comparison with the background recording was revealed in the patients with Itsenko-Cushings disease."}
{"id": "PMID:347433", "title": "[Choice of the optimal method in the mathematical diagnosis of thyroid gland diseases].", "content": "On the basis of analysis of case histories of patients with various functional conditions of the thyroid gland it was found that the use of the stage-by-stage program of mathematical diagnosis of the thyroid diseases was more expedient in clinical and economic respect than the use of a one-stage program with single introduction of the whole initial information concerning the patient's condition.", "contents": "[Choice of the optimal method in the mathematical diagnosis of thyroid gland diseases]. On the basis of analysis of case histories of patients with various functional conditions of the thyroid gland it was found that the use of the stage-by-stage program of mathematical diagnosis of the thyroid diseases was more expedient in clinical and economic respect than the use of a one-stage program with single introduction of the whole initial information concerning the patient's condition."}
{"id": "PMID:347434", "title": "[Creation of an artificial vagina in persons with male pseudohermaphroditism].", "content": "The author elaborated a method of creation of an artificial vagina in patients with false male hermaphroditism during puberty from the skin of the removed clitoris, with the correction of external genitalia in the female direction. This method is harmless, the operative technique is simple. Positive anatomical and cosmetic results were obtained in two patients with the mentioned pathology.", "contents": "[Creation of an artificial vagina in persons with male pseudohermaphroditism]. The author elaborated a method of creation of an artificial vagina in patients with false male hermaphroditism during puberty from the skin of the removed clitoris, with the correction of external genitalia in the female direction. This method is harmless, the operative technique is simple. Positive anatomical and cosmetic results were obtained in two patients with the mentioned pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:347435", "title": "[Effect of Complamin on the intrahepatic blood flow and pancreatic secretion of enzymes in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Complamine (xanthinol-nicotinate) injected intravenously in a dose of 300 mg caused in patients with diabetes mellitus a significant, although short-lived improvement of the indices of intrahepatic circulation (by the rheohepatographic criteria). By itself complamine failed to influence the pancreatic secretion of amylase, lipase, and trypsin, but regularly intensified the stimulating action of pancreosimine on the pancreatic secretion of the enzymes in the patients with diabetes. In addition to the known influence of complamine on the circulation in the lower limbs of the patients with diabetes mellitus, information presented in the given work widened the circle of indications to the therapeutic use of complamine in patients with diabetes mellitus with disturbances of intrahepatic hemodynamics and the enzyme-secretory insufficiency of the pancreas. Complamine should be administered after meals at the period of the greatest release of the endogenous pancreosimine, for the intensification of the pancreatic enzymes secretion.", "contents": "[Effect of Complamin on the intrahepatic blood flow and pancreatic secretion of enzymes in diabetes mellitus]. Complamine (xanthinol-nicotinate) injected intravenously in a dose of 300 mg caused in patients with diabetes mellitus a significant, although short-lived improvement of the indices of intrahepatic circulation (by the rheohepatographic criteria). By itself complamine failed to influence the pancreatic secretion of amylase, lipase, and trypsin, but regularly intensified the stimulating action of pancreosimine on the pancreatic secretion of the enzymes in the patients with diabetes. In addition to the known influence of complamine on the circulation in the lower limbs of the patients with diabetes mellitus, information presented in the given work widened the circle of indications to the therapeutic use of complamine in patients with diabetes mellitus with disturbances of intrahepatic hemodynamics and the enzyme-secretory insufficiency of the pancreas. Complamine should be administered after meals at the period of the greatest release of the endogenous pancreosimine, for the intensification of the pancreatic enzymes secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:347436", "title": "[Segmental transplantation of the pancrease from a living donor (an experimental anatomical study)].", "content": "The results of the investigation of the blood supply by the splenic vessels of the human and dog pancreatic segment (120 observations) and the results of 98 chronic experiments with pancreatic resection and grafting on the vascular pedicle formed by the splenic artery and vein are presented. Experiments showed transplantation of the caudal pancreatic segment (about 1/5 of the whole organ) to be possible. Resection of the segment failed to affect the dog health. The grafted segment insured normal glycemia in depancreatized dogs.", "contents": "[Segmental transplantation of the pancrease from a living donor (an experimental anatomical study)]. The results of the investigation of the blood supply by the splenic vessels of the human and dog pancreatic segment (120 observations) and the results of 98 chronic experiments with pancreatic resection and grafting on the vascular pedicle formed by the splenic artery and vein are presented. Experiments showed transplantation of the caudal pancreatic segment (about 1/5 of the whole organ) to be possible. Resection of the segment failed to affect the dog health. The grafted segment insured normal glycemia in depancreatized dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:347437", "title": "[Further study of the hormonal regulation of natural immunity to weak transplantation antigens in inbred mice].", "content": "Blood plasma corticosterone level and the extent of immunological reaction to sex-antigen of skin transplant in inbred mice CBA, C57Bl/6, F1 (CBA X 57Bl/6), C3H, AKR was compared. Mice CBA had a high blood plasma corticosterone level and no immunological reaction to sex-antigen. A lower blood corticosterone level and the presence of reaction to sex-antigen was characteristic of mice C57Bl/6, AKR, C3H, F1(CBA X C57Bl/6). The number of endogenous colonies in the spleen of mice CBA was less than in mice C57Bl/6. Mice CBA had a narrow cortical thymus layer in comparison with the wide thymus cortex of mice AKR and C57Bl/6. Adrenalectomy of mice CBA caused a sharp widening of the thymus cortex.", "contents": "[Further study of the hormonal regulation of natural immunity to weak transplantation antigens in inbred mice]. Blood plasma corticosterone level and the extent of immunological reaction to sex-antigen of skin transplant in inbred mice CBA, C57Bl/6, F1 (CBA X 57Bl/6), C3H, AKR was compared. Mice CBA had a high blood plasma corticosterone level and no immunological reaction to sex-antigen. A lower blood corticosterone level and the presence of reaction to sex-antigen was characteristic of mice C57Bl/6, AKR, C3H, F1(CBA X C57Bl/6). The number of endogenous colonies in the spleen of mice CBA was less than in mice C57Bl/6. Mice CBA had a narrow cortical thymus layer in comparison with the wide thymus cortex of mice AKR and C57Bl/6. Adrenalectomy of mice CBA caused a sharp widening of the thymus cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:347442", "title": "Site-specific initiation of a DNA fragment.", "content": "The first step in the replication cycle of the single-stranded DNA phages is the conversion of the infecting positive strand circle to a duplex ring. This event involves the de novo initiation of a negative strand, using the infecting positive strand cycle as a template. The synthesis of the negative strand is in many respects analogous to the formation of a fragment during cellular DNA replication. In this paper we describe the initiation of the negative strand of bacteriophage G4. The data establish that, in vivo, the synthesis of the G4 negative strand is initiated at a specific site, which we have mapped on the 5400-base viral chromosome.", "contents": "Site-specific initiation of a DNA fragment. The first step in the replication cycle of the single-stranded DNA phages is the conversion of the infecting positive strand circle to a duplex ring. This event involves the de novo initiation of a negative strand, using the infecting positive strand cycle as a template. The synthesis of the negative strand is in many respects analogous to the formation of a fragment during cellular DNA replication. In this paper we describe the initiation of the negative strand of bacteriophage G4. The data establish that, in vivo, the synthesis of the G4 negative strand is initiated at a specific site, which we have mapped on the 5400-base viral chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:347443", "title": "Cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene: a highly mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.", "content": "A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon recently isolated from carbon black and identified as cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene (CPP) is highly mutagenic. By the criteria of the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test, the mutagenic potency of CPP is equalled by only two other naturally occurring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons--benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a,c]anthracene. The potent mutagenicity of CPP is noteworthy for two reasons: (i) CPP is a mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon without a \"bay-region\" and (ii) there is evidence that it is distributed widely in the environment. On the basis of experimental observations and perturbational molecular orbital calculations we propose that a mutagenic metabolite of CPP will be the 3,4-oxide. The carbonium ion derived from opening of CPP 3,4-oxide is identical to that derived from opening of benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol-9,10-oxide, the metabolite now thought to be an ultimate mutagenic and carcinogenic species.", "contents": "Cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene: a highly mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon recently isolated from carbon black and identified as cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene (CPP) is highly mutagenic. By the criteria of the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test, the mutagenic potency of CPP is equalled by only two other naturally occurring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons--benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a,c]anthracene. The potent mutagenicity of CPP is noteworthy for two reasons: (i) CPP is a mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon without a \"bay-region\" and (ii) there is evidence that it is distributed widely in the environment. On the basis of experimental observations and perturbational molecular orbital calculations we propose that a mutagenic metabolite of CPP will be the 3,4-oxide. The carbonium ion derived from opening of CPP 3,4-oxide is identical to that derived from opening of benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol-9,10-oxide, the metabolite now thought to be an ultimate mutagenic and carcinogenic species."}
{"id": "PMID:347444", "title": "Positive control of D-serine deaminase synthesis in vitro.", "content": "Efficient constitutive synthesis of D-serine deaminase [D-serine hydro-lyase (deaminating); EC 4.2.1.14] is obtained in vitro by using a slightly modified Zubay system programmed with dsdO6 dsdA+DNA. Synthesis from a dsdO+ dsdA+ template requires active dsdC gene product and 3':5'-cyclic AMP. In vitro synthesis of dsdC product is obtained with a dsdC+ dsdO+ dsdA+ or a dsdCc dsdO+ dsdA+ template; this synthesis is thermosensitive and can be uncoupled from D-serine deaminase synthesis by temperature shift.", "contents": "Positive control of D-serine deaminase synthesis in vitro. Efficient constitutive synthesis of D-serine deaminase [D-serine hydro-lyase (deaminating); EC 4.2.1.14] is obtained in vitro by using a slightly modified Zubay system programmed with dsdO6 dsdA+DNA. Synthesis from a dsdO+ dsdA+ template requires active dsdC gene product and 3':5'-cyclic AMP. In vitro synthesis of dsdC product is obtained with a dsdC+ dsdO+ dsdA+ or a dsdCc dsdO+ dsdA+ template; this synthesis is thermosensitive and can be uncoupled from D-serine deaminase synthesis by temperature shift."}
{"id": "PMID:347445", "title": "Excision of DNA segments introduced into cloning vectors by the poly(dA-dT) joining method.", "content": "A method is described for excising cloned DNA segments that have been inserted into their vectors by poly(dA-dT) joins. The recombinant DNA is cleaved within the vector DNA portion by one or more restriction endonucleases to generate a linear DNA molecule with the insert DNA sequence flanked by the poly(dA-dT) joins. After denaturation, the single strands \"snap back\" because of the intrastrand poly(dA) and poly(dT) sequences to form circular structures with \"tails\" of vector DNA. The vector portion of the DNA is then digested by Escherichia coli exonuclease VII, while the insert portion remains resistant to attack. The resistant strands are annealed and purified by electrophoresis in agarose. The insert DNA segment free of contaminating vector sequences can be used as a hybridization probe and for insertion into a new vector since suitable cohesive termini are generated from the retained poly(dA) and poly(dT) tails by an appropriate exonuclease.", "contents": "Excision of DNA segments introduced into cloning vectors by the poly(dA-dT) joining method. A method is described for excising cloned DNA segments that have been inserted into their vectors by poly(dA-dT) joins. The recombinant DNA is cleaved within the vector DNA portion by one or more restriction endonucleases to generate a linear DNA molecule with the insert DNA sequence flanked by the poly(dA-dT) joins. After denaturation, the single strands \"snap back\" because of the intrastrand poly(dA) and poly(dT) sequences to form circular structures with \"tails\" of vector DNA. The vector portion of the DNA is then digested by Escherichia coli exonuclease VII, while the insert portion remains resistant to attack. The resistant strands are annealed and purified by electrophoresis in agarose. The insert DNA segment free of contaminating vector sequences can be used as a hybridization probe and for insertion into a new vector since suitable cohesive termini are generated from the retained poly(dA) and poly(dT) tails by an appropriate exonuclease."}
{"id": "PMID:347446", "title": "Purification of subunits of Escherichia coli DNA gyrase and reconstitution of enzymatic activity.", "content": "Extensively purified DNA gyrase from Escherichia coli is inhibited by nalidixic acid and by novobiocin. The enzyme is composed of two subunits, A and B, which were purified as separate components. Subunit A is the product of the gene controlling sensitivity to nalidixic acid (nalA) because: (i) the electrophoretic mobility of subunit A in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate is identical to that of the 105,000-dalton nalA gene product; (ii) mutants that are resistant to nalidixic acid (nalA(r)) produce a drug-resistant subunit A; and (iii) wild-type subunit A confers drug sensitivity to in vitro synthesis of varphiX174 DNA directed by nalA(r) mutants. Subunit B contains a 95,000-dalton polypeptide and is controlled by the gene specifying sensitivity to novobiocin (cou) because cou(r) mutants produce a novobiocin-resistant subunit B and novobiocin-resitant gyrase is made drug sensitive by wild-type subunit B. Subunits A and B associate, so that gyrase was also purified as a complex containing 105,000- and 95,000-dalton polypeptides. This enzyme and gyrase reconstructed from subunits have the same drug sensitivity, K(m) for ATP, and catalytic properties. The same ratio of subunits gives efficient reconstitution of the reactions intrinsic to DNA gyrase, including catalysis of supercoiling of closed duplex DNA, relaxation of supercoiled DNA in the absence of ATP, and site-specific cleavage of DNA induced by sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "contents": "Purification of subunits of Escherichia coli DNA gyrase and reconstitution of enzymatic activity. Extensively purified DNA gyrase from Escherichia coli is inhibited by nalidixic acid and by novobiocin. The enzyme is composed of two subunits, A and B, which were purified as separate components. Subunit A is the product of the gene controlling sensitivity to nalidixic acid (nalA) because: (i) the electrophoretic mobility of subunit A in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate is identical to that of the 105,000-dalton nalA gene product; (ii) mutants that are resistant to nalidixic acid (nalA(r)) produce a drug-resistant subunit A; and (iii) wild-type subunit A confers drug sensitivity to in vitro synthesis of varphiX174 DNA directed by nalA(r) mutants. Subunit B contains a 95,000-dalton polypeptide and is controlled by the gene specifying sensitivity to novobiocin (cou) because cou(r) mutants produce a novobiocin-resistant subunit B and novobiocin-resitant gyrase is made drug sensitive by wild-type subunit B. Subunits A and B associate, so that gyrase was also purified as a complex containing 105,000- and 95,000-dalton polypeptides. This enzyme and gyrase reconstructed from subunits have the same drug sensitivity, K(m) for ATP, and catalytic properties. The same ratio of subunits gives efficient reconstitution of the reactions intrinsic to DNA gyrase, including catalysis of supercoiling of closed duplex DNA, relaxation of supercoiled DNA in the absence of ATP, and site-specific cleavage of DNA induced by sodium dodecyl sulfate."}
{"id": "PMID:347447", "title": "DNA-dependent single-step addition reactions catalyzed by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.", "content": "The addition of a single nucleotide to a short oligonucleotide, catalyzed by RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) in the presence of synthetic DNA templates, has been studied. The reactions A-U + ATP leads to A-U-A and U-A + UTP leads to U-A-U occur in the presence of poly[d(A-T)], while the reactions G-C + GTP leads to G-C-G and C-G + CTP leads to C-G-C take place in the presence of poly[d(I-C)]. These reactions proceed with a turnover of enzyme. The products U-A-U and C-G-C are formed rapidly, while A-U-A and G-C-G are formed much more slowly. Another poly[d(A-T)]-dependent reaction, which occurs with a turnover of enzyme, is U-A-U + ATP leads to U-A-U-A. All of these reactions are only partially inhibited by rifampicin. ATP can be replaced by 3'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate in the reactions A-U + ATP leads to A-U-A and U-A-U + ATP leads to U-A-U-A, though the rate of formation of the products becomes somewhat slower. The reactions involving 3'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate are almost completely inhibited by rifampicin, indicating that the 3'-hydroxyl group is necessary for these reactions to occur in the presence of rifampicin.", "contents": "DNA-dependent single-step addition reactions catalyzed by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The addition of a single nucleotide to a short oligonucleotide, catalyzed by RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) in the presence of synthetic DNA templates, has been studied. The reactions A-U + ATP leads to A-U-A and U-A + UTP leads to U-A-U occur in the presence of poly[d(A-T)], while the reactions G-C + GTP leads to G-C-G and C-G + CTP leads to C-G-C take place in the presence of poly[d(I-C)]. These reactions proceed with a turnover of enzyme. The products U-A-U and C-G-C are formed rapidly, while A-U-A and G-C-G are formed much more slowly. Another poly[d(A-T)]-dependent reaction, which occurs with a turnover of enzyme, is U-A-U + ATP leads to U-A-U-A. All of these reactions are only partially inhibited by rifampicin. ATP can be replaced by 3'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate in the reactions A-U + ATP leads to A-U-A and U-A-U + ATP leads to U-A-U-A, though the rate of formation of the products becomes somewhat slower. The reactions involving 3'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate are almost completely inhibited by rifampicin, indicating that the 3'-hydroxyl group is necessary for these reactions to occur in the presence of rifampicin."}
{"id": "PMID:347448", "title": "Attack of sea urchin eggs by dogfish phagocytes: model of phagocyte-mediated cellular cytotoxicity.", "content": "To test whether lysosomal degranulation of phagocytes is associated with antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, eggs of Arbacia punctulata were used as targets for blood phagocytes of Mustelus canis. Eggs were coated with heat-aggregated dogfish IgM and exposed to phagocytes, and cytolysis of eggs was observed by Nomarski optics. Phagocytes adhered, degranulated, and raised fertilization membranes resembling those induced by sperm or ionophore A23187. Lysis was then observed as damage radiating from the point of phagocyte-egg contact. By 4 hr, coated eggs exposed to phagocytes released 8.9, 12.3, and 7.4% of total catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), beta-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31), and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) into the medium. Cytotoxic enzyme release significantly exceeded that from uncoated eggs incubated with phagocytes or eggs alone (uncoated or coated). Because activated eggs release a neutral protease, it was considered possible that this enzyme might be responsible for autolysis of eggs. This possibility was excluded because (i) lysis of eggs was not inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) whereas the egg protease was sensitive to SBTI, and (ii) the major trypsin-like activity of phagocytes was not inhibited by SBTI. These experiments demonstrate that Ig-coated cells are first activated, and then killed, when exposed to degranulating phagocytes and suggest that enzymes from attacking phagocytes, and not target cells, are responsible for cell death.", "contents": "Attack of sea urchin eggs by dogfish phagocytes: model of phagocyte-mediated cellular cytotoxicity. To test whether lysosomal degranulation of phagocytes is associated with antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, eggs of Arbacia punctulata were used as targets for blood phagocytes of Mustelus canis. Eggs were coated with heat-aggregated dogfish IgM and exposed to phagocytes, and cytolysis of eggs was observed by Nomarski optics. Phagocytes adhered, degranulated, and raised fertilization membranes resembling those induced by sperm or ionophore A23187. Lysis was then observed as damage radiating from the point of phagocyte-egg contact. By 4 hr, coated eggs exposed to phagocytes released 8.9, 12.3, and 7.4% of total catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), beta-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31), and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) into the medium. Cytotoxic enzyme release significantly exceeded that from uncoated eggs incubated with phagocytes or eggs alone (uncoated or coated). Because activated eggs release a neutral protease, it was considered possible that this enzyme might be responsible for autolysis of eggs. This possibility was excluded because (i) lysis of eggs was not inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) whereas the egg protease was sensitive to SBTI, and (ii) the major trypsin-like activity of phagocytes was not inhibited by SBTI. These experiments demonstrate that Ig-coated cells are first activated, and then killed, when exposed to degranulating phagocytes and suggest that enzymes from attacking phagocytes, and not target cells, are responsible for cell death."}
{"id": "PMID:347449", "title": "Promotion of monolayer formation in cultured whole pancreatic islets by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine.", "content": "Normal adult rat islets usually remained intact and encapsulated, even after many days in culture. In contrast, islets cultured in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (0.1 mM) attached more readily to the surface of plastic culture dishes and almost uniformly formed monolayers of endocrine cells. The mechanism of this effect is not known but presumably involves increases in cellular cyclic AMP content. Fibroblast growth did not appear to be stimulated by the inhibitor. These adult pancreatic endocrine monolayer cultures can be produced readily and provide useful preparations for further morphological and biochemical studies of factors affecting the differentiation, growth, and regenerative capacity of islet cells.", "contents": "Promotion of monolayer formation in cultured whole pancreatic islets by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Normal adult rat islets usually remained intact and encapsulated, even after many days in culture. In contrast, islets cultured in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (0.1 mM) attached more readily to the surface of plastic culture dishes and almost uniformly formed monolayers of endocrine cells. The mechanism of this effect is not known but presumably involves increases in cellular cyclic AMP content. Fibroblast growth did not appear to be stimulated by the inhibitor. These adult pancreatic endocrine monolayer cultures can be produced readily and provide useful preparations for further morphological and biochemical studies of factors affecting the differentiation, growth, and regenerative capacity of islet cells."}
{"id": "PMID:347450", "title": "Mutagenesis during in vitro DNA synthesis.", "content": "The error frequency of in vitro DNA synthesis using a natural DNA template has been measured with a biological assay for nucleotide substitutions. phiX174 DNA containing an amber mutation was copied in vitro by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, and the reversion frequency of the progeny DNA was determined by transfection of E. coli spheroplasts. E. coli polymerase I makes less than 1 mistake at the am3 locus for every 7700 nucleotides incorporated under standard reaction conditions. Substitution of Mn2+ for Mg2+ and unequal concentrations of deoxynucleoside triphosphate substrates raises this mutation frequency to greater than 1 in 1000. Thus, E. coli DNA polymerase I can copy natural DNA templates with high fidelity and its accuracy can be affected by alterations in reaction conditions.", "contents": "Mutagenesis during in vitro DNA synthesis. The error frequency of in vitro DNA synthesis using a natural DNA template has been measured with a biological assay for nucleotide substitutions. phiX174 DNA containing an amber mutation was copied in vitro by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, and the reversion frequency of the progeny DNA was determined by transfection of E. coli spheroplasts. E. coli polymerase I makes less than 1 mistake at the am3 locus for every 7700 nucleotides incorporated under standard reaction conditions. Substitution of Mn2+ for Mg2+ and unequal concentrations of deoxynucleoside triphosphate substrates raises this mutation frequency to greater than 1 in 1000. Thus, E. coli DNA polymerase I can copy natural DNA templates with high fidelity and its accuracy can be affected by alterations in reaction conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:347451", "title": "Transformation of yeast.", "content": "A stable leu2- yeast strain has been transformed to LEU2+ by using a chimeric ColE1 plasmid carrying the yeast leu2 gene. We have used recently developed hybridization and restriction endonuclease mapping techniques to demonstrate directly the presence of the transforming DNA in the yeast genome and also to determine the arrangement of the sequences that were introduced. These studies show that ColE1 DNA together with the yeast sequences can integrate into the yeast chromosomes. This integration may be additive or substitutive. The bacterial plasmid sequences, once integrated, behave as a simple Mendelian element. In addition, we have determined the genetic linkage relationships for each newly introduced LEU2+ allele with the original leu2- allele. These studies show that the transforming squences integrate not only in the leu2 region but also in several other chromosomal locations.", "contents": "Transformation of yeast. A stable leu2- yeast strain has been transformed to LEU2+ by using a chimeric ColE1 plasmid carrying the yeast leu2 gene. We have used recently developed hybridization and restriction endonuclease mapping techniques to demonstrate directly the presence of the transforming DNA in the yeast genome and also to determine the arrangement of the sequences that were introduced. These studies show that ColE1 DNA together with the yeast sequences can integrate into the yeast chromosomes. This integration may be additive or substitutive. The bacterial plasmid sequences, once integrated, behave as a simple Mendelian element. In addition, we have determined the genetic linkage relationships for each newly introduced LEU2+ allele with the original leu2- allele. These studies show that the transforming squences integrate not only in the leu2 region but also in several other chromosomal locations."}
{"id": "PMID:347452", "title": "Erythrocytic mechanism of sickle cell resistance to malaria.", "content": "The physiological basis for the resistance to falciparum malaria individuals with sickle cell trait has not been understood. Recent advances in erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum culture have made possible a direct investigation of the development of the malaria parasite in cells with sickle cell homoglobin. In a high (18%) oxygen atmosphere, there is no apparent sickling of cells, and the growth and multiplication of P. falciparum is identical in normal (AA), hemoglobin S homozygous (SS), and hemoglobin S heterozygous (SA) erythrocytes. Cultures under low (1-5%) oxygen, however, showed clear inhibition of growth. The sickling of SS red cells killed and lysed most or all of the intracellular parasites. Parasites in SA red cells were killed primarily at the large ring stage, probably as a result of a disruption of the parasite metabolism. Incubation in cyanate prior to culture reversed the resistance of SA erythrocytes to plasmodium growth, but had no effect on SS red cell sickling or resistance. Thus, the mechanism of resistance in vivo may be due solely to intraerythrocytic conditions.", "contents": "Erythrocytic mechanism of sickle cell resistance to malaria. The physiological basis for the resistance to falciparum malaria individuals with sickle cell trait has not been understood. Recent advances in erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum culture have made possible a direct investigation of the development of the malaria parasite in cells with sickle cell homoglobin. In a high (18%) oxygen atmosphere, there is no apparent sickling of cells, and the growth and multiplication of P. falciparum is identical in normal (AA), hemoglobin S homozygous (SS), and hemoglobin S heterozygous (SA) erythrocytes. Cultures under low (1-5%) oxygen, however, showed clear inhibition of growth. The sickling of SS red cells killed and lysed most or all of the intracellular parasites. Parasites in SA red cells were killed primarily at the large ring stage, probably as a result of a disruption of the parasite metabolism. Incubation in cyanate prior to culture reversed the resistance of SA erythrocytes to plasmodium growth, but had no effect on SS red cell sickling or resistance. Thus, the mechanism of resistance in vivo may be due solely to intraerythrocytic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:347454", "title": "Epidemiological research on the relationship between tobacco, alcohol and cancer.", "content": "Several studies of descriptive and analytic epidemiology have permitted the investigation of cancers linked to the use of tobacco and alcohol. The tobacco and alcohol cancer group consists of the upper respiratory and alimentary tract, lung and bladder, which accounts for 50% of the cancer in men. When both factors are implicated, the proper role of each could be established. These data should be considered in decision-making for cancer prevention.", "contents": "Epidemiological research on the relationship between tobacco, alcohol and cancer. Several studies of descriptive and analytic epidemiology have permitted the investigation of cancers linked to the use of tobacco and alcohol. The tobacco and alcohol cancer group consists of the upper respiratory and alimentary tract, lung and bladder, which accounts for 50% of the cancer in men. When both factors are implicated, the proper role of each could be established. These data should be considered in decision-making for cancer prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:347459", "title": "The effect of a quaternary ammonium-containing mouthwash on formed plaque.", "content": "The effect on formed dental plaque of a commercial mouthwash containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) was evaluated in forty-one adults. During this fourteen day study no oral hygiene other than the use of a mouthwash was provided. Plaque and gingival indices were scored on sixteen teeth at days 0, 7 and 14. The results of this study suggested that subjects using the CPC containing mouthwash formed less plaque than those using the placebo mouthwash. No change in the Gingival Index was observed. Of those patients using the CPC containing mouthwash, four showed a slight staining of the anterior teeth and five reported a mild burning sensation of the tongue.", "contents": "The effect of a quaternary ammonium-containing mouthwash on formed plaque. The effect on formed dental plaque of a commercial mouthwash containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) was evaluated in forty-one adults. During this fourteen day study no oral hygiene other than the use of a mouthwash was provided. Plaque and gingival indices were scored on sixteen teeth at days 0, 7 and 14. The results of this study suggested that subjects using the CPC containing mouthwash formed less plaque than those using the placebo mouthwash. No change in the Gingival Index was observed. Of those patients using the CPC containing mouthwash, four showed a slight staining of the anterior teeth and five reported a mild burning sensation of the tongue."}
{"id": "PMID:347460", "title": "Epinephrine absorption from retraction cord: a study in dogs.", "content": "This report re-opens the question of epinephrine absorption from gingival retraction cord during fixed prosthodontic impression procedures. The conflicting evidence exposed by this and other studies is probably related to the experimental models utilized. Some suggestions for further investigation are given.", "contents": "Epinephrine absorption from retraction cord: a study in dogs. This report re-opens the question of epinephrine absorption from gingival retraction cord during fixed prosthodontic impression procedures. The conflicting evidence exposed by this and other studies is probably related to the experimental models utilized. Some suggestions for further investigation are given."}
{"id": "PMID:347461", "title": "Soft tissue responses to high frequency use of experimental and commercial mouthwashes.", "content": "A recent study reported that regular use of commercial mouthwashes produced a significant incidence of oral reactions, including epithelial peeling, inflammation, ulceration and geographic tongue-like lesions. In view of the widespread use of these preparations, without apparent deleterious effects, an investigation of two commercial preparations (Scope, Listerine) and an experimental mouthwash containing cetyl pyridinium chloride was undertaken to assess the possible irritant effects on the oral soft tissue under stringent test conditions. A double blind design was used and soft tissue effects were measured over a two week period. Rinses were used full strength, 20 cc 3 times daily. Examinations were conducted by an oral pathologist at the start and conclusion of the test period, and a record was made of the occurrence of erythema, hyperemia/prominent vasculature, inflammation, petechia, keratosis, tongue coating, and ulceration. These observations did not reveal any soft tissue conditions beyond those which would be expected in the normal population.", "contents": "Soft tissue responses to high frequency use of experimental and commercial mouthwashes. A recent study reported that regular use of commercial mouthwashes produced a significant incidence of oral reactions, including epithelial peeling, inflammation, ulceration and geographic tongue-like lesions. In view of the widespread use of these preparations, without apparent deleterious effects, an investigation of two commercial preparations (Scope, Listerine) and an experimental mouthwash containing cetyl pyridinium chloride was undertaken to assess the possible irritant effects on the oral soft tissue under stringent test conditions. A double blind design was used and soft tissue effects were measured over a two week period. Rinses were used full strength, 20 cc 3 times daily. Examinations were conducted by an oral pathologist at the start and conclusion of the test period, and a record was made of the occurrence of erythema, hyperemia/prominent vasculature, inflammation, petechia, keratosis, tongue coating, and ulceration. These observations did not reveal any soft tissue conditions beyond those which would be expected in the normal population."}
{"id": "PMID:347462", "title": "Historical view on ergot alkaloids.", "content": "A short survey of the history of ergot, of the original and, for a long time, only source of ergot alkaloids, is given. Once a dreaded poison, ergot has changed its role over the centuries to become a rich treasure house of valuable pharmaceuticals. In the Middle Ages it was the cause of epidemics of ergotism, which cost tens of thousands of people their lives. Ergot was first mentioned by the German physician Lonitzer in 1582 as a remedy used by midwives for quickening childbirth. The isolation of pharmacologically useful alkaloids started in 1906 with the discovery of ergotoxine and its adrenolytic activity by Barger, Carr and Dale. In 1918, Stoll isolated ergotamine, the first chemically pure ergot alkaloid, which found widespread therapeutic use in obstetrics and internal medicine. In 1935 the specific oxytocic principle of ergot, ergonovine, was discovered simultaneously in four separate laboratories. Since then, worldwide investigations on ergot alkaloids resulted in the elucidation of their structures and total syntheses and preparation of valuable therapeutics such as Methergine, Hydergine, Dihydergot, and others.", "contents": "Historical view on ergot alkaloids. A short survey of the history of ergot, of the original and, for a long time, only source of ergot alkaloids, is given. Once a dreaded poison, ergot has changed its role over the centuries to become a rich treasure house of valuable pharmaceuticals. In the Middle Ages it was the cause of epidemics of ergotism, which cost tens of thousands of people their lives. Ergot was first mentioned by the German physician Lonitzer in 1582 as a remedy used by midwives for quickening childbirth. The isolation of pharmacologically useful alkaloids started in 1906 with the discovery of ergotoxine and its adrenolytic activity by Barger, Carr and Dale. In 1918, Stoll isolated ergotamine, the first chemically pure ergot alkaloid, which found widespread therapeutic use in obstetrics and internal medicine. In 1935 the specific oxytocic principle of ergot, ergonovine, was discovered simultaneously in four separate laboratories. Since then, worldwide investigations on ergot alkaloids resulted in the elucidation of their structures and total syntheses and preparation of valuable therapeutics such as Methergine, Hydergine, Dihydergot, and others."}
{"id": "PMID:347464", "title": "The clinical assessment of brain failure in the elderly.", "content": "Dementia is a symptom complex probably arising from cerebral metabolic insufficiency. The testing of drugs thought to improve cerebral metabolism is difficult and many problems have to be overcome. Assessment of brain failure requires objective tests of intellect and memory. Subjective tests are used for disorders of personality and affect. The most useful and practical tests are described in detail. Clinical trials have to be double-blind with strict control of all factors which may influence the tests. Hydergine has been tested in 1,300 patients and shown to be an effective therapeutic agent.", "contents": "The clinical assessment of brain failure in the elderly. Dementia is a symptom complex probably arising from cerebral metabolic insufficiency. The testing of drugs thought to improve cerebral metabolism is difficult and many problems have to be overcome. Assessment of brain failure requires objective tests of intellect and memory. Subjective tests are used for disorders of personality and affect. The most useful and practical tests are described in detail. Clinical trials have to be double-blind with strict control of all factors which may influence the tests. Hydergine has been tested in 1,300 patients and shown to be an effective therapeutic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:347465", "title": "[Double blind study on maprotiline, an example of a multidimensional psychopharmacologic experiment (author's transl)].", "content": "Antidepressive therapy with maprotiline was accompanied by blood level determinations psychological clinical and electroencephalographical assessments. It was the aim of the study to introduce objective methods in psychotropic drug therapy and to look for a relationship between blood level and clinical outcome, EEG and psychological data. We found a \"therapeutical window\" of blood levels between 300 to 600 ng/ml of maprotiline (oral dose of 75 or 150 mg per day). There is also a relationship between clinical outcome rated by the Hamilton-Depression-Scale and the d2-cancellation-test.", "contents": "[Double blind study on maprotiline, an example of a multidimensional psychopharmacologic experiment (author's transl)]. Antidepressive therapy with maprotiline was accompanied by blood level determinations psychological clinical and electroencephalographical assessments. It was the aim of the study to introduce objective methods in psychotropic drug therapy and to look for a relationship between blood level and clinical outcome, EEG and psychological data. We found a \"therapeutical window\" of blood levels between 300 to 600 ng/ml of maprotiline (oral dose of 75 or 150 mg per day). There is also a relationship between clinical outcome rated by the Hamilton-Depression-Scale and the d2-cancellation-test."}
{"id": "PMID:347466", "title": "Plasma concentrations of diazepam, noradiazepam and amylobarbitone after short-term treatment of anxious patients.", "content": "Twenty-four anxious inpatients were treated with diazepam, amylobarbitone and placebo, each given in flexible dosage for one week, according to a fully-balanced design. Plasma concentrations of diazepam and of its metabolite nordiazepam and of amylobarbitone were determined after two, four and seven days of treatment. Clinical and psychological assessments were made after seven days of each treatment by means of psychiatrist rating scales, patient's self-rating and a comprehensive battery of performance measures. Diazepam and nordiazepam but not amylobarbitone were accumulating over the seven days of treatment. In patients on diazepam without previous amylobarbitone, nordiazepam accumulated more rapidly than diazepam over the week so that the ratio of diazepam to nordiazepam was 2.21 after two days but only 1.14 after seven days; those with previous amylobarbitone on the other hand always had nordiazepam concentrations higher than those of the administered drug and both were accumulating equally. Diazepam and nordiazepam were still detectable in most patients two weeks after the interruption of treatment. No correlations were found between drug concentrations and clinical and psychological effects.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of diazepam, noradiazepam and amylobarbitone after short-term treatment of anxious patients. Twenty-four anxious inpatients were treated with diazepam, amylobarbitone and placebo, each given in flexible dosage for one week, according to a fully-balanced design. Plasma concentrations of diazepam and of its metabolite nordiazepam and of amylobarbitone were determined after two, four and seven days of treatment. Clinical and psychological assessments were made after seven days of each treatment by means of psychiatrist rating scales, patient's self-rating and a comprehensive battery of performance measures. Diazepam and nordiazepam but not amylobarbitone were accumulating over the seven days of treatment. In patients on diazepam without previous amylobarbitone, nordiazepam accumulated more rapidly than diazepam over the week so that the ratio of diazepam to nordiazepam was 2.21 after two days but only 1.14 after seven days; those with previous amylobarbitone on the other hand always had nordiazepam concentrations higher than those of the administered drug and both were accumulating equally. Diazepam and nordiazepam were still detectable in most patients two weeks after the interruption of treatment. No correlations were found between drug concentrations and clinical and psychological effects."}
{"id": "PMID:347467", "title": "CSF-changes of HVA and 5-HIAA during intermittent and continuous Parkinson therapy with particular regard to prodipin application.", "content": "The influence of prodipin, a putative dopamine releasing compound, on the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the spinal liquor of 28 patients with Parkinson's disease was investigated. The patients were divided into three groups. In group 1 the combined antiparkinson therapy was interrupted, and 20 mg prodipin was infused. In group 2 and 3 the therapy was continued, while an additional 20 mg of prodipin was administered by infusion only to group 3. 4 Liquor-samples were obtained from each patient: 1 basic value and three additional samples 5, 8 and 24 hours after administration of 2 g probenecid. The base concentration of HVA was 15 ng/ml and this was not increased by probenecid in group 1; the concentration of 5-HIAA was 11.6 ng/ml and this was doubled by probenecid to 22.9 ng/ml. The HVA concentration increased to a maximum of 28.9 ng/ml during continued therapy (group 2); the elevated 5-HIAA remained unchanged. Prodipin does not cause an alteration in metabolite concentration in cases of interrupted therapy (group 1), but leads, in the case of continued therapy, to a 1.8-fold increase in HVA, and a 1.6-fold increase in 5-HIAA (group 3).", "contents": "CSF-changes of HVA and 5-HIAA during intermittent and continuous Parkinson therapy with particular regard to prodipin application. The influence of prodipin, a putative dopamine releasing compound, on the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the spinal liquor of 28 patients with Parkinson's disease was investigated. The patients were divided into three groups. In group 1 the combined antiparkinson therapy was interrupted, and 20 mg prodipin was infused. In group 2 and 3 the therapy was continued, while an additional 20 mg of prodipin was administered by infusion only to group 3. 4 Liquor-samples were obtained from each patient: 1 basic value and three additional samples 5, 8 and 24 hours after administration of 2 g probenecid. The base concentration of HVA was 15 ng/ml and this was not increased by probenecid in group 1; the concentration of 5-HIAA was 11.6 ng/ml and this was doubled by probenecid to 22.9 ng/ml. The HVA concentration increased to a maximum of 28.9 ng/ml during continued therapy (group 2); the elevated 5-HIAA remained unchanged. Prodipin does not cause an alteration in metabolite concentration in cases of interrupted therapy (group 1), but leads, in the case of continued therapy, to a 1.8-fold increase in HVA, and a 1.6-fold increase in 5-HIAA (group 3)."}
{"id": "PMID:347473", "title": "The great potential of the intercostal flap for torso reconstruction.", "content": "The intercostal flap has many uses for torso reconstruction, whether employed as an island flap or a free flap. With modifications, it can be used as a sensory skin flap, or as a compound osteocutaneous flap to restore stability in a chest wall construction, or as a skin flap with a permanent blood supply to provide stable cover after excision of radiation ulcers.", "contents": "The great potential of the intercostal flap for torso reconstruction. The intercostal flap has many uses for torso reconstruction, whether employed as an island flap or a free flap. With modifications, it can be used as a sensory skin flap, or as a compound osteocutaneous flap to restore stability in a chest wall construction, or as a skin flap with a permanent blood supply to provide stable cover after excision of radiation ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:347475", "title": "Breast reconstruction after a radical mastectomy.", "content": "Breast reconstruction after a radical mastectomy remains a complex problem. We describe the use of a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, a transverse abdominal flap, or a pedicled flap of the greater omentum to obtain satisfactory cover for the implant and enable us to correct the deformity in one operation.", "contents": "Breast reconstruction after a radical mastectomy. Breast reconstruction after a radical mastectomy remains a complex problem. We describe the use of a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, a transverse abdominal flap, or a pedicled flap of the greater omentum to obtain satisfactory cover for the implant and enable us to correct the deformity in one operation."}
{"id": "PMID:347478", "title": "Immediate reconstruction of a resected segment of the lower jaw, using a compound flap of clavicle and sternomastoid muscle.", "content": "A brief account is given of the experimental data and the laboratory findings relative to the use of compound bone flaps of clavicle on a pedicle of sternomastoid muscle for restoration of mandibular defects. The clinical data on this method in 18 consecutive patients are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Immediate reconstruction of a resected segment of the lower jaw, using a compound flap of clavicle and sternomastoid muscle. A brief account is given of the experimental data and the laboratory findings relative to the use of compound bone flaps of clavicle on a pedicle of sternomastoid muscle for restoration of mandibular defects. The clinical data on this method in 18 consecutive patients are presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347479", "title": "Prevention of skin flap necrosis by a course of treatment with vasodilator drugs.", "content": "Large island skin flaps, comprising the entire abdominal covering in rats, were raised on one neurovascular pedicle in the groin. A standard area of necrosis was produced on the other side from the pedicle. However, when the animals were treated with certain vasodilator drugs for 15 days before and 7 days after the flaps were raised, there was little or no necrosis. The effect of the drug therapy was the same as a surgical delay.", "contents": "Prevention of skin flap necrosis by a course of treatment with vasodilator drugs. Large island skin flaps, comprising the entire abdominal covering in rats, were raised on one neurovascular pedicle in the groin. A standard area of necrosis was produced on the other side from the pedicle. However, when the animals were treated with certain vasodilator drugs for 15 days before and 7 days after the flaps were raised, there was little or no necrosis. The effect of the drug therapy was the same as a surgical delay."}
{"id": "PMID:347480", "title": "Skin flap necrosis in guinea pigs: limitation of glucose supply and accumulation of lactate.", "content": "The distribution of glucose and lactate within skin flaps was determined in full-thickness guinea pig skin (excluding the panniculus carnosus). The distal end of the flaps had a low glucose content (less than 50 percent of normal) but high lactate level (2 to 3 times normal) during the 3 days after flap elevation. Progressively decreasing gradients of glucose content, and increasing gradients of lactate content, were demonstrated from the mid-region to the distal end of the flaps at 3 hours postoperatively. The decrease in glucose and the accumulation of lactate may play a significant role in skin necrosis.", "contents": "Skin flap necrosis in guinea pigs: limitation of glucose supply and accumulation of lactate. The distribution of glucose and lactate within skin flaps was determined in full-thickness guinea pig skin (excluding the panniculus carnosus). The distal end of the flaps had a low glucose content (less than 50 percent of normal) but high lactate level (2 to 3 times normal) during the 3 days after flap elevation. Progressively decreasing gradients of glucose content, and increasing gradients of lactate content, were demonstrated from the mid-region to the distal end of the flaps at 3 hours postoperatively. The decrease in glucose and the accumulation of lactate may play a significant role in skin necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:347483", "title": "The lotus position--bilateral cross-thigh flaps for simultaneous coverage of both feet: case report.", "content": "A 6-year-old girl with an avulsion injury of the dorsum of both feet had multiple fractures of the ankles and the tarsal and metatarsal joints. She was treated by wet dressings followed by simultaneous coverage of both feet with bilateral cross-thigh flaps.", "contents": "The lotus position--bilateral cross-thigh flaps for simultaneous coverage of both feet: case report. A 6-year-old girl with an avulsion injury of the dorsum of both feet had multiple fractures of the ankles and the tarsal and metatarsal joints. She was treated by wet dressings followed by simultaneous coverage of both feet with bilateral cross-thigh flaps."}
{"id": "PMID:347492", "title": "[Correlation of pathological specimen sections with corresponding computer tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of correlation of pathological specimen sections and computer tomograms is postulated emphazising examination of the same sectional level. First results are reported and false positive and false negative diagnoses are discussed.", "contents": "[Correlation of pathological specimen sections with corresponding computer tomography (author's transl)]. The importance of correlation of pathological specimen sections and computer tomograms is postulated emphazising examination of the same sectional level. First results are reported and false positive and false negative diagnoses are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347493", "title": "Lung cancer in chronic leukemia and lymphoma.", "content": "Review of the number of lung cancers subsequently developing in patients with chronic leukemia or lymphoma revealed a statistically significant (p less than .001) increase in the incidence of lung cancer in these patients. Of 684 patients with chronic leukemia seen between 1961 and 1972 (followed through 1976), 19 developed lung cancer versus 3 expected cases. Of 2708 patients with lymphoma seen in the same period, 23 developed lung cancer versus 7 expected cases. These data indicate that lung cancer be given serious consideration when a new pulmonary lesion is noted in these patients, and biopsy may be warranted.", "contents": "Lung cancer in chronic leukemia and lymphoma. Review of the number of lung cancers subsequently developing in patients with chronic leukemia or lymphoma revealed a statistically significant (p less than .001) increase in the incidence of lung cancer in these patients. Of 684 patients with chronic leukemia seen between 1961 and 1972 (followed through 1976), 19 developed lung cancer versus 3 expected cases. Of 2708 patients with lymphoma seen in the same period, 23 developed lung cancer versus 7 expected cases. These data indicate that lung cancer be given serious consideration when a new pulmonary lesion is noted in these patients, and biopsy may be warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:347494", "title": "Late sequelae of adult-onset acute bacterial nephritis.", "content": "The late manifestations of adult-onset acute bacterial nephritis were studied in four patients from 4 months to 5.6 years following initial infection. An unusual combination of generalized (global) wasting of the kidney and focal calyceal clubbing developed within a few weeks of the acute infection. The pattern of calyceal deformity strongly suggests papillary necrosis; it may develop during the acute phase, but go unrecognized during excretory urography at that time because of impaired contrast material excretion. The combination of a small, smooth kidney and papillary necrosis previously has been associated only with the more severe forms of analgesic nephropathy. Observations in these patients indicate that the same urographic findings may also occur as a result of a single earlier episode of acute bacterial infection of the kidney.", "contents": "Late sequelae of adult-onset acute bacterial nephritis. The late manifestations of adult-onset acute bacterial nephritis were studied in four patients from 4 months to 5.6 years following initial infection. An unusual combination of generalized (global) wasting of the kidney and focal calyceal clubbing developed within a few weeks of the acute infection. The pattern of calyceal deformity strongly suggests papillary necrosis; it may develop during the acute phase, but go unrecognized during excretory urography at that time because of impaired contrast material excretion. The combination of a small, smooth kidney and papillary necrosis previously has been associated only with the more severe forms of analgesic nephropathy. Observations in these patients indicate that the same urographic findings may also occur as a result of a single earlier episode of acute bacterial infection of the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:347495", "title": "Immediate pathologic confirmation of radiologic interpretations by computer feedback.", "content": "A computer system is used to provide automatic pathology diagnostic feedback to radiologists. This feedback occurs on a daily basis whenever surgical specimens are obtained for which pertinent radiologic examinations have been performed. On-line inquiry capability is also provided. The implementation relies on linkage between two operational computer systems at Massachusetts General Hospital, for pathology specimen accession management and radiology examination scheduling.", "contents": "Immediate pathologic confirmation of radiologic interpretations by computer feedback. A computer system is used to provide automatic pathology diagnostic feedback to radiologists. This feedback occurs on a daily basis whenever surgical specimens are obtained for which pertinent radiologic examinations have been performed. On-line inquiry capability is also provided. The implementation relies on linkage between two operational computer systems at Massachusetts General Hospital, for pathology specimen accession management and radiology examination scheduling."}
{"id": "PMID:347497", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of valvar and shunt lesions in children.", "content": "An evaluation of valvar and shunt lesions in children is directed toward appraising the need for, and timing of, surgical repair or palliation as well as demonstrating the cardiac anatomy which will, in turn, direct the type of surgery to be chosen. Static dimension measurements as well as dynamic measurements of wall velocity and time intervals are atraumatic and easily obtained values that increase our sensitivity to early cardiac decompensation. Contrast studies add both functional and anatomic information. Although one-dimensional time-motion scanning remains an invaluable source of anatomic detail, two-dimensional imaging has made positional information clearer and more reliable. The combined use of these three techniques offers the most complete evaluation of children with volume and pressure overload lesions.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of valvar and shunt lesions in children. An evaluation of valvar and shunt lesions in children is directed toward appraising the need for, and timing of, surgical repair or palliation as well as demonstrating the cardiac anatomy which will, in turn, direct the type of surgery to be chosen. Static dimension measurements as well as dynamic measurements of wall velocity and time intervals are atraumatic and easily obtained values that increase our sensitivity to early cardiac decompensation. Contrast studies add both functional and anatomic information. Although one-dimensional time-motion scanning remains an invaluable source of anatomic detail, two-dimensional imaging has made positional information clearer and more reliable. The combined use of these three techniques offers the most complete evaluation of children with volume and pressure overload lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:347548", "title": "Different yield and properties of mitochondria from skeletal muscle of normal hamsters.", "content": "Yield and properties of mitochondria, isolated from hind leg muscles of normal hamsters, are different, when 4 preparation procedures are applied simultaneously: 1. mechanical homogenization of muscle with a glass-Teflon homogenizer followed by rehomogenization of the isolated nuclear fraction for 1--6 times. The procedure yields impure mitochondria showing the highest amounts of mitochondrial enzymes (50--65% of total), protein and DNA; the isolated mitochondria exhibit disrupted outer membranes and loosened inner membranes causing a better supply with substrates of enzymes located at the inner membrane and in the matrix. 2. Single mechanical homogenization of muscle for increasing periods (2--40 min) yields lower amounts of all constituents (25--40% of total). 3. The yields of Nagarse treatment with one step of 2 min mechanical homogenization range between 20--35% of total. Mitochondria isolated with the latter procedure exhibit compact membranes and are very pure, but still contaminated with Nagarse, causing destructions of mitochondrial membranes already after 24 h storage in buffer with sucrose and mannitol at 2 degrees C. 4. One single Nagarse treatment of muscle for 40 min produces a minor yield of these these constituents. Therefore, at least two different isolation procedures are proposed for optimum investigation of skeletal muscle mitochondria.", "contents": "Different yield and properties of mitochondria from skeletal muscle of normal hamsters. Yield and properties of mitochondria, isolated from hind leg muscles of normal hamsters, are different, when 4 preparation procedures are applied simultaneously: 1. mechanical homogenization of muscle with a glass-Teflon homogenizer followed by rehomogenization of the isolated nuclear fraction for 1--6 times. The procedure yields impure mitochondria showing the highest amounts of mitochondrial enzymes (50--65% of total), protein and DNA; the isolated mitochondria exhibit disrupted outer membranes and loosened inner membranes causing a better supply with substrates of enzymes located at the inner membrane and in the matrix. 2. Single mechanical homogenization of muscle for increasing periods (2--40 min) yields lower amounts of all constituents (25--40% of total). 3. The yields of Nagarse treatment with one step of 2 min mechanical homogenization range between 20--35% of total. Mitochondria isolated with the latter procedure exhibit compact membranes and are very pure, but still contaminated with Nagarse, causing destructions of mitochondrial membranes already after 24 h storage in buffer with sucrose and mannitol at 2 degrees C. 4. One single Nagarse treatment of muscle for 40 min produces a minor yield of these these constituents. Therefore, at least two different isolation procedures are proposed for optimum investigation of skeletal muscle mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:347549", "title": "Orthotopic and heterotopic autotransplantation of the rat kidney.", "content": "End-to-end anastomosis of the kidney vessels and ureter can easily be done without suture. Artery and ureter are connected via an intraluminal silicone tube, anastomosis of the vein is performed with a cuff-technique. In case of orthotopic transplantation the left kidney is transplanted to the right side after right nephrectomy. Furthermore heterotopic transplantation was tried: kidney vessels were either connected with jugular or femoral vessels. In contrast to orthotopic transplantation higher thrombosis rate was observed, probably due to varying sizes of donor and recipient vessels. Our method of orthotopic autotransplantation is easier, less time consuming and has a lower complication rate than homologous kidney transplantation with suture techniques.", "contents": "Orthotopic and heterotopic autotransplantation of the rat kidney. End-to-end anastomosis of the kidney vessels and ureter can easily be done without suture. Artery and ureter are connected via an intraluminal silicone tube, anastomosis of the vein is performed with a cuff-technique. In case of orthotopic transplantation the left kidney is transplanted to the right side after right nephrectomy. Furthermore heterotopic transplantation was tried: kidney vessels were either connected with jugular or femoral vessels. In contrast to orthotopic transplantation higher thrombosis rate was observed, probably due to varying sizes of donor and recipient vessels. Our method of orthotopic autotransplantation is easier, less time consuming and has a lower complication rate than homologous kidney transplantation with suture techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:347542", "title": "[Automatic analysis of M.U.A.P.s (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied the Motor Unit Action potentials derived from Extensor Digitorum Brevis and tibialis anterior muscles in normal subjects, using a new method of automatic analysis by means of a digital computer. In the light of the results they have obtained they discuss the validity and the sensitivity of the method as well as the opportuneness of the choice of the muscular region to examine when it comes to determining subclinical or \"border-line\" cases.", "contents": "[Automatic analysis of M.U.A.P.s (author's transl)]. The authors have studied the Motor Unit Action potentials derived from Extensor Digitorum Brevis and tibialis anterior muscles in normal subjects, using a new method of automatic analysis by means of a digital computer. In the light of the results they have obtained they discuss the validity and the sensitivity of the method as well as the opportuneness of the choice of the muscular region to examine when it comes to determining subclinical or \"border-line\" cases."}
{"id": "PMID:347563", "title": "Effects of azathioprine therapy on the MCV of patients with renal grafts: evidence for alterations in the kinetics of erythropoiesis over a prolonged period.", "content": "The changes in MCV at various times after renal transplantation were studied in a group of patients with functioning cadaveric renal grafts who had received azathioprine from the time of transplantation and in a constant dose from 2-8 weeks later. A post-transplantation increase in the MCV was seen in the majority of the cases studied and in these cases the MCV did not reach a maximum value until as long as 11-40 months after transplantation. In most cases the MCV then feel although frequently not to within the normal range and in some cases it showed further fluctuations. These data suggest gradual alterations over a period of years in the various cytokinetic changes which serve to maintain a reasonably high output of red cells from the marrow despite the cytotoxic effects of azathioprine.", "contents": "Effects of azathioprine therapy on the MCV of patients with renal grafts: evidence for alterations in the kinetics of erythropoiesis over a prolonged period. The changes in MCV at various times after renal transplantation were studied in a group of patients with functioning cadaveric renal grafts who had received azathioprine from the time of transplantation and in a constant dose from 2-8 weeks later. A post-transplantation increase in the MCV was seen in the majority of the cases studied and in these cases the MCV did not reach a maximum value until as long as 11-40 months after transplantation. In most cases the MCV then feel although frequently not to within the normal range and in some cases it showed further fluctuations. These data suggest gradual alterations over a period of years in the various cytokinetic changes which serve to maintain a reasonably high output of red cells from the marrow despite the cytotoxic effects of azathioprine."}
{"id": "PMID:347566", "title": "[Therapy of the unstable thorax in serial fractures of the ribs].", "content": "The histories of patients with flail chest and respiratory insufficiency caused by blunt chest injury have been analyzed. The first group represented patients with surgical stabilization of 3-4 ribs by introduction of \"Rehbein plates\" into the medullary cavity (10 patients 1972-1975). The patients of the second group have been supported by controlled mechanical respiration (11 patients 1972-1975). Patients with chest and further injuries (polybless\u00e9s) of comparable degree have been selected for both groups. The two groups were compared with regard to duration of intubation and artificial ventilation (average of 8.8 days for the operated and 21.4 days for the mechanically ventilated patients), stay in the intensive care unit (15.2 days after operation and 28.3 days for treatment by respirator) and average total hospitalization time (33.5 days after surgical management and 54.2 days after nonsurgical treatment). Severe bronchial infections caused by hospital germs have occurred more frequently in patients on long-term intubation and mechanical respiration. The average age of patients was almost the same in both groups. The technique of surgical stabilization of the ribs is described, and the advantages and limits of surgical and conservative management of respiratory insufficiency caused by flail chest are discussed.", "contents": "[Therapy of the unstable thorax in serial fractures of the ribs]. The histories of patients with flail chest and respiratory insufficiency caused by blunt chest injury have been analyzed. The first group represented patients with surgical stabilization of 3-4 ribs by introduction of \"Rehbein plates\" into the medullary cavity (10 patients 1972-1975). The patients of the second group have been supported by controlled mechanical respiration (11 patients 1972-1975). Patients with chest and further injuries (polybless\u00e9s) of comparable degree have been selected for both groups. The two groups were compared with regard to duration of intubation and artificial ventilation (average of 8.8 days for the operated and 21.4 days for the mechanically ventilated patients), stay in the intensive care unit (15.2 days after operation and 28.3 days for treatment by respirator) and average total hospitalization time (33.5 days after surgical management and 54.2 days after nonsurgical treatment). Severe bronchial infections caused by hospital germs have occurred more frequently in patients on long-term intubation and mechanical respiration. The average age of patients was almost the same in both groups. The technique of surgical stabilization of the ribs is described, and the advantages and limits of surgical and conservative management of respiratory insufficiency caused by flail chest are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347567", "title": "[Analgesics: pharmacologic properties as a basis for rational therapy].", "content": "Current concepts of the mode of action of analgesics are presented, together with some pharmacokinetic characteristics. This information may serve as a basis for rational therapy, and may also help in understanding important side effects of these drugs.", "contents": "[Analgesics: pharmacologic properties as a basis for rational therapy]. Current concepts of the mode of action of analgesics are presented, together with some pharmacokinetic characteristics. This information may serve as a basis for rational therapy, and may also help in understanding important side effects of these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:347568", "title": "[Epidemiology of resistance factors to antibiotics].", "content": "Resistance factors are small independent extrachromosomal DNA molecules (plasmids) conferring resistance on one or more antibiotics to the bacteria which harbour them; in Enterobacteriaceae and other gramnegative bacteria they are transferable by conjugation. The work is reviewed which has been undertaken to underline the importance of the R factors in nature, and more precisely in the current environment of the intestinal bacteria (animal and human gut, sewage) under the selective pressure of antibiotics or otherwise.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of resistance factors to antibiotics]. Resistance factors are small independent extrachromosomal DNA molecules (plasmids) conferring resistance on one or more antibiotics to the bacteria which harbour them; in Enterobacteriaceae and other gramnegative bacteria they are transferable by conjugation. The work is reviewed which has been undertaken to underline the importance of the R factors in nature, and more precisely in the current environment of the intestinal bacteria (animal and human gut, sewage) under the selective pressure of antibiotics or otherwise."}
{"id": "PMID:347569", "title": "[Double-blind study on the anti-convulsive effect of phenobarbital and valproate in the Lennox syndrome].", "content": "In a double-blind crossover trial valproate was compared with phenobarbital with regard to anticonvulsive activity and tolerance in 17 epileptic children (mean age 55 +/- 26 months) with Lennox syndrome. Valproate in association with a phenobarbital dose reduced by about 40% proved to be to a statistically significant degree more active against epileptic seizures than phenobarbital alone. No difference in the effect on the EEG tracings was observed. Valproate appeared to be somewhat more active than phenobarbital with regard to behaviour, but the difference was not significant. Tolerance to both products was equally good.", "contents": "[Double-blind study on the anti-convulsive effect of phenobarbital and valproate in the Lennox syndrome]. In a double-blind crossover trial valproate was compared with phenobarbital with regard to anticonvulsive activity and tolerance in 17 epileptic children (mean age 55 +/- 26 months) with Lennox syndrome. Valproate in association with a phenobarbital dose reduced by about 40% proved to be to a statistically significant degree more active against epileptic seizures than phenobarbital alone. No difference in the effect on the EEG tracings was observed. Valproate appeared to be somewhat more active than phenobarbital with regard to behaviour, but the difference was not significant. Tolerance to both products was equally good."}
{"id": "PMID:347570", "title": "[The removable partial prosthesis--review of the literature].", "content": "Early and late checkups on partial dentures demonstrate clearly, that insufficient cleaning of the remaining dentition and of the prostheses along with an unsatisfactory design are one of the main causes of failures in partial denture therapy. They invariably lead to tissue damages. Hence it has become one of the paramount goals to educate and motivate the patient for adequate mouth and denture hygiene. Also, proper occlusion and the avoidance of parafunction upon the remaining teeth and their supporting tissues must be observed strictly. Therefore, it is important to prepare the remaining dentition carefully and to organize the patients to be recalled for checkups at given intervals. In modern literature on the subject the psychological aspects of difficulties in denture adaptation are more frequently discussed.", "contents": "[The removable partial prosthesis--review of the literature]. Early and late checkups on partial dentures demonstrate clearly, that insufficient cleaning of the remaining dentition and of the prostheses along with an unsatisfactory design are one of the main causes of failures in partial denture therapy. They invariably lead to tissue damages. Hence it has become one of the paramount goals to educate and motivate the patient for adequate mouth and denture hygiene. Also, proper occlusion and the avoidance of parafunction upon the remaining teeth and their supporting tissues must be observed strictly. Therefore, it is important to prepare the remaining dentition carefully and to organize the patients to be recalled for checkups at given intervals. In modern literature on the subject the psychological aspects of difficulties in denture adaptation are more frequently discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347571", "title": "Mianserin hydrochloride: a new anti-depressant drug.", "content": "The tetracyclic anti-depressant drug mianserin hydrochloride has been assessed in an open clinical study in 24 psychiatric out-patients, who were prescribed 30 mg. mianserin daily, and were rated on the Hamilton Rating Scale and on the Wakefield Self-Assessment Inventory on day 0, before starting therapy, and on days 7 and 28 of their treatment. The results support the view that mianserin has anti-depressant properties, and the patients' self-rating scores confirm that the level of anti-depressant action is similar to amitriptyline. Drowsiness was the only side effect reported.", "contents": "Mianserin hydrochloride: a new anti-depressant drug. The tetracyclic anti-depressant drug mianserin hydrochloride has been assessed in an open clinical study in 24 psychiatric out-patients, who were prescribed 30 mg. mianserin daily, and were rated on the Hamilton Rating Scale and on the Wakefield Self-Assessment Inventory on day 0, before starting therapy, and on days 7 and 28 of their treatment. The results support the view that mianserin has anti-depressant properties, and the patients' self-rating scores confirm that the level of anti-depressant action is similar to amitriptyline. Drowsiness was the only side effect reported."}
{"id": "PMID:347573", "title": "Morton's ranking of races by cranial capacity. Unconscious manipulation of data may be a scientific norm.", "content": "Samuel George Morton, self-styled objective empiricist, amassed the world's largest pre-Darwinian collection of human skulls. He measured their capacity and produced the results anticipated in an age when few Caucasians doubted their innate superiority: whites above Indians, blacks at the bottom. Morton published all his raw data, and it is shown here that his summary tables are based on a patchwork of apparently unconscious finagling. When his data are properly reinterpreted, all races have approximately equal capacities. Unconscious or dimly perceived finagling is probably endemic in science, since scientists are human beings rooted in cultural contexts, not automatons directed toward external truth.", "contents": "Morton's ranking of races by cranial capacity. Unconscious manipulation of data may be a scientific norm. Samuel George Morton, self-styled objective empiricist, amassed the world's largest pre-Darwinian collection of human skulls. He measured their capacity and produced the results anticipated in an age when few Caucasians doubted their innate superiority: whites above Indians, blacks at the bottom. Morton published all his raw data, and it is shown here that his summary tables are based on a patchwork of apparently unconscious finagling. When his data are properly reinterpreted, all races have approximately equal capacities. Unconscious or dimly perceived finagling is probably endemic in science, since scientists are human beings rooted in cultural contexts, not automatons directed toward external truth."}
{"id": "PMID:347574", "title": "Schizophrenic symptoms improve with apomorphine.", "content": "Eighteen chronic schizophrenic patients received subcutaneous doses of apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, and of placebo in separate trials. A significant improvement in psychotic symptoms occurred after apomorphine compared to placebo. The results are interpreted as a consequence of presynaptic dopamine receptor activation by apomorphine with a subsequent decrease in dopamine-mediated neural transmission.", "contents": "Schizophrenic symptoms improve with apomorphine. Eighteen chronic schizophrenic patients received subcutaneous doses of apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, and of placebo in separate trials. A significant improvement in psychotic symptoms occurred after apomorphine compared to placebo. The results are interpreted as a consequence of presynaptic dopamine receptor activation by apomorphine with a subsequent decrease in dopamine-mediated neural transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:347575", "title": "Models for the specific adhesion of cells to cells.", "content": "A theoretical framework is proposed for the analysis of adhesion between cells or of cells to surfaces when the adhesion is mediated by reversible bonds between specific molecules such as antigen and antibody, lectin and carbohydrate, or enzyme and substrate. From a knowledge of the reaction rates for reactants in solution and of their diffusion constants both in solution and on membranes, it is possible to estimate reaction rates for membrane-bound reactants. Two models are developed for predicting the rate of bond formation between cells and are compared with experiments. The force required to separate two cells is shown to be greater than the expected electrical forces between cells, and of the same order of magnitude as the forces required to pull gangliosides and perhaps some integral membrane proteins out of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Models for the specific adhesion of cells to cells. A theoretical framework is proposed for the analysis of adhesion between cells or of cells to surfaces when the adhesion is mediated by reversible bonds between specific molecules such as antigen and antibody, lectin and carbohydrate, or enzyme and substrate. From a knowledge of the reaction rates for reactants in solution and of their diffusion constants both in solution and on membranes, it is possible to estimate reaction rates for membrane-bound reactants. Two models are developed for predicting the rate of bond formation between cells and are compared with experiments. The force required to separate two cells is shown to be greater than the expected electrical forces between cells, and of the same order of magnitude as the forces required to pull gangliosides and perhaps some integral membrane proteins out of the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:347576", "title": "Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens.", "content": "A flame retardant used in children's sleepwear, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) is a mutagen in the Salmonella-mammalian tissue homogenate test after it has been activated by mouse or rat liver homogenate. The expected enzymatic hydrolysis product, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, is similarly a mutagen after activation by liver homogenate. A proposed metabolite of the flame retardant, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, is a potent mutagen in the absence of such activation. A flame retardant with similar structure, tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), was shown previously to be a mutagen, to cause sterility in animals, to be a carcinogen, and to be absorbed through human skin. These and other flame retardants have characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra that can be used to determine which flame retardant is present in commercially purchased sleepwear. Sleepwear treated with tris-BP, Fyrol FR2, and other chemical additives was being sold in late 1977.", "contents": "Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens. A flame retardant used in children's sleepwear, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) is a mutagen in the Salmonella-mammalian tissue homogenate test after it has been activated by mouse or rat liver homogenate. The expected enzymatic hydrolysis product, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, is similarly a mutagen after activation by liver homogenate. A proposed metabolite of the flame retardant, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, is a potent mutagen in the absence of such activation. A flame retardant with similar structure, tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), was shown previously to be a mutagen, to cause sterility in animals, to be a carcinogen, and to be absorbed through human skin. These and other flame retardants have characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra that can be used to determine which flame retardant is present in commercially purchased sleepwear. Sleepwear treated with tris-BP, Fyrol FR2, and other chemical additives was being sold in late 1977."}
{"id": "PMID:347579", "title": "Immunization against infectious disease.", "content": "Mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases in the United States have declined more than 90 percent since 1900. Factors believed to be responsible for this decline include changes in the natural history of disease, sanitation, quarantine measures, control of nonhuman vectors, antibacterial drugs, and immunization. The contributions of each of these factors differ among the various infectious diseases; except for smallpox and diphtheria control, immunization had little effect until after World War II. The success of present and future immunization programs is endangered by public and physician complacency and by complex legal and ethical problems related to informed consent and responsibility for rare, vaccine-related injury.", "contents": "Immunization against infectious disease. Mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases in the United States have declined more than 90 percent since 1900. Factors believed to be responsible for this decline include changes in the natural history of disease, sanitation, quarantine measures, control of nonhuman vectors, antibacterial drugs, and immunization. The contributions of each of these factors differ among the various infectious diseases; except for smallpox and diphtheria control, immunization had little effect until after World War II. The success of present and future immunization programs is endangered by public and physician complacency and by complex legal and ethical problems related to informed consent and responsibility for rare, vaccine-related injury."}
{"id": "PMID:347580", "title": "Computer use in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.", "content": "Computers are used to influence diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. The computer's information-handling capabilities allow it to serve as a reliable extension of the physician's memory and expander of the physician's information and synthesized knowledge resources. Computers have been used to facilitate decisions through organization of patient data, improved classification of patients, decision analysis in clinical settings, and simulation of expert clinical reasoning. Computer programs are more successful in narrow, constrained, single arenas of medicine with much underlying pathophysiologic understanding and where decisions are based largely on hard laboratory data. New models of synthetic reasoning that simulate expert clinical behavior show promise of supporting complicated decisions concerning problems of multiple diseases. All systems are confronted by problems of consensus and authority of the underlying information used.", "contents": "Computer use in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Computers are used to influence diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. The computer's information-handling capabilities allow it to serve as a reliable extension of the physician's memory and expander of the physician's information and synthesized knowledge resources. Computers have been used to facilitate decisions through organization of patient data, improved classification of patients, decision analysis in clinical settings, and simulation of expert clinical reasoning. Computer programs are more successful in narrow, constrained, single arenas of medicine with much underlying pathophysiologic understanding and where decisions are based largely on hard laboratory data. New models of synthetic reasoning that simulate expert clinical behavior show promise of supporting complicated decisions concerning problems of multiple diseases. All systems are confronted by problems of consensus and authority of the underlying information used."}
{"id": "PMID:347581", "title": "Surgical innovation and its evaluation.", "content": "Early clinical trials, observational or randomized, hasten the prompt evaluation of new operations. Early clinical surveillance facilitates the design and implementation of randomized clinical trials when they are necessary. Of equal or greater importance, long-term surveillance of operations allows continuing evaluation when their use becomes widespread. Standards, coordination, review, and funding of the evaluation of new operations we believe should be centralized in a single national agency, for which an Institute of Health Care Assessment might be created. Implementation and regulation of the evaluation we believe should remain at the local or regional level with existing mechanisms and agencies being used, such as institutional human research committees and local health systems agencies.", "contents": "Surgical innovation and its evaluation. Early clinical trials, observational or randomized, hasten the prompt evaluation of new operations. Early clinical surveillance facilitates the design and implementation of randomized clinical trials when they are necessary. Of equal or greater importance, long-term surveillance of operations allows continuing evaluation when their use becomes widespread. Standards, coordination, review, and funding of the evaluation of new operations we believe should be centralized in a single national agency, for which an Institute of Health Care Assessment might be created. Implementation and regulation of the evaluation we believe should remain at the local or regional level with existing mechanisms and agencies being used, such as institutional human research committees and local health systems agencies."}
{"id": "PMID:347585", "title": "Treatment of Nocardia asteroides infection with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.", "content": "Although sulfonamide therapy has reduced the case fatality rate in infection due to Nocardia asteroides from nearly 100% to 25% to 45% there remains a need for a still more effective chemotherapeutic regimen. We describe three cases of serious infection due to N asteroides treated successfully with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and review an additional 15 cases from the world literature. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole exhibit a synergistic interaction in vitro against N asteroides, and the agent reaches antibacterial concentrations in blood, lung, and the central nervous system. Clinical results have been satisfactory in the limited number of patients treated to date.", "contents": "Treatment of Nocardia asteroides infection with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Although sulfonamide therapy has reduced the case fatality rate in infection due to Nocardia asteroides from nearly 100% to 25% to 45% there remains a need for a still more effective chemotherapeutic regimen. We describe three cases of serious infection due to N asteroides treated successfully with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and review an additional 15 cases from the world literature. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole exhibit a synergistic interaction in vitro against N asteroides, and the agent reaches antibacterial concentrations in blood, lung, and the central nervous system. Clinical results have been satisfactory in the limited number of patients treated to date."}
{"id": "PMID:347586", "title": "Treatment of intracranial aneurysms associated with other entities.", "content": "Considering the current state of surgery for intracranial aneurysm, a philosophy for treating intracranial aneurysms associated with other entities is presented. The premise is based on a comprehensive review of the literature relative to the risk factors applied to intracranial aneurysms and personal experience in dealing with the combination of problems of aneurysms diagnosed in association with other intracranial aneurysms, vascular malformations, neoplasms, trauma, and inflammatory diseases. A patient's problem must be considered individually and comprehensively, using all known prognostic factors and the specific features of the case for an appropriate therapeutic regimen to be designed. Current mortality and morbidity rates warrant the surgical intervention for the incidentally diagnosed aneurysm, but the occurrence of an aneurysm in conjunction with another serious entity demands careful, comprehensive evaluation. The surgical challenge of these complex problems should take second priority to a careful therapeutic deliberation to promote the best final outcome.", "contents": "Treatment of intracranial aneurysms associated with other entities. Considering the current state of surgery for intracranial aneurysm, a philosophy for treating intracranial aneurysms associated with other entities is presented. The premise is based on a comprehensive review of the literature relative to the risk factors applied to intracranial aneurysms and personal experience in dealing with the combination of problems of aneurysms diagnosed in association with other intracranial aneurysms, vascular malformations, neoplasms, trauma, and inflammatory diseases. A patient's problem must be considered individually and comprehensively, using all known prognostic factors and the specific features of the case for an appropriate therapeutic regimen to be designed. Current mortality and morbidity rates warrant the surgical intervention for the incidentally diagnosed aneurysm, but the occurrence of an aneurysm in conjunction with another serious entity demands careful, comprehensive evaluation. The surgical challenge of these complex problems should take second priority to a careful therapeutic deliberation to promote the best final outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:347587", "title": "Erythema multiforme and the Stevens-Johnson syndrome.", "content": "Erythema multiforme (EM) is clinically characterized by a \"minor\" form and a \"major\" form. The latter is known as the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Infections (particularly herpes simplex and Mycoplasma pneumoniae) and drugs seem to predispose toward the development of EM. The pathogenesis is poorly understood. The treatment is supportive. Prognosis varies with the severity of the eruption. Recurrences are commonly seen.", "contents": "Erythema multiforme and the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Erythema multiforme (EM) is clinically characterized by a \"minor\" form and a \"major\" form. The latter is known as the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Infections (particularly herpes simplex and Mycoplasma pneumoniae) and drugs seem to predispose toward the development of EM. The pathogenesis is poorly understood. The treatment is supportive. Prognosis varies with the severity of the eruption. Recurrences are commonly seen."}
{"id": "PMID:347598", "title": "The basic kinematics of the human spine. A review of past and current knowledge.", "content": "Spinal kinematics concerns the kinds and amounts of motion the human spine undergoes during its normal physiologic movements. This paper is a review of the research in this area and provides information about past and current knowledge. The biomechanic terms essential for the precise and accurate description of spinal kinematics are defined, described, and exemplified. Requirements for a comprehensive description of spinal kinematics are presented to provide a perspective for present knowledge and future research. Finally, the current status of spinal kinematic research is described, and information about the ranges of motion of the human spine for various vertebral levels and for motion in different directions is provided.", "contents": "The basic kinematics of the human spine. A review of past and current knowledge. Spinal kinematics concerns the kinds and amounts of motion the human spine undergoes during its normal physiologic movements. This paper is a review of the research in this area and provides information about past and current knowledge. The biomechanic terms essential for the precise and accurate description of spinal kinematics are defined, described, and exemplified. Requirements for a comprehensive description of spinal kinematics are presented to provide a perspective for present knowledge and future research. Finally, the current status of spinal kinematic research is described, and information about the ranges of motion of the human spine for various vertebral levels and for motion in different directions is provided."}
{"id": "PMID:347600", "title": "Fluid collections associated with renal allografts.", "content": "In a series of 50 consecutive renal allograft patients, 4 developed lymphoceles and 1 developed a seroma which later became infected. In no instance could the fluid collection be held responsible for deterioration in graft function. Two of the lymphoceles occurred with ureteric strictures and perirenal abscess was associated with acute rejection. The significance of a perirenal collection with deteriorating renal function is discussed.", "contents": "Fluid collections associated with renal allografts. In a series of 50 consecutive renal allograft patients, 4 developed lymphoceles and 1 developed a seroma which later became infected. In no instance could the fluid collection be held responsible for deterioration in graft function. Two of the lymphoceles occurred with ureteric strictures and perirenal abscess was associated with acute rejection. The significance of a perirenal collection with deteriorating renal function is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347602", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina is one of the least understood malignant tumors arising from the female genital tract. Vital facts on its clinical and biologic behavior are difficult to collate in a cumulative way. Its intermediate position in the pelvis makes it a difficult site to which to apply conventional methods of treatment without associated morbidity; its rareness precludes developing expertise by no more than a few therapists and allows few the opportunity to test new ideas encased in research protocols; and its variegated presentations invite individualization as the only therapeutic approach. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina remains an enigma among gynecologic neoplasms.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina is one of the least understood malignant tumors arising from the female genital tract. Vital facts on its clinical and biologic behavior are difficult to collate in a cumulative way. Its intermediate position in the pelvis makes it a difficult site to which to apply conventional methods of treatment without associated morbidity; its rareness precludes developing expertise by no more than a few therapists and allows few the opportunity to test new ideas encased in research protocols; and its variegated presentations invite individualization as the only therapeutic approach. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina remains an enigma among gynecologic neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:347603", "title": "Diagnostic ultrasound in the evaluation of patients with gynecologic cancer.", "content": "In the early 1960's, obstetricians realized the usefulness of diagnostic ultrasonography and were largely responsible for much of the early development and advancement of the ultrasonic technique. Recently gray scale ultrasonography has resulted in the ability to conclusively differentiate solid from cystic masses. Research is currently underway regarding tissue identification based on ultrasonic patterns. The combined use of ultrasonic instrumentation and computers may some day enable the ultrasonographer to identify specific tissues within the body. Fine needle aspiration biopsy in combination with cross-sectional ultrasonic scanning in some cases circumvents the need for repeat laparotomy to obtain tissue for histologic diagnosis.", "contents": "Diagnostic ultrasound in the evaluation of patients with gynecologic cancer. In the early 1960's, obstetricians realized the usefulness of diagnostic ultrasonography and were largely responsible for much of the early development and advancement of the ultrasonic technique. Recently gray scale ultrasonography has resulted in the ability to conclusively differentiate solid from cystic masses. Research is currently underway regarding tissue identification based on ultrasonic patterns. The combined use of ultrasonic instrumentation and computers may some day enable the ultrasonographer to identify specific tissues within the body. Fine needle aspiration biopsy in combination with cross-sectional ultrasonic scanning in some cases circumvents the need for repeat laparotomy to obtain tissue for histologic diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:347606", "title": "C controlled trial of taurolin in established bacterial peritonitis.", "content": "Taurolin administered intraperitoneally has effected a significant reduction in morbidity in peritonitis even when all other methods of intensive care, including powerful antibiotics, have been used. Easy to use clinically, it is effective locally against all fecal pathogens and is nontoxic.", "contents": "C controlled trial of taurolin in established bacterial peritonitis. Taurolin administered intraperitoneally has effected a significant reduction in morbidity in peritonitis even when all other methods of intensive care, including powerful antibiotics, have been used. Easy to use clinically, it is effective locally against all fecal pathogens and is nontoxic."}
{"id": "PMID:347607", "title": "The treatment of malignant melanoma of the skin.", "content": "This review of 117 melanomas occurring in 115 patients treated by a single surgeon suggests the appropriateness of the therapeutic decisions to be mentioned based upon tumor behavior, determined by microstaging. Local control of level II lentigo maligna melanoma was achieved, in most instances, by local excision with visibly free margins and primary closure. In most of the other instances of melanoma, adequate local control was accomplished by wide three-dimensional excision, 5 centimeter margins--closure usually required grafting. Minor amputation was performed with satisfactory results in those patients with appropriate lesions in the volar-subungual area. Regional lymphadenectomy in patients with level IV and V disease in whom the tumors drained to a single node basin revealed occult metastases in 25 per cent of the patients and, therefore, appears warranted as prophylactic treatment. Preliminary data on recurrences suggest that the frequency of the recurrence paralleled the biologic aggressiveness of the tumor, determined by microstaging in association with the presence or the absence of lymph node metastases.", "contents": "The treatment of malignant melanoma of the skin. This review of 117 melanomas occurring in 115 patients treated by a single surgeon suggests the appropriateness of the therapeutic decisions to be mentioned based upon tumor behavior, determined by microstaging. Local control of level II lentigo maligna melanoma was achieved, in most instances, by local excision with visibly free margins and primary closure. In most of the other instances of melanoma, adequate local control was accomplished by wide three-dimensional excision, 5 centimeter margins--closure usually required grafting. Minor amputation was performed with satisfactory results in those patients with appropriate lesions in the volar-subungual area. Regional lymphadenectomy in patients with level IV and V disease in whom the tumors drained to a single node basin revealed occult metastases in 25 per cent of the patients and, therefore, appears warranted as prophylactic treatment. Preliminary data on recurrences suggest that the frequency of the recurrence paralleled the biologic aggressiveness of the tumor, determined by microstaging in association with the presence or the absence of lymph node metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:347612", "title": "Clinical experience with prophylactic antibiotic bowel suppression in burn patients.", "content": "An oral prophylactic antibiotic regimen (neomycin-erythromycin-nystatin) aimed at suppression of the bowel flora was utilized in 20 patients with thermal injury treated in a laminar flow burn unit with strict sterile technique and reverse isolation. The regimen was utilized for an average of 24 days. Surface cultures were obtained twice weekly from multiple areas of the burn wound, and burn wound biopsies were performed one to two times weekly. These patients were compared prospectively with a group of 10 patients treated in otherwise identical fashion, save for the omission of the antibiotic suppressive regimen. Bacterial colonization of the burn wound occurred an average of 19 days after admission in the group receiving antibiotics compared to 4 days after admission in the control group (p less than 0.01). Positive burn biopsies (more than 10(5) bacteria per gm of tissue) were observed twice as often in the group not receiving antibiotics (p less than 0.16) as were infectious complications of several types: bacteremia, burn wound sepsis, urinary tract infections, pneumonitis, cellulitis (0.10 less than p less than 0.20). Staphylococcal or fungal overgrowth were not encountered in the patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics, nor was there an adverse effect on serum creatinine levels with the prolonged use of neomycin.", "contents": "Clinical experience with prophylactic antibiotic bowel suppression in burn patients. An oral prophylactic antibiotic regimen (neomycin-erythromycin-nystatin) aimed at suppression of the bowel flora was utilized in 20 patients with thermal injury treated in a laminar flow burn unit with strict sterile technique and reverse isolation. The regimen was utilized for an average of 24 days. Surface cultures were obtained twice weekly from multiple areas of the burn wound, and burn wound biopsies were performed one to two times weekly. These patients were compared prospectively with a group of 10 patients treated in otherwise identical fashion, save for the omission of the antibiotic suppressive regimen. Bacterial colonization of the burn wound occurred an average of 19 days after admission in the group receiving antibiotics compared to 4 days after admission in the control group (p less than 0.01). Positive burn biopsies (more than 10(5) bacteria per gm of tissue) were observed twice as often in the group not receiving antibiotics (p less than 0.16) as were infectious complications of several types: bacteremia, burn wound sepsis, urinary tract infections, pneumonitis, cellulitis (0.10 less than p less than 0.20). Staphylococcal or fungal overgrowth were not encountered in the patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics, nor was there an adverse effect on serum creatinine levels with the prolonged use of neomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:347614", "title": "Serum autoleukocytotoxic activity and the positive cross-match in potential allograft recipients.", "content": "To evaluate possible causes of the false-positive cross-match test for clinical renal transplantation, the incidence of serum autoleukocytotoxic activity and its relationship to allogeneic sensitization to HLA antigens (the positive cross-match) were determined in 234 sera from 28 sensitized and eight nonsensitized chronic renal failure patients. Seven sera from four patients had autoleukocytotoxic activity. The autoleukocytotoxic activity was detected only in patients who showed transient allogeneic sensitization at some point. This activity could be adsorbed either by autologous or allogeneic platelets, but adsorption with autologous platelets did not remove the synchronous allogeneic leukocytotoxicity. This autoleukocytotoxic activity appears to coexist with alloreactive antibody, and in such a setting the positive alloreactive cross-match should contraindicate the proposed transplant until adsorption studies prove the false-positiveness of the test.", "contents": "Serum autoleukocytotoxic activity and the positive cross-match in potential allograft recipients. To evaluate possible causes of the false-positive cross-match test for clinical renal transplantation, the incidence of serum autoleukocytotoxic activity and its relationship to allogeneic sensitization to HLA antigens (the positive cross-match) were determined in 234 sera from 28 sensitized and eight nonsensitized chronic renal failure patients. Seven sera from four patients had autoleukocytotoxic activity. The autoleukocytotoxic activity was detected only in patients who showed transient allogeneic sensitization at some point. This activity could be adsorbed either by autologous or allogeneic platelets, but adsorption with autologous platelets did not remove the synchronous allogeneic leukocytotoxicity. This autoleukocytotoxic activity appears to coexist with alloreactive antibody, and in such a setting the positive alloreactive cross-match should contraindicate the proposed transplant until adsorption studies prove the false-positiveness of the test."}
{"id": "PMID:347616", "title": "Computer-assisted instruction in surgery.", "content": "Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an educational medium which provides a highly interactive, adaptive, and individualized learning experience for the student or physician. A CAI system has benn developed to prepare a curriculum in general surgery. The surgical seminars written on this system have been used enthusiastically by students, residents, and interns for the past 18 months. Using a computer terminal (printer or television screen) connected by telephone to a minicomputer, the user participates in simulated seminars with the authors, viewing information and answering questions based on the material presented. The student responds by typing the answer in his own words, and the computer (author) responds with further information designed specifically for that answer. This response may support or contest what the student said, may branch the student to material covered previously, or instead may lead the student through as much remedial material as he needs. A more sophisticated student will progress rapidly through the seminar. Twenty-five surgeon/authors (at 15 medical schools) are preparing seminars, and it is planned that a complete library in general surgery will be available to departments of surgery nationally by September, 1978, via the Health Education Network.", "contents": "Computer-assisted instruction in surgery. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an educational medium which provides a highly interactive, adaptive, and individualized learning experience for the student or physician. A CAI system has benn developed to prepare a curriculum in general surgery. The surgical seminars written on this system have been used enthusiastically by students, residents, and interns for the past 18 months. Using a computer terminal (printer or television screen) connected by telephone to a minicomputer, the user participates in simulated seminars with the authors, viewing information and answering questions based on the material presented. The student responds by typing the answer in his own words, and the computer (author) responds with further information designed specifically for that answer. This response may support or contest what the student said, may branch the student to material covered previously, or instead may lead the student through as much remedial material as he needs. A more sophisticated student will progress rapidly through the seminar. Twenty-five surgeon/authors (at 15 medical schools) are preparing seminars, and it is planned that a complete library in general surgery will be available to departments of surgery nationally by September, 1978, via the Health Education Network."}
{"id": "PMID:347617", "title": "Evaluation of the mechanism of zymosan-induced resistance to experimental peritonitis.", "content": "Three injections of intraperiotoneal (IP) zymosan-induced profound resistance to E. coli peritonitis in Sprague-Dawley rats. IP zymosan had minimal effects on organ weights and systemic phagocytic clearance ability, suggesting that this mode of administration had few systemic reticuloendothelial system (RES) effects. Hemoglobin (a known inhibitor of local phagocytosis) reduced the protection induced by zymosan, giving further evidence that IP zymosan acts locally. IP zymosan stimulation results in an initial marked influx of polymorphonuclear cells followed by a greater percentage replacement of mononuclear cells by the third day. Examination of these cells via chemiluminescence studies demonstrated that the phagocytic capacity of zymosan-stimulated peritoneal cells was markedly greater than the control group on a cell-for-cell basis. IP zymosan also gave some protection against intravenous (IV) E. coli, but IV zymosan did not significanly protect against IP E. coli. Possible mechanisms of action are discussed. These findings suggest that a technique of local RES stimulation could have a place in preparation of certain high-risk patients for elective abdominal surgery where peritoneal contamination is likely.", "contents": "Evaluation of the mechanism of zymosan-induced resistance to experimental peritonitis. Three injections of intraperiotoneal (IP) zymosan-induced profound resistance to E. coli peritonitis in Sprague-Dawley rats. IP zymosan had minimal effects on organ weights and systemic phagocytic clearance ability, suggesting that this mode of administration had few systemic reticuloendothelial system (RES) effects. Hemoglobin (a known inhibitor of local phagocytosis) reduced the protection induced by zymosan, giving further evidence that IP zymosan acts locally. IP zymosan stimulation results in an initial marked influx of polymorphonuclear cells followed by a greater percentage replacement of mononuclear cells by the third day. Examination of these cells via chemiluminescence studies demonstrated that the phagocytic capacity of zymosan-stimulated peritoneal cells was markedly greater than the control group on a cell-for-cell basis. IP zymosan also gave some protection against intravenous (IV) E. coli, but IV zymosan did not significanly protect against IP E. coli. Possible mechanisms of action are discussed. These findings suggest that a technique of local RES stimulation could have a place in preparation of certain high-risk patients for elective abdominal surgery where peritoneal contamination is likely."}
{"id": "PMID:347619", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to donor antigens in renal allograft recipients.", "content": "The antigen-stimulated active rosette-forming T-cell (AgARFC) assay was adapted for the preoperative study of 21 consecutive kidney transplants (17 cadaver donors and four living related donors; five retransplants). Recipient peripheral blood lymphocytes were incubated for 15 minutes with donor histocompatibility antigens preparaed by sonication of donor peripheral blood or splenic lymphocytes. Recipient presensitization to donor antigens was expressed as the difference between active rosette formation in the presence (%AgARFC) and in the absence (%ARFC) of donor antigens. This antigen-induced difference is rosette formation (%AgARFC - %ARFC) for all patients ranged from - 7.0% to 24.2%. Of those patients with pretransplant sensitization greater than 6.3% (group I: mean, 13.2 +/- 3.0; n = 7), 71% had severe acute rejection requiring dialysis within the first 2 weeks of transplantation. In contrast, none of the patients with pretransplant values below 6.3% (group II: mean, -0.8 +/- 1.0; n = 14) had rejection requiring dialysis within the first 2 weeks. Group I patients had 43% graft survival at 1 month and 14% survival at 2 months, whereas group II had 86% graft survival at 1 month and 71% at 2 months. The AgARFC assay provided a rapid means of measuring recipient T-cell presensitization to donor alloantigens, which was correlated with the accelerated rejection of renal allografts.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to donor antigens in renal allograft recipients. The antigen-stimulated active rosette-forming T-cell (AgARFC) assay was adapted for the preoperative study of 21 consecutive kidney transplants (17 cadaver donors and four living related donors; five retransplants). Recipient peripheral blood lymphocytes were incubated for 15 minutes with donor histocompatibility antigens preparaed by sonication of donor peripheral blood or splenic lymphocytes. Recipient presensitization to donor antigens was expressed as the difference between active rosette formation in the presence (%AgARFC) and in the absence (%ARFC) of donor antigens. This antigen-induced difference is rosette formation (%AgARFC - %ARFC) for all patients ranged from - 7.0% to 24.2%. Of those patients with pretransplant sensitization greater than 6.3% (group I: mean, 13.2 +/- 3.0; n = 7), 71% had severe acute rejection requiring dialysis within the first 2 weeks of transplantation. In contrast, none of the patients with pretransplant values below 6.3% (group II: mean, -0.8 +/- 1.0; n = 14) had rejection requiring dialysis within the first 2 weeks. Group I patients had 43% graft survival at 1 month and 14% survival at 2 months, whereas group II had 86% graft survival at 1 month and 71% at 2 months. The AgARFC assay provided a rapid means of measuring recipient T-cell presensitization to donor alloantigens, which was correlated with the accelerated rejection of renal allografts."}
{"id": "PMID:347631", "title": "Appearance and evolution of anti-Da (B cell-specific) antibodies after planned immunizations.", "content": "Appearance and evolution of anti-Da antibodies has been followed in eight volunteers immunized by whole blood transfusions or leukocyte intradermal injections form a single donor incompatible for HLA--A,--B,--C and--D specificities. Several unabsorbed bleedings from each recipient were studied against the specific immunizer with three different complement-dependent lymphocytotoxicity (CdL) techniques: (1) standard NIH CdL on total peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL); (2) VII Workshop standard CdL technique on B cell-enriched suspensions; (3) beta2 microglobulin blanketing test (\"bb\" test) on B cells. Results obtained with the \"bb\" test were confirmed with platelet-absorbed sera. The \"bb\" and the absorbed sera allow discrimination between anti-Da and anti-HLA--A,--B,--C antibodies. Stage of appearance and evolution are rather similar for an anti-HLA--A,--B,--C and anti-Da. An early appearance of antibodies positive only against B cells is due to weak anti-HLA--A,--B antibodies which react better with B cells than with total PBL. Immunogenicity of Da antigens seems to be of the same order as HLA--A, and--B. In fact, Da reactivity was present in all eight recipients studied. These reactivities always segregated in familes with these HLA haplotypes. On a small panel of unrelated D-typed donors, three sera showed a significant positive association with D alleles.", "contents": "Appearance and evolution of anti-Da (B cell-specific) antibodies after planned immunizations. Appearance and evolution of anti-Da antibodies has been followed in eight volunteers immunized by whole blood transfusions or leukocyte intradermal injections form a single donor incompatible for HLA--A,--B,--C and--D specificities. Several unabsorbed bleedings from each recipient were studied against the specific immunizer with three different complement-dependent lymphocytotoxicity (CdL) techniques: (1) standard NIH CdL on total peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL); (2) VII Workshop standard CdL technique on B cell-enriched suspensions; (3) beta2 microglobulin blanketing test (\"bb\" test) on B cells. Results obtained with the \"bb\" test were confirmed with platelet-absorbed sera. The \"bb\" and the absorbed sera allow discrimination between anti-Da and anti-HLA--A,--B,--C antibodies. Stage of appearance and evolution are rather similar for an anti-HLA--A,--B,--C and anti-Da. An early appearance of antibodies positive only against B cells is due to weak anti-HLA--A,--B antibodies which react better with B cells than with total PBL. Immunogenicity of Da antigens seems to be of the same order as HLA--A, and--B. In fact, Da reactivity was present in all eight recipients studied. These reactivities always segregated in familes with these HLA haplotypes. On a small panel of unrelated D-typed donors, three sera showed a significant positive association with D alleles."}
{"id": "PMID:347633", "title": "Reactive lymphocyte blastogenesis in canine renal transplantation.", "content": "Reactive lymphocyte blastogenesis was investigated by 3H-thymidine uptake of peripheral lymphocytes. Canine renal allotransplantations were performed in 19 dogs, which were divided into three groups by different immunosuppressive therapies. The first group, not treated with any immunosuppressants, showed the highest 3H-thymidine uptake, but the third group, treated with prednisolone (1.5 mg/kg/day) and azathioprine (4 mg/kg/day), did not show remarkable 3H-thymidine uptake except for 2 dogs which died of severe acute rejection. Single use of prednisolone (second group) was less effective in suppression of blastogenesis compared with the combined use of azathioprine and prednisolone. In addition to these experiments, the effects of surgical operation, blood transfusion, and infection on lymphocyte blastogenesis were investigated. Renal autotransplantation did not produce remarkable blastogenesis, but blood transfusion and infection caused strong lymphocyte blastogenesis. Periodical increases of 3H-thymidine uptake were observed in the infected animal.", "contents": "Reactive lymphocyte blastogenesis in canine renal transplantation. Reactive lymphocyte blastogenesis was investigated by 3H-thymidine uptake of peripheral lymphocytes. Canine renal allotransplantations were performed in 19 dogs, which were divided into three groups by different immunosuppressive therapies. The first group, not treated with any immunosuppressants, showed the highest 3H-thymidine uptake, but the third group, treated with prednisolone (1.5 mg/kg/day) and azathioprine (4 mg/kg/day), did not show remarkable 3H-thymidine uptake except for 2 dogs which died of severe acute rejection. Single use of prednisolone (second group) was less effective in suppression of blastogenesis compared with the combined use of azathioprine and prednisolone. In addition to these experiments, the effects of surgical operation, blood transfusion, and infection on lymphocyte blastogenesis were investigated. Renal autotransplantation did not produce remarkable blastogenesis, but blood transfusion and infection caused strong lymphocyte blastogenesis. Periodical increases of 3H-thymidine uptake were observed in the infected animal."}
{"id": "PMID:347634", "title": "Identification of T-lymphocytes in human renal allografts and urine by the fluorescent antibody technique using anti-human T-lymphocyte serum (AHTS).", "content": "Immunopathological investigations of the small round cells infiltrating into the tissues of human renal allografts and also those in urinary sediments were performed, using anti-human T-lymphocyte serum (AHTS). AHTS made from ALS is highly specific for T cells, but not for B cells. Tissues obtained by needle biopsy were examined by immunofluorescent staining and conventional histopathological methods. Urinary sediments were obtained from centrifugated fresh urine. Sediments were checked by immunofluorescent and Giemsa staining. Fluorescent positive cells were seen in the interstitial tissues and occasionally in renal glomeruli. Clustered cell-debris in the lumen of renal tubules was also stained by AHTS. In the urinary sediments, about a half of the lymphoic cells were stained by AHTS. The relationship between lymphocyturia and numerous infiltrating cells in the grafts during the rejection crisis has not been clarified. In this experiments, we tried to identify the detailed process of excretion of T cells to urine from renal tissues, using immunopathological methods.", "contents": "Identification of T-lymphocytes in human renal allografts and urine by the fluorescent antibody technique using anti-human T-lymphocyte serum (AHTS). Immunopathological investigations of the small round cells infiltrating into the tissues of human renal allografts and also those in urinary sediments were performed, using anti-human T-lymphocyte serum (AHTS). AHTS made from ALS is highly specific for T cells, but not for B cells. Tissues obtained by needle biopsy were examined by immunofluorescent staining and conventional histopathological methods. Urinary sediments were obtained from centrifugated fresh urine. Sediments were checked by immunofluorescent and Giemsa staining. Fluorescent positive cells were seen in the interstitial tissues and occasionally in renal glomeruli. Clustered cell-debris in the lumen of renal tubules was also stained by AHTS. In the urinary sediments, about a half of the lymphoic cells were stained by AHTS. The relationship between lymphocyturia and numerous infiltrating cells in the grafts during the rejection crisis has not been clarified. In this experiments, we tried to identify the detailed process of excretion of T cells to urine from renal tissues, using immunopathological methods."}
{"id": "PMID:347635", "title": "Morphometrical analysis on topographical difference in size distribution, number and volume of islets in the human pancreas.", "content": "Seven pancreases from nondiabetic autopsy cases were submitted to morphometrical analysis of the islets of Langerhans as a preliminary investigation of the diabetic pancreas. The pancreatic islets were approximately simulated by spheres of different sizes randomly dispersed in the three-dimensional space; thereon the parameters of Weibull function assumed for the distribution of islet radii were estimated stereologically from chord length measurements on histologic sections taken from different portions of the pancreas. By means of the estimated parameters topographical comparison of the number, volume, mean radius and size distribution of islets in a unit volume were performed. This islet distribution appeared to change the pattern gradually according to the position from the pancreatic head to the tail: the head was characterized by abundance of small islets that corresponded to a slightly higher islet population threat, whereas the tail by moderate increase of larger islets that caused a steep increase of islet volume here. To estimate parameters for the whole pancreas a histologic section from a range between the midposition of the pancreas and the one-fourth position from the splenic end was regarded to be a fairly good representative.", "contents": "Morphometrical analysis on topographical difference in size distribution, number and volume of islets in the human pancreas. Seven pancreases from nondiabetic autopsy cases were submitted to morphometrical analysis of the islets of Langerhans as a preliminary investigation of the diabetic pancreas. The pancreatic islets were approximately simulated by spheres of different sizes randomly dispersed in the three-dimensional space; thereon the parameters of Weibull function assumed for the distribution of islet radii were estimated stereologically from chord length measurements on histologic sections taken from different portions of the pancreas. By means of the estimated parameters topographical comparison of the number, volume, mean radius and size distribution of islets in a unit volume were performed. This islet distribution appeared to change the pattern gradually according to the position from the pancreatic head to the tail: the head was characterized by abundance of small islets that corresponded to a slightly higher islet population threat, whereas the tail by moderate increase of larger islets that caused a steep increase of islet volume here. To estimate parameters for the whole pancreas a histologic section from a range between the midposition of the pancreas and the one-fourth position from the splenic end was regarded to be a fairly good representative."}
{"id": "PMID:347636", "title": "[Explorative laparotomy combined with splenectomy in malignant lymphomas (evaluation of 52 medical records) (author's transl)].", "content": "52 medical records of patients with malignant lymphomas, who had been treated by explorative laparotomy and splenectomy, were evaluated retrospectively. In all patients lymphography and splenic scintigraphy had been performed prior to surgical treatment, and in most of them additional liver scintigraphy. The splenic scintigram was true-positive in 11 cases, false-positive in 6, false-negative in 8, and true-negative in 27 cases. Lymphography was true-positive in 9 and false-positive in 17 cases, false-negative in 4 and true-negative in 22 cases. Comparison shows that explorative laparotomy and splenectomy, in spite of the postoperative complications which have been mentioned, cannot be replaced by modern diagnostic possibilities, provided that indication is carefully considered.", "contents": "[Explorative laparotomy combined with splenectomy in malignant lymphomas (evaluation of 52 medical records) (author's transl)]. 52 medical records of patients with malignant lymphomas, who had been treated by explorative laparotomy and splenectomy, were evaluated retrospectively. In all patients lymphography and splenic scintigraphy had been performed prior to surgical treatment, and in most of them additional liver scintigraphy. The splenic scintigram was true-positive in 11 cases, false-positive in 6, false-negative in 8, and true-negative in 27 cases. Lymphography was true-positive in 9 and false-positive in 17 cases, false-negative in 4 and true-negative in 22 cases. Comparison shows that explorative laparotomy and splenectomy, in spite of the postoperative complications which have been mentioned, cannot be replaced by modern diagnostic possibilities, provided that indication is carefully considered."}
{"id": "PMID:347637", "title": "Cooperative erythropoietic assay of several steroid metabolites in polycythemic mice.", "content": "A blinded cooperative assay of several androstane and pregnane steroid metabolites has been carried out in order to determine whether 5beta-H derivatives are as active as testosterone in stimulating in vivo erythropoiesis. The steroids tested were: testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 5beta-dihydrotestosterone, 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione, 3alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-pregnane-11,20-dione and 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one. The incorporation of radioactive iron into newly formed red cells in exhypoxic polycythemic mice was used to compare the effects of the steroids. Testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone both produced significant increases in 59Fe incorporation. 5beta-dihydrotestosterone, 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione, 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnane-11,20-dione and 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one were all devoid of significant erythropoietic activity in polycythemic mice in almost all instances. Thus, under the conditions chosen, this study failed to demonstrate that 5beta-steroids increase radioactive iron incorporation in red cells of exhypoxic polycythemic mice.", "contents": "Cooperative erythropoietic assay of several steroid metabolites in polycythemic mice. A blinded cooperative assay of several androstane and pregnane steroid metabolites has been carried out in order to determine whether 5beta-H derivatives are as active as testosterone in stimulating in vivo erythropoiesis. The steroids tested were: testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 5beta-dihydrotestosterone, 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione, 3alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-pregnane-11,20-dione and 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one. The incorporation of radioactive iron into newly formed red cells in exhypoxic polycythemic mice was used to compare the effects of the steroids. Testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone both produced significant increases in 59Fe incorporation. 5beta-dihydrotestosterone, 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione, 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnane-11,20-dione and 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one were all devoid of significant erythropoietic activity in polycythemic mice in almost all instances. Thus, under the conditions chosen, this study failed to demonstrate that 5beta-steroids increase radioactive iron incorporation in red cells of exhypoxic polycythemic mice."}
{"id": "PMID:347640", "title": "Immune response to tumour antigens.", "content": "In experimental tumour systems in a wide variety of species there is clear evidence for the existence of immunity mechanisms directed against the elimination of the tumour. This is particularly true when the tumours are those induced either by carcinogens or by viruses. With spontaneously arising tumours in animals, specific immune responses to tumour antigens have been more difficult to demonstrate. Nonetheless these experimental systems do show that tumour antigens exist and that tumour growth can be controlled by immune responses to them. Since the immune system is the natural mechanism of control, one hopes that, when more is understood about the nature of tumour antigens on human tumours, we shall be in a position to apply some of our basic experimental knowledge to the immunotherapy of cancer in man.", "contents": "Immune response to tumour antigens. In experimental tumour systems in a wide variety of species there is clear evidence for the existence of immunity mechanisms directed against the elimination of the tumour. This is particularly true when the tumours are those induced either by carcinogens or by viruses. With spontaneously arising tumours in animals, specific immune responses to tumour antigens have been more difficult to demonstrate. Nonetheless these experimental systems do show that tumour antigens exist and that tumour growth can be controlled by immune responses to them. Since the immune system is the natural mechanism of control, one hopes that, when more is understood about the nature of tumour antigens on human tumours, we shall be in a position to apply some of our basic experimental knowledge to the immunotherapy of cancer in man."}
{"id": "PMID:347638", "title": "Controlled trial of ornithine alpha ketoglutarate (OAKG) in patients with stroke.", "content": "A double blind controlled trial of ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate (OAKG) was carried out on 50 patients admitted to the Royal Free and Royal Northern Hospitals, London, suffering from a recent stroke. Significant improvement was found in patients treated with OAKG when examined on the fifth day of therapy as compared to their control cases. The therapy was given for 5 days. When the patients in the treated and the control groups were compared 10 days after the beginning of treatment, there were no differences between the 2 groups. Implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Controlled trial of ornithine alpha ketoglutarate (OAKG) in patients with stroke. A double blind controlled trial of ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate (OAKG) was carried out on 50 patients admitted to the Royal Free and Royal Northern Hospitals, London, suffering from a recent stroke. Significant improvement was found in patients treated with OAKG when examined on the fifth day of therapy as compared to their control cases. The therapy was given for 5 days. When the patients in the treated and the control groups were compared 10 days after the beginning of treatment, there were no differences between the 2 groups. Implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347644", "title": "Demonstration of anti-Wrb in a second serum containing anti-Ena.", "content": "Many persons who are of a \"deletion\" or \"null\" phenotype with regard to a particular blood group system, form a complex specificity antibody or mixture of antibodies, when immunized. Recently, we demonstrated that M.E.P., the En(a-), Wr(a- b-) proposita in a family described by Darnborough has at least, anti-Ena and anti-Wrb in her serum. We suggested that the same two antibodies might be present in the serum of G.W., the En(a-), Wr(a- b-) propositus in the family reported by Furuhjelm et al. We have now been able to confirm that G.W.'s serum does contain antiEna and anti-Wrb and that the antibodies can be separated by adsorption. Because, at this time, it is not known if En(a-), Wr(a- b-) people lack other common antigens from their red blood cells, the possibility remains that the anti-Ena, separated from the anti-Wrb, might be a mixture of antibodies. These findings are important in that they show that reported typings for Ena were actually performed with mixtures of at least anti-Ena and anti-Wrb. Anti-Ena, lacking antiWrb, can be made only by adsorption of a serum containing the two antibodies, onto En(a+), Wr(a+b-) red blood cells, with recovery of the anti-Ena by elution.", "contents": "Demonstration of anti-Wrb in a second serum containing anti-Ena. Many persons who are of a \"deletion\" or \"null\" phenotype with regard to a particular blood group system, form a complex specificity antibody or mixture of antibodies, when immunized. Recently, we demonstrated that M.E.P., the En(a-), Wr(a- b-) proposita in a family described by Darnborough has at least, anti-Ena and anti-Wrb in her serum. We suggested that the same two antibodies might be present in the serum of G.W., the En(a-), Wr(a- b-) propositus in the family reported by Furuhjelm et al. We have now been able to confirm that G.W.'s serum does contain antiEna and anti-Wrb and that the antibodies can be separated by adsorption. Because, at this time, it is not known if En(a-), Wr(a- b-) people lack other common antigens from their red blood cells, the possibility remains that the anti-Ena, separated from the anti-Wrb, might be a mixture of antibodies. These findings are important in that they show that reported typings for Ena were actually performed with mixtures of at least anti-Ena and anti-Wrb. Anti-Ena, lacking antiWrb, can be made only by adsorption of a serum containing the two antibodies, onto En(a+), Wr(a+b-) red blood cells, with recovery of the anti-Ena by elution."}
{"id": "PMID:347643", "title": "Naturally occurring anti-Kell stimulated by E. coli enterocolitis in a 20-day-old child.", "content": "Anti-A and anti-K have been found in the serum of a 20-day-old child who had not been transfused but who was acutely ill with E. coli enterocolitis. Both antibodies are IgM proteins. The mother's serum does not contain either antibody and the anti-A and anti-K in the infant's serum are not of maternal origin. Both parents and the child are of the Kell phenotype K-k+. Stool cultures made from the child yielded E. coli O 125:B15, an uncommon B-variant pathogenic coliform. Cell-free preparations made from broth cultures of this organism have strong specific inhibitory activity against IgM anti-A and anti-K, and both antigens have been identified on the bacterial cells. At age 3 months the child had made a clinical recovery, stool cultures showed no pathogenic coliforms, and anti-A and anti-K were no longer detectable in her serum. These data indicate that absorption of metabolites with A-like and K-like activity produced by a pathogenic coliform in the intestinal tract were responsible for the appearance of apparent naturally occurring anti-A and anti-K in the child's serum.", "contents": "Naturally occurring anti-Kell stimulated by E. coli enterocolitis in a 20-day-old child. Anti-A and anti-K have been found in the serum of a 20-day-old child who had not been transfused but who was acutely ill with E. coli enterocolitis. Both antibodies are IgM proteins. The mother's serum does not contain either antibody and the anti-A and anti-K in the infant's serum are not of maternal origin. Both parents and the child are of the Kell phenotype K-k+. Stool cultures made from the child yielded E. coli O 125:B15, an uncommon B-variant pathogenic coliform. Cell-free preparations made from broth cultures of this organism have strong specific inhibitory activity against IgM anti-A and anti-K, and both antigens have been identified on the bacterial cells. At age 3 months the child had made a clinical recovery, stool cultures showed no pathogenic coliforms, and anti-A and anti-K were no longer detectable in her serum. These data indicate that absorption of metabolites with A-like and K-like activity produced by a pathogenic coliform in the intestinal tract were responsible for the appearance of apparent naturally occurring anti-A and anti-K in the child's serum."}
{"id": "PMID:347650", "title": "Protein typing by disc electrophoresis of some species of trypanosomes with special emphasis to Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "Proteins extracted from culture forms of T. cruzi, T. cruzi-like strains, T. rangeli, T. conhorrini and T. dionisii were separated by disc electrophoresis. The electrophoretic protein patterns of all strains examined were highly reproducible. The results indicate that each of these strains have their own \"fingerprints\" and the trypanosoma species could be identified by some typical specific protein bands. However, it was not possible to distinguish between the human strains of T. cruzi and the T. cruzi-like strains isolated from other sources.", "contents": "Protein typing by disc electrophoresis of some species of trypanosomes with special emphasis to Trypanosoma cruzi. Proteins extracted from culture forms of T. cruzi, T. cruzi-like strains, T. rangeli, T. conhorrini and T. dionisii were separated by disc electrophoresis. The electrophoretic protein patterns of all strains examined were highly reproducible. The results indicate that each of these strains have their own \"fingerprints\" and the trypanosoma species could be identified by some typical specific protein bands. However, it was not possible to distinguish between the human strains of T. cruzi and the T. cruzi-like strains isolated from other sources."}
{"id": "PMID:347645", "title": "Transplantation of hepatitis B surface antigen positive bone marrow.", "content": "We considered for bone marrow transplantation a boy whose only histocompatible donor was positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). He was conditioned for transplantation with cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation. Hepatitis hyperimmune gamma globulin was administered following the bone marrow infusion. Fourteen months after transplantation, the recipient remains a chronic HBsAg carrier, but he has neither developed fulminant liver disease nor has there been any evidence of graft failure.", "contents": "Transplantation of hepatitis B surface antigen positive bone marrow. We considered for bone marrow transplantation a boy whose only histocompatible donor was positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). He was conditioned for transplantation with cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation. Hepatitis hyperimmune gamma globulin was administered following the bone marrow infusion. Fourteen months after transplantation, the recipient remains a chronic HBsAg carrier, but he has neither developed fulminant liver disease nor has there been any evidence of graft failure."}
{"id": "PMID:347651", "title": "The generation of phospholipase A and hemolytic fatty acids by autolysing suspensions of Trypanosoma congolense.", "content": "When T. congolense undergoes autolysis there is a concomitant appearance of phospholipase A activity and hemolytic fatty acids. The generation of enzyme activity is exponential, and the appearance of hemolytic activity corresponds to a free fatty acid concentration of 0.02 to 0.03 mg. per ml. The concentration of the trypanosome suspension markedly affected the kinetics of the generation process. In contrast, the autolysis of T. lewisi did not generate hemolytic activity unless exogenous phospholipase A was added to the organisms.", "contents": "The generation of phospholipase A and hemolytic fatty acids by autolysing suspensions of Trypanosoma congolense. When T. congolense undergoes autolysis there is a concomitant appearance of phospholipase A activity and hemolytic fatty acids. The generation of enzyme activity is exponential, and the appearance of hemolytic activity corresponds to a free fatty acid concentration of 0.02 to 0.03 mg. per ml. The concentration of the trypanosome suspension markedly affected the kinetics of the generation process. In contrast, the autolysis of T. lewisi did not generate hemolytic activity unless exogenous phospholipase A was added to the organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:347652", "title": "A standardization of microfilarial densities for epidemiological comparisons in periodic bancroftian filariasis.", "content": "Microfilarial density in the peripheral blood changes with time. The average concentration in a population can only be calculated if the influence of circadian periodicity is eliminated from individual measurements. A transformation of the harmonic wave formula, describing the time dependent changes in density allows to calculate the number of microfilariae at the peak of the curve from the number observed at the time of examination. The equation was tested for strains of Wuchereria bancrofti from Liberia.", "contents": "A standardization of microfilarial densities for epidemiological comparisons in periodic bancroftian filariasis. Microfilarial density in the peripheral blood changes with time. The average concentration in a population can only be calculated if the influence of circadian periodicity is eliminated from individual measurements. A transformation of the harmonic wave formula, describing the time dependent changes in density allows to calculate the number of microfilariae at the peak of the curve from the number observed at the time of examination. The equation was tested for strains of Wuchereria bancrofti from Liberia."}
{"id": "PMID:347653", "title": "Fading of malaria immunity in mice.", "content": "Fading of immunity in Swiss and C3H/StZ mice was progressive, and related to both, the interval elapsed since the last challenge infection and survival of parasites. In both mouse strains the proportion of mice that remained immune to challenge decreased with increasing fading periods. Moreover, a shift from delayed mortality to a normal course of infection as seen in non-immune controls was observed in C3H/StZ mice. Early parameters of fading were increasing peak parasitaemias after challenge in an increasing proportion of mice, and lethal infections instead of transient parasitaemias. Fading was also reflected by changes in the host cells preferentially infected early after reinfection: with increasing fading periods host cell preference shifted from predominantly polychromatophilic erythrocytes to mixed infections and finally to predominantly oxyphilic cells, especially in Swiss mice. The results of isodiagnosis indicated a positive correlation between persistence of parasites and immunity; whereas the absence of parasites was related to various phases of a fading immune response.", "contents": "Fading of malaria immunity in mice. Fading of immunity in Swiss and C3H/StZ mice was progressive, and related to both, the interval elapsed since the last challenge infection and survival of parasites. In both mouse strains the proportion of mice that remained immune to challenge decreased with increasing fading periods. Moreover, a shift from delayed mortality to a normal course of infection as seen in non-immune controls was observed in C3H/StZ mice. Early parameters of fading were increasing peak parasitaemias after challenge in an increasing proportion of mice, and lethal infections instead of transient parasitaemias. Fading was also reflected by changes in the host cells preferentially infected early after reinfection: with increasing fading periods host cell preference shifted from predominantly polychromatophilic erythrocytes to mixed infections and finally to predominantly oxyphilic cells, especially in Swiss mice. The results of isodiagnosis indicated a positive correlation between persistence of parasites and immunity; whereas the absence of parasites was related to various phases of a fading immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:347654", "title": "Comparison of the dried blood on filter paper and serum techniques for the diagnosis of bovine babesiosis utilizing the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test.", "content": "A comparison between the techniques of dried blood on filter paper and serum for the diagnosis of babesiosis utilizing the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test was evaluated. Dried blood on filter paper was used as a method to detect B. bigemina and B. argentina antibodies of Colombian cattle under laboratory and field conditions and the technique was compared with the serum of the same animals. A high relationship was found between the results of the dried blood and the serum from calves experimentally infected with Babesia spp. and calves from enzootic hemoparasites-free zones in Colombia. There were no significant differences in the sensitivity and specificity of both techniques. The samples on filter paper could be practical for field use due to their easy management and storage at different temperatures. This indicates that the use of dried blood may be a valuable aid for the epizootiologic studies of Babesia spp. infections in bovines.", "contents": "Comparison of the dried blood on filter paper and serum techniques for the diagnosis of bovine babesiosis utilizing the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. A comparison between the techniques of dried blood on filter paper and serum for the diagnosis of babesiosis utilizing the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test was evaluated. Dried blood on filter paper was used as a method to detect B. bigemina and B. argentina antibodies of Colombian cattle under laboratory and field conditions and the technique was compared with the serum of the same animals. A high relationship was found between the results of the dried blood and the serum from calves experimentally infected with Babesia spp. and calves from enzootic hemoparasites-free zones in Colombia. There were no significant differences in the sensitivity and specificity of both techniques. The samples on filter paper could be practical for field use due to their easy management and storage at different temperatures. This indicates that the use of dried blood may be a valuable aid for the epizootiologic studies of Babesia spp. infections in bovines."}
{"id": "PMID:347659", "title": "Vaginal abnormalities.", "content": "The embryologic development of the vagina is still disputed. The urogenital sinus and the mesonephric (wolffian) and paramesonephric (m\u00fcllerian) ducts probably all play a role in the development of the vagina. Duplication, agenesis, mesonephric duct remnants, and hymen abnormalities are among the more common congenital anomalies of the vagina.", "contents": "Vaginal abnormalities. The embryologic development of the vagina is still disputed. The urogenital sinus and the mesonephric (wolffian) and paramesonephric (m\u00fcllerian) ducts probably all play a role in the development of the vagina. Duplication, agenesis, mesonephric duct remnants, and hymen abnormalities are among the more common congenital anomalies of the vagina."}
{"id": "PMID:347662", "title": "Embryology of the lower genitourinary tract.", "content": "The urinary and genital systems are closely related in their development so that dividing them into separate divisions is often artificial. The lower urinary system begins as a cloaca. The urorectal septum then divides the cloaca into a ventral urogenital sinus and a dorsal hindgut. The ureteral bud forms off the mesonephric duct. The male and female genital systems are the same until the gonad assumes characteristics of the testis or ovary in the eighth week of gestation. It is not until the eleventh or twelfth week that the external genitalia assume specific sexual characteristics. Anomalies of the urethra and bladder can vary from a severe epispadias-exstrophy complex to a minimal Type I urethral valve. Ureteral anomalies include duplications, ectopia, and ureteroceles. An undescended testis is probably the most common anomaly in the male genital tract. Female genital anomalies can include a variety of uterine duplication anomalies. Gonadal abnormalities are often created by a chromosomal defect and are ultimately reflected by abnormal sexual differentiation.", "contents": "Embryology of the lower genitourinary tract. The urinary and genital systems are closely related in their development so that dividing them into separate divisions is often artificial. The lower urinary system begins as a cloaca. The urorectal septum then divides the cloaca into a ventral urogenital sinus and a dorsal hindgut. The ureteral bud forms off the mesonephric duct. The male and female genital systems are the same until the gonad assumes characteristics of the testis or ovary in the eighth week of gestation. It is not until the eleventh or twelfth week that the external genitalia assume specific sexual characteristics. Anomalies of the urethra and bladder can vary from a severe epispadias-exstrophy complex to a minimal Type I urethral valve. Ureteral anomalies include duplications, ectopia, and ureteroceles. An undescended testis is probably the most common anomaly in the male genital tract. Female genital anomalies can include a variety of uterine duplication anomalies. Gonadal abnormalities are often created by a chromosomal defect and are ultimately reflected by abnormal sexual differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:347664", "title": "Hypospadias.", "content": "The principles involved in the two techniques illustrated in this article are safe and effective. Complications can occur, as with any surgical procedure, but they can be minimized with careful attention to detail. In this, as in most discussions of technique, many small details are not included. Therefore, the reader is warned against embarking on repairs with the book in front of him in the operating room. The illustrations serve only as a guide and offer various degrees of assistance, depending upon the amount of the surgeon's experience. The list of references that follows is a fascinating tour of the development of hypospadias surgery, and is recommended reading.", "contents": "Hypospadias. The principles involved in the two techniques illustrated in this article are safe and effective. Complications can occur, as with any surgical procedure, but they can be minimized with careful attention to detail. In this, as in most discussions of technique, many small details are not included. Therefore, the reader is warned against embarking on repairs with the book in front of him in the operating room. The illustrations serve only as a guide and offer various degrees of assistance, depending upon the amount of the surgeon's experience. The list of references that follows is a fascinating tour of the development of hypospadias surgery, and is recommended reading."}
{"id": "PMID:347673", "title": "The efficacy of urinary cytology in the detection of urothelial tumours. Sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytology.", "content": "The sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytology in the detection of urothelial tumours using voided urine and applying simple smear preparation and staining techniques have been assessed. Of the 2704 patients under investigation 207 had urothelial tumours. The first urine analysis was positive in 66% of the patients with urothelial carcinoma; an additional 23% of the patients showed positive cytology in repeat smears, resulting in a sensitivity of 89%. The efficacy of urinary cytology depends on the tumour type: for grade 2 tumours, 79% were cytologically positive, 92% of grade 3 and 98% of the grade 4 tumours. The diagnostic efficacy in cases of carcinoma-in-situ, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma was comparable with that of grade 4 carcinomas. Grade 0-1 tumours did not result in positive cytology. In eleven cases of lithiasis and in two cases of cyclophosphamide therapy the cytological diagnosis was positive but no neoplasm could be established histologically; these represent true false positive diagnoses. Thus, the false positive rate, 13 out of 165, was 7.88% and the false negative rate, 61 out of 207, was 29.4% when grades 0-1 were included, but 8.75% (14 our of 160) when grades 0-1 were excluded.", "contents": "The efficacy of urinary cytology in the detection of urothelial tumours. Sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytology. The sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytology in the detection of urothelial tumours using voided urine and applying simple smear preparation and staining techniques have been assessed. Of the 2704 patients under investigation 207 had urothelial tumours. The first urine analysis was positive in 66% of the patients with urothelial carcinoma; an additional 23% of the patients showed positive cytology in repeat smears, resulting in a sensitivity of 89%. The efficacy of urinary cytology depends on the tumour type: for grade 2 tumours, 79% were cytologically positive, 92% of grade 3 and 98% of the grade 4 tumours. The diagnostic efficacy in cases of carcinoma-in-situ, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma was comparable with that of grade 4 carcinomas. Grade 0-1 tumours did not result in positive cytology. In eleven cases of lithiasis and in two cases of cyclophosphamide therapy the cytological diagnosis was positive but no neoplasm could be established histologically; these represent true false positive diagnoses. Thus, the false positive rate, 13 out of 165, was 7.88% and the false negative rate, 61 out of 207, was 29.4% when grades 0-1 were included, but 8.75% (14 our of 160) when grades 0-1 were excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:347681", "title": "[Treatment of post-burn perineal deformities in children].", "content": "The classification of scar injuries of the perineum, peculiarities of their clinical course and characteristics of functional disorders in 12 children are presented in this work. The treatment depended upon the character of pathology. In case of a \"scar sail\" the plasty with local tissues grafts was performed. The Filatov's graft was used for the plasty of the defect formed after the excision of the scars in an injury to the anus. The Filatov's graft was also used for the plastic reconstruction of the large pudendal lips in girls. In case of the rectum prolapse and extensive perineal scar changes the Filatov's graft and feeding pedicle graft, formed, in the vicinity, were used for the replacement of the large defect. The results of the treatment are described.", "contents": "[Treatment of post-burn perineal deformities in children]. The classification of scar injuries of the perineum, peculiarities of their clinical course and characteristics of functional disorders in 12 children are presented in this work. The treatment depended upon the character of pathology. In case of a \"scar sail\" the plasty with local tissues grafts was performed. The Filatov's graft was used for the plasty of the defect formed after the excision of the scars in an injury to the anus. The Filatov's graft was also used for the plastic reconstruction of the large pudendal lips in girls. In case of the rectum prolapse and extensive perineal scar changes the Filatov's graft and feeding pedicle graft, formed, in the vicinity, were used for the replacement of the large defect. The results of the treatment are described."}
{"id": "PMID:347684", "title": "[Restrictive artificial mechanisms in prevention of late complications after small intestine-colon anastomosis].", "content": "The experiments on 30 dogs proved that reduplication and semi-invagination serve as restrictive mechanisms before small intestine-colon anastomosis. These procedures slow dowm the evacuation of intestinal contents, interfere with small intestine-colonic outflow, improve digestion and absorption, contribute to the shortening of the time needed for compensation, provide better late results of the right hemicolonectomy.", "contents": "[Restrictive artificial mechanisms in prevention of late complications after small intestine-colon anastomosis]. The experiments on 30 dogs proved that reduplication and semi-invagination serve as restrictive mechanisms before small intestine-colon anastomosis. These procedures slow dowm the evacuation of intestinal contents, interfere with small intestine-colonic outflow, improve digestion and absorption, contribute to the shortening of the time needed for compensation, provide better late results of the right hemicolonectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:347686", "title": "Brain abscess associated with a penetrating foreign body.", "content": "Oropharyngeal foreign bodies are not infrequently encountered in dogs and are usually associated with dysphagia. In this case an oropharyngeal foreign body resulted in nervous signs as a result of penetration of the cranial cavity and the development of a brain abscess.", "contents": "Brain abscess associated with a penetrating foreign body. Oropharyngeal foreign bodies are not infrequently encountered in dogs and are usually associated with dysphagia. In this case an oropharyngeal foreign body resulted in nervous signs as a result of penetration of the cranial cavity and the development of a brain abscess."}
{"id": "PMID:347688", "title": "Detection of Salmonella typhimurium infection of chickens.", "content": "The serological response of two groups of chickens was followed by three techniques after experimental infection of one group with Salmonella typhimurium. Results obtained illustrate the greater sensitivity of the microantiglobulin (Coombs) test over more conventional methods for detecting salmonella agglutinins. The possibilities of the diagnostic use of the microantiglobulin test in the field are discussed.", "contents": "Detection of Salmonella typhimurium infection of chickens. The serological response of two groups of chickens was followed by three techniques after experimental infection of one group with Salmonella typhimurium. Results obtained illustrate the greater sensitivity of the microantiglobulin (Coombs) test over more conventional methods for detecting salmonella agglutinins. The possibilities of the diagnostic use of the microantiglobulin test in the field are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347711", "title": "[Metastasis to the lymph nodes as an index of the effectiveness of preoperative endolymphatic polychemotherapy of cervix cancer].", "content": "Ninety eight patients with cervical cancer were subjected to endolymphatic chemotherapy with multiple cytostatic drugs to affect metastatic lymph nodes. A comcentrated mixture of chemotherapeutic drugs (total amount about 20 ml) was injected into plantar lymph vessels, an interval being 10-14 days. The combinations and dosage of the drugs were as follows: thio-TEPA (100-150 mg) or cyclophosphamid (1000-2000 mg)+methotrexate (100 mg)+5-fluorouracil (1000-1500 mg). Subsequently, 76 patients underwent an extended extirpation of the uterus with adnexa, and their lymph-nodes were studied morphologically. It was found that the number of metastases into the lymphnodes was considerably less than it had been expected. Of 45 patients with the disease stage II metastases have been found only in 3 cases (7%). Of 24 patients with cancer stage III the lymphnodes were involved in 4 cases (16.6%). According to the literature data metastatic involvement of the lymphnodes is on an average encountered in 36% for stage II and in 51% - for stage III.", "contents": "[Metastasis to the lymph nodes as an index of the effectiveness of preoperative endolymphatic polychemotherapy of cervix cancer]. Ninety eight patients with cervical cancer were subjected to endolymphatic chemotherapy with multiple cytostatic drugs to affect metastatic lymph nodes. A comcentrated mixture of chemotherapeutic drugs (total amount about 20 ml) was injected into plantar lymph vessels, an interval being 10-14 days. The combinations and dosage of the drugs were as follows: thio-TEPA (100-150 mg) or cyclophosphamid (1000-2000 mg)+methotrexate (100 mg)+5-fluorouracil (1000-1500 mg). Subsequently, 76 patients underwent an extended extirpation of the uterus with adnexa, and their lymph-nodes were studied morphologically. It was found that the number of metastases into the lymphnodes was considerably less than it had been expected. Of 45 patients with the disease stage II metastases have been found only in 3 cases (7%). Of 24 patients with cancer stage III the lymphnodes were involved in 4 cases (16.6%). According to the literature data metastatic involvement of the lymphnodes is on an average encountered in 36% for stage II and in 51% - for stage III."}
{"id": "PMID:347722", "title": "[Exercise haemodynamics and ECG in the evaluation of the severity of coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Myocardial scarring and coronary insufficiency give rise to regional changes in left ventricular function, often leading to generalized left ventricular dysfunction during physical activity only. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the relations between left ventricular function determined by ECG and measurements of pulmonary artery pressure during exercise and the severity of coronary artery disease. Simultaneous measurements in the pulmonary artery and in the left ventricle in 76 patients revealed that the enddiastolic pulmonary pressure (PAEDP) was lower than the enddiastolic pressure in the left ventricle (LVEDP) by a mean value of 10.5 mm Hg in the presence of ventricular dysfunction. This difference was smaller in congestive heart failure than in cases of acute myocardial ischaemia. Correlation coefficients of mean pulmonary wedge pressure (PCm), PAEDP, mean pulmonary pressure (PAPm), and LVEDP were 0.90, 0.86, and 0.81, respectively, thus allowing only an approximate estimate of the left ventricular filling pressure. In 150 angiographically documented cases of coronary heart disease, haemodynamic measurements were performed during stepwise-increased, symptom-limited supine exercise on a bicycle ergometer. All patients limited at 25 watts had either triple vessel disease or stenosis of the trunk of the left coronary artery or of the proximal section of the left anterior descending artery (RIVA). In comparison with subjects with single vessel disease, patients with triple vessel involvement tolerated only a smaller exercise load and reached higher values of PAEDP (30.4 +/- 9.0 versus 24.0 +/- 7.7 mm Hg, p less than 0.001). Analysis of data of patients with a single coronary stenosis showed the exercise-PAEDP to be largely independent of the myocardial condition, but to depend upon the location of the stenosis, the highest pressure values being observed with stenoses of the main left coronary artery or the proximal segment of the RIVA. Based on these findings a simple coronary score system was delineated to determine the severity of the disease, taking into account the location of an obstruction, in particular, and, to a lesser amount, the degree of the stenosis and the type of coronary artery distribution. The score yielded essentially better correlations to work load and filling pressures during exercise than did the number of obstructed vessels. The regression line of the PAEDP versus the coronary score was flatter in patients with angiographically documented collaterals than in cases without, indicating the functional significance of these vessels. In patients with stenoses confined to the arteries supplying infarcted areas and, consequently, without signs of ischaemia during exercise a close relation was obtained between the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and the maximum PAEDP, best expressed by a third order regression equation (r = 0.79), p less than 0.001, SEE +/- 6.1). A PAEDP exceeding 25 mm Hg is, thus, a reliable sign of an EF of less than 40%...", "contents": "[Exercise haemodynamics and ECG in the evaluation of the severity of coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. Myocardial scarring and coronary insufficiency give rise to regional changes in left ventricular function, often leading to generalized left ventricular dysfunction during physical activity only. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the relations between left ventricular function determined by ECG and measurements of pulmonary artery pressure during exercise and the severity of coronary artery disease. Simultaneous measurements in the pulmonary artery and in the left ventricle in 76 patients revealed that the enddiastolic pulmonary pressure (PAEDP) was lower than the enddiastolic pressure in the left ventricle (LVEDP) by a mean value of 10.5 mm Hg in the presence of ventricular dysfunction. This difference was smaller in congestive heart failure than in cases of acute myocardial ischaemia. Correlation coefficients of mean pulmonary wedge pressure (PCm), PAEDP, mean pulmonary pressure (PAPm), and LVEDP were 0.90, 0.86, and 0.81, respectively, thus allowing only an approximate estimate of the left ventricular filling pressure. In 150 angiographically documented cases of coronary heart disease, haemodynamic measurements were performed during stepwise-increased, symptom-limited supine exercise on a bicycle ergometer. All patients limited at 25 watts had either triple vessel disease or stenosis of the trunk of the left coronary artery or of the proximal section of the left anterior descending artery (RIVA). In comparison with subjects with single vessel disease, patients with triple vessel involvement tolerated only a smaller exercise load and reached higher values of PAEDP (30.4 +/- 9.0 versus 24.0 +/- 7.7 mm Hg, p less than 0.001). Analysis of data of patients with a single coronary stenosis showed the exercise-PAEDP to be largely independent of the myocardial condition, but to depend upon the location of the stenosis, the highest pressure values being observed with stenoses of the main left coronary artery or the proximal segment of the RIVA. Based on these findings a simple coronary score system was delineated to determine the severity of the disease, taking into account the location of an obstruction, in particular, and, to a lesser amount, the degree of the stenosis and the type of coronary artery distribution. The score yielded essentially better correlations to work load and filling pressures during exercise than did the number of obstructed vessels. The regression line of the PAEDP versus the coronary score was flatter in patients with angiographically documented collaterals than in cases without, indicating the functional significance of these vessels. In patients with stenoses confined to the arteries supplying infarcted areas and, consequently, without signs of ischaemia during exercise a close relation was obtained between the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and the maximum PAEDP, best expressed by a third order regression equation (r = 0.79), p less than 0.001, SEE +/- 6.1). A PAEDP exceeding 25 mm Hg is, thus, a reliable sign of an EF of less than 40%..."}
{"id": "PMID:347724", "title": "Bunolol metabolism by dogs: urinary excretion of 5-hydroxytetralone.", "content": "1. Anion exchange and t.l.c. were used to collect the polar drug metabolites present in urine of dogs treated orally with [14C]bunolol. 2. A new metabolite, 5-hydroxytetralone, was isolated, purified, and identified by u.v.,i.r. and mass spectroscopy. 3. 5-Hydroxytetralone represented 1.7% dose excreted in urine collected for 24 h after bunolol administration. 4. Properties of the metabolite are discussed in relation to the question of whether 5-hydroxytetralone was excreted as a conjugate.", "contents": "Bunolol metabolism by dogs: urinary excretion of 5-hydroxytetralone. 1. Anion exchange and t.l.c. were used to collect the polar drug metabolites present in urine of dogs treated orally with [14C]bunolol. 2. A new metabolite, 5-hydroxytetralone, was isolated, purified, and identified by u.v.,i.r. and mass spectroscopy. 3. 5-Hydroxytetralone represented 1.7% dose excreted in urine collected for 24 h after bunolol administration. 4. Properties of the metabolite are discussed in relation to the question of whether 5-hydroxytetralone was excreted as a conjugate."}
{"id": "PMID:347725", "title": "Taurine conjugates as metabolites of arylacetic acids in the ferret.", "content": "1. The pattern of conjugation in the ferret of 8 arylacetic acids and, for comparison, benzoic acid and 4-nitrobenzoic acid was examined. 2. The arylacetic acids, phenylacetic, 4-chloro- and 4-nitro phenylacetic, alpha-methylphenylacetic (hydratropic), 1- and 2-naphthylacetic and indol-3-ylacetic acids, were excreted in the urine as taurine and glycine conjugates. Diphenylacetic acid did not form an amino acid conjugate and was excreted as a glucuronide. 3. The taurine conjugate was the major metabolite of 4-nitrophenylacetic, alpha-methylphenylacetic, 1- and 2-naphthylacetic and indol-3-ylacetic acids, whereas the glycine conjugate was the major metabolite of phenylacetic and 4-chlorophenylacetic acids. Taurine conjugation did not occur with benzoic and 4-nitrobenzoic acids which were excreted as glycine and glucuronic acid conjugates. 4. Phenacetylglutamine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid were minor urinary metabolites of phenylacetic in the ferret. 5. A number of taurine conjugates of aliphatic and aromatic acids were synthesized and their characterization and properties were studied. The role of taurine as an alternative to glycine in the metabolic conjugation of arylacetic acids is discussed.", "contents": "Taurine conjugates as metabolites of arylacetic acids in the ferret. 1. The pattern of conjugation in the ferret of 8 arylacetic acids and, for comparison, benzoic acid and 4-nitrobenzoic acid was examined. 2. The arylacetic acids, phenylacetic, 4-chloro- and 4-nitro phenylacetic, alpha-methylphenylacetic (hydratropic), 1- and 2-naphthylacetic and indol-3-ylacetic acids, were excreted in the urine as taurine and glycine conjugates. Diphenylacetic acid did not form an amino acid conjugate and was excreted as a glucuronide. 3. The taurine conjugate was the major metabolite of 4-nitrophenylacetic, alpha-methylphenylacetic, 1- and 2-naphthylacetic and indol-3-ylacetic acids, whereas the glycine conjugate was the major metabolite of phenylacetic and 4-chlorophenylacetic acids. Taurine conjugation did not occur with benzoic and 4-nitrobenzoic acids which were excreted as glycine and glucuronic acid conjugates. 4. Phenacetylglutamine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid were minor urinary metabolites of phenylacetic in the ferret. 5. A number of taurine conjugates of aliphatic and aromatic acids were synthesized and their characterization and properties were studied. The role of taurine as an alternative to glycine in the metabolic conjugation of arylacetic acids is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347720", "title": "[Study of the effect of rimantadine on the course of mixed viral-bacterial infection in albino mice].", "content": "The results of the study of rimantadine effectiveness in a viral-bacterial infection in white mice caused by a mixture of influenza A2 virus (10 LD50) and hemolytic streptococcus group A (350 million bacteria). The drug showed no prophylactic or therapeutic effect in the mixed infection, whereas in influenza infection in the animals which served as a positive control rimantadine had marked antiviral activity (P less than 0.001). It is assumed that the lack of the drug effectiveness against the mixed infection is due to the formation in the animals of virus-microbe complexes which are conducive to an increase of infectious virus titers and virus resistance to various treatments.", "contents": "[Study of the effect of rimantadine on the course of mixed viral-bacterial infection in albino mice]. The results of the study of rimantadine effectiveness in a viral-bacterial infection in white mice caused by a mixture of influenza A2 virus (10 LD50) and hemolytic streptococcus group A (350 million bacteria). The drug showed no prophylactic or therapeutic effect in the mixed infection, whereas in influenza infection in the animals which served as a positive control rimantadine had marked antiviral activity (P less than 0.001). It is assumed that the lack of the drug effectiveness against the mixed infection is due to the formation in the animals of virus-microbe complexes which are conducive to an increase of infectious virus titers and virus resistance to various treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:347730", "title": "[Disorders of hemostasis in shock].", "content": "Shock and disturbance of haemostasis are described as the cause of a common severe basic disease evoking them. Haemodynamically rheological changes with disturbances of the perfusion of high degree which in the extreme case via formations of microcoagulations may lead to organ necroses with irreversible deleterius loss of organs are common to both. Bodily dysregulations may also lead to an increase of the potential of fibrinolysis with dramatic haemorrhagic complications. A coarsely orienting stage division of the consumption coagulopathy allows aimed therapeutic measures after differentiated indication, such as the application of antifibrinolytics and aimed haemosubstitution under heparin protection.", "contents": "[Disorders of hemostasis in shock]. Shock and disturbance of haemostasis are described as the cause of a common severe basic disease evoking them. Haemodynamically rheological changes with disturbances of the perfusion of high degree which in the extreme case via formations of microcoagulations may lead to organ necroses with irreversible deleterius loss of organs are common to both. Bodily dysregulations may also lead to an increase of the potential of fibrinolysis with dramatic haemorrhagic complications. A coarsely orienting stage division of the consumption coagulopathy allows aimed therapeutic measures after differentiated indication, such as the application of antifibrinolytics and aimed haemosubstitution under heparin protection."}
{"id": "PMID:347731", "title": "[Contractile connective tissue cells and wound healing. Function of myoid fibroblasts in reparative regeneration of mesenchymal tissue].", "content": "The present survey deals with processes of wound healing with special regard to fibroblast proliferation. Comparative experimental studies on reparative and regenerative fibroblastic proliferates and findings from the literature point to the importance of a fibroblast modification with myoid structure in certain phases of the reparative regeneration of the connective tissues. The ultrastructural picture of the myoid fibroblasts and their functional significance are discussed with regard to wound healing in man.", "contents": "[Contractile connective tissue cells and wound healing. Function of myoid fibroblasts in reparative regeneration of mesenchymal tissue]. The present survey deals with processes of wound healing with special regard to fibroblast proliferation. Comparative experimental studies on reparative and regenerative fibroblastic proliferates and findings from the literature point to the importance of a fibroblast modification with myoid structure in certain phases of the reparative regeneration of the connective tissues. The ultrastructural picture of the myoid fibroblasts and their functional significance are discussed with regard to wound healing in man."}
{"id": "PMID:347732", "title": "[Experimental studies on the antimicrobial effect of several butylcyanoacrylate tissue adhesives].", "content": "It is dealt with the effects of various butycyano-acrylate type surgical adhesives on gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species. The experimental results show a growth-inhibiting effect on gram-positive germs. Gram-negative germs are not affected. The growth inhibition produced by SO2-containing adhesives is greater than that caused by SO2-free ones. As compared to Histoacryl blue, the Fimomed variants showed a broader spectrum. Furthermore, it was stated that the adhesive exerts its growth-inhibiting effect not only in the monomeric, but also in the polymeric state. A relationship between the gram-behaviour and the antimicrobic effect of the adhesive is taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the antimicrobial effect of several butylcyanoacrylate tissue adhesives]. It is dealt with the effects of various butycyano-acrylate type surgical adhesives on gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species. The experimental results show a growth-inhibiting effect on gram-positive germs. Gram-negative germs are not affected. The growth inhibition produced by SO2-containing adhesives is greater than that caused by SO2-free ones. As compared to Histoacryl blue, the Fimomed variants showed a broader spectrum. Furthermore, it was stated that the adhesive exerts its growth-inhibiting effect not only in the monomeric, but also in the polymeric state. A relationship between the gram-behaviour and the antimicrobic effect of the adhesive is taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:347733", "title": "[The problem of anti-lung basal membrane immunity in the framework of allogenic lung transplant rejection].", "content": "This study is concerned with the significance of autoimmune processes caused by the damage of lung tissue after lungallo- and autotransplantation. In 15 mongrel dogs a left side lung-allotranplantation was performed, 5 of them were treated with immunsuppressive therapy in the posttransplantation period. A group of 5 dogs with autotransplantation of the left lung served as a control-group. In the posttransplantation period the development of humoral antibodies responding with lung basal membrane antigens was examined by daily taken sera as well as by elution of immuneglobulins from the rejected grafts in the passive hemagglutination and compared with the development of alloantibodies against donor-lung's tissue. Besides of regularly traceable humoral alloantibodies of lung allograft recipients in the posttransplantation period, in no group antilung basal membrane antibodies could be found.", "contents": "[The problem of anti-lung basal membrane immunity in the framework of allogenic lung transplant rejection]. This study is concerned with the significance of autoimmune processes caused by the damage of lung tissue after lungallo- and autotransplantation. In 15 mongrel dogs a left side lung-allotranplantation was performed, 5 of them were treated with immunsuppressive therapy in the posttransplantation period. A group of 5 dogs with autotransplantation of the left lung served as a control-group. In the posttransplantation period the development of humoral antibodies responding with lung basal membrane antigens was examined by daily taken sera as well as by elution of immuneglobulins from the rejected grafts in the passive hemagglutination and compared with the development of alloantibodies against donor-lung's tissue. Besides of regularly traceable humoral alloantibodies of lung allograft recipients in the posttransplantation period, in no group antilung basal membrane antibodies could be found."}
{"id": "PMID:347734", "title": "[Animal experiment studies on vascular wall injuries causing early vein-transplant thrombosis].", "content": "Veno-venous autotransplantations of the jugular veins of dogs were performed. The grafts remained patent if an endothelium preserving technique was applied for the dissection of the veins as well as for the anastomotic procedure. The endothelium preserving surgical technique consists in avoiding touching the veins by the hand of the surgeon, by instruments and by swabs. Also the retraction of the severed ends of the vein and of the graft should be avoided as well as the conglutination of the lumina. For this purpose the ends of the veins are kept in extension by atraumatic holding sutures. A progressive shrinking of the anastomotic region was never observed. Moderate stenoses, sometimes seen the first days after the transplantation, regularly disappeared a few weeks later. Ten autografts remained patent without systemic anticoagulation and without creating an arterio-venous fistula.", "contents": "[Animal experiment studies on vascular wall injuries causing early vein-transplant thrombosis]. Veno-venous autotransplantations of the jugular veins of dogs were performed. The grafts remained patent if an endothelium preserving technique was applied for the dissection of the veins as well as for the anastomotic procedure. The endothelium preserving surgical technique consists in avoiding touching the veins by the hand of the surgeon, by instruments and by swabs. Also the retraction of the severed ends of the vein and of the graft should be avoided as well as the conglutination of the lumina. For this purpose the ends of the veins are kept in extension by atraumatic holding sutures. A progressive shrinking of the anastomotic region was never observed. Moderate stenoses, sometimes seen the first days after the transplantation, regularly disappeared a few weeks later. Ten autografts remained patent without systemic anticoagulation and without creating an arterio-venous fistula."}
{"id": "PMID:347735", "title": "[Current status of lung preservation for organ transplantation].", "content": "This paper gives a survey of the development and the present state of the preservation of isolated lungs intended for transplantation. Hypothermal perfusion with a colloid-containing electrolyte solution, supplemented with certain additives, without ventilation of the preserved lung is obviously a technique that is ready to be used in practice. The present priorities in experimental research are: elaboration of a standardized preservation technique, of which the expenditure can be justified in a clinical transplantation program, and establishment of parameters for the control of its efficiency.", "contents": "[Current status of lung preservation for organ transplantation]. This paper gives a survey of the development and the present state of the preservation of isolated lungs intended for transplantation. Hypothermal perfusion with a colloid-containing electrolyte solution, supplemented with certain additives, without ventilation of the preserved lung is obviously a technique that is ready to be used in practice. The present priorities in experimental research are: elaboration of a standardized preservation technique, of which the expenditure can be justified in a clinical transplantation program, and establishment of parameters for the control of its efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:347737", "title": "[Morphology of the placenta in premanifest maternal diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].", "content": "66 placentas of mothers with protodiabetes or of the White-classes A/a, respectively, are investigated morphologically. The results are correlated with the clinical findings. Complications during pregnancy as well as the perinatal mortality (5.7 per cent) are less frequent in early stages before the diabetes become manifest. Severe diabetic disturbances of placental maturation we have found in protodiabetics in 15.4 per cent, in the White-classes A/a in 18.9%. In the White-classe D the frequency is 49.5 per cent. Accordingly, the diagnostic possibilities are smaller than in cases with manifest diabetes mellitus. Diabetic disturbances of placental maturation can be demonstrated already in few cases of the material in protodiabetics and in patients with glucosuria during pregnancy and with suspicion of diabetes mellitus, but without diabetic fetopathy. Therefore in our opinion diagnosis of diabetic metabolic disorder may be possible by some morphologic criterias of the placenta in very early stages of diabetes before clinical manifestation.", "contents": "[Morphology of the placenta in premanifest maternal diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. 66 placentas of mothers with protodiabetes or of the White-classes A/a, respectively, are investigated morphologically. The results are correlated with the clinical findings. Complications during pregnancy as well as the perinatal mortality (5.7 per cent) are less frequent in early stages before the diabetes become manifest. Severe diabetic disturbances of placental maturation we have found in protodiabetics in 15.4 per cent, in the White-classes A/a in 18.9%. In the White-classe D the frequency is 49.5 per cent. Accordingly, the diagnostic possibilities are smaller than in cases with manifest diabetes mellitus. Diabetic disturbances of placental maturation can be demonstrated already in few cases of the material in protodiabetics and in patients with glucosuria during pregnancy and with suspicion of diabetes mellitus, but without diabetic fetopathy. Therefore in our opinion diagnosis of diabetic metabolic disorder may be possible by some morphologic criterias of the placenta in very early stages of diabetes before clinical manifestation."}
{"id": "PMID:347739", "title": "Response of the blood glucose and the pancreatic islets of the lizard, Uromastix hardwicki (Gray) to exogenous insulin.", "content": "Uromastix hardwicki was found more resistant to insulin as compared to other poikilotherms and this insulin resistance appears to be related to the preponderance of glucagon secreting alpha-cells in this species. The magnitude and the persistence of hypolgycemia caused by insulin are directly dependent upon the quantity of the dose. The higher doses (2000 and 3000 U/kg) resulted into shocks, but the lack of correlation between hypoglycemia and shocks has been attributed to the direct effect of insulin on the nervous system. Histologically, insulin induced degranulation of both the beta- and alpha-cells. The physiological action of insulin is apparently greater at higher ambient temperature. The ability of insulin to damage beta- and alpha-cells in Uromastix hardwicki further gathers evidence for the similarity of these cell types with those of mammals and other vertebrates in being the source of insulin and glucagon respectively, and in controlling the blood glucose homeostasis in this lizard.", "contents": "Response of the blood glucose and the pancreatic islets of the lizard, Uromastix hardwicki (Gray) to exogenous insulin. Uromastix hardwicki was found more resistant to insulin as compared to other poikilotherms and this insulin resistance appears to be related to the preponderance of glucagon secreting alpha-cells in this species. The magnitude and the persistence of hypolgycemia caused by insulin are directly dependent upon the quantity of the dose. The higher doses (2000 and 3000 U/kg) resulted into shocks, but the lack of correlation between hypoglycemia and shocks has been attributed to the direct effect of insulin on the nervous system. Histologically, insulin induced degranulation of both the beta- and alpha-cells. The physiological action of insulin is apparently greater at higher ambient temperature. The ability of insulin to damage beta- and alpha-cells in Uromastix hardwicki further gathers evidence for the similarity of these cell types with those of mammals and other vertebrates in being the source of insulin and glucagon respectively, and in controlling the blood glucose homeostasis in this lizard."}
{"id": "PMID:347740", "title": "Electron microscope studies of human spermatozoa.", "content": "Semen of 40 healthy fertile men aged between 22--44 years was investigated. A triple morphological investigation of the semen was performed in each person. For the ultramicroscopic evaluation the semen specimens were selected according to the quantative criterion of normospermic. The ultrastructure of spermatozoon was described in comphiance with its division into head, neck and tail. The substructure of the axial fibre was separately analyzed. The physiological role of individual organelles of normal spermatozoon in fertilization was discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscope studies of human spermatozoa. Semen of 40 healthy fertile men aged between 22--44 years was investigated. A triple morphological investigation of the semen was performed in each person. For the ultramicroscopic evaluation the semen specimens were selected according to the quantative criterion of normospermic. The ultrastructure of spermatozoon was described in comphiance with its division into head, neck and tail. The substructure of the axial fibre was separately analyzed. The physiological role of individual organelles of normal spermatozoon in fertilization was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347741", "title": "A study on the bronchial innvervation of the male Perdicula asiatica (Uungle Bush quail) by cholinesterase technique.", "content": "Ganglia of various shapes (rounded and oval) and sizes (large, medium and smaller) either arranged in chain like fashion or in free form, lying on the wall of the bronchi and their branches, were recorded. The preganglionic and postganglionic nerve fibres formed the meshwork on the bronchi. The postganglionic fibres of the bronchial ganglia and the fibres of the peribronchial plexus, were either connected with the fibres of the plexus on air cavities or with the myelinated fibres of the plexus of muscles in the intraparenchyma. Groups of AChE-positive nerve cells were recorded in the lung lobule.", "contents": "A study on the bronchial innvervation of the male Perdicula asiatica (Uungle Bush quail) by cholinesterase technique. Ganglia of various shapes (rounded and oval) and sizes (large, medium and smaller) either arranged in chain like fashion or in free form, lying on the wall of the bronchi and their branches, were recorded. The preganglionic and postganglionic nerve fibres formed the meshwork on the bronchi. The postganglionic fibres of the bronchial ganglia and the fibres of the peribronchial plexus, were either connected with the fibres of the plexus on air cavities or with the myelinated fibres of the plexus of muscles in the intraparenchyma. Groups of AChE-positive nerve cells were recorded in the lung lobule."}
{"id": "PMID:347834", "title": "[P. L. Friedrich and the problem of wound infection (author's transl)].", "content": "For the first time P. L. Friedrich proved wound infection to be a local process for 6 to 8 hours. After total excision such wound can be treated like a sterile one. For the first time Friedrich also realised the importance of this time-limit which however was often misinterpreted. He never excised wounds in his patients totally, but always practised wound d\u00e9bridement after von Bergmann-Lexer.", "contents": "[P. L. Friedrich and the problem of wound infection (author's transl)]. For the first time P. L. Friedrich proved wound infection to be a local process for 6 to 8 hours. After total excision such wound can be treated like a sterile one. For the first time Friedrich also realised the importance of this time-limit which however was often misinterpreted. He never excised wounds in his patients totally, but always practised wound d\u00e9bridement after von Bergmann-Lexer."}
{"id": "PMID:347835", "title": "[Immunobiological fundamentals of primary graft rejection (author's transl)].", "content": "Graft rejection caused by genetic differences between donor and recipient is an immunological reaction of transplantation antigens with mechanisms of primarily cellular immunity, and later on even of humoral immunity. For initiating the immune response of the recipient three stages have to be distinguished: 1. Recognition of determinant groups of transplantation antigens by menbrame receptors at the surface of immunologically competent lymphocytes. 2. Differentiation and proliferation of immunologically activated lymphoid cells into cellular antibodies and plasma cells, the receptor molecules of which could be identified as immunoglobulins and which are sent into the blood as circulating humoral antibodies, , partially as complement fixing ones. 3. Effector phase, in the course of which the lysis of the graft is caused by target cell destruction. Many problems still remain unsolved, but now as ever, the basis of most experimental studies is still formed by Burnet's clonal selection theory.", "contents": "[Immunobiological fundamentals of primary graft rejection (author's transl)]. Graft rejection caused by genetic differences between donor and recipient is an immunological reaction of transplantation antigens with mechanisms of primarily cellular immunity, and later on even of humoral immunity. For initiating the immune response of the recipient three stages have to be distinguished: 1. Recognition of determinant groups of transplantation antigens by menbrame receptors at the surface of immunologically competent lymphocytes. 2. Differentiation and proliferation of immunologically activated lymphoid cells into cellular antibodies and plasma cells, the receptor molecules of which could be identified as immunoglobulins and which are sent into the blood as circulating humoral antibodies, , partially as complement fixing ones. 3. Effector phase, in the course of which the lysis of the graft is caused by target cell destruction. Many problems still remain unsolved, but now as ever, the basis of most experimental studies is still formed by Burnet's clonal selection theory."}
{"id": "PMID:347836", "title": "[Indication for vascular reconstruction in ischaemic diseases of the legs (author's transl)].", "content": "The indication for vascular reconstruction in ischaemic diseases of the legs should be considered as early as possible and individually. Only by strict selection of patients it is possible to reach favourable late results.", "contents": "[Indication for vascular reconstruction in ischaemic diseases of the legs (author's transl)]. The indication for vascular reconstruction in ischaemic diseases of the legs should be considered as early as possible and individually. Only by strict selection of patients it is possible to reach favourable late results."}
{"id": "PMID:347837", "title": "[Prediction of spontaneous abortion by vaginal cytologic smears (author's transl)i1].", "content": "Vaginal smears were obtained from 175 women during the first four months of pregnancy weekly and the Karyopycnotic Index and the Eosinophilic Index encountered by phase contrast microscopy. The normal values were listed our by percentils. The development of KPI and Eo I during early pregnancy were compaired in three groups of patients: 1, 120 women with normal early pregnancy, 2.20 women with threatened abortion but good following up of later pregnancy, and 3. 35 women with spontaneous abortion. Even 4 weeks before abortion vaginal smears changed to pathological values in about 40% of all patients with spontaneous abortion. Women with threatened abortion but good outcome of pregnancy used to have normal KPI and Eo I.", "contents": "[Prediction of spontaneous abortion by vaginal cytologic smears (author's transl)i1]. Vaginal smears were obtained from 175 women during the first four months of pregnancy weekly and the Karyopycnotic Index and the Eosinophilic Index encountered by phase contrast microscopy. The normal values were listed our by percentils. The development of KPI and Eo I during early pregnancy were compaired in three groups of patients: 1, 120 women with normal early pregnancy, 2.20 women with threatened abortion but good following up of later pregnancy, and 3. 35 women with spontaneous abortion. Even 4 weeks before abortion vaginal smears changed to pathological values in about 40% of all patients with spontaneous abortion. Women with threatened abortion but good outcome of pregnancy used to have normal KPI and Eo I."}
{"id": "PMID:347839", "title": "Isolation of salmonella from minced meat by the use of a new procedure of enrichment.", "content": "In the examination of 526 samples of minced meat for the presence of salmonellae, a preliminary pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water was made. From this medium enrichments were made, for each sample of meat, in the usual Rappaport's medium (R25), incubated at 37 degrees C, and in Muller-Kauffmanns tetrathionate broth, incubated at 43 degrees C. Moreover, an enrichment was also made in a strongly modified Rappaport's medium, containing much less malachite green (R10), incubated at 43 degrees C. The two Rappaport's media proved to be equally effective in the isolation of salmonellae and clearly more efficient, in this respect, than the Muller-Kauffmann's broth. The new Rappaport's medium (R10), incubated at 43 degrees C, has the advantage over the usuals Rappaport's and Muller-Kauffmann's enrichment media to inhibit much more considerably the growth of competing organisms than the two other enrichment media.", "contents": "Isolation of salmonella from minced meat by the use of a new procedure of enrichment. In the examination of 526 samples of minced meat for the presence of salmonellae, a preliminary pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water was made. From this medium enrichments were made, for each sample of meat, in the usual Rappaport's medium (R25), incubated at 37 degrees C, and in Muller-Kauffmanns tetrathionate broth, incubated at 43 degrees C. Moreover, an enrichment was also made in a strongly modified Rappaport's medium, containing much less malachite green (R10), incubated at 43 degrees C. The two Rappaport's media proved to be equally effective in the isolation of salmonellae and clearly more efficient, in this respect, than the Muller-Kauffmann's broth. The new Rappaport's medium (R10), incubated at 43 degrees C, has the advantage over the usuals Rappaport's and Muller-Kauffmann's enrichment media to inhibit much more considerably the growth of competing organisms than the two other enrichment media."}
{"id": "PMID:347842", "title": "[Variants of transitory myeloradiculoischemic disorders].", "content": "The authors studied the development of transient disorders of blood supply in the spinal cord and radicles. Besides the well known clinical forms which are described as syndromes of intermittent claudication of the spinal cord and cauda equina, there are some other variants of this disorder. Transient ischemia of this localization as a rule is either connected with atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta, either with degenerative-dystrophic or congenital changes in the sacral part of the spine. The authors underline the role of individual differences in the vascularization of the spinal cord in the development of disorders in spinal circulation. The prognosis of transient ischemia, its correlation with stable disturbances is assessed. A differential diagnosis is also made between different transient vascular spinal disorders and radicle disturbances.", "contents": "[Variants of transitory myeloradiculoischemic disorders]. The authors studied the development of transient disorders of blood supply in the spinal cord and radicles. Besides the well known clinical forms which are described as syndromes of intermittent claudication of the spinal cord and cauda equina, there are some other variants of this disorder. Transient ischemia of this localization as a rule is either connected with atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta, either with degenerative-dystrophic or congenital changes in the sacral part of the spine. The authors underline the role of individual differences in the vascularization of the spinal cord in the development of disorders in spinal circulation. The prognosis of transient ischemia, its correlation with stable disturbances is assessed. A differential diagnosis is also made between different transient vascular spinal disorders and radicle disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:347843", "title": "[Role of arterio-arterial embolisms in the pathogenesis of cerebral circulatory disorders].", "content": "The authors studied 52 patients with brain infarctions and transient disorders of cerebral circulation, which in the opinion of the authors developed as a result of arterio-arterial embolism. Besides, 16 post-mortem cases with arterio-arterial embolism were studied as well. On the basis of clinico-angiographical, clinico-laboratory and clinico-anatomical correlations, the authors come to the conclusion that this mechanism is frequently the main link in the pathogenesis of distrubed cerebral circulation. Embologenic materials in the development of brain infarctions are most often particles of parietal or obturating thrombi in the magistral cerebral vessels. In patients with transient disorders of cerebral circulation most likely embolism of the minor cerebral vessels by thrombocytic aggregates. The authors discuss the functional properties of thrombocytes in the pathogenesis of transient disorders of cerebral circulation and the feasibility of the use of antiaggregates for preventive purposes.", "contents": "[Role of arterio-arterial embolisms in the pathogenesis of cerebral circulatory disorders]. The authors studied 52 patients with brain infarctions and transient disorders of cerebral circulation, which in the opinion of the authors developed as a result of arterio-arterial embolism. Besides, 16 post-mortem cases with arterio-arterial embolism were studied as well. On the basis of clinico-angiographical, clinico-laboratory and clinico-anatomical correlations, the authors come to the conclusion that this mechanism is frequently the main link in the pathogenesis of distrubed cerebral circulation. Embologenic materials in the development of brain infarctions are most often particles of parietal or obturating thrombi in the magistral cerebral vessels. In patients with transient disorders of cerebral circulation most likely embolism of the minor cerebral vessels by thrombocytic aggregates. The authors discuss the functional properties of thrombocytes in the pathogenesis of transient disorders of cerebral circulation and the feasibility of the use of antiaggregates for preventive purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:347844", "title": "[Typology of depressions in endogenous psychoses].", "content": "The results of a clinico-statistical study of 483 patients with depressive syndromes in the framework of affective and schizoaffective psychoses demonstrated a wide range of depressive conditions. In the absence of specific nosological types of depression there was, however, a certain predilection of the syndromal distribution in the nosological framework, in some clinical, psychopathological features, even in structural similar depressions, depending upon the character of the development of the pathological process and its dynamics.", "contents": "[Typology of depressions in endogenous psychoses]. The results of a clinico-statistical study of 483 patients with depressive syndromes in the framework of affective and schizoaffective psychoses demonstrated a wide range of depressive conditions. In the absence of specific nosological types of depression there was, however, a certain predilection of the syndromal distribution in the nosological framework, in some clinical, psychopathological features, even in structural similar depressions, depending upon the character of the development of the pathological process and its dynamics."}
{"id": "PMID:347849", "title": "[Action of respiratory inhibitors on the electron transport system of Escherichia coli].", "content": "Bacteria of two strains of Escherichia coli (Q13 and MRE 600) were disintegrated by aluminium oxide. The influence of the respiratory inhibitors RF (a protein from reticulocytes), carboxin, Dexon (fungicides), thenoylftrifluoroacetone (TTFA), rotenone, antimycin A, myristic acid and monolaurin was tested on the succinate oxidase and the NADH oxidase system, respectively, of the membrane preparation obtained in this way as well as on the NADH oxidase activity of the cytosol. Among the inhibitors listed, only TTFA (5mM) inhibited the succinate oxidase system and Dexon (10 miconr), monolaurin (100 micron) and myristic acid (100 micron) inhibited the NADH oxidase system of the membranes. KCN (10 micron) inhibited both NADH oxidase systems. The inhibitory effects by monolaurin and myristic acid were prevent by human serum albumin and were markedly weaker than those on beef heart mitochondrial particles under similar conditions. The results argue for a divergent structure of the iron-sulphur proteins in the dehydrogenase regions of the electron transport system in comparison with animal and plant mitochondria and, moreover, confirm the specificity of RF and carboxin as well as the nature of Dexon as a group reagent on pyridine nucleotide dependent flavin enzymes.", "contents": "[Action of respiratory inhibitors on the electron transport system of Escherichia coli]. Bacteria of two strains of Escherichia coli (Q13 and MRE 600) were disintegrated by aluminium oxide. The influence of the respiratory inhibitors RF (a protein from reticulocytes), carboxin, Dexon (fungicides), thenoylftrifluoroacetone (TTFA), rotenone, antimycin A, myristic acid and monolaurin was tested on the succinate oxidase and the NADH oxidase system, respectively, of the membrane preparation obtained in this way as well as on the NADH oxidase activity of the cytosol. Among the inhibitors listed, only TTFA (5mM) inhibited the succinate oxidase system and Dexon (10 miconr), monolaurin (100 micron) and myristic acid (100 micron) inhibited the NADH oxidase system of the membranes. KCN (10 micron) inhibited both NADH oxidase systems. The inhibitory effects by monolaurin and myristic acid were prevent by human serum albumin and were markedly weaker than those on beef heart mitochondrial particles under similar conditions. The results argue for a divergent structure of the iron-sulphur proteins in the dehydrogenase regions of the electron transport system in comparison with animal and plant mitochondria and, moreover, confirm the specificity of RF and carboxin as well as the nature of Dexon as a group reagent on pyridine nucleotide dependent flavin enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:347850", "title": "[Immobilization of proteins on macroporous glasses involving maleinimide as the anchoring group].", "content": "Macroporous glasses with pore sizes from 400-1000 A appropriate for protein binding were produced and characterized by a thermal demixing procedure and alkaline after treatment. To achieve a covalent binding capacity relative to proteins, the gamma-aminopropyl derivative was allowed to react with 4-maleinimido benzoylic chloride to give preparations containing, in addition to maleinimide residues, acid chloride structures for the protein binding. A preparation of 400 A pore size was tested for its protein binding capacity relative to bovine serum albumin and trypsin. Furthermore, the capacity of binding glucoamylase from Endomycopsis bispora in active form was studied.", "contents": "[Immobilization of proteins on macroporous glasses involving maleinimide as the anchoring group]. Macroporous glasses with pore sizes from 400-1000 A appropriate for protein binding were produced and characterized by a thermal demixing procedure and alkaline after treatment. To achieve a covalent binding capacity relative to proteins, the gamma-aminopropyl derivative was allowed to react with 4-maleinimido benzoylic chloride to give preparations containing, in addition to maleinimide residues, acid chloride structures for the protein binding. A preparation of 400 A pore size was tested for its protein binding capacity relative to bovine serum albumin and trypsin. Furthermore, the capacity of binding glucoamylase from Endomycopsis bispora in active form was studied."}
{"id": "PMID:347852", "title": "Suprasellar extension of tumour associated with increased cerebrospinal fluid activity of LH and FSH.", "content": "A 65 year old man with pituitary adenoma, partial hypopituitarism and normal serum FSH and LH concentration is described. LH (but not FSH) partially increased following the administration of LH-RH. Subsequent FSH and LH assays of the cerebrospinal fluid, however, showed a high and correctly predicted suprasellar extension of the tumour.", "contents": "Suprasellar extension of tumour associated with increased cerebrospinal fluid activity of LH and FSH. A 65 year old man with pituitary adenoma, partial hypopituitarism and normal serum FSH and LH concentration is described. LH (but not FSH) partially increased following the administration of LH-RH. Subsequent FSH and LH assays of the cerebrospinal fluid, however, showed a high and correctly predicted suprasellar extension of the tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:347854", "title": "Qualitative and semiquantitative calcium cytochemistry in B cells of mice treated with cyproheptadine and mannoheptulose.", "content": "The effect of cyproheptadine (CPH) and D-mannoheptulose (MH) on the function and the histo- (GBHA-method) and ultracytochemical (pyroantimonate method) calcium handling by pancreatic B cell were studied in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of CPH (45 mg/kg) or MH (1500 mg/kg) produced a hyperglycaemic syndrome, which was accompanied by decreased plasma insulin levels. CPH and MH also abolished glucose-induced insulin release. CPH led to a decrease of about 30 to 40% in the histochemical calcium content of islets as revealed by semi-quantitative microdensitometry, while MH did not change the calcium content of the islets. The ultracytochemical distribution pattern of calcium-rich precipitates were identical in CPH and MH treated B cells. The subcellular calcium deposits were predominantly located in the cytoplasmic matrix, but were rarely seen in granule halos and along the cell membranes. In contrast, glucose stimulation of the B cells resulted in an accumulation of the precipitates along the cell membranes and in the secretory granules. The results suggest that CPH and MH inhibit insulin release by either directly or indirectly interfering with the normal calcium handling by the B cell.", "contents": "Qualitative and semiquantitative calcium cytochemistry in B cells of mice treated with cyproheptadine and mannoheptulose. The effect of cyproheptadine (CPH) and D-mannoheptulose (MH) on the function and the histo- (GBHA-method) and ultracytochemical (pyroantimonate method) calcium handling by pancreatic B cell were studied in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of CPH (45 mg/kg) or MH (1500 mg/kg) produced a hyperglycaemic syndrome, which was accompanied by decreased plasma insulin levels. CPH and MH also abolished glucose-induced insulin release. CPH led to a decrease of about 30 to 40% in the histochemical calcium content of islets as revealed by semi-quantitative microdensitometry, while MH did not change the calcium content of the islets. The ultracytochemical distribution pattern of calcium-rich precipitates were identical in CPH and MH treated B cells. The subcellular calcium deposits were predominantly located in the cytoplasmic matrix, but were rarely seen in granule halos and along the cell membranes. In contrast, glucose stimulation of the B cells resulted in an accumulation of the precipitates along the cell membranes and in the secretory granules. The results suggest that CPH and MH inhibit insulin release by either directly or indirectly interfering with the normal calcium handling by the B cell."}
{"id": "PMID:347856", "title": "Effects of valinomycin on Rb+ fluxes, ATP content and insulin release in pancreatic islets.", "content": "Valinomycin, 0.5-500 nM, was tested for its effects on pancreatic islets microdissected fron non-inbred ob/ob-mice. Valinomycin decreased the islet accumulation Rb+ and the content of ATP in a dose-dependent manner; efflux of Rb+ from pre-loaded islets was not noticeably changed. Rb+ accumulation and ATP content correlated markedly; on the model of linear regression, less than 10% of the change Rb+ accumulation in valinomycin-treated islets was statistically attributable to factors other than ATP. Valinomycin did not cause a prompt inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin release that could reflect hyperpolarization due to increased K+ permeability. The following conclusions are drawn: 1) The plasma membranes of beta-cells resemble those of neurons in having such a high ion permeability as to be relatively little influenced by valinomycin; 2) Islet accumulation of Rb+ is due to a vectorial catalyst in theplasma membrane rather than to uptake by mitochondria; 3) Rb+ accumulation in islets is ATP-dependent.", "contents": "Effects of valinomycin on Rb+ fluxes, ATP content and insulin release in pancreatic islets. Valinomycin, 0.5-500 nM, was tested for its effects on pancreatic islets microdissected fron non-inbred ob/ob-mice. Valinomycin decreased the islet accumulation Rb+ and the content of ATP in a dose-dependent manner; efflux of Rb+ from pre-loaded islets was not noticeably changed. Rb+ accumulation and ATP content correlated markedly; on the model of linear regression, less than 10% of the change Rb+ accumulation in valinomycin-treated islets was statistically attributable to factors other than ATP. Valinomycin did not cause a prompt inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin release that could reflect hyperpolarization due to increased K+ permeability. The following conclusions are drawn: 1) The plasma membranes of beta-cells resemble those of neurons in having such a high ion permeability as to be relatively little influenced by valinomycin; 2) Islet accumulation of Rb+ is due to a vectorial catalyst in theplasma membrane rather than to uptake by mitochondria; 3) Rb+ accumulation in islets is ATP-dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:347857", "title": "Inhibition of puerperal lactation by bromocriptine.", "content": "Puerperal lactation is regulated by a complex of hormones, including in particular prolactin. In a few instances prevention of lactation is desirable on medical grounds. However, most Western-European women who do not nurse their babies choose not to do so for personal reasons. In two double-blind studies the effect of bromocriptine was compared with that of placebo and an oestrogen/androgen compound. Bromocriptine prevented both milk secretion and engorgement of the breasts very effectively. It is clearly a better and more specific inhibitor of lactation than the combined oestrogen/androgen compound. Its effect is through the blockade of pituitary prolactin release. As normoprolactinaemia is reached, normal ovarian function is restored in bromocriptine treated women. To prevent the occurrence of a rebound lactation phenomenon, the drug has to be administered continuously for at least a fortnight.", "contents": "Inhibition of puerperal lactation by bromocriptine. Puerperal lactation is regulated by a complex of hormones, including in particular prolactin. In a few instances prevention of lactation is desirable on medical grounds. However, most Western-European women who do not nurse their babies choose not to do so for personal reasons. In two double-blind studies the effect of bromocriptine was compared with that of placebo and an oestrogen/androgen compound. Bromocriptine prevented both milk secretion and engorgement of the breasts very effectively. It is clearly a better and more specific inhibitor of lactation than the combined oestrogen/androgen compound. Its effect is through the blockade of pituitary prolactin release. As normoprolactinaemia is reached, normal ovarian function is restored in bromocriptine treated women. To prevent the occurrence of a rebound lactation phenomenon, the drug has to be administered continuously for at least a fortnight."}
{"id": "PMID:347858", "title": "Bromocriptine treatment of hyperprolactinaemic hypogonadism.", "content": "Results of bromocriptine therapy of 70 women and 25 men with hyperprolactinaemia are reported together with those of 8 normoprolactinaemic and 3 post menopausal women. Galactorrhoea was present in 79% and 28% of the hyperprolactinaemic women and men respectively. 34 of the hyperprolactinaemic women had suspected pituitary tumours. Bromocriptine therapy resulted in lowering of prolactin levels to normal in 85 of the 95 patients, and in the remainder prolactin levels were lowered in all but one patient. Gonadal function was restored in all but seven of the hyperprolactinaemic women, and potency in all but 4 of the men. Normal cyclical function was restored or pregnancy was achieved in 5 of 6 normoprolactinaemic women with irregular cycles or amenorrhoea. Basal circulating LH and FSH levels and their responses to GnRH were normal or exaggerated in the majority of the women, but the LH responses to GnRH were impaired in 12 of 21 men. The results of 37 pregnancies in 31 women, 11 of whom had suspected pituitary tumours, are discussed together with the problems of possible tumour growth during pregnancy.", "contents": "Bromocriptine treatment of hyperprolactinaemic hypogonadism. Results of bromocriptine therapy of 70 women and 25 men with hyperprolactinaemia are reported together with those of 8 normoprolactinaemic and 3 post menopausal women. Galactorrhoea was present in 79% and 28% of the hyperprolactinaemic women and men respectively. 34 of the hyperprolactinaemic women had suspected pituitary tumours. Bromocriptine therapy resulted in lowering of prolactin levels to normal in 85 of the 95 patients, and in the remainder prolactin levels were lowered in all but one patient. Gonadal function was restored in all but seven of the hyperprolactinaemic women, and potency in all but 4 of the men. Normal cyclical function was restored or pregnancy was achieved in 5 of 6 normoprolactinaemic women with irregular cycles or amenorrhoea. Basal circulating LH and FSH levels and their responses to GnRH were normal or exaggerated in the majority of the women, but the LH responses to GnRH were impaired in 12 of 21 men. The results of 37 pregnancies in 31 women, 11 of whom had suspected pituitary tumours, are discussed together with the problems of possible tumour growth during pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:347861", "title": "Acromegaly--results of long term treatment with bromocriptine.", "content": "Bromocriptine, a long acting dopamine agonist, has been used to treat 73 patients with active acromegaly for between 3 and 25 months. Clear clinical improvement occurred in 71 patients (97%). This included improvement in facial appearance, reduction in hand and foot size and sweating, relief of headaches and increased energy and libido. Abnormal visual fields became normal in two patients, but one of these was given concomitant radiotherapy. A significant reduction in growth hormone occurred in 58 patients (79%), but only 15 patients had levels persistently below 5microgram/l. Carbohydrate tolerance improved with the reduction in growth hormone and of 23 patients with diabetes mellitus before treatment, glucose tolerance became normal in 15 and improved in a further 5. Administration of bromocriptine should begin slowly in order to minimise early side effects. Long term side effects have been minor to date and the deaths of two patients whilst taking the drug were not considered to have been caused by it. Bromocriptine offers a major advance in the management of acromegaly, but further careful follow-up is required to determine whether serious side effects will be a problem with the long term use of high doses.", "contents": "Acromegaly--results of long term treatment with bromocriptine. Bromocriptine, a long acting dopamine agonist, has been used to treat 73 patients with active acromegaly for between 3 and 25 months. Clear clinical improvement occurred in 71 patients (97%). This included improvement in facial appearance, reduction in hand and foot size and sweating, relief of headaches and increased energy and libido. Abnormal visual fields became normal in two patients, but one of these was given concomitant radiotherapy. A significant reduction in growth hormone occurred in 58 patients (79%), but only 15 patients had levels persistently below 5microgram/l. Carbohydrate tolerance improved with the reduction in growth hormone and of 23 patients with diabetes mellitus before treatment, glucose tolerance became normal in 15 and improved in a further 5. Administration of bromocriptine should begin slowly in order to minimise early side effects. Long term side effects have been minor to date and the deaths of two patients whilst taking the drug were not considered to have been caused by it. Bromocriptine offers a major advance in the management of acromegaly, but further careful follow-up is required to determine whether serious side effects will be a problem with the long term use of high doses."}
{"id": "PMID:347862", "title": "Bromocriptine therapy in patients with acromegaly: effects on growth hormone, somatomedin A and prolactin.", "content": "Six of ten patients were subjectively improved by bromocriptine treatment as illustrated by diminished sweating, reduction of soft tissue swelling and restoration of sexual potency and menstruations. These six patients had elevated or normal blood levels of prolactin, which could be stimulated by TRH and inhibited by bromocriptine. During medication two clinical responders normalized and one lowered plasma GH concentrations. Three clinical responders with initially increase somatomedin A levels normalized these levels during treatment, in one case despite lack of effect on GH levels. The four nonresponders had undetectable or notably depressed levels of prolactin, which could not be stimulated by TRH. It is suggested that the presence of prolactin, per se or as an indication of a certain dopaminergic situation, is a prerequisite for successful bromocriptine treatment of patients with acromegaly.", "contents": "Bromocriptine therapy in patients with acromegaly: effects on growth hormone, somatomedin A and prolactin. Six of ten patients were subjectively improved by bromocriptine treatment as illustrated by diminished sweating, reduction of soft tissue swelling and restoration of sexual potency and menstruations. These six patients had elevated or normal blood levels of prolactin, which could be stimulated by TRH and inhibited by bromocriptine. During medication two clinical responders normalized and one lowered plasma GH concentrations. Three clinical responders with initially increase somatomedin A levels normalized these levels during treatment, in one case despite lack of effect on GH levels. The four nonresponders had undetectable or notably depressed levels of prolactin, which could not be stimulated by TRH. It is suggested that the presence of prolactin, per se or as an indication of a certain dopaminergic situation, is a prerequisite for successful bromocriptine treatment of patients with acromegaly."}
{"id": "PMID:347863", "title": "Bromocriptine therapy in eleven patients with acromegaly.", "content": "Eleven patients with active acromegaly were treated with bromocriptine for one year or more. Nine showed significant reduction in plasma growth hormone levels and eight improvement with respect to clinical symptoms. No serious side effects were observed.", "contents": "Bromocriptine therapy in eleven patients with acromegaly. Eleven patients with active acromegaly were treated with bromocriptine for one year or more. Nine showed significant reduction in plasma growth hormone levels and eight improvement with respect to clinical symptoms. No serious side effects were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:347865", "title": "Factors affecting the excretion of common neutral steroids in urine.", "content": "After a brief summary of the biosynthesis, production rates, metabolism and elimination of the pertinent adrenocortical and gonadal precursors for the common urinary neutral steroids, a survey is presented of the general, disease related and hormonal factors that can affect the excretion of neutral steroids in urine.", "contents": "Factors affecting the excretion of common neutral steroids in urine. After a brief summary of the biosynthesis, production rates, metabolism and elimination of the pertinent adrenocortical and gonadal precursors for the common urinary neutral steroids, a survey is presented of the general, disease related and hormonal factors that can affect the excretion of neutral steroids in urine."}
{"id": "PMID:347867", "title": "Fatal air embolism after subclavian vein catheterization. Case report.", "content": "The authors describe a case of fatal air embolism in a patient with an endovenous catheter introduced into the subclavian vein through a supraclavicular way. The opening of pleura caused by the needle during the thrusting of the needle caused a subcutaneous supraclavicular and laterocervical emphysema during ventilation with intermittent positive pressure (IPPV). The authors suggest that IPPV, in the postoperative period following kidney removal, was the main ancillary reason of the air embolism since opening of pleura, in a patient who breathes spontaneously, only induces pneumothorax according to the majority of the authors.", "contents": "Fatal air embolism after subclavian vein catheterization. Case report. The authors describe a case of fatal air embolism in a patient with an endovenous catheter introduced into the subclavian vein through a supraclavicular way. The opening of pleura caused by the needle during the thrusting of the needle caused a subcutaneous supraclavicular and laterocervical emphysema during ventilation with intermittent positive pressure (IPPV). The authors suggest that IPPV, in the postoperative period following kidney removal, was the main ancillary reason of the air embolism since opening of pleura, in a patient who breathes spontaneously, only induces pneumothorax according to the majority of the authors."}
{"id": "PMID:347868", "title": "Long-term treatment of Parkinson's disease with L-Dopa and Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor: therapeutic results and side effects.", "content": "The authors present a review of their clinical experience in the treatment of 127 Parkinsonian patients with L-Dopa alone and in association with a Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor; the follow-up lasted more than 7 years. In all cases the dosages of L-Dopa, either alone or associated with the decarboxylase inhibitor, were fairly low; the strategy was to reach in each case the minimal effective dose instead of the maximal tolerable one. After 7 years of treatment about 60-65% of the patients had shown improvement, even though to a lesser degree than during the first and second year of therapy; the remaining 35-40% were unchanged or worse. The authors conclude that, despite the decreased efficacy of the therapy with time, the L-Dopa treatment remains of great significance in lengthening and in improving the quality of life of Parkinsonian patients.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of Parkinson's disease with L-Dopa and Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor: therapeutic results and side effects. The authors present a review of their clinical experience in the treatment of 127 Parkinsonian patients with L-Dopa alone and in association with a Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor; the follow-up lasted more than 7 years. In all cases the dosages of L-Dopa, either alone or associated with the decarboxylase inhibitor, were fairly low; the strategy was to reach in each case the minimal effective dose instead of the maximal tolerable one. After 7 years of treatment about 60-65% of the patients had shown improvement, even though to a lesser degree than during the first and second year of therapy; the remaining 35-40% were unchanged or worse. The authors conclude that, despite the decreased efficacy of the therapy with time, the L-Dopa treatment remains of great significance in lengthening and in improving the quality of life of Parkinsonian patients."}
{"id": "PMID:347869", "title": "Flow cytometry in tumours of the brain.", "content": "Flow cytometry was used for studying the distribution of single cell DNA content in biopsy material from 85 patients with benign and malignant lesions of the brain and spinal cord. In inflammatory lesions and in most benign tumours, cells with diploid DNA values were observed, sometimes with additional smaller amounts of tetraploid DNA. Cells from malignant tumours were characterized by marked hyperploid DNA values. Flow cytometry is found a rapid and valuable method adding important information to the biological nature of tumours of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Flow cytometry in tumours of the brain. Flow cytometry was used for studying the distribution of single cell DNA content in biopsy material from 85 patients with benign and malignant lesions of the brain and spinal cord. In inflammatory lesions and in most benign tumours, cells with diploid DNA values were observed, sometimes with additional smaller amounts of tetraploid DNA. Cells from malignant tumours were characterized by marked hyperploid DNA values. Flow cytometry is found a rapid and valuable method adding important information to the biological nature of tumours of the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:347870", "title": "Chlorhexidine gel and Steradent employed in cleaning dentures.", "content": "It was the purpose of the study to test the efficacy of brushing with a 1% chlorhexidine gel or a commercial solution cleanser (Steradent) in preventing formation of plaque on the fitting surface of new dentures. The study group consisted of 74 denture wearers with denture stomatitis who were assigned randomly to one of four treatment groups, testing either the chlorhexidine gel, a placebo gel, Steradent, or a placebo solution. The experiment was started immediately after denture treatment was completed. The experimental period was 1 month. The amount of denture plaque, the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa, and the concentration of yeasts in mucosal and denture smears were recorded while the patients used their original dentures and after the experimental period. Plaque had formed on all new dentures but to a smaller extent in the groups testing the chlorhexidine gel or the placebo gel. The study does not provide any obvious evidence of a chemical effect of chlorhexidine gel or Steradent as a means to prevent formation of microbial plaque on the mucosal surface of maxillary complete dentures.", "contents": "Chlorhexidine gel and Steradent employed in cleaning dentures. It was the purpose of the study to test the efficacy of brushing with a 1% chlorhexidine gel or a commercial solution cleanser (Steradent) in preventing formation of plaque on the fitting surface of new dentures. The study group consisted of 74 denture wearers with denture stomatitis who were assigned randomly to one of four treatment groups, testing either the chlorhexidine gel, a placebo gel, Steradent, or a placebo solution. The experiment was started immediately after denture treatment was completed. The experimental period was 1 month. The amount of denture plaque, the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa, and the concentration of yeasts in mucosal and denture smears were recorded while the patients used their original dentures and after the experimental period. Plaque had formed on all new dentures but to a smaller extent in the groups testing the chlorhexidine gel or the placebo gel. The study does not provide any obvious evidence of a chemical effect of chlorhexidine gel or Steradent as a means to prevent formation of microbial plaque on the mucosal surface of maxillary complete dentures."}
{"id": "PMID:347872", "title": "Experimental method of producing total cerebral ischaemia in dogs.", "content": "Experimental method of producing total cerebral ischaemia in dogs. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (6): 585-588. It is very difficult to produce complete cerebral ischaemia in dogs in view of very abudant anastomoses between branches of carotid and vertebral arteries and muscle arteries. The methods applied for this purpose are technnically difficult and lead frequently to spinal cord injury or major metabolic distrubances in the whole organism. The reported investigations were carried out for elaboration of a method which would not have these disadvantages. Cerebral ischaemia was produced in dogs occluding the brachiocenhalic trunk and the left subclavian artery. The blood flow to the intercostal arteries and through them to the spinal artery was interrupted by means of a bypass between the aortic arch and the abdominal aorta. Isoelectric EEG line and lack of blood flow from the punctured carotid arteries were the criteria of complete ischaemia.", "contents": "Experimental method of producing total cerebral ischaemia in dogs. Experimental method of producing total cerebral ischaemia in dogs. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (6): 585-588. It is very difficult to produce complete cerebral ischaemia in dogs in view of very abudant anastomoses between branches of carotid and vertebral arteries and muscle arteries. The methods applied for this purpose are technnically difficult and lead frequently to spinal cord injury or major metabolic distrubances in the whole organism. The reported investigations were carried out for elaboration of a method which would not have these disadvantages. Cerebral ischaemia was produced in dogs occluding the brachiocenhalic trunk and the left subclavian artery. The blood flow to the intercostal arteries and through them to the spinal artery was interrupted by means of a bypass between the aortic arch and the abdominal aorta. Isoelectric EEG line and lack of blood flow from the punctured carotid arteries were the criteria of complete ischaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:347873", "title": "Results of a clinical trial with bromperidol C-C 2489/21.", "content": "A controlled clinical study--phase III--with bromperidol was conducted on 30 male patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia of different subtypes, realized by psychiatric assessments and by laboratory measures over an eight-week investigational period. A global improvement (from very much up to moderately) was achieved in 76% of the patients; two patients dropped out. The optimal dosage of bromperidol seemed to lie between 4 and 6 mg/day. The adverse effects were confined to moderate extrapyramidal symptoms in the extent of a higher dosage. Bromperidol appears to be a potent longacting neuroleptic drug without essential psychomotor damping, anxiolytic and hypnosedating properties, but with a strong antipsychotic potential against the basic schizophrenic disintegration. It is mainly indicated in paranoia, depressive-paranoia and simple forms of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Results of a clinical trial with bromperidol C-C 2489/21. A controlled clinical study--phase III--with bromperidol was conducted on 30 male patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia of different subtypes, realized by psychiatric assessments and by laboratory measures over an eight-week investigational period. A global improvement (from very much up to moderately) was achieved in 76% of the patients; two patients dropped out. The optimal dosage of bromperidol seemed to lie between 4 and 6 mg/day. The adverse effects were confined to moderate extrapyramidal symptoms in the extent of a higher dosage. Bromperidol appears to be a potent longacting neuroleptic drug without essential psychomotor damping, anxiolytic and hypnosedating properties, but with a strong antipsychotic potential against the basic schizophrenic disintegration. It is mainly indicated in paranoia, depressive-paranoia and simple forms of schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:347874", "title": "Treatment of female schizophrenic patients with bromperidol, a new neuroleptic drug of the butyrophenone group with medium duration of action.", "content": "Bromperidol has a safe antipsychotic effect. The latency is short, the effect is definite on the seventh treatment day and is already seen in particular symptoms on the third treatment day. Beside the antipsychotic effect, the substance has slight sedative properties, an anxiolytic effect and an evident influence on the complex phenomenon of social re-integration. The sedative effect is not sufficient in severe psychomotor agitation; here it is necessary to combine it with a sedative neuroleptic or other sedating substance. The clinical effect is safe for 24 hours. Due to the small doses (3-12 mg daily), bromperidol belongs to the neuroleptics of high potency. The high potency, the 24 hour efficiency and the low sedation qualify the substance for the long-term treatment of schizophrenic psychoses. Extrapyramidal effects occur in relation to the high potency and are easily corrected by an anticholinergic drug.", "contents": "Treatment of female schizophrenic patients with bromperidol, a new neuroleptic drug of the butyrophenone group with medium duration of action. Bromperidol has a safe antipsychotic effect. The latency is short, the effect is definite on the seventh treatment day and is already seen in particular symptoms on the third treatment day. Beside the antipsychotic effect, the substance has slight sedative properties, an anxiolytic effect and an evident influence on the complex phenomenon of social re-integration. The sedative effect is not sufficient in severe psychomotor agitation; here it is necessary to combine it with a sedative neuroleptic or other sedating substance. The clinical effect is safe for 24 hours. Due to the small doses (3-12 mg daily), bromperidol belongs to the neuroleptics of high potency. The high potency, the 24 hour efficiency and the low sedation qualify the substance for the long-term treatment of schizophrenic psychoses. Extrapyramidal effects occur in relation to the high potency and are easily corrected by an anticholinergic drug."}
{"id": "PMID:347875", "title": "Use of bormperidol in psychotic outpatients.", "content": "An ambulatory population of 18 men and 4 women, aged 17 to 61 years (mean 30.3), were treated with bromperidol oral drops for an eight-week study period. investigation of tolerability, side effects and psychopharmacological effects; determination of the optimal dose. The Wirtschafts Mathematik AG Zurich case report form was used. Various medical, neurological and psychic parameters were recorded before the study and after the first, second, fourth, sixth and eighth weeks of treatment. Bromperidol is a potent and safe neuroleptic agent of polyvalent action, which can be administered in one single daily dose and is very well tolerated in ambulatory conditions, without antiparkinsonians in the doses used.", "contents": "Use of bormperidol in psychotic outpatients. An ambulatory population of 18 men and 4 women, aged 17 to 61 years (mean 30.3), were treated with bromperidol oral drops for an eight-week study period. investigation of tolerability, side effects and psychopharmacological effects; determination of the optimal dose. The Wirtschafts Mathematik AG Zurich case report form was used. Various medical, neurological and psychic parameters were recorded before the study and after the first, second, fourth, sixth and eighth weeks of treatment. Bromperidol is a potent and safe neuroleptic agent of polyvalent action, which can be administered in one single daily dose and is very well tolerated in ambulatory conditions, without antiparkinsonians in the doses used."}
{"id": "PMID:347876", "title": "The initial US clinical experience in the management of schizophrenic patients with bromperidol.", "content": "Observations and conclusions from initial acute and maintenance bromperidol clinical trials conducted in the USA are presented along with an overview of the clinical development program. Thirty diagnosed schizophrenic patients, recruited from private practice, were admitted to either study. Patients were controlled with bromperidol administered only once daily. The acute patients received an average dose of 14-23 mg day during the month-long inpatient stay. The average maintenance dose was calculated to be approximately 8 mg. Overall, patients received from 3-39 mg for up to four months. Pre-treatment vs. 4 week treatment BPRS scores showed highly significant decreases in the five NCDEU (New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit, which developed the accepted US psychiatric rating scales) behavioral symptom clusters analyzed. Two thirds of the patients were much to very much improved over this same interval based on clinical global ratings. Minimal side effects were noted. In particular, fewer acute neuromuscular reactions and less weight gain were noted. Based on the experience to date, bromperidol will be a significant addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for the management of schizophrenia in both acute and chronic cases.", "contents": "The initial US clinical experience in the management of schizophrenic patients with bromperidol. Observations and conclusions from initial acute and maintenance bromperidol clinical trials conducted in the USA are presented along with an overview of the clinical development program. Thirty diagnosed schizophrenic patients, recruited from private practice, were admitted to either study. Patients were controlled with bromperidol administered only once daily. The acute patients received an average dose of 14-23 mg day during the month-long inpatient stay. The average maintenance dose was calculated to be approximately 8 mg. Overall, patients received from 3-39 mg for up to four months. Pre-treatment vs. 4 week treatment BPRS scores showed highly significant decreases in the five NCDEU (New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit, which developed the accepted US psychiatric rating scales) behavioral symptom clusters analyzed. Two thirds of the patients were much to very much improved over this same interval based on clinical global ratings. Minimal side effects were noted. In particular, fewer acute neuromuscular reactions and less weight gain were noted. Based on the experience to date, bromperidol will be a significant addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for the management of schizophrenia in both acute and chronic cases."}
{"id": "PMID:347877", "title": "Double-blind- evaluation of bromperidol versus haloperidol treatment in chronic psychotic patients.", "content": "Twenty four chronic psychotic patients were assigned at random to bromperidol or haloperidol. The mean dose for bromperidol was 4 to 8 mg in one intake in the morning and for haloperidol 4 mg given twice a day. Regular evaluation was performed by BPRS, global clinical impression, side-effects scale, hematological and biochemical screening. It appears that bromperidol is a potent antipsychotic drug with a duration of 24 h. Compared to haloperidol, it favours social integration by a mild but definite activating property. No major side-effects were observed.", "contents": "Double-blind- evaluation of bromperidol versus haloperidol treatment in chronic psychotic patients. Twenty four chronic psychotic patients were assigned at random to bromperidol or haloperidol. The mean dose for bromperidol was 4 to 8 mg in one intake in the morning and for haloperidol 4 mg given twice a day. Regular evaluation was performed by BPRS, global clinical impression, side-effects scale, hematological and biochemical screening. It appears that bromperidol is a potent antipsychotic drug with a duration of 24 h. Compared to haloperidol, it favours social integration by a mild but definite activating property. No major side-effects were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:347878", "title": "Effects and side-effects of bromperidol in comparison with other antipsychotic drugs.", "content": "In 1975 we performed an open trial with bromperidol in 25 hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Effects and side-effects were registered by means of the AMP system. Patients were treated up to 30 days and the dosage of bromperidol was increased depending on effects and side-effects up to 5 mg per day. Bromperidol showed a good effect on productive schizophrenic symtpoms and caused a significant reduction of accompanying depressive symptoms. Data of this open trial were compared with data of two open trials with clozapine and haloperidol which were performed using the same methods. We compared the three open trials and found similar effects on psychotic symptomatology, but a different severity of extrapyramidal side-effects. A double-blind comparison between bromperidol and perphenazine in 40 schizophrenic patients showed a strong antipsychotic efficacy of bromperidol and an earlier onset of its effects.", "contents": "Effects and side-effects of bromperidol in comparison with other antipsychotic drugs. In 1975 we performed an open trial with bromperidol in 25 hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Effects and side-effects were registered by means of the AMP system. Patients were treated up to 30 days and the dosage of bromperidol was increased depending on effects and side-effects up to 5 mg per day. Bromperidol showed a good effect on productive schizophrenic symtpoms and caused a significant reduction of accompanying depressive symptoms. Data of this open trial were compared with data of two open trials with clozapine and haloperidol which were performed using the same methods. We compared the three open trials and found similar effects on psychotic symptomatology, but a different severity of extrapyramidal side-effects. A double-blind comparison between bromperidol and perphenazine in 40 schizophrenic patients showed a strong antipsychotic efficacy of bromperidol and an earlier onset of its effects."}
{"id": "PMID:347879", "title": "Preliminary note on the antipsychotic efficacy of bromperidol.", "content": "Bromperidol was administered to 20 acute and chronic psychotic inpatients during six to eight weeks at a mean daily dose of 18 to 10 mg. The neuroleptic was given orally or intramuscularly once a day (in the morning in order to evaluate its therapeutic and side effects). In 13 patients, bromperidol was substituted for haloperidol; in 7 cases, it was given immediately after the washout period. Descriptive psychopathology was complemented with quantitative psychopathology (ad hoc 29-item scale, AMDP Psychopathology Scale, Bf/Bf' Mood Scales). According to a preliminary analysis of data, both descriptive and psychometric, bromperidol seems to be a potent antipsychotic drug without disturbing adrenolytic side-effects or sedation, with classical extrapyramidal effects of the hypertonia type.", "contents": "Preliminary note on the antipsychotic efficacy of bromperidol. Bromperidol was administered to 20 acute and chronic psychotic inpatients during six to eight weeks at a mean daily dose of 18 to 10 mg. The neuroleptic was given orally or intramuscularly once a day (in the morning in order to evaluate its therapeutic and side effects). In 13 patients, bromperidol was substituted for haloperidol; in 7 cases, it was given immediately after the washout period. Descriptive psychopathology was complemented with quantitative psychopathology (ad hoc 29-item scale, AMDP Psychopathology Scale, Bf/Bf' Mood Scales). According to a preliminary analysis of data, both descriptive and psychometric, bromperidol seems to be a potent antipsychotic drug without disturbing adrenolytic side-effects or sedation, with classical extrapyramidal effects of the hypertonia type."}
{"id": "PMID:347885", "title": "Maprotiline and doxepin in the treatment of depression. A double-glind multicentre comparison.", "content": "Maprotiline (Ludiomil) and doxepin were compared in the treatment of depression in a double-blind multicentre trial. Four centres and 95 in- and out-patients took part in the trial. The severity of depression was evaluated with the aid of a visual analogue scale and nine target symptoms. Both maprotiline and doxepin diminished neurotic as well as psychotic depression significantly. The mean time of onset of action was 7.0 days in the maprotiline group and 7.7 days in the doxepin group. No statistically significant differences in antidepressive effect were found between the treatments. Two patients in the maprotiline group and four patients in the doxepin group discontinued the treatment because of unwanted effects, one patient in each group because of lack of efficacy and nine patients due to reasons not related to the treatment.", "contents": "Maprotiline and doxepin in the treatment of depression. A double-glind multicentre comparison. Maprotiline (Ludiomil) and doxepin were compared in the treatment of depression in a double-blind multicentre trial. Four centres and 95 in- and out-patients took part in the trial. The severity of depression was evaluated with the aid of a visual analogue scale and nine target symptoms. Both maprotiline and doxepin diminished neurotic as well as psychotic depression significantly. The mean time of onset of action was 7.0 days in the maprotiline group and 7.7 days in the doxepin group. No statistically significant differences in antidepressive effect were found between the treatments. Two patients in the maprotiline group and four patients in the doxepin group discontinued the treatment because of unwanted effects, one patient in each group because of lack of efficacy and nine patients due to reasons not related to the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:347886", "title": "L-tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan in the treatment of depression. A review.", "content": "Trials performed do not provide evidence for an antidepressant effect of 5-HTP. L-TP, without interacting pharmaca, does not appear to be a well-documented antidepressant. The only convincing evidence for L-TP as an antidepressant is that L-TP enhances the effect of MAOI.", "contents": "L-tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan in the treatment of depression. A review. Trials performed do not provide evidence for an antidepressant effect of 5-HTP. L-TP, without interacting pharmaca, does not appear to be a well-documented antidepressant. The only convincing evidence for L-TP as an antidepressant is that L-TP enhances the effect of MAOI."}
{"id": "PMID:347880", "title": "Interim report: high dosage bromperidol therapy of delirium tremens.", "content": "The high dosage of bromperidol as used in this investigation was a safe and effective agent in the treatment of alcohol-induced delirium tremens. All of the 10 patients survived without having complications of the illness or side effects of the therapy. The high doses of bromperidol had a gradual effect against the ten target symptoms of delirium tremens. Particularly effective was the action of bromperidol in controlling hallucinatory phenomena. Against excitement and restlessness, it was rather less effective; no patients were oversedated. Supplementary sedative medication was only rarely needed.", "contents": "Interim report: high dosage bromperidol therapy of delirium tremens. The high dosage of bromperidol as used in this investigation was a safe and effective agent in the treatment of alcohol-induced delirium tremens. All of the 10 patients survived without having complications of the illness or side effects of the therapy. The high doses of bromperidol had a gradual effect against the ten target symptoms of delirium tremens. Particularly effective was the action of bromperidol in controlling hallucinatory phenomena. Against excitement and restlessness, it was rather less effective; no patients were oversedated. Supplementary sedative medication was only rarely needed."}
{"id": "PMID:347888", "title": "Postmortem radiography of the subarachnoid cisterns.", "content": "A technique has been developed for stereotactic postmortem cisternography using water-soluble contrast medium and plastic material with enhanced attenuation by the addition of red lead. The latter technique can be used for the preparation of plastic casts of the cisterns, accessible for analysis by radiologic means as well as by direct inspection.", "contents": "Postmortem radiography of the subarachnoid cisterns. A technique has been developed for stereotactic postmortem cisternography using water-soluble contrast medium and plastic material with enhanced attenuation by the addition of red lead. The latter technique can be used for the preparation of plastic casts of the cisterns, accessible for analysis by radiologic means as well as by direct inspection."}
{"id": "PMID:347882", "title": "Neuroleptic potency of bromperidol.", "content": "The following statements can be made on the basis of our study. 1. The butyrophenone bromperidol is an absolutely effective drug of the series of very high-potency neuroleptics, with a mean neuroleptic threshold dose of 5.6 mg/day. The mean optimum dose is 6 mg/day, and the mean maximum dose reaches 11 mg/day, i.e. twice the neuroleptic threshold dose. 2. The substance is generally well tolerated; when it was administered to one third of all cases in one single dose in the evening, it not only had the same beneficial neuroleptic-antipsychotic effect as on administration t.i.d., but also positively influenced sleep, so that sleep-inducing drugs could be reduced and, in some cases, even dispensed with. This relatively long-lasting effect confirms the finding made in animal experiments.", "contents": "Neuroleptic potency of bromperidol. The following statements can be made on the basis of our study. 1. The butyrophenone bromperidol is an absolutely effective drug of the series of very high-potency neuroleptics, with a mean neuroleptic threshold dose of 5.6 mg/day. The mean optimum dose is 6 mg/day, and the mean maximum dose reaches 11 mg/day, i.e. twice the neuroleptic threshold dose. 2. The substance is generally well tolerated; when it was administered to one third of all cases in one single dose in the evening, it not only had the same beneficial neuroleptic-antipsychotic effect as on administration t.i.d., but also positively influenced sleep, so that sleep-inducing drugs could be reduced and, in some cases, even dispensed with. This relatively long-lasting effect confirms the finding made in animal experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:347883", "title": "Open study with bromperidol in hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients.", "content": "A one-year treatment with bromperidol in a group of 30 patients (schizophrenic) has given us the impression that the product is a valuable antipsychotic drug which in most cases can successfully be substituted for haloperidol. The sedating effect of bromperidol seems to be somewhat lower than that of haloperidol. This could explain the fact that patients, who had periods of serious agitation in their anamnesis, are not sufficiently sedated by bromperidol alone. On the other hand, there are reasons for supposing that the less sedating or possible more stimulating effect of bromperidol can be beneficial in the treatment of particularly autistic or inhibited schizophrenics.", "contents": "Open study with bromperidol in hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients. A one-year treatment with bromperidol in a group of 30 patients (schizophrenic) has given us the impression that the product is a valuable antipsychotic drug which in most cases can successfully be substituted for haloperidol. The sedating effect of bromperidol seems to be somewhat lower than that of haloperidol. This could explain the fact that patients, who had periods of serious agitation in their anamnesis, are not sufficiently sedated by bromperidol alone. On the other hand, there are reasons for supposing that the less sedating or possible more stimulating effect of bromperidol can be beneficial in the treatment of particularly autistic or inhibited schizophrenics."}
{"id": "PMID:347889", "title": "Distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues in patients with monoclonal gammapathy.", "content": "Cell suspensions of bone marrow and lymphoid tissue from 85 patients with monoclonal gammapathy were investigated by a direct immunofluorescence procedure for the detection of intracellular immunoglobulin alpha, mu, gamma, kappa and lambda chains. Serum Ig levels were determined and daily syntheric rates estimated. In all cases the majority of Ig-containing bone marrow cells contained the same Ig class as that of the M-component in serum or urine indicating a diffuse distriubtion of these clones in the bone marrow. This was observed not only in myeloma but also in benign monoclonal gammapathy (BMG) and lymphoma with an M-component. The M-component producing clone could be traced to extramedullary lymphoid tissue in myeloma but usually not in BMG. A positive correlation was found between the calculated synthetic rate of the M-component and the number of Ig-containing cells in the bone marrow and some indication was found that the synthetic rate per cell might be lower in IgM and IgG than in IgA monoclonal gammapathy. The depressed level of polyclonal Ig in myeloma and to some extent in BMG was parallelled by a diminished number of Ig-containing cells in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues in patients with monoclonal gammapathy. Cell suspensions of bone marrow and lymphoid tissue from 85 patients with monoclonal gammapathy were investigated by a direct immunofluorescence procedure for the detection of intracellular immunoglobulin alpha, mu, gamma, kappa and lambda chains. Serum Ig levels were determined and daily syntheric rates estimated. In all cases the majority of Ig-containing bone marrow cells contained the same Ig class as that of the M-component in serum or urine indicating a diffuse distriubtion of these clones in the bone marrow. This was observed not only in myeloma but also in benign monoclonal gammapathy (BMG) and lymphoma with an M-component. The M-component producing clone could be traced to extramedullary lymphoid tissue in myeloma but usually not in BMG. A positive correlation was found between the calculated synthetic rate of the M-component and the number of Ig-containing cells in the bone marrow and some indication was found that the synthetic rate per cell might be lower in IgM and IgG than in IgA monoclonal gammapathy. The depressed level of polyclonal Ig in myeloma and to some extent in BMG was parallelled by a diminished number of Ig-containing cells in the bone marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:347884", "title": "Clinical experiences in an open and a double-blind trial.", "content": "A total of sixty patients were trated with bromperidol first in open conditions (20 patients), then on a double blind basis (40 patients) with haloperidol as the reference substance. The open study lasted for four weeks; the drug was administrated in the form of 1 mg tablets. The daily dose (initial dose: 1 mg; mean dose at the end of the trial: 4.47 mg) was always administered in one single dose. Nineteen patients finished the trial, and in 18 cases the therapeutic result was considered very good to good. These results were confirmed by statistical analysis. Nine patients exhibited mild to moderate extrapyramidal concomitant symptoms; no other side effects were observed. The results of detailed laboratory tests and evaluations of various quantitative and qualitative tolerability parameters were not indicative of toxic effects. In the double blind study with haloperidol, both substances were found to be highly effective in the treatment of psychotic syndromes belonging predominantly to the schizophrenia group. Certain clues, including the onset of action, seem to be indicative of the superiority of bromperidol. No differences were observed with respect to side effects and general tolerability.", "contents": "Clinical experiences in an open and a double-blind trial. A total of sixty patients were trated with bromperidol first in open conditions (20 patients), then on a double blind basis (40 patients) with haloperidol as the reference substance. The open study lasted for four weeks; the drug was administrated in the form of 1 mg tablets. The daily dose (initial dose: 1 mg; mean dose at the end of the trial: 4.47 mg) was always administered in one single dose. Nineteen patients finished the trial, and in 18 cases the therapeutic result was considered very good to good. These results were confirmed by statistical analysis. Nine patients exhibited mild to moderate extrapyramidal concomitant symptoms; no other side effects were observed. The results of detailed laboratory tests and evaluations of various quantitative and qualitative tolerability parameters were not indicative of toxic effects. In the double blind study with haloperidol, both substances were found to be highly effective in the treatment of psychotic syndromes belonging predominantly to the schizophrenia group. Certain clues, including the onset of action, seem to be indicative of the superiority of bromperidol. No differences were observed with respect to side effects and general tolerability."}
{"id": "PMID:347891", "title": "Postmortem diagnostics of renal diseases from semithin sections.", "content": "For  the light microscopic postmortem study of mostly glomerular renal diseases, in addition to the paraffin technique, 0.5 mu thick (semithin) sections from material fixed in buffered formaldehyde and embedded in methacrylate or Durcupan ACM were used. The method allows for eventual electron microscopic examinations. The semithin sections were stained with methylene blue combined with basic fuchsin, as well as with periodic acid-silver methamine. The method is not a substitution, but the supplementation of the paraffin technique and is suited for the clarification of numerous fine details: in some cases the exact diagnosis was made in this way.", "contents": "Postmortem diagnostics of renal diseases from semithin sections. For  the light microscopic postmortem study of mostly glomerular renal diseases, in addition to the paraffin technique, 0.5 mu thick (semithin) sections from material fixed in buffered formaldehyde and embedded in methacrylate or Durcupan ACM were used. The method allows for eventual electron microscopic examinations. The semithin sections were stained with methylene blue combined with basic fuchsin, as well as with periodic acid-silver methamine. The method is not a substitution, but the supplementation of the paraffin technique and is suited for the clarification of numerous fine details: in some cases the exact diagnosis was made in this way."}
{"id": "PMID:347914", "title": "Use of prostaglandin E1 for maintaining the patency of the ductus arteriosus.", "content": "Prostaglandin E1 was utilized for maintaining the patency of the ductus arteriosus in 19 infants with congenital lesions whose survival depended on ist patency. Fourteen of the patients had lesions which required blood flow from the aorta to the pulmonary artery (cyanotic group); 11 of these were considered successful. Two of the failures were in older infants aged 13 days and 1 month. The remaining five trials were in patients who required a flow of blood from pulmonary artery to aorta (left heart and aortic defect group), two of whom were considered to have responded successfully to the prostaglandin E1 administration. Based on this experience, it is suggested that this method of treatment is of benefit in the cyanotic group in providing emergency medical care while awaiting surgical palliation. A similar benefit in the aortic arch defect group would seem to be less well demonstrated at this time.", "contents": "Use of prostaglandin E1 for maintaining the patency of the ductus arteriosus. Prostaglandin E1 was utilized for maintaining the patency of the ductus arteriosus in 19 infants with congenital lesions whose survival depended on ist patency. Fourteen of the patients had lesions which required blood flow from the aorta to the pulmonary artery (cyanotic group); 11 of these were considered successful. Two of the failures were in older infants aged 13 days and 1 month. The remaining five trials were in patients who required a flow of blood from pulmonary artery to aorta (left heart and aortic defect group), two of whom were considered to have responded successfully to the prostaglandin E1 administration. Based on this experience, it is suggested that this method of treatment is of benefit in the cyanotic group in providing emergency medical care while awaiting surgical palliation. A similar benefit in the aortic arch defect group would seem to be less well demonstrated at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:347917", "title": "Localization of four polypeptide hormones in the saurian pancreas.", "content": "Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide have been localized in the anolian pancreas using peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry. The most abundant endocrine cell type contains glucagon. Insulin-containing cells are the next most numerous. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells tend to be localized at the periphery of the islet cords. Pancreatic polypeptide-containing cells are a minor endocrine component scattered throughout the exocrine pancreas and occasionally within the islet areas. No staining was observed after application of antigastrin serum.", "contents": "Localization of four polypeptide hormones in the saurian pancreas. Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide have been localized in the anolian pancreas using peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry. The most abundant endocrine cell type contains glucagon. Insulin-containing cells are the next most numerous. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells tend to be localized at the periphery of the islet cords. Pancreatic polypeptide-containing cells are a minor endocrine component scattered throughout the exocrine pancreas and occasionally within the islet areas. No staining was observed after application of antigastrin serum."}
{"id": "PMID:347919", "title": "Antithrombin III. Theory and clinical applications. H. P. Smith Memorial Lecture.", "content": "Antithrombin III is one of the main inhibitors in the blood coagulation mechanisms. Thrombin and factor Xa are slowly inactivated by it, as well as other serine proteinases of the coagulation mechanisms. Heparin tremendously accelerates the inhibitory function of antithrombin III. In the process antithrombin III activity is also reduced. Heparin retards the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction, but otherwise the effectiveness of heparin as an anticoagulant depends on antithrombin III in laboratory experiments, as well as in therapeutics. The activation of prothrombin is inhibited, and any thrombin or other vulnerable protease that might generate becomes inactivated. The measurement of antithrombin III concentration in blood is now achieved by research methods, as well as by methods that are practical for routine use. The tests require either thrombin or factor Xa as substrate, and could be specific for antithrombin III. There are congenital as well as acquired deficiencies of antithrombin III. The inhibitor is also found in tissues.", "contents": "Antithrombin III. Theory and clinical applications. H. P. Smith Memorial Lecture. Antithrombin III is one of the main inhibitors in the blood coagulation mechanisms. Thrombin and factor Xa are slowly inactivated by it, as well as other serine proteinases of the coagulation mechanisms. Heparin tremendously accelerates the inhibitory function of antithrombin III. In the process antithrombin III activity is also reduced. Heparin retards the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction, but otherwise the effectiveness of heparin as an anticoagulant depends on antithrombin III in laboratory experiments, as well as in therapeutics. The activation of prothrombin is inhibited, and any thrombin or other vulnerable protease that might generate becomes inactivated. The measurement of antithrombin III concentration in blood is now achieved by research methods, as well as by methods that are practical for routine use. The tests require either thrombin or factor Xa as substrate, and could be specific for antithrombin III. There are congenital as well as acquired deficiencies of antithrombin III. The inhibitor is also found in tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:347920", "title": "Death in an adolescent following an overdose of acetaminophen and phenobarbital.", "content": "A 13-year-old epileptic girl took an overdose of acetaminophen (Tylenol) and phenobarbital. Hepatic encephalopathy developed and the patient died eight days later. Necropsy revealed extensive centrilobular necrosis of the liver, degeneration of the renal distal tubules, and infarcted and demyelinated foci throughout the white matter of the cerebral cortex. Electron microscopy of intact hepatocytes showed a proliferation of both smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum consistent with enzyme induction from phenobarbital. To our knowledge, this is the first reported death in a child in the United States as a result of acetaminophen and should alert physicians to an expected increase in acetaminophen toxicity as the drug becomes more widely available.", "contents": "Death in an adolescent following an overdose of acetaminophen and phenobarbital. A 13-year-old epileptic girl took an overdose of acetaminophen (Tylenol) and phenobarbital. Hepatic encephalopathy developed and the patient died eight days later. Necropsy revealed extensive centrilobular necrosis of the liver, degeneration of the renal distal tubules, and infarcted and demyelinated foci throughout the white matter of the cerebral cortex. Electron microscopy of intact hepatocytes showed a proliferation of both smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum consistent with enzyme induction from phenobarbital. To our knowledge, this is the first reported death in a child in the United States as a result of acetaminophen and should alert physicians to an expected increase in acetaminophen toxicity as the drug becomes more widely available."}
{"id": "PMID:347921", "title": "Nebulized racemic epinephrine by IPPB for the treatment of croup: a double-blind study.", "content": "Racemic epinephrine has been advocated for the treatment of croup, but controlled studies have not proved it more effective than saline. Twenty patients (aged 4 months to 5 years) hospitalized with acute croup and persistent inspiratory stridor at rest were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: saline or racemic epinephrine, both nebulized and delivered by intermittent positive pressure breathing. Clinical scores were significantly improved (P less than .01) at ten and 30 minutes following the treatment with racemic epinephrine but not at 120 minutes. Racemic epinephrine was significantly more effective than saline at 10 (P less than .01) and 30 minutes (P less than .05) but not at 120 minutes after the treatment. We conclude that nebulized racemic epinephrine is effective treatment for the acute signs of croup.", "contents": "Nebulized racemic epinephrine by IPPB for the treatment of croup: a double-blind study. Racemic epinephrine has been advocated for the treatment of croup, but controlled studies have not proved it more effective than saline. Twenty patients (aged 4 months to 5 years) hospitalized with acute croup and persistent inspiratory stridor at rest were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: saline or racemic epinephrine, both nebulized and delivered by intermittent positive pressure breathing. Clinical scores were significantly improved (P less than .01) at ten and 30 minutes following the treatment with racemic epinephrine but not at 120 minutes. Racemic epinephrine was significantly more effective than saline at 10 (P less than .01) and 30 minutes (P less than .05) but not at 120 minutes after the treatment. We conclude that nebulized racemic epinephrine is effective treatment for the acute signs of croup."}
{"id": "PMID:347923", "title": "Neonatal shock in the first postnatal day.", "content": "Advances in neonatal medicine have markedly reduced mortality in preterm infants. Current emphasis should be placed on early detection and treatment of neonatal hypotension and shock. Ideal clinical management includes perinatal recognition of low birth weight infants at risk for hypotension. All critically ill preterm infants should be closely monitored for tachycardia, hypotension, and/or decreased urinary output. By use of noninvasive blood pressure screening techniques, hypotensive infants may be identified in the first hours of life. Judicious use of whole blood or balanced salt solutions will result in reduction of mortality from 50% to 10%.", "contents": "Neonatal shock in the first postnatal day. Advances in neonatal medicine have markedly reduced mortality in preterm infants. Current emphasis should be placed on early detection and treatment of neonatal hypotension and shock. Ideal clinical management includes perinatal recognition of low birth weight infants at risk for hypotension. All critically ill preterm infants should be closely monitored for tachycardia, hypotension, and/or decreased urinary output. By use of noninvasive blood pressure screening techniques, hypotensive infants may be identified in the first hours of life. Judicious use of whole blood or balanced salt solutions will result in reduction of mortality from 50% to 10%."}
{"id": "PMID:347925", "title": "The solution to narcotic addiction in the People's Republic of China.", "content": "The People's Republic of China dealt with addiction as a political problem, offering the new society hope, food, shelter, work, and land instead of opium. Addiction no longer had its appeal. Opium producing poppies were replaced by food corps. Large opium distributors were imprisoned. Addicts were \"clean\". A mass campaign against addiction mobilized the entire nation. Before Liberation in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party had kept opium out of their areas. However, it took until 1953 to rid China completely of opium. Twenty million Chinese outside the People's Republic of China continue to have serious narcotic addiction problems.", "contents": "The solution to narcotic addiction in the People's Republic of China. The People's Republic of China dealt with addiction as a political problem, offering the new society hope, food, shelter, work, and land instead of opium. Addiction no longer had its appeal. Opium producing poppies were replaced by food corps. Large opium distributors were imprisoned. Addicts were \"clean\". A mass campaign against addiction mobilized the entire nation. Before Liberation in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party had kept opium out of their areas. However, it took until 1953 to rid China completely of opium. Twenty million Chinese outside the People's Republic of China continue to have serious narcotic addiction problems."}
{"id": "PMID:347926", "title": "Alcohol by drug-dependent persons: a literature review and evaluation.", "content": "The literature review very clearly indicated that the majority of drug-dependent persons abused alcohol before becoming addicted to other drugs such as heroin. A conservative estimate of this form of sequential multiple substance abuse would include 80% of all drug-dependent persons. The literature also indicated that substantial numbers of drug-dependent persons used alcohol as a substitute for their preferred drug(s) of abuse, as well as a means of boosting, balancing, counteracting, or sustaining the effects of the other drug(s). Based on the literature, this form of concurrent multiple substance abuse would be evident in the substance abuse histories of at least 30% of all drug-dependent persons. The pernicious effects of alcohol abuse among methadone maintenance patients is documented and discussed, including the medical hazards associated with alcohol-drug abuse. Data from the DARP and CODAP national data systems are also reviewed and discussed. Recommendations for future treatment, prevention, and research on this subject are provided.", "contents": "Alcohol by drug-dependent persons: a literature review and evaluation. The literature review very clearly indicated that the majority of drug-dependent persons abused alcohol before becoming addicted to other drugs such as heroin. A conservative estimate of this form of sequential multiple substance abuse would include 80% of all drug-dependent persons. The literature also indicated that substantial numbers of drug-dependent persons used alcohol as a substitute for their preferred drug(s) of abuse, as well as a means of boosting, balancing, counteracting, or sustaining the effects of the other drug(s). Based on the literature, this form of concurrent multiple substance abuse would be evident in the substance abuse histories of at least 30% of all drug-dependent persons. The pernicious effects of alcohol abuse among methadone maintenance patients is documented and discussed, including the medical hazards associated with alcohol-drug abuse. Data from the DARP and CODAP national data systems are also reviewed and discussed. Recommendations for future treatment, prevention, and research on this subject are provided."}
{"id": "PMID:347927", "title": "Drug abuse by alcoholics and problem drinkers: a literature review and evaluation.", "content": "The estimate of drug abuse by alcoholics and problem drinkers in the literature varies from a low of 1% to a high of 90%. These studies, coupled with data from the National Drug/Alcohol Collaborative Project (NDACP), led us to estimate the figure to lie somewhere between 60 and 80%, being somewhat higher for individuals under 40 than over 40. Some explanations for the increased occurrence of this form of multiple substance abuse are provided. Problems associated with investigating this phenomenon are discussed and illustrated. Physiological and medical complications associated with drug and alcohol abuse are also cited.", "contents": "Drug abuse by alcoholics and problem drinkers: a literature review and evaluation. The estimate of drug abuse by alcoholics and problem drinkers in the literature varies from a low of 1% to a high of 90%. These studies, coupled with data from the National Drug/Alcohol Collaborative Project (NDACP), led us to estimate the figure to lie somewhere between 60 and 80%, being somewhat higher for individuals under 40 than over 40. Some explanations for the increased occurrence of this form of multiple substance abuse are provided. Problems associated with investigating this phenomenon are discussed and illustrated. Physiological and medical complications associated with drug and alcohol abuse are also cited."}
{"id": "PMID:347928", "title": "Combined treatment of alcohol- and drug-dependent persons: a literature review and evaluation.", "content": "A review of the substance abuse field literature concerning combined treatment of alcoholic and drug-dependent persons indicates a moderately favorable, albeit cautious degree of support for doing combined treatment. With only one exception, all of the published reports of clinical experience with combined treatment were positive. Research evidence comparing substance-specific treatment and combined treatment, however, was conspicuous by its absence. Social forces contributing to the creation of an atmosphere conductive to experimenting with combined treatment are discussed. Finally, a series of questions is raised which will likely determine the speed by which the substance abuse field as a whole will move toward adopting a combined treatment approach.", "contents": "Combined treatment of alcohol- and drug-dependent persons: a literature review and evaluation. A review of the substance abuse field literature concerning combined treatment of alcoholic and drug-dependent persons indicates a moderately favorable, albeit cautious degree of support for doing combined treatment. With only one exception, all of the published reports of clinical experience with combined treatment were positive. Research evidence comparing substance-specific treatment and combined treatment, however, was conspicuous by its absence. Social forces contributing to the creation of an atmosphere conductive to experimenting with combined treatment are discussed. Finally, a series of questions is raised which will likely determine the speed by which the substance abuse field as a whole will move toward adopting a combined treatment approach."}
{"id": "PMID:347930", "title": "Low cost, manual drug use review of Medicaid recipients to screen prescriber and pharmacist performance.", "content": "A manual drug use review (DUR) methodology to screen outpatient prescribing which would meet the needs of large third-party programs that cannot afford elaborate computerized DUR was developed and pilot tested. A Medicaid drugs data base was used for the pilot test. A probability sample of 100 recipients over a three-month period was selected for the DUR. The drugs for each recipient, listed by their generic composition and amount, were recorded. Then a priori, explicit, screening criteria were developed for these generics. These criteria delineated drugs of choice, daily dose and refill patterns and, as appropriate, therapy length, drug holidays, and disease-drug and drug-drug interactions. Only 11% of recipients had prescribing patterns which passed all the screens. The most frequent screening failure was due to the prescribing of a drug which was not a drug of choice. In nearly all of the cases which failed the other screens, an alert pharmacist with patient records should have noticed these problems. An analysis showed that the initial start-up cost for the manual DUR was estimated at $1053 (not including personnel fringe benefits); for subsequent quarterly review, the cost was estimated to be about $530. The project showed that manual DUR can effectively and efficiently screen prescribing in a large third-party program.", "contents": "Low cost, manual drug use review of Medicaid recipients to screen prescriber and pharmacist performance. A manual drug use review (DUR) methodology to screen outpatient prescribing which would meet the needs of large third-party programs that cannot afford elaborate computerized DUR was developed and pilot tested. A Medicaid drugs data base was used for the pilot test. A probability sample of 100 recipients over a three-month period was selected for the DUR. The drugs for each recipient, listed by their generic composition and amount, were recorded. Then a priori, explicit, screening criteria were developed for these generics. These criteria delineated drugs of choice, daily dose and refill patterns and, as appropriate, therapy length, drug holidays, and disease-drug and drug-drug interactions. Only 11% of recipients had prescribing patterns which passed all the screens. The most frequent screening failure was due to the prescribing of a drug which was not a drug of choice. In nearly all of the cases which failed the other screens, an alert pharmacist with patient records should have noticed these problems. An analysis showed that the initial start-up cost for the manual DUR was estimated at $1053 (not including personnel fringe benefits); for subsequent quarterly review, the cost was estimated to be about $530. The project showed that manual DUR can effectively and efficiently screen prescribing in a large third-party program."}
{"id": "PMID:347932", "title": "Sinus node dysfunction. An overview with emphasis on autonomic and pharmacologic consideration.", "content": "Sinus node dysfunction is a disorder of impulse generation and impulse conduction. Previous works have emphasized that the dysfunction occurs not only within the sinus node but also within the escape pacemaker. Adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms, as well as pulsations and pressure within the sinus node artery, play an important role in normal sinus node activity. Although perinodal fibers act as a buffer zone for sinoatrial conduction, their role in man is yet to be clarified. During normal sinus node activity, pacemaker shifts from the sinus node to the crista terminalis have been shown to occur. Following sinus node destruction, similar shifts do occur. Clinical methods of determining sinus node function, such as the sinus node recovery time and sinus atrial conduction time, are useful but have limitations. Dynamic electrocardiographic monitoring provides the best clinical method available for detecting sinus node dysfunction. Digitalis appears to improve the parameters of sinus node function by increasing the automaticity of latent atrial pacemakers. The atrial arrhythmia of sinus node dysfunction appears to be related to the characteristics of latent atrial pacemaker and \"enhanced\" cholinergic tone.", "contents": "Sinus node dysfunction. An overview with emphasis on autonomic and pharmacologic consideration. Sinus node dysfunction is a disorder of impulse generation and impulse conduction. Previous works have emphasized that the dysfunction occurs not only within the sinus node but also within the escape pacemaker. Adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms, as well as pulsations and pressure within the sinus node artery, play an important role in normal sinus node activity. Although perinodal fibers act as a buffer zone for sinoatrial conduction, their role in man is yet to be clarified. During normal sinus node activity, pacemaker shifts from the sinus node to the crista terminalis have been shown to occur. Following sinus node destruction, similar shifts do occur. Clinical methods of determining sinus node function, such as the sinus node recovery time and sinus atrial conduction time, are useful but have limitations. Dynamic electrocardiographic monitoring provides the best clinical method available for detecting sinus node dysfunction. Digitalis appears to improve the parameters of sinus node function by increasing the automaticity of latent atrial pacemakers. The atrial arrhythmia of sinus node dysfunction appears to be related to the characteristics of latent atrial pacemaker and \"enhanced\" cholinergic tone."}
{"id": "PMID:347933", "title": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in the diagnosis of leukemia and malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Neoplastic cells from 253 patients with leukemia and 46 patients with malignant lymphoma were studied for the presence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) by biochemical and fluorescent antibody technics. TdT was detected in circulating blast cells from 73 of 77 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 24 of 72 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia examined during the blastic phase of the disorder and in cell suspensions of lymph nodes from nine of nine patients with diffuse lymphoblastic lymphoma. Blast cells from six of 10 patients with acute undifferentiated leukemia were TdT positive, but the enzyme was found in only two of 55 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. TdT was not detected in other lymphocytic or granulocytic leukemias or in other types of malignant lymphomas. The fluorescent antibody assay for TdT permits rapid and specific identification of the enzyme in single cells. The TdT assay is clinically useful in confirming the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, evaluating patients with blastic chronic myelogenous leukemia, and distinguishing patients with lymphoblastic lymphoma, whose natural history includes rapid extranodal dissemination, from patients with other poorly differentiated malignant lymphomas.", "contents": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in the diagnosis of leukemia and malignant lymphoma. Neoplastic cells from 253 patients with leukemia and 46 patients with malignant lymphoma were studied for the presence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) by biochemical and fluorescent antibody technics. TdT was detected in circulating blast cells from 73 of 77 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 24 of 72 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia examined during the blastic phase of the disorder and in cell suspensions of lymph nodes from nine of nine patients with diffuse lymphoblastic lymphoma. Blast cells from six of 10 patients with acute undifferentiated leukemia were TdT positive, but the enzyme was found in only two of 55 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. TdT was not detected in other lymphocytic or granulocytic leukemias or in other types of malignant lymphomas. The fluorescent antibody assay for TdT permits rapid and specific identification of the enzyme in single cells. The TdT assay is clinically useful in confirming the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, evaluating patients with blastic chronic myelogenous leukemia, and distinguishing patients with lymphoblastic lymphoma, whose natural history includes rapid extranodal dissemination, from patients with other poorly differentiated malignant lymphomas."}
{"id": "PMID:347934", "title": "Painful crises following renal transplantation in sickle cell anemia.", "content": "A 34 year old woman with sickle cell (SS) anemia and chronic renal failure of unknown etiology was maintained on dialysis for 11 months before she received a cadaveric renal transplant. After 24 months, transplant function is excellent although a mild urinary concentrating defect (Umax = 532 mOsm/liter) is present. Renal biopsies five and 11 months after transplant revealed mild focal interstitial infiltrates and mesangial thickening. A major complication has been the reemergence of numerous severe painful crises, inferred to be caused by an increased blood viscosity consequent to a rising hematocrit value, after a hiatus of many years. The succession of crises was stopped with a prophylactic partial exchange transfusion program, reemerged when the program was discontinued, and was stopped again when the transfusion program was reinstituted. We conclude that renal transplantation may be successfully performed in patients with sickle cell disease. Complications of the hemoglobinopathy may develop, but painful crises can be successfully managed with judicious transfusion therapy.", "contents": "Painful crises following renal transplantation in sickle cell anemia. A 34 year old woman with sickle cell (SS) anemia and chronic renal failure of unknown etiology was maintained on dialysis for 11 months before she received a cadaveric renal transplant. After 24 months, transplant function is excellent although a mild urinary concentrating defect (Umax = 532 mOsm/liter) is present. Renal biopsies five and 11 months after transplant revealed mild focal interstitial infiltrates and mesangial thickening. A major complication has been the reemergence of numerous severe painful crises, inferred to be caused by an increased blood viscosity consequent to a rising hematocrit value, after a hiatus of many years. The succession of crises was stopped with a prophylactic partial exchange transfusion program, reemerged when the program was discontinued, and was stopped again when the transfusion program was reinstituted. We conclude that renal transplantation may be successfully performed in patients with sickle cell disease. Complications of the hemoglobinopathy may develop, but painful crises can be successfully managed with judicious transfusion therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:347940", "title": "The fundamentals of color perception. Charles F. Prentice Award Lecture--1977.", "content": "The author raises the question, \"Suppose a newly qualified optometrist announced that he wanted to undertake research on the perception of color; what fundamental elements of the subject should he attempt to master before setting out on his research program?\" In answering this question, the author traces his own development in the subject of color vision.", "contents": "The fundamentals of color perception. Charles F. Prentice Award Lecture--1977. The author raises the question, \"Suppose a newly qualified optometrist announced that he wanted to undertake research on the perception of color; what fundamental elements of the subject should he attempt to master before setting out on his research program?\" In answering this question, the author traces his own development in the subject of color vision."}
{"id": "PMID:347941", "title": "Recovery of hair coat color in Gray Collie (cyclic neutropenia)-normal bone marrow transplant chimeras.", "content": "Gray Collie-normal bone marrow transplantation chimeras showed normal coloration of the hair coat on tails and several other areas 2 years after successful transplantation of bone marrow to correct cyclic neutropenia of the Gray Collie syndrome.", "contents": "Recovery of hair coat color in Gray Collie (cyclic neutropenia)-normal bone marrow transplant chimeras. Gray Collie-normal bone marrow transplantation chimeras showed normal coloration of the hair coat on tails and several other areas 2 years after successful transplantation of bone marrow to correct cyclic neutropenia of the Gray Collie syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:347942", "title": "Damage to hyphal forms of fungi by human leukocytes in vitro. A possible host defense mechanism in aspergillosis and mucormycosis.", "content": "Evidence suggests that neutrophils are important in host defenses against invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis, although hyphae in these lesions are too large to be phagocytized. Interactions of neutrophils with hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus oryzae were studed in vitro. Light and electron microscopic observations indicated that neutrophils attached to and spread over the surfaces of hyphae, even in the absence of serum. This was followed by dramatic morphologic changes which suggested severe damage and probably death of hyphae. An assay of neutrophil-induced reduction of uptake of radioisotopes was used to quantitate damage to the fungi by neutrophils from normal subjects. Damage to hyphae was inhibited by a variety of compounds which are known to affect neutrophil surface functions, motility, and metabolism. Use of inhibitors of oxidative microbicidal mechanisms of neutrophils indicated the central importance of these mechanisms in damage to hyphae. Inhibitors of neutrophil cationic proteins altered damage only to Rhizopus. Damage to hyphae by lysozyme suggested that it may play a secondary role in the neutrophil, primarily against Aspergillus. This new nonphagocytic mechanism may play an important role in host defenses against these and other hyphal forms of fungi.", "contents": "Damage to hyphal forms of fungi by human leukocytes in vitro. A possible host defense mechanism in aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Evidence suggests that neutrophils are important in host defenses against invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis, although hyphae in these lesions are too large to be phagocytized. Interactions of neutrophils with hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus oryzae were studed in vitro. Light and electron microscopic observations indicated that neutrophils attached to and spread over the surfaces of hyphae, even in the absence of serum. This was followed by dramatic morphologic changes which suggested severe damage and probably death of hyphae. An assay of neutrophil-induced reduction of uptake of radioisotopes was used to quantitate damage to the fungi by neutrophils from normal subjects. Damage to hyphae was inhibited by a variety of compounds which are known to affect neutrophil surface functions, motility, and metabolism. Use of inhibitors of oxidative microbicidal mechanisms of neutrophils indicated the central importance of these mechanisms in damage to hyphae. Inhibitors of neutrophil cationic proteins altered damage only to Rhizopus. Damage to hyphae by lysozyme suggested that it may play a secondary role in the neutrophil, primarily against Aspergillus. This new nonphagocytic mechanism may play an important role in host defenses against these and other hyphal forms of fungi."}
{"id": "PMID:347944", "title": "Computer analysis in clinical electromyography.", "content": "Electromyographic findings are traditionally evaluated in terms of the duration, amplitude and shape of the myoelectric potentials as well as the pattern of discharge. Unfortunately, the evaluation is frequently dependent on the examiner's subjective observations with the result that mild, early cases or variations in the typical symptoms of the disease may be missed. To overcome these deficiencies, various approaches employing either analog or digital computer techniques have been explored. Programs have ranged from recognition and measurement of motor unit potentials to quantification of the interference pattern. Studies have also compared completely automatic analysis with operator-computer interaction and measurements performed manually. It is evident that the general format is still in the developmental stage. The prime need at the present time, however, is not only for quantification of the electromyogram but for innovative approaches which will expand our knowledge and increase diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "Computer analysis in clinical electromyography. Electromyographic findings are traditionally evaluated in terms of the duration, amplitude and shape of the myoelectric potentials as well as the pattern of discharge. Unfortunately, the evaluation is frequently dependent on the examiner's subjective observations with the result that mild, early cases or variations in the typical symptoms of the disease may be missed. To overcome these deficiencies, various approaches employing either analog or digital computer techniques have been explored. Programs have ranged from recognition and measurement of motor unit potentials to quantification of the interference pattern. Studies have also compared completely automatic analysis with operator-computer interaction and measurements performed manually. It is evident that the general format is still in the developmental stage. The prime need at the present time, however, is not only for quantification of the electromyogram but for innovative approaches which will expand our knowledge and increase diagnostic accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:347945", "title": "Insulin secretion during acid-base alterations.", "content": "Insulin secretion under extracellular acid-base alterations (metabolic acidosis or alkalosis) was studied, by challenging in vitro perfused sodium pentobarbital-anesthetized-rat pancreases with glucose, arginine, and tolbutamide. Under our experimental conditions, the amount of insulin released was lower at pH 7.8 than the amount corresponding to the pH 7.4 control, in spite of the agent used to stimulate the pancreas. The effect of pH 7.0 on insulin secretion, however, depends on the type and concentration of the stimulus used. It enhances the secretion elicited by glucose (6.6 mM) and glucose plus arginine (6.6 and 10 mM, respectively). On the other hand, it reduces the beta cell response to glucose plus tolbutamide (3.3 mM and 400 microgram/ml, respectively), whereas the response to high glucose (16.6 mM) is reduced in the first phase and not affected in the second. According to these results, modifications of the extracellular pH, mainly at high levels, may interfere with a common process involved in insulin secretion, namely beta cell emiocytosis.", "contents": "Insulin secretion during acid-base alterations. Insulin secretion under extracellular acid-base alterations (metabolic acidosis or alkalosis) was studied, by challenging in vitro perfused sodium pentobarbital-anesthetized-rat pancreases with glucose, arginine, and tolbutamide. Under our experimental conditions, the amount of insulin released was lower at pH 7.8 than the amount corresponding to the pH 7.4 control, in spite of the agent used to stimulate the pancreas. The effect of pH 7.0 on insulin secretion, however, depends on the type and concentration of the stimulus used. It enhances the secretion elicited by glucose (6.6 mM) and glucose plus arginine (6.6 and 10 mM, respectively). On the other hand, it reduces the beta cell response to glucose plus tolbutamide (3.3 mM and 400 microgram/ml, respectively), whereas the response to high glucose (16.6 mM) is reduced in the first phase and not affected in the second. According to these results, modifications of the extracellular pH, mainly at high levels, may interfere with a common process involved in insulin secretion, namely beta cell emiocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:347946", "title": "Intracellular activities of sodium and potassium.", "content": "The intracellular contents of Na+ and K+ appear to modulate a variety of cellular and tissue functions, including transepithelial transport. However these total ionic contents appear to consist of heterogeneous populations of Na+ and K+. No more than a few percent of intracellular Na+ and K+ appear bound. Thus, the heterogeneity of the intracellular ionic contents must reflect subcellular compartmentalization. Recent technical advances in the preparation and use of ion-selective microelectrodes have permitted progress in defining the possible sites of such intracellular compartmentalization. Furthermore, intracellular recording with microelectrodes and micropipettes now provides a technique with which to directly monitor the chemical activities of Na+ and K+ within the cytoplasm as a function of the state of transepithelial transport. This approach has already provided information necessitating a reexamination of certain classical concepts of transport physiology.", "contents": "Intracellular activities of sodium and potassium. The intracellular contents of Na+ and K+ appear to modulate a variety of cellular and tissue functions, including transepithelial transport. However these total ionic contents appear to consist of heterogeneous populations of Na+ and K+. No more than a few percent of intracellular Na+ and K+ appear bound. Thus, the heterogeneity of the intracellular ionic contents must reflect subcellular compartmentalization. Recent technical advances in the preparation and use of ion-selective microelectrodes have permitted progress in defining the possible sites of such intracellular compartmentalization. Furthermore, intracellular recording with microelectrodes and micropipettes now provides a technique with which to directly monitor the chemical activities of Na+ and K+ within the cytoplasm as a function of the state of transepithelial transport. This approach has already provided information necessitating a reexamination of certain classical concepts of transport physiology."}
{"id": "PMID:347947", "title": "Selective effects of bumetanide on chloride transport in bullfrog cornea.", "content": "Frog corneas were mounted in a modified Ussing chamber and short-circuit current (SCC) and unidirectional Cl fluxes were measured. Bumetanide, a loop diuretic, at concentrations as low as 10(-7) M, reduced the SCC 29%. At 10(-5) M, bumetanide reduced the SCC 96% and increased transcorneal electrical resistance 20-51%. The forward Cl flux declined from 0.71 +/- 0.04 to 0.20 +/- 0.03 mueq/h.cm2 (n, 7), while, in separate experiments, the backward Cl flux did not change significantly (from 0.22 +/- 0.03 to 0.23 +/- 0.04; n, 7). When corneas were mounted in Cl-free Ringer and the net Na transport was stimulated with amphotericin B, 10(-5) M bumetanide had no effect on the SCC. In separate experiments the effect of 10(-5) M bumetanide on the O2 consumption was measured in a stirrer bath assembly. Bumetanide decreased the O2 consumption from 352 +/- 14 to 297 +/- 19 microliter/h.cm2 (significantly different from sham-treated controls). This decrease was similar to that obtained with furosemide or when Cl was removed from the bathing medium. We infer from these results that bumetanide is a selective inhibitor of active Cl transport in the bullfrog cornea.", "contents": "Selective effects of bumetanide on chloride transport in bullfrog cornea. Frog corneas were mounted in a modified Ussing chamber and short-circuit current (SCC) and unidirectional Cl fluxes were measured. Bumetanide, a loop diuretic, at concentrations as low as 10(-7) M, reduced the SCC 29%. At 10(-5) M, bumetanide reduced the SCC 96% and increased transcorneal electrical resistance 20-51%. The forward Cl flux declined from 0.71 +/- 0.04 to 0.20 +/- 0.03 mueq/h.cm2 (n, 7), while, in separate experiments, the backward Cl flux did not change significantly (from 0.22 +/- 0.03 to 0.23 +/- 0.04; n, 7). When corneas were mounted in Cl-free Ringer and the net Na transport was stimulated with amphotericin B, 10(-5) M bumetanide had no effect on the SCC. In separate experiments the effect of 10(-5) M bumetanide on the O2 consumption was measured in a stirrer bath assembly. Bumetanide decreased the O2 consumption from 352 +/- 14 to 297 +/- 19 microliter/h.cm2 (significantly different from sham-treated controls). This decrease was similar to that obtained with furosemide or when Cl was removed from the bathing medium. We infer from these results that bumetanide is a selective inhibitor of active Cl transport in the bullfrog cornea."}
{"id": "PMID:347948", "title": "Comparison of SA nodal and subsidiary atrial pacemaker function and location in the dog.", "content": "A 3-4 cm length of sulcus terminalis tissue including the sinoatrial node (SAN) was excised from 14 dogs. After an initial junctional rhythm with SAN excision a P wave emerged within days to weeks in 12 animals. Maximum heart rates of the SAN (preoperative) in response to exercise (276 +/- 15 beats/min), isoproterenol infusion in conscious animals (272 +/- 11 beats/min), and stellate stimulation during anesthesia (273 +/- 9 beats/min) were significantly greater than subsidiary pacemakers (postoperatively) for exercise (219 +/- 9 beats/min), isoproterenol (226 +/- 8 beats/min), and stellate stimulation (197 +/- 9 beats/min). During a final experiment, electrophysiological mapping of the area of earliest epicardial activation (pacemaker location) was carried out. By use of a suction electrode in reference to plunge electrodes located in the anterior interatrial band (AIB), eustachian ridge of the coronary sinus, and limbus of the fossa ovalis, the pacemaker was located at the inferior vena cava-inferior right atrial junction in 80% of the animals mapped. During isoproterenol infusion the foci shifted to regions of the AIB in 70% of the animals mapped. The concept of pacemaker hierarchy is discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of SA nodal and subsidiary atrial pacemaker function and location in the dog. A 3-4 cm length of sulcus terminalis tissue including the sinoatrial node (SAN) was excised from 14 dogs. After an initial junctional rhythm with SAN excision a P wave emerged within days to weeks in 12 animals. Maximum heart rates of the SAN (preoperative) in response to exercise (276 +/- 15 beats/min), isoproterenol infusion in conscious animals (272 +/- 11 beats/min), and stellate stimulation during anesthesia (273 +/- 9 beats/min) were significantly greater than subsidiary pacemakers (postoperatively) for exercise (219 +/- 9 beats/min), isoproterenol (226 +/- 8 beats/min), and stellate stimulation (197 +/- 9 beats/min). During a final experiment, electrophysiological mapping of the area of earliest epicardial activation (pacemaker location) was carried out. By use of a suction electrode in reference to plunge electrodes located in the anterior interatrial band (AIB), eustachian ridge of the coronary sinus, and limbus of the fossa ovalis, the pacemaker was located at the inferior vena cava-inferior right atrial junction in 80% of the animals mapped. During isoproterenol infusion the foci shifted to regions of the AIB in 70% of the animals mapped. The concept of pacemaker hierarchy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347949", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of renin in mouse submaxillary gland and kidney.", "content": "An antibody prepared against purified submaxillary renin was used to determine the site of renin concentration in male mice using immunofluorescent localization. The results provide direct evidence that the granular tubules of the submaxillary glands are the source of submaxillary renin. The antibody against submaxillary renin cross-reacts with kidney renin as evidenced by immunofluorescent localization in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of mouse kidney.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of renin in mouse submaxillary gland and kidney. An antibody prepared against purified submaxillary renin was used to determine the site of renin concentration in male mice using immunofluorescent localization. The results provide direct evidence that the granular tubules of the submaxillary glands are the source of submaxillary renin. The antibody against submaxillary renin cross-reacts with kidney renin as evidenced by immunofluorescent localization in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of mouse kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:347950", "title": "Renal autoregulation: perspectives from whole kidney and single nephron studies.", "content": "The phenomenon of renal autoregulation is often thought to relate only to the manner in which the kidney responds to changes in arterial pressure. This review presents a more comprehensive description of the process based on the intrinsic renal vascular responses to changes in arterial pressure, venous pressure, ureteral pressure, and plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), or some function thereof, is the feature most consistently observed. More specifically, in response to external manipulations that change GFR, autonomous changes in renal vascular resistance tend to return GFR back towards normal. The bulk of the evidence suggests that the requisite renal vascular resistance alterations occur predominately at preglomerular segments. Most of the whole kidney autoregulatory responses can be explained on the basis of the distal tubule-glomerular feedback hypothesis, thought to be mediated by the macula densa-juxtaglomerular complex, which states that increases in distal volume delivery lead to increases in afferent arteriolar resistance while reduced distal delivery leads to afferent arteriolar dilation. Micropuncture data have demonstrated that interruption of distal volume delivery prevents single nephrons from autoregulating GFR and glomerular pressure. Also, single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) based on proximal collections is higher than SNGFR measured by distal collections or with an indicator-dilution technique. Studies utilized direct microperfusion of the distal nephron from a late proximal tubule site have demonstrated that SNGFR and glomerular pressure decrease in response to increases in distal nephron perfusion rate. Although experiments in rats have been interpreted as indicating that distal chloride concentration and/or reabsorption most likely mediate the feedback responses, recent studies in dogs have demonstrated that feedback responses can be consistently obtained with nonelectrolyte perfusion solutions. These latter studies suggest that the feedback response may be sensitive to some function of total solute delivery or concentration. At present, there is no clear understanding of the intracellular events that link the compositional alterations occurring within the early distal tubule to the final effector system.", "contents": "Renal autoregulation: perspectives from whole kidney and single nephron studies. The phenomenon of renal autoregulation is often thought to relate only to the manner in which the kidney responds to changes in arterial pressure. This review presents a more comprehensive description of the process based on the intrinsic renal vascular responses to changes in arterial pressure, venous pressure, ureteral pressure, and plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), or some function thereof, is the feature most consistently observed. More specifically, in response to external manipulations that change GFR, autonomous changes in renal vascular resistance tend to return GFR back towards normal. The bulk of the evidence suggests that the requisite renal vascular resistance alterations occur predominately at preglomerular segments. Most of the whole kidney autoregulatory responses can be explained on the basis of the distal tubule-glomerular feedback hypothesis, thought to be mediated by the macula densa-juxtaglomerular complex, which states that increases in distal volume delivery lead to increases in afferent arteriolar resistance while reduced distal delivery leads to afferent arteriolar dilation. Micropuncture data have demonstrated that interruption of distal volume delivery prevents single nephrons from autoregulating GFR and glomerular pressure. Also, single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) based on proximal collections is higher than SNGFR measured by distal collections or with an indicator-dilution technique. Studies utilized direct microperfusion of the distal nephron from a late proximal tubule site have demonstrated that SNGFR and glomerular pressure decrease in response to increases in distal nephron perfusion rate. Although experiments in rats have been interpreted as indicating that distal chloride concentration and/or reabsorption most likely mediate the feedback responses, recent studies in dogs have demonstrated that feedback responses can be consistently obtained with nonelectrolyte perfusion solutions. These latter studies suggest that the feedback response may be sensitive to some function of total solute delivery or concentration. At present, there is no clear understanding of the intracellular events that link the compositional alterations occurring within the early distal tubule to the final effector system."}
{"id": "PMID:347951", "title": "Contributions of the communication sciences to physiology.", "content": "This paper reviews the impact on physiology of the revolutions in the communication sciences and technology that have occurred in the last 35 years. Particular attention is given to the significance of the cybernetic suggestions of Norbert Wiener--specifically, the ideas of negative feedback, of the computer as a brain metaphor, and of signal-and-noise considerations in information processing. It is argued that the first two of these have not in fact made much lasting contribution to physiology beyond providing loose analogies. On the other hand, the ready availability of a wide variety of electronic measuring and signal-processing devices from communication technology has clearly had a substantial impact. And it is proposed that the kind of models and concepts that are necessary for the characterization of the nervous system as an information-processing device play now, and will continue to play in the future, a major role in physiology.", "contents": "Contributions of the communication sciences to physiology. This paper reviews the impact on physiology of the revolutions in the communication sciences and technology that have occurred in the last 35 years. Particular attention is given to the significance of the cybernetic suggestions of Norbert Wiener--specifically, the ideas of negative feedback, of the computer as a brain metaphor, and of signal-and-noise considerations in information processing. It is argued that the first two of these have not in fact made much lasting contribution to physiology beyond providing loose analogies. On the other hand, the ready availability of a wide variety of electronic measuring and signal-processing devices from communication technology has clearly had a substantial impact. And it is proposed that the kind of models and concepts that are necessary for the characterization of the nervous system as an information-processing device play now, and will continue to play in the future, a major role in physiology."}
{"id": "PMID:347952", "title": "Plasma and erythrocyte levels of tricyclic antidepressants in depressed patients.", "content": "Plasma and red blood cells (RBCs), amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, doxepin, and desmethyl doxepin levels were measured in depressed inpatients during steady-state kinetics. A strong positive correlation between the drug levels in plasma and RBCs was found for amitriptyline, nortriptyline, desipramine, and desmethyl doxepin. However, at a given plasma level, up to a 6-fold interindividual variation in the RBC drug levels was found. The correlations between plasma and RBC imipramine and doxepin levels were low. The interindividual variation in the RBC-plasma tricyclic level ratios was large enough to warrant further clinical studies on the relationship between efficacy and pharmacokinetics of tricyclic antidepressants.", "contents": "Plasma and erythrocyte levels of tricyclic antidepressants in depressed patients. Plasma and red blood cells (RBCs), amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, doxepin, and desmethyl doxepin levels were measured in depressed inpatients during steady-state kinetics. A strong positive correlation between the drug levels in plasma and RBCs was found for amitriptyline, nortriptyline, desipramine, and desmethyl doxepin. However, at a given plasma level, up to a 6-fold interindividual variation in the RBC drug levels was found. The correlations between plasma and RBC imipramine and doxepin levels were low. The interindividual variation in the RBC-plasma tricyclic level ratios was large enough to warrant further clinical studies on the relationship between efficacy and pharmacokinetics of tricyclic antidepressants."}
{"id": "PMID:347953", "title": "Prophylactic effect of lithium and imipramine in unipolar and bipolar II patients: a preliminary report.", "content": "Relapse rates of the first 35 unipolar and bipolar II manic-depressive patients who entered the controlled phase of a continuing evaluation of the prophylactic value of lithium alone or in combination with imipramine were analyzed. Lithium had a prophylactic effect in unipolar patients and possibly in bipolar II patients. Imipramine did not have a prophylactic effect in either group of patients.", "contents": "Prophylactic effect of lithium and imipramine in unipolar and bipolar II patients: a preliminary report. Relapse rates of the first 35 unipolar and bipolar II manic-depressive patients who entered the controlled phase of a continuing evaluation of the prophylactic value of lithium alone or in combination with imipramine were analyzed. Lithium had a prophylactic effect in unipolar patients and possibly in bipolar II patients. Imipramine did not have a prophylactic effect in either group of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:347954", "title": "A comparison of pimozide and haloperidol in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.", "content": "In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, both pimozide and haloperidol significantly decreased tic frequency in nine patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. These findings are consistent with the catecholamine hypothesis of tic generation. Pimozide was associated with significantly fewer complaints of lethargy. Follow-up 4-20 months later showed that six of seven patients receiving pimozide and one of two receiving haloperidol had had greater than 75% improvement in symptoms.", "contents": "A comparison of pimozide and haloperidol in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, both pimozide and haloperidol significantly decreased tic frequency in nine patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. These findings are consistent with the catecholamine hypothesis of tic generation. Pimozide was associated with significantly fewer complaints of lethargy. Follow-up 4-20 months later showed that six of seven patients receiving pimozide and one of two receiving haloperidol had had greater than 75% improvement in symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:347956", "title": "Quantitative care norms for a psychiatric ambulatory population in a county medical assistance program.", "content": "An approach for developing quantitative care norms for outpatient acute psychiatric patients is presented. Both the methodological concept of the norming procedure and its application to the needs of Medicaid in Rockland County, New York are given. The methodology is totally general in that it could be applied to concerns related to characterization of services rendered in a wide variety of applications ranging from planning to utilization review. The norms developed relate both to monthly quantity of services rendered and length of active treatment period. Further, the impact of a review rule is discussed in terms of its implication to number of cases reviewed.", "contents": "Quantitative care norms for a psychiatric ambulatory population in a county medical assistance program. An approach for developing quantitative care norms for outpatient acute psychiatric patients is presented. Both the methodological concept of the norming procedure and its application to the needs of Medicaid in Rockland County, New York are given. The methodology is totally general in that it could be applied to concerns related to characterization of services rendered in a wide variety of applications ranging from planning to utilization review. The norms developed relate both to monthly quantity of services rendered and length of active treatment period. Further, the impact of a review rule is discussed in terms of its implication to number of cases reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:347957", "title": "Educational benefits of the United States school feeding program: a critical review of the literature.", "content": "In the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 it was stated that educational progress was an objective of the United States School Feeding programs. In spite of this fact no serious attempt has ever been made to evaluate whether this objective has been met; the few evaluations that have been conducted lack scientific rigor. As a whole the studies fail to provide a strong basis from which to make valid inferences regarding the long-term effects of the feeding program on school achievement and adaptation. Studies that have focused on the short-term effects of hunger or morning feeding suggest that the provision of breakfast may both benefit the student emotionally and enhance his capacity to work on school type tasks.", "contents": "Educational benefits of the United States school feeding program: a critical review of the literature. In the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 it was stated that educational progress was an objective of the United States School Feeding programs. In spite of this fact no serious attempt has ever been made to evaluate whether this objective has been met; the few evaluations that have been conducted lack scientific rigor. As a whole the studies fail to provide a strong basis from which to make valid inferences regarding the long-term effects of the feeding program on school achievement and adaptation. Studies that have focused on the short-term effects of hunger or morning feeding suggest that the provision of breakfast may both benefit the student emotionally and enhance his capacity to work on school type tasks."}
{"id": "PMID:347958", "title": "The influence of acetylator phenotype on the response to sulfalene in individuals with chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria.", "content": "The disposition of sulfalene was studied in eight individuals before and during an infection with a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Isoniazid acetylator phenotype was determined in each individual prior to the administration of sulfalene. Following the administration of sulfalene before infection with malaria, a significant difference in half-life of non-acetylated sulfalene and percent acetylation of sulfalene in plasma was observed between rapid and slow acetylators. When sulfalene was administered during malaria, this difference was no longer apparent. Individuals who did not respond to the therapeutic administration of sulfalene alone were treated with a combination of sulfalene and pyrimethamine. Three individuals were cured by sulfalene without pyrimethamine and one was cured by the drug combination. Three of the four individuals who were not cured by any dose of sulfalene or the drug combination were slow acetylators. There was no distinct correlation between clinical response and maximum levels or half-life of nonacetylated sulfalene. These findings suggest that acetylator phenotype does not influence the therapeutic response of individuals infected with falciparum malaria to sulfalene or to the combination of sulfalene and pyrimethamine. Further information is presented, however, to confirm the importance of an as yet unidentified host factor(s) in determining therapeutic response to these agents.", "contents": "The influence of acetylator phenotype on the response to sulfalene in individuals with chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. The disposition of sulfalene was studied in eight individuals before and during an infection with a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Isoniazid acetylator phenotype was determined in each individual prior to the administration of sulfalene. Following the administration of sulfalene before infection with malaria, a significant difference in half-life of non-acetylated sulfalene and percent acetylation of sulfalene in plasma was observed between rapid and slow acetylators. When sulfalene was administered during malaria, this difference was no longer apparent. Individuals who did not respond to the therapeutic administration of sulfalene alone were treated with a combination of sulfalene and pyrimethamine. Three individuals were cured by sulfalene without pyrimethamine and one was cured by the drug combination. Three of the four individuals who were not cured by any dose of sulfalene or the drug combination were slow acetylators. There was no distinct correlation between clinical response and maximum levels or half-life of nonacetylated sulfalene. These findings suggest that acetylator phenotype does not influence the therapeutic response of individuals infected with falciparum malaria to sulfalene or to the combination of sulfalene and pyrimethamine. Further information is presented, however, to confirm the importance of an as yet unidentified host factor(s) in determining therapeutic response to these agents."}
{"id": "PMID:347959", "title": "Comparison of IgG and IgM contents in serum and filter paper blood eluates.", "content": "By the indirect immunoperoxidase radial immunodiffusion technique the IgG and IgM contents in serum and filter paper eluates were found to remain essentially at equivalent levels for at least 2.5 months after collection.", "contents": "Comparison of IgG and IgM contents in serum and filter paper blood eluates. By the indirect immunoperoxidase radial immunodiffusion technique the IgG and IgM contents in serum and filter paper eluates were found to remain essentially at equivalent levels for at least 2.5 months after collection."}
{"id": "PMID:347961", "title": "Single-layer anastomosis of the colon. A review of 165 cases.", "content": "One hundred sixty-five patients undergoing elective colorectal or colonic anastomoses with a one-layer technic are presented. One death from suture line dehiscence was noted, and the overall mortality was 2.4 per cent. The usual technic for esophagogastrointestinal suturing in French surgical centers is described and the importance of suture technic in the etiology of anastomotic leaks is discussed.", "contents": "Single-layer anastomosis of the colon. A review of 165 cases. One hundred sixty-five patients undergoing elective colorectal or colonic anastomoses with a one-layer technic are presented. One death from suture line dehiscence was noted, and the overall mortality was 2.4 per cent. The usual technic for esophagogastrointestinal suturing in French surgical centers is described and the importance of suture technic in the etiology of anastomotic leaks is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:347962", "title": "Hepatic abscesses: improvement in mortality with early diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "This study demonstrates that hepatic abscesses are highly lethal when untreated. There was an overall mortality of 29 per cent; however, if autopsy cases are excluded the mortality was only 13 per cent. Positive blood cultures (especially if multiple or anaerobic organisms), significant anemia, elevated bilirubin levels, multiple abscesses, and being Caucasian were identified as factors associated with increased mortality. Early diagnosis coupled with aggressive surgical and antibiotic therapy is needed.", "contents": "Hepatic abscesses: improvement in mortality with early diagnosis and treatment. This study demonstrates that hepatic abscesses are highly lethal when untreated. There was an overall mortality of 29 per cent; however, if autopsy cases are excluded the mortality was only 13 per cent. Positive blood cultures (especially if multiple or anaerobic organisms), significant anemia, elevated bilirubin levels, multiple abscesses, and being Caucasian were identified as factors associated with increased mortality. Early diagnosis coupled with aggressive surgical and antibiotic therapy is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:347963", "title": "Chemoimmunotherapy of head and neck cancer.", "content": "The present review aims at developing a perspective for surgeons of the role of chemoimmunotherapy in the management of head and neck cancer. The biochemical pharmacology of high dose methotrexate with leucovorin \"rescue\" is also discussed. The need for a combined modality approach in the treatment of patients with this cancer is emphasized.", "contents": "Chemoimmunotherapy of head and neck cancer. The present review aims at developing a perspective for surgeons of the role of chemoimmunotherapy in the management of head and neck cancer. The biochemical pharmacology of high dose methotrexate with leucovorin \"rescue\" is also discussed. The need for a combined modality approach in the treatment of patients with this cancer is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:347965", "title": "Evaluation of a method for transportation and preservation of anaerobic microorganisms.", "content": "Fecal samples from sixty patients were utilized to evaluate a method for the preservation of anaerobic organisms. Comparison was made with a method commonly employed in the collection of specimens from the operating room and bedside. Analysis of the numbers ae preservation of anaerobic fecal flora in a reliable manner during a 24 hour delay between specimen collection and plating.", "contents": "Evaluation of a method for transportation and preservation of anaerobic microorganisms. Fecal samples from sixty patients were utilized to evaluate a method for the preservation of anaerobic organisms. Comparison was made with a method commonly employed in the collection of specimens from the operating room and bedside. Analysis of the numbers ae preservation of anaerobic fecal flora in a reliable manner during a 24 hour delay between specimen collection and plating."}
{"id": "PMID:347973", "title": "Simple mandatory minute volume.", "content": "An easily constructed system for mandatory minute volume is described, using a Brompton Manley ventilator, a thin polyvinylchloride bag in a glass jar, and an Ambu \"E\" valve.", "contents": "Simple mandatory minute volume. An easily constructed system for mandatory minute volume is described, using a Brompton Manley ventilator, a thin polyvinylchloride bag in a glass jar, and an Ambu \"E\" valve."}
{"id": "PMID:347974", "title": "Alternative methods of treating pain.", "content": "The range of non-invasive methods of treatment of chronic pain which are currently available has been discussed. They fall into three categories; those dependent on counter stimulation, those which influence the higher centres and those, like acupuncture, which possibly combine both mechanisms. The empirical, but frequently successful nature of such treatments has been emphasised.", "contents": "Alternative methods of treating pain. The range of non-invasive methods of treatment of chronic pain which are currently available has been discussed. They fall into three categories; those dependent on counter stimulation, those which influence the higher centres and those, like acupuncture, which possibly combine both mechanisms. The empirical, but frequently successful nature of such treatments has been emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:347979", "title": "Fluoride-induced mineralization within vacuoles in maturative ameloblasts of the rat.", "content": "Dense crystalline deposits appeared within vacuoles in rat maturative ameloblasts as a result of repeated injections of sodium fluoride. The crystals assumed varied arrangements but were always observed within intracellular vacuoles. The crystals resemble those of normal enamel and resist microincineration. They are readily dissolved by decalcification and leave behind an organic framework which matches the outline of the crystals. An experimental model is presented which may be useful in further studies of calcium transport, enamel matrix absorption or digestion of cellular debris.", "contents": "Fluoride-induced mineralization within vacuoles in maturative ameloblasts of the rat. Dense crystalline deposits appeared within vacuoles in rat maturative ameloblasts as a result of repeated injections of sodium fluoride. The crystals assumed varied arrangements but were always observed within intracellular vacuoles. The crystals resemble those of normal enamel and resist microincineration. They are readily dissolved by decalcification and leave behind an organic framework which matches the outline of the crystals. An experimental model is presented which may be useful in further studies of calcium transport, enamel matrix absorption or digestion of cellular debris."}
{"id": "PMID:347989", "title": "Effect of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol upon exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "The effect of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol upon exercise-induced asthma was compared with that of placebo in a double-blind, crossover study in 11 asthmatic children. Measurement of pulmonary function before and after treatment and before and after exercise disclosed inhibition of exercise-induced asthma in only three of nine children in whom exercise after inhalation of placebo caused bronchospasm.", "contents": "Effect of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol upon exercise-induced asthma. The effect of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol upon exercise-induced asthma was compared with that of placebo in a double-blind, crossover study in 11 asthmatic children. Measurement of pulmonary function before and after treatment and before and after exercise disclosed inhibition of exercise-induced asthma in only three of nine children in whom exercise after inhalation of placebo caused bronchospasm."}
{"id": "PMID:347990", "title": "A clinical trial of the bronchodilator effect of Sch 1000 aerosol in asthmatic children.", "content": "In a double-blind study in 23 asthmatic patients Sch 1000 was found to be an effective bronchodilator with an onset of effect within 15 minutes and a duration of four hours. It was effective on both small and large airways.", "contents": "A clinical trial of the bronchodilator effect of Sch 1000 aerosol in asthmatic children. In a double-blind study in 23 asthmatic patients Sch 1000 was found to be an effective bronchodilator with an onset of effect within 15 minutes and a duration of four hours. It was effective on both small and large airways."}
{"id": "PMID:347991", "title": "Specific adaptation.", "content": "In this paper the key to the diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of chronic illnesses based on individual susceptibility to foods, drugs, food-drug combinations and environmental chemicals is discussed thoroughly.", "contents": "Specific adaptation. In this paper the key to the diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of chronic illnesses based on individual susceptibility to foods, drugs, food-drug combinations and environmental chemicals is discussed thoroughly."}
{"id": "PMID:347992", "title": "Beclomethasone dipropionate in pediatric perennial extrinsic rhinitis.", "content": "A double-blind, crossover trial of beclomethasone dipropionate intranasal aerosol was undertaken in 30 children suffering from long-term perennial extrinsic rhinitis refractive to conventional therapy with a success rate of 83%. There were no side effects. Maximum improvement was a seen a week after initiation of the active drug. Nasal blockage and rhinorrhoea were most responsive. It is suggested the beclomethasone dipropionate is an effective and safe treatment of children suffering from extrinsic perennial rhinitis.", "contents": "Beclomethasone dipropionate in pediatric perennial extrinsic rhinitis. A double-blind, crossover trial of beclomethasone dipropionate intranasal aerosol was undertaken in 30 children suffering from long-term perennial extrinsic rhinitis refractive to conventional therapy with a success rate of 83%. There were no side effects. Maximum improvement was a seen a week after initiation of the active drug. Nasal blockage and rhinorrhoea were most responsive. It is suggested the beclomethasone dipropionate is an effective and safe treatment of children suffering from extrinsic perennial rhinitis."}
{"id": "PMID:347996", "title": "Evaluation of reconstitution of immunodeficient mice by partially purified thymic extracts.", "content": "Partially purified thymus products were used to evaluate the maturation of T lymphocytes in immunodeficient mice. Three different bovine thymic extracts, designated thymic extracts A, B, and C, were successful in increasing the longevity of conventionally raised nude mice. Daily injection of bovine thymic extracts A, B, and C and mouse thymus extracts failed to mature a population of T lymphocytes and restore the capacity to reject heart allografts. Preincubation of normal syngeneic bone marrow with thymic extract B in vitro before injection into nude mice also failed to reconstitute the host's ability to reject heart grafts. The number of antibody plaque-forming cells of sheep red blood cells in lethally irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted mice could be increased by preincubating the bone marrow cells with bovine thymic extract fraction B before injection followed by daily injections. A similar but less marked increase in plaque-forming cells was obtained by the daily injection of bovine thymic extract fraction C. Complete functional maturation of T lymphocytes in immunodeficient animals appears to require more than thymic extract stimulation of bone marrow cells or pre-T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Evaluation of reconstitution of immunodeficient mice by partially purified thymic extracts. Partially purified thymus products were used to evaluate the maturation of T lymphocytes in immunodeficient mice. Three different bovine thymic extracts, designated thymic extracts A, B, and C, were successful in increasing the longevity of conventionally raised nude mice. Daily injection of bovine thymic extracts A, B, and C and mouse thymus extracts failed to mature a population of T lymphocytes and restore the capacity to reject heart allografts. Preincubation of normal syngeneic bone marrow with thymic extract B in vitro before injection into nude mice also failed to reconstitute the host's ability to reject heart grafts. The number of antibody plaque-forming cells of sheep red blood cells in lethally irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted mice could be increased by preincubating the bone marrow cells with bovine thymic extract fraction B before injection followed by daily injections. A similar but less marked increase in plaque-forming cells was obtained by the daily injection of bovine thymic extract fraction C. Complete functional maturation of T lymphocytes in immunodeficient animals appears to require more than thymic extract stimulation of bone marrow cells or pre-T lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:347997", "title": "Salmonella serotypes isolated from the aquatic environment (Wabash River, Indiana, 1973-1976).", "content": "During 1973-1976, 833 isolations of salmonellae were made from the aquatic biosphere of the Wabash River, Lafayette, Ind. Of the isolants, 643 were definitively serotyped. Salmonella typhimurium represented 34.4% of the cultures. Salmonella eimsbuettel previously had not been recognized in Indiana. A total of 35 serotypes and 1 untypable group C1 was obtained from the aquatic samples, ie, river water, river bottom sediment, fish, and mussels. Most of the isolants were presumed to be of human origin, because many samplings were made in close proximity to sewage treatment plant outfalls. During the survey period, epidemic salmonellosis had not been reported for the Lafayette-West Lafayette metropolitan area.", "contents": "Salmonella serotypes isolated from the aquatic environment (Wabash River, Indiana, 1973-1976). During 1973-1976, 833 isolations of salmonellae were made from the aquatic biosphere of the Wabash River, Lafayette, Ind. Of the isolants, 643 were definitively serotyped. Salmonella typhimurium represented 34.4% of the cultures. Salmonella eimsbuettel previously had not been recognized in Indiana. A total of 35 serotypes and 1 untypable group C1 was obtained from the aquatic samples, ie, river water, river bottom sediment, fish, and mussels. Most of the isolants were presumed to be of human origin, because many samplings were made in close proximity to sewage treatment plant outfalls. During the survey period, epidemic salmonellosis had not been reported for the Lafayette-West Lafayette metropolitan area."}
{"id": "PMID:348002", "title": "[Cutaneous microbiol flora in 206 children with diaper dermatitis and pyodermitis].", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus (60 p. 100) and Candida albicans (50 p. 100) were mostly found in 73 cases of diaper dermatitis. They were present together in 16 out of these 73 cases. This study enables us to think this is a matter of opportunistic infection. Staphylococcus aureus (75 p. 100) and beta-h\u00e9mol. Streptococcus A (28 p. 100) were found in 40 children with impetigo contagiosa. They were present together in 7 out of the 40 cases. Nephritis was never found either in those cases or in other 93 cases of pyodermitis.", "contents": "[Cutaneous microbiol flora in 206 children with diaper dermatitis and pyodermitis]. Staphylococcus aureus (60 p. 100) and Candida albicans (50 p. 100) were mostly found in 73 cases of diaper dermatitis. They were present together in 16 out of these 73 cases. This study enables us to think this is a matter of opportunistic infection. Staphylococcus aureus (75 p. 100) and beta-h\u00e9mol. Streptococcus A (28 p. 100) were found in 40 children with impetigo contagiosa. They were present together in 7 out of the 40 cases. Nephritis was never found either in those cases or in other 93 cases of pyodermitis."}
{"id": "PMID:348003", "title": "[Generalized lymph node sarcoma during course of an actinic reticuloid (author's transl)].", "content": "A 50 year old man with actinic reticuloid developed a diffuse malignant lymphoma 7 years after the beginning of the dermatosis. Biopsy of lymph node showed a polymorphic proliferation with lymphocytes, numerous reticular cells and several Sternberg-like cells. An ultrastructural study showed an indifferentiate lymphocyte proliferation and numerous malignant reticular cells without the Sternberg cell picture. In this patient we discuss the role of immunosuppressive therapy, chronic herpes virus infection and chronic antigenic photostimulation. Up to now, this is the third case of an association between actinic reticuloid and malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "[Generalized lymph node sarcoma during course of an actinic reticuloid (author's transl)]. A 50 year old man with actinic reticuloid developed a diffuse malignant lymphoma 7 years after the beginning of the dermatosis. Biopsy of lymph node showed a polymorphic proliferation with lymphocytes, numerous reticular cells and several Sternberg-like cells. An ultrastructural study showed an indifferentiate lymphocyte proliferation and numerous malignant reticular cells without the Sternberg cell picture. In this patient we discuss the role of immunosuppressive therapy, chronic herpes virus infection and chronic antigenic photostimulation. Up to now, this is the third case of an association between actinic reticuloid and malignant lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:348004", "title": "[Comel's linear circumflex ichthyosis and Netherton's syndrome. General conceptions based on study of 4 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "We have recently observed 4 new particularly demonstrative cases and we think it is adequate to give a general conception in order to bring together in one and a single syndrom the ichthyosis linearis circumflexa Comel and the Netherton's syndrom. We also emphasize some features:--the possible association of ichthyosis linearis circumflexa with family epileptogenous encephalopathy;--a particular type of trichorrhexis which we named \"frayed pili torti\";--the usual lethality in males, with possible serious viral and pyococcic superinfection;--the characteristics of ichtyosiform erythroderma in the Netherton's syndrom. At the end of this study we confirm that a unicist theory which would consider Netherton's syndrom and ichthyosis linearis circumflexa as one and a single disease should be adopted.", "contents": "[Comel's linear circumflex ichthyosis and Netherton's syndrome. General conceptions based on study of 4 cases (author's transl)]. We have recently observed 4 new particularly demonstrative cases and we think it is adequate to give a general conception in order to bring together in one and a single syndrom the ichthyosis linearis circumflexa Comel and the Netherton's syndrom. We also emphasize some features:--the possible association of ichthyosis linearis circumflexa with family epileptogenous encephalopathy;--a particular type of trichorrhexis which we named \"frayed pili torti\";--the usual lethality in males, with possible serious viral and pyococcic superinfection;--the characteristics of ichtyosiform erythroderma in the Netherton's syndrom. At the end of this study we confirm that a unicist theory which would consider Netherton's syndrom and ichthyosis linearis circumflexa as one and a single disease should be adopted."}
{"id": "PMID:348005", "title": "[Study of lichen planus by direct immunofluorescence (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of direct immunofluorescent staining from patients with different types of lichen planus are reported. Total antiserum, IgA, IgG, IgM, C1B/C1A and Fg antiserums were used. Immunoglobulin deposits were noted on colloid bodies, on the epidermal basement ,nd the walls of the papillary vessels.", "contents": "[Study of lichen planus by direct immunofluorescence (author's transl)]. The results of direct immunofluorescent staining from patients with different types of lichen planus are reported. Total antiserum, IgA, IgG, IgM, C1B/C1A and Fg antiserums were used. Immunoglobulin deposits were noted on colloid bodies, on the epidermal basement ,nd the walls of the papillary vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:348011", "title": "The role of prostaglandins in inflammation.", "content": "Our work suggests that aspirin-like drugs suppress inflammatory oedema not by reducing vessel wall permeability but by inhibiting the production of vasodilator mediators (prostaglandins), which results in a reduction in plasma exudation. Thus aspirin-like drugs appear to inhibit inflammatory swelling in the same manner as the traditional method of cooling with an ice-pack--by constricting the dilated blood vessels.", "contents": "The role of prostaglandins in inflammation. Our work suggests that aspirin-like drugs suppress inflammatory oedema not by reducing vessel wall permeability but by inhibiting the production of vasodilator mediators (prostaglandins), which results in a reduction in plasma exudation. Thus aspirin-like drugs appear to inhibit inflammatory swelling in the same manner as the traditional method of cooling with an ice-pack--by constricting the dilated blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:348025", "title": "[Effects of clomiphene and estrogens on circulating gonadotropins, testosterone, androstenedione, in old menopausal women (author's transl)].", "content": "The threshold of sensitivity of the gonadostat has been tested in 20 old menopausal women by clomiphene (50 or 200 mg/day for 5 days) and/or low doses of ethinyl oestradiol (EE2) (10 or 20 microgram/day). Clomiphene did not increase nor decreased serum levels of LH-FSH and testosterone (T) but increased significantly androstenedione (A) levels. Even at the lower dosage used, EE2 decreased drastically the levels of LH but less completely that of FSH. Clomiphene breaks off partially the oestrogen's blockade on FSH but not on LH. No modification was observed for T and A even after 30 days of estrogen therapy. This data shows the peculiar sensitivity of the gonadostat in advanced menopaused women. It also suggests that the gonadostat exhibits a low threshold of sensitivity analogous to that observed in late prepubertal period. Moreover, the different behaviour of LH and FSH in response to the negative feedback of oestrogens supports that an ovarian factor, distinct from estrogens and missing during menopause plays a role in the regulation of FSH.", "contents": "[Effects of clomiphene and estrogens on circulating gonadotropins, testosterone, androstenedione, in old menopausal women (author's transl)]. The threshold of sensitivity of the gonadostat has been tested in 20 old menopausal women by clomiphene (50 or 200 mg/day for 5 days) and/or low doses of ethinyl oestradiol (EE2) (10 or 20 microgram/day). Clomiphene did not increase nor decreased serum levels of LH-FSH and testosterone (T) but increased significantly androstenedione (A) levels. Even at the lower dosage used, EE2 decreased drastically the levels of LH but less completely that of FSH. Clomiphene breaks off partially the oestrogen's blockade on FSH but not on LH. No modification was observed for T and A even after 30 days of estrogen therapy. This data shows the peculiar sensitivity of the gonadostat in advanced menopaused women. It also suggests that the gonadostat exhibits a low threshold of sensitivity analogous to that observed in late prepubertal period. Moreover, the different behaviour of LH and FSH in response to the negative feedback of oestrogens supports that an ovarian factor, distinct from estrogens and missing during menopause plays a role in the regulation of FSH."}
{"id": "PMID:348026", "title": "[Effect of LH-RH infusion on plasmatic testosterone level in normal man and in pathologic cases (author's transl)].", "content": "LH-RH INFUSION with 250 microgram in eight hours increases testosterone level in normal man by 40% (alpha less than 0,01). Results in hypogonadic patients and in pituitary tumours are presented. No correlation is found between LH-RH responses and pituitary enlargement.", "contents": "[Effect of LH-RH infusion on plasmatic testosterone level in normal man and in pathologic cases (author's transl)]. LH-RH INFUSION with 250 microgram in eight hours increases testosterone level in normal man by 40% (alpha less than 0,01). Results in hypogonadic patients and in pituitary tumours are presented. No correlation is found between LH-RH responses and pituitary enlargement."}
{"id": "PMID:348027", "title": "[Plasma LH response to LHRH in hypothyroid and thyroxin-treated rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma LH response after intravenous injection of synthetic LHRH (50 ng) was studied in male rats (normal, after thyroidectomy, after treatment by dl thyroxin 50 microgram/a day, 10 days). LH response was significantly elevated in hypothyroid animals although it was not influenced by thyroxin injections. Prolonged plasma LH half-life in hypothyroid rats can account in this result.", "contents": "[Plasma LH response to LHRH in hypothyroid and thyroxin-treated rats (author's transl)]. Plasma LH response after intravenous injection of synthetic LHRH (50 ng) was studied in male rats (normal, after thyroidectomy, after treatment by dl thyroxin 50 microgram/a day, 10 days). LH response was significantly elevated in hypothyroid animals although it was not influenced by thyroxin injections. Prolonged plasma LH half-life in hypothyroid rats can account in this result."}
{"id": "PMID:348028", "title": "Biology of drowning.", "content": "The near-drowning victim must be treated immediately for ventilatory insufficiency, hypoxia, and the resulting acidosis. The cause and pathophysiologic changes of pulmonary insufficiency vary, depending on the tpe and volume of fluid aspirated. Success or failure of the overall resuscitative effort frequently depends on the adequacy of prompt emergency resuscitation and on effective intensive pulmonary care. Each patient should be evaluated and treated individually, since abnormalities of multiple organ systems can occur, their degree and form varying considerably from patient to patient (28).", "contents": "Biology of drowning. The near-drowning victim must be treated immediately for ventilatory insufficiency, hypoxia, and the resulting acidosis. The cause and pathophysiologic changes of pulmonary insufficiency vary, depending on the tpe and volume of fluid aspirated. Success or failure of the overall resuscitative effort frequently depends on the adequacy of prompt emergency resuscitation and on effective intensive pulmonary care. Each patient should be evaluated and treated individually, since abnormalities of multiple organ systems can occur, their degree and form varying considerably from patient to patient (28)."}
{"id": "PMID:348029", "title": "The prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders.", "content": "Prenatal diagnosis has proven highly effective in assessing the status of fetuses at risk of all cytogenetic and of several biochemical and structural disorders with genetic etiologies. The original methodology, based on the cytogenetic and biochemical analysis of cultured amniotic fluid cells, has now been complemented by a wide variety of new techniques. These include several methods for fetal visualization (sonography, fetoscopy, x ray), sampling of fetal blood, and analysis of very small quantities of material. Additional approaches, based on these and other technologies, are likely to permit the prenatal diagnosis of an ever increasing number of genetic disorders. At the same time, the number of pregnancies monitored will increase as greater resources become available and as screening programs identify couples at risk of having genetically abnormal children prior to the birth of an affected child. Prenatal diagnosis is already a powerful means of preventing the birth of individuals with significant genetic defects, thereby sparing both individuals and society from the burdens that such disorders produce. In the future, it is likely to be even more effective.", "contents": "The prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders. Prenatal diagnosis has proven highly effective in assessing the status of fetuses at risk of all cytogenetic and of several biochemical and structural disorders with genetic etiologies. The original methodology, based on the cytogenetic and biochemical analysis of cultured amniotic fluid cells, has now been complemented by a wide variety of new techniques. These include several methods for fetal visualization (sonography, fetoscopy, x ray), sampling of fetal blood, and analysis of very small quantities of material. Additional approaches, based on these and other technologies, are likely to permit the prenatal diagnosis of an ever increasing number of genetic disorders. At the same time, the number of pregnancies monitored will increase as greater resources become available and as screening programs identify couples at risk of having genetically abnormal children prior to the birth of an affected child. Prenatal diagnosis is already a powerful means of preventing the birth of individuals with significant genetic defects, thereby sparing both individuals and society from the burdens that such disorders produce. In the future, it is likely to be even more effective."}
{"id": "PMID:348030", "title": "E. coli meningitis: K1 antigen and virulence.", "content": "It is clear from the preceding material that bacterial infection is a significant threat to the newborn infant. The most common gram-negative organism causing meningitis in the neonate is E. coli, and the invasive capacity of this organism is correlated with its polysaccharide antigen, K1. Careful studies of supportive care and antimicrobial therapy of these infections are continuing. If antibodies could be generated which protect the infant, it would be theoretically possible to guard against infasive disease by conferring antibody positivity to the mother and hence to the infant. Investigations along these lines are continuing.", "contents": "E. coli meningitis: K1 antigen and virulence. It is clear from the preceding material that bacterial infection is a significant threat to the newborn infant. The most common gram-negative organism causing meningitis in the neonate is E. coli, and the invasive capacity of this organism is correlated with its polysaccharide antigen, K1. Careful studies of supportive care and antimicrobial therapy of these infections are continuing. If antibodies could be generated which protect the infant, it would be theoretically possible to guard against infasive disease by conferring antibody positivity to the mother and hence to the infant. Investigations along these lines are continuing."}
{"id": "PMID:348034", "title": "Prostaglandins and hypercalcemic states.", "content": "There is considerable circumstantial evidence to support the concept that prostaglandins of the E series can mediate hypercalcemia in neoplastic disease. However, other metabolites of prostaglandin endoperoxides could contribute to the hypercalcemia and the site of the production of prostaglandins is not established. Further analysis of prostaglandin endoperoxide metabolism in tumor and bone tissue and in the circulation will clarify the specific mechanism. The development of quantitative analysis of prostaglandin metabolites had made it possible to identify prostaglandin-dependent hypercalcemia. Therapeutic application of the inhibitors of prostaglandin cyclo-oxygenase in the treatment of patients with prostaglandin-mediated hypercalcemia is feasible, but its general usefulness remains to be evaluated. The development of antagonists to the action of prostaglandin at the affected end organ site, presumably bone, would represent an important therapeutic advance.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and hypercalcemic states. There is considerable circumstantial evidence to support the concept that prostaglandins of the E series can mediate hypercalcemia in neoplastic disease. However, other metabolites of prostaglandin endoperoxides could contribute to the hypercalcemia and the site of the production of prostaglandins is not established. Further analysis of prostaglandin endoperoxide metabolism in tumor and bone tissue and in the circulation will clarify the specific mechanism. The development of quantitative analysis of prostaglandin metabolites had made it possible to identify prostaglandin-dependent hypercalcemia. Therapeutic application of the inhibitors of prostaglandin cyclo-oxygenase in the treatment of patients with prostaglandin-mediated hypercalcemia is feasible, but its general usefulness remains to be evaluated. The development of antagonists to the action of prostaglandin at the affected end organ site, presumably bone, would represent an important therapeutic advance."}
{"id": "PMID:348037", "title": "Gastrointestinal hormones.", "content": "Much has been learned about the nature, localization, and biological actions of a wide assortment of peptides present in the gastrointestinal tract. Measurement of some of these peptides has been made possible by development of immunoassay techniques. In some instances, ample information has been gained about the roles of these gastrointestinal peptides in physiological events and in pathophysiological states. It is evident, however, that our knowledge of the true regulatory roles of these peptides and their participation and significance is in its earliest stages of development.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal hormones. Much has been learned about the nature, localization, and biological actions of a wide assortment of peptides present in the gastrointestinal tract. Measurement of some of these peptides has been made possible by development of immunoassay techniques. In some instances, ample information has been gained about the roles of these gastrointestinal peptides in physiological events and in pathophysiological states. It is evident, however, that our knowledge of the true regulatory roles of these peptides and their participation and significance is in its earliest stages of development."}
{"id": "PMID:348041", "title": "Slow-channel depolarization: mechanism and control of arrhythmias.", "content": "The secondary inward current that flows through the slow channel is probably carried primarily by calcium ions. This current is responsible, in part, for the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential. Inward calcium current through the slow channel is essential to excitation-contraction coupling, and enhancement of this current exerts a positive inotropic effect. Transmembrane electrical potentials generated as a consequence of this slow inward current, so-called slow-channel depolarizations or slow responses, have been useful models in recent studies of cardiac autonomic interactions. The significance of the slow response in ventricular arrhythmias remains controversial and awaits more definitive experiments. The role of slow-channel depolarization as a basis for SA and AV nodal electrical activity is suggested by the electrophysiological similarities between these tissues and slow responses produced in vitro. This hypothesis is supported by the responses of these nodal tissues to interventions that augment of impede the slow inward current. More direct evidence in support of this notion may not be obtainable in the near future, since the critical voltage-clamp studies of ionic currents in SA and AV nodes are not technically feasible at this time.", "contents": "Slow-channel depolarization: mechanism and control of arrhythmias. The secondary inward current that flows through the slow channel is probably carried primarily by calcium ions. This current is responsible, in part, for the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential. Inward calcium current through the slow channel is essential to excitation-contraction coupling, and enhancement of this current exerts a positive inotropic effect. Transmembrane electrical potentials generated as a consequence of this slow inward current, so-called slow-channel depolarizations or slow responses, have been useful models in recent studies of cardiac autonomic interactions. The significance of the slow response in ventricular arrhythmias remains controversial and awaits more definitive experiments. The role of slow-channel depolarization as a basis for SA and AV nodal electrical activity is suggested by the electrophysiological similarities between these tissues and slow responses produced in vitro. This hypothesis is supported by the responses of these nodal tissues to interventions that augment of impede the slow inward current. More direct evidence in support of this notion may not be obtainable in the near future, since the critical voltage-clamp studies of ionic currents in SA and AV nodes are not technically feasible at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:348042", "title": "Genetic transmission of schizophrenia.", "content": "There is convincing evidence form consanguinity, twin, and especially adoption studies that schizophrenia has a genetic component. There is also evidence from studies of MZ twins for an environmental component. It is not known whether the relevant environmental factors are prenatal or postnatal, psychosocial or physical; the presence of schizophrenia in the rearing family does not seem to be etiologically significant. It is likely that schizophrenia, especially if defined by symptoms alone, is etiologically heterogeneous. Study of pedigrees with several affected individuals is a useful approach to resolving this heterogeneity. The relevant genes may not code directly for schizophrenia, but for risk factors that predispose to the illness under particular environmental conditions. Careful methodology is needed to distinguish cause from effect of studying psychosocial factors. Genetic counseling is possible on the basis of empirical risk figures, but clarification of biological risk factors and environmental preciptants will make possible a much more rational approach to counseling and prevention.", "contents": "Genetic transmission of schizophrenia. There is convincing evidence form consanguinity, twin, and especially adoption studies that schizophrenia has a genetic component. There is also evidence from studies of MZ twins for an environmental component. It is not known whether the relevant environmental factors are prenatal or postnatal, psychosocial or physical; the presence of schizophrenia in the rearing family does not seem to be etiologically significant. It is likely that schizophrenia, especially if defined by symptoms alone, is etiologically heterogeneous. Study of pedigrees with several affected individuals is a useful approach to resolving this heterogeneity. The relevant genes may not code directly for schizophrenia, but for risk factors that predispose to the illness under particular environmental conditions. Careful methodology is needed to distinguish cause from effect of studying psychosocial factors. Genetic counseling is possible on the basis of empirical risk figures, but clarification of biological risk factors and environmental preciptants will make possible a much more rational approach to counseling and prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:348043", "title": "Left ventricular stiffness.", "content": "Left ventricular stiffness is defined by the relationship between pressure and volume and can be altered by a variety of disorders. In disorders with high VLVED, such as mitral regurgitation, protection of pulmonary capillaries from high pressure is provided by a PV shift. In contrast, increased stiffness is produced by ventricular hypertrophy or ischemic heart disease, which puts the patient at increased risk for pulmonary capillary hypertension. Changing the ventricular PV relationship by therapy is an exciting prospect.", "contents": "Left ventricular stiffness. Left ventricular stiffness is defined by the relationship between pressure and volume and can be altered by a variety of disorders. In disorders with high VLVED, such as mitral regurgitation, protection of pulmonary capillaries from high pressure is provided by a PV shift. In contrast, increased stiffness is produced by ventricular hypertrophy or ischemic heart disease, which puts the patient at increased risk for pulmonary capillary hypertension. Changing the ventricular PV relationship by therapy is an exciting prospect."}
{"id": "PMID:348047", "title": "Cardiac assist devices.", "content": "We reviewed current concepts and techniques of cardiac assistance, including orthotopic and heterotopic cardiac allografting. Whereas intraaortic balloon counterpulsation has had the greatest clinical use, other techniques are now becoming available, including the implantable abdominal left ventricular assistance device, and much effort is being expended on the development of artificial hearts and their power sources. Despite the present technical shortcomings, exciting advances have occurred in the clinical management of intractable acute or chronic ventricular failure and cardiogenic shock since the introduction of circulatory assistance in man. The continued development and implementation of these techniques will help reduce the still unacceptably high mortality rate in this group of patients.", "contents": "Cardiac assist devices. We reviewed current concepts and techniques of cardiac assistance, including orthotopic and heterotopic cardiac allografting. Whereas intraaortic balloon counterpulsation has had the greatest clinical use, other techniques are now becoming available, including the implantable abdominal left ventricular assistance device, and much effort is being expended on the development of artificial hearts and their power sources. Despite the present technical shortcomings, exciting advances have occurred in the clinical management of intractable acute or chronic ventricular failure and cardiogenic shock since the introduction of circulatory assistance in man. The continued development and implementation of these techniques will help reduce the still unacceptably high mortality rate in this group of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:348046", "title": "The XYY genotype.", "content": "The epidemiological data pertaining to the XYY genotype suggest that there is a three- to fourfold overrepresentation of XYY individuals in mental and penal settings and a twentyfold overrepresentation of mental-penal (special security) settings. The reasons behind the risk for behavioral disability are not known at this time. Tallness and ondulocystic acne are reported frequently to be associated with the genotype. Since much of the available information about the XYY sex chromosome complement is biased, more data is required before definitive statements can be made about the personality characteristics or intelligence of the vast majority of XYY men not appearing in social settings oriented towards behavioral deviancy.", "contents": "The XYY genotype. The epidemiological data pertaining to the XYY genotype suggest that there is a three- to fourfold overrepresentation of XYY individuals in mental and penal settings and a twentyfold overrepresentation of mental-penal (special security) settings. The reasons behind the risk for behavioral disability are not known at this time. Tallness and ondulocystic acne are reported frequently to be associated with the genotype. Since much of the available information about the XYY sex chromosome complement is biased, more data is required before definitive statements can be made about the personality characteristics or intelligence of the vast majority of XYY men not appearing in social settings oriented towards behavioral deviancy."}
{"id": "PMID:348048", "title": "Recent membrane research and its implications for clinical medicine.", "content": "Our understanding of the molecular organization of even the simplest mammalian cell membrane--that of the red blood cell--is still incomplete, yet we are reasonably sure of where and how the major components are arranged. The so-called integral membrane proteins are the most likely candidates to serve as receptors and transport sites of surface membranes, and these may be organized as macromolecular complexes with parts of their polypeptides in contact with both sides of the bilayer. These complexes may be either mobile or fixed, and if the latter, perhaps by specific interactions with other membrane proteins. The exposed segments of such glycoproteins could have recognition sites that confer cell, tissue, and/or species specificity created by oligosaccharides attached to the peptide backbone, or by specific amino acid sequences, or a combination of both.", "contents": "Recent membrane research and its implications for clinical medicine. Our understanding of the molecular organization of even the simplest mammalian cell membrane--that of the red blood cell--is still incomplete, yet we are reasonably sure of where and how the major components are arranged. The so-called integral membrane proteins are the most likely candidates to serve as receptors and transport sites of surface membranes, and these may be organized as macromolecular complexes with parts of their polypeptides in contact with both sides of the bilayer. These complexes may be either mobile or fixed, and if the latter, perhaps by specific interactions with other membrane proteins. The exposed segments of such glycoproteins could have recognition sites that confer cell, tissue, and/or species specificity created by oligosaccharides attached to the peptide backbone, or by specific amino acid sequences, or a combination of both."}
{"id": "PMID:348053", "title": "Dialysis encephalopathy syndrome.", "content": "Increasing evidence has been presented with suggests that the dialysis associated encephalopathy syndrome is a distinct syndrome characterized by typically clinical and electroencephalographic features. This syndrome is widespread in  distribution and a major cause of death in chronic dialysis patients. Although the specific etiology of this syndrome has not been clearly defined, aluminum intoxication appears to be the most likely possibility at this time.", "contents": "Dialysis encephalopathy syndrome. Increasing evidence has been presented with suggests that the dialysis associated encephalopathy syndrome is a distinct syndrome characterized by typically clinical and electroencephalographic features. This syndrome is widespread in  distribution and a major cause of death in chronic dialysis patients. Although the specific etiology of this syndrome has not been clearly defined, aluminum intoxication appears to be the most likely possibility at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:348057", "title": "The generation and conduction of activity in smooth muscle.", "content": "Smooth muscle, especially gastrointestinal smooth muscle, spontaneously generates oscillatory electrical activity that can control contractions in time and space by altering excitability. The origin and ionic mechanisms underlying these electrical control activities are still controversial, but they behave as coupled relaxation oscillators and they control muscle excitability. Normally, contractions are produced by the addition, during the depolarized phase of the oscillations, of further depolarization by acetylcholine or other means. Pharmacologists who wish to study drug actions on such muscles must be aware of the possibility that drug effects may be determined by these oscillations and may influence contractions by affecting these oscillations as well as by releasing, mimicking, or inhibiting the effects of nerve mediators or by affecting excitation-contraction coupling. Also the use of simplified organ bath preparations may eliminate or alter these control potentials so that results in vitro may not apply in vivo.", "contents": "The generation and conduction of activity in smooth muscle. Smooth muscle, especially gastrointestinal smooth muscle, spontaneously generates oscillatory electrical activity that can control contractions in time and space by altering excitability. The origin and ionic mechanisms underlying these electrical control activities are still controversial, but they behave as coupled relaxation oscillators and they control muscle excitability. Normally, contractions are produced by the addition, during the depolarized phase of the oscillations, of further depolarization by acetylcholine or other means. Pharmacologists who wish to study drug actions on such muscles must be aware of the possibility that drug effects may be determined by these oscillations and may influence contractions by affecting these oscillations as well as by releasing, mimicking, or inhibiting the effects of nerve mediators or by affecting excitation-contraction coupling. Also the use of simplified organ bath preparations may eliminate or alter these control potentials so that results in vitro may not apply in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:348067", "title": "Biochemical pharmacology of the intestinal flora.", "content": "Animal and bacteriological techniques have been developed for clarifying the role of the flora in the metabolism of drugs and other exogenous compounds. In general the flora tends to catalyze reductive and hydrolytic reactions, some of which reverse the detoxification reactions normally occurring in the liver. These reactions and others have been implicated in the pharamacological or toxicological action of exogenous compounds. Only in a few instances, however, have practical consequences of these reactions been documented. The major challenge at present is to develop methods capable of further defining the implications of reactions due to the flora.", "contents": "Biochemical pharmacology of the intestinal flora. Animal and bacteriological techniques have been developed for clarifying the role of the flora in the metabolism of drugs and other exogenous compounds. In general the flora tends to catalyze reductive and hydrolytic reactions, some of which reverse the detoxification reactions normally occurring in the liver. These reactions and others have been implicated in the pharamacological or toxicological action of exogenous compounds. Only in a few instances, however, have practical consequences of these reactions been documented. The major challenge at present is to develop methods capable of further defining the implications of reactions due to the flora."}
{"id": "PMID:348071", "title": "Biliary excretion of drugs and other xenobiotics.", "content": "A vast number and variety of xenobiotics appear in the bile. For some this is a final excretory process, for others it is merely one step in the active enterohepatic circulation. For still others it may be a vital step in a toxicologic or carcinogenic process. During the past ten years there has been a steady accumulation of observations in the literature bearing on biliary excretion mechanisms. Phenomena such as molecular weight thresholds and other aspects of species variation as well as response to inducing agents are described in many papers and much speculation is available as to their meaning. The clinical significance of this work is still somewhat dependent upon results obtained from lower animals, although studies occasionally appear on patients who have temporary bile drainage subsequent to surgery. It is important that efforts persist in obtaining data in humans since extrapolation from lower animals in the area of drug disposition is often precarious. The basic physiological and biochemical mechanism governing the biliary fate of drugs and other xenobiotics have yet to be elucidated fully. Perhaps the use of drugs and other pharmacological tools will hasten progress toward this goal.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of drugs and other xenobiotics. A vast number and variety of xenobiotics appear in the bile. For some this is a final excretory process, for others it is merely one step in the active enterohepatic circulation. For still others it may be a vital step in a toxicologic or carcinogenic process. During the past ten years there has been a steady accumulation of observations in the literature bearing on biliary excretion mechanisms. Phenomena such as molecular weight thresholds and other aspects of species variation as well as response to inducing agents are described in many papers and much speculation is available as to their meaning. The clinical significance of this work is still somewhat dependent upon results obtained from lower animals, although studies occasionally appear on patients who have temporary bile drainage subsequent to surgery. It is important that efforts persist in obtaining data in humans since extrapolation from lower animals in the area of drug disposition is often precarious. The basic physiological and biochemical mechanism governing the biliary fate of drugs and other xenobiotics have yet to be elucidated fully. Perhaps the use of drugs and other pharmacological tools will hasten progress toward this goal."}
{"id": "PMID:348078", "title": "Patterns of resistance and therapeutic synergism among alkylating agents.", "content": "Alkylating anticancer drugs are varied in chemical structure, alkylating moieties, and likely mechanisms of cytotoxic activity for vital normal cells and sensitive tumor cells. This has been objectively documented by numerous examples illustrating: (1) different in vitro and in vivo reaction products; (2) greater than additive, additive, and less than additive cytotoxicity of drug combinations for vital normal cells in the mouse; (3) readily reproducible and often marked therapeutic synergism between a variety of 2-drug combinations of alkylating agents against a wide variety of histologic types of murine tumors, and (4) observed resistance and cross-resistance of a variety of murine tumors, selected for resistance to specific alkylating agents, compatible with recognized chemical and functional differences between these drugs. The most important observations on resistance and cross-resistance reported are: (a) L1210 cells selected for complete resistance to cyclophosphamide (CPA) retain full sensitivity to selected nitrosoureas (BCNU, CCNU, MeCCNU), chlorozotocin), dianhydrogalactitol, and cis-DDPt, while retaining marked but somewhat reduced sensitivity to L-PAM, piperazinedione, and thioTEPA. (B) L1210 cells selected for resistance to BCNU retain full sensitivity to CPA, L-PAM, and dianhydrogalactitol. They show complete cross-resistance to BIC and variable cross-resistance to other selected nitrosoureas and piperazinedione. (c) L1210/L-PAM has incomplete but marked resistance to L-PAM. It is similar to the parent drug-sensitive line (L1210/0) in response to BCNU, CCNU, MeCCNU, and BIC. It is variably (usually moderately) cross-resistant to CPA, chlorozotocin, dianhydrogalactitol, and thioTEPA, but is completely cross-resistant to cis-DDPt. These resistance and cross-resistance patterns, which are consistent with most other biological and chemical principles established with these alkylating agents, may be useful in selecting alkylating drug combinations for inclusion in chemotherapy protocols in man which, on the basis of diverse observations in animal tumor systems, appear to be clearly indicated.", "contents": "Patterns of resistance and therapeutic synergism among alkylating agents. Alkylating anticancer drugs are varied in chemical structure, alkylating moieties, and likely mechanisms of cytotoxic activity for vital normal cells and sensitive tumor cells. This has been objectively documented by numerous examples illustrating: (1) different in vitro and in vivo reaction products; (2) greater than additive, additive, and less than additive cytotoxicity of drug combinations for vital normal cells in the mouse; (3) readily reproducible and often marked therapeutic synergism between a variety of 2-drug combinations of alkylating agents against a wide variety of histologic types of murine tumors, and (4) observed resistance and cross-resistance of a variety of murine tumors, selected for resistance to specific alkylating agents, compatible with recognized chemical and functional differences between these drugs. The most important observations on resistance and cross-resistance reported are: (a) L1210 cells selected for complete resistance to cyclophosphamide (CPA) retain full sensitivity to selected nitrosoureas (BCNU, CCNU, MeCCNU), chlorozotocin), dianhydrogalactitol, and cis-DDPt, while retaining marked but somewhat reduced sensitivity to L-PAM, piperazinedione, and thioTEPA. (B) L1210 cells selected for resistance to BCNU retain full sensitivity to CPA, L-PAM, and dianhydrogalactitol. They show complete cross-resistance to BIC and variable cross-resistance to other selected nitrosoureas and piperazinedione. (c) L1210/L-PAM has incomplete but marked resistance to L-PAM. It is similar to the parent drug-sensitive line (L1210/0) in response to BCNU, CCNU, MeCCNU, and BIC. It is variably (usually moderately) cross-resistant to CPA, chlorozotocin, dianhydrogalactitol, and thioTEPA, but is completely cross-resistant to cis-DDPt. These resistance and cross-resistance patterns, which are consistent with most other biological and chemical principles established with these alkylating agents, may be useful in selecting alkylating drug combinations for inclusion in chemotherapy protocols in man which, on the basis of diverse observations in animal tumor systems, appear to be clearly indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:348079", "title": "Yeast mutants with distorted cell membranes as a detection system for antitumor antibiotics.", "content": "Yeast mutants with distorted cell membranes, which are selectively inhibited by anticancer antibiotics and are not affected by antibacterial antibiotics, could be of considerable interest as test organisms. They could be used for the isolation of active antitumor substances from complex mixtures of natural compounds.", "contents": "Yeast mutants with distorted cell membranes as a detection system for antitumor antibiotics. Yeast mutants with distorted cell membranes, which are selectively inhibited by anticancer antibiotics and are not affected by antibacterial antibiotics, could be of considerable interest as test organisms. They could be used for the isolation of active antitumor substances from complex mixtures of natural compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:348080", "title": "Mechanism of action and mechanism of resistance to antineoplastic agents that bind to DNA.", "content": "The interaction with DNA of acridines, actinomycins, anthracylines, and bleomycin causes the inactivation of the DNA template in transcription and replication. The lethal effect is probably related to an irreversible damage to the structure of DNA. The acquisition of resistance is a multistep process in which changes in the uptake of the drug, which are related to basic processes such as ion transport, energy production, and regulation of macromolecular synthesis, have crucial importance.", "contents": "Mechanism of action and mechanism of resistance to antineoplastic agents that bind to DNA. The interaction with DNA of acridines, actinomycins, anthracylines, and bleomycin causes the inactivation of the DNA template in transcription and replication. The lethal effect is probably related to an irreversible damage to the structure of DNA. The acquisition of resistance is a multistep process in which changes in the uptake of the drug, which are related to basic processes such as ion transport, energy production, and regulation of macromolecular synthesis, have crucial importance."}
{"id": "PMID:348083", "title": "Mechanisms of selectivity of intercalating agents.", "content": "Intercalation, insertion of a conjugated polycyclic aromatic ligand between stacked bases of helical DNA, is a common means of binding for a number of agents. This mode of binding generally accounts directly for a number of effects which are broadly uniform for most cells under appropriate conditions. Intercalating agents bind to plasma and intracellular membranes and interact with phospholipids to varying degrees. Biotransformation and activation may also occur at the membrane sites. Besides effects attributable to DNA binding, many of the therapeutic and cytotoxic effects that are characteristic of these agents may be a function of binding and activation in membranes, appearing to be independent of intercalation in some cases but also enhancing DNA-related actions in others. The range of differential effects of intercalating drugs stemming from binding at DNA and membranal sites seems sufficiently diverse to explain selectivity which is expressed in cell- and organ-specific changes, individual and species variability, and numerous drug actions apparently unrelated to intercalation alone.", "contents": "Mechanisms of selectivity of intercalating agents. Intercalation, insertion of a conjugated polycyclic aromatic ligand between stacked bases of helical DNA, is a common means of binding for a number of agents. This mode of binding generally accounts directly for a number of effects which are broadly uniform for most cells under appropriate conditions. Intercalating agents bind to plasma and intracellular membranes and interact with phospholipids to varying degrees. Biotransformation and activation may also occur at the membrane sites. Besides effects attributable to DNA binding, many of the therapeutic and cytotoxic effects that are characteristic of these agents may be a function of binding and activation in membranes, appearing to be independent of intercalation in some cases but also enhancing DNA-related actions in others. The range of differential effects of intercalating drugs stemming from binding at DNA and membranal sites seems sufficiently diverse to explain selectivity which is expressed in cell- and organ-specific changes, individual and species variability, and numerous drug actions apparently unrelated to intercalation alone."}
{"id": "PMID:348084", "title": "Model systems for cardiotoxic effects of anthracyclines.", "content": "The use of anthracycline antibiotics in cancer chemotherapy is limited by their cardiotoxic qualities. For the evaluation of new derivatives animal model systems are required. Cardiomyopathy can be induced in rabbits and monkeys, but these models are too expensive for screening purposes. In rats, anthracycline antibiotics cause morphologic lesions of the heart muscle, but these are more difficult to demonstrate than in larger animals. However, significant changes of the heart function (electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac output), the function of heart mitochondria (inhibition of electron transfer, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and inhibition of Ca translocation) occur in a dose-related manner. Intraventricular conduction defect demonstrated in the ECG is one of the earliest and most consistent expressions of the cardiotoxic properties of anthracyclines. It was therefore used as primary screening parameter. The results of the screening of over 50 new anthracyclines has shown that the cardiotoxic properties vary considerably and that they are not closely related to the chemotherapeutic and the hematotoxic properties. Interesting structure-activity relationships were observed in a series of rubidazone derivatives substituted at the benzhydrazone part of the molecule.", "contents": "Model systems for cardiotoxic effects of anthracyclines. The use of anthracycline antibiotics in cancer chemotherapy is limited by their cardiotoxic qualities. For the evaluation of new derivatives animal model systems are required. Cardiomyopathy can be induced in rabbits and monkeys, but these models are too expensive for screening purposes. In rats, anthracycline antibiotics cause morphologic lesions of the heart muscle, but these are more difficult to demonstrate than in larger animals. However, significant changes of the heart function (electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac output), the function of heart mitochondria (inhibition of electron transfer, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and inhibition of Ca translocation) occur in a dose-related manner. Intraventricular conduction defect demonstrated in the ECG is one of the earliest and most consistent expressions of the cardiotoxic properties of anthracyclines. It was therefore used as primary screening parameter. The results of the screening of over 50 new anthracyclines has shown that the cardiotoxic properties vary considerably and that they are not closely related to the chemotherapeutic and the hematotoxic properties. Interesting structure-activity relationships were observed in a series of rubidazone derivatives substituted at the benzhydrazone part of the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:348085", "title": "Some examples of interactions between drugs in cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "Drug combinations in cancer treatment are widely utilized because they frequently result in better therapeutic activity than the single treatments. The mechanism(s) by which this can be achieved may reside in an enhanced chemotherapeutic effect or in reduced toxicity, it being difficult to dissociate the two aspects. To underline this difficulty, experimental studies will be reported. A first example illustrates the interaction between phenobarbital and cyclophosphamide. Depending on the schedule of administration, different effects can be obtained. These effects cannot always be explained by pharmacokinetic data. A second example deals with the combination of anthracycline antibiotics (daunomycin and adriamycin) with immunostimulant treatment (C. parvum). Both in vitro and in vivo adriamycin was less toxic than daunomycin for macrophages. As predicted on the basis of this finding, adriamycin resulted in a synergistic antitumoral effect when combined with macrophage activators.", "contents": "Some examples of interactions between drugs in cancer chemotherapy. Drug combinations in cancer treatment are widely utilized because they frequently result in better therapeutic activity than the single treatments. The mechanism(s) by which this can be achieved may reside in an enhanced chemotherapeutic effect or in reduced toxicity, it being difficult to dissociate the two aspects. To underline this difficulty, experimental studies will be reported. A first example illustrates the interaction between phenobarbital and cyclophosphamide. Depending on the schedule of administration, different effects can be obtained. These effects cannot always be explained by pharmacokinetic data. A second example deals with the combination of anthracycline antibiotics (daunomycin and adriamycin) with immunostimulant treatment (C. parvum). Both in vitro and in vivo adriamycin was less toxic than daunomycin for macrophages. As predicted on the basis of this finding, adriamycin resulted in a synergistic antitumoral effect when combined with macrophage activators."}
{"id": "PMID:348088", "title": "ARA-C analogs.", "content": "Ara-C, a phase-specific antitumor agent, is rapidly deactivated by the enzyme cytidine deaminase. A prolongation of the biological activity of ara-C can be achieved either by the concomitant use of a cytidine deaminase inhibitor or by the development of ara-C derivatives with increased resistance to deamination and a longer half-life in serum. Among such derivatives are cyclocytidine (cyclo-C), anhydro-ara-5-fluorocytidine (AAFC) and the N4-acyl-derivatives. AAFC has been recently shown to be active in human leukemias and in solid tumors of the digestive tract. The tolerance to AAFC is sufficient for clinical use, and AAFC does not produce parotid pains and hypotension, characteristic side effects of cyclo-C. The main toxicity consists of myelodepression, nausea and vomiting. The schedule dependence of AAFC is far less pronounced than for ara-C, so that a weekly application by rapid i.v. injection of 30-40 mg/kg (1,200-1,500 mg/m2) reaches the level of activity with acceptable toxicity. AAFC seems to be as active as ara-C in acute leukemias and is probably active too in malignant lymphomas. In a large phase II trial of the EORTC on selected solid tumor types, AAFC showed a significant activity in GI tract adenocarcinomas with 2 responses/3 evaluable in pancreas, 7/14 in stomach and 2/32 in colorectal tumors (4/30). Hints of activity were also detected in breast cancer (1/17) and anaplastic small cell carcinoma of the lung (1/9). No responses were obtained in 27 patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the lung. These results confirm that ara-C, or newer ara-C analogs, are potentially active in various solid tumor types, and suggest that an extensive further clinical study of such new derivatives is warranted.", "contents": "ARA-C analogs. Ara-C, a phase-specific antitumor agent, is rapidly deactivated by the enzyme cytidine deaminase. A prolongation of the biological activity of ara-C can be achieved either by the concomitant use of a cytidine deaminase inhibitor or by the development of ara-C derivatives with increased resistance to deamination and a longer half-life in serum. Among such derivatives are cyclocytidine (cyclo-C), anhydro-ara-5-fluorocytidine (AAFC) and the N4-acyl-derivatives. AAFC has been recently shown to be active in human leukemias and in solid tumors of the digestive tract. The tolerance to AAFC is sufficient for clinical use, and AAFC does not produce parotid pains and hypotension, characteristic side effects of cyclo-C. The main toxicity consists of myelodepression, nausea and vomiting. The schedule dependence of AAFC is far less pronounced than for ara-C, so that a weekly application by rapid i.v. injection of 30-40 mg/kg (1,200-1,500 mg/m2) reaches the level of activity with acceptable toxicity. AAFC seems to be as active as ara-C in acute leukemias and is probably active too in malignant lymphomas. In a large phase II trial of the EORTC on selected solid tumor types, AAFC showed a significant activity in GI tract adenocarcinomas with 2 responses/3 evaluable in pancreas, 7/14 in stomach and 2/32 in colorectal tumors (4/30). Hints of activity were also detected in breast cancer (1/17) and anaplastic small cell carcinoma of the lung (1/9). No responses were obtained in 27 patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the lung. These results confirm that ara-C, or newer ara-C analogs, are potentially active in various solid tumor types, and suggest that an extensive further clinical study of such new derivatives is warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:348089", "title": "Platinum complexes in cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (DDP) leads the series of platinum coordination complexes and shows definite and striking efficacy against germinal tumors of the testis. Results are also promising in epithelial malignancies including carcinoma of the ovary, bladder, prostate, cervix, and carcinomas of head and neck origin. Toxicities include nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and mild to moderate myelosuppression; severe nausea and vomiting have occurred in all schedules tested. After several years of limited clinical investigation, interest in DDP has been renewed by: (a) recent discovery that induced diuresis circumvents the nephrotoxicity seen in earlier trials; (b) subsequent definition of safer larger doses than previous ones; (c) better understanding of pharmacology, and (d) the expectation of synergistic effects with several other anticancer agents. Extensive future use of DDP may be predicted in the treatment of cancer patients although its clinical potential remains to be investigated in a number of tumor types. Major ongoing efforts also include studies on the mechanism of action and pharmacologic properties of DDP, and development of other platinum compounds with improved therapeutic indices.", "contents": "Platinum complexes in cancer chemotherapy. Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (DDP) leads the series of platinum coordination complexes and shows definite and striking efficacy against germinal tumors of the testis. Results are also promising in epithelial malignancies including carcinoma of the ovary, bladder, prostate, cervix, and carcinomas of head and neck origin. Toxicities include nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and mild to moderate myelosuppression; severe nausea and vomiting have occurred in all schedules tested. After several years of limited clinical investigation, interest in DDP has been renewed by: (a) recent discovery that induced diuresis circumvents the nephrotoxicity seen in earlier trials; (b) subsequent definition of safer larger doses than previous ones; (c) better understanding of pharmacology, and (d) the expectation of synergistic effects with several other anticancer agents. Extensive future use of DDP may be predicted in the treatment of cancer patients although its clinical potential remains to be investigated in a number of tumor types. Major ongoing efforts also include studies on the mechanism of action and pharmacologic properties of DDP, and development of other platinum compounds with improved therapeutic indices."}
{"id": "PMID:348090", "title": "[Ampicillin concentration in the blood when administered by jet injection and needle-syringe methods].", "content": "The studies were carried out on 50 persons. Ampicillin was administered with the help of a jet injector B1-2 and needle syringe in doses of 250 or 500  and 500 mg respectively. When the drug was administered by infusion, its maximum blood levels were achieved earlier than after needle-syringe administration of the drug and were higher (22.83+/-4.10 and 6.3+/-0.09 gamma/ml respectively). Even when ampicillin was administered with the help of the injector in a dose of 250 mg its blood levels were much higher than those after needle-syringe administration in a dose of 500 mg. After jet infusion the prolongation of the drug retention time in the blood at therapeutical levels was observed as compared to the needle-syringe administration.", "contents": "[Ampicillin concentration in the blood when administered by jet injection and needle-syringe methods]. The studies were carried out on 50 persons. Ampicillin was administered with the help of a jet injector B1-2 and needle syringe in doses of 250 or 500  and 500 mg respectively. When the drug was administered by infusion, its maximum blood levels were achieved earlier than after needle-syringe administration of the drug and were higher (22.83+/-4.10 and 6.3+/-0.09 gamma/ml respectively). Even when ampicillin was administered with the help of the injector in a dose of 250 mg its blood levels were much higher than those after needle-syringe administration in a dose of 500 mg. After jet infusion the prolongation of the drug retention time in the blood at therapeutical levels was observed as compared to the needle-syringe administration."}
{"id": "PMID:348091", "title": "[Effect of amigluracil and levorin on membrane permeability and protein synthesis in Candida albicans protoplasts].", "content": "It was shown that amigluracyl, a water soluble derivative of methacyl which decreased the nephrotoxic effect of polyens activated the membrane permeability in Candida albicans for a mixture of 14C-amino acids but had no significant effect on protein synthesis in this microorganism. The level of inhibition of the membrane permeability in C. albicans for the amino acids and protein synthesis in the fungus by levorin did not practically depend on the presence of amigluracyl in the incubation medium. The minimum levorin concentration inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans in the presence or absence of levorin was 0.039 gamma/ml. Therefore, amigluracyl may be used in combination with polyenic antibiotics for the treatment of mycoses.", "contents": "[Effect of amigluracil and levorin on membrane permeability and protein synthesis in Candida albicans protoplasts]. It was shown that amigluracyl, a water soluble derivative of methacyl which decreased the nephrotoxic effect of polyens activated the membrane permeability in Candida albicans for a mixture of 14C-amino acids but had no significant effect on protein synthesis in this microorganism. The level of inhibition of the membrane permeability in C. albicans for the amino acids and protein synthesis in the fungus by levorin did not practically depend on the presence of amigluracyl in the incubation medium. The minimum levorin concentration inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans in the presence or absence of levorin was 0.039 gamma/ml. Therefore, amigluracyl may be used in combination with polyenic antibiotics for the treatment of mycoses."}
{"id": "PMID:348092", "title": "Netilmicin: clinical efficacy, tolerance, and toxicity.", "content": "Netilmicin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, has increased in vitro bactericidal activity against many strains of Enterobacteriaceae as compared to other aminoglycosides. It is a poor substrate for some of the common gentamicin-inactivating enzymes, and it has minimal toxicity in experimental animals. In 27 hospitalized patients, clinical cure was achieved in all, and the initial infecting organism persisted in only one. Therapeutic serum and urine levels were easily obtained in most patients. No ototoxicity was observed in two patients whose treatment required inordinately high serum levels and in whom other risk factors were present. Ototoxicity in 1 of 21 patients studied was unilateral, partially reversible, and not associated with high serum levels. Although nephrotoxicity occurred in 4 of 25 patients (16%), other host factors could have accounted for the toxicity in two patients. A new observation, not noted with other aminoglycoside antibiotics, was the elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase in 43% of the patients studied.", "contents": "Netilmicin: clinical efficacy, tolerance, and toxicity. Netilmicin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, has increased in vitro bactericidal activity against many strains of Enterobacteriaceae as compared to other aminoglycosides. It is a poor substrate for some of the common gentamicin-inactivating enzymes, and it has minimal toxicity in experimental animals. In 27 hospitalized patients, clinical cure was achieved in all, and the initial infecting organism persisted in only one. Therapeutic serum and urine levels were easily obtained in most patients. No ototoxicity was observed in two patients whose treatment required inordinately high serum levels and in whom other risk factors were present. Ototoxicity in 1 of 21 patients studied was unilateral, partially reversible, and not associated with high serum levels. Although nephrotoxicity occurred in 4 of 25 patients (16%), other host factors could have accounted for the toxicity in two patients. A new observation, not noted with other aminoglycoside antibiotics, was the elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase in 43% of the patients studied."}
{"id": "PMID:348093", "title": "Outbreak of multiply drug-resistant Proteus mirabilis originating in a surgical intensive care unit: in vitro susceptibility pattern.", "content": "A multiply drug-resistant strain of Proteus mirabilis was isolated from 14 patients on a surgical service. Antimicrobial susceptibility studies demonstrated that the organism was highly resistant to numerous antibiotics, including gentamicin, tobramycin, and sisomicin. The organism was susceptible in vitro to amikacin but had low-level resistance to netilmicin. In vitro susceptibility studies with combinations of cephalothin with netilmicin and trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole showed these drugs to be synergistic. Other drug combinations failed to act synergistically.", "contents": "Outbreak of multiply drug-resistant Proteus mirabilis originating in a surgical intensive care unit: in vitro susceptibility pattern. A multiply drug-resistant strain of Proteus mirabilis was isolated from 14 patients on a surgical service. Antimicrobial susceptibility studies demonstrated that the organism was highly resistant to numerous antibiotics, including gentamicin, tobramycin, and sisomicin. The organism was susceptible in vitro to amikacin but had low-level resistance to netilmicin. In vitro susceptibility studies with combinations of cephalothin with netilmicin and trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole showed these drugs to be synergistic. Other drug combinations failed to act synergistically."}
{"id": "PMID:348094", "title": "Gentamicin use and Pseudomonas and Serratia resistance: effect of a surgical prophylaxis regimen.", "content": "An outbreak of prosthetic valve endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis prompted a change in antimicrobial prophylaxis for open heart surgery in a general hospital from a regimen of aqueous penicillin G, methicillin, and kanamycin to a 5-day regimen of cefazolin and gentamicin. As a result, total gentamicin use in the hospital more than doubled. Increased resistance of pseudomonas and serratia isolates paralleled the increased total use of gentamicin. For pseudomonas species, the incidence of gentamicin resistance increased from 3 to 15%; for serratia species, from 8 to 88%; and for the total of both organisms, from 4 to 28%. Resistance decreased rapidly after removal of gentamicin from the prophylaxis regimen. Review of serratia isolates from the urinary tract showed that gentamicin resistance was associated with prior antibiotic therapy, especially with gentamicin, care on the surgical services, especially the surgical intensive care unit, and presence of indwelling bladder catheters. Gentamicin use in a 5-day antimicrobial prophylaxis regimen for open heart surgery can represent a large proportion of the total hospital use of that antibiotic, with potential adverse effects on hospital flora.", "contents": "Gentamicin use and Pseudomonas and Serratia resistance: effect of a surgical prophylaxis regimen. An outbreak of prosthetic valve endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis prompted a change in antimicrobial prophylaxis for open heart surgery in a general hospital from a regimen of aqueous penicillin G, methicillin, and kanamycin to a 5-day regimen of cefazolin and gentamicin. As a result, total gentamicin use in the hospital more than doubled. Increased resistance of pseudomonas and serratia isolates paralleled the increased total use of gentamicin. For pseudomonas species, the incidence of gentamicin resistance increased from 3 to 15%; for serratia species, from 8 to 88%; and for the total of both organisms, from 4 to 28%. Resistance decreased rapidly after removal of gentamicin from the prophylaxis regimen. Review of serratia isolates from the urinary tract showed that gentamicin resistance was associated with prior antibiotic therapy, especially with gentamicin, care on the surgical services, especially the surgical intensive care unit, and presence of indwelling bladder catheters. Gentamicin use in a 5-day antimicrobial prophylaxis regimen for open heart surgery can represent a large proportion of the total hospital use of that antibiotic, with potential adverse effects on hospital flora."}
{"id": "PMID:348095", "title": "Reevaluation of the mode of action of streptolydigin in Escherichia coli: induction of transcription termination in vivo.", "content": "Growth of the permeable strain AS19 of Escherichia coli B is more sensitive to the antibiotic streptolydigin than is in vitro ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. The in vivo chain elongation rates of lacZ messenger RNA and ribosomal RNA are not affected at 1.5 x 10(-6) M, a concentration that reduces the growth rate threefold. The synthesis of large proteins is inhibited preferentially, and a considerable fraction of the polypeptides synthesized is unstable. The synthesis of complete beta-galactosidase is inhibited relative to the synthesis of short, unstable polypeptides, which include the first 60 to 70 amino acids of beta-galactosidase. The expression of the following polycistronic transcription units is strongly biased against promoter-distal genes: trp, deo, rpoBC, and rrn. The extent of polarity is proportional to the distance transcribed and to the streptolydigin concentration. Streptolydigin appears to destabilize active transcription complexes irreversibly irrespective of the type of transcript (messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA) and of transcription intensity. We suggest that streptolydigin leads to premature termination of transcription, resulting in release of incomplete transcripts and, thus, a decrease in overall messenger RNA concentration, which becomes limiting for protein synthesis, i.e., for growth.", "contents": "Reevaluation of the mode of action of streptolydigin in Escherichia coli: induction of transcription termination in vivo. Growth of the permeable strain AS19 of Escherichia coli B is more sensitive to the antibiotic streptolydigin than is in vitro ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. The in vivo chain elongation rates of lacZ messenger RNA and ribosomal RNA are not affected at 1.5 x 10(-6) M, a concentration that reduces the growth rate threefold. The synthesis of large proteins is inhibited preferentially, and a considerable fraction of the polypeptides synthesized is unstable. The synthesis of complete beta-galactosidase is inhibited relative to the synthesis of short, unstable polypeptides, which include the first 60 to 70 amino acids of beta-galactosidase. The expression of the following polycistronic transcription units is strongly biased against promoter-distal genes: trp, deo, rpoBC, and rrn. The extent of polarity is proportional to the distance transcribed and to the streptolydigin concentration. Streptolydigin appears to destabilize active transcription complexes irreversibly irrespective of the type of transcript (messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA) and of transcription intensity. We suggest that streptolydigin leads to premature termination of transcription, resulting in release of incomplete transcripts and, thus, a decrease in overall messenger RNA concentration, which becomes limiting for protein synthesis, i.e., for growth."}
{"id": "PMID:348096", "title": "Prospective comparison of cefoxitin and cefazolin in infections caused by aerobic bacteria.", "content": "Intravenous cefazolin and cefoxitin were compared in a prospective randomized trial in infections where the suspected pathogen was expected to be susceptible to both antibiotics. In the cefazolin group (12 patients) the diagnosis was pneumonia in 4, including 2 with pneumococcal bacteremia, soft tissue infection in 5, Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in 1, acute pyelonephritis in 1, and disseminated gonococcal infection in 1. In the cefoxitin group (10 patients) the diagnosis was pneumonia in 4, including 2 with pneumococcal bacteremia, soft tissue infection in 4, acute pyelonephritis in 1, and disseminated gonococcal infection in 1. In the cefazolin group receiving an evaluable course of therapy, a good clinical response was seen in 10 of 11 patients, and a bacteriological response was seen in 5 of 7. Cefazolin failed to eradicate S. aureus bacteremia in 1 patient and S. aureus in a skin ulcer of another patient. All 10 cefoxitin patients had good clinical and bacteriological responses, but in 1 patient S. aureus colonization of a postoperative wound recurred after discontinuation of the drug. Side effects in both groups included skin rash, phlebitis, and elevation of the serum alkaline phosphatase. Both cefoxitin and cefazolin appeared effective in infections caused by susceptible aerobic pathogens with the possible exception of S. aureus, although all 11 strains of S. aureus isolated in this study were susceptible in vitro to both antibiotics. Cefoxitin appeared to be equivalent to cefazolin in efficacy and occurrence of side effects.", "contents": "Prospective comparison of cefoxitin and cefazolin in infections caused by aerobic bacteria. Intravenous cefazolin and cefoxitin were compared in a prospective randomized trial in infections where the suspected pathogen was expected to be susceptible to both antibiotics. In the cefazolin group (12 patients) the diagnosis was pneumonia in 4, including 2 with pneumococcal bacteremia, soft tissue infection in 5, Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in 1, acute pyelonephritis in 1, and disseminated gonococcal infection in 1. In the cefoxitin group (10 patients) the diagnosis was pneumonia in 4, including 2 with pneumococcal bacteremia, soft tissue infection in 4, acute pyelonephritis in 1, and disseminated gonococcal infection in 1. In the cefazolin group receiving an evaluable course of therapy, a good clinical response was seen in 10 of 11 patients, and a bacteriological response was seen in 5 of 7. Cefazolin failed to eradicate S. aureus bacteremia in 1 patient and S. aureus in a skin ulcer of another patient. All 10 cefoxitin patients had good clinical and bacteriological responses, but in 1 patient S. aureus colonization of a postoperative wound recurred after discontinuation of the drug. Side effects in both groups included skin rash, phlebitis, and elevation of the serum alkaline phosphatase. Both cefoxitin and cefazolin appeared effective in infections caused by susceptible aerobic pathogens with the possible exception of S. aureus, although all 11 strains of S. aureus isolated in this study were susceptible in vitro to both antibiotics. Cefoxitin appeared to be equivalent to cefazolin in efficacy and occurrence of side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:348097", "title": "Susceptibility of Escherichia coli to bactericidal action of lactoperoxidase, peroxide, and iodide or thiocyanate.", "content": "The bactericidal action that results from lactoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of iodide or thiocyanate was studied, using Escherichia coli as the test organism. The susceptibility of intact cells to bactericidal action was compared with that of cells with altered cell envelopes. Exposure to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, to lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or to osmotic shock were used to alter the cell envelope. Bactericidal action was greatly increased when the cells were exposed to the lactoperoxidase-peroxide-iodide system at low temperatures, low cell density, or after alteration of the cell envelope. When thiocyanate was substituted for iodide, bactericidal activity was observed only at low cell density or after osmotic shock. Low temperature and low cell density lowered the rate of destruction of peroxide by the bacteria. Therefore, competition for peroxide between the bacteria and lactoperoxidase may influence the extent of bactericidal action. Alteration of the cell envelope had only a small effect on the rate of destruction of peroxide. Instead, the increased susceptibility of these altered cells suggested that bactericidal action required permeation of a reagent through the cell envelope. In addition to altering the cell envelope, these procedures partly depleted cells of oxidizable substrates and sulfhydryl components. Adding an oxidizable substrate did not decrease the susceptibility of the altered cells. On the other hand, mild reducing agents such as sulfhydryl compounds did partly reverse bactericidal action when added after exposure of cells to the peroxidase systems. These studies indicate that alteration of the metabolism, structure, or composition of bacterial cells can greatly increase their susceptibility to peroxidase bactericidal action.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Escherichia coli to bactericidal action of lactoperoxidase, peroxide, and iodide or thiocyanate. The bactericidal action that results from lactoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of iodide or thiocyanate was studied, using Escherichia coli as the test organism. The susceptibility of intact cells to bactericidal action was compared with that of cells with altered cell envelopes. Exposure to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, to lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or to osmotic shock were used to alter the cell envelope. Bactericidal action was greatly increased when the cells were exposed to the lactoperoxidase-peroxide-iodide system at low temperatures, low cell density, or after alteration of the cell envelope. When thiocyanate was substituted for iodide, bactericidal activity was observed only at low cell density or after osmotic shock. Low temperature and low cell density lowered the rate of destruction of peroxide by the bacteria. Therefore, competition for peroxide between the bacteria and lactoperoxidase may influence the extent of bactericidal action. Alteration of the cell envelope had only a small effect on the rate of destruction of peroxide. Instead, the increased susceptibility of these altered cells suggested that bactericidal action required permeation of a reagent through the cell envelope. In addition to altering the cell envelope, these procedures partly depleted cells of oxidizable substrates and sulfhydryl components. Adding an oxidizable substrate did not decrease the susceptibility of the altered cells. On the other hand, mild reducing agents such as sulfhydryl compounds did partly reverse bactericidal action when added after exposure of cells to the peroxidase systems. These studies indicate that alteration of the metabolism, structure, or composition of bacterial cells can greatly increase their susceptibility to peroxidase bactericidal action."}
{"id": "PMID:348098", "title": "Synergistic action of amphotericin B and antioxidants against certain opportunistic yeast pathogens.", "content": "Results of earlier turbidimetric growth experiments showed that certain antioxidants prolonged the antifungal activity of amphotericin B (AB) against Candida albicans, presumably by retarding autoxidative destruction of the drug. Viability studies were designed to examine this in more detail. Subinhibitory concentrations of either butylated hydroxyanisole, n-propyl gallate, or nordihydroguaiaretic acid in combination with fungistatic levels of AB exerted synergistic fungicidal activity against two strains of C. albicans and one of C. parapsilosis. Although synergism was not seen in tests with a strain of Torulopsis glabrata, antioxidants prolonged the inhibitory action of AB against this organism. On the basis of these findings and other considerations that are discussed, it is suggested that stabilization of AB and the ability to act synergistically with AB represent two distinctly different effects of the antioxidants.", "contents": "Synergistic action of amphotericin B and antioxidants against certain opportunistic yeast pathogens. Results of earlier turbidimetric growth experiments showed that certain antioxidants prolonged the antifungal activity of amphotericin B (AB) against Candida albicans, presumably by retarding autoxidative destruction of the drug. Viability studies were designed to examine this in more detail. Subinhibitory concentrations of either butylated hydroxyanisole, n-propyl gallate, or nordihydroguaiaretic acid in combination with fungistatic levels of AB exerted synergistic fungicidal activity against two strains of C. albicans and one of C. parapsilosis. Although synergism was not seen in tests with a strain of Torulopsis glabrata, antioxidants prolonged the inhibitory action of AB against this organism. On the basis of these findings and other considerations that are discussed, it is suggested that stabilization of AB and the ability to act synergistically with AB represent two distinctly different effects of the antioxidants."}
{"id": "PMID:348099", "title": "Treatment of experimental murine cryptococcosis: a comparison of miconazole and amphotericin B.", "content": "Miconazole was compared with amphotericin B in the treatment of murine cryptococcosis. Both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration of miconazole produced serum levels higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration for the challenge strain. However, maximal tolerable doses of miconazole gave no increase in survival. When combined with amphotericin B, miconazole demonstrated neither additive nor antagonistic effects on survival. Spleen and brain counts of cryptococci were not lowered by miconazole; also, miconazole did not alter the effect of amphotericin B on reducing tissue counts. In vitro studies confirmed that the strain of Cryptococcus neoformans was quite susceptible to both miconazole and amphotericin B. However, miconazole had a delayed onset of antifungal activity. This was apparent even at miconazole levels 20 times greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration. Also, the antifungal activity of miconazole was markedly inhibited by serum. Delayed antifungal activity and serum inhibition may limit the in vivo effectiveness of miconazole in murine cryptococcosis.", "contents": "Treatment of experimental murine cryptococcosis: a comparison of miconazole and amphotericin B. Miconazole was compared with amphotericin B in the treatment of murine cryptococcosis. Both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration of miconazole produced serum levels higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration for the challenge strain. However, maximal tolerable doses of miconazole gave no increase in survival. When combined with amphotericin B, miconazole demonstrated neither additive nor antagonistic effects on survival. Spleen and brain counts of cryptococci were not lowered by miconazole; also, miconazole did not alter the effect of amphotericin B on reducing tissue counts. In vitro studies confirmed that the strain of Cryptococcus neoformans was quite susceptible to both miconazole and amphotericin B. However, miconazole had a delayed onset of antifungal activity. This was apparent even at miconazole levels 20 times greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration. Also, the antifungal activity of miconazole was markedly inhibited by serum. Delayed antifungal activity and serum inhibition may limit the in vivo effectiveness of miconazole in murine cryptococcosis."}
{"id": "PMID:348100", "title": "Common plasmid specifying tobramycin resistance found in two enteric bacteria isolated from burn patients.", "content": "Tobramycin-resistant burn wound isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae, together with Escherichia coli K-12 transconjugants from these two strains, were examined for plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). All the resistant strains contained a common, high-molecular-weight, covalently closed circular DNA plasmid that was absent in the tobramycin-susceptible E. coli recipient strain. The common plasmid residing in E. cloacae was designated pIE098, and that residing in K. pneumoniae was designated pIE099. Both plasmid species were found to have a molecular mass of approximately 60 x 10(6) daltons and a guanine-plus-cytosine content of 50 mol%. The DNA that was extracted from all of the tobramycin-resistant strains tested was able to hybridize to 86 to 100% with pIE098 and pIE099 [(3)H]DNA generated by EcoRI to produce fragments of a size similar to those generated by BamHI. This study illustrates the usefulness of simple screening methods for antibiotic resistance plasmids in a hospital epidemiological situation.", "contents": "Common plasmid specifying tobramycin resistance found in two enteric bacteria isolated from burn patients. Tobramycin-resistant burn wound isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae, together with Escherichia coli K-12 transconjugants from these two strains, were examined for plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). All the resistant strains contained a common, high-molecular-weight, covalently closed circular DNA plasmid that was absent in the tobramycin-susceptible E. coli recipient strain. The common plasmid residing in E. cloacae was designated pIE098, and that residing in K. pneumoniae was designated pIE099. Both plasmid species were found to have a molecular mass of approximately 60 x 10(6) daltons and a guanine-plus-cytosine content of 50 mol%. The DNA that was extracted from all of the tobramycin-resistant strains tested was able to hybridize to 86 to 100% with pIE098 and pIE099 [(3)H]DNA generated by EcoRI to produce fragments of a size similar to those generated by BamHI. This study illustrates the usefulness of simple screening methods for antibiotic resistance plasmids in a hospital epidemiological situation."}
{"id": "PMID:348101", "title": "Interaction of neomycin with ribosomes and ribosomal ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Neomycin binds ribosomes and ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) in vivo and in vitro producing changes detectable by increases in gel electrophoretic mobility. These changes were observed in gels that contain ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or no added magnesium ion. The progressive increase in gel electrophoretic mobility with increasing antibiotic concentrations suggests that neomycin is binding at multiple sites on RNA. The binding was reversible but sufficiently stable to survive dialysis and electrophoresis. It is proposed that bound neomycin stabilizes the ribosome and RNA structures, restricting the unfolding of the particles during electrophoresis and thus allowing for a more rapid migration in the gel. Gentamicin produced an effect similar to that of neomycin. Paromomycin, differing from neomycin by only one amino group, had considerably less effect on ribosome and rRNA mobilities. The binding of neomycin to rRNA improved the linearity of the plot of log molecular weight versus mobility and thus may be of benefit in providing a more accurate estimation of molecular weights of large RNAs.", "contents": "Interaction of neomycin with ribosomes and ribosomal ribonucleic acid. Neomycin binds ribosomes and ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) in vivo and in vitro producing changes detectable by increases in gel electrophoretic mobility. These changes were observed in gels that contain ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or no added magnesium ion. The progressive increase in gel electrophoretic mobility with increasing antibiotic concentrations suggests that neomycin is binding at multiple sites on RNA. The binding was reversible but sufficiently stable to survive dialysis and electrophoresis. It is proposed that bound neomycin stabilizes the ribosome and RNA structures, restricting the unfolding of the particles during electrophoresis and thus allowing for a more rapid migration in the gel. Gentamicin produced an effect similar to that of neomycin. Paromomycin, differing from neomycin by only one amino group, had considerably less effect on ribosome and rRNA mobilities. The binding of neomycin to rRNA improved the linearity of the plot of log molecular weight versus mobility and thus may be of benefit in providing a more accurate estimation of molecular weights of large RNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:348105", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae variable in the methionine content of their protein.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive mutants were derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y5alpha by ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis, in a search for mutants that would produce methionine-rich protein at the nonpermissive temperature. A total of 132 mutant strains were selected which showed adequate growth on minimal medium at 25 degrees C but little or no growth on the same medium supplemented with a high concentration (2 mg/ml) of l-methionine at 37 degrees C. Several of these mutants were found to increase the proportion of methionine in their protein to much higher levels than that of the wild-type parent after a temperature shift from 25 to 37 degrees C. Two strains, 476 and 438, which were temperature sensitive only in the presence of methionine, produced cellular protein with methionine contents as high as 3.6 and 4.3%, respectively, when incubated in the presence of methionine. The former strain contained 2.5% methionine even when incubated at 37 degrees C in the absence of methionine. Wild strain Y5alpha, on the other hand, had 1.75% methionine under all conditions tested. Most temperature-sensitive mutants isolated had the same methionine content as the wild strain. It is concluded that the proportion of a specific amino acid, such as methionine, in S. cerevisiae protein can be altered by culturing certain temperature-sensitive mutants at an elevated temperature.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae variable in the methionine content of their protein. Temperature-sensitive mutants were derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y5alpha by ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis, in a search for mutants that would produce methionine-rich protein at the nonpermissive temperature. A total of 132 mutant strains were selected which showed adequate growth on minimal medium at 25 degrees C but little or no growth on the same medium supplemented with a high concentration (2 mg/ml) of l-methionine at 37 degrees C. Several of these mutants were found to increase the proportion of methionine in their protein to much higher levels than that of the wild-type parent after a temperature shift from 25 to 37 degrees C. Two strains, 476 and 438, which were temperature sensitive only in the presence of methionine, produced cellular protein with methionine contents as high as 3.6 and 4.3%, respectively, when incubated in the presence of methionine. The former strain contained 2.5% methionine even when incubated at 37 degrees C in the absence of methionine. Wild strain Y5alpha, on the other hand, had 1.75% methionine under all conditions tested. Most temperature-sensitive mutants isolated had the same methionine content as the wild strain. It is concluded that the proportion of a specific amino acid, such as methionine, in S. cerevisiae protein can be altered by culturing certain temperature-sensitive mutants at an elevated temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:348106", "title": "Lack of mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium of some Fusarium mycotoxins.", "content": "The mutagenicity of eight Fusarium toxins (mono-, di-, and triacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and moniliformin) and of two positive controls (aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin) to histidine-requiring strains TA 98, 100, 1535, and 1537 of Salmonella typhimurium was tested both with and without metabolic activation. Both aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin, but none of the eight Fusarium toxins, were mutagenic to S. typhimurium. The lack of mutagenic activity of T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol supports the negative results that have been obtained with in vivo carcinogenicity tests. The negative mutagenicity of the four other 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes tested, and of zearalenone and moniliformin, could not be correlated with in vivo tests because published accounts of their chronic toxicity were not available.", "contents": "Lack of mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium of some Fusarium mycotoxins. The mutagenicity of eight Fusarium toxins (mono-, di-, and triacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and moniliformin) and of two positive controls (aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin) to histidine-requiring strains TA 98, 100, 1535, and 1537 of Salmonella typhimurium was tested both with and without metabolic activation. Both aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin, but none of the eight Fusarium toxins, were mutagenic to S. typhimurium. The lack of mutagenic activity of T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol supports the negative results that have been obtained with in vivo carcinogenicity tests. The negative mutagenicity of the four other 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes tested, and of zearalenone and moniliformin, could not be correlated with in vivo tests because published accounts of their chronic toxicity were not available."}
{"id": "PMID:348107", "title": "Quantification of two viruses in technical preparations of Orgyia pseudotsugata baculovirus by means of buoyant density centrifugation of viral deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "A reliable method was developed for the quantitative determination of two nuclear polyhcdrosis viruses present in commercially prepared viral insecticides used against Orgyia pseudotsugata. Deoxyribonucleic acids, from nuclear polyhedrosis bundle virus and nuclear polyhedrosis single-rod virus, were separated on CsCl gradients according to their respective buoyant densities, 1.715 and 1.704 g/ml. The proportions of the two viruses were quantified by measuring the relative absorbance at 254 nm of their deoxyribonucleic acid peaks.", "contents": "Quantification of two viruses in technical preparations of Orgyia pseudotsugata baculovirus by means of buoyant density centrifugation of viral deoxyribonucleic acid. A reliable method was developed for the quantitative determination of two nuclear polyhcdrosis viruses present in commercially prepared viral insecticides used against Orgyia pseudotsugata. Deoxyribonucleic acids, from nuclear polyhedrosis bundle virus and nuclear polyhedrosis single-rod virus, were separated on CsCl gradients according to their respective buoyant densities, 1.715 and 1.704 g/ml. The proportions of the two viruses were quantified by measuring the relative absorbance at 254 nm of their deoxyribonucleic acid peaks."}
{"id": "PMID:348108", "title": "Use of ethanol for selective isolation of sporeforming microorganisms.", "content": "When mixed cultures containing sporeforming bacteria were treated with heat or with ethanol, the latter consistently resulted in better recovery of Clostridium and Bacillus species. Both techniques were effective in eliminating vegetative cells. An ethanol concentration greater than 25% and exposure for 45 min or longer were necessary to kill all vegetative cells in mixed-culture samples. Ethanol treatment (50% ethanol for 1 h) was effective for isolating sporeforming bacteria from intestinal specimens. Seven different species of Clostridium were the only bacteria isolated from the ethanol-treated specimen of intestinal contents from the large bowel of a patient. It was concluded that treatment with ethanol for 1 h is an effective technique for selective isolation of sporeforming bacteria from mixed cultures and certain types of clinical specimens.", "contents": "Use of ethanol for selective isolation of sporeforming microorganisms. When mixed cultures containing sporeforming bacteria were treated with heat or with ethanol, the latter consistently resulted in better recovery of Clostridium and Bacillus species. Both techniques were effective in eliminating vegetative cells. An ethanol concentration greater than 25% and exposure for 45 min or longer were necessary to kill all vegetative cells in mixed-culture samples. Ethanol treatment (50% ethanol for 1 h) was effective for isolating sporeforming bacteria from intestinal specimens. Seven different species of Clostridium were the only bacteria isolated from the ethanol-treated specimen of intestinal contents from the large bowel of a patient. It was concluded that treatment with ethanol for 1 h is an effective technique for selective isolation of sporeforming bacteria from mixed cultures and certain types of clinical specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:348109", "title": "Chemiluminescent detection of bacteria: experimental and theoretical limits.", "content": "The limit of sensitivity of the chemiluminescent assay for detection of bacteria by hemeprotein catalysis of luminol oxidation was determined, both experimentally and theoretically, to be no lower than 10(5) to 10(6) viable bacterial per ml.", "contents": "Chemiluminescent detection of bacteria: experimental and theoretical limits. The limit of sensitivity of the chemiluminescent assay for detection of bacteria by hemeprotein catalysis of luminol oxidation was determined, both experimentally and theoretically, to be no lower than 10(5) to 10(6) viable bacterial per ml."}
{"id": "PMID:348110", "title": "Plating procedure for the enumeration of coliforms from dairy products.", "content": "A \"repair-detection\" procedure consisting of pour plating of food samples with Trypticase soy agar, followed by 1-h repair incubation at room temperature and subsequent overlay with violet red bile agar, was found to be an effective method for the detection of injuried and uninjuried coliforms from dairy products. This method was relatively less effective for the detection of coliforms in many semipreserved foods as compared with dairy products, but more effective than the most-probable-number method.", "contents": "Plating procedure for the enumeration of coliforms from dairy products. A \"repair-detection\" procedure consisting of pour plating of food samples with Trypticase soy agar, followed by 1-h repair incubation at room temperature and subsequent overlay with violet red bile agar, was found to be an effective method for the detection of injuried and uninjuried coliforms from dairy products. This method was relatively less effective for the detection of coliforms in many semipreserved foods as compared with dairy products, but more effective than the most-probable-number method."}
{"id": "PMID:348111", "title": "Epidermal nucleolar IgG deposition in clinically normal skin: clinical and serologic features of eight patients.", "content": "Epidermal nucleolar IgG deposition in clinically normal skin reflects high serum concentrations of antibody to nucleolar antigen. This immunopathologic finding occurred in six patients with scleroderma and in two patients with a scleroderma-systemic lupus erythermatosus overlap syndrome.", "contents": "Epidermal nucleolar IgG deposition in clinically normal skin: clinical and serologic features of eight patients. Epidermal nucleolar IgG deposition in clinically normal skin reflects high serum concentrations of antibody to nucleolar antigen. This immunopathologic finding occurred in six patients with scleroderma and in two patients with a scleroderma-systemic lupus erythermatosus overlap syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:348112", "title": "Fetal and maternal risk factors in herpes gestationis.", "content": "Forty-one cases of immunologically proved herpes gestationis (HG) are reviewed and there appears to be an increased risk of fetal morbidity and mortality. The onset of HG is most frequent in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy although postpartum onset or exacerbation is common. The presence of high-titer, antibasement membrane zone antibody seems to correlate with a severe clinical disease. Systemic treatment with corticosteroids is frequently necessary in order to control maternal signs and symtpoms of HG.", "contents": "Fetal and maternal risk factors in herpes gestationis. Forty-one cases of immunologically proved herpes gestationis (HG) are reviewed and there appears to be an increased risk of fetal morbidity and mortality. The onset of HG is most frequent in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy although postpartum onset or exacerbation is common. The presence of high-titer, antibasement membrane zone antibody seems to correlate with a severe clinical disease. Systemic treatment with corticosteroids is frequently necessary in order to control maternal signs and symtpoms of HG."}
{"id": "PMID:348113", "title": "Papulonecrotic tuberculid secondary to Mycobacterium bovis.", "content": "A patient with papulonecrotic tuberculid had a pruritic papular eruption associated with constitutional symptoms. The eruption flared whenever the patient received low doses of prednisone to control symptoms of temporal arteritis. A cervical lymph node biopsy specimen demonstrated acid-fast bacilli, and Mycobacterium bovis grew on the cultures. The eruption cleared completely with antituberculous therapy. This case demonstrated the clinicopathologic findings compatible with a diagnosis of papulonecrotic tuberculid. Skepticism regarding the existence of papulonecrotic tuberculid is probably a result of the current decreased prevalence of untreated tuberculosis, and the subsequently increased rarity of this entity.", "contents": "Papulonecrotic tuberculid secondary to Mycobacterium bovis. A patient with papulonecrotic tuberculid had a pruritic papular eruption associated with constitutional symptoms. The eruption flared whenever the patient received low doses of prednisone to control symptoms of temporal arteritis. A cervical lymph node biopsy specimen demonstrated acid-fast bacilli, and Mycobacterium bovis grew on the cultures. The eruption cleared completely with antituberculous therapy. This case demonstrated the clinicopathologic findings compatible with a diagnosis of papulonecrotic tuberculid. Skepticism regarding the existence of papulonecrotic tuberculid is probably a result of the current decreased prevalence of untreated tuberculosis, and the subsequently increased rarity of this entity."}
{"id": "PMID:348114", "title": "Cutaneous signs of spinal dysraphism. Report of a patient with a tail-like lipoma and review of 200 cases in the literature.", "content": "The term \"spinal dysraphism\" was coined in 1940 by Dr Lichtenstein to designate incomplete fusion or malformations of structures in the dorsal midline of the back, particularly congenital abnormalities of the vertebral column and spinal cord. Raphes develop on the face and head, brancheal arches, sternum, and spinal column. When dysraphism occurs in these sites, failure of closure of fontanelles, cleft lip and palate, brancheal cysts, and abnormalities of the ribs and spine result. A review of 200 cases of occult spinal dysraphism showed the condition to be more common in female patient and to be associated with cutaneous signs in more than 50% of instances. The age at which neurologic symptoms appeared in recorded cases is from birth to 76 years, the average being three years. A case of spinal dysraphism with a tail-like cutaneous structure is presented. The cutaneous manifestations accompanying spinal dysraphism that may lead to early recognition of this syndrome and early institution of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Cutaneous signs of spinal dysraphism. Report of a patient with a tail-like lipoma and review of 200 cases in the literature. The term \"spinal dysraphism\" was coined in 1940 by Dr Lichtenstein to designate incomplete fusion or malformations of structures in the dorsal midline of the back, particularly congenital abnormalities of the vertebral column and spinal cord. Raphes develop on the face and head, brancheal arches, sternum, and spinal column. When dysraphism occurs in these sites, failure of closure of fontanelles, cleft lip and palate, brancheal cysts, and abnormalities of the ribs and spine result. A review of 200 cases of occult spinal dysraphism showed the condition to be more common in female patient and to be associated with cutaneous signs in more than 50% of instances. The age at which neurologic symptoms appeared in recorded cases is from birth to 76 years, the average being three years. A case of spinal dysraphism with a tail-like cutaneous structure is presented. The cutaneous manifestations accompanying spinal dysraphism that may lead to early recognition of this syndrome and early institution of treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:348115", "title": "Speckled (particulate) epidermal nuclear IgG deposition in normal skin. Correlation of clinical features and laboratory findings in 46 patients with a subset of connective tissue disease characterized by antibody to extractable nuclear antigen.", "content": "Clinical and laboratory findings were correlated from 46 patients with IgG localization in epidermal nuclei in a speckled (particulate) pattern on direct immunofluorescence of normal skin. Cutaneous manifestations included lupus erythematosus (LE), swollen hands or sclerodactyly, alopecia, vasculitis, and dyspigmentation. Systemic manifestations included arthritis or arthralgia, Raynaud's phenomenon, serositis, vascular headaches, mild renal disease, myositis, and sicca syndrome. High titer (mean = 1:142, 800) serum antibody to extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) was found in 81%. Eighty-six percent had antibody to an RNase-sensitive antigenic component of ENA (ribonucleoprotein or RNP); 14% had antibody to an RNase-resistant ENA termed Sm. Deposition of IgG in a speckled pattern in epidermal nuclei is an immunopathologic marker for a subset of connective tissue disease characterized by antibody to ENA. Those with Sm specificity had systemic LE (SLE); Those with RNP specificity had Raynaud's phenomenon usually associated with overlapping features of SLE, scleroderma, and/or dermatomyositis.", "contents": "Speckled (particulate) epidermal nuclear IgG deposition in normal skin. Correlation of clinical features and laboratory findings in 46 patients with a subset of connective tissue disease characterized by antibody to extractable nuclear antigen. Clinical and laboratory findings were correlated from 46 patients with IgG localization in epidermal nuclei in a speckled (particulate) pattern on direct immunofluorescence of normal skin. Cutaneous manifestations included lupus erythematosus (LE), swollen hands or sclerodactyly, alopecia, vasculitis, and dyspigmentation. Systemic manifestations included arthritis or arthralgia, Raynaud's phenomenon, serositis, vascular headaches, mild renal disease, myositis, and sicca syndrome. High titer (mean = 1:142, 800) serum antibody to extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) was found in 81%. Eighty-six percent had antibody to an RNase-sensitive antigenic component of ENA (ribonucleoprotein or RNP); 14% had antibody to an RNase-resistant ENA termed Sm. Deposition of IgG in a speckled pattern in epidermal nuclei is an immunopathologic marker for a subset of connective tissue disease characterized by antibody to ENA. Those with Sm specificity had systemic LE (SLE); Those with RNP specificity had Raynaud's phenomenon usually associated with overlapping features of SLE, scleroderma, and/or dermatomyositis."}
{"id": "PMID:348116", "title": "Palmar and plantar pustulosis elicited by Candida antigen.", "content": "Intracutaneous injection of Candida albicans was done on the forearm of 30 patients with palmar and plantar pustulosis. This induced an aggravation of pustular eruptions on the palms and soles in 11 (37%) of the 30 patients. The aggravation occurred only in those patients who had a positive delayed skin reaction to the Candida antigen. It is suggested that a delayed hypersensitivity inflammatory reaction somewhere in the body is attended with an aggravation of palmar plantar pustulosis.", "contents": "Palmar and plantar pustulosis elicited by Candida antigen. Intracutaneous injection of Candida albicans was done on the forearm of 30 patients with palmar and plantar pustulosis. This induced an aggravation of pustular eruptions on the palms and soles in 11 (37%) of the 30 patients. The aggravation occurred only in those patients who had a positive delayed skin reaction to the Candida antigen. It is suggested that a delayed hypersensitivity inflammatory reaction somewhere in the body is attended with an aggravation of palmar plantar pustulosis."}
{"id": "PMID:348117", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges in Bloom's syndrome.", "content": "The importance of chromosome instability in Bloom's syndrome is reviewed, and the recently developed technique for demonstrating sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) is described. In Bloom's syndrome, but not in other heritable syndromes associated with chromosome instability, there is a nine- to ten-fold increase in the frequency of spontaneous SCE. We present a case of Bloom's syndrome in which this test facilitated the diagnosis. In four obligate heterozygotes (the parents of children with Bloom's syndrome), however, an increase in the frequency of spontaneous SCE was not observed.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges in Bloom's syndrome. The importance of chromosome instability in Bloom's syndrome is reviewed, and the recently developed technique for demonstrating sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) is described. In Bloom's syndrome, but not in other heritable syndromes associated with chromosome instability, there is a nine- to ten-fold increase in the frequency of spontaneous SCE. We present a case of Bloom's syndrome in which this test facilitated the diagnosis. In four obligate heterozygotes (the parents of children with Bloom's syndrome), however, an increase in the frequency of spontaneous SCE was not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:348118", "title": "Childhood pemphigus treated with gold.", "content": "A case of childhood pemphigus is reported. The natural history of this rare entity and past methods of treatment are reviewed. We also report on what is to our knowledge the first known use of gold in the treatment of childhood pemphigus. This modality appears to have been of benefit in our patient to date.", "contents": "Childhood pemphigus treated with gold. A case of childhood pemphigus is reported. The natural history of this rare entity and past methods of treatment are reviewed. We also report on what is to our knowledge the first known use of gold in the treatment of childhood pemphigus. This modality appears to have been of benefit in our patient to date."}
{"id": "PMID:348119", "title": "Cicatricial pemphigoid (Brunsting-Perry type). Case report and immunofluorescence findings.", "content": "We describe clinical and immunofluorescence findings of a patient with Brunsting-Perry-type cicatricial pemphigoid. Direct immunofluorescence showed tissue-fixed basement membrane zone antibodies similar to those characteristic of bullous pemphigoid. Circulating antibodies to the basement membrane zone were not found. Brunsting-Perry-type cicatricial pemphigoid probably represents a clinical variation midway in the cicatricial pemphigoid-bullous pemphigoid spectrum of disease. Management with intralesional corticosteroids was successful in controlling the skin lesions.", "contents": "Cicatricial pemphigoid (Brunsting-Perry type). Case report and immunofluorescence findings. We describe clinical and immunofluorescence findings of a patient with Brunsting-Perry-type cicatricial pemphigoid. Direct immunofluorescence showed tissue-fixed basement membrane zone antibodies similar to those characteristic of bullous pemphigoid. Circulating antibodies to the basement membrane zone were not found. Brunsting-Perry-type cicatricial pemphigoid probably represents a clinical variation midway in the cicatricial pemphigoid-bullous pemphigoid spectrum of disease. Management with intralesional corticosteroids was successful in controlling the skin lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:348123", "title": "Reflex anoxic seizures ('white breath-holding'): nonepileptic vagal attacks.", "content": "From clinical history 58 children were diagnosed as having reflex anoxic seizures secondary to provoked cardioinhibition (also known as white breath-holding attacks). Before referral, these seizures were commonly misdiagnosed as epileptic either because the provocation was ignored, not recognised, or was a febrile illness, or because there was no crying, no obvious breath-holding, little cyanosis, and often no pallor to suggest syncope and cerebral ischaemia. The duration of cardiac asystole after ocular compression was measured in these children and in 60 additional children with other paroxysmal disorders. In 45 (78%) of the 58 with reflex anoxic seizures asystole was 2 seconds or over, and in 32 (55%) it was 4 seconds or greater, an abnormal response. Review of the literature supports the concept that these seizures result from vagal-mediated reflex cardiac arrest which can if necessary be prevented by atropine. The simple name 'vagal attack' is proposed. Ocular compression under EEG and ECG control supports the clinical diagnosis if asystole and/or an anoxic seizure is induced; the procedure described is safe and should be routine in seizure or syncope evaluation, when a meticulous history still leaves room for doubt.", "contents": "Reflex anoxic seizures ('white breath-holding'): nonepileptic vagal attacks. From clinical history 58 children were diagnosed as having reflex anoxic seizures secondary to provoked cardioinhibition (also known as white breath-holding attacks). Before referral, these seizures were commonly misdiagnosed as epileptic either because the provocation was ignored, not recognised, or was a febrile illness, or because there was no crying, no obvious breath-holding, little cyanosis, and often no pallor to suggest syncope and cerebral ischaemia. The duration of cardiac asystole after ocular compression was measured in these children and in 60 additional children with other paroxysmal disorders. In 45 (78%) of the 58 with reflex anoxic seizures asystole was 2 seconds or over, and in 32 (55%) it was 4 seconds or greater, an abnormal response. Review of the literature supports the concept that these seizures result from vagal-mediated reflex cardiac arrest which can if necessary be prevented by atropine. The simple name 'vagal attack' is proposed. Ocular compression under EEG and ECG control supports the clinical diagnosis if asystole and/or an anoxic seizure is induced; the procedure described is safe and should be routine in seizure or syncope evaluation, when a meticulous history still leaves room for doubt."}
{"id": "PMID:348124", "title": "Ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in the very low birthweight newborn infant.", "content": "Surgical closure of a patent ductus arteriosus was performed in 8 low birthweight infants suffering from cardiorespiratory failure secondary to a large left-to-right shunt. Mortality from the operation was nil, but only 4 (50%) ultimately survived. Earlier intervention may reduce mortality in these high-risk infants.", "contents": "Ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in the very low birthweight newborn infant. Surgical closure of a patent ductus arteriosus was performed in 8 low birthweight infants suffering from cardiorespiratory failure secondary to a large left-to-right shunt. Mortality from the operation was nil, but only 4 (50%) ultimately survived. Earlier intervention may reduce mortality in these high-risk infants."}
{"id": "PMID:348125", "title": "Oral rehydration in infantile diarrhoea. Controlled trial of a low sodium glucose electrolyte solution.", "content": "The paper describes the first controlled trial of an oral glucose electrolyte solution designed on the basis of the optimum pathophysiological needs for rehydration in infantile diarrahoea. The solution, having a sodium concentration of 50 mmol/l, was tried in a group of 20 infants with moderate to severe dehydration due to acute diarrhoea and was compared with a matched group of 19 infants predominantly under 2 years of age taking a 'standard' oral solution with a sodium concentration of 90 mmol/l. They could be hydrated as well with a low sodium oral solution alone as with the standard solution. Intravenous fluid was not required in either group. The group treated with the high soldium 'standard' solution appeared to develop hypernatraemia and/or periorbital oedema more frequently than the other group. Also, the low sodium solution eliminated the need for additional free water orally.", "contents": "Oral rehydration in infantile diarrhoea. Controlled trial of a low sodium glucose electrolyte solution. The paper describes the first controlled trial of an oral glucose electrolyte solution designed on the basis of the optimum pathophysiological needs for rehydration in infantile diarrahoea. The solution, having a sodium concentration of 50 mmol/l, was tried in a group of 20 infants with moderate to severe dehydration due to acute diarrhoea and was compared with a matched group of 19 infants predominantly under 2 years of age taking a 'standard' oral solution with a sodium concentration of 90 mmol/l. They could be hydrated as well with a low sodium oral solution alone as with the standard solution. Intravenous fluid was not required in either group. The group treated with the high soldium 'standard' solution appeared to develop hypernatraemia and/or periorbital oedema more frequently than the other group. Also, the low sodium solution eliminated the need for additional free water orally."}
{"id": "PMID:348126", "title": "Gonadotrophin release in untreated congenital virilising adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "A 9.9-year-old boy and a 9.8-year-old girl with virilising congenital adrenal hyperplasia were subjected to an IV LH-RH (luteinising hormone-releasing hormone) test (so microgram/m2 before initition of therapy with corticosteroids. The pattern of response of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone to LH-RH was found to correspond to the stage of their precocious sexual development and advanced bone age, but not to their chronological age. This finding has implications with regard to the mechanism controlling gonadotrophin secretion at puberty.", "contents": "Gonadotrophin release in untreated congenital virilising adrenal hyperplasia. A 9.9-year-old boy and a 9.8-year-old girl with virilising congenital adrenal hyperplasia were subjected to an IV LH-RH (luteinising hormone-releasing hormone) test (so microgram/m2 before initition of therapy with corticosteroids. The pattern of response of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone to LH-RH was found to correspond to the stage of their precocious sexual development and advanced bone age, but not to their chronological age. This finding has implications with regard to the mechanism controlling gonadotrophin secretion at puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:348129", "title": "Immunological studies of the placenta in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "An immunological study was made of the placentae from 5 mothers with lupus erythematosus. 3 of the 5 mothers had anti-DNA antibodies in their sera at the time of delivery and in one of these anti-DNA antibodies were detected in the cord blood. This patient had active renal disease and serological evidence suggestive of circulating immune complexes in her blood at the time of delivery. Immunofluorescence studies showed granular deposition of immunoglobulin and C3 on the trophoblast basement membrane similar to that previously described on the glomerular basement membrane in systemic lupus erythematosus. Anti-DNA antibodies were eluted from the placenta in this case. We suggest that immune complex deposition on the trophoblast basement membrane in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus may play a part in the increased fetal mortality in this disease.", "contents": "Immunological studies of the placenta in systemic lupus erythematosus. An immunological study was made of the placentae from 5 mothers with lupus erythematosus. 3 of the 5 mothers had anti-DNA antibodies in their sera at the time of delivery and in one of these anti-DNA antibodies were detected in the cord blood. This patient had active renal disease and serological evidence suggestive of circulating immune complexes in her blood at the time of delivery. Immunofluorescence studies showed granular deposition of immunoglobulin and C3 on the trophoblast basement membrane similar to that previously described on the glomerular basement membrane in systemic lupus erythematosus. Anti-DNA antibodies were eluted from the placenta in this case. We suggest that immune complex deposition on the trophoblast basement membrane in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus may play a part in the increased fetal mortality in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:348130", "title": "Sequential studies in ankylosing spondylitis. Association of Klebsiella pneumoniae with active disease.", "content": "A study of 163 patients with ankylosing spondylitis seen on 433 occasions showed that active inflammatory disease was strongly associated with the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the faeces (P less than 0.001). Sequential studies showed that in patients with inactive disease the presence of a positive culture for Klebsiella was associated with the subsequent development of active inflammatory disease (P less than 0.001). These findings support the hypothesis that Kl. pneumoniae may be an initiating agent in ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "Sequential studies in ankylosing spondylitis. Association of Klebsiella pneumoniae with active disease. A study of 163 patients with ankylosing spondylitis seen on 433 occasions showed that active inflammatory disease was strongly associated with the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the faeces (P less than 0.001). Sequential studies showed that in patients with inactive disease the presence of a positive culture for Klebsiella was associated with the subsequent development of active inflammatory disease (P less than 0.001). These findings support the hypothesis that Kl. pneumoniae may be an initiating agent in ankylosing spondylitis."}
{"id": "PMID:348131", "title": "No effect of transfer factor in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis by double-blind trial.", "content": "A previously pilot study of treatment with transfer factor in 3 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) gave promising results. However, in this small and open study no definite conclusions could be drawn. Therefore, a double-blind group trial was performed in 12 JRA patients treated with transfer factor, and in 12 placebo-treated control patients. The patients were evaluated clinically, by laboratory tests, and by estimation of different lymphocyte populations and cell-mediated immunity in vitro and in vivo. Transfer factor was not found to be of significant therapeutic value in patients with JRA. The only statistically significant difference between the two groups was a greater reduction in the percentage of T lymphocytes in transfer factor-treated patients than in control patients. The significance of this is difficult to explain and could have appeared by chance. No side effects of treatment with transfer factor were noted.", "contents": "No effect of transfer factor in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis by double-blind trial. A previously pilot study of treatment with transfer factor in 3 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) gave promising results. However, in this small and open study no definite conclusions could be drawn. Therefore, a double-blind group trial was performed in 12 JRA patients treated with transfer factor, and in 12 placebo-treated control patients. The patients were evaluated clinically, by laboratory tests, and by estimation of different lymphocyte populations and cell-mediated immunity in vitro and in vivo. Transfer factor was not found to be of significant therapeutic value in patients with JRA. The only statistically significant difference between the two groups was a greater reduction in the percentage of T lymphocytes in transfer factor-treated patients than in control patients. The significance of this is difficult to explain and could have appeared by chance. No side effects of treatment with transfer factor were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:348127", "title": "Heavy metal residues in plants cultivated on and in small mammals indigenous to old orchard soils.", "content": "Six vegetables and millet were grown on the site of an old orchard which had received heavy applications of lead arsenate and organic mercury fungicides for many years. Carrots and millet absorbed about 7 ppm (dry weight) of lead, the other crops containing smaller concentrations. Concentrations of arsenic and mercury showed only modest increases in crops grown on the orchard soil as compared to controls. Lead concentrations in kidney, liver, and bone tissue of meadow voles trapped in two old orchards were markedly higher (up to 300 ppm in bone) than control animals (up to 33 ppm). Intranuclear inclusion bodies diagnostic of lead poisoning were found in the renal epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules in voles from lead arsenate treated orchards.", "contents": "Heavy metal residues in plants cultivated on and in small mammals indigenous to old orchard soils. Six vegetables and millet were grown on the site of an old orchard which had received heavy applications of lead arsenate and organic mercury fungicides for many years. Carrots and millet absorbed about 7 ppm (dry weight) of lead, the other crops containing smaller concentrations. Concentrations of arsenic and mercury showed only modest increases in crops grown on the orchard soil as compared to controls. Lead concentrations in kidney, liver, and bone tissue of meadow voles trapped in two old orchards were markedly higher (up to 300 ppm in bone) than control animals (up to 33 ppm). Intranuclear inclusion bodies diagnostic of lead poisoning were found in the renal epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules in voles from lead arsenate treated orchards."}
{"id": "PMID:348134", "title": "Modified continuous suture technique for mitral valve replacement.", "content": "A modified continuous suture technique for mitral valve replacement is described which retains desirable features of the less expedient interrupted suture technique. An initial experience with this technique in more than 300 patients has encouraged its continued use.", "contents": "Modified continuous suture technique for mitral valve replacement. A modified continuous suture technique for mitral valve replacement is described which retains desirable features of the less expedient interrupted suture technique. An initial experience with this technique in more than 300 patients has encouraged its continued use."}
{"id": "PMID:348135", "title": "Amikacin therapy of gram-negative bacteremia and meningitis. Treatment in diseases due to multiple resistant bacilli.", "content": "The therapeutic efficacy of amikacin was evaluated in patients with serious hospital-acquired infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli susceptible to amikacin, but usually resistant to kanamycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. The infections for which amikacin was given were Gram-negative bacteremia in 15 patients and Gram-negative meningitis in two patients. Therapy with amikacin resulted in a cure in 13 patients, improvement in 1, and failure in 3. Continuous intravenous infusion of amikacin yielded a high cerebrospinal fluid to serum ratio of amikacin in one case of meningitis and intrathecally administered amikacin yielded high ventricular fluid levels in another case of meningitis. The emergence of resistance to amikacin was noted in one patient treated with amikacin in whom Serratia bacteremia persisted. Treatment with amikacin was usually tolerated well. This study indicates that amikacin is an effective antibiotic in the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections caused by gentamicin-resistant organisms.", "contents": "Amikacin therapy of gram-negative bacteremia and meningitis. Treatment in diseases due to multiple resistant bacilli. The therapeutic efficacy of amikacin was evaluated in patients with serious hospital-acquired infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli susceptible to amikacin, but usually resistant to kanamycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. The infections for which amikacin was given were Gram-negative bacteremia in 15 patients and Gram-negative meningitis in two patients. Therapy with amikacin resulted in a cure in 13 patients, improvement in 1, and failure in 3. Continuous intravenous infusion of amikacin yielded a high cerebrospinal fluid to serum ratio of amikacin in one case of meningitis and intrathecally administered amikacin yielded high ventricular fluid levels in another case of meningitis. The emergence of resistance to amikacin was noted in one patient treated with amikacin in whom Serratia bacteremia persisted. Treatment with amikacin was usually tolerated well. This study indicates that amikacin is an effective antibiotic in the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections caused by gentamicin-resistant organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:348136", "title": "Streptococcal endocarditis initially seen as septic arthritis.", "content": "Two patients were initially seen with culture-positive streptococcal arthritis as an early manifestation of bacterial endocarditis. The organisms were an alpha-hemolytic, nongroup D streptococcus and a beta-hemolytic, group b streptococcus. One patient had a persistent septic monarthritis; the other had migratory arthritis in which a positive synovial culture was followed by a negative culture from the same joint before antimicrobial treatment was started. This experience suggests that some sterile synovial aspirates encountered in patients with bacterial endocarditis may be explained by delay of arthrocentesis.", "contents": "Streptococcal endocarditis initially seen as septic arthritis. Two patients were initially seen with culture-positive streptococcal arthritis as an early manifestation of bacterial endocarditis. The organisms were an alpha-hemolytic, nongroup D streptococcus and a beta-hemolytic, group b streptococcus. One patient had a persistent septic monarthritis; the other had migratory arthritis in which a positive synovial culture was followed by a negative culture from the same joint before antimicrobial treatment was started. This experience suggests that some sterile synovial aspirates encountered in patients with bacterial endocarditis may be explained by delay of arthrocentesis."}
{"id": "PMID:348137", "title": "Corynebacterium pyogenes septic arthritis with plasma cell synovial infiltrate and monoclonal gammopathy.", "content": "A chronic septic process developed in the right knee of an elderly man with advanced degenerative arthritis of both knees. Open exploration, culture, and biopsy of the joint found that the pathogen was Corynebacterium pyogenes and that the synovium was involved with a remarkable perivascular infiltrate of plasma cells. Serum protein electrophoresis demonstrated a prominent M component. Following antimicrobial therapy, the M protein level has gradually declined, and no evolution of multiple myeloma has become apparent. The findings are consistent with a benign monoclonal gammopathy and localized plasmacytic reaction in the knee associated with infection by an unusual diphtheroid organism.", "contents": "Corynebacterium pyogenes septic arthritis with plasma cell synovial infiltrate and monoclonal gammopathy. A chronic septic process developed in the right knee of an elderly man with advanced degenerative arthritis of both knees. Open exploration, culture, and biopsy of the joint found that the pathogen was Corynebacterium pyogenes and that the synovium was involved with a remarkable perivascular infiltrate of plasma cells. Serum protein electrophoresis demonstrated a prominent M component. Following antimicrobial therapy, the M protein level has gradually declined, and no evolution of multiple myeloma has become apparent. The findings are consistent with a benign monoclonal gammopathy and localized plasmacytic reaction in the knee associated with infection by an unusual diphtheroid organism."}
{"id": "PMID:348138", "title": "Nonobstructive pyelonephritis initially seen as acute renal failure.", "content": "The triad of elevated SGOT and lactic dehydrogenase levels, positive blood and urine cultures, and acute renal failure was noted in a patient with severe pyelonephritis. Bilateral medullary necrosis was found on biopsy and at postmortem examination. These findings may help establish a prompt antemortem diagnosis.", "contents": "Nonobstructive pyelonephritis initially seen as acute renal failure. The triad of elevated SGOT and lactic dehydrogenase levels, positive blood and urine cultures, and acute renal failure was noted in a patient with severe pyelonephritis. Bilateral medullary necrosis was found on biopsy and at postmortem examination. These findings may help establish a prompt antemortem diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:348139", "title": "Xanthine nephropathy during chemotherapy in deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "content": "We describe an episode of obstructive uropathy produced by xanthine precipitation in the tubules of the kidney of a patient with histiocytic lymphoma during intensive chemotherapy, despite allopurinol therapy. Urinary oxypurine-uric acid ratio suggested a subclinical deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Results of an assay of this enzyme confirmed the abnormality. Both parents and three brothers of the patient had normal enzyme activity. The continued importance of adequate hydration for patients who receive allopurinol during initial periods of cancer therapy is emphasized.", "contents": "Xanthine nephropathy during chemotherapy in deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. We describe an episode of obstructive uropathy produced by xanthine precipitation in the tubules of the kidney of a patient with histiocytic lymphoma during intensive chemotherapy, despite allopurinol therapy. Urinary oxypurine-uric acid ratio suggested a subclinical deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Results of an assay of this enzyme confirmed the abnormality. Both parents and three brothers of the patient had normal enzyme activity. The continued importance of adequate hydration for patients who receive allopurinol during initial periods of cancer therapy is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:348144", "title": "Cell yields of Escherichia coli during anaerobic growth on fumarate and molecular hydrogen.", "content": "Escherichia coli was grown anaerobically on sodium fumarate and molecular hydrogen or sodium formate in continuous culture. The maximal growth yield and the maintenance coefficient were determined. In a mineral medium a Ymax(fum) value of 6.6 g dry weight per mol fumarate was found. This value increased to 7;5 when casamino acids were present in the medium. From these data and the corresponding Ymax(ATP) values it could be calculated that per mol of fumarate reduced, 0;4 mol of ATP became available for growth. In batch culture a Yfum value of 4.8 g dry weight per mol fumarate was determined.", "contents": "Cell yields of Escherichia coli during anaerobic growth on fumarate and molecular hydrogen. Escherichia coli was grown anaerobically on sodium fumarate and molecular hydrogen or sodium formate in continuous culture. The maximal growth yield and the maintenance coefficient were determined. In a mineral medium a Ymax(fum) value of 6.6 g dry weight per mol fumarate was found. This value increased to 7;5 when casamino acids were present in the medium. From these data and the corresponding Ymax(ATP) values it could be calculated that per mol of fumarate reduced, 0;4 mol of ATP became available for growth. In batch culture a Yfum value of 4.8 g dry weight per mol fumarate was determined."}
{"id": "PMID:348145", "title": "Pleiotropic consequences of mutations towards antibiotic-hypersensitivity in Serratia marcescens.", "content": "Various mutants (oxas) were isolated from Serratia marcescens SM-6 by selecting for hypersensitivity towards oxacillin. All mutants found are highly pleiotropic and able to yield spontaneous revertants which behave like the wild-type. Mutant W 1421 mostly studied shows the following phenotypic properties not found in the wild-type: (1) The growth is hypersensitive to various antibiotics, detergents and dyes which differ remarkably in their chemical structure and antibacterial action-mechanism, (2) the cells can be easily solubilized by 0;05% Sodium-dodecyl-sulfate, (3) the cells allow the adsorption of the rough-mutant specific Salmonella phage 6SR; (4) strong cellular binding of crystal violet, (5) agglutination of the cells in 0.3% auramin solution and (6) reduced formation of red pigment. Strain W 1421 is assumed to be a lipopolysaccharide-defective mutant. The outer membrane of mutant W 1421 analyzed by Sodium-dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis possesses a single protein less than that of the wild-type. Mutant W 1421 is further characterized by its low exolipase activity; exoprotease and exonuclease activities are as in the wild-type. This specific exoenzyme deficiency can be overcome either by backmutation to oxacillin-resistance or by growing mutant W 1421 in a medium supplemented with certain non-metabolizable polysaccharides, e.g. glycogen or pectin B. Both polysaccharides increase the exolipase activity of the wild-type too.", "contents": "Pleiotropic consequences of mutations towards antibiotic-hypersensitivity in Serratia marcescens. Various mutants (oxas) were isolated from Serratia marcescens SM-6 by selecting for hypersensitivity towards oxacillin. All mutants found are highly pleiotropic and able to yield spontaneous revertants which behave like the wild-type. Mutant W 1421 mostly studied shows the following phenotypic properties not found in the wild-type: (1) The growth is hypersensitive to various antibiotics, detergents and dyes which differ remarkably in their chemical structure and antibacterial action-mechanism, (2) the cells can be easily solubilized by 0;05% Sodium-dodecyl-sulfate, (3) the cells allow the adsorption of the rough-mutant specific Salmonella phage 6SR; (4) strong cellular binding of crystal violet, (5) agglutination of the cells in 0.3% auramin solution and (6) reduced formation of red pigment. Strain W 1421 is assumed to be a lipopolysaccharide-defective mutant. The outer membrane of mutant W 1421 analyzed by Sodium-dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis possesses a single protein less than that of the wild-type. Mutant W 1421 is further characterized by its low exolipase activity; exoprotease and exonuclease activities are as in the wild-type. This specific exoenzyme deficiency can be overcome either by backmutation to oxacillin-resistance or by growing mutant W 1421 in a medium supplemented with certain non-metabolizable polysaccharides, e.g. glycogen or pectin B. Both polysaccharides increase the exolipase activity of the wild-type too."}
{"id": "PMID:348146", "title": "Localization of polyphosphate in vacuoles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Virtually all of the polyphosphate (PP) present in yeast protoplasts can be recovered in a crude particulate fraction if polybase-induced lysis is used for disrupting the protoplasts. This fraction contains most of the vacuoles, mitochondria and nuclei. Upon the purification of vacuoles the PP is enriched to the same extent as are the vacuolar markers. The amount of PP per vacuole is comparable to the amount of PP per protoplast. The possibility that PP is located in the cell wall is also considered. In the course of the incubation necessary for preparing protoplasts, 20% of the cellular PP is broken down. As this loss of PP occurs to the same extent in the absence of cell wall degrading enzymes, it is inferred that internal PP is metabolically degraded, no PP being located in the cell walls. It is concluded that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae most if not all of the PP is located in the vacuoles, at least under the growth conditions used.", "contents": "Localization of polyphosphate in vacuoles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Virtually all of the polyphosphate (PP) present in yeast protoplasts can be recovered in a crude particulate fraction if polybase-induced lysis is used for disrupting the protoplasts. This fraction contains most of the vacuoles, mitochondria and nuclei. Upon the purification of vacuoles the PP is enriched to the same extent as are the vacuolar markers. The amount of PP per vacuole is comparable to the amount of PP per protoplast. The possibility that PP is located in the cell wall is also considered. In the course of the incubation necessary for preparing protoplasts, 20% of the cellular PP is broken down. As this loss of PP occurs to the same extent in the absence of cell wall degrading enzymes, it is inferred that internal PP is metabolically degraded, no PP being located in the cell walls. It is concluded that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae most if not all of the PP is located in the vacuoles, at least under the growth conditions used."}
{"id": "PMID:348150", "title": "Combined action of phosphomycin with streptomycin and gentamicin.", "content": "The combined action of phosphomycin with streptomycin and gentamicin against 41 strains of Gram-positive micrococci (S. aureus and Str. faecalis) and 87 strains of Gram-negative bacilli (including 38 strains of Pseudomonas) was evaluated. The combination of phosphomycin with streptomycin acted synergistically against 12 strains of Gram-positive micrococci, and the combination of phosphomycin with gentmicin against 10 strains. The combination of phosphomycin with streptomycin acted synergistically against 31% of strains (except Pseudomonas), and the combination of phosphomycin with gentamicin against 65% of strains. Only six of 38 Pseudomonas strains were acted synergistically by phosphamycin with streptomycin, and four by phosphomycin with gentamicin. The results indicate that the combination of phosphomycin with aminoglycoside antibiotics shows greater synergistic activity against Gram-negative strains than against Gram-positive micrococci.", "contents": "Combined action of phosphomycin with streptomycin and gentamicin. The combined action of phosphomycin with streptomycin and gentamicin against 41 strains of Gram-positive micrococci (S. aureus and Str. faecalis) and 87 strains of Gram-negative bacilli (including 38 strains of Pseudomonas) was evaluated. The combination of phosphomycin with streptomycin acted synergistically against 12 strains of Gram-positive micrococci, and the combination of phosphomycin with gentmicin against 10 strains. The combination of phosphomycin with streptomycin acted synergistically against 31% of strains (except Pseudomonas), and the combination of phosphomycin with gentamicin against 65% of strains. Only six of 38 Pseudomonas strains were acted synergistically by phosphamycin with streptomycin, and four by phosphomycin with gentamicin. The results indicate that the combination of phosphomycin with aminoglycoside antibiotics shows greater synergistic activity against Gram-negative strains than against Gram-positive micrococci."}
{"id": "PMID:348151", "title": "The influence of dfp, atropine and toxogonine on tryptophan pyrolase activity in mouse liver.", "content": "It was found that fluorostigmine (DFP) in doses 0-4 mg/kg i.p. reduced significantly tryptophan pyrolase activity in mouse liver homogenates.se liver homogenates 120 and 180 min after the administration of the drug. On the other hand, fluorostigmine administered in doses 0-8 mg/kg i.p. increases the activity of the enzyme studied at 30 and 60 min after the injection. DFP (0.4 mg/kg i.p.) given in combination with atropine (10 mg/kg i.p.) causes a significant increase in enzyme activity determined 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after the administration of the drug. Toxogonine (in doses 5 mg/kg s.c.) given together with DFP (0.4 mg/kg i.p.) intensifies the activity of tryplophan pyrolase at 180 min after their administration. Simultaneous treatment with toxogonine (5 mg/kg s.c.), atropine (10 mg/kg i.p.) and DFP (0.4 MG/KG I.P.) reduced significantly the activity of the enzyme studied at all time of determination. Moreover,  the experiment in vitro showed that DFP in concentrations of 4x10(-9) M; 8X10(-9) M; 1.6X10(-8) M and 3.2x10(-8) M increased tryptophan pyrolase activity in mouse liver homogenates.", "contents": "The influence of dfp, atropine and toxogonine on tryptophan pyrolase activity in mouse liver. It was found that fluorostigmine (DFP) in doses 0-4 mg/kg i.p. reduced significantly tryptophan pyrolase activity in mouse liver homogenates.se liver homogenates 120 and 180 min after the administration of the drug. On the other hand, fluorostigmine administered in doses 0-8 mg/kg i.p. increases the activity of the enzyme studied at 30 and 60 min after the injection. DFP (0.4 mg/kg i.p.) given in combination with atropine (10 mg/kg i.p.) causes a significant increase in enzyme activity determined 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after the administration of the drug. Toxogonine (in doses 5 mg/kg s.c.) given together with DFP (0.4 mg/kg i.p.) intensifies the activity of tryplophan pyrolase at 180 min after their administration. Simultaneous treatment with toxogonine (5 mg/kg s.c.), atropine (10 mg/kg i.p.) and DFP (0.4 MG/KG I.P.) reduced significantly the activity of the enzyme studied at all time of determination. Moreover,  the experiment in vitro showed that DFP in concentrations of 4x10(-9) M; 8X10(-9) M; 1.6X10(-8) M and 3.2x10(-8) M increased tryptophan pyrolase activity in mouse liver homogenates."}
{"id": "PMID:348152", "title": "N-glycosides of nitroaniline as acceptors of glucose in nonphosphorylative transglycosylation reactions.", "content": "N-glycosides of nitroaniline, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-ribose, D-xylose and L-arabinose were examined as acceptors of glucose in transglycosylation reactions. In the presence of these compounds, higher N-glycosides of nitroaniline were formed in the course of incubation of acid glucoamylase with maltose or glycogen. With the exception of N-glycosides of D-galactose and L-arabinose, the remaining compounds were acceptors of glucose. It follows that the acceptor properties of N-glycosides of nitroaniline are dependent on the spatial position of the hydroxyl group on the fourth carbon of the sugar moiety.", "contents": "N-glycosides of nitroaniline as acceptors of glucose in nonphosphorylative transglycosylation reactions. N-glycosides of nitroaniline, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-ribose, D-xylose and L-arabinose were examined as acceptors of glucose in transglycosylation reactions. In the presence of these compounds, higher N-glycosides of nitroaniline were formed in the course of incubation of acid glucoamylase with maltose or glycogen. With the exception of N-glycosides of D-galactose and L-arabinose, the remaining compounds were acceptors of glucose. It follows that the acceptor properties of N-glycosides of nitroaniline are dependent on the spatial position of the hydroxyl group on the fourth carbon of the sugar moiety."}
{"id": "PMID:348154", "title": "Clinical observations with pizotifene (Sandomigran) in the treatment of nonmigrainous depressed women.", "content": "Based on earlier clinical experiences a group of 52 nonmigrainous depressed women were treated with 3-6 mh/day pizotifene (Sandomigran-Sandoz) in order to evaluate a presumed antidepressant action. The Bunney-Hamburg behavior-rating scale was employed to quantify the results. Thirteen patients showed marked improvement and 22 patients partial improvement after three weeks' treatment. Involutional and psychoreactive depressions responded better than endogenous forms. Symptomatically, anxiety and dysphoria were significantly more favorably influenced than retardation or paranoia. No serious side effects were observed.", "contents": "Clinical observations with pizotifene (Sandomigran) in the treatment of nonmigrainous depressed women. Based on earlier clinical experiences a group of 52 nonmigrainous depressed women were treated with 3-6 mh/day pizotifene (Sandomigran-Sandoz) in order to evaluate a presumed antidepressant action. The Bunney-Hamburg behavior-rating scale was employed to quantify the results. Thirteen patients showed marked improvement and 22 patients partial improvement after three weeks' treatment. Involutional and psychoreactive depressions responded better than endogenous forms. Symptomatically, anxiety and dysphoria were significantly more favorably influenced than retardation or paranoia. No serious side effects were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:348156", "title": "Renal perfusion preservation without cannulation. Prevention of posttransplantation renal artery stenosis.", "content": "Cadaver kidneys were preserved by a technique that uses hypothermic pulsatile perfusion without cannulation of the renal arteries. This avoids the mechanical trauma that is inevitably associated with cannulation and preserves a maximum of untraumatized arterial tissue. Cannulation injury is thus eliminated as a potential cause of renal artery stenosis. Revascularization is simplified, especially when multiple renal arteries are attached to a cuff of aorta.", "contents": "Renal perfusion preservation without cannulation. Prevention of posttransplantation renal artery stenosis. Cadaver kidneys were preserved by a technique that uses hypothermic pulsatile perfusion without cannulation of the renal arteries. This avoids the mechanical trauma that is inevitably associated with cannulation and preserves a maximum of untraumatized arterial tissue. Cannulation injury is thus eliminated as a potential cause of renal artery stenosis. Revascularization is simplified, especially when multiple renal arteries are attached to a cuff of aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:348157", "title": "Radioprotective activity of interferon inducers.", "content": "The radioprotective activity of interferon inducers (tilorone, Acranil, poly I:C and LPS) was investigated against acute X-ray irradiation and prolonged 60Co-gamma rays irradiation. The endogenous spleen colony formation test and percentage of surviving mice 30 days after irradiation were used as indicators. All interferon inducers investigated proved to have radioprotective activity.", "contents": "Radioprotective activity of interferon inducers. The radioprotective activity of interferon inducers (tilorone, Acranil, poly I:C and LPS) was investigated against acute X-ray irradiation and prolonged 60Co-gamma rays irradiation. The endogenous spleen colony formation test and percentage of surviving mice 30 days after irradiation were used as indicators. All interferon inducers investigated proved to have radioprotective activity."}
{"id": "PMID:348160", "title": "[Effect of reinnervation on the state of transplanted kidneys in dogs].", "content": "In the experiments lasted for 2 years, the effect of surgical reinnervation on the morphofunctional state of autotransplanted and denervated kidney was studied in 175 dogs. General morphological, impregnational, special neurohistological investigations and kidney scanning demonstrated that 2 months after surgical reinnervation of the autotransplantated and denervated kidneys, active sprouting of nerve fibers, adrenergic and cholinergic including, was started along the degenerated nerve trunks, and by the 4th month the nerve fibers reached the renal glomeruli, tubules and pelves. A rather complete restoration of the organic innervation resembling that of the intact organ provided stability of the general morphological structure in the reinnervated kidney, its functional ability and prevented atrophy, sclerosis and stable functional depression observed in cases of renal transplantation and denervation without surgical reinnervation. From this point of view, the problem of necessary active surgical reinnervation of the renal transplantation is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of reinnervation on the state of transplanted kidneys in dogs]. In the experiments lasted for 2 years, the effect of surgical reinnervation on the morphofunctional state of autotransplanted and denervated kidney was studied in 175 dogs. General morphological, impregnational, special neurohistological investigations and kidney scanning demonstrated that 2 months after surgical reinnervation of the autotransplantated and denervated kidneys, active sprouting of nerve fibers, adrenergic and cholinergic including, was started along the degenerated nerve trunks, and by the 4th month the nerve fibers reached the renal glomeruli, tubules and pelves. A rather complete restoration of the organic innervation resembling that of the intact organ provided stability of the general morphological structure in the reinnervated kidney, its functional ability and prevented atrophy, sclerosis and stable functional depression observed in cases of renal transplantation and denervation without surgical reinnervation. From this point of view, the problem of necessary active surgical reinnervation of the renal transplantation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:348162", "title": "[Multipotent primary bone sarcoma].", "content": "The results of clinical and roentgen-morphological studies on 17 cases of multipotent primary sarcoma of the bone are presented. The difficulties of the tumor recognition are due to the fact that it occurs rarely, has no specific clinical-roentgenological picture and shows marked tissue polymorphism. Most frequent are differentiations of the type of osteogenic sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, reticulosarcoma with simultaneous combination with areas having the structure of Ewing's tumor, or extensive fields of undifferentiated primitive tumor cells. Further studies are necessary to decide whether or not this tumor is an independent form among other known skeletal neoplasias.", "contents": "[Multipotent primary bone sarcoma]. The results of clinical and roentgen-morphological studies on 17 cases of multipotent primary sarcoma of the bone are presented. The difficulties of the tumor recognition are due to the fact that it occurs rarely, has no specific clinical-roentgenological picture and shows marked tissue polymorphism. Most frequent are differentiations of the type of osteogenic sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, reticulosarcoma with simultaneous combination with areas having the structure of Ewing's tumor, or extensive fields of undifferentiated primitive tumor cells. Further studies are necessary to decide whether or not this tumor is an independent form among other known skeletal neoplasias."}
{"id": "PMID:348163", "title": "[Changes in the intermediary glands of the gastric mucosa in peptic ulcer of different localization in morphometric interpretation].", "content": "Histologically and morphometrically (by the method of V.A. Samsonov). 80 stomachs resected for peptic ulcers were studied. Intermediary glands without atrophy were found in 16.3% of cases, atrophic changes in 51.2% of cases; in 32.5% of cases they disappeared completely and were substituted mainly by fields of intestinal metaplasia they disappeared completely and were substituted mainly by fields of intestinal metaplasia and pseudopyloric glands. In the atrophic process the number of cells increased in the gastric fossas and decreased in the glands; the gland-fossa epithelial cell index and the ratio of chief and parietal cells decreased. In the epithelial formula of intermediary gland the percentage of secondary and undifferentiated cells increased and that of parietal and particularly chief cells decreased. When the ulcers were localized in the stomach the glands were involved more frequently and extensively than in duodenal ulcers.", "contents": "[Changes in the intermediary glands of the gastric mucosa in peptic ulcer of different localization in morphometric interpretation]. Histologically and morphometrically (by the method of V.A. Samsonov). 80 stomachs resected for peptic ulcers were studied. Intermediary glands without atrophy were found in 16.3% of cases, atrophic changes in 51.2% of cases; in 32.5% of cases they disappeared completely and were substituted mainly by fields of intestinal metaplasia they disappeared completely and were substituted mainly by fields of intestinal metaplasia and pseudopyloric glands. In the atrophic process the number of cells increased in the gastric fossas and decreased in the glands; the gland-fossa epithelial cell index and the ratio of chief and parietal cells decreased. In the epithelial formula of intermediary gland the percentage of secondary and undifferentiated cells increased and that of parietal and particularly chief cells decreased. When the ulcers were localized in the stomach the glands were involved more frequently and extensively than in duodenal ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:348164", "title": "[Endocrine function of the salivary glands].", "content": "The concept of the incretory activity of the parotid and submandibular salivary glands stems from numerous clinical and experimental data indicating a close association between them, sex and pancreatic glands and the pituitary. The paper presents the data on the mechanism of action of the salivary glands hormone, parotine. The participation of the salivary glands, especially at early stages of body formation, in the processes of mineralization of bones and teeth, and in proliferation of the elastic carcass of mesenchimal tissues, has been proved. The compensatory role of the salivary glands has been established in damages of the insular apparatus of the pancreas with formation of an insulin-like substance. By the example of Sj\u00f6gren syndrome, the possibility of the development of the salivary glands diseases associated with disorders in the neuroendocrine and immune systems has been demonstrated.", "contents": "[Endocrine function of the salivary glands]. The concept of the incretory activity of the parotid and submandibular salivary glands stems from numerous clinical and experimental data indicating a close association between them, sex and pancreatic glands and the pituitary. The paper presents the data on the mechanism of action of the salivary glands hormone, parotine. The participation of the salivary glands, especially at early stages of body formation, in the processes of mineralization of bones and teeth, and in proliferation of the elastic carcass of mesenchimal tissues, has been proved. The compensatory role of the salivary glands has been established in damages of the insular apparatus of the pancreas with formation of an insulin-like substance. By the example of Sj\u00f6gren syndrome, the possibility of the development of the salivary glands diseases associated with disorders in the neuroendocrine and immune systems has been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:348169", "title": "Cerebral malaria. A disseminated vasculomyelinopathy.", "content": "Neuropathologic examination of 19 fatal cases of cerebral malaria and a review of the literature showed that the epidemiologic, clinical, and pathologic features of this entity suggest consideration of cerebral malaria as a form of disseminated vasculomyelinopathy, a hyperegic reaction of the CNS to the antigenic challenge of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Experimental evidence also substantiates this view The initial event seems to be vasculopathy, with alteration of the endothelial permeability, followed by brain edema, perivascular infiltrates and ring hemorrhages, perivascular demyelination, and gliosis (malarial granuloma) in the late stages. This chain of events could be interrupted early in its course by corticosteroids. Parenteral dexamethasone should then be seriously considered at the first signs of involvement of the CNS during P falciparum malaria along with the standard forms of antimalarial therapy.", "contents": "Cerebral malaria. A disseminated vasculomyelinopathy. Neuropathologic examination of 19 fatal cases of cerebral malaria and a review of the literature showed that the epidemiologic, clinical, and pathologic features of this entity suggest consideration of cerebral malaria as a form of disseminated vasculomyelinopathy, a hyperegic reaction of the CNS to the antigenic challenge of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Experimental evidence also substantiates this view The initial event seems to be vasculopathy, with alteration of the endothelial permeability, followed by brain edema, perivascular infiltrates and ring hemorrhages, perivascular demyelination, and gliosis (malarial granuloma) in the late stages. This chain of events could be interrupted early in its course by corticosteroids. Parenteral dexamethasone should then be seriously considered at the first signs of involvement of the CNS during P falciparum malaria along with the standard forms of antimalarial therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:348170", "title": "Ocular toxoplasmosis in three consecutive siblings.", "content": "Ocular toxoplasmosis in consecutive siblings is rare. We report positive ocular and serologic findings in three consecutive teenaged siblings. Results of immunologic studies that were performed on members of the family failed to reveal deficiencies.", "contents": "Ocular toxoplasmosis in three consecutive siblings. Ocular toxoplasmosis in consecutive siblings is rare. We report positive ocular and serologic findings in three consecutive teenaged siblings. Results of immunologic studies that were performed on members of the family failed to reveal deficiencies."}
{"id": "PMID:348171", "title": "Congenital ocular toxoplasmosis. Possible occurrence in siblings.", "content": "In two siblings, we saw bilateral macular lesions that were consistent with the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Although the congenital nature of this type of infection cannot be proven conclusively, there is considerable evidence that the lesions in our young patients were scars from congenital toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. To our knowledge, congenital ocular toxoplasmosis in siblings has not previously been reported.", "contents": "Congenital ocular toxoplasmosis. Possible occurrence in siblings. In two siblings, we saw bilateral macular lesions that were consistent with the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Although the congenital nature of this type of infection cannot be proven conclusively, there is considerable evidence that the lesions in our young patients were scars from congenital toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. To our knowledge, congenital ocular toxoplasmosis in siblings has not previously been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:348172", "title": "Cornea guttata in donor material.", "content": "Specular microscopy made it possible to detect cornea guttata changes within the regular reflection off the posterior surface of the cornea in donor matrial. Small, roundish lesions were present in mild forms within an otherwise intact endothelium, and in advanced cases, large warts were seen free of endothelial cell coverage.", "contents": "Cornea guttata in donor material. Specular microscopy made it possible to detect cornea guttata changes within the regular reflection off the posterior surface of the cornea in donor matrial. Small, roundish lesions were present in mild forms within an otherwise intact endothelium, and in advanced cases, large warts were seen free of endothelial cell coverage."}
{"id": "PMID:348173", "title": "Reinnervation of an Abbe-Estlander and a Gillies fan flap of the lower lip: electromyographic comparison.", "content": "Electromyographic examination of a left Gillies fan flap 29 months after operation and of a right Abbe-estlander flap 17 months after operation showed complete motor innervation of both.", "contents": "Reinnervation of an Abbe-Estlander and a Gillies fan flap of the lower lip: electromyographic comparison. Electromyographic examination of a left Gillies fan flap 29 months after operation and of a right Abbe-estlander flap 17 months after operation showed complete motor innervation of both."}
{"id": "PMID:348174", "title": "[The principles of the \"bi-lobed flap\" and its use for the construction of \"multiple flaps\" (author's transl)].", "content": "We have shown some constructions of pedicled bi-lobed and tri-lobed flaps, \"transposition-rotation flaps\" and \"double-rotation flaps\". Using the big regional flaps in this matter we are able to close large defects primarily without the use of thin split grafts.", "contents": "[The principles of the \"bi-lobed flap\" and its use for the construction of \"multiple flaps\" (author's transl)]. We have shown some constructions of pedicled bi-lobed and tri-lobed flaps, \"transposition-rotation flaps\" and \"double-rotation flaps\". Using the big regional flaps in this matter we are able to close large defects primarily without the use of thin split grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:348176", "title": "Rationale for bevelled should veneer crown preparations.", "content": "The advantages of bevelled shoulder preparations for full veneer gold crowns are discussed from the point of view of marginal fit, retention, health of the pulp and the supporting tissues.", "contents": "Rationale for bevelled should veneer crown preparations. The advantages of bevelled shoulder preparations for full veneer gold crowns are discussed from the point of view of marginal fit, retention, health of the pulp and the supporting tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:348177", "title": "Duplication variables related to partial denture castings. 1. The duplicating flask.", "content": "A metal die simulating a model of a partially dentate upper jaw prepared with milled facets for reference measurement with vernier calipers was used for the making of duplicate stone models, in three different duplicating flasks. The observation showed that irrespective of the flask size, the duplicated models were slightly wider.", "contents": "Duplication variables related to partial denture castings. 1. The duplicating flask. A metal die simulating a model of a partially dentate upper jaw prepared with milled facets for reference measurement with vernier calipers was used for the making of duplicate stone models, in three different duplicating flasks. The observation showed that irrespective of the flask size, the duplicated models were slightly wider."}
{"id": "PMID:348178", "title": "The treatment of burns in children.", "content": "As a cause of accidental death in childhood, burns are exceeded only by motor car injuries and drownings. The mortality has been reduced substantially in recent years, but very many children must still carry scars both physical and emotional for the rest of their lives from burning accidents, many of which were preventable.", "contents": "The treatment of burns in children. As a cause of accidental death in childhood, burns are exceeded only by motor car injuries and drownings. The mortality has been reduced substantially in recent years, but very many children must still carry scars both physical and emotional for the rest of their lives from burning accidents, many of which were preventable."}
{"id": "PMID:348181", "title": "Reconstruction of the breast following radical mastectomy.", "content": "A method of reconstruction of the breast following radical mastectomy is presented. The technique involves the use of an individually made Silastic prosthesis inserted three to six months after the mastectomy. A new simple method of nipple reconstruction is described, and the total restoration can be achieved in one operation. It is suggested that reconstruction of the breast be considered more frequently in patients subjected to mastectomy.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the breast following radical mastectomy. A method of reconstruction of the breast following radical mastectomy is presented. The technique involves the use of an individually made Silastic prosthesis inserted three to six months after the mastectomy. A new simple method of nipple reconstruction is described, and the total restoration can be achieved in one operation. It is suggested that reconstruction of the breast be considered more frequently in patients subjected to mastectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:348183", "title": "What shall we teach our students about breast cancer? A personal view.", "content": "The incidence of breast cancer in Australia is as high as in most parts of the world. The usual presentation is with a breast lump. Invasive and preinvasive malignant changes may be identified in both duct and lobular epithelia. There are clinical features of malignancy, but histological proof is necessary. Aspiration of cysts and reexamination of clinically benign lumps are acceptable in certain circumstances, but a tissue diagnosis should be made by needle or open biopsy. Earlier diagnosis is possible by radiological screening of asymptomatic patients, but the cost is high. Total excision of the breast (simple mastectomy) is the minimum treatment advisable for infiltrating cancer; If there is a high chance that the draining lymph nodes will contain tumor, they should be treated by surgical excision or radiotherapy. Early chemotherapy does reduce the incidence of systemic metastases after mastectomy, but its precise place in management is not yet clear. The social impact of mastectomy is considerable and deserves more attention than has been paid to it in the past. Clinical trials of treatment should continue, as they are beginning to answer some fundamental questions.", "contents": "What shall we teach our students about breast cancer? A personal view. The incidence of breast cancer in Australia is as high as in most parts of the world. The usual presentation is with a breast lump. Invasive and preinvasive malignant changes may be identified in both duct and lobular epithelia. There are clinical features of malignancy, but histological proof is necessary. Aspiration of cysts and reexamination of clinically benign lumps are acceptable in certain circumstances, but a tissue diagnosis should be made by needle or open biopsy. Earlier diagnosis is possible by radiological screening of asymptomatic patients, but the cost is high. Total excision of the breast (simple mastectomy) is the minimum treatment advisable for infiltrating cancer; If there is a high chance that the draining lymph nodes will contain tumor, they should be treated by surgical excision or radiotherapy. Early chemotherapy does reduce the incidence of systemic metastases after mastectomy, but its precise place in management is not yet clear. The social impact of mastectomy is considerable and deserves more attention than has been paid to it in the past. Clinical trials of treatment should continue, as they are beginning to answer some fundamental questions."}
{"id": "PMID:348186", "title": "The New South Wales mastitis control program. 2. Effect upon bacterial infections.", "content": "Bacteriological examinations were made on quarter samples from cows in 35 herds over a 3 year period to monitor the response in a mastitis control program. Initially, Staphylococcus aureus predominated in 32 of the herds and the mean herd prevalence was 26%. The control measures halved this rate but there was considerable variation in response between herds. The decline occurred rapidly and there was a significant reduction (P less than 0.01) by 3 months. Streptococcus agalactiae predominated in 3 herds and the overall infection rate was 4.9%. Control measures eliminated the infection completely from most herds but reinfection occurred in 2 herds. The greatest decline occurred in the first 6 months and was significant (P less than 0.05). The measures had little effect upon Str. uberis and Str. dysgalactiae which remained fairly consistently at low levels. Initially, strains of Staph. aureus resistant to penicillin were dominant in most herds. In a minority of herds strains resistant to streptomycin predominated and in these herds there was a concurrent resistance to penicillin. These patterns did not change greatly over the control period. Resistance by Str. agalactiae to streptomycin occurred in most herds at the start of the program.", "contents": "The New South Wales mastitis control program. 2. Effect upon bacterial infections. Bacteriological examinations were made on quarter samples from cows in 35 herds over a 3 year period to monitor the response in a mastitis control program. Initially, Staphylococcus aureus predominated in 32 of the herds and the mean herd prevalence was 26%. The control measures halved this rate but there was considerable variation in response between herds. The decline occurred rapidly and there was a significant reduction (P less than 0.01) by 3 months. Streptococcus agalactiae predominated in 3 herds and the overall infection rate was 4.9%. Control measures eliminated the infection completely from most herds but reinfection occurred in 2 herds. The greatest decline occurred in the first 6 months and was significant (P less than 0.05). The measures had little effect upon Str. uberis and Str. dysgalactiae which remained fairly consistently at low levels. Initially, strains of Staph. aureus resistant to penicillin were dominant in most herds. In a minority of herds strains resistant to streptomycin predominated and in these herds there was a concurrent resistance to penicillin. These patterns did not change greatly over the control period. Resistance by Str. agalactiae to streptomycin occurred in most herds at the start of the program."}
{"id": "PMID:348189", "title": "A simple vascular perfusion technique for use in waterfowl.", "content": "A simple vascular perfusion technique is described for fixation of avian tissues for study at the light-microscope level. The technique relies on gravity feed of perfusate and gives reliable fixation of the nervous system, liver, kidney, and cardiac and skeletal musculature.", "contents": "A simple vascular perfusion technique for use in waterfowl. A simple vascular perfusion technique is described for fixation of avian tissues for study at the light-microscope level. The technique relies on gravity feed of perfusate and gives reliable fixation of the nervous system, liver, kidney, and cardiac and skeletal musculature."}
{"id": "PMID:348190", "title": "Evaluation of secondary enrichment for detecting Salmonellae in bobwhite quail.", "content": "Secondary enrichment of cultures in tetrathionate-brilliant-green broth substantially increased Salmonella recovery over that achieved with primary tetrathionate-brilliant-green broth or primary selenite-cystine broth.", "contents": "Evaluation of secondary enrichment for detecting Salmonellae in bobwhite quail. Secondary enrichment of cultures in tetrathionate-brilliant-green broth substantially increased Salmonella recovery over that achieved with primary tetrathionate-brilliant-green broth or primary selenite-cystine broth."}
{"id": "PMID:348187", "title": "Virulence of Escherichia coli strains for chicken embryos.", "content": "The virulence of 66 Escherichia coli strains was evaluated in 12-day-old chicken embryos inoculated by the allantoic route. The index of virulence used was the proportion of dead embryos within 3 days of inoculation. The strains were classified into \"highly virulent,\" \"moderately virulent,\" and \"avirulent\" groups. Although both virulent and avirulent strains grew equally well in vivo in the allantoic and yolk sacs, virulent E. coli invaded the whole embryo but avirulent ones failed to do so.", "contents": "Virulence of Escherichia coli strains for chicken embryos. The virulence of 66 Escherichia coli strains was evaluated in 12-day-old chicken embryos inoculated by the allantoic route. The index of virulence used was the proportion of dead embryos within 3 days of inoculation. The strains were classified into \"highly virulent,\" \"moderately virulent,\" and \"avirulent\" groups. Although both virulent and avirulent strains grew equally well in vivo in the allantoic and yolk sacs, virulent E. coli invaded the whole embryo but avirulent ones failed to do so."}
{"id": "PMID:348195", "title": "Genetic protein polymorphisms in human saliva: an interpretive review.", "content": "The purpose of this review is to summarize recent progress in the field of genetic protein polymorphisms found in human saliva since 1972. Prior to 1972 most of the investigations were related to amylase. The genetics of salivary amylase will not be considered here, since it has recently been thoroughly reviewed elsewhere (Merritt and Karn, 1977). In this review, special attention will be devoted to the complex interrelationships of the proline-rich (Pr), double-band (Db), acidic protein (Pa), and peroxidase (SAPX) systems. The biochemically related Pr, Db, and Pa systems show distinctive genetic patterns, and there are associations between the phenotypes indicating linkage relationships. There is also evidence for probable interaction of products of the Pa and SAPX loci. Electrophoretic properties of these proteins can be defined in several gel systems, permitting an accurate definition of phenotypes. The usefulness and limitations of the different gel systems in the interpretation of these electrophoretic patterns will be illustrated. Allelic frequencies of the systems to be discussed are given in Table I. To aid comprehension, the systems will be discussed in logical rather than historical sequence.", "contents": "Genetic protein polymorphisms in human saliva: an interpretive review. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent progress in the field of genetic protein polymorphisms found in human saliva since 1972. Prior to 1972 most of the investigations were related to amylase. The genetics of salivary amylase will not be considered here, since it has recently been thoroughly reviewed elsewhere (Merritt and Karn, 1977). In this review, special attention will be devoted to the complex interrelationships of the proline-rich (Pr), double-band (Db), acidic protein (Pa), and peroxidase (SAPX) systems. The biochemically related Pr, Db, and Pa systems show distinctive genetic patterns, and there are associations between the phenotypes indicating linkage relationships. There is also evidence for probable interaction of products of the Pa and SAPX loci. Electrophoretic properties of these proteins can be defined in several gel systems, permitting an accurate definition of phenotypes. The usefulness and limitations of the different gel systems in the interpretation of these electrophoretic patterns will be illustrated. Allelic frequencies of the systems to be discussed are given in Table I. To aid comprehension, the systems will be discussed in logical rather than historical sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:348188", "title": "An enzyme-labeled antibody test for detecting antibodies in chickens infected with Mycobacterium avium serotype 2.", "content": "An enzyme-labeled antibody test was used for detecting antibodies in serums from chickens infected experimentally with Mycobacterium avium serotype 2. Positive ELA reactions were observed in the serums of each of 8 chickens 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after infection; no reactions were observed in uninfected controls. Tuberculin skin tests did not induce positive ELA test reactions in uninfected chickens.", "contents": "An enzyme-labeled antibody test for detecting antibodies in chickens infected with Mycobacterium avium serotype 2. An enzyme-labeled antibody test was used for detecting antibodies in serums from chickens infected experimentally with Mycobacterium avium serotype 2. Positive ELA reactions were observed in the serums of each of 8 chickens 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after infection; no reactions were observed in uninfected controls. Tuberculin skin tests did not induce positive ELA test reactions in uninfected chickens."}
{"id": "PMID:348196", "title": "The presence of dolichol in a lipid diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast).", "content": "The lipid moiety of a lipid diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine, an intermediate in glycosylation of proteins, was studied. Ozonolysis of the compound gave evidence for an alpha-saturated isoprene unit. Alkaline hydrolysis of the glycolipid, followed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, showed the presence of a series of polyprenol homologues identical with those isolated directly from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast). No particular homologue was preferred in the enzymic transfer of N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate to endogenous dolichol monophosphate.", "contents": "The presence of dolichol in a lipid diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast). The lipid moiety of a lipid diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine, an intermediate in glycosylation of proteins, was studied. Ozonolysis of the compound gave evidence for an alpha-saturated isoprene unit. Alkaline hydrolysis of the glycolipid, followed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, showed the presence of a series of polyprenol homologues identical with those isolated directly from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast). No particular homologue was preferred in the enzymic transfer of N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate to endogenous dolichol monophosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:348197", "title": "The preparation and purification of individual human pepsins by using diethylaminoethyl-cellulose.", "content": "A procedure was devised for isolating human pepsins 1, 2, 3 and 5 from gastric juice by repetitive column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The combined yields in four different experiments varied from 14% to 90% of the total peptic activity of the starting material. The isolated individual pepsins were shown to behave as single homogeneous proteins on agar-gel electrophoresis at pH 5.0 and on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. There is preliminary evidence, requiring further study, of two other pepsins, one migrating between pepsins 1 and 2 and the other a pepsin-3 component associating closely with pepsin 5 on chromatography.", "contents": "The preparation and purification of individual human pepsins by using diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. A procedure was devised for isolating human pepsins 1, 2, 3 and 5 from gastric juice by repetitive column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The combined yields in four different experiments varied from 14% to 90% of the total peptic activity of the starting material. The isolated individual pepsins were shown to behave as single homogeneous proteins on agar-gel electrophoresis at pH 5.0 and on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. There is preliminary evidence, requiring further study, of two other pepsins, one migrating between pepsins 1 and 2 and the other a pepsin-3 component associating closely with pepsin 5 on chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:348198", "title": "Novel kinetic and structural properties of the class-I D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli (Crookes' strain).", "content": "Investigation of aldolase 1, the class-I D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (EC4.1.2.13) from Escherichia coli (Crookes' strain), showed it to have unusual kinetic and structural properties. The enzyme appeared to be larger than was previously supposed and may be a decamer with a mol. wt. of approx. 340000. Its fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-cleavage activity was unaffected by these compounds. The enhancement exhibited a strong dependence on pH. These novel kinetic properties do not seem to be shared by any other fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, but recall the activation by polycarboxylic acids of the deoxyribose 3-phosphate aldolases from some other organisms. In view of its unusual properties, it is unlikely that aldolase 1 from E. coli is closely related to the class-1 aldolases that have been detected in several other prokaryotes, or to the typical class-1 enzymes from eukaryotes.", "contents": "Novel kinetic and structural properties of the class-I D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli (Crookes' strain). Investigation of aldolase 1, the class-I D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (EC4.1.2.13) from Escherichia coli (Crookes' strain), showed it to have unusual kinetic and structural properties. The enzyme appeared to be larger than was previously supposed and may be a decamer with a mol. wt. of approx. 340000. Its fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-cleavage activity was unaffected by these compounds. The enhancement exhibited a strong dependence on pH. These novel kinetic properties do not seem to be shared by any other fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, but recall the activation by polycarboxylic acids of the deoxyribose 3-phosphate aldolases from some other organisms. In view of its unusual properties, it is unlikely that aldolase 1 from E. coli is closely related to the class-1 aldolases that have been detected in several other prokaryotes, or to the typical class-1 enzymes from eukaryotes."}
{"id": "PMID:348199", "title": "Metabolic signals produced by purine ribonucleosides stimulate proinsulin biosynthesis and insulin secretion.", "content": "Inosine, guanosine and adenosine strongly stimulated proinsulin biosynthesis and insulin secretion in isolated mouse pancreatic islets. None of the purine ribonucleosides stimulated insulin secretion in rat islets, although as reported [jain & Logothetopoulos (1977) Endocrinilogy 100, 923-927] inosine and guanosine, but no adenosine, were potent stimulants of proinsulin biosynthesis in this species. The purine bases had no effect in either species. D-Ribose, which enhanced proinsulin biosynthesis at 0.3 and 0.6 mM but not at 5mM in rat pancreatic islets [jain & Logothetopoulos (1977) Endocrinology 100, 923-927], produced no secretory signals in rat islets and was without any effect on proinsulin biosynthesis and insulin secretion in mouse islets. The rates of oxidation of 14C-labelled purine ribonucleosides and D-ribose in islets of the two species correlated well with their effectiveness as inducers of insulin secretion and proinsulin biosynthesis. Specific inhibitors of purine ribonucleoside phosphorylase, adenosine deaminiase and of purine ribonucleoside transport suppressed the stimulatory effects of nucleosides in pancreatic islets without altering the effect of D-glucose. The same inhibitors also markedly diminished the oxidation rats of the labelled purine ribonucleosides. The experiments clearly indicate that porinsulin biosynthesis and insulin secretion are modulated through metabolic signals and not through interactions of intact substrate molecules with cell receptors.", "contents": "Metabolic signals produced by purine ribonucleosides stimulate proinsulin biosynthesis and insulin secretion. Inosine, guanosine and adenosine strongly stimulated proinsulin biosynthesis and insulin secretion in isolated mouse pancreatic islets. None of the purine ribonucleosides stimulated insulin secretion in rat islets, although as reported [jain & Logothetopoulos (1977) Endocrinilogy 100, 923-927] inosine and guanosine, but no adenosine, were potent stimulants of proinsulin biosynthesis in this species. The purine bases had no effect in either species. D-Ribose, which enhanced proinsulin biosynthesis at 0.3 and 0.6 mM but not at 5mM in rat pancreatic islets [jain & Logothetopoulos (1977) Endocrinology 100, 923-927], produced no secretory signals in rat islets and was without any effect on proinsulin biosynthesis and insulin secretion in mouse islets. The rates of oxidation of 14C-labelled purine ribonucleosides and D-ribose in islets of the two species correlated well with their effectiveness as inducers of insulin secretion and proinsulin biosynthesis. Specific inhibitors of purine ribonucleoside phosphorylase, adenosine deaminiase and of purine ribonucleoside transport suppressed the stimulatory effects of nucleosides in pancreatic islets without altering the effect of D-glucose. The same inhibitors also markedly diminished the oxidation rats of the labelled purine ribonucleosides. The experiments clearly indicate that porinsulin biosynthesis and insulin secretion are modulated through metabolic signals and not through interactions of intact substrate molecules with cell receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:348200", "title": "Calcium transport and porton electrochemical potential gradient in mitochondria from guinea-pig cerebral cortex and rat heart.", "content": "A method is described for the preparation of ;free' and ;synaptosomal' brain mitochondria from fractions of guinea-pig cerebral cortex respectively depleted and enriched in synaptosomes. Both preparations of mitochondria have a low membrane H(+) conductance, a high capacity to phosphorylate ADP, and a capacity to accumulate Ca(2+) at rates limited by the activity of the respiratory chain. Ca(2+) transport by ;free' brain mitochondria is compared with that of heart mitochondria. The Ca(2+) conductance of ;free' brain mitochondria was at least 20 times that for rat heart mitochondria. Ca(2+) uptake by brain mitochondria increased the pH gradient and decreased membrane potential, whereas little change occurred during the much slower uptake by heart mitochondria. In the presence of ionophore A23187, dissipative Ca(2+) cycling decreased the H(+) electrochemical potential gradient of brain mitochondria from 190 to 60mV, but caused only a slight decrease with heart mitochondria, although the ionophore lowered the pH gradient and increased membrane potential. The Ca(2+) conductance of ;free' brain mitochondria is distinctive in showing a hyperbolic dependency on free Ca(2+) concentration. In the presence of Ruthenium Red, a rapid Na(+)-dependent Ca(2+) efflux occurs. The H(+) electrochemical potential gradient is maintained during this efflux, and membrane potential increases, with both ;free' brain and heart mitochondria. The Na(+) requirement for Ca(2+) efflux appears not to be related to the high Na(+)/H(+) exchange activity but may represent a direct exchange of Na(+) for Ca(2+).", "contents": "Calcium transport and porton electrochemical potential gradient in mitochondria from guinea-pig cerebral cortex and rat heart. A method is described for the preparation of ;free' and ;synaptosomal' brain mitochondria from fractions of guinea-pig cerebral cortex respectively depleted and enriched in synaptosomes. Both preparations of mitochondria have a low membrane H(+) conductance, a high capacity to phosphorylate ADP, and a capacity to accumulate Ca(2+) at rates limited by the activity of the respiratory chain. Ca(2+) transport by ;free' brain mitochondria is compared with that of heart mitochondria. The Ca(2+) conductance of ;free' brain mitochondria was at least 20 times that for rat heart mitochondria. Ca(2+) uptake by brain mitochondria increased the pH gradient and decreased membrane potential, whereas little change occurred during the much slower uptake by heart mitochondria. In the presence of ionophore A23187, dissipative Ca(2+) cycling decreased the H(+) electrochemical potential gradient of brain mitochondria from 190 to 60mV, but caused only a slight decrease with heart mitochondria, although the ionophore lowered the pH gradient and increased membrane potential. The Ca(2+) conductance of ;free' brain mitochondria is distinctive in showing a hyperbolic dependency on free Ca(2+) concentration. In the presence of Ruthenium Red, a rapid Na(+)-dependent Ca(2+) efflux occurs. The H(+) electrochemical potential gradient is maintained during this efflux, and membrane potential increases, with both ;free' brain and heart mitochondria. The Na(+) requirement for Ca(2+) efflux appears not to be related to the high Na(+)/H(+) exchange activity but may represent a direct exchange of Na(+) for Ca(2+)."}
{"id": "PMID:348201", "title": "Proinsulin biosynthesis in broken-cell preparations of islets of Langerhans.", "content": "1. Rabbit islets of Langerhans were disrupted by ultrasonic methods and the sonicated preparations were used to study proinsulin biosynthesis. 2. When [3h]leucine is incubated in such preparations, incorporation takes place into proinsulin, as evidenced by characterization on polyacrylamide gels, and by the conversion of this labelled material into insulin, by using trypsin. 3. The labelled proinsulin may also be purified by antiinsulin antibody bound to Sepharose. 4. With the broken-cell preparation it was shown that incorporation of leucine is accelerated by increasing the glucose content of the medium from 2mM to 16mM. However, 16mM-galactose or -sucrose did not stimulate incorporation significantly from basal values. This effect of glucose was abolished by cycloheximide. 5. The significance of these findings in relation to the mechanism of glucose stimulation of proinsulin biosynthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Proinsulin biosynthesis in broken-cell preparations of islets of Langerhans. 1. Rabbit islets of Langerhans were disrupted by ultrasonic methods and the sonicated preparations were used to study proinsulin biosynthesis. 2. When [3h]leucine is incubated in such preparations, incorporation takes place into proinsulin, as evidenced by characterization on polyacrylamide gels, and by the conversion of this labelled material into insulin, by using trypsin. 3. The labelled proinsulin may also be purified by antiinsulin antibody bound to Sepharose. 4. With the broken-cell preparation it was shown that incorporation of leucine is accelerated by increasing the glucose content of the medium from 2mM to 16mM. However, 16mM-galactose or -sucrose did not stimulate incorporation significantly from basal values. This effect of glucose was abolished by cycloheximide. 5. The significance of these findings in relation to the mechanism of glucose stimulation of proinsulin biosynthesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:348202", "title": "The rate of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by cultured Chinese-hamster ovary cells. An application of isotope-dilution analysis.", "content": "The rate of DNA synthesis is exponentially growing cells was determined by isotopedilution analysis of the incorporation of [me-3H]thymidine. Thymidine concentrations greater than 7 micrometer were used so that the rate-limiting step governing incorporation would be at the level of DNA polymerase rather than at the level of thymidine kinase [Sjostrom & Forsdyke (1974) Biochem. J. 138, 253-262]. In early exponential phase the rate determined by isotope-dilution analysis closely correlated with the rates calculated either from growth curves or from known cell-cycle parameters. However, in late-exponential phase the rate calculated from the growth curve was less than that determined by isotope-dilution analysis. We conclude that, under certain conditions, the pool-corrected rate of incorporation of [me-3H]thymidine, as determined by isotope-dilution analysis, can accurately reflect the rate of DNA synthesis. Discrepancies between the observed rate of DNA synthesis and increase in cell number could reflect an exponential degeneration of post-S-phase cells.", "contents": "The rate of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by cultured Chinese-hamster ovary cells. An application of isotope-dilution analysis. The rate of DNA synthesis is exponentially growing cells was determined by isotopedilution analysis of the incorporation of [me-3H]thymidine. Thymidine concentrations greater than 7 micrometer were used so that the rate-limiting step governing incorporation would be at the level of DNA polymerase rather than at the level of thymidine kinase [Sjostrom & Forsdyke (1974) Biochem. J. 138, 253-262]. In early exponential phase the rate determined by isotope-dilution analysis closely correlated with the rates calculated either from growth curves or from known cell-cycle parameters. However, in late-exponential phase the rate calculated from the growth curve was less than that determined by isotope-dilution analysis. We conclude that, under certain conditions, the pool-corrected rate of incorporation of [me-3H]thymidine, as determined by isotope-dilution analysis, can accurately reflect the rate of DNA synthesis. Discrepancies between the observed rate of DNA synthesis and increase in cell number could reflect an exponential degeneration of post-S-phase cells."}
{"id": "PMID:348203", "title": "The lability of the products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A novel method for protein half-life determination.", "content": "A method for the determination of the half-life of mitochondrial translation products in yeast in vivo is proposed. The method uses inhibitors of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein synthesis and is based on double-labelling pulse-chase techniques, the second label being used to estimate 'post-incorporation' during the 'chase'. For the first time the difference between post-incroporation and the widely known recycling of the label is considered. These studies show that, in the turnover of mitochondrial translation products, the problem is of post-incorporation into mitochondria (especially from the cell sap) is predominant. The results obtained with this procedure indicate that the half-life of the products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in yeast at the late-exponential phase is about 60 min. The results suggest that mitochondrial transplantation products are subject to proteolysis to acid-soluble forms.", "contents": "The lability of the products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A novel method for protein half-life determination. A method for the determination of the half-life of mitochondrial translation products in yeast in vivo is proposed. The method uses inhibitors of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein synthesis and is based on double-labelling pulse-chase techniques, the second label being used to estimate 'post-incorporation' during the 'chase'. For the first time the difference between post-incroporation and the widely known recycling of the label is considered. These studies show that, in the turnover of mitochondrial translation products, the problem is of post-incorporation into mitochondria (especially from the cell sap) is predominant. The results obtained with this procedure indicate that the half-life of the products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in yeast at the late-exponential phase is about 60 min. The results suggest that mitochondrial transplantation products are subject to proteolysis to acid-soluble forms."}
{"id": "PMID:348204", "title": "Decreased lymphocyte response to PHA, Con-A, and calcium ionophore (A23187) in patients with RA and SLE, and reversal with levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The mechanism of poor lymphocyte transformation to mitogens was studied in selected patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Low lymphocyte response to PHA and Con-A in media containing autologous and homologous sera was usually associated with poor response to the calcium ionophore A23187, which induces blastogenesis by a different mechanism. The low lymphocyte response to mitogens in patients with rheumatoid arthritis could be restored by in vivo treatment with the anthelmintic drug, levamisole. The present findings suggest that intrinsic defects are responsible for the decreased cellular response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Decreased lymphocyte response to PHA, Con-A, and calcium ionophore (A23187) in patients with RA and SLE, and reversal with levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. The mechanism of poor lymphocyte transformation to mitogens was studied in selected patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Low lymphocyte response to PHA and Con-A in media containing autologous and homologous sera was usually associated with poor response to the calcium ionophore A23187, which induces blastogenesis by a different mechanism. The low lymphocyte response to mitogens in patients with rheumatoid arthritis could be restored by in vivo treatment with the anthelmintic drug, levamisole. The present findings suggest that intrinsic defects are responsible for the decreased cellular response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus."}
{"id": "PMID:348205", "title": "[Clinical observations during accumulative oral glycoside therapy with meproscillarin (author's transl)].", "content": "In heart failure of the severity degrees II and III according to Friedberg's classification, administration of a daily maintenance dose of 0.5--0.75 mg of 14-hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (mesproscillarin, Clift) induces a cumulative blood level of 1--1.5 mg after 8--10 days. This level eliminates manifestations of heart failure both clinically and with regard to objective criteria. Increased heart rate returns to normal particularly in types of the tachycardiac atrial fibrillation. The frequency corrected QT-time is significantly reduced by about 30 ms. The relative heart volume decreases. The heart's work is increased by about 15%. No side effects are observed under this oral accumulative glycoside therapy.", "contents": "[Clinical observations during accumulative oral glycoside therapy with meproscillarin (author's transl)]. In heart failure of the severity degrees II and III according to Friedberg's classification, administration of a daily maintenance dose of 0.5--0.75 mg of 14-hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (mesproscillarin, Clift) induces a cumulative blood level of 1--1.5 mg after 8--10 days. This level eliminates manifestations of heart failure both clinically and with regard to objective criteria. Increased heart rate returns to normal particularly in types of the tachycardiac atrial fibrillation. The frequency corrected QT-time is significantly reduced by about 30 ms. The relative heart volume decreases. The heart's work is increased by about 15%. No side effects are observed under this oral accumulative glycoside therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:348206", "title": "[Long-term study with the novel cardiac glycoside meproscillarin (author's transl)].", "content": "In a multicentre open therapeutic study 64 physicians provided 650 questionnaires of patients who had been treated with the new cardiac glycoside 14-Hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) for more than 3 months; 647 questionnaires had been filled in completely and could be evaluated. The major part of all patients suffering from heart failure of the severity degrees I--III required 2 tablets of 0.25 mg, a smaller part 3 tablets to achieve complete recompensation and/or maintenance of compensation, which was possible in 79% of all cases. The rate of side effects corresponded to that of other cardiac glycosides.", "contents": "[Long-term study with the novel cardiac glycoside meproscillarin (author's transl)]. In a multicentre open therapeutic study 64 physicians provided 650 questionnaires of patients who had been treated with the new cardiac glycoside 14-Hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) for more than 3 months; 647 questionnaires had been filled in completely and could be evaluated. The major part of all patients suffering from heart failure of the severity degrees I--III required 2 tablets of 0.25 mg, a smaller part 3 tablets to achieve complete recompensation and/or maintenance of compensation, which was possible in 79% of all cases. The rate of side effects corresponded to that of other cardiac glycosides."}
{"id": "PMID:348207", "title": "Long-term trial with colestipol plus clofibrate in familial hypercholesterolemia.", "content": "Twenty subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia (12 Type IIa and 8 Type IIb), previously treated with Colestipol for 16 months, were subjected to therapy with Colestipol (15 g/day) + clofibrate (2 g/day) for 15 months. During the second treatment period these patients continued to follow the isocaloric hypocholesterolemic diet initiated during the original trial. In Type IIa patients, the association of these drugs enhanced the decrease in plasma cholesterol levels. The total mean decrease was -40 +/- 17 mg/dl (P less than 0.05). In Type IIb patients, on the other hand, the association of clofibrate with Colestipol induced an increase in plasma cholesterol levels. The total mean increase was +24 +/- 7 mg/dl (P less than 0.05). A markedly significant decrease in plasma triglyceride levels was observed in this group (- 107 +/- 30; P less than 0.01). These results seem to indicate that, in Type IIa, clofibrate increased the resin's hypocholesterolemic effect. In Type IIb, on the other hand, the association of these drugs did not seem to be indicated since a marked hypotriglyceridemic effect was accompanied by an increase in plasma cholesterol levels. These results are briefly discussed in the light of recent data obtained on the effects of Colestipol and clofibrate on lipoprotein metabolism.", "contents": "Long-term trial with colestipol plus clofibrate in familial hypercholesterolemia. Twenty subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia (12 Type IIa and 8 Type IIb), previously treated with Colestipol for 16 months, were subjected to therapy with Colestipol (15 g/day) + clofibrate (2 g/day) for 15 months. During the second treatment period these patients continued to follow the isocaloric hypocholesterolemic diet initiated during the original trial. In Type IIa patients, the association of these drugs enhanced the decrease in plasma cholesterol levels. The total mean decrease was -40 +/- 17 mg/dl (P less than 0.05). In Type IIb patients, on the other hand, the association of clofibrate with Colestipol induced an increase in plasma cholesterol levels. The total mean increase was +24 +/- 7 mg/dl (P less than 0.05). A markedly significant decrease in plasma triglyceride levels was observed in this group (- 107 +/- 30; P less than 0.01). These results seem to indicate that, in Type IIa, clofibrate increased the resin's hypocholesterolemic effect. In Type IIb, on the other hand, the association of these drugs did not seem to be indicated since a marked hypotriglyceridemic effect was accompanied by an increase in plasma cholesterol levels. These results are briefly discussed in the light of recent data obtained on the effects of Colestipol and clofibrate on lipoprotein metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:348211", "title": "[HCG proved by enzyme labelled antibody technique in a suprasellar tumour--an autopsy case report (author's transl)].", "content": "An 11-year-old female case of suprasellar tumour was reported. She presented consciousness disorder without precocious puberty. Microscopically, two cell pattern pinealoma and choriocarcinoma with no metastasis were revealed. By means of enzyme-labelled antibody technique, the authors proved HCG in syncytial cells of the tumour.", "contents": "[HCG proved by enzyme labelled antibody technique in a suprasellar tumour--an autopsy case report (author's transl)]. An 11-year-old female case of suprasellar tumour was reported. She presented consciousness disorder without precocious puberty. Microscopically, two cell pattern pinealoma and choriocarcinoma with no metastasis were revealed. By means of enzyme-labelled antibody technique, the authors proved HCG in syncytial cells of the tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:348210", "title": "[Evaluation of racemic epinephrine with intermittent positive pressure in the treatment of acute infections laryngotracheitis].", "content": "Fourteen children admitted to the Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda of the C.M.N. of the I.M.S.S. with the diagnosis of acute infectious laryngotracheobronchitis were divided into two groups with similar conditions for their study. The benefit derived from the application of recemic epinephrine with intermittent positive pressure was confirmed 15 and 30 minutes later by means of a double blind study; the improvement was swift and spectacular, but temporary; therefore, such treatment must be given only in hospitals, since relapses may show up two to four hours later, making in dangerous to send the patients home or to apply to ambulatory cases. The use of racemic epinephrine is proposed for hospitals having equipment and personnel trained in its management and the convenience of further studies is set forth to determine the period of effectiveness of racemic epinephrine and the advantage of giving repeated doses.", "contents": "[Evaluation of racemic epinephrine with intermittent positive pressure in the treatment of acute infections laryngotracheitis]. Fourteen children admitted to the Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda of the C.M.N. of the I.M.S.S. with the diagnosis of acute infectious laryngotracheobronchitis were divided into two groups with similar conditions for their study. The benefit derived from the application of recemic epinephrine with intermittent positive pressure was confirmed 15 and 30 minutes later by means of a double blind study; the improvement was swift and spectacular, but temporary; therefore, such treatment must be given only in hospitals, since relapses may show up two to four hours later, making in dangerous to send the patients home or to apply to ambulatory cases. The use of racemic epinephrine is proposed for hospitals having equipment and personnel trained in its management and the convenience of further studies is set forth to determine the period of effectiveness of racemic epinephrine and the advantage of giving repeated doses."}
{"id": "PMID:348221", "title": "A method for comparing endotracheal cuffs. A controlled study of tracheal trauma in dogs.", "content": "Damage to the trachea produced in dogs by large and small residual volume cuffs during 6 h of IPPV was compared using a specially designed endotracheal tube. The cuffs under evaluation were adjusted to exert similar average pressures on the tracheal wall, so that many of the variables believed responsible for tracheal injury were controlled. The true compliance of the cuff was measured with the tube inside and outside the trachea of the anaesthetized dogs. The maximum estimated pressure transmitted to the tracheal wall, derived from these compliance curves, was found to equal the peak airway pressure in the presence of a small air leak past each cuff. At various tracheal wall pressures there were only very minor differences in tracheal damage between the large and small residual volume cuffs tested.", "contents": "A method for comparing endotracheal cuffs. A controlled study of tracheal trauma in dogs. Damage to the trachea produced in dogs by large and small residual volume cuffs during 6 h of IPPV was compared using a specially designed endotracheal tube. The cuffs under evaluation were adjusted to exert similar average pressures on the tracheal wall, so that many of the variables believed responsible for tracheal injury were controlled. The true compliance of the cuff was measured with the tube inside and outside the trachea of the anaesthetized dogs. The maximum estimated pressure transmitted to the tracheal wall, derived from these compliance curves, was found to equal the peak airway pressure in the presence of a small air leak past each cuff. At various tracheal wall pressures there were only very minor differences in tracheal damage between the large and small residual volume cuffs tested."}
{"id": "PMID:348222", "title": "Droperidol, fentanyl and morphine for i.v. surgical premedication.", "content": "Fentanyl 0.1 mg and morphine 10 mg alone and in combination with droperidol 2.5 and 5.0 mg were studied for i.v. surgical premedication in 240 patients. Relief of anxiety, sedation, lack of recall, patient acceptance and side-effects were evaluated. The addition of droperidol to fentanyl and morphine produced greater sedation and relief of anxiety before operation, but did not improve patient acceptance or lack of recall.", "contents": "Droperidol, fentanyl and morphine for i.v. surgical premedication. Fentanyl 0.1 mg and morphine 10 mg alone and in combination with droperidol 2.5 and 5.0 mg were studied for i.v. surgical premedication in 240 patients. Relief of anxiety, sedation, lack of recall, patient acceptance and side-effects were evaluated. The addition of droperidol to fentanyl and morphine produced greater sedation and relief of anxiety before operation, but did not improve patient acceptance or lack of recall."}
{"id": "PMID:348223", "title": "A history of nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia. IVC: Henry Hill Hickman in his time.", "content": "Previous verdicts on Hickman set the scene. The genealogy of Hickman and his wife is explored, disclosing the identities of \"Poor Mrs  Dudley of Shut End\" and \"Thomas Dudley of Kingswinford\". Some previous evidence is explained by the bankruptcy of Hickman's father-in-law. The dubious means whereby Hickman qualified prematurely are examined.", "contents": "A history of nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia. IVC: Henry Hill Hickman in his time. Previous verdicts on Hickman set the scene. The genealogy of Hickman and his wife is explored, disclosing the identities of \"Poor Mrs  Dudley of Shut End\" and \"Thomas Dudley of Kingswinford\". Some previous evidence is explained by the bankruptcy of Hickman's father-in-law. The dubious means whereby Hickman qualified prematurely are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:348224", "title": "Immunohistochemistry of local immunoglobulin production in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.", "content": "Immunohistochemical investigations by the immunoperoxidase method have been carried out on sections of biopsy specimens obtained from the primary tumour sites of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). It was found that, in many of the sections thus examined, there was an accumulation of plasma cells, particularly of the IgA type, in the connective tissues surrounding nests of NPC cells. Similar accumulation of plasma cells in the subepithelial connective tissues was likewise observed in a case of choanal polyp. Plasma cells were rarely observed in the section of a biopsy specimen of non-neoplastic oropharyngeal mucosa. These results indicated that the nasopharynx may be a site for the local production of IgA, but the antigenic specificity of these molecules is, however, not known. The possibility that the nasopharynx is a site for the local production of antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related antigens was discussed.", "contents": "Immunohistochemistry of local immunoglobulin production in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Immunohistochemical investigations by the immunoperoxidase method have been carried out on sections of biopsy specimens obtained from the primary tumour sites of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). It was found that, in many of the sections thus examined, there was an accumulation of plasma cells, particularly of the IgA type, in the connective tissues surrounding nests of NPC cells. Similar accumulation of plasma cells in the subepithelial connective tissues was likewise observed in a case of choanal polyp. Plasma cells were rarely observed in the section of a biopsy specimen of non-neoplastic oropharyngeal mucosa. These results indicated that the nasopharynx may be a site for the local production of IgA, but the antigenic specificity of these molecules is, however, not known. The possibility that the nasopharynx is a site for the local production of antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related antigens was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:348225", "title": "Salbutamol by pressure-packed aerosol and by intermittent positive pressure ventilation in chronic obstructive bronchitis.", "content": "The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) response to salbutamol administered by pressure-packed aerosol 200 microgram, and intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), 5 and 10 mg, was determined in 60 patients with chronic bronchitis with airway obstruction. The bronchodilator response to salbutamol by IPPV was greater than by pressure-packed aerosol only in patients with severe airways obstruction and little additional benefit was gained with the 10 mg dose.", "contents": "Salbutamol by pressure-packed aerosol and by intermittent positive pressure ventilation in chronic obstructive bronchitis. The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) response to salbutamol administered by pressure-packed aerosol 200 microgram, and intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), 5 and 10 mg, was determined in 60 patients with chronic bronchitis with airway obstruction. The bronchodilator response to salbutamol by IPPV was greater than by pressure-packed aerosol only in patients with severe airways obstruction and little additional benefit was gained with the 10 mg dose."}
{"id": "PMID:348227", "title": "Maturation linked expression of a myeloid cell surface antigen.", "content": "An antiserum raised against myelomonocytic and monocytic leukaemia cells has been used to define a cell surface antigen shared by normal and leukaemic cells of the granulocyte and monocyte cell lines. The quantitative expression of this antigen was investigated using the Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter and was shown to correlate with the degree of morphological maturation.", "contents": "Maturation linked expression of a myeloid cell surface antigen. An antiserum raised against myelomonocytic and monocytic leukaemia cells has been used to define a cell surface antigen shared by normal and leukaemic cells of the granulocyte and monocyte cell lines. The quantitative expression of this antigen was investigated using the Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter and was shown to correlate with the degree of morphological maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:348228", "title": "A controlled trial of puncture sites for amniocentesis.", "content": "A controlled trial to determine a better site for amniocentesis was carried out over a 6-month period, involving 98 obstetric patients. The suprapubic and nuchal puncture site for amniocentesis were compared. The failure rate was found to be lower when the suprapublic site was used, and no significant difference in morbidity was found in the two groups.", "contents": "A controlled trial of puncture sites for amniocentesis. A controlled trial to determine a better site for amniocentesis was carried out over a 6-month period, involving 98 obstetric patients. The suprapubic and nuchal puncture site for amniocentesis were compared. The failure rate was found to be lower when the suprapublic site was used, and no significant difference in morbidity was found in the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:348229", "title": "A randomized controlled trial of a short course of cephaloridine in the prevention of infection after abdominal hysterectomy.", "content": "One hundred patients took part in a randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of three 1 g doses of cephaloridine in preventing infection after abdominal hysterectomy. The first dose was given as an intravenous bolus at the commencement of surgery and the second and third as intramuscular injections 6 and 12 hours later. Given in this way, cephaloridine was found to be very effective in preventing febrile morbidity, abdominal wound infection and urinary tract infection. It was less effective in preventing pelvic wound infection and postoperative colonization of the vagina with Escherichia coli.", "contents": "A randomized controlled trial of a short course of cephaloridine in the prevention of infection after abdominal hysterectomy. One hundred patients took part in a randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of three 1 g doses of cephaloridine in preventing infection after abdominal hysterectomy. The first dose was given as an intravenous bolus at the commencement of surgery and the second and third as intramuscular injections 6 and 12 hours later. Given in this way, cephaloridine was found to be very effective in preventing febrile morbidity, abdominal wound infection and urinary tract infection. It was less effective in preventing pelvic wound infection and postoperative colonization of the vagina with Escherichia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:348230", "title": "The importance of measuring contrast sensitivity in cases of visual disturbance.", "content": "A description is given of a practical clinical test of contrast sensitivity and of the results obtained on a normal population. An account is given of recent physiological work which illustrates the potential usefulness of the method in ophthalmology, and the clinical results obtained by the author and others are summarised.", "contents": "The importance of measuring contrast sensitivity in cases of visual disturbance. A description is given of a practical clinical test of contrast sensitivity and of the results obtained on a normal population. An account is given of recent physiological work which illustrates the potential usefulness of the method in ophthalmology, and the clinical results obtained by the author and others are summarised."}
{"id": "PMID:348231", "title": "HLA antigens in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.", "content": "HLA antigen frequencies were studied in 20 patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid and 245 normal persons. HLA-B12 demonstrated an increased frequency of 45% in patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid which was statistically significant when compared to a frequency of 19.6% in the general population (P less than 0.02). In patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid the prevalance of HLA-A3 was increased to 35% when compared to 22.9% in the general population, but this was not statistically significant. The frequency of finding either HLA-A3 or B12 in patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid was increased to 75% in comparison with 38.8% in the general population (P less than 0.005). The present study suggests that HLA-B12 and possibly HLA-A3 are genetic markers for ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.", "contents": "HLA antigens in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. HLA antigen frequencies were studied in 20 patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid and 245 normal persons. HLA-B12 demonstrated an increased frequency of 45% in patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid which was statistically significant when compared to a frequency of 19.6% in the general population (P less than 0.02). In patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid the prevalance of HLA-A3 was increased to 35% when compared to 22.9% in the general population, but this was not statistically significant. The frequency of finding either HLA-A3 or B12 in patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid was increased to 75% in comparison with 38.8% in the general population (P less than 0.005). The present study suggests that HLA-B12 and possibly HLA-A3 are genetic markers for ocular cicatricial pemphigoid."}
{"id": "PMID:348233", "title": "Structural changes of ribosome by the action of ethylene glycol.", "content": "The denaturation of ribosome and RNA by ethylene glycol (EG) has been studied in an attempt to further understand the conformation and stability of the ribosome. At high concentrations of EG, the ribosome, its subunits, and 16S RNA undergo drastic structural changes as shown by circular dichroism, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, and sedimentation velocity. Two separate conformational transitions were observed for the 30S subunit; one from 30 to 50% EG and another from 60 to 90% EG. This observation suggests the presence of two \"domains\" in the 30S subunit which differ in their stability. However, the 50S subunit undergoes a single sharp transition at 60 to 90% EG, consistent with the notion of a highly cooperative conformation. Association of the subunits stablizes part of the 30S subunit since the transition curve for the 70S ribosome does not exhibit significant change at the low EG concentration region as seen for the 30S subunit. Removal of proteins from the 30S subunit broadens the transition curve to lower EG concentrations and suggests the role of proteins in stabilizing the conformation of the 16S RNA.", "contents": "Structural changes of ribosome by the action of ethylene glycol. The denaturation of ribosome and RNA by ethylene glycol (EG) has been studied in an attempt to further understand the conformation and stability of the ribosome. At high concentrations of EG, the ribosome, its subunits, and 16S RNA undergo drastic structural changes as shown by circular dichroism, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, and sedimentation velocity. Two separate conformational transitions were observed for the 30S subunit; one from 30 to 50% EG and another from 60 to 90% EG. This observation suggests the presence of two \"domains\" in the 30S subunit which differ in their stability. However, the 50S subunit undergoes a single sharp transition at 60 to 90% EG, consistent with the notion of a highly cooperative conformation. Association of the subunits stablizes part of the 30S subunit since the transition curve for the 70S ribosome does not exhibit significant change at the low EG concentration region as seen for the 30S subunit. Removal of proteins from the 30S subunit broadens the transition curve to lower EG concentrations and suggests the role of proteins in stabilizing the conformation of the 16S RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:348234", "title": "Length dependence in reassociation kinetics of radioactive tracer DNA.", "content": "The reassociation kinetics have been measured for radioactive Escherichia coli DNAs (tracers) of various average single-strand lengths reassociated alone and in the presence of excess unlabeled DNA (driver) of two different average lengths. Hydroxylapatite binding was used to follow the reaction time course. The length-dependence of the rate constant determined in the tracer self-reassociation reactions is in agreement with the square-root dependence previously determined (Wetmur, J. G., & Davisond, N. (1968) J. Mol. Biol. 31, 349-370) using optical methods to follow the time course. However, for the driver-tracer reactions, where the radioactive DNA reassociates largely with DNA of a different average length, the dependence of the rate constant upon average tracer length is increased and approaches an L to the first  power dependence. In 0.18 M Na+, the variation of the rate constant for tracer reassociation with the lengths of the reassociating strands has been shown to fit the simple equation k = (9.0077).(L T 0.55 + 1/L D 0.55), where k is the observed rate constant in L mol-1 s-1 and L(T)and L(D) are the weight average tracer and driver lengths, respectively, in nucleotides. This dependence suggests that the rate of nucleation of two free strands is proportional to the sum of the reciprocals of the hydrodynamic radii of the two strands.", "contents": "Length dependence in reassociation kinetics of radioactive tracer DNA. The reassociation kinetics have been measured for radioactive Escherichia coli DNAs (tracers) of various average single-strand lengths reassociated alone and in the presence of excess unlabeled DNA (driver) of two different average lengths. Hydroxylapatite binding was used to follow the reaction time course. The length-dependence of the rate constant determined in the tracer self-reassociation reactions is in agreement with the square-root dependence previously determined (Wetmur, J. G., & Davisond, N. (1968) J. Mol. Biol. 31, 349-370) using optical methods to follow the time course. However, for the driver-tracer reactions, where the radioactive DNA reassociates largely with DNA of a different average length, the dependence of the rate constant upon average tracer length is increased and approaches an L to the first  power dependence. In 0.18 M Na+, the variation of the rate constant for tracer reassociation with the lengths of the reassociating strands has been shown to fit the simple equation k = (9.0077).(L T 0.55 + 1/L D 0.55), where k is the observed rate constant in L mol-1 s-1 and L(T)and L(D) are the weight average tracer and driver lengths, respectively, in nucleotides. This dependence suggests that the rate of nucleation of two free strands is proportional to the sum of the reciprocals of the hydrodynamic radii of the two strands."}
{"id": "PMID:348235", "title": "Lanthanide fluorescence studies of transfer RNAf(met) conformation.", "content": "The possible difference in conformation between aminoacylated and deacylated tRNA is examined using the optical and photochemical properties of the 4-thiouridine residue of E coli tRNAf(Met). No differences were seen between fMet-tRNAf(Met) and tRNAf(Met) observing the native fluorescence of 4-thiouridine, energy transfer from 4-thiouridine to the bound lanthanide ions, Tb3+ or Eu3+, or the rates of the photochemical cross-linking reaction of 4-thiourdine. While these results do not necessarily mean that there is no conformational difference between the aminoacylated and deacylated species, they do restrict the possible nature and magnitude of any conformational difference between the two species. In addition, preliminary thermal denaturation studies of tRNAf(Met), monitoring 4-thiouridine emission and energy transfer to Tb3+, indicate an unexplained melting phenomenon near 25 degrees C in the presence of Mg2+.", "contents": "Lanthanide fluorescence studies of transfer RNAf(met) conformation. The possible difference in conformation between aminoacylated and deacylated tRNA is examined using the optical and photochemical properties of the 4-thiouridine residue of E coli tRNAf(Met). No differences were seen between fMet-tRNAf(Met) and tRNAf(Met) observing the native fluorescence of 4-thiouridine, energy transfer from 4-thiouridine to the bound lanthanide ions, Tb3+ or Eu3+, or the rates of the photochemical cross-linking reaction of 4-thiourdine. While these results do not necessarily mean that there is no conformational difference between the aminoacylated and deacylated species, they do restrict the possible nature and magnitude of any conformational difference between the two species. In addition, preliminary thermal denaturation studies of tRNAf(Met), monitoring 4-thiouridine emission and energy transfer to Tb3+, indicate an unexplained melting phenomenon near 25 degrees C in the presence of Mg2+."}
{"id": "PMID:348236", "title": "Chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydratase from Escherichia coli: active sites of a bifunctional enzyme.", "content": "The relationship between the active sites of the bifunctional enzyme chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydratase has been examined. Steady-state kinetic investigations of the reactions with chorismate or prephenate as substrate and studies of the overall conversion of chorismate to phenylpyruvate indicate that there are two distinct active sites. One site is responsible for the mutase activity and the other for the dehydratase activity. Studies of the overall reaction using radioactive chorismate show that prephenate, which is formed from chorismate, dissociates from the mutase site and equilibrates with the bulk medium before combining at the dehydratase site. No evidence was obtained for direct channeling of prephenate from one site to the other, or for any strong interaction between the sites.", "contents": "Chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydratase from Escherichia coli: active sites of a bifunctional enzyme. The relationship between the active sites of the bifunctional enzyme chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydratase has been examined. Steady-state kinetic investigations of the reactions with chorismate or prephenate as substrate and studies of the overall conversion of chorismate to phenylpyruvate indicate that there are two distinct active sites. One site is responsible for the mutase activity and the other for the dehydratase activity. Studies of the overall reaction using radioactive chorismate show that prephenate, which is formed from chorismate, dissociates from the mutase site and equilibrates with the bulk medium before combining at the dehydratase site. No evidence was obtained for direct channeling of prephenate from one site to the other, or for any strong interaction between the sites."}
{"id": "PMID:348237", "title": "Microviscosity changes during differentiation of neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Microviscosity (eta) of the plasma-membrane lipid matrix was measured in exponentially growing and differentiating C1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells, attached to a glass substratum, by fluorescence polarisation of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Upon differentiation eta decreases progressively, reaching values below those observed in the growth phase. Treatment of the cells with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles reversibly inhibits morphological differentiation. The results show that a high membrane fluidity is a prerequisite for differentiation.", "contents": "Microviscosity changes during differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. Microviscosity (eta) of the plasma-membrane lipid matrix was measured in exponentially growing and differentiating C1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells, attached to a glass substratum, by fluorescence polarisation of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Upon differentiation eta decreases progressively, reaching values below those observed in the growth phase. Treatment of the cells with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles reversibly inhibits morphological differentiation. The results show that a high membrane fluidity is a prerequisite for differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:348239", "title": "The role of interoception in learned visceral control.", "content": "Research concerned with the psychology and physiology of interoceptive processes is reviewed with the purpose of evaluating theoretical formulations of learned visceral control. Basic animal research in interoception provides relevant information; however, much research dealing directly with interoception and learned control is inadequate due either to inappropriate measurement of interoceptive ability or to poor experimental design. The two primary theoretical orientations linking interoception and learned visceral control differ according to the role ascribed to external feedback; the first views feedback as an enhancement of interoceptive cues, the second as an enhancement of exteroceptive cues. These theories are discussed with regard to recent investigations of learned visceral control.", "contents": "The role of interoception in learned visceral control. Research concerned with the psychology and physiology of interoceptive processes is reviewed with the purpose of evaluating theoretical formulations of learned visceral control. Basic animal research in interoception provides relevant information; however, much research dealing directly with interoception and learned control is inadequate due either to inappropriate measurement of interoceptive ability or to poor experimental design. The two primary theoretical orientations linking interoception and learned visceral control differ according to the role ascribed to external feedback; the first views feedback as an enhancement of interoceptive cues, the second as an enhancement of exteroceptive cues. These theories are discussed with regard to recent investigations of learned visceral control."}
{"id": "PMID:348240", "title": "Cardiac perception and cardiac control. A review.", "content": "The evidence regarding specific cardiac perception and discrimination, and its relationship to voluntary cardiac control, is critically reviewed. Studies are considered in three sections, depending on the method used to assess cardiac perception: questionnaire assessment, discrimination procedures, and heartbeat tracking. The heartbeat tracking procedure would appear to suffer least from interpretative difficulties. Recommendations are made regarding the style of analysis used to assess heartbeat perception in such tracking tasks.", "contents": "Cardiac perception and cardiac control. A review. The evidence regarding specific cardiac perception and discrimination, and its relationship to voluntary cardiac control, is critically reviewed. Studies are considered in three sections, depending on the method used to assess cardiac perception: questionnaire assessment, discrimination procedures, and heartbeat tracking. The heartbeat tracking procedure would appear to suffer least from interpretative difficulties. Recommendations are made regarding the style of analysis used to assess heartbeat perception in such tracking tasks."}
{"id": "PMID:348241", "title": "The effect of transcendental meditation on right hemispheric functioning.", "content": "This study reports two experiments investigating the effects of transcendental meditation on right hemispheric functioning. The task used in both experiments was the Seashore Tonal Memory Test. In the first experiment a non-meditator group and an experienced meditator group were run. The design involved three periods: a pretest, a meditation or rest period, and then a posttest. The results showed the experienced meditators were significantly better in both pretest and posttest performance. There were no pretest-posttest differences. The second experiment was done to replicate the first experiment and to control for possible selection bias. The design was the same as the first experiment, except that an additional group of inexperienced meditators was included. The results again showed significantly superior performance for the experienced meditators compared to the non-meditators. In addition, the experienced meditators were superior to the inexperienced meditators. There were no significant differences between the non-meditators and the inexperienced meditators. These results support the hypothesis that meditation facilitates right hemispheric functioning. Alternative explanations, such as selection bias, are also discussed.", "contents": "The effect of transcendental meditation on right hemispheric functioning. This study reports two experiments investigating the effects of transcendental meditation on right hemispheric functioning. The task used in both experiments was the Seashore Tonal Memory Test. In the first experiment a non-meditator group and an experienced meditator group were run. The design involved three periods: a pretest, a meditation or rest period, and then a posttest. The results showed the experienced meditators were significantly better in both pretest and posttest performance. There were no pretest-posttest differences. The second experiment was done to replicate the first experiment and to control for possible selection bias. The design was the same as the first experiment, except that an additional group of inexperienced meditators was included. The results again showed significantly superior performance for the experienced meditators compared to the non-meditators. In addition, the experienced meditators were superior to the inexperienced meditators. There were no significant differences between the non-meditators and the inexperienced meditators. These results support the hypothesis that meditation facilitates right hemispheric functioning. Alternative explanations, such as selection bias, are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:348242", "title": "[Topography of rRNA in ribosomes. Effect of pancreatic RNAse on small ribosomal subunits].", "content": "The treatment of E. coli 30S ribosome subunits with pancreatic RNase under certain conditions resulted in the release of rRNA (about 15%). The subunit retained as a whole structure: sedimentation coefficient was unchanged and no protein release was observed. The released RNA is a set of oligonucleotides from 1 to 9 bases, except hepta- and octanenucleotides. Base composition of this RNA fraction is similar to 16S RNA, a slight increase of purines content being due to the specificity of nuclease. Analysis of isoplit content has revealed that a spliting of long oligonucleotides in stechiometric amount from 30S subunits takes place: one nonanucleotide, one hexanucleotide and two pentanucleotides.", "contents": "[Topography of rRNA in ribosomes. Effect of pancreatic RNAse on small ribosomal subunits]. The treatment of E. coli 30S ribosome subunits with pancreatic RNase under certain conditions resulted in the release of rRNA (about 15%). The subunit retained as a whole structure: sedimentation coefficient was unchanged and no protein release was observed. The released RNA is a set of oligonucleotides from 1 to 9 bases, except hepta- and octanenucleotides. Base composition of this RNA fraction is similar to 16S RNA, a slight increase of purines content being due to the specificity of nuclease. Analysis of isoplit content has revealed that a spliting of long oligonucleotides in stechiometric amount from 30S subunits takes place: one nonanucleotide, one hexanucleotide and two pentanucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:348243", "title": "[Effects of non-ionogenic surface active compounds on yeast protoplasts].", "content": "The lytic effect of non-ionogenic surface active compounds (SAC), based on polyoxyethylated fatty acids and alkylphenols on the yeast protoplast cytoplasmic membranes and the extracting ability of the SAC with respect to intracellular proteins of intact yeast cells, were studied. It was shown that the lytic activity of the SAC under study depends on the overall effect of the size of their hydrophobic and hydrophylic fragments rather than on the level of the hydrophylic-lypolytic equilibrium of SAC. The absence of correlation between the lytic activity and the extracting ability of SAC is accounted for by the differences in the mechanisms of membrane degradation under the action of SAC on the protoplasts and intact cells. The data obtained support the previously made assumption that the correlation between the size of SAC mycelles and that of the cell wall pores is the limiting factor of the SAC induced protein extraction from the intact cells.", "contents": "[Effects of non-ionogenic surface active compounds on yeast protoplasts]. The lytic effect of non-ionogenic surface active compounds (SAC), based on polyoxyethylated fatty acids and alkylphenols on the yeast protoplast cytoplasmic membranes and the extracting ability of the SAC with respect to intracellular proteins of intact yeast cells, were studied. It was shown that the lytic activity of the SAC under study depends on the overall effect of the size of their hydrophobic and hydrophylic fragments rather than on the level of the hydrophylic-lypolytic equilibrium of SAC. The absence of correlation between the lytic activity and the extracting ability of SAC is accounted for by the differences in the mechanisms of membrane degradation under the action of SAC on the protoplasts and intact cells. The data obtained support the previously made assumption that the correlation between the size of SAC mycelles and that of the cell wall pores is the limiting factor of the SAC induced protein extraction from the intact cells."}
{"id": "PMID:348245", "title": "The rotorfermentor. II. Application to ethanol fermentation.", "content": "The kinetics of microbial growth and product formation are described as applied to the high cell concentration scheme of the rotorfermentor. A bench scale pilot plant was designed and built in order to demonstrate the operational feasibility of the rotorfermentor. The fermentation of glucose to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126 was used. When the rotorfermentor was used with a glucose feed concentration of 104 g/liter almost 100% glucose utilization was obtained and the ethanol productivity rate was 27.3 g ethanol/liter hr which was found to be about 10 times greater than the ethanol productivity obtained from an ordinary continuous stirred tank (CST) fermentor. The ethanol experimental results obtained from the rotorfermentor and an ordinary CST fermentor were used as a basis to assess the economic feasibility of the rotorfermentor. The economics of an industrial scale ordinary CST fermentor with and without cell recycle is compared with a rotorfermentor unit for the same ethanol production throughput. For the process conditions considered in this case, calculations showed that the rotorfermentor may replace both a CST fermentor and cell centrifuge resulting in lower capital equipment costs and lower power consumption requirements.", "contents": "The rotorfermentor. II. Application to ethanol fermentation. The kinetics of microbial growth and product formation are described as applied to the high cell concentration scheme of the rotorfermentor. A bench scale pilot plant was designed and built in order to demonstrate the operational feasibility of the rotorfermentor. The fermentation of glucose to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126 was used. When the rotorfermentor was used with a glucose feed concentration of 104 g/liter almost 100% glucose utilization was obtained and the ethanol productivity rate was 27.3 g ethanol/liter hr which was found to be about 10 times greater than the ethanol productivity obtained from an ordinary continuous stirred tank (CST) fermentor. The ethanol experimental results obtained from the rotorfermentor and an ordinary CST fermentor were used as a basis to assess the economic feasibility of the rotorfermentor. The economics of an industrial scale ordinary CST fermentor with and without cell recycle is compared with a rotorfermentor unit for the same ethanol production throughput. For the process conditions considered in this case, calculations showed that the rotorfermentor may replace both a CST fermentor and cell centrifuge resulting in lower capital equipment costs and lower power consumption requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:348246", "title": "Effect of thiol reagents on extractability of protein from yeast.", "content": "The effect of soluble thiol reagents on the extractability of protein from yeast cells was studied. The incubation of yeast cells with dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol, or monothioglycerol markedly stimulated the release of soluble carbohydrates into the medium. There was a concomitant improvement (over twofold) in the extractability of protein from the yeast cells. The thiol reagents activated the proteolytic enzymes of the yeast cells. Unless inactivated, these enzymes hydrolyze the extracted protein.", "contents": "Effect of thiol reagents on extractability of protein from yeast. The effect of soluble thiol reagents on the extractability of protein from yeast cells was studied. The incubation of yeast cells with dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol, or monothioglycerol markedly stimulated the release of soluble carbohydrates into the medium. There was a concomitant improvement (over twofold) in the extractability of protein from the yeast cells. The thiol reagents activated the proteolytic enzymes of the yeast cells. Unless inactivated, these enzymes hydrolyze the extracted protein."}
{"id": "PMID:348247", "title": "Visualization of tubulin in lymphocytes. I. Comparison of normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) lymphocytes.", "content": "Cell structures containing tubulin were studied in peripheral blood lymphocytes from 8 normal donors and 11 patients with CLL using specific antitubulin antibodies revealed by immunoperoxidase assay. The centriole and microtubules were clearly visible in both groups. A \"nucleus-associated tubulin-containing structure\" was revealed by antitubulin antibodies and was found in virtually all lymphocytes of normal subjects but in a considerably lower number of CLL lymphocytes. The nature of this structure and its relationship to other cell structures are discussed.", "contents": "Visualization of tubulin in lymphocytes. I. Comparison of normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) lymphocytes. Cell structures containing tubulin were studied in peripheral blood lymphocytes from 8 normal donors and 11 patients with CLL using specific antitubulin antibodies revealed by immunoperoxidase assay. The centriole and microtubules were clearly visible in both groups. A \"nucleus-associated tubulin-containing structure\" was revealed by antitubulin antibodies and was found in virtually all lymphocytes of normal subjects but in a considerably lower number of CLL lymphocytes. The nature of this structure and its relationship to other cell structures are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:348251", "title": "Cimetidine for recurrent ulcer after vagotomy or gastrectomy: a randomised controlled trial.", "content": "In a randomised controlled trial cimetidine 1 g daily for six weeks was compared with placebo in the treatment of recurrent ulcers after gastrectomy or vagotomy for duodenal ulcer. Healing, assessed endoscopically, was seen in seven out of 12 patients given cimetidine and in five out of 12 controls. Four of the controls whose ulcers did not heal were subsequently treated with cimetidine, and in two the ulcers healed after six weeks. Pain recorded by the patient and consumption of alkalis were each slightly but not significantly less in the cimetidine-treated patients. When cimetidine is to be used for recurrent ulceration probably the dosage and duration of treatment should be increased.", "contents": "Cimetidine for recurrent ulcer after vagotomy or gastrectomy: a randomised controlled trial. In a randomised controlled trial cimetidine 1 g daily for six weeks was compared with placebo in the treatment of recurrent ulcers after gastrectomy or vagotomy for duodenal ulcer. Healing, assessed endoscopically, was seen in seven out of 12 patients given cimetidine and in five out of 12 controls. Four of the controls whose ulcers did not heal were subsequently treated with cimetidine, and in two the ulcers healed after six weeks. Pain recorded by the patient and consumption of alkalis were each slightly but not significantly less in the cimetidine-treated patients. When cimetidine is to be used for recurrent ulceration probably the dosage and duration of treatment should be increased."}
{"id": "PMID:348260", "title": "Beta-blockers: once or three times a day?", "content": "In a double-blind, crossover trial 16 hypertensive patients were treated, in random order, with placebo, metoprolol 300 mg in a single daily dose, or metoprolol 300 mg/day in three doses. Both therapeutic regimens produced detectable plasma metoprolol concentrations and appreciable beta-blockade, estimated from exercise tachycardia, throughout the day. Fluctuations throughout the day in plasma drug concentrations and degree of beta-blockade were insignificant on the thrice-daily regimen, but they varied considerably on the single-dose regimen. Both therapeutic regimens also significantly lowered blood pressure throughout the day. Although the thrice-daily regimen again tended to produce a stronger and less fluctuating hypotensive action, the differences in hypotensive effect between the two regimens were not statistically significant. A single-dose of 300 mg of metoprolol can therefore be recommended if the only aim is to reduce blood pressure but not if a steady degree of beta-blockade is needed.", "contents": "Beta-blockers: once or three times a day? In a double-blind, crossover trial 16 hypertensive patients were treated, in random order, with placebo, metoprolol 300 mg in a single daily dose, or metoprolol 300 mg/day in three doses. Both therapeutic regimens produced detectable plasma metoprolol concentrations and appreciable beta-blockade, estimated from exercise tachycardia, throughout the day. Fluctuations throughout the day in plasma drug concentrations and degree of beta-blockade were insignificant on the thrice-daily regimen, but they varied considerably on the single-dose regimen. Both therapeutic regimens also significantly lowered blood pressure throughout the day. Although the thrice-daily regimen again tended to produce a stronger and less fluctuating hypotensive action, the differences in hypotensive effect between the two regimens were not statistically significant. A single-dose of 300 mg of metoprolol can therefore be recommended if the only aim is to reduce blood pressure but not if a steady degree of beta-blockade is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:348261", "title": "Bromocriptine in Parkinsonism.", "content": "A review of the effects of using bromocriptine in Parkinson's disease showed that it rarely helps patients not primarily improved by levodopa. Patients who show late failure with levadopa and whose response to treatment is declining are helped by combining the two drugs. High cost and severe psychosis are the main disadvantages of bromocriptine, and, although it is not recommended for patients who are doing well on levodopa, it is the best available drug for hospital use in patients who show late failure with levodopa.", "contents": "Bromocriptine in Parkinsonism. A review of the effects of using bromocriptine in Parkinson's disease showed that it rarely helps patients not primarily improved by levodopa. Patients who show late failure with levadopa and whose response to treatment is declining are helped by combining the two drugs. High cost and severe psychosis are the main disadvantages of bromocriptine, and, although it is not recommended for patients who are doing well on levodopa, it is the best available drug for hospital use in patients who show late failure with levodopa."}
{"id": "PMID:348265", "title": "Phagocytosis and killing of bacteria and yeast by human milk cells after opsonisation in aqueous phase of milk.", "content": "Macrophages and neutrophils from human milk phagocytose and kill Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in vitro after opsonisation by the aqueous phase of milk as effectively as blood leucocytes in serum. They also phagocytose Candida albicans. The overgrowth of E coli resulting from the addition of iron to cultures of the organism in the aqueous phase of milk is not influenced by the presence of cells. We conclude that the phagocytosis and killing of bacteria by milk cells may contribute to the lower incidence of infection among breast-fed than artificially fed babies.", "contents": "Phagocytosis and killing of bacteria and yeast by human milk cells after opsonisation in aqueous phase of milk. Macrophages and neutrophils from human milk phagocytose and kill Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in vitro after opsonisation by the aqueous phase of milk as effectively as blood leucocytes in serum. They also phagocytose Candida albicans. The overgrowth of E coli resulting from the addition of iron to cultures of the organism in the aqueous phase of milk is not influenced by the presence of cells. We conclude that the phagocytosis and killing of bacteria by milk cells may contribute to the lower incidence of infection among breast-fed than artificially fed babies."}
{"id": "PMID:348267", "title": "Organization of corticospinal neurons in the cat.", "content": "The cells of origin of the corticospinal tract of the cat were identified using the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling technique. Cortical neurons labeled from the spinal cord were confined to layer V and included large Betz cells, as well as many smaller neurons of this layer. Collections of 5-10 labeled neurons concentrated in areas of 300-500 micrometer diameter were observed, suggesting a columnar-type of organization of corticospinal neurons. Injections of HRP into different spinal segments were used to determine the somatotopic distribution of corticospinal neurons. Cortical neurons projecting to the cervical spinal enlargement were found in the lateral hemisphere, with more caudal spinal levels being represented successively more medial. There appeared to be little, if any, overlap in the distributions of neurons labeled from the cervical versus the lumbosacral spinal cord. Neurons projecting to the spinal enlargements were most abundant in the primary area 4, motor cortex (MI), but substantial populations of neurons were located in each of the subfields, areas 3a, 3b, 1 and 2, of the primary somatic sensory cortex (SI), plus area 2 pre-insularis of the second somatic sensory region (SII), and area 5 of the suprasylvian gyrus. This suggested, in view of the differences in inputs and response properties of neurons in these cortical regions, that the corticospinal projections from the different areas could represent multiple, independent functions in spinal cord sensory and motor control. The soma diameters of HRP-labeled corticospinal neurons varied widely, with a distinct, large-celled (Betz-type) and a small-celled population being present in the area 4 motor cortex. The largest labeled neurons of the somatic sensory cortical areas were intermediate in size. Three types of corticospinal neurons may exist, corresponding to the giant pyramidal (Betz) cells, the largest pyramidal neurons of the somatic sensory regions, and the abundant, smaller pyramidal cells which are found throughout the sensory and motor cortical fields.", "contents": "Organization of corticospinal neurons in the cat. The cells of origin of the corticospinal tract of the cat were identified using the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling technique. Cortical neurons labeled from the spinal cord were confined to layer V and included large Betz cells, as well as many smaller neurons of this layer. Collections of 5-10 labeled neurons concentrated in areas of 300-500 micrometer diameter were observed, suggesting a columnar-type of organization of corticospinal neurons. Injections of HRP into different spinal segments were used to determine the somatotopic distribution of corticospinal neurons. Cortical neurons projecting to the cervical spinal enlargement were found in the lateral hemisphere, with more caudal spinal levels being represented successively more medial. There appeared to be little, if any, overlap in the distributions of neurons labeled from the cervical versus the lumbosacral spinal cord. Neurons projecting to the spinal enlargements were most abundant in the primary area 4, motor cortex (MI), but substantial populations of neurons were located in each of the subfields, areas 3a, 3b, 1 and 2, of the primary somatic sensory cortex (SI), plus area 2 pre-insularis of the second somatic sensory region (SII), and area 5 of the suprasylvian gyrus. This suggested, in view of the differences in inputs and response properties of neurons in these cortical regions, that the corticospinal projections from the different areas could represent multiple, independent functions in spinal cord sensory and motor control. The soma diameters of HRP-labeled corticospinal neurons varied widely, with a distinct, large-celled (Betz-type) and a small-celled population being present in the area 4 motor cortex. The largest labeled neurons of the somatic sensory cortical areas were intermediate in size. Three types of corticospinal neurons may exist, corresponding to the giant pyramidal (Betz) cells, the largest pyramidal neurons of the somatic sensory regions, and the abundant, smaller pyramidal cells which are found throughout the sensory and motor cortical fields."}
{"id": "PMID:348268", "title": "The central location of the motor neurons to the stapedius muscle in the cat.", "content": "In two cats and 10 newborn kittens, retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to locate the motor neurons of the stapedius muscle. Following injection of tracer into the muscle, labeled neurons were observed in the interface between the facial nerve nucleus and the caudal end of the lateral superior olivary nucleus. Some marked neurons were also located dorsal and ventral to the facial nucleus. The number of labelled cells varied from a low of 34 to a high of 199.", "contents": "The central location of the motor neurons to the stapedius muscle in the cat. In two cats and 10 newborn kittens, retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to locate the motor neurons of the stapedius muscle. Following injection of tracer into the muscle, labeled neurons were observed in the interface between the facial nerve nucleus and the caudal end of the lateral superior olivary nucleus. Some marked neurons were also located dorsal and ventral to the facial nucleus. The number of labelled cells varied from a low of 34 to a high of 199."}
{"id": "PMID:348269", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase in rabbit spinal cord and cerebellum.", "content": "Guinea pig antiserum specific for purified bovine choline acetyltransferase has been shown to cross-react with rabbit enzyme. We used the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method to demonstrate the localization of choline acetyltransferase in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections of rabbit spinal cord and cerebellum. In the spinal cord, in agreement with our and others' previous results using immunofluorescent techniques, choline acetyltransferase was found in the cell bodies of the ventral horn motor neurons. In the cerebellum, choline acetyltransferase was localized exclusively in the mossy fibers and the glomeruli of the cerebellar folia. The immunohistochemical findings in the cerebellum reveal the morphological detail of cholinergic axons and their terminals. The results are consistent with published biochemical data on the cerebellar distribution of choline acetyltransferase.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase in rabbit spinal cord and cerebellum. Guinea pig antiserum specific for purified bovine choline acetyltransferase has been shown to cross-react with rabbit enzyme. We used the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method to demonstrate the localization of choline acetyltransferase in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections of rabbit spinal cord and cerebellum. In the spinal cord, in agreement with our and others' previous results using immunofluorescent techniques, choline acetyltransferase was found in the cell bodies of the ventral horn motor neurons. In the cerebellum, choline acetyltransferase was localized exclusively in the mossy fibers and the glomeruli of the cerebellar folia. The immunohistochemical findings in the cerebellum reveal the morphological detail of cholinergic axons and their terminals. The results are consistent with published biochemical data on the cerebellar distribution of choline acetyltransferase."}
{"id": "PMID:348270", "title": "An epizootic of Salmonella typhimurium var. copenhagen in broilers and the use of cultured chicken interestinal flora for its control.", "content": "1. An epizootic caused by Salmonella typhimurium var. copenhagen and occurring on the farms of one company was examined with the following factors in mind: the spread of the epizootic, the infection rate of the flocks and the role of the food, hatchery and parent stock. 2. A microbiological technique was used the aim of preventing infection on the farms. 3. The method of control was not as effective the field as in the laboratory; the possible reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "An epizootic of Salmonella typhimurium var. copenhagen in broilers and the use of cultured chicken interestinal flora for its control. 1. An epizootic caused by Salmonella typhimurium var. copenhagen and occurring on the farms of one company was examined with the following factors in mind: the spread of the epizootic, the infection rate of the flocks and the role of the food, hatchery and parent stock. 2. A microbiological technique was used the aim of preventing infection on the farms. 3. The method of control was not as effective the field as in the laboratory; the possible reasons for this are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:348274", "title": "DNA-sequence organization in the genome of the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "The sequence organization in the DNA of chicken (Gallus domesticus) was studied using hydroxyapatite-monitored reassociation kinetics. DNA 320-nucleotides long reassociates as though it is composed of three components, i.e., a very rapidly reacting fold-back fraction, a component composed of sequences repeated an average of 640 times in the genome, and a large unique fraction representing about 80% of the genome. The sizes of the fold back and repeated components increase only moderately with large increases in fragment size, indicating that these sequences are not extensively interspersed in the genome. Even at a fragment size of 4500 nucleotides, the unique component represents 68% of the DNA. Thus, the chicken genome is not organized in the short-period (Xenopus) interspersion pattern described for a large number of other organisms; rather, the DNA-sequence organization of this vertebrate bears more resemblance to the long-period interspersion pattern of Drosophila.", "contents": "DNA-sequence organization in the genome of the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus). The sequence organization in the DNA of chicken (Gallus domesticus) was studied using hydroxyapatite-monitored reassociation kinetics. DNA 320-nucleotides long reassociates as though it is composed of three components, i.e., a very rapidly reacting fold-back fraction, a component composed of sequences repeated an average of 640 times in the genome, and a large unique fraction representing about 80% of the genome. The sizes of the fold back and repeated components increase only moderately with large increases in fragment size, indicating that these sequences are not extensively interspersed in the genome. Even at a fragment size of 4500 nucleotides, the unique component represents 68% of the DNA. Thus, the chicken genome is not organized in the short-period (Xenopus) interspersion pattern described for a large number of other organisms; rather, the DNA-sequence organization of this vertebrate bears more resemblance to the long-period interspersion pattern of Drosophila."}
{"id": "PMID:348276", "title": "Effects of intraluminal glucose on intestinal secretion induced by heat stable and heat labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin, cholera toxin and theophylline.", "content": "Glucose, l-alanine, l-aspartate, l-methionine and glycine enhanced net fluid and electrolyte absorption in acute isolated loops of the proximal jejunum of weanling swine. The effect of glucose on intestinal secretion induced by heat stable and heat labile Escherichia coli entero-toxin, cholera toxin and theophylline was examined in both the proximal and distal jejunum of weanling swine. In the proximal jejunum glucose enhanced the rate of net fluid and electrolyte absorption. This increase was accompanied by an increase in unidirectional dosium absorption. In loops exposed to either heat stable or heat labile enterotoxins, glucose significantly decreased the rate of net fluid and electrolyte secretion. The magnitude of glucose enhancement in loops exposed to heat stable and heat labile enterotoxins was similar to adjacent control loops. However, glucose enhancement did not occur in loops exposed previously to cholera toxin or concurrently to theophylline. Therefore, cholera toxin and theophylline may inhibit substrate dependent sodium absorption in the proximal jejunum. In the distal jejunum glucose enhancement did occur but the rate of enhancement was less than in the proximal jejunum. In this region glucose enhancement was not evident in loops exposed to either theophylline, heat stable, heat labile or cholera toxin.", "contents": "Effects of intraluminal glucose on intestinal secretion induced by heat stable and heat labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin, cholera toxin and theophylline. Glucose, l-alanine, l-aspartate, l-methionine and glycine enhanced net fluid and electrolyte absorption in acute isolated loops of the proximal jejunum of weanling swine. The effect of glucose on intestinal secretion induced by heat stable and heat labile Escherichia coli entero-toxin, cholera toxin and theophylline was examined in both the proximal and distal jejunum of weanling swine. In the proximal jejunum glucose enhanced the rate of net fluid and electrolyte absorption. This increase was accompanied by an increase in unidirectional dosium absorption. In loops exposed to either heat stable or heat labile enterotoxins, glucose significantly decreased the rate of net fluid and electrolyte secretion. The magnitude of glucose enhancement in loops exposed to heat stable and heat labile enterotoxins was similar to adjacent control loops. However, glucose enhancement did not occur in loops exposed previously to cholera toxin or concurrently to theophylline. Therefore, cholera toxin and theophylline may inhibit substrate dependent sodium absorption in the proximal jejunum. In the distal jejunum glucose enhancement did occur but the rate of enhancement was less than in the proximal jejunum. In this region glucose enhancement was not evident in loops exposed to either theophylline, heat stable, heat labile or cholera toxin."}
{"id": "PMID:348277", "title": "Prediction of graft fate from cytopathology of recipient button.", "content": "We wished to know whether the fate of human corneal grafts could be predicted from the cytological study of recipient's corneal buttons removed at operation. We counted the number of different inflammatory cells in 168 full-thickness corneal buttons, and related the findings to the operative results retrospectively. If inflammatory cells, particularly polymorphonuclear cells are present in significant numbers in the corneal button the chance of a successful graft is reduced by about 20 per cent (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Prediction of graft fate from cytopathology of recipient button. We wished to know whether the fate of human corneal grafts could be predicted from the cytological study of recipient's corneal buttons removed at operation. We counted the number of different inflammatory cells in 168 full-thickness corneal buttons, and related the findings to the operative results retrospectively. If inflammatory cells, particularly polymorphonuclear cells are present in significant numbers in the corneal button the chance of a successful graft is reduced by about 20 per cent (P less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:348278", "title": "Acetate metabolism in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Levels of several intermediary metabolites were measured in cells grown in acetate medium in order to test the hypothesis that the glyoxylate cycle is repressed by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Wild-type cells had less PEP than either isocitrate dehydrogenase - deficient cells (which had greater isocitrate lyase activity than the wild type) or isocitrate dehydrogenase - deficient, citrate synthase-deficient cells (which are poorly inducible). Thus induction of the glyoxylate cycle is more complicated than a simple function of PEP concentration. No correlation between enzyme activity and the level of oxaloacetate, pyruvate, or citrate was found either. Citrate was synthesized in citrate synthase-deficient mutants, possibly via citrate lyase.", "contents": "Acetate metabolism in Escherichia coli. Levels of several intermediary metabolites were measured in cells grown in acetate medium in order to test the hypothesis that the glyoxylate cycle is repressed by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Wild-type cells had less PEP than either isocitrate dehydrogenase - deficient cells (which had greater isocitrate lyase activity than the wild type) or isocitrate dehydrogenase - deficient, citrate synthase-deficient cells (which are poorly inducible). Thus induction of the glyoxylate cycle is more complicated than a simple function of PEP concentration. No correlation between enzyme activity and the level of oxaloacetate, pyruvate, or citrate was found either. Citrate was synthesized in citrate synthase-deficient mutants, possibly via citrate lyase."}
{"id": "PMID:348279", "title": "Sequential cold-sensitive mutations in Aspergillus fumigatus.", "content": "Mutants of thermotolerant fungus Aspergillus fumigatus I-21 (ATCC 32722) unable to grow at 37 degrees C were sought. Cold-sensitive mutants were enriched from progeny spores of gamma-irradiated conidia by two or more incubations at various nonpermissive temperatures alternating with filtrations through chessecloth. The approximate minimum, optimum, and maximum growth temperatures of the parent were 12, 40, and 50 degrees C, respectively. Mutants unable to grow at 37 degrees C were not successfully isolated directly from the wild type. A mutant unable to grow at 25 degrees C was isolated and mutations further increasing the cold sensitivity by increments of 3-5 degrees C were found to occur. Mutants completely unable to grow at 37 degrees C were obtained by five sequential mutations. All mutants grew as fast as the wild-type parent at 45 degrees C and higher. Each mutant produced revertants able to grow not only at the nonpermissive temperature used for its isolation but also at lower temperatures.", "contents": "Sequential cold-sensitive mutations in Aspergillus fumigatus. Mutants of thermotolerant fungus Aspergillus fumigatus I-21 (ATCC 32722) unable to grow at 37 degrees C were sought. Cold-sensitive mutants were enriched from progeny spores of gamma-irradiated conidia by two or more incubations at various nonpermissive temperatures alternating with filtrations through chessecloth. The approximate minimum, optimum, and maximum growth temperatures of the parent were 12, 40, and 50 degrees C, respectively. Mutants unable to grow at 37 degrees C were not successfully isolated directly from the wild type. A mutant unable to grow at 25 degrees C was isolated and mutations further increasing the cold sensitivity by increments of 3-5 degrees C were found to occur. Mutants completely unable to grow at 37 degrees C were obtained by five sequential mutations. All mutants grew as fast as the wild-type parent at 45 degrees C and higher. Each mutant produced revertants able to grow not only at the nonpermissive temperature used for its isolation but also at lower temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:348280", "title": "Chromosomal mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae affecting the cell wall binding site for killer factor.", "content": "Fifty-two killer, factor-resistant, nuclear mutants were isolated from sensitive strains of yeast and assorted into three functional groups. All but one mutant owed their resistance to an alteration in the cell wall binding site for killer. In several mutant strains, an alteration at the site of killer binding was associated with a change in the susceptibility of the cell wall to degradation by glusulase. The killer-binding site could be inactivated by periodate but not by pronase treatment. The nature of the site is discussed.", "contents": "Chromosomal mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae affecting the cell wall binding site for killer factor. Fifty-two killer, factor-resistant, nuclear mutants were isolated from sensitive strains of yeast and assorted into three functional groups. All but one mutant owed their resistance to an alteration in the cell wall binding site for killer. In several mutant strains, an alteration at the site of killer binding was associated with a change in the susceptibility of the cell wall to degradation by glusulase. The killer-binding site could be inactivated by periodate but not by pronase treatment. The nature of the site is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:348281", "title": "Lipid composition of Escherichia coli in relation to resistance to penicillin.", "content": "Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli sensitive and resistant to penicillin were compared in lipid composition and 14C-labelled penicillin uptake, as possible factors in resistance. Except for a slight increase in the triglyceride fraction in sensitive strains there were no qualitative or quantitative differences in the classes of extractable lipids present. Gas-liquid chromatography of the phospholipid and triglyceride fatty acids of the polar and non-polar fatty acids of the bound lipids showed that the same kinds of fatty acids were present. There was an increase of myristate in the chloroform-methanol extractable lipids of highly resistant strains accompanied by a rather general decrease of other fatty acids. Gas-chromatographic analysis  of the polar-bound lipids showed an increase of the beta-hydroxydecanoic acid in the resistant strains. By studying the uptake of 14C-labelled benzylpenicillin and the crypticity of the beta-lactamase, evidence has been produced that a decreased permeability of resistant strains to penicillin cooperates with beta-lactamase to induce a high level of resistance. The altered lipid metabolism may reflect the special architectural changes in the cell wall which cause decreased permeability.", "contents": "Lipid composition of Escherichia coli in relation to resistance to penicillin. Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli sensitive and resistant to penicillin were compared in lipid composition and 14C-labelled penicillin uptake, as possible factors in resistance. Except for a slight increase in the triglyceride fraction in sensitive strains there were no qualitative or quantitative differences in the classes of extractable lipids present. Gas-liquid chromatography of the phospholipid and triglyceride fatty acids of the polar and non-polar fatty acids of the bound lipids showed that the same kinds of fatty acids were present. There was an increase of myristate in the chloroform-methanol extractable lipids of highly resistant strains accompanied by a rather general decrease of other fatty acids. Gas-chromatographic analysis  of the polar-bound lipids showed an increase of the beta-hydroxydecanoic acid in the resistant strains. By studying the uptake of 14C-labelled benzylpenicillin and the crypticity of the beta-lactamase, evidence has been produced that a decreased permeability of resistant strains to penicillin cooperates with beta-lactamase to induce a high level of resistance. The altered lipid metabolism may reflect the special architectural changes in the cell wall which cause decreased permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:348282", "title": "Detection of Salmonella enterotoxin using rabbit ileal loops.", "content": "The presence of an enterotoxin produced by Salmonella in broth culture has been demonstrated by using the rabbit ileal loop model. Response by the animal to enterotoxin in sterile culture supernatant fluids is enhanced when the intestinal lumen is washed with a mucolytic agent prior to the administration of toxin. Fluid secretion is untreated intestinal loops was also observed if enterotoxin was administered with a live, invasive Salmonella strain which did not evoke a secretory response. A limited survey of Salmonella isolated for clinical and food sources indicated the common occurrence of enterotoxin production, and stock cultures maintained the ability to produce the toxin. The host-adapted species which were tested varied in their ability to produce enterotoxin.", "contents": "Detection of Salmonella enterotoxin using rabbit ileal loops. The presence of an enterotoxin produced by Salmonella in broth culture has been demonstrated by using the rabbit ileal loop model. Response by the animal to enterotoxin in sterile culture supernatant fluids is enhanced when the intestinal lumen is washed with a mucolytic agent prior to the administration of toxin. Fluid secretion is untreated intestinal loops was also observed if enterotoxin was administered with a live, invasive Salmonella strain which did not evoke a secretory response. A limited survey of Salmonella isolated for clinical and food sources indicated the common occurrence of enterotoxin production, and stock cultures maintained the ability to produce the toxin. The host-adapted species which were tested varied in their ability to produce enterotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:348283", "title": "Free proline content and sensitivity to desiccation and heat during yeast sporulation and spore germination.", "content": "Ascospores of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen were less sensitive to desiccation and heat than vegetative cells. Desiccation resistance was acquired earlier during sporulation and lost later during spore germination than heat resistance. As spores matured, resistance to both stresses increased. With the exception of the first few hours in sporulation medium, when proline appeared to be utilized, the intracellular free proline content increased during sporulation and decreased during spore germination. Not all the proline lost could be detected in the germination medium, indicating that some was metabolically utilized by the germinating spores. Since exogenous proline supplied to vegetative or sporulating cells before desiccation increased their survival, it is suggested that the high level of free proline in mature spores may protect against desiccation stress.", "contents": "Free proline content and sensitivity to desiccation and heat during yeast sporulation and spore germination. Ascospores of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen were less sensitive to desiccation and heat than vegetative cells. Desiccation resistance was acquired earlier during sporulation and lost later during spore germination than heat resistance. As spores matured, resistance to both stresses increased. With the exception of the first few hours in sporulation medium, when proline appeared to be utilized, the intracellular free proline content increased during sporulation and decreased during spore germination. Not all the proline lost could be detected in the germination medium, indicating that some was metabolically utilized by the germinating spores. Since exogenous proline supplied to vegetative or sporulating cells before desiccation increased their survival, it is suggested that the high level of free proline in mature spores may protect against desiccation stress."}
{"id": "PMID:348285", "title": "Regulation of cytoplasmic calcium: interactions between prostaglandins, prostacyclin, thromboxane A2, zinc, copper and taurine.", "content": "The regulation of cytoplasmic calcium is a key process in nerve tissue. Using a smooth muscle model we have shown that prostaglandin (PG) E2 probably regulates entry from extracellular fluid, whereas the release from intracellular stores depends on the interplay between thromboxane (TX) A2, PGEI and prostacyclin. Hormones and other agents interact with this system in the following ways: vasopressin, angiotensin and inositol mobilize arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids and increase synthesis of PGE2 and TXA2, cortisol blocks this action. Prolactin and zinc mobilize dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and increase synthesis of PGEI. These effects can be blocked by cortisol, lithium and taurine, three agents which on their own have no effect on basal PG production. Epileptogenic agents like penicillin and picrotoxin also stimulate PG synthesis, while diphenylhydantoin is a PG antagonist and diazepam is a TXA2 antagonist. The effects of all these agents occur at concentrations which are physiological in the case of the natural ones, and readily attained in human plasma in the case of the drgus. In view of recent evidence that calcium may be important in demyelination and considering the established role it plays in nerve conduction and synaptic transmission, we suggest that these observations may be of significance in understanding Friedreich's ataxia.", "contents": "Regulation of cytoplasmic calcium: interactions between prostaglandins, prostacyclin, thromboxane A2, zinc, copper and taurine. The regulation of cytoplasmic calcium is a key process in nerve tissue. Using a smooth muscle model we have shown that prostaglandin (PG) E2 probably regulates entry from extracellular fluid, whereas the release from intracellular stores depends on the interplay between thromboxane (TX) A2, PGEI and prostacyclin. Hormones and other agents interact with this system in the following ways: vasopressin, angiotensin and inositol mobilize arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids and increase synthesis of PGE2 and TXA2, cortisol blocks this action. Prolactin and zinc mobilize dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and increase synthesis of PGEI. These effects can be blocked by cortisol, lithium and taurine, three agents which on their own have no effect on basal PG production. Epileptogenic agents like penicillin and picrotoxin also stimulate PG synthesis, while diphenylhydantoin is a PG antagonist and diazepam is a TXA2 antagonist. The effects of all these agents occur at concentrations which are physiological in the case of the natural ones, and readily attained in human plasma in the case of the drgus. In view of recent evidence that calcium may be important in demyelination and considering the established role it plays in nerve conduction and synaptic transmission, we suggest that these observations may be of significance in understanding Friedreich's ataxia."}
{"id": "PMID:348287", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms: recent experience with 210 patients.", "content": "In the 6 1/2 years ending June 1977, 210 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms underwent operation at Toronto Western Hospital; 160 aneurysms (76%) were unruptured and 50 (24%) were ruptured. In the patients with unruptured aneurysms the mean age was 68 years; the oldest was 91, and 12 were more than 80 years of age. The overall hospital mortality was 5.6%. Death in hospital occurred in 1 (1.2%) of the 83 asymptomatic patients, 4 (7.4%) of the 54 symptomatic patients and 4 (17.0%) of the 23 patients for whom operation was considered urgent. In the patients with ruptured aneurysms the mean age was 71 years; the oldest was 90, and five were more than 80 years of age. The overall hospital mortality was 54%. The morbidity and mortality were analysed; in particular the reasons for the markedly variable hazard of operations for the three categories of unruptured aneurysm were sought. The surgical literature is confusing because of the interchanging use of the words unruptured, elective and symptomless. The current philosophy management and technique of operation in a large cardiovascular surgery service with many trainees are presented and a plea is made for a standardized and simplified operation, always performed with three assistants helping the operating surgeon.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms: recent experience with 210 patients. In the 6 1/2 years ending June 1977, 210 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms underwent operation at Toronto Western Hospital; 160 aneurysms (76%) were unruptured and 50 (24%) were ruptured. In the patients with unruptured aneurysms the mean age was 68 years; the oldest was 91, and 12 were more than 80 years of age. The overall hospital mortality was 5.6%. Death in hospital occurred in 1 (1.2%) of the 83 asymptomatic patients, 4 (7.4%) of the 54 symptomatic patients and 4 (17.0%) of the 23 patients for whom operation was considered urgent. In the patients with ruptured aneurysms the mean age was 71 years; the oldest was 90, and five were more than 80 years of age. The overall hospital mortality was 54%. The morbidity and mortality were analysed; in particular the reasons for the markedly variable hazard of operations for the three categories of unruptured aneurysm were sought. The surgical literature is confusing because of the interchanging use of the words unruptured, elective and symptomless. The current philosophy management and technique of operation in a large cardiovascular surgery service with many trainees are presented and a plea is made for a standardized and simplified operation, always performed with three assistants helping the operating surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:348288", "title": "Grain dust and the lungs.", "content": "Grain dust is composed of a large number of materials, including various types of grain and their disintegration products, silica, fungi, insects and mites. The clinical syndromes described in relation to exposure to grain dust are chronic bronchitis, grain dust asthma, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, grain fever and silo-filler's lung. Rhinitis and conjunctivitis are also common in grain workers. While the concentration and the quality of dust influence the frequency and the type of clinical syndrome in grain workers, host factors are also important. Of the latter, smoking is the most important factor influencing the frequency of chronic bronchitis. The role of atopy and of bronchial hyperreactivity in grain dust asthma has yet to be assessed. Several well designed studies are currently being carried out in North America not only to delineate the frequency of the respiratory abnormalities, the pathogenetic mechanisms and the host factors, but also to establish a meaningful threshold limit concentration for grain dust.", "contents": "Grain dust and the lungs. Grain dust is composed of a large number of materials, including various types of grain and their disintegration products, silica, fungi, insects and mites. The clinical syndromes described in relation to exposure to grain dust are chronic bronchitis, grain dust asthma, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, grain fever and silo-filler's lung. Rhinitis and conjunctivitis are also common in grain workers. While the concentration and the quality of dust influence the frequency and the type of clinical syndrome in grain workers, host factors are also important. Of the latter, smoking is the most important factor influencing the frequency of chronic bronchitis. The role of atopy and of bronchial hyperreactivity in grain dust asthma has yet to be assessed. Several well designed studies are currently being carried out in North America not only to delineate the frequency of the respiratory abnormalities, the pathogenetic mechanisms and the host factors, but also to establish a meaningful threshold limit concentration for grain dust."}
{"id": "PMID:348289", "title": "Essential hypertension and pregnancy.", "content": "Approximately 1% of pregnancies are complicated by essential hypertension. During pregnancy the blood pressure often stabilizes or improves. In patients with sustained hypertension, prospective controlled studies have demonstrated enhanced fetal survival when the blood pressure was controlled with antihypertensive medication. Such medication must be chosen carefully to avoid fetal and mateerial toxicity, and diuretics and salt restriction during pregnancy should be avoided. Among patients with essential hypertension the problem accelerates late in pregnancy in 2% to 11%; the acceleration may be predicted by determination of maternal mean arterial pressures and intravascular volumes early in pregnancy. The treatment of accelerated hypertension is identical to that of severe pre-eclampsia. Fetal loss is considerable but can be lessened by careful fetal and maternal monitoring and early controlled delivery. The risks of pregnancy in most patients with essential hypertension are small, and essential hypertension is not a uniform contraindication to pregnancy.", "contents": "Essential hypertension and pregnancy. Approximately 1% of pregnancies are complicated by essential hypertension. During pregnancy the blood pressure often stabilizes or improves. In patients with sustained hypertension, prospective controlled studies have demonstrated enhanced fetal survival when the blood pressure was controlled with antihypertensive medication. Such medication must be chosen carefully to avoid fetal and mateerial toxicity, and diuretics and salt restriction during pregnancy should be avoided. Among patients with essential hypertension the problem accelerates late in pregnancy in 2% to 11%; the acceleration may be predicted by determination of maternal mean arterial pressures and intravascular volumes early in pregnancy. The treatment of accelerated hypertension is identical to that of severe pre-eclampsia. Fetal loss is considerable but can be lessened by careful fetal and maternal monitoring and early controlled delivery. The risks of pregnancy in most patients with essential hypertension are small, and essential hypertension is not a uniform contraindication to pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:348293", "title": "A randomized comparative trial of adriamycin versus methotrexate in combination drug therapy.", "content": "A prospective randomized trial was conducted comparing the clinical response of 78 previously untreated patients with advanced metastatic breast cancer to a combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) or to a combination of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil (CAF). Sixty-two percent of the patients receiving CMF responded to treatment compared to an 82% response rate for the patients receiving CAF. Although within acceptable limits, hematologic and GI toxicity was greater with CAF. There was no significant difference in the duration of response to the two regimens. Therefore, the therapeutic difference between the two therapies is a higher initial response rate to the adriamycin containing regimen.", "contents": "A randomized comparative trial of adriamycin versus methotrexate in combination drug therapy. A prospective randomized trial was conducted comparing the clinical response of 78 previously untreated patients with advanced metastatic breast cancer to a combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) or to a combination of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil (CAF). Sixty-two percent of the patients receiving CMF responded to treatment compared to an 82% response rate for the patients receiving CAF. Although within acceptable limits, hematologic and GI toxicity was greater with CAF. There was no significant difference in the duration of response to the two regimens. Therefore, the therapeutic difference between the two therapies is a higher initial response rate to the adriamycin containing regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:348294", "title": "Comparison of methyl-CCNU and CCNU in patients with advanced forms of Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma nad reticulum cell sarcoma.", "content": "In May 1972, the Cancer and Leukemia Group B initiated a randomized study comparing the effectiveness of CCNU and methyl-CCNU in patients with advanced malignant lymphomas, including Hodgkin's disease (HD), lymphosarcoma (LYS) and reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS). A single dose of 100 mg/m2 of CCNU or 150 mg/m2 of methyl-CCNU was given orally every 6 weeks. In patients with leukopenia or thrombocytopenia, due to prior treatment, this dose was reduced to 70 mg/m2 of CCNU and 100 gm/m2 of methyl-CCNU. Of 109 evaluable patients, 60 received CCNU and 49 received methyl-CCNU. Response rates (complete and partial) to CCNU and methyl-CCNU were respectively 42% (14/33) and 15% (3/20) in HD, 21% (3/14) and 21% (3/14) in LYS, 15% (2/13) and 27% (4/15) in RCS. Responses to methyl-CCNU, but not to CCNU, were seen only in patients who developed significant hematologic toxicity. Responses to both drugs were generally of short duration due to the advanced stage of the disease. Renal, hepatic or neurological toxicity was not observed. In conclusion, CCNU proved to be superior to methyl-CCNU for the treatment of advanced HD. CCNU was also observed to be of higher activity in Hodgkin's than in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "contents": "Comparison of methyl-CCNU and CCNU in patients with advanced forms of Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma nad reticulum cell sarcoma. In May 1972, the Cancer and Leukemia Group B initiated a randomized study comparing the effectiveness of CCNU and methyl-CCNU in patients with advanced malignant lymphomas, including Hodgkin's disease (HD), lymphosarcoma (LYS) and reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS). A single dose of 100 mg/m2 of CCNU or 150 mg/m2 of methyl-CCNU was given orally every 6 weeks. In patients with leukopenia or thrombocytopenia, due to prior treatment, this dose was reduced to 70 mg/m2 of CCNU and 100 gm/m2 of methyl-CCNU. Of 109 evaluable patients, 60 received CCNU and 49 received methyl-CCNU. Response rates (complete and partial) to CCNU and methyl-CCNU were respectively 42% (14/33) and 15% (3/20) in HD, 21% (3/14) and 21% (3/14) in LYS, 15% (2/13) and 27% (4/15) in RCS. Responses to methyl-CCNU, but not to CCNU, were seen only in patients who developed significant hematologic toxicity. Responses to both drugs were generally of short duration due to the advanced stage of the disease. Renal, hepatic or neurological toxicity was not observed. In conclusion, CCNU proved to be superior to methyl-CCNU for the treatment of advanced HD. CCNU was also observed to be of higher activity in Hodgkin's than in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas."}
{"id": "PMID:348295", "title": "A quantitative approach to determining disease response during therapy using multiple biologic markers: application to carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "This analytical study was undertaken in an effort to develop a model for a quantitative approach to the evaluation of multiple biological marker levels in blood and urine as a means for determining tumor changes during treatment of patients with malignant disease. The potential biologic markers measured in patients with carcinoma of the breast consist of three urinary polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine), three urinary nucleosides (pseudouridine, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine and 1-methylinosine), and plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The distribution patterns of the seven markers measured pretreatment and five weeks after initiating therapy were examined by grouping the patients into the three categories of progression, stable, or regression based on their clinical response to treatment. In addition to the individual marker measurements, the pretreatment and posttreatment values of the ratios of the polyamine levels (spermine/putrescine, spermine/spermidine, and spermidine/putrescine) and the nucleoside levels (N2, N2-dimethylguanosine/pseudouridine, 1-methylinosine/pseudouridine, and 1-methylinosine/N2, N2-dimethylguanosine) were also evaluated. In the pretreatment measurements, CEA levels were elevated for 76% of the patients and the three nucleosides were elevated for 36% of the patients and the three nucleosides were elevated for 36% to 37% of the patients. Urinary spermidine and spermine levels were abnormal for 27% and 24%, respectively, while putrescine levels were elevated for 7% of the patients. When all 14 marker measurements and the 12 ratios of these measurements were considered, the multiple regression equation evaluated the treatment results with a multiple correlation coefficient (R = 0.891; P less than 0.100) about 2.4 times higher than with the most sensitive single marker variable, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine/pseudouridine (R = 0.377; P less than 0.05), alone. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that the minimum number of multiple marker measurements and their ratios required to achieve the maximum value of the multiple correlation coefficient (R = 0.653; p = 0.010) was fifteen. These include the pre and posttreatment measurements of CEA, spermine, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine and 1-methylinosine, as well as two ratios of the polyamines and three ratios of the nucleosides in the post-treatment of the polyamines and three ratios of the nucleosides in the post-treatment measurements. These data suggest that the utilization of regression analysis to evaluate the monitoring utility of multiple marker measurements may be of clinical value.", "contents": "A quantitative approach to determining disease response during therapy using multiple biologic markers: application to carcinoma of the breast. This analytical study was undertaken in an effort to develop a model for a quantitative approach to the evaluation of multiple biological marker levels in blood and urine as a means for determining tumor changes during treatment of patients with malignant disease. The potential biologic markers measured in patients with carcinoma of the breast consist of three urinary polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine), three urinary nucleosides (pseudouridine, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine and 1-methylinosine), and plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The distribution patterns of the seven markers measured pretreatment and five weeks after initiating therapy were examined by grouping the patients into the three categories of progression, stable, or regression based on their clinical response to treatment. In addition to the individual marker measurements, the pretreatment and posttreatment values of the ratios of the polyamine levels (spermine/putrescine, spermine/spermidine, and spermidine/putrescine) and the nucleoside levels (N2, N2-dimethylguanosine/pseudouridine, 1-methylinosine/pseudouridine, and 1-methylinosine/N2, N2-dimethylguanosine) were also evaluated. In the pretreatment measurements, CEA levels were elevated for 76% of the patients and the three nucleosides were elevated for 36% of the patients and the three nucleosides were elevated for 36% to 37% of the patients. Urinary spermidine and spermine levels were abnormal for 27% and 24%, respectively, while putrescine levels were elevated for 7% of the patients. When all 14 marker measurements and the 12 ratios of these measurements were considered, the multiple regression equation evaluated the treatment results with a multiple correlation coefficient (R = 0.891; P less than 0.100) about 2.4 times higher than with the most sensitive single marker variable, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine/pseudouridine (R = 0.377; P less than 0.05), alone. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that the minimum number of multiple marker measurements and their ratios required to achieve the maximum value of the multiple correlation coefficient (R = 0.653; p = 0.010) was fifteen. These include the pre and posttreatment measurements of CEA, spermine, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine and 1-methylinosine, as well as two ratios of the polyamines and three ratios of the nucleosides in the post-treatment of the polyamines and three ratios of the nucleosides in the post-treatment measurements. These data suggest that the utilization of regression analysis to evaluate the monitoring utility of multiple marker measurements may be of clinical value."}
{"id": "PMID:348296", "title": "Demonstration of the prostatic origin of metastases: an immunohistochemical method for formalin-fixed embedded tissue.", "content": "An indirect immunohistochemical technique is described for identification of the prostatic origin of metastases in formalin fixed, paraffin or paraplast embedded material. A rabbit antiserum against the prostate specific acid phosphatase isoenzyme was developed. The method is applicable with or without previous decalcification. In 30 cases of prostatic carcinoma there was only one negative result, and in 20 cases of metastases from prostatic carcinoma positive results were obtained in every instance. All carcinomas (primary focus or metastasis) of non prostatic origin (55) stained negatively with the developed antiserum. The application and possible limitations of the method are discussed.", "contents": "Demonstration of the prostatic origin of metastases: an immunohistochemical method for formalin-fixed embedded tissue. An indirect immunohistochemical technique is described for identification of the prostatic origin of metastases in formalin fixed, paraffin or paraplast embedded material. A rabbit antiserum against the prostate specific acid phosphatase isoenzyme was developed. The method is applicable with or without previous decalcification. In 30 cases of prostatic carcinoma there was only one negative result, and in 20 cases of metastases from prostatic carcinoma positive results were obtained in every instance. All carcinomas (primary focus or metastasis) of non prostatic origin (55) stained negatively with the developed antiserum. The application and possible limitations of the method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:348297", "title": "Cytology and colchicine sensitivity of viable cells from lymph nodes with malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Viable cell suspensions were prepared from 31 nodes diagnosed non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma, and from 30 non-malignant nodes. The cells were examined and counted by phase contrast microscopy. The suspensions were characterized by the percentage of large cells and by a colchicine-sensitivity index. The finding of more than 6% large cells or the finding of a sensitivity index of more than 30% was considered a positive test for a malignant lymphoma. According to these criteria there were 2 false positives in 30 reactive nodes and one false negative in 31 malignant nodes. Findings on 3 nodes diagnosed angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy suggested malignancy. The colchicinesensitivity index of blood lymphocytes seemed useful for monitoring lymphoma patients for leukemic involvement.", "contents": "Cytology and colchicine sensitivity of viable cells from lymph nodes with malignant lymphoma. Viable cell suspensions were prepared from 31 nodes diagnosed non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma, and from 30 non-malignant nodes. The cells were examined and counted by phase contrast microscopy. The suspensions were characterized by the percentage of large cells and by a colchicine-sensitivity index. The finding of more than 6% large cells or the finding of a sensitivity index of more than 30% was considered a positive test for a malignant lymphoma. According to these criteria there were 2 false positives in 30 reactive nodes and one false negative in 31 malignant nodes. Findings on 3 nodes diagnosed angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy suggested malignancy. The colchicinesensitivity index of blood lymphocytes seemed useful for monitoring lymphoma patients for leukemic involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:348298", "title": "Mesonephroid (clear cell) carcinoma of the ovary and endometrium: a comparative prospective clinico-pathological study and review of literature.", "content": "Seventeen cases of mesonephroid (clear cell) primary ovarian adenocarcinoma together with 6 cases of its analogous endometrial tumor have been studied over the decade ending 1976. Eleven of the ovarian tumors and all six of the endometrial tumors formed part of a personal consecutive series of 64 primary ovarian carcinomas and 114 primary endometrial carcinomas seen during the same period, these cases being studied prospectively. The remaining 6 ovarian tumors were studied retrospectively. Aims were to reexamine evidence for considering these tumors as distinct and homogenous groups; to reexamine evidence regarding their histogenesis; to investigate the concordance between the ovarian and endometrial tumor; and to reexamine clinical, pathological, therapeutic, and survival data relevant to these tumors. Full clinical, pathological, therapeutic, and survival details are recorded. It is suggested that present evidence indicates complete compatibility between the three major current views regarding histogenesis of the ovarian tumors; that in only a small proportion of cases is there histogenic coincidence between the ovarian and endometrial lesions; and that, pending further investigation, separation of the endometrial clear cell carcinomas from other nonclear endometrial carcinomas should be on a provisional basis only. Suggestions are made for further investigations into the prognostic aspects of these tumors.", "contents": "Mesonephroid (clear cell) carcinoma of the ovary and endometrium: a comparative prospective clinico-pathological study and review of literature. Seventeen cases of mesonephroid (clear cell) primary ovarian adenocarcinoma together with 6 cases of its analogous endometrial tumor have been studied over the decade ending 1976. Eleven of the ovarian tumors and all six of the endometrial tumors formed part of a personal consecutive series of 64 primary ovarian carcinomas and 114 primary endometrial carcinomas seen during the same period, these cases being studied prospectively. The remaining 6 ovarian tumors were studied retrospectively. Aims were to reexamine evidence for considering these tumors as distinct and homogenous groups; to reexamine evidence regarding their histogenesis; to investigate the concordance between the ovarian and endometrial tumor; and to reexamine clinical, pathological, therapeutic, and survival data relevant to these tumors. Full clinical, pathological, therapeutic, and survival details are recorded. It is suggested that present evidence indicates complete compatibility between the three major current views regarding histogenesis of the ovarian tumors; that in only a small proportion of cases is there histogenic coincidence between the ovarian and endometrial lesions; and that, pending further investigation, separation of the endometrial clear cell carcinomas from other nonclear endometrial carcinomas should be on a provisional basis only. Suggestions are made for further investigations into the prognostic aspects of these tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:348299", "title": "Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma involving the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The results of staging and treatment of 18 patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma involving the gastrointestinal tract are summarized. Widespread disease (Stage IV) was found in the majority (72%) of patients after rigorous staging, indicating the relative rarity of localized gastrointestinal lymphoma and the resulting need for systemic therapy in most of these patients. Chemotherapy combined with surgical resection and/or radiation therapy produced complete remissions in only 5 of 18 patients (28%). Patients failed to achieve complete remission due to 1) tumor resistance to drug therapy (46% of treatment failures), and 2) massive intestinal hemorrhage or bowel perforation secondary to tumor necrosis (38% of treatment failures). These findings indicate the need for more active chemotherapeutic regimens and for measures aimed at preventing complications such as bowel perforation or hemorrhage, possibly by combining surgical resection of bowel lesions with systemic chemotherapy.", "contents": "Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma involving the gastrointestinal tract. The results of staging and treatment of 18 patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma involving the gastrointestinal tract are summarized. Widespread disease (Stage IV) was found in the majority (72%) of patients after rigorous staging, indicating the relative rarity of localized gastrointestinal lymphoma and the resulting need for systemic therapy in most of these patients. Chemotherapy combined with surgical resection and/or radiation therapy produced complete remissions in only 5 of 18 patients (28%). Patients failed to achieve complete remission due to 1) tumor resistance to drug therapy (46% of treatment failures), and 2) massive intestinal hemorrhage or bowel perforation secondary to tumor necrosis (38% of treatment failures). These findings indicate the need for more active chemotherapeutic regimens and for measures aimed at preventing complications such as bowel perforation or hemorrhage, possibly by combining surgical resection of bowel lesions with systemic chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:348300", "title": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children.", "content": "Until recently the prognosis of childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has been poor. A program of combination chemotherapy and involved area radiotherapy was instituted in the Department of Pediatrics at Roswell Park Memorial Institute in 1971. Thirty-one biopsy proven untreated children entered this study. There were 4 Stage I, 9 Stage II, 6 Stage III, and 12 Stage IV. Initial site of presentation was neck and mediastinum in 16, abdomen in 12, and other sites in three. Nineteen were lymphocytic, seven histiocytic, three undifferentiated, and one was mixed. None had well differentiated or nodular histology. Chemotherapy consisted of vincristine and steroid induction along with intrathecal methotrexate followed by a maintenance phase consisting of daily oral 6-mercaptopurine, weekly oral methotrexate and monthly pulses of vincristine, cyclophosphamide and steroid. Because of initially poor results in Stage IV disease, the protocol was altered midway and high dose methotrexate on three occasions following induction was added. Twelve of 13 Stage I and II patients remain disease free. Four of 6 Stage III patients and 4 of 12 Stage IV patients remain disease free. Only 1/7 of the Stage IV patients prior to high dose methotrexate is disease free, whereas, 3/5 patients with high dose methotrexate are disease free. In total, 19/30 (63%) are disease free for a period ranging from 15+ to 63+ months with 19 patients being disease free for over one year and 12 for over two years.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children. Until recently the prognosis of childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has been poor. A program of combination chemotherapy and involved area radiotherapy was instituted in the Department of Pediatrics at Roswell Park Memorial Institute in 1971. Thirty-one biopsy proven untreated children entered this study. There were 4 Stage I, 9 Stage II, 6 Stage III, and 12 Stage IV. Initial site of presentation was neck and mediastinum in 16, abdomen in 12, and other sites in three. Nineteen were lymphocytic, seven histiocytic, three undifferentiated, and one was mixed. None had well differentiated or nodular histology. Chemotherapy consisted of vincristine and steroid induction along with intrathecal methotrexate followed by a maintenance phase consisting of daily oral 6-mercaptopurine, weekly oral methotrexate and monthly pulses of vincristine, cyclophosphamide and steroid. Because of initially poor results in Stage IV disease, the protocol was altered midway and high dose methotrexate on three occasions following induction was added. Twelve of 13 Stage I and II patients remain disease free. Four of 6 Stage III patients and 4 of 12 Stage IV patients remain disease free. Only 1/7 of the Stage IV patients prior to high dose methotrexate is disease free, whereas, 3/5 patients with high dose methotrexate are disease free. In total, 19/30 (63%) are disease free for a period ranging from 15+ to 63+ months with 19 patients being disease free for over one year and 12 for over two years."}
{"id": "PMID:348304", "title": "Mutagenicity of aclacinomycin A and daunomycin derivatives.", "content": "An antitumor antibiotic aclacinomycin A, was nonmutagenic in a Salmonella test, but its derivative, N-demethylaclacinomycin A, was mutagenic. Similarly, 1-deoxypyrromycin, a hydrolysis product of aclacinomycin A, was nonmutagenic, but N-demethyl-1-deoxypyrromycin was mutagenic. Daunomycin was highly mutagenic, but N-methyldaunomycin showed only weak mutagenicity, and N-dimethyldaunomycin was nonmutagenic. The aglycones of aclacinomycin A and daunomycin were not mutagenic. Thus, the amino moiety of anthracycline glycosides is concluded to be essential for mutagenesis.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of aclacinomycin A and daunomycin derivatives. An antitumor antibiotic aclacinomycin A, was nonmutagenic in a Salmonella test, but its derivative, N-demethylaclacinomycin A, was mutagenic. Similarly, 1-deoxypyrromycin, a hydrolysis product of aclacinomycin A, was nonmutagenic, but N-demethyl-1-deoxypyrromycin was mutagenic. Daunomycin was highly mutagenic, but N-methyldaunomycin showed only weak mutagenicity, and N-dimethyldaunomycin was nonmutagenic. The aglycones of aclacinomycin A and daunomycin were not mutagenic. Thus, the amino moiety of anthracycline glycosides is concluded to be essential for mutagenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:348305", "title": "Combined modality therapy for stage IIIMO non-oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with stage IIIMO non-cell bronchogenic carcinoma (NOBC) were treated with combined modality therapy: radiation therapy and chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate, and procarbazine. The median survival for all patients treated was 9.6 months compared to 6.4 months for historical controls (P = 0.015). Patients who responded to the treatment program had a significantly longer survival (median, 15.2 months) compared to nonresponders and historical controls (P less than 0.005). It is concluded that combined modality therapy is moderately effective therapy in stage IIIMO NOBC.", "contents": "Combined modality therapy for stage IIIMO non-oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Thirty-nine patients with stage IIIMO non-cell bronchogenic carcinoma (NOBC) were treated with combined modality therapy: radiation therapy and chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate, and procarbazine. The median survival for all patients treated was 9.6 months compared to 6.4 months for historical controls (P = 0.015). Patients who responded to the treatment program had a significantly longer survival (median, 15.2 months) compared to nonresponders and historical controls (P less than 0.005). It is concluded that combined modality therapy is moderately effective therapy in stage IIIMO NOBC."}
{"id": "PMID:348307", "title": "Oral cytembena absorption and phase I--II studies.", "content": "Cytembena is a nonmyelosuppressive drug that has received phase I--II trials in this country and is presently being used as a chemotherapeutic agent in Europe. Sterile abscesses at the site of im injection and \"autonomic storm\" after iv bolus represent the most frequent dose-limiting toxic effects, and intermittent schedules reflect reports of prolonged plasma levels of drug. This report of excellent oral absorption and a short half-life suggests that alternative routes and schedules of administration should be evaluated. The dose-limiting toxic effects observed after frequent oral administration were transient proteinuria and increased creatinine levels.", "contents": "Oral cytembena absorption and phase I--II studies. Cytembena is a nonmyelosuppressive drug that has received phase I--II trials in this country and is presently being used as a chemotherapeutic agent in Europe. Sterile abscesses at the site of im injection and \"autonomic storm\" after iv bolus represent the most frequent dose-limiting toxic effects, and intermittent schedules reflect reports of prolonged plasma levels of drug. This report of excellent oral absorption and a short half-life suggests that alternative routes and schedules of administration should be evaluated. The dose-limiting toxic effects observed after frequent oral administration were transient proteinuria and increased creatinine levels."}
{"id": "PMID:348308", "title": "Phase II study of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with metastatic breast cancer received cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) either as a single dose of 100 mg/m2 iv every 3--4 weeks or as a continuous 5-day infusion of 20 mg/m2/day at 4-week intervals. Fourteen patients were treated with the single-dose schedule and 12 patients were treated with the continuous 5-day infusion. No significant response was observed with either dose schedule. Aside from a reduction in the frequency and severity of gastrointestinal toxicity with the continuous 5-day infusion, no real difference was seen with regard to renal and hematologic toxicity with either dose schedule.", "contents": "Phase II study of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in advanced breast cancer. Twenty-six patients with metastatic breast cancer received cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) either as a single dose of 100 mg/m2 iv every 3--4 weeks or as a continuous 5-day infusion of 20 mg/m2/day at 4-week intervals. Fourteen patients were treated with the single-dose schedule and 12 patients were treated with the continuous 5-day infusion. No significant response was observed with either dose schedule. Aside from a reduction in the frequency and severity of gastrointestinal toxicity with the continuous 5-day infusion, no real difference was seen with regard to renal and hematologic toxicity with either dose schedule."}
{"id": "PMID:348309", "title": "Intermittent high-dose cyclophosphamide chemotherapy for small cell carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung (15 with limited disease and eight with extensive disease) were randomized into one of two induction schedules of high-dose cyclophosphamide (CY), 60 mg/kg iv, given either on Days 1 and 2 or on Days 1 and 8. Following the high-dose CY, patients were treated with a sequence of three monthly courses of COMB (CY, 800 mg/m2; vincristine [Oncovin], 1.4 mg/m2; methotrexate, 20 mg/m2; and BCNU, 60 mg/m2) alternating with high-dose CY. The overall response rate to the high-dose CY was 70% with 17% being complete responses (CRs). COMB produced no additional responses. There was no significant difference in response rate with either high-dose CY schedule. There was no unexpected morbidity associated with the intensive regiment despite marked myelosuppression. The high-dose CY administered on Days 1 and 8 appeared less toxic than that given on Days 1 and 2. Laboratory studies demonstrated that small cell carcinoma cells respond to drug-induced humoral stimulation in vitro; and that tumor proliferation in vivo temporally coincides with increased serum stimulatory activity. This study demonstrates that high-dose CY is a safe and effective induction therapy for small cell carcinoma of the lung although the low CR rate obtained is disappointing.", "contents": "Intermittent high-dose cyclophosphamide chemotherapy for small cell carcinoma of the lung. Twenty-three patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung (15 with limited disease and eight with extensive disease) were randomized into one of two induction schedules of high-dose cyclophosphamide (CY), 60 mg/kg iv, given either on Days 1 and 2 or on Days 1 and 8. Following the high-dose CY, patients were treated with a sequence of three monthly courses of COMB (CY, 800 mg/m2; vincristine [Oncovin], 1.4 mg/m2; methotrexate, 20 mg/m2; and BCNU, 60 mg/m2) alternating with high-dose CY. The overall response rate to the high-dose CY was 70% with 17% being complete responses (CRs). COMB produced no additional responses. There was no significant difference in response rate with either high-dose CY schedule. There was no unexpected morbidity associated with the intensive regiment despite marked myelosuppression. The high-dose CY administered on Days 1 and 8 appeared less toxic than that given on Days 1 and 2. Laboratory studies demonstrated that small cell carcinoma cells respond to drug-induced humoral stimulation in vitro; and that tumor proliferation in vivo temporally coincides with increased serum stimulatory activity. This study demonstrates that high-dose CY is a safe and effective induction therapy for small cell carcinoma of the lung although the low CR rate obtained is disappointing."}
{"id": "PMID:348310", "title": "Phase I study of maytansine using a 3-day schedule.", "content": "Maytansine, a new ansa macrolide antitumor antibiotic, was administered to 60 patients as part of a phase I study. The doses given ranged from 0.01 (starting level) to 0.9 mg/m2 for 3 days. The toxic effects encountered consisted principally of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and occasionally, stomatitis and alopecia. Superficial phlebitis was also encountered and occurred when the drug was diluted in a volume of less than 250 ml. Myelosuppression occurred infrequently; it was almost regularly associated with abnormal liver function tests. Antitumor activity was detected in one patient each with melanoma, breast carcinoma; and head and neck clear cell carcinoma. Further studies are indicated with this compound since it has shown evidence of activity with little or no myelosuppression.", "contents": "Phase I study of maytansine using a 3-day schedule. Maytansine, a new ansa macrolide antitumor antibiotic, was administered to 60 patients as part of a phase I study. The doses given ranged from 0.01 (starting level) to 0.9 mg/m2 for 3 days. The toxic effects encountered consisted principally of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and occasionally, stomatitis and alopecia. Superficial phlebitis was also encountered and occurred when the drug was diluted in a volume of less than 250 ml. Myelosuppression occurred infrequently; it was almost regularly associated with abnormal liver function tests. Antitumor activity was detected in one patient each with melanoma, breast carcinoma; and head and neck clear cell carcinoma. Further studies are indicated with this compound since it has shown evidence of activity with little or no myelosuppression."}
{"id": "PMID:348311", "title": "Initial clinical trials of maytansine, an antitumor plant alkaloid.", "content": "We have conducted a phase I clinical trial of maytansine, a plant alkaloid with potent tubulin-binding activity. For evaluation of toxicity, the schedule of drug administration consisted of a single iv infusion given every 3 weeks. Dose-limiting toxicity was observed at 2 mg/m2, and was manifested as profound weakness, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Symptoms persisted for 3--14 days after drug administration. No consistent myelosuppression occurred at any dose level. Responses were observed in two patients (one each with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and ovarian cancer) who were treated on the every-3-week schedule, as well as in two patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia treated with single weekly doses. Three of the four responding patients had received extensive prior treatment with vincristine, and two were clearly resistant to vincristine.", "contents": "Initial clinical trials of maytansine, an antitumor plant alkaloid. We have conducted a phase I clinical trial of maytansine, a plant alkaloid with potent tubulin-binding activity. For evaluation of toxicity, the schedule of drug administration consisted of a single iv infusion given every 3 weeks. Dose-limiting toxicity was observed at 2 mg/m2, and was manifested as profound weakness, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Symptoms persisted for 3--14 days after drug administration. No consistent myelosuppression occurred at any dose level. Responses were observed in two patients (one each with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and ovarian cancer) who were treated on the every-3-week schedule, as well as in two patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia treated with single weekly doses. Three of the four responding patients had received extensive prior treatment with vincristine, and two were clearly resistant to vincristine."}
{"id": "PMID:348312", "title": "Maytansine: a phase I study of an ansa macrolide with antitumor activity.", "content": "Maytansine has significant antitumor activity in animal model systems. The initial clinical trial of maytansine was carried out in 38 adult solid tumor patients. Five daily bolus injections were repeated at 21-day intervals. A total of 78 courses were administered over a dose range of 0.1--0.8 mg/m2/day X 5 days. Gastrointestinal toxicity was dose-related and dose-limiting at doses of greater than or equal to 0.5 mg/m2. Dose-related neurotoxicity was also observed. No drug-related myelosuppression or change in serum creatinine level was seen. Hepatic toxicity was subclinical and reversible. Of 16 patients evaluable for response, two with breast cancer had therapeutic benefit. Phase II studies of maytansine are recommended at a starting dose of 2.0--2.5 mg/m2/course repeated at 21-day intervals.", "contents": "Maytansine: a phase I study of an ansa macrolide with antitumor activity. Maytansine has significant antitumor activity in animal model systems. The initial clinical trial of maytansine was carried out in 38 adult solid tumor patients. Five daily bolus injections were repeated at 21-day intervals. A total of 78 courses were administered over a dose range of 0.1--0.8 mg/m2/day X 5 days. Gastrointestinal toxicity was dose-related and dose-limiting at doses of greater than or equal to 0.5 mg/m2. Dose-related neurotoxicity was also observed. No drug-related myelosuppression or change in serum creatinine level was seen. Hepatic toxicity was subclinical and reversible. Of 16 patients evaluable for response, two with breast cancer had therapeutic benefit. Phase II studies of maytansine are recommended at a starting dose of 2.0--2.5 mg/m2/course repeated at 21-day intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:348320", "title": "Phase II study of metronidazole therapy for advanced colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with advanced carcinoma of the colon or rectum were given metronidazole orally at a dose of 500-1000 mg/m2 three times a day for 7 consecutive days every 6 weeks. The dose-limiting toxic effects consisted of severe nausea, vomiting, and major motor seizures. Mild peripheral neurotoxic effects were also noted. No objective responses were noted in any of the 32 patients treated. High-dose metronidazole would not seem to have any role in the treatment of advanced colorectal carcinoma and may cause serious neurotoxicity.", "contents": "Phase II study of metronidazole therapy for advanced colorectal carcinoma. Thirty-two patients with advanced carcinoma of the colon or rectum were given metronidazole orally at a dose of 500-1000 mg/m2 three times a day for 7 consecutive days every 6 weeks. The dose-limiting toxic effects consisted of severe nausea, vomiting, and major motor seizures. Mild peripheral neurotoxic effects were also noted. No objective responses were noted in any of the 32 patients treated. High-dose metronidazole would not seem to have any role in the treatment of advanced colorectal carcinoma and may cause serious neurotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:348322", "title": "Action of Pseudomonas isoamylase on various branched oligo and poly-saccharides.", "content": "Pseudomonas isoamylase (EC 3.2.1.68) hydrolyzes (1 linked to 6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages of amylopectin, glycogen, and various branched dextrins and oligosaccharides. The detailed structural requirements for the substrate are examined qualitatively and quantitatively in this paper, in comparison with the pullulanase of Klebsiella aerogenes. As with pullulanase, Ps. isoamylase is unable to cleave D-glucosyl stubs from branched saccharides. Ps. isoamylase differs from pullulanase in the following characteristics: (1) The favored substrates for Ps. isoamylase are higher-molecular-weight polysaccharides. Most of the branched oligosaccharides examined were hydrolyzed at a lower rate, 10% or less of the rate of hydrolysis of amylopectin. (2) Maltosyl branches are hydrolyzed off by Ps. isoamylase very slowly in comparison with maltotriosyl branches. (3) Ps. isoamylase requires a minimum of three D-glucose residues in the B- or C-chain.", "contents": "Action of Pseudomonas isoamylase on various branched oligo and poly-saccharides. Pseudomonas isoamylase (EC 3.2.1.68) hydrolyzes (1 linked to 6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages of amylopectin, glycogen, and various branched dextrins and oligosaccharides. The detailed structural requirements for the substrate are examined qualitatively and quantitatively in this paper, in comparison with the pullulanase of Klebsiella aerogenes. As with pullulanase, Ps. isoamylase is unable to cleave D-glucosyl stubs from branched saccharides. Ps. isoamylase differs from pullulanase in the following characteristics: (1) The favored substrates for Ps. isoamylase are higher-molecular-weight polysaccharides. Most of the branched oligosaccharides examined were hydrolyzed at a lower rate, 10% or less of the rate of hydrolysis of amylopectin. (2) Maltosyl branches are hydrolyzed off by Ps. isoamylase very slowly in comparison with maltotriosyl branches. (3) Ps. isoamylase requires a minimum of three D-glucose residues in the B- or C-chain."}
{"id": "PMID:348325", "title": "Immunocytological evidence for oxytocin neurons in the human fetal hypothalamus.", "content": "The use of antibodies against oxytocin or neurophysin enabled the detection by immunocytochemistry of oxytocin-neurophysin neurons in the hypothalamus in the human fetus. The perikarya of these neurons are located in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Immunoreactive neurons occure in the median eminence. The neurophysin immunoreactive neurons were more numerous than the oxytocin immunoreactive neurons. The specificity of the immunocytological reaction was controlled. The first oxytocin-neurophysin neurons are seen as early as the 14th week of gestation.", "contents": "Immunocytological evidence for oxytocin neurons in the human fetal hypothalamus. The use of antibodies against oxytocin or neurophysin enabled the detection by immunocytochemistry of oxytocin-neurophysin neurons in the hypothalamus in the human fetus. The perikarya of these neurons are located in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Immunoreactive neurons occure in the median eminence. The neurophysin immunoreactive neurons were more numerous than the oxytocin immunoreactive neurons. The specificity of the immunocytological reaction was controlled. The first oxytocin-neurophysin neurons are seen as early as the 14th week of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:348326", "title": "Further immunofluorescence-microscopic evidence for myosin in various peripheral nerves.", "content": "An indirect immunofluorescence microscopic technique using antibodies from rabbits against highly purified myosin from chicken gizzard was applied to various peripheral nerves (cranial nerves V. VII, X). Myosin-specific immunoreactivity was found in the axoplasm, in Schwann cells, in the perineural sheath and in vascular walls.", "contents": "Further immunofluorescence-microscopic evidence for myosin in various peripheral nerves. An indirect immunofluorescence microscopic technique using antibodies from rabbits against highly purified myosin from chicken gizzard was applied to various peripheral nerves (cranial nerves V. VII, X). Myosin-specific immunoreactivity was found in the axoplasm, in Schwann cells, in the perineural sheath and in vascular walls."}
{"id": "PMID:348327", "title": "LH-producing cells in the ovine pituitary. An electron microscopic immunocytochemical study.", "content": "An immunocytochemical technique using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) was applied to identify and characterize the LH-secreting cells in the ovine pituitary at the ultrastructural level. These cells, round or oval in shape, possessing flattened cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, contain one class of secretory granules (mean diameter 250 nm) and large dense bodies (600 to 800 nm in diameter). LH molecules and the two subunits LHalpha and LHbeta were localized on the secretory granules and on the small granules near the Golgi complex. The large dense bodies, the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and the saccules of the Golgi complex showed no reaction product.", "contents": "LH-producing cells in the ovine pituitary. An electron microscopic immunocytochemical study. An immunocytochemical technique using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) was applied to identify and characterize the LH-secreting cells in the ovine pituitary at the ultrastructural level. These cells, round or oval in shape, possessing flattened cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, contain one class of secretory granules (mean diameter 250 nm) and large dense bodies (600 to 800 nm in diameter). LH molecules and the two subunits LHalpha and LHbeta were localized on the secretory granules and on the small granules near the Golgi complex. The large dense bodies, the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and the saccules of the Golgi complex showed no reaction product."}
{"id": "PMID:348328", "title": "Localization of pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-like immunoreactivity in the pancreatic islets of some teleost fishes.", "content": "Immunocytochemical staining has revealed that the pancreatic islets of various teleost fishes contain a pancreatic polypeptide (PP1-like substance which cross-reacts with antibodies to mammalian and avian PP. The PP cells were frequently found at the periphery of the islets, as in mammals, and were of irregular shape.", "contents": "Localization of pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-like immunoreactivity in the pancreatic islets of some teleost fishes. Immunocytochemical staining has revealed that the pancreatic islets of various teleost fishes contain a pancreatic polypeptide (PP1-like substance which cross-reacts with antibodies to mammalian and avian PP. The PP cells were frequently found at the periphery of the islets, as in mammals, and were of irregular shape."}
{"id": "PMID:348339", "title": "Glucose and lactate kinetics in guinea pigs following Escherichia coli endotoxin administration.", "content": "Glucose and lactate turnovers were evaluated during the early stages (first three hours) of endotoxin-induced shock in unanesthetized male guinea pigs following the intravenous (IV) administration of 0.1 mg of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Rate of appearance (Ra), rate of disappearance (Rd), and metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of glucose and lactate were determined by the primed-constant infusion of [6-(3)H]-glucose and NA L(+)[U-14C]-lactate. Arterial glucose concentration was moderately elevated, and the Ra and Rd of glucose were increased significantly following endotoxin administration, while the slight increase in MCR was not statistically significant. Arterial lactate concentration was markedly increased and the Ra and Rd of lactate were significantly elevated. The percentage of [14C]-glucose derived from [14C]-lactate increased from 19% (control) to above 50% following endotoxin. From these data we found no evidence of impaired peripheral extraction of glucose. The increased glucose Ra and the higher percentage of [14C]-glucose being derived from [14C]-lactate suggest increased gluconeogenesis during the early stages following endotoxin administration.", "contents": "Glucose and lactate kinetics in guinea pigs following Escherichia coli endotoxin administration. Glucose and lactate turnovers were evaluated during the early stages (first three hours) of endotoxin-induced shock in unanesthetized male guinea pigs following the intravenous (IV) administration of 0.1 mg of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Rate of appearance (Ra), rate of disappearance (Rd), and metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of glucose and lactate were determined by the primed-constant infusion of [6-(3)H]-glucose and NA L(+)[U-14C]-lactate. Arterial glucose concentration was moderately elevated, and the Ra and Rd of glucose were increased significantly following endotoxin administration, while the slight increase in MCR was not statistically significant. Arterial lactate concentration was markedly increased and the Ra and Rd of lactate were significantly elevated. The percentage of [14C]-glucose derived from [14C]-lactate increased from 19% (control) to above 50% following endotoxin. From these data we found no evidence of impaired peripheral extraction of glucose. The increased glucose Ra and the higher percentage of [14C]-glucose being derived from [14C]-lactate suggest increased gluconeogenesis during the early stages following endotoxin administration."}
{"id": "PMID:348340", "title": "Phagocytic activity of reticuloendothelial system of mice in shock-like state following administration of polysaccharide-protein complex isolated from Candida albicans.", "content": "Fever and shock are symptoms of acute disseminated candidiasis. Phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), following a single administration of polysaccharide-protein complex, was studied with respect to the role of the RES in the pathophysiology of circulatory shock. The index of phagocytic activity was determined 15 or 120 minutes following IV administration of polysaccharide-protein complex (50 mg/kg) to mice, from the rates of clearance of carbon particles and of heterologous erythrocytes labeled with 51Cr. The mice were pretreated with hydrocortisone 300 mg/kg, methylprednisolone, 30 mg/kg, or saline 120 minutes before administration of the polysaccharide-protein complex. Depression of the phagocytic activity was observed following administration of polysaccharide-protein complex in both time intervals investigated. This depression could be prevented successfully by administration of both glucocorticoids studied. The fractional distribution of 86Rb was determined in other groups of identically treated mice. An increase of 86Rb uptake was found in the heart, lungs, and adrenals 15 minutes after administration of polysaccharide-protein complex. A decrease of 86Rb uptake was found in the intestines and spleen. These changes were also found in mice pretreated with glucocorticoids. A return to the normal picture of 86Rb fractional distribution was found 120 minutes after polysaccharide-protein administration. It was suggested that changes in phagocytic activity were not a result of altered hemodynamics.", "contents": "Phagocytic activity of reticuloendothelial system of mice in shock-like state following administration of polysaccharide-protein complex isolated from Candida albicans. Fever and shock are symptoms of acute disseminated candidiasis. Phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), following a single administration of polysaccharide-protein complex, was studied with respect to the role of the RES in the pathophysiology of circulatory shock. The index of phagocytic activity was determined 15 or 120 minutes following IV administration of polysaccharide-protein complex (50 mg/kg) to mice, from the rates of clearance of carbon particles and of heterologous erythrocytes labeled with 51Cr. The mice were pretreated with hydrocortisone 300 mg/kg, methylprednisolone, 30 mg/kg, or saline 120 minutes before administration of the polysaccharide-protein complex. Depression of the phagocytic activity was observed following administration of polysaccharide-protein complex in both time intervals investigated. This depression could be prevented successfully by administration of both glucocorticoids studied. The fractional distribution of 86Rb was determined in other groups of identically treated mice. An increase of 86Rb uptake was found in the heart, lungs, and adrenals 15 minutes after administration of polysaccharide-protein complex. A decrease of 86Rb uptake was found in the intestines and spleen. These changes were also found in mice pretreated with glucocorticoids. A return to the normal picture of 86Rb fractional distribution was found 120 minutes after polysaccharide-protein administration. It was suggested that changes in phagocytic activity were not a result of altered hemodynamics."}
{"id": "PMID:348341", "title": "The problem of valve prosthesis-patient mismatch.", "content": "Valve prostheses have played an important part in the past two decades in the management of patients with valvular heart disease. However, many of the devices used in valve replacement have introduced new clinical problems. This paper deals with some of the problems associated with valve replacement, including one not previously emphasized--valve prosthesis-patient mismatch, which may cause obstruction to ventricular outflow and/or inflow.", "contents": "The problem of valve prosthesis-patient mismatch. Valve prostheses have played an important part in the past two decades in the management of patients with valvular heart disease. However, many of the devices used in valve replacement have introduced new clinical problems. This paper deals with some of the problems associated with valve replacement, including one not previously emphasized--valve prosthesis-patient mismatch, which may cause obstruction to ventricular outflow and/or inflow."}
{"id": "PMID:348342", "title": "Hemodynamically significant primary anomalies of the coronary arteries. Angiographic aspects.", "content": "Hemodynamically significant primary anomalies of the coronary arteries are those which alter myocardial perfusion. There are four major types: coronary artery fistulae, origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery, congenital coronary stenosis or atresia, and origin of the left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva, with subsequent passage of the vessel between the aorta and right ventricular infundibulum. The angiographic features of these lesions are discussed.", "contents": "Hemodynamically significant primary anomalies of the coronary arteries. Angiographic aspects. Hemodynamically significant primary anomalies of the coronary arteries are those which alter myocardial perfusion. There are four major types: coronary artery fistulae, origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery, congenital coronary stenosis or atresia, and origin of the left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva, with subsequent passage of the vessel between the aorta and right ventricular infundibulum. The angiographic features of these lesions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:348343", "title": "George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture. Lifestyles, major risk factors, proof and public policy.", "content": "In this report major risk factors in coronary heart disease (CHD) are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the role of nutrition. International and national epidemiologic data indicate that reducing or eliminating certain risk factors (e.g., a diet high in cholesterol and saturated fats) may  reduce the risk of premature CHD. Most trends indicate that many Americans are more concerned about diet for health reasons. Preventive measures for CHD are also discussed.", "contents": "George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture. Lifestyles, major risk factors, proof and public policy. In this report major risk factors in coronary heart disease (CHD) are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the role of nutrition. International and national epidemiologic data indicate that reducing or eliminating certain risk factors (e.g., a diet high in cholesterol and saturated fats) may  reduce the risk of premature CHD. Most trends indicate that many Americans are more concerned about diet for health reasons. Preventive measures for CHD are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:348344", "title": "Precipitating factors in respiratory allergic disease in Indonesian children.", "content": "Skin test results and IgE antibody levels measured by RAST indicate that hypersensitivity to house dust mite (D. pteronyssinus) is a major feature of asthma and allergic rhinitis in Indonesian children. Total serum IgE levels were higher in the allergic than in control children. 60% (twenty-one out of thirty-five) of the asthmatic children and 56% (five out of nine) of the children with allergic rhinitis had IgE antibodies to the helminth Ascaris lumbricoides compared with none out of four control children. A tendency was found for high IgE antibody levels to D. pteronyssinus to occur in association with low IgE antibody levels to A. lumbricoides and vice versa.", "contents": "Precipitating factors in respiratory allergic disease in Indonesian children. Skin test results and IgE antibody levels measured by RAST indicate that hypersensitivity to house dust mite (D. pteronyssinus) is a major feature of asthma and allergic rhinitis in Indonesian children. Total serum IgE levels were higher in the allergic than in control children. 60% (twenty-one out of thirty-five) of the asthmatic children and 56% (five out of nine) of the children with allergic rhinitis had IgE antibodies to the helminth Ascaris lumbricoides compared with none out of four control children. A tendency was found for high IgE antibody levels to D. pteronyssinus to occur in association with low IgE antibody levels to A. lumbricoides and vice versa."}
{"id": "PMID:348347", "title": "A small dose of somatostatin inhibits the pentagastrin stimulated gastric secretion of acid, pepsin and intrinsic factor in man.", "content": "The effect of a small dose of somatostatin (0.05 mg/h) on the gastric secretion of acid, pepsin and Intrinsic Factor (IF) after stepwise increases in the dose of pentagastrin was examined in six healthy volunteers. The gastric secretion of acid, pepsin and IF in response to pentagastrin was significantly reduced by a continuous infusion of somatostatin. The pattern of inhibition indicates that somatostatin is a competitive inhibitor of pentagastrin in the stimulation of gastric secretion of both acid, pepsin and IF. This finding supports the hypothesis of a direct effect of somatostatin on the exocrine secretory cells of the stomach.", "contents": "A small dose of somatostatin inhibits the pentagastrin stimulated gastric secretion of acid, pepsin and intrinsic factor in man. The effect of a small dose of somatostatin (0.05 mg/h) on the gastric secretion of acid, pepsin and Intrinsic Factor (IF) after stepwise increases in the dose of pentagastrin was examined in six healthy volunteers. The gastric secretion of acid, pepsin and IF in response to pentagastrin was significantly reduced by a continuous infusion of somatostatin. The pattern of inhibition indicates that somatostatin is a competitive inhibitor of pentagastrin in the stimulation of gastric secretion of both acid, pepsin and IF. This finding supports the hypothesis of a direct effect of somatostatin on the exocrine secretory cells of the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:348345", "title": "Specific IgE estimations by RAST in Japanese asthmatics compared with skin, passive transfer and bronchial provocation tests.", "content": "198 asthmatics and twenty healthy persons were studied by RAST and in vivo tests with four common inhalant allergens. (a) Higher RAST classes were elicited with mite (Dermatophagoides farinae) extract and lower classes with other allergens. The agreement between positive RAST and skin or P-K tests was highest with the mite extract. RAST sensitivity was dependent on the kinds of allergens and was most sensitive to mite extract. Positive RAST was most closely related to the prick test reactions. (b) RASTs to house dust and mite extract were examined in terms of the threshold dosage of house dust and also the types of bronchial response (early, dual and late) induced by a certain amount of house dust; higher RAST classes were found in subjects with bronchial response to the dual or early type, elicited by a threshold dosage of diluted extract, while lower RAST classes were found in cases of the late-type response elicited by the threshold dosage of concentrated extract. (c) Changes in IgE antibodies to house dust and mite extract were estimated in patients with positive house dust provocation. A greater increase occurred in cases of dual or early response, a smaller increase in those with a late response. Despite discordances in skin tests and RAST between house dust and mite extracts, the increases in IgE antibodies to mite extracts as well as house dust were observed in all cases, presumably caused by an allergenic identity between the allergens.", "contents": "Specific IgE estimations by RAST in Japanese asthmatics compared with skin, passive transfer and bronchial provocation tests. 198 asthmatics and twenty healthy persons were studied by RAST and in vivo tests with four common inhalant allergens. (a) Higher RAST classes were elicited with mite (Dermatophagoides farinae) extract and lower classes with other allergens. The agreement between positive RAST and skin or P-K tests was highest with the mite extract. RAST sensitivity was dependent on the kinds of allergens and was most sensitive to mite extract. Positive RAST was most closely related to the prick test reactions. (b) RASTs to house dust and mite extract were examined in terms of the threshold dosage of house dust and also the types of bronchial response (early, dual and late) induced by a certain amount of house dust; higher RAST classes were found in subjects with bronchial response to the dual or early type, elicited by a threshold dosage of diluted extract, while lower RAST classes were found in cases of the late-type response elicited by the threshold dosage of concentrated extract. (c) Changes in IgE antibodies to house dust and mite extract were estimated in patients with positive house dust provocation. A greater increase occurred in cases of dual or early response, a smaller increase in those with a late response. Despite discordances in skin tests and RAST between house dust and mite extracts, the increases in IgE antibodies to mite extracts as well as house dust were observed in all cases, presumably caused by an allergenic identity between the allergens."}
{"id": "PMID:348348", "title": "Hypothalamic function in men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism.", "content": "To determine whether hypothalamic function is normal in patients with idiopathic gonadotrophin deficiency, nine men with this syndrome were studied. Water conservation after overnight dehydration, thermoregulatory response to a cold (10 degrees C) environmental stress and prolactin secretion following chlorpromazine stimulation were investigated. In response to dehydration, maximal urinary osmolality was 1058 +/- 135 mOsm/kg (mean +/- SD) and no patient showed further increase after exogenous vasopressin administration. The patients responded to the cold stimulus by vigorous shivering and maintained their core body temperatures. Basal concentrations of prolactin which were 12.7 +/- 4.6 ng/ml increased by 15 ng/ml following Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in six of seven men tested, indicating normal pituitary reserve. Prolactin concentrations doubled in seven of eight men who received chlorpromazine. All responses were indistinguishable from those of normal men. While a diminished secretion of gonadotrophin releasing hormone by the hypothalamus remains the most plausible cause of idiopathic gonadotrophin deficiency, our data indicate that the associated functions tested are intact in men with this syndrome.", "contents": "Hypothalamic function in men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. To determine whether hypothalamic function is normal in patients with idiopathic gonadotrophin deficiency, nine men with this syndrome were studied. Water conservation after overnight dehydration, thermoregulatory response to a cold (10 degrees C) environmental stress and prolactin secretion following chlorpromazine stimulation were investigated. In response to dehydration, maximal urinary osmolality was 1058 +/- 135 mOsm/kg (mean +/- SD) and no patient showed further increase after exogenous vasopressin administration. The patients responded to the cold stimulus by vigorous shivering and maintained their core body temperatures. Basal concentrations of prolactin which were 12.7 +/- 4.6 ng/ml increased by 15 ng/ml following Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in six of seven men tested, indicating normal pituitary reserve. Prolactin concentrations doubled in seven of eight men who received chlorpromazine. All responses were indistinguishable from those of normal men. While a diminished secretion of gonadotrophin releasing hormone by the hypothalamus remains the most plausible cause of idiopathic gonadotrophin deficiency, our data indicate that the associated functions tested are intact in men with this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:348350", "title": "Branchial cysts, sinuses and fistulae.", "content": "Branchial cysts, sinuses and fistulae are reviewed with special reference to their origin, clinical features, pathology and treatment. The material consists of a survey of over 700 recorded cases, a series of 90 cases studied in retrospect with special reference to the pathology, and a personal experience of 42. It is suggested that a proportion of 'branchial cysts' do not arise from the branchial apparatus, but possibly may do so from epithelial inclusions in lymph nodes. It is accepted that branchial sinuses develop from the branchial apparatus, but there is little proof that such an entity as 'branchial fistula' exists.", "contents": "Branchial cysts, sinuses and fistulae. Branchial cysts, sinuses and fistulae are reviewed with special reference to their origin, clinical features, pathology and treatment. The material consists of a survey of over 700 recorded cases, a series of 90 cases studied in retrospect with special reference to the pathology, and a personal experience of 42. It is suggested that a proportion of 'branchial cysts' do not arise from the branchial apparatus, but possibly may do so from epithelial inclusions in lymph nodes. It is accepted that branchial sinuses develop from the branchial apparatus, but there is little proof that such an entity as 'branchial fistula' exists."}
{"id": "PMID:348363", "title": "Hereditary C2 deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus associated with severe glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Although an unusually high incidence of immunological diseases has been described in patients with hereditary C2 deficiency, the severity of these illnesses has been relatively mild, suggesting that blocking complement activation beyond C4 may protect against significant complement-mediated inflammation. This report describes studies in a C2-deficient patient with severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. An immunopathological study of the kidney revealed the deposition of properdin, properdin factor B, C3 and C5 in a pattern similar to immunoglobulin G deposits. Serum properdin and properdin factor B levels were low at various times during the patient's course. In vitro complement fixation studies showed C3 fixation by glomerular deposits could occur via the alternative pathway. Studies of the immune deposits in the patients' skin revealed similar results. These studies suggest that inflammation may be effectively mediated via the alternative complement pathway in the C2 deficiency-lupus syndrome.", "contents": "Hereditary C2 deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus associated with severe glomerulonephritis. Although an unusually high incidence of immunological diseases has been described in patients with hereditary C2 deficiency, the severity of these illnesses has been relatively mild, suggesting that blocking complement activation beyond C4 may protect against significant complement-mediated inflammation. This report describes studies in a C2-deficient patient with severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. An immunopathological study of the kidney revealed the deposition of properdin, properdin factor B, C3 and C5 in a pattern similar to immunoglobulin G deposits. Serum properdin and properdin factor B levels were low at various times during the patient's course. In vitro complement fixation studies showed C3 fixation by glomerular deposits could occur via the alternative pathway. Studies of the immune deposits in the patients' skin revealed similar results. These studies suggest that inflammation may be effectively mediated via the alternative complement pathway in the C2 deficiency-lupus syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:348368", "title": "Progress in hemodialyzers and membranes--the last 20 years.", "content": "The development of clinical dialyzers is traced over the past three decades. Beginning with the Kolff rotating device, the evolution of dialyzers has followed a path to reduce size, increase metabolite transport, and minimize blood losses. A combination of design innovations and membrane developments has been necessary to achieve the performance of current dialyzers. These include the development of thin-channel plate dialyzers, hollow-fiber membranes, and more permeable membranes. The development of better devices has been hindered by lack of complete understanding of physiological and biochemical needs for treatment of end stage renal patients. A backlog of engineering and materials information is available for future utilization when therapy needs are clarified. Future trends in membrane developments may include melt-extrudable and \"non-isotropic\" membranes.", "contents": "Progress in hemodialyzers and membranes--the last 20 years. The development of clinical dialyzers is traced over the past three decades. Beginning with the Kolff rotating device, the evolution of dialyzers has followed a path to reduce size, increase metabolite transport, and minimize blood losses. A combination of design innovations and membrane developments has been necessary to achieve the performance of current dialyzers. These include the development of thin-channel plate dialyzers, hollow-fiber membranes, and more permeable membranes. The development of better devices has been hindered by lack of complete understanding of physiological and biochemical needs for treatment of end stage renal patients. A backlog of engineering and materials information is available for future utilization when therapy needs are clarified. Future trends in membrane developments may include melt-extrudable and \"non-isotropic\" membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:348369", "title": "Progress in hemodialysis.", "content": "Bioengineering research over the past 16 years has provided clear definition of the design parameters controlling solute transport in dialyzers and resulted in the present dialysis systems which have a broad range of solute transport and ultrafiltration properties with predictable performance. Research into the pathophysiology of uremia has further established the role of protein catabolism in pathogenesis and resulted in information indicating that endocrine metabolic, drug toxicity and immunologic pathogenetic mechanisms may also be operative in this complex syndrome. Average dialysis treatment time has decreased more than 50 percent over the last ten years, but to a considerable extent remains empirically determined. Progress in elucidation of the solute kinetic parameters controlling solute concentration during regular dialysis therapy (RDT) is reviewed and the critical role of mass balance in evaluation of this therapy is discussed. Progress in kinetic modeling to quantify RDT is reviewed, the limitations of current kinetic models are considered and anticipated requirements to develop improved model parameters outlined.", "contents": "Progress in hemodialysis. Bioengineering research over the past 16 years has provided clear definition of the design parameters controlling solute transport in dialyzers and resulted in the present dialysis systems which have a broad range of solute transport and ultrafiltration properties with predictable performance. Research into the pathophysiology of uremia has further established the role of protein catabolism in pathogenesis and resulted in information indicating that endocrine metabolic, drug toxicity and immunologic pathogenetic mechanisms may also be operative in this complex syndrome. Average dialysis treatment time has decreased more than 50 percent over the last ten years, but to a considerable extent remains empirically determined. Progress in elucidation of the solute kinetic parameters controlling solute concentration during regular dialysis therapy (RDT) is reviewed and the critical role of mass balance in evaluation of this therapy is discussed. Progress in kinetic modeling to quantify RDT is reviewed, the limitations of current kinetic models are considered and anticipated requirements to develop improved model parameters outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:348364", "title": "Clinical dose-response studies with guanfacine (BS 100-141), a new antihypertensive agent.", "content": "1. Blood pressure, pulse rate, salivary flow and the degree of sedation were recorded at intervals following oral administration of single doses of guanfacine, a clonidine-like agent, to hypertensive patients. 2. Between 2 and 10 h after administration of guanfacine (3 mg or 5 mg), there were dose-related decrease in lying and standing blood pressure, together with significant reductions in pulse rate and salivary flow. 3. It is concluded that guanfacine lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients and is probably suitable for twice daily administration, but produces xerostomia and sedation.", "contents": "Clinical dose-response studies with guanfacine (BS 100-141), a new antihypertensive agent. 1. Blood pressure, pulse rate, salivary flow and the degree of sedation were recorded at intervals following oral administration of single doses of guanfacine, a clonidine-like agent, to hypertensive patients. 2. Between 2 and 10 h after administration of guanfacine (3 mg or 5 mg), there were dose-related decrease in lying and standing blood pressure, together with significant reductions in pulse rate and salivary flow. 3. It is concluded that guanfacine lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients and is probably suitable for twice daily administration, but produces xerostomia and sedation."}
{"id": "PMID:348370", "title": "Chronic peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Since the introduction of the permanent peritoneal catheter, interest in chronic peritoneal dialysis is increasing. The automatic peritoneal dialysis cycler and the reverse osmosis peritoneal dialysis machine have been other development that made chronic peritoneal possible. Chronic peritoneal dialysis is indicated for the children, the elderly, those without hemodialysis access sites, those living along (for home dialysis) and the diabetics, whose retinopathy seems to progress less on peritoneal dialysis than on hemodialysis. Patients awaiting a kidney transplant can be maintained equally satisfactorily on peritoneal dialysis as on hemodialysis. Because of its simplicity almost any patient can be trained for home peritoneal dialysis, and a high incidence of rehabilitation can be achieved. A flow rate of 4 1/hr with 21 exchanges, 40 hours a week, seem to the ideal dialysis requirements. Complications of chronic peritoneal dialysis include those related to the permanent catheter such as one or two way obstruction and those related the dialysis itself. The latter can be either acute (i.e. peritonitis etc.) or chornic such as neuropathy, renal osteodystrophy, anemia etc. Integrated with hemodialysis and transplantation, peritoneal provides the nephrologists with the ability to treat his patients with the most appropriate treatment.", "contents": "Chronic peritoneal dialysis. Since the introduction of the permanent peritoneal catheter, interest in chronic peritoneal dialysis is increasing. The automatic peritoneal dialysis cycler and the reverse osmosis peritoneal dialysis machine have been other development that made chronic peritoneal possible. Chronic peritoneal dialysis is indicated for the children, the elderly, those without hemodialysis access sites, those living along (for home dialysis) and the diabetics, whose retinopathy seems to progress less on peritoneal dialysis than on hemodialysis. Patients awaiting a kidney transplant can be maintained equally satisfactorily on peritoneal dialysis as on hemodialysis. Because of its simplicity almost any patient can be trained for home peritoneal dialysis, and a high incidence of rehabilitation can be achieved. A flow rate of 4 1/hr with 21 exchanges, 40 hours a week, seem to the ideal dialysis requirements. Complications of chronic peritoneal dialysis include those related to the permanent catheter such as one or two way obstruction and those related the dialysis itself. The latter can be either acute (i.e. peritonitis etc.) or chornic such as neuropathy, renal osteodystrophy, anemia etc. Integrated with hemodialysis and transplantation, peritoneal provides the nephrologists with the ability to treat his patients with the most appropriate treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:348378", "title": "Para-aminosalicylic acid as a lipid-lowering agent.", "content": "The capacity of para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) to lower initially high serum lipoprotein lipid concentrations was tested in a double-blind crossover study. Thirty patients who were on a lipid-lowering diet were treated with PAS (6 gm daily) for 4 wk. There was an average reduction of the serum triglyceride concentration of 28% (p less than 0.001) and of 12% of the serum cholesterol concentration (p less than 0.001) corresponding to a reduction of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides of 40% (p less than 0.001) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol of 6% (p less than 0.05). In hypercholesterolemic patients, the LDL cholesterol reduction was 14% (p less than 0.001). In patients with hypertriglyceridemia type IV, the mean reduction of the VLDL triglyceride concentration was 47% (p less than 0.01), corresponding to a serum triglyceride reduction by 37% (p less than 0.01). In spite of the decrease of VLDL concentration, there was an unexpected reduction of the lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue of 16% (p less than 0.02). The glucose tolerance and the serum insulin concentrations at fasting and after glucose injection were not changed.", "contents": "Para-aminosalicylic acid as a lipid-lowering agent. The capacity of para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) to lower initially high serum lipoprotein lipid concentrations was tested in a double-blind crossover study. Thirty patients who were on a lipid-lowering diet were treated with PAS (6 gm daily) for 4 wk. There was an average reduction of the serum triglyceride concentration of 28% (p less than 0.001) and of 12% of the serum cholesterol concentration (p less than 0.001) corresponding to a reduction of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides of 40% (p less than 0.001) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol of 6% (p less than 0.05). In hypercholesterolemic patients, the LDL cholesterol reduction was 14% (p less than 0.001). In patients with hypertriglyceridemia type IV, the mean reduction of the VLDL triglyceride concentration was 47% (p less than 0.01), corresponding to a serum triglyceride reduction by 37% (p less than 0.01). In spite of the decrease of VLDL concentration, there was an unexpected reduction of the lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue of 16% (p less than 0.02). The glucose tolerance and the serum insulin concentrations at fasting and after glucose injection were not changed."}
{"id": "PMID:348379", "title": "Gastrointestinal blood loss after diflunisal and after aspirin: effect of ethanol.", "content": "Fecal blood loss was evaluated in normal subjects with 51Cr-labeled red cells. In a double-blind parallel study in 10 subjects, 250 mg diflunisal twice daily did not significantly increase blood loss in two consecutive treatment periods, while 750 mg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 4 times daily did so. In a double-blind crossover study in 2 subjects, diflunisal, 250 mg twice daily again did not significantly affect fecal blood loss during a 4-day treatment period, and there also was no significant effth diflunisal during two additional treatment days. ASA, 600 mg 4 times daily, induced an increase in blood loss and this effect was significantly enhanced by the addition of alcohol. The difference between treatments in the way they interact with alcohol was also statistically significant.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal blood loss after diflunisal and after aspirin: effect of ethanol. Fecal blood loss was evaluated in normal subjects with 51Cr-labeled red cells. In a double-blind parallel study in 10 subjects, 250 mg diflunisal twice daily did not significantly increase blood loss in two consecutive treatment periods, while 750 mg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 4 times daily did so. In a double-blind crossover study in 2 subjects, diflunisal, 250 mg twice daily again did not significantly affect fecal blood loss during a 4-day treatment period, and there also was no significant effth diflunisal during two additional treatment days. ASA, 600 mg 4 times daily, induced an increase in blood loss and this effect was significantly enhanced by the addition of alcohol. The difference between treatments in the way they interact with alcohol was also statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:348380", "title": "Ticrynafen and hydrochlorothiazide in hypertension.", "content": "In a double-blind study, 28 patients having mild to moderate essential hypertension were randomly assigned to a 6-week regimen of ticrynafen, hydrochlorothiazide, or placebo. Blood pressure fell after ticrynafen and hydrochlorothiazide. Serum uric acid fell strikingly with ticrynafen whereas it rose with hydrochlorothiazide. Serum potassium declined very little with ticrynafen; much less than with hydrochlorothiazide. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen rose slightly more with ticrynafen than with hydrochlorothiazide. There were no clinical adverse effects to either of the medications. Ticrynafen appears to be an effective antihypertensive with a substantial hypouricemic effect.", "contents": "Ticrynafen and hydrochlorothiazide in hypertension. In a double-blind study, 28 patients having mild to moderate essential hypertension were randomly assigned to a 6-week regimen of ticrynafen, hydrochlorothiazide, or placebo. Blood pressure fell after ticrynafen and hydrochlorothiazide. Serum uric acid fell strikingly with ticrynafen whereas it rose with hydrochlorothiazide. Serum potassium declined very little with ticrynafen; much less than with hydrochlorothiazide. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen rose slightly more with ticrynafen than with hydrochlorothiazide. There were no clinical adverse effects to either of the medications. Ticrynafen appears to be an effective antihypertensive with a substantial hypouricemic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:348392", "title": "Diagnosis and management of hypoxemia.", "content": "The following steps are necessary in the successful management of hypoxia: 1. Establish the presence of hypoxemia with measurements of arterial blood gases. 2. Search for signs of tissue hypoxia. 3. Assign a physiologic cause for hypoxemia. 4. Begin oxygen therapy by a method appropriate to underlying pathophysiologic mechanism, as outlined in Table 2. 5. Repeat arterial blood gas measurements to assure adequate reversal of hypoxemia. 6. Treat any underlying disease(s).", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of hypoxemia. The following steps are necessary in the successful management of hypoxia: 1. Establish the presence of hypoxemia with measurements of arterial blood gases. 2. Search for signs of tissue hypoxia. 3. Assign a physiologic cause for hypoxemia. 4. Begin oxygen therapy by a method appropriate to underlying pathophysiologic mechanism, as outlined in Table 2. 5. Repeat arterial blood gas measurements to assure adequate reversal of hypoxemia. 6. Treat any underlying disease(s)."}
{"id": "PMID:348393", "title": "Adverse radiographic contrast media reactions.", "content": "There are many unanswered questions about the mechanisms and prevention of adverse reactions to RCM. Serious reactions will likely occur less often in your experience if you observe these precautions: 1. Consider that every patient is a candiate for an adverse reaction when you request the contrast study. 2. Be particularly cautious in performing the study in those with previous reactions to RMC, those who are strongly atopic, and those in whom intravenous cholangiography is planned. Look for alternative diagnostic approaches in treating these individuals. 3. If there is any likelihood of increased reactivity, inform the patient, carry out a study with intravenous infusion in place and appropriate physician observation during and after the study, consider prestudy treatment with antihistamines and/or steroids, and be prepared to institute emergency measures should the need arise.", "contents": "Adverse radiographic contrast media reactions. There are many unanswered questions about the mechanisms and prevention of adverse reactions to RCM. Serious reactions will likely occur less often in your experience if you observe these precautions: 1. Consider that every patient is a candiate for an adverse reaction when you request the contrast study. 2. Be particularly cautious in performing the study in those with previous reactions to RMC, those who are strongly atopic, and those in whom intravenous cholangiography is planned. Look for alternative diagnostic approaches in treating these individuals. 3. If there is any likelihood of increased reactivity, inform the patient, carry out a study with intravenous infusion in place and appropriate physician observation during and after the study, consider prestudy treatment with antihistamines and/or steroids, and be prepared to institute emergency measures should the need arise."}
{"id": "PMID:348397", "title": "Site-directed tumor chemotherapy.", "content": "The therapeutic effect of drugs used in cancer chemotherapy has been augmented by their complexing or chemical linking to macromolecular carriers. The role of the carrier should be to deliver the drug preferentially to the tumor site. Potential carriers are either (1) nonspecific macromolecules whose preferential activity is due to the inherently higher permeability and pinocytic activity of tumor cells, (2) lysosomotropic agents such as DNA or liposomes, or (3) the more specific agents--antitumor antibodies. Conjugates of daunomycin to antitumor antibodies, prepared either by direct binding or by binding via dextran, were shown to retain both the antibody and the drug activity. Thus they exert specific cytotoxic activity toward tumor cells that the antibodies recognize. In vivo, these complexes are more active than the free drug in prolongation of survival of mice transplanted with the tumor cells. Conjugates of daunomycin with normal immunoglobulin or with dextran also show higher therapeutic efficacy in vivo, probably due to their capacity to reduce the cytotoxicity of daunomycin and/or to the higher permeability of neoplastic cells. But under certain conditions, mainly at low drug concentrations, the drug-antibody conjugates have an advantage over all others.", "contents": "Site-directed tumor chemotherapy. The therapeutic effect of drugs used in cancer chemotherapy has been augmented by their complexing or chemical linking to macromolecular carriers. The role of the carrier should be to deliver the drug preferentially to the tumor site. Potential carriers are either (1) nonspecific macromolecules whose preferential activity is due to the inherently higher permeability and pinocytic activity of tumor cells, (2) lysosomotropic agents such as DNA or liposomes, or (3) the more specific agents--antitumor antibodies. Conjugates of daunomycin to antitumor antibodies, prepared either by direct binding or by binding via dextran, were shown to retain both the antibody and the drug activity. Thus they exert specific cytotoxic activity toward tumor cells that the antibodies recognize. In vivo, these complexes are more active than the free drug in prolongation of survival of mice transplanted with the tumor cells. Conjugates of daunomycin with normal immunoglobulin or with dextran also show higher therapeutic efficacy in vivo, probably due to their capacity to reduce the cytotoxicity of daunomycin and/or to the higher permeability of neoplastic cells. But under certain conditions, mainly at low drug concentrations, the drug-antibody conjugates have an advantage over all others."}
{"id": "PMID:348406", "title": "Hydrocortisone valerate. Double-blind comparison with two other topical steroids.", "content": "Hydrocortisone valerate cream (0.2 percent) was evaluated in three controlled clinical trials involving a total of sixty-eight patients with atopic dermatitis. This new nonfluorinated steroid was found to be as effective as the fluorinated beta-methasone valerate cream (0.1 percent) and significantly more effective than hydrocortisone cream (0.1 percent) and the placebo cream base. All studies were double-blind, paired comparisons, utilizing application of the medications three times a day for up to four weeks or until clearing occurred.", "contents": "Hydrocortisone valerate. Double-blind comparison with two other topical steroids. Hydrocortisone valerate cream (0.2 percent) was evaluated in three controlled clinical trials involving a total of sixty-eight patients with atopic dermatitis. This new nonfluorinated steroid was found to be as effective as the fluorinated beta-methasone valerate cream (0.1 percent) and significantly more effective than hydrocortisone cream (0.1 percent) and the placebo cream base. All studies were double-blind, paired comparisons, utilizing application of the medications three times a day for up to four weeks or until clearing occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:348407", "title": "Skin xerosis. Clinical report on the effect of a moisturizing soap bar.", "content": "Two double-blind and supervised clinical studies were conducted to determine the direct effect of a moisturizing soap bar on skin xerosis (dry skin). One study compared the moisturizing soap bar with a commercially available soap bar and used young adult subjects who resided in an area of high relative humidity. The second study compared the moisturizing soap bar with a placebo soap bar and used elderly subjects who resided in an area of low relative humidity. In both instnaces, washing twice daily with the moisturizing soap bar provided a lower level of skin flaking than the particular soap bar with which it was compared.", "contents": "Skin xerosis. Clinical report on the effect of a moisturizing soap bar. Two double-blind and supervised clinical studies were conducted to determine the direct effect of a moisturizing soap bar on skin xerosis (dry skin). One study compared the moisturizing soap bar with a commercially available soap bar and used young adult subjects who resided in an area of high relative humidity. The second study compared the moisturizing soap bar with a placebo soap bar and used elderly subjects who resided in an area of low relative humidity. In both instnaces, washing twice daily with the moisturizing soap bar provided a lower level of skin flaking than the particular soap bar with which it was compared."}
{"id": "PMID:348409", "title": "Multiple cytogenetic methods used to identify a new structural rearrangement of the human X chromosome.", "content": "A woman with primary amenorrhea and pure gonadal dysgenesis had two cytogenetically abnormal cell lines. The karyotype was 45,X in 56--95% of mitosis from lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts. In the remaining 5--44% of the cells there was, in addition to a normal X, a structurally abnormal X chromosome interpretable as pter leads to q21::q11 leads to pter or pter leads to q21::q13 leads to pter. The abnormal X chromosome was heterocyclic and had a normal centromere plus an extra C band in the long arm. Detailed interpretation of the structural rearrangements of this chromosome required the use of both Q-, G-, and C-banding and the BrdU-Hoechst 33258 technique.", "contents": "Multiple cytogenetic methods used to identify a new structural rearrangement of the human X chromosome. A woman with primary amenorrhea and pure gonadal dysgenesis had two cytogenetically abnormal cell lines. The karyotype was 45,X in 56--95% of mitosis from lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts. In the remaining 5--44% of the cells there was, in addition to a normal X, a structurally abnormal X chromosome interpretable as pter leads to q21::q11 leads to pter or pter leads to q21::q13 leads to pter. The abnormal X chromosome was heterocyclic and had a normal centromere plus an extra C band in the long arm. Detailed interpretation of the structural rearrangements of this chromosome required the use of both Q-, G-, and C-banding and the BrdU-Hoechst 33258 technique."}
{"id": "PMID:348414", "title": "Failure of methylprednisolone to protect acutely ischemic myocardium: a contrast with subsequent beta-adrenergic blockade in man.", "content": "Two grams of methylprednisolone was administratered to ten patients with acute myocardial infarction at an average of 13 hours from the onset of symptoms; pain in the chest was not relieved in six of the ten patients. In one hour, no significant improvement was noted in the function of the ischemic segments (examined using a multiaxis echocardiographic method) or in the S-T segments of the 12-lead electrocardiogram. Left ventricular filling pressure soon increased by an average of 4 mm Hg (P less than 0.005), without ventricular dilatation or a Frank-Starling response, suggesting a decrease (ischemic?) in myocardial compliance. Cardiac output by Swan-Ganz thermodilution later increased by 21 percent (P less than 0.01) when a decrease in peripheral vasoconstriction was evident. In contrast, small-dose beta-adrenergic blockade using 0.2 mg of pindolol intravenously after administration of methylprednisolone immediately relieved pain in the chest in all six patients. Elevation of the S-T segments was reduced by 34 percent (P less than 0.05) within 15 minutes, and the contractile function of the ischemic segments improved markedly, by 3 mm or to 34 percent of normal, from the 4 percent of normal before administration of pindolol (P less than 0.005). Hemodynamic function did not deteriorate in the eight patients with uncomplicated infarction or moderate left ventricular failure. Therapy with pindolol thus reduced clinical, electrocardiographic, and myocardial mechanical signs of acute ischemia safely, while administration of methylprednisolone had no short-term protective effect.", "contents": "Failure of methylprednisolone to protect acutely ischemic myocardium: a contrast with subsequent beta-adrenergic blockade in man. Two grams of methylprednisolone was administratered to ten patients with acute myocardial infarction at an average of 13 hours from the onset of symptoms; pain in the chest was not relieved in six of the ten patients. In one hour, no significant improvement was noted in the function of the ischemic segments (examined using a multiaxis echocardiographic method) or in the S-T segments of the 12-lead electrocardiogram. Left ventricular filling pressure soon increased by an average of 4 mm Hg (P less than 0.005), without ventricular dilatation or a Frank-Starling response, suggesting a decrease (ischemic?) in myocardial compliance. Cardiac output by Swan-Ganz thermodilution later increased by 21 percent (P less than 0.01) when a decrease in peripheral vasoconstriction was evident. In contrast, small-dose beta-adrenergic blockade using 0.2 mg of pindolol intravenously after administration of methylprednisolone immediately relieved pain in the chest in all six patients. Elevation of the S-T segments was reduced by 34 percent (P less than 0.05) within 15 minutes, and the contractile function of the ischemic segments improved markedly, by 3 mm or to 34 percent of normal, from the 4 percent of normal before administration of pindolol (P less than 0.005). Hemodynamic function did not deteriorate in the eight patients with uncomplicated infarction or moderate left ventricular failure. Therapy with pindolol thus reduced clinical, electrocardiographic, and myocardial mechanical signs of acute ischemia safely, while administration of methylprednisolone had no short-term protective effect."}
{"id": "PMID:348415", "title": "Bioavailability and metabolism of talampicillin.", "content": "Talampicillin is an ester of ampicillin which is readily hydrolysed on absorption to release ampicillin. It is well absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract resulting in a greater bioavailiability of ampicillin than can be achieved with equivalent doses of ampicillin itself. Dose response studies have confirmed a direct relationship between the dose of talampicillin administered and peak serum ampicillin concentration and urinary excretion of ampicillin. Dosing of ampicillin after food has been shown to adversely affect the total bioavailability of ampicillin. This is not so after dosing with talampicillin. The bioavailability of ampicillin from a 250-mg Talpen tablet dosed after a large meal was significantly greater than that from 250 mg ampicillin dosed in the fasting state. Studies in volunteer subjects at multiples of the proposed therapeutic dose for periods of up to 28 days have indicated its acceptability, bioavailability and lack of side effects on repeated dosing. The fate of the phthalidyl moiety of talampicillin has been investigated in repeated dose studies and in a single dose studies and in a single dose study in which radiolabelled talampicillin was administered. The principal metabolite of the phthalidyl moiety in man has been shown to be 2-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid, which is identical to that in experimental animals used for toxicological investigations.", "contents": "Bioavailability and metabolism of talampicillin. Talampicillin is an ester of ampicillin which is readily hydrolysed on absorption to release ampicillin. It is well absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract resulting in a greater bioavailiability of ampicillin than can be achieved with equivalent doses of ampicillin itself. Dose response studies have confirmed a direct relationship between the dose of talampicillin administered and peak serum ampicillin concentration and urinary excretion of ampicillin. Dosing of ampicillin after food has been shown to adversely affect the total bioavailability of ampicillin. This is not so after dosing with talampicillin. The bioavailability of ampicillin from a 250-mg Talpen tablet dosed after a large meal was significantly greater than that from 250 mg ampicillin dosed in the fasting state. Studies in volunteer subjects at multiples of the proposed therapeutic dose for periods of up to 28 days have indicated its acceptability, bioavailability and lack of side effects on repeated dosing. The fate of the phthalidyl moiety of talampicillin has been investigated in repeated dose studies and in a single dose studies and in a single dose study in which radiolabelled talampicillin was administered. The principal metabolite of the phthalidyl moiety in man has been shown to be 2-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid, which is identical to that in experimental animals used for toxicological investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:348416", "title": "Curing of an R factor from Escherichia coli by hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "Hydroxyurea (HU) and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) eliminate R factor R46 from Escherichia coli strain J5-3. The highest frequency of elimination for both drugs occurred at concentrations and times that produced the lowest survivor levels. 5% of cells were antibiotic-sensitive after 5 h incubation in 5 mg/ml Ara-C, whilst 6 and 7% of the survivors had lost the R factor after 8 and 24 h incubation, respectively in 20 mg/ml HU. The number of survivors began to increase after 5 h incubation in Ara-C, probably due to the inactivation of the drug in the phosphate-buffered medium. All four antibiotic resistances (ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline) mediated by R46 were lost simultaneously and elimination of the whole plasmid was confirmed by conjugation experiments in which the 'cured' cells was shown to be as efficient recipients of R46 as the control R- strain in crosses with E. coli strain J6-2 (R46). No covalently closed circular plasmid DNA was demonstrable in cured cell lines. R+ and R- strains had similar sensitivities to HU but J5-3 R+ was much more sensitive to Ara-C than the isogenic R- strain. It may be concluded that HU eliminates R46 actively whereas although Ara-C may produce some active elimination it acts mainly by selection of R- cells present in the culture.", "contents": "Curing of an R factor from Escherichia coli by hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside. Hydroxyurea (HU) and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) eliminate R factor R46 from Escherichia coli strain J5-3. The highest frequency of elimination for both drugs occurred at concentrations and times that produced the lowest survivor levels. 5% of cells were antibiotic-sensitive after 5 h incubation in 5 mg/ml Ara-C, whilst 6 and 7% of the survivors had lost the R factor after 8 and 24 h incubation, respectively in 20 mg/ml HU. The number of survivors began to increase after 5 h incubation in Ara-C, probably due to the inactivation of the drug in the phosphate-buffered medium. All four antibiotic resistances (ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline) mediated by R46 were lost simultaneously and elimination of the whole plasmid was confirmed by conjugation experiments in which the 'cured' cells was shown to be as efficient recipients of R46 as the control R- strain in crosses with E. coli strain J6-2 (R46). No covalently closed circular plasmid DNA was demonstrable in cured cell lines. R+ and R- strains had similar sensitivities to HU but J5-3 R+ was much more sensitive to Ara-C than the isogenic R- strain. It may be concluded that HU eliminates R46 actively whereas although Ara-C may produce some active elimination it acts mainly by selection of R- cells present in the culture."}
{"id": "PMID:348418", "title": "Perceptions of family relationships by institutionalized and noninstitutionalized dependent children.", "content": "This paper reports research findings obtained regarding family relationships for three groups of adolescents: institutionalized, dependent children; noninstitutionalized, dependent children who are candidates for placement in institutions; and children living with their parents. It also describes a relatively novel, nonverbal, research instrument, the Family Relations Test, used to obtain the data. The conclusion is drawn that one of the major tasks of child care institutions is to restore children's self-esteem and confidence--yet it is far from certain as to whether these settings are capable of accomplishing this important task.", "contents": "Perceptions of family relationships by institutionalized and noninstitutionalized dependent children. This paper reports research findings obtained regarding family relationships for three groups of adolescents: institutionalized, dependent children; noninstitutionalized, dependent children who are candidates for placement in institutions; and children living with their parents. It also describes a relatively novel, nonverbal, research instrument, the Family Relations Test, used to obtain the data. The conclusion is drawn that one of the major tasks of child care institutions is to restore children's self-esteem and confidence--yet it is far from certain as to whether these settings are capable of accomplishing this important task."}
{"id": "PMID:348420", "title": "Immunological diagnosis of echinococcosis.", "content": "Our results with the immunofluorescence technique in the diagnosis of hydatid disease are reported. The sera of 28 patients with surgically proven hydatid disease, of 30 healthy individuals, and of 1 patient with cysticercosis were used. With a dilution of 1:100 a sensitivity of 96% was obtained in the patients affected by the disease. In the control group all but one of the sera were negative. A brief review of the immunological methods used at present for the diagnosis of echinococcosis is made. The most important problems connected with the immunodiagnosis of this disease are discussed.", "contents": "Immunological diagnosis of echinococcosis. Our results with the immunofluorescence technique in the diagnosis of hydatid disease are reported. The sera of 28 patients with surgically proven hydatid disease, of 30 healthy individuals, and of 1 patient with cysticercosis were used. With a dilution of 1:100 a sensitivity of 96% was obtained in the patients affected by the disease. In the control group all but one of the sera were negative. A brief review of the immunological methods used at present for the diagnosis of echinococcosis is made. The most important problems connected with the immunodiagnosis of this disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:348421", "title": "Control of intracranial pressure during pediatric neurosurgery anesthesia.", "content": "Some of the important points of view of anesthesia in pediatric neurosurgery are: adequate alveolar exchange of oxygen and carbondioxide by means of artificial ventilation; stable cardiovascular function; fluid balance; monitoring, and attempts to keep intracranial pressure low. This last point is achieved by various anesthesiological procedures, e.g., hyperventilation, positive-negative pressure ventilation, rapid induction of anesthesia and choice of suitable anesthetics. Enflurane (Ethrane) increases intracranial pressure less than halothane. The new intravenous anesthetic etomidate lowers intracranial pressure in a favorable manner quite similar to thiopental (Pentothal-Sodium).", "contents": "Control of intracranial pressure during pediatric neurosurgery anesthesia. Some of the important points of view of anesthesia in pediatric neurosurgery are: adequate alveolar exchange of oxygen and carbondioxide by means of artificial ventilation; stable cardiovascular function; fluid balance; monitoring, and attempts to keep intracranial pressure low. This last point is achieved by various anesthesiological procedures, e.g., hyperventilation, positive-negative pressure ventilation, rapid induction of anesthesia and choice of suitable anesthetics. Enflurane (Ethrane) increases intracranial pressure less than halothane. The new intravenous anesthetic etomidate lowers intracranial pressure in a favorable manner quite similar to thiopental (Pentothal-Sodium)."}
{"id": "PMID:348427", "title": "[Reconstruction following cardia resection using an interposed jejunal loop without mesenteric resection].", "content": "For reconstruction after cardial resection, we invented a method combining the cardial resection method of Nissen and the gastrectomy method of Tomoda. One peculiarity of this method is the reconstruction by means of a jejunal sling that becomes intercalated between esophagus and antrum without wide dissection of the mesentery. By this method, the esophageal passage is physiological and the frequency of esophageal regurgitation compared with esophagogastrostomy is diminished.", "contents": "[Reconstruction following cardia resection using an interposed jejunal loop without mesenteric resection]. For reconstruction after cardial resection, we invented a method combining the cardial resection method of Nissen and the gastrectomy method of Tomoda. One peculiarity of this method is the reconstruction by means of a jejunal sling that becomes intercalated between esophagus and antrum without wide dissection of the mesentery. By this method, the esophageal passage is physiological and the frequency of esophageal regurgitation compared with esophagogastrostomy is diminished."}
{"id": "PMID:348436", "title": "[Secondary amenorrhoea (author's transl)].", "content": "27 patients with secondary amenorrhoea for 6--20 months were investigated with a gonadorelin (GnRH-)test and a psychoanalytical exploration. Results, which were determined independently of each other, were then correlated. According to the gonadorelin and the gestagen test patients could be allocated to four groups: test group 1 = negative gestagen test, LH peak below 8 ng/ml, test group 2 = positive gestagen test, LH peak below 8 ng/ml, test group 3 = positive gestagen test, LH peak 8--20 ng/ml, test group 4 = positive gestagen test, LH peak 20--37 ng/ml. According to the psychoanalytical exploration two groups of patients could be differentiated. Patients of test group 1 and 2 showed psychosomatic disorders to a greater extent with pronounced associated somatic symptoms and predominantly retentive personality structures. Patients in test groups 3 and 4 showed predominantly associated mental symptoms accompanied by better insight into their own conflicts.", "contents": "[Secondary amenorrhoea (author's transl)]. 27 patients with secondary amenorrhoea for 6--20 months were investigated with a gonadorelin (GnRH-)test and a psychoanalytical exploration. Results, which were determined independently of each other, were then correlated. According to the gonadorelin and the gestagen test patients could be allocated to four groups: test group 1 = negative gestagen test, LH peak below 8 ng/ml, test group 2 = positive gestagen test, LH peak below 8 ng/ml, test group 3 = positive gestagen test, LH peak 8--20 ng/ml, test group 4 = positive gestagen test, LH peak 20--37 ng/ml. According to the psychoanalytical exploration two groups of patients could be differentiated. Patients of test group 1 and 2 showed psychosomatic disorders to a greater extent with pronounced associated somatic symptoms and predominantly retentive personality structures. Patients in test groups 3 and 4 showed predominantly associated mental symptoms accompanied by better insight into their own conflicts."}
{"id": "PMID:348445", "title": "[Incorporation of the hospital into modern technology].", "content": "This address traces the emergence of the hospital in the 18th century as a facility for combating disease and tending to the sick. Reference is made to the reports of Tenon and Howard on hospitals in several European countries, which instead of considering the hospital as a mere architectural object make recommendations based on the numbers of beds of an institution, its usable space, the dimensions of wards, mortaility rates, etc.; the result is a new functional concept of the medical and physical organization of the hospital. The author delves into the characteristics of the hospital and medical practice in the Middle Ages, the 17th and 18th centuries, and since the middle of the 18th. He brings out the direct relationship of hospital organization to the economic regulations that emerged with mercantilism. He stresses the importance of man for social and military development on the one hand, and, on the other hand, to the application of a technology that could be described as political: the discipline. He is of the view that the introduction of disciplinary mechanisms in the confused environment of the hospital permitted its \"medicalization\" and the development of the medical-therapeutic hospital.", "contents": "[Incorporation of the hospital into modern technology]. This address traces the emergence of the hospital in the 18th century as a facility for combating disease and tending to the sick. Reference is made to the reports of Tenon and Howard on hospitals in several European countries, which instead of considering the hospital as a mere architectural object make recommendations based on the numbers of beds of an institution, its usable space, the dimensions of wards, mortaility rates, etc.; the result is a new functional concept of the medical and physical organization of the hospital. The author delves into the characteristics of the hospital and medical practice in the Middle Ages, the 17th and 18th centuries, and since the middle of the 18th. He brings out the direct relationship of hospital organization to the economic regulations that emerged with mercantilism. He stresses the importance of man for social and military development on the one hand, and, on the other hand, to the application of a technology that could be described as political: the discipline. He is of the view that the introduction of disciplinary mechanisms in the confused environment of the hospital permitted its \"medicalization\" and the development of the medical-therapeutic hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:348446", "title": "[The teaching of the integral or medico-social aspects of health: history and present situation].", "content": "This paper was presented to the Scientific Workshop on Preventive Medicine held in 1977 in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Institute of Social Medicine in San Marcos National University at Lima. The author reviews the \"health-disease\" concept not as an eminently medical technique but as a tool for analysis of the complex problem it implies, in the web of basic relationships of the socioeconomic structure of a country. In laying the foundation for his presentation of the subject, he analyzes the historical development of the practice of medicine and of preventive medicine in particular.", "contents": "[The teaching of the integral or medico-social aspects of health: history and present situation]. This paper was presented to the Scientific Workshop on Preventive Medicine held in 1977 in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Institute of Social Medicine in San Marcos National University at Lima. The author reviews the \"health-disease\" concept not as an eminently medical technique but as a tool for analysis of the complex problem it implies, in the web of basic relationships of the socioeconomic structure of a country. In laying the foundation for his presentation of the subject, he analyzes the historical development of the practice of medicine and of preventive medicine in particular."}
{"id": "PMID:348447", "title": "Metabolic effects of some antibilharzial drugs. Comparative study on the effect of tartar-emetic and piperazine hexahydrate on the activity of some oxidoreductase enzymes of the rat livers.", "content": "IN THIS INVESTIGATION, the effects of the examined antibilharzial agents are as follows: Bilharcid and tartar-emetic similarly affected succinate oxidation. 50% inhibition could be obtained at a concentration of 10(-3) of both drugs. Malate oxidation was differently affected by the drugs. Bilharcid and tartar-emetic at a concentration of 10(-3) M induced 50% and 70% inhibition respectively, while tartar-emetic stimulated malate oxidation if added in a concentration of 10(-5) M. Pyruvate oxidation was affected in the same manner and to the same extent as malate oxidation. Citrate oxidation was slightly inhibited by Bilharcid and tartar-emetic. 10% and 30% inhibition could be obtained if the concentration was 10(-3) M of both drugs respectively. Bilharcid had a biphasic effect on citrate oxidation. Stimulation could be observed at low concentrations (up to 10(-8) M and inhibition at higher ones (up to 10(-3) M. Piperazine hexahydrate was nearly without effect on the rate of oxidation of the four mentioned substrates.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of some antibilharzial drugs. Comparative study on the effect of tartar-emetic and piperazine hexahydrate on the activity of some oxidoreductase enzymes of the rat livers. IN THIS INVESTIGATION, the effects of the examined antibilharzial agents are as follows: Bilharcid and tartar-emetic similarly affected succinate oxidation. 50% inhibition could be obtained at a concentration of 10(-3) of both drugs. Malate oxidation was differently affected by the drugs. Bilharcid and tartar-emetic at a concentration of 10(-3) M induced 50% and 70% inhibition respectively, while tartar-emetic stimulated malate oxidation if added in a concentration of 10(-5) M. Pyruvate oxidation was affected in the same manner and to the same extent as malate oxidation. Citrate oxidation was slightly inhibited by Bilharcid and tartar-emetic. 10% and 30% inhibition could be obtained if the concentration was 10(-3) M of both drugs respectively. Bilharcid had a biphasic effect on citrate oxidation. Stimulation could be observed at low concentrations (up to 10(-8) M and inhibition at higher ones (up to 10(-3) M. Piperazine hexahydrate was nearly without effect on the rate of oxidation of the four mentioned substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:348448", "title": "Comparative clinicopathological and bacteriological studies in schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "FIFTY MALE Egyptian inpatients with active colonic mansoniasis were studied clinicopathologically, endoscopically, radiologically and bacteriologically. This was done to find out the pattern of colonic and urinary enterobacteria and serum antisalmonella agglutinins in various stages of mansoniasis. Cases are divided into three groups (A, B and C) according to the stage of their hepato-splenomegally. Their clinical presentations were dysentery, rectal bleeding, abdominal distension, anaemia, endocrinal changes and general weakness. Oesophageal varices were diagnosed in 19.8% of group C patients. Distal colonic polyps were noticed in 25% and 4% of group A and B cases respectively, while colonic ulcers were found in 20% of patients of either group. The total number of bilharzia ova per gram of fresh colonic biopsy was highest in group A and lowest in group C subjects. Mucosal and submucosal bilharzial granulation tissue formation together with mucosal hypertrophy were conspicuous among group A and B patients. Hematoxylin and eosin stain was of good diagnostic value and the rest of the stains used did not show any fungi or fibrinoid deposits.", "contents": "Comparative clinicopathological and bacteriological studies in schistosomiasis mansoni. FIFTY MALE Egyptian inpatients with active colonic mansoniasis were studied clinicopathologically, endoscopically, radiologically and bacteriologically. This was done to find out the pattern of colonic and urinary enterobacteria and serum antisalmonella agglutinins in various stages of mansoniasis. Cases are divided into three groups (A, B and C) according to the stage of their hepato-splenomegally. Their clinical presentations were dysentery, rectal bleeding, abdominal distension, anaemia, endocrinal changes and general weakness. Oesophageal varices were diagnosed in 19.8% of group C patients. Distal colonic polyps were noticed in 25% and 4% of group A and B cases respectively, while colonic ulcers were found in 20% of patients of either group. The total number of bilharzia ova per gram of fresh colonic biopsy was highest in group A and lowest in group C subjects. Mucosal and submucosal bilharzial granulation tissue formation together with mucosal hypertrophy were conspicuous among group A and B patients. Hematoxylin and eosin stain was of good diagnostic value and the rest of the stains used did not show any fungi or fibrinoid deposits."}
{"id": "PMID:348449", "title": "[Psychopathological and psychopathometric findings in patients with dental prosthesis intolerance].", "content": "It is discussed whether psychological factors can be accounted responsible for the intolerance to the wearing of prostheses which can not be explained on dental grounds. Psychopathological, psychometric and psychopathometric investigations brought the following results: 1. Patients with complaints differ significantly from a control group in the variables changeable according to situation: \"general somatic discomforts\", disturbances of vegetative functions, and \"depressive moods\". This points to a constitutional predisposition to vegetative irritability and lowered threshold to frustration. 2. Less intelligent persons are less able and prepared to incorporate and accept the prosthesis. 3. Among the personality variables differences in the attributes \"uncontrollability and social responsiveness\" show up in sample tests. The subjects consider themselves more esteemed, popular and acknowledged. 4. In the majority of subjects the making of the tooth replacement coincided with stressful events.", "contents": "[Psychopathological and psychopathometric findings in patients with dental prosthesis intolerance]. It is discussed whether psychological factors can be accounted responsible for the intolerance to the wearing of prostheses which can not be explained on dental grounds. Psychopathological, psychometric and psychopathometric investigations brought the following results: 1. Patients with complaints differ significantly from a control group in the variables changeable according to situation: \"general somatic discomforts\", disturbances of vegetative functions, and \"depressive moods\". This points to a constitutional predisposition to vegetative irritability and lowered threshold to frustration. 2. Less intelligent persons are less able and prepared to incorporate and accept the prosthesis. 3. Among the personality variables differences in the attributes \"uncontrollability and social responsiveness\" show up in sample tests. The subjects consider themselves more esteemed, popular and acknowledged. 4. In the majority of subjects the making of the tooth replacement coincided with stressful events."}
{"id": "PMID:348451", "title": "[Concept and testing of the T\u00fcbingen immediate implant].", "content": "This introductory communication deals with the functional-anatomical, biophysical and neurophysiological considerations which led to the construction of an aluminium oxide immediate implant from a stepped cylindrical body. This intra-osseous implant differs in essential constructional features from the implant shapes known up to now; it endeavours to make use of the architecture of the natural gingival fibre apparatus for the placing of the mucosal cuff. Its surface was maximalised towards the bone, leaving out surface structures which could produce pressure points. The enlargement of surface compared with the root of the corresponding natural tooth amounts to 65 to 100% varying according to the shape of the implant. Descriptions are given of the concept of testing experimental implants, the physical and chemical characterisation of surfaces, animal-experimental steps, clinical tests including legal problems posed and the control system created with the view to large scale clinical trials.", "contents": "[Concept and testing of the T\u00fcbingen immediate implant]. This introductory communication deals with the functional-anatomical, biophysical and neurophysiological considerations which led to the construction of an aluminium oxide immediate implant from a stepped cylindrical body. This intra-osseous implant differs in essential constructional features from the implant shapes known up to now; it endeavours to make use of the architecture of the natural gingival fibre apparatus for the placing of the mucosal cuff. Its surface was maximalised towards the bone, leaving out surface structures which could produce pressure points. The enlargement of surface compared with the root of the corresponding natural tooth amounts to 65 to 100% varying according to the shape of the implant. Descriptions are given of the concept of testing experimental implants, the physical and chemical characterisation of surfaces, animal-experimental steps, clinical tests including legal problems posed and the control system created with the view to large scale clinical trials."}
{"id": "PMID:348452", "title": "[The T\u00fcbingen immediate implant in clinical studies].", "content": "95 Tuebinger immediate implants--four different types--were clinically tested. The longest time of observation was 2 1/2 years. Of the type which so far has been shown to be the best (54 implants), one was lost. The quota of losses was higher in the other types. Preservation depends on the shape of the implant head and particularly on the size  of the lacuna. Best results were achieved by the 54 implants with a lacuna radius of 100 micron. Smaller lacunae increase the failure rate.", "contents": "[The T\u00fcbingen immediate implant in clinical studies]. 95 Tuebinger immediate implants--four different types--were clinically tested. The longest time of observation was 2 1/2 years. Of the type which so far has been shown to be the best (54 implants), one was lost. The quota of losses was higher in the other types. Preservation depends on the shape of the implant head and particularly on the size  of the lacuna. Best results were achieved by the 54 implants with a lacuna radius of 100 micron. Smaller lacunae increase the failure rate."}
{"id": "PMID:348453", "title": "[The sulcus fluid flow rate (SFFR) in T\u00fcbingen immediate implants made from aluminum oxide ceramics].", "content": "Determination of sulcus fluid flowrate was used to gain an insight into the peri-implantar tissue-reactive behaviour in response to Tuebinger immediate implants. The evaluation of 570 measurements on 36 implants and corresponding control teeth showed no difference between natural teeth and healthy gum and implant. Mobility influences the SFFR even in implants.", "contents": "[The sulcus fluid flow rate (SFFR) in T\u00fcbingen immediate implants made from aluminum oxide ceramics]. Determination of sulcus fluid flowrate was used to gain an insight into the peri-implantar tissue-reactive behaviour in response to Tuebinger immediate implants. The evaluation of 570 measurements on 36 implants and corresponding control teeth showed no difference between natural teeth and healthy gum and implant. Mobility influences the SFFR even in implants."}
{"id": "PMID:348455", "title": "Absorption, biotransformation, and storage of halothane.", "content": "Current knowledge of the quantitative aspects of biotransformation of halothane and the fate of its metabolites are reviewed. Absorbed quantities of the inhalation anesthetic average 12.7 and 18 g during 1 and 2 hr, respectively, of anesthesia. Reported fractions of halothane recovered as urinary metabolites range from 10 to 25%. An analysis of reports of bromide ion accumulation in plasma during and following anesthesia suggests that metabolism of halothane continues for 20-40 hr after exposure and that 22-24% of absorbed halothane is metabolized following 8 hr of anesthesia. Half-times for excretion of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), a principal urinary metabolite of halothane, tend to confirm that biotransformation proceeds for 2 to 3 days following exposure. Other urinary metabolites which occur in small amounts include a dehydrofluorinated metabolite of halothane conjugated with L-cysteine and N-trifluoroacetyl-n-ethanolamine, both of which are evidence of the occurrence of reactive intermediates during the metabolism of halothane. Support for free radical formation has come from in vivo and in vitro demonstrations of stimulation of lipoperoxidation of polyenoic fatty acids by halothane. Irreversible binding of halothane metabolites to microsomal proteins and phospholipids has been shown to depend on the microsomal P-450 cytochrome system. Irreversible binding is increased by microsomal enzyme induction and by anaerobic conditions. Hypoxia increases irreversible binding to phospholipids, augments the release of inorganic fluoride and is followed by centrilobular hepatic necrosis. It is concluded that one-fourth to one-half of halothane undergoes biotransformation in man. One fraction is excreted as trifluoroacetic acid, chloride and bromide. A second fraction is irreversibly bound to hepatic proteins and lipids. Under anaerobic conditions fluoride is released, binding to phospholipids is increased, and hepatic necrosis may occur.", "contents": "Absorption, biotransformation, and storage of halothane. Current knowledge of the quantitative aspects of biotransformation of halothane and the fate of its metabolites are reviewed. Absorbed quantities of the inhalation anesthetic average 12.7 and 18 g during 1 and 2 hr, respectively, of anesthesia. Reported fractions of halothane recovered as urinary metabolites range from 10 to 25%. An analysis of reports of bromide ion accumulation in plasma during and following anesthesia suggests that metabolism of halothane continues for 20-40 hr after exposure and that 22-24% of absorbed halothane is metabolized following 8 hr of anesthesia. Half-times for excretion of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), a principal urinary metabolite of halothane, tend to confirm that biotransformation proceeds for 2 to 3 days following exposure. Other urinary metabolites which occur in small amounts include a dehydrofluorinated metabolite of halothane conjugated with L-cysteine and N-trifluoroacetyl-n-ethanolamine, both of which are evidence of the occurrence of reactive intermediates during the metabolism of halothane. Support for free radical formation has come from in vivo and in vitro demonstrations of stimulation of lipoperoxidation of polyenoic fatty acids by halothane. Irreversible binding of halothane metabolites to microsomal proteins and phospholipids has been shown to depend on the microsomal P-450 cytochrome system. Irreversible binding is increased by microsomal enzyme induction and by anaerobic conditions. Hypoxia increases irreversible binding to phospholipids, augments the release of inorganic fluoride and is followed by centrilobular hepatic necrosis. It is concluded that one-fourth to one-half of halothane undergoes biotransformation in man. One fraction is excreted as trifluoroacetic acid, chloride and bromide. A second fraction is irreversibly bound to hepatic proteins and lipids. Under anaerobic conditions fluoride is released, binding to phospholipids is increased, and hepatic necrosis may occur."}
{"id": "PMID:348456", "title": "Detection of mutagenic activity in the urines of anesthesiologists: a preliminary report.", "content": "While halothane was without mutagenic activity in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay, even in the presence of microsomal fractions, the urines of anesthesiologists induced mutations of the base-substitution type.", "contents": "Detection of mutagenic activity in the urines of anesthesiologists: a preliminary report. While halothane was without mutagenic activity in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay, even in the presence of microsomal fractions, the urines of anesthesiologists induced mutations of the base-substitution type."}
{"id": "PMID:348457", "title": "Toxicity of chloroprene, 1,3-dichlorobutene-2, and 1,4-dichlorobutene-2.", "content": "A review of the toxicity of 1,3-dichlorobutene-2 (1,3-DCB), 1,4-dichlorobutene-2 (1,4-dcb), and 2-chlorobutadiene, 1,3 (beta-chloroprene) was undertaken with an emphasis on assessing the hazards of these materials in the industrial situation. 1,3-DCB is a by-product of beta-chloroprene from the acetylene route, with 1,4-DCB is an intermediate in the production of beta-chloroprene from the butadiene route, the production route used in the U.S. Presented in the review is a summary of the acute toxicity including mutagen testing, skin, eye, and inhalation testing of these compounds. In addition, subacute inhalation testing, embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity are also reviewed where the information is available.", "contents": "Toxicity of chloroprene, 1,3-dichlorobutene-2, and 1,4-dichlorobutene-2. A review of the toxicity of 1,3-dichlorobutene-2 (1,3-DCB), 1,4-dichlorobutene-2 (1,4-dcb), and 2-chlorobutadiene, 1,3 (beta-chloroprene) was undertaken with an emphasis on assessing the hazards of these materials in the industrial situation. 1,3-DCB is a by-product of beta-chloroprene from the acetylene route, with 1,4-DCB is an intermediate in the production of beta-chloroprene from the butadiene route, the production route used in the U.S. Presented in the review is a summary of the acute toxicity including mutagen testing, skin, eye, and inhalation testing of these compounds. In addition, subacute inhalation testing, embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity are also reviewed where the information is available."}
{"id": "PMID:348458", "title": "Biodehalogenation.", "content": "Haloorganic biocides are widely employed as soil fumigants to combat the destructive action of plant parasitic nematodes and fungi. These substances are dehalogenated by soil organisms, principally species of Pseudomonas and Flavobacteria, to nontoxic metabolities. The paths of metabolism of a vareity of simply alkyl halides are described with emphasis upon the biodehalogenation step.", "contents": "Biodehalogenation. Haloorganic biocides are widely employed as soil fumigants to combat the destructive action of plant parasitic nematodes and fungi. These substances are dehalogenated by soil organisms, principally species of Pseudomonas and Flavobacteria, to nontoxic metabolities. The paths of metabolism of a vareity of simply alkyl halides are described with emphasis upon the biodehalogenation step."}
{"id": "PMID:348459", "title": "Metabolism and mutagenicity of halogenated olefins--a comparison of structure and activity.", "content": "Chlorinated ethylenes are metabolized in mammals, as a first step, to epoxides. The fate of these electrophilic intermediates may be reaction with nucleophiles (alkylation), hydrolysis, or intramolecular rearrangement. The latter reaction has been studied in the whole series of chlorinated epoxiethanes. The rearrangement products found were: acyl chlorides (tetrachloro-, trichloro-, and 1,1-dichloroethylenes), or chlorinated aldehydes (1,2-dichloroethylenes, cis- and trans-, vinyl chloride). The metabolities found in vivo are identical with, or further derivatives of these rearrangment products, with one important exception: trichloroethylene. With this compound, in vivo rearrangement yields chloral exclusively. The mechanism of the different rearrangement has been identified as a Lewis acid catalysis. All chlorinated ethylenes have been investigated in a tissue-mediated mutagenicity testing system. The prominent molecular feature of those with mutagenic effects (trichloro-, 1,1-dichloro-, and monochloroethylene) is unsymmetric chlorine substitution which renders the epoxides unstable, whereas symmetric substitution confers relative stability and nonmutagenic property.", "contents": "Metabolism and mutagenicity of halogenated olefins--a comparison of structure and activity. Chlorinated ethylenes are metabolized in mammals, as a first step, to epoxides. The fate of these electrophilic intermediates may be reaction with nucleophiles (alkylation), hydrolysis, or intramolecular rearrangement. The latter reaction has been studied in the whole series of chlorinated epoxiethanes. The rearrangement products found were: acyl chlorides (tetrachloro-, trichloro-, and 1,1-dichloroethylenes), or chlorinated aldehydes (1,2-dichloroethylenes, cis- and trans-, vinyl chloride). The metabolities found in vivo are identical with, or further derivatives of these rearrangment products, with one important exception: trichloroethylene. With this compound, in vivo rearrangement yields chloral exclusively. The mechanism of the different rearrangement has been identified as a Lewis acid catalysis. All chlorinated ethylenes have been investigated in a tissue-mediated mutagenicity testing system. The prominent molecular feature of those with mutagenic effects (trichloro-, 1,1-dichloro-, and monochloroethylene) is unsymmetric chlorine substitution which renders the epoxides unstable, whereas symmetric substitution confers relative stability and nonmutagenic property."}
{"id": "PMID:348460", "title": "Mutagenicity of halogenated alkanes and their derivatives.", "content": "The ability of a series of haloalkanes, haloethanols and haloacetaldehydes to induce mutations in Salmonella typhrimurium and preferentially to inhibit the growth of DNA polymerase-deficient E. coli (pol A(+)/pol A(-)) was investigated. For the haloalkanes investigated, the order of reactivities towards the E. coli pol A(+)/pol A(-), was: 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane > 1,1-dibromoethane > 1,1,2,2-tetrachlorethane > 1,2-dibromoethane = 1,5 dibromopentane > 1,2-dibromo-2-methylpropane > 1-bromo-2-chloroethane > 1,2-dichloroethane. In the standard Salmonella mutagenicity assay the order of these substances was 1,2-dibromoethane = 1,5-dibromopentane > 1,2-dibromo-2-methylpropane >/= 1-bromo-2-chloroethane > 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane = 1,1-dibromoethane > 1,2-dichloroethane. 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane was negative in the standard assay but strongly mutagenic when tested in suspension. It would appear that the discrepancy between the two procedures is due to the fact that bactericidal mutagens cannot be scored reliably in the standard Salmonella assay. The order of reactivity of 2-haloethanols in E. coli pol. A(+)/pol A(-), was 2-iodo > 2-bromo-> 2-chloroethanol. In the Salmonella assay the order was 2-bromo-> 2 iodo- >2-chloro-ethanol. 2-Fluoroethanol and ethanol were devoid of activity in both assays. For the 2-haloacetaldehydes the reactivities in the E. coli system were 2-bromoethylacetate > 2-bromoacetaldehyde = acetaldehyde > 2-chloroacetaldehyde while in the Salmonella system the order was 2-bromoethylacetate > 2-chloroacetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde had minimal activity, while 2-bromoacetaldehyde was without activity but strongly bactericidal.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of halogenated alkanes and their derivatives. The ability of a series of haloalkanes, haloethanols and haloacetaldehydes to induce mutations in Salmonella typhrimurium and preferentially to inhibit the growth of DNA polymerase-deficient E. coli (pol A(+)/pol A(-)) was investigated. For the haloalkanes investigated, the order of reactivities towards the E. coli pol A(+)/pol A(-), was: 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane > 1,1-dibromoethane > 1,1,2,2-tetrachlorethane > 1,2-dibromoethane = 1,5 dibromopentane > 1,2-dibromo-2-methylpropane > 1-bromo-2-chloroethane > 1,2-dichloroethane. In the standard Salmonella mutagenicity assay the order of these substances was 1,2-dibromoethane = 1,5-dibromopentane > 1,2-dibromo-2-methylpropane >/= 1-bromo-2-chloroethane > 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane = 1,1-dibromoethane > 1,2-dichloroethane. 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane was negative in the standard assay but strongly mutagenic when tested in suspension. It would appear that the discrepancy between the two procedures is due to the fact that bactericidal mutagens cannot be scored reliably in the standard Salmonella assay. The order of reactivity of 2-haloethanols in E. coli pol. A(+)/pol A(-), was 2-iodo > 2-bromo-> 2-chloroethanol. In the Salmonella assay the order was 2-bromo-> 2 iodo- >2-chloro-ethanol. 2-Fluoroethanol and ethanol were devoid of activity in both assays. For the 2-haloacetaldehydes the reactivities in the E. coli system were 2-bromoethylacetate > 2-bromoacetaldehyde = acetaldehyde > 2-chloroacetaldehyde while in the Salmonella system the order was 2-bromoethylacetate > 2-chloroacetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde had minimal activity, while 2-bromoacetaldehyde was without activity but strongly bactericidal."}
{"id": "PMID:348462", "title": "Some studies on equine strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A detailed study was made of 194 equine strains of E. coli, involving biochemical and serological characters. In these, the equine strains closely resembled E. coli from other sources, and shared antigenic characters with strains isolated from different animal species.", "contents": "Some studies on equine strains of Escherichia coli. A detailed study was made of 194 equine strains of E. coli, involving biochemical and serological characters. In these, the equine strains closely resembled E. coli from other sources, and shared antigenic characters with strains isolated from different animal species."}
{"id": "PMID:348461", "title": "Late effects of air pollution with special reference to lung cancer.", "content": "The Department of Environmental Hygiene of the National Swedish Environment Protection Board and of the Karolinska Institute have prepared an extensive review on health effects of air pollution, to be used by the Swedish Parliamentary Committee on Energy and the Environment. This report forms the basis for one part of the review, that on late effects. Much of the work on the review, is the result of a team effort involving researchers from numerous organizations.", "contents": "Late effects of air pollution with special reference to lung cancer. The Department of Environmental Hygiene of the National Swedish Environment Protection Board and of the Karolinska Institute have prepared an extensive review on health effects of air pollution, to be used by the Swedish Parliamentary Committee on Energy and the Environment. This report forms the basis for one part of the review, that on late effects. Much of the work on the review, is the result of a team effort involving researchers from numerous organizations."}
{"id": "PMID:348464", "title": "Fluorescence energy-transfer studies on the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex isolated from Azotobacter vinelandii.", "content": "Fluorescence energy transfer has been employed to estimate the minimum distance between each of the active sites of the 4 component enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Azotobacter vinelandii. No energy transfer was seen between thiochrome diphosphate, bound to the pyruvate decarboxylase active site, and the FAD of the lipoamide dehydrogenase active site. Likewise, several fluorescent sulfhydryl labels, which were specifically bound to the lipoyl moiety of lipoyl transacetylase, showed no energy transfer to either the flavin or thiochrome diphosphate. These observations suggest that all the active centers of the complex are quite far apart (greater than or equal to 40 nm), at least during some stages of catalysis. These results do not preclude the possibility that the distances change during catalysis. Several of the fluorescent probes used possessed multiple fluorescent lifetimes, as shown by determination of lifetime averages by both phase and modulation measurements on a phase fluorimeter. These lifetimes are shown to result from multiple factors, not necessarily related to multiple protein conformations.", "contents": "Fluorescence energy-transfer studies on the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex isolated from Azotobacter vinelandii. Fluorescence energy transfer has been employed to estimate the minimum distance between each of the active sites of the 4 component enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Azotobacter vinelandii. No energy transfer was seen between thiochrome diphosphate, bound to the pyruvate decarboxylase active site, and the FAD of the lipoamide dehydrogenase active site. Likewise, several fluorescent sulfhydryl labels, which were specifically bound to the lipoyl moiety of lipoyl transacetylase, showed no energy transfer to either the flavin or thiochrome diphosphate. These observations suggest that all the active centers of the complex are quite far apart (greater than or equal to 40 nm), at least during some stages of catalysis. These results do not preclude the possibility that the distances change during catalysis. Several of the fluorescent probes used possessed multiple fluorescent lifetimes, as shown by determination of lifetime averages by both phase and modulation measurements on a phase fluorimeter. These lifetimes are shown to result from multiple factors, not necessarily related to multiple protein conformations."}
{"id": "PMID:348465", "title": "Replication of M-13 DNA in plasmolysed Escherichia coli cells. Structure of a replicative intermediate with restricted binding of intercalating dyes.", "content": "DNA molecules with restricted binding of intercalating dyes are observed as replicative intermediates during the replication of bacteriophage M-13 duplex DNA in a cellular system in vitro prepared by plasmolysis of M-13-am5-infected Escherichia coli cells. Restriction of dye binding is abolished by heating the DNA to 80 degrees C, but can be recovered by slow cooling of the heat-treated DNA. Radioactive pulse-label incorporated by these molecules is found exclusively in elongated viral strands of more than one genome length. In the electron microscope this DNA fraction is seen to contain a significant number of duplex DNA rings with two single-stranded tails protruding from the same region of the ring. It is proposed that these structures arise by branch migration during the isolation of replicating molecules containing only one single-stranded tail. The topological constraint in these molecules is most likely caused by base-pairing between partially complementary regions of the two single-stranded tails.", "contents": "Replication of M-13 DNA in plasmolysed Escherichia coli cells. Structure of a replicative intermediate with restricted binding of intercalating dyes. DNA molecules with restricted binding of intercalating dyes are observed as replicative intermediates during the replication of bacteriophage M-13 duplex DNA in a cellular system in vitro prepared by plasmolysis of M-13-am5-infected Escherichia coli cells. Restriction of dye binding is abolished by heating the DNA to 80 degrees C, but can be recovered by slow cooling of the heat-treated DNA. Radioactive pulse-label incorporated by these molecules is found exclusively in elongated viral strands of more than one genome length. In the electron microscope this DNA fraction is seen to contain a significant number of duplex DNA rings with two single-stranded tails protruding from the same region of the ring. It is proposed that these structures arise by branch migration during the isolation of replicating molecules containing only one single-stranded tail. The topological constraint in these molecules is most likely caused by base-pairing between partially complementary regions of the two single-stranded tails."}
{"id": "PMID:348466", "title": "Valylation of the two RNA components of turnip-yellow mosaic virus and specificity of the tRNA aminoacylation reaction.", "content": "A comparative study of the aminoacylation of the two RNA components of turnip yellow mosaic virus, of yeast tRNAVal, tRNAfMet and of tRNAPhe by purified yeast valyl-tRNA synthetase is reported. Aminoacylations were performed in the presence of pure yeast tRNA nucleotidyltransferase, since 85% of the viral RNA molecules lacked the 3'-adenosine. We find that aminoacylation of the viral RNAs, like tRNA aminoacylation, reflects an equilibrium between the acylation and deacylation reactions. The kinetic parameters of TYM virus RNA valylation resemble the values found for tRNAVal valylation; in particular, there is a strong affinity between the viral RNA and valyl-tRNA synthetase and the rate constant for TYM virus RNA valylation is only slightly lower than that for tRNAVal. This result contrasts with the reduced rates observed in tRNA mischarging, and suggests that the viral RNA could be easily aminoacylated in vivo. Considering the fact that the 3'-terminal sequence of TYM virus RNA has only a few points of resemblance to a tRNA sequence, we propose that there are some structural motifs found in both tRNAVal and TYM virus RNA which are brought in a similar spatial arrangement recognized by valyl-tRNA synthetase.", "contents": "Valylation of the two RNA components of turnip-yellow mosaic virus and specificity of the tRNA aminoacylation reaction. A comparative study of the aminoacylation of the two RNA components of turnip yellow mosaic virus, of yeast tRNAVal, tRNAfMet and of tRNAPhe by purified yeast valyl-tRNA synthetase is reported. Aminoacylations were performed in the presence of pure yeast tRNA nucleotidyltransferase, since 85% of the viral RNA molecules lacked the 3'-adenosine. We find that aminoacylation of the viral RNAs, like tRNA aminoacylation, reflects an equilibrium between the acylation and deacylation reactions. The kinetic parameters of TYM virus RNA valylation resemble the values found for tRNAVal valylation; in particular, there is a strong affinity between the viral RNA and valyl-tRNA synthetase and the rate constant for TYM virus RNA valylation is only slightly lower than that for tRNAVal. This result contrasts with the reduced rates observed in tRNA mischarging, and suggests that the viral RNA could be easily aminoacylated in vivo. Considering the fact that the 3'-terminal sequence of TYM virus RNA has only a few points of resemblance to a tRNA sequence, we propose that there are some structural motifs found in both tRNAVal and TYM virus RNA which are brought in a similar spatial arrangement recognized by valyl-tRNA synthetase."}
{"id": "PMID:348467", "title": "A study of unwinding of DNA and shielding of the DNA grooves by RNA polymerase by using methylation with dimethylsulphate.", "content": "The dimethylsulphate method has been used to study the complexes of RNA polymerase (Escherichia coli) with DNA of T7 phage, poly[d(A--T)] and fragments of calf thymus DNA protected against DNase digestion by RNA polymerase. The binding of RNA polymerase to DNA significantly increases the formation of 1-methyl-adenine produced by methylation of the single-stranded DNA region, diminishes by about 10% the formation of 3-methyl-adenine by methylation within the minor groove and does not affect the formation of 7-methyl-guanine by methylation within the major DNA groove. The presence of nascent RNA decreases the formation of 1-methyl-adenine in DNA of the complex by about 30%. The initiation of RNA synthesis or RNA synthesis itself does not influence the methylation of the major groove but shielding of the minor groove increases by about twice as much. These results suggest that RNA polymerase, upon binding, breaks Watson-Crick base-pairing in a DNA region of about 15-base-pairs long, that nascent RNA forms a duplex with DNA of about 10-base-pairs long; and that the enzyme weakly interacts with DNA along its grooves and preferentially makes contacts with the minor groove.", "contents": "A study of unwinding of DNA and shielding of the DNA grooves by RNA polymerase by using methylation with dimethylsulphate. The dimethylsulphate method has been used to study the complexes of RNA polymerase (Escherichia coli) with DNA of T7 phage, poly[d(A--T)] and fragments of calf thymus DNA protected against DNase digestion by RNA polymerase. The binding of RNA polymerase to DNA significantly increases the formation of 1-methyl-adenine produced by methylation of the single-stranded DNA region, diminishes by about 10% the formation of 3-methyl-adenine by methylation within the minor groove and does not affect the formation of 7-methyl-guanine by methylation within the major DNA groove. The presence of nascent RNA decreases the formation of 1-methyl-adenine in DNA of the complex by about 30%. The initiation of RNA synthesis or RNA synthesis itself does not influence the methylation of the major groove but shielding of the minor groove increases by about twice as much. These results suggest that RNA polymerase, upon binding, breaks Watson-Crick base-pairing in a DNA region of about 15-base-pairs long, that nascent RNA forms a duplex with DNA of about 10-base-pairs long; and that the enzyme weakly interacts with DNA along its grooves and preferentially makes contacts with the minor groove."}
{"id": "PMID:348468", "title": "Interaction between penicillin and the DD-carboxypeptidase of the unstable L-form of Proteus mirabilis strain 19.", "content": "Binding of penicillin to the DD-carboxypeptidase of the unstable spheroplast L-form of Proteus mirabilis results in the rapid formation of a modified enzyme-inhibitor complex which in turn undergoes rapid decay into reactivated enzyme and an antibiotically inactive penicillin degradation product. Major antibiotic metabolites recovered from such interactions were benzylpenicilloic acid and phenoxymethylpenicilloic acid from benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin, respectively, suggesting a second enzymic function of the DD-carboxypeptidase as a penicillinase of low efficiency. Statistical analyses made with the help of a linear regression program show that the enzyme interacts with the substrate UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-(L)-meso-2,6-diaminopimelyl-(L)-D-alanyl-D-alanine and either benzympenicillin or carbenicillin in a non-competitive manner.", "contents": "Interaction between penicillin and the DD-carboxypeptidase of the unstable L-form of Proteus mirabilis strain 19. Binding of penicillin to the DD-carboxypeptidase of the unstable spheroplast L-form of Proteus mirabilis results in the rapid formation of a modified enzyme-inhibitor complex which in turn undergoes rapid decay into reactivated enzyme and an antibiotically inactive penicillin degradation product. Major antibiotic metabolites recovered from such interactions were benzylpenicilloic acid and phenoxymethylpenicilloic acid from benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin, respectively, suggesting a second enzymic function of the DD-carboxypeptidase as a penicillinase of low efficiency. Statistical analyses made with the help of a linear regression program show that the enzyme interacts with the substrate UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-(L)-meso-2,6-diaminopimelyl-(L)-D-alanyl-D-alanine and either benzympenicillin or carbenicillin in a non-competitive manner."}
{"id": "PMID:348469", "title": "Anion binding to yeast phosphoglycerate kinase.", "content": "The single thiol of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase was labelled with the chromophoric sulfhydryl reagent, 2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol. Sequential additions of individual anions to this modified enzyme brought about a decrease in absorbance at 410 nm that reflected the degree of saturation of the enzyme with anion. The binding curves were analyzed to determine the dissociation constants of a number of anions with charges varying from--1 to--4.1. A linear relationship was found between the charge of the anion and the negative logarithm of the dissociation constant for the labelled enzyme-anion complex. The highly charged anions, such as ATP, bound more tightly than did anions with less charge, such as Cl-. The average number of binding sites for those anions for which accurate results could be obtained was 1.06 mol per 47000 g of enzyme. Several lines of evidence suggested that titration of the active center was not being monitored. Anions bound to phosphoglycerate kinase decreased the rate of reaction between the enzyme thiol and 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The relationship between the degree of saturation of the anion binding site and the reaction rate constant was used to calculate the dissociation constant between anion and enzyme. Dissociation constants determined in this manner were in good agreement with those determined by titration of the enzyme-mercurial complex.", "contents": "Anion binding to yeast phosphoglycerate kinase. The single thiol of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase was labelled with the chromophoric sulfhydryl reagent, 2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol. Sequential additions of individual anions to this modified enzyme brought about a decrease in absorbance at 410 nm that reflected the degree of saturation of the enzyme with anion. The binding curves were analyzed to determine the dissociation constants of a number of anions with charges varying from--1 to--4.1. A linear relationship was found between the charge of the anion and the negative logarithm of the dissociation constant for the labelled enzyme-anion complex. The highly charged anions, such as ATP, bound more tightly than did anions with less charge, such as Cl-. The average number of binding sites for those anions for which accurate results could be obtained was 1.06 mol per 47000 g of enzyme. Several lines of evidence suggested that titration of the active center was not being monitored. Anions bound to phosphoglycerate kinase decreased the rate of reaction between the enzyme thiol and 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The relationship between the degree of saturation of the anion binding site and the reaction rate constant was used to calculate the dissociation constant between anion and enzyme. Dissociation constants determined in this manner were in good agreement with those determined by titration of the enzyme-mercurial complex."}
{"id": "PMID:348470", "title": "Alteration of the intracellular concentration of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and isoaccepting tRNAs during amino-acid limited growth in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Growth of Escherichia coli AB 2271 under threonine or isoleucine deficiency leads to a depression of the threonyl-tRNA synthetase and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase respectively. During this amino-acid-limited growth the concentrations of isoaccepting fractions of the cognate tRNA species were changed, as demonstrated by their altered reversed-phase-5 chromatograms. But, in addition, the profiles of the isoacceptors of all other tRNA species investigated, i.e. of tRNAsLeu, tRNAsSer and tRNAsArg were also altered. This means that, if there is a correlation between regulation of the level of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and its cognate isoaccepting tRNAs, it is superimposed by the effect of amino acid limitation upon the concentration of all isoaccepting tRNAs. So far drastic changes in profiles of isoaccepting tRNAs have only been observed under unbalanced growth in relaxed cells or during treatment with antibiotics. Here we demonstrate that similar heavy alterations in patterns of isoaccepting tRNAs occur in a proven stringent E. coli strain growing exponentially under amino acid limitation. Thus the observed changes in the profiles of isoaccepting tRNAs during amino acid limitation signal a meaningful biological function of those newly or increasingly occurring isoaccepting tRNAs. During the growth under amino acid limitation the total acceptor activity of eight investigated tRNA species, however, stayed unchanged, except that under threonine-limited growth the total amount of tRNAIle was reduced to about half and that of tRNAGlu increased; both tRNA species of these isoacceptors are known [30,31] as spacers between ribosomal RNAs.", "contents": "Alteration of the intracellular concentration of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and isoaccepting tRNAs during amino-acid limited growth in Escherichia coli. Growth of Escherichia coli AB 2271 under threonine or isoleucine deficiency leads to a depression of the threonyl-tRNA synthetase and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase respectively. During this amino-acid-limited growth the concentrations of isoaccepting fractions of the cognate tRNA species were changed, as demonstrated by their altered reversed-phase-5 chromatograms. But, in addition, the profiles of the isoacceptors of all other tRNA species investigated, i.e. of tRNAsLeu, tRNAsSer and tRNAsArg were also altered. This means that, if there is a correlation between regulation of the level of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and its cognate isoaccepting tRNAs, it is superimposed by the effect of amino acid limitation upon the concentration of all isoaccepting tRNAs. So far drastic changes in profiles of isoaccepting tRNAs have only been observed under unbalanced growth in relaxed cells or during treatment with antibiotics. Here we demonstrate that similar heavy alterations in patterns of isoaccepting tRNAs occur in a proven stringent E. coli strain growing exponentially under amino acid limitation. Thus the observed changes in the profiles of isoaccepting tRNAs during amino acid limitation signal a meaningful biological function of those newly or increasingly occurring isoaccepting tRNAs. During the growth under amino acid limitation the total acceptor activity of eight investigated tRNA species, however, stayed unchanged, except that under threonine-limited growth the total amount of tRNAIle was reduced to about half and that of tRNAGlu increased; both tRNA species of these isoacceptors are known [30,31] as spacers between ribosomal RNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:348471", "title": "Methionyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli. Absence of interaction between the metal ion and the purine ring of ATP in the L-methionine activation site.", "content": "Enhancement of the nuclear relaxation rates by manganese has been used to derive manganese--purine-ring distances in the activation site of methionyl-tRNA synthetase. This is possible with the help of an abortive complex between the enzyme, methionine, adenosine, pyrophosphate and manganese which simulates an intermediate species of the activation reaction. It is found that the distances between the manganese ion and the purine ring are too high (greater than 0.8 nm) to allow interaction between them. Thus, metal-purine interaction is involved neither in the catalytic mechanism nor in the stabilization of abortive synergistic complexes [S. Blanquet, G. Fayat and J. P. Waller (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 1-15].", "contents": "Methionyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli. Absence of interaction between the metal ion and the purine ring of ATP in the L-methionine activation site. Enhancement of the nuclear relaxation rates by manganese has been used to derive manganese--purine-ring distances in the activation site of methionyl-tRNA synthetase. This is possible with the help of an abortive complex between the enzyme, methionine, adenosine, pyrophosphate and manganese which simulates an intermediate species of the activation reaction. It is found that the distances between the manganese ion and the purine ring are too high (greater than 0.8 nm) to allow interaction between them. Thus, metal-purine interaction is involved neither in the catalytic mechanism nor in the stabilization of abortive synergistic complexes [S. Blanquet, G. Fayat and J. P. Waller (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 1-15]."}
{"id": "PMID:348472", "title": "Cerulenin-induced changes in the lipopolysaccharide content and phospholipid composition of Proteus mirabilis.", "content": "Inhibition of Proteus mirabilis growth by cerulenin, a specific inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis, was reversed by exogenously supplied fatty acid mixtures containing oleic acid and palmitic or pentadecanoic acids. The growth rate of the cells treated with cerulenin in the presence of the fatty acid mixtures was slower, however, than that of untreated cells, and their lipopolysaccharide content was decreased by 30-50%, resulting in an increased sensitivity of the organisms to rifamycin and vancomycin. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the lipopolysaccharide fraction from cerulenin-treated cells revealed that of the two P. mirabilis lipopolysaccharide types, the relative amount of the higher molecular weight lipopolysaccharide was reduced from 50% to 30% of the total lipopolysaccharide. Fatty acid analysis of the phospholipid and lipopolysaccharide fractions from cells grown with cerulenin, pentadecanoate, and oleate revealed that over 60% of the native even-numbered fatty acids of the phospholipid fraction was substituted by the odd-numbered fatty acid, while no incorporation of either the pentadecanoate or oleate could be demonstrated in the lipid A moiety of the lipopolysaccharide. The only change in the lipid A observed was an increase in the content of 3-hydroxymyristic acid accompanied by a decrease in the nonhydroxylated fatty acids, supporting the highly conserved nature of this molecule.", "contents": "Cerulenin-induced changes in the lipopolysaccharide content and phospholipid composition of Proteus mirabilis. Inhibition of Proteus mirabilis growth by cerulenin, a specific inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis, was reversed by exogenously supplied fatty acid mixtures containing oleic acid and palmitic or pentadecanoic acids. The growth rate of the cells treated with cerulenin in the presence of the fatty acid mixtures was slower, however, than that of untreated cells, and their lipopolysaccharide content was decreased by 30-50%, resulting in an increased sensitivity of the organisms to rifamycin and vancomycin. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the lipopolysaccharide fraction from cerulenin-treated cells revealed that of the two P. mirabilis lipopolysaccharide types, the relative amount of the higher molecular weight lipopolysaccharide was reduced from 50% to 30% of the total lipopolysaccharide. Fatty acid analysis of the phospholipid and lipopolysaccharide fractions from cells grown with cerulenin, pentadecanoate, and oleate revealed that over 60% of the native even-numbered fatty acids of the phospholipid fraction was substituted by the odd-numbered fatty acid, while no incorporation of either the pentadecanoate or oleate could be demonstrated in the lipid A moiety of the lipopolysaccharide. The only change in the lipid A observed was an increase in the content of 3-hydroxymyristic acid accompanied by a decrease in the nonhydroxylated fatty acids, supporting the highly conserved nature of this molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:348473", "title": "The interaction of daunomycin with polydeoxynucleotides.", "content": "The ability of daunomycin to bind to various DNA polymers has been sutided by thermal denaturation, spectrophotometric analysis and inhibition of the polymerisation reactions catalysed by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and rat liver DNA polymerase alpha. The quantitative binding measurements revealed that the antibiotic binds tightly to all synthetic polydeoxynucleotides studied. The results demonstrated that daunomycin can bind with equal affinity to dG . dC or dA . dT basepaired sequences. However, the number of binding sites per nucleotide for poly(dA) . poly(dT) is significantly lower than that found for poly(dA-dT) . poly(dA-dT), thus indicating an appreciable preference of the drug for the alternating copolymer. The inactivation of the template properties of the synthetic DNA polymers in the DNA polymerase system is consistent with their daunomycin binding ability. However, a lack of correlation was observed between the drug binding ability of different DNA polymers and the binding-induced stabilisation of the double helix to heat denaturation.", "contents": "The interaction of daunomycin with polydeoxynucleotides. The ability of daunomycin to bind to various DNA polymers has been sutided by thermal denaturation, spectrophotometric analysis and inhibition of the polymerisation reactions catalysed by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and rat liver DNA polymerase alpha. The quantitative binding measurements revealed that the antibiotic binds tightly to all synthetic polydeoxynucleotides studied. The results demonstrated that daunomycin can bind with equal affinity to dG . dC or dA . dT basepaired sequences. However, the number of binding sites per nucleotide for poly(dA) . poly(dT) is significantly lower than that found for poly(dA-dT) . poly(dA-dT), thus indicating an appreciable preference of the drug for the alternating copolymer. The inactivation of the template properties of the synthetic DNA polymers in the DNA polymerase system is consistent with their daunomycin binding ability. However, a lack of correlation was observed between the drug binding ability of different DNA polymers and the binding-induced stabilisation of the double helix to heat denaturation."}
{"id": "PMID:348474", "title": "The steady-state kinetics of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase. Anomalous kinetic plots and the effects of salts on activity.", "content": "1. A re-investigation of the kinetics of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase in the direction of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate formation has been carried out, covering a 1000-fold range in substrate concentrations. A variety of improved spectrophotometric and fluorimetric assay procedures have been used. 2. Kinetic plots proved to be non-linear for each variable substrate. A variety of checks have been carried out to show that this is not due to artifacts in the assay procedures or heterogeneity of the enzyme preparation. 3. The effects of a variety of salts on the activity of the enzyme have been examined. Most salts, especially those with multivalent anions, can cause activation of the enzyme, but inhibit at high concentration. 4. The salt effect is shown to be principally due to anions rather than cations, and not to ionic strength changes. Sulphate, as one of the most effective anions has been used in most comparisons. 5. Salt activation is steepest when the substrate concentrations are low; maximum activation has been about 5-fold with 0.2 mM MgATP and 0.2 mM 3-phosphoglycerate. Inhibition at the higher salt concentrations is strongest at the same substrate concentrations as when activation is steepest, indicating a link between the two effects. 6. The presence of 20 mM or more Na2SO4 converted non-linear kinetic plots to linear ones. A study of the kinetics in the presence of 40 mM Na2SO4 was interpreted in terms of a random sequential binding mechanism, with sulphate acting as a competitive inhibitor. 7. Possible explanations for these anomalous results are discussed in terms of several mechanisms which have been shown to apply in other systems.", "contents": "The steady-state kinetics of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase. Anomalous kinetic plots and the effects of salts on activity. 1. A re-investigation of the kinetics of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase in the direction of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate formation has been carried out, covering a 1000-fold range in substrate concentrations. A variety of improved spectrophotometric and fluorimetric assay procedures have been used. 2. Kinetic plots proved to be non-linear for each variable substrate. A variety of checks have been carried out to show that this is not due to artifacts in the assay procedures or heterogeneity of the enzyme preparation. 3. The effects of a variety of salts on the activity of the enzyme have been examined. Most salts, especially those with multivalent anions, can cause activation of the enzyme, but inhibit at high concentration. 4. The salt effect is shown to be principally due to anions rather than cations, and not to ionic strength changes. Sulphate, as one of the most effective anions has been used in most comparisons. 5. Salt activation is steepest when the substrate concentrations are low; maximum activation has been about 5-fold with 0.2 mM MgATP and 0.2 mM 3-phosphoglycerate. Inhibition at the higher salt concentrations is strongest at the same substrate concentrations as when activation is steepest, indicating a link between the two effects. 6. The presence of 20 mM or more Na2SO4 converted non-linear kinetic plots to linear ones. A study of the kinetics in the presence of 40 mM Na2SO4 was interpreted in terms of a random sequential binding mechanism, with sulphate acting as a competitive inhibitor. 7. Possible explanations for these anomalous results are discussed in terms of several mechanisms which have been shown to apply in other systems."}
{"id": "PMID:348475", "title": "X-ray and neutron small-angle scattering studies of the complex between protein S1 and the 30-S ribosomal subunit.", "content": "X-ray neutron solution scattering experiments have been done to investigate the influence of the binding of ribosomal protein S1 on the conformation of the 30-S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli. The following conclusions were made. 1. The alterations (if any) in conformation of the non-S1 parts of the 30-S subunit induced by S1 binding are too small to be detected (less than 0.1 nm change in radius of gyration). 2. The center of gravity of protein S1 bound to the 30-S subunit is quite far from the center of gravity of the particle (approximately 7.5 nm).", "contents": "X-ray and neutron small-angle scattering studies of the complex between protein S1 and the 30-S ribosomal subunit. X-ray neutron solution scattering experiments have been done to investigate the influence of the binding of ribosomal protein S1 on the conformation of the 30-S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli. The following conclusions were made. 1. The alterations (if any) in conformation of the non-S1 parts of the 30-S subunit induced by S1 binding are too small to be detected (less than 0.1 nm change in radius of gyration). 2. The center of gravity of protein S1 bound to the 30-S subunit is quite far from the center of gravity of the particle (approximately 7.5 nm)."}
{"id": "PMID:348477", "title": "Effects of PCA and DMAE on the namatode Caenorhabditis briggsae.", "content": "Concentration of 6.8 mM DMAE did not retard age pigment accumulation in Caenorhabditis briggsae. However, when the nematodes were exposed to 6.8 mM PCA + 6.8 mM DMAE combined, the accumulation of age pigment was significantly retarded. A combination of 3.4 mM DMAE + 3.4 mM PCA had no effect on age pigment. It is concluded from this study that PCA and DMAE act in concert to produce the observed effect on age pigment. In respect to this parameter neither molecule was effective alone. The results indicate that the effect of centrophenoxine on age pigment might be enhanced by retarding the hydrolysis of centrophenoxine. The accumulation of electron dense aggregates, thought to be aggregates of cross-linked molecules, was reduced by 6.8 PCA + 6.8 DMAE. It is suggested that centrophenoxine be tested for its ability to remove random, unwanted cross-linkages in higher animals.", "contents": "Effects of PCA and DMAE on the namatode Caenorhabditis briggsae. Concentration of 6.8 mM DMAE did not retard age pigment accumulation in Caenorhabditis briggsae. However, when the nematodes were exposed to 6.8 mM PCA + 6.8 mM DMAE combined, the accumulation of age pigment was significantly retarded. A combination of 3.4 mM DMAE + 3.4 mM PCA had no effect on age pigment. It is concluded from this study that PCA and DMAE act in concert to produce the observed effect on age pigment. In respect to this parameter neither molecule was effective alone. The results indicate that the effect of centrophenoxine on age pigment might be enhanced by retarding the hydrolysis of centrophenoxine. The accumulation of electron dense aggregates, thought to be aggregates of cross-linked molecules, was reduced by 6.8 PCA + 6.8 DMAE. It is suggested that centrophenoxine be tested for its ability to remove random, unwanted cross-linkages in higher animals."}
{"id": "PMID:348482", "title": "Red cell delivery and the function of the marrow-blood barrier: a review.", "content": "The last step in mammalian erythropoiesis consists of nuclear elimination and delivery of the non-nucleated red cell (reticulocyte) into the circulation. This is accomplished by migration of reticulocytes through the wall of the vascular sinuses which forms an anatomical barrier between the hemopoietic compartment and the circulation. This barrier is instrumental in a complicated mechanism to ensure orderly traffic of new cells in response to the requirement of the organism. Thus, it exerts a control over which cells will migrate into the vascular lumen and when they will do so. Defective red cells and nucleated red cells are prevented from migration; even normal reticulocytes may be temporarily held back if their presence in the circulation would exceed the requirement of the body. Little is known about how this barrier operates to control the red cell delivery. Literature relevant to this subject has been reviewed and an attempt is made to formulate some basic questions in this area.", "contents": "Red cell delivery and the function of the marrow-blood barrier: a review. The last step in mammalian erythropoiesis consists of nuclear elimination and delivery of the non-nucleated red cell (reticulocyte) into the circulation. This is accomplished by migration of reticulocytes through the wall of the vascular sinuses which forms an anatomical barrier between the hemopoietic compartment and the circulation. This barrier is instrumental in a complicated mechanism to ensure orderly traffic of new cells in response to the requirement of the organism. Thus, it exerts a control over which cells will migrate into the vascular lumen and when they will do so. Defective red cells and nucleated red cells are prevented from migration; even normal reticulocytes may be temporarily held back if their presence in the circulation would exceed the requirement of the body. Little is known about how this barrier operates to control the red cell delivery. Literature relevant to this subject has been reviewed and an attempt is made to formulate some basic questions in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:348483", "title": "Cortical projections of the anterior thalamic nuclei in the cat.", "content": "Unilateral stereotaxic lesions were made in the anterior thalamic nuclei of the cat, and the ensuing terminal degeneration traced to the medial cortex by the methods of Nauta-Gygax and Fink-Heimer. The anterodorsal nucleus projects to the retrosplenial, postsubicular and presubicular areas. These projections appear to be organized in the dorsoventral direction. The posterior portion of the retrosplenial area receives no fibers from the anterodorsal nucleus. Fibers from this nucleus are distributed largely in layer I and in layer III and the deep portion of layer II of the posterior limbic cortex. The anteroventral nucleus sends fibers to the cingular area and parts of the retrosplenial, postsubicular and presubicular areas. These projections appear to be organized in a topical manner mediolaterally. When the lesion involves the parvocellular part of the nucleus, degeneration spreads to the lower lip, bank and fundus of the splenial sulcus. There appears to be an anteroposterior organization in the cortical projections of the anteroventral nucleus. Fibers from the anteroventral nucleus are distributed most profusely in layers IV and III and in the superficial portion of layer I of the posterior limbic cortex. The anteromedial nucleus sends fine fibers to the anterior limbic region and to the cingular, retrosplenial, postsubicular and presubicular areas. The cortical projections of the anteromedial nucleus appear to be topographically organized in the dorsoventral direction. Fibers from the anteromedial nucleus are distributed largely in cortical layers V and VI of the anterior and posterior limbic regions.", "contents": "Cortical projections of the anterior thalamic nuclei in the cat. Unilateral stereotaxic lesions were made in the anterior thalamic nuclei of the cat, and the ensuing terminal degeneration traced to the medial cortex by the methods of Nauta-Gygax and Fink-Heimer. The anterodorsal nucleus projects to the retrosplenial, postsubicular and presubicular areas. These projections appear to be organized in the dorsoventral direction. The posterior portion of the retrosplenial area receives no fibers from the anterodorsal nucleus. Fibers from this nucleus are distributed largely in layer I and in layer III and the deep portion of layer II of the posterior limbic cortex. The anteroventral nucleus sends fibers to the cingular area and parts of the retrosplenial, postsubicular and presubicular areas. These projections appear to be organized in a topical manner mediolaterally. When the lesion involves the parvocellular part of the nucleus, degeneration spreads to the lower lip, bank and fundus of the splenial sulcus. There appears to be an anteroposterior organization in the cortical projections of the anteroventral nucleus. Fibers from the anteroventral nucleus are distributed most profusely in layers IV and III and in the superficial portion of layer I of the posterior limbic cortex. The anteromedial nucleus sends fine fibers to the anterior limbic region and to the cingular, retrosplenial, postsubicular and presubicular areas. The cortical projections of the anteromedial nucleus appear to be topographically organized in the dorsoventral direction. Fibers from the anteromedial nucleus are distributed largely in cortical layers V and VI of the anterior and posterior limbic regions."}
{"id": "PMID:348485", "title": "Thermogenic mechanisms and their control.", "content": "The alterations in properties of mitochondria and of plasma membrane of brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of cold-acclimated rats are reviewed in order to bring out any adaptive changes which are related to the mechanism of nonshivering thermogenesis, and thus to the enhanced calorigenic action of catecholamines known to exist in these animals. Since prevention of the morphological changes in the mitochondria by treatment of the animals with oxytetracycline during acclimation to cold also prevents the development of the enhanced calorigenic response to the catecholamines it is concluded that the changes noted are either a cause of the development of the increased capacity for nonshivering thermogenesis during acclimation to cold or are secondary to the operation of nonshivering thermogenesis.", "contents": "Thermogenic mechanisms and their control. The alterations in properties of mitochondria and of plasma membrane of brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of cold-acclimated rats are reviewed in order to bring out any adaptive changes which are related to the mechanism of nonshivering thermogenesis, and thus to the enhanced calorigenic action of catecholamines known to exist in these animals. Since prevention of the morphological changes in the mitochondria by treatment of the animals with oxytetracycline during acclimation to cold also prevents the development of the enhanced calorigenic response to the catecholamines it is concluded that the changes noted are either a cause of the development of the increased capacity for nonshivering thermogenesis during acclimation to cold or are secondary to the operation of nonshivering thermogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:348486", "title": "Hormonal thermogenesis of \"non-norepinephrine\" type.", "content": "Physiological significance and mechanisms controlling thermogenesis due to substances other than norepinephrine (NE) are considered. Epinephrine (E) induces a strong calorigenic effect, which is potentiated by cold adaptation to the level observed after application of NE. Thermogenesis due to E is located to a great extent in visceral organs. Cold acclimation increases the component of epinephrine thermogenesis located in the brown adipose tissue and non-visceral organs, predominantly. Although E and NE act on the same thermogenic effector, their effect is realized via different regulatory sites. Steroid hormones are not necessary for inducing cold resistance and thermogenesis due to NE. The permissive role of steroids and other substances in inducing changes in enzyme activity and synthesis during various cold stress is discussed.", "contents": "Hormonal thermogenesis of \"non-norepinephrine\" type. Physiological significance and mechanisms controlling thermogenesis due to substances other than norepinephrine (NE) are considered. Epinephrine (E) induces a strong calorigenic effect, which is potentiated by cold adaptation to the level observed after application of NE. Thermogenesis due to E is located to a great extent in visceral organs. Cold acclimation increases the component of epinephrine thermogenesis located in the brown adipose tissue and non-visceral organs, predominantly. Although E and NE act on the same thermogenic effector, their effect is realized via different regulatory sites. Steroid hormones are not necessary for inducing cold resistance and thermogenesis due to NE. The permissive role of steroids and other substances in inducing changes in enzyme activity and synthesis during various cold stress is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:348487", "title": "Nutritionally-induced alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism and thermogenesis.", "content": "Serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) is increased by overnutrition and decreased by starvation. The production rate of T3 was increased by overfeeding (82%), but T4 production did not change. Feeding a weight maintenance diet with high CHO mimiced serum T3 and rT3 changes of overfeeding, substitution of CHO by FAT those of starvation. VO2 increased during overfeeding and in T4 equilibrated volunteers supplemented with 40 microgram T3 daily for 2 weeks. No weight change occurred in the latter subjects. Yet no decrease in VO2 was found when serum T3 was reduced by the administration of iopanoic acid. VO2 decreased during starvation in normal and hypothyroid rats, and in hypothyroid animals replaced with T4 or T3.", "contents": "Nutritionally-induced alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism and thermogenesis. Serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) is increased by overnutrition and decreased by starvation. The production rate of T3 was increased by overfeeding (82%), but T4 production did not change. Feeding a weight maintenance diet with high CHO mimiced serum T3 and rT3 changes of overfeeding, substitution of CHO by FAT those of starvation. VO2 increased during overfeeding and in T4 equilibrated volunteers supplemented with 40 microgram T3 daily for 2 weeks. No weight change occurred in the latter subjects. Yet no decrease in VO2 was found when serum T3 was reduced by the administration of iopanoic acid. VO2 decreased during starvation in normal and hypothyroid rats, and in hypothyroid animals replaced with T4 or T3."}
{"id": "PMID:348488", "title": "Hypothalamic thermosensitivity in mammals.", "content": "Hypothalamic thermosensitivities of 21 species of mammals ranging in body size from 15 g to 34 Kg are surveyed. It is concluded that hypothalamic thermosensitivity as measured by the proportionality constant relating rate of metabolic heat production to hypothalamic temperature at a thermoneutral ambient temperature is inversely related to body size according to the relationship alphaMHP = -1.46 Wt-.37.", "contents": "Hypothalamic thermosensitivity in mammals. Hypothalamic thermosensitivities of 21 species of mammals ranging in body size from 15 g to 34 Kg are surveyed. It is concluded that hypothalamic thermosensitivity as measured by the proportionality constant relating rate of metabolic heat production to hypothalamic temperature at a thermoneutral ambient temperature is inversely related to body size according to the relationship alphaMHP = -1.46 Wt-.37."}
{"id": "PMID:348489", "title": "Hibernation as a model for studies on thermogenesis and its control.", "content": "Mammalian hibernation is characterized by the alternation of prolonged periods of hypothermia and spontaneous arousals with a temporary return to euthermia. Of special interest to the physiology of effectors of thermogenesis are the following points: a) In the second part of the arousal process, the metabolic rate reaches 6 to 8 times BMR, with a body temperature about 10 degrees C lower. Enzymatic adaptations provide for the maintenance of normal reaction rates and regulatory potentials at low temperatures, but how very high thermogenetic rates can be achieved still remains largely unexplained. b) Entrance into hibernation involves a resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat to a lower level, but this is probably not the only intervening regulation. Evidence is presented in favor of a control of thermogenesis at the effector level, in terms both of baseline levels and of loop gains. One likely control factor is acid-base state, which can be changed rapidly and reversibly by ventilation and is characterized by a strong acidosis in hibernation.", "contents": "Hibernation as a model for studies on thermogenesis and its control. Mammalian hibernation is characterized by the alternation of prolonged periods of hypothermia and spontaneous arousals with a temporary return to euthermia. Of special interest to the physiology of effectors of thermogenesis are the following points: a) In the second part of the arousal process, the metabolic rate reaches 6 to 8 times BMR, with a body temperature about 10 degrees C lower. Enzymatic adaptations provide for the maintenance of normal reaction rates and regulatory potentials at low temperatures, but how very high thermogenetic rates can be achieved still remains largely unexplained. b) Entrance into hibernation involves a resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat to a lower level, but this is probably not the only intervening regulation. Evidence is presented in favor of a control of thermogenesis at the effector level, in terms both of baseline levels and of loop gains. One likely control factor is acid-base state, which can be changed rapidly and reversibly by ventilation and is characterized by a strong acidosis in hibernation."}
{"id": "PMID:348490", "title": "Thresholds for Na+ and Ca++ effects on thermoregulation.", "content": "The evidence for threshold concentrations of Na+ and Ca++ that alter body temperature when introduced into (a) the hypothalamus and cerebral ventricles, and (b) intravenously and by oral ingestion is examined. For hypothamic and ventricular perfusion the threshold for any increase in core temperature (Tc) at rest with excess Na+ is about 10 mM, while there is a linear relationship between the level of excess Ca++ and the decrease in Tc, with a correlation co-efficient of 0.85. With intravenous and oral ingestion the resting threshold plasma concentration for an excess Na+ effect is about 5 mEq/1 per 0.1 degrees C rise in Tc, and the excess Ca++ level is about 1 mEq/1 per 0.1 degrees C decrease in Tc. With exercise, there is a dose-dependent attenuation of the rise in core temperature that is also about 0.1 degrees C per mM excess Ca++.", "contents": "Thresholds for Na+ and Ca++ effects on thermoregulation. The evidence for threshold concentrations of Na+ and Ca++ that alter body temperature when introduced into (a) the hypothalamus and cerebral ventricles, and (b) intravenously and by oral ingestion is examined. For hypothamic and ventricular perfusion the threshold for any increase in core temperature (Tc) at rest with excess Na+ is about 10 mM, while there is a linear relationship between the level of excess Ca++ and the decrease in Tc, with a correlation co-efficient of 0.85. With intravenous and oral ingestion the resting threshold plasma concentration for an excess Na+ effect is about 5 mEq/1 per 0.1 degrees C rise in Tc, and the excess Ca++ level is about 1 mEq/1 per 0.1 degrees C decrease in Tc. With exercise, there is a dose-dependent attenuation of the rise in core temperature that is also about 0.1 degrees C per mM excess Ca++."}
{"id": "PMID:348493", "title": "The identification of the component in the inner membrane of brown adipose tissue mitochondria responsible for regulating energy dissipation.", "content": "The proton conductance of the inner membrane of hamster brown adipose tissue mitochondria can be regulated in vitro by exogenous purine nucleotides, which bind to a component on the outer face of the inner membrane. This unique mechanism has been proposed to represent the molecular site of non-shivering thermogenesis in this tissue. Using a photo-affinity analogue of ATP, we have identified the nucleotide binding component as a protein of 32,000 daltons.", "contents": "The identification of the component in the inner membrane of brown adipose tissue mitochondria responsible for regulating energy dissipation. The proton conductance of the inner membrane of hamster brown adipose tissue mitochondria can be regulated in vitro by exogenous purine nucleotides, which bind to a component on the outer face of the inner membrane. This unique mechanism has been proposed to represent the molecular site of non-shivering thermogenesis in this tissue. Using a photo-affinity analogue of ATP, we have identified the nucleotide binding component as a protein of 32,000 daltons."}
{"id": "PMID:348500", "title": "Clinical studies with d-Trp 6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in anovulatory women.", "content": "Nine anovulatory patients with hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction were treated with d-Trp6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, an analog with far greater gonadotropin-releasing activity than luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Four of eight patients, who were formerly unsuccessfully treated with clomiphene, human chorionic gonadotropin, and human menopausal gonadotropin, ovulated after treatment with the peptide alone or with peptide preceded by clomiphene, and three became pregnant. The ninth patient, who had amenorrhea and anovulation due to excessive loss of weight caused by anorexia nervosa, also ovulated after treatment with the analog. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of this potent analog for induction of ovulation and pregnancy and point favorably toward clinical applications.", "contents": "Clinical studies with d-Trp 6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in anovulatory women. Nine anovulatory patients with hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction were treated with d-Trp6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, an analog with far greater gonadotropin-releasing activity than luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Four of eight patients, who were formerly unsuccessfully treated with clomiphene, human chorionic gonadotropin, and human menopausal gonadotropin, ovulated after treatment with the peptide alone or with peptide preceded by clomiphene, and three became pregnant. The ninth patient, who had amenorrhea and anovulation due to excessive loss of weight caused by anorexia nervosa, also ovulated after treatment with the analog. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of this potent analog for induction of ovulation and pregnancy and point favorably toward clinical applications."}
{"id": "PMID:348501", "title": "Effect of clomiphene citrate on plasma levels of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, gonadotropin, and testosterone in normal subjects and in patients with idiopathic oligospermia.", "content": "The effect of clomiphene citrate on plasma immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), gonadotropin, and testosterone levels was investigated in 10 patients with idiopathic oligospermia and in 10 normal volunteers. A daily 100-mg dose of clomiphene citrate induced a marked, significant increase in plasma immunoreactive LH-RH levels, followed by significant increments in gonadotropin and testosterone values. No significant differences were detected in LH-RH, gonadotropin, and testosterone levels between controls and patients with oligospermia either under basal conditions or during clomiphene treatment.", "contents": "Effect of clomiphene citrate on plasma levels of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, gonadotropin, and testosterone in normal subjects and in patients with idiopathic oligospermia. The effect of clomiphene citrate on plasma immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), gonadotropin, and testosterone levels was investigated in 10 patients with idiopathic oligospermia and in 10 normal volunteers. A daily 100-mg dose of clomiphene citrate induced a marked, significant increase in plasma immunoreactive LH-RH levels, followed by significant increments in gonadotropin and testosterone values. No significant differences were detected in LH-RH, gonadotropin, and testosterone levels between controls and patients with oligospermia either under basal conditions or during clomiphene treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:348507", "title": "[Modulation of the pituitary response to LH-RH by synthetic sex steroids (author's transl)].", "content": "This study was planned in order to investigate the response of the pituitary gonadotropin secretion to the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in each menstrual phase (early follicular, late follicular, luteal) of women with regular menstrual cycles, and the effect of synthetic sex steroids on the response of the pituitary to LH-RH, as compared with the response in the late follicular phase. A dose of 200microgram of LH-RH was administered intramuscularly in the early follicular, and luteal phase of regular menstrual cycles. Three groups of 35 normal women administered 3 kinds of sex steroids were also examined on the 8th to 10th day after medication, except for a long-term administration group of norethindrone. The first group was a mestranol group with two subgroups given a daily administration of 20microgram and 40microgram. The second was a norethindrone group, in which one was a short-term group given a daily administration of 5mg, and another was a long-term group given a daily administration of 10mg to 20mg for more than 150 days. The third was a chlormadinone acetate group given a daily administration of 2mg. Blood samples were obtained before the injection of LH-RH at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes and 24 hours after the injection. Their sera were separated and frozen at -20 degrees C until assayed. Serum LH and FSH concentrations in each experimental group were used as the standard preparation and expressed as mIU/ml of serum. The results were as follows: 1) Serum LH and FSH responsiveness to LH-RH in women with regular menstrual cycles were greater with regard to late folicular, luteal and early follicular phases, respectively, except for a percent increase of serum LH. 2) The serum LH level in response to the LH-RH injection in the early follicular and luteal phases of the cycle showed a biphasic pattern of elevation characterized by the first pool, releasable LH;  and the second pool, newly synthesized and stored LH in the pituitary. The biphasic pattern of serum FSH was not confirmed in this experiment. 3) Sham disappearance of biphasic pattern of serum LH release in the late follicular phase was attributed to a shifting of LH form the 2nd pool to the 1st pool due to an increase of the endogenous estrogen. 4) The capacity of the pituitary FSH synthesis and storage showed a slight increase in the late follicular phase, which was supposed to be enhanced by estrogen. 5) The serum LH peak in the mestranol group was observed at 120 minutes after the LH-RH injection, which was significantly elevated in the group given a daily administration of 40microgram, as compared with the control group. The LH concentration occupied in a definite volume tended to be reduced in the first pool after the LH-RH injection in the mestranol group and didnt change in the second pool after the injection, as compared with the control group...", "contents": "[Modulation of the pituitary response to LH-RH by synthetic sex steroids (author's transl)]. This study was planned in order to investigate the response of the pituitary gonadotropin secretion to the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in each menstrual phase (early follicular, late follicular, luteal) of women with regular menstrual cycles, and the effect of synthetic sex steroids on the response of the pituitary to LH-RH, as compared with the response in the late follicular phase. A dose of 200microgram of LH-RH was administered intramuscularly in the early follicular, and luteal phase of regular menstrual cycles. Three groups of 35 normal women administered 3 kinds of sex steroids were also examined on the 8th to 10th day after medication, except for a long-term administration group of norethindrone. The first group was a mestranol group with two subgroups given a daily administration of 20microgram and 40microgram. The second was a norethindrone group, in which one was a short-term group given a daily administration of 5mg, and another was a long-term group given a daily administration of 10mg to 20mg for more than 150 days. The third was a chlormadinone acetate group given a daily administration of 2mg. Blood samples were obtained before the injection of LH-RH at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes and 24 hours after the injection. Their sera were separated and frozen at -20 degrees C until assayed. Serum LH and FSH concentrations in each experimental group were used as the standard preparation and expressed as mIU/ml of serum. The results were as follows: 1) Serum LH and FSH responsiveness to LH-RH in women with regular menstrual cycles were greater with regard to late folicular, luteal and early follicular phases, respectively, except for a percent increase of serum LH. 2) The serum LH level in response to the LH-RH injection in the early follicular and luteal phases of the cycle showed a biphasic pattern of elevation characterized by the first pool, releasable LH;  and the second pool, newly synthesized and stored LH in the pituitary. The biphasic pattern of serum FSH was not confirmed in this experiment. 3) Sham disappearance of biphasic pattern of serum LH release in the late follicular phase was attributed to a shifting of LH form the 2nd pool to the 1st pool due to an increase of the endogenous estrogen. 4) The capacity of the pituitary FSH synthesis and storage showed a slight increase in the late follicular phase, which was supposed to be enhanced by estrogen. 5) The serum LH peak in the mestranol group was observed at 120 minutes after the LH-RH injection, which was significantly elevated in the group given a daily administration of 40microgram, as compared with the control group. The LH concentration occupied in a definite volume tended to be reduced in the first pool after the LH-RH injection in the mestranol group and didnt change in the second pool after the injection, as compared with the control group..."}
{"id": "PMID:348517", "title": "Antibody production in organ culture by bursae of mature chickens and the development of immunological compentence.", "content": "Antibody responsiveness of bursal lymphocytes was studied in vitro. Organ culture of bursal tissue in the presence of antigen, either sheep erythrocytes or bovine serum albumin, results in significant numbers of plaque-forming cells (PFC) compared to controls. The response in organ culture is age-dependent in that only bursae from chickens at least three weeks of age contained significantly increased numbers of secreting cells. Prolonged culture of normally unresponsive bursae from newly hatched birds results in a PFC response to antigen, suggesting that in vitro maturation occurs.", "contents": "Antibody production in organ culture by bursae of mature chickens and the development of immunological compentence. Antibody responsiveness of bursal lymphocytes was studied in vitro. Organ culture of bursal tissue in the presence of antigen, either sheep erythrocytes or bovine serum albumin, results in significant numbers of plaque-forming cells (PFC) compared to controls. The response in organ culture is age-dependent in that only bursae from chickens at least three weeks of age contained significantly increased numbers of secreting cells. Prolonged culture of normally unresponsive bursae from newly hatched birds results in a PFC response to antigen, suggesting that in vitro maturation occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:348518", "title": "Increased clonogenic (CFU-C, PFU-C) populations from bone marrow and spleen of nude mice.", "content": "Clonogenic populations from bone marrow and spleen of nude mice and their normal littermates were enumerated in vitro using a methylcellulose supported culture system. This technique allows for the simultaneous quantitation of progenitors of granulocyte-monocyte pathways (colony forming units in culture, CFU-C) and for progenitors of \"mesenchymal\" elements (plaque-forming units in culture or PFU-C). These populations were distinguished in culture by their growth, characteristics and morphology. CFU-C gave rise to suspended colonies of granulocyte-monocyte composition while PFU-C formed surface-adherent colonies of mesenchymal morphological features (fibroblastic and reticuloendothelial morphology). Significant elevations in the relative and absolute numbers of CFU-C and PFU-C were observed in the bone marrow and spleen of 6 wk old nu/nu mice relative to heterozygous littermates. The results are discussed in terms of non-T cells components involved in cell-medited immunity against neoplastic development.", "contents": "Increased clonogenic (CFU-C, PFU-C) populations from bone marrow and spleen of nude mice. Clonogenic populations from bone marrow and spleen of nude mice and their normal littermates were enumerated in vitro using a methylcellulose supported culture system. This technique allows for the simultaneous quantitation of progenitors of granulocyte-monocyte pathways (colony forming units in culture, CFU-C) and for progenitors of \"mesenchymal\" elements (plaque-forming units in culture or PFU-C). These populations were distinguished in culture by their growth, characteristics and morphology. CFU-C gave rise to suspended colonies of granulocyte-monocyte composition while PFU-C formed surface-adherent colonies of mesenchymal morphological features (fibroblastic and reticuloendothelial morphology). Significant elevations in the relative and absolute numbers of CFU-C and PFU-C were observed in the bone marrow and spleen of 6 wk old nu/nu mice relative to heterozygous littermates. The results are discussed in terms of non-T cells components involved in cell-medited immunity against neoplastic development."}
{"id": "PMID:348532", "title": "A single dose study comparing the analgesic effects of diflunisal, acetylsalicylic acid, and placebo in pain following meniscectomy.", "content": "A single dose experiment was used to evaluate the analgesic effect of diflunisal, a new salicylic acid derivative. Three dose levels of diflunisal (125 mg, 250 mg, and 500 mg) were compared to one dose level of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (600 mg) and placebo. The maximal analgesis induced by 500 mg diflunisal was comparable to that of 600 mg ASA. The onset of action was slightly more rapid with ASA but the duration of the analgesic effect was far longer for diflunisal, extending beyond 8 hours after administration. Diflunisal is a promising drug for the treatment of post-operative pain because of its long-lasting effect.", "contents": "A single dose study comparing the analgesic effects of diflunisal, acetylsalicylic acid, and placebo in pain following meniscectomy. A single dose experiment was used to evaluate the analgesic effect of diflunisal, a new salicylic acid derivative. Three dose levels of diflunisal (125 mg, 250 mg, and 500 mg) were compared to one dose level of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (600 mg) and placebo. The maximal analgesis induced by 500 mg diflunisal was comparable to that of 600 mg ASA. The onset of action was slightly more rapid with ASA but the duration of the analgesic effect was far longer for diflunisal, extending beyond 8 hours after administration. Diflunisal is a promising drug for the treatment of post-operative pain because of its long-lasting effect."}
{"id": "PMID:348533", "title": "Loxapine in neurotic anxiety: some modifiers of treatment response.", "content": "The authors describe a double-blind trial of six weeks duration which was designed to compare the anxiolytic properties of chlordiazepoxide, loxapine and placebo in a total of 135 anxious neurotic out-patients.", "contents": "Loxapine in neurotic anxiety: some modifiers of treatment response. The authors describe a double-blind trial of six weeks duration which was designed to compare the anxiolytic properties of chlordiazepoxide, loxapine and placebo in a total of 135 anxious neurotic out-patients."}
{"id": "PMID:348534", "title": "A comparison of the efficacy and acceptability of two formulations of injectable serenace in the treatment of states of excitement.", "content": "Seranace was tested in its two formulations of dextrose and saline base and the results confirm no significant differences between the two preparations, either in their efficacy and acceptability or in the control of presenting symptoms.", "contents": "A comparison of the efficacy and acceptability of two formulations of injectable serenace in the treatment of states of excitement. Seranace was tested in its two formulations of dextrose and saline base and the results confirm no significant differences between the two preparations, either in their efficacy and acceptability or in the control of presenting symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:348535", "title": "A comparative clinical trial of mianserin (Norval) and amitriptyline in the treatment of depression in general practice.", "content": "A double-blind controlled comparative trial of mianserin (Norval) and amitriptyline was conducted in general practice. Fifty-one patients were treated with amitriptyline and fifty-five with mianserin. The dosage for the first week was 25 mg t.d.s. for amitriptyline and 10 mg t.d.s. for mianserin, increasing to 50 mg t.d.s. and 20 mg t.d.s. respectively for the subsequent three weeks. Both drugs proved equally effective in relieving the symptoms of primary depression but mianserin showed a reduced incidence of side-effects which was statistically significant.", "contents": "A comparative clinical trial of mianserin (Norval) and amitriptyline in the treatment of depression in general practice. A double-blind controlled comparative trial of mianserin (Norval) and amitriptyline was conducted in general practice. Fifty-one patients were treated with amitriptyline and fifty-five with mianserin. The dosage for the first week was 25 mg t.d.s. for amitriptyline and 10 mg t.d.s. for mianserin, increasing to 50 mg t.d.s. and 20 mg t.d.s. respectively for the subsequent three weeks. Both drugs proved equally effective in relieving the symptoms of primary depression but mianserin showed a reduced incidence of side-effects which was statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:348536", "title": "Treatment of nausea and vomiting related to anti-cancerous multiple combination chemotherapy: results of two controlled studies.", "content": "Two controlled double-blind studies were carried out successively on a cancerous out-patient population receiving multiple combination chemotherapy at successive treatment courses to show the anti-emetic efficiency of metopimazine compared to a placebo. The patient was taken as his own control and the treatment order was randomly selected. The first trial--consisting of sixty-seven patients, showed a weak statistically significant difference (0.05 less than p less than 0.10) between metopimazine at doses of 30 mg/day or 15 mg/day and a placebo. The second trial--comparing a higher dose of metopimazine (45 mg/day) among one hundred and sixteen patients, showed a highly statistically significant therapeutic advantage over a placebo (0.001 less than p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Treatment of nausea and vomiting related to anti-cancerous multiple combination chemotherapy: results of two controlled studies. Two controlled double-blind studies were carried out successively on a cancerous out-patient population receiving multiple combination chemotherapy at successive treatment courses to show the anti-emetic efficiency of metopimazine compared to a placebo. The patient was taken as his own control and the treatment order was randomly selected. The first trial--consisting of sixty-seven patients, showed a weak statistically significant difference (0.05 less than p less than 0.10) between metopimazine at doses of 30 mg/day or 15 mg/day and a placebo. The second trial--comparing a higher dose of metopimazine (45 mg/day) among one hundred and sixteen patients, showed a highly statistically significant therapeutic advantage over a placebo (0.001 less than p less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:348537", "title": "A multicentric clinical trial comparing Otocerol with Cerumol as cerumenolytics.", "content": "Fifteen general practitioners conducted a randomized, double-blind comparative trial of two cerumenolytics, namely, Otocerol and Cerumol. A total of 106 patients were entered into the study (fifty-three in each group). Otocerol was shown to be marginally better than Cerumol in all parameters evaluated.", "contents": "A multicentric clinical trial comparing Otocerol with Cerumol as cerumenolytics. Fifteen general practitioners conducted a randomized, double-blind comparative trial of two cerumenolytics, namely, Otocerol and Cerumol. A total of 106 patients were entered into the study (fifty-three in each group). Otocerol was shown to be marginally better than Cerumol in all parameters evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:348539", "title": "Heterogeneity in diabetes mellitus--update, 1978. Evidence for further genetic heterogeneity within juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The concept that idiopathic diabetes mellitus is a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders has been established by twin and HLA studied that have permitted the separation of juvenile-onset and maturity-onset diabetes. The extent of the heterogeneity within the juvenile-onset and maturity-onset types is still in question. On the basis of recent immunologic and metabolic studies we believe that further heterogeneity can be demonstrated within the juvenile-onset diabetic group. We wish to hypothesize that there are at least two distinct forms of juvenile-onset diabetes, one associated with HLA B8 and the other with BW15. The B8 type is characterized by autoimmunity, microangiopathy, and a stronger association with the HLA D locus. The BW15 type is characterized by antibody response to exogenous insulin and a stronger association with the HLA C locus. Greater understanding of the pathogenesis, natural history, and genetics of diabetes mellitus will result as the full extent of genetic heterogeneity is elucidated.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in diabetes mellitus--update, 1978. Evidence for further genetic heterogeneity within juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The concept that idiopathic diabetes mellitus is a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders has been established by twin and HLA studied that have permitted the separation of juvenile-onset and maturity-onset diabetes. The extent of the heterogeneity within the juvenile-onset and maturity-onset types is still in question. On the basis of recent immunologic and metabolic studies we believe that further heterogeneity can be demonstrated within the juvenile-onset diabetic group. We wish to hypothesize that there are at least two distinct forms of juvenile-onset diabetes, one associated with HLA B8 and the other with BW15. The B8 type is characterized by autoimmunity, microangiopathy, and a stronger association with the HLA D locus. The BW15 type is characterized by antibody response to exogenous insulin and a stronger association with the HLA C locus. Greater understanding of the pathogenesis, natural history, and genetics of diabetes mellitus will result as the full extent of genetic heterogeneity is elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:348541", "title": "Lysosomes in normal pancreatic beta cells.", "content": "Lysosomes and their relationships with surrounding organelles were studied in pancreatic B-cells of normal Wistar rats by electron microscopy and cytochemical localization of acid phosphatase (AcPase) and arylsulphatase. Several forms of lysosomes were distinguished and shown to interact frequently with the secretory granules. Two different digestive processes were recognized. During crinophagy, lysosomes directly fuse with secretory granules while, during autophagy, a cytoplasmic area containing secretory granules and/or other organelles is circumscribed before the enzymatic digestion. In addition, lysosomes may transport arylsulphatase into secretory granules apparently not involved in a destructive process. Such a process could also account, at least in part, for the presence of AcPase in a certain number of mature and immature secretory granules.", "contents": "Lysosomes in normal pancreatic beta cells. Lysosomes and their relationships with surrounding organelles were studied in pancreatic B-cells of normal Wistar rats by electron microscopy and cytochemical localization of acid phosphatase (AcPase) and arylsulphatase. Several forms of lysosomes were distinguished and shown to interact frequently with the secretory granules. Two different digestive processes were recognized. During crinophagy, lysosomes directly fuse with secretory granules while, during autophagy, a cytoplasmic area containing secretory granules and/or other organelles is circumscribed before the enzymatic digestion. In addition, lysosomes may transport arylsulphatase into secretory granules apparently not involved in a destructive process. Such a process could also account, at least in part, for the presence of AcPase in a certain number of mature and immature secretory granules."}
{"id": "PMID:348540", "title": "The effect of residual insulin secretion on exocrine pancreatic function in juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Residual beta cell function was studied in 18 juvenile-onset diabetics by measuring serum C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) fasting, and after IV injection of glucagon (1 mg). This was compared with the exocrine pancreatic response to an IV infusion of secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. Outputs of pancreatic bicarbonate, amylase and trypsin were measured. Exocrine secretory pancreatic function was decreased in 14 patients. Fasting and maximal CPR showed that 9 patients had residual insulin secretion. For these 'CPR-secretors' there was a strong correlation between CPR and output of bicarbonate (r = 0.87, p less than 0.005) and amylase (r = 0.7, p less than 0.05), but not with trypsin. These results suggest the existence of an endocrine-exocrine relationship in the pancreas.", "contents": "The effect of residual insulin secretion on exocrine pancreatic function in juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. Residual beta cell function was studied in 18 juvenile-onset diabetics by measuring serum C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) fasting, and after IV injection of glucagon (1 mg). This was compared with the exocrine pancreatic response to an IV infusion of secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. Outputs of pancreatic bicarbonate, amylase and trypsin were measured. Exocrine secretory pancreatic function was decreased in 14 patients. Fasting and maximal CPR showed that 9 patients had residual insulin secretion. For these 'CPR-secretors' there was a strong correlation between CPR and output of bicarbonate (r = 0.87, p less than 0.005) and amylase (r = 0.7, p less than 0.05), but not with trypsin. These results suggest the existence of an endocrine-exocrine relationship in the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:348542", "title": "Islet activating protein (IAP) derived from the culture supernatant fluid of Bordetella pertussis: effect on spontaneous diabetic rats.", "content": "The early phase of insulin secretion to an oral glucose load was blunted in spontaneous diabetic rats. The blunted insulin secretion was associated with markedly impaired glucose tolerance. A single injection of the islet activating protein (IAP), a protein derived from the culture medium of Bordetella pertussis, into the spontaneous diabetic rats normalised glucose tolerance. The increase in insulin response to glucose was an important contributing factor to the improvement of glucose tolerance. This curative effect of the IAP on the diabetic state was of long duration; glucose tolerance remained virtually normal over a period of one month in the diabetic rats. Perfusion of the isolated pancreas of the diabetic rats pretreated with IAP showed an increase in insulin response to glucose and loss of suppression of glucagon secretion by noradrenaline.", "contents": "Islet activating protein (IAP) derived from the culture supernatant fluid of Bordetella pertussis: effect on spontaneous diabetic rats. The early phase of insulin secretion to an oral glucose load was blunted in spontaneous diabetic rats. The blunted insulin secretion was associated with markedly impaired glucose tolerance. A single injection of the islet activating protein (IAP), a protein derived from the culture medium of Bordetella pertussis, into the spontaneous diabetic rats normalised glucose tolerance. The increase in insulin response to glucose was an important contributing factor to the improvement of glucose tolerance. This curative effect of the IAP on the diabetic state was of long duration; glucose tolerance remained virtually normal over a period of one month in the diabetic rats. Perfusion of the isolated pancreas of the diabetic rats pretreated with IAP showed an increase in insulin response to glucose and loss of suppression of glucagon secretion by noradrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:348543", "title": "Glucose stimulated proinsulin biosynthesis rates of turn off after cessation of the stimulus.", "content": "Proinsulin biosynthesis was stimulated progressively to a plateau level at 45 min by 5.5 mmol/1 glucose. The rate of biosynthesis promptly decreased following cessation of either 15 or 60 min exposure to this concentration of glucose. Actinomycin D had no effect on the rate of decline. In contrast, exposure to 20 mmol/1 glucose caused a prolonged increase in proinsulin biosynthesis which was still apparent at 75 min. After removal of the stimulus there was an initial decrease in the rate of proinsulin biosynthesis followed by persistently elevated rates. When proinsulin biosynthesis was stimulated by 20 mmol/1 glucose in the presence of actinomycin D, there was a rapid switch off of biosynthesis and no persistent effect. Thus, two controls for regulation of proinsulin biosynthesis can be characterised: a prompt, rapidly reversible stimulation in response to low or high glucose concentrations and a persistent stimulation in response to high glucose concentrations. These two effects may represent the translational and transcriptional effects of glucose respectively.", "contents": "Glucose stimulated proinsulin biosynthesis rates of turn off after cessation of the stimulus. Proinsulin biosynthesis was stimulated progressively to a plateau level at 45 min by 5.5 mmol/1 glucose. The rate of biosynthesis promptly decreased following cessation of either 15 or 60 min exposure to this concentration of glucose. Actinomycin D had no effect on the rate of decline. In contrast, exposure to 20 mmol/1 glucose caused a prolonged increase in proinsulin biosynthesis which was still apparent at 75 min. After removal of the stimulus there was an initial decrease in the rate of proinsulin biosynthesis followed by persistently elevated rates. When proinsulin biosynthesis was stimulated by 20 mmol/1 glucose in the presence of actinomycin D, there was a rapid switch off of biosynthesis and no persistent effect. Thus, two controls for regulation of proinsulin biosynthesis can be characterised: a prompt, rapidly reversible stimulation in response to low or high glucose concentrations and a persistent stimulation in response to high glucose concentrations. These two effects may represent the translational and transcriptional effects of glucose respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:348546", "title": "[Effects of the association of Ca-antagonists with nitroderivatives or betablocking drugs in effort angina pectoris (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of the association of calcium antagonists (CAI) with a nitroderivate and a betablocker were studied by means of exercise tests in 8 patients with stable effort angina pectoris. According the statistical model of a latin square 4 x 4, the first 4 patients were tested with the following treatments: placebo, oral; nifedipine (N) 10 mg, oral; N + isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) 10 mg oral; N + propranolol (Pr) 40 mg, oral. In the second square verapamil 80 mg oral represented the CAI treatment. Compared to placebo, all the treatments produced a significant increase of exercise duration and total work performed before angina. In both the squares the improvement observed after CAI + ISDN was significantly higher than after administration of CAI alone. In both the squares the association of CAI + Pr determined a little, non significant improvement of exercise duration in respect to CAI alone. EKG positivity was delayed by Pr more than angina appearance: hpwever, also this effect was not significant when compared with administration of CAI alone. By the analysis of the changes of heart rate, maximal arterial pressure, ejection time and triple product at the same level of work, a relevant inhibition of myocardial contractility with the adopted doses of CAI can be excluded; the effect of these drugs seems to be due mainly to a decrease of arterial pressure, and, when associated to ISDN, to decreases of arterial pressure and ejection time.", "contents": "[Effects of the association of Ca-antagonists with nitroderivatives or betablocking drugs in effort angina pectoris (author's transl)]. The effects of the association of calcium antagonists (CAI) with a nitroderivate and a betablocker were studied by means of exercise tests in 8 patients with stable effort angina pectoris. According the statistical model of a latin square 4 x 4, the first 4 patients were tested with the following treatments: placebo, oral; nifedipine (N) 10 mg, oral; N + isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) 10 mg oral; N + propranolol (Pr) 40 mg, oral. In the second square verapamil 80 mg oral represented the CAI treatment. Compared to placebo, all the treatments produced a significant increase of exercise duration and total work performed before angina. In both the squares the improvement observed after CAI + ISDN was significantly higher than after administration of CAI alone. In both the squares the association of CAI + Pr determined a little, non significant improvement of exercise duration in respect to CAI alone. EKG positivity was delayed by Pr more than angina appearance: hpwever, also this effect was not significant when compared with administration of CAI alone. By the analysis of the changes of heart rate, maximal arterial pressure, ejection time and triple product at the same level of work, a relevant inhibition of myocardial contractility with the adopted doses of CAI can be excluded; the effect of these drugs seems to be due mainly to a decrease of arterial pressure, and, when associated to ISDN, to decreases of arterial pressure and ejection time."}
{"id": "PMID:348548", "title": "The place of continuous external negative pressure (CNP) in the management of respiratory distress syndrome of the new born.", "content": "This work has been carried out on 28 cases of respiratory distress syndrome (R.D.S.), 17 cases of mild and moderate severity were treated by oxygen therapy, excess humidity, and correction of acid-base balance with 100% recovery within an average time of 72 hrs., while 11 cases of severe R.D.S. needed continuous negative external pressure (C.N.P.) in addition to routine management. The use of C.N.P. in spontaneously breathing infants reduced the need for high ambient oxygen, raised PaO2\", shortened the duration of therapy; average time of recovery was 48 hrs. In addition, C.N.P. reduced the need for excessive alkali therapy and assisted ventilation. So, in addition to routine therapy, C.N.P. is recommended as an additional line of management of severe cases of R.D.S., i.e. cases that cannot maintain an arterial oxygen of 60 mmHg. at 60% ambient oxygen or above; or cases with frequent apnoeic attacks.", "contents": "The place of continuous external negative pressure (CNP) in the management of respiratory distress syndrome of the new born. This work has been carried out on 28 cases of respiratory distress syndrome (R.D.S.), 17 cases of mild and moderate severity were treated by oxygen therapy, excess humidity, and correction of acid-base balance with 100% recovery within an average time of 72 hrs., while 11 cases of severe R.D.S. needed continuous negative external pressure (C.N.P.) in addition to routine management. The use of C.N.P. in spontaneously breathing infants reduced the need for high ambient oxygen, raised PaO2\", shortened the duration of therapy; average time of recovery was 48 hrs. In addition, C.N.P. reduced the need for excessive alkali therapy and assisted ventilation. So, in addition to routine therapy, C.N.P. is recommended as an additional line of management of severe cases of R.D.S., i.e. cases that cannot maintain an arterial oxygen of 60 mmHg. at 60% ambient oxygen or above; or cases with frequent apnoeic attacks."}
{"id": "PMID:348550", "title": "Clinical study on gastric secretion with special reference to pepsin secretion.", "content": "The stimulating effect of AOC-tetragastrin, caerulein, Histalog and secretin on human gastric acid and pepsin secretion was studied in gastric ulcer patients. The pattern of gastric acid and pepsin secretion after the administration of caerulein was closely resembled to that of gastrin. Slight increase of pepsin secretion after gastrin or caerulein could be based on \"wash-out\" action caused by the increase of acid secretion after the stimulants. Stimulating effect on gastric pepsin secretion of histalog and secretin would be independent of gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "Clinical study on gastric secretion with special reference to pepsin secretion. The stimulating effect of AOC-tetragastrin, caerulein, Histalog and secretin on human gastric acid and pepsin secretion was studied in gastric ulcer patients. The pattern of gastric acid and pepsin secretion after the administration of caerulein was closely resembled to that of gastrin. Slight increase of pepsin secretion after gastrin or caerulein could be based on \"wash-out\" action caused by the increase of acid secretion after the stimulants. Stimulating effect on gastric pepsin secretion of histalog and secretin would be independent of gastric acid secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:348551", "title": "Inhibition of gastric secretion by intraduodenal hypertonic glucose in patients with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Intraduodenal instillation of hypertonic glucose significantly inhibited tetragastrin-induced gastric acid and pepsin outputs in man. The secretory volume of gastric juice was markedly decreased, whereas, acid concentration remained unchanged. Pepsin concentration, on the contrary, was reduced significantly. The degree of inhibition of pepsin output, therefore, was greater than that of acid output. No significant difference in the extent of inhibition of acid or pepsin output was observed between control subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Inhibition of gastric secretion by intraduodenal hypertonic glucose in patients with duodenal ulcer. Intraduodenal instillation of hypertonic glucose significantly inhibited tetragastrin-induced gastric acid and pepsin outputs in man. The secretory volume of gastric juice was markedly decreased, whereas, acid concentration remained unchanged. Pepsin concentration, on the contrary, was reduced significantly. The degree of inhibition of pepsin output, therefore, was greater than that of acid output. No significant difference in the extent of inhibition of acid or pepsin output was observed between control subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:348552", "title": "Experimental colitis in rabbits.", "content": "Experimental colitis was induced in rabbits either by immunizing the antigens which possess the cross-reacting antigenicity with colonic mucosa, and by infusing intravenously their own lymphocytes sensitized with E. coli 014 endotoxin which may contain a high concentration of common antigen (Kunin antigen). The hemorrhagic inflammatory changes were developed in the colon as follows; (1) three of fifteen rabbits immunized with rat colon, (2) one of three rabbits with their own E. coli, (3) six of fifteen rabbits with E. coli 014 and, (4) five of eight rabbits by infusing their own lymphocytes sensitized with E. coli 014 endotoxin. It was suggested that the cross-reacting antigenicity with the colonic mucosa and the sensitized lymphocytes implicate in the pathogenesis of chronic ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Experimental colitis in rabbits. Experimental colitis was induced in rabbits either by immunizing the antigens which possess the cross-reacting antigenicity with colonic mucosa, and by infusing intravenously their own lymphocytes sensitized with E. coli 014 endotoxin which may contain a high concentration of common antigen (Kunin antigen). The hemorrhagic inflammatory changes were developed in the colon as follows; (1) three of fifteen rabbits immunized with rat colon, (2) one of three rabbits with their own E. coli, (3) six of fifteen rabbits with E. coli 014 and, (4) five of eight rabbits by infusing their own lymphocytes sensitized with E. coli 014 endotoxin. It was suggested that the cross-reacting antigenicity with the colonic mucosa and the sensitized lymphocytes implicate in the pathogenesis of chronic ulcerative colitis."}
{"id": "PMID:348553", "title": "Double blind study of milk lactose intolerance.", "content": "One hundred and fifty subjects were studied in a double blind fashion to determine the relationship between lactose malabsorption and milk lactose intolerance. Each participant received 250 ml of a different type of milk on 3 consecutive days. Milk A contained no lactose, milk B had 12.5 g, and milk C contained 37.5 g of lactose. After the experiment was completed each subject was classified with a lactose tolerance test as having \"sufficient\" or \"insufficient\" lactase activity. Milk A produced no gastrointestinal symptoms in either sufficient or in insufficient persons. Milk B produced symptoms in 3.8% of sufficient and 37.1% of insufficient individuals, and Milk C induced symptoms in 7.6% of sufficient and 83.5% of insufficient subjects. These differences are very highly significant (P less than 0.0001). It is concluded that lactose-intolerant subjects are indeed milk-intolerant and that the frequency with which symptoms occur in persons with lactose malabsorption increases in direct relation to the lactose content of the milk.", "contents": "Double blind study of milk lactose intolerance. One hundred and fifty subjects were studied in a double blind fashion to determine the relationship between lactose malabsorption and milk lactose intolerance. Each participant received 250 ml of a different type of milk on 3 consecutive days. Milk A contained no lactose, milk B had 12.5 g, and milk C contained 37.5 g of lactose. After the experiment was completed each subject was classified with a lactose tolerance test as having \"sufficient\" or \"insufficient\" lactase activity. Milk A produced no gastrointestinal symptoms in either sufficient or in insufficient persons. Milk B produced symptoms in 3.8% of sufficient and 37.1% of insufficient individuals, and Milk C induced symptoms in 7.6% of sufficient and 83.5% of insufficient subjects. These differences are very highly significant (P less than 0.0001). It is concluded that lactose-intolerant subjects are indeed milk-intolerant and that the frequency with which symptoms occur in persons with lactose malabsorption increases in direct relation to the lactose content of the milk."}
{"id": "PMID:348554", "title": "Carcinoma arising in a congenitally dilated biliary tract. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of carcinoma arising in a congenitally dilated biliary tract is reported. Forty-seven cases in which congenital dilatation of the biliary tract was associated with carcinoma were found in the world literature and analyzed. The association of carcinoma with congenital biliary ductal dilatation was found to be higher than previously recognized. Carcinoma may arise in any cystic portion, extrahepatic or intrahepatic. If technically safe and feasible, primary excision of the choledochal cyst is advisable, to prevent the risk of later malignant change in the unexcised cyst.", "contents": "Carcinoma arising in a congenitally dilated biliary tract. Report of a case and review of the literature. A case of carcinoma arising in a congenitally dilated biliary tract is reported. Forty-seven cases in which congenital dilatation of the biliary tract was associated with carcinoma were found in the world literature and analyzed. The association of carcinoma with congenital biliary ductal dilatation was found to be higher than previously recognized. Carcinoma may arise in any cystic portion, extrahepatic or intrahepatic. If technically safe and feasible, primary excision of the choledochal cyst is advisable, to prevent the risk of later malignant change in the unexcised cyst."}
{"id": "PMID:348556", "title": "Genetics of gastrointestinal polyposis.", "content": "This review deals with the types of gastrointestinal polyposis in which genetic factors play an essential part, namely, the hamartomatous lesions of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and multiple juvenile polyposis and the neoplastic tumors of familial polyposis coli and multiple adenomas. The mode of inheritance, associated lesions, malignancy potential, and possible interrelationships between the various types of polyposis are discussed. The knowledge that the lesions are inherited should enable other family members to be investigated and treated at an early stage, a matter of considerable importance in the prevention of cancer when there is an associated risk of gastrointestinal carcinoma.", "contents": "Genetics of gastrointestinal polyposis. This review deals with the types of gastrointestinal polyposis in which genetic factors play an essential part, namely, the hamartomatous lesions of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and multiple juvenile polyposis and the neoplastic tumors of familial polyposis coli and multiple adenomas. The mode of inheritance, associated lesions, malignancy potential, and possible interrelationships between the various types of polyposis are discussed. The knowledge that the lesions are inherited should enable other family members to be investigated and treated at an early stage, a matter of considerable importance in the prevention of cancer when there is an associated risk of gastrointestinal carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:348561", "title": "[Determination of microelements in placenta I. Commun.: spectrophotometric determination of copper content of human placentas (author's transl)].", "content": "The copper content of human placenta determined by means of the Bathocuproinemethod lies at 1,21 +/- 0,18 ppm in the fresh and 7,06 +/- 1,04 ppm in the dried material. Furthermore an improved generally applicable method for decomposition of biological materials that prevents the volatilization of trace elements is described.", "contents": "[Determination of microelements in placenta I. Commun.: spectrophotometric determination of copper content of human placentas (author's transl)]. The copper content of human placenta determined by means of the Bathocuproinemethod lies at 1,21 +/- 0,18 ppm in the fresh and 7,06 +/- 1,04 ppm in the dried material. Furthermore an improved generally applicable method for decomposition of biological materials that prevents the volatilization of trace elements is described."}
{"id": "PMID:348562", "title": "Gene duplication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Five independent duplications of the acid-phosphatase (aphtase) structural gene (acp1) were recovered from chemostat populations of S. cerevisiae that were subject to selection for in vivo hyper-aphtase activity. Two of the duplications arose spontaneously. Three of them were induced by UV. All five of the duplication events involved the transpositioning of the aphtase structural gene, acp1, and all known genes distal to acp1 on the right arm of chromosome II, to the terminus of an arm of other unknown chromosomes. One of the five duplicated regions of the right arm of chromosome II was found to be transmitted mitotically and meiotically with very high fidelity. The other four duplicated regions of the right arm of chromosome II were found to be unstable, being lost at a rate of about 2% per mitosis. However, selection for increased fidelity of mitotic transmission was effective in one of these strains. No tandem duplications of the aphtase structural gene were found.", "contents": "Gene duplication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Five independent duplications of the acid-phosphatase (aphtase) structural gene (acp1) were recovered from chemostat populations of S. cerevisiae that were subject to selection for in vivo hyper-aphtase activity. Two of the duplications arose spontaneously. Three of them were induced by UV. All five of the duplication events involved the transpositioning of the aphtase structural gene, acp1, and all known genes distal to acp1 on the right arm of chromosome II, to the terminus of an arm of other unknown chromosomes. One of the five duplicated regions of the right arm of chromosome II was found to be transmitted mitotically and meiotically with very high fidelity. The other four duplicated regions of the right arm of chromosome II were found to be unstable, being lost at a rate of about 2% per mitosis. However, selection for increased fidelity of mitotic transmission was effective in one of these strains. No tandem duplications of the aphtase structural gene were found."}
{"id": "PMID:348565", "title": "[Mechanism of the mutagenic action of the decay of incorporated phosphorus-32].", "content": "The experimental material concerning that physico-chemical consequences of 32P decay in the molecular structure of DNA, their reparation mechanism as well, and resulting mutagenic effects have been analysed. The reparation of the single-strand break of the DNA chain does not cause the changes of microdeletion and microinsertion type but instead of the changes observed are of the nucleic bases conversion type. It is concluded that the mutations caused by the decay of 32P incorporated appear as a result of errors in the selection of nucleic bases during the reparative replication of the non-conservative type.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the mutagenic action of the decay of incorporated phosphorus-32]. The experimental material concerning that physico-chemical consequences of 32P decay in the molecular structure of DNA, their reparation mechanism as well, and resulting mutagenic effects have been analysed. The reparation of the single-strand break of the DNA chain does not cause the changes of microdeletion and microinsertion type but instead of the changes observed are of the nucleic bases conversion type. It is concluded that the mutations caused by the decay of 32P incorporated appear as a result of errors in the selection of nucleic bases during the reparative replication of the non-conservative type."}
{"id": "PMID:348566", "title": "[Specific mutagenic effectiveness of 1,4-bis-diazoacetylbutane in relation to individual genes].", "content": "A selective effect of 1,4-bis-diazoacetylbutane (DAB) with respect to individual genes is observed when studying its mutagenic action on bacterial strains. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The frequency of mutations to thr+ exceeded in three orders the background of spontaneous variability for this marker. No induced mutations to trp+ and his+ leu+, which might be the result of transition, transversions, suppressor mutations and frame shift mutations, were detected. Mutagenic effect of DAB is due to the functioning of the gene uvr+. Several hypotheses are proposed on possible mechanism of the specific effect of DAB with respect to individual genes.", "contents": "[Specific mutagenic effectiveness of 1,4-bis-diazoacetylbutane in relation to individual genes]. A selective effect of 1,4-bis-diazoacetylbutane (DAB) with respect to individual genes is observed when studying its mutagenic action on bacterial strains. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The frequency of mutations to thr+ exceeded in three orders the background of spontaneous variability for this marker. No induced mutations to trp+ and his+ leu+, which might be the result of transition, transversions, suppressor mutations and frame shift mutations, were detected. Mutagenic effect of DAB is due to the functioning of the gene uvr+. Several hypotheses are proposed on possible mechanism of the specific effect of DAB with respect to individual genes."}
{"id": "PMID:348567", "title": "[Possible interaction mechanisms of allele and nonallele genes on the translation level].", "content": "Data on mechanisms of the formation of hybrid (heteropolymeric) isozymes are surveyed. Hybrid isozymes are considered to be the result of the interaction of allelic and some non-allelic genes at the translation level. Evidence is provided indicating that the formation of hybrid isozymes is closely related to the translation process of those mRNAs that synthesize allelic genes. It is suggested that the stage necessary for the formation of hybrid isozymes is compartmentalization (joint location) in the cytoplasm of the mRNAs that are synthesized by allelic genes. This suggestion helps to clarify many experimental data on the mechanisms of the formation of hybrid isozymes in various animal and plant species. One of the conclusions derived from this suggestion is that the compartmentalization of mRNAs of allelic genes creates conditions for an equal-probability quantitative manifestation of allelic genes in the phenotype prior to post-translation.", "contents": "[Possible interaction mechanisms of allele and nonallele genes on the translation level]. Data on mechanisms of the formation of hybrid (heteropolymeric) isozymes are surveyed. Hybrid isozymes are considered to be the result of the interaction of allelic and some non-allelic genes at the translation level. Evidence is provided indicating that the formation of hybrid isozymes is closely related to the translation process of those mRNAs that synthesize allelic genes. It is suggested that the stage necessary for the formation of hybrid isozymes is compartmentalization (joint location) in the cytoplasm of the mRNAs that are synthesized by allelic genes. This suggestion helps to clarify many experimental data on the mechanisms of the formation of hybrid isozymes in various animal and plant species. One of the conclusions derived from this suggestion is that the compartmentalization of mRNAs of allelic genes creates conditions for an equal-probability quantitative manifestation of allelic genes in the phenotype prior to post-translation."}
{"id": "PMID:348573", "title": "[Preferred secondary attachment site of prophage phi80 on Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome].", "content": "The integration frequency of phage att80 immlambdac1857 into the chromosome of a mutant strain H47 Escherichia coli K-12 deleted for the normal prophage insertion site is found to be about 20-fold decreased as compared with its integration into the wild type strain. The most of the resulting lysogens contain the prophage at the secondary attachment site of the mutant bacterial chromosome which is preferentially utilized for prophage insertion. This attachment site (att80-II) is located close to his-genes on the chromosome of H47 strain. Prophage curing procedure of such abnormal lysogens results in the appearance of rare auxotrophic heat-resistant survivors with the His- phenotype. In some cases the prophage insertion can induce an inversion of a neighbouring genetic region. Such lysogens contain the purC gene near prophage located at the att80-II site, and after curing they segregate the heat-resistant His- and Pur- colonies.", "contents": "[Preferred secondary attachment site of prophage phi80 on Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome]. The integration frequency of phage att80 immlambdac1857 into the chromosome of a mutant strain H47 Escherichia coli K-12 deleted for the normal prophage insertion site is found to be about 20-fold decreased as compared with its integration into the wild type strain. The most of the resulting lysogens contain the prophage at the secondary attachment site of the mutant bacterial chromosome which is preferentially utilized for prophage insertion. This attachment site (att80-II) is located close to his-genes on the chromosome of H47 strain. Prophage curing procedure of such abnormal lysogens results in the appearance of rare auxotrophic heat-resistant survivors with the His- phenotype. In some cases the prophage insertion can induce an inversion of a neighbouring genetic region. Such lysogens contain the purC gene near prophage located at the att80-II site, and after curing they segregate the heat-resistant His- and Pur- colonies."}
{"id": "PMID:348574", "title": "[Mutations of resistance to 2,6-diaminopurine and 6-methylpurine that affect adenine phosphoribosyltransferase in Escherichia coli K-12].", "content": "Independently obtained mutations (apt) of resistance to DAP (2,6-diaminopurine) and MP (6-methylpurine), that affect adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) in Escherichia coli, are different in their effect on the conversion of several substrates of APRT, such as DAP, MP, MAP (6-methylaminopurine) and adenine, to their nucleotide derivatives. Most of mutants were resistant to DAP and MP, unable to utilize MAP (as purine source) and differed in their ability to uptake adenine from the medium. Among the mutants capable to utilize adenine the following types are found: (1) resistant to DAP and MP, but capable of utilizing MAP, and (2) resistant to DAP, capable of utilizing MAP, but sensitive to MP. The gene apt encoding APRT is located between genes proC and purE; the frequency of cotransduction between proC and several apt mutations is found to be 1.7--2% and purE-apt--to be 5--10.8%. Mutations apt block up the ability of purine-dependent (pur) bacteria lacking purine nucleoside phosphorylase (pup) to use purine ribonucleosides as purine sources. The degree of that blocking depends on the ability of apt mutants to convert adenine to AMP via APRT. These observations confirm our previous data, that the ability of pur pup mutants to use purine ribonucleosides depends on the activity of APRT.", "contents": "[Mutations of resistance to 2,6-diaminopurine and 6-methylpurine that affect adenine phosphoribosyltransferase in Escherichia coli K-12]. Independently obtained mutations (apt) of resistance to DAP (2,6-diaminopurine) and MP (6-methylpurine), that affect adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) in Escherichia coli, are different in their effect on the conversion of several substrates of APRT, such as DAP, MP, MAP (6-methylaminopurine) and adenine, to their nucleotide derivatives. Most of mutants were resistant to DAP and MP, unable to utilize MAP (as purine source) and differed in their ability to uptake adenine from the medium. Among the mutants capable to utilize adenine the following types are found: (1) resistant to DAP and MP, but capable of utilizing MAP, and (2) resistant to DAP, capable of utilizing MAP, but sensitive to MP. The gene apt encoding APRT is located between genes proC and purE; the frequency of cotransduction between proC and several apt mutations is found to be 1.7--2% and purE-apt--to be 5--10.8%. Mutations apt block up the ability of purine-dependent (pur) bacteria lacking purine nucleoside phosphorylase (pup) to use purine ribonucleosides as purine sources. The degree of that blocking depends on the ability of apt mutants to convert adenine to AMP via APRT. These observations confirm our previous data, that the ability of pur pup mutants to use purine ribonucleosides depends on the activity of APRT."}
{"id": "PMID:348575", "title": "[Reparation of the damages induced by UV light in salmonellae].", "content": "The survival of Salmonella typhimurium wild type strains after UV-irradiation is studied. It is demonstrated that many of these are more sensitive to UV-irradiation than Escherichia coli of the wild type. Alkaline sucrose density gradient centrifugation has demonstrated a deficiency of these strains in normal excision repair of UV-damaged DNA. This deficiency is not a feature of Salmonella genus, because a strain is found of the same resistance and reparation ability as E. coli wild type strain.", "contents": "[Reparation of the damages induced by UV light in salmonellae]. The survival of Salmonella typhimurium wild type strains after UV-irradiation is studied. It is demonstrated that many of these are more sensitive to UV-irradiation than Escherichia coli of the wild type. Alkaline sucrose density gradient centrifugation has demonstrated a deficiency of these strains in normal excision repair of UV-damaged DNA. This deficiency is not a feature of Salmonella genus, because a strain is found of the same resistance and reparation ability as E. coli wild type strain."}
{"id": "PMID:348580", "title": "Immunocytochemical study of the interaction of soybean trypsin inhibitor with rat intestinal mucosa.", "content": "To investigate further the cause of the pancreatic enlargment induced by orally ingested soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI), antibodies raised against STI and purified by affinity chromatography were used to localise dietary STI in the rat gut by fluorescent immunocytochemical methods. This technique permitted the clear intracellular demonstration of STI in the ileal mucosa of suckling rats. However, in adult rats no entry of STI into mucosal cells of the small intestine could be demonstrated, it being confined to the luminal surface of the mucosa. Although the passage of STI into and across the adult intestinal mucosa could not be excluded through the use of this technique, the results are consistent with an intraluminal mode of action of STI as suggested by Green and Lyman (1972)--namely, that the pancreatic enlargement caused in sensitive species results from the inhibition of trypsin (which acts as the physiological inhibitor of the mucosal secretion of pancreotrophic hormones), thus resulting in the uninhibited secretion of these hormones.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical study of the interaction of soybean trypsin inhibitor with rat intestinal mucosa. To investigate further the cause of the pancreatic enlargment induced by orally ingested soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI), antibodies raised against STI and purified by affinity chromatography were used to localise dietary STI in the rat gut by fluorescent immunocytochemical methods. This technique permitted the clear intracellular demonstration of STI in the ileal mucosa of suckling rats. However, in adult rats no entry of STI into mucosal cells of the small intestine could be demonstrated, it being confined to the luminal surface of the mucosa. Although the passage of STI into and across the adult intestinal mucosa could not be excluded through the use of this technique, the results are consistent with an intraluminal mode of action of STI as suggested by Green and Lyman (1972)--namely, that the pancreatic enlargement caused in sensitive species results from the inhibition of trypsin (which acts as the physiological inhibitor of the mucosal secretion of pancreotrophic hormones), thus resulting in the uninhibited secretion of these hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:348581", "title": "Inhibition by somatostatin (growth-hormone release-inhibiting hormone, GH-RIH) of gastric acid and pepsin and G-cell release of gastrin.", "content": "Somatostatin (cyclic growth-hormone release-inhibiting hormone--GH-RIH) was infused into dogs with gastric fistulae. Somatostatin inhibited gastric acid response to four gastric stimulants--insulin, food, histamine, and pentagastrin. Histamine- and pentagastrin-stimulated pepsins were inhibited similarly to inhibition of acid. Somatostatin inhibited the gastrin response to insulin and food.", "contents": "Inhibition by somatostatin (growth-hormone release-inhibiting hormone, GH-RIH) of gastric acid and pepsin and G-cell release of gastrin. Somatostatin (cyclic growth-hormone release-inhibiting hormone--GH-RIH) was infused into dogs with gastric fistulae. Somatostatin inhibited gastric acid response to four gastric stimulants--insulin, food, histamine, and pentagastrin. Histamine- and pentagastrin-stimulated pepsins were inhibited similarly to inhibition of acid. Somatostatin inhibited the gastrin response to insulin and food."}
{"id": "PMID:348584", "title": "Social work in health care: past and future.", "content": "Historically, social work in hospitals has been subordinate to the medical profession. After tracing its development, the author suggests ways in which hospital-based social work can effectively play a role in the area of policymaking as the equal of other professions in shaping health care decisions and practices.", "contents": "Social work in health care: past and future. Historically, social work in hospitals has been subordinate to the medical profession. After tracing its development, the author suggests ways in which hospital-based social work can effectively play a role in the area of policymaking as the equal of other professions in shaping health care decisions and practices."}
{"id": "PMID:348585", "title": "Effect of oxygen supply on growth of Klebsiella aerogenes in a multistage tower fermentor.", "content": "The effect of the rate of oxygen supply on biomass growth, consumption of carbon source formation of metabolic by-products, biomass yeilds referred to C-source and oxygen, respiration rate and the respiratory quotient was studied in a multistage tower fermentor with an interstage backflow, i.e. with a continuous reinoculation of the preceding stages. Experiments were done with Klebsiella aerogenes CCM 2318 in a synthetic glucose medium with constant glucose concentration in the feed, at pH 7.0. temperature 30 degrees C, and dilution rates 0.6 and 0.178 h-1 (referred to one stage). Different behavior of the culture was found at different dilution rates both with oxygen and under oxygen limitation. As compared with the chemostat system, the regime with an interstage backflow exhibited differences in respiration rate and CO2 formation; this attests to a considerably different physiological state of the cells.", "contents": "Effect of oxygen supply on growth of Klebsiella aerogenes in a multistage tower fermentor. The effect of the rate of oxygen supply on biomass growth, consumption of carbon source formation of metabolic by-products, biomass yeilds referred to C-source and oxygen, respiration rate and the respiratory quotient was studied in a multistage tower fermentor with an interstage backflow, i.e. with a continuous reinoculation of the preceding stages. Experiments were done with Klebsiella aerogenes CCM 2318 in a synthetic glucose medium with constant glucose concentration in the feed, at pH 7.0. temperature 30 degrees C, and dilution rates 0.6 and 0.178 h-1 (referred to one stage). Different behavior of the culture was found at different dilution rates both with oxygen and under oxygen limitation. As compared with the chemostat system, the regime with an interstage backflow exhibited differences in respiration rate and CO2 formation; this attests to a considerably different physiological state of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:348586", "title": "Apparent half-lives of sugar transport proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Using incubation in the presence of 0.4 mM cycloheximide the half-lives of the principal membrane transport proteins in baker's yeast were found to be: more than 24 h for the constitutive glucose carrier, 2.2 h for the inducible galactose carrier, 1.2 h for the inducible maltose carrier and 0.8 h for the inducible alpha-methyl-D-glucoside carrier. The distinct nature of the two last-named carriers was thus supported. De-induction of the galactose carrier was enhanced in the presence of glucose plus cycloheximide but not of either substance alone. Chloramphenicol suppressed all effects of cycloheximide. In contrast to the enzymes of galactose metabolism, the induction of the glactose carrier was not under the control of a mitochondrial factor and took place in a rho-mutant. The system induced by maltose but not the one induced by alpha-methyl-D-glucoside was de-induced rapidly by the intervention of a cytoplasm-synthesized protein.", "contents": "Apparent half-lives of sugar transport proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using incubation in the presence of 0.4 mM cycloheximide the half-lives of the principal membrane transport proteins in baker's yeast were found to be: more than 24 h for the constitutive glucose carrier, 2.2 h for the inducible galactose carrier, 1.2 h for the inducible maltose carrier and 0.8 h for the inducible alpha-methyl-D-glucoside carrier. The distinct nature of the two last-named carriers was thus supported. De-induction of the galactose carrier was enhanced in the presence of glucose plus cycloheximide but not of either substance alone. Chloramphenicol suppressed all effects of cycloheximide. In contrast to the enzymes of galactose metabolism, the induction of the glactose carrier was not under the control of a mitochondrial factor and took place in a rho-mutant. The system induced by maltose but not the one induced by alpha-methyl-D-glucoside was de-induced rapidly by the intervention of a cytoplasm-synthesized protein."}
{"id": "PMID:348589", "title": "[An intraperitoneally positioned IUD--mistaken for a Spieghel hernia].", "content": "A 40-year-old woman presented with the typical signs and symptoms of a Spigelian hernia. Upon operation, an inflammatory conglomerate tumor in the lower omentum was found, containing a copper T. As there were no signs of perforation it is to be discussed whether the IUCD migrated through the right Fallopian tube or penetrated through the uterine wall without leaving a scar.", "contents": "[An intraperitoneally positioned IUD--mistaken for a Spieghel hernia]. A 40-year-old woman presented with the typical signs and symptoms of a Spigelian hernia. Upon operation, an inflammatory conglomerate tumor in the lower omentum was found, containing a copper T. As there were no signs of perforation it is to be discussed whether the IUCD migrated through the right Fallopian tube or penetrated through the uterine wall without leaving a scar."}
{"id": "PMID:348593", "title": "Immunohistological studies on the distribution of cytochrome b3 reductase in rat liver microsomes.", "content": "The distribution of cytochrome b5 reductase in rat liver microsomes purified by density gradient centrifugation was studied using anti-cytochrome b5 reductase/anti-ferritin hybrid antibodies labeled with ferritin. Electron micrographs show that the outer surface and the polar cap of tangential sections of essentially all vesicles derived from endoplasmic reticulum are specifically marked with a few ferritin grains which are not localized in large patches but arranged randomly. This finding was correlated with morphometrical and biochemical measurements. The results, supporting our earlier investigations, suggest that cytochrome b5 reductase may be clustered at the most in very small assemblies consisting of a few molecules which, in turn, are statistically uniformly distributed over the total membrane system.", "contents": "Immunohistological studies on the distribution of cytochrome b3 reductase in rat liver microsomes. The distribution of cytochrome b5 reductase in rat liver microsomes purified by density gradient centrifugation was studied using anti-cytochrome b5 reductase/anti-ferritin hybrid antibodies labeled with ferritin. Electron micrographs show that the outer surface and the polar cap of tangential sections of essentially all vesicles derived from endoplasmic reticulum are specifically marked with a few ferritin grains which are not localized in large patches but arranged randomly. This finding was correlated with morphometrical and biochemical measurements. The results, supporting our earlier investigations, suggest that cytochrome b5 reductase may be clustered at the most in very small assemblies consisting of a few molecules which, in turn, are statistically uniformly distributed over the total membrane system."}
{"id": "PMID:348594", "title": "Localization of kallikrein in porcine pancreas and submandibular gland as revealed by the indirect immunofluorescence technique.", "content": "The glandular kininogenase kallikrein is known to occur in many mammalian organs and glands but direct histochemical localization has been achieved in only a few cases. We have now been able to localize porcine kallikrein in the acinar cells of the pancreas and in the striated and collecting duct cells of the submandibular gland. Incubation of frozen and fixed sections with one of the crossreacting antibodies, anti-pancreatic, anti-submandibular or anti-urinary kallikrein IgG resulted in the same immunofluorescence pattern. There was evidence of a specific fluorescence neither in the acinar cells, nor in the interstitial tissue or blood cells of the submandibular gland nor in the islets of Langerhans, the interlobular ducts or blood vessels of the pancreas. From all data now available about glandular kallikreins, it seems that the kallikreins in these organs are very similar.", "contents": "Localization of kallikrein in porcine pancreas and submandibular gland as revealed by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. The glandular kininogenase kallikrein is known to occur in many mammalian organs and glands but direct histochemical localization has been achieved in only a few cases. We have now been able to localize porcine kallikrein in the acinar cells of the pancreas and in the striated and collecting duct cells of the submandibular gland. Incubation of frozen and fixed sections with one of the crossreacting antibodies, anti-pancreatic, anti-submandibular or anti-urinary kallikrein IgG resulted in the same immunofluorescence pattern. There was evidence of a specific fluorescence neither in the acinar cells, nor in the interstitial tissue or blood cells of the submandibular gland nor in the islets of Langerhans, the interlobular ducts or blood vessels of the pancreas. From all data now available about glandular kallikreins, it seems that the kallikreins in these organs are very similar."}
{"id": "PMID:348595", "title": "Barriers to the delivery of mental health services: the New York City experience.", "content": "The author discusses some of the barriers encountered in attempting to transform New York City's fragmented mental health services into a comprehensive, nondiscriminatory, and accessible system. Among the barriers he identifies are the belief that more money alone will solve the problem; the uneven distribution of funds among the boroughs of the city and the resistance of existing agencies to redistribution; and the way in which reimbursement patterns shape the kinds of services provided. He believes the single most effective stimulus to the development of an integrated system of care would be a requirement that eligibility for reimbursement under Medicaid be based on a facility's participation in a comprehensive system of care. He emphasizes the need to remove social, rehabilitation, and other services from under the mental health umbrella and to obtain other sources of funding for them; the need for local governance of services; and the need to provide work opportunities for the more seriously disabled.", "contents": "Barriers to the delivery of mental health services: the New York City experience. The author discusses some of the barriers encountered in attempting to transform New York City's fragmented mental health services into a comprehensive, nondiscriminatory, and accessible system. Among the barriers he identifies are the belief that more money alone will solve the problem; the uneven distribution of funds among the boroughs of the city and the resistance of existing agencies to redistribution; and the way in which reimbursement patterns shape the kinds of services provided. He believes the single most effective stimulus to the development of an integrated system of care would be a requirement that eligibility for reimbursement under Medicaid be based on a facility's participation in a comprehensive system of care. He emphasizes the need to remove social, rehabilitation, and other services from under the mental health umbrella and to obtain other sources of funding for them; the need for local governance of services; and the need to provide work opportunities for the more seriously disabled."}
{"id": "PMID:348596", "title": "Ohio congressman has keen grasp of health care issues.", "content": "A hospital trustee himself, Rep. Willis Gradison Jr. (R-OH) believes that mandatory cost controls would weaken the financial capacity of hospitals, greatly reduce their access to the capital market, and ultimately lead to hospitals' ap,lying to the federal government for direct aid in order to operate. It does not make sense, he says, to put cost controls on hospitals and not on other segments of the economy.", "contents": "Ohio congressman has keen grasp of health care issues. A hospital trustee himself, Rep. Willis Gradison Jr. (R-OH) believes that mandatory cost controls would weaken the financial capacity of hospitals, greatly reduce their access to the capital market, and ultimately lead to hospitals' ap,lying to the federal government for direct aid in order to operate. It does not make sense, he says, to put cost controls on hospitals and not on other segments of the economy."}
{"id": "PMID:348604", "title": "[Bronchopulmonary defense mechanisms (author's transl)].", "content": "Bronchopulmonary defense system protects the organism effectively against various inhaled material. This system, including mechanical, biochemical and immunological mechanisms, is reviewed.", "contents": "[Bronchopulmonary defense mechanisms (author's transl)]. Bronchopulmonary defense system protects the organism effectively against various inhaled material. This system, including mechanical, biochemical and immunological mechanisms, is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:348607", "title": "Risk factors in early-onset neonatal group b streptococcal infections.", "content": "Newborn infants with \"early-onset\" disease due to group B beta hemolytic streptococcus were studied over a 40-month period. Clinical presentations included asymptomatic bacteremia, mild transient illness, respiratory distress, meningitis, and overwhelming sepsis. Chronologically, 18 were ill at birth; 10 became ill after a symptom-free period; and four were asymptomatic. Sixty-six percent of the cases weighted less than 2500 grams, and 56% were born to mothers whose amniotic membranes were ruptured for over 20 hours. All 15 of the deaths occurred in low birth weight infants who were criticially ill from birth. A review of 128 consecutive deliveries of infants weighing under 2000 grams revealed 28 cases with prolonged ruptured membranes, and three of these 28 infants developed group B streptococcal infection. The infant of the colonized gravid woman in premature labor or with prolonged ruptured membranes is clearly at risk, and these results suggest that the management of \"early-onset\" disease should begin prior to delivery.", "contents": "Risk factors in early-onset neonatal group b streptococcal infections. Newborn infants with \"early-onset\" disease due to group B beta hemolytic streptococcus were studied over a 40-month period. Clinical presentations included asymptomatic bacteremia, mild transient illness, respiratory distress, meningitis, and overwhelming sepsis. Chronologically, 18 were ill at birth; 10 became ill after a symptom-free period; and four were asymptomatic. Sixty-six percent of the cases weighted less than 2500 grams, and 56% were born to mothers whose amniotic membranes were ruptured for over 20 hours. All 15 of the deaths occurred in low birth weight infants who were criticially ill from birth. A review of 128 consecutive deliveries of infants weighing under 2000 grams revealed 28 cases with prolonged ruptured membranes, and three of these 28 infants developed group B streptococcal infection. The infant of the colonized gravid woman in premature labor or with prolonged ruptured membranes is clearly at risk, and these results suggest that the management of \"early-onset\" disease should begin prior to delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:348614", "title": "Antihypertensive effect of N-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) acetamide hydrochloride. A double-blind cross-over trial versus clonidine.", "content": "Sixteen patients with essential hypertension were treated with N-Amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) acetamide hydrochloride (BS 100--141) and clonidine for five weeks each in a double-blind cross-over trial. Dosage ranged from 2 to 6 mg BS 100--141 and from 0.3 to 0.9 mg clonidine daily in two or three divided doses. Both compounds caused a significant and comparable fall in blood pressure. Patients whose blood pressure was not reduced to normal levels by 2 to 3 mg BS 100--141 daily did not respond better to an increase in the dose. Dry mouth and constipation occurred about equally frequently with both agents, but sedation and orthostatic circulatory effects were considerably more frequent with clonidine. Rebound hypertension likewise occurred in five patients following clonidine withdrawal as opposed to no patient after BS 100-141.", "contents": "Antihypertensive effect of N-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) acetamide hydrochloride. A double-blind cross-over trial versus clonidine. Sixteen patients with essential hypertension were treated with N-Amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) acetamide hydrochloride (BS 100--141) and clonidine for five weeks each in a double-blind cross-over trial. Dosage ranged from 2 to 6 mg BS 100--141 and from 0.3 to 0.9 mg clonidine daily in two or three divided doses. Both compounds caused a significant and comparable fall in blood pressure. Patients whose blood pressure was not reduced to normal levels by 2 to 3 mg BS 100--141 daily did not respond better to an increase in the dose. Dry mouth and constipation occurred about equally frequently with both agents, but sedation and orthostatic circulatory effects were considerably more frequent with clonidine. Rebound hypertension likewise occurred in five patients following clonidine withdrawal as opposed to no patient after BS 100-141."}
{"id": "PMID:348615", "title": "Long-term follow-up study of gastric cancer patients treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy with mitomycin C.", "content": "A group of 496 cases was used in a controlled trial to study the possible value of mitomycin C as an adjuvant to curative surgery for gastric cancer. Patients assigned to receive the drug were given mitomycin C, 0.8 mg/kg body weight intravenously, twice a week for 5 weeks immediately after surgery. The control group was treated with surgery alone. Sixty-six patients were excluded from the study because of non-curative surgery. There was no over-all difference in survival and cancer death rates at 5 and 10 years between treated and control groups. However, a survival rate 18.6% higher at 5 years was observed in the subset of patients who had moderately advanced lymphatic metastases, and a survival rate 26.4% higher at 5 years was observed in the subset of patients who had involved serosa. The difference in cancer death rate was 14.5 and 24.0% in each subset, respectively. These significant differences persisted at 10 years. The effect of chemotherapy seemed to result from the successful inhibition of peritoneal dissemination and local recurrence. An adverse effect was observed in patients in the early stages cancer. These results suggest that mitomycin C could be useful as an adjuvant to curative surgery for moderately advanced stages of gastric cancer.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up study of gastric cancer patients treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy with mitomycin C. A group of 496 cases was used in a controlled trial to study the possible value of mitomycin C as an adjuvant to curative surgery for gastric cancer. Patients assigned to receive the drug were given mitomycin C, 0.8 mg/kg body weight intravenously, twice a week for 5 weeks immediately after surgery. The control group was treated with surgery alone. Sixty-six patients were excluded from the study because of non-curative surgery. There was no over-all difference in survival and cancer death rates at 5 and 10 years between treated and control groups. However, a survival rate 18.6% higher at 5 years was observed in the subset of patients who had moderately advanced lymphatic metastases, and a survival rate 26.4% higher at 5 years was observed in the subset of patients who had involved serosa. The difference in cancer death rate was 14.5 and 24.0% in each subset, respectively. These significant differences persisted at 10 years. The effect of chemotherapy seemed to result from the successful inhibition of peritoneal dissemination and local recurrence. An adverse effect was observed in patients in the early stages cancer. These results suggest that mitomycin C could be useful as an adjuvant to curative surgery for moderately advanced stages of gastric cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:348610", "title": "Mycobacterium leprae found in epidermal cells by electron microscopy.", "content": "Leprosy bacilli were found in a keratinocyte of the epidermis by the electron microscopic observation of the ultrathin section of a leproma. The possibility of discharge of leprosy bacilli from the skin should be considered even if the lepromatous patient does not have any ulceration.", "contents": "Mycobacterium leprae found in epidermal cells by electron microscopy. Leprosy bacilli were found in a keratinocyte of the epidermis by the electron microscopic observation of the ultrathin section of a leproma. The possibility of discharge of leprosy bacilli from the skin should be considered even if the lepromatous patient does not have any ulceration."}
{"id": "PMID:348623", "title": "Children with terminal illness: a selected review.", "content": "This brief review consdiers the psychiatric aspect of a child's dying from terminal illness. Much of the literature is largely theoretical, illustrated by case histories and clinical observations. Only recently has research been published based on empirical analyses of grief reactions in the child. There is no corresponding empirical research on the grief reactions of parents and siblings, or of the medical staff that cares for the terminally ill child. A review in this area points out the need for more integration of theoretical, clinical, and empirical work, including all aspects of a dying child's environment.", "contents": "Children with terminal illness: a selected review. This brief review consdiers the psychiatric aspect of a child's dying from terminal illness. Much of the literature is largely theoretical, illustrated by case histories and clinical observations. Only recently has research been published based on empirical analyses of grief reactions in the child. There is no corresponding empirical research on the grief reactions of parents and siblings, or of the medical staff that cares for the terminally ill child. A review in this area points out the need for more integration of theoretical, clinical, and empirical work, including all aspects of a dying child's environment."}
{"id": "PMID:348625", "title": "The influence of early deprivation on regressive behavior in the hospital: a clinical case conference.", "content": "The purpose of this case report is to describe the evolution of a psychosocial plan of management for an \"uncooperative\" patient on the inpatient nephrology unit at The New York Hospital. The edited transcript of the weekly multidisciplinary Psychosocial Conference on this unit is presented in order to detail this evolution. The conference was attended by nurses, social workers, psychiatrists, a psychology intern and the patient's primary physician, who all had input into formulating the plan and joint responsibility in effecting it. A brief discussion follows the transcript.", "contents": "The influence of early deprivation on regressive behavior in the hospital: a clinical case conference. The purpose of this case report is to describe the evolution of a psychosocial plan of management for an \"uncooperative\" patient on the inpatient nephrology unit at The New York Hospital. The edited transcript of the weekly multidisciplinary Psychosocial Conference on this unit is presented in order to detail this evolution. The conference was attended by nurses, social workers, psychiatrists, a psychology intern and the patient's primary physician, who all had input into formulating the plan and joint responsibility in effecting it. A brief discussion follows the transcript."}
{"id": "PMID:348631", "title": "Causes and consequences of circulatory changes in renal transplants. I. Angiographic studies.", "content": "Selective angiography post mortem and in vivo, respectively, has been performed in canine kidneys (isolated, autografted or left in situ) for the study of the renovascular changes caused by different perfusates and by reperfusion. The results indicate that inadequate heparinization, the composition of the perfusate, imperfect surgical techniques and even restoration of circulation to the kidney itself, may produce roentgenologically demonstrable renovascular damage the causes and consequences of which are unrelated to those of the closely studied and adequately interpreted phenomena of graft rejection.", "contents": "Causes and consequences of circulatory changes in renal transplants. I. Angiographic studies. Selective angiography post mortem and in vivo, respectively, has been performed in canine kidneys (isolated, autografted or left in situ) for the study of the renovascular changes caused by different perfusates and by reperfusion. The results indicate that inadequate heparinization, the composition of the perfusate, imperfect surgical techniques and even restoration of circulation to the kidney itself, may produce roentgenologically demonstrable renovascular damage the causes and consequences of which are unrelated to those of the closely studied and adequately interpreted phenomena of graft rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:348635", "title": "An exaggerated augmentation of renal calcium excretion after oral glucose ingestion in patients with renal hypercalciuria.", "content": "The calciuric response to an oral glucose load (100 g) was determined in 16 patients with calcium oxalate urolithiasis (seven with renal hypercalciuria and nine with absorptive hypercalciuria) and seven normal subjects. The rates of renal calcium excretion increased significantly after glucose ingestion in all three groups. The calciuric response in patients with absorptive hypercalciuria and intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium was indistinguishable from that of normal subjects. However, the calcium excretions were significantly higher during 1 hr preceding and 3 hr after glucose ingestion in patients with renal hypercalciuria (with presumed \"renal leak\" of calcium) than in normal subjects. The increment in the calcium excretion rate was also higher in patients with renal hyperacalciuria, particularly during the 2nd hour of glucose ingestion. The results provide a further support for the concept of different etiologies of renal and absorptive hypercalciurias.", "contents": "An exaggerated augmentation of renal calcium excretion after oral glucose ingestion in patients with renal hypercalciuria. The calciuric response to an oral glucose load (100 g) was determined in 16 patients with calcium oxalate urolithiasis (seven with renal hypercalciuria and nine with absorptive hypercalciuria) and seven normal subjects. The rates of renal calcium excretion increased significantly after glucose ingestion in all three groups. The calciuric response in patients with absorptive hypercalciuria and intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium was indistinguishable from that of normal subjects. However, the calcium excretions were significantly higher during 1 hr preceding and 3 hr after glucose ingestion in patients with renal hypercalciuria (with presumed \"renal leak\" of calcium) than in normal subjects. The increment in the calcium excretion rate was also higher in patients with renal hyperacalciuria, particularly during the 2nd hour of glucose ingestion. The results provide a further support for the concept of different etiologies of renal and absorptive hypercalciurias."}
{"id": "PMID:348640", "title": "Recurrent aneurysmal bone cysts in children. Discussion on the treatment of three cases.", "content": "Three children presented with recurrence of aneurysmal bone cyst. In two of these patients the lesion was localized in the superior metaphyses of the tibia and humerus respectively. Total resection was performed followed by the introduction of autoplastic transplants of cortical and spongy bone. In the third case prosthetic substitution of the upper fourth of the ulna was preferred. Healing was obtained in all cases. The indications, operative technique and the final results are discussed.", "contents": "Recurrent aneurysmal bone cysts in children. Discussion on the treatment of three cases. Three children presented with recurrence of aneurysmal bone cyst. In two of these patients the lesion was localized in the superior metaphyses of the tibia and humerus respectively. Total resection was performed followed by the introduction of autoplastic transplants of cortical and spongy bone. In the third case prosthetic substitution of the upper fourth of the ulna was preferred. Healing was obtained in all cases. The indications, operative technique and the final results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:348649", "title": "[The vinyl-chloride disease].", "content": "Workers engaged in the PVC-production, who were long-term exposed to the gaseous base vinyl chloride exhibit a complex pattern of damages. Changes of the skin, vascular and bone system, as well as thrombocytopenia, liver fibrosis with portal hypertension, disturbances of the porphyrin metabolism and alterations of the central nervous system were observed. Moreover vinyl chloride is oncogenic and may cause angiosarcoma of the liver. By directed occupational medicine supervision, improvement of the production conditions and introduction of new processing techniques health risks at the workplace could be eliminated to a far extend.", "contents": "[The vinyl-chloride disease]. Workers engaged in the PVC-production, who were long-term exposed to the gaseous base vinyl chloride exhibit a complex pattern of damages. Changes of the skin, vascular and bone system, as well as thrombocytopenia, liver fibrosis with portal hypertension, disturbances of the porphyrin metabolism and alterations of the central nervous system were observed. Moreover vinyl chloride is oncogenic and may cause angiosarcoma of the liver. By directed occupational medicine supervision, improvement of the production conditions and introduction of new processing techniques health risks at the workplace could be eliminated to a far extend."}
{"id": "PMID:348650", "title": "[Immunoelectron microscopy in dermatology].", "content": "The principle of immunoelectronmicroscopic studies using horseradish perpoxidase is described. This method, especially the peroxidase-antiperoxidase multistep technique, reveals more details about the exact localization of immunophenomena in different dermatological diseases. The results of immunological investigations performed on the ultra-structural level in bullous diseases, lupus erythermatosus, vasculitis, and psoriasis are summarized and compared with the immunofluorescent and classical electromicroscopic findings.", "contents": "[Immunoelectron microscopy in dermatology]. The principle of immunoelectronmicroscopic studies using horseradish perpoxidase is described. This method, especially the peroxidase-antiperoxidase multistep technique, reveals more details about the exact localization of immunophenomena in different dermatological diseases. The results of immunological investigations performed on the ultra-structural level in bullous diseases, lupus erythermatosus, vasculitis, and psoriasis are summarized and compared with the immunofluorescent and classical electromicroscopic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:348658", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of positive end-expiratory pressure in dogs.", "content": "Our purpose was to reexamine the relationship of the fall in cardiac output and blood pressure which occurs during positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to changes in transmural right atrial and left atrial filling pressures. Closed-chest dogs, half with pulmonary edema, were studied during spontaneous breathing and inspiratory positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) with 0-15 cmH2O PEEP. Mean esophageal pressure accurately reflected changes in pericardial pressure and was used to estimate extracardiac pressure. We found that cardiac output fell approximately 50% and blood pressure fell 20% during 15 cmH2OPEEP in spite of well maintained transmural right atrial and left atrial (or pulmonary artery wedge) pressures suggesting a primary or reflex depression of atrial or ventricular function.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of positive end-expiratory pressure in dogs. Our purpose was to reexamine the relationship of the fall in cardiac output and blood pressure which occurs during positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to changes in transmural right atrial and left atrial filling pressures. Closed-chest dogs, half with pulmonary edema, were studied during spontaneous breathing and inspiratory positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) with 0-15 cmH2O PEEP. Mean esophageal pressure accurately reflected changes in pericardial pressure and was used to estimate extracardiac pressure. We found that cardiac output fell approximately 50% and blood pressure fell 20% during 15 cmH2OPEEP in spite of well maintained transmural right atrial and left atrial (or pulmonary artery wedge) pressures suggesting a primary or reflex depression of atrial or ventricular function."}
{"id": "PMID:348659", "title": "Fluid leaks from extra-alveolar vessels in living dog lungs.", "content": "Edema transudation from extra-alveolar vessels was investigated in anesthetized, open-chested dogs. Fluid accumulation at different alveolar and extra-alveolar vascular pressures was assessed by continuous lung weighing and microscopy. The left (experimental) lung was distended with 6% CO2 and air while normal arterial blood gases were maintained by separately ventilating the right lung. Extra-alveolar vessels were isolated by compressing alveolar vessels with alveolar pressures high enough to stop blood flow. Weight increased steadily (edemogenesis) when pulmonary arterial and/or pulmonary venous pressure was 1 cmH2O below this pressure. Because some alveolar vessels at the lung base could have remained open and leaked, extra-alveolar vessels were also separated from alveolar vessels by glass bead embolization sufficient to stop perfusion. Lung weight gains followed selective pulmonary arterial or venous pressure elevations. Electron microscopy demonstrated edema in experimental lobes which was not present in control lobes with undistended extra-alveolar vessels at the same alveolar pressure. Thus pulmonary edema can be caused by fluid leaking from extra-alveolar vessels.", "contents": "Fluid leaks from extra-alveolar vessels in living dog lungs. Edema transudation from extra-alveolar vessels was investigated in anesthetized, open-chested dogs. Fluid accumulation at different alveolar and extra-alveolar vascular pressures was assessed by continuous lung weighing and microscopy. The left (experimental) lung was distended with 6% CO2 and air while normal arterial blood gases were maintained by separately ventilating the right lung. Extra-alveolar vessels were isolated by compressing alveolar vessels with alveolar pressures high enough to stop blood flow. Weight increased steadily (edemogenesis) when pulmonary arterial and/or pulmonary venous pressure was 1 cmH2O below this pressure. Because some alveolar vessels at the lung base could have remained open and leaked, extra-alveolar vessels were also separated from alveolar vessels by glass bead embolization sufficient to stop perfusion. Lung weight gains followed selective pulmonary arterial or venous pressure elevations. Electron microscopy demonstrated edema in experimental lobes which was not present in control lobes with undistended extra-alveolar vessels at the same alveolar pressure. Thus pulmonary edema can be caused by fluid leaking from extra-alveolar vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:348660", "title": "Chloramphenicol for oral treatment of canine urinary tract infections.", "content": "Chloramphenicol was administered orally for 7 to 14 days to 83 dogs with urinary tract infections. The daily dosage of 99 mg/kg (45 mg/lb) was divided into 3 equal parts and administered at 8-hour intervals. Response to treatment (negative urine culture after treatment) varied from 84% (11 to 13) for infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus to 51% (24 of 47) for those caused by Escherichia coli; 82% (14 of 17) of the infections caused by Streptococcus spp and 63% (7 of 11) of those caused by Proteus mirabilis responded to treatment. These 4 species comprised 88% of the bacteria isolated from the dogs.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol for oral treatment of canine urinary tract infections. Chloramphenicol was administered orally for 7 to 14 days to 83 dogs with urinary tract infections. The daily dosage of 99 mg/kg (45 mg/lb) was divided into 3 equal parts and administered at 8-hour intervals. Response to treatment (negative urine culture after treatment) varied from 84% (11 to 13) for infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus to 51% (24 of 47) for those caused by Escherichia coli; 82% (14 of 17) of the infections caused by Streptococcus spp and 63% (7 of 11) of those caused by Proteus mirabilis responded to treatment. These 4 species comprised 88% of the bacteria isolated from the dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:348661", "title": "Esophageal deviation in four English Bulldogs.", "content": "Regurgitation, vomiting, and aspiration pneumonia in 4 young male English Bulldogs were attributed to esophageal deviation that was demonstrated by esophageal radiography. A genetic relationship among these dogs was not determined. Exploratory thoractomy, performed in 2 dogs, demonstrated an apparent compression of the esophagus by the left subclavian artery and brachiocephalic artery at the level of the 2nd and 3rd intercostal spaces. This apparent compression correlated with the roentgen location of esophageal deviation. Surgical redirection of the left subclavian artery resulted in immediate and long-lasting remission of clinical signs.", "contents": "Esophageal deviation in four English Bulldogs. Regurgitation, vomiting, and aspiration pneumonia in 4 young male English Bulldogs were attributed to esophageal deviation that was demonstrated by esophageal radiography. A genetic relationship among these dogs was not determined. Exploratory thoractomy, performed in 2 dogs, demonstrated an apparent compression of the esophagus by the left subclavian artery and brachiocephalic artery at the level of the 2nd and 3rd intercostal spaces. This apparent compression correlated with the roentgen location of esophageal deviation. Surgical redirection of the left subclavian artery resulted in immediate and long-lasting remission of clinical signs."}
{"id": "PMID:348662", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of skin window cells of normal subjects.", "content": "With critical-point dried specimens, skin window cells of normal subjects showed a wealth of surface detail with no evidence of underlying nucleus or organells. Cells interpreted as neutrophils were characterized by delicate curved surface folds and variable numbers of fine filopodia; macrophages were larger and usually covered with tightly-packed clusters of knob-like microvilli, their periphery showing many filopodia and broader projections. Some macrophage filopodia took origin from the free surface of the cell and extended outwards to be attached to the coverslip for part of their extent, giving a 'fly-leg' appearance. Filopodial communications between cells were also present. With slow-dried preparations, the cells were flattened and a putative nuclear profile was evident. In these preparations quantitative analysis was made of various cell parameters comparing neutrophils and macrophages. The significance of these features has been discussed in relation to the in vivo inflammatory response as revealed by cell contact with a glass surface. The technique might be useful for studying haematogenous cells in certain disease states.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of skin window cells of normal subjects. With critical-point dried specimens, skin window cells of normal subjects showed a wealth of surface detail with no evidence of underlying nucleus or organells. Cells interpreted as neutrophils were characterized by delicate curved surface folds and variable numbers of fine filopodia; macrophages were larger and usually covered with tightly-packed clusters of knob-like microvilli, their periphery showing many filopodia and broader projections. Some macrophage filopodia took origin from the free surface of the cell and extended outwards to be attached to the coverslip for part of their extent, giving a 'fly-leg' appearance. Filopodial communications between cells were also present. With slow-dried preparations, the cells were flattened and a putative nuclear profile was evident. In these preparations quantitative analysis was made of various cell parameters comparing neutrophils and macrophages. The significance of these features has been discussed in relation to the in vivo inflammatory response as revealed by cell contact with a glass surface. The technique might be useful for studying haematogenous cells in certain disease states."}
{"id": "PMID:348663", "title": "Kinetic studies of ampicillin action on Escherichia coli and their spheroplasts.", "content": "Kinetic studies of ampicillin action were made on exponentially growing Escherichia coli and on E. coli-spheroplasts using a range of inhibitory and subinhibitory concentrations of ampicillin. For each concentration, the value (ko--ka) representing the difference in generation rates of ampicillin-free culture (ko) and the generation rate of the culture with ampicillin (ka) was calculated and plotted against ampicillin concentration. A straight line relation was obtained with E. coli cells, its intersection with the abscissa, where (ko--ka) = o, give the concentration of ampicillin which exerts no inhibitory action on the cells (0.25 microgram/ml). When ka was plotted against ampicillin concentration, the relation was also linear. Its intersection with the abscissa gives the minimum lethal concentration of ampicillin on the bacterial cells (1.05 microgram/ml). With E. coli-spheroplasts such plots were non-linear which means that a different order of reaction was involved. This difference is probably due to a different mechanism of ampicillin action as revealed by the electroscanning microscopy.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of ampicillin action on Escherichia coli and their spheroplasts. Kinetic studies of ampicillin action were made on exponentially growing Escherichia coli and on E. coli-spheroplasts using a range of inhibitory and subinhibitory concentrations of ampicillin. For each concentration, the value (ko--ka) representing the difference in generation rates of ampicillin-free culture (ko) and the generation rate of the culture with ampicillin (ka) was calculated and plotted against ampicillin concentration. A straight line relation was obtained with E. coli cells, its intersection with the abscissa, where (ko--ka) = o, give the concentration of ampicillin which exerts no inhibitory action on the cells (0.25 microgram/ml). When ka was plotted against ampicillin concentration, the relation was also linear. Its intersection with the abscissa gives the minimum lethal concentration of ampicillin on the bacterial cells (1.05 microgram/ml). With E. coli-spheroplasts such plots were non-linear which means that a different order of reaction was involved. This difference is probably due to a different mechanism of ampicillin action as revealed by the electroscanning microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:348675", "title": "Plasmid cointegrates of Flac and lambda prophage.", "content": "Fifteen cointegrates of the plasmid Flac and prophage lambda that had suffered no detectable change in plasmid phenotype were isolated and characterized. The locations of the prophage insertions were determined by genetic analysis of deletion mutants obtained from each cointegrate as survivors of growth at 42 degrees C. In 11 cointegrates, the prophage was inserted between traI and lac, although probably in more than one location; in 3 others, it was on one side or the other of lac; and in 1 it was between lac and pif. Deletions covering all or part of the transfer region, as well as of lac and of pif, were obtained in the course of this analysis. Deletion mutants that had lost all known transfer genes were also oriT, but they retained the capacity to recircularize after transfer. Attempts were made to isolate lambda transducing phages for nearby plasmid genes from the cointegrates, and lambdaptraGD, lambdaptraD, lambdaptraI, and lambdadtraDI phages were obtained.", "contents": "Plasmid cointegrates of Flac and lambda prophage. Fifteen cointegrates of the plasmid Flac and prophage lambda that had suffered no detectable change in plasmid phenotype were isolated and characterized. The locations of the prophage insertions were determined by genetic analysis of deletion mutants obtained from each cointegrate as survivors of growth at 42 degrees C. In 11 cointegrates, the prophage was inserted between traI and lac, although probably in more than one location; in 3 others, it was on one side or the other of lac; and in 1 it was between lac and pif. Deletions covering all or part of the transfer region, as well as of lac and of pif, were obtained in the course of this analysis. Deletion mutants that had lost all known transfer genes were also oriT, but they retained the capacity to recircularize after transfer. Attempts were made to isolate lambda transducing phages for nearby plasmid genes from the cointegrates, and lambdaptraGD, lambdaptraD, lambdaptraI, and lambdadtraDI phages were obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:348676", "title": "Identification of a biochemically unique DNA-membrane interaction involving the Escherichia coli origin of replication.", "content": "DNA-membrane complexes have been obtained from Escherichia coli by using a freeze-thaw lysis procedure that avoids lysozyme and detergents. Complexes made in this manner and containing DNA near the origin of replication are uniquely sensitive to ionic strength, Pronase, and trypsin. There is approximately one such complex per chromosomal origin. The sensitivities suggest that origin-specific binding is mediated by a protein. By using these unique characteristics to distinguish origin-specific complexes from the majority of DNA-membrane binding sites, it was found that the origin-specific binding persists after termination of chromosomal replication.", "contents": "Identification of a biochemically unique DNA-membrane interaction involving the Escherichia coli origin of replication. DNA-membrane complexes have been obtained from Escherichia coli by using a freeze-thaw lysis procedure that avoids lysozyme and detergents. Complexes made in this manner and containing DNA near the origin of replication are uniquely sensitive to ionic strength, Pronase, and trypsin. There is approximately one such complex per chromosomal origin. The sensitivities suggest that origin-specific binding is mediated by a protein. By using these unique characteristics to distinguish origin-specific complexes from the majority of DNA-membrane binding sites, it was found that the origin-specific binding persists after termination of chromosomal replication."}
{"id": "PMID:348677", "title": "L-Asparagine auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: genetic and phenotypic characterization.", "content": "L-Asparagine auxotrophy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the result of mutation in each of two unlinked cistrons, ASN1 and ASN2. Mutation in only one of these cistrons yields growth indistinguishable from that of wild-type cells under a variety of nutritional stresses. Relatively high concentrations of L-asparagine are required to permit maximal growth of the auxotrophs, and the amino acid requirement cannot be satisfied by a variety of other amino acids that serve as nitrogen sources for cell growth. Although reversion of the mutations can occur, haploid populations of cells containing only low frequencies of prototrophs can be maintained easily. In diploid cells heteroallelic for certain combinations of alleles of the two genes, mitotic recombination gives rise to prototrophic cells that accumulate to high frequency in populations of the cells.", "contents": "L-Asparagine auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: genetic and phenotypic characterization. L-Asparagine auxotrophy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the result of mutation in each of two unlinked cistrons, ASN1 and ASN2. Mutation in only one of these cistrons yields growth indistinguishable from that of wild-type cells under a variety of nutritional stresses. Relatively high concentrations of L-asparagine are required to permit maximal growth of the auxotrophs, and the amino acid requirement cannot be satisfied by a variety of other amino acids that serve as nitrogen sources for cell growth. Although reversion of the mutations can occur, haploid populations of cells containing only low frequencies of prototrophs can be maintained easily. In diploid cells heteroallelic for certain combinations of alleles of the two genes, mitotic recombination gives rise to prototrophic cells that accumulate to high frequency in populations of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:348678", "title": "Isolation and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants deficient in S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, spermidine, and spermine.", "content": "Four mutants were isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are deficient in S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (spe2). All four mutants are chromosomal and fall into a single complementation group tightly linked to arg1. Since one of the mutants contained a temperature-sensitive activity, this complementation group defines the structural gene. Mutants totally lacking enzymic activity did not contain spermidine or spermine and had a greatly increased doubling time when grown in the absence of these two polyamines. Addition of 10(-6) M spermidine or 10(-5) M spermine, but not putrescine or cadaverine, restored the doubling time to that of the wild type. Diploids formed from a cross of two mutants completely deficient in spermidine and spermine were unable to sporulate in the absence of added spermidine or spermine. We obtained evidence that arg1 was not located on any of the 17 known chromosomes, and therefore we postulate that arg1 and spe2 are located on a new 18th chromosome.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants deficient in S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, spermidine, and spermine. Four mutants were isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are deficient in S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (spe2). All four mutants are chromosomal and fall into a single complementation group tightly linked to arg1. Since one of the mutants contained a temperature-sensitive activity, this complementation group defines the structural gene. Mutants totally lacking enzymic activity did not contain spermidine or spermine and had a greatly increased doubling time when grown in the absence of these two polyamines. Addition of 10(-6) M spermidine or 10(-5) M spermine, but not putrescine or cadaverine, restored the doubling time to that of the wild type. Diploids formed from a cross of two mutants completely deficient in spermidine and spermine were unable to sporulate in the absence of added spermidine or spermine. We obtained evidence that arg1 was not located on any of the 17 known chromosomes, and therefore we postulate that arg1 and spe2 are located on a new 18th chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:348679", "title": "Polyamine auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Strains of yeast have been constructed that are unable to synthesize ornithine and are thereby deficient in polyamine biosynthesis. These strains were used to develop a protocol for isolation of mutants blocked directly in polyamine synthesis. There were seven mutants isolated that lack ornithine decarboxylase activity; these strains exhibited greatly decreased pool levels of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine when grown in the absence of polyamines. Three of the mutants lack S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity; polyamine limitation of a representative mutant resulted in an accumulation of putrescine and a decrease in spermidine and spermine. When the mutants were cultured in the absence of polyamines, a continuously declining growth rate was observed.", "contents": "Polyamine auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Strains of yeast have been constructed that are unable to synthesize ornithine and are thereby deficient in polyamine biosynthesis. These strains were used to develop a protocol for isolation of mutants blocked directly in polyamine synthesis. There were seven mutants isolated that lack ornithine decarboxylase activity; these strains exhibited greatly decreased pool levels of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine when grown in the absence of polyamines. Three of the mutants lack S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity; polyamine limitation of a representative mutant resulted in an accumulation of putrescine and a decrease in spermidine and spermine. When the mutants were cultured in the absence of polyamines, a continuously declining growth rate was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:348680", "title": "Ribosomal DNA magnification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Strains monosomic for chromosome I of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain 25 to 35% fewer rRNA genes than do normal diploid strains. When these strains are repeatedly subcultured, colonies are isolated that have magnified their number of rRNA genes to the diploid amount while remaining monosomic for chromosome I. We have determined the amount of DNA complementary to rRNA in viable haploid spores derived from a magnified monosomic strain. Some of these haploids contained 24 to 48% more rRNA genes than a normal euploid strain. These extra genes may be responsible for the increased number of rRNA genes in the strain monosomic for chromosome I. Genetic analysis of the haploids containing extra rRNA genes suggested that these genes are linked to chromosomal DNA and are heterozygous. They were not closely linked to any centromere and were not located on chromosome I. Furthermore, all the DNA complementary to rRNA in one of these haploid strains with magnified rRNA genes sedimented at a chromosomal molecular weight, consistent with chromosomal linkage. In addition, several new mutations mapping on chromosome I were used to show that ribosomal DNA magnification was not due to a chromosome I duplication.", "contents": "Ribosomal DNA magnification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Strains monosomic for chromosome I of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain 25 to 35% fewer rRNA genes than do normal diploid strains. When these strains are repeatedly subcultured, colonies are isolated that have magnified their number of rRNA genes to the diploid amount while remaining monosomic for chromosome I. We have determined the amount of DNA complementary to rRNA in viable haploid spores derived from a magnified monosomic strain. Some of these haploids contained 24 to 48% more rRNA genes than a normal euploid strain. These extra genes may be responsible for the increased number of rRNA genes in the strain monosomic for chromosome I. Genetic analysis of the haploids containing extra rRNA genes suggested that these genes are linked to chromosomal DNA and are heterozygous. They were not closely linked to any centromere and were not located on chromosome I. Furthermore, all the DNA complementary to rRNA in one of these haploid strains with magnified rRNA genes sedimented at a chromosomal molecular weight, consistent with chromosomal linkage. In addition, several new mutations mapping on chromosome I were used to show that ribosomal DNA magnification was not due to a chromosome I duplication."}
{"id": "PMID:348681", "title": "Ribonucleoprotein particle appearing during sporulation in yeast.", "content": "During sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most strains accumulate an unmethylated 20S RNA. Contrary to previous reports, this sporulation 20S RNA is distinct from the short-lived methylated 20S RNA precursor of 18S rRNA. This RNA species was found in a cytoplasmic 32S ribonucleoprotein particle consisting of one single-stranded 20S RNA molecule and 18 to 20 identical protein subunits of molecular weight 23,000. The ribonucleoprotein particle was resistant to ribonuclease digestion, although purified 20S RNA was ribonuclease sensitive. Both the RNA and the protein of the 32S ribonucleoprotein particle were only synthesized under conditions that induce sporulation. The accumulation of 20S RNA depended on continued protein synthesis but was actinomycin D insensitive, despite a high guanine-plus-cytosine content. Synthesis of 20S RNA stopped when cells were removed from sporulation conditions and placed in growth medium.", "contents": "Ribonucleoprotein particle appearing during sporulation in yeast. During sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most strains accumulate an unmethylated 20S RNA. Contrary to previous reports, this sporulation 20S RNA is distinct from the short-lived methylated 20S RNA precursor of 18S rRNA. This RNA species was found in a cytoplasmic 32S ribonucleoprotein particle consisting of one single-stranded 20S RNA molecule and 18 to 20 identical protein subunits of molecular weight 23,000. The ribonucleoprotein particle was resistant to ribonuclease digestion, although purified 20S RNA was ribonuclease sensitive. Both the RNA and the protein of the 32S ribonucleoprotein particle were only synthesized under conditions that induce sporulation. The accumulation of 20S RNA depended on continued protein synthesis but was actinomycin D insensitive, despite a high guanine-plus-cytosine content. Synthesis of 20S RNA stopped when cells were removed from sporulation conditions and placed in growth medium."}
{"id": "PMID:348682", "title": "New cytoplasmic genetic element that controls 20S RNA synthesis during sporulation in yeast.", "content": "Under conditions that induce meiosis and sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most strains accumulate a 20S RNA, amounting to as much as 15% of the newly synthesized RNA. The ability of cells to accumulate this new RNA species depends on a dominant genetic element that is cytoplasmically inherited, but is distinct from the other cytoplasmic elements that have been previously identified. The ability to synthesize 20S RNA does not depend on mitochondrial DNA, 2-micron DNA, the translational suppressor psi, the genetic element carrying URE3, or double-stranded killer RNA. However, all 20S- strains examined were also nonkillers, although many nonkiller strains were 20S+. This work also shows that 20S RNA accumulating is not essential for sporulation even though it is induced only by conditions that initiate sporulation. Furthermore, strains that are unable to complete meiosis are still capable of producing 20S RNA when placed under the nitrogen starvation conditions that promote sporulation.", "contents": "New cytoplasmic genetic element that controls 20S RNA synthesis during sporulation in yeast. Under conditions that induce meiosis and sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most strains accumulate a 20S RNA, amounting to as much as 15% of the newly synthesized RNA. The ability of cells to accumulate this new RNA species depends on a dominant genetic element that is cytoplasmically inherited, but is distinct from the other cytoplasmic elements that have been previously identified. The ability to synthesize 20S RNA does not depend on mitochondrial DNA, 2-micron DNA, the translational suppressor psi, the genetic element carrying URE3, or double-stranded killer RNA. However, all 20S- strains examined were also nonkillers, although many nonkiller strains were 20S+. This work also shows that 20S RNA accumulating is not essential for sporulation even though it is induced only by conditions that initiate sporulation. Furthermore, strains that are unable to complete meiosis are still capable of producing 20S RNA when placed under the nitrogen starvation conditions that promote sporulation."}
{"id": "PMID:348683", "title": "Escherichia coli mutants deficient in the production of alkaline phosphatase isozymes.", "content": "Escherichia coli K-12 mutants showing an altered isozyme pattern of alkaline phosphatase were isolated. Whereas wild-type strains synthesized all three isozymes in a synthetic medium supplemented with Casamino Acids or arginine but synthesized only isozyme 3 in a medium without supplement, the mutant strains synthesized isozyme 1 and a small amount (if any) of isozyme 2, but no isozyme 3, under all growth conditions. The mutation responsible for the altered isozyme pattern, designated iap, was mapped by P1 transduction in the interval between cysC and srl (at about 58.5 min on the E. coli genetic map). It was cotransducible with cysC and srl at frequencies of 0.54 and 0.08, respectively. The order of the genes in this region was srl-iap-cysC-argA-thyA-lysA. Three more independent mutations were also mapped in the same locus. We purified isozymes 1' and 3' from iap and iap+ strains and analyzed the sequences of four amino acids from the amino terminus of each polypeptide. They were Arg-Thr-Pro-Glu (or Gln) in isozyme 1' and Thr-Pro-Glu (or gln)-Met in isozyme 3', which were identical with those of corresponding isozymes produced by the wild-type phoA+ strain (P.M. Kelley, P.A. Neumann, K. Schriefer, F. Cancedda, M.J. Schlesinger, and R.A. Bradshaw, Biochemistry 12:3499-3503, 1973; M.J. Schlesinger, W. Bloch, and P.M. Kelley, p. 333-342, in Isozymes, Academic Press Inc., 1975). These results indicate that the different mobilities of isozymes 1, 2, and 3 are determined by the presence or absence of amino-terminal arginine residues in polypeptides.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutants deficient in the production of alkaline phosphatase isozymes. Escherichia coli K-12 mutants showing an altered isozyme pattern of alkaline phosphatase were isolated. Whereas wild-type strains synthesized all three isozymes in a synthetic medium supplemented with Casamino Acids or arginine but synthesized only isozyme 3 in a medium without supplement, the mutant strains synthesized isozyme 1 and a small amount (if any) of isozyme 2, but no isozyme 3, under all growth conditions. The mutation responsible for the altered isozyme pattern, designated iap, was mapped by P1 transduction in the interval between cysC and srl (at about 58.5 min on the E. coli genetic map). It was cotransducible with cysC and srl at frequencies of 0.54 and 0.08, respectively. The order of the genes in this region was srl-iap-cysC-argA-thyA-lysA. Three more independent mutations were also mapped in the same locus. We purified isozymes 1' and 3' from iap and iap+ strains and analyzed the sequences of four amino acids from the amino terminus of each polypeptide. They were Arg-Thr-Pro-Glu (or Gln) in isozyme 1' and Thr-Pro-Glu (or gln)-Met in isozyme 3', which were identical with those of corresponding isozymes produced by the wild-type phoA+ strain (P.M. Kelley, P.A. Neumann, K. Schriefer, F. Cancedda, M.J. Schlesinger, and R.A. Bradshaw, Biochemistry 12:3499-3503, 1973; M.J. Schlesinger, W. Bloch, and P.M. Kelley, p. 333-342, in Isozymes, Academic Press Inc., 1975). These results indicate that the different mobilities of isozymes 1, 2, and 3 are determined by the presence or absence of amino-terminal arginine residues in polypeptides."}
{"id": "PMID:348684", "title": "Characterization of two types of yeast ribosomal DNA genes.", "content": "The intragenic organization of ribosomal DNA from a diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analyzed by using recombinant DNA molecules constructed in vitro. Restriction analysis of the yeast ribosomal DNA with the EcoRI restriction enzyme indicated that eight restriction fragments were present in the ribosomal DNA of this strain: X' (1.87 X 10(6) daltons), A (1.77 X 10(6) daltons), B (1.48 X 10(6) daltons), C (1.22 X 10(6) daltons), D (0.39 X 10(6) daltons), E (0.36 X 10(6) daltons), F (0.22 X 10(6) daltons), and G (0.17 X 10(6) daltons). These fragments were distributed between two different types of ribosomal DNA genes, which had the restriction maps: (formula: see text) in which the underlined region shows the repeating unit. The diploid yeast strain contained approximately equal amounts of each of these two types of genes. The analysis of the recombinant DNA molecules also indicated that the yeast ribosomal genes are homogeneous and extensively clustered.", "contents": "Characterization of two types of yeast ribosomal DNA genes. The intragenic organization of ribosomal DNA from a diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analyzed by using recombinant DNA molecules constructed in vitro. Restriction analysis of the yeast ribosomal DNA with the EcoRI restriction enzyme indicated that eight restriction fragments were present in the ribosomal DNA of this strain: X' (1.87 X 10(6) daltons), A (1.77 X 10(6) daltons), B (1.48 X 10(6) daltons), C (1.22 X 10(6) daltons), D (0.39 X 10(6) daltons), E (0.36 X 10(6) daltons), F (0.22 X 10(6) daltons), and G (0.17 X 10(6) daltons). These fragments were distributed between two different types of ribosomal DNA genes, which had the restriction maps: (formula: see text) in which the underlined region shows the repeating unit. The diploid yeast strain contained approximately equal amounts of each of these two types of genes. The analysis of the recombinant DNA molecules also indicated that the yeast ribosomal genes are homogeneous and extensively clustered."}
{"id": "PMID:348685", "title": "Location of the 5.8S rRNA gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Direct DNA sequence analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal DNA cloned in an Escherichia coli plasmid revealed part of the structural gene for 5.8S rRNA at one end of a 700-base-pair EcoRI fragment. Taken with the previously established EcoRI restriction map of the ribosomal repeat unit, this sequence establishes that the yeast 5.8S RNA segment is located between the 18S and 28S segments in the 42S rRNA precursor and in the DNA which codes for it.", "contents": "Location of the 5.8S rRNA gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Direct DNA sequence analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal DNA cloned in an Escherichia coli plasmid revealed part of the structural gene for 5.8S rRNA at one end of a 700-base-pair EcoRI fragment. Taken with the previously established EcoRI restriction map of the ribosomal repeat unit, this sequence establishes that the yeast 5.8S RNA segment is located between the 18S and 28S segments in the 42S rRNA precursor and in the DNA which codes for it."}
{"id": "PMID:348686", "title": "Cell growth and length distribution in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The length growth rate of an exponentially growing population of Escherichia coli B/r was calculated from the population length and birth length distributions. Cell elongation took place at a constant rate that doubled at a certain length. This change in rate was responsible for a sudden drop in the frequency of classes of cells longer than that length. Asymmetry in cell partition was able to generate cells both shorter and longer than the expected twofold range, but did not greatly modify the length distribution in between.", "contents": "Cell growth and length distribution in Escherichia coli. The length growth rate of an exponentially growing population of Escherichia coli B/r was calculated from the population length and birth length distributions. Cell elongation took place at a constant rate that doubled at a certain length. This change in rate was responsible for a sudden drop in the frequency of classes of cells longer than that length. Asymmetry in cell partition was able to generate cells both shorter and longer than the expected twofold range, but did not greatly modify the length distribution in between."}
{"id": "PMID:348687", "title": "Tryptophan biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: control of the flux through the pathway.", "content": "Enzyme derepression and feedback inhibition of the first enzyme are the regulatory mechanisms demonstrated for the tryptophan pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The relative contributions of the two mechanisms to the control of the flux through the pathway in vivo were analyzed by (i) measuring feedback inhibition of anthranilate synthase in vivo, (ii) determining the effect of regulatory mutations on the level of the tryptophan pool and the flux through the pathway, and (iii) varying the gene dose of individual enzymes of the pathway at the tetraploid level. We conclude that the flux through the pathway is adjusted to the rate of protein synthesis by means of feedback inhibition of the first enzyme by the end product, tryptophan. The synthesis of the tryptophan enzymes could not be repressed below a basal level by tryptophan supplementation of the media. The enzymes are present in excess. Increasing or lowering the concentration of individual enzymes had no noticeable influencing on the overall flux to tryptophan. The uninhibited capacity of the pathway could be observed both upon relieving feedback inhibition by tryptophan limitation and in feedback-insensitive mutants. It exceeded the rate of consumption of the amino acid on minimal medium by a factor of three. Tryptophan limitation caused derepression of four of the five tryptophan enzymes and, as a consequence, led to a further increase in the capacity of the pathway. However, because of the large reserve capacity of the \"repressed\" pathway, tryptophan limitation could not be imposed on wild-type cells without resorting to the use of analogs. Our results, therefore, suggest that derepression does not serve as an instrument for the specific regulation of the flux through the tryptophan pathway.", "contents": "Tryptophan biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: control of the flux through the pathway. Enzyme derepression and feedback inhibition of the first enzyme are the regulatory mechanisms demonstrated for the tryptophan pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The relative contributions of the two mechanisms to the control of the flux through the pathway in vivo were analyzed by (i) measuring feedback inhibition of anthranilate synthase in vivo, (ii) determining the effect of regulatory mutations on the level of the tryptophan pool and the flux through the pathway, and (iii) varying the gene dose of individual enzymes of the pathway at the tetraploid level. We conclude that the flux through the pathway is adjusted to the rate of protein synthesis by means of feedback inhibition of the first enzyme by the end product, tryptophan. The synthesis of the tryptophan enzymes could not be repressed below a basal level by tryptophan supplementation of the media. The enzymes are present in excess. Increasing or lowering the concentration of individual enzymes had no noticeable influencing on the overall flux to tryptophan. The uninhibited capacity of the pathway could be observed both upon relieving feedback inhibition by tryptophan limitation and in feedback-insensitive mutants. It exceeded the rate of consumption of the amino acid on minimal medium by a factor of three. Tryptophan limitation caused derepression of four of the five tryptophan enzymes and, as a consequence, led to a further increase in the capacity of the pathway. However, because of the large reserve capacity of the \"repressed\" pathway, tryptophan limitation could not be imposed on wild-type cells without resorting to the use of analogs. Our results, therefore, suggest that derepression does not serve as an instrument for the specific regulation of the flux through the tryptophan pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:348688", "title": "Probabilistic behavior of DNA segregation in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The pattern of segregation of DNA in Escherichia coli B/rK was analyzed by using the Methocel technique for forming chains of cells and the membrane binding elution method. Strain B/rK was shown to have a relatively high degree of nonrandom segregation and was used in a critical experiment to test the proposal that only one DNA strand acts nonrandomly during segregation. Thymidine-labeled cells were bound to a nitrocellulose membrane, and newly dividing cells were eluted from the membrane for six generations. The segregation of DNA in the eluted cells as well as in the cells bound to the membrane was examined by the Methocel technique. No difference in segregation was found between the two populations of cells, a result which indicates that the two strands are equivalent in segregation and that the pattern of segregation is not the result of a permanent binding of any strand to a pole of a cell.", "contents": "Probabilistic behavior of DNA segregation in Escherichia coli. The pattern of segregation of DNA in Escherichia coli B/rK was analyzed by using the Methocel technique for forming chains of cells and the membrane binding elution method. Strain B/rK was shown to have a relatively high degree of nonrandom segregation and was used in a critical experiment to test the proposal that only one DNA strand acts nonrandomly during segregation. Thymidine-labeled cells were bound to a nitrocellulose membrane, and newly dividing cells were eluted from the membrane for six generations. The segregation of DNA in the eluted cells as well as in the cells bound to the membrane was examined by the Methocel technique. No difference in segregation was found between the two populations of cells, a result which indicates that the two strands are equivalent in segregation and that the pattern of segregation is not the result of a permanent binding of any strand to a pole of a cell."}
{"id": "PMID:348689", "title": "Synthesis and activities of branched-chain aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in threonine deaminase mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Valyl-, isoleucyl-, and leucyl-tRNA synthetase activities were examined in an Escherichia coli K-12 strain that possessed a deletion of three genes of the ilv gene cluster, ilvD, A, and C, and in a strain with the same deletion that also carried the lambdadilvCB bacteriophage. It was observed that the branched-chain tRNA synthetase activities of both strains were considerably less than those of the normal strain during growth in unrestricted medium. Furthermore, during an isoleucine limitation, there was a further reduction in isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase activity and an absence of the isoleucine-mediated derepression of valyl-tRNA synthetase formation in both of these mutants, as compared with the normal strain. In addition, it was observed that these branched-chain synthetase activities were reduced in steady-state cultures of several ilvA point mutants. However, upon the introduction of the ilv operon to these ilvA mutants by use of lambda bacteriophage, there was a specific increase in the branched-chain synthetase activities to levels comparable to those of the normal strain. These results support our previous findings that the stability and repression control of synthesis of these synthetases require some product(s) missing in the ilvDAC deletion strain and strongly suggest this component is some form of the ilvA gene product, threonine deaminase.", "contents": "Synthesis and activities of branched-chain aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in threonine deaminase mutants of Escherichia coli. Valyl-, isoleucyl-, and leucyl-tRNA synthetase activities were examined in an Escherichia coli K-12 strain that possessed a deletion of three genes of the ilv gene cluster, ilvD, A, and C, and in a strain with the same deletion that also carried the lambdadilvCB bacteriophage. It was observed that the branched-chain tRNA synthetase activities of both strains were considerably less than those of the normal strain during growth in unrestricted medium. Furthermore, during an isoleucine limitation, there was a further reduction in isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase activity and an absence of the isoleucine-mediated derepression of valyl-tRNA synthetase formation in both of these mutants, as compared with the normal strain. In addition, it was observed that these branched-chain synthetase activities were reduced in steady-state cultures of several ilvA point mutants. However, upon the introduction of the ilv operon to these ilvA mutants by use of lambda bacteriophage, there was a specific increase in the branched-chain synthetase activities to levels comparable to those of the normal strain. These results support our previous findings that the stability and repression control of synthesis of these synthetases require some product(s) missing in the ilvDAC deletion strain and strongly suggest this component is some form of the ilvA gene product, threonine deaminase."}
{"id": "PMID:348691", "title": "Apparent suicidal inactivation of DNA polymerase by adenosine 2',3'-riboepoxide 5'-triphosphate.", "content": "Adenosine 2',3'-riboepoxide 5'-triphosphate (epoxyATP) has been found to be a suicidal inactivator of DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli by the following criteria. Inactivation is complete, is first order in enzyme activity, and shows saturation kinetics with an apparent KD of 30 +/- 10 micron for epoxy ATP. This KD is comparable to the KM of the substrate dATP. The t1/2 for inactivation is 1.3 min. Inactivation requires Mg2+ and the complementary template. The enzyme is protected by dATP but not by an excess of template. Gel filtration of the reaction mixture after inactivation with [3H]epoxy ATP results in the comigration of E. coli DNA polymerase I, the tritium-labeled inactivator, and the DNA template. The stoichiometry of binding approaches 1 mol of [3H]epoxy nucleotide per mol of inactivated enzyme. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that epoxy ATP initially serves as a substrate for the polymerase reaction, elongating the DNA chain by a nucleotidyl unit, and subsequently alkylates an essential base at the primer terminus binding site of the enzyme. Epoxy ATP also inactivates human and viral DNA polymerases but not E. coli RNA polymerase or rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase. Hence epoxy ATP may be a specific suicide reagent for DNA polymerases.", "contents": "Apparent suicidal inactivation of DNA polymerase by adenosine 2',3'-riboepoxide 5'-triphosphate. Adenosine 2',3'-riboepoxide 5'-triphosphate (epoxyATP) has been found to be a suicidal inactivator of DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli by the following criteria. Inactivation is complete, is first order in enzyme activity, and shows saturation kinetics with an apparent KD of 30 +/- 10 micron for epoxy ATP. This KD is comparable to the KM of the substrate dATP. The t1/2 for inactivation is 1.3 min. Inactivation requires Mg2+ and the complementary template. The enzyme is protected by dATP but not by an excess of template. Gel filtration of the reaction mixture after inactivation with [3H]epoxy ATP results in the comigration of E. coli DNA polymerase I, the tritium-labeled inactivator, and the DNA template. The stoichiometry of binding approaches 1 mol of [3H]epoxy nucleotide per mol of inactivated enzyme. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that epoxy ATP initially serves as a substrate for the polymerase reaction, elongating the DNA chain by a nucleotidyl unit, and subsequently alkylates an essential base at the primer terminus binding site of the enzyme. Epoxy ATP also inactivates human and viral DNA polymerases but not E. coli RNA polymerase or rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase. Hence epoxy ATP may be a specific suicide reagent for DNA polymerases."}
{"id": "PMID:348694", "title": "Structural analysis of the tRNA1Tyr gene of Escherichia coli. A 178 base pair sequence that is repeated 3.14 times.", "content": "The distal region of the tRNA1Tyr gene has been sequenced and found to have an unusual structure. It consists of a 178 base pair sequence that is repeated 3.14 times. The first repeat unit commences 19 base pairs before the end of the sequences encoding the mature tRNA, and these 19 base pairs are repeated faithfully at the beginning of each repeat unit. In the last fractional unit the repeated sequence extends only six base pairs beyond this 19 base pair sequence. Sequence information extends for 62 base pairs beyond the 3.14 repeating units, and no resemblance to the repeating sequence, or any other region of the tRNA1Tyr gene, is found. There are only 14 sites at which one of the repeats differs from the others; 11 of these are transitions, and the rest are transversions. The evolutionary implications of the differences are discussed. One of the differences, which occurs in the second repeat unit, corresponds to the location of the in vitro p-dependent transcription termination site. This is discussed along with other implications of the repeated structure.", "contents": "Structural analysis of the tRNA1Tyr gene of Escherichia coli. A 178 base pair sequence that is repeated 3.14 times. The distal region of the tRNA1Tyr gene has been sequenced and found to have an unusual structure. It consists of a 178 base pair sequence that is repeated 3.14 times. The first repeat unit commences 19 base pairs before the end of the sequences encoding the mature tRNA, and these 19 base pairs are repeated faithfully at the beginning of each repeat unit. In the last fractional unit the repeated sequence extends only six base pairs beyond this 19 base pair sequence. Sequence information extends for 62 base pairs beyond the 3.14 repeating units, and no resemblance to the repeating sequence, or any other region of the tRNA1Tyr gene, is found. There are only 14 sites at which one of the repeats differs from the others; 11 of these are transitions, and the rest are transversions. The evolutionary implications of the differences are discussed. One of the differences, which occurs in the second repeat unit, corresponds to the location of the in vitro p-dependent transcription termination site. This is discussed along with other implications of the repeated structure."}
{"id": "PMID:348695", "title": "Escherichia coli mutants completely deficient in adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and in spermidine biosynthesis.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, an enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for spermidine, were isolated after mutagenesis of E. coli K 12 with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or with the bacteriophage Mu. The mutated gene, designated speD, is at 2.7 min on the E. coli chromosome map. In several of the mutants resulting from Mu insertion both adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity and spermidine were undetectable. The absence of spermidine from speD strains proves the essential role of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in the biosynthetic pathway for spermidine. Despite the complete absence of spermidine, these mutants grew at 75% of the wild type rate.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutants completely deficient in adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and in spermidine biosynthesis. Mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, an enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for spermidine, were isolated after mutagenesis of E. coli K 12 with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or with the bacteriophage Mu. The mutated gene, designated speD, is at 2.7 min on the E. coli chromosome map. In several of the mutants resulting from Mu insertion both adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity and spermidine were undetectable. The absence of spermidine from speD strains proves the essential role of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in the biosynthetic pathway for spermidine. Despite the complete absence of spermidine, these mutants grew at 75% of the wild type rate."}
{"id": "PMID:348696", "title": "The shape of L-arabinose isomerase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "L-Arabinose isomerase, EC 5.3.1.4, catalyzes the conversion of L-arabinose to L-ribulose, the first step in the catabolism of L-arabinose by Escherichia coli B/r. Patrick and Lee (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 4277--4283) demonstrated that native L-arabinose isomerase is composed of six identical subunits of approximately Mr = 60,000. In this paper we describe an electron microscopy study of the arrangement of the six identical subunits. The isomerase is seen in two distinctly different orientations. The first has three subunits visible, with a 3-fold axis of symmetry, corresponding to a face-on view of two stacked, eclipsed trimers. The second orientation is rectangular in shape with 2-fold symmetry; suggesting a side-on view of the stacked trimers. The six identical subunits are thus arranged with D3 symmetry as in a trigonal prism. Measurements were made on the maximum profile of the three 2-fold axes of symmetry of the face-on orientations, and of both the long and short dimensions of the side-on orientation. The best estimate for the maximum profile of the 2-fold axes of symmetry of the face-on view is 106 +/- 8 A, using glutamine synthetase as an internal size standard. Measurements from micrographs of the isomerase alone, using an external magnification calibration, give the following results: for the maximum profile of the three 2-fold axes of symmetry of the face-on view, 132 +/- 7 A; for the long axis of the side-on view, 136 +/- 10 A; and for the short axis, 105 +/- 6 A. These measurements are consisting with the interpretation of the profiles as representing two different orientations of the L-arabinose isomerase.", "contents": "The shape of L-arabinose isomerase from Escherichia coli. L-Arabinose isomerase, EC 5.3.1.4, catalyzes the conversion of L-arabinose to L-ribulose, the first step in the catabolism of L-arabinose by Escherichia coli B/r. Patrick and Lee (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 4277--4283) demonstrated that native L-arabinose isomerase is composed of six identical subunits of approximately Mr = 60,000. In this paper we describe an electron microscopy study of the arrangement of the six identical subunits. The isomerase is seen in two distinctly different orientations. The first has three subunits visible, with a 3-fold axis of symmetry, corresponding to a face-on view of two stacked, eclipsed trimers. The second orientation is rectangular in shape with 2-fold symmetry; suggesting a side-on view of the stacked trimers. The six identical subunits are thus arranged with D3 symmetry as in a trigonal prism. Measurements were made on the maximum profile of the three 2-fold axes of symmetry of the face-on orientations, and of both the long and short dimensions of the side-on orientation. The best estimate for the maximum profile of the 2-fold axes of symmetry of the face-on view is 106 +/- 8 A, using glutamine synthetase as an internal size standard. Measurements from micrographs of the isomerase alone, using an external magnification calibration, give the following results: for the maximum profile of the three 2-fold axes of symmetry of the face-on view, 132 +/- 7 A; for the long axis of the side-on view, 136 +/- 10 A; and for the short axis, 105 +/- 6 A. These measurements are consisting with the interpretation of the profiles as representing two different orientations of the L-arabinose isomerase."}
{"id": "PMID:348697", "title": "Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system. Genetic complementation of mit- mutations in mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A method has been devised to test intergenic complementation of mutations in the mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The test is based on the observation that diploids issued from pairwise crosses of certain mit- mutants with deficiencies in cytochrome oxidase, or coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase, acquire high levels of respiratory activity shortly after zygote formation. Under our experimental conditions neither biochemical complementation, interallelic complementation, nor recombination has been found to contribute to any significant extent toward the respiration measured in the diploids at early times. The test has been used to study the number of complementation groups represented by a large number of mit- mutants. Results of pairwise crosses of mutants in the oxi 1, oxi 2, oxi 3, cob 1, and cob 2 loci indicate that complementation occurs between the oxi and cob loci between different oxi loci but not between the two cob loci. The five loci have, therefore, been assigned to four different complementation groups.", "contents": "Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system. Genetic complementation of mit- mutations in mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A method has been devised to test intergenic complementation of mutations in the mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The test is based on the observation that diploids issued from pairwise crosses of certain mit- mutants with deficiencies in cytochrome oxidase, or coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase, acquire high levels of respiratory activity shortly after zygote formation. Under our experimental conditions neither biochemical complementation, interallelic complementation, nor recombination has been found to contribute to any significant extent toward the respiration measured in the diploids at early times. The test has been used to study the number of complementation groups represented by a large number of mit- mutants. Results of pairwise crosses of mutants in the oxi 1, oxi 2, oxi 3, cob 1, and cob 2 loci indicate that complementation occurs between the oxi and cob loci between different oxi loci but not between the two cob loci. The five loci have, therefore, been assigned to four different complementation groups."}
{"id": "PMID:348698", "title": "The role of calcium in fusion of artificial vesicles.", "content": "Small phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) fuse upon calcium addition as demonstrated by electron microscopy, light absorbance increases, and mixing of original liposome contents within the boundaries of the fused liposome. The integrity of the fusion event is demonstrated by a novel assay based on the luminescence of firefly extract when mixed with ATP. Subsequent addition of valinomycin or the calcium ionophore A23187 leads to further fusion as shown by electron microscopy, light microscopy, and additional absorbance increase. Concomitant with this second absorbance increase is an increase in the amount of calcium that associates with the liposomes. This increased calcium association is more than can be accounted for by equilibration of 5 mM Ca2+ across the membrane and must indicate exposure of extra calcium binding sites. Binding of calcium to the inner side of the membrane may catalyze the second stage of liposome fusion.", "contents": "The role of calcium in fusion of artificial vesicles. Small phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) fuse upon calcium addition as demonstrated by electron microscopy, light absorbance increases, and mixing of original liposome contents within the boundaries of the fused liposome. The integrity of the fusion event is demonstrated by a novel assay based on the luminescence of firefly extract when mixed with ATP. Subsequent addition of valinomycin or the calcium ionophore A23187 leads to further fusion as shown by electron microscopy, light microscopy, and additional absorbance increase. Concomitant with this second absorbance increase is an increase in the amount of calcium that associates with the liposomes. This increased calcium association is more than can be accounted for by equilibration of 5 mM Ca2+ across the membrane and must indicate exposure of extra calcium binding sites. Binding of calcium to the inner side of the membrane may catalyze the second stage of liposome fusion."}
{"id": "PMID:348703", "title": "Atlanto-axial arthrodesis by the wedge compression method.", "content": "Fifteen patients with atlanto-axial instability (secondary to os odontoideum in three, nonunion of an odontoid fracture in seven, acute odontoid fracture in three, and rheumatoid arthirtis in two) were treated by wedge compression arthrodesis of the atlanto-axial joint. One patient died at home eight weeks after fusion with the cause of death never established. Of the two patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ankylosing spondylitis), one had a non-union and in the other the posterior arch of the atlas fractured and the fusion had to be extended up to the occiput and down to the third cervical vertebra. The procedure is rarely indicated in patients with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis or severe osteopenia.", "contents": "Atlanto-axial arthrodesis by the wedge compression method. Fifteen patients with atlanto-axial instability (secondary to os odontoideum in three, nonunion of an odontoid fracture in seven, acute odontoid fracture in three, and rheumatoid arthirtis in two) were treated by wedge compression arthrodesis of the atlanto-axial joint. One patient died at home eight weeks after fusion with the cause of death never established. Of the two patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ankylosing spondylitis), one had a non-union and in the other the posterior arch of the atlas fractured and the fusion had to be extended up to the occiput and down to the third cervical vertebra. The procedure is rarely indicated in patients with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis or severe osteopenia."}
{"id": "PMID:348704", "title": "Atlanto-axial fusion for instability.", "content": "The problem of how best to treat a patient with instability of the atlanto-axial complex is still somewhat controversial. In this follow-up study of fifty-nine patients, nineteen were treated by a plaster jacket and brace; eleven, by single midline wiring and onlay bone grafts; and thirty, by four circumferential wires around the posterior elements of the axis and atlas with two bone grafts wedged between these elements on each side according to the method described by Brooks and Jenkins. (One patient had both types of fusion.) Although direct comparison of the results of treatment in three groups was not possible because of the many variables that may have influenced the results, the incidence of solid fusion was distinctly higher after the Brooks fusions despite less postoperative immobilization.", "contents": "Atlanto-axial fusion for instability. The problem of how best to treat a patient with instability of the atlanto-axial complex is still somewhat controversial. In this follow-up study of fifty-nine patients, nineteen were treated by a plaster jacket and brace; eleven, by single midline wiring and onlay bone grafts; and thirty, by four circumferential wires around the posterior elements of the axis and atlas with two bone grafts wedged between these elements on each side according to the method described by Brooks and Jenkins. (One patient had both types of fusion.) Although direct comparison of the results of treatment in three groups was not possible because of the many variables that may have influenced the results, the incidence of solid fusion was distinctly higher after the Brooks fusions despite less postoperative immobilization."}
{"id": "PMID:348705", "title": "The protective value of a neurovascular island pedicle transfer in hands partially anesthetic due to ulnar denervation in leprosy.", "content": "Neurovascular skin island transfers were performed with the prime objective of protecting vulnerable anesthetic areas on the hands of patients with leprosy. After an average follow-up of eight years on sixteen patients, all had long-lasting protective benefits without further loss of tissue consequent to injury. At follow-up, two-point discrimination was less than ten millimeters in only one patient, more than twenty millimeters in ten, and indeterminate in five. Sensory misreference persisted in fourteen patients. Axon sprouting was evident in six but only over short distances (four to eight millimeters beyond the island). Compared with the intact side of the donor finger, nine of the sixteen transfers had lost some sensitivity but sensation was rated normal in one, nearly normal in six, and protective only in nine. The loss of sensation in the donor finger was less than expected and was not a problem. Scar contracture occurred in two donor and five recipient fingers, but this could be attributed to placement of the incision too far anteriorly, and hence was an unavoidable complication. Restoration of protective sensation to the ulnar border of the hand, whatever the cause of anesthesia, is considered extremely worth while.", "contents": "The protective value of a neurovascular island pedicle transfer in hands partially anesthetic due to ulnar denervation in leprosy. Neurovascular skin island transfers were performed with the prime objective of protecting vulnerable anesthetic areas on the hands of patients with leprosy. After an average follow-up of eight years on sixteen patients, all had long-lasting protective benefits without further loss of tissue consequent to injury. At follow-up, two-point discrimination was less than ten millimeters in only one patient, more than twenty millimeters in ten, and indeterminate in five. Sensory misreference persisted in fourteen patients. Axon sprouting was evident in six but only over short distances (four to eight millimeters beyond the island). Compared with the intact side of the donor finger, nine of the sixteen transfers had lost some sensitivity but sensation was rated normal in one, nearly normal in six, and protective only in nine. The loss of sensation in the donor finger was less than expected and was not a problem. Scar contracture occurred in two donor and five recipient fingers, but this could be attributed to placement of the incision too far anteriorly, and hence was an unavoidable complication. Restoration of protective sensation to the ulnar border of the hand, whatever the cause of anesthesia, is considered extremely worth while."}
{"id": "PMID:348706", "title": "Extra-articular low-velocity gunshot fractures of the radius and ulna.", "content": "Low-velocity gunshot fractures of the forearm are complex injuries and previously published studies have not emphasized the problems particular to these forearm lesions. Of the twenty-nine patients in this series, thirteen had peripheral nerve injuries, three had impending Voklmann's ischemia, and ten had delayed union or malunion of fractures after treatment by  closed methods. Only thirteen had none of these problems. Eight patients had long-term disability resulting either from permanent nerve damage with loss of sensation or weakness of grip, or from significant loss of motion following delayed union or malunion. Although external fixation was adequate for undisplaced fractures, delayed (seven to fourteen days) primary internal fixation after the initial phase of wound healing had proved benign gave superior results in displaced fractures.", "contents": "Extra-articular low-velocity gunshot fractures of the radius and ulna. Low-velocity gunshot fractures of the forearm are complex injuries and previously published studies have not emphasized the problems particular to these forearm lesions. Of the twenty-nine patients in this series, thirteen had peripheral nerve injuries, three had impending Voklmann's ischemia, and ten had delayed union or malunion of fractures after treatment by  closed methods. Only thirteen had none of these problems. Eight patients had long-term disability resulting either from permanent nerve damage with loss of sensation or weakness of grip, or from significant loss of motion following delayed union or malunion. Although external fixation was adequate for undisplaced fractures, delayed (seven to fourteen days) primary internal fixation after the initial phase of wound healing had proved benign gave superior results in displaced fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:348707", "title": "Transposition of the tendo calcaneus for post-traumatic bone defects of the tibia.", "content": "Certain post-traumatic defects of the lower extremity present difficult problems in therapy and current methods of management do not offer satisfactory solutions. One such defect is an ulcerative lesion of the lower limb eroding the tibia and forming a chronic, rigid-walled cavity. We describe an operation in which the bone cavity is filled by viable tissue which acts as a bed for a skin graft. In chronic stasis ulcers it has been established that the tendo calcaneus will accept a skin graft, provided the paratenon is left undisturbred.", "contents": "Transposition of the tendo calcaneus for post-traumatic bone defects of the tibia. Certain post-traumatic defects of the lower extremity present difficult problems in therapy and current methods of management do not offer satisfactory solutions. One such defect is an ulcerative lesion of the lower limb eroding the tibia and forming a chronic, rigid-walled cavity. We describe an operation in which the bone cavity is filled by viable tissue which acts as a bed for a skin graft. In chronic stasis ulcers it has been established that the tendo calcaneus will accept a skin graft, provided the paratenon is left undisturbred."}
{"id": "PMID:348712", "title": "The role of spindle pole bodies and modified microtubule ends in the initiation of microtubule assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The spindle poles of the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been removed from mitotic and meiotic cells by osmotic lysis of spheroplasts. The spindle pole bodies (SPBs)--diskoidal structures also termed 'spindle plaques'--have been analysed for their ability to potentiate the polymerization of microtubules in vitro. Free SPBs were completely deprived of any detectable native microtubules by incubation in the absence of added tubulin and were then challenged with chick neurotubulin, which had been rendered partially defective in self-initiation of repolymerization. Electron microscopy revealed that these SPBs served as foci for the initiation of microtubule polymerization in vitro. Because the attached microtubules elongated linearly with time but did not increase in numbers after the first stage of the reaction, it is apparent that there are a limited number of sites for initiation. The initiating potential of the SPBs was found to be inhibited by enzymic hydrolysis of protein but not of DNA. The microtubule end proximal to the site of initiation on the SPB is distinguished by a 'closed' appearance because of a terminal component which is continuous with the microtubule wall, whereas the distal end has the 'open' appearance characteristic of freely repolymerized neurotubules. SPBs which were partially purified on sucrose gradients retained their ability to initiate the assembly of microtubules with the same structural differentiation of their ends. The occurrence of closed proximal ends on native yeast microtubules suggests that closed ends may play a role in the initiation of microtubule polymerization in vivo, as well as in vitro.", "contents": "The role of spindle pole bodies and modified microtubule ends in the initiation of microtubule assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The spindle poles of the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been removed from mitotic and meiotic cells by osmotic lysis of spheroplasts. The spindle pole bodies (SPBs)--diskoidal structures also termed 'spindle plaques'--have been analysed for their ability to potentiate the polymerization of microtubules in vitro. Free SPBs were completely deprived of any detectable native microtubules by incubation in the absence of added tubulin and were then challenged with chick neurotubulin, which had been rendered partially defective in self-initiation of repolymerization. Electron microscopy revealed that these SPBs served as foci for the initiation of microtubule polymerization in vitro. Because the attached microtubules elongated linearly with time but did not increase in numbers after the first stage of the reaction, it is apparent that there are a limited number of sites for initiation. The initiating potential of the SPBs was found to be inhibited by enzymic hydrolysis of protein but not of DNA. The microtubule end proximal to the site of initiation on the SPB is distinguished by a 'closed' appearance because of a terminal component which is continuous with the microtubule wall, whereas the distal end has the 'open' appearance characteristic of freely repolymerized neurotubules. SPBs which were partially purified on sucrose gradients retained their ability to initiate the assembly of microtubules with the same structural differentiation of their ends. The occurrence of closed proximal ends on native yeast microtubules suggests that closed ends may play a role in the initiation of microtubule polymerization in vivo, as well as in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:348713", "title": "Intracellular motility of mitochondria: role of the inner compartment in migration and shape changes of mitochondria in XTH-cells.", "content": "Mitochondrial movements have been followed by phase-contrast microscopy in living XTH-cells (Xenopus laevis tadpole-heart cells) in tissue culture. The same organelles have been viewed subsequently in electron micrographs. Locomotion of mitochondria proceeds at velocities up to 100 micrometer/min. Formation of branches of mitochondria and other shape changes may occur with the same speed. Mitochondrial motility can be classified into 4 types: (I) Alternating extension and contraction at the two ends of rod-shaped mitochondria. (2) Lateral branching. (3) Alternate stretching and contraction of arbitrary parts of a mitochondrion amounting to a kind of peristaltic action. (4) Transverse wave propagation along the organelle. Types I to 3 can be reduced to the same underlying principle; they cause locomotion. Formation of mitochondrial extensions is due to elongation of cristae. The observations are discussed in terms of 4 specific proposals. (I) Intracellular locomotion of mitochondria is caused by local enlargements and contractions of the organelles. (2) The shape changes are correlated with alterations in the arrangement of the cristae. (3) Such arrangements are not associated with overall swelling or shrinkage of the mitochondrion; they are local features. (4) Estimates of the time required for rearrangement of the inner compartment amount to less than 0.3 s for single crista arrangements during the fastest shape changes, and less than 1-3 s during slower alterations. This high velocity is in good accord with the hypothesis of energy conservation by conformational events during oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Intracellular motility of mitochondria: role of the inner compartment in migration and shape changes of mitochondria in XTH-cells. Mitochondrial movements have been followed by phase-contrast microscopy in living XTH-cells (Xenopus laevis tadpole-heart cells) in tissue culture. The same organelles have been viewed subsequently in electron micrographs. Locomotion of mitochondria proceeds at velocities up to 100 micrometer/min. Formation of branches of mitochondria and other shape changes may occur with the same speed. Mitochondrial motility can be classified into 4 types: (I) Alternating extension and contraction at the two ends of rod-shaped mitochondria. (2) Lateral branching. (3) Alternate stretching and contraction of arbitrary parts of a mitochondrion amounting to a kind of peristaltic action. (4) Transverse wave propagation along the organelle. Types I to 3 can be reduced to the same underlying principle; they cause locomotion. Formation of mitochondrial extensions is due to elongation of cristae. The observations are discussed in terms of 4 specific proposals. (I) Intracellular locomotion of mitochondria is caused by local enlargements and contractions of the organelles. (2) The shape changes are correlated with alterations in the arrangement of the cristae. (3) Such arrangements are not associated with overall swelling or shrinkage of the mitochondrion; they are local features. (4) Estimates of the time required for rearrangement of the inner compartment amount to less than 0.3 s for single crista arrangements during the fastest shape changes, and less than 1-3 s during slower alterations. This high velocity is in good accord with the hypothesis of energy conservation by conformational events during oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:348714", "title": "[Breakdown of the anastomosis after colectomy. The causes and prevention (author's transl)].", "content": "Over a period of 3 years the authors have carried out 184 colectomies with immediate restoration of continuity. In 25 of these operated patients the sutures broke down, i.e. 13.5% and 8 died, i.e. one patient out of 3. In the light of this series, the authors studied factors favouring breakdown, whether relative to the patient (age, sex, pathology, nature of the lesion) or the technic followed, i.e. in fact the surgeon (extent of the colonic resection, type and mode of anastomosis, modes of suture and drainage). Were studied also, in prevention, the first or contemporaneous construction of a colostomy, which according to the authors totally prevents breakdown of the subjacent anastomosis, but has its own complications.", "contents": "[Breakdown of the anastomosis after colectomy. The causes and prevention (author's transl)]. Over a period of 3 years the authors have carried out 184 colectomies with immediate restoration of continuity. In 25 of these operated patients the sutures broke down, i.e. 13.5% and 8 died, i.e. one patient out of 3. In the light of this series, the authors studied factors favouring breakdown, whether relative to the patient (age, sex, pathology, nature of the lesion) or the technic followed, i.e. in fact the surgeon (extent of the colonic resection, type and mode of anastomosis, modes of suture and drainage). Were studied also, in prevention, the first or contemporaneous construction of a colostomy, which according to the authors totally prevents breakdown of the subjacent anastomosis, but has its own complications."}
{"id": "PMID:348715", "title": "[Pancreatic transplantation. Implantation of auto and allografts of the pancreas into the gastric wall of the diabetic rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "The author's studied pancreatic autotransplants and allotransplants in the gastric submucosa of the rabbit after removal of the pancreas. Pancreatctomy causes severe diabetes with hyperkaliemic acidosis which is always fatal with 72 hours. Auto or allotransplantation cures the diabetes within two to three days, and maintains normal glucose balance for about 60 days. Early death after transplantation occurred when the graft was totally ineffective. After transplantation, the blood sugar rose progressively towards the 15th day, then suddenly and definetely at the time of necrosis of the graft towards the 15th or 21st day. The follow up in some transplanted animals exceeded two months. The interest of the procedure resides in the implantation of a large critical mass (25 to 30% of the pancreas ) in a well-vascularised area, drained by the portal system, and permitting the digestive tract elimination of the pancreatic necrosis whether of vascular or immune origin.", "contents": "[Pancreatic transplantation. Implantation of auto and allografts of the pancreas into the gastric wall of the diabetic rabbit (author's transl)]. The author's studied pancreatic autotransplants and allotransplants in the gastric submucosa of the rabbit after removal of the pancreas. Pancreatctomy causes severe diabetes with hyperkaliemic acidosis which is always fatal with 72 hours. Auto or allotransplantation cures the diabetes within two to three days, and maintains normal glucose balance for about 60 days. Early death after transplantation occurred when the graft was totally ineffective. After transplantation, the blood sugar rose progressively towards the 15th day, then suddenly and definetely at the time of necrosis of the graft towards the 15th or 21st day. The follow up in some transplanted animals exceeded two months. The interest of the procedure resides in the implantation of a large critical mass (25 to 30% of the pancreas ) in a well-vascularised area, drained by the portal system, and permitting the digestive tract elimination of the pancreatic necrosis whether of vascular or immune origin."}
{"id": "PMID:348716", "title": "Determination of the hemin requirement of Haemophilus ducreyi: evaluation of the porphyrin test and media used in the satellite growth test.", "content": "Gonococcal (GC) agar supplemented with glucose and glutamine was found to be superior to Eugonagar and Trypticase soy agar in demonstrating the hemin requirement of 23 strains of Haemophilus ducreyi by the satellite growth test. The porphyrin test confirmed the requirement for exogenous hematin. With the agar dilution technique, using supplemented GC agar, the hemin concentration required to initiate growth was 10 microgram/ml, and the optimal hemin concentration to produce growth equivalent to that on chocolate agar was between 200 and 500 microgram/ml. On GC agar with added glucose and glutamine, the lowest hemin concentration impregnated in paper disks able to initiate satellite growth was 50 microgram/ml. The hemin requirements of these H. ducreyi were much higher than that reported for other Haemophilus species.", "contents": "Determination of the hemin requirement of Haemophilus ducreyi: evaluation of the porphyrin test and media used in the satellite growth test. Gonococcal (GC) agar supplemented with glucose and glutamine was found to be superior to Eugonagar and Trypticase soy agar in demonstrating the hemin requirement of 23 strains of Haemophilus ducreyi by the satellite growth test. The porphyrin test confirmed the requirement for exogenous hematin. With the agar dilution technique, using supplemented GC agar, the hemin concentration required to initiate growth was 10 microgram/ml, and the optimal hemin concentration to produce growth equivalent to that on chocolate agar was between 200 and 500 microgram/ml. On GC agar with added glucose and glutamine, the lowest hemin concentration impregnated in paper disks able to initiate satellite growth was 50 microgram/ml. The hemin requirements of these H. ducreyi were much higher than that reported for other Haemophilus species."}
{"id": "PMID:348717", "title": "Premarket evaluation of commercial toxoplasmosis indirect fluorescent-antibody reagents.", "content": "The quality of commercial toxoplasmosis indirect fluorescent-antibody reagents was evaluated over a 6-year period. Seven manufacturers voluntarily submitted their products for evaluation in the Center for Disease Control Premarket Evaluation Program. Each product was tested in accordance with the Center for Disease Control performance and labeling specifications and evaluation methods. Only 49% of all of the products tested met the Center for Disease Control requirements. Performance criteria are outlined, and suggestions are offered to assist laboratorians in obtaining toxoplasmosis indirect fluorescent-antibody reagents of high quality.", "contents": "Premarket evaluation of commercial toxoplasmosis indirect fluorescent-antibody reagents. The quality of commercial toxoplasmosis indirect fluorescent-antibody reagents was evaluated over a 6-year period. Seven manufacturers voluntarily submitted their products for evaluation in the Center for Disease Control Premarket Evaluation Program. Each product was tested in accordance with the Center for Disease Control performance and labeling specifications and evaluation methods. Only 49% of all of the products tested met the Center for Disease Control requirements. Performance criteria are outlined, and suggestions are offered to assist laboratorians in obtaining toxoplasmosis indirect fluorescent-antibody reagents of high quality."}
{"id": "PMID:348718", "title": "Electrical impedance measurements: rapid method for detecting and monitoring microorganisms.", "content": "A conceptually simple and east-to-use technique is described that uses continuous impedance measurements for automated monitoring of microbial growth and metabolism. The method has been applied to a wide range of microorganisms. Optical clarity is not required. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the method are demonstrated. The mechanism whereby microbial growth alters the impedance of the medium is discussed, as well as potential applications of the method to clinical microbiology.", "contents": "Electrical impedance measurements: rapid method for detecting and monitoring microorganisms. A conceptually simple and east-to-use technique is described that uses continuous impedance measurements for automated monitoring of microbial growth and metabolism. The method has been applied to a wide range of microorganisms. Optical clarity is not required. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the method are demonstrated. The mechanism whereby microbial growth alters the impedance of the medium is discussed, as well as potential applications of the method to clinical microbiology."}
{"id": "PMID:348719", "title": "Impedimetric screening for bacteriuria.", "content": "A rapid, automated instrumental procedure for distinguishing urine cultures containing greater than 10(5) organism per ml is described. The method is based upon the measurement of changes in impedance that take place as microorganisms alter the chemical composition of the medium. The time required to detect impedance change is inversely related to the initial concentration of microorganisms in the sample. By defining an impedance-positive culture as one that gives detectable impedance change within 2.6 h, 95.8% of 1,133 urine cultures tested were correctly classified as containing more than or fewer than 10(5) organisms per ml. Selection of a longer detection time decreases false negative results at the cost of increased false positive results. Impedance screening is compared with screening data reported in the literature using adenosine-5'-triphosphate detection, microcalorimetry, electrochemical measurements, and optical microscopy.", "contents": "Impedimetric screening for bacteriuria. A rapid, automated instrumental procedure for distinguishing urine cultures containing greater than 10(5) organism per ml is described. The method is based upon the measurement of changes in impedance that take place as microorganisms alter the chemical composition of the medium. The time required to detect impedance change is inversely related to the initial concentration of microorganisms in the sample. By defining an impedance-positive culture as one that gives detectable impedance change within 2.6 h, 95.8% of 1,133 urine cultures tested were correctly classified as containing more than or fewer than 10(5) organisms per ml. Selection of a longer detection time decreases false negative results at the cost of increased false positive results. Impedance screening is compared with screening data reported in the literature using adenosine-5'-triphosphate detection, microcalorimetry, electrochemical measurements, and optical microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:348720", "title": "L-Arabinose-ornithine-Irgasan medium for differentiating Serratia species.", "content": "A semisolid medium (designated Serratia differentiation medium) containing L-arabinose, ornithine, and selective inhibitor was used to differentiate three clinically encountered Serratia species. The inhibitor, Irgasan DP-300, was incorporated to eliminate false-positive reactions from most remaining Enterobacteriaceae. The suspected Serratia colony was inoculated as a stab into the medium. Serratia marcescens was indicated by a change in color from olive to purple following 18 h of incubation, whereas S. rubidaea (not listed in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology) was indicated by a change to bright yellow. S. liquefaciens (described in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology [8th ed., 1974] as Enterobacter liquefaciens) produced a small purple band at the top of the medium and a yellow or yellow-green butt. Absence of growth and color change following incubation indicates that the suspected colony is a non-Serratia. Thirty-six Serratia strains and 97 other Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae strains were tested. Two strains of the non-Serratia Enterobacteriaceae (one each of Citrobacter freundii and Proteus morganii) and two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced a color change in the medium. All of the Serratia strains tested were correctly identified using this medium, while 96% of the other species tested were inhibited.", "contents": "L-Arabinose-ornithine-Irgasan medium for differentiating Serratia species. A semisolid medium (designated Serratia differentiation medium) containing L-arabinose, ornithine, and selective inhibitor was used to differentiate three clinically encountered Serratia species. The inhibitor, Irgasan DP-300, was incorporated to eliminate false-positive reactions from most remaining Enterobacteriaceae. The suspected Serratia colony was inoculated as a stab into the medium. Serratia marcescens was indicated by a change in color from olive to purple following 18 h of incubation, whereas S. rubidaea (not listed in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology) was indicated by a change to bright yellow. S. liquefaciens (described in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology [8th ed., 1974] as Enterobacter liquefaciens) produced a small purple band at the top of the medium and a yellow or yellow-green butt. Absence of growth and color change following incubation indicates that the suspected colony is a non-Serratia. Thirty-six Serratia strains and 97 other Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae strains were tested. Two strains of the non-Serratia Enterobacteriaceae (one each of Citrobacter freundii and Proteus morganii) and two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced a color change in the medium. All of the Serratia strains tested were correctly identified using this medium, while 96% of the other species tested were inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:348721", "title": "Simplified microscopy for rapid detection of significant bacteriuria in random urine specimens.", "content": "Simplified urine microscopy, nitrite testing, and dipstick culture were compared with urine loop streak culture colony counts in 219 random voided specimens to determine the accuracy of the three rapid screening techniques. Nitrite testing resulted in 65% false negative results, which could not be significantly improved by incubation at 37 degrees C but which could be improved by adding nitrate substrate before incubation. Dipstick culture could not be quantitated until after 18 h of incubation. A new, simplified microscopy technique, using unspun, unstained urine, resulted in 4% false negative results and 4% false positive results in specimens containing over 10(5) organisms per ml and was the best method Centrifuges, Gram staining reagents, and counting chambers are not necessary for accurate microscopic screening of random urine specimens for the presence of bacteriuria by this technique, and the results are immediately available.", "contents": "Simplified microscopy for rapid detection of significant bacteriuria in random urine specimens. Simplified urine microscopy, nitrite testing, and dipstick culture were compared with urine loop streak culture colony counts in 219 random voided specimens to determine the accuracy of the three rapid screening techniques. Nitrite testing resulted in 65% false negative results, which could not be significantly improved by incubation at 37 degrees C but which could be improved by adding nitrate substrate before incubation. Dipstick culture could not be quantitated until after 18 h of incubation. A new, simplified microscopy technique, using unspun, unstained urine, resulted in 4% false negative results and 4% false positive results in specimens containing over 10(5) organisms per ml and was the best method Centrifuges, Gram staining reagents, and counting chambers are not necessary for accurate microscopic screening of random urine specimens for the presence of bacteriuria by this technique, and the results are immediately available."}
{"id": "PMID:348722", "title": "Evaluation of an automated agar plate streaker.", "content": "An automated agar plate streaker was evaluated. The Autostreaker mechanizes the agar plate streaking process by providing storage for plates, labeling and streaking one or more plates for either isolation or quantitation, and stacking in one of several racks for subsequent incubation. Results showed the Autostreaker to produce agar plates with well-separated colonies and accurate colony counts. A total of 1,930 clinical specimens were processed either in parallel with manual methods or solely by the Autostreaker. Technologist acceptance of machine-streaked plates was outstanding.", "contents": "Evaluation of an automated agar plate streaker. An automated agar plate streaker was evaluated. The Autostreaker mechanizes the agar plate streaking process by providing storage for plates, labeling and streaking one or more plates for either isolation or quantitation, and stacking in one of several racks for subsequent incubation. Results showed the Autostreaker to produce agar plates with well-separated colonies and accurate colony counts. A total of 1,930 clinical specimens were processed either in parallel with manual methods or solely by the Autostreaker. Technologist acceptance of machine-streaked plates was outstanding."}
{"id": "PMID:348723", "title": "Use of the Minitek system for biotyping Haemophilus species.", "content": "The Minitek system was used for characterization and identification of Haemophilus. The system was simple to use and provided rapid and clear-cut test results.", "contents": "Use of the Minitek system for biotyping Haemophilus species. The Minitek system was used for characterization and identification of Haemophilus. The system was simple to use and provided rapid and clear-cut test results."}
{"id": "PMID:348724", "title": "Atypical isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans cultured from sputum of a patient with pulmonary cancer and blastomycosis.", "content": "Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated repeatedly from a patient with epider-moid carcinoma and pulmonary blastomycosis. The isolate was atypical in that it had only a minute capsule, caused persistent infection but no perceptible disease in mice, and initially appeared not to assimilate trehalose. Only after an incubation of 2 to 3 weeks did utilization of this substrate become apparent.", "contents": "Atypical isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans cultured from sputum of a patient with pulmonary cancer and blastomycosis. Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated repeatedly from a patient with epider-moid carcinoma and pulmonary blastomycosis. The isolate was atypical in that it had only a minute capsule, caused persistent infection but no perceptible disease in mice, and initially appeared not to assimilate trehalose. Only after an incubation of 2 to 3 weeks did utilization of this substrate become apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:348725", "title": "Quantitative recovery of spores from thermophilic spore papers.", "content": "A homogeniser (Stomacher 400) which does not damage bacteria has been used to produce an homogenate of spore papers, from which it was possible to make quantitative assessments of viable spores recoverable from such papers before and after exposure to sterilising procedures.", "contents": "Quantitative recovery of spores from thermophilic spore papers. A homogeniser (Stomacher 400) which does not damage bacteria has been used to produce an homogenate of spore papers, from which it was possible to make quantitative assessments of viable spores recoverable from such papers before and after exposure to sterilising procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:348726", "title": "Performance of converted pressure cookers and two conventional jars for anaerobic bacterial culture.", "content": "The simple conversion of commercial pressure cookers into inexpensive anaerobic jars is described. These containers were shown to be as good as the small conventional BBL polycarbonate GasPak and large vented 150 gas-replacement jars when assessed by means of three biological indicators: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, and Bacteroides fragilis. Ps. aeruginosa seeded on Simmond's citrate agar was shown to be the most sensitive indicator of the three for traces of oxygen.", "contents": "Performance of converted pressure cookers and two conventional jars for anaerobic bacterial culture. The simple conversion of commercial pressure cookers into inexpensive anaerobic jars is described. These containers were shown to be as good as the small conventional BBL polycarbonate GasPak and large vented 150 gas-replacement jars when assessed by means of three biological indicators: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, and Bacteroides fragilis. Ps. aeruginosa seeded on Simmond's citrate agar was shown to be the most sensitive indicator of the three for traces of oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:348727", "title": "Survival of upper respiratory tract bacteria on cotton-wool swabs.", "content": "Plain, buffered cotton-wool swabs and albumen-coated cotton-wool swabs were prepared with known numbers of the following: Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, corynebacteria and Escherichia coli. Swabs were plated immediately (0 hours) after loading with a 0.1 ml standardised inoculum; each swab was plated out four times by streaking on both halves of two plates. At 0 hours recovery rates from first platings on solid media ranged from 3.3%-8.9%; from platings 1-4 ranges were 2.5%-5.7%. Both types of swabs gave similar results. The greater the delay in plating swabs at room temperature and 4 degrees C the lower was the recovery rate of H. influenzae and Strep. pneumoniae, though both species survived better on either kind of swab when these were held at 4 degrees C. There was a very small reduction in numbers of Staph. aureus from 24 to 48 hours but the recovery rate of corynebacteria was similar over the 48-hour period, at both room temperature and 4 degrees C. Twenty-four-hour counts of E. coli at room temperature were approximately five times greater than at 0 hours, and at 48 hours colonies were too numerous to count. At 4 degrees C, however, counts of E. coli fell during the 48-hour period.", "contents": "Survival of upper respiratory tract bacteria on cotton-wool swabs. Plain, buffered cotton-wool swabs and albumen-coated cotton-wool swabs were prepared with known numbers of the following: Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, corynebacteria and Escherichia coli. Swabs were plated immediately (0 hours) after loading with a 0.1 ml standardised inoculum; each swab was plated out four times by streaking on both halves of two plates. At 0 hours recovery rates from first platings on solid media ranged from 3.3%-8.9%; from platings 1-4 ranges were 2.5%-5.7%. Both types of swabs gave similar results. The greater the delay in plating swabs at room temperature and 4 degrees C the lower was the recovery rate of H. influenzae and Strep. pneumoniae, though both species survived better on either kind of swab when these were held at 4 degrees C. There was a very small reduction in numbers of Staph. aureus from 24 to 48 hours but the recovery rate of corynebacteria was similar over the 48-hour period, at both room temperature and 4 degrees C. Twenty-four-hour counts of E. coli at room temperature were approximately five times greater than at 0 hours, and at 48 hours colonies were too numerous to count. At 4 degrees C, however, counts of E. coli fell during the 48-hour period."}
{"id": "PMID:348729", "title": "Structure of the leech nerve cord: distribution of neurons and organization of fiber pathways.", "content": "The abdominal nerve cord of the leech Macrobdella decora was studied under the light and electron microscopes. The ganglionic cortex consists of six hemicone-shaped packets of neuronal perikarya and apical processes regularly assembled in bilaterally symmetric rows. The orderly projection of the apical processes into the hilum of the packets is also followed by an orderly distribution of their branches across the neuropile. This part of the ganglion is made of two symmetrical halves or hemineuropiles enclosing two types of nerve tissue: coarse and fine neuropiles. The coarse neuropile has seven longitudinal and four commissural tracts of fibers and a distinctively segregated synaptic zone. Nerve processes in this neuropile mostly proceed from the neurons in the ganglia and some are the branches of giant afferent axons. The fine neuropile includes several longitudinal tracts of fibers and a non-segregated synaptic zone. Most nerve processes in this neuropile are small afferent axons and some come from neurons in the ganglia. Bundles of axons in the connectives result by the orderly projection of the neuropile longitudinal tracts and together form fiber pathways connecting the synaptic zones of successive ganglia. Pathways of through-ganglia giant axons, linking the coarse neuropile synaptic zones, and of small axons, linking the fine neuropile synaptic zones, are described.", "contents": "Structure of the leech nerve cord: distribution of neurons and organization of fiber pathways. The abdominal nerve cord of the leech Macrobdella decora was studied under the light and electron microscopes. The ganglionic cortex consists of six hemicone-shaped packets of neuronal perikarya and apical processes regularly assembled in bilaterally symmetric rows. The orderly projection of the apical processes into the hilum of the packets is also followed by an orderly distribution of their branches across the neuropile. This part of the ganglion is made of two symmetrical halves or hemineuropiles enclosing two types of nerve tissue: coarse and fine neuropiles. The coarse neuropile has seven longitudinal and four commissural tracts of fibers and a distinctively segregated synaptic zone. Nerve processes in this neuropile mostly proceed from the neurons in the ganglia and some are the branches of giant afferent axons. The fine neuropile includes several longitudinal tracts of fibers and a non-segregated synaptic zone. Most nerve processes in this neuropile are small afferent axons and some come from neurons in the ganglia. Bundles of axons in the connectives result by the orderly projection of the neuropile longitudinal tracts and together form fiber pathways connecting the synaptic zones of successive ganglia. Pathways of through-ganglia giant axons, linking the coarse neuropile synaptic zones, and of small axons, linking the fine neuropile synaptic zones, are described."}
{"id": "PMID:348730", "title": "Transient acantholytic dermatosis with involvement of oral mucosa.", "content": "Histologic, immunologic and electron microscopic studies were performed in a patient with transient acantholytic dermatosis which involved oral mucosa. Hitologic and electron microscopic findings were almost identical in both cutaneous and mucous membrane lesions, and these were similar to pemphigus vulgaris; suprabasilar separation with acantholytic cells. Desmosome-desmosome complexes were separated without disruption of cell membranes and cytoplasmic structures were well-preserved without dyskeratosis. Lamina lucida, however, was often separated in mucous membrane lesions, in contrast to the normal lamina lucida in cutaneous lesions of such cases or in pemphigus vulgaris. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies for pemphigus were repeatedly negative. This study shows that transient acantholytic dermatosis may involve mucous membrane and may resemble pemphigus vulgaris histologically and ultrastructurally except for the widened lamina lucida of the mucous membrane.", "contents": "Transient acantholytic dermatosis with involvement of oral mucosa. Histologic, immunologic and electron microscopic studies were performed in a patient with transient acantholytic dermatosis which involved oral mucosa. Hitologic and electron microscopic findings were almost identical in both cutaneous and mucous membrane lesions, and these were similar to pemphigus vulgaris; suprabasilar separation with acantholytic cells. Desmosome-desmosome complexes were separated without disruption of cell membranes and cytoplasmic structures were well-preserved without dyskeratosis. Lamina lucida, however, was often separated in mucous membrane lesions, in contrast to the normal lamina lucida in cutaneous lesions of such cases or in pemphigus vulgaris. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies for pemphigus were repeatedly negative. This study shows that transient acantholytic dermatosis may involve mucous membrane and may resemble pemphigus vulgaris histologically and ultrastructurally except for the widened lamina lucida of the mucous membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:348734", "title": "Effects of alexidine.2HCL mouthwash on plaque and gingivitis after six months.", "content": "Two-hundred and fourteen subjects ranging in age from 22 to 63 years used either a mouthwash that contained 0.035% w/v alexidine.2HCL (2-ethylhexyl bisbiguanidine dihydrochloride) or a placebo twice daily on a doubleblind basis for six months in conjunction with routine oral hygiene procedures. The results indicated that alexidine.2HCL was safe and was statistically more effective in producing a clinically significant reduction in gingivitis than was the placebo.", "contents": "Effects of alexidine.2HCL mouthwash on plaque and gingivitis after six months. Two-hundred and fourteen subjects ranging in age from 22 to 63 years used either a mouthwash that contained 0.035% w/v alexidine.2HCL (2-ethylhexyl bisbiguanidine dihydrochloride) or a placebo twice daily on a doubleblind basis for six months in conjunction with routine oral hygiene procedures. The results indicated that alexidine.2HCL was safe and was statistically more effective in producing a clinically significant reduction in gingivitis than was the placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:348736", "title": "Documentation of vasomotor dysfunction by indicator dilution curve analysis.", "content": "Indocyanine green dye dilution curves with abnormal contours have been recorded in four patients with acute and critical illnesses using standardized recording methods. The abnormal curves are characterized by a high and prolonged concentration of dye occurring after the peak concentration. This altered contour can be detected by use of routine mathematical processing since the derived hemodynamic parameters are affected by the altered contour. A physiologic basis for the altered curve contour is proposed.", "contents": "Documentation of vasomotor dysfunction by indicator dilution curve analysis. Indocyanine green dye dilution curves with abnormal contours have been recorded in four patients with acute and critical illnesses using standardized recording methods. The abnormal curves are characterized by a high and prolonged concentration of dye occurring after the peak concentration. This altered contour can be detected by use of routine mathematical processing since the derived hemodynamic parameters are affected by the altered contour. A physiologic basis for the altered curve contour is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:348741", "title": "Claspless chrome-cobalt transitional removable partial dentures.", "content": "Many of the acrylic resin and bent-wire temporary partial dentures in use today produce pathologic changes in the oral mucosa. A method is outlined for the use of chrome-cobalt, instead of acrylic resin, to produce temporary prostheses. The resulting temporary partial dentures are esthetically pleasing and biologically acceptable to the oral tissues.", "contents": "Claspless chrome-cobalt transitional removable partial dentures. Many of the acrylic resin and bent-wire temporary partial dentures in use today produce pathologic changes in the oral mucosa. A method is outlined for the use of chrome-cobalt, instead of acrylic resin, to produce temporary prostheses. The resulting temporary partial dentures are esthetically pleasing and biologically acceptable to the oral tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:348742", "title": "An investigation of bonding systems for the polycarbonate crown restoration.", "content": "Tensile retentive strengths for six polycarbonate crown cementation systems were examined with use of extracted human teeth prepared with and without retentive grooves. From the results of this study, use of unfilled intermediary resins followed by polycarboxylate or zinc phosphate cements is recommended. Retentive grooves did not contribute to overall retention.", "contents": "An investigation of bonding systems for the polycarbonate crown restoration. Tensile retentive strengths for six polycarbonate crown cementation systems were examined with use of extracted human teeth prepared with and without retentive grooves. From the results of this study, use of unfilled intermediary resins followed by polycarboxylate or zinc phosphate cements is recommended. Retentive grooves did not contribute to overall retention."}
{"id": "PMID:348743", "title": "Sequencing and timing of treatment in the correction of dentofacial deformities in adult patients with clefts.", "content": "During the past six years, 107 patients with various dentofacial deformities secondary to primary clefts were treated in the cleft palate clinic. An overall treatment plan was formulated before any definitive secondary treatment was started. The sequencing and timing of the various aspects of secondary treatment were established to provide optimum esthetic, functional, and psychologic results.", "contents": "Sequencing and timing of treatment in the correction of dentofacial deformities in adult patients with clefts. During the past six years, 107 patients with various dentofacial deformities secondary to primary clefts were treated in the cleft palate clinic. An overall treatment plan was formulated before any definitive secondary treatment was started. The sequencing and timing of the various aspects of secondary treatment were established to provide optimum esthetic, functional, and psychologic results."}
{"id": "PMID:348744", "title": "Alcohol and nutrient intake of elderly men.", "content": "The effect of alcohol consumption on the intake of food nutrients was investigated in elderly residents in a Veterans Administration Domiciliary. When compared with a group of abstainers from the same institution, the imbibers ate fewer food calories (2,140 vs. 2,415 kcal per day) and had lower serum albumin levels (54 vs. 58 per cent total serum protein). The lower caloric intake extended to the three main energy sources (fat, protein, and carbohydrate) and occurred even though ample food was available. In view of the reduced nutrient intake and known impairment of the absorptive process by ethanol, institutionalized elderly alcoholics require special attention to maintain a satisfactory nutritional status.", "contents": "Alcohol and nutrient intake of elderly men. The effect of alcohol consumption on the intake of food nutrients was investigated in elderly residents in a Veterans Administration Domiciliary. When compared with a group of abstainers from the same institution, the imbibers ate fewer food calories (2,140 vs. 2,415 kcal per day) and had lower serum albumin levels (54 vs. 58 per cent total serum protein). The lower caloric intake extended to the three main energy sources (fat, protein, and carbohydrate) and occurred even though ample food was available. In view of the reduced nutrient intake and known impairment of the absorptive process by ethanol, institutionalized elderly alcoholics require special attention to maintain a satisfactory nutritional status."}
{"id": "PMID:348745", "title": "Research in orthokeratology. Part VIII: results, conclusions and discussion of techniques.", "content": "In this paper, the results, discussions and conclusions concerning selected variables relative to orthokeratological effects and procedures are presented. The data, clinical observations and subsequent analyses suggest that corneal modification with contact lenses is not clearly understood. Hypothesis are offered to explain certain results obtained, to account for observed discrepancies and to collectively assemble a rational understanding for the effects of contact lenses on purposeful corneal modification.", "contents": "Research in orthokeratology. Part VIII: results, conclusions and discussion of techniques. In this paper, the results, discussions and conclusions concerning selected variables relative to orthokeratological effects and procedures are presented. The data, clinical observations and subsequent analyses suggest that corneal modification with contact lenses is not clearly understood. Hypothesis are offered to explain certain results obtained, to account for observed discrepancies and to collectively assemble a rational understanding for the effects of contact lenses on purposeful corneal modification."}
{"id": "PMID:349074", "title": "Counts on viable Bacteroides fragilis: a modification of the microdroplet technique.", "content": "A modification of Sharpe's microdroplet counting technique is presented which permits viable counting of Bacteroides fragilis. Lysed horse blood was added to 0.1 soy digest agar droplets and 2% was found to be the optimal concentration which combined adequate intradroplet colony size with acceptable visibility on the counting screen of the Colworth Droplette machine.", "contents": "Counts on viable Bacteroides fragilis: a modification of the microdroplet technique. A modification of Sharpe's microdroplet counting technique is presented which permits viable counting of Bacteroides fragilis. Lysed horse blood was added to 0.1 soy digest agar droplets and 2% was found to be the optimal concentration which combined adequate intradroplet colony size with acceptable visibility on the counting screen of the Colworth Droplette machine."}
{"id": "PMID:349075", "title": "Serological evidence of continuing infection of swine in Great Britain with an influenza A virus (H3N2).", "content": "Serum samples collected from swine and cattle in Great Britain at various times between July 1971 and July 1977 were examined by haemagglutination-inhibition or single radial haemolysis methods for evidence of infection with influenza A (H3N2) viruses. A small proportion of swine sera collected in each year reacted in the tests but there was no evidence of infection in cattle. The significance of the findings is discussed, with particular reference to the seasonal fluctuations in the prevalence of antibody in swine observed during the period of the study, and their possible relevance to influenzal events in the human population. None of the sera tested had antibody to swine influenza strains (HSw1N1).", "contents": "Serological evidence of continuing infection of swine in Great Britain with an influenza A virus (H3N2). Serum samples collected from swine and cattle in Great Britain at various times between July 1971 and July 1977 were examined by haemagglutination-inhibition or single radial haemolysis methods for evidence of infection with influenza A (H3N2) viruses. A small proportion of swine sera collected in each year reacted in the tests but there was no evidence of infection in cattle. The significance of the findings is discussed, with particular reference to the seasonal fluctuations in the prevalence of antibody in swine observed during the period of the study, and their possible relevance to influenzal events in the human population. None of the sera tested had antibody to swine influenza strains (HSw1N1)."}
{"id": "PMID:349076", "title": "Bowls and bacteria.", "content": "An episode of nosocomial infection with Klebsiella aerogenes in a surgical ward, in which six patients were infected, is described. The cause of the outbreak was identified as being contaminated washing-bowls. It is recommended that each patient should have his own bowl, which should be disinfected after use, dried and stored upside-down.", "contents": "Bowls and bacteria. An episode of nosocomial infection with Klebsiella aerogenes in a surgical ward, in which six patients were infected, is described. The cause of the outbreak was identified as being contaminated washing-bowls. It is recommended that each patient should have his own bowl, which should be disinfected after use, dried and stored upside-down."}
{"id": "PMID:349077", "title": "Clostridium botulinum in aquatic environments in Great Britain and Ireland.", "content": "Mud samples from aquatic environments in many parts of Great Britain and Ireland were collected, mainly in 1975 and 1976, and examined for Clostridium botulinum. The samples were taken from lakes, ponds, reservoirs, marshes, mudflats, streams, rivers and canals, and the sampling areas included a number of bird refuges and reserves. Of 554 samples 194 (35.0%) were positive and 167 (30.1%), 19 (3.4%), 6 (1.1%) and 15 (2.7%) contained types B, C, D and E respectively; 13 (2.3%) contained more than one type. Each type demonstrated was found in both fresh-and salt-water environments. Type B was widespread; types C, D and E were demonstrated in widely separated areas in England and Wales, and type C was found in both the north and south of Scotland. The results were compared with those reported earlier in respect of surveys in the London area, the Norfolk Boads and the Camargue (France).", "contents": "Clostridium botulinum in aquatic environments in Great Britain and Ireland. Mud samples from aquatic environments in many parts of Great Britain and Ireland were collected, mainly in 1975 and 1976, and examined for Clostridium botulinum. The samples were taken from lakes, ponds, reservoirs, marshes, mudflats, streams, rivers and canals, and the sampling areas included a number of bird refuges and reserves. Of 554 samples 194 (35.0%) were positive and 167 (30.1%), 19 (3.4%), 6 (1.1%) and 15 (2.7%) contained types B, C, D and E respectively; 13 (2.3%) contained more than one type. Each type demonstrated was found in both fresh-and salt-water environments. Type B was widespread; types C, D and E were demonstrated in widely separated areas in England and Wales, and type C was found in both the north and south of Scotland. The results were compared with those reported earlier in respect of surveys in the London area, the Norfolk Boads and the Camargue (France)."}
{"id": "PMID:349080", "title": "A new assay for rapid measurement of MIF levels by 3H-labelled cells in liquid scintillation counting vials: statistical implications for the measurement of migration inhibition.", "content": "A new quantitative assay for migration inhibitory factor (MIF) employs 3H-labelled cultured mouse or human lymphoid cells migrating from capillary tubes. Capillaries filled with labelled cells are placed in liquid scintillation counting vials, along with the MIF-containing sample and are removed at the end of a five-hour incubation period. The residual, labelled cells which have migrated out of the tubes are solubilized and counted in a liquid scintillation counter. While cultured lymphoblast cells are routinely used in the assay, the method was checked against mouse and guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells in both the labelled cell technique and the conventional chamber assay. The assay is technically simple to perform and a useful tool for laboratory research purposes because of the short span of time needed to obtain the results. These advantages indicate a potential for automation and use of this assay in a clinical immunology laboratory. Statistical analysis of data from both assays demonstrated that the relative variation among replicates is lower in the labelled cell assay. The new assay also measured a significant difference between controls and MIF-containing samples when the migration index (MI) was greater than 80%. Criteria for significant inhibition of migration are discussed in regard to the use of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and other statistical procedures, and the inadequacy of a single measure, such as the MI, is discussed.", "contents": "A new assay for rapid measurement of MIF levels by 3H-labelled cells in liquid scintillation counting vials: statistical implications for the measurement of migration inhibition. A new quantitative assay for migration inhibitory factor (MIF) employs 3H-labelled cultured mouse or human lymphoid cells migrating from capillary tubes. Capillaries filled with labelled cells are placed in liquid scintillation counting vials, along with the MIF-containing sample and are removed at the end of a five-hour incubation period. The residual, labelled cells which have migrated out of the tubes are solubilized and counted in a liquid scintillation counter. While cultured lymphoblast cells are routinely used in the assay, the method was checked against mouse and guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells in both the labelled cell technique and the conventional chamber assay. The assay is technically simple to perform and a useful tool for laboratory research purposes because of the short span of time needed to obtain the results. These advantages indicate a potential for automation and use of this assay in a clinical immunology laboratory. Statistical analysis of data from both assays demonstrated that the relative variation among replicates is lower in the labelled cell assay. The new assay also measured a significant difference between controls and MIF-containing samples when the migration index (MI) was greater than 80%. Criteria for significant inhibition of migration are discussed in regard to the use of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and other statistical procedures, and the inadequacy of a single measure, such as the MI, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:349081", "title": "Use of staphylococcal protein A as an immunological reagent.", "content": "This brief review summarises the major uses of staphylococcal protein A in immunology. Protein A is covalently linked to the cell wall of most strains of Staphylococcus aureus, and binds immunoglobulin molecules with high affinity. The principal molecule bo-nd is IgG, although in many cases binding is restricted to certain IgG subclasses. Some IgM and IgA binds in certain species. This property allows rapid, simple and economical methods for the purification and analysis of immunoglobulins, and the fractionation of subclasses which are difficult to separate by other means. Fractionation on protein A affinity columns is a simple and efficient way of separating immunoglobulin F (ab) and F (ab')2 from Fc fragments. Intact staphylococci are useful as a solid phase adsorbent for isolating antigen-antibody complexes, membrane antigens and receptors, and to replace 'second antibody' in radioimmunoassay. Finally, protein A has proven useful for the study of antigens and receptors on the surface of intact cells, and for the detection of antibody-secreting cells. Thus, the use of protein A is now the method of choice for many preparative and analytical purposes in immunology.", "contents": "Use of staphylococcal protein A as an immunological reagent. This brief review summarises the major uses of staphylococcal protein A in immunology. Protein A is covalently linked to the cell wall of most strains of Staphylococcus aureus, and binds immunoglobulin molecules with high affinity. The principal molecule bo-nd is IgG, although in many cases binding is restricted to certain IgG subclasses. Some IgM and IgA binds in certain species. This property allows rapid, simple and economical methods for the purification and analysis of immunoglobulins, and the fractionation of subclasses which are difficult to separate by other means. Fractionation on protein A affinity columns is a simple and efficient way of separating immunoglobulin F (ab) and F (ab')2 from Fc fragments. Intact staphylococci are useful as a solid phase adsorbent for isolating antigen-antibody complexes, membrane antigens and receptors, and to replace 'second antibody' in radioimmunoassay. Finally, protein A has proven useful for the study of antigens and receptors on the surface of intact cells, and for the detection of antibody-secreting cells. Thus, the use of protein A is now the method of choice for many preparative and analytical purposes in immunology."}
{"id": "PMID:349082", "title": "Purification of human monocytes by continuous gradient sedimentation in ficoll.", "content": "A new method of obtaining purified human monocytes has been developed. The peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes are isolated by centrifugation over Ficoll--Hypaque and then further purified by sedimentation over a linear 5--10% Ficoll density gradient. In ten experiments, the average purity obtained was 77.1% macrophages and the mean yield was 22.4% of the monocytes contained in the peripheral blood leukocytes. Viability of monocytes isolated by this technique exceeded 95%. The cells were phagocytic and responded to human migration inhibitory factor.", "contents": "Purification of human monocytes by continuous gradient sedimentation in ficoll. A new method of obtaining purified human monocytes has been developed. The peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes are isolated by centrifugation over Ficoll--Hypaque and then further purified by sedimentation over a linear 5--10% Ficoll density gradient. In ten experiments, the average purity obtained was 77.1% macrophages and the mean yield was 22.4% of the monocytes contained in the peripheral blood leukocytes. Viability of monocytes isolated by this technique exceeded 95%. The cells were phagocytic and responded to human migration inhibitory factor."}
{"id": "PMID:349083", "title": "An improved method for isolation of granulocytes from peripheral blood.", "content": "A method is described by which granulocytes may be isolated from human peripheral blood. The yield of granulocytes using this technique (70.9%) is considerably greater than that obtained by alternative methods. The isolated cells are mainly composed of neutrophils, but the ratio of eosinophils to neutrophils is not significantly different from that of the peripheral blood. The cells are functionally comparable to buffy coat granulocytes with respect to phagocytic, candidacidal and NBT dye-reduction ability. Removal of erythrocytes from the final cells gives a granulocyte preparation useful for studies in which purity is essential.", "contents": "An improved method for isolation of granulocytes from peripheral blood. A method is described by which granulocytes may be isolated from human peripheral blood. The yield of granulocytes using this technique (70.9%) is considerably greater than that obtained by alternative methods. The isolated cells are mainly composed of neutrophils, but the ratio of eosinophils to neutrophils is not significantly different from that of the peripheral blood. The cells are functionally comparable to buffy coat granulocytes with respect to phagocytic, candidacidal and NBT dye-reduction ability. Removal of erythrocytes from the final cells gives a granulocyte preparation useful for studies in which purity is essential."}
{"id": "PMID:349085", "title": "A new plastic receptacle for solid phase immunoassays.", "content": "A new, simple, inexpensive plastic device for solid phase immunoassay, the through-passage receptacle (TPR), with a large ratio of surface area to volume, is described. It was substantially more efficient in non-specific protein adsorption and specific immunological binding than the conventional wells of microtiter plates. It was also easier to wash since washing was facilitated by a through-passage with a gravity flow. This device, which should be more conducive to automation than currently used receptacles, should increase the sensitivity and decrease the incubation time of the solid phase immunoassay technique.", "contents": "A new plastic receptacle for solid phase immunoassays. A new, simple, inexpensive plastic device for solid phase immunoassay, the through-passage receptacle (TPR), with a large ratio of surface area to volume, is described. It was substantially more efficient in non-specific protein adsorption and specific immunological binding than the conventional wells of microtiter plates. It was also easier to wash since washing was facilitated by a through-passage with a gravity flow. This device, which should be more conducive to automation than currently used receptacles, should increase the sensitivity and decrease the incubation time of the solid phase immunoassay technique."}
{"id": "PMID:349086", "title": "New immunofluorescent antibody test for diagnosis of candidiasis using macrophages-engulfed antigens as substrate.", "content": "A new method for detection of antibodies to polysaccharidic antigens of Candida albicans is described. The method is based on the selective uptake of carbohydrate-rich antigens by mouse peritoneal macrophages, the antibodies being revealed by indirect immunofluorescence after incubation of fixed, antigen-containing macrophages with sera (MU/IFA test). This test shows greater sensitivity than counterimmunoelectrophoresis individuals. The combination of CIE using cytoplasmic antigens and MU/IFA using surface antigens and MU/IFA using surface antigens is useful in a considerable majority of cases for diagnosis of clinical infection.", "contents": "New immunofluorescent antibody test for diagnosis of candidiasis using macrophages-engulfed antigens as substrate. A new method for detection of antibodies to polysaccharidic antigens of Candida albicans is described. The method is based on the selective uptake of carbohydrate-rich antigens by mouse peritoneal macrophages, the antibodies being revealed by indirect immunofluorescence after incubation of fixed, antigen-containing macrophages with sera (MU/IFA test). This test shows greater sensitivity than counterimmunoelectrophoresis individuals. The combination of CIE using cytoplasmic antigens and MU/IFA using surface antigens and MU/IFA using surface antigens is useful in a considerable majority of cases for diagnosis of clinical infection."}
{"id": "PMID:349087", "title": "A micro method for the estimation of killing and phagocytosis of Candida albicans by human leucocytes.", "content": "A micro method is described for quantitation of the candidacidal and phagocytic capacity of human neutrophils based on previous studies which showed that non-viable Candida albicans are differentially stained by methylene blue. The assay was performed on a microplate using small numbers of phagocytes (2 x 10(3) per well) and Candida albicans (2 x 10(3) or 8 x 10(3) per well) and both the phagocytic and microbicidal activity could be observed in situ within the phagocytic cell. The technique requires small volumes of blood (2 ml) and simple apparatus. Plates may be stored after fixation of stained preparations which makes it particularly suitable as an initial screen of phagocyte function for routine clinical use.", "contents": "A micro method for the estimation of killing and phagocytosis of Candida albicans by human leucocytes. A micro method is described for quantitation of the candidacidal and phagocytic capacity of human neutrophils based on previous studies which showed that non-viable Candida albicans are differentially stained by methylene blue. The assay was performed on a microplate using small numbers of phagocytes (2 x 10(3) per well) and Candida albicans (2 x 10(3) or 8 x 10(3) per well) and both the phagocytic and microbicidal activity could be observed in situ within the phagocytic cell. The technique requires small volumes of blood (2 ml) and simple apparatus. Plates may be stored after fixation of stained preparations which makes it particularly suitable as an initial screen of phagocyte function for routine clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:349088", "title": "Immunochemical analysis of the monoclonal paraprotein in scleromyxedema.", "content": "The monoclonal paraprotein from a typical case of scleromyxedema was isolated and characterized. The isolated paraprotein was of the IgG-lambda class, with a molecular weight of approximately 110,000 daltons compared with 160,000 daltons for normal IgG. Immunochemical studies indicated that the paraprotein was an incomplete IgG molecule which was missing a significant antigenic portion of the Fd fragment.", "contents": "Immunochemical analysis of the monoclonal paraprotein in scleromyxedema. The monoclonal paraprotein from a typical case of scleromyxedema was isolated and characterized. The isolated paraprotein was of the IgG-lambda class, with a molecular weight of approximately 110,000 daltons compared with 160,000 daltons for normal IgG. Immunochemical studies indicated that the paraprotein was an incomplete IgG molecule which was missing a significant antigenic portion of the Fd fragment."}
{"id": "PMID:349089", "title": "Plastic embedding of cutaneous specimens for light microscopy using araldite epoxy resin.", "content": "A method is described using araldite epoxy resin for embedding intact 3-mm cutaneous punch biopsies for light microscopy. Sections are cut at 0.5-2.0 micron and stained with hematoxylin-eosin-phloxine. This procedure allows for preservation of cellular detail unobtainable with conventional formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue.", "contents": "Plastic embedding of cutaneous specimens for light microscopy using araldite epoxy resin. A method is described using araldite epoxy resin for embedding intact 3-mm cutaneous punch biopsies for light microscopy. Sections are cut at 0.5-2.0 micron and stained with hematoxylin-eosin-phloxine. This procedure allows for preservation of cellular detail unobtainable with conventional formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:349091", "title": "Cefamandole and cefazolin in the therapy of complicated urinary tract infections.", "content": "The clinical efficacy and tolerance of cefamandole, a new cephalosporin antibiotic effective against indole-positive strains of Proteus, and cefazolin were studied after intramuscular administration of 500 mg of either of the two cephalosporins every 8 hr for seven days in a prospective, randomized study of 65 elderly male patients with complicated urinary tarct infections. Both antibiotics were effective in eradicating the infections, and there was no significant difference between the two groups in regard to tolerance and cure rate, as defined by a negative urine culture one week and four to six weeks following discontinuation of the treatment. Because of its broader antibacterial spectrum, cefamandole appears to represent an improvement over previously available cephalosporin antibiotics.", "contents": "Cefamandole and cefazolin in the therapy of complicated urinary tract infections. The clinical efficacy and tolerance of cefamandole, a new cephalosporin antibiotic effective against indole-positive strains of Proteus, and cefazolin were studied after intramuscular administration of 500 mg of either of the two cephalosporins every 8 hr for seven days in a prospective, randomized study of 65 elderly male patients with complicated urinary tarct infections. Both antibiotics were effective in eradicating the infections, and there was no significant difference between the two groups in regard to tolerance and cure rate, as defined by a negative urine culture one week and four to six weeks following discontinuation of the treatment. Because of its broader antibacterial spectrum, cefamandole appears to represent an improvement over previously available cephalosporin antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:349092", "title": "Cefamandole vs. procaine penicillin for treatment of pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae: a random trial.", "content": "The efficacy and safety of cefamandole nafate and penicillin G procaine suspension were compared in the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia in hospitalized adults. One hundred thirteen patients with clinical and radiographic evidence of pneumococcal pneumonia were randomly assigned to receive 600,000 units of procaine penicillin intramuscularly every 12 hr or 500 mg of cefamandole intramuscularly every 6 hr. The two groups were comparable with regard to patient type and extent and severity of pneumonia. Alcohol abuse was a host factor in 31% of all patients in the trial. All strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated were inhibited by less than or equal to 1.6 microgram of cefamandole/ml. Of 58 patients treated with cefamandole, 50 had a satisfactory response, as did 46 of the 55 patients treated with penicillin. Results of tests of liver function were abnormal (primarily, elevated levels of transaminase or alkaline phosphatase) in 38% of the entire group of patients and occurred with equal frequency in patients receiving cefamandole or penicillin. Side effects during therapy, including superinfection, occurred equally with either drug. In a random trial, cefamandole was as effective and safe as penicillin in the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia in adults.", "contents": "Cefamandole vs. procaine penicillin for treatment of pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae: a random trial. The efficacy and safety of cefamandole nafate and penicillin G procaine suspension were compared in the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia in hospitalized adults. One hundred thirteen patients with clinical and radiographic evidence of pneumococcal pneumonia were randomly assigned to receive 600,000 units of procaine penicillin intramuscularly every 12 hr or 500 mg of cefamandole intramuscularly every 6 hr. The two groups were comparable with regard to patient type and extent and severity of pneumonia. Alcohol abuse was a host factor in 31% of all patients in the trial. All strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated were inhibited by less than or equal to 1.6 microgram of cefamandole/ml. Of 58 patients treated with cefamandole, 50 had a satisfactory response, as did 46 of the 55 patients treated with penicillin. Results of tests of liver function were abnormal (primarily, elevated levels of transaminase or alkaline phosphatase) in 38% of the entire group of patients and occurred with equal frequency in patients receiving cefamandole or penicillin. Side effects during therapy, including superinfection, occurred equally with either drug. In a random trial, cefamandole was as effective and safe as penicillin in the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:349093", "title": "Efficacy and safety of cefamandole plus either gentamicin or tobramycin in therapy of severe gram-negative bacterial infections.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with severe gram-negative bacterial infections were treated successfully with a combination of cefamandole nafate plus gentamicin or tobramycin. The patients were divided into two treatment groups: group 1 received low-dose therapy (80--100 mg of cefamandole nafate/kg per 24 hr plus 3 mg of either gentamicin or tobramycin/kg per 24 hr), and group 2 patients, who had suspected bacteremia, received high-dose therapy (170 mg of cefamandole nafate/kg per 24 hr plus 5 mg of either gentamicin or tobramycin/kg per 24 hr). All of the patients were clinically and bacteriologically cured of their primary infections. All four episodes of bacteremia were cleared within 24 hr after therapy was initiated. There was a uniform decrease in the rate of creatinine clearance which was slightly greater in group 2 patients; however, all creatinine clearance values were within the normal range and actually improved during therapy. There was no difference between the clearance values of the tobramycin-treated patients and gentamicin-treated patients. A few transient abnormalities in results of liver function tests occurred during the study. In one patient whose serum was positive for hepatitis-associated antigen, the alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and bilirubin values were elevated on admisssion of the patient to the hospital, increased fivefold during therapy, and decreased to the base-line admission values six days after therapy; however, it is difficult to establish that this reaction was antibiotic-induced hepatic toxicity.", "contents": "Efficacy and safety of cefamandole plus either gentamicin or tobramycin in therapy of severe gram-negative bacterial infections. Thirty-one patients with severe gram-negative bacterial infections were treated successfully with a combination of cefamandole nafate plus gentamicin or tobramycin. The patients were divided into two treatment groups: group 1 received low-dose therapy (80--100 mg of cefamandole nafate/kg per 24 hr plus 3 mg of either gentamicin or tobramycin/kg per 24 hr), and group 2 patients, who had suspected bacteremia, received high-dose therapy (170 mg of cefamandole nafate/kg per 24 hr plus 5 mg of either gentamicin or tobramycin/kg per 24 hr). All of the patients were clinically and bacteriologically cured of their primary infections. All four episodes of bacteremia were cleared within 24 hr after therapy was initiated. There was a uniform decrease in the rate of creatinine clearance which was slightly greater in group 2 patients; however, all creatinine clearance values were within the normal range and actually improved during therapy. There was no difference between the clearance values of the tobramycin-treated patients and gentamicin-treated patients. A few transient abnormalities in results of liver function tests occurred during the study. In one patient whose serum was positive for hepatitis-associated antigen, the alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and bilirubin values were elevated on admisssion of the patient to the hospital, increased fivefold during therapy, and decreased to the base-line admission values six days after therapy; however, it is difficult to establish that this reaction was antibiotic-induced hepatic toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:349094", "title": "Clinical and laboratory investigation of cefamandole therapy of infections in infants and children.", "content": "Cefamandole nafate was effective in the treatment of a variety of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes group A, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae in infants and children. The infections included periorbital cellulitis and ethmoiditis, bacteremia, cellulitis, pneumonia, and lymphadenitis. In vitro, cefamandole was effective in inhibiting the growth of H. influenzae isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis or sepsis. In two patients rash developed and cefamandole was discontinued. Other significant adverse effects were not noted.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory investigation of cefamandole therapy of infections in infants and children. Cefamandole nafate was effective in the treatment of a variety of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes group A, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae in infants and children. The infections included periorbital cellulitis and ethmoiditis, bacteremia, cellulitis, pneumonia, and lymphadenitis. In vitro, cefamandole was effective in inhibiting the growth of H. influenzae isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis or sepsis. In two patients rash developed and cefamandole was discontinued. Other significant adverse effects were not noted."}
{"id": "PMID:349095", "title": "Antibacterial activity of cefamandole in vitro.", "content": "Cefamandole, a new cephalosporin derivative, was found to have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against a cross-section of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria isolated clinically. Gram-positive cocci, except for Streptococcus faecalis, were extremely susceptible to cefamandole; penicillin G-resistant Staphylococcus aureus also was highly susceptible. Minimal bactericidal concentrations for gram-positive cocci approximated the minimal inhibitory concentrations. Strains of Haemophilus influenzae were very susceptible to the drug. Most strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, and Proteus species were inhibited by low concentrations of cefamandole, Salmonella typhi, including ampicillin- and chloramphenicol-resistant strains, was inhibited by low concentrations of cefamandole. Susceptible bacteria became increasingly resistant as the inoculum size was increased. Strains of Pseudomonas were resistant to cefamandole.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of cefamandole in vitro. Cefamandole, a new cephalosporin derivative, was found to have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against a cross-section of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria isolated clinically. Gram-positive cocci, except for Streptococcus faecalis, were extremely susceptible to cefamandole; penicillin G-resistant Staphylococcus aureus also was highly susceptible. Minimal bactericidal concentrations for gram-positive cocci approximated the minimal inhibitory concentrations. Strains of Haemophilus influenzae were very susceptible to the drug. Most strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, and Proteus species were inhibited by low concentrations of cefamandole, Salmonella typhi, including ampicillin- and chloramphenicol-resistant strains, was inhibited by low concentrations of cefamandole. Susceptible bacteria became increasingly resistant as the inoculum size was increased. Strains of Pseudomonas were resistant to cefamandole."}
{"id": "PMID:349096", "title": "Differences between cephalothin and newer parenterally absorbed cephalosporins in vitro: a justification for separate disks.", "content": "The activities of cefamandole and cefoxitin in vitro were compared with that of cephalothin against staphylococci and gram-negative bacilli. Cephalothin was the most active agent against staphylococci. Cefamandole exhibited the greatest activity against the Enterobacteriaceae, with the exceptions of Serratia marcescens and indole-positive Proteeae, against which cefoxitin was the most active antibiotic. The activity of newer cephalosporins that are resistant to the beta-lactamases of gram-negative bacteria renders untenable the status of cephalothin as the class representative of the cephalosporins for susceptibility testing.", "contents": "Differences between cephalothin and newer parenterally absorbed cephalosporins in vitro: a justification for separate disks. The activities of cefamandole and cefoxitin in vitro were compared with that of cephalothin against staphylococci and gram-negative bacilli. Cephalothin was the most active agent against staphylococci. Cefamandole exhibited the greatest activity against the Enterobacteriaceae, with the exceptions of Serratia marcescens and indole-positive Proteeae, against which cefoxitin was the most active antibiotic. The activity of newer cephalosporins that are resistant to the beta-lactamases of gram-negative bacteria renders untenable the status of cephalothin as the class representative of the cephalosporins for susceptibility testing."}
{"id": "PMID:349097", "title": "A comparative study of the activity of cefamandole and other cephalosporins and analysis of the beta-lactamase stability and synergy of cefamandole with aminoglycosides.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of cefamandole against 445 clinical isolates was investigated and compared with the activity of other known cephalosporins (cephalothin, cephaloridine, cephalexin, and cefazolin) and of two penicillins (ampicillin and carbenicillin). Cefamandole was the most active antibiotic against isolates of Citrobacter, Enterobacter, and Shigella, and its activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides, and some members of the Enterobacteriaceae was comparable to that of the other antibiotics tested. The stability of cefamandole with respect to beta-lactamase was investigated and compared with that of cephalothin, cefazolin, and cephalexin. Cefamandole was stable with respect to the beta-lactamases of Enterobacter and some other members of the Enterobacteriaceae. No significant correlation was found between the antibacterial activity and the beta-lactamase stability of cefamandole, except with Enterobacter. The synergistic activity of cefamandole combined with gentamicin or amikacin was demonstrated by killing-curve techniques, isobolograms, and susceptibility data. Although 12%--46% of the isolates were synergistically inhibited by either combination, antagonism was not observed. No correlation between the hydrolysis of cefamandole by beta-lactamase and the synergistic activity of cefamandole combined with amikacin was demonstrated.", "contents": "A comparative study of the activity of cefamandole and other cephalosporins and analysis of the beta-lactamase stability and synergy of cefamandole with aminoglycosides. The antibacterial activity of cefamandole against 445 clinical isolates was investigated and compared with the activity of other known cephalosporins (cephalothin, cephaloridine, cephalexin, and cefazolin) and of two penicillins (ampicillin and carbenicillin). Cefamandole was the most active antibiotic against isolates of Citrobacter, Enterobacter, and Shigella, and its activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides, and some members of the Enterobacteriaceae was comparable to that of the other antibiotics tested. The stability of cefamandole with respect to beta-lactamase was investigated and compared with that of cephalothin, cefazolin, and cephalexin. Cefamandole was stable with respect to the beta-lactamases of Enterobacter and some other members of the Enterobacteriaceae. No significant correlation was found between the antibacterial activity and the beta-lactamase stability of cefamandole, except with Enterobacter. The synergistic activity of cefamandole combined with gentamicin or amikacin was demonstrated by killing-curve techniques, isobolograms, and susceptibility data. Although 12%--46% of the isolates were synergistically inhibited by either combination, antagonism was not observed. No correlation between the hydrolysis of cefamandole by beta-lactamase and the synergistic activity of cefamandole combined with amikacin was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:349098", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cephalosporins in patients with normal or reduced renal function.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic distribution of 10 cephalosporin compounds, cephalothin, cephaloridine, cephaloglycine, cephalexin, cefazolin, cephapirin, cephradine, cephacentrile, cefoxitin, and cefamandole, in patients with various degrees of renal function was reviewed. The mean serum half-life (t1/2) of each cephalosporin compound was calculated from reported data in patients grouped according to their degree of renal function, as determined by the rate of creatinine clearance. Mean t1/2 values in patients with normal renal function were compared with t1/2 values for the same cephalosporin in patients with moderate renal failure and severe renal azotemia. The effect of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis on the mean serum t1/2 of each cephalosporin was also determined. The mean serum t1/2 of each cephalosporin progressively increased as the rate of creatinine clearance decreased. Hemodialysis decreases the t1/2 of cephaloridine, cephalexin, cefazolin, and cephacetrile but only minimally influences the t1/2 of cephalothin and cefamandole. Peritoneal dialysis reduces the t1/2 of cephalothin and cephaloridine but only minimally influences the t1/2 of cefazolin and cefamandole.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cephalosporins in patients with normal or reduced renal function. The pharmacokinetic distribution of 10 cephalosporin compounds, cephalothin, cephaloridine, cephaloglycine, cephalexin, cefazolin, cephapirin, cephradine, cephacentrile, cefoxitin, and cefamandole, in patients with various degrees of renal function was reviewed. The mean serum half-life (t1/2) of each cephalosporin compound was calculated from reported data in patients grouped according to their degree of renal function, as determined by the rate of creatinine clearance. Mean t1/2 values in patients with normal renal function were compared with t1/2 values for the same cephalosporin in patients with moderate renal failure and severe renal azotemia. The effect of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis on the mean serum t1/2 of each cephalosporin was also determined. The mean serum t1/2 of each cephalosporin progressively increased as the rate of creatinine clearance decreased. Hemodialysis decreases the t1/2 of cephaloridine, cephalexin, cefazolin, and cephacetrile but only minimally influences the t1/2 of cephalothin and cefamandole. Peritoneal dialysis reduces the t1/2 of cephalothin and cephaloridine but only minimally influences the t1/2 of cefazolin and cefamandole."}
{"id": "PMID:349102", "title": "Immunofluorescent patterns in the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.", "content": "Immunologic mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the IIP's. Thirty five patients with IIP were divided into three groups: group I, seven subjects with DIP; group II, thirteen with UIP; and group III, fifteen with mural fibrosis. Lung biopsies were exposed to fluorescein-conjugated antisera to IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM, C3, fibrinogen, and albumin. In group I, all patients demonstrated IgG and C3 in a granular pattern lining alveolar walls. Similarly, in group II, all had IgG and 10 had C3 within alveolar walls. In contrast, only two group III subjects demonstrated IgG and none C3. Only one of 19 control subjects hav alveolar wall immunoglobulin and C3 deposition. The incidence of positive rheumatoid and antinuclear factors was similar in all three study groups. These data suggest that immune complex deposition may play a role in the pathogenesis of the cellular interstitial pneumonias and that once mural fibrosis supervenes, these complexes are no longer present.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent patterns in the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Immunologic mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the IIP's. Thirty five patients with IIP were divided into three groups: group I, seven subjects with DIP; group II, thirteen with UIP; and group III, fifteen with mural fibrosis. Lung biopsies were exposed to fluorescein-conjugated antisera to IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM, C3, fibrinogen, and albumin. In group I, all patients demonstrated IgG and C3 in a granular pattern lining alveolar walls. Similarly, in group II, all had IgG and 10 had C3 within alveolar walls. In contrast, only two group III subjects demonstrated IgG and none C3. Only one of 19 control subjects hav alveolar wall immunoglobulin and C3 deposition. The incidence of positive rheumatoid and antinuclear factors was similar in all three study groups. These data suggest that immune complex deposition may play a role in the pathogenesis of the cellular interstitial pneumonias and that once mural fibrosis supervenes, these complexes are no longer present."}
{"id": "PMID:349105", "title": "Neonatal respiratory distress. A simple cradle for micrognathia and glossoptosis.", "content": "Infants born with micrognathia and glossoptosis may present as a grave emergency, with recurrent bouts of respiratory distress and cyanosis. The management of this condition is discussed, with particular reference to conservative measures. A new cradle has been designed to facilitate the management of these children during the neo-natal period.", "contents": "Neonatal respiratory distress. A simple cradle for micrognathia and glossoptosis. Infants born with micrognathia and glossoptosis may present as a grave emergency, with recurrent bouts of respiratory distress and cyanosis. The management of this condition is discussed, with particular reference to conservative measures. A new cradle has been designed to facilitate the management of these children during the neo-natal period."}
{"id": "PMID:349107", "title": "Description of obesity in the PBB/Ld mouse.", "content": "A new strain of obese mouse, the PBB/Ld, has been studied in terms of fat pad cellularity, serum insulin and blood glucose levels, and response to gold thioglucose injections. Age-matched C57B1/6J mice were used as controls. Adipocyte size and number in the major fat depots were determined at various ages from weanling to maturity in the PBB/Ld and C57B1/6J strains. Results indicated that obesity in the PBB/Ld was due to hypertrophy of adipocytes in retroperitoneal and subcutaneous fat depots and to hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the epididymal fat pad. PBB/Ld mice also developed hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia and these findings have been discussed in terms of the developmental changes in fat pad cellularity. The injection of gold thioglucose led to increased food intake in both PBB/Ld and C57B1/6J mice. Hyperphagia was also present in the PBB/LD control group, but increased efficiency of converting calories to body weight was not observed in this group when compared to control C57B1/6J mice. The characteristics of obesity seen in the PBB/Ld mouse are discussed and comparisons are made to similar studies in other rodent models of obesity.", "contents": "Description of obesity in the PBB/Ld mouse. A new strain of obese mouse, the PBB/Ld, has been studied in terms of fat pad cellularity, serum insulin and blood glucose levels, and response to gold thioglucose injections. Age-matched C57B1/6J mice were used as controls. Adipocyte size and number in the major fat depots were determined at various ages from weanling to maturity in the PBB/Ld and C57B1/6J strains. Results indicated that obesity in the PBB/Ld was due to hypertrophy of adipocytes in retroperitoneal and subcutaneous fat depots and to hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the epididymal fat pad. PBB/Ld mice also developed hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia and these findings have been discussed in terms of the developmental changes in fat pad cellularity. The injection of gold thioglucose led to increased food intake in both PBB/Ld and C57B1/6J mice. Hyperphagia was also present in the PBB/LD control group, but increased efficiency of converting calories to body weight was not observed in this group when compared to control C57B1/6J mice. The characteristics of obesity seen in the PBB/Ld mouse are discussed and comparisons are made to similar studies in other rodent models of obesity."}
{"id": "PMID:349108", "title": "Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin infection in the mouse. Regulation of macrophage plasminogen activator by T lymphocytes and specific antigen.", "content": "High levels of plasminogen activator (PA) were induced in mouse peritoneal macrophages by infection with BCG, 2-6 X 10(7) viable organisms intravenously, followed 3-4 wk later by intraperitoneal challenge with purified protein derivative (PPD) 2 days before harvest. Macrophages obtained from infected animal without boosting showed little fibrinolytic activity, but challenge of Bacille-Calmette-Gu\u00e8rin (BCG)-primed peritoneal cells with PPD in culture also enhanced macrophage PA 4- to 10-fold. Stimulation of macrophage PA by PPD depended on specifically sensitized thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes because it was abolished by pretreatment of BCG-primed peritoneal cells with anti-thy 1.2 antiserum and complement. A direct assay was developed in which nylon wool separated sensitized lymphocytes and PPD induced PA in macrophages from uninfected animals under defined conditions on 125I-fibrin. Enhanced macrophage fibrinolysis was proportional to concentration of PPD and the number of sensitized lymphocytes transferred. An indirect two-stage assay was also used to show that BCG-sensitized peritoneal cells released a soluble inducer of macrophage PA into the culture medium, after challenge with PPD. Induction of macrophage PA by PPD challenge in vitro made it possible to study the generation and activity of sensitized peritoneal lymphocytes at different stages of infection. Our results show that nonadherent peritoneal cells of BCG-infected mice provide a rich source of specifically sensitized lymphocytes and that macrophage activation is limited by continued availability of antigen, as well as sensitized lymphocytes. Induction of macrophage PA provides a sensitive, versatile, and rapid in vitro assay to study the role of lymphocytes and specific antigen in macrophage activation by BCG.", "contents": "Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin infection in the mouse. Regulation of macrophage plasminogen activator by T lymphocytes and specific antigen. High levels of plasminogen activator (PA) were induced in mouse peritoneal macrophages by infection with BCG, 2-6 X 10(7) viable organisms intravenously, followed 3-4 wk later by intraperitoneal challenge with purified protein derivative (PPD) 2 days before harvest. Macrophages obtained from infected animal without boosting showed little fibrinolytic activity, but challenge of Bacille-Calmette-Gu\u00e8rin (BCG)-primed peritoneal cells with PPD in culture also enhanced macrophage PA 4- to 10-fold. Stimulation of macrophage PA by PPD depended on specifically sensitized thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes because it was abolished by pretreatment of BCG-primed peritoneal cells with anti-thy 1.2 antiserum and complement. A direct assay was developed in which nylon wool separated sensitized lymphocytes and PPD induced PA in macrophages from uninfected animals under defined conditions on 125I-fibrin. Enhanced macrophage fibrinolysis was proportional to concentration of PPD and the number of sensitized lymphocytes transferred. An indirect two-stage assay was also used to show that BCG-sensitized peritoneal cells released a soluble inducer of macrophage PA into the culture medium, after challenge with PPD. Induction of macrophage PA by PPD challenge in vitro made it possible to study the generation and activity of sensitized peritoneal lymphocytes at different stages of infection. Our results show that nonadherent peritoneal cells of BCG-infected mice provide a rich source of specifically sensitized lymphocytes and that macrophage activation is limited by continued availability of antigen, as well as sensitized lymphocytes. Induction of macrophage PA provides a sensitive, versatile, and rapid in vitro assay to study the role of lymphocytes and specific antigen in macrophage activation by BCG."}
{"id": "PMID:349109", "title": "Hematopoietic stem cell regulatory volumes as revealed in studies of the bgj/bgj:W/WV chimera.", "content": "The kinetics of bone marrow replacement was studied in W/WV mice implanted with gbj/bgj (beige) stem cells, with the characteristic beige neutrophil marker as a criterion of the takeover of host marrow by donor marrow. A hyperbolic pattern of W/WV marrow replacement conforming to a log dose-response was observed in experiments encompassing a 50-fold range of bgj/bgj inoculum doses and a 2-yr period of observation. The dose-response relationships were consistent with random seeding of stem cells in the host marrow coupled with a decreasing efficiency of secondary colonization by local migration. Application of single-hit Poisson sampling statistics to the dose-response data led to the hypothesis that mouse bone marrow is compartmentalized into essentially self-contained stem cell regulatory volumes or domains. We estimate that W/WV marrow contains about 2,600 stem cells regulatory units with an average volume of about 10(8) micron3, a dimension consistent with the presumptive role of short-range cell-cell interactions in the regulation of pluripotent stem cells. Our analysis of the dose-response data is also indicative of the discontinuous and limited nature of local stem cell migration in a cellular marrow, a consideration that may be of practical as well as theoretical interest.", "contents": "Hematopoietic stem cell regulatory volumes as revealed in studies of the bgj/bgj:W/WV chimera. The kinetics of bone marrow replacement was studied in W/WV mice implanted with gbj/bgj (beige) stem cells, with the characteristic beige neutrophil marker as a criterion of the takeover of host marrow by donor marrow. A hyperbolic pattern of W/WV marrow replacement conforming to a log dose-response was observed in experiments encompassing a 50-fold range of bgj/bgj inoculum doses and a 2-yr period of observation. The dose-response relationships were consistent with random seeding of stem cells in the host marrow coupled with a decreasing efficiency of secondary colonization by local migration. Application of single-hit Poisson sampling statistics to the dose-response data led to the hypothesis that mouse bone marrow is compartmentalized into essentially self-contained stem cell regulatory volumes or domains. We estimate that W/WV marrow contains about 2,600 stem cells regulatory units with an average volume of about 10(8) micron3, a dimension consistent with the presumptive role of short-range cell-cell interactions in the regulation of pluripotent stem cells. Our analysis of the dose-response data is also indicative of the discontinuous and limited nature of local stem cell migration in a cellular marrow, a consideration that may be of practical as well as theoretical interest."}
{"id": "PMID:349110", "title": "Differential effects of polyadenylic: polyuridylic acid and lipopolysaccharide on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes.", "content": "In a mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) reaction of allogenic mouse spleen cells differing for H-2K or H-2D, only a weak cytotoxic response is generated. This cytotoxic response is augmented significantly if bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 5 microgram/ml, or polyadenylic acid (poly A):polyuridylic acid (poly U), 20 microgram/ml, is present in the culture. The cytotoxic cells generated in the presence of these two agents are specific for sensitizing H-2K or H-2D antigen. Two lines of evidence suggest that these two agents exert their effect at different steps in the development of cytotoxic lymphocytes: (a) the effect of poly A:U depends on the presence of adherent cells, whereas the effect of LPS is independent of the presence of adherent cells and (b) LPS promotes the development of cytotoxic cells when ultraviolet light-treated stimulating cells are used in the MLC whereas poly A:U does not.", "contents": "Differential effects of polyadenylic: polyuridylic acid and lipopolysaccharide on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In a mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) reaction of allogenic mouse spleen cells differing for H-2K or H-2D, only a weak cytotoxic response is generated. This cytotoxic response is augmented significantly if bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 5 microgram/ml, or polyadenylic acid (poly A):polyuridylic acid (poly U), 20 microgram/ml, is present in the culture. The cytotoxic cells generated in the presence of these two agents are specific for sensitizing H-2K or H-2D antigen. Two lines of evidence suggest that these two agents exert their effect at different steps in the development of cytotoxic lymphocytes: (a) the effect of poly A:U depends on the presence of adherent cells, whereas the effect of LPS is independent of the presence of adherent cells and (b) LPS promotes the development of cytotoxic cells when ultraviolet light-treated stimulating cells are used in the MLC whereas poly A:U does not."}
{"id": "PMID:349111", "title": "Primary in vitro cell-mediated lympholysis reaction of NZB mice against unmodified targets syngeneic at the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "T-cell cytotoxicity of NZV mice was tested after in vitro sensitization against a group of H-2 identical strains (BALB/c, B10.D2, DBA/2, HW19). A highly significant and unexpected unidirectional cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) reaction by the sensitized NZB effector cells on these targets was found. After sensitization in vitro with stimulator cells of one H-2d strain, NZB effector cells (H-2d) lysed all other H-2d targets and to a lesser degree, some non-H-2d targets  (C57BL/10, DBA/1, B10.Q, CBA, B10.S, A.SW). NZB targets were not lysed. Differences in the major histocompatibility region between NZB and other H-2d strains could be excluded as a possible explanation for the observed reaction of NZB (H-2d) against other H-2d strains. These results consequently represent the first description of a primary in vitro CML directed against determinants not coded for in the major histocompatibility complex. The responsible effector cells are demonstrated to be T cells. The CML of NZB against H-2 identiical targets appears best explained by a reaction against minor histocompatibility antigens. This, and the observed cross-reactions, would indicate that the cytotoxic T-cell system in NZB mice is not subjected to restrictions found in all normal mouse strains tested until now under similar conditions. It is suggested that this hyperreactivity is related to the autoimmune responsiveness of the NZB strain.", "contents": "Primary in vitro cell-mediated lympholysis reaction of NZB mice against unmodified targets syngeneic at the major histocompatibility complex. T-cell cytotoxicity of NZV mice was tested after in vitro sensitization against a group of H-2 identical strains (BALB/c, B10.D2, DBA/2, HW19). A highly significant and unexpected unidirectional cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) reaction by the sensitized NZB effector cells on these targets was found. After sensitization in vitro with stimulator cells of one H-2d strain, NZB effector cells (H-2d) lysed all other H-2d targets and to a lesser degree, some non-H-2d targets  (C57BL/10, DBA/1, B10.Q, CBA, B10.S, A.SW). NZB targets were not lysed. Differences in the major histocompatibility region between NZB and other H-2d strains could be excluded as a possible explanation for the observed reaction of NZB (H-2d) against other H-2d strains. These results consequently represent the first description of a primary in vitro CML directed against determinants not coded for in the major histocompatibility complex. The responsible effector cells are demonstrated to be T cells. The CML of NZB against H-2 identiical targets appears best explained by a reaction against minor histocompatibility antigens. This, and the observed cross-reactions, would indicate that the cytotoxic T-cell system in NZB mice is not subjected to restrictions found in all normal mouse strains tested until now under similar conditions. It is suggested that this hyperreactivity is related to the autoimmune responsiveness of the NZB strain."}
{"id": "PMID:349114", "title": "Biochemical genetics of the alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes of Escherichia coli K12: genetic characterization and regulatory properties of deletion mutants.", "content": "Twenty-eight spontaneous auxotrophic aroP mutants with deletions in the azi--nadC--aroP--aceE--aceF--lpd region of the Escherichia coli K12 chromosome were characterized genetically with respect to various azi, nadC, ace and lpd markers by P1-mediated transduction. One mutant (Kdelta18; aroP--lpddelta) had a deletion which extended through the aceE and aceF genes to end within the lpd gene. The polarity of the ace operon (aceE to aceF) was confirmed. It was concluded that 10 out of 15 deletions generating a strict requirement for acetate terminated in the aceE gene. Of the ten, three mutants (Kdelta22, Cdelta41 and Cdelta41) synthesized detectable dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (the aceF gene product) and seven were assumed to possess deletions generating polar effects on aceF gene expression. Five deletions appeared to extend into the aceF gene. A further five deletions, which limited the expression of the ace operon without generating an Ace- phenotype or a complete Ace- phenotype, ended closest to the aroP-proximal aceE markers. The opposite ends of all these deletions appeared to terminate before (10), within (2) or extend beyond (9) the nadC gene. There was no obvious correlation between the deletion end-points and the corresponding lipoamide dehydrogenase activities, which ranged from 30 to 95% of parental levels in different deletion strains. The remaining seven deletions simply extended between the aroP and nadC genes (nad--aroPdelta) without affecting expression of the ace operon. Regulation of the synthesis of the pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes was investigated in some of the parental and deletion strains under different physiological conditions including thiamin-deprivation. The results indicate that the syntheses of the two dehydrogenase complexes are independently regulated. Expression of the lpd gene appears to be coupled to complex synthesis but can be dissociated under some conditions. Mechanisms for regulating lpd gene expression are discussed and an autogenous mechanism involving uncomplexed lipoamide dehydrogenase functioning as a negatively acting repressor at the operator site of an independent lpd gene is proposed as the simplest mechanism which is consistent with all available information.", "contents": "Biochemical genetics of the alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes of Escherichia coli K12: genetic characterization and regulatory properties of deletion mutants. Twenty-eight spontaneous auxotrophic aroP mutants with deletions in the azi--nadC--aroP--aceE--aceF--lpd region of the Escherichia coli K12 chromosome were characterized genetically with respect to various azi, nadC, ace and lpd markers by P1-mediated transduction. One mutant (Kdelta18; aroP--lpddelta) had a deletion which extended through the aceE and aceF genes to end within the lpd gene. The polarity of the ace operon (aceE to aceF) was confirmed. It was concluded that 10 out of 15 deletions generating a strict requirement for acetate terminated in the aceE gene. Of the ten, three mutants (Kdelta22, Cdelta41 and Cdelta41) synthesized detectable dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (the aceF gene product) and seven were assumed to possess deletions generating polar effects on aceF gene expression. Five deletions appeared to extend into the aceF gene. A further five deletions, which limited the expression of the ace operon without generating an Ace- phenotype or a complete Ace- phenotype, ended closest to the aroP-proximal aceE markers. The opposite ends of all these deletions appeared to terminate before (10), within (2) or extend beyond (9) the nadC gene. There was no obvious correlation between the deletion end-points and the corresponding lipoamide dehydrogenase activities, which ranged from 30 to 95% of parental levels in different deletion strains. The remaining seven deletions simply extended between the aroP and nadC genes (nad--aroPdelta) without affecting expression of the ace operon. Regulation of the synthesis of the pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes was investigated in some of the parental and deletion strains under different physiological conditions including thiamin-deprivation. The results indicate that the syntheses of the two dehydrogenase complexes are independently regulated. Expression of the lpd gene appears to be coupled to complex synthesis but can be dissociated under some conditions. Mechanisms for regulating lpd gene expression are discussed and an autogenous mechanism involving uncomplexed lipoamide dehydrogenase functioning as a negatively acting repressor at the operator site of an independent lpd gene is proposed as the simplest mechanism which is consistent with all available information."}
{"id": "PMID:349116", "title": "Epilepsy, hysteria, and \"possession\". A historical essay.", "content": "A historical essay is presented relating concepts of epilepsy, hysteria, and \"possession.\" The designation \"hysteroepilepsy\" is placed into the context of combined phenomena in individual subject instances. An association of psychotic states resembling a schizoprenic disorder is indicated as occurring in certain epileptic patients, especially some complex partial seizures (i.e., temporal lobe-psychomotor type). Phenomena of possession may appear within any of these entities. Differential diagnosis now is aided greatly by ulilization of monitoring with combined split screen television viewing and recording of the patient's behavior and the concomitant electroencephalogram. Treatment is directed both medically and toward alleviation of contributing and precipitating psychological and sociological factors.", "contents": "Epilepsy, hysteria, and \"possession\". A historical essay. A historical essay is presented relating concepts of epilepsy, hysteria, and \"possession.\" The designation \"hysteroepilepsy\" is placed into the context of combined phenomena in individual subject instances. An association of psychotic states resembling a schizoprenic disorder is indicated as occurring in certain epileptic patients, especially some complex partial seizures (i.e., temporal lobe-psychomotor type). Phenomena of possession may appear within any of these entities. Differential diagnosis now is aided greatly by ulilization of monitoring with combined split screen television viewing and recording of the patient's behavior and the concomitant electroencephalogram. Treatment is directed both medically and toward alleviation of contributing and precipitating psychological and sociological factors."}
{"id": "PMID:349117", "title": "Dirt-anality and attitudes toward Negroes. A test of Kubie's hypothesis.", "content": "Lawrence Kubie's hypothesis that dirt-anal parameters predict attitudes toward Negroes was evaluated. Four samples of males and four samples of females were studied. Multiple indices were used to tap attitudes toward Negroes; and a variety of measures were employed to tap the dirt-anality dimension. The results were significantly supportive of Kubie's formulation.", "contents": "Dirt-anality and attitudes toward Negroes. A test of Kubie's hypothesis. Lawrence Kubie's hypothesis that dirt-anal parameters predict attitudes toward Negroes was evaluated. Four samples of males and four samples of females were studied. Multiple indices were used to tap attitudes toward Negroes; and a variety of measures were employed to tap the dirt-anality dimension. The results were significantly supportive of Kubie's formulation."}
{"id": "PMID:349118", "title": "Ultrastructural localization study of two Wolfgram proteins in rat brain tissue.", "content": "The ultrastructural immunohistochemical localization of Wolfgram proteins W1 and W2 is described in young rat brain tissue. The labelling by the antiserum to W1 is restricted to oligodendroglial cells and myelin sheaths. The plasma membrane of the cells as well as the polysomes are positively stained whereas the mitochondria and the nuclei are always free of labelling. Glial cell processes with definite organelles, which are involved in the myelination of neighbouring axons, are also positive to the antiserum. In the myelin sheaths, the positive staining occurs predominantly at the dense period line of the innermost and outermost lamellae. The present results add further evidence for a specific local synthesis of these Wolfgram proteins in oligodendroglial cells during myelination.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization study of two Wolfgram proteins in rat brain tissue. The ultrastructural immunohistochemical localization of Wolfgram proteins W1 and W2 is described in young rat brain tissue. The labelling by the antiserum to W1 is restricted to oligodendroglial cells and myelin sheaths. The plasma membrane of the cells as well as the polysomes are positively stained whereas the mitochondria and the nuclei are always free of labelling. Glial cell processes with definite organelles, which are involved in the myelination of neighbouring axons, are also positive to the antiserum. In the myelin sheaths, the positive staining occurs predominantly at the dense period line of the innermost and outermost lamellae. The present results add further evidence for a specific local synthesis of these Wolfgram proteins in oligodendroglial cells during myelination."}
{"id": "PMID:349119", "title": "Immunocytochemical method to identify basic protein in myelin-forming oligodendrocytes of newborn rat C.N.S.", "content": "An immunocytochemical method for detecting myelin basic protein in oligodendrocytes and myelin of newborn rat C.N.S. is described. C.N.S. tissue is perfused and fixes in HgCl2--formaldehyde and 20 micron Vibratome sections are treated with antibodies to myelin basic protein using the peroxidase--antiperoxidase method. Oligodendrocytes in the newborn rat are intensely stained by antiserum to basic protein and multiple stained processes extend from the perikaryon to myelin sheaths. With this procedure it is possible to demonstrate the geometric relationships between a single oligodendrocyte and multiple myelin sheaths. Stained oligodendrocytes and myelin are present in newborn cervical spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain. By 25 days of age, staining in oligodendrocytes is less intense than in newborn rats and differences in amount of staining can be detected in areas that are myelinating at different rates. With anticerebroside serum, cerebroside, of newborn and developing rat C.N.S. tissue is localized only in myelin. In the developing P.N.S., myelin basic protein is localized in Schwann cell cytoplasm and myelin sheaths of the trigeminal ganglion. Cerebroside is found only in myelin.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical method to identify basic protein in myelin-forming oligodendrocytes of newborn rat C.N.S. An immunocytochemical method for detecting myelin basic protein in oligodendrocytes and myelin of newborn rat C.N.S. is described. C.N.S. tissue is perfused and fixes in HgCl2--formaldehyde and 20 micron Vibratome sections are treated with antibodies to myelin basic protein using the peroxidase--antiperoxidase method. Oligodendrocytes in the newborn rat are intensely stained by antiserum to basic protein and multiple stained processes extend from the perikaryon to myelin sheaths. With this procedure it is possible to demonstrate the geometric relationships between a single oligodendrocyte and multiple myelin sheaths. Stained oligodendrocytes and myelin are present in newborn cervical spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain. By 25 days of age, staining in oligodendrocytes is less intense than in newborn rats and differences in amount of staining can be detected in areas that are myelinating at different rates. With anticerebroside serum, cerebroside, of newborn and developing rat C.N.S. tissue is localized only in myelin. In the developing P.N.S., myelin basic protein is localized in Schwann cell cytoplasm and myelin sheaths of the trigeminal ganglion. Cerebroside is found only in myelin."}
{"id": "PMID:349123", "title": "The psychosocial dimensions of oral and maxillofacial surgery: a critical review of the literature.", "content": "The validity of the literature on the relationships between psychosocial factors and surgery for facial esthetics is diminished by theoretical bias, changing cultural values, vague measuring criteria, and inadequate experimental designs. Many persons who seek cosmetic surgery have psychiatric diagnoses and may experience postoperative emotional disturbances. Almost all patients report long-term satisfaction postoperatively. Patients who are treated by oral surgeons appear to have fewer emotional problems than those treated by plastic surgeons.", "contents": "The psychosocial dimensions of oral and maxillofacial surgery: a critical review of the literature. The validity of the literature on the relationships between psychosocial factors and surgery for facial esthetics is diminished by theoretical bias, changing cultural values, vague measuring criteria, and inadequate experimental designs. Many persons who seek cosmetic surgery have psychiatric diagnoses and may experience postoperative emotional disturbances. Almost all patients report long-term satisfaction postoperatively. Patients who are treated by oral surgeons appear to have fewer emotional problems than those treated by plastic surgeons."}
{"id": "PMID:349124", "title": "Posterior mandibular segmental alveolar osteotomy.", "content": "A technique for mobilizing and repositioning mandibular posterior alveolar segments is described. These segments can be extruded or impacted, tipped bucally or lingually, or can be uprighted. Two case reports illustrate the technique.", "contents": "Posterior mandibular segmental alveolar osteotomy. A technique for mobilizing and repositioning mandibular posterior alveolar segments is described. These segments can be extruded or impacted, tipped bucally or lingually, or can be uprighted. Two case reports illustrate the technique."}
{"id": "PMID:349125", "title": "Tetanus--review of the literature and report of case.", "content": "This case presents many of the difficulties of management that are inherent in a severe case of tetanus. Also it shows a seldom-considered therapeutic modality, that of dental extraction, gingival debridement, and gingivectomy with a confirmed case of tetanus without an established portal of entry. It is well known that periodontal and periapical locations can easily give rise to an anaerobic focus. In this case, anaerobic culture of C tetani was unsuccessful, possibly because of the inherent difficulty of anaerobic transfer from an oral locus and the extreme fastidiousness of the organism. As a rule, all patients who recover from tetanus do so completely, without any residual deficit. This was true in the case discussed here. Conclusions that can be drawn from this case are the following: a diagnosis of tetanus should be considered in any case of unexplained trismus; aggressive treatment of the immunologic deficit by antitoxin should be instituted along with a course of active immunization; and aggressive symptomatic treatment should be started. The bases of the treatment of this case were management of airways, sedation, treatment of autonomic crisis, and eradication of the causative agent. The result was that a severely ill patient reponded to treatment and completely recovered from a devastating disease.", "contents": "Tetanus--review of the literature and report of case. This case presents many of the difficulties of management that are inherent in a severe case of tetanus. Also it shows a seldom-considered therapeutic modality, that of dental extraction, gingival debridement, and gingivectomy with a confirmed case of tetanus without an established portal of entry. It is well known that periodontal and periapical locations can easily give rise to an anaerobic focus. In this case, anaerobic culture of C tetani was unsuccessful, possibly because of the inherent difficulty of anaerobic transfer from an oral locus and the extreme fastidiousness of the organism. As a rule, all patients who recover from tetanus do so completely, without any residual deficit. This was true in the case discussed here. Conclusions that can be drawn from this case are the following: a diagnosis of tetanus should be considered in any case of unexplained trismus; aggressive treatment of the immunologic deficit by antitoxin should be instituted along with a course of active immunization; and aggressive symptomatic treatment should be started. The bases of the treatment of this case were management of airways, sedation, treatment of autonomic crisis, and eradication of the causative agent. The result was that a severely ill patient reponded to treatment and completely recovered from a devastating disease."}
{"id": "PMID:349131", "title": "Utilization of pressure-volume curves in the pediatric patient.", "content": "Seven patients treated with continuous mechanical ventialtion were monitored with static and dynamic pressure-volume curves. Three patients developed no pulmonary complications, and mechanical ventilation was discontinued within 96 hr. In four patients, pressure-volume curves were used as a diagnostic aid in the detection of the physiologic defect resulting from bronchoconstriction, atelectasis, loculated pleural fluid, pulmonary edema, and mucous plugging. These measurements were also utilized to evaluate the effectivess of therapeutic modalities such as treatment of bronchoconstriction with bronchodilators, mucous plugging with adequate suctioning, and drainage of loculated pleural effusion. Pressure-v-lume measurements are simple, noninvasive, and require the smae equipment used in continuous mechanical ventilation. Pressure-volume monitoring of pediatric patients with curves warrants further investigation to evaluate its value.", "contents": "Utilization of pressure-volume curves in the pediatric patient. Seven patients treated with continuous mechanical ventialtion were monitored with static and dynamic pressure-volume curves. Three patients developed no pulmonary complications, and mechanical ventilation was discontinued within 96 hr. In four patients, pressure-volume curves were used as a diagnostic aid in the detection of the physiologic defect resulting from bronchoconstriction, atelectasis, loculated pleural fluid, pulmonary edema, and mucous plugging. These measurements were also utilized to evaluate the effectivess of therapeutic modalities such as treatment of bronchoconstriction with bronchodilators, mucous plugging with adequate suctioning, and drainage of loculated pleural effusion. Pressure-v-lume measurements are simple, noninvasive, and require the smae equipment used in continuous mechanical ventilation. Pressure-volume monitoring of pediatric patients with curves warrants further investigation to evaluate its value."}
{"id": "PMID:349133", "title": "Studies on kallikrein in the duct systems of the salivary glands of the cat.", "content": "By correlating immunofluorescence light microscopy with electron microscope studies and with kallikrein concentrations under various conditions, we have made the following observations and conclusions about kallikrein in the submandibular and other salivary glands.1. In the submandibular gland, specific immunofluorescence to kallikrein was observed in the luminal region of the striated ducts particularly, but also in the outer epithelial cells of the stratified epithelial collecting ducts. Sympathetic nerve stimulation resulted in a reduction in intensity of specific fluorescence and in its increased localization towards the lumen. The nearly complete elimination of kallikrein from the gland by duct obstruction for four days resulted in complete disappearance of specific fluorescence in the gland. Prolonged parasympathetic nerve stimulation at frequencies which did not reduce the kallikrein concentration of the gland failed to alter the specific immunofluorescence despite copious secretion of saliva. Our results failed to reveal evidence of secretion of kallikrein either into or towards the interstitium of the gland. The luminal layer of stratified epithelial cells in the collecting ducts contained small secretory granules closely resembling those in the striated ducts. Our results are not conclusive, but do suggest that kallikrein is located in these granules whence it is secreted into the lumen of the duct.2. The parotid gland was found to contain much lower concentrations of kallikrein than the submandibular gland. This finding was associated with the presence of far fewer striated ducts in the parotid gland. Otherwise, specific fluorescence and the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation was like that of the submandibular gland. Small secretory granules in the striated and collecting ducts resembled those of the submandibular gland.3. The sublingual gland, like the parotid, had a low concentration of kallikrein and very few striated ducts. These ducts were unevenly distributed and were concentrated in only a few lobules of the gland. Specific immunofluorescence was seen only in sections containing striated ducts.4. The possible physiological role of kallikrein in the salivary glands is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on kallikrein in the duct systems of the salivary glands of the cat. By correlating immunofluorescence light microscopy with electron microscope studies and with kallikrein concentrations under various conditions, we have made the following observations and conclusions about kallikrein in the submandibular and other salivary glands.1. In the submandibular gland, specific immunofluorescence to kallikrein was observed in the luminal region of the striated ducts particularly, but also in the outer epithelial cells of the stratified epithelial collecting ducts. Sympathetic nerve stimulation resulted in a reduction in intensity of specific fluorescence and in its increased localization towards the lumen. The nearly complete elimination of kallikrein from the gland by duct obstruction for four days resulted in complete disappearance of specific fluorescence in the gland. Prolonged parasympathetic nerve stimulation at frequencies which did not reduce the kallikrein concentration of the gland failed to alter the specific immunofluorescence despite copious secretion of saliva. Our results failed to reveal evidence of secretion of kallikrein either into or towards the interstitium of the gland. The luminal layer of stratified epithelial cells in the collecting ducts contained small secretory granules closely resembling those in the striated ducts. Our results are not conclusive, but do suggest that kallikrein is located in these granules whence it is secreted into the lumen of the duct.2. The parotid gland was found to contain much lower concentrations of kallikrein than the submandibular gland. This finding was associated with the presence of far fewer striated ducts in the parotid gland. Otherwise, specific fluorescence and the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation was like that of the submandibular gland. Small secretory granules in the striated and collecting ducts resembled those of the submandibular gland.3. The sublingual gland, like the parotid, had a low concentration of kallikrein and very few striated ducts. These ducts were unevenly distributed and were concentrated in only a few lobules of the gland. Specific immunofluorescence was seen only in sections containing striated ducts.4. The possible physiological role of kallikrein in the salivary glands is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:349135", "title": "Structure-activity relationships of eighteen somatostatin analogues on gastric secretion.", "content": "1. The effect of somatostatin and eighteen somatostatin analogues on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion was investigated in the conscious vagotomized cat prepared with chronic gastric fistulae. The majority of the analogues are peptides where D-amino acids are incorporated into the molecule instead of the natural L-isomers. 2. The ID50 for cyclic-somatostatin inhibition of near-maximal gastric acid secretion stimulated by pentagastrin 8 microgram kg-1 hr-1 was found to be 1.29 +/- 0.13 n-mole kg-1 hr-1. Pentagastrin-stimulated pepsin secretion had a lower threshold to somatostatin inhibition than did acid secretion. 3. D-Phe6, D-Phe7, D-Thr10, D-Thr12 and D-Phe6-D-Trp8 analogues all show low biological activity against the secretion of gastric acid and pepsin, growth hormone, insulin and glucagon. None of these analogues are antagonists of the cyclic-somatostatin inhibition of gastric secretion, suggesting that they have low affinity for this somatostatin receptor. 4. The analogues under investigation show parallel changes in activity against gastric and growth hormone secretion, suggesting a similarity between the gastric and growth hormone receptors for somatostatin. 5. D-Cys14 analogues are equipotent with or have a greater potency than cyclic-simatostatin in inhibiting the secretion of gastric acid, growth hormone and glucagon but show low insulin inhibiting activity.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships of eighteen somatostatin analogues on gastric secretion. 1. The effect of somatostatin and eighteen somatostatin analogues on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion was investigated in the conscious vagotomized cat prepared with chronic gastric fistulae. The majority of the analogues are peptides where D-amino acids are incorporated into the molecule instead of the natural L-isomers. 2. The ID50 for cyclic-somatostatin inhibition of near-maximal gastric acid secretion stimulated by pentagastrin 8 microgram kg-1 hr-1 was found to be 1.29 +/- 0.13 n-mole kg-1 hr-1. Pentagastrin-stimulated pepsin secretion had a lower threshold to somatostatin inhibition than did acid secretion. 3. D-Phe6, D-Phe7, D-Thr10, D-Thr12 and D-Phe6-D-Trp8 analogues all show low biological activity against the secretion of gastric acid and pepsin, growth hormone, insulin and glucagon. None of these analogues are antagonists of the cyclic-somatostatin inhibition of gastric secretion, suggesting that they have low affinity for this somatostatin receptor. 4. The analogues under investigation show parallel changes in activity against gastric and growth hormone secretion, suggesting a similarity between the gastric and growth hormone receptors for somatostatin. 5. D-Cys14 analogues are equipotent with or have a greater potency than cyclic-simatostatin in inhibiting the secretion of gastric acid, growth hormone and glucagon but show low insulin inhibiting activity."}
{"id": "PMID:349138", "title": "Arrangement of anatomic-type artificial teeth into balanced occlusion.", "content": "The mechanical factors which are involved in the arrangement of anatomic type artificial teeth into balanced occlusion have been described. Many of the mechanical problems encountered during artificial tooth arrangement have been listed, together with suggestions for their solution. Hanau's Laws of Articulation have been utilized in a practical manner in formulating some of the solutions to tooth arrangement problems when establishing balanced occlusion. Trial dentures which present ideal occlusions in the articulator may not always do so when examined in the patient's mouth. Possible reasons for these differences are listed, and methods for making the necessary corrections are described.", "contents": "Arrangement of anatomic-type artificial teeth into balanced occlusion. The mechanical factors which are involved in the arrangement of anatomic type artificial teeth into balanced occlusion have been described. Many of the mechanical problems encountered during artificial tooth arrangement have been listed, together with suggestions for their solution. Hanau's Laws of Articulation have been utilized in a practical manner in formulating some of the solutions to tooth arrangement problems when establishing balanced occlusion. Trial dentures which present ideal occlusions in the articulator may not always do so when examined in the patient's mouth. Possible reasons for these differences are listed, and methods for making the necessary corrections are described."}
{"id": "PMID:349139", "title": "The kinetics of anterior tooth display.", "content": "A survey has been presented that correlates measurements of upper lip type, sex, race, and age of dentulous patients with the amount of exposure of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth with the lips gently parted and in the resting position. Perhaps the most interesting finding was the gradual reduction in the amount of maxillary central incisor exposure with an increase in age, accompanied by a gradual increase in the mandibular tooth exposure. The importance of the amount of mandibular teeth seen in complete dentures has not been sufficiently emphasized in previous literature.", "contents": "The kinetics of anterior tooth display. A survey has been presented that correlates measurements of upper lip type, sex, race, and age of dentulous patients with the amount of exposure of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth with the lips gently parted and in the resting position. Perhaps the most interesting finding was the gradual reduction in the amount of maxillary central incisor exposure with an increase in age, accompanied by a gradual increase in the mandibular tooth exposure. The importance of the amount of mandibular teeth seen in complete dentures has not been sufficiently emphasized in previous literature."}
{"id": "PMID:349140", "title": "Inconspicuous retention for removable partial dentures.", "content": "Many dentists and patients believe that removable partial dentures have an unesthetic appearance when they replace anterior teeth because of the visible clasps. Two methods of obtaining inconspicuous retention have been described.", "contents": "Inconspicuous retention for removable partial dentures. Many dentists and patients believe that removable partial dentures have an unesthetic appearance when they replace anterior teeth because of the visible clasps. Two methods of obtaining inconspicuous retention have been described."}
{"id": "PMID:349141", "title": "A comparison of pin-retained amalgam and composite resin cores.", "content": "The 24 hour tensile loads required to separate the core material and dentin produced the following results: 1. No statistical difference was found between the tensile strength of retained amalgam and composite resin core materials. 2. Generally, no statistical difference was found between the retentive ability of three and four pins. 3. No statistical difference was found between the retentive ability of regular pins and minim pins if three or more pins were employed. 4. As the number of regular pins was increased beyond three, and when four minim pins were used, there was a very significant increase in dentin fracture.", "contents": "A comparison of pin-retained amalgam and composite resin cores. The 24 hour tensile loads required to separate the core material and dentin produced the following results: 1. No statistical difference was found between the tensile strength of retained amalgam and composite resin core materials. 2. Generally, no statistical difference was found between the retentive ability of three and four pins. 3. No statistical difference was found between the retentive ability of regular pins and minim pins if three or more pins were employed. 4. As the number of regular pins was increased beyond three, and when four minim pins were used, there was a very significant increase in dentin fracture."}
{"id": "PMID:349142", "title": "Scanning electron microscope investigation of in vivo performance of eight composite resins.", "content": "Retention. At 6 months, five restorations were lost due to retention failure. The remaining restorations were retained to 24 months and/or 30 months. The study of one material was discontinued because of numerous retention failures. Marginal wear. Facial wear along the margin in the center portion of the restoration was appreciably greater than lingual, proximal, and incisal wear. In general, most composite resins began to display evidence of wear during the first 6 months of service. Over the study period, three restorations were lost because of excessive marginal wear. Surface texture. Most materials were clinically acceptable with regard to surface texture over the course of the study. Extended studies of greater durations are indicated.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope investigation of in vivo performance of eight composite resins. Retention. At 6 months, five restorations were lost due to retention failure. The remaining restorations were retained to 24 months and/or 30 months. The study of one material was discontinued because of numerous retention failures. Marginal wear. Facial wear along the margin in the center portion of the restoration was appreciably greater than lingual, proximal, and incisal wear. In general, most composite resins began to display evidence of wear during the first 6 months of service. Over the study period, three restorations were lost because of excessive marginal wear. Surface texture. Most materials were clinically acceptable with regard to surface texture over the course of the study. Extended studies of greater durations are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:349146", "title": "Fabrication of a single anterior intermediate restoration.", "content": "A technique of modifying a polycarbonate shell crown with an acrylic resin reline has been presented. The advantage in using this procedure is that it results in a satisfactory treatment restoration that is functionally and esthetically acceptable to the patient.", "contents": "Fabrication of a single anterior intermediate restoration. A technique of modifying a polycarbonate shell crown with an acrylic resin reline has been presented. The advantage in using this procedure is that it results in a satisfactory treatment restoration that is functionally and esthetically acceptable to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:349147", "title": "Metal posterior teeth for the chronic bruxing patient.", "content": "This article outlines a technique for the fabrication of metal posterior tooth blocks which have tooth-colored facings of acrylic resin or dental porcelain. The technique is applicable for all removable dental restorations but has special applicability for the chronic bruxing patient who has a natural dentition opposing the removable partial denture.", "contents": "Metal posterior teeth for the chronic bruxing patient. This article outlines a technique for the fabrication of metal posterior tooth blocks which have tooth-colored facings of acrylic resin or dental porcelain. The technique is applicable for all removable dental restorations but has special applicability for the chronic bruxing patient who has a natural dentition opposing the removable partial denture."}
{"id": "PMID:349148", "title": "The relationship of women's sex-role identity to self-esteem and ego development.", "content": "The present study examined the relationship of women's sex-role identity to self-esteem and ego development. One hundred fifty-three female undergraduate students at the University of Maryland were the volunteer Ss for this study. During class time these persons completed the Index of Adjustment and Values, used to measure self-esteem, and the Sentence Completion Test, ussed to measure ego development. From this pool of Ss four sex-role identity groups were determined: androgynous women, feminine women, masculine women, and undifferentiated women. Twenty-five from each group were randomly selected to comprise a final sample of 100 women. Results of the self-esteem analyses supported previous findings that androgynous women possess a higher degree of self-esteem than stereotypically feminine women and undifferentiated women, but revealed no significant difference in self-esteem between androgynous and masculine women. In contrast, the level of ego development of androgynous women was not significantly different from that of feminine and undifferentiated women but was significantly higher than that of masculine women. Overall results support the theory that a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics is beneficial for women in terms of both self-esteem and ego development.", "contents": "The relationship of women's sex-role identity to self-esteem and ego development. The present study examined the relationship of women's sex-role identity to self-esteem and ego development. One hundred fifty-three female undergraduate students at the University of Maryland were the volunteer Ss for this study. During class time these persons completed the Index of Adjustment and Values, used to measure self-esteem, and the Sentence Completion Test, ussed to measure ego development. From this pool of Ss four sex-role identity groups were determined: androgynous women, feminine women, masculine women, and undifferentiated women. Twenty-five from each group were randomly selected to comprise a final sample of 100 women. Results of the self-esteem analyses supported previous findings that androgynous women possess a higher degree of self-esteem than stereotypically feminine women and undifferentiated women, but revealed no significant difference in self-esteem between androgynous and masculine women. In contrast, the level of ego development of androgynous women was not significantly different from that of feminine and undifferentiated women but was significantly higher than that of masculine women. Overall results support the theory that a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics is beneficial for women in terms of both self-esteem and ego development."}
{"id": "PMID:349151", "title": "[Therapeutic arterial embolization in hemobilia. Apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "Three patients with bleeding into the bile ducts were explored by angiography. Two of them (severe post-operative bleeding and following needle-biopsy of the liver) were completely cured by highly selective arterial embolus production. No definite diagnosis was established in the third case (liver angioma with large artero-portal fistula). It can be seen from these observations, that angiography is essential in patients with bleeding into the bile ducts. The reason is not to establish the diagnosis but to find the precise location of the lesion and, under certain conditions, to apply radical treatment by highly selective arterial embolus production.", "contents": "[Therapeutic arterial embolization in hemobilia. Apropos of 3 cases]. Three patients with bleeding into the bile ducts were explored by angiography. Two of them (severe post-operative bleeding and following needle-biopsy of the liver) were completely cured by highly selective arterial embolus production. No definite diagnosis was established in the third case (liver angioma with large artero-portal fistula). It can be seen from these observations, that angiography is essential in patients with bleeding into the bile ducts. The reason is not to establish the diagnosis but to find the precise location of the lesion and, under certain conditions, to apply radical treatment by highly selective arterial embolus production."}
{"id": "PMID:349155", "title": "Effects of rubidium chloride on the course of manic-depressive illness.", "content": "Clinical studies of the effects of rubidium ions on the course of manic-depressive illness are reported. It seems that rubidium tends to increase the length of manic phases and possibly reduces the extremes of mood. Rubidium did not seem to produce any severe side effects in the dose administered, but it has a long biological half-life and caution is still required. Some details of the CSF, RBC, saliva and plasma and urine kinetics are also reported.", "contents": "Effects of rubidium chloride on the course of manic-depressive illness. Clinical studies of the effects of rubidium ions on the course of manic-depressive illness are reported. It seems that rubidium tends to increase the length of manic phases and possibly reduces the extremes of mood. Rubidium did not seem to produce any severe side effects in the dose administered, but it has a long biological half-life and caution is still required. Some details of the CSF, RBC, saliva and plasma and urine kinetics are also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:349156", "title": "Resolution of antimalarial agents via complex formation with alpha-(2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenylideneaminooxy) propionic acid.", "content": "The resolution of several antimalarial agents via pi-complex formation with alpha-(2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenylideneaminooxy) propionic acid (TAPA) is reported. Since this represents the first use of this agent for the resolution of amines, some details of the separations are presented. The method proved successful for resolving weakly alkaline amines that did not form stable salts with common resolving acids, highly insoluble amines that did not form soluble salts with usual resolving acids, and amines that did not form crystalline salts with commonly available resolving acids. The optical isomers of several antimalarial agents were evaluated against Plasmodium berghei in the mouse. None of the optically active forms showed any significant differences. The curative activity of (+)- and (-)-primaquine against Plasmodium cynomolgi in the rhesus monkey was essentially identical; however, significant differences in toxicity were noted.", "contents": "Resolution of antimalarial agents via complex formation with alpha-(2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenylideneaminooxy) propionic acid. The resolution of several antimalarial agents via pi-complex formation with alpha-(2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenylideneaminooxy) propionic acid (TAPA) is reported. Since this represents the first use of this agent for the resolution of amines, some details of the separations are presented. The method proved successful for resolving weakly alkaline amines that did not form stable salts with common resolving acids, highly insoluble amines that did not form soluble salts with usual resolving acids, and amines that did not form crystalline salts with commonly available resolving acids. The optical isomers of several antimalarial agents were evaluated against Plasmodium berghei in the mouse. None of the optically active forms showed any significant differences. The curative activity of (+)- and (-)-primaquine against Plasmodium cynomolgi in the rhesus monkey was essentially identical; however, significant differences in toxicity were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:349157", "title": "Folate antagonists. 10. Synthesis and antimalarial effects of 6-[[(aryl and aralkyl)amino]methyl]-2,4-pteridinediamines and -pteridinediamine 8-oxides.", "content": "Various 6-[[(aryl and aralkyl)amino]methyl]-2,4-pteridinediamines and their 8-oxides have been synthesized for antimalarial evaluation. Condensation of 3-amino-6-(bromomethyl)-2-pyrazinecarbonitrile 4-oxide (V) with the appropriately substituted amine afforded a series of 3-amino-6-[[(aryl and aralkyl)amino]methyl]-2-pyrazinecarbonitrile 4-oxides VI. Deoxygenation gave the corresponding pyrazines VII. Cyclization of VI and VII with guanidine then produced the desired 6-(aminomethyl)-2,4-pteridinediamine N-oxides VIII and teridinediamines IX, respectively. Formylation of 6-[[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)amino]methyl]-2,4-pteridinediamine gave N-[(2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)-methyl]-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)formamide. The N-oxides VIII did not exhibit significant activity against Plasmodium berghei infections in mice. Activity among the 2,4-pteridinediamines IX was generally poor with the exception of the 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl and 1-naphthalenyl analogues which showed strong suppressive activity at doses ranging from 80 to 640 mg/kg. Furthermore, several of the 2,4-pteridinediamines exhibited potent prophylactic activity against Plasmodium gallinaceum infections in the chick and also showed strong antibacterial action against Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus.", "contents": "Folate antagonists. 10. Synthesis and antimalarial effects of 6-[[(aryl and aralkyl)amino]methyl]-2,4-pteridinediamines and -pteridinediamine 8-oxides. Various 6-[[(aryl and aralkyl)amino]methyl]-2,4-pteridinediamines and their 8-oxides have been synthesized for antimalarial evaluation. Condensation of 3-amino-6-(bromomethyl)-2-pyrazinecarbonitrile 4-oxide (V) with the appropriately substituted amine afforded a series of 3-amino-6-[[(aryl and aralkyl)amino]methyl]-2-pyrazinecarbonitrile 4-oxides VI. Deoxygenation gave the corresponding pyrazines VII. Cyclization of VI and VII with guanidine then produced the desired 6-(aminomethyl)-2,4-pteridinediamine N-oxides VIII and teridinediamines IX, respectively. Formylation of 6-[[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)amino]methyl]-2,4-pteridinediamine gave N-[(2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)-methyl]-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)formamide. The N-oxides VIII did not exhibit significant activity against Plasmodium berghei infections in mice. Activity among the 2,4-pteridinediamines IX was generally poor with the exception of the 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl and 1-naphthalenyl analogues which showed strong suppressive activity at doses ranging from 80 to 640 mg/kg. Furthermore, several of the 2,4-pteridinediamines exhibited potent prophylactic activity against Plasmodium gallinaceum infections in the chick and also showed strong antibacterial action against Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus."}
{"id": "PMID:349158", "title": "Folate antagonists. 11. Synthesis and antimalarial effects of 6-[(aryloxy- and arylthio-)methyl]-2,4-pteridinediamines and -pteridinediamine 8-oxides.", "content": "Condensation of 3-amino-6-(bromomethyl)-2-pyrazinecarbonitrile 4-oxide with 4-chlorophenol gave 3-amino-6-[(4-chlorophenoxy)methyl]-2-pyrazinecarbonitrile 4-oxide (1), which was deoxygenated to obtain the de-N-oxide 4. Cyclization of 4 and 1 produced 6-[(4-chlorophenoxy)methyl]-2,4-pteridinediamine and the 8-oxide, respectively. 6-[(Arylthio)methyl]-2,4-pteridinediamines and their 8-oxides were produced analogously. Controlled oxidation of the former gave the anticipated sulfoxide 12 and sulfone 13. None of these compounds showed significant activity when tested against lethal Plasmodium berghei infections in mice or a select list of bacteria in vitro.", "contents": "Folate antagonists. 11. Synthesis and antimalarial effects of 6-[(aryloxy- and arylthio-)methyl]-2,4-pteridinediamines and -pteridinediamine 8-oxides. Condensation of 3-amino-6-(bromomethyl)-2-pyrazinecarbonitrile 4-oxide with 4-chlorophenol gave 3-amino-6-[(4-chlorophenoxy)methyl]-2-pyrazinecarbonitrile 4-oxide (1), which was deoxygenated to obtain the de-N-oxide 4. Cyclization of 4 and 1 produced 6-[(4-chlorophenoxy)methyl]-2,4-pteridinediamine and the 8-oxide, respectively. 6-[(Arylthio)methyl]-2,4-pteridinediamines and their 8-oxides were produced analogously. Controlled oxidation of the former gave the anticipated sulfoxide 12 and sulfone 13. None of these compounds showed significant activity when tested against lethal Plasmodium berghei infections in mice or a select list of bacteria in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:349159", "title": "Structure and function of frozen cells: freezing patterns and post-thaw survival.", "content": "Freezing patterns and post-thaw survival of cells varies with different cooling rates. The optimal cooling rates, indicating the highest percentage survival, were different in yeast and red blood cells. A difference of freezing patterns was also noticed in preparations frozen above and below the optimal cooling rate for each cell, namely, cell shrinkage at lower rates and intracellular ice formation at higher rates which showed similar trends in both the cells, even though there was some shifting of the optimum. Ultra-rapid freezing and addition of cryoprotectants are useful ways to minimize ice crystal formation and to cause such ice formations to approach the vitreous state. Ice crystals are hardly detectable in yeast cells as well as in erythrocytes, when these cells are frozen ultra-rapidly in the presence of cryoprotective agents in moderate concentration.", "contents": "Structure and function of frozen cells: freezing patterns and post-thaw survival. Freezing patterns and post-thaw survival of cells varies with different cooling rates. The optimal cooling rates, indicating the highest percentage survival, were different in yeast and red blood cells. A difference of freezing patterns was also noticed in preparations frozen above and below the optimal cooling rate for each cell, namely, cell shrinkage at lower rates and intracellular ice formation at higher rates which showed similar trends in both the cells, even though there was some shifting of the optimum. Ultra-rapid freezing and addition of cryoprotectants are useful ways to minimize ice crystal formation and to cause such ice formations to approach the vitreous state. Ice crystals are hardly detectable in yeast cells as well as in erythrocytes, when these cells are frozen ultra-rapidly in the presence of cryoprotective agents in moderate concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:349160", "title": "Two rapid and simple methods used for the removal of resins from 1.0 micron thick epoxy sections.", "content": "Ultrathin epoxy sections are commonly used in electron microscopy. More useful information can often be obtained by examining thicker 0.5--3.0 micron) resin sections under the light microscope. However, there are some histological stains that are unable to penetrate these resins. This short note describes the easy and rapid preparation of two resin-removal solutions which allow subsequent staining of 1.0 micron thick sections without obvious tissue damage and with excellent results using standard histological dyes.", "contents": "Two rapid and simple methods used for the removal of resins from 1.0 micron thick epoxy sections. Ultrathin epoxy sections are commonly used in electron microscopy. More useful information can often be obtained by examining thicker 0.5--3.0 micron) resin sections under the light microscope. However, there are some histological stains that are unable to penetrate these resins. This short note describes the easy and rapid preparation of two resin-removal solutions which allow subsequent staining of 1.0 micron thick sections without obvious tissue damage and with excellent results using standard histological dyes."}
{"id": "PMID:349168", "title": "Blocking plasma factors of migration inhibition factor production in patients with cervical carcinoma. A possible role in vivo.", "content": "The blocking activity was studied of plasma from patients with cervical carcinoma in a model of migration inhibition factor (MIF) production by normal human leukocytes. At the same time, the patients' in vivo (intradermal reactivity) and in vitro (MIF assay) responses were studied with two common antigens (streptokinase-streptodornase and purified protein derivative). The plasma of 15 of 27 patients with carcinoma was capable of blocking the MIF test of human normal leukocytes. Twelve of 15 patients with blocking factor in their plasma had no or only a slight in vivo response, although they had a good in vitor response. Two patients had blocking factor without any in vivo or in vitro response. Six patients who had in vitro responses and slight or no in vivo responses had no plasma blocking activity. Three patients had neither in vivo nor in vitro responses and lacked blocking activity in their plasma.", "contents": "Blocking plasma factors of migration inhibition factor production in patients with cervical carcinoma. A possible role in vivo. The blocking activity was studied of plasma from patients with cervical carcinoma in a model of migration inhibition factor (MIF) production by normal human leukocytes. At the same time, the patients' in vivo (intradermal reactivity) and in vitro (MIF assay) responses were studied with two common antigens (streptokinase-streptodornase and purified protein derivative). The plasma of 15 of 27 patients with carcinoma was capable of blocking the MIF test of human normal leukocytes. Twelve of 15 patients with blocking factor in their plasma had no or only a slight in vivo response, although they had a good in vitor response. Two patients had blocking factor without any in vivo or in vitro response. Six patients who had in vitro responses and slight or no in vivo responses had no plasma blocking activity. Three patients had neither in vivo nor in vitro responses and lacked blocking activity in their plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:349169", "title": "Tissue localization of zinc glycinate marker and carcinoembryonic antigen by immunofluorescence. I. Preparation of antisera against the zinc glycinate marker.", "content": "Antisera against the zinc glycinate marker (ZGM) were produced in New Zealand White rabbits with induced tolerance to normal tissue components and CEA, and in mature, previously uninoculated rabbits for use in immunofluorescent histologic localization of ZGM in colon cancers and other tissues. Analysis of the antisera by immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoretic techniques showed them to be specific for ZGM when tested with ZGM, carcinoembryonic antigen, normal tissue extracts, or cell elements of normal blood.", "contents": "Tissue localization of zinc glycinate marker and carcinoembryonic antigen by immunofluorescence. I. Preparation of antisera against the zinc glycinate marker. Antisera against the zinc glycinate marker (ZGM) were produced in New Zealand White rabbits with induced tolerance to normal tissue components and CEA, and in mature, previously uninoculated rabbits for use in immunofluorescent histologic localization of ZGM in colon cancers and other tissues. Analysis of the antisera by immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoretic techniques showed them to be specific for ZGM when tested with ZGM, carcinoembryonic antigen, normal tissue extracts, or cell elements of normal blood."}
{"id": "PMID:349170", "title": "Tissue localization of zinc glycinate marker and carcinoembryonic antigen by immunofluorescence. II. Immunofluorescence microscopy.", "content": "Preliminary indirect immunofluorescence studies on the zinc glycinate marker (ZGM) were compared with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) immunofluorescence, ZGM, detected in 26 of 29 human colon adenocarcinomas, was associated with the epithelial component of the malignant glands. Fluorescence was generally less strong and more granular for ZGM than for CEA and was found in intraglandular spaces, luminal border areas, and cytoplasm. ZGM concentration and tissue localization appeared to be related to tumor differentiation. ZGM was also detected in benign colon mucosae (adjacent to and distant from the carcinomas) from patients with colon carcinoma, but differed from CEA in that it was present in the deep crypt portion only. Gastric, pancreatic, esophageal, and anal adenocarcinomas, as well as benign gastric pyloric and small bowel mucosae had detectable ZGM. CEA, but not ZGM, was observed in 20 nongastrointestinal carcinomas to date. Studies are under way to determine whether ZGM is a marker associated with colon and gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma specifically or undifferentiated crypt cells of the colon and digestive tract in general.", "contents": "Tissue localization of zinc glycinate marker and carcinoembryonic antigen by immunofluorescence. II. Immunofluorescence microscopy. Preliminary indirect immunofluorescence studies on the zinc glycinate marker (ZGM) were compared with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) immunofluorescence, ZGM, detected in 26 of 29 human colon adenocarcinomas, was associated with the epithelial component of the malignant glands. Fluorescence was generally less strong and more granular for ZGM than for CEA and was found in intraglandular spaces, luminal border areas, and cytoplasm. ZGM concentration and tissue localization appeared to be related to tumor differentiation. ZGM was also detected in benign colon mucosae (adjacent to and distant from the carcinomas) from patients with colon carcinoma, but differed from CEA in that it was present in the deep crypt portion only. Gastric, pancreatic, esophageal, and anal adenocarcinomas, as well as benign gastric pyloric and small bowel mucosae had detectable ZGM. CEA, but not ZGM, was observed in 20 nongastrointestinal carcinomas to date. Studies are under way to determine whether ZGM is a marker associated with colon and gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma specifically or undifferentiated crypt cells of the colon and digestive tract in general."}
{"id": "PMID:349171", "title": "Mutagenicity of nitrosourea compounds for Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The nitrosourea derivatives 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (NSC-409962), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU; NSC-79037), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Me-CCNU; NSC-95441), and 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU; NSC-23909) were screened for mutagenic potential with Salmonella typhimurium strains G46 and TA1530 in vitro and in vivo. Alu were also mutagenic in the host-mediated assay. Four additional chemotherapeutic nitrosoureas were tested in vitro, three of which were mutagenic. The lack of activity of the fourth agent was probably a reflection of its stability in solution rather than a true indication of mutagenic potential. All eight agents were tested in a repair test with S. typhimurium strains TA1978 and TA1538. Results of this test were negative, reflecting the insensitivity of these strains to ethylating and methylating agents. The insensitivity of the host-mediated assay is also discussed.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of nitrosourea compounds for Salmonella typhimurium. The nitrosourea derivatives 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (NSC-409962), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU; NSC-79037), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Me-CCNU; NSC-95441), and 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU; NSC-23909) were screened for mutagenic potential with Salmonella typhimurium strains G46 and TA1530 in vitro and in vivo. Alu were also mutagenic in the host-mediated assay. Four additional chemotherapeutic nitrosoureas were tested in vitro, three of which were mutagenic. The lack of activity of the fourth agent was probably a reflection of its stability in solution rather than a true indication of mutagenic potential. All eight agents were tested in a repair test with S. typhimurium strains TA1978 and TA1538. Results of this test were negative, reflecting the insensitivity of these strains to ethylating and methylating agents. The insensitivity of the host-mediated assay is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:349172", "title": "Facial reconstruction using local skin flaps.", "content": "The use of local skin flaps for reconstructing small to moderate size surface defects of the facial area is presented. The indications for the use of skin flaps, the local and general factors involved in selecting the best flaps for reconstruction, and proper planning of the flaps are discussed. Basic local skin flaps are illustrated by diagrams and clinical cases are presented to demonstrate the use of the different type flaps.", "contents": "Facial reconstruction using local skin flaps. The use of local skin flaps for reconstructing small to moderate size surface defects of the facial area is presented. The indications for the use of skin flaps, the local and general factors involved in selecting the best flaps for reconstruction, and proper planning of the flaps are discussed. Basic local skin flaps are illustrated by diagrams and clinical cases are presented to demonstrate the use of the different type flaps."}
{"id": "PMID:349173", "title": "Angiography in the diagnosis of renal allograft dysfunction.", "content": "We reviewed retrospectively 75 renal transplant arteriograms done during a 7-year period. Acute rejection and vasomotor nephropathy were not differentiated. Generalized cortical ischemia was diagnosed correctly in 23 of 30 cases but there were 7 falsely negative results. Renal artery stenosis was found in 7 of 17 cases in which the main indication for arteriography was hypertension. We conclude that the major role of transplant arteriography is in the diagnosis of larger vessel disease.", "contents": "Angiography in the diagnosis of renal allograft dysfunction. We reviewed retrospectively 75 renal transplant arteriograms done during a 7-year period. Acute rejection and vasomotor nephropathy were not differentiated. Generalized cortical ischemia was diagnosed correctly in 23 of 30 cases but there were 7 falsely negative results. Renal artery stenosis was found in 7 of 17 cases in which the main indication for arteriography was hypertension. We conclude that the major role of transplant arteriography is in the diagnosis of larger vessel disease."}
{"id": "PMID:349174", "title": "Experience with the Horton-Devine dermal graft in the treatment of Peyronie's disease.", "content": "We treated 15 patients with Peyronie's disease surgically with the dermal graft technique described by Horton and Devine. Details of the preoperative management and surgical technique are provided. Return of normal sexual function without residual chordee or pain was achieved in more than 75 per cent of the patients, suggesting that this is the procedure of choice in the management of severe Peyronie's disease.", "contents": "Experience with the Horton-Devine dermal graft in the treatment of Peyronie's disease. We treated 15 patients with Peyronie's disease surgically with the dermal graft technique described by Horton and Devine. Details of the preoperative management and surgical technique are provided. Return of normal sexual function without residual chordee or pain was achieved in more than 75 per cent of the patients, suggesting that this is the procedure of choice in the management of severe Peyronie's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:349177", "title": "Symptomless acute renal transplant rejections. Occurrence six months or more after transplantation.", "content": "A total of 22 cases of acute rejection episodes occurring six months to five years after renal transplantation were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of fever, graft tenderness, increase in blood pressure, declining urine output, falling urine sodium level, change in WBC count, and patient's response to antirejection therapy. A total of 13 episodes were not associated with any of these symptoms or signs of an acute rejection episode; seven episodes were associated with an increase in blood pressure alone and only two episodes were associated with fever. Nineteen rejection episodes were confirmed by biopsy. In 16 of these late-rejection episodes, the patient had complete or partial response to therapy. Acute rejection episodes can occur months to years after transplantation; patients are typically asymptomatic; many patients do respond to therapy; and biopsy is often helpful in establishing the diagnosis.", "contents": "Symptomless acute renal transplant rejections. Occurrence six months or more after transplantation. A total of 22 cases of acute rejection episodes occurring six months to five years after renal transplantation were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of fever, graft tenderness, increase in blood pressure, declining urine output, falling urine sodium level, change in WBC count, and patient's response to antirejection therapy. A total of 13 episodes were not associated with any of these symptoms or signs of an acute rejection episode; seven episodes were associated with an increase in blood pressure alone and only two episodes were associated with fever. Nineteen rejection episodes were confirmed by biopsy. In 16 of these late-rejection episodes, the patient had complete or partial response to therapy. Acute rejection episodes can occur months to years after transplantation; patients are typically asymptomatic; many patients do respond to therapy; and biopsy is often helpful in establishing the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:349185", "title": "Diagnostic value of sinus-tract cultures in chronic osteomyelitis.", "content": "Sinus-tract cultures were compared with cultures of operative specimens from 40 patients with chronic osteomyelitis. Thirty-five patients (87.5%) had a single pathogen isolated from their operative specimens. Only 44% of the sinus-tract cultures contained the operative pathogen. Isolation of Staphyloccus aureus from sinus tracts correlated with the presence of S aureus in the operative specimen. However, less than half of the sinus-tract cultures obtained from patients with S aureus osteomyelitis contained this organism. Isolation of bacteria other than S aureus from sinus tracts had a low likelihood of predicting the pathogen isolated from bone. A presumptive diagnosis of S aureus osteomyelitis is justified if S aureus is isolated from an associated sinus tract. A bacteriologic diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis based on isolation of common pathogens other than S aureus from sinus tracts must be verified by an appropriate operative culture.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of sinus-tract cultures in chronic osteomyelitis. Sinus-tract cultures were compared with cultures of operative specimens from 40 patients with chronic osteomyelitis. Thirty-five patients (87.5%) had a single pathogen isolated from their operative specimens. Only 44% of the sinus-tract cultures contained the operative pathogen. Isolation of Staphyloccus aureus from sinus tracts correlated with the presence of S aureus in the operative specimen. However, less than half of the sinus-tract cultures obtained from patients with S aureus osteomyelitis contained this organism. Isolation of bacteria other than S aureus from sinus tracts had a low likelihood of predicting the pathogen isolated from bone. A presumptive diagnosis of S aureus osteomyelitis is justified if S aureus is isolated from an associated sinus tract. A bacteriologic diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis based on isolation of common pathogens other than S aureus from sinus tracts must be verified by an appropriate operative culture."}
{"id": "PMID:349186", "title": "Falciparum malaria in seamen.", "content": "Three cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in seamen, all acquired while working off tropical West Africa, and all in patients coming in for treatment at a New Orleans hospital during one six-week period, are described in the context of the importance of considering recent travel history for arrival at the correct diagnosis and treatment. Two of the three patients whose cases are reported had taken some form of malarial chemoprophylaxis during their voyage.", "contents": "Falciparum malaria in seamen. Three cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in seamen, all acquired while working off tropical West Africa, and all in patients coming in for treatment at a New Orleans hospital during one six-week period, are described in the context of the importance of considering recent travel history for arrival at the correct diagnosis and treatment. Two of the three patients whose cases are reported had taken some form of malarial chemoprophylaxis during their voyage."}
{"id": "PMID:349187", "title": "Persistent nocardemia following renal transplantation. Association with pulmonary nocardiosis.", "content": "Pulmonary nocardiosis occurred in a renal homotransplant patient and was diagnosed by persistently positive blood cultures. Infection developed at a time when efforts were being made with moderate dosages of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection of the transplant. The subsequent nocardemia lasted for one week. The remaining kidney function was preserved, and the patient had a very favorable outcome because of early diagnosis and prompt treatment with sulfisoxazole.", "contents": "Persistent nocardemia following renal transplantation. Association with pulmonary nocardiosis. Pulmonary nocardiosis occurred in a renal homotransplant patient and was diagnosed by persistently positive blood cultures. Infection developed at a time when efforts were being made with moderate dosages of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection of the transplant. The subsequent nocardemia lasted for one week. The remaining kidney function was preserved, and the patient had a very favorable outcome because of early diagnosis and prompt treatment with sulfisoxazole."}
{"id": "PMID:349218", "title": "Management and microbiology of cutaneous abscesses.", "content": "Cutaneous abscesses in the perineal region contain primarily anaerobes commonly found in stool. Non-perineal abscesses contain mixed microflora indigenous to the skin. Bacteroides fragilis, the only anaerobe resistant to penicillin, is found predominantly in the perineal area. Staphylococcus aureus, although the most common aerobe found, is seen less frequently than expected and is almost always resistant to penicillin. Escherichia coli and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are rarely found. Incision and drainage is the primary mode of treatment. Fever is rare, though tachycardia is common in patients with normal host defenses. Patients with altered host defenses may require initial culture and Gram-stained smear to determine appropriate antibiotic therapy. The Gram-stained smear reliably indicates sterile and mixed abscesses, as well as those containing pure S aureus. Incision and drainage alone is the only therapy required in the usual patient. Since in these patients antibiotics are not required, initial culture and Gram-stained smear are unnecessary.", "contents": "Management and microbiology of cutaneous abscesses. Cutaneous abscesses in the perineal region contain primarily anaerobes commonly found in stool. Non-perineal abscesses contain mixed microflora indigenous to the skin. Bacteroides fragilis, the only anaerobe resistant to penicillin, is found predominantly in the perineal area. Staphylococcus aureus, although the most common aerobe found, is seen less frequently than expected and is almost always resistant to penicillin. Escherichia coli and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are rarely found. Incision and drainage is the primary mode of treatment. Fever is rare, though tachycardia is common in patients with normal host defenses. Patients with altered host defenses may require initial culture and Gram-stained smear to determine appropriate antibiotic therapy. The Gram-stained smear reliably indicates sterile and mixed abscesses, as well as those containing pure S aureus. Incision and drainage alone is the only therapy required in the usual patient. Since in these patients antibiotics are not required, initial culture and Gram-stained smear are unnecessary."}
{"id": "PMID:349239", "title": "Study of chemical sympathectomy in endotoxin-induced lethality and fibrin depostion.", "content": "Shock and the generalized Shwartzman reaction are well known features of endotoxin which have been shown to involve the sympathetic nervous system. The mechanism of sympathetic nervous system involvement with endotoxin injection was studied in rabbits chemically sympathectomized with 6-hydroxydopamine. Endotoxin, in doses producing a spectrum of morbidity and mortality in normal rabbits, was administered i.v. to chemically sympathectomized, normal, and unilateral renal surgically sympathectomized animals. Chemical sympathectomy produced a significant depletion of tissue norepinephrine which, in endotoxin recipient animals, was associated with a significantly lower mortality rate and greatly decreased fibrin deposition in the lungs and kidneys, despite intravascular coagulation. Unilateral renal sympathectomy afforded protection to the ipsilateral kidney, but data on mortality and systemic fibrin deposition were similar to those reported for normal rabbits given endotoxin. Six-hydroxydopamine prevents significant tissue injury secondary to endotoxin in this experimental model. In addition, the data provide direct evidence that an intact reactive sympathetic nervous system is essential for development of lethal toxicity and generalized Shwartzman reaction due to endotoxin.", "contents": "Study of chemical sympathectomy in endotoxin-induced lethality and fibrin depostion. Shock and the generalized Shwartzman reaction are well known features of endotoxin which have been shown to involve the sympathetic nervous system. The mechanism of sympathetic nervous system involvement with endotoxin injection was studied in rabbits chemically sympathectomized with 6-hydroxydopamine. Endotoxin, in doses producing a spectrum of morbidity and mortality in normal rabbits, was administered i.v. to chemically sympathectomized, normal, and unilateral renal surgically sympathectomized animals. Chemical sympathectomy produced a significant depletion of tissue norepinephrine which, in endotoxin recipient animals, was associated with a significantly lower mortality rate and greatly decreased fibrin deposition in the lungs and kidneys, despite intravascular coagulation. Unilateral renal sympathectomy afforded protection to the ipsilateral kidney, but data on mortality and systemic fibrin deposition were similar to those reported for normal rabbits given endotoxin. Six-hydroxydopamine prevents significant tissue injury secondary to endotoxin in this experimental model. In addition, the data provide direct evidence that an intact reactive sympathetic nervous system is essential for development of lethal toxicity and generalized Shwartzman reaction due to endotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:349240", "title": "Microangiographic evaluation of the effects of heparin on progressive Masugi nephritis.", "content": "Unilateral progressive Masugi nephritis was produced in rabbits and studied by microangiography as well as light and immunofluorescence microscopy. The following five groups were studied: Group 1. Heparin was started simultaneously with nephrotoxic serum (NTS) and was given for one week. The animals were then sacrificed along with the untreated controls. Group 2. This was the same protocol as in group 1 but with three weeks' heparin. Group 3. Heparin was started one day after NTS was given for three weeks. Group 4. Heparin was started one to two weeks after NTS and was given for three weeks. Group 5: late effect group. Heparin was started simultaneously with NTS, was given for four weeks, and the animals were then sacrificed 10 to 13 weeks later. Heparin dose was 5,000 U, s.c., per day in all treated groups. The number of glomeruli seen per unit of cortex by microangiography was significantly increased in the first through the third groups, as compared to the controls. Group 1 did not show this increase but there was some decrease of immunofluorescent fibrinogen. The late effect group (group 5) showed no modification by the treatment, suggesting that an initial improvement may have been negated by persistent immunologic insults after heparin withdrawal.", "contents": "Microangiographic evaluation of the effects of heparin on progressive Masugi nephritis. Unilateral progressive Masugi nephritis was produced in rabbits and studied by microangiography as well as light and immunofluorescence microscopy. The following five groups were studied: Group 1. Heparin was started simultaneously with nephrotoxic serum (NTS) and was given for one week. The animals were then sacrificed along with the untreated controls. Group 2. This was the same protocol as in group 1 but with three weeks' heparin. Group 3. Heparin was started one day after NTS was given for three weeks. Group 4. Heparin was started one to two weeks after NTS and was given for three weeks. Group 5: late effect group. Heparin was started simultaneously with NTS, was given for four weeks, and the animals were then sacrificed 10 to 13 weeks later. Heparin dose was 5,000 U, s.c., per day in all treated groups. The number of glomeruli seen per unit of cortex by microangiography was significantly increased in the first through the third groups, as compared to the controls. Group 1 did not show this increase but there was some decrease of immunofluorescent fibrinogen. The late effect group (group 5) showed no modification by the treatment, suggesting that an initial improvement may have been negated by persistent immunologic insults after heparin withdrawal."}
{"id": "PMID:349249", "title": "[Problems and complications of the wound closure in cataract operations (author's transl)].", "content": "A presentation is given of some complications resulting from wound closure technique following cataract extraction, without postoperative loss of the anterior chamber. Group 1: In 3 cases a filtering bleb developed within the first 10 days postoperatively, due to faulty suture technique. Wound revision was not necessary. Group 2: In 6 cases wound dehiscence only developed after 3 weeks or longer. In 5 of these cases the fistula, and the subsequent dehiscence, occured at the site of a Barraquer silk suture; which appeared to be at least partially responsible for the complication. 2 of these 5 cases required resuturing, the remaining 3 slowly improved spontaneously. In the 6th case, which also required surgical intervention, the fistula was not situated near a suture. Due to the problems encountered with Barraquer silk sutures the same 3 step cataract incision previously employed was closed instead with interrupted T\u00fcbinger nylon sutures, the knots being buried whenever possible. The results were analysed in 81 eyes operated upon with this technique. Postoperative astigmatism lay within normal limits. In one case a filtering bleb developed at the site of a suture. T\u00fcbinger nylon sutures are now preferred to Barraquer silk sutures due to the better results obtained so far.", "contents": "[Problems and complications of the wound closure in cataract operations (author's transl)]. A presentation is given of some complications resulting from wound closure technique following cataract extraction, without postoperative loss of the anterior chamber. Group 1: In 3 cases a filtering bleb developed within the first 10 days postoperatively, due to faulty suture technique. Wound revision was not necessary. Group 2: In 6 cases wound dehiscence only developed after 3 weeks or longer. In 5 of these cases the fistula, and the subsequent dehiscence, occured at the site of a Barraquer silk suture; which appeared to be at least partially responsible for the complication. 2 of these 5 cases required resuturing, the remaining 3 slowly improved spontaneously. In the 6th case, which also required surgical intervention, the fistula was not situated near a suture. Due to the problems encountered with Barraquer silk sutures the same 3 step cataract incision previously employed was closed instead with interrupted T\u00fcbinger nylon sutures, the knots being buried whenever possible. The results were analysed in 81 eyes operated upon with this technique. Postoperative astigmatism lay within normal limits. In one case a filtering bleb developed at the site of a suture. T\u00fcbinger nylon sutures are now preferred to Barraquer silk sutures due to the better results obtained so far."}
{"id": "PMID:349250", "title": "[On the correction of posttraumatic unilateral aphakia in children and in adults with artificial intraocular lens implants (author's transl)].", "content": "The problems of optical correction of unilateral traumatic aphakia are discussed. The treatment of choice is a combined Cataract-operation with intraocular lens implants. The operation must be done as soon as the eye is free of inflammation. Prescription of bifocal glasses in addition to pseudophakoi is necessary. With this method a \"malignant\" Strabismus can be avoided and binocular vision, stereopsis as well as minimal grade of aniseikonia can be achieved.", "contents": "[On the correction of posttraumatic unilateral aphakia in children and in adults with artificial intraocular lens implants (author's transl)]. The problems of optical correction of unilateral traumatic aphakia are discussed. The treatment of choice is a combined Cataract-operation with intraocular lens implants. The operation must be done as soon as the eye is free of inflammation. Prescription of bifocal glasses in addition to pseudophakoi is necessary. With this method a \"malignant\" Strabismus can be avoided and binocular vision, stereopsis as well as minimal grade of aniseikonia can be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:349251", "title": "[Clinical studies conducted with a new epinephrine derivative for the treatment of glaucoma (Dipivalyl epinephrine)].", "content": "Dipivalyl epinephrine, an epinephrine derivative, has been developed to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of the compound. Our open-label investigation included the administration of dipivalyl epinephrine ophthalmic solution to the eyes of 33 patients with an open-angle glaucoma. Former topical medication of parasympathomimetic agents was continued. The 0.1% dipivalyl epinephrine treatment approximated the results obtained with 1% epinephrine borate or phenylephrine 5% in reducing the intraocular pressure.", "contents": "[Clinical studies conducted with a new epinephrine derivative for the treatment of glaucoma (Dipivalyl epinephrine)]. Dipivalyl epinephrine, an epinephrine derivative, has been developed to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of the compound. Our open-label investigation included the administration of dipivalyl epinephrine ophthalmic solution to the eyes of 33 patients with an open-angle glaucoma. Former topical medication of parasympathomimetic agents was continued. The 0.1% dipivalyl epinephrine treatment approximated the results obtained with 1% epinephrine borate or phenylephrine 5% in reducing the intraocular pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:349252", "title": "[Centennial of the Basle Eye Hospital and its founder Heinrich Schiess].", "content": "100 years ago Dr. Heinrich Schiess has founded with private means through his personal initiative the eye clinic of Basle. In the same year this clinic become the University Eye Hospital by subsidising from the State. The development of the clinic since 1864 in the past 100 years in discussed. At the same time the life of Dr. Heinrich Schiess, since 1876 Professor of Ophthalmology at the Medical Faculty of Basle, is described. Especially mentioned are his contacts with Albrecht v. Graefe in Berlin and in Heiden.", "contents": "[Centennial of the Basle Eye Hospital and its founder Heinrich Schiess]. 100 years ago Dr. Heinrich Schiess has founded with private means through his personal initiative the eye clinic of Basle. In the same year this clinic become the University Eye Hospital by subsidising from the State. The development of the clinic since 1864 in the past 100 years in discussed. At the same time the life of Dr. Heinrich Schiess, since 1876 Professor of Ophthalmology at the Medical Faculty of Basle, is described. Especially mentioned are his contacts with Albrecht v. Graefe in Berlin and in Heiden."}
{"id": "PMID:349256", "title": "[Determination of digoxin by enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of parallel determinations of digoxin in the sera of non selected patients (n = 104) by enzyme immunoassay (EMIT-EIA) and radioimmunoassay (J-125 labeled RIA) were compared with each other. The determinations revealed considerably different concentrations; the values determined by EIA were statistical lower (for EIA 1.09 +/- 0.99 ng/ml, for RIA 1.34 +/- 1.01 ng/ml, p less than 0.01). In sera with hemolysis and in sera of patients with hyperlipidemia and uremia false-negative results were found by EIA. After elimination of these sera an exact concordation of the values of both the methods was obtained (for EIA 1.12 +/- 1.01 ng/ml, for RIA 1.12 +/- 1.02 ng/ml, r = 0.95).", "contents": "[Determination of digoxin by enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay (author's transl)]. The results of parallel determinations of digoxin in the sera of non selected patients (n = 104) by enzyme immunoassay (EMIT-EIA) and radioimmunoassay (J-125 labeled RIA) were compared with each other. The determinations revealed considerably different concentrations; the values determined by EIA were statistical lower (for EIA 1.09 +/- 0.99 ng/ml, for RIA 1.34 +/- 1.01 ng/ml, p less than 0.01). In sera with hemolysis and in sera of patients with hyperlipidemia and uremia false-negative results were found by EIA. After elimination of these sera an exact concordation of the values of both the methods was obtained (for EIA 1.12 +/- 1.01 ng/ml, for RIA 1.12 +/- 1.02 ng/ml, r = 0.95)."}
{"id": "PMID:349257", "title": "[Experiences with an enzyme-immunoassay for hepatitis B antigen detection in blood donors (author's transl)].", "content": "In a comparative study 12,080 sera from unpaid donors were tested simultaneously for Hepatitis B Antigen (HBsAg) by enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). A relatively high number of sera reacted positive in the EIA-secreening test but were negative after repeated investigation. This percentage could be markedly reduced when using an automated washing apparatus. After neutralization 0.31 per cent were considered as true positive in EIA and RIA, thus demonstrating that no differences did exist as far as sensitivity is concerned. The EIA needs more incubation time than the RIA, however, the EIA has the advantage of using enzyme-labelled antibodies instead of radio-iodinated reagents. The results are read immediately and no sophisticated equipment is required. The EIA is easy to handle, two technicians can perform 1000 tests per day.", "contents": "[Experiences with an enzyme-immunoassay for hepatitis B antigen detection in blood donors (author's transl)]. In a comparative study 12,080 sera from unpaid donors were tested simultaneously for Hepatitis B Antigen (HBsAg) by enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). A relatively high number of sera reacted positive in the EIA-secreening test but were negative after repeated investigation. This percentage could be markedly reduced when using an automated washing apparatus. After neutralization 0.31 per cent were considered as true positive in EIA and RIA, thus demonstrating that no differences did exist as far as sensitivity is concerned. The EIA needs more incubation time than the RIA, however, the EIA has the advantage of using enzyme-labelled antibodies instead of radio-iodinated reagents. The results are read immediately and no sophisticated equipment is required. The EIA is easy to handle, two technicians can perform 1000 tests per day."}
{"id": "PMID:349258", "title": "[Comparative studies of growth hormone secretion in acromegaly after isolated and combined application of insulin hypoglycemia, LH-RH- and TRH tests (author's transl)].", "content": "Growth hormone (GH) release was measured in 17 patients with active acromegaly following the administration of insulin, LH-RH and TRH given intravenously either combined or each separately. The simultaneous application of insulin and the hypothalamic releasing hormones resulted in a striking increase of plasma GH in 15 out of 17 patients. Inappropriate stimulation of GH release was found in 9 out of the 17 patients with acromegaly, when TRH was given as the only hormone; conversely this phenomenon due to LH-RH application was observed in 4 cases. In insulin-induced hypoglycemia GH release could be stimulated in 5 patients. After selective, transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, 4 of 13 patients still showed a definite stimulation of GH release after the combined use of test substances. Two of these also exhibited a comparable stimulation of GH after TRH, indicating adenoma cells remaining active after operation. The combined insulin-induced hypoglycemia/LH-RH/TRH-test is therefore advisable for patients with acromegaly, since GH release as well as other hypophyseal partial functions can be tested. The performance of individual tests is essential for evaluating selective stimulation of GH release.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of growth hormone secretion in acromegaly after isolated and combined application of insulin hypoglycemia, LH-RH- and TRH tests (author's transl)]. Growth hormone (GH) release was measured in 17 patients with active acromegaly following the administration of insulin, LH-RH and TRH given intravenously either combined or each separately. The simultaneous application of insulin and the hypothalamic releasing hormones resulted in a striking increase of plasma GH in 15 out of 17 patients. Inappropriate stimulation of GH release was found in 9 out of the 17 patients with acromegaly, when TRH was given as the only hormone; conversely this phenomenon due to LH-RH application was observed in 4 cases. In insulin-induced hypoglycemia GH release could be stimulated in 5 patients. After selective, transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, 4 of 13 patients still showed a definite stimulation of GH release after the combined use of test substances. Two of these also exhibited a comparable stimulation of GH after TRH, indicating adenoma cells remaining active after operation. The combined insulin-induced hypoglycemia/LH-RH/TRH-test is therefore advisable for patients with acromegaly, since GH release as well as other hypophyseal partial functions can be tested. The performance of individual tests is essential for evaluating selective stimulation of GH release."}
{"id": "PMID:349262", "title": "Persistence and distribution of Mycobacterium leprae in Aedes aegypti and Culex fatigans experimentally fed on leprosy patients.", "content": "Laboratory reared Aedes aegypti and Culex fatigans were experimentally fed on untreated lepromatous leprosy patients and the proboscides, guts and faeces of the mosquitoes were examiend at 12 hour intervals to determine the persistence and distribution of Mycobacterium leprae. In A. aegypti, bacilli persisted in proboscis till 156 hours, in gut 96 hours, and in faeces 72 hours after feeding. In C. fatigans--proboscides 144 hours, gut 96 hours and faeces 72 hours after feeding. In A. aegypti solid bacilli were present in proboscis upto 96 hours; in gut 48 hours and in faeces 42 hours after feeding. Corresponding figures for C. fatigans were: 144 hours for proboscis, 48 hours for gut, solid bacilli being absent in faeces. The results are discussed from the point of view of arthropod transmission.", "contents": "Persistence and distribution of Mycobacterium leprae in Aedes aegypti and Culex fatigans experimentally fed on leprosy patients. Laboratory reared Aedes aegypti and Culex fatigans were experimentally fed on untreated lepromatous leprosy patients and the proboscides, guts and faeces of the mosquitoes were examiend at 12 hour intervals to determine the persistence and distribution of Mycobacterium leprae. In A. aegypti, bacilli persisted in proboscis till 156 hours, in gut 96 hours, and in faeces 72 hours after feeding. In C. fatigans--proboscides 144 hours, gut 96 hours and faeces 72 hours after feeding. In A. aegypti solid bacilli were present in proboscis upto 96 hours; in gut 48 hours and in faeces 42 hours after feeding. Corresponding figures for C. fatigans were: 144 hours for proboscis, 48 hours for gut, solid bacilli being absent in faeces. The results are discussed from the point of view of arthropod transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:349263", "title": "Study of apparently uninvolved skin in leprosy as regards bacillary population at various sites.", "content": "Slit smears form 16 LL and 4 BL patients were taken from scalp, axilla, inguinal regions and apparently involved skin patch. The bacilli were found in 100% LL and 75% BL patients at all sites. Scalp showed AFB in all LL and 3 out of 4 BL cases. No lesions were seen on the scalp. Bacterial morphology showed no uniform pattern. Contrary to belief, no immune zones were found on the skin as judged by results of bacteriological examination. Our studies do not support the view that the leprosy bacillus has a predilection for sites with relatively low temperature as far as human leprosy is concerned.", "contents": "Study of apparently uninvolved skin in leprosy as regards bacillary population at various sites. Slit smears form 16 LL and 4 BL patients were taken from scalp, axilla, inguinal regions and apparently involved skin patch. The bacilli were found in 100% LL and 75% BL patients at all sites. Scalp showed AFB in all LL and 3 out of 4 BL cases. No lesions were seen on the scalp. Bacterial morphology showed no uniform pattern. Contrary to belief, no immune zones were found on the skin as judged by results of bacteriological examination. Our studies do not support the view that the leprosy bacillus has a predilection for sites with relatively low temperature as far as human leprosy is concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:349264", "title": "Growth of Mycobacterium leprae in thyroxine treated culture medium--a preliminary report.", "content": "A new approach in cultivation of Mycobacterium leprae in thyroxine treated Lowenstein-Jensen media is reported. The method has been proved to be successful as the organisms multiplied and remained viable in the thyroxine solution added at the bottom of the culture vial, for a period of 18 to 20 weeks of incubation at 37 degrees C. This has been possible due to metabolic stimulating action of thyroxine sodium solution as well as diffusion of nutrients into this solution from the medium. Intracutaneous inoculation of culture fluid on the surface of foot pad in cortisone treated mouse helped in rapid appearance of the specific lesion at the site within 20 days after injection. Both the intracutaneous method of inoculation and treatment of mouse with high doses of cortisone may play some role in shortening the period of development of such lesion.", "contents": "Growth of Mycobacterium leprae in thyroxine treated culture medium--a preliminary report. A new approach in cultivation of Mycobacterium leprae in thyroxine treated Lowenstein-Jensen media is reported. The method has been proved to be successful as the organisms multiplied and remained viable in the thyroxine solution added at the bottom of the culture vial, for a period of 18 to 20 weeks of incubation at 37 degrees C. This has been possible due to metabolic stimulating action of thyroxine sodium solution as well as diffusion of nutrients into this solution from the medium. Intracutaneous inoculation of culture fluid on the surface of foot pad in cortisone treated mouse helped in rapid appearance of the specific lesion at the site within 20 days after injection. Both the intracutaneous method of inoculation and treatment of mouse with high doses of cortisone may play some role in shortening the period of development of such lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:349271", "title": "Malacoplakia of a cadaveric renal allograft: a case report.", "content": "A case of malacoplakia in a cadaveric renal allograft is presented. Infection and immunotherapy are presented as possible etiologic factors. The pathogenesis of malacoplakia is discussed with reference to histologic findings in this specific case. The suggestion is made that an altered macrophage response in this disease is the reason for this granulomatous lesion of the bladder.", "contents": "Malacoplakia of a cadaveric renal allograft: a case report. A case of malacoplakia in a cadaveric renal allograft is presented. Infection and immunotherapy are presented as possible etiologic factors. The pathogenesis of malacoplakia is discussed with reference to histologic findings in this specific case. The suggestion is made that an altered macrophage response in this disease is the reason for this granulomatous lesion of the bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:349272", "title": "Immunocytological localization of estrogen in human mammary carcinoma cells by horseradish--anti-horseradish peroxidase complex.", "content": "Tissues from 25 female and 2 male patients of mammary carcinoma were examined by the horseradish--anti-horseradish peroxidase complex to localize the presence of estrogen. Carcinoma cells of 10 females and 2 male patients showed positive staining by this technique. The nucleus and cytoplasmic membrane showed the reaction. This method is useful in identifying the exact location of the hormones or hormone-like substances in the malignant cells and, perhaps, will be of great help in selecting the patients for management.", "contents": "Immunocytological localization of estrogen in human mammary carcinoma cells by horseradish--anti-horseradish peroxidase complex. Tissues from 25 female and 2 male patients of mammary carcinoma were examined by the horseradish--anti-horseradish peroxidase complex to localize the presence of estrogen. Carcinoma cells of 10 females and 2 male patients showed positive staining by this technique. The nucleus and cytoplasmic membrane showed the reaction. This method is useful in identifying the exact location of the hormones or hormone-like substances in the malignant cells and, perhaps, will be of great help in selecting the patients for management."}
{"id": "PMID:349285", "title": "[Concerning the history of origin of the two finest arias of the opera \"arabella\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The excellent cooperation between the Austrian poet Hugo von Hofmannsthal and the Bavarian composer Richard Strauss lasted from 1906 to 1929. The last joint work was the fantastic comedy \"Arabella\". It is reported for the first time that two of the finest arias of this opera were conceived and elaborated in a ward of the Frankfurt University Clinic for Rhinolaryngology immediately after an operation on Richard Strauss in 1928. Various interesting medical and musicological details are reported and documented.", "contents": "[Concerning the history of origin of the two finest arias of the opera \"arabella\" (author's transl)]. The excellent cooperation between the Austrian poet Hugo von Hofmannsthal and the Bavarian composer Richard Strauss lasted from 1906 to 1929. The last joint work was the fantastic comedy \"Arabella\". It is reported for the first time that two of the finest arias of this opera were conceived and elaborated in a ward of the Frankfurt University Clinic for Rhinolaryngology immediately after an operation on Richard Strauss in 1928. Various interesting medical and musicological details are reported and documented."}
{"id": "PMID:349286", "title": "[Werner k\u00fcmmel and Karl Beck as pioneers of the diagnostical and therapeutical punction of the frontal sinus (author's transl)].", "content": "Short bibiolographical review of Werner K\u00fcmmel and Karl Beck especially about their scientifical work concerning diagnostical and therapeutical punction of the frontal sinus.", "contents": "[Werner k\u00fcmmel and Karl Beck as pioneers of the diagnostical and therapeutical punction of the frontal sinus (author's transl)]. Short bibiolographical review of Werner K\u00fcmmel and Karl Beck especially about their scientifical work concerning diagnostical and therapeutical punction of the frontal sinus."}
{"id": "PMID:349287", "title": "[Osteoplastic operation of maxillary sinus (author's transl)].", "content": "An osteoplastic modification of the Caldwell-Luc operation is described. Starting from two small drill holes a quadrangular lid is cut out of the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus using the reciprocating micro-saw after Feldmann. This allows adequate access to the cavity as in the classic procedure. If required the window can be extended in the superior medial angle with rongeurs. After completing the operation within the cavity the osseous lid is reimplanted and fixed with 3 sutures of chromic catgut, which are threaded through small drill holes. By this prodecure prolapse of fat into the sinus is prevented, postoperative closure of the antral nasal window is less likely to occur, the bony structure of the maxilla is restored. Keeping of the reimplant presents no problem. Sequestration or other complications have not been encountered either in suppurative or in polypous sinusitis.", "contents": "[Osteoplastic operation of maxillary sinus (author's transl)]. An osteoplastic modification of the Caldwell-Luc operation is described. Starting from two small drill holes a quadrangular lid is cut out of the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus using the reciprocating micro-saw after Feldmann. This allows adequate access to the cavity as in the classic procedure. If required the window can be extended in the superior medial angle with rongeurs. After completing the operation within the cavity the osseous lid is reimplanted and fixed with 3 sutures of chromic catgut, which are threaded through small drill holes. By this prodecure prolapse of fat into the sinus is prevented, postoperative closure of the antral nasal window is less likely to occur, the bony structure of the maxilla is restored. Keeping of the reimplant presents no problem. Sequestration or other complications have not been encountered either in suppurative or in polypous sinusitis."}
{"id": "PMID:349305", "title": "[Computer-assisted analysis of the echohepatograms of children].", "content": "In order to choose the most informative indicators of echohepatograms characterizing affections of the liver the results of an ultrasonic investigation of the liver were analized by using bSM-6 type computer. It was found that such indicators as the number of peaks, their summary amplitude may be made use of in making differential diagnosis of diverse hepatic lesions in children.", "contents": "[Computer-assisted analysis of the echohepatograms of children]. In order to choose the most informative indicators of echohepatograms characterizing affections of the liver the results of an ultrasonic investigation of the liver were analized by using bSM-6 type computer. It was found that such indicators as the number of peaks, their summary amplitude may be made use of in making differential diagnosis of diverse hepatic lesions in children."}
{"id": "PMID:349319", "title": "Labetalol compared with prindolol plus hydraliazine in the treatment of hypertension: a double-blind cross-over study.", "content": "The hypotensive action of labetalol, a new drug with alpha-adrenoceptor and beta-adrenoceptor blocking action, was compared with that of a combination of prindolol and hydrallazine. Fourteen patients with mild to moderately severe hypertension completed a double-blind cross-over study with treatment periods of eight weeks. Both treatments were effective and, in the doses which were used, produced clinically significant lowering of blood pressure (reduction of mean blood pressure by more than 10 mm Hg) both in clinic and in home blood pressures in 12 of the 14 patients. The action of labetalol (600 mg twice a day) was approximately equivalent to that of prindolol (15 mg twice a day) plus hydrallazine (50 mg three times a day). There was a tendency for the second treatment (irrespective of nature) to be more effective than the first. However, when the results for each treatment were combined, the fall in the blood pressure due to labetalol was practically identical with that due to prindolol and hydrallazine. There were no toxic effects from either treatment and side effects were mild. Labetalol is a useful hypotensive drug with effect similar to that of a combination of a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug and a vasodilator.", "contents": "Labetalol compared with prindolol plus hydraliazine in the treatment of hypertension: a double-blind cross-over study. The hypotensive action of labetalol, a new drug with alpha-adrenoceptor and beta-adrenoceptor blocking action, was compared with that of a combination of prindolol and hydrallazine. Fourteen patients with mild to moderately severe hypertension completed a double-blind cross-over study with treatment periods of eight weeks. Both treatments were effective and, in the doses which were used, produced clinically significant lowering of blood pressure (reduction of mean blood pressure by more than 10 mm Hg) both in clinic and in home blood pressures in 12 of the 14 patients. The action of labetalol (600 mg twice a day) was approximately equivalent to that of prindolol (15 mg twice a day) plus hydrallazine (50 mg three times a day). There was a tendency for the second treatment (irrespective of nature) to be more effective than the first. However, when the results for each treatment were combined, the fall in the blood pressure due to labetalol was practically identical with that due to prindolol and hydrallazine. There were no toxic effects from either treatment and side effects were mild. Labetalol is a useful hypotensive drug with effect similar to that of a combination of a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug and a vasodilator."}
{"id": "PMID:349315", "title": "[Increase in intracellular acid phosphatase activity in dehydrated Saccharomyces cerevisae yeasts].", "content": "Endocellular acid phosphatase was found to be activated in the course of dehydration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and at the beginning of its reactivation. This suggests an increase in the number of lysosomes in the cells. Apparently, a damage of the lysosomal membranes may be one of the factors that cause death of yeast cells upon their dehydration.", "contents": "[Increase in intracellular acid phosphatase activity in dehydrated Saccharomyces cerevisae yeasts]. Endocellular acid phosphatase was found to be activated in the course of dehydration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and at the beginning of its reactivation. This suggests an increase in the number of lysosomes in the cells. Apparently, a damage of the lysosomal membranes may be one of the factors that cause death of yeast cells upon their dehydration."}
{"id": "PMID:349320", "title": "Hyperkinesis and diet: a double-blind crossover trial with a tartrazine challenge.", "content": "A pilot study was conducted on 22 children (19 boys and three girls) aged between four and eight years, who were selected as hyperactive on the basis of developmental history and clinical judgement. Conners' parent-teacher ratings, objective tests of attention, standard perceptualmotor tests and subtests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), were used as response variables. The children were tested before and after four weeks on the elimination diet, after a tartrazine and placebo challenge, and, finally, after a four-week washout period on the diet. Results showed a statistically significant improvement in the mothers' ratings of the children's behaviour after the first four weeks of the diet. The improvement was maintained in a combined analysis of the initial four-week diet period and four-week washout period. This result was not substantiated by the statistical analysis of the results from objective tests. The rating scales and objective tests for the full sample did not show a statistically significant deterioration in the children's behaviour when they were challenged under double-blind test conditions with the Yellow Dye No. 5, tartrazine, and the tests were conducted the day after a two-week challenge period. A comparison of mother ratings of behaviour during challenge and placebo double-blind trial and in the 24 hours preceding tests, in a subgroup of the children who, while on the diet, showed a 25% reduction of symptoms on the Conner's rating scale, indicated a significant challenge effect (P less than 0.025), with mothers reporting more symptoms during the challenge period. Dietary infringements with suspected trigger substances occurred throughout the trial.", "contents": "Hyperkinesis and diet: a double-blind crossover trial with a tartrazine challenge. A pilot study was conducted on 22 children (19 boys and three girls) aged between four and eight years, who were selected as hyperactive on the basis of developmental history and clinical judgement. Conners' parent-teacher ratings, objective tests of attention, standard perceptualmotor tests and subtests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), were used as response variables. The children were tested before and after four weeks on the elimination diet, after a tartrazine and placebo challenge, and, finally, after a four-week washout period on the diet. Results showed a statistically significant improvement in the mothers' ratings of the children's behaviour after the first four weeks of the diet. The improvement was maintained in a combined analysis of the initial four-week diet period and four-week washout period. This result was not substantiated by the statistical analysis of the results from objective tests. The rating scales and objective tests for the full sample did not show a statistically significant deterioration in the children's behaviour when they were challenged under double-blind test conditions with the Yellow Dye No. 5, tartrazine, and the tests were conducted the day after a two-week challenge period. A comparison of mother ratings of behaviour during challenge and placebo double-blind trial and in the 24 hours preceding tests, in a subgroup of the children who, while on the diet, showed a 25% reduction of symptoms on the Conner's rating scale, indicated a significant challenge effect (P less than 0.025), with mothers reporting more symptoms during the challenge period. Dietary infringements with suspected trigger substances occurred throughout the trial."}
{"id": "PMID:349317", "title": "[Characteristics of the metabolism and multiplication of dehydrated Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts during their reactivation].", "content": "The growth of dehydrated and original cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 0-14 was studied in the conditions of reactivation. The identical amount of biomass having the economical growth coefficient of 58-59 percent was accumulated in both variants after 6 hours of growth. The composition and quantitative proportions between free amino acids were studied in the cells of the two cultures. Dehydrated cells lost up to 10 per cent of free amino acids in the course of rehydration. The dynamics of changes in the composition of the amino acid pool in rehydrated dry cells differed from that in pressed yeast cells. By the end of reactivation however, the qualitative composition and the level of the amino acid pool were similar in the cells of the two variants. The yield of growth of reactivated cells in the course of following cultivation was by 16 per cent higher than that of pressed yeast cells grown under the same conditions.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the metabolism and multiplication of dehydrated Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts during their reactivation]. The growth of dehydrated and original cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 0-14 was studied in the conditions of reactivation. The identical amount of biomass having the economical growth coefficient of 58-59 percent was accumulated in both variants after 6 hours of growth. The composition and quantitative proportions between free amino acids were studied in the cells of the two cultures. Dehydrated cells lost up to 10 per cent of free amino acids in the course of rehydration. The dynamics of changes in the composition of the amino acid pool in rehydrated dry cells differed from that in pressed yeast cells. By the end of reactivation however, the qualitative composition and the level of the amino acid pool were similar in the cells of the two variants. The yield of growth of reactivated cells in the course of following cultivation was by 16 per cent higher than that of pressed yeast cells grown under the same conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:349323", "title": "Enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and diarrhoea among newborn babies in Darwin.", "content": "Specimens of Escherichia coli O119B14 isolated from 13 newborn babies during an outbreak of diarrhoea in Darwin Hospital were tested for their ability to produce enterotoxin. Of the 13 isolates tested none was found to produce heat-labile enterotoxin. However, isolates from two of the five diarrhoeal faecal specimens were found to produce moderate levels of heat-stable enterotoxin (ST). It seems like that ST-producing strains of E. coli were responsible for the diarrhoea.", "contents": "Enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and diarrhoea among newborn babies in Darwin. Specimens of Escherichia coli O119B14 isolated from 13 newborn babies during an outbreak of diarrhoea in Darwin Hospital were tested for their ability to produce enterotoxin. Of the 13 isolates tested none was found to produce heat-labile enterotoxin. However, isolates from two of the five diarrhoeal faecal specimens were found to produce moderate levels of heat-stable enterotoxin (ST). It seems like that ST-producing strains of E. coli were responsible for the diarrhoea."}
{"id": "PMID:349324", "title": "An evaluation of oral hexoprenaline sulphate (Ipradol) in exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "The effect of hexoprenaline sulphate (1 mg) administered orally on the fall in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) after exercise was investigated in 20 asthmatic patients. Compared with placebo, the fall in PEFR expressed as a percentage of the resting value (measured immediately before exercise) was less in 16 of the 20 patients in the presence of hexoprenaline sulphate. This consistent amelioration of exercise-induced asthma has not been observed in this laboratory with similar drugs (such as salbutamol and terbutaline). While eight patients were afforded significant protection by the hexoprenaline sulphate, a fall in PEFR after exercise was within the normal range (less than 10% of the resting value) in only four patients.", "contents": "An evaluation of oral hexoprenaline sulphate (Ipradol) in exercise-induced asthma. The effect of hexoprenaline sulphate (1 mg) administered orally on the fall in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) after exercise was investigated in 20 asthmatic patients. Compared with placebo, the fall in PEFR expressed as a percentage of the resting value (measured immediately before exercise) was less in 16 of the 20 patients in the presence of hexoprenaline sulphate. This consistent amelioration of exercise-induced asthma has not been observed in this laboratory with similar drugs (such as salbutamol and terbutaline). While eight patients were afforded significant protection by the hexoprenaline sulphate, a fall in PEFR after exercise was within the normal range (less than 10% of the resting value) in only four patients."}
{"id": "PMID:349325", "title": "Bronchodilator effect of hexoprenaline aerosol in bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis.", "content": "The bronchodilator effects of aerosols of hexoprenaline (200 microgram and 400 microgram), and salbutamol (200 microgram) were compared in 15 patients with asthma, and nine patients with chronic bronchitis. In both groups of patients, hexoprenaline and salbutamol produced a similar increase in the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and mean percentage increase in FEV1. Neither drug caused tachycardia or arrhythmia. It was concluded that hexoprenaline aerosol was a safe and effective bronchodilator.", "contents": "Bronchodilator effect of hexoprenaline aerosol in bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis. The bronchodilator effects of aerosols of hexoprenaline (200 microgram and 400 microgram), and salbutamol (200 microgram) were compared in 15 patients with asthma, and nine patients with chronic bronchitis. In both groups of patients, hexoprenaline and salbutamol produced a similar increase in the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and mean percentage increase in FEV1. Neither drug caused tachycardia or arrhythmia. It was concluded that hexoprenaline aerosol was a safe and effective bronchodilator."}
{"id": "PMID:349328", "title": "NETS: a new system for neonatal transport.", "content": "Neonatal transport in the past has often provided inadequate care for the sick neonate in transit. A new service--the Neonatal Emergency Transport Service--has been set up to improve aspects of neonatal transport. The service provides a team of sisters and doctors who travel to the referring hospital with sophisticated equipment to stabilize the infant, and to accompany the infant in transit. The team pays particular attention to temperature control and adequacy of oxygenation and ventilation. The first nine months' operations are reported, and show significant improvement in condition of the infants on admission to the intensive care unit. The natural consequence of this is the fall in mortality and morbidity of the sick and premature newborn infants. Prenatal transfer of the mother at high-risk remains the preferred form of perinatal transport.", "contents": "NETS: a new system for neonatal transport. Neonatal transport in the past has often provided inadequate care for the sick neonate in transit. A new service--the Neonatal Emergency Transport Service--has been set up to improve aspects of neonatal transport. The service provides a team of sisters and doctors who travel to the referring hospital with sophisticated equipment to stabilize the infant, and to accompany the infant in transit. The team pays particular attention to temperature control and adequacy of oxygenation and ventilation. The first nine months' operations are reported, and show significant improvement in condition of the infants on admission to the intensive care unit. The natural consequence of this is the fall in mortality and morbidity of the sick and premature newborn infants. Prenatal transfer of the mother at high-risk remains the preferred form of perinatal transport."}
{"id": "PMID:349329", "title": "Henry Leighton Jones and his contribution to gland grafting.", "content": "Henry Leighton Jones, the monkey-gland doctor of the Newcastle area during the 1930s, was a man of considerable experience in pharmacy, dentistry, general practice and surgery. His career is outlined in sufficient detail to emphasize that as a result of wide experience and a life of study he may have discovered some important principles of tissue-typing and applied them with success to his gland transplant surgery.", "contents": "Henry Leighton Jones and his contribution to gland grafting. Henry Leighton Jones, the monkey-gland doctor of the Newcastle area during the 1930s, was a man of considerable experience in pharmacy, dentistry, general practice and surgery. His career is outlined in sufficient detail to emphasize that as a result of wide experience and a life of study he may have discovered some important principles of tissue-typing and applied them with success to his gland transplant surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:349346", "title": "[Melanocytes in the epithelium of the gingival mucosa in different conditions of edentia].", "content": "Gingival crest melanocytes were examined in partial and total edentulates (with and without prostheses). Where the epithelium showed signs of epidermisation, the cells displayed their normal form and melanogenetic activity. In the presence of involution (acanthosis, reduction of the surface layers, smallcell infiltration), they withdrew their typical cytoplasmic expansion, while the Dopa reaction revealed poor thyrosinase activity. It is felt that these patterns confirm the epithelio-melanocyte symbiosis theory put forward by Quevedo et al. One total edentulate with a mucosally supported prosthesis displayed Dopa-positive dendritic cells on the gingival corium and tunica propria. These are seen as true melanocytes that had migrated from the epithelium.", "contents": "[Melanocytes in the epithelium of the gingival mucosa in different conditions of edentia]. Gingival crest melanocytes were examined in partial and total edentulates (with and without prostheses). Where the epithelium showed signs of epidermisation, the cells displayed their normal form and melanogenetic activity. In the presence of involution (acanthosis, reduction of the surface layers, smallcell infiltration), they withdrew their typical cytoplasmic expansion, while the Dopa reaction revealed poor thyrosinase activity. It is felt that these patterns confirm the epithelio-melanocyte symbiosis theory put forward by Quevedo et al. One total edentulate with a mucosally supported prosthesis displayed Dopa-positive dendritic cells on the gingival corium and tunica propria. These are seen as true melanocytes that had migrated from the epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:349347", "title": "[A case of difficult diagnostic interpretation].", "content": "Left submandibular adenophlegmon was initially attributed to local dental disease. Recurrence of the symptoms when this was corrected, however, showed that E. coli was responsible, and suitalbe antibiotic management quickly led to a complete cure.", "contents": "[A case of difficult diagnostic interpretation]. Left submandibular adenophlegmon was initially attributed to local dental disease. Recurrence of the symptoms when this was corrected, however, showed that E. coli was responsible, and suitalbe antibiotic management quickly led to a complete cure."}
{"id": "PMID:349350", "title": "Translation and mRNA decay.", "content": "Degradation of messenger RNA from the lactose operon (lac mRNA) was measured during the inhibition of protein synthesis by chloramphenicol (CM) or of translation-initiation by kasugamycin (KAS). With increasing CM concentration mRNA decay becomes slower, but there is no direct proportionality between rates of chemical decay and polypeptide synthesis. During exponential growth lac mRNA is cleaved endonucleolytically (Blundell and Kennell, 1974). At a CM concentration which completely inhibits all polypeptide synthesis this cleavage is blocked. In contrast, if only the initiation of translation is blocked by addition of KAS, the cleavage rate as well as the rate of chemical decay are increased significantly without delay. These faster rates do not result from immediate degradation of the lengthening stretch of ribosome-free proximal message, since the full-length size is present and the same discrete message sizes are generated during inhibition. These results suggest that neither ribosomes nor translation play an active role in the degradative process. Rather, targets can be protected by the proximity of a ribosome, and without nearly ribosomes the probability of cleavage becomes very high. During normal growth there is a certain probability that any message is in such a vulnerable state, and the fraction of vulnerable molecules determines the inactivation rate of that species.", "contents": "Translation and mRNA decay. Degradation of messenger RNA from the lactose operon (lac mRNA) was measured during the inhibition of protein synthesis by chloramphenicol (CM) or of translation-initiation by kasugamycin (KAS). With increasing CM concentration mRNA decay becomes slower, but there is no direct proportionality between rates of chemical decay and polypeptide synthesis. During exponential growth lac mRNA is cleaved endonucleolytically (Blundell and Kennell, 1974). At a CM concentration which completely inhibits all polypeptide synthesis this cleavage is blocked. In contrast, if only the initiation of translation is blocked by addition of KAS, the cleavage rate as well as the rate of chemical decay are increased significantly without delay. These faster rates do not result from immediate degradation of the lengthening stretch of ribosome-free proximal message, since the full-length size is present and the same discrete message sizes are generated during inhibition. These results suggest that neither ribosomes nor translation play an active role in the degradative process. Rather, targets can be protected by the proximity of a ribosome, and without nearly ribosomes the probability of cleavage becomes very high. During normal growth there is a certain probability that any message is in such a vulnerable state, and the fraction of vulnerable molecules determines the inactivation rate of that species."}
{"id": "PMID:349351", "title": "Genetic studies of the ribosomal proteins in Escherichia coli. XI. Mapping of the genes for L21, L27, S15 and S21 by using hybrid bacteria and over-production of these proteins in the merodiploid strains.", "content": "E. coli episomes which cover argG region were transferred to S. marcescens and ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) from these hybrid strains were analyzed by two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three E. coli r-proteins L21, L27 and S15 could be detected in the ribosomes from the hybrid strains. The relative rate of synthesis of the individual r-proteins were determined for E. coli merodiploid strains harboring these episomes. Over-production of three r-proteins L21, L27 and S21 (but not S15) was observed in the merodiploid strains.", "contents": "Genetic studies of the ribosomal proteins in Escherichia coli. XI. Mapping of the genes for L21, L27, S15 and S21 by using hybrid bacteria and over-production of these proteins in the merodiploid strains. E. coli episomes which cover argG region were transferred to S. marcescens and ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) from these hybrid strains were analyzed by two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three E. coli r-proteins L21, L27 and S15 could be detected in the ribosomes from the hybrid strains. The relative rate of synthesis of the individual r-proteins were determined for E. coli merodiploid strains harboring these episomes. Over-production of three r-proteins L21, L27 and S21 (but not S15) was observed in the merodiploid strains."}
{"id": "PMID:349348", "title": "[The problem of taking dental impressions in acquired microstomia].", "content": "Two cases of severe cicatricial atresia of the oral rima with total edentia are reported. These patients present considerable problems when impressions of the dental arches have to be obtained. To make the labial tissues more elastic and in the attempt to increase rimal space, a perilabial collar of resin is made. Using the normal silicon-based synthetic elastomers, a first mould can be obtained directly in the mouth. This in its turn is filled with a more fluid elastic material and set in the mouth. From this initial impression, a chalk model can be obtained and from this an individual silicon mould is made from which a more accurate final impression is possible. In order to adjust the occlusion and test the teeth, a resin plate is prepared. This can be detached from the wax and fitted into the mouth. The standard methods are then employed to make the body of the prosthesis.", "contents": "[The problem of taking dental impressions in acquired microstomia]. Two cases of severe cicatricial atresia of the oral rima with total edentia are reported. These patients present considerable problems when impressions of the dental arches have to be obtained. To make the labial tissues more elastic and in the attempt to increase rimal space, a perilabial collar of resin is made. Using the normal silicon-based synthetic elastomers, a first mould can be obtained directly in the mouth. This in its turn is filled with a more fluid elastic material and set in the mouth. From this initial impression, a chalk model can be obtained and from this an individual silicon mould is made from which a more accurate final impression is possible. In order to adjust the occlusion and test the teeth, a resin plate is prepared. This can be detached from the wax and fitted into the mouth. The standard methods are then employed to make the body of the prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:349352", "title": "Janus green resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: interaction of nuclear and cytoplasmic factors.", "content": "Janus green B was found to be a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial function in yeast. This is consistent with the Janus green specificity in supravital staining of mitochondria. A mutant of S. Cerevisiae resistant to Janus green B was isolated. It shows cross resistance to oligomycin, ethidium bromide and a weak resistance to chlormaphenicol. The mutant was found to be sensitive to cycloheximide and erythromycin. Genetic analysis of this mutant showed that mitochondrial genes are not involved in the determination of Janus Green resistance. Tetrad analysis suggested that two more more nuclear genes are concerned, but many unusal genetic features suggestive of the involvement of a cytoplasmic element remain to be explained.", "contents": "Janus green resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: interaction of nuclear and cytoplasmic factors. Janus green B was found to be a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial function in yeast. This is consistent with the Janus green specificity in supravital staining of mitochondria. A mutant of S. Cerevisiae resistant to Janus green B was isolated. It shows cross resistance to oligomycin, ethidium bromide and a weak resistance to chlormaphenicol. The mutant was found to be sensitive to cycloheximide and erythromycin. Genetic analysis of this mutant showed that mitochondrial genes are not involved in the determination of Janus Green resistance. Tetrad analysis suggested that two more more nuclear genes are concerned, but many unusal genetic features suggestive of the involvement of a cytoplasmic element remain to be explained."}
{"id": "PMID:349353", "title": "Chemical cross-linking of protein to RNA within intact ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Bifunctional reagents, namely bis-(2-chloroethyl)-amine (\"nitrogen mustard\") and activated esters of 3-(2-bromo-3-oxobutane-1-sulphonyl)-propionic acid (\"bromo-ketone reagent\") are used to cross-linked protein to RNA within intact ribosomal subunits. The cross-linked proteins are analysed on two different two-dimensional gel electrophoresis sytems, and the existence of a stable cross-linkage is demonstrated by isolating cross-linked protein-oligonucleotide complexes from subunits containing 32P-labelled RNA. Proteins S3, S4, S5, S9/S11 and S13 from the 30S subunit, and proteins L1 and L2 from the 50S subunit were cross-linked to RNA by the nitrogen mustard, together with a number of other so far unresolved proteins. Correspondingly S3, S4, S7, S9/S11 and L12 were cross-linked by the bromoketone reagent, although in lower yield. The reagents should prove useful topographical studies on ribosomal subunits, and arguments are presented favouring the use of non-cleavable and relatively non-specific RNA-protein cross-linking reagents for such studies.", "contents": "Chemical cross-linking of protein to RNA within intact ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli. Bifunctional reagents, namely bis-(2-chloroethyl)-amine (\"nitrogen mustard\") and activated esters of 3-(2-bromo-3-oxobutane-1-sulphonyl)-propionic acid (\"bromo-ketone reagent\") are used to cross-linked protein to RNA within intact ribosomal subunits. The cross-linked proteins are analysed on two different two-dimensional gel electrophoresis sytems, and the existence of a stable cross-linkage is demonstrated by isolating cross-linked protein-oligonucleotide complexes from subunits containing 32P-labelled RNA. Proteins S3, S4, S5, S9/S11 and S13 from the 30S subunit, and proteins L1 and L2 from the 50S subunit were cross-linked to RNA by the nitrogen mustard, together with a number of other so far unresolved proteins. Correspondingly S3, S4, S7, S9/S11 and L12 were cross-linked by the bromoketone reagent, although in lower yield. The reagents should prove useful topographical studies on ribosomal subunits, and arguments are presented favouring the use of non-cleavable and relatively non-specific RNA-protein cross-linking reagents for such studies."}
{"id": "PMID:349354", "title": "Tn951: a new transposon carrying a lactose operon.", "content": "A new transposon, Tn951, is described, which derives from plasmid pGC1, originally isolated from Yersinia enterocolitica. Tn951 is 16.6 kb long and presumably flanked by small inverted repeats. It carries the lac genes i, z and y. This lac system is homologous to the E. coli lac operon. However, homology is restricted to 5.6 kb. The DNA sequences surrounding the lac operons on Tn951 and E. coli are nonhomologous. This leads to speculations about the origin of the E. coli lac operon itself.", "contents": "Tn951: a new transposon carrying a lactose operon. A new transposon, Tn951, is described, which derives from plasmid pGC1, originally isolated from Yersinia enterocolitica. Tn951 is 16.6 kb long and presumably flanked by small inverted repeats. It carries the lac genes i, z and y. This lac system is homologous to the E. coli lac operon. However, homology is restricted to 5.6 kb. The DNA sequences surrounding the lac operons on Tn951 and E. coli are nonhomologous. This leads to speculations about the origin of the E. coli lac operon itself."}
{"id": "PMID:349355", "title": "Laboratoire de Chimie Bact\u00e9rienne C.N.R.S., Marsielle, France.", "content": "Mutants of E. coli, completely devoid of nitrite reductase activity with glucose or formate as donor were studied. Biochemical analysis indicates that they are simultaneously affected in nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, fumarate reductase and hydrogenase activities as well as in cytochrome C552 biosynthesis. The use of an antiserum specific for nitrate reductase shows that the nitrate reductase protein is probably missing. A single mutation is responsible for this phenotype: the gene affected, nir R, is located close to tyr R i.e. at 29 min on the chromosomal map.", "contents": "Laboratoire de Chimie Bact\u00e9rienne C.N.R.S., Marsielle, France. Mutants of E. coli, completely devoid of nitrite reductase activity with glucose or formate as donor were studied. Biochemical analysis indicates that they are simultaneously affected in nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, fumarate reductase and hydrogenase activities as well as in cytochrome C552 biosynthesis. The use of an antiserum specific for nitrate reductase shows that the nitrate reductase protein is probably missing. A single mutation is responsible for this phenotype: the gene affected, nir R, is located close to tyr R i.e. at 29 min on the chromosomal map."}
{"id": "PMID:349356", "title": "A correlation between shortened life span and UV-sensitivity in some strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "From a UV-irradiated sample of diploid cells several clones were isolated, which produced cells with a shortened life span. A closer examination of three of these clones showed among other deviations from the wild type a higher sensitivity to UV-irradiation. Three other clones, which were selected from a haploid strains as UV-sensitive mutants, proved to be shortlived as well. In all these strains photoreactivation and liquid holding reactivation were unimpaired. There was no cross-sensitivity to X-irradiation. The correlation between shortened life span and UV-sensitivity is discussed.", "contents": "A correlation between shortened life span and UV-sensitivity in some strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. From a UV-irradiated sample of diploid cells several clones were isolated, which produced cells with a shortened life span. A closer examination of three of these clones showed among other deviations from the wild type a higher sensitivity to UV-irradiation. Three other clones, which were selected from a haploid strains as UV-sensitive mutants, proved to be shortlived as well. In all these strains photoreactivation and liquid holding reactivation were unimpaired. There was no cross-sensitivity to X-irradiation. The correlation between shortened life span and UV-sensitivity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:349359", "title": "[Nucleotide and oligonucleotide derivatives--a research tool of molecular biology].", "content": "The work of the authors are discussed, that they have been engaged in since the late forties, on synthesis and investigation of mono- and oligonucleotide derivatives. One class of mixed biopolymers (mono (oligo) nucleotides) is used to demonstrate the effect of covalent and noncovalent intramolecular interactions on the character of various protein-nucleic acid contacts. General approaches to creating regioselective reagents are outlined, that can be widely used for modification of both proteins and nucleic acids. Designing and application of some of such reagents is analyzed.", "contents": "[Nucleotide and oligonucleotide derivatives--a research tool of molecular biology]. The work of the authors are discussed, that they have been engaged in since the late forties, on synthesis and investigation of mono- and oligonucleotide derivatives. One class of mixed biopolymers (mono (oligo) nucleotides) is used to demonstrate the effect of covalent and noncovalent intramolecular interactions on the character of various protein-nucleic acid contacts. General approaches to creating regioselective reagents are outlined, that can be widely used for modification of both proteins and nucleic acids. Designing and application of some of such reagents is analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:349360", "title": "[Template properties of the decadeoxynucleotide d(pCCACGAAACC) in the RNA polymerase system of Escherichia coli].", "content": "The decadeoxynucleotide d(pCCACGAAACC) transcription by E. coli RNA-polymerase was studied. The transcript was shown to be several times longer than the template. The oligonucleotide GpGpGpGpUp complementary to the \"contact\" of two neighbouring template molecules was found in the pancreatic RNase digest of the RNA-product. This fact is consistent with our hypothesis reported recently. Pentanucleotide d(pGGTTT) may funtion as a primer in the decadeoxynucleotide transcription being incorporated into RNA.", "contents": "[Template properties of the decadeoxynucleotide d(pCCACGAAACC) in the RNA polymerase system of Escherichia coli]. The decadeoxynucleotide d(pCCACGAAACC) transcription by E. coli RNA-polymerase was studied. The transcript was shown to be several times longer than the template. The oligonucleotide GpGpGpGpUp complementary to the \"contact\" of two neighbouring template molecules was found in the pancreatic RNase digest of the RNA-product. This fact is consistent with our hypothesis reported recently. Pentanucleotide d(pGGTTT) may funtion as a primer in the decadeoxynucleotide transcription being incorporated into RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:349362", "title": "[Study of the structure of tRNA by the energy migration method using fluorescent labels covalently bound to specific tRNA loci].", "content": "Optical and fluorescent characteristics of fluorescein covalently attached to 3'-end of tRNAFhe and X-nucleotide in the extra arm of several species of tRNA from E. coli have been studied. The probe is shown to be a sensitive factor indicating the conformational change of tRNA induced by Mg2+ and Na+ ions. By measuring the extent of energy transfer the distances between the fluorescent probe attached to 3'-terminus and X-nucleotide of tRNA and specific binding site of ethidium bromide on tRNA were determined to be 40.5 A and 32.5 A, respectively. The distances measured are in good agreement with the NMR spectroscopy data showing that the specific binding site for ethidium bromide on tRNA is localised near the sixth base pair of the acceptor stem.", "contents": "[Study of the structure of tRNA by the energy migration method using fluorescent labels covalently bound to specific tRNA loci]. Optical and fluorescent characteristics of fluorescein covalently attached to 3'-end of tRNAFhe and X-nucleotide in the extra arm of several species of tRNA from E. coli have been studied. The probe is shown to be a sensitive factor indicating the conformational change of tRNA induced by Mg2+ and Na+ ions. By measuring the extent of energy transfer the distances between the fluorescent probe attached to 3'-terminus and X-nucleotide of tRNA and specific binding site of ethidium bromide on tRNA were determined to be 40.5 A and 32.5 A, respectively. The distances measured are in good agreement with the NMR spectroscopy data showing that the specific binding site for ethidium bromide on tRNA is localised near the sixth base pair of the acceptor stem."}
{"id": "PMID:349361", "title": "[State of DNA slots in mono- and oligonucleosomes and in DNA complexes with individual histones].", "content": "The state of the major and the minor DNA grooves in purified mono- and oligonucleosomes and in the complexes of DNA with different histones have been studied by means of methylation of DNA with dimethyl sulphate. In nucleosomes histones shielded major groove by 18--20%. This result agrees well with our previous data obtained with chromatin, nuclei and whole cells. Each of the purified histones H2a, H2b, H3 and H4 as well as N-terminal peptides of H4 histone cause relative shielding of the DNA major groove by 15--18% like whole histone does. H1 histone protects neither DNA grooves from methylation. Our results suggest that histones are buried partly in the major groove of DNA in chromatin and purified nucleosomes. The arrangement of histones in the major groove does not depend probably on their specific organization in nucleosomes.", "contents": "[State of DNA slots in mono- and oligonucleosomes and in DNA complexes with individual histones]. The state of the major and the minor DNA grooves in purified mono- and oligonucleosomes and in the complexes of DNA with different histones have been studied by means of methylation of DNA with dimethyl sulphate. In nucleosomes histones shielded major groove by 18--20%. This result agrees well with our previous data obtained with chromatin, nuclei and whole cells. Each of the purified histones H2a, H2b, H3 and H4 as well as N-terminal peptides of H4 histone cause relative shielding of the DNA major groove by 15--18% like whole histone does. H1 histone protects neither DNA grooves from methylation. Our results suggest that histones are buried partly in the major groove of DNA in chromatin and purified nucleosomes. The arrangement of histones in the major groove does not depend probably on their specific organization in nucleosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:349363", "title": "[Peptidyl transferase center of ribosomes. I. Difference in the substrate specificity of the acceptor and donor portions].", "content": "Some model substrates of the peptidyl transferase centre of E. coli MRE-600 ribosomes were synthesised and tested in a cell-free system without a template. In these substances the nucleic bases were linked covalently with the ribose residue or had a limited rotation about the glycosidic bond. 3'(2')-O-(N-formylmethionyl)-8-bromoadenosine 5'-phosphate and 3'(2')-O-phenylalanyl-8,5'-anhydro-8-mercaptoadenosine were shown to possess a high peptide donor and acceptor activity correspondingly. Contrary to that 3'(2')-O-phenylalanyl-8-bromoadenosine was practically inactive as a peptide acceptor and 3'(2')-O-(N-formylmethionyl)-8,5'-anhydro-8-mercaptoadenosine had no peptide donor activity at all. PMR and CD spectra of the compounds synthesised were investigated. The significance of conformation of the model substrates on their activity is discussed.", "contents": "[Peptidyl transferase center of ribosomes. I. Difference in the substrate specificity of the acceptor and donor portions]. Some model substrates of the peptidyl transferase centre of E. coli MRE-600 ribosomes were synthesised and tested in a cell-free system without a template. In these substances the nucleic bases were linked covalently with the ribose residue or had a limited rotation about the glycosidic bond. 3'(2')-O-(N-formylmethionyl)-8-bromoadenosine 5'-phosphate and 3'(2')-O-phenylalanyl-8,5'-anhydro-8-mercaptoadenosine were shown to possess a high peptide donor and acceptor activity correspondingly. Contrary to that 3'(2')-O-phenylalanyl-8-bromoadenosine was practically inactive as a peptide acceptor and 3'(2')-O-(N-formylmethionyl)-8,5'-anhydro-8-mercaptoadenosine had no peptide donor activity at all. PMR and CD spectra of the compounds synthesised were investigated. The significance of conformation of the model substrates on their activity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:349364", "title": "[Formation of the compact form of DNA in solution after reaction with spermidine].", "content": "The formation of compact particles from double-stranded DNA molecules in water-salt solutions containing spermidine was studied. It has been shown that in solutions of low ionic strength (0.01 M NaCl) DNA-spermidine complexes have the form of large particles which scatter UV-light. Electron micrographs show that such complexes formed at certain molar ratios spermidine/DNA may exist both as intermolecular aggregates and as toroidal particles 1500 A in diameter. The CD spectra of solutions containing DNA-spermidine complexes are characterized by the positive band (delta epsilon max = 10) at 265--270 nm. The appearance of the positive CD band may be caused by two factors: interaction between DNA and spermidine may lead to the alteration of the DNA secondary structure \"in direction to A-form\" or intermolecular aggregation, which may change the initial shape of the CD spectrum. The exclusion of spermidine molecules from DNA-spermidine complexes by Na+ ions in presence of poly(ethylene glycol) which occurs as the ionic strength increases from 0.01 to 0.3 does not lead to decompactization of DNA molecules but is accompained by the appearance of the intense negative CD band at 270 nm.", "contents": "[Formation of the compact form of DNA in solution after reaction with spermidine]. The formation of compact particles from double-stranded DNA molecules in water-salt solutions containing spermidine was studied. It has been shown that in solutions of low ionic strength (0.01 M NaCl) DNA-spermidine complexes have the form of large particles which scatter UV-light. Electron micrographs show that such complexes formed at certain molar ratios spermidine/DNA may exist both as intermolecular aggregates and as toroidal particles 1500 A in diameter. The CD spectra of solutions containing DNA-spermidine complexes are characterized by the positive band (delta epsilon max = 10) at 265--270 nm. The appearance of the positive CD band may be caused by two factors: interaction between DNA and spermidine may lead to the alteration of the DNA secondary structure \"in direction to A-form\" or intermolecular aggregation, which may change the initial shape of the CD spectrum. The exclusion of spermidine molecules from DNA-spermidine complexes by Na+ ions in presence of poly(ethylene glycol) which occurs as the ionic strength increases from 0.01 to 0.3 does not lead to decompactization of DNA molecules but is accompained by the appearance of the intense negative CD band at 270 nm."}
{"id": "PMID:349372", "title": "Biochemical analysis of damage induced in yeast by formaldehyde. I. Induction of single-strand breaks in DNA and their repair.", "content": "Analysis of sedimentation  profiles in alkaline sucrose gradients showed that, through a metabolic process, formaldehyde (FA) produced single-strand breaks in DNA of exponential phase cells of haploid wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The production of this type of lesion was dose-dependent. Strains defective in excision-repair of pyrimidine dimers induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation showed a reduced capacity to undergo single-stand breaks after treatment with FA. This indicates that the repair pathways of damage induced by UV and FA share a common step. Post-treatment incubation of wild-type cells in growth medium indicate a lag in cell division during which a slow recovery of DNA with a normal size was observed.", "contents": "Biochemical analysis of damage induced in yeast by formaldehyde. I. Induction of single-strand breaks in DNA and their repair. Analysis of sedimentation  profiles in alkaline sucrose gradients showed that, through a metabolic process, formaldehyde (FA) produced single-strand breaks in DNA of exponential phase cells of haploid wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The production of this type of lesion was dose-dependent. Strains defective in excision-repair of pyrimidine dimers induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation showed a reduced capacity to undergo single-stand breaks after treatment with FA. This indicates that the repair pathways of damage induced by UV and FA share a common step. Post-treatment incubation of wild-type cells in growth medium indicate a lag in cell division during which a slow recovery of DNA with a normal size was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:349373", "title": "Dose-rate effects of 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365-NM irradiation on cell killing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Tow types of dose-rate effect that alter the survival response of haploid yeast cells to 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus treatment with irradiation at 365 nm were studied. (1) When the concentration of 8-MOP was varied between 9.2 X 10(-5) and 2.3 X 10(-8) M and the dose rate of 365-nm irradiation kept constant, the efficiency of the irradiation for killing increased relatively to that of 8-MOP whe the concentration of 8-MOP decreased. This indicated that there was no strict reciprocity between radiation dose and concentration of drug. (2) When the dose rate of radiation was varied between 0.66 X 10(3) and 108 X 10(3) J m-2 h-1 and the concentration of 8-MOP was kept constant, the survival of wild-type cells increased strikingly at low dose rates of radiation as compared with high dose rates. Cells responded more to changes at low dose rates than to equal changes a high dose rates. The high resistance of wild-type cells to 8-MOP plus radiation delivered at low dose rates absent from rad 1-3 cells defective in excision-repair. This suggests that the dose-rate effect seen in wild-type cells depended at least in part on an active excision-repair function. At low dose rates of radiation, the shoulder of the survival curve for rad1-3 cells, i.e. the ability to accumulate sub-lethal damage, was increased by a factor of about 2 when compared with that seen at a high dose rate. Thus it is likely that at low dose rates a repair function other than excision-resynthesis may operate in rad1-3 cells.", "contents": "Dose-rate effects of 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365-NM irradiation on cell killing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Tow types of dose-rate effect that alter the survival response of haploid yeast cells to 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus treatment with irradiation at 365 nm were studied. (1) When the concentration of 8-MOP was varied between 9.2 X 10(-5) and 2.3 X 10(-8) M and the dose rate of 365-nm irradiation kept constant, the efficiency of the irradiation for killing increased relatively to that of 8-MOP whe the concentration of 8-MOP decreased. This indicated that there was no strict reciprocity between radiation dose and concentration of drug. (2) When the dose rate of radiation was varied between 0.66 X 10(3) and 108 X 10(3) J m-2 h-1 and the concentration of 8-MOP was kept constant, the survival of wild-type cells increased strikingly at low dose rates of radiation as compared with high dose rates. Cells responded more to changes at low dose rates than to equal changes a high dose rates. The high resistance of wild-type cells to 8-MOP plus radiation delivered at low dose rates absent from rad 1-3 cells defective in excision-repair. This suggests that the dose-rate effect seen in wild-type cells depended at least in part on an active excision-repair function. At low dose rates of radiation, the shoulder of the survival curve for rad1-3 cells, i.e. the ability to accumulate sub-lethal damage, was increased by a factor of about 2 when compared with that seen at a high dose rate. Thus it is likely that at low dose rates a repair function other than excision-resynthesis may operate in rad1-3 cells."}
{"id": "PMID:349374", "title": "Heritable translocation test on random-bred mice after prolonged triethylenemelamine treatment.", "content": "Heritable translocation and dominant lethal tests were conducted with random-bred Swiss albino male mice. The animals were provided drinking water containing triethylenemelamine (TEM) for 4 weeks, and were then mated for 3 successive weeks for analysis of dominant lethality and production of F1 progeny. Potential translocation carriers among F1 males were selected after two breedings and confirmed by cytogenetic analysis. Translocation heterozygotes were obtained in offspring of the TEM-treated groups, but not in the control groups. In F1 males produced from the first week of mating, the frequencies of translocations were 0, 1.78 6.2 and 10.0% for the control group and groups receiving TEM at 0.0125, 0.025 and 0.050 mg/kg/day, respectively, and in those produced from the third week of mating, the values were 0 and 2.1%, respectively, for the control group and the group receiving TEM at 0.050 mg/kg/day. F1 males from the second week of mating were not studied for the induction of heritable translocations. TEM-induced dominant lethality and heritable translocations were most prominent in the first week of mating after 4 weeks of treatment. In addition, heritable translocations appeared to be a more sensitive endpoint than dominant lethal mutations for the measurement of mutagenic effects of TEM.", "contents": "Heritable translocation test on random-bred mice after prolonged triethylenemelamine treatment. Heritable translocation and dominant lethal tests were conducted with random-bred Swiss albino male mice. The animals were provided drinking water containing triethylenemelamine (TEM) for 4 weeks, and were then mated for 3 successive weeks for analysis of dominant lethality and production of F1 progeny. Potential translocation carriers among F1 males were selected after two breedings and confirmed by cytogenetic analysis. Translocation heterozygotes were obtained in offspring of the TEM-treated groups, but not in the control groups. In F1 males produced from the first week of mating, the frequencies of translocations were 0, 1.78 6.2 and 10.0% for the control group and groups receiving TEM at 0.0125, 0.025 and 0.050 mg/kg/day, respectively, and in those produced from the third week of mating, the values were 0 and 2.1%, respectively, for the control group and the group receiving TEM at 0.050 mg/kg/day. F1 males from the second week of mating were not studied for the induction of heritable translocations. TEM-induced dominant lethality and heritable translocations were most prominent in the first week of mating after 4 weeks of treatment. In addition, heritable translocations appeared to be a more sensitive endpoint than dominant lethal mutations for the measurement of mutagenic effects of TEM."}
{"id": "PMID:349375", "title": "A critique of the collaborative cytogenetics study to measure and minimize interlaboratory variation.", "content": "A statistical reanalysis was performed on the data fecently reported on a 6-laboratory, collaborative cytogenetic study to measure and minimize interlaboratory variation. Three of the laboratories had mean values significantly different from the others on most of the 6 indexes of chemically-induced aberration; one laboratory with values higher and two with values lower. Furthermore, relative variability of the values around the means was consistently lower in one of the 6 participating laborabories. The results of the reanalysis of this collaborative study demonstrates that significant interlaboratory differences exist and that these should be adjusted or diminished before rat cytogenetic analysis can be an effective test system for evaluation of a compound for mutagenic potential.", "contents": "A critique of the collaborative cytogenetics study to measure and minimize interlaboratory variation. A statistical reanalysis was performed on the data fecently reported on a 6-laboratory, collaborative cytogenetic study to measure and minimize interlaboratory variation. Three of the laboratories had mean values significantly different from the others on most of the 6 indexes of chemically-induced aberration; one laboratory with values higher and two with values lower. Furthermore, relative variability of the values around the means was consistently lower in one of the 6 participating laborabories. The results of the reanalysis of this collaborative study demonstrates that significant interlaboratory differences exist and that these should be adjusted or diminished before rat cytogenetic analysis can be an effective test system for evaluation of a compound for mutagenic potential."}
{"id": "PMID:349379", "title": "Concurrent quality assurance in hospital care. Report of a study by Private Initiative in PSRO.", "content": "To test the feasibility and effects of incorporating concurrent quality assurance (CQA) into the concurrent utilization reviews required by PSRO's, adherence to essential criteria of medical care and attainment of expected immediate outcomes were monitored prospectively in 5604 cases of seven conditions in 24 experimental and 26 control hospitals in five PSRO areas. CQA was not consistently associated with improved documentation in records, but was associated with slightly better adherence to treatment criteria in all five PSRO areas (P less than 0.03). Adherence to pooled documentation or treatment criteria was unrelated to outcomes. However, failure to adhere to disease-specific scientifically validated treatment criteria was associated with unsatisfactory outcomes in bacterial pneumonia (P less than 0.01) and acute myocardial infarction (P less than 0.02). CQA was professionally acceptable, technically feasible and compatible with PSRO reviews. Given adequate physician support, CQA can produce slightly greater adherence to treatment criteria. If the criteria are valid, adherence may lead to improved immediate outcomes in some diseases.", "contents": "Concurrent quality assurance in hospital care. Report of a study by Private Initiative in PSRO. To test the feasibility and effects of incorporating concurrent quality assurance (CQA) into the concurrent utilization reviews required by PSRO's, adherence to essential criteria of medical care and attainment of expected immediate outcomes were monitored prospectively in 5604 cases of seven conditions in 24 experimental and 26 control hospitals in five PSRO areas. CQA was not consistently associated with improved documentation in records, but was associated with slightly better adherence to treatment criteria in all five PSRO areas (P less than 0.03). Adherence to pooled documentation or treatment criteria was unrelated to outcomes. However, failure to adhere to disease-specific scientifically validated treatment criteria was associated with unsatisfactory outcomes in bacterial pneumonia (P less than 0.01) and acute myocardial infarction (P less than 0.02). CQA was professionally acceptable, technically feasible and compatible with PSRO reviews. Given adequate physician support, CQA can produce slightly greater adherence to treatment criteria. If the criteria are valid, adherence may lead to improved immediate outcomes in some diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:349386", "title": "Asymptomatic structural liver disease in hemophilia.", "content": "In a study of persistent abnormalities of liver-function tests in hemophilic patients deficient in factor VIII or IX and treated with factor VIII or IX concentrates, we examined 14 liver biopsies from 13 anti-HBs-positive patients. None had any symptoms of liver disease. All had chronically abnormal levels of alanine aminotransferase. Histologic studies showed chronic persistent hepatitis in eight patients, chronic active hepatitis in four and fatty infiltration with portal fibrosis in one. Indirect immunofluorescence of antiserums containing anti-HBs or anti-HBc (or both) revealed nuclear and cytoplasmic fluorescence in the hepatocytes of eight of 12 patients. Specificity testing of these antiserums confirmed that hepatitis B viral markers are present in the hepatocytes of these anti-HBs-positive patients. These histologic derangements are probably related to frequent treatment with blood products obtained from multiple donors and to the persistance of hepatitis B virus in hepatocytes despite the presence of circulating anti-HBs.", "contents": "Asymptomatic structural liver disease in hemophilia. In a study of persistent abnormalities of liver-function tests in hemophilic patients deficient in factor VIII or IX and treated with factor VIII or IX concentrates, we examined 14 liver biopsies from 13 anti-HBs-positive patients. None had any symptoms of liver disease. All had chronically abnormal levels of alanine aminotransferase. Histologic studies showed chronic persistent hepatitis in eight patients, chronic active hepatitis in four and fatty infiltration with portal fibrosis in one. Indirect immunofluorescence of antiserums containing anti-HBs or anti-HBc (or both) revealed nuclear and cytoplasmic fluorescence in the hepatocytes of eight of 12 patients. Specificity testing of these antiserums confirmed that hepatitis B viral markers are present in the hepatocytes of these anti-HBs-positive patients. These histologic derangements are probably related to frequent treatment with blood products obtained from multiple donors and to the persistance of hepatitis B virus in hepatocytes despite the presence of circulating anti-HBs."}
{"id": "PMID:349387", "title": "Use of radiolabeled antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen for the detection and localization of diverse cancers by external photoscanning.", "content": "To determine whether tumors containing carcinoembryonic antigen could be detected by administration of a radiolabeled, affinity-purified, goat lgG having 70 per cent immunoreactivity against carcinoembryonic antigen, 18 patients with a history of cancer of diverse histopathology received an average total dose of 1.0 mCi of 131l-labeled lgG. Total-body photoscans were performed with a gamma scintillation camera at various intervals after administration of the radioactive antibody. Ordinary photoscans proved difficult to interpret because of blood-pool background radioactivity, thus necessitating the computer subtraction of radioactive blood-pool agents from the antibody's 131l activity. Tumor location could be demonstrated at 48 hours after injection in almost all cases studied. The scans were negative in patients without demonstrable tumors or with tumors apparently devoid of carcinoembryonic antigen. Circulating antigen levels of up to 350 ng per milliliter did not prevent successful tumor imaging after injection of the radioantibody.", "contents": "Use of radiolabeled antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen for the detection and localization of diverse cancers by external photoscanning. To determine whether tumors containing carcinoembryonic antigen could be detected by administration of a radiolabeled, affinity-purified, goat lgG having 70 per cent immunoreactivity against carcinoembryonic antigen, 18 patients with a history of cancer of diverse histopathology received an average total dose of 1.0 mCi of 131l-labeled lgG. Total-body photoscans were performed with a gamma scintillation camera at various intervals after administration of the radioactive antibody. Ordinary photoscans proved difficult to interpret because of blood-pool background radioactivity, thus necessitating the computer subtraction of radioactive blood-pool agents from the antibody's 131l activity. Tumor location could be demonstrated at 48 hours after injection in almost all cases studied. The scans were negative in patients without demonstrable tumors or with tumors apparently devoid of carcinoembryonic antigen. Circulating antigen levels of up to 350 ng per milliliter did not prevent successful tumor imaging after injection of the radioantibody."}
{"id": "PMID:349389", "title": "Role of the renin-angiotensin system in post-transplantation hypertension in patients with multiple kidneys.", "content": "To define the role of the renin-angiotensin system in post-transplantation hypertension we studied 12 hypertensive recipients of renal transplants. The patients received saralasin acetate, an angiotensin II antagonist, while on a normal sodium diet and again after seven days of sodium restriction. In six patients with only one kidney, saralasin did not lower blood pressure on either diet; salt depletion did not lower systolic or diastolic blood pressures. In six patients with more than one kidney, salt depletion also did not lower blood pressure; however, salt depletion plus saralasin lowered their systolic pressures from a mean (+/- S.E.M.) of 146 +/- 9 to 128 +/- 8 mm Hg, and mean diastolic pressures fell from 103 +/- 5 to 89 +/- 5 (P less than 0.001). In four of five patients renal-vein renin activity was greater in one or more host kidneys than in the transplant kidney (or kidneys). Although pre-transplant blood pressure was the same in both groups, post-transplantation hypertension is more likely to be angiotensin II-dependent in patients with more than one kidney.", "contents": "Role of the renin-angiotensin system in post-transplantation hypertension in patients with multiple kidneys. To define the role of the renin-angiotensin system in post-transplantation hypertension we studied 12 hypertensive recipients of renal transplants. The patients received saralasin acetate, an angiotensin II antagonist, while on a normal sodium diet and again after seven days of sodium restriction. In six patients with only one kidney, saralasin did not lower blood pressure on either diet; salt depletion did not lower systolic or diastolic blood pressures. In six patients with more than one kidney, salt depletion also did not lower blood pressure; however, salt depletion plus saralasin lowered their systolic pressures from a mean (+/- S.E.M.) of 146 +/- 9 to 128 +/- 8 mm Hg, and mean diastolic pressures fell from 103 +/- 5 to 89 +/- 5 (P less than 0.001). In four of five patients renal-vein renin activity was greater in one or more host kidneys than in the transplant kidney (or kidneys). Although pre-transplant blood pressure was the same in both groups, post-transplantation hypertension is more likely to be angiotensin II-dependent in patients with more than one kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:349393", "title": "Polyamines and brain tumors.", "content": "Although their precise functions are unknown, the polyamines have been linked to cellular proliferation and division. The demonstration of a definite correlation between growth rate and the synthesis of the polyamines in tissues has led to the hope that such correlations might extend to polyamine concentrations in physiologic fluids. Polyamine determinations may then offer a simple index of tumor burden and growth rate. Studies of the relationship of cerebrospinal fluid polyamine levels to the presence of brain tumors indicated that thes determinations may assist in the early diagnosis of brain tumors, in the longterm evaluation of tumor therapy, and in the short-term evaluation of the efficacy of specific therapies.", "contents": "Polyamines and brain tumors. Although their precise functions are unknown, the polyamines have been linked to cellular proliferation and division. The demonstration of a definite correlation between growth rate and the synthesis of the polyamines in tissues has led to the hope that such correlations might extend to polyamine concentrations in physiologic fluids. Polyamine determinations may then offer a simple index of tumor burden and growth rate. Studies of the relationship of cerebrospinal fluid polyamine levels to the presence of brain tumors indicated that thes determinations may assist in the early diagnosis of brain tumors, in the longterm evaluation of tumor therapy, and in the short-term evaluation of the efficacy of specific therapies."}
{"id": "PMID:349394", "title": "Corticosteroid therapy in patients with brain tumors.", "content": "Since the first half of the last decade, numerous authors have testified to the clinical usefulness of corticosteroids in patients with brain tumors. The mechanism of benefit of these agents is controversial. Although it is clear that corticosteroid therapy reduces cerebral edema around brain tumors, mounting experimental evidence suggests that steroid compounds also may have a direct antineoplastic effect on brain tumor cells. The principal disadvantage of such therapy is that it makes difficult the evaluation of the tumor's response to oncolytic agents simultaneously administered. The most effective dosage of steroid varies; some patients require 96 mg dexamethasone daily before the maximum effect is achieved. These differences in response may be due to varying degrees of peritumoral edema, normal differences in steroid metabolism, and complex drug-to-drug interactions. Corticosteroid therapy may increase the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding in neurosurgical patients, but this low risk is acceptable in view of its many advantages.", "contents": "Corticosteroid therapy in patients with brain tumors. Since the first half of the last decade, numerous authors have testified to the clinical usefulness of corticosteroids in patients with brain tumors. The mechanism of benefit of these agents is controversial. Although it is clear that corticosteroid therapy reduces cerebral edema around brain tumors, mounting experimental evidence suggests that steroid compounds also may have a direct antineoplastic effect on brain tumor cells. The principal disadvantage of such therapy is that it makes difficult the evaluation of the tumor's response to oncolytic agents simultaneously administered. The most effective dosage of steroid varies; some patients require 96 mg dexamethasone daily before the maximum effect is achieved. These differences in response may be due to varying degrees of peritumoral edema, normal differences in steroid metabolism, and complex drug-to-drug interactions. Corticosteroid therapy may increase the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding in neurosurgical patients, but this low risk is acceptable in view of its many advantages."}
{"id": "PMID:349395", "title": "Prognostic factors for patients with brain tumors.", "content": "Patient characteristics of 225 patients entered into a clinical trial conducted by the Brain Tumor Study Group (69-01) were examined for their relationship to survival time. In the clinical study, all patients received surgery and were randomized to control treatment (no further treatment), X-ray therapy (XRT), 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), or BCNU + XRT. When treatment was considered as a possible prognostic factor, the patient characteristics most related to survival were: XRT (receiving XRT favorable), age (young, favorable), symptoms of seizures and cranial nerves (both favorable), BCNU treatment (yes, favorable), encapsulated tumor (yes, favorable), and parietal tumor (no, favorable). When treatment was not considered a possible prognostic factor, the patient characteristics most related to survival were: age (young, favorable), biopsy (operation biopsy only, unfavorable), seizures (yes, favorable), cranial nerve symptoms (yes, favorable), and parietal location of tumor (yes, unfavorable). Knowledge of prognostic factors can be used for stratifying patients in clinical studies, for testing the comparability of groups of patients, and in the analysis of the results of clinical studies.", "contents": "Prognostic factors for patients with brain tumors. Patient characteristics of 225 patients entered into a clinical trial conducted by the Brain Tumor Study Group (69-01) were examined for their relationship to survival time. In the clinical study, all patients received surgery and were randomized to control treatment (no further treatment), X-ray therapy (XRT), 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), or BCNU + XRT. When treatment was considered as a possible prognostic factor, the patient characteristics most related to survival were: XRT (receiving XRT favorable), age (young, favorable), symptoms of seizures and cranial nerves (both favorable), BCNU treatment (yes, favorable), encapsulated tumor (yes, favorable), and parietal tumor (no, favorable). When treatment was not considered a possible prognostic factor, the patient characteristics most related to survival were: age (young, favorable), biopsy (operation biopsy only, unfavorable), seizures (yes, favorable), cranial nerve symptoms (yes, favorable), and parietal location of tumor (yes, unfavorable). Knowledge of prognostic factors can be used for stratifying patients in clinical studies, for testing the comparability of groups of patients, and in the analysis of the results of clinical studies."}
{"id": "PMID:349397", "title": "Brain tumors: criteria of response and definition of recurrence.", "content": "The criteria for determining response to therapy and establishing brain tumor recurrence are presented. Basing their conclusions on a series of more than 500 patients, the authors contend that serial scintiscans and computerized axial tomograms can be used to determine accurately the response to therapy and recurrence or tumor regrowth. The problems in evaluating response and tumor recurrence are discussed, with emphasis on those relating to concurrent glucocorticoid therapy and medical conditions such as infection, hematomas, and drug side-effects.", "contents": "Brain tumors: criteria of response and definition of recurrence. The criteria for determining response to therapy and establishing brain tumor recurrence are presented. Basing their conclusions on a series of more than 500 patients, the authors contend that serial scintiscans and computerized axial tomograms can be used to determine accurately the response to therapy and recurrence or tumor regrowth. The problems in evaluating response and tumor recurrence are discussed, with emphasis on those relating to concurrent glucocorticoid therapy and medical conditions such as infection, hematomas, and drug side-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:349398", "title": "Therapeutic trials in the management of metastatic brain tumors by different time/dose fraction schemes of radiation therapy.", "content": "Two consecutive studies have been performed by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group on patients with metastatic brain tumors. Approximately 1,000 patients were entered into each trial. Treatment schedules of varying dose-time fractionations were used. Results were evaluated on the basis of improvement in general performance and neurologic function status. Survival also was recorded. Patients who received corticosteroids in conjunction with radiation therapy experienced a more rapid improvement in neurologic function than patients who did not receive steroid therapy. This was noted particularly in patients with poor neurologic function status. However, by the 4th week this difference had disappeared. Survival times were not altered by the addition of steroid therapy. Preliminary results of the second study suggest that ultra-short fractionation schedules are less effective than the longer ones used in the first study. A dose of 3,000 rads given in 10 equal fractions for a period of 2 weeks appeared to be the most satisfactory schedule for most patients with intracranial metastases.", "contents": "Therapeutic trials in the management of metastatic brain tumors by different time/dose fraction schemes of radiation therapy. Two consecutive studies have been performed by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group on patients with metastatic brain tumors. Approximately 1,000 patients were entered into each trial. Treatment schedules of varying dose-time fractionations were used. Results were evaluated on the basis of improvement in general performance and neurologic function status. Survival also was recorded. Patients who received corticosteroids in conjunction with radiation therapy experienced a more rapid improvement in neurologic function than patients who did not receive steroid therapy. This was noted particularly in patients with poor neurologic function status. However, by the 4th week this difference had disappeared. Survival times were not altered by the addition of steroid therapy. Preliminary results of the second study suggest that ultra-short fractionation schedules are less effective than the longer ones used in the first study. A dose of 3,000 rads given in 10 equal fractions for a period of 2 weeks appeared to be the most satisfactory schedule for most patients with intracranial metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:349399", "title": "Correlation of animal brain tumor models with human neuro-oncology.", "content": "The paper reviews the histopathology and cytopathology of a number of experimental animal brain tumor models to determine their relevance to human neuro-oncology. The models discussed include brain tumors produced by local implants of carcinogenic hydrocarbons and by the administration of resorptive N-nitroso compounds, some of the cell lines derived from the latter, tumors resulting from the intracerebral inoculation of oncogenic viruses, and the differentiating neuroepithelial component of a transplantable mouse teratoma. The structural and biochemical criteria that can be applied for the identification of the various stages of neuronal and glial cell maturation are highly precise. They reveal a wide diversity of tumor cell types that are now available in experimental neuro-oncogenesis.", "contents": "Correlation of animal brain tumor models with human neuro-oncology. The paper reviews the histopathology and cytopathology of a number of experimental animal brain tumor models to determine their relevance to human neuro-oncology. The models discussed include brain tumors produced by local implants of carcinogenic hydrocarbons and by the administration of resorptive N-nitroso compounds, some of the cell lines derived from the latter, tumors resulting from the intracerebral inoculation of oncogenic viruses, and the differentiating neuroepithelial component of a transplantable mouse teratoma. The structural and biochemical criteria that can be applied for the identification of the various stages of neuronal and glial cell maturation are highly precise. They reveal a wide diversity of tumor cell types that are now available in experimental neuro-oncogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:349400", "title": "Immunosurveillance and cancer: epidemiologic observations.", "content": "To evaluate the immunologic surveillance theory of cancer, we reviewed the epidemiologic observations that have been made on cancer risk among population groups with immune deficiency. Lymphoproliferative neoplasms predominate in various groups, most notably renal transplant recipients treated with immunosuppressive agents and patients with primary immunodeficiency syndromes. In some immune disorders, specific forms of nonlymphoid neoplasia seem to occur excessively, although the patterns are not clear-cut or consistent. The available epidemiologic evidence fails to support the concept that immunosurveillance mechanisms are generally involved in carcinogenesis but does provide clues to immunologic processes that may predispose to particular neoplasms.", "contents": "Immunosurveillance and cancer: epidemiologic observations. To evaluate the immunologic surveillance theory of cancer, we reviewed the epidemiologic observations that have been made on cancer risk among population groups with immune deficiency. Lymphoproliferative neoplasms predominate in various groups, most notably renal transplant recipients treated with immunosuppressive agents and patients with primary immunodeficiency syndromes. In some immune disorders, specific forms of nonlymphoid neoplasia seem to occur excessively, although the patterns are not clear-cut or consistent. The available epidemiologic evidence fails to support the concept that immunosurveillance mechanisms are generally involved in carcinogenesis but does provide clues to immunologic processes that may predispose to particular neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:349401", "title": "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: opportunities for international collaborative research in Malaysia and Hawaii.", "content": "Malaysia and Hawaii have several advantages for epidemiologic and laboratory studies on nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Both have multiethnic populations with different incidence rates of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and different life-styles. Malaysia has large populations of Chinese, Malaya, and Indians, and the number of cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at any one time is comparatively large. Incidence rates for 1968--72, age-standardized to the World population, for Guangdong hua (Cantonese Chinese) in Malaysia were 24.3/100,000 for males and 12.0/100,000 for females. In Hawaii, the ratio was 12.9/100,000 for males and 6.7/100,000 for females. The small number of cases in Hawaii would require that research in that State be conducted in collaboration with research elsewhere with larger case numbers.", "contents": "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: opportunities for international collaborative research in Malaysia and Hawaii. Malaysia and Hawaii have several advantages for epidemiologic and laboratory studies on nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Both have multiethnic populations with different incidence rates of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and different life-styles. Malaysia has large populations of Chinese, Malaya, and Indians, and the number of cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at any one time is comparatively large. Incidence rates for 1968--72, age-standardized to the World population, for Guangdong hua (Cantonese Chinese) in Malaysia were 24.3/100,000 for males and 12.0/100,000 for females. In Hawaii, the ratio was 12.9/100,000 for males and 6.7/100,000 for females. The small number of cases in Hawaii would require that research in that State be conducted in collaboration with research elsewhere with larger case numbers."}
{"id": "PMID:349402", "title": "Cancer and chronic disease surveillance in British Columbia.", "content": "The British Columbia Health Surveillance Registry recorded morbidity information on a number  of chronic and disabling diseases. The Cancer Register, the largest within the agency, achieved good ascertainment of neoplasms within the Province. In 1973, a total of 8.397 new cancer cases, excluding cases of carcinoma in situ, were diagnosed and reported. The general register ascertained congenital anomalies and other physical and mental disabilities within British Columbia. At the end of 1971, approximately 20,111 anomalies had been recorded. The Record Linkage Program currently underway in British Columbia will eventually link records of cancer, congenital anomalies, live births, marriages, and other vital events on a continuing basis for research purposes.", "contents": "Cancer and chronic disease surveillance in British Columbia. The British Columbia Health Surveillance Registry recorded morbidity information on a number  of chronic and disabling diseases. The Cancer Register, the largest within the agency, achieved good ascertainment of neoplasms within the Province. In 1973, a total of 8.397 new cancer cases, excluding cases of carcinoma in situ, were diagnosed and reported. The general register ascertained congenital anomalies and other physical and mental disabilities within British Columbia. At the end of 1971, approximately 20,111 anomalies had been recorded. The Record Linkage Program currently underway in British Columbia will eventually link records of cancer, congenital anomalies, live births, marriages, and other vital events on a continuing basis for research purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:349403", "title": "Possible use of short-term tests for carcinogens in experimental epidemiology.", "content": "This brief overview pointed out the feasibility of applying the recently developed short-term bioassays for carcinogens/mutagens to the field of epidemiology. The simplicity and economy of these test systems permitted their adaptation for large-scale screening for intrinsic and extrinsic carcinogens with an eye to detecting subpopulations with elevated sensitivity to particular carcinogens.", "contents": "Possible use of short-term tests for carcinogens in experimental epidemiology. This brief overview pointed out the feasibility of applying the recently developed short-term bioassays for carcinogens/mutagens to the field of epidemiology. The simplicity and economy of these test systems permitted their adaptation for large-scale screening for intrinsic and extrinsic carcinogens with an eye to detecting subpopulations with elevated sensitivity to particular carcinogens."}
{"id": "PMID:349404", "title": "Survey of cancer incidence in Alaskan natives.", "content": "A survey of cancer incidence among Alaskan Natives for the 5-year period 1969--73 revealed fewer cases overall than expected in relation to rates in the United States. However, significantly increased risks were seen for certain sites: the nasopharynx in both sexes (with excesses over 15-fold), the liver in males, and the salivary glands, gallbladder, kidney, and thyroid in females. Compared with earlier reports, the observations suggested marked changes in cancer incidence among Alaskan Natives over the past two decades, with declines in esophageal and invasive cervical cancers, and increases in neoplasms of the lung, colon, and rectum.", "contents": "Survey of cancer incidence in Alaskan natives. A survey of cancer incidence among Alaskan Natives for the 5-year period 1969--73 revealed fewer cases overall than expected in relation to rates in the United States. However, significantly increased risks were seen for certain sites: the nasopharynx in both sexes (with excesses over 15-fold), the liver in males, and the salivary glands, gallbladder, kidney, and thyroid in females. Compared with earlier reports, the observations suggested marked changes in cancer incidence among Alaskan Natives over the past two decades, with declines in esophageal and invasive cervical cancers, and increases in neoplasms of the lung, colon, and rectum."}
{"id": "PMID:349405", "title": "History and status of the Cancer Surveillance System of Western Washington.", "content": "A cancer registry for a population of over 2 million people was established in 1973. Although the population is predominantly white, the presence of people of Oriental stock provides a potential for migrant studies and international comparisons. Over 7,900 resident cancer cases are detected annually, and a good system for evaluating completeness of reporting and quality of collected data has been devised. To utilize the resources that the registry represents, we have a competent staff of epidemiologists and biostatisticians with academic appointments at the University of Washington and interests in cancer etiology, evaluation of care, and teaching.", "contents": "History and status of the Cancer Surveillance System of Western Washington. A cancer registry for a population of over 2 million people was established in 1973. Although the population is predominantly white, the presence of people of Oriental stock provides a potential for migrant studies and international comparisons. Over 7,900 resident cancer cases are detected annually, and a good system for evaluating completeness of reporting and quality of collected data has been devised. To utilize the resources that the registry represents, we have a competent staff of epidemiologists and biostatisticians with academic appointments at the University of Washington and interests in cancer etiology, evaluation of care, and teaching."}
{"id": "PMID:349415", "title": "Brain stimulation for the suppression of the intractable pain.", "content": "Stimulation of the brain has been shown to effectively suppress the clinical pain states due to central nervous system lesions. The effective stimulation site is within the somatosensory system. Stimulation in the periventricular gray matter can produce profound analgesia and effective clinical relief of chronic pain states when they are due to lesions involving the peripheral structures. This system probably is effected by activating a descending tract in the dorsal lateral fasiculus of the spinal cord impinging upon neurons in lamina 5 and lamina 1 of the dorsal bone. Stimulation in this system has not been found to be effective in patients with central lesions, which might have been anticipated in view of the anatomical relationships presented.", "contents": "Brain stimulation for the suppression of the intractable pain. Stimulation of the brain has been shown to effectively suppress the clinical pain states due to central nervous system lesions. The effective stimulation site is within the somatosensory system. Stimulation in the periventricular gray matter can produce profound analgesia and effective clinical relief of chronic pain states when they are due to lesions involving the peripheral structures. This system probably is effected by activating a descending tract in the dorsal lateral fasiculus of the spinal cord impinging upon neurons in lamina 5 and lamina 1 of the dorsal bone. Stimulation in this system has not been found to be effective in patients with central lesions, which might have been anticipated in view of the anatomical relationships presented."}
{"id": "PMID:349417", "title": "Effects of lesions in various structures of the suprachiasmatic-preoptic region on LH regulation and sexual behavior in female rats.", "content": "Lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) completely eliminated phasic LH release in ovariectomized rats as measured by the positive feedback response to estradiol benzoate (EB)/progesterone or the response to mating. Basal LH levels and the negative feedback response to EB were not affected. Lesions of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) or bed nucleus-dorsal MPOA also inhibited phasic LH release in ovariectomized rats as measured by positive feedback. However, the inhibition was not complete if there was no damage to the SCN, and the degree of inhibition was correlated with the size ofthe lesion. Basal LH levels and negative feedback were not significant affected. It is suggested that both the SCN and MPOA are involved in phasic LH release, the former in its role as a neural regulator of circadian rhythms and the latter as part of a diffuse system possibly including estrogen-sensitive and/or LH-RH neurons. Sexual behavior (lordosis) in hormone-primed, ovariectomized rats was not significantly affected by lesions of any structure in the suprachiasmatic-preoptic region.", "contents": "Effects of lesions in various structures of the suprachiasmatic-preoptic region on LH regulation and sexual behavior in female rats. Lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) completely eliminated phasic LH release in ovariectomized rats as measured by the positive feedback response to estradiol benzoate (EB)/progesterone or the response to mating. Basal LH levels and the negative feedback response to EB were not affected. Lesions of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) or bed nucleus-dorsal MPOA also inhibited phasic LH release in ovariectomized rats as measured by positive feedback. However, the inhibition was not complete if there was no damage to the SCN, and the degree of inhibition was correlated with the size ofthe lesion. Basal LH levels and negative feedback were not significant affected. It is suggested that both the SCN and MPOA are involved in phasic LH release, the former in its role as a neural regulator of circadian rhythms and the latter as part of a diffuse system possibly including estrogen-sensitive and/or LH-RH neurons. Sexual behavior (lordosis) in hormone-primed, ovariectomized rats was not significantly affected by lesions of any structure in the suprachiasmatic-preoptic region."}
{"id": "PMID:349418", "title": "The effect of systemic administration of dopamine and apomorphine on Plasma LH and prolactin concentrations in conscious rats.", "content": "The effect of systemic administration of various doses of dopamine (DA) and apomorphine (APM) on plasma gonadotropin and prolactin (Prl) concentrations in ovariectomized (OVX) as well as in ovariectomized, estrogen-progesterone (OEP)-primed rats bearing indwelling jugular venous catheters was evaluated. Intravenous (i.v.) infusion or pulse injection of 0.9% NaCl had no significant effect on plasma titers of LH or Prl. I.v. infusion of DA at 4 micrograms/kg-b.w./min induced a progressive increase in circulating LH concentration in OEP rats while infusion at a similar dose in OVX animals had no effect on plasma LH. I.v. injection of 100 micrograms DA or APM significantly increased LH at 15 min in OVX rats. Similarly, in OEP rats 100 micrograms of DA elevated plasma LH at 30 and 90 min while APM induced a significant elevation of plasma LH at 15 min after injection. In OVX rats injection of DA i.p. at a dose of 5 mg/kg-b.w. did not alter plasma LH levels, but a dose of 50 mg/kg-b.w. produced a significant reduction in plasma LH concentration. APM injected i.p. at either 5 or 50 mg/kg-b.w. doses was nearly equally effective in lowering plasma LH and the suppressive effect was significantly greater than with similar doses of DA. A single injection of LH-RH (100 ng in 0.2 ml of 0.9% NaCl) in animals pretreated 15 min earlier with an effective dose of APM (5 mg/kg-b.w.) produced a peak increase in LH titers 15 min after injection. The increment in plasma LH following LH-RH in APM-treated rats was comparable to that in rats which had received saline instead of APM. Prl levels were significantly lowered by each dose of DA and APM in OVX as well as in OEP rats. There was no significant change in plasma FSH titers induced by either drug in any of the experiments. It is concluded that DA may have different actions depending upon the dose and the endocrine state of the animal. Thus, i.v. infusion of low doses of DA in OEP animals or by pulse injection in both OVX and OEP rats can elevate plasma LH by activating the release of LH-RH from the hypothalamus, while large doses of DA in OVX animals may suppress the release of LH-RH.", "contents": "The effect of systemic administration of dopamine and apomorphine on Plasma LH and prolactin concentrations in conscious rats. The effect of systemic administration of various doses of dopamine (DA) and apomorphine (APM) on plasma gonadotropin and prolactin (Prl) concentrations in ovariectomized (OVX) as well as in ovariectomized, estrogen-progesterone (OEP)-primed rats bearing indwelling jugular venous catheters was evaluated. Intravenous (i.v.) infusion or pulse injection of 0.9% NaCl had no significant effect on plasma titers of LH or Prl. I.v. infusion of DA at 4 micrograms/kg-b.w./min induced a progressive increase in circulating LH concentration in OEP rats while infusion at a similar dose in OVX animals had no effect on plasma LH. I.v. injection of 100 micrograms DA or APM significantly increased LH at 15 min in OVX rats. Similarly, in OEP rats 100 micrograms of DA elevated plasma LH at 30 and 90 min while APM induced a significant elevation of plasma LH at 15 min after injection. In OVX rats injection of DA i.p. at a dose of 5 mg/kg-b.w. did not alter plasma LH levels, but a dose of 50 mg/kg-b.w. produced a significant reduction in plasma LH concentration. APM injected i.p. at either 5 or 50 mg/kg-b.w. doses was nearly equally effective in lowering plasma LH and the suppressive effect was significantly greater than with similar doses of DA. A single injection of LH-RH (100 ng in 0.2 ml of 0.9% NaCl) in animals pretreated 15 min earlier with an effective dose of APM (5 mg/kg-b.w.) produced a peak increase in LH titers 15 min after injection. The increment in plasma LH following LH-RH in APM-treated rats was comparable to that in rats which had received saline instead of APM. Prl levels were significantly lowered by each dose of DA and APM in OVX as well as in OEP rats. There was no significant change in plasma FSH titers induced by either drug in any of the experiments. It is concluded that DA may have different actions depending upon the dose and the endocrine state of the animal. Thus, i.v. infusion of low doses of DA in OEP animals or by pulse injection in both OVX and OEP rats can elevate plasma LH by activating the release of LH-RH from the hypothalamus, while large doses of DA in OVX animals may suppress the release of LH-RH."}
{"id": "PMID:349419", "title": "Minimum adequate levels of personal health care: history and justification.", "content": "By giving everyone paper rights to health care, Americans may end up doing little better, at much greater cost, and feeling worse about it. The key to providing greater equity may be to find a way of defining the minimum that all should have. Most countries somehow define these limits for publicly provided services from education to cash assistance. But for health care benefits there are no simple limiting criteria--especially when professionals have the exceptional luxury of using whatever resources they choose. A realistic floor requires toughly maintained ceilings.", "contents": "Minimum adequate levels of personal health care: history and justification. By giving everyone paper rights to health care, Americans may end up doing little better, at much greater cost, and feeling worse about it. The key to providing greater equity may be to find a way of defining the minimum that all should have. Most countries somehow define these limits for publicly provided services from education to cash assistance. But for health care benefits there are no simple limiting criteria--especially when professionals have the exceptional luxury of using whatever resources they choose. A realistic floor requires toughly maintained ceilings."}
{"id": "PMID:349424", "title": "[Symptoms of difficult interpretation or of unusual practical finding in pneumology. Error in the therapeutic indication in pulmonary diseases. Surprises at the operating table in thoracopulmonary surgery].", "content": "The most recent reports on the subject of \"Hard to interpret or exceptional pneumopathies. Errors in pneumological symptomatology. Surprises at the operating table\" are discussed. Attention is called to innovations in radiological and isotopic technique and to new possibilities for surgical, diagnostic or resolutive action. Personal cases of lung diseases classifiable within the subject are presented and discussed. Cases were part of isolated groups, some observed at the Saint-Feyre Centre in France, and are given as an appendix to the present publication. The intention is to lay stress on the justifiable embarrassment, or otherwise, and the responsibilities of the chest and lung surgeon. Emphasis is laid on the complexity of pulmonary surgical symptomatology.", "contents": "[Symptoms of difficult interpretation or of unusual practical finding in pneumology. Error in the therapeutic indication in pulmonary diseases. Surprises at the operating table in thoracopulmonary surgery]. The most recent reports on the subject of \"Hard to interpret or exceptional pneumopathies. Errors in pneumological symptomatology. Surprises at the operating table\" are discussed. Attention is called to innovations in radiological and isotopic technique and to new possibilities for surgical, diagnostic or resolutive action. Personal cases of lung diseases classifiable within the subject are presented and discussed. Cases were part of isolated groups, some observed at the Saint-Feyre Centre in France, and are given as an appendix to the present publication. The intention is to lay stress on the justifiable embarrassment, or otherwise, and the responsibilities of the chest and lung surgeon. Emphasis is laid on the complexity of pulmonary surgical symptomatology."}
{"id": "PMID:349427", "title": "Low-temperature pasteurisation of human milk.", "content": "Human milk was pasteurised at 62.5 degrees C for 30 minutes. This treatment resulted in a 99.99 percent drop in the bacterial count of the milk. Only non-pathogenic organisms remained, and both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were destroyed. There was some reduction (less than 50 percent) of the activities of specific antibody to E. coli and lactoferrin, but lysozyme was stable and the pasteurised milk remained effective at inhibiting in vitro growth of E. coli.", "contents": "Low-temperature pasteurisation of human milk. Human milk was pasteurised at 62.5 degrees C for 30 minutes. This treatment resulted in a 99.99 percent drop in the bacterial count of the milk. Only non-pathogenic organisms remained, and both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were destroyed. There was some reduction (less than 50 percent) of the activities of specific antibody to E. coli and lactoferrin, but lysozyme was stable and the pasteurised milk remained effective at inhibiting in vitro growth of E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:349428", "title": "The observer interaction variable in evaluation of socialising properties of pimozide (Orap).", "content": "Eighteen chronic, institutionalised patients were randomly assigned to two groups for the purpose of a double blind trial of pimozide (Orap). The results of the study indicated an increase in socialisation, as measured by the Venables scale, for both groups, and no significant difference in this variable between placebo and active preparation groups. It is suggested that greater observer interaction may be responsible for the observed increase in socialisation previously attributed to pimozide.", "contents": "The observer interaction variable in evaluation of socialising properties of pimozide (Orap). Eighteen chronic, institutionalised patients were randomly assigned to two groups for the purpose of a double blind trial of pimozide (Orap). The results of the study indicated an increase in socialisation, as measured by the Venables scale, for both groups, and no significant difference in this variable between placebo and active preparation groups. It is suggested that greater observer interaction may be responsible for the observed increase in socialisation previously attributed to pimozide."}
{"id": "PMID:349436", "title": "Host-parasite interactions during pregnancy.", "content": "The point that host defense against infectious disease is exceedingly complex scarcely needs further emphasis. We have tried to show that pregnancy is a state which has the potential for altering any of the many facets of host defense, and in some instances presented evidence that pregnancy does alter resistance to infection. Some diseases are either more severe during pregnancy or more prevalent during pregnancy, suggesting a softening of the host defenses. However, both monocytic and polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic systems seem to be more active during pregnancy. Transferrin is increased in pregnancy. The immune system in pregnancy is either normal or slightly depressed. A number of other factors have been mentioned for which no information exists as to the effect pregnancy has on them. Despite the information reviewed, it is not possible to say that pregnancy has a net positive or negative effect on host defense; the effect, if any, depends ostensibly on the disease entity. That the host defenses may be somewhat enhanced by pregnancy while susceptibility to certain diseases is increased is paradoxical and serves to underscore the fact that our understanding of host defense in pregnancy is abysmally deficient. Probably no concept is made more clear by this paper than the idea that in the area of host defense in pregnancy there is as much space as any researcher may choose to fill.", "contents": "Host-parasite interactions during pregnancy. The point that host defense against infectious disease is exceedingly complex scarcely needs further emphasis. We have tried to show that pregnancy is a state which has the potential for altering any of the many facets of host defense, and in some instances presented evidence that pregnancy does alter resistance to infection. Some diseases are either more severe during pregnancy or more prevalent during pregnancy, suggesting a softening of the host defenses. However, both monocytic and polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic systems seem to be more active during pregnancy. Transferrin is increased in pregnancy. The immune system in pregnancy is either normal or slightly depressed. A number of other factors have been mentioned for which no information exists as to the effect pregnancy has on them. Despite the information reviewed, it is not possible to say that pregnancy has a net positive or negative effect on host defense; the effect, if any, depends ostensibly on the disease entity. That the host defenses may be somewhat enhanced by pregnancy while susceptibility to certain diseases is increased is paradoxical and serves to underscore the fact that our understanding of host defense in pregnancy is abysmally deficient. Probably no concept is made more clear by this paper than the idea that in the area of host defense in pregnancy there is as much space as any researcher may choose to fill."}
{"id": "PMID:349437", "title": "Microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "MICA is the transition stage from intraepithelial growth to clinical invasive cancer. The early invasive growth must be accepted as an indication that the lesion is significant; it may be self-healing but it is objective evidence of progression and invasion remains the most significant indication of malignancy. The subjective changes of CIS, nuclear enlargement, pleomorphism of nuclei, altered nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, etc., are transcended and the recognition and diagnosis of MICA should be facilitated for the pathologist. Treatment which tends to be conservative is more widely accepted, but the disease can be lethal and the most serious complication appears to be, like CIS, vaginal recurrence.", "contents": "Microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix. MICA is the transition stage from intraepithelial growth to clinical invasive cancer. The early invasive growth must be accepted as an indication that the lesion is significant; it may be self-healing but it is objective evidence of progression and invasion remains the most significant indication of malignancy. The subjective changes of CIS, nuclear enlargement, pleomorphism of nuclei, altered nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, etc., are transcended and the recognition and diagnosis of MICA should be facilitated for the pathologist. Treatment which tends to be conservative is more widely accepted, but the disease can be lethal and the most serious complication appears to be, like CIS, vaginal recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:349438", "title": "Oral contraceptive potencies and side effects.", "content": "A set of empirical results is used to test a model that assigns rankings to oral contraceptives in terms of relative hormonal potencies. The association between the observed incidence of side effects attributed to excess of estrogen and progestin and their incidence as predicted by the model is analyzed. Results of the study show the model to have incorrectly predicted the observed ranking order of symptoms associated with excess estrogen. Further, while the model correctly predicted the oral contraceptive with the highest progestogenic potency (Ovral), the observed ranking order of the other two preparations is shown to be the reverse of that predicted by the model.", "contents": "Oral contraceptive potencies and side effects. A set of empirical results is used to test a model that assigns rankings to oral contraceptives in terms of relative hormonal potencies. The association between the observed incidence of side effects attributed to excess of estrogen and progestin and their incidence as predicted by the model is analyzed. Results of the study show the model to have incorrectly predicted the observed ranking order of symptoms associated with excess estrogen. Further, while the model correctly predicted the oral contraceptive with the highest progestogenic potency (Ovral), the observed ranking order of the other two preparations is shown to be the reverse of that predicted by the model."}
{"id": "PMID:349439", "title": "Comparison of quinestrol and Tace for relief of postpartum breast discomfort.", "content": "A single 2-mg dose of quinestrol was demonstrated safe and effective for controlling postpartum lactation and for alleviating breast discomfort. A double-blind comparison to Tace 72 mg every 12 hours for 2 days, and to placebo, was made in 134 patients. The single oral dose of quinestrol showed efficacy equal to the 2-day regimen of Tace. Both were superior to placebo.", "contents": "Comparison of quinestrol and Tace for relief of postpartum breast discomfort. A single 2-mg dose of quinestrol was demonstrated safe and effective for controlling postpartum lactation and for alleviating breast discomfort. A double-blind comparison to Tace 72 mg every 12 hours for 2 days, and to placebo, was made in 134 patients. The single oral dose of quinestrol showed efficacy equal to the 2-day regimen of Tace. Both were superior to placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:349443", "title": "The venous drainage of the cervical vertebrae of the ox (Bos taurus L.).", "content": "The venous drainage of the cervical vertebrae of the ox was studied in 16 animals (Friesland, Jersey and Guernsey cross-breeds), ranging from near full-term foetuses to adults. The extra- and intraosseous veins of the cervical vertebrae are described and illustrated. The nutrient vessels are derived from the vertebral, deep cervical, occipital and internal jugular veins. In addition to the dorsal and ventral external venous plexuses, a lateral external venous plexus is described. The intraosseous veins correspond in the main to the arteries. They are described and illustrated with reference to the available literature. In both young and adult animals anastomoses between epi- and metaphysial vessels are reported. The role of the internal ventral vertebral venous system as a collateral pathway is stressed and comments are made on its possible functional role.", "contents": "The venous drainage of the cervical vertebrae of the ox (Bos taurus L.). The venous drainage of the cervical vertebrae of the ox was studied in 16 animals (Friesland, Jersey and Guernsey cross-breeds), ranging from near full-term foetuses to adults. The extra- and intraosseous veins of the cervical vertebrae are described and illustrated. The nutrient vessels are derived from the vertebral, deep cervical, occipital and internal jugular veins. In addition to the dorsal and ventral external venous plexuses, a lateral external venous plexus is described. The intraosseous veins correspond in the main to the arteries. They are described and illustrated with reference to the available literature. In both young and adult animals anastomoses between epi- and metaphysial vessels are reported. The role of the internal ventral vertebral venous system as a collateral pathway is stressed and comments are made on its possible functional role."}
{"id": "PMID:349444", "title": "Failure to induce in rabbits effective immunity to a mixed infection of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Corynebacterium pyogenes with a combined bacterin.", "content": "Failure to induce in rabbits effective immunity to a mixed infection of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Corynebacterium pyogenes with a combined bacterin. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 44 (4), 253--2;6 (1977). Rabbits were immunized with alum-precipitated, oil adjuvant and an untreated bacterin composed of F. necrophorum and C. pyogenes. Immunized rabbits were challenged intradermally with a mixture of F. necrophorum and C. pyrogenes. Immunized rabbits were challenged intradermally with a mixture of F. necorphorum and C. pyrogenes. Initially a low level of initial transient resistance could be demonstrated but a solid immunity could not be established.", "contents": "Failure to induce in rabbits effective immunity to a mixed infection of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Corynebacterium pyogenes with a combined bacterin. Failure to induce in rabbits effective immunity to a mixed infection of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Corynebacterium pyogenes with a combined bacterin. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 44 (4), 253--2;6 (1977). Rabbits were immunized with alum-precipitated, oil adjuvant and an untreated bacterin composed of F. necrophorum and C. pyogenes. Immunized rabbits were challenged intradermally with a mixture of F. necrophorum and C. pyrogenes. Immunized rabbits were challenged intradermally with a mixture of F. necorphorum and C. pyrogenes. Initially a low level of initial transient resistance could be demonstrated but a solid immunity could not be established."}
{"id": "PMID:349484", "title": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of human spermatozoa with elongated head (author's transl)].", "content": "In most spermatozoa with elongated head persists an abundant complex membranous system between the post-acromial zone and the post-nuclear region. This system has a periodical structure, the apparently spherical unit of which is 120 A in diameter; it develops between the two sheaths of the nuclear envelope and seems to be continuous with the innermost one. This system can be seen in spermatids during normal spermiogenesis and in most cases it seems to be eliminated either with cytoplasmic droplet or by swelling into the nucleus. Now, a comparable but permanent structure is located all around the head of the normal spermatozoon at the height of the posterior part of the post-acrosomial sheath. This latter system is organized under plasma membrane and only visible on the ultrathin sections made with an appropriate incidence. For some authors it might contribute to maintain the integrity of the head and that of the neck of the spermatozoon and so it might be comparable to a system of septal desmosomes. For other authors periodic structures might favour adherence and fusion of spermatozoon with ovocyte during fertilisation. The particular membranous system that we describe persists often in the spermatozoon with elongated head, by its exuberance it can trouble or delay the fusion of the two gametes at the moment of fertilisation, which might explain the sterility of men bearing this anomaly.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of human spermatozoa with elongated head (author's transl)]. In most spermatozoa with elongated head persists an abundant complex membranous system between the post-acromial zone and the post-nuclear region. This system has a periodical structure, the apparently spherical unit of which is 120 A in diameter; it develops between the two sheaths of the nuclear envelope and seems to be continuous with the innermost one. This system can be seen in spermatids during normal spermiogenesis and in most cases it seems to be eliminated either with cytoplasmic droplet or by swelling into the nucleus. Now, a comparable but permanent structure is located all around the head of the normal spermatozoon at the height of the posterior part of the post-acrosomial sheath. This latter system is organized under plasma membrane and only visible on the ultrathin sections made with an appropriate incidence. For some authors it might contribute to maintain the integrity of the head and that of the neck of the spermatozoon and so it might be comparable to a system of septal desmosomes. For other authors periodic structures might favour adherence and fusion of spermatozoon with ovocyte during fertilisation. The particular membranous system that we describe persists often in the spermatozoon with elongated head, by its exuberance it can trouble or delay the fusion of the two gametes at the moment of fertilisation, which might explain the sterility of men bearing this anomaly."}
{"id": "PMID:349485", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid distribution of metampicillin (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to avoid other antibiotics which interfere with plasma and CSF level determination of a given antibiotic the authors use a chemical method of established specificity. 15 patients presenting with purulent meningitis were given a standard daily dose of metampicillin and divided into 3 groups of 5. On days 2, 4 and 6 after onset of disease plasma and CSF specimens were taken at respectively 1, 2 or 4 hours following metampicillin I.V. injection according to patient group. All patients were cured between days 7 and 21 of therapy. Tolerance was good. --there was no correlation between dose injected and plasma level of drug,--CSF distribution of metampicillin was good and stayed identical throughout the disease period,--peak CSF drug level was delayed as compared to plasma level, occurring more than 4 hours after I.V. injection of metampicillin.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid distribution of metampicillin (author's transl)]. In order to avoid other antibiotics which interfere with plasma and CSF level determination of a given antibiotic the authors use a chemical method of established specificity. 15 patients presenting with purulent meningitis were given a standard daily dose of metampicillin and divided into 3 groups of 5. On days 2, 4 and 6 after onset of disease plasma and CSF specimens were taken at respectively 1, 2 or 4 hours following metampicillin I.V. injection according to patient group. All patients were cured between days 7 and 21 of therapy. Tolerance was good. --there was no correlation between dose injected and plasma level of drug,--CSF distribution of metampicillin was good and stayed identical throughout the disease period,--peak CSF drug level was delayed as compared to plasma level, occurring more than 4 hours after I.V. injection of metampicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:349486", "title": "Heart rate and cardiac function curves. Their dependence on the age of the myocardium and the compliance of the ejection circuit.", "content": "Isolated, perfused hearts from 16 rats aged from 13 to 17 months were studied to examine the effects of age and of the compliance of the ejection circuit on heart rate and cardiac function curves. Heart rate was found to diminish both with age and with decreasing compliance of the ejection circuit. Cardiac function curves were also substantially modified by these two factors. It was found that old hearts adapted better to a reduced circuit compliance. This suggests that, in the intact animal, changes in the mechanical properties of the heart muscle may be an adjustment to the reduction in arterial compliance which accompanies ageing.", "contents": "Heart rate and cardiac function curves. Their dependence on the age of the myocardium and the compliance of the ejection circuit. Isolated, perfused hearts from 16 rats aged from 13 to 17 months were studied to examine the effects of age and of the compliance of the ejection circuit on heart rate and cardiac function curves. Heart rate was found to diminish both with age and with decreasing compliance of the ejection circuit. Cardiac function curves were also substantially modified by these two factors. It was found that old hearts adapted better to a reduced circuit compliance. This suggests that, in the intact animal, changes in the mechanical properties of the heart muscle may be an adjustment to the reduction in arterial compliance which accompanies ageing."}
{"id": "PMID:349487", "title": "[Immunosuppressive phenomena in experimental tumor systems (author's transl)].", "content": "During the growth of spontaneous or chemically-induced tumors in animals, it has been reported that T lymphocytes are present in the spleen and/or the thymus which are able (i) to specifically block tumor rejection by syngeneic immunized animals in in vivo transfer experiments, and (ii) to specifically inhibit the in vitro cell-mediated immune reactions. The relationship between both types of suppressor cells is unclear. On the other hand, mitogen insensitive cells, acting in vitro in a non specific way on normal cell mitosis and cell-mediated cytotoxicity induction, and having macrophage characteristics, are described in viral and non viral tumor bearing hosts as well as in non tumoral animals after hematopoietic hypoplasia. The various suppressor cells types and their possible mechanisms of action are discussed along with soluble factors when present in experimental tumor systems, but the role of these cells in tumor pathogenesis is not yet clear.", "contents": "[Immunosuppressive phenomena in experimental tumor systems (author's transl)]. During the growth of spontaneous or chemically-induced tumors in animals, it has been reported that T lymphocytes are present in the spleen and/or the thymus which are able (i) to specifically block tumor rejection by syngeneic immunized animals in in vivo transfer experiments, and (ii) to specifically inhibit the in vitro cell-mediated immune reactions. The relationship between both types of suppressor cells is unclear. On the other hand, mitogen insensitive cells, acting in vitro in a non specific way on normal cell mitosis and cell-mediated cytotoxicity induction, and having macrophage characteristics, are described in viral and non viral tumor bearing hosts as well as in non tumoral animals after hematopoietic hypoplasia. The various suppressor cells types and their possible mechanisms of action are discussed along with soluble factors when present in experimental tumor systems, but the role of these cells in tumor pathogenesis is not yet clear."}
{"id": "PMID:349488", "title": "[Ribonucleoproteins containing heterogeneous nuclear and messenger cytoplasmic RNA. Characteristics, structure and relations (author's transl)].", "content": "Following the study of Spirin, many authors have shown that cytoplasmic messenger RNA and heterogeneous nuclear RNA are complexed with specific proteins to form ribonucleoprotein particles (RNP). These RNP are heterogeneous in size and present a high protein to RNA ratio. Different observations suggest a polymeric structure for nuclear ribonucleoproteins but their protein composition is more clearly complex than that of cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins. If we accept the following processing: heterogeneous nuclear RNP leads to free cytoplasmic RNP leads to polysomic RNP, the question arises as to what extent proteins originally present in nuclear RNP are conserved. Proteins more or less tightly bound to RNA have different roles: packing and protection of RNA, regulation during gene expression processing.", "contents": "[Ribonucleoproteins containing heterogeneous nuclear and messenger cytoplasmic RNA. Characteristics, structure and relations (author's transl)]. Following the study of Spirin, many authors have shown that cytoplasmic messenger RNA and heterogeneous nuclear RNA are complexed with specific proteins to form ribonucleoprotein particles (RNP). These RNP are heterogeneous in size and present a high protein to RNA ratio. Different observations suggest a polymeric structure for nuclear ribonucleoproteins but their protein composition is more clearly complex than that of cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins. If we accept the following processing: heterogeneous nuclear RNP leads to free cytoplasmic RNP leads to polysomic RNP, the question arises as to what extent proteins originally present in nuclear RNP are conserved. Proteins more or less tightly bound to RNA have different roles: packing and protection of RNA, regulation during gene expression processing."}
{"id": "PMID:349489", "title": "Use of modified automated polybrene test for screening IgG sensitized RBC in routine laboratory.", "content": "An automatic method for the screening of RBC sensitized by IgG, using the polybrene reagent was utilized. We compared data drawn from the analysis of the automatic routine test in 4799 patients with the results obtained by the direct anti-IgG antiglobulin test. We give evidence for the highest sensitivity of the polybrene test with a good overlap of the results of two methods.", "contents": "Use of modified automated polybrene test for screening IgG sensitized RBC in routine laboratory. An automatic method for the screening of RBC sensitized by IgG, using the polybrene reagent was utilized. We compared data drawn from the analysis of the automatic routine test in 4799 patients with the results obtained by the direct anti-IgG antiglobulin test. We give evidence for the highest sensitivity of the polybrene test with a good overlap of the results of two methods."}
{"id": "PMID:349501", "title": "[Effect on serum aluminium levels of continued ingestion of aluminium gels by patients with chronic renal insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Atomic spectrometric absorption without flame allows reliable determination of serum aluminium levels (S.A.). Serum level in 59 normal subjects taking no aluminium gel (A.G.) is 24.3 +/- 8.4 microgram/l. Similar value were observed in 27 patients with renal insufficiency even severe who do not take A.G. Mild elevation of S.A. (40 +/- 12 microgram/l) was observed in 21 dialysed patients receiving no A.G. S.A. elevation is related to the aluminium content of dialysis fluid. A.G. intake in patients with renal insufficiency is followed by increase of S.A. The levels increase in relation with the daily dose of A.G. The highest values are observed among dialysed patients. In 41 dialysed cases A.S. values are between 70 and 600 microgram/l. In 17 patients dialysed for a mean period of 47 months mean serum A.S. is 165 +/- 40 microgram/l. The precise role of aluminium intoxication in the genesis of the dialysis encephalopathy syndrom remains controversial. From a clinical point of view aluminium intoxication should be looked for in any patient with encephalopathy who is taking aluminium gels and/or who is dialysed.", "contents": "[Effect on serum aluminium levels of continued ingestion of aluminium gels by patients with chronic renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. Atomic spectrometric absorption without flame allows reliable determination of serum aluminium levels (S.A.). Serum level in 59 normal subjects taking no aluminium gel (A.G.) is 24.3 +/- 8.4 microgram/l. Similar value were observed in 27 patients with renal insufficiency even severe who do not take A.G. Mild elevation of S.A. (40 +/- 12 microgram/l) was observed in 21 dialysed patients receiving no A.G. S.A. elevation is related to the aluminium content of dialysis fluid. A.G. intake in patients with renal insufficiency is followed by increase of S.A. The levels increase in relation with the daily dose of A.G. The highest values are observed among dialysed patients. In 41 dialysed cases A.S. values are between 70 and 600 microgram/l. In 17 patients dialysed for a mean period of 47 months mean serum A.S. is 165 +/- 40 microgram/l. The precise role of aluminium intoxication in the genesis of the dialysis encephalopathy syndrom remains controversial. From a clinical point of view aluminium intoxication should be looked for in any patient with encephalopathy who is taking aluminium gels and/or who is dialysed."}
{"id": "PMID:349502", "title": "RNA-protein cross-linking in Eschericia coli 30S ribosomal subunits: a method for the direct analysis of the RNA regions involved in the cross-links.", "content": "A prerequisite for topographical studies on ribosomal subunits involving RNA-protein cross-linking is that the cross-linking sites on the RNA should be determined. Methodology is presented which offers a solution to this problem, using as a test system 30S subunits in which protein S7 has been cross-linked to the 16S RNA by ultraviolet irradiation. The method is based on a gel separation system in the presence of a non-ionic detergent. When a ribonucleoprotein fragment containing RNA-protein cross-links is applied to this system, non-cross-linked protein is removed, and simultaneously the cross-linked RNA-protein complex is separated from non-cross-linked RNA. Oligonucleotide analysis of the S7-RNA complex isolated in this manner showed it to consist of a region of RNA from sections P-A of the 16S RNA. A single characteristic oligonucleotide was absent from this region, and it was tentatively concluded that this missing oligonucleotide contains the actual site of cross-linking.", "contents": "RNA-protein cross-linking in Eschericia coli 30S ribosomal subunits: a method for the direct analysis of the RNA regions involved in the cross-links. A prerequisite for topographical studies on ribosomal subunits involving RNA-protein cross-linking is that the cross-linking sites on the RNA should be determined. Methodology is presented which offers a solution to this problem, using as a test system 30S subunits in which protein S7 has been cross-linked to the 16S RNA by ultraviolet irradiation. The method is based on a gel separation system in the presence of a non-ionic detergent. When a ribonucleoprotein fragment containing RNA-protein cross-links is applied to this system, non-cross-linked protein is removed, and simultaneously the cross-linked RNA-protein complex is separated from non-cross-linked RNA. Oligonucleotide analysis of the S7-RNA complex isolated in this manner showed it to consist of a region of RNA from sections P-A of the 16S RNA. A single characteristic oligonucleotide was absent from this region, and it was tentatively concluded that this missing oligonucleotide contains the actual site of cross-linking."}
{"id": "PMID:349503", "title": "Ability of modified forms of phenylalanine tRNA to stimulate guanosine pentaphosphate synthesis by the stringent factor-ribosome complex of E. coli.", "content": "tRNA(Phe) of E. coli, modified at its 4-thiouridine ((4)Srd) and 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine (nbt(3)Urd) residues, was tested for its ability to induce (p)ppGpp synthesis. The (4)Srd residue was derivatized with the p-azido-phenacyl group, cross-linked to Cyd(13), and the borohydride reduction product of the cross-link was prepared. The nbt(3)Urd residue was derivatized with the N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)glycyl group. None of these derivatives had more than a minor effect on the affinity of the tRNA for the stringent factor-ribosome complex, and no effect at all on the maximum velocity of (p)ppGpp synthesis, either at 2 or 82 mM NH(4)Cl. These two regions of the tRNA which are on opposite faces of the tRNA molecule do not appear to be structurally important for recognition by the stringent factor-ribosome complex. They may provide useful sites, therefore, for the introduction of photoaffinity or fluorescent probes with which to study tRNA-stringent factor recognition.", "contents": "Ability of modified forms of phenylalanine tRNA to stimulate guanosine pentaphosphate synthesis by the stringent factor-ribosome complex of E. coli. tRNA(Phe) of E. coli, modified at its 4-thiouridine ((4)Srd) and 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine (nbt(3)Urd) residues, was tested for its ability to induce (p)ppGpp synthesis. The (4)Srd residue was derivatized with the p-azido-phenacyl group, cross-linked to Cyd(13), and the borohydride reduction product of the cross-link was prepared. The nbt(3)Urd residue was derivatized with the N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)glycyl group. None of these derivatives had more than a minor effect on the affinity of the tRNA for the stringent factor-ribosome complex, and no effect at all on the maximum velocity of (p)ppGpp synthesis, either at 2 or 82 mM NH(4)Cl. These two regions of the tRNA which are on opposite faces of the tRNA molecule do not appear to be structurally important for recognition by the stringent factor-ribosome complex. They may provide useful sites, therefore, for the introduction of photoaffinity or fluorescent probes with which to study tRNA-stringent factor recognition."}
{"id": "PMID:349532", "title": "Perspectives in coronary prevention.", "content": "The seeds of premature coronary heart disease are often sown in childhood and it is the developing arteries of children which are the most susceptible. Paediatricians and all who work with them have the earliest and most promising opportunities for prevention. Coronary protection can be added to the potential advantages of breast feeding and to ensure appropriate fatty acid balance throughout weaning. It is reasonable to accept the strong consensus of opinion on diet reflected in the reports of the eighteen national committees. They are: to reduce total fat intake to 30-35% of the energy, to restrict consumption of saturated fat, cholesterol, sugar, and salt, to increase unrefined carbohydrate and polyunsaturated fat, and to maintain a P/S balance of 1.0-1.5:1. Food is the fundamental coronary risk factor, but others may add insult to injury. Smoking, hypertension, obesity, lack of exercise, and stress, each of which is related to behaviour, may start in childhood. Smoking doubles the overall risk CHD and increases it ten times in males under 45 years old. Good habits, including food preferences and eating patterns learned early, are those most likely to be continued. School meals require and should match revised nutritional education. The co-operation of the food industry is essential and can be anticipated, but it requires a clear lead by paediatricians. The nutritional advice should come from the medical profession. Every contact with children and their parents provides an opportunity for enquiry and giving advice.", "contents": "Perspectives in coronary prevention. The seeds of premature coronary heart disease are often sown in childhood and it is the developing arteries of children which are the most susceptible. Paediatricians and all who work with them have the earliest and most promising opportunities for prevention. Coronary protection can be added to the potential advantages of breast feeding and to ensure appropriate fatty acid balance throughout weaning. It is reasonable to accept the strong consensus of opinion on diet reflected in the reports of the eighteen national committees. They are: to reduce total fat intake to 30-35% of the energy, to restrict consumption of saturated fat, cholesterol, sugar, and salt, to increase unrefined carbohydrate and polyunsaturated fat, and to maintain a P/S balance of 1.0-1.5:1. Food is the fundamental coronary risk factor, but others may add insult to injury. Smoking, hypertension, obesity, lack of exercise, and stress, each of which is related to behaviour, may start in childhood. Smoking doubles the overall risk CHD and increases it ten times in males under 45 years old. Good habits, including food preferences and eating patterns learned early, are those most likely to be continued. School meals require and should match revised nutritional education. The co-operation of the food industry is essential and can be anticipated, but it requires a clear lead by paediatricians. The nutritional advice should come from the medical profession. Every contact with children and their parents provides an opportunity for enquiry and giving advice."}
{"id": "PMID:349533", "title": "Essential fatty acids and the vulnerability of the artery during growth.", "content": "Essential fatty acids not only control blood lipid levels, but are the precursors of prostaglandins responsible for regulation of platelet aggregation. Dietary deficiency of essential fatty acids may play an important role in the development of coronary heart disease, particularly during the early growth period.", "contents": "Essential fatty acids and the vulnerability of the artery during growth. Essential fatty acids not only control blood lipid levels, but are the precursors of prostaglandins responsible for regulation of platelet aggregation. Dietary deficiency of essential fatty acids may play an important role in the development of coronary heart disease, particularly during the early growth period."}
{"id": "PMID:349534", "title": "The origins of atherosclerosis.", "content": "The presence of atherosclerotic lesions in young adults suggests that early stages of atherogenesis occur during childhood. The relationship of intimal lesions in childhood to fully developed  atherosclerosis is briefly discussed. Factors likely to promote lipid accumulation within the arterial wall and proliferation of connective tissue elements are reviewed with particular emphasis on endothelial cell injury and the possible consequences of this for intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation.", "contents": "The origins of atherosclerosis. The presence of atherosclerotic lesions in young adults suggests that early stages of atherogenesis occur during childhood. The relationship of intimal lesions in childhood to fully developed  atherosclerosis is briefly discussed. Factors likely to promote lipid accumulation within the arterial wall and proliferation of connective tissue elements are reviewed with particular emphasis on endothelial cell injury and the possible consequences of this for intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:349540", "title": "[Usefulness of pancreatic scintilography in clinical diagnosis].", "content": "Our experience in pancreatic scintigraphy is presented in this paper. It was used as radioactive substance 75 semetionina. 21 patients with pancreatic pathology and 6 controls constituted the clinical material. The scintigraphy studies showed an homogenous distribution of the radioactive material in the control group. In 7 cases a defect of concentration was showed. The diagnosis of carcinoma were made with surgery in all of them. Similar findings were demonstrated in cases of pancreatic pseudocyst. Irregular distribution was noted in patients with pancreatitis. We concluded that in same instances pancreatic scintigraphy can be useful for differential diagnosis in the clinical field.", "contents": "[Usefulness of pancreatic scintilography in clinical diagnosis]. Our experience in pancreatic scintigraphy is presented in this paper. It was used as radioactive substance 75 semetionina. 21 patients with pancreatic pathology and 6 controls constituted the clinical material. The scintigraphy studies showed an homogenous distribution of the radioactive material in the control group. In 7 cases a defect of concentration was showed. The diagnosis of carcinoma were made with surgery in all of them. Similar findings were demonstrated in cases of pancreatic pseudocyst. Irregular distribution was noted in patients with pancreatitis. We concluded that in same instances pancreatic scintigraphy can be useful for differential diagnosis in the clinical field."}
{"id": "PMID:349554", "title": "Specific binding of tRNAMet to 23S rRNA of Escherichia coli.", "content": "tRNAMetf binds to 23S rRNA of Escherichia coli, forming a complex with a melting temperature of 75 degrees (in 0.6 M NaCl). The regions within the RNAs that bind to each other have been isolated and their nucleotide sequences have been determined. The interacting region in tRNAMetf is 17 nucleotides long, extending from G5 in the acceptor stem to D21 (D = 5.6-dihydrouridine) in the D loop. The sequence in 23S rRNA is complementary to that sequence except for an extra Up in the middle and allowing a Gp.D base pair. We propose that association of these two sequences may play a role in initiation of protein synthesis by tRNAMetf. In addition, part of this sequence in 23S rRNA may also stabilize tRNA binding to the ribosome during elongation of nascent polypeptides.", "contents": "Specific binding of tRNAMet to 23S rRNA of Escherichia coli. tRNAMetf binds to 23S rRNA of Escherichia coli, forming a complex with a melting temperature of 75 degrees (in 0.6 M NaCl). The regions within the RNAs that bind to each other have been isolated and their nucleotide sequences have been determined. The interacting region in tRNAMetf is 17 nucleotides long, extending from G5 in the acceptor stem to D21 (D = 5.6-dihydrouridine) in the D loop. The sequence in 23S rRNA is complementary to that sequence except for an extra Up in the middle and allowing a Gp.D base pair. We propose that association of these two sequences may play a role in initiation of protein synthesis by tRNAMetf. In addition, part of this sequence in 23S rRNA may also stabilize tRNA binding to the ribosome during elongation of nascent polypeptides."}
{"id": "PMID:349555", "title": "\"Pretranscriptional capping\" in the biosynthesis of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus mRNA.", "content": "The in vitro synthesis of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) mRNA was previously shown to be dependent upon the presence of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). We now find that the competitive inhibitor of methylation, S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), also stimulates CPV mRNA synthesis efficiently, resulting in the synthesis of viral mRNAs containing 5'-terminal GpppA and ppA, rather than m(7)GpppAm as observed with Adomet. In addition to AdoHcy, other AdoMet analogues, including S-adenosylethionine and adenosine, also stimulate CPV mRNA synthesis but to a smaller extent than does AdoHcy or AdoMet. In order to study the relationship between cap formation and mRNA synthesis, nucleoside triphosphates were replaced in the RNA-synthesizing reaction mixture (containing AdoMet) by the corresponding beta,gamma-imido analogues, which are resistant to nucleotide phosphohydrolase, an enzyme involved in cap formation. Although mRNA synthesis occurred in the presence of UMP-pNHp or GMP-pNHp, none was observed when AMP-pNHp was substituted for ATP. Because the ATP molecule that becomes the 5'-terminal nucleotide of CPV mRNA must be cleaved at the beta-gamma position during cap formation, the results suggest that, in this viral transcription system, cap formation is prerequisite to mRNA synthesis-i.e., a \"pretranscriptional\" event.", "contents": "\"Pretranscriptional capping\" in the biosynthesis of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus mRNA. The in vitro synthesis of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) mRNA was previously shown to be dependent upon the presence of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). We now find that the competitive inhibitor of methylation, S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), also stimulates CPV mRNA synthesis efficiently, resulting in the synthesis of viral mRNAs containing 5'-terminal GpppA and ppA, rather than m(7)GpppAm as observed with Adomet. In addition to AdoHcy, other AdoMet analogues, including S-adenosylethionine and adenosine, also stimulate CPV mRNA synthesis but to a smaller extent than does AdoHcy or AdoMet. In order to study the relationship between cap formation and mRNA synthesis, nucleoside triphosphates were replaced in the RNA-synthesizing reaction mixture (containing AdoMet) by the corresponding beta,gamma-imido analogues, which are resistant to nucleotide phosphohydrolase, an enzyme involved in cap formation. Although mRNA synthesis occurred in the presence of UMP-pNHp or GMP-pNHp, none was observed when AMP-pNHp was substituted for ATP. Because the ATP molecule that becomes the 5'-terminal nucleotide of CPV mRNA must be cleaved at the beta-gamma position during cap formation, the results suggest that, in this viral transcription system, cap formation is prerequisite to mRNA synthesis-i.e., a \"pretranscriptional\" event."}
{"id": "PMID:349556", "title": "Stuttering: high-level mistranslation in animal and bacterial cells.", "content": "In both bacterial and mammalian cells, extreme starvation for certain amino acids resulted in translational errors that could be easily detected by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. On two-dimensional gels, the faulty proteins were shown as a trail of spots with molecular weights similar to those of the authentic proteins but separated in the isoelectric focusing dimension, a phenomenon we call \"stuttering.\" The direction of charge shift depended on the amino acid substituted and could be predicted from misreading of pyrimidines for purines at the third position of the codon. It is expected that this phenomenon will provide a rapid means of measuring the fidelity of the translational machinery from cell type to cell type.", "contents": "Stuttering: high-level mistranslation in animal and bacterial cells. In both bacterial and mammalian cells, extreme starvation for certain amino acids resulted in translational errors that could be easily detected by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. On two-dimensional gels, the faulty proteins were shown as a trail of spots with molecular weights similar to those of the authentic proteins but separated in the isoelectric focusing dimension, a phenomenon we call \"stuttering.\" The direction of charge shift depended on the amino acid substituted and could be predicted from misreading of pyrimidines for purines at the third position of the codon. It is expected that this phenomenon will provide a rapid means of measuring the fidelity of the translational machinery from cell type to cell type."}
{"id": "PMID:349557", "title": "Two chromatographically separable forms of Escherichia coli elongation factor Tu.", "content": "Two forms of the elongation factor Tu from Escherichia coli have been separated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A50. Obvious chromatographic artifacts have been ruled out by investigation of the elution profile of GDP (a component of the column buffer as well as a ligand of Tu) and by rechromatography of the two components, either separately to give the component peaks or together to give a double peak. The two components have been confirmed as Tu by the poly(uridylic)-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis and by the distribution of the Tu protein as quantitated from sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Complexes with the elongation factors Ts and G have also been ruled out by activity profiles and by quantitation of the protein distribution, again on gels. The distribution of the two forms between ribosomal and supernatant fractions has been examined: one is bound preferentially to the ribosomal fraction and the other is found in the supernatant fraction. The possible significance of this is discussed.", "contents": "Two chromatographically separable forms of Escherichia coli elongation factor Tu. Two forms of the elongation factor Tu from Escherichia coli have been separated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A50. Obvious chromatographic artifacts have been ruled out by investigation of the elution profile of GDP (a component of the column buffer as well as a ligand of Tu) and by rechromatography of the two components, either separately to give the component peaks or together to give a double peak. The two components have been confirmed as Tu by the poly(uridylic)-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis and by the distribution of the Tu protein as quantitated from sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Complexes with the elongation factors Ts and G have also been ruled out by activity profiles and by quantitation of the protein distribution, again on gels. The distribution of the two forms between ribosomal and supernatant fractions has been examined: one is bound preferentially to the ribosomal fraction and the other is found in the supernatant fraction. The possible significance of this is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:349558", "title": "Tetrakis(acetoxymercuri)methane: a polymetallic reagent for labeling sulfur in nucleic acids.", "content": "Tetrakis(acetoxymercuri)methane binds to the sulfur atom of 6-thioguanosine and also to the 4-thiouridine residue of Escherichia coli tRNAVal. A 4:1 complex is formed between 6-thioguanosine and tetrakis(acetyoxymercuri)methane. Addition of 3 equivalents of N,N-dimethyl-2-amino-ethanethiol hydrochloride to tetrakis(acetoxymercuri)methane effectively blocks three of the four mercury atoms, rendering the compound monofunctional toward 6-thioguanosine. Under appropriate conditions, tetrakis(acetyoxymercuri)methane, in the presence or absence of N,N-dimethyl-2-amino-ethanethiol hydrochloride, binds to the 4-thiouridine residue in E. coli tRNAVal without forming intermolecular crosslinks. These results suggest that tetrakis(acetoxymercuri)methane will be a useful polymetallic reagent for labeling sulfur sites in polynucleotides. It may also prove to be a valuable reagent for preparing heavy metal derivatives of proteins for x-ray crystallographic study.", "contents": "Tetrakis(acetoxymercuri)methane: a polymetallic reagent for labeling sulfur in nucleic acids. Tetrakis(acetoxymercuri)methane binds to the sulfur atom of 6-thioguanosine and also to the 4-thiouridine residue of Escherichia coli tRNAVal. A 4:1 complex is formed between 6-thioguanosine and tetrakis(acetyoxymercuri)methane. Addition of 3 equivalents of N,N-dimethyl-2-amino-ethanethiol hydrochloride to tetrakis(acetoxymercuri)methane effectively blocks three of the four mercury atoms, rendering the compound monofunctional toward 6-thioguanosine. Under appropriate conditions, tetrakis(acetyoxymercuri)methane, in the presence or absence of N,N-dimethyl-2-amino-ethanethiol hydrochloride, binds to the 4-thiouridine residue in E. coli tRNAVal without forming intermolecular crosslinks. These results suggest that tetrakis(acetoxymercuri)methane will be a useful polymetallic reagent for labeling sulfur sites in polynucleotides. It may also prove to be a valuable reagent for preparing heavy metal derivatives of proteins for x-ray crystallographic study."}
{"id": "PMID:349559", "title": "Replica plating and in situ enzymatic assay of animal cell colonies established on filter paper.", "content": "We have developed a simple technique for the replica plating of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In this procedure cells are allowed to divide for 8-16 days between the plastic surface of a petri dish and a disc of Whatman no. 50 filter paper, weighted down with glass beads. The culture medium can be replaced when necessary without disturbing the growing colonies. Cells from each developing colony grow into the fibers of the paper, while others remain attached to the plate. The cell colonies transferred to the paper are viable and can be replica plated to a new petri dish with high resolution. In this way several inositol auxotrophs have been identified in a stock of mutagen-treated cells without prior enrichment. Alternatively, the cells on the paper can be rendered permeable in situ, which permits autoradiographic screening for specific biochemical defects, as reported previously for Escherichia coli [Raetz, C. R.H. (1975 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 2274-2278]. This technique is applicable to other common cell lines and is especially useful for the identification of single colonies defective in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein, and membrane lipids.", "contents": "Replica plating and in situ enzymatic assay of animal cell colonies established on filter paper. We have developed a simple technique for the replica plating of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In this procedure cells are allowed to divide for 8-16 days between the plastic surface of a petri dish and a disc of Whatman no. 50 filter paper, weighted down with glass beads. The culture medium can be replaced when necessary without disturbing the growing colonies. Cells from each developing colony grow into the fibers of the paper, while others remain attached to the plate. The cell colonies transferred to the paper are viable and can be replica plated to a new petri dish with high resolution. In this way several inositol auxotrophs have been identified in a stock of mutagen-treated cells without prior enrichment. Alternatively, the cells on the paper can be rendered permeable in situ, which permits autoradiographic screening for specific biochemical defects, as reported previously for Escherichia coli [Raetz, C. R.H. (1975 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 2274-2278]. This technique is applicable to other common cell lines and is especially useful for the identification of single colonies defective in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein, and membrane lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:349560", "title": "Precursors of three exported proteins in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Arabinose-binding protein, maltose-binding protein, and lambda receptor are synthesized in vitro on membrane-bound polysomes from Escherichia coli. All three proteins are exported from the cytoplasm of E. coli and all three are made in vitro in a form a few thousand daltons larger than the authentic protein. The larger form of arabinose-binding protein is also detected in vivo by pulse labeling. It is concluded that the larger forms of the exported proteins are precursors containing an extra sequence. In contrast to the above, when the intracellular protein elongation factor Tu is synthesized in vitro on free polysomes, it is not detectably larger than the authentic form.", "contents": "Precursors of three exported proteins in Escherichia coli. Arabinose-binding protein, maltose-binding protein, and lambda receptor are synthesized in vitro on membrane-bound polysomes from Escherichia coli. All three proteins are exported from the cytoplasm of E. coli and all three are made in vitro in a form a few thousand daltons larger than the authentic protein. The larger form of arabinose-binding protein is also detected in vivo by pulse labeling. It is concluded that the larger forms of the exported proteins are precursors containing an extra sequence. In contrast to the above, when the intracellular protein elongation factor Tu is synthesized in vitro on free polysomes, it is not detectably larger than the authentic form."}
{"id": "PMID:349561", "title": "Cell-cell interactions in conjugating Escherichia coli: purification of F pili with biological activity.", "content": "A mutant of the F sex factor has been isolated that produces more F pili per cell than does the wild-type F factor. F pili have been purified in milligram amounts from cells carrying either the mutant or the wild-type sex factor. The technique described yields F pili of up to 99% purity that can specifically bind to Escherichia coli cells and that bind to and reversibly inactivate male-specific bacteriophages. The F pilin subunit has a molecular weight of 10,750 and purified F pili have a buoyant density of 1,200 g/cm3.", "contents": "Cell-cell interactions in conjugating Escherichia coli: purification of F pili with biological activity. A mutant of the F sex factor has been isolated that produces more F pili per cell than does the wild-type F factor. F pili have been purified in milligram amounts from cells carrying either the mutant or the wild-type sex factor. The technique described yields F pili of up to 99% purity that can specifically bind to Escherichia coli cells and that bind to and reversibly inactivate male-specific bacteriophages. The F pilin subunit has a molecular weight of 10,750 and purified F pili have a buoyant density of 1,200 g/cm3."}
{"id": "PMID:349562", "title": "Novel properties of bacterial elongation factor Tu.", "content": "We have characterized novel properties of the bacterial protein synthesis elongation factor Tu which indicate that it may function as a structural protein. Under appropriate conditions, elongation factor Tu polymerizes to form filaments and, more often, bundles of filaments. It is also the predominant component of a complex of proteins from Escherichia coli that undergoes reversible polymerization in the presence of KCl and MgCl2. In addition, purified elongation factor Tu binds tightly to DNase I in the presence of 10 mM MgCl2. In crude extracts the factor shows no binding in the presence or absence of MgCl2. These properties suggest that elongation factor Tu may have certain actin-like properties and that it has cellular functions other than its role in protein synthesis.", "contents": "Novel properties of bacterial elongation factor Tu. We have characterized novel properties of the bacterial protein synthesis elongation factor Tu which indicate that it may function as a structural protein. Under appropriate conditions, elongation factor Tu polymerizes to form filaments and, more often, bundles of filaments. It is also the predominant component of a complex of proteins from Escherichia coli that undergoes reversible polymerization in the presence of KCl and MgCl2. In addition, purified elongation factor Tu binds tightly to DNase I in the presence of 10 mM MgCl2. In crude extracts the factor shows no binding in the presence or absence of MgCl2. These properties suggest that elongation factor Tu may have certain actin-like properties and that it has cellular functions other than its role in protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:349563", "title": "Phenotypically cryptic EcoRI endonuclease activity specified by the ColE1 plasmid.", "content": "An endonuclease having EcoRI specificity is produced by bacteria containing the ColE1 plasmid. Such bacterial cells fail to express restriction or modification functions in vivo, and phage or plasmid DNA obtained from ColE1-containing cells has unmodified EcoRI sites that are cleaved in vitro by purified EcoRI endonuclease or by enzyme extracted from bacteria that carry ColE1. No EcoRI DNA methylase activity associated with ColE1 has been detected. The finding of phenotypically cryptic ColE1-dependent EcoRI endonuclease activity and the absence of any detectable EcoRI modification system in ColE1-containing cells suggest a control mechanism that appears to prevent functional expression of the ColE1-determined enzyme in vivo.", "contents": "Phenotypically cryptic EcoRI endonuclease activity specified by the ColE1 plasmid. An endonuclease having EcoRI specificity is produced by bacteria containing the ColE1 plasmid. Such bacterial cells fail to express restriction or modification functions in vivo, and phage or plasmid DNA obtained from ColE1-containing cells has unmodified EcoRI sites that are cleaved in vitro by purified EcoRI endonuclease or by enzyme extracted from bacteria that carry ColE1. No EcoRI DNA methylase activity associated with ColE1 has been detected. The finding of phenotypically cryptic ColE1-dependent EcoRI endonuclease activity and the absence of any detectable EcoRI modification system in ColE1-containing cells suggest a control mechanism that appears to prevent functional expression of the ColE1-determined enzyme in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:349564", "title": "Evidence for unaltered structure and in vivo assembly of microtubules in transformed cells.", "content": "By using immunoperoxidase cytochemistry at the light and electron microscopic level, microtubles were visualized in a number of \"normal\" nontumorigenic and transformed tumorigenic cell lines. A well-defined cytoplasmic microtubule complex exists in both normal and transformed interphase cells. The distribution of this complex closely correlates with the cell shape and the degree of cell spreading. Our data support the idea that these properties determine the pattern of the cytoplasmic microtubule complex, rather than the reverse. Ultrastructural observations of immunoperoxidase-stained tumor cells showed characteristic microtubules in cells in which the microtubules were poorly resolved at the light microscopic level. The results suggest that microtubule assembly and structure are unaltered in transformed cells. However, this conclusion does not exclude the possibility that some of the microtubules' functions might be impaired in a yet-unknown way.", "contents": "Evidence for unaltered structure and in vivo assembly of microtubules in transformed cells. By using immunoperoxidase cytochemistry at the light and electron microscopic level, microtubles were visualized in a number of \"normal\" nontumorigenic and transformed tumorigenic cell lines. A well-defined cytoplasmic microtubule complex exists in both normal and transformed interphase cells. The distribution of this complex closely correlates with the cell shape and the degree of cell spreading. Our data support the idea that these properties determine the pattern of the cytoplasmic microtubule complex, rather than the reverse. Ultrastructural observations of immunoperoxidase-stained tumor cells showed characteristic microtubules in cells in which the microtubules were poorly resolved at the light microscopic level. The results suggest that microtubule assembly and structure are unaltered in transformed cells. However, this conclusion does not exclude the possibility that some of the microtubules' functions might be impaired in a yet-unknown way."}
{"id": "PMID:349565", "title": "Entrapment of metaphase chromosomes into phospholipid vesicles (lipochromosomes): carrier potential in gene transfer.", "content": "Transfer of genes from one type of cultured mammalian cell to another by using isolated metaphase chromosomes has been reported with a frequency of one per 10(6)-10(8) cells. Very recently a rate of 16/10(6) has been reported with Chinese hamster ovary cells [Spandidos, D. A. & Siminovitch, L. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3480-3484]. To increase the frequency of gene transfer, we isolated metaphase chromosomes from hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) positive cells, entrapped them in liposomes, and fused the lipochromosomes with HGPRT-negative cells. Lipochromosomes were prepared with cholesterol and egg lecithin, using isolated metaphase chromosomes from a mouse-human somatic hybrid cell line (A9/HRBC2); the entire X chromosome, including the HGPRT, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglycerate kinase genes, is the only recognizable human genetic material retained by the hybrids. Enclosure of the chromosomes in the lipid envelope was confirmed by electron and fluorescence microscopy and differential centrifugation. These lipochromosomes were fused with HGPRT(-) mouse cells (A9) in the presence or absence of polyethylene glycol and transferents were selected in hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine (HAT) medium. The frequency of transfer was at least once per 10(5) cells, a minimum 10-fold improvement over previous methods. The selected cells contained HGPRT activity similar to the amount found in the A9/HRBC2 cells. Starch gel electrophoresis verified that the observed HGPRT activity in the transferents is due to the human enzyme. Human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase were also identified electrophoretically in the transferents. Karyotyping with C and Q banding did not reveal the presence of the whole human X chromosome or a visible extra fragment of a human chromosome associated with the mouse genome. The biochemical data strongly suggest, however, that transfer of a portion of the human X chromosome has occurred in these transferents. Thus, at least three X-linked genes have been transferred from one cell to another with high frequency, using metaphase chromosomes.", "contents": "Entrapment of metaphase chromosomes into phospholipid vesicles (lipochromosomes): carrier potential in gene transfer. Transfer of genes from one type of cultured mammalian cell to another by using isolated metaphase chromosomes has been reported with a frequency of one per 10(6)-10(8) cells. Very recently a rate of 16/10(6) has been reported with Chinese hamster ovary cells [Spandidos, D. A. & Siminovitch, L. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3480-3484]. To increase the frequency of gene transfer, we isolated metaphase chromosomes from hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) positive cells, entrapped them in liposomes, and fused the lipochromosomes with HGPRT-negative cells. Lipochromosomes were prepared with cholesterol and egg lecithin, using isolated metaphase chromosomes from a mouse-human somatic hybrid cell line (A9/HRBC2); the entire X chromosome, including the HGPRT, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglycerate kinase genes, is the only recognizable human genetic material retained by the hybrids. Enclosure of the chromosomes in the lipid envelope was confirmed by electron and fluorescence microscopy and differential centrifugation. These lipochromosomes were fused with HGPRT(-) mouse cells (A9) in the presence or absence of polyethylene glycol and transferents were selected in hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine (HAT) medium. The frequency of transfer was at least once per 10(5) cells, a minimum 10-fold improvement over previous methods. The selected cells contained HGPRT activity similar to the amount found in the A9/HRBC2 cells. Starch gel electrophoresis verified that the observed HGPRT activity in the transferents is due to the human enzyme. Human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase were also identified electrophoretically in the transferents. Karyotyping with C and Q banding did not reveal the presence of the whole human X chromosome or a visible extra fragment of a human chromosome associated with the mouse genome. The biochemical data strongly suggest, however, that transfer of a portion of the human X chromosome has occurred in these transferents. Thus, at least three X-linked genes have been transferred from one cell to another with high frequency, using metaphase chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:349566", "title": "Cell adhesion to substrates containing adsorbed or attached IgG.", "content": "When most mammalian cells are propagated in tissue culture, they are attached to a solid surface. This surface is commonly covered with a layer of serum protein. In this study we looked at the effect of the protein layer on the interaction between the cells and the surface by precoating the surface with various pure protein molecules. We found no differences between surfaces covered with pure protein layers and those covered with serum proteins except when antibody molecules were used. In all cases the cell types used avoided surfaces covered with antibody molecules. Previously, other investigators have established that some cells belonging to the immunology system are attracted to such surfaces.", "contents": "Cell adhesion to substrates containing adsorbed or attached IgG. When most mammalian cells are propagated in tissue culture, they are attached to a solid surface. This surface is commonly covered with a layer of serum protein. In this study we looked at the effect of the protein layer on the interaction between the cells and the surface by precoating the surface with various pure protein molecules. We found no differences between surfaces covered with pure protein layers and those covered with serum proteins except when antibody molecules were used. In all cases the cell types used avoided surfaces covered with antibody molecules. Previously, other investigators have established that some cells belonging to the immunology system are attracted to such surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:349567", "title": "Isolation and characterization of enterotoxin-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The genes controlling the production of two types of enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, one heat-labile (LT) and the other heat-stable (ST), are found on plasmids. The absence of a direct selection procedure has made it difficult to isolate mutants affecting toxin production. However, the availability of a naturally occurring \"recombinant\" plasmid, carrying genes for LT and ST formation and also for resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides, made it possible to use comutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to enrich for such mutants. We have isolated and characterized 58 LT- mutants and 7 ST- mutants. Among the LT- group we found amber mutants, temperature-sensitive mutants (most of which produce unusually heat-labile LT), and \"leaky\" mutants with reduced LT activity. The majority of the tested LT- mutants produced immunologically crossreacting material, in most cases in wild-type amounts. Among all 17 of the LT- mutants that could be transferred, the mutation was found to be on the plasmid. In contrast, only one of four transferrable ST- mutants appeared to be a plasmid mutant.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of enterotoxin-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. The genes controlling the production of two types of enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, one heat-labile (LT) and the other heat-stable (ST), are found on plasmids. The absence of a direct selection procedure has made it difficult to isolate mutants affecting toxin production. However, the availability of a naturally occurring \"recombinant\" plasmid, carrying genes for LT and ST formation and also for resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides, made it possible to use comutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to enrich for such mutants. We have isolated and characterized 58 LT- mutants and 7 ST- mutants. Among the LT- group we found amber mutants, temperature-sensitive mutants (most of which produce unusually heat-labile LT), and \"leaky\" mutants with reduced LT activity. The majority of the tested LT- mutants produced immunologically crossreacting material, in most cases in wild-type amounts. Among all 17 of the LT- mutants that could be transferred, the mutation was found to be on the plasmid. In contrast, only one of four transferrable ST- mutants appeared to be a plasmid mutant."}
{"id": "PMID:349568", "title": "Neurons containing beta-endorphin in rat brain exist separately from those containing enkephalin: immunocytochemical studies.", "content": "Well-characterized antisera to porcine beta-endorphin were used to localize immunoreactive sites in cryostat sections of formaldehyde-fixed rat brain by indirect immunohistochemistry. Specificity was established by absorption of immune sera with synthetic peptide fragments. Specific immunoreactivity was localized to neuronal perikarya in the basal tuberal hypothalamus, and to varicose nerve fibers which were distributed to midline nuclear areas throughout the diencephalon and anterior pons. These patterns of reactivity were unaffected by preabsorption of the immune sera with millimolar concentrations of Met5- or Leu5-enkephalin or alpha-endorphin. The beta-endorphin immunoreactive structures were morphologically separate from those cells and fibers reported to react with antisera to the enkephalins. One anti-beta-endorphin serum gave additional immunoreactivity with myelinated axons in limbic cortical zones; when absorbed with purified rat myelin basic protein, only the specific patterns of immunoreactivity remained. Thus, discrete beta-endorphin-containing neuronal circuits exist in rat brain and are anatomically distinguishable from enkephalin-containing nerve cell and fiber pathways.", "contents": "Neurons containing beta-endorphin in rat brain exist separately from those containing enkephalin: immunocytochemical studies. Well-characterized antisera to porcine beta-endorphin were used to localize immunoreactive sites in cryostat sections of formaldehyde-fixed rat brain by indirect immunohistochemistry. Specificity was established by absorption of immune sera with synthetic peptide fragments. Specific immunoreactivity was localized to neuronal perikarya in the basal tuberal hypothalamus, and to varicose nerve fibers which were distributed to midline nuclear areas throughout the diencephalon and anterior pons. These patterns of reactivity were unaffected by preabsorption of the immune sera with millimolar concentrations of Met5- or Leu5-enkephalin or alpha-endorphin. The beta-endorphin immunoreactive structures were morphologically separate from those cells and fibers reported to react with antisera to the enkephalins. One anti-beta-endorphin serum gave additional immunoreactivity with myelinated axons in limbic cortical zones; when absorbed with purified rat myelin basic protein, only the specific patterns of immunoreactivity remained. Thus, discrete beta-endorphin-containing neuronal circuits exist in rat brain and are anatomically distinguishable from enkephalin-containing nerve cell and fiber pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:349575", "title": "Cooperativity concepts in protein binding models--problems of cooperativity definition, detection, identification and measuring.", "content": "Cooperativity in protein-ligand binding cannot yet be treated as a urinary phenomenon (neither in investigating nor in modelling), although imaginable to rest upon some few general principles only. Knowledge of atomic details of protein-ligand interactions is still limited. Instead of a physico-chemical explanation and definition of cooperativity, a series of schematic concept has been established throughout the literature. Some dominating or merely observable features are isolated and intermixed with plausibly invented mechanistic details. These cooperativity concepts are put together and partly generalized here. From comparing these concepts with the state of binding theory on the one hand and with the nature of measured binding data on the other, some problems of understanding cooperative effects and of detecting, measuring and identifying them are pointed out. For special cases, suitable criteria and measures are recommended and graphic and mathematical techniques discussed. The limited significance and generality of current cooperativity terms is emphasized. Some different levels of understanding have to be distinguished.", "contents": "Cooperativity concepts in protein binding models--problems of cooperativity definition, detection, identification and measuring. Cooperativity in protein-ligand binding cannot yet be treated as a urinary phenomenon (neither in investigating nor in modelling), although imaginable to rest upon some few general principles only. Knowledge of atomic details of protein-ligand interactions is still limited. Instead of a physico-chemical explanation and definition of cooperativity, a series of schematic concept has been established throughout the literature. Some dominating or merely observable features are isolated and intermixed with plausibly invented mechanistic details. These cooperativity concepts are put together and partly generalized here. From comparing these concepts with the state of binding theory on the one hand and with the nature of measured binding data on the other, some problems of understanding cooperative effects and of detecting, measuring and identifying them are pointed out. For special cases, suitable criteria and measures are recommended and graphic and mathematical techniques discussed. The limited significance and generality of current cooperativity terms is emphasized. Some different levels of understanding have to be distinguished."}
{"id": "PMID:349578", "title": "The peripheral hearing mechanism: new biophysical concepts for transduction of the acoustic signal to an electrochemical event.", "content": "A theory of peripheral function in hearing is proposed. It accounts for temporal discrimination among simultaneously received wave and pulse signals, cochlear analysis of acoustic input, and transduction of acoustic energy into biochemical energy by means of resonance and ion-shuttling involving the tectorial membrane and hair-cell complex. The postulated mechanism is such that it can accommodate the enormous range of intensity accessible to the mammalian ear. Synthesized by the theory are numerous empirical observations and experimental results reported by a broad gamut of disciplines but hitherto not unified. Additional support derives from the characteristics of an artificial \"cochlea\" and an electret (protein) microphone or \"ion exchange microphone\" with implications for enzyme conformational change.", "contents": "The peripheral hearing mechanism: new biophysical concepts for transduction of the acoustic signal to an electrochemical event. A theory of peripheral function in hearing is proposed. It accounts for temporal discrimination among simultaneously received wave and pulse signals, cochlear analysis of acoustic input, and transduction of acoustic energy into biochemical energy by means of resonance and ion-shuttling involving the tectorial membrane and hair-cell complex. The postulated mechanism is such that it can accommodate the enormous range of intensity accessible to the mammalian ear. Synthesized by the theory are numerous empirical observations and experimental results reported by a broad gamut of disciplines but hitherto not unified. Additional support derives from the characteristics of an artificial \"cochlea\" and an electret (protein) microphone or \"ion exchange microphone\" with implications for enzyme conformational change."}
{"id": "PMID:349579", "title": "Biological ion exchanger resins: XI. Actin in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The 45,000 molecular weight component of an \"actin-like\" fraction (A-L fraction) from E. coli is identified as actin. Passage of skeletal muscle myosin through the A-L fraction specifically removes the 45,000 molecular weight band visible on electrophoresis prior to passage. Examination of the myosin after passage exhibits a new band on electrophoresis at 45,000 molecular weight.", "contents": "Biological ion exchanger resins: XI. Actin in Escherichia coli. The 45,000 molecular weight component of an \"actin-like\" fraction (A-L fraction) from E. coli is identified as actin. Passage of skeletal muscle myosin through the A-L fraction specifically removes the 45,000 molecular weight band visible on electrophoresis prior to passage. Examination of the myosin after passage exhibits a new band on electrophoresis at 45,000 molecular weight."}
{"id": "PMID:349582", "title": "[Differential indications for desipramine--results of a controlled multiclinical study].", "content": "The antidepressants desipramine and imipramine were compared within the framework of a multiclinical study performed under the conditions of a controlled clinical experiment. There has been found a time-different remission of affective symptoms, which was not detectable for the inhibition of drive. The tachythymoleptic action of desipramine is discussed with reference to these results. Evaluation of the possibility of controlling affects shows different ranges of activity of desipramine and imipramine, with desipramine influencing especially negative psychoenergetic symptoms in the area of drives and emotions and imipramine, restrictive symptoms in addition to differential phenomena of the psychomotor expression.", "contents": "[Differential indications for desipramine--results of a controlled multiclinical study]. The antidepressants desipramine and imipramine were compared within the framework of a multiclinical study performed under the conditions of a controlled clinical experiment. There has been found a time-different remission of affective symptoms, which was not detectable for the inhibition of drive. The tachythymoleptic action of desipramine is discussed with reference to these results. Evaluation of the possibility of controlling affects shows different ranges of activity of desipramine and imipramine, with desipramine influencing especially negative psychoenergetic symptoms in the area of drives and emotions and imipramine, restrictive symptoms in addition to differential phenomena of the psychomotor expression."}
{"id": "PMID:349583", "title": "Harry Stack Sullivan colloquium: Sullivan's Clinical contribution during the Sheppard Pratt era--1923--1930.", "content": "HARRY STACK SULLIVAN came to The Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital in Towson, Maryland, upon the initiative of Ross McClure Chapman, who had been appointed superintendent of the hospital in 1920. Sullivan had been at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C., where he had been associated with the foremost clinicians during there heyday of St. Elizabeths--William Alanson White, Edward J, Kempf, Ernest Hadley, and Lucile Dooley. Under Chapman's sponsorship Sullivan enjoyed complete autonomy in being able to set up a special unit at Sheppard, with free rein to hire his own nursing personnel. Although the date usually given for the initiation of his work at Sheppard is 1923, there is some indication from the correspondence with Chapman that he might have started as early as the latter part of 1922, either Novemeber or December. At the time, he was a quite young 30 or 31. Of special interest to us today is the fact that Sullivan arranged to have a stenographer take down a number of his interviews with patients during the years 1926 and 1927. These interviews, plus the routine records of staff conferences, including verbatim records of the case presentation, questioning of the patient, and various staff members' comments, constitute the bulk of the data for my presentation. This material enables us to develop some idea of Sullivan's clinical approach to a variety of psychiatric syndromes, as represented either by direct interview or by case conference comments 50 years ago. In this presentation I will outline Sullivan's approach to various clinical topics, and will include sample interviews which illustrate his clinical interviewing technique at that time.", "contents": "Harry Stack Sullivan colloquium: Sullivan's Clinical contribution during the Sheppard Pratt era--1923--1930. HARRY STACK SULLIVAN came to The Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital in Towson, Maryland, upon the initiative of Ross McClure Chapman, who had been appointed superintendent of the hospital in 1920. Sullivan had been at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C., where he had been associated with the foremost clinicians during there heyday of St. Elizabeths--William Alanson White, Edward J, Kempf, Ernest Hadley, and Lucile Dooley. Under Chapman's sponsorship Sullivan enjoyed complete autonomy in being able to set up a special unit at Sheppard, with free rein to hire his own nursing personnel. Although the date usually given for the initiation of his work at Sheppard is 1923, there is some indication from the correspondence with Chapman that he might have started as early as the latter part of 1922, either Novemeber or December. At the time, he was a quite young 30 or 31. Of special interest to us today is the fact that Sullivan arranged to have a stenographer take down a number of his interviews with patients during the years 1926 and 1927. These interviews, plus the routine records of staff conferences, including verbatim records of the case presentation, questioning of the patient, and various staff members' comments, constitute the bulk of the data for my presentation. This material enables us to develop some idea of Sullivan's clinical approach to a variety of psychiatric syndromes, as represented either by direct interview or by case conference comments 50 years ago. In this presentation I will outline Sullivan's approach to various clinical topics, and will include sample interviews which illustrate his clinical interviewing technique at that time."}
{"id": "PMID:349584", "title": "Harry Stack Sullivan Colloquium: The significance of ego interpretive states in insight-directed psychotherapy.", "content": "I AM pleased and grateful to have the chance to speak with you on this special occasion when we can recall and evalute the contributions--conceptual, educational, and personal--which Harry Stack Sullivan made and still makes to our field and to the understanding of human living. Sullivan belonged to that group of scholars who analyzed human experience in terms of a psychology of action grounded in the philosophical basis derived from Brentano, Mead, and Dewey--and represented by Meyer. Freud and the psychoanalysts, Titchener, and most anthropologists and modern sociologists. A psychology of action includes purpose and intent in its basic terms, it recognizes the ubiquity of symbolic interpretation as characteristic of humans, and it emphasizes the importance of understanding in the sence of grasping human communication, rather than in the sense of understanding objective mechanisms. It stands in contrast to an effort at objectivity in a behaviorist sence on the one hand, and to a strictly phenomenological psychology on the other. Phenomenological and existentialist analysis consider dialogue, communion, and the sharing of experience as the source of creative novelty and discovery, and exclude classification which might, for instance, consider some persons sick and capable of recovery. The act psychologist tends to ask what the person is trying to do, whereas others would speak of a trait, a symptom, or a defect.", "contents": "Harry Stack Sullivan Colloquium: The significance of ego interpretive states in insight-directed psychotherapy. I AM pleased and grateful to have the chance to speak with you on this special occasion when we can recall and evalute the contributions--conceptual, educational, and personal--which Harry Stack Sullivan made and still makes to our field and to the understanding of human living. Sullivan belonged to that group of scholars who analyzed human experience in terms of a psychology of action grounded in the philosophical basis derived from Brentano, Mead, and Dewey--and represented by Meyer. Freud and the psychoanalysts, Titchener, and most anthropologists and modern sociologists. A psychology of action includes purpose and intent in its basic terms, it recognizes the ubiquity of symbolic interpretation as characteristic of humans, and it emphasizes the importance of understanding in the sence of grasping human communication, rather than in the sense of understanding objective mechanisms. It stands in contrast to an effort at objectivity in a behaviorist sence on the one hand, and to a strictly phenomenological psychology on the other. Phenomenological and existentialist analysis consider dialogue, communion, and the sharing of experience as the source of creative novelty and discovery, and exclude classification which might, for instance, consider some persons sick and capable of recovery. The act psychologist tends to ask what the person is trying to do, whereas others would speak of a trait, a symptom, or a defect."}
{"id": "PMID:349586", "title": "Harry Stack Sullivan Colloquium: George Herbert Mead and Harry Stack Sullivan: an unfinished synthesis.", "content": "HOW DO YOU create a new self? However he may phrase this question, it is a central theoretical and practical concern of the therapist every time he confronts a client who comes to him for help. What are the processes out of which the human self emerges? However he may phrase the question, it is a central concern of the social psychologist. The obvious convergence of interests indicated by these two questions should occasion no surprise among students of Sullivan and Mead. What perhaps should be surprising is that an effective synthesis of their theories has progressed no further than it has to date. My remarks today are based on the conviction that a more adequate psychiatric theory and practice and a more complete social psychological theory and research program depend on such a synthesis. Behavioral scientists concerned with the development of a truly interactionist social psychology are, I believe, generally agreed that George Herbert Mead (1863-1931), philosopher and social psychologist, and Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949), psychiatrist and social psychologist, have laid conceptual foundations upon which such a discipline can be erected. Now a vast assortment of activities is tagged as social psychology and its boundaries are, indeed, difficult to draw. However, for our present purposes we can define its focus as the study of the processes and products of inter- and intrapersonal and inter- and intragoup interaction, let the boundaries fall where they will.", "contents": "Harry Stack Sullivan Colloquium: George Herbert Mead and Harry Stack Sullivan: an unfinished synthesis. HOW DO YOU create a new self? However he may phrase this question, it is a central theoretical and practical concern of the therapist every time he confronts a client who comes to him for help. What are the processes out of which the human self emerges? However he may phrase the question, it is a central concern of the social psychologist. The obvious convergence of interests indicated by these two questions should occasion no surprise among students of Sullivan and Mead. What perhaps should be surprising is that an effective synthesis of their theories has progressed no further than it has to date. My remarks today are based on the conviction that a more adequate psychiatric theory and practice and a more complete social psychological theory and research program depend on such a synthesis. Behavioral scientists concerned with the development of a truly interactionist social psychology are, I believe, generally agreed that George Herbert Mead (1863-1931), philosopher and social psychologist, and Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949), psychiatrist and social psychologist, have laid conceptual foundations upon which such a discipline can be erected. Now a vast assortment of activities is tagged as social psychology and its boundaries are, indeed, difficult to draw. However, for our present purposes we can define its focus as the study of the processes and products of inter- and intrapersonal and inter- and intragoup interaction, let the boundaries fall where they will."}
{"id": "PMID:349590", "title": "Discussion of Sigmund Freud.", "content": "Between the years 1928 and 1932, Sigmund Freud occasionally assembled a small group of members of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society for scientific discussions. These informal meetings took place on Wednesday evenings at Freud's home. The author reports what he was able to preserve of Freud's remarks on some of these occasions.", "contents": "Discussion of Sigmund Freud. Between the years 1928 and 1932, Sigmund Freud occasionally assembled a small group of members of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society for scientific discussions. These informal meetings took place on Wednesday evenings at Freud's home. The author reports what he was able to preserve of Freud's remarks on some of these occasions."}
{"id": "PMID:349591", "title": "The unconscious in France before Freud: premises of a discovery.", "content": "The influence of German culture on Freud has long been acknowledged, while his indebtedness to French psychological and medical tradtion has often been overlooked. The author presents a study of the emergence and evolution of the concept of the unconscious in nineteenth century French scientific discourse and its influence on Freud.", "contents": "The unconscious in France before Freud: premises of a discovery. The influence of German culture on Freud has long been acknowledged, while his indebtedness to French psychological and medical tradtion has often been overlooked. The author presents a study of the emergence and evolution of the concept of the unconscious in nineteenth century French scientific discourse and its influence on Freud."}
{"id": "PMID:349594", "title": "Religious stigmatization: an historical and psychophysiological enquiry.", "content": "The historical accounts of religious stigmatization occurring during the past 750 years have been surveyed, with more detailed attention being given to late nineteenth- and twentieth-century medical investigations of some well-known cases. A case showing some features of religious stigmatization is described. The possible relationship of the phenomena of religious stigmatization to disease and psychophysiological processes in the subject is examined.", "contents": "Religious stigmatization: an historical and psychophysiological enquiry. The historical accounts of religious stigmatization occurring during the past 750 years have been surveyed, with more detailed attention being given to late nineteenth- and twentieth-century medical investigations of some well-known cases. A case showing some features of religious stigmatization is described. The possible relationship of the phenomena of religious stigmatization to disease and psychophysiological processes in the subject is examined."}
{"id": "PMID:349603", "title": "Synthesis of inducible enzymes in irradiated yeast: UV effects on regulation and activity per cell.", "content": "The synthesis of two inducible enzymes in UV irradiated cells was determined during an 8 h postirradiation incubatin. In contrast to the reduction of synthesis shortly after irradiation the effect after a longer period of incubation depends on the radiation sensitivity of the strain. Since exposure inhibits division leading to different cell number in controls and irradiated samples the data are also analysed on a per cell basis. ta considerable increase of the activity per cell was observed. A maximum is reached at the end of the division delay.", "contents": "Synthesis of inducible enzymes in irradiated yeast: UV effects on regulation and activity per cell. The synthesis of two inducible enzymes in UV irradiated cells was determined during an 8 h postirradiation incubatin. In contrast to the reduction of synthesis shortly after irradiation the effect after a longer period of incubation depends on the radiation sensitivity of the strain. Since exposure inhibits division leading to different cell number in controls and irradiated samples the data are also analysed on a per cell basis. ta considerable increase of the activity per cell was observed. A maximum is reached at the end of the division delay."}
{"id": "PMID:349635", "title": "[Ten years of research and teaching at the special education department of the teachers' training college in cologne (author's transl)].", "content": "On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the special education department the teachers' training college an \"academic week\" was held in Cologne from June 20-24, 1976. Many German and foreign educational scientists and social paedagogues reported on the problems and research findings in the different fields of education and rehabilitation of the disabled. Since 1966 this department has experienced an unexpectedly rapid development. The majority of today's approximately 2600 students are pursuing studies to become teachers at schools for maladjusted children, the deaf, mentally disabled, physically handicapped, for children with learning disorders, with speech disorders and the hard of hearing. Approximately 250 students are trying to obtain a degree in education. Since the beginning of this decade, research work has been considerably intensified and is not mainly concentrating on the following five aspects: Studies of the theoretical, terminological and methodological approaches of special education--research projects concentrating on the social-scientific aspects of the problem of disability and the disabled--psychological studies of the learning and performance behaviour and the work load capacity of children at special schools--projects to ameliorate the communication and language capacity of the disabled--studies in connection with the planning and organisation of learning and instructional processes such as didactive and communication aids at special schools.", "contents": "[Ten years of research and teaching at the special education department of the teachers' training college in cologne (author's transl)]. On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the special education department the teachers' training college an \"academic week\" was held in Cologne from June 20-24, 1976. Many German and foreign educational scientists and social paedagogues reported on the problems and research findings in the different fields of education and rehabilitation of the disabled. Since 1966 this department has experienced an unexpectedly rapid development. The majority of today's approximately 2600 students are pursuing studies to become teachers at schools for maladjusted children, the deaf, mentally disabled, physically handicapped, for children with learning disorders, with speech disorders and the hard of hearing. Approximately 250 students are trying to obtain a degree in education. Since the beginning of this decade, research work has been considerably intensified and is not mainly concentrating on the following five aspects: Studies of the theoretical, terminological and methodological approaches of special education--research projects concentrating on the social-scientific aspects of the problem of disability and the disabled--psychological studies of the learning and performance behaviour and the work load capacity of children at special schools--projects to ameliorate the communication and language capacity of the disabled--studies in connection with the planning and organisation of learning and instructional processes such as didactive and communication aids at special schools."}
{"id": "PMID:349636", "title": "The role of oral immunisation in stimulating Escherichia coli antibody of the IgM class in porcine colostrum.", "content": "Oral immunisation with Escherichia coli polysaccharide antigens provided a primary antigenic stimulus which facilitated the production of humoral IgM antibody following a single parenteral antigen dose. The peak antibody response of preparturient sows was manipulated to coincide with the period of colostrum formation so that high levels of IgM antibody were made available for neonatal defence. The characteristics of the immune response remained unchanged on reintroduction of the immunisation schedule for a second gestation period.", "contents": "The role of oral immunisation in stimulating Escherichia coli antibody of the IgM class in porcine colostrum. Oral immunisation with Escherichia coli polysaccharide antigens provided a primary antigenic stimulus which facilitated the production of humoral IgM antibody following a single parenteral antigen dose. The peak antibody response of preparturient sows was manipulated to coincide with the period of colostrum formation so that high levels of IgM antibody were made available for neonatal defence. The characteristics of the immune response remained unchanged on reintroduction of the immunisation schedule for a second gestation period."}
{"id": "PMID:349661", "title": "[Sensitivity of Serratia marcescens to chemotherapy].", "content": "The sensitivity of 112 S. marcescens strains, isolated under various clinico-epidemiologic conditions, was tested by the dilution in agar method against 10 different antibiotics and sulfonamides active against Gram-negative bacteria. With the maximum concentrations used only Gentamycin and nalidixic acid were active against a high proportion of the strains tested, i.e. 96.4% and 91.1%. Kanamycin, Neomycin, Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin and Tetracyclin had an inhibitory effect against less than 25% of tested strains. One strain was resistant to all the antibiotics, 49.1% were only sensitive to 2 antibiotics and 33.9% to 3 antibiotics. Among tested strains 22 different antibiotypes were established. Evidence of 2 or more types of resistance within the same epidemic outbreaux, reduces the value of the \"antibiotype\" as epidemiologic indicator within this species. The readily acquired transfer factors of resistance might be responsible for the marked \"mobility\" of the antibiotypes, as well as for the spread of S. marcescens in hospital pathology.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of Serratia marcescens to chemotherapy]. The sensitivity of 112 S. marcescens strains, isolated under various clinico-epidemiologic conditions, was tested by the dilution in agar method against 10 different antibiotics and sulfonamides active against Gram-negative bacteria. With the maximum concentrations used only Gentamycin and nalidixic acid were active against a high proportion of the strains tested, i.e. 96.4% and 91.1%. Kanamycin, Neomycin, Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin and Tetracyclin had an inhibitory effect against less than 25% of tested strains. One strain was resistant to all the antibiotics, 49.1% were only sensitive to 2 antibiotics and 33.9% to 3 antibiotics. Among tested strains 22 different antibiotypes were established. Evidence of 2 or more types of resistance within the same epidemic outbreaux, reduces the value of the \"antibiotype\" as epidemiologic indicator within this species. The readily acquired transfer factors of resistance might be responsible for the marked \"mobility\" of the antibiotypes, as well as for the spread of S. marcescens in hospital pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:349672", "title": "[Use of delto-pectoral flaps in extensive loss of cervico-facial tissue in oncology practice].", "content": "Five years of use of more than 200 delto-pectoral flaps have shown its great qualities in repairing vast losses of substance from the cervico-facial area. The techniques of application are very varied and depend upon the cases to be treated.", "contents": "[Use of delto-pectoral flaps in extensive loss of cervico-facial tissue in oncology practice]. Five years of use of more than 200 delto-pectoral flaps have shown its great qualities in repairing vast losses of substance from the cervico-facial area. The techniques of application are very varied and depend upon the cases to be treated."}
{"id": "PMID:349673", "title": "Reduction of the formation of dental plaque and gingivitis in humans by crude mutanase.", "content": "The effect of a Trichoderma harzianum enzyme preparation containing mutanase (alpha-1,3 glucan glucanohydrolase) on plaque accumulation and composition and on occurrence of gingivitis was assessed in 20 persons in a double-blind cross-over investigation. The enzyme preparation was administered in chewing gum. Two test periods of 1 week were preceded by scaling and cleansing of the teeth, oral hygiene instruction, and controlled hygiene for at least 3 weeks. Oral hygiene measures were discontinued during the test periods, while the persons chewed six pieces of chewing gum per day, one half using enzyme-containing gum, and the other half using placebo gum. The test periods were identical, only enzyme gum was used instead of placebo, or vice versa. Evaluations of plaque and gingivitis showed that less plaque had accumulated and less gingivitis developed during the enzyme than during the placebo period, but bacteriologic studies of interproximal plaque did not reveal differences that could explain the clinical findings. Treatment with the enzyme preparation caused some local side effects, but no primary skin irritation, delayed hypersensitivity, nor anti-enzyme IgE was detected in any of the persons.", "contents": "Reduction of the formation of dental plaque and gingivitis in humans by crude mutanase. The effect of a Trichoderma harzianum enzyme preparation containing mutanase (alpha-1,3 glucan glucanohydrolase) on plaque accumulation and composition and on occurrence of gingivitis was assessed in 20 persons in a double-blind cross-over investigation. The enzyme preparation was administered in chewing gum. Two test periods of 1 week were preceded by scaling and cleansing of the teeth, oral hygiene instruction, and controlled hygiene for at least 3 weeks. Oral hygiene measures were discontinued during the test periods, while the persons chewed six pieces of chewing gum per day, one half using enzyme-containing gum, and the other half using placebo gum. The test periods were identical, only enzyme gum was used instead of placebo, or vice versa. Evaluations of plaque and gingivitis showed that less plaque had accumulated and less gingivitis developed during the enzyme than during the placebo period, but bacteriologic studies of interproximal plaque did not reveal differences that could explain the clinical findings. Treatment with the enzyme preparation caused some local side effects, but no primary skin irritation, delayed hypersensitivity, nor anti-enzyme IgE was detected in any of the persons."}
{"id": "PMID:349674", "title": "Receptors for IgM on human B lymphocytes.", "content": "Using a rosette technique with IgM coated bovine red blood cells (EA-IgM) receptors for IgM can be demonstrated on human B-lymphocytes. While in the peripheral blood B cells with IgM receptors are found only occasionally, between 7 and 33%, mean 16%, of tonsil B-lymphocytes exhibit receptors for IgM. This was shown in double marker studies using EA-IgM for the demonstration of IgM receptors and fluorochrome labelled conjugates for the demonstration of S-IgD, S-IgM and B cell antigens. These receptors are specific for IgM, they can be completely blocked by IgM-anti OVA complexes and partially by free IgM, but not at all by aggregated human IgG. They are sensitive to trypsin and pronase but reconstitute after further incubation at 37 degrees C. These data show that not only T and CLL cells but also some normal B-lymphocytes have receptors for IgM. We favour the view that CLL lymphocytes may derive from these B-lymphocytes, which may represent a certain maturation step in B cell development.", "contents": "Receptors for IgM on human B lymphocytes. Using a rosette technique with IgM coated bovine red blood cells (EA-IgM) receptors for IgM can be demonstrated on human B-lymphocytes. While in the peripheral blood B cells with IgM receptors are found only occasionally, between 7 and 33%, mean 16%, of tonsil B-lymphocytes exhibit receptors for IgM. This was shown in double marker studies using EA-IgM for the demonstration of IgM receptors and fluorochrome labelled conjugates for the demonstration of S-IgD, S-IgM and B cell antigens. These receptors are specific for IgM, they can be completely blocked by IgM-anti OVA complexes and partially by free IgM, but not at all by aggregated human IgG. They are sensitive to trypsin and pronase but reconstitute after further incubation at 37 degrees C. These data show that not only T and CLL cells but also some normal B-lymphocytes have receptors for IgM. We favour the view that CLL lymphocytes may derive from these B-lymphocytes, which may represent a certain maturation step in B cell development."}
{"id": "PMID:349675", "title": "Certain rheumatoid factors react with both IgG and an antigen associated with cell nuclei.", "content": "Rheumatoid factors (RF) were isolated by their affinity for human IgG. RF from three out of twenty-four sera (12%) with a RF-latex titre greater than or equal to 20 and an anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) titre greater than or equal to 250 cross-reacted with nuclei from mouse cells. This antibody which represents an unknown proportion of RF, is designated RF/ANA. Only one of the three sera (Nil) contained large amounts of RF/ANA. A fourth serum (Jos) had 6.6 mg of RF per ml and an ANA-titre of 4096; all the ANA-activity of this serum was absorbed by an IgG-agarose conjugate. Part of the RF-activity of serum Jos was carried by antigenically deficient IgM. The ANA-activity of purified RF/ANA from four sera was inhibited by low concentrations of aggregated human IgG and by higher concentrations of human Fcgamma fragments and non-aggreated mouse anti-DNP antibodies. The data provide strong support for the conclusion that certain antibody molecules can combine with both IgG and an antigen in cell nuclei.", "contents": "Certain rheumatoid factors react with both IgG and an antigen associated with cell nuclei. Rheumatoid factors (RF) were isolated by their affinity for human IgG. RF from three out of twenty-four sera (12%) with a RF-latex titre greater than or equal to 20 and an anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) titre greater than or equal to 250 cross-reacted with nuclei from mouse cells. This antibody which represents an unknown proportion of RF, is designated RF/ANA. Only one of the three sera (Nil) contained large amounts of RF/ANA. A fourth serum (Jos) had 6.6 mg of RF per ml and an ANA-titre of 4096; all the ANA-activity of this serum was absorbed by an IgG-agarose conjugate. Part of the RF-activity of serum Jos was carried by antigenically deficient IgM. The ANA-activity of purified RF/ANA from four sera was inhibited by low concentrations of aggregated human IgG and by higher concentrations of human Fcgamma fragments and non-aggreated mouse anti-DNP antibodies. The data provide strong support for the conclusion that certain antibody molecules can combine with both IgG and an antigen in cell nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:349676", "title": "A solid phase enzyme-linked immunosurbent assay (ELISA) for the demonstration of antibodies against denatured, single-stranded DNA in patient sera.", "content": "A solid phase enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of antibodies against denatured, single-stranded (ss-) DNA is described. Polystyrene cuvettes coated with ss-DNA were incubated with serum samples and the anti-ss-DNA antibodies bound were detected by means of an anti-IgG-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. The binding of anti-ss-DNA antibodies in individual sera was expressed as units calculated as % of the absorbance in relation to the absorbance value obtained with a reference pool. Absorption experiments showed that the assay is specific for antibodies against denatured DNA. By using immunologically purified anti-ss-DNA antibodies the assay was shown to detect specific antibodies in concentrations down to 1 ng/ml. Antibodies against DNA could be detected in 94% of sera with antinuclear antibodies.", "contents": "A solid phase enzyme-linked immunosurbent assay (ELISA) for the demonstration of antibodies against denatured, single-stranded DNA in patient sera. A solid phase enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of antibodies against denatured, single-stranded (ss-) DNA is described. Polystyrene cuvettes coated with ss-DNA were incubated with serum samples and the anti-ss-DNA antibodies bound were detected by means of an anti-IgG-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. The binding of anti-ss-DNA antibodies in individual sera was expressed as units calculated as % of the absorbance in relation to the absorbance value obtained with a reference pool. Absorption experiments showed that the assay is specific for antibodies against denatured DNA. By using immunologically purified anti-ss-DNA antibodies the assay was shown to detect specific antibodies in concentrations down to 1 ng/ml. Antibodies against DNA could be detected in 94% of sera with antinuclear antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:349677", "title": "Receptors for Helix pomatia A haemagglutinin (HP) on a subpopulation of human B cells.", "content": "Receptors for Helix pomatia A haemagglutinin (HP) have earlier been found on neuramidinase treated T-lymphocytes in human peripheral blood. In contrast, the majority of the B-lymphocytes, characterized by surface bound IgM and/or IgD(SIg)lack these receptors. Double marker experiments with fluorochrome labelled reagents have now shown that a minor fraction (3--24%) of the IgM/d bearing lymphocytes in normal human blood also have HP-receptors. These HP+ B-cells constitute approximately 1% of the HP+ lymphocytes in adult blood. Fractionation on HP-Sepharose columns showed that the HP+ B-cells are readily eluted with buffer containing 0.1 mg N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. In contrast, the majority of the HP+-SIg--cells require higher concentrations of the competing hapten for elution (1 mg D-Ga1NAc/ml buffer). This indicates that the HP-receptors on these B-cells differ qualitatively or quantitatively from those on the majority of the T-cells. Previous findings of HP-receptors on the SIg+ leukaemic cells in the blood of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia suggested that these structures are expressed on an immature variety of B-cells. This assumption is favoured by the present finding that approximately 80% of the lymphocytes with surface bound IgM/D in cord blood also have HP-receptors. Therefore, the HP-receptors seems to fall in the category of differentiation markers and constitutes a useful tool for characterization and separation of human lymphocytes within both the T- and the B-compartments.", "contents": "Receptors for Helix pomatia A haemagglutinin (HP) on a subpopulation of human B cells. Receptors for Helix pomatia A haemagglutinin (HP) have earlier been found on neuramidinase treated T-lymphocytes in human peripheral blood. In contrast, the majority of the B-lymphocytes, characterized by surface bound IgM and/or IgD(SIg)lack these receptors. Double marker experiments with fluorochrome labelled reagents have now shown that a minor fraction (3--24%) of the IgM/d bearing lymphocytes in normal human blood also have HP-receptors. These HP+ B-cells constitute approximately 1% of the HP+ lymphocytes in adult blood. Fractionation on HP-Sepharose columns showed that the HP+ B-cells are readily eluted with buffer containing 0.1 mg N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. In contrast, the majority of the HP+-SIg--cells require higher concentrations of the competing hapten for elution (1 mg D-Ga1NAc/ml buffer). This indicates that the HP-receptors on these B-cells differ qualitatively or quantitatively from those on the majority of the T-cells. Previous findings of HP-receptors on the SIg+ leukaemic cells in the blood of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia suggested that these structures are expressed on an immature variety of B-cells. This assumption is favoured by the present finding that approximately 80% of the lymphocytes with surface bound IgM/D in cord blood also have HP-receptors. Therefore, the HP-receptors seems to fall in the category of differentiation markers and constitutes a useful tool for characterization and separation of human lymphocytes within both the T- and the B-compartments."}
{"id": "PMID:349678", "title": "Activation of primed rabbit blood lymphocytes by antigen: early phase of triggering and the specificity of the response.", "content": "The early phase of antigen-dependent triggering of rabbit blood lymphocytes (PBL) is described. Specific activation of PBL by streptococcal vaccines requires primed lymphocytes from high responder rabbits. B-cell memory is conferred by Ig receptors by both mu and gamma chains. Antigen-induced incorporation of leucine and thymidine reach peak values at day 5, with stimulation indices of 10 to greater than 100, closely followed by increases in the number of living cells. A second and less intensive phase of cell proliferation is seen on days 8--11. A large fraction of cells (between 3 and 33%) participates in proliferation. A rough calculation of the average doubling time of cells during the exponential growth phase gives values of 8--16 h.", "contents": "Activation of primed rabbit blood lymphocytes by antigen: early phase of triggering and the specificity of the response. The early phase of antigen-dependent triggering of rabbit blood lymphocytes (PBL) is described. Specific activation of PBL by streptococcal vaccines requires primed lymphocytes from high responder rabbits. B-cell memory is conferred by Ig receptors by both mu and gamma chains. Antigen-induced incorporation of leucine and thymidine reach peak values at day 5, with stimulation indices of 10 to greater than 100, closely followed by increases in the number of living cells. A second and less intensive phase of cell proliferation is seen on days 8--11. A large fraction of cells (between 3 and 33%) participates in proliferation. A rough calculation of the average doubling time of cells during the exponential growth phase gives values of 8--16 h."}
{"id": "PMID:349679", "title": "Antibodies against microfibrils of developing connective tissue in patients with inflammatory conditions.", "content": "Sera from patients with chronic inflammatory disease were tested for the presence of connective tissue antibodies. Fetal human skin was used as a substrate in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Histological staining for connective tissue fibres, antibodies to connective tissue components and immunoelectron microscopy were used to identify the antigenic structures. Some antigenic fibrils were associated with elastin. By immunoelectron microscopy antigenic extracellular microfibrillar structures were identified. Antibodies against these microfibrils were detected in higher titres only in chronic inflammation (14%). Our results suggest that antibodies against connective tissues microfibrils may occur in human sera.", "contents": "Antibodies against microfibrils of developing connective tissue in patients with inflammatory conditions. Sera from patients with chronic inflammatory disease were tested for the presence of connective tissue antibodies. Fetal human skin was used as a substrate in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Histological staining for connective tissue fibres, antibodies to connective tissue components and immunoelectron microscopy were used to identify the antigenic structures. Some antigenic fibrils were associated with elastin. By immunoelectron microscopy antigenic extracellular microfibrillar structures were identified. Antibodies against these microfibrils were detected in higher titres only in chronic inflammation (14%). Our results suggest that antibodies against connective tissues microfibrils may occur in human sera."}
{"id": "PMID:349680", "title": "[Basis for the interpretation of toxoplasmosis immunofluorescence serology].", "content": "Exact knowledge of the sensitivity and reproducibility of immunofluorescence serology is essential in interpreting antibody titers. Comparison of titers from laboratory to laboratory is difficult, and the expression of titers in international units is worth attempting. 66% of Bernese people over 20 years of age have fluorescent-reacting antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii.", "contents": "[Basis for the interpretation of toxoplasmosis immunofluorescence serology]. Exact knowledge of the sensitivity and reproducibility of immunofluorescence serology is essential in interpreting antibody titers. Comparison of titers from laboratory to laboratory is difficult, and the expression of titers in international units is worth attempting. 66% of Bernese people over 20 years of age have fluorescent-reacting antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii."}
{"id": "PMID:349682", "title": "[Recurrence of intramembraneous glomerulonephritis in 2 consecutive kidney transplantations].", "content": "A case of dense intramembranous deposit disease, partial lipodystrophy, hypocomplementemia, and nephritic factor-like activity in the serum is presented. Recurrence of underlying renal disease was noted in two consecutive renal allografts. The first transplant was lost 7 months after implantation, chronic renal rejection being an additional cause of graft failure. A favourable clinical course, however, was observed after the second renal transplantation. 22 months after surgery, the patient was fully rehabilitated and transplant function only slightly reduced despite electron microscopic evidence of typical dense intramembranous deposit lesions. Low C3-serum complement and normal C4-serum complement levels were constant findings throughout observation time. The case supports the assumption that patients with dense intramembranous deposit disease should not be excluded from renal transplantation As shown in the literature, maintenance of satisfactory graft function is usually obtained for a long period of time despite recurrence of original disease.", "contents": "[Recurrence of intramembraneous glomerulonephritis in 2 consecutive kidney transplantations]. A case of dense intramembranous deposit disease, partial lipodystrophy, hypocomplementemia, and nephritic factor-like activity in the serum is presented. Recurrence of underlying renal disease was noted in two consecutive renal allografts. The first transplant was lost 7 months after implantation, chronic renal rejection being an additional cause of graft failure. A favourable clinical course, however, was observed after the second renal transplantation. 22 months after surgery, the patient was fully rehabilitated and transplant function only slightly reduced despite electron microscopic evidence of typical dense intramembranous deposit lesions. Low C3-serum complement and normal C4-serum complement levels were constant findings throughout observation time. The case supports the assumption that patients with dense intramembranous deposit disease should not be excluded from renal transplantation As shown in the literature, maintenance of satisfactory graft function is usually obtained for a long period of time despite recurrence of original disease."}
{"id": "PMID:349684", "title": "[The abrasion of amalgam and composites in the area of the lateral teeth].", "content": "Four materials: amalgam, Epoxydent, Adaptic and concise Cap were filled after certain criteria into class II mandibular cavities and examined after one year. The very accurate models were submitted to measuring with a three-dimensional measuring device. The results were the following: amalgam 18 +/- 58 micron Epoxydent 38 +/- 50 micron Adaptic 92 +/- 97 micron Concise Cap 146 +/- 75 micron Only the first difference between amalgam and Epoxydent is statistically insignificant, the others are all relevant. Furthermore, a mean abrasion of functional cusps of 70 micron and a maximum abrasion of 300 micron could be observed. Clinically, relative to marginal adaptation and discoloration, Adaptic was clearly superior to the other two composites. Class II cavities must routinely be restored with amalgam, and composite \"streets\" must be strictly avoided.", "contents": "[The abrasion of amalgam and composites in the area of the lateral teeth]. Four materials: amalgam, Epoxydent, Adaptic and concise Cap were filled after certain criteria into class II mandibular cavities and examined after one year. The very accurate models were submitted to measuring with a three-dimensional measuring device. The results were the following: amalgam 18 +/- 58 micron Epoxydent 38 +/- 50 micron Adaptic 92 +/- 97 micron Concise Cap 146 +/- 75 micron Only the first difference between amalgam and Epoxydent is statistically insignificant, the others are all relevant. Furthermore, a mean abrasion of functional cusps of 70 micron and a maximum abrasion of 300 micron could be observed. Clinically, relative to marginal adaptation and discoloration, Adaptic was clearly superior to the other two composites. Class II cavities must routinely be restored with amalgam, and composite \"streets\" must be strictly avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:349686", "title": "[Quantitative study of the mineral substance of the human dental cementum].", "content": "A study of the mineral substance of human dental cementum was made by various biophysical methods. In healthy teeth, average degree of mineralization of the cementum as well as crystallinity and fluoride content of its mineral substance, were found to increase as a function of age. This evolution, typical of the physiological ageing process of calcified tissues, is especially pronounced for the cementum, because of the absence of remodeling activity such as that occuring in bone tissue. Cementum of impacted or semi-impacted teeth was found to have a significantly lower degree of mineralization than that of sound teeth in occlusion. In periodontally diseased teeth, the increase in crystallinity and degree of mineralization of the cementum as a function of age is considerably greater than that observed in healthy teeth. These changes were found to affect the cervical cement first of all, and progressively, the entire tissue. No difference was observed, however, in the fluoride content of the cement of periodontally diseased teeth and healthy teeth of the same age.", "contents": "[Quantitative study of the mineral substance of the human dental cementum]. A study of the mineral substance of human dental cementum was made by various biophysical methods. In healthy teeth, average degree of mineralization of the cementum as well as crystallinity and fluoride content of its mineral substance, were found to increase as a function of age. This evolution, typical of the physiological ageing process of calcified tissues, is especially pronounced for the cementum, because of the absence of remodeling activity such as that occuring in bone tissue. Cementum of impacted or semi-impacted teeth was found to have a significantly lower degree of mineralization than that of sound teeth in occlusion. In periodontally diseased teeth, the increase in crystallinity and degree of mineralization of the cementum as a function of age is considerably greater than that observed in healthy teeth. These changes were found to affect the cervical cement first of all, and progressively, the entire tissue. No difference was observed, however, in the fluoride content of the cement of periodontally diseased teeth and healthy teeth of the same age."}
{"id": "PMID:349688", "title": "[Periodontal conditions in patients with crowns and bridgework].", "content": "A study evaluating supragingival and subgingival placement of restoration margins in 24 patients following periodontal and reconstruction therapy is presented. After 1 year no significant differences in supragingival plaque retention, tooth mobility, and width of attached gingiva were observed between the two types of restorations. The gingiva of those restorations with supragingival termination of margins showed, however, significantly (p less than 0.001) less inflammation. The pocket depth of restored teeth was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than that of non-restored. It is concluded that whenever feasable, restorations should terminate above the free margin of the gingiva. Every restoration terminating in the immediate vicinity of or in actual contact with surrounding soft tissue is a potential irritant to that tissue and increases the chance of precipitating periodontal disease. It is mandatory that the patients with such restorations participate in a regular dental hygiene recall program where oral hygiene can be evaluated, physiotherapy procedures reviewed and motivation reenforced.", "contents": "[Periodontal conditions in patients with crowns and bridgework]. A study evaluating supragingival and subgingival placement of restoration margins in 24 patients following periodontal and reconstruction therapy is presented. After 1 year no significant differences in supragingival plaque retention, tooth mobility, and width of attached gingiva were observed between the two types of restorations. The gingiva of those restorations with supragingival termination of margins showed, however, significantly (p less than 0.001) less inflammation. The pocket depth of restored teeth was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than that of non-restored. It is concluded that whenever feasable, restorations should terminate above the free margin of the gingiva. Every restoration terminating in the immediate vicinity of or in actual contact with surrounding soft tissue is a potential irritant to that tissue and increases the chance of precipitating periodontal disease. It is mandatory that the patients with such restorations participate in a regular dental hygiene recall program where oral hygiene can be evaluated, physiotherapy procedures reviewed and motivation reenforced."}
{"id": "PMID:349689", "title": "[Clinical study on the effectiveness of Insadol].", "content": "The effectiveness of Insadol (Laroche-Navarron, Paris) was submitted to a clinical test. The following indexes and measurements were considered: Sulcus fluid, P-Index, Plaque-Index, Pocket Depth, Tooth Mobility, Bone Loss. The measurement of the Sulcus Fluid revealed a small, but significant decrease in the medicament group. The other considered parameters showed no change in the medicament group, which makes any therapeutical effect appear doubtful.", "contents": "[Clinical study on the effectiveness of Insadol]. The effectiveness of Insadol (Laroche-Navarron, Paris) was submitted to a clinical test. The following indexes and measurements were considered: Sulcus fluid, P-Index, Plaque-Index, Pocket Depth, Tooth Mobility, Bone Loss. The measurement of the Sulcus Fluid revealed a small, but significant decrease in the medicament group. The other considered parameters showed no change in the medicament group, which makes any therapeutical effect appear doubtful."}
{"id": "PMID:349691", "title": "Viremia in experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.", "content": "Inoculation of the buffy coat of blood from guinea pigs infected with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease resulted in passage of this disease to recipient animals. This demonstrates that there is a viremia in experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. These findings suggest that the hematogenous route may be implicated in the human infection and that the disease may possibly be transmitted by blood transfusions.", "contents": "Viremia in experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Inoculation of the buffy coat of blood from guinea pigs infected with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease resulted in passage of this disease to recipient animals. This demonstrates that there is a viremia in experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. These findings suggest that the hematogenous route may be implicated in the human infection and that the disease may possibly be transmitted by blood transfusions."}
{"id": "PMID:349692", "title": "Microtubules in prokaryotes.", "content": "Longitudinally aligned microtubules, about 220 A in diameter, have been seen in the protoplasmic cylinders of the following spirochetes (symbiotic in the hindguts of dry-wood and subterranean termites): Pillotina sp., Diplocalyx sp., Hollandina sp. They are also present in a gliding bacterium from Pterotermes occidentis. These microtubules are probably composed of tubulin, as determined by staining with fluorescent antibodies to tubulin and comigration with authentic tubulin on acrylamide gels. Treponema reiteri lack tubulin by these same criteria. These observations support the hypothesis of the symbiotic origin of cilia and flagella from certain spirochetes.", "contents": "Microtubules in prokaryotes. Longitudinally aligned microtubules, about 220 A in diameter, have been seen in the protoplasmic cylinders of the following spirochetes (symbiotic in the hindguts of dry-wood and subterranean termites): Pillotina sp., Diplocalyx sp., Hollandina sp. They are also present in a gliding bacterium from Pterotermes occidentis. These microtubules are probably composed of tubulin, as determined by staining with fluorescent antibodies to tubulin and comigration with authentic tubulin on acrylamide gels. Treponema reiteri lack tubulin by these same criteria. These observations support the hypothesis of the symbiotic origin of cilia and flagella from certain spirochetes."}
{"id": "PMID:349693", "title": "Mummy of the \"Elder Lady\" in the tomb of Amenhotep II: Egyptian museum catalog number 61070.", "content": "An unidentified female mummy found in a cache of great kings and queens in 1898 in the Valley of the Kings was examined from the viewpoint of Egyptology, x-ray cephalometry, biostatistics, and biochemistry. The result was the identification of Queen Tiye, of the Eighteenth Dynasty, wife of Amenhotep III and mother of Akhenaton.", "contents": "Mummy of the \"Elder Lady\" in the tomb of Amenhotep II: Egyptian museum catalog number 61070. An unidentified female mummy found in a cache of great kings and queens in 1898 in the Valley of the Kings was examined from the viewpoint of Egyptology, x-ray cephalometry, biostatistics, and biochemistry. The result was the identification of Queen Tiye, of the Eighteenth Dynasty, wife of Amenhotep III and mother of Akhenaton."}
{"id": "PMID:349694", "title": "A mutant of yeast defective in cellular morphogenesis.", "content": "In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, each bud appears within a ring of chitin formed in the cell wall of the mother cell. Temperature-sensitive mutants defective in gene cdc24 synthesize chitin at restrictive temperatures, but do not organize it into the discrete rings found in normal cells, nor do they form buds. The chitin ring or an annular precursor structure may play an essential role in reinforcing the region of the cell wall involved in budding.", "contents": "A mutant of yeast defective in cellular morphogenesis. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, each bud appears within a ring of chitin formed in the cell wall of the mother cell. Temperature-sensitive mutants defective in gene cdc24 synthesize chitin at restrictive temperatures, but do not organize it into the discrete rings found in normal cells, nor do they form buds. The chitin ring or an annular precursor structure may play an essential role in reinforcing the region of the cell wall involved in budding."}
{"id": "PMID:349714", "title": "Septicaemia in kwashiorkor.", "content": "In blood and stool cultures from 90 Black children with kwashiorkor, the commonest organisms isolated were Gram-negative aerobic rods. The mortality rate was highest in the group who developed septicaemia. In patients with negative blood cultures, the outcome was much more favourable, although the majority of them showed evidence of respiratory and/or bowel infections. It is felt that routine antibiotic therapy is advisable in the management of kwashiorkor.", "contents": "Septicaemia in kwashiorkor. In blood and stool cultures from 90 Black children with kwashiorkor, the commonest organisms isolated were Gram-negative aerobic rods. The mortality rate was highest in the group who developed septicaemia. In patients with negative blood cultures, the outcome was much more favourable, although the majority of them showed evidence of respiratory and/or bowel infections. It is felt that routine antibiotic therapy is advisable in the management of kwashiorkor."}
{"id": "PMID:349715", "title": "Femoral neuropathy after renal transplantation.", "content": "Two cases of postoperative femoral neuropathy have been encountered in 135 renal transplant patients operated upon at Groote Schuur Hospital since 1967. It is thought that the lesions were due to anoxia secondary to compression of the nerve by a self-retaining retractor blade. Electromyographic studies were useful in assessing the severity and prognosis of the lesion. A prolonged convalescence may occur with a varying degree of residual neurological deficit.", "contents": "Femoral neuropathy after renal transplantation. Two cases of postoperative femoral neuropathy have been encountered in 135 renal transplant patients operated upon at Groote Schuur Hospital since 1967. It is thought that the lesions were due to anoxia secondary to compression of the nerve by a self-retaining retractor blade. Electromyographic studies were useful in assessing the severity and prognosis of the lesion. A prolonged convalescence may occur with a varying degree of residual neurological deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:349716", "title": "Escherichia coli gastro-enteritis in adults.", "content": "Two cases of gastro-enteritis in South African adults are reported. Stool cultures performed on both patients yielded pure growths Escherichia coli. One isolate was shown to have invasive ability, and the other to produce heatstable enterotoxin. Neither strain belonged to a 'classic' enteropathogenic serotype associated with infantile gastro-enteritis.", "contents": "Escherichia coli gastro-enteritis in adults. Two cases of gastro-enteritis in South African adults are reported. Stool cultures performed on both patients yielded pure growths Escherichia coli. One isolate was shown to have invasive ability, and the other to produce heatstable enterotoxin. Neither strain belonged to a 'classic' enteropathogenic serotype associated with infantile gastro-enteritis."}
{"id": "PMID:349720", "title": "Multifactorial megaloblastic anaemia.", "content": "Ninety-five patients who had megaloblastic anaemia, and who lived in a subtropical climate, were studied to elucidate the importance of puerperium, malabsorption, gastric dystrophy, diet and infection in the aetiology of the disease. All 5 factors were found to be common, and to occur in a variety of combinations, producing a wide spectrum of illness variously resembling nutritional megaloblastic anaemia, sprue, pernicious anaemia and many stages in between. It is concluded that megaloblastic anaemia in this population is a multifactorial disease, and a tentative scheme, relating the aetiological factors, is drawn up. Neither serum vitamin B(12) levels, nor folate estimation in serum or red cells emerged as very reliable guides to the underlying biochemical deficiency.", "contents": "Multifactorial megaloblastic anaemia. Ninety-five patients who had megaloblastic anaemia, and who lived in a subtropical climate, were studied to elucidate the importance of puerperium, malabsorption, gastric dystrophy, diet and infection in the aetiology of the disease. All 5 factors were found to be common, and to occur in a variety of combinations, producing a wide spectrum of illness variously resembling nutritional megaloblastic anaemia, sprue, pernicious anaemia and many stages in between. It is concluded that megaloblastic anaemia in this population is a multifactorial disease, and a tentative scheme, relating the aetiological factors, is drawn up. Neither serum vitamin B(12) levels, nor folate estimation in serum or red cells emerged as very reliable guides to the underlying biochemical deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:349737", "title": "Urologic complications in renal transplantation.", "content": "The current overall reported incidence of major urologic complications following renal transplantation is 5 per cent. The presence of such a complication increases the likelihood of patient mortality by a factor of three. Standard utilization of postoperative radionuclide scanning is very useful in early diagnosis. Vesical fistulas generally result from improper bladder closure. The incidence of bladder complications increases with secondary and tertiary grafts. Ureteral complications result when the blood supply of the ureter is impaired. These include fistula formation, necrosis, and obstruction. Immediate surgical correction is indicated in almost all serious urologic complications following transplantation; otherwise there is marked increase in morbidity and mortality. Complications appearing early in the postoperative period carry a poor prognosis for both graft and recipient survival. The presence of urinary tract infection early in the postoperative period also correlates negatively with graft survival. The presence of multiple renal arteries in the donor has been associated with an increased rate of urologic complications. Ureteral fistulas can be avoided by meticulous dissection of the donor at the time or organ harvesting. Great care must be taken to preserve the arterial and venous blood supply to the ureter by avoiding any dissection into the renal hilum. Aberrant renal arteries must be preserved or repaired if damaged. Ureteroneocystostomy is the preferred method for re-establishing urinary tract continuity following transplantation. The immediate surgical correction of urologic complications is mandatory, and the techniques involved are highly specialized and must be individualized with each patient.", "contents": "Urologic complications in renal transplantation. The current overall reported incidence of major urologic complications following renal transplantation is 5 per cent. The presence of such a complication increases the likelihood of patient mortality by a factor of three. Standard utilization of postoperative radionuclide scanning is very useful in early diagnosis. Vesical fistulas generally result from improper bladder closure. The incidence of bladder complications increases with secondary and tertiary grafts. Ureteral complications result when the blood supply of the ureter is impaired. These include fistula formation, necrosis, and obstruction. Immediate surgical correction is indicated in almost all serious urologic complications following transplantation; otherwise there is marked increase in morbidity and mortality. Complications appearing early in the postoperative period carry a poor prognosis for both graft and recipient survival. The presence of urinary tract infection early in the postoperative period also correlates negatively with graft survival. The presence of multiple renal arteries in the donor has been associated with an increased rate of urologic complications. Ureteral fistulas can be avoided by meticulous dissection of the donor at the time or organ harvesting. Great care must be taken to preserve the arterial and venous blood supply to the ureter by avoiding any dissection into the renal hilum. Aberrant renal arteries must be preserved or repaired if damaged. Ureteroneocystostomy is the preferred method for re-establishing urinary tract continuity following transplantation. The immediate surgical correction of urologic complications is mandatory, and the techniques involved are highly specialized and must be individualized with each patient."}
{"id": "PMID:349740", "title": "Pancreatic whole organ transplantation.", "content": "Transplantation of the whole pancreas can produce normal glucose homeostasis and there is evidence that a functioning allograft is capable of arresting or even perhaps reversing the vascular changes of diabetes. The technical complications of necrosis, bleeding, and perforation of the transplanted duodenum and disruption of the duodenalenteric anastomosis can all be managed by immediate removal of the allograft at the first sign of rejection. While there is increasing evidence that islet cells are more violently rejectedly in the human than are some other transplanted tissues, it is not clear whether this is true with the organ pancreas transplant. The four relatively long-term successes of organ pancreas transplants in the human would suggest that the organ transplant may act more like a kidney transplant than do islet cells. In the author's opinion, many of the problems may be technical, and carefully controlled, staged whole or partial pancreas allografts in the human still hold promise for ultimate better long-term success.", "contents": "Pancreatic whole organ transplantation. Transplantation of the whole pancreas can produce normal glucose homeostasis and there is evidence that a functioning allograft is capable of arresting or even perhaps reversing the vascular changes of diabetes. The technical complications of necrosis, bleeding, and perforation of the transplanted duodenum and disruption of the duodenalenteric anastomosis can all be managed by immediate removal of the allograft at the first sign of rejection. While there is increasing evidence that islet cells are more violently rejectedly in the human than are some other transplanted tissues, it is not clear whether this is true with the organ pancreas transplant. The four relatively long-term successes of organ pancreas transplants in the human would suggest that the organ transplant may act more like a kidney transplant than do islet cells. In the author's opinion, many of the problems may be technical, and carefully controlled, staged whole or partial pancreas allografts in the human still hold promise for ultimate better long-term success."}
{"id": "PMID:349743", "title": "Studies on the role of serotonin in gastric pepsin secretion.", "content": "The effect of serotonin depletion and replacement on histamine stimulated pepsin secretion was evaluated from Heidenhain pouches of dogs. Serotonin depletion by reserpine or antagonism by l-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide significantly reduced histamine stimulated pepsin secretion. Serotonin replacement by 5-hydroxytryptophan elevated pepsin secretion, despite the prior depletion by reserpine. The data suggest that serotonin is a stimulator of histamine stimulated pepsin secretion in denervated gastric pouches in dogs.", "contents": "Studies on the role of serotonin in gastric pepsin secretion. The effect of serotonin depletion and replacement on histamine stimulated pepsin secretion was evaluated from Heidenhain pouches of dogs. Serotonin depletion by reserpine or antagonism by l-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide significantly reduced histamine stimulated pepsin secretion. Serotonin replacement by 5-hydroxytryptophan elevated pepsin secretion, despite the prior depletion by reserpine. The data suggest that serotonin is a stimulator of histamine stimulated pepsin secretion in denervated gastric pouches in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:349747", "title": "Clinical and experimental transplantation in enzymatic deficiency disease.", "content": "Allotransplantation provides another strategy for the treatment of metabolic diseases. In disorders which primarily affect a specific tissue or organ, appropriate allografts have already proved therapeutically effective. Most of these diseases presumably result from dominantly inherited structural genetic defects. Metabolic transplantation, the grafting of tissues for the continuous production of the normal gene products, can provide effective treatment in appropriate, inherited, metabolic diseases. However, it must be emphasized that this approach is exploratory, and further studies in experimental model systems must be continued. Future advances in immunology and transplantation biology may increase the potential effectiveness of allotransplantation for the treatment of metabolic diseases.", "contents": "Clinical and experimental transplantation in enzymatic deficiency disease. Allotransplantation provides another strategy for the treatment of metabolic diseases. In disorders which primarily affect a specific tissue or organ, appropriate allografts have already proved therapeutically effective. Most of these diseases presumably result from dominantly inherited structural genetic defects. Metabolic transplantation, the grafting of tissues for the continuous production of the normal gene products, can provide effective treatment in appropriate, inherited, metabolic diseases. However, it must be emphasized that this approach is exploratory, and further studies in experimental model systems must be continued. Future advances in immunology and transplantation biology may increase the potential effectiveness of allotransplantation for the treatment of metabolic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:349748", "title": "Neovascularization of the iris (rubeosis iridis).", "content": "This is a review of neovascularization of the iris and the neovascular glaucoma that often follows. With the aging of our population, this has become a more frequent cause of blindness and enucleation of eyes. Iris neovascularization is never primary, but is always secondary to other ocular disorders. The pathology is described based on the study of 110 globes. Diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Neovascularization of the iris (rubeosis iridis). This is a review of neovascularization of the iris and the neovascular glaucoma that often follows. With the aging of our population, this has become a more frequent cause of blindness and enucleation of eyes. Iris neovascularization is never primary, but is always secondary to other ocular disorders. The pathology is described based on the study of 110 globes. Diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:349749", "title": "Ophthalmology at St. Thomas' Hospital, London: the 12th to the 19th centuries.", "content": "The author recounts the history of St. Thomas' Hospital from its medieval beginnings to its establishment by the end of the 19th century as one of London's twelve teaching hospitals. Among the members of its staff have been some of the first and most illustrious ophthalmologists--those whose discoveries, teachings and writings have contributed to the foundation and development of ophthalmology.", "contents": "Ophthalmology at St. Thomas' Hospital, London: the 12th to the 19th centuries. The author recounts the history of St. Thomas' Hospital from its medieval beginnings to its establishment by the end of the 19th century as one of London's twelve teaching hospitals. Among the members of its staff have been some of the first and most illustrious ophthalmologists--those whose discoveries, teachings and writings have contributed to the foundation and development of ophthalmology."}
{"id": "PMID:349772", "title": "Elements of timbre perception.", "content": "An evaluative review of the timbre perception literature is made. Attention is given to physical, psychological, and physiological factors involved in the perception of controlled musical and speech stimuli. Timbre perception is considered to be a complex process involving the synthesis of three main elements: the overtone structure of the stimulus, a temporal integration of acoustical events, and the context of the stimulation.", "contents": "Elements of timbre perception. An evaluative review of the timbre perception literature is made. Attention is given to physical, psychological, and physiological factors involved in the perception of controlled musical and speech stimuli. Timbre perception is considered to be a complex process involving the synthesis of three main elements: the overtone structure of the stimulus, a temporal integration of acoustical events, and the context of the stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:349775", "title": "[Bridge abutments and bridge anchors--functional, technological and methodological aspects].", "content": "The fixed partial prostheses form a functional unity together with the abutment teeth and the periodontium. They must be kind to these tissues and protect them effectually. With regard to these goals, the author outlines the choice of abutment teeth and the shaping of the anchors as well as the use of materials and techniques in the light of anatomical, physiological and material-specific findings.", "contents": "[Bridge abutments and bridge anchors--functional, technological and methodological aspects]. The fixed partial prostheses form a functional unity together with the abutment teeth and the periodontium. They must be kind to these tissues and protect them effectually. With regard to these goals, the author outlines the choice of abutment teeth and the shaping of the anchors as well as the use of materials and techniques in the light of anatomical, physiological and material-specific findings."}
{"id": "PMID:349776", "title": "[The periodontal-prophylactic effect of the toothpaste \"Silka\". 2. Effects of circulation-stimulations additives on the periodontium in relation to age and sex and in smokers based on K\u00f6tzschke's periodontal index].", "content": "On subdiving the patients into age-groups, it was found that the relative improvement in the 46--55 year-old patients amounted only to 18% as compared to nearly 27% in patients of age-groups in which hormonal influences are likely to occur. The sex-linked differences in the periodontal condition became evident by higher initial values for the inflammatory component and a low relative improvement (25.53%) in women than in men (28.25%). The relative improvement in smokers (43.49%) as compared to that in non-smokers (23.01%) demonstrated the beneficial effect of benzylnicotinate on the nicotine-induced vasoconstriction.", "contents": "[The periodontal-prophylactic effect of the toothpaste \"Silka\". 2. Effects of circulation-stimulations additives on the periodontium in relation to age and sex and in smokers based on K\u00f6tzschke's periodontal index]. On subdiving the patients into age-groups, it was found that the relative improvement in the 46--55 year-old patients amounted only to 18% as compared to nearly 27% in patients of age-groups in which hormonal influences are likely to occur. The sex-linked differences in the periodontal condition became evident by higher initial values for the inflammatory component and a low relative improvement (25.53%) in women than in men (28.25%). The relative improvement in smokers (43.49%) as compared to that in non-smokers (23.01%) demonstrated the beneficial effect of benzylnicotinate on the nicotine-induced vasoconstriction."}
{"id": "PMID:349777", "title": "[The collection and evaluation of sulcus fluid in the juvenile periodontium].", "content": "On the collection and the evaluation of the crevicular fluid from the child's periodontium. In a methodological study on the collection of crevicular fluid, we used in 50 children with clinically healthy gingivae a method for the collection of crevicular fluid that we had modified. Small amounts of fluid could be collected in all instances, also during different periods of eruption, in the regions of deciduous and permanent anterior teeth, and in the molar region. It is planned to employ this method (after further improvements) in investigating the possible effects of changes in the crevicular fluid composition on the developmental and regenerative processes in the juvenile periodontium.", "contents": "[The collection and evaluation of sulcus fluid in the juvenile periodontium]. On the collection and the evaluation of the crevicular fluid from the child's periodontium. In a methodological study on the collection of crevicular fluid, we used in 50 children with clinically healthy gingivae a method for the collection of crevicular fluid that we had modified. Small amounts of fluid could be collected in all instances, also during different periods of eruption, in the regions of deciduous and permanent anterior teeth, and in the molar region. It is planned to employ this method (after further improvements) in investigating the possible effects of changes in the crevicular fluid composition on the developmental and regenerative processes in the juvenile periodontium."}
{"id": "PMID:349778", "title": "[Prosthetic measures in the mixed dentition].", "content": "Prosthetic measures in the mixed dentition must allow for the actualities of this developmental phase. Traumatic or developmental injuries to enamel and dentine, accidental tooth loss and hypodontia or oligodontia are indications for prosthetic treatment in school children, at which orthodontic aspects should always be considered. The prosthetic approach is  characterized by the respect to preventive aspects related to the further biomorphosis of the dentition. With reference to the different phases of mixed dentition, methodical suggestions are given in the form of tables.", "contents": "[Prosthetic measures in the mixed dentition]. Prosthetic measures in the mixed dentition must allow for the actualities of this developmental phase. Traumatic or developmental injuries to enamel and dentine, accidental tooth loss and hypodontia or oligodontia are indications for prosthetic treatment in school children, at which orthodontic aspects should always be considered. The prosthetic approach is  characterized by the respect to preventive aspects related to the further biomorphosis of the dentition. With reference to the different phases of mixed dentition, methodical suggestions are given in the form of tables."}
{"id": "PMID:349779", "title": "[Effect of the shape of the edentulous alveolar process on stability and motility of the total lower prosthesis].", "content": "The stability and the mobility of full lower dentures (as determined in 185 edentulous subjects by mea-s of the tests according to Herbst) were brought in relation to the form of the endentulous alveolar process. There was a statistically significant relationship which may be used for prognostic purposes.", "contents": "[Effect of the shape of the edentulous alveolar process on stability and motility of the total lower prosthesis]. The stability and the mobility of full lower dentures (as determined in 185 edentulous subjects by mea-s of the tests according to Herbst) were brought in relation to the form of the endentulous alveolar process. There was a statistically significant relationship which may be used for prognostic purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:349780", "title": "[A new clamp for the anchoring of partial removable prostheses].", "content": "The proposed clasp corresponds to two Ney type I clasps acting on one tooth. The two vestibular lower arms are overlapping. The clasp is applied to a cylindrical crown (like a inner telescope) or to the natural crown; it has proved a clinical succes especially in subtotal lower prostheses.", "contents": "[A new clamp for the anchoring of partial removable prostheses]. The proposed clasp corresponds to two Ney type I clasps acting on one tooth. The two vestibular lower arms are overlapping. The clasp is applied to a cylindrical crown (like a inner telescope) or to the natural crown; it has proved a clinical succes especially in subtotal lower prostheses."}
{"id": "PMID:349785", "title": "Suicide related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.", "content": "In complicated ways depression is related to suicide. If the national climate could be made depressive by mass media coverage of a depressing event (for example, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy), the suicide rate theoretically ought to increase, unless depression were not related to suicide during time of great national focus. This hypothesis was investigated by using a questionnaire survey requesting information concerning suicide rate for the period November 22--30 for the 17 years 1956--1972. Sixty-one cities were randomly selected and contacted; 29 responded. A total of 74 suicides--48 males and 26 females--were reported during the 17 years studied. The hypothesis that more suicides should have occurred during 1963 was not supported. No suicides occurred during November 22--30 in 1963, the year of the Kennedy assassination. The results were significant at the .01 level. The finding that during a time of focused national crisis fewer suicides occur coincides with the findings of Durkheim (1897/1951).", "contents": "Suicide related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In complicated ways depression is related to suicide. If the national climate could be made depressive by mass media coverage of a depressing event (for example, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy), the suicide rate theoretically ought to increase, unless depression were not related to suicide during time of great national focus. This hypothesis was investigated by using a questionnaire survey requesting information concerning suicide rate for the period November 22--30 for the 17 years 1956--1972. Sixty-one cities were randomly selected and contacted; 29 responded. A total of 74 suicides--48 males and 26 females--were reported during the 17 years studied. The hypothesis that more suicides should have occurred during 1963 was not supported. No suicides occurred during November 22--30 in 1963, the year of the Kennedy assassination. The results were significant at the .01 level. The finding that during a time of focused national crisis fewer suicides occur coincides with the findings of Durkheim (1897/1951)."}
{"id": "PMID:349787", "title": "Suicide in the literary work of Cesare Pavese.", "content": "On the basis of an existential analysis (Daseinanalyse), the authors consider the suicide, at age 42, of Cesare Pavese, one of the most important Italian poets and writers of the post-World War II period. It is found that in his poems, his novels, and particularly his letters and diary the idea of suicide was present in his consciousness since adolescence; year by year it is possible to follow the development of his ideas and fantasies about suicide. Incapable of establishing authentic communication with others, Pavese narrowed his existential horizon to the point of being less and less capable of living in the world and projecting himself into the future. From these considerations it is concluded that Pavese's acute feeling of incapacity caused him to have lasting experiences of failure that brought him to view suicide as the only way to free himself from his own torment.", "contents": "Suicide in the literary work of Cesare Pavese. On the basis of an existential analysis (Daseinanalyse), the authors consider the suicide, at age 42, of Cesare Pavese, one of the most important Italian poets and writers of the post-World War II period. It is found that in his poems, his novels, and particularly his letters and diary the idea of suicide was present in his consciousness since adolescence; year by year it is possible to follow the development of his ideas and fantasies about suicide. Incapable of establishing authentic communication with others, Pavese narrowed his existential horizon to the point of being less and less capable of living in the world and projecting himself into the future. From these considerations it is concluded that Pavese's acute feeling of incapacity caused him to have lasting experiences of failure that brought him to view suicide as the only way to free himself from his own torment."}
{"id": "PMID:349797", "title": "Effect of azathioprine and prednisolone on passive enhancement of rat renal allografts.", "content": "Passive enhancement provides only partial suppression of rejection in the (DA X Lewis)F1 to Lewis renal allograft model. Suboptimal (8 mg/kg/day) and supraoptimal (30 mg/kg/day) doses of azathioprine administered with enhancing serum failed to suppress the rejection reaction in enhanced animals. Similarly, suboptimal (4 mg/kg/day) and optimal (16 mg/kg/day) doses of methylprednisolone were ineffective. However, the onset of rejection in enhanced animals was delayed by the use of both azathioprine (30 mg/kg/day) and methylprednisolone (16 mg/kg/day). The survival times of enhanced animals treated with azathioprine were significantly shorter than those of animals treated with enhancing serum alone, suggesting that this agent may prevent the development of autoenhancement. Although suboptimal doses of antilymphocyte serum suppress rejection in this enhancement model, the dose requirements of conventional immunosuppressive agents appear to be maximal rather than minimal.", "contents": "Effect of azathioprine and prednisolone on passive enhancement of rat renal allografts. Passive enhancement provides only partial suppression of rejection in the (DA X Lewis)F1 to Lewis renal allograft model. Suboptimal (8 mg/kg/day) and supraoptimal (30 mg/kg/day) doses of azathioprine administered with enhancing serum failed to suppress the rejection reaction in enhanced animals. Similarly, suboptimal (4 mg/kg/day) and optimal (16 mg/kg/day) doses of methylprednisolone were ineffective. However, the onset of rejection in enhanced animals was delayed by the use of both azathioprine (30 mg/kg/day) and methylprednisolone (16 mg/kg/day). The survival times of enhanced animals treated with azathioprine were significantly shorter than those of animals treated with enhancing serum alone, suggesting that this agent may prevent the development of autoenhancement. Although suboptimal doses of antilymphocyte serum suppress rejection in this enhancement model, the dose requirements of conventional immunosuppressive agents appear to be maximal rather than minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:349798", "title": "Perfusion pressure and human kidney preservation.", "content": "From July 1972 to September 1976, 708 kidneys received through the Interhospital Organ Bank, New England were divided into two groups. Both groups were preserved by continuous pulsatile perfusion. Group 1 (308 kidneys) was maintained at a systolic pressure of 60 mm Hg throughout the preservation period. Group 2 (399 kidneys) was perfused at an initial pressure of 60 mm Hg. The pressure was adjusted to 55 mm Hg at 1 hr, then no further adjustments were made. Comparison reveals that group 2 donors were younger and that the kidneys in group 2 were preserved for longer periods that those in group 1. Both groups had an equivalent number of kidneys that were discarded and kidneys that did not function. The incidence of immediate function was higher in group 2 but this difference is not statistically significant. Compared with conventional preservation, kidneys can be preserved at lower systolic and mean pressures without loss of quality, and in fact, may suffer less damage from perfusion.", "contents": "Perfusion pressure and human kidney preservation. From July 1972 to September 1976, 708 kidneys received through the Interhospital Organ Bank, New England were divided into two groups. Both groups were preserved by continuous pulsatile perfusion. Group 1 (308 kidneys) was maintained at a systolic pressure of 60 mm Hg throughout the preservation period. Group 2 (399 kidneys) was perfused at an initial pressure of 60 mm Hg. The pressure was adjusted to 55 mm Hg at 1 hr, then no further adjustments were made. Comparison reveals that group 2 donors were younger and that the kidneys in group 2 were preserved for longer periods that those in group 1. Both groups had an equivalent number of kidneys that were discarded and kidneys that did not function. The incidence of immediate function was higher in group 2 but this difference is not statistically significant. Compared with conventional preservation, kidneys can be preserved at lower systolic and mean pressures without loss of quality, and in fact, may suffer less damage from perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:349800", "title": "Non-major histocompatibility system immunogenetic influences in rat renal allograft survival.", "content": "H-1-incompatible rat renal allograft survival rates are strongly influenced by the non-major histocompatibility system (MHS) genes. The same H-1 (MHS) incompatibility tested on four different non-MHS backgrounds gave widely differing results ranging from 11 to 60% fractional survival between the best and the poorest (P less than 0.01) at 105 days. These results can best be explained if non-H-1 and intra-MHS amplifiers and/or suppressors are invoked.", "contents": "Non-major histocompatibility system immunogenetic influences in rat renal allograft survival. H-1-incompatible rat renal allograft survival rates are strongly influenced by the non-major histocompatibility system (MHS) genes. The same H-1 (MHS) incompatibility tested on four different non-MHS backgrounds gave widely differing results ranging from 11 to 60% fractional survival between the best and the poorest (P less than 0.01) at 105 days. These results can best be explained if non-H-1 and intra-MHS amplifiers and/or suppressors are invoked."}
{"id": "PMID:349801", "title": "Anti-B cell lymphocytotoxic antibodies in kidney transplant recipients.", "content": "Serial serum samples from 47 renal allotransplant recipients were screened for antiperipheral blood lymphocyte, anti-B cell, and anti-Daudi cell line antibodies. Various associations of these antibodies were observed in 28 patients. Anti-Daudi did not correlate with graft survival, whereas anti-B, although they were often associated with anti-peripheral blood lymphocyte antibodies, showed the strongest correlation with chronic rejection (P = 0.00002). However anti-B cytotoxicity preceded or was concurrent with the onset of chronic rejection in only 53% of the cases. Antibodies were absent in six of nine patients with irreversible acute rejection, but they usually appeared after transplant nephrectomy. These findings suggest that anti-B cell antibodies may play a role in the rejection process. In 15 of 17 recipients (88%), anti-B cell antibodies occurred during the first trimester after transplantation. These patients showed 20% 1-year graft survival compared with 68% in those without antibodies at that time (P less than 0.005).", "contents": "Anti-B cell lymphocytotoxic antibodies in kidney transplant recipients. Serial serum samples from 47 renal allotransplant recipients were screened for antiperipheral blood lymphocyte, anti-B cell, and anti-Daudi cell line antibodies. Various associations of these antibodies were observed in 28 patients. Anti-Daudi did not correlate with graft survival, whereas anti-B, although they were often associated with anti-peripheral blood lymphocyte antibodies, showed the strongest correlation with chronic rejection (P = 0.00002). However anti-B cytotoxicity preceded or was concurrent with the onset of chronic rejection in only 53% of the cases. Antibodies were absent in six of nine patients with irreversible acute rejection, but they usually appeared after transplant nephrectomy. These findings suggest that anti-B cell antibodies may play a role in the rejection process. In 15 of 17 recipients (88%), anti-B cell antibodies occurred during the first trimester after transplantation. These patients showed 20% 1-year graft survival compared with 68% in those without antibodies at that time (P less than 0.005)."}
{"id": "PMID:349802", "title": "Prolongation of rat cardiac allograft survival by donor pretreatment. Screening of antineoplastic drugs.", "content": "We have made preliminary investigations into the effect of 33 different drugs on the survival of rat cardiac allografts, the drugs being administered to the allograft donor. All drugs were administered at LD50 i.v. to the graft donor 6 hr prior to removal of the organ. Especially effective were alkylating agents and antimetabolites. Pretreatment with cyclophosphamide, busulfan, methotrexate, azauridine, or bromodeoxyuridine prolonged the survival from 7 to more than 20 days. Pretreatment with chlorambusil, mannomustine, mannosulfan, 1-(2-chlorethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, DTC, fluoruracil, or hudroxyurea prolonged the survival to more than 14 days. Several other alkylating agents and antimetabolites prolonged the survival moderately, i.e., to approximately 10 days or more. Purine antagonists, mercaptopurine and azathioprine, were totally ineffective as were also anticancer antibiotics and vinca alkaloids. Pretreatment with procarbazine or methylprednisolone alone increased the survival only moderately, whereas pretreatment with both of these drugs together increased the survival up to 27 days.", "contents": "Prolongation of rat cardiac allograft survival by donor pretreatment. Screening of antineoplastic drugs. We have made preliminary investigations into the effect of 33 different drugs on the survival of rat cardiac allografts, the drugs being administered to the allograft donor. All drugs were administered at LD50 i.v. to the graft donor 6 hr prior to removal of the organ. Especially effective were alkylating agents and antimetabolites. Pretreatment with cyclophosphamide, busulfan, methotrexate, azauridine, or bromodeoxyuridine prolonged the survival from 7 to more than 20 days. Pretreatment with chlorambusil, mannomustine, mannosulfan, 1-(2-chlorethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, DTC, fluoruracil, or hudroxyurea prolonged the survival to more than 14 days. Several other alkylating agents and antimetabolites prolonged the survival moderately, i.e., to approximately 10 days or more. Purine antagonists, mercaptopurine and azathioprine, were totally ineffective as were also anticancer antibiotics and vinca alkaloids. Pretreatment with procarbazine or methylprednisolone alone increased the survival only moderately, whereas pretreatment with both of these drugs together increased the survival up to 27 days."}
{"id": "PMID:349803", "title": "Renal transplantation and HLA-A,B matching. Theoretical considerations concerning pool size.", "content": "The rate of improvement in HLA matching quality with increasing pool size is predicted. The expected frequency of HLA-A,B-compatible matches increases rapidly up to approximately 47% for pool size 1,000 and from then on the increase is moderate, whereas for HLA-A,B-identical matches the increase in frequency is more constant, the expected frequencies being approximately 34 and 52% for pool sizes 1,000 and 2,500, respectively. The expected frequency of HLA-A,B fullhouse-identical matches is 33% at a pool size of 2,500. The waiting time for the first available HLA-identical kidney is estimated. For a random recipient there is a 25% chance of obtaining an HLA-identical match among the first 500 kidney donors. For two cooperating pools, it is calculated at which relative transplantation activity the kidney import to export is balanced and also the decrease in waiting time for an identical match when cooperating is estimated. The results of a kidney exchange simulation are presented and they agree well with the theoretical considerations.", "contents": "Renal transplantation and HLA-A,B matching. Theoretical considerations concerning pool size. The rate of improvement in HLA matching quality with increasing pool size is predicted. The expected frequency of HLA-A,B-compatible matches increases rapidly up to approximately 47% for pool size 1,000 and from then on the increase is moderate, whereas for HLA-A,B-identical matches the increase in frequency is more constant, the expected frequencies being approximately 34 and 52% for pool sizes 1,000 and 2,500, respectively. The expected frequency of HLA-A,B fullhouse-identical matches is 33% at a pool size of 2,500. The waiting time for the first available HLA-identical kidney is estimated. For a random recipient there is a 25% chance of obtaining an HLA-identical match among the first 500 kidney donors. For two cooperating pools, it is calculated at which relative transplantation activity the kidney import to export is balanced and also the decrease in waiting time for an identical match when cooperating is estimated. The results of a kidney exchange simulation are presented and they agree well with the theoretical considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:349807", "title": "[Ultrastructure and secretory cycle of the islands of Langerhans cells in pancreatic cancer].", "content": "By electron microscopy, the islets of Langerhans of 5 patients with cancer of the pancreas were studied. The most obvious ultrastructural changes were found in the insulin-producing B-cells. Their cytoplasm contained a reduced number of secretory granules. Many B-cells were seen at different stages of the secretory cycle, part of them being destructed. On studying secretory process, the formation and maturation of B-granules was demonstrated in the cistern of ergastoplasm without the Golgi complex being involved. The data obtained suggest the functional tensity of the insular tissue at the neoplastic process in the exocrine part of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure and secretory cycle of the islands of Langerhans cells in pancreatic cancer]. By electron microscopy, the islets of Langerhans of 5 patients with cancer of the pancreas were studied. The most obvious ultrastructural changes were found in the insulin-producing B-cells. Their cytoplasm contained a reduced number of secretory granules. Many B-cells were seen at different stages of the secretory cycle, part of them being destructed. On studying secretory process, the formation and maturation of B-granules was demonstrated in the cistern of ergastoplasm without the Golgi complex being involved. The data obtained suggest the functional tensity of the insular tissue at the neoplastic process in the exocrine part of the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:349808", "title": "[Preparation and properties of stretched polytene chromosomes. 2. Mechanism of stretching].", "content": "Isolated polytene chromosomes were stretched in a 0.125 M NaCl solution with constant speed, by constant force and by cyclically changing force. For each regime, the dependence of chromosome length on the time and force magnitude were recorded. From this it may be concluded that three processes are involved in chromosome stretching: viscoelastic deformation, viscous flow of DNP segments, and cristallization, i.e. intermolecular cross-linking of neighbour segments. At a high rate stretching (V greater than Vo) chromosome may be torn like at small deformation; when rate is V greater than Vo chromosome deformation is mostly viscoelastic; at rates V approximately Vo viscous flow of DNP segments if predominant. We estimate Vo approximately less than 3--6 mum/s. Electron microscopy shows that during chromosome stretching its DNP fibers are oriented along chromosome axis without detectable breaks.", "contents": "[Preparation and properties of stretched polytene chromosomes. 2. Mechanism of stretching]. Isolated polytene chromosomes were stretched in a 0.125 M NaCl solution with constant speed, by constant force and by cyclically changing force. For each regime, the dependence of chromosome length on the time and force magnitude were recorded. From this it may be concluded that three processes are involved in chromosome stretching: viscoelastic deformation, viscous flow of DNP segments, and cristallization, i.e. intermolecular cross-linking of neighbour segments. At a high rate stretching (V greater than Vo) chromosome may be torn like at small deformation; when rate is V greater than Vo chromosome deformation is mostly viscoelastic; at rates V approximately Vo viscous flow of DNP segments if predominant. We estimate Vo approximately less than 3--6 mum/s. Electron microscopy shows that during chromosome stretching its DNP fibers are oriented along chromosome axis without detectable breaks."}
{"id": "PMID:349809", "title": "Histologic and cytologic liver changes in 120 patients with malignant lymphomas.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of liver involvement in malignant lymphomas. Non-specific liver changes were also registered. Percutaneous liver biopsy was performed on 120 patients with untreated malignant lymphomas. There were 38 patients with Hodgkin's disease, 42 with histiocytic and 40 with lymphocytic lymphomas. All the biopsy specimens were histologically and cytologically analyzed. Positive liver findings (lymphomatous infiltration) were observed in 27.5% of patients with lymphocytic, 23.8% with histiocytic lymphomas, and 7.8% with Hodgkin's disease. Liver involvement in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas was significantly higher (P less than 0.025) than in Hodgkin's disease. In the whole group of patients, there were non-specific liver changes: 23 chronic persistent hepatitis, 5 aggressive hepatitis, 9 liver steatosis and 4 liver hemosiderosis. Based on these results, it can be concluded that liver involvement with lymphomatous tissue is more common in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Knowledge of this is relevant for clinical staging and the treatment program. These findings also confirm that percutaneous liver biopsy is a valuable diagnostic procedure in the staging of malignant lymphomas.", "contents": "Histologic and cytologic liver changes in 120 patients with malignant lymphomas. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of liver involvement in malignant lymphomas. Non-specific liver changes were also registered. Percutaneous liver biopsy was performed on 120 patients with untreated malignant lymphomas. There were 38 patients with Hodgkin's disease, 42 with histiocytic and 40 with lymphocytic lymphomas. All the biopsy specimens were histologically and cytologically analyzed. Positive liver findings (lymphomatous infiltration) were observed in 27.5% of patients with lymphocytic, 23.8% with histiocytic lymphomas, and 7.8% with Hodgkin's disease. Liver involvement in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas was significantly higher (P less than 0.025) than in Hodgkin's disease. In the whole group of patients, there were non-specific liver changes: 23 chronic persistent hepatitis, 5 aggressive hepatitis, 9 liver steatosis and 4 liver hemosiderosis. Based on these results, it can be concluded that liver involvement with lymphomatous tissue is more common in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Knowledge of this is relevant for clinical staging and the treatment program. These findings also confirm that percutaneous liver biopsy is a valuable diagnostic procedure in the staging of malignant lymphomas."}
{"id": "PMID:349819", "title": "[Ileal ureteral substitute and ileal urinary diversion in conjunction with renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with transplanted kidney and immunosuppression treatment has been treated because of a total necrosis of ureter by a replacement of a ureter with a pyeloileocystoplasty. A second patient with transplanted kidney and immunosuppression therapy has been given care to with total cystectomy and supravesical derivation of the urine by a ileal conduit of a solid cancer or urinary bladder. The good clinical results, five, respectively two years after the operation confirm that neither kidney transplantation nor immunosuppression therapy are counter indications to the use of small intestine plastics of the bladder of the ureter.", "contents": "[Ileal ureteral substitute and ileal urinary diversion in conjunction with renal transplantation (author's transl)]. A patient with transplanted kidney and immunosuppression treatment has been treated because of a total necrosis of ureter by a replacement of a ureter with a pyeloileocystoplasty. A second patient with transplanted kidney and immunosuppression therapy has been given care to with total cystectomy and supravesical derivation of the urine by a ileal conduit of a solid cancer or urinary bladder. The good clinical results, five, respectively two years after the operation confirm that neither kidney transplantation nor immunosuppression therapy are counter indications to the use of small intestine plastics of the bladder of the ureter."}
{"id": "PMID:349820", "title": "[Autologous human skin flaps in partial replacement of bladder wall (author's transl)].", "content": "Untreated autologous compound skin (Rehn's skin flap) was used in three patients for partial replacement of the urinary bladder wall. The early postoperative results regarding the general tendency of the healing process, primary density, capacity, and functional voiding of the bladder correspond with an ideal replacement of the bladder wall. Observations of long-term controls will be reported later.", "contents": "[Autologous human skin flaps in partial replacement of bladder wall (author's transl)]. Untreated autologous compound skin (Rehn's skin flap) was used in three patients for partial replacement of the urinary bladder wall. The early postoperative results regarding the general tendency of the healing process, primary density, capacity, and functional voiding of the bladder correspond with an ideal replacement of the bladder wall. Observations of long-term controls will be reported later."}
{"id": "PMID:349823", "title": "Chorioretinopathy in a case of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A 19-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus had choroidal fluorescein leakage into discreet areas of subretinal fluid. The findings were abolished with corticosteroids. A choroidal vasculitis was suggested by mononuclear infiltration and immunofluorescent demonstration of immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Chorioretinopathy in a case of systemic lupus erythematosus. A 19-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus had choroidal fluorescein leakage into discreet areas of subretinal fluid. The findings were abolished with corticosteroids. A choroidal vasculitis was suggested by mononuclear infiltration and immunofluorescent demonstration of immunoglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:349837", "title": "[Autologous blood transfusion in surgical treatment of deep burns and their sequelae].", "content": "The experience of the treatment of 74 burned cases by means of autotransfusion is presented. The application of autotransfusion made it possible to rule out donor blood transfusions in surgical treatment of a considerable group of the burned. There are grounds to believe that different variants of this method will be widely practised in specialized medical installations dealing with the treatment of the burned and with reconstructive surgery.", "contents": "[Autologous blood transfusion in surgical treatment of deep burns and their sequelae]. The experience of the treatment of 74 burned cases by means of autotransfusion is presented. The application of autotransfusion made it possible to rule out donor blood transfusions in surgical treatment of a considerable group of the burned. There are grounds to believe that different variants of this method will be widely practised in specialized medical installations dealing with the treatment of the burned and with reconstructive surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:349839", "title": "[Treatment of donor wounds after cutting of full-thickness skin transplants with a dermatome].", "content": "An analysis of the results of the treatment of 180 donor wounds following cutting off thick or full-thickness grafts by means of a dermatome in 123 patients with post-burn deformities and contractures is presented. The healing period variants, depending on the thickness of the grafts and on the treatment method, have been found. The authors recommend to cover the donor wounds with thin grafts or with sieve grafts.", "contents": "[Treatment of donor wounds after cutting of full-thickness skin transplants with a dermatome]. An analysis of the results of the treatment of 180 donor wounds following cutting off thick or full-thickness grafts by means of a dermatome in 123 patients with post-burn deformities and contractures is presented. The healing period variants, depending on the thickness of the grafts and on the treatment method, have been found. The authors recommend to cover the donor wounds with thin grafts or with sieve grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:349840", "title": "[Osteoplasty in surgical treatment of hematogenic osteomyelitis of the spine].", "content": "A system of the radical reconstructive surgery for hematogenic osteomyelitis of the spine is described. 47 patients were operated upon; among them there were 16 children. A partial rejection of the bone graft was found in one patient. Repeated necrectomies for the progress of the local process were carried out upon 2 patients. One patient died in the late postoperative period. The radical reconstructive operations cure the disease and favour the recovery of the patients' working capacity.", "contents": "[Osteoplasty in surgical treatment of hematogenic osteomyelitis of the spine]. A system of the radical reconstructive surgery for hematogenic osteomyelitis of the spine is described. 47 patients were operated upon; among them there were 16 children. A partial rejection of the bone graft was found in one patient. Repeated necrectomies for the progress of the local process were carried out upon 2 patients. One patient died in the late postoperative period. The radical reconstructive operations cure the disease and favour the recovery of the patients' working capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:349841", "title": "[Change in the oxygen regimen in the skin of the extremities after the subcutaneous administration of nitrous oxide].", "content": "The work deals with the study of the skin oxygen rate in obliterating diseases of the lower extremities. In 40 patients the skin oxygen tension was studied in the first web space of the foot. 19 of these patients were the control group. In the main group (21 patients) nitrous oxide was injected in the subcutaneous fat of the lower extremities within the complex of the conservative treatment. In obliterating arterial diseases of the lower extremities the disorders of the tissue oxygen rate, particularly pronounced in the late stages of the pathological process, were found. The subcutaneous injections of nitrous oxide improved the regional blood flow in the low extremities.", "contents": "[Change in the oxygen regimen in the skin of the extremities after the subcutaneous administration of nitrous oxide]. The work deals with the study of the skin oxygen rate in obliterating diseases of the lower extremities. In 40 patients the skin oxygen tension was studied in the first web space of the foot. 19 of these patients were the control group. In the main group (21 patients) nitrous oxide was injected in the subcutaneous fat of the lower extremities within the complex of the conservative treatment. In obliterating arterial diseases of the lower extremities the disorders of the tissue oxygen rate, particularly pronounced in the late stages of the pathological process, were found. The subcutaneous injections of nitrous oxide improved the regional blood flow in the low extremities."}
{"id": "PMID:349844", "title": "[Results of the surgical treatment of direct and recurrent inguinal hernias using an autodermal implant].", "content": "The authors have developed the own method of inguinal herniotomy using an autodermal graft for the plasty of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal in direct and recurrent inguinal hernias. The technic of operation is described. The results of this modified method of herniotomy are analyzed.", "contents": "[Results of the surgical treatment of direct and recurrent inguinal hernias using an autodermal implant]. The authors have developed the own method of inguinal herniotomy using an autodermal graft for the plasty of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal in direct and recurrent inguinal hernias. The technic of operation is described. The results of this modified method of herniotomy are analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:349845", "title": "[Relationship of postoperative complications to the surgical approach in treating cancer of the proximal portion of the stomach].", "content": "The authors have analyzed the interrelationship between postoperative complications and surgical approach in the treatment of carcinoma of the proximal portion of the stomach. The radical operations were carried out upon 140 patients; in 93 of them the transperitoneal approach was applied and in 47-the transpleural one. It has been found that in the transpleural approach the insufficiency of anastomosis sutures and postoperative pancreatitis occur much more seldom, and bronchopulmonary complications rate the first. Such complications are not infrequent after the transperitoneal approach either. The disorders of bronchial permeability constitute the main cause in the occurrence of these complications.", "contents": "[Relationship of postoperative complications to the surgical approach in treating cancer of the proximal portion of the stomach]. The authors have analyzed the interrelationship between postoperative complications and surgical approach in the treatment of carcinoma of the proximal portion of the stomach. The radical operations were carried out upon 140 patients; in 93 of them the transperitoneal approach was applied and in 47-the transpleural one. It has been found that in the transpleural approach the insufficiency of anastomosis sutures and postoperative pancreatitis occur much more seldom, and bronchopulmonary complications rate the first. Such complications are not infrequent after the transperitoneal approach either. The disorders of bronchial permeability constitute the main cause in the occurrence of these complications."}
{"id": "PMID:349846", "title": "[Nitrogen balance in patients after a radical operation on the rectum].", "content": "The nitrogen balance was studied in cancer of the rectum cases before operation and in various periods after it. For a comparative analysis the nitrogen balance studies were carried out in duodenal and gastric ulcer cases and in 25 practically healthy individuals, who constituted a control group. A persistent negative nitrogen balance was found in cancer of the rectum. The authors developed an effective pathogenic therapy with due regard for revealed changes.", "contents": "[Nitrogen balance in patients after a radical operation on the rectum]. The nitrogen balance was studied in cancer of the rectum cases before operation and in various periods after it. For a comparative analysis the nitrogen balance studies were carried out in duodenal and gastric ulcer cases and in 25 practically healthy individuals, who constituted a control group. A persistent negative nitrogen balance was found in cancer of the rectum. The authors developed an effective pathogenic therapy with due regard for revealed changes."}
{"id": "PMID:349853", "title": "Oral administration of neomycin to chickens experimentally infected with Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Groups of healthy chickens with a light experimental Salmonella typhimurium infection were fed on a diet containing 225 g per ton (1016 kg) of neomycin for two days. This brought about only a slight reduction in the incidence of chickens that were excreting S typhimurium in their faeces. Examination of caecal contents two days after the cessation of treatment revealed the neomycin had not had any effect in eliminating infection. In one experiment, the neomycin administration resulted in the emergence of enormous populations of Escherichia coli in the alimentary tract of treated chickens that possessed multiple antibiotic resistance of the transmissible type. For these reasons the practice of feeding broiler chickens on diets containing neomycin immediately before slaughter should be actively discouraged.", "contents": "Oral administration of neomycin to chickens experimentally infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Groups of healthy chickens with a light experimental Salmonella typhimurium infection were fed on a diet containing 225 g per ton (1016 kg) of neomycin for two days. This brought about only a slight reduction in the incidence of chickens that were excreting S typhimurium in their faeces. Examination of caecal contents two days after the cessation of treatment revealed the neomycin had not had any effect in eliminating infection. In one experiment, the neomycin administration resulted in the emergence of enormous populations of Escherichia coli in the alimentary tract of treated chickens that possessed multiple antibiotic resistance of the transmissible type. For these reasons the practice of feeding broiler chickens on diets containing neomycin immediately before slaughter should be actively discouraged."}
{"id": "PMID:349870", "title": "[Cesostoma in tumors of the large intestine and a method for its closure].", "content": "Cecostomy is found to prevent effectively suture incompetency of entero-entero-anastomosis in intraabdominal resections in the large intestine in obese patients suffering diabetes and also in aged patients. The method of closing the cecostoma described may be also recommended for elimination of parietal fistulas constructed in other portions of the large intestine. Taking into account a simple technic of closure, using mechanic suture, the availability of suturing apparatuses in many hospitals, it may be recommended for a wide practical use.", "contents": "[Cesostoma in tumors of the large intestine and a method for its closure]. Cecostomy is found to prevent effectively suture incompetency of entero-entero-anastomosis in intraabdominal resections in the large intestine in obese patients suffering diabetes and also in aged patients. The method of closing the cecostoma described may be also recommended for elimination of parietal fistulas constructed in other portions of the large intestine. Taking into account a simple technic of closure, using mechanic suture, the availability of suturing apparatuses in many hospitals, it may be recommended for a wide practical use."}
{"id": "PMID:349882", "title": "[Therapeutic effect of Trental in diabetic angiopathy].", "content": "The effect of pentoxiphyline substance--Trental, production of H\u00f6chst, was studied in 37 diabetics (12 females and 25 males) aged from 36 to 78. Besides according to clinical manifestations, the therapeutic effect was objectivized in dynamics through the oscillography \"Gesenius-Keller\", double-rheography \"Schufrid\", skin thermometer--Tastotherm P 60 \"Braun\" and 6-canal ECG apparatus \"Hellige\". Favourable results, evaluated according to all mentioned methods were found in 89.2 per cent of the treated 37 patients; excellent effect in 15 of them 40.5%); very good--in 8 (21.6%); good--in 10 (27.1%) 1 and without effect--only 4 patients (10.8%). Trental is concluded to deserve a wide application in the clinical practice for the peripheral diabetic angiopathy treatment in patients with diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effect of Trental in diabetic angiopathy]. The effect of pentoxiphyline substance--Trental, production of H\u00f6chst, was studied in 37 diabetics (12 females and 25 males) aged from 36 to 78. Besides according to clinical manifestations, the therapeutic effect was objectivized in dynamics through the oscillography \"Gesenius-Keller\", double-rheography \"Schufrid\", skin thermometer--Tastotherm P 60 \"Braun\" and 6-canal ECG apparatus \"Hellige\". Favourable results, evaluated according to all mentioned methods were found in 89.2 per cent of the treated 37 patients; excellent effect in 15 of them 40.5%); very good--in 8 (21.6%); good--in 10 (27.1%) 1 and without effect--only 4 patients (10.8%). Trental is concluded to deserve a wide application in the clinical practice for the peripheral diabetic angiopathy treatment in patients with diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:349877", "title": "[Hazard criteria and the evaluation of the overall toxic and specific effects of chemical compound exposure].", "content": "A differentiated establishment of a chronic action threshold for a population and especially of a subthreshold is a basic hygienic parameter necessary for substantiating safe concentrations of chemical substances. Investigations aimed at detecting the penetration of substances into the cells, their intracellular distribution and ascertaining the extent of deranged biochemical processes localized in subcellular formations are of crucial importance in toxicological experiment.", "contents": "[Hazard criteria and the evaluation of the overall toxic and specific effects of chemical compound exposure]. A differentiated establishment of a chronic action threshold for a population and especially of a subthreshold is a basic hygienic parameter necessary for substantiating safe concentrations of chemical substances. Investigations aimed at detecting the penetration of substances into the cells, their intracellular distribution and ascertaining the extent of deranged biochemical processes localized in subcellular formations are of crucial importance in toxicological experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:349884", "title": "Airway management in croup and epiglottitis.", "content": "Treatment techniques for airway obstruction in croup and epiglottitis are reviewed in the medical literature. Series totaling 295 nasotracheal intubations, and 591 tracheostomies were reviewed. There were two deaths attributable to airway complications in 126 patients in whom nasotracheal intubation was carried out. In three patients subglottic granulation tissue and subglottic stenoses developed from short-term nasotracheal intubation. There were no subglottic stenoses or tracheal stenoses reported in the 591 tracheostomies. From this review, it would seem feasible to use nasotracheal intubation for short-term airway treatment in croup and epiglottitis. The increasing occurrence of laryngeal and tracheal complications with long-term intubation suggests that tracheostomy be considered in such cases.", "contents": "Airway management in croup and epiglottitis. Treatment techniques for airway obstruction in croup and epiglottitis are reviewed in the medical literature. Series totaling 295 nasotracheal intubations, and 591 tracheostomies were reviewed. There were two deaths attributable to airway complications in 126 patients in whom nasotracheal intubation was carried out. In three patients subglottic granulation tissue and subglottic stenoses developed from short-term nasotracheal intubation. There were no subglottic stenoses or tracheal stenoses reported in the 591 tracheostomies. From this review, it would seem feasible to use nasotracheal intubation for short-term airway treatment in croup and epiglottitis. The increasing occurrence of laryngeal and tracheal complications with long-term intubation suggests that tracheostomy be considered in such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:349899", "title": "[Histological findings after application of Kveim antigen in animals (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequence of local granulomatous changes after injection of kveim antigen and previous sensibilisation (Freund's adjuvant, BCG-vaccine, atypical mycobacteria, implantation of sarcoidotic lymph nodes, human-gamma-globulin of sarcoidotic patients) was investigated in 69 mice and 38 guinea pigs. Granulomata with epitheloid and giant cells, resembling a \"positive Kveim reaction\" were found in 26% of the mice and 18% of the guinea pigs. Doubtful positive results were observed in 7% of the mice and 5% of the guinea pigs. A high percentage of non-specific foreign body reactions was observed in guinea pigs (82%), relatively scarcely in mice (16%). The most effective method for sensibilisation of the animals is the administration of Mycobacterium avium to guinea pigs or of Kveim antigen with complete Freund's adjuvant and the intraabdominal implantation of sarcoidotic lymph node material to mice.", "contents": "[Histological findings after application of Kveim antigen in animals (author's transl)]. The frequence of local granulomatous changes after injection of kveim antigen and previous sensibilisation (Freund's adjuvant, BCG-vaccine, atypical mycobacteria, implantation of sarcoidotic lymph nodes, human-gamma-globulin of sarcoidotic patients) was investigated in 69 mice and 38 guinea pigs. Granulomata with epitheloid and giant cells, resembling a \"positive Kveim reaction\" were found in 26% of the mice and 18% of the guinea pigs. Doubtful positive results were observed in 7% of the mice and 5% of the guinea pigs. A high percentage of non-specific foreign body reactions was observed in guinea pigs (82%), relatively scarcely in mice (16%). The most effective method for sensibilisation of the animals is the administration of Mycobacterium avium to guinea pigs or of Kveim antigen with complete Freund's adjuvant and the intraabdominal implantation of sarcoidotic lymph node material to mice."}
{"id": "PMID:349901", "title": "[Metabolic studies under administration of oral contraceptives. A review].", "content": "The use of oral contraceptives can produce changes in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Responsible for the alterations seems to be the used oestrogen- and gestagen derivative and not so much the type of the contraceptive. The most frequent findings are raised serum-glucose-, insulin-, and triglyceride levels; disturbances in protein-metabolism increase the risk of developing thrombosis and hypertonia. Little is known about the significance of oral contraceptives on the vitamin- and mineral metabolism--yet extreme deficiencies have not been observed so far. Oral contraceptives can become an extra risk factor when given to women with metabolic disturbances.", "contents": "[Metabolic studies under administration of oral contraceptives. A review]. The use of oral contraceptives can produce changes in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Responsible for the alterations seems to be the used oestrogen- and gestagen derivative and not so much the type of the contraceptive. The most frequent findings are raised serum-glucose-, insulin-, and triglyceride levels; disturbances in protein-metabolism increase the risk of developing thrombosis and hypertonia. Little is known about the significance of oral contraceptives on the vitamin- and mineral metabolism--yet extreme deficiencies have not been observed so far. Oral contraceptives can become an extra risk factor when given to women with metabolic disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:349903", "title": "[Colonic anastomoses. Mechanical and morphological findings].", "content": "In healthy mongrel dogs 45 colonic anastomoses were performed in one--and two layered inverting and single layered end-on technique. They were compared 4, 8, and 18 days after surgery macroscopically, histologically and by tension testing. All criteria showed the single layered end-on technique to be superior. The principle of Lembert, aiming for contact of large areas of serosa, should be replaced by a technique resulting in exact reconstruction of intestinal wall without mucosal damage.", "contents": "[Colonic anastomoses. Mechanical and morphological findings]. In healthy mongrel dogs 45 colonic anastomoses were performed in one--and two layered inverting and single layered end-on technique. They were compared 4, 8, and 18 days after surgery macroscopically, histologically and by tension testing. All criteria showed the single layered end-on technique to be superior. The principle of Lembert, aiming for contact of large areas of serosa, should be replaced by a technique resulting in exact reconstruction of intestinal wall without mucosal damage."}
{"id": "PMID:349904", "title": "[Psychosomatics in gastroenterology].", "content": "With regard to the superimposed concept \"psycho-somatic correlation\" we describe the psychopathological mark \"Alexithymia\" and the related psychodynamic processes (object loss which cannot be mastered, together with following narcissistic insult and aggression defense). In the frame of the psychosomatic pathology are outlined the psychodynamic processes in patients suffering from functional gastrointestinal disorders, duodenal ulcer and ulcerative colitis. With regard to the superimposed concept \"soma-to-psychic correlation\" we describe the secondary-psychic reactions following the patient's perception of a failure of his bodily functions, namely: reactive anxieties and depression as well as dependency wishes and denial-work. The psychotherapeutic possibilities in psychosomatic patients concern the modifications of the classical psychoanalytic techniques, namely: psychoanalytically orientated group therapy, psychotherapeutic consultation, supportive psychotherapy on the one hand and the behavior therapy on the other hand. In contrast to it, in patients suffering from secondary-psychic reactions particularly the principle of the doctor's and nurses' emotional presence is indicated. However, the ability to realize the emotional presence function presupposes a special advanced training.", "contents": "[Psychosomatics in gastroenterology]. With regard to the superimposed concept \"psycho-somatic correlation\" we describe the psychopathological mark \"Alexithymia\" and the related psychodynamic processes (object loss which cannot be mastered, together with following narcissistic insult and aggression defense). In the frame of the psychosomatic pathology are outlined the psychodynamic processes in patients suffering from functional gastrointestinal disorders, duodenal ulcer and ulcerative colitis. With regard to the superimposed concept \"soma-to-psychic correlation\" we describe the secondary-psychic reactions following the patient's perception of a failure of his bodily functions, namely: reactive anxieties and depression as well as dependency wishes and denial-work. The psychotherapeutic possibilities in psychosomatic patients concern the modifications of the classical psychoanalytic techniques, namely: psychoanalytically orientated group therapy, psychotherapeutic consultation, supportive psychotherapy on the one hand and the behavior therapy on the other hand. In contrast to it, in patients suffering from secondary-psychic reactions particularly the principle of the doctor's and nurses' emotional presence is indicated. However, the ability to realize the emotional presence function presupposes a special advanced training."}
{"id": "PMID:349905", "title": "Diagnosis of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis a simplified method for the detection of liver membrane autoantibodies (LMA).", "content": "A simplified method for the detection of liver membrane autoantibodies (LMA) in patient's serum is presented. Hepatocytes are isolated from the liver of young rabbits. A calcium-free solution without enzymes is injected into the portal vein with a normal syringe. The liver is then cut into small pieces in a solution with calcium, shaken in a water bath, filtered and washed in Eagle's medium. The isolated hepatocytes are incubated first in patient's serum and secondly in FITC labeled antihuman IgG. The test requires three hours and allow the detection of LMA, antinuclear and antimitochondrial antibodies simultaneously. The detection of LMA is valuable in the diagnosis of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis.", "contents": "Diagnosis of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis a simplified method for the detection of liver membrane autoantibodies (LMA). A simplified method for the detection of liver membrane autoantibodies (LMA) in patient's serum is presented. Hepatocytes are isolated from the liver of young rabbits. A calcium-free solution without enzymes is injected into the portal vein with a normal syringe. The liver is then cut into small pieces in a solution with calcium, shaken in a water bath, filtered and washed in Eagle's medium. The isolated hepatocytes are incubated first in patient's serum and secondly in FITC labeled antihuman IgG. The test requires three hours and allow the detection of LMA, antinuclear and antimitochondrial antibodies simultaneously. The detection of LMA is valuable in the diagnosis of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:349906", "title": "The radioimmunoassay and physiology of somatostatin in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays for somatostain have demonstrated that high concentrations of the polypeptide are present in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract of a number of species. Although measurement in tissue extracts is relatively unproblematic, detection and characterization of somatostatin-like material in plasma has proved technically difficult. Studies of pancreatic somatostatin release in vitro suggest a possible function in the regulation of islet hormone secretion, but the mode of action remains to be elucidated. Although, at present, no clinical relevance can be attributed to the somatostain radioimmunoassay reports of somatostatin secreting tumors and changes in stomach tissue content in patients with ulcer disease indicate a contributory role in the pathophysiology of certain disease states.", "contents": "The radioimmunoassay and physiology of somatostatin in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. Radioimmunoassays for somatostain have demonstrated that high concentrations of the polypeptide are present in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract of a number of species. Although measurement in tissue extracts is relatively unproblematic, detection and characterization of somatostatin-like material in plasma has proved technically difficult. Studies of pancreatic somatostatin release in vitro suggest a possible function in the regulation of islet hormone secretion, but the mode of action remains to be elucidated. Although, at present, no clinical relevance can be attributed to the somatostain radioimmunoassay reports of somatostatin secreting tumors and changes in stomach tissue content in patients with ulcer disease indicate a contributory role in the pathophysiology of certain disease states."}
{"id": "PMID:349950", "title": "[Sudden death in traffic due to natural causes (author's transl)].", "content": "Together with the increase in motorisation sudden death at the wheel by natural causes has also gained more importance although this is not a very frequent occurrence. Scattered reports on such cases in the literature are summarized and discussed with regard to recognition, frequency, age and sex distribution, pathological changes and marginal problems, e. g. diagnostic difficulties, risk and prevention. At the top of the list of the causes of sudden natural death at the wheel are disturbances of the cardiovascular circulation and under this heading the ischemical heart diseases with 83%. The frequency peak lies in the sixties age group and in the case of the ischemical diseases generally in the seventies age group which is an indication that driving is particularly a burden for the circulation. The percentage of women (2.6%) is approx. 10 times less than it is in sudden deaths generally, this obviously being due to the fact that women in advanced years do not drive as often as men. In approx. 50% of cases the sudden natural death takes place when the vehicle is stationary. Serious accidents are seldom. Diagnostic difficulties occur when alcohol has been consumed or when in an accident caused by the sickness the victim is fatally injured or when the question of guilt is not clear. Restrictive measures will not completely prevent sudden death when driving; it is most important that a patient with a history of myocardial infarction or of advanced age should be advised of the dangers of driving by the physician treating him.", "contents": "[Sudden death in traffic due to natural causes (author's transl)]. Together with the increase in motorisation sudden death at the wheel by natural causes has also gained more importance although this is not a very frequent occurrence. Scattered reports on such cases in the literature are summarized and discussed with regard to recognition, frequency, age and sex distribution, pathological changes and marginal problems, e. g. diagnostic difficulties, risk and prevention. At the top of the list of the causes of sudden natural death at the wheel are disturbances of the cardiovascular circulation and under this heading the ischemical heart diseases with 83%. The frequency peak lies in the sixties age group and in the case of the ischemical diseases generally in the seventies age group which is an indication that driving is particularly a burden for the circulation. The percentage of women (2.6%) is approx. 10 times less than it is in sudden deaths generally, this obviously being due to the fact that women in advanced years do not drive as often as men. In approx. 50% of cases the sudden natural death takes place when the vehicle is stationary. Serious accidents are seldom. Diagnostic difficulties occur when alcohol has been consumed or when in an accident caused by the sickness the victim is fatally injured or when the question of guilt is not clear. Restrictive measures will not completely prevent sudden death when driving; it is most important that a patient with a history of myocardial infarction or of advanced age should be advised of the dangers of driving by the physician treating him."}
{"id": "PMID:349954", "title": "[The change of the weight of the pineal gland by formalin-fixation (author's transl)].", "content": "The weights of 94 human pineal glands were submitted a 3-day-fixation in 10 per cent neutralized formalin, resulting in a loss in weight in one half of the pineal glands and in an increase in weight in the other. After fixation of 4 weeks the difference between actual and initial weight had diminished, only 10.6 per cent of the pineal glands showed a difference larger than +/- 10 per cent. Therefore, the weights of formalin-fixated pineal glands may be used in statistical comparisons. The question why the weights change differently cannot be answered by us.", "contents": "[The change of the weight of the pineal gland by formalin-fixation (author's transl)]. The weights of 94 human pineal glands were submitted a 3-day-fixation in 10 per cent neutralized formalin, resulting in a loss in weight in one half of the pineal glands and in an increase in weight in the other. After fixation of 4 weeks the difference between actual and initial weight had diminished, only 10.6 per cent of the pineal glands showed a difference larger than +/- 10 per cent. Therefore, the weights of formalin-fixated pineal glands may be used in statistical comparisons. The question why the weights change differently cannot be answered by us."}
{"id": "PMID:349961", "title": "[Proteinase inhibiting agents and glucagon in acute pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In two prospective studies the effect of proteinase inhibiting agents and glucagon in acute pancreatitis have been studied by a randomised series. Moreover the effect of the basic therapy was examined in additional 103 patients. Symptoms, clinical and laboratory chemical findings correspond to each other in all collectives. The results seem to be the best ones in those patients having been treated by basic therapy only.", "contents": "[Proteinase inhibiting agents and glucagon in acute pancreatitis (author's transl)]. In two prospective studies the effect of proteinase inhibiting agents and glucagon in acute pancreatitis have been studied by a randomised series. Moreover the effect of the basic therapy was examined in additional 103 patients. Symptoms, clinical and laboratory chemical findings correspond to each other in all collectives. The results seem to be the best ones in those patients having been treated by basic therapy only."}
{"id": "PMID:349963", "title": "[Liver transplantation in a case of angiosarcoma and thorotrast fibrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short survey of the development of liver transplantation on the basis of three liver transplants performed in this department, a case of angiosarcoma due to thorotrast fibrosis is reported. The problems cocerning surgical technique have been overcome at this time. However the questions concerning immunology, procurement of organs and organ preservation are predominant. Critically observed, liver transplantation has not yet emerged from the stage of clinical experimentation today.", "contents": "[Liver transplantation in a case of angiosarcoma and thorotrast fibrosis (author's transl)]. After a short survey of the development of liver transplantation on the basis of three liver transplants performed in this department, a case of angiosarcoma due to thorotrast fibrosis is reported. The problems cocerning surgical technique have been overcome at this time. However the questions concerning immunology, procurement of organs and organ preservation are predominant. Critically observed, liver transplantation has not yet emerged from the stage of clinical experimentation today."}
{"id": "PMID:349964", "title": "[Characteristics of the ovarianc cycle in the baboon (Papio hamadryas)].", "content": "The dynamics of estradiol, estrone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone were investigated in the blood plasma of the pavian (papio, hamadryas) with regard to the menstrual cycle and in comparison with the human. Furthermore results were presented about the basal temperature, the fern phenomenon and the development of the sex-skin in the pavian.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the ovarianc cycle in the baboon (Papio hamadryas)]. The dynamics of estradiol, estrone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone were investigated in the blood plasma of the pavian (papio, hamadryas) with regard to the menstrual cycle and in comparison with the human. Furthermore results were presented about the basal temperature, the fern phenomenon and the development of the sex-skin in the pavian."}
{"id": "PMID:349965", "title": "[1st experiences with a cytological data collection system based of EDP].", "content": "On the basis of the experience which was gained with the use of EDP in the documentation of patient data a compatible system for request, processing and documentation for cytological examinations was developed. It was introduced into routine work in July 1976. Since then there as been an increase in the efficiency of the cytological examinations by abolishing manual recording. Further on, this has lead to better possibilities for scientific evaluation. The system is user-oriented as far as the request for examinations and the establishment of diagnoses are concerned by automatically produced reports. The application of this project by others is possible.", "contents": "[1st experiences with a cytological data collection system based of EDP]. On the basis of the experience which was gained with the use of EDP in the documentation of patient data a compatible system for request, processing and documentation for cytological examinations was developed. It was introduced into routine work in July 1976. Since then there as been an increase in the efficiency of the cytological examinations by abolishing manual recording. Further on, this has lead to better possibilities for scientific evaluation. The system is user-oriented as far as the request for examinations and the establishment of diagnoses are concerned by automatically produced reports. The application of this project by others is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:349966", "title": "[Hysterographic examination of unilayer lointed wound margins following cesarean section].", "content": "The authors give an account of their examinations with hysterography after caesarean sections and present the various arrangements of the subject in the literature. They state that the employment of a single-layered suture for the fusion of the lips of wound of the uterus gives a better result than the use of a double-layered suture. They emphasize the importance of the examination and mention the possibilities of therapy, too.", "contents": "[Hysterographic examination of unilayer lointed wound margins following cesarean section]. The authors give an account of their examinations with hysterography after caesarean sections and present the various arrangements of the subject in the literature. They state that the employment of a single-layered suture for the fusion of the lips of wound of the uterus gives a better result than the use of a double-layered suture. They emphasize the importance of the examination and mention the possibilities of therapy, too."}
{"id": "PMID:349967", "title": "[Histological examination of uterus healing following cesarean section].", "content": "Scar tissues obtained in the course of a number of caesarean sections were histologically examined. The quality of the tissues were classified according to vascularization and muscularization. It has been found that the employment of a single-layered suture always gives a better result than that of a double-layered suture.", "contents": "[Histological examination of uterus healing following cesarean section]. Scar tissues obtained in the course of a number of caesarean sections were histologically examined. The quality of the tissues were classified according to vascularization and muscularization. It has been found that the employment of a single-layered suture always gives a better result than that of a double-layered suture."}
{"id": "PMID:349969", "title": "[Our experience in the surgical management of stress incontinence].", "content": "When performing correction of the cystocele in the procedure of the colporrhaphy, Kennedy stitches should be applied. By the formation of the muscular plaque where the urethra is sliding stress incontinence is corrected and recurrence of cystocele is prevented. --In cases of isolated occurrence of stress incontinence our result, in our opinion, are not satisfied. The recurrence is going from 13,04% to 24% in relation of the sort of operation and the degree of stress incontinence.", "contents": "[Our experience in the surgical management of stress incontinence]. When performing correction of the cystocele in the procedure of the colporrhaphy, Kennedy stitches should be applied. By the formation of the muscular plaque where the urethra is sliding stress incontinence is corrected and recurrence of cystocele is prevented. --In cases of isolated occurrence of stress incontinence our result, in our opinion, are not satisfied. The recurrence is going from 13,04% to 24% in relation of the sort of operation and the degree of stress incontinence."}
{"id": "PMID:349970", "title": "Enterotoxigenicity among salmonellae--a prospective analysis for a surveillance programme.", "content": "Gastroenteritis and food poisoning caused by several Salmonella serotypes are frequently observed in many countries. In particular, S. typhimurium has been found ranking first that put forward the question whether S. typhimurium can be characterized by distinct biological properties. In this paper attempts to characterized 378 Salmonella strains according to their enterotoxigenicity by means of the vascular permeability factor (PF) have been summarized. PF-positive strains are common among all Enteritis-Salmonellae, in particular among S. typhimurium. This serotype is also found with quantitative strongest PF activity. PF-positive strains are found to be active producers of exo-enterotoxins, which have been characterized as LT-enterotoxins by other assays, too. Since the capacity of Enteritis-Salmonellae to produce enterotoxins is in accordance with their clinical and epidemiological importance, the determination of the PF-factor as a rapid screening assay for enterotoxigenicity is proposed in this paper in order to survey epidemiological and clinical significant Salmonellae.", "contents": "Enterotoxigenicity among salmonellae--a prospective analysis for a surveillance programme. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning caused by several Salmonella serotypes are frequently observed in many countries. In particular, S. typhimurium has been found ranking first that put forward the question whether S. typhimurium can be characterized by distinct biological properties. In this paper attempts to characterized 378 Salmonella strains according to their enterotoxigenicity by means of the vascular permeability factor (PF) have been summarized. PF-positive strains are common among all Enteritis-Salmonellae, in particular among S. typhimurium. This serotype is also found with quantitative strongest PF activity. PF-positive strains are found to be active producers of exo-enterotoxins, which have been characterized as LT-enterotoxins by other assays, too. Since the capacity of Enteritis-Salmonellae to produce enterotoxins is in accordance with their clinical and epidemiological importance, the determination of the PF-factor as a rapid screening assay for enterotoxigenicity is proposed in this paper in order to survey epidemiological and clinical significant Salmonellae."}
{"id": "PMID:349971", "title": "Shigella sonnei colicine and phage types in East Bohemia region.", "content": "From November 1972 to the end of 1975, Shigella sonnei types implicated in dysentery morbidity in a number of districts of East Bohemia region were studied. 301 strains subjected to phage typing and colicine typing were classified into 45 \"combined\" types. During the study five types prevailed in succession, each for a protracted period of time. Four of these types retained, in the great majority of cases, their original high drug sensitivity throughout the period of their prevalence. Other types were only encountered transiently and sporadically. As a result of a phagerestrictive effect of newly acquired plasmids there occurred, in rare instances in some strains, a change in phage type; or the colicine type changed while the phage type was retained as a result of another col factor having been acquired by the strain. The changes occurred in the course of epidemics.", "contents": "Shigella sonnei colicine and phage types in East Bohemia region. From November 1972 to the end of 1975, Shigella sonnei types implicated in dysentery morbidity in a number of districts of East Bohemia region were studied. 301 strains subjected to phage typing and colicine typing were classified into 45 \"combined\" types. During the study five types prevailed in succession, each for a protracted period of time. Four of these types retained, in the great majority of cases, their original high drug sensitivity throughout the period of their prevalence. Other types were only encountered transiently and sporadically. As a result of a phagerestrictive effect of newly acquired plasmids there occurred, in rare instances in some strains, a change in phage type; or the colicine type changed while the phage type was retained as a result of another col factor having been acquired by the strain. The changes occurred in the course of epidemics."}
{"id": "PMID:349972", "title": "[Construction and operation of an anaerobic glove box (author's transl)].", "content": "Construction and operation of an anaerobic glove box is described mainly built of commercially available material. The box is made of refined steel and has the dimensions of 150 cm in length, 62 cm in height and 68 cm in depth. It is equipped with one round vacuum tight steel airlock for transfer of material. Three Neopren gloves and an oblique glass window are installed into the frontside. The anaerobic box is continuously perfused by 35 l/h of O2-free gas. In the box the atmosphere is whirled round by a fan and hereby led over a layer of catalyst. The O2-content of the anaerobic atmosphere is less than 1 ppm-3 ppm to 4 ppm on a yearly average - measured by an oxygen trace analysor. All bacteriological work as cultivation and isolation of strictly anaerobic bacteria can be done within a continuous O2-free atmosphere by conventional technics. The anaerobic glove box described was used for three years without any failure. In glove boxes built in the same manner as above mentioned similar O2-values will be achievable.", "contents": "[Construction and operation of an anaerobic glove box (author's transl)]. Construction and operation of an anaerobic glove box is described mainly built of commercially available material. The box is made of refined steel and has the dimensions of 150 cm in length, 62 cm in height and 68 cm in depth. It is equipped with one round vacuum tight steel airlock for transfer of material. Three Neopren gloves and an oblique glass window are installed into the frontside. The anaerobic box is continuously perfused by 35 l/h of O2-free gas. In the box the atmosphere is whirled round by a fan and hereby led over a layer of catalyst. The O2-content of the anaerobic atmosphere is less than 1 ppm-3 ppm to 4 ppm on a yearly average - measured by an oxygen trace analysor. All bacteriological work as cultivation and isolation of strictly anaerobic bacteria can be done within a continuous O2-free atmosphere by conventional technics. The anaerobic glove box described was used for three years without any failure. In glove boxes built in the same manner as above mentioned similar O2-values will be achievable."}
{"id": "PMID:349973", "title": "Identification and reduction of carcinogens in the respiratory environment.", "content": "Epidemiological studies have implicated three factors in the overall increase of lung cancer--tobacco, especially cigarette smoking, urban pollution and, to a lesser extent, certain industrial respiratory environments. Some data were discussed on carcinogenic industrial inhalants, and on the possible effect of urban pollution. The reduction of pollution and that of specific environmental agents is stressed. Laboratory studies on the identification of carcinogens in cigarette smoke and their reduction toward the \"less harmful cigarette\" represent a part of this aspect.", "contents": "Identification and reduction of carcinogens in the respiratory environment. Epidemiological studies have implicated three factors in the overall increase of lung cancer--tobacco, especially cigarette smoking, urban pollution and, to a lesser extent, certain industrial respiratory environments. Some data were discussed on carcinogenic industrial inhalants, and on the possible effect of urban pollution. The reduction of pollution and that of specific environmental agents is stressed. Laboratory studies on the identification of carcinogens in cigarette smoke and their reduction toward the \"less harmful cigarette\" represent a part of this aspect."}
{"id": "PMID:349975", "title": "[Problems in ecology and hygiene of coastal waters (as exemplified by the baltic sea) (author's transl)].", "content": "A summary is given on ecological and hygienic problems of coastal waters, beginning with an outline of the different standpoints in ecology and hygiene. Because of close interrelationships between these fields, the hygienist is introduced to the ecological problems of the Baltic Sea. Hygienic questions have drawn attention because of the so-called Baltic Sea disease (Red tides?--Indication of virus contamination by bacterial indicators of faeces?). On the basis of the results of a two-year authoritative study of the German Baltic Sea coast, a discussion is presented on 1) the relationship between the coli titer and the frequency of salmonella detection, 2) the necessity of routine tests for salmonella, 3) aims of bacteriological cleanliness, 4) the importance of chemical parameters for evaluation, 5) necessary measures for prevention of pollution of the water and beaches of the Baltic Sea. Emphasis is placed on the fact that for ecological reasons the third stage of sewage purification has attained increased significance. The paper refers repeatedly to international agreements (Baltic Sea Convention of 1974, the 1975 WHO report on the recreational quality of beaches and coastal waters, European Community guidelines of 1975) and their relations to the presented findings and considerations.", "contents": "[Problems in ecology and hygiene of coastal waters (as exemplified by the baltic sea) (author's transl)]. A summary is given on ecological and hygienic problems of coastal waters, beginning with an outline of the different standpoints in ecology and hygiene. Because of close interrelationships between these fields, the hygienist is introduced to the ecological problems of the Baltic Sea. Hygienic questions have drawn attention because of the so-called Baltic Sea disease (Red tides?--Indication of virus contamination by bacterial indicators of faeces?). On the basis of the results of a two-year authoritative study of the German Baltic Sea coast, a discussion is presented on 1) the relationship between the coli titer and the frequency of salmonella detection, 2) the necessity of routine tests for salmonella, 3) aims of bacteriological cleanliness, 4) the importance of chemical parameters for evaluation, 5) necessary measures for prevention of pollution of the water and beaches of the Baltic Sea. Emphasis is placed on the fact that for ecological reasons the third stage of sewage purification has attained increased significance. The paper refers repeatedly to international agreements (Baltic Sea Convention of 1974, the 1975 WHO report on the recreational quality of beaches and coastal waters, European Community guidelines of 1975) and their relations to the presented findings and considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:349976", "title": "[Coprosterol as chemical indicator in coastal seawater (author's transl)].", "content": "As bacteriological examination of water often needs a longer time, it was tried to use chemical indicators for detecting sewage pollution of water. Such a chemical indicator is coprosterol, a sterin derivative, which is discharged from human and animal enteric systems. For epidemic evaluations, E. coli, normally not present in pure water, is a good fecal bacterial indicator. Wether there does exist a certain parallelity of the amount of coprosterol and the presence of E. coli, water from bankfiltration systems and coastal seawater were examined. The presence of E. coli was not in every case accompanied by a positive coprosterol test, so that epidemic evidence is not shown by the latter. Nevertheless, the test may be good to evaluate mixing procedures between two different kinds of sewage polluted water or between groundwater and surface water.", "contents": "[Coprosterol as chemical indicator in coastal seawater (author's transl)]. As bacteriological examination of water often needs a longer time, it was tried to use chemical indicators for detecting sewage pollution of water. Such a chemical indicator is coprosterol, a sterin derivative, which is discharged from human and animal enteric systems. For epidemic evaluations, E. coli, normally not present in pure water, is a good fecal bacterial indicator. Wether there does exist a certain parallelity of the amount of coprosterol and the presence of E. coli, water from bankfiltration systems and coastal seawater were examined. The presence of E. coli was not in every case accompanied by a positive coprosterol test, so that epidemic evidence is not shown by the latter. Nevertheless, the test may be good to evaluate mixing procedures between two different kinds of sewage polluted water or between groundwater and surface water."}
{"id": "PMID:349977", "title": "[Disinfection of effluents from municipal sewage  treatment plants with hydrogen peroxide (author's transl)].", "content": "Effluents from different sewage treatment plants were disinfected, using hydrogen peroxide in concentrations varying between 500 and 50,000 ppm. With a concentration of 5,500 ppm H2O2 and a contact time of 2 h more than 99% of bacteria were killed, including enterobacteria, total and fecal coliforms (Fig. 1 A, B, C and D) and fecal streptococci (Fig. 2 B). Staphylococci and micrococci were less sensitive and contact times of 2 h were not sufficient to kill 99% of this group (Fig. 2 A). Highly resistant were bacterial endospores (Fig. 2 C). With a concentration of 5% H2O2 50% of the spores still survived after a contact time of 2 h (Fig. 2 D). The effect of 5,500 ppm H2O2 by an exposure time of 2 h was then studied with other effluents. The results show that total counts were also reduced for 90% and some groups for more than 99% (table 1). There was no difference in reduction between catalase positive and catalase negative micro-organisms, indicating that the catalase activity of the bacteria offered no special resistance towards hydrogen peroxide in the concentrations used (table 2). Although the observations of some investigators have shown that metal ions act to increase the bactericidal effect of H2O2 as a result of formation of hydroxyl radicals, the additions of ferrous ions (5,25 and 50 ppm) did not improve the killing activity of H2O2 (table 3).", "contents": "[Disinfection of effluents from municipal sewage  treatment plants with hydrogen peroxide (author's transl)]. Effluents from different sewage treatment plants were disinfected, using hydrogen peroxide in concentrations varying between 500 and 50,000 ppm. With a concentration of 5,500 ppm H2O2 and a contact time of 2 h more than 99% of bacteria were killed, including enterobacteria, total and fecal coliforms (Fig. 1 A, B, C and D) and fecal streptococci (Fig. 2 B). Staphylococci and micrococci were less sensitive and contact times of 2 h were not sufficient to kill 99% of this group (Fig. 2 A). Highly resistant were bacterial endospores (Fig. 2 C). With a concentration of 5% H2O2 50% of the spores still survived after a contact time of 2 h (Fig. 2 D). The effect of 5,500 ppm H2O2 by an exposure time of 2 h was then studied with other effluents. The results show that total counts were also reduced for 90% and some groups for more than 99% (table 1). There was no difference in reduction between catalase positive and catalase negative micro-organisms, indicating that the catalase activity of the bacteria offered no special resistance towards hydrogen peroxide in the concentrations used (table 2). Although the observations of some investigators have shown that metal ions act to increase the bactericidal effect of H2O2 as a result of formation of hydroxyl radicals, the additions of ferrous ions (5,25 and 50 ppm) did not improve the killing activity of H2O2 (table 3)."}
{"id": "PMID:349987", "title": "Dimensionality reducing displays in cell image analysis.", "content": "The paper discusses the problem of representation of multivariate cell data sets in two dimensions such that the essence of the situation as represented by the multivariate feature space is preserved. A corresponding projectional technique has been developed and illustrated on a set of five different cell types of ectocervical cells, including normal and carcinoma cells.", "contents": "Dimensionality reducing displays in cell image analysis. The paper discusses the problem of representation of multivariate cell data sets in two dimensions such that the essence of the situation as represented by the multivariate feature space is preserved. A corresponding projectional technique has been developed and illustrated on a set of five different cell types of ectocervical cells, including normal and carcinoma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:349988", "title": "Computer recognition of ectocervical cells. Classification accuracy and spatial resolution.", "content": "The effect of a relaxation of the spatial resolution of images of ectocervical cells on classification accuracy by computer has been studied. The discriminatory capabilities of optical density, texture and shape features have been evaluated. Comparable computer classifications have been derived. The differences in the discriminating power of .5 and 1 mu resolution are found to be smaller than the differences corresponding to 1 and 2 mu resolution. While 2 mu resolution may be marginally acceptable in certain situations, the 4 mu resolution did not render acceptably good classification rates.", "contents": "Computer recognition of ectocervical cells. Classification accuracy and spatial resolution. The effect of a relaxation of the spatial resolution of images of ectocervical cells on classification accuracy by computer has been studied. The discriminatory capabilities of optical density, texture and shape features have been evaluated. Comparable computer classifications have been derived. The differences in the discriminating power of .5 and 1 mu resolution are found to be smaller than the differences corresponding to 1 and 2 mu resolution. While 2 mu resolution may be marginally acceptable in certain situations, the 4 mu resolution did not render acceptably good classification rates."}
{"id": "PMID:349986", "title": "An analysis technique for biological shape-III.", "content": "The motivation for a syntactic theory of shape was a belief that computer shape analysis could mimic human recognition procedures. The results described here suggest that heuristic techniques can be used to decompose and analyze complex objects. The derived decomposition algorithm gives quite good results when compared with human lobe determinations. In addition, it seems to follow closely the actual procedures used by observers in classifying shapes. The list structure output of the program clearly describes each shape element and greatly facilitates further analysis. Extensions of this work should be directed toward the development of more specific \"rules\" for shape decomposition, and more complete orientation information in the output list structure.", "contents": "An analysis technique for biological shape-III. The motivation for a syntactic theory of shape was a belief that computer shape analysis could mimic human recognition procedures. The results described here suggest that heuristic techniques can be used to decompose and analyze complex objects. The derived decomposition algorithm gives quite good results when compared with human lobe determinations. In addition, it seems to follow closely the actual procedures used by observers in classifying shapes. The list structure output of the program clearly describes each shape element and greatly facilitates further analysis. Extensions of this work should be directed toward the development of more specific \"rules\" for shape decomposition, and more complete orientation information in the output list structure."}
{"id": "PMID:349995", "title": "Acid secretion and cyclic nucleotide content of the guinea pig isolated stomach in the presence of the ionophore A23187.", "content": "The involvement of calcium ions in stimulus-secretion coupling in the gastric mucosa is uncertain. Acid secretion and mucosal cyclic nucleotide content of an isolated stomach preparation from the guinea-pig have been measured in the presence of the ionophore A2318 (Lilly) over the concentration range 10(-6) M both in the presence and absence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (ICI 631978 1 X 10(-4) M). The rate of acid secretion and cyclic nucleotide content were increased by ICI 63197 as expected but were unaltered by the ionophore. These results suggest that a change in intracellular calcium ion concentration does not alter acid secretion in this preparation.", "contents": "Acid secretion and cyclic nucleotide content of the guinea pig isolated stomach in the presence of the ionophore A23187. The involvement of calcium ions in stimulus-secretion coupling in the gastric mucosa is uncertain. Acid secretion and mucosal cyclic nucleotide content of an isolated stomach preparation from the guinea-pig have been measured in the presence of the ionophore A2318 (Lilly) over the concentration range 10(-6) M both in the presence and absence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (ICI 631978 1 X 10(-4) M). The rate of acid secretion and cyclic nucleotide content were increased by ICI 63197 as expected but were unaltered by the ionophore. These results suggest that a change in intracellular calcium ion concentration does not alter acid secretion in this preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:349991", "title": "A system for scanning biological cells in three colors.", "content": "A system for scanning biological cells under high magnification has been developed which utilizes a three-color photometer. The spectral information has proved useful in improving computer recognition of certain cell types.", "contents": "A system for scanning biological cells in three colors. A system for scanning biological cells under high magnification has been developed which utilizes a three-color photometer. The spectral information has proved useful in improving computer recognition of certain cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:349990", "title": "Computer recognition of binucleation with overlapping in epithelial cells.", "content": "A technique for computer recognition of binucleation with overlapping in epithelial cells was derived. The computer program uses analytic features related to nuclear contour only. The feature set includes moments, Fourier transform features and linguistic features. The algorithm works satisfactorily in instances where the human eye would detect the presence of two nuclei at first glance.", "contents": "Computer recognition of binucleation with overlapping in epithelial cells. A technique for computer recognition of binucleation with overlapping in epithelial cells was derived. The computer program uses analytic features related to nuclear contour only. The feature set includes moments, Fourier transform features and linguistic features. The algorithm works satisfactorily in instances where the human eye would detect the presence of two nuclei at first glance."}
{"id": "PMID:349992", "title": "Solitary reticulum cell sarcoma of the uterine cervix with initial cytodiagnosis.", "content": "A minimally symptomatic elderly woman was discovered to have reticulum cell sarcoma involving the uterine cervix on the basis of cervico-vaginal smears taken in the absence of a visible mass lesion. The diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy, and subsequent clinical and operative staging revealed the tumor to be arising in and confined to the uterine cervix. The cytologic features of reticulum cell neoplasia are repetitive and highly characteristic irrespective of its site of origin.", "contents": "Solitary reticulum cell sarcoma of the uterine cervix with initial cytodiagnosis. A minimally symptomatic elderly woman was discovered to have reticulum cell sarcoma involving the uterine cervix on the basis of cervico-vaginal smears taken in the absence of a visible mass lesion. The diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy, and subsequent clinical and operative staging revealed the tumor to be arising in and confined to the uterine cervix. The cytologic features of reticulum cell neoplasia are repetitive and highly characteristic irrespective of its site of origin."}
{"id": "PMID:349989", "title": "Computer recognition of abnormal ectocervical cells. Comparison of the efficacy of contour and textural features.", "content": "The efficacy of contour and texture features for the computer recognition of abnormal ectocervical cells is compared. For this comparison, three cell groups were formed: benign, suspicious and malignant. Nine decision rules were derived. The discrimination attained by features derived from the contours of nucleus and cytoplasm is comparable to that achieved by textural features. A combination of both kinds of features gives best results.", "contents": "Computer recognition of abnormal ectocervical cells. Comparison of the efficacy of contour and textural features. The efficacy of contour and texture features for the computer recognition of abnormal ectocervical cells is compared. For this comparison, three cell groups were formed: benign, suspicious and malignant. Nine decision rules were derived. The discrimination attained by features derived from the contours of nucleus and cytoplasm is comparable to that achieved by textural features. A combination of both kinds of features gives best results."}
{"id": "PMID:349998", "title": "I.C.I. 35868 - The effect of a change of formulation on the incidence of pain after intravenous injection.", "content": "I.C.I. 35868 is a promising new intravenous induction agent, but intravenous injection of the initial 2% formulation frequently caused pain. The solvent vehicle of the 2% formulation, which contained Cremophor E.L. and ethanol, was therefore investigated to see if this could be the cause of the pain. Twenty volunteers received both 5 ml isotonic saline and 5 ml solvent vehicle intravenously. The injection of saline never caused pain, but the solvent caused mild or moderate pain in 9 patients. I.C.I. 35868 was therefore reformulated in a 1% solution, excluding ethanol from the solvent. When intravenous injection of I.C.I. 35868 1% was compared to methohexitone 1% in 24 patients, both agents caused pain. Four out of 12 patients reveiving I.C.I. 35868 1% felt pain, with a total pain \"score\" of 6, but 6 out of 12 patients who received methohexitone 1%, felt pain, with a total pain \"score\" of 12. In no instance was intravenous injection followed by persistant pain, or evidence of thrombosis or phlebitis.", "contents": "I.C.I. 35868 - The effect of a change of formulation on the incidence of pain after intravenous injection. I.C.I. 35868 is a promising new intravenous induction agent, but intravenous injection of the initial 2% formulation frequently caused pain. The solvent vehicle of the 2% formulation, which contained Cremophor E.L. and ethanol, was therefore investigated to see if this could be the cause of the pain. Twenty volunteers received both 5 ml isotonic saline and 5 ml solvent vehicle intravenously. The injection of saline never caused pain, but the solvent caused mild or moderate pain in 9 patients. I.C.I. 35868 was therefore reformulated in a 1% solution, excluding ethanol from the solvent. When intravenous injection of I.C.I. 35868 1% was compared to methohexitone 1% in 24 patients, both agents caused pain. Four out of 12 patients reveiving I.C.I. 35868 1% felt pain, with a total pain \"score\" of 6, but 6 out of 12 patients who received methohexitone 1%, felt pain, with a total pain \"score\" of 12. In no instance was intravenous injection followed by persistant pain, or evidence of thrombosis or phlebitis."}
{"id": "PMID:349993", "title": "Cytomorphology of gynecologic specimens analyzed and sorted by two-parameter flow cytometry.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to define the fluorescence and light scatter properties of the different cell types encountered in gynecologic specimens. Samples stained with Chromomycins A3 were analyzed on a laser-activated electronic cell sorter, and two-parameter histograms of the cell populations were generated from measurements of nuclear fluorescence and small angle light scatter. Cell populations with defined scatter and fluorescence ranges were sorted, stained by a modified Papanicolaou technique, and evaluated using conventional cytomorphologic criteria. We focused on determining which regions of the histogram corresponded with abnormal cells and cells defining specimen adequacy (columnar and metaplastic cells). Sorted cells corresponding with the main fluorescence region are single, benign, mononuclear cells. Relative proportions of the different types of cells in this region vary with light scatter. Leukocytes predominate at low scatter, mature squamous cells predominate at high scatter, and metaplastic and endocervical cells occur throughout this range. Cells sorted with higher values of nuclear fluorescence include dysplastic and malignant cells as well as benign cells occurring as groups, multinucleates, or with adherent leukocytes or bacteria. This study demonstrates that cytomorphology is a useful method for monitoring and interpreting flow cytometry data.", "contents": "Cytomorphology of gynecologic specimens analyzed and sorted by two-parameter flow cytometry. The purpose of this study was to define the fluorescence and light scatter properties of the different cell types encountered in gynecologic specimens. Samples stained with Chromomycins A3 were analyzed on a laser-activated electronic cell sorter, and two-parameter histograms of the cell populations were generated from measurements of nuclear fluorescence and small angle light scatter. Cell populations with defined scatter and fluorescence ranges were sorted, stained by a modified Papanicolaou technique, and evaluated using conventional cytomorphologic criteria. We focused on determining which regions of the histogram corresponded with abnormal cells and cells defining specimen adequacy (columnar and metaplastic cells). Sorted cells corresponding with the main fluorescence region are single, benign, mononuclear cells. Relative proportions of the different types of cells in this region vary with light scatter. Leukocytes predominate at low scatter, mature squamous cells predominate at high scatter, and metaplastic and endocervical cells occur throughout this range. Cells sorted with higher values of nuclear fluorescence include dysplastic and malignant cells as well as benign cells occurring as groups, multinucleates, or with adherent leukocytes or bacteria. This study demonstrates that cytomorphology is a useful method for monitoring and interpreting flow cytometry data."}
{"id": "PMID:349999", "title": "Postnatal development of the pancreas in the opossum. Light microscopy.", "content": "The pancreas of the newborn opossum consists of a central region of forming islets surrounded by primitive tubules that end in proacinar cells. Paratubular buds, which are outgrowths from the tubular epithelium, characterize the newborn pancreas and eventually give rise to both exocrine and endocrine units. 4 days after birth, definite intralobular ducts, acini and centroacinar cells are observed. In addition to the central expanding islets (primary islets), endocrine cells are observed singly or in small groups in the ductal epithelium. The endocrine cells are believed to originate from the terminal cells of the ductal epithelium and, throughout the entire postnatal period, retain a close association with the exocrine epithelium. With the simultaneous proliferation of both endocrine and exocrine components from the ductal system, the majority of the islets observed at 24 days (5.0 cm) appear to be surrounded by a single layer of acinar cells. As acini develop and the ducts expand toward the periphery, this layer of acinar cells separates from the developing islets, the majority of which have become localized within the centers of lobules to form the secondary islets by the 10.0-cm stage (59 days). A marked development of lobules is observed by the 13.0-cm stage and the majority of acinar cells now are filled with zymogen granules. Acinar cells continue to proliferate late into the postnatal period and the majority of acini exhibit a tubular form in the juvenile and adult opossum.", "contents": "Postnatal development of the pancreas in the opossum. Light microscopy. The pancreas of the newborn opossum consists of a central region of forming islets surrounded by primitive tubules that end in proacinar cells. Paratubular buds, which are outgrowths from the tubular epithelium, characterize the newborn pancreas and eventually give rise to both exocrine and endocrine units. 4 days after birth, definite intralobular ducts, acini and centroacinar cells are observed. In addition to the central expanding islets (primary islets), endocrine cells are observed singly or in small groups in the ductal epithelium. The endocrine cells are believed to originate from the terminal cells of the ductal epithelium and, throughout the entire postnatal period, retain a close association with the exocrine epithelium. With the simultaneous proliferation of both endocrine and exocrine components from the ductal system, the majority of the islets observed at 24 days (5.0 cm) appear to be surrounded by a single layer of acinar cells. As acini develop and the ducts expand toward the periphery, this layer of acinar cells separates from the developing islets, the majority of which have become localized within the centers of lobules to form the secondary islets by the 10.0-cm stage (59 days). A marked development of lobules is observed by the 13.0-cm stage and the majority of acinar cells now are filled with zymogen granules. Acinar cells continue to proliferate late into the postnatal period and the majority of acini exhibit a tubular form in the juvenile and adult opossum."}
{"id": "PMID:349994", "title": "Inhibitory action of rat insulin and synthetic rat C-peptide on insulin secretion in the perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "In order to determine whether both insulin and C-peptide have an inhibitory action on insulin secretion, the isolated rat pancreas was perfused with exogenous rat insulin or synthetic rat C-peptide in the presence of high or low concentration of glucose. In the presence of 2.8 mM glucose, exogenous rat insulin (4 or 10 ng/ml) and C-peptide 1 and 2 (100 ng/ml) show no effect on the insulin levels in the outflow from the perfused pancreas. However, the insulin response to 16.7 mM glucose decreased in the presence of exogenous rat insulin or synthetic rat C-peptide, showing a biphasic pattern of glucose-induced insulin release. When rat insulin or C-peptide were added at 20 min and removed at 40 min while the isolated pancreas was exposed to a 60-min glucose infusion (16.7 mM), glucose-induced insulin secretion decreased during the infusion of rat insulin or C-peptide. The present study clearly showed that exogenous rat insulin and synthetic rat C-peptide 1 and 2 inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion. Although the suppressive mechanisms of the exogenous insulin and the C-peptide on insulin release are not yet proved, the inhibitory process is considered to be related to cyclic AMP in the pancreatic B-cell.", "contents": "Inhibitory action of rat insulin and synthetic rat C-peptide on insulin secretion in the perfused rat pancreas. In order to determine whether both insulin and C-peptide have an inhibitory action on insulin secretion, the isolated rat pancreas was perfused with exogenous rat insulin or synthetic rat C-peptide in the presence of high or low concentration of glucose. In the presence of 2.8 mM glucose, exogenous rat insulin (4 or 10 ng/ml) and C-peptide 1 and 2 (100 ng/ml) show no effect on the insulin levels in the outflow from the perfused pancreas. However, the insulin response to 16.7 mM glucose decreased in the presence of exogenous rat insulin or synthetic rat C-peptide, showing a biphasic pattern of glucose-induced insulin release. When rat insulin or C-peptide were added at 20 min and removed at 40 min while the isolated pancreas was exposed to a 60-min glucose infusion (16.7 mM), glucose-induced insulin secretion decreased during the infusion of rat insulin or C-peptide. The present study clearly showed that exogenous rat insulin and synthetic rat C-peptide 1 and 2 inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion. Although the suppressive mechanisms of the exogenous insulin and the C-peptide on insulin release are not yet proved, the inhibitory process is considered to be related to cyclic AMP in the pancreatic B-cell."}
{"id": "PMID:350000", "title": "Morphological properties of experimentally produced target fibres in tenotomized rat gastrocnemius muscle.", "content": "The gastrocnemius muscles of 3 groups of 10 rats, sacrified 5, 7, and 12 days respectively, following tenotomy, were submitted to different types of fixation, fixative and embedding. The occurrence of target fibres is shown not to be an artefact due to the histological procedures. Further examination demonstrates that the target phenomenon occurs in the shortest fibres on the medial side of both heads of the gastrocnemius muscle and that it consists mainly of a disarrangement of the contractile elements of the muscle fibres. This study argues that this phenomenon represents some kind of myotonic state of a pathological muscle.", "contents": "Morphological properties of experimentally produced target fibres in tenotomized rat gastrocnemius muscle. The gastrocnemius muscles of 3 groups of 10 rats, sacrified 5, 7, and 12 days respectively, following tenotomy, were submitted to different types of fixation, fixative and embedding. The occurrence of target fibres is shown not to be an artefact due to the histological procedures. Further examination demonstrates that the target phenomenon occurs in the shortest fibres on the medial side of both heads of the gastrocnemius muscle and that it consists mainly of a disarrangement of the contractile elements of the muscle fibres. This study argues that this phenomenon represents some kind of myotonic state of a pathological muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:350001", "title": "Microcirculation in grafted bone. A chamber technique for vital microscopy of rabbit bone transplants.", "content": "A method enabling in vivo observations of the microcirculation in orthotopically transplated bone in the rabbit is presented. The technique permits repeated study of a well-defined bone tissue compartment both before and after grafting to an autogenous or allogenous recipient site, respectively. It yields information about the reorganization of the microvascular system and the resorptive and formative processes of bone remodelling during incorporation of grafted bone. In the autologous experimental series, new capillaries were seen in the bone grafts 4 to 5 days after transplantation. No re-utilization of pre-existing graft vessels was observed.", "contents": "Microcirculation in grafted bone. A chamber technique for vital microscopy of rabbit bone transplants. A method enabling in vivo observations of the microcirculation in orthotopically transplated bone in the rabbit is presented. The technique permits repeated study of a well-defined bone tissue compartment both before and after grafting to an autogenous or allogenous recipient site, respectively. It yields information about the reorganization of the microvascular system and the resorptive and formative processes of bone remodelling during incorporation of grafted bone. In the autologous experimental series, new capillaries were seen in the bone grafts 4 to 5 days after transplantation. No re-utilization of pre-existing graft vessels was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:350002", "title": "Cotrel traction, exercises, casting in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. A pilot study and prospective randomized controlled clinical trial.", "content": "A pilot study of ten individuals with adolescent-onset idiopathic scoliosis demonstrated that a week of Cotrel traction and exercises did not improve curve correction obtained by the application of an elongation, derotation, flexion (EDF) cast. There was, however, a significant improvement on lateral bending correction during this period. A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial showed that the exercise programme and not the traction was responsible for rendering the spine less rigid.", "contents": "Cotrel traction, exercises, casting in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. A pilot study and prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. A pilot study of ten individuals with adolescent-onset idiopathic scoliosis demonstrated that a week of Cotrel traction and exercises did not improve curve correction obtained by the application of an elongation, derotation, flexion (EDF) cast. There was, however, a significant improvement on lateral bending correction during this period. A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial showed that the exercise programme and not the traction was responsible for rendering the spine less rigid."}
{"id": "PMID:350003", "title": "Intraosseous lipoma. A report of two cases.", "content": "Intraosseous lipoma seems to be a rare condition as only some 20 cases have been reported so far. A further two cases are described the lesions being in the calcaneus and in the tibia. Radiographically the lesions appeared osteolytic and well delineated, containing calcified areas. The microscopic features were those of mature adipose tissue. Curettage and packing with autogenous bone grafts is recommended, if the lesion causes pain or a correct diagnosis cannot otherwise be obtained.", "contents": "Intraosseous lipoma. A report of two cases. Intraosseous lipoma seems to be a rare condition as only some 20 cases have been reported so far. A further two cases are described the lesions being in the calcaneus and in the tibia. Radiographically the lesions appeared osteolytic and well delineated, containing calcified areas. The microscopic features were those of mature adipose tissue. Curettage and packing with autogenous bone grafts is recommended, if the lesion causes pain or a correct diagnosis cannot otherwise be obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:350006", "title": "Comparison of nitrite and dipslide methods for bacteriuria screening.", "content": "The results of screening for bacteriuria by the nitrite reaction and the dipslide method were compared. The nitrite reaction was specific in 99.8%, its sensitivity was 93.1% and its reproducibility, 100%. Specificity of the dipslide method was 94.5%. The nitrite reactions is considered most suited for screening, owing to its specificity, satisfactory sensitivity, short time requirement and low cost. The dipslide method is not suited for screening, as apart from being expensive it yielded 5.5% false positive reactions, but proved excellent for estimating the bacterial count in nitrite positive samples.", "contents": "Comparison of nitrite and dipslide methods for bacteriuria screening. The results of screening for bacteriuria by the nitrite reaction and the dipslide method were compared. The nitrite reaction was specific in 99.8%, its sensitivity was 93.1% and its reproducibility, 100%. Specificity of the dipslide method was 94.5%. The nitrite reactions is considered most suited for screening, owing to its specificity, satisfactory sensitivity, short time requirement and low cost. The dipslide method is not suited for screening, as apart from being expensive it yielded 5.5% false positive reactions, but proved excellent for estimating the bacterial count in nitrite positive samples."}
{"id": "PMID:350007", "title": "MVPP chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease in children.", "content": "Thirty-four children with Hodgkin's disease were treated during the years 1969--75. After radiotherapy, 7--15 cycles of MVPP were given within 24--53 months. In order to avoid chronic leukopenia, leukocyte counts were made frequently during chemotherapy, and the drug doses adjusted accordingly. A complete remission was obtained in 32 of the 34 children. Two patients died because of progressive disease. Twelve of the 32 survivors have been followed for at least 5 years, and a further 12 for at least 3 years. Three children are still on chemotherapy, whereas the remaining 29 being followed are in continued complete remission.", "contents": "MVPP chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease in children. Thirty-four children with Hodgkin's disease were treated during the years 1969--75. After radiotherapy, 7--15 cycles of MVPP were given within 24--53 months. In order to avoid chronic leukopenia, leukocyte counts were made frequently during chemotherapy, and the drug doses adjusted accordingly. A complete remission was obtained in 32 of the 34 children. Two patients died because of progressive disease. Twelve of the 32 survivors have been followed for at least 5 years, and a further 12 for at least 3 years. Three children are still on chemotherapy, whereas the remaining 29 being followed are in continued complete remission."}
{"id": "PMID:350008", "title": "Successful treatment with CPAP of two infants with bronchomalacia.", "content": "Two children with severe bronchial collapse secondary to bronchomalacia improved dramatically after institution of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Treatment was discontinued after 14 weeks without reappearance of symptoms. Repeated bronchoscopy revealed a diminution in the bronchial collapsibility. It is suggested that CPAP should be given if generalised bronchomalacia is present to tide the children over a bad period while the bronchus is becoming more stable.", "contents": "Successful treatment with CPAP of two infants with bronchomalacia. Two children with severe bronchial collapse secondary to bronchomalacia improved dramatically after institution of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Treatment was discontinued after 14 weeks without reappearance of symptoms. Repeated bronchoscopy revealed a diminution in the bronchial collapsibility. It is suggested that CPAP should be given if generalised bronchomalacia is present to tide the children over a bad period while the bronchus is becoming more stable."}
{"id": "PMID:350009", "title": "On the disulfiram-like effect of coprine, the pharmacologically active principle of Coprinus atramentarius.", "content": "Coprine or disulfiram was given to rats in various doses at various time intervals before the administration of 2 g/kg ethanol. The ratio acetaldehyde/ethanol in the alveolar air was measured by gas chromatography and was taken as an index of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. The activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was estimated in the same animals by measuring the amount of 14C-octopamine formed from 14C-tyramine in the heart. Coprine and disulfiram both caused an increase in the acetylaldehyde/ethanol ratio, coprine being more potent than disulfiram. Disulfiram, but not coprine, reduced the net yield of 14C-octopamine. In rats pretreated with either coprine or disulfiram, blood-pressure and heart-rate were recorded before and after intraperitoneal injections of 0.4 g/kg ethanol. In both cases ethanol caused a marked and rapid fall in blood-pressure. However, this effect was accompanied by tachycardia only in animals treated with coprine. It is concluded that coprine like disulfiram inhibits ALDH, but only disulfiram causes an additional inhibition of DBH. This difference may account for differences in the cardiovascular response to ethanol.", "contents": "On the disulfiram-like effect of coprine, the pharmacologically active principle of Coprinus atramentarius. Coprine or disulfiram was given to rats in various doses at various time intervals before the administration of 2 g/kg ethanol. The ratio acetaldehyde/ethanol in the alveolar air was measured by gas chromatography and was taken as an index of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. The activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was estimated in the same animals by measuring the amount of 14C-octopamine formed from 14C-tyramine in the heart. Coprine and disulfiram both caused an increase in the acetylaldehyde/ethanol ratio, coprine being more potent than disulfiram. Disulfiram, but not coprine, reduced the net yield of 14C-octopamine. In rats pretreated with either coprine or disulfiram, blood-pressure and heart-rate were recorded before and after intraperitoneal injections of 0.4 g/kg ethanol. In both cases ethanol caused a marked and rapid fall in blood-pressure. However, this effect was accompanied by tachycardia only in animals treated with coprine. It is concluded that coprine like disulfiram inhibits ALDH, but only disulfiram causes an additional inhibition of DBH. This difference may account for differences in the cardiovascular response to ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:350010", "title": "Activity of noradrenergic neurons of medial-basal hypothalamus of female rabbits in some stages of reproduction.", "content": "Activity of noradrenergic neurons of medial-basal hypothalamus of female rabbits in some stages of reproduction. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 111--115. The differences were found in the activity of noradrenergic neurons of medial-basal hypothalmus (MBH) estimated by the analysis of metabolism of intraventricularly infused 3H-noradrenaline (3H-NA) in various stages of reproduction in female rabbits. The gonadal hormones and especially 17beta-estradiol seem to be involved in this activity. The rapid disappearance of 3H-NA from MBH, found immediately after mating, implicates an involvement of noradrenaline in the process of Gn-RHs release form the rabbit hypothalamus.", "contents": "Activity of noradrenergic neurons of medial-basal hypothalamus of female rabbits in some stages of reproduction. Activity of noradrenergic neurons of medial-basal hypothalamus of female rabbits in some stages of reproduction. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 111--115. The differences were found in the activity of noradrenergic neurons of medial-basal hypothalmus (MBH) estimated by the analysis of metabolism of intraventricularly infused 3H-noradrenaline (3H-NA) in various stages of reproduction in female rabbits. The gonadal hormones and especially 17beta-estradiol seem to be involved in this activity. The rapid disappearance of 3H-NA from MBH, found immediately after mating, implicates an involvement of noradrenaline in the process of Gn-RHs release form the rabbit hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:350027", "title": "Large scale studies with vitamin C.", "content": "The combination of a regular daily supplement of vitamin C with extra dosage at the time of illness has been shown to reduce the disability due to common colds and other winter illness, but we have seen little effect on frequency of infections, sense of (well-being), or levels of serum cholesterol. The variable results that have been obtained from some other trials of vitamin C may be due in part to variation in the initial nutritional state of the subjects, with the greatest effects to be expected where there is most room for improvement. Because of the great variation in individual susceptibility to infection large numbers of subjects are required in these trials and they must be strictly double-blind. Although we have seen no clear evidence of harmful side-effects, occasional sensitivity to large doses of vitamin C cannot be ruled out, and the withdrawal depression of blood levels could conceivably interfere with a patient's ability to handle stress.", "contents": "Large scale studies with vitamin C. The combination of a regular daily supplement of vitamin C with extra dosage at the time of illness has been shown to reduce the disability due to common colds and other winter illness, but we have seen little effect on frequency of infections, sense of (well-being), or levels of serum cholesterol. The variable results that have been obtained from some other trials of vitamin C may be due in part to variation in the initial nutritional state of the subjects, with the greatest effects to be expected where there is most room for improvement. Because of the great variation in individual susceptibility to infection large numbers of subjects are required in these trials and they must be strictly double-blind. Although we have seen no clear evidence of harmful side-effects, occasional sensitivity to large doses of vitamin C cannot be ruled out, and the withdrawal depression of blood levels could conceivably interfere with a patient's ability to handle stress."}
{"id": "PMID:350035", "title": "The nature of myospherulosis of the upper respiratory tract.", "content": "A case of myospherulosis of paranasal sinuses similar in appearance to those recently seen in St. Louis, Missouri, was examined to ascertain the nature of the sac-like structures seen in this disease. The morphologic features of these formations and their positivity with stains for hemoglobin, peroxidase, and lipofuscin strongly suggest that they represent collections of erythrocytes altered by a foreign substance. This interpretation was confirmed by experimental production of these structures by the action of tetracycline ointment on a pure preparation of human erythrocytes.", "contents": "The nature of myospherulosis of the upper respiratory tract. A case of myospherulosis of paranasal sinuses similar in appearance to those recently seen in St. Louis, Missouri, was examined to ascertain the nature of the sac-like structures seen in this disease. The morphologic features of these formations and their positivity with stains for hemoglobin, peroxidase, and lipofuscin strongly suggest that they represent collections of erythrocytes altered by a foreign substance. This interpretation was confirmed by experimental production of these structures by the action of tetracycline ointment on a pure preparation of human erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:350036", "title": "The leukemic phase of histiocytic lymphoma. Histologic, cytologic, cytochemical, ultrastructural, immunologic and cytogenetic observations in a case.", "content": "A case of histiocytic lymphoma that progressed to a leukemic phase was studied by various methods. Although the cells were found to bear a superficial morphologic resemblance to histiocytes, they more closely resembled transformed lymphocytes. Immunologic markers strongly supported a B-lymphoid origin in this case, while cytogenetic analysis indicated a large number of consistent chromosomal rearrangements, including a translocation involving chromosomes Nos. 8 and 14 which has been previously reported to occur primarily in Burkitt's lymphoma.", "contents": "The leukemic phase of histiocytic lymphoma. Histologic, cytologic, cytochemical, ultrastructural, immunologic and cytogenetic observations in a case. A case of histiocytic lymphoma that progressed to a leukemic phase was studied by various methods. Although the cells were found to bear a superficial morphologic resemblance to histiocytes, they more closely resembled transformed lymphocytes. Immunologic markers strongly supported a B-lymphoid origin in this case, while cytogenetic analysis indicated a large number of consistent chromosomal rearrangements, including a translocation involving chromosomes Nos. 8 and 14 which has been previously reported to occur primarily in Burkitt's lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:350038", "title": "Visceral larva migrans. A review and reassessment indicating two forms of clinical expression: visceral and ocular.", "content": "Visceral larva migrans is a disease in which the larvae of animal parasites invade human tissues but do not complete their life cycles. The most frequent cause of this illness in children is the dog roundworm, Toxocara canis. A review of the literature, as well as our clinical experience, indicates that there are two forms of clinical expression: one, visceral, and the other, ocular. In general the clinical and laboratory abnormalities (hepatomegaly, recurrent pneumonia, eosinophilia, and hyperglobulinemia) usually associated with visceral disease are absent in children with ocular abnormalities. Conversely, there is a general lack of eye complications in patients with systemic disease. Reasons for these variations in clinical expression are unknown, but immune responses of the host and the antigenic composition of the parasite may be contributing factors.", "contents": "Visceral larva migrans. A review and reassessment indicating two forms of clinical expression: visceral and ocular. Visceral larva migrans is a disease in which the larvae of animal parasites invade human tissues but do not complete their life cycles. The most frequent cause of this illness in children is the dog roundworm, Toxocara canis. A review of the literature, as well as our clinical experience, indicates that there are two forms of clinical expression: one, visceral, and the other, ocular. In general the clinical and laboratory abnormalities (hepatomegaly, recurrent pneumonia, eosinophilia, and hyperglobulinemia) usually associated with visceral disease are absent in children with ocular abnormalities. Conversely, there is a general lack of eye complications in patients with systemic disease. Reasons for these variations in clinical expression are unknown, but immune responses of the host and the antigenic composition of the parasite may be contributing factors."}
{"id": "PMID:350041", "title": "Biochemical, immunological, and cell genetic studies in glycogenosis type II.", "content": "Fibroblasts from patients with the adult, juvenile, and infantile form of glycogenosis type II (Pompe disease) were cultured under standardized conditions, and the activity of acid alpha-glucosidase (E.C.3.2.1.20) towards glycogen, maltose, and 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside was measured. Glycogen levels in muscle biopsies and in cultured fibroblasts from patients were determined. Residual enzyme activities varying from 7%-22% were detected in fibroblasts from patients with the adult form but not from patients with the infantile form of glycogenosis II. An inverse correlation was found between the severity of the clinical manifestation and the degree of residual enzyme activity in the fibroblasts. The kinetic and electrophoretic properties of acid alpha-glucosidase in fibroblasts from the adult patients and from control individuals were similar. Immunological studies suggested that the decrease of acid alpha-glucosidase activity is caused by a mutation that affects the production or degradation of the enzyme rather than its catalytic activity. Complementation studies were carried out by fusing fibroblasts from patients with the adult, juvenile, and infantile form of glycogenosis II, but neither conventional assays on multikaryons nor enzyme assays on single binuclear heterokaryons gave any evidence for genetic heterogeneity among these forms.", "contents": "Biochemical, immunological, and cell genetic studies in glycogenosis type II. Fibroblasts from patients with the adult, juvenile, and infantile form of glycogenosis type II (Pompe disease) were cultured under standardized conditions, and the activity of acid alpha-glucosidase (E.C.3.2.1.20) towards glycogen, maltose, and 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside was measured. Glycogen levels in muscle biopsies and in cultured fibroblasts from patients were determined. Residual enzyme activities varying from 7%-22% were detected in fibroblasts from patients with the adult form but not from patients with the infantile form of glycogenosis II. An inverse correlation was found between the severity of the clinical manifestation and the degree of residual enzyme activity in the fibroblasts. The kinetic and electrophoretic properties of acid alpha-glucosidase in fibroblasts from the adult patients and from control individuals were similar. Immunological studies suggested that the decrease of acid alpha-glucosidase activity is caused by a mutation that affects the production or degradation of the enzyme rather than its catalytic activity. Complementation studies were carried out by fusing fibroblasts from patients with the adult, juvenile, and infantile form of glycogenosis II, but neither conventional assays on multikaryons nor enzyme assays on single binuclear heterokaryons gave any evidence for genetic heterogeneity among these forms."}
{"id": "PMID:350042", "title": "Evaluation of compounding accuracy and aseptic techniques for intravenous admixtures.", "content": "Intravenous admixtures containing potassium collected from three hospital pharmacies were analyzed for compounding accuracy, sterility and pyrogenicity. The study was performed in two stages. During stage I, pharmacists and technicians were not informed of the study, but during stage II they were informed. In each stage 10 samples were collected from each person in the two personnel groups, analyzed and the results compared between the two personnel groups and the two stages. Results of the study showed that without monitoring (stage I) pharmacists had a higher mean percent error and contamination level than technicians. With monitoring, however, pharmacists showed a lower mean percent error and contamination level than technicians. Both personnel groups showed a decline in their mean percent error in the second stage, but there were still 83 (39.5%) errors in compounding accuracy greater than +/- 6%. No positive results with the Limulus test for pyrogens were obtained. It is recommended that a planned program of quality control be instituted for the preparation of i.v. admixtures by both pharmacists and technicians.", "contents": "Evaluation of compounding accuracy and aseptic techniques for intravenous admixtures. Intravenous admixtures containing potassium collected from three hospital pharmacies were analyzed for compounding accuracy, sterility and pyrogenicity. The study was performed in two stages. During stage I, pharmacists and technicians were not informed of the study, but during stage II they were informed. In each stage 10 samples were collected from each person in the two personnel groups, analyzed and the results compared between the two personnel groups and the two stages. Results of the study showed that without monitoring (stage I) pharmacists had a higher mean percent error and contamination level than technicians. With monitoring, however, pharmacists showed a lower mean percent error and contamination level than technicians. Both personnel groups showed a decline in their mean percent error in the second stage, but there were still 83 (39.5%) errors in compounding accuracy greater than +/- 6%. No positive results with the Limulus test for pyrogens were obtained. It is recommended that a planned program of quality control be instituted for the preparation of i.v. admixtures by both pharmacists and technicians."}
{"id": "PMID:350043", "title": "Evaluation of pharmacist management of streptococcal throat infections in a health maintenance organization.", "content": "A program within a health maintenance organization in which pharmacists were delegated the responsibility of treating and managing adult patients whose throat culture results were positive for group A, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus was evaluated. Results of 50 patients who received diagnostic throat cultures and treatment from internists, physician's assistants and nurse practitioners were compared with results of 58 patients treated and managed by pharmacists who followed procedures defined by physicians. Six hypotheses were tested with respect to the pharmacy program: (1) provider time is saved; (2) the time between throat culture and therapy initiation is shortened; (3) there are fewer return sick visits; (4) there are more reculture follow-up visits; (5) the medication regimen which exhibits a higher rate of cure (oral vs injection) is used more often; and (6) cost savings are realized. Hypotheses 1, 2 and 6 were supported by the results, 3 and 4 were possibly supported, and 5 was not testable. Pharmacists appeared to be as effective as the other practitioners in the management and treatment of streptococcal sore throat.", "contents": "Evaluation of pharmacist management of streptococcal throat infections in a health maintenance organization. A program within a health maintenance organization in which pharmacists were delegated the responsibility of treating and managing adult patients whose throat culture results were positive for group A, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus was evaluated. Results of 50 patients who received diagnostic throat cultures and treatment from internists, physician's assistants and nurse practitioners were compared with results of 58 patients treated and managed by pharmacists who followed procedures defined by physicians. Six hypotheses were tested with respect to the pharmacy program: (1) provider time is saved; (2) the time between throat culture and therapy initiation is shortened; (3) there are fewer return sick visits; (4) there are more reculture follow-up visits; (5) the medication regimen which exhibits a higher rate of cure (oral vs injection) is used more often; and (6) cost savings are realized. Hypotheses 1, 2 and 6 were supported by the results, 3 and 4 were possibly supported, and 5 was not testable. Pharmacists appeared to be as effective as the other practitioners in the management and treatment of streptococcal sore throat."}
{"id": "PMID:350044", "title": "Asymptomatic IgA nephropathy associated with pulmonary hemosiderosis.", "content": "A glomerular lesion identical to that of IgA nephropathy was demonstrated unexpectedly in a 17 year old boy who presented with clinical manifestations of pulmonary hemosiderosis and with no evidence of renal disease. This subclinical glomerular lesion would have remained undetected in this patient unless kidney tissue was obtained and examined by immunofluorescence or electron microscopy. It is unknown if the glomerular lesion in this case is causally related to pulmonary hemosiderosis.", "contents": "Asymptomatic IgA nephropathy associated with pulmonary hemosiderosis. A glomerular lesion identical to that of IgA nephropathy was demonstrated unexpectedly in a 17 year old boy who presented with clinical manifestations of pulmonary hemosiderosis and with no evidence of renal disease. This subclinical glomerular lesion would have remained undetected in this patient unless kidney tissue was obtained and examined by immunofluorescence or electron microscopy. It is unknown if the glomerular lesion in this case is causally related to pulmonary hemosiderosis."}
{"id": "PMID:350045", "title": "Histoplasmosis in immunosuppressed patients.", "content": "Infection with Histoplasma capsulatum in 58 patients whose immune responses were suppressed (Immunosuppressed patients) (16 from the present series and 42 described previously) was analyzed. The most common underlying diseases were Hodgkin's disease (29 per cent), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (19 per cent) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (17 per cent). Sixty-three per cent of the patients had received cytotoxic drugs, and 57 per cent had taken corticosteroids. Widely disseminated infection occurred in 88 per cent of the patients, with predominant involvement of lungs and organs of the reticuloendothelial system. Localized pulmonary infection was present in the remaining patients. The most useful diagnostic method was bone marrow biopsy with microscopic examination for the intracellular yeast form of H. capsulatum. Biopsy of oral lesions, lung, liver and lymph node also proved diagnostically helpful. Growth of H. capsulatum in culture was frequently too slow to be beneficial in diagnosing histoplasmosis in ill patients. Serologic methods were of little diagnostic help in this population of immunosuppressed patients. The response to amphotericin B therapy was excellent (6.7 per cent mortality rate) in those patients in whom the diagnosis was established early and in whom a full course of antifungal therapy could be given. In contrast, the mortality rate in patients who received no antifungal therapy or less than 1 g of amphotericin B was 100 per cent.", "contents": "Histoplasmosis in immunosuppressed patients. Infection with Histoplasma capsulatum in 58 patients whose immune responses were suppressed (Immunosuppressed patients) (16 from the present series and 42 described previously) was analyzed. The most common underlying diseases were Hodgkin's disease (29 per cent), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (19 per cent) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (17 per cent). Sixty-three per cent of the patients had received cytotoxic drugs, and 57 per cent had taken corticosteroids. Widely disseminated infection occurred in 88 per cent of the patients, with predominant involvement of lungs and organs of the reticuloendothelial system. Localized pulmonary infection was present in the remaining patients. The most useful diagnostic method was bone marrow biopsy with microscopic examination for the intracellular yeast form of H. capsulatum. Biopsy of oral lesions, lung, liver and lymph node also proved diagnostically helpful. Growth of H. capsulatum in culture was frequently too slow to be beneficial in diagnosing histoplasmosis in ill patients. Serologic methods were of little diagnostic help in this population of immunosuppressed patients. The response to amphotericin B therapy was excellent (6.7 per cent mortality rate) in those patients in whom the diagnosis was established early and in whom a full course of antifungal therapy could be given. In contrast, the mortality rate in patients who received no antifungal therapy or less than 1 g of amphotericin B was 100 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:350046", "title": "The management of renal scleroderma: experience with dialysis, nephrectomy and transplantation.", "content": "In 25 of 100 patients with scleroderma seen over a five year period irreversible renal failure developed; renal support was instituted in 17. Ten of 17 received peritoneal or hemodialysis, one survived. The remaining seven received hemodialysis plus nephrectomy; three survived. Two of these three underwent renal transplantation; one survived. This experience is presented to encourage improvement of these and other technics to increase the survival rate in the otherwise uniformly fatal renal failure associated with scleroderma (systemic sclerosis).", "contents": "The management of renal scleroderma: experience with dialysis, nephrectomy and transplantation. In 25 of 100 patients with scleroderma seen over a five year period irreversible renal failure developed; renal support was instituted in 17. Ten of 17 received peritoneal or hemodialysis, one survived. The remaining seven received hemodialysis plus nephrectomy; three survived. Two of these three underwent renal transplantation; one survived. This experience is presented to encourage improvement of these and other technics to increase the survival rate in the otherwise uniformly fatal renal failure associated with scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)."}
{"id": "PMID:350048", "title": "Recurrence of Reis-B\u00fccklers' corneal dystrophy in a graft.", "content": "A 46-year-old white woman had Reis-B\u00fccklers corneal dystrophy; the disease had recurred in a corneal transplant within ten years of transplantation.", "contents": "Recurrence of Reis-B\u00fccklers' corneal dystrophy in a graft. A 46-year-old white woman had Reis-B\u00fccklers corneal dystrophy; the disease had recurred in a corneal transplant within ten years of transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:350049", "title": "Immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase characteristics of IgDlambda myeloma involving the orbit.", "content": "A biopsy specimen from a 59-year-old man with unilateral proptosis revealed an orbital plasmacytic tumor. In vitro immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence studies and direct immunoperoxidase staining of Bouin's fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections demonstrated that the tumor consisted of plasma cells with surface and intracellular IgDlambda immunoglobulin. Systemic evaluation demonstrated multiple myeloma. A review of previously published reports combined with the case presented here suggests that IgD myeloma has a predilection for orbital involvement. Thus, while IgD myeloma accounts for only 2% of all myelomas, it may account for a significant percentage of myelomas with orbital involvement. The distinctive clinical course of IgD myeloma, particularly its poor prognosis, warrants consideration of the immunologic and serologic findings in patients with orbital involvement by myeloma. The application of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques to the study of orbital lymphoreticular neoplasms should result in a clearer understanding of these neoplasms.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase characteristics of IgDlambda myeloma involving the orbit. A biopsy specimen from a 59-year-old man with unilateral proptosis revealed an orbital plasmacytic tumor. In vitro immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence studies and direct immunoperoxidase staining of Bouin's fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections demonstrated that the tumor consisted of plasma cells with surface and intracellular IgDlambda immunoglobulin. Systemic evaluation demonstrated multiple myeloma. A review of previously published reports combined with the case presented here suggests that IgD myeloma has a predilection for orbital involvement. Thus, while IgD myeloma accounts for only 2% of all myelomas, it may account for a significant percentage of myelomas with orbital involvement. The distinctive clinical course of IgD myeloma, particularly its poor prognosis, warrants consideration of the immunologic and serologic findings in patients with orbital involvement by myeloma. The application of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques to the study of orbital lymphoreticular neoplasms should result in a clearer understanding of these neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:350050", "title": "Postoperative recurrence of Reis-B\u00fccklers' corneal dystrophy.", "content": "A 68-year-old white man with a documented family history of Reis-B\u00fccklers' corneal dystrophy had a penetrating keratoplasty of the right eye in 1962. In 1977, vision decreased and foreign body sensation returned. Examination indicated a Reis-B\u00fccklers' dystrophy that had appeared in the graft 15 years after the transplant.", "contents": "Postoperative recurrence of Reis-B\u00fccklers' corneal dystrophy. A 68-year-old white man with a documented family history of Reis-B\u00fccklers' corneal dystrophy had a penetrating keratoplasty of the right eye in 1962. In 1977, vision decreased and foreign body sensation returned. Examination indicated a Reis-B\u00fccklers' dystrophy that had appeared in the graft 15 years after the transplant."}
{"id": "PMID:350052", "title": "Value of hyaluronidase in ocular surgical akinesia.", "content": "In a study of 27 cases of surgery for cataract extraction, mepivacaine 2% with hyaluronidase was found to shorten the induction times of facial nerve and retrobulbar blocks when compared to injections of mepivacaine 2% alone. The mean induction time of facial nerve blocks with hyaluronidase was 1.3 +/- 0.4 minutes. This was significantly (P less than .01) shorter than the mean induction time without hyaluronidase, 2.9 +/- 1.8 minutes. The use of hyaluronidase significantly (P less than .02) shortened the induction time of retrobulbar blocks. The median induction time with hyaluronidase was three minutes, whereas that without hyaluronidase was ten minutes. However, the use of hyaluronidase did not significantly (.25 less than P less than .50) alter the success rate of retrobulbar blocks.", "contents": "Value of hyaluronidase in ocular surgical akinesia. In a study of 27 cases of surgery for cataract extraction, mepivacaine 2% with hyaluronidase was found to shorten the induction times of facial nerve and retrobulbar blocks when compared to injections of mepivacaine 2% alone. The mean induction time of facial nerve blocks with hyaluronidase was 1.3 +/- 0.4 minutes. This was significantly (P less than .01) shorter than the mean induction time without hyaluronidase, 2.9 +/- 1.8 minutes. The use of hyaluronidase significantly (P less than .02) shortened the induction time of retrobulbar blocks. The median induction time with hyaluronidase was three minutes, whereas that without hyaluronidase was ten minutes. However, the use of hyaluronidase did not significantly (.25 less than P less than .50) alter the success rate of retrobulbar blocks."}
{"id": "PMID:350056", "title": "Prevention by aspirin of the classic generalized Shwartzman reaction.", "content": "The classic generalized Shwartzman reaction induced in the rabbit was prevented with large doses of aspirin (250 mg/kg) when administered at the time of the first and preparing injection of endotoxin. Such a result was not observed when the drug was given at the time of the second and provoking injection of endotoxin. Our investigations on platelet and coagulation indicate that aspirin prevents disseminated intravascular coagulation through an interference with the blood coagulation and Hageman factor activation rather than by the inhibition of platelet aggregation and availability of platelet procoagulant activity.", "contents": "Prevention by aspirin of the classic generalized Shwartzman reaction. The classic generalized Shwartzman reaction induced in the rabbit was prevented with large doses of aspirin (250 mg/kg) when administered at the time of the first and preparing injection of endotoxin. Such a result was not observed when the drug was given at the time of the second and provoking injection of endotoxin. Our investigations on platelet and coagulation indicate that aspirin prevents disseminated intravascular coagulation through an interference with the blood coagulation and Hageman factor activation rather than by the inhibition of platelet aggregation and availability of platelet procoagulant activity."}
{"id": "PMID:350059", "title": "The psychology of consciousness.", "content": "All psychologic phenomena occur in consciousness. However, \"consciousness\" has two meanings: the faculty and the content of awareness. Traditional psychologies have largely concerned themselves with the content, neglecting the problem of the faculty, thus, limiting our understanding of human psyche. Study of meditation is a viable approach to the exploration of both meanings of consciousness. Meditation aims at a \"cleansing\" of the mind to reach, thereby, a content-free and conflict-free state--pure consciousness.", "contents": "The psychology of consciousness. All psychologic phenomena occur in consciousness. However, \"consciousness\" has two meanings: the faculty and the content of awareness. Traditional psychologies have largely concerned themselves with the content, neglecting the problem of the faculty, thus, limiting our understanding of human psyche. Study of meditation is a viable approach to the exploration of both meanings of consciousness. Meditation aims at a \"cleansing\" of the mind to reach, thereby, a content-free and conflict-free state--pure consciousness."}
{"id": "PMID:350062", "title": "Signet ring cell lymphoma. A rare morphologic and functional expression of nodular (follicular) lymphoma.", "content": "Nodular lymphomas and diffuse lymphomas of corresponding cellular composition have been shown to arise from follicular center cells. This paper describes a rare functional and morphological expression of malignant lymphomas arising from follicular center cells, namely, immunoglobulin production, an observation for which no detailed description or nanlysis is available in the literature. Furthermore, the unusual signet ring-like appearance of the lymphoma cells, which is due to retention of immunoglobulins within the cytoplasm, may result in an erroneous interpretation of metastatic adenocarcinoma or liposarcoma. Therefore, we are presenting a detailed analysis of light microscopic, histochemical, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural observations. The lymphomas of all seven patients in our series showed nodular growth patterns; in all but one, diffuse areas were also observed. Five of the lymphomas were classified as poorly differentiated lymphocytic type and two as mixed cell type, according to Rappaport's classification. In four of the seven patients, the majority of the neoplastic cells had a clear vacuolated cytoplasm, and in three of these cases, a few of the neoplastic cells showed immunoperoxidase positivity for monoclonal IgG. This group in particular closely simulated metastatic carcinoma composed of so-called signet ring cells. In the remaining three cases, most of the neoplastic cells contained PAS-positive, Russell body-like monoclonal IgM. Ultrastructurally, the monoclonal IgG appeared as even-sized electron-dense spherules or irregular electron-dense clumps, while the monoclonal IgM appeared as membrane bound, homogeneous, electron-dense material. The implications of these findings and the morphologic features which are helpful in the identification of these lymphomas are discussed.", "contents": "Signet ring cell lymphoma. A rare morphologic and functional expression of nodular (follicular) lymphoma. Nodular lymphomas and diffuse lymphomas of corresponding cellular composition have been shown to arise from follicular center cells. This paper describes a rare functional and morphological expression of malignant lymphomas arising from follicular center cells, namely, immunoglobulin production, an observation for which no detailed description or nanlysis is available in the literature. Furthermore, the unusual signet ring-like appearance of the lymphoma cells, which is due to retention of immunoglobulins within the cytoplasm, may result in an erroneous interpretation of metastatic adenocarcinoma or liposarcoma. Therefore, we are presenting a detailed analysis of light microscopic, histochemical, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural observations. The lymphomas of all seven patients in our series showed nodular growth patterns; in all but one, diffuse areas were also observed. Five of the lymphomas were classified as poorly differentiated lymphocytic type and two as mixed cell type, according to Rappaport's classification. In four of the seven patients, the majority of the neoplastic cells had a clear vacuolated cytoplasm, and in three of these cases, a few of the neoplastic cells showed immunoperoxidase positivity for monoclonal IgG. This group in particular closely simulated metastatic carcinoma composed of so-called signet ring cells. In the remaining three cases, most of the neoplastic cells contained PAS-positive, Russell body-like monoclonal IgM. Ultrastructurally, the monoclonal IgG appeared as even-sized electron-dense spherules or irregular electron-dense clumps, while the monoclonal IgM appeared as membrane bound, homogeneous, electron-dense material. The implications of these findings and the morphologic features which are helpful in the identification of these lymphomas are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350061", "title": "The father of sports medicine (Galen).", "content": "Although there were many physicians who treated athletes before Galen, I believe that he was the first to devote a major portion of his time to this field of endeavor. Furthermore, his systematic observations, his aggressive pursuit of newer and better ways of treatment, his teaching, and his publishing of his observations make him a kindred soul to the team physician and practitioners of sports medicine of today. It is for these reasons that I believe that he can justly be called the \"Father of Sports Medicine.\"", "contents": "The father of sports medicine (Galen). Although there were many physicians who treated athletes before Galen, I believe that he was the first to devote a major portion of his time to this field of endeavor. Furthermore, his systematic observations, his aggressive pursuit of newer and better ways of treatment, his teaching, and his publishing of his observations make him a kindred soul to the team physician and practitioners of sports medicine of today. It is for these reasons that I believe that he can justly be called the \"Father of Sports Medicine.\""}
{"id": "PMID:350071", "title": "Status inconsistency and drinking patterns among working men and women.", "content": "Previous research suggests that status inconsistents constitute a social category that is vulnerable to embarrassments and disappointments, since individuals who are of high status on one dimension and low status on another tend to respond to themselves in terms of the higher status, while other people tend to respond to them in terms of the lower one. This article extends this research to patterns of alcohol consumption and finds that status and status inconsistency are significantly associated with frequency of consumption and quantity consumed per occasion among certain groups of drinkers.", "contents": "Status inconsistency and drinking patterns among working men and women. Previous research suggests that status inconsistents constitute a social category that is vulnerable to embarrassments and disappointments, since individuals who are of high status on one dimension and low status on another tend to respond to themselves in terms of the higher status, while other people tend to respond to them in terms of the lower one. This article extends this research to patterns of alcohol consumption and finds that status and status inconsistency are significantly associated with frequency of consumption and quantity consumed per occasion among certain groups of drinkers."}
{"id": "PMID:350072", "title": "Psychiatric disturbances in drunk driving offenders referred for treatment of alcoholism.", "content": "The incidence of psychopathology in persons arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) has serious implications in both alcoholism treatment and in general highway safety. This study investigated the types of psychopathology, as measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), in a sample of 116 males referred for treatment by a court diversion program.", "contents": "Psychiatric disturbances in drunk driving offenders referred for treatment of alcoholism. The incidence of psychopathology in persons arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) has serious implications in both alcoholism treatment and in general highway safety. This study investigated the types of psychopathology, as measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), in a sample of 116 males referred for treatment by a court diversion program."}
{"id": "PMID:350073", "title": "Putative role of isoquinoline alkaloids in alcoholism: a link to opiates.", "content": "Although the isoquinoline hypothesis has stimulated and even tantalized the scientific inquiry of a small number of investigators, it has been an area of widespread controversy. For the most part, until recently, alcohol researchers would ascribe very little importance to the role played by insoquinolines in alcohol actions or in the disease state known as alcoholism. To most, there was adequate evidence that these condensation amines had potent pharmacologic properties but little was known about their biochemical and behavioral interaction with ethanol or opiates. As pointed out here, there is an increasing amount of evidence that indicates the putative role of isoquinolines as regulators of alcohol dependence. There is even evidence that suggests a possible \"link\" to opiates. If this turns out to be the case, then it is rational to consider the possibility that when one imbibes alcohol a central opiate-like substance is, in essence, produced. It would appear that the sum total of evidence to date supports the notion that there are common territories between the two highly addictive classes of drugs--alcohol and opiates. Although still not definite, future studies may well confirm the intermediacy of the TIQ compounds.", "contents": "Putative role of isoquinoline alkaloids in alcoholism: a link to opiates. Although the isoquinoline hypothesis has stimulated and even tantalized the scientific inquiry of a small number of investigators, it has been an area of widespread controversy. For the most part, until recently, alcohol researchers would ascribe very little importance to the role played by insoquinolines in alcohol actions or in the disease state known as alcoholism. To most, there was adequate evidence that these condensation amines had potent pharmacologic properties but little was known about their biochemical and behavioral interaction with ethanol or opiates. As pointed out here, there is an increasing amount of evidence that indicates the putative role of isoquinolines as regulators of alcohol dependence. There is even evidence that suggests a possible \"link\" to opiates. If this turns out to be the case, then it is rational to consider the possibility that when one imbibes alcohol a central opiate-like substance is, in essence, produced. It would appear that the sum total of evidence to date supports the notion that there are common territories between the two highly addictive classes of drugs--alcohol and opiates. Although still not definite, future studies may well confirm the intermediacy of the TIQ compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:350074", "title": "The synaptic properties of some tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids.", "content": "The ability of TIQs to alter the synaptic properties of catecholamines by interacting with receptor, transport, or metabolic mechanisms has been demonstrated.", "contents": "The synaptic properties of some tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids. The ability of TIQs to alter the synaptic properties of catecholamines by interacting with receptor, transport, or metabolic mechanisms has been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:350075", "title": "Relationship between 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde levels and tetrahydropapaveroline formation.", "content": "It was demonstrated that DOPAL, the aldehyde derived from the action of MAO on dopamine, can condense with dopamine to form THP. This compound is of special interest, since it is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of morphine.", "contents": "Relationship between 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde levels and tetrahydropapaveroline formation. It was demonstrated that DOPAL, the aldehyde derived from the action of MAO on dopamine, can condense with dopamine to form THP. This compound is of special interest, since it is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of morphine."}
{"id": "PMID:350076", "title": "Identification of an isoquinoline alkaloid after chronic exposure to ethanol.", "content": "A rapid and simple method for extraction of biogenic amines from small tissue samples was used to examine striata from ethanol-treated mice for TIQs. The results indicate that chronic ethanol administration can induce the formation of MSAL in striatal tissue.", "contents": "Identification of an isoquinoline alkaloid after chronic exposure to ethanol. A rapid and simple method for extraction of biogenic amines from small tissue samples was used to examine striata from ethanol-treated mice for TIQs. The results indicate that chronic ethanol administration can induce the formation of MSAL in striatal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:350077", "title": "Inhibition of high affinity calcium binding by salsolinol.", "content": "Recently, the discovery of endogenous opiate peptides has reawakened new interest in the possibility that an endogenous chemical may mediate actions of alcohol and lead to ethanol dependence.", "contents": "Inhibition of high affinity calcium binding by salsolinol. Recently, the discovery of endogenous opiate peptides has reawakened new interest in the possibility that an endogenous chemical may mediate actions of alcohol and lead to ethanol dependence."}
{"id": "PMID:350078", "title": "Tetrahydroisoquinolines in the brain: the basis of an animal model of alcoholism.", "content": "Quite surprisingly, the direct introduction of THP into the brain induces a remarkable shift in voluntary alcohol intake... Even as much as 6 mo later, with no further infusions of THP, the remarkable voluntary selection of alcohol did not abate.", "contents": "Tetrahydroisoquinolines in the brain: the basis of an animal model of alcoholism. Quite surprisingly, the direct introduction of THP into the brain induces a remarkable shift in voluntary alcohol intake... Even as much as 6 mo later, with no further infusions of THP, the remarkable voluntary selection of alcohol did not abate."}
{"id": "PMID:350079", "title": "Alcohol consumption in pregnant women and the outcome of pregnancy.", "content": "A prospective study of more than 9000 women shows that during pregnancy, women consuming alcoholic beverages in excess of 40 cl of wine per day have an increased risk of the following unfavorable pregnancy outcomes: (1) the risk of stillbirth is elevated, especially for death from abruptio placentae: (2) mean birth weight is lower, and the risk of a small-for-date infant is increased; (3) placental weight is also decreased. Although heavier drinkers differ from lighter drinkers in a certain number of variables that are risk factors for the outcome of pregnancy, the increase in risk with increased alcohol consumption remains evident after adjustment for these confounding variables. The increase in risk for heavier drinkers appears to be due to beer consumption, in spite of the lower average amount of ethanol consumed by beer drinkers as compared to wine drinkers.", "contents": "Alcohol consumption in pregnant women and the outcome of pregnancy. A prospective study of more than 9000 women shows that during pregnancy, women consuming alcoholic beverages in excess of 40 cl of wine per day have an increased risk of the following unfavorable pregnancy outcomes: (1) the risk of stillbirth is elevated, especially for death from abruptio placentae: (2) mean birth weight is lower, and the risk of a small-for-date infant is increased; (3) placental weight is also decreased. Although heavier drinkers differ from lighter drinkers in a certain number of variables that are risk factors for the outcome of pregnancy, the increase in risk with increased alcohol consumption remains evident after adjustment for these confounding variables. The increase in risk for heavier drinkers appears to be due to beer consumption, in spite of the lower average amount of ethanol consumed by beer drinkers as compared to wine drinkers."}
{"id": "PMID:350080", "title": "Stability of intelligence in the fetal alcohol syndrome: a preliminary report.", "content": "A clinical sample of 17 patients with fetal alcohol syndrome was given follow-up IQ testing 1-4 yr after an initial evaluation. Although 77% of the patients had a retest IQ that was within 1 SD of their initial IQ, some individual children did manifest considerable change in scores on retest. Repeated psychologic evaluation at regular intervals is recommended for children with fetal alcohol syndrome so that appropriate educational programming can be maintained in order to promote maximum development in each child.", "contents": "Stability of intelligence in the fetal alcohol syndrome: a preliminary report. A clinical sample of 17 patients with fetal alcohol syndrome was given follow-up IQ testing 1-4 yr after an initial evaluation. Although 77% of the patients had a retest IQ that was within 1 SD of their initial IQ, some individual children did manifest considerable change in scores on retest. Repeated psychologic evaluation at regular intervals is recommended for children with fetal alcohol syndrome so that appropriate educational programming can be maintained in order to promote maximum development in each child."}
{"id": "PMID:350081", "title": "Naturalistic observations of newborns: effects of maternal alcohol intake.", "content": "This article deals with the question of whether offspring of social drinkers would show, to a lesser degree, some of the behavioral characteristics of infants with fetal alcohol syndrome. Another question concerned individual differences in \"temperament.\"", "contents": "Naturalistic observations of newborns: effects of maternal alcohol intake. This article deals with the question of whether offspring of social drinkers would show, to a lesser degree, some of the behavioral characteristics of infants with fetal alcohol syndrome. Another question concerned individual differences in \"temperament.\""}
{"id": "PMID:350082", "title": "Drinking during pregnancy in alcoholic women.", "content": "Assessment of specific periods of bringe drinking (including dates, duration, and amount consumed) would seem particularly important in research on the outcome of pregnancy. One study has already shown that brain malformations in stillborn and expired infants were more related to the pattern of drinking than to overall \"AA score.\"", "contents": "Drinking during pregnancy in alcoholic women. Assessment of specific periods of bringe drinking (including dates, duration, and amount consumed) would seem particularly important in research on the outcome of pregnancy. One study has already shown that brain malformations in stillborn and expired infants were more related to the pattern of drinking than to overall \"AA score.\""}
{"id": "PMID:350084", "title": "[Biological compatibility of polyurethan (PUR) (author's transl)].", "content": "After implantation of a disc (thickness: 0.25 mm, diam: 1.5 mm) of PUR in the anterior chamber of rabbits through a lancet incision, the reactions of iris, aqueous, and cornea were observed for six months at regular intervals using slit-lamp photography. 'Steeping' materials were as compatible as nonsteeping materials. At the place where the disc touched the iris one could see during a half-year period hyperemia iridis and foreign-substance granuloma of the iris. The cause of these reactions is a toxin in the PUR. Mechanical irritants as a cause could be excluded through the method utilized in the experiment.", "contents": "[Biological compatibility of polyurethan (PUR) (author's transl)]. After implantation of a disc (thickness: 0.25 mm, diam: 1.5 mm) of PUR in the anterior chamber of rabbits through a lancet incision, the reactions of iris, aqueous, and cornea were observed for six months at regular intervals using slit-lamp photography. 'Steeping' materials were as compatible as nonsteeping materials. At the place where the disc touched the iris one could see during a half-year period hyperemia iridis and foreign-substance granuloma of the iris. The cause of these reactions is a toxin in the PUR. Mechanical irritants as a cause could be excluded through the method utilized in the experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:350086", "title": "The endocrine control of embryonic lung maturation in the chicken. II. Role of the hypophysis.", "content": "In order to discover whether the embryonic chick hypophysis acts upon lung maturation directly or via its corticotrophic activity, immature lung primordia were grafted into young hosts, either alone or associated with functional adrenals or pituitaries. When lung primordia were grafted alone, type II pneumocytes did not differentiate. Their differentiation was restored when lung primordia were grafted in association with either adrenals or pituitaries. This last result, which was also obtained in vitro, shows that the hypophysis is able, by itself, to promote the maturation of respiratory epithelium.", "contents": "The endocrine control of embryonic lung maturation in the chicken. II. Role of the hypophysis. In order to discover whether the embryonic chick hypophysis acts upon lung maturation directly or via its corticotrophic activity, immature lung primordia were grafted into young hosts, either alone or associated with functional adrenals or pituitaries. When lung primordia were grafted alone, type II pneumocytes did not differentiate. Their differentiation was restored when lung primordia were grafted in association with either adrenals or pituitaries. This last result, which was also obtained in vitro, shows that the hypophysis is able, by itself, to promote the maturation of respiratory epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:350095", "title": "Prostaglandins and hypertension.", "content": "Evidence is presented demonstrating the role of prostaglandins in salt metabolism and on peripheral vasodilation. A number of animal studies and observations in human hypertensive subjects suggest that the prostaglandin system plays a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The most striking and consistent finding over many decades of investigation is the relationship between dietary salt intake and the development of hypertension. Only a small percentage of any population develops hypertension. It is suggested that those people whose kidneys have an abnormal salt-handling capacity develop hypertension when challenged by a chronic high-salt intake. The salutary effects of diuretics or low-salt diet support this concept. Hypertension then is an expression of a renal abnormality. Prostaglandins, one of the renal salt regulating factors of the kidney, amy be involved in this abnormality. Whether there is a defect in the matabolic pathways or an unresponsiveness to normal stimuli of prostaglandins has not been determined. The use of prostaglandins in the treatment of hypertension is being explored. The demonstration that PGA1 can effectively lower blood pressure and reverse hypertensive emergencies indicates that prostaglandins probably have a broader, still unidentified role in the overall management of essential hypertension.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and hypertension. Evidence is presented demonstrating the role of prostaglandins in salt metabolism and on peripheral vasodilation. A number of animal studies and observations in human hypertensive subjects suggest that the prostaglandin system plays a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The most striking and consistent finding over many decades of investigation is the relationship between dietary salt intake and the development of hypertension. Only a small percentage of any population develops hypertension. It is suggested that those people whose kidneys have an abnormal salt-handling capacity develop hypertension when challenged by a chronic high-salt intake. The salutary effects of diuretics or low-salt diet support this concept. Hypertension then is an expression of a renal abnormality. Prostaglandins, one of the renal salt regulating factors of the kidney, amy be involved in this abnormality. Whether there is a defect in the matabolic pathways or an unresponsiveness to normal stimuli of prostaglandins has not been determined. The use of prostaglandins in the treatment of hypertension is being explored. The demonstration that PGA1 can effectively lower blood pressure and reverse hypertensive emergencies indicates that prostaglandins probably have a broader, still unidentified role in the overall management of essential hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:350097", "title": "[Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in human serum].", "content": "The study of isoenzymes is often of great interest in clinical biology however, as far as alkaline phosphatase is concerned, no simple method is available to evaluate the forms of bony, intestinal, hepatic or placental origin. In most cases, it is necessary to combine several technic: electrophoresis, denaturation by heat, urea or phenyl alanine. This already complex analytical problem is rendered still more difficult by the choice of reference isoenzyme to be used calibration of the technic. The interest of this determination, especially in the field of oncology and pediatrics, should however encourage the biologist to pursue this route.", "contents": "[Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in human serum]. The study of isoenzymes is often of great interest in clinical biology however, as far as alkaline phosphatase is concerned, no simple method is available to evaluate the forms of bony, intestinal, hepatic or placental origin. In most cases, it is necessary to combine several technic: electrophoresis, denaturation by heat, urea or phenyl alanine. This already complex analytical problem is rendered still more difficult by the choice of reference isoenzyme to be used calibration of the technic. The interest of this determination, especially in the field of oncology and pediatrics, should however encourage the biologist to pursue this route."}
{"id": "PMID:350098", "title": "[Microgallery for the identification of anaerobic bacteria].", "content": "A microgallery for the identification of anaerobic bacteria (API 20A) was used with regard to 213 strictly anaerobic strains isolated between 1.12.74 and 30.11.75 in a hospital laboratory. Furthermore, 75 strains of Bacteroides fragilis isolated previously were added to this study. All the strains were identified by traditional methods. The results of tests performed with the microgallery alone permitted the species diagnosis in 72,2% of cases. Performing simultaneously complementary tests (7 to 9 Tubes, according to the nature of the bacteria) the species diagnosis was possible in 89.9% of cases. The main interest of this microgallery was its use for the identification of glucidolytic strains for it included the presence of 17 ternary substances. Its use for the other groups of strains was thus limited.", "contents": "[Microgallery for the identification of anaerobic bacteria]. A microgallery for the identification of anaerobic bacteria (API 20A) was used with regard to 213 strictly anaerobic strains isolated between 1.12.74 and 30.11.75 in a hospital laboratory. Furthermore, 75 strains of Bacteroides fragilis isolated previously were added to this study. All the strains were identified by traditional methods. The results of tests performed with the microgallery alone permitted the species diagnosis in 72,2% of cases. Performing simultaneously complementary tests (7 to 9 Tubes, according to the nature of the bacteria) the species diagnosis was possible in 89.9% of cases. The main interest of this microgallery was its use for the identification of glucidolytic strains for it included the presence of 17 ternary substances. Its use for the other groups of strains was thus limited."}
{"id": "PMID:350092", "title": "Trace concentrations of anesthetic gases: a critical review of their disease potential.", "content": "Only high levels of anesthetics and long times of exposure cause significant histotoxicity in laboratory studies on cells and animals. The disease-provoking mechanism involves profound physiological phenomena associated with anesthesia. Trace concentrations of anesthetics produce none of these effects. Therefore, studies using high concentrations have no value in predicting the effects of trace concentrations. Laboratory studies show that none of the most commonly used halogenated anesthetics produces cancer in animals. Epidemiological studies show no correlation between anesthetics and cancer in men and only a dubious correlation in women. The epidemiological studies to date on reproductive disease are inconclusive. They have not been designed to eliminate errors of data gathering or statistics. Nor have they been designed to test the cause-effect relationship between trace concentrations of anesthetics and reproductive disease. Anesthesiologists have a lower mortality rate than physicians as a whole. Conservative environmental health standards suggest that anesthetic levels in excess of those found in unscavenged operating rooms should be nontoxic. There are no statistically sound studies which prove that trace concentrations of anesthetic gases exert harmful effects.", "contents": "Trace concentrations of anesthetic gases: a critical review of their disease potential. Only high levels of anesthetics and long times of exposure cause significant histotoxicity in laboratory studies on cells and animals. The disease-provoking mechanism involves profound physiological phenomena associated with anesthesia. Trace concentrations of anesthetics produce none of these effects. Therefore, studies using high concentrations have no value in predicting the effects of trace concentrations. Laboratory studies show that none of the most commonly used halogenated anesthetics produces cancer in animals. Epidemiological studies show no correlation between anesthetics and cancer in men and only a dubious correlation in women. The epidemiological studies to date on reproductive disease are inconclusive. They have not been designed to eliminate errors of data gathering or statistics. Nor have they been designed to test the cause-effect relationship between trace concentrations of anesthetics and reproductive disease. Anesthesiologists have a lower mortality rate than physicians as a whole. Conservative environmental health standards suggest that anesthetic levels in excess of those found in unscavenged operating rooms should be nontoxic. There are no statistically sound studies which prove that trace concentrations of anesthetic gases exert harmful effects."}
{"id": "PMID:350088", "title": "[Anesthesia and resuscitation in surgery for aseptic osteonecrosis in patients with renal transplants].", "content": "Aseptic osteonecrosis following renal transplantation occurs in about 20 p. 100 of cases and entails important functional consequences. 16 patients with kidney transplant and 4 patients on chronic dialysis because of previous graft rejection underwent 27 orthopaedic operations, 8 of which being hip arthroplasties. During and after the procedure the anesthesiologist had to manage with drug interaction, coagulation disorders, blood compatibility problems etc... Despite poor general condition of patients and the risk of infectious complications linked to the never interrupted immunosupressive treatment, the surgical results of our serial were good.", "contents": "[Anesthesia and resuscitation in surgery for aseptic osteonecrosis in patients with renal transplants]. Aseptic osteonecrosis following renal transplantation occurs in about 20 p. 100 of cases and entails important functional consequences. 16 patients with kidney transplant and 4 patients on chronic dialysis because of previous graft rejection underwent 27 orthopaedic operations, 8 of which being hip arthroplasties. During and after the procedure the anesthesiologist had to manage with drug interaction, coagulation disorders, blood compatibility problems etc... Despite poor general condition of patients and the risk of infectious complications linked to the never interrupted immunosupressive treatment, the surgical results of our serial were good."}
{"id": "PMID:350108", "title": "Anti-lung antibodies associated with human lung allografts.", "content": "Serum specimens from 4 patients who had had a lung allograft were examined for anti-lung antibodies. Two patients developed antibodies after transplantation, and in 2, the antibodies increased in titer after an allograft. The absorption of the anti-lung antibody by fetal lung cell cultures, in contrast to the failure of absorption by kidney cell cultures from the same fetus, indicates that the antibody is lung specific.", "contents": "Anti-lung antibodies associated with human lung allografts. Serum specimens from 4 patients who had had a lung allograft were examined for anti-lung antibodies. Two patients developed antibodies after transplantation, and in 2, the antibodies increased in titer after an allograft. The absorption of the anti-lung antibody by fetal lung cell cultures, in contrast to the failure of absorption by kidney cell cultures from the same fetus, indicates that the antibody is lung specific."}
{"id": "PMID:350109", "title": "Serum IgE and IgG antibody activity against Aspergillus fumigatus as a diagnostic aid in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "Serum IgE and IgG antibody activity against Aspergillus fumigatus was measured in 3 groups of subjects by 2 different immunologic methods. Group A consisted of 23 patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Group B was composed of 19 patients with extrinsic asthma who had marked immediate type skin reactivity to A. fumigatus (prick skin test, 3 or 4+) but no other manifestation of ABPA. Group C, the control group, was composed of 12 healthy subjects. Two immunological methods, including a solid-phase polystyrene tube radioimmunoassay and an iodine-125-labeled, A. fumigatus antigen radioimmunoassay, were used to study each patient's serum sample, so as to demonstrate IgE antibody activity against A. fumigatus (IgE-Af) and IgG antibody activity against A. fumigatus (IgG-Af). Both IgE-Af and IgG-Af were significantly greater among patients in Group A than among those in Group B and Group C, as measured by both methods (P is less than 0.001). The results of this study suggest that either method can be used as a diagnostic aid for ABPA. These methods may provide a laboratory test permitting diagnosis of ABPA in its early stages before bronchial or pulmonary destruction occurs.", "contents": "Serum IgE and IgG antibody activity against Aspergillus fumigatus as a diagnostic aid in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Serum IgE and IgG antibody activity against Aspergillus fumigatus was measured in 3 groups of subjects by 2 different immunologic methods. Group A consisted of 23 patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Group B was composed of 19 patients with extrinsic asthma who had marked immediate type skin reactivity to A. fumigatus (prick skin test, 3 or 4+) but no other manifestation of ABPA. Group C, the control group, was composed of 12 healthy subjects. Two immunological methods, including a solid-phase polystyrene tube radioimmunoassay and an iodine-125-labeled, A. fumigatus antigen radioimmunoassay, were used to study each patient's serum sample, so as to demonstrate IgE antibody activity against A. fumigatus (IgE-Af) and IgG antibody activity against A. fumigatus (IgG-Af). Both IgE-Af and IgG-Af were significantly greater among patients in Group A than among those in Group B and Group C, as measured by both methods (P is less than 0.001). The results of this study suggest that either method can be used as a diagnostic aid for ABPA. These methods may provide a laboratory test permitting diagnosis of ABPA in its early stages before bronchial or pulmonary destruction occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:350111", "title": "Treatment of massive hemoptysis by combined occlusion of pulmonary and bronchial arteries.", "content": "Massive, life-threatening hemoptysis occurred in a patient with left upper lobe bronchiectasis secondary to old tuberculosis. Selective left bronchial arteriography showed extravasation of contrast medium in the bronchiectatic area. A marked decrease in hemoptysis occurred after selective left bronchial arterial embolization. Complete cessation of bleeding followed the inflation of a Swan-Ganz balloon catheter that had been placed in the left main pulmonary artery.", "contents": "Treatment of massive hemoptysis by combined occlusion of pulmonary and bronchial arteries. Massive, life-threatening hemoptysis occurred in a patient with left upper lobe bronchiectasis secondary to old tuberculosis. Selective left bronchial arteriography showed extravasation of contrast medium in the bronchiectatic area. A marked decrease in hemoptysis occurred after selective left bronchial arterial embolization. Complete cessation of bleeding followed the inflation of a Swan-Ganz balloon catheter that had been placed in the left main pulmonary artery."}
{"id": "PMID:350113", "title": "[Screening of urinary tract. infection using the dip-strip method with 770 school girls (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a significative bacteriuria detecci\u00f3n programme with a group of 770 girls between 6 and 14 years old using culture method of dip-strips which have to be inoculated, incubated, and read by health officers, are shown. This method has proved to be efficient in the detecci\u00f3n of significative bacteriuria in big towns and of low cost if it is compared with other methods.", "contents": "[Screening of urinary tract. infection using the dip-strip method with 770 school girls (author's transl)]. The results of a significative bacteriuria detecci\u00f3n programme with a group of 770 girls between 6 and 14 years old using culture method of dip-strips which have to be inoculated, incubated, and read by health officers, are shown. This method has proved to be efficient in the detecci\u00f3n of significative bacteriuria in big towns and of low cost if it is compared with other methods."}
{"id": "PMID:350116", "title": "[Chemical structure of mycobacterial cell wall].", "content": "The immunostimulant properties of mycobacterial cell walls have led to a thorough study of their structure and to isolation of their components. The backbone of the mycobacterial cell wall is of a covalent structure (\"covalent skeleton\") made up of two polymers covalently linked by phosphodiester linkages: a arabinogalactan mycolate and a peptidoglycan. To this covalent structure are attached, in a rather ill defined manner, proteins or lipoproteins and, in pathogenic and most vaccinating strains, a partly amidated poly-alpha-L-glutamic acid. The mycobacterial cell wall also contains about 25% of free lipids, i.e. lipids which can be extracted by neutral solvents.", "contents": "[Chemical structure of mycobacterial cell wall]. The immunostimulant properties of mycobacterial cell walls have led to a thorough study of their structure and to isolation of their components. The backbone of the mycobacterial cell wall is of a covalent structure (\"covalent skeleton\") made up of two polymers covalently linked by phosphodiester linkages: a arabinogalactan mycolate and a peptidoglycan. To this covalent structure are attached, in a rather ill defined manner, proteins or lipoproteins and, in pathogenic and most vaccinating strains, a partly amidated poly-alpha-L-glutamic acid. The mycobacterial cell wall also contains about 25% of free lipids, i.e. lipids which can be extracted by neutral solvents."}
{"id": "PMID:350117", "title": "Mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from silage.", "content": "Results are presented which show that Aspergillus fumigatus was one of the predominant fungi contaminating moldy silage. Growth of A. fumigatus on silage appeared to depend on a preliminary aerobic fermentation by other natural microflora in silage. The clavine alkaloid, fumigaclavine A, and a new clavine alkaloid designated fumigaclavine C were produced by A. fumigatus. The LD50 of fumigaclavine C was approximately 150 mg/kg oral dose in day-old cockerels.", "contents": "Mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from silage. Results are presented which show that Aspergillus fumigatus was one of the predominant fungi contaminating moldy silage. Growth of A. fumigatus on silage appeared to depend on a preliminary aerobic fermentation by other natural microflora in silage. The clavine alkaloid, fumigaclavine A, and a new clavine alkaloid designated fumigaclavine C were produced by A. fumigatus. The LD50 of fumigaclavine C was approximately 150 mg/kg oral dose in day-old cockerels."}
{"id": "PMID:350118", "title": "[Diet imbalances and aflatoxicosis].", "content": "Generally we know influences of diet's balances or imbalances upon toxicants. Some actions appear with aflatoxins as shown by studies on rat, pig, calf, poultry, turkey and duckling. According to species considered, oral administration of aflatoxins reduces food consummation, Nitrogen balance, respiratory coefficient. Therefore those modifications may be induced by a decrease of foodstuffs ingestion. It has been underlined that hypoproteic diet increases intoxication and diet rich in lipotropic factors decreases it. The greatest number of experiments carried out are concerning vitamins A and D. Authors are recounting their own experimentations upon relationships between Ducklings, aflatoxicosis, retinol consumption and cholecalciferol deficiency. In Duckling, diet deficient in vitamin D increases aflatoxins toxicity. Some relations exist with cytochrome P 450.", "contents": "[Diet imbalances and aflatoxicosis]. Generally we know influences of diet's balances or imbalances upon toxicants. Some actions appear with aflatoxins as shown by studies on rat, pig, calf, poultry, turkey and duckling. According to species considered, oral administration of aflatoxins reduces food consummation, Nitrogen balance, respiratory coefficient. Therefore those modifications may be induced by a decrease of foodstuffs ingestion. It has been underlined that hypoproteic diet increases intoxication and diet rich in lipotropic factors decreases it. The greatest number of experiments carried out are concerning vitamins A and D. Authors are recounting their own experimentations upon relationships between Ducklings, aflatoxicosis, retinol consumption and cholecalciferol deficiency. In Duckling, diet deficient in vitamin D increases aflatoxins toxicity. Some relations exist with cytochrome P 450."}
{"id": "PMID:350119", "title": "Effects of aflatoxin on the cellular immune system.", "content": "Observations of aflatoxin induced thymic involution were followed by studies of other parameters of cellular immunity. Guinea pigs treated with 0.03 to 0.35 mg aflatoxin B1 for 3 to 5 weeks were tested for the development of cutaneous hypersensitivity, migration inhibition factor activity, and stimulation of lymphocyte transformation. A significant suppression of cutaneous hypersensitivity to a Nocardia asteroides sensitin in sensitized aflatoxin recipients was demonstrated. In vitro reductions in migration inhibition factor (MIF) and depressed stimulation indices (Phytohemagglutinin) of peripheral blood lymphocytes were also demonstrated in aflatoxin recipients but did not reach significant levels.", "contents": "Effects of aflatoxin on the cellular immune system. Observations of aflatoxin induced thymic involution were followed by studies of other parameters of cellular immunity. Guinea pigs treated with 0.03 to 0.35 mg aflatoxin B1 for 3 to 5 weeks were tested for the development of cutaneous hypersensitivity, migration inhibition factor activity, and stimulation of lymphocyte transformation. A significant suppression of cutaneous hypersensitivity to a Nocardia asteroides sensitin in sensitized aflatoxin recipients was demonstrated. In vitro reductions in migration inhibition factor (MIF) and depressed stimulation indices (Phytohemagglutinin) of peripheral blood lymphocytes were also demonstrated in aflatoxin recipients but did not reach significant levels."}
{"id": "PMID:350120", "title": "The effect of oxisuran, a selective inhibitor of cellular immunity, on the rejection of bovine corneal xenografts in rabbits.", "content": "Oxisuran, a selective inhibitor of cellular immunity, delayed the rejection of bovine corneal xenografts when it was administered intraperitoneally to rabbits. The drug produced no significnat effect on the production of humoral antibody in response to injected sheep erythrocytes.", "contents": "The effect of oxisuran, a selective inhibitor of cellular immunity, on the rejection of bovine corneal xenografts in rabbits. Oxisuran, a selective inhibitor of cellular immunity, delayed the rejection of bovine corneal xenografts when it was administered intraperitoneally to rabbits. The drug produced no significnat effect on the production of humoral antibody in response to injected sheep erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:350121", "title": "A hypothesis on the pathogenesis of pterygiums.", "content": "All true pterygiums are attracted to a specific site at the corneoscleral junction along the 3 to 9 o'clock meridian. The pathogenesis of a pinguecula-pterygium is postulated to be due to a noninfected inflammation at the junction of the conjunctival blood vessels and Bowman's membrane where the autolytic process of inflammation results in a protein degradation amino acid mixture which has the ability of attracting conjunctival blood vessels on the cornea. This amino acid mix is hypothesized to contain a pterygium angiogenesis factor.", "contents": "A hypothesis on the pathogenesis of pterygiums. All true pterygiums are attracted to a specific site at the corneoscleral junction along the 3 to 9 o'clock meridian. The pathogenesis of a pinguecula-pterygium is postulated to be due to a noninfected inflammation at the junction of the conjunctival blood vessels and Bowman's membrane where the autolytic process of inflammation results in a protein degradation amino acid mixture which has the ability of attracting conjunctival blood vessels on the cornea. This amino acid mix is hypothesized to contain a pterygium angiogenesis factor."}
{"id": "PMID:350127", "title": "The capacity of histocompatibility antigens solubilized in hypertonic salt solution to induce allograft tolerance in rats.", "content": "Treatment of Fisher rats (AgB 1,26,28) with a soluble extract of histocompatibility antigens (SAE) prepared from the liver of donor August rats (AgB 5, 28, 31) associated with a few injections of anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) provoked a specific prolongation of the median survival time of skin grafts from 27.6 +/- 11.4 days in ALS-treated controls to 55.1 +/- 8.8 days (p less than 0.01). The SAE was obtained from liver homogenates by hypertonic KCl (3M) extraction. Further purification by chromatography in DEAE-cellulose column resulted in the separation of fractions possessing a specific inhibitory activity on a Fisher anti-August cytotoxic serum that was almost 100 times higher than that of the initial SAE preparation. Analysis of the state of unresponsiveness induced by SAE and ALS showed that most of the unresponsive animals had in their serum blocking factors. On the other hand, in vitro study of proliferative and cytotoxic components of cell-mediated immunity by mixed lymphocyte reaction and cell-mediated lympholysis, respectively, showed that the proliferative reactivity remained unimpaired whereas the cytotoxic reactivity was clearly inhibited in the tested animals. These results suggest that a central tolerance to histocompatibility antigens (equivalent to those coded by the K and D end in the mouse) could have been induced in the experimental animals whereas reactivity to Ia region antigens was not affected.", "contents": "The capacity of histocompatibility antigens solubilized in hypertonic salt solution to induce allograft tolerance in rats. Treatment of Fisher rats (AgB 1,26,28) with a soluble extract of histocompatibility antigens (SAE) prepared from the liver of donor August rats (AgB 5, 28, 31) associated with a few injections of anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) provoked a specific prolongation of the median survival time of skin grafts from 27.6 +/- 11.4 days in ALS-treated controls to 55.1 +/- 8.8 days (p less than 0.01). The SAE was obtained from liver homogenates by hypertonic KCl (3M) extraction. Further purification by chromatography in DEAE-cellulose column resulted in the separation of fractions possessing a specific inhibitory activity on a Fisher anti-August cytotoxic serum that was almost 100 times higher than that of the initial SAE preparation. Analysis of the state of unresponsiveness induced by SAE and ALS showed that most of the unresponsive animals had in their serum blocking factors. On the other hand, in vitro study of proliferative and cytotoxic components of cell-mediated immunity by mixed lymphocyte reaction and cell-mediated lympholysis, respectively, showed that the proliferative reactivity remained unimpaired whereas the cytotoxic reactivity was clearly inhibited in the tested animals. These results suggest that a central tolerance to histocompatibility antigens (equivalent to those coded by the K and D end in the mouse) could have been induced in the experimental animals whereas reactivity to Ia region antigens was not affected."}
{"id": "PMID:350128", "title": "Valproic acid in epilepsy: clinical and pharmacological effects.", "content": "The antiepileptic drug valproic acid was studied in an open clinical trial as adjunct medication for 23 patients with uncontrolled seizures of a generalized or partial type. Two-thirds of the patients experienced reduction in seizure frequency ranging from 25 to 100%. Extensive testing revealed no evidence of serious systemic toxicity due to the drug. Minor side effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting, or sedation) were usually transient. Sodium valproate syrup and valproic acid in capsules gave equivalent mean low (23.3 microgram/ml) and maximum (42.5 microgram/ml) serum concentrations. The drug had a relatively short half-life of 8.7 hours, necessitating administration in divided daily doses. During initiation of valproate therapy there was evidence of a decline in total serum phenytoin concentration (16.5 to 10.2 microgram/ml; p less than 0.001) while the percentage of free phenytoin increased (10.9 to 20%). The quantity of unbound phenytoin was relatively stable throughout. This observation was interpreted as a drug interaction: valproic acid competed with phenytoin for access to plasma protein binding sites.", "contents": "Valproic acid in epilepsy: clinical and pharmacological effects. The antiepileptic drug valproic acid was studied in an open clinical trial as adjunct medication for 23 patients with uncontrolled seizures of a generalized or partial type. Two-thirds of the patients experienced reduction in seizure frequency ranging from 25 to 100%. Extensive testing revealed no evidence of serious systemic toxicity due to the drug. Minor side effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting, or sedation) were usually transient. Sodium valproate syrup and valproic acid in capsules gave equivalent mean low (23.3 microgram/ml) and maximum (42.5 microgram/ml) serum concentrations. The drug had a relatively short half-life of 8.7 hours, necessitating administration in divided daily doses. During initiation of valproate therapy there was evidence of a decline in total serum phenytoin concentration (16.5 to 10.2 microgram/ml; p less than 0.001) while the percentage of free phenytoin increased (10.9 to 20%). The quantity of unbound phenytoin was relatively stable throughout. This observation was interpreted as a drug interaction: valproic acid competed with phenytoin for access to plasma protein binding sites."}
{"id": "PMID:350124", "title": "Immunofixation following electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing for identification and phenotyping of proteins.", "content": "Immunofixation following electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing has proven to be a powerful tool for the phenotyping of plasma proteins, the identification of proteins such as M-components and the study of conversion or breakdown products of proteins such as C3. One of the major advantages is the ability to compare, side by side, the mobilities of relatively low-concentration proteins. The technique is relatively simple, can be used with most types of gels and can be enhanced when necessary by the use of enzyme- or radiolabeled antibodies. The cost is competitive with other immunochemical procedures which are more tedious but which give less information.", "contents": "Immunofixation following electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing for identification and phenotyping of proteins. Immunofixation following electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing has proven to be a powerful tool for the phenotyping of plasma proteins, the identification of proteins such as M-components and the study of conversion or breakdown products of proteins such as C3. One of the major advantages is the ability to compare, side by side, the mobilities of relatively low-concentration proteins. The technique is relatively simple, can be used with most types of gels and can be enhanced when necessary by the use of enzyme- or radiolabeled antibodies. The cost is competitive with other immunochemical procedures which are more tedious but which give less information."}
{"id": "PMID:350125", "title": "The fibrinogenopathies.", "content": "This paper reviews the reported clinical, functional and biochemical abnormalities associated with abnormal fibrinogens. It appears from studies on fibrinogen Detroit that a single amino acid substitution in a critical part of the molecule can lead to major functional abnormalities and clinical consequences of either bleeding or thrombosis. Functional defects observed include: abnormal release of fibrinopeptide A or B or both after incubation with thrombin, abnormal polymerization and abnormal clot stabilization.", "contents": "The fibrinogenopathies. This paper reviews the reported clinical, functional and biochemical abnormalities associated with abnormal fibrinogens. It appears from studies on fibrinogen Detroit that a single amino acid substitution in a critical part of the molecule can lead to major functional abnormalities and clinical consequences of either bleeding or thrombosis. Functional defects observed include: abnormal release of fibrinopeptide A or B or both after incubation with thrombin, abnormal polymerization and abnormal clot stabilization."}
{"id": "PMID:350129", "title": "Four-year treatment of patients with parkinsonism using amantadine alone or with levodopa.", "content": "Half of 94 parkinsonian patients improved on amantadine therapy during acute double-blind trials. In a four-year follow-up, amantadine given alone or added to a stable dose of levodopa had its greatest effect in the first month and helped few patients after six months. Levodopa either alone or added to a stable dose of amantadine had a beneficial effect lasting three years or more. The side-effects of edema and livido reticularis occurred twice as often in women. Confusion and hallucinations appeared sooner on a regimen of 300 mg of amantadine a day, but the ultimate incidence was the same on 200 mg a day. Withdrawal effects from amantadine are no less frequent or serious than from other antiparkinson medications and are not evidence that amantadine is still helping the patient. Considering the years of exposure, the morbidity and mortality do not indicate any risks peculiar to amantadine. Our mortality in all groups combined was 2.4 times that of the age- and sex-matched United States population.", "contents": "Four-year treatment of patients with parkinsonism using amantadine alone or with levodopa. Half of 94 parkinsonian patients improved on amantadine therapy during acute double-blind trials. In a four-year follow-up, amantadine given alone or added to a stable dose of levodopa had its greatest effect in the first month and helped few patients after six months. Levodopa either alone or added to a stable dose of amantadine had a beneficial effect lasting three years or more. The side-effects of edema and livido reticularis occurred twice as often in women. Confusion and hallucinations appeared sooner on a regimen of 300 mg of amantadine a day, but the ultimate incidence was the same on 200 mg a day. Withdrawal effects from amantadine are no less frequent or serious than from other antiparkinson medications and are not evidence that amantadine is still helping the patient. Considering the years of exposure, the morbidity and mortality do not indicate any risks peculiar to amantadine. Our mortality in all groups combined was 2.4 times that of the age- and sex-matched United States population."}
{"id": "PMID:350130", "title": "The hypothalamus in Parkinson disease.", "content": "The hypothalamus was systematically examined in 30 patients with pathologically documented idiopathic parkinsonism. Using Lewy body formation as a marker for nerve cell degeneration, we observed abnormalities in every hypothalamus examined. Of the thirteen hypothalamic nuclei that could be individually identified, none were exempt from Lewy body degeneration. The tuberomamillary nucleus and the lateral and posterior hypothalamic nuclei demonstrated the highest average Lewy body counts (16, 9, and 3, respectively); they were also the most frequently involved nuclei. These findings may aid in interpretation of the autonomic and endocrine abnormalities in patients with Parkinson disease.", "contents": "The hypothalamus in Parkinson disease. The hypothalamus was systematically examined in 30 patients with pathologically documented idiopathic parkinsonism. Using Lewy body formation as a marker for nerve cell degeneration, we observed abnormalities in every hypothalamus examined. Of the thirteen hypothalamic nuclei that could be individually identified, none were exempt from Lewy body degeneration. The tuberomamillary nucleus and the lateral and posterior hypothalamic nuclei demonstrated the highest average Lewy body counts (16, 9, and 3, respectively); they were also the most frequently involved nuclei. These findings may aid in interpretation of the autonomic and endocrine abnormalities in patients with Parkinson disease."}
{"id": "PMID:350131", "title": "Amanita mushroom poisoning with recovery from coma: a case report.", "content": "The incidence of Amanita mushroom poisoning seems to be increasing in the United States. Its neurological aspects contribute importantly to morbidity and mortality. In reported series, mortality has ranged from 50 to 90%, and survival following the appearance of coma was exceptional. The cause of nervous system involvement was uncertain. In the patient presented here, clinical and electroencephalographic observations were consistent with severe hepatic encephalopathy and correlated closely with liver function abnormalities. Despite the development of coma, full recovery followed the use of thioctic acid, an experimental therapeutic agent.", "contents": "Amanita mushroom poisoning with recovery from coma: a case report. The incidence of Amanita mushroom poisoning seems to be increasing in the United States. Its neurological aspects contribute importantly to morbidity and mortality. In reported series, mortality has ranged from 50 to 90%, and survival following the appearance of coma was exceptional. The cause of nervous system involvement was uncertain. In the patient presented here, clinical and electroencephalographic observations were consistent with severe hepatic encephalopathy and correlated closely with liver function abnormalities. Despite the development of coma, full recovery followed the use of thioctic acid, an experimental therapeutic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:350133", "title": "Chemotherapy of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the diffuse types.", "content": "Patients with malignant lymphoma, diffuse type, have an unfavorable prognosis when compared to those patients with modular patterns. Prior to the introduction of combination chemotherapy, 50% survival rates for MC-D or PDL-D were about 2 years, HL-D about 1 year. Aggressive combination chemotherapy for advanced MC-D or PDL-D results in complete remission rates of 22-82%, with median survivals of 1-2 years. Patients with localized HL-D are probably curable with radiotherapy alone in 75% of cases. Patients with advanced disease are best treated with intensive combination chemotherapy, achieving a long-lasting complete remission in over one-half of cases, with median survivals now at 1-3 years. Many of these patients are probably cured, central nervous system relapse may now be a concern. The results of treatment of advanced histiocytic lymphoma are now approaching the results reported for advanced Hodgkin disease.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the diffuse types. Patients with malignant lymphoma, diffuse type, have an unfavorable prognosis when compared to those patients with modular patterns. Prior to the introduction of combination chemotherapy, 50% survival rates for MC-D or PDL-D were about 2 years, HL-D about 1 year. Aggressive combination chemotherapy for advanced MC-D or PDL-D results in complete remission rates of 22-82%, with median survivals of 1-2 years. Patients with localized HL-D are probably curable with radiotherapy alone in 75% of cases. Patients with advanced disease are best treated with intensive combination chemotherapy, achieving a long-lasting complete remission in over one-half of cases, with median survivals now at 1-3 years. Many of these patients are probably cured, central nervous system relapse may now be a concern. The results of treatment of advanced histiocytic lymphoma are now approaching the results reported for advanced Hodgkin disease."}
{"id": "PMID:350134", "title": "A recent overview of chemotherapy for advanced stomach cancer in Japan.", "content": "This paper reviews the recent chemotherapy regimens performed in Japan for advanced stomach cancer. Results from the use of single agents, combination chemotherapy and arterial infusion are presented. The overall response rate to either single or combination therapy was 30-40%. The effectiveness of chemotherapy in patients with metastatic disease was dependent on the site of metastases. The overall duration of survival ranged from 2 to 6 months. Several new approaches to treatment are discussed.", "contents": "A recent overview of chemotherapy for advanced stomach cancer in Japan. This paper reviews the recent chemotherapy regimens performed in Japan for advanced stomach cancer. Results from the use of single agents, combination chemotherapy and arterial infusion are presented. The overall response rate to either single or combination therapy was 30-40%. The effectiveness of chemotherapy in patients with metastatic disease was dependent on the site of metastases. The overall duration of survival ranged from 2 to 6 months. Several new approaches to treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350139", "title": "Chemotherapy modalities and immune condition of the host.", "content": "It is clear that it is possible to improve the immune condition of the host and to increase its immunological reactivity by employing a range of modalities. These may involve nonspecific immunostimulation of the host, active or passive immunization, adoptive chemotherapy, alteration of tumor cell antigenicity or other types of approaches. New agents may be sought that will serve as immunostimulants or that may prevent immunosuppression by tumor growth or by chemotherapeutic agents. New analogs of the known antitumor agents may be examined to determine whether they are less immunosuppressant than the parent drug. Any means leading to the net improvement of the immune status of the host may result in diminished drug toxicity for the host, increased antitumor response, and augmentation of immunochemotherapy.", "contents": "Chemotherapy modalities and immune condition of the host. It is clear that it is possible to improve the immune condition of the host and to increase its immunological reactivity by employing a range of modalities. These may involve nonspecific immunostimulation of the host, active or passive immunization, adoptive chemotherapy, alteration of tumor cell antigenicity or other types of approaches. New agents may be sought that will serve as immunostimulants or that may prevent immunosuppression by tumor growth or by chemotherapeutic agents. New analogs of the known antitumor agents may be examined to determine whether they are less immunosuppressant than the parent drug. Any means leading to the net improvement of the immune status of the host may result in diminished drug toxicity for the host, increased antitumor response, and augmentation of immunochemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:350141", "title": "[Properties of a Candida albicans strain possessing an increased sensitivity to polyene antibiotics].", "content": "Characteristics of a mutant of the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans with increased sensitivity to amphotericin B, levorin and nystatin is presented. Increased sensitivity to the polyens in the isolate must be associated with changes in the cell wall and/or with decreased total viability of the strain. The following factors were in favour of this: presence of significant amounts of pseudomycelial cells with thinner cell walls as compared to the yeast cells in the population of the mutant strain; a higher rate of potassium liberation from the cells of the mutant strain in the presence of amphotericin B; a lower growth rate of the mutant strain on solid and liquid media; an increased death rate of the cells in the intact culture of the mutant strain as compared to the initial strain; absence of changes in the absorption spectrum of sterols isolated from the cells of the mutant strain as compared to the initial culture.", "contents": "[Properties of a Candida albicans strain possessing an increased sensitivity to polyene antibiotics]. Characteristics of a mutant of the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans with increased sensitivity to amphotericin B, levorin and nystatin is presented. Increased sensitivity to the polyens in the isolate must be associated with changes in the cell wall and/or with decreased total viability of the strain. The following factors were in favour of this: presence of significant amounts of pseudomycelial cells with thinner cell walls as compared to the yeast cells in the population of the mutant strain; a higher rate of potassium liberation from the cells of the mutant strain in the presence of amphotericin B; a lower growth rate of the mutant strain on solid and liquid media; an increased death rate of the cells in the intact culture of the mutant strain as compared to the initial strain; absence of changes in the absorption spectrum of sterols isolated from the cells of the mutant strain as compared to the initial culture."}
{"id": "PMID:350142", "title": "[Enzymatic inactivation of levomycetin and penicillin by cells of the plague and pseudotuberculosis microbes that contain R plasmid depending on cultivation conditions].", "content": "The activity of enzymes, inactivating levomycetin and penicillin in the cells of plague and pseudotuberculosis microbes bearing extrachromosomal determinants resistant to a number of antibiotics was studied as dependent on some cultivation parameters: population age, aeration rate and temperature. It was shown that the highest capacity for levomycetin acetylation was characteristic of the cells in the late logarithmic and early stationary growth phages. Accumulation of levomycetin O-acetothers in the incubation medium markedly increased, when the cells were grown under the conditions of intensive aeration. An increase in the cultivation temperature up to 37 degrees C was accompanied by a reliable decrease in the activity of levomycetin acetylase in the transconjugant plague and pseudotuberculosis microbes though no correlation with the resistance levels in the same strains to the above antibiotics was observed. Optimal conditions for penicillinase production were determined. The maximum levels of penicillinase were found in the cells of Y. pestis 556/106 Rn with the episotic resistance type in the early exponential developmental phase under the aeration conditions and the temperature of 28 degrees C.", "contents": "[Enzymatic inactivation of levomycetin and penicillin by cells of the plague and pseudotuberculosis microbes that contain R plasmid depending on cultivation conditions]. The activity of enzymes, inactivating levomycetin and penicillin in the cells of plague and pseudotuberculosis microbes bearing extrachromosomal determinants resistant to a number of antibiotics was studied as dependent on some cultivation parameters: population age, aeration rate and temperature. It was shown that the highest capacity for levomycetin acetylation was characteristic of the cells in the late logarithmic and early stationary growth phages. Accumulation of levomycetin O-acetothers in the incubation medium markedly increased, when the cells were grown under the conditions of intensive aeration. An increase in the cultivation temperature up to 37 degrees C was accompanied by a reliable decrease in the activity of levomycetin acetylase in the transconjugant plague and pseudotuberculosis microbes though no correlation with the resistance levels in the same strains to the above antibiotics was observed. Optimal conditions for penicillinase production were determined. The maximum levels of penicillinase were found in the cells of Y. pestis 556/106 Rn with the episotic resistance type in the early exponential developmental phase under the aeration conditions and the temperature of 28 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:350143", "title": "[Sensitivity of clinical Proteus strains to antibiotics and their combinations].", "content": "In 1976 isolation of Proteus from wounds of patients with various purulent processes amounted to 14.5 per cent. Serotypes 0-10, 0-3 and H-3 predominated among the isolates. Sensitivity of 35 clinical strains of Proteus to 10 antibiotics, furagin and nevigramone was studied by the method of serial dilutions in liquid media. All the isolates were highly resistant to the antibiotics except gentamicin, furagin and nevigramone, the MIC of which for most of the strains was 3.12, 1.6-3.12 and 6.25-12.5 gamma/ml, respectively. The effect of 14 combinations of chemotherapeutics was also studied. The combinations of gentamicin with carbenicillin, gentamicin with ampicillin and monomycin with ampicillin proved to be most effective against the Proteus strains tested. The following combinations may be of practical value: monomycin + carbenicillin, kanamycin + ampicillin, kanamycin + carbenicillin, ampicillin + furagin, gentamicin + nevigramone. The combinations of carbenicillin with furagin and gentamicin with furagin were also rational.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of clinical Proteus strains to antibiotics and their combinations]. In 1976 isolation of Proteus from wounds of patients with various purulent processes amounted to 14.5 per cent. Serotypes 0-10, 0-3 and H-3 predominated among the isolates. Sensitivity of 35 clinical strains of Proteus to 10 antibiotics, furagin and nevigramone was studied by the method of serial dilutions in liquid media. All the isolates were highly resistant to the antibiotics except gentamicin, furagin and nevigramone, the MIC of which for most of the strains was 3.12, 1.6-3.12 and 6.25-12.5 gamma/ml, respectively. The effect of 14 combinations of chemotherapeutics was also studied. The combinations of gentamicin with carbenicillin, gentamicin with ampicillin and monomycin with ampicillin proved to be most effective against the Proteus strains tested. The following combinations may be of practical value: monomycin + carbenicillin, kanamycin + ampicillin, kanamycin + carbenicillin, ampicillin + furagin, gentamicin + nevigramone. The combinations of carbenicillin with furagin and gentamicin with furagin were also rational."}
{"id": "PMID:350144", "title": "[Bioavailability of tetracycline hydrochloride capsules (an in vivo study)].", "content": "Blood absorption of tetracycline hydrochloride of various dispersity levels from capsules containing tetracycline alone or in combination with additives, such as magnesium carbonate and calcium salts was studied on humans. It was found that higher dispersity levels of tetracycline hydrochloride powder in capsules was not accompanied by increased blood absorption of the antibiotic. Addition of magnesium carbonate and calcium salts to the antibiotic in the process of capsulation markedly retarded the blood absorption. Clear correlation between the antibiotic dissolution rate in vitro and intensity of its blood absorption in volunteers was shown.", "contents": "[Bioavailability of tetracycline hydrochloride capsules (an in vivo study)]. Blood absorption of tetracycline hydrochloride of various dispersity levels from capsules containing tetracycline alone or in combination with additives, such as magnesium carbonate and calcium salts was studied on humans. It was found that higher dispersity levels of tetracycline hydrochloride powder in capsules was not accompanied by increased blood absorption of the antibiotic. Addition of magnesium carbonate and calcium salts to the antibiotic in the process of capsulation markedly retarded the blood absorption. Clear correlation between the antibiotic dissolution rate in vitro and intensity of its blood absorption in volunteers was shown."}
{"id": "PMID:350145", "title": "[Carminomycin study in breast cancer].", "content": "Karminomycin was used for the treatment of cases with disseminated cancer of the mammary gland in doses of 5 mg/m2 of the body surface intravenously every day for 5 days (15 patients) or 6 mg/m2 twice a week for 2-3 weeks (30 patients). Partial remission or diminution of the tumor size at least by 50 per cent was observed in 26 and 17 per cent of the patients respectively. The remission duration was from 2 to 6 months. With the use of the shortperiod scheme the frequency of the direct side reactions increased. Leucopenia as a side effect was registered in 100 and 40 per cent of the patients and thrombocytopenia was registered in 18 and 3 per cent of the cases respectively.", "contents": "[Carminomycin study in breast cancer]. Karminomycin was used for the treatment of cases with disseminated cancer of the mammary gland in doses of 5 mg/m2 of the body surface intravenously every day for 5 days (15 patients) or 6 mg/m2 twice a week for 2-3 weeks (30 patients). Partial remission or diminution of the tumor size at least by 50 per cent was observed in 26 and 17 per cent of the patients respectively. The remission duration was from 2 to 6 months. With the use of the shortperiod scheme the frequency of the direct side reactions increased. Leucopenia as a side effect was registered in 100 and 40 per cent of the patients and thrombocytopenia was registered in 18 and 3 per cent of the cases respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:350146", "title": "Germ-tube formation by atypical strains of Candida albicans.", "content": "Atypical isolates of Candida albicans which failed to produce germ tubes in routine diagnostic procedures were examined for their ability to produce germ tubes in various media. Bovine serum was more effective than defined media for induction of germ tubes in the majority of isolates. A few strains formed appreciable germ tubes only in bovine serum with added thioglycollate or cysteine. One strain did not produce germ tubes in any medium. Germ-tube maturation appeared to be dependent upon mitochondrial RNA polymerase activity. The failure by an isolate to produce germ tubes, particularly in tests without strictly controlled conditions, does not preclude the possibility that the organism is C. albicans.", "contents": "Germ-tube formation by atypical strains of Candida albicans. Atypical isolates of Candida albicans which failed to produce germ tubes in routine diagnostic procedures were examined for their ability to produce germ tubes in various media. Bovine serum was more effective than defined media for induction of germ tubes in the majority of isolates. A few strains formed appreciable germ tubes only in bovine serum with added thioglycollate or cysteine. One strain did not produce germ tubes in any medium. Germ-tube maturation appeared to be dependent upon mitochondrial RNA polymerase activity. The failure by an isolate to produce germ tubes, particularly in tests without strictly controlled conditions, does not preclude the possibility that the organism is C. albicans."}
{"id": "PMID:350147", "title": "Inositol deficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 86.", "content": "When Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 86, an inositol dependent strain, is grown at suboptimal concentrations of inositol, the buds are apparently unable to separate from the parent cells. Thin sections of such cells show an irregularly thickened cell wall. These morphological features may be due to a continuation or increase in the production of glucan while the synthesis of DNA, RNA, phospholipids.and protein is greatly inhibited.", "contents": "Inositol deficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 86. When Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 86, an inositol dependent strain, is grown at suboptimal concentrations of inositol, the buds are apparently unable to separate from the parent cells. Thin sections of such cells show an irregularly thickened cell wall. These morphological features may be due to a continuation or increase in the production of glucan while the synthesis of DNA, RNA, phospholipids.and protein is greatly inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:350148", "title": "Influence of bacteriological media constituents on the reproduction of Salmonella enteritidis bacteriophages.", "content": "Three different Salmonella enteritidis phages were isolated and purified from raw sewage by agar-layer technique. The sensitivity of the host organisms toward phages was changed when they were grown on different bacteriological media. The effect of single components of the medium on phage reproduction was determined by the omission of that substance from the medium. CaCl2,MgSO4, and glycerol each had a pronounced stimulatory effect on the phage reproduction, while bile salts had a profound inhibitory effect. The inhibitory effect of bile salts on phage growth was much greater on one strain of Salmonella enteritidis than on the other.", "contents": "Influence of bacteriological media constituents on the reproduction of Salmonella enteritidis bacteriophages. Three different Salmonella enteritidis phages were isolated and purified from raw sewage by agar-layer technique. The sensitivity of the host organisms toward phages was changed when they were grown on different bacteriological media. The effect of single components of the medium on phage reproduction was determined by the omission of that substance from the medium. CaCl2,MgSO4, and glycerol each had a pronounced stimulatory effect on the phage reproduction, while bile salts had a profound inhibitory effect. The inhibitory effect of bile salts on phage growth was much greater on one strain of Salmonella enteritidis than on the other."}
{"id": "PMID:350153", "title": "\"Bactericidal\" property of seawater: death or debilitation?", "content": "Coliform colony-forming units in sewage-contaminated seawater were observed to decrease rapidly with time in water that was collected from St. John's Harbour, Newfoundland, and isolated in dialysis bags; this confirms observations made in warmer climates. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate biomass, however, did not decline, nor did the particle size distribution of radioactively labeled coliforms change. It was observed that the coliforms were not killed by seawater but were debilitated to the extent that they would not form colonies on selective media. However, they recovered and grew on nutrient agar made with seawater. The adenosine 5'-triphosphate content per cell apparently did not decline during debilitation.", "contents": "\"Bactericidal\" property of seawater: death or debilitation? Coliform colony-forming units in sewage-contaminated seawater were observed to decrease rapidly with time in water that was collected from St. John's Harbour, Newfoundland, and isolated in dialysis bags; this confirms observations made in warmer climates. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate biomass, however, did not decline, nor did the particle size distribution of radioactively labeled coliforms change. It was observed that the coliforms were not killed by seawater but were debilitated to the extent that they would not form colonies on selective media. However, they recovered and grew on nutrient agar made with seawater. The adenosine 5'-triphosphate content per cell apparently did not decline during debilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:350154", "title": "Threonine production by regulatory mutants of Serratia marcescens.", "content": "beta-Hydroxynorvaline (alpha-amino-beta-hydroxyvaleric acid)-resistant mutants of Serratia marcescens deficient in both threonine dehydrogenase and threonine deaminase were isolated and characterized. One of the mutants, strain HNr21, lacked feedback inhibition of threonine-sensitive aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase, was repressed for the two enzymes, and produced 11 mg of threonine per ml of medium containing a limiting amount of isoleucine. The other mutant, strain HNr59, was constitutively derepressed for aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase. Its kinase was sensitive to feedback inhibition, but its dehydrogenase was insensitive to feedback inhibition. This strain produced 5 mg of threonine per ml of medium containing either a limiting or an excess amount of isoleucine. Diaminopimelate auxotrophs derived from strain HNr59 produced more threonine (13 mg/ml) than the parent strain. However, similar auxotrophs derived from strain HNr21 produced the same amount of threonine as that produced by the parent strain.", "contents": "Threonine production by regulatory mutants of Serratia marcescens. beta-Hydroxynorvaline (alpha-amino-beta-hydroxyvaleric acid)-resistant mutants of Serratia marcescens deficient in both threonine dehydrogenase and threonine deaminase were isolated and characterized. One of the mutants, strain HNr21, lacked feedback inhibition of threonine-sensitive aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase, was repressed for the two enzymes, and produced 11 mg of threonine per ml of medium containing a limiting amount of isoleucine. The other mutant, strain HNr59, was constitutively derepressed for aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase. Its kinase was sensitive to feedback inhibition, but its dehydrogenase was insensitive to feedback inhibition. This strain produced 5 mg of threonine per ml of medium containing either a limiting or an excess amount of isoleucine. Diaminopimelate auxotrophs derived from strain HNr59 produced more threonine (13 mg/ml) than the parent strain. However, similar auxotrophs derived from strain HNr21 produced the same amount of threonine as that produced by the parent strain."}
{"id": "PMID:350155", "title": "Effect of prior refrigeration on botulinal outgrowth in perishable canned cured meat when temperature abused.", "content": "Perishable canned cured meat inoculated with Clostridium botulinum spores was placed at 4.4 or 10 degrees C after manufacture. Spore germination occurred at 10 degrees C. The germinated cell count remained stable over a period of 16 to 18 weeks. During that time period the inhibitory system and residual nitrite descreased. These factors combine to make perishable canned cured meats more prone to spoilage and potential hazard if they are temperature abused after a period of refrigerated storage.", "contents": "Effect of prior refrigeration on botulinal outgrowth in perishable canned cured meat when temperature abused. Perishable canned cured meat inoculated with Clostridium botulinum spores was placed at 4.4 or 10 degrees C after manufacture. Spore germination occurred at 10 degrees C. The germinated cell count remained stable over a period of 16 to 18 weeks. During that time period the inhibitory system and residual nitrite descreased. These factors combine to make perishable canned cured meats more prone to spoilage and potential hazard if they are temperature abused after a period of refrigerated storage."}
{"id": "PMID:350156", "title": "Causes of variation in botulinal inhibition in perishable canned cured meat.", "content": "Final internal processing temperatures within the range of 63 to 74 degrees C did not alter the degree of botulinal inhibition in inoculated perishable canned comminuted cured pork abused at 27 degrees C. Adding hemoglobin to the formulation reduced residual nitrite after processing and decreased botulinal inhibition. Different meats yielded different rates of botulinal outgrowth when substituted for fresh pork ham. Pork or beef heart meat showed no inhibition of the Clostridium botulinum inoculum even with a 156-microgram/g amount of sodium nitrite added to the product. This effect appears to be one of stimulating outgrowth, since residual nitrite depletion was not measurably altered.", "contents": "Causes of variation in botulinal inhibition in perishable canned cured meat. Final internal processing temperatures within the range of 63 to 74 degrees C did not alter the degree of botulinal inhibition in inoculated perishable canned comminuted cured pork abused at 27 degrees C. Adding hemoglobin to the formulation reduced residual nitrite after processing and decreased botulinal inhibition. Different meats yielded different rates of botulinal outgrowth when substituted for fresh pork ham. Pork or beef heart meat showed no inhibition of the Clostridium botulinum inoculum even with a 156-microgram/g amount of sodium nitrite added to the product. This effect appears to be one of stimulating outgrowth, since residual nitrite depletion was not measurably altered."}
{"id": "PMID:350157", "title": "Control of nonspecific staining in the fluorescent antibody technique for the detection of salmonellae in foods.", "content": "A fluorescent antibody conjugate, prepared from the IgG (immunoglobulin G) fraction of Salmonella polyvalent flagellar antiserum, gave better specific staining intensities and significantly lower nonspecific staining than did conjugates prepared from globulin fractions of ammonium sulfate-fractionated Salmonella polyvalent antisera. IgG was purified by affinity chromatography against protein A, a normal cell wall component of Staphylococcus aureus. Affinity chromatography yielded high-purity IgG in a one-step purification procedure. The conjugate prepared from affinity-purified IgG was compared with commercially available fluorescent antibody conjugates for the detection of salmoneallae in retail samplings of meats and poultry and gave better correlations with the cultural method than did the commercial conjugates.", "contents": "Control of nonspecific staining in the fluorescent antibody technique for the detection of salmonellae in foods. A fluorescent antibody conjugate, prepared from the IgG (immunoglobulin G) fraction of Salmonella polyvalent flagellar antiserum, gave better specific staining intensities and significantly lower nonspecific staining than did conjugates prepared from globulin fractions of ammonium sulfate-fractionated Salmonella polyvalent antisera. IgG was purified by affinity chromatography against protein A, a normal cell wall component of Staphylococcus aureus. Affinity chromatography yielded high-purity IgG in a one-step purification procedure. The conjugate prepared from affinity-purified IgG was compared with commercially available fluorescent antibody conjugates for the detection of salmoneallae in retail samplings of meats and poultry and gave better correlations with the cultural method than did the commercial conjugates."}
{"id": "PMID:350158", "title": "Cultural and environmental factors affecting the longevity of Escherichia coli in Histosols.", "content": "The survival of Escherichia coli in organic soils (Histosols) was examined. The death rate of this organism in Pahokee muck was less than that observed in Pompano fine sand. The number of viable E. coli cells found in the muck was approximately threefold greater than that found in the sand following 8 days of incubation. The initial population of the coliform affected the death rate. The rate of loss of viability varied 100-fold when the population size decreased from 2.5 x 10(7) to 3.4 x 10(4). Other factors affecting the viability of E. coli in muck were aerobic versus anaerobic growth of the organism and moist versus flooded conditions in the soil. The greatest survival of the coliform was noted with anaerobically grown cells amended to flooded soil. That the observed decrease in E. coli viability in soil was the result of biotic factors was demonstrated with amendment of sterile soil with E. coli. When 1.1 x 10(5) bacteria per g of soil were added to sterile muck, a population of 3.0 x 10(7) organisms per g of soil developed over a 10-day period. The role of the protozoa in eradication of the coliform from the muck was indicated by a sixfold increase in the protozoan population in natural soil amended with E. coli. Higher organic matter content in a Histosol compared with a mineral soil resulted in an increased survival of the fecal coliforms. Biotic factors are instrumental in the decline in coliform populations, but the potential for growth of the coliform in the organic soil could extend the survival of the organism.", "contents": "Cultural and environmental factors affecting the longevity of Escherichia coli in Histosols. The survival of Escherichia coli in organic soils (Histosols) was examined. The death rate of this organism in Pahokee muck was less than that observed in Pompano fine sand. The number of viable E. coli cells found in the muck was approximately threefold greater than that found in the sand following 8 days of incubation. The initial population of the coliform affected the death rate. The rate of loss of viability varied 100-fold when the population size decreased from 2.5 x 10(7) to 3.4 x 10(4). Other factors affecting the viability of E. coli in muck were aerobic versus anaerobic growth of the organism and moist versus flooded conditions in the soil. The greatest survival of the coliform was noted with anaerobically grown cells amended to flooded soil. That the observed decrease in E. coli viability in soil was the result of biotic factors was demonstrated with amendment of sterile soil with E. coli. When 1.1 x 10(5) bacteria per g of soil were added to sterile muck, a population of 3.0 x 10(7) organisms per g of soil developed over a 10-day period. The role of the protozoa in eradication of the coliform from the muck was indicated by a sixfold increase in the protozoan population in natural soil amended with E. coli. Higher organic matter content in a Histosol compared with a mineral soil resulted in an increased survival of the fecal coliforms. Biotic factors are instrumental in the decline in coliform populations, but the potential for growth of the coliform in the organic soil could extend the survival of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:350159", "title": "Rapid sampling culture chamber.", "content": "An all-glass chamber for culturing anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in liquid medium is described. The system permits both rapid sampling and turbidimetric measurements under controlled atmospheric conditions.", "contents": "Rapid sampling culture chamber. An all-glass chamber for culturing anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in liquid medium is described. The system permits both rapid sampling and turbidimetric measurements under controlled atmospheric conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:350160", "title": "Bacterial sampling techniques on beef, pork, and lamb adipose tissue.", "content": "Two methods were used to evaluate bacterial recovery from beef, pork, and lamb adipose tissue. Higher counts were obtained with a tissue removal and fluid agitation technique (shaking) than with surface swabbing, but only when bacterial levels were low. Bacterial recovery by both methods was unaffected by specie origin of adipose tissue and differences in surface texture, sample storage time (12 versus 6 days), and duration fluid agitation (5 versus 10 min).", "contents": "Bacterial sampling techniques on beef, pork, and lamb adipose tissue. Two methods were used to evaluate bacterial recovery from beef, pork, and lamb adipose tissue. Higher counts were obtained with a tissue removal and fluid agitation technique (shaking) than with surface swabbing, but only when bacterial levels were low. Bacterial recovery by both methods was unaffected by specie origin of adipose tissue and differences in surface texture, sample storage time (12 versus 6 days), and duration fluid agitation (5 versus 10 min)."}
{"id": "PMID:350165", "title": "Autoimmunity in psoriasis. A complement immunofluorescence study.", "content": "The stratum corneum (SC) antibodies are present in all human sera as seen by indirect immunofluorescent (IF) staining. They appear to bind in vivo to the stratum corneum of psoriatic lesions. They fix complement in vitro in a two step complement IF test system using either anti C4 or anti C3 conjugates as indicators. IF tests with proper controls showed that the SC antigen in psoriatic scales is coated not only with IgG but in a majority of the lesions also with complement. In the present studies in fully developed lesions complement was detectable in 88% of the specimens studies and in about 50% of very fresh linear lesions of unintentional K\u00f6bner type. These as well as some previously published observations afford indirect evidence for the participation of SC antibodies and the ensuing fixation of complement in the development of psoriatic lesions.", "contents": "Autoimmunity in psoriasis. A complement immunofluorescence study. The stratum corneum (SC) antibodies are present in all human sera as seen by indirect immunofluorescent (IF) staining. They appear to bind in vivo to the stratum corneum of psoriatic lesions. They fix complement in vitro in a two step complement IF test system using either anti C4 or anti C3 conjugates as indicators. IF tests with proper controls showed that the SC antigen in psoriatic scales is coated not only with IgG but in a majority of the lesions also with complement. In the present studies in fully developed lesions complement was detectable in 88% of the specimens studies and in about 50% of very fresh linear lesions of unintentional K\u00f6bner type. These as well as some previously published observations afford indirect evidence for the participation of SC antibodies and the ensuing fixation of complement in the development of psoriatic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:350166", "title": "Autoimmunity in psoriasis. Relation of disease activity and forms of psoriasis to immunofluorescence findings.", "content": "Immunofluorescence (IF) studies using the test providing information on the reactivity of stratum corneum (SC) antibodies and their in vivo binding have been performed in 193 cases of psoriasis and 89 cases with other dermatoses. It has been shown that: 1. Essentially all fully developed, active psoriatic lesions had IgG deposits in the stratum corneum at the sites of the SC antigen, presumably due to in vivo binding of SC antibodies. 2. In various forms of psoriasis SC antigen sites appeared to be completely or almost completely satured with in vivo deposits of IgG as seen in tests with SC antibodies. 3. In most but not all lesions complement components C3 and/or C4 was found in a comparable pattern in the SC, especially when multiple specimens of single cases were studied. Partial or complete saturation of the SC antigen could be observed by the performance of complement indirect IF tests for SC antibodies in such specimens. 4. In lesions with typical histology of psoriasis the above-mentioned immunologic characteristics appeared to be a constant finding. However, in specimens of recent lesions which had not yet developed typical histology a proportion (2 of 17) were negative both for IgG and complement deposits. In receding lesions weak deposits of IgG were present only in a few specimens and complement deposits were as a rule negative. 5. In a group of 89 control specimens of other dermatoses only occasional cases gave the psoriasiform IF pattern, but about 30% of the specimens gave positive reactions in the SC though these were usually of a different pattern.", "contents": "Autoimmunity in psoriasis. Relation of disease activity and forms of psoriasis to immunofluorescence findings. Immunofluorescence (IF) studies using the test providing information on the reactivity of stratum corneum (SC) antibodies and their in vivo binding have been performed in 193 cases of psoriasis and 89 cases with other dermatoses. It has been shown that: 1. Essentially all fully developed, active psoriatic lesions had IgG deposits in the stratum corneum at the sites of the SC antigen, presumably due to in vivo binding of SC antibodies. 2. In various forms of psoriasis SC antigen sites appeared to be completely or almost completely satured with in vivo deposits of IgG as seen in tests with SC antibodies. 3. In most but not all lesions complement components C3 and/or C4 was found in a comparable pattern in the SC, especially when multiple specimens of single cases were studied. Partial or complete saturation of the SC antigen could be observed by the performance of complement indirect IF tests for SC antibodies in such specimens. 4. In lesions with typical histology of psoriasis the above-mentioned immunologic characteristics appeared to be a constant finding. However, in specimens of recent lesions which had not yet developed typical histology a proportion (2 of 17) were negative both for IgG and complement deposits. In receding lesions weak deposits of IgG were present only in a few specimens and complement deposits were as a rule negative. 5. In a group of 89 control specimens of other dermatoses only occasional cases gave the psoriasiform IF pattern, but about 30% of the specimens gave positive reactions in the SC though these were usually of a different pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:350167", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in vitiligo.", "content": "Lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 38 patients with vitiligo and in 44 controls. No significant differences in the results of several immunological examinations (E-RFC, EAC-RFC, EA-RFC, IF, IF-elution) came to light results suggest that the lymphocytes are probably not implied in the pathogenesisof vitiligo.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in vitiligo. Lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 38 patients with vitiligo and in 44 controls. No significant differences in the results of several immunological examinations (E-RFC, EAC-RFC, EA-RFC, IF, IF-elution) came to light results suggest that the lymphocytes are probably not implied in the pathogenesisof vitiligo."}
{"id": "PMID:350169", "title": "The chemotherapy of rodent malaria, XXIX DNA relationships within the subgenus Plasmodium (Vinckeia).", "content": "The relationships between rodent malarias were examined by means of DNA buoyant density determinations and DNA--DNA hybridization data. Current views of the existence in this group of four species: Plasmodium berghei, P. yoelli, P. vinckei and P. chabaudi were confirmed. The identity of two chloroquine-resistant lines derived from P. berghei N strain was established. One of these, the NS line, was found to be a subspecies of P. yoelii; the implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "The chemotherapy of rodent malaria, XXIX DNA relationships within the subgenus Plasmodium (Vinckeia). The relationships between rodent malarias were examined by means of DNA buoyant density determinations and DNA--DNA hybridization data. Current views of the existence in this group of four species: Plasmodium berghei, P. yoelli, P. vinckei and P. chabaudi were confirmed. The identity of two chloroquine-resistant lines derived from P. berghei N strain was established. One of these, the NS line, was found to be a subspecies of P. yoelii; the implications of this finding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350188", "title": "Spondylothoracic dysostosis: report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Two Puerto Rican infants, offsprings of nonconsanguineous parents, died with spondylothoracic dysostosis as characterized by widespread anomalies of the spine (malformed vertebral bodies including hemivertebrae), deformity of the thorax, and fan-like configuration of the ribs. The disease was lethal in early life in the 18 cases previously reported. An autosomal-recessive inheritance has been described. Spondylocostal dysostosis, a related entity, showed associated intrinsic anomalies of the ribs. The 17 cases culled from the literature pursued a milder course, affected mainly older children and adults, and had a different pattern of inheritance.", "contents": "Spondylothoracic dysostosis: report of two cases and review of the literature. Two Puerto Rican infants, offsprings of nonconsanguineous parents, died with spondylothoracic dysostosis as characterized by widespread anomalies of the spine (malformed vertebral bodies including hemivertebrae), deformity of the thorax, and fan-like configuration of the ribs. The disease was lethal in early life in the 18 cases previously reported. An autosomal-recessive inheritance has been described. Spondylocostal dysostosis, a related entity, showed associated intrinsic anomalies of the ribs. The 17 cases culled from the literature pursued a milder course, affected mainly older children and adults, and had a different pattern of inheritance."}
{"id": "PMID:350190", "title": "[A contribution to the origin of ganglia. A study of light-, immunofluorescence-, and electronmicroscopic changes (author's transl)].", "content": "10 ganglia were studied by means of light and electrone microscope and with immunfluorescence methods. The light microscopic findings in the wall of a ganglion resemble on developing hygroma. The mesenchymal cells ultrastructurally show differentiation to synovia-like cells, either surrounding the ganglion in the connective tissue wall or lining the cavity. The development of synovial tissue from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells is due to the typical mechanical stimulus affecting joints.", "contents": "[A contribution to the origin of ganglia. A study of light-, immunofluorescence-, and electronmicroscopic changes (author's transl)]. 10 ganglia were studied by means of light and electrone microscope and with immunfluorescence methods. The light microscopic findings in the wall of a ganglion resemble on developing hygroma. The mesenchymal cells ultrastructurally show differentiation to synovia-like cells, either surrounding the ganglion in the connective tissue wall or lining the cavity. The development of synovial tissue from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells is due to the typical mechanical stimulus affecting joints."}
{"id": "PMID:350191", "title": "[Investigations of pathogenesis of reactions in circulation and respiration during the implantation of bone cements. animal experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper shows the effects of the increase in pressure in the medullary cavity in the blood circulation and the respiration observed during implantation of bone cement with animal experiments. The pathomechanism is also examined. The reactions of the respiration and the circulation, when observed, resulted in the intramedullary increase in pressure. These are nerval reflexes caused by the innervation in the medullary cavity and are not reactions of the monomer, which may come into the circulation during the polimerization of bone cement. These reactions are very different from those caused by the fatal obstruction of the pulmonary blood vessels through bone marrow ingredients. This is the effect of an insufficient prevention of increase in medullary pressure during cement implantation.", "contents": "[Investigations of pathogenesis of reactions in circulation and respiration during the implantation of bone cements. animal experiments (author's transl)]. This paper shows the effects of the increase in pressure in the medullary cavity in the blood circulation and the respiration observed during implantation of bone cement with animal experiments. The pathomechanism is also examined. The reactions of the respiration and the circulation, when observed, resulted in the intramedullary increase in pressure. These are nerval reflexes caused by the innervation in the medullary cavity and are not reactions of the monomer, which may come into the circulation during the polimerization of bone cement. These reactions are very different from those caused by the fatal obstruction of the pulmonary blood vessels through bone marrow ingredients. This is the effect of an insufficient prevention of increase in medullary pressure during cement implantation."}
{"id": "PMID:350192", "title": "Clinical renal preservation by cryoperfusion with an albumin perfusate: renal perfusion with albumin.", "content": "Eighty-six human kidneys have been preserved by cryoperfusion with an albumin-based perfusate for five to 50 hours prior to transplantation. Sixty-three of the kidneys were transplanted. The overall immediate function rate was 72% and was 100% (34/34) for kidneys with no warm ischemic damage transplanted into recipients without hypotension or prior sensitivity. The overall actuarial one-month kidney survival rate was 87%, the three-month survival was 73%, and the one-year survival rate was 65%. No kidney was discarded because of poor perfusion. Perfusion data, including flow, dastolic pressure, perfusion time, and lactate concentration were not predictive of immediate renal function. Light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopic study of biopsy specimens showed no evidence of perfusion or immunologic damage to the kidneys. Perfusion of transplantable kidneys with albumin provides reliable preservation for up to 50 hours without producing either structural or immunologic damage to the organ.", "contents": "Clinical renal preservation by cryoperfusion with an albumin perfusate: renal perfusion with albumin. Eighty-six human kidneys have been preserved by cryoperfusion with an albumin-based perfusate for five to 50 hours prior to transplantation. Sixty-three of the kidneys were transplanted. The overall immediate function rate was 72% and was 100% (34/34) for kidneys with no warm ischemic damage transplanted into recipients without hypotension or prior sensitivity. The overall actuarial one-month kidney survival rate was 87%, the three-month survival was 73%, and the one-year survival rate was 65%. No kidney was discarded because of poor perfusion. Perfusion data, including flow, dastolic pressure, perfusion time, and lactate concentration were not predictive of immediate renal function. Light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopic study of biopsy specimens showed no evidence of perfusion or immunologic damage to the kidneys. Perfusion of transplantable kidneys with albumin provides reliable preservation for up to 50 hours without producing either structural or immunologic damage to the organ."}
{"id": "PMID:350193", "title": "Transplant renal artery stenosis occurring in both recipients from a single donor.", "content": "Stenosis of the renal artery is increasingly being recognized as a cause of hypertension and renal failure after kidney transplantation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an almost simultaneous occurrence of this complication in both recipients of kidneys from a single donor. In both cases, surgical correction led to improved renal function and amelioration of the hypertension.", "contents": "Transplant renal artery stenosis occurring in both recipients from a single donor. Stenosis of the renal artery is increasingly being recognized as a cause of hypertension and renal failure after kidney transplantation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an almost simultaneous occurrence of this complication in both recipients of kidneys from a single donor. In both cases, surgical correction led to improved renal function and amelioration of the hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:350195", "title": "The comparative acute mammalian toxicity of 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS).", "content": "The comparative acute toxicity of two peripheral sensory irritant materials, 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS), has been investigated in several species of small mammal using solutions in polyethylene glycol 300 for intravenous, intraperitoneal and oral administration, and as pure aerosols for inhalation exposure. Additionally, the comparative potency for inducing primary contact dermatitis was studied. CN and CS were found to be about equitoxic by intravenous and intraperitoneal injection, but CS was significantly less toxic by the oral and inhalation routes and less likely to cause non-lethal tissue damage than CN.", "contents": "The comparative acute mammalian toxicity of 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). The comparative acute toxicity of two peripheral sensory irritant materials, 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS), has been investigated in several species of small mammal using solutions in polyethylene glycol 300 for intravenous, intraperitoneal and oral administration, and as pure aerosols for inhalation exposure. Additionally, the comparative potency for inducing primary contact dermatitis was studied. CN and CS were found to be about equitoxic by intravenous and intraperitoneal injection, but CS was significantly less toxic by the oral and inhalation routes and less likely to cause non-lethal tissue damage than CN."}
{"id": "PMID:350197", "title": "Posttraumatic phycomycosis of the anterior segment.", "content": "Keratomycosis and infection of the anterior chamber with a Rhizopus sp (phycomycosis, mucormycosis) developed in a 24-year-old man following a perforating injury of the cornea with a soil-contaminated screwdriver. The infection was documented by positive cultures of the corneal wound and of the anterior chamber and by histopathologic studies. Phycomycosis of the eye usually occurs in the setting of systemically impaired host resistance. The patient had no underlying disease that wound predispose him to this infection but the treatment with topical 0.1% dexamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide suspension injected into the sub-Tenon's space following the injury may have impaired his local immunologic defenses. Excisional keratoplasty played an important role in the successful management of this case.", "contents": "Posttraumatic phycomycosis of the anterior segment. Keratomycosis and infection of the anterior chamber with a Rhizopus sp (phycomycosis, mucormycosis) developed in a 24-year-old man following a perforating injury of the cornea with a soil-contaminated screwdriver. The infection was documented by positive cultures of the corneal wound and of the anterior chamber and by histopathologic studies. Phycomycosis of the eye usually occurs in the setting of systemically impaired host resistance. The patient had no underlying disease that wound predispose him to this infection but the treatment with topical 0.1% dexamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide suspension injected into the sub-Tenon's space following the injury may have impaired his local immunologic defenses. Excisional keratoplasty played an important role in the successful management of this case."}
{"id": "PMID:350198", "title": "Trachomatous entropion correction. Use of orbital septum and levator aponeurosis.", "content": "The technique of removing both the scarred tarsal plate and orbital septum is described for correction in cases of severe trachomatous entropion. The procedure gave about 90% satisfactory results in a series of which 35 eyes were operated. The combined technique is simple and can be performed as an office procedure.", "contents": "Trachomatous entropion correction. Use of orbital septum and levator aponeurosis. The technique of removing both the scarred tarsal plate and orbital septum is described for correction in cases of severe trachomatous entropion. The procedure gave about 90% satisfactory results in a series of which 35 eyes were operated. The combined technique is simple and can be performed as an office procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:350199", "title": "An illuminated grid for macular testing.", "content": "The status of the macula should be included in the preoperative evaluation of patients about to undergo keratoplasty or cataract extraction. Frequently, corneal opacities or cataracts preclude visualization of macular details. In such cases, the Amsler grid is useful in assessing macular function. This study evaluated 15 patients with opaque media. In 13 patients, the opacity was too dense to allow the patient to see the Amsler grid. However, all 13 patients could see the illuminated version of the grid. Of the three abnormal responses detected by the use of the illuminated grid, two were caused by macular pathology and one by amblyopia.", "contents": "An illuminated grid for macular testing. The status of the macula should be included in the preoperative evaluation of patients about to undergo keratoplasty or cataract extraction. Frequently, corneal opacities or cataracts preclude visualization of macular details. In such cases, the Amsler grid is useful in assessing macular function. This study evaluated 15 patients with opaque media. In 13 patients, the opacity was too dense to allow the patient to see the Amsler grid. However, all 13 patients could see the illuminated version of the grid. Of the three abnormal responses detected by the use of the illuminated grid, two were caused by macular pathology and one by amblyopia."}
{"id": "PMID:350200", "title": "Torulopsis glabrata endophthalmitis after keratoplasty with an organ-cultured cornea.", "content": "Fungal endophthalmitis developed in an elderly woman following penetrating keratoplasty with an organ-cultured cornea. An unsuccessful search was made for the source of the infection. Modification in our sterility checks prior to surgery were made in hopes of preventing future infections.", "contents": "Torulopsis glabrata endophthalmitis after keratoplasty with an organ-cultured cornea. Fungal endophthalmitis developed in an elderly woman following penetrating keratoplasty with an organ-cultured cornea. An unsuccessful search was made for the source of the infection. Modification in our sterility checks prior to surgery were made in hopes of preventing future infections."}
{"id": "PMID:350201", "title": "Congenital hereditary stromal dystrophy of the cornea.", "content": "Cornea from patients in two separate pedigrees showing dominant inheritance of a congenital nonprogressvie corneal clouding were examined by light and electron microscopy. The characteristic changes of abnormal corneal lamellae were widely and rather uniformly distributed throughout the stroma. The remaining corneal layers were normal. The findings are consistent with a diagnosis of congenital hereditary stromal dystrophy of the cornea, which differs greatly on both histologic and clinical grounds from the entity known as congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy of the cornea.", "contents": "Congenital hereditary stromal dystrophy of the cornea. Cornea from patients in two separate pedigrees showing dominant inheritance of a congenital nonprogressvie corneal clouding were examined by light and electron microscopy. The characteristic changes of abnormal corneal lamellae were widely and rather uniformly distributed throughout the stroma. The remaining corneal layers were normal. The findings are consistent with a diagnosis of congenital hereditary stromal dystrophy of the cornea, which differs greatly on both histologic and clinical grounds from the entity known as congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy of the cornea."}
{"id": "PMID:350202", "title": "Congenital syphilis of the eye with lens involvement.", "content": "Pathological examination of a girl with congenital syphilis revealed a focal granulomatous reaction involving the anterior uvea and lens. Krajian's (silver) stain exhibited spiral forms that were morphologically compatible with Treponema pallidum within the lens cortex. These findings have been rarely reported in early congenital lues.", "contents": "Congenital syphilis of the eye with lens involvement. Pathological examination of a girl with congenital syphilis revealed a focal granulomatous reaction involving the anterior uvea and lens. Krajian's (silver) stain exhibited spiral forms that were morphologically compatible with Treponema pallidum within the lens cortex. These findings have been rarely reported in early congenital lues."}
{"id": "PMID:350203", "title": "Corneal storage at room temperature.", "content": "Short-term eye banking is based mainly on moist chamber and McCarey-Kaufman medium (M-K medium) preservation. Both involve a controlled 4 C temperature for  storage. Warming the cornea to room temperature, however, drastically affects the endothelial viability. On enzymatic staining and histological study, the M-K medium-stored rabbit corneas had more normal endothelium than did \"moist chamber\" eyes when storage was prolonged for seven days at room temperature. In human corneas that were kept at 4 C for 24 hours and then exposed to a temperature of 25 C, destruction of organelles had occurred by six hours and was increased by 12 hours. Corneas that were kept in M-K medium had relatively intact endothelium after four days, but cell disruption and vacuolation was present by the seventh day. The M-K medium, therefore, affords protection to tissue warmed to room temperature, where metabolic activity is resumed.", "contents": "Corneal storage at room temperature. Short-term eye banking is based mainly on moist chamber and McCarey-Kaufman medium (M-K medium) preservation. Both involve a controlled 4 C temperature for  storage. Warming the cornea to room temperature, however, drastically affects the endothelial viability. On enzymatic staining and histological study, the M-K medium-stored rabbit corneas had more normal endothelium than did \"moist chamber\" eyes when storage was prolonged for seven days at room temperature. In human corneas that were kept at 4 C for 24 hours and then exposed to a temperature of 25 C, destruction of organelles had occurred by six hours and was increased by 12 hours. Corneas that were kept in M-K medium had relatively intact endothelium after four days, but cell disruption and vacuolation was present by the seventh day. The M-K medium, therefore, affords protection to tissue warmed to room temperature, where metabolic activity is resumed."}
{"id": "PMID:350205", "title": "Ossicular replacement prostheses.", "content": "To find a way of improving the results of ossicular reconstruction in ears that were rendered hard of hearing by chronic otitis media, the suitability of two biocompatible materials has been investigated. After three years' experience with Proplast and two years with Plastipore, it is concluded that for ears which lack an incus and stapes arch, these materials provide results at least as good as those previously reported with homologous materials and have the advantage of easy manipulation, timesaving, and ready availability. As with all foreign material in the chronically infected middle ear, the risks of extrusion cannot be ignored. The results so far indicate that this problem can be overcome with the use of cartilage film to separate the prosthesis from the tympanic membrane.", "contents": "Ossicular replacement prostheses. To find a way of improving the results of ossicular reconstruction in ears that were rendered hard of hearing by chronic otitis media, the suitability of two biocompatible materials has been investigated. After three years' experience with Proplast and two years with Plastipore, it is concluded that for ears which lack an incus and stapes arch, these materials provide results at least as good as those previously reported with homologous materials and have the advantage of easy manipulation, timesaving, and ready availability. As with all foreign material in the chronically infected middle ear, the risks of extrusion cannot be ignored. The results so far indicate that this problem can be overcome with the use of cartilage film to separate the prosthesis from the tympanic membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:350206", "title": "[The blood vessels of the posterior cranial fossa. anatomy, pathophysiology, clinic--a survey (author's transl)].", "content": "Pathophysiology and tomography of the blood vessels of the posterior cranial fossa gain clinical interest in treatment of diseases of the inner ear, complications of middle ear inflammations, tumors of the pyramid and cerebello-pontine angle. Numerous variations in the arterial venous system restrict neuroradiological procedures. Techniques to treat a thrombosis of the sinuses were developed 50 years ago. Surgical procedures to remove glomus tumors of the pyramid could be improved by new anatomical and surgical experiences. Unilateral neck dissection occasionally alters the blood flow in the sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa causing serious complications.", "contents": "[The blood vessels of the posterior cranial fossa. anatomy, pathophysiology, clinic--a survey (author's transl)]. Pathophysiology and tomography of the blood vessels of the posterior cranial fossa gain clinical interest in treatment of diseases of the inner ear, complications of middle ear inflammations, tumors of the pyramid and cerebello-pontine angle. Numerous variations in the arterial venous system restrict neuroradiological procedures. Techniques to treat a thrombosis of the sinuses were developed 50 years ago. Surgical procedures to remove glomus tumors of the pyramid could be improved by new anatomical and surgical experiences. Unilateral neck dissection occasionally alters the blood flow in the sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa causing serious complications."}
{"id": "PMID:350209", "title": "The integration of technical services into dental restorative procedures.", "content": "A protocol for improved dentist-laboratory relations is presented. The mutual responsibilities and obligations of dentist and technician are outlined. Each step of the procedure is developed and projected at the level of case planning and diagnostic wax-up.", "contents": "The integration of technical services into dental restorative procedures. A protocol for improved dentist-laboratory relations is presented. The mutual responsibilities and obligations of dentist and technician are outlined. Each step of the procedure is developed and projected at the level of case planning and diagnostic wax-up."}
{"id": "PMID:350211", "title": "Periodontology and its relevance to clinical dentistry.", "content": "The important role played by restorations and prostheses in the accumulation of plaque necessitates careful design of all contours to enable proper removal of plaque by the patient. Early diagnosis of impacted teeth is essential as well as careful design of gingival flaps preserving the maximum of attached gingiva where their removal or exposure is planned. Difficulties arising from closed bite and orthordontic treatment, the need for careful consideration to the importance of endodontic therapy, and removable partial dentures in relation to the health of periodontium, are discussed.", "contents": "Periodontology and its relevance to clinical dentistry. The important role played by restorations and prostheses in the accumulation of plaque necessitates careful design of all contours to enable proper removal of plaque by the patient. Early diagnosis of impacted teeth is essential as well as careful design of gingival flaps preserving the maximum of attached gingiva where their removal or exposure is planned. Difficulties arising from closed bite and orthordontic treatment, the need for careful consideration to the importance of endodontic therapy, and removable partial dentures in relation to the health of periodontium, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350213", "title": "Testosterone in the management of cirrhosis of the liver--a controlled study.", "content": "The results of the controlled study covering 21 cases of decompensated hepatic cirrhosis are repoted. Nine controls received conventional therapy with diuretics and vitamin supplement. Testosteron 100 mg intramuscularly, on alternate days for four weeks, was administered to 12 others, in addition to the conventional therapy. Patients in the testosterone group responded with reduction in ascites and pedal edema together with a subjective feeling of improvement. Serum albumin rose at the end of the four weeks while globulin fell in those that received the hormone. The difference in respect of both serum albumin and globulin in the testosterone group became statistically significant at the end of four weeks.", "contents": "Testosterone in the management of cirrhosis of the liver--a controlled study. The results of the controlled study covering 21 cases of decompensated hepatic cirrhosis are repoted. Nine controls received conventional therapy with diuretics and vitamin supplement. Testosteron 100 mg intramuscularly, on alternate days for four weeks, was administered to 12 others, in addition to the conventional therapy. Patients in the testosterone group responded with reduction in ascites and pedal edema together with a subjective feeling of improvement. Serum albumin rose at the end of the four weeks while globulin fell in those that received the hormone. The difference in respect of both serum albumin and globulin in the testosterone group became statistically significant at the end of four weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:350214", "title": "The effects of enteric coating of aspirin tablets on occult gastrointestinal blood loss.", "content": "The effect of enteric coating of aspirin tablets on the gastrointestinal blood loss associated with high dose aspirin therapy was investigated in 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Occult blood loss was measured after labelling the patients' red blood cells with Cr51. Three salicylate preparations were used: enteric coated tablets of aspirin (\"Rhusal\", G.P. Laboratories, 7 x 650 mg per day), uncoated tablet cores of aspirin from the same batch (7 x 650 mg per day) and enteric coated tablets of sodium salicylate (7 x 600 mg and 1 x 300 mg per day). Daily blood loss during a salicylate-free period was (0.7 +/- 0.15 ml, mean +/- SE). Blood loss was significantly increased during dosage with all three salicylate preparations. Daily blood loss during dosage with the uncoated tablets of aspirin (5.3 +/- 0.3 ml) was significantly greater than during dosage with the enteric coated tablets of aspirin (2.3 +/- 0.3 ml) and enteric coated tablets of sodium salicylate (2.1 +/- 0.4 ml). The bioavailability of the salicylate preparations was studied in seven of the 12 patients. Mean plasma salicylate concentration two hours after the second daily dose during dosage with the enteric coated tablets of aspirin was 118 +/- 15 microgram/ml compared to 131 +/- 16 microgram/ml during dosage with the uncoated tablets. Urinary recoveries of the daily dosage of aspirin in the two formulations were also similar.", "contents": "The effects of enteric coating of aspirin tablets on occult gastrointestinal blood loss. The effect of enteric coating of aspirin tablets on the gastrointestinal blood loss associated with high dose aspirin therapy was investigated in 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Occult blood loss was measured after labelling the patients' red blood cells with Cr51. Three salicylate preparations were used: enteric coated tablets of aspirin (\"Rhusal\", G.P. Laboratories, 7 x 650 mg per day), uncoated tablet cores of aspirin from the same batch (7 x 650 mg per day) and enteric coated tablets of sodium salicylate (7 x 600 mg and 1 x 300 mg per day). Daily blood loss during a salicylate-free period was (0.7 +/- 0.15 ml, mean +/- SE). Blood loss was significantly increased during dosage with all three salicylate preparations. Daily blood loss during dosage with the uncoated tablets of aspirin (5.3 +/- 0.3 ml) was significantly greater than during dosage with the enteric coated tablets of aspirin (2.3 +/- 0.3 ml) and enteric coated tablets of sodium salicylate (2.1 +/- 0.4 ml). The bioavailability of the salicylate preparations was studied in seven of the 12 patients. Mean plasma salicylate concentration two hours after the second daily dose during dosage with the enteric coated tablets of aspirin was 118 +/- 15 microgram/ml compared to 131 +/- 16 microgram/ml during dosage with the uncoated tablets. Urinary recoveries of the daily dosage of aspirin in the two formulations were also similar."}
{"id": "PMID:350215", "title": "Acupuncture analgesia. I. Review of clinical studies.", "content": "Recent clinical studies, both uncontrolled and controlled, of the use of acupuncture for the relief of chronic pain are reviewed. The success rate demonstrated by controlled trials is markedly lower than that claimed in reports of the clinical use of acupuncture in which no attempt is made to control factors which influence the placebo response. Although on balance of evidence it appears that acupuncture has a place in the management of chronic pain resistant to orthodox therapeutic measures, more research is needed both to establish objective criteria for the assessment of the effect, or lack of effect, of acupuncture on chronic pain as well as to delineate clearly the patient groups and the conditions where acupuncture analgesia is indicated.", "contents": "Acupuncture analgesia. I. Review of clinical studies. Recent clinical studies, both uncontrolled and controlled, of the use of acupuncture for the relief of chronic pain are reviewed. The success rate demonstrated by controlled trials is markedly lower than that claimed in reports of the clinical use of acupuncture in which no attempt is made to control factors which influence the placebo response. Although on balance of evidence it appears that acupuncture has a place in the management of chronic pain resistant to orthodox therapeutic measures, more research is needed both to establish objective criteria for the assessment of the effect, or lack of effect, of acupuncture on chronic pain as well as to delineate clearly the patient groups and the conditions where acupuncture analgesia is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:350224", "title": "Protection against the physiological effects of positive pressure breathing.", "content": "The degree of protection afforded by three jerkin G-suit systems (British, Canadian and Swedish) using different pressures against the adverse physiological effects produced by high levels (50 mm Hg and 70 mm Hg) of positive pressure breathing (PPB) was investigated at ground level in 10 male subjects. The British and Canadian systems were evaluated with G-suit pressure equal to breathing pressure and 3.2 times breathing pressure, whereas the Swedish system was studied only with 3.2 times breathing pressure in the G suit. The experimental design was a 10 X 10 Latin swuare. PPB produced significant increases in heart rate, peripheral resistance, and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures, and significant decreases in stroke volume and cardiac output. These effects were directly related to the level of PPB. Our results show that the British system provides the highestdegree of protection against PPB, followed by the Swedish and the Canadian systems. It was also found that a G-suit pressure of 3.2 times breathing pressure significantly increases the degree of protection afforded by the British and Canadian systems.", "contents": "Protection against the physiological effects of positive pressure breathing. The degree of protection afforded by three jerkin G-suit systems (British, Canadian and Swedish) using different pressures against the adverse physiological effects produced by high levels (50 mm Hg and 70 mm Hg) of positive pressure breathing (PPB) was investigated at ground level in 10 male subjects. The British and Canadian systems were evaluated with G-suit pressure equal to breathing pressure and 3.2 times breathing pressure, whereas the Swedish system was studied only with 3.2 times breathing pressure in the G suit. The experimental design was a 10 X 10 Latin swuare. PPB produced significant increases in heart rate, peripheral resistance, and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures, and significant decreases in stroke volume and cardiac output. These effects were directly related to the level of PPB. Our results show that the British system provides the highestdegree of protection against PPB, followed by the Swedish and the Canadian systems. It was also found that a G-suit pressure of 3.2 times breathing pressure significantly increases the degree of protection afforded by the British and Canadian systems."}
{"id": "PMID:350229", "title": "Collagen in the cellular and fibrotic stages of scleroderma.", "content": "The collagen in localized and systemic scleroderma skin was studied by light microscopy with silver impregnation (50 patients), electron microscopy (14 patients), and immunofluorescence microscopy using specific antibodies against Type I and Type III collagens (12 patients). In the cellular stage, the dermis and adipose tissue revealed perivascular or diffuse cellular infiltrates (mostly lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages), accompanied by deposition of Type III collagen. The lower dermis also showed an increase in Type III collagen. In the fibrotic stage, the papillary layer showed a reduction and/or clumping of Type III collagen as compared to normal skin. The lower dermis and the adipose tissue revealed compact collagen consisting exclusively of Type I collagen or a mixture of Type I and Type III collagen. The pattern of Type III collagen distribution was similar to that of reticulin, thus suggesting that at least some reticulin fibrils may represent Type III collagen.", "contents": "Collagen in the cellular and fibrotic stages of scleroderma. The collagen in localized and systemic scleroderma skin was studied by light microscopy with silver impregnation (50 patients), electron microscopy (14 patients), and immunofluorescence microscopy using specific antibodies against Type I and Type III collagens (12 patients). In the cellular stage, the dermis and adipose tissue revealed perivascular or diffuse cellular infiltrates (mostly lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages), accompanied by deposition of Type III collagen. The lower dermis also showed an increase in Type III collagen. In the fibrotic stage, the papillary layer showed a reduction and/or clumping of Type III collagen as compared to normal skin. The lower dermis and the adipose tissue revealed compact collagen consisting exclusively of Type I collagen or a mixture of Type I and Type III collagen. The pattern of Type III collagen distribution was similar to that of reticulin, thus suggesting that at least some reticulin fibrils may represent Type III collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:350230", "title": "Chemotherapeutically active nitro compounds. 4.5-Nitroimidazoles (Part II).", "content": "More than 170 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazoles substituted in the 2-position via an aminomethyl, thiomethyl, sulphinylmethyl or sulphonylmethyl group were synthesized and tested for their effect against various protozoa. In the NMRI mouse which had been i.p. infected with Trichomonas fetus 2 compounds showed an effect superior to that of tinidazole and 31 showed similarly good efficacy as that compound. In comparison with metronidazole 54 preparations proved to be distinctly more active, while 34 others lay in the range of efficacy of the standard compound. A large majority of the most active derivatives is substituted in the 2-position via a C--S bridge with heterocyclics, particularly with a pyridyl radical. An effect against Entamoeba histolytica in the intrahepatically infected golden hamster was observed much less often. Only 14 preparations developed a systemic effect comparable with that of metronidazole. In the NMRI mouse infected i.p. with Trypanosoma brucei or s.c. with T. cruzi parasitemia was clearly influenced by 11 compounds. With a few exceptions a trypanocidal effect against T. brucei occurred only at high doses. Only 3 compounds showed pronounced suppressive activity against blood forms of T. cruzi and only after prolonged treatment. The structure-activity relationship of the new 5-nitroimidazoles is discussed.", "contents": "Chemotherapeutically active nitro compounds. 4.5-Nitroimidazoles (Part II). More than 170 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazoles substituted in the 2-position via an aminomethyl, thiomethyl, sulphinylmethyl or sulphonylmethyl group were synthesized and tested for their effect against various protozoa. In the NMRI mouse which had been i.p. infected with Trichomonas fetus 2 compounds showed an effect superior to that of tinidazole and 31 showed similarly good efficacy as that compound. In comparison with metronidazole 54 preparations proved to be distinctly more active, while 34 others lay in the range of efficacy of the standard compound. A large majority of the most active derivatives is substituted in the 2-position via a C--S bridge with heterocyclics, particularly with a pyridyl radical. An effect against Entamoeba histolytica in the intrahepatically infected golden hamster was observed much less often. Only 14 preparations developed a systemic effect comparable with that of metronidazole. In the NMRI mouse infected i.p. with Trypanosoma brucei or s.c. with T. cruzi parasitemia was clearly influenced by 11 compounds. With a few exceptions a trypanocidal effect against T. brucei occurred only at high doses. Only 3 compounds showed pronounced suppressive activity against blood forms of T. cruzi and only after prolonged treatment. The structure-activity relationship of the new 5-nitroimidazoles is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350231", "title": "Inorganic bismuth(III) compounds in the therapy.", "content": "A survey is given of the pharmacopoeial preparations of inorganic Bi(III) compounds: bismuth subnitrate and bismuth subcarbonate. The use of these preparations, methods of preparation, qualitative and quantitative assays have been reviewed.", "contents": "Inorganic bismuth(III) compounds in the therapy. A survey is given of the pharmacopoeial preparations of inorganic Bi(III) compounds: bismuth subnitrate and bismuth subcarbonate. The use of these preparations, methods of preparation, qualitative and quantitative assays have been reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:350232", "title": "Multi-centered clinical evaluation of oxepinac against peripheral arthropathy particularly osteoarthritis.", "content": "Clinical evaluation in phase II of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-3-acetic acid (oxepinac) has been made in a single-blind trial in the treatment of osteoarthritis, 135 patients with mainly gonitis. Male 31, female 104, and the age distribution are 37--82 years and 62 years in average. Three groups of the doses, 75 mg, 150 mg, 300 mg daily, respectively, were administered for two weeks. Parameters studied included subjective relief of pain, range of joint motion, \"patients preference\" and biochemical studies. Oxepinac resulted in definite relief of pain compared with preceding medication and was tolerated well without serious side effect. The dose 150 mg was estimated most favourable. It is concluded that oxepinac offers an effective and well-tolerated alternative to drugs at present being used in the treatment of painful osteoarthritis.", "contents": "Multi-centered clinical evaluation of oxepinac against peripheral arthropathy particularly osteoarthritis. Clinical evaluation in phase II of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-3-acetic acid (oxepinac) has been made in a single-blind trial in the treatment of osteoarthritis, 135 patients with mainly gonitis. Male 31, female 104, and the age distribution are 37--82 years and 62 years in average. Three groups of the doses, 75 mg, 150 mg, 300 mg daily, respectively, were administered for two weeks. Parameters studied included subjective relief of pain, range of joint motion, \"patients preference\" and biochemical studies. Oxepinac resulted in definite relief of pain compared with preceding medication and was tolerated well without serious side effect. The dose 150 mg was estimated most favourable. It is concluded that oxepinac offers an effective and well-tolerated alternative to drugs at present being used in the treatment of painful osteoarthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:350233", "title": "[Morphological studies of the effects of progesterone on the adenohypophysis of the impuberal female rat].", "content": "At optical microscope and at electronic microscope it has been examined the adenohypophysis of Wistar albino impuberal female rats after administration of progesterone. It has come out that the progesterone influences in different ways the activity of pituitary gonadotropic cells (FSH and LH cells) according to the quantity and according to the way it affects either rapidly or within an extended period, on intact or on spayed animals, in the morning or in the afternoon. For what concerns the influence of the hormone, it has also come out to be variable as it may concern, according to the cases, a single or both cellular types, and it can appear with symptoms of secretion, with symptoms of excretion or with both symptoms. According to the verified data, the possible ways of action of progesterone on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal unit are discussed.", "contents": "[Morphological studies of the effects of progesterone on the adenohypophysis of the impuberal female rat]. At optical microscope and at electronic microscope it has been examined the adenohypophysis of Wistar albino impuberal female rats after administration of progesterone. It has come out that the progesterone influences in different ways the activity of pituitary gonadotropic cells (FSH and LH cells) according to the quantity and according to the way it affects either rapidly or within an extended period, on intact or on spayed animals, in the morning or in the afternoon. For what concerns the influence of the hormone, it has also come out to be variable as it may concern, according to the cases, a single or both cellular types, and it can appear with symptoms of secretion, with symptoms of excretion or with both symptoms. According to the verified data, the possible ways of action of progesterone on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal unit are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350238", "title": "[Determination of antibodies against influenza viruses, using the ELISA method].", "content": "A microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was adapted for the demonstration of antibodies to influenza A and B in 25 paired acute and convalescent sera taken from patients with influenza A infection, in 11 single convalescent sera collected from patients with acute respiratory infection and serological evidence of influenza B infection, in 14 paired sera collected from volunteers who were vaccinated with an aqueous inactivated influenza A and B vaccine, and in 15 serum samples from normal subjects. Comparison showed that ELISA was more sensitive than the hemagglutination-inhibition test. The enzyme-immunoassay gave equally reliable and reproducible results and requires very small amounts of antigen and sera. This simple test may be suitable for use in large seroepidemiological surveys.", "contents": "[Determination of antibodies against influenza viruses, using the ELISA method]. A microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was adapted for the demonstration of antibodies to influenza A and B in 25 paired acute and convalescent sera taken from patients with influenza A infection, in 11 single convalescent sera collected from patients with acute respiratory infection and serological evidence of influenza B infection, in 14 paired sera collected from volunteers who were vaccinated with an aqueous inactivated influenza A and B vaccine, and in 15 serum samples from normal subjects. Comparison showed that ELISA was more sensitive than the hemagglutination-inhibition test. The enzyme-immunoassay gave equally reliable and reproducible results and requires very small amounts of antigen and sera. This simple test may be suitable for use in large seroepidemiological surveys."}
{"id": "PMID:350244", "title": "Electrophysiological effects of edrophonium in the innervated and the transplanted denervated human heart.", "content": "In order to determine the mechanism of action of edrophonium on the cardiac conduction system, we used His bundle recording and pacing techniques to examine the electrophysiological effect of edrophonium in 6 patients undergoing diagnostic evaluation for coronary artery disease and in 9 cardiac transplant recipients who were free of acute graft rejection. After control measures were made of sinus cycle length, conduction intervals, and conduction system refractory periods, edrophonium was administered by constant intravenous infusion, and all electrophysiological measurements were repeated. In the normally innervated patients, edrophonium significantly increased sinus cycle length from 778 +/- 21 ms to 883 +/- 36 ms (P less than 0.01), AH interval from 88 +/- 11 ms to 100 +/- 12 ms (P less than 0.01), and AV nodal functional refractory period from 351 +/- 44 ms to 391 +/- 36 ms (P less than 0.05). In the patients with transplanted hearts, edrophonium had no electrophysiological effect other than increasing the cycle length of the remnant recipient atrium from 722 +/- 21 ms to 798 +/- 31 ms (P less than 0.01). We conclude that the electrophysiological effects of edrophonium in man are mediated primarily through autonomic innervation of the heart.", "contents": "Electrophysiological effects of edrophonium in the innervated and the transplanted denervated human heart. In order to determine the mechanism of action of edrophonium on the cardiac conduction system, we used His bundle recording and pacing techniques to examine the electrophysiological effect of edrophonium in 6 patients undergoing diagnostic evaluation for coronary artery disease and in 9 cardiac transplant recipients who were free of acute graft rejection. After control measures were made of sinus cycle length, conduction intervals, and conduction system refractory periods, edrophonium was administered by constant intravenous infusion, and all electrophysiological measurements were repeated. In the normally innervated patients, edrophonium significantly increased sinus cycle length from 778 +/- 21 ms to 883 +/- 36 ms (P less than 0.01), AH interval from 88 +/- 11 ms to 100 +/- 12 ms (P less than 0.01), and AV nodal functional refractory period from 351 +/- 44 ms to 391 +/- 36 ms (P less than 0.05). In the patients with transplanted hearts, edrophonium had no electrophysiological effect other than increasing the cycle length of the remnant recipient atrium from 722 +/- 21 ms to 798 +/- 31 ms (P less than 0.01). We conclude that the electrophysiological effects of edrophonium in man are mediated primarily through autonomic innervation of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:350245", "title": "Electrophysiological properties of intravenous metoprolol in man.", "content": "Electrophysiological changes produced by intravenous (0.1 mg/kg) metoprolol, a new selective beta 1-blocking agent devoid of intrinsic activity, were studied in 16 subjects with estimated normal impulse formation and conduction. The most important effects were sinus bradycardia, mild increase of sinoatrial conduction time, depression of intranodal conduction, and prolongation of AV node refractory periods. Sinus node recovery time and atrial refractory periods were unmodified. Infranodal conduction and the refractory periods of the His-Purkinje system, as well as of the bundle-branches, were unchanged. These effects are compared with those observed after intravenous propranolol, pindolol, and oxprenolol.", "contents": "Electrophysiological properties of intravenous metoprolol in man. Electrophysiological changes produced by intravenous (0.1 mg/kg) metoprolol, a new selective beta 1-blocking agent devoid of intrinsic activity, were studied in 16 subjects with estimated normal impulse formation and conduction. The most important effects were sinus bradycardia, mild increase of sinoatrial conduction time, depression of intranodal conduction, and prolongation of AV node refractory periods. Sinus node recovery time and atrial refractory periods were unmodified. Infranodal conduction and the refractory periods of the His-Purkinje system, as well as of the bundle-branches, were unchanged. These effects are compared with those observed after intravenous propranolol, pindolol, and oxprenolol."}
{"id": "PMID:350246", "title": "A comparison of the cardiorespiratory effects of continuous positive airway pressure breathing and continuous positive pressure ventilation in dogs.", "content": "Five patterns of ventilation have been compared in dogs: (1) spontaneous ventilation at ambient pressure (SV); (2) intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV); (3) spontaneous ventilation at 0.98 kPa positive airway pressure, delivered from a non-rebreathing circuit incorporating a 5-litre reservoir bag and fresh-gas flow of twice the minute volume (CPAP (bag)); (4) spontaneous ventilation at 0.98 kPa positive airway pressure, with the reservoir bag replaced by a weighted bellows (CPAP (bellows)) and (5) IPPV with 0.98 kPa positive end-expiratory pressure (CPPV). CPAP significantly decreased the rate of respiration compared with SV. CPAP (bellows) resulted in a significant increase in tidal volume. Mean oesophageal pressure, right atrial pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure and pulmonary artery pressure increased during IPPV, CPAP (bag), CPAP (bellows), and CPPV compared with SV. There were no significant changes in mean systemic arterial pressure, cardiac output, PaO2, PaCO2, CaO2, (CaO2-CVO2), PAO2-PAO2) or pulmonary venous admixture. Under the conditions of this study oxygen transport was not altered by positive airway pressure ventilation.", "contents": "A comparison of the cardiorespiratory effects of continuous positive airway pressure breathing and continuous positive pressure ventilation in dogs. Five patterns of ventilation have been compared in dogs: (1) spontaneous ventilation at ambient pressure (SV); (2) intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV); (3) spontaneous ventilation at 0.98 kPa positive airway pressure, delivered from a non-rebreathing circuit incorporating a 5-litre reservoir bag and fresh-gas flow of twice the minute volume (CPAP (bag)); (4) spontaneous ventilation at 0.98 kPa positive airway pressure, with the reservoir bag replaced by a weighted bellows (CPAP (bellows)) and (5) IPPV with 0.98 kPa positive end-expiratory pressure (CPPV). CPAP significantly decreased the rate of respiration compared with SV. CPAP (bellows) resulted in a significant increase in tidal volume. Mean oesophageal pressure, right atrial pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure and pulmonary artery pressure increased during IPPV, CPAP (bag), CPAP (bellows), and CPPV compared with SV. There were no significant changes in mean systemic arterial pressure, cardiac output, PaO2, PaCO2, CaO2, (CaO2-CVO2), PAO2-PAO2) or pulmonary venous admixture. Under the conditions of this study oxygen transport was not altered by positive airway pressure ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:350247", "title": "Dr Nooth and his apparatus. The role of carbon dioxide in medicine in the late eighteenth century.", "content": "The two earliest inhalers devised for the administration of ether anaesthesia in the U.K. (Hooper's and Squire's apparatus) both incorporated the bottom part of a Nooth's apparatus. This, which was once a household object, is now remembered only as a footnote in one or two specialist histories, and Nooth himself, who was a most distinguished and respected medical man in his day, is almost completely forgotten. Yet there are many aspects of Nooth's life that are of great interest, and his apparatus was one of the very first to be designed to produce, for medicinal purposes, what may inclusively be called carbonated waters; and, surprisingly, there are strong links of coincidence between the histories of artificial mineral waters and of anesthesia, and the personalia involved in each.", "contents": "Dr Nooth and his apparatus. The role of carbon dioxide in medicine in the late eighteenth century. The two earliest inhalers devised for the administration of ether anaesthesia in the U.K. (Hooper's and Squire's apparatus) both incorporated the bottom part of a Nooth's apparatus. This, which was once a household object, is now remembered only as a footnote in one or two specialist histories, and Nooth himself, who was a most distinguished and respected medical man in his day, is almost completely forgotten. Yet there are many aspects of Nooth's life that are of great interest, and his apparatus was one of the very first to be designed to produce, for medicinal purposes, what may inclusively be called carbonated waters; and, surprisingly, there are strong links of coincidence between the histories of artificial mineral waters and of anesthesia, and the personalia involved in each."}
{"id": "PMID:350248", "title": "Intravenous labetalol in hypertensive patients given by fast and slow injection.", "content": "1 Labetalol reduces blood pressure when given by fast or slow intravenous injection. 2 The extent of the reduction in arterial pressure is independent of the rate of injection but the rate of fall of blood pressure can be controlled by varying the rate of injection. There is little effect on heart rate. 3 These observations suggest that labetalol possesses important advantages over other vasodilator hypotensive drugs in current use.", "contents": "Intravenous labetalol in hypertensive patients given by fast and slow injection. 1 Labetalol reduces blood pressure when given by fast or slow intravenous injection. 2 The extent of the reduction in arterial pressure is independent of the rate of injection but the rate of fall of blood pressure can be controlled by varying the rate of injection. There is little effect on heart rate. 3 These observations suggest that labetalol possesses important advantages over other vasodilator hypotensive drugs in current use."}
{"id": "PMID:350249", "title": "Plasma protein binding of valproic acid in healthy subjects and in patients with renal disease.", "content": "1 Based on the Scatchard plot of the binding data of valproic acid (VPA) it is concluded that the drug is bound by two groups of binding sites with the association constants K1=40.0 X 10(-3) and K2=0.39 X 10(3), and the number of binding sites n1=1.5 and n2=6.8. 2 The binding is dependent on dialysis time, on temperature, on the drug concentration, and on the protein concentration in plasma. 3 At therapeutic plasma concentrations unbound VPA is 8.4 +/- 2.5%, but is increased to 20.3 +/- 4.7% in patients with significant impairment of renal function (P less than 0.001). 4 In patients with renal disease a good correlation is found between unbound VPA and serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, blood nitrogen and uric acid, respectively. A poor correlation is seen between unbound VPA and total protein or albumin concentration in plasma.", "contents": "Plasma protein binding of valproic acid in healthy subjects and in patients with renal disease. 1 Based on the Scatchard plot of the binding data of valproic acid (VPA) it is concluded that the drug is bound by two groups of binding sites with the association constants K1=40.0 X 10(-3) and K2=0.39 X 10(3), and the number of binding sites n1=1.5 and n2=6.8. 2 The binding is dependent on dialysis time, on temperature, on the drug concentration, and on the protein concentration in plasma. 3 At therapeutic plasma concentrations unbound VPA is 8.4 +/- 2.5%, but is increased to 20.3 +/- 4.7% in patients with significant impairment of renal function (P less than 0.001). 4 In patients with renal disease a good correlation is found between unbound VPA and serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, blood nitrogen and uric acid, respectively. A poor correlation is seen between unbound VPA and total protein or albumin concentration in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:350250", "title": "Continued use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: an index of clinical efficacy.", "content": "1 A double-blind entry to a trial of an active non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, flurbiprofen against placebo was undertaken until 100 patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis had been allocated to each treatment. 2 Each patient was given a long-term supply of drug and was asked to vary their own dosage within simple limits, according to the severity of their symptoms. They were instructed to return immediately they felt dissatisfied with their medication either on account of side-effect or of lack of effect. 3 The length of time that patients remained satisfied with their drug was used as the sole measure of efficacy of the drug. At 2 weeks there were only 30% remaining on placebo and by 4 months no patients remained satisfied with the inactive drug. Forty-three per cent were satisfied with flurbiprofen at the end of 1 year. 4 Clearly compliance with anti-rheumatic drugs is better if the drugs are effective and there is no long-term placebo response in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Continued use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: an index of clinical efficacy. 1 A double-blind entry to a trial of an active non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, flurbiprofen against placebo was undertaken until 100 patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis had been allocated to each treatment. 2 Each patient was given a long-term supply of drug and was asked to vary their own dosage within simple limits, according to the severity of their symptoms. They were instructed to return immediately they felt dissatisfied with their medication either on account of side-effect or of lack of effect. 3 The length of time that patients remained satisfied with their drug was used as the sole measure of efficacy of the drug. At 2 weeks there were only 30% remaining on placebo and by 4 months no patients remained satisfied with the inactive drug. Forty-three per cent were satisfied with flurbiprofen at the end of 1 year. 4 Clearly compliance with anti-rheumatic drugs is better if the drugs are effective and there is no long-term placebo response in rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:350251", "title": "Disposition of sodium valproate in epileptic patients.", "content": "1 Serum levels of valproic acid have been determined at fixed intervals after the administration of single oral and intravenous doses (800 mg) to six epileptic patients receiving chronic treatment with other antiepileptic drugs. 2 Serum levels declined monoexponentially shortly after the intravenous administration. Biological half-lives averaged 9.0 +/- 1.4 h (s.d.). Volumes of distribution were 0.175 +/- 0.025 l/kg. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between volumes of distribution and serum half-lives (P less than 0.005). 3 After oral doses serum levels rose rapidly to peak values within 0.5--2 h. Biological availability was 96 +/- 9%. 4 Comparison with a previous study performed according to the same protocol in healthy volunteers showed significantly increased volumes of distribution and rates of elimination in the patients. Total serum clearance was 85% higher in the patients as compared to the healthy subjects (P less than 0.001). Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Disposition of sodium valproate in epileptic patients. 1 Serum levels of valproic acid have been determined at fixed intervals after the administration of single oral and intravenous doses (800 mg) to six epileptic patients receiving chronic treatment with other antiepileptic drugs. 2 Serum levels declined monoexponentially shortly after the intravenous administration. Biological half-lives averaged 9.0 +/- 1.4 h (s.d.). Volumes of distribution were 0.175 +/- 0.025 l/kg. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between volumes of distribution and serum half-lives (P less than 0.005). 3 After oral doses serum levels rose rapidly to peak values within 0.5--2 h. Biological availability was 96 +/- 9%. 4 Comparison with a previous study performed according to the same protocol in healthy volunteers showed significantly increased volumes of distribution and rates of elimination in the patients. Total serum clearance was 85% higher in the patients as compared to the healthy subjects (P less than 0.001). Possible explanations for these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350252", "title": "The use of dobutamine in myocardial infarction for reversal of the cardiodepressive effect of metoprolol.", "content": "1 Ten patients with acute myocardial infarction were infused dobutamine in increasing doses up to 15 microgram kg--1 min--1. 2 Metoprolol (total dose 15 mg) was then given intravenously to nine of these patients and the beta-adrenoceptor against effects produced by dobutamine were effectively reversed. 3 Nine patients with acute myocardial infarction pretreated with metoprolol (15 mg) were infused dobutamine 15 microgram kg--1 min--1 for 10 min. This resulted in effective reversal of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist effects induced by metoprolol, without the occurrence of serious arrhythmias or other unwanted effects. 4 Dobutamine may be valuable in counteracting any undesirable cardiodepressive effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs (especially the cardioselective agents) in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "The use of dobutamine in myocardial infarction for reversal of the cardiodepressive effect of metoprolol. 1 Ten patients with acute myocardial infarction were infused dobutamine in increasing doses up to 15 microgram kg--1 min--1. 2 Metoprolol (total dose 15 mg) was then given intravenously to nine of these patients and the beta-adrenoceptor against effects produced by dobutamine were effectively reversed. 3 Nine patients with acute myocardial infarction pretreated with metoprolol (15 mg) were infused dobutamine 15 microgram kg--1 min--1 for 10 min. This resulted in effective reversal of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist effects induced by metoprolol, without the occurrence of serious arrhythmias or other unwanted effects. 4 Dobutamine may be valuable in counteracting any undesirable cardiodepressive effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs (especially the cardioselective agents) in patients with acute myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:350254", "title": "Allocation of patients to treatment groups in a controlled clinical study.", "content": "In a controlled clinical study (\"clinical trial\") to compare 2 or more treatments for a disease, an objective method of allocating patients to treatment groups is needed. Various existing methods of allocation are described, including those which take account of patients' pre-treatment characteristics.", "contents": "Allocation of patients to treatment groups in a controlled clinical study. In a controlled clinical study (\"clinical trial\") to compare 2 or more treatments for a disease, an objective method of allocating patients to treatment groups is needed. Various existing methods of allocation are described, including those which take account of patients' pre-treatment characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:350255", "title": "Microbial iron-chelators and their action on Klebsiella infections in the skin of guinea-pigs.", "content": "Preparations of catechols from ethyl acetate extracts of cultures of Klebsiellae in a low-iron medium contained iron-chelators whose potency was measured by the reversal of the bacteristasis of Escherichia coli and klebsiellae in unheated horse serum, and of the growth-inhibition of these two organisms by ethylene diamine di-orthohydroxyphenyl acetic acid (EDDA). As revealed by in situ tests of paper chromatograms, there was a multiplicity of biologically active chelators in the preparations. Catechols from strains both of high and low virulence for guinea-pigs enhanced the skin infectivity of most of the 10 Klebsiella strains tested. The enhancement was roughly proportional to iron-enhanceability with the 6 iron-enhanceable (E+) strains, though not as great as that by iron. But of the 4 (Eo) strains not enhanceable by iron, two were moderately enhanced by the catechols. The Streptomyces iron-chelator desferrioxamine B also enhanced infectivity, again roughly in proportion to the iron enhanceability of the strains; though one Eo strain was substantially enhanced. The synthetic iron-chelator EDDA did not enhance infection.", "contents": "Microbial iron-chelators and their action on Klebsiella infections in the skin of guinea-pigs. Preparations of catechols from ethyl acetate extracts of cultures of Klebsiellae in a low-iron medium contained iron-chelators whose potency was measured by the reversal of the bacteristasis of Escherichia coli and klebsiellae in unheated horse serum, and of the growth-inhibition of these two organisms by ethylene diamine di-orthohydroxyphenyl acetic acid (EDDA). As revealed by in situ tests of paper chromatograms, there was a multiplicity of biologically active chelators in the preparations. Catechols from strains both of high and low virulence for guinea-pigs enhanced the skin infectivity of most of the 10 Klebsiella strains tested. The enhancement was roughly proportional to iron-enhanceability with the 6 iron-enhanceable (E+) strains, though not as great as that by iron. But of the 4 (Eo) strains not enhanceable by iron, two were moderately enhanced by the catechols. The Streptomyces iron-chelator desferrioxamine B also enhanced infectivity, again roughly in proportion to the iron enhanceability of the strains; though one Eo strain was substantially enhanced. The synthetic iron-chelator EDDA did not enhance infection."}
{"id": "PMID:350256", "title": "Bovine serum albumin chronic serum sickness nephropathy in rats.", "content": "We administered bovine serum albumin (BSA) 1 or 3 mg i.v. into hyper-immune Sprague-Dawley rats weekly for up to 6 months. Animals with free circulating antibody 1 h after BSA developed mesangial deposits of IgG and C-3 without proteinuria. Rats without free antibody at 1 h developed either mesangial or mesangial and glomerular basement membrane (GBM) deposits. Rats given 3 mg BSA tended to have GBM deposits, proteinuria and undetectable antibody at 1 h. By electronmicroscopy, all rats had mesangial and subendothelial dense deposits, while those with GBM lesions had intramembranous and subepithelial deposits with foot process obliteration. Light microscopic evaluation of kidney tissue revealed only mild histological changes similar to those in age-matched control rats. The present studies demonstrate that prolonged i.v. administration of BSA into rats results in the development of a chronic non-inflammatory nephropathy. Despite certain parallels to chronic serum sickness nephropathy in rabbits, species differences appear to modify the nephropathy in rats.", "contents": "Bovine serum albumin chronic serum sickness nephropathy in rats. We administered bovine serum albumin (BSA) 1 or 3 mg i.v. into hyper-immune Sprague-Dawley rats weekly for up to 6 months. Animals with free circulating antibody 1 h after BSA developed mesangial deposits of IgG and C-3 without proteinuria. Rats without free antibody at 1 h developed either mesangial or mesangial and glomerular basement membrane (GBM) deposits. Rats given 3 mg BSA tended to have GBM deposits, proteinuria and undetectable antibody at 1 h. By electronmicroscopy, all rats had mesangial and subendothelial dense deposits, while those with GBM lesions had intramembranous and subepithelial deposits with foot process obliteration. Light microscopic evaluation of kidney tissue revealed only mild histological changes similar to those in age-matched control rats. The present studies demonstrate that prolonged i.v. administration of BSA into rats results in the development of a chronic non-inflammatory nephropathy. Despite certain parallels to chronic serum sickness nephropathy in rabbits, species differences appear to modify the nephropathy in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:350257", "title": "Stimulation of the development of bacteriostatic activity of guinea-pig milk against Escherichia coli.", "content": "The bacteriostatic activity of guinea-pig milk against various strains of Escherichia coli has been examined. Milk collected from sows suckling normal young was usually inactive, but the activity of milk from sows suckling young which had been orally infected with Esch. coli was significantly increased. The increase occurred in 2 phases: the first was found as early as 24 h after infection, suggesting stimulation via the teat canal (diathelic), but lasted only 2-3 days; the second occurred from 10 days post-infection onwards, and lasted until the end of lactation. The occasional bacteriostatic activity of milk from sows with normal young was not correlated with the presence in the faeces of naturally occurring Enterobacteriaceae, including Esch. coli.", "contents": "Stimulation of the development of bacteriostatic activity of guinea-pig milk against Escherichia coli. The bacteriostatic activity of guinea-pig milk against various strains of Escherichia coli has been examined. Milk collected from sows suckling normal young was usually inactive, but the activity of milk from sows suckling young which had been orally infected with Esch. coli was significantly increased. The increase occurred in 2 phases: the first was found as early as 24 h after infection, suggesting stimulation via the teat canal (diathelic), but lasted only 2-3 days; the second occurred from 10 days post-infection onwards, and lasted until the end of lactation. The occasional bacteriostatic activity of milk from sows with normal young was not correlated with the presence in the faeces of naturally occurring Enterobacteriaceae, including Esch. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:350258", "title": "Verrucous lesion in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus. Clinical, histopathological and immunofluorescence studies.", "content": "Seven cases of classical discoid lupus erythematosus of the face associated with hyperkeratotic, papulo-nodular lesions on the arms and hands were studied. Clinically the hyperkeratotic lesions resembled keratoacanthomas or hypertrophic lichen planus. The clinical course was marked by chronicity, an absence regression of the lesions, and resistance to treatment. Histopathologically, a lichenoid cellular reaction seemed to play a key role in the development of the hypertrophic lesions which resembled either keratoacanthomoas or hypertrophic lichen planus. Elastic fibres were prominent in the upper dermis, the lower levels of the epidermis and in the hyperkeratotic horny layer. Immunofluorescence of the papulo-nodular lesions demonstrated the deposition of IgG and IgM in a globular pattern at the dermal-epidermal junction. Discontinuous deposition of these antibodies was also seen at the basement membrane zone. On the basis of the immunofluorescence, histopathological and clinical studies, we suggest that the verrucous, hyperkeratotic lesions on the upper extremities represent an unusual, but distinct, form of discoid lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Verrucous lesion in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus. Clinical, histopathological and immunofluorescence studies. Seven cases of classical discoid lupus erythematosus of the face associated with hyperkeratotic, papulo-nodular lesions on the arms and hands were studied. Clinically the hyperkeratotic lesions resembled keratoacanthomas or hypertrophic lichen planus. The clinical course was marked by chronicity, an absence regression of the lesions, and resistance to treatment. Histopathologically, a lichenoid cellular reaction seemed to play a key role in the development of the hypertrophic lesions which resembled either keratoacanthomoas or hypertrophic lichen planus. Elastic fibres were prominent in the upper dermis, the lower levels of the epidermis and in the hyperkeratotic horny layer. Immunofluorescence of the papulo-nodular lesions demonstrated the deposition of IgG and IgM in a globular pattern at the dermal-epidermal junction. Discontinuous deposition of these antibodies was also seen at the basement membrane zone. On the basis of the immunofluorescence, histopathological and clinical studies, we suggest that the verrucous, hyperkeratotic lesions on the upper extremities represent an unusual, but distinct, form of discoid lupus erythematosus."}
{"id": "PMID:350260", "title": "Routine administration of iron and vitamins during pregnancy: review of controlled clinical trials.", "content": "The purpose of this review was to determine whether routine administration of iron and vitamins during pregnancy had beneficial effects on birth weight, length of gestation, infant morbidity and mortality, and maternal morbidity and mortality. We searched for controlled clinical trials done in developed Western countries and reported in English, German, Finnish, and Scandinavian languages. Seventeen trials were found. In one trial, women who received vitamin B6 developed less dental caries. In another trial women receiving several different minerals and vitamins ahd fewer deliveries before the 40th week and less pre-eclampsia. In a third study, women receiving polyvitamin concentrate had less pre-eclampsia. None of the studies reported and benefit for other outcomes.", "contents": "Routine administration of iron and vitamins during pregnancy: review of controlled clinical trials. The purpose of this review was to determine whether routine administration of iron and vitamins during pregnancy had beneficial effects on birth weight, length of gestation, infant morbidity and mortality, and maternal morbidity and mortality. We searched for controlled clinical trials done in developed Western countries and reported in English, German, Finnish, and Scandinavian languages. Seventeen trials were found. In one trial, women who received vitamin B6 developed less dental caries. In another trial women receiving several different minerals and vitamins ahd fewer deliveries before the 40th week and less pre-eclampsia. In a third study, women receiving polyvitamin concentrate had less pre-eclampsia. None of the studies reported and benefit for other outcomes."}
{"id": "PMID:350261", "title": "Vaginal prostaglandin E2 in the management of fetal intrauterine death.", "content": "The results of a multicentre clinical trial of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) administered by the vaginal route in the management of intrauterine fetal death and missed abortion showed an overall efficacy of 97 per cent. The mean induction-abortion interval was 10.7 hours with a mean total dose of 60.4 mg of PGE2. Side effects were tolerated well and there was no evidence of significant alterations in hepatic or renal function.", "contents": "Vaginal prostaglandin E2 in the management of fetal intrauterine death. The results of a multicentre clinical trial of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) administered by the vaginal route in the management of intrauterine fetal death and missed abortion showed an overall efficacy of 97 per cent. The mean induction-abortion interval was 10.7 hours with a mean total dose of 60.4 mg of PGE2. Side effects were tolerated well and there was no evidence of significant alterations in hepatic or renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:350262", "title": "A study of the effectiveness of propranolol in menopausal hot flushes.", "content": "A prospective, double-blind, randomized comparison of propranolol, 40 mg three times daily, and matching placebo showed propranolol to be no more effective than placebo in controlling hot flushes in a group of 25 perimenopausal women. Other menopausal symptoms, such as insomnia and palpitations, were equally unaffected. However, a very close correlation was found between the daily atmospheric temperature and the number of flushes occurring in the group.", "contents": "A study of the effectiveness of propranolol in menopausal hot flushes. A prospective, double-blind, randomized comparison of propranolol, 40 mg three times daily, and matching placebo showed propranolol to be no more effective than placebo in controlling hot flushes in a group of 25 perimenopausal women. Other menopausal symptoms, such as insomnia and palpitations, were equally unaffected. However, a very close correlation was found between the daily atmospheric temperature and the number of flushes occurring in the group."}
{"id": "PMID:350263", "title": "Topical atenolol versus pilocarpine: a double-blind study of the effect on ocular tension.", "content": "Topical atenolol (a beta1-adrenoceptive antagonist), pilocarpine, and placebo were tested in a randomised double-blind crossover trial of 8 patients with ocular hypertenion. Atenolol (2% 3 times a day) caused a fall in intraocular pressure (IOP) comparable to that achieved by topical application of pilocarpine (2% 3 times a day). The decrease in IOP by each compound was demonstrable on the second day of application and was significantly (P is less than 0.05) reduced on the seventh and 14th days of treatment. The combination of 2% pilocarpine and 2% atenolol administered 15 minutes apart (3 times a day) lowered the IOP significantly from the second day of treatment, and this reduction persisted throughout the trial period of 14 days. This combined of treatment, treatment lowered the IOP more than either substance alone. However, this further decrease was statistically significant only on the 14th day of treatment (atenolol versus atenolol + pilocarpine, P is less than 0.05). No change of the episcleral venous pressure was observed after 14 days' treatment with either atenolol or pilocarpine alone, or combined.", "contents": "Topical atenolol versus pilocarpine: a double-blind study of the effect on ocular tension. Topical atenolol (a beta1-adrenoceptive antagonist), pilocarpine, and placebo were tested in a randomised double-blind crossover trial of 8 patients with ocular hypertenion. Atenolol (2% 3 times a day) caused a fall in intraocular pressure (IOP) comparable to that achieved by topical application of pilocarpine (2% 3 times a day). The decrease in IOP by each compound was demonstrable on the second day of application and was significantly (P is less than 0.05) reduced on the seventh and 14th days of treatment. The combination of 2% pilocarpine and 2% atenolol administered 15 minutes apart (3 times a day) lowered the IOP significantly from the second day of treatment, and this reduction persisted throughout the trial period of 14 days. This combined of treatment, treatment lowered the IOP more than either substance alone. However, this further decrease was statistically significant only on the 14th day of treatment (atenolol versus atenolol + pilocarpine, P is less than 0.05). No change of the episcleral venous pressure was observed after 14 days' treatment with either atenolol or pilocarpine alone, or combined."}
{"id": "PMID:350264", "title": "Atenolol versus adrenaline eye drops and an evaluation of these two combined.", "content": "In a 1-day, 1-dose, double-masked, randomised trial, with each of 12 patients acting as his/her own control, atenolol drops 4% (a selective beta1-adrenergic blocker) produced a significantly greater fall in ocular tension measured by applanation than did adrenaline drops 1% (P is less than 0.01 Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test). The mean differences, which favoured atenolol, between the falls in pressure produced by these 2 drugs at 1.5 hours, 3.5 hours, 5.5 hours, and 7 hours after instillation of the drops was 2.1, 4.6, 4.0, and 3.6 mmHg, respectively. Long-term studies would be required before any conclusion was justified about the relative merits of these 2 drugs in the treatment of glaucoma. There was no significant difference between the ocular hypotensive effects of atenolol-then-adrenaline and adrenaline-then-atenolol. It was disappointing that the expected adjuvant effect of atenolol's preceding adrenaline was not found-rather the reverse. Atenolol alone, however, was significantly better than atenolol-then-adrenaline (P is less than 0.02 Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test), and there was also some indication that it was superior to adrenaline-then-atenolol. The response to adrenaline did not differ markedly from the response to the combination in either order.", "contents": "Atenolol versus adrenaline eye drops and an evaluation of these two combined. In a 1-day, 1-dose, double-masked, randomised trial, with each of 12 patients acting as his/her own control, atenolol drops 4% (a selective beta1-adrenergic blocker) produced a significantly greater fall in ocular tension measured by applanation than did adrenaline drops 1% (P is less than 0.01 Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test). The mean differences, which favoured atenolol, between the falls in pressure produced by these 2 drugs at 1.5 hours, 3.5 hours, 5.5 hours, and 7 hours after instillation of the drops was 2.1, 4.6, 4.0, and 3.6 mmHg, respectively. Long-term studies would be required before any conclusion was justified about the relative merits of these 2 drugs in the treatment of glaucoma. There was no significant difference between the ocular hypotensive effects of atenolol-then-adrenaline and adrenaline-then-atenolol. It was disappointing that the expected adjuvant effect of atenolol's preceding adrenaline was not found-rather the reverse. Atenolol alone, however, was significantly better than atenolol-then-adrenaline (P is less than 0.02 Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test), and there was also some indication that it was superior to adrenaline-then-atenolol. The response to adrenaline did not differ markedly from the response to the combination in either order."}
{"id": "PMID:350265", "title": "A double blind comparison of guanethidine-and-adrenaline drops with 1% adrenaline alone in chronic simple glaucoma.", "content": "We present the results of a double-blind trial comparing the efficacy of a single dose combination of guanethidine 3% and adrenaline 0.5% with that of adrenaline 1% alone in reducing the intraocular pressure of eyes suffering from chronic open-angle glaucoma. The mean fall in ocular tension with the combined therapy was 10.67 mmHg, and with adrenaline 1% 6.31 mmHg, 24 hours after the commencement of phasing. The combined drop produced satisfactory control of ocular tension in all cases. These results indicate that a combined drop of guanethidine 3% and adrenaline 0.5% is a promising topical therapy for the control of chronic open-angle glaucoma.", "contents": "A double blind comparison of guanethidine-and-adrenaline drops with 1% adrenaline alone in chronic simple glaucoma. We present the results of a double-blind trial comparing the efficacy of a single dose combination of guanethidine 3% and adrenaline 0.5% with that of adrenaline 1% alone in reducing the intraocular pressure of eyes suffering from chronic open-angle glaucoma. The mean fall in ocular tension with the combined therapy was 10.67 mmHg, and with adrenaline 1% 6.31 mmHg, 24 hours after the commencement of phasing. The combined drop produced satisfactory control of ocular tension in all cases. These results indicate that a combined drop of guanethidine 3% and adrenaline 0.5% is a promising topical therapy for the control of chronic open-angle glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:350268", "title": "Dihydrofolate reductase: the amino acid sequence of the enzyme from a methotrexate-resistant mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The determination of the amino acid sequence of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.3) from a mutant of Escherichia coli B is described. The 159 residues were positioned by automatic Edman degradation of the whole protein, of the reduced and alkylated cyanogen bromide fragments, and of selected tryptic, chymotryptic, and thermolytic digestion products. An N-bromosuccinimide produced fragment of the largest cyanogen bromide peptide was also used in the sequence determination.", "contents": "Dihydrofolate reductase: the amino acid sequence of the enzyme from a methotrexate-resistant mutant of Escherichia coli. The determination of the amino acid sequence of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.3) from a mutant of Escherichia coli B is described. The 159 residues were positioned by automatic Edman degradation of the whole protein, of the reduced and alkylated cyanogen bromide fragments, and of selected tryptic, chymotryptic, and thermolytic digestion products. An N-bromosuccinimide produced fragment of the largest cyanogen bromide peptide was also used in the sequence determination."}
{"id": "PMID:350269", "title": "Mechanisms of selective inhibition of 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I by nucleoside 5'-monophosphates.", "content": "The 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I can be selectively inhibited by nucleoside 5'-monophosphates, wherease the DNA polymerase activity is not inhibited. The results of kinetic studies show that nucleotides containing a free 3'-hydroxy group and a 5'-phosphoryl group are competitive inhibitors of the 3' to 5' exonuclease. Previous studies by Huberman and Kornberg [Huberman, J., and Kornberg, A. (1970), J. Biol. Chem. 245, 5326] have demonstrated a binding site for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates on DNA polymerase I. The Kdissoc values for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates determined in that study are comparable to the Ki values determined in the present study, suggesting that the specific binding site for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates represents the inhibitor site of the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity. We propose that (1) the binding site for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates on DNA polymerase I may represent the product site of the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity. (2) the primer terminus site for the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity is distinct from the primer terminus site for the polymerase activity, and (3) nucleoside 5'-monophosphates bind at the primer terminus site for the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity.", "contents": "Mechanisms of selective inhibition of 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I by nucleoside 5'-monophosphates. The 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I can be selectively inhibited by nucleoside 5'-monophosphates, wherease the DNA polymerase activity is not inhibited. The results of kinetic studies show that nucleotides containing a free 3'-hydroxy group and a 5'-phosphoryl group are competitive inhibitors of the 3' to 5' exonuclease. Previous studies by Huberman and Kornberg [Huberman, J., and Kornberg, A. (1970), J. Biol. Chem. 245, 5326] have demonstrated a binding site for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates on DNA polymerase I. The Kdissoc values for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates determined in that study are comparable to the Ki values determined in the present study, suggesting that the specific binding site for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates represents the inhibitor site of the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity. We propose that (1) the binding site for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates on DNA polymerase I may represent the product site of the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity. (2) the primer terminus site for the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity is distinct from the primer terminus site for the polymerase activity, and (3) nucleoside 5'-monophosphates bind at the primer terminus site for the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity."}
{"id": "PMID:350271", "title": "Nonspecific interactions of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase with native and denatured DNA: differences in the binding behavior of core and holoenzyme.", "content": "We have investigated the nonspecific interactions of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase core and holoenzyme with double-stranded (ds) and single-stranded (ss) DNA. Binding constants for these interactions as functions of such solution variables as monovalent and/or divalent cation concentration, temperature, or pH were determined by the method of deHaseth et a. [deHaseth, P.L., Gross, C.A., Burgess, R.R. and Record, M.T. (1977), Biochemistry 16, 4777--4783] from analysis of the elution of the proteins from small columns containing immobilized DNA. This technique, although as yet empirical, has been demonstrated to yield accurate binding constants fot the nonspecific interation of lac repressor with ds DNA. We find that observed binding constants (Kobsd) are extraordinarily sensitive functions of the monovalent cation concentration for the interactions of both core and holoenzyme with ds DNA. In the absence of divalent cations, the derivatives --(d log Kobsd/d log [Na+]) are 11 +/- 2 for the holo--ds DNA interaction and 21 +/- 3 for the core--ds DNA interaction. Consequently, approximately 11 and 21 low-molecular-weight ions are released, iin the thermodynamic sense, in the formation of the holo--ds and core--ds complexes, respectively (Record, M.T., Jr., Lohman, T.M., and deHaseth, P.L. (1976), J. Mol. Biol. 107, 145--158; Record, M.T., Jr., Anderson, C.F., and Lohman, T.M. (1978), Q. Rev. Biophys., in press). Ion release is a thermodynamic driving force for these nonspecific interactions and causes the stability of the complexes to increase very substantially with a reduction in monovalent ion concnetration. Possible molecular models which account for the different salt sensitivities of the holo--ds and core--ds complexes are discussed. Effects of the competitive ligand Mg2+ on these interactions are also examined. Substantial ion release (approximately 18 monovalent ions) also accompanies the interaction of either holo or core polymerase with ss DNA. Over the range of ion concentrations investigated the holo--ss interaction is substantially stronger than the core--ss interaction; furthermore, we conclude that the interactions of polymerase with ss DNA are, in general, stronger than the nonspecific interations of the enzyme with ds DNA. It is likely that the nonspecific interactions of RNA polymerase with DNA have physiological relevance. Not only is it plausible to assume that the same regions of the protein are involved in both specific and nonspecific interactions, but in addition nonspecific interactions of RNA polymerase and DNA may play role in determining the availability of this protein, in both the thermodynamic and the kinetic sense, for promoter binding and RNA chain initiation [von Hippel. P.H., Revzin, A., Gross, C.A., and Wang, A.C. (1974), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A. 71, 4808--4812]. Consequently, the strong dependences of the nonspecific interactions of RNA polymerase on ionic conditions suggest the possibility of a modulating role of ion concentrations in the control of transcription.", "contents": "Nonspecific interactions of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase with native and denatured DNA: differences in the binding behavior of core and holoenzyme. We have investigated the nonspecific interactions of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase core and holoenzyme with double-stranded (ds) and single-stranded (ss) DNA. Binding constants for these interactions as functions of such solution variables as monovalent and/or divalent cation concentration, temperature, or pH were determined by the method of deHaseth et a. [deHaseth, P.L., Gross, C.A., Burgess, R.R. and Record, M.T. (1977), Biochemistry 16, 4777--4783] from analysis of the elution of the proteins from small columns containing immobilized DNA. This technique, although as yet empirical, has been demonstrated to yield accurate binding constants fot the nonspecific interation of lac repressor with ds DNA. We find that observed binding constants (Kobsd) are extraordinarily sensitive functions of the monovalent cation concentration for the interactions of both core and holoenzyme with ds DNA. In the absence of divalent cations, the derivatives --(d log Kobsd/d log [Na+]) are 11 +/- 2 for the holo--ds DNA interaction and 21 +/- 3 for the core--ds DNA interaction. Consequently, approximately 11 and 21 low-molecular-weight ions are released, iin the thermodynamic sense, in the formation of the holo--ds and core--ds complexes, respectively (Record, M.T., Jr., Lohman, T.M., and deHaseth, P.L. (1976), J. Mol. Biol. 107, 145--158; Record, M.T., Jr., Anderson, C.F., and Lohman, T.M. (1978), Q. Rev. Biophys., in press). Ion release is a thermodynamic driving force for these nonspecific interactions and causes the stability of the complexes to increase very substantially with a reduction in monovalent ion concnetration. Possible molecular models which account for the different salt sensitivities of the holo--ds and core--ds complexes are discussed. Effects of the competitive ligand Mg2+ on these interactions are also examined. Substantial ion release (approximately 18 monovalent ions) also accompanies the interaction of either holo or core polymerase with ss DNA. Over the range of ion concentrations investigated the holo--ss interaction is substantially stronger than the core--ss interaction; furthermore, we conclude that the interactions of polymerase with ss DNA are, in general, stronger than the nonspecific interations of the enzyme with ds DNA. It is likely that the nonspecific interactions of RNA polymerase with DNA have physiological relevance. Not only is it plausible to assume that the same regions of the protein are involved in both specific and nonspecific interactions, but in addition nonspecific interactions of RNA polymerase and DNA may play role in determining the availability of this protein, in both the thermodynamic and the kinetic sense, for promoter binding and RNA chain initiation [von Hippel. P.H., Revzin, A., Gross, C.A., and Wang, A.C. (1974), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A. 71, 4808--4812]. Consequently, the strong dependences of the nonspecific interactions of RNA polymerase on ionic conditions suggest the possibility of a modulating role of ion concentrations in the control of transcription."}
{"id": "PMID:350278", "title": "In vitro transscription of ribosomal RNA on phage lambdarifd 18 DNA.", "content": "In vitro transcription of ribosomal RNA was studied on the DNA of the transducing bacteriphage lambdarifd 18, which carries an rRNA transcription unit from Escherichia coli. rRNA synthesis was preferential at all polymerase/DNA ratios tested, and at the optimal 0.3 weight ratio nearly 60% of the transcript was rRNA. At this ratio the principal product of transcription comigrated in acrylamide-agarose electrophoresis with authentic 30-S rRNA precursor synthesized in vivo. In the presence of rifampicin more than one equivalent of rRNA was synthesized, thus suggesting the existence of two initiation sites for rRNA on the phage DNA. Similar results were obtained on E. coli DNA. Preincubation with heparin virtually eliminated the transcription of rRNA, in sharp contrast with the results of similar experiments on bacterial DNA where rRNA genes were transcribed 4--5 times in the presence of heparin. The possible explanation of this difference between rRNA promotors on the phage and the bacterial DNA are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro transscription of ribosomal RNA on phage lambdarifd 18 DNA. In vitro transcription of ribosomal RNA was studied on the DNA of the transducing bacteriphage lambdarifd 18, which carries an rRNA transcription unit from Escherichia coli. rRNA synthesis was preferential at all polymerase/DNA ratios tested, and at the optimal 0.3 weight ratio nearly 60% of the transcript was rRNA. At this ratio the principal product of transcription comigrated in acrylamide-agarose electrophoresis with authentic 30-S rRNA precursor synthesized in vivo. In the presence of rifampicin more than one equivalent of rRNA was synthesized, thus suggesting the existence of two initiation sites for rRNA on the phage DNA. Similar results were obtained on E. coli DNA. Preincubation with heparin virtually eliminated the transcription of rRNA, in sharp contrast with the results of similar experiments on bacterial DNA where rRNA genes were transcribed 4--5 times in the presence of heparin. The possible explanation of this difference between rRNA promotors on the phage and the bacterial DNA are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350279", "title": "Unusual effects of 5a,6-anhydrotetracycline and other tetracyclines. Inhibition of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate metabolism, RNA accumulation and other growth-related processes in Escherichia coli.", "content": "5a,6-Anhydrotetracycline was discovered to be unique among several tetracycline derivatives tested in its ability to inhibit RNA accumulation in vivo at low concentration (20 microgram/ml and less). In addition, in vivo protein, DNA, and guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) synthesis were completely inhibited by 20 microgram/ml 5a,6-anhydrotetracycline. ppGpp decay in a spoT strain was inhibited by 20 microgram/ml 5a,6-anhydrotef RNA synthesis by a 5a,6-anhydrotetracycline may be due, in part, to reduced UTP and CTP synthesis. The effects of tetracyclines on in vitro ppGpp synthesis by crude stringent factor in the absence of ribosomes were investigated. It was determined that of six tetracyclines tested, four strongly inhibited the reaction (oxytetracycline, chlorotetracycline, dedimethylaminotetracycline, and tetracycline) whereas 5a,6-anhydrotetracycline gave a moderate inhibition and alpha-6-deoxyoxytetracycline resulted in only a slight reduction in ppGpp synthesis. It is proposed that tetracyclines interfere with factors involved in ppGpp metabolism and function.", "contents": "Unusual effects of 5a,6-anhydrotetracycline and other tetracyclines. Inhibition of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate metabolism, RNA accumulation and other growth-related processes in Escherichia coli. 5a,6-Anhydrotetracycline was discovered to be unique among several tetracycline derivatives tested in its ability to inhibit RNA accumulation in vivo at low concentration (20 microgram/ml and less). In addition, in vivo protein, DNA, and guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) synthesis were completely inhibited by 20 microgram/ml 5a,6-anhydrotetracycline. ppGpp decay in a spoT strain was inhibited by 20 microgram/ml 5a,6-anhydrotef RNA synthesis by a 5a,6-anhydrotetracycline may be due, in part, to reduced UTP and CTP synthesis. The effects of tetracyclines on in vitro ppGpp synthesis by crude stringent factor in the absence of ribosomes were investigated. It was determined that of six tetracyclines tested, four strongly inhibited the reaction (oxytetracycline, chlorotetracycline, dedimethylaminotetracycline, and tetracycline) whereas 5a,6-anhydrotetracycline gave a moderate inhibition and alpha-6-deoxyoxytetracycline resulted in only a slight reduction in ppGpp synthesis. It is proposed that tetracyclines interfere with factors involved in ppGpp metabolism and function."}
{"id": "PMID:350280", "title": "Proteins associated with rRNA in the Escherichia coli ribosome.", "content": "Ribosomal proteins located near the rRNA have been identified by cross linking to [14C]spermine with 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The polyamine binds to double-stranded rRNA; those proteins showing radioactivity covalently bound after treatment with the bifunctional reagent should therefore be located in the vicinity of these regions of rRNA. Six proteins from the small subunit, S4, S5, S9, S18, S19 and S20 and ten proteins from the large subunit L2, L6, L13, L14, L16, L17, L18, L19, L22 and L27 preferentially take up the label. The results obtained with three proteins from the large subunit, L6, L16 and L27, show a high degree of variability that could reflect differences of conformation in the subunit population. Several proteins were drastically modified by the cross-linking agent but were not detected in the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (e.g., S1, S11, S21, L7, L8 and L12) and therefore could not be studied.", "contents": "Proteins associated with rRNA in the Escherichia coli ribosome. Ribosomal proteins located near the rRNA have been identified by cross linking to [14C]spermine with 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The polyamine binds to double-stranded rRNA; those proteins showing radioactivity covalently bound after treatment with the bifunctional reagent should therefore be located in the vicinity of these regions of rRNA. Six proteins from the small subunit, S4, S5, S9, S18, S19 and S20 and ten proteins from the large subunit L2, L6, L13, L14, L16, L17, L18, L19, L22 and L27 preferentially take up the label. The results obtained with three proteins from the large subunit, L6, L16 and L27, show a high degree of variability that could reflect differences of conformation in the subunit population. Several proteins were drastically modified by the cross-linking agent but were not detected in the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (e.g., S1, S11, S21, L7, L8 and L12) and therefore could not be studied."}
{"id": "PMID:350281", "title": "Biological effects and repair of damage photoinduced by a derivative of psoralen substituted at the 3,4 reaction site: photoreactivity of this compound and lethal effect in yeast.", "content": "A newly synthesized linear psoralen derivative, 3-carbethoxypsoralen is shown to bind to yeast nucleic acids after 365 nm light treatment. As compared to 8-methoxypsoralen, a well-known bifunctional furocoumarin, 3-carbethoxypsoralen exhibits a high photoaffinity for DNA in vivo. Both compounds bind and photoreact more efficiently in vivo than in vitro. In contrast to 8-methoxypsoralen, 3-carbethoxypsoralen does not form cross-links in yeast DNA as demonstrated by heat denaturation-reassociation studies at least in the range of doses used. Thus 3-carbethoxypsoralen reacts as a monofunctional compound. Wild-type cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are 6 times more resistant to 3-carbethoxypsoralen than to 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365 nm light treatment in terms of lethal effect. In comparison to angelicin, another monofunctional (but angular) furocoumarin, 3-carbethoxypsoralen is more photoreactive. When the photoaffinity for DNA of 8-methoxypsoralen and 3-carbethoxypsoralen are considered in relation to photoinduced cell killing, it is clear that monoadducts are very efficiently repaired in wild-type cells. In contrast to the additivity obtained with 8-methoxypsoralen, a synergistic interaction of the two different repair pathways blocked by the rad2 and the rad9 mutation is observed after 3-carbethoxypsoralen plus 365 nm light. Dark holding experiments show that the excision repair function which is present in wild-type and rad9-4 cells is important for dark recovery.", "contents": "Biological effects and repair of damage photoinduced by a derivative of psoralen substituted at the 3,4 reaction site: photoreactivity of this compound and lethal effect in yeast. A newly synthesized linear psoralen derivative, 3-carbethoxypsoralen is shown to bind to yeast nucleic acids after 365 nm light treatment. As compared to 8-methoxypsoralen, a well-known bifunctional furocoumarin, 3-carbethoxypsoralen exhibits a high photoaffinity for DNA in vivo. Both compounds bind and photoreact more efficiently in vivo than in vitro. In contrast to 8-methoxypsoralen, 3-carbethoxypsoralen does not form cross-links in yeast DNA as demonstrated by heat denaturation-reassociation studies at least in the range of doses used. Thus 3-carbethoxypsoralen reacts as a monofunctional compound. Wild-type cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are 6 times more resistant to 3-carbethoxypsoralen than to 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365 nm light treatment in terms of lethal effect. In comparison to angelicin, another monofunctional (but angular) furocoumarin, 3-carbethoxypsoralen is more photoreactive. When the photoaffinity for DNA of 8-methoxypsoralen and 3-carbethoxypsoralen are considered in relation to photoinduced cell killing, it is clear that monoadducts are very efficiently repaired in wild-type cells. In contrast to the additivity obtained with 8-methoxypsoralen, a synergistic interaction of the two different repair pathways blocked by the rad2 and the rad9 mutation is observed after 3-carbethoxypsoralen plus 365 nm light. Dark holding experiments show that the excision repair function which is present in wild-type and rad9-4 cells is important for dark recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:350282", "title": "Pairing properties of the methylester of 5-carboxymethyl uridine in the wobble position of yeast tRNA3Arg.", "content": "At optimum magnesium concentration (10 mM) both yeast tRNA1Arg and tRNA3Arg are able to bind to poly (A,G) and A-G-A in presence of Escherichia coli robisomes. With A-G-G only tRNA1Arg ginds, wherea tRNA3Arg (anticodon mcm5 U-C-U) is not bound. This result means that the methylcarboxymethyl substituant in position 5 of U prevents its wobble with G.", "contents": "Pairing properties of the methylester of 5-carboxymethyl uridine in the wobble position of yeast tRNA3Arg. At optimum magnesium concentration (10 mM) both yeast tRNA1Arg and tRNA3Arg are able to bind to poly (A,G) and A-G-A in presence of Escherichia coli robisomes. With A-G-G only tRNA1Arg ginds, wherea tRNA3Arg (anticodon mcm5 U-C-U) is not bound. This result means that the methylcarboxymethyl substituant in position 5 of U prevents its wobble with G."}
{"id": "PMID:350283", "title": "Strong magnesium binding sites in yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA.", "content": "To ascertain the sites that are available for strong binding between magnesium ions and phosphate groups in yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA, all distances below 5.5 A separating the phosphoryl oxygens (Op) of the 76 nucleotide residues have been computed from the latest atomic coordinates for the monoclinic form of the tRNA crystallized in the presence of magnesium chloride. The 5.5 A distance is chosen as the upper limit expected for Op....Op distances involved in strong magnesium-phosphate binding, on the basis of studies on a model magnesium phosphodiester hydrate, taking into account the quoted standard deviation in the tRNA atomic coordinates. It is concluded that there are four possible sites for strong magnesium binding in the tRNA molecule, in addition to the three sites previously reported. One of the hypothetical sites: m2G10-OL, U47-OR, could be involved in the first stage of melting of the tRNA molecule, and may be relevant to tertiary structure stabilization, since it links the dihydrouridine arm with the extra (V) loop.", "contents": "Strong magnesium binding sites in yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA. To ascertain the sites that are available for strong binding between magnesium ions and phosphate groups in yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA, all distances below 5.5 A separating the phosphoryl oxygens (Op) of the 76 nucleotide residues have been computed from the latest atomic coordinates for the monoclinic form of the tRNA crystallized in the presence of magnesium chloride. The 5.5 A distance is chosen as the upper limit expected for Op....Op distances involved in strong magnesium-phosphate binding, on the basis of studies on a model magnesium phosphodiester hydrate, taking into account the quoted standard deviation in the tRNA atomic coordinates. It is concluded that there are four possible sites for strong magnesium binding in the tRNA molecule, in addition to the three sites previously reported. One of the hypothetical sites: m2G10-OL, U47-OR, could be involved in the first stage of melting of the tRNA molecule, and may be relevant to tertiary structure stabilization, since it links the dihydrouridine arm with the extra (V) loop."}
{"id": "PMID:350284", "title": "Yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. Essential arginyl residues at the 3-phosphoglycerate binding site.", "content": "Yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phospho-transferase, EC 2.7.2.3) is inactivated by phenylglyoxal. Loss of activity correlates with the modification of two arginyl residues, both of which are protected by all of the substrates. The modification is not accompanied by any significant conformational change as determined by optical rotatory dispersion. Ultraviolet difference spectrophotometry indicates that the inactivated enzyme retains its capacity for binding the nucleotide substrates whereas the spectral perturbation characteristic of 3-phosphoglycerate binding is abolished in the modified enzyme. The data suggest that at least one of the two essential arginyl residues is located at or near the 3-phosphoglycerate binding site. A likely role of this residue could be its interaction with the negatively charged phosphate or carboxylate groups of 3-phosphoglycerate.", "contents": "Yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. Essential arginyl residues at the 3-phosphoglycerate binding site. Yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phospho-transferase, EC 2.7.2.3) is inactivated by phenylglyoxal. Loss of activity correlates with the modification of two arginyl residues, both of which are protected by all of the substrates. The modification is not accompanied by any significant conformational change as determined by optical rotatory dispersion. Ultraviolet difference spectrophotometry indicates that the inactivated enzyme retains its capacity for binding the nucleotide substrates whereas the spectral perturbation characteristic of 3-phosphoglycerate binding is abolished in the modified enzyme. The data suggest that at least one of the two essential arginyl residues is located at or near the 3-phosphoglycerate binding site. A likely role of this residue could be its interaction with the negatively charged phosphate or carboxylate groups of 3-phosphoglycerate."}
{"id": "PMID:350285", "title": "alpha-D-Mannosidase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Characterization and modulation of activity.", "content": "A unique and interesting alpha-D-mannosidase (alpha-D-mannoside mannohydrolase EC 3.2.1.24) activity has been isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The enzyme was localized in a crude particulate fraction of the cell extract and was not solubilized by treatment with detergents or high ionic strength NaCl. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 6.3, Km 50 micron with p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, and was competitively inhibited by D-mannose (Ki 20 mM). The enzyme is not affected by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, a number of different cations, or sulfhydryl reagents. It was inhibited by p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid and this inhibition is prevented by the addition of substrate. The cellular concentration of alpha-D-mannosidase is inversely proportional to growth rate, suggesting that the enzyme is under catabolite repression. The level of enzyme was found to increase approx. 8-fold during sporulation. This is apparently due to de novo synthesis, since inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide prevents the increase in enzyme activity.", "contents": "alpha-D-Mannosidase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Characterization and modulation of activity. A unique and interesting alpha-D-mannosidase (alpha-D-mannoside mannohydrolase EC 3.2.1.24) activity has been isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The enzyme was localized in a crude particulate fraction of the cell extract and was not solubilized by treatment with detergents or high ionic strength NaCl. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 6.3, Km 50 micron with p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, and was competitively inhibited by D-mannose (Ki 20 mM). The enzyme is not affected by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, a number of different cations, or sulfhydryl reagents. It was inhibited by p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid and this inhibition is prevented by the addition of substrate. The cellular concentration of alpha-D-mannosidase is inversely proportional to growth rate, suggesting that the enzyme is under catabolite repression. The level of enzyme was found to increase approx. 8-fold during sporulation. This is apparently due to de novo synthesis, since inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide prevents the increase in enzyme activity."}
{"id": "PMID:350286", "title": "Affinity chromatography studies with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of wild-type Escherichia coli.", "content": "1. The lifetime of thiamine pyrophosphate-Sepharose 2B affinity matrices synthesized according to Matsuura et al. (Matsuura, A., Iwashina, A. and Nose, Y. (1973) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 51, 241-246) has been improved. The matrix interacts with bacterial pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes. 2. The synthesis of a stable thiochrome-Sepharose 2B matrix is described. 3. Both matrices bind the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Escherichia coli in a 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Elution is possibly by an increase in ionic strength but not by the cofactor or metal-cofactor complexes. 4. The presence of Mg2+, reduces the capacity of the affinity matrices but leads to higher specificity for the multienzyme complex. 5. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of E. coli has been successfully purified by combining a classical purification step with these affinity chromatography systems. The method is less suitable for large scale operation.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography studies with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of wild-type Escherichia coli. 1. The lifetime of thiamine pyrophosphate-Sepharose 2B affinity matrices synthesized according to Matsuura et al. (Matsuura, A., Iwashina, A. and Nose, Y. (1973) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 51, 241-246) has been improved. The matrix interacts with bacterial pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes. 2. The synthesis of a stable thiochrome-Sepharose 2B matrix is described. 3. Both matrices bind the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Escherichia coli in a 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Elution is possibly by an increase in ionic strength but not by the cofactor or metal-cofactor complexes. 4. The presence of Mg2+, reduces the capacity of the affinity matrices but leads to higher specificity for the multienzyme complex. 5. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of E. coli has been successfully purified by combining a classical purification step with these affinity chromatography systems. The method is less suitable for large scale operation."}
{"id": "PMID:350287", "title": "Purification and properties of the polymeric fatty acid synthetase from a filamentous fungus.", "content": "Fatty acid synthetase was purified from the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus to a specific activity of 4000--5000 munits/mg protein. Its purity was established by its appearance in electron micrographs, on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels and by analytical ultracentrifugation, and also by its behaviour upon sucrose gradient centrifugation. This enzyme comprises two large polypeptides with molecular weights of 190 000 and 186 000. Evidence from electron microscopy indicates that it consists of three equivalent loops of protein. It dissociates into different-sized circular subunits on ageing or upon dissolution in buffer of low ionic strength. Differences in properties between this fungal synthetase and that found in yeast have been noted and relate, for example, to inhibition by acetyl CoA and malonyl-CoA, cold-lability and pH optimum. The synthetase from A. fumigatus, purified by different procedures, consistently exists in two forms of similar specific activity, with sedimentation coefficients approx. 40 S and 60 S. Synthetase activity present in crude extracts has been identified as a very heavy component with sedimentation coefficient greater than 100 S.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the polymeric fatty acid synthetase from a filamentous fungus. Fatty acid synthetase was purified from the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus to a specific activity of 4000--5000 munits/mg protein. Its purity was established by its appearance in electron micrographs, on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels and by analytical ultracentrifugation, and also by its behaviour upon sucrose gradient centrifugation. This enzyme comprises two large polypeptides with molecular weights of 190 000 and 186 000. Evidence from electron microscopy indicates that it consists of three equivalent loops of protein. It dissociates into different-sized circular subunits on ageing or upon dissolution in buffer of low ionic strength. Differences in properties between this fungal synthetase and that found in yeast have been noted and relate, for example, to inhibition by acetyl CoA and malonyl-CoA, cold-lability and pH optimum. The synthetase from A. fumigatus, purified by different procedures, consistently exists in two forms of similar specific activity, with sedimentation coefficients approx. 40 S and 60 S. Synthetase activity present in crude extracts has been identified as a very heavy component with sedimentation coefficient greater than 100 S."}
{"id": "PMID:350288", "title": "Function of phospholipids on the regulatory properties of solubilized and membrane-bound sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Glycerophosphate acyltransferase (acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.15) solubilized from Escherichia coli membranes was highly activated by phosphatidylglycerol. Phosphatidylethanolamine, cardiolipin and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate showed no effect. The Km of the enzyme for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate was increased 20-fold by solubilization. The value could not be restored by the addition of phospholipids. Temperature-sensitive regulation of the synthesis of either 1-palmitoyl- or cis-vaccenoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate by the solubilized enzyme was identical with that by the membrane-bound enzyme in vivo and in vitro. The proportion of the molecular species of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate varied when the ratios of palmitoyl-CoA and cis-vaccenoyl-CoA were changed, but changes in the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate concentration had no effect on selective acylation by both the solubilized and membrane-bound enzymes.", "contents": "Function of phospholipids on the regulatory properties of solubilized and membrane-bound sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase of Escherichia coli. Glycerophosphate acyltransferase (acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.15) solubilized from Escherichia coli membranes was highly activated by phosphatidylglycerol. Phosphatidylethanolamine, cardiolipin and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate showed no effect. The Km of the enzyme for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate was increased 20-fold by solubilization. The value could not be restored by the addition of phospholipids. Temperature-sensitive regulation of the synthesis of either 1-palmitoyl- or cis-vaccenoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate by the solubilized enzyme was identical with that by the membrane-bound enzyme in vivo and in vitro. The proportion of the molecular species of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate varied when the ratios of palmitoyl-CoA and cis-vaccenoyl-CoA were changed, but changes in the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate concentration had no effect on selective acylation by both the solubilized and membrane-bound enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:350289", "title": "Folate polyglutamates in T4D bacteriophage and T4D-infected Escherichia coli.", "content": "The folate compound which is a structural component of the Escherichia coli T-even bacteriophage baseplates, has been identified as the hexaglutamyl form of folic acid using a new chromatographic procedure (Baugh, C.M., Braverman, E. and Nair, M.G. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 4952-4957). It has also been found that the host cell contains a variety of polyglutamyl forms of folic acid. The major form is the triglutamate (about 50%) but small amounts of higher molecular weight folates including the octaglutamate (1.8%) have been identified. Upon infection with wild-type T4D bacteriophage there is a shift in the distribution of the folate compounds so that the folyl polyglutamyl compounds having the higher molecular weights are increased. Infection of E. coli with baseplate mutants of T4D containing an amber mutation in gene 28 resulted in the formation of significant amounts (over 7%) of folate compound(s) of molecular weight much higher than those observed either in uninfected cells or cells infected with wild-type T4D. It is suggested that the T4D gene 28 product functions to cleave glutamate residues from high molecular weight folyl polyglutamates to increase the availability of the folyl hexaglutamate for virus assembly.", "contents": "Folate polyglutamates in T4D bacteriophage and T4D-infected Escherichia coli. The folate compound which is a structural component of the Escherichia coli T-even bacteriophage baseplates, has been identified as the hexaglutamyl form of folic acid using a new chromatographic procedure (Baugh, C.M., Braverman, E. and Nair, M.G. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 4952-4957). It has also been found that the host cell contains a variety of polyglutamyl forms of folic acid. The major form is the triglutamate (about 50%) but small amounts of higher molecular weight folates including the octaglutamate (1.8%) have been identified. Upon infection with wild-type T4D bacteriophage there is a shift in the distribution of the folate compounds so that the folyl polyglutamyl compounds having the higher molecular weights are increased. Infection of E. coli with baseplate mutants of T4D containing an amber mutation in gene 28 resulted in the formation of significant amounts (over 7%) of folate compound(s) of molecular weight much higher than those observed either in uninfected cells or cells infected with wild-type T4D. It is suggested that the T4D gene 28 product functions to cleave glutamate residues from high molecular weight folyl polyglutamates to increase the availability of the folyl hexaglutamate for virus assembly."}
{"id": "PMID:350290", "title": "[Glycoproteins and glycolipids in intercellular interactions].", "content": "Glycoproteins and glycolipids as important constituents of the extracellular matrix are considered in the present review. Their role in the processes of cell-to-cell contacts, control of cell proliferation and neoplactic transformation, are discussed. A glycosyltransferase-acceptor model of cellular recognition is also given.", "contents": "[Glycoproteins and glycolipids in intercellular interactions]. Glycoproteins and glycolipids as important constituents of the extracellular matrix are considered in the present review. Their role in the processes of cell-to-cell contacts, control of cell proliferation and neoplactic transformation, are discussed. A glycosyltransferase-acceptor model of cellular recognition is also given."}
{"id": "PMID:350291", "title": "[Ribosome binding to the membranes of Candida albicans].", "content": "The in vitro binding of free ribosomes to the membranes of polyenoic antibiotics-sensitive and resistant strains of Candida albicans, considerably differing in the composition of their sterol components, was studied. It was shown that the extent and type of membrane-ribosome interaction is similar in both cases. The dependence of binding on ribosome concentration in the incubation mixture is double-phase, as was shown for different membrane fractions of both sensitive and resistant strains. The role of lipid membrane components, particularly that of sterols in the membrane-ribosome interactions is discussed.", "contents": "[Ribosome binding to the membranes of Candida albicans]. The in vitro binding of free ribosomes to the membranes of polyenoic antibiotics-sensitive and resistant strains of Candida albicans, considerably differing in the composition of their sterol components, was studied. It was shown that the extent and type of membrane-ribosome interaction is similar in both cases. The dependence of binding on ribosome concentration in the incubation mixture is double-phase, as was shown for different membrane fractions of both sensitive and resistant strains. The role of lipid membrane components, particularly that of sterols in the membrane-ribosome interactions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350292", "title": "[Comparative study of the effect of ionic and non-ionic surface-active compounds on plasmic membrane of yeast protoplasts].", "content": "Lytic effect of some cationic surface-active compounds (SAC) on yeast protoplast plasmic membrane is studied. Comparative analysis of the lytic effect of anionic, cationic and non-ionic SAC is carried out, a correlation between key physico-chemical characteristics of the agents (critical concentration of micellization, hydrophyle-lipophyle balance) and their lytic activity is investigated. A proposition is made on the presence in all biphylic compounds of a hydrophyly gradient, which is due to the effect of hydrophylic group on lipophylic properties of hydrophobic part of the molecule, and possible role of this factor in thelytic effect of biphylic compounds on biological membranes is discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the effect of ionic and non-ionic surface-active compounds on plasmic membrane of yeast protoplasts]. Lytic effect of some cationic surface-active compounds (SAC) on yeast protoplast plasmic membrane is studied. Comparative analysis of the lytic effect of anionic, cationic and non-ionic SAC is carried out, a correlation between key physico-chemical characteristics of the agents (critical concentration of micellization, hydrophyle-lipophyle balance) and their lytic activity is investigated. A proposition is made on the presence in all biphylic compounds of a hydrophyly gradient, which is due to the effect of hydrophylic group on lipophylic properties of hydrophobic part of the molecule, and possible role of this factor in thelytic effect of biphylic compounds on biological membranes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350293", "title": "[Animal tissue polynucleotide phosphorylase].", "content": "Localization, physico-chemical and catalytic properties and possible biological functions of polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) from animal tissues are discussed. In animal tissue cells PNPase has multiple localization; the major amount of the enzyme is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes. In the nuclei PNPase, similar to other endo- and exo-RNAses participates in the processing of precursor molecules of mature forms of RNA, whereas in the cytoplasm it is involved in the destruction of polyribosomes in the polyribosomes of rapidly growing tissues the activity of PNPase is extremely decreased. The mechanisms regulating the PNPase activity in rapidly growing tissues are discussed.", "contents": "[Animal tissue polynucleotide phosphorylase]. Localization, physico-chemical and catalytic properties and possible biological functions of polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) from animal tissues are discussed. In animal tissue cells PNPase has multiple localization; the major amount of the enzyme is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes. In the nuclei PNPase, similar to other endo- and exo-RNAses participates in the processing of precursor molecules of mature forms of RNA, whereas in the cytoplasm it is involved in the destruction of polyribosomes in the polyribosomes of rapidly growing tissues the activity of PNPase is extremely decreased. The mechanisms regulating the PNPase activity in rapidly growing tissues are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350294", "title": "[Proteolysis of products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in isolated mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts].", "content": "Products of mitochondrial protein synthesis were specifically labeled with 3H-leucine in the presence of cycloheximide at the end of the exponential phase of yeast aerobic growth on glucose. The mitochondria isolated from these cells lost 37-40% of the label from the protein fraction during 60 min incubation at 35 degrees, which was accompanied by the accumulation of 3H-leucine in TCA-soluble fraction. This process was suppressed by phenyl-methyl sulfonyl fluoride and p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate, the inhibitors of proteases, and could thus be considered as the proteolysis of the products of mitochondrial protein synthesis. The proteolysis was ATP dependent and was stimulated by puromycine which is known to induce the removal of incomplete polypeptides from mitochondrial ribosomes. A body of indirect evidence allows a suggestion to be made that the observed proteolysis can hardly be due to the action of cytoplasmic proteinases.", "contents": "[Proteolysis of products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in isolated mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts]. Products of mitochondrial protein synthesis were specifically labeled with 3H-leucine in the presence of cycloheximide at the end of the exponential phase of yeast aerobic growth on glucose. The mitochondria isolated from these cells lost 37-40% of the label from the protein fraction during 60 min incubation at 35 degrees, which was accompanied by the accumulation of 3H-leucine in TCA-soluble fraction. This process was suppressed by phenyl-methyl sulfonyl fluoride and p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate, the inhibitors of proteases, and could thus be considered as the proteolysis of the products of mitochondrial protein synthesis. The proteolysis was ATP dependent and was stimulated by puromycine which is known to induce the removal of incomplete polypeptides from mitochondrial ribosomes. A body of indirect evidence allows a suggestion to be made that the observed proteolysis can hardly be due to the action of cytoplasmic proteinases."}
{"id": "PMID:350295", "title": "[Spatial proximity of the ribosomal mRNA binding center to the 50S subunit].", "content": "4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)benzylamide of 5'-heptaadenylic acid was used for affinity labelling of the ribosome in the vicinity of its mRNA-binding centre. This derivative, similar to the free oligonucleotide, stimulates the binding of [14C]-lysyl-tRNA to ribosomes of E. coli and alkylates ribosomes both the 30S and the 50S subunits. The alkylation of ribosomes is inhibited by pre-incubation of ribosomes with polyadenylic acid, which suggests that the chemical modification is a specific one and occurs in the vicinity of mRNA-binding site. The fact, that a short oligonucleotide having an active group on its 5'end attacks the 50S subunit of ribosome may indicate that the mRNA-binding centre is located in the contact region between ribosomal subunits.", "contents": "[Spatial proximity of the ribosomal mRNA binding center to the 50S subunit]. 4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)benzylamide of 5'-heptaadenylic acid was used for affinity labelling of the ribosome in the vicinity of its mRNA-binding centre. This derivative, similar to the free oligonucleotide, stimulates the binding of [14C]-lysyl-tRNA to ribosomes of E. coli and alkylates ribosomes both the 30S and the 50S subunits. The alkylation of ribosomes is inhibited by pre-incubation of ribosomes with polyadenylic acid, which suggests that the chemical modification is a specific one and occurs in the vicinity of mRNA-binding site. The fact, that a short oligonucleotide having an active group on its 5'end attacks the 50S subunit of ribosome may indicate that the mRNA-binding centre is located in the contact region between ribosomal subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:350296", "title": "[In vitro RNA-synthesis on immobilized DNA-templates].", "content": "The possibility of RNA-synthesis by E. coli RNA-polymerase using denatured DNA-templates from mouse liver, immobilized on nitrocellulose filters was shown. The size of RNA molecules, synthesized on immobilized templates was estimated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The length of the RNA molecules was found to be about 30 nucleotides. Data from alkaline hydrolisys and sedimentation in sucrose density gradient suggest that there is no connection between the DNA-primer and the RNA-product, therefore the DNA-primer is not necessary for the initiation of RNA-synthesis.", "contents": "[In vitro RNA-synthesis on immobilized DNA-templates]. The possibility of RNA-synthesis by E. coli RNA-polymerase using denatured DNA-templates from mouse liver, immobilized on nitrocellulose filters was shown. The size of RNA molecules, synthesized on immobilized templates was estimated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The length of the RNA molecules was found to be about 30 nucleotides. Data from alkaline hydrolisys and sedimentation in sucrose density gradient suggest that there is no connection between the DNA-primer and the RNA-product, therefore the DNA-primer is not necessary for the initiation of RNA-synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:350297", "title": "[Isolation and physico-chemical properties of a complex kinetoplast DNA associate from the cells of Trypanosoma lewisi].", "content": "An associate of kinetoplast DNA (k-DNA) was isolated from the cells of Trypanosoma lewisi and characterized in terms of its sedimentation properties, melting parameters and reassociation kinetics. Electron microscopy studies showed that k-DNA isolated is a complex associate of circular molecules. The contour length of minicircular molecules is 0.77 mkm. k-DNA contains sites enriched by AT-pairs; melting of native associate and k-DNA fragments in the presence of 6.5 M sodium perchlorate results in the appearance of six zones within the temperature range of 47-64 degrees C. Data from k-DNA reassociation studies suggest that k-DNA associate constitutent molecules differ in sizes and nucleotide sequences. k-DNA is found to consist of two components with molecular weights of 1.7 . 10(6) and 17.5 . 10(6), respectively.", "contents": "[Isolation and physico-chemical properties of a complex kinetoplast DNA associate from the cells of Trypanosoma lewisi]. An associate of kinetoplast DNA (k-DNA) was isolated from the cells of Trypanosoma lewisi and characterized in terms of its sedimentation properties, melting parameters and reassociation kinetics. Electron microscopy studies showed that k-DNA isolated is a complex associate of circular molecules. The contour length of minicircular molecules is 0.77 mkm. k-DNA contains sites enriched by AT-pairs; melting of native associate and k-DNA fragments in the presence of 6.5 M sodium perchlorate results in the appearance of six zones within the temperature range of 47-64 degrees C. Data from k-DNA reassociation studies suggest that k-DNA associate constitutent molecules differ in sizes and nucleotide sequences. k-DNA is found to consist of two components with molecular weights of 1.7 . 10(6) and 17.5 . 10(6), respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:350299", "title": "Burn wound coverings - a review.", "content": "Few injuries are more traumatic to the victim than a burn. To assist in preventing further damage beyond the burn site, a range of burn wound coverings has emerged over the years. These wound coverings, both natural and synthetic are discussed in connection with their historical significance and their effects on promoting the healing process. Particular reference is made to the choice of material for synthetic wound coverings.", "contents": "Burn wound coverings - a review. Few injuries are more traumatic to the victim than a burn. To assist in preventing further damage beyond the burn site, a range of burn wound coverings has emerged over the years. These wound coverings, both natural and synthetic are discussed in connection with their historical significance and their effects on promoting the healing process. Particular reference is made to the choice of material for synthetic wound coverings."}
{"id": "PMID:350302", "title": "[Role of lymphoid cells of the immune system in the genesis of kidney diseases].", "content": "Experiments on mice CBA X C57BL showed that the mixture of cells of the bone marrow, thymus, and spleen from donors with experimental hepatitis caused by carbon tetrachloride and from donors with resection of the normal liver, injected to healthy animals, caused dystrophic changes in the liver; this testifies to the presence of a special clone of cells with a damaging hepatotrophic effect, and participating in the mechanism of autoimmune disturbances in diseases of the liver.", "contents": "[Role of lymphoid cells of the immune system in the genesis of kidney diseases]. Experiments on mice CBA X C57BL showed that the mixture of cells of the bone marrow, thymus, and spleen from donors with experimental hepatitis caused by carbon tetrachloride and from donors with resection of the normal liver, injected to healthy animals, caused dystrophic changes in the liver; this testifies to the presence of a special clone of cells with a damaging hepatotrophic effect, and participating in the mechanism of autoimmune disturbances in diseases of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:350303", "title": "[Several biological properties of E. coli SK cells].", "content": "Escherichia coli SK cells are not colicinogenic, but possess multiple resistance to antibiotics (tetracycline, kanamycin, penicillin, polymyxin, ampicillin). Numerous variations, sensitive to one or several of the antibiotics listed were obtained by cloning the initial culture. Experiments with acridine orange failed to eliminate completely the resistance of E. coli cells to all five of the antibiotics under study. Partial modifications in the spectrum of antibiotic resistance did not influence the host specificity system present in the cells SK. The capacity of restriction and the activity of the methylating enzymes in all the clones under study in the initial strain proved to be the same.", "contents": "[Several biological properties of E. coli SK cells]. Escherichia coli SK cells are not colicinogenic, but possess multiple resistance to antibiotics (tetracycline, kanamycin, penicillin, polymyxin, ampicillin). Numerous variations, sensitive to one or several of the antibiotics listed were obtained by cloning the initial culture. Experiments with acridine orange failed to eliminate completely the resistance of E. coli cells to all five of the antibiotics under study. Partial modifications in the spectrum of antibiotic resistance did not influence the host specificity system present in the cells SK. The capacity of restriction and the activity of the methylating enzymes in all the clones under study in the initial strain proved to be the same."}
{"id": "PMID:350304", "title": "[Effect of stimulating antibody formation under the influence of bone marrow cells in vivo].", "content": "Injection of intact bone marrow cells to mice at the peak of the secondary immune response results in a 2.4-fold increase of the number of antibody-forming cells in the regional lymph node. Preliminary injection of bone marrow cells to donors of the immune lymph node cells decreases the stimulation effect of antibody formation when the lymph node cells are subsequently cultivated with the intact bone marrow cells. The data obtained demonstrate the cell interaction at the level of mature antibody producers in vivo.", "contents": "[Effect of stimulating antibody formation under the influence of bone marrow cells in vivo]. Injection of intact bone marrow cells to mice at the peak of the secondary immune response results in a 2.4-fold increase of the number of antibody-forming cells in the regional lymph node. Preliminary injection of bone marrow cells to donors of the immune lymph node cells decreases the stimulation effect of antibody formation when the lymph node cells are subsequently cultivated with the intact bone marrow cells. The data obtained demonstrate the cell interaction at the level of mature antibody producers in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:350305", "title": "[Correction of a T-immunodeficit in mice by bone marrow transplantation from donors treated with hydrocortisone].", "content": "Adult CBA mice were exposed to thymectomy, lethal irradiation, and protection by syngeneic bone marrow transplantation. In some experiments syngeneic bone marrow of donors, treated with hydrocortisone in a dose of 125 mg/kg for 3 days was used. The bone marrow of these donors contained cells with the Q-marker. Thymectomized and lethally irradiated animals subjected to the transplantation of syngeneic bone marrow from hydrocortisone-treated donors rejected the skin allotransplants, and the lymph node cells of these mice suppressed the endogenous colony-formation in the sublethally-irradiated hybrids (CBA X C57Bl/6) F1.", "contents": "[Correction of a T-immunodeficit in mice by bone marrow transplantation from donors treated with hydrocortisone]. Adult CBA mice were exposed to thymectomy, lethal irradiation, and protection by syngeneic bone marrow transplantation. In some experiments syngeneic bone marrow of donors, treated with hydrocortisone in a dose of 125 mg/kg for 3 days was used. The bone marrow of these donors contained cells with the Q-marker. Thymectomized and lethally irradiated animals subjected to the transplantation of syngeneic bone marrow from hydrocortisone-treated donors rejected the skin allotransplants, and the lymph node cells of these mice suppressed the endogenous colony-formation in the sublethally-irradiated hybrids (CBA X C57Bl/6) F1."}
{"id": "PMID:350306", "title": "[Heterologous antisera to stromal mechanocytes of the bone marrow].", "content": "Heterologous rabbit antifibroblast serum (AFS) to stromal fibroblasts of the guinea-pig bone marrow was obtained. AFS was shown to bind specifically stromal fibroblasts and their precursors (but not macrophages) in the monolayer primary cultures of the bone marrow, thymus and spleen of guinea pigs (in the complement-dependent cytotoxic reaction and in the indirect immunofluorescence test); AFS also bound precursors of blood fibroblasts and peritoneal exudate (in the cytotoxic reaction). Precursors of the thymus fibroblasts were found to be more sensitive to the AFS action than the spleen and bone marrow precursors, this suggesting that the thymic stromal mechanocytes had a greater concentration of common tissue-specific antigens on their surface. Precursors of the stromal fibroblasts in native cell suspensions were found to be essentially more sensitive to the cytotoxic action of AFS than the colony-forming fibroblasts on the passage cultures.", "contents": "[Heterologous antisera to stromal mechanocytes of the bone marrow]. Heterologous rabbit antifibroblast serum (AFS) to stromal fibroblasts of the guinea-pig bone marrow was obtained. AFS was shown to bind specifically stromal fibroblasts and their precursors (but not macrophages) in the monolayer primary cultures of the bone marrow, thymus and spleen of guinea pigs (in the complement-dependent cytotoxic reaction and in the indirect immunofluorescence test); AFS also bound precursors of blood fibroblasts and peritoneal exudate (in the cytotoxic reaction). Precursors of the thymus fibroblasts were found to be more sensitive to the AFS action than the spleen and bone marrow precursors, this suggesting that the thymic stromal mechanocytes had a greater concentration of common tissue-specific antigens on their surface. Precursors of the stromal fibroblasts in native cell suspensions were found to be essentially more sensitive to the cytotoxic action of AFS than the colony-forming fibroblasts on the passage cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:350307", "title": "[Autoaggressive immunocompetent cells in the bodies of mice at remote periods following irradiation].", "content": "Lethally irradiated DBA/l mice or (C57Bl X DBA/l1 F1 hybrid mice were injected with therapeutically effective doses of isologous bone marrow cells; simultaneously syngeneic lymph node cells from either intact (control) animals or mice survived after sublethal irradiation were transplanted. In control the viability of the recipients was not affected by the presence of lymphoid cells in the mixed transplant. In contrast, the beneficial action of the bone marrow cells was abolished (killing-effect) by the lymphoid cells from mice sacrificed 6 to 12 months after the irradiation (600--700 r). The manifestation of the killing-effect depended on the number of the transplanted lymphoid cells and on the dose of the bone marrow cells in the transplant. The killing-effect was not revealed when the lymphoid cells were obtained from the donors on the 30th day after irradiation. The results suggest the autosensitization of the organism at the late postirradiation periods.", "contents": "[Autoaggressive immunocompetent cells in the bodies of mice at remote periods following irradiation]. Lethally irradiated DBA/l mice or (C57Bl X DBA/l1 F1 hybrid mice were injected with therapeutically effective doses of isologous bone marrow cells; simultaneously syngeneic lymph node cells from either intact (control) animals or mice survived after sublethal irradiation were transplanted. In control the viability of the recipients was not affected by the presence of lymphoid cells in the mixed transplant. In contrast, the beneficial action of the bone marrow cells was abolished (killing-effect) by the lymphoid cells from mice sacrificed 6 to 12 months after the irradiation (600--700 r). The manifestation of the killing-effect depended on the number of the transplanted lymphoid cells and on the dose of the bone marrow cells in the transplant. The killing-effect was not revealed when the lymphoid cells were obtained from the donors on the 30th day after irradiation. The results suggest the autosensitization of the organism at the late postirradiation periods."}
{"id": "PMID:350308", "title": "[Suppression of the intradermal hypersensitivity reaction of the delayed type by a serum fraction from patients containing leukocyte migration inhibition factor].", "content": "The blood serum of patients with active tuberculosis of the lungs and chronic pneumonia inhibited migration of donor's leukocytes and macrophages of the peritonal exudate of guinea pigs when compared with migration of similar cells in the medium with the serum of cattle or donors. After chromatography these sera were fractionated on the columns with Sephadex G-100. Fractions containing the leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LMIF) suppressed, up to complete abolition, the intradermal reaction to tuberculin in man and guinea pigs sensitized with BCG. The LMIF is supposed to act in the regulation of delayed hypersensitivity reaction.", "contents": "[Suppression of the intradermal hypersensitivity reaction of the delayed type by a serum fraction from patients containing leukocyte migration inhibition factor]. The blood serum of patients with active tuberculosis of the lungs and chronic pneumonia inhibited migration of donor's leukocytes and macrophages of the peritonal exudate of guinea pigs when compared with migration of similar cells in the medium with the serum of cattle or donors. After chromatography these sera were fractionated on the columns with Sephadex G-100. Fractions containing the leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LMIF) suppressed, up to complete abolition, the intradermal reaction to tuberculin in man and guinea pigs sensitized with BCG. The LMIF is supposed to act in the regulation of delayed hypersensitivity reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:350309", "title": "[Proliferation of the exocrine and endocrine portions of the pancreas after its resection].", "content": "A weak regenerative capacity of the pancreas was revealed after the resection of about 40 per cent of the tissue of this organ in mice-hybrids CBA X C57BL/6, weighing 20--28 g. During the 21 days of the experiment there was no significant restoration of the pancreas weight. An increase of the proliferative activity (the number of mitoses and daily fraction of the thymidine-3H-labeled cells were counted) was brief and failed to spread over the whole organ. The maximal number of the labeled nuclei in the epithelium of the acini and the islets was found in the area near the wound where the organ tissue was somewhat edematous. In the areas near the wound surface, but unaffected, the labeled cells count was increased during the early post-operative period only. The number of labeled cells of the islets and acini of the pancreas in the areas distant from the wound (in the loop of the duodenum) was no different from the control. The number of labeled cells in the islets was greater than in the acini.", "contents": "[Proliferation of the exocrine and endocrine portions of the pancreas after its resection]. A weak regenerative capacity of the pancreas was revealed after the resection of about 40 per cent of the tissue of this organ in mice-hybrids CBA X C57BL/6, weighing 20--28 g. During the 21 days of the experiment there was no significant restoration of the pancreas weight. An increase of the proliferative activity (the number of mitoses and daily fraction of the thymidine-3H-labeled cells were counted) was brief and failed to spread over the whole organ. The maximal number of the labeled nuclei in the epithelium of the acini and the islets was found in the area near the wound where the organ tissue was somewhat edematous. In the areas near the wound surface, but unaffected, the labeled cells count was increased during the early post-operative period only. The number of labeled cells of the islets and acini of the pancreas in the areas distant from the wound (in the loop of the duodenum) was no different from the control. The number of labeled cells in the islets was greater than in the acini."}
{"id": "PMID:350311", "title": "[Stimulation of nonspecific resistance in mice with high- and low-molecular fractions of endotoxin on 2 models of Shigella infection].", "content": "The capacity of S. paratyphi B endotoxin and its high molecular (HMF) and low molecular (LMF) fractions to stimulate the resistance of mice to shigella infection in intraperitoneal and intranasal challenge was investigated. The HMF developed high activity after the intraperitoneal injection (efficiency index--EI = 2.8). All the preparations were less active on the lung model (EI = 1.6--1.7). Materials of this work lead to the conclusion that in studying the phenomenon of nonspecific resistance induction conditions providing antitoxic and antiinfectious resistance should be considered separately.", "contents": "[Stimulation of nonspecific resistance in mice with high- and low-molecular fractions of endotoxin on 2 models of Shigella infection]. The capacity of S. paratyphi B endotoxin and its high molecular (HMF) and low molecular (LMF) fractions to stimulate the resistance of mice to shigella infection in intraperitoneal and intranasal challenge was investigated. The HMF developed high activity after the intraperitoneal injection (efficiency index--EI = 2.8). All the preparations were less active on the lung model (EI = 1.6--1.7). Materials of this work lead to the conclusion that in studying the phenomenon of nonspecific resistance induction conditions providing antitoxic and antiinfectious resistance should be considered separately."}
{"id": "PMID:350312", "title": "[Localization of labelled cells in the islets, acini and periinsular zone of the pancreas of mice undergoing resection].", "content": "Thymidine-3H was injected 5 times during 24 hours to mice CBA X C57BL/6 with resected pancreas (about 40 per cent of the organ tissue). The number of labeled cells in the islets and the acini failed to change with the prolongation of the interval after the last injection of thymidine-3H (5 to 18 days). Localization of labeled cells in the pancreatic islets at later periods showed not much difference from the same localization two hours after the isotope injection. Examination of large andmedium-sized islets at the maximal distance from the wound revealed a similar number of labeled cells per square unit in the central, middle andperipheral region of the islets 2 hours and 18 days after the last injection of the isotope. It is concluded that under conditions of this experiment no islet cells are formed due to external sources.", "contents": "[Localization of labelled cells in the islets, acini and periinsular zone of the pancreas of mice undergoing resection]. Thymidine-3H was injected 5 times during 24 hours to mice CBA X C57BL/6 with resected pancreas (about 40 per cent of the organ tissue). The number of labeled cells in the islets and the acini failed to change with the prolongation of the interval after the last injection of thymidine-3H (5 to 18 days). Localization of labeled cells in the pancreatic islets at later periods showed not much difference from the same localization two hours after the isotope injection. Examination of large andmedium-sized islets at the maximal distance from the wound revealed a similar number of labeled cells per square unit in the central, middle andperipheral region of the islets 2 hours and 18 days after the last injection of the isotope. It is concluded that under conditions of this experiment no islet cells are formed due to external sources."}
{"id": "PMID:350313", "title": "[Electron microscopic and autoradiographic study of the pancreas at different times of postmortem ischemia].", "content": "Experiments on dogs showed that the maximally admissible term of normothermic postmortem ischemia of the pancreas should not exceed 45 minutes, because irreversible destructive changes in the ultrastructural formations of the exocrine parenchyma cells developed later. The Langerhans islet cells proved to be more resistant to the ischemic effect.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic and autoradiographic study of the pancreas at different times of postmortem ischemia]. Experiments on dogs showed that the maximally admissible term of normothermic postmortem ischemia of the pancreas should not exceed 45 minutes, because irreversible destructive changes in the ultrastructural formations of the exocrine parenchyma cells developed later. The Langerhans islet cells proved to be more resistant to the ischemic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:350314", "title": "[Morphology of the juxtaglomerular apparatus of allotransplanted human cadaver kidneys in the late periods following transplantation].", "content": "Histological structure of 13 allografted human cadaver kidneys was observed at late stages after transplantation (from 121 days to 3 years and 10 months). In the grafted kidneys with a well-preserved structure the microscopic picture of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) failed to differ significantly from the JGA in the control. This conclusion was confirmed by the karyometric data and by the results of the juxtaglomerular index calculation. In the allografted kidneys with severe destructive and dystrophic alterations there can occur a partial or complete JGA involution.", "contents": "[Morphology of the juxtaglomerular apparatus of allotransplanted human cadaver kidneys in the late periods following transplantation]. Histological structure of 13 allografted human cadaver kidneys was observed at late stages after transplantation (from 121 days to 3 years and 10 months). In the grafted kidneys with a well-preserved structure the microscopic picture of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) failed to differ significantly from the JGA in the control. This conclusion was confirmed by the karyometric data and by the results of the juxtaglomerular index calculation. In the allografted kidneys with severe destructive and dystrophic alterations there can occur a partial or complete JGA involution."}
{"id": "PMID:350315", "title": "[Absnece of amyloid protein in the organs of normal mice].", "content": "The immunomorphological Coons' method (its indirect variant) was used to discover specific amyloid protein AA in the organs of mice with experimental amyloidosis and normal mice (adult, newborn, embryo). The use of pure antiprotein-AA-antibodies allowed to reveal the minimal deposits of amyloid protein at the earliest stages of amyloidogenesis. The organs of normal mice (adult, newborn, embryo) did not contain this protein.", "contents": "[Absnece of amyloid protein in the organs of normal mice]. The immunomorphological Coons' method (its indirect variant) was used to discover specific amyloid protein AA in the organs of mice with experimental amyloidosis and normal mice (adult, newborn, embryo). The use of pure antiprotein-AA-antibodies allowed to reveal the minimal deposits of amyloid protein at the earliest stages of amyloidogenesis. The organs of normal mice (adult, newborn, embryo) did not contain this protein."}
{"id": "PMID:350316", "title": "Successful engraftment of cryopreserved autologous bone marrow in patients with malignant lymphoma.", "content": "In an effort to evaluate the possible utility of cryopreserved autologous bone marrow infusions in man,  22 patients with malignant lymphoma resistant to conventional chemotherapy were treated with high-dose chemotherapy. This was followed in 12 patients by an infusion of their cryopreserved autologous bone marrow; 10 patients received chemotherapy alone and serve as controls. Following chemotherapy, severe leukopenia (less than 100 leukocytes/mm3) lasted 6-10 (median 8) days in patients receiving cryopreserved marrow, compared to 10-29 (median 16) days in controls (p less than 0.001). Recovery to 1000 leukocytes/mm3 occurred 10-18 (median 13) days after chemotherapy in autograft recipients but was delayed until 12-38 (median 23) days after chemotherapy in controls (p less than 0.001). Autografted patients also recovered granulocyte and platelet function significantly faster and had significantly fewer febrile days after chemotherapy than did controls. Cryopreserved autologous bone marrow infusions can hasten hemopoietic recovery in man after high-dose chemotherapy; this earlier reconstitution may be of clinical benefit to the patient.", "contents": "Successful engraftment of cryopreserved autologous bone marrow in patients with malignant lymphoma. In an effort to evaluate the possible utility of cryopreserved autologous bone marrow infusions in man,  22 patients with malignant lymphoma resistant to conventional chemotherapy were treated with high-dose chemotherapy. This was followed in 12 patients by an infusion of their cryopreserved autologous bone marrow; 10 patients received chemotherapy alone and serve as controls. Following chemotherapy, severe leukopenia (less than 100 leukocytes/mm3) lasted 6-10 (median 8) days in patients receiving cryopreserved marrow, compared to 10-29 (median 16) days in controls (p less than 0.001). Recovery to 1000 leukocytes/mm3 occurred 10-18 (median 13) days after chemotherapy in autograft recipients but was delayed until 12-38 (median 23) days after chemotherapy in controls (p less than 0.001). Autografted patients also recovered granulocyte and platelet function significantly faster and had significantly fewer febrile days after chemotherapy than did controls. Cryopreserved autologous bone marrow infusions can hasten hemopoietic recovery in man after high-dose chemotherapy; this earlier reconstitution may be of clinical benefit to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:350317", "title": "Measurement of Donath-Landsteiner antibody-producing cells in idiopathic nonsyphilitic paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) in children.", "content": "A 2-yr-old girl with a nonsyphilitic type of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH)  is reported. We applied the plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay to the measurement of Donath-Landsteiner (DL) antibody-producing cells in the patient. Some of the circulating B lymphocytes formed plaques in our assay system. Initially the number of PFC was 1442 +/- 225/10(6) lymphocytes and DL titer was 1:16. Thereafter the PFC decreased in number as the DL titer decreased. Eight weeks later circulating PFC were not found but the DL titer was still 1:1 positive. The PFC assay appears to be useful as a new method for obtaining rapid imformation as to the disease status of PCH.", "contents": "Measurement of Donath-Landsteiner antibody-producing cells in idiopathic nonsyphilitic paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) in children. A 2-yr-old girl with a nonsyphilitic type of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH)  is reported. We applied the plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay to the measurement of Donath-Landsteiner (DL) antibody-producing cells in the patient. Some of the circulating B lymphocytes formed plaques in our assay system. Initially the number of PFC was 1442 +/- 225/10(6) lymphocytes and DL titer was 1:16. Thereafter the PFC decreased in number as the DL titer decreased. Eight weeks later circulating PFC were not found but the DL titer was still 1:1 positive. The PFC assay appears to be useful as a new method for obtaining rapid imformation as to the disease status of PCH."}
{"id": "PMID:350318", "title": "Demonstration of the Fc-receptor of blood cells by soluble peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) complexes.", "content": "The Fc-receptor of normal human leukocytes, of CLL-cells, and of hematopoietic cell lines was demonstrated with soluble peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) complexes. In about 9% of normal lymphocytes an almost continuous, strong labeling of the cell membrane was established. Some of these lymphocytes were characterized by a peculiar uniform fine structure. The percentage of PAP-labeled monocytes was in the range of 25%, neutrophils nearly 100%, eosinophils 0%, CLL-cells 10%. Labeled portions of the membrane were interiorized from monocytes. The lymphoid cell-line Daudi established from a Burkitt's lymphoma appeared almost negative, the cell line K562 established from a myeloid leukemia in 75% of the cells strongly positive. PAP-labeling was not influenced by preincubation with trypsine or with neuraminidase; it was negative when PAP-F(ab)2 was used. Results of PAP-labeling were not always in agreement with EA-rosettes or with agg-Ig.", "contents": "Demonstration of the Fc-receptor of blood cells by soluble peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) complexes. The Fc-receptor of normal human leukocytes, of CLL-cells, and of hematopoietic cell lines was demonstrated with soluble peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) complexes. In about 9% of normal lymphocytes an almost continuous, strong labeling of the cell membrane was established. Some of these lymphocytes were characterized by a peculiar uniform fine structure. The percentage of PAP-labeled monocytes was in the range of 25%, neutrophils nearly 100%, eosinophils 0%, CLL-cells 10%. Labeled portions of the membrane were interiorized from monocytes. The lymphoid cell-line Daudi established from a Burkitt's lymphoma appeared almost negative, the cell line K562 established from a myeloid leukemia in 75% of the cells strongly positive. PAP-labeling was not influenced by preincubation with trypsine or with neuraminidase; it was negative when PAP-F(ab)2 was used. Results of PAP-labeling were not always in agreement with EA-rosettes or with agg-Ig."}
{"id": "PMID:350321", "title": "An SDILINE profile oriented to patient care.", "content": "Hospital physicians naturally require current medical information in order to treat their patients. An objectively obtained SDILINE storesearch was devised to obtain this information. A rank-ordered list of hospital discharge diagnoses, coded with ICDA terms, was translated into MeSH. The top two Bradford zones of journals defined as useful at the University of Missouri--Kansas City were ANDed to these MeSH terms. Citations retrieved from the storesearch are input into an in-house computerized data base. The method can be easily used by other medical or hospital libraries without access to computers.", "contents": "An SDILINE profile oriented to patient care. Hospital physicians naturally require current medical information in order to treat their patients. An objectively obtained SDILINE storesearch was devised to obtain this information. A rank-ordered list of hospital discharge diagnoses, coded with ICDA terms, was translated into MeSH. The top two Bradford zones of journals defined as useful at the University of Missouri--Kansas City were ANDed to these MeSH terms. Citations retrieved from the storesearch are input into an in-house computerized data base. The method can be easily used by other medical or hospital libraries without access to computers."}
{"id": "PMID:350328", "title": "A controlled trial of L-tryptophan in mania.", "content": "A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of L-tryptophan, with pyridoxine and ascorbic acid, was carried out in 10 female patients suffering from mania. In contrast to earlier studies led by Prange and Murphy, L-tryptophan was found to be no better than placebo.", "contents": "A controlled trial of L-tryptophan in mania. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of L-tryptophan, with pyridoxine and ascorbic acid, was carried out in 10 female patients suffering from mania. In contrast to earlier studies led by Prange and Murphy, L-tryptophan was found to be no better than placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:350345", "title": "Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome complicating shigella dystentery in south Indian children.", "content": "Shigella dysentery caused 65% of all cases of acute renal failure (ARF) seen in children treated at the Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, during the 33 months ending September 1977. In the 40 children with ARF secondary to shigella dysentery, haematological findings suggested that they were suffering from the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, and glomerular hypercellularity and fibrin deposition were present in all 12 patients whose renal histology could be studied. Peritoneal dialysis was the main element of treatment: 43% of children who underwent dialysis improved, compared with only 25% of those who did not undergo dialysis. The haemolytic-uraemic syndrome precipitated by bacillary dystentery is therefore the most important cause of ARF in children aged under 5 years in Tamil Nadu and the adjoining area of Andhra Pradesh.", "contents": "Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome complicating shigella dystentery in south Indian children. Shigella dysentery caused 65% of all cases of acute renal failure (ARF) seen in children treated at the Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, during the 33 months ending September 1977. In the 40 children with ARF secondary to shigella dysentery, haematological findings suggested that they were suffering from the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, and glomerular hypercellularity and fibrin deposition were present in all 12 patients whose renal histology could be studied. Peritoneal dialysis was the main element of treatment: 43% of children who underwent dialysis improved, compared with only 25% of those who did not undergo dialysis. The haemolytic-uraemic syndrome precipitated by bacillary dystentery is therefore the most important cause of ARF in children aged under 5 years in Tamil Nadu and the adjoining area of Andhra Pradesh."}
{"id": "PMID:350346", "title": "Sj\u00f6rgren's syndrome treated with bromhexine: a randomised clinical study.", "content": "Existing treatment for Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is unsatisfactory, and uncontrolled observations have suggested that bromhexine may be effective. Twenty-nine patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome were therefore assigned to two randomised double-blind crossover trials with bromhexine and placebo, each comprising two two-week periods. In the first trial bromhexine 24 mg/day was given by mouth; in the second the dose was increased to 48 mg/day. After each treatment period the Schirmer test response, break-up time, Bijsterveld score, and the time taken for the patient to eat a dry biscuit were recorded, as well as the patient's estimate of moistness in the eyes and mouth. In the second (higher-dose) trial values on the Schirmer test were significantly higher after bromhexine than after placebo and the break-up time was also increased after bromhexine, which suggested that the drug has a dose-dependent effect on lacrimal gland secretion in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. It had no effect on salivary gland function. Bromhexine is therefore valuable in the treatment of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "contents": "Sj\u00f6rgren's syndrome treated with bromhexine: a randomised clinical study. Existing treatment for Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is unsatisfactory, and uncontrolled observations have suggested that bromhexine may be effective. Twenty-nine patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome were therefore assigned to two randomised double-blind crossover trials with bromhexine and placebo, each comprising two two-week periods. In the first trial bromhexine 24 mg/day was given by mouth; in the second the dose was increased to 48 mg/day. After each treatment period the Schirmer test response, break-up time, Bijsterveld score, and the time taken for the patient to eat a dry biscuit were recorded, as well as the patient's estimate of moistness in the eyes and mouth. In the second (higher-dose) trial values on the Schirmer test were significantly higher after bromhexine than after placebo and the break-up time was also increased after bromhexine, which suggested that the drug has a dose-dependent effect on lacrimal gland secretion in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. It had no effect on salivary gland function. Bromhexine is therefore valuable in the treatment of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:350348", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity during syphilis.", "content": "Evidence is presented which reinforces the complexity of the host-parasite interaction during the course of syphilis. Infection with Treponema pallidum evokes a complicated antibody response and an assortment of cell-mediated immune reactions in the host. It appears that humoral immunity plays a minor role towards the complete elimination of syphilitic infection while the cellular limb of the immune response may be an important host defence mechanism. Information now available indicates that a state of anergy, or immunosuppression, exists in the early stages of human and experimental rabbit syphilis based upon negative skin reactions to T. pallidum antigen(s), the abnormal histological appearance of lymphoid organs, and impaired in vitro lymphocyte reactivity. It is also evident that in the later stages of the disease cellular immunity becomes activated as delayed type skin reactions can normally be elicited in tertiary syphilitics and lymphocyte behaviour in cell culture appears normal. Several mechanisms have been invoked to explain the delay in an effective immune response against syphilitic infection and the duration of the disease: (1) a capsule-like substance on the outer surface of virulant T. pallidum may act as a barrier against treponemicidal antibody; (2) this material and other biological properties of virulent treponemes could enable spirochaetes to escape being engulfed by macrophages and other phagocytic cells; (3) antigenic competition among different treponemal antigens causing partial tolerance; (4) T. pallidum infection may bring about the elaboration of immunosuppressive substances of host or treponemal origin which inhibit the proper function of lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cell types.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity during syphilis. Evidence is presented which reinforces the complexity of the host-parasite interaction during the course of syphilis. Infection with Treponema pallidum evokes a complicated antibody response and an assortment of cell-mediated immune reactions in the host. It appears that humoral immunity plays a minor role towards the complete elimination of syphilitic infection while the cellular limb of the immune response may be an important host defence mechanism. Information now available indicates that a state of anergy, or immunosuppression, exists in the early stages of human and experimental rabbit syphilis based upon negative skin reactions to T. pallidum antigen(s), the abnormal histological appearance of lymphoid organs, and impaired in vitro lymphocyte reactivity. It is also evident that in the later stages of the disease cellular immunity becomes activated as delayed type skin reactions can normally be elicited in tertiary syphilitics and lymphocyte behaviour in cell culture appears normal. Several mechanisms have been invoked to explain the delay in an effective immune response against syphilitic infection and the duration of the disease: (1) a capsule-like substance on the outer surface of virulant T. pallidum may act as a barrier against treponemicidal antibody; (2) this material and other biological properties of virulent treponemes could enable spirochaetes to escape being engulfed by macrophages and other phagocytic cells; (3) antigenic competition among different treponemal antigens causing partial tolerance; (4) T. pallidum infection may bring about the elaboration of immunosuppressive substances of host or treponemal origin which inhibit the proper function of lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:350349", "title": "TPHA test. Experience at the Clinic of Dermatology, University of Milan.", "content": "The results of serological investigations with the treponemal haemagglutination (TPHA) test are reported in a large number of luetic and non-luetic patients. From these the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The sensitivity of the TPHA test is decreased if the test is carried out with micromethods; however, in our opinion, the same degree of sensitivity can be obtained either with the macromethod at dilution 1/80-1/60 or with micromethods at 1/20-1/40. (2) The sensitivity of this test is high, being similar to that of the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test in primary and secondary syphilis and even higher than that of the FTA-ABS test in treated subjects. (3) The specificity of the reaction is high, as demonstrated by examining sera in patients with a negative history and clinical examination together with negative results to Treponema pallidum immobilisation (TPI) and FTA-ABS tests, and by studying biological false positive sera. (4) For the serological screening, it may be sufficient to perform the TPHA test with the 1/20-1/40 micromethod together with the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test. In patients with suspected syphilis, it is advisable to perform the TPHA test by the macromethod, in combination with the FTA-ABS test.", "contents": "TPHA test. Experience at the Clinic of Dermatology, University of Milan. The results of serological investigations with the treponemal haemagglutination (TPHA) test are reported in a large number of luetic and non-luetic patients. From these the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The sensitivity of the TPHA test is decreased if the test is carried out with micromethods; however, in our opinion, the same degree of sensitivity can be obtained either with the macromethod at dilution 1/80-1/60 or with micromethods at 1/20-1/40. (2) The sensitivity of this test is high, being similar to that of the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test in primary and secondary syphilis and even higher than that of the FTA-ABS test in treated subjects. (3) The specificity of the reaction is high, as demonstrated by examining sera in patients with a negative history and clinical examination together with negative results to Treponema pallidum immobilisation (TPI) and FTA-ABS tests, and by studying biological false positive sera. (4) For the serological screening, it may be sufficient to perform the TPHA test with the 1/20-1/40 micromethod together with the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test. In patients with suspected syphilis, it is advisable to perform the TPHA test by the macromethod, in combination with the FTA-ABS test."}
{"id": "PMID:350350", "title": "Dopamine uptake in serotoninergic terminals in vitro: a valuable tool for the histochemical differentiation of catecholaminergic and serotoninergic terminals in rat cerebral structures.", "content": "An in vitro method was developed to separately visualize dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotoninergic terminals in the cerebral, hippocampal and cerebellar cortices of the rat, by means of the glyoxylic histochemical fluorescence method. Animals were pretreated with alpha-methylparatyrosine to deplete catecholamine stores. Thin vibratome sections were made and incubated in the presence of various exogenous amines and inhibitors of the catecholaminergic and serotoninergic transport systems. Experimental conditions insuring the best specificity were determined and the validity of the combined pharmacological and histochemical approach was further tested by using animals in which the cortical dopaminergic, noradrenergic or serotoninergic innervations were destroyed. Under the experimental conditions used, norepinephrine as well as alpha-methyl-norepinephrine were taken up in only noradrenergic and dopaminergic terminals. A separate visualization of the two systems was obtained by using specific uptake inhibitors. Dopamine was taken up not only in catecholaminergic but also in serotominergic terminals. The uptake of DA in serotoninergic fibers was inhibited by a specific inhibitor of the serotoninergic transport system or by the presence of serotonine in the incubating medium. The signification and the implications of thes results are discussed.", "contents": "Dopamine uptake in serotoninergic terminals in vitro: a valuable tool for the histochemical differentiation of catecholaminergic and serotoninergic terminals in rat cerebral structures. An in vitro method was developed to separately visualize dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotoninergic terminals in the cerebral, hippocampal and cerebellar cortices of the rat, by means of the glyoxylic histochemical fluorescence method. Animals were pretreated with alpha-methylparatyrosine to deplete catecholamine stores. Thin vibratome sections were made and incubated in the presence of various exogenous amines and inhibitors of the catecholaminergic and serotoninergic transport systems. Experimental conditions insuring the best specificity were determined and the validity of the combined pharmacological and histochemical approach was further tested by using animals in which the cortical dopaminergic, noradrenergic or serotoninergic innervations were destroyed. Under the experimental conditions used, norepinephrine as well as alpha-methyl-norepinephrine were taken up in only noradrenergic and dopaminergic terminals. A separate visualization of the two systems was obtained by using specific uptake inhibitors. Dopamine was taken up not only in catecholaminergic but also in serotominergic terminals. The uptake of DA in serotoninergic fibers was inhibited by a specific inhibitor of the serotoninergic transport system or by the presence of serotonine in the incubating medium. The signification and the implications of thes results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350351", "title": "Energy utilization in the induced release of gamma-aminobutyric acid from synaptosomes.", "content": "Newly accumulated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was released from synaptosomes by treatment with 30 mM K+ or the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. Release was Ca2+-dependent and energy-dependent. The induced release of GABA was inhibited by S-13, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, by azide, a blocker of mitochondrial respiration, and by oligomycin, efrapeptin, tributyltin and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), which are inhibitors of Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPases, including mitochondrial ATPase. Efrapeptin blocked GABA release induced by K+ but not A23187-induced release. Azide and oligomycin appeared to inhibit GABA release as a consequence of their effects on mitochondrial ATP synthesis. However, the inhibition of GABA release by the other compounds could not be totally accounted for by their effects on synaptosomal ATP stores. It is proposed that these compounds, in addition to affecting ATP synthesis, directly affect biochemical reactions involved in GABA release. Thus, these and similar inhibitors seem to be useful probes of the transmitter release process.", "contents": "Energy utilization in the induced release of gamma-aminobutyric acid from synaptosomes. Newly accumulated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was released from synaptosomes by treatment with 30 mM K+ or the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. Release was Ca2+-dependent and energy-dependent. The induced release of GABA was inhibited by S-13, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, by azide, a blocker of mitochondrial respiration, and by oligomycin, efrapeptin, tributyltin and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), which are inhibitors of Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPases, including mitochondrial ATPase. Efrapeptin blocked GABA release induced by K+ but not A23187-induced release. Azide and oligomycin appeared to inhibit GABA release as a consequence of their effects on mitochondrial ATP synthesis. However, the inhibition of GABA release by the other compounds could not be totally accounted for by their effects on synaptosomal ATP stores. It is proposed that these compounds, in addition to affecting ATP synthesis, directly affect biochemical reactions involved in GABA release. Thus, these and similar inhibitors seem to be useful probes of the transmitter release process."}
{"id": "PMID:350353", "title": "Temporal changes in medial basal hypothalamic LH-RH correlated with plasma LH during the rat estrous cycle and following electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic area in pentobarbital-treated proestrous rats.", "content": "In the present studies we have simultaneously measured changes in medial basal hypothalamic (MBH) leutenizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and in plasma LH by radioimmunoassay in female rats at various hours during the 4-day estrous cycle and under experimental conditions known to alter pituitary LH secretion. In groups of rats decapitated at 12.00 h and 15.00 h on estrus and diestrus, plasma LH remained at basal levels (5-8 ng/ml) and MBH-LH-RH concentrations showed average steady state concentrations of 2231 +/- 205 pg/mg. On the day of proestrus hourly measurements of MBH-LH-RH between 12.00 h and 21.00 h suggested rhythmic rises and falls in the decapeptide concomitant with rises and falls in plasma LH. In a second group of pentobarbital-anesthetized proestrous rats a significant decline in MBH-LH-RH occurred (to 573 +/- 137 pg/mg) which then remained at low concentrations between 14.00 h and 18.00 h proestrus. Following bilateral preoptic area (MPOA) electrochemical stimulation of pentobarbital-treated proestrous rats, LH was significantly increased by 30 min, peaked between 90-120 min and returned to basal levels by 210 min poststimulation. In the same animals within 15 min poststimulation, MBH-LH-RH increased from the basal concentrations noted after pentobarbital anesthesia to elevated levels comparable to those observed throughout estrus, diestrus and on proestrous morning. Further, as plasma LH rose to peak concentrations and declined to basal plasma values, rhythmic rises and falls in MBH-LH-RH were observed with intervals between pulses of approximately 60 min. Seemingly, hypothalamic LH-RH is released as pulsatile pulses from a releasable pool; this pool is replenished and again LH-RH is discharged in response to constant stimulation by the preoptic brain.", "contents": "Temporal changes in medial basal hypothalamic LH-RH correlated with plasma LH during the rat estrous cycle and following electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic area in pentobarbital-treated proestrous rats. In the present studies we have simultaneously measured changes in medial basal hypothalamic (MBH) leutenizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and in plasma LH by radioimmunoassay in female rats at various hours during the 4-day estrous cycle and under experimental conditions known to alter pituitary LH secretion. In groups of rats decapitated at 12.00 h and 15.00 h on estrus and diestrus, plasma LH remained at basal levels (5-8 ng/ml) and MBH-LH-RH concentrations showed average steady state concentrations of 2231 +/- 205 pg/mg. On the day of proestrus hourly measurements of MBH-LH-RH between 12.00 h and 21.00 h suggested rhythmic rises and falls in the decapeptide concomitant with rises and falls in plasma LH. In a second group of pentobarbital-anesthetized proestrous rats a significant decline in MBH-LH-RH occurred (to 573 +/- 137 pg/mg) which then remained at low concentrations between 14.00 h and 18.00 h proestrus. Following bilateral preoptic area (MPOA) electrochemical stimulation of pentobarbital-treated proestrous rats, LH was significantly increased by 30 min, peaked between 90-120 min and returned to basal levels by 210 min poststimulation. In the same animals within 15 min poststimulation, MBH-LH-RH increased from the basal concentrations noted after pentobarbital anesthesia to elevated levels comparable to those observed throughout estrus, diestrus and on proestrous morning. Further, as plasma LH rose to peak concentrations and declined to basal plasma values, rhythmic rises and falls in MBH-LH-RH were observed with intervals between pulses of approximately 60 min. Seemingly, hypothalamic LH-RH is released as pulsatile pulses from a releasable pool; this pool is replenished and again LH-RH is discharged in response to constant stimulation by the preoptic brain."}
{"id": "PMID:350360", "title": "The proportion of all point mutations which are unacceptable: an estimate based on hemoglobin amino acid and nucleotide sequences.", "content": "Statistical analysis of the distribution of 156 kinds of human hemoglobin beta (Hbbeta) chain variants suggests that mutations are essentially random in their location. Thus differential fitness, not differential mutability, is the principal source of nonrandom distribution of interspecies differences in Hbbeta amino acid sequence. Similar analyses of both the location and the kind of interspecies differences detected among primates support this viewpoint and lead us to estimate that at least 95% of all amino acid subsitutions,i.e., nonsynonymous mutations, in Hbbeta are functionally unacceptable in homozygous state. Through the combined use of this estimate and the number of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions per nucleotide site inferred from comparisons of entire human and rabbit HbbetamRNA nucleotide sequences, we calculate (a) approximately 70% of synonymous Hbbeta mutations are adaptively undersirable and (b) the mutation rate underlying all changes is lesser than or equal to 10(-8) nucleotide substitutions per nucleotide site per year. Apart from such calculations, analyses of nucleotide patterns in HbbetamRNA as well as in rat preproinsulin mRNA reinforce the notion that a large portion of synonymous mutations are functionally unacceptable and rendered so by selective constraint, at a pretranslational level, of the abundance of particular nucleotide doublets such as CpG.", "contents": "The proportion of all point mutations which are unacceptable: an estimate based on hemoglobin amino acid and nucleotide sequences. Statistical analysis of the distribution of 156 kinds of human hemoglobin beta (Hbbeta) chain variants suggests that mutations are essentially random in their location. Thus differential fitness, not differential mutability, is the principal source of nonrandom distribution of interspecies differences in Hbbeta amino acid sequence. Similar analyses of both the location and the kind of interspecies differences detected among primates support this viewpoint and lead us to estimate that at least 95% of all amino acid subsitutions,i.e., nonsynonymous mutations, in Hbbeta are functionally unacceptable in homozygous state. Through the combined use of this estimate and the number of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions per nucleotide site inferred from comparisons of entire human and rabbit HbbetamRNA nucleotide sequences, we calculate (a) approximately 70% of synonymous Hbbeta mutations are adaptively undersirable and (b) the mutation rate underlying all changes is lesser than or equal to 10(-8) nucleotide substitutions per nucleotide site per year. Apart from such calculations, analyses of nucleotide patterns in HbbetamRNA as well as in rat preproinsulin mRNA reinforce the notion that a large portion of synonymous mutations are functionally unacceptable and rendered so by selective constraint, at a pretranslational level, of the abundance of particular nucleotide doublets such as CpG."}
{"id": "PMID:350361", "title": "Biologic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharides treated with chromium chloride.", "content": "Addition of small amounts of chromium chloride to a saline suspension of Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide (LPD; Difco) caused a marked reduction in several of the biologic activities of this substance including toxicity, B-cell mitogenicity, plasma colony-stimulating activity (CSA), radioprotective effect, and induction of the dermal Shwartzman reaction. Nevertheless, LPS treated with chromium chloride was found to be at least as effective as untreated LPS in enhancing resistance of B6CBF1 mice to the lethal effects of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection.", "contents": "Biologic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharides treated with chromium chloride. Addition of small amounts of chromium chloride to a saline suspension of Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide (LPD; Difco) caused a marked reduction in several of the biologic activities of this substance including toxicity, B-cell mitogenicity, plasma colony-stimulating activity (CSA), radioprotective effect, and induction of the dermal Shwartzman reaction. Nevertheless, LPS treated with chromium chloride was found to be at least as effective as untreated LPS in enhancing resistance of B6CBF1 mice to the lethal effects of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection."}
{"id": "PMID:350362", "title": "Enumeration of petroleum-degrading marine and estuarine microorganisms by the most probable number method.", "content": "Several media designed for use in a most probable number (MPN) determination of petroleum-degrading microorganisms were compared. The best results, i.e., largest numbers, were obtained using a buffered (32 mM PO4=) liquid medium containing 1% hydrocarbon substrate. Of 104 presumptive oil degraders tested, 20 grew on oil agar medium but did not utilize oil or a mixture of pure paraffinic hydrocarbons (C10 to C16 n-alkanes) in liquid (MPN) medium. Visible turbidity in the liquid medium was correlated with hydrocarbon utilization. Counts of petroleum degraders obtained using liquid medium (MPN) were in most cases higher than those obtained on an oil-amended silica gel medium. Both procedures yield an estimation of oil degraders, and the oil-amended agar permits growth of organisms which do not degrade crude oil. All strains of oil-degrading microorganisms examined in this study were lipolytic, but the converse was not always true.", "contents": "Enumeration of petroleum-degrading marine and estuarine microorganisms by the most probable number method. Several media designed for use in a most probable number (MPN) determination of petroleum-degrading microorganisms were compared. The best results, i.e., largest numbers, were obtained using a buffered (32 mM PO4=) liquid medium containing 1% hydrocarbon substrate. Of 104 presumptive oil degraders tested, 20 grew on oil agar medium but did not utilize oil or a mixture of pure paraffinic hydrocarbons (C10 to C16 n-alkanes) in liquid (MPN) medium. Visible turbidity in the liquid medium was correlated with hydrocarbon utilization. Counts of petroleum degraders obtained using liquid medium (MPN) were in most cases higher than those obtained on an oil-amended silica gel medium. Both procedures yield an estimation of oil degraders, and the oil-amended agar permits growth of organisms which do not degrade crude oil. All strains of oil-degrading microorganisms examined in this study were lipolytic, but the converse was not always true."}
{"id": "PMID:350363", "title": "Inhibition of RNA polymerase from Bacillus thuringiensis and Escherichia coli by beta-exotoxin.", "content": "The characteristics of exotoxin inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase isolated from Escherichia coli and Bacillus thuringiensis were investigated. RNA polymerase isolated from a variety of growth stages was partially purified and assayed using several different native and synthetic DNA templates, and exotoxin inhibition patterns were recorded for each. Although 8 to 20-h RNA polymerase extracts of E. coli retained normal sensitivity to exotoxin (50% inhibition at a concentration of 7.5 X 10(-6) M exotoxin), RNA polymerase isolated from late exponential and ensuing stationary-phase cultures of B. thuringiensis were nearly 50% less sensitive than exponential RNA polymerase activity. Inhibition patterns relating culture age at the time of RNA polymerase extraction to exotoxin inhibition suggested a direct correlation between diminishing exotoxin sensitivity and sporulation. Escherichia coli RNA polymerase could be made to mimic the B. thuringiensis exotoxin inhibition pattern by removal of sigma from the holoenzyme. After passage through phosphocellulose, exotoxin inhibition of the core polymerase was 30% less than the corresponding inhibition of E. coli holoenzyme. Heterologous enzyme reconstruction and assay were not possible due to loss of activity from the B. thuringiensis preparation during phosphocellulose chromatography, apparently from the removal of magnesium. In enzyme velocity studies, inhibition with exotoxin was noncompetitive with respect to the DNA template in the RNA polymerase reaction.", "contents": "Inhibition of RNA polymerase from Bacillus thuringiensis and Escherichia coli by beta-exotoxin. The characteristics of exotoxin inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase isolated from Escherichia coli and Bacillus thuringiensis were investigated. RNA polymerase isolated from a variety of growth stages was partially purified and assayed using several different native and synthetic DNA templates, and exotoxin inhibition patterns were recorded for each. Although 8 to 20-h RNA polymerase extracts of E. coli retained normal sensitivity to exotoxin (50% inhibition at a concentration of 7.5 X 10(-6) M exotoxin), RNA polymerase isolated from late exponential and ensuing stationary-phase cultures of B. thuringiensis were nearly 50% less sensitive than exponential RNA polymerase activity. Inhibition patterns relating culture age at the time of RNA polymerase extraction to exotoxin inhibition suggested a direct correlation between diminishing exotoxin sensitivity and sporulation. Escherichia coli RNA polymerase could be made to mimic the B. thuringiensis exotoxin inhibition pattern by removal of sigma from the holoenzyme. After passage through phosphocellulose, exotoxin inhibition of the core polymerase was 30% less than the corresponding inhibition of E. coli holoenzyme. Heterologous enzyme reconstruction and assay were not possible due to loss of activity from the B. thuringiensis preparation during phosphocellulose chromatography, apparently from the removal of magnesium. In enzyme velocity studies, inhibition with exotoxin was noncompetitive with respect to the DNA template in the RNA polymerase reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:350364", "title": "Incidence of the H2 group of plasmids in chloramphenicol-sensitive salmonella isolated in 1974 from clinical sources in Ontario.", "content": "Chloramphenicol resistance in salmonella obtained from clinical sources in Ontario was previously found to be often mediated by R plasmids of the H2 incompatibility group. In the present study 40 salmonella strains resistant to one or more of kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, or tetracycline but sensitive to chloramphenicol, were investigated to determine if they contained R plasmids. Self-transmissible plasmids were isolated from 17 of the strains, and 7 of those showed the bacteriophage inhibition and thermosensitive mechanism of transfer characteristic of H2 plasmids. Entry exclusion and incompatibility experiments confiremd their classification. The results demonstrate that in this population of salmonella, R plasmids of the H2 group are prevalent. Experiments with plasmid-specific phages indicate that the plasmids of this sample, which are not in the H2 group, do not belong to any of the F, I, N, P, or W incompatibility groups.", "contents": "Incidence of the H2 group of plasmids in chloramphenicol-sensitive salmonella isolated in 1974 from clinical sources in Ontario. Chloramphenicol resistance in salmonella obtained from clinical sources in Ontario was previously found to be often mediated by R plasmids of the H2 incompatibility group. In the present study 40 salmonella strains resistant to one or more of kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, or tetracycline but sensitive to chloramphenicol, were investigated to determine if they contained R plasmids. Self-transmissible plasmids were isolated from 17 of the strains, and 7 of those showed the bacteriophage inhibition and thermosensitive mechanism of transfer characteristic of H2 plasmids. Entry exclusion and incompatibility experiments confiremd their classification. The results demonstrate that in this population of salmonella, R plasmids of the H2 group are prevalent. Experiments with plasmid-specific phages indicate that the plasmids of this sample, which are not in the H2 group, do not belong to any of the F, I, N, P, or W incompatibility groups."}
{"id": "PMID:350365", "title": "Effect of sunlight on bacterial survival in transparent air samplers.", "content": "Two types of commercially available microbiological air samplers (model STA-203, New Brunswick Scientific and All-Glass Impingers, Millipore) were used outdoors at an activated sludge treatment plant. The recovery of viable particles with both instruments was increased three- to eight-fold by shielding the trapping medium from the sun during the sampling process.", "contents": "Effect of sunlight on bacterial survival in transparent air samplers. Two types of commercially available microbiological air samplers (model STA-203, New Brunswick Scientific and All-Glass Impingers, Millipore) were used outdoors at an activated sludge treatment plant. The recovery of viable particles with both instruments was increased three- to eight-fold by shielding the trapping medium from the sun during the sampling process."}
{"id": "PMID:350366", "title": "A rapid radiometric technique used to trap and quantitate 14CO2 evolved by slow-growing microorganisms.", "content": "An apparatus to trap and quantitate 14CO2 is described. When used to measure antibiotic effects on Histoplasma capsulatum and Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), there was an inverse quantitative relationship between 14CO2 evolved and antibiotic concentration. The technique should prove useful for analyses that require trapping and quantitation of 14CO2, including antimicrobial sensitivities of slow-growing organisms.", "contents": "A rapid radiometric technique used to trap and quantitate 14CO2 evolved by slow-growing microorganisms. An apparatus to trap and quantitate 14CO2 is described. When used to measure antibiotic effects on Histoplasma capsulatum and Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), there was an inverse quantitative relationship between 14CO2 evolved and antibiotic concentration. The technique should prove useful for analyses that require trapping and quantitation of 14CO2, including antimicrobial sensitivities of slow-growing organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:350367", "title": "Immunologic findings, thrombocytopenia and disease activity in lupus nephritis.", "content": "Twenty patients with nephritis due to systemic lupus erythematosus were followed up for a mean of 34 months after renal biopsy with serial determinations of total serum complement and C3 and C4 concentrations, binding of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), antinuclear antibody pattern and platelet count. There were 25 episodes of nonhematologic observed disease activity in 16 of the 20 patients; elevated DNA binding and thrombocytopenia correlated well with these episodes. The mean platelet count during episodes of observed disease activity was 96 +/- 42 X 10(9)/L, which was significantly different from the mean count of 248 +/- 90 X 10(9)/L during disease quiescence. The proportion of false-positive results with the immunologic tests varied from 25% to 67% and with platelet counts it was 11%. It is suggested that thrombocytopenia may be a simple and accurate index of disease activity in lupus nephritis.", "contents": "Immunologic findings, thrombocytopenia and disease activity in lupus nephritis. Twenty patients with nephritis due to systemic lupus erythematosus were followed up for a mean of 34 months after renal biopsy with serial determinations of total serum complement and C3 and C4 concentrations, binding of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), antinuclear antibody pattern and platelet count. There were 25 episodes of nonhematologic observed disease activity in 16 of the 20 patients; elevated DNA binding and thrombocytopenia correlated well with these episodes. The mean platelet count during episodes of observed disease activity was 96 +/- 42 X 10(9)/L, which was significantly different from the mean count of 248 +/- 90 X 10(9)/L during disease quiescence. The proportion of false-positive results with the immunologic tests varied from 25% to 67% and with platelet counts it was 11%. It is suggested that thrombocytopenia may be a simple and accurate index of disease activity in lupus nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:350368", "title": "Tourette's syndrome: a treatable tic.", "content": "Tourette's syndrome, or Gilles de la Tourette's disease, is a disorder characterized by involuntary tic-like muscular movements, compulsive behaviour and involuntary vocalization of sounds, words or profanities. It begins in childhood and may persist for life, with a varied pattern and course. Recent studies indicate an organic basis for the disorder, and an abnormality of dopamine or purine metabolism has been suggested. The treatment of choice is haloperidol administration; most patients do well with low or moderate doses for long periods. Because these patients are often mistakenly regarded as anxious, psychoneurotic or hysterical, correct diagnosis is important if they are to be treated appropriately and regarded properly in the home, school and society.", "contents": "Tourette's syndrome: a treatable tic. Tourette's syndrome, or Gilles de la Tourette's disease, is a disorder characterized by involuntary tic-like muscular movements, compulsive behaviour and involuntary vocalization of sounds, words or profanities. It begins in childhood and may persist for life, with a varied pattern and course. Recent studies indicate an organic basis for the disorder, and an abnormality of dopamine or purine metabolism has been suggested. The treatment of choice is haloperidol administration; most patients do well with low or moderate doses for long periods. Because these patients are often mistakenly regarded as anxious, psychoneurotic or hysterical, correct diagnosis is important if they are to be treated appropriately and regarded properly in the home, school and society."}
{"id": "PMID:350371", "title": "Pregnancy in patients with chronic renal disease.", "content": "Pregnancy is not invariably contra-indicated in patients with pre-existing renal disease. Clinical data now exist that permit the clinician to distinguish such patients who are likely to experience difficulty during pregnancy from those in whom pregnancy can be undertaken with high expectation of success. Patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus, active or inactive, with or without lupus nephritis, should avoid pregnancy. Patients with other forms of chronic renal disease in whom the serum creatinine concentration prior to pregnancy is less than 1.5 mg/dL are not exposed to increased maternal or fetal risk. On the other hand, patients with serum creatinine values exceeding 1.6 mg/dL experience a high incidence of maternal and fetal complications and should avoid pregnancy. The life expectancy of recipients of a renal transplant is uncertain, and these patients should receive counselling as to the advisability of undertaking pregnancy. The maternal risk in such patients is not inordinately high, but the fetal risk is considerable.", "contents": "Pregnancy in patients with chronic renal disease. Pregnancy is not invariably contra-indicated in patients with pre-existing renal disease. Clinical data now exist that permit the clinician to distinguish such patients who are likely to experience difficulty during pregnancy from those in whom pregnancy can be undertaken with high expectation of success. Patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus, active or inactive, with or without lupus nephritis, should avoid pregnancy. Patients with other forms of chronic renal disease in whom the serum creatinine concentration prior to pregnancy is less than 1.5 mg/dL are not exposed to increased maternal or fetal risk. On the other hand, patients with serum creatinine values exceeding 1.6 mg/dL experience a high incidence of maternal and fetal complications and should avoid pregnancy. The life expectancy of recipients of a renal transplant is uncertain, and these patients should receive counselling as to the advisability of undertaking pregnancy. The maternal risk in such patients is not inordinately high, but the fetal risk is considerable."}
{"id": "PMID:350375", "title": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia following successful renal transplantation.", "content": "The use of immunosuppressive therapy has markedly increased over the past several years, and concomitant with its use has been an increased frequency of associated neoplasia. The patient presented is a 22-year-old white male who, following two renal transplants and prolonged immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine and methylprednisolone, developed chronic granulocytic leukemia. Chromosome karyotyping demonstrated the somewhat unusual development of a Philadelphia chromosome with translocation to the No. 7 of the C group. A review of transplantation centers revealed that five cases of chronic granulocytic leukemia have occurred in a population of 25,000 renal transplant patients, a 5-fold increased incidence over the general population. Possible etiologies that may be responsible for the development of chronic granulocytic  leukemia in patients on immunosuppressive therapy are discussed. It is our hope that by the introduction of these reports of chronic granulocytic leukemia into the medical literature, the need for caution in the use of immunosuppressive drugs in nonmalignant disease will again be emphasized.", "contents": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia following successful renal transplantation. The use of immunosuppressive therapy has markedly increased over the past several years, and concomitant with its use has been an increased frequency of associated neoplasia. The patient presented is a 22-year-old white male who, following two renal transplants and prolonged immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine and methylprednisolone, developed chronic granulocytic leukemia. Chromosome karyotyping demonstrated the somewhat unusual development of a Philadelphia chromosome with translocation to the No. 7 of the C group. A review of transplantation centers revealed that five cases of chronic granulocytic leukemia have occurred in a population of 25,000 renal transplant patients, a 5-fold increased incidence over the general population. Possible etiologies that may be responsible for the development of chronic granulocytic  leukemia in patients on immunosuppressive therapy are discussed. It is our hope that by the introduction of these reports of chronic granulocytic leukemia into the medical literature, the need for caution in the use of immunosuppressive drugs in nonmalignant disease will again be emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:350377", "title": "The epidemiology of breast cancer in 785 United States Caucasian women.", "content": "A retrospective case-control hospital study of 785 Caucasian breast cancer patients and 2,231 age-stratified controls was conducted in New York City from 1969-1975. Patients were grouped by pre- peri- and postmenopausal status at diagnosis for the analysis to make a distinctive separation for variables showing a pre- and postmenopausal differential. Demographic characteristics were similar for cases and controls. Previously recorded hormone-related risk variables for this disease were largely confirmed for pre- and perimenopausal women, i.e., late age at first birth (greater than 25), premenstrual symptoms of breast swelling and premenopausal chills and flushes. Mother's history of breast cancer was also found to be a risk variable. Nulliparity was a risk factor only perimenopausally. No risk was foun for absolute height, weight or for obesity (Quetelet Index), prior breast diseases or previous usage of exogenous hormones of any type and no \"protective\" effect was found for multiparous women and for nursing. Perimenopausally diagnosed patients (menopause to 10 years after) were similar to premenopausally diagnosed women on most risk factors. Risk variables determined by this and other case-control studies cannot account for the magnitude of differences in the international incidence of breast cancer.", "contents": "The epidemiology of breast cancer in 785 United States Caucasian women. A retrospective case-control hospital study of 785 Caucasian breast cancer patients and 2,231 age-stratified controls was conducted in New York City from 1969-1975. Patients were grouped by pre- peri- and postmenopausal status at diagnosis for the analysis to make a distinctive separation for variables showing a pre- and postmenopausal differential. Demographic characteristics were similar for cases and controls. Previously recorded hormone-related risk variables for this disease were largely confirmed for pre- and perimenopausal women, i.e., late age at first birth (greater than 25), premenstrual symptoms of breast swelling and premenopausal chills and flushes. Mother's history of breast cancer was also found to be a risk variable. Nulliparity was a risk factor only perimenopausally. No risk was foun for absolute height, weight or for obesity (Quetelet Index), prior breast diseases or previous usage of exogenous hormones of any type and no \"protective\" effect was found for multiparous women and for nursing. Perimenopausally diagnosed patients (menopause to 10 years after) were similar to premenopausally diagnosed women on most risk factors. Risk variables determined by this and other case-control studies cannot account for the magnitude of differences in the international incidence of breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:350378", "title": "Metastatic malignant melanoma transplanted via a renal homograft: a case report.", "content": "A case of transplantation of a malignant melanoma via a cadaver renal homograft is presented. The recipient developed a widespread malignancy ninteen months after renal transplantation. At autopsy the tumor was diagnosed as a malignant melanoma. Autopsy of the donor had previously revealed a spindle cell malignancy in the spleen. It is postulated that the splenic tumor in the donor represents a spindle cell variant of malignant melanoma, and hence this malignancy was inadvertently transferred to the recipient via the renal homograft.", "contents": "Metastatic malignant melanoma transplanted via a renal homograft: a case report. A case of transplantation of a malignant melanoma via a cadaver renal homograft is presented. The recipient developed a widespread malignancy ninteen months after renal transplantation. At autopsy the tumor was diagnosed as a malignant melanoma. Autopsy of the donor had previously revealed a spindle cell malignancy in the spleen. It is postulated that the splenic tumor in the donor represents a spindle cell variant of malignant melanoma, and hence this malignancy was inadvertently transferred to the recipient via the renal homograft."}
{"id": "PMID:350379", "title": "Simultaneous extramedullary plasmacytomas of the vagina and vulva: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "An unusual case of simultaneous plasmacytomas of the vagina and vulva is presented along with a review of the literature on urogenital extramedullary plasmacytoma. The diagnosis in this case was obtained by vaginal cytological smear and later confirmed by histological examination of tumor biopsies. Of the four previously reported cases of malignant plasmacytoma of the vagina, one recurred locally and none was associated with metastases. In the case presented, local recurrence as well as multiple osseous metastases occurred.", "contents": "Simultaneous extramedullary plasmacytomas of the vagina and vulva: a case report and review of the literature. An unusual case of simultaneous plasmacytomas of the vagina and vulva is presented along with a review of the literature on urogenital extramedullary plasmacytoma. The diagnosis in this case was obtained by vaginal cytological smear and later confirmed by histological examination of tumor biopsies. Of the four previously reported cases of malignant plasmacytoma of the vagina, one recurred locally and none was associated with metastases. In the case presented, local recurrence as well as multiple osseous metastases occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:350380", "title": "T-lymphocytes and macrophages in primary murine fibrosarcomas at different stages in their progression.", "content": "The relative contribution of lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes to the cell content of primary 3-methyl-cholanthrene-induced murine fibrosarcomas was determined at different stages in their progression by differential cell analysis on enzyme-derived single-cell suspensions. Furthermore, immunohistological analyses were performed on the tumors to detect, quantitate, and determine the distribution of T-lymphocytes and macrophages. The T-lymphocyte content of small tumors was very high, and the T-cells were distributed throughout the tumor mass. As the tumor increased in size, there was a marked decrease in the relative T-cell content; most were located at the tumor periphery. Macrophages were present in significant numers in all tumors and appeared to increase in number as the tumors increased in size. Macrophages were distributed throughout the tumor mass, but generally they were more densely distributed near the tumor periphery. Granulocytes were present in low numbers in all tumors. Yeast phagocytosis was used to assess the functional capacity of the macrophage population. The phagocytic capacity of the macrophages was low in the small tumors, increased significantly as the tumors progressed, but dropped to relatively low levels in large tumors. The results represent a preliminary attempt to characterize the dynamics of host cell infiltration of primary immunogenic tumors.", "contents": "T-lymphocytes and macrophages in primary murine fibrosarcomas at different stages in their progression. The relative contribution of lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes to the cell content of primary 3-methyl-cholanthrene-induced murine fibrosarcomas was determined at different stages in their progression by differential cell analysis on enzyme-derived single-cell suspensions. Furthermore, immunohistological analyses were performed on the tumors to detect, quantitate, and determine the distribution of T-lymphocytes and macrophages. The T-lymphocyte content of small tumors was very high, and the T-cells were distributed throughout the tumor mass. As the tumor increased in size, there was a marked decrease in the relative T-cell content; most were located at the tumor periphery. Macrophages were present in significant numers in all tumors and appeared to increase in number as the tumors increased in size. Macrophages were distributed throughout the tumor mass, but generally they were more densely distributed near the tumor periphery. Granulocytes were present in low numbers in all tumors. Yeast phagocytosis was used to assess the functional capacity of the macrophage population. The phagocytic capacity of the macrophages was low in the small tumors, increased significantly as the tumors progressed, but dropped to relatively low levels in large tumors. The results represent a preliminary attempt to characterize the dynamics of host cell infiltration of primary immunogenic tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:350382", "title": "Mechanisms of inhibition by ascorbate of microbial mutagenesis induced by N-nitroso compounds.", "content": "Mutagenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in Salmonella TA 1530 was inhibited by ascorbate. Inhibition of MNNG-induced mutagenesis resulted from a reaction between ascorbate and MNNG that led to consumption of MNNG. The rate of this reaction was considerably enhanced by catalytic amounts of Cu(II) and Fe(III). No direct reaction between DMN and ascorbate was detectable, but relatively high concentrations of Cu(II) enchanced inhibition of DMN-induced mutagenesis by ascorbate. Added protein reduced the effectiveness of Cu(II) as a catalyst of the reaction between ascorbate and MNNG, which suggested that the microsomal protein necessary to activate DMN, may reduce the concentration of free Cu(II) and thereby lower its catalytic efficiency. Mutagenesis by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea was not inhibited by ascorbate.", "contents": "Mechanisms of inhibition by ascorbate of microbial mutagenesis induced by N-nitroso compounds. Mutagenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in Salmonella TA 1530 was inhibited by ascorbate. Inhibition of MNNG-induced mutagenesis resulted from a reaction between ascorbate and MNNG that led to consumption of MNNG. The rate of this reaction was considerably enhanced by catalytic amounts of Cu(II) and Fe(III). No direct reaction between DMN and ascorbate was detectable, but relatively high concentrations of Cu(II) enchanced inhibition of DMN-induced mutagenesis by ascorbate. Added protein reduced the effectiveness of Cu(II) as a catalyst of the reaction between ascorbate and MNNG, which suggested that the microsomal protein necessary to activate DMN, may reduce the concentration of free Cu(II) and thereby lower its catalytic efficiency. Mutagenesis by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea was not inhibited by ascorbate."}
{"id": "PMID:350383", "title": "Mutagenicity of several classes of antitumor agents to Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, and TA92.", "content": "The mutagenic activities of antitumor agents, including 5 antibiotics, 19 antimetabolites, 5 alkylating agents, 2 alkaloids, 1 enzyme, and 1 adrenal steroid hormone, were tested on Salmonella tyhimurium TA100, TA98, and TA92. Four of these, busulfan, carbazilquinone, 1-(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidine-5-yl)methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea hydrochloride, and pipobroman were shown for the first time to be mutagenic. Further, the known mutagenicities of five others, daunomycin hydrochloride, Adriamycin hydrochloride, mitomycin C, 6-mercaptopurine, and cyclophosphamide, were confirmed.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of several classes of antitumor agents to Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, and TA92. The mutagenic activities of antitumor agents, including 5 antibiotics, 19 antimetabolites, 5 alkylating agents, 2 alkaloids, 1 enzyme, and 1 adrenal steroid hormone, were tested on Salmonella tyhimurium TA100, TA98, and TA92. Four of these, busulfan, carbazilquinone, 1-(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidine-5-yl)methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea hydrochloride, and pipobroman were shown for the first time to be mutagenic. Further, the known mutagenicities of five others, daunomycin hydrochloride, Adriamycin hydrochloride, mitomycin C, 6-mercaptopurine, and cyclophosphamide, were confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:350384", "title": "Autologous bone marrow grafts in dogs treated with lethal doses of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "Hematological and immunosuppressive effects of various single doses of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) were evaluated in the preclinical canine model. Immune function appeared not to be impaired by treatment with CCNU, but severe myelotoxicity contributed to the death of 3 of 4 dogs given 10 mg CCNU per kg and 5 of 5 dogs given 15 mg CCNU per kg within 10 days after drug administration. Infusions of autologous bone marrow protected 6 of 6 dogs receiving 15 mg CCNU per kg and 6 of 6 dogs receiving 20 mg CCNU per kg from lethal marrow failure. Dogs given 30 mg CCNU per kg and autologous marrow died within 7 days from severe gastrointestinal toxicity. We conclude that autologous bone marrow support may allow the use of high-dose CCNU regimens and thereby increase its therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of advanced cancer.", "contents": "Autologous bone marrow grafts in dogs treated with lethal doses of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. Hematological and immunosuppressive effects of various single doses of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) were evaluated in the preclinical canine model. Immune function appeared not to be impaired by treatment with CCNU, but severe myelotoxicity contributed to the death of 3 of 4 dogs given 10 mg CCNU per kg and 5 of 5 dogs given 15 mg CCNU per kg within 10 days after drug administration. Infusions of autologous bone marrow protected 6 of 6 dogs receiving 15 mg CCNU per kg and 6 of 6 dogs receiving 20 mg CCNU per kg from lethal marrow failure. Dogs given 30 mg CCNU per kg and autologous marrow died within 7 days from severe gastrointestinal toxicity. We conclude that autologous bone marrow support may allow the use of high-dose CCNU regimens and thereby increase its therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of advanced cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:350385", "title": "1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-5-methylchrysene, a major activated metabolite of the environmental carcinogen 5-methylchrysene.", "content": "The metabolic activation of the environmental carcinogen 5-methylchrysene was studied by combining high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of metabolites formed in vitro with assays of these metabolites for mutagenic activity toward Salmonella typhimurium. Metabolites were formed by incubation of 5-methylchrysene with the 9000 x g supernatant from Aroclor-treated rat livers. With the use of reverse-phase columns, the metabolites were resolved into nine peaks, A to I. Each peak was collected and tested for mutagenicity with activiation. Significant mutagenic activity was observed primarily in peak E and to a lesser extent in peak D. None of the other metabolites showed significant mutagenic activity. The major mutagenic metabolite (peak E) was identified as 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-5-methylchrysene (7.0% from 5-methylchrysene); Peak D was 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxy-5-methylchrysene (2.6% from 5-methylchrysene). Other metabolites included 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy-5-methylchrysene, 9-hydroxy-5-methylchrysene, 7-hydroxy-5-methylchrysene, 1-hydroxy-5-methylchrysene, and 5-hydroxymethylchrysene. These results indicate that 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-5-methylchrysene is a major proximate mutagen of 5-methylchrysene.", "contents": "1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-5-methylchrysene, a major activated metabolite of the environmental carcinogen 5-methylchrysene. The metabolic activation of the environmental carcinogen 5-methylchrysene was studied by combining high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of metabolites formed in vitro with assays of these metabolites for mutagenic activity toward Salmonella typhimurium. Metabolites were formed by incubation of 5-methylchrysene with the 9000 x g supernatant from Aroclor-treated rat livers. With the use of reverse-phase columns, the metabolites were resolved into nine peaks, A to I. Each peak was collected and tested for mutagenicity with activiation. Significant mutagenic activity was observed primarily in peak E and to a lesser extent in peak D. None of the other metabolites showed significant mutagenic activity. The major mutagenic metabolite (peak E) was identified as 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-5-methylchrysene (7.0% from 5-methylchrysene); Peak D was 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxy-5-methylchrysene (2.6% from 5-methylchrysene). Other metabolites included 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy-5-methylchrysene, 9-hydroxy-5-methylchrysene, 7-hydroxy-5-methylchrysene, 1-hydroxy-5-methylchrysene, and 5-hydroxymethylchrysene. These results indicate that 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-5-methylchrysene is a major proximate mutagen of 5-methylchrysene."}
{"id": "PMID:350386", "title": "Isophosphamide therapy for hematologic malignancies in patients refractory to prior treatment.", "content": "Isophosphamide was administered to 27 patients with acute leukemia and to 15 patients with malignant lymphoma refractory to primary therapy. The starting dose of isophosphamide was 1200 mg/m2 administered as a daily continuous infusion x 5 days; the courses of treatment were repeated every 2-3 weeks. Of the 27 patients with acute leukemia, four achieved complete remission, two achieved partial remission, and two achieved hematologic improvement. However, no responses occurred in ten patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Thus, the response rate was 47% (eight responses among among 17 patients, in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute undifferentiated leukemia. Seven of the 15 patients with malignant lymphoma responded. Most responses (five of six patients) occurred in patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Twenty-one of the 42 patients had received prior therapy with cyclophosphamide and 12 of these patients (two with leukemia and ten with lymphoma) responded, thus suggesting that as in the treatment of L1210 leukemia, isophosphamide is effective for tumors resistant to prior cyclophosphamide therapy. No significant genitourinary toxicity occurred; however, myelosuppression became the dose-limiting toxicity. Isophosphamide is active in malignant lymphomas and acute leukemias (except AML) and may have a role in combination regimens for such diseases.", "contents": "Isophosphamide therapy for hematologic malignancies in patients refractory to prior treatment. Isophosphamide was administered to 27 patients with acute leukemia and to 15 patients with malignant lymphoma refractory to primary therapy. The starting dose of isophosphamide was 1200 mg/m2 administered as a daily continuous infusion x 5 days; the courses of treatment were repeated every 2-3 weeks. Of the 27 patients with acute leukemia, four achieved complete remission, two achieved partial remission, and two achieved hematologic improvement. However, no responses occurred in ten patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Thus, the response rate was 47% (eight responses among among 17 patients, in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute undifferentiated leukemia. Seven of the 15 patients with malignant lymphoma responded. Most responses (five of six patients) occurred in patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Twenty-one of the 42 patients had received prior therapy with cyclophosphamide and 12 of these patients (two with leukemia and ten with lymphoma) responded, thus suggesting that as in the treatment of L1210 leukemia, isophosphamide is effective for tumors resistant to prior cyclophosphamide therapy. No significant genitourinary toxicity occurred; however, myelosuppression became the dose-limiting toxicity. Isophosphamide is active in malignant lymphomas and acute leukemias (except AML) and may have a role in combination regimens for such diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:350387", "title": "A possible new approach to the treatment of metastatic breast cancer: massive doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate.", "content": "The results obtained with a new hormone therapy using medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) in previously untested single and total doses in the treatment of advanced breast cancer are reported. Fifty-two postmenopausal patients were treated with an average total dose of 40 g of MAP for a period of 30 days. Nineteen of 44 patients (43%) had complete or partial remission, while the disease remained unchanged in nine of 44 patients (20%). Disease progression occurred in 12 of 44 patients (27%). Partial or complete remission occurred in 12 of 18 (67%) and four of six (67%) of the patients with dominant osseous and soft tissue metastases respectively. Three of ten (16%) of those with visceral metastases had remission. The average duration of remission was 7 months. Average survival times were 15.5 months for patients with remission, 8 months for those with no change, and 2.5 months for those with disease progression. From a subjective standpoint, pain was reduced significantly or disappeared in 34 of 36 patients (94%); this was also the case with respect to dyspnea (13 of 16 patients [81%]), anorexia (24 of 29 [83%]), asthenia (28 of 35 [80%]), and walking impairment (15 of 24 [63%]). When relapse occurred, patients previously treated with massive doses of MAP received further treatment with higher doses of MAP; four of 22 (18%) of the patients attained partial remission once again. Positive effects were also seen in subjective performance status, body weight, and EKG. We also describe the new clinical and toxicologic features of this treatment.", "contents": "A possible new approach to the treatment of metastatic breast cancer: massive doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate. The results obtained with a new hormone therapy using medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) in previously untested single and total doses in the treatment of advanced breast cancer are reported. Fifty-two postmenopausal patients were treated with an average total dose of 40 g of MAP for a period of 30 days. Nineteen of 44 patients (43%) had complete or partial remission, while the disease remained unchanged in nine of 44 patients (20%). Disease progression occurred in 12 of 44 patients (27%). Partial or complete remission occurred in 12 of 18 (67%) and four of six (67%) of the patients with dominant osseous and soft tissue metastases respectively. Three of ten (16%) of those with visceral metastases had remission. The average duration of remission was 7 months. Average survival times were 15.5 months for patients with remission, 8 months for those with no change, and 2.5 months for those with disease progression. From a subjective standpoint, pain was reduced significantly or disappeared in 34 of 36 patients (94%); this was also the case with respect to dyspnea (13 of 16 patients [81%]), anorexia (24 of 29 [83%]), asthenia (28 of 35 [80%]), and walking impairment (15 of 24 [63%]). When relapse occurred, patients previously treated with massive doses of MAP received further treatment with higher doses of MAP; four of 22 (18%) of the patients attained partial remission once again. Positive effects were also seen in subjective performance status, body weight, and EKG. We also describe the new clinical and toxicologic features of this treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:350388", "title": "Combination chemotherapy plus methanol extracted residue of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin or Corynebacterium parvum in stage III lung cancer.", "content": "Seventy-six patients with stage III bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with monthly adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), and vincristine. In addition, they were randomized to receive either no immunotherapy, the methanol extracted residue of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (MER), or Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum). Age, histology, extent of disease, prior therapy, and performance status were comparable in the three treatment groups. Twelve patients (16%) died having received only one treatment cycle. Sixty-four of the 76 patients received two or more treatments and were evaluable for response. There were no patients with complete responses, 14 patients (18%) with partial responses, 28 patients (37%) with no change, and 22 patients (29%) with progressive disease. Survival among patients receiving C. parvum is significantly longer (P less than 0.05) than that of patients receiving either MER or no immunotherapy.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy plus methanol extracted residue of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin or Corynebacterium parvum in stage III lung cancer. Seventy-six patients with stage III bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with monthly adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), and vincristine. In addition, they were randomized to receive either no immunotherapy, the methanol extracted residue of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (MER), or Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum). Age, histology, extent of disease, prior therapy, and performance status were comparable in the three treatment groups. Twelve patients (16%) died having received only one treatment cycle. Sixty-four of the 76 patients received two or more treatments and were evaluable for response. There were no patients with complete responses, 14 patients (18%) with partial responses, 28 patients (37%) with no change, and 22 patients (29%) with progressive disease. Survival among patients receiving C. parvum is significantly longer (P less than 0.05) than that of patients receiving either MER or no immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:350390", "title": "Recurrent bladder papillomata treated with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin: a preliminary report (phase I trial).", "content": "Six patients with recurrent bladder papillomata were treated both by abdominal scarification with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and by intravesical BCG, without resection. Four patients responded favorably (two showing major systemic complications), and the other two, who failed to respond, underwent further surgery.", "contents": "Recurrent bladder papillomata treated with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin: a preliminary report (phase I trial). Six patients with recurrent bladder papillomata were treated both by abdominal scarification with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and by intravesical BCG, without resection. Four patients responded favorably (two showing major systemic complications), and the other two, who failed to respond, underwent further surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:350392", "title": "Treatment of advanced ovarian cancer with cis=dichlorodiammineplatinum(II): poor-risk patients with intensive prior therapy.", "content": "Nineteen patients with advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma were treated with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP), 50 mg/m2 as an iv bolus once every 3 weeks. Prior treatment had exhausted other chemotherapeutic options or damaged the bone marrow sufficiently to contra-indicate treatment with standard drugs. All patients had evaluable tumors and evidence of failure of prior therapy. DDP produced objective responses, relieved symptoms due to tumor, and improved the patients' quality of survival. There were no serious hematologic complications due to therapy except anemia.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced ovarian cancer with cis=dichlorodiammineplatinum(II): poor-risk patients with intensive prior therapy. Nineteen patients with advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma were treated with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP), 50 mg/m2 as an iv bolus once every 3 weeks. Prior treatment had exhausted other chemotherapeutic options or damaged the bone marrow sufficiently to contra-indicate treatment with standard drugs. All patients had evaluable tumors and evidence of failure of prior therapy. DDP produced objective responses, relieved symptoms due to tumor, and improved the patients' quality of survival. There were no serious hematologic complications due to therapy except anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:350394", "title": "Phase II trial of 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, and mitomycin C in advanced colorectal cancer.", "content": "Thirty-five patients with advanced measurable colorectal cancer were treated with a combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), adriamycin, and mitomycin C (FAM). Objective regression of tumor was observed in six patients (17%); seven patients (20%) demonstrated stabilization of disease. The FAM regimen was generally well tolerated with toxic effects limited to bone marrow depression and mild-to-moderate nausea and vomiting. FAM combination chemotherapy did not significantly improve survival in responding patients, nor was it more effective than 5-FU alone in achieving objective regression of disease.", "contents": "Phase II trial of 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, and mitomycin C in advanced colorectal cancer. Thirty-five patients with advanced measurable colorectal cancer were treated with a combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), adriamycin, and mitomycin C (FAM). Objective regression of tumor was observed in six patients (17%); seven patients (20%) demonstrated stabilization of disease. The FAM regimen was generally well tolerated with toxic effects limited to bone marrow depression and mild-to-moderate nausea and vomiting. FAM combination chemotherapy did not significantly improve survival in responding patients, nor was it more effective than 5-FU alone in achieving objective regression of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:350397", "title": "Chemo-immunotherapy for unresectable bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Seventy-nine patients with metastatic or unresectable bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with a regimen of combination chemotherapy which included methotrexate, Oncovin (vincristine), cyclophosphamide, and adriamycin (MOCA), and were randomized to receive no additional therapy, immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, or immunotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum). The response rate and estimated median survival time were 68% and 42 weeks in small cell carcinoma and 18% and 29 weeks in other histologic types. Improved survival correlated with high performance status and response to therapy. Immunotherapy did not improve response, time to progression, or hematopoietic tolerance of chemotherapy. C. parvum was associated with significant morbidity and was poorly tolerated. MOCA appears to be of modest value in the treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma, particularly of the small cell type. A role for immunotherapy remains unproven.", "contents": "Chemo-immunotherapy for unresectable bronchogenic carcinoma. Seventy-nine patients with metastatic or unresectable bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with a regimen of combination chemotherapy which included methotrexate, Oncovin (vincristine), cyclophosphamide, and adriamycin (MOCA), and were randomized to receive no additional therapy, immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, or immunotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum). The response rate and estimated median survival time were 68% and 42 weeks in small cell carcinoma and 18% and 29 weeks in other histologic types. Improved survival correlated with high performance status and response to therapy. Immunotherapy did not improve response, time to progression, or hematopoietic tolerance of chemotherapy. C. parvum was associated with significant morbidity and was poorly tolerated. MOCA appears to be of modest value in the treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma, particularly of the small cell type. A role for immunotherapy remains unproven."}
{"id": "PMID:350398", "title": "Phase II trial of ftorafur with mitomycin C versus ftorafur with methyl-CCNU in untreated colorectal cancer.", "content": "In an attempt to substitute ftorafur for burdensome 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) infusions, 52 previously untreated patients were randomized to receive ftorafur with either mitomycin C or methyl-CCNU. Ftorafur was administered monthly as a 2-hour infusion daily x 5 days. Mitomycin C and methyl-CCNU were repeated every 8 weeks. A response rate of 27% (seven responses among 26 patients) was demonstrated on the mitomycin C arm compared to a response rate of 15% (four responses among 26 patients) on the methyl-CCNU arm (P = 0.25). There was no significant difference in the median survival between treatment arms. Central nervous system toxicity occurred in greater than 30% of the patients and appeared to be the limiting factor with ftorafur administration. Alternate schedules of ftorafur should be explored since there appears to be little advantage of a daily ftorafur schedule over conventional 5-FU infusions.", "contents": "Phase II trial of ftorafur with mitomycin C versus ftorafur with methyl-CCNU in untreated colorectal cancer. In an attempt to substitute ftorafur for burdensome 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) infusions, 52 previously untreated patients were randomized to receive ftorafur with either mitomycin C or methyl-CCNU. Ftorafur was administered monthly as a 2-hour infusion daily x 5 days. Mitomycin C and methyl-CCNU were repeated every 8 weeks. A response rate of 27% (seven responses among 26 patients) was demonstrated on the mitomycin C arm compared to a response rate of 15% (four responses among 26 patients) on the methyl-CCNU arm (P = 0.25). There was no significant difference in the median survival between treatment arms. Central nervous system toxicity occurred in greater than 30% of the patients and appeared to be the limiting factor with ftorafur administration. Alternate schedules of ftorafur should be explored since there appears to be little advantage of a daily ftorafur schedule over conventional 5-FU infusions."}
{"id": "PMID:350410", "title": "Altered pattern of vasopressin distribution in the hypothalamus of rats subjected to immobilization stress. An immunohistochemical study.", "content": "Generally, the CRF-like activity of vasopressin is studied in experiments involving adrenalectomy and corticosteroid replacement. In order to avoid this complex type of stress, male and female (diestrus, estrus) rats were exposed to 5 min to immobilization stress and sacrificed 5, 15, and 30 min thereafter. After a survival period of 5 min the vasopressin-synthesizing part of the paraventricular nucleus exhibited an increased activity. Vasopressin-reactive axons in the pericapillary layer of the median eminence and among the solid cell clusters of the pars tuberalis became more conspicuous and increased in number. In this group of experimentally treated animals the prechiasmatic division of the supraoptic nucleus did not show any changes in immunoreactivity. The same holds true for the neurohypophyses in all experimental groups. In animals with increased survival times the supraoptic nucleus exhibited a slightly increased activity, whereas the staining intensity of the paraventricular nucleus decreases gradually. From these results it can be concluded that the paraventricular nucleus is involved in the first phase of the stress response. The problem of vasopressin or a very similar peptide synthesized in this nucleus and exerting a CRF-releasing function is discussed.", "contents": "Altered pattern of vasopressin distribution in the hypothalamus of rats subjected to immobilization stress. An immunohistochemical study. Generally, the CRF-like activity of vasopressin is studied in experiments involving adrenalectomy and corticosteroid replacement. In order to avoid this complex type of stress, male and female (diestrus, estrus) rats were exposed to 5 min to immobilization stress and sacrificed 5, 15, and 30 min thereafter. After a survival period of 5 min the vasopressin-synthesizing part of the paraventricular nucleus exhibited an increased activity. Vasopressin-reactive axons in the pericapillary layer of the median eminence and among the solid cell clusters of the pars tuberalis became more conspicuous and increased in number. In this group of experimentally treated animals the prechiasmatic division of the supraoptic nucleus did not show any changes in immunoreactivity. The same holds true for the neurohypophyses in all experimental groups. In animals with increased survival times the supraoptic nucleus exhibited a slightly increased activity, whereas the staining intensity of the paraventricular nucleus decreases gradually. From these results it can be concluded that the paraventricular nucleus is involved in the first phase of the stress response. The problem of vasopressin or a very similar peptide synthesized in this nucleus and exerting a CRF-releasing function is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350411", "title": "DNA sequence at the integration sites of the insertion element IS1.", "content": "We have detected two independent occurrences of insertion mutations in the lacl gene of E. Coli, and have used small plasmids carrying the l gene to purify large amounts of DNA containing these insertions. Analyses with restriction endonucleases and DNA sequencing techniques establish that both insertions involve the previously characterized element IS1. In each case, the integration of IS1 into the l gene DNA is associated with a directly repeated sequence of 9 nucleotides appearing at each end of the insertion element. Since one of these sequences was present in the wild-type gene, the second sequence either preexisted in the IS1 before integration, or else was generated by the process of insertion itself. The 9 base repeat is different in both cases. We discuss the relevance of these findings to the mechanism of integration of transposable elements.", "contents": "DNA sequence at the integration sites of the insertion element IS1. We have detected two independent occurrences of insertion mutations in the lacl gene of E. Coli, and have used small plasmids carrying the l gene to purify large amounts of DNA containing these insertions. Analyses with restriction endonucleases and DNA sequencing techniques establish that both insertions involve the previously characterized element IS1. In each case, the integration of IS1 into the l gene DNA is associated with a directly repeated sequence of 9 nucleotides appearing at each end of the insertion element. Since one of these sequences was present in the wild-type gene, the second sequence either preexisted in the IS1 before integration, or else was generated by the process of insertion itself. The 9 base repeat is different in both cases. We discuss the relevance of these findings to the mechanism of integration of transposable elements."}
{"id": "PMID:350412", "title": "IS1 insertion generates duplication of a nine base pair sequence at its target site.", "content": "Three independent integrations of the E. coli insertion sequence, IS1, into the gal operon have been analyzed. DNA sequences of portions of the wild-type galT gene which act as the target sites for these insertions, as well as the corresponding gal/IS1 junctions, are reported. Two features are particularly noteworthy. First, similar sequences appearing in inverted orientation consitute the ends of IS1: 18 of the terminal 23 base pairs at each end are identical. Second, in all three insertions, a 9 base pair segment found once in the wild-type sequence at the site of insertion is duplicated and appears in the same orientation at each end of the inserted element. The sequence of this 9 base pair repeat is different for each insertion analyzed. No homology between the inverted repeat sequences at the ends of IS1 and the sequences of the target sites is observed. Models for the mechanism of IS1 insertion are proposed.", "contents": "IS1 insertion generates duplication of a nine base pair sequence at its target site. Three independent integrations of the E. coli insertion sequence, IS1, into the gal operon have been analyzed. DNA sequences of portions of the wild-type galT gene which act as the target sites for these insertions, as well as the corresponding gal/IS1 junctions, are reported. Two features are particularly noteworthy. First, similar sequences appearing in inverted orientation consitute the ends of IS1: 18 of the terminal 23 base pairs at each end are identical. Second, in all three insertions, a 9 base pair segment found once in the wild-type sequence at the site of insertion is duplicated and appears in the same orientation at each end of the inserted element. The sequence of this 9 base pair repeat is different for each insertion analyzed. No homology between the inverted repeat sequences at the ends of IS1 and the sequences of the target sites is observed. Models for the mechanism of IS1 insertion are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:350414", "title": "Tubulin assembly protein: immunochemical and immunofluorescent studies on its function and distribution in microtubules and cultured cells.", "content": "Cytoplasmic microtubule assembly from tubulin monomers requires an accessory protein or proteins present is isolated microtubules. These proteins have been designated \"tau\" factors. One such factor, tubulin assembly protein (TAP), has been purified to homogeneity from calf brain microtubules. A precipitating, monospecific antibody against the protein has been prepared. The antibody has been used to investigate the mechanism of TAP action in microtubule assembly and the distribution of TAP in cellular microtubules. Immunochemical, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies indicate that TAP functions stoichiometrically by binding physically to tubulin to form a complex active in microtubule assembly. TAP is an elongation protein which is required throughout the growth of a microtubule and which is actually present along the entire microtubule. Immunofluorescence microscopy has been used to demonstrate that TAP is distributed throughout the cytoplasmic microtubule network of cultured human, hamster and rat cells-both normal and virally transformed. Immunofluorescence of cells in mitosis shows that TAP is present in the mitotic spindle. These results demonstrate the biological importance of tubulin assembly protein and suggest that it or immunologically related \"tau\" proteins represent ubiquitous cofactors in cytoplasmic microtubule assembly.", "contents": "Tubulin assembly protein: immunochemical and immunofluorescent studies on its function and distribution in microtubules and cultured cells. Cytoplasmic microtubule assembly from tubulin monomers requires an accessory protein or proteins present is isolated microtubules. These proteins have been designated \"tau\" factors. One such factor, tubulin assembly protein (TAP), has been purified to homogeneity from calf brain microtubules. A precipitating, monospecific antibody against the protein has been prepared. The antibody has been used to investigate the mechanism of TAP action in microtubule assembly and the distribution of TAP in cellular microtubules. Immunochemical, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies indicate that TAP functions stoichiometrically by binding physically to tubulin to form a complex active in microtubule assembly. TAP is an elongation protein which is required throughout the growth of a microtubule and which is actually present along the entire microtubule. Immunofluorescence microscopy has been used to demonstrate that TAP is distributed throughout the cytoplasmic microtubule network of cultured human, hamster and rat cells-both normal and virally transformed. Immunofluorescence of cells in mitosis shows that TAP is present in the mitotic spindle. These results demonstrate the biological importance of tubulin assembly protein and suggest that it or immunologically related \"tau\" proteins represent ubiquitous cofactors in cytoplasmic microtubule assembly."}
{"id": "PMID:350415", "title": "Tubulin and actin in paired nonneoplastic and spontaneously transformed neoplastic cell lines in vitro: fluorescent antibody studies.", "content": "Pairs of nonneoplastic and spontaneously transformed neoplastic cells were derived from rat, mouse and hamster embryos. The neoplastic cells of each pair had poorly spread cellular morphology, grew in agarose in vitro and produced invasive sarcomas in vivo; the nonneoplastic cells exhibited none of these properties. The distribution of microtubules and microfilament bundles (stress fibers or actin cables) was examined in five such paired lines and in 3T3 and SV40-transformed 3T3 cells by indirect immunofluorescent microscopy of fixed cells treated with rabbit antibody prepared against bovine brain tubulin or guinea pig smooth muscle actin, respectively. Actin cables in all the neoplastic cells appeared thinner and more sparse than in the paired nonneoplastic cells. These differences were also observed in living cells with polarization microscopy. In contrast, microtubules appeared similar in neoplastic and nonneoplastic cells, both in areas of thin peripheral lamellar cytoplasm which allowed a clear visualization of fine, curving microtubules and in regions of thick, central endoplasm which obsecured individual microtubules. In fact, the main morphological difference between neoplastic and nonneoplastic cells was the relative amount of lamellar cytoplasm or endoplasm, rather than the appearance of microtubles in either region. Thus the distinctive growth properties and retracted cellular morphology of neoplastic cells in this study did not correlate with decreased or disorganized microtubules, but with thin and sparse actin cables.", "contents": "Tubulin and actin in paired nonneoplastic and spontaneously transformed neoplastic cell lines in vitro: fluorescent antibody studies. Pairs of nonneoplastic and spontaneously transformed neoplastic cells were derived from rat, mouse and hamster embryos. The neoplastic cells of each pair had poorly spread cellular morphology, grew in agarose in vitro and produced invasive sarcomas in vivo; the nonneoplastic cells exhibited none of these properties. The distribution of microtubules and microfilament bundles (stress fibers or actin cables) was examined in five such paired lines and in 3T3 and SV40-transformed 3T3 cells by indirect immunofluorescent microscopy of fixed cells treated with rabbit antibody prepared against bovine brain tubulin or guinea pig smooth muscle actin, respectively. Actin cables in all the neoplastic cells appeared thinner and more sparse than in the paired nonneoplastic cells. These differences were also observed in living cells with polarization microscopy. In contrast, microtubules appeared similar in neoplastic and nonneoplastic cells, both in areas of thin peripheral lamellar cytoplasm which allowed a clear visualization of fine, curving microtubules and in regions of thick, central endoplasm which obsecured individual microtubules. In fact, the main morphological difference between neoplastic and nonneoplastic cells was the relative amount of lamellar cytoplasm or endoplasm, rather than the appearance of microtubles in either region. Thus the distinctive growth properties and retracted cellular morphology of neoplastic cells in this study did not correlate with decreased or disorganized microtubules, but with thin and sparse actin cables."}
{"id": "PMID:350416", "title": "The effect of proteases on plasmodium formation in Didymium iridis.", "content": "An improved assay for quantitatively measuring the number of plasmodia formed with time is presented. Using this assay we have investigated the effects of three proteases, subtilisin PBN', subtilisin carlsberg and alpha-chymotrypsin. We have shown that 1) plasmodium formation is sensitive to protease treatment only during the first 2 h after mixing amoebae of compatible mating type but not after, 2) amoebae are protease sensitive when treated 1 h prior to mixing, 3) the two clones used have different sensitivities to protease treatment and 4) these effects are due to enzymatic activity and have little effect on viability. The meaning of these results in relation to recent evidence for a diffusible inducer of plasmodium formation is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of proteases on plasmodium formation in Didymium iridis. An improved assay for quantitatively measuring the number of plasmodia formed with time is presented. Using this assay we have investigated the effects of three proteases, subtilisin PBN', subtilisin carlsberg and alpha-chymotrypsin. We have shown that 1) plasmodium formation is sensitive to protease treatment only during the first 2 h after mixing amoebae of compatible mating type but not after, 2) amoebae are protease sensitive when treated 1 h prior to mixing, 3) the two clones used have different sensitivities to protease treatment and 4) these effects are due to enzymatic activity and have little effect on viability. The meaning of these results in relation to recent evidence for a diffusible inducer of plasmodium formation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350417", "title": "Sporulation competence in Aspergillus nidulans: a role for iron in development.", "content": "There is a difference in the response of DNA from mycelial extracts of Aspergillus nidulans to hot acid hydrolysis depending upon the state of sporulation competence. The DNA in incompetent culture mycelia is not hydrolyzable while the DNA in competent culture is hydrolyzable. The inhibition of DNA hydrolysis is due to the presence of iron. Although the concentration of iron decreases in mycelia during growth, there is sufficient iron present in competent mycelia to inhibit DNA hydrolysis. The change in DNA hydrolyzability may be the result of a change in intracellular iron distribution, or a change in an iron binding component. We suggest that these changes are related to the altered capacity for gene expression which occurs at the time of acquisition of sporulation competence.", "contents": "Sporulation competence in Aspergillus nidulans: a role for iron in development. There is a difference in the response of DNA from mycelial extracts of Aspergillus nidulans to hot acid hydrolysis depending upon the state of sporulation competence. The DNA in incompetent culture mycelia is not hydrolyzable while the DNA in competent culture is hydrolyzable. The inhibition of DNA hydrolysis is due to the presence of iron. Although the concentration of iron decreases in mycelia during growth, there is sufficient iron present in competent mycelia to inhibit DNA hydrolysis. The change in DNA hydrolyzability may be the result of a change in intracellular iron distribution, or a change in an iron binding component. We suggest that these changes are related to the altered capacity for gene expression which occurs at the time of acquisition of sporulation competence."}
{"id": "PMID:350443", "title": "[Treatment of renal carcinoma with metastases].", "content": "They stress the need to evaluate certain characteristic of the tumour metastasis in the light of a series of limit events pin-pointing the lack of understanding of the natural history of renal carcinoma. They stress the need to evaluate certain characteristic of the tumour which are not normally taken into consideration by the surgeon: rate of proliferation, monitoring of hormonal receptors, and immunological monitoring. They reach the conclusion that treatment of renal carcinoma with metastasis must be the outcome of multidisciplinary planning.", "contents": "[Treatment of renal carcinoma with metastases]. They stress the need to evaluate certain characteristic of the tumour metastasis in the light of a series of limit events pin-pointing the lack of understanding of the natural history of renal carcinoma. They stress the need to evaluate certain characteristic of the tumour which are not normally taken into consideration by the surgeon: rate of proliferation, monitoring of hormonal receptors, and immunological monitoring. They reach the conclusion that treatment of renal carcinoma with metastasis must be the outcome of multidisciplinary planning."}
{"id": "PMID:350454", "title": "Comparison of the EMIT test with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of phenobarbital in serum.", "content": "The new enzyme immunoassay technique (EMIT) is compared to high-performance liquid chromatography used for determining phenobarbital in serum. After resuming the methods of both techniques, we compare the results of 116 sera collected from patients receiving treatment for epilepsy. The equation of the correlation curve is: HPLC = 0.98 EMIT + 0.12. The reliability characteristics are comparable. The enzyme immunoassay technique is less specific but more practicable.", "contents": "Comparison of the EMIT test with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of phenobarbital in serum. The new enzyme immunoassay technique (EMIT) is compared to high-performance liquid chromatography used for determining phenobarbital in serum. After resuming the methods of both techniques, we compare the results of 116 sera collected from patients receiving treatment for epilepsy. The equation of the correlation curve is: HPLC = 0.98 EMIT + 0.12. The reliability characteristics are comparable. The enzyme immunoassay technique is less specific but more practicable."}
{"id": "PMID:350455", "title": "An assessment of the radial diffusion method for the measurement of pepsin in gastric secretion and its comparison with the haemoglobin substrate colorimetric method.", "content": "The radial diffusion method of pepsin assay has been compared with a modified Anson-Mirsky colorimetric method. Though claimed to measure accurately over a wide range, we found that the assay range of the radial diffusion method was only 10 to 100 mg/l; even with these narrow limits, it was inaccurate. In contrast, the colorimetric method was much more rapid, sensitive and could accurately measure a wide range of 0.5 to 500 mg/l. The colorimetric technique is therefore the superior method.", "contents": "An assessment of the radial diffusion method for the measurement of pepsin in gastric secretion and its comparison with the haemoglobin substrate colorimetric method. The radial diffusion method of pepsin assay has been compared with a modified Anson-Mirsky colorimetric method. Though claimed to measure accurately over a wide range, we found that the assay range of the radial diffusion method was only 10 to 100 mg/l; even with these narrow limits, it was inaccurate. In contrast, the colorimetric method was much more rapid, sensitive and could accurately measure a wide range of 0.5 to 500 mg/l. The colorimetric technique is therefore the superior method."}
{"id": "PMID:350458", "title": "Immunoglobulin systems of human tonsils. II. Patients with chronic tonsillitis or tonsillar hyperplasia: quantification of Ig-producing cells, tonsillar morphometry and serum Ig concentrations.", "content": "Patients suffering from recurrent tonsillitis (RT), hyperplastic tonsillitis (HT) or idiopathic tonsillar hyperplasia (ITH) were compared in immunological studies with subjects showing clinically normal palatine tonsils. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins, particularly IgG, were increased in association with tonsillitis. Conversely, the number of IgG-, IgA- and IgM-producing immunocytes was reduced per tonsillar tissue unit. The density of such cells was decreased in the germinal centres of the lymphoid follicles, in the extrafollicular areas and in the reticular parts of the crypt epithelium. However, only small changes in immunocyte class ratios were observed, excepting a significantly raised proportion of IgD-producing cells. The immunohistochemical results indicated a defect in the tonsillar immunological function associated with disease, perhaps as a result of inadequate  stimulatory signals for local maturation of B-cell clones. An influence of low age on this result in the HT and ITH groups could not be excluded. In the RT group there was a significant negative correlation between the tonsillar density of IgA-producing cells and the rate of synthesis of serum IgA. This may indicate that compensatory mechanisms are reflected in inversely related levels of local and systemic IgA synthesis.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin systems of human tonsils. II. Patients with chronic tonsillitis or tonsillar hyperplasia: quantification of Ig-producing cells, tonsillar morphometry and serum Ig concentrations. Patients suffering from recurrent tonsillitis (RT), hyperplastic tonsillitis (HT) or idiopathic tonsillar hyperplasia (ITH) were compared in immunological studies with subjects showing clinically normal palatine tonsils. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins, particularly IgG, were increased in association with tonsillitis. Conversely, the number of IgG-, IgA- and IgM-producing immunocytes was reduced per tonsillar tissue unit. The density of such cells was decreased in the germinal centres of the lymphoid follicles, in the extrafollicular areas and in the reticular parts of the crypt epithelium. However, only small changes in immunocyte class ratios were observed, excepting a significantly raised proportion of IgD-producing cells. The immunohistochemical results indicated a defect in the tonsillar immunological function associated with disease, perhaps as a result of inadequate  stimulatory signals for local maturation of B-cell clones. An influence of low age on this result in the HT and ITH groups could not be excluded. In the RT group there was a significant negative correlation between the tonsillar density of IgA-producing cells and the rate of synthesis of serum IgA. This may indicate that compensatory mechanisms are reflected in inversely related levels of local and systemic IgA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:350459", "title": "Comparison of a leucocyte adherence test with the leucocyte migration inhibition test and skin reactivity to PPD.", "content": "Using PPD as antigen, a leucocyte adherence test was compared with the leucocyte migration inhibition test and with the results of skin testing in healthy subjects. In the presence of antigen, leucocyte adherence was significantly greater in skin test-positive subjects than in skin test-negative subjects who had not previously had BCG vaccination. When the test was performed in heterologous serum, skin test-negative subjects who had had previous BCG vaccination showed significantly greater leucocyte adherence in the presence of antigen than skin test-negative subjects who had not had BCG vaccination; this difference was not present in autologous serum and its abolition was attributed to a serum blocking effect. The leucocyte adherence test correlated with the results of the leucocyte migration inhibition test in heterologous serum, and also with the results of skin testing interpreted in the light of previous vaccination history. The finding of increased rather than decreased adherence in the presence of antigen, although previously reported, is unusual.", "contents": "Comparison of a leucocyte adherence test with the leucocyte migration inhibition test and skin reactivity to PPD. Using PPD as antigen, a leucocyte adherence test was compared with the leucocyte migration inhibition test and with the results of skin testing in healthy subjects. In the presence of antigen, leucocyte adherence was significantly greater in skin test-positive subjects than in skin test-negative subjects who had not previously had BCG vaccination. When the test was performed in heterologous serum, skin test-negative subjects who had had previous BCG vaccination showed significantly greater leucocyte adherence in the presence of antigen than skin test-negative subjects who had not had BCG vaccination; this difference was not present in autologous serum and its abolition was attributed to a serum blocking effect. The leucocyte adherence test correlated with the results of the leucocyte migration inhibition test in heterologous serum, and also with the results of skin testing interpreted in the light of previous vaccination history. The finding of increased rather than decreased adherence in the presence of antigen, although previously reported, is unusual."}
{"id": "PMID:350460", "title": "Differing surface marker characteristics in plasma cell dyscrasias with particular reference to IgM myeloma.", "content": "Immunological marker studies using direct immunofluorescence and rosette methods were performed on the bone marrow and peripheral blood of an IgM myeloma, and on the peripheral blood of two cases of IgA myeloma and one IgG myeloma. These studies confirmed the peripheral blood involvement in plasma cell dyscrasias. In the IgA myeloma, the membrane and cytoplasmic immunoglobulin was restricted to IgA, and the IgG myeloma did not express immunoglobulin at the surface of the cells shown to contain cytoplasmic IgG. The IgM myeloma cells, on the other hand, expressed membrane immunoglobulin, including IgD, of a single light chain type. The majority of plasma cells secreting IgA or IgG did not express the IgG Fc receptor, but most of the cells from the IgM myeloma, including plasma cells, did express IgG Fc receptors.", "contents": "Differing surface marker characteristics in plasma cell dyscrasias with particular reference to IgM myeloma. Immunological marker studies using direct immunofluorescence and rosette methods were performed on the bone marrow and peripheral blood of an IgM myeloma, and on the peripheral blood of two cases of IgA myeloma and one IgG myeloma. These studies confirmed the peripheral blood involvement in plasma cell dyscrasias. In the IgA myeloma, the membrane and cytoplasmic immunoglobulin was restricted to IgA, and the IgG myeloma did not express immunoglobulin at the surface of the cells shown to contain cytoplasmic IgG. The IgM myeloma cells, on the other hand, expressed membrane immunoglobulin, including IgD, of a single light chain type. The majority of plasma cells secreting IgA or IgG did not express the IgG Fc receptor, but most of the cells from the IgM myeloma, including plasma cells, did express IgG Fc receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:350461", "title": "B- and T-lymphocytes in toxic diffuse goitre.", "content": "Operation specimens of thyroid tissue from patients with Graves' disease were digested, with collagenase, down to a cell suspension. The lymphocytes in the suspension were concentrated by density-gradient sedimentation and the proportions of B and T lymphocytes were determined. Six patients with Graves' disease were studied. The proportions of B and T lymphocytes in the thyroid glands were similar to the proportions of B and T lymphocytes in the venous blood from healthy subjects.", "contents": "B- and T-lymphocytes in toxic diffuse goitre. Operation specimens of thyroid tissue from patients with Graves' disease were digested, with collagenase, down to a cell suspension. The lymphocytes in the suspension were concentrated by density-gradient sedimentation and the proportions of B and T lymphocytes were determined. Six patients with Graves' disease were studied. The proportions of B and T lymphocytes in the thyroid glands were similar to the proportions of B and T lymphocytes in the venous blood from healthy subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:350463", "title": "Adverse effect of splenectomy in renal transplantation.", "content": "Between January 1968 and June 1974 at Newcastle upon Tyne, 63 patients underwent splenectomy in association with transplantation; 45 of these had splenectomy with bilateral nephrectomy before (20) or at the time of (25) transplantation; 18 had post-transplant splenectomy for leucopenia. Mortality was significantly higher in splenectomized patients than in 136 non-splenectomized controls. Of the 63 splenectomized patients, 25 died within 1 year of transplantation, 12 of severe infection associated with leucopenia. Although splenectomy produced a temporary rise in white cell count, leucopenia during the first year of immunosuppressive therapy was not significantly less frequent in splenectomized patients than in controls. There was no significant difference in graft loss between the splenectomy and control groups. It is concluded that splenectomy is contra-indicated in patients who are to undergo renal transplantation and confers no benefit when carried out because of leucopenia developing after renal transplantation.", "contents": "Adverse effect of splenectomy in renal transplantation. Between January 1968 and June 1974 at Newcastle upon Tyne, 63 patients underwent splenectomy in association with transplantation; 45 of these had splenectomy with bilateral nephrectomy before (20) or at the time of (25) transplantation; 18 had post-transplant splenectomy for leucopenia. Mortality was significantly higher in splenectomized patients than in 136 non-splenectomized controls. Of the 63 splenectomized patients, 25 died within 1 year of transplantation, 12 of severe infection associated with leucopenia. Although splenectomy produced a temporary rise in white cell count, leucopenia during the first year of immunosuppressive therapy was not significantly less frequent in splenectomized patients than in controls. There was no significant difference in graft loss between the splenectomy and control groups. It is concluded that splenectomy is contra-indicated in patients who are to undergo renal transplantation and confers no benefit when carried out because of leucopenia developing after renal transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:350464", "title": "De novo development of membranous nephropathy in cadaver renal allografts.", "content": "Glomerulonephritis in transplant recipients often reflects recurrence of the immunopathogenetic mechanism causing the original renal disease. Membranous nephropathy (MN), a progressive immune complex mediated glomerular disease and the commonest cause of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in adults, has been virtually unreported in transplant recipients. Two cases are reported here of typical MN (by clinical, light, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic criteria) developing de novo in the transplants of patients whose original diseases were anti-GBM nephritis and focal glomerular sclerosis. NM developed following episodes of viral hepatitis and renal infarction respectively. Possible mechanisms by which this lesion might develop in these patients are investigated and discussed. Chronic immune complex nephropathy (MN) can develop de novo in immunosuppressed transplant recipients apparently initiated by events in the post-transplant period.", "contents": "De novo development of membranous nephropathy in cadaver renal allografts. Glomerulonephritis in transplant recipients often reflects recurrence of the immunopathogenetic mechanism causing the original renal disease. Membranous nephropathy (MN), a progressive immune complex mediated glomerular disease and the commonest cause of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in adults, has been virtually unreported in transplant recipients. Two cases are reported here of typical MN (by clinical, light, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic criteria) developing de novo in the transplants of patients whose original diseases were anti-GBM nephritis and focal glomerular sclerosis. NM developed following episodes of viral hepatitis and renal infarction respectively. Possible mechanisms by which this lesion might develop in these patients are investigated and discussed. Chronic immune complex nephropathy (MN) can develop de novo in immunosuppressed transplant recipients apparently initiated by events in the post-transplant period."}
{"id": "PMID:350467", "title": "Neonatal coagulation: normal physiology and pathophysiology.", "content": "The newborn infant, particularly when premature, has a haemostatic mechanism which may not be entirely capable of withstanding the onslaughts of trauma, infection, asphyxia or other complications of the neonatal period. He is at risk of local or diffuse haemorrhage, which may at times be serious or even life-threatening. The cause of haemorrhage during the newborn period can generally be ascertained by a careful history and brief physical examination directed toward recognition of any predisposing factors or underlying diseases. Screening laboratory tests can usually be correctly interpreted as long as certain laboratory artifacts and physiological peculiarities of the neonatal coagulation mechanism are kept in mind. Diagnosis of and therapy for vitamin K deficiency and haemophilia in the healthy-appearing neonate is generally carried out with little difficulty. The seriously ill neonate with bacterial sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome, or extreme immaturity presents greater problems, for laboratory tests may be more difficult to obtain and interpret and underlying conditions may be untreatable. DIC occurs commonly in such neonates, and transfusion therapy, with or without heparin, is often unsuccessful. A persistent dilemma are those neonates with fatal intravascular haemorrhage, in whom definable haemostatic abnormalities are few and transfusion therapy is futile.", "contents": "Neonatal coagulation: normal physiology and pathophysiology. The newborn infant, particularly when premature, has a haemostatic mechanism which may not be entirely capable of withstanding the onslaughts of trauma, infection, asphyxia or other complications of the neonatal period. He is at risk of local or diffuse haemorrhage, which may at times be serious or even life-threatening. The cause of haemorrhage during the newborn period can generally be ascertained by a careful history and brief physical examination directed toward recognition of any predisposing factors or underlying diseases. Screening laboratory tests can usually be correctly interpreted as long as certain laboratory artifacts and physiological peculiarities of the neonatal coagulation mechanism are kept in mind. Diagnosis of and therapy for vitamin K deficiency and haemophilia in the healthy-appearing neonate is generally carried out with little difficulty. The seriously ill neonate with bacterial sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome, or extreme immaturity presents greater problems, for laboratory tests may be more difficult to obtain and interpret and underlying conditions may be untreatable. DIC occurs commonly in such neonates, and transfusion therapy, with or without heparin, is often unsuccessful. A persistent dilemma are those neonates with fatal intravascular haemorrhage, in whom definable haemostatic abnormalities are few and transfusion therapy is futile."}
{"id": "PMID:350469", "title": "Gallium-67-citrate accumulation in the heart with tumor involvement.", "content": "Tumor involvement of the heart is often found in post-mortem examination of patients who died of widespread malignancy. Recently, we saw four patients who had intense gallium uptake in the region of the heart. All of them had some cardiac symptoms and abnormal physical findings. Tumor was found in the pericardium and myocardium in all three patients who received necropsy.", "contents": "Gallium-67-citrate accumulation in the heart with tumor involvement. Tumor involvement of the heart is often found in post-mortem examination of patients who died of widespread malignancy. Recently, we saw four patients who had intense gallium uptake in the region of the heart. All of them had some cardiac symptoms and abnormal physical findings. Tumor was found in the pericardium and myocardium in all three patients who received necropsy."}
{"id": "PMID:350473", "title": "Aspirin and aspirin-caffeine in postpartum pain relief.", "content": "In two double-blind randomized, balanced, single oral dose studies with 140 women, a combination of 800 mg aspirin and 64 mg caffeine (aspirin-caffeine) was compared to 650 mg aspirin and to placebo. In patients with moderate to severe uterine or episiotomy pain, there was greater analgesic response with active drugs when the initial pain intensity was more severe. In patients with severe episiotomy pain, aspirin-caffeine was more effective than 650 mg aspirin (p less than 0.05) at the second and third hours. There was no difference between analgesic effects of aspirin and aspirin-caffeine in women with severe uterine pain.", "contents": "Aspirin and aspirin-caffeine in postpartum pain relief. In two double-blind randomized, balanced, single oral dose studies with 140 women, a combination of 800 mg aspirin and 64 mg caffeine (aspirin-caffeine) was compared to 650 mg aspirin and to placebo. In patients with moderate to severe uterine or episiotomy pain, there was greater analgesic response with active drugs when the initial pain intensity was more severe. In patients with severe episiotomy pain, aspirin-caffeine was more effective than 650 mg aspirin (p less than 0.05) at the second and third hours. There was no difference between analgesic effects of aspirin and aspirin-caffeine in women with severe uterine pain."}
{"id": "PMID:350470", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of lignocaine.", "content": "Lignocaine is widely used as a local anaesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug. It is commonly administered to patients with acute myocardial infarction as prophylaxis for ventricular fibrillation, although its efficacy in preventing primary ventricular fibrillation is still debated. Toxicity, sometimes with serious clinical consequence, is not uncommom and is usually related to overdosage. Blood lignocaine concentrations correlate roughly with antiarrhythmic and toxic effects and might be useful as an end point for monitoring prophylactic therapy. Administration of lignocaine as a local anaesthetic may result in blood lignocaine concentration in the antiarrhythmic or even toxic ranges. Expected peak levels for various routes of local anaesthesia are tabulated so that 'safe' total doses can be calculated. Intramuscular injection of high doses results in sustained therapeutic levels but is often associated with early minor toxicity. Lignocaine is eliminated primarily by hepatic metabolism, which appears to be limited by liver perfusion. Active metabolites may contribute to therapeutic and/or toxic effects. Disease states such as cardiac failure or drugs that alter hepatic blood flow may significantly affect lignocaine clearance. Pharmacokinetic studies in man show wide variability in drug disposition between patients, even when cardiac and hepatic status is considered, making specific dosing recommendations a problem. With intravenous injection, multicompartment kinetics is observed, with an initial rapid decline phase and initial decline in antiarrhythmic activity due to redistribution. With constant infusion, steady state concentrations of lignocaine are seen after 3 to 4 hours in normal subjects and after 8 to 10 hours in patients with myocardial infarction without circulatory insufficiency. In patients with cardiac failure, blood lignocaine concentration may continue to rise for 24 to 48 hours. In the presence of cardiac failure, decreased volumes of distribution and clearance require reduction in loading and maintenance doses. Lignocaine clearance is reduced in patients with liver disease and appears to be a sensitive index of liver dysfunction. A dosing algorithm for treatment of patients with myocardial infarction is presented.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of lignocaine. Lignocaine is widely used as a local anaesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug. It is commonly administered to patients with acute myocardial infarction as prophylaxis for ventricular fibrillation, although its efficacy in preventing primary ventricular fibrillation is still debated. Toxicity, sometimes with serious clinical consequence, is not uncommom and is usually related to overdosage. Blood lignocaine concentrations correlate roughly with antiarrhythmic and toxic effects and might be useful as an end point for monitoring prophylactic therapy. Administration of lignocaine as a local anaesthetic may result in blood lignocaine concentration in the antiarrhythmic or even toxic ranges. Expected peak levels for various routes of local anaesthesia are tabulated so that 'safe' total doses can be calculated. Intramuscular injection of high doses results in sustained therapeutic levels but is often associated with early minor toxicity. Lignocaine is eliminated primarily by hepatic metabolism, which appears to be limited by liver perfusion. Active metabolites may contribute to therapeutic and/or toxic effects. Disease states such as cardiac failure or drugs that alter hepatic blood flow may significantly affect lignocaine clearance. Pharmacokinetic studies in man show wide variability in drug disposition between patients, even when cardiac and hepatic status is considered, making specific dosing recommendations a problem. With intravenous injection, multicompartment kinetics is observed, with an initial rapid decline phase and initial decline in antiarrhythmic activity due to redistribution. With constant infusion, steady state concentrations of lignocaine are seen after 3 to 4 hours in normal subjects and after 8 to 10 hours in patients with myocardial infarction without circulatory insufficiency. In patients with cardiac failure, blood lignocaine concentration may continue to rise for 24 to 48 hours. In the presence of cardiac failure, decreased volumes of distribution and clearance require reduction in loading and maintenance doses. Lignocaine clearance is reduced in patients with liver disease and appears to be a sensitive index of liver dysfunction. A dosing algorithm for treatment of patients with myocardial infarction is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:350477", "title": "National Clearinghouse for Poison Control Centers.", "content": "The Clearinghouse was originally conceived to coordinate information flow among the then few Poison Control Centers. Services were to be provided through the state health departments where complete control over the individual state's poison centers was to reside. No authority to establish or regulate centers, or to set standards for staffing and operation of centers, or to designate regional centers was granted. However, growth in the numbers of centers, more sophistocation in the state of the art, more demands for product and human experience data, calls for research support, regionalization, standards setting, competency testing, and others has led to an increasing call for more and more Clearinghouse involvement in the entire poison control program. Though staffing and funding remains fairly constant, the Clearinghouse hopes to be as involved and to provide as great a service as possible to those involved in clinical toxicology and poison control.", "contents": "National Clearinghouse for Poison Control Centers. The Clearinghouse was originally conceived to coordinate information flow among the then few Poison Control Centers. Services were to be provided through the state health departments where complete control over the individual state's poison centers was to reside. No authority to establish or regulate centers, or to set standards for staffing and operation of centers, or to designate regional centers was granted. However, growth in the numbers of centers, more sophistocation in the state of the art, more demands for product and human experience data, calls for research support, regionalization, standards setting, competency testing, and others has led to an increasing call for more and more Clearinghouse involvement in the entire poison control program. Though staffing and funding remains fairly constant, the Clearinghouse hopes to be as involved and to provide as great a service as possible to those involved in clinical toxicology and poison control."}
{"id": "PMID:350471", "title": "Why monitor serum levels of gentamicin?", "content": "Although it is widely recommended that serum levels of aminoglycoside antibiotics be monitored by assay, the justification for this approach has not been clearly presented. A number of studies indicate that serum levels of these agents cannot be predicted reliably on the basis of simple dosage formulae; the major confounding factors being abnormalities of renal function and of extracellular fluid volume in addition to less well defined variables such as fever and anaemia. The influence of haemodialysis and concomitant administration of carbenicillin further complicate dosage estimations in patients with renal insufficiency. On the basis of currently available data, it is reasonable to suggest an optimum range of 5 to 8 microgram/ml for peak serum levels of gentamicin. There are no reliable studies from which to derive a comparable value for trough (pre-dose) concentrations. The relative importance of peak and trough values for nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity is an unresolved subject of controversy. However, it seems possible that neither of these individual values, but rather the 'area under the time-concentration curve' is the major risk factor for toxicity. In view of the unpredictability of serum levels, especially in seriously ill patients in a fluctuating physiological state, periodical serum gentamicin assays should be performed. The main objective of these assays is to ensure that the peak serum levels attained are adequate, but not unnecessarily high.", "contents": "Why monitor serum levels of gentamicin? Although it is widely recommended that serum levels of aminoglycoside antibiotics be monitored by assay, the justification for this approach has not been clearly presented. A number of studies indicate that serum levels of these agents cannot be predicted reliably on the basis of simple dosage formulae; the major confounding factors being abnormalities of renal function and of extracellular fluid volume in addition to less well defined variables such as fever and anaemia. The influence of haemodialysis and concomitant administration of carbenicillin further complicate dosage estimations in patients with renal insufficiency. On the basis of currently available data, it is reasonable to suggest an optimum range of 5 to 8 microgram/ml for peak serum levels of gentamicin. There are no reliable studies from which to derive a comparable value for trough (pre-dose) concentrations. The relative importance of peak and trough values for nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity is an unresolved subject of controversy. However, it seems possible that neither of these individual values, but rather the 'area under the time-concentration curve' is the major risk factor for toxicity. In view of the unpredictability of serum levels, especially in seriously ill patients in a fluctuating physiological state, periodical serum gentamicin assays should be performed. The main objective of these assays is to ensure that the peak serum levels attained are adequate, but not unnecessarily high."}
{"id": "PMID:350479", "title": "Correlation of the \"EMIT\" with a gas-liquid chromatographic method for determination of antiepileptic drugs in plasma.", "content": "We report a study of the comparison of antiepileptic drugs (phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, and carbamazepine) by the Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique \"EMIT\" and the gas chromatography (GLC) method. Overall, reasonable correlations were observed for all of the above-mentioned assays by both methods in the majority of samples included in this study. Our observations for statistical and clinical differences at various levels of phenobarbital and phenytoin are discussed. A suggestion is provided in order to avoid a major discrepancy (approximately 30% higher values by EMIT vs GLC) in results observed from the \"Bottom of the Bottle Effect\" for EMIT reagent.", "contents": "Correlation of the \"EMIT\" with a gas-liquid chromatographic method for determination of antiepileptic drugs in plasma. We report a study of the comparison of antiepileptic drugs (phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, and carbamazepine) by the Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique \"EMIT\" and the gas chromatography (GLC) method. Overall, reasonable correlations were observed for all of the above-mentioned assays by both methods in the majority of samples included in this study. Our observations for statistical and clinical differences at various levels of phenobarbital and phenytoin are discussed. A suggestion is provided in order to avoid a major discrepancy (approximately 30% higher values by EMIT vs GLC) in results observed from the \"Bottom of the Bottle Effect\" for EMIT reagent."}
{"id": "PMID:350482", "title": "Covariance analysis (for comparison of caries increments) in clinical trials of caries-prophylactic agents.", "content": "The validity of the assumptions of linearity, parallelism and homogeneity underlying the use of covariance analysis were tested using data from two 3-year clinical trials of caries-prophylactic agents in which over 900 children aged 11-12 years participated. Three covariables were used; initial DMFS (IDMFS), initial surfaces at risk (ISAR) and IDMFS X ISAR/IDMFS + ISAR. For all three covariables the assumptions of linearity and parallelism could not be rejected. However, wide departures from the assumption of homogeneity were found, and it was concluded that analysis of covariance was not appropriate for comparing the caries increments investigated.", "contents": "Covariance analysis (for comparison of caries increments) in clinical trials of caries-prophylactic agents. The validity of the assumptions of linearity, parallelism and homogeneity underlying the use of covariance analysis were tested using data from two 3-year clinical trials of caries-prophylactic agents in which over 900 children aged 11-12 years participated. Three covariables were used; initial DMFS (IDMFS), initial surfaces at risk (ISAR) and IDMFS X ISAR/IDMFS + ISAR. For all three covariables the assumptions of linearity and parallelism could not be rejected. However, wide departures from the assumption of homogeneity were found, and it was concluded that analysis of covariance was not appropriate for comparing the caries increments investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:350485", "title": "Clinical and immunological aspects of sporotrichosis cutanea.", "content": "A series of 14 cases of sporotrichosis cutanea is reported. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of the disease are discussed in the light of recent data. In addition to cultures, the diagnostic methods to be considered include an indirect immunofluorescence test, which is positive at variable titre and for which use may be made of normal human antiserum or anti-immunoglobulin, mainly IgG and IgM, antisera. The mainstay of the treatment is preparations of iodine, with trimethoprim- sulpha-methoxazole as a possible alternative.", "contents": "Clinical and immunological aspects of sporotrichosis cutanea. A series of 14 cases of sporotrichosis cutanea is reported. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of the disease are discussed in the light of recent data. In addition to cultures, the diagnostic methods to be considered include an indirect immunofluorescence test, which is positive at variable titre and for which use may be made of normal human antiserum or anti-immunoglobulin, mainly IgG and IgM, antisera. The mainstay of the treatment is preparations of iodine, with trimethoprim- sulpha-methoxazole as a possible alternative."}
{"id": "PMID:350490", "title": "The treatment of chronic pyelonephritis with carindacillin.", "content": "Forty-two patients with a radiologically confirmed diagnosis of chronic pyelonephritis were treated with 1 g carindacillin every 6 hours over a period of 6 weeks. An underlying urological disease was present in 84% of the 38 patients for whom sufficient data were available for evaluation. The results of carindacillin treatment, as judged by bacteriological evaluation 1 month post-treatment, were good in 12 (32%) and moderate in 9 of the patients. This success rate was remarkable in that all of the patients had been treated previously with one or more other antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents with little or no response. The authors recommend that, because carindacillin has proved so valuable in treating chronic as well as acute urinary tract infections, its use should be limited to patients with serious disease who have not responded to other treatment.", "contents": "The treatment of chronic pyelonephritis with carindacillin. Forty-two patients with a radiologically confirmed diagnosis of chronic pyelonephritis were treated with 1 g carindacillin every 6 hours over a period of 6 weeks. An underlying urological disease was present in 84% of the 38 patients for whom sufficient data were available for evaluation. The results of carindacillin treatment, as judged by bacteriological evaluation 1 month post-treatment, were good in 12 (32%) and moderate in 9 of the patients. This success rate was remarkable in that all of the patients had been treated previously with one or more other antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents with little or no response. The authors recommend that, because carindacillin has proved so valuable in treating chronic as well as acute urinary tract infections, its use should be limited to patients with serious disease who have not responded to other treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:350486", "title": "Treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome with diuretics, dialysis, and positive end-expiratory pressure.", "content": "Twelve patients were treated prospectively for adult respiratory distress syndrome with diuresis and low levels (less than or equal to 20 mm Hg) of positive end-expiratory pressure. Eight patients responded to diuretics and two to dialysis by an increase in static compliance of the respiratory system, improvement in arterial oxygen tension and an increased urine output. Two patients did not respond with an improvement in these tests. Responses were transient and multiple doses were required to produce a sustained effect. Even with improvement of pulmonary function after treatment, the mortality was 67%, similar to that reported from other centers since 1975. Recently a new treatment protocol has been proposed that uses high positive end-expiratory pressure (greater than or equal to 20 mm Hg) early in the course of adult repiratory distress syndrome; mortality using this technique was 20%. The difference in survival may be more apparent than real since each center has a unique population of patients and time of initial therapeutic intervention. A randomized collaborative study comparing treatment protocols is needed.", "contents": "Treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome with diuretics, dialysis, and positive end-expiratory pressure. Twelve patients were treated prospectively for adult respiratory distress syndrome with diuresis and low levels (less than or equal to 20 mm Hg) of positive end-expiratory pressure. Eight patients responded to diuretics and two to dialysis by an increase in static compliance of the respiratory system, improvement in arterial oxygen tension and an increased urine output. Two patients did not respond with an improvement in these tests. Responses were transient and multiple doses were required to produce a sustained effect. Even with improvement of pulmonary function after treatment, the mortality was 67%, similar to that reported from other centers since 1975. Recently a new treatment protocol has been proposed that uses high positive end-expiratory pressure (greater than or equal to 20 mm Hg) early in the course of adult repiratory distress syndrome; mortality using this technique was 20%. The difference in survival may be more apparent than real since each center has a unique population of patients and time of initial therapeutic intervention. A randomized collaborative study comparing treatment protocols is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:350487", "title": "The relationship of bronchopulmonary dysplasia to the occurrence of alveolar rupture during positive pressure ventilation.", "content": "The effect of altered mechanical ventilation on the incidence of alveolar rupture and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was reviewed in infants who had neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (N = 99). From 1971 to 1974 we attempted to minimize pulmonary oxygen exposure. Accordingly, during the resolution of respiratory distress syndrome, the ventilator pressures were not reduced until the FIO2 had been lowered to 0.4 (n = 61). In 1974 to 1975 earlier reduction of pressure was instituted as the FIO2 was lowered to 0.6 or less (N = 38). Birth weight and gestational age were comparable in the two groups. With earlier reduction of ventilator pressures, there was a significant decrease in the duration of exposure to peak inspiratory pressures greater than or equal to 40 cm H2O (p is less than 0.004) and greater than or equal to 50 cm H2O (p is less than 0.002). The incidence of alveolar rupture during postive pressure ventilation fell from 51 to 24% (p is less than 0.015) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia from 41 to 13% (p is less than 0.003). In addition, there was a decrease in the duration of mechanical ventilation (p is less than 0.02) and exposure to an FIO2 is greater than or equal to 0.6 (p = 0.07). The results confirm the intimate relationship of pulmonary barotrauma, as reflected by the occurrence of alveolar rupture during positive pressure inflation of the lungs, to the subsequent development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and that prevention of the former is associated with a concomitant fall in incidence of the latter.", "contents": "The relationship of bronchopulmonary dysplasia to the occurrence of alveolar rupture during positive pressure ventilation. The effect of altered mechanical ventilation on the incidence of alveolar rupture and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was reviewed in infants who had neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (N = 99). From 1971 to 1974 we attempted to minimize pulmonary oxygen exposure. Accordingly, during the resolution of respiratory distress syndrome, the ventilator pressures were not reduced until the FIO2 had been lowered to 0.4 (n = 61). In 1974 to 1975 earlier reduction of pressure was instituted as the FIO2 was lowered to 0.6 or less (N = 38). Birth weight and gestational age were comparable in the two groups. With earlier reduction of ventilator pressures, there was a significant decrease in the duration of exposure to peak inspiratory pressures greater than or equal to 40 cm H2O (p is less than 0.004) and greater than or equal to 50 cm H2O (p is less than 0.002). The incidence of alveolar rupture during postive pressure ventilation fell from 51 to 24% (p is less than 0.015) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia from 41 to 13% (p is less than 0.003). In addition, there was a decrease in the duration of mechanical ventilation (p is less than 0.02) and exposure to an FIO2 is greater than or equal to 0.6 (p = 0.07). The results confirm the intimate relationship of pulmonary barotrauma, as reflected by the occurrence of alveolar rupture during positive pressure inflation of the lungs, to the subsequent development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and that prevention of the former is associated with a concomitant fall in incidence of the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:350491", "title": "Double-blind trial comparing bufexamac infiltrations with triamcinolone acetonide infiltrations in patients with periarthritis of the shoulder.", "content": "A double-blind trial was carried out in 40 patients with an acute episode of periarthritis of the shoulder to compare the effectiveness and toleration of local infiltrations of bufexamac and triamcinolone acetonide. Patients received 1 or 2 local infiltrations with either 20 mg bufexamac or 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide. The results were evaluated by objective and subjective assessments of pain, loss of function, mobility, and by doctors' and patients' opinions of relief. There was a significant, comparable reduction in pain and discomfort in both groups after the first injection. Fourteen patients in each group required a second injection, with slightly more improvement in those receiving bufexamac. Local intolerance of the injections was noted in approximately 25% to 30% of the patients.", "contents": "Double-blind trial comparing bufexamac infiltrations with triamcinolone acetonide infiltrations in patients with periarthritis of the shoulder. A double-blind trial was carried out in 40 patients with an acute episode of periarthritis of the shoulder to compare the effectiveness and toleration of local infiltrations of bufexamac and triamcinolone acetonide. Patients received 1 or 2 local infiltrations with either 20 mg bufexamac or 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide. The results were evaluated by objective and subjective assessments of pain, loss of function, mobility, and by doctors' and patients' opinions of relief. There was a significant, comparable reduction in pain and discomfort in both groups after the first injection. Fourteen patients in each group required a second injection, with slightly more improvement in those receiving bufexamac. Local intolerance of the injections was noted in approximately 25% to 30% of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:350488", "title": "The bird Mark 8 time cycled servo ventilator.", "content": "A bird Mark 8 ventilator has been modified by a time cycled servo mechanism to function as an inexpensive ventilator with high peak pressure capabilities. This system was designed to deliver IMV-PEEP therapy at levels not usually available on commercial ventilators. IMV rate can be varied from 1 to 60/min, Vt from 0.1 to 2 liters. Inspiratory pressure in excess of 200 torr and PEEP from 1 to 25 torr can be generated. Modifications to the Mark 8 cost $750.00. The ventilator has been successfully used in over 100 patients. Transport and operating room use are facilitated because it is solely pneumatically powered. Thus, an inexpensive, reliable and versatile ventilatory support system with high peak pressure capabilities has been developed and successfully used.", "contents": "The bird Mark 8 time cycled servo ventilator. A bird Mark 8 ventilator has been modified by a time cycled servo mechanism to function as an inexpensive ventilator with high peak pressure capabilities. This system was designed to deliver IMV-PEEP therapy at levels not usually available on commercial ventilators. IMV rate can be varied from 1 to 60/min, Vt from 0.1 to 2 liters. Inspiratory pressure in excess of 200 torr and PEEP from 1 to 25 torr can be generated. Modifications to the Mark 8 cost $750.00. The ventilator has been successfully used in over 100 patients. Transport and operating room use are facilitated because it is solely pneumatically powered. Thus, an inexpensive, reliable and versatile ventilatory support system with high peak pressure capabilities has been developed and successfully used."}
{"id": "PMID:350492", "title": "'Patient failure' as a reliability model for the 'minipill': a clinical study.", "content": "A trial was carried out in 10 healthy women to study the effects of withdrawal of treatment with 0.5 mg lynestrenol per day, for 3 successive days during the pre-ovulatory phase, on the physiological properties of the cervical mucus, vaginal cytology and pituitary and ovarian functions. In most cases, the amount, Spinnbarkeit and ferning of the cervical mucus and sperm penetration remained the same as that before interruption of treatment. In 2 women, the ferning altered to 'good' for 2 to 3 days as the amount of mucus increased slightly. Spinnbarkeit increased at the same time and sperm penetration was good. The changes in LH and FSH excretion suggested that ovulation possibly took place in 1 of the women studied. A mid-cycle oestrogen peak was seen in 2 women. No side-effects were reported during the study apart from irregular intermenstrual bleeding in 1 woman.", "contents": "'Patient failure' as a reliability model for the 'minipill': a clinical study. A trial was carried out in 10 healthy women to study the effects of withdrawal of treatment with 0.5 mg lynestrenol per day, for 3 successive days during the pre-ovulatory phase, on the physiological properties of the cervical mucus, vaginal cytology and pituitary and ovarian functions. In most cases, the amount, Spinnbarkeit and ferning of the cervical mucus and sperm penetration remained the same as that before interruption of treatment. In 2 women, the ferning altered to 'good' for 2 to 3 days as the amount of mucus increased slightly. Spinnbarkeit increased at the same time and sperm penetration was good. The changes in LH and FSH excretion suggested that ovulation possibly took place in 1 of the women studied. A mid-cycle oestrogen peak was seen in 2 women. No side-effects were reported during the study apart from irregular intermenstrual bleeding in 1 woman."}
{"id": "PMID:350493", "title": "Glipizide in the treatment of maturity-onset diabetes: a multi-centre, out-patient study.", "content": "A multi-centre clinical assessment was carried out in 592 diabetic patients to study the efficacy and tolerance of glipizide under normal out-patient conditions. Of the total group, 347 patients were maturity-onset diabetics who had received no previous treatment or only dietary control. The other 245 patients had previously received treatment with other hypoglycaemic agents, including insulin in 23 cases. Mean initial dosage was 7.5 mg glipizide per day and this increased over the 3-month period of the study to 10.1 mg in the total group (9.3 mg in new patients). Mean post-prandial blood glucose levels and glycosuria fell rapidly during the first week and then continued to decrease slowly. Changes in mean body weight were somewhat erratic during the trial and at 12 weeks there was an apparent mean increase of 1 kg. After allowing for dropouts, analysis of the results showed that 96.7% of the new patient group and 90.5% of the total group were satisfactorily controlled and maintained on glipizide. Patient tolerance was good, and only 28 (4.7%) patients complained of side-effects, almost half of which related to mild, transient hypoglycaemia.", "contents": "Glipizide in the treatment of maturity-onset diabetes: a multi-centre, out-patient study. A multi-centre clinical assessment was carried out in 592 diabetic patients to study the efficacy and tolerance of glipizide under normal out-patient conditions. Of the total group, 347 patients were maturity-onset diabetics who had received no previous treatment or only dietary control. The other 245 patients had previously received treatment with other hypoglycaemic agents, including insulin in 23 cases. Mean initial dosage was 7.5 mg glipizide per day and this increased over the 3-month period of the study to 10.1 mg in the total group (9.3 mg in new patients). Mean post-prandial blood glucose levels and glycosuria fell rapidly during the first week and then continued to decrease slowly. Changes in mean body weight were somewhat erratic during the trial and at 12 weeks there was an apparent mean increase of 1 kg. After allowing for dropouts, analysis of the results showed that 96.7% of the new patient group and 90.5% of the total group were satisfactorily controlled and maintained on glipizide. Patient tolerance was good, and only 28 (4.7%) patients complained of side-effects, almost half of which related to mild, transient hypoglycaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:350494", "title": "Poor hypotensive response and tachyphylaxis following intravenous labetalol.", "content": "Three renal patients with transplant kidneys and uncontrolled hypertension were treated with intravenous doses of labetalol. Only minor depressor effects were noted and tachyphylaxis developed in 1 patient. Other parenteral hypotensive agents reduced blood pressure satisfactorily.", "contents": "Poor hypotensive response and tachyphylaxis following intravenous labetalol. Three renal patients with transplant kidneys and uncontrolled hypertension were treated with intravenous doses of labetalol. Only minor depressor effects were noted and tachyphylaxis developed in 1 patient. Other parenteral hypotensive agents reduced blood pressure satisfactorily."}
{"id": "PMID:350495", "title": "Oxaprozin versus aspirin in rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind trial.", "content": "A parallel double-blind trial was carried out over a 3-month period in 40 patients suffering from active rheumatoid arthritis to compare the anti-inflammatory effectiveness and side-effects of treatment with oxaprozin and aspirin. The results showed that 1200 mg oxaprozin daily had similar anti-inflammatory properties to those of 3.9 g aspirin daily in rheumatoid arthritis. Better results were produced with 1200 mg oxaproxin daily than with a 600 mg dosage level, suggesting that there is a close dose-response relationship. The incidence of side-effects was similar with both drugs. Gastrointestinal intolerance was more frequent and severe in the aspirin group, whereas rash and headache were noted more often in patients receiving oxaprozin.", "contents": "Oxaprozin versus aspirin in rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind trial. A parallel double-blind trial was carried out over a 3-month period in 40 patients suffering from active rheumatoid arthritis to compare the anti-inflammatory effectiveness and side-effects of treatment with oxaprozin and aspirin. The results showed that 1200 mg oxaprozin daily had similar anti-inflammatory properties to those of 3.9 g aspirin daily in rheumatoid arthritis. Better results were produced with 1200 mg oxaproxin daily than with a 600 mg dosage level, suggesting that there is a close dose-response relationship. The incidence of side-effects was similar with both drugs. Gastrointestinal intolerance was more frequent and severe in the aspirin group, whereas rash and headache were noted more often in patients receiving oxaprozin."}
{"id": "PMID:350496", "title": "Efficacy of co-trimoxazole in infantile gastro-enteritis.", "content": "A comparative, randomized trial was carried out in 105 children, aged between 2 months and 2 years and who were suffering from acute gastro-enteritis, to assess the effectiveness of co-trimoxazole with that of streptomycin and neomycin. Patients were treated in hospital for 5 days or longer and received daily doses either of 50 mg/kg streptomycin or neomycin, or of 6 mg trimethoprim plus 30 mg sulphamethoxazole/kg. Clinical and bacteriological assessments of response to treatment showed that better results were achieved in the co-trimoxazole group, and the duration of illness was also shorter in this this group. In the 3 patients on neomycin and the 12 on streptomycin who did not respond clinically, symptoms were controlled in all of them within 2 to 3 days of being changed over to co-trimoxazole treatment.", "contents": "Efficacy of co-trimoxazole in infantile gastro-enteritis. A comparative, randomized trial was carried out in 105 children, aged between 2 months and 2 years and who were suffering from acute gastro-enteritis, to assess the effectiveness of co-trimoxazole with that of streptomycin and neomycin. Patients were treated in hospital for 5 days or longer and received daily doses either of 50 mg/kg streptomycin or neomycin, or of 6 mg trimethoprim plus 30 mg sulphamethoxazole/kg. Clinical and bacteriological assessments of response to treatment showed that better results were achieved in the co-trimoxazole group, and the duration of illness was also shorter in this this group. In the 3 patients on neomycin and the 12 on streptomycin who did not respond clinically, symptoms were controlled in all of them within 2 to 3 days of being changed over to co-trimoxazole treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:350497", "title": "Comparative study of salsalate and aspirin in osteoarthrosis of the hip or knee.", "content": "A short-term, double-blind controlled crossover study was carried out in 20 patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip or knee to compare the effectiveness and tolerance of salsalate and aspirin. After a 1-week placebo washout period, patients received either 3 g salsalate per day or 3.6 g soluble aspirin per day for 2 weeks before being crossed over to the alternative treatment. Paracetamol was used as a rescue analgesic. The results of clinical assessments of pain, stiffness and sleep disturbance, using visual analogue scales, showed that salsalate produced a comparable clinical improvement to that with aspirin, and similar serum salicylate levels. Salsalate, however, was significantly superior to aspirin with regard to side-effects and faecal occult blood loss.", "contents": "Comparative study of salsalate and aspirin in osteoarthrosis of the hip or knee. A short-term, double-blind controlled crossover study was carried out in 20 patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip or knee to compare the effectiveness and tolerance of salsalate and aspirin. After a 1-week placebo washout period, patients received either 3 g salsalate per day or 3.6 g soluble aspirin per day for 2 weeks before being crossed over to the alternative treatment. Paracetamol was used as a rescue analgesic. The results of clinical assessments of pain, stiffness and sleep disturbance, using visual analogue scales, showed that salsalate produced a comparable clinical improvement to that with aspirin, and similar serum salicylate levels. Salsalate, however, was significantly superior to aspirin with regard to side-effects and faecal occult blood loss."}
{"id": "PMID:350498", "title": "Clinical therapeutic evaluation of methylcysteine hydrochloride in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis: a balanced double-blind trial with placebo control.", "content": "A double-blind, between-patient, placebo controlled trial was carried out to investigate the effects of methylcysteine hydrochloride in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis. After a 2-week washout period on placebo, 30 patients were allocated at random to treatment for 6 weeks with either methylcysteine (1200 mg daily in Week 1, 800 mg daily in Week 2, then 600 mg daily) or with identical placebo tablets on the same regimen. During the post-treatment period, all patients returned to a single-blind placebo regimen (6 tablets daily) for a further 14 days. Assessments were made at the start, at regular intervals during the trial, and at the end of the post-treatment period, of subjective and objective measures of clinical response, and measurements of pulmonary function and certain physico-chemical properties of sputum. The results showed that methylcysteine increased sputum volume, reduced the viscidity of sputum, and significantly improved the subjective assessments of ease of expectoration and severity and frequency of cough, leading to a definite improvement in the patients' clinical state. No side-effects of clinical significance were reported and no abnormalities were found in any of the haematological, hepatic and renal function tests carried out.", "contents": "Clinical therapeutic evaluation of methylcysteine hydrochloride in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis: a balanced double-blind trial with placebo control. A double-blind, between-patient, placebo controlled trial was carried out to investigate the effects of methylcysteine hydrochloride in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis. After a 2-week washout period on placebo, 30 patients were allocated at random to treatment for 6 weeks with either methylcysteine (1200 mg daily in Week 1, 800 mg daily in Week 2, then 600 mg daily) or with identical placebo tablets on the same regimen. During the post-treatment period, all patients returned to a single-blind placebo regimen (6 tablets daily) for a further 14 days. Assessments were made at the start, at regular intervals during the trial, and at the end of the post-treatment period, of subjective and objective measures of clinical response, and measurements of pulmonary function and certain physico-chemical properties of sputum. The results showed that methylcysteine increased sputum volume, reduced the viscidity of sputum, and significantly improved the subjective assessments of ease of expectoration and severity and frequency of cough, leading to a definite improvement in the patients' clinical state. No side-effects of clinical significance were reported and no abnormalities were found in any of the haematological, hepatic and renal function tests carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:350499", "title": "Night medication in rheumatoid arthritis. III. the use of sulindac.", "content": "A double-blind controlled trial was carried out in 18 in-patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis to assess the effectiveness of night-time medication with 100 mg indomethacin plus 10 mg diazepam, 200 mg sulindac, and 200 mg sulindac plus 10 mg diazepam in improving sleep and reducing night pain and the duration of morning stiffness. Patients received each treatment regimen for 1 night. The results from the 17 patients completing the full trial protocol indicated that indomethacin plus diazepam was the most effective of the three regimens, although the differences did not reach conventional statistical significance. It is suggested that in further such studies with sulindac a larger dose and a longer duration of treatment should be used.", "contents": "Night medication in rheumatoid arthritis. III. the use of sulindac. A double-blind controlled trial was carried out in 18 in-patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis to assess the effectiveness of night-time medication with 100 mg indomethacin plus 10 mg diazepam, 200 mg sulindac, and 200 mg sulindac plus 10 mg diazepam in improving sleep and reducing night pain and the duration of morning stiffness. Patients received each treatment regimen for 1 night. The results from the 17 patients completing the full trial protocol indicated that indomethacin plus diazepam was the most effective of the three regimens, although the differences did not reach conventional statistical significance. It is suggested that in further such studies with sulindac a larger dose and a longer duration of treatment should be used."}
{"id": "PMID:350500", "title": "A comparative trial of ketoprofen and ibuprofen in patients with rheumatic disease.", "content": "A comparative controlled study was carried out in 40 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthrosis or ankylosing spondylitis to assess the efficacy of ketoprofen and ibuprofen. Patients were allocated at random to receive either 100 mg ketoprofen twice daily or 400 mg ibuprofen 3-times daily over a period of 3 months. Subjective overall assessments of symptoms, based on rating scale scores for pain, duration of morning stiffness and inflammation, showed that there was a greater, more rapid and more sustained improvement in those patients treated with ketoprofen. Measurements of inflamed joint size and of grip strength also improved more with ketoprofen than with ibuprofen. Side-effects, notably nausea, epigastric discomfort and abdominal pain, were more frequent and severe with ketoprofen, leading to the withdrawal of 2 patients in the early stage of the trial, and were probably related to the high dosage used. Three patients receiving ibuprofen needed 7 injections of ACTH to control their symptoms.", "contents": "A comparative trial of ketoprofen and ibuprofen in patients with rheumatic disease. A comparative controlled study was carried out in 40 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthrosis or ankylosing spondylitis to assess the efficacy of ketoprofen and ibuprofen. Patients were allocated at random to receive either 100 mg ketoprofen twice daily or 400 mg ibuprofen 3-times daily over a period of 3 months. Subjective overall assessments of symptoms, based on rating scale scores for pain, duration of morning stiffness and inflammation, showed that there was a greater, more rapid and more sustained improvement in those patients treated with ketoprofen. Measurements of inflamed joint size and of grip strength also improved more with ketoprofen than with ibuprofen. Side-effects, notably nausea, epigastric discomfort and abdominal pain, were more frequent and severe with ketoprofen, leading to the withdrawal of 2 patients in the early stage of the trial, and were probably related to the high dosage used. Three patients receiving ibuprofen needed 7 injections of ACTH to control their symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:350501", "title": "A double-blind comparison of 0.1% dithranol in a 17% urea base (\"Psoradrate\") and base alone in the treatment of active chronic psoriasis.", "content": "A preliminary double-blind controlled trial was carried out in 8 patients with active chronic psoriasis, whose lesions were more or less bilaterally symmetrical, to assess the efficacy of topical treatment with 0.1% dithranol in a specialized carbamide (17% urea) base. The trial preparation was applied twice daily to one side only over a period of 3 weeks, and lesions on the other side of the body were treated in a similar manner with the base alone. Assessments of clinical improvement, based on severity rating scores, were carried out at weekly intervals. The results showed that, although use of the base alone led to some improvement, the preparation including dithranol was twice as effective, and this finding was supported by the patients' preference. It was easy to apply and remove and was well tolerated, the only side-effects reported being stinging and/or smarting.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of 0.1% dithranol in a 17% urea base (\"Psoradrate\") and base alone in the treatment of active chronic psoriasis. A preliminary double-blind controlled trial was carried out in 8 patients with active chronic psoriasis, whose lesions were more or less bilaterally symmetrical, to assess the efficacy of topical treatment with 0.1% dithranol in a specialized carbamide (17% urea) base. The trial preparation was applied twice daily to one side only over a period of 3 weeks, and lesions on the other side of the body were treated in a similar manner with the base alone. Assessments of clinical improvement, based on severity rating scores, were carried out at weekly intervals. The results showed that, although use of the base alone led to some improvement, the preparation including dithranol was twice as effective, and this finding was supported by the patients' preference. It was easy to apply and remove and was well tolerated, the only side-effects reported being stinging and/or smarting."}
{"id": "PMID:350505", "title": "Systemic complications of commonly used dermatologic drugs.", "content": "Systemic complications of drugs commonly prescribed by dermatologists fortunately are uncommon. Nevertheless, it is extremely important that the dermatologist be aware of medical contraindications to the use of these agents, as well as their potential systemic side effects. These considerations for methotrexate, sulfones, tetracyclines, and corticosteroids are reviewed.", "contents": "Systemic complications of commonly used dermatologic drugs. Systemic complications of drugs commonly prescribed by dermatologists fortunately are uncommon. Nevertheless, it is extremely important that the dermatologist be aware of medical contraindications to the use of these agents, as well as their potential systemic side effects. These considerations for methotrexate, sulfones, tetracyclines, and corticosteroids are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:350506", "title": "New cream vehicle for flurandrenolide.", "content": "New methods are now available to help select vehicles for topical corticosteroids. In the development of a new cream vehicle for flurandrenolide, the goal was a cream base with optimal solubility for release of the drug, minimal irritation potential, and no sensitizing preservatives. Vasoconstriction tests make selection much more scientific, and a newer method for such testing is described in detail. Irritation testing then helped determine the vehicle concentration that was least irritating. Final studies included double-blind comparisons with the previous formulation in the treatment of psoriatic patients.", "contents": "New cream vehicle for flurandrenolide. New methods are now available to help select vehicles for topical corticosteroids. In the development of a new cream vehicle for flurandrenolide, the goal was a cream base with optimal solubility for release of the drug, minimal irritation potential, and no sensitizing preservatives. Vasoconstriction tests make selection much more scientific, and a newer method for such testing is described in detail. Irritation testing then helped determine the vehicle concentration that was least irritating. Final studies included double-blind comparisons with the previous formulation in the treatment of psoriatic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:350511", "title": "Effects of terbutaline aerosol in reversible airway obstruction.", "content": "Aerosol terbutaline is an effective bronchodilator agent with at least a seven-hour duration of action in patients with reversible obstruction of the airways. Inhalation of up to 1.5 mg of this drug is not associated with significant alterations of pulse rate and blood pressure. Although a dose-related improvement of specific airway conductance was demonstrated 30 minutes after administration of the drug, no such effect was observed in measurements of the forced expiratory volume in one second.", "contents": "Effects of terbutaline aerosol in reversible airway obstruction. Aerosol terbutaline is an effective bronchodilator agent with at least a seven-hour duration of action in patients with reversible obstruction of the airways. Inhalation of up to 1.5 mg of this drug is not associated with significant alterations of pulse rate and blood pressure. Although a dose-related improvement of specific airway conductance was demonstrated 30 minutes after administration of the drug, no such effect was observed in measurements of the forced expiratory volume in one second."}
{"id": "PMID:350512", "title": "Beta-adrenergic blockade of the lung. Dose-dependent cardioselectivity of tolamolol in asthma.", "content": "Beta-adrenergic blocking agents are widely used to treat disorders of cardiac rhythm and rate, angina, and hypertension. Propranolol is the most widely used beta-adrenergic blocking agent in this country. Because of its nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking effect, propranolol may be associated with significant bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects and in some patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Since tolamolol, a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent, has cardioselectivity in animals, we studied asthmatic subjects for six hours on three separate days in a double-blind crossover comparison of oral therapy with 40 mg of propranolol, its beta-adrenergic blocking equivalent dose of tolamolol (50 mg), and a high dose of tolamolol (100 mg). All three dosages had equipotent effects on heart rate and systolic pressure. The 50-mg dose of tolamolol had no effect on pulmonary function over six hours; however, both propranolol (40 mg) and the 100-mg dose of tolamolol had equivalent deleterious effects on airway resistance and on rates of expiratory flow. We conclude that the cardioselectivity of tolamolol is dose-limited but is present at the dosage of 50 mg, which is equivalent to the usual antiarrhythmic beta-adrenergic blocking dose of propranolol (40 mg).", "contents": "Beta-adrenergic blockade of the lung. Dose-dependent cardioselectivity of tolamolol in asthma. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents are widely used to treat disorders of cardiac rhythm and rate, angina, and hypertension. Propranolol is the most widely used beta-adrenergic blocking agent in this country. Because of its nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking effect, propranolol may be associated with significant bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects and in some patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Since tolamolol, a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent, has cardioselectivity in animals, we studied asthmatic subjects for six hours on three separate days in a double-blind crossover comparison of oral therapy with 40 mg of propranolol, its beta-adrenergic blocking equivalent dose of tolamolol (50 mg), and a high dose of tolamolol (100 mg). All three dosages had equipotent effects on heart rate and systolic pressure. The 50-mg dose of tolamolol had no effect on pulmonary function over six hours; however, both propranolol (40 mg) and the 100-mg dose of tolamolol had equivalent deleterious effects on airway resistance and on rates of expiratory flow. We conclude that the cardioselectivity of tolamolol is dose-limited but is present at the dosage of 50 mg, which is equivalent to the usual antiarrhythmic beta-adrenergic blocking dose of propranolol (40 mg)."}
{"id": "PMID:350514", "title": "Differential susceptibility of indole-positive and -negative strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae to cefazolin, choramphenicol and tetracycline.", "content": "Biochemical properties and antibiotic susceptibilities of 168 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were tested. On the basis of the indole reaction, 30 isolates (18%) were indole-positive and 138 isolates (82%) were indole-negative. A significant difference in antibiotic susceptibility was found in each of the two groups of isolates. Of the indole-negative isolates, 82.6% were susceptible to cefazolin at 6.25 microgram/ml or lower, while the indole-positive isolates varied in susceptibility to cefazolin. All of the indole-positive isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol and tetracycline, but the indole-negative isolates varied in their susceptibility to these antibiotics. Whereas there was no relationship between indole production and susceptibility to cephalothin among the K. pneumoniae isolates studied, it appeared that there was a correlation between the indole reaction and susceptibility to cefazolin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline.", "contents": "Differential susceptibility of indole-positive and -negative strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae to cefazolin, choramphenicol and tetracycline. Biochemical properties and antibiotic susceptibilities of 168 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were tested. On the basis of the indole reaction, 30 isolates (18%) were indole-positive and 138 isolates (82%) were indole-negative. A significant difference in antibiotic susceptibility was found in each of the two groups of isolates. Of the indole-negative isolates, 82.6% were susceptible to cefazolin at 6.25 microgram/ml or lower, while the indole-positive isolates varied in susceptibility to cefazolin. All of the indole-positive isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol and tetracycline, but the indole-negative isolates varied in their susceptibility to these antibiotics. Whereas there was no relationship between indole production and susceptibility to cephalothin among the K. pneumoniae isolates studied, it appeared that there was a correlation between the indole reaction and susceptibility to cefazolin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline."}
{"id": "PMID:350517", "title": "[Intraoperative biliary tract injuries].", "content": "Twelve iatrogene bile duct injuries are reported. Eleven occurred in operations of the bile system, and one in a gastric resection (B II). The injury should be diagnosed immediately, especially by intraoperative cholangiography. Operative treatment is discussed. Eleven patients survived, one died of pulmonary embolism (operative mortality, 8,3%). One patient had to be reoperated because of stenosis of the common bile duct. Choledochoduodenostomy was performed. The follow-up of 11 patients showed good results without any recurrence of jaundice or pain.", "contents": "[Intraoperative biliary tract injuries]. Twelve iatrogene bile duct injuries are reported. Eleven occurred in operations of the bile system, and one in a gastric resection (B II). The injury should be diagnosed immediately, especially by intraoperative cholangiography. Operative treatment is discussed. Eleven patients survived, one died of pulmonary embolism (operative mortality, 8,3%). One patient had to be reoperated because of stenosis of the common bile duct. Choledochoduodenostomy was performed. The follow-up of 11 patients showed good results without any recurrence of jaundice or pain."}
{"id": "PMID:350523", "title": "Signals for insulin secretion.", "content": "Glucose is an effective stimulus for the release of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells but its pre-eminence for the physiological control of insulin secretion is now challenged. The insulin response to oral glucose is much greater than the response to intravenous glucose because an intestinal factor, or factors, has a powerful stimulant effect on insulin secretion. Conversely, the hyperglycaemia which accompanies sympathetic overactivity is accompanied by reduced plasma insulin levels because adrenaline inhibits pancreatic insulin by an alpha-adrenergic mechanism. Other hormonal and chemical factors also modify pancreatic insulin release. Plasma insulin levels will be determined not only by the interplay of signals which stimulate or inhibit insulin release but also by the rate at which insulin leaves the circulation. Because insulin is secreted into the portal circulation the concentration of insulin to which hepatocytes are exposed is normally greater than that affecting peripheral tissues. This ratio will be affected by portal venous diversion and might be altered by hepatic damage. Both factors might also influence the intestinal control of insulin secretion, as the gut 'hormone' would not have to traverse the liver, which might remove some of it, before it arrived at the pancreatic islets. If insulin is the key 'hepatotrophic factor' stimulating hepatic growth and regeneration, as well as preventing atrophy, we might expect it to induce hepatic growth in otherwise normal liver and we would expect it to be secreted in larger amounts when regeneration is active.", "contents": "Signals for insulin secretion. Glucose is an effective stimulus for the release of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells but its pre-eminence for the physiological control of insulin secretion is now challenged. The insulin response to oral glucose is much greater than the response to intravenous glucose because an intestinal factor, or factors, has a powerful stimulant effect on insulin secretion. Conversely, the hyperglycaemia which accompanies sympathetic overactivity is accompanied by reduced plasma insulin levels because adrenaline inhibits pancreatic insulin by an alpha-adrenergic mechanism. Other hormonal and chemical factors also modify pancreatic insulin release. Plasma insulin levels will be determined not only by the interplay of signals which stimulate or inhibit insulin release but also by the rate at which insulin leaves the circulation. Because insulin is secreted into the portal circulation the concentration of insulin to which hepatocytes are exposed is normally greater than that affecting peripheral tissues. This ratio will be affected by portal venous diversion and might be altered by hepatic damage. Both factors might also influence the intestinal control of insulin secretion, as the gut 'hormone' would not have to traverse the liver, which might remove some of it, before it arrived at the pancreatic islets. If insulin is the key 'hepatotrophic factor' stimulating hepatic growth and regeneration, as well as preventing atrophy, we might expect it to induce hepatic growth in otherwise normal liver and we would expect it to be secreted in larger amounts when regeneration is active."}
{"id": "PMID:350524", "title": "Ultrastructural and metabolic studies of isolated and cultured hepatocytes.", "content": "Cells isolated from adult rat liver form distinct cell populations: the parenchymal cells or hepatocytes and the non-parenchymal cells, mainly endothelial and Kupffer cells. These two groups are easy to separate by centrifugation methods, including centrifugal elutriation. The single-cell suspension of hepatocytes seems to be constituted of subfractions which are located roughly in the centrilobular and perilobular regions of the liver lobule and are differentiated so that they form cell lines with distinct metabolic activities. The basic means of characterizing the isolated hepatocytes consists of determining their size distribution, their sedimentation and elutriation properties, and their metabolic activities. Cultures of hepatocytes offer the possibility of prolonging their survival and of studying the differentiation of new bile canaliculi and the reconstitution of biliary polarity in the cytoplasm. The combination of Kupffer cells with hepatocytes improves the culture condition, as a result of elimination of cell debris by phagocytosis by the non-parenchymal cells. The application of the isolation and partition methods to pre-neoplastic liver allows us to classify the cells according to their degree of hyperplasia and opens up a new field of investigation.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and metabolic studies of isolated and cultured hepatocytes. Cells isolated from adult rat liver form distinct cell populations: the parenchymal cells or hepatocytes and the non-parenchymal cells, mainly endothelial and Kupffer cells. These two groups are easy to separate by centrifugation methods, including centrifugal elutriation. The single-cell suspension of hepatocytes seems to be constituted of subfractions which are located roughly in the centrilobular and perilobular regions of the liver lobule and are differentiated so that they form cell lines with distinct metabolic activities. The basic means of characterizing the isolated hepatocytes consists of determining their size distribution, their sedimentation and elutriation properties, and their metabolic activities. Cultures of hepatocytes offer the possibility of prolonging their survival and of studying the differentiation of new bile canaliculi and the reconstitution of biliary polarity in the cytoplasm. The combination of Kupffer cells with hepatocytes improves the culture condition, as a result of elimination of cell debris by phagocytosis by the non-parenchymal cells. The application of the isolation and partition methods to pre-neoplastic liver allows us to classify the cells according to their degree of hyperplasia and opens up a new field of investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:350525", "title": "The roles of mediators, irritants and allergens in causing mucin secretion from the trachea.", "content": "Two species, the cat and the goose, have been investigated to determine whether a variety of pharmacological mediators, irritants and allergens change the rate at which mucins (mucus glycoproteins) are secreted into the trachea. Mucins were labelled by the administration of radioactive precursors which the mucous cells took up and incorporated into glycoproteins. These were periodically washed out of a segment of trachea with physiological saline solution. Changes in the amount of mucin secreted were estimated from measurements of the amount of bound radioactivity in tracheal washings. Histamine increased mucin secretion but the effects were stronger and more consistent in the goose than in the cat. A variety of prostaglandins increased the secretion in both species. 5-Hydroxytryptamine failed to stimulate mucin output in the cat. Ammonia and cigarette smoke both increased mucin secretion in the cat and preliminary results suggest that this was by a combination of local and reflex mechanisms. O-Chlorobenzilidine malononitrile increased secretion from  the goose trachea entirely by a local mechanism. Preliminary experiments in which sensitized cats were challenged by various routes have equivocal results on whether anaphylaxis increases airway mucin secretion. It is concluded that irritants cause mucin secretion both by reflexes and local mechanisms. The mechanisms for the latter may well include release of pharmacological mediators.", "contents": "The roles of mediators, irritants and allergens in causing mucin secretion from the trachea. Two species, the cat and the goose, have been investigated to determine whether a variety of pharmacological mediators, irritants and allergens change the rate at which mucins (mucus glycoproteins) are secreted into the trachea. Mucins were labelled by the administration of radioactive precursors which the mucous cells took up and incorporated into glycoproteins. These were periodically washed out of a segment of trachea with physiological saline solution. Changes in the amount of mucin secreted were estimated from measurements of the amount of bound radioactivity in tracheal washings. Histamine increased mucin secretion but the effects were stronger and more consistent in the goose than in the cat. A variety of prostaglandins increased the secretion in both species. 5-Hydroxytryptamine failed to stimulate mucin output in the cat. Ammonia and cigarette smoke both increased mucin secretion in the cat and preliminary results suggest that this was by a combination of local and reflex mechanisms. O-Chlorobenzilidine malononitrile increased secretion from  the goose trachea entirely by a local mechanism. Preliminary experiments in which sensitized cats were challenged by various routes have equivocal results on whether anaphylaxis increases airway mucin secretion. It is concluded that irritants cause mucin secretion both by reflexes and local mechanisms. The mechanisms for the latter may well include release of pharmacological mediators."}
{"id": "PMID:350522", "title": "Physiological and clinical aspects of circadian variations in glucose tolerance.", "content": "Significance of the circadian periodicity in glucose tolerance has been presented from physiological and clinical points of view in mechanisms responsible for this periodicity of which afternoon glucose intolerance is most evident. In healthy subjects, circadian fluctuations in insulin secretion and in sensitivity to insulin at tissue level are dominating. Circadian oscillations in insulin response to a glycemic stimulus as well as inherent periodicity in activity of the beta cells have been demonstrated by many authors.", "contents": "Physiological and clinical aspects of circadian variations in glucose tolerance. Significance of the circadian periodicity in glucose tolerance has been presented from physiological and clinical points of view in mechanisms responsible for this periodicity of which afternoon glucose intolerance is most evident. In healthy subjects, circadian fluctuations in insulin secretion and in sensitivity to insulin at tissue level are dominating. Circadian oscillations in insulin response to a glycemic stimulus as well as inherent periodicity in activity of the beta cells have been demonstrated by many authors."}
{"id": "PMID:350526", "title": "Total fecal diversion by the temporary skin-level loop transverse colostomy.", "content": "The temporary skin-level loop transverse colostomy has been described. Proof of its ability to divert the fecal stream totally is illustrated by complete diversion in 25 patients ingesting a postcolostomy barium meal. There was no postoperative complication.", "contents": "Total fecal diversion by the temporary skin-level loop transverse colostomy. The temporary skin-level loop transverse colostomy has been described. Proof of its ability to divert the fecal stream totally is illustrated by complete diversion in 25 patients ingesting a postcolostomy barium meal. There was no postoperative complication."}
{"id": "PMID:350534", "title": "[Combination of adriamycin and cis-diammine-dichloro-platinum (II) in the treatment of advanced, therapy-resistant, ovarian carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Adriamycin (doxorubicin, Adriblastin) and cis-diammine-dichloro-platinum (II) (DDP, NSC 119 875) were used in the treatment of 18 patients with ovarian carcinoma, usually after intensive pre-treatment, both in a dosage of 50 mg/m2 once every 4 weeks. Forced diuresis was initiated at the same time. On average three such treatments were given. Six patients showed partial remission defined as decrease of tumour mass by more than 50% or as almost complete disappearance of ascites during more than two months without concomitant diuretic treatment. The remission time was 2+, 3, 3+, 3.5, 7+, and 9+ months. In all patients severe gastrointestinal toxicity occurred, however the myelosuppressive action was only moderate. Nephrotoxicity was negligible. Combined chemotherapy with Adriblastin and DDP thus seems effective even in intensively pretreated patients with ovarian carcinoma.", "contents": "[Combination of adriamycin and cis-diammine-dichloro-platinum (II) in the treatment of advanced, therapy-resistant, ovarian carcinoma (author's transl)]. Adriamycin (doxorubicin, Adriblastin) and cis-diammine-dichloro-platinum (II) (DDP, NSC 119 875) were used in the treatment of 18 patients with ovarian carcinoma, usually after intensive pre-treatment, both in a dosage of 50 mg/m2 once every 4 weeks. Forced diuresis was initiated at the same time. On average three such treatments were given. Six patients showed partial remission defined as decrease of tumour mass by more than 50% or as almost complete disappearance of ascites during more than two months without concomitant diuretic treatment. The remission time was 2+, 3, 3+, 3.5, 7+, and 9+ months. In all patients severe gastrointestinal toxicity occurred, however the myelosuppressive action was only moderate. Nephrotoxicity was negligible. Combined chemotherapy with Adriblastin and DDP thus seems effective even in intensively pretreated patients with ovarian carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:350535", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin in patients with normal and impaired renal function (author's transl)].", "content": "Elimination half-life of ticarcillin was measured in 61 patients with different levels of renal function after intravenous rapid infusion (1--20 g). Assuming a single-compartment model for elimination, there was in those without renal disease a half-life of approximately 71 minutes, although there were considerable individual variations. In patients with impaired renal function (glomerular filtration rate 30--60 ml/min) the values were between 60 and 120 minutes, while in one patient with a filtration rate of 2.08 ml/min it was over 400 min. If there is a correlation between dose and half-life, it was obscured by the individual variations. Distribution volume was 21 1/100 kg body-weight.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin in patients with normal and impaired renal function (author's transl)]. Elimination half-life of ticarcillin was measured in 61 patients with different levels of renal function after intravenous rapid infusion (1--20 g). Assuming a single-compartment model for elimination, there was in those without renal disease a half-life of approximately 71 minutes, although there were considerable individual variations. In patients with impaired renal function (glomerular filtration rate 30--60 ml/min) the values were between 60 and 120 minutes, while in one patient with a filtration rate of 2.08 ml/min it was over 400 min. If there is a correlation between dose and half-life, it was obscured by the individual variations. Distribution volume was 21 1/100 kg body-weight."}
{"id": "PMID:350555", "title": "Disopyramide: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in treating cardiac arrhythmias.", "content": "Disopyramide is a new antiarrhythmic drug with a pharmacological profile of action similar to that of quinidine and procainamide. In a few controlled therapeutic trails and a large number of uncontrolled studies in patients with arrhythmias, often following a myocardial infarction, disopyramide has been relatively effective (more so in ventricular than in atrial arrhythmias) and usually well tolerated. In treating premature atrial and ventricular contractions, the best-studied area of its therapeutic use, disopyramide was superior to a placebo and of similar efficacy to but better tolerated than quinidine; the drop-out rate due to adverse effects of the disopyramide group (10%) being less than one-third that of the quinidine group (36%). In an open ward setting, disopyramide used prophylactically after myocardial infarction appeared to reduce both the incidence of reinfarction and the mortality rate, while in patients treated in coronary care units although the incidence of reinfarction was lower with disopyramide than with a placebo, the mortality rate was not significantly different. Further well-designed trials with adequate numbers of patients are needed before the routine use of disopyramide in infarct patients treated in either setting can be justified. Comparative studies are also required to determine if disopyramide has advantages over other antiarrhythmic agents in this area of use. Side-effects with disopyramide are usually a result of its anticholinergic activity, a dry mouth and difficulty in urination being the most common. Like other antiarrhythmic agents, disopyramide exerts a negative inotropic action on cardiac muscle, and development of acute heart failure has been reported. Development of worsening of heart block and hypotension have also occurred. Disopyramide is largely excreted unchanged and dosage should be reduced in patients with impaired renal function, in accordance with creatinine clearance values.", "contents": "Disopyramide: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in treating cardiac arrhythmias. Disopyramide is a new antiarrhythmic drug with a pharmacological profile of action similar to that of quinidine and procainamide. In a few controlled therapeutic trails and a large number of uncontrolled studies in patients with arrhythmias, often following a myocardial infarction, disopyramide has been relatively effective (more so in ventricular than in atrial arrhythmias) and usually well tolerated. In treating premature atrial and ventricular contractions, the best-studied area of its therapeutic use, disopyramide was superior to a placebo and of similar efficacy to but better tolerated than quinidine; the drop-out rate due to adverse effects of the disopyramide group (10%) being less than one-third that of the quinidine group (36%). In an open ward setting, disopyramide used prophylactically after myocardial infarction appeared to reduce both the incidence of reinfarction and the mortality rate, while in patients treated in coronary care units although the incidence of reinfarction was lower with disopyramide than with a placebo, the mortality rate was not significantly different. Further well-designed trials with adequate numbers of patients are needed before the routine use of disopyramide in infarct patients treated in either setting can be justified. Comparative studies are also required to determine if disopyramide has advantages over other antiarrhythmic agents in this area of use. Side-effects with disopyramide are usually a result of its anticholinergic activity, a dry mouth and difficulty in urination being the most common. Like other antiarrhythmic agents, disopyramide exerts a negative inotropic action on cardiac muscle, and development of acute heart failure has been reported. Development of worsening of heart block and hypotension have also occurred. Disopyramide is largely excreted unchanged and dosage should be reduced in patients with impaired renal function, in accordance with creatinine clearance values."}
{"id": "PMID:350561", "title": "Aspects of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of nitroimidazoles with special reference to tinidazole.", "content": "Tinidazole has been reported to be highly effective against trichomoniasis, giardiasis and amoebiasis. In vitro, tinidazole is more active against trichomonads than metronidazole and possesses antiprotozoal activity at least comparable to metronidazole against Entamoeba histolytica, Tinidazole gives higher serum levels in animals following oral administration than metronidazole and is well distributed in organs and tissues. When tinidazole or metronidazole is given to healthy volunteers at a dose of 2g orally, the serum level of tinidazole at 48h is considerably higher than that of metronidazole. At 72h tinidazole is still present but metronidazole is not. These pharmacokinetic differences result from the longer half-life of tinidazole. These findings suggest that tinidazole might prove to be more useful than metronidazole in the treatment of protozoal infections when given in once daily oral doses of 2g.", "contents": "Aspects of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of nitroimidazoles with special reference to tinidazole. Tinidazole has been reported to be highly effective against trichomoniasis, giardiasis and amoebiasis. In vitro, tinidazole is more active against trichomonads than metronidazole and possesses antiprotozoal activity at least comparable to metronidazole against Entamoeba histolytica, Tinidazole gives higher serum levels in animals following oral administration than metronidazole and is well distributed in organs and tissues. When tinidazole or metronidazole is given to healthy volunteers at a dose of 2g orally, the serum level of tinidazole at 48h is considerably higher than that of metronidazole. At 72h tinidazole is still present but metronidazole is not. These pharmacokinetic differences result from the longer half-life of tinidazole. These findings suggest that tinidazole might prove to be more useful than metronidazole in the treatment of protozoal infections when given in once daily oral doses of 2g."}
{"id": "PMID:350559", "title": "Drug-induced gastrointestinal disease.", "content": "Clinicians administering potent therapeutic agents must be aware of their side-effects. The gut is an important site of adverse drug reactions and drug-induced disease must always be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms. A careful drug history must therefore be taken in all such patients. Symptoms can often be related to drug ingestion, but late effects also occur. The presence of blood in vomitus or stool is pathognomonic of serious pathology which may be drug-induced and requires further investigation. Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage and pseudomembranous colitis are potentially fatal manifestations of drug therapy. Gastrointestinal symptoms can often be avoided if therapy is taken with meals or in a smaller dose, but drug withdrawal is always the first line of management in patients whose symptoms may be drug-induced.", "contents": "Drug-induced gastrointestinal disease. Clinicians administering potent therapeutic agents must be aware of their side-effects. The gut is an important site of adverse drug reactions and drug-induced disease must always be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms. A careful drug history must therefore be taken in all such patients. Symptoms can often be related to drug ingestion, but late effects also occur. The presence of blood in vomitus or stool is pathognomonic of serious pathology which may be drug-induced and requires further investigation. Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage and pseudomembranous colitis are potentially fatal manifestations of drug therapy. Gastrointestinal symptoms can often be avoided if therapy is taken with meals or in a smaller dose, but drug withdrawal is always the first line of management in patients whose symptoms may be drug-induced."}
{"id": "PMID:350562", "title": "Treatment of symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis with tinidazole.", "content": "Tinidazole was given in a single dose of 2g a day for 2 days to 17 adults, and in a single dose of 50mg/kg bodyweight daily for 3 days to 4 children, with symptomatic, but not severe, intestinal amoebiasis. All 21 patients showed clinical improvement but only 20 (95%) were parasitologically cured as evinced by failure to demonstrate Entamoeba histolytica in 3 stool samples collected on the 4th, 15th and 22nd day after treatment. Two subjects had mild nausea within a few hours of taking the first dose, while 8 had constipation of 3 to 5 days duration after treatment. 1 patient had nausea and constipation and another had palpitations.", "contents": "Treatment of symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis with tinidazole. Tinidazole was given in a single dose of 2g a day for 2 days to 17 adults, and in a single dose of 50mg/kg bodyweight daily for 3 days to 4 children, with symptomatic, but not severe, intestinal amoebiasis. All 21 patients showed clinical improvement but only 20 (95%) were parasitologically cured as evinced by failure to demonstrate Entamoeba histolytica in 3 stool samples collected on the 4th, 15th and 22nd day after treatment. Two subjects had mild nausea within a few hours of taking the first dose, while 8 had constipation of 3 to 5 days duration after treatment. 1 patient had nausea and constipation and another had palpitations."}
{"id": "PMID:350564", "title": "Treatment of amoebic liver abscess with tinidazole and metronidazole.", "content": "20 patients with amoebic liver abscess, confirmed by aspiration of typical amoebic 'pus', were treated in random order with either tinidazole or metronidazole in a dose of 2g once daily for 2 days. Clinical, radiological, and biochemical follow-up was done for 1 month. One patient, given metronidazole, absconded and 19 completed the trial. Complete recovery occurred in all 10 patients given tinidazole but in only 5 of the 9 given metronidazole (p = 0.05). Patients on tinidazole required repeat aspirations less frequently than those on metronidazole. Mild gastrointestinal side-effects  occurred in 1 patient on metronidazole but in none on tinidazole. From the present study, tinidazole appears to be a more effective, better tolerated drug with a more rapid therapeutic effect than metronidazole.", "contents": "Treatment of amoebic liver abscess with tinidazole and metronidazole. 20 patients with amoebic liver abscess, confirmed by aspiration of typical amoebic 'pus', were treated in random order with either tinidazole or metronidazole in a dose of 2g once daily for 2 days. Clinical, radiological, and biochemical follow-up was done for 1 month. One patient, given metronidazole, absconded and 19 completed the trial. Complete recovery occurred in all 10 patients given tinidazole but in only 5 of the 9 given metronidazole (p = 0.05). Patients on tinidazole required repeat aspirations less frequently than those on metronidazole. Mild gastrointestinal side-effects  occurred in 1 patient on metronidazole but in none on tinidazole. From the present study, tinidazole appears to be a more effective, better tolerated drug with a more rapid therapeutic effect than metronidazole."}
{"id": "PMID:350565", "title": "Tinidazole and metronidazole in hepatic amoebiasis.", "content": "The efficacy of metronidazole and tinidazole has been compared in 31 patients with hepatic amoebiasis. Only those with unequivocal clinical, radiological and laboratory evidence of hepatic amoebiasis were included; diagnostic and therapeutic aspiration was performed where necessary. 15 patients received metronidazole and 16 tinidazole, in random order. The 2 groups were comparable. Both drugs were given orally in a single daily dose of 2g for a minimum of 3 days, with treatment extended if considered clinically advisable. 12 of 15 patients (80%) were cured with metronidazole given for an average period of 7 days (range 4 to 14 days). 15 of 16 patients (93.8%) given tinidazole were cured and the mean duration of treatment was 4 days (range 3 to 6 days). There were fewer side-effects with tinidazole. In this study of hepatic amoebiasis in Bangladesh, tinidazole was found to be superior to metronidazole in overall efficacy because a shorter course of treatment was necessary and it caused fewer side-effects.", "contents": "Tinidazole and metronidazole in hepatic amoebiasis. The efficacy of metronidazole and tinidazole has been compared in 31 patients with hepatic amoebiasis. Only those with unequivocal clinical, radiological and laboratory evidence of hepatic amoebiasis were included; diagnostic and therapeutic aspiration was performed where necessary. 15 patients received metronidazole and 16 tinidazole, in random order. The 2 groups were comparable. Both drugs were given orally in a single daily dose of 2g for a minimum of 3 days, with treatment extended if considered clinically advisable. 12 of 15 patients (80%) were cured with metronidazole given for an average period of 7 days (range 4 to 14 days). 15 of 16 patients (93.8%) given tinidazole were cured and the mean duration of treatment was 4 days (range 3 to 6 days). There were fewer side-effects with tinidazole. In this study of hepatic amoebiasis in Bangladesh, tinidazole was found to be superior to metronidazole in overall efficacy because a shorter course of treatment was necessary and it caused fewer side-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:350567", "title": "The management of amoebic hepatic abscess.", "content": "83 well documented cases of amoebic hepatic abscess, treated in the Philippines between 1967 and 1975, are presented with a view to showing the results of 3 different methods of management and comparing the diagnostic accuracy and overall mortality in 2 separate groups. It is concluded that conservative medical management is generally successful and that the abscess cavity can resolve rapidly without the need for aspiration. Death is certain in those who are not treated and mortality is high in those whose abscesses are complicated by perforation. The combination of dehydroemetine, chloroquine and tetracycline is still an effective treatment.", "contents": "The management of amoebic hepatic abscess. 83 well documented cases of amoebic hepatic abscess, treated in the Philippines between 1967 and 1975, are presented with a view to showing the results of 3 different methods of management and comparing the diagnostic accuracy and overall mortality in 2 separate groups. It is concluded that conservative medical management is generally successful and that the abscess cavity can resolve rapidly without the need for aspiration. Death is certain in those who are not treated and mortality is high in those whose abscesses are complicated by perforation. The combination of dehydroemetine, chloroquine and tetracycline is still an effective treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:350568", "title": "Treatment of multiple intestinal helminthiasis with oxantel and pyrantel.", "content": "32 elementary school children were treated for multiple intestinal helminthiasis (ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infections) with a combination of the pamoate salts of oxantel and pyrantel in a dose of 15 to 20mg/kg body weight of each in 1 daily dose for 3 consecutive days. The cure rate for ascariasis was 96.7%, and 84.4% for both trichuriasis and hookworm infections. 68.7% were completely cured of all 3 helminths. However, among those not completely cured, only 1 species of the previous 3 infecting helminths was present after treatment and then with a very marked reduction in egg count.", "contents": "Treatment of multiple intestinal helminthiasis with oxantel and pyrantel. 32 elementary school children were treated for multiple intestinal helminthiasis (ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infections) with a combination of the pamoate salts of oxantel and pyrantel in a dose of 15 to 20mg/kg body weight of each in 1 daily dose for 3 consecutive days. The cure rate for ascariasis was 96.7%, and 84.4% for both trichuriasis and hookworm infections. 68.7% were completely cured of all 3 helminths. However, among those not completely cured, only 1 species of the previous 3 infecting helminths was present after treatment and then with a very marked reduction in egg count."}
{"id": "PMID:350569", "title": "A comparative trial of oxantel-pyrantel and mebendazole in multiple helminth infection in school children.", "content": "In a pilot study in 17 children, oxantel-pyrantel as one single dose of 10 to 20mg/kg of each, gave good results in ascariasis but poor cure rates in both trichuriasis and necatoriasis. However in the latter groups the infection was extremely heavy. In a controlled trial in 51 children, using oxantel-pyrantel at the same dose, but given daily for 3 consecutive days, or mebendazole 100mg twice daily for 3 days, the drugs gave similar response rates. Both gave 100% cure rates, as assessed by the absence of ova by both Beaver and brine-flotation techniques, in Ascaris lumbricoides infection. The percentage cures and egg reduction rates were 66.7 and 94.5 in trichuriasis and 53 and 93.6 in necatoriasis respectively. Those for mebendazole were 52 and 91.2 in trichuriasis and 37.5 and 89.7 in necatoriasis. Oxante-pyrantel treatment was associated with more cures, and a marginally greater reduction in ovum excretion than mebendazole but the differences were not statistically significant. No side-effects were seen with either treatment.", "contents": "A comparative trial of oxantel-pyrantel and mebendazole in multiple helminth infection in school children. In a pilot study in 17 children, oxantel-pyrantel as one single dose of 10 to 20mg/kg of each, gave good results in ascariasis but poor cure rates in both trichuriasis and necatoriasis. However in the latter groups the infection was extremely heavy. In a controlled trial in 51 children, using oxantel-pyrantel at the same dose, but given daily for 3 consecutive days, or mebendazole 100mg twice daily for 3 days, the drugs gave similar response rates. Both gave 100% cure rates, as assessed by the absence of ova by both Beaver and brine-flotation techniques, in Ascaris lumbricoides infection. The percentage cures and egg reduction rates were 66.7 and 94.5 in trichuriasis and 53 and 93.6 in necatoriasis respectively. Those for mebendazole were 52 and 91.2 in trichuriasis and 37.5 and 89.7 in necatoriasis. Oxante-pyrantel treatment was associated with more cures, and a marginally greater reduction in ovum excretion than mebendazole but the differences were not statistically significant. No side-effects were seen with either treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:350570", "title": "Oxantel-pyrantel in various regimens for the treatment of soil transmitted helminthiasis in rural and urban communities.", "content": "204 individuals from a rural community were given a single dose of oxantel-pyrantel at 15mg/kg bodyweight and if still infected, 20mg/kg bodyweight, with cure rates of 100%, 53% and 71% for ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection, respectively. From an urban community, 124 patients were given the same drug either as 15mg/kg bodyweight given twice in one day, with an interval of about 12 hours, or 20mg/kg bodyweight given daily for 2 days. Cure rates obtained were 100% in both groups for ascariasis; 89.2% of those given the first regimen were cured of trichuriasis compared with 71.2% of those on the second. For trichuriasis, oxantel-pyrantel given twice, 12 hours apart, appears to be the best treatment schedule and further clinical trials using this regimen are suggested.", "contents": "Oxantel-pyrantel in various regimens for the treatment of soil transmitted helminthiasis in rural and urban communities. 204 individuals from a rural community were given a single dose of oxantel-pyrantel at 15mg/kg bodyweight and if still infected, 20mg/kg bodyweight, with cure rates of 100%, 53% and 71% for ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection, respectively. From an urban community, 124 patients were given the same drug either as 15mg/kg bodyweight given twice in one day, with an interval of about 12 hours, or 20mg/kg bodyweight given daily for 2 days. Cure rates obtained were 100% in both groups for ascariasis; 89.2% of those given the first regimen were cured of trichuriasis compared with 71.2% of those on the second. For trichuriasis, oxantel-pyrantel given twice, 12 hours apart, appears to be the best treatment schedule and further clinical trials using this regimen are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:350571", "title": "A review of trichuriasis, its incidence, pathogenicity and treatment.", "content": "The incidence and pathogenicity of trichuriasis is reviewed. Reference is made to earlier, largely unsuccessful, treatments, and to mebendazole. Oxantel, the most recent drug shown to be effective against Trichuris is discussed, as is oxantel-pyrantel which promises to be effective against mixed helminthic infections.", "contents": "A review of trichuriasis, its incidence, pathogenicity and treatment. The incidence and pathogenicity of trichuriasis is reviewed. Reference is made to earlier, largely unsuccessful, treatments, and to mebendazole. Oxantel, the most recent drug shown to be effective against Trichuris is discussed, as is oxantel-pyrantel which promises to be effective against mixed helminthic infections."}
{"id": "PMID:350577", "title": "[Local and systemic antimycotic therapy of Candida-induced denture stomatitis].", "content": "15 patients with clinically outstanding prosthesis stomatitis due to microscopically proved candida infection underwent treatment with the antimycotic agent Clotrimazol. After two weeks' therapy improvement was observed in 6 patients (40%), healing in 4 patients (27%); 4 patients did not respond and in one patient the condition was temporally made worse. Examination two weeks after cessation of therapy showed that the clinical condition in 8 patients was as bad as before therapy (53%), and 4 patients (27%) were symptom-free. 3 patients (20%) had improved further. Suggestions for the treatment of prosthesis stomatitis can be derived from these findings.", "contents": "[Local and systemic antimycotic therapy of Candida-induced denture stomatitis]. 15 patients with clinically outstanding prosthesis stomatitis due to microscopically proved candida infection underwent treatment with the antimycotic agent Clotrimazol. After two weeks' therapy improvement was observed in 6 patients (40%), healing in 4 patients (27%); 4 patients did not respond and in one patient the condition was temporally made worse. Examination two weeks after cessation of therapy showed that the clinical condition in 8 patients was as bad as before therapy (53%), and 4 patients (27%) were symptom-free. 3 patients (20%) had improved further. Suggestions for the treatment of prosthesis stomatitis can be derived from these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:350578", "title": "Prevention of implantation by [D-Trp6-LH-RH in the rat: comparative study with the effects of large doses of HCG on pregnancy.", "content": "Effect of large doses of [D-Trp6]-LH-RH and HCG on implantation of fertilized ova was examined in the rat. Subcutaneous administration of 6ug[D-Trp6]-LH-RH per day from days 1 to 5 of pregnancy by an implanted minipump completely prevented the implantation of fertilized ova associated with a dramatic reduction of plasma progesterone on days 4 and 8, with a slight reduction of estradiol on day 4. There was no balooning of the uterus in the exploratory laparatomy on days 8 and 14. Administration of 1000 U of HCG daily from days 1 to 5 partially prevented implantation and completely terminated gestation. However, plasma progesterone and estradiol levels did not differ from those in the control animals. Ovaries in the [D-Trp6]-LH-RH treated rats appeared to be the same in size as those of the control pregnant rats, whereas the ovaries of the HCG-treated rats were hypertrophied. The results suggest that [D-Trp6]-LH-RH prevents nidation through a mechanism different from that for the adverse effect of excess of HCG on pregnancy.", "contents": "Prevention of implantation by [D-Trp6-LH-RH in the rat: comparative study with the effects of large doses of HCG on pregnancy. Effect of large doses of [D-Trp6]-LH-RH and HCG on implantation of fertilized ova was examined in the rat. Subcutaneous administration of 6ug[D-Trp6]-LH-RH per day from days 1 to 5 of pregnancy by an implanted minipump completely prevented the implantation of fertilized ova associated with a dramatic reduction of plasma progesterone on days 4 and 8, with a slight reduction of estradiol on day 4. There was no balooning of the uterus in the exploratory laparatomy on days 8 and 14. Administration of 1000 U of HCG daily from days 1 to 5 partially prevented implantation and completely terminated gestation. However, plasma progesterone and estradiol levels did not differ from those in the control animals. Ovaries in the [D-Trp6]-LH-RH treated rats appeared to be the same in size as those of the control pregnant rats, whereas the ovaries of the HCG-treated rats were hypertrophied. The results suggest that [D-Trp6]-LH-RH prevents nidation through a mechanism different from that for the adverse effect of excess of HCG on pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:350580", "title": "The binding of kirromycin to elongation factor Tu. Structural alterations are responsible for the inhibitory action.", "content": "The influence of kirromycin on the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) in its binary and ternary complexes was investigated. The equilibrium constant for the binding of the antibiotic to EF-Tu . GDP and EF-Tu . GTP was determined by circular dichroism titrations to be 4 x 10(6) M-1, and to EF-Tu . GTP . aa-tRNA by a combination of circular dichroism titrations and hydrolysis protection experiments to be 2 x 10(6) M-1. In the presence of kirromycin the binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to EF-Tu . GTP is weakened by a factor of two. The antibiotic changes the conformation of the ternary complex in such a way that the aminoacyl moiety of the aminoacyl-tRNA is more accessible to the non-enzymatic hydrolysis. It is concluded that this structural alteration is responsible for the inhibitory action of the antibiotic.", "contents": "The binding of kirromycin to elongation factor Tu. Structural alterations are responsible for the inhibitory action. The influence of kirromycin on the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) in its binary and ternary complexes was investigated. The equilibrium constant for the binding of the antibiotic to EF-Tu . GDP and EF-Tu . GTP was determined by circular dichroism titrations to be 4 x 10(6) M-1, and to EF-Tu . GTP . aa-tRNA by a combination of circular dichroism titrations and hydrolysis protection experiments to be 2 x 10(6) M-1. In the presence of kirromycin the binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to EF-Tu . GTP is weakened by a factor of two. The antibiotic changes the conformation of the ternary complex in such a way that the aminoacyl moiety of the aminoacyl-tRNA is more accessible to the non-enzymatic hydrolysis. It is concluded that this structural alteration is responsible for the inhibitory action of the antibiotic."}
{"id": "PMID:350581", "title": "On the significance of the prosthetic group composition of citrate lyase.", "content": "1. Klebsiella aerogenes contains two different acyl carrier proteins, one specific for citrate lyase, the other for fatty acid synthetase. 2. The acyl carrier protein of fatty acid synthetase from K. aerogenes was isolated and compared with the corresponding protein from Escherichia coli and with the acyl carrier protein of citrate lyase from K. aerogenes. 3. As judged from prosthetic group compositions as well as amino acid and fingerprint analyses, the acyl carrier proteins of the two fatty acid synthetases are nearly identical but different from that of citrate lyase from K. aerogenes. 4. Therefore, the different prosthetic groups alone cannot be responsible for the different specificities of the acyl carrier proteins of fatty acid synthetase and citrate lyase in K. aerogenes. 5. The prosthetic group of citrate lyase, phosphoribosyl dephospho-CoA, apparently represents no incidental, phosphopantetheine-replacing aberration. The requirement of citrate lyase for the CoA-like prosthetic group may arise from the substrate requirement of both subunit enzymes of the enzyme complex.", "contents": "On the significance of the prosthetic group composition of citrate lyase. 1. Klebsiella aerogenes contains two different acyl carrier proteins, one specific for citrate lyase, the other for fatty acid synthetase. 2. The acyl carrier protein of fatty acid synthetase from K. aerogenes was isolated and compared with the corresponding protein from Escherichia coli and with the acyl carrier protein of citrate lyase from K. aerogenes. 3. As judged from prosthetic group compositions as well as amino acid and fingerprint analyses, the acyl carrier proteins of the two fatty acid synthetases are nearly identical but different from that of citrate lyase from K. aerogenes. 4. Therefore, the different prosthetic groups alone cannot be responsible for the different specificities of the acyl carrier proteins of fatty acid synthetase and citrate lyase in K. aerogenes. 5. The prosthetic group of citrate lyase, phosphoribosyl dephospho-CoA, apparently represents no incidental, phosphopantetheine-replacing aberration. The requirement of citrate lyase for the CoA-like prosthetic group may arise from the substrate requirement of both subunit enzymes of the enzyme complex."}
{"id": "PMID:350582", "title": "Specific ribonucleases involved in processing of tRNA precursors of Escherichia coli. Partial purification and some properties.", "content": "Ribonucleases O and Q, the two putative nucleolytic activities which we detected previously in the crude extract from a thermosensitive ribonuclease P mutant (TS241) of Escherichia coli and which were shown to function in the processing of tRNA precursors in vitro, were partially purified from the 1000000 x g supernatant fraction of E. coli Q13. In the course of purification of these enzymes, the total RNAs synthesized in the thermosensitive mutant at the restrictive temperature were used as the substrates and the activities were identified from disappearance or alteration of specific tRNA precursor molecules in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified ribonuclease O preparation cleaved specifically the multimeric tRNA precursors at the spacer regions. The purified ribonuclease Q preparation removed, in accordance with the definition of this enzyme, extra nucleotides from the 3'-terminal ends of monomeric tRNA precursors. Some properties of these two nucleases were investigated. In addition to these nucleases, another exonuclease (tentatively designated ribonuclease Y) and ribonuclease P, a well-characterized endonuclease, were also purified. The sequential mode of the processing of tRNA precursors, originally observed in the cleavage reactions with the crude extracts in vitro, was supported by studies with the purified enzyme preparations.", "contents": "Specific ribonucleases involved in processing of tRNA precursors of Escherichia coli. Partial purification and some properties. Ribonucleases O and Q, the two putative nucleolytic activities which we detected previously in the crude extract from a thermosensitive ribonuclease P mutant (TS241) of Escherichia coli and which were shown to function in the processing of tRNA precursors in vitro, were partially purified from the 1000000 x g supernatant fraction of E. coli Q13. In the course of purification of these enzymes, the total RNAs synthesized in the thermosensitive mutant at the restrictive temperature were used as the substrates and the activities were identified from disappearance or alteration of specific tRNA precursor molecules in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified ribonuclease O preparation cleaved specifically the multimeric tRNA precursors at the spacer regions. The purified ribonuclease Q preparation removed, in accordance with the definition of this enzyme, extra nucleotides from the 3'-terminal ends of monomeric tRNA precursors. Some properties of these two nucleases were investigated. In addition to these nucleases, another exonuclease (tentatively designated ribonuclease Y) and ribonuclease P, a well-characterized endonuclease, were also purified. The sequential mode of the processing of tRNA precursors, originally observed in the cleavage reactions with the crude extracts in vitro, was supported by studies with the purified enzyme preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:350584", "title": "The acceptor for polar head groups of the lipid A component of Salmonella lipopolysaccharides.", "content": "We describe here experiments which determine at which stage in the lipid A biosynthesis the polar head groups 4-aminoarabinose, phosphorylethanolamine and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid are transferred to the diphosphorylated glucosamine backbone of the lipid A structure. Use was made of a conditional lethal mutant of Salmonella typhimurium (Ts1) which is defective in the synthesis of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 8-phosphate and accumulates under nonpermissive conditions an underacylated lipid A intermediate [Lehmann, Rupprecht and Osborn (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 76, 41-49]. Pulse-chase experiments, including a detailed analysis of radioactive pulse and chase products, demonstrated that this underacylated compound is a key intermediate in the lipid A synthesis. It can serve as direct acceptor for the incorporation of the polar head groups 4-aminoarabinose, phosphorylethanolamine and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid. On the basis of these findings some steps in the sequence of reactions involved in the lipid A biosynthesis are proposed.", "contents": "The acceptor for polar head groups of the lipid A component of Salmonella lipopolysaccharides. We describe here experiments which determine at which stage in the lipid A biosynthesis the polar head groups 4-aminoarabinose, phosphorylethanolamine and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid are transferred to the diphosphorylated glucosamine backbone of the lipid A structure. Use was made of a conditional lethal mutant of Salmonella typhimurium (Ts1) which is defective in the synthesis of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 8-phosphate and accumulates under nonpermissive conditions an underacylated lipid A intermediate [Lehmann, Rupprecht and Osborn (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 76, 41-49]. Pulse-chase experiments, including a detailed analysis of radioactive pulse and chase products, demonstrated that this underacylated compound is a key intermediate in the lipid A synthesis. It can serve as direct acceptor for the incorporation of the polar head groups 4-aminoarabinose, phosphorylethanolamine and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid. On the basis of these findings some steps in the sequence of reactions involved in the lipid A biosynthesis are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:350585", "title": "Use of the T4 polynucleotide ligase in the joining of flush-ended DNA segments generated by restriction endonucleases.", "content": "Double-stranded DNA segments with completely base-paired ends were obtained by the action of various restriction endonucleases on phage and plasmid DNAs. These segments were joined covalently by the T4 polynucleotide ligase. The joining was monitored by the electron microscopy count of intramolecularly circularized segments. The highest extent of joining, close to 75%, was observed at 15-25 degrees C with the segments resulting from the action of the Bacillus subtilis (strain R) restriction endonuclease Bsu on the DNA of bacteriophage SPPI or of the plasmid pSC 101. The joining of double-stranded termini required about 10 times more enzyme than the short single-stranded termini produced by the Escherichia coli restriction endonuclease EcoRI. A shortened purification of the T4 ligase was found to give an enzyme devoid of interfacing nucleases.", "contents": "Use of the T4 polynucleotide ligase in the joining of flush-ended DNA segments generated by restriction endonucleases. Double-stranded DNA segments with completely base-paired ends were obtained by the action of various restriction endonucleases on phage and plasmid DNAs. These segments were joined covalently by the T4 polynucleotide ligase. The joining was monitored by the electron microscopy count of intramolecularly circularized segments. The highest extent of joining, close to 75%, was observed at 15-25 degrees C with the segments resulting from the action of the Bacillus subtilis (strain R) restriction endonuclease Bsu on the DNA of bacteriophage SPPI or of the plasmid pSC 101. The joining of double-stranded termini required about 10 times more enzyme than the short single-stranded termini produced by the Escherichia coli restriction endonuclease EcoRI. A shortened purification of the T4 ligase was found to give an enzyme devoid of interfacing nucleases."}
{"id": "PMID:350586", "title": "Evidence for synthesis of alkaline phosphatase on membrane-bound polysomes in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Polysomes containing nascent chains of alkaline phosphatase have been isolated from a membrane-bound polysome preparation. Indirect immunoprecipitation using conformation-specific antibodies has been employed. This technique provides a good enrichment of these polyribosomes since routinely no more than than 10--15% of non-specific immunoprecipitation was observed. The yield of the procedure is generally 40% but can be increased if higher non-specific immunoprecipitation is tolerated. Antibodies, previously described, directed against uncoiled or folded monomers of alkaline phosphatase can be used as primary antibody to recognize the nascent chains contained in membrane-bound polysomes which suggests that these chains are partially folded.", "contents": "Evidence for synthesis of alkaline phosphatase on membrane-bound polysomes in Escherichia coli. Polysomes containing nascent chains of alkaline phosphatase have been isolated from a membrane-bound polysome preparation. Indirect immunoprecipitation using conformation-specific antibodies has been employed. This technique provides a good enrichment of these polyribosomes since routinely no more than than 10--15% of non-specific immunoprecipitation was observed. The yield of the procedure is generally 40% but can be increased if higher non-specific immunoprecipitation is tolerated. Antibodies, previously described, directed against uncoiled or folded monomers of alkaline phosphatase can be used as primary antibody to recognize the nascent chains contained in membrane-bound polysomes which suggests that these chains are partially folded."}
{"id": "PMID:350587", "title": "Frequency of leukopenia incidents following azathioprine therapy after kidney transplantation.", "content": "The frequency of leukopenia incidents and its dependence on the dose of azathioprine and kidney function were analyzed in 149 patients during the first 3 months after kidney transplantation. The results were compared with the data of 42 transplantation centers of the world. We found that the frequency of leukopenia increases significantly following azathioprine dosage exceeding 1.99 mg/kg body weight/day. The toxicity of the drug depends on the kidney function. Most of the leukopenia incidents were detected during the first 5 weeks after kidney transplantation. In 70% of the cases a first leukopenia incident is followed by a second. Low azathioprine dosage after the first episode diminishes the number of second incidents.", "contents": "Frequency of leukopenia incidents following azathioprine therapy after kidney transplantation. The frequency of leukopenia incidents and its dependence on the dose of azathioprine and kidney function were analyzed in 149 patients during the first 3 months after kidney transplantation. The results were compared with the data of 42 transplantation centers of the world. We found that the frequency of leukopenia increases significantly following azathioprine dosage exceeding 1.99 mg/kg body weight/day. The toxicity of the drug depends on the kidney function. Most of the leukopenia incidents were detected during the first 5 weeks after kidney transplantation. In 70% of the cases a first leukopenia incident is followed by a second. Low azathioprine dosage after the first episode diminishes the number of second incidents."}
{"id": "PMID:350591", "title": "Suiciding of lymphocytic precursor cells by tritiated nucleosides, in vitro.", "content": "Differences in suiciding by various tritiated nucleosides were observed between two functional assays for in vitro lymphocytic precursor cell development, the hemolysin plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay and the B lymphocytic colony-forming cell (CFC-L) assay, using BDF1 mouse spleen cells. PFC growth was markedly reduced by an early (days 0-1) pulse of tritiated deoxyadenosine ([3H]dAdo), but relatively unaffected by a pulse of tritiated thymidine ([3H]dThd) during the same interval. In contrast, CFC-L formation significantly dropped after an early (day 0) [3H]dThd pulse, as well as after pulses of [3H]dAdo and the corresponding tritiated ribosides, uridine and adenosine. This implied a cycling state in an early lymphocytic precursor cell, as opposed to the PFC insensitivity to an early [3H]dThd pulse. The response pattern of colonies and clusters to [3H]dThd supported our notion of a delayed suiciding of CFC contributing to the increase in cluster numbers.", "contents": "Suiciding of lymphocytic precursor cells by tritiated nucleosides, in vitro. Differences in suiciding by various tritiated nucleosides were observed between two functional assays for in vitro lymphocytic precursor cell development, the hemolysin plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay and the B lymphocytic colony-forming cell (CFC-L) assay, using BDF1 mouse spleen cells. PFC growth was markedly reduced by an early (days 0-1) pulse of tritiated deoxyadenosine ([3H]dAdo), but relatively unaffected by a pulse of tritiated thymidine ([3H]dThd) during the same interval. In contrast, CFC-L formation significantly dropped after an early (day 0) [3H]dThd pulse, as well as after pulses of [3H]dAdo and the corresponding tritiated ribosides, uridine and adenosine. This implied a cycling state in an early lymphocytic precursor cell, as opposed to the PFC insensitivity to an early [3H]dThd pulse. The response pattern of colonies and clusters to [3H]dThd supported our notion of a delayed suiciding of CFC contributing to the increase in cluster numbers."}
{"id": "PMID:350594", "title": "Antigen-antibody complexes suppress antibody production by mouse plasmacytoma cells in vitro.", "content": "Preformed complexes of 2,4-dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) and anti-DNP or anti-KLH antibodies selectively, suppressed the production of anti-DNP IgA by the plasmacytoma cell line, MOPC 315, in vitro. Compexes made with DNP8.5KLH (8.5 moles DNP/10(5) daltons carrier) inhibited the secretion of IgA but not its synthesis, whereas complexes prepared with the more highly substituted DNP20KLH inhibited synthesis as well. Moreover, complexes of DNP-KLH and anti-DNP F(ab')2 fragments were as suppressive as those made with IgG antibodies, suggesting that the mode of presentation of antigenic determinants and not surface Fe receptors may play a major role in this phenomenon.", "contents": "Antigen-antibody complexes suppress antibody production by mouse plasmacytoma cells in vitro. Preformed complexes of 2,4-dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) and anti-DNP or anti-KLH antibodies selectively, suppressed the production of anti-DNP IgA by the plasmacytoma cell line, MOPC 315, in vitro. Compexes made with DNP8.5KLH (8.5 moles DNP/10(5) daltons carrier) inhibited the secretion of IgA but not its synthesis, whereas complexes prepared with the more highly substituted DNP20KLH inhibited synthesis as well. Moreover, complexes of DNP-KLH and anti-DNP F(ab')2 fragments were as suppressive as those made with IgG antibodies, suggesting that the mode of presentation of antigenic determinants and not surface Fe receptors may play a major role in this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:350595", "title": "Vascular actions of arachidonic acid and its metabolites in perfused mesenteric and femoral beds of the dog.", "content": "The effects of arachidonate and its major metabolites were examined in vascular beds perfused via the femoral and mesenteric arteries of chloralose-anaesthetised dogs. Close intra-arterial injection of prostacyclin (PGI2, 0.02--2 microgram), PGE2 (0.05--1 microgram) and their precursors, the endoperoxide PGH2 (0.5--2 microgram) and sodium arachidonate (100--550 microgram), all induced vasodilatation. Sodium linoleate (500 microgram) was inactive. Prostacyclin was equally active in both vascular beds, but PGE2 was more potent in the femoral and less so in the mesenteric bed. PGH2 was of similar potency to prostacyclin in both beds, but 6-oxo-PGF 1 alpha (10--100 microgram) was inactive. Thromboxane A2 (TXA2, 1--2 microgram) was a potent vasoconstrictor of the mesenteric bed, but not the femoral bed, although the endoperoxide analogue U46619 was vasocontrictor in both vasculatures. Fatty acid hydroperoxides did not specifically modify the vasodilator effects of PGH2 or arachidonate, presumably because these inhibitors are rapidly reduced in vivo. Indomethacin and meclofenamate potentiated vasodilatation induced by prostacyclin or endoperoxide, but reduced or abolished that caused by arachidonate. The rise in perfusion pressure induced by TXA2 was potentiated and prolonged by indomethacin. Inhibition of synthesis of endogenous prostacyclin, by exacerbating the vasoconstrictor action of TXA2, may have contributed to this effect.", "contents": "Vascular actions of arachidonic acid and its metabolites in perfused mesenteric and femoral beds of the dog. The effects of arachidonate and its major metabolites were examined in vascular beds perfused via the femoral and mesenteric arteries of chloralose-anaesthetised dogs. Close intra-arterial injection of prostacyclin (PGI2, 0.02--2 microgram), PGE2 (0.05--1 microgram) and their precursors, the endoperoxide PGH2 (0.5--2 microgram) and sodium arachidonate (100--550 microgram), all induced vasodilatation. Sodium linoleate (500 microgram) was inactive. Prostacyclin was equally active in both vascular beds, but PGE2 was more potent in the femoral and less so in the mesenteric bed. PGH2 was of similar potency to prostacyclin in both beds, but 6-oxo-PGF 1 alpha (10--100 microgram) was inactive. Thromboxane A2 (TXA2, 1--2 microgram) was a potent vasoconstrictor of the mesenteric bed, but not the femoral bed, although the endoperoxide analogue U46619 was vasocontrictor in both vasculatures. Fatty acid hydroperoxides did not specifically modify the vasodilator effects of PGH2 or arachidonate, presumably because these inhibitors are rapidly reduced in vivo. Indomethacin and meclofenamate potentiated vasodilatation induced by prostacyclin or endoperoxide, but reduced or abolished that caused by arachidonate. The rise in perfusion pressure induced by TXA2 was potentiated and prolonged by indomethacin. Inhibition of synthesis of endogenous prostacyclin, by exacerbating the vasoconstrictor action of TXA2, may have contributed to this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:350596", "title": "Origin of bone marrow stromal mechanocytes in radiochimeras and heterotopic transplants.", "content": "Strain histocompatibility antigens (detected by indirect immunofluorescence reaction) and sex chromosomes were used as markers of donor and recipient cells in monolayer cultures of bone marrow from radiochimeras and from heterotopic transplants. In contrast to macrophages and hemopoietic cells all bone marrow fibroblasts precursors in radiochimeras were of recipient origin; in heterotopic transplants they were of donor origin. These data point to the decisive role of stromal mechanocytes, and not macrophages or hemopoietic cells, in creating the bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment.", "contents": "Origin of bone marrow stromal mechanocytes in radiochimeras and heterotopic transplants. Strain histocompatibility antigens (detected by indirect immunofluorescence reaction) and sex chromosomes were used as markers of donor and recipient cells in monolayer cultures of bone marrow from radiochimeras and from heterotopic transplants. In contrast to macrophages and hemopoietic cells all bone marrow fibroblasts precursors in radiochimeras were of recipient origin; in heterotopic transplants they were of donor origin. These data point to the decisive role of stromal mechanocytes, and not macrophages or hemopoietic cells, in creating the bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment."}
{"id": "PMID:350597", "title": "Brain stem neurons projecting to neocortex: a HRP study in the cat.", "content": "The cortical projections of the brain stem were investigated in detail in the cat by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde axonal transport. Most of the cells providing ascending fibers to the neocortex were located in the pons (locus coerulus and related structures, central gray substance, dorsal tegmental nucleus, raphe nuclei, reticular nuclei); labeled neurons were also identified in the mesencephalon, mainly in the periaqueductal gray and in the nucleus linearis rostralis. These projections, and particularly the pontine fibers, were diffusely distributed throughout the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "Brain stem neurons projecting to neocortex: a HRP study in the cat. The cortical projections of the brain stem were investigated in detail in the cat by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde axonal transport. Most of the cells providing ascending fibers to the neocortex were located in the pons (locus coerulus and related structures, central gray substance, dorsal tegmental nucleus, raphe nuclei, reticular nuclei); labeled neurons were also identified in the mesencephalon, mainly in the periaqueductal gray and in the nucleus linearis rostralis. These projections, and particularly the pontine fibers, were diffusely distributed throughout the cerebral cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:350598", "title": "Cerebellar afferent projections from the vestibular nuclei in the cat: an experimental study with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Details of cerebellar afferent projections from the vestibular nuclei were investigated by the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the cat. The distribution of labeled cells in the vestibular nuclei following HRP injections in various parts of the cerebellum indicates that vestibular neurons in the medial and descending nuclei and cell groups f and x project bilaterally to the entire cerebellar vermis, the flocculus, the fastigal nucleus and the anterior and posterior interpositus nuclei. In addition, labeled cells (giant, medium and small) were consistently found bilaterally in the superior and lateral vestibular nuclei following HRP injections in the nodulus, flocculus, fastigal nucleus, and following large injections in the vermis. No labeled cells were observed in cases of HRP injections in crus I and II, the paramedian lobule, paraflocculus and lateral cerebellar nuclei. The present findings indicate that secondary vestibulocerebellar fibers project to larger areas in the cerebellum and originate from more subdivisions and cell groups of the vestibular nuclear complex than previously known.", "contents": "Cerebellar afferent projections from the vestibular nuclei in the cat: an experimental study with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Details of cerebellar afferent projections from the vestibular nuclei were investigated by the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the cat. The distribution of labeled cells in the vestibular nuclei following HRP injections in various parts of the cerebellum indicates that vestibular neurons in the medial and descending nuclei and cell groups f and x project bilaterally to the entire cerebellar vermis, the flocculus, the fastigal nucleus and the anterior and posterior interpositus nuclei. In addition, labeled cells (giant, medium and small) were consistently found bilaterally in the superior and lateral vestibular nuclei following HRP injections in the nodulus, flocculus, fastigal nucleus, and following large injections in the vermis. No labeled cells were observed in cases of HRP injections in crus I and II, the paramedian lobule, paraflocculus and lateral cerebellar nuclei. The present findings indicate that secondary vestibulocerebellar fibers project to larger areas in the cerebellum and originate from more subdivisions and cell groups of the vestibular nuclear complex than previously known."}
{"id": "PMID:350602", "title": "Carboxypeptidase Y from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: circular dichroism and fluorescence studies.", "content": "Carboxypeptidase Y was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its molecular structure investigated. The enzyme in the native state possesses 40% of its amino acid residues in a beta-conformation. Its tryptophan residues seem to be largely buried in an apolar and unsymmetrical environment.", "contents": "Carboxypeptidase Y from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: circular dichroism and fluorescence studies. Carboxypeptidase Y was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its molecular structure investigated. The enzyme in the native state possesses 40% of its amino acid residues in a beta-conformation. Its tryptophan residues seem to be largely buried in an apolar and unsymmetrical environment."}
{"id": "PMID:350603", "title": "The transcendental meditation technique, adrenocortical activity, and implications for stress.", "content": "The practice of the transcendental meditation technique in subjects eliciting this state regularly for 3--5 years is correlated with acute decline of adrenocortical activity not associated with sleep during the practice.", "contents": "The transcendental meditation technique, adrenocortical activity, and implications for stress. The practice of the transcendental meditation technique in subjects eliciting this state regularly for 3--5 years is correlated with acute decline of adrenocortical activity not associated with sleep during the practice."}
{"id": "PMID:350604", "title": "Effect of pretreatment with acetylsalicylate on surgical bleeding and peroperative mortality in rats undergoing kidney transplantation.", "content": "42 rats were pretreated with L-ASA before kidney transplantation, 43 rats acted as controls. 9 rats with L-ASA, but no control rats, died with i.p. haemorrhage. However, in animals surviving the operation, the intraoperative blood loss did not differ significantly between the 2 groups.", "contents": "Effect of pretreatment with acetylsalicylate on surgical bleeding and peroperative mortality in rats undergoing kidney transplantation. 42 rats were pretreated with L-ASA before kidney transplantation, 43 rats acted as controls. 9 rats with L-ASA, but no control rats, died with i.p. haemorrhage. However, in animals surviving the operation, the intraoperative blood loss did not differ significantly between the 2 groups."}
{"id": "PMID:350605", "title": "Disaccharidase rhythm in rat small intestine; no relationship with mitosis rhythm.", "content": "Same circadian difference in the specific activities of sucrase and maltase was observed in the purified brush border fraction as in the crude homogenate of the mucosa of rat small intestine, suggesting that the disaccharidase rhythm is not due to the mitosis rhythm of epithelial cells.", "contents": "Disaccharidase rhythm in rat small intestine; no relationship with mitosis rhythm. Same circadian difference in the specific activities of sucrase and maltase was observed in the purified brush border fraction as in the crude homogenate of the mucosa of rat small intestine, suggesting that the disaccharidase rhythm is not due to the mitosis rhythm of epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:350606", "title": "Cytoskeletal filaments of heart conducting system localized by antibody against a 55,000 dalton protein.", "content": "Cow heart conducting cells characteristically contain cytoplasmic intermediate-sized filaments. We report here the preparation of a specific antibody to a 55,000 dalton protein of isolated cow Purkinje fibres. Confirmation has been obtained that these filaments consist of the 55,000 dalton protein, using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Cross-reaction is seen with vascular endothelium and smooth muscle cells of various origin, suggesting close identity of different types of intermediate-sized filaments.", "contents": "Cytoskeletal filaments of heart conducting system localized by antibody against a 55,000 dalton protein. Cow heart conducting cells characteristically contain cytoplasmic intermediate-sized filaments. We report here the preparation of a specific antibody to a 55,000 dalton protein of isolated cow Purkinje fibres. Confirmation has been obtained that these filaments consist of the 55,000 dalton protein, using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Cross-reaction is seen with vascular endothelium and smooth muscle cells of various origin, suggesting close identity of different types of intermediate-sized filaments."}
{"id": "PMID:350607", "title": "Possible presence of autoantibodies to zone pellucida in infertile women.", "content": "Of 52 serum samples from infertile women tested against isolated porcine oocytes by immunofluorescence, 8 produced intense reactions in zonae pellucidae, while only one of 52 sera from control subjects showed the reaction. Autoantibodies to the zona may be present in these women.", "contents": "Possible presence of autoantibodies to zone pellucida in infertile women. Of 52 serum samples from infertile women tested against isolated porcine oocytes by immunofluorescence, 8 produced intense reactions in zonae pellucidae, while only one of 52 sera from control subjects showed the reaction. Autoantibodies to the zona may be present in these women."}
{"id": "PMID:350608", "title": "Effect of an LH-RH antagonist on reproductive status of immature female rats.", "content": "Administration of the LH-RH antagonist, D-Phe2-D-Ala6-LH-RH (Wy-18, 185) to immature female rats from days 25--35 of age was without significant effect on day of vaginal opening (puberal onset), weights of the ovaries, uteri and anterior pituitary, and on ovarian histology on autopsy day 39.", "contents": "Effect of an LH-RH antagonist on reproductive status of immature female rats. Administration of the LH-RH antagonist, D-Phe2-D-Ala6-LH-RH (Wy-18, 185) to immature female rats from days 25--35 of age was without significant effect on day of vaginal opening (puberal onset), weights of the ovaries, uteri and anterior pituitary, and on ovarian histology on autopsy day 39."}
{"id": "PMID:350611", "title": "[Clinical pharmacokinetics of azabutyron, a new short-term action neuroleptic].", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of azabutyron--a new Soviet-made neuroleptic was studied clinically without anesthesia and also during surgery against the background of deep and surface fluorothan anesthesia in conjunction with artificial nitrous oxide and oxygen ventilation of the lungs (2:1). After intravenous administration of the drug in a dose of 4 mg/kg its maximum concentration (about 8 gamma/ml) was recorded in 5 minutes and the amount eliminated during 2 hours of observation comprised 1--2 per cent of the dose introduced. In practically healthy individuals with no anesthesia the pharmacokinetics of azabutyron lies within the limits of a bicompartment pharmacokinetics model, while surface anesthesia, blood loss changes the pharmacokinetics of the drug to such an extent that is has to be described from the standpoint of the unicompartment model system.", "contents": "[Clinical pharmacokinetics of azabutyron, a new short-term action neuroleptic]. Pharmacokinetics of azabutyron--a new Soviet-made neuroleptic was studied clinically without anesthesia and also during surgery against the background of deep and surface fluorothan anesthesia in conjunction with artificial nitrous oxide and oxygen ventilation of the lungs (2:1). After intravenous administration of the drug in a dose of 4 mg/kg its maximum concentration (about 8 gamma/ml) was recorded in 5 minutes and the amount eliminated during 2 hours of observation comprised 1--2 per cent of the dose introduced. In practically healthy individuals with no anesthesia the pharmacokinetics of azabutyron lies within the limits of a bicompartment pharmacokinetics model, while surface anesthesia, blood loss changes the pharmacokinetics of the drug to such an extent that is has to be described from the standpoint of the unicompartment model system."}
{"id": "PMID:350612", "title": "[Basic mechanism of the histotoxic action of chelating agents].", "content": "Chelant injections in animals cause intravital histochemical reactions with zinc thus deranging this metal metabolism and disturbing the cellular structure with subsequent changes in the main histochemical components. The degree of alterations depends on the intensity and persistence of the intravital reaction. The basic mechanism of the chevant histotoxic action consists in the damage it produces in the mechanical structure of the cells.", "contents": "[Basic mechanism of the histotoxic action of chelating agents]. Chelant injections in animals cause intravital histochemical reactions with zinc thus deranging this metal metabolism and disturbing the cellular structure with subsequent changes in the main histochemical components. The degree of alterations depends on the intensity and persistence of the intravital reaction. The basic mechanism of the chevant histotoxic action consists in the damage it produces in the mechanical structure of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:350613", "title": "[Azabutyron concentration in the blood plasma and the hemodynamic effects of the preparation].", "content": "In patients presenting mitral and aortal valvular defects with contemplated valve prosthetics it was shown that after an intravenous administration of azabutyrone in a dose of 4 mg/kg the drug produced a hypotensive effect in the large circulation, reduced insignificantly the cardiac output, venous pressure and the total peripheral resistance, inducing, at the same time, a short-term rise of the heart rate. The drug forced down materially (by more than 50 per cent) the pulmonary artery pressure in patients with pulmonary hypertension. The azabutyrone effects were seen to continue for 30 minutes with its blood plasma concentration of 1.5--3.0 gamma/ml. A clearcut correlation between the plasma content and the effect of the drug could be noted only as concerns the hypotensive action of azabutyrone in the lesser circulation.", "contents": "[Azabutyron concentration in the blood plasma and the hemodynamic effects of the preparation]. In patients presenting mitral and aortal valvular defects with contemplated valve prosthetics it was shown that after an intravenous administration of azabutyrone in a dose of 4 mg/kg the drug produced a hypotensive effect in the large circulation, reduced insignificantly the cardiac output, venous pressure and the total peripheral resistance, inducing, at the same time, a short-term rise of the heart rate. The drug forced down materially (by more than 50 per cent) the pulmonary artery pressure in patients with pulmonary hypertension. The azabutyrone effects were seen to continue for 30 minutes with its blood plasma concentration of 1.5--3.0 gamma/ml. A clearcut correlation between the plasma content and the effect of the drug could be noted only as concerns the hypotensive action of azabutyrone in the lesser circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:350631", "title": "Ionic mechanisms of pacemaker activity in cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "Rhythmic activity in cardiac Purkinje fibers can be analyzed by using the voltage clamp technique to study pacemaker currents. In normally polarized preparations, pacemaker activity can be generated by two distinct ionic mechanisms. The standard pacemaker potential (phase 4 depolarization) involves a slow potassium current, IK2. Following action potential repolarization, the IK2 channels slowly deactivate and thus unmask a steady background inward current. The resulting net inward current causes the slow pacemaker depolarization. Epinephrine accelerates the diastolic depolarization by promoting more complete and more rapid deactivation of IK2 over the pacemaker range of potentials. The catecholamine acts rather selectively on the voltage dependence of the gating mechanism, without altering the basic character of the pacemaker process. The nature of the pacemaker depolarization is altered by intoxication with high concentrations of cardiac glycosides or aglycones. These compounds promote spontaneous impulses in Purkinje fibers by a mechanism that supersedes the ordinary IK2 pacemaker. The digitalis-induced depolarization is generated by a transient inward current that is either absent or very small in untreated preparations. The transient inward current is largely carried by sodium ions. Its unusual time course probably reflects an underlying subcellular event, the oscillatory release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.", "contents": "Ionic mechanisms of pacemaker activity in cardiac Purkinje fibers. Rhythmic activity in cardiac Purkinje fibers can be analyzed by using the voltage clamp technique to study pacemaker currents. In normally polarized preparations, pacemaker activity can be generated by two distinct ionic mechanisms. The standard pacemaker potential (phase 4 depolarization) involves a slow potassium current, IK2. Following action potential repolarization, the IK2 channels slowly deactivate and thus unmask a steady background inward current. The resulting net inward current causes the slow pacemaker depolarization. Epinephrine accelerates the diastolic depolarization by promoting more complete and more rapid deactivation of IK2 over the pacemaker range of potentials. The catecholamine acts rather selectively on the voltage dependence of the gating mechanism, without altering the basic character of the pacemaker process. The nature of the pacemaker depolarization is altered by intoxication with high concentrations of cardiac glycosides or aglycones. These compounds promote spontaneous impulses in Purkinje fibers by a mechanism that supersedes the ordinary IK2 pacemaker. The digitalis-induced depolarization is generated by a transient inward current that is either absent or very small in untreated preparations. The transient inward current is largely carried by sodium ions. Its unusual time course probably reflects an underlying subcellular event, the oscillatory release of calcium ions from intracellular stores."}
{"id": "PMID:350632", "title": "Possible involvement of central pacemakers in clinical disorders of movement.", "content": "This review considers the evidence for possible involvement of central nervous system pacemaker neurons in several clinical disorders of movement. Two basic types of tremor are discussed from this point of view, i.e., 4--7/sec parkinsonian tremor, of possible thalamocortical origin, and 7--11/sec essential tremor of possible olivo-cerebellar origin. The importance of motor programs and abnormalities in their utilization are considered with reference to the loss of motor function in parkinsonism (? loss of motor programs), and the inappropriate release of such programs as a possible basis for the involuntary movements seen in other movement disorders, such as chorea, athetosis, dystonia, and hemiballismus. The possible role of pacemaker neurons controlling such programs is considered. Finally, the subject of locomotion and the pacemaker model of the spinal locomotor pattern generator for stepping are considered in relation to clinical disorders of gait. While critical evidence is lacking for pacemaker inovlvement in any of these disorders, their possible role is emphasized.", "contents": "Possible involvement of central pacemakers in clinical disorders of movement. This review considers the evidence for possible involvement of central nervous system pacemaker neurons in several clinical disorders of movement. Two basic types of tremor are discussed from this point of view, i.e., 4--7/sec parkinsonian tremor, of possible thalamocortical origin, and 7--11/sec essential tremor of possible olivo-cerebellar origin. The importance of motor programs and abnormalities in their utilization are considered with reference to the loss of motor function in parkinsonism (? loss of motor programs), and the inappropriate release of such programs as a possible basis for the involuntary movements seen in other movement disorders, such as chorea, athetosis, dystonia, and hemiballismus. The possible role of pacemaker neurons controlling such programs is considered. Finally, the subject of locomotion and the pacemaker model of the spinal locomotor pattern generator for stepping are considered in relation to clinical disorders of gait. While critical evidence is lacking for pacemaker inovlvement in any of these disorders, their possible role is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:350633", "title": "Ergot drugs and central monoaminergic mechanisms: a histochemical, biochemical and behavioral analysis.", "content": "The effects of ergot drugs on central monoaminergic mechanisms, particularly dopaminergic mechanisms, have been investigated in histochemical, biochemical and behavioral studies. It is concluded that the behavioral effects and the antiparkinsonian properties of ergot drugs can to a large extent be explained by the hypothesis that ergot drugs act at various dopamine receptor sites in the brain as partial agonists, the ratio of agonist-antagonist activity varying from one dopamine receptor population to another.", "contents": "Ergot drugs and central monoaminergic mechanisms: a histochemical, biochemical and behavioral analysis. The effects of ergot drugs on central monoaminergic mechanisms, particularly dopaminergic mechanisms, have been investigated in histochemical, biochemical and behavioral studies. It is concluded that the behavioral effects and the antiparkinsonian properties of ergot drugs can to a large extent be explained by the hypothesis that ergot drugs act at various dopamine receptor sites in the brain as partial agonists, the ratio of agonist-antagonist activity varying from one dopamine receptor population to another."}
{"id": "PMID:350635", "title": "Ntau-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine) and muscle protein turnover: an overview.", "content": "Actin and myosin, the contractile proteins of skeletal muscle, are methylated following peptide bond synthesis, with production of Ntau-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine, 3-MeHis). During intracellular breakdown of these proteins, the 3-MeHis is released and excreted in the urine. Studies on tissue distribution of 3-MeHis and on its qunatitative excretion following administration to rats and to man show that urinary output of this amino acid provides a reliable index of the rate of myofibrillar protein breakdown in the musculature of intact rats and human subjects. Estimates of the fractional rate of muscle protein breakdown based on 3-MeHis data are consistent with rates computed by other techniques. By this technique, it has been shown that the fractional rate of muscle protein breakdown is not significantly different in the elderly as compared with young adults. However, since muscle mass is less in the elderly, it makes a smaller contribution to whole body protein breakdown with aging in humans. Output of 3-MeHis diminishes in growing rats and obese human subjects with protein or energy restriction, though the initial response of myofibrillar protein breakdown in growing rats to protein and protein-energy restriction differs. Measurement of 3-MeHis excretion has also proved useful in exploring the effects of physical and thermal trauma on the rate of muscle useful in exploring the effects of physical and thermal trauma on the rate of muscle protein breakdown.", "contents": "Ntau-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine) and muscle protein turnover: an overview. Actin and myosin, the contractile proteins of skeletal muscle, are methylated following peptide bond synthesis, with production of Ntau-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine, 3-MeHis). During intracellular breakdown of these proteins, the 3-MeHis is released and excreted in the urine. Studies on tissue distribution of 3-MeHis and on its qunatitative excretion following administration to rats and to man show that urinary output of this amino acid provides a reliable index of the rate of myofibrillar protein breakdown in the musculature of intact rats and human subjects. Estimates of the fractional rate of muscle protein breakdown based on 3-MeHis data are consistent with rates computed by other techniques. By this technique, it has been shown that the fractional rate of muscle protein breakdown is not significantly different in the elderly as compared with young adults. However, since muscle mass is less in the elderly, it makes a smaller contribution to whole body protein breakdown with aging in humans. Output of 3-MeHis diminishes in growing rats and obese human subjects with protein or energy restriction, though the initial response of myofibrillar protein breakdown in growing rats to protein and protein-energy restriction differs. Measurement of 3-MeHis excretion has also proved useful in exploring the effects of physical and thermal trauma on the rate of muscle useful in exploring the effects of physical and thermal trauma on the rate of muscle protein breakdown."}
{"id": "PMID:350637", "title": "Pituitary gonadotropin responsiveness with danazol.", "content": "Danazol (17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yno-[2,3-d]isoxazol-17-ol) was administered daily for 4 days to castrated female rats. As previously demonstrated, danazol lowered serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) in an apparent dose-dependent fashion. Animals which received danazol in a dose sufficient to lower serum LH responded to administered LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) with increases in serum LH levels which were not diminished as compared with those of control animals. Although these experiments do not preclude an effect of danazol directly on the pituitary, the results indicate that this agent probably lowers serum LH primarily by inhibition of hypothalamic LHRH secretion.", "contents": "Pituitary gonadotropin responsiveness with danazol. Danazol (17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yno-[2,3-d]isoxazol-17-ol) was administered daily for 4 days to castrated female rats. As previously demonstrated, danazol lowered serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) in an apparent dose-dependent fashion. Animals which received danazol in a dose sufficient to lower serum LH responded to administered LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) with increases in serum LH levels which were not diminished as compared with those of control animals. Although these experiments do not preclude an effect of danazol directly on the pituitary, the results indicate that this agent probably lowers serum LH primarily by inhibition of hypothalamic LHRH secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:350638", "title": "Sexual function and hormonal abnormalities in uremic men on chronic dialysis and after renal transplantation.", "content": "Twenty-one adult uremic males on chronic hemodialysis were studied to determine the circulating levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and prolactin and their relationship to sexual function. Ten of the twenty-one patients were on exogenous testosterone, and its effects were measured. Twelve adult males with successful renal transplants were likewise examined. Testosterone concentrations were low in dialysis patients not on androgens (429 ng/dl +/- 85 SE), but FSH and LH levels were elevated (8.0 mIU/ml +/- 1.4 SE and 31 mIU/ml +/- 5.4 SE, respectively. Testosterone returned to normal after transplantation, but FSH and LH levels remained elevated. Prolactin levels were significantly increased in dialysis patients (25.5 ng/ml +/- 5.6 SE) and remained so despite androgen therapy, but returned to normal after transplantation. There was no correlation in any group between laboratory data and potency before androgen therapy. However, excessive testosterone replacement was shown to have an adverse effect on potentia.", "contents": "Sexual function and hormonal abnormalities in uremic men on chronic dialysis and after renal transplantation. Twenty-one adult uremic males on chronic hemodialysis were studied to determine the circulating levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and prolactin and their relationship to sexual function. Ten of the twenty-one patients were on exogenous testosterone, and its effects were measured. Twelve adult males with successful renal transplants were likewise examined. Testosterone concentrations were low in dialysis patients not on androgens (429 ng/dl +/- 85 SE), but FSH and LH levels were elevated (8.0 mIU/ml +/- 1.4 SE and 31 mIU/ml +/- 5.4 SE, respectively. Testosterone returned to normal after transplantation, but FSH and LH levels remained elevated. Prolactin levels were significantly increased in dialysis patients (25.5 ng/ml +/- 5.6 SE) and remained so despite androgen therapy, but returned to normal after transplantation. There was no correlation in any group between laboratory data and potency before androgen therapy. However, excessive testosterone replacement was shown to have an adverse effect on potentia."}
{"id": "PMID:350674", "title": "Cyclic and temporal differences in LH-RH-stimulated LH release in cultured rat pituitary cells.", "content": "To establish whether the enhanced LH-RH responsiveness shown by pituitary gonadotrophs at proestrus in vivo could be maintained in vitro, rat anterior pituitary cells were investigated to determine differences in LH release in response to LH-RH through the estrous cycle and with time in primary culture. Pooled or individual anterior pituitary glands from each day of the cycle were dissociated with collagenase, hyaluronidase and Viokase and cultured for from 1 to 4 days. Four-day cultures of proestrous cells did not show differences in LH-RH responsiveness when compared to estrous, diestrous I and diestrous II cells. In addition, proestrous cells did not show differences in LH-RH responsiveness when compared to diestrous II cells after 1, 2, 3 or 4 days of culture; however, over the same 1--4 days of culture, proestrous cells contained higher amounts of LH and released greater quantities of LH into the growth medium than did diestrous II cells. It was also observed that both proestrous and diestrous II cells exhibited significantly greater LH-RH responsiveness after 3 or 4 days of culture than after 1--2 days of culture. These results suggest that the differential LH-RH responsiveness shown by pituitary gonadotrophs at proestrus in vivo is not maintained when pituitary cells are placed in primary culture.", "contents": "Cyclic and temporal differences in LH-RH-stimulated LH release in cultured rat pituitary cells. To establish whether the enhanced LH-RH responsiveness shown by pituitary gonadotrophs at proestrus in vivo could be maintained in vitro, rat anterior pituitary cells were investigated to determine differences in LH release in response to LH-RH through the estrous cycle and with time in primary culture. Pooled or individual anterior pituitary glands from each day of the cycle were dissociated with collagenase, hyaluronidase and Viokase and cultured for from 1 to 4 days. Four-day cultures of proestrous cells did not show differences in LH-RH responsiveness when compared to estrous, diestrous I and diestrous II cells. In addition, proestrous cells did not show differences in LH-RH responsiveness when compared to diestrous II cells after 1, 2, 3 or 4 days of culture; however, over the same 1--4 days of culture, proestrous cells contained higher amounts of LH and released greater quantities of LH into the growth medium than did diestrous II cells. It was also observed that both proestrous and diestrous II cells exhibited significantly greater LH-RH responsiveness after 3 or 4 days of culture than after 1--2 days of culture. These results suggest that the differential LH-RH responsiveness shown by pituitary gonadotrophs at proestrus in vivo is not maintained when pituitary cells are placed in primary culture."}
{"id": "PMID:350675", "title": "Phosphate metabolism and glucose-initiated efflux of phosphate ions in islets of fetal pancreas.", "content": "Elsewhere we have proposed that the rapid transient efflux of 32P orthophosphate that occurs when prelabeled pancreatic islets are exposed to nutrient secretagogues (the \"phosphate flush\") reflects one of the earliest steps in islet stimulus-secretion coupling. We have now shown that the \"phosphate flush\" is much smaller with islets from fetal rats 21 1/2 days old. This could be attributed to decreased cellular stores of radioactivity, especially inorganic orthophosphate (32P), at the onset of stimulation, which may have been due, in part, to the diminished ability of fetal islets to retain the radiophosphorus accumulated during the labeling period. Certain other differences in phosphate metabolism were also observed. With prelabeled islets from adult rats, exposure to 3.0 mg. per milliliter glucose effected acute increases in the tissue content of AT32P and GT32P. Comparable stimulation of prelabeled fetal islets with 3.0 mg. per milliliter glucose did not elicit detectable changes in the labeling of ATP or GTP. The findings indicate that selected aspects of phosphate metabolism may be immature in fetal islets and, perhaps, implicated in their obtunded secretion of insulin in response to stimulation with glucose.", "contents": "Phosphate metabolism and glucose-initiated efflux of phosphate ions in islets of fetal pancreas. Elsewhere we have proposed that the rapid transient efflux of 32P orthophosphate that occurs when prelabeled pancreatic islets are exposed to nutrient secretagogues (the \"phosphate flush\") reflects one of the earliest steps in islet stimulus-secretion coupling. We have now shown that the \"phosphate flush\" is much smaller with islets from fetal rats 21 1/2 days old. This could be attributed to decreased cellular stores of radioactivity, especially inorganic orthophosphate (32P), at the onset of stimulation, which may have been due, in part, to the diminished ability of fetal islets to retain the radiophosphorus accumulated during the labeling period. Certain other differences in phosphate metabolism were also observed. With prelabeled islets from adult rats, exposure to 3.0 mg. per milliliter glucose effected acute increases in the tissue content of AT32P and GT32P. Comparable stimulation of prelabeled fetal islets with 3.0 mg. per milliliter glucose did not elicit detectable changes in the labeling of ATP or GTP. The findings indicate that selected aspects of phosphate metabolism may be immature in fetal islets and, perhaps, implicated in their obtunded secretion of insulin in response to stimulation with glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:350676", "title": "Selective calcification of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. An unusual association with hypercalcemia and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "An unusual and extensive calcification of islets of Langerhans was found at autopsy in a man, 58 years old, who developed myeloma and, subsequently, hypercalcemia and diabetes. Although the islet cell calcification appears to be related to the hypercalcemia, the pathogenesis of the calcification is not clear, as primary metastatic calcification of pancreatic islets due to hypercalcemia does not occur. In support of this, a retrospective study of pancreatic tissue from 52 hypercalcemic patients with parathyroid adenoma and 34 patients with multiple myeloma, who frequently have hypercalcemia, did not reveal islet calcification. The islet calcification is ascribed to primary islet cell degeneration and necrosis, with hypercalcemia playing an augmenting but crucial role. It is considered that the combination of islet degeneration and calcification resulted in the diabetic state.", "contents": "Selective calcification of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. An unusual association with hypercalcemia and diabetes mellitus. An unusual and extensive calcification of islets of Langerhans was found at autopsy in a man, 58 years old, who developed myeloma and, subsequently, hypercalcemia and diabetes. Although the islet cell calcification appears to be related to the hypercalcemia, the pathogenesis of the calcification is not clear, as primary metastatic calcification of pancreatic islets due to hypercalcemia does not occur. In support of this, a retrospective study of pancreatic tissue from 52 hypercalcemic patients with parathyroid adenoma and 34 patients with multiple myeloma, who frequently have hypercalcemia, did not reveal islet calcification. The islet calcification is ascribed to primary islet cell degeneration and necrosis, with hypercalcemia playing an augmenting but crucial role. It is considered that the combination of islet degeneration and calcification resulted in the diabetic state."}
{"id": "PMID:350677", "title": "C-peptide secretion during the remission phase of juvenile diabetes.", "content": "C-peptide secretion was studied in eight juvenile diabetics during the remission phase of the disease. The release of C-peptide was measured after a (1) normal intravenous glucose tolerance test, (2) a double glucose tolerance test, (3) an arginine infusion, and (4) after an intravenous glucose tolerance test followed by an arginine infusion. Under all conditions the intravenous glucose load had only a minimal effect on the secretion of C-peptide, while arginine alone or after the intravenous glucose tolerance test stimulated the release of the peptide in all patients. Pretreatment with glucose did not augment the effect of arginine on C-peptide release. The results indicate that during the remission phase of juvenile-onset diabetes the endocrine pancreas does not recognize glucose as and appropriate signal for C-peptide release and cannot transform the amplifying effect of glucose into a higher hormonal secretion rate.", "contents": "C-peptide secretion during the remission phase of juvenile diabetes. C-peptide secretion was studied in eight juvenile diabetics during the remission phase of the disease. The release of C-peptide was measured after a (1) normal intravenous glucose tolerance test, (2) a double glucose tolerance test, (3) an arginine infusion, and (4) after an intravenous glucose tolerance test followed by an arginine infusion. Under all conditions the intravenous glucose load had only a minimal effect on the secretion of C-peptide, while arginine alone or after the intravenous glucose tolerance test stimulated the release of the peptide in all patients. Pretreatment with glucose did not augment the effect of arginine on C-peptide release. The results indicate that during the remission phase of juvenile-onset diabetes the endocrine pancreas does not recognize glucose as and appropriate signal for C-peptide release and cannot transform the amplifying effect of glucose into a higher hormonal secretion rate."}
{"id": "PMID:350678", "title": "Virus-induced diabetes mellitus. XI. Replication of coxsackie B3 virus in human pancreatic beta cell cultures.", "content": "The capacity of Coxsackie B3 virus to infect insulin-containing beta cells was studied in human pancreatic cell cultures. Antibody to Coxsackie B3 virus was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, and antibody to insulin was labeled with rhodamine. By use of a double-label antibody technique, three populations of cells were identified: uninfected insulin-containing beta cells, which stained only with rhodamine-labeled anti-insulin antibody; Coxsackie-infected (noninsulin-containing) cells, which stained only with fluorescein-labeled anti-Coxsackie antibody; and Coxsackie-infected insulin-containing beta cells, which stained with both antibodies. Radioimmunoassay showed that intracellular immunoreactive insulin decreased rapidly beginning at 24 hours after infection, and the decrease in insulin roughly paralleled the increase in viral titer. It is concluded that, under in vitro conditions, human beta cells are susceptible to Coxsackie B3 virus.", "contents": "Virus-induced diabetes mellitus. XI. Replication of coxsackie B3 virus in human pancreatic beta cell cultures. The capacity of Coxsackie B3 virus to infect insulin-containing beta cells was studied in human pancreatic cell cultures. Antibody to Coxsackie B3 virus was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, and antibody to insulin was labeled with rhodamine. By use of a double-label antibody technique, three populations of cells were identified: uninfected insulin-containing beta cells, which stained only with rhodamine-labeled anti-insulin antibody; Coxsackie-infected (noninsulin-containing) cells, which stained only with fluorescein-labeled anti-Coxsackie antibody; and Coxsackie-infected insulin-containing beta cells, which stained with both antibodies. Radioimmunoassay showed that intracellular immunoreactive insulin decreased rapidly beginning at 24 hours after infection, and the decrease in insulin roughly paralleled the increase in viral titer. It is concluded that, under in vitro conditions, human beta cells are susceptible to Coxsackie B3 virus."}
{"id": "PMID:350682", "title": "Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy of microtubular structures in male germ cells of wildtype and l(3)pl (lethal-polyploid) Drosophila hydei.", "content": "Tubulin-containing structures of the male germ cells of Drosophila hydei crossreact in indirect immunofluorescence microscopy with antibody directed against homogeneous porcine brain tubulin. There is no detectable difference in reactivity between germ cells of wildtype flies and the mutant l(3)pl (lethal-polyploid) which is characterized by microtubular abnormalities. However, the technique of indirect immunofluorescence microscopy allows the direct visualization of several abnormalities in the arrangement of the microtubular system of the mutant, particularly in the axonemal complex.", "contents": "Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy of microtubular structures in male germ cells of wildtype and l(3)pl (lethal-polyploid) Drosophila hydei. Tubulin-containing structures of the male germ cells of Drosophila hydei crossreact in indirect immunofluorescence microscopy with antibody directed against homogeneous porcine brain tubulin. There is no detectable difference in reactivity between germ cells of wildtype flies and the mutant l(3)pl (lethal-polyploid) which is characterized by microtubular abnormalities. However, the technique of indirect immunofluorescence microscopy allows the direct visualization of several abnormalities in the arrangement of the microtubular system of the mutant, particularly in the axonemal complex."}
{"id": "PMID:350683", "title": "[Exerimental study of enterotoxic activity in some strains of Salmonella typhimurium: observations on the model of ADP-induced platelet aggregation].", "content": "In a previous report it has been shown that enterotoxin preparations (cholera and E. Coli) able to activate adenylatecyclase system, abrogated platelet aggregation induced by ADP. In the present study the same experimental model has been applied to some purified filtrates from Salmonella typhimurium strains. Preparations from 986 and TLM (invasive strains causing also fluid secretion) interfere with platelet aggregation, while 1027 strain (invasive but not evoking fluid secretion) didn't show such effect. It has been argued, as Sandefur and Peterson have demonstrated with different experimental models, that the system of platelet aggregation induced by ADP is valid for some strains of Salmonella typhimurium, which act with a mechanism partially involving adenylatecyclase system (i.g. cholera-like).", "contents": "[Exerimental study of enterotoxic activity in some strains of Salmonella typhimurium: observations on the model of ADP-induced platelet aggregation]. In a previous report it has been shown that enterotoxin preparations (cholera and E. Coli) able to activate adenylatecyclase system, abrogated platelet aggregation induced by ADP. In the present study the same experimental model has been applied to some purified filtrates from Salmonella typhimurium strains. Preparations from 986 and TLM (invasive strains causing also fluid secretion) interfere with platelet aggregation, while 1027 strain (invasive but not evoking fluid secretion) didn't show such effect. It has been argued, as Sandefur and Peterson have demonstrated with different experimental models, that the system of platelet aggregation induced by ADP is valid for some strains of Salmonella typhimurium, which act with a mechanism partially involving adenylatecyclase system (i.g. cholera-like)."}
{"id": "PMID:350684", "title": "[Effects of anesthesia and surgical trauma on the immune response of pediatric patients].", "content": "The AA. have evaluated the effects of anaesthesia and surgical trauma on the ability of lymphocytes from 10 patients to release Leukocyte Inhibiting Factor (LIF) after stimulation with phytohaemoagglutinin (PHA). In addition, they have studied the electrophoretic mobility of Polymorphonuclear-cells (PMN) and lymphocytes of 8 patients after incubation in autologus plasma. The experimental results show decrease of LIF production after operation in 6 individuals and reduction of eletrophoretic mobility of PMN and lymphocytes. The last finding is not significant on statistical point of view.", "contents": "[Effects of anesthesia and surgical trauma on the immune response of pediatric patients]. The AA. have evaluated the effects of anaesthesia and surgical trauma on the ability of lymphocytes from 10 patients to release Leukocyte Inhibiting Factor (LIF) after stimulation with phytohaemoagglutinin (PHA). In addition, they have studied the electrophoretic mobility of Polymorphonuclear-cells (PMN) and lymphocytes of 8 patients after incubation in autologus plasma. The experimental results show decrease of LIF production after operation in 6 individuals and reduction of eletrophoretic mobility of PMN and lymphocytes. The last finding is not significant on statistical point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:350705", "title": "Self-actualization as a developmental structure: a profile of Antoine de Saint-Exup\u00e9ry.", "content": "The characteristics of self-actualization are fully reflected in excerpts from Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's autobiographical writings. The correspondence between the characteristics of self-actualization and Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's developmental profile gains special significance because there exists, independently, a theoretical structure corresponding both to self-actualization and to Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's material. This structure--level IV in the theory of positive disintegration--has previously been shown to represent Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's behavioral organization. The characteristics of self-actualization and the properties of level IV structure are isomorphic. Self-actualization is the consequence of level IV structure and of the potential necessary for its development.", "contents": "Self-actualization as a developmental structure: a profile of Antoine de Saint-Exup\u00e9ry. The characteristics of self-actualization are fully reflected in excerpts from Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's autobiographical writings. The correspondence between the characteristics of self-actualization and Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's developmental profile gains special significance because there exists, independently, a theoretical structure corresponding both to self-actualization and to Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's material. This structure--level IV in the theory of positive disintegration--has previously been shown to represent Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's behavioral organization. The characteristics of self-actualization and the properties of level IV structure are isomorphic. Self-actualization is the consequence of level IV structure and of the potential necessary for its development."}
{"id": "PMID:350706", "title": "[Transmission of bacteriophage T4 amber mutants. I. Temperature sensitivity of gene 26 T4 phage mutant amN131 multiplication in Escherichia coli B cells].", "content": "When studying the single cycle of the multiplication of gene 26 mutant amN131 of phage T4, like in temperature shift experiments, the yield of this mutant in non-permissive host depends greatly on the temperature. The burts size of phage in Escherichia coli B is found to be 3.3 phage particles at 25 degrees C, 1.6 at 30 degrees C, 0.051 at 37 degrees C and 0.0007 at 41 degrees C. In the case of permissive host (E. coli CR-63) the burst size per cell decreases from 158 to 49 phage particles at the same temperature interval. The results of the single-burst experiments indicate, that when the incubation temperature increases, the number of E. coli B cells, in which the phage particles maturate, also decreases. It results in the dependence of the transmission coefficient value on the temperature. The transmission coefficient in the conditions favourable for the maturation of the phage is found to be 0.80. It is shown by several methods that the temperature sensitivity of the multiplication of the mutant amN131 in bacterial cells is entirely due to amber mutation in genome of the phage. Therefore the amber mutants having high temperature sensitivity when maturating in non-permissive host cells exist among ordinary amber mutants of phage T4.", "contents": "[Transmission of bacteriophage T4 amber mutants. I. Temperature sensitivity of gene 26 T4 phage mutant amN131 multiplication in Escherichia coli B cells]. When studying the single cycle of the multiplication of gene 26 mutant amN131 of phage T4, like in temperature shift experiments, the yield of this mutant in non-permissive host depends greatly on the temperature. The burts size of phage in Escherichia coli B is found to be 3.3 phage particles at 25 degrees C, 1.6 at 30 degrees C, 0.051 at 37 degrees C and 0.0007 at 41 degrees C. In the case of permissive host (E. coli CR-63) the burst size per cell decreases from 158 to 49 phage particles at the same temperature interval. The results of the single-burst experiments indicate, that when the incubation temperature increases, the number of E. coli B cells, in which the phage particles maturate, also decreases. It results in the dependence of the transmission coefficient value on the temperature. The transmission coefficient in the conditions favourable for the maturation of the phage is found to be 0.80. It is shown by several methods that the temperature sensitivity of the multiplication of the mutant amN131 in bacterial cells is entirely due to amber mutation in genome of the phage. Therefore the amber mutants having high temperature sensitivity when maturating in non-permissive host cells exist among ordinary amber mutants of phage T4."}
{"id": "PMID:350707", "title": "[Penetration of exogenous DNA through the membranes of Escherichia coli treated with Ca2+ cations].", "content": "Possible role of electrochemical potential as driving force for exogenous DNA penetration inside Ca2+ treated Escherichia coli was investigated using carbonyl-cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrasone (CCCP), an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. CCCP at concentrations of 10(-6) -10(-5) M did not affect the number of plague forming units. The inhibitory effect was observed under higher concentrations (5.10(-5) -10(-4). This effect was not due to the loss of cell viability and is attributed to the reduced capacity of the cells to interact with DNA. It is suggested that conformational changes in biomembranes might be at least partially involved. It is concluded that the electrochemical potential is not the driving force for penetration of exogenous DNA inside Ca2+ -treated E. coli cells. Bronian movement is suggest as an alternative.", "contents": "[Penetration of exogenous DNA through the membranes of Escherichia coli treated with Ca2+ cations]. Possible role of electrochemical potential as driving force for exogenous DNA penetration inside Ca2+ treated Escherichia coli was investigated using carbonyl-cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrasone (CCCP), an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. CCCP at concentrations of 10(-6) -10(-5) M did not affect the number of plague forming units. The inhibitory effect was observed under higher concentrations (5.10(-5) -10(-4). This effect was not due to the loss of cell viability and is attributed to the reduced capacity of the cells to interact with DNA. It is suggested that conformational changes in biomembranes might be at least partially involved. It is concluded that the electrochemical potential is not the driving force for penetration of exogenous DNA inside Ca2+ -treated E. coli cells. Bronian movement is suggest as an alternative."}
{"id": "PMID:350711", "title": "Use of matrix-immobilised recombinant plasmids to purify chain-specific rabbit globin complementary DNAs.", "content": "The cloning of DNA sequences in plasmid recombinants has made it possible to amplify specific sequences to an extent that they can be used for preparative purposes. We describe the use of rabbit globin DNA sequences cloned in the plasmid pCR1 and covalently bound to Sepharose 4B for the purification of chain-specific rabbit alpha- and beta-globin cDNAs. These purified probes were then used to estimate the length of the alpha- and beta-globin DNA sequences inserted into the recombinant plasmid. The technique should allow the rapid isolation of sequence-specific cDNA, RNA and genomic DNA.", "contents": "Use of matrix-immobilised recombinant plasmids to purify chain-specific rabbit globin complementary DNAs. The cloning of DNA sequences in plasmid recombinants has made it possible to amplify specific sequences to an extent that they can be used for preparative purposes. We describe the use of rabbit globin DNA sequences cloned in the plasmid pCR1 and covalently bound to Sepharose 4B for the purification of chain-specific rabbit alpha- and beta-globin cDNAs. These purified probes were then used to estimate the length of the alpha- and beta-globin DNA sequences inserted into the recombinant plasmid. The technique should allow the rapid isolation of sequence-specific cDNA, RNA and genomic DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:350712", "title": "Deletions within E. coli plasmids carrying yeast rDNA.", "content": "Deletions occur in recombinant DNA plasmids that contain yeast ribosomal DNA (rDNA) inserted into the E. coli plasmids pSC101 and pMB9. Deletions within a pMB9 plasmid containing an insert longer than one tandem rDNA repeat apparently are due to homologous recombination because (1) all of the independently derived deletion products of this plasmid lost one complete rDNA repeat (8.6 kb) and retained only a single copy of the segment repeated at the ends of the original insert and (2) deletions were detected only when the insert had terminal redundancy. Deletions also occur within a pSC101 plasmid containing a tandem duplication of a segment (4.7 kb) including both pSC101 DNA and rDNA. Once again these deletions appear to be due to the presence of a duplicated region because all deletion products have lost one complete repeat. Deletions within both of these plasmids took place in both rec+ and recA- host cells, but occurred more frequently in rec+ cells. Oligomerization of the deletion products also occurred in both hosts and was more frequent in rec+ cells.", "contents": "Deletions within E. coli plasmids carrying yeast rDNA. Deletions occur in recombinant DNA plasmids that contain yeast ribosomal DNA (rDNA) inserted into the E. coli plasmids pSC101 and pMB9. Deletions within a pMB9 plasmid containing an insert longer than one tandem rDNA repeat apparently are due to homologous recombination because (1) all of the independently derived deletion products of this plasmid lost one complete rDNA repeat (8.6 kb) and retained only a single copy of the segment repeated at the ends of the original insert and (2) deletions were detected only when the insert had terminal redundancy. Deletions also occur within a pSC101 plasmid containing a tandem duplication of a segment (4.7 kb) including both pSC101 DNA and rDNA. Once again these deletions appear to be due to the presence of a duplicated region because all deletion products have lost one complete repeat. Deletions within both of these plasmids took place in both rec+ and recA- host cells, but occurred more frequently in rec+ cells. Oligomerization of the deletion products also occurred in both hosts and was more frequent in rec+ cells."}
{"id": "PMID:350713", "title": "Mapping of functions in the R-plasmid R388 by examination of deletion mutants generated in vitro.", "content": "Mutant plasmids in which large segments of R388 DNA are deleted were constructed in vitro from two R388::TnA (Tn801) plasmids, using the BamHI site of TnA and the BamHI and BglII sites of R388. These deletion mutants permitted mapping of genetic functions into the restriction map of R388.", "contents": "Mapping of functions in the R-plasmid R388 by examination of deletion mutants generated in vitro. Mutant plasmids in which large segments of R388 DNA are deleted were constructed in vitro from two R388::TnA (Tn801) plasmids, using the BamHI site of TnA and the BamHI and BglII sites of R388. These deletion mutants permitted mapping of genetic functions into the restriction map of R388."}
{"id": "PMID:350714", "title": "Cloning of restriction and modification genes in E. coli: the HbaII system from Haemophilus haemolyticus.", "content": "The genes for a Class II restriction-modification system (HhaII) from Haemophilus haemolyticus have been cloned in Escherichia coli. The vector used for cloning was plasmid pBR322 which confers resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin and contains a single endonuclease R-PstI site, (formula: see text), in the ampicillin gene. The procedure developed by Bolivar et al. (1977) was used to form DNA recombinants. H. haemolyticus DNA was cleaved with PstI endonuclease and poly(dC) extensions were added to the 3'-OH termini using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Circular pBR322 DNA was cleaved to linear molecules with PstI endonuclease and poly(dG) extensions were added to the 3'-OH termini, thus regenerating the PstI cleavage site sequences. Recombinant molecules, formed by annealing the two DNAs, were used to transfect a restriction and modification-deficient strain of E. coli (HB101 r-m-recA). Tetracycline-resistant clones were tested for acquisition of restriction phenotype (as measured by growth on plates seeded with phage lambdacI-0). A single phage-resistant clone was found. The recombinant plasmid, pD110, isolated from this clone, had acquired 3 kilobases of additional DNA which could be excised with PstI endonuclease. In addition to the restriction function, cells carrying the plasmid expressed the HhaII modification function. Both activities have been partially purified by single-stranded DNA-agarose chromatography. The cloned HhaII restriction activity yields cleavage patterns identical to HinfI. A restriction map of the cloned DNA segment is presented.", "contents": "Cloning of restriction and modification genes in E. coli: the HbaII system from Haemophilus haemolyticus. The genes for a Class II restriction-modification system (HhaII) from Haemophilus haemolyticus have been cloned in Escherichia coli. The vector used for cloning was plasmid pBR322 which confers resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin and contains a single endonuclease R-PstI site, (formula: see text), in the ampicillin gene. The procedure developed by Bolivar et al. (1977) was used to form DNA recombinants. H. haemolyticus DNA was cleaved with PstI endonuclease and poly(dC) extensions were added to the 3'-OH termini using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Circular pBR322 DNA was cleaved to linear molecules with PstI endonuclease and poly(dG) extensions were added to the 3'-OH termini, thus regenerating the PstI cleavage site sequences. Recombinant molecules, formed by annealing the two DNAs, were used to transfect a restriction and modification-deficient strain of E. coli (HB101 r-m-recA). Tetracycline-resistant clones were tested for acquisition of restriction phenotype (as measured by growth on plates seeded with phage lambdacI-0). A single phage-resistant clone was found. The recombinant plasmid, pD110, isolated from this clone, had acquired 3 kilobases of additional DNA which could be excised with PstI endonuclease. In addition to the restriction function, cells carrying the plasmid expressed the HhaII modification function. Both activities have been partially purified by single-stranded DNA-agarose chromatography. The cloned HhaII restriction activity yields cleavage patterns identical to HinfI. A restriction map of the cloned DNA segment is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:350715", "title": "The elderly and the control of simple behaviour by probabilistic information.", "content": "The probabilities of events in the environment are important as controllers of how we cope with that environment. Attention is deployed to parts of the visual field where important events are most likely to happen; in predicting what will happen next in a situation, probable things tend to be predicted. This paper assess adult age differences in the use of probabilistic information, using the laboratory task-settings of choice reaction time, simple prediction, and selective attending. In almost all situations the elderly are less influenced by event probabilities than their juniors, although they are just as capable of registering the probabilities involved. This consistent age effect contradicts the predictions of Griew's theory which assumes that behavioural experience operates by increasing the use of probabilistic information. A second finding was that value and reward manipulations which alter the response patterns of the young do not influence the elderly to the same extent. It is tentatively concluded that attenuated use of probability information characterises the elderly, as does a reduced response to simple payoffs. Some avenues of theoretical exploration are discussed, together with some caveats concerning the applicability of the findings.", "contents": "The elderly and the control of simple behaviour by probabilistic information. The probabilities of events in the environment are important as controllers of how we cope with that environment. Attention is deployed to parts of the visual field where important events are most likely to happen; in predicting what will happen next in a situation, probable things tend to be predicted. This paper assess adult age differences in the use of probabilistic information, using the laboratory task-settings of choice reaction time, simple prediction, and selective attending. In almost all situations the elderly are less influenced by event probabilities than their juniors, although they are just as capable of registering the probabilities involved. This consistent age effect contradicts the predictions of Griew's theory which assumes that behavioural experience operates by increasing the use of probabilistic information. A second finding was that value and reward manipulations which alter the response patterns of the young do not influence the elderly to the same extent. It is tentatively concluded that attenuated use of probability information characterises the elderly, as does a reduced response to simple payoffs. Some avenues of theoretical exploration are discussed, together with some caveats concerning the applicability of the findings."}
{"id": "PMID:350726", "title": "Pancreatic and salivary amylase/creatinine clearance ratios in normal subjects and in patients with chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "The clearance of pancreatic and salivary amylase relative to creatinine was measured in 26 control subjects and 22 patients with chronic pancreatitis. Control values for pancreatic amylase clearance (+/- SD) were 2.64 +/- 0.86% compared with 1.54 +/- 0.95% for salivary amylase. In chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic amylase clearance ratios were significantly higher than controls (P less than 0.0005, mean 4.09 +/- 1.63 SD). The difference in clearance rate of salivary amylase did not reach a level of significance when compared with the control group. Twelve of the 22 patients showed pancreatic amylase clearance values above the normal limit of 4.4, while only five were abnormal when the clearance of total amylase was measured. The patients also showed statistically higher (P less than 0.0005) levels of serum salivary amylase when compared with 69 control sera. No such difference was found for the pancreatic component of serum amylase. Comparison of beta2-microglobulin clearance values showed no statistical difference between patients and controls.", "contents": "Pancreatic and salivary amylase/creatinine clearance ratios in normal subjects and in patients with chronic pancreatitis. The clearance of pancreatic and salivary amylase relative to creatinine was measured in 26 control subjects and 22 patients with chronic pancreatitis. Control values for pancreatic amylase clearance (+/- SD) were 2.64 +/- 0.86% compared with 1.54 +/- 0.95% for salivary amylase. In chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic amylase clearance ratios were significantly higher than controls (P less than 0.0005, mean 4.09 +/- 1.63 SD). The difference in clearance rate of salivary amylase did not reach a level of significance when compared with the control group. Twelve of the 22 patients showed pancreatic amylase clearance values above the normal limit of 4.4, while only five were abnormal when the clearance of total amylase was measured. The patients also showed statistically higher (P less than 0.0005) levels of serum salivary amylase when compared with 69 control sera. No such difference was found for the pancreatic component of serum amylase. Comparison of beta2-microglobulin clearance values showed no statistical difference between patients and controls."}
{"id": "PMID:350727", "title": "Electron immunohistochemical evidence for the human intestinal I cell as the source of CCK.", "content": "Evidence was obtained by the use of alternate semithin-thin serial secretions for light and electron microsocpy that the I cell is the source of CCK PZ. The antibodies used were raised to a synthetic fragment of the mid part (9-20) of the (1-33) CCK-PZ molecule, and were thus free from any contamination with cross-reacting subpopulations of antibodies that might bind to gastrin.", "contents": "Electron immunohistochemical evidence for the human intestinal I cell as the source of CCK. Evidence was obtained by the use of alternate semithin-thin serial secretions for light and electron microsocpy that the I cell is the source of CCK PZ. The antibodies used were raised to a synthetic fragment of the mid part (9-20) of the (1-33) CCK-PZ molecule, and were thus free from any contamination with cross-reacting subpopulations of antibodies that might bind to gastrin."}
{"id": "PMID:350728", "title": "Immunohistochemical localisation of urogastrone to human duodenal and submandibular glands.", "content": "Urogastrone has been localised by immunostaining to granules of the cells of human duodenal (Brunner's) glands and their ducts and of acinar cells in the human submandibular gland. The immunoreactive peptide is present in large quantities in duodenal glands and their secretory ducts. Urogastrone or human epidermal growth factor promotes cellular proliferation in vivo as well as in vitro and inhibits gastric acid secretion and may, therefore, be one of the duodenal factors inhibiting gastric activity. Thus it may have an important regulatory and protective function for the intestinal mucosa and may possibly become a useful therapeutic agent.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localisation of urogastrone to human duodenal and submandibular glands. Urogastrone has been localised by immunostaining to granules of the cells of human duodenal (Brunner's) glands and their ducts and of acinar cells in the human submandibular gland. The immunoreactive peptide is present in large quantities in duodenal glands and their secretory ducts. Urogastrone or human epidermal growth factor promotes cellular proliferation in vivo as well as in vitro and inhibits gastric acid secretion and may, therefore, be one of the duodenal factors inhibiting gastric activity. Thus it may have an important regulatory and protective function for the intestinal mucosa and may possibly become a useful therapeutic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:350729", "title": "Antithrombin III: critical review of assay methods. Significance of variations in health and disease.", "content": "Thrombin or factor Xa added to plasma are inactivated by antithrombin III (At-III). The inactivation is accelerated by heparin, permitting assay systems which rapidly measure the At-III content of diluted plasma. Without heparin, the slow inactivation rates may be measured. Existing activity assays (fibrinogen or chromogenic substrates) and immunoassays of At-III have been reviewed. Correlation studies show a close correlation between the results of immunoassay and the results of most activity assays. In health, a narrow range of At-III has been found. The level is low in infancy. Fertile women have on the average somewhat lower levels than men. In old age, the level tends to drop. In clinical material studied with amidolytic assays, subnormal At-III levels were found in hereditary deficiency, liver disease, disseminated intravascular coagulation and in some cases with acute thrombosis. The amidolytic assays are rapid to perform, do not require experience in clotting technique and seem preferable in clinical routine work.", "contents": "Antithrombin III: critical review of assay methods. Significance of variations in health and disease. Thrombin or factor Xa added to plasma are inactivated by antithrombin III (At-III). The inactivation is accelerated by heparin, permitting assay systems which rapidly measure the At-III content of diluted plasma. Without heparin, the slow inactivation rates may be measured. Existing activity assays (fibrinogen or chromogenic substrates) and immunoassays of At-III have been reviewed. Correlation studies show a close correlation between the results of immunoassay and the results of most activity assays. In health, a narrow range of At-III has been found. The level is low in infancy. Fertile women have on the average somewhat lower levels than men. In old age, the level tends to drop. In clinical material studied with amidolytic assays, subnormal At-III levels were found in hereditary deficiency, liver disease, disseminated intravascular coagulation and in some cases with acute thrombosis. The amidolytic assays are rapid to perform, do not require experience in clotting technique and seem preferable in clinical routine work."}
{"id": "PMID:350730", "title": "Current concepts on action of synthetic thrombin inhibitors.", "content": "The development of synthetic inhibitors of thrombin and of related arginine-specific esteroproteases is reviewed. The superiority of bis- and tris-benzamidines over benzamidine is disccussed and related to the presence on the enzyme of secondary binding sites beyond the specificity pocket. It is demonstrated that inhibitors with marked specificity for a single enzyme can be produced, and with the help of such selective compounds it is shown that inhibition of factor Xa is more significant for overall anticoagulant effect than inhibition of thrombin.", "contents": "Current concepts on action of synthetic thrombin inhibitors. The development of synthetic inhibitors of thrombin and of related arginine-specific esteroproteases is reviewed. The superiority of bis- and tris-benzamidines over benzamidine is disccussed and related to the presence on the enzyme of secondary binding sites beyond the specificity pocket. It is demonstrated that inhibitors with marked specificity for a single enzyme can be produced, and with the help of such selective compounds it is shown that inhibition of factor Xa is more significant for overall anticoagulant effect than inhibition of thrombin."}
{"id": "PMID:350735", "title": "[Effects of gamma-oryzanol on gastric secretions in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "gamma-Oryzanol has been reported to inhibit gastric secretion and experimental ulcers in rats. In this paper, the inhibitory effects of gamma-oryzanol on gastric secretions caused by three stimulants have been compared. gamma-Oryzanol was slightly effective for histamine-stimulated acid secretion, non effective for carbachol-stimulated secretion and significantly inhibited the tetragastrin-stimulated secretion. The effect of gamma-oryzanol on acid secretion stimulated by tetragastrin was prevented by vagotomy but not by splanchnicotomy. It is assumed that the gastric antisecretory effect of gamma-oryzanol is mediated by the vagus nerve which plays a role in the action of gastrin.", "contents": "[Effects of gamma-oryzanol on gastric secretions in rats (author's transl)]. gamma-Oryzanol has been reported to inhibit gastric secretion and experimental ulcers in rats. In this paper, the inhibitory effects of gamma-oryzanol on gastric secretions caused by three stimulants have been compared. gamma-Oryzanol was slightly effective for histamine-stimulated acid secretion, non effective for carbachol-stimulated secretion and significantly inhibited the tetragastrin-stimulated secretion. The effect of gamma-oryzanol on acid secretion stimulated by tetragastrin was prevented by vagotomy but not by splanchnicotomy. It is assumed that the gastric antisecretory effect of gamma-oryzanol is mediated by the vagus nerve which plays a role in the action of gastrin."}
{"id": "PMID:350736", "title": "A double-blind controlled study of clinical efficacy of maprotiline and amitriptyline in depression.", "content": "A multiclinic double-blind controlled study was performed on the effects of MAP in both inpatients and outpatients with AMT as control drug. 1. Subjects consisted of 41 male and 45 female patients suffering from various types of depression. MAP was assigned to 42 cases and AMT to 44 cases. Of these patients, 14 MAP cases and 10 AMT cases were subsequently dropped for a variety of reasons to obtain 28 MAP cases and 34 AMT cases as evaluable. 2. The global improvement ratings were compared and found not significantly different for any week between the two treatments. 3. The global improvement ratings by the characteristic features of patients did not show any significant difference in any items studied between the two treatments. 4. The symptomatic improvement ratings (on the Hamilton R.S. for assessment by the physician) indicated that AMT was more effective on \"anxiety (psychic).\" 5. The symptomatic improvement ratings (on the Beck self-assessment scale by the patient) indicated that MAP was more effective on \"work\" and AMT on \"pathos\", \"feeling of satisfaction\", \"withdrawal\" and \"loss of libido.\" 6. During the treament period, 74.3 percent of the MAP group and 76.9 percent of the AMT group of patients showed some side effects of accompanying symptoms, with no significant difference recognized between the two treatments. Itemwise, however, the incidence of tremor was significantly lower (p-=0.06) in the MAP group. Moreover, the MAP group tended to be less liable to such anticholinergic side effects as dry mouth, constipation, trouble of accomodation, urinary disturbance and palpitation. 7. On the basis of the above findings, it is concluded that MAP is as effective against depression as AMT and less liable to the anticholinergic side effects. It is, therefore, a very useful antidepressant.", "contents": "A double-blind controlled study of clinical efficacy of maprotiline and amitriptyline in depression. A multiclinic double-blind controlled study was performed on the effects of MAP in both inpatients and outpatients with AMT as control drug. 1. Subjects consisted of 41 male and 45 female patients suffering from various types of depression. MAP was assigned to 42 cases and AMT to 44 cases. Of these patients, 14 MAP cases and 10 AMT cases were subsequently dropped for a variety of reasons to obtain 28 MAP cases and 34 AMT cases as evaluable. 2. The global improvement ratings were compared and found not significantly different for any week between the two treatments. 3. The global improvement ratings by the characteristic features of patients did not show any significant difference in any items studied between the two treatments. 4. The symptomatic improvement ratings (on the Hamilton R.S. for assessment by the physician) indicated that AMT was more effective on \"anxiety (psychic).\" 5. The symptomatic improvement ratings (on the Beck self-assessment scale by the patient) indicated that MAP was more effective on \"work\" and AMT on \"pathos\", \"feeling of satisfaction\", \"withdrawal\" and \"loss of libido.\" 6. During the treament period, 74.3 percent of the MAP group and 76.9 percent of the AMT group of patients showed some side effects of accompanying symptoms, with no significant difference recognized between the two treatments. Itemwise, however, the incidence of tremor was significantly lower (p-=0.06) in the MAP group. Moreover, the MAP group tended to be less liable to such anticholinergic side effects as dry mouth, constipation, trouble of accomodation, urinary disturbance and palpitation. 7. On the basis of the above findings, it is concluded that MAP is as effective against depression as AMT and less liable to the anticholinergic side effects. It is, therefore, a very useful antidepressant."}
{"id": "PMID:350741", "title": "[Subcutaneous rupture of the long thumb extensor tendon. Etiology, clinical aspects and therapy].", "content": "Subcutaneous ruptures of the extensor pollicis longus tendon are mostly due to an earlier wrist trauma and rarely caused by a degenerative systemic disease. The tendon usually ruptures close to the distal edge of the retinaculum extensorum where it is vulnerable in various respects and in addition exposed to increased mechanical strain. Functional loss of the extensor pollicis longus greatly impairs the function of the entire hand and requires surgical therapy. Transfer of the extensor indicis tendon has proven successful in 95% and thus appears to be the most appropriate therapeutic procedure.", "contents": "[Subcutaneous rupture of the long thumb extensor tendon. Etiology, clinical aspects and therapy]. Subcutaneous ruptures of the extensor pollicis longus tendon are mostly due to an earlier wrist trauma and rarely caused by a degenerative systemic disease. The tendon usually ruptures close to the distal edge of the retinaculum extensorum where it is vulnerable in various respects and in addition exposed to increased mechanical strain. Functional loss of the extensor pollicis longus greatly impairs the function of the entire hand and requires surgical therapy. Transfer of the extensor indicis tendon has proven successful in 95% and thus appears to be the most appropriate therapeutic procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:350742", "title": "[Growth and development in normal puberty].", "content": "Puberty is a period of life with a great number of closely correlating aspects. For early recognition of pathological puberty, for rational assessment and effective treatment, interrelations and normal course of the stages are to be considered. Early or late appearance of puberty is mainly due to genetic factors. Therefore, the developmental history of the parents is of great importance. Considerable dispersion in the development of pubertal characteristics must be borne in mind. Recording of clinical data and measurements in percentile graphs permits clear and complete demonstration of the individual development pattern and offers immediate judgment of the growth process. Being familiar with the normal developmental stages and growth physiology, particularly growth velocity, and use of known clinical courses as simple techniques allows exact recognition of abnormal events in growth and development. These methods can often replace expensive hormonal assessments.", "contents": "[Growth and development in normal puberty]. Puberty is a period of life with a great number of closely correlating aspects. For early recognition of pathological puberty, for rational assessment and effective treatment, interrelations and normal course of the stages are to be considered. Early or late appearance of puberty is mainly due to genetic factors. Therefore, the developmental history of the parents is of great importance. Considerable dispersion in the development of pubertal characteristics must be borne in mind. Recording of clinical data and measurements in percentile graphs permits clear and complete demonstration of the individual development pattern and offers immediate judgment of the growth process. Being familiar with the normal developmental stages and growth physiology, particularly growth velocity, and use of known clinical courses as simple techniques allows exact recognition of abnormal events in growth and development. These methods can often replace expensive hormonal assessments."}
{"id": "PMID:350744", "title": "[Prevention of intra, and postoperative complications. Capabilities of the anesthesist].", "content": "Prevention of intra- and postoperative complications is one of the main tasks of the anesthesiologist. It is achieved by avoidance of specific anesthesiological dangers and mistakes and by adjustment of anesthetic techniques to the course of operation. Recognition and consideration of preexisting diseases as possible causes of complications and appropriate preoperative measures are the responsibility of the surgical-anesthesiological team. Depending on the given situation and the risk state of the patient during and after operation, special anesthetic procedures may be necessary.", "contents": "[Prevention of intra, and postoperative complications. Capabilities of the anesthesist]. Prevention of intra- and postoperative complications is one of the main tasks of the anesthesiologist. It is achieved by avoidance of specific anesthesiological dangers and mistakes and by adjustment of anesthetic techniques to the course of operation. Recognition and consideration of preexisting diseases as possible causes of complications and appropriate preoperative measures are the responsibility of the surgical-anesthesiological team. Depending on the given situation and the risk state of the patient during and after operation, special anesthetic procedures may be necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:350739", "title": "Ecophylaxis: preventive treatment with gentamicin of rabbit lincomycin-associated diarrhea.", "content": "In rabbits the oral or parenteral administration of lincomycin result in a severe and usually fatal form of diarrhea. The rabbits treated simultaneously with lincomycin and gentamicin do not present any sign of disease and behave exactly, therefore, as the control subjects. The same occurs in subjects treated with gentamicin alone. In all the subjects which died with diarrhea there was a marked alteration of the intestinal bacterial flora. Among the aerobic bacteria there was an overgrowth of coliforms and less frequently of enterococci, while bacilli were reduced and lactobacilli completely disappeared. Among the anaerobic bacteria, bacteroides and bifidobacteria disappeared and there was an overgrowth of clostridia instead. In rabbits treated contemporaneously with lincomycin and gentamicin, coliforms were absent and the mean number of clostridia was at least one hundred times lower; as in rabbits treated only with lincomycin, enterococci were present in greater number, while lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and bacteroides completely disappeared. Some of the bacteria which are able to overgrow in lincomycin treated subjects, in particular coliforms and clostridia, can be considered potentially pathogenic and their overgrowth could therefore explain the onset of diarrhea. Actually in faecal specimens of rabbits with lincomycin-associated diarrhea, together with the overgrowth of E. coli and clostridia, there is an absence of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and bacteroides. It is known that these last bacteria contribute, in normal conditions, to maintaining the ecological equilibrium of the intestinal microbial flora. The diarrhea itself can be attributed most likely to the ecological alteration of intestinal microbial flora, with an overgrowth of some potentially pathogenic bacteria and the suppression of others which normally exert an inhibiting effect on the former. It has been suggested to call this form of gentamicin prophylaxis of lincomycin-associated diarrhea 'ecophylaxis', in the sense that it prevents or corrects certain types of ecological alteration of the intestinal microbial flora which lead to diarrhea.", "contents": "Ecophylaxis: preventive treatment with gentamicin of rabbit lincomycin-associated diarrhea. In rabbits the oral or parenteral administration of lincomycin result in a severe and usually fatal form of diarrhea. The rabbits treated simultaneously with lincomycin and gentamicin do not present any sign of disease and behave exactly, therefore, as the control subjects. The same occurs in subjects treated with gentamicin alone. In all the subjects which died with diarrhea there was a marked alteration of the intestinal bacterial flora. Among the aerobic bacteria there was an overgrowth of coliforms and less frequently of enterococci, while bacilli were reduced and lactobacilli completely disappeared. Among the anaerobic bacteria, bacteroides and bifidobacteria disappeared and there was an overgrowth of clostridia instead. In rabbits treated contemporaneously with lincomycin and gentamicin, coliforms were absent and the mean number of clostridia was at least one hundred times lower; as in rabbits treated only with lincomycin, enterococci were present in greater number, while lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and bacteroides completely disappeared. Some of the bacteria which are able to overgrow in lincomycin treated subjects, in particular coliforms and clostridia, can be considered potentially pathogenic and their overgrowth could therefore explain the onset of diarrhea. Actually in faecal specimens of rabbits with lincomycin-associated diarrhea, together with the overgrowth of E. coli and clostridia, there is an absence of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and bacteroides. It is known that these last bacteria contribute, in normal conditions, to maintaining the ecological equilibrium of the intestinal microbial flora. The diarrhea itself can be attributed most likely to the ecological alteration of intestinal microbial flora, with an overgrowth of some potentially pathogenic bacteria and the suppression of others which normally exert an inhibiting effect on the former. It has been suggested to call this form of gentamicin prophylaxis of lincomycin-associated diarrhea 'ecophylaxis', in the sense that it prevents or corrects certain types of ecological alteration of the intestinal microbial flora which lead to diarrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:350746", "title": "Inhibitory effects of various progestins and deoxycorticosterone on the rapid onset of maternal behavior induced by ovariectomy-hysterectomy during late pregnancy in rats.", "content": "The inhibitory effects of progesterone (P), 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (5 alpha-DHP), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-HP), and deoxycorticosterone (DOC) upon the rapid onset of maternal behavior induced during late pregnancy in primigravid rats by ovariectomy-hysterectomy (OH) were examined. Progesterone administration at a dosage of 5.0 mg oil vehicle daily (beginning on Day 17 and ending when the subject responded maternally to foster pups) significantly delayed by about 1.5 to 2.0 days the onset of maternal behavior. In contrast, P at dosages of either 1.0 or 2.5 mg daily, 5 alpha-DHP at 5.0 mg administered daily in either an oil or Tween-80 vehicle, 17-HP at 5.0 mg in oil daily, and DOC at dosages of either 5.0 or 10.0 mg in oil daily failed to effect the rapid onset of maternal behavior induced by ovariectomy-hysterectomy on Day 17 of pregnancy. These data suggest that during pregnancy the onset of maternal behavior is inhibited in a rather specific manner by progesterone.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of various progestins and deoxycorticosterone on the rapid onset of maternal behavior induced by ovariectomy-hysterectomy during late pregnancy in rats. The inhibitory effects of progesterone (P), 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (5 alpha-DHP), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-HP), and deoxycorticosterone (DOC) upon the rapid onset of maternal behavior induced during late pregnancy in primigravid rats by ovariectomy-hysterectomy (OH) were examined. Progesterone administration at a dosage of 5.0 mg oil vehicle daily (beginning on Day 17 and ending when the subject responded maternally to foster pups) significantly delayed by about 1.5 to 2.0 days the onset of maternal behavior. In contrast, P at dosages of either 1.0 or 2.5 mg daily, 5 alpha-DHP at 5.0 mg administered daily in either an oil or Tween-80 vehicle, 17-HP at 5.0 mg in oil daily, and DOC at dosages of either 5.0 or 10.0 mg in oil daily failed to effect the rapid onset of maternal behavior induced by ovariectomy-hysterectomy on Day 17 of pregnancy. These data suggest that during pregnancy the onset of maternal behavior is inhibited in a rather specific manner by progesterone."}
{"id": "PMID:350747", "title": "Adrenocortical activity during meditation.", "content": "We studied acute plasma cortisol and testosterone concentration changes during the practice known as \"transcendental meditation\" (TM) and during control rest. Three groups of normal, young adult volunteers were studied: a group of controls, these same controls restudied as practitioners after 3 to 4 months of TM practice, and a group of long-term, regular TM practitioners (3 to 5 years of practice). No change was found in controls during rest. Cortisol declined, but not significantly, in restudied controls, while cortisol decreased significantly in long-term practitioners during meditation and remained somewhat low afterward. No change in testerone concentration was noted during either rest or TM. Apparently, the practice of TM becomes associated with psychophysiologic response(s) which acutely inhibit pituitary-adrenal activity.", "contents": "Adrenocortical activity during meditation. We studied acute plasma cortisol and testosterone concentration changes during the practice known as \"transcendental meditation\" (TM) and during control rest. Three groups of normal, young adult volunteers were studied: a group of controls, these same controls restudied as practitioners after 3 to 4 months of TM practice, and a group of long-term, regular TM practitioners (3 to 5 years of practice). No change was found in controls during rest. Cortisol declined, but not significantly, in restudied controls, while cortisol decreased significantly in long-term practitioners during meditation and remained somewhat low afterward. No change in testerone concentration was noted during either rest or TM. Apparently, the practice of TM becomes associated with psychophysiologic response(s) which acutely inhibit pituitary-adrenal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:350749", "title": "Sponsor of Texas health laws brings expertise to Congress.", "content": "An opponent of government regulation of hospital costs, Rep. Bob Gammage of Texas thinks that Congress should have the right to veto the triggering of mandatory cost controls. It makes no sense, he says, to single out a particular industry for what, in effect, would be wage and price controls, especially because hospitals don't control what they buy, in terms of goods and services.", "contents": "Sponsor of Texas health laws brings expertise to Congress. An opponent of government regulation of hospital costs, Rep. Bob Gammage of Texas thinks that Congress should have the right to veto the triggering of mandatory cost controls. It makes no sense, he says, to single out a particular industry for what, in effect, would be wage and price controls, especially because hospitals don't control what they buy, in terms of goods and services."}
{"id": "PMID:350750", "title": "Hospitals seek to share ECG systems.", "content": "In planning and implementing installation of their computerized ECG management systems, St. Mary of Nazareth Hospital, Chicago, and Toledo (OH) Hospital have incorporated access to the system for other hospitals. Sharing can be accomplished at minimal cost in a variety of ways.", "contents": "Hospitals seek to share ECG systems. In planning and implementing installation of their computerized ECG management systems, St. Mary of Nazareth Hospital, Chicago, and Toledo (OH) Hospital have incorporated access to the system for other hospitals. Sharing can be accomplished at minimal cost in a variety of ways."}
{"id": "PMID:350758", "title": "The role of suppressor cells in the production of macrophage migration inhibition factor.", "content": "The production of migration inhibition factor (MIF) by human peripheral blood lymphocytes and guinea pig lymph node lymphocytes, in response to mitogen, concanavalin A, or antigen, tuberculin, has been studied. Suppressor cells have been depleted by in vitro ageing of cultures for 24 hours, and this has resulted in a significant increase in MIF activity. Reconstitution of the aged lymphocyte population by the addition of fresh lymphocytes results in a suppression of MIF production. When lymphocytes, which have been cultured for 24 hours in the presence of antigen or mitogen to generate suppressor cells, are added to aged cultures MIF production is inhibited. These results suggest that suppressor cells play a regulatory role in the production of MIF.", "contents": "The role of suppressor cells in the production of macrophage migration inhibition factor. The production of migration inhibition factor (MIF) by human peripheral blood lymphocytes and guinea pig lymph node lymphocytes, in response to mitogen, concanavalin A, or antigen, tuberculin, has been studied. Suppressor cells have been depleted by in vitro ageing of cultures for 24 hours, and this has resulted in a significant increase in MIF activity. Reconstitution of the aged lymphocyte population by the addition of fresh lymphocytes results in a suppression of MIF production. When lymphocytes, which have been cultured for 24 hours in the presence of antigen or mitogen to generate suppressor cells, are added to aged cultures MIF production is inhibited. These results suggest that suppressor cells play a regulatory role in the production of MIF."}
{"id": "PMID:350759", "title": "Regulation of immune response to SRBC: suppressor cell activity induced by soluble fraction of antigen.", "content": "Water soluble fraction (SF) of SRBC was obtained by hypotonic lysis and ultracentrifugation. SF was found to induce very weak SRBC-specific antibody response in mice. Pretreatment with SF accelerated direct PFC response to SRBC and accelerated and suppressed indirect PFC response. Spleen cells from mice treated with SF exhibited enhanced response to SRBC after transfer in irradiated recipients. The transfer of spleen cells from mice treated with SF to normal non-irradiated mice markedly suppressed the recipients' PFC responses to SRBC. The observed suppressive effect is interpreted as a consequence of suppressor cell activity.", "contents": "Regulation of immune response to SRBC: suppressor cell activity induced by soluble fraction of antigen. Water soluble fraction (SF) of SRBC was obtained by hypotonic lysis and ultracentrifugation. SF was found to induce very weak SRBC-specific antibody response in mice. Pretreatment with SF accelerated direct PFC response to SRBC and accelerated and suppressed indirect PFC response. Spleen cells from mice treated with SF exhibited enhanced response to SRBC after transfer in irradiated recipients. The transfer of spleen cells from mice treated with SF to normal non-irradiated mice markedly suppressed the recipients' PFC responses to SRBC. The observed suppressive effect is interpreted as a consequence of suppressor cell activity."}
{"id": "PMID:350761", "title": "The role of secretory IgA in anti-coccidial immunity in the chicken.", "content": "The serological and secretory immune responses of the chicken to infection with Eimeria tenella were evaluated in terms of various anti-coccidial activities. Serological responses were detected in the forms of precipitating, sporozoite neutralizing, anti-merozoite and anti-schizont antibodies. Similarly, anti-schizont and sporozoite neutralizing activities were found in caecal contents (containing mainly IgA) from infected birds and these also had the capacity to damage second generation merozoites. Moreover, the functional importance of IgA could be implied from the substantial predominance of IgA synthesizing cells in the intestinal immunocyte response as revealed by immunohistology. This was reflected in the immunoglobulin profile of caecal contents, for primary and secondary infection resulted in elevated levels of IgA whilst IgG and IgM generally remained extremely low or were usually undetectable. Taken with the well established lack of correlation between serum antibody and protection, these results suggest that the intestinal secretory IgA system plays an essential role in the protective immune response to E. tenella.", "contents": "The role of secretory IgA in anti-coccidial immunity in the chicken. The serological and secretory immune responses of the chicken to infection with Eimeria tenella were evaluated in terms of various anti-coccidial activities. Serological responses were detected in the forms of precipitating, sporozoite neutralizing, anti-merozoite and anti-schizont antibodies. Similarly, anti-schizont and sporozoite neutralizing activities were found in caecal contents (containing mainly IgA) from infected birds and these also had the capacity to damage second generation merozoites. Moreover, the functional importance of IgA could be implied from the substantial predominance of IgA synthesizing cells in the intestinal immunocyte response as revealed by immunohistology. This was reflected in the immunoglobulin profile of caecal contents, for primary and secondary infection resulted in elevated levels of IgA whilst IgG and IgM generally remained extremely low or were usually undetectable. Taken with the well established lack of correlation between serum antibody and protection, these results suggest that the intestinal secretory IgA system plays an essential role in the protective immune response to E. tenella."}
{"id": "PMID:350779", "title": "Altered membrane-associated functions in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes consisting mainly of neoplastic B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL cells) showed a markedly reduced response to the human B-cell mitogens anti-beta2 microglobulin, Sepharose-bound protein A and Sepharose-bound anti-human immunoglobulin (anti F(ab')2) in all of nine patients studied. On the other hand, CLL cells from three out of eight patients tested responded well to the calcium ionophore A23187. Sepharose-bound protein A and anti-beta2 microglobulin also failed to induce increased uptake of 86Rubidium (potassium analogue) in CLL cells as compared to B-cell-enriched preparations of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. The capacity of CLL cells to cap various surface markers including beta2 microglobulin was reduced. On the other hand, surface concentrations of beta2 microglobulin were not reduced as measured by fluorescein-labelled anti-beta2-microglobulin in single-cell cytofluorometry. It is concluded that various membrane-associated events elicited by ligand-receptor interactions are altered or blocked in CLL cells.", "contents": "Altered membrane-associated functions in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes consisting mainly of neoplastic B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL cells) showed a markedly reduced response to the human B-cell mitogens anti-beta2 microglobulin, Sepharose-bound protein A and Sepharose-bound anti-human immunoglobulin (anti F(ab')2) in all of nine patients studied. On the other hand, CLL cells from three out of eight patients tested responded well to the calcium ionophore A23187. Sepharose-bound protein A and anti-beta2 microglobulin also failed to induce increased uptake of 86Rubidium (potassium analogue) in CLL cells as compared to B-cell-enriched preparations of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. The capacity of CLL cells to cap various surface markers including beta2 microglobulin was reduced. On the other hand, surface concentrations of beta2 microglobulin were not reduced as measured by fluorescein-labelled anti-beta2-microglobulin in single-cell cytofluorometry. It is concluded that various membrane-associated events elicited by ligand-receptor interactions are altered or blocked in CLL cells."}
{"id": "PMID:350788", "title": "Photo-reactivation of gamma-radiation damage in Escherichia coli as evidence for the nature of the oxygen-enhancement effect.", "content": "The enhancement of gamma-radiation-induced damage in bacteria by the presence of oxygen during irradiation has been attributed to changes in the rate of formation, or alternatively in the repair, of single-strand breaks. This paper presents data which support the hypothesis that the observed effect of oxygen of modifying viability after irradiation is in part associated with lesions other than DNA single-strand breaks. In particular, the influence of oxygen during gamma-irradiation on the subsequent efficiency of photo-reactivation and excision repair is used to demonstrate that oxygen enhancement is due to a reduction in the excision repair of non-photo-reactivable damage.", "contents": "Photo-reactivation of gamma-radiation damage in Escherichia coli as evidence for the nature of the oxygen-enhancement effect. The enhancement of gamma-radiation-induced damage in bacteria by the presence of oxygen during irradiation has been attributed to changes in the rate of formation, or alternatively in the repair, of single-strand breaks. This paper presents data which support the hypothesis that the observed effect of oxygen of modifying viability after irradiation is in part associated with lesions other than DNA single-strand breaks. In particular, the influence of oxygen during gamma-irradiation on the subsequent efficiency of photo-reactivation and excision repair is used to demonstrate that oxygen enhancement is due to a reduction in the excision repair of non-photo-reactivable damage."}
{"id": "PMID:350804", "title": "Rapid detection of experimental E. coli endophthalmitis by the Limulus lysate test.", "content": "Experimental E. coli endophthalmitis was produced in rabbits. The Limulus lysate test was applied to aqueous and vitreous samples at various intervals after the intravitreal injection of E. coli organisms. Results indicated that this test is feasible using vitreous and aqueous samples. The Limulus test was positive for E. coli endotoxin within hours after infection, requiring only 1 hr to determine the presence of endotoxin after sampling. This test may have some value in the rapid diagnosis of gram-negative endophthalmitis.", "contents": "Rapid detection of experimental E. coli endophthalmitis by the Limulus lysate test. Experimental E. coli endophthalmitis was produced in rabbits. The Limulus lysate test was applied to aqueous and vitreous samples at various intervals after the intravitreal injection of E. coli organisms. Results indicated that this test is feasible using vitreous and aqueous samples. The Limulus test was positive for E. coli endotoxin within hours after infection, requiring only 1 hr to determine the presence of endotoxin after sampling. This test may have some value in the rapid diagnosis of gram-negative endophthalmitis."}
{"id": "PMID:350806", "title": "[Lip carcinoma and its surgical treatment].", "content": "Cancer of the lip occurs in about 90 percent at the lower lip arising in the vermilion mucosa. In tumor stage I the type of repair depends on the size of the primary tumor. Small tumors are best treated by a simple full-thickness W-excision with direct closure, occasionally combined with vermilionectomy. The simple W-excision is the most common procedure in lip cancer (65%). After excision of greater tumors, repair may be performed by cross lip flap of the Estlander-Abbe type or by the fan-flap of the Gillies type. Large defects are closed with Dieffenbach's or Burow's flap. The Burow's technique give better cosmetic and functional results than the Dieffenbach's method. Also in comparison to the cross lip flaps Burow's technique advantages. The orificium of the mouth remains wide, the lateral angle is not distorted and the tumor may be removed with a broad margin in the normal tissue. Therefore, the Burow's technique is frequently applied (30%) displacing the other methods(is less than 5%). At least the practice of two techniques may be sufficient in dermato-surgery, the W-excision with or without vermilionectomy; and the Burow's technique with its modifications.", "contents": "[Lip carcinoma and its surgical treatment]. Cancer of the lip occurs in about 90 percent at the lower lip arising in the vermilion mucosa. In tumor stage I the type of repair depends on the size of the primary tumor. Small tumors are best treated by a simple full-thickness W-excision with direct closure, occasionally combined with vermilionectomy. The simple W-excision is the most common procedure in lip cancer (65%). After excision of greater tumors, repair may be performed by cross lip flap of the Estlander-Abbe type or by the fan-flap of the Gillies type. Large defects are closed with Dieffenbach's or Burow's flap. The Burow's technique give better cosmetic and functional results than the Dieffenbach's method. Also in comparison to the cross lip flaps Burow's technique advantages. The orificium of the mouth remains wide, the lateral angle is not distorted and the tumor may be removed with a broad margin in the normal tissue. Therefore, the Burow's technique is frequently applied (30%) displacing the other methods(is less than 5%). At least the practice of two techniques may be sufficient in dermato-surgery, the W-excision with or without vermilionectomy; and the Burow's technique with its modifications."}
{"id": "PMID:350808", "title": "[Psoriasis and leprosy in the light of common history. A contribution on epidemiology and differential diagnosis].", "content": "Over the centuries psoriasis was described as a variety of leprosy. It is only in the last century, however, that it was described as a separate entity. Many early medical descriptions of this woridwide affliction can be found, which attempt to distinguish between the various kinds of leprosy. These attempts led to cultural-religious consequences on one hand and to different theories about their contagiousness and curability on the other. Today the current conviction, that with the proof for the existence of a lepra bacillus the question of heritability of the disease can finally be discarded, is being reconsidered. For both psoriasis and leprosy the search for relationships between these diseases and genetically determined markers in the blood-, serum protein- and enzyme-group systems has led to applicable results which, insofar as they can be interpreted as indications of selective factors, will enable us to understand the geographical distribution of both diseases.", "contents": "[Psoriasis and leprosy in the light of common history. A contribution on epidemiology and differential diagnosis]. Over the centuries psoriasis was described as a variety of leprosy. It is only in the last century, however, that it was described as a separate entity. Many early medical descriptions of this woridwide affliction can be found, which attempt to distinguish between the various kinds of leprosy. These attempts led to cultural-religious consequences on one hand and to different theories about their contagiousness and curability on the other. Today the current conviction, that with the proof for the existence of a lepra bacillus the question of heritability of the disease can finally be discarded, is being reconsidered. For both psoriasis and leprosy the search for relationships between these diseases and genetically determined markers in the blood-, serum protein- and enzyme-group systems has led to applicable results which, insofar as they can be interpreted as indications of selective factors, will enable us to understand the geographical distribution of both diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:350810", "title": "[Is functional demand a condition without which the pancreatic auto transplant can not survive in the dog's spleen?].", "content": "Two groups of mongrel dogs underwent intrasplenic autotransplantation of pancreatic tissues prepared from the head and tail of the organ. In the first group (12), the operation was terminated by the removal of the rest of the gland. In the second group (8), total pancreatectomy was done 6-8 months after autotransplantation. The first group of dogs became spontaneously normoglycemic after ten days of moderate hyperglycemia; their insulinemia increased significantly during a glucose loading test. The second group of dogs never became normoglycemic but remained vivacious; insulin level in their splenic vein increased moderately only after glucose injection. Microscopically, exo- and endocrine pancreatic tissues were seen in the spleens of the first group of dogs; in the spleens of the second group of dogs, only a few degenerating B cells were observed. These results suggest that the temporary hyperglycemia following autotransplantation of pancreatic tissues is a functional demand: it is necessary for ultimate survival and function of transplanted B cells.", "contents": "[Is functional demand a condition without which the pancreatic auto transplant can not survive in the dog's spleen?]. Two groups of mongrel dogs underwent intrasplenic autotransplantation of pancreatic tissues prepared from the head and tail of the organ. In the first group (12), the operation was terminated by the removal of the rest of the gland. In the second group (8), total pancreatectomy was done 6-8 months after autotransplantation. The first group of dogs became spontaneously normoglycemic after ten days of moderate hyperglycemia; their insulinemia increased significantly during a glucose loading test. The second group of dogs never became normoglycemic but remained vivacious; insulin level in their splenic vein increased moderately only after glucose injection. Microscopically, exo- and endocrine pancreatic tissues were seen in the spleens of the first group of dogs; in the spleens of the second group of dogs, only a few degenerating B cells were observed. These results suggest that the temporary hyperglycemia following autotransplantation of pancreatic tissues is a functional demand: it is necessary for ultimate survival and function of transplanted B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:350811", "title": "[Preoperative immunosuppression in the kidney-transplanted dog in connection with specific antigenic pre-treatment].", "content": "Postoperative, nonspecific routine immunosuppressive therapy fails in up to 50% in human cadaver renal transplantation. Donorspecific preoperative immunological conditioning of the host is harder to induce in dogs than in some rodents. In a pilot study 2 i.v. donorblood injections on days -18 and -11 followed by a 6-day preoperative pulse without any postoperative therapy induce a significant albeit limited prolongation of graft function.", "contents": "[Preoperative immunosuppression in the kidney-transplanted dog in connection with specific antigenic pre-treatment]. Postoperative, nonspecific routine immunosuppressive therapy fails in up to 50% in human cadaver renal transplantation. Donorspecific preoperative immunological conditioning of the host is harder to induce in dogs than in some rodents. In a pilot study 2 i.v. donorblood injections on days -18 and -11 followed by a 6-day preoperative pulse without any postoperative therapy induce a significant albeit limited prolongation of graft function."}
{"id": "PMID:350812", "title": "[Use of lyophilized homologous spongy bone in tibial head fractures].", "content": "30 comminutive fractures of the tibial head which all needed bone grafting beside the internal fixation of the fracture, have been investigated, autogenic material having been used 19 times, allogenic 11 times. The results of the grafting, controlled 1 1/2 to 7 years later, are in both groups absolutely identical. Freeze-drying of cancellous allogenic bone produces osteogenic grafting material of low antigenicity. Its use in filling bone defects (bone cysts, fractures) is recommended.", "contents": "[Use of lyophilized homologous spongy bone in tibial head fractures]. 30 comminutive fractures of the tibial head which all needed bone grafting beside the internal fixation of the fracture, have been investigated, autogenic material having been used 19 times, allogenic 11 times. The results of the grafting, controlled 1 1/2 to 7 years later, are in both groups absolutely identical. Freeze-drying of cancellous allogenic bone produces osteogenic grafting material of low antigenicity. Its use in filling bone defects (bone cysts, fractures) is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:350814", "title": "Electronimmunocytochemical evidence for the K cell localization of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in man.", "content": "Application of the semithin-thin section technique indicates that the previously proposed identification of the ultrastructurally-defined K cell with the immunocytochemically-defined GIP cell is essentially correct. The K cell is established as a distinct entity and the way is open for an explanation of its role in the physiology and pathology of the gastroenteropancreatic system.", "contents": "Electronimmunocytochemical evidence for the K cell localization of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in man. Application of the semithin-thin section technique indicates that the previously proposed identification of the ultrastructurally-defined K cell with the immunocytochemically-defined GIP cell is essentially correct. The K cell is established as a distinct entity and the way is open for an explanation of its role in the physiology and pathology of the gastroenteropancreatic system."}
{"id": "PMID:350816", "title": "[Diagnostic problems in dizziness or vertigo (author's transl)].", "content": "Different causes of dizziness or vertigo can only be recognized by thorough anamnestic explorations. Following a classification in vestibular and nonvestibular causes for vertigo, a further differentiation is possible by defining different characteristic qualities of the symptoms involved. In addition to the classical vestibular forms of vertigo seen, dizziness currently results from drug overdosages, hypertension, polyneuropathy and--less commonly, but equally important--brief epileptic seizures. Psychosomatic and neurotic symptoms may also lead to unsteady gait, dizziness or vertigo, all of which are distinguished only with difficulty by the patient.", "contents": "[Diagnostic problems in dizziness or vertigo (author's transl)]. Different causes of dizziness or vertigo can only be recognized by thorough anamnestic explorations. Following a classification in vestibular and nonvestibular causes for vertigo, a further differentiation is possible by defining different characteristic qualities of the symptoms involved. In addition to the classical vestibular forms of vertigo seen, dizziness currently results from drug overdosages, hypertension, polyneuropathy and--less commonly, but equally important--brief epileptic seizures. Psychosomatic and neurotic symptoms may also lead to unsteady gait, dizziness or vertigo, all of which are distinguished only with difficulty by the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:350820", "title": "Superoxide dismutase and catalase levels in halophilic vibrios.", "content": "Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were determined for several aerobically grown halophilic vibrios and compared with those found in aerobically grown Escherichia coli K-12. The SOD levels ranged from 25 to 103.6 U/mg of protein for the vibrios compared with 44.6 U/mg of protein for E. coli. The CAT levels ranged from 2.1 to 32.1 U/mg of protein. Electrophoretic analysis of cell extracts revealed that the halophilic vibrios tested possessed only one detectable SOD enzyme, except one strain which possessed two distinct enzymes, as compared with the three SOD enzymes in aerobically grown E. coli K-12. A comparison of anaerobically and aerobically grown vibrios revealed a three- to fourfold increase in SOD activity in the aerobic cells, suggesting that oxygen acts as an inducer for SOD in the vibrios as has been reported for E. coli. In one strain, Vibrio parahaemolyticus 27519, both SOD enzymes were observed in low levels in anaerobic and at higher levels in aerobically grown cells as compared with only one SOD enzyme in anaerobically grown E. coli. This suggests that differences in SOD regulation occur between the two genera. Our results indicate that halophilic vibrios possess SOD, which could enhance viruulence by allowing the organisms to survive in oxygenated environments.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase and catalase levels in halophilic vibrios. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were determined for several aerobically grown halophilic vibrios and compared with those found in aerobically grown Escherichia coli K-12. The SOD levels ranged from 25 to 103.6 U/mg of protein for the vibrios compared with 44.6 U/mg of protein for E. coli. The CAT levels ranged from 2.1 to 32.1 U/mg of protein. Electrophoretic analysis of cell extracts revealed that the halophilic vibrios tested possessed only one detectable SOD enzyme, except one strain which possessed two distinct enzymes, as compared with the three SOD enzymes in aerobically grown E. coli K-12. A comparison of anaerobically and aerobically grown vibrios revealed a three- to fourfold increase in SOD activity in the aerobic cells, suggesting that oxygen acts as an inducer for SOD in the vibrios as has been reported for E. coli. In one strain, Vibrio parahaemolyticus 27519, both SOD enzymes were observed in low levels in anaerobic and at higher levels in aerobically grown cells as compared with only one SOD enzyme in anaerobically grown E. coli. This suggests that differences in SOD regulation occur between the two genera. Our results indicate that halophilic vibrios possess SOD, which could enhance viruulence by allowing the organisms to survive in oxygenated environments."}
{"id": "PMID:350821", "title": "Repression of Escherichia coli pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase by leucine.", "content": "Addition of 0.1% casein hydrolysate to a minimal growth medium decreased membrane-bound transhydrogenase activity in Escherichia coli by about 80%. Of the amino acids added individually to the growth medium, only leucine and, to a lesser extent, methionine and alanine were effective, alpha-Ketoisocaproate- and leucine-containing peptides repressed the activity, and leucine also repressed activity in adenyl cyclase-deficient and relaxed strains. Derepression of transhydrogenase followed the removal of leucine from the growth medium and was sensitive to rifampin and chloramphenicol. A phosphoglucoisomerase-deficient strain that was forced to use the hexose monophosphate shunt exclusively had normal levels of transhydrogenase, which was repressed by leucine. Transhydrogenase activity doubled in mutants lacking either of the shunt dehydrogenases but was still repressed by leucine. In strains constitutive for the leucine biosynthetic operon, transhydrogenase was repressed by leucine but in strains livR and lst R, with leucine transport resistant to leucine repression, transhydrogenase was not repressed by leucine. These data suggest that transhydrogenase may have a function in the transport of branched-chain amino acids. In a hisT strain (which has altered leucyl-tRNA), transhydrogeanse was at a repressed level without the addition of leucine, suggesting that leucyl-tRNA may be involved in the regulation.", "contents": "Repression of Escherichia coli pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase by leucine. Addition of 0.1% casein hydrolysate to a minimal growth medium decreased membrane-bound transhydrogenase activity in Escherichia coli by about 80%. Of the amino acids added individually to the growth medium, only leucine and, to a lesser extent, methionine and alanine were effective, alpha-Ketoisocaproate- and leucine-containing peptides repressed the activity, and leucine also repressed activity in adenyl cyclase-deficient and relaxed strains. Derepression of transhydrogenase followed the removal of leucine from the growth medium and was sensitive to rifampin and chloramphenicol. A phosphoglucoisomerase-deficient strain that was forced to use the hexose monophosphate shunt exclusively had normal levels of transhydrogenase, which was repressed by leucine. Transhydrogenase activity doubled in mutants lacking either of the shunt dehydrogenases but was still repressed by leucine. In strains constitutive for the leucine biosynthetic operon, transhydrogenase was repressed by leucine but in strains livR and lst R, with leucine transport resistant to leucine repression, transhydrogenase was not repressed by leucine. These data suggest that transhydrogenase may have a function in the transport of branched-chain amino acids. In a hisT strain (which has altered leucyl-tRNA), transhydrogeanse was at a repressed level without the addition of leucine, suggesting that leucyl-tRNA may be involved in the regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:350822", "title": "Size variations and correlation of different cell cycle events in slow-growing Escherichia coli.", "content": "Cell lengths have been determined at which cycle events occur in the slow-growing Escherichia coli B/r substrains A, K, and F26. The radioautographic and electron microscope analyses allowed determination of the variations in length at birth, initiation and termination of DNA replication, and initiation of the constriction process and of cell separation. In all three substrains the standard deviation increased between cell birth and initiation of DNA replication. From there on, the standard deviation remained relatively constant until cell separation. These observations are consistent with the presence of a deterministic phase during the cell cycle in which the cell sizes at initation of DNA replication and at cell division are correlated.", "contents": "Size variations and correlation of different cell cycle events in slow-growing Escherichia coli. Cell lengths have been determined at which cycle events occur in the slow-growing Escherichia coli B/r substrains A, K, and F26. The radioautographic and electron microscope analyses allowed determination of the variations in length at birth, initiation and termination of DNA replication, and initiation of the constriction process and of cell separation. In all three substrains the standard deviation increased between cell birth and initiation of DNA replication. From there on, the standard deviation remained relatively constant until cell separation. These observations are consistent with the presence of a deterministic phase during the cell cycle in which the cell sizes at initation of DNA replication and at cell division are correlated."}
{"id": "PMID:350823", "title": "Murein biosynthesis during a synchromous cell cycle of Escherichia coli B.", "content": "The last stages of murein biosynthesis were studied in relation to the division cycle of Escherichia coli in cells synchronized by amino acid starvation (Ron et al., J. Bacteriol. 123:374--376, 1975). Murein synthesis and the activities of the D-alanine carboxypeptidase and transpeptidase were found to vary significantly during the cell cycle. Maximal synthesis and transpeptidation were observed immediately after cell division, whereas maximal D-alanine carboxypeptidase activity was detected before cell division. These results are in agreement with our earlier findings that before cell division there is a stage of increased hydrolysis of the C-terminal D-alanine moiety of newly synthesized murein strands.", "contents": "Murein biosynthesis during a synchromous cell cycle of Escherichia coli B. The last stages of murein biosynthesis were studied in relation to the division cycle of Escherichia coli in cells synchronized by amino acid starvation (Ron et al., J. Bacteriol. 123:374--376, 1975). Murein synthesis and the activities of the D-alanine carboxypeptidase and transpeptidase were found to vary significantly during the cell cycle. Maximal synthesis and transpeptidation were observed immediately after cell division, whereas maximal D-alanine carboxypeptidase activity was detected before cell division. These results are in agreement with our earlier findings that before cell division there is a stage of increased hydrolysis of the C-terminal D-alanine moiety of newly synthesized murein strands."}
{"id": "PMID:350824", "title": "Localization of beta-(1,3)-glucanase in the mycelium of Sclerotium rolfsii.", "content": "The role of the lytic enzyme beta-(1,3)-glucanase in cell wall synthesis and its distribution in the mycelium of the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii were studied. Enzyme activity was determined after enzyme extraction with Triton X-100 from a cell wall preparation. Specific zones of immunofluorescence appeared in the hyphal tips, clamp connections, new septa, and lateral branching when a specific antiserum was used with the indirect method of the fluorescent antibody staining. Enzymatic activity in the cell wall preparation was inactivated by diethylpyrocarbonate. However, 69% of the total enzymatic activity was present in a latent form which was not affected by the ester. This result suggests that most of the beta-(1,3)-glucanase was present along the hyphal cell walls in a \"masked\" form. An active enzyme appeared only in those regions which showed immunofluorescence. The activity of glucan synthetase, an enzyme essential for wall formation, was higher in the branching funus grown on L-threonine-supplemented synthetic medium than in the synthetic medium-grown fungus.", "contents": "Localization of beta-(1,3)-glucanase in the mycelium of Sclerotium rolfsii. The role of the lytic enzyme beta-(1,3)-glucanase in cell wall synthesis and its distribution in the mycelium of the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii were studied. Enzyme activity was determined after enzyme extraction with Triton X-100 from a cell wall preparation. Specific zones of immunofluorescence appeared in the hyphal tips, clamp connections, new septa, and lateral branching when a specific antiserum was used with the indirect method of the fluorescent antibody staining. Enzymatic activity in the cell wall preparation was inactivated by diethylpyrocarbonate. However, 69% of the total enzymatic activity was present in a latent form which was not affected by the ester. This result suggests that most of the beta-(1,3)-glucanase was present along the hyphal cell walls in a \"masked\" form. An active enzyme appeared only in those regions which showed immunofluorescence. The activity of glucan synthetase, an enzyme essential for wall formation, was higher in the branching funus grown on L-threonine-supplemented synthetic medium than in the synthetic medium-grown fungus."}
{"id": "PMID:350825", "title": "Ribitol and D-arabitol catabolism in Escherichia coli.", "content": "In Escherichia coli C, the catabolism of the pentitols ribitol and D-arabitol proceeds through separate, inducible operons, each consisting of a dehydrogenase and a kinase. The ribitol operon is induced in response to ribulose, and the D-arabitol operon is induced in response to D-arabitol. Each operon is under negative control. The genes of the ribitol and D-arabitol operons are very closely linked and lie in a mirror image arrangement, rtlB-rtlA-rtlC-atlC-atlA-atlB, between metG and his on the E. coli chromosome.", "contents": "Ribitol and D-arabitol catabolism in Escherichia coli. In Escherichia coli C, the catabolism of the pentitols ribitol and D-arabitol proceeds through separate, inducible operons, each consisting of a dehydrogenase and a kinase. The ribitol operon is induced in response to ribulose, and the D-arabitol operon is induced in response to D-arabitol. Each operon is under negative control. The genes of the ribitol and D-arabitol operons are very closely linked and lie in a mirror image arrangement, rtlB-rtlA-rtlC-atlC-atlA-atlB, between metG and his on the E. coli chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:350826", "title": "Temperature-dependent variation in the synthesis of streptococcal group-specific carbohydrate. II. Biosynthetic studies in group A and variant strains.", "content": "The biosynthesis of the cell wall polysaccharide and peptidoglycan of group A and A-486-Var streptococci was studied with N-acetyl-[14C]glucosamine, UDP-N-acetyl-[14C]glucosamine, and [14C]glucose. The incorporation of N-acetyl-[14C]-glucosamine into the cell wall four times greater in the A-486-Var cells than in the group A cells. However, the percentage of the total label incorporated into the cell wall polysaccharide at 37 degrees C by the A-486-Var strain was 12%, compared with 66% for the group A cells. When the A-486-Var was grown at 22 degrees C, the proportion of the label incorporated into the cell wall polysaccharide increased to 41%. At 37 degrees C, N-acetyl-[14C]glucosamine was incorporated preferentially into the peptidoglycan of the A-486-Var; almost three times as much of the label was incorporated into the peptidoglycan at 37 degrees C as was incorporated at 22 degrees C. Studies with protoplast membranes of these organisms showed similar differences, with a fourfold greater uptake of UDP-N-acetyl-[14C]glucosamine by the A-486-Var membranes at both incubation temperatures. These studies suggest that a defect in the incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine into the side chain of the polysaccharide is present in the A-486-Var strain at a step following the synthesis of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. This defect, which may involve the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase, is temperature dependent in the A-486-Var strain.", "contents": "Temperature-dependent variation in the synthesis of streptococcal group-specific carbohydrate. II. Biosynthetic studies in group A and variant strains. The biosynthesis of the cell wall polysaccharide and peptidoglycan of group A and A-486-Var streptococci was studied with N-acetyl-[14C]glucosamine, UDP-N-acetyl-[14C]glucosamine, and [14C]glucose. The incorporation of N-acetyl-[14C]-glucosamine into the cell wall four times greater in the A-486-Var cells than in the group A cells. However, the percentage of the total label incorporated into the cell wall polysaccharide at 37 degrees C by the A-486-Var strain was 12%, compared with 66% for the group A cells. When the A-486-Var was grown at 22 degrees C, the proportion of the label incorporated into the cell wall polysaccharide increased to 41%. At 37 degrees C, N-acetyl-[14C]glucosamine was incorporated preferentially into the peptidoglycan of the A-486-Var; almost three times as much of the label was incorporated into the peptidoglycan at 37 degrees C as was incorporated at 22 degrees C. Studies with protoplast membranes of these organisms showed similar differences, with a fourfold greater uptake of UDP-N-acetyl-[14C]glucosamine by the A-486-Var membranes at both incubation temperatures. These studies suggest that a defect in the incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine into the side chain of the polysaccharide is present in the A-486-Var strain at a step following the synthesis of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. This defect, which may involve the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase, is temperature dependent in the A-486-Var strain."}
{"id": "PMID:350827", "title": "Suppressibility of recA, recB, and recC mutations by nonsense suppressors.", "content": "Mutations in the recA, recB, and recC genes of Escherichia coli K-12 were surveyed to ascertain whether or not they are suppressed by nonsense suppressors. Several mutations which map in or near the recA gene, but have not been called recA mutations, were also surveyed. An amber recB mutation, recB156, and an amber recC mutation, recC155, were isolated. One recB mutation, recB95, and four recC mutations, recC22, recC38, recC82, and recC83, were found to be suppressed by a UGA suppressor. In addition to the previously isolated amber recA mutation recA99, two other recA mutations, recA52 and recA123, were found to be suppressed by amber suppressor supD32 but not by supE44.", "contents": "Suppressibility of recA, recB, and recC mutations by nonsense suppressors. Mutations in the recA, recB, and recC genes of Escherichia coli K-12 were surveyed to ascertain whether or not they are suppressed by nonsense suppressors. Several mutations which map in or near the recA gene, but have not been called recA mutations, were also surveyed. An amber recB mutation, recB156, and an amber recC mutation, recC155, were isolated. One recB mutation, recB95, and four recC mutations, recC22, recC38, recC82, and recC83, were found to be suppressed by a UGA suppressor. In addition to the previously isolated amber recA mutation recA99, two other recA mutations, recA52 and recA123, were found to be suppressed by amber suppressor supD32 but not by supE44."}
{"id": "PMID:350828", "title": "Structure, function, and regulation of Escherichia coli rRNA in Proteus mirabilis.", "content": "Escherichia coli rRNA genes have been introduced into Proteus mirabilis on an F-prime  factor (F'14). A portion of the ribosomes in the resulting merodiploid consist of E. coli rRNA and P. mirabilis ribosomal proteins. These ribosomes are structurally similar to normal P. mirabilis or E. coli ribosomes and exhibit many or all of the functional properties of normal ribosomes. The accumulation of E. coli rRNA in the merodiploid is regulated in a way similar to the the regulation of P. mirabilis rRNA.", "contents": "Structure, function, and regulation of Escherichia coli rRNA in Proteus mirabilis. Escherichia coli rRNA genes have been introduced into Proteus mirabilis on an F-prime  factor (F'14). A portion of the ribosomes in the resulting merodiploid consist of E. coli rRNA and P. mirabilis ribosomal proteins. These ribosomes are structurally similar to normal P. mirabilis or E. coli ribosomes and exhibit many or all of the functional properties of normal ribosomes. The accumulation of E. coli rRNA in the merodiploid is regulated in a way similar to the the regulation of P. mirabilis rRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:350829", "title": "Characterization of a Salmonella typhimurium hisU mutant defective in tRNA precursor processing.", "content": "The DA11 mutant of Salmonella typhimurium, originally isolated as derepressed for the histidine operon, carries a temperature-dependent alteration in a nucleolytic enzyme specifically involved in the maturation of tRNA. As a consequence of this alteration, no detectable synthesis of any mature tRNA species occurs in DA11 upon shift at 43 degrees C, whereas many tRNA precursors, whose sizes range between 80 and 750 nucleotides, do accumulate. Kinetic studies on the synthesis and processing of these maturation intermediates show that these molecules represent different stages in the maturation pathway, most of them being the products of previous nucleolytic events. These RNA molecules are in vivo substrates of methylation and thiolation enzymes and can be cleaved in vitro to 4S RNA by wild-type but not by DA11 cell-free extract. Evidence is presented that DA11 is very probably a ribonuclease P mutant.", "contents": "Characterization of a Salmonella typhimurium hisU mutant defective in tRNA precursor processing. The DA11 mutant of Salmonella typhimurium, originally isolated as derepressed for the histidine operon, carries a temperature-dependent alteration in a nucleolytic enzyme specifically involved in the maturation of tRNA. As a consequence of this alteration, no detectable synthesis of any mature tRNA species occurs in DA11 upon shift at 43 degrees C, whereas many tRNA precursors, whose sizes range between 80 and 750 nucleotides, do accumulate. Kinetic studies on the synthesis and processing of these maturation intermediates show that these molecules represent different stages in the maturation pathway, most of them being the products of previous nucleolytic events. These RNA molecules are in vivo substrates of methylation and thiolation enzymes and can be cleaved in vitro to 4S RNA by wild-type but not by DA11 cell-free extract. Evidence is presented that DA11 is very probably a ribonuclease P mutant."}
{"id": "PMID:350830", "title": "Stable denaturation of chromosomal DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae during meiosis.", "content": "Partial denaturation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomal DNA was found to occur spontaneously during meiosis. Short regions of strand separation (300 base pairs long) were seen in DNA molecules prepared for electron microscopy by the aqueous spreading technique. These regions were clustered along the DNA. The time course of their appearance indicated that the denatured regions were present during the periods of premeiotic DNA replication and recombination. A similar pattern of denaturation was also detected in the DNA from vegetatively grown cells of a conditional cdc8 mutant, which is defective in DNA replication.", "contents": "Stable denaturation of chromosomal DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae during meiosis. Partial denaturation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomal DNA was found to occur spontaneously during meiosis. Short regions of strand separation (300 base pairs long) were seen in DNA molecules prepared for electron microscopy by the aqueous spreading technique. These regions were clustered along the DNA. The time course of their appearance indicated that the denatured regions were present during the periods of premeiotic DNA replication and recombination. A similar pattern of denaturation was also detected in the DNA from vegetatively grown cells of a conditional cdc8 mutant, which is defective in DNA replication."}
{"id": "PMID:350831", "title": "Genes for the hook-basal body proteins of the flagellar apparatus in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Of the more than 30 genes required for flagellar function, 6 are located between pyrC and ptsG on the Escherichia coli genetic man. This cluster of genes is called flagellar region I. Four-point transductional crosses were used to establish the position and order of the region I flagellar genes with respect to the outside markers ptsG and pyrC. Bacteriophage lambda-E. coli hybrids that contained most of the genes necessary for flagellar formation were constructed. The properties of specific hybrids that carried the region I fla genes were examined by genetic complementation and by measuring the capacity of the hybrids to direct the synthesis of specific polypeptides. The results of these tests with lambda hybrids and with a series of deletion mutations derived from the lambda hybrids demonstrated the existence of at least six flagellar-specific cistrons. These directed the synthesis of polypeptides with the following apparent molecular weights: flaV, 11,000; flaK, 42,000; flaL, 30,000 and 27,000; flaM, 38,000; flS, 60,000; and flaT, 35,000. Plasmid ColE1-E. coli hybrids with region I flagellar genes were also used to program the synthesis of polypeptides in minicell-producing strains. The polypeptides synthesized in these experiments were identical to polypeptides of the hook-basal body structure and helped to confirm the assignment of genes to specific polypeptides. The synthesis of all of these polypeptides was regulated by the same mechanism that regulates the synthesis of other flagellar-related structural components.", "contents": "Genes for the hook-basal body proteins of the flagellar apparatus in Escherichia coli. Of the more than 30 genes required for flagellar function, 6 are located between pyrC and ptsG on the Escherichia coli genetic man. This cluster of genes is called flagellar region I. Four-point transductional crosses were used to establish the position and order of the region I flagellar genes with respect to the outside markers ptsG and pyrC. Bacteriophage lambda-E. coli hybrids that contained most of the genes necessary for flagellar formation were constructed. The properties of specific hybrids that carried the region I fla genes were examined by genetic complementation and by measuring the capacity of the hybrids to direct the synthesis of specific polypeptides. The results of these tests with lambda hybrids and with a series of deletion mutations derived from the lambda hybrids demonstrated the existence of at least six flagellar-specific cistrons. These directed the synthesis of polypeptides with the following apparent molecular weights: flaV, 11,000; flaK, 42,000; flaL, 30,000 and 27,000; flaM, 38,000; flS, 60,000; and flaT, 35,000. Plasmid ColE1-E. coli hybrids with region I flagellar genes were also used to program the synthesis of polypeptides in minicell-producing strains. The polypeptides synthesized in these experiments were identical to polypeptides of the hook-basal body structure and helped to confirm the assignment of genes to specific polypeptides. The synthesis of all of these polypeptides was regulated by the same mechanism that regulates the synthesis of other flagellar-related structural components."}
{"id": "PMID:350832", "title": "Lipoprotein from Proteus mirabilis.", "content": "The biosynthesis of a Proteus mirabilis outer membrane protein of molecular weight of approximately 7,000 was found to be relatively resistant to puromycin and rifampin, as is the case for the Escherichia coli liporotein. Furthermore, the existence of the lipoprotein in P. mirabilis was indicated by a comparison of the amino acid compositions of the purified free and bound forms of this protein with those of the E. coli free and bound lipoproteins.", "contents": "Lipoprotein from Proteus mirabilis. The biosynthesis of a Proteus mirabilis outer membrane protein of molecular weight of approximately 7,000 was found to be relatively resistant to puromycin and rifampin, as is the case for the Escherichia coli liporotein. Furthermore, the existence of the lipoprotein in P. mirabilis was indicated by a comparison of the amino acid compositions of the purified free and bound forms of this protein with those of the E. coli free and bound lipoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:350833", "title": "Mutation affecting the thermolability of the 50S ribosomal subunit in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Genetic analysis of a mutation affecting the thermal response of the 50S ribosomal subunit to in vitro polyphenylalanine synthesis indicates that the gene, rit, is located near metB on the Escherichia coli chromosome and that the probable gene order is metB-rit-arg-rpo.", "contents": "Mutation affecting the thermolability of the 50S ribosomal subunit in Escherichia coli. Genetic analysis of a mutation affecting the thermal response of the 50S ribosomal subunit to in vitro polyphenylalanine synthesis indicates that the gene, rit, is located near metB on the Escherichia coli chromosome and that the probable gene order is metB-rit-arg-rpo."}
{"id": "PMID:350834", "title": "Branched-chain amino acid transport regulation in mutants blocked in tRNA maturation and transcriptional termination.", "content": "The regulation of branched-chain amino acid transport and binding protein biosynthesis was studied in Escherichia coli strains containing hisT (the structural gene for pseudouridine synthetase) and rho (the structural gene for the mRNA transcriptional termination factor rho) mutations. The results indicate that the hisT strain cannot be fully derepressed for transport and that the hisT rho double mutant is partially derepressed under excess leucine conditions, but cannot be further derepressed by leucine deprivation. These data are consistent with a model in which fully mature tRNALeu is required for derepression and in which rho interacts with tRNALeu in regulating transport by terminating transcription, especially in excess-leucine growth conditions.", "contents": "Branched-chain amino acid transport regulation in mutants blocked in tRNA maturation and transcriptional termination. The regulation of branched-chain amino acid transport and binding protein biosynthesis was studied in Escherichia coli strains containing hisT (the structural gene for pseudouridine synthetase) and rho (the structural gene for the mRNA transcriptional termination factor rho) mutations. The results indicate that the hisT strain cannot be fully derepressed for transport and that the hisT rho double mutant is partially derepressed under excess leucine conditions, but cannot be further derepressed by leucine deprivation. These data are consistent with a model in which fully mature tRNALeu is required for derepression and in which rho interacts with tRNALeu in regulating transport by terminating transcription, especially in excess-leucine growth conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:350835", "title": "In vitro synthesis and and regulation of the biotin enzymes of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The synthesis and regulation of two of the enzymes of the biotin operon of Escherichia coli, 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase and dethiobiotin synthetase, were studied in vitro in a coupled transcription-translation system. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on opposite strands of the divergently transcribed operon (A. Guha, Y. Saturen, and W. Szybalski, J. Mol. Biol. 56:53-62, 1971). The kinetics of synthesis of both the enzymes were determined and the efficiency of the system was 0.3 to 0.4% that of the in vivo rate of synthesis in derepressed cells. Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate at 0.2 mM concentration stimulated the synthesis of 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase two- to threefold but had no effect on dethiobiotin synthetase synthesis. Biotin, which was most effective as the corepressor in vivo, also functioned in vitro at physiological concentrations in conjunction with a crude repressor protein isolated from a lysogen carrying the bioR gene. However, the two strands showed differential repression. At a repressor concentration where 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase synthesis was completely repressed, the repression of dethiobiotin synthetase was only 20% and did not exceed 50% with increasing repressor concentrations. Although the exact reason for the partial repression remains to be resolved, our data clearly suggest that the biotin operon is regulated from two separate operators.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis and and regulation of the biotin enzymes of Escherichia coli K-12. The synthesis and regulation of two of the enzymes of the biotin operon of Escherichia coli, 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase and dethiobiotin synthetase, were studied in vitro in a coupled transcription-translation system. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on opposite strands of the divergently transcribed operon (A. Guha, Y. Saturen, and W. Szybalski, J. Mol. Biol. 56:53-62, 1971). The kinetics of synthesis of both the enzymes were determined and the efficiency of the system was 0.3 to 0.4% that of the in vivo rate of synthesis in derepressed cells. Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate at 0.2 mM concentration stimulated the synthesis of 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase two- to threefold but had no effect on dethiobiotin synthetase synthesis. Biotin, which was most effective as the corepressor in vivo, also functioned in vitro at physiological concentrations in conjunction with a crude repressor protein isolated from a lysogen carrying the bioR gene. However, the two strands showed differential repression. At a repressor concentration where 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase synthesis was completely repressed, the repression of dethiobiotin synthetase was only 20% and did not exceed 50% with increasing repressor concentrations. Although the exact reason for the partial repression remains to be resolved, our data clearly suggest that the biotin operon is regulated from two separate operators."}
{"id": "PMID:350836", "title": "Outer membrane-dependent transport systems in Escherichia coli: turnover of TonB function.", "content": "Recent reports demonstrated that the energy-dependent step of vitamin B12 uptake into cells of Escherichia coli rapidly declines after cessation either of the expression of the tonB gene or of general protein synthesis. It is shown here that inhibition of protein synthesis results in the decline, with similar kinetics, of all tonB-dependent processes, including sensitivity to colicins B and Ia, irreversible adsorption of phage phi80, and siderophore-mediated iron uptake. The role of ongoing TonB-dependent reactions on this lability of TonB function was investigated. Ferrichrome and the enterochelin precursor, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, caused both a moderate depression of B12 uptake activity in growing cells (reversed upon removal of the siderophore) and an acceleration of the loss of activity following inhibition of protein synthesis by addition of spectinomycin. Strains lacking the tonB-dependent siderophore uptake systems did not show these responses. The results suggest the consumption of tonB product during its action.", "contents": "Outer membrane-dependent transport systems in Escherichia coli: turnover of TonB function. Recent reports demonstrated that the energy-dependent step of vitamin B12 uptake into cells of Escherichia coli rapidly declines after cessation either of the expression of the tonB gene or of general protein synthesis. It is shown here that inhibition of protein synthesis results in the decline, with similar kinetics, of all tonB-dependent processes, including sensitivity to colicins B and Ia, irreversible adsorption of phage phi80, and siderophore-mediated iron uptake. The role of ongoing TonB-dependent reactions on this lability of TonB function was investigated. Ferrichrome and the enterochelin precursor, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, caused both a moderate depression of B12 uptake activity in growing cells (reversed upon removal of the siderophore) and an acceleration of the loss of activity following inhibition of protein synthesis by addition of spectinomycin. Strains lacking the tonB-dependent siderophore uptake systems did not show these responses. The results suggest the consumption of tonB product during its action."}
{"id": "PMID:350837", "title": "Escherichia coli K-12 mutants deficient in uracil-DNA glycosylase.", "content": "A new assay specific for uracil-DNA glycosylase is described, Escherichia coli mutants partially and totally deficient in uracil-DNA glycosylase activity have been isolated by using this assay in mass-screening procedures. These have been designated ung mutants. The ung gene maps between tyrA and nadB on the E. coli chromosome. T4 phage containing uracil in their DNA grow on the most glycosylase-deficient hosts but are unable to grow on wild-type bacteria. This provides a simple spot test for the ung genotype. The ung mutants show slightly higher rates of spontaneous mutation to antibiotic resistance. Taken together, these results suggest a central role for uracil-DNA glycosylase in the initiation of an excision repair pathway for the exclusion of uracil from DNA.", "contents": "Escherichia coli K-12 mutants deficient in uracil-DNA glycosylase. A new assay specific for uracil-DNA glycosylase is described, Escherichia coli mutants partially and totally deficient in uracil-DNA glycosylase activity have been isolated by using this assay in mass-screening procedures. These have been designated ung mutants. The ung gene maps between tyrA and nadB on the E. coli chromosome. T4 phage containing uracil in their DNA grow on the most glycosylase-deficient hosts but are unable to grow on wild-type bacteria. This provides a simple spot test for the ung genotype. The ung mutants show slightly higher rates of spontaneous mutation to antibiotic resistance. Taken together, these results suggest a central role for uracil-DNA glycosylase in the initiation of an excision repair pathway for the exclusion of uracil from DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:350838", "title": "Architecture of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. III. Protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes in intramembraneous particles.", "content": "In a previous paper (A. Verkleij, L. van Alphen, J. Bijvelt, and B. Lugtenberg, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 466:269-282, 1977) we have hypothesized that particles on the outer fracture face of the outer membrane ([Formula: see text]), with corresponding pits on the inner fracture face of the outer membrane ([Formula: see text]), consist of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) aggregates stabilized by divalent cations and that they might contain protein and/or phospholipid. In the present paper the roles of LPS, cations, and proteins in these [Formula: see text] particles are described more extensively, using a strain that lacks the major outer membrane proteins, b, c, and d (b(-) c(-) d(-)), and has a reduction in the number of [Formula: see text] particles of 75%. To study the role of divalent cations in the formation of [Formula: see text] particles, these b(-) c(-) d(-) cells were grown or incubated with Ca(2+), Mg(2+), or putrescine. The presence of Ca(2+) resulted in the appearance of many [Formula: see text] particles and [Formula: see text] pits. Mg(2+) and putrescine were less effective than Ca(2+). Introduction of these particles was not accompanied by alterations in the relative amounts of LPS and cell envelope proteins. Ca(2+) treatment of a heptoseless derivative of a b(-) c(-) d(-) strain did not result in morphological changes. Incubation of Ca(2+)-treated cells with ethylenediaminetetraacetate caused the disappearance of the introduced particles as well as the release of more than 60% of the cellular LPS. These results strongly support the hypothesis that LPS is involved in the formation of [Formula: see text] particles and [Formula: see text] pits. The roles of various outer membrane proteins in the formation of [Formula: see text] particles were studied by comparing the freeze-fracture morphology of b(-) c(-) d(-) cells with that of cells which contain one of the outer membrane proteins b, c, d, and e or the receptor protein for bacteriophage lambda. The results showed that the presence of any of these five proteins in a b(-) c(-) d(-) background resulted in a large increase in the number of [Formula: see text] particles and [Formula: see text] pits, indicating that these proteins are, independent of each other, involved in the formation of [Formula: see text] particles and [Formula: see text] pits. The simplest explanation for the results is that in wild-type cells each particle consists of LPS complexed with some molecules of a single protein species, stabilized by either divalent cations or polyamines. It is hypothesized that the outer membrane of the wild-type cell contains a heterogeneous population of particles, of which 75% consists of protein b-LPS, protein c-LPS, and protein d-LPS particles. A function of these particles as aqueous pores is proposed.", "contents": "Architecture of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. III. Protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes in intramembraneous particles. In a previous paper (A. Verkleij, L. van Alphen, J. Bijvelt, and B. Lugtenberg, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 466:269-282, 1977) we have hypothesized that particles on the outer fracture face of the outer membrane ([Formula: see text]), with corresponding pits on the inner fracture face of the outer membrane ([Formula: see text]), consist of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) aggregates stabilized by divalent cations and that they might contain protein and/or phospholipid. In the present paper the roles of LPS, cations, and proteins in these [Formula: see text] particles are described more extensively, using a strain that lacks the major outer membrane proteins, b, c, and d (b(-) c(-) d(-)), and has a reduction in the number of [Formula: see text] particles of 75%. To study the role of divalent cations in the formation of [Formula: see text] particles, these b(-) c(-) d(-) cells were grown or incubated with Ca(2+), Mg(2+), or putrescine. The presence of Ca(2+) resulted in the appearance of many [Formula: see text] particles and [Formula: see text] pits. Mg(2+) and putrescine were less effective than Ca(2+). Introduction of these particles was not accompanied by alterations in the relative amounts of LPS and cell envelope proteins. Ca(2+) treatment of a heptoseless derivative of a b(-) c(-) d(-) strain did not result in morphological changes. Incubation of Ca(2+)-treated cells with ethylenediaminetetraacetate caused the disappearance of the introduced particles as well as the release of more than 60% of the cellular LPS. These results strongly support the hypothesis that LPS is involved in the formation of [Formula: see text] particles and [Formula: see text] pits. The roles of various outer membrane proteins in the formation of [Formula: see text] particles were studied by comparing the freeze-fracture morphology of b(-) c(-) d(-) cells with that of cells which contain one of the outer membrane proteins b, c, d, and e or the receptor protein for bacteriophage lambda. The results showed that the presence of any of these five proteins in a b(-) c(-) d(-) background resulted in a large increase in the number of [Formula: see text] particles and [Formula: see text] pits, indicating that these proteins are, independent of each other, involved in the formation of [Formula: see text] particles and [Formula: see text] pits. The simplest explanation for the results is that in wild-type cells each particle consists of LPS complexed with some molecules of a single protein species, stabilized by either divalent cations or polyamines. It is hypothesized that the outer membrane of the wild-type cell contains a heterogeneous population of particles, of which 75% consists of protein b-LPS, protein c-LPS, and protein d-LPS particles. A function of these particles as aqueous pores is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:350839", "title": "Association of the folded chromosome with the cell envelope of Escherichia coli: nature of the membrane-associated DNA.", "content": "Membrane-associated folded chromosomes isolated from Escherichia coli in the presence of spermidine sedimented at about 5,800S. The folded chromosome and the membrane fragment were each stable in the absence of the other; a 1,700S folded chromosome was obtained after removal of the membrane by a Sarkosyl treatment, and a 4,000S membrane fragment remained after digestion of the chromosomal DNA with deoxyribonuclease I. The interaction between the folded chromosome and the membrane fragment was stable, and, even when the DNA was unfolded, both components remained associated and cosedimented. The large frictional effect of the unfolded DNA reduced the sedimentation rate of the complex to about 2,000S. Partial removal of this unfolded DNA with restriction endonucleases caused the membrane fragments and the remaining associated DNA to sediment faster, at about 3,500S. The DNA remaining associated with the membrane fragments after restriction endonuclease treatment, about 4.5% of the total DNA when EcoRI was used, was indistinguishable from the DNA released from the membranes by three criteria: (i) DNA size distribution in agarose gels after electrophoresis, (ii) reassociation kinetics, and (iii) thermal elution from hydroxylapatite. This finding, that random DNA sequences rather than specific ones were responsible for the majority of the DNA-membrane interactions, argues against the folded chromosome's being a static structure with specific DNA sequences interacting with the cell envelope.", "contents": "Association of the folded chromosome with the cell envelope of Escherichia coli: nature of the membrane-associated DNA. Membrane-associated folded chromosomes isolated from Escherichia coli in the presence of spermidine sedimented at about 5,800S. The folded chromosome and the membrane fragment were each stable in the absence of the other; a 1,700S folded chromosome was obtained after removal of the membrane by a Sarkosyl treatment, and a 4,000S membrane fragment remained after digestion of the chromosomal DNA with deoxyribonuclease I. The interaction between the folded chromosome and the membrane fragment was stable, and, even when the DNA was unfolded, both components remained associated and cosedimented. The large frictional effect of the unfolded DNA reduced the sedimentation rate of the complex to about 2,000S. Partial removal of this unfolded DNA with restriction endonucleases caused the membrane fragments and the remaining associated DNA to sediment faster, at about 3,500S. The DNA remaining associated with the membrane fragments after restriction endonuclease treatment, about 4.5% of the total DNA when EcoRI was used, was indistinguishable from the DNA released from the membranes by three criteria: (i) DNA size distribution in agarose gels after electrophoresis, (ii) reassociation kinetics, and (iii) thermal elution from hydroxylapatite. This finding, that random DNA sequences rather than specific ones were responsible for the majority of the DNA-membrane interactions, argues against the folded chromosome's being a static structure with specific DNA sequences interacting with the cell envelope."}
{"id": "PMID:350840", "title": "Replication of the nonconjugative plasmid RSF1010 in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Replicating DNA molecules of the nonconjugative R plasmid RSF1010 (Smr Sur) were cleaved with the EcoRI restriction endonuclease and examined with the electron microscope. Results of this analysis indicated that replication is initiated from an origin located at about 19% of total genome size from one of the EcoRI ends. Replication proceeded either unidirectionally or bidirectionally with equal frequency. Results of the analysis of replicative intermediates of RSF1010 containing the Apr-transposable sequence (Tn) are also presented.", "contents": "Replication of the nonconjugative plasmid RSF1010 in Escherichia coli K-12. Replicating DNA molecules of the nonconjugative R plasmid RSF1010 (Smr Sur) were cleaved with the EcoRI restriction endonuclease and examined with the electron microscope. Results of this analysis indicated that replication is initiated from an origin located at about 19% of total genome size from one of the EcoRI ends. Replication proceeded either unidirectionally or bidirectionally with equal frequency. Results of the analysis of replicative intermediates of RSF1010 containing the Apr-transposable sequence (Tn) are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:350841", "title": "Apparent molecular weights of a heat-modifiable protein from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli in gels with different acrylamide concentrations.", "content": "The apparent molecular weights of the two forms of a heat-modifiable protein from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K-12, estimated in gels with different concentrations of acrylamide, indicate that the protein binds excess amounts of sodium dodecyl sulfate, possibly due to large beta structures before boiling.", "contents": "Apparent molecular weights of a heat-modifiable protein from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli in gels with different acrylamide concentrations. The apparent molecular weights of the two forms of a heat-modifiable protein from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K-12, estimated in gels with different concentrations of acrylamide, indicate that the protein binds excess amounts of sodium dodecyl sulfate, possibly due to large beta structures before boiling."}
{"id": "PMID:350842", "title": "Second acriflavine sensitivity mutation, acrB, in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A novel acriflavine-sensitive mutant was isolated. The mutation was referred to as acrB1 and was demonstrated to be located at min 82.", "contents": "Second acriflavine sensitivity mutation, acrB, in Escherichia coli K-12. A novel acriflavine-sensitive mutant was isolated. The mutation was referred to as acrB1 and was demonstrated to be located at min 82."}
{"id": "PMID:350843", "title": "Mutator activity of a short Okazaki fragment mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A mutant of Escherichia coli (sof) which was previously shown to have increased recombination frequency, to produce abnormally short \"Okazaki fragments,\" and to be deficient in deoxyuridine triphosphatase has now been found also to possess mutator activity for several genes; point mutation rates and deletion rates are affected. The mutational stimulation effects are consistent with the hypothesis that incorporation of uracil into DNA is directly or indirectly responsible for the observed mutator activity.", "contents": "Mutator activity of a short Okazaki fragment mutant of Escherichia coli. A mutant of Escherichia coli (sof) which was previously shown to have increased recombination frequency, to produce abnormally short \"Okazaki fragments,\" and to be deficient in deoxyuridine triphosphatase has now been found also to possess mutator activity for several genes; point mutation rates and deletion rates are affected. The mutational stimulation effects are consistent with the hypothesis that incorporation of uracil into DNA is directly or indirectly responsible for the observed mutator activity."}
{"id": "PMID:350844", "title": "Survival of recombination-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli during incubation with nalidixic acid.", "content": "The ability of several Escherichia coli strains deficient in recombination (rec) to survive in the presence of nalidixic acid was determined. Genetic blocks of the RecBC or the RecF pathways resulted in increased sensitivity to nalidixic acid when compared with the wild-type strain. Mutants lacking functional recA, recL, or recB recC recF genes showed the most rapid decrease in colony-forming ability when incubated with nalidixic acid. However, the uvrB gene also plays a role in maintaining cell viability.", "contents": "Survival of recombination-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli during incubation with nalidixic acid. The ability of several Escherichia coli strains deficient in recombination (rec) to survive in the presence of nalidixic acid was determined. Genetic blocks of the RecBC or the RecF pathways resulted in increased sensitivity to nalidixic acid when compared with the wild-type strain. Mutants lacking functional recA, recL, or recB recC recF genes showed the most rapid decrease in colony-forming ability when incubated with nalidixic acid. However, the uvrB gene also plays a role in maintaining cell viability."}
{"id": "PMID:350845", "title": "Selective inhibition of Klebsiella aerogenes growth on pentoses by pentitols.", "content": "Selective inhibition of growth by pentitols was observed when Klebsiella aerogenes M-7 which could not utilize pentitols was grown on pentoses. D-Arabitol inhibited the growth on D-arabinose as a sole carbon source, but had no effect on the growth on L-arabinose, D-xylose, and D-ribose. Similarly, L-arabitol inhibited the growth on D-arabinose and L-arabinose, ribitol inhibited the growth on D-arabinose and L-arabinose, and xylitol inhibited the growth on D-xylose. From the following reasons, we postulated that the selective growth inhibition by pentitols was due to the competitive inhibition of pentose isomerase reaction by the cell by pentitols. (i) D-Arabinose transport activity was not inhibited by pentitols. (ii) Induction of D-arabinose and L-arabinose isomerases was not inhibited by D- and L-arabitol, respectively. (iii) The specificity of growth inhibition by pentitols was the same as that of competitive inhibition of pentose isomerases by pentitols.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of Klebsiella aerogenes growth on pentoses by pentitols. Selective inhibition of growth by pentitols was observed when Klebsiella aerogenes M-7 which could not utilize pentitols was grown on pentoses. D-Arabitol inhibited the growth on D-arabinose as a sole carbon source, but had no effect on the growth on L-arabinose, D-xylose, and D-ribose. Similarly, L-arabitol inhibited the growth on D-arabinose and L-arabinose, ribitol inhibited the growth on D-arabinose and L-arabinose, and xylitol inhibited the growth on D-xylose. From the following reasons, we postulated that the selective growth inhibition by pentitols was due to the competitive inhibition of pentose isomerase reaction by the cell by pentitols. (i) D-Arabinose transport activity was not inhibited by pentitols. (ii) Induction of D-arabinose and L-arabinose isomerases was not inhibited by D- and L-arabitol, respectively. (iii) The specificity of growth inhibition by pentitols was the same as that of competitive inhibition of pentose isomerases by pentitols."}
{"id": "PMID:350846", "title": "Analogs of the dnaB gene of Escherichia coli K-12 associated with conjugative R plasmids.", "content": "The dnaB266(Am) mutation in Escherichia coli K-12 is an amber mutation such that strains carrying this mutation are not viable in a sup+ strain. With five different R plasmids, it has been possible to construct viable R+ derivatives of this amber mutant and show that the plasmids themselves do not carry amber suppressors. This is interpreted as evidence for the presence of dnaB analog genes associated with these plasmids. Plasmid-positive strains carrying these genes often showed some degree of cryosensitivity of DNA synthesis and colony-forming ability. These observations indicate that the presence of dnaB analog genes in association with R plasmids must be relevant to the plasmid state or to some aspect of conjugative ability.", "contents": "Analogs of the dnaB gene of Escherichia coli K-12 associated with conjugative R plasmids. The dnaB266(Am) mutation in Escherichia coli K-12 is an amber mutation such that strains carrying this mutation are not viable in a sup+ strain. With five different R plasmids, it has been possible to construct viable R+ derivatives of this amber mutant and show that the plasmids themselves do not carry amber suppressors. This is interpreted as evidence for the presence of dnaB analog genes associated with these plasmids. Plasmid-positive strains carrying these genes often showed some degree of cryosensitivity of DNA synthesis and colony-forming ability. These observations indicate that the presence of dnaB analog genes in association with R plasmids must be relevant to the plasmid state or to some aspect of conjugative ability."}
{"id": "PMID:350847", "title": "Electron microscope heteroduplex studies of sequence relations among plasmids of Escherichia coli: structure of F100, F152, and F8 and mapping of the Escherichia coli chromosomal region fep-supE-gal-attlambda-uvrB.", "content": "The genetic and physical structures of commonly used F-prime factors carrying the galactose region of the Escherichia coli chromosome were analyzed. Deletions in the chromosomal DNA sequences in the F-prime factors were found to be frequent events. A genetic method was developed to reconstruct the original F-prime factors from deletion variants. Heteroduplex analysis of the reconstructed F-prime factors confirmed the derivation of the F-prime factors F100 and F152, from the same Hfr, and finally determined the normal E. coli chromosomal sequence in the region between fep and uvrB, containing about 5 min in genetic units and about 246.5 in kilobase units (kb). This sequence could be connected with the DNA sequences of the lac-purE region, which had been physically determined previously. Together they constituted a total of 528.6 kb. From these combined sequences, the distance from lacPO to galK was calculated to be 412.9 kb, which corresponds to 8.8 min in genetic units.", "contents": "Electron microscope heteroduplex studies of sequence relations among plasmids of Escherichia coli: structure of F100, F152, and F8 and mapping of the Escherichia coli chromosomal region fep-supE-gal-attlambda-uvrB. The genetic and physical structures of commonly used F-prime factors carrying the galactose region of the Escherichia coli chromosome were analyzed. Deletions in the chromosomal DNA sequences in the F-prime factors were found to be frequent events. A genetic method was developed to reconstruct the original F-prime factors from deletion variants. Heteroduplex analysis of the reconstructed F-prime factors confirmed the derivation of the F-prime factors F100 and F152, from the same Hfr, and finally determined the normal E. coli chromosomal sequence in the region between fep and uvrB, containing about 5 min in genetic units and about 246.5 in kilobase units (kb). This sequence could be connected with the DNA sequences of the lac-purE region, which had been physically determined previously. Together they constituted a total of 528.6 kb. From these combined sequences, the distance from lacPO to galK was calculated to be 412.9 kb, which corresponds to 8.8 min in genetic units."}
{"id": "PMID:350848", "title": "Electron microscope heteroduplex studies of sequence relations among plasmids of Escherichia coli: isolation of a new F-prime factor, F80, and its implication for the mechanism of F integration into the chromosome.", "content": "A new F-prime factor, F80, was isolated from an Escherichia coli strain harboring the F-prime factor F8 by selecting for transfer of the supE marker to a RecA- recipient. Genetic analysis shows that F80 carries a segment of the chromosomal DNA between lip and suc in addition to the tol-gal region normally in F8. Physical analysis by the electron microscope heteroduplex method suggests that the formation of F80 from F8 involves recombination between the alphabeta segment of F, which is present in F8, and the homologous sequence of F present in the E. coli chromosome at the site where F is supposed to integrate to form HfrP3. The implications of this result for the general mechanisms of F integration to form Hfr's are discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscope heteroduplex studies of sequence relations among plasmids of Escherichia coli: isolation of a new F-prime factor, F80, and its implication for the mechanism of F integration into the chromosome. A new F-prime factor, F80, was isolated from an Escherichia coli strain harboring the F-prime factor F8 by selecting for transfer of the supE marker to a RecA- recipient. Genetic analysis shows that F80 carries a segment of the chromosomal DNA between lip and suc in addition to the tol-gal region normally in F8. Physical analysis by the electron microscope heteroduplex method suggests that the formation of F80 from F8 involves recombination between the alphabeta segment of F, which is present in F8, and the homologous sequence of F present in the E. coli chromosome at the site where F is supposed to integrate to form HfrP3. The implications of this result for the general mechanisms of F integration to form Hfr's are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350849", "title": "Variations among glyV-derived glycine tRNA suppressors of glutamic acid codons.", "content": "Glutamic acid codon suppressors in 18 isogenic strains of Escherichia coli have been further characterized as to map location, dominance, growth rates in various media, suppression of the GAG codon, and tRNA profiles after reversed-phase column chromatography. In general the evidence supports the conclusion that all of these suppressors are due to mutations in glyV55, the gene for a GGA/G-reading mutant form of glyV tRNA, and that they represent several different classes that may correspond to at least as many different nucleotide changes. Furthermore, 17 of the 18 suppressors can coexist in a haploid genome with a glyT suppressor that is devoid of GGA-reading ability. This result indicates the retention by those glyV suppressors of some ability to respond to GGA as well as the acquisition of the ability to read GAA, and suggests the possibility of \"wobble\" in the middle position of the anticodons of those tRNA's.", "contents": "Variations among glyV-derived glycine tRNA suppressors of glutamic acid codons. Glutamic acid codon suppressors in 18 isogenic strains of Escherichia coli have been further characterized as to map location, dominance, growth rates in various media, suppression of the GAG codon, and tRNA profiles after reversed-phase column chromatography. In general the evidence supports the conclusion that all of these suppressors are due to mutations in glyV55, the gene for a GGA/G-reading mutant form of glyV tRNA, and that they represent several different classes that may correspond to at least as many different nucleotide changes. Furthermore, 17 of the 18 suppressors can coexist in a haploid genome with a glyT suppressor that is devoid of GGA-reading ability. This result indicates the retention by those glyV suppressors of some ability to respond to GGA as well as the acquisition of the ability to read GAA, and suggests the possibility of \"wobble\" in the middle position of the anticodons of those tRNA's."}
{"id": "PMID:350850", "title": "Dependence of Escherichia coli hyperbaric oxygen toxicity on the lipid acyl chain composition.", "content": "This study examines certain membrane-related aspects of oxygen poisoning in Escherichia coli K1060 (fabB fadE lacI) and its parent strain, K-12 Ymel. Cells were grown to exponential or stationary phase in a minimal medium and exposed to air plus 300 lb/in2 of O2 as a suspension in minimal salts. After an initial lag, both strains lost viability with apparent first-order kinetics. Hypebaric oxygen was more toxic to cells harvested during the exponential phase of growth than to cells harvested from the stationary phase of growth for both strains K-12 Ymel and K1060. Control suspensions exposed to air plus 300 lb/in2 of N2 did not lose viability during a 96-h exposure. The sensitivity of the unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph, strain K1060, to hyperbaric oxygen increased as the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid supplement increased. Cells grown with a cyclopropane fatty acid (9,10=methylenoctadecanoate) were the most resistant; cells grown with a monounsaturated fatty acid (oleate) were intermediate; and those grown with polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleate and linolenate) were most sensitive to hyperbaric oxygen. The parent strain, K-12 Ymel, lost viability in hyperbaric oxygen most similarly to strain K1060 supplemented with oleate. To determine the relative effect of hyperbaric oxygen on the survival of E. coli with saturated membranes, substrains of K1060 were selected for growth on 12-methyltetrade-canoate or on 9 or 10-monobromostearate. Substrains grown with a saturated fatty acid supplement were equally or more sensitive to hyperbaric oxygen than when the same substrains were grown with a cyclopropane fatty acid supplement. The lipid acyl chain composition was determined in E. coli K1060 before and after exposure to hyperbaric oxygen or hyperbaric nitrogen. The proportion of nonsaturated acyl chain lipid of either the oleate- or the 9,10-methyleneoctade-canoate-supplemented K1060 remained unchanged after hyperbaric gas exposure. In strain K1060 supplemented with linoleate and grown to stationary phase, however, the relative unsaturated acyl chain content after hyperbaric exposure decreased in both gases. This finding prompted an investigation of the role of lipid oxidation in hyperbaric oxygen toxicity. Assays of potential lipid oxidation products were performed with linoleate-grown cells. The lipid hydroperoxide and peroxide content of the lipid extract increased by 6.9 times after 48 h of air plus 300 lb/in2 of O2; malondialdehyde and fluorescent complex lipid oxidation products showed much smaller or no changes. Lipid extracts from hyperbaric oxygen-exposed cells were not toxic to viable E. coli K1060, nor did they increase the rate of loss of viability in cells simultaneously exposed to hyperbaric oxygen. Linoleic acid hydroperoxide at 1.0 mM had no effect on the viability  of E. coli K-12 Ymel and only marginally decreased the viability of E. coli K1060 supplemented with linoleate. We conclude that the kinetics of oxygen toxicity in E...", "contents": "Dependence of Escherichia coli hyperbaric oxygen toxicity on the lipid acyl chain composition. This study examines certain membrane-related aspects of oxygen poisoning in Escherichia coli K1060 (fabB fadE lacI) and its parent strain, K-12 Ymel. Cells were grown to exponential or stationary phase in a minimal medium and exposed to air plus 300 lb/in2 of O2 as a suspension in minimal salts. After an initial lag, both strains lost viability with apparent first-order kinetics. Hypebaric oxygen was more toxic to cells harvested during the exponential phase of growth than to cells harvested from the stationary phase of growth for both strains K-12 Ymel and K1060. Control suspensions exposed to air plus 300 lb/in2 of N2 did not lose viability during a 96-h exposure. The sensitivity of the unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph, strain K1060, to hyperbaric oxygen increased as the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid supplement increased. Cells grown with a cyclopropane fatty acid (9,10=methylenoctadecanoate) were the most resistant; cells grown with a monounsaturated fatty acid (oleate) were intermediate; and those grown with polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleate and linolenate) were most sensitive to hyperbaric oxygen. The parent strain, K-12 Ymel, lost viability in hyperbaric oxygen most similarly to strain K1060 supplemented with oleate. To determine the relative effect of hyperbaric oxygen on the survival of E. coli with saturated membranes, substrains of K1060 were selected for growth on 12-methyltetrade-canoate or on 9 or 10-monobromostearate. Substrains grown with a saturated fatty acid supplement were equally or more sensitive to hyperbaric oxygen than when the same substrains were grown with a cyclopropane fatty acid supplement. The lipid acyl chain composition was determined in E. coli K1060 before and after exposure to hyperbaric oxygen or hyperbaric nitrogen. The proportion of nonsaturated acyl chain lipid of either the oleate- or the 9,10-methyleneoctade-canoate-supplemented K1060 remained unchanged after hyperbaric gas exposure. In strain K1060 supplemented with linoleate and grown to stationary phase, however, the relative unsaturated acyl chain content after hyperbaric exposure decreased in both gases. This finding prompted an investigation of the role of lipid oxidation in hyperbaric oxygen toxicity. Assays of potential lipid oxidation products were performed with linoleate-grown cells. The lipid hydroperoxide and peroxide content of the lipid extract increased by 6.9 times after 48 h of air plus 300 lb/in2 of O2; malondialdehyde and fluorescent complex lipid oxidation products showed much smaller or no changes. Lipid extracts from hyperbaric oxygen-exposed cells were not toxic to viable E. coli K1060, nor did they increase the rate of loss of viability in cells simultaneously exposed to hyperbaric oxygen. Linoleic acid hydroperoxide at 1.0 mM had no effect on the viability  of E. coli K-12 Ymel and only marginally decreased the viability of E. coli K1060 supplemented with linoleate. We conclude that the kinetics of oxygen toxicity in E..."}
{"id": "PMID:350851", "title": "Bacteriophage mu-induced deletions in a plasmid containing the nif (N2 fixation) genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "Five plasmids with insertions of a heat-inducible Mu prophage in a Mu-sensitive and P1-sensitive derivative of plasmid pRD1, a recombinant R factor containing the his-nif region of Klebsiella pneumoniae, were isolated and characterized. In one plasmid containing the Mu prophage integrated at the his-distal end of nif, selection for heat resistance resulted in the generation of deletions extending from the Mu prophage into the nif region. Thirty of these deltions were used to map 26 point mutations in nif.", "contents": "Bacteriophage mu-induced deletions in a plasmid containing the nif (N2 fixation) genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Five plasmids with insertions of a heat-inducible Mu prophage in a Mu-sensitive and P1-sensitive derivative of plasmid pRD1, a recombinant R factor containing the his-nif region of Klebsiella pneumoniae, were isolated and characterized. In one plasmid containing the Mu prophage integrated at the his-distal end of nif, selection for heat resistance resulted in the generation of deletions extending from the Mu prophage into the nif region. Thirty of these deltions were used to map 26 point mutations in nif."}
{"id": "PMID:350852", "title": "Glycogenolytic enzymes in sporulating yeast.", "content": "During meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the polysaccharide glycogen is first synthesized and then degraded during the period of spore maturation. We have detected, in sporulating yeast strains, an enzyme activity which is responsible for the glycogen catabolism. The activity was absent in vegetative cells, appeared coincidently with the beginning of glycogenolysis and the appearance of mature ascospores, and increased progressively until spourlation was complete. The specific activity of glycogenolytic enzymes in the intact ascus was about threefold higher than in isolated spores. The glycogenolysis was not due to combinations of phosphorylase plus phosphatase or amylase plus maltase. Nonsporulating cells exhibited litle or no glycogen catabolism and contained only traces of glycogenolytic enzyme, suggesting that the activity is sporulation specific. The partially purified enzyme preparation degraded amylose and glycogen, releasing glucose as the only low-molecular-weight product. Maltotriose was rapidly hydrolyzed; maltose was less susceptible. Alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, isomaltose, and linear alpha-1,6-linked dextran were not attacked. However, the enzyme hydrolyzed alpha-1,6-glucosyl-Schardinger dextrin and increased the beta-amylolysis of beta-amylase-limit dextrin. Thus, the preparation contains alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-glucosidase activities. Sephadex G-150 chromatography partially resolved the enzyme into two activities, one of which may be a glucamylase and the other a debranching enzyme.", "contents": "Glycogenolytic enzymes in sporulating yeast. During meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the polysaccharide glycogen is first synthesized and then degraded during the period of spore maturation. We have detected, in sporulating yeast strains, an enzyme activity which is responsible for the glycogen catabolism. The activity was absent in vegetative cells, appeared coincidently with the beginning of glycogenolysis and the appearance of mature ascospores, and increased progressively until spourlation was complete. The specific activity of glycogenolytic enzymes in the intact ascus was about threefold higher than in isolated spores. The glycogenolysis was not due to combinations of phosphorylase plus phosphatase or amylase plus maltase. Nonsporulating cells exhibited litle or no glycogen catabolism and contained only traces of glycogenolytic enzyme, suggesting that the activity is sporulation specific. The partially purified enzyme preparation degraded amylose and glycogen, releasing glucose as the only low-molecular-weight product. Maltotriose was rapidly hydrolyzed; maltose was less susceptible. Alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, isomaltose, and linear alpha-1,6-linked dextran were not attacked. However, the enzyme hydrolyzed alpha-1,6-glucosyl-Schardinger dextrin and increased the beta-amylolysis of beta-amylase-limit dextrin. Thus, the preparation contains alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-glucosidase activities. Sephadex G-150 chromatography partially resolved the enzyme into two activities, one of which may be a glucamylase and the other a debranching enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:350853", "title": "Isolation and characterization of motile Escherichia coli mutants resistant to bacteriophage chi.", "content": "Four mutants of Escherichia coli that are resistant to the flagellotropic phage chi, but are motile, were isolated. When they were observed in liquid culture bylight microscopy, one mutant exhibited circular movement and another tumbled at high frequency on the surface of a glass slide. The remaining two mutants moved normally. None of these mutants adsorbed the wild-type strain of chi. P1 transduction revealed that the mutation sites of these four mutants were more than 97% contransducible with a site in hag, the structural gene for flagellin. When flagellins of these mutants were chromatographed on a diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column, two eluted slower and one eluted slightly faster than the flagellin of the parental strain. The other flagellin eluted at the same position as that of the parent. Host range mutants of phage chi, which could infect these bacterial mutants, were isolated.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of motile Escherichia coli mutants resistant to bacteriophage chi. Four mutants of Escherichia coli that are resistant to the flagellotropic phage chi, but are motile, were isolated. When they were observed in liquid culture bylight microscopy, one mutant exhibited circular movement and another tumbled at high frequency on the surface of a glass slide. The remaining two mutants moved normally. None of these mutants adsorbed the wild-type strain of chi. P1 transduction revealed that the mutation sites of these four mutants were more than 97% contransducible with a site in hag, the structural gene for flagellin. When flagellins of these mutants were chromatographed on a diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column, two eluted slower and one eluted slightly faster than the flagellin of the parental strain. The other flagellin eluted at the same position as that of the parent. Host range mutants of phage chi, which could infect these bacterial mutants, were isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:350854", "title": "Cell-cell recognition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: regulation of mating-specific adhesion.", "content": "Mating-specific adhesion between haploid yeast cells of opposite mating type (a and alpha) was studied by using a quantitative agar plate assay. Washed a and alpha cells that had not previously been exposed to their respective opposite mating type (\"naive\" cells) adhered relatively weakly. In water, only 5 to 10% of the a cells stuck tightly enough to alpha cells to give rise subsequently to diploid clones on the assay plates. Under optimum conditions (pH 6 to 7, at least 0.1 M Nacl or 0.01 M Mg(2+)), there was about 20% adhesion. Nevertheless, this weak binding defined a mating type-specific interaction because, even under optimum conditions, the homologous interactions (a with a and alpha with alpha) yielded only 3 to 5% cohesion. In contrast to these results, washed cells that had been preincubated in the cell-free culture medium of their opposite mating type (\"preconditioned\" cells) adhered quite strongly. The degree of adhesion between preconditioned cells (40 to 50%) was essentially unaffected by extremes of ionic strength, pH, and temperature and by the absence of divalent cation. This strong interaction was also mating type specific since cohesion between preconditioned cells of like mating type was only about 5%. The increase in agglutinability was obtained if only the a cells were preconditioned and could be induced by highly purified preparations of natural or synthetically prepared alpha-factor, an oligopeptide pheromone released by the alpha cells. The appearance of increased adhesiveness was blocked by an inhibitor of RNA synthesis and by an inhibitor of protein synthesis, but not by an inhibitor of polysaccharide synthesis. Adhesion between preconditioned cells could be inhibited by pretreatment with functionally univalent succinylated concanavalin A or with extracts from preconditioned cells of the opposite mating type. These results confirm in a quantitative manner that the recognition between conjugating cells of S. cerevisiae is a developmentally regulated event that is under the control of the mating type locus.", "contents": "Cell-cell recognition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: regulation of mating-specific adhesion. Mating-specific adhesion between haploid yeast cells of opposite mating type (a and alpha) was studied by using a quantitative agar plate assay. Washed a and alpha cells that had not previously been exposed to their respective opposite mating type (\"naive\" cells) adhered relatively weakly. In water, only 5 to 10% of the a cells stuck tightly enough to alpha cells to give rise subsequently to diploid clones on the assay plates. Under optimum conditions (pH 6 to 7, at least 0.1 M Nacl or 0.01 M Mg(2+)), there was about 20% adhesion. Nevertheless, this weak binding defined a mating type-specific interaction because, even under optimum conditions, the homologous interactions (a with a and alpha with alpha) yielded only 3 to 5% cohesion. In contrast to these results, washed cells that had been preincubated in the cell-free culture medium of their opposite mating type (\"preconditioned\" cells) adhered quite strongly. The degree of adhesion between preconditioned cells (40 to 50%) was essentially unaffected by extremes of ionic strength, pH, and temperature and by the absence of divalent cation. This strong interaction was also mating type specific since cohesion between preconditioned cells of like mating type was only about 5%. The increase in agglutinability was obtained if only the a cells were preconditioned and could be induced by highly purified preparations of natural or synthetically prepared alpha-factor, an oligopeptide pheromone released by the alpha cells. The appearance of increased adhesiveness was blocked by an inhibitor of RNA synthesis and by an inhibitor of protein synthesis, but not by an inhibitor of polysaccharide synthesis. Adhesion between preconditioned cells could be inhibited by pretreatment with functionally univalent succinylated concanavalin A or with extracts from preconditioned cells of the opposite mating type. These results confirm in a quantitative manner that the recognition between conjugating cells of S. cerevisiae is a developmentally regulated event that is under the control of the mating type locus."}
{"id": "PMID:350855", "title": "Chromosome replication in an Escherichia coli dnaA mutant integratively suppressed by prophage P2.", "content": "Escherichia coli CRT4624-P2sig5 is a dnaA mutant in which integration of the prophage P2sig5 has occurred at the attP2II site (min 85). This strain was integratively suppressed, and when cells were shifted to 42 degrees C replication was initiated at a site in or near the P2 prophage. Initially, this replication occurred primarily in the direction that corresponds to the clockwise direction on the genetic map. Replication also occurred in the counterclockwise direction, but the initiation of replication in this direction occurred approximately 40 min later than the initiation of replication in the other direction. Because of this delay, the replication forks that traveled in the clockwise direction were the first to arrive in the region of the replication terminus. These replication forks ceased replication near the aroD locus (min 37), and it is proposed that the replication terminus is between the aroD and rac loci (min 31). A model is proposed for the cycle of chromosome replication in this strain at 42 degrees C.", "contents": "Chromosome replication in an Escherichia coli dnaA mutant integratively suppressed by prophage P2. Escherichia coli CRT4624-P2sig5 is a dnaA mutant in which integration of the prophage P2sig5 has occurred at the attP2II site (min 85). This strain was integratively suppressed, and when cells were shifted to 42 degrees C replication was initiated at a site in or near the P2 prophage. Initially, this replication occurred primarily in the direction that corresponds to the clockwise direction on the genetic map. Replication also occurred in the counterclockwise direction, but the initiation of replication in this direction occurred approximately 40 min later than the initiation of replication in the other direction. Because of this delay, the replication forks that traveled in the clockwise direction were the first to arrive in the region of the replication terminus. These replication forks ceased replication near the aroD locus (min 37), and it is proposed that the replication terminus is between the aroD and rac loci (min 31). A model is proposed for the cycle of chromosome replication in this strain at 42 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:350856", "title": "Rich culture medium for the radiochemical labeling of proteins and nucleic acids.", "content": "Yeast extract was treated with tyrosine decarboxylase and used to prepare a rich, complex medium virtually free of tyrosine. The medium supported maximal growth rates for Escherichia coli prototrophs, as well as for defined and undefined auxotrophs. It has made possible the efficient radiochemical labeling of cells growing optimally in complex medium and the characterization of mutants with undefined requirements. Similarly prepared media may be useful for the study of fastidious organisms and organisms for which no defined medium has been described.", "contents": "Rich culture medium for the radiochemical labeling of proteins and nucleic acids. Yeast extract was treated with tyrosine decarboxylase and used to prepare a rich, complex medium virtually free of tyrosine. The medium supported maximal growth rates for Escherichia coli prototrophs, as well as for defined and undefined auxotrophs. It has made possible the efficient radiochemical labeling of cells growing optimally in complex medium and the characterization of mutants with undefined requirements. Similarly prepared media may be useful for the study of fastidious organisms and organisms for which no defined medium has been described."}
{"id": "PMID:350857", "title": "Hyper-recombination in Escherichia coli K-12 mutants constitutive for protein X synthesis.", "content": "Genetic recombination was studied in Escherichia coli F- strains in which synthesis of the recA gene product protein X is increased due to mutation in either recA (tif-1) or lexA (spr). When a single donor marker was selected, the recombination proficiency of these strains was not significantly altered in Hfr crosses. However, linkage of unselected, proximal Hfr markers was found to be much reduced among the progeny tested, and more of the progeny showed evidence of multiple exchanges between donor and recipient DNA. These effects were much more apparent when the recipient carried both tif-1 and spr mutations, but in this case recombination proficiency was reduced compared with those strains carrying either mutation alone, particularly in crosses with Hfr Cavalli. A lexA mutation was found to suppress the effect of tif-1 on the recombinant genotype.", "contents": "Hyper-recombination in Escherichia coli K-12 mutants constitutive for protein X synthesis. Genetic recombination was studied in Escherichia coli F- strains in which synthesis of the recA gene product protein X is increased due to mutation in either recA (tif-1) or lexA (spr). When a single donor marker was selected, the recombination proficiency of these strains was not significantly altered in Hfr crosses. However, linkage of unselected, proximal Hfr markers was found to be much reduced among the progeny tested, and more of the progeny showed evidence of multiple exchanges between donor and recipient DNA. These effects were much more apparent when the recipient carried both tif-1 and spr mutations, but in this case recombination proficiency was reduced compared with those strains carrying either mutation alone, particularly in crosses with Hfr Cavalli. A lexA mutation was found to suppress the effect of tif-1 on the recombinant genotype."}
{"id": "PMID:350858", "title": "3-hydroxypyruvate substitutes for pyridoxine in serC mutants of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Escherichia coli K-12 mutants with serC genotype required pyridoxine and serine for normal growth, as do E. coli B mutants of this type. Mutants of the K-12 strain, however, reverted easily to pyridoxine independence without regaining activity in the 3-phosphoserine oxoglutarate transaminase coded for by the serC gene. Both these revertants and the parental type synthesized pyridoxine in normal amounts when 3-hydroxypyruvate was used as a supplement, although neither of these mutants could use this compound to satisfy their serine requirement. Since serine alone was inadequate to provide the nutritional requirement of serC mutants, these mutants must have been unable to synthesize 3-hydroxypyruvate from serine. We suggest that 3-phosphoserine oxoglutarate transaminase in normal E. coli serves as a catalyst for transaminating small amounts of serine to 3-hydroxypyruvate, which is then used in pyridoxine biosynthesis. In serC mutants, this activity is blocked, and these mutants then show a double requirement for serine and pyridoxine.", "contents": "3-hydroxypyruvate substitutes for pyridoxine in serC mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. Escherichia coli K-12 mutants with serC genotype required pyridoxine and serine for normal growth, as do E. coli B mutants of this type. Mutants of the K-12 strain, however, reverted easily to pyridoxine independence without regaining activity in the 3-phosphoserine oxoglutarate transaminase coded for by the serC gene. Both these revertants and the parental type synthesized pyridoxine in normal amounts when 3-hydroxypyruvate was used as a supplement, although neither of these mutants could use this compound to satisfy their serine requirement. Since serine alone was inadequate to provide the nutritional requirement of serC mutants, these mutants must have been unable to synthesize 3-hydroxypyruvate from serine. We suggest that 3-phosphoserine oxoglutarate transaminase in normal E. coli serves as a catalyst for transaminating small amounts of serine to 3-hydroxypyruvate, which is then used in pyridoxine biosynthesis. In serC mutants, this activity is blocked, and these mutants then show a double requirement for serine and pyridoxine."}
{"id": "PMID:350859", "title": "Recombinant levels of Escherichia coli K-12 mutants deficient in various replication, recombination, or repair genes.", "content": "Escherichia coli strains containing mutations in lexA, rep, uvrA, uvrD, uvrE, lig, polA, dam, or xthA were constructed and tested for conjugation and transduction proficiencies and ability to form Lac+ recombinants in an assay system utilizing a nontandem duplication of two partially deleted lactose operons (lacMS286phi80dIIlacBK1). lexA and rep mutants were as deficient (20% of wild type) as recB and recC strains in their ability to produce Lac+ progeny. All the other strains exhibited increased frequencies of Lac+ recombinant formation, compared with wild type, ranging from 2- to 13-fold. Some strains showed markedly increased conjugation proficiency (dam uvrD) compared to wild type, while others appeared deficient (polA107). Some differences in transduction proficiency were also observed. Analysis of the Lac+ recombinants formed by the various mutants indicated that they were identical to the recombinants formed by a wild-type strain. The results indicate that genetic recombination in E. coli is a highly regulated process involving multiple gene products.", "contents": "Recombinant levels of Escherichia coli K-12 mutants deficient in various replication, recombination, or repair genes. Escherichia coli strains containing mutations in lexA, rep, uvrA, uvrD, uvrE, lig, polA, dam, or xthA were constructed and tested for conjugation and transduction proficiencies and ability to form Lac+ recombinants in an assay system utilizing a nontandem duplication of two partially deleted lactose operons (lacMS286phi80dIIlacBK1). lexA and rep mutants were as deficient (20% of wild type) as recB and recC strains in their ability to produce Lac+ progeny. All the other strains exhibited increased frequencies of Lac+ recombinant formation, compared with wild type, ranging from 2- to 13-fold. Some strains showed markedly increased conjugation proficiency (dam uvrD) compared to wild type, while others appeared deficient (polA107). Some differences in transduction proficiency were also observed. Analysis of the Lac+ recombinants formed by the various mutants indicated that they were identical to the recombinants formed by a wild-type strain. The results indicate that genetic recombination in E. coli is a highly regulated process involving multiple gene products."}
{"id": "PMID:350860", "title": "High-dose pyridoxine in tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "The clinical similarities of tardive dyskinesia and 1-dopa intoxication lend support to the post-synaptic hypersensitivity hypothesis in tardive dyskinesia. Pyridoxine, a co-factor in the decarboxylation of dopa, reverses the movement disorder of l-dopa intoxication. Although early studies of pyridoxine in tardive dyskinesia have not been encouraging, the results of the present study suggest that high doses of pyridoxine may reduce the frequency and severity of involuntary movements in tardive dyskinesia.", "contents": "High-dose pyridoxine in tardive dyskinesia. The clinical similarities of tardive dyskinesia and 1-dopa intoxication lend support to the post-synaptic hypersensitivity hypothesis in tardive dyskinesia. Pyridoxine, a co-factor in the decarboxylation of dopa, reverses the movement disorder of l-dopa intoxication. Although early studies of pyridoxine in tardive dyskinesia have not been encouraging, the results of the present study suggest that high doses of pyridoxine may reduce the frequency and severity of involuntary movements in tardive dyskinesia."}
{"id": "PMID:350861", "title": "A twelve month comparison of penfluridol and trifluoperazine in chronic schizophrenic outpatients.", "content": "This investigation is a 52-week double-blind study comparing the efficacy and safety of penfluridol and trifluoperazine in 25 chronic schizophrenic outpatients. Penfluridol was administered once weekly and trifluoperazine daily. Measurements were made at baseline, various fixed intervals during the study period and termination. The data reveals that both agents were similarly effective in maintaining control of the symptoms of chronic schizophrenic patients at a level commensurate with or better than that provided by their previous medication. Besides being effective, medications were also well tolerated. The side effects were characteristic of marketed neuroleptics. Akathisia was more common with penfluridol but readily controlled with anti-parkinsonian medication. Other side effects were similar in severity and occurrence between study-drug groups. Both agents had low autonomic liability, and neither agent was depressogenic.", "contents": "A twelve month comparison of penfluridol and trifluoperazine in chronic schizophrenic outpatients. This investigation is a 52-week double-blind study comparing the efficacy and safety of penfluridol and trifluoperazine in 25 chronic schizophrenic outpatients. Penfluridol was administered once weekly and trifluoperazine daily. Measurements were made at baseline, various fixed intervals during the study period and termination. The data reveals that both agents were similarly effective in maintaining control of the symptoms of chronic schizophrenic patients at a level commensurate with or better than that provided by their previous medication. Besides being effective, medications were also well tolerated. The side effects were characteristic of marketed neuroleptics. Akathisia was more common with penfluridol but readily controlled with anti-parkinsonian medication. Other side effects were similar in severity and occurrence between study-drug groups. Both agents had low autonomic liability, and neither agent was depressogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:350862", "title": "Structure of extracellular polysaccharides of Escherichia coli strains 36M, 72M, and 29M isolated from coligranuloma of chick intestine. I. Polysaccharide from E. coli 36M.", "content": "An extracellular polysaccharide was isolated from culture broth of Escherichia coli 36M, and fractionated on a column of Sephadex G-150 into two fractions; the high molecular weight portion (85% of the total polysaccharide) contained pyruvic acid, and showed a positive immune reaction with anti-Ps-I-serum obtained from a rabbit. The low molecular weight portion (15% of the total polysaccharide) showed a negative immune reaction. The methylation, Smith's degradation, partial acid hydrolysis and methanolysis of the higher molecular weight polysaccharide revealed a repeating structure as follows: (see article).", "contents": "Structure of extracellular polysaccharides of Escherichia coli strains 36M, 72M, and 29M isolated from coligranuloma of chick intestine. I. Polysaccharide from E. coli 36M. An extracellular polysaccharide was isolated from culture broth of Escherichia coli 36M, and fractionated on a column of Sephadex G-150 into two fractions; the high molecular weight portion (85% of the total polysaccharide) contained pyruvic acid, and showed a positive immune reaction with anti-Ps-I-serum obtained from a rabbit. The low molecular weight portion (15% of the total polysaccharide) showed a negative immune reaction. The methylation, Smith's degradation, partial acid hydrolysis and methanolysis of the higher molecular weight polysaccharide revealed a repeating structure as follows: (see article)."}
{"id": "PMID:350863", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of leucine transfer RNA 1 from Candida (Torulopsis) utilis.", "content": "Two species of 32P-labelled leucine tRNA were highly purified from Candida (Torulopsis) utilis by successive column chromatographies. The purified major species of leucine tRNA 1 was completely digested with ribonuclease T1 [EC 3.1.4.8] and with pancreatic ribonuclease A [EC 3.1.4.22]. The resulting fragments were fractionated, and their nucleotide sequences were determined according to Barrell (1). The results of analyses of the two ribonuclease digests were consistent with each other, and indicated that this tRNA is composed of 85 nucleotide residues, including 14 modified nucleotides. A tentative total sequence has been derived on the basis of several features in the cloverleaf structure for tRNA.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of leucine transfer RNA 1 from Candida (Torulopsis) utilis. Two species of 32P-labelled leucine tRNA were highly purified from Candida (Torulopsis) utilis by successive column chromatographies. The purified major species of leucine tRNA 1 was completely digested with ribonuclease T1 [EC 3.1.4.8] and with pancreatic ribonuclease A [EC 3.1.4.22]. The resulting fragments were fractionated, and their nucleotide sequences were determined according to Barrell (1). The results of analyses of the two ribonuclease digests were consistent with each other, and indicated that this tRNA is composed of 85 nucleotide residues, including 14 modified nucleotides. A tentative total sequence has been derived on the basis of several features in the cloverleaf structure for tRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:350864", "title": "Characterization of major outer membrane proteins O-8 and O-9 of Escherichia coli K-12. Evidence that structural genes for the two proteins are different.", "content": "Outer membrane proteins O-8 and O-9 have been highly purified from a strain of Escherichia coli K-12 by Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-cellulose chromatographies. The amino acid compositions of the purified proteins were definitely different, although they showed marked similarities. The profiles of BrCN peptides of the two proteins were also different. None of the BrCN peptides were the same for the two proteins. Analysis of the first twelve N-terminal residues revealed that the two proteins are strikingly similar, but with differences in the third and the eleventh amino acid residues. It can be concluded that proteins O-8 and O-9 are products of different structural genes which developed by duplication of an ancestral genome followed by mutation.", "contents": "Characterization of major outer membrane proteins O-8 and O-9 of Escherichia coli K-12. Evidence that structural genes for the two proteins are different. Outer membrane proteins O-8 and O-9 have been highly purified from a strain of Escherichia coli K-12 by Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-cellulose chromatographies. The amino acid compositions of the purified proteins were definitely different, although they showed marked similarities. The profiles of BrCN peptides of the two proteins were also different. None of the BrCN peptides were the same for the two proteins. Analysis of the first twelve N-terminal residues revealed that the two proteins are strikingly similar, but with differences in the third and the eleventh amino acid residues. It can be concluded that proteins O-8 and O-9 are products of different structural genes which developed by duplication of an ancestral genome followed by mutation."}
{"id": "PMID:350865", "title": "Accumulation of zymosterol in yeast grown in the presence of ethionine.", "content": "In order to identify the methyl acceptor for the methylation of sterol side-chains in ergosterol biosynthesis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (wild type) was grown in the presence and absence of ethionine which was expected to be an inhibitor of the methylation. Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses of the sterols in the cells grown in the absence of ethionine showed that ergosterol was the most abundant sterol. On the other hand, a sterol, named sterol Z, accounted for more than 50% of the total sterols in the cells grown in the presence of ethionine. As a result of experiments to raise the yield of sterol Z, the best concentration of DL-ethionine for the production was found to be 1.0 mM. The use of the methionine-less mutant was less effective for the production of sterol Z. Sterol Z was isolated by repeated TLC and was identified as zymosterol from its melting point, GLC and mass spectrometry. The role of zymosterol and other sterols as the methyl-acceptor sterol in ergosterol biosynthesis is also discussed.", "contents": "Accumulation of zymosterol in yeast grown in the presence of ethionine. In order to identify the methyl acceptor for the methylation of sterol side-chains in ergosterol biosynthesis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (wild type) was grown in the presence and absence of ethionine which was expected to be an inhibitor of the methylation. Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses of the sterols in the cells grown in the absence of ethionine showed that ergosterol was the most abundant sterol. On the other hand, a sterol, named sterol Z, accounted for more than 50% of the total sterols in the cells grown in the presence of ethionine. As a result of experiments to raise the yield of sterol Z, the best concentration of DL-ethionine for the production was found to be 1.0 mM. The use of the methionine-less mutant was less effective for the production of sterol Z. Sterol Z was isolated by repeated TLC and was identified as zymosterol from its melting point, GLC and mass spectrometry. The role of zymosterol and other sterols as the methyl-acceptor sterol in ergosterol biosynthesis is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350866", "title": "A temperature sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli which does not allow replication of RNA phage at a high temperature.", "content": "A conditional mutant, referred to as RepR43, was isolated from Escherichia coli W2252 by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine mutagenesis. Although RepR43 does not permit growth of RNA phage beta at the restrictive temperature, 43 degrees C, cell growth and synthesis of macromolecules such as RNA and protein continue at a somewhat reduced rate. Several lines of evidence indicate that a RepR43 function is indispensable for normal phage RNA replication. In addition, this function appears to be involved in the maintenance of the perpetuated phage genome. The addition of 10% sucrose to the medium at the restrictive temperature resulted in the production of the phage, suggesting that the mutant cell might have an altered membrane organization which interferes with normal viral replication.", "contents": "A temperature sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli which does not allow replication of RNA phage at a high temperature. A conditional mutant, referred to as RepR43, was isolated from Escherichia coli W2252 by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine mutagenesis. Although RepR43 does not permit growth of RNA phage beta at the restrictive temperature, 43 degrees C, cell growth and synthesis of macromolecules such as RNA and protein continue at a somewhat reduced rate. Several lines of evidence indicate that a RepR43 function is indispensable for normal phage RNA replication. In addition, this function appears to be involved in the maintenance of the perpetuated phage genome. The addition of 10% sucrose to the medium at the restrictive temperature resulted in the production of the phage, suggesting that the mutant cell might have an altered membrane organization which interferes with normal viral replication."}
{"id": "PMID:350867", "title": "Replication of G4 progeny double-stranded DNA in dna mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Host functions required for replication of progeny double-stranded DNA of bacteriophage G4 were examined by using metabolic inhibitors and Escherichia coli dna mutants. In dna+ bacteria, synthesis of the progeny replicative form (RF) was relatively resistant to 30 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol, but considerably sensitive to 200 microgram/ml of rifampicin. The RF replication was severely inhibited by 50 microgram/ml of mitomycin C, 50 microgram/ml of nalidixic acid, or 200 microgram/ml of novobiocin. At 41 degrees C, synthesis of G4 progeny RF was distinctly affected in a dnaC(D) mutant and in a dnaG host. The progeny RF replication was prevented at 42 degrees C in a dnaE strain as well as in a dnaB mutant. In a dnaZ strain, the synthetic rate of the progeny RF was markedly reduced at 42 degrees C. At 43 degrees C, the rate of G4 progeny RF synthesis was reduced even in dna+ or dnaA bacteria, but significant amounts of the progeny RF were still synthesized in these hosts at the high temperature. In addition to five dna gene products, host rep function was essential for the RF replication.", "contents": "Replication of G4 progeny double-stranded DNA in dna mutants of Escherichia coli. Host functions required for replication of progeny double-stranded DNA of bacteriophage G4 were examined by using metabolic inhibitors and Escherichia coli dna mutants. In dna+ bacteria, synthesis of the progeny replicative form (RF) was relatively resistant to 30 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol, but considerably sensitive to 200 microgram/ml of rifampicin. The RF replication was severely inhibited by 50 microgram/ml of mitomycin C, 50 microgram/ml of nalidixic acid, or 200 microgram/ml of novobiocin. At 41 degrees C, synthesis of G4 progeny RF was distinctly affected in a dnaC(D) mutant and in a dnaG host. The progeny RF replication was prevented at 42 degrees C in a dnaE strain as well as in a dnaB mutant. In a dnaZ strain, the synthetic rate of the progeny RF was markedly reduced at 42 degrees C. At 43 degrees C, the rate of G4 progeny RF synthesis was reduced even in dna+ or dnaA bacteria, but significant amounts of the progeny RF were still synthesized in these hosts at the high temperature. In addition to five dna gene products, host rep function was essential for the RF replication."}
{"id": "PMID:350868", "title": "Metal dependence of the phosphate (oxygen)-water exchange reaction of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase. Kinetics followed by 31P(18O) NMR.", "content": "Phosphate-water oxygen exchange catalyzed by Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase was monitored using the 18O shift on the 31P NMR signal of inorganic phosphate. Different kinetic patterns were observed with native zinc enzyme and with its cobalt analogue. For native enzyme at pH values ranging from 4.4 to 10.0, the distribution of 18O species in Pi, viz. P18O4, P18O316O,P18O216O2,P18O16O3,P16O4, with time is compatible with a kinetic scheme in which E-P, the noncovalent enzyme-phosphate complex, dissociates more rapidly than it forms the covalent complex E-P. For the cobalt enzyme at pH 6.8, the distribution of 18O species in Pi with time is different and leads to the conclusion that formation of E-P is more rapid than dissociation of Pi from E-P-A computer simulation gave good quantitative agreement with the observed distribution for the time course of the cobalt enzyme reaction when the ratio of the rate of formation of E-P to dissection of E-P was assumed to be 3 +/- 0.5.", "contents": "Metal dependence of the phosphate (oxygen)-water exchange reaction of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase. Kinetics followed by 31P(18O) NMR. Phosphate-water oxygen exchange catalyzed by Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase was monitored using the 18O shift on the 31P NMR signal of inorganic phosphate. Different kinetic patterns were observed with native zinc enzyme and with its cobalt analogue. For native enzyme at pH values ranging from 4.4 to 10.0, the distribution of 18O species in Pi, viz. P18O4, P18O316O,P18O216O2,P18O16O3,P16O4, with time is compatible with a kinetic scheme in which E-P, the noncovalent enzyme-phosphate complex, dissociates more rapidly than it forms the covalent complex E-P. For the cobalt enzyme at pH 6.8, the distribution of 18O species in Pi with time is different and leads to the conclusion that formation of E-P is more rapid than dissociation of Pi from E-P-A computer simulation gave good quantitative agreement with the observed distribution for the time course of the cobalt enzyme reaction when the ratio of the rate of formation of E-P to dissection of E-P was assumed to be 3 +/- 0.5."}
{"id": "PMID:350869", "title": "N10-Formyltetrahydrofolate is the formyl donor for glycinamide ribotide transformylase in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Glycinamide ribotide transformylase from Escherichia coli was obtained free of N5,N10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. In reaction mixtures containing this enzyme preparation in potassium maleate buffer, pH 7.2, no detectable interconversion of N5,N10-methenyltetrahydrofolate occurred. Upon addition of glycinamide ribotide, N-formylglycinamide ribotide was formed when N10-formyltetrahydrofolate was present; no formylation occurred in the presence of N5,N10-methenyltetrahydrofolate. A method for the synthesis and purification of glycinamide ribotide is presented.", "contents": "N10-Formyltetrahydrofolate is the formyl donor for glycinamide ribotide transformylase in Escherichia coli. Glycinamide ribotide transformylase from Escherichia coli was obtained free of N5,N10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. In reaction mixtures containing this enzyme preparation in potassium maleate buffer, pH 7.2, no detectable interconversion of N5,N10-methenyltetrahydrofolate occurred. Upon addition of glycinamide ribotide, N-formylglycinamide ribotide was formed when N10-formyltetrahydrofolate was present; no formylation occurred in the presence of N5,N10-methenyltetrahydrofolate. A method for the synthesis and purification of glycinamide ribotide is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:350872", "title": "The mercuric and organomercurial detoxifying enzymes from a plasmid-bearing strain of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Two separate enzymes, which determine resistance to inorganic mercury and organomercurials, have been purified from the plasmid-bearing Escherichia coli strain J53-1(R831). The mercuric reductase that reduces Hg2+ to volatile Hg0 was purified about 240-fold from the 160,000 X g supernatant of French press disrupted cells. This enzyme contains bound FAD, requires NADPH as an electron donor, and requires the presence of a sulfhydryl compound for activity. The reductase has a Km of 13 micron HgCl2, a pH optimum of 7.5 in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, an isoelectric point of 5.3, a Stokes radius of 50 A, and a molecular weight of about 180,000. The subunit molecular weight, determined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, is about 63,000 +/- 2,000. These results suggest that the native enzyme is composed of three identical subunits. The organomercurial hydrolase, which breaks the mercury-carbon bond in compounds such as methylmercuric chloride, phenylmercuric acetate, and ethylmercuric chloride, was purified about 38-fold over the starting material. This enzyme has a Km of 0.56 micron for ethylmercuric chloride, a Km of 7.7 micron for methylmercuric chloride, and two Km values of 0.24 micron and over 200 micron for phenylmercuric acetate. The hydrolase has an isoelectric point of 5.5, requires the presence of EDTA and a sulfhydryl compound for activity, has a Stokes radius of 24 A, and has a molecular weight of about 43,000 +/- 4,000.", "contents": "The mercuric and organomercurial detoxifying enzymes from a plasmid-bearing strain of Escherichia coli. Two separate enzymes, which determine resistance to inorganic mercury and organomercurials, have been purified from the plasmid-bearing Escherichia coli strain J53-1(R831). The mercuric reductase that reduces Hg2+ to volatile Hg0 was purified about 240-fold from the 160,000 X g supernatant of French press disrupted cells. This enzyme contains bound FAD, requires NADPH as an electron donor, and requires the presence of a sulfhydryl compound for activity. The reductase has a Km of 13 micron HgCl2, a pH optimum of 7.5 in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, an isoelectric point of 5.3, a Stokes radius of 50 A, and a molecular weight of about 180,000. The subunit molecular weight, determined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, is about 63,000 +/- 2,000. These results suggest that the native enzyme is composed of three identical subunits. The organomercurial hydrolase, which breaks the mercury-carbon bond in compounds such as methylmercuric chloride, phenylmercuric acetate, and ethylmercuric chloride, was purified about 38-fold over the starting material. This enzyme has a Km of 0.56 micron for ethylmercuric chloride, a Km of 7.7 micron for methylmercuric chloride, and two Km values of 0.24 micron and over 200 micron for phenylmercuric acetate. The hydrolase has an isoelectric point of 5.5, requires the presence of EDTA and a sulfhydryl compound for activity, has a Stokes radius of 24 A, and has a molecular weight of about 43,000 +/- 4,000."}
{"id": "PMID:350873", "title": "Solubilization and partial purification of yeast chitin synthetase. Confirmation of the zymogenic nature of the enzyme.", "content": "Chitin synthetase was solubilized with digitonin from a particulate yeast fraction. The solubilized enzyme, which did not sediment at 200,000 X g and emerged after the void volume in a Sepharose 6B column, was active only after treatment with a protease. This confirms that chitin synthetase exists in the plasma membrane as a zymogen and that initiation of the chitin septum occurs by localized activation of the enzyme. By differential extraction with sodium cholate and digitonin, followed by chromatography on Sepharose 6B, a 20-fold purification of the enzyme was achieved with respect to the crude particles. The purified enzyme showed a requirement for a phospholipid; phosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidylserine were the best activators. Unsaturated fatty acids strongly inhibited synthetase activity, whereas their saturated counterparts were inert. The solubilized enzyme catalyzed the formation of insoluble chitin in the absence of added primer. The synthetic polysaccharide was examined by electron microscopy and found to consist of lozenge-shaped particles about 60 nm long and 10 nm wide.", "contents": "Solubilization and partial purification of yeast chitin synthetase. Confirmation of the zymogenic nature of the enzyme. Chitin synthetase was solubilized with digitonin from a particulate yeast fraction. The solubilized enzyme, which did not sediment at 200,000 X g and emerged after the void volume in a Sepharose 6B column, was active only after treatment with a protease. This confirms that chitin synthetase exists in the plasma membrane as a zymogen and that initiation of the chitin septum occurs by localized activation of the enzyme. By differential extraction with sodium cholate and digitonin, followed by chromatography on Sepharose 6B, a 20-fold purification of the enzyme was achieved with respect to the crude particles. The purified enzyme showed a requirement for a phospholipid; phosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidylserine were the best activators. Unsaturated fatty acids strongly inhibited synthetase activity, whereas their saturated counterparts were inert. The solubilized enzyme catalyzed the formation of insoluble chitin in the absence of added primer. The synthetic polysaccharide was examined by electron microscopy and found to consist of lozenge-shaped particles about 60 nm long and 10 nm wide."}
{"id": "PMID:350875", "title": "Autogenous regulation of RNA polymerase beta subunit synthesis in vitro.", "content": "The effects of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and its subassemblies and subunits on the in vitro synthesis of beta subunit directed by DNA from a lambda transducing phage lambdadrif+-6 were investigated. This phage carries the structural gene (rpoB) for beta subunit as well as the genes for EF (translation elongation factor)-Tu, some ribosomal proteins, and stable RNAs of the E. coli chromosome. Among the RNA polymerase proteins examined, the two oligomers, holoenzyme and alpha2beta complex, repressed the synthesis of only the beta subunit but not of other proteins encoded by the phage DNA. The results indicate that the expression of at least the betabeta' (rpoBC) operon is under autogenous regulation, in which both holoenzyme and alpha2beta complex function as regulatory molecules with repressor activity.", "contents": "Autogenous regulation of RNA polymerase beta subunit synthesis in vitro. The effects of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and its subassemblies and subunits on the in vitro synthesis of beta subunit directed by DNA from a lambda transducing phage lambdadrif+-6 were investigated. This phage carries the structural gene (rpoB) for beta subunit as well as the genes for EF (translation elongation factor)-Tu, some ribosomal proteins, and stable RNAs of the E. coli chromosome. Among the RNA polymerase proteins examined, the two oligomers, holoenzyme and alpha2beta complex, repressed the synthesis of only the beta subunit but not of other proteins encoded by the phage DNA. The results indicate that the expression of at least the betabeta' (rpoBC) operon is under autogenous regulation, in which both holoenzyme and alpha2beta complex function as regulatory molecules with repressor activity."}
{"id": "PMID:350876", "title": "The release and reassociation of 5.8 S rRNA with yeast ribosomes.", "content": "Yeast 5.8 S rRNA is released from purified 26 S rRNA when it is dissolved in water or low salt buffer (50 mM KCl, 10mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5); it is not released from 60 S ribosomal subunits under similar conditions. The 5.8 S RNA component together with 5 S rRNA can be released from subunits or whole ribosomes by brief heat treatment or in 50% formamide; the Tm for the heat dissociation of 5.8 S RNA is 47 degrees C. This Tm is only slightly lower when 5 S rRNA is released first with EDTA treatment prior to heat treatment. No ribosomal proteins are released by the brief heat treatment. A significant portion of the 5.8 S RNA reassociates with the 60 S subunit when suspended in a higher salt buffer (e.g.0.4 m KCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 6 mM magnesium acetate, 5 mM beta-mercaptoethanol). The Tm of this reassociated complex is also 47 degrees C. The results indicate that in yeast ribosomes the 5.8 S-26 S rRNA interaction is stabilized by ribosomal proteins but that the association is sufficiently loose to permit a reversible dissociation of the 5.8 S rRNA molecule.", "contents": "The release and reassociation of 5.8 S rRNA with yeast ribosomes. Yeast 5.8 S rRNA is released from purified 26 S rRNA when it is dissolved in water or low salt buffer (50 mM KCl, 10mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5); it is not released from 60 S ribosomal subunits under similar conditions. The 5.8 S RNA component together with 5 S rRNA can be released from subunits or whole ribosomes by brief heat treatment or in 50% formamide; the Tm for the heat dissociation of 5.8 S RNA is 47 degrees C. This Tm is only slightly lower when 5 S rRNA is released first with EDTA treatment prior to heat treatment. No ribosomal proteins are released by the brief heat treatment. A significant portion of the 5.8 S RNA reassociates with the 60 S subunit when suspended in a higher salt buffer (e.g.0.4 m KCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 6 mM magnesium acetate, 5 mM beta-mercaptoethanol). The Tm of this reassociated complex is also 47 degrees C. The results indicate that in yeast ribosomes the 5.8 S-26 S rRNA interaction is stabilized by ribosomal proteins but that the association is sufficiently loose to permit a reversible dissociation of the 5.8 S rRNA molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:350877", "title": "CTP-phosphatidic acid cytidyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Partial purification, characterization, and kinetic behavior.", "content": "CTP-phosphatidic acid cytidyltransferase catalyzes the formation of CDP-diglyceride from CTP and phosphatidic acid. The enzyme was solubilized from crude mitochondrial membrane by treatment with digitonin and was further purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, quaternary aminoethyl (QAE) Sephadex, and Sepharose 6B columns. At this stage the enzyme, enriched 550-fold over crude cell homogenate, still remains associated with phospholipid and has an estimated approximate molecular weight of 400,000 on the basis of gel filtration chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of  the 550-fold enriched enzyme yielded two major protein bands having molecular weights of 45,000 and 19,000. The enzyme exhibits an absolute dependence on Triton X-100, a sharp Mg2+ dependence with an optimum at 20 mM, and a pH optimum of 6.5 for activity. The product of the CTP-phosphatidic acid cytidyl-transferase reaction has been isolated and identified as CDP-diglyceride, both for the crude enzyme preparation as well as for the 550-fold enriched enzyme. CTP-phosphatidic acid cytidyltransferase is capable of catalyzing the reverse reaction in the presence of pyrophosphate, utilizing CDP-diglyceride as substrate. The product of the reverse reaction was identified as CTP. Kinetic analysis of the behavior of CTP-phosphatidic acid cytidyltransferase was performed at three different stages of its purification. Initial analysis of the data yielded biphasic behavior in double reciprocal plots with respect to both substrates. Hill plots of the data indicated the presence of negative cooperativity. A detailed analysis of the kinetic behavior was performed on the enzyme purified 550-fold. The data suggest a mechanism involving two distinct cycles of catalysis, responsive to homotropic  modification, with different affinities for both substrates. Further analysis of the kinetic behavior in the presence of inhibitors (dCTP and PPi) yielded a reaction order for the entrance of substrates and departure of products from the reaction cycles. The high affinity site catalyzes the reaction via a double displacement mechanism and is the predominant form at low concentrations of substrates. At high concentrations of substrates the low affinity site starts contributing significantly to the reaction velocity with an ordered single displacement mechanism. In each case CTP is the first substrate to attach and PPi is the first product released.", "contents": "CTP-phosphatidic acid cytidyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Partial purification, characterization, and kinetic behavior. CTP-phosphatidic acid cytidyltransferase catalyzes the formation of CDP-diglyceride from CTP and phosphatidic acid. The enzyme was solubilized from crude mitochondrial membrane by treatment with digitonin and was further purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, quaternary aminoethyl (QAE) Sephadex, and Sepharose 6B columns. At this stage the enzyme, enriched 550-fold over crude cell homogenate, still remains associated with phospholipid and has an estimated approximate molecular weight of 400,000 on the basis of gel filtration chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of  the 550-fold enriched enzyme yielded two major protein bands having molecular weights of 45,000 and 19,000. The enzyme exhibits an absolute dependence on Triton X-100, a sharp Mg2+ dependence with an optimum at 20 mM, and a pH optimum of 6.5 for activity. The product of the CTP-phosphatidic acid cytidyl-transferase reaction has been isolated and identified as CDP-diglyceride, both for the crude enzyme preparation as well as for the 550-fold enriched enzyme. CTP-phosphatidic acid cytidyltransferase is capable of catalyzing the reverse reaction in the presence of pyrophosphate, utilizing CDP-diglyceride as substrate. The product of the reverse reaction was identified as CTP. Kinetic analysis of the behavior of CTP-phosphatidic acid cytidyltransferase was performed at three different stages of its purification. Initial analysis of the data yielded biphasic behavior in double reciprocal plots with respect to both substrates. Hill plots of the data indicated the presence of negative cooperativity. A detailed analysis of the kinetic behavior was performed on the enzyme purified 550-fold. The data suggest a mechanism involving two distinct cycles of catalysis, responsive to homotropic  modification, with different affinities for both substrates. Further analysis of the kinetic behavior in the presence of inhibitors (dCTP and PPi) yielded a reaction order for the entrance of substrates and departure of products from the reaction cycles. The high affinity site catalyzes the reaction via a double displacement mechanism and is the predominant form at low concentrations of substrates. At high concentrations of substrates the low affinity site starts contributing significantly to the reaction velocity with an ordered single displacement mechanism. In each case CTP is the first substrate to attach and PPi is the first product released."}
{"id": "PMID:350878", "title": "Squalene synthetase. Solubilization from yeast microsomes of a phospholipid-requiring enzyme.", "content": "Squalene synthetase was solubilized from yeast microsomal membranes with deoxycholate. Solubilized enzyme was associated with one or more proteins with s20, w = 3.3 S, Stokes' radius = 40 A, and computed molecular weight = 54,500. In the presence of detergent the enzyme was catalytically inactive and unstable to heat. When detergent was removed with cholestyramine resin, both phases of squalene synthesis (farnesyl pyrophosphate leads to presqualene pyrophosphate leads to squalene) were recovered, and the enzyme was reaggregated to form sedimentable particles with a density of approximately 1.16 g/ml. Both activities were lost to variable extent upon chromatography over Sephadex G-200 in the presence of 0.2% deoxycholate, but could be recovered if phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine (but not phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylinositol) were added to fractions before removal of detergent. There was an apparently absolute requirement for phospholipid by the enzyme. The proteins catalyzing the two phases of squalene synthesis could not be resolved from one another and behaved in an identical fashion throughout a variety of manipulations.", "contents": "Squalene synthetase. Solubilization from yeast microsomes of a phospholipid-requiring enzyme. Squalene synthetase was solubilized from yeast microsomal membranes with deoxycholate. Solubilized enzyme was associated with one or more proteins with s20, w = 3.3 S, Stokes' radius = 40 A, and computed molecular weight = 54,500. In the presence of detergent the enzyme was catalytically inactive and unstable to heat. When detergent was removed with cholestyramine resin, both phases of squalene synthesis (farnesyl pyrophosphate leads to presqualene pyrophosphate leads to squalene) were recovered, and the enzyme was reaggregated to form sedimentable particles with a density of approximately 1.16 g/ml. Both activities were lost to variable extent upon chromatography over Sephadex G-200 in the presence of 0.2% deoxycholate, but could be recovered if phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine (but not phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylinositol) were added to fractions before removal of detergent. There was an apparently absolute requirement for phospholipid by the enzyme. The proteins catalyzing the two phases of squalene synthesis could not be resolved from one another and behaved in an identical fashion throughout a variety of manipulations."}
{"id": "PMID:350879", "title": "A simple, three-step procedure for the large scale purification of DNA ligase from a hybrid lambda lysogen constructed in vitro.", "content": "A simple three-step procedure for the large scale purification of DNA ligase has been developed. THe source of enzyme is a strain of Escherichia coli with a hybrid lambda prophage constructed in vitro that bears the ligase overproducing gene lop 11 lig+ (Panasenko, S., Cameron, J., Davis, R. W., and Lehman, I. R. (1977) Science 196, 188-189). The procedure yields homogeneous enzyme in approximately 40% yield.", "contents": "A simple, three-step procedure for the large scale purification of DNA ligase from a hybrid lambda lysogen constructed in vitro. A simple three-step procedure for the large scale purification of DNA ligase has been developed. THe source of enzyme is a strain of Escherichia coli with a hybrid lambda prophage constructed in vitro that bears the ligase overproducing gene lop 11 lig+ (Panasenko, S., Cameron, J., Davis, R. W., and Lehman, I. R. (1977) Science 196, 188-189). The procedure yields homogeneous enzyme in approximately 40% yield."}
{"id": "PMID:350880", "title": "Affinity labeling of the pyridoxal phosphate binding site of the beta2 subunit of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthase.", "content": "We have synthesized bromoacetylpyridoxamine phosphate and bromoacetylpyridoxamine and have shown that they meet three criteria for affinity labels of the beta2 subunit of tryptophan synthase: (i) the kinetic data of inactivation indicate that a binary complex is formed prior to covalent attachment; (ii) inactivation is largely prevented by the presence of pyridoxal phosphate; and (iii) inactivation is stoichiometric with incorporation of 0.7 to 0.8 mol of chromophore/mol of beta monomer. Our conclusion that inactivation of the apo beta2 subunit by bromoacetylpyridoxamine phosphate is due to the modification of cysteine is based on the disappearance of 1 mol of -SH/beta monomer and on the finding that [14C]carboxymethyl derivative in the acid hydrolysate of the protein modified by bromo[14C]acetylpyridixamine phosphate. A 39-residue tryptic peptide containing this essential cysteine has been isolated and purified from the bromo[14C]acetylpyridoxamine phosphate-labeled beta2 subunit.", "contents": "Affinity labeling of the pyridoxal phosphate binding site of the beta2 subunit of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthase. We have synthesized bromoacetylpyridoxamine phosphate and bromoacetylpyridoxamine and have shown that they meet three criteria for affinity labels of the beta2 subunit of tryptophan synthase: (i) the kinetic data of inactivation indicate that a binary complex is formed prior to covalent attachment; (ii) inactivation is largely prevented by the presence of pyridoxal phosphate; and (iii) inactivation is stoichiometric with incorporation of 0.7 to 0.8 mol of chromophore/mol of beta monomer. Our conclusion that inactivation of the apo beta2 subunit by bromoacetylpyridoxamine phosphate is due to the modification of cysteine is based on the disappearance of 1 mol of -SH/beta monomer and on the finding that [14C]carboxymethyl derivative in the acid hydrolysate of the protein modified by bromo[14C]acetylpyridixamine phosphate. A 39-residue tryptic peptide containing this essential cysteine has been isolated and purified from the bromo[14C]acetylpyridoxamine phosphate-labeled beta2 subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:350887", "title": "Prenatal demonstration of gastric and duodenal obstruction by ultrasound.", "content": "Prenatal sonographic findings in one case of gastric obstruction due to an imperforate antral diaphragm and in one case of duodenal atresia are presented. The combination of either one or two prominent sonolucent areas in the upper or mid fetal abdomen and polyhydramnios is virtuallydiagnostic of high obstruction.", "contents": "Prenatal demonstration of gastric and duodenal obstruction by ultrasound. Prenatal sonographic findings in one case of gastric obstruction due to an imperforate antral diaphragm and in one case of duodenal atresia are presented. The combination of either one or two prominent sonolucent areas in the upper or mid fetal abdomen and polyhydramnios is virtuallydiagnostic of high obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:350889", "title": "Structure of cortical microtubule arrays in plant cells.", "content": "Serial sectioning was used to track the position and measure the lengths of cortical microtubules in glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide-fixed root tip cells. Microtubules lying against the longitudinal walls during interphase, those overlying developing xylem thickenings, and those in pre-prophase bands are oriented circumferentially but on average are only about one-eighth of the cell circumference in length, i.e., 2-4 micrometer. The arrays consist of overlapping component microtubules, interconnected by cross bridges where they are grouped and also connected to the plasma membrane. Microtubule lengths vary greatly in any given array, but the probability that any pass right around the cell is extremely low. The majority of the microtubule terminations lie in statistically random positions in the arrays, but nonrandomness in the form of groups of terminations and terminations in short lines parallel to the axis of cell elongation has been observed. Low temperature induces microtubule shortening and increases the frequency of C-shaped terminations over the 1.7% found under normal conditions; colchicine and high pressures produce abnormally large proportions of very short microtubules amongst those that survive the treatments. Deuterium oxide (D2O) treatment probably induces the formation of additional microtubules as distinct from increasing the length of those already present. The distribution of C-shaped terminations provides evidence for at least local polarity in the arrays. The validity of the findings is discussed, along with implications for the development, maintenance, and orientation of the arrays and their possible relationship to the orientation of cellulose deposition.", "contents": "Structure of cortical microtubule arrays in plant cells. Serial sectioning was used to track the position and measure the lengths of cortical microtubules in glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide-fixed root tip cells. Microtubules lying against the longitudinal walls during interphase, those overlying developing xylem thickenings, and those in pre-prophase bands are oriented circumferentially but on average are only about one-eighth of the cell circumference in length, i.e., 2-4 micrometer. The arrays consist of overlapping component microtubules, interconnected by cross bridges where they are grouped and also connected to the plasma membrane. Microtubule lengths vary greatly in any given array, but the probability that any pass right around the cell is extremely low. The majority of the microtubule terminations lie in statistically random positions in the arrays, but nonrandomness in the form of groups of terminations and terminations in short lines parallel to the axis of cell elongation has been observed. Low temperature induces microtubule shortening and increases the frequency of C-shaped terminations over the 1.7% found under normal conditions; colchicine and high pressures produce abnormally large proportions of very short microtubules amongst those that survive the treatments. Deuterium oxide (D2O) treatment probably induces the formation of additional microtubules as distinct from increasing the length of those already present. The distribution of C-shaped terminations provides evidence for at least local polarity in the arrays. The validity of the findings is discussed, along with implications for the development, maintenance, and orientation of the arrays and their possible relationship to the orientation of cellulose deposition."}
{"id": "PMID:350890", "title": "Simultaneous localization of myosin and tubulin in human tissue culture cells by double antibody staining.", "content": "We have studied the distribution of myosin and tubulin molecules inside the same tissue culture cells by using two antibodies labeled with contrasting fluorochromes. Antimyosin raised against human platelet myosin was labeled with rhodamine. Antitubulin raised against sea urchin vinblastine-induced tubulin crystals was labeled with fluorescein. The two antibodies stained entirely different structures inside the same flat interphase cell: antimyosin bound to stress fibers and antitubulin bound to thin, wavy fibers thought to be individual microtubules. Compact interphase cells stained diffusely with both antibodies. From prophase through early anaphase both antibodies stained the mitotic spindle, although the fluorescence contrast between the spindle and the cytoplasm was much higher with antitubulin than with antimyosin. From anaphase through telophase, strong antimyosin staining occurred in the cleavage furrow, while antitubulin stained the region between the separated chromosomes. This study established the feasibility of high-resolution fluorescent antibody localization of pairs of motility proteins in the cytoplasm of single cells, an approach which will make it possible to map out the sites of the various contractile protein interactions in situ.", "contents": "Simultaneous localization of myosin and tubulin in human tissue culture cells by double antibody staining. We have studied the distribution of myosin and tubulin molecules inside the same tissue culture cells by using two antibodies labeled with contrasting fluorochromes. Antimyosin raised against human platelet myosin was labeled with rhodamine. Antitubulin raised against sea urchin vinblastine-induced tubulin crystals was labeled with fluorescein. The two antibodies stained entirely different structures inside the same flat interphase cell: antimyosin bound to stress fibers and antitubulin bound to thin, wavy fibers thought to be individual microtubules. Compact interphase cells stained diffusely with both antibodies. From prophase through early anaphase both antibodies stained the mitotic spindle, although the fluorescence contrast between the spindle and the cytoplasm was much higher with antitubulin than with antimyosin. From anaphase through telophase, strong antimyosin staining occurred in the cleavage furrow, while antitubulin stained the region between the separated chromosomes. This study established the feasibility of high-resolution fluorescent antibody localization of pairs of motility proteins in the cytoplasm of single cells, an approach which will make it possible to map out the sites of the various contractile protein interactions in situ."}
{"id": "PMID:350891", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of opsin in outer segments and Golgi zones of frog photoreceptor cells. An electron microscope analysis of cross-linked albumin-embedded retinas.", "content": "Adult vertebrate retinal cells (rod and cones) continuously synthesize membrane proteins and transport them to the organelle specialized for photon capture, the outer segment. The cell structures involved in the synthesis of opsin have been identified by means of immunocytochemistry at the electron microscope level. Two indirect detection systems were used: (a) rabbit antibodies to frog opsin were localized with ferritin conjugated F(ab')2 of sheep antibodies to rabbit F(ab')2 and (b) sheep antibodies to cattle opsin were coupled to biotin and visualized by means of avidin-ferritin conjugates (AvF). The reagents were applied directly to the surface of thin sections of frog retinal tissues embedded in glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine serum albumin (BSA). Specific binding of anti-opsin antibodies indicates that opsin is localized in the disks of rod outer segments (ROS), as expected, and in the Golgi zone of the rod cell inner segments. In addition, we observed quantitatively different labeling patterns of outer segments of rods and cones with each of the sera employed. These reactions may indicate immunological homology of rod and cone photopigments. Because these quantitiative variations of labeling density extend along the entire length of the outer segment, they also serve to identify the cell which has shed its disks into adjacent pigment ipithelial cell phagosomes.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of opsin in outer segments and Golgi zones of frog photoreceptor cells. An electron microscope analysis of cross-linked albumin-embedded retinas. Adult vertebrate retinal cells (rod and cones) continuously synthesize membrane proteins and transport them to the organelle specialized for photon capture, the outer segment. The cell structures involved in the synthesis of opsin have been identified by means of immunocytochemistry at the electron microscope level. Two indirect detection systems were used: (a) rabbit antibodies to frog opsin were localized with ferritin conjugated F(ab')2 of sheep antibodies to rabbit F(ab')2 and (b) sheep antibodies to cattle opsin were coupled to biotin and visualized by means of avidin-ferritin conjugates (AvF). The reagents were applied directly to the surface of thin sections of frog retinal tissues embedded in glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine serum albumin (BSA). Specific binding of anti-opsin antibodies indicates that opsin is localized in the disks of rod outer segments (ROS), as expected, and in the Golgi zone of the rod cell inner segments. In addition, we observed quantitatively different labeling patterns of outer segments of rods and cones with each of the sera employed. These reactions may indicate immunological homology of rod and cone photopigments. Because these quantitiative variations of labeling density extend along the entire length of the outer segment, they also serve to identify the cell which has shed its disks into adjacent pigment ipithelial cell phagosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:350894", "title": "Reference preparation to standardize results of serological tests for rheumatoid factor.", "content": "The variance of between-laboratory results for rheumatoid factor tests was reduced through the use of a reference serum preparation. Two separate proficiency testing surveys have shown reduction of 58 to 81% in variance with samples of differing levels and composition. Reduction of variance was seen in data from laboratories in which the same methods and reagents were used, but greater reduction in variance was seen in results from laboratories using different methods and reagents. This study demonstrates that comparability of results of rheumatoid factor tests can be significantly improved through the use of a standard reference serum preparation and that confidence in such results can therefore be increased. A serum rheumatoid factor level of approximately 50 IU/ml is equivalent to a titer of 160 in the Singer-Plotz latex test, which has traditionally been accepted as evidence of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Reference preparation to standardize results of serological tests for rheumatoid factor. The variance of between-laboratory results for rheumatoid factor tests was reduced through the use of a reference serum preparation. Two separate proficiency testing surveys have shown reduction of 58 to 81% in variance with samples of differing levels and composition. Reduction of variance was seen in data from laboratories in which the same methods and reagents were used, but greater reduction in variance was seen in results from laboratories using different methods and reagents. This study demonstrates that comparability of results of rheumatoid factor tests can be significantly improved through the use of a standard reference serum preparation and that confidence in such results can therefore be increased. A serum rheumatoid factor level of approximately 50 IU/ml is equivalent to a titer of 160 in the Singer-Plotz latex test, which has traditionally been accepted as evidence of rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:350895", "title": "Bacitracin and coagglutination for grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci.", "content": "Bacitracin may be used for presumptive differentiation of group A from other beta-hemolytic streptococci. Whatever criteria are used for the test, a small number of erroneous results will be obtained. With the 1,161 strains studied in this laboratory, using a zone of 10 mm or greater as indicative of group A was better than using Maxted's original criterion of any zone of inhibition for group A. Co-agglutination is a preferable alternative to bacitracin testing, providing a grouping result as quickly as the bacitracin test but with the advantage of giving a definite grouping result. With the 247 strains studied so far, coagglutination results have correlated exactly with results of conventional grouping by a precipitin method.", "contents": "Bacitracin and coagglutination for grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci. Bacitracin may be used for presumptive differentiation of group A from other beta-hemolytic streptococci. Whatever criteria are used for the test, a small number of erroneous results will be obtained. With the 1,161 strains studied in this laboratory, using a zone of 10 mm or greater as indicative of group A was better than using Maxted's original criterion of any zone of inhibition for group A. Co-agglutination is a preferable alternative to bacitracin testing, providing a grouping result as quickly as the bacitracin test but with the advantage of giving a definite grouping result. With the 247 strains studied so far, coagglutination results have correlated exactly with results of conventional grouping by a precipitin method."}
{"id": "PMID:350896", "title": "Catalase-negative Escherichia coli isolated from blood.", "content": "A catalase-negative variant of Escherichia coli was isolated from the blood of a patient with acute leukemia who had been treated with various antibiotics and gentamicin. This small-colony variant grew almost as actively under anaerobic conditions as its large-colony revertant or E. coli NIHJ JC-2. The variant was resistant to gentamicin, in contrast with the revertant. Streptomycin and hemin stimulated growth of the variant slightly. With repeated subculturing the variant tended to increase slightly in colony size with coincident recovery of weak catalase production. The possibility that such a variant may have been induced by gentamicin was indicated.", "contents": "Catalase-negative Escherichia coli isolated from blood. A catalase-negative variant of Escherichia coli was isolated from the blood of a patient with acute leukemia who had been treated with various antibiotics and gentamicin. This small-colony variant grew almost as actively under anaerobic conditions as its large-colony revertant or E. coli NIHJ JC-2. The variant was resistant to gentamicin, in contrast with the revertant. Streptomycin and hemin stimulated growth of the variant slightly. With repeated subculturing the variant tended to increase slightly in colony size with coincident recovery of weak catalase production. The possibility that such a variant may have been induced by gentamicin was indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:350897", "title": "Assay method for Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins by automated counting of floating chinese hamster ovary cells in culture medium.", "content": "As Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells on plastic proliferate, many cells float off into the medium instead of piling up after they form a monolayer. Fewer cells were floating in the medium when CHO cells were incubated with cholera toxin at a concentration as low as 10 pg/ml. The toxin increased the adhesiveness of the cells forming confluent monolayers so that the floating cells accumulated on the adherent monolayers. On the basis of this finding, a simple, quantitative assay method for cholera and Escherichia coli enterotoxins was devised by cultivating CHO cells in a Linbro multidish and counting the cells in the medium with a Coulter Counter. The method was sensitive enough to detect toxins in 100- to 200-fold-diluted culture media of toxigenic E. coli strains. Little or no activity was detected by this method in the culture medium of nontoxigenic E. coli.", "contents": "Assay method for Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins by automated counting of floating chinese hamster ovary cells in culture medium. As Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells on plastic proliferate, many cells float off into the medium instead of piling up after they form a monolayer. Fewer cells were floating in the medium when CHO cells were incubated with cholera toxin at a concentration as low as 10 pg/ml. The toxin increased the adhesiveness of the cells forming confluent monolayers so that the floating cells accumulated on the adherent monolayers. On the basis of this finding, a simple, quantitative assay method for cholera and Escherichia coli enterotoxins was devised by cultivating CHO cells in a Linbro multidish and counting the cells in the medium with a Coulter Counter. The method was sensitive enough to detect toxins in 100- to 200-fold-diluted culture media of toxigenic E. coli strains. Little or no activity was detected by this method in the culture medium of nontoxigenic E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:350898", "title": "Common bile duct obstruction secondary to infection with Candida.", "content": "A patient is reported who had biliary tract obstruction secondary to infection of the common bile duct with Candida albicans, with the formation of a fungus ball. Treatment consisted of surgical removal of the fungus ball and drainage. Chemotherapy was not necessary. Ureteral obstruction through fungus ball formation, and even pulmonary fungus ball formation, has been attributed to candida, but this is the first case reported, to our knowledge, of bile duct obstruction.", "contents": "Common bile duct obstruction secondary to infection with Candida. A patient is reported who had biliary tract obstruction secondary to infection of the common bile duct with Candida albicans, with the formation of a fungus ball. Treatment consisted of surgical removal of the fungus ball and drainage. Chemotherapy was not necessary. Ureteral obstruction through fungus ball formation, and even pulmonary fungus ball formation, has been attributed to candida, but this is the first case reported, to our knowledge, of bile duct obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:350900", "title": "Modification by suppressor cells and serum factors of the cell-mediated immune response in experimental pyelonephritis.", "content": "A marked suppression of the thymusderived (T)-lymphocyte response to concanavalin A has been demonstrated in vitro during renal infection. Suppression of the T-lymphocyte response in vitro was seen as early as 2 h after the induction of renal infection, but maximum suppression was found 24-72 h later. A population of suppressor cells in the splenic lymphocyte population, generated during the host's response to infection, contributed to the depressed lymphocyte response. Removal of suppressor cells restored the mitogenic responsiveness of the remaining splenic lymphocytes. Conversely, in co-culture experiments, a suppressor cell present in the splenic lymphocyte population of pyelonephritic animals was shown to be capable of suppressing the mitogenic responsiveness of normal splenic lymphocytes. Significantly reduced host vs. graft responses by the pyelonephritic animals confirmed, in vivo, the depression of cell-mediated immune mechanisms. An additional suppressive factor was found in the serum of pyelonephritic animals which depressed in vitro the mitogenic responsiveness of splenic lymphocytes from normal animals. Support for the suppressive role of this serum factor was found when splenic lymphocytes from pyelonephritic animals were tested in vivo in the absence of homolgous serum (graft vs. host). Under these conditions, the lymphocytes showed an enhanced reaction compared with lymphocytes from normal animals. The presence of a suppressor cell population and a serum factor, both capable of depressing cell-mediated mechanisms, may be major factors contributing to the establishment of infection in the kidney.", "contents": "Modification by suppressor cells and serum factors of the cell-mediated immune response in experimental pyelonephritis. A marked suppression of the thymusderived (T)-lymphocyte response to concanavalin A has been demonstrated in vitro during renal infection. Suppression of the T-lymphocyte response in vitro was seen as early as 2 h after the induction of renal infection, but maximum suppression was found 24-72 h later. A population of suppressor cells in the splenic lymphocyte population, generated during the host's response to infection, contributed to the depressed lymphocyte response. Removal of suppressor cells restored the mitogenic responsiveness of the remaining splenic lymphocytes. Conversely, in co-culture experiments, a suppressor cell present in the splenic lymphocyte population of pyelonephritic animals was shown to be capable of suppressing the mitogenic responsiveness of normal splenic lymphocytes. Significantly reduced host vs. graft responses by the pyelonephritic animals confirmed, in vivo, the depression of cell-mediated immune mechanisms. An additional suppressive factor was found in the serum of pyelonephritic animals which depressed in vitro the mitogenic responsiveness of splenic lymphocytes from normal animals. Support for the suppressive role of this serum factor was found when splenic lymphocytes from pyelonephritic animals were tested in vivo in the absence of homolgous serum (graft vs. host). Under these conditions, the lymphocytes showed an enhanced reaction compared with lymphocytes from normal animals. The presence of a suppressor cell population and a serum factor, both capable of depressing cell-mediated mechanisms, may be major factors contributing to the establishment of infection in the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:350901", "title": "Intestinal apoproteins during fat absorption.", "content": "To compare the roles of apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I, B, and E (or arginine-rich apoprotein, ARP) in the intracellular production of intestinal chylomicrons (and/or VLDL), these apoproteins were localized in rat intestinal mucosa by the light microscope method of indirect immunofluorescence. In addition, tissue levels of ApoA-I and ApoB were measured during fat absorption by radioimmunoassay. Antisera were produced using ApoA-I isolated from rat plasma high density lipoprotein, and ApoB and ARP from plasma VLDL by column chromatography. The apoproteins yielded single bands on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis in urea and in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Anti-apoprotein antisera were produced in rabbits. These antisera appeared to be monospecific on double-antibody immunoprecipitation of 125I-labeled apoproteins. In fasted animals granular staining of ApoA-I was noted in the supranuclear (Golgi) regions of epithelial cells in the top third of the villus. At 30 min, when fat droplets were seen in the supranuclear cytoplasm of the cells along the top two-thirds of the villus, intense ApoA-I staining surrounded droplets in the cytoplasm. At later times when epithelial cells and lamina propria both contained fat droplets, bright ApoA-I stain surrounded many droplets in the supranuclear cytoplasm of cells and in the lamina propria. Over the same period of time, tissue levels of ApoA-I rose 10-fold. The distribution and time-course of ApoB staining was nearly identical with that of ApoA-I. Concomitantly, tissue ApoB levels doubled. By contrast, in fasting rat intestine, staining of ARP was sparse, punctate, and confined to the lower quarter of the villus. After fat feeding, stained droplets were seen only in the lamina propria near the base of the villus even though abundant ARP was found in cells along most of this length of the villus. Stain was never seen to surround any droplets inside cells. Thus, ApoA-I and ApoB appeared to participate in the intracellular assemply of lipoproteins in gut, whereas ARP did not, although ARP was found within mucosal cells. Liver and intestine differed in their stainable contents of ApoA-I and ARP. Whereas intestine stained heavily for ApoA-I and lightly for ARP, liver stained heavily for ARP and lightly for ApoA-I. Both organs stained for ApoB. These findings suggest that there may be some quantitative \"specialization\" of the two organs which secrete lipoproteins.", "contents": "Intestinal apoproteins during fat absorption. To compare the roles of apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I, B, and E (or arginine-rich apoprotein, ARP) in the intracellular production of intestinal chylomicrons (and/or VLDL), these apoproteins were localized in rat intestinal mucosa by the light microscope method of indirect immunofluorescence. In addition, tissue levels of ApoA-I and ApoB were measured during fat absorption by radioimmunoassay. Antisera were produced using ApoA-I isolated from rat plasma high density lipoprotein, and ApoB and ARP from plasma VLDL by column chromatography. The apoproteins yielded single bands on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis in urea and in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Anti-apoprotein antisera were produced in rabbits. These antisera appeared to be monospecific on double-antibody immunoprecipitation of 125I-labeled apoproteins. In fasted animals granular staining of ApoA-I was noted in the supranuclear (Golgi) regions of epithelial cells in the top third of the villus. At 30 min, when fat droplets were seen in the supranuclear cytoplasm of the cells along the top two-thirds of the villus, intense ApoA-I staining surrounded droplets in the cytoplasm. At later times when epithelial cells and lamina propria both contained fat droplets, bright ApoA-I stain surrounded many droplets in the supranuclear cytoplasm of cells and in the lamina propria. Over the same period of time, tissue levels of ApoA-I rose 10-fold. The distribution and time-course of ApoB staining was nearly identical with that of ApoA-I. Concomitantly, tissue ApoB levels doubled. By contrast, in fasting rat intestine, staining of ARP was sparse, punctate, and confined to the lower quarter of the villus. After fat feeding, stained droplets were seen only in the lamina propria near the base of the villus even though abundant ARP was found in cells along most of this length of the villus. Stain was never seen to surround any droplets inside cells. Thus, ApoA-I and ApoB appeared to participate in the intracellular assemply of lipoproteins in gut, whereas ARP did not, although ARP was found within mucosal cells. Liver and intestine differed in their stainable contents of ApoA-I and ARP. Whereas intestine stained heavily for ApoA-I and lightly for ARP, liver stained heavily for ARP and lightly for ApoA-I. Both organs stained for ApoB. These findings suggest that there may be some quantitative \"specialization\" of the two organs which secrete lipoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:350902", "title": "Inherited deficiency of the seventh component of complement associated with nephritis. Propensity to formation of C56 and related C7-consuming activity.", "content": "A 46-yr-old female with chronic pyelonephritis was found to lack complement (C) activity by the use of hemolytic screen assays in agarose gels. These assays also revealed a propensity of patient serum to form an activated complex of the fifth and sixth components of C, C56. Each of the C component hemolytic activities was present in normal or elevated amounts with the exception of C7, which was undetectable; addition of purified C7 led to the restoration of hemolytic activity. C-dependent phagocytosis, immune adherence, and neutrophil chemotaxis were normal. Family studies demonstrated that the defect was transmitted as an autosomal codominant apparently not linked with alleles at the HLA-A or HLA-B loci. Persisting C56 was readily formed in this as compared to normal serum upon incubation with multiple C activators including zymosan, inulin, immune complexes, heat-aggregated human gamma globulin, endotoxin, and agarose. A heat-stable (56 degrees C, 30 min) activity which consumed C7 with time-and temperature-dependent kinetics was detected in plasma and serum, and seemed to be similar to a \"C7 inactivator\" previously described in another C7-deficient individual. However, this activity was found to have properties identical to those of C56 during low ionic strength precipitation and chromatography on Sephadex G-200, to be specifically removed upon passage through an anti-C5 immunoadsorbent column, and to be associated with a small amount of C56, suggesting that it represents an expression of small amounts of C56 rather than a new C-inhibitory activity. Thus, an individual with chronic nephritis lacking C7 is reported; the utility of a hemolytic screen assay in agarose plates for the detection of such patients is emphasized; persisting C56 is shown readily to be formed in this serum; and the presence of C7-consuming activity which is associated with and in all likelihood attributable to C56 is shown.", "contents": "Inherited deficiency of the seventh component of complement associated with nephritis. Propensity to formation of C56 and related C7-consuming activity. A 46-yr-old female with chronic pyelonephritis was found to lack complement (C) activity by the use of hemolytic screen assays in agarose gels. These assays also revealed a propensity of patient serum to form an activated complex of the fifth and sixth components of C, C56. Each of the C component hemolytic activities was present in normal or elevated amounts with the exception of C7, which was undetectable; addition of purified C7 led to the restoration of hemolytic activity. C-dependent phagocytosis, immune adherence, and neutrophil chemotaxis were normal. Family studies demonstrated that the defect was transmitted as an autosomal codominant apparently not linked with alleles at the HLA-A or HLA-B loci. Persisting C56 was readily formed in this as compared to normal serum upon incubation with multiple C activators including zymosan, inulin, immune complexes, heat-aggregated human gamma globulin, endotoxin, and agarose. A heat-stable (56 degrees C, 30 min) activity which consumed C7 with time-and temperature-dependent kinetics was detected in plasma and serum, and seemed to be similar to a \"C7 inactivator\" previously described in another C7-deficient individual. However, this activity was found to have properties identical to those of C56 during low ionic strength precipitation and chromatography on Sephadex G-200, to be specifically removed upon passage through an anti-C5 immunoadsorbent column, and to be associated with a small amount of C56, suggesting that it represents an expression of small amounts of C56 rather than a new C-inhibitory activity. Thus, an individual with chronic nephritis lacking C7 is reported; the utility of a hemolytic screen assay in agarose plates for the detection of such patients is emphasized; persisting C56 is shown readily to be formed in this serum; and the presence of C7-consuming activity which is associated with and in all likelihood attributable to C56 is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:350903", "title": "Insulin binding to monocytes and insulin action in human obesity, starvation, and refeeding.", "content": "Insulin binding to monocytes and insulin action in vivo was examined in 14 obese subjects during the postabsorptive state and after starvation and refeeding. Tissue sensitivity to insulin was evaluated with the euglycemic insulin clamp technique. The plasma insulin concentration is acutely raised and maintained 100 muU/ml above the fasting level, and plasma glucose is held constant by a variable glucose infusion. The amount of glucose infused is a measure of tissue sensitivity to insulin and averaged 285+/-15 mg/m(2) per min in controls compared to 136+/-13 mg/m(2) per min in obese subjects (P <0.001). (125)I-Insulin binding to monocytes averaged 8.3+/-0.4% in controls vs. 4.6+/-0.5% in obese subjects (P < 0.001). Insulin binding and insulin action were highly correlated in both control (r = 0.86, P < 0.001) and obese (r = 0.94, P < 0.001) groups. Studies employing tritiated glucose to measure glucose production indicated hepatic as well as extrahepatic resistance to insulin in obesity. After 3 and 14 days of starvation, insulin sensitivity in obese subjects decreased to 69+/-4 and 71+/-7 mg/m(2) per min, respectively, whereas (125)I-insulin binding increased to 8.8+/-0.7 and 9.0+/-0.4%. In contrast to the basal state, there was no correlation between insulin binding and insulin action. After refeeding, tissue sensitivity increased to 168+/-14 mg/m(2) per min (P < 0.001) whereas insulin binding fell to 5.0+/-0.3%. We conclude that (a) in the postabsorptive state insulin binding to monocytes provides an index of in vivo insulin action in nonobese and obese subjects and, (b) during starvation and refeeding, insulin binding and insulin action changes in opposite directions suggesting that postreceptor events determine in vivo insulin sensitivity.", "contents": "Insulin binding to monocytes and insulin action in human obesity, starvation, and refeeding. Insulin binding to monocytes and insulin action in vivo was examined in 14 obese subjects during the postabsorptive state and after starvation and refeeding. Tissue sensitivity to insulin was evaluated with the euglycemic insulin clamp technique. The plasma insulin concentration is acutely raised and maintained 100 muU/ml above the fasting level, and plasma glucose is held constant by a variable glucose infusion. The amount of glucose infused is a measure of tissue sensitivity to insulin and averaged 285+/-15 mg/m(2) per min in controls compared to 136+/-13 mg/m(2) per min in obese subjects (P <0.001). (125)I-Insulin binding to monocytes averaged 8.3+/-0.4% in controls vs. 4.6+/-0.5% in obese subjects (P < 0.001). Insulin binding and insulin action were highly correlated in both control (r = 0.86, P < 0.001) and obese (r = 0.94, P < 0.001) groups. Studies employing tritiated glucose to measure glucose production indicated hepatic as well as extrahepatic resistance to insulin in obesity. After 3 and 14 days of starvation, insulin sensitivity in obese subjects decreased to 69+/-4 and 71+/-7 mg/m(2) per min, respectively, whereas (125)I-insulin binding increased to 8.8+/-0.7 and 9.0+/-0.4%. In contrast to the basal state, there was no correlation between insulin binding and insulin action. After refeeding, tissue sensitivity increased to 168+/-14 mg/m(2) per min (P < 0.001) whereas insulin binding fell to 5.0+/-0.3%. We conclude that (a) in the postabsorptive state insulin binding to monocytes provides an index of in vivo insulin action in nonobese and obese subjects and, (b) during starvation and refeeding, insulin binding and insulin action changes in opposite directions suggesting that postreceptor events determine in vivo insulin sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:350904", "title": "Hibitane in the treatment of aphthous ulceration.", "content": "In the absence of a known aetiology the management of recurrent aphthous ulceration is symptomatic with the removal of predisposing factors where possible. Since the severity and duration of ulcers may be increased by bacterial contamination, the effect of chlorhexidine gluconate in mouthwash and gel forms on the natural history of the condition has been studied. The mouthwash study employed a 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution, a 0.5% astringent solution and a control mouthwash. Each mouthwash was used by all of the patients, with 5 ml of each preparation being diluted with 5 ml of water for use three times a day. The gel study employed a 1% chlorhexidine gluconate and a placebo gel with approximately a 1 inch of the gel from the tubes being placed in the mouth three times a day. Both studies were carried out in the double-blind crossover manner with each preparation used for 5 weeks with a 2-week interval between preparations. In the mouthwash trial chlorhexidine gluconate significantly reduced the incidence, duration and severity of ulcers, whereas in the gel trial chlorhexidine significantly reduced the severity and duration but not the incidence of ulceration. Since the dosage regimes for chlorhexidine in the two studies were comparable, the mode of delivery would appear to be important in the therapeutic effectiveness.", "contents": "Hibitane in the treatment of aphthous ulceration. In the absence of a known aetiology the management of recurrent aphthous ulceration is symptomatic with the removal of predisposing factors where possible. Since the severity and duration of ulcers may be increased by bacterial contamination, the effect of chlorhexidine gluconate in mouthwash and gel forms on the natural history of the condition has been studied. The mouthwash study employed a 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution, a 0.5% astringent solution and a control mouthwash. Each mouthwash was used by all of the patients, with 5 ml of each preparation being diluted with 5 ml of water for use three times a day. The gel study employed a 1% chlorhexidine gluconate and a placebo gel with approximately a 1 inch of the gel from the tubes being placed in the mouth three times a day. Both studies were carried out in the double-blind crossover manner with each preparation used for 5 weeks with a 2-week interval between preparations. In the mouthwash trial chlorhexidine gluconate significantly reduced the incidence, duration and severity of ulcers, whereas in the gel trial chlorhexidine significantly reduced the severity and duration but not the incidence of ulceration. Since the dosage regimes for chlorhexidine in the two studies were comparable, the mode of delivery would appear to be important in the therapeutic effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:350905", "title": "Hibitane in the treatment of oral candidiasis.", "content": "Denture stomatitis (chronic atrophic candidosis) is a very common complication to the wearing of complete dentures. The infection is due to a contamination of the denture by yeasts. In a number of studies the clinical effect of Hibitane when used as a denture disinfectant has been studied. It was found that Hibitane (0.2--2%) caused a significant amelioration of inflamed palatal tissues and a reduction in the number of yeast cells harbored on the palatal mucosa and the fitting surface of the dentures. However, relapse of the infection was frequent after treatment was sustained. It was concluded that Hibitane could not be recommended for routine denture disinfection, first, because it caused staining of the dentures, second, because of the relative resistance of the yeast to the action of the drug. However, it seems justified to use Hibitane prophylactically as a denture disinfectant in patients who are highly susceptible to developing disseminating or systemic candidosis. Hibitane is a valuable drug in the treatment of denture stomatitis when used as a denture disinfectant.", "contents": "Hibitane in the treatment of oral candidiasis. Denture stomatitis (chronic atrophic candidosis) is a very common complication to the wearing of complete dentures. The infection is due to a contamination of the denture by yeasts. In a number of studies the clinical effect of Hibitane when used as a denture disinfectant has been studied. It was found that Hibitane (0.2--2%) caused a significant amelioration of inflamed palatal tissues and a reduction in the number of yeast cells harbored on the palatal mucosa and the fitting surface of the dentures. However, relapse of the infection was frequent after treatment was sustained. It was concluded that Hibitane could not be recommended for routine denture disinfection, first, because it caused staining of the dentures, second, because of the relative resistance of the yeast to the action of the drug. However, it seems justified to use Hibitane prophylactically as a denture disinfectant in patients who are highly susceptible to developing disseminating or systemic candidosis. Hibitane is a valuable drug in the treatment of denture stomatitis when used as a denture disinfectant."}
{"id": "PMID:350906", "title": "Control of plaque by non-chemical means.", "content": "Bacterial plaque at the dento-gingival margin is always associated with gingivitis. Measures which keep the area free from plaque will maintain health or encourage healing of existing gingivitis. Scaling and polishing at 6-month intervals may be sufficient for those patients who practice near-perfect oral hygiene but it is not an effective way of promoting the resolution of established gingivitis. A change to effective oral hygiene measures by the patient is the major factor in resolving gingivitis, but the association with scaling and polishing provides the ideal combination. Toothbrushing may only clean the oral and facial aspects of the teeth so interdental cleaning is necessary where gingivitis is established. There is no clear evidence that any particular oral hygiene routine is better than any other for all patients. It is generally agreed that thoroughness is extremely important. There is a variety of ways of motivating patients to practice effective oral hygiene but all reports indicate that it is most likely to be effective on a person-to-person basis. Motivation itself is not enough and must be associated with education and instruction. Long-term failure is likely unless the message is reinforced at regular intervals.", "contents": "Control of plaque by non-chemical means. Bacterial plaque at the dento-gingival margin is always associated with gingivitis. Measures which keep the area free from plaque will maintain health or encourage healing of existing gingivitis. Scaling and polishing at 6-month intervals may be sufficient for those patients who practice near-perfect oral hygiene but it is not an effective way of promoting the resolution of established gingivitis. A change to effective oral hygiene measures by the patient is the major factor in resolving gingivitis, but the association with scaling and polishing provides the ideal combination. Toothbrushing may only clean the oral and facial aspects of the teeth so interdental cleaning is necessary where gingivitis is established. There is no clear evidence that any particular oral hygiene routine is better than any other for all patients. It is generally agreed that thoroughness is extremely important. There is a variety of ways of motivating patients to practice effective oral hygiene but all reports indicate that it is most likely to be effective on a person-to-person basis. Motivation itself is not enough and must be associated with education and instruction. Long-term failure is likely unless the message is reinforced at regular intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:350907", "title": "Outlook for Hibitane in dental caries.", "content": "The association between S. mutans and dental caries in humans has focused the interest on the possiblity to suppress or eliminate this microorganism from the oral cavity. In this respect chlorhexidine seems to be a valuable adjunct, since S. mutans is highly sensitive to the drug. In hamsters and rats infected with S. mutans topical applications of chlorhexidine have been highly effective in lowering the caries activity. In long-term studies in students, a certain caries inhibiting effect has also been demonstrated. The decrease in the prevalence of S. mutans by chlorhexidine treatment suggests that the drug can be used for directed and controlled antimicrobial therapy in subjects highly infected with S. mutans.", "contents": "Outlook for Hibitane in dental caries. The association between S. mutans and dental caries in humans has focused the interest on the possiblity to suppress or eliminate this microorganism from the oral cavity. In this respect chlorhexidine seems to be a valuable adjunct, since S. mutans is highly sensitive to the drug. In hamsters and rats infected with S. mutans topical applications of chlorhexidine have been highly effective in lowering the caries activity. In long-term studies in students, a certain caries inhibiting effect has also been demonstrated. The decrease in the prevalence of S. mutans by chlorhexidine treatment suggests that the drug can be used for directed and controlled antimicrobial therapy in subjects highly infected with S. mutans."}
{"id": "PMID:350911", "title": "Effect of the Water Pik device on plaque accumulation and development of gingivitis.", "content": "The influence of the water irrigating device, Water Pik, on the accumulation of plaque and development of gingivitis has been studied using the model, \"experimental gingivitis in man\". The investigation was carried out on 41 patient volunteers whose teeth were thoroughly scaled and polished during a 4-week period of intensive oral hygiene preceding each experimental period. Gingival exudation, Plaque Index and Gingival Index were registered at the beginning of the experimental periods. The participants were then divided into four groups. Groups A and B abandoned all forms of active oral hygiene. Group A, however, were given Water Pik devices as the only oral hygiene aid. Groups C and D continued to clean their teeth using a toothbrush and Group C were given Water Pik devices as a supplementary aid. After 14 days, gingival exudation, Plaque Index, Gingival Index and soft tissue injuries were registered. The results showed that , while both groups A and B demonstrated extensive plaque deposits and gingivitis, these were present to a significantly lesser degree in Water Pik users. The toothbrushing groups (C and D) failed to demonstrate any further reduction of plaque or gingivitis when Water Pik was introduced as an additional measure. No soft tissue injuries were found.", "contents": "Effect of the Water Pik device on plaque accumulation and development of gingivitis. The influence of the water irrigating device, Water Pik, on the accumulation of plaque and development of gingivitis has been studied using the model, \"experimental gingivitis in man\". The investigation was carried out on 41 patient volunteers whose teeth were thoroughly scaled and polished during a 4-week period of intensive oral hygiene preceding each experimental period. Gingival exudation, Plaque Index and Gingival Index were registered at the beginning of the experimental periods. The participants were then divided into four groups. Groups A and B abandoned all forms of active oral hygiene. Group A, however, were given Water Pik devices as the only oral hygiene aid. Groups C and D continued to clean their teeth using a toothbrush and Group C were given Water Pik devices as a supplementary aid. After 14 days, gingival exudation, Plaque Index, Gingival Index and soft tissue injuries were registered. The results showed that , while both groups A and B demonstrated extensive plaque deposits and gingivitis, these were present to a significantly lesser degree in Water Pik users. The toothbrushing groups (C and D) failed to demonstrate any further reduction of plaque or gingivitis when Water Pik was introduced as an additional measure. No soft tissue injuries were found."}
{"id": "PMID:350912", "title": "Computer-assisted analysis of written language: assessing the written language of deaf children.", "content": "Methods for assessing the written language of deaf students are reviewed. The merits and shortcomings of various objective indicators that have traditionally been used are discussed. These include various measures of total output, such as total number of words or sentences, and simple measures of diversity of usage such as the type-token ratio. There have been several attempts in recent years to include objective measures of syntactic complexity as part of an overall language assessment program. The use of a computer to assist teachers in the derivation of such syntactic measures is described. Two illustrative examples are provided. The first shows how the computer system performs a detailed syntactic analysis on a typical sentence taken from the written language of a deaf child. The second example shows how the system provides a summary analysis of several sentences in a theme. A statistical count of the syntactic forms used in the written language sample is provided at the end of the analysis.", "contents": "Computer-assisted analysis of written language: assessing the written language of deaf children. Methods for assessing the written language of deaf students are reviewed. The merits and shortcomings of various objective indicators that have traditionally been used are discussed. These include various measures of total output, such as total number of words or sentences, and simple measures of diversity of usage such as the type-token ratio. There have been several attempts in recent years to include objective measures of syntactic complexity as part of an overall language assessment program. The use of a computer to assist teachers in the derivation of such syntactic measures is described. Two illustrative examples are provided. The first shows how the computer system performs a detailed syntactic analysis on a typical sentence taken from the written language of a deaf child. The second example shows how the system provides a summary analysis of several sentences in a theme. A statistical count of the syntactic forms used in the written language sample is provided at the end of the analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:350913", "title": "Computer applications in clinical training.", "content": "Computer-based systems for enhancement of clinical training in audiology and speech pathology are described. The method employed places students in the position of having to make the kinds of critical observations and diagnostic judgments that typically occur in a clinical setting. The role of the computer is to simulate diagnostic tests, with or without patient variability, or to control a series of videotapes that depict various aspects of clinical practice. The systems described in this article are intended to augment conventional training procedures and should be used in conjunction with the student's coursework and regular clinical practicums.", "contents": "Computer applications in clinical training. Computer-based systems for enhancement of clinical training in audiology and speech pathology are described. The method employed places students in the position of having to make the kinds of critical observations and diagnostic judgments that typically occur in a clinical setting. The role of the computer is to simulate diagnostic tests, with or without patient variability, or to control a series of videotapes that depict various aspects of clinical practice. The systems described in this article are intended to augment conventional training procedures and should be used in conjunction with the student's coursework and regular clinical practicums."}
{"id": "PMID:350914", "title": "Characterization of various nervous tissues of the chick embryos through responses to chronic application and immunocytochemistry of beta-bungarotoxin.", "content": "beta-Bungarotoxin (beta-BT) was applied to chick embryos at 3-day intervals beginning on the fourth day of incubation to investigate ultrastructurally the effects of chronically and massively applied beta-BT on various nervous tissues and muscles. On the twenty-first day of incubation, spinal cords of beta-BT treated embryos were conspicuously decreased in size. Ventral root fibers dorsal root fibers, white matter, and motor neurons disappeared. Although spinal ganglia and sympathetic trunk ganglia were completely absent, Auerbach's and Meissner's ganglia nerve cells in the small intestine and adrenal medullary cells were not affected. In retinas of beta-BT treated animals ganglion cells and optic nerve fibers disappeared, but photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells and horizontal cells remained intact. Furthermore, olfactory nerve cells and their unmyelinated nerve fibers ensheathed by Schwann cells were quite undamaged. Skeletal muscles degenerated, whereas cardiac muscles were unaffected. In the present study various nervous tissues of the twenty-first day normal chick embryos were incubated with beta-BT and target cells of beta-BT were detected directly by the reaction with horseradish peroxidase labelled anti beta-BT guinea pig IgG. Motor nerve cells in the spinal cords, spinal and sympathetic ganglia nerve cells, ganglion cells and some nerve cells at the inner part of the inner nuclear layer in the retinas were positively stained, whereas Auerbach's and Meissner's ganglia nerve cells in the small intestine, adrenal medullary cells, photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells and horizontal cells in the retina and olfactory nerve cells were negative. Thus the present study shows the beta-BT has extensive destructive effects on various nerve cells which were revealed to be target neurons of beta-BT by immunocytochemistry. Those nerve cells, affected by beta-BT and positively stained with immunocytochemical reaction were supposed to have different characteristics from unaffected cells. One of the differences between these affected cells and unaffected cells may be whether there exist binding sites for beta-BT on the plasma membrane or not. The possibility of the use of beta-BT to characterize various nervous tissues is presented in the present study.", "contents": "Characterization of various nervous tissues of the chick embryos through responses to chronic application and immunocytochemistry of beta-bungarotoxin. beta-Bungarotoxin (beta-BT) was applied to chick embryos at 3-day intervals beginning on the fourth day of incubation to investigate ultrastructurally the effects of chronically and massively applied beta-BT on various nervous tissues and muscles. On the twenty-first day of incubation, spinal cords of beta-BT treated embryos were conspicuously decreased in size. Ventral root fibers dorsal root fibers, white matter, and motor neurons disappeared. Although spinal ganglia and sympathetic trunk ganglia were completely absent, Auerbach's and Meissner's ganglia nerve cells in the small intestine and adrenal medullary cells were not affected. In retinas of beta-BT treated animals ganglion cells and optic nerve fibers disappeared, but photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells and horizontal cells remained intact. Furthermore, olfactory nerve cells and their unmyelinated nerve fibers ensheathed by Schwann cells were quite undamaged. Skeletal muscles degenerated, whereas cardiac muscles were unaffected. In the present study various nervous tissues of the twenty-first day normal chick embryos were incubated with beta-BT and target cells of beta-BT were detected directly by the reaction with horseradish peroxidase labelled anti beta-BT guinea pig IgG. Motor nerve cells in the spinal cords, spinal and sympathetic ganglia nerve cells, ganglion cells and some nerve cells at the inner part of the inner nuclear layer in the retinas were positively stained, whereas Auerbach's and Meissner's ganglia nerve cells in the small intestine, adrenal medullary cells, photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells and horizontal cells in the retina and olfactory nerve cells were negative. Thus the present study shows the beta-BT has extensive destructive effects on various nerve cells which were revealed to be target neurons of beta-BT by immunocytochemistry. Those nerve cells, affected by beta-BT and positively stained with immunocytochemical reaction were supposed to have different characteristics from unaffected cells. One of the differences between these affected cells and unaffected cells may be whether there exist binding sites for beta-BT on the plasma membrane or not. The possibility of the use of beta-BT to characterize various nervous tissues is presented in the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:350915", "title": "Relation of hormonal variations to nutritional studies and metabolism of ruminants.", "content": "Variations in concentrations of growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, prolactin, adrenal corticoids, and thyroid hormones in blood plasma of ruminants as related to circadian rhythms, environmental factors and nutrition are reviewed. Rhythms in prolactin concentrations are related to light and temperature. Concentrations of prolactin in plasma are higher in warm environments and during longer photoperiods. There is episodic secretion of growth hormone in cattle with frequent peaks in plasma concentrations during 24 h. Marked increases in environmental temperature result in greater secretion of growth hormone for short times followed by a decline in plasma concentration with prolonged exposure. Extreme cold temperature also increases growth hormone concentrations in plasma. Secretion of thyroid hormones increases in cold and decreases in warm environments. Circadian rhythms are definite for plasma concentrations of adrenal corticoids in ruminants adjusted to their surroundings. Peaks occur late in dark periods, and lows occur during the end of light periods. Circadian patterns have not been consistent for secretion of insulin. Prolonged subjection to stresses such as noise, handling, and restraint can modify concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone, and adrenal corticoids. Changes in concentrations of insulin may occur if blood glucose is increased. After feeding, concentrations of growth hormone in plasma decrease and concentrations of insulin and glucagon increase. Relationships of these changes with metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "Relation of hormonal variations to nutritional studies and metabolism of ruminants. Variations in concentrations of growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, prolactin, adrenal corticoids, and thyroid hormones in blood plasma of ruminants as related to circadian rhythms, environmental factors and nutrition are reviewed. Rhythms in prolactin concentrations are related to light and temperature. Concentrations of prolactin in plasma are higher in warm environments and during longer photoperiods. There is episodic secretion of growth hormone in cattle with frequent peaks in plasma concentrations during 24 h. Marked increases in environmental temperature result in greater secretion of growth hormone for short times followed by a decline in plasma concentration with prolonged exposure. Extreme cold temperature also increases growth hormone concentrations in plasma. Secretion of thyroid hormones increases in cold and decreases in warm environments. Circadian rhythms are definite for plasma concentrations of adrenal corticoids in ruminants adjusted to their surroundings. Peaks occur late in dark periods, and lows occur during the end of light periods. Circadian patterns have not been consistent for secretion of insulin. Prolonged subjection to stresses such as noise, handling, and restraint can modify concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone, and adrenal corticoids. Changes in concentrations of insulin may occur if blood glucose is increased. After feeding, concentrations of growth hormone in plasma decrease and concentrations of insulin and glucagon increase. Relationships of these changes with metabolism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:350930", "title": "Cowden's disease: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Cowden's disease is one of the rare genodermatoses. The most characteristic findings in this disease are cutaneous and oral lesions that are widespread papillomas and verrucous papules. On the palms the lesions are keratoses. Aside from these findings, this syndrome complex is sooner or later associated with various internal abnormalities involving the mammary, thyroid, gastrointestinal, reproductive and skeletal systems. In the 28 reported cases, 13 cancers have been found, most of the breasts. Because of the characteristic cutaneous and oral lesions, it is possible to recognize this disease early and then to follow afflicted patients closely for the possibility of development of cancers or other abnormalities of other organs.", "contents": "Cowden's disease: a case report and review of the literature. Cowden's disease is one of the rare genodermatoses. The most characteristic findings in this disease are cutaneous and oral lesions that are widespread papillomas and verrucous papules. On the palms the lesions are keratoses. Aside from these findings, this syndrome complex is sooner or later associated with various internal abnormalities involving the mammary, thyroid, gastrointestinal, reproductive and skeletal systems. In the 28 reported cases, 13 cancers have been found, most of the breasts. Because of the characteristic cutaneous and oral lesions, it is possible to recognize this disease early and then to follow afflicted patients closely for the possibility of development of cancers or other abnormalities of other organs."}
{"id": "PMID:350933", "title": "Airborne Aspergillus fumigatus levels outside and within a large clinical center.", "content": "Most considerations of Aspergillus fumigatus prevalence have implied that patterns of occurrence observed within London hospitals are generally applicable. Since prevalence data are almost nonexistent elsewhere, this assumption remains untested. To provide a comparison relevant to North America, we have monitored thermotolerant fungi outside as well as at two sites within the University Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, during one year. Collections were made with paired Andersen samplers and malt agar for 30- to 40-min periods in a hallway adjacent to 6W, a general medical ward (47 days), and 2W, a lower level service and supply area (40 days); in addition, 10-min outdoor samples (44 days) were taken on an unobstructed hospital rooftop (out). Recoveries were analyzed after 3 and 7 days of 37 degrees C aerobic incubation. Virtually complete suppression of Cladosporium form species at 37 degrees left a mycoflora with A. fumigatus, A. niger, Paecilomyces spp., Mucor spp., and yeast/bacteria predominating. Although the proportions of samples yielding A. fumigatus were 76% for 6W, 57% for 2W, and 56% (out), levels exceeded 40 isolates/m3 only twice and were over 10 isolates/m3 on only 10 of 131 total samples. For 6W, 2W and out, respectively, means were 4.78, 1.97, and 6.25 isolates/m3; medians were 1.20, 1.05 and 1.75/m3 without annual trends indoors and with only a limited outdoor summer increase. Our data fail entirely to show the fall-winter abundance observed in the London report and suggest substantially lower indoor exposure levels of A. fumigatus than those noted in London.", "contents": "Airborne Aspergillus fumigatus levels outside and within a large clinical center. Most considerations of Aspergillus fumigatus prevalence have implied that patterns of occurrence observed within London hospitals are generally applicable. Since prevalence data are almost nonexistent elsewhere, this assumption remains untested. To provide a comparison relevant to North America, we have monitored thermotolerant fungi outside as well as at two sites within the University Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, during one year. Collections were made with paired Andersen samplers and malt agar for 30- to 40-min periods in a hallway adjacent to 6W, a general medical ward (47 days), and 2W, a lower level service and supply area (40 days); in addition, 10-min outdoor samples (44 days) were taken on an unobstructed hospital rooftop (out). Recoveries were analyzed after 3 and 7 days of 37 degrees C aerobic incubation. Virtually complete suppression of Cladosporium form species at 37 degrees left a mycoflora with A. fumigatus, A. niger, Paecilomyces spp., Mucor spp., and yeast/bacteria predominating. Although the proportions of samples yielding A. fumigatus were 76% for 6W, 57% for 2W, and 56% (out), levels exceeded 40 isolates/m3 only twice and were over 10 isolates/m3 on only 10 of 131 total samples. For 6W, 2W and out, respectively, means were 4.78, 1.97, and 6.25 isolates/m3; medians were 1.20, 1.05 and 1.75/m3 without annual trends indoors and with only a limited outdoor summer increase. Our data fail entirely to show the fall-winter abundance observed in the London report and suggest substantially lower indoor exposure levels of A. fumigatus than those noted in London."}
{"id": "PMID:350936", "title": "A comparison of the prevalence of sensitization to Aspergillus antigens among asthmatics in Cleveland and London.", "content": "A survey of the frequency of sensitization to Aspergillus antigens was conducted in a group of asthmatics in Cleveland and compared with a group of asthmatics in London, using common antigens for testing purposes. The two groups were comparable except for earlier onset, longer duration of asthma, and a larger number of males in the London group. Twenty-eight per cent of the asthmatics from Cleveland and 23% from London had immediate skin reactivity to Aspergillus. Seven and one-half percent from the Cleveland group and 10.5% of the London group had Aspergillus precipitins in the serum. Aspergillus skin test reactivity was related to the severity of airways obstruction (p less than 0.01) but was not influenced by other factors. We conclude that sensitization to Aspergillus antigens occur with equal frequency in both the United States and the United Kingdom.", "contents": "A comparison of the prevalence of sensitization to Aspergillus antigens among asthmatics in Cleveland and London. A survey of the frequency of sensitization to Aspergillus antigens was conducted in a group of asthmatics in Cleveland and compared with a group of asthmatics in London, using common antigens for testing purposes. The two groups were comparable except for earlier onset, longer duration of asthma, and a larger number of males in the London group. Twenty-eight per cent of the asthmatics from Cleveland and 23% from London had immediate skin reactivity to Aspergillus. Seven and one-half percent from the Cleveland group and 10.5% of the London group had Aspergillus precipitins in the serum. Aspergillus skin test reactivity was related to the severity of airways obstruction (p less than 0.01) but was not influenced by other factors. We conclude that sensitization to Aspergillus antigens occur with equal frequency in both the United States and the United Kingdom."}
{"id": "PMID:350938", "title": "Depression in the elderly. I. Relationship between depression, psychologic defense mechanisms and physical illness.", "content": "Diagnosis of depression in the elderly is sometimes difficult owing to the presence of ego defensive mechanisms or somatic symptoms that can disguise the affect. Depression also may precede, or be associated with a variety of medical illnesses which are common among older persons. Specific ego defenses and representative medical illnesses are discussed. The concepts of a depressive equivalent and pseudodementia, which particularly act to disguise the depression, are reviewed in detail.", "contents": "Depression in the elderly. I. Relationship between depression, psychologic defense mechanisms and physical illness. Diagnosis of depression in the elderly is sometimes difficult owing to the presence of ego defensive mechanisms or somatic symptoms that can disguise the affect. Depression also may precede, or be associated with a variety of medical illnesses which are common among older persons. Specific ego defenses and representative medical illnesses are discussed. The concepts of a depressive equivalent and pseudodementia, which particularly act to disguise the depression, are reviewed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:350939", "title": "Ivan Basilevich: a gerontologist in transit.", "content": "Chance often determines the names that are recorded in history. Among an earlier generation's gerontologists, Ivan Basilevich was distinguished by the promise of his career and recognition in the USSR by his peers. The military invasion of his nation changed the pattern of his life. From a professional level in his native land, at the age of 50, he became a resident in psychiatry in Rhode Island where he continued his work on aging. He became a citizen in 1954 and by 1962 was the senior psychiatrist of his hospital's staff. His contributions to gerontology included his participation in the Kiev Congress of Aging in 1938 and a monograph in English (unpublished) on the medical aspects of natural old age. He wrote some 70 articles. In his papers on the subject of aging he heralded the transition of gerontology to its modern stage.", "contents": "Ivan Basilevich: a gerontologist in transit. Chance often determines the names that are recorded in history. Among an earlier generation's gerontologists, Ivan Basilevich was distinguished by the promise of his career and recognition in the USSR by his peers. The military invasion of his nation changed the pattern of his life. From a professional level in his native land, at the age of 50, he became a resident in psychiatry in Rhode Island where he continued his work on aging. He became a citizen in 1954 and by 1962 was the senior psychiatrist of his hospital's staff. His contributions to gerontology included his participation in the Kiev Congress of Aging in 1938 and a monograph in English (unpublished) on the medical aspects of natural old age. He wrote some 70 articles. In his papers on the subject of aging he heralded the transition of gerontology to its modern stage."}
{"id": "PMID:350940", "title": "Tocopherol in Osteoarthritis: a controlled pilot study.", "content": "Thirty-two patients entered a simple-blind, cross-over study on the action of tocopherol in osteoarthritis; only 3 did not complete the course. Each patient was randomly assigned either to the tocopherol group (600 mg/day for 10 days) or to the placebo group. After 10 days the groups were transposed. The analgesic and other possible effects of tocopherol vs. placebo were assessed by the patients' daily records, by the physician's personal examination and interview, and by observations on the use of an additionally permitted analgesic (pro re nata). In 52 percent of the 29 patients who completed the study of good tocopherol analgesic effect was noted, but only 4 percent of those receiving placebo reported a similar effect. The difference was statistically significant. Further large-scale assessement of the influence of tocopherol in osteoarthritis would seem to be justified.", "contents": "Tocopherol in Osteoarthritis: a controlled pilot study. Thirty-two patients entered a simple-blind, cross-over study on the action of tocopherol in osteoarthritis; only 3 did not complete the course. Each patient was randomly assigned either to the tocopherol group (600 mg/day for 10 days) or to the placebo group. After 10 days the groups were transposed. The analgesic and other possible effects of tocopherol vs. placebo were assessed by the patients' daily records, by the physician's personal examination and interview, and by observations on the use of an additionally permitted analgesic (pro re nata). In 52 percent of the 29 patients who completed the study of good tocopherol analgesic effect was noted, but only 4 percent of those receiving placebo reported a similar effect. The difference was statistically significant. Further large-scale assessement of the influence of tocopherol in osteoarthritis would seem to be justified."}
{"id": "PMID:350943", "title": "A further footnote to Freud's \"fragment of an analysis of a case of hysteria\".", "content": "While ther is no evidence that Freud ever had in analysis a leading political figure, he did analyze the sister of one, and made her the basis of an important case study. Dora's brother, Otto Bauer, was an influential Marxist theoretician and leader of the Austrian Socialist Party from 1918 to 1934. Freud's Dora case illuminates the psychodynamics of Otto Bauer's life and career, and a re-examination of the case together with recent research also provides us with new information about Freud's analysis of Dora and the milieu in which they both lived.", "contents": "A further footnote to Freud's \"fragment of an analysis of a case of hysteria\". While ther is no evidence that Freud ever had in analysis a leading political figure, he did analyze the sister of one, and made her the basis of an important case study. Dora's brother, Otto Bauer, was an influential Marxist theoretician and leader of the Austrian Socialist Party from 1918 to 1934. Freud's Dora case illuminates the psychodynamics of Otto Bauer's life and career, and a re-examination of the case together with recent research also provides us with new information about Freud's analysis of Dora and the milieu in which they both lived."}
{"id": "PMID:350945", "title": "[New surgical technics in functional esotropias (the thread operation and classical technics)].", "content": "The surgical management of functional esotropias is now very different from some years ago with Fadenoperation settled by C\u00fcppers. Indeed this procedure is the only one which can act in a fitted manner on muscular spasms responsible of more than 60% of convergent squints. The simultaneous using of classical technics remains necessary, but in very different way from the custom formely. In the first part of this work, the authors begin to analyze the mechenism of medical rectus recession, and they show that operation doesn't act by a modification in arc of contact as it was always said, but only by a muscular slacking. On the contrary the change in arc of contact is the main factor which intervenes in Fadenoperation, but the muscle exclusion has also an important part. Whereas the effects of Fadenoperation on adduction incomitance are perfectly clear, those on the deviation in primary position still remain very abstruse. A statistical report on 143 cases of operated blocking esotropias shows that often Fadenoperation alone does not bring a complete cure of motor troubles. The authors explain the reasons of these failures and point out the other accurate muscular actions which must be associated to obtain a good result.", "contents": "[New surgical technics in functional esotropias (the thread operation and classical technics)]. The surgical management of functional esotropias is now very different from some years ago with Fadenoperation settled by C\u00fcppers. Indeed this procedure is the only one which can act in a fitted manner on muscular spasms responsible of more than 60% of convergent squints. The simultaneous using of classical technics remains necessary, but in very different way from the custom formely. In the first part of this work, the authors begin to analyze the mechenism of medical rectus recession, and they show that operation doesn't act by a modification in arc of contact as it was always said, but only by a muscular slacking. On the contrary the change in arc of contact is the main factor which intervenes in Fadenoperation, but the muscle exclusion has also an important part. Whereas the effects of Fadenoperation on adduction incomitance are perfectly clear, those on the deviation in primary position still remain very abstruse. A statistical report on 143 cases of operated blocking esotropias shows that often Fadenoperation alone does not bring a complete cure of motor troubles. The authors explain the reasons of these failures and point out the other accurate muscular actions which must be associated to obtain a good result."}
{"id": "PMID:350946", "title": "Neurovascular free flaps from the foot for innervation of the hand.", "content": "Microneurovascular flaps from the first web space of the foot offer a solution to upgrade sensibility of the denervated hand. Based on the dorsalis pedis artery, it allows simple dissection and a large vessel for easy and safe anastomosis. Seven cases are presented in which combinations of the first web anatomy for a variety of denervation injuries were used. The technique is ideally suited in those cases where no areas of island flap tissue are available for transfer.", "contents": "Neurovascular free flaps from the foot for innervation of the hand. Microneurovascular flaps from the first web space of the foot offer a solution to upgrade sensibility of the denervated hand. Based on the dorsalis pedis artery, it allows simple dissection and a large vessel for easy and safe anastomosis. Seven cases are presented in which combinations of the first web anatomy for a variety of denervation injuries were used. The technique is ideally suited in those cases where no areas of island flap tissue are available for transfer."}
{"id": "PMID:350948", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the trapezium: a case report.", "content": "Roentgenograms of a 46-year-old Caucasian man with progressive swelling and pain at the base of the thumb who had been treated for arthritis showed an enlargement of the trapezium. The entire bone and surrounding ligaments were removed and an iliac bone graft was used to fuse the trapezoid to the first metacarpal. Sections of the tumor were diagnosed as chondrosarcoma. No recurrence is apparent 3 years after excision.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the trapezium: a case report. Roentgenograms of a 46-year-old Caucasian man with progressive swelling and pain at the base of the thumb who had been treated for arthritis showed an enlargement of the trapezium. The entire bone and surrounding ligaments were removed and an iliac bone graft was used to fuse the trapezoid to the first metacarpal. Sections of the tumor were diagnosed as chondrosarcoma. No recurrence is apparent 3 years after excision."}
{"id": "PMID:350949", "title": "Osteoid osteoma of the carpal bones.", "content": "Three cases of osteoid osteoma of the carpal bones are described, with a review of the literature. The scaphoid is the carpal bone involved most frequently. Typically the lesions are painful and respond to aspirin. Roentgenologic finding of the central area of lucency surrounded by sclerotic bone often is diagnostic. Block excision with bone grafting is an acceptable method of treatment.", "contents": "Osteoid osteoma of the carpal bones. Three cases of osteoid osteoma of the carpal bones are described, with a review of the literature. The scaphoid is the carpal bone involved most frequently. Typically the lesions are painful and respond to aspirin. Roentgenologic finding of the central area of lucency surrounded by sclerotic bone often is diagnostic. Block excision with bone grafting is an acceptable method of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:350951", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of long term survival of Taenia taeniaeformis in rats.", "content": "An attempt was made to determine if blocking antibody is involved in protecting cysticerci of Taenia taeniaeformis against a host immune response. Immunoflourescence microscopy confirmed that host antibody is presnet on the parasite surface within the capsule. To test if the larvae can still survive after such a coat of blocking antibody is removed, the larvae were trysinised and then implanted into recipients. The results indicate that blocking antibody could be involved in the survival of 1 year old established larvae. Untrypsinised larvae were normal 14 days after implantation into control or immunised rats. Trypsinised larvae implanted in control rats were alive but showed on intense cell adherence on their surface. On the other hand, trypsinised larvae implanted into immunised rats were dead and completely encapsulated. However, experiments with 1 month old larvae were inconclusive.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of long term survival of Taenia taeniaeformis in rats. An attempt was made to determine if blocking antibody is involved in protecting cysticerci of Taenia taeniaeformis against a host immune response. Immunoflourescence microscopy confirmed that host antibody is presnet on the parasite surface within the capsule. To test if the larvae can still survive after such a coat of blocking antibody is removed, the larvae were trysinised and then implanted into recipients. The results indicate that blocking antibody could be involved in the survival of 1 year old established larvae. Untrypsinised larvae were normal 14 days after implantation into control or immunised rats. Trypsinised larvae implanted in control rats were alive but showed on intense cell adherence on their surface. On the other hand, trypsinised larvae implanted into immunised rats were dead and completely encapsulated. However, experiments with 1 month old larvae were inconclusive."}
{"id": "PMID:351046", "title": "Histochemical differentiation of complex carbohydrates with variants of the concanavalin A-horseradish peroxidase method.", "content": "Various treatments carried out prior to the concanavalin A-horseradish perioxidase (HRP) method have been found to affect the staining and have permitted differentiation of three main classes of complex carbohydrates in the rat alimentary tract. Class I mucosubstances lose and class II and III paradoxically gain concanavalin A-horseradish peroxidase reactivity after periodate oxidation. Class II mucosubstances lose whereas class III retain or increase their reactivity with a reduction step interposed between oxidation and concanavalin A-horseradish peroxidase staining. Mucous neck cells, pyloric glands, Brunner's glands and mast cells exhibit strong class III staining, whereas other sites such as intestinal goblet and salivary gland acini differ widely in their type of staining. Liver glycogen stains like mucosubstances in an unstable subgroup of class III. The paradoxical increase in concanavalin A binding during oxidation correlates with the appearance of Schiff reactivity implicating oxidation of vicinal hydroxyls as the basis for the effect. The periodate-induced staining is therefore, thought to result from an oxidative disruption of linkages between vicinal hydroxyls of neighboring sugars and hydroxyls of mannose required for concanavalin A binding. Staining with the described concanavalin A-horseradish peroxidase variants appears to afford information concerning cytochemical distribution of mannose-rich glycoproteins as well as differences among these substances in the relation of mannose to neighboring sugars.", "contents": "Histochemical differentiation of complex carbohydrates with variants of the concanavalin A-horseradish peroxidase method. Various treatments carried out prior to the concanavalin A-horseradish perioxidase (HRP) method have been found to affect the staining and have permitted differentiation of three main classes of complex carbohydrates in the rat alimentary tract. Class I mucosubstances lose and class II and III paradoxically gain concanavalin A-horseradish peroxidase reactivity after periodate oxidation. Class II mucosubstances lose whereas class III retain or increase their reactivity with a reduction step interposed between oxidation and concanavalin A-horseradish peroxidase staining. Mucous neck cells, pyloric glands, Brunner's glands and mast cells exhibit strong class III staining, whereas other sites such as intestinal goblet and salivary gland acini differ widely in their type of staining. Liver glycogen stains like mucosubstances in an unstable subgroup of class III. The paradoxical increase in concanavalin A binding during oxidation correlates with the appearance of Schiff reactivity implicating oxidation of vicinal hydroxyls as the basis for the effect. The periodate-induced staining is therefore, thought to result from an oxidative disruption of linkages between vicinal hydroxyls of neighboring sugars and hydroxyls of mannose required for concanavalin A binding. Staining with the described concanavalin A-horseradish peroxidase variants appears to afford information concerning cytochemical distribution of mannose-rich glycoproteins as well as differences among these substances in the relation of mannose to neighboring sugars."}
{"id": "PMID:351048", "title": "Localization of kallikrein in the coagulating and submandibular glands of the guinea pig.", "content": "Antibody to pure kallikrein from the coagulating gland of the guinea pig was used to localize kallikrein in the gland by immunofluorescence techniques. This antibody also reacted with the guinea pig's submandibular gland kallikrein. The specific fluorescence in the coagulating gland was present diffusely in all secretory cells lining the crypts. In contrast to its diffuse location in the coagulating gland, kallikrein in the submandibular gland was specifically located in the luminal border of striated and some larger duct cells, whereas the acinar cells and interstitial tissue showed no significant fluorescence.", "contents": "Localization of kallikrein in the coagulating and submandibular glands of the guinea pig. Antibody to pure kallikrein from the coagulating gland of the guinea pig was used to localize kallikrein in the gland by immunofluorescence techniques. This antibody also reacted with the guinea pig's submandibular gland kallikrein. The specific fluorescence in the coagulating gland was present diffusely in all secretory cells lining the crypts. In contrast to its diffuse location in the coagulating gland, kallikrein in the submandibular gland was specifically located in the luminal border of striated and some larger duct cells, whereas the acinar cells and interstitial tissue showed no significant fluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:351049", "title": "Pederasty, heroism, and the family in classical Greece.", "content": "Male homosexuality in Classical Greece found its expression in relationships that conformed to a pederastic model. This socially endorsed hierarchical relationship between older lover and younger beloved can be understood as an integral part of the culture by examining the concept of heroism and of the ideal warrior/hero presented in the poems of Homer and discussed in classical literature. Pederasty functioned to support the family and the continued primacy of masculine values and ethics. There is evidence that by the Classical period, traditional views, formed on the model of the warrior/hero, were undergoing a weakening and confusion. Social critics of the time rediculed these weaknesses and urged a return to values that stressed the dominance and strength of the hero.", "contents": "Pederasty, heroism, and the family in classical Greece. Male homosexuality in Classical Greece found its expression in relationships that conformed to a pederastic model. This socially endorsed hierarchical relationship between older lover and younger beloved can be understood as an integral part of the culture by examining the concept of heroism and of the ideal warrior/hero presented in the poems of Homer and discussed in classical literature. Pederasty functioned to support the family and the continued primacy of masculine values and ethics. There is evidence that by the Classical period, traditional views, formed on the model of the warrior/hero, were undergoing a weakening and confusion. Social critics of the time rediculed these weaknesses and urged a return to values that stressed the dominance and strength of the hero."}
{"id": "PMID:351050", "title": "Decreased VO2 consumption during exercise with elicitation of the relaxation response.", "content": "Oxygen consumption is usually considered to be predictable and unalterable at a fixed work intensity. The relaxation response is hypothesized to be an integrated hypothalamic response which results in generalized decreased sympathetic nervous system activity. One physiologic manifestation of the relaxation response is decreased oxygen consumption. The possibility that the elicitation of the relaxation response could decrease oxygen consumption at a fixed work intensity was investigated. Oxygen consumption was decreased 4 percent (p less than 0.05) in eight subjects working at a fixed intensity when the relaxation response was simultaneously elicited.", "contents": "Decreased VO2 consumption during exercise with elicitation of the relaxation response. Oxygen consumption is usually considered to be predictable and unalterable at a fixed work intensity. The relaxation response is hypothesized to be an integrated hypothalamic response which results in generalized decreased sympathetic nervous system activity. One physiologic manifestation of the relaxation response is decreased oxygen consumption. The possibility that the elicitation of the relaxation response could decrease oxygen consumption at a fixed work intensity was investigated. Oxygen consumption was decreased 4 percent (p less than 0.05) in eight subjects working at a fixed intensity when the relaxation response was simultaneously elicited."}
{"id": "PMID:351053", "title": "Biochemical and functional characteristics of the plasma membrane of macrophages from BCG-infected mice.", "content": "A set of quantitative signs of activation, previously developed in studies of inflammatory peritoneal macrophages, has been applied to the study of immunologically stimulated peritoneal cells. Mice that are infected systemically with Bacillus Calmette Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and then challenged locally with soluble mycobacterial antigens generate populations of cells that spread rapidly in culture, display an elevated pinocytic rate, ingest IgMC-coated sheep erythrocytes, and have diminished levels of 5'-nucleotidase activity. These effects depend on sensitization with live organisms, require secondary antigenic challenge, and develop on the same schedule as does effective cell-mediated immunity. The challenge is antigen specific and cannot be replaced by a nonspecific inflammatory stimulus. Thus, the characteristics of inflammatory macrophages that were previously defined are applicable to the study of immunologically mediated macrophage activation. Cells sharing this pattern of characteristics, whatever their mode of generation, are proposed to represent a distinct class of differentiated macrophages, as compared with the resident macrophage population.", "contents": "Biochemical and functional characteristics of the plasma membrane of macrophages from BCG-infected mice. A set of quantitative signs of activation, previously developed in studies of inflammatory peritoneal macrophages, has been applied to the study of immunologically stimulated peritoneal cells. Mice that are infected systemically with Bacillus Calmette Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and then challenged locally with soluble mycobacterial antigens generate populations of cells that spread rapidly in culture, display an elevated pinocytic rate, ingest IgMC-coated sheep erythrocytes, and have diminished levels of 5'-nucleotidase activity. These effects depend on sensitization with live organisms, require secondary antigenic challenge, and develop on the same schedule as does effective cell-mediated immunity. The challenge is antigen specific and cannot be replaced by a nonspecific inflammatory stimulus. Thus, the characteristics of inflammatory macrophages that were previously defined are applicable to the study of immunologically mediated macrophage activation. Cells sharing this pattern of characteristics, whatever their mode of generation, are proposed to represent a distinct class of differentiated macrophages, as compared with the resident macrophage population."}
{"id": "PMID:351054", "title": "Functional properties of EL-4 tumor cells with lipid-altered membranes.", "content": "The effect of fatty acid substitution of membrane phosphatides on a number of surface-mediated phenomena in EL-4 cells was examined. Tumor cells were grown in the presence of fatty acids that could be expected, on the basis of their physical properties, either to stiffen or fluidize the plasma membrane. Substitution of EL-4 cell membrane phosphatides with as much as 74% nonadecanoic acid (19:0) had no effect on either conjugation with effector cells or subsequent cytolysis by the effector cells. Substitution with linolenic acid (18:3) or elaidic acid (18:1trans) likewise affected neither conjugation nor cytolysis. Substitution with these fatty acids also had no effect on the susceptibility of EL-4 cells to cytolysis by antibody plus complement. On the other hand, the rate of patching of H-2 surface antigens was very sensitive to substitution by both 19:0 and 18:3. Although not conclusive, these results suggest that alterations of the fluid state of the membrane that affect lateral movements of surface proteins may not affect cytolytic processes.", "contents": "Functional properties of EL-4 tumor cells with lipid-altered membranes. The effect of fatty acid substitution of membrane phosphatides on a number of surface-mediated phenomena in EL-4 cells was examined. Tumor cells were grown in the presence of fatty acids that could be expected, on the basis of their physical properties, either to stiffen or fluidize the plasma membrane. Substitution of EL-4 cell membrane phosphatides with as much as 74% nonadecanoic acid (19:0) had no effect on either conjugation with effector cells or subsequent cytolysis by the effector cells. Substitution with linolenic acid (18:3) or elaidic acid (18:1trans) likewise affected neither conjugation nor cytolysis. Substitution with these fatty acids also had no effect on the susceptibility of EL-4 cells to cytolysis by antibody plus complement. On the other hand, the rate of patching of H-2 surface antigens was very sensitive to substitution by both 19:0 and 18:3. Although not conclusive, these results suggest that alterations of the fluid state of the membrane that affect lateral movements of surface proteins may not affect cytolytic processes."}
{"id": "PMID:351056", "title": "Altered immune responsiveness associated with experimental syphilis in the rabbit: elevated IgM and depressed IgG responses to sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "Generalized suppression of immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis detectable by depressed responses to heterologous antigens may be a mechanism by which certain parasites evade host defenses and establish chronic infections. To determine if such a mechanism occurs in syphilis, rabbits were infected with Treponema pallidum, and at weekly intervals thereafter these rabbits and uninfected controls were sensitized with SRBC. Seven days later the number of antibody-forming cells present in the spleen was determined by the Jerne plaque technique. After a transient suppression in the 1st week, IgM-PFC were elevated from up to 7 weeks after infection. The IgG response to SRBC was depressed early in infection and continued to decline to less than one-tenth of control levels over the next few weeks persisting throughout overt infection and returning to normal by the end of 2 months. IgG-PFC, and 2-ME-resistant hemagglutinins and hemolysins were also significantly depressed in infected rabbits after two immunizing doses of SRBC. These results suggest that the depressed IgG response caused by syphilitic infection may enable treponemes to evade host immunity by interfering with immunoregulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "Altered immune responsiveness associated with experimental syphilis in the rabbit: elevated IgM and depressed IgG responses to sheep erythrocytes. Generalized suppression of immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis detectable by depressed responses to heterologous antigens may be a mechanism by which certain parasites evade host defenses and establish chronic infections. To determine if such a mechanism occurs in syphilis, rabbits were infected with Treponema pallidum, and at weekly intervals thereafter these rabbits and uninfected controls were sensitized with SRBC. Seven days later the number of antibody-forming cells present in the spleen was determined by the Jerne plaque technique. After a transient suppression in the 1st week, IgM-PFC were elevated from up to 7 weeks after infection. The IgG response to SRBC was depressed early in infection and continued to decline to less than one-tenth of control levels over the next few weeks persisting throughout overt infection and returning to normal by the end of 2 months. IgG-PFC, and 2-ME-resistant hemagglutinins and hemolysins were also significantly depressed in infected rabbits after two immunizing doses of SRBC. These results suggest that the depressed IgG response caused by syphilitic infection may enable treponemes to evade host immunity by interfering with immunoregulatory mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:351057", "title": "The evolution of immunosuppressive cell populations in experimental mycobacterial infection.", "content": "Immunosuppressor activity of considerable potency and complexity was generated during the course of chronic, progressive infection of C3H/Anf mice by Mycobacterium lepraemurium. From the 5th through 10th week after inoculation, spleen cells from infected mice mildly but reproducibly suppressed the direct plaque-forming cell response of normal spleen cell cultures to sheep erythrocytes. Suppression at this stage of infection was mediated by cells with macrophage-like characteristics. A marked increase in splenic suppressor activity at 10 to 11 weeks was associated with the appearance of a second suppressor cell subpopulation composed of T lymphocytes. The appearance of these cells was closely related in time to the onset of rapid splenic enlargement and a loss of cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity to antigens of M. lepraemurium in mice at 10 to 11 weeks of infection. Suppressor cells were not present in peripheral lymph nodes until terminal infection at 22 to 25 weeks. Suppressor spleen cells depressed the T-dependent antibody response most severely, but there was also a direct effect upon B cells as shown by moderate suppression of responses to TNP-LPS and DNP-Ficoll. Spleen cells from 14-week-infected mice generated a soluble suppressor factor(s) that induces depression of moderate severity, however, the immunosuppression by intact cells was far greater.", "contents": "The evolution of immunosuppressive cell populations in experimental mycobacterial infection. Immunosuppressor activity of considerable potency and complexity was generated during the course of chronic, progressive infection of C3H/Anf mice by Mycobacterium lepraemurium. From the 5th through 10th week after inoculation, spleen cells from infected mice mildly but reproducibly suppressed the direct plaque-forming cell response of normal spleen cell cultures to sheep erythrocytes. Suppression at this stage of infection was mediated by cells with macrophage-like characteristics. A marked increase in splenic suppressor activity at 10 to 11 weeks was associated with the appearance of a second suppressor cell subpopulation composed of T lymphocytes. The appearance of these cells was closely related in time to the onset of rapid splenic enlargement and a loss of cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity to antigens of M. lepraemurium in mice at 10 to 11 weeks of infection. Suppressor cells were not present in peripheral lymph nodes until terminal infection at 22 to 25 weeks. Suppressor spleen cells depressed the T-dependent antibody response most severely, but there was also a direct effect upon B cells as shown by moderate suppression of responses to TNP-LPS and DNP-Ficoll. Spleen cells from 14-week-infected mice generated a soluble suppressor factor(s) that induces depression of moderate severity, however, the immunosuppression by intact cells was far greater."}
{"id": "PMID:351058", "title": "Immunochemistry of Salmonella O-antigens: preparation of an octasaccharide-bovine serum albumin immunogen representative of Salmonella serogroup B O-antigen and characterization of the antibody response.", "content": "The O-antigenic polysaccharide of phenol-water extracted Salmonella typhimurium (O antigens 4, 12) lipopolysaccharide was enzymatically cleaved by phage P22 endorhamnosidase. An octasaccharide with the (formula: see text) structure Gal-Man-Rha-Gal-Man-Rha was isolated and shown to retain the O-antigen 4 specificity of the native polysaccharide. After oxidation of the terminal reducing rhamnose residue to the corresponding aldonic acid, the octasaccharide was covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (OLS-BSA) by use of a water-soluble carbodimide. The resulting conjugate showed O-antigen 4 specificity in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ans passive hemagglutination inhibition tests. Immunization of rabbits with the OLS-BSA conjugate gave rise to antibodies directed toward both the octasaccharide and the carrier protein. ELISA titration with synthetic disaccharide-protein conjugates as antigens revealed that the antibody titer against the mannose-rhamnose structure was higher than against the abequose-mannose structure. In rabbits immunized with heat-killed whole bacteria the titers against the two disaccharides were equal. The reason for this difference is not obvious. It is evident, however, that the OLS-BSA conjugate elicited in rabbits O-antibodies with the same specificity as whole bacteria.", "contents": "Immunochemistry of Salmonella O-antigens: preparation of an octasaccharide-bovine serum albumin immunogen representative of Salmonella serogroup B O-antigen and characterization of the antibody response. The O-antigenic polysaccharide of phenol-water extracted Salmonella typhimurium (O antigens 4, 12) lipopolysaccharide was enzymatically cleaved by phage P22 endorhamnosidase. An octasaccharide with the (formula: see text) structure Gal-Man-Rha-Gal-Man-Rha was isolated and shown to retain the O-antigen 4 specificity of the native polysaccharide. After oxidation of the terminal reducing rhamnose residue to the corresponding aldonic acid, the octasaccharide was covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (OLS-BSA) by use of a water-soluble carbodimide. The resulting conjugate showed O-antigen 4 specificity in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ans passive hemagglutination inhibition tests. Immunization of rabbits with the OLS-BSA conjugate gave rise to antibodies directed toward both the octasaccharide and the carrier protein. ELISA titration with synthetic disaccharide-protein conjugates as antigens revealed that the antibody titer against the mannose-rhamnose structure was higher than against the abequose-mannose structure. In rabbits immunized with heat-killed whole bacteria the titers against the two disaccharides were equal. The reason for this difference is not obvious. It is evident, however, that the OLS-BSA conjugate elicited in rabbits O-antibodies with the same specificity as whole bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:351059", "title": "Lipopolysaccharide induction of IgM antibodies to polyadenylic acid in normal mice.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is able to induce autoantibodies reversibly in normal mice. Single or multiple doses of LPS induced a rapid and dose-dependent rise in antibodies to Poly A from 113 ng to 590 ng/ml serum as determined by Millipore filter radioimmunoassay. The response peaked at day 3 and was over by day 21. No response was seen if the LPS was chemically inactivated or injected into genetically nonresponsive mice. Antibodies were specific for Poly A and were not induced by T cell mitogens. Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation demonstrated only IgM antibody. Neonatal thymectomy altered neither the immunoglobulin class nor quantity of antibody. Neonatal splenectomy did not affect antibody class but reduced the amount produced. No free Poly A could be detected in circulation after LPS stimulation. These findings suggest that normal mice have B lymphocytes capable of limited and reversible autoantibody production.", "contents": "Lipopolysaccharide induction of IgM antibodies to polyadenylic acid in normal mice. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is able to induce autoantibodies reversibly in normal mice. Single or multiple doses of LPS induced a rapid and dose-dependent rise in antibodies to Poly A from 113 ng to 590 ng/ml serum as determined by Millipore filter radioimmunoassay. The response peaked at day 3 and was over by day 21. No response was seen if the LPS was chemically inactivated or injected into genetically nonresponsive mice. Antibodies were specific for Poly A and were not induced by T cell mitogens. Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation demonstrated only IgM antibody. Neonatal thymectomy altered neither the immunoglobulin class nor quantity of antibody. Neonatal splenectomy did not affect antibody class but reduced the amount produced. No free Poly A could be detected in circulation after LPS stimulation. These findings suggest that normal mice have B lymphocytes capable of limited and reversible autoantibody production."}
{"id": "PMID:351064", "title": "Sequential expression of immunoglobulin on developing mouse B lymphocytes: a systematic survey that suggests a model for the generation of immunoglobulin isotype diversity.", "content": "Paired immunofluorescent staining with antibodies specific for the major isotypes of mouse immunoglobulin was used to study the ontogenetic expression of diversity of cell surface immunoglobulin. The first B lymphocytes to emerge, derived from cytoplasmic IgM+ precursors, express sIgM exclusively. Between birth and 3 days of age separate populations of sIgM+ B lymphocyte acquire a second isotype: sIgD, one of the subclasses of sIgG, or sIgA. At 3 days, all splenic B lymphocytes that bear sIg or sIgA also express sIgM, but virtually none stain for sIgD. By 7 days, a substantial porportion of sIgG+ or sIgA+ lymphocytes in spleen and most of those in lymph node express both sIgM ans sIgD. Anti-mu antibody treatment from birth prevented development of B lymphocytes expressing any isotype. These observations suggest that the immature sIgM+ B lymphocyte is the pivotal cell in the generation of the different sublines of B cells and that sIgD ig or IgA. The frequency of lymphocytes bearing only sIgG or sIgA is higher in old than in young mice, suggesting that sIgD and sIgM may be lost after stimulation by antigens. The occurrence of a nearly identical distribution of sIg isotypes on B lymphocytes from athymic, pathogen-free mice suggests that primary expression of isotype diversity does not require T cells.", "contents": "Sequential expression of immunoglobulin on developing mouse B lymphocytes: a systematic survey that suggests a model for the generation of immunoglobulin isotype diversity. Paired immunofluorescent staining with antibodies specific for the major isotypes of mouse immunoglobulin was used to study the ontogenetic expression of diversity of cell surface immunoglobulin. The first B lymphocytes to emerge, derived from cytoplasmic IgM+ precursors, express sIgM exclusively. Between birth and 3 days of age separate populations of sIgM+ B lymphocyte acquire a second isotype: sIgD, one of the subclasses of sIgG, or sIgA. At 3 days, all splenic B lymphocytes that bear sIg or sIgA also express sIgM, but virtually none stain for sIgD. By 7 days, a substantial porportion of sIgG+ or sIgA+ lymphocytes in spleen and most of those in lymph node express both sIgM ans sIgD. Anti-mu antibody treatment from birth prevented development of B lymphocytes expressing any isotype. These observations suggest that the immature sIgM+ B lymphocyte is the pivotal cell in the generation of the different sublines of B cells and that sIgD ig or IgA. The frequency of lymphocytes bearing only sIgG or sIgA is higher in old than in young mice, suggesting that sIgD and sIgM may be lost after stimulation by antigens. The occurrence of a nearly identical distribution of sIg isotypes on B lymphocytes from athymic, pathogen-free mice suggests that primary expression of isotype diversity does not require T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:351066", "title": "Improved immunoadsorption procedure with anion-exchange bacterial cell columns.", "content": "Bacterial cell columns for immunoadsorption were prepared with Streptococcus cells and triethylaminoethyl cellulose (Cellex-T) matrix material as a model system. Good column flow properties and satisfactory retention of the cells were obtained with ratios as high as 2 ml of packed cells/3 g dry weight of cellulose. Anion-exchange fractionation of whole serum by the Cellex-T was prevented by using 0.25 M NaCl in the developing buffer. Antibodies were adsorbed directly from whole serum and recovered in high yield by desorption at pH 2.3. Pre-exposing bacterial cells to formalin and washing them with acetone was necessary to ensure that they remained on the columns. One strain of Streptococcus salivarius (SS 908) was satisfactorily retained on a column only after cells were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and washed with acetone. The means by which Cellex-T retains bacterial cells appears to be a combination of electronic attraction and physical entrapment.", "contents": "Improved immunoadsorption procedure with anion-exchange bacterial cell columns. Bacterial cell columns for immunoadsorption were prepared with Streptococcus cells and triethylaminoethyl cellulose (Cellex-T) matrix material as a model system. Good column flow properties and satisfactory retention of the cells were obtained with ratios as high as 2 ml of packed cells/3 g dry weight of cellulose. Anion-exchange fractionation of whole serum by the Cellex-T was prevented by using 0.25 M NaCl in the developing buffer. Antibodies were adsorbed directly from whole serum and recovered in high yield by desorption at pH 2.3. Pre-exposing bacterial cells to formalin and washing them with acetone was necessary to ensure that they remained on the columns. One strain of Streptococcus salivarius (SS 908) was satisfactorily retained on a column only after cells were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and washed with acetone. The means by which Cellex-T retains bacterial cells appears to be a combination of electronic attraction and physical entrapment."}
{"id": "PMID:351070", "title": "Epidemiology of group B Streptococcus: longitudinal observations during pregnancy.", "content": "A longitudinal, three-year study of the epidemiology of group B Streptococcus was conducted with repeated (four to 11) observations of 382 patients followed through pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period. Group B streptococci (2.3% of which were nonhemolytic) were isolated from the birth canal at first visit from 15% of the patients and from 28% with repeated cultures. Overall, group B streptococci were isolated at 12% of culture visits. Streptococcal carriage was significantly less common among patients who were Mexican-American, 20 years old or older, or in a fourth or later pregnancy. Multivariate analysis indicated that each of these three factors had a significant, independent bearing upon carriage of group B streptococci. Of 108 patients harboring these organisms in the birth canal, 36% could be classified as chronic, 20% as transient, and 15% as intermittent carriers. The relationship of infant colonization to the presence of streptococci in the birth canal at delivery and not to previous or subsequent carriage by the mother was consistent with the observation that maternal colonization was often inconstant.", "contents": "Epidemiology of group B Streptococcus: longitudinal observations during pregnancy. A longitudinal, three-year study of the epidemiology of group B Streptococcus was conducted with repeated (four to 11) observations of 382 patients followed through pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period. Group B streptococci (2.3% of which were nonhemolytic) were isolated from the birth canal at first visit from 15% of the patients and from 28% with repeated cultures. Overall, group B streptococci were isolated at 12% of culture visits. Streptococcal carriage was significantly less common among patients who were Mexican-American, 20 years old or older, or in a fourth or later pregnancy. Multivariate analysis indicated that each of these three factors had a significant, independent bearing upon carriage of group B streptococci. Of 108 patients harboring these organisms in the birth canal, 36% could be classified as chronic, 20% as transient, and 15% as intermittent carriers. The relationship of infant colonization to the presence of streptococci in the birth canal at delivery and not to previous or subsequent carriage by the mother was consistent with the observation that maternal colonization was often inconstant."}
{"id": "PMID:351071", "title": "Microflora of the cervix during normal labor and the puerperium.", "content": "The normal flora of the cervix was studied in 50 healthy women in labor and on the third day postpartum. Aerobic bacteria were the exclusvie isolates in 25% of these women, and 75% had anaerobic bacteria in addition to aerobes. Anaerobes were always found in association with aerobes. The most frequent isolate of Bacteroides was Bacteroides melaninogenicus, found in 20% of the women during labor and 14% during the puerperium. Bacteroides fragilis was distinctly absent during labor but was found in 6.8% of the women during the puerperium. Clostridia were found in 1% but histotoxic clostridia were not found. None had gram-negative diplococci (Neisseria or Veillonella). Gram-negative diplococci and spore-bearing bacilli visible by gram strain and B. fragilis demonstrated by culture, if present in the cervical specimens obtaineduring labor, should be considered abnormal.", "contents": "Microflora of the cervix during normal labor and the puerperium. The normal flora of the cervix was studied in 50 healthy women in labor and on the third day postpartum. Aerobic bacteria were the exclusvie isolates in 25% of these women, and 75% had anaerobic bacteria in addition to aerobes. Anaerobes were always found in association with aerobes. The most frequent isolate of Bacteroides was Bacteroides melaninogenicus, found in 20% of the women during labor and 14% during the puerperium. Bacteroides fragilis was distinctly absent during labor but was found in 6.8% of the women during the puerperium. Clostridia were found in 1% but histotoxic clostridia were not found. None had gram-negative diplococci (Neisseria or Veillonella). Gram-negative diplococci and spore-bearing bacilli visible by gram strain and B. fragilis demonstrated by culture, if present in the cervical specimens obtaineduring labor, should be considered abnormal."}
{"id": "PMID:351072", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay of antibody to Rochalimaea quintana: diagnosis of trench fever and serologic cross-reactions among other rickettsiae.", "content": "Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests were used to diagnose trench fever and to determine cross-reactions of Rochalimaea quintana with other rickettsiae. The results were compared with those obtained by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). All sera from cases of primary or relapsed forms of trench fever were positive both in EIA, with serum antibody titers of 1:20-1:640, and in CIE, giving one to three precipitin lines. Sera from patients with other rickettsial infections were also tested for reactivity with R. quintana antigen: typhus group (Rickettsia prowazekii, Ricketsia mooseri), 15 sera; spotted fever group (Ricketsia ricketsii, Rickettsia akari), eight sera; and scrub typhus (Rickettsia tsutsugamushi), six sera. Strong reactions occurred with four sera from patients with scrub typhus, giving one or two lines in CIE and EIA titers of 1:40-1:160; these results were extended to guinea pig antisera to R. tsutsugamushi. About 50% of typhus group sera reacted with a single line in CIE and had antibody titers of 1:20-1:80 by EIA. The results show that EIA is accurate for the diagnosis of trench fever and, with the results obtained by CIE, suggest that R. quintana is antigenically related to R. tsutsugamushi and possibly to rickettsiae in the typhus group as well.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay of antibody to Rochalimaea quintana: diagnosis of trench fever and serologic cross-reactions among other rickettsiae. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests were used to diagnose trench fever and to determine cross-reactions of Rochalimaea quintana with other rickettsiae. The results were compared with those obtained by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). All sera from cases of primary or relapsed forms of trench fever were positive both in EIA, with serum antibody titers of 1:20-1:640, and in CIE, giving one to three precipitin lines. Sera from patients with other rickettsial infections were also tested for reactivity with R. quintana antigen: typhus group (Rickettsia prowazekii, Ricketsia mooseri), 15 sera; spotted fever group (Ricketsia ricketsii, Rickettsia akari), eight sera; and scrub typhus (Rickettsia tsutsugamushi), six sera. Strong reactions occurred with four sera from patients with scrub typhus, giving one or two lines in CIE and EIA titers of 1:40-1:160; these results were extended to guinea pig antisera to R. tsutsugamushi. About 50% of typhus group sera reacted with a single line in CIE and had antibody titers of 1:20-1:80 by EIA. The results show that EIA is accurate for the diagnosis of trench fever and, with the results obtained by CIE, suggest that R. quintana is antigenically related to R. tsutsugamushi and possibly to rickettsiae in the typhus group as well."}
{"id": "PMID:351073", "title": "A double-blind, controlled trial of levamisole in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis.", "content": "A double-blind, controlled trial of levamisole in the prevention and treatment of recurrent cold sores was performed. Forty-eight subjects received levamisole in a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg on two consecutive days each week for six months. The 51 control subjects were given a placebo identical to the drug in appearance. Both groups were given the same instructions. Nineteen subjects receiving levamisole and eight receiving placebo withdrew during the six months of the study. There were no significant differences between the levamisole-treated and control groups in the duration or severity of the lesions during the trial period or in the subjective assessment of drug efficacy by the participants at the end of the trial. Before treatment the frequency of lesions in the levamisole group was higher than in the control group. Only when this factor was taken into account by analysis of covariance did the decreased frequency of lesions during therapy appear significantly lower in the group receiving levamisole than in the placebo group. The difference remained clinically unimpressive. This study does not support earlier suggestions that levamisole, in these doses, is useful in the treatment of recrudescent circumoral herpesvirus infections.", "contents": "A double-blind, controlled trial of levamisole in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. A double-blind, controlled trial of levamisole in the prevention and treatment of recurrent cold sores was performed. Forty-eight subjects received levamisole in a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg on two consecutive days each week for six months. The 51 control subjects were given a placebo identical to the drug in appearance. Both groups were given the same instructions. Nineteen subjects receiving levamisole and eight receiving placebo withdrew during the six months of the study. There were no significant differences between the levamisole-treated and control groups in the duration or severity of the lesions during the trial period or in the subjective assessment of drug efficacy by the participants at the end of the trial. Before treatment the frequency of lesions in the levamisole group was higher than in the control group. Only when this factor was taken into account by analysis of covariance did the decreased frequency of lesions during therapy appear significantly lower in the group receiving levamisole than in the placebo group. The difference remained clinically unimpressive. This study does not support earlier suggestions that levamisole, in these doses, is useful in the treatment of recrudescent circumoral herpesvirus infections."}
{"id": "PMID:351077", "title": "Epidemiology of Escherichia coli in the United States.", "content": "Current evidence suggests that diarrheagenic E. coli are not important causes of disease in the sanitized urban centers of the United States at this time. However, enterotoxigenic E. coli are a leading cause of diarrhea among travelers who visit developing countries. The failure of diarrheagenic E. coli pathogens to gain a foothold in this country, despite problems with enteropathogenic E. coli in nurseries during the 1940s and 1950s and the more recent multiple introductions of enterotoxigenic E. coli by travelers returning from developing areas of the world, demonstrates the epidemiologic impotence of diarrheagenic E. coli in the relatively sanitized environment of the United States. Nondiarrheagenic E. coli seem to be major pathogens in community-acquired and nosocomial infections in extraintestinal sites.", "contents": "Epidemiology of Escherichia coli in the United States. Current evidence suggests that diarrheagenic E. coli are not important causes of disease in the sanitized urban centers of the United States at this time. However, enterotoxigenic E. coli are a leading cause of diarrhea among travelers who visit developing countries. The failure of diarrheagenic E. coli pathogens to gain a foothold in this country, despite problems with enteropathogenic E. coli in nurseries during the 1940s and 1950s and the more recent multiple introductions of enterotoxigenic E. coli by travelers returning from developing areas of the world, demonstrates the epidemiologic impotence of diarrheagenic E. coli in the relatively sanitized environment of the United States. Nondiarrheagenic E. coli seem to be major pathogens in community-acquired and nosocomial infections in extraintestinal sites."}
{"id": "PMID:351079", "title": "Invasive Escherichia coli.", "content": "The present evidence indicates that Shigella-like pathogenicity is determined by a multiplacity of genes. Although deliberate attempts have been made to confer invasive virulence on E. coli strain K12 by employing classical procedures of recombination with virulent S. flexneri donor strains, they have not yet been successful. While we should, theoretically, be able to achieve this, the practical problem of testing for pathogenicity precludes screening larger numbers of hybrid clones for the acquisition of virulence. This increases the difficulty of successfully realizing that end. Nevertheless, since invasive-type pathogenicity is determined by multiple genetic loci, we consider it unlikely that random insertion of foreign DNA into the E. coli K12 genome could supply all of the genetic information necessary to convert this organism into an invasive enteric pathogen.", "contents": "Invasive Escherichia coli. The present evidence indicates that Shigella-like pathogenicity is determined by a multiplacity of genes. Although deliberate attempts have been made to confer invasive virulence on E. coli strain K12 by employing classical procedures of recombination with virulent S. flexneri donor strains, they have not yet been successful. While we should, theoretically, be able to achieve this, the practical problem of testing for pathogenicity precludes screening larger numbers of hybrid clones for the acquisition of virulence. This increases the difficulty of successfully realizing that end. Nevertheless, since invasive-type pathogenicity is determined by multiple genetic loci, we consider it unlikely that random insertion of foreign DNA into the E. coli K12 genome could supply all of the genetic information necessary to convert this organism into an invasive enteric pathogen."}
{"id": "PMID:351080", "title": "Factors affecting virulence in Escherichia coli urinary tract infections.", "content": "The prevalence of E. coli relative to other bacteria in the urinary tract is assumed to be the result of its proximity to and its close relationship with the gastrointestinal tract. Strains on E. coli may establish themselves more readily in the urinary tract, and/or invade the upper urinary tract, if they have a number of different virulence factors. The relative importance of these factors in the development of urinary tract infection, with or without renal involvement, is not clear. In addition, the means by which these factors may increase the virulence of E. coli are not understood, although there seems to be some evidence that the K antigens alter resistance to phagocytosis and serum bactericidal activity %9,10]. The main reason that certain E. coli serotypes are cultured from the urinary tract, however, still seems to be their dominance in the stool. The broader question of why certain O serotypes of E. coli dominate the bowel flora has not been examined adequately. The studies suggesting that the K antigen is a significant virulence factor seem to be in conflict with other studies indicating the dominance of certain serotypes of E. coli in the stool and in urinary tract infections. A resolution of this dilemma may possibly be found in the recent observations of Dr. Frits Orskov [20] and others discussed elsewhere at this meeting that the K and O serotypes appear to be interrelated.", "contents": "Factors affecting virulence in Escherichia coli urinary tract infections. The prevalence of E. coli relative to other bacteria in the urinary tract is assumed to be the result of its proximity to and its close relationship with the gastrointestinal tract. Strains on E. coli may establish themselves more readily in the urinary tract, and/or invade the upper urinary tract, if they have a number of different virulence factors. The relative importance of these factors in the development of urinary tract infection, with or without renal involvement, is not clear. In addition, the means by which these factors may increase the virulence of E. coli are not understood, although there seems to be some evidence that the K antigens alter resistance to phagocytosis and serum bactericidal activity %9,10]. The main reason that certain E. coli serotypes are cultured from the urinary tract, however, still seems to be their dominance in the stool. The broader question of why certain O serotypes of E. coli dominate the bowel flora has not been examined adequately. The studies suggesting that the K antigen is a significant virulence factor seem to be in conflict with other studies indicating the dominance of certain serotypes of E. coli in the stool and in urinary tract infections. A resolution of this dilemma may possibly be found in the recent observations of Dr. Frits Orskov [20] and others discussed elsewhere at this meeting that the K and O serotypes appear to be interrelated."}
{"id": "PMID:351081", "title": "Some characteristics of Escherichia coli strains isolated from extraintestinal infections of humans.", "content": "Escherichia coli strains isolated from extraintestinal infections of humans possess a constellation of phenotypes not usually found in random fecal isolates, enteropathogenic strains, or the laboratory strain E. coli K12. The phenotypes found more commonly in extraintestinal strains include hemolysin production, the biosynthesis of colicin V, and the hemagglutination of human erythrocytes in the presence of D-mannose (HAh). Hemolysin is assumed to be a cytotoxic factor, colicin V is assumed to interfere with host defense mechanisms, and HAh is assumed to play a role in specific tissue adherence. In addition, greater than or equal to 50% of E. coli strains from extraintestinal infections kill allantoically inoculated 13-day-old chick embryos. Some (20%) of the fecal E. coli also kill embryos, but E. coli K12 is innocuous in this virulence model. The plasmids for hemolysin and colicin V production have been transmitted to E. coli K12 derivatives but are not sufficient to convert laboratory strains to a form virulent for the chick embryo.", "contents": "Some characteristics of Escherichia coli strains isolated from extraintestinal infections of humans. Escherichia coli strains isolated from extraintestinal infections of humans possess a constellation of phenotypes not usually found in random fecal isolates, enteropathogenic strains, or the laboratory strain E. coli K12. The phenotypes found more commonly in extraintestinal strains include hemolysin production, the biosynthesis of colicin V, and the hemagglutination of human erythrocytes in the presence of D-mannose (HAh). Hemolysin is assumed to be a cytotoxic factor, colicin V is assumed to interfere with host defense mechanisms, and HAh is assumed to play a role in specific tissue adherence. In addition, greater than or equal to 50% of E. coli strains from extraintestinal infections kill allantoically inoculated 13-day-old chick embryos. Some (20%) of the fecal E. coli also kill embryos, but E. coli K12 is innocuous in this virulence model. The plasmids for hemolysin and colicin V production have been transmitted to E. coli K12 derivatives but are not sufficient to convert laboratory strains to a form virulent for the chick embryo."}
{"id": "PMID:351085", "title": "Mobilization of the Escherichia coli plasmid ColE1 (colicin E1) and ColE1 vectors used in recombinant DNA experiments.", "content": "The Escherichia coli Co1E1 plasmid, which codes for production of colicin E1, is inherently nontransferable (nonconjugative) by bacterial mating. Co1E1 can be transmitted at mating by a process called mobilization if Co1E1 is coresident with a transfer plasmid. Mobilization is governed in part by a Co1E1 gene called mob. Co1E1 is mob+. Several Co1E1 derivatives employed in recombinant DNA experiments, notably pBR313 and pBR322, are mob-. These cloning vehicles are mobilized at markedly reduced frequency relative to Co1E1. E. coli K12 carrying either pBR313 or pBR322 represents a useful host vector system for recombinant DNA experiments and affords a significant degree of biological containment.", "contents": "Mobilization of the Escherichia coli plasmid ColE1 (colicin E1) and ColE1 vectors used in recombinant DNA experiments. The Escherichia coli Co1E1 plasmid, which codes for production of colicin E1, is inherently nontransferable (nonconjugative) by bacterial mating. Co1E1 can be transmitted at mating by a process called mobilization if Co1E1 is coresident with a transfer plasmid. Mobilization is governed in part by a Co1E1 gene called mob. Co1E1 is mob+. Several Co1E1 derivatives employed in recombinant DNA experiments, notably pBR313 and pBR322, are mob-. These cloning vehicles are mobilized at markedly reduced frequency relative to Co1E1. E. coli K12 carrying either pBR313 or pBR322 represents a useful host vector system for recombinant DNA experiments and affords a significant degree of biological containment."}
{"id": "PMID:351090", "title": "Pathogenesis of bacteremia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cyclophosphamide-treated mice and potentiation of virulence of endogenous streptococci.", "content": "Mice treated with cyclophosphamide on day 0 were killed at sequential intervals during subsequent administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in drinking water and were examined for sites of bacterial colonization and multiplication with use of peroxidase-labeled antibody and culture techniques. These studies were coordinated with those of clinical and histopathologic changes. Bacterial antigen was first detected on day 4 on the surface of nasal squamocolumnar junctions and the stratum corneum of gingival sulci and crests. Invasion of tissue by P. aeruginosa proceeded rapidly from these sites and led to bacteremia. There was no invasion of the lower alimentary canal. Endogenous group B beta-hemolytic streptococci colonized and penetrated ulcers created by previous pseudomonas invasion. These results suggest that epithelial colonization is the critical event in the pathogenesis of bacteremia due to P. aeruginosa in the immunosuppressed host. The resulting infection may provide a conduit for invasion and enhancement of the virulence of endogenous streptococci.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of bacteremia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cyclophosphamide-treated mice and potentiation of virulence of endogenous streptococci. Mice treated with cyclophosphamide on day 0 were killed at sequential intervals during subsequent administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in drinking water and were examined for sites of bacterial colonization and multiplication with use of peroxidase-labeled antibody and culture techniques. These studies were coordinated with those of clinical and histopathologic changes. Bacterial antigen was first detected on day 4 on the surface of nasal squamocolumnar junctions and the stratum corneum of gingival sulci and crests. Invasion of tissue by P. aeruginosa proceeded rapidly from these sites and led to bacteremia. There was no invasion of the lower alimentary canal. Endogenous group B beta-hemolytic streptococci colonized and penetrated ulcers created by previous pseudomonas invasion. These results suggest that epithelial colonization is the critical event in the pathogenesis of bacteremia due to P. aeruginosa in the immunosuppressed host. The resulting infection may provide a conduit for invasion and enhancement of the virulence of endogenous streptococci."}
{"id": "PMID:351091", "title": "Probenecid and the antibacterial activity of cephradine in vivo.", "content": "The influence of probenecid on the concentrations in blood and antibacterial efficacy of cephradine was studied in experimentally infected mice. An infection was induced by injection of 5 X 10(6) Escherichia coli into the thighs of irradiated, granulocytopenic mice. Probenecid was given 1 hr later, just before the administration of cephradine. The control animals received only the vehicle. Concentrations of cephradine in blood were determined for 2 hr; the antibacterial activity was estimated from bacterial counts made in the homogenized individual thighs. The blood concentrations of cephradine were 1.77 times higher in the probenecid-treated animals than in the controls. The potency ratio for doses was 2.41, the potency ratio for the areas under the drug concentration in blood vs. time curves was 1.34, and that for the peak blood concentrations was 1.43.", "contents": "Probenecid and the antibacterial activity of cephradine in vivo. The influence of probenecid on the concentrations in blood and antibacterial efficacy of cephradine was studied in experimentally infected mice. An infection was induced by injection of 5 X 10(6) Escherichia coli into the thighs of irradiated, granulocytopenic mice. Probenecid was given 1 hr later, just before the administration of cephradine. The control animals received only the vehicle. Concentrations of cephradine in blood were determined for 2 hr; the antibacterial activity was estimated from bacterial counts made in the homogenized individual thighs. The blood concentrations of cephradine were 1.77 times higher in the probenecid-treated animals than in the controls. The potency ratio for doses was 2.41, the potency ratio for the areas under the drug concentration in blood vs. time curves was 1.34, and that for the peak blood concentrations was 1.43."}
{"id": "PMID:351110", "title": "The fourth auditory ossicle: fact or fantasy?", "content": "The fourth auditory ossicle (the Os Orbiculare or Lenticulare, or the Osselet of Sylvius) was described and depicted in all books on anatomy or otology up to the turn of the century. Its presence is no longer observed nowadays, despite the thousands of micro-surgical operations performed on the middle ear and its ossicular chain.", "contents": "The fourth auditory ossicle: fact or fantasy? The fourth auditory ossicle (the Os Orbiculare or Lenticulare, or the Osselet of Sylvius) was described and depicted in all books on anatomy or otology up to the turn of the century. Its presence is no longer observed nowadays, despite the thousands of micro-surgical operations performed on the middle ear and its ossicular chain."}
{"id": "PMID:351111", "title": "Experimental scleroma. A histopathological study.", "content": "Klebsilla rhinoscleromatis suspension was experimentally inoculated into the nose and maxillary sinus of eight adult healthy rabbits. Two normal litter-mates served as controls. The animals were killed at varying intervals up to five months following the inoculation. Histopathological examination of the upper and lower respiratory tracts revealed a consistent pulmonary peribronchial and perivascular granulomatous reaction with a Mikulic cell-like appearance. The reaction was present in all the inoculated rabbits and increased in severity as the survival period was prolonged. The significance of these findings in the aetiopathogenesis of scleroma and to scleroma in humans is discussed.", "contents": "Experimental scleroma. A histopathological study. Klebsilla rhinoscleromatis suspension was experimentally inoculated into the nose and maxillary sinus of eight adult healthy rabbits. Two normal litter-mates served as controls. The animals were killed at varying intervals up to five months following the inoculation. Histopathological examination of the upper and lower respiratory tracts revealed a consistent pulmonary peribronchial and perivascular granulomatous reaction with a Mikulic cell-like appearance. The reaction was present in all the inoculated rabbits and increased in severity as the survival period was prolonged. The significance of these findings in the aetiopathogenesis of scleroma and to scleroma in humans is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:351124", "title": "Plasma testosterone profiles in male macropodid marsupials.", "content": "Serial blood samples were collected over a 3.5-8 h period from ten adult male macropodid marsupials belonging to five different species to study the pattern of testosterone secretion. The concentration of testosterone in the plasma ranged from 0.5 to 9.5 ng/ml, and in each animal the levels declined progressively during the study; this effect was attributed to the stress effects of handling. Injection of 5 microgram synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone induced a rapid and substantial increase in the level of testosterone.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone profiles in male macropodid marsupials. Serial blood samples were collected over a 3.5-8 h period from ten adult male macropodid marsupials belonging to five different species to study the pattern of testosterone secretion. The concentration of testosterone in the plasma ranged from 0.5 to 9.5 ng/ml, and in each animal the levels declined progressively during the study; this effect was attributed to the stress effects of handling. Injection of 5 microgram synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone induced a rapid and substantial increase in the level of testosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:351123", "title": "Steroid priming of the luteinizing hormone response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.", "content": "Perifusion experiments were performed to study the stimulatory effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) on the release of LH from anterior pituitary tissue. Exposure of pituitary tissue from normal male rats to LH-RH (5 ng/ml for 5 min) induced a small release of LH; in tissue from ovariectomized rats receiving no pretreatment, the release was more than three times greater and in tissue from gonadectomized male or female rats pretreated with oestradiol benzoate and progesterone, the release was six times greater than that observed in normal rats. Further exposure of pituitary tissue from gonadectomized steroid-pretreated male and female rats to LH-RH (5 ng/ml) induced an increase in the level of LH even greater than that seen after the initial exposure (priming action of LH-RH); in tissue from ovariectomized rats receiving no pretreatment, less LH was released than after the first exposure to LH-RH and in tissue from normal male rats the response was unchanged.", "contents": "Steroid priming of the luteinizing hormone response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Perifusion experiments were performed to study the stimulatory effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) on the release of LH from anterior pituitary tissue. Exposure of pituitary tissue from normal male rats to LH-RH (5 ng/ml for 5 min) induced a small release of LH; in tissue from ovariectomized rats receiving no pretreatment, the release was more than three times greater and in tissue from gonadectomized male or female rats pretreated with oestradiol benzoate and progesterone, the release was six times greater than that observed in normal rats. Further exposure of pituitary tissue from gonadectomized steroid-pretreated male and female rats to LH-RH (5 ng/ml) induced an increase in the level of LH even greater than that seen after the initial exposure (priming action of LH-RH); in tissue from ovariectomized rats receiving no pretreatment, less LH was released than after the first exposure to LH-RH and in tissue from normal male rats the response was unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:351125", "title": "Effects of dexamethasone on the responses of luteinizing hormone and testosterone to two injections of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in young postpubertal bulls.", "content": "Six young postpubertal bulls were studied in two experiments, 3 months apart. In experiment 1, three bulls received i.m. injections of dexamethasone (20 mg) and 5 h later these animals plus three control bulls received i.m. injections of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH, 250 microgram). In experiment 2, the controls from experiment 1 received dexamethasone and the treated animals from experiment 1 acted as controls for experiment 2. All bulls also received an i.m. injection of 250 microgram LH-RH on day 2 of each experiment. The concentrations of LH and testosterone in samples of jugular blood were determined by radioimmunoassay. There were no significant differences in the patterns of testosterone and LH release between the two experiments. On day 1, the response of LH to LH-RH was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced by dexamethasone, but on day 2 values in the control and treated groups were similar although significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than values on day 1. The response of testosterone to LH-RH was not affected by dexamethasone. These results are discussed in terms of the site of action at which dexamethasone may act to depress the release of LH.", "contents": "Effects of dexamethasone on the responses of luteinizing hormone and testosterone to two injections of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in young postpubertal bulls. Six young postpubertal bulls were studied in two experiments, 3 months apart. In experiment 1, three bulls received i.m. injections of dexamethasone (20 mg) and 5 h later these animals plus three control bulls received i.m. injections of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH, 250 microgram). In experiment 2, the controls from experiment 1 received dexamethasone and the treated animals from experiment 1 acted as controls for experiment 2. All bulls also received an i.m. injection of 250 microgram LH-RH on day 2 of each experiment. The concentrations of LH and testosterone in samples of jugular blood were determined by radioimmunoassay. There were no significant differences in the patterns of testosterone and LH release between the two experiments. On day 1, the response of LH to LH-RH was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced by dexamethasone, but on day 2 values in the control and treated groups were similar although significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than values on day 1. The response of testosterone to LH-RH was not affected by dexamethasone. These results are discussed in terms of the site of action at which dexamethasone may act to depress the release of LH."}
{"id": "PMID:351126", "title": "Effects of gonadal steroids and cycloheximide on the release of gonadotrophins by rat pituitary cells in culture.", "content": "The effects of oestradiol-17beta, testosterone and progesterone alone and together with cycloheximide on the basal and gonadotrophin releasing hormone (Gn-RH)-induced release of gonadotrophins were studied in cultured dispersed rat pituitary cells. In the control group (no steroid treatment), GnRH significantly stimulated the release of LH and FSH; cycloheximide partially inhibited this response, although it had no effect on the basal secretion of gonadotrophins. A dose of 5 ng oestradiol/ml had no significant effect on the response to GnRH; at a dose of 100 ng/ml the GnRH-induced release of LH was significantly augmented whereas the release of FSH was inhibited. Cycloheximide blocked the augmenting effect of oestradiol. The basal release of LH was slightly but significantly inhibited in response to 10 ng testosterone/ml and increased in response to progesterone (200 ng/ml). Testosterone at both dose levels and progesterone significantly inhibited the GnRH-induced release of LH and FSH and in testosterone and progesterone-treated groups, the response to GnRH was inhibited by cycloheximide, but not beyond the levels observed in the control group. It is concluded that steroids can act directly on the pituitary cells, that oestradiol stimulates the GnRH-induced release of LH and that cycloheximide blocks this stimulatory effect. Testosterone and progesterone, on the other hand, partially inhibit the response to GnRH.", "contents": "Effects of gonadal steroids and cycloheximide on the release of gonadotrophins by rat pituitary cells in culture. The effects of oestradiol-17beta, testosterone and progesterone alone and together with cycloheximide on the basal and gonadotrophin releasing hormone (Gn-RH)-induced release of gonadotrophins were studied in cultured dispersed rat pituitary cells. In the control group (no steroid treatment), GnRH significantly stimulated the release of LH and FSH; cycloheximide partially inhibited this response, although it had no effect on the basal secretion of gonadotrophins. A dose of 5 ng oestradiol/ml had no significant effect on the response to GnRH; at a dose of 100 ng/ml the GnRH-induced release of LH was significantly augmented whereas the release of FSH was inhibited. Cycloheximide blocked the augmenting effect of oestradiol. The basal release of LH was slightly but significantly inhibited in response to 10 ng testosterone/ml and increased in response to progesterone (200 ng/ml). Testosterone at both dose levels and progesterone significantly inhibited the GnRH-induced release of LH and FSH and in testosterone and progesterone-treated groups, the response to GnRH was inhibited by cycloheximide, but not beyond the levels observed in the control group. It is concluded that steroids can act directly on the pituitary cells, that oestradiol stimulates the GnRH-induced release of LH and that cycloheximide blocks this stimulatory effect. Testosterone and progesterone, on the other hand, partially inhibit the response to GnRH."}
{"id": "PMID:351133", "title": "The care of facial lacerations.", "content": "The final cosmetic and functional result of closure of a facial wound is many times determined by the promptness and appropriateness of initial care. This includes keeping the wound clean and not adding to the injury. A decision must then be made at the level of primary care to carry out the closure or refer the patient to someone with more expertise. This decision depends on many things including the condition of the wound, the type of wound, and the experience of the primary physician. It is important in the care of the wound that it be properly cleaned and debrided. Fine suture and accurate approximation of the wound edges are also extremely important. Careful follow-up of the wound for potential infection, suture reaction, etc, with removal of sutures as soon as possible, greatly enhances the healing of the wound. These points are discussed in detail with guidelines for making the decisions and providing good wound closure.", "contents": "The care of facial lacerations. The final cosmetic and functional result of closure of a facial wound is many times determined by the promptness and appropriateness of initial care. This includes keeping the wound clean and not adding to the injury. A decision must then be made at the level of primary care to carry out the closure or refer the patient to someone with more expertise. This decision depends on many things including the condition of the wound, the type of wound, and the experience of the primary physician. It is important in the care of the wound that it be properly cleaned and debrided. Fine suture and accurate approximation of the wound edges are also extremely important. Careful follow-up of the wound for potential infection, suture reaction, etc, with removal of sutures as soon as possible, greatly enhances the healing of the wound. These points are discussed in detail with guidelines for making the decisions and providing good wound closure."}
{"id": "PMID:351139", "title": "Transfection of Escherichia coli spheroplasts: infectious lambda prophage DNA.", "content": "High mol. wt. DNA was extracted from Escherichia coli lambda lysogens and was shown to be infectious. Its infectivity was due to prophage DNA integrated into the host chromosome rather than to DNA released from mature phage particles, as established by the following criteria: the titre of infectious DNA exceeded by 100-fold the titre of infectious units present before DNA extraction; mild shear selectively reduced prophage DNA infectivity to 2% of the unsheared DNA while lambda phage DNA infectivity retained 50% of its infectivity; DNA extracted from an E. coli (lambda c857 tsxisam6) lysogen yielded 200 times as many plaques on sup+ than on sup- spheroplasts. Thus lambda prophage DNA infectivity depends on expression of the excision gene while the infectivity of non-integrated forms of lambda does not. About 10(4) genome equivalents of E. coli DNA yielded one infectious centre unit in this assay system; this high infectivity should make prophage DNA a useful marker in genetic transformation experiments.", "contents": "Transfection of Escherichia coli spheroplasts: infectious lambda prophage DNA. High mol. wt. DNA was extracted from Escherichia coli lambda lysogens and was shown to be infectious. Its infectivity was due to prophage DNA integrated into the host chromosome rather than to DNA released from mature phage particles, as established by the following criteria: the titre of infectious DNA exceeded by 100-fold the titre of infectious units present before DNA extraction; mild shear selectively reduced prophage DNA infectivity to 2% of the unsheared DNA while lambda phage DNA infectivity retained 50% of its infectivity; DNA extracted from an E. coli (lambda c857 tsxisam6) lysogen yielded 200 times as many plaques on sup+ than on sup- spheroplasts. Thus lambda prophage DNA infectivity depends on expression of the excision gene while the infectivity of non-integrated forms of lambda does not. About 10(4) genome equivalents of E. coli DNA yielded one infectious centre unit in this assay system; this high infectivity should make prophage DNA a useful marker in genetic transformation experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:351145", "title": "Evidence for three populations by size in L5 spinal ganglion in man.", "content": "In recent morphometric studies of the cytons of lumbar motoneuron columns, it was possible to discriminate various populations by the criterion of size. It was felt that the use of celloidin embedding, optimal enlargement to increase the number of counting windows, and the use of improved morphometric analysis had been important to this discrimination. Employing the improved methods of histologic preparation and morphometry to a study of the L5 spinal ganglia of man, it has been possible to show tentatively that there are at least three populations of cytons by diameter. The average number of large, intermediate and small cytons were 11,429, 31,675, and 25,389 respectively. It should now be possible to test whether selective congenital absence or degeneration of any of these three populations of cell bodies is found in disorders affecting primary afferent neurons.", "contents": "Evidence for three populations by size in L5 spinal ganglion in man. In recent morphometric studies of the cytons of lumbar motoneuron columns, it was possible to discriminate various populations by the criterion of size. It was felt that the use of celloidin embedding, optimal enlargement to increase the number of counting windows, and the use of improved morphometric analysis had been important to this discrimination. Employing the improved methods of histologic preparation and morphometry to a study of the L5 spinal ganglia of man, it has been possible to show tentatively that there are at least three populations of cytons by diameter. The average number of large, intermediate and small cytons were 11,429, 31,675, and 25,389 respectively. It should now be possible to test whether selective congenital absence or degeneration of any of these three populations of cell bodies is found in disorders affecting primary afferent neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:351146", "title": "Ultracryotomy of nerve-electroplaque synapses for immunocytochemistry.", "content": "In order to carry out ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase at cholinergic synapses, ultrathin frozen sections of aldehyde-fixed electric organs of Electrophorus and Torpedo were obtained by a modified ultracryotome technique. Dry frozen sections, picked up with rabbit serum and negatively stained, revealed, in the postsynaptic regions of the neuro-electroplaque junction, the presence of numerous rod-like or pin-headed protrusions (30 X 40 A) attached perpendicularly at 60 A intervals to the hydrophobic lamina of the plasma membrane, forming a comb-like structure oriented toward the synaptic cleft. A possible correlation is suggested between this comb-like structure and the 'acetylcholine receptors' observed by other authors with high resolution electron microscopy either after classical preparative techniques or after freeze-etching, of the postsynaptic membrane of vertebrae cholinergic synapses.", "contents": "Ultracryotomy of nerve-electroplaque synapses for immunocytochemistry. In order to carry out ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase at cholinergic synapses, ultrathin frozen sections of aldehyde-fixed electric organs of Electrophorus and Torpedo were obtained by a modified ultracryotome technique. Dry frozen sections, picked up with rabbit serum and negatively stained, revealed, in the postsynaptic regions of the neuro-electroplaque junction, the presence of numerous rod-like or pin-headed protrusions (30 X 40 A) attached perpendicularly at 60 A intervals to the hydrophobic lamina of the plasma membrane, forming a comb-like structure oriented toward the synaptic cleft. A possible correlation is suggested between this comb-like structure and the 'acetylcholine receptors' observed by other authors with high resolution electron microscopy either after classical preparative techniques or after freeze-etching, of the postsynaptic membrane of vertebrae cholinergic synapses."}
{"id": "PMID:351149", "title": "Continuous suturing for microvascular anastomosis. Technical note.", "content": "A continuous suture technique for the microsurgical end-to-side anastomosis of extracranial to intracranial arteries is described. This method combines the speed and even tension of a continuous suture line with improved visualization of the arteries to be anastomosed.", "contents": "Continuous suturing for microvascular anastomosis. Technical note. A continuous suture technique for the microsurgical end-to-side anastomosis of extracranial to intracranial arteries is described. This method combines the speed and even tension of a continuous suture line with improved visualization of the arteries to be anastomosed."}
{"id": "PMID:351150", "title": "Immune surveillance and tumors of the nervous system.", "content": "The theory of immune surveillance postulates that one function of the immune system is to eliminate small numbers of malignant cells that arise spontaneously within the organism. Although there has been a great deal of both clinical and experimental evidence in favor of thistheory as it applies to general oncology, the question of whether or not such a surveillance system would be effective for tumors arising within the nervous system has never been studied. The young of pregnant rats which had been exposed to the neurocarcinogen ethylnitrosourea (ENU) were divided into control, immunosuppressed, and immunoenhanced groups. These lifetime alterations of the immune system had no effect on the course of nervous system tumor fromation. We believe that the most likely explanation for our results is that the \"immunological privilege\" of the brain prevents the usual interaction of the neoplasm and the immune system from occurring.", "contents": "Immune surveillance and tumors of the nervous system. The theory of immune surveillance postulates that one function of the immune system is to eliminate small numbers of malignant cells that arise spontaneously within the organism. Although there has been a great deal of both clinical and experimental evidence in favor of thistheory as it applies to general oncology, the question of whether or not such a surveillance system would be effective for tumors arising within the nervous system has never been studied. The young of pregnant rats which had been exposed to the neurocarcinogen ethylnitrosourea (ENU) were divided into control, immunosuppressed, and immunoenhanced groups. These lifetime alterations of the immune system had no effect on the course of nervous system tumor fromation. We believe that the most likely explanation for our results is that the \"immunological privilege\" of the brain prevents the usual interaction of the neoplasm and the immune system from occurring."}
{"id": "PMID:351152", "title": "Radiometric estimation of the replication time of bacteria in culture: an objective and precise approach to quantitative microbiology.", "content": "In a recently developed, two-compartment liquid scintillation vial, the evolution of 14CO2 resulting from bacterial metabolism of uniformly labeled d-glucose was measured sensitively, cumulatively, and automatically in a liquid-scintillation counter. In each of eight species tested, a period of log-linear expansion of cumulative counting rate with time was observed. The exponential increase in cumulative counting rate was related to cell replication time by the integral of a first-order differential equation. Within a given species, the replication time measured by radioassay was found to be remarkably constant, unaffected by a fourfold variation in the activity of added labeled d-glucose, insensitive to the presence of carrier dextrose, and independent of the number of bacteria in the initial inoculum over a range of five orders of magnitude. These experiments demonstrate that the replication rate of an organism in culture is a highly reproducible characteristic that is susceptible to precise radiometric measurement in fundamental units of time under a variety of experimental conditions.", "contents": "Radiometric estimation of the replication time of bacteria in culture: an objective and precise approach to quantitative microbiology. In a recently developed, two-compartment liquid scintillation vial, the evolution of 14CO2 resulting from bacterial metabolism of uniformly labeled d-glucose was measured sensitively, cumulatively, and automatically in a liquid-scintillation counter. In each of eight species tested, a period of log-linear expansion of cumulative counting rate with time was observed. The exponential increase in cumulative counting rate was related to cell replication time by the integral of a first-order differential equation. Within a given species, the replication time measured by radioassay was found to be remarkably constant, unaffected by a fourfold variation in the activity of added labeled d-glucose, insensitive to the presence of carrier dextrose, and independent of the number of bacteria in the initial inoculum over a range of five orders of magnitude. These experiments demonstrate that the replication rate of an organism in culture is a highly reproducible characteristic that is susceptible to precise radiometric measurement in fundamental units of time under a variety of experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:351159", "title": "Plasmodium berghei infection in pregnant rats: effects on antibody response and course of infection in offspring.", "content": "The effects of primary, patent Plasmodium berghei infection in Sprague-Dawley rats during pregnancy upon the course of infection and the humoral antibody response to malaria in their offspring were examined. Malaria specific antibody determined by an indirect fluorescent antibody test correlated well with the parasitologic profiles of each experimental group. Utilization of foster mother groups indicated passive transfer of protective antibody through milk. Evidence for in utero sensitization by soluble malaria antigens was shown by an anamnestic-like antibody response during subsequent infection of offspring from infected mothers.", "contents": "Plasmodium berghei infection in pregnant rats: effects on antibody response and course of infection in offspring. The effects of primary, patent Plasmodium berghei infection in Sprague-Dawley rats during pregnancy upon the course of infection and the humoral antibody response to malaria in their offspring were examined. Malaria specific antibody determined by an indirect fluorescent antibody test correlated well with the parasitologic profiles of each experimental group. Utilization of foster mother groups indicated passive transfer of protective antibody through milk. Evidence for in utero sensitization by soluble malaria antigens was shown by an anamnestic-like antibody response during subsequent infection of offspring from infected mothers."}
{"id": "PMID:351161", "title": "Bender Gestalt signs as indicants of conceptual impulsivity.", "content": "Sixty children were individually administered the Matching Familiar Figures Test and the Bender Gestalt Test. The mean age of the subjects was 10 years, 11 months. A significant relationship was found between errors on the Bender Gestalt test and impulsivity. More specifically, increased or decreased loops (figure four or six), change in angulation, loops for circles and circles for dots or dots for circles were all significantly related to children's impulsivity.", "contents": "Bender Gestalt signs as indicants of conceptual impulsivity. Sixty children were individually administered the Matching Familiar Figures Test and the Bender Gestalt Test. The mean age of the subjects was 10 years, 11 months. A significant relationship was found between errors on the Bender Gestalt test and impulsivity. More specifically, increased or decreased loops (figure four or six), change in angulation, loops for circles and circles for dots or dots for circles were all significantly related to children's impulsivity."}
{"id": "PMID:351162", "title": "Black-white personality differences: another look.", "content": "Investigated the meaning of Black-White differences typically discovered on personality instruments by administering a pool of items derived from both the MMPI and California Psychological Inventory, as well as a group form of the Embedded Figures Test, to a sample of 226 black and white junior college students. A cluster analysis of the unexpectedly large number of inventory items significantly differentiating the two races produced reliable and meaningful configurations. Interpretations of race differences on these clusters and the EFT provide a new perspective on the meaning of Black-White personality differences.", "contents": "Black-white personality differences: another look. Investigated the meaning of Black-White differences typically discovered on personality instruments by administering a pool of items derived from both the MMPI and California Psychological Inventory, as well as a group form of the Embedded Figures Test, to a sample of 226 black and white junior college students. A cluster analysis of the unexpectedly large number of inventory items significantly differentiating the two races produced reliable and meaningful configurations. Interpretations of race differences on these clusters and the EFT provide a new perspective on the meaning of Black-White personality differences."}
{"id": "PMID:351163", "title": "The effects of mood upon imaginal thought.t.", "content": "The effects of mood upon imaginal thought were explored with a highly trained undergraduate female hypnotic subject. She was hypnotically programmed to experience free-floating anxiety or pleasure in varying degrees just before the exposure of combinations of three Blacky Pictures, and to produce dreamlike imagery in response to the Blacky stimuli while under sway of the mood. Data from 98 dream trials, separated by amnesia, indicated that the affective states clearly influenced imaginal processes. Blind ratings by a psychoanalyst showed anxiety moods to be more closely associated with primary-process features characteristic of nocturnal dreams, whereas pleasure had a relatively higher incidence of daydreamlike ratings. Empirical analysis of themes yielded significant relationships of anxiety to physical injury to the self and verbal aggression toward others; pleasure was associated with circular movements and overt sex themes.", "contents": "The effects of mood upon imaginal thought.t. The effects of mood upon imaginal thought were explored with a highly trained undergraduate female hypnotic subject. She was hypnotically programmed to experience free-floating anxiety or pleasure in varying degrees just before the exposure of combinations of three Blacky Pictures, and to produce dreamlike imagery in response to the Blacky stimuli while under sway of the mood. Data from 98 dream trials, separated by amnesia, indicated that the affective states clearly influenced imaginal processes. Blind ratings by a psychoanalyst showed anxiety moods to be more closely associated with primary-process features characteristic of nocturnal dreams, whereas pleasure had a relatively higher incidence of daydreamlike ratings. Empirical analysis of themes yielded significant relationships of anxiety to physical injury to the self and verbal aggression toward others; pleasure was associated with circular movements and overt sex themes."}
{"id": "PMID:351164", "title": "Social cues, cognitive style, error magnitude, and male performance on the Felt Figure Replacement Technique.", "content": "A series of studies was undertaken to determine possible factors contributing to low predictive utility for Felt Figure Replacement Technique (FFRT) scores from normal, adult males. It was first postulated that normal adult males, compared to normal adult females, are less sensitive to social cues present in the FFRT task. Twenty-six undergraduate males and the same number of undergraduate females were asked to replace both a) department store manikins, thought to be less abstract, and then b) felt figures. While task differences were obtained, these were not dependent on gender, nor did any overall gender differences occur for three types of replacement error. The second study involved 31 college males and 33 college females replacing both felt figures and a male and female confederate. It was assumed that differential attention to social cues would be more visible in this comparison. The general results were identical to the first study.", "contents": "Social cues, cognitive style, error magnitude, and male performance on the Felt Figure Replacement Technique. A series of studies was undertaken to determine possible factors contributing to low predictive utility for Felt Figure Replacement Technique (FFRT) scores from normal, adult males. It was first postulated that normal adult males, compared to normal adult females, are less sensitive to social cues present in the FFRT task. Twenty-six undergraduate males and the same number of undergraduate females were asked to replace both a) department store manikins, thought to be less abstract, and then b) felt figures. While task differences were obtained, these were not dependent on gender, nor did any overall gender differences occur for three types of replacement error. The second study involved 31 college males and 33 college females replacing both felt figures and a male and female confederate. It was assumed that differential attention to social cues would be more visible in this comparison. The general results were identical to the first study."}
{"id": "PMID:351165", "title": "A theoretical explanation of the dissociative reaction and a confirmatory case presentation.", "content": "A theoretical explanation for the classical distinction between the conversion and dissociative hysterias was advanced based on previous research with cases of conversion hysteria and multiple personality. The principles were illustrated and extended using Rorschach and Hand Test data from a fugue state.", "contents": "A theoretical explanation of the dissociative reaction and a confirmatory case presentation. A theoretical explanation for the classical distinction between the conversion and dissociative hysterias was advanced based on previous research with cases of conversion hysteria and multiple personality. The principles were illustrated and extended using Rorschach and Hand Test data from a fugue state."}
{"id": "PMID:351177", "title": "Sporozoites of rodent and simian malaria, purified by anion exchangers, retain their immunogenicity and infectivity.", "content": "Sporozoites of rodent malaria, Plasmodium berghei, and simian malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium cynomolgi, were partially separated from mosquito debris and microbial contaminants by passage of Anopheles material through a DEAE-cellulose column. In addition to eliminating most of the contaminants (80-90%), this simple technic has made it possible to recover rapidly large numbers of viable sporozoites (55-75% yield), which have retained their infectivity, immunogenicity, and capacity to react with known antisera. Mice injected with varying doses of column-purified sporozoites (CS) of P. berghei produced infections which paralleled those seen in the controls. Total protection against challenge with a potentially lethal dose of viable sporozoites was acquired by mice inoculated twice with irradiated CS of P. berghei CS of P. berghei and P. cynomolgi gave positive circumsporozoite precipitation (CSP) reactions, upon inoculation with the respective immune sera. The preservation of the surface antigens of CS was documented by immunofluorescence. It was shown that differences in elution behavior exist among sporozoites of certain species of Plasmodium as well as among sporozoiters of the same species derived from different organs of the mosquito. These results may be attributed to differences in the surface charge of the sporozoites or conditions in sample media. Purified sporozoites obtained by the method described in this report provide an adequate source of parasites for a variety of in vitro studies.", "contents": "Sporozoites of rodent and simian malaria, purified by anion exchangers, retain their immunogenicity and infectivity. Sporozoites of rodent malaria, Plasmodium berghei, and simian malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium cynomolgi, were partially separated from mosquito debris and microbial contaminants by passage of Anopheles material through a DEAE-cellulose column. In addition to eliminating most of the contaminants (80-90%), this simple technic has made it possible to recover rapidly large numbers of viable sporozoites (55-75% yield), which have retained their infectivity, immunogenicity, and capacity to react with known antisera. Mice injected with varying doses of column-purified sporozoites (CS) of P. berghei produced infections which paralleled those seen in the controls. Total protection against challenge with a potentially lethal dose of viable sporozoites was acquired by mice inoculated twice with irradiated CS of P. berghei CS of P. berghei and P. cynomolgi gave positive circumsporozoite precipitation (CSP) reactions, upon inoculation with the respective immune sera. The preservation of the surface antigens of CS was documented by immunofluorescence. It was shown that differences in elution behavior exist among sporozoites of certain species of Plasmodium as well as among sporozoiters of the same species derived from different organs of the mosquito. These results may be attributed to differences in the surface charge of the sporozoites or conditions in sample media. Purified sporozoites obtained by the method described in this report provide an adequate source of parasites for a variety of in vitro studies."}
{"id": "PMID:351178", "title": "Checklist, host index, and annotated bibliography of Plasmodium from reptiles.", "content": "World literature on Plasmodium of squamate reptiles (1909-1975) includes 156 published accounts on 54 valid species and subspecies. AFRICA: 30 reports on 9 species; AUSTRALIA, ASIA & OCEANIA: 12 reports on 6 species and 2 subspecies; AMERICAS: 116 reports on 37 species. More than half of these reports and new species descriptions appeared during the last 10 years. Most concern plasmodia in lizards of the Neotropics, Georgia (Plasmodium floridense, a Neotropical-Caribbean parasite) and California (Plasmodium mexicanum). African host species are all lizards: 4 agamids, 3 skinks, 2 chamaeleonids, one chordyline, and one gerrhosaurine. Australasian host species are also all lizards: 6 agamids, 9 skinks, 2 lacertids, one (or two?) gekkonids, and one varanid. Known American host species include 12 snakes and 87 lizards: 34 anoline species, 12 sceloporines (plus 11 others experimentally infected), 4 basiliscines, 5 tropidurines, 2 iguanines, 2 skinks (one questionable), 2 anguids (a total of 4 animals), 4 sphaerodactylines, 2 gekkonines and 11 teiid species.", "contents": "Checklist, host index, and annotated bibliography of Plasmodium from reptiles. World literature on Plasmodium of squamate reptiles (1909-1975) includes 156 published accounts on 54 valid species and subspecies. AFRICA: 30 reports on 9 species; AUSTRALIA, ASIA & OCEANIA: 12 reports on 6 species and 2 subspecies; AMERICAS: 116 reports on 37 species. More than half of these reports and new species descriptions appeared during the last 10 years. Most concern plasmodia in lizards of the Neotropics, Georgia (Plasmodium floridense, a Neotropical-Caribbean parasite) and California (Plasmodium mexicanum). African host species are all lizards: 4 agamids, 3 skinks, 2 chamaeleonids, one chordyline, and one gerrhosaurine. Australasian host species are also all lizards: 6 agamids, 9 skinks, 2 lacertids, one (or two?) gekkonids, and one varanid. Known American host species include 12 snakes and 87 lizards: 34 anoline species, 12 sceloporines (plus 11 others experimentally infected), 4 basiliscines, 5 tropidurines, 2 iguanines, 2 skinks (one questionable), 2 anguids (a total of 4 animals), 4 sphaerodactylines, 2 gekkonines and 11 teiid species."}
{"id": "PMID:351179", "title": "Biomedicine's failure to achieve Flexnerian standards of education.", "content": "The central principle of medical education advocated by Flexner was mastery of the scientific method and its application to all dimensions of medicine, whether the bench laboratory, the bedside, or the social arena. Not Flexner but the biomedical model has been responsible for curricular designs that have under stressed the application of the scientific method to clinical data and the more person-oriented, psychosocial dimensions of illness and patient care. Flexnerian standards of medical education have yet to be achieved.", "contents": "Biomedicine's failure to achieve Flexnerian standards of education. The central principle of medical education advocated by Flexner was mastery of the scientific method and its application to all dimensions of medicine, whether the bench laboratory, the bedside, or the social arena. Not Flexner but the biomedical model has been responsible for curricular designs that have under stressed the application of the scientific method to clinical data and the more person-oriented, psychosocial dimensions of illness and patient care. Flexnerian standards of medical education have yet to be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:351180", "title": "Adhesion of fimbriate Escherichia coli to bovine mammary-gland epithelial cells in vitro.", "content": "The adhesion of bovine and a human isolate of Escherichia coli to epithelial cells from the teat and lactiferous sinuses of the udder was examined. Adhesion was detected with bacterial suspensions that produced mannose-sensitive agglutination of guinea-pig red cells. Adhesion to epithelial cells could be inhibited by mannose and the degree of adhesion occurring with a suspension correlated with its haemagglutinating activity. This demonstrated that fimbriae were responsible for the adhesion. The observation that whole milk inhibited attachment of E. coli to cells in vitro indicates that such attachment may not occur in vivo in the lactating cow.", "contents": "Adhesion of fimbriate Escherichia coli to bovine mammary-gland epithelial cells in vitro. The adhesion of bovine and a human isolate of Escherichia coli to epithelial cells from the teat and lactiferous sinuses of the udder was examined. Adhesion was detected with bacterial suspensions that produced mannose-sensitive agglutination of guinea-pig red cells. Adhesion to epithelial cells could be inhibited by mannose and the degree of adhesion occurring with a suspension correlated with its haemagglutinating activity. This demonstrated that fimbriae were responsible for the adhesion. The observation that whole milk inhibited attachment of E. coli to cells in vitro indicates that such attachment may not occur in vivo in the lactating cow."}
{"id": "PMID:351182", "title": "The identification of pseudomonads and related bacteria in a clinical laboratory.", "content": "Non-fermenting, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacilli that grow on nutrient agar are often isolated in clinical laboratories. We have applied biochemical techniques appropriate to a typical clinical microbiology laboratory, and for the most part described in Cowan and Steel's Manual for the identification of medical bacteria (Cowan, 1974), to 428 clinical isolates and have evolved a scheme for their identification. Organisms were subdivided into groups on the basis of three tests, namely the glucose oxidation-fermentation test and tests for oxidase activity and motility. A choice was then made among other tests to produce indentification tables, containing only the most useful tests, for the various groups. The most complicated table has only 16 tests. This simple system identified 96.5% of the 428 organisms, as well as many subsequent isolates of the more common organisms.", "contents": "The identification of pseudomonads and related bacteria in a clinical laboratory. Non-fermenting, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacilli that grow on nutrient agar are often isolated in clinical laboratories. We have applied biochemical techniques appropriate to a typical clinical microbiology laboratory, and for the most part described in Cowan and Steel's Manual for the identification of medical bacteria (Cowan, 1974), to 428 clinical isolates and have evolved a scheme for their identification. Organisms were subdivided into groups on the basis of three tests, namely the glucose oxidation-fermentation test and tests for oxidase activity and motility. A choice was then made among other tests to produce indentification tables, containing only the most useful tests, for the various groups. The most complicated table has only 16 tests. This simple system identified 96.5% of the 428 organisms, as well as many subsequent isolates of the more common organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:351183", "title": "Effects of choleragenoid and glucose on the response of dog intestine to escherichia coli enterotoxins.", "content": "Culture superantes of Escherichia coli from diarrhoea patients were tested in dog jejunal loops for thermostable (ST) and thermolabile (LT) enterotoxins. Pre-treatment with choleragenoid blocked LT but not ST. Glucose was found to reduce fluid accumulation induced by both types of enterotoxin. The findings confirm and extend previous evidence of similarities between cholera toxin and E. coli LT and differences between it and E. coli ST.", "contents": "Effects of choleragenoid and glucose on the response of dog intestine to escherichia coli enterotoxins. Culture superantes of Escherichia coli from diarrhoea patients were tested in dog jejunal loops for thermostable (ST) and thermolabile (LT) enterotoxins. Pre-treatment with choleragenoid blocked LT but not ST. Glucose was found to reduce fluid accumulation induced by both types of enterotoxin. The findings confirm and extend previous evidence of similarities between cholera toxin and E. coli LT and differences between it and E. coli ST."}
{"id": "PMID:351184", "title": "Interaction between erythromycin and lincomycin in Streptococcus pyogenes.", "content": "Ten strains of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated were moderately resistant to erythromycin and highly but paradoxically resistant to lincomycin, and they showed antagonism between the two antibiotics. Another strain was moderately resistant to erythromycin and sensitive to lincomycin, and it showed synergism between the two antibodies.", "contents": "Interaction between erythromycin and lincomycin in Streptococcus pyogenes. Ten strains of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated were moderately resistant to erythromycin and highly but paradoxically resistant to lincomycin, and they showed antagonism between the two antibiotics. Another strain was moderately resistant to erythromycin and sensitive to lincomycin, and it showed synergism between the two antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:351185", "title": "Hydrogen sulphide-positive strains of Escherichia coli from swine.", "content": "Thirty-two H2S-positive strains of Escherichia coli, isolated from the caecal contents or mesenteric lymph nodes or both of 60 apparently healthy pigs, were characterized. Eighteen different serotypes and 18 different fermentative types were found. During conjugation with E. coli K12, four strains transferred their Hys plasmids linked to Raf, and another transferred Hys associated with the Tc determinant. All Hys-Raf plasmids belong to incompatibility group FI, whilst Tc-Hys is an Fi- plasmid.", "contents": "Hydrogen sulphide-positive strains of Escherichia coli from swine. Thirty-two H2S-positive strains of Escherichia coli, isolated from the caecal contents or mesenteric lymph nodes or both of 60 apparently healthy pigs, were characterized. Eighteen different serotypes and 18 different fermentative types were found. During conjugation with E. coli K12, four strains transferred their Hys plasmids linked to Raf, and another transferred Hys associated with the Tc determinant. All Hys-Raf plasmids belong to incompatibility group FI, whilst Tc-Hys is an Fi- plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:351186", "title": "Carriage of Cryptococcus neoformans in the crops of pigeons.", "content": "Cryptococcus neoformans was found in the crops of four (1.3%) of 319 pigeons in the Charity Bird Hospital and the University Campus, Delhi. It was demonstrated repeatedly at the Bird Hospital in old pigeon excreta as well as in the air. The findings substantiate the current view that the pigeon itself is not a reservoir of C. neoformans although it may serve as a carrier of the fungus.", "contents": "Carriage of Cryptococcus neoformans in the crops of pigeons. Cryptococcus neoformans was found in the crops of four (1.3%) of 319 pigeons in the Charity Bird Hospital and the University Campus, Delhi. It was demonstrated repeatedly at the Bird Hospital in old pigeon excreta as well as in the air. The findings substantiate the current view that the pigeon itself is not a reservoir of C. neoformans although it may serve as a carrier of the fungus."}
{"id": "PMID:351197", "title": "Relationship between gene function and gene location in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Genes of Escherichia coli were grouped according to the \"biochemical relatedness\" of the enzymes they specifiy, using two schemes to determine relatedness: similarity of reaction or similarity of reactants. The tendency of biochemically related genes as so defined to lie approximately 90 degrees or 180 degrees from one another on the circular genetic map was analyzed statistically. Of the classes analyzed, only the genes for the enzymes of glucose catabolism showed a significant departure from random distribution in this respect. The glucose catabolism genes showed a pronounced tendency to lie either 90 degrees of 180 degrees from one another (P = ca. 10(-9)), and, furthermore, most of these genes were found to lie in only four gene clusters on the E. coli genome. The significance of this observation is discussed in relation to evolutionary mechanisms and to mechanisms of gene expression.", "contents": "Relationship between gene function and gene location in Escherichia coli. Genes of Escherichia coli were grouped according to the \"biochemical relatedness\" of the enzymes they specifiy, using two schemes to determine relatedness: similarity of reaction or similarity of reactants. The tendency of biochemically related genes as so defined to lie approximately 90 degrees or 180 degrees from one another on the circular genetic map was analyzed statistically. Of the classes analyzed, only the genes for the enzymes of glucose catabolism showed a significant departure from random distribution in this respect. The glucose catabolism genes showed a pronounced tendency to lie either 90 degrees of 180 degrees from one another (P = ca. 10(-9)), and, furthermore, most of these genes were found to lie in only four gene clusters on the E. coli genome. The significance of this observation is discussed in relation to evolutionary mechanisms and to mechanisms of gene expression."}
{"id": "PMID:351198", "title": "Molecular conformation and protein binding affinity of progestins.", "content": "Analysis of X-ray data concerning 277 estranes, androstanes, and pregnanes and comparison with progesterone receptor binding data have prompted the following observations. In general: 1. The flexibility of natural steroid hormones permits them to take up conformations optimal for binding to sites on proteins that vary in individual structural requirements. 2. When substituents strain the fused ring system, the strain will be delocalized and often transmitted to the most flexible point of the molecule, thus giving rise to conformational transmission effects. Consequently, substituents will generally stabilize a specific conformation, limiting protein interaction and enhancing a specific hormone response. 3. Hydrogen bond patterns in crystals can be used to predict points of active site attachment. 4. Distortions resulting from crystal packing forms are insignificant. Progestin receptor binding affinity: 5. Complementarity of fit is not specific on the alpha and beta faces of the B, C, and D rings. 6. The delta4-3-one composition is the only consistently required element. 7. Five of the eight highest-affinity binders have inverted A rings. Others may be easily converted to it. 8. The inverted A ring is proposed as the optimal conformation and primary factor controlling binding. 9. An A ring binding pattern is apparent in other steroidal hormones. 10. The D-ring region is open to contribute to conformational change in the receptor or genome interaction.", "contents": "Molecular conformation and protein binding affinity of progestins. Analysis of X-ray data concerning 277 estranes, androstanes, and pregnanes and comparison with progesterone receptor binding data have prompted the following observations. In general: 1. The flexibility of natural steroid hormones permits them to take up conformations optimal for binding to sites on proteins that vary in individual structural requirements. 2. When substituents strain the fused ring system, the strain will be delocalized and often transmitted to the most flexible point of the molecule, thus giving rise to conformational transmission effects. Consequently, substituents will generally stabilize a specific conformation, limiting protein interaction and enhancing a specific hormone response. 3. Hydrogen bond patterns in crystals can be used to predict points of active site attachment. 4. Distortions resulting from crystal packing forms are insignificant. Progestin receptor binding affinity: 5. Complementarity of fit is not specific on the alpha and beta faces of the B, C, and D rings. 6. The delta4-3-one composition is the only consistently required element. 7. Five of the eight highest-affinity binders have inverted A rings. Others may be easily converted to it. 8. The inverted A ring is proposed as the optimal conformation and primary factor controlling binding. 9. An A ring binding pattern is apparent in other steroidal hormones. 10. The D-ring region is open to contribute to conformational change in the receptor or genome interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:351199", "title": "Enzymatic modulation of hormonal action at the target tissue.", "content": "The relevance of metabolism of steroids in target tissues to hormonal action is discussed. Two mechanisms of metabolic regulation at the cellular level are considered: formation of active steroids from steroidal prehormones, and controlled conversion of the active compound to inactive metabolites. Factors regulating the direction in which interconversions between active hormones and inactive metabolites preferentially proceed are mentioned; methods of estimating the preferred direction in vitro and in vivo are described and examples are given. The estradiol-estrone system in human endometrium is used to describe a case in which a hormone (progesterone) induces an enzymatic activity (17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) and lowers the intracellular/extracellular ratio of concentrations of the active hormone (estradiol) by increasing its conversion to an inactive, or less active, metabolite (estrone). That hormone metabolism can effectively determine the level of unbound hormone available for association to receptors is shown with published data on estradiol in human endometrium, using a kinetic analysis in which binding and Michaelis-Menten equations are combined.", "contents": "Enzymatic modulation of hormonal action at the target tissue. The relevance of metabolism of steroids in target tissues to hormonal action is discussed. Two mechanisms of metabolic regulation at the cellular level are considered: formation of active steroids from steroidal prehormones, and controlled conversion of the active compound to inactive metabolites. Factors regulating the direction in which interconversions between active hormones and inactive metabolites preferentially proceed are mentioned; methods of estimating the preferred direction in vitro and in vivo are described and examples are given. The estradiol-estrone system in human endometrium is used to describe a case in which a hormone (progesterone) induces an enzymatic activity (17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) and lowers the intracellular/extracellular ratio of concentrations of the active hormone (estradiol) by increasing its conversion to an inactive, or less active, metabolite (estrone). That hormone metabolism can effectively determine the level of unbound hormone available for association to receptors is shown with published data on estradiol in human endometrium, using a kinetic analysis in which binding and Michaelis-Menten equations are combined."}
{"id": "PMID:351200", "title": "Role of sulfate conjugation in estrogen metabolism and activity.", "content": "There has been an increasing interest in the sulfate conjugates of estrogens as important metabolites in steroid hormone homeostasis and activity. In women estrogen sulfates have been known as major components of plasma originating from ovarian secretion and hepatic metabolism. However, only recently has the capacity to sulfurylate estrogens been demonstrated in estrogen target tissues. Porcine uterus estrogen sulfotransferase appears only after the first complete estrous cycle. Following puberty, gilt uterine sulfurylation of estrogens is extremely active during diestrus, whereas estrogen sulfotransferase is not present during estrus. This cycling of estrogen sulfurylation in porcine and human uteri can be related directly to plasma progesterone levels. Rodent and human mammary tumors are also highly active in both steroid alcohol and estrogen sulfotransferases. Unlike uterine sulfotransferases, these enzymes are apparently stimulated by factors that appear following ovariectomy. The function of estrogen sulfurylation by target tissues remains obscure. However, recent investigations have indicated that the cyclic variation in endometrial estrogen sulfurylation may control the availability of 17 beta-estradiol to the cytoplasmic receptor. This premise is supported by the continued high estrogen sulfurylation activity and low nuclear receptor levels during implantation in fertilized gilts and sows. Utilizing purified bovine adrenal sulfotransferase, the substrate and inhibitor requirements were determined for this enzymes. It was also possible to design a specific inhibitor that will block estrogen sulfurylation without interfering with the receptor binding and nuclear migration of physiological levels of 17 beta-estradiol. This inhibitor, 3-methoxy-4-nitroestrone, will help in establishing the role of uterine and mammary estrogen sulfurylation.", "contents": "Role of sulfate conjugation in estrogen metabolism and activity. There has been an increasing interest in the sulfate conjugates of estrogens as important metabolites in steroid hormone homeostasis and activity. In women estrogen sulfates have been known as major components of plasma originating from ovarian secretion and hepatic metabolism. However, only recently has the capacity to sulfurylate estrogens been demonstrated in estrogen target tissues. Porcine uterus estrogen sulfotransferase appears only after the first complete estrous cycle. Following puberty, gilt uterine sulfurylation of estrogens is extremely active during diestrus, whereas estrogen sulfotransferase is not present during estrus. This cycling of estrogen sulfurylation in porcine and human uteri can be related directly to plasma progesterone levels. Rodent and human mammary tumors are also highly active in both steroid alcohol and estrogen sulfotransferases. Unlike uterine sulfotransferases, these enzymes are apparently stimulated by factors that appear following ovariectomy. The function of estrogen sulfurylation by target tissues remains obscure. However, recent investigations have indicated that the cyclic variation in endometrial estrogen sulfurylation may control the availability of 17 beta-estradiol to the cytoplasmic receptor. This premise is supported by the continued high estrogen sulfurylation activity and low nuclear receptor levels during implantation in fertilized gilts and sows. Utilizing purified bovine adrenal sulfotransferase, the substrate and inhibitor requirements were determined for this enzymes. It was also possible to design a specific inhibitor that will block estrogen sulfurylation without interfering with the receptor binding and nuclear migration of physiological levels of 17 beta-estradiol. This inhibitor, 3-methoxy-4-nitroestrone, will help in establishing the role of uterine and mammary estrogen sulfurylation."}
{"id": "PMID:351205", "title": "Hemodynamic and respiratory response to varying gradients between end-expiratory pressure and end-inspiratory pressure in patients breathing on continuous positive airway pressure.", "content": "Nine patients on intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) were allowed to breathe spontaneously at varying end expiratory pressure-end inspiratory pressure (EEP-EIP) gradients up to 10 cm H2O. There was no change in the mean cardiac output and oxygen delivery despite a lowered mean airway pressure (MAWP) when the gradient was increased. Three patients were uncomfortable at the higher gradients and another manifested evidence of fatigue of the muscles of respiration by raising her arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) and intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt). In view of the difficulty experienced by some patients and lack of improvement in cardiac outputs (CO) during spontaneous inspiration when the EEP-EIP gradient is raised from zero to 5 and 10 cm H2O, it is recommended that the variation in airway pressure during spontaneous breaths while a patient is on CPAP be minimized.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and respiratory response to varying gradients between end-expiratory pressure and end-inspiratory pressure in patients breathing on continuous positive airway pressure. Nine patients on intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) were allowed to breathe spontaneously at varying end expiratory pressure-end inspiratory pressure (EEP-EIP) gradients up to 10 cm H2O. There was no change in the mean cardiac output and oxygen delivery despite a lowered mean airway pressure (MAWP) when the gradient was increased. Three patients were uncomfortable at the higher gradients and another manifested evidence of fatigue of the muscles of respiration by raising her arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) and intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt). In view of the difficulty experienced by some patients and lack of improvement in cardiac outputs (CO) during spontaneous inspiration when the EEP-EIP gradient is raised from zero to 5 and 10 cm H2O, it is recommended that the variation in airway pressure during spontaneous breaths while a patient is on CPAP be minimized."}
{"id": "PMID:351206", "title": "Intracranial pressure responses to PEEP in head-injured patients.", "content": "PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure) was required in 12 head-injured patients in whom intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring had been previously established. In six, ICP increased by 10 mm Hg or more as 4-8 cm H2O of PEEP were administered. In 10 patients the mean arterial pressure decreased during PEEP. Before PEEP, the mean cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP = BP-ICP) was above 50 mm Hg in all patients. The CPP was less than 50 mm Hg in six patients given PEEP. Neurological deterioration occurred in two patients during PEEP therapy. In head-injured patients, optimal titration of PEEP therapy should include ICP measurement and/or continuous evaluation of neurologic status.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure responses to PEEP in head-injured patients. PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure) was required in 12 head-injured patients in whom intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring had been previously established. In six, ICP increased by 10 mm Hg or more as 4-8 cm H2O of PEEP were administered. In 10 patients the mean arterial pressure decreased during PEEP. Before PEEP, the mean cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP = BP-ICP) was above 50 mm Hg in all patients. The CPP was less than 50 mm Hg in six patients given PEEP. Neurological deterioration occurred in two patients during PEEP therapy. In head-injured patients, optimal titration of PEEP therapy should include ICP measurement and/or continuous evaluation of neurologic status."}
{"id": "PMID:351201", "title": "Forage plant estrogens.", "content": "Forage plant estrogens occur at high levels in certain forage species. Such levels are responsible for reproductive and other effects in animals. Current progress regarding the chemical, metabolic, and biological effects, as well as occurrence of the several naturally occurring forage estrogens, is described. Forage estrogens occur as natural plant responses to foliar and other plant diseases. Their potency in animals is approximately 1/1000 to 1/10,000 that of the principal animal hormones such as estradiol. Coumestans and isoflavones comprise the two principal classes of forage estrogens, with coumestrol and genistein being the most potent and predominant of each class. Only very low levels of the coumestans occurred in alfalfa leaf protein concentrates prepared at alkaline pH.", "contents": "Forage plant estrogens. Forage plant estrogens occur at high levels in certain forage species. Such levels are responsible for reproductive and other effects in animals. Current progress regarding the chemical, metabolic, and biological effects, as well as occurrence of the several naturally occurring forage estrogens, is described. Forage estrogens occur as natural plant responses to foliar and other plant diseases. Their potency in animals is approximately 1/1000 to 1/10,000 that of the principal animal hormones such as estradiol. Coumestans and isoflavones comprise the two principal classes of forage estrogens, with coumestrol and genistein being the most potent and predominant of each class. Only very low levels of the coumestans occurred in alfalfa leaf protein concentrates prepared at alkaline pH."}
{"id": "PMID:351202", "title": "Estrogenic activities of chlorinated hydrocarbons.", "content": "Some DDT analogs are estrogenic, particularly o,p'-DDT, which comprises approximately 15-20% of the commercial DDT mixture. Whether this compound or its metabolites are active has not been established. In fact, the data obtained thus far are more confusing than enlightening. For example, CCl4 pretreatment of immature female rats has been reported to inhibit or enhance estrogenic activity of o,p'-DDT, and SKF-525A pretreatment has been reported to enhance or not alter the estrogenic effect. Although o,p'-DDT inhibits binding of estradiol to the estrogen receptor from rat or human at low levels (approximately 1-10 micrometer) in vitro, higher levels are required to inhibit nuclear binding of [3H] estradiol in incubated whole uteri. Futhermore, o,p'-DDT appears to be neither estrogenic nor antiestrogenic in an in vitro estrogen assay. Methoxychlor appears to be \"activated\" by metabolism, and it is probable that phenolic metabolites are responsible for its estrogenic activity. Since chlorinated hydrocarbons often enhance the metabolism of steroids and may reduce circulating levels of steroids, interactions of the exogenous hormonally active agents with steroid receptors may be self-potentiating in vivo.", "contents": "Estrogenic activities of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Some DDT analogs are estrogenic, particularly o,p'-DDT, which comprises approximately 15-20% of the commercial DDT mixture. Whether this compound or its metabolites are active has not been established. In fact, the data obtained thus far are more confusing than enlightening. For example, CCl4 pretreatment of immature female rats has been reported to inhibit or enhance estrogenic activity of o,p'-DDT, and SKF-525A pretreatment has been reported to enhance or not alter the estrogenic effect. Although o,p'-DDT inhibits binding of estradiol to the estrogen receptor from rat or human at low levels (approximately 1-10 micrometer) in vitro, higher levels are required to inhibit nuclear binding of [3H] estradiol in incubated whole uteri. Futhermore, o,p'-DDT appears to be neither estrogenic nor antiestrogenic in an in vitro estrogen assay. Methoxychlor appears to be \"activated\" by metabolism, and it is probable that phenolic metabolites are responsible for its estrogenic activity. Since chlorinated hydrocarbons often enhance the metabolism of steroids and may reduce circulating levels of steroids, interactions of the exogenous hormonally active agents with steroid receptors may be self-potentiating in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:351207", "title": "A new donor site for fingertip avulsion injuries.", "content": "A new donor site for split-thickness skin graft in fingertip avulsion injuries is described, which is simple and protects the remaining pulp padding. The benefits and methods of obtaining a graft from the same finger are discussed.", "contents": "A new donor site for fingertip avulsion injuries. A new donor site for split-thickness skin graft in fingertip avulsion injuries is described, which is simple and protects the remaining pulp padding. The benefits and methods of obtaining a graft from the same finger are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:351203", "title": "Pathological growth of androgensensitive tissues resulting from latent actions of steroid hormones.", "content": "Hormonal responsiveness should be considered in terms of at least three homeostatic constraint mechanisms. Observations on the induction of specific responses in rat prostate reveal that certain of these are controlled differentially, and also that immature cells can be modified by low levels of androgen. The conditioning effect of low levels of steroid is further demonstrated by the benefits of fractional hormone-replacement therapy in controlling and delaying tumor progression. A revised approach to endocrine therapy of cancer should be seriously considered. This would entail the fractional replacement of hormone after ablative surgery.", "contents": "Pathological growth of androgensensitive tissues resulting from latent actions of steroid hormones. Hormonal responsiveness should be considered in terms of at least three homeostatic constraint mechanisms. Observations on the induction of specific responses in rat prostate reveal that certain of these are controlled differentially, and also that immature cells can be modified by low levels of androgen. The conditioning effect of low levels of steroid is further demonstrated by the benefits of fractional hormone-replacement therapy in controlling and delaying tumor progression. A revised approach to endocrine therapy of cancer should be seriously considered. This would entail the fractional replacement of hormone after ablative surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:351204", "title": "Effects and receptors of glucocorticoids in rat thymus cells and human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "Glucocorticoids are widely used for therapeutic purposes and have many toxic side effects. It seems likely that their physiological, therapeutic, and toxic effects are exerted through similar receptors and may be inherently inseparable. Lymphoid cells are targets for all these effects. With rat thymus cells in vitro, glucocorticoids immediately bind to cytoplasmic receptors, which are translocated to the nucleus, where they apparently induce messenger RNA for specific proteins that rapidly inhibit glucose transport. Protein and RNA metabolism are inhibited more slowly and eventually the cells die. The rate of formation of nuclear complexes and the timing of the hypothetical RNA-synthetic step are such as to suggest that the hormone-receptor complexes stimulate RNA synthesis in proportion to the rate at which they bind to nuclear sites rather than in proportion to the number of nuclear sites occupied. With normal peripheral human lymphocytes the rates of formation of hormone-receptor complexes are similar to those in rat thymocytes. The rate of onset of inhibition of glucose transport is lower, however, as is the rate of cytolysis. In human peripheral lymphocytes stimulated to undergo blast transformation with concanavalin A there is a dramatic increase in the number of glucocorticoid receptor sites per cell. This increase may be associated with a stage of the normal cell cycle, the mitogen stimulus inducing partial synchronization of the cell population. It has not been found, contrary to widespread belief, that mitogen stimulation renders cells insensitive to glucocorticoids.", "contents": "Effects and receptors of glucocorticoids in rat thymus cells and human peripheral lymphocytes. Glucocorticoids are widely used for therapeutic purposes and have many toxic side effects. It seems likely that their physiological, therapeutic, and toxic effects are exerted through similar receptors and may be inherently inseparable. Lymphoid cells are targets for all these effects. With rat thymus cells in vitro, glucocorticoids immediately bind to cytoplasmic receptors, which are translocated to the nucleus, where they apparently induce messenger RNA for specific proteins that rapidly inhibit glucose transport. Protein and RNA metabolism are inhibited more slowly and eventually the cells die. The rate of formation of nuclear complexes and the timing of the hypothetical RNA-synthetic step are such as to suggest that the hormone-receptor complexes stimulate RNA synthesis in proportion to the rate at which they bind to nuclear sites rather than in proportion to the number of nuclear sites occupied. With normal peripheral human lymphocytes the rates of formation of hormone-receptor complexes are similar to those in rat thymocytes. The rate of onset of inhibition of glucose transport is lower, however, as is the rate of cytolysis. In human peripheral lymphocytes stimulated to undergo blast transformation with concanavalin A there is a dramatic increase in the number of glucocorticoid receptor sites per cell. This increase may be associated with a stage of the normal cell cycle, the mitogen stimulus inducing partial synchronization of the cell population. It has not been found, contrary to widespread belief, that mitogen stimulation renders cells insensitive to glucocorticoids."}
{"id": "PMID:351208", "title": "Bitemporal flap reconstruction of forehead.", "content": "The bitemporal flap meets the increasing demand for esthetic reconstruction of forehead defects. The surgical technique, applied anatomy, and plastic surgery principles are reviewed. Illustrative case histories review the application of the bitemporal flap reconstruction technique.", "contents": "Bitemporal flap reconstruction of forehead. The bitemporal flap meets the increasing demand for esthetic reconstruction of forehead defects. The surgical technique, applied anatomy, and plastic surgery principles are reviewed. Illustrative case histories review the application of the bitemporal flap reconstruction technique."}
{"id": "PMID:351209", "title": "Serial flap advancement in an avulsion defect of the forehead.", "content": "Staged revision of a forehead defect consisting of a wide fibrotic skin grafted mass in a young man is reported. Serial temporal flap advancement resulted in considerable cosmetic improvement. Closing of such wounds with some tension on the advancing edges is recommended.", "contents": "Serial flap advancement in an avulsion defect of the forehead. Staged revision of a forehead defect consisting of a wide fibrotic skin grafted mass in a young man is reported. Serial temporal flap advancement resulted in considerable cosmetic improvement. Closing of such wounds with some tension on the advancing edges is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:351210", "title": "Some alternatives to urinary diversion in children.", "content": "Many children with severe urologic problems have been treated by urinary diversions, often after unsuccessful operations to correct the original pathology. Urinary diversion should be avoided when possible, since often it is accompanied by chronic infection and quality of life is less good than it could be. Most diversions can be prevented by use of other alternatives including 1) reimplanting 1 ureter and transureteroureterostomy of the other, 2) psoas hitch, 3) wide mobilization and downward displacement of the kidney and ureter, 4) use of bowel as ureter, 5) cecal cystoplasty and 6) early repair of complex pathology. Autotransplantation is probably seldom indicated in childhood.", "contents": "Some alternatives to urinary diversion in children. Many children with severe urologic problems have been treated by urinary diversions, often after unsuccessful operations to correct the original pathology. Urinary diversion should be avoided when possible, since often it is accompanied by chronic infection and quality of life is less good than it could be. Most diversions can be prevented by use of other alternatives including 1) reimplanting 1 ureter and transureteroureterostomy of the other, 2) psoas hitch, 3) wide mobilization and downward displacement of the kidney and ureter, 4) use of bowel as ureter, 5) cecal cystoplasty and 6) early repair of complex pathology. Autotransplantation is probably seldom indicated in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:351218", "title": "Effects of hypoglycemic agents on vascular complications in patients with adult-onset diabetes. VII. Mortality and selected nonfatal events with insulin treatment.", "content": "The University Group Diabetes Program is a long-term prospective clinical trial designed to evaluate the effects of various hypoglycemic agents on vascular complications in patients with asymptomatic adult-onset diabetes. Mortality and blood glucose levels were determined as well as certain nonfatal events for patients assigned to diet alone or to either of two insulin treatment regimens. Lower levels of blood glucose with mean values close to normoglycemia were achieved in the treatment group in which the insulin dosage was adjusted to achieve normoglycemia compared with the levels achieved in patients treated with diet alone or with a fixed dose of insulin. In spite of differences in blood glucose levels among the treatment groups, there were only minor differences in the occurrence of fatal or nonfatal events.", "contents": "Effects of hypoglycemic agents on vascular complications in patients with adult-onset diabetes. VII. Mortality and selected nonfatal events with insulin treatment. The University Group Diabetes Program is a long-term prospective clinical trial designed to evaluate the effects of various hypoglycemic agents on vascular complications in patients with asymptomatic adult-onset diabetes. Mortality and blood glucose levels were determined as well as certain nonfatal events for patients assigned to diet alone or to either of two insulin treatment regimens. Lower levels of blood glucose with mean values close to normoglycemia were achieved in the treatment group in which the insulin dosage was adjusted to achieve normoglycemia compared with the levels achieved in patients treated with diet alone or with a fixed dose of insulin. In spite of differences in blood glucose levels among the treatment groups, there were only minor differences in the occurrence of fatal or nonfatal events."}
{"id": "PMID:351219", "title": "Legionnaires' disease in Vermont, May to October 1977.", "content": "Thirty-two confirmed and 24 highly probable cases of Legionnaires' disease occurred in Vermont between May 1 and Oct 15, 1977. Confirmed cases had positive results for direct fluorescent antibody testing of lung tissue or fourfold rise in antibody titer. Highly probable cases had one elevated titer (greater than or equal to 1:256) and a compatible illness. Forty-eight (86%) had underlying chronic disease, and 22 (39%) were immunocompromised. Prominent early symptoms were fever, cough, chills, and malaise. All but one patient had verified pneumonia. Courses ranged from a pneumonia not requiring hospitalization to respiratory failure necessitating support with mechanical ventilation. Seventeen patients died. Although the clinical presentation was variable, rapid development of high fever and leukocytosis together  with negative cultures of lower respiratory tract secretions strongly suggested the diagnosis in an epidemic setting.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease in Vermont, May to October 1977. Thirty-two confirmed and 24 highly probable cases of Legionnaires' disease occurred in Vermont between May 1 and Oct 15, 1977. Confirmed cases had positive results for direct fluorescent antibody testing of lung tissue or fourfold rise in antibody titer. Highly probable cases had one elevated titer (greater than or equal to 1:256) and a compatible illness. Forty-eight (86%) had underlying chronic disease, and 22 (39%) were immunocompromised. Prominent early symptoms were fever, cough, chills, and malaise. All but one patient had verified pneumonia. Courses ranged from a pneumonia not requiring hospitalization to respiratory failure necessitating support with mechanical ventilation. Seventeen patients died. Although the clinical presentation was variable, rapid development of high fever and leukocytosis together  with negative cultures of lower respiratory tract secretions strongly suggested the diagnosis in an epidemic setting."}
{"id": "PMID:351220", "title": "Characterization of mummy bone ochronotic pigment.", "content": "Radiologic examination of an Egyptian mummy showed characteristic radiologic changes seen in ochronosis. Desiring to confirm the diagnosis of ochronosis, punch biopsy samples of ochronotic mummy bone were removed for biochemical analysis. An organic solvent extraction procedure was developed to selectively isolate mummy ochronotic pigment, and spectroscopic methods were used to characterize the pigment as a homogentisic-acid--derived polymer.", "contents": "Characterization of mummy bone ochronotic pigment. Radiologic examination of an Egyptian mummy showed characteristic radiologic changes seen in ochronosis. Desiring to confirm the diagnosis of ochronosis, punch biopsy samples of ochronotic mummy bone were removed for biochemical analysis. An organic solvent extraction procedure was developed to selectively isolate mummy ochronotic pigment, and spectroscopic methods were used to characterize the pigment as a homogentisic-acid--derived polymer."}
{"id": "PMID:351227", "title": "Reference values based on hospital admission laboratory data.", "content": "Laboratory values taken from more than 13,000 newly admitted patients to the University of Alabama Hospital were analyzed using a percentile ranking system, and histograms for 24 laboratory tests were prepared. The percentile system is a better way to express test results than the classic normal range. The ability to correlate a test result with a clinical problem rises proportional to the degree of deviation from the midrange. Minor deviations frequently are without explanation, even after intensive clinical investigation. Invariably, great deviations are explainable. If one limits the interpretation of results to three ranges--abnormally low, abnormally high, and normal--much of the value of laboratory test interpretation is lost.", "contents": "Reference values based on hospital admission laboratory data. Laboratory values taken from more than 13,000 newly admitted patients to the University of Alabama Hospital were analyzed using a percentile ranking system, and histograms for 24 laboratory tests were prepared. The percentile system is a better way to express test results than the classic normal range. The ability to correlate a test result with a clinical problem rises proportional to the degree of deviation from the midrange. Minor deviations frequently are without explanation, even after intensive clinical investigation. Invariably, great deviations are explainable. If one limits the interpretation of results to three ranges--abnormally low, abnormally high, and normal--much of the value of laboratory test interpretation is lost."}
{"id": "PMID:351232", "title": "Nitrate therapy for congestive heart failure.", "content": "A randomized double-blind crossover trial included 16 patients with severe congestive heart failure who received isosorbide dinitrate or placebo for eight weeks, and then the opposite treatment for eight more weeks. All patients received their usual maintenance therapy with digitalis and diuretics. Seven morbid events occurred during 85 patient-weeks of isosorbide dinitrate therapy compared with 17 during 76 patient-weeks of placebo. Severity of congestive heart failure improved in all eight patients who received isosorbide dinitrate compared with two patients who showed improvement and five whose symptoms became worse with placebo. No significant differences in physical findings, cardiac dimensions, or resting hemodynamics were observed. Maximal exercise duration increased significantly by 2.54 minutes with isosorbide dinitrate therapy, and rose insignificantly by 1.24 minutes with placebo. This preliminary trial suggests that long-term vasodilator therapy may be clinically beneficial in congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Nitrate therapy for congestive heart failure. A randomized double-blind crossover trial included 16 patients with severe congestive heart failure who received isosorbide dinitrate or placebo for eight weeks, and then the opposite treatment for eight more weeks. All patients received their usual maintenance therapy with digitalis and diuretics. Seven morbid events occurred during 85 patient-weeks of isosorbide dinitrate therapy compared with 17 during 76 patient-weeks of placebo. Severity of congestive heart failure improved in all eight patients who received isosorbide dinitrate compared with two patients who showed improvement and five whose symptoms became worse with placebo. No significant differences in physical findings, cardiac dimensions, or resting hemodynamics were observed. Maximal exercise duration increased significantly by 2.54 minutes with isosorbide dinitrate therapy, and rose insignificantly by 1.24 minutes with placebo. This preliminary trial suggests that long-term vasodilator therapy may be clinically beneficial in congestive heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:351242", "title": "Experimental botulism in chickens: the cecum as the site of production and absorption of botulinum toxin.", "content": "Highly purified preparations of Clostridium botulinum toxins were administered to chickens by various routes. Chickens were highly susceptible to type A toxin, but relatively resistant to toxins of other types. Type C toxin (12S) at a dose of 1 X 10(7) mouse ip LD50 failed to kill the chicken by the oral route. Oral administration of 10 or more of type A, C, or D spores killed normal chickens, whereas cecoligated chickens were insusceptible to oral administration of 10(6) spores. These results show that the site of production and absorption of botulinum toxin in chickens is the cecum. Peroral administration of spores of a type C strain cured of its prophages and producing the C2 factor only also killed normal chickens. Chickens appeared to the more susceptible to the C2 factor than to the C1 toxin. The C2 factor, therefore, may play more important role in chicken deaths from toxico-infection with type C organisms. The optimum temperature for growth of C. botulinum types C and D was found to be 40-42 C. Type C and D toxins were significantly more stable than type A toxin in the cecum contents with pH above 7. These characteristics and the high density of distribution of type C spores in the environment may explain prevailing cases of type C botulism among broiler chickens.", "contents": "Experimental botulism in chickens: the cecum as the site of production and absorption of botulinum toxin. Highly purified preparations of Clostridium botulinum toxins were administered to chickens by various routes. Chickens were highly susceptible to type A toxin, but relatively resistant to toxins of other types. Type C toxin (12S) at a dose of 1 X 10(7) mouse ip LD50 failed to kill the chicken by the oral route. Oral administration of 10 or more of type A, C, or D spores killed normal chickens, whereas cecoligated chickens were insusceptible to oral administration of 10(6) spores. These results show that the site of production and absorption of botulinum toxin in chickens is the cecum. Peroral administration of spores of a type C strain cured of its prophages and producing the C2 factor only also killed normal chickens. Chickens appeared to the more susceptible to the C2 factor than to the C1 toxin. The C2 factor, therefore, may play more important role in chicken deaths from toxico-infection with type C organisms. The optimum temperature for growth of C. botulinum types C and D was found to be 40-42 C. Type C and D toxins were significantly more stable than type A toxin in the cecum contents with pH above 7. These characteristics and the high density of distribution of type C spores in the environment may explain prevailing cases of type C botulism among broiler chickens."}
{"id": "PMID:351243", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Clostridium botulinum toxin type A.", "content": "The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using the so-called \"double-sandwich technique\" has been applied to determine botulinum toxin type A. By this assay, 50-100 mouse ip LD50 of toxin type A can be detected. No cross-reaction occurs with botulinum toxins of other types tested. In all probability this is due to the high specificity of the antiserum prepared against the toxic component of type A toxin.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Clostridium botulinum toxin type A. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using the so-called \"double-sandwich technique\" has been applied to determine botulinum toxin type A. By this assay, 50-100 mouse ip LD50 of toxin type A can be detected. No cross-reaction occurs with botulinum toxins of other types tested. In all probability this is due to the high specificity of the antiserum prepared against the toxic component of type A toxin."}
{"id": "PMID:351264", "title": "Inhibitors and promoters of stone formation.", "content": "The understanding of the formation of urinary stones centers around three main mechanisms: the urinary concentration of stone-forming ions, the role of promoters, and the role of inhibitors of crystal formation and crystal aggregation. With respect to the promoting activity, lately emphasis has shifted from the role of the organic matrix to that of one salt inducing by epitaxy the precipitation of another salt. Among the inhibitors, it has become necessary to distinguish between those affecting crystal formation and those affecting crystal aggregation. For measuring the inhibitory activity, the various techniques and their relevance have been reviewed. It has been found that the main inhibitors for calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate precipitation are citrate, pyrophosphate, and perhaps magnesium. Those for calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate aggregation are glycosaminoglycans, pyrophosphate, and citrate. Among the synthetic inhibitors, the diphosphonates are the most powerful for both processes. The role and the therapeutic implications of these various concepts have been discussed.", "contents": "Inhibitors and promoters of stone formation. The understanding of the formation of urinary stones centers around three main mechanisms: the urinary concentration of stone-forming ions, the role of promoters, and the role of inhibitors of crystal formation and crystal aggregation. With respect to the promoting activity, lately emphasis has shifted from the role of the organic matrix to that of one salt inducing by epitaxy the precipitation of another salt. Among the inhibitors, it has become necessary to distinguish between those affecting crystal formation and those affecting crystal aggregation. For measuring the inhibitory activity, the various techniques and their relevance have been reviewed. It has been found that the main inhibitors for calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate precipitation are citrate, pyrophosphate, and perhaps magnesium. Those for calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate aggregation are glycosaminoglycans, pyrophosphate, and citrate. Among the synthetic inhibitors, the diphosphonates are the most powerful for both processes. The role and the therapeutic implications of these various concepts have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:351268", "title": "Prevention of calcium stones with thiazides.", "content": "On the basis of almost 15 years of experience with thiazide treatment in 346 patients with calcium stones, we believe that the following conclusions are justified: 1) Stone progression ceases in at least 90% of patients who take hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg, twice daily) on a regular basis. 2) A reduced dose of hydrochlorothiazide, i.e., 25 mg twice daily, appears to be effective in a significant proportion of patients. 3) Thiazides are effective in normocalciuric as well as hypercalciuric patients and in most patients with tubular ectasia (medullary sponge kidney). 4. Side effects necessitate discontinuation of thiazide treatment in approximately 7% of patients. The incidence and severity of side effects is reduced by initiating treatment with a small dose and by increasing the dose progressively until the full maintenance dose is achieved. A trial with a reduced dose is warranted in patients who are unable to tolerate the regular maintenance dose. 5) The therapeutic efficacy of thiazides in stone prevention cannot be accurately predicted by the degree of hypocalciuric response. Stone prevention may cease despite a minimal hypocalciuric response, whereas stone progression may occur when an adequate hypocalciuric response has taken place. 6) In addition to the hypocalciuric action, thiazides reduce urine oxalate excretion and increase urine zinc and (probably) magnesium; these effects probably contribute to the efficacy of this agent in stone prevention.", "contents": "Prevention of calcium stones with thiazides. On the basis of almost 15 years of experience with thiazide treatment in 346 patients with calcium stones, we believe that the following conclusions are justified: 1) Stone progression ceases in at least 90% of patients who take hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg, twice daily) on a regular basis. 2) A reduced dose of hydrochlorothiazide, i.e., 25 mg twice daily, appears to be effective in a significant proportion of patients. 3) Thiazides are effective in normocalciuric as well as hypercalciuric patients and in most patients with tubular ectasia (medullary sponge kidney). 4. Side effects necessitate discontinuation of thiazide treatment in approximately 7% of patients. The incidence and severity of side effects is reduced by initiating treatment with a small dose and by increasing the dose progressively until the full maintenance dose is achieved. A trial with a reduced dose is warranted in patients who are unable to tolerate the regular maintenance dose. 5) The therapeutic efficacy of thiazides in stone prevention cannot be accurately predicted by the degree of hypocalciuric response. Stone prevention may cease despite a minimal hypocalciuric response, whereas stone progression may occur when an adequate hypocalciuric response has taken place. 6) In addition to the hypocalciuric action, thiazides reduce urine oxalate excretion and increase urine zinc and (probably) magnesium; these effects probably contribute to the efficacy of this agent in stone prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:351281", "title": "[Nursing and drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Depending on their physiochemical properties, foreign substances appear to a more or less substantial degree in mother's milk. The decision as to whether a drug may be administered during nursing is particularly difficult in the case of antibiotics. Due to the development of resistance and sensitization only a few of these drugs are allowed. A nursing stop should only be ordered when a dangerous drug is used with genuine indication and without a possible alternative. As a rule, those drugs which are believed to involve a certain danger for newborn, can be replaced by other nonhazardous drugs.", "contents": "[Nursing and drugs (author's transl)]. Depending on their physiochemical properties, foreign substances appear to a more or less substantial degree in mother's milk. The decision as to whether a drug may be administered during nursing is particularly difficult in the case of antibiotics. Due to the development of resistance and sensitization only a few of these drugs are allowed. A nursing stop should only be ordered when a dangerous drug is used with genuine indication and without a possible alternative. As a rule, those drugs which are believed to involve a certain danger for newborn, can be replaced by other nonhazardous drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:351282", "title": "[Vitamin E in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "The biochemical mechanism of vitamin E cannot be explained up to the moment. Empirically, there are several possibilities for the clinical use of vitamin E, especially in pediatrics. This review is focusing on the hemolytic anemia of the preterm infant, hereditary bullous epidermolysis, retrolental fibroplasia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Excess vitamin E must be considered as potentially toxic.", "contents": "[Vitamin E in pediatrics (author's transl)]. The biochemical mechanism of vitamin E cannot be explained up to the moment. Empirically, there are several possibilities for the clinical use of vitamin E, especially in pediatrics. This review is focusing on the hemolytic anemia of the preterm infant, hereditary bullous epidermolysis, retrolental fibroplasia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Excess vitamin E must be considered as potentially toxic."}
{"id": "PMID:351296", "title": "Replacement of ruptured chordae tendineae of the mitral valve with autologous pericardial chordae.", "content": "Severe mitral regurgitation owing to rupture of chordae tendineae has been repaired in 10 patients by construction of new chordae from autologous pericardium. The site of rupture was the posterior leaflet in eight patients, the anterior leaflet in one patient, and both leaflets in one patient. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated severe mitral regurgitation (average 49%) and a left atrial V wave of 45 mm. Hg. The reconstruction was carried out with pericardium rolled into a chorda with one end attached to the appropriate papillary muscle and the other attached to the flail edge of the mitral valve leaflet being repaired. One patient died on the seventh postoperative day from pneumonia. The remaining nine patients are alive and well (Functional Class I) from 6 months to 9 1/2 years (average 3 years) following the operation. None requires anticoagulants.", "contents": "Replacement of ruptured chordae tendineae of the mitral valve with autologous pericardial chordae. Severe mitral regurgitation owing to rupture of chordae tendineae has been repaired in 10 patients by construction of new chordae from autologous pericardium. The site of rupture was the posterior leaflet in eight patients, the anterior leaflet in one patient, and both leaflets in one patient. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated severe mitral regurgitation (average 49%) and a left atrial V wave of 45 mm. Hg. The reconstruction was carried out with pericardium rolled into a chorda with one end attached to the appropriate papillary muscle and the other attached to the flail edge of the mitral valve leaflet being repaired. One patient died on the seventh postoperative day from pneumonia. The remaining nine patients are alive and well (Functional Class I) from 6 months to 9 1/2 years (average 3 years) following the operation. None requires anticoagulants."}
{"id": "PMID:351297", "title": "Pattern of arrangement of smooth muscle cells in neointimae of synthetic vascular prostheses.", "content": "Neointimae of fabric vascular prostheses of three types (crimped and knitted [A], stretchable [B], and expansile [C]) were examined under both light and electron microscopes from 1 to 1,240 days after implantation in the thoracic aorta of 161 dogs. With all types of prostheses, a very uniform arrangement of smooth muscle cells was observed beneath the endothelial cells. In the crimped and knitted prostheses (A), the smooth muscle cells in the neointima showed a regular arrangement perpendicular to the direction of the bloodstream at each inner ridge of the crimp. In the stretchable prostheses (B), which can stretch only longitudinally, the long axes of the smooth muscle cells oriented in rows parallel to the bloodstream. In the expensive prostheses (C), which can expand only circumferentially, the smooth muscle cells were perpendicular to the bloodstream. These observations suggest that the arrangement of the smooth muscle cells in neointima is largely governed by the tension to which they are subjected.", "contents": "Pattern of arrangement of smooth muscle cells in neointimae of synthetic vascular prostheses. Neointimae of fabric vascular prostheses of three types (crimped and knitted [A], stretchable [B], and expansile [C]) were examined under both light and electron microscopes from 1 to 1,240 days after implantation in the thoracic aorta of 161 dogs. With all types of prostheses, a very uniform arrangement of smooth muscle cells was observed beneath the endothelial cells. In the crimped and knitted prostheses (A), the smooth muscle cells in the neointima showed a regular arrangement perpendicular to the direction of the bloodstream at each inner ridge of the crimp. In the stretchable prostheses (B), which can stretch only longitudinally, the long axes of the smooth muscle cells oriented in rows parallel to the bloodstream. In the expensive prostheses (C), which can expand only circumferentially, the smooth muscle cells were perpendicular to the bloodstream. These observations suggest that the arrangement of the smooth muscle cells in neointima is largely governed by the tension to which they are subjected."}
{"id": "PMID:351299", "title": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support for human lung transplantation.", "content": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) support was provided for a 19-year-old boy undergoing right lung transplantation. Perfusion was begun several hours prior to transplant, to correct profound hypercapnia. After the operation, ECMO was required because of inadequate gas exchange by the transplanted lung. Perfusion was continued for a total of 96 hours. During this time, the temporary malfunction of the transplanted lung owing to the reimplantation response reversed, and the patient was successfully removed from the oxygenator and subsequently weaned from the ventilator. He died on the eighteenth postoperative day of bronchial dehiscence. ECMO support appears to be a feasible means of supporting patients during lung transplantation and during the period of reversible lung malfunction that may occur in the early postoperative period.", "contents": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support for human lung transplantation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) support was provided for a 19-year-old boy undergoing right lung transplantation. Perfusion was begun several hours prior to transplant, to correct profound hypercapnia. After the operation, ECMO was required because of inadequate gas exchange by the transplanted lung. Perfusion was continued for a total of 96 hours. During this time, the temporary malfunction of the transplanted lung owing to the reimplantation response reversed, and the patient was successfully removed from the oxygenator and subsequently weaned from the ventilator. He died on the eighteenth postoperative day of bronchial dehiscence. ECMO support appears to be a feasible means of supporting patients during lung transplantation and during the period of reversible lung malfunction that may occur in the early postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:351300", "title": "Mechanisms of reaginic hypersensitivity and immunotherapy.", "content": "Reaginic antibodies in hay fever patients belong to IgE. The immunoglobulin sensitizes basophilic granulocytes and mast cells from homologous species and mediates the release of chemical mediators which cause allergic symptoms. The sensitization is due to the binding of IgE to receptors on the target cells through the Fc portion of the molecules. High affinity of the molecules for the receptor is responsible for the biologic activity of IgE antibodies and for the persistence of sensitization with the antibodies. The initial step of the reaginic hypersensitivity reactions is bridging of cell-bound IgE antibody molecules by a multivalent antigen. Since IgE is firmly bound with receptors, cross-linkage of IgE molecules will cause a disturbance of membrane structure and/or interaction between receptor molecules at the cell membrane, which will activate membrane-associated enzymes. It appears that the activation of sequences of enzymes will lead to the release of chemical mediators from the cells. In view of the role of IgE antibodies in allergic diseases such as hay fever, attempts were made to depress the IgE antibody response to allergen. A experimental model in the mouse indicated that the generation of antigen-specific suppressor T cells is involved in the depression of IgE antibody formation by immunotherapy.", "contents": "Mechanisms of reaginic hypersensitivity and immunotherapy. Reaginic antibodies in hay fever patients belong to IgE. The immunoglobulin sensitizes basophilic granulocytes and mast cells from homologous species and mediates the release of chemical mediators which cause allergic symptoms. The sensitization is due to the binding of IgE to receptors on the target cells through the Fc portion of the molecules. High affinity of the molecules for the receptor is responsible for the biologic activity of IgE antibodies and for the persistence of sensitization with the antibodies. The initial step of the reaginic hypersensitivity reactions is bridging of cell-bound IgE antibody molecules by a multivalent antigen. Since IgE is firmly bound with receptors, cross-linkage of IgE molecules will cause a disturbance of membrane structure and/or interaction between receptor molecules at the cell membrane, which will activate membrane-associated enzymes. It appears that the activation of sequences of enzymes will lead to the release of chemical mediators from the cells. In view of the role of IgE antibodies in allergic diseases such as hay fever, attempts were made to depress the IgE antibody response to allergen. A experimental model in the mouse indicated that the generation of antigen-specific suppressor T cells is involved in the depression of IgE antibody formation by immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:351305", "title": "Mechanisms of headache.", "content": "It is thus evident that the mechanisms of headache differ widely from one syndrome or symptom complex to another. Both intracranial and extracranial structures may be involved. Knowledge of headache mechanisms is indispensable to the clinician charged with the management of his patient's complaints. Such knowledge should guide the investigations which may be required, and the treatment program to be instituted. As knowledge of headache mechanisms is broadened and our current concepts are altered, we can expect to learn more, not only about the complicated nature of the subject, but also about patients. Future research on headache will almost certainly concentrate on headache mechanisms and will be concerned with molecular mechanisms, immunity and the biochemistry of vascular mediators. That is as it should be, as the pursuits become increasingly focused and scientific. Yet it must also be emphasized that headaches occur, so far as we know, only in man, that they are unique to the human situation, and they cannot be understood without considering the personality, environment, and hopes and aspirations of the individual. In the end, many headaches will be seen to be a problem of inappropriate life adjustment, of poor tempo, a type of conditioned response evoked by the individual's attempts to deal with the vicissitudes of life. This \"headache mechanism,\" so frequently a part of the human condition, will be understood by the perceptive physician as a symptom of his patient's dysfunction, and treated accordingly.", "contents": "Mechanisms of headache. It is thus evident that the mechanisms of headache differ widely from one syndrome or symptom complex to another. Both intracranial and extracranial structures may be involved. Knowledge of headache mechanisms is indispensable to the clinician charged with the management of his patient's complaints. Such knowledge should guide the investigations which may be required, and the treatment program to be instituted. As knowledge of headache mechanisms is broadened and our current concepts are altered, we can expect to learn more, not only about the complicated nature of the subject, but also about patients. Future research on headache will almost certainly concentrate on headache mechanisms and will be concerned with molecular mechanisms, immunity and the biochemistry of vascular mediators. That is as it should be, as the pursuits become increasingly focused and scientific. Yet it must also be emphasized that headaches occur, so far as we know, only in man, that they are unique to the human situation, and they cannot be understood without considering the personality, environment, and hopes and aspirations of the individual. In the end, many headaches will be seen to be a problem of inappropriate life adjustment, of poor tempo, a type of conditioned response evoked by the individual's attempts to deal with the vicissitudes of life. This \"headache mechanism,\" so frequently a part of the human condition, will be understood by the perceptive physician as a symptom of his patient's dysfunction, and treated accordingly."}
{"id": "PMID:351321", "title": "Chemical compostition of the preen gland secretions from some ciconiiform birds.", "content": "The preen waxes from four Ciconiiformes species are shown to be ester waxes of very different composition. Three species possess monoester waxes with branched wax acids and alcohols. In one of these waxes, homologous series of ethyl-substituted constituents are observed. In contrast to this, the uropygial gland secretion of the marabou is a triglyceride mixture.", "contents": "Chemical compostition of the preen gland secretions from some ciconiiform birds. The preen waxes from four Ciconiiformes species are shown to be ester waxes of very different composition. Three species possess monoester waxes with branched wax acids and alcohols. In one of these waxes, homologous series of ethyl-substituted constituents are observed. In contrast to this, the uropygial gland secretion of the marabou is a triglyceride mixture."}
{"id": "PMID:351325", "title": "Effect of renal transplantation on pituitary gonadal function.", "content": "Twelve adult male patients who had undergone successful renal transplantation were investigated. The gonadotropin responses to 100 microgram luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) were studied, and basal serum testosterone and prolactin assayed. Significantly elevated mean basal levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were found, associated with a correspondingly excessive LH and FSH response to LRH. Mean basal serum testosterone levels in the posttransplant patients were significantly lower than in normal controls, while the mean basal prolactin levels were similar in the two groups. The results were not influenced by the varying degrees of renal function found in the posttransplant patients.", "contents": "Effect of renal transplantation on pituitary gonadal function. Twelve adult male patients who had undergone successful renal transplantation were investigated. The gonadotropin responses to 100 microgram luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) were studied, and basal serum testosterone and prolactin assayed. Significantly elevated mean basal levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were found, associated with a correspondingly excessive LH and FSH response to LRH. Mean basal serum testosterone levels in the posttransplant patients were significantly lower than in normal controls, while the mean basal prolactin levels were similar in the two groups. The results were not influenced by the varying degrees of renal function found in the posttransplant patients."}
{"id": "PMID:351337", "title": "[Heliomycin decrease in the pool of purine- and pyrimidine-containing compounds in bacterial cells].", "content": "Heliomycin inhibited formation of the pool or purine and pyrimidine containing compounds in the cells of the growing cultures of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli both in the lag phase at the maximum rate of formation of the pool of compounds absorbing at 260 nm and in the exponential phase. A decrease in the concentration of purine and pyrimidine containing compounds in the acid-soluble fraction of the cells by the antibiotic was not caused by the disturbed permeability of the membranes. Apparently, heliomycin interfered with the regulation of RNA synthesis, either directly or through its action on the energy metabolism of the cells.", "contents": "[Heliomycin decrease in the pool of purine- and pyrimidine-containing compounds in bacterial cells]. Heliomycin inhibited formation of the pool or purine and pyrimidine containing compounds in the cells of the growing cultures of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli both in the lag phase at the maximum rate of formation of the pool of compounds absorbing at 260 nm and in the exponential phase. A decrease in the concentration of purine and pyrimidine containing compounds in the acid-soluble fraction of the cells by the antibiotic was not caused by the disturbed permeability of the membranes. Apparently, heliomycin interfered with the regulation of RNA synthesis, either directly or through its action on the energy metabolism of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:351339", "title": "[Nucleotide makeup of the DNA of fast-growing mycobacteria and related microorganisms].", "content": "The melting points of DNA were used to determine the nucleotide composition of DNA from the following microorganisms with a high growth rate: Mycobacterium phlei, M. smegmatis, M. fortuitum, Nocardia asteroides, the organism of the \"rhodochrous\"--N. opaca group, and organisms related to strain \"Mycobacterium\" rhodochrous ATCC 13808. M. fortuitum had a higher mol% G+C (67.5--69.5) than M. phlei (66.9--67.5) and M. smegnatis (64.4--68.1); the strains of M. smegmatis were characterized by the most heterogeneous nucleotide composition of DNA. The organisms of the \"rhodochrous\" complex (mol% G+C=69.5--72.2) were closer to N. asteroides (mol% G+C=72.5--73.5) than to the mycobacteria with a high growth rate.", "contents": "[Nucleotide makeup of the DNA of fast-growing mycobacteria and related microorganisms]. The melting points of DNA were used to determine the nucleotide composition of DNA from the following microorganisms with a high growth rate: Mycobacterium phlei, M. smegmatis, M. fortuitum, Nocardia asteroides, the organism of the \"rhodochrous\"--N. opaca group, and organisms related to strain \"Mycobacterium\" rhodochrous ATCC 13808. M. fortuitum had a higher mol% G+C (67.5--69.5) than M. phlei (66.9--67.5) and M. smegnatis (64.4--68.1); the strains of M. smegmatis were characterized by the most heterogeneous nucleotide composition of DNA. The organisms of the \"rhodochrous\" complex (mol% G+C=69.5--72.2) were closer to N. asteroides (mol% G+C=72.5--73.5) than to the mycobacteria with a high growth rate."}
{"id": "PMID:351340", "title": "[Fluctuations in the numbers of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and host bacteria in a 2-component system].", "content": "The number of interacting organisms in a two-membered bacterial \"Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus--bacterium-host\" system varied within a long period of time. The variations occurred in the counterphase and had a complicated irregular character with an altering period. The Volterra principle of collisions can be applied to this type of interaction between microorganisms.", "contents": "[Fluctuations in the numbers of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and host bacteria in a 2-component system]. The number of interacting organisms in a two-membered bacterial \"Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus--bacterium-host\" system varied within a long period of time. The variations occurred in the counterphase and had a complicated irregular character with an altering period. The Volterra principle of collisions can be applied to this type of interaction between microorganisms."}
{"id": "PMID:351346", "title": "Physical, emotional and social adjustments to home dialysis.", "content": "Forty home dialysis patients and their families were interviewed by means of a standard questionnaire to determine their physical, emotional, and social adjustment to treatment. The results indicated a reasonable level of health, particularly in patients under the age of 50 years. However, home dialysis produced considerable strain in the family, particularly in the dialysis partners. Home training programmes should provide appropriate learning and technical experience for the dialysis partners and continued support, including integrated medical and paramedical services, domiciliary visiting, and regular holidays. Limited-care dialysis facilities should be provided where home dialysis is impractical or becomes intolerable.", "contents": "Physical, emotional and social adjustments to home dialysis. Forty home dialysis patients and their families were interviewed by means of a standard questionnaire to determine their physical, emotional, and social adjustment to treatment. The results indicated a reasonable level of health, particularly in patients under the age of 50 years. However, home dialysis produced considerable strain in the family, particularly in the dialysis partners. Home training programmes should provide appropriate learning and technical experience for the dialysis partners and continued support, including integrated medical and paramedical services, domiciliary visiting, and regular holidays. Limited-care dialysis facilities should be provided where home dialysis is impractical or becomes intolerable."}
{"id": "PMID:351341", "title": "[Cryofractographic study of the structure of yeast cells found in an anabiotic state].", "content": "Cryofractographic studies of normally growing yeast cells have shown that the length, number and arrangement of slit-like invaginations, as well as the number, frequency of arrangement and dimensions of pores on the nucleolemma, differ among various yeast species. The data on the structure of various organoids published earlier have been confirmed. The volume of all cellular organoids, with an exception of mitochondria, decreases upon dehydration. The invaginations of the plasmalemma coalesce to form a common network. This is important in the course of changes in the volume and density of the cytoplasm of cells in the anabiotic state, maintaining the structural connection of the plasmalemma with the cellular contents, which is necessary for the survival of an organism under extreme conditions.", "contents": "[Cryofractographic study of the structure of yeast cells found in an anabiotic state]. Cryofractographic studies of normally growing yeast cells have shown that the length, number and arrangement of slit-like invaginations, as well as the number, frequency of arrangement and dimensions of pores on the nucleolemma, differ among various yeast species. The data on the structure of various organoids published earlier have been confirmed. The volume of all cellular organoids, with an exception of mitochondria, decreases upon dehydration. The invaginations of the plasmalemma coalesce to form a common network. This is important in the course of changes in the volume and density of the cytoplasm of cells in the anabiotic state, maintaining the structural connection of the plasmalemma with the cellular contents, which is necessary for the survival of an organism under extreme conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:351342", "title": "[Temporal and spatial fluctuations in the count of soil bacteria considered by a luminescence method].", "content": "Spatial and temporal (within a day or a month and daily) variations in the number of bacteria in soddy-podzolic soil were determined by the direct count of cells under the luminescent microscope. No reliable change in the number of bacteria in soil was detected in the course of a day whereas the effect of the spatial factor was statistically significant. Daily increases and decreases in the number of bacteria were registered only in the summer. Seasonal changes in the number of bacterial population were considerable (4--5 times).", "contents": "[Temporal and spatial fluctuations in the count of soil bacteria considered by a luminescence method]. Spatial and temporal (within a day or a month and daily) variations in the number of bacteria in soddy-podzolic soil were determined by the direct count of cells under the luminescent microscope. No reliable change in the number of bacteria in soil was detected in the course of a day whereas the effect of the spatial factor was statistically significant. Daily increases and decreases in the number of bacteria were registered only in the summer. Seasonal changes in the number of bacterial population were considerable (4--5 times)."}
{"id": "PMID:351350", "title": "Results from a multicentre trial of metoprolol and a study of hypertensive patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "Ninety-nine patients took part in a multicentre, long-term study of metoprolol in the treatment of hypertension. Significant reductions in blood pressure and heart rate were achieved by the use of metoprolol alone, or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. Side effects were similar to those seen with other beta-adrenergic blocking agents, except that bronchospasm and cold extremities were rarely encountered. Results of monitoring for the abnormal eye symptoms and antinuclear factor titre are discussed. In a second study, 14 hypertensive patients with asthma (11 patients) or history thereof (three patients), received metoprolol for their hypertension. In general, no significant change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was found, despite significant reduction in blood pressure and heart rate. The concomitant use of a beta2-agonist is discussed.", "contents": "Results from a multicentre trial of metoprolol and a study of hypertensive patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Ninety-nine patients took part in a multicentre, long-term study of metoprolol in the treatment of hypertension. Significant reductions in blood pressure and heart rate were achieved by the use of metoprolol alone, or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. Side effects were similar to those seen with other beta-adrenergic blocking agents, except that bronchospasm and cold extremities were rarely encountered. Results of monitoring for the abnormal eye symptoms and antinuclear factor titre are discussed. In a second study, 14 hypertensive patients with asthma (11 patients) or history thereof (three patients), received metoprolol for their hypertension. In general, no significant change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was found, despite significant reduction in blood pressure and heart rate. The concomitant use of a beta2-agonist is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:351351", "title": "Effective protection against influenza after vaccination with subunit vaccine.", "content": "Immunization with an influenza subunit vaccine given in one dose about 1 month to 2 months before onset of an epidemic of influenza afforded from 80% to 90% protection in a double-blind clinical trial which was supported by isolation of virus and serological studies. In the vaccinated group, 20% failed to develop antibodies to the vaccine. Either serology tests or attempted isolation of virus alone would have failed to detect some of the cases.", "contents": "Effective protection against influenza after vaccination with subunit vaccine. Immunization with an influenza subunit vaccine given in one dose about 1 month to 2 months before onset of an epidemic of influenza afforded from 80% to 90% protection in a double-blind clinical trial which was supported by isolation of virus and serological studies. In the vaccinated group, 20% failed to develop antibodies to the vaccine. Either serology tests or attempted isolation of virus alone would have failed to detect some of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:351355", "title": "The interaction between ethanol and antihistamines. 1: Dexchlorpheniramine.", "content": "Thirteen paid student volunteers (9 male, 4 female) were used in a double-blind crossover experiment to investigate the effects of a therapeutic dose of dexchlorpheniramine alone, and in combination with a social dose of ethanol on perceptual, cognitive and motor functions. Both ethanol (0.75 g/kg) and dexchlorpheniramine (4 mg/70 kg) were given orally. Although a synergistic effect of dexchlorpheniramine with ethanol was only observed in some of the tests, a delayed recovery from the effects of the combination was noted. Subjective data indicated that the sedative effects of dexchlorpheniramine were more pronounced in the presence of ethanol.", "contents": "The interaction between ethanol and antihistamines. 1: Dexchlorpheniramine. Thirteen paid student volunteers (9 male, 4 female) were used in a double-blind crossover experiment to investigate the effects of a therapeutic dose of dexchlorpheniramine alone, and in combination with a social dose of ethanol on perceptual, cognitive and motor functions. Both ethanol (0.75 g/kg) and dexchlorpheniramine (4 mg/70 kg) were given orally. Although a synergistic effect of dexchlorpheniramine with ethanol was only observed in some of the tests, a delayed recovery from the effects of the combination was noted. Subjective data indicated that the sedative effects of dexchlorpheniramine were more pronounced in the presence of ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:351356", "title": "[Bacterial toxins as cause of sudden infant death (author's transl)].", "content": "At post-mortems held on cot-death infants, the cause of death can be established as a variety of pathological changes.  Inflammationin the region of the respiratory tract, in particular in the lungs;infections of the gastrointestinal tract; otitis media; shift of electrolytes-recently also the so-called yellow fat ect., can in association with the data on the anamnesis in many cases, through the assumption of bacterio-enterotoxin poisoning, which takes a different course in infants, to that in older children or adults, be traced back to a common origin. Extensive inquiries before the post-mortem, are as much indispensable prerequisites forthe clarification of the cause of sudden death as are the actual post-mortem and the ensuing investigations which must be carried out in the same way.", "contents": "[Bacterial toxins as cause of sudden infant death (author's transl)]. At post-mortems held on cot-death infants, the cause of death can be established as a variety of pathological changes.  Inflammationin the region of the respiratory tract, in particular in the lungs;infections of the gastrointestinal tract; otitis media; shift of electrolytes-recently also the so-called yellow fat ect., can in association with the data on the anamnesis in many cases, through the assumption of bacterio-enterotoxin poisoning, which takes a different course in infants, to that in older children or adults, be traced back to a common origin. Extensive inquiries before the post-mortem, are as much indispensable prerequisites forthe clarification of the cause of sudden death as are the actual post-mortem and the ensuing investigations which must be carried out in the same way."}
{"id": "PMID:351362", "title": "Tube carbohydrate assimilation method for the rapid indentification of clinically significant yeasts.", "content": "Yeasts have gained greater recognition in the past several years as being the cause of significant infections. We modified and evaluated a carbohydrate assimilation test to identify yeast isolates rapidly and accurately. The 192 clinical isolates used in this study included 20 species of the genera Candida, Cryptoccoccus, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, and Geotrichum. The method achieved 95% agreement with standard Wickerham assimilation results, and 97% of the isolates were correctly identified with the aid of a few auxilliary tests. The method is rapid, reliable, and versatile in its use.", "contents": "Tube carbohydrate assimilation method for the rapid indentification of clinically significant yeasts. Yeasts have gained greater recognition in the past several years as being the cause of significant infections. We modified and evaluated a carbohydrate assimilation test to identify yeast isolates rapidly and accurately. The 192 clinical isolates used in this study included 20 species of the genera Candida, Cryptoccoccus, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, and Geotrichum. The method achieved 95% agreement with standard Wickerham assimilation results, and 97% of the isolates were correctly identified with the aid of a few auxilliary tests. The method is rapid, reliable, and versatile in its use."}
{"id": "PMID:351363", "title": "Use of a rapid fermentation test for indentification of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Rapid fermentation tests of carbohydrates were performed on 84 strains of anaerobic bacteria, and the result is compared with a commercially available micromultitest, API. An overall correlation of 87% was achieved between the two systems. The rapid fermentation test is easy to perform, since it is done aerobically, and easy to read. This study shows that RFT is useful in routine diagnosis of anaerobic bacteria, if it is used in combination with other relevant biochemical tests, morphologic examination, and gas chromatography.", "contents": "Use of a rapid fermentation test for indentification of anaerobic bacteria. Rapid fermentation tests of carbohydrates were performed on 84 strains of anaerobic bacteria, and the result is compared with a commercially available micromultitest, API. An overall correlation of 87% was achieved between the two systems. The rapid fermentation test is easy to perform, since it is done aerobically, and easy to read. This study shows that RFT is useful in routine diagnosis of anaerobic bacteria, if it is used in combination with other relevant biochemical tests, morphologic examination, and gas chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:351372", "title": "[Affinity modification of Escherichia coli ribosomes in the region of the mRNA-binding center by a heptauridylate analog bearing a chemically active group at the 3' end].", "content": "4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)-benzaldehyde acetyl derivative (RCL-derivative) of hepatauridylic acid was used to localize the structure organizing the mRNA-binding site of ribosomes. This derivative; like a free oligonucleotide, stimulates the binding of [14C]phenylalanyl-tRNA to ribosomes and effectively alkylates ribosomes, mainly the 30S subunit within the specific complex. The alkylation being completely inhibited by preincubation with polyuridylic acid, suggests that the chemical alteration occurs near the mRNA-binding site. Both rRNA and proteins undergo modification in the 30S subunit (15 and 85% of the total 30S subunit, respectively). The radioactive marked was found in fractions of proteins S18, S9 and S1.", "contents": "[Affinity modification of Escherichia coli ribosomes in the region of the mRNA-binding center by a heptauridylate analog bearing a chemically active group at the 3' end]. 4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)-benzaldehyde acetyl derivative (RCL-derivative) of hepatauridylic acid was used to localize the structure organizing the mRNA-binding site of ribosomes. This derivative; like a free oligonucleotide, stimulates the binding of [14C]phenylalanyl-tRNA to ribosomes and effectively alkylates ribosomes, mainly the 30S subunit within the specific complex. The alkylation being completely inhibited by preincubation with polyuridylic acid, suggests that the chemical alteration occurs near the mRNA-binding site. Both rRNA and proteins undergo modification in the 30S subunit (15 and 85% of the total 30S subunit, respectively). The radioactive marked was found in fractions of proteins S18, S9 and S1."}
{"id": "PMID:351373", "title": "[Peptidyltransferase center of ribosomes. II. Effect of temperature on the activity of model peptide donors and a study of oligopeptide formation in a matrix-free system with ribosomes].", "content": "The reaction of 3'(2')-O-(N-formylmethionyl)-adenosine 5'-phosphate with Phe-tRNA or CACCA-Phe catalysed with E. coli MRE-600 ribosomes and stimulated with cytidine 5'-phosphate was investigated. It was shown that the reaction with Phe-tRNA was stimulated within 2--3 times when the temperature has been raised from 0 to 40 degrees. On the contrary when the peptide acceptor was CACCA-Phe the yield of peptides synthesis dropped 5 times and more under the same conditions. Similar temperature influence was observed in the reaction with 50S subunits. The inhibition of peptide bond formation with pA and CpA at 0 degrees was achieved up to 80--90% but it was very low at 40 degrees. The synthesis of tri- and tetrapeptides was observed when the reaction of 3'(2')-O-(N-formylmethionyl)-adenosine 5'-phosphate was carried out either with Phe-tRNA or with CACCA-Phe.", "contents": "[Peptidyltransferase center of ribosomes. II. Effect of temperature on the activity of model peptide donors and a study of oligopeptide formation in a matrix-free system with ribosomes]. The reaction of 3'(2')-O-(N-formylmethionyl)-adenosine 5'-phosphate with Phe-tRNA or CACCA-Phe catalysed with E. coli MRE-600 ribosomes and stimulated with cytidine 5'-phosphate was investigated. It was shown that the reaction with Phe-tRNA was stimulated within 2--3 times when the temperature has been raised from 0 to 40 degrees. On the contrary when the peptide acceptor was CACCA-Phe the yield of peptides synthesis dropped 5 times and more under the same conditions. Similar temperature influence was observed in the reaction with 50S subunits. The inhibition of peptide bond formation with pA and CpA at 0 degrees was achieved up to 80--90% but it was very low at 40 degrees. The synthesis of tri- and tetrapeptides was observed when the reaction of 3'(2')-O-(N-formylmethionyl)-adenosine 5'-phosphate was carried out either with Phe-tRNA or with CACCA-Phe."}
{"id": "PMID:351374", "title": "[Sequence of events in the process of factor-promoted translocation in the ribosome].", "content": "A system of translation of matrix-bound poly(U) by purified Escherichia coli ribosomes was used to obtain pre-translocation state ribosomes in columns and then to induce translocation under controlled conditions by passing the elongation factor G (EF-G) with the non-cleavable GTP analog (guanylyl-methylene diphosphonate). It has been shown that translocation in the ribosome, checked by the release of deacylated tRNA, as well as by the puromycin reaction, is induced by the attachment of EF-G (with the non-cleavable GTP analog) to the ribosome and not by its detachment. In accordance with this, the ionic conditions under which the affinity of EF-G with the GTP analog to the ribosome is increased (NH4Cl instead of KCl, a lowered ionic strength) have been also found to be more effective for translocation. On the other hand, it has been shown that the detachment (removal) of EF-G is a strict pre-requisite for the appearance of competence to bind the next aminoacyl-tRNA, and thus for a continuation of the elongation cycle. A conclusion is made that the mechanical shifts of products and substrates, such as peptidyl-tRNA and deacylated tRNA, within the ribosome in the process of translocation are promoted only by the affinity of EF-G to the ribosome and does not depend on the cleavage of GTP. On the basis of the results obtained, the following sequence of events is deduced for the process of EF-G-promoted translocation: 1) interaction of EF-G.GTP with the pre-translocative ribosome, 2) translocation displacements of products and substrates, including the release of deacylated tRNA (probably conjugated with the shift of mRNA), 3) GTP hydrolysis, 4) release of EF-G and GTP from the post-translocated ribosome.", "contents": "[Sequence of events in the process of factor-promoted translocation in the ribosome]. A system of translation of matrix-bound poly(U) by purified Escherichia coli ribosomes was used to obtain pre-translocation state ribosomes in columns and then to induce translocation under controlled conditions by passing the elongation factor G (EF-G) with the non-cleavable GTP analog (guanylyl-methylene diphosphonate). It has been shown that translocation in the ribosome, checked by the release of deacylated tRNA, as well as by the puromycin reaction, is induced by the attachment of EF-G (with the non-cleavable GTP analog) to the ribosome and not by its detachment. In accordance with this, the ionic conditions under which the affinity of EF-G with the GTP analog to the ribosome is increased (NH4Cl instead of KCl, a lowered ionic strength) have been also found to be more effective for translocation. On the other hand, it has been shown that the detachment (removal) of EF-G is a strict pre-requisite for the appearance of competence to bind the next aminoacyl-tRNA, and thus for a continuation of the elongation cycle. A conclusion is made that the mechanical shifts of products and substrates, such as peptidyl-tRNA and deacylated tRNA, within the ribosome in the process of translocation are promoted only by the affinity of EF-G to the ribosome and does not depend on the cleavage of GTP. On the basis of the results obtained, the following sequence of events is deduced for the process of EF-G-promoted translocation: 1) interaction of EF-G.GTP with the pre-translocative ribosome, 2) translocation displacements of products and substrates, including the release of deacylated tRNA (probably conjugated with the shift of mRNA), 3) GTP hydrolysis, 4) release of EF-G and GTP from the post-translocated ribosome."}
{"id": "PMID:351383", "title": "Screening of safrole, eugenol, their ninhydrin positive metabolites and selected secondary amines for potential mutagenicity.", "content": "The mutagenicity of safrole, eugenol, the secondary amines, with which they combine during metabolism,  and the ninhydrin positive urinary metabolites of safrole and eugenol was tested. The panel of tests included the direct bacterial assay, a microsomal mutagenesis assay and a host-mediated assay. With the direct bacterial assay employing four mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA1530, TA1531, TA1532, TA1964), all the compounds gave negative results. In the microsomal mutagenesis assay, employing the same four mutant strains, safrole and safrole metabolite II were mutagenic with strains TA1530 and TA1532. Dimethylamine was also found to be a weak mutagen in the microsomal mutagenesis assay with strain TA1530. Safrole and safrole metabolite II were also mutagenic in the host-mediated assay with strains TA1950 and TA1952. Negative results were observed for safrole metabolites I and III, eugenol, eugenol metabolites I and II, piperidine, pipecolic acid, proline, and pyrrolidine in all three assay systems.", "contents": "Screening of safrole, eugenol, their ninhydrin positive metabolites and selected secondary amines for potential mutagenicity. The mutagenicity of safrole, eugenol, the secondary amines, with which they combine during metabolism,  and the ninhydrin positive urinary metabolites of safrole and eugenol was tested. The panel of tests included the direct bacterial assay, a microsomal mutagenesis assay and a host-mediated assay. With the direct bacterial assay employing four mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA1530, TA1531, TA1532, TA1964), all the compounds gave negative results. In the microsomal mutagenesis assay, employing the same four mutant strains, safrole and safrole metabolite II were mutagenic with strains TA1530 and TA1532. Dimethylamine was also found to be a weak mutagen in the microsomal mutagenesis assay with strain TA1530. Safrole and safrole metabolite II were also mutagenic in the host-mediated assay with strains TA1950 and TA1952. Negative results were observed for safrole metabolites I and III, eugenol, eugenol metabolites I and II, piperidine, pipecolic acid, proline, and pyrrolidine in all three assay systems."}
{"id": "PMID:351384", "title": "Lack of mutagenicity and putative carcinogenicity of several novel benzopyrene derivatives.", "content": "Several novel benzopyrene derivatives with the same gross structure and the same electronic periphery  as benzo(a)pyrene, but with some alteration in the complete electronic structure, when tested in the Ame's Salmonella/microsome test (TA 1537, TA 100 and TA 98], were found to lack mutagenicity and, therefore, putative carcinogenicity.", "contents": "Lack of mutagenicity and putative carcinogenicity of several novel benzopyrene derivatives. Several novel benzopyrene derivatives with the same gross structure and the same electronic periphery  as benzo(a)pyrene, but with some alteration in the complete electronic structure, when tested in the Ame's Salmonella/microsome test (TA 1537, TA 100 and TA 98], were found to lack mutagenicity and, therefore, putative carcinogenicity."}
{"id": "PMID:351385", "title": "Mutagenicity of N-nitrosopiperazine derivatives in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Mutagenicity of several nitroso derivatives of piperazine was assayed using histidine auxotrophic strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Nitroso derivatives of piperazine required metabolic activation with preference to phenobarbital induced rat-liver microsomal enzymes. We observed a good correlation between a positive effect in the mutation assay and the carcinogenic potency of the compound. Even though our results are not in complete agreement with earlier published work using several microbial mutation assay systems, the differences we observed demonstrate the predictive value of an in vitro activation system using S. typhimurium to detect carcinogenic compounds as mutagens.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of N-nitrosopiperazine derivatives in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutagenicity of several nitroso derivatives of piperazine was assayed using histidine auxotrophic strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Nitroso derivatives of piperazine required metabolic activation with preference to phenobarbital induced rat-liver microsomal enzymes. We observed a good correlation between a positive effect in the mutation assay and the carcinogenic potency of the compound. Even though our results are not in complete agreement with earlier published work using several microbial mutation assay systems, the differences we observed demonstrate the predictive value of an in vitro activation system using S. typhimurium to detect carcinogenic compounds as mutagens."}
{"id": "PMID:351386", "title": "The mutagenic screening of fourteen imidazo compounds using a modified Ames' test.", "content": "Eight imidazo[1,2-alpha] pyrimidine derivatives and six cyclic guanidine derivatives were synthesized in order to study their physiological activity. Mutagenic effects were not detected with any compound in a modified Ames' Salmonella test using TA100, TA98, and TA1537, with or without S9. No inhibition of growth was observed with any test compound. Positive and negative controls behaved as expected.", "contents": "The mutagenic screening of fourteen imidazo compounds using a modified Ames' test. Eight imidazo[1,2-alpha] pyrimidine derivatives and six cyclic guanidine derivatives were synthesized in order to study their physiological activity. Mutagenic effects were not detected with any compound in a modified Ames' Salmonella test using TA100, TA98, and TA1537, with or without S9. No inhibition of growth was observed with any test compound. Positive and negative controls behaved as expected."}
{"id": "PMID:351387", "title": "A study of the mutagenicity of anesthetics and their metabolites.", "content": "The commonly used volatile anesthetics, several of their metabolites, and drugs frequently employed by the anesthesiologist were screened for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/rat-liver microsomal assay system developed by Dr. B. Ames and his colleagues. Chloral hydrate, both a sedative and metabolite of trichloroethylene, was found to be weakly mutagenic. Other compounds testing including halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide were not mutagenic. Non-volatile compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit growth of bacterial strains with decreased capacity to repair damaged DNA. None of the compounds tested inhibited the growth of DNA-repair-deficient strains relative to a strain with normal DNA-repair. Halothane and trilene were tested for direct interaction with DNA; under the experimental conditions employed, no direct interaction of these compounds and DNA could be detected.", "contents": "A study of the mutagenicity of anesthetics and their metabolites. The commonly used volatile anesthetics, several of their metabolites, and drugs frequently employed by the anesthesiologist were screened for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/rat-liver microsomal assay system developed by Dr. B. Ames and his colleagues. Chloral hydrate, both a sedative and metabolite of trichloroethylene, was found to be weakly mutagenic. Other compounds testing including halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide were not mutagenic. Non-volatile compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit growth of bacterial strains with decreased capacity to repair damaged DNA. None of the compounds tested inhibited the growth of DNA-repair-deficient strains relative to a strain with normal DNA-repair. Halothane and trilene were tested for direct interaction with DNA; under the experimental conditions employed, no direct interaction of these compounds and DNA could be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:351388", "title": "Mutagenicity of methylated N-nitrosopiperidines in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "N-Nitrosopiperidine (NP) and a number of methylated derivatives were examined for mutagenicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. NP, 2-methyl-NP, 3-methyl-NP, 4-methyl-NP and 3,5-dimethyl-NP were mutagens when metabolic activation (rat-liver microsomes) was provided. 2,6-Dimethyl-NP was not a mutagen. The NPs giving a positive response stimulated forward mutation to canavanine resistance (CAN1 leads to can1) and reversion of the his1-7 missense marker. Neither locus revertants nor suppressors of the lys1-1 ochre marker were induced, nor were revertants of the putative frameshift hom3-10.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of methylated N-nitrosopiperidines in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. N-Nitrosopiperidine (NP) and a number of methylated derivatives were examined for mutagenicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. NP, 2-methyl-NP, 3-methyl-NP, 4-methyl-NP and 3,5-dimethyl-NP were mutagens when metabolic activation (rat-liver microsomes) was provided. 2,6-Dimethyl-NP was not a mutagen. The NPs giving a positive response stimulated forward mutation to canavanine resistance (CAN1 leads to can1) and reversion of the his1-7 missense marker. Neither locus revertants nor suppressors of the lys1-1 ochre marker were induced, nor were revertants of the putative frameshift hom3-10."}
{"id": "PMID:351389", "title": "The effect of hycanthone and maleic hydrazide on the frequency of micronuclei in the bone-marrow erythrocytes of mice.", "content": "Male Swiss mice were assigned to 6 groups of either 3 or 4 animals each. 3 groups were given hycanthone methanesulfonate intraperitoneally, at 40, 80 or 120 mg/kg, respectively; the dose was repeated after an interval of about 24 h. At the same time 2 groups received maleic hydrazide at 100 or 200 mg/kg, and the remaining group was given dimethyl sulfoxide which was used as a solvent for both drugs. 6 h after the second injection, the mice were killed and bonemarrow preparations were made. Hycanthone induced a significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei in the polychromatic erythrocytes and suppressed the P/N ratio significantly. However, there was no dose-response relationship. Maleic hydrazide, on the other hand, failed to influence the incidence of micronuclei or the ratio of poly- to normo-chromatic erythrocytes.", "contents": "The effect of hycanthone and maleic hydrazide on the frequency of micronuclei in the bone-marrow erythrocytes of mice. Male Swiss mice were assigned to 6 groups of either 3 or 4 animals each. 3 groups were given hycanthone methanesulfonate intraperitoneally, at 40, 80 or 120 mg/kg, respectively; the dose was repeated after an interval of about 24 h. At the same time 2 groups received maleic hydrazide at 100 or 200 mg/kg, and the remaining group was given dimethyl sulfoxide which was used as a solvent for both drugs. 6 h after the second injection, the mice were killed and bonemarrow preparations were made. Hycanthone induced a significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei in the polychromatic erythrocytes and suppressed the P/N ratio significantly. However, there was no dose-response relationship. Maleic hydrazide, on the other hand, failed to influence the incidence of micronuclei or the ratio of poly- to normo-chromatic erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:351390", "title": "Caffeine concentrations in mice plasma and testicular tissue and the effect of caffeine on the dominant lethal test.", "content": "Large groups of male Swiss mice received per os on average 100 mg caffeine per kg body weight per day for 1 or 8 weeks. The dominant lethal test was designed to achieve maximum sensitivity in order to detect any possible mutagenic effect. No mutagenic induction of dominant lethals, pre-implantation egg loss or depression of the fertility of females, caused by caffeine at the dose levels administered were observed. The half life of caffeine, which was between 2.5 and 3 h, was similar in plasma and testicular tissue. It was concluded that caffeine did not accumulate in the testicular tissue of mice. The maximum concentration of caffeine found was below 10 microgram/g testicular tissue, which is about a 100 times lower than concentrations that cause chromosome aberrations in cultured mammalian cells.", "contents": "Caffeine concentrations in mice plasma and testicular tissue and the effect of caffeine on the dominant lethal test. Large groups of male Swiss mice received per os on average 100 mg caffeine per kg body weight per day for 1 or 8 weeks. The dominant lethal test was designed to achieve maximum sensitivity in order to detect any possible mutagenic effect. No mutagenic induction of dominant lethals, pre-implantation egg loss or depression of the fertility of females, caused by caffeine at the dose levels administered were observed. The half life of caffeine, which was between 2.5 and 3 h, was similar in plasma and testicular tissue. It was concluded that caffeine did not accumulate in the testicular tissue of mice. The maximum concentration of caffeine found was below 10 microgram/g testicular tissue, which is about a 100 times lower than concentrations that cause chromosome aberrations in cultured mammalian cells."}
{"id": "PMID:351391", "title": "Cytogenetic and dominant lethal studies on captan.", "content": "Possible mutagenic activity of captan was investigated by in vitro and in vivo cytogenetic studies and by the dominant lethal study in mice. In vitro cytogenetic study with cultured human diploid cells revealed a significant increase in the frequency of cells showing stickiness and a severe mitotic inhibition at concentrations of 3.0 and 4.0 microgram of captan per ml. although no chromosomal aberrations were observed. In in vivo cytogenetic study, no chromosomal aberrations were induced in the bone marrow cells of rats treated orally with captan at a single dose of 500, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg or at five consecutive doses of 200, 400 or 800 mg/kg/day. Dominant lethal study also failed to show any mutation induction after treatment of male mice with daily oral dose of 200 or 600 mg of captan per kg bw for five days.", "contents": "Cytogenetic and dominant lethal studies on captan. Possible mutagenic activity of captan was investigated by in vitro and in vivo cytogenetic studies and by the dominant lethal study in mice. In vitro cytogenetic study with cultured human diploid cells revealed a significant increase in the frequency of cells showing stickiness and a severe mitotic inhibition at concentrations of 3.0 and 4.0 microgram of captan per ml. although no chromosomal aberrations were observed. In in vivo cytogenetic study, no chromosomal aberrations were induced in the bone marrow cells of rats treated orally with captan at a single dose of 500, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg or at five consecutive doses of 200, 400 or 800 mg/kg/day. Dominant lethal study also failed to show any mutation induction after treatment of male mice with daily oral dose of 200 or 600 mg of captan per kg bw for five days."}
{"id": "PMID:351394", "title": "A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in threatened stroke.", "content": "Five hundred and eighty-five patients with threatened stroke were followed in a randomized clinical trial for an average of 26 months to determine whether aspirin or sulfinpyrazone, singly or in combination, influence the subsequent occurrence of continuing transient ischemic attacks, stroke or death. Eighty-five subjects went on to stroke, and 42 died. Aspirin reduced the risk of continuing ischemic attacks, stroke or death by 19 per cent (P less than 0.05) and also reduced risk for the \"harder,\" more important events of stroke or death by 31 percent (P less than 0.05), but this effect was sex-dependent: among men, the risk reduction for stroke or death was 48 per cent (P less than 0.005), whereas no significant trend was observed among women. For sulfinpyrazone, no risk reduction of ischemic attacks was observed, and the 10 per cent risk reduction of stroke or death was not statistically significant. No overall synergism or antagonism was observed between the two drugs. We conclude that aspirin is an efficacious drug for men with threatened stroke.", "contents": "A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in threatened stroke. Five hundred and eighty-five patients with threatened stroke were followed in a randomized clinical trial for an average of 26 months to determine whether aspirin or sulfinpyrazone, singly or in combination, influence the subsequent occurrence of continuing transient ischemic attacks, stroke or death. Eighty-five subjects went on to stroke, and 42 died. Aspirin reduced the risk of continuing ischemic attacks, stroke or death by 19 per cent (P less than 0.05) and also reduced risk for the \"harder,\" more important events of stroke or death by 31 percent (P less than 0.05), but this effect was sex-dependent: among men, the risk reduction for stroke or death was 48 per cent (P less than 0.005), whereas no significant trend was observed among women. For sulfinpyrazone, no risk reduction of ischemic attacks was observed, and the 10 per cent risk reduction of stroke or death was not statistically significant. No overall synergism or antagonism was observed between the two drugs. We conclude that aspirin is an efficacious drug for men with threatened stroke."}
{"id": "PMID:351395", "title": "Inhibition of normal murine hematopoiesis by leukemic cells.", "content": "Inhibition of normal mouse hemopoietic stem cells by leukemic cells (C1498) was observed with use of in vitro agar and in vivo diffusion-chamber cultures. The C1498 cells were unresponsive to colony-stimulating activity, and, above a critical threshold, they inhibited normal granulocyte progenitors in agar culture. C1498 cells added to normal marrow in diffusion chambers progressively reduced granulocyte progenitors. The larger, more rapidly growing, C1498 cells showed the most inhibitory effect. Transmembrane culture of C1498 cells adjacent to normal marrow in double diffusion chambers for five to 14 days led to reduction of recovery of granulocyte progenitors (72 +/- 7 per cent of control) and pluripotent stem cells (45 +/- 7 per cent of control) from the normal marrow chambers. These results indicate that leukemic mouse cells inhibit normal mouse-marrow stem cells by releasing a diffusible substance, and this inhibition occurs primarily at the level of the pluripotent stem cell.", "contents": "Inhibition of normal murine hematopoiesis by leukemic cells. Inhibition of normal mouse hemopoietic stem cells by leukemic cells (C1498) was observed with use of in vitro agar and in vivo diffusion-chamber cultures. The C1498 cells were unresponsive to colony-stimulating activity, and, above a critical threshold, they inhibited normal granulocyte progenitors in agar culture. C1498 cells added to normal marrow in diffusion chambers progressively reduced granulocyte progenitors. The larger, more rapidly growing, C1498 cells showed the most inhibitory effect. Transmembrane culture of C1498 cells adjacent to normal marrow in double diffusion chambers for five to 14 days led to reduction of recovery of granulocyte progenitors (72 +/- 7 per cent of control) and pluripotent stem cells (45 +/- 7 per cent of control) from the normal marrow chambers. These results indicate that leukemic mouse cells inhibit normal mouse-marrow stem cells by releasing a diffusible substance, and this inhibition occurs primarily at the level of the pluripotent stem cell."}
{"id": "PMID:351400", "title": "Medicaid-funded private psychiatric care in New York City. The role of foreign-trained physicians.", "content": "Data were obtained from the tax records and the Professional Registry maintained by the New York City Department of Health as well as from the Biographical Directory of the American Psychiatric Association to determine which psychiatrists were providing care under the Medicaid Program and how they compare with the pool of psychiatric practitioners in New York City. The data reveal that psychiatrists educated in foreign medical schools provide disproportionately more care to Medicaid recipients than would be anticipated from their numbers, and are a majority of those who received more than +30,000 in payments in 1976. Furthermore, these psychiatrists account for 80 per cent of those delivering care at the two largest \"shared health facilities,\" commonly referred to as \"Medicaid mills.\" These findings indicate that although the Title XIX Program has facilitated the access of the poor to the private psychiatric sector, in New York City their access is biased toward treatment by foreign-educated psychiatrists.", "contents": "Medicaid-funded private psychiatric care in New York City. The role of foreign-trained physicians. Data were obtained from the tax records and the Professional Registry maintained by the New York City Department of Health as well as from the Biographical Directory of the American Psychiatric Association to determine which psychiatrists were providing care under the Medicaid Program and how they compare with the pool of psychiatric practitioners in New York City. The data reveal that psychiatrists educated in foreign medical schools provide disproportionately more care to Medicaid recipients than would be anticipated from their numbers, and are a majority of those who received more than +30,000 in payments in 1976. Furthermore, these psychiatrists account for 80 per cent of those delivering care at the two largest \"shared health facilities,\" commonly referred to as \"Medicaid mills.\" These findings indicate that although the Title XIX Program has facilitated the access of the poor to the private psychiatric sector, in New York City their access is biased toward treatment by foreign-educated psychiatrists."}
{"id": "PMID:351406", "title": "A mutation affecting the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase changes transcriptional specificity.", "content": "The RNA polymerase mutation, alt-1, affects the sigma subunit and alters the in vitro selectivity of RNA polymerase to parallel the in vivo phenotype. We propose that the mutation changes the distribution of functionally distinct polymerase isomers.", "contents": "A mutation affecting the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase changes transcriptional specificity. The RNA polymerase mutation, alt-1, affects the sigma subunit and alters the in vitro selectivity of RNA polymerase to parallel the in vivo phenotype. We propose that the mutation changes the distribution of functionally distinct polymerase isomers."}
{"id": "PMID:351409", "title": "Epidemiology and ecology of leishmaniasis in Latin-America.", "content": "Of the diseases caused by protozoal parasites, leishmaniasis is probably second in importance only to malaria. Chemotherapeutic drugs are toxic, expensive and not 100% effective. This, and the absence of any non-living vaccine against the disease, means that control depends on eliminating either reservoirs or insect vectors, or both. Recently, a greatly increased knowledge of the Leishmania species involved, and of their natural hosts, has helped to define the nature and extent of the problem.", "contents": "Epidemiology and ecology of leishmaniasis in Latin-America. Of the diseases caused by protozoal parasites, leishmaniasis is probably second in importance only to malaria. Chemotherapeutic drugs are toxic, expensive and not 100% effective. This, and the absence of any non-living vaccine against the disease, means that control depends on eliminating either reservoirs or insect vectors, or both. Recently, a greatly increased knowledge of the Leishmania species involved, and of their natural hosts, has helped to define the nature and extent of the problem."}
{"id": "PMID:351410", "title": "Identification of economically important parasites.", "content": "The taxonomy of a parasite can be an important guide to its pathogenic characteristics. A wide range of anatomical, biochemical and behavioural tests is now being developed to define different strains and subspecies of the main tropical parasites.", "contents": "Identification of economically important parasites. The taxonomy of a parasite can be an important guide to its pathogenic characteristics. A wide range of anatomical, biochemical and behavioural tests is now being developed to define different strains and subspecies of the main tropical parasites."}
{"id": "PMID:351411", "title": "The pathology, pathobiology and pathogenesis of schistosomiasis.", "content": "Although the general pathology of schistosomiasis has been well understood for more than 70 years, it is only recently that it has been possible to analyse the disease at the molecular level and to understand the relationship between the number of parasites in an infected individual and the appearance of overt disease.", "contents": "The pathology, pathobiology and pathogenesis of schistosomiasis. Although the general pathology of schistosomiasis has been well understood for more than 70 years, it is only recently that it has been possible to analyse the disease at the molecular level and to understand the relationship between the number of parasites in an infected individual and the appearance of overt disease."}
{"id": "PMID:351412", "title": "Cultivation of malarial parasites.", "content": "The method for continuous cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum has now been successfully applied to several strains from different geographical areas. It has been used for tests of antimalarial drugs, for studies of parasite-host cell interactions with special reference to sickle haemoglobin, and for the production of amounts of parasite sufficient for experimental immunisation of Aotus trivirgatus monkeys.", "contents": "Cultivation of malarial parasites. The method for continuous cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum has now been successfully applied to several strains from different geographical areas. It has been used for tests of antimalarial drugs, for studies of parasite-host cell interactions with special reference to sickle haemoglobin, and for the production of amounts of parasite sufficient for experimental immunisation of Aotus trivirgatus monkeys."}
{"id": "PMID:351413", "title": "Chemotherapy of parasite infections.", "content": "Although several good antiparasitic agents are available, new drugs are needed for the treatment of diseases such as chloroquine-resistant malaria, Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis and filariasis. The 'semirational approach' should be the basis for their synthesis.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of parasite infections. Although several good antiparasitic agents are available, new drugs are needed for the treatment of diseases such as chloroquine-resistant malaria, Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis and filariasis. The 'semirational approach' should be the basis for their synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:351422", "title": "Fast and slow myosin in developing muscle fibres.", "content": "Slow and fast isoenzymes of myosin coexist in all the fibres of a fast-twitch mammalian muscle during early development. They later become segregated into different populations of fibres. Slow myosin is most abundant when the speed of contraction of the muscle is slow and the fibres are multiply innervated; its synthesis in the majority of the fibres seems to be 'switched off' when the speed of contraction increases and the fibres become innervated by single motoneurones.", "contents": "Fast and slow myosin in developing muscle fibres. Slow and fast isoenzymes of myosin coexist in all the fibres of a fast-twitch mammalian muscle during early development. They later become segregated into different populations of fibres. Slow myosin is most abundant when the speed of contraction of the muscle is slow and the fibres are multiply innervated; its synthesis in the majority of the fibres seems to be 'switched off' when the speed of contraction increases and the fibres become innervated by single motoneurones."}
{"id": "PMID:351429", "title": "Toward drugs derived from cannabis.", "content": "Recent work aimed at the introduction of natural and synthetic cannabinoids as drugs is reviewed. Delta1-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta1-THC) is mainly investigated as a potential drug against glaucoma and asthma, and as an antiemetic agent in cancer chemotherapy. Cannabidiol is being tried in the clinic against epilepsy and as a hypnotic. Numerous synthetic cannabinoids are currently being investigated as analgetics and as sedative-relaxants.", "contents": "Toward drugs derived from cannabis. Recent work aimed at the introduction of natural and synthetic cannabinoids as drugs is reviewed. Delta1-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta1-THC) is mainly investigated as a potential drug against glaucoma and asthma, and as an antiemetic agent in cancer chemotherapy. Cannabidiol is being tried in the clinic against epilepsy and as a hypnotic. Numerous synthetic cannabinoids are currently being investigated as analgetics and as sedative-relaxants."}
{"id": "PMID:351430", "title": "[Principle and use of the radioimmunoassay].", "content": "Radioimmunologic assay techniques are superior to most analytical procedures with regard to sensitivity, precision, general applicability, and experimental simplicity. Both for diagnosis and for monitoring of therapy this method has greatly advanced our understanding of endocrine physiology. Besides its use in clinical chemistry, radioimmunoassay is also employed in pharmacology, toxicology, and in pharmacokinetics of new drugs.", "contents": "[Principle and use of the radioimmunoassay]. Radioimmunologic assay techniques are superior to most analytical procedures with regard to sensitivity, precision, general applicability, and experimental simplicity. Both for diagnosis and for monitoring of therapy this method has greatly advanced our understanding of endocrine physiology. Besides its use in clinical chemistry, radioimmunoassay is also employed in pharmacology, toxicology, and in pharmacokinetics of new drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:351446", "title": "Improvement of renal failure due to membranous glomerulonephritis after unsuccessful renal transplantation.", "content": "Membranous glomerulonephritis is not usually considered to be responsive to steroid or cytotoxic therapy. This report describes a patient with advanced renal failure who responded to treatment with prednisolone and azathioprine, initially given as immunosuppression for a renal graft which did not function.", "contents": "Improvement of renal failure due to membranous glomerulonephritis after unsuccessful renal transplantation. Membranous glomerulonephritis is not usually considered to be responsive to steroid or cytotoxic therapy. This report describes a patient with advanced renal failure who responded to treatment with prednisolone and azathioprine, initially given as immunosuppression for a renal graft which did not function."}
{"id": "PMID:351448", "title": "Fibrinogen and FDP-E antigen deposits in nephritic kidneys.", "content": "Glomerular localization of fibrinogen reactive antigens (FRA) and fibrinogen degradation products reactive antigens (FDP-E) was investigated in 184 renal biopsy specimens of diseased kidneys by an immunofluorescent method. There was clear dissociation of FRA and neoantigen deposits in the glomeruli in a moderately active stage of acute glomerulonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis and in all 5 cases of lipoid nephrosis. In lupus nephritis and membranous nephropathy there were almost coincident deposits of these antigens.", "contents": "Fibrinogen and FDP-E antigen deposits in nephritic kidneys. Glomerular localization of fibrinogen reactive antigens (FRA) and fibrinogen degradation products reactive antigens (FDP-E) was investigated in 184 renal biopsy specimens of diseased kidneys by an immunofluorescent method. There was clear dissociation of FRA and neoantigen deposits in the glomeruli in a moderately active stage of acute glomerulonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis and in all 5 cases of lipoid nephrosis. In lupus nephritis and membranous nephropathy there were almost coincident deposits of these antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:351449", "title": "Ligandin in perfusates from transplanted kidneys: a test for tubular necrosis.", "content": "Ligandin, an intracellular organic anion-binding protein, having glutathione-S-transferase activity, was detected in concentrated perfusing solutions from 8 of 13 kidneys preserved for homotransplantation. The presence of ligandin in the perfusate correlated well with oliguric acute renal failure following transplantation. Testing the perfusate for ligandin may be useful in predicting tubular damage in renal transplants.", "contents": "Ligandin in perfusates from transplanted kidneys: a test for tubular necrosis. Ligandin, an intracellular organic anion-binding protein, having glutathione-S-transferase activity, was detected in concentrated perfusing solutions from 8 of 13 kidneys preserved for homotransplantation. The presence of ligandin in the perfusate correlated well with oliguric acute renal failure following transplantation. Testing the perfusate for ligandin may be useful in predicting tubular damage in renal transplants."}
{"id": "PMID:351451", "title": "[Delineation of brain tumors by stereo-impedo-encephalography (SIEG) (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors describe the SEEG technique which is routinely used during stereotactic investigations of brain tumors. By the way of the Talairach's stereoencephalographic electrodes, the brain tissue impedance is measured along the probe trajectory with a four electrode impedancemeter (0.25 mA; 5 KHz). The impedance profile provides a good pattern of the brain structures which are crossed; in pathological areas, the impedance significantly decreases as well in gliomas as in edema; cysts and CSF spaces also decrease the recorded impedance. As a contrary, metastases and meningiomas increase the impedance. SEEG appears to be a sharp method for stereotactic delineation of the brain tumors; a larger series as well as the real-imaginary decomposition of the impedance are needed for a best selectivity of the method.", "contents": "[Delineation of brain tumors by stereo-impedo-encephalography (SIEG) (author's transl)]. Authors describe the SEEG technique which is routinely used during stereotactic investigations of brain tumors. By the way of the Talairach's stereoencephalographic electrodes, the brain tissue impedance is measured along the probe trajectory with a four electrode impedancemeter (0.25 mA; 5 KHz). The impedance profile provides a good pattern of the brain structures which are crossed; in pathological areas, the impedance significantly decreases as well in gliomas as in edema; cysts and CSF spaces also decrease the recorded impedance. As a contrary, metastases and meningiomas increase the impedance. SEEG appears to be a sharp method for stereotactic delineation of the brain tumors; a larger series as well as the real-imaginary decomposition of the impedance are needed for a best selectivity of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:351453", "title": "[Suture threads in the pathology of the operated stomach].", "content": "Endoscopy following operations on the stomach showed inflammation or ulceration attributable to no-absorbable suture threads in a number of cases. The pathogenetic and clinical features of this picture are described. Complete remission was obtained after endoscopic removal of the foreign body.", "contents": "[Suture threads in the pathology of the operated stomach]. Endoscopy following operations on the stomach showed inflammation or ulceration attributable to no-absorbable suture threads in a number of cases. The pathogenetic and clinical features of this picture are described. Complete remission was obtained after endoscopic removal of the foreign body."}
{"id": "PMID:351458", "title": "[Lymphocytolysis caused by steroid hormones and antimitotic agents. Research performed at the School of Hematology in Ferrara].", "content": "Work done on steroid- and antimitotic-induced lymphocytolysis since the fifties by Baserga and his coworkers is reviewed. It has led to a morphological description of the stages involved in the lysis of circulating cells, and the estabilishment of the cytological and histological patterns of atrophy caused by such drugs, with particular reference to the thymus. A search is now being made for steroid-specific lymphocyte receptors. Reference is also made to Baserga's view that the damage caused by these drugs to lymph cells and lymphatic vessels is a particular feature of \"aregenerative disease\" within the wider framework of cell dysplasia caused by cytostatics.", "contents": "[Lymphocytolysis caused by steroid hormones and antimitotic agents. Research performed at the School of Hematology in Ferrara]. Work done on steroid- and antimitotic-induced lymphocytolysis since the fifties by Baserga and his coworkers is reviewed. It has led to a morphological description of the stages involved in the lysis of circulating cells, and the estabilishment of the cytological and histological patterns of atrophy caused by such drugs, with particular reference to the thymus. A search is now being made for steroid-specific lymphocyte receptors. Reference is also made to Baserga's view that the damage caused by these drugs to lymph cells and lymphatic vessels is a particular feature of \"aregenerative disease\" within the wider framework of cell dysplasia caused by cytostatics."}
{"id": "PMID:351462", "title": "[Goodpasture's syndrome. Observations on a case].", "content": "Following a review of the most recent aetiopathogenetic theories and therapeutic records of Goodpasture's syndrome, a personal case is reported. Stress is laid on the extreme clinical variability of the disease and on the role which disseminated intravascular clotting can have on its course.", "contents": "[Goodpasture's syndrome. Observations on a case]. Following a review of the most recent aetiopathogenetic theories and therapeutic records of Goodpasture's syndrome, a personal case is reported. Stress is laid on the extreme clinical variability of the disease and on the role which disseminated intravascular clotting can have on its course."}
{"id": "PMID:351463", "title": "[Treatment of initial cerebrovascular insufficiency with vincamine. Polycentric research on 828 cases].", "content": "The effect of vincamine on initial cerebrovascular insufficiency was examined by investigation of data relating to 828 patients from 11 centres. Most had received 6 tablets/day for 30 days. The method selected in gathering the data and their processing is described. Classic symptoms of initial insufficiency were considered after 7, 14, 21 and 30 days and evaluated along with a \"seriousness\" index relating to the symptomatology as a whole. The results pointed to continuous improvement in individual symptoms and overall from the outset of treatment, eventually leading to high remission percentages. Tolerance was generally good and very few cases of side-effects were reported.", "contents": "[Treatment of initial cerebrovascular insufficiency with vincamine. Polycentric research on 828 cases]. The effect of vincamine on initial cerebrovascular insufficiency was examined by investigation of data relating to 828 patients from 11 centres. Most had received 6 tablets/day for 30 days. The method selected in gathering the data and their processing is described. Classic symptoms of initial insufficiency were considered after 7, 14, 21 and 30 days and evaluated along with a \"seriousness\" index relating to the symptomatology as a whole. The results pointed to continuous improvement in individual symptoms and overall from the outset of treatment, eventually leading to high remission percentages. Tolerance was generally good and very few cases of side-effects were reported."}
{"id": "PMID:351466", "title": "Influence of protein intake and renal function on plasma amino acids in patients with renal impairment and after kidney transplantation.", "content": "A group of 17 patients with chronic renal impairment and a group of 11 patients surviving for 3--7 years after kidney transplantation were examined. In all patients plasma amino acids were analyzed. The ratio of essential/nonessential amino acids, the valine/glycine ratio and Whitehead's quotient are influenced above all by the dietary protein intake. Raised citrulline and 3-methylhistidine values were not influenced by the protein intake, while they correlate with indicators of renal function. Changes detected after kidney transplantation are analogous.", "contents": "Influence of protein intake and renal function on plasma amino acids in patients with renal impairment and after kidney transplantation. A group of 17 patients with chronic renal impairment and a group of 11 patients surviving for 3--7 years after kidney transplantation were examined. In all patients plasma amino acids were analyzed. The ratio of essential/nonessential amino acids, the valine/glycine ratio and Whitehead's quotient are influenced above all by the dietary protein intake. Raised citrulline and 3-methylhistidine values were not influenced by the protein intake, while they correlate with indicators of renal function. Changes detected after kidney transplantation are analogous."}
{"id": "PMID:351475", "title": "Escherichia coli meningitis in the newborn: follow-up study.", "content": "Followup study of 22 cases of meningitis due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the newborn period showed a mortality rate of 7 out of 22 (31.88%), severe physical and mental sequelae occurred in one case and mild to moderate sequelae in two others. Most psychometric tests were within normal range in the survivors examined. There was a correlation between low birth weight and a high CSF protein with adverse prognosis.", "contents": "Escherichia coli meningitis in the newborn: follow-up study. Followup study of 22 cases of meningitis due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the newborn period showed a mortality rate of 7 out of 22 (31.88%), severe physical and mental sequelae occurred in one case and mild to moderate sequelae in two others. Most psychometric tests were within normal range in the survivors examined. There was a correlation between low birth weight and a high CSF protein with adverse prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:351477", "title": "Prehistoric New Zealanders.", "content": "The physical condition of prehistoric man in New Zealand is briefly surveyed. These were tall, robust Polynesian people living an active existence, and having an adequate diet. The mean life span of about 30 years for adults was short only by modern Western standards. A number of skeletal features, notably aspects of skull and long bone form, set them apart from other races of mankind.", "contents": "Prehistoric New Zealanders. The physical condition of prehistoric man in New Zealand is briefly surveyed. These were tall, robust Polynesian people living an active existence, and having an adequate diet. The mean life span of about 30 years for adults was short only by modern Western standards. A number of skeletal features, notably aspects of skull and long bone form, set them apart from other races of mankind."}
{"id": "PMID:351478", "title": "A shortage of kidneys for transplant in New Zealand.", "content": "There is a shortage of donor kidneys for transplantation in New Zealand. As a successful transplant is generally accepted to be superior to long-term haemodialysis as a treatment for chronic renal failure, efforts must be made to increase the supply of donor organs. Transplant centres in New Zealand are probably supplying near their maximum possible number of cadaver donors and it is not enough. The number of donors available could be greatly increased if peripheral hospitals took a more active part in donor supply. A further increase in the number of transplants in New Zealand each year would be expected if live related donor transplants were to become more common.", "contents": "A shortage of kidneys for transplant in New Zealand. There is a shortage of donor kidneys for transplantation in New Zealand. As a successful transplant is generally accepted to be superior to long-term haemodialysis as a treatment for chronic renal failure, efforts must be made to increase the supply of donor organs. Transplant centres in New Zealand are probably supplying near their maximum possible number of cadaver donors and it is not enough. The number of donors available could be greatly increased if peripheral hospitals took a more active part in donor supply. A further increase in the number of transplants in New Zealand each year would be expected if live related donor transplants were to become more common."}
{"id": "PMID:351481", "title": "Diazepam, alcohol and drivers.", "content": "Fifteen hundred drivers' blood samples have been analysed for the drug diazepam (Valium) over a three-year period. Of 1000 hospitalised drivers whose blood samples were forwarded to DSIR for alcohol analysis, diazepam was detected in 2.0% and alcohol in over 90%. Diazepam was found to a lesser extent in blood samples from 370 fatally injured drivers, and from 130 apprehended drivers who returned low blood alcohol levels. The significance of the levels of diazepam and its major metabolite in blood are discussed in relation to the blood alcohol level and consequent driving impairment.", "contents": "Diazepam, alcohol and drivers. Fifteen hundred drivers' blood samples have been analysed for the drug diazepam (Valium) over a three-year period. Of 1000 hospitalised drivers whose blood samples were forwarded to DSIR for alcohol analysis, diazepam was detected in 2.0% and alcohol in over 90%. Diazepam was found to a lesser extent in blood samples from 370 fatally injured drivers, and from 130 apprehended drivers who returned low blood alcohol levels. The significance of the levels of diazepam and its major metabolite in blood are discussed in relation to the blood alcohol level and consequent driving impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:351487", "title": "Rape: sexual assault.", "content": "Forcible rape is a violent crime, as are all cases of sexual assault. In more than one-third of the cases, the victims are children, and a significant number of victims are elderly women. Although few of these victims have serious physical injuries, they all suffer psychological trauma that will affect their lives and the lives of those around them. All of these victims need medical care and psychologic counseling if they are to adjust and reenter society without difficulty.", "contents": "Rape: sexual assault. Forcible rape is a violent crime, as are all cases of sexual assault. In more than one-third of the cases, the victims are children, and a significant number of victims are elderly women. Although few of these victims have serious physical injuries, they all suffer psychological trauma that will affect their lives and the lives of those around them. All of these victims need medical care and psychologic counseling if they are to adjust and reenter society without difficulty."}
{"id": "PMID:351488", "title": "Prophylactic use of cefazolin in monitored obstetric patients undergoing cesarean section.", "content": "Prophylactic cefazolin was evaluated in high-risk obstetric patients who had invasive fetal monitoring and subsequent cesarean section. A three-dose regimen of either cefazolin or placebo was administered randomly in a double-blind manner to 93 patients, 48 receiving cefazolin and 45 placebo, with the first dose given when the cord was clamped. In the placebo group, 51% of the patients were treated for endomyometritis compared to 29% in the cefazolin group. The incidence of urinary tract and wound infections was similar in the 2 groups. One patient in the active drug group was diagnosed as having septic pelvic thrombophlebitis and received multiple antibiotics and heparin before she recovered. One patient in the placebo group required triple antibiotic therapy. Operation to control infection was not required in any patients and there were no maternal deaths. The cefazolin patients had fewer degree-hours of morbidity as calculated by the quantitative fever index (P less than 0.002). The perioperative use of cefazolin was efficacious in reducing the incidence of endomyometritis, but did not prevent serious postoperative pelvic infection.", "contents": "Prophylactic use of cefazolin in monitored obstetric patients undergoing cesarean section. Prophylactic cefazolin was evaluated in high-risk obstetric patients who had invasive fetal monitoring and subsequent cesarean section. A three-dose regimen of either cefazolin or placebo was administered randomly in a double-blind manner to 93 patients, 48 receiving cefazolin and 45 placebo, with the first dose given when the cord was clamped. In the placebo group, 51% of the patients were treated for endomyometritis compared to 29% in the cefazolin group. The incidence of urinary tract and wound infections was similar in the 2 groups. One patient in the active drug group was diagnosed as having septic pelvic thrombophlebitis and received multiple antibiotics and heparin before she recovered. One patient in the placebo group required triple antibiotic therapy. Operation to control infection was not required in any patients and there were no maternal deaths. The cefazolin patients had fewer degree-hours of morbidity as calculated by the quantitative fever index (P less than 0.002). The perioperative use of cefazolin was efficacious in reducing the incidence of endomyometritis, but did not prevent serious postoperative pelvic infection."}
{"id": "PMID:351489", "title": "The incidence of group B beta hemolytic streptococcus in antepartum urinary tract infections.", "content": "Group B beta hemolytic streptococcus (GBBHS) is a potential pathogen for the urinary tract during pregnancy. At this medical center, 19 of 371 patients with urinary tract infection (5.1%) presented with Group B beta hemolytic streptococcus as the proven causative microorganism. This microorganism should not be considered only as a contaminant when isolated by urine culture.", "contents": "The incidence of group B beta hemolytic streptococcus in antepartum urinary tract infections. Group B beta hemolytic streptococcus (GBBHS) is a potential pathogen for the urinary tract during pregnancy. At this medical center, 19 of 371 patients with urinary tract infection (5.1%) presented with Group B beta hemolytic streptococcus as the proven causative microorganism. This microorganism should not be considered only as a contaminant when isolated by urine culture."}
{"id": "PMID:351490", "title": "The historic significance of circumcision.", "content": "Understanding the importance of circumcision in the religious history of Western civilization provides an insight into why the surgical procedure is still so prevalent today. Circumcision appears as a motif in the religious literature of Western civilization throughout the ages. The history of the Jewish faith can be traced through the Old Testament by using the motif of circumcision. Some of the important theologic problems experienced in the early Christian church derived from the practice of circumcision, and the motif can be traced in the New Testament as well, especially in the writings of Paul.", "contents": "The historic significance of circumcision. Understanding the importance of circumcision in the religious history of Western civilization provides an insight into why the surgical procedure is still so prevalent today. Circumcision appears as a motif in the religious literature of Western civilization throughout the ages. The history of the Jewish faith can be traced through the Old Testament by using the motif of circumcision. Some of the important theologic problems experienced in the early Christian church derived from the practice of circumcision, and the motif can be traced in the New Testament as well, especially in the writings of Paul."}
{"id": "PMID:351499", "title": "Repair of defects of the eyelids and tarsal plates.", "content": "Several new principles and operative procedures for repair of defects in the lid margin and tarsal plates are described. The results were satisfactory in all 50 cases treated by these procedures. Among these, 3 cases were successfully repaired with free composite tarsal plate grafts from the opposite normal eyes.", "contents": "Repair of defects of the eyelids and tarsal plates. Several new principles and operative procedures for repair of defects in the lid margin and tarsal plates are described. The results were satisfactory in all 50 cases treated by these procedures. Among these, 3 cases were successfully repaired with free composite tarsal plate grafts from the opposite normal eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:351500", "title": "[Importance of the viability of the endothelium of corneal grafts].", "content": "Since we use a very strict control of the viability of the endothelium of the graft, we have no more failures in corneal grafting not even in cases with bad prognoses, such as Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy. On the contrary, in corneal grafting without this control, we had failures in 20% of the cases.", "contents": "[Importance of the viability of the endothelium of corneal grafts]. Since we use a very strict control of the viability of the endothelium of the graft, we have no more failures in corneal grafting not even in cases with bad prognoses, such as Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy. On the contrary, in corneal grafting without this control, we had failures in 20% of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:351502", "title": "Gonioscopy: uses old and new. The inheritance of occludable angles.", "content": "The goniolens has become increasingly important in the practice of ophthalmology, For example, the treatment of angle closure and neovascular glaucoma is most effective in the earliest stages of the diseases, even prior to the onset of symptoms. Routine gonioscopy is essential if patients are to be provided optimum care. The critical nature of pressure gonioscopy is reviewed. The use of the goniolens to examine the corneal endothelium is described and recommended. Characterization of the configuration of the angle recess demands description of at least three aspects: (1) the angular approach to the recess, (2) the peripheral curvature of the iris, and (3) the point of insertion of the iris onto the ciliary body or endothelial surface. The nature of these three considerations is reviewed, as is their frequency in a normal population, in a group of ten people with definite 1 degree angle-closure glaucoma, and in 95 relatives of the subjects with angle-closure glaucoma. Marked anterior convexity of the peripheral iris appears to be highly correlated with the development of 1 degree angle closure. The three aspects of the angle configuration appear to be independently inherited. Gonioscopy of relatives of cases with 1 degree angle-closure glaucoma is highly recommended.", "contents": "Gonioscopy: uses old and new. The inheritance of occludable angles. The goniolens has become increasingly important in the practice of ophthalmology, For example, the treatment of angle closure and neovascular glaucoma is most effective in the earliest stages of the diseases, even prior to the onset of symptoms. Routine gonioscopy is essential if patients are to be provided optimum care. The critical nature of pressure gonioscopy is reviewed. The use of the goniolens to examine the corneal endothelium is described and recommended. Characterization of the configuration of the angle recess demands description of at least three aspects: (1) the angular approach to the recess, (2) the peripheral curvature of the iris, and (3) the point of insertion of the iris onto the ciliary body or endothelial surface. The nature of these three considerations is reviewed, as is their frequency in a normal population, in a group of ten people with definite 1 degree angle-closure glaucoma, and in 95 relatives of the subjects with angle-closure glaucoma. Marked anterior convexity of the peripheral iris appears to be highly correlated with the development of 1 degree angle closure. The three aspects of the angle configuration appear to be independently inherited. Gonioscopy of relatives of cases with 1 degree angle-closure glaucoma is highly recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:351504", "title": "Long-term experience with timolol ophthalmic solution in patients with open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Timolol was used by 37 glaucoma patients from 1 to 18 months. Of those 37 patients, 31 used timolol for three months or longer and 7 used timolol for over one year. Timolol produced sustained reductions in intraocular pressure with continuous administration and did not induce miosis, accommodative spasm, or other annoying side effects. Systemic absorption produced a mild slowing of resting pulse rate. In some patients, timolol's ocular hypotensive effects are additive to miotics and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.", "contents": "Long-term experience with timolol ophthalmic solution in patients with open-angle glaucoma. Timolol was used by 37 glaucoma patients from 1 to 18 months. Of those 37 patients, 31 used timolol for three months or longer and 7 used timolol for over one year. Timolol produced sustained reductions in intraocular pressure with continuous administration and did not induce miosis, accommodative spasm, or other annoying side effects. Systemic absorption produced a mild slowing of resting pulse rate. In some patients, timolol's ocular hypotensive effects are additive to miotics and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:351505", "title": "Etiology and diagnosis of bacterial postoperative endophthalmitis.", "content": "It is necessary to determine if postoperative endophthalmitis is of infectious or sterile etiology. Intraocular contents should be cultured and were positive in 50% of 58 eyes tested at our institute with suspected postoperative endophthalmitis. The vitreous aspirate is more sensitive than the anterior chamber aspirate in making a diagnosis. The use of a membrane filter to concentrate vitreous samples obtained at vitrectomy increases diagnostic yield. Fifty percent of culture-positive eyes yielded gram-positive organisms. Stained smears were consistent with the cultured organism in half of the cases.", "contents": "Etiology and diagnosis of bacterial postoperative endophthalmitis. It is necessary to determine if postoperative endophthalmitis is of infectious or sterile etiology. Intraocular contents should be cultured and were positive in 50% of 58 eyes tested at our institute with suspected postoperative endophthalmitis. The vitreous aspirate is more sensitive than the anterior chamber aspirate in making a diagnosis. The use of a membrane filter to concentrate vitreous samples obtained at vitrectomy increases diagnostic yield. Fifty percent of culture-positive eyes yielded gram-positive organisms. Stained smears were consistent with the cultured organism in half of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:351506", "title": "Hydrops amnii in sheep associated with hydranencephaly and arthrogryposis with wesselsbron disease and rift valley fever viruses as aetiological agents.", "content": "During the 1974/75 lambing season numerous reports were received from various parts of the Republic of South Africa and South West Africa of severe abdominal distension in ewes after vaccination with the attenuated Rift Valley fever and/or attenuated Wesselsbron disease vaccine. The ewes were vaccinated at different stages of gestation in spite of recommendations to the contrary, the syndrome being especially obvious in ewes immunized with one or both of these vaccines during the first trimester of pregnancy. In some of the flocks hydrops amnii was recorded in as many as 15% of the ewes. Many of the ewes so affected showed a prolonged gestation of up to 6-7 months and, towards the end of gestation, were unable to rise or walk. They eventually died of ketosis, hypostatic pneumonia and complications due to dystocia. The foetuses examined were malformed and larger than normal with a mass of 3,6-6,7 kg. They usually showed arthrogryposis, brachygnathy inferior, hydranencephaly, hypoplasia or segmental aplasia of the spinal cord and neurogenic muscular atrophy. The amnion contained 8,0-18,0 1 of amniotic fluid, the endometrium was oedematous, and cystic tube-like dilatations, 1-10 mm in diameter, filled with a clear fluid, were scattered in the endometrium. No definite conclusions as to the aetiology of the syndrome could be drawn from serological tests performed on the ewes, lambs or foetuses. Preliminary experimental work confirmed previous observations that the attenuated Wesselsbron disease vaccine virus is responsible for this syndrome and that the wild-type virus is also implicated. In addition, the attenuated Rift Valley fever vaccine virus was found to the responsible for arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly without hydrops amnii and for micrencephaly and arthrogryposis associated with hydrops amnii in the ewe.", "contents": "Hydrops amnii in sheep associated with hydranencephaly and arthrogryposis with wesselsbron disease and rift valley fever viruses as aetiological agents. During the 1974/75 lambing season numerous reports were received from various parts of the Republic of South Africa and South West Africa of severe abdominal distension in ewes after vaccination with the attenuated Rift Valley fever and/or attenuated Wesselsbron disease vaccine. The ewes were vaccinated at different stages of gestation in spite of recommendations to the contrary, the syndrome being especially obvious in ewes immunized with one or both of these vaccines during the first trimester of pregnancy. In some of the flocks hydrops amnii was recorded in as many as 15% of the ewes. Many of the ewes so affected showed a prolonged gestation of up to 6-7 months and, towards the end of gestation, were unable to rise or walk. They eventually died of ketosis, hypostatic pneumonia and complications due to dystocia. The foetuses examined were malformed and larger than normal with a mass of 3,6-6,7 kg. They usually showed arthrogryposis, brachygnathy inferior, hydranencephaly, hypoplasia or segmental aplasia of the spinal cord and neurogenic muscular atrophy. The amnion contained 8,0-18,0 1 of amniotic fluid, the endometrium was oedematous, and cystic tube-like dilatations, 1-10 mm in diameter, filled with a clear fluid, were scattered in the endometrium. No definite conclusions as to the aetiology of the syndrome could be drawn from serological tests performed on the ewes, lambs or foetuses. Preliminary experimental work confirmed previous observations that the attenuated Wesselsbron disease vaccine virus is responsible for this syndrome and that the wild-type virus is also implicated. In addition, the attenuated Rift Valley fever vaccine virus was found to the responsible for arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly without hydrops amnii and for micrencephaly and arthrogryposis associated with hydrops amnii in the ewe."}
{"id": "PMID:351507", "title": "The taxonomic position of Clostridium botulinum type c.", "content": "Experimental evidence is produced to justify abandoning the practice of subdividing Costridium botulinum Type C into type Calpha and Cbeta.", "contents": "The taxonomic position of Clostridium botulinum type c. Experimental evidence is produced to justify abandoning the practice of subdividing Costridium botulinum Type C into type Calpha and Cbeta."}
{"id": "PMID:351525", "title": "Studies on enzyme variation in the murine malaria parasites Plasmodium berghei, P. yoelii, P. vinckei and P. chabaudi by starch gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Electrophoretic variation of the enzymes glucose phosphate isomerase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-dependent) has been studied in the African murine malaria parasites Plasmodium berghei, P. yoelii, P. vinckei and P. chabaudi and their subspecies. Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was used throughout. The number of isolates examined in each subspecies varied from 1 (P. y. nigeriensis) to 24 (P. c. chabaudi). Extensive enzyme variation was found among isolates of most of the subspecies from which more than two such isolates were available for study. It is clear that the phenomenon of enzyme polymorphism is of common occurrence among malaria parasites. With the exception of P. berghei and P. yoelii, of which all isolates share an identical electrophoretic form of lactate dehydrogenase, no enzyme forms are shared between any of the 4 species of murine plasmodia. By contrast, within each species common enzyme forms are shared among each of the subspecies. The subspecies are nevertheless, distinguished from each other by the electrophoretic forms of at least one enzyme. The distribution and reassortment of enzyme variation among isolates of a single subspecies is in accordance with the concept of malaria parasites as sexually reproducing organisms. The study of variation among parasites present in individual wild-caught rodent hosts demonstrates that natural malarial infections usually comprise genetically heterogeneous populations of parasites. Nevertheless, the number of genetically distinct types of parasite of any one species present in a single infected host appears to be small. Generally not more than 2 or 3 clones of parasite of distinct genetic constitution are present in a single infected animal.", "contents": "Studies on enzyme variation in the murine malaria parasites Plasmodium berghei, P. yoelii, P. vinckei and P. chabaudi by starch gel electrophoresis. Electrophoretic variation of the enzymes glucose phosphate isomerase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-dependent) has been studied in the African murine malaria parasites Plasmodium berghei, P. yoelii, P. vinckei and P. chabaudi and their subspecies. Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was used throughout. The number of isolates examined in each subspecies varied from 1 (P. y. nigeriensis) to 24 (P. c. chabaudi). Extensive enzyme variation was found among isolates of most of the subspecies from which more than two such isolates were available for study. It is clear that the phenomenon of enzyme polymorphism is of common occurrence among malaria parasites. With the exception of P. berghei and P. yoelii, of which all isolates share an identical electrophoretic form of lactate dehydrogenase, no enzyme forms are shared between any of the 4 species of murine plasmodia. By contrast, within each species common enzyme forms are shared among each of the subspecies. The subspecies are nevertheless, distinguished from each other by the electrophoretic forms of at least one enzyme. The distribution and reassortment of enzyme variation among isolates of a single subspecies is in accordance with the concept of malaria parasites as sexually reproducing organisms. The study of variation among parasites present in individual wild-caught rodent hosts demonstrates that natural malarial infections usually comprise genetically heterogeneous populations of parasites. Nevertheless, the number of genetically distinct types of parasite of any one species present in a single infected host appears to be small. Generally not more than 2 or 3 clones of parasite of distinct genetic constitution are present in a single infected animal."}
{"id": "PMID:351526", "title": "Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of Trypanosoma cruzi: the release of tritium-labelled RNA, DNA and protein.", "content": "The cytotoxicity of normal rat spleen cells to antibody-coated Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes has been studied by assaying the release of [3H]-labelled macromolecules from the parasites. The release of thymidine (DNA) is slower than the release of uridine (RNA), suggesting that the nucleus is broken down more slowly than the cytoplasmic membrane. Less than 50% of the leucine (protein) is released when the parasites are lysed, whereas uridine (RNA) is almost totally released. In practical terms these results show that the release of incorporated radioisotope-labelled uridine can be used as a sensitive assay for cytotoxicity of T. cruzi. Cytotoxicity by normal rat spleen cells is antibody dependent and proportional to the logarithm of effector cell number. The lag phase and the rate of RNA release is not altered by centrifuging the parasites and effector cells to enhance contacts between them.", "contents": "Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of Trypanosoma cruzi: the release of tritium-labelled RNA, DNA and protein. The cytotoxicity of normal rat spleen cells to antibody-coated Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes has been studied by assaying the release of [3H]-labelled macromolecules from the parasites. The release of thymidine (DNA) is slower than the release of uridine (RNA), suggesting that the nucleus is broken down more slowly than the cytoplasmic membrane. Less than 50% of the leucine (protein) is released when the parasites are lysed, whereas uridine (RNA) is almost totally released. In practical terms these results show that the release of incorporated radioisotope-labelled uridine can be used as a sensitive assay for cytotoxicity of T. cruzi. Cytotoxicity by normal rat spleen cells is antibody dependent and proportional to the logarithm of effector cell number. The lag phase and the rate of RNA release is not altered by centrifuging the parasites and effector cells to enhance contacts between them."}
{"id": "PMID:351527", "title": "Haemoflagellates: commercially available liquid media for rapid cultivation.", "content": "The successful cultivation of a variety of haemoflagellates in three different liquid media is reported. These media include medium 199, Grace's insect tissue-culture medium and Schneider's drosophila medium, each in combination with 30% (v/v) foetal calf serum. These media were used to cultivate Old and New World species of visceral and cutaneous human Leishmania, as well as Leishmania species isolated from sandflies, rodents, and reptiles. Four strains of Trypanosoma cruzi, an isolate of T. R-angeli and and an isolate of T. lewisi have also been cultivated in these media. One or more of these media have been used to cultivate 121 strains of haemoflagellates, including at least 14 different species (11 Leishmania and 3 Trypanosoma) and many geographic isolates or strains. The Leishmania include L. braziliensis, L. peruviana, L. mexicana, L. tropica, L. donovani, L. chagasi, L. enriettii, L. hertigi, L. hoogstraali, L. adleri, and L. agamae. Using the Schneider's based medium, we have obtained primary isolates of both cutaneous and visceral Leishmania of man and of experimentally infected laboratory rodents and canines. Freeze-dried preparations of the Schneider's based medium that were reconsituted with distilled water after 24 months of storage at ambient temperature have proven to be suitable cultivation media. This feature makes the media valuable field tools. The various species of human Leishmania cultivated in these media have in our experience demonstrated no differences in growth rate, viability after liquid nitrogen preservation, or infectivity for laboratory animals and tissue-culture cells compared with promastigotes derived from blood-agar cultivation.", "contents": "Haemoflagellates: commercially available liquid media for rapid cultivation. The successful cultivation of a variety of haemoflagellates in three different liquid media is reported. These media include medium 199, Grace's insect tissue-culture medium and Schneider's drosophila medium, each in combination with 30% (v/v) foetal calf serum. These media were used to cultivate Old and New World species of visceral and cutaneous human Leishmania, as well as Leishmania species isolated from sandflies, rodents, and reptiles. Four strains of Trypanosoma cruzi, an isolate of T. R-angeli and and an isolate of T. lewisi have also been cultivated in these media. One or more of these media have been used to cultivate 121 strains of haemoflagellates, including at least 14 different species (11 Leishmania and 3 Trypanosoma) and many geographic isolates or strains. The Leishmania include L. braziliensis, L. peruviana, L. mexicana, L. tropica, L. donovani, L. chagasi, L. enriettii, L. hertigi, L. hoogstraali, L. adleri, and L. agamae. Using the Schneider's based medium, we have obtained primary isolates of both cutaneous and visceral Leishmania of man and of experimentally infected laboratory rodents and canines. Freeze-dried preparations of the Schneider's based medium that were reconsituted with distilled water after 24 months of storage at ambient temperature have proven to be suitable cultivation media. This feature makes the media valuable field tools. The various species of human Leishmania cultivated in these media have in our experience demonstrated no differences in growth rate, viability after liquid nitrogen preservation, or infectivity for laboratory animals and tissue-culture cells compared with promastigotes derived from blood-agar cultivation."}
{"id": "PMID:351536", "title": "Stages in pediatric bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "Bone marrow transplantation is a relatively new and aggressive procedure that is being used in the treatment of leukemia and aplastic anemia. We observed approximately 30 children and their families at the UCLA Medical Center throughout the procedure. Various psychological responses during the treatment are outlined. Eleven stages are identified, including the patient's and family's first awareness of this procedure, the preadmission evaluation and psychosocial assessment, the introduction into isolation, the donor's hospitalization, the transplantation itself, and the various reactions and interactions of the patient, family, and staff throughout these stages.", "contents": "Stages in pediatric bone marrow transplantation. Bone marrow transplantation is a relatively new and aggressive procedure that is being used in the treatment of leukemia and aplastic anemia. We observed approximately 30 children and their families at the UCLA Medical Center throughout the procedure. Various psychological responses during the treatment are outlined. Eleven stages are identified, including the patient's and family's first awareness of this procedure, the preadmission evaluation and psychosocial assessment, the introduction into isolation, the donor's hospitalization, the transplantation itself, and the various reactions and interactions of the patient, family, and staff throughout these stages."}
{"id": "PMID:351537", "title": "Prevention and therapy of serous otitis media by oral decongestant: a double-blind study in pediatric practice.", "content": "We studied the efficacy of (1) preventing the development of serous otitis media (SOM) by using an oral decongestant in children with acute otitis media and (2) treating SOM with an oral decongestant. In a randomized double-blind study, 190 children were treated for acute otitis media with antibiotics and either pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (Sudafed) or placebo. They were evaluated two weeks later by tympanometry and (independently) by clinical evaluation and pneumotoscopy. There were no significant differences between the two groups, except that males developed SOM significantly more often than did females. Use of decongestant and placebo was continued in 78 patients with SOM for up to four more weeks. Again, there were no siginificant differences between the treatment groups except that patients with an allergic history did significantly worse using a decongestant. Overall there was no benefit from pseudoephedrine in either the prevention or treatment of SOM.", "contents": "Prevention and therapy of serous otitis media by oral decongestant: a double-blind study in pediatric practice. We studied the efficacy of (1) preventing the development of serous otitis media (SOM) by using an oral decongestant in children with acute otitis media and (2) treating SOM with an oral decongestant. In a randomized double-blind study, 190 children were treated for acute otitis media with antibiotics and either pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (Sudafed) or placebo. They were evaluated two weeks later by tympanometry and (independently) by clinical evaluation and pneumotoscopy. There were no significant differences between the two groups, except that males developed SOM significantly more often than did females. Use of decongestant and placebo was continued in 78 patients with SOM for up to four more weeks. Again, there were no siginificant differences between the treatment groups except that patients with an allergic history did significantly worse using a decongestant. Overall there was no benefit from pseudoephedrine in either the prevention or treatment of SOM."}
{"id": "PMID:351540", "title": "Transcendental meditation and mirror-tracing skill.", "content": "Learning, performance and patterns of inter- and intra-individual variability of 32 experienced Transcendental Meditators were compared to those of 32 non-meditators. The data indicated that certain effects attributed to the practice of Transcendental Meditation (such as increased alertness and maintenance of attention, greater consistency and less anxiety) are not manifested in terms of learning and performance of a novel perceptual-motor skill.", "contents": "Transcendental meditation and mirror-tracing skill. Learning, performance and patterns of inter- and intra-individual variability of 32 experienced Transcendental Meditators were compared to those of 32 non-meditators. The data indicated that certain effects attributed to the practice of Transcendental Meditation (such as increased alertness and maintenance of attention, greater consistency and less anxiety) are not manifested in terms of learning and performance of a novel perceptual-motor skill."}
{"id": "PMID:351541", "title": "Study of structural analysis: comparing differential diagnoses based on psychiatric evaluation, the MMPI, and structural analysis of the Hand Test and Rorschach.", "content": "Experimental investigation of Structural Analysis compared diagnoses of 30 psychiatric inpatients derived independently from psychiatric evaluations, MMPI analyses, and Structural Analysis interpretation of Hand Test and Rorschach data. Results yielded positive preliminary implications for the use of Structural Analysis in psychodiagnostics.", "contents": "Study of structural analysis: comparing differential diagnoses based on psychiatric evaluation, the MMPI, and structural analysis of the Hand Test and Rorschach. Experimental investigation of Structural Analysis compared diagnoses of 30 psychiatric inpatients derived independently from psychiatric evaluations, MMPI analyses, and Structural Analysis interpretation of Hand Test and Rorschach data. Results yielded positive preliminary implications for the use of Structural Analysis in psychodiagnostics."}
{"id": "PMID:351554", "title": "[The treatment of cardiac insufficiency using vasodilators (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical applications involve heart failure during the acute phase of myocardial infarction, with the possibility of reducing the degree and extent of the perinecrotic ischaemic zone of the infarction. Treatment of this type would seem also to be particularly valuable in the provisional management of acute or sub-acute regurgitating valvular lesions: mitral insufficiency and interventricular communication secondary to an acute infarction, mitral and/or aortic regurgitation due the endocarditis. Finally, the results of oral vasodilators in the context of chronic refractory heart failure would seem ot be encouraging in the short term but their influence on long term prognosis is not known.", "contents": "[The treatment of cardiac insufficiency using vasodilators (author's transl)]. Clinical applications involve heart failure during the acute phase of myocardial infarction, with the possibility of reducing the degree and extent of the perinecrotic ischaemic zone of the infarction. Treatment of this type would seem also to be particularly valuable in the provisional management of acute or sub-acute regurgitating valvular lesions: mitral insufficiency and interventricular communication secondary to an acute infarction, mitral and/or aortic regurgitation due the endocarditis. Finally, the results of oral vasodilators in the context of chronic refractory heart failure would seem ot be encouraging in the short term but their influence on long term prognosis is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:351550", "title": "Immunological reactions caused by infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. A review.", "content": "The natural resistance of cattle to infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculsis in relation to their immunological reactions is recorded. In vivo and in vitro manifestations of cell-mediated immunity during infection are reviewed, together with the antibody responses. It is suggested that three distinct immunological states may arise following exposure to infection.", "contents": "Immunological reactions caused by infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. A review. The natural resistance of cattle to infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculsis in relation to their immunological reactions is recorded. In vivo and in vitro manifestations of cell-mediated immunity during infection are reviewed, together with the antibody responses. It is suggested that three distinct immunological states may arise following exposure to infection."}
{"id": "PMID:351551", "title": "Bacteriological examination of summermastitis secretions. The demonstration of bacteroidaceae.", "content": "Corynebacterium pyogenes was isolated from 22, Peptococcus indolicus from 22, a microaerophilic coccus from 21, Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp. melaninogenicus from 18, Fusobacterium necrophorum from 15, and various unidentified anaerobes from 9 of a total of 22 summermastitis secretions examined.", "contents": "Bacteriological examination of summermastitis secretions. The demonstration of bacteroidaceae. Corynebacterium pyogenes was isolated from 22, Peptococcus indolicus from 22, a microaerophilic coccus from 21, Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp. melaninogenicus from 18, Fusobacterium necrophorum from 15, and various unidentified anaerobes from 9 of a total of 22 summermastitis secretions examined."}
{"id": "PMID:351559", "title": "[A new method of pancreatic transplantation. 1 - Effects on the dog pancreas of the intraduct injection of neoprene (author's transl)].", "content": "Injection into the pancreatic ducts of a synthetic liquid gum (neoprene), which polymerises when it comes into contact with the fluid secreted by the gland, would appear to be a simple and effective means of suppressing exocrine secretion of the pancreas in the dog. Endocrine secretion was remained in the short and mid-term. The therapeutic implications of this new technique in the preparation of pancreatic transplants are discussed.", "contents": "[A new method of pancreatic transplantation. 1 - Effects on the dog pancreas of the intraduct injection of neoprene (author's transl)]. Injection into the pancreatic ducts of a synthetic liquid gum (neoprene), which polymerises when it comes into contact with the fluid secreted by the gland, would appear to be a simple and effective means of suppressing exocrine secretion of the pancreas in the dog. Endocrine secretion was remained in the short and mid-term. The therapeutic implications of this new technique in the preparation of pancreatic transplants are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:351560", "title": "[Distal fixation of the intima after endarterectomy. Technical variation].", "content": "Oblique termination in a \"bevel\" of the distal endartery and its fixation by a circumferential continuous suture which provides a surface which is as stable and regular as possible, after endarterectomy. This may favourise improuved distal flow and influence immediate and late local permeability.", "contents": "[Distal fixation of the intima after endarterectomy. Technical variation]. Oblique termination in a \"bevel\" of the distal endartery and its fixation by a circumferential continuous suture which provides a surface which is as stable and regular as possible, after endarterectomy. This may favourise improuved distal flow and influence immediate and late local permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:351561", "title": "Detection of 5-methylcytosine in DNA sequences.", "content": "Col E1 DNA has methylated cytosine in the sequence 5'-CC*(A/T)GG-3' and methylated adenine in the sequence 5'-GA*TC-3' at the positions indicated by asterisks(*). When the Maxam-Gilbert DNA sequencing method is applied to this DNA, the methylated cytosine (5-methylcytosine) is found to be less reactive to hydrazine than are cytosine and thymine, so that a band corresponding to that base does not appear in the pyrimidine cleavage patterns. The existence of the methylated cytosine can be confirmed by analyzing the complementary strand or unmethylated DNA. In contrast, the methylated adenine (probably N6-methyladenine) cannot be distinguished from adenine with standard conditions for cleavage at adenine.", "contents": "Detection of 5-methylcytosine in DNA sequences. Col E1 DNA has methylated cytosine in the sequence 5'-CC*(A/T)GG-3' and methylated adenine in the sequence 5'-GA*TC-3' at the positions indicated by asterisks(*). When the Maxam-Gilbert DNA sequencing method is applied to this DNA, the methylated cytosine (5-methylcytosine) is found to be less reactive to hydrazine than are cytosine and thymine, so that a band corresponding to that base does not appear in the pyrimidine cleavage patterns. The existence of the methylated cytosine can be confirmed by analyzing the complementary strand or unmethylated DNA. In contrast, the methylated adenine (probably N6-methyladenine) cannot be distinguished from adenine with standard conditions for cleavage at adenine."}
{"id": "PMID:351562", "title": "The interconversion of conformers of phenylalanyl-tRNA with different affinity to 70S ribosomes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Earlier the existence of two conformers of Phe-tRNAPhe of E. coli was demonstrated because one of them yields complexes with 70S-poly(U) of extremely high affinity and the other with at least a 105 lower binding constant. We denote the first conformer as HAC (high affinity conformer) and the second as LAC (low affinity conformer). This high difference in binding constants was used for studying the process of reversible interconversion of conformers of Phe-tRNAPhe. The transition kinetics of LAC to HAC in conditions when the latter is stable (in the presence of magnesium ions) was studied and a high value of activation energy (35 kcal/mole) found. The interconversion is the first order reaction and equilibrium does not depend of overall Phe-tRNA concentration.", "contents": "The interconversion of conformers of phenylalanyl-tRNA with different affinity to 70S ribosomes of Escherichia coli. Earlier the existence of two conformers of Phe-tRNAPhe of E. coli was demonstrated because one of them yields complexes with 70S-poly(U) of extremely high affinity and the other with at least a 105 lower binding constant. We denote the first conformer as HAC (high affinity conformer) and the second as LAC (low affinity conformer). This high difference in binding constants was used for studying the process of reversible interconversion of conformers of Phe-tRNAPhe. The transition kinetics of LAC to HAC in conditions when the latter is stable (in the presence of magnesium ions) was studied and a high value of activation energy (35 kcal/mole) found. The interconversion is the first order reaction and equilibrium does not depend of overall Phe-tRNA concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:351563", "title": "Enzymatic synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides of defined sequence. Polynucleotide phosphorylase catalysed addition of deoxyribonucleotides to primers which are good or poor acceptors.", "content": "Analytical high-pressure anion-exchange chromatography on RPC-5 has been used to study the behaviour of a good primer, d(pT-T-A-G), and a poor primer, d(pT-T-T-T-T-T) in the E. coli polynucleotide phosphorylase-catalysed reactions of dADP, dCDP, dGDP and dTDP where the primer is extended, predominantly, by one or two nucleotides. The experiments provide some generalizations for obtaining optimal yields in preparative reactions. In the course of the experiments, examples of anomalous behaviour of oligonucleotides on RPC-5 were encountered and these are discussed.", "contents": "Enzymatic synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides of defined sequence. Polynucleotide phosphorylase catalysed addition of deoxyribonucleotides to primers which are good or poor acceptors. Analytical high-pressure anion-exchange chromatography on RPC-5 has been used to study the behaviour of a good primer, d(pT-T-A-G), and a poor primer, d(pT-T-T-T-T-T) in the E. coli polynucleotide phosphorylase-catalysed reactions of dADP, dCDP, dGDP and dTDP where the primer is extended, predominantly, by one or two nucleotides. The experiments provide some generalizations for obtaining optimal yields in preparative reactions. In the course of the experiments, examples of anomalous behaviour of oligonucleotides on RPC-5 were encountered and these are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:351564", "title": "Enzymatic synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides of defined sequence. Polynucleotide phosphorylase catalysed synthesis using pyrimidine analog-containing deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates.", "content": "The E. coli polynucleotide phosphorylase-catalysed reaction of the deoxynucleoside 5'-diphosphates of 5-methyldeoxycytidine, N4-hydroxydeoxycytidine, deoxyuridine and 5-mercurideoxyuridine with the primers d(pT-T-A-G) and d(pT-T-T-T-T-T) have been studied under conditions where the primer is extended, predominantly, by one or two nucleotide residues. In experiments with 5-mercurideoxyuridine 5'-diphosphate, no 5-mercurideoxy-uridine-containing oligonucleotides were produced. The other three nucleotide analogs were found to be good substrates for E. coli PNPase and the conditions established for synthesis with these analogs will allow the construction of a number of biologically useful types of oligodeoxyribonucleotide.", "contents": "Enzymatic synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides of defined sequence. Polynucleotide phosphorylase catalysed synthesis using pyrimidine analog-containing deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates. The E. coli polynucleotide phosphorylase-catalysed reaction of the deoxynucleoside 5'-diphosphates of 5-methyldeoxycytidine, N4-hydroxydeoxycytidine, deoxyuridine and 5-mercurideoxyuridine with the primers d(pT-T-A-G) and d(pT-T-T-T-T-T) have been studied under conditions where the primer is extended, predominantly, by one or two nucleotide residues. In experiments with 5-mercurideoxyuridine 5'-diphosphate, no 5-mercurideoxy-uridine-containing oligonucleotides were produced. The other three nucleotide analogs were found to be good substrates for E. coli PNPase and the conditions established for synthesis with these analogs will allow the construction of a number of biologically useful types of oligodeoxyribonucleotide."}
{"id": "PMID:351565", "title": "A novel conformational change of the anticodon region of tRNAPhe (yeast).", "content": "The temperature dependence of the fluorescence of the Y-base of tRNAPhe (yeast) was investigated kinetically by the temperature jump method. In the range between -15 degrees C and +30 degrees C A NOVEL CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION OF THE TRNA could be characterized. This conformational change was found in the absence of any artificial label; it is a characteristic property of tRNAPhe in its native structure. This transition accounts for 30% of the total fluorescence change. Its activation enthalpy is 16 kcal/mole (67 kJ/mole), and the transition enthalpy is between -2 kcal/mole and +2 kcal/mole (+/-8 kJ/mole). A model is represented in which this transition can be explained by a a change in the stacking pattern of the anticodon loop. The experimental findings are discussed with respect to several hypotheses about the molecular mechanism of protein biosynthesis which postulate conformational rearrangements of the anticodon loop.", "contents": "A novel conformational change of the anticodon region of tRNAPhe (yeast). The temperature dependence of the fluorescence of the Y-base of tRNAPhe (yeast) was investigated kinetically by the temperature jump method. In the range between -15 degrees C and +30 degrees C A NOVEL CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION OF THE TRNA could be characterized. This conformational change was found in the absence of any artificial label; it is a characteristic property of tRNAPhe in its native structure. This transition accounts for 30% of the total fluorescence change. Its activation enthalpy is 16 kcal/mole (67 kJ/mole), and the transition enthalpy is between -2 kcal/mole and +2 kcal/mole (+/-8 kJ/mole). A model is represented in which this transition can be explained by a a change in the stacking pattern of the anticodon loop. The experimental findings are discussed with respect to several hypotheses about the molecular mechanism of protein biosynthesis which postulate conformational rearrangements of the anticodon loop."}
{"id": "PMID:351566", "title": "Interaction of Escherichia coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthesis with noncognate tRNA's.", "content": "Several noncognate tRNA's from Escherichia coli were mischarged with glutamine by E. coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase if dimethylsulfoxide was present in the reaction mixture. Kinetic analysis of the mischarging revealed that dimethyl sulfoxide stimulated the misacylation by affecting the maximum velocity. Several noncognate tRNA's were shown to interact with glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase as measured by their ability to protect the enzyme against thermal inactivation or to replace cognate tRNA in stimulating glutamine-dependent ATP-PPi exchange reaction. These tRNA's, however, did not coincide with those which were mischargeable with glutamine.", "contents": "Interaction of Escherichia coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthesis with noncognate tRNA's. Several noncognate tRNA's from Escherichia coli were mischarged with glutamine by E. coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase if dimethylsulfoxide was present in the reaction mixture. Kinetic analysis of the mischarging revealed that dimethyl sulfoxide stimulated the misacylation by affecting the maximum velocity. Several noncognate tRNA's were shown to interact with glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase as measured by their ability to protect the enzyme against thermal inactivation or to replace cognate tRNA in stimulating glutamine-dependent ATP-PPi exchange reaction. These tRNA's, however, did not coincide with those which were mischargeable with glutamine."}
{"id": "PMID:351567", "title": "A cell-free system for the replication fo bacteriophage M-13 duplex DNA.", "content": "Cell-free extracts from M-13 am5 infected Escherichia coli cells which are highly concentrated on cellophane membrane disks replicate efficiently endogenous M-13 duplex DNA. If the reaction is carried out in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine triphosphate, the majority of the label is found in two classes of hybrid DNA molecules in which either the viral or the complementary strand is newly synthesized. A minor portion of the label is incorporated into fully synthetic duplex DNA. DNA synthesis requires ATP and is inhibited by nalidixic acid, novobiocin, and arabinosylnucleoside triphosphates. Rifampicin blocks preferentially the synthesis of molecules with labeled complementary strands. A similar effect is observed upon addition of the helix-destabilising M-13 gene V protein. In contrast, addition of E. coli helix-destabilising protein (Eco HD-protein) stimulates the synthesis of both types of hybrid DNA molecules as well as the formation of fully synthetic duplex DNA.", "contents": "A cell-free system for the replication fo bacteriophage M-13 duplex DNA. Cell-free extracts from M-13 am5 infected Escherichia coli cells which are highly concentrated on cellophane membrane disks replicate efficiently endogenous M-13 duplex DNA. If the reaction is carried out in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine triphosphate, the majority of the label is found in two classes of hybrid DNA molecules in which either the viral or the complementary strand is newly synthesized. A minor portion of the label is incorporated into fully synthetic duplex DNA. DNA synthesis requires ATP and is inhibited by nalidixic acid, novobiocin, and arabinosylnucleoside triphosphates. Rifampicin blocks preferentially the synthesis of molecules with labeled complementary strands. A similar effect is observed upon addition of the helix-destabilising M-13 gene V protein. In contrast, addition of E. coli helix-destabilising protein (Eco HD-protein) stimulates the synthesis of both types of hybrid DNA molecules as well as the formation of fully synthetic duplex DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:351568", "title": "Replacement of wybutine by hydrazines and its effect on the active conformation of yeast tRNAPhe.", "content": "The highly modified base wybutine (YWye) next to the anticodon of yeast tRNAPhe has been replaced by different hydrazine derivatives. The effect of the replacement on the activity of the tRNA has been studied in the heterologous aminoacylation with synthetase from E. coli and in the poly(U) directed binding to ribosomes from both yeast and E. coli. It was found that starting from tRNA-PheYWye the activity increased with increasing size, aromaticity, and stacking tendency of the substituent replacing YWye. It is concluded that YWye by the size of its aromatic system and by its stacking properties is particularly well suited for stabilizing the native conformation of tRNAPhe.", "contents": "Replacement of wybutine by hydrazines and its effect on the active conformation of yeast tRNAPhe. The highly modified base wybutine (YWye) next to the anticodon of yeast tRNAPhe has been replaced by different hydrazine derivatives. The effect of the replacement on the activity of the tRNA has been studied in the heterologous aminoacylation with synthetase from E. coli and in the poly(U) directed binding to ribosomes from both yeast and E. coli. It was found that starting from tRNA-PheYWye the activity increased with increasing size, aromaticity, and stacking tendency of the substituent replacing YWye. It is concluded that YWye by the size of its aromatic system and by its stacking properties is particularly well suited for stabilizing the native conformation of tRNAPhe."}
{"id": "PMID:351571", "title": "H+ back diffusion and peptic activity related to ulcerogenesis following thermal injury.", "content": "This investigation was undertaken to study the effects of cutaneous burn on the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier (GMB). H+ back diffusion and peptic activity of gastric aspirate were determined in burned and shamburned rats. Twenty-four hours after a 30 percent body surface contact burn (Brevital anesthesia) and a 48-hour fast with saline and ten percent dextrose ad libitim gastric secretions were collected for two hours following pyloric ligation under urethan anesthesia. Studied were: basal secretion, histamine stimulation, glycine instillation, saline instillation, and a combined glycine instillation with histamine augmentation. Significant reductions in acid secretion occurred in burned rats unless the secretion was stimulated by histamine and/or glycine. Following stimulation, acid values in the burned rats exceeded those of unburned rats. GMB disruption, as determined by glycine trapping, was not an apparent pathogenetic mechanism of gastric erosion in 24-hour postburn rats. Peptic activity was elevated in burned rats with mucosal erosion, suggesting a contributory role for this proteolytic enzyme.", "contents": "H+ back diffusion and peptic activity related to ulcerogenesis following thermal injury. This investigation was undertaken to study the effects of cutaneous burn on the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier (GMB). H+ back diffusion and peptic activity of gastric aspirate were determined in burned and shamburned rats. Twenty-four hours after a 30 percent body surface contact burn (Brevital anesthesia) and a 48-hour fast with saline and ten percent dextrose ad libitim gastric secretions were collected for two hours following pyloric ligation under urethan anesthesia. Studied were: basal secretion, histamine stimulation, glycine instillation, saline instillation, and a combined glycine instillation with histamine augmentation. Significant reductions in acid secretion occurred in burned rats unless the secretion was stimulated by histamine and/or glycine. Following stimulation, acid values in the burned rats exceeded those of unburned rats. GMB disruption, as determined by glycine trapping, was not an apparent pathogenetic mechanism of gastric erosion in 24-hour postburn rats. Peptic activity was elevated in burned rats with mucosal erosion, suggesting a contributory role for this proteolytic enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:351570", "title": "Relaxation training as a nursing intervention versus pro re nata medication.", "content": "To determine the effect of relaxation training on the frequency of intake of pro re nata medication for relief of tension and to compare the difference between live and taped instructions of this training 60 patients on PRN minor tranquilizers and sedatives in one nursing unit were studied. Subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: group A, control; group B, live instruction; group C, taped instruction. Dependent variables monitored were: 1) frequency of intake of PRN medication; 2) pre- and postinstruction change in blood pressure, pulse, and respiration; 3) change in the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale; and 4) change on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory score. Although no significant difference was found between method of relaxation training, there was evidence that group B surpassed group C in terms of benefit of the treatment. Physiologic variables as well as MMPI scales K, I, and VII yielded better results for group B. Not all variables demonstrated significant differences. Groups B and C were more similar at the conclusion of the study than had been anticipated-perhaps because subjects responded favorably to inclusion in the study regardless of method of training.", "contents": "Relaxation training as a nursing intervention versus pro re nata medication. To determine the effect of relaxation training on the frequency of intake of pro re nata medication for relief of tension and to compare the difference between live and taped instructions of this training 60 patients on PRN minor tranquilizers and sedatives in one nursing unit were studied. Subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: group A, control; group B, live instruction; group C, taped instruction. Dependent variables monitored were: 1) frequency of intake of PRN medication; 2) pre- and postinstruction change in blood pressure, pulse, and respiration; 3) change in the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale; and 4) change on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory score. Although no significant difference was found between method of relaxation training, there was evidence that group B surpassed group C in terms of benefit of the treatment. Physiologic variables as well as MMPI scales K, I, and VII yielded better results for group B. Not all variables demonstrated significant differences. Groups B and C were more similar at the conclusion of the study than had been anticipated-perhaps because subjects responded favorably to inclusion in the study regardless of method of training."}
{"id": "PMID:351589", "title": "Calcium requirements in man: a critical review.", "content": "Many official bodies give advice on desirable intakes of calcium but no clear evidence of a calcium deficiency disease in otherwise normal people has ever been given. In Western countries the usual calcium intake is of the order of 800-1000 mg/day; in many developing countries figures of 300-500 mg/day are found. There is no evidence that people with such a low intake have any problems with bones or teeth. It seems likely that normal people can adapt to have a normal calcium balance on calcium intakes as low as 150-200 mg/day and that this adaptation is sufficient even in pregnancy and lactation. Inappropriate concern about calcium intake may divert attention and resources from more important nutritional problems.", "contents": "Calcium requirements in man: a critical review. Many official bodies give advice on desirable intakes of calcium but no clear evidence of a calcium deficiency disease in otherwise normal people has ever been given. In Western countries the usual calcium intake is of the order of 800-1000 mg/day; in many developing countries figures of 300-500 mg/day are found. There is no evidence that people with such a low intake have any problems with bones or teeth. It seems likely that normal people can adapt to have a normal calcium balance on calcium intakes as low as 150-200 mg/day and that this adaptation is sufficient even in pregnancy and lactation. Inappropriate concern about calcium intake may divert attention and resources from more important nutritional problems."}
{"id": "PMID:351600", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of fludilat in cerebrovascular insufficiency].", "content": "In order to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Fludilat, we studied 75 patients, 37 women (49.3 per cent) and 38 men (50.7 per cent), with ages between 36 and 98 years, during a period of 3 months. 50 of the patients received Fludilat at the dose of three tablets per day during 3 months. The remaining 25 patients received Placebo during the same period of time. We obtained very good results in 63.5 per cent, good in 20.4 per cent and poor in 16.1 per cent of the patients treated with Fludilat. The results with Placebo were very good 2.9 per cent, good 41.8 per cent and poor 55.3 per cent. We observed no side effects during the treatment. Therefore from our study we conclude that Fludilat is an effective drug in the treatment of the disturbances produced by the cerebral vascular insufficiency.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of fludilat in cerebrovascular insufficiency]. In order to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Fludilat, we studied 75 patients, 37 women (49.3 per cent) and 38 men (50.7 per cent), with ages between 36 and 98 years, during a period of 3 months. 50 of the patients received Fludilat at the dose of three tablets per day during 3 months. The remaining 25 patients received Placebo during the same period of time. We obtained very good results in 63.5 per cent, good in 20.4 per cent and poor in 16.1 per cent of the patients treated with Fludilat. The results with Placebo were very good 2.9 per cent, good 41.8 per cent and poor 55.3 per cent. We observed no side effects during the treatment. Therefore from our study we conclude that Fludilat is an effective drug in the treatment of the disturbances produced by the cerebral vascular insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:351609", "title": "[Clincial aspects and treatment of exacerbated chronic respiratory insufficiency in silicosis patients].", "content": "The clinical picture and treatment of exacerbated chronic respiratory insufficiency is studied in 189 silicosis patients with different stage and degree of decompensation. It is found out that chronic respiratory insufficiency determination in these patients is conditioned by the exacerbation of a chronic inflammtory process in the bronchi and lungs (68.2 per cent), or by intercurrent acute inflammtory pulmonary process (15.9 per cent). The clinical manifestation of the disease is aggravated and modified by the appearance of new clinical elements, resulting in the typical clinical picture of inflammatory decompensation of silicosis. It is stressed that the effect of treatment is greater, the milder the stage of the disease, and the earlier and less marked the decompensation-induced derangements. Lethality in patients with III degree silicosis amounts to 8,2 per cent, and in patients with III degree respiratory insufficiency -- to 30.7 per cent. A complex active therapy program for silicosis patients with exacerbated chronic respiratory insufficiency is proposed.", "contents": "[Clincial aspects and treatment of exacerbated chronic respiratory insufficiency in silicosis patients]. The clinical picture and treatment of exacerbated chronic respiratory insufficiency is studied in 189 silicosis patients with different stage and degree of decompensation. It is found out that chronic respiratory insufficiency determination in these patients is conditioned by the exacerbation of a chronic inflammtory process in the bronchi and lungs (68.2 per cent), or by intercurrent acute inflammtory pulmonary process (15.9 per cent). The clinical manifestation of the disease is aggravated and modified by the appearance of new clinical elements, resulting in the typical clinical picture of inflammatory decompensation of silicosis. It is stressed that the effect of treatment is greater, the milder the stage of the disease, and the earlier and less marked the decompensation-induced derangements. Lethality in patients with III degree silicosis amounts to 8,2 per cent, and in patients with III degree respiratory insufficiency -- to 30.7 per cent. A complex active therapy program for silicosis patients with exacerbated chronic respiratory insufficiency is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:351601", "title": "[Treatment of blood circulation disorders with a hemoactive-vasoactive drug].", "content": "The therapeutic activity of Fludilat in circulatory disorders was evaluated in 9 women and 11 men, with ages between 41 and 75 years. Three suffered atherosclerosis and 17 diabetic vascular disease. Elimination of the symptom was obtained in intermittent claudication in 71 per cent of the patients who suffered it, in 67 per cent in case of feeling of coldness, in 46 per cent in paraesthesias, in 73 per cent in feeling of heaviness and in 6 per cent in trophic changes. In the remaining patients there was a significative reduction in the intensity of the symptoms, except in trophic changes. This result are considered as excellents. The general result of the treatment was satisfactory. There was no significacative change in the blood pressure and no side effects were reported. A better response of the atherosclerotic patients was obtained. We found no influence of age, sex and blood pressure on the results. The study corroborates the efficacy of Fludilat in the treatment of circulatory disorders and its excellent tolerance.", "contents": "[Treatment of blood circulation disorders with a hemoactive-vasoactive drug]. The therapeutic activity of Fludilat in circulatory disorders was evaluated in 9 women and 11 men, with ages between 41 and 75 years. Three suffered atherosclerosis and 17 diabetic vascular disease. Elimination of the symptom was obtained in intermittent claudication in 71 per cent of the patients who suffered it, in 67 per cent in case of feeling of coldness, in 46 per cent in paraesthesias, in 73 per cent in feeling of heaviness and in 6 per cent in trophic changes. In the remaining patients there was a significative reduction in the intensity of the symptoms, except in trophic changes. This result are considered as excellents. The general result of the treatment was satisfactory. There was no significacative change in the blood pressure and no side effects were reported. A better response of the atherosclerotic patients was obtained. We found no influence of age, sex and blood pressure on the results. The study corroborates the efficacy of Fludilat in the treatment of circulatory disorders and its excellent tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:351611", "title": "Reconstitution of an Escherichia coli repair endonuclease activity from the separated uvrA+ and uvrB+/uvrC+ gene products.", "content": "An in vitro complementation assay has been used for partial purification of uvrA+, uvrB+, and uvrC+ gene products from Escherichia coli. The uvrB+ and uvrC+ products cochromatograph on DEAE-cellulose and are completely resolved from the uvrA+ product, which has been further purified by phosphocellulose chromatography of the nonadsorbed protein fraction from the DEAE-cellulose. Neither the uvrB+/uvrC+ nor the uvrA+ product shows appreciable endonuclease activity on UV-irradiated DNA when tested separately. However, these factors complement each other to yield and ATP-dependent endonuclease activity specific for UV-irradiated DNA. Gel filtration experiments with the partially purified proteins indicate that the functional uvrA+ gene product has a molecular weight of 100,000. The uvrB+ gene product has an apparent molecular weight of 70,000, but it is presently unclear if this is the size of the uvrB+ product alone or the size of a complex of the uvrB+ and uvrC+ gene products.", "contents": "Reconstitution of an Escherichia coli repair endonuclease activity from the separated uvrA+ and uvrB+/uvrC+ gene products. An in vitro complementation assay has been used for partial purification of uvrA+, uvrB+, and uvrC+ gene products from Escherichia coli. The uvrB+ and uvrC+ products cochromatograph on DEAE-cellulose and are completely resolved from the uvrA+ product, which has been further purified by phosphocellulose chromatography of the nonadsorbed protein fraction from the DEAE-cellulose. Neither the uvrB+/uvrC+ nor the uvrA+ product shows appreciable endonuclease activity on UV-irradiated DNA when tested separately. However, these factors complement each other to yield and ATP-dependent endonuclease activity specific for UV-irradiated DNA. Gel filtration experiments with the partially purified proteins indicate that the functional uvrA+ gene product has a molecular weight of 100,000. The uvrB+ gene product has an apparent molecular weight of 70,000, but it is presently unclear if this is the size of the uvrB+ product alone or the size of a complex of the uvrB+ and uvrC+ gene products."}
{"id": "PMID:351612", "title": "Isolation of a mutant of Escherichia coli lacking penicillin-sensitive D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA.", "content": "A mutant of Escherichia coli that is deficient in D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA has been isolated. The enzyme is membrane bound and moderately sensitive to penicillin. It catalyzes in vitro both D-alanine carboxypeptidase and transpeptidase reactions. Being able to synthesize crosslinked peptidoglycan both in vivo and in vitro despite the absence of enzyme activity, the newly isolated mutant grew normally under a wide range of growth conditions. Therefore, this enzyme, like D-alanine carboxypeptidase IB, is not required for normal peptidoglycan synthesis in E. coli. The defect in the activity of D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA in the mutant however was not associated with disappearance of penicillin-binding proteins 5 and 6 (which have been shown to be D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA) or any of the other protein bands that bind [14C]penicillin G. Genetic mapping studies showed that the mutation (dacA) is located close to leuS(13.7 min) on the E. coli chromosome map. Double mutants (dacA dacB) that are deficient in both D-alanine carboxypeptidases IA and IB were obtained. These double mutants also were found to grow normally and to catalyze normal formation of crosslinked peptidoglycan.", "contents": "Isolation of a mutant of Escherichia coli lacking penicillin-sensitive D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA. A mutant of Escherichia coli that is deficient in D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA has been isolated. The enzyme is membrane bound and moderately sensitive to penicillin. It catalyzes in vitro both D-alanine carboxypeptidase and transpeptidase reactions. Being able to synthesize crosslinked peptidoglycan both in vivo and in vitro despite the absence of enzyme activity, the newly isolated mutant grew normally under a wide range of growth conditions. Therefore, this enzyme, like D-alanine carboxypeptidase IB, is not required for normal peptidoglycan synthesis in E. coli. The defect in the activity of D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA in the mutant however was not associated with disappearance of penicillin-binding proteins 5 and 6 (which have been shown to be D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA) or any of the other protein bands that bind [14C]penicillin G. Genetic mapping studies showed that the mutation (dacA) is located close to leuS(13.7 min) on the E. coli chromosome map. Double mutants (dacA dacB) that are deficient in both D-alanine carboxypeptidases IA and IB were obtained. These double mutants also were found to grow normally and to catalyze normal formation of crosslinked peptidoglycan."}
{"id": "PMID:351613", "title": "Cold pepsin digestion: a novel method to produce the Fv fragment from human immunoglobulin M.", "content": "A strategy for the proteolytic fragmentation of human IgM has been developed. This method is called \"cold pepsin digestion\" because of its unique feature of achieving restricted peptic cleavages at 4 degrees and pH 4.0. Cold pepsin digestion has been applied successfully to produce an Fv fragment from 14 human IgM proteins. The Fv fragment consists of the heavy chain variable domain (VH) and the light chain variable domain (VL) held together by strong noncovalent interaction. Thus, each Fv fragment contains one intact antigen-binding site and represents the minimal active fragment derivable from an antibody molecule. A series of other structurally and functionally important fragments were also isolated and characterized. Two basic digestion pathways were recognized; these mainly reflect the relative accessibility of five sets of major interdomain cleavage sites.", "contents": "Cold pepsin digestion: a novel method to produce the Fv fragment from human immunoglobulin M. A strategy for the proteolytic fragmentation of human IgM has been developed. This method is called \"cold pepsin digestion\" because of its unique feature of achieving restricted peptic cleavages at 4 degrees and pH 4.0. Cold pepsin digestion has been applied successfully to produce an Fv fragment from 14 human IgM proteins. The Fv fragment consists of the heavy chain variable domain (VH) and the light chain variable domain (VL) held together by strong noncovalent interaction. Thus, each Fv fragment contains one intact antigen-binding site and represents the minimal active fragment derivable from an antibody molecule. A series of other structurally and functionally important fragments were also isolated and characterized. Two basic digestion pathways were recognized; these mainly reflect the relative accessibility of five sets of major interdomain cleavage sites."}
{"id": "PMID:351614", "title": "Transformation-dependent secretion of a low molecular weight protein by murine fibroblasts.", "content": "A protocol has been devised to radiolabel proteins secreted by murine fibroblasts in vitro. A radiolabeled polypeptide of molecular weight 35,000 is released into medium in relatively large amounts by transformed cells and in much smaller amounts by nontransformed fibroblasts. This major excreted polypeptide (MEP) is found in the medium of spontaneously transformed mouse cells and in the medium of mouse cells transformed by a DNA tumor virus, RNA tumor viruses, or methylcholanthrene. The appearance of MEP appears to be well correlated with anchorage independence in these transformed cells. MEP can be localized within the cytoplasm of transformed but not untransformed cells by indirect immunofluorescence. The presence of MEP within murine fibroblasts or in their culture medium serves as a novel biochemical marker of transformation. A biological role for this protein has not been assigned.", "contents": "Transformation-dependent secretion of a low molecular weight protein by murine fibroblasts. A protocol has been devised to radiolabel proteins secreted by murine fibroblasts in vitro. A radiolabeled polypeptide of molecular weight 35,000 is released into medium in relatively large amounts by transformed cells and in much smaller amounts by nontransformed fibroblasts. This major excreted polypeptide (MEP) is found in the medium of spontaneously transformed mouse cells and in the medium of mouse cells transformed by a DNA tumor virus, RNA tumor viruses, or methylcholanthrene. The appearance of MEP appears to be well correlated with anchorage independence in these transformed cells. MEP can be localized within the cytoplasm of transformed but not untransformed cells by indirect immunofluorescence. The presence of MEP within murine fibroblasts or in their culture medium serves as a novel biochemical marker of transformation. A biological role for this protein has not been assigned."}
{"id": "PMID:351615", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of a serine protease in rat small intestine.", "content": "An intracellular serine protease, which is believed to initiate the degradation of several intracellular pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes, was localized by immunofluorescence in atypical mast cells of the lamina propria and in intraepithelial cells of the rat small intestine. Some mucus-secreting goblet cells also contained the protease antigen. Atypical mast cells containing the enzyme were present in large numbers beneath the epithelium of bronchioles. All atypical mast cells also contained low levels of the chymotrypsin-like protease of normal mast cells. Both enzymes were consistently present in normal connective tissue mast cells. Amino acid content, molecular weight, and lack of immunologic crossreactivity indicate that the two enzymes are similar but not identical. The cell-specific localization of the intestinal serine protease makes it unlikely that the enzyme has any general role in the degradation of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes. The function of the enzyme in mast cells, atypical mast cells, and intestinal goblet cells is not known.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of a serine protease in rat small intestine. An intracellular serine protease, which is believed to initiate the degradation of several intracellular pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes, was localized by immunofluorescence in atypical mast cells of the lamina propria and in intraepithelial cells of the rat small intestine. Some mucus-secreting goblet cells also contained the protease antigen. Atypical mast cells containing the enzyme were present in large numbers beneath the epithelium of bronchioles. All atypical mast cells also contained low levels of the chymotrypsin-like protease of normal mast cells. Both enzymes were consistently present in normal connective tissue mast cells. Amino acid content, molecular weight, and lack of immunologic crossreactivity indicate that the two enzymes are similar but not identical. The cell-specific localization of the intestinal serine protease makes it unlikely that the enzyme has any general role in the degradation of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes. The function of the enzyme in mast cells, atypical mast cells, and intestinal goblet cells is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:351616", "title": "Potentiation, desensitization, and inversion of response in bacterial sensing of chemical stimuli.", "content": "Behavior patterns of chemotactic mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were compared to those of the wild type by using the quantitative tumble frequency assay. Some cheU mutants were completely inverted in their responses--e.g., attractants produce responses expected for repellents and repellents produce responses expected for attractants. Still others swam smoothly and did not respond to any stimuli. Mutants of other complementation groups were found to exhibit exact additivity or potentiation in response to multiple stimuli whereas the wild type showed desensitization. The results suggest that the cheU gene product acts as a switch at the interface between the sensing system and the motor response. The system is finely tuned so that changes in individual proteins can produce potentiation, desensitization, exact additivity, or inversion of responses.", "contents": "Potentiation, desensitization, and inversion of response in bacterial sensing of chemical stimuli. Behavior patterns of chemotactic mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were compared to those of the wild type by using the quantitative tumble frequency assay. Some cheU mutants were completely inverted in their responses--e.g., attractants produce responses expected for repellents and repellents produce responses expected for attractants. Still others swam smoothly and did not respond to any stimuli. Mutants of other complementation groups were found to exhibit exact additivity or potentiation in response to multiple stimuli whereas the wild type showed desensitization. The results suggest that the cheU gene product acts as a switch at the interface between the sensing system and the motor response. The system is finely tuned so that changes in individual proteins can produce potentiation, desensitization, exact additivity, or inversion of responses."}
{"id": "PMID:351617", "title": "Comparison of Artemia salina and Escherichia coli ribosome structure by electron microscopy.", "content": "The structure of eukaryotic Artemia salina and prokaryotic Escherichia coli ribosomes has been compared by electron microscopy. Despite the established differences in size and in the amount and proportion of the protein and RNA moieties, both types of ribosomes appear to have substantial similarity in the overall shape and in the mutual orientation of the subunits on the monosome. The small subunit is located in the \"crown\" region of the large subunit lengthwise between the two side crests. However, high-resolution electron microscopy reveals distinct differences in the fine structure of both small and large subunits. The 40S A. salina subunit with three structural domains is more complex than the corresponding E. coli subunit. The 60S A. salina subunit has a less expressed \"crown\" region and shows a knob-like protrusion in the base. Structural asymmetry is a characteristic feature common to subunits and monosomes from both A. salina and E. coli.", "contents": "Comparison of Artemia salina and Escherichia coli ribosome structure by electron microscopy. The structure of eukaryotic Artemia salina and prokaryotic Escherichia coli ribosomes has been compared by electron microscopy. Despite the established differences in size and in the amount and proportion of the protein and RNA moieties, both types of ribosomes appear to have substantial similarity in the overall shape and in the mutual orientation of the subunits on the monosome. The small subunit is located in the \"crown\" region of the large subunit lengthwise between the two side crests. However, high-resolution electron microscopy reveals distinct differences in the fine structure of both small and large subunits. The 40S A. salina subunit with three structural domains is more complex than the corresponding E. coli subunit. The 60S A. salina subunit has a less expressed \"crown\" region and shows a knob-like protrusion in the base. Structural asymmetry is a characteristic feature common to subunits and monosomes from both A. salina and E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:351618", "title": "\"Panning\" for lymphocytes: a method for cell selection.", "content": "We have developed a simple method for the fractionation of T and B lymphocytes. Plastic dishes coated with antibodies specific for mouse Ig selectively bind splenic B lymphocytes. The adherent cells are easily removed by gentle pipetting; both adherent and nonadherent populations retain immunologic function. In a typical experiment, when 3 X 10(7) splenic lymphocytes were added to a 100 X 15 mm plastic dish coated with microgram quantities of anti-Ig, 98 % of the nonadherent cells were Ig negative and 97% of the adherent cells were Ig positive. The method is sufficiently sensitive to allow detection and separation of cell types comprising as little as 2% of the total population and can be modified to allow the selection of cells by a double-antibody procedure. We believe that the plastic dish method will be generally useful for fractionating cells on the basis of their cell surface antigens.", "contents": "\"Panning\" for lymphocytes: a method for cell selection. We have developed a simple method for the fractionation of T and B lymphocytes. Plastic dishes coated with antibodies specific for mouse Ig selectively bind splenic B lymphocytes. The adherent cells are easily removed by gentle pipetting; both adherent and nonadherent populations retain immunologic function. In a typical experiment, when 3 X 10(7) splenic lymphocytes were added to a 100 X 15 mm plastic dish coated with microgram quantities of anti-Ig, 98 % of the nonadherent cells were Ig negative and 97% of the adherent cells were Ig positive. The method is sufficiently sensitive to allow detection and separation of cell types comprising as little as 2% of the total population and can be modified to allow the selection of cells by a double-antibody procedure. We believe that the plastic dish method will be generally useful for fractionating cells on the basis of their cell surface antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:351619", "title": "Conservation of ribosomal protein binding sites in prokaryotic 16S RNAs.", "content": "The Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal subunit proteins S4, S7, S8, S15, S17, and S20 that interact independently with 16S RNA from E. coli formed specific heterologous complexes with 16S RNAs extracted from 11 different prokaryotes covering a broad phylogenetic range. Complex formation was shown to be specific by saturation of binding in the presence of excess protein. Binding stoichiometries and the apparent affinities for a given protein varied depending on which 16S RNA was used, although the pattern of binding was not strictly correlated with phylogenetic relationships. The size-distribution of fragments resulting from limited hydrolysis of free prokaryotic 16S RNAs with T1 and pancreatic ribonucleases indicated that the structural organization of 16S RNA from E. coli is similar to that of 16S RNAs from closely related species, but differs, although to an unknown extent, from that of 16S RNAs from other prokaryotes tested. Digestions of RNA-protein complexes under similar conditions indicated that the proteins remain bound to specific RNA fragments. For those 16S RNAs isolated from species closely related to E. coli, the fragments were comparable to those generated by hydrolysis of the homologous complex.", "contents": "Conservation of ribosomal protein binding sites in prokaryotic 16S RNAs. The Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal subunit proteins S4, S7, S8, S15, S17, and S20 that interact independently with 16S RNA from E. coli formed specific heterologous complexes with 16S RNAs extracted from 11 different prokaryotes covering a broad phylogenetic range. Complex formation was shown to be specific by saturation of binding in the presence of excess protein. Binding stoichiometries and the apparent affinities for a given protein varied depending on which 16S RNA was used, although the pattern of binding was not strictly correlated with phylogenetic relationships. The size-distribution of fragments resulting from limited hydrolysis of free prokaryotic 16S RNAs with T1 and pancreatic ribonucleases indicated that the structural organization of 16S RNA from E. coli is similar to that of 16S RNAs from closely related species, but differs, although to an unknown extent, from that of 16S RNAs from other prokaryotes tested. Digestions of RNA-protein complexes under similar conditions indicated that the proteins remain bound to specific RNA fragments. For those 16S RNAs isolated from species closely related to E. coli, the fragments were comparable to those generated by hydrolysis of the homologous complex."}
{"id": "PMID:351620", "title": "Regulation of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: induction of uridyl transferase mRNA and dependency on GAL4 gene function.", "content": "In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, utilization of galactose requires four inducible enzyme activities. Three of these activities (galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase, EC 2.7.7.10; uridine diphosphogalactose 4-epimerase, EC 5.1.3.2; and galactokinase, EC 2.7.1.6) are specified by three tightly linked genes (GAL7, GAL10, and GAL1, respectively) on chromosome II, whereas the fourth, galactose transport, is specified by a gene (GAL2) located on chromosome XII. Although classic genetic analysis has revealed both positive and negative regulatory genes that coordinately affect the appearance of all four enzyme activities, neither the basic events leading to the appearance of enzyme activities nor the roles of the regulatory genes have yet been determined. Regulation of inducible enzyme activity could be mediated by events related to transcription, translation, or enzyme activation. For the purpose of studying galactose pathway induction and its regulation, we have developed an immunoprecipitation assay that enables us to detect the GAL7 specified uridyl transferase polypeptide in yeast extracts and among the polypeptides synthesized in an RNA-dependent in vitro translation system. Use of this immunoprecipitation assay in conjunction with in vivo labeling experiments demonstrates the presence of [(3)H]leucine-labeled transferase in extracts prepared from cells grown in galactose but not from cells grown in glucose. This galactose-specific induction of transferase polypeptide is mediated by the de novo appearance of a functional mRNA species whose synthetic capacity is detectable by the combination of in vitro translation and immunoprecipitation. The appearance of functional transferase mRNA depends on wild-type expression of the positive regulatory gene, GAL4. Cells carrying a nonsense (amber) mutation in the GAL4 gene fail to produce the transferase mRNA, whereas a nonsense suppressor of the GAL4 amber mutant regains the galactose-specific mRNA response. Our results establish that the induction of the GAL7 specified uridyl transferase activity is mediated by de novo appearance of a functional mRNA and that this galactose-specific response is dependent on a wild-type GAL4 gene product.", "contents": "Regulation of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: induction of uridyl transferase mRNA and dependency on GAL4 gene function. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, utilization of galactose requires four inducible enzyme activities. Three of these activities (galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase, EC 2.7.7.10; uridine diphosphogalactose 4-epimerase, EC 5.1.3.2; and galactokinase, EC 2.7.1.6) are specified by three tightly linked genes (GAL7, GAL10, and GAL1, respectively) on chromosome II, whereas the fourth, galactose transport, is specified by a gene (GAL2) located on chromosome XII. Although classic genetic analysis has revealed both positive and negative regulatory genes that coordinately affect the appearance of all four enzyme activities, neither the basic events leading to the appearance of enzyme activities nor the roles of the regulatory genes have yet been determined. Regulation of inducible enzyme activity could be mediated by events related to transcription, translation, or enzyme activation. For the purpose of studying galactose pathway induction and its regulation, we have developed an immunoprecipitation assay that enables us to detect the GAL7 specified uridyl transferase polypeptide in yeast extracts and among the polypeptides synthesized in an RNA-dependent in vitro translation system. Use of this immunoprecipitation assay in conjunction with in vivo labeling experiments demonstrates the presence of [(3)H]leucine-labeled transferase in extracts prepared from cells grown in galactose but not from cells grown in glucose. This galactose-specific induction of transferase polypeptide is mediated by the de novo appearance of a functional mRNA species whose synthetic capacity is detectable by the combination of in vitro translation and immunoprecipitation. The appearance of functional transferase mRNA depends on wild-type expression of the positive regulatory gene, GAL4. Cells carrying a nonsense (amber) mutation in the GAL4 gene fail to produce the transferase mRNA, whereas a nonsense suppressor of the GAL4 amber mutant regains the galactose-specific mRNA response. Our results establish that the induction of the GAL7 specified uridyl transferase activity is mediated by de novo appearance of a functional mRNA and that this galactose-specific response is dependent on a wild-type GAL4 gene product."}
{"id": "PMID:351621", "title": "Bone marrow colony-stimulating factor and tumor resistance-enhancing activity of postendotoxin mouse sera.", "content": "The passive transfer of postendotoxin mouse serum could enhance nonspecific resistance to the development of TA3-Ha transplantable ascites tumor in mice. The postendotoxin serum was not directly cytotoxic to TA3-Ha tumor cells in vitro, nor did it contain significant amounts of residual endotoxin, but it was rich in colony-stimulating factors (CSFs). High-titer CSF serum could be induced by endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nonendotoxic, lipid-free, and polysaccharide-rich hydrolytic breakdown product of LPS (called PS) was less potent but still active in CSF induction. There was a correlation between the level of CSF stimulation and the capacity of the sera to transfer tumor resistance (TUR). Those LPS preparations that had the highest CSF-inducing capacity were the most potent in TUR enhancement. Suppression of CSF production by treatment with theophylline or epinephrine, enhancers of cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP ratios, lowered the enhancement of TUR by endotoxic LPS. The infection of serum donor mice with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) 18 days prior to LPS treatment gave the highest serum CSF levels and the most potent TUR-inducing serum preparation. Even more notable was the finding that the nontoxic PS preparation could replace toxic LPS in the above BCG-LPS system. The serum harvested from BCG-infected mice 2 hr after PS injection was similarly effective in the passive transfer of TUR.", "contents": "Bone marrow colony-stimulating factor and tumor resistance-enhancing activity of postendotoxin mouse sera. The passive transfer of postendotoxin mouse serum could enhance nonspecific resistance to the development of TA3-Ha transplantable ascites tumor in mice. The postendotoxin serum was not directly cytotoxic to TA3-Ha tumor cells in vitro, nor did it contain significant amounts of residual endotoxin, but it was rich in colony-stimulating factors (CSFs). High-titer CSF serum could be induced by endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nonendotoxic, lipid-free, and polysaccharide-rich hydrolytic breakdown product of LPS (called PS) was less potent but still active in CSF induction. There was a correlation between the level of CSF stimulation and the capacity of the sera to transfer tumor resistance (TUR). Those LPS preparations that had the highest CSF-inducing capacity were the most potent in TUR enhancement. Suppression of CSF production by treatment with theophylline or epinephrine, enhancers of cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP ratios, lowered the enhancement of TUR by endotoxic LPS. The infection of serum donor mice with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) 18 days prior to LPS treatment gave the highest serum CSF levels and the most potent TUR-inducing serum preparation. Even more notable was the finding that the nontoxic PS preparation could replace toxic LPS in the above BCG-LPS system. The serum harvested from BCG-infected mice 2 hr after PS injection was similarly effective in the passive transfer of TUR."}
{"id": "PMID:351622", "title": "Modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid transport in nerve endings: role of extracellular gamma-aminobutyric acid and of cationic fluxes.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to elucidate the possible functional significance of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) homoexchange at nerve endings. Using synaptosomes from adult rat cerebrum, we found that a number of conditions altering cationic fluxes produced a concomitant change in the stoichiometry of GABA homoexchange, In fact, exogenous GABA (10 muM), while not causing net release of intrasynaptosomal GABA in standard conditions, triggered a large net GABA release in the presence of veratridine, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase inhibitors, or the ionophore A23187, superimposed on that due to the various agents tested alone. This extra release was mediated by the membrane carrier, being largely inhibited by the GABA carrier-blocker L-diaminobutyric acid. The altered stoichiometry of GABA homoexchange observed under these conditions (efflux > influx) appeared to be coupled to the influx of Na(+) (or of Ca(2+)), rather than determined by the establishment of a high intrasynaptosomal [Na(+)]. Under conditions of reversed Na(+) flux (Na(+) efflux), the GABA outward/inward flux ratio was also reversed, and the stoichiometry of GABA homoexchange was in favor of net influx. The possible contribution of K(+) to the effects observed is also discussed. It is concluded that the GABA transport system of nerve endings is susceptible to fine modulation by changes in cationic fluxes similar to those occurring in vivo during depolarization and repolarization. These fluxes may have a prominent role in determining the direction of net GABA transport in GABA-ergic nerve terminals of the living brain.", "contents": "Modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid transport in nerve endings: role of extracellular gamma-aminobutyric acid and of cationic fluxes. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the possible functional significance of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) homoexchange at nerve endings. Using synaptosomes from adult rat cerebrum, we found that a number of conditions altering cationic fluxes produced a concomitant change in the stoichiometry of GABA homoexchange, In fact, exogenous GABA (10 muM), while not causing net release of intrasynaptosomal GABA in standard conditions, triggered a large net GABA release in the presence of veratridine, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase inhibitors, or the ionophore A23187, superimposed on that due to the various agents tested alone. This extra release was mediated by the membrane carrier, being largely inhibited by the GABA carrier-blocker L-diaminobutyric acid. The altered stoichiometry of GABA homoexchange observed under these conditions (efflux > influx) appeared to be coupled to the influx of Na(+) (or of Ca(2+)), rather than determined by the establishment of a high intrasynaptosomal [Na(+)]. Under conditions of reversed Na(+) flux (Na(+) efflux), the GABA outward/inward flux ratio was also reversed, and the stoichiometry of GABA homoexchange was in favor of net influx. The possible contribution of K(+) to the effects observed is also discussed. It is concluded that the GABA transport system of nerve endings is susceptible to fine modulation by changes in cationic fluxes similar to those occurring in vivo during depolarization and repolarization. These fluxes may have a prominent role in determining the direction of net GABA transport in GABA-ergic nerve terminals of the living brain."}
{"id": "PMID:351634", "title": "The kinetics of oxygen-induced proton efflux and membrane energization in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The kinetics of respiration-dependent proton efflux and membrane energization have been studied in intact cells of logarithmic phase Escherichia coli. Proton efflux following a small O2 pulse is slow (t1/2 approximately equal to 10 sec) and inefficient (H+/O approximately equal to 0.5), taking 5-10 times longer than expected from the time required for the cells to reduce the O2 added in the pulse. A much closer agreement is found in cells treated to enhance counter ion fluxes and eliminate the transmembrane electric potential (deltapsi). In cells treated with SCN-, or with colicin E1 (which enhances K+ permeability), the rates of proton efflux are much faster (t1/2 less than or equal to 1 sec) than in untreated cells. The kinetics of formation and dissipation of deltapsi were estimated from changes in the fluorescence properties of the cell envelope bound probe N-phenyl-l-naphthylamine. In untreated cells, a small O2 pulse induces a rapid (t1/2 less than or equal to 0.5 sec) decrease in fluorescence intensity followed by a slower (t1/2 approximately equal to 40 sec) return of the fluorescence to the original level. The extent of the initial fluorescence  decrease is proportional to the amount of O2 added, although the half-time for the relaxation is independent of the amount of O2 added. Colicin E1 (plus K+) and the uncoupler FCCP greatly decrease the half-time of the relaxation, while only slightly affecting the extent of the initial decrease, indicating that the initial fluorescence decrease is reporting the energization of the membrane while its relaxation is reporting the subsequent deenergization of the membrane resulting from counterion redistributions. The fact that the efflux of H+ into the medium after an O2 pulse is small and much slower (t1/2 approximately equal to 10 sec) than the actual energization of the membrane (t1/2 less than or equal to 0.5 sec) suggests that the current of respiratory H+ involved in membrane energization is confined within the bacterial cell envelope.", "contents": "The kinetics of oxygen-induced proton efflux and membrane energization in Escherichia coli. The kinetics of respiration-dependent proton efflux and membrane energization have been studied in intact cells of logarithmic phase Escherichia coli. Proton efflux following a small O2 pulse is slow (t1/2 approximately equal to 10 sec) and inefficient (H+/O approximately equal to 0.5), taking 5-10 times longer than expected from the time required for the cells to reduce the O2 added in the pulse. A much closer agreement is found in cells treated to enhance counter ion fluxes and eliminate the transmembrane electric potential (deltapsi). In cells treated with SCN-, or with colicin E1 (which enhances K+ permeability), the rates of proton efflux are much faster (t1/2 less than or equal to 1 sec) than in untreated cells. The kinetics of formation and dissipation of deltapsi were estimated from changes in the fluorescence properties of the cell envelope bound probe N-phenyl-l-naphthylamine. In untreated cells, a small O2 pulse induces a rapid (t1/2 less than or equal to 0.5 sec) decrease in fluorescence intensity followed by a slower (t1/2 approximately equal to 40 sec) return of the fluorescence to the original level. The extent of the initial fluorescence  decrease is proportional to the amount of O2 added, although the half-time for the relaxation is independent of the amount of O2 added. Colicin E1 (plus K+) and the uncoupler FCCP greatly decrease the half-time of the relaxation, while only slightly affecting the extent of the initial decrease, indicating that the initial fluorescence decrease is reporting the energization of the membrane while its relaxation is reporting the subsequent deenergization of the membrane resulting from counterion redistributions. The fact that the efflux of H+ into the medium after an O2 pulse is small and much slower (t1/2 approximately equal to 10 sec) than the actual energization of the membrane (t1/2 less than or equal to 0.5 sec) suggests that the current of respiratory H+ involved in membrane energization is confined within the bacterial cell envelope."}
{"id": "PMID:351635", "title": "Comparative biochemistry of nucleotide-linked sugars.", "content": "Nucleotide-linked sugars have 2 general biochemical functions: they are i) intermediates in the formation of monosaccharides found in complex carbohydrates and ii) glycosyl donors of these monosaccharides. Few sugars arise by reactions not involving nucleotide-linked intermediates. Of these few, glucose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine are important in that they are transformed after attachment to nucleotides into most other monosaccharides. Several different nucleotides are involved in these transformations. What factor governs the choice of a particular nucleotide carrier for a given reaction is not apparent, but the use of different nucleotides separates pathways of synthesis and offers a means for their independent control by creating reactions unique to the synthesis of certain products and therefore suitable for regulation. Carrying sugars on different nucleotides may also be advantageous by increasing the accuracy of synthesis of complex carbohydrates. For example, a transferase responsible for the transfer of fucose from GDP-fucose is less likely to transfer galactose from UDP-galactose by mistake than galactose from GDP-galactose. The role of nucleotides in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates thus appears related to the specificity of enzymes that catalyze the modification and transfer of nucleotide-linked sugars.", "contents": "Comparative biochemistry of nucleotide-linked sugars. Nucleotide-linked sugars have 2 general biochemical functions: they are i) intermediates in the formation of monosaccharides found in complex carbohydrates and ii) glycosyl donors of these monosaccharides. Few sugars arise by reactions not involving nucleotide-linked intermediates. Of these few, glucose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine are important in that they are transformed after attachment to nucleotides into most other monosaccharides. Several different nucleotides are involved in these transformations. What factor governs the choice of a particular nucleotide carrier for a given reaction is not apparent, but the use of different nucleotides separates pathways of synthesis and offers a means for their independent control by creating reactions unique to the synthesis of certain products and therefore suitable for regulation. Carrying sugars on different nucleotides may also be advantageous by increasing the accuracy of synthesis of complex carbohydrates. For example, a transferase responsible for the transfer of fucose from GDP-fucose is less likely to transfer galactose from UDP-galactose by mistake than galactose from GDP-galactose. The role of nucleotides in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates thus appears related to the specificity of enzymes that catalyze the modification and transfer of nucleotide-linked sugars."}
{"id": "PMID:351636", "title": "Immunochemistry of streptococcal group C polysaccharide and the nature of its crossreaction with the Forssman glycolipid.", "content": "Acid hydrolysis of streptococal Group C polysaccharide yields a disaccharide, 3-O-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminosyl-N-acetylgalactosamine (3-O-alpha-GalNAc-GalNAc) which expresses Group C antigenic activity. This disaccharide, which exists as a side chain in the intact polysaccharide, can completely inhibit the binding between Group C polysaccharide and most Group C antibodies, indicating that this unit is the immunodominant feature of the intact polysaccharide. The alpha anomeric configuration and N-acetylation are required for the expression of the antigenic activity by the haptenic disaccharide. Also obtained from the acid hydrolysis of the Group C polysaccharide are rhamnose oligosaccharides with structural identity to the Group A-variant polysaccharide and with Group A-variant antigenic activity. It is inferred from these data that the Group A-varient polysaccharide structure is the core unit of the Group C polysaccharide. The nature of the immunologic crossreactivity between the Forssman glycolipid and Group C polysaccharide, which possess identical nonreducing terminal digalactosamine units, was investigated. Rabbit anti-Group C antibodies bound the Forssman glycolipid with approximately the same affinity as 3-O-alpha-GalNAc-GalNAc and were capable of mediating lysis of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Antibody fractions isolated from anti-sheep hemolysin were likewise able to bind Group C polysaccharide. The heterologous reactions were in most assay systems weaker than reactions with the immunizing antigen.", "contents": "Immunochemistry of streptococcal group C polysaccharide and the nature of its crossreaction with the Forssman glycolipid. Acid hydrolysis of streptococal Group C polysaccharide yields a disaccharide, 3-O-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminosyl-N-acetylgalactosamine (3-O-alpha-GalNAc-GalNAc) which expresses Group C antigenic activity. This disaccharide, which exists as a side chain in the intact polysaccharide, can completely inhibit the binding between Group C polysaccharide and most Group C antibodies, indicating that this unit is the immunodominant feature of the intact polysaccharide. The alpha anomeric configuration and N-acetylation are required for the expression of the antigenic activity by the haptenic disaccharide. Also obtained from the acid hydrolysis of the Group C polysaccharide are rhamnose oligosaccharides with structural identity to the Group A-variant polysaccharide and with Group A-variant antigenic activity. It is inferred from these data that the Group A-varient polysaccharide structure is the core unit of the Group C polysaccharide. The nature of the immunologic crossreactivity between the Forssman glycolipid and Group C polysaccharide, which possess identical nonreducing terminal digalactosamine units, was investigated. Rabbit anti-Group C antibodies bound the Forssman glycolipid with approximately the same affinity as 3-O-alpha-GalNAc-GalNAc and were capable of mediating lysis of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Antibody fractions isolated from anti-sheep hemolysin were likewise able to bind Group C polysaccharide. The heterologous reactions were in most assay systems weaker than reactions with the immunizing antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:351637", "title": "\"Bleeding\" of silicone from bag-gel breast implants, and its clinical relation to fibrous capsule reaction.", "content": "We present evidence of the following. 1. Modern silicone bag-gel breast implants leak silicone gel through the bag. 2. The amount of silicone leaked by an intact implant varies from one implant to another, and is not constant for any type or brand. 3. The leaked silicone, together with fibrous thickening and various degrees of inflammation will be found in capsules surrounding the implants if extensive biopsies are taken and many sections are examined.", "contents": "\"Bleeding\" of silicone from bag-gel breast implants, and its clinical relation to fibrous capsule reaction. We present evidence of the following. 1. Modern silicone bag-gel breast implants leak silicone gel through the bag. 2. The amount of silicone leaked by an intact implant varies from one implant to another, and is not constant for any type or brand. 3. The leaked silicone, together with fibrous thickening and various degrees of inflammation will be found in capsules surrounding the implants if extensive biopsies are taken and many sections are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:351638", "title": "A cervicopectoral rotation flap for cheek coverage.", "content": "A massive cervicopectoral rotation flap is described for coverage of large cheek defects. The advantages and complications with this flap are discussed.", "contents": "A cervicopectoral rotation flap for cheek coverage. A massive cervicopectoral rotation flap is described for coverage of large cheek defects. The advantages and complications with this flap are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:351639", "title": "Denervation supersensitivity and the delay phenomenon.", "content": "We have reviewed the denervation supersensitivity-AV shunt hypothesis (explaining the delay phenomenon) and assessed the contribution of each of the two components of denervation supersensitivy to delay. We concluded that adrenergic denervation supersensitivity contributes little to the delay phenomenon. We propose a new hypothesis, based on the effects of prolonged vascular smooth muscle relaxation in the precapillary arterioles, to explain the delay phenomenon.", "contents": "Denervation supersensitivity and the delay phenomenon. We have reviewed the denervation supersensitivity-AV shunt hypothesis (explaining the delay phenomenon) and assessed the contribution of each of the two components of denervation supersensitivy to delay. We concluded that adrenergic denervation supersensitivity contributes little to the delay phenomenon. We propose a new hypothesis, based on the effects of prolonged vascular smooth muscle relaxation in the precapillary arterioles, to explain the delay phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:351643", "title": "Perichondro-cutaneous graft.", "content": "A perichondro-cutaneous graft uniquely provides skin cover with the potential of generating its own cartilaginous support. An initial laboratory investigation is reported, and various applications of this graft to reconstructive facial surgery are proposed. Several clinical cases are presented.", "contents": "Perichondro-cutaneous graft. A perichondro-cutaneous graft uniquely provides skin cover with the potential of generating its own cartilaginous support. An initial laboratory investigation is reported, and various applications of this graft to reconstructive facial surgery are proposed. Several clinical cases are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:351644", "title": "Use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous island flap for reconstruction in the head and neck area: case report.", "content": "Cadaver dissection indicated that a large amount of tissue could be transferred in one stage to the head and neck by a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous island flap tunneled beneath a pectoral skin bridge. A clinical trial of this flap (for one-stage reconstruction of a patient after excision of a recurrent mandibular carcinoma and a neck dissection) was successful. Previous investigators have found the myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap to be dependable and adaptable in reconstructions of the chest wall, breast, and shoulder. It is evident now that the flap also has value in reconstructions of the head and neck.", "contents": "Use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous island flap for reconstruction in the head and neck area: case report. Cadaver dissection indicated that a large amount of tissue could be transferred in one stage to the head and neck by a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous island flap tunneled beneath a pectoral skin bridge. A clinical trial of this flap (for one-stage reconstruction of a patient after excision of a recurrent mandibular carcinoma and a neck dissection) was successful. Previous investigators have found the myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap to be dependable and adaptable in reconstructions of the chest wall, breast, and shoulder. It is evident now that the flap also has value in reconstructions of the head and neck."}
{"id": "PMID:351645", "title": "Reconstruction of incompetent oral commissures with dermal-muscle flaps from the lips: case report.", "content": "We present a case in which troublesome postoperative drooling at the commissures was corrected by a local muscle reconstruction and interdigitation to recreate the normal muscular forces at the angles. The possible application of this technique to other areas is suggested.", "contents": "Reconstruction of incompetent oral commissures with dermal-muscle flaps from the lips: case report. We present a case in which troublesome postoperative drooling at the commissures was corrected by a local muscle reconstruction and interdigitation to recreate the normal muscular forces at the angles. The possible application of this technique to other areas is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:351646", "title": "Primary lesion of a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occurring in a skin tatoo: case report.", "content": "A case of histiocytic lymphoma in a tattoo is presented. The incidence, clinical problems, diagnostic difficulties, treatment, and possible etiology are discussed.", "contents": "Primary lesion of a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occurring in a skin tatoo: case report. A case of histiocytic lymphoma in a tattoo is presented. The incidence, clinical problems, diagnostic difficulties, treatment, and possible etiology are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:351647", "title": "The versatile gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap.", "content": "The medial and lateral gastrocnemius myocutaneous flaps are described. Their usefulness, as direct flaps without a delay, in reconstruction of the lower extremity is described. In our practice, this flap has supplanted the cross-leg flap for most reconstructions in the lower extremity.", "contents": "The versatile gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap. The medial and lateral gastrocnemius myocutaneous flaps are described. Their usefulness, as direct flaps without a delay, in reconstruction of the lower extremity is described. In our practice, this flap has supplanted the cross-leg flap for most reconstructions in the lower extremity."}
{"id": "PMID:351649", "title": "Hand deformities in patients with snakebite.", "content": "Over the past 25 years, 83 patients have been treated at our hospitals for poisonous snakebites of the hand. Prior to 1970, polyvalent antivenin was used, either alone or in conjunction with cryotherapy, steroids, or incision and suction methods. Hand deformities, due to tissue necrosis, were encountered in 15 of 22 patients (68%) treated by these methods. In contrast, excisional therapy, without the use of polyvalent antivenin, was the sole method of treatment in 61 patients seen since 1970. The incidence of hand deformity in them was 8.2%. We have concluded that early excision of the envenomated tissues will not only curtail systemic toxicity from the injected venom, but will also minimize the extent of local tissue damage.", "contents": "Hand deformities in patients with snakebite. Over the past 25 years, 83 patients have been treated at our hospitals for poisonous snakebites of the hand. Prior to 1970, polyvalent antivenin was used, either alone or in conjunction with cryotherapy, steroids, or incision and suction methods. Hand deformities, due to tissue necrosis, were encountered in 15 of 22 patients (68%) treated by these methods. In contrast, excisional therapy, without the use of polyvalent antivenin, was the sole method of treatment in 61 patients seen since 1970. The incidence of hand deformity in them was 8.2%. We have concluded that early excision of the envenomated tissues will not only curtail systemic toxicity from the injected venom, but will also minimize the extent of local tissue damage."}
{"id": "PMID:351650", "title": "Forehead flap for reconstruction after ablative surgery for oral and oropharyngeal malignancy.", "content": "The forehead flap is a reliable means of bringing viable lining to the oral and oropharyngeal cavities after composite resections for cancer in locally radiated areas. We discuss the complications and results of such reconstructions.", "contents": "Forehead flap for reconstruction after ablative surgery for oral and oropharyngeal malignancy. The forehead flap is a reliable means of bringing viable lining to the oral and oropharyngeal cavities after composite resections for cancer in locally radiated areas. We discuss the complications and results of such reconstructions."}
{"id": "PMID:351662", "title": "Hypothalamic function as related to body weight and body fat in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Percentage body fat is predictive of the onset of menstruation at puberty. In anorexia nervosa a relationship between luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and percentage weight loss has been reported. In the current study the relationship of percentage body fat and of percentage weight loss to LH and LH reactivity was examined in anorexia nervosa. Fifteen women with anorexia nervosa were studied. The resting levels of LH were measured, and in seven of the subjects LH response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and clomiphene was tested. The increment in plasma LH was measured in response to a 100 microgram dose of LHRH, and also to a 5-day course of clomiphene 100 mg. The resting LH levels were found to correlate with percentage fat, body weight, and percentage weight loss. Correlations were also found between the response to either LHRH or clomiphene and percentage weight loss, percentage fat, and absolute body weight. Other pituitary hormones measured did not show a relationship to body fat or weight. It is concluded that in addition to being predictive of the onset of menstruation, percentage body fat is significantly related to resting LH and LH reactivity in anorexia nervosa. Although percentage body fat, percentage weight loss, and absolute body weight are all significant correlates of LH reactivity, we cannot at this time conclude that any one in particular is the superior.", "contents": "Hypothalamic function as related to body weight and body fat in anorexia nervosa. Percentage body fat is predictive of the onset of menstruation at puberty. In anorexia nervosa a relationship between luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and percentage weight loss has been reported. In the current study the relationship of percentage body fat and of percentage weight loss to LH and LH reactivity was examined in anorexia nervosa. Fifteen women with anorexia nervosa were studied. The resting levels of LH were measured, and in seven of the subjects LH response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and clomiphene was tested. The increment in plasma LH was measured in response to a 100 microgram dose of LHRH, and also to a 5-day course of clomiphene 100 mg. The resting LH levels were found to correlate with percentage fat, body weight, and percentage weight loss. Correlations were also found between the response to either LHRH or clomiphene and percentage weight loss, percentage fat, and absolute body weight. Other pituitary hormones measured did not show a relationship to body fat or weight. It is concluded that in addition to being predictive of the onset of menstruation, percentage body fat is significantly related to resting LH and LH reactivity in anorexia nervosa. Although percentage body fat, percentage weight loss, and absolute body weight are all significant correlates of LH reactivity, we cannot at this time conclude that any one in particular is the superior."}
{"id": "PMID:351663", "title": "A study of the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on human mood and behavior.", "content": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone in doses up to 500 microgram was administered to 12 healthy male volunteers. Luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels increased subsequent to GnRH administration. No immediate effects of GnRH on mood and behavior were noted, though an increase in alertness, a decrease in anxiety and fatigue, and an increased speed of performance on automatized motor tasks were noted several hours after GnRH administration.", "contents": "A study of the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on human mood and behavior. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone in doses up to 500 microgram was administered to 12 healthy male volunteers. Luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels increased subsequent to GnRH administration. No immediate effects of GnRH on mood and behavior were noted, though an increase in alertness, a decrease in anxiety and fatigue, and an increased speed of performance on automatized motor tasks were noted several hours after GnRH administration."}
{"id": "PMID:351664", "title": "Medico-psychological interventions in male asthmatic children: an evaluation of physiological change.", "content": "The purpose of this study was systematically to evaluate the effectiveness of several modes of psychological intervention used with male asthmatic children being treated in the Allergy Outpatient Clinic. Therapeutic effectiveness was measured by large airway changes in respiratory function, and the number of recurrent asthmatic attacks. The psychotherapeutic modes used were Relaxation Training, Assertive Training, and combined Relaxation plus Assertive Training. All patients were administered medication by the responsible physician. The group psychotherapy experiences were controlled by using patients who received medication alone and by patients who received medication and met in a leaderless group. The effectiveness of the therapeutic interventions was determined by comparisons between pretreatment measures and measurements taken during and after the eight-week treatment program. Both Relaxation Training by itself and combined Relaxation plus Assertive Training increased respiratory functioning and reduced the number of attacks. Assertive Training alone failed to improve respiratory function and had a tendency to increase the frequency of asthmatic attacks. It was concluded that the most effective management in male asthmatic children was achieved by the combination of medical and psychological treatments.", "contents": "Medico-psychological interventions in male asthmatic children: an evaluation of physiological change. The purpose of this study was systematically to evaluate the effectiveness of several modes of psychological intervention used with male asthmatic children being treated in the Allergy Outpatient Clinic. Therapeutic effectiveness was measured by large airway changes in respiratory function, and the number of recurrent asthmatic attacks. The psychotherapeutic modes used were Relaxation Training, Assertive Training, and combined Relaxation plus Assertive Training. All patients were administered medication by the responsible physician. The group psychotherapy experiences were controlled by using patients who received medication alone and by patients who received medication and met in a leaderless group. The effectiveness of the therapeutic interventions was determined by comparisons between pretreatment measures and measurements taken during and after the eight-week treatment program. Both Relaxation Training by itself and combined Relaxation plus Assertive Training increased respiratory functioning and reduced the number of attacks. Assertive Training alone failed to improve respiratory function and had a tendency to increase the frequency of asthmatic attacks. It was concluded that the most effective management in male asthmatic children was achieved by the combination of medical and psychological treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:351693", "title": "[Detection of antibodies against rubella virus by means of radial hemolysis in gel].", "content": "Haemolysis-in-gel test for the detection of Rubella antibody has shown a good agreement with the results of haemoagglutination inhibition. This test was simple to perform, rapid, sensitive and could be well suited for screening of large numbers of serum samples.", "contents": "[Detection of antibodies against rubella virus by means of radial hemolysis in gel]. Haemolysis-in-gel test for the detection of Rubella antibody has shown a good agreement with the results of haemoagglutination inhibition. This test was simple to perform, rapid, sensitive and could be well suited for screening of large numbers of serum samples."}
{"id": "PMID:351695", "title": "[Comparison of radioimmunologic and immunoenzymatic methods in detection of Australia antigen].", "content": "A new immunoenzymatic method (enz-me-linked-immunosorbent-assay) has been compared with the radioimmunologic method, in solid-phase, for the research of HBsAg in serum analysed in normal routine. This method has evidenced a high sensitivity and correlation to the RIA test.", "contents": "[Comparison of radioimmunologic and immunoenzymatic methods in detection of Australia antigen]. A new immunoenzymatic method (enz-me-linked-immunosorbent-assay) has been compared with the radioimmunologic method, in solid-phase, for the research of HBsAg in serum analysed in normal routine. This method has evidenced a high sensitivity and correlation to the RIA test."}
{"id": "PMID:351696", "title": "[Electroimmunodiffusion reaction in the diagnosis of syphilis (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of 800 human sera, obtained from syphilitic and nonsyphilitic individuals were tested in the counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) technique with Reiter protein antigen. The sera were assayed for comparison in the following treponemal and nontreponemal tests: standard serologic tests for syphilis with cardiolipin; complement fixation (Kolmer 1/5 vol) with Reiter protein antigen (RPCF); T. pallidium immobilization (TPI) test; haemoagglutination test for T. pallidum antibodies (TPHA). The sensitivity and specificity of CIE test, its simplicity, the low cost, the possibility of practical application as a routine test for syphilis serology were discussed.", "contents": "[Electroimmunodiffusion reaction in the diagnosis of syphilis (author's transl)]. A group of 800 human sera, obtained from syphilitic and nonsyphilitic individuals were tested in the counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) technique with Reiter protein antigen. The sera were assayed for comparison in the following treponemal and nontreponemal tests: standard serologic tests for syphilis with cardiolipin; complement fixation (Kolmer 1/5 vol) with Reiter protein antigen (RPCF); T. pallidium immobilization (TPI) test; haemoagglutination test for T. pallidum antibodies (TPHA). The sensitivity and specificity of CIE test, its simplicity, the low cost, the possibility of practical application as a routine test for syphilis serology were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:351692", "title": "[Economic criminality. Problems of definition and lines of research].", "content": "After reviewing the many proposed definitions of economic criminality, which are now very numerous in specialized literature, and after considering the various critical attitudes assumed on this point by the most qualified experts on the subject, the Authors state that it is absolutely indispensable to establish an appropriate definition on which an aggreement can be reached. In fact, without such a definition it is impossible to deal with the object of interest and therefore to make any progress with the research, the legislation and the measures necessary for the prevention and repression of economic criminality. If this problem of economic criminality is discussed at the various national and international levels without the aforementioned definition, this is an indication that a popular intuition has been formed which is able to distinguish the object of interest. The most suitable lines of research are indicated in order to establish and clarify the elements of such an intuition which the Authors consider in a hypothetical light.", "contents": "[Economic criminality. Problems of definition and lines of research]. After reviewing the many proposed definitions of economic criminality, which are now very numerous in specialized literature, and after considering the various critical attitudes assumed on this point by the most qualified experts on the subject, the Authors state that it is absolutely indispensable to establish an appropriate definition on which an aggreement can be reached. In fact, without such a definition it is impossible to deal with the object of interest and therefore to make any progress with the research, the legislation and the measures necessary for the prevention and repression of economic criminality. If this problem of economic criminality is discussed at the various national and international levels without the aforementioned definition, this is an indication that a popular intuition has been formed which is able to distinguish the object of interest. The most suitable lines of research are indicated in order to establish and clarify the elements of such an intuition which the Authors consider in a hypothetical light."}
{"id": "PMID:351715", "title": "Combined use of dopamine and prostaglandin A1 in patients with acute renal failure and hepatorenal syndrome.", "content": "Dopamine and prostaglandin A1 were infused intravenously in 4 patients with the hepatorenal syndrome, in 1 patient with acute tubular necrosis, and 1 patient with cortical necrosis. Large doses of prostaglandin A1 decreased arterial blood pressure preventing increase in dosage; in contrast, high doses of dopamine elevated blood pressure. When the two drugs were administered conjointly, much larger doses of each agent could be administered without change in arterial blood pressure. Significant improvement of renal function was not observed in any of these critically ill patients during or within 24 hours after dopamine and prostaglandin A1 administration. This study demonstrated that extremely large doses of these vasodilating agents can be safely administered conjointly.", "contents": "Combined use of dopamine and prostaglandin A1 in patients with acute renal failure and hepatorenal syndrome. Dopamine and prostaglandin A1 were infused intravenously in 4 patients with the hepatorenal syndrome, in 1 patient with acute tubular necrosis, and 1 patient with cortical necrosis. Large doses of prostaglandin A1 decreased arterial blood pressure preventing increase in dosage; in contrast, high doses of dopamine elevated blood pressure. When the two drugs were administered conjointly, much larger doses of each agent could be administered without change in arterial blood pressure. Significant improvement of renal function was not observed in any of these critically ill patients during or within 24 hours after dopamine and prostaglandin A1 administration. This study demonstrated that extremely large doses of these vasodilating agents can be safely administered conjointly."}
{"id": "PMID:351716", "title": "Induction of labour with prostaglandin E2 gel in cases of intrauterine fetal death.", "content": "In established intrauterine fetal death, 20 patients were treated with prostaglandin E2 gel administered extraamniotically. The results were compared with those of another group of 20 patients who had received combined treatment. In this group, one or more of the following agents had been administered :- i.v. oxytocin, 20% NaCl solution or Premarin instilled intraamniotically, introduction of a balloon catheter or Rivanol administered extraamniotically. Average induction-abortion interval for the PG group was about 12 hours while for the second group it was about 30 hours. The side effects observed were slight in both groups. The results show that administration of PG-gel can be used with advantage in fetal demise because of the relatively short induction-abortion intervals obtained, the insignificant side effects and the low dose of PG required.", "contents": "Induction of labour with prostaglandin E2 gel in cases of intrauterine fetal death. In established intrauterine fetal death, 20 patients were treated with prostaglandin E2 gel administered extraamniotically. The results were compared with those of another group of 20 patients who had received combined treatment. In this group, one or more of the following agents had been administered :- i.v. oxytocin, 20% NaCl solution or Premarin instilled intraamniotically, introduction of a balloon catheter or Rivanol administered extraamniotically. Average induction-abortion interval for the PG group was about 12 hours while for the second group it was about 30 hours. The side effects observed were slight in both groups. The results show that administration of PG-gel can be used with advantage in fetal demise because of the relatively short induction-abortion intervals obtained, the insignificant side effects and the low dose of PG required."}
{"id": "PMID:351754", "title": "Differences in the isoelectric focussing pattern of antibodies to human serum albumin eluted from an immunoadsorbent (HSA-sepharose) with thiocyanate ions.", "content": "Anti HSA-antibodies were isolated from HSA-sepharose by direct and stepwise elution with 0.5 M, 2.0 and 3.0 M KSCN at different pH values. The antibody fractions, especially those eluted stepwise, varied in their isoelectrofocussing pattern. Nearly all antibody molecules with an isoelectric point (PI) lower than 6.5 were eluted with 0.5 M KSCN. Application of increasing KSCN concentrations led to the recovery of antibody fractions showing a parallel shift in the PI to the region higher than 7.5. These differences were not correlated with differences in antibody avidity. The effect of KSCN does not seem to be restricted to the combining sites of the antibody. The dissociation of the antibody from the antigen is apparently facilitated by an interaction of KSCN with the remainder of the antibody molecule thereby influencing the overall net charge.", "contents": "Differences in the isoelectric focussing pattern of antibodies to human serum albumin eluted from an immunoadsorbent (HSA-sepharose) with thiocyanate ions. Anti HSA-antibodies were isolated from HSA-sepharose by direct and stepwise elution with 0.5 M, 2.0 and 3.0 M KSCN at different pH values. The antibody fractions, especially those eluted stepwise, varied in their isoelectrofocussing pattern. Nearly all antibody molecules with an isoelectric point (PI) lower than 6.5 were eluted with 0.5 M KSCN. Application of increasing KSCN concentrations led to the recovery of antibody fractions showing a parallel shift in the PI to the region higher than 7.5. These differences were not correlated with differences in antibody avidity. The effect of KSCN does not seem to be restricted to the combining sites of the antibody. The dissociation of the antibody from the antigen is apparently facilitated by an interaction of KSCN with the remainder of the antibody molecule thereby influencing the overall net charge."}
{"id": "PMID:351755", "title": "Double-blind crossover comparison between a beta-adrenergic agent and a new anticholinergic agent by metered dose inhaler.", "content": "The recently developed anticholinergic agent Oxitropium bromide (OTB) by metered dose inhaler is compared in a double-blind crossover study with the beta-adrenergic agent Fenoterol (FEN). Total airway resistance and forced expiratory volume served as evaluation criteria for the bronchodilating effect. The maximum effect is reached more quickly with FEN, but the effect of OTB lasts longer. On the whole the results show that the intensity of action of the anticholinergic agent coincides to a large extent with that of the beta-adrenergic agent.", "contents": "Double-blind crossover comparison between a beta-adrenergic agent and a new anticholinergic agent by metered dose inhaler. The recently developed anticholinergic agent Oxitropium bromide (OTB) by metered dose inhaler is compared in a double-blind crossover study with the beta-adrenergic agent Fenoterol (FEN). Total airway resistance and forced expiratory volume served as evaluation criteria for the bronchodilating effect. The maximum effect is reached more quickly with FEN, but the effect of OTB lasts longer. On the whole the results show that the intensity of action of the anticholinergic agent coincides to a large extent with that of the beta-adrenergic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:351756", "title": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is not a common condition, even though asthma due to sensitization to Aspergillus antigen is very common in many countries because of the ubiquitous distribution of the fungus itself. During the course of 14 years, the Mycology Department of the V. P. Chest Institute, Delhi, has confirmed the diagnosis of ABPA in 46 patients. The present study is based on the follow-up of 17 patients for understanding the evolution of the disease. All of them had Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) in the sputum with positive type I and type III skin reaction to AF antigen. 7 patients were treated for 10 days with oral administration of Hamycin, an antibiotic isolated from one of the streptomycete species. Immediate results were very good, with marked alleviation of subjective symptoms and absence of fungi in the sputum. The drug deserves further trial.", "contents": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is not a common condition, even though asthma due to sensitization to Aspergillus antigen is very common in many countries because of the ubiquitous distribution of the fungus itself. During the course of 14 years, the Mycology Department of the V. P. Chest Institute, Delhi, has confirmed the diagnosis of ABPA in 46 patients. The present study is based on the follow-up of 17 patients for understanding the evolution of the disease. All of them had Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) in the sputum with positive type I and type III skin reaction to AF antigen. 7 patients were treated for 10 days with oral administration of Hamycin, an antibiotic isolated from one of the streptomycete species. Immediate results were very good, with marked alleviation of subjective symptoms and absence of fungi in the sputum. The drug deserves further trial."}
{"id": "PMID:351790", "title": "[Destruction, of traumatic origin, of the orbito-palpebral region and of the nasal pyramid].", "content": "Sequelae of nose and orbito-oculo-palpebral destructions from a traumatic origin can present on the therepeutical level under various aspects according to the lesions observed. Accidental damages must indeed be treated by surgical and prosthetic means. The loss of the ocular globe and of its annexes make of these traumatisms an essentially plastic problem, difficult indeed but bringing about satisfactory issues on the whole.", "contents": "[Destruction, of traumatic origin, of the orbito-palpebral region and of the nasal pyramid]. Sequelae of nose and orbito-oculo-palpebral destructions from a traumatic origin can present on the therepeutical level under various aspects according to the lesions observed. Accidental damages must indeed be treated by surgical and prosthetic means. The loss of the ocular globe and of its annexes make of these traumatisms an essentially plastic problem, difficult indeed but bringing about satisfactory issues on the whole."}
{"id": "PMID:351791", "title": "[Acid application on dental tartar as preliminary treatment before mechanical scaling].", "content": "The action of the preparation studied, containing 20% hydrochloric acid in an alcohol-chloroform medium: 1) affected both white tartar as well as the submucosal tartar, progressively replacing the phosphorus radicles of tricalcium phosphate by CL ions, transforming the insoluble tricalcium phosphate into soluble calcium chloride; 2) was practically complete in 2 minutes; 3) was more rapid on tartar than on enamel or even cement; 4) did not appear to alter the superficial structure of the tooth in 4 minutes whilst, for the same period of time, the superficial structure of the cement was deeply attacked with 50% preparations of citric acid or phosphoric acid; 5) in our trials, carried out after 4 minutes treatment, caused the tartar to undergo a relatively superficial but adequate chemical action to facilitate its removel, whilst leaving the underlying hard tissue, enamel or cement, unharmed. It would thus appear that such a substance may be used for the preparation and speeding of mechanical descaling.", "contents": "[Acid application on dental tartar as preliminary treatment before mechanical scaling]. The action of the preparation studied, containing 20% hydrochloric acid in an alcohol-chloroform medium: 1) affected both white tartar as well as the submucosal tartar, progressively replacing the phosphorus radicles of tricalcium phosphate by CL ions, transforming the insoluble tricalcium phosphate into soluble calcium chloride; 2) was practically complete in 2 minutes; 3) was more rapid on tartar than on enamel or even cement; 4) did not appear to alter the superficial structure of the tooth in 4 minutes whilst, for the same period of time, the superficial structure of the cement was deeply attacked with 50% preparations of citric acid or phosphoric acid; 5) in our trials, carried out after 4 minutes treatment, caused the tartar to undergo a relatively superficial but adequate chemical action to facilitate its removel, whilst leaving the underlying hard tissue, enamel or cement, unharmed. It would thus appear that such a substance may be used for the preparation and speeding of mechanical descaling."}
{"id": "PMID:351792", "title": "Characterization of the normoblast population in beta-thalassaemic blood by rapid-flow cytofluorometry.", "content": "Samples of peripheral blood from patients with beta-thalassaemia major which contained significant numbers of nucleated normoblasts were stained with acridine orange and analyzed with rapid-flow cytofluorometry. The pyknotic normoblast-nuclei gave less green 'DNA' fluorescence than the (diploid) leucocytes and constituted a separate, distinct subpopulation. Mean values of the fluorescence intensities and standard deviations as displayed by multichannel analyses gave a numerical value for normoblasts with regard to their maturation stages. These mean values correlated with the differential counts of 'early and late' normoblasts in the light microscope under rigidly standardized conditions. Rapid-flow cytofluorometry thus provides an objective and quantitative way to monitor and define peripheral blood normoblast populations as a measure of the severity of 'erythropoietic stress'.", "contents": "Characterization of the normoblast population in beta-thalassaemic blood by rapid-flow cytofluorometry. Samples of peripheral blood from patients with beta-thalassaemia major which contained significant numbers of nucleated normoblasts were stained with acridine orange and analyzed with rapid-flow cytofluorometry. The pyknotic normoblast-nuclei gave less green 'DNA' fluorescence than the (diploid) leucocytes and constituted a separate, distinct subpopulation. Mean values of the fluorescence intensities and standard deviations as displayed by multichannel analyses gave a numerical value for normoblasts with regard to their maturation stages. These mean values correlated with the differential counts of 'early and late' normoblasts in the light microscope under rigidly standardized conditions. Rapid-flow cytofluorometry thus provides an objective and quantitative way to monitor and define peripheral blood normoblast populations as a measure of the severity of 'erythropoietic stress'."}
{"id": "PMID:351793", "title": "Surface membrane characteristics of cells from human acute monocytic leukaemia.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory features of 4 patients with acute monocytic leukaemia are described. Surface membrane receptor studies of these patients have shown increasing strength of receptor expression occurs with increasing morphological maturity of the monocyte. In addition, the study shows that expression of membrane receptors can vary from patient to patient and also with time and treatment in an individual patient. A further finding has been the loss of positivity with specific anti-monocyte serum when the disease becomes refractory to therapy.", "contents": "Surface membrane characteristics of cells from human acute monocytic leukaemia. The clinical and laboratory features of 4 patients with acute monocytic leukaemia are described. Surface membrane receptor studies of these patients have shown increasing strength of receptor expression occurs with increasing morphological maturity of the monocyte. In addition, the study shows that expression of membrane receptors can vary from patient to patient and also with time and treatment in an individual patient. A further finding has been the loss of positivity with specific anti-monocyte serum when the disease becomes refractory to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:351794", "title": "The binding of murine IgM to Staphylococcal A protein.", "content": "The binding of Staph A protein to murine immunoglobulins has previously been thought to be restricted to the IgG2 and IgG3 classes. In this study five IgM proteins were assessed for binding, and of these one showed marked Staph A binding. Pepsin digestion of this IgM molecule produced several different sized fragments, and the binding studies with these fragments indicated that the binding site is in the CH2 domain.", "contents": "The binding of murine IgM to Staphylococcal A protein. The binding of Staph A protein to murine immunoglobulins has previously been thought to be restricted to the IgG2 and IgG3 classes. In this study five IgM proteins were assessed for binding, and of these one showed marked Staph A binding. Pepsin digestion of this IgM molecule produced several different sized fragments, and the binding studies with these fragments indicated that the binding site is in the CH2 domain."}
{"id": "PMID:351789", "title": "[EEG and biochemical considerations on 40 cirrhotic patients surgically treated by portacaval anastomosis or mesenterico-caval bypass].", "content": "Starting from biochemical hypotheses on hepatic encephalopathy, which presuppose at the basis of this disease first of all some modifications of the plasmatic values of octopamine, ammonia, serotonin and of particular aromatic aminoacids, the Authors compared the levels of ammoniemia and of octopaminemia with eegraphic data, in two groups of cirrhotic patients, operated of porto-cava anastomosis (16 patients) ad of mesenterico-cava by-pass (24 patients). All this in order to value if there are significant correlations between these values and the cerebral damage and also if there are differences between the two types of operation. Attained data show a good correlation between neuropsychiatric symptomatology and importance of the cerebral damage noticeable at the E.E.G. As to the possible correlations existing between biochemical data and E.E.G., while as to plasmatic octopamine no significant modifications were found, as to ammoniemia, highest values correspond to findings of greater cerebral compromission. Moreover, it seems that between the two types of operations, the mesenterico-cava by-pass is the one that allows a better clinical and eegraphic evolution.", "contents": "[EEG and biochemical considerations on 40 cirrhotic patients surgically treated by portacaval anastomosis or mesenterico-caval bypass]. Starting from biochemical hypotheses on hepatic encephalopathy, which presuppose at the basis of this disease first of all some modifications of the plasmatic values of octopamine, ammonia, serotonin and of particular aromatic aminoacids, the Authors compared the levels of ammoniemia and of octopaminemia with eegraphic data, in two groups of cirrhotic patients, operated of porto-cava anastomosis (16 patients) ad of mesenterico-cava by-pass (24 patients). All this in order to value if there are significant correlations between these values and the cerebral damage and also if there are differences between the two types of operation. Attained data show a good correlation between neuropsychiatric symptomatology and importance of the cerebral damage noticeable at the E.E.G. As to the possible correlations existing between biochemical data and E.E.G., while as to plasmatic octopamine no significant modifications were found, as to ammoniemia, highest values correspond to findings of greater cerebral compromission. Moreover, it seems that between the two types of operations, the mesenterico-cava by-pass is the one that allows a better clinical and eegraphic evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:351795", "title": "IgG autoantibody to human serum albumin studied by the ELISA-technique.", "content": "ELISA was applied for analysis of the HSA-human IgG autoantibody system responsible for the immunoelectrophoretic 'Tailing Albumin' (TA) phenomenon induced in most of the TA patients by prolonged nitrofurantoin therapy. Both hyperimmune porcine anti-HSA and autoimmune human anti-HSA antibodies of the IgG class were detectable by ELISA. The presence of autologous or added HSA had some inhibitory effect upon the detectability of the anti-HSA antibodies. Partial elimination of the autologous HSA by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation or salt precipitation increased or unmasked the anti-HSA activity of some TA sera. The sensitivity of the ELISA as detector of the anti-HSA autoantibodies of whole human sera was roughly equal to that of the immunoelectrophoretic TA phenomenon. The analogy of the anti-HSA autoantibodies and the rheumatoid factors and the theoretical interest of both of them is stressed.", "contents": "IgG autoantibody to human serum albumin studied by the ELISA-technique. ELISA was applied for analysis of the HSA-human IgG autoantibody system responsible for the immunoelectrophoretic 'Tailing Albumin' (TA) phenomenon induced in most of the TA patients by prolonged nitrofurantoin therapy. Both hyperimmune porcine anti-HSA and autoimmune human anti-HSA antibodies of the IgG class were detectable by ELISA. The presence of autologous or added HSA had some inhibitory effect upon the detectability of the anti-HSA antibodies. Partial elimination of the autologous HSA by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation or salt precipitation increased or unmasked the anti-HSA activity of some TA sera. The sensitivity of the ELISA as detector of the anti-HSA autoantibodies of whole human sera was roughly equal to that of the immunoelectrophoretic TA phenomenon. The analogy of the anti-HSA autoantibodies and the rheumatoid factors and the theoretical interest of both of them is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:351796", "title": "Presence of alloantigen-reactive cells in neonatally tolerized mice.", "content": "Neonatally induced fully tolerant mice possess cytotoxic effector cells, specific for the tolerizing antigens, which can be induced by polyclonal T cell activators in vivo (Con A) on in vitro (poly A:U). Therefore, clonal deletion of specific effector cells is eliminated as the mechanism by which skin grafts are retained in tolerized mice.", "contents": "Presence of alloantigen-reactive cells in neonatally tolerized mice. Neonatally induced fully tolerant mice possess cytotoxic effector cells, specific for the tolerizing antigens, which can be induced by polyclonal T cell activators in vivo (Con A) on in vitro (poly A:U). Therefore, clonal deletion of specific effector cells is eliminated as the mechanism by which skin grafts are retained in tolerized mice."}
{"id": "PMID:351798", "title": "[Quantitative and qualitative bacteriological studies on urine specimens obtained by suprapubic needle aspiration and on midstream-voided samples].", "content": "In 398 patients with suspected urinary tract infection, quantitative and qualitative bacteriological studies were conducted in urine samples obtained by suprapubic needle aspiration of the bladder (BPU) and in midstream-voided specimens (MSU) collected immediately following the aspirations. In MSU, bacteria were found in 96.5% of all cases and in BPU in only 38.2%. Of the infected MSU, 63.3% showed mixed infections, while mixed cultures were found in only 11.2% of infected BPU. In 80% of the investigated patients, the MSU contained at least one more type of bacteria than the BPU, thus indicating urethral contamination. Of the patients with bladder bacteriuria, only 74% had bacterial counts of 10(5)/ml or more in the midstream-voided urine. Accordingly, 26% of the urinary tract infections diagnosed by bladder aspiration would not have been recognized on the basis of a single bacterial count in the midstream-voided urine. On the other hand, about 4% of patients with bacterial counts of 10(5)/ml or more in the MSU had a sterile bladder aspirate. In 72.4% of the infected BPU, E. coli was found, followed in frequency by Enterococcus (14.5%). In the infected MSU, however, Enterococcus was more frequent than C. coli (65.6% and 61.7% respectively). Thus, E. coli appears to be the most important etiological species in infections of the bladder and the kidneys, while Enterococcus seems to be the most frequent contaminant during urethral passage. The most frequent bacterial combination in mixed cultures in both BPU and MSU was that of E. coli and Enterococcus.", "contents": "[Quantitative and qualitative bacteriological studies on urine specimens obtained by suprapubic needle aspiration and on midstream-voided samples]. In 398 patients with suspected urinary tract infection, quantitative and qualitative bacteriological studies were conducted in urine samples obtained by suprapubic needle aspiration of the bladder (BPU) and in midstream-voided specimens (MSU) collected immediately following the aspirations. In MSU, bacteria were found in 96.5% of all cases and in BPU in only 38.2%. Of the infected MSU, 63.3% showed mixed infections, while mixed cultures were found in only 11.2% of infected BPU. In 80% of the investigated patients, the MSU contained at least one more type of bacteria than the BPU, thus indicating urethral contamination. Of the patients with bladder bacteriuria, only 74% had bacterial counts of 10(5)/ml or more in the midstream-voided urine. Accordingly, 26% of the urinary tract infections diagnosed by bladder aspiration would not have been recognized on the basis of a single bacterial count in the midstream-voided urine. On the other hand, about 4% of patients with bacterial counts of 10(5)/ml or more in the MSU had a sterile bladder aspirate. In 72.4% of the infected BPU, E. coli was found, followed in frequency by Enterococcus (14.5%). In the infected MSU, however, Enterococcus was more frequent than C. coli (65.6% and 61.7% respectively). Thus, E. coli appears to be the most important etiological species in infections of the bladder and the kidneys, while Enterococcus seems to be the most frequent contaminant during urethral passage. The most frequent bacterial combination in mixed cultures in both BPU and MSU was that of E. coli and Enterococcus."}
{"id": "PMID:351799", "title": "[Reconstruction of the breast after mastectomy].", "content": "A wider use of reconstructive surgery of the breast has become possible since Patey-modified mastectomy has been preferred to Halsted classic radical mastectomy for operable breast cancer and routine use of postoperative radiotherapy discontinued in patients eligible for adjuvant chemotherapy. Reconstructive techniques are reviewed and pitfalls subjected to careful scrutiny. It is thought that women might be encouraged to seek earlier medical advice after noticing a lump in the breast if they are alive to the prospect of possibile restoration of the contours of the breast after ablative surgery.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the breast after mastectomy]. A wider use of reconstructive surgery of the breast has become possible since Patey-modified mastectomy has been preferred to Halsted classic radical mastectomy for operable breast cancer and routine use of postoperative radiotherapy discontinued in patients eligible for adjuvant chemotherapy. Reconstructive techniques are reviewed and pitfalls subjected to careful scrutiny. It is thought that women might be encouraged to seek earlier medical advice after noticing a lump in the breast if they are alive to the prospect of possibile restoration of the contours of the breast after ablative surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:351800", "title": "[Tumors of the efferent parts of the urinary tract and abuse of analgesics].", "content": "Since 1965, when Swedish authors first suggested that analgesic abuse could cause uroepithelial tumors associated with or without analgesic nephropathy, an increasing number of cases have been reported from many parts of the world. In a retrospective analysis of all patients admitted to the medical department of the University Hospital in Basel from 1966 to 1976, records of 20 patients with analgesic nephropathy and tumors of the urinary tract (excluding hypernephroma) were found (17 uroepithelial tumors, 2 sarcomas, 1 chorionepithelioma). Typical symptoms, outcome and actuarial survival of the patients with uroepithelial tumors are summarized. Phenacetin as the common ingredient in analgesic mixtures has been regarded as carcinogenic, since some of its metabolites are similar in chemical structure to well-known industrial carcinogens. In animal experiments malignant tumors have in fact been induced with 2-hydroxylated metabolites and areneoxydes of phenacetin and paracetamol, and there is even more convincing evidence of the carcinogenic properties of N-oxydized metabolites such as N-hydroxy-phenetidine and N-hydroxy-phenacetin. Dimethylnitrosamine formed from aminophenazone appears to be improbable as a cause of uroepithelial tumors associated with analgesic abuse, since aminophenazone has not been a common ingredient of analgesic mixtures in Australia, where the incidence of uroepithelial tumors appears to be as high as in Sweden, where abuse of aminophenazone-containing analgesics has been massive.", "contents": "[Tumors of the efferent parts of the urinary tract and abuse of analgesics]. Since 1965, when Swedish authors first suggested that analgesic abuse could cause uroepithelial tumors associated with or without analgesic nephropathy, an increasing number of cases have been reported from many parts of the world. In a retrospective analysis of all patients admitted to the medical department of the University Hospital in Basel from 1966 to 1976, records of 20 patients with analgesic nephropathy and tumors of the urinary tract (excluding hypernephroma) were found (17 uroepithelial tumors, 2 sarcomas, 1 chorionepithelioma). Typical symptoms, outcome and actuarial survival of the patients with uroepithelial tumors are summarized. Phenacetin as the common ingredient in analgesic mixtures has been regarded as carcinogenic, since some of its metabolites are similar in chemical structure to well-known industrial carcinogens. In animal experiments malignant tumors have in fact been induced with 2-hydroxylated metabolites and areneoxydes of phenacetin and paracetamol, and there is even more convincing evidence of the carcinogenic properties of N-oxydized metabolites such as N-hydroxy-phenetidine and N-hydroxy-phenacetin. Dimethylnitrosamine formed from aminophenazone appears to be improbable as a cause of uroepithelial tumors associated with analgesic abuse, since aminophenazone has not been a common ingredient of analgesic mixtures in Australia, where the incidence of uroepithelial tumors appears to be as high as in Sweden, where abuse of aminophenazone-containing analgesics has been massive."}
{"id": "PMID:351801", "title": "Chloroquine resistance produced in vitro in an African strain of human malaria.", "content": "After condinous cultivation in the presence of chloroquine, an African strain of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparu, acquired resistance to the drug. The resistance was stable and comparable in vitro to that occurring naturally in a strain from Southeast Asia. This suggests that chloroquine resistance, absent until now in Africa, might arise in the future.", "contents": "Chloroquine resistance produced in vitro in an African strain of human malaria. After condinous cultivation in the presence of chloroquine, an African strain of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparu, acquired resistance to the drug. The resistance was stable and comparable in vitro to that occurring naturally in a strain from Southeast Asia. This suggests that chloroquine resistance, absent until now in Africa, might arise in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:351802", "title": "Neural organization and evolution of thermal regulation in mammals.", "content": "This article proposes a modification of the currently accepted view of the central neural integration of body temperature. In place of a single integrator with multiple inputs and outputs, the new model includes as many integrators as there are thermoregulatory responses. Futhermore, these integrators are postulated to be represented at many levels of the nervous system, with each level facilitated or inhibited by levels above and below. The purpose of such a complicated arrangement is to achieve finer and finer control over body temperature. A consideration of how endothermy might have evolved, with originally nonthermally related responses gradually coming under thermal control, makes such a brain organization highly reasonable.", "contents": "Neural organization and evolution of thermal regulation in mammals. This article proposes a modification of the currently accepted view of the central neural integration of body temperature. In place of a single integrator with multiple inputs and outputs, the new model includes as many integrators as there are thermoregulatory responses. Futhermore, these integrators are postulated to be represented at many levels of the nervous system, with each level facilitated or inhibited by levels above and below. The purpose of such a complicated arrangement is to achieve finer and finer control over body temperature. A consideration of how endothermy might have evolved, with originally nonthermally related responses gradually coming under thermal control, makes such a brain organization highly reasonable."}
{"id": "PMID:351803", "title": "Attraction by repellents: an error in sensory information processing by bacterial mutants.", "content": "Normal Escherichia coli bacteria are repelled by acetate, benzoate, and indole and attracted by alpha-aminoisobutyrate. We have isolated mutants that are attracted to acetate, benzoate, and indole and may be repelled by alpha-aminoisobutyrate. These reversed-taxis mutants are defective in a central processing component: a set of methylated proteins known as MCP 1. The mechanism of reversal of taxis is discussed.", "contents": "Attraction by repellents: an error in sensory information processing by bacterial mutants. Normal Escherichia coli bacteria are repelled by acetate, benzoate, and indole and attracted by alpha-aminoisobutyrate. We have isolated mutants that are attracted to acetate, benzoate, and indole and may be repelled by alpha-aminoisobutyrate. These reversed-taxis mutants are defective in a central processing component: a set of methylated proteins known as MCP 1. The mechanism of reversal of taxis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:351804", "title": "Effects of naloxone on schizophrenia: reduction in hallucinations in a subpopulation of subjects.", "content": "Endogenous opiate-like peptides (endorphins) are putative neuroregulators located throughout the mammalian brainstem. There is some evidence for their role in pain, stress, and affect. We report that the opiate antagonist, naloxone, alters some schizophrenic symptoms. In a double-blind, cross-over study, naloxone produced decreases in auditory hallucinations in some schizophrenic patients. This finding supports the hypothesis that the endorphins may play a roll in modulating hallucinations in a highly selected subgroup of chronically hallucinating schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Effects of naloxone on schizophrenia: reduction in hallucinations in a subpopulation of subjects. Endogenous opiate-like peptides (endorphins) are putative neuroregulators located throughout the mammalian brainstem. There is some evidence for their role in pain, stress, and affect. We report that the opiate antagonist, naloxone, alters some schizophrenic symptoms. In a double-blind, cross-over study, naloxone produced decreases in auditory hallucinations in some schizophrenic patients. This finding supports the hypothesis that the endorphins may play a roll in modulating hallucinations in a highly selected subgroup of chronically hallucinating schizophrenic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:351805", "title": "Irreversible gene repression model for control of development.", "content": "As the pluripotent cells of early embryos differentiate, each progressively loses the potency to develop into several phenotypes. Ultimately, each cell becomes irreversibly restricted to the expression of a single phenotype. Although in many instances details regarding those restriction events are well known, there is little information concerning the nature of the gene transcription changes involved. A model that accounts for the diminution of developmental potential as resulting from progressive, irreversible repression of previously active genes is presented. A scheme of progressive gene repression, rather than selective gene activation, is most consistent with observations from experimental embryology as well as from more recent biochemical experimentation.", "contents": "Irreversible gene repression model for control of development. As the pluripotent cells of early embryos differentiate, each progressively loses the potency to develop into several phenotypes. Ultimately, each cell becomes irreversibly restricted to the expression of a single phenotype. Although in many instances details regarding those restriction events are well known, there is little information concerning the nature of the gene transcription changes involved. A model that accounts for the diminution of developmental potential as resulting from progressive, irreversible repression of previously active genes is presented. A scheme of progressive gene repression, rather than selective gene activation, is most consistent with observations from experimental embryology as well as from more recent biochemical experimentation."}
{"id": "PMID:351806", "title": "A fertility reaction to a historical event: southern white birthrates and the 1954 desegregation ruling.", "content": "On 17 May 1954 the Supreme Court, in its decision in Brown v. Board of Education, declared de jure segregation of the public schools to be unconstitutional. It is argued here that a consequence of that decision was a decline in childbearing among white Southerners. In the nation as a whole, period fertility rates increased between 1954 and 1955, but in 9 of the 11 former Confederate states they decreased. Further analysis shows that these Southern fertility decreases began about 12 months after the Supreme Court decision. This variation in behavior in reaction to a historical event has important implications for the explanation and prediction of fertility.", "contents": "A fertility reaction to a historical event: southern white birthrates and the 1954 desegregation ruling. On 17 May 1954 the Supreme Court, in its decision in Brown v. Board of Education, declared de jure segregation of the public schools to be unconstitutional. It is argued here that a consequence of that decision was a decline in childbearing among white Southerners. In the nation as a whole, period fertility rates increased between 1954 and 1955, but in 9 of the 11 former Confederate states they decreased. Further analysis shows that these Southern fertility decreases began about 12 months after the Supreme Court decision. This variation in behavior in reaction to a historical event has important implications for the explanation and prediction of fertility."}
{"id": "PMID:351807", "title": "Physostigmine: improvement of long-term memory processes in normal humans.", "content": "Nineteen normal male subjects received 1.0 milligram of physostigmine or 1.0 milligram of saline by a slow intravenous infusion on two nonconsecutive days. Physostigmine significantly enhanced storage of information into long-term memory. Retrieval of information from long-term memory was also improved. Short-term memory processes were not significantly altered by physostigmine.", "contents": "Physostigmine: improvement of long-term memory processes in normal humans. Nineteen normal male subjects received 1.0 milligram of physostigmine or 1.0 milligram of saline by a slow intravenous infusion on two nonconsecutive days. Physostigmine significantly enhanced storage of information into long-term memory. Retrieval of information from long-term memory was also improved. Short-term memory processes were not significantly altered by physostigmine."}
{"id": "PMID:351808", "title": "Human serial learning: enhancement with arecholine and choline impairment with scopolamine.", "content": "Arecholine (4 milligrams), a cholinergic agonist, and choline (10 grams), a precursor of acetylcholine, significantly enhanced serial learning in normal human subjects. The subjects received methscopolamine prior to both arecholine and placebo injections. Conversely, scopolamine (0.5 milligram), a cholinergic antagonist, impaired learning and this impairment was reversed by arecholine and choline and the impairment after scopolamine were inversely proportional to the subject's performance on placebo; that is, \"poor\" performers were more vulnerable to both the enhancing effect of cholinergic agonist and precursor and the impairment after cholinergic antagonist than \"good\" performers.", "contents": "Human serial learning: enhancement with arecholine and choline impairment with scopolamine. Arecholine (4 milligrams), a cholinergic agonist, and choline (10 grams), a precursor of acetylcholine, significantly enhanced serial learning in normal human subjects. The subjects received methscopolamine prior to both arecholine and placebo injections. Conversely, scopolamine (0.5 milligram), a cholinergic antagonist, impaired learning and this impairment was reversed by arecholine and choline and the impairment after scopolamine were inversely proportional to the subject's performance on placebo; that is, \"poor\" performers were more vulnerable to both the enhancing effect of cholinergic agonist and precursor and the impairment after cholinergic antagonist than \"good\" performers."}
{"id": "PMID:351810", "title": "Adherence of group A streptococci to pharyngeal cells: a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever.", "content": "We used an assay in vitro to investigate the possible role of streptococcal adherence to human pharyngeal cells in the pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever. There was no difference in adherence of rheumatic fever-associated and non-associated strains of group A streptococci to pooled pharyngeal cells of normal people. Likewise, streptococci not associated with rheumatic fever adhered equally well to cells taken from normal people and from patients with rheumatic heart disease. However, the pharyngeal cells of all nine rheumatic heart disease patients tested had increased avidity for adherence for a rheumatic fever-associated strain of streptococcus compared to the pharyngeal cells obtained from age- and sex-matched controls. Increased streptococcal adherence to pharyngeal cells of rheumatic fever-prone patients may play a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever.", "contents": "Adherence of group A streptococci to pharyngeal cells: a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever. We used an assay in vitro to investigate the possible role of streptococcal adherence to human pharyngeal cells in the pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever. There was no difference in adherence of rheumatic fever-associated and non-associated strains of group A streptococci to pooled pharyngeal cells of normal people. Likewise, streptococci not associated with rheumatic fever adhered equally well to cells taken from normal people and from patients with rheumatic heart disease. However, the pharyngeal cells of all nine rheumatic heart disease patients tested had increased avidity for adherence for a rheumatic fever-associated strain of streptococcus compared to the pharyngeal cells obtained from age- and sex-matched controls. Increased streptococcal adherence to pharyngeal cells of rheumatic fever-prone patients may play a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever."}
{"id": "PMID:351811", "title": "Enkephalin-containing neurons visualized in spinal cord cell cultures.", "content": "Neuronal cells, axons, and terminals containing immunoreactive enkephalin have been visualized in cultures of dissociated fetal spinal cord. These cultures may provide a valuable system in which to explore the effects of chronic drug treatment on the physiology of enkephalin-containing cells and their interactions with other cells.", "contents": "Enkephalin-containing neurons visualized in spinal cord cell cultures. Neuronal cells, axons, and terminals containing immunoreactive enkephalin have been visualized in cultures of dissociated fetal spinal cord. These cultures may provide a valuable system in which to explore the effects of chronic drug treatment on the physiology of enkephalin-containing cells and their interactions with other cells."}
{"id": "PMID:351814", "title": "Double-blind comparison of lidocaine and etidocaine during continuous epidural anesthesia for vaginal delivery.", "content": "Etidocaine 0.5% plain, etidocaine 0.5% with epinephrine 1:200,000 and lidocaine 1% with epinephrine 1:200,000 were compared in a series of patients receiving epidural anesthesia for vaginal delivery. Results, based on data from 48 patients, showed a significant increase in the duration of action (P is less than .01%), the degree of sensory analgesia (P is less than .02%) and the degree of motor blockade (P is less than .01%) in the group that received etidocaine with epinephrine compared to the remaining groups. There were no significant differences in the duration of labor or the number of complications. It was concluded that etidocaine and lidocaine in the concentrations used were unsatisfactory for labor and delivery.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of lidocaine and etidocaine during continuous epidural anesthesia for vaginal delivery. Etidocaine 0.5% plain, etidocaine 0.5% with epinephrine 1:200,000 and lidocaine 1% with epinephrine 1:200,000 were compared in a series of patients receiving epidural anesthesia for vaginal delivery. Results, based on data from 48 patients, showed a significant increase in the duration of action (P is less than .01%), the degree of sensory analgesia (P is less than .02%) and the degree of motor blockade (P is less than .01%) in the group that received etidocaine with epinephrine compared to the remaining groups. There were no significant differences in the duration of labor or the number of complications. It was concluded that etidocaine and lidocaine in the concentrations used were unsatisfactory for labor and delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:351815", "title": "Saturday Conference: a clinician looks at the aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "Aminoglycoside antibiotics provide physicians with valuable drugs for coping with serious, often hospital-acquired gram-negative rod infections which are occurring with increasing frequency. Use of these agents may be advantageous and even lifesaving. There are potential hazards associated with their administration. Narrow therapeutic indices coupled with susceptibility to degradation by resistant bacteria should temper our enthusiasm for aminoglycosides.", "contents": "Saturday Conference: a clinician looks at the aminoglycoside antibiotics. Aminoglycoside antibiotics provide physicians with valuable drugs for coping with serious, often hospital-acquired gram-negative rod infections which are occurring with increasing frequency. Use of these agents may be advantageous and even lifesaving. There are potential hazards associated with their administration. Narrow therapeutic indices coupled with susceptibility to degradation by resistant bacteria should temper our enthusiasm for aminoglycosides."}
{"id": "PMID:351818", "title": "A bacteriological study of some frozen and nonfrozen foods.", "content": "Over a period of 19 months, a total of 331 food samples were submitted to the Food Section of the Bacteriology Division for bacteriological examination. These included 184 samples of frozen seafoods from exporters and 147 samples of fresh, nonfrozen foods from food caterers. The total bacterial count for frozen seafoods ranged from 1 x 10(2) to 2.98 x 10(6) per gm with a mean of 2.14 x 10(5) per gm. Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were present in 48.9%, 3.3% and 8.2% of the samples examined respectively. Two of the cooked prawn samples showed the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. For the fresh, nonfrozen foods, the total bacterial count ranged from 1 x 10(2) to 3.87 x 10(6) per gm with a mean of 2.58 x 10(5) per gm. The examination also showed that 74.8% were coliform positive, 14.9% were E. coli positive, and 4.8% were S. aureus positive. V. parahaemolyticus was not isolated in any of the samples tested. Other pathogens, namely, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella and Shigella were not isolated from any of the foods examined. The bacterial levels in these foods were determined and their sanitary and public health significance is discussed.", "contents": "A bacteriological study of some frozen and nonfrozen foods. Over a period of 19 months, a total of 331 food samples were submitted to the Food Section of the Bacteriology Division for bacteriological examination. These included 184 samples of frozen seafoods from exporters and 147 samples of fresh, nonfrozen foods from food caterers. The total bacterial count for frozen seafoods ranged from 1 x 10(2) to 2.98 x 10(6) per gm with a mean of 2.14 x 10(5) per gm. Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were present in 48.9%, 3.3% and 8.2% of the samples examined respectively. Two of the cooked prawn samples showed the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. For the fresh, nonfrozen foods, the total bacterial count ranged from 1 x 10(2) to 3.87 x 10(6) per gm with a mean of 2.58 x 10(5) per gm. The examination also showed that 74.8% were coliform positive, 14.9% were E. coli positive, and 4.8% were S. aureus positive. V. parahaemolyticus was not isolated in any of the samples tested. Other pathogens, namely, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella and Shigella were not isolated from any of the foods examined. The bacterial levels in these foods were determined and their sanitary and public health significance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:351819", "title": "Diarrhoeal disorders of bacterial origin in Jakarta.", "content": "During a 21-month period from April 1974 to February 1976, 948 children with gastroenteritis were studied. Aetiologic agents were identified in 43% of these patients. Isolates were identified as follows: V. cholera El Tor, 273 (67%); Salmonella enteritidis, 64 (16%); enteropathogenic E. coli, 28 (7%); Shigella, 28 (7%); Vibrio (NAG), 9 (2%): and V. parahaemolyticus, 7,2%). Gastroenteritis with dehydration is a serious continuing pediatric problem in Jakarta, constituting 30% of admissions to Sumber Waras hospital. The incidence of both cholera and salmonellosis increased during the past 2 years, as judged by the distribution of enteric bacteria isolated from the rectal swabs of gastroenteritis patients in Sumber Waras hospital.", "contents": "Diarrhoeal disorders of bacterial origin in Jakarta. During a 21-month period from April 1974 to February 1976, 948 children with gastroenteritis were studied. Aetiologic agents were identified in 43% of these patients. Isolates were identified as follows: V. cholera El Tor, 273 (67%); Salmonella enteritidis, 64 (16%); enteropathogenic E. coli, 28 (7%); Shigella, 28 (7%); Vibrio (NAG), 9 (2%): and V. parahaemolyticus, 7,2%). Gastroenteritis with dehydration is a serious continuing pediatric problem in Jakarta, constituting 30% of admissions to Sumber Waras hospital. The incidence of both cholera and salmonellosis increased during the past 2 years, as judged by the distribution of enteric bacteria isolated from the rectal swabs of gastroenteritis patients in Sumber Waras hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:351820", "title": "Heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and intestinal protozoa in asymptomatic travellers.", "content": "Thirty-two asymptomatic travellers who had recently journeyed in the Near, Middle, and Far East and had experienced a high incidence of diarrhoeal disease were screened for heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ent+ E. coli) and other bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Six percent were colonized with ent+ E. coli and while other bacterial pathogens were not found, the intestinal protozoa Giardia lamblia (13%), Entamoeba histolytica (6%), Entamoeba coli (6%), Endolimax nana (6%), and Entamoeba hartmanni (3%) were detected in the stools. Ent+ E. coli, G. lamblia and E. histolytica should be considered in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease in travellers returning from the Orient. Furthermore, these travellers may be a potential source for the introduction of ent+ E. coli into communities where such organisms are relatively rare.", "contents": "Heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and intestinal protozoa in asymptomatic travellers. Thirty-two asymptomatic travellers who had recently journeyed in the Near, Middle, and Far East and had experienced a high incidence of diarrhoeal disease were screened for heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ent+ E. coli) and other bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Six percent were colonized with ent+ E. coli and while other bacterial pathogens were not found, the intestinal protozoa Giardia lamblia (13%), Entamoeba histolytica (6%), Entamoeba coli (6%), Endolimax nana (6%), and Entamoeba hartmanni (3%) were detected in the stools. Ent+ E. coli, G. lamblia and E. histolytica should be considered in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease in travellers returning from the Orient. Furthermore, these travellers may be a potential source for the introduction of ent+ E. coli into communities where such organisms are relatively rare."}
{"id": "PMID:351827", "title": "Fracture dislocation of the cervical spine. Value of anterior approach with bovine bone interbody fusion.", "content": "Twenty surgically treated cases of fracture dislocation of the cervical spine are presented. All patients had hyperflexion injuries with associated rupture of the intervertebral disc. All patients were operated on through an anterior surgical approach. Ten consecutive patients had interbody fusion with autogenous bone and ten consecutive patients were fused anteriorly with bovine (Kiel) bone. All patients' injuries fused satisfactorily. There was no significant difference between the use of autogenous bone and bovine bone.", "contents": "Fracture dislocation of the cervical spine. Value of anterior approach with bovine bone interbody fusion. Twenty surgically treated cases of fracture dislocation of the cervical spine are presented. All patients had hyperflexion injuries with associated rupture of the intervertebral disc. All patients were operated on through an anterior surgical approach. Ten consecutive patients had interbody fusion with autogenous bone and ten consecutive patients were fused anteriorly with bovine (Kiel) bone. All patients' injuries fused satisfactorily. There was no significant difference between the use of autogenous bone and bovine bone."}
{"id": "PMID:351837", "title": "Cadaveric renal preservation with hyperosmolar, intracellular hypothermic washout solution and cold storage.", "content": "All 54 kidneys obtained from heart-beating cadavers functioned when preserved by a brief washout using a hypothermic, hyperosmolar, hyperkalemic perfusate, followed by cold storage. The duration of preservation ranged from two hours and 57 minutes to 39 hours and 47 minutes. Two other kidneys retrieved from a nonheart-beating cadaver and preserved by the same technique failed to function because of irreversible acute tubular necrosis. Fifty-six consecutive transplant patients were divided into four groups according to the period of preservation. There was no correlation between graft rejection, frequency of post-transplant dialysis, long term graft function and survival time, when the duration of preservation was less than 24 hours. The advantages of this technique included technical simplicity, low cost, minimal risk of graft infection and easy transportation. The two primary disadvantages were an apparent 24 to 30 hour limit of organ preservation with prompt function and the inability to determine intrarenal perfusion pressure during preservation, thereby missing an important parameter of graft viability.", "contents": "Cadaveric renal preservation with hyperosmolar, intracellular hypothermic washout solution and cold storage. All 54 kidneys obtained from heart-beating cadavers functioned when preserved by a brief washout using a hypothermic, hyperosmolar, hyperkalemic perfusate, followed by cold storage. The duration of preservation ranged from two hours and 57 minutes to 39 hours and 47 minutes. Two other kidneys retrieved from a nonheart-beating cadaver and preserved by the same technique failed to function because of irreversible acute tubular necrosis. Fifty-six consecutive transplant patients were divided into four groups according to the period of preservation. There was no correlation between graft rejection, frequency of post-transplant dialysis, long term graft function and survival time, when the duration of preservation was less than 24 hours. The advantages of this technique included technical simplicity, low cost, minimal risk of graft infection and easy transportation. The two primary disadvantages were an apparent 24 to 30 hour limit of organ preservation with prompt function and the inability to determine intrarenal perfusion pressure during preservation, thereby missing an important parameter of graft viability."}
{"id": "PMID:351838", "title": "Understanding postoperative fatigue.", "content": "Performance characteristics of the central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems in man postoperatively have received little investigative attention, despite the well known syndrome of postoperative fatigue. The impairmen in perception and psychomotor skills that has been shown to result from caloric restriction, bedrest, sedation and sleep deprivation suggests that a similar deficit may occur after surgical procedures. After a simple elective surgical procedure, maximal oxygen uptake decreases and the adaptability of heart rate to submaximal workloads is impaired. Similar deleterious effects on cardiorespiratory performance have been documented with starvation and bedrest; an understanding of cardiorespiratory performance postoperatively awaits further investigation. Maximal muscular force of contraction is also impaired by caloric restriction and bedrest, suggesting that similar effects may be seen in the postoperative state, although this has not been studied. A better understanding of the syndrome of postoperative fatigue could be achieved by a descriptive analysis of physiologic performance postoperatively. Such descriptive data could form the basis for objective evaluation of therapeutic measures intended to improve performance, such as nutritional supplementation and pharmacologic intervention. The observation that exercise with the patient in the supine position may decrease the impairment in maximal aerobic power otherwise expected in immobilized patients suggests that controlled exercise therapy may be of value in reducing physiologic impairment postoperatively.", "contents": "Understanding postoperative fatigue. Performance characteristics of the central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems in man postoperatively have received little investigative attention, despite the well known syndrome of postoperative fatigue. The impairmen in perception and psychomotor skills that has been shown to result from caloric restriction, bedrest, sedation and sleep deprivation suggests that a similar deficit may occur after surgical procedures. After a simple elective surgical procedure, maximal oxygen uptake decreases and the adaptability of heart rate to submaximal workloads is impaired. Similar deleterious effects on cardiorespiratory performance have been documented with starvation and bedrest; an understanding of cardiorespiratory performance postoperatively awaits further investigation. Maximal muscular force of contraction is also impaired by caloric restriction and bedrest, suggesting that similar effects may be seen in the postoperative state, although this has not been studied. A better understanding of the syndrome of postoperative fatigue could be achieved by a descriptive analysis of physiologic performance postoperatively. Such descriptive data could form the basis for objective evaluation of therapeutic measures intended to improve performance, such as nutritional supplementation and pharmacologic intervention. The observation that exercise with the patient in the supine position may decrease the impairment in maximal aerobic power otherwise expected in immobilized patients suggests that controlled exercise therapy may be of value in reducing physiologic impairment postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:351848", "title": "A comparison of oral and inhaled steroids in patients with chronic airways obstruction: features determining response.", "content": "Two trials comparing aerosol and oral steroid treatment were carried out in patients with chronic airways obstruction. All patients had a history of chronic productive cough and an FEV1 less than 70% predicted but did not have episodic or seasonal breathlessness with wheezing. One trial involved 18 outpatients, the other 18 inpatients. Both studies involved three consecutive treatment periods, the first with placebo aerosol, the second with active aerosol (betamethasone valerate, 800 microgram/day), and the third with oral prednisone or prednisolone (30 mg/day). Six patients showed a significant improvement in ventilatory capacity on steroids. Initial assessment included a comprehensive history using a questionnaire, skin tests, blood and sputum eosinophil counts, and chest radiography. In addition, for the inpatients, response to isoprenaline, daily sputum volume, and PaCO2 were measured. Only blood eosinophilia and variability in ventilatory capacity during the placebo period seemed indicative of a likely response to steroids. However, there was a large overlap between various features on assessment in the responders and non-responders, and the management of every patient with chronic airways obstruction should include a controlled trial of steroids. The steroid aerosol produced a good improvement in ventilatory capacity in the responsive patients who were hospitalised and this was thought to be helped by supervision of aerosol technique. Such an aerosol could therefore be used for a steroid trial although oral steroids were found to give a more definitive response.", "contents": "A comparison of oral and inhaled steroids in patients with chronic airways obstruction: features determining response. Two trials comparing aerosol and oral steroid treatment were carried out in patients with chronic airways obstruction. All patients had a history of chronic productive cough and an FEV1 less than 70% predicted but did not have episodic or seasonal breathlessness with wheezing. One trial involved 18 outpatients, the other 18 inpatients. Both studies involved three consecutive treatment periods, the first with placebo aerosol, the second with active aerosol (betamethasone valerate, 800 microgram/day), and the third with oral prednisone or prednisolone (30 mg/day). Six patients showed a significant improvement in ventilatory capacity on steroids. Initial assessment included a comprehensive history using a questionnaire, skin tests, blood and sputum eosinophil counts, and chest radiography. In addition, for the inpatients, response to isoprenaline, daily sputum volume, and PaCO2 were measured. Only blood eosinophilia and variability in ventilatory capacity during the placebo period seemed indicative of a likely response to steroids. However, there was a large overlap between various features on assessment in the responders and non-responders, and the management of every patient with chronic airways obstruction should include a controlled trial of steroids. The steroid aerosol produced a good improvement in ventilatory capacity in the responsive patients who were hospitalised and this was thought to be helped by supervision of aerosol technique. Such an aerosol could therefore be used for a steroid trial although oral steroids were found to give a more definitive response."}
{"id": "PMID:351849", "title": "Comparison of reports on lung function tests made by chest physicians with those made by a simple computer program.", "content": "The numerical results of 60 sets of pulmonary function tests were submitted to five consultant chest physicians for independent reporting. The chest physicians' reports were compared with the reports generated by the on-line computer reporting system in routine use in the pulmonary function laboratory at Westminster Hospital. There was good agreement between the reports of the chest physicians among themselves and with the computer. The individual reports were compared with the consensus opinions of the physicians and the computer. The computer's decisions differed from the consensus opinion in 4.6% of instances. The comparable figures for the five physicians were respectively 2.9%, 2.9%, 2.9%, 4.0%, and 4.6%. Decisions differing from the consensus were due to mistakes or actual sustained disagreements of opinion. The physicians made more mistakes than the computer even though they were performing under test conditions. They made up for this, however, by producing fewer genuine disagreements from the consensus opinions. It is concluded that in routine day-to-day practice the computer report will be as consistently useful as the chest physicians' reports and more immediately available.", "contents": "Comparison of reports on lung function tests made by chest physicians with those made by a simple computer program. The numerical results of 60 sets of pulmonary function tests were submitted to five consultant chest physicians for independent reporting. The chest physicians' reports were compared with the reports generated by the on-line computer reporting system in routine use in the pulmonary function laboratory at Westminster Hospital. There was good agreement between the reports of the chest physicians among themselves and with the computer. The individual reports were compared with the consensus opinions of the physicians and the computer. The computer's decisions differed from the consensus opinion in 4.6% of instances. The comparable figures for the five physicians were respectively 2.9%, 2.9%, 2.9%, 4.0%, and 4.6%. Decisions differing from the consensus were due to mistakes or actual sustained disagreements of opinion. The physicians made more mistakes than the computer even though they were performing under test conditions. They made up for this, however, by producing fewer genuine disagreements from the consensus opinions. It is concluded that in routine day-to-day practice the computer report will be as consistently useful as the chest physicians' reports and more immediately available."}
{"id": "PMID:351859", "title": "Diethylhexyl phthalate as a factor in blood transfusion and haemodialysis.", "content": "Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), the most frequently occurring plasticiser in medical equipment manufactured from polymers of vinyl chloride, forms about 40% w/w of tubes and containers used for storing blood and for haemodialysis. The plasticiser leaches out into liquids with lipid contents, although it is very sparingly soluble in purely aqueous solutions. On infusion of 2-3 1 of stored blood, up to 200 mg DEHP may be transferred to the patient, while much higher quantities may be given during dialysis, which is moreover often repeated frequently over long periods. The acute toxicity of DEHP is very low (greater than 20 g/kg as LD50 in rats), and the ester is rapidly metabolised to products which are excreted in the urine and bile; chronic toxicity from the levels of dosage obtaining is thus very improbable. Carcenogenicity has never been demonstrable in animals, while teratological effects are of a very low order. Serious acute results observed after transfusion of neonates have not been proved to be caused by DEHP, and might be ascribable to accompanying foreign substances. Atheroma in chronic dialysis subjects is still unexplained, but hepatitis probably caused by diethylphthalate from plastic was resolved when apparatus plasticised by DEHP alone was substituted. The benefits of DEHP appear vastly to outweigh any risks. The status of DEHP as environmental contaminant is noted.", "contents": "Diethylhexyl phthalate as a factor in blood transfusion and haemodialysis. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), the most frequently occurring plasticiser in medical equipment manufactured from polymers of vinyl chloride, forms about 40% w/w of tubes and containers used for storing blood and for haemodialysis. The plasticiser leaches out into liquids with lipid contents, although it is very sparingly soluble in purely aqueous solutions. On infusion of 2-3 1 of stored blood, up to 200 mg DEHP may be transferred to the patient, while much higher quantities may be given during dialysis, which is moreover often repeated frequently over long periods. The acute toxicity of DEHP is very low (greater than 20 g/kg as LD50 in rats), and the ester is rapidly metabolised to products which are excreted in the urine and bile; chronic toxicity from the levels of dosage obtaining is thus very improbable. Carcenogenicity has never been demonstrable in animals, while teratological effects are of a very low order. Serious acute results observed after transfusion of neonates have not been proved to be caused by DEHP, and might be ascribable to accompanying foreign substances. Atheroma in chronic dialysis subjects is still unexplained, but hepatitis probably caused by diethylphthalate from plastic was resolved when apparatus plasticised by DEHP alone was substituted. The benefits of DEHP appear vastly to outweigh any risks. The status of DEHP as environmental contaminant is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:351886", "title": "A randomized prospective study of cadaver donor pretreatment in renal transplantation.", "content": "In a randomized study ww have been unable to demonstrate any beneficial effect of cadaver donor pretreatment with 5 g of methylprednisolone and 7 g of cyclophosphamide on graft function or survival in 22 recipients of pretreated kidneys compared with 30 recipients of nonpretreated kidneys.", "contents": "A randomized prospective study of cadaver donor pretreatment in renal transplantation. In a randomized study ww have been unable to demonstrate any beneficial effect of cadaver donor pretreatment with 5 g of methylprednisolone and 7 g of cyclophosphamide on graft function or survival in 22 recipients of pretreated kidneys compared with 30 recipients of nonpretreated kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:351887", "title": "Chimaerism in lymph nodes of F1 into irradiated parental recipient chimaeras rejecting skin allografts from the other parent.", "content": "Mice of the C57BL strain were irradiated with 800 R over the whole body. The next day they received i.v. a mixture of 50 x 10(6) spleen and bone marrow cells from (C57BL x CBA-T6T6)F1 hybrid mice, and were challenged with CBA-T6T6 skin grafts later on. About 20% of the recipients rejected the CBA-T6T6 skin, whereas the others were completely tolerant for more than 200 days. By using the cytotoxic test, we found that both tolerant and nontolerant recipients were complete chimaeras, i.e., had only (C57BL x CBA-T6T6)F1 cells in their lymph nodes. However, analysis of the same mice by the chromosome marker technique disclosed a proportion of host (C57BL) cells in lymph nodes of both tolerant and nontolerant chimaeras. The percentage of host metaphases in nontolerant chimeras was significantly higher than that in tolerant chimaeras (P less than 0.01). It is possible therefore that the CBA-T6T6 skin grafts were rejected by residual host (C57BL) cells rather than (C57BL x CBA-T6T6)F1 cells reacting against skin-specific transplantation antigen(s) of the parental graft.", "contents": "Chimaerism in lymph nodes of F1 into irradiated parental recipient chimaeras rejecting skin allografts from the other parent. Mice of the C57BL strain were irradiated with 800 R over the whole body. The next day they received i.v. a mixture of 50 x 10(6) spleen and bone marrow cells from (C57BL x CBA-T6T6)F1 hybrid mice, and were challenged with CBA-T6T6 skin grafts later on. About 20% of the recipients rejected the CBA-T6T6 skin, whereas the others were completely tolerant for more than 200 days. By using the cytotoxic test, we found that both tolerant and nontolerant recipients were complete chimaeras, i.e., had only (C57BL x CBA-T6T6)F1 cells in their lymph nodes. However, analysis of the same mice by the chromosome marker technique disclosed a proportion of host (C57BL) cells in lymph nodes of both tolerant and nontolerant chimaeras. The percentage of host metaphases in nontolerant chimeras was significantly higher than that in tolerant chimaeras (P less than 0.01). It is possible therefore that the CBA-T6T6 skin grafts were rejected by residual host (C57BL) cells rather than (C57BL x CBA-T6T6)F1 cells reacting against skin-specific transplantation antigen(s) of the parental graft."}
{"id": "PMID:351888", "title": "Direct identification of the murine pluripotential stem cell using rabbit anti-mouse brain serum.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that antisera prepared in rabbits against mouse brain tissue (RAMBS) contain activity against the murine bone marrow colony-forming unit (CFU-s) or pluripotential hemotopoietic stem cell. In the present study, the F(ab')2 portion of RAMBS was examined for its potential efficacy in the identification of the mouse CFU-s when used in an indirect immunofluorescence-labeling technique. After separation of mouse bone marrow cells by a discontinuous bovine serum albumin density gradient, fluorescent cells were observed only in those bands which, by the splenic colony-forming assay, demonstrated CFU-s. Furthermore, the quantity of CFU-s demonstrated by the spleen colony-forming assay approximated the number of fluorescent cells observed in the corresponding band. It appears that the F(ab')2 portion of RAMBS used in an immunofluorescent assay may provide a method for the direct quantitation and identification of the CFU-s content of murine bone marrow.", "contents": "Direct identification of the murine pluripotential stem cell using rabbit anti-mouse brain serum. Previous studies have shown that antisera prepared in rabbits against mouse brain tissue (RAMBS) contain activity against the murine bone marrow colony-forming unit (CFU-s) or pluripotential hemotopoietic stem cell. In the present study, the F(ab')2 portion of RAMBS was examined for its potential efficacy in the identification of the mouse CFU-s when used in an indirect immunofluorescence-labeling technique. After separation of mouse bone marrow cells by a discontinuous bovine serum albumin density gradient, fluorescent cells were observed only in those bands which, by the splenic colony-forming assay, demonstrated CFU-s. Furthermore, the quantity of CFU-s demonstrated by the spleen colony-forming assay approximated the number of fluorescent cells observed in the corresponding band. It appears that the F(ab')2 portion of RAMBS used in an immunofluorescent assay may provide a method for the direct quantitation and identification of the CFU-s content of murine bone marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:351884", "title": "Anti-M in children with acute bacterial infections.", "content": "Four children, 7 to 24 months old, were found to have anti-M at the time of admission to the hospital for severe acute bacterial infections. All were M-N+. Two patients had meningitis, one had septic arthritis, and the fourth had a third-degree burn of the left hand. In follow-up studies the anti-M of patients No3 and No4 were no longer detectable after 12 and 11 months respectively. In all patients no demonstrable antibody was in either maternal or cord sera at time of birth. The clinical data and bacterial isolations lead us to postulate that bacterial infections account for the formation of naturally occurring anti-M in M-negative persons.", "contents": "Anti-M in children with acute bacterial infections. Four children, 7 to 24 months old, were found to have anti-M at the time of admission to the hospital for severe acute bacterial infections. All were M-N+. Two patients had meningitis, one had septic arthritis, and the fourth had a third-degree burn of the left hand. In follow-up studies the anti-M of patients No3 and No4 were no longer detectable after 12 and 11 months respectively. In all patients no demonstrable antibody was in either maternal or cord sera at time of birth. The clinical data and bacterial isolations lead us to postulate that bacterial infections account for the formation of naturally occurring anti-M in M-negative persons."}
{"id": "PMID:351889", "title": "Factors affecting trophoblast growth in extrauterine sites.", "content": "The effect of genetical dissimilarity between the trophoblast and host on trophoblast growth was studied in extrauterine sites, where people can observe trophoblast growth without the complicating factors of the uterine environment. Trophoblast growth was estimated in this study by measuring the extent of trophoblast proliferation in the kidney and testis per body weight in the testis. The results showed that the trophoblast growth was not enhanced by genetical dissimilarity, but was probably determined by the capacity of the host to support trophoblast growth and the capacity of the trophoblast itself to grow. No hormonal influence on trophoblast growth was observed. When hosts were immunized with double skin grafts from donors, however, the success rate of attempted transplantation of the blastocyst was remarkably lowered and trophoblast growth was also suppressed in terms of the number of trophoblast cells and the extent of trophoblast proliferation. In such cases, intensive lymphocytic infiltration was seen between the trophoblast and host tissues. This suggests that some antigenicity on the trophoblast may be expressed in vivo under some conditions, e.g., in the strongly immunized host by the donor's antigen and the immunity to this antigen suppresses trophobalst growth.", "contents": "Factors affecting trophoblast growth in extrauterine sites. The effect of genetical dissimilarity between the trophoblast and host on trophoblast growth was studied in extrauterine sites, where people can observe trophoblast growth without the complicating factors of the uterine environment. Trophoblast growth was estimated in this study by measuring the extent of trophoblast proliferation in the kidney and testis per body weight in the testis. The results showed that the trophoblast growth was not enhanced by genetical dissimilarity, but was probably determined by the capacity of the host to support trophoblast growth and the capacity of the trophoblast itself to grow. No hormonal influence on trophoblast growth was observed. When hosts were immunized with double skin grafts from donors, however, the success rate of attempted transplantation of the blastocyst was remarkably lowered and trophoblast growth was also suppressed in terms of the number of trophoblast cells and the extent of trophoblast proliferation. In such cases, intensive lymphocytic infiltration was seen between the trophoblast and host tissues. This suggests that some antigenicity on the trophoblast may be expressed in vivo under some conditions, e.g., in the strongly immunized host by the donor's antigen and the immunity to this antigen suppresses trophobalst growth."}
{"id": "PMID:351885", "title": "Demonstration of Diego (Dib) and Scianna (Scl) antigens on phagocytic leukocytes of the blood.", "content": "The high-incidence erythrocyte antigens Dib and Scl have been demonstrated on leukocytes, using an antibody absorption technique. Tests with separated platelets, lymphocytes and neutrophils indicate that these antigens are restricted to the phagocytic leukocytes. Studies using the same methodology do not show Lan or Coa antigens on leukocytes.", "contents": "Demonstration of Diego (Dib) and Scianna (Scl) antigens on phagocytic leukocytes of the blood. The high-incidence erythrocyte antigens Dib and Scl have been demonstrated on leukocytes, using an antibody absorption technique. Tests with separated platelets, lymphocytes and neutrophils indicate that these antigens are restricted to the phagocytic leukocytes. Studies using the same methodology do not show Lan or Coa antigens on leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:351891", "title": "Correlation of the in vivo and in vitro activities of antithymocyte sera (ATS) with the immunizing antigen dose.", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, or 1,000 x 10(6) murine thymocytes per kg according to the method of Levy and Medawar. Thus, 33 individual and 6 pooled antimouse antihymocyte serum (ATS) preparations were obtained and tested for in vivo immunosuppressive (graft-protective) as well as for in vitro thymocytotoxic activity. It was found that: (1) at least 3 x 10(6) thymocytes/kg were necessary for inducing ATS of appreciable immunosuppressive activity; (2) rabbits immunized with 30 x 10(6) thymocytes/kg supplied sera of the most potent immunosuppressive activity; (3) the increase of the immunizing antigen dose over 30 x 10(6) thymocytes/kg resulted in ATS preparations of decreased immunosuppressive activity; (4) the graft-protective activity of an ATS pool corresponded to the average of the activities of the individual ATS preparations from which the pool had been mixed, i.e., the process of pooling itself did not modify the immunosuppressive activity; and (5) there was a good correlation (r = 0.72, P less than 0.001) between the in vivo immunosuppressive (graft-protective) activity and the in vitro thymocytotoxic titre of ATS preparations. The theoretical and practical significance of these results if discussed.", "contents": "Correlation of the in vivo and in vitro activities of antithymocyte sera (ATS) with the immunizing antigen dose. Rabbits were immunized with 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, or 1,000 x 10(6) murine thymocytes per kg according to the method of Levy and Medawar. Thus, 33 individual and 6 pooled antimouse antihymocyte serum (ATS) preparations were obtained and tested for in vivo immunosuppressive (graft-protective) as well as for in vitro thymocytotoxic activity. It was found that: (1) at least 3 x 10(6) thymocytes/kg were necessary for inducing ATS of appreciable immunosuppressive activity; (2) rabbits immunized with 30 x 10(6) thymocytes/kg supplied sera of the most potent immunosuppressive activity; (3) the increase of the immunizing antigen dose over 30 x 10(6) thymocytes/kg resulted in ATS preparations of decreased immunosuppressive activity; (4) the graft-protective activity of an ATS pool corresponded to the average of the activities of the individual ATS preparations from which the pool had been mixed, i.e., the process of pooling itself did not modify the immunosuppressive activity; and (5) there was a good correlation (r = 0.72, P less than 0.001) between the in vivo immunosuppressive (graft-protective) activity and the in vitro thymocytotoxic titre of ATS preparations. The theoretical and practical significance of these results if discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:351892", "title": "Demonstration of cell surface antigens and their antibodies by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method.", "content": "The unlabeled antibody enzyme method, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocomplex for labeling, was applied to freshly prepared viable lymphocytes to detect antibodies in individuals preimmunized by pregnancies or blood transfusions. The \"sandwich\" incubations and washing steps were carried out with cells attached to poly(L-lysine) glass slides, in order to facilitate the handling of the samples and to save antisera and time. In comparison to the lymphocytotoxicity test, the described method is more sensitive and able to detect additional antibodies. Our findings indicate that further investigation of the use of this test for the demonstration of cell surface antigens and their antibodies appears to be worthwhile.", "contents": "Demonstration of cell surface antigens and their antibodies by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. The unlabeled antibody enzyme method, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocomplex for labeling, was applied to freshly prepared viable lymphocytes to detect antibodies in individuals preimmunized by pregnancies or blood transfusions. The \"sandwich\" incubations and washing steps were carried out with cells attached to poly(L-lysine) glass slides, in order to facilitate the handling of the samples and to save antisera and time. In comparison to the lymphocytotoxicity test, the described method is more sensitive and able to detect additional antibodies. Our findings indicate that further investigation of the use of this test for the demonstration of cell surface antigens and their antibodies appears to be worthwhile."}
{"id": "PMID:351906", "title": "The effect of metoclopramide (Primperan) on the pyloric sphincter during gastroscopic examination. A double blind investigation versus placebo.", "content": "The effect of metoclopramide and placebo on relaxation of a spasmodic pylorus during gastroscopy have been compared using a double blind technique. Metoclopramide showed a better result and the difference between its effect and the effect of placebo is statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Metoclopramide is a useful agent during gastroscopic examination in cases of spasmodic pylorus. It facilitates the passage of the gestroscope through the spasmodic pyloric sphincter. The reported relaxation and dilatation of the pyloric sphincter clarifies the amelioration of symptoms in different gastrointestinal troubles.", "contents": "The effect of metoclopramide (Primperan) on the pyloric sphincter during gastroscopic examination. A double blind investigation versus placebo. The effect of metoclopramide and placebo on relaxation of a spasmodic pylorus during gastroscopy have been compared using a double blind technique. Metoclopramide showed a better result and the difference between its effect and the effect of placebo is statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Metoclopramide is a useful agent during gastroscopic examination in cases of spasmodic pylorus. It facilitates the passage of the gestroscope through the spasmodic pyloric sphincter. The reported relaxation and dilatation of the pyloric sphincter clarifies the amelioration of symptoms in different gastrointestinal troubles."}
{"id": "PMID:351901", "title": "[Effect of group B vitamins on 35S-lipoic acid intake by mouse tissues].", "content": "Lipoic acid intake following parenteral administration with functionally linked vitamins depends on molar relations between them. It is shown that a combined administration of 35S-lipoate with these vitamins decreases radioactivity 30-120 min after the injection in most of tissues as compared to the control, except for the liver where it does not change or increases (60 min after administration in combination with thiamin or pantothenate). Following 18h thiamin and mixture of vitamins induce an intensified intake of labelled lipoic acid by the brain tissue, a 4-fold increase in case of thiamin and a 2.6-fold increase in case of the vitamins mixture.", "contents": "[Effect of group B vitamins on 35S-lipoic acid intake by mouse tissues]. Lipoic acid intake following parenteral administration with functionally linked vitamins depends on molar relations between them. It is shown that a combined administration of 35S-lipoate with these vitamins decreases radioactivity 30-120 min after the injection in most of tissues as compared to the control, except for the liver where it does not change or increases (60 min after administration in combination with thiamin or pantothenate). Following 18h thiamin and mixture of vitamins induce an intensified intake of labelled lipoic acid by the brain tissue, a 4-fold increase in case of thiamin and a 2.6-fold increase in case of the vitamins mixture."}
{"id": "PMID:351902", "title": "[On the regulatory role of amino acids in biosynthesis and formation of protein structure].", "content": "There exist definite relations between certain amino acids in the process of protein biosynthesis. Interactivation in their incorporation into synthesizing proteins is observed between ones and interinhibition between others. The mentioned phenomena are observed in studies both at the model experiments on the enzymic systems in vitro and on the intact animals in vivo. This testifies to the fact that the established interrelations between certain amino acids are not artefacts but reflect the regulatory role of amino acids in protein biosynthesis. Amino acids, inhibiting incorporation into protein, inhibit its biosynthesis and, vice versa, activating incorporation of other amino acids they activate protein biosynthesis as well. Excess of any amino acid in the animal ration, especially against a background of the protein-free diet, causes in aminals the biosynthesis of proteins with another primary structure differing from that of proteins synthesizing with normal nutrition. So, the regulatory role of amino acids concerns not only the quantitative but also the qualitative side of the protein biosynthesis. Proteins with another primary structure differing from the normal one are synthesized as well in such extremal states of the animal organism as a long complete fasting, protein-free nutrition, cancer diseases at the last stage, thyrotoxicosis, developed atherosclerosis, and others. Here side by side with changes in the primary structure the physicochemical and immunobiological properties as well as the enzymic activity of proteins-enzymes change. Possible mechanisms are discussed of changes in the primary structure of the proteins synthesizing in the organism in the above-mentioned extremal states, including the effect of certain amino acids excess against a background of deficient protein nutrition.", "contents": "[On the regulatory role of amino acids in biosynthesis and formation of protein structure]. There exist definite relations between certain amino acids in the process of protein biosynthesis. Interactivation in their incorporation into synthesizing proteins is observed between ones and interinhibition between others. The mentioned phenomena are observed in studies both at the model experiments on the enzymic systems in vitro and on the intact animals in vivo. This testifies to the fact that the established interrelations between certain amino acids are not artefacts but reflect the regulatory role of amino acids in protein biosynthesis. Amino acids, inhibiting incorporation into protein, inhibit its biosynthesis and, vice versa, activating incorporation of other amino acids they activate protein biosynthesis as well. Excess of any amino acid in the animal ration, especially against a background of the protein-free diet, causes in aminals the biosynthesis of proteins with another primary structure differing from that of proteins synthesizing with normal nutrition. So, the regulatory role of amino acids concerns not only the quantitative but also the qualitative side of the protein biosynthesis. Proteins with another primary structure differing from the normal one are synthesized as well in such extremal states of the animal organism as a long complete fasting, protein-free nutrition, cancer diseases at the last stage, thyrotoxicosis, developed atherosclerosis, and others. Here side by side with changes in the primary structure the physicochemical and immunobiological properties as well as the enzymic activity of proteins-enzymes change. Possible mechanisms are discussed of changes in the primary structure of the proteins synthesizing in the organism in the above-mentioned extremal states, including the effect of certain amino acids excess against a background of deficient protein nutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:351912", "title": "The effect of two different renal preservation methods on canine renal allograft survival.", "content": "Preservation of human cadaver kidneys for transplantation has been achieved primarily by two methods, hypothermic pulsatile perfusion with cryoprecipitated plasma and cold storage with an electrolyte solution. It has been suggested that pulsatile perfusion results in an increased antigenicity of the transplanted kidney. To investigate the possibility that pulsatile perfusion causes changes which may accelerate allograft rejection, machine preservation was compared with simple cold storage. The kidneys were preserved by either one of the two methods for 6 or 24 hours followed by allotransplantation in nephrectomised dogs. No immunosuppressive drugs were given. Kidneys which were allografted without undergoing any preservation (0 hrs) had a mean survival time of 10.4 +/- 1.7 days (n =5). Kidneys preserved by machine perfusion for 6 and 24 hours survival for 9.6 +/- 1.4 (n = 5) and 10.9 +/- 1.3 (n =9) days respectively. The mean survival time for simple cold storage for 6 and 24 hours was 9.3 +/- 1.3 (n =7) and 12.0 +/- 1.9 (n =6) days. Our findings suggest that in kidneys exposed to minimal warm ischaemia there is no significant difference between the two methods of preservation on renal allograft survival for the time intervals tested.", "contents": "The effect of two different renal preservation methods on canine renal allograft survival. Preservation of human cadaver kidneys for transplantation has been achieved primarily by two methods, hypothermic pulsatile perfusion with cryoprecipitated plasma and cold storage with an electrolyte solution. It has been suggested that pulsatile perfusion results in an increased antigenicity of the transplanted kidney. To investigate the possibility that pulsatile perfusion causes changes which may accelerate allograft rejection, machine preservation was compared with simple cold storage. The kidneys were preserved by either one of the two methods for 6 or 24 hours followed by allotransplantation in nephrectomised dogs. No immunosuppressive drugs were given. Kidneys which were allografted without undergoing any preservation (0 hrs) had a mean survival time of 10.4 +/- 1.7 days (n =5). Kidneys preserved by machine perfusion for 6 and 24 hours survival for 9.6 +/- 1.4 (n = 5) and 10.9 +/- 1.3 (n =9) days respectively. The mean survival time for simple cold storage for 6 and 24 hours was 9.3 +/- 1.3 (n =7) and 12.0 +/- 1.9 (n =6) days. Our findings suggest that in kidneys exposed to minimal warm ischaemia there is no significant difference between the two methods of preservation on renal allograft survival for the time intervals tested."}
{"id": "PMID:351913", "title": "Methylene blue as an inhibitor of stone formation.", "content": "Kinetics of growth and dissolution of calcium oxalate monohydrate were examined in the presence of small concentrations of methylene blue. The data presented show moderate retardation in growth and dissolution rates. It was also found that methylene blue decreased the decalcification rate of calcium oxalate renal calculi. The implications of these findings in the treatment of urolithiasis are discussed.", "contents": "Methylene blue as an inhibitor of stone formation. Kinetics of growth and dissolution of calcium oxalate monohydrate were examined in the presence of small concentrations of methylene blue. The data presented show moderate retardation in growth and dissolution rates. It was also found that methylene blue decreased the decalcification rate of calcium oxalate renal calculi. The implications of these findings in the treatment of urolithiasis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:351914", "title": "Lesions of Cowper's ducts and glands in infants and children.", "content": "Lesions of Cowper's duct and gland are more common than previously reported. They may be asymptomatic or may cause micturition difficulties or urinary retention. They may be congenital or acquired (usually inflammatory). Radiographic findings are either a rounded filling defect arising from the floor of the bulbous urethra or reflux into a dilated duct which parallels the bulbomembranous urethra. Panendoscopic fulguration is a simple and effective method of treatment for symptomatic patients with retention cysts. Asymptomatic patients do not need any therapy. A dilated duct should not be confused with partial urethral duplication, a urethral diverticulum, or an ectopic ureter since such an error may lead to an unnecessary operation.", "contents": "Lesions of Cowper's ducts and glands in infants and children. Lesions of Cowper's duct and gland are more common than previously reported. They may be asymptomatic or may cause micturition difficulties or urinary retention. They may be congenital or acquired (usually inflammatory). Radiographic findings are either a rounded filling defect arising from the floor of the bulbous urethra or reflux into a dilated duct which parallels the bulbomembranous urethra. Panendoscopic fulguration is a simple and effective method of treatment for symptomatic patients with retention cysts. Asymptomatic patients do not need any therapy. A dilated duct should not be confused with partial urethral duplication, a urethral diverticulum, or an ectopic ureter since such an error may lead to an unnecessary operation."}
{"id": "PMID:351915", "title": "Spermatic cord: cause of ureteral obstruction in renal allotransplant recipients.", "content": "Two cases of renal allotransplants are presented with urologic complications caused by the spermatic cord. Management of these patients is discussed, and a question is raised about the insistence of placing the ureter under the spermatic cord in all cases.", "contents": "Spermatic cord: cause of ureteral obstruction in renal allotransplant recipients. Two cases of renal allotransplants are presented with urologic complications caused by the spermatic cord. Management of these patients is discussed, and a question is raised about the insistence of placing the ureter under the spermatic cord in all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:351916", "title": "Recurrent dense deposit disease in renal allograft.", "content": "This report documents the recurrence of dense deposit disease in a renal allograft thirty-three days post-transplantation and stresses the usefulness of immunofluorescence in early detection.", "contents": "Recurrent dense deposit disease in renal allograft. This report documents the recurrence of dense deposit disease in a renal allograft thirty-three days post-transplantation and stresses the usefulness of immunofluorescence in early detection."}
{"id": "PMID:351922", "title": "[Drainage of the thoracic lymphatic duct and lymphovenous anastomosis in treating portal hypertension].", "content": "To correct the portal blood flow 52 operations on the thoracic lympheduct (TLD) were performed on 43 patients with decompensated portal hypertension syndrome. The external drainage of the TLD (lymphaticostomy) was carried out upon 22 patient and the internal drainage of TLD (lympho-venous anastomosis-LVA) upon 26 patients. 4 patients underwent other operations. The authors conclude that the selection of a LVA variant should be individual, depending on peculiarities of topographo-anatomical correlations between TLD and the anastomosed vein.", "contents": "[Drainage of the thoracic lymphatic duct and lymphovenous anastomosis in treating portal hypertension]. To correct the portal blood flow 52 operations on the thoracic lympheduct (TLD) were performed on 43 patients with decompensated portal hypertension syndrome. The external drainage of the TLD (lymphaticostomy) was carried out upon 22 patient and the internal drainage of TLD (lympho-venous anastomosis-LVA) upon 26 patients. 4 patients underwent other operations. The authors conclude that the selection of a LVA variant should be individual, depending on peculiarities of topographo-anatomical correlations between TLD and the anastomosed vein."}
{"id": "PMID:351923", "title": "[Results of skin integument restoration using mesh autografts].", "content": "The experience with transplantations of 705 mesh grafts in 397 cases of vast deep burns mainly, together with the clinico-morphological investigation of the skin restoration processes have shown a high effectiveness of the method especially in case of the shortage of the intact skin. Good results have been obtained in 94.8% of cases.", "contents": "[Results of skin integument restoration using mesh autografts]. The experience with transplantations of 705 mesh grafts in 397 cases of vast deep burns mainly, together with the clinico-morphological investigation of the skin restoration processes have shown a high effectiveness of the method especially in case of the shortage of the intact skin. Good results have been obtained in 94.8% of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:351924", "title": "Escherichia coli and diarrhoea in the rabbit.", "content": "An outbreak of severe diarrhoea and death in young rabbits was associated with many nonenterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the caecum. The severe clinical, pathological and bacteriological features of the diesase, acute diarrhoea associated with typhlitis and many E. coli in the caecum, could be reproduced either by the intraintestinal inoculation of many bacteria recovered aerobically or anaerobically from the caecum of these rabbits or by the intestinal inoculation of large numbers of a serogroup of E. coli, 0153, recovered from the caecum. Further experiments showed that this serogroup of E. coli, as well as a nonenteropathogenic serotype recovered from human faeces, would cause typhlitis and diarrhoea if inoculated in large numbers into the jejunum; pathological changes also were seen in the liver and kidney. Similar changes also could be induced by intravenous inoculation of a freeze-thaw (endotoxic) extract prepared from these strains. Any factor that allows rapid multiplication of E. coli in the rabbit caecum may be followed by absorption of endotoxin and subsequent typhlitis and so metimes by severe diarrhoea; this effect is seen in some field cases of diarrhoea in the rabbit.", "contents": "Escherichia coli and diarrhoea in the rabbit. An outbreak of severe diarrhoea and death in young rabbits was associated with many nonenterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the caecum. The severe clinical, pathological and bacteriological features of the diesase, acute diarrhoea associated with typhlitis and many E. coli in the caecum, could be reproduced either by the intraintestinal inoculation of many bacteria recovered aerobically or anaerobically from the caecum of these rabbits or by the intestinal inoculation of large numbers of a serogroup of E. coli, 0153, recovered from the caecum. Further experiments showed that this serogroup of E. coli, as well as a nonenteropathogenic serotype recovered from human faeces, would cause typhlitis and diarrhoea if inoculated in large numbers into the jejunum; pathological changes also were seen in the liver and kidney. Similar changes also could be induced by intravenous inoculation of a freeze-thaw (endotoxic) extract prepared from these strains. Any factor that allows rapid multiplication of E. coli in the rabbit caecum may be followed by absorption of endotoxin and subsequent typhlitis and so metimes by severe diarrhoea; this effect is seen in some field cases of diarrhoea in the rabbit."}
{"id": "PMID:351946", "title": "[Protein composition and synthesis in islands of Langerhans isolated from normal rats and rats with alloxan diabetes].", "content": "Protein fractions with dissimilar electrophoretic mobility were identified in Langerhans, islands. In solitory islands, isolated from pancreas of rats with alloxan diabetes as compared with normal rats the protein composition varied distinctly: fractions of \"constant\" proteins and, specifically, the insulin fraction disappeared completely, total amount of identified fractions was decreased with relative alteration in their mobility. The total protein-synthesizing activity of Langerhans' islands from diabetic animals was 3-4-fold decreased as compared with that of control animals. An effect of \"glucose repression\" of protein synthesis was observed in isolated Langerhans' islands.", "contents": "[Protein composition and synthesis in islands of Langerhans isolated from normal rats and rats with alloxan diabetes]. Protein fractions with dissimilar electrophoretic mobility were identified in Langerhans, islands. In solitory islands, isolated from pancreas of rats with alloxan diabetes as compared with normal rats the protein composition varied distinctly: fractions of \"constant\" proteins and, specifically, the insulin fraction disappeared completely, total amount of identified fractions was decreased with relative alteration in their mobility. The total protein-synthesizing activity of Langerhans' islands from diabetic animals was 3-4-fold decreased as compared with that of control animals. An effect of \"glucose repression\" of protein synthesis was observed in isolated Langerhans' islands."}
{"id": "PMID:351945", "title": "[Effect of S-nucleosyl-L-homocysteines on the activity of DNA methylases].", "content": "It was studied effect of S-adenosyl, -uridyl, -citidyl and -inosyl homocysteines on activity of bacterial adenine and cytosine methylases from E. coli CK as well as on guanine methylase specific for DDVI phage. S-adenosyl homocysteine was shown to be the strong inhibitor of methylation; 10 micrometer of the substance inhibited all the enzymes studied by 98--99%. Use of total enzymatic preparations did not enable to find a difference in affinity of S-uridyl, -citidyl, and -inosyl homocysteines to various DNA methylases studied. All these preparations inhibited DNA methylases by 55--65%. Increase in concentration of inhibitor up to 20 micrometer did not elevate the inhibitory effect. Action of S-nucleosyl homocysteines did not depend on the type of acceptory DNA.", "contents": "[Effect of S-nucleosyl-L-homocysteines on the activity of DNA methylases]. It was studied effect of S-adenosyl, -uridyl, -citidyl and -inosyl homocysteines on activity of bacterial adenine and cytosine methylases from E. coli CK as well as on guanine methylase specific for DDVI phage. S-adenosyl homocysteine was shown to be the strong inhibitor of methylation; 10 micrometer of the substance inhibited all the enzymes studied by 98--99%. Use of total enzymatic preparations did not enable to find a difference in affinity of S-uridyl, -citidyl, and -inosyl homocysteines to various DNA methylases studied. All these preparations inhibited DNA methylases by 55--65%. Increase in concentration of inhibitor up to 20 micrometer did not elevate the inhibitory effect. Action of S-nucleosyl homocysteines did not depend on the type of acceptory DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:351953", "title": "[Leukocyte adhesion suppression reaction for determining the immunological reactivity of oncological patients].", "content": "By means of the reaction of inhibition of leucocytes adhesiveness, suggested by Halliday and his coworkers, the authors examined the immune reactivity of 52 oncological patients and 25 healthy donors. The specific cell activity was observed only in oncological patients, and mainly against the antigen from autologous or histologically identical tumor. In a third of patients under examination blood serum would block the specific cell activity. The intensity of the reaction was enhanced in immunotherapy with FHA activated lymphocytes. The sensitivity of the reaction involved proved to be higher than that of the reaction of lymphocytes migration inhibition by the same antigens.", "contents": "[Leukocyte adhesion suppression reaction for determining the immunological reactivity of oncological patients]. By means of the reaction of inhibition of leucocytes adhesiveness, suggested by Halliday and his coworkers, the authors examined the immune reactivity of 52 oncological patients and 25 healthy donors. The specific cell activity was observed only in oncological patients, and mainly against the antigen from autologous or histologically identical tumor. In a third of patients under examination blood serum would block the specific cell activity. The intensity of the reaction was enhanced in immunotherapy with FHA activated lymphocytes. The sensitivity of the reaction involved proved to be higher than that of the reaction of lymphocytes migration inhibition by the same antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:351954", "title": "[Induced blood serum chemiluminescence in lymphogranulomatosis patients].", "content": "The authors report the results of studying the parameters of the kinetics of induced chemiluminescence of blood serum in patients with lymphogranulomatosis prior to and after the therapy. The luminescence characteristics in patients were found to differ from those in donors. Following the treatment the kinetic parameters approach the initial values. The data obtained have demonstrated the possible aspects of using the method concerned in the complex diagnostics, and to control the efficacy of the therapy for the given pathology.", "contents": "[Induced blood serum chemiluminescence in lymphogranulomatosis patients]. The authors report the results of studying the parameters of the kinetics of induced chemiluminescence of blood serum in patients with lymphogranulomatosis prior to and after the therapy. The luminescence characteristics in patients were found to differ from those in donors. Following the treatment the kinetic parameters approach the initial values. The data obtained have demonstrated the possible aspects of using the method concerned in the complex diagnostics, and to control the efficacy of the therapy for the given pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:351958", "title": "Influence of various physicochemical factors on hemagglutination.", "content": "A study is made of the influence on hemagglutination of various physicochemical parameters, such as: cell shape, cell distance, extracellular colloid-osmotic pressure, degree of hydration of the cell surface, and cell zeta-potential. To a varying extent these are changed by: the addition of divers soluble polymers, the action of enzymes, the presence of various salt ions, centrifugation, agglomeration at low ionic strength, complex coacervation with cationic polymers, and the interaction with different kinds of antibodies. Among the more important parameters are cell distance and cell shape (particularly when the latter tends to spiculation), while the influence of zeta-potential appears to be of fairly minor consequence. The action of dissolved polymers is mediated through polymer bridging, increase in extracellular colloid-osmotic pressure, decrease of cell surface hydration, and change in cell shape. A peculiarity of dextran is that in addition to all of the above, it causes pronounced erythrocytic spiculation.", "contents": "Influence of various physicochemical factors on hemagglutination. A study is made of the influence on hemagglutination of various physicochemical parameters, such as: cell shape, cell distance, extracellular colloid-osmotic pressure, degree of hydration of the cell surface, and cell zeta-potential. To a varying extent these are changed by: the addition of divers soluble polymers, the action of enzymes, the presence of various salt ions, centrifugation, agglomeration at low ionic strength, complex coacervation with cationic polymers, and the interaction with different kinds of antibodies. Among the more important parameters are cell distance and cell shape (particularly when the latter tends to spiculation), while the influence of zeta-potential appears to be of fairly minor consequence. The action of dissolved polymers is mediated through polymer bridging, increase in extracellular colloid-osmotic pressure, decrease of cell surface hydration, and change in cell shape. A peculiarity of dextran is that in addition to all of the above, it causes pronounced erythrocytic spiculation."}
{"id": "PMID:351957", "title": "[Microfloral makeup of the feces of infants on various types of feeding].", "content": "Dissimilarity in the fecal microflora of infants fed with breast milk and the ones receiving in the neonatal period the mixture \"Malyutka\" and experimental samples of the dry acidopilic mixture \"Malyutka\" because of their mothers' state of hypolactation. Features specific for intestinal biocenosis in the breast-nursed infants is the prevalence of bifidobacteria, low abundance of microorganisms accomplishing proteolysis and also a high percentage of colicinogenic cultures of colibacillus. In further preparations of adapted milk mixtures it appears expedient to go on with investigations oriented toward incorporation in their composition of factors contributing to bringing the intestinal microflora composition closer to that in natural feeding.", "contents": "[Microfloral makeup of the feces of infants on various types of feeding]. Dissimilarity in the fecal microflora of infants fed with breast milk and the ones receiving in the neonatal period the mixture \"Malyutka\" and experimental samples of the dry acidopilic mixture \"Malyutka\" because of their mothers' state of hypolactation. Features specific for intestinal biocenosis in the breast-nursed infants is the prevalence of bifidobacteria, low abundance of microorganisms accomplishing proteolysis and also a high percentage of colicinogenic cultures of colibacillus. In further preparations of adapted milk mixtures it appears expedient to go on with investigations oriented toward incorporation in their composition of factors contributing to bringing the intestinal microflora composition closer to that in natural feeding."}
{"id": "PMID:351959", "title": "The properdin system: composition and function.", "content": "This article summarized the physicohemical data on the factors which compose the properdin system in guinea pig and man. The following other topics are discussed: (1) Activation of the properdin system; (2) Formation of the initiating and amplification C3 convertases; (3) Formation of the C5 convertase, and (4) Regulatory control mechanisms of the properdin system.", "contents": "The properdin system: composition and function. This article summarized the physicohemical data on the factors which compose the properdin system in guinea pig and man. The following other topics are discussed: (1) Activation of the properdin system; (2) Formation of the initiating and amplification C3 convertases; (3) Formation of the C5 convertase, and (4) Regulatory control mechanisms of the properdin system."}
{"id": "PMID:351960", "title": "Results of a multicentre clinical trial of the solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "The results obtained in a multicentre clinical trial of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (65,451 sera tested) have demonstrated that this new test has a significantly higher sensitivity than a reversed haemagglutination test (rHA). In a part of the trial, EIA was also compared with radioimmunoassay (RIA). Only a small number of discrepant results was obtained with these two tests, indicating similar sensitivities. No definite conclusion about a difference in sensitivities could be drawn from these results. Although the specificity of the EIA screening test is lower than that of rHA and RIA, the mean percentage of false positives was 2.2% of the total number of donor samples screened. Presumptive positives in EIA were subjected to a confirmatory test based on neutralization with human antibodies to HBsAg. After elimination of false positives in EIA screening, there was excellent agreement between EIA and RIA results.", "contents": "Results of a multicentre clinical trial of the solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen. The results obtained in a multicentre clinical trial of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (65,451 sera tested) have demonstrated that this new test has a significantly higher sensitivity than a reversed haemagglutination test (rHA). In a part of the trial, EIA was also compared with radioimmunoassay (RIA). Only a small number of discrepant results was obtained with these two tests, indicating similar sensitivities. No definite conclusion about a difference in sensitivities could be drawn from these results. Although the specificity of the EIA screening test is lower than that of rHA and RIA, the mean percentage of false positives was 2.2% of the total number of donor samples screened. Presumptive positives in EIA were subjected to a confirmatory test based on neutralization with human antibodies to HBsAg. After elimination of false positives in EIA screening, there was excellent agreement between EIA and RIA results."}
{"id": "PMID:351962", "title": "[Comparative study of B-lymphocyte activity in the spleen of mice infected with viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex].", "content": "Most arbovirus infections are characterized by multiplication of the causative agent in tissues of the reticuloendothelial system. In this study, the effect of some viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex on the reaction of B-cells of mouse spleens was investigated by the hemolysin-producing activity (number of plaque-forming cells). To equal small doses of a highly virulent (Pan), naturally attenuated (Tp-21) and experimentally attenuated (Tp-21-237) strains the immunocompetent cells of mouse spleens responded by active reactions. The immunocompetence of these cells after primary introduction of the antigens persists and revaccination response occurs after a secondary infection with the same viruses. Under these experimental conditions the active response of spleen cells to the antigenic stimulation correlates with formation of the specific resistance and does not correlate with the level of antihemagglutinins in the blood.", "contents": "[Comparative study of B-lymphocyte activity in the spleen of mice infected with viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex]. Most arbovirus infections are characterized by multiplication of the causative agent in tissues of the reticuloendothelial system. In this study, the effect of some viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex on the reaction of B-cells of mouse spleens was investigated by the hemolysin-producing activity (number of plaque-forming cells). To equal small doses of a highly virulent (Pan), naturally attenuated (Tp-21) and experimentally attenuated (Tp-21-237) strains the immunocompetent cells of mouse spleens responded by active reactions. The immunocompetence of these cells after primary introduction of the antigens persists and revaccination response occurs after a secondary infection with the same viruses. Under these experimental conditions the active response of spleen cells to the antigenic stimulation correlates with formation of the specific resistance and does not correlate with the level of antihemagglutinins in the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:351964", "title": "The laboratory diagnosis of megaloblastic anemias.", "content": "The diagnostic approach to megaloblastic anemia involves four usually sequential steps. The first step, recognition of megaloblastosis, requires attention to altered blood cell size and morphology. These changes may sometimes be subtle or masked. The cornerstone of the second step, identification of the specific vitamin deficiency, is assay of serum vitamin B(12) and folic acid levels, although they may occasionally be misleading. The third step, identification of the specific disease entity responsible for the vitamin deficiency, generally revolves around tests of absorption and gastric function. The fourth step, reevaluation after replacement therapy, is often not thought of as a diagnostic step but carries important diagnostic implications and is sometimes the only way in which coexisting abnormalities can be unmasked and identified.", "contents": "The laboratory diagnosis of megaloblastic anemias. The diagnostic approach to megaloblastic anemia involves four usually sequential steps. The first step, recognition of megaloblastosis, requires attention to altered blood cell size and morphology. These changes may sometimes be subtle or masked. The cornerstone of the second step, identification of the specific vitamin deficiency, is assay of serum vitamin B(12) and folic acid levels, although they may occasionally be misleading. The third step, identification of the specific disease entity responsible for the vitamin deficiency, generally revolves around tests of absorption and gastric function. The fourth step, reevaluation after replacement therapy, is often not thought of as a diagnostic step but carries important diagnostic implications and is sometimes the only way in which coexisting abnormalities can be unmasked and identified."}
{"id": "PMID:351968", "title": "[Neurophysiology of epileptic seizures (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper is a review of the progress made over the past years in the understanding of electrical processes occurring during epileptic seizures as elicited by the local application of penicillin. The events at the cellular level of the neocortex are discussed, as well as cortico-subcortical relationships and microtopography of the seizure patterns. The increased excitability under penicillin induces a great number of feedback processes, the electrical effects of which become visible in the seizure EEG with its high degree of organization. Neocortical architectonics is of great importance for the shape of the potentials and their distribution. Seizure patterns of different shape are found in the different layers of the cortex.", "contents": "[Neurophysiology of epileptic seizures (author's transl)]. The paper is a review of the progress made over the past years in the understanding of electrical processes occurring during epileptic seizures as elicited by the local application of penicillin. The events at the cellular level of the neocortex are discussed, as well as cortico-subcortical relationships and microtopography of the seizure patterns. The increased excitability under penicillin induces a great number of feedback processes, the electrical effects of which become visible in the seizure EEG with its high degree of organization. Neocortical architectonics is of great importance for the shape of the potentials and their distribution. Seizure patterns of different shape are found in the different layers of the cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:351969", "title": "[The operative treatment of scoliosis and kyphosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The first part of this paper consists of a discussion of the prognosis of the main forms of scoliosis and the operative treatment of this condition. The various modes of pre-operative curvature correction are detailed, as well as the main operative techniques from the dorsal (mainly the Harrington procedure) and ventral spinal approach (dwyer procedure, wedge resection). The second part describes the operative treatment of kyphosis. The most important complications are described.", "contents": "[The operative treatment of scoliosis and kyphosis (author's transl)]. The first part of this paper consists of a discussion of the prognosis of the main forms of scoliosis and the operative treatment of this condition. The various modes of pre-operative curvature correction are detailed, as well as the main operative techniques from the dorsal (mainly the Harrington procedure) and ventral spinal approach (dwyer procedure, wedge resection). The second part describes the operative treatment of kyphosis. The most important complications are described."}
{"id": "PMID:351970", "title": "[Partial gluing in extra-intracranial microvascular anastomoses (author's transl)].", "content": "In an extensive series of experimental studies conducted on the common carotid artery in rats, a combined technique involving suture and gluing with human fibrin glue has been developed. In view of the good results achieved, this technique was then applied in 12 patients in whom anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and a cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery was carried out. This modified surgical technique shortened the duration of operation and also reduced the incidence of complications. Late results, too, seem to be more satisfactory, as far as can be ascertained within the given observation period. 10 patients showed a marked improvement in the clinical neurological findings. Working capacity was completely restored in 5 out of these patients. In one patient, clinical symptoms deteriorated on account of an intra-operative contralateral cerebral haemorrhage. The condition of one patient remained unchanged.", "contents": "[Partial gluing in extra-intracranial microvascular anastomoses (author's transl)]. In an extensive series of experimental studies conducted on the common carotid artery in rats, a combined technique involving suture and gluing with human fibrin glue has been developed. In view of the good results achieved, this technique was then applied in 12 patients in whom anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and a cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery was carried out. This modified surgical technique shortened the duration of operation and also reduced the incidence of complications. Late results, too, seem to be more satisfactory, as far as can be ascertained within the given observation period. 10 patients showed a marked improvement in the clinical neurological findings. Working capacity was completely restored in 5 out of these patients. In one patient, clinical symptoms deteriorated on account of an intra-operative contralateral cerebral haemorrhage. The condition of one patient remained unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:351971", "title": "[Management of tracheo-innominate artery erosions following tracheal resection (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important points in preventing innominate artery erosions following tracheostomy are proper placement of the stoma and selection of flexible tubes with appropriate low pressure cuffs. In tracheal resections the risk of a tracheo-innominate artery fistula can be reduced by avoiding damage to the adventitia of the artery fibrosed to the stenotic tracheal segment and by interposing tissue between artery and anastomosis. If haemorrhage occurs this can be controlled by hyperinflation of a cuffed endotracheal tube in most cases. Permanent control of this complication can be achieved by resection of the artery without interposing a vascular graft. No cerebral damage will result. A great number of patients can be saved by the timely institution of proper measures.", "contents": "[Management of tracheo-innominate artery erosions following tracheal resection (author's transl)]. The most important points in preventing innominate artery erosions following tracheostomy are proper placement of the stoma and selection of flexible tubes with appropriate low pressure cuffs. In tracheal resections the risk of a tracheo-innominate artery fistula can be reduced by avoiding damage to the adventitia of the artery fibrosed to the stenotic tracheal segment and by interposing tissue between artery and anastomosis. If haemorrhage occurs this can be controlled by hyperinflation of a cuffed endotracheal tube in most cases. Permanent control of this complication can be achieved by resection of the artery without interposing a vascular graft. No cerebral damage will result. A great number of patients can be saved by the timely institution of proper measures."}
{"id": "PMID:351972", "title": "[The diagnostic scope of ultrasonography in renal pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "The accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of different pathological renal conditions is evaluated. Correlations were established to the findings on intravenous urography and selective angiography. Ultrasonography is suitable for the determination of the exact size and site of the kidney and, therefore, should be used routinely in the follow-up of renal transplant recipients. The ability to differentiate between solid and cystic lesions is of partcular value. Moreover, perirenal changes are easily recognizable. The limits of B-mode sonography lie in the interpretation of central expanding lesions with a diameter of under 3 cm. This non-invasive method should be used selectively in the diagnosis of renal disease, whereas angiography should be limited to the classification of equivocal ultrasound findings and in the case of solid tumours.", "contents": "[The diagnostic scope of ultrasonography in renal pathology (author's transl)]. The accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of different pathological renal conditions is evaluated. Correlations were established to the findings on intravenous urography and selective angiography. Ultrasonography is suitable for the determination of the exact size and site of the kidney and, therefore, should be used routinely in the follow-up of renal transplant recipients. The ability to differentiate between solid and cystic lesions is of partcular value. Moreover, perirenal changes are easily recognizable. The limits of B-mode sonography lie in the interpretation of central expanding lesions with a diameter of under 3 cm. This non-invasive method should be used selectively in the diagnosis of renal disease, whereas angiography should be limited to the classification of equivocal ultrasound findings and in the case of solid tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:351973", "title": "[Frequency of cardiovascular risk factors in renal transplant patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of cardiovascular risk factors was studied in 83 renal transplant recipients: 84.3% showed at least one cardiovascular risk factor, hyperuricaemia was found in 42.2%, hypertension in 39.7%, hypercholesterolaemia in 31.3%, hypertriglyceridaemia in 27.7%, diabetes mellitus in 19.3%, obesity in 14% and nicotine abuse in 13.2% of the patients. Patients aged from 30 to 39 and 40 to 49 showed a mean incidence of 2.7 and 2.9, respectively out of the 7 investigated cardiovascular risk factors. The results demonstrate that renal transplant patients are a high-risk group for the development of degenerative cardiovascular diseases.", "contents": "[Frequency of cardiovascular risk factors in renal transplant patients (author's transl)]. The incidence of cardiovascular risk factors was studied in 83 renal transplant recipients: 84.3% showed at least one cardiovascular risk factor, hyperuricaemia was found in 42.2%, hypertension in 39.7%, hypercholesterolaemia in 31.3%, hypertriglyceridaemia in 27.7%, diabetes mellitus in 19.3%, obesity in 14% and nicotine abuse in 13.2% of the patients. Patients aged from 30 to 39 and 40 to 49 showed a mean incidence of 2.7 and 2.9, respectively out of the 7 investigated cardiovascular risk factors. The results demonstrate that renal transplant patients are a high-risk group for the development of degenerative cardiovascular diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:351986", "title": "[Effect of 1,3,5-triazines on various bacteriophages and their hosts].", "content": "In the agar diffusion test 24 triazines were investigated with regard to their action on the mulplication of DNA phages (lambda and LPP-1) and RNA phages (M12 and Qbeta). In several cases the amount of plaques was diminished or increased depending on the kind of triazine and virus. The investigations demonstrate the triazines to be able to interfere with the formation of plaques by virulent and temperate viruses of procaryotes.", "contents": "[Effect of 1,3,5-triazines on various bacteriophages and their hosts]. In the agar diffusion test 24 triazines were investigated with regard to their action on the mulplication of DNA phages (lambda and LPP-1) and RNA phages (M12 and Qbeta). In several cases the amount of plaques was diminished or increased depending on the kind of triazine and virus. The investigations demonstrate the triazines to be able to interfere with the formation of plaques by virulent and temperate viruses of procaryotes."}
{"id": "PMID:351992", "title": "[Severe Klebsiella serogenes infections].", "content": "It is reported on 2 cases of Klebsiella-septikaemia with difficult course. Germs of the group Klebsiella aerogenes could be proved microbiologically. On the basis of the peculiarities of the clinical course the author adopts a definite attitude to the development of the infection, the pathogenesis, to the microbiological proof and to the aimed antimicrobial chemotherapy. The antibiotic treatment was successful in the first case with karbenicillin and gentamycin and in the second case with cephalotin and gentamycin during 4 weeks when a penicillin allergy was present and following this with chloramphenicol and streptomycin during 3 weeks.", "contents": "[Severe Klebsiella serogenes infections]. It is reported on 2 cases of Klebsiella-septikaemia with difficult course. Germs of the group Klebsiella aerogenes could be proved microbiologically. On the basis of the peculiarities of the clinical course the author adopts a definite attitude to the development of the infection, the pathogenesis, to the microbiological proof and to the aimed antimicrobial chemotherapy. The antibiotic treatment was successful in the first case with karbenicillin and gentamycin and in the second case with cephalotin and gentamycin during 4 weeks when a penicillin allergy was present and following this with chloramphenicol and streptomycin during 3 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:351995", "title": "Ultrastructural neurohistochemical evidence for a neuro-endocrine link in the regulation of the extra-hepatic biliary dynamics.", "content": "Electron microscopical neurohistochemical studies of the choledocho-duodenal junction of the cat revealed acetylcholinesterase-positve nerve terminals closely abutting on (\"ectopic\"), mono-amine(s)-containing alpha-cells (of the islets of Langerhans) scattered in small clusters between bundles of the sphincteric smooth muscle (of Oddi). The cell membrane of the alpha-cells at and near the site of the neuro-effector contacts was reactive, too. This finding may be considered as some evidence for cholinergic innervation of cholinoceptive neuro-endocrine cells, and obviously represents one of the neuro-endocrine links involved in the regulation of the extra-hepatic biliary dynamics, demonstrated earlier in physiological and pharmacological studies.", "contents": "Ultrastructural neurohistochemical evidence for a neuro-endocrine link in the regulation of the extra-hepatic biliary dynamics. Electron microscopical neurohistochemical studies of the choledocho-duodenal junction of the cat revealed acetylcholinesterase-positve nerve terminals closely abutting on (\"ectopic\"), mono-amine(s)-containing alpha-cells (of the islets of Langerhans) scattered in small clusters between bundles of the sphincteric smooth muscle (of Oddi). The cell membrane of the alpha-cells at and near the site of the neuro-effector contacts was reactive, too. This finding may be considered as some evidence for cholinergic innervation of cholinoceptive neuro-endocrine cells, and obviously represents one of the neuro-endocrine links involved in the regulation of the extra-hepatic biliary dynamics, demonstrated earlier in physiological and pharmacological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:352031", "title": "[Problems concerning head and brain injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "Treatment of patients with head and brain injuries is highly dependent on qualified initial care, diagnostic and therapeutic activities inside the clinic, the after treatment outside the hospital and rehabilitation. Every patient of this kind has to be observed for at least two days in a hospital. Before discharge the diagnosis has to be defined. The author proposes a new classification: slight, middle, severe and highly-severe brain injury.", "contents": "[Problems concerning head and brain injuries (author's transl)]. Treatment of patients with head and brain injuries is highly dependent on qualified initial care, diagnostic and therapeutic activities inside the clinic, the after treatment outside the hospital and rehabilitation. Every patient of this kind has to be observed for at least two days in a hospital. Before discharge the diagnosis has to be defined. The author proposes a new classification: slight, middle, severe and highly-severe brain injury."}
{"id": "PMID:352033", "title": "[History of the obstetric and gynecologic publishing industry. 100th anniversary of the \"Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Gyn\u00e4kologie\"].", "content": "A short survey on history of medical-scientific periodicals under special obstetrical and gynaecological aspects. To the end of the XIX century 1422 medical periodicals were edited in German language. 66 of them had a single or combined obstetrical-gynaecological title-theme. The development of of \"Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Gyn\u00e4kologie\" were sketched with an especial appreciation of its founders H. Fritsch and H. Fehling.", "contents": "[History of the obstetric and gynecologic publishing industry. 100th anniversary of the \"Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Gyn\u00e4kologie\"]. A short survey on history of medical-scientific periodicals under special obstetrical and gynaecological aspects. To the end of the XIX century 1422 medical periodicals were edited in German language. 66 of them had a single or combined obstetrical-gynaecological title-theme. The development of of \"Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Gyn\u00e4kologie\" were sketched with an especial appreciation of its founders H. Fritsch and H. Fehling."}
{"id": "PMID:352034", "title": "The use of lysozyme-peroxidase-conjugates for the electron microscopic detection of peptidoglycan in the cell wall of streptococci.", "content": "Conjugation of lysozyme with horse radish peroxidase by means of glutaraldehyde results in a complex which retains the activities of both enzymes. The incubation of peptidoglycan with lysozyme-peroxidase followed by the reaction with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and H2O2 results in a strong labelling of both sides. In contrast, after treatment with peroxidase alone no reaction was observed. Thus, the specific binding of lysozyme-peroxidase can be used for the electron microscopic localization of this component in the bacterial cell wall. Isolated peptidoglycane as well as trypsinized cell walls of group A and C streptococci were labelled both on the inner and the outer surface. The surface of intact cells of group A- and C-streptococci was labelled only sparsely. In contrast, by means of the indirect immunoferritin technique strong labelling of intact cells was effected with specific anti-peptidoglycan antibodies. The specificity of these antibodies are mainly directed to the peptide side chains. From this we suggest that in the cell wall of group A and C streptococci the lysozyme-sensitive part of the peptidoglycan is not so superficially localized as the peptides.", "contents": "The use of lysozyme-peroxidase-conjugates for the electron microscopic detection of peptidoglycan in the cell wall of streptococci. Conjugation of lysozyme with horse radish peroxidase by means of glutaraldehyde results in a complex which retains the activities of both enzymes. The incubation of peptidoglycan with lysozyme-peroxidase followed by the reaction with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and H2O2 results in a strong labelling of both sides. In contrast, after treatment with peroxidase alone no reaction was observed. Thus, the specific binding of lysozyme-peroxidase can be used for the electron microscopic localization of this component in the bacterial cell wall. Isolated peptidoglycane as well as trypsinized cell walls of group A and C streptococci were labelled both on the inner and the outer surface. The surface of intact cells of group A- and C-streptococci was labelled only sparsely. In contrast, by means of the indirect immunoferritin technique strong labelling of intact cells was effected with specific anti-peptidoglycan antibodies. The specificity of these antibodies are mainly directed to the peptide side chains. From this we suggest that in the cell wall of group A and C streptococci the lysozyme-sensitive part of the peptidoglycan is not so superficially localized as the peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:352035", "title": "[Comparison of three serological methods for determination of antistreptokinase following fibrinolytic therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of three different reactions, precipitation, passive haemagglutination and the determination of antifibrinolytic antibodies the formation of streptokinase antibody after streptokinase treatment was investigated. The earliest antistreptokinase we found with the passive haemagglutination reaction at day 4 on the beginning of streptokinase therapy. Precipitating and antifibrinolytic antibodies were found at day 7. One patient did not develope  precipitating, an other formed no haemagglutinating streptokinase antibodies, the reason is discussed.", "contents": "[Comparison of three serological methods for determination of antistreptokinase following fibrinolytic therapy (author's transl)]. By means of three different reactions, precipitation, passive haemagglutination and the determination of antifibrinolytic antibodies the formation of streptokinase antibody after streptokinase treatment was investigated. The earliest antistreptokinase we found with the passive haemagglutination reaction at day 4 on the beginning of streptokinase therapy. Precipitating and antifibrinolytic antibodies were found at day 7. One patient did not develope  precipitating, an other formed no haemagglutinating streptokinase antibodies, the reason is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352036", "title": "Serogropus of escherichia coli in symptomatic and asymptomatic urinary tract infections in Christchurch.", "content": "525 isolates of E. coli were obtained from the urine of patients during episodes of urinary tract infection (UTI). Of these, 250 cultures were from asymptomatic patients, detected during screening of adolescent or pregnant women. The remaining 275 cultures were from patients who attended general practitioners with symptoms of UTI. When isolates were typed using commercial urinary E. coli O antisera, 39.2% from asymptomatic UTI and 32.4% from symptomatic UTI were non-typable. There were 29.2% autoagglutinating isolates from asymptomatic and 14.5% from symptomatic UTI. The most frequently isolated O serogroups were O6, O75 and O18. Numbers of O6 and O75 were higher in symptomatic UTI than asymptomatic: 20% and 15.3% compared with 8.8% and 7.2%. Distribution of other serogroups was similar for both series. Therefore the most striking differences were the greater number of autoagglutinating organisms in asymptomatic UTI and of O6 and O75 serogroups in symptomatic UTI.", "contents": "Serogropus of escherichia coli in symptomatic and asymptomatic urinary tract infections in Christchurch. 525 isolates of E. coli were obtained from the urine of patients during episodes of urinary tract infection (UTI). Of these, 250 cultures were from asymptomatic patients, detected during screening of adolescent or pregnant women. The remaining 275 cultures were from patients who attended general practitioners with symptoms of UTI. When isolates were typed using commercial urinary E. coli O antisera, 39.2% from asymptomatic UTI and 32.4% from symptomatic UTI were non-typable. There were 29.2% autoagglutinating isolates from asymptomatic and 14.5% from symptomatic UTI. The most frequently isolated O serogroups were O6, O75 and O18. Numbers of O6 and O75 were higher in symptomatic UTI than asymptomatic: 20% and 15.3% compared with 8.8% and 7.2%. Distribution of other serogroups was similar for both series. Therefore the most striking differences were the greater number of autoagglutinating organisms in asymptomatic UTI and of O6 and O75 serogroups in symptomatic UTI."}
{"id": "PMID:352037", "title": "Transferable antibiotic resistance in enterobacteriaceae isolated from urinary tract infections in general practice.", "content": "138 different coliform isolates from patients with UTI in 2 General Practices in Stockport, England, showed an incidence of drug resistance of 36%: 47% of these strains transferred resistance to E. coli K12. Multiple resistance, i.e. resistance to more than 2 drugs occurred in more than a quarter of resistant isolates and sulphonamide resistance was most common. More than twice as many strains in this series (1973--74) were sulphonamide resistant compared with a previous survey (1968--70). MIC values of R+ resistant isolates were much higher with sulphonamide resistant strains than the probable urine levels during therapy, but the situation with ampicillin and tetracycline levels was variable.", "contents": "Transferable antibiotic resistance in enterobacteriaceae isolated from urinary tract infections in general practice. 138 different coliform isolates from patients with UTI in 2 General Practices in Stockport, England, showed an incidence of drug resistance of 36%: 47% of these strains transferred resistance to E. coli K12. Multiple resistance, i.e. resistance to more than 2 drugs occurred in more than a quarter of resistant isolates and sulphonamide resistance was most common. More than twice as many strains in this series (1973--74) were sulphonamide resistant compared with a previous survey (1968--70). MIC values of R+ resistant isolates were much higher with sulphonamide resistant strains than the probable urine levels during therapy, but the situation with ampicillin and tetracycline levels was variable."}
{"id": "PMID:352039", "title": "[Antibody pattern in patients with different forms of leishmaniasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Using the indirect fluorescent antibody test, leishmanial antibodies could be demonstrated in patients with Leishmaniasis. In 18 of 22 cases of kala-azar the titers ranged between 1:160 and 1:1280. In the complement fixation test the titers in patients with kala-azar varied between greater than 1:4 in one case and less than or equal to 1:512 in twelve of the 22 patients. Complement fixing antibodies could not be detected in five of the nine patients with cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. The indirect haemagglutination test proved to be not suitable for diagnostic purposes because it did not detect antibodies in nine out of 22 cases with kala-azar. The IgG fraction of the serum immunoglobulins was increased in most patients with kala-azar. Sensitivity and specificity of the three immunological methods are discussed with reference to the results in 832 undefined sera submitted for routine diagnosis.", "contents": "[Antibody pattern in patients with different forms of leishmaniasis (author's transl)]. Using the indirect fluorescent antibody test, leishmanial antibodies could be demonstrated in patients with Leishmaniasis. In 18 of 22 cases of kala-azar the titers ranged between 1:160 and 1:1280. In the complement fixation test the titers in patients with kala-azar varied between greater than 1:4 in one case and less than or equal to 1:512 in twelve of the 22 patients. Complement fixing antibodies could not be detected in five of the nine patients with cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. The indirect haemagglutination test proved to be not suitable for diagnostic purposes because it did not detect antibodies in nine out of 22 cases with kala-azar. The IgG fraction of the serum immunoglobulins was increased in most patients with kala-azar. Sensitivity and specificity of the three immunological methods are discussed with reference to the results in 832 undefined sera submitted for routine diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:352040", "title": "[Immunodiagnostic results of amoebiasis. The value of counter immunoelectrophoresis in comparison to three other immunotests (author's transl)].", "content": "63 cases of extraintestinal amoebiasis, 17 cases of intestinal amoebiasis, and 25 selected control persons were examined for serum antibodies to antigen from E. histolytica using the counter-immunoelectrophoresis, the complement fixation test, the indirect haemagglutination test and the latex agglutination test. In addition counter-immunoelectrophoresis was applied to 41 sera from patients with extraintestinal amoebiasis whose other serological results were included in a previous study. Even with the employment of our immunological methods, the test results can be used for diagnostic purposes only when they are in accordance with the clinical picture and the exposure. Complete failures of the immuno-diagnostic tests did not occur in our study. On the other hand, there are persons with no symptoms of amoebiasis who have antibodies in two tests, among them sometimes the counter-immunoelectrophoresis, with levels corresponding to those of intestinal or extra-intestinal amoebiasis.", "contents": "[Immunodiagnostic results of amoebiasis. The value of counter immunoelectrophoresis in comparison to three other immunotests (author's transl)]. 63 cases of extraintestinal amoebiasis, 17 cases of intestinal amoebiasis, and 25 selected control persons were examined for serum antibodies to antigen from E. histolytica using the counter-immunoelectrophoresis, the complement fixation test, the indirect haemagglutination test and the latex agglutination test. In addition counter-immunoelectrophoresis was applied to 41 sera from patients with extraintestinal amoebiasis whose other serological results were included in a previous study. Even with the employment of our immunological methods, the test results can be used for diagnostic purposes only when they are in accordance with the clinical picture and the exposure. Complete failures of the immuno-diagnostic tests did not occur in our study. On the other hand, there are persons with no symptoms of amoebiasis who have antibodies in two tests, among them sometimes the counter-immunoelectrophoresis, with levels corresponding to those of intestinal or extra-intestinal amoebiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:352041", "title": "Photogrammetric target point determination in stereotaxy.", "content": "The photogrammetric determination of the target point in stereotactic operations enables a simplification of the photographic equipment and an avoiding of calculating errors during the operation. This is possible on the one hand by excluding the X-ray distortion also without distance taking and, on the other, by the use of a computer which is connected up to the stereocomperator. In addition to the continuous mathematical controls, a visual control of the spatial picture on the stereocomperator is possible.", "contents": "Photogrammetric target point determination in stereotaxy. The photogrammetric determination of the target point in stereotactic operations enables a simplification of the photographic equipment and an avoiding of calculating errors during the operation. This is possible on the one hand by excluding the X-ray distortion also without distance taking and, on the other, by the use of a computer which is connected up to the stereocomperator. In addition to the continuous mathematical controls, a visual control of the spatial picture on the stereocomperator is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:352042", "title": "[Conditions and factors determining the etiological structure of dysentery and its changes. Report 1. Epidemiological theory of etiological selectivity of the main (primary) pathways of infection and their differences in various nosological forms of dysentery].", "content": "The authors present the elaborated and formed epidemiological theory (\"conformity theory\") according to which the etiological structure of dysentery is determined by the etiological selectivity of the main (primary) waves of transmission of the infection differing in various nosological forms of dysentery. In Grigoriev-Shiga dysentery the domestic way of the spread of infection plays the main role, in Flexner and Newcastle dysentery--the water way, and in Sonne dysentery--the food way (particularly through the milk). Evolution of the etiological structure of dysentery serves as the reflection of evolution of the principal ways of transmission. The complex of prophylactic and antiepidemic measures in individual noslogical forms of dysentery should be differentiated and be directed in epidemiological sense to the neutralization of the corresponding main (primary) way of transmission of the infection.", "contents": "[Conditions and factors determining the etiological structure of dysentery and its changes. Report 1. Epidemiological theory of etiological selectivity of the main (primary) pathways of infection and their differences in various nosological forms of dysentery]. The authors present the elaborated and formed epidemiological theory (\"conformity theory\") according to which the etiological structure of dysentery is determined by the etiological selectivity of the main (primary) waves of transmission of the infection differing in various nosological forms of dysentery. In Grigoriev-Shiga dysentery the domestic way of the spread of infection plays the main role, in Flexner and Newcastle dysentery--the water way, and in Sonne dysentery--the food way (particularly through the milk). Evolution of the etiological structure of dysentery serves as the reflection of evolution of the principal ways of transmission. The complex of prophylactic and antiepidemic measures in individual noslogical forms of dysentery should be differentiated and be directed in epidemiological sense to the neutralization of the corresponding main (primary) way of transmission of the infection."}
{"id": "PMID:352043", "title": "[Specific experimental therapy in sensitization to group A streptococci].", "content": "A model of delayed hypersensitivity to Streptococcus hemolyticus, group A, were obtained in guinea pigs and rabbits. Studies of spontaneous changes of the immuno-allergic reactivity revealed that after a month of sensitization there developed delayed hypersensitivity only; according to the results of late skin tests it lasted not less than 6 months (the duration of investigation). The delayed hypersensitivity component began to manifest itself in 2 1/2 to 3 months and increased later on. Specific hyposensitization was performed with streptococcus allergens differing by physico-chemical conditions, i.e. the corpuscula allergen, the one that was lysed by ultrasonic waves, and Ando-Verzhikovsky's allergen. The latter had the most intensive hyposensitizing features. Specific hyposensitization was more demonstrative after the intracutaneous long-term course injections of threshold doses. Administration of subthreshold doses, as well as subcutaneous or intravenous injections of the allergen, was ineffective.", "contents": "[Specific experimental therapy in sensitization to group A streptococci]. A model of delayed hypersensitivity to Streptococcus hemolyticus, group A, were obtained in guinea pigs and rabbits. Studies of spontaneous changes of the immuno-allergic reactivity revealed that after a month of sensitization there developed delayed hypersensitivity only; according to the results of late skin tests it lasted not less than 6 months (the duration of investigation). The delayed hypersensitivity component began to manifest itself in 2 1/2 to 3 months and increased later on. Specific hyposensitization was performed with streptococcus allergens differing by physico-chemical conditions, i.e. the corpuscula allergen, the one that was lysed by ultrasonic waves, and Ando-Verzhikovsky's allergen. The latter had the most intensive hyposensitizing features. Specific hyposensitization was more demonstrative after the intracutaneous long-term course injections of threshold doses. Administration of subthreshold doses, as well as subcutaneous or intravenous injections of the allergen, was ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:352048", "title": "[Nature of inhibition of the activity of macromolecular antibodies].", "content": "The presence in the organism of an inhibitory factor expressing its activity under conditions of increased macromolecular globulins production (of M-immunoglobulins in particular) was established experimentally. The inhibitory factor depressed the avidity of the macromolecular antibodies; its appearance preceded reduction of the macromolecular protein level in the blood serum. The inhibitory effect of the blood serum in blood letting and vaccination with bacterial antigen is connected with the blood serum albumins, and with increased cystein and sulfhydryl groups concentration.", "contents": "[Nature of inhibition of the activity of macromolecular antibodies]. The presence in the organism of an inhibitory factor expressing its activity under conditions of increased macromolecular globulins production (of M-immunoglobulins in particular) was established experimentally. The inhibitory factor depressed the avidity of the macromolecular antibodies; its appearance preceded reduction of the macromolecular protein level in the blood serum. The inhibitory effect of the blood serum in blood letting and vaccination with bacterial antigen is connected with the blood serum albumins, and with increased cystein and sulfhydryl groups concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:352049", "title": "[Study of anaphylectic hypersensitivity manifestations to blood protein in guinea pigs with using the neutrophil damage test in vitro].", "content": "The paper is devoted to the study of hypersensitivity of anaphylactic type to horse serum in guinea pigs by means of neutrophil injury index in vitro. Simultaneously, for control, the same method was applied to the study of delayed hypersensitivity manifestations; for this purpose allergy to hemolytic staphylococcus was reproduced in these animals. The state of hypersensitivity of \"anaphylactic type\" against the foreign serum in guinea pigs was not accompanied by any enhanced blood neutrophil reactions, whereas high values of the test under study were characteristic of the process of guinea pigs sensitization with staphylococcus culture.", "contents": "[Study of anaphylectic hypersensitivity manifestations to blood protein in guinea pigs with using the neutrophil damage test in vitro]. The paper is devoted to the study of hypersensitivity of anaphylactic type to horse serum in guinea pigs by means of neutrophil injury index in vitro. Simultaneously, for control, the same method was applied to the study of delayed hypersensitivity manifestations; for this purpose allergy to hemolytic staphylococcus was reproduced in these animals. The state of hypersensitivity of \"anaphylactic type\" against the foreign serum in guinea pigs was not accompanied by any enhanced blood neutrophil reactions, whereas high values of the test under study were characteristic of the process of guinea pigs sensitization with staphylococcus culture."}
{"id": "PMID:352050", "title": "[Study of the immunological activity of blood in various rickettsial and viral infections].", "content": "The content of various types of antibodies were studied in the blood serum of laboratory animals in experimental tick-borne rickettsiosis of Northern Asia. This was done by a simultaneous staging of indirect hemagglutination, indirect hemolysis, compliment fixation under cold conditions, and agglutination with Proteus antigen OX19 tests. Immune horse sera to the influenza virus were also studied with the aid of several serological tests. The data obtained pointed to the significant differences in the properties of individual types of antibodies. Immunological activity of the sera under study depended on the correlation in them of various types of antibodies at various periods of the infectious process in combination with the influence upon the immunogenesis of the individual and species immunological reactivity.", "contents": "[Study of the immunological activity of blood in various rickettsial and viral infections]. The content of various types of antibodies were studied in the blood serum of laboratory animals in experimental tick-borne rickettsiosis of Northern Asia. This was done by a simultaneous staging of indirect hemagglutination, indirect hemolysis, compliment fixation under cold conditions, and agglutination with Proteus antigen OX19 tests. Immune horse sera to the influenza virus were also studied with the aid of several serological tests. The data obtained pointed to the significant differences in the properties of individual types of antibodies. Immunological activity of the sera under study depended on the correlation in them of various types of antibodies at various periods of the infectious process in combination with the influence upon the immunogenesis of the individual and species immunological reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:352053", "title": "[Ultrastructure of Clostridium tetani. I. Structural features of the surface structures of vegetative cells].", "content": "Crest-like structures formed by internal layer of cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane were revealed in G1.tetani 471 by electron microscopy with the use of negative contrasting, ultrathin sections and freezing-etching. The transverse section of these crest-like structures was 56.3 nm and they were localized 4 to 6 in one row girdling the protoplast in different directions. Ring-like subunits located in rows with the periodicity of 5.9 nm, perpendicularly to the long axis of the cell, were revealed on the surface of the cell wall.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of Clostridium tetani. I. Structural features of the surface structures of vegetative cells]. Crest-like structures formed by internal layer of cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane were revealed in G1.tetani 471 by electron microscopy with the use of negative contrasting, ultrathin sections and freezing-etching. The transverse section of these crest-like structures was 56.3 nm and they were localized 4 to 6 in one row girdling the protoplast in different directions. Ring-like subunits located in rows with the periodicity of 5.9 nm, perpendicularly to the long axis of the cell, were revealed on the surface of the cell wall."}
{"id": "PMID:352054", "title": "[Resistance of Serratia marcescens to an etbylene oxide-methyl bromide mixture and the possibility of using it to control the effectiveness of disinfectant measures].", "content": "The authors studied the Serratia marcescens (strain No. 851) resistance to the ok\u0107bm mixture by the method of test objects in comparison with the vaccine virus (strain B-51) at a temperature of 20, 30, and 40 degrees C. Resistance of the mentioned bacteria to the ok\u0107bm mixture proved to be somewhat greater than that of the vaccine virus at 20 and 30 degrees C, whereas at 40 degrees C their resistance was found to be practically identical. This permits to use Serratia marcescens to control the efficacy of gaseous sterilization of materials.", "contents": "[Resistance of Serratia marcescens to an etbylene oxide-methyl bromide mixture and the possibility of using it to control the effectiveness of disinfectant measures]. The authors studied the Serratia marcescens (strain No. 851) resistance to the ok\u0107bm mixture by the method of test objects in comparison with the vaccine virus (strain B-51) at a temperature of 20, 30, and 40 degrees C. Resistance of the mentioned bacteria to the ok\u0107bm mixture proved to be somewhat greater than that of the vaccine virus at 20 and 30 degrees C, whereas at 40 degrees C their resistance was found to be practically identical. This permits to use Serratia marcescens to control the efficacy of gaseous sterilization of materials."}
{"id": "PMID:352057", "title": "[Effect of exogenous interferon on the transplantation reactions of mice].", "content": "The authors studied the influence of the serum obtained at various periods after the administration of interferon inductors (New castle disease virus, amino ethylisothiouronium, E. coli endotoxin) on the rate of rejection of the skin or cell transplant of mice C3H and CBA, and also CC57Br. The allogenous skin transplant perished more rapidly; there was also an acceleration of elimination of allogenous lymphoid cells, suppression of colony formation by the cells of allogenous bone marrow in the spleen of the irradiated recipient in administration of the serum obtained at the period of maximal content of interferon induced by the Newcastle disease virus and by amino ethylisothiouronium. The cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes of mice CC57Br against the allogenous target cells rose in the presence of these sera. The serum containing interferon induced with E. coli endotoxin failed to influence the rate of the allotransplant rejection and did not increase the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Effect of exogenous interferon on the transplantation reactions of mice]. The authors studied the influence of the serum obtained at various periods after the administration of interferon inductors (New castle disease virus, amino ethylisothiouronium, E. coli endotoxin) on the rate of rejection of the skin or cell transplant of mice C3H and CBA, and also CC57Br. The allogenous skin transplant perished more rapidly; there was also an acceleration of elimination of allogenous lymphoid cells, suppression of colony formation by the cells of allogenous bone marrow in the spleen of the irradiated recipient in administration of the serum obtained at the period of maximal content of interferon induced by the Newcastle disease virus and by amino ethylisothiouronium. The cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes of mice CC57Br against the allogenous target cells rose in the presence of these sera. The serum containing interferon induced with E. coli endotoxin failed to influence the rate of the allotransplant rejection and did not increase the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:352058", "title": "[Ribosomal dysentery vaccine. I. Method of production, physical and chemical properties].", "content": "Studies of A. and G. Youmans on the experimental tuberculosis led to discovery of a fundamentally new type of vaccines (ribosomal vaccines) which proved to be highly effective in the prophylaxis of many experimental infections. Therefore it seems reasonable to prepare analogous vaccine from Shigellae for the study of its efficiency in experimental shigellosis. Ribosomal preparations from Shigella sonnei were prepared by sonic disruption of microbial cells followed by differential ultracentrifugation according to A. and G. Youmans' method with slight modifications. The yeild of ribosomal fraction was about 2 per cent by weight; all the series had an UV adsorption maximum at 260 nm, the ratio OD260:OD280 being approximately 2. They contained about 55% of RNA, 35% of protein and no more than 8% of saccharides. As shown by centrifugation in sucrose gradient and by analytical ultracentrifugation the preparations were homogeneous. The presence of undissociated ribosomes was confirmed by electron microscopy. Thus, the ribosomal preparations obtained proved to be sufficiently purified for carrying out experimental investigations of their biological activity.", "contents": "[Ribosomal dysentery vaccine. I. Method of production, physical and chemical properties]. Studies of A. and G. Youmans on the experimental tuberculosis led to discovery of a fundamentally new type of vaccines (ribosomal vaccines) which proved to be highly effective in the prophylaxis of many experimental infections. Therefore it seems reasonable to prepare analogous vaccine from Shigellae for the study of its efficiency in experimental shigellosis. Ribosomal preparations from Shigella sonnei were prepared by sonic disruption of microbial cells followed by differential ultracentrifugation according to A. and G. Youmans' method with slight modifications. The yeild of ribosomal fraction was about 2 per cent by weight; all the series had an UV adsorption maximum at 260 nm, the ratio OD260:OD280 being approximately 2. They contained about 55% of RNA, 35% of protein and no more than 8% of saccharides. As shown by centrifugation in sucrose gradient and by analytical ultracentrifugation the preparations were homogeneous. The presence of undissociated ribosomes was confirmed by electron microscopy. Thus, the ribosomal preparations obtained proved to be sufficiently purified for carrying out experimental investigations of their biological activity."}
{"id": "PMID:352059", "title": "[Method of electrophoretic mobility of macrophages and its use in clinical immunology].", "content": "A test of measurement of the electrophoretic mobility of macrophages (EMM) is used for detection of the product secreted by the sensitized lymphocytes after the contact with the antigen. Thus, by reduction of the macrophage mobility it is possible to assess the sensitization level of the lymphocyte population under study. This offers a possibility of using this test for the diagnosis of some infectious diseases, for provisional diagnosis of malignant growth, and also of destructive affections of the nervous system. The EMM test finds wide application in the determination of compatibility of donor's and the recipient's tissues before the transplantation, and also to assess the efficacy of immunodepressive therapy.", "contents": "[Method of electrophoretic mobility of macrophages and its use in clinical immunology]. A test of measurement of the electrophoretic mobility of macrophages (EMM) is used for detection of the product secreted by the sensitized lymphocytes after the contact with the antigen. Thus, by reduction of the macrophage mobility it is possible to assess the sensitization level of the lymphocyte population under study. This offers a possibility of using this test for the diagnosis of some infectious diseases, for provisional diagnosis of malignant growth, and also of destructive affections of the nervous system. The EMM test finds wide application in the determination of compatibility of donor's and the recipient's tissues before the transplantation, and also to assess the efficacy of immunodepressive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:352062", "title": "[Differential characteristics of the I and II phases and R-form of Sh. sonnei].", "content": "Characteristics of various phases of Sh. sonnei were determined on the standard strains of Sh. sonnei of phases I and II and R-form used for the industrial production of agglutinating monoreceptor sera. Bacteria of phase I displayed a distinct morphological, cultural and serological differences. For the differentiation of Sh. sonnei of the II phase and R-form, representing the greatest difficulty in this respect, it is recommended to use phages RFfm and 6-SR, and also indirect immunofluorescence method with the application of agglutinating monophasic serum against the II phase of Sh. sonnei. In addition, a study was made of over 20 various Sh. sonnei strains at different dissociative process phases. Verification data completely confirmed the specificity of phages RFfm and 6-SR for Sh. sonnei in the II phase. The efficacy of the immunofluorescence method was confirmed on 6 strains.", "contents": "[Differential characteristics of the I and II phases and R-form of Sh. sonnei]. Characteristics of various phases of Sh. sonnei were determined on the standard strains of Sh. sonnei of phases I and II and R-form used for the industrial production of agglutinating monoreceptor sera. Bacteria of phase I displayed a distinct morphological, cultural and serological differences. For the differentiation of Sh. sonnei of the II phase and R-form, representing the greatest difficulty in this respect, it is recommended to use phages RFfm and 6-SR, and also indirect immunofluorescence method with the application of agglutinating monophasic serum against the II phase of Sh. sonnei. In addition, a study was made of over 20 various Sh. sonnei strains at different dissociative process phases. Verification data completely confirmed the specificity of phages RFfm and 6-SR for Sh. sonnei in the II phase. The efficacy of the immunofluorescence method was confirmed on 6 strains."}
{"id": "PMID:352063", "title": "[Experience with the diagnosis of dysentery in adults by determining antibodies to Shigella in the saliva].", "content": "Concentration of immunoglobulins and titres of antibodies to Sh. sonnei, Sh. flexneri and enteropathogenic E. coli 0111 was determined in mixed saliva and the blood serum of patients suffering from Sonne dysentery, acute intestinal diseases of unknown etiology, and healthy individuals. The sum total immunoglobulin concentration in mixed saliva proved to be 53--81 times less than in the blood serum, but in the first substrate there was 53--75, and in the second--15% of immunoglobulin A. There proved to be distinct changes in the specific IgA-antibodies in the saliva of patients with Sonne dysentery. A preponderant accumulation of IgG-antibodies was noted in the blood serum. Elevation of both types of antibodies was maximal during the second week of the disease. Sonne dysentery was diagnosed in 80% of the patients by recording the intensity of shifts in the specific antibodies in the saliva, and in 63%--in the blood. The expediency of immunological testing of saliva for the diagnosis of dysentery is substantiated.", "contents": "[Experience with the diagnosis of dysentery in adults by determining antibodies to Shigella in the saliva]. Concentration of immunoglobulins and titres of antibodies to Sh. sonnei, Sh. flexneri and enteropathogenic E. coli 0111 was determined in mixed saliva and the blood serum of patients suffering from Sonne dysentery, acute intestinal diseases of unknown etiology, and healthy individuals. The sum total immunoglobulin concentration in mixed saliva proved to be 53--81 times less than in the blood serum, but in the first substrate there was 53--75, and in the second--15% of immunoglobulin A. There proved to be distinct changes in the specific IgA-antibodies in the saliva of patients with Sonne dysentery. A preponderant accumulation of IgG-antibodies was noted in the blood serum. Elevation of both types of antibodies was maximal during the second week of the disease. Sonne dysentery was diagnosed in 80% of the patients by recording the intensity of shifts in the specific antibodies in the saliva, and in 63%--in the blood. The expediency of immunological testing of saliva for the diagnosis of dysentery is substantiated."}
{"id": "PMID:352064", "title": "[Effect of the transmission of a different type of mutation in the strA locus on the virulence of Sh. flexneri].", "content": "The authors noted a different influence upon the virulence of Sh. flexneri (determined by keratoconjunctival test) of transmission of different alleles of the strA-gene (A1, A2, A40, A60). There was revealed no correlation between the extent of the changes in virulence and the extent of capacity ot the limiting of suppression in donor strains.", "contents": "[Effect of the transmission of a different type of mutation in the strA locus on the virulence of Sh. flexneri]. The authors noted a different influence upon the virulence of Sh. flexneri (determined by keratoconjunctival test) of transmission of different alleles of the strA-gene (A1, A2, A40, A60). There was revealed no correlation between the extent of the changes in virulence and the extent of capacity ot the limiting of suppression in donor strains."}
{"id": "PMID:352065", "title": "[Serological method of detecting the antigens of the causative agent of Sonne dysentery in lysates of the fecal inoculates from patients].", "content": "Serological method of detection of Sh. sonnei antigens in the lysates of the patients, fecal cultures is suggested and approved. In the majority of cases of the results of bacteriological and serological methods of study of the feces coincided. Data confirming the specificity of the antibody neutralization test (ANT) in Sonne dysentery are presented. In connection with detection of the screening action of the Vi-antigen of typhoid bacilli there were elaborated additional methods for verifying the specificity of the ANT results. It is recommended to keep agar plates after selection of suspicious colonies during the bacteriological test; the lysate of the microbial crop should be additionally subjected to the ANT, this considerably increasing the percentage of laboratory confirmations of dysentery caused by Sh. sonnei.", "contents": "[Serological method of detecting the antigens of the causative agent of Sonne dysentery in lysates of the fecal inoculates from patients]. Serological method of detection of Sh. sonnei antigens in the lysates of the patients, fecal cultures is suggested and approved. In the majority of cases of the results of bacteriological and serological methods of study of the feces coincided. Data confirming the specificity of the antibody neutralization test (ANT) in Sonne dysentery are presented. In connection with detection of the screening action of the Vi-antigen of typhoid bacilli there were elaborated additional methods for verifying the specificity of the ANT results. It is recommended to keep agar plates after selection of suspicious colonies during the bacteriological test; the lysate of the microbial crop should be additionally subjected to the ANT, this considerably increasing the percentage of laboratory confirmations of dysentery caused by Sh. sonnei."}
{"id": "PMID:352066", "title": "[Comparative study of the virulence of the Shigella isolated from bacterial carriers and from acute dysentery patients].", "content": "The authors present the results of study of the virulence of shigellae isolated from carriers and patients suffering from acute dysentery, on a continuous culture of E1 and Hep-2 cells. The virulence of shigellae isolated from carriers displayed no significant difference from the virulence of shigellae isolated from patients with a mild and moderately severe forms of dysentery. In the patient's organism shigellae were capable of retaining the initial virulence for a long time, despite the treatment and the influence of the macroorganism's protective factors. The authors believe that this was connected with the capacity of Shigellae to parasitic life in the cells of human intestinal epithelium, and, apparently, played a definite role in the formation of carrier state.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the virulence of the Shigella isolated from bacterial carriers and from acute dysentery patients]. The authors present the results of study of the virulence of shigellae isolated from carriers and patients suffering from acute dysentery, on a continuous culture of E1 and Hep-2 cells. The virulence of shigellae isolated from carriers displayed no significant difference from the virulence of shigellae isolated from patients with a mild and moderately severe forms of dysentery. In the patient's organism shigellae were capable of retaining the initial virulence for a long time, despite the treatment and the influence of the macroorganism's protective factors. The authors believe that this was connected with the capacity of Shigellae to parasitic life in the cells of human intestinal epithelium, and, apparently, played a definite role in the formation of carrier state."}
{"id": "PMID:352067", "title": "[Morphological characteristics and biological properties of morphological mutants of Escherichia coli K12].", "content": "E. coli mutants K12, PA6021, and AB312 characterised by changed morphology were obtained. Various morphological elements encountered in the mutant populations, and the capacity to phenotypical reversion are described. Some other properties (cultural, tinctorial, mobility, osmotic stability) changed in the mutants under study in addition to morphology.", "contents": "[Morphological characteristics and biological properties of morphological mutants of Escherichia coli K12]. E. coli mutants K12, PA6021, and AB312 characterised by changed morphology were obtained. Various morphological elements encountered in the mutant populations, and the capacity to phenotypical reversion are described. Some other properties (cultural, tinctorial, mobility, osmotic stability) changed in the mutants under study in addition to morphology."}
{"id": "PMID:352069", "title": "[Properties of E. coli of serological group 06:K13(L) isolated in acute intestinal diseases].", "content": "A study of 88 E. coli strains belonging to serological group 06: K13 (L) isolated from 50 children and 5 adults suffering from acute intestinal disturbances permitted to refer them to the serological types 06: K13 (L):H1 (82 strains) and 06: K13 (L): H--(6 strains), and to 5 biochemical types. Repeated isolation of E. coli belonging to serlogical group 06: K13 (L) in patients with acute intestinal diseases, and their absence in healthy children and adults indicated these microbes to be a possible etiological factor of the disease and to refer to the group group of enteropathogenic ones. Wide introduction of agglutinating sera 06: K13(L) into the work of practical laboratories is of expedience in connection with this.", "contents": "[Properties of E. coli of serological group 06:K13(L) isolated in acute intestinal diseases]. A study of 88 E. coli strains belonging to serological group 06: K13 (L) isolated from 50 children and 5 adults suffering from acute intestinal disturbances permitted to refer them to the serological types 06: K13 (L):H1 (82 strains) and 06: K13 (L): H--(6 strains), and to 5 biochemical types. Repeated isolation of E. coli belonging to serlogical group 06: K13 (L) in patients with acute intestinal diseases, and their absence in healthy children and adults indicated these microbes to be a possible etiological factor of the disease and to refer to the group group of enteropathogenic ones. Wide introduction of agglutinating sera 06: K13(L) into the work of practical laboratories is of expedience in connection with this."}
{"id": "PMID:352070", "title": "[Quantitative assessment of antithymocyte antibodies in schizophrenia].", "content": "The use of the method of fluorescent antibodies and cytotoxic tests showed that the blood serum of schizophrenic patients and normals possess an antithymocytic activity. However, the level of this activity in patients exceeds the corresponding indices in normals (p less than 0.02). The use of indirect immunofluorescent methods permitted to demonstrate that the antithymic antibody titres in schizophrenic patients is much higher than in normals. The amount of the cytotoxic index is in direct correlation with the level of antithymic antibodies determined by the fluorescent antibody method.", "contents": "[Quantitative assessment of antithymocyte antibodies in schizophrenia]. The use of the method of fluorescent antibodies and cytotoxic tests showed that the blood serum of schizophrenic patients and normals possess an antithymocytic activity. However, the level of this activity in patients exceeds the corresponding indices in normals (p less than 0.02). The use of indirect immunofluorescent methods permitted to demonstrate that the antithymic antibody titres in schizophrenic patients is much higher than in normals. The amount of the cytotoxic index is in direct correlation with the level of antithymic antibodies determined by the fluorescent antibody method."}
{"id": "PMID:352078", "title": "The host cell fraction that increases the infectivity of bacteriophage f2.", "content": "A fraction that increases infectivity of bacteriophage f2 was isolated from uninfected E. coli cells. The greatest effect was obtained when the fraction was added to the phage reconstituted in vitro. The fraction isolated from the ribosome-free supernatant consisted of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and unidentified material. Cleavage of protein by the treatment with trypsin did not significantly affect the infectivity-restoring activity. It is suggest that lipids may play an essential role in the activity of the fraction isolated from the host cell.", "contents": "The host cell fraction that increases the infectivity of bacteriophage f2. A fraction that increases infectivity of bacteriophage f2 was isolated from uninfected E. coli cells. The greatest effect was obtained when the fraction was added to the phage reconstituted in vitro. The fraction isolated from the ribosome-free supernatant consisted of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and unidentified material. Cleavage of protein by the treatment with trypsin did not significantly affect the infectivity-restoring activity. It is suggest that lipids may play an essential role in the activity of the fraction isolated from the host cell."}
{"id": "PMID:352079", "title": "Excessive foreign-body reaction following abdominal surgery. A case report.", "content": "A case with starch peritonitis following abdominal surgery is presented. The operative findings differ somewhat from those generally reported in the literature, since the severe pathological changes were localized, and furthermore demanded bowel resection.", "contents": "Excessive foreign-body reaction following abdominal surgery. A case report. A case with starch peritonitis following abdominal surgery is presented. The operative findings differ somewhat from those generally reported in the literature, since the severe pathological changes were localized, and furthermore demanded bowel resection."}
{"id": "PMID:352081", "title": "Quantitation of somatostatin inhibition of insulin-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the cat.", "content": "Somatostatin inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion stimulated by insulin-hypoglycaemia was quantified in six conscious cats prepared with cannulated gastric fistulae. Somatostatin 0.5-5 microgram kg-1h-1 produced a dose dependent reduction of both acid and pepsin secretions stimulated by insulin 0.2 u kg-1h-1. The doses of somatostatin which produced 50% inhibition of pepsin and acid secretions (ID50) were not significantly different (0.70 +/- 0.16 and 0.93 +/- 0.11 microgram kg-1h-1 respectively). The slope of the calculated correlation line relating % inhibition of pepsin and % inhibition of acid is within experimental error of unity indicating equality of action of somatostatin on insulin-stimulated acid and pepsin secretion. The results indicate that somatostatin is a more potent inhibitor of insulin 0.2 u kg-1h-1 stimulated acid secretion than pentagastrin 8 microgram kg-1h-1 stimulated acid secretion, but is a more potent inhibitor of pentagastrin--than insulin--stimulated pepsin secretion. As insulin stimulates less acid and more pepsin secretion than pentagastrin, the differences in sensitivities to somatostatin of these secretions produced by the two stimulants is thought to be a result of the different absolute amounts of secretion produced by the stimulants.", "contents": "Quantitation of somatostatin inhibition of insulin-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the cat. Somatostatin inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion stimulated by insulin-hypoglycaemia was quantified in six conscious cats prepared with cannulated gastric fistulae. Somatostatin 0.5-5 microgram kg-1h-1 produced a dose dependent reduction of both acid and pepsin secretions stimulated by insulin 0.2 u kg-1h-1. The doses of somatostatin which produced 50% inhibition of pepsin and acid secretions (ID50) were not significantly different (0.70 +/- 0.16 and 0.93 +/- 0.11 microgram kg-1h-1 respectively). The slope of the calculated correlation line relating % inhibition of pepsin and % inhibition of acid is within experimental error of unity indicating equality of action of somatostatin on insulin-stimulated acid and pepsin secretion. The results indicate that somatostatin is a more potent inhibitor of insulin 0.2 u kg-1h-1 stimulated acid secretion than pentagastrin 8 microgram kg-1h-1 stimulated acid secretion, but is a more potent inhibitor of pentagastrin--than insulin--stimulated pepsin secretion. As insulin stimulates less acid and more pepsin secretion than pentagastrin, the differences in sensitivities to somatostatin of these secretions produced by the two stimulants is thought to be a result of the different absolute amounts of secretion produced by the stimulants."}
{"id": "PMID:352086", "title": "Baclofen trial in six myotonic dystrophy patients.", "content": "Six young adult patients with grade I myotonic dystrophy and a complaint of daytime somnolence underwent 36-hour polygraphic monitoring, dynamometric and electromyographic studies before and under baclofen (60 mg/daily). Patients with the most severe daytime sleepiness had pathologic Sleep Apnea Indexes. After 6 weeks' ingestion of baclofen, no subjective or objective effect on patient symptomatology was found.", "contents": "Baclofen trial in six myotonic dystrophy patients. Six young adult patients with grade I myotonic dystrophy and a complaint of daytime somnolence underwent 36-hour polygraphic monitoring, dynamometric and electromyographic studies before and under baclofen (60 mg/daily). Patients with the most severe daytime sleepiness had pathologic Sleep Apnea Indexes. After 6 weeks' ingestion of baclofen, no subjective or objective effect on patient symptomatology was found."}
{"id": "PMID:352087", "title": "Levamisole in multiple sclerosis; with special reference to immunological parameters. A pilot study.", "content": "Nineteen patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have been given one course of levamisole therapy, and 16 patients two courses of levamisole treatment in daily dosages of 100--150 mg over two periods lasting from 1 month to 22 weeks each. Clinical effect was evaluated using Kurtzke's disability status scale. Immediate clinical evaluation showed that 15 patints remained unchanged, two improved and two became worse. Follow-up revealed after 4--14 months that another four patients deteriorated and none improved. Altogether 10 patients developed 13 relapses. During this brief therapy, no convincing conclusions may be drawn regarding an influence upon the course of the disease, although there is the suggestion that levamisole was not beneficial in MS patients. There was no statistically significant effect of levamisole on peripheral blood lymphocyte count, lymphocyte stimulation tests, leucocyte migration inhibition tests, short and long incubation E-rosette forming cells and serum IgA, IgG or IgM levels. A group of MS patients showed after 1 month of levamisole treatment either short-lasting restored or potentiated skin hypersensitivity to bacterial and fungal antigens (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Levamisole in multiple sclerosis; with special reference to immunological parameters. A pilot study. Nineteen patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have been given one course of levamisole therapy, and 16 patients two courses of levamisole treatment in daily dosages of 100--150 mg over two periods lasting from 1 month to 22 weeks each. Clinical effect was evaluated using Kurtzke's disability status scale. Immediate clinical evaluation showed that 15 patints remained unchanged, two improved and two became worse. Follow-up revealed after 4--14 months that another four patients deteriorated and none improved. Altogether 10 patients developed 13 relapses. During this brief therapy, no convincing conclusions may be drawn regarding an influence upon the course of the disease, although there is the suggestion that levamisole was not beneficial in MS patients. There was no statistically significant effect of levamisole on peripheral blood lymphocyte count, lymphocyte stimulation tests, leucocyte migration inhibition tests, short and long incubation E-rosette forming cells and serum IgA, IgG or IgM levels. A group of MS patients showed after 1 month of levamisole treatment either short-lasting restored or potentiated skin hypersensitivity to bacterial and fungal antigens (P less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:352088", "title": "A double-blind clinical trial of a guanethidine/adrenaline combination, compared with the two separate components, in glaucoma.", "content": "In a double-blind cross-over study, the intraocular pressure-lowering action and side effects of a 5% guanethidine/1% adrenaline combination were studied and compared with those of two components alone. The subjects were 63 glaucoma patients divided into three random groups given the three preparations in a different order. The pressure-lowering effect of the combination is significantly better (P less than 1%) than that of either component alone but the side effects were more severe.", "contents": "A double-blind clinical trial of a guanethidine/adrenaline combination, compared with the two separate components, in glaucoma. In a double-blind cross-over study, the intraocular pressure-lowering action and side effects of a 5% guanethidine/1% adrenaline combination were studied and compared with those of two components alone. The subjects were 63 glaucoma patients divided into three random groups given the three preparations in a different order. The pressure-lowering effect of the combination is significantly better (P less than 1%) than that of either component alone but the side effects were more severe."}
{"id": "PMID:352084", "title": "[Clinical study of sodium dantroline (Dantrium) in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied the antispastic action of Dantrium in 50 patients with multiple sclerosis; in all cases, hypertonia, spasms or clonus constituted a severe obstacle to remedial therapy or nursing. After one year, the authors have found that Dantrium is effective in reducing hypertonia in 40% of the patients, in improving spasms in 65% and in reducing clonus in 50% of the cases. Secondary effects are fairly frequent (60%), characterized in most cases by diminished muscular strength and greater fatigability.", "contents": "[Clinical study of sodium dantroline (Dantrium) in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. The authors have studied the antispastic action of Dantrium in 50 patients with multiple sclerosis; in all cases, hypertonia, spasms or clonus constituted a severe obstacle to remedial therapy or nursing. After one year, the authors have found that Dantrium is effective in reducing hypertonia in 40% of the patients, in improving spasms in 65% and in reducing clonus in 50% of the cases. Secondary effects are fairly frequent (60%), characterized in most cases by diminished muscular strength and greater fatigability."}
{"id": "PMID:352085", "title": "Diclofenamide in the treatment of therapy-resistant epilepsy.", "content": "An average daily dose of 33 mg of diclofenamide, a carbonic-anhydrase inhibitor, was added to the anti-epileptic medication already employed in 105 cases of severe epilepsy which had shown insufficient clinical improvement. A favourable action on seizures, often accompanied by an improvement in the EEG tracing, was observed in 83 cases. The effect was of long duration in 47 cases in that it lasted for more than a year. It persisted for one to twelve months in a further 17 cases, while in 19 patients, who had reacted favourably to the treatment, medication had to be suspended because of intolerance.", "contents": "Diclofenamide in the treatment of therapy-resistant epilepsy. An average daily dose of 33 mg of diclofenamide, a carbonic-anhydrase inhibitor, was added to the anti-epileptic medication already employed in 105 cases of severe epilepsy which had shown insufficient clinical improvement. A favourable action on seizures, often accompanied by an improvement in the EEG tracing, was observed in 83 cases. The effect was of long duration in 47 cases in that it lasted for more than a year. It persisted for one to twelve months in a further 17 cases, while in 19 patients, who had reacted favourably to the treatment, medication had to be suspended because of intolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:352092", "title": "Binding of aggregated IgG in the presence of fresh serum by group A streptococci producing pharyngeal infection: possible connection with types frequently involved in acute nephritis.", "content": "109 streptococcal strains, belonging to diverse serological groups and types, were investigated as regards their capacity to bind IgG aggregates in the presence of fresh serum. Strains capable of such binding were not found in groups B,C,D,E,G,L,M or N. Such binding was restricted to a few types of group A streptococci: the potentially nephritogenic types 2, 6 and 12, and four strains belonging to type M 39, M 46 and M 22 or M 62, the nephritogenic capacity of which is unknown. Two of five strains isolated from patients with acute post-stretococcal glomerulonephritis (AGN) and 19/28 type T 12, SOR-strains, isolated during an epidemic in a kindergarten with associated cases of AGN, were found to bind aggregates. The findings suggest a possible association between capacity to bind aggregates in the presence of serum and the serological types of group A streptococci involved in acute nephritis following pharyngeal infection.", "contents": "Binding of aggregated IgG in the presence of fresh serum by group A streptococci producing pharyngeal infection: possible connection with types frequently involved in acute nephritis. 109 streptococcal strains, belonging to diverse serological groups and types, were investigated as regards their capacity to bind IgG aggregates in the presence of fresh serum. Strains capable of such binding were not found in groups B,C,D,E,G,L,M or N. Such binding was restricted to a few types of group A streptococci: the potentially nephritogenic types 2, 6 and 12, and four strains belonging to type M 39, M 46 and M 22 or M 62, the nephritogenic capacity of which is unknown. Two of five strains isolated from patients with acute post-stretococcal glomerulonephritis (AGN) and 19/28 type T 12, SOR-strains, isolated during an epidemic in a kindergarten with associated cases of AGN, were found to bind aggregates. The findings suggest a possible association between capacity to bind aggregates in the presence of serum and the serological types of group A streptococci involved in acute nephritis following pharyngeal infection."}
{"id": "PMID:352094", "title": "Maintenance treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients. A study with the long-acting thioxanthene derivative, cis(Z)-clopenthixol decanoate-sordinol depot.", "content": "The clinical effect of clopenthixol decanoate has been assessed in a 5-month controlled including 21 hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients. The ratings were done with BPRS, NOSIE 30, the two psychological tests of WAIS and Gr\u00fcbaum, and the rating scale of Simpson & Angus to assess extrapyramidal side effects. Clopenthixol decanoate was found an effective and long-acting antipsychotic compound with few autonomic and neurological side effects. Compared with previous maintenance treatment it also showed a positive influence on depression and facilitation of the social adaptation of the patients.", "contents": "Maintenance treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients. A study with the long-acting thioxanthene derivative, cis(Z)-clopenthixol decanoate-sordinol depot. The clinical effect of clopenthixol decanoate has been assessed in a 5-month controlled including 21 hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients. The ratings were done with BPRS, NOSIE 30, the two psychological tests of WAIS and Gr\u00fcbaum, and the rating scale of Simpson & Angus to assess extrapyramidal side effects. Clopenthixol decanoate was found an effective and long-acting antipsychotic compound with few autonomic and neurological side effects. Compared with previous maintenance treatment it also showed a positive influence on depression and facilitation of the social adaptation of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:352095", "title": "[Immunofluorescence in the serodiagnosis of human hydatidosis].", "content": "Of the serological methods for the diagnosis of hydatid cyst immuno-fluorescent technique using frozen section of the scolex as antigen has given encouraging results. In the present study examination of 85 sera corresponding to hydatidose patients by this m\u00e9thod, has shown that 94% of the cases can be detected with this high sensitivity technique. And this method can be considered as one of the best serological methods for the diagnostic of Echinococcosis.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescence in the serodiagnosis of human hydatidosis]. Of the serological methods for the diagnosis of hydatid cyst immuno-fluorescent technique using frozen section of the scolex as antigen has given encouraging results. In the present study examination of 85 sera corresponding to hydatidose patients by this m\u00e9thod, has shown that 94% of the cases can be detected with this high sensitivity technique. And this method can be considered as one of the best serological methods for the diagnostic of Echinococcosis."}
{"id": "PMID:352097", "title": "Cytostatic treatment of glomerular diseases. IV. The effect of combined immunosuppressive treatment on serum creatinine and proteinuria evaluated by sequential statistical analysis. Report from a Copenhagen study group of renal diseases.", "content": "Sequential statistical testing of the development of the disease in the single patient was used in the assessment of immunosuppressive treatment of renal glomerular diseases. After an initial period of prednisone (P) treatment, this was supplemented first by azathioprine (A) and later in addition by cyclophosphamide (C). The time of transition from one treatment to another was determined by the result of the current statisical testing of the correlation between serum creatinine concentration and proteinuria on the one hand and the time and the varying doses of the drugs on the other. Twenty-nine patients entered the study. Thirteen were withdrawn, eight for technical reasons, three due to side-effects and two on account of renal deterioration and transfer to dialysis treatment. Eight patients were cured, one during P treatment, five during P + A, and two during the combination of P, A and C. Eight patients completed treatment without being cured. In the overall material no statistically significant change in serum creatinine was noted, whereas the proteinuria decreased during P + A and P + A + C. No dose-dependent therapeutic effect of the drugs was demonstrated. In conclusion, this combined treatment with P, A and C did not seem to yield any major therapeutic progress. The technic of sequential statistical testing may be a useful tool in clinical research.", "contents": "Cytostatic treatment of glomerular diseases. IV. The effect of combined immunosuppressive treatment on serum creatinine and proteinuria evaluated by sequential statistical analysis. Report from a Copenhagen study group of renal diseases. Sequential statistical testing of the development of the disease in the single patient was used in the assessment of immunosuppressive treatment of renal glomerular diseases. After an initial period of prednisone (P) treatment, this was supplemented first by azathioprine (A) and later in addition by cyclophosphamide (C). The time of transition from one treatment to another was determined by the result of the current statisical testing of the correlation between serum creatinine concentration and proteinuria on the one hand and the time and the varying doses of the drugs on the other. Twenty-nine patients entered the study. Thirteen were withdrawn, eight for technical reasons, three due to side-effects and two on account of renal deterioration and transfer to dialysis treatment. Eight patients were cured, one during P treatment, five during P + A, and two during the combination of P, A and C. Eight patients completed treatment without being cured. In the overall material no statistically significant change in serum creatinine was noted, whereas the proteinuria decreased during P + A and P + A + C. No dose-dependent therapeutic effect of the drugs was demonstrated. In conclusion, this combined treatment with P, A and C did not seem to yield any major therapeutic progress. The technic of sequential statistical testing may be a useful tool in clinical research."}
{"id": "PMID:352098", "title": "Glomerulonephritis in dermatitis herpetiformis. A case study.", "content": "A patient with dermatitis herpetiformis, proteinuria and reduced renal function is described. A renal biopsy studied by light and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed a glomerulonephritis with deposits of predominantly IgA and complement C3. Deposits of IgA and C3 were also demonstrated in a biopsy from normal skin, and a common pathway for the skin and renal lesions is suggested.", "contents": "Glomerulonephritis in dermatitis herpetiformis. A case study. A patient with dermatitis herpetiformis, proteinuria and reduced renal function is described. A renal biopsy studied by light and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed a glomerulonephritis with deposits of predominantly IgA and complement C3. Deposits of IgA and C3 were also demonstrated in a biopsy from normal skin, and a common pathway for the skin and renal lesions is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:352099", "title": "A prospective study of streptokinase and heparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "In a prospective trial, 42 medical patients with a history of deep vein thrombosis of less than five days were allocated at random to treatment with streptokinase or heparin. Only patients with extensive thromboses were included. Streptokinase was given in a loading dose of 250 000 IU and a maintenance dose of 100 000 IU/hour for 4 days as a mean. Heparin was given in a loading dose of 15 000 IU and a maintenance dose of 20 000-50 000 IU/day. The therapeutic results were evaluated by phlebography. Significant thrombolysis occurred in 71.4% of 21 patients treated with streptokinase and in 23.8% of the 21 heparin-treated patients. Using the chi2-test for overall association, this difference was statistically highly significant (p = 0.002). Three patients in each treatment group experienced major bleeding, two in each group requiring blood transfusions. Minor bleeding and slight rise in temperature were encountered more often in the streptokinase than in the heparin group. It is concluded that patients with acute deep vein thrombosis with proximal extension of the thrombus beyond the calf veins should be offered a therapeutic trial with streptokinase.", "contents": "A prospective study of streptokinase and heparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. In a prospective trial, 42 medical patients with a history of deep vein thrombosis of less than five days were allocated at random to treatment with streptokinase or heparin. Only patients with extensive thromboses were included. Streptokinase was given in a loading dose of 250 000 IU and a maintenance dose of 100 000 IU/hour for 4 days as a mean. Heparin was given in a loading dose of 15 000 IU and a maintenance dose of 20 000-50 000 IU/day. The therapeutic results were evaluated by phlebography. Significant thrombolysis occurred in 71.4% of 21 patients treated with streptokinase and in 23.8% of the 21 heparin-treated patients. Using the chi2-test for overall association, this difference was statistically highly significant (p = 0.002). Three patients in each treatment group experienced major bleeding, two in each group requiring blood transfusions. Minor bleeding and slight rise in temperature were encountered more often in the streptokinase than in the heparin group. It is concluded that patients with acute deep vein thrombosis with proximal extension of the thrombus beyond the calf veins should be offered a therapeutic trial with streptokinase."}
{"id": "PMID:352100", "title": "A controlled clinical trial of streptokinase and heparin in the treatment of major pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Treatment with streptokinase or heparin was allocated randomly to 20 patients with major pulmonary embolism verified by angiography. In addition, 4 patients treated with streptokinase and 1 patient treated with heparin were included in the trial prior to the start of treatment. Streptokinase of heparin was given for 72 hours and pulmonary angiography was repeated. The angiographic evidence of thrombolysis was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in the 14 patients treated with streptokinase than in the 11 treated with heparin. In the heparin group, 1 patient died from massive embolism 15 hours after the start of treatment. In another patient who died 4 weeks later from cerebral glibolastoma, persistent massive embolism contributed to the fatal outcome. In the streptokinase group, 1 patient with a metastatic pulmonary carcinoma died 3 weeks after the start of treatment from gangrene of both legs following thrombotic occlusion of the inferior vena cava. Bleeding was more common after treatment with streptokinase than with heparin, but was not a serious problem in any patient. It is concluded that patients with life-threatening pulmonary embolism should be offered the benefits of streptokinase.", "contents": "A controlled clinical trial of streptokinase and heparin in the treatment of major pulmonary embolism. Treatment with streptokinase or heparin was allocated randomly to 20 patients with major pulmonary embolism verified by angiography. In addition, 4 patients treated with streptokinase and 1 patient treated with heparin were included in the trial prior to the start of treatment. Streptokinase of heparin was given for 72 hours and pulmonary angiography was repeated. The angiographic evidence of thrombolysis was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in the 14 patients treated with streptokinase than in the 11 treated with heparin. In the heparin group, 1 patient died from massive embolism 15 hours after the start of treatment. In another patient who died 4 weeks later from cerebral glibolastoma, persistent massive embolism contributed to the fatal outcome. In the streptokinase group, 1 patient with a metastatic pulmonary carcinoma died 3 weeks after the start of treatment from gangrene of both legs following thrombotic occlusion of the inferior vena cava. Bleeding was more common after treatment with streptokinase than with heparin, but was not a serious problem in any patient. It is concluded that patients with life-threatening pulmonary embolism should be offered the benefits of streptokinase."}
{"id": "PMID:352102", "title": "The concept of identity: research and theory.", "content": "The concept of identity is one of the few themes of psychosocial theory that has been researched directly. The dichotomy between identity achievement and role diffusion can be more accurately understood as two potential statuses among a number of resolutions to the identity crisis. Identity status appears to be related to significant childrearing experiences, particularly to dimensions of warmth, limit setting, values of autonomy, and achievement orientation. The pattern of identity achievement is different for males and females. Successful achievement of identity reflects different parental child-rearing practices for males and females.", "contents": "The concept of identity: research and theory. The concept of identity is one of the few themes of psychosocial theory that has been researched directly. The dichotomy between identity achievement and role diffusion can be more accurately understood as two potential statuses among a number of resolutions to the identity crisis. Identity status appears to be related to significant childrearing experiences, particularly to dimensions of warmth, limit setting, values of autonomy, and achievement orientation. The pattern of identity achievement is different for males and females. Successful achievement of identity reflects different parental child-rearing practices for males and females."}
{"id": "PMID:352113", "title": "Restorative chemotherapy in degenerative hip disease.", "content": "Twenty patients with degenerative joint disease (DJD) of the hip were treated for prolonged periods with an extract of cartilage and bone marrow. Although clinical improvement, lessened joint pain and increased function, occurred in a majority of the patients, the most significant changes were in four who had concomitant x-ray improvement. These patients had roentgenographic evidence of recovery of joint space and regeneration of the femoral head. Discussion is presented of possible mechanisms by which this tissue extract induces changes in chondrocyte metabolism. A theory is proposed to explain DJD as a multifactorial disorder in which liver impairment in processing growth hormone is the key malfunction. Treatment of DJD of the hip by injections of the tissue extract of cartilage and bone marrow is a rational and effective therapy without significant toxicity.", "contents": "Restorative chemotherapy in degenerative hip disease. Twenty patients with degenerative joint disease (DJD) of the hip were treated for prolonged periods with an extract of cartilage and bone marrow. Although clinical improvement, lessened joint pain and increased function, occurred in a majority of the patients, the most significant changes were in four who had concomitant x-ray improvement. These patients had roentgenographic evidence of recovery of joint space and regeneration of the femoral head. Discussion is presented of possible mechanisms by which this tissue extract induces changes in chondrocyte metabolism. A theory is proposed to explain DJD as a multifactorial disorder in which liver impairment in processing growth hormone is the key malfunction. Treatment of DJD of the hip by injections of the tissue extract of cartilage and bone marrow is a rational and effective therapy without significant toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:352112", "title": "The Schultz-Dale reaction: a review.", "content": "Vascular (pulmonary and hepatic blood vessels) and nonvascular (gastro-intestinal, reproductive and respiratory systems) smooth muscle preparations obtained from specifically sensitized animals of numerous species including man contract to specific antigen in vitro (Schultz-Dale phenomenon). This immunopharmacological technique is a useful tool to demonstrate immediate-type hypersensitivity in actively or passively sensitized tissues and may be used to investigate the nature of the principal pharmacological mediators involved in a particular tissue as well as to screen anti-anaphylactic (anti-allergic) drugs. However, much remains to be investigated on the complex mechanisms of action of antigen, desensitization and resensitization (recovery) of anaphylactic responsiveness.", "contents": "The Schultz-Dale reaction: a review. Vascular (pulmonary and hepatic blood vessels) and nonvascular (gastro-intestinal, reproductive and respiratory systems) smooth muscle preparations obtained from specifically sensitized animals of numerous species including man contract to specific antigen in vitro (Schultz-Dale phenomenon). This immunopharmacological technique is a useful tool to demonstrate immediate-type hypersensitivity in actively or passively sensitized tissues and may be used to investigate the nature of the principal pharmacological mediators involved in a particular tissue as well as to screen anti-anaphylactic (anti-allergic) drugs. However, much remains to be investigated on the complex mechanisms of action of antigen, desensitization and resensitization (recovery) of anaphylactic responsiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:352121", "title": "New antiarrhythmic agents: amiodarone, aprindine, disopyramide, ethmozin, mexiletine, tocainide, verapamil.", "content": "The present status, clinical experience, side effects, clinical pharmacology and electrophysiologic actions of seven new antiarrhythmic agents are reviewed. The drugs selected for comment are amiodarone, aprindine, disopyramide, ethmozin, mexiletine, tocainide and verapamil. Each drug has been shown to have clinical efficacy in suppressing cardiac arrhythmias.", "contents": "New antiarrhythmic agents: amiodarone, aprindine, disopyramide, ethmozin, mexiletine, tocainide, verapamil. The present status, clinical experience, side effects, clinical pharmacology and electrophysiologic actions of seven new antiarrhythmic agents are reviewed. The drugs selected for comment are amiodarone, aprindine, disopyramide, ethmozin, mexiletine, tocainide and verapamil. Each drug has been shown to have clinical efficacy in suppressing cardiac arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:352122", "title": "Electrical management of arrhythmias with emphasis on the tachycardias.", "content": "Information from stimulation studies in human beings with tachycardia has resulted in the application of cardiac pacing in the treatment of such patients. Short-term pacing is especially useful in patients with atrial flutter. Long-term pacing with use of chronically implanted units can be applied to patients with different types of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia. In these patients careful electrophysiologic studies are required before the pacing device is implanted. New developments enabling automatic and more individually designed modes of pacing are urgently needed.", "contents": "Electrical management of arrhythmias with emphasis on the tachycardias. Information from stimulation studies in human beings with tachycardia has resulted in the application of cardiac pacing in the treatment of such patients. Short-term pacing is especially useful in patients with atrial flutter. Long-term pacing with use of chronically implanted units can be applied to patients with different types of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia. In these patients careful electrophysiologic studies are required before the pacing device is implanted. New developments enabling automatic and more individually designed modes of pacing are urgently needed."}
{"id": "PMID:352123", "title": "Surgical treatment of arrhythmias: current status and future directions.", "content": "A variety of surgical interventions have evolved for the treatment of intractable or life-threatening arrhythmias unresponsive to conventional pharmacologic or pacemaker therapy. Supraventricular arrhythmias associated with rapid ventricular responses can be indirectly treated with ablation of the atrioventricular conduction system and insertion of a pacemaker. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias have previously been treated with sympathectomy, resection of tissue or revascularization. More recent approaches include the simple ventriculotomy, encircling endocardial ventriculotomy, cryosurgical ablation and insertion of the automatic implantable defibrillator. Refinement of methods to localize more precisely the origin of ventricular arrhythmias may allow design of more direct surgical procedures. The surgical treatment of arrhythmias related to the preexcitation syndromes remains the model of electrophysiologic surgery. It is now feasible to divide accessory pathways with a high degree of success and at low risk in selected patients.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of arrhythmias: current status and future directions. A variety of surgical interventions have evolved for the treatment of intractable or life-threatening arrhythmias unresponsive to conventional pharmacologic or pacemaker therapy. Supraventricular arrhythmias associated with rapid ventricular responses can be indirectly treated with ablation of the atrioventricular conduction system and insertion of a pacemaker. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias have previously been treated with sympathectomy, resection of tissue or revascularization. More recent approaches include the simple ventriculotomy, encircling endocardial ventriculotomy, cryosurgical ablation and insertion of the automatic implantable defibrillator. Refinement of methods to localize more precisely the origin of ventricular arrhythmias may allow design of more direct surgical procedures. The surgical treatment of arrhythmias related to the preexcitation syndromes remains the model of electrophysiologic surgery. It is now feasible to divide accessory pathways with a high degree of success and at low risk in selected patients."}
{"id": "PMID:352124", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of antiarrhythmic drugs.", "content": "A knowledge of the determinants of the plasma concentrations of antiarrhythmic drugs is important because variation in plasma levels is often greater than the desired therapeutic range. The basic principles of pharmacokinetics are outlined and their application to the design of dosage regimens described. These principles are illustrated in a review of the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its congeners, procainamide and its active metabolite (N-acetylprocainamide), quindine, disopyramide, phenytoin and propranolol, with particular emphasis of the factors that contribute to altered disposition.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of antiarrhythmic drugs. A knowledge of the determinants of the plasma concentrations of antiarrhythmic drugs is important because variation in plasma levels is often greater than the desired therapeutic range. The basic principles of pharmacokinetics are outlined and their application to the design of dosage regimens described. These principles are illustrated in a review of the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its congeners, procainamide and its active metabolite (N-acetylprocainamide), quindine, disopyramide, phenytoin and propranolol, with particular emphasis of the factors that contribute to altered disposition."}
{"id": "PMID:352127", "title": "The psychophysics of taste.", "content": "Modern psychophysical studies of sensory systems have produced new insight into sensory function and new techniques that have application to the clinical evaluation of taste. Most previous taste evaluation has been done with threshold measures that are subject to a variety of problems and that also fail to provide an accurate picture of suprathreshold sensitivity. The scaling of suprathreshold intensity reflects a patient's taste world more accurately than thresholds.", "contents": "The psychophysics of taste. Modern psychophysical studies of sensory systems have produced new insight into sensory function and new techniques that have application to the clinical evaluation of taste. Most previous taste evaluation has been done with threshold measures that are subject to a variety of problems and that also fail to provide an accurate picture of suprathreshold sensitivity. The scaling of suprathreshold intensity reflects a patient's taste world more accurately than thresholds."}
{"id": "PMID:352128", "title": "Salt taste and disease.", "content": "Sodium appetite reflects the importance of sodium homeostasis and the relative scarcity of sodium for many terrestrial animals. Man, for various reasons, also seems to have a specific preference for salt which he consumes in excess of need, and this has been characterized as an important contributor to hypertension. Gustatory sensibility is necessary for the development of sodium appetite. Thus, research on the possible role salt taste sensitivity plays in controlling NaCl consumption in the sodium deficient rat was reviewed as a potential model for the study of salt taste and hypertension in man. Taste acuity experiments began first by examining salt taste thresholds. These studies found that thresholds were not altered by sodium deficiency in rat and the results in hypertensive humans were inconclusive. Threshold determinations may not reveal true sensitivity differences because they varied significantly across experiments and because they are restricted to a small portion of the intensity domain. When research was directed to suprathreshold stimuli, concentrations a rat or man might normally experience, the evidence suggested that hypertensive humans, like sodium-deficient rats, were less sensitive to the taste of salt. This reduced sensitivity may account, in part, for the fact that these two groups consume more salt.", "contents": "Salt taste and disease. Sodium appetite reflects the importance of sodium homeostasis and the relative scarcity of sodium for many terrestrial animals. Man, for various reasons, also seems to have a specific preference for salt which he consumes in excess of need, and this has been characterized as an important contributor to hypertension. Gustatory sensibility is necessary for the development of sodium appetite. Thus, research on the possible role salt taste sensitivity plays in controlling NaCl consumption in the sodium deficient rat was reviewed as a potential model for the study of salt taste and hypertension in man. Taste acuity experiments began first by examining salt taste thresholds. These studies found that thresholds were not altered by sodium deficiency in rat and the results in hypertensive humans were inconclusive. Threshold determinations may not reveal true sensitivity differences because they varied significantly across experiments and because they are restricted to a small portion of the intensity domain. When research was directed to suprathreshold stimuli, concentrations a rat or man might normally experience, the evidence suggested that hypertensive humans, like sodium-deficient rats, were less sensitive to the taste of salt. This reduced sensitivity may account, in part, for the fact that these two groups consume more salt."}
{"id": "PMID:352132", "title": "Lipids of human milk and infant formulas: a review.", "content": "The amount of human milk ingested by the nursing infant is about 600 ml per day. The average lipid content of the mature ranges from 3.2 to 3.5% and the amount does not appear to be influenced by diet. About 98% of the lipid is triacylglycerol in which most of the secondary ester is palmitic acid, a unique structure possibly responsible for the relatively high absorbability of the fat. Small quantities of other lipids are present. Amounts of cholesterol reported, range from 200 to 564 mg per 100 g of lipid. While 167 fatty acids have been positively and tentatively identified as being present in human milk lipids, the major fatty acids are palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic. The composition can be changed by diet, which linoleic acid contents of from 1.0 to 45.0% having been found. The \"average\" linoleic acid is about 10% and this amount is apparently adequate for the essential fatty acid requirements of the infant. The quantity of vitamin E also appears to be satisfactory. The hypothesis that a cholesterol challenge to the breast fed infant would enable the adult to more efficiently metabolize the sterol does not seem to be supported by available evidence, primarily, because the cholesterol content of human milks varies so markedly; 26 to 52 mg per 8 ounces. The compositions of most infant formulas currently in use in the United States are presented for comparison and convenience and a few possible problems associated with their consumption are discussed. We have suggested several areas where, in our opinion, additional research would provide useful information.", "contents": "Lipids of human milk and infant formulas: a review. The amount of human milk ingested by the nursing infant is about 600 ml per day. The average lipid content of the mature ranges from 3.2 to 3.5% and the amount does not appear to be influenced by diet. About 98% of the lipid is triacylglycerol in which most of the secondary ester is palmitic acid, a unique structure possibly responsible for the relatively high absorbability of the fat. Small quantities of other lipids are present. Amounts of cholesterol reported, range from 200 to 564 mg per 100 g of lipid. While 167 fatty acids have been positively and tentatively identified as being present in human milk lipids, the major fatty acids are palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic. The composition can be changed by diet, which linoleic acid contents of from 1.0 to 45.0% having been found. The \"average\" linoleic acid is about 10% and this amount is apparently adequate for the essential fatty acid requirements of the infant. The quantity of vitamin E also appears to be satisfactory. The hypothesis that a cholesterol challenge to the breast fed infant would enable the adult to more efficiently metabolize the sterol does not seem to be supported by available evidence, primarily, because the cholesterol content of human milks varies so markedly; 26 to 52 mg per 8 ounces. The compositions of most infant formulas currently in use in the United States are presented for comparison and convenience and a few possible problems associated with their consumption are discussed. We have suggested several areas where, in our opinion, additional research would provide useful information."}
{"id": "PMID:352133", "title": "Detection of intracellular immunoglobulin in nodular lymphomas.", "content": "In lymph node tissue sections, six of 11 human cases of nodular lymphoma showed immunoglobulin within malignant nodules, and seven of nine cases of benign follicular hyperplasia showed immunoglobulin within follicles. In addition, distributions of lymphocyte cell membrane markers for T cells and B cells were determined in ten of 11 cases of nodular lymphoma. Lymphocyte suspensions in five cases contained monoclonal immunoglobulins and in three cases neoplastic cells showed a lack of surface membrane immunoglobulins. In two cases, the distribution of lymphocyte surface markers could not be distinguished from cells of benign lymph nodes. Combined data from intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin studies and lymphocyte surface marker assays indicated that eight of ten cases are of B cell lineage. Thus, the detection of intracellular immunoglobulin is not helpful in differentiating benign follicular hyperplasia from nodular lymphoma, but is complementary to lymphocyte surface marker assays in the determination of the origin of neoplastic cells in lymphoreticular malignancies.", "contents": "Detection of intracellular immunoglobulin in nodular lymphomas. In lymph node tissue sections, six of 11 human cases of nodular lymphoma showed immunoglobulin within malignant nodules, and seven of nine cases of benign follicular hyperplasia showed immunoglobulin within follicles. In addition, distributions of lymphocyte cell membrane markers for T cells and B cells were determined in ten of 11 cases of nodular lymphoma. Lymphocyte suspensions in five cases contained monoclonal immunoglobulins and in three cases neoplastic cells showed a lack of surface membrane immunoglobulins. In two cases, the distribution of lymphocyte surface markers could not be distinguished from cells of benign lymph nodes. Combined data from intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin studies and lymphocyte surface marker assays indicated that eight of ten cases are of B cell lineage. Thus, the detection of intracellular immunoglobulin is not helpful in differentiating benign follicular hyperplasia from nodular lymphoma, but is complementary to lymphocyte surface marker assays in the determination of the origin of neoplastic cells in lymphoreticular malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:352138", "title": "Depressed delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in alcoholic hepatitis.", "content": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity was studied in 10 patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis, 9 patients with either inactive alcoholic cirrhosis or alcoholic fatty liver, and 10 agematched controls. The mean response of the alcoholic hepatitis group was significantly less compared to controls for SK-SD (P less than 0.001), mumps (P less than 0.001), trichophyton (P less than 0.025), and Candida albicans (P less than 0.025). Upon clinical recovery, the response of the 6 surviving patients with alcoholic hepatitis was similar to controls for 4 of the 5 antigens tested, and the improvements in response to SK-SD and Candida albicans were significant (P less than 0.02 and P less than 0.05). The mean percentage and absolute numbers of thymus-derived lymphocytes were significantly less in the alcoholic hepatitis group compared with controls. Both the alcoholic hepatitis patients and patients with less advanced alcoholic liver disease had a diminished response to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. This study demonstrates a reversible depression of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in alcoholic hepatitis. Several mechanisms may help account for this finding. We recommend that skin tests in patients with alcoholic hepatitis be interpreted with this phenomenon in mind.", "contents": "Depressed delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in alcoholic hepatitis. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity was studied in 10 patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis, 9 patients with either inactive alcoholic cirrhosis or alcoholic fatty liver, and 10 agematched controls. The mean response of the alcoholic hepatitis group was significantly less compared to controls for SK-SD (P less than 0.001), mumps (P less than 0.001), trichophyton (P less than 0.025), and Candida albicans (P less than 0.025). Upon clinical recovery, the response of the 6 surviving patients with alcoholic hepatitis was similar to controls for 4 of the 5 antigens tested, and the improvements in response to SK-SD and Candida albicans were significant (P less than 0.02 and P less than 0.05). The mean percentage and absolute numbers of thymus-derived lymphocytes were significantly less in the alcoholic hepatitis group compared with controls. Both the alcoholic hepatitis patients and patients with less advanced alcoholic liver disease had a diminished response to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. This study demonstrates a reversible depression of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in alcoholic hepatitis. Several mechanisms may help account for this finding. We recommend that skin tests in patients with alcoholic hepatitis be interpreted with this phenomenon in mind."}
{"id": "PMID:352139", "title": "Gallstone dissolution by chenodeoxycholic acid and phenobarbital.", "content": "Gallstone dissolution and biliary lipids were determined and compared in patients receiving either chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC), or CDC and phenobarbital (PB) for 11/2 to 2 years. Among patients with radiolucent gallstones, dissolution occurred in 53% of those receiving CDC alone and in only 25% of those receiving both CDC and PB. No dissolution occurred in 13 other patients with calcified gallstones. Patients with dissolution had a significantly greater molar percentage of CDC and a significantly lower saturation index in bile than those without dissolution. Diarrhea and transiently abnormal liver function tests were the most frequently observed side-effects but only diarrhea necessitated a reduction of the CDC dose. Gallstones recurred following dissolution in one of six patients followed for six months after discontinuation of CDC. In conclusion, PB did not enhance CDC-induced desaturation of bile or gallstone dissolution.", "contents": "Gallstone dissolution by chenodeoxycholic acid and phenobarbital. Gallstone dissolution and biliary lipids were determined and compared in patients receiving either chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC), or CDC and phenobarbital (PB) for 11/2 to 2 years. Among patients with radiolucent gallstones, dissolution occurred in 53% of those receiving CDC alone and in only 25% of those receiving both CDC and PB. No dissolution occurred in 13 other patients with calcified gallstones. Patients with dissolution had a significantly greater molar percentage of CDC and a significantly lower saturation index in bile than those without dissolution. Diarrhea and transiently abnormal liver function tests were the most frequently observed side-effects but only diarrhea necessitated a reduction of the CDC dose. Gallstones recurred following dissolution in one of six patients followed for six months after discontinuation of CDC. In conclusion, PB did not enhance CDC-induced desaturation of bile or gallstone dissolution."}
{"id": "PMID:352140", "title": "Treatment of gastric ulcer. The randomized clinical trials from 1964 to 1974 and their impact.", "content": "Twenty-nine randomized clinical trials (RCTs) from the decade 1964-74 evaluating treatments of gastric ulcer have been analyzed. None of them ful-filled all criteria for an ideal RCT. The most frequent shortcomings were: short treatment or follow-up periods, incomplete description of the patients included, small patient samples, suboptimal experimental design, lack of double-blind testing, high number of drop-outs, less precise or less relevant types of evaluation of the treatment effect, uncontrolled ancillary treatment, or lack of statistical evaluation of the results. The most frequently tested drug was carbenoxolone, which has been shown to be clearly effective. Judged by the effect on the recommendations in standard medical textbooks the impact of the best RCTs have been small. This situation emphasizes the need for more well-planned and performed RCTs on treatments of gastric ulcer.", "contents": "Treatment of gastric ulcer. The randomized clinical trials from 1964 to 1974 and their impact. Twenty-nine randomized clinical trials (RCTs) from the decade 1964-74 evaluating treatments of gastric ulcer have been analyzed. None of them ful-filled all criteria for an ideal RCT. The most frequent shortcomings were: short treatment or follow-up periods, incomplete description of the patients included, small patient samples, suboptimal experimental design, lack of double-blind testing, high number of drop-outs, less precise or less relevant types of evaluation of the treatment effect, uncontrolled ancillary treatment, or lack of statistical evaluation of the results. The most frequently tested drug was carbenoxolone, which has been shown to be clearly effective. Judged by the effect on the recommendations in standard medical textbooks the impact of the best RCTs have been small. This situation emphasizes the need for more well-planned and performed RCTs on treatments of gastric ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:352141", "title": "Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: epidemiology of an outbreak.", "content": "In early January, 1976, an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by contamination of the water supply system occurred in Salt, Jordan. This outbreak was followed by the appearance of peripheral neuropathy in 19 cases diagnosed as Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome. Clinically, gastroenteritis was suggestive of Shigellosis and one of nine patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome, grew Shigella boydii. Epidemiology of the 19 cases with peripheral neuropathy is detailed. Seventeen patients had definite gastroenteritis symptoms prior to their neuropathy. The median incubation period was seven days.", "contents": "Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: epidemiology of an outbreak. In early January, 1976, an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by contamination of the water supply system occurred in Salt, Jordan. This outbreak was followed by the appearance of peripheral neuropathy in 19 cases diagnosed as Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome. Clinically, gastroenteritis was suggestive of Shigellosis and one of nine patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome, grew Shigella boydii. Epidemiology of the 19 cases with peripheral neuropathy is detailed. Seventeen patients had definite gastroenteritis symptoms prior to their neuropathy. The median incubation period was seven days."}
{"id": "PMID:352142", "title": "A comparison of a WI-38 vaccine and duck embryo vaccine for preexposure rabies prophylaxis.", "content": "Two types of rabies vaccine, WI-38 vaccine (WRV) and Duck Embryo Vaccine (DEV) were compared in rabies preexposure prophylaxis. Once group of veterinary students received four doses of DEV, a second group received four doses of WRV, and a third group received two doses of WRV. Adverse reactions were found to be similar for all three gorups. The antibody responses, however, differed markedly: the mean neutralizing titer after four doses of DEV was 1:75, after four doses of WRV was 1:1517, but was only 1:164 after two doses of WRV. All students who received three or four doses of WRV developed high titers of rabies antibody, making this vaccine very desirable for preexposure prophylaxis.", "contents": "A comparison of a WI-38 vaccine and duck embryo vaccine for preexposure rabies prophylaxis. Two types of rabies vaccine, WI-38 vaccine (WRV) and Duck Embryo Vaccine (DEV) were compared in rabies preexposure prophylaxis. Once group of veterinary students received four doses of DEV, a second group received four doses of WRV, and a third group received two doses of WRV. Adverse reactions were found to be similar for all three gorups. The antibody responses, however, differed markedly: the mean neutralizing titer after four doses of DEV was 1:75, after four doses of WRV was 1:1517, but was only 1:164 after two doses of WRV. All students who received three or four doses of WRV developed high titers of rabies antibody, making this vaccine very desirable for preexposure prophylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:352145", "title": "Tuberculosis: review of treatment failure, relapse and drug resistance.", "content": "Factors affecting the success and failure of tuberculosis (TB) treatment programs are reviewed. Topics covered include incidences of primary and secondary resistance; methods and probability of bacteriologic transfer of resistance; factors affecting delivery of successful treatment of TB; and retreatment concepts, history and regimens for TB relapse and treatment failures. Isoniazid, rifampin and ethambutol hydrochloride produce a high percentage of cure in initial and retreatment TB therapy. Attention to patient compliance should be emphasized to assure effective treatment.", "contents": "Tuberculosis: review of treatment failure, relapse and drug resistance. Factors affecting the success and failure of tuberculosis (TB) treatment programs are reviewed. Topics covered include incidences of primary and secondary resistance; methods and probability of bacteriologic transfer of resistance; factors affecting delivery of successful treatment of TB; and retreatment concepts, history and regimens for TB relapse and treatment failures. Isoniazid, rifampin and ethambutol hydrochloride produce a high percentage of cure in initial and retreatment TB therapy. Attention to patient compliance should be emphasized to assure effective treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:352149", "title": "The syndromology of anorectal malformation (atresia, stenosis, ectopia).", "content": "The syndromes, associations, and developmental field defects that include anorectal dysgenesis (atresia, stenosis, ectopia) as a principal or facultative sign are discussed. Most of these disorders are identifiable by their genetic or teratogenic etiology, their distinctive phenotype, or both. Their precise diagnosis is crucial for estimation of recurrence risk and other aspects of reproductive counseling, and it is essential for classificatory progress. The \"VACTERL association\" should not be used to label a patient with anorectal malformation and other anomalies except by exclusion; this rule is particularly relevant when the patient lacks tracheoesophageal malformation. The degree (or variety) of anorectal malformation that occurs in a given pattern of multiple congenital anomalies may be inconstant. Furthermore, anorectal malformation may be a solitary expression of a familial syndrome.", "contents": "The syndromology of anorectal malformation (atresia, stenosis, ectopia). The syndromes, associations, and developmental field defects that include anorectal dysgenesis (atresia, stenosis, ectopia) as a principal or facultative sign are discussed. Most of these disorders are identifiable by their genetic or teratogenic etiology, their distinctive phenotype, or both. Their precise diagnosis is crucial for estimation of recurrence risk and other aspects of reproductive counseling, and it is essential for classificatory progress. The \"VACTERL association\" should not be used to label a patient with anorectal malformation and other anomalies except by exclusion; this rule is particularly relevant when the patient lacks tracheoesophageal malformation. The degree (or variety) of anorectal malformation that occurs in a given pattern of multiple congenital anomalies may be inconstant. Furthermore, anorectal malformation may be a solitary expression of a familial syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:352150", "title": "Cytologic detection and clinical significance of Actinomyces israelii in women using intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "Pancervicovaginal (Papanicolaou) smears exhibiting pseudomycilial-like clumps of organisms obtained from 35 women employing IUD's were studied by direct immunofluorescent technique for identification of A. israelii and A. naeslundi. In every case the specific fluorescence was achieved with species-specific antiserum against A. israelii. The clinical profile of these 35 women was retrospectively analyzed.", "contents": "Cytologic detection and clinical significance of Actinomyces israelii in women using intrauterine contraceptive devices. Pancervicovaginal (Papanicolaou) smears exhibiting pseudomycilial-like clumps of organisms obtained from 35 women employing IUD's were studied by direct immunofluorescent technique for identification of A. israelii and A. naeslundi. In every case the specific fluorescence was achieved with species-specific antiserum against A. israelii. The clinical profile of these 35 women was retrospectively analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:352152", "title": "Injection of corticosteroids into mother to prevent neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "In this study, 500 mg. of hydrocortisone were injected intravenously into 126 women every 12 hours for four doses in a double-blind, randomized fashion. These 126 subjects were at risk for delivery of a premature infant because of premature labor of fetomaternal disease necessitating intervention. There were 67 patients in the treatment group and 59 in the placebo group. All patients had immature lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios and/or were at less than 34 weeks' gestation. From these data, it appeared that there was a significant decrease in respiratory distress syndrome when the treatment group was compared to the placebo group. The neonatal survival rates also were improved significantly by steroid treatment. There was no demonstrable adverse steroid effect in mothers of fetuses in the long-term or short-term follow-up period, although a significant number of patients were lost to follow-up and the methodology of infant evaluation was imprecise. It would appear from these data that the injection of steroids is beneficial in mothers at risk of being delivered of premature infants. However, many questions remain to be answered before this method can be relied upon as therapy for women with premature labor.", "contents": "Injection of corticosteroids into mother to prevent neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. In this study, 500 mg. of hydrocortisone were injected intravenously into 126 women every 12 hours for four doses in a double-blind, randomized fashion. These 126 subjects were at risk for delivery of a premature infant because of premature labor of fetomaternal disease necessitating intervention. There were 67 patients in the treatment group and 59 in the placebo group. All patients had immature lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios and/or were at less than 34 weeks' gestation. From these data, it appeared that there was a significant decrease in respiratory distress syndrome when the treatment group was compared to the placebo group. The neonatal survival rates also were improved significantly by steroid treatment. There was no demonstrable adverse steroid effect in mothers of fetuses in the long-term or short-term follow-up period, although a significant number of patients were lost to follow-up and the methodology of infant evaluation was imprecise. It would appear from these data that the injection of steroids is beneficial in mothers at risk of being delivered of premature infants. However, many questions remain to be answered before this method can be relied upon as therapy for women with premature labor."}
{"id": "PMID:352153", "title": "Cervical bacterial flora in patients with gynecologic malignancies.", "content": "Radiation and gynecologic oncologists agree that pelvic irradiation in the presence of pelvic inflammatory disease, parametritis, or pyometra can be catastrophic. A temperature elevation in a patient having intrauterine radiation is very perplexing. This study was designed to investigate one of the three reported etiologies for this condition. Some investigators have suggested an exacerbation of a quiescent infection as a possible etiology because of the necrotic condition of many cancerous cervices. Aerobic, anaerobic, and fungus cultures were performed on 32 patients prior to intrauterine administration of cesium. The organisms cultured were similar to those identified as the normal cervical flora. The frequency of the organisms seemed independent of the amount of irradiation. The number of organisms cultured did not vary with the use or nonuse of cleansing vaginal suppositories. This study indicated no increase in bacterial growth in these cancerous necrotic cervices; also it did not indicate the growth of any unusual pathologic bacteria.", "contents": "Cervical bacterial flora in patients with gynecologic malignancies. Radiation and gynecologic oncologists agree that pelvic irradiation in the presence of pelvic inflammatory disease, parametritis, or pyometra can be catastrophic. A temperature elevation in a patient having intrauterine radiation is very perplexing. This study was designed to investigate one of the three reported etiologies for this condition. Some investigators have suggested an exacerbation of a quiescent infection as a possible etiology because of the necrotic condition of many cancerous cervices. Aerobic, anaerobic, and fungus cultures were performed on 32 patients prior to intrauterine administration of cesium. The organisms cultured were similar to those identified as the normal cervical flora. The frequency of the organisms seemed independent of the amount of irradiation. The number of organisms cultured did not vary with the use or nonuse of cleansing vaginal suppositories. This study indicated no increase in bacterial growth in these cancerous necrotic cervices; also it did not indicate the growth of any unusual pathologic bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:352156", "title": "Enhanced fluid transport across gallbladder mucosa in experimental cholelithiasis.", "content": "Fluid transport of the gallbladder has been studied in two models of experimental cholelithiasis: dihydrocholesterol-induced gallstones in the rabbit and lincomycin-induced gallstones in the guinea pig. Using the noneverted explained gallbladder of the rabbit and the guinea pig, the transport of luminal to serosal fluid has been quantitated before, during, and after stone formation. The everted gallbladder preparation of the rabbit has also been used to measure fluid transport before and during gallstone formation. In both models, an increased fluid transport was observed in the phase of gallstone induction and a return to normal after stones were formed. This abnormality preceded the appearance of conventional histological features of cholecystitis. There was also a coincidental increase in glycoprotein production from and cell proliferation of the gallbladder epithelium. This enhancement of fluid transfer may play a contributing role in the genesis of gallstones.", "contents": "Enhanced fluid transport across gallbladder mucosa in experimental cholelithiasis. Fluid transport of the gallbladder has been studied in two models of experimental cholelithiasis: dihydrocholesterol-induced gallstones in the rabbit and lincomycin-induced gallstones in the guinea pig. Using the noneverted explained gallbladder of the rabbit and the guinea pig, the transport of luminal to serosal fluid has been quantitated before, during, and after stone formation. The everted gallbladder preparation of the rabbit has also been used to measure fluid transport before and during gallstone formation. In both models, an increased fluid transport was observed in the phase of gallstone induction and a return to normal after stones were formed. This abnormality preceded the appearance of conventional histological features of cholecystitis. There was also a coincidental increase in glycoprotein production from and cell proliferation of the gallbladder epithelium. This enhancement of fluid transfer may play a contributing role in the genesis of gallstones."}
{"id": "PMID:352160", "title": "Imipramine response in deluded depressive patients.", "content": "The authors examined how delusions and other psychotic features influenced treatment outcome with imipramine in patients with primary depression. Global improvement scores indicated that delusions or other evidence of psychosis do not contraindicate imipramine treatment. This finding does not support a recent report suggesting that deluded depressive patients should not be treated with imipramine. Possible explanations of the discrepancy between these two studies are discussed.", "contents": "Imipramine response in deluded depressive patients. The authors examined how delusions and other psychotic features influenced treatment outcome with imipramine in patients with primary depression. Global improvement scores indicated that delusions or other evidence of psychosis do not contraindicate imipramine treatment. This finding does not support a recent report suggesting that deluded depressive patients should not be treated with imipramine. Possible explanations of the discrepancy between these two studies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352164", "title": "Reflections on military psychiatry.", "content": "The need for psychiatrists in the military was recognized for the first time during World War I, which involved millions of men in unusually protracted warfare. The policy of treating psychiatric casualties close to the from and returning soldiers to their military units as quickly as possible proved of great significance in the U.S. war effort. During World War II, the Korean conflict, and the war in Viet Nam, military psychiatry made great contributions and learned many lessions, both at home and abroad. The lessions learned by military psychiatry have important applications for the rest of medicine, especially in the fields of stress, crisis therapy, and community psychiatry.", "contents": "Reflections on military psychiatry. The need for psychiatrists in the military was recognized for the first time during World War I, which involved millions of men in unusually protracted warfare. The policy of treating psychiatric casualties close to the from and returning soldiers to their military units as quickly as possible proved of great significance in the U.S. war effort. During World War II, the Korean conflict, and the war in Viet Nam, military psychiatry made great contributions and learned many lessions, both at home and abroad. The lessions learned by military psychiatry have important applications for the rest of medicine, especially in the fields of stress, crisis therapy, and community psychiatry."}
{"id": "PMID:352165", "title": "History and the psychiatrist.", "content": "Historical consciousness is a valuable tool in psychiatry. History can be useful to psychiatrists by expanding their awareness and revealing general errors in the content of psychiatric knowledge, detecting drastic distortions that appear in the ways knowledge is applied to patients, helping to avoid mistakes in public policies that involve psychiatry and result from erroneous impressions of social history, and alerting us to possible future trends. Although history does not give answers--rather , a complex context within which to seek them--it still has value for the psychiatrist.", "contents": "History and the psychiatrist. Historical consciousness is a valuable tool in psychiatry. History can be useful to psychiatrists by expanding their awareness and revealing general errors in the content of psychiatric knowledge, detecting drastic distortions that appear in the ways knowledge is applied to patients, helping to avoid mistakes in public policies that involve psychiatry and result from erroneous impressions of social history, and alerting us to possible future trends. Although history does not give answers--rather , a complex context within which to seek them--it still has value for the psychiatrist."}
{"id": "PMID:352166", "title": "Drug therapy and psychobiological research advances in the psychoses in the past decade.", "content": "There have been major advances in the treatment of psychoses in the past decade, particularly in the area of maintenance therapy with lithium, tricyclics, and neuroleptics. Such efforts have been enhanced by methods of relating plasma drug levels to clinical efficacy. Research in genetic factors, the mode of action of pharmacological agents, and hormonal influences on psychopathology has added to our theoretical understanding of the psychoses, and we can hope for further advances from sophisticated new methodological tools. Promising areas of investigation include the search for genetic markers, studies of postsynaptic neuronal receptors, and examination of the effects of polypeptides, including endogenous opioid compounds.", "contents": "Drug therapy and psychobiological research advances in the psychoses in the past decade. There have been major advances in the treatment of psychoses in the past decade, particularly in the area of maintenance therapy with lithium, tricyclics, and neuroleptics. Such efforts have been enhanced by methods of relating plasma drug levels to clinical efficacy. Research in genetic factors, the mode of action of pharmacological agents, and hormonal influences on psychopathology has added to our theoretical understanding of the psychoses, and we can hope for further advances from sophisticated new methodological tools. Promising areas of investigation include the search for genetic markers, studies of postsynaptic neuronal receptors, and examination of the effects of polypeptides, including endogenous opioid compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:352169", "title": "Tuberculous joint disease in transplant patients.", "content": "Three patients with tuberculosis, all manifesting monarticular joint involvement, among 845 renal allograft recipients at the University of Minnesota are reported on. Clinical symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and optimal antibiotic regimes are discussed. The physician must suspect tuberculous joint disease when confronted with monarticular swelling and pain in the transplant recipient.", "contents": "Tuberculous joint disease in transplant patients. Three patients with tuberculosis, all manifesting monarticular joint involvement, among 845 renal allograft recipients at the University of Minnesota are reported on. Clinical symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and optimal antibiotic regimes are discussed. The physician must suspect tuberculous joint disease when confronted with monarticular swelling and pain in the transplant recipient."}
{"id": "PMID:352179", "title": "The other Pasteur. Changing views on the postoperative chest.", "content": "The life and works of William Pasteur (1855-1943) are described and his thesis that pulmonary collapse is the harbinger of the development of postoperative lung pathology is discussed.", "contents": "The other Pasteur. Changing views on the postoperative chest. The life and works of William Pasteur (1855-1943) are described and his thesis that pulmonary collapse is the harbinger of the development of postoperative lung pathology is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352182", "title": "Epidemiological studies of the occupational hazards of anaesthesia--a review.", "content": "The epidemiological literature on the ocupational hazards of anaesthesia which includes some sort of control data has been studied. It provides reasonably convincing evidence of a moderate increase in the risk of spontaneous abortion among exposed females, although it is possible that even this result is attributable to reporting bias. There is no convincing evidence of any other hazard. It has been pointed out by many authors that, even if spontaneous abortion is commoner among those working in anaesthesia, there is no particular reason to believe that this has anything to do with exposure to trace quantities of anaesthetic gases. The special emotional and physical rigours of the task, for example, might easily be responsible.", "contents": "Epidemiological studies of the occupational hazards of anaesthesia--a review. The epidemiological literature on the ocupational hazards of anaesthesia which includes some sort of control data has been studied. It provides reasonably convincing evidence of a moderate increase in the risk of spontaneous abortion among exposed females, although it is possible that even this result is attributable to reporting bias. There is no convincing evidence of any other hazard. It has been pointed out by many authors that, even if spontaneous abortion is commoner among those working in anaesthesia, there is no particular reason to believe that this has anything to do with exposure to trace quantities of anaesthetic gases. The special emotional and physical rigours of the task, for example, might easily be responsible."}
{"id": "PMID:352183", "title": "Etomidate and methohexitone. A comparative clinical study in out-patient anaesthesia.", "content": "Etomidate compares favourably with methohexitone as an intravenous induction agent in out-patient anaesthesia excluding the incidence of involuntary muscle movement. The use of propylene glycol as a solvent for etomidate does not alter the previously claimed advantageous features of this agent.", "contents": "Etomidate and methohexitone. A comparative clinical study in out-patient anaesthesia. Etomidate compares favourably with methohexitone as an intravenous induction agent in out-patient anaesthesia excluding the incidence of involuntary muscle movement. The use of propylene glycol as a solvent for etomidate does not alter the previously claimed advantageous features of this agent."}
{"id": "PMID:352184", "title": "Metoclopramide and the gastro-oesophageal sphincter. A study in pregnant women with heartburn.", "content": "In a double-blind study the gastro-oesophageal sphincter pressure profile was measured in a group of twenty women in the last trimester of pregnancy, all of whom suffered from heartburn. The mean gastric and the maximum sphincter pressures were calculated from the pressure profile, and the difference between these two was defined as the barrier pressure. After resting sphincter measurement ten of the women were given 10 mg metocolopramide intravenously, and the other ten had a placebo intravenous injection; 15 min later the sphincter pressures were measured again. Metoclopramide significantly increased the mean maximum sphincter and barrier pressures compared to the baseline pressure, and there was no significant difference between the pre- and post-injection pressures in the placebo group. However, the raised mean maximum sphincter and barrier pressures following metoclopramide were made up of four patients having very high pressures and six patients on whom metoclopramine appeared to have little effect. The clinical usefulness of metoclopramide in women in labour is discussed.", "contents": "Metoclopramide and the gastro-oesophageal sphincter. A study in pregnant women with heartburn. In a double-blind study the gastro-oesophageal sphincter pressure profile was measured in a group of twenty women in the last trimester of pregnancy, all of whom suffered from heartburn. The mean gastric and the maximum sphincter pressures were calculated from the pressure profile, and the difference between these two was defined as the barrier pressure. After resting sphincter measurement ten of the women were given 10 mg metocolopramide intravenously, and the other ten had a placebo intravenous injection; 15 min later the sphincter pressures were measured again. Metoclopramide significantly increased the mean maximum sphincter and barrier pressures compared to the baseline pressure, and there was no significant difference between the pre- and post-injection pressures in the placebo group. However, the raised mean maximum sphincter and barrier pressures following metoclopramide were made up of four patients having very high pressures and six patients on whom metoclopramine appeared to have little effect. The clinical usefulness of metoclopramide in women in labour is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352185", "title": "Continuous positive pressure ventilation in children with bronchopneumonia.", "content": "The application of a small end-expiratory pressure of 5 cmH2O to the assisted ventilation of nineteen children (mean age 19 months) with bronchopneumonia was compared with intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Within 1 h of introducing continuous positive pressure ventilation the alveolar-to-arterial oxygen gradient was reduced in most patients, with an increase in functional residual capacity and a decrease in total pulmonary blood shunt. Physiological dead space was also reduced, a feature not observed in other studies, and the significance of this finding is discussed. The use of continuous positive pressure ventilation in broncho-pulmonary infection was shown to be effective even at small pressures, and can be recommended especially for patients requiring long-term ventilation.", "contents": "Continuous positive pressure ventilation in children with bronchopneumonia. The application of a small end-expiratory pressure of 5 cmH2O to the assisted ventilation of nineteen children (mean age 19 months) with bronchopneumonia was compared with intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Within 1 h of introducing continuous positive pressure ventilation the alveolar-to-arterial oxygen gradient was reduced in most patients, with an increase in functional residual capacity and a decrease in total pulmonary blood shunt. Physiological dead space was also reduced, a feature not observed in other studies, and the significance of this finding is discussed. The use of continuous positive pressure ventilation in broncho-pulmonary infection was shown to be effective even at small pressures, and can be recommended especially for patients requiring long-term ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:352186", "title": "The safe use of sodium nitroprusside.", "content": "The factors necessary for the safe clinical use of sodium nitroprusside are considered in the light of the author's clinical experience. The reasons for abnormal responses to the exhibition of this hypotensive agent are considered and the precautions necessary and the need to avoid overdosage are emphasised.", "contents": "The safe use of sodium nitroprusside. The factors necessary for the safe clinical use of sodium nitroprusside are considered in the light of the author's clinical experience. The reasons for abnormal responses to the exhibition of this hypotensive agent are considered and the precautions necessary and the need to avoid overdosage are emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:352187", "title": "[Clinical trial of bupivacaine-CO2 (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred and forty-one patients for general and urological surgery were anaesthetized by epidural anesthesia (PDA) using bupivacaine-CO2 0.5% solutions. A frequency peak for the initial dose between 21-23 ml was noted. The response time and latency period were found to be 2.99 +/- 1.40 min and 11.02 +/- 3.66 min (smallest time unit 0.5 min). The effective duration was 5.02 +/- 0.93 h. The sensory spread reached on average to T 6.06 +/- 1.41 segments for the patients with typical injection locations at L2/3-L4/5. A mean dose of 6.25 +/- 0.18 mg per spinal segment was used. Side effects were not seen apart from occasional hypotension. The failures were not related to the anesthetic drug. The degree of muscle relaxation was for the majority of cases evaluated at 2 +, which was sufficient for the abdominal operations. The results are compared with the data obtained using bupivacaine-HC1; the advantages of bupivacaine-CO2 are described.", "contents": "[Clinical trial of bupivacaine-CO2 (author's transl)]. One hundred and forty-one patients for general and urological surgery were anaesthetized by epidural anesthesia (PDA) using bupivacaine-CO2 0.5% solutions. A frequency peak for the initial dose between 21-23 ml was noted. The response time and latency period were found to be 2.99 +/- 1.40 min and 11.02 +/- 3.66 min (smallest time unit 0.5 min). The effective duration was 5.02 +/- 0.93 h. The sensory spread reached on average to T 6.06 +/- 1.41 segments for the patients with typical injection locations at L2/3-L4/5. A mean dose of 6.25 +/- 0.18 mg per spinal segment was used. Side effects were not seen apart from occasional hypotension. The failures were not related to the anesthetic drug. The degree of muscle relaxation was for the majority of cases evaluated at 2 +, which was sufficient for the abdominal operations. The results are compared with the data obtained using bupivacaine-HC1; the advantages of bupivacaine-CO2 are described."}
{"id": "PMID:352188", "title": "[Ketamine--a suitable agent for emergency situations (author's transl)].", "content": "Various surgical procedures have been performed using ketamine alone (Group I) or ketamine-relaxant-air anaesthesia (Group II). In all patients we observed a significant rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate. The intraoperative values showed a tendency to return to normal. Ten minutes after injection 2 mg/kg body-weight i.v., ketamine caused a significant reduction in arterial PO2 and oxygen saturation as well as a significant rise in arterial PCO2, though these changes were of no clinical importance. In both groups the intraoperative values were normal as compared to the preoperative level. In all cases base excess reflecting the metabolic side of blood gas analysis was within normal range. Based on our findings we recommend the use of ketamine as a sole anesthetic agent for IPPB ventilated as well as spontaneously breathing patients in disaster situations.", "contents": "[Ketamine--a suitable agent for emergency situations (author's transl)]. Various surgical procedures have been performed using ketamine alone (Group I) or ketamine-relaxant-air anaesthesia (Group II). In all patients we observed a significant rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate. The intraoperative values showed a tendency to return to normal. Ten minutes after injection 2 mg/kg body-weight i.v., ketamine caused a significant reduction in arterial PO2 and oxygen saturation as well as a significant rise in arterial PCO2, though these changes were of no clinical importance. In both groups the intraoperative values were normal as compared to the preoperative level. In all cases base excess reflecting the metabolic side of blood gas analysis was within normal range. Based on our findings we recommend the use of ketamine as a sole anesthetic agent for IPPB ventilated as well as spontaneously breathing patients in disaster situations."}
{"id": "PMID:352189", "title": "The effect of positive end expiratory pressure on rebreathing and gas dilution in the Ayre's T-piece system--a laboratory study.", "content": "The effect of positive end expiratory pressure on the function of the Ayre's T-Piece System was studied using a simple lung model. Positive end expiratory pressure did not effect end tial CO2 during \"controlled breathing\" but caused an increase during \"spontaneous breathing\" when fresh gas flow was less than 3 times the minute volume. Gas dilution did not occur under any of the test conditions.", "contents": "The effect of positive end expiratory pressure on rebreathing and gas dilution in the Ayre's T-piece system--a laboratory study. The effect of positive end expiratory pressure on the function of the Ayre's T-Piece System was studied using a simple lung model. Positive end expiratory pressure did not effect end tial CO2 during \"controlled breathing\" but caused an increase during \"spontaneous breathing\" when fresh gas flow was less than 3 times the minute volume. Gas dilution did not occur under any of the test conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:352192", "title": "The effect of speed of injection on the potency of anaesthetic induction agents.", "content": "The effect of speed of injection on the hypnotic actions of thiopentone, methohexitone, propanidid and Alfathesin was studied in elective surgical patients. The sequential up-and-down technique was used to determine ED50 values. A significant reduction in ED50 was observed for doses injected over five seconds when compared with doses injected over fifteen seconds for thiopentone (64%, P=.001) and methohexitone (83%, P=.05). In the case of Alfathesin, relatively wide confidence limits were observed at all injection speeds and reduction in ED50 at fifteen seconds (63%, P=.001) was noted when compared with the ED50 at five seconds. No significant differences were noted with any of the drugs studied, for variations in infusion time between fifteen, thirty and sixty seconds. It was concluded that only at very rapid infusion rates does the speed of injection influence the potency of the commonly used induction agents.", "contents": "The effect of speed of injection on the potency of anaesthetic induction agents. The effect of speed of injection on the hypnotic actions of thiopentone, methohexitone, propanidid and Alfathesin was studied in elective surgical patients. The sequential up-and-down technique was used to determine ED50 values. A significant reduction in ED50 was observed for doses injected over five seconds when compared with doses injected over fifteen seconds for thiopentone (64%, P=.001) and methohexitone (83%, P=.05). In the case of Alfathesin, relatively wide confidence limits were observed at all injection speeds and reduction in ED50 at fifteen seconds (63%, P=.001) was noted when compared with the ED50 at five seconds. No significant differences were noted with any of the drugs studied, for variations in infusion time between fifteen, thirty and sixty seconds. It was concluded that only at very rapid infusion rates does the speed of injection influence the potency of the commonly used induction agents."}
{"id": "PMID:352194", "title": "The bird respirator modified for PEEP, CPAP and IMV.", "content": "A Bird Mk. 8 respirator has been modified to permit the use of PEEP, CPAP and IMV. Gas supply is from an oxygen blender to allow easy adjustment of the inhaled oxygen concentration. A special fitting was made to mount a flow meter which supplies the IMV reservoir. PEEP is generated by the Mk. 8 negative pressure generator mounted in opposition to exhalation and its magnitude can be adjusted by the negative pressure control of the respirator. This modified machine is simple, reliable and relatively inexpensive.", "contents": "The bird respirator modified for PEEP, CPAP and IMV. A Bird Mk. 8 respirator has been modified to permit the use of PEEP, CPAP and IMV. Gas supply is from an oxygen blender to allow easy adjustment of the inhaled oxygen concentration. A special fitting was made to mount a flow meter which supplies the IMV reservoir. PEEP is generated by the Mk. 8 negative pressure generator mounted in opposition to exhalation and its magnitude can be adjusted by the negative pressure control of the respirator. This modified machine is simple, reliable and relatively inexpensive."}
{"id": "PMID:352193", "title": "The elimination of pollution by a non inhalational technique.", "content": "A method is described whereby major surgery can be accomplished without inhalational anaesthtic agents, thus completely eliminating operating room pollution. The method is based on the balanced use of three intravenous agents--morphine, alcuronium and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). In the dose chosen for GHB, reliable unconsciousness can be produced for surgery of any length, and using physostigmine as an antidote, patients can be wakened within ten minutes. The advantages are convenience, simplicity of equipment, low cost, absence of pollution and good patient acceptance. The disadvantages are a certain incidence of hypertension and in this series, a small failure rate with the antidote.", "contents": "The elimination of pollution by a non inhalational technique. A method is described whereby major surgery can be accomplished without inhalational anaesthtic agents, thus completely eliminating operating room pollution. The method is based on the balanced use of three intravenous agents--morphine, alcuronium and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). In the dose chosen for GHB, reliable unconsciousness can be produced for surgery of any length, and using physostigmine as an antidote, patients can be wakened within ten minutes. The advantages are convenience, simplicity of equipment, low cost, absence of pollution and good patient acceptance. The disadvantages are a certain incidence of hypertension and in this series, a small failure rate with the antidote."}
{"id": "PMID:352197", "title": "Comparative study of cloprednol versus placebo in asthma.", "content": "This double-blind parallel trial evaluated the efficacy of cloprednol, a new synthetic glucocorticoid, in 40 patients with asthma. Patients kept daily records of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and cough. Analysis of these records showed cloprednol to be statistically significantly better than placebo for the relief of these symptoms (p values ranged from less than 0.01 to less than 0.0001). Weekly physician evaluations of asthma severity, symptoms since last visit and number of asthma attacks also showed a significant drug effect in favor of cloprednol. These subjective findings were confirmed by objective pulmonary function tests (FEV1.0, FVC and PEFR). There was a statistically significant difference favoring cloprednol for all the pulmonary function measurements. Previous studies have suggested that at equipotent anti-inflammatory doses cloprednol is less suppressive of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Although plasma cortisol levels were not measured in this trial, none of the patients manifested clinically important side effects which required termination of their participation in the study.", "contents": "Comparative study of cloprednol versus placebo in asthma. This double-blind parallel trial evaluated the efficacy of cloprednol, a new synthetic glucocorticoid, in 40 patients with asthma. Patients kept daily records of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and cough. Analysis of these records showed cloprednol to be statistically significantly better than placebo for the relief of these symptoms (p values ranged from less than 0.01 to less than 0.0001). Weekly physician evaluations of asthma severity, symptoms since last visit and number of asthma attacks also showed a significant drug effect in favor of cloprednol. These subjective findings were confirmed by objective pulmonary function tests (FEV1.0, FVC and PEFR). There was a statistically significant difference favoring cloprednol for all the pulmonary function measurements. Previous studies have suggested that at equipotent anti-inflammatory doses cloprednol is less suppressive of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Although plasma cortisol levels were not measured in this trial, none of the patients manifested clinically important side effects which required termination of their participation in the study."}
{"id": "PMID:352198", "title": "The management of urticaria.", "content": "Urticaria is not by any means the most serious clinical problem with which the physician must deal but it is certainly the most tedious and capricious. Its management therefore calls for patience on the part of both the patient and the physician and for a plan of management that is thorough and detailed. In this paper the authors present a plan which has proved capable of fulfilling these criteria.", "contents": "The management of urticaria. Urticaria is not by any means the most serious clinical problem with which the physician must deal but it is certainly the most tedious and capricious. Its management therefore calls for patience on the part of both the patient and the physician and for a plan of management that is thorough and detailed. In this paper the authors present a plan which has proved capable of fulfilling these criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:352200", "title": "Effects of racemic epinephrine (Micronefrine) administered by intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) in airway obstruction: a double-blind study.", "content": "Racemic epinephrine in doses of 4.5 and 9 mg were administered by IPPV with a Bird Mark 8 in a double-blind, crossover study on consecutive days to 12 normal subjects and to 12 patients with airways obstruction. Normal subjects did not react with any clinically significant change in pulse rate or blood pressure. PEFR in the patients increased by an average of 35% from 5 to 60 minutes after 4.5 mg and by 44-42% after 9 mg. The increase after the larger dose was significantly larger five minutes after inhalation. There was no clinically significant change in pulse rate or blood pressure but a slightly greater frequency of mild side effects among the normal subjects and after the larger dose.", "contents": "Effects of racemic epinephrine (Micronefrine) administered by intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) in airway obstruction: a double-blind study. Racemic epinephrine in doses of 4.5 and 9 mg were administered by IPPV with a Bird Mark 8 in a double-blind, crossover study on consecutive days to 12 normal subjects and to 12 patients with airways obstruction. Normal subjects did not react with any clinically significant change in pulse rate or blood pressure. PEFR in the patients increased by an average of 35% from 5 to 60 minutes after 4.5 mg and by 44-42% after 9 mg. The increase after the larger dose was significantly larger five minutes after inhalation. There was no clinically significant change in pulse rate or blood pressure but a slightly greater frequency of mild side effects among the normal subjects and after the larger dose."}
{"id": "PMID:352202", "title": "Clinical use of non-invasive method for determining oxygen saturation: ear oximetry.", "content": "Oxygen saturation can be estimated by measuring the absorption properties of the arterialized blood perfusing the ear. Simultaneous determination of oxygen saturation by blood gas and ear oximetry showed no statistical difference. This non-invasive method allows rapid and accurate monitoring of the oxygenation status of patients with respiratory insufficiency.", "contents": "Clinical use of non-invasive method for determining oxygen saturation: ear oximetry. Oxygen saturation can be estimated by measuring the absorption properties of the arterialized blood perfusing the ear. Simultaneous determination of oxygen saturation by blood gas and ear oximetry showed no statistical difference. This non-invasive method allows rapid and accurate monitoring of the oxygenation status of patients with respiratory insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:352203", "title": "[Stewart-Treves syndrome. Apropos of a case with ultrastructural study].", "content": "An optical and ultrastructural study was performed on biopsy and autopsy specimens of Stewart Treves syndrome cutaneous tumours and their metatases. Various histological aspects are described: territories presenting typical vascular differentiation, spindle cell \"Kaposi type\" territories and undifferentiated territories. The ultrastructural study confirmed the angiomatous differentiation of these tumors and revealed a certain number of arguments in favor of blood rather than lymphatic capillary differentiation of the newly formed vessels. Upon completion of this study, it appeared possible to confirm that the Stewart Treves syndrome corresponds to an anatomo-clinical entity whose histological features are very close to those of primitive cutaneous angiosarcomas.", "contents": "[Stewart-Treves syndrome. Apropos of a case with ultrastructural study]. An optical and ultrastructural study was performed on biopsy and autopsy specimens of Stewart Treves syndrome cutaneous tumours and their metatases. Various histological aspects are described: territories presenting typical vascular differentiation, spindle cell \"Kaposi type\" territories and undifferentiated territories. The ultrastructural study confirmed the angiomatous differentiation of these tumors and revealed a certain number of arguments in favor of blood rather than lymphatic capillary differentiation of the newly formed vessels. Upon completion of this study, it appeared possible to confirm that the Stewart Treves syndrome corresponds to an anatomo-clinical entity whose histological features are very close to those of primitive cutaneous angiosarcomas."}
{"id": "PMID:352204", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies of canine distemper encephalitis on paraffin-embedded tissue.", "content": "A paraffin-embedding technique for fluorescent antibody studies of canine distemper encephalitis was developed. Specific fluorescence was demonstrated in all brain tissue from dogs with canine distemper, and when compared with tissue on cryostat sections, the paraffin-embedded tissue showed superior preservation of tissue architecture. The preservation of viral antigen was good, and the appearance of fluorescence in gray- and white-matter lesions was described. In gray matter, extensive fluorescence was found mainly in neurons; fluorescence in white matter was less extensive and was mainly associated with astrocytes.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies of canine distemper encephalitis on paraffin-embedded tissue. A paraffin-embedding technique for fluorescent antibody studies of canine distemper encephalitis was developed. Specific fluorescence was demonstrated in all brain tissue from dogs with canine distemper, and when compared with tissue on cryostat sections, the paraffin-embedded tissue showed superior preservation of tissue architecture. The preservation of viral antigen was good, and the appearance of fluorescence in gray- and white-matter lesions was described. In gray matter, extensive fluorescence was found mainly in neurons; fluorescence in white matter was less extensive and was mainly associated with astrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:352205", "title": "Detection of Moraxella bovis antibodies in the SIgA, IgG, and IgM classes of immunoglobulin in bovine lacrimal secretions by an indirect fluorescent antibody test.", "content": "The relationship between clinical infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) and Moraxella bovis antibodies was evaluated in a herd of calves during one summer. The detection and the distribution of antibody response in lacrimal secretions of beef calves to natural exposure of M bovis were determined by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Three classes of immunoglobulins--secretory IgA, IgM, and IgG--were monitored in lacrimal secretions over a 5-month period when IBK was enzootic in the herd. The 3 classes of antibody to M bovis were detected in all but 2 calves at the start of the monitoring, and the highest and most persistent M bovis antibody titers were in the IgG immunoglobulin class, and less so in IgM and secretory IgA classes. The specific antibodies present in the lacrimal secretions did not prevent the development of clinical IBK in the calves.", "contents": "Detection of Moraxella bovis antibodies in the SIgA, IgG, and IgM classes of immunoglobulin in bovine lacrimal secretions by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. The relationship between clinical infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) and Moraxella bovis antibodies was evaluated in a herd of calves during one summer. The detection and the distribution of antibody response in lacrimal secretions of beef calves to natural exposure of M bovis were determined by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Three classes of immunoglobulins--secretory IgA, IgM, and IgG--were monitored in lacrimal secretions over a 5-month period when IBK was enzootic in the herd. The 3 classes of antibody to M bovis were detected in all but 2 calves at the start of the monitoring, and the highest and most persistent M bovis antibody titers were in the IgG immunoglobulin class, and less so in IgM and secretory IgA classes. The specific antibodies present in the lacrimal secretions did not prevent the development of clinical IBK in the calves."}
{"id": "PMID:352206", "title": "Bacteriology of expectorated sputum with quantitative culture and wash technique compared to transtracheal aspirates.", "content": "Techniques to improve the reliability of expectorated sputum culture were evaluated in 46 patients using a wash technique, quantitative culture, and a combination of washing and quantification. The wash procedure consisted of a jet of tap water over the specimen contained in a tea strainer. The true lower respiratory tract flora was determined by percutaneous transtracheal aspirates, which served as the basis for evaluating the methods of processing expectorated specimens. Either washing alone or quantification alone decreased the number of specimens with organisms that were not present in companion transtracheal aspirates; however, results that were sufficiently improved to be clearly advantageous for clinical interpretation were achieved only when washing and quantification were combined. Washed sputum specimens yielded oropharyngeal \"contaminants\" in concentrations exceeding 10(6) bacteria per ml in 12 of 46 specimens (26 per cent). Using this technique, only one specimen contained a misleading potential pathogen, and only one specimen failed to yield a potential pathogen that was recovered with the transtracheal aspirate. The wash procedure decreased the mean concentrations of contaminants approximately 100-fold for all specimens and 1,000-fold for purulent specimens.", "contents": "Bacteriology of expectorated sputum with quantitative culture and wash technique compared to transtracheal aspirates. Techniques to improve the reliability of expectorated sputum culture were evaluated in 46 patients using a wash technique, quantitative culture, and a combination of washing and quantification. The wash procedure consisted of a jet of tap water over the specimen contained in a tea strainer. The true lower respiratory tract flora was determined by percutaneous transtracheal aspirates, which served as the basis for evaluating the methods of processing expectorated specimens. Either washing alone or quantification alone decreased the number of specimens with organisms that were not present in companion transtracheal aspirates; however, results that were sufficiently improved to be clearly advantageous for clinical interpretation were achieved only when washing and quantification were combined. Washed sputum specimens yielded oropharyngeal \"contaminants\" in concentrations exceeding 10(6) bacteria per ml in 12 of 46 specimens (26 per cent). Using this technique, only one specimen contained a misleading potential pathogen, and only one specimen failed to yield a potential pathogen that was recovered with the transtracheal aspirate. The wash procedure decreased the mean concentrations of contaminants approximately 100-fold for all specimens and 1,000-fold for purulent specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:352208", "title": "Comparison of homogeneous enzyme immunoassay and high-pressure liquid chromatography for the determination of theophylline concentration in serum.", "content": "A comparison of the new homogeneous enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT, Syva) with a high-pressure liquid chromatographic technique for the determination of theophylline concentration is presented. The accuracy, precision, and specificity of the methods were compared. In addition, 100 samples from 61 pediatric patients receiving theophylline were assayed by both methods. The accuracy, precision, and specificity of the enzyme immunoassay support the use of this method for the quantification of theophylline concentration in clinical specimens. A significant correlation (R = 0.981, P less than 0.001) was found between results generated by enzyme immunoassay and high-pressure liquid chromatography for patient samples. The regression line relating these results had an intercept of 0.22 microgram per ml, a slope of 1.05, and a standard error of the estimate of 1.36 microgram per ml.", "contents": "Comparison of homogeneous enzyme immunoassay and high-pressure liquid chromatography for the determination of theophylline concentration in serum. A comparison of the new homogeneous enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT, Syva) with a high-pressure liquid chromatographic technique for the determination of theophylline concentration is presented. The accuracy, precision, and specificity of the methods were compared. In addition, 100 samples from 61 pediatric patients receiving theophylline were assayed by both methods. The accuracy, precision, and specificity of the enzyme immunoassay support the use of this method for the quantification of theophylline concentration in clinical specimens. A significant correlation (R = 0.981, P less than 0.001) was found between results generated by enzyme immunoassay and high-pressure liquid chromatography for patient samples. The regression line relating these results had an intercept of 0.22 microgram per ml, a slope of 1.05, and a standard error of the estimate of 1.36 microgram per ml."}
{"id": "PMID:352210", "title": "Influenza immunization in systemic lupus eruthematosus. A double-blind trial.", "content": "Forty patients with systemic lupus erythematosus randomly received inactivated bivalent (A/NJ and A/Victoria) influenza vaccine or saline in a double-blind study. During 20 weeks of follow-up, no deterioration in major organ function or increase in disease flares was observed in the immunized group as compared with the group that received saline. Preimmunization antibody titers to A/Victoria were lower in the 40 patients with lupus erythematosus than in age-matched control subjects. Response to immunization, as measured by serum antibody titers, was also lower in the patients with lupus erythematosus, indicating that immune responses must be evaluated on an individual patient basis. Nevertheless, influenza vaccination can be safely carried out in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Influenza immunization in systemic lupus eruthematosus. A double-blind trial. Forty patients with systemic lupus erythematosus randomly received inactivated bivalent (A/NJ and A/Victoria) influenza vaccine or saline in a double-blind study. During 20 weeks of follow-up, no deterioration in major organ function or increase in disease flares was observed in the immunized group as compared with the group that received saline. Preimmunization antibody titers to A/Victoria were lower in the 40 patients with lupus erythematosus than in age-matched control subjects. Response to immunization, as measured by serum antibody titers, was also lower in the patients with lupus erythematosus, indicating that immune responses must be evaluated on an individual patient basis. Nevertheless, influenza vaccination can be safely carried out in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus."}
{"id": "PMID:352211", "title": "Prehospital brady-asystolic cardiac arrest.", "content": "Of 133 persons with spontaneous cardiac arrest attended by paramedics within 10 minutes, 100 (75%) had ventricular fibrillation as the initial rhythm and 33 (25%) had extreme bradycardia or asystole. The latter group of arrhythmias was characterized by sinus arrest or severe sinus bradycardia (90%) and complete A-V block (10%). Junctional escape rhythm was also absent or markedly retarded. Despite cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the administration of epinephrine, atropine, isoproterenol, and sodium bicarbonate, recovery of the sinus and junctional tissues was infrequent. Ventricular fibrillation developed in 11 cases (33%). One patient lived 12 days, but all others were dead on arrival or died in the emergency room. Among the 13 coronary causes of death proved at autopsy, 10 (77%) were due to a fresh thrombus and seven (54%) to an occluded proximal right coronary artery, suggesting a causal relation to this type of arrest.", "contents": "Prehospital brady-asystolic cardiac arrest. Of 133 persons with spontaneous cardiac arrest attended by paramedics within 10 minutes, 100 (75%) had ventricular fibrillation as the initial rhythm and 33 (25%) had extreme bradycardia or asystole. The latter group of arrhythmias was characterized by sinus arrest or severe sinus bradycardia (90%) and complete A-V block (10%). Junctional escape rhythm was also absent or markedly retarded. Despite cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the administration of epinephrine, atropine, isoproterenol, and sodium bicarbonate, recovery of the sinus and junctional tissues was infrequent. Ventricular fibrillation developed in 11 cases (33%). One patient lived 12 days, but all others were dead on arrival or died in the emergency room. Among the 13 coronary causes of death proved at autopsy, 10 (77%) were due to a fresh thrombus and seven (54%) to an occluded proximal right coronary artery, suggesting a causal relation to this type of arrest."}
{"id": "PMID:352213", "title": "Vancomycin revisited.", "content": "Vancomycin, virtually discarded after development of antistaphylococcal penicillins, has recently been receiving renewed attention. There are several clinical situations in which it appears to offer advantages over other available antimicrobial agents: infections due to methicillin-resistant staphylococci; bacterial endocarditis in patients allergic to penicillin; staphylococcal enterocolitis; staphylococcal infection in patients undergoing hemodialysis; infections caused by penicillin-resistant diphtheroids; and prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis in patients with prosthetic valves or penicillin allergy. Its penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid suggests that vancomycin may be useful in treating certain infections of the central nervous system. Although its ototoxic and nephrotoxic potential cannot be ignored, these problems can be minimized by keeping the serum concentration at the proper level.", "contents": "Vancomycin revisited. Vancomycin, virtually discarded after development of antistaphylococcal penicillins, has recently been receiving renewed attention. There are several clinical situations in which it appears to offer advantages over other available antimicrobial agents: infections due to methicillin-resistant staphylococci; bacterial endocarditis in patients allergic to penicillin; staphylococcal enterocolitis; staphylococcal infection in patients undergoing hemodialysis; infections caused by penicillin-resistant diphtheroids; and prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis in patients with prosthetic valves or penicillin allergy. Its penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid suggests that vancomycin may be useful in treating certain infections of the central nervous system. Although its ototoxic and nephrotoxic potential cannot be ignored, these problems can be minimized by keeping the serum concentration at the proper level."}
{"id": "PMID:352214", "title": "Articular damage in arthritis and its control.", "content": "Erosion of joint surfaces in arthritic conditions is always associated with the degradation of the two principal matrix macromolecules of cartilage, proteoglycan and collagen. The major enzymes thought to be involved in articular catabolism have not been isolated, purified, and their properties studied, but precise spatial and temporal activities are still imperfectly understood. We are beginning to understand some aspects of cellular function in the control of catabolic enzyme function. Recent studies on molecular, cellular, and tissue mechanisms in this process are discussed here. Of particular interest is a possible natural control mechanism involving a recently discovered inhibitor of collagenase. A newly developed pharmacologic method of inflammation control utilizes the properties of liposomes in the closed environment of the joint cavity. Very low doses of modified steroids encapsulated within liposomes are capable of substantially reducing inflammation in experimentally arthritic animals and may be applicable to man.", "contents": "Articular damage in arthritis and its control. Erosion of joint surfaces in arthritic conditions is always associated with the degradation of the two principal matrix macromolecules of cartilage, proteoglycan and collagen. The major enzymes thought to be involved in articular catabolism have not been isolated, purified, and their properties studied, but precise spatial and temporal activities are still imperfectly understood. We are beginning to understand some aspects of cellular function in the control of catabolic enzyme function. Recent studies on molecular, cellular, and tissue mechanisms in this process are discussed here. Of particular interest is a possible natural control mechanism involving a recently discovered inhibitor of collagenase. A newly developed pharmacologic method of inflammation control utilizes the properties of liposomes in the closed environment of the joint cavity. Very low doses of modified steroids encapsulated within liposomes are capable of substantially reducing inflammation in experimentally arthritic animals and may be applicable to man."}
{"id": "PMID:352219", "title": "Urticaria associated with acute viral hepatitis type B: studies of pathogenesis.", "content": "To determine whether skin deposition of circulating immune complexes contributes to prodromal urticaria of acute hepatitis B, we studied two patients with hepatitis B who presented with urticaria and fever. During the urticarial prodrome but not thereafter, we found activation of both classic and alternative complement pathways. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-antibody complexes were identified (by electron microscopy) in cryoprecipitates from both patients and IgG (by immunodiffusion) in cryoprecipitates of one patient during urticaria. Light and electron microscopy of involved urticarial skin revealed necrotizing venulitis in both patients. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed fibrin within involved cutaneous vessel walls in one patient and C3, IgM, and HBsAg, which were not detected in simultaneously obtained uninvolved skin, in both patients. Our findings suggest that deposition of circulating immune complexes containing HBsAg is important in the pathogenesis of urticaria associated with acute hepatitis B virus infection.", "contents": "Urticaria associated with acute viral hepatitis type B: studies of pathogenesis. To determine whether skin deposition of circulating immune complexes contributes to prodromal urticaria of acute hepatitis B, we studied two patients with hepatitis B who presented with urticaria and fever. During the urticarial prodrome but not thereafter, we found activation of both classic and alternative complement pathways. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-antibody complexes were identified (by electron microscopy) in cryoprecipitates from both patients and IgG (by immunodiffusion) in cryoprecipitates of one patient during urticaria. Light and electron microscopy of involved urticarial skin revealed necrotizing venulitis in both patients. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed fibrin within involved cutaneous vessel walls in one patient and C3, IgM, and HBsAg, which were not detected in simultaneously obtained uninvolved skin, in both patients. Our findings suggest that deposition of circulating immune complexes containing HBsAg is important in the pathogenesis of urticaria associated with acute hepatitis B virus infection."}
{"id": "PMID:352220", "title": "Severe candidal infections: clinical perspective, immune defense mechanisms, and current concepts of therapy.", "content": "Disseminated candidiasis has become an important infection, particularly in immunocompromised and postoperative patients. Although serologic tests may, in some settings, facilitate a premortem diagnosis, the disease is usually diagnosed by comprehensive clinical evaluation. Detection of the relatively newly recognized peripheral manifestations of candidemia may be vital to early diagnosis: endophthalmitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, myocarditis, meningitis, and macronodular skin lesions. Studies in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and in-vitro manipulations have begun to elucidate normal immune defense mechanisms against Candida, including serum factors, phagocytosis, intracellular killing mechanisms, and lymphocyte function (particularly T cell). The primary drugs for the treatment of disseminated candidiasis are still amphotericin B or amphotericin B plus 5-fluorocytosine; the mainstay of therapy for chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is amphotericin B. Other antifungals and immune system-stimulating modalities (transfer factor, thymosin, thymus epithelial cell transplantation, and levamisol) may be useful for chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in some settings and deserve further evaluation.", "contents": "Severe candidal infections: clinical perspective, immune defense mechanisms, and current concepts of therapy. Disseminated candidiasis has become an important infection, particularly in immunocompromised and postoperative patients. Although serologic tests may, in some settings, facilitate a premortem diagnosis, the disease is usually diagnosed by comprehensive clinical evaluation. Detection of the relatively newly recognized peripheral manifestations of candidemia may be vital to early diagnosis: endophthalmitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, myocarditis, meningitis, and macronodular skin lesions. Studies in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and in-vitro manipulations have begun to elucidate normal immune defense mechanisms against Candida, including serum factors, phagocytosis, intracellular killing mechanisms, and lymphocyte function (particularly T cell). The primary drugs for the treatment of disseminated candidiasis are still amphotericin B or amphotericin B plus 5-fluorocytosine; the mainstay of therapy for chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is amphotericin B. Other antifungals and immune system-stimulating modalities (transfer factor, thymosin, thymus epithelial cell transplantation, and levamisol) may be useful for chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in some settings and deserve further evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:352222", "title": "Morphological mutants of Escherichia coli: nature of the permeability barrier in mon and envC cells.", "content": "Morphological mon mutants and a chain-forming envC mutant of Escherichia coli K12 are hypersensitive to detergents and to various other antibacterial agents. Electron microscopy shows that the cytoplasmic membrane of growing mon and envC cells is dissolved by detergents, and that the cytoplasm dissociates into two parts of unequal density. The mutant envC is sensitive to actinomycin D and to rifampicin, is lysed by lysozyme in the absence of EDTA, and releases alkaline phosphatase in the absence of osomotic shock, indicating a gross perturbation of its outer membrane.", "contents": "Morphological mutants of Escherichia coli: nature of the permeability barrier in mon and envC cells. Morphological mon mutants and a chain-forming envC mutant of Escherichia coli K12 are hypersensitive to detergents and to various other antibacterial agents. Electron microscopy shows that the cytoplasmic membrane of growing mon and envC cells is dissolved by detergents, and that the cytoplasm dissociates into two parts of unequal density. The mutant envC is sensitive to actinomycin D and to rifampicin, is lysed by lysozyme in the absence of EDTA, and releases alkaline phosphatase in the absence of osomotic shock, indicating a gross perturbation of its outer membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:352225", "title": "[Deafness due to renal failure. Clinicopathological study (author's transl)].", "content": "In this series of 54 cases of chronic renal failure, the largest number of curves showed a curve of a presbyacousia type (3/4 of the total). This hypoacousia may be related to the length of time for which the renal pathology has existed and, parat from group 0 (patients treated without haemodialysis nor grafting), may be correlated with the curve of the speed of nervous conduction. This latter correlation is particularly close in patients with a strictly isolated renal disease. The aetiology of this deafness would appear to be related to the premature aging provoked by chronic renal failure. The method of surface preparation applied to 5 petrous temporal bones from 3 patients was felt to be of particular value in the study of this pathology. Whilst one case of unilateral sudden deafness of vascular aetiology is reported, no vascular changes were seen in the other petrous temporal bones. Case 7-11 was particularly demonstrative since bilateral deafness with a rapidly progressive descending occurred in the presence of changes in the pre-ganglionic cochlear fibres charaterised by demyelinisation. This was associated with a cell loss of approximately 25% in the spiral ganglion and less marked demyelinisation of the fibres of the vestibular nerve.", "contents": "[Deafness due to renal failure. Clinicopathological study (author's transl)]. In this series of 54 cases of chronic renal failure, the largest number of curves showed a curve of a presbyacousia type (3/4 of the total). This hypoacousia may be related to the length of time for which the renal pathology has existed and, parat from group 0 (patients treated without haemodialysis nor grafting), may be correlated with the curve of the speed of nervous conduction. This latter correlation is particularly close in patients with a strictly isolated renal disease. The aetiology of this deafness would appear to be related to the premature aging provoked by chronic renal failure. The method of surface preparation applied to 5 petrous temporal bones from 3 patients was felt to be of particular value in the study of this pathology. Whilst one case of unilateral sudden deafness of vascular aetiology is reported, no vascular changes were seen in the other petrous temporal bones. Case 7-11 was particularly demonstrative since bilateral deafness with a rapidly progressive descending occurred in the presence of changes in the pre-ganglionic cochlear fibres charaterised by demyelinisation. This was associated with a cell loss of approximately 25% in the spiral ganglion and less marked demyelinisation of the fibres of the vestibular nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:352236", "title": "A double-blind comparison of levodopa, Madopa, and Sinemet in Parkinson disease.", "content": "A sixteen-week study examined the effect of Madopa and Sinemet on patients with Parkinson disease disease suffering nausea or vomiting as side-effects of levodopa therapy and compared the efficacy of the three preparations in controlling the symptoms of Parkinson disease. Following a control period on levodopa, 20 patients underwent four consecutive four-week regimens as follows: (1) double-blind, in which a randomized half received levodopa and half received Madopa; (2) single-blind, in which all received Madopa; (3) double-blind, in which a re-randomized half received Madopa and half Sinemet; and (4) single-blind, in which all received Sinemet. Levodopa administration via Sinemet and Madopa was held to a fixed 20% of prior levodopa dosage. Almost all patients showed great reduction in nausea and vomiting with both Madopa and Sinemet. Seventy percent of the patients showed improvement in disability compared to their levodopa baseline levels. Group means showed no difference between the improvement seen on Madopa and that seen on Sinemet. However, examination of individual responses showed that the majority of patients fared distinctly better on either Sinemet or Madopa.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of levodopa, Madopa, and Sinemet in Parkinson disease. A sixteen-week study examined the effect of Madopa and Sinemet on patients with Parkinson disease disease suffering nausea or vomiting as side-effects of levodopa therapy and compared the efficacy of the three preparations in controlling the symptoms of Parkinson disease. Following a control period on levodopa, 20 patients underwent four consecutive four-week regimens as follows: (1) double-blind, in which a randomized half received levodopa and half received Madopa; (2) single-blind, in which all received Madopa; (3) double-blind, in which a re-randomized half received Madopa and half Sinemet; and (4) single-blind, in which all received Sinemet. Levodopa administration via Sinemet and Madopa was held to a fixed 20% of prior levodopa dosage. Almost all patients showed great reduction in nausea and vomiting with both Madopa and Sinemet. Seventy percent of the patients showed improvement in disability compared to their levodopa baseline levels. Group means showed no difference between the improvement seen on Madopa and that seen on Sinemet. However, examination of individual responses showed that the majority of patients fared distinctly better on either Sinemet or Madopa."}
{"id": "PMID:352238", "title": "Virus envelopes and plasma membranes.", "content": "In this review I have tried to describe the progress that has been made in studies of viral envelopes in the last few years. In every particular of structure, biogenesis, and assembly, increased knowledge has increased the apparent similarity between viral envelopes and plasma membranes. Thus, the viral envelopes provide unique experimental opportunities for investigating membranes. We can expect that progress in our understanding of membrane structure will continue through the study of viral envelopes over the next few years--most notably through study of the lateral organization of viral envelopes, and of the synthesis, processing, and mode of action of envelope proteins.", "contents": "Virus envelopes and plasma membranes. In this review I have tried to describe the progress that has been made in studies of viral envelopes in the last few years. In every particular of structure, biogenesis, and assembly, increased knowledge has increased the apparent similarity between viral envelopes and plasma membranes. Thus, the viral envelopes provide unique experimental opportunities for investigating membranes. We can expect that progress in our understanding of membrane structure will continue through the study of viral envelopes over the next few years--most notably through study of the lateral organization of viral envelopes, and of the synthesis, processing, and mode of action of envelope proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:352244", "title": "Neural circuits for generating rhythmic movements.", "content": "Inasmuch as the identified neural circuits discussed in this review pertain only to the nervous systems of two invertebrate species, one may ask whether or not these findings are generally applicable to central nervous oscillators that generate rhythmic movements in animals of other species and phyla, particularly in the vertebrates. This question is not easy to answer at this time, because detailed cellular network analyses thus far have been possible only in a very few neurophysiologically favorable preparations, such as those presented by the cardiac and stomatogastric ganglia of the lobster and the segmental ganglion of the leech. Nevertheless it is significant that the mechanisms according to which these invertebrate circuits are now thought to generate their oscillations--endogenous rhythmic polarization, reciprocal inhibition, and recurrent cyclic inhibition--were all first proposed to account for generation of rhythmic movements in vertebrate animals (7-9, 51, 71, 79). Moreover, the pattern of motor neuron activity in rhythmic movements of vertebrates is not necessarily more complex than the corresponding pattern in analogous movements of invertebrates. Therefore, the very much greater number of neurons in the central nervous system of vertebrates does not necessarily imply a greater complexity of the central oscillators that generate their rhythmic movements; it may only place greater obstacles in the way of identifying the underlying neuronal circuitry. In any case, it is worthy of note that the current list of fundamentally different and theoretically plausible types of neuronal oscillators is not only quite short but also of long standing. Thus, on these grounds, it seems reasonable to expect that the identified circuits discussed here will prove to be of general applicability to the generation of rhythmic movements in the whole animal kingdom.", "contents": "Neural circuits for generating rhythmic movements. Inasmuch as the identified neural circuits discussed in this review pertain only to the nervous systems of two invertebrate species, one may ask whether or not these findings are generally applicable to central nervous oscillators that generate rhythmic movements in animals of other species and phyla, particularly in the vertebrates. This question is not easy to answer at this time, because detailed cellular network analyses thus far have been possible only in a very few neurophysiologically favorable preparations, such as those presented by the cardiac and stomatogastric ganglia of the lobster and the segmental ganglion of the leech. Nevertheless it is significant that the mechanisms according to which these invertebrate circuits are now thought to generate their oscillations--endogenous rhythmic polarization, reciprocal inhibition, and recurrent cyclic inhibition--were all first proposed to account for generation of rhythmic movements in vertebrate animals (7-9, 51, 71, 79). Moreover, the pattern of motor neuron activity in rhythmic movements of vertebrates is not necessarily more complex than the corresponding pattern in analogous movements of invertebrates. Therefore, the very much greater number of neurons in the central nervous system of vertebrates does not necessarily imply a greater complexity of the central oscillators that generate their rhythmic movements; it may only place greater obstacles in the way of identifying the underlying neuronal circuitry. In any case, it is worthy of note that the current list of fundamentally different and theoretically plausible types of neuronal oscillators is not only quite short but also of long standing. Thus, on these grounds, it seems reasonable to expect that the identified circuits discussed here will prove to be of general applicability to the generation of rhythmic movements in the whole animal kingdom."}
{"id": "PMID:352245", "title": "Interactions of liposomes with mammalian cells.", "content": "In this review we have attempted to highlight each of the major areas of interest in liposome-cell interactions: the purely physical chemical, the cell biological, and the medical. Liposomes can be generated in a number of ways and are classified as small unilamellar, large unilamellar, and multilamellar vesicles. Although liposomes are easy to prepare, it is important to consider the effects of impurities, and also the possible changes in liposome properties with time (particularly at or below the phase transition temperature). Intelligent application of liposomes to cell biological and clinical problems requires an understanding of their mechanisms of interaction with cells. The mechanisms thus far delineated, largely by studies in vitro, are fusion, endocytosis, lipid transfer, and stable adsorption. In practice, demonstrating the occurrence of a given mechanism in an actual system is difficult because these are not mutually exclusive. Cell type, conditions of incubation, and liposome properties (charge, fluidity, size) are important in determining mechanism and appear to organize the literature effectively. However, this may be an oversimplification resulting from the sketchiness of current information. Liposomes have been used in cell biology to alter the phospholipid and cholesterol composition of cells, to bypass the membrane permeability barrier to normally impermeant solutes, and to promote cell-cell fusion. Perhaps the most fruitful of these applications has been the alteration of cholesterol, which can result in changes in cell permeability and morphology. On the other hand, delivery into cells of liposome-entrapped, water-soluble materials has not yet proved an effective tool in cell biology; delivery, and consequent physiological changes, have been demonstrated, but generally to answer questions about liposome-cell interactions, not to answer questions about the cells. Much of the current interest in liposomes derives from their potential applications in vivo. Liposomes are envisioned as pharmacological capsules for delivery of therapeutic agents in treatment of such conditions as diabetes, enzyme deficiencies, heavy metal poisoning, and neoplasms. Although much of the literature to date has been concerned with the end applications, it seems clear that a more systematic approach to the pharmacokinetics of liposomes will be necessary. In particular, such aspects as their leakage rates and their ability to cross cell and anatomical barriers require further study. Targeting of liposomes to particular cells or tissues will be essential for many applications. Finally, it must be remembered that all of these in vivo applications of liposomes are future tense; as with other technologies, passage from demonstration of the phenomenon to practical application is likely to be arduous.", "contents": "Interactions of liposomes with mammalian cells. In this review we have attempted to highlight each of the major areas of interest in liposome-cell interactions: the purely physical chemical, the cell biological, and the medical. Liposomes can be generated in a number of ways and are classified as small unilamellar, large unilamellar, and multilamellar vesicles. Although liposomes are easy to prepare, it is important to consider the effects of impurities, and also the possible changes in liposome properties with time (particularly at or below the phase transition temperature). Intelligent application of liposomes to cell biological and clinical problems requires an understanding of their mechanisms of interaction with cells. The mechanisms thus far delineated, largely by studies in vitro, are fusion, endocytosis, lipid transfer, and stable adsorption. In practice, demonstrating the occurrence of a given mechanism in an actual system is difficult because these are not mutually exclusive. Cell type, conditions of incubation, and liposome properties (charge, fluidity, size) are important in determining mechanism and appear to organize the literature effectively. However, this may be an oversimplification resulting from the sketchiness of current information. Liposomes have been used in cell biology to alter the phospholipid and cholesterol composition of cells, to bypass the membrane permeability barrier to normally impermeant solutes, and to promote cell-cell fusion. Perhaps the most fruitful of these applications has been the alteration of cholesterol, which can result in changes in cell permeability and morphology. On the other hand, delivery into cells of liposome-entrapped, water-soluble materials has not yet proved an effective tool in cell biology; delivery, and consequent physiological changes, have been demonstrated, but generally to answer questions about liposome-cell interactions, not to answer questions about the cells. Much of the current interest in liposomes derives from their potential applications in vivo. Liposomes are envisioned as pharmacological capsules for delivery of therapeutic agents in treatment of such conditions as diabetes, enzyme deficiencies, heavy metal poisoning, and neoplasms. Although much of the literature to date has been concerned with the end applications, it seems clear that a more systematic approach to the pharmacokinetics of liposomes will be necessary. In particular, such aspects as their leakage rates and their ability to cross cell and anatomical barriers require further study. Targeting of liposomes to particular cells or tissues will be essential for many applications. Finally, it must be remembered that all of these in vivo applications of liposomes are future tense; as with other technologies, passage from demonstration of the phenomenon to practical application is likely to be arduous."}
{"id": "PMID:352252", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in subjects with normal and impaired renal function.", "content": "Since aminoglycosides are antibiotics almost exclusively eliminated by the kidneys, their pharmacokinetic study in normal subjects and in uraemic patients is essential to establish dosage schedules adapted to various degrees of renal impairment. Many studies have been recently reported, particularly with regard to the newly developed desoxystreptamine aminoglycoside antibiotics. The present paper is a compilation of our own results and a review of the literature concerning Streptomycin, Kanamycin and its semi-synthetic derivation, Amikacin or BB-K8, Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Lividomycin, Sisomicin and its semi-synthetic derivation, Netilmicin.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Since aminoglycosides are antibiotics almost exclusively eliminated by the kidneys, their pharmacokinetic study in normal subjects and in uraemic patients is essential to establish dosage schedules adapted to various degrees of renal impairment. Many studies have been recently reported, particularly with regard to the newly developed desoxystreptamine aminoglycoside antibiotics. The present paper is a compilation of our own results and a review of the literature concerning Streptomycin, Kanamycin and its semi-synthetic derivation, Amikacin or BB-K8, Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Lividomycin, Sisomicin and its semi-synthetic derivation, Netilmicin."}
{"id": "PMID:352255", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of nitrofurantoin and its related bioavailability.", "content": "Nitrofurantoin is a urinary tract antibacterial agent whose clinical effectiveness depends on the high urinary drug levels encountered during therapeutic drug dosage. Under these conditions, only low blood drug concentrations are usually found. On the basis of urinary nitrofurantoin excretion determined after oral and intravenous drug administration, orally administered nitrofurantoin in a suitable dosage form is well absorbed. In vitro testing does not accurately reflect nitrofurantoin bioavailability, which is affected by formulation differences, drug particle size, and dosage form. Nitrofurantoin is readily absorbed and quickly distributed into most body fluids. It is rapidly excreted in large amounts in bile and urine. With the exception of the active drug secretion in the kidney tubule and biliary drug transport, nitrofurantoin transfer across body membranes occurs by diffusion. Nitrofurantoin has a short elimination half-life in whole blood or plasma. In conjunction with its rapid excretion by the primary routes, there is little evidence for any prolonged binding of nitrofurantoin to either plasma proteins or tissues. The first-order kinetics involved in nitrofurantoin absorption and elimination is most appropriately described by a one-compartment open model. Biliary and urinary excretion of unchanged nitrofurantoin and enzymatic degradation are the primary means of elimination.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of nitrofurantoin and its related bioavailability. Nitrofurantoin is a urinary tract antibacterial agent whose clinical effectiveness depends on the high urinary drug levels encountered during therapeutic drug dosage. Under these conditions, only low blood drug concentrations are usually found. On the basis of urinary nitrofurantoin excretion determined after oral and intravenous drug administration, orally administered nitrofurantoin in a suitable dosage form is well absorbed. In vitro testing does not accurately reflect nitrofurantoin bioavailability, which is affected by formulation differences, drug particle size, and dosage form. Nitrofurantoin is readily absorbed and quickly distributed into most body fluids. It is rapidly excreted in large amounts in bile and urine. With the exception of the active drug secretion in the kidney tubule and biliary drug transport, nitrofurantoin transfer across body membranes occurs by diffusion. Nitrofurantoin has a short elimination half-life in whole blood or plasma. In conjunction with its rapid excretion by the primary routes, there is little evidence for any prolonged binding of nitrofurantoin to either plasma proteins or tissues. The first-order kinetics involved in nitrofurantoin absorption and elimination is most appropriately described by a one-compartment open model. Biliary and urinary excretion of unchanged nitrofurantoin and enzymatic degradation are the primary means of elimination."}
{"id": "PMID:352258", "title": "New in vitro model to study the effect of antibiotic concentration and rate of elimination on antibacterial activity.", "content": "A new apparatus is described which serves to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of antibiotics as a function of different concentration time curves. The apparatus can be adjusted to simulate the biexponential serum level curves observed in vivo after oral or intramuscular administration. Preliminary studies were carried out with a cephalosporin derivative, cefazolin, against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. strains simulating initial concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mug/ml that decreased exponentially with half-lives of 30, 60, and 120 min. Surviving cells were counted at 1-h intervals for 10 h. In all the situations tested there was an initial phase of rapid bactericidal activity followed by a phase of bacteriostatic activity, whose length depended on the drug elimination rate but was relatively independent of the initial concentrations. Bacterial regrowth occurred when the antibiotic concentration fell below the minimum inhibitory concentration of the drug against the strains tested. The antibacterial activity of cefazolin, cephacetrile, and cephradine against E. coli and Klebsiella strains was also investigated, in a medium containing 4% human albumin, simulating the serum level curves observed in humans after an intramuscular dose of 1 g. The results obtained suggest that, for cephalosporins, a longer half-life might be more useful than higher peak levels.", "contents": "New in vitro model to study the effect of antibiotic concentration and rate of elimination on antibacterial activity. A new apparatus is described which serves to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of antibiotics as a function of different concentration time curves. The apparatus can be adjusted to simulate the biexponential serum level curves observed in vivo after oral or intramuscular administration. Preliminary studies were carried out with a cephalosporin derivative, cefazolin, against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. strains simulating initial concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mug/ml that decreased exponentially with half-lives of 30, 60, and 120 min. Surviving cells were counted at 1-h intervals for 10 h. In all the situations tested there was an initial phase of rapid bactericidal activity followed by a phase of bacteriostatic activity, whose length depended on the drug elimination rate but was relatively independent of the initial concentrations. Bacterial regrowth occurred when the antibiotic concentration fell below the minimum inhibitory concentration of the drug against the strains tested. The antibacterial activity of cefazolin, cephacetrile, and cephradine against E. coli and Klebsiella strains was also investigated, in a medium containing 4% human albumin, simulating the serum level curves observed in humans after an intramuscular dose of 1 g. The results obtained suggest that, for cephalosporins, a longer half-life might be more useful than higher peak levels."}
{"id": "PMID:352259", "title": "Human leukocyte interferon in the treatment of varicella in children with cancer: a preliminary controlled trial.", "content": "Eighteen patients who developed varicella while being treated for malignancy received human leukocyte interferon in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Complications of varicella occurred in six of nine placebo recipients, but in only two of nine interferon recipients. Interferon was tolerated without significant side effects.", "contents": "Human leukocyte interferon in the treatment of varicella in children with cancer: a preliminary controlled trial. Eighteen patients who developed varicella while being treated for malignancy received human leukocyte interferon in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Complications of varicella occurred in six of nine placebo recipients, but in only two of nine interferon recipients. Interferon was tolerated without significant side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:352260", "title": "Factors influencing susceptibility of Nocardia species to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.", "content": "Demonstration of synergism between trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole against 10 Nocardia isolates was found to be critically dependent upon the isolate, the duration of incubation, and the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole ratio. Inoculum effect was not significant. The trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole ratio in the commercial, fixed-dose combination was found to contain too little trimethoprim to be optimal for Nocardia.", "contents": "Factors influencing susceptibility of Nocardia species to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Demonstration of synergism between trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole against 10 Nocardia isolates was found to be critically dependent upon the isolate, the duration of incubation, and the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole ratio. Inoculum effect was not significant. The trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole ratio in the commercial, fixed-dose combination was found to contain too little trimethoprim to be optimal for Nocardia."}
{"id": "PMID:352261", "title": "Use of a heavy inoculum in the in vitro evaluation of the anti-staphylococcal activity of 19 cephalosporins.", "content": "The in vitro activity of 19 cephalosporins against 105 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis was determined by using a heavy inoculum, i.e., 10(8) to 10(9) organisms per ml, to maximally challenge the antibiotics. The anti-staphylococcal activities of cephaloridine and 87/312 were consistently decreased by the use of a heavy inoculum when compared with the activity obtained with two less-concentrated inocula. The activity of most of the other compounds was also decreased with the use of a heavy inoculum, but this was observed only with selected isolates. Cephapirin, cephalothin, and cefazaflur were the most active drugs against the methicillin-susceptible isolates. Cephaloridine, cefamandole, cefazaflur, and 87/312 had substantial activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci even with heavy inocula. With the exception of cefaclor against S. aureus, the orally absorbed cephalosporins were generally one-half to one-sixteenth as active as the parenterally administered cephalosporins. The median minimal inhibitory concentrations of five of the 12 parenteral cephalosporins were lower with the methicillin-susceptible S. aureus than with the methicillin-susceptible S. epidermidis strains.", "contents": "Use of a heavy inoculum in the in vitro evaluation of the anti-staphylococcal activity of 19 cephalosporins. The in vitro activity of 19 cephalosporins against 105 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis was determined by using a heavy inoculum, i.e., 10(8) to 10(9) organisms per ml, to maximally challenge the antibiotics. The anti-staphylococcal activities of cephaloridine and 87/312 were consistently decreased by the use of a heavy inoculum when compared with the activity obtained with two less-concentrated inocula. The activity of most of the other compounds was also decreased with the use of a heavy inoculum, but this was observed only with selected isolates. Cephapirin, cephalothin, and cefazaflur were the most active drugs against the methicillin-susceptible isolates. Cephaloridine, cefamandole, cefazaflur, and 87/312 had substantial activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci even with heavy inocula. With the exception of cefaclor against S. aureus, the orally absorbed cephalosporins were generally one-half to one-sixteenth as active as the parenterally administered cephalosporins. The median minimal inhibitory concentrations of five of the 12 parenteral cephalosporins were lower with the methicillin-susceptible S. aureus than with the methicillin-susceptible S. epidermidis strains."}
{"id": "PMID:352262", "title": "Comparative physiological effects of incorporated amino acid analogs in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The relative toxicities of several incorporated analogs of phenylalanine, methionine, arginine, and proline were assessed by a variety of criteria in a derivative of Escherichia coli 15 requiring the antagonized amino acids. Toxicity of the analog-substituted cell protein was most consistently indicated by its insolubility at graded temperatures, its increased breakdown, the relative suppression of further cell growth, and lethality. The relative toxicity of poorly utilized analogs could be judged clearly only by the first two criteria. Toxicity generally increased as follows: selenomethionine < 2,5-dihydrophenylalanine and m-fluorophenylalanine < o-fluorophenylalanine and norleucine < ethionine < p-fluorophenylalanine < azetidine-2-carboxylate < canavanine. The overall perturbation of cell protein structure indicated by the toxicity of the methionine and phenylalanine analogs correlated with their alteration of charge and bulk and was greatly modified by minor positional modifications of fluorine. Among the more specific functional impairments, the activity and heat stability of beta-galactosidase were lowered in parallel by substitutions of phenylalanine and methionine analogs, but not in the usual order of toxicity. Flagella were transiently motile with p-fluorophenylalanine, moderately motile with m-fluorophenylalanine, and fully motile with all methionine analogs. Usually the analog incorporations were no more than bacteriostatic in E. coli strains, canavanine killing only the E. coli 15 substrain extensively in minimal media. Selenomethionine supported indefinite growth of procaryotes such as Bacillus subtilis and certain E. coli strains, but only upon supplementation, at least initially, with many nonessential metabolites.", "contents": "Comparative physiological effects of incorporated amino acid analogs in Escherichia coli. The relative toxicities of several incorporated analogs of phenylalanine, methionine, arginine, and proline were assessed by a variety of criteria in a derivative of Escherichia coli 15 requiring the antagonized amino acids. Toxicity of the analog-substituted cell protein was most consistently indicated by its insolubility at graded temperatures, its increased breakdown, the relative suppression of further cell growth, and lethality. The relative toxicity of poorly utilized analogs could be judged clearly only by the first two criteria. Toxicity generally increased as follows: selenomethionine < 2,5-dihydrophenylalanine and m-fluorophenylalanine < o-fluorophenylalanine and norleucine < ethionine < p-fluorophenylalanine < azetidine-2-carboxylate < canavanine. The overall perturbation of cell protein structure indicated by the toxicity of the methionine and phenylalanine analogs correlated with their alteration of charge and bulk and was greatly modified by minor positional modifications of fluorine. Among the more specific functional impairments, the activity and heat stability of beta-galactosidase were lowered in parallel by substitutions of phenylalanine and methionine analogs, but not in the usual order of toxicity. Flagella were transiently motile with p-fluorophenylalanine, moderately motile with m-fluorophenylalanine, and fully motile with all methionine analogs. Usually the analog incorporations were no more than bacteriostatic in E. coli strains, canavanine killing only the E. coli 15 substrain extensively in minimal media. Selenomethionine supported indefinite growth of procaryotes such as Bacillus subtilis and certain E. coli strains, but only upon supplementation, at least initially, with many nonessential metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:352263", "title": "Chloramphenicol resistance plasmids in Escherichia coli isolated from diseased piglets.", "content": "The plasmids in 19 chloramphenicol-resistant Escherichia coli strains of three pig pathogenic antigen types were studied in conjugation and transduction experiments. The plasmids had identical resistance patterns: streptomycin, spectinomycin, sulfonamides, and chloramphenicol (Sm, Sp, Su, Cm) and belonged to IncFII. One plasmid carried ampicillin resistance in addition. Restriction enzyme analysis of the deoxyribonucleic acid from five of the plasmids originating from the same herd showed that their digestion patterns with EcoRI were indistinguishable. EcoRI cleaved the deoxyribonucleic acid of a sixth plasmid from the same herd and displayed nine of the ten bands of the other five plasmids plus an additional six. It appears that the five plasmids with identical restriction patterns have a common origin and may be copies of the same plasmid from which the sixth may have developed. Four strains carried two plasmids each. In two of these strains, a plasmid with a tetracycline marker (Tc), or possibly the tetracycline marker alone, recombined frequently with the Sm Sp Su Cm plasmid without destroying any known function of the latter. The possibility that Tc is carried on a translocation sequence is discussed.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol resistance plasmids in Escherichia coli isolated from diseased piglets. The plasmids in 19 chloramphenicol-resistant Escherichia coli strains of three pig pathogenic antigen types were studied in conjugation and transduction experiments. The plasmids had identical resistance patterns: streptomycin, spectinomycin, sulfonamides, and chloramphenicol (Sm, Sp, Su, Cm) and belonged to IncFII. One plasmid carried ampicillin resistance in addition. Restriction enzyme analysis of the deoxyribonucleic acid from five of the plasmids originating from the same herd showed that their digestion patterns with EcoRI were indistinguishable. EcoRI cleaved the deoxyribonucleic acid of a sixth plasmid from the same herd and displayed nine of the ten bands of the other five plasmids plus an additional six. It appears that the five plasmids with identical restriction patterns have a common origin and may be copies of the same plasmid from which the sixth may have developed. Four strains carried two plasmids each. In two of these strains, a plasmid with a tetracycline marker (Tc), or possibly the tetracycline marker alone, recombined frequently with the Sm Sp Su Cm plasmid without destroying any known function of the latter. The possibility that Tc is carried on a translocation sequence is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352264", "title": "Mode of action of quindoxin and substituted quinoxaline-di-N-oxides on Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effect of quindoxin on the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid, and protein in Escherichia coli KL 399 was examined under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In the absence of oxygen the synthesis of DNA was completely inhibited by 10 ppm of quindoxin, whereas the syntheses of ribonucleic acid and protein were not affected. Quinoxalin-di-N-oxides (QdNO) induce degradation of DNA in both proliferating and non-proliferating cells. polA, recA, recB, recC, exrA, and uvrA mutants were more susceptible than the corresponding repair-proficient strains. All strains were more resistant in the presence of oxygen. Quindoxin was reduced to quinoxalin-N-oxide by intact E. coli cells or by a cell-free E. coli extract. Electron spin resonance measurements demonstrated the generation of free radicals during the reduction of quindoxin. Oxygen or deficiency of energy sources impaired the antibiotic activity and the reduction of QdNO. The QdNO reductase activity was demonstrated to be lower in QdNO-resistant mutants than in the susceptible parent strain. Based on these results it is concluded that an intermediate of reduction, probably a free radical, is responsible for the lethal effect of quindoxin. With three independent techniques no evidence has been found for binding of quindoxin to DNA.", "contents": "Mode of action of quindoxin and substituted quinoxaline-di-N-oxides on Escherichia coli. The effect of quindoxin on the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid, and protein in Escherichia coli KL 399 was examined under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In the absence of oxygen the synthesis of DNA was completely inhibited by 10 ppm of quindoxin, whereas the syntheses of ribonucleic acid and protein were not affected. Quinoxalin-di-N-oxides (QdNO) induce degradation of DNA in both proliferating and non-proliferating cells. polA, recA, recB, recC, exrA, and uvrA mutants were more susceptible than the corresponding repair-proficient strains. All strains were more resistant in the presence of oxygen. Quindoxin was reduced to quinoxalin-N-oxide by intact E. coli cells or by a cell-free E. coli extract. Electron spin resonance measurements demonstrated the generation of free radicals during the reduction of quindoxin. Oxygen or deficiency of energy sources impaired the antibiotic activity and the reduction of QdNO. The QdNO reductase activity was demonstrated to be lower in QdNO-resistant mutants than in the susceptible parent strain. Based on these results it is concluded that an intermediate of reduction, probably a free radical, is responsible for the lethal effect of quindoxin. With three independent techniques no evidence has been found for binding of quindoxin to DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:352265", "title": "Potentiation of antibiotic bactericidal activity by normal human serum.", "content": "Combinations of certain antibiotics and normal human serum at concentrations at which there was no killing by the agents when used alone were found to be bactericidal for Escherichia coli K-12 cells. This effect was observed with tetracycline, streptomycin (SM), trimethoprim, and ampicillin, but not with chloramphenicol or nalidixic acid. Synergy between SM and human serum was also observed against four of nine smooth strains of E. coli. A plasmid-bearing strain of E. coli K-12 was also killed by combinations of tetracycline or SM plus serum, even though the plasmid conferred resistance to tetracycline and SM. Evidence is presented that the synergy between antibiotics and serum is due to a complement-mediated effect on the bacterial cells that makes the cells more susceptible to the bactericidal effects of the antibiotics.", "contents": "Potentiation of antibiotic bactericidal activity by normal human serum. Combinations of certain antibiotics and normal human serum at concentrations at which there was no killing by the agents when used alone were found to be bactericidal for Escherichia coli K-12 cells. This effect was observed with tetracycline, streptomycin (SM), trimethoprim, and ampicillin, but not with chloramphenicol or nalidixic acid. Synergy between SM and human serum was also observed against four of nine smooth strains of E. coli. A plasmid-bearing strain of E. coli K-12 was also killed by combinations of tetracycline or SM plus serum, even though the plasmid conferred resistance to tetracycline and SM. Evidence is presented that the synergy between antibiotics and serum is due to a complement-mediated effect on the bacterial cells that makes the cells more susceptible to the bactericidal effects of the antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:352270", "title": "Chronic urticaria-like lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus. A review of 12 cases.", "content": "Twelve of 54 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had nonpuric, chronic urticaria-like lessions. Skin biopsy of the lesions was performed in 11 cases, and nine showed necrotizing vasculitis. The 54 patients, in general, had severe disease, and laboratory and clinical data suggested a postivite relationship between the urticaria-like lesions and disease severity. There was no consistent relationship between the course of the urticaria-like lesions and the serologic findings and clinical activity of the SLE. The frequency and importance of urticaria-like lesions in SLE deserve further study.", "contents": "Chronic urticaria-like lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus. A review of 12 cases. Twelve of 54 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had nonpuric, chronic urticaria-like lessions. Skin biopsy of the lesions was performed in 11 cases, and nine showed necrotizing vasculitis. The 54 patients, in general, had severe disease, and laboratory and clinical data suggested a postivite relationship between the urticaria-like lesions and disease severity. There was no consistent relationship between the course of the urticaria-like lesions and the serologic findings and clinical activity of the SLE. The frequency and importance of urticaria-like lesions in SLE deserve further study."}
{"id": "PMID:352266", "title": "Stereotactic brain surgery: a method for rapid and precise positioning of a target in the Todd-Wells stereotactic instrument.", "content": "We describe an improved method for positioning the head for stereotactic brain surgery of aneurysms. The method uses a mathematical calculation and requires some physical modifications in the Todd-Wells stereotactic apparatus. This procedure achieves (1) a reduction in the number of angiograms needed and (2) an increase in the speed and accuracy of positioning. The technique has been applied to operations on live dogs.", "contents": "Stereotactic brain surgery: a method for rapid and precise positioning of a target in the Todd-Wells stereotactic instrument. We describe an improved method for positioning the head for stereotactic brain surgery of aneurysms. The method uses a mathematical calculation and requires some physical modifications in the Todd-Wells stereotactic apparatus. This procedure achieves (1) a reduction in the number of angiograms needed and (2) an increase in the speed and accuracy of positioning. The technique has been applied to operations on live dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:352271", "title": "Bullous pemphigoid in children.", "content": "Bullous pemphigoid in children appears to be the same disease as its adult counterpart based on a case in a 3-year-old boy. Generalized tense bullae over the skin and oral mucosa, characteristic direct and indirect immunofluorescence, elevated IgE levels, blood eosinophilla, and therapeutic response to corticosteroids parallel the disease in adults. The long-term prognosis, however, is still unknown. A review of bullous pemphigoid in children is presented.", "contents": "Bullous pemphigoid in children. Bullous pemphigoid in children appears to be the same disease as its adult counterpart based on a case in a 3-year-old boy. Generalized tense bullae over the skin and oral mucosa, characteristic direct and indirect immunofluorescence, elevated IgE levels, blood eosinophilla, and therapeutic response to corticosteroids parallel the disease in adults. The long-term prognosis, however, is still unknown. A review of bullous pemphigoid in children is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:352272", "title": "alpha1-Antitrypsin deficiency associated with persistent cutaneous vasculitis. Occurrence in a child with liver disease.", "content": "alpha1-Antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) deficiency is an autosomal recessive inherited disease. The serum concentration of the protease inhibitor (Pi) alpha1-AT is controlled by a set of codominant allelic genes, constituting the so-called Pi system. Abnormal conditions reported in connection with severe alpha1-AT deficiency of the PiZZ type have been, in the newborn, cholestasis and progressive juvenile cirrhosis, and in adults, panacinar pulmonary emphysema and liver disease. Skin changes have not been described previously in connection with this disease picture. The case is persistent cutaneous vasculitis in a 2-year-old child with alpha1-AT deficiency of the PiZZ  type, heterozygosity for the Duarte variant of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase, and neonatal liver disease. A pathogenetic relationship may exist between the biochemical defects and both the skin and liver diseases.", "contents": "alpha1-Antitrypsin deficiency associated with persistent cutaneous vasculitis. Occurrence in a child with liver disease. alpha1-Antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) deficiency is an autosomal recessive inherited disease. The serum concentration of the protease inhibitor (Pi) alpha1-AT is controlled by a set of codominant allelic genes, constituting the so-called Pi system. Abnormal conditions reported in connection with severe alpha1-AT deficiency of the PiZZ type have been, in the newborn, cholestasis and progressive juvenile cirrhosis, and in adults, panacinar pulmonary emphysema and liver disease. Skin changes have not been described previously in connection with this disease picture. The case is persistent cutaneous vasculitis in a 2-year-old child with alpha1-AT deficiency of the PiZZ  type, heterozygosity for the Duarte variant of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase, and neonatal liver disease. A pathogenetic relationship may exist between the biochemical defects and both the skin and liver diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:352275", "title": "A notable case of nephrosis.", "content": "How a boy of 10 developed nephrosis more than 60 years ago, how he came to be seen by Sir Frederic Still with interesting later consequences, how his nephrosis cleared following measles, and how all this led to his becoming a distinguished paediatrician is told in a case history based on the diary kept by the boy's mother.", "contents": "A notable case of nephrosis. How a boy of 10 developed nephrosis more than 60 years ago, how he came to be seen by Sir Frederic Still with interesting later consequences, how his nephrosis cleared following measles, and how all this led to his becoming a distinguished paediatrician is told in a case history based on the diary kept by the boy's mother."}
{"id": "PMID:352276", "title": "Pulmonary interstitial emphysema requiring lobectomy. Complications of assisted ventilation.", "content": "An infant with hyaline membrane disease treated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation developed pulmonary interstitial emphysema localised to one lobe after collapse of the affected lobe. The development of tension and further symptoms necessitated lobectomy, after which the infant became totally asymptomatic. Microscopy of the resected lobe showed the unusual feature of giant cells lining the air-containing cysts. The presence of these multinucleate cells suggested the cysts may have represented greatly dilated lymphatic channels resulting from rupture of gases into the pulmonary lymphatics.", "contents": "Pulmonary interstitial emphysema requiring lobectomy. Complications of assisted ventilation. An infant with hyaline membrane disease treated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation developed pulmonary interstitial emphysema localised to one lobe after collapse of the affected lobe. The development of tension and further symptoms necessitated lobectomy, after which the infant became totally asymptomatic. Microscopy of the resected lobe showed the unusual feature of giant cells lining the air-containing cysts. The presence of these multinucleate cells suggested the cysts may have represented greatly dilated lymphatic channels resulting from rupture of gases into the pulmonary lymphatics."}
{"id": "PMID:352277", "title": "Infantile cortical hyperostosis with raised immunoglobulins.", "content": "Two cases of infantile cortical hyperostosis are reported. Both had raised immunoglobulins. Particularly remarkable were the IgA and IgM levels, a finding infrequently reported.", "contents": "Infantile cortical hyperostosis with raised immunoglobulins. Two cases of infantile cortical hyperostosis are reported. Both had raised immunoglobulins. Particularly remarkable were the IgA and IgM levels, a finding infrequently reported."}
{"id": "PMID:352278", "title": "Colon perforation after kidney transplantation.", "content": "Between 1962 and 1977 approximately 2% of Denver kidney transplant patients developed colon perforation. The single commonest cause was diverticulitis of the left colon (6/13 cases). In spite of drastic reduction or discontinuation of immunosuppression, only 5/13 patients survived for more than 90 days after operation. Analysis of this experience suggests that the high mortality rate associated with this complication can be reduced by early operation which removes the perforation from the peritoneal cavity (either exteriorization or resection) without primary intestinal reanastomosis. We believe that candidates for kidney transplantation with a history of previously symptomatic diverticulosis coli should have elective colon resection prior to transplantation. Any kidney transplant patient with lower abdominal signs should be investigated and treated aggressively.", "contents": "Colon perforation after kidney transplantation. Between 1962 and 1977 approximately 2% of Denver kidney transplant patients developed colon perforation. The single commonest cause was diverticulitis of the left colon (6/13 cases). In spite of drastic reduction or discontinuation of immunosuppression, only 5/13 patients survived for more than 90 days after operation. Analysis of this experience suggests that the high mortality rate associated with this complication can be reduced by early operation which removes the perforation from the peritoneal cavity (either exteriorization or resection) without primary intestinal reanastomosis. We believe that candidates for kidney transplantation with a history of previously symptomatic diverticulosis coli should have elective colon resection prior to transplantation. Any kidney transplant patient with lower abdominal signs should be investigated and treated aggressively."}
{"id": "PMID:352280", "title": "Incidence of anatomical variants in renal vasculature in the presence of normal renal function.", "content": "This report defines the incidence of variations in the renal vascular pedicle in a group of patients with normal renal function as determined by standard laboratory criteria. The study group consisted of 166 patients undergoing renal arteriography as potential renal allograft donors. Ninety-seven patients were male and 69 were female. Ages ranged from 18-54 years, median age being 37 years. All patients underwent preliminary screening tests including blood chemistries, creatinine clearance, urinalysis, culture and excretory urography. If these studies were normal, renal arteriography was performed utilizing flush aortogram and, in 20% of cases, selective renal arteriography. The most common anomaly was the presence of multiple renal arteries supplying the same kidney, occurring in 32% of cases. Prehilar segmental branching was the second most common variation, occurring in 17% of patients. Other variations included fetal lobulation (4%), significant stenosis at origin of the renal artery (2%), fibromuscular dysplasia (2%), microaneurysms (0.5%), true aneurysms (1%) and dromedary hump (0.5%). Less than one-half of the patients demonstrated the simplest vascular pedicle, namely, single artery and vein bilaterally. The incidence of anatomical variations in the renal vascular pedicle is greater than attributed to normal subjects in previous reports. Anomalies determine the choice of kidney in renal allografting and may disqualify a potential donor, even in the face of ostensibly normal renal function. Routine arteriography should be considered a standard prerequisite in the evaluation of potential living related renal donors.", "contents": "Incidence of anatomical variants in renal vasculature in the presence of normal renal function. This report defines the incidence of variations in the renal vascular pedicle in a group of patients with normal renal function as determined by standard laboratory criteria. The study group consisted of 166 patients undergoing renal arteriography as potential renal allograft donors. Ninety-seven patients were male and 69 were female. Ages ranged from 18-54 years, median age being 37 years. All patients underwent preliminary screening tests including blood chemistries, creatinine clearance, urinalysis, culture and excretory urography. If these studies were normal, renal arteriography was performed utilizing flush aortogram and, in 20% of cases, selective renal arteriography. The most common anomaly was the presence of multiple renal arteries supplying the same kidney, occurring in 32% of cases. Prehilar segmental branching was the second most common variation, occurring in 17% of patients. Other variations included fetal lobulation (4%), significant stenosis at origin of the renal artery (2%), fibromuscular dysplasia (2%), microaneurysms (0.5%), true aneurysms (1%) and dromedary hump (0.5%). Less than one-half of the patients demonstrated the simplest vascular pedicle, namely, single artery and vein bilaterally. The incidence of anatomical variations in the renal vascular pedicle is greater than attributed to normal subjects in previous reports. Anomalies determine the choice of kidney in renal allografting and may disqualify a potential donor, even in the face of ostensibly normal renal function. Routine arteriography should be considered a standard prerequisite in the evaluation of potential living related renal donors."}
{"id": "PMID:352282", "title": "Metrifonate trial in the treatment of various presentations of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infections in the Sudan.", "content": "The effect of metrifonate (Bilarcil Bayer) on Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infections was studied in 174 patients near Khartoum. A high cure rate was obtained in S. haematobium infections, but anthelmintic efficacy was minimal in patients passing S. mansoni eggs in their stools. There was, however, a marked reduction of egg output in patients passing S. mansoni eggs in urine. This suggests that the site of infection in man, rather than the species of parasite, renders the parasite more susceptible to metrifonate. The significance of this and the possibility that these results further clarify the mode of action of metrifonate are discussed.", "contents": "Metrifonate trial in the treatment of various presentations of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infections in the Sudan. The effect of metrifonate (Bilarcil Bayer) on Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infections was studied in 174 patients near Khartoum. A high cure rate was obtained in S. haematobium infections, but anthelmintic efficacy was minimal in patients passing S. mansoni eggs in their stools. There was, however, a marked reduction of egg output in patients passing S. mansoni eggs in urine. This suggests that the site of infection in man, rather than the species of parasite, renders the parasite more susceptible to metrifonate. The significance of this and the possibility that these results further clarify the mode of action of metrifonate are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352284", "title": "The chemotherapy of rodent malaria, XXXI. The effect of some metabolic inhibitors upon chloroquine-induced pigment clumping (CIPC) in Plasmodium berghei.", "content": "The effect of metabolic inhibitors upon chloroquine-induced pigment clumping in intraerythrocytic Plasmodium berghei was studied in vitro. Oligomycin and venturicidin competitively inhibit the process with 'Ki' values of 0.18 and 0.41 mumol/l. DCCD, an agent thought to act upon a mitochondrial site close to that affected by oligomycin and venturicidin, causes pigment clumping in the absence of chloroquine ('Km' value 4.7 mumol/l). It is suggested that, after being concentrated in the cytoplasm by Fitch's high-affinity site, chloroquine interacts with a mitochondrial site, and this interaction initiates the pigment clumping process. Comparison of the effects of the ionophores 2,4,-dinitrophenol, monensin, and valinomycin indicates that a H gradient is involved at some stage in chloroquine-induced pigment clumping.", "contents": "The chemotherapy of rodent malaria, XXXI. The effect of some metabolic inhibitors upon chloroquine-induced pigment clumping (CIPC) in Plasmodium berghei. The effect of metabolic inhibitors upon chloroquine-induced pigment clumping in intraerythrocytic Plasmodium berghei was studied in vitro. Oligomycin and venturicidin competitively inhibit the process with 'Ki' values of 0.18 and 0.41 mumol/l. DCCD, an agent thought to act upon a mitochondrial site close to that affected by oligomycin and venturicidin, causes pigment clumping in the absence of chloroquine ('Km' value 4.7 mumol/l). It is suggested that, after being concentrated in the cytoplasm by Fitch's high-affinity site, chloroquine interacts with a mitochondrial site, and this interaction initiates the pigment clumping process. Comparison of the effects of the ionophores 2,4,-dinitrophenol, monensin, and valinomycin indicates that a H gradient is involved at some stage in chloroquine-induced pigment clumping."}
{"id": "PMID:352285", "title": "Changes in the hamster liver after experimental infection with Schistosoma intercalatum. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Syrian hamsters were exposed to cercariae of Schistosoma intercalatum. After 70 days, their livers were fixed by vascular perfusion and samples of liver tissue were studied by the electron microscope. Lesions consisted predominantly of mature egg granulomas, with some in earlier stages of development. The cells involved in both types of lesion are described together with their relation to the egg and the surrounding liver tissue. Only minor abnormalities were seen in the tissue distant from the eggs. These consisted mainly of (a) pigment accumulation, both in K\u00fcpffer and endothelial cells; (b) probably aspecific ultrastructural changes in the hepatocytes; (c) occasional slight fibrosis around portal veins. The Schistosoma pigment was compared with malaria pigment induced by infection of a hamster with Plasmodium berghei. The regular, crystalloid hemozoin particles in malaria infection were easily distinguishable from the coarser and irregular pigment deposits in schistosoma infection.", "contents": "Changes in the hamster liver after experimental infection with Schistosoma intercalatum. An ultrastructural study. Syrian hamsters were exposed to cercariae of Schistosoma intercalatum. After 70 days, their livers were fixed by vascular perfusion and samples of liver tissue were studied by the electron microscope. Lesions consisted predominantly of mature egg granulomas, with some in earlier stages of development. The cells involved in both types of lesion are described together with their relation to the egg and the surrounding liver tissue. Only minor abnormalities were seen in the tissue distant from the eggs. These consisted mainly of (a) pigment accumulation, both in K\u00fcpffer and endothelial cells; (b) probably aspecific ultrastructural changes in the hepatocytes; (c) occasional slight fibrosis around portal veins. The Schistosoma pigment was compared with malaria pigment induced by infection of a hamster with Plasmodium berghei. The regular, crystalloid hemozoin particles in malaria infection were easily distinguishable from the coarser and irregular pigment deposits in schistosoma infection."}
{"id": "PMID:352287", "title": "Experimental pulmonary edema: the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on lung water.", "content": "The effect of 10 cm of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on lung water was studied during pulmonary edema induced in dogs by inflating a Foley balloon placed in the left atrium. Colloid oncotic pressure (COP) was measured directly. Intrapleural pressure (IPP) was measured after surgical closure of the chest. Transmural left atrial (LA) pressure (LA minus IPP) minus COP was considered to be the net force driving water out of the capillaries. LA pressure was elevated so that transmural LA pressure minus COP averaged +7.5 mm Hg. Water accumulation was expressed as the ratio of wet to dry weight. The control ratio of wet to dry lung weight was 4.30 +/- 0.10 (+/- SE). After 2 hours of standardized pulmonary edema and ventilation without PEEP, wet-to-dry lung weight was 5.63 +/- 0.24. In animals ventilated with 10 cm of PEEP through 2 hours of pulmonary edema the ratio was 5.36 +/- 0.14. Animals ventilated with 10 cm of PEEP showed a significant increase in functional residual capacity and decreased intrapulmonary shunt. Ten centimeters of PEEP, however, had no statistically significant effect on water accumulation during experimental pulmonary edema.", "contents": "Experimental pulmonary edema: the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on lung water. The effect of 10 cm of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on lung water was studied during pulmonary edema induced in dogs by inflating a Foley balloon placed in the left atrium. Colloid oncotic pressure (COP) was measured directly. Intrapleural pressure (IPP) was measured after surgical closure of the chest. Transmural left atrial (LA) pressure (LA minus IPP) minus COP was considered to be the net force driving water out of the capillaries. LA pressure was elevated so that transmural LA pressure minus COP averaged +7.5 mm Hg. Water accumulation was expressed as the ratio of wet to dry weight. The control ratio of wet to dry lung weight was 4.30 +/- 0.10 (+/- SE). After 2 hours of standardized pulmonary edema and ventilation without PEEP, wet-to-dry lung weight was 5.63 +/- 0.24. In animals ventilated with 10 cm of PEEP through 2 hours of pulmonary edema the ratio was 5.36 +/- 0.14. Animals ventilated with 10 cm of PEEP showed a significant increase in functional residual capacity and decreased intrapulmonary shunt. Ten centimeters of PEEP, however, had no statistically significant effect on water accumulation during experimental pulmonary edema."}
{"id": "PMID:352288", "title": "Normal cardiac function with a hybrid heart.", "content": "A left ventricular bypass procedure using a cardiac allograft was performed in a patient with a long history of rheumatic heart disease and two aortic valve replacements. Normal cardiac function was reestablished, and the only problem following transplantation was that of serious arrhythmias involving the recipient heart. Eighteen months after left ventricular bypass bacterial endocarditis which was resistant to medical treatment developed on the aortic prosthesis. The patient underwent operation, the prosthesis was removed, and the recipient left ventricle was partially resected and excluded from the circulation. Since then the patient has been asymptomatic and, at the time of writing three years after cardiac allograft, he is our longest survivor.", "contents": "Normal cardiac function with a hybrid heart. A left ventricular bypass procedure using a cardiac allograft was performed in a patient with a long history of rheumatic heart disease and two aortic valve replacements. Normal cardiac function was reestablished, and the only problem following transplantation was that of serious arrhythmias involving the recipient heart. Eighteen months after left ventricular bypass bacterial endocarditis which was resistant to medical treatment developed on the aortic prosthesis. The patient underwent operation, the prosthesis was removed, and the recipient left ventricle was partially resected and excluded from the circulation. Since then the patient has been asymptomatic and, at the time of writing three years after cardiac allograft, he is our longest survivor."}
{"id": "PMID:352294", "title": "The relationship of antibody-coated bacteria to clinical syndromes as found in unselected populations with bacteriuria.", "content": "In selected patients, detection of antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) in voided urine has correlated with upper urinary tract infection. From unselected patients, we studied 350 consecutive urine specimens submitted to the diagnostic laboratory with colony counts greater than or equal to 10(5)/ml. In 19% (55) among 288 specimens selected for final analysis ACB occurred. There were no substantial differences in the occurrence of ACB by age or sex of patients or by species of bacteria. The relationship of ACB to clinical syndromes was: asymptomatic bacteriuria, 15% (27/178); cystitis, 8% (6/75); acute hemorrhagic cystitis, 67% (4/6); prostatitis, 67% (2/3); and acute pyelonephritis, 62% (16/26). Among seven clinical findings, only structural abnormalities of the upper urinary tract correlated with the presence of ACB. Failure of fever and leukocytosis to correlate with ACB probably reflected the presence of other associated primary medical or surgical conditions.", "contents": "The relationship of antibody-coated bacteria to clinical syndromes as found in unselected populations with bacteriuria. In selected patients, detection of antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) in voided urine has correlated with upper urinary tract infection. From unselected patients, we studied 350 consecutive urine specimens submitted to the diagnostic laboratory with colony counts greater than or equal to 10(5)/ml. In 19% (55) among 288 specimens selected for final analysis ACB occurred. There were no substantial differences in the occurrence of ACB by age or sex of patients or by species of bacteria. The relationship of ACB to clinical syndromes was: asymptomatic bacteriuria, 15% (27/178); cystitis, 8% (6/75); acute hemorrhagic cystitis, 67% (4/6); prostatitis, 67% (2/3); and acute pyelonephritis, 62% (16/26). Among seven clinical findings, only structural abnormalities of the upper urinary tract correlated with the presence of ACB. Failure of fever and leukocytosis to correlate with ACB probably reflected the presence of other associated primary medical or surgical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:352295", "title": "The effect of renal function on the febrile response to bacteremia.", "content": "The febrile responses of 73 bacteremic patients were retrospectively studied using peak temperatures and 24-hour areas under the fever curve on the day of the positive cultures. These responses were compared to their respective creatinine clearances calculated with the Nielsen-Hansen nomogram. Patients with clearances greater than or equal to 80 ml/min had a significantly greater febrile response than those with clearances less than or equal to 29 ml/min (P less than .025). Patients with clearances between these groups had responses that were in a mid position but not significantly different from either group. We conclude that patients with impaired renal function do manifest fever in response to infection, but that it is quantitatively less than those with normal renal function. Because of this blunted response, minimal elevations of temperature in such patients warrant a diligent search for the presence of infection.", "contents": "The effect of renal function on the febrile response to bacteremia. The febrile responses of 73 bacteremic patients were retrospectively studied using peak temperatures and 24-hour areas under the fever curve on the day of the positive cultures. These responses were compared to their respective creatinine clearances calculated with the Nielsen-Hansen nomogram. Patients with clearances greater than or equal to 80 ml/min had a significantly greater febrile response than those with clearances less than or equal to 29 ml/min (P less than .025). Patients with clearances between these groups had responses that were in a mid position but not significantly different from either group. We conclude that patients with impaired renal function do manifest fever in response to infection, but that it is quantitatively less than those with normal renal function. Because of this blunted response, minimal elevations of temperature in such patients warrant a diligent search for the presence of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:352296", "title": "Long-term dialysis and renal transplantation in lymphatic leukemia.", "content": "With increasing experience and skill with renal transplantation and dialysis, many disorders that were previously thought to contraindicate these procedures are no longer regarded as contraindications. We have previously reported that transplantation can successfully be performed in patients who have had malignant diseases if they seem to be cured after approximately 12 months. Although incurable malignancies have usually been regarded as absolute contraindications, successful dialysis and transplantation have been achieved in a patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia.", "contents": "Long-term dialysis and renal transplantation in lymphatic leukemia. With increasing experience and skill with renal transplantation and dialysis, many disorders that were previously thought to contraindicate these procedures are no longer regarded as contraindications. We have previously reported that transplantation can successfully be performed in patients who have had malignant diseases if they seem to be cured after approximately 12 months. Although incurable malignancies have usually been regarded as absolute contraindications, successful dialysis and transplantation have been achieved in a patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:352297", "title": "Disseminated Nocardia caviae with positive blood cultures.", "content": "Disseminated Nocardia caviae infection with multiple positive blood cultures occurred in a bone marrow transplant recipient. Positive blood cultures are unusual in disseminated Nocardia infections and N caviea is an unusual species of Nocardia to cause infections in man, although its virulence in laboratory animals is similar to N asteroides. Multiple positive blood cultures in this case suggest a continuous or recurrent bacteremia rather than a transient bacteremia as previously has been thought to occur in disseminated Nocardia infections. The marked immunosuppressed state of the patient and an indwelling venous line could also have accounted for the recurrent bacteremia.", "contents": "Disseminated Nocardia caviae with positive blood cultures. Disseminated Nocardia caviae infection with multiple positive blood cultures occurred in a bone marrow transplant recipient. Positive blood cultures are unusual in disseminated Nocardia infections and N caviea is an unusual species of Nocardia to cause infections in man, although its virulence in laboratory animals is similar to N asteroides. Multiple positive blood cultures in this case suggest a continuous or recurrent bacteremia rather than a transient bacteremia as previously has been thought to occur in disseminated Nocardia infections. The marked immunosuppressed state of the patient and an indwelling venous line could also have accounted for the recurrent bacteremia."}
{"id": "PMID:352299", "title": "[The importance and determination of follicle stimulating and luteinizing components in PMSG preparations].", "content": "Partial reference is made to some literature on the formation and properties of gonadotropine from the serum of pregnant mares (PMSG). Also an assessment is made of biological testing methods by which to determine gonadotrophic, follicle-stimulating, and luteinising activities in PMSG.", "contents": "[The importance and determination of follicle stimulating and luteinizing components in PMSG preparations]. Partial reference is made to some literature on the formation and properties of gonadotropine from the serum of pregnant mares (PMSG). Also an assessment is made of biological testing methods by which to determine gonadotrophic, follicle-stimulating, and luteinising activities in PMSG."}
{"id": "PMID:352300", "title": "[The quantitative composition of the gastrointestinal flora in piglets during the first weeks of life. 1. The development of the gastrointestinal flora in naturally reared piglets].", "content": "Studies were conducted into the quantitative composition of the gastro-intestinal flora of 30 naturally raised piglets in four age groups. The gastro-intestinal tract was found to be \"flooded\" by Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, micrococci, streptococci, proteus, and lactobacteria over the first hours after birth. Development of the intestinal flora was complete at the age of four days. The groups of germs recordable from naturally and artificially raised piglets were, basically, the same. Piglets, consequently, have no specific \"lactoflora\".", "contents": "[The quantitative composition of the gastrointestinal flora in piglets during the first weeks of life. 1. The development of the gastrointestinal flora in naturally reared piglets]. Studies were conducted into the quantitative composition of the gastro-intestinal flora of 30 naturally raised piglets in four age groups. The gastro-intestinal tract was found to be \"flooded\" by Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, micrococci, streptococci, proteus, and lactobacteria over the first hours after birth. Development of the intestinal flora was complete at the age of four days. The groups of germs recordable from naturally and artificially raised piglets were, basically, the same. Piglets, consequently, have no specific \"lactoflora\"."}
{"id": "PMID:352301", "title": "[Intravital diagnosis of saginata cysticercosis of cattle by means of the immunofluorescent antibody reaction].", "content": "Investigations in intravital diagnostics of fin infestation in cattle were performed in 3 month aged cattle experimentally infected by different doses of Taeniarhynchus-saginatus-eggs by means of immunofluorescent antibody technique using a standardized antigen. Regardless of the amount of the infection dose these occured already 2 weeks after infection positive antibody values of at least 1:40 reaching the maximum value of 1:640 4-6 weeks after infection (in cases of strong fin infestation) and 1:160, respectively (in cases of low fin infestation) and remaining positively up to the termination of experiments (23 and 18 weeks, respectively post infectionem). Negative reactions were not observed. With regard to the economy this method is superior to other immundiagnostical procedures hitherto used with success in detection of Cysticercus bovis.", "contents": "[Intravital diagnosis of saginata cysticercosis of cattle by means of the immunofluorescent antibody reaction]. Investigations in intravital diagnostics of fin infestation in cattle were performed in 3 month aged cattle experimentally infected by different doses of Taeniarhynchus-saginatus-eggs by means of immunofluorescent antibody technique using a standardized antigen. Regardless of the amount of the infection dose these occured already 2 weeks after infection positive antibody values of at least 1:40 reaching the maximum value of 1:640 4-6 weeks after infection (in cases of strong fin infestation) and 1:160, respectively (in cases of low fin infestation) and remaining positively up to the termination of experiments (23 and 18 weeks, respectively post infectionem). Negative reactions were not observed. With regard to the economy this method is superior to other immundiagnostical procedures hitherto used with success in detection of Cysticercus bovis."}
{"id": "PMID:352302", "title": "[Localization of urinary tract infection in children by immunofluorescent study of bacteriuria and measurement of humoral antibodies].", "content": "In 62 children presenting with a urinary infection, the immuno-fluorescent (I.F.) study of immunoglobulins fixed on the cell wall of urinary bacteria was performed jointly with the titration of serum antibodies towards the same bacteria. This study revealed that: 1. There was a correlation between I.F. and serodiagnosis in 82% of the cases. 2. There was a correlation between the localization of the urinary tract infection, as assessed by the classical biochemical means, and the results of I.F. and antibody measurements. Positivity of either I.F. or serodiagnosis, or of both tests, is significantly related with upper urinary tract infection wheras the negativity of the two tests is observed, at the exception of children under 1 year of age, in lower urinary tract infection. 3. There was a correlation between the site of infection and the results of I.F. and antibody measurements. In upper urinary tract infections, either I.F. or serological tests, or both are positive, whereas in lower urinary tract infections both tests are negative, except in children under the age of 1 year.", "contents": "[Localization of urinary tract infection in children by immunofluorescent study of bacteriuria and measurement of humoral antibodies]. In 62 children presenting with a urinary infection, the immuno-fluorescent (I.F.) study of immunoglobulins fixed on the cell wall of urinary bacteria was performed jointly with the titration of serum antibodies towards the same bacteria. This study revealed that: 1. There was a correlation between I.F. and serodiagnosis in 82% of the cases. 2. There was a correlation between the localization of the urinary tract infection, as assessed by the classical biochemical means, and the results of I.F. and antibody measurements. Positivity of either I.F. or serodiagnosis, or of both tests, is significantly related with upper urinary tract infection wheras the negativity of the two tests is observed, at the exception of children under 1 year of age, in lower urinary tract infection. 3. There was a correlation between the site of infection and the results of I.F. and antibody measurements. In upper urinary tract infections, either I.F. or serological tests, or both are positive, whereas in lower urinary tract infections both tests are negative, except in children under the age of 1 year."}
{"id": "PMID:352304", "title": "[Butylcyanoacrylate--an adhesive for bonding strain gages to non-fixed biological materials (author's transl)].", "content": "Creep, hysteresis, stability, elongation capability and repeatbility of butylcyanoacrylate as a proper adhesive for bonding strain gages to non-fixed tissues have been tested with good results. Due to its excellent bonding performance butylcyanoacrylate provides the only means for bonding electrical resistance foil strain gages to biological materials for the time being. This opens new aspects for strain measurements with strain gages in the biomechanical field.", "contents": "[Butylcyanoacrylate--an adhesive for bonding strain gages to non-fixed biological materials (author's transl)]. Creep, hysteresis, stability, elongation capability and repeatbility of butylcyanoacrylate as a proper adhesive for bonding strain gages to non-fixed tissues have been tested with good results. Due to its excellent bonding performance butylcyanoacrylate provides the only means for bonding electrical resistance foil strain gages to biological materials for the time being. This opens new aspects for strain measurements with strain gages in the biomechanical field."}
{"id": "PMID:352305", "title": "[The distal rupture of the biceps tendon. Aetiology, clinic and technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Compared to the proximal rupture of the Biceps tendon the distal rupture is extremely rare. The numerous published methods of repair show that a reliable method has not yet been found. Considering functional principles we developed a method which combines a safe fixation of the tendon and a good function. An autologous tendon is brought through a burrhole placed obliquely through the mid position of the tuberosity. The Biceps tendon is now placed between the ends of the autologous tendon and fixed with resorbable u-sutures (Sandwich-technic). Thereby the tension on the tendon is adapted as necessary. The achieved results is demonstrated on two cases.", "contents": "[The distal rupture of the biceps tendon. Aetiology, clinic and technique (author's transl)]. Compared to the proximal rupture of the Biceps tendon the distal rupture is extremely rare. The numerous published methods of repair show that a reliable method has not yet been found. Considering functional principles we developed a method which combines a safe fixation of the tendon and a good function. An autologous tendon is brought through a burrhole placed obliquely through the mid position of the tuberosity. The Biceps tendon is now placed between the ends of the autologous tendon and fixed with resorbable u-sutures (Sandwich-technic). Thereby the tension on the tendon is adapted as necessary. The achieved results is demonstrated on two cases."}
{"id": "PMID:352307", "title": "[Morphometry of living and metal salt impregnated nerve fibers].", "content": "Quantitative comparison on diameter distribution of some structures in vital and fixed neuronal fibres treated with salts of heavy metals has been performed. Rabbit and frog myelin fibres of the ischiadic and vagal nerves impregnated after Bielschowsky--Gross, fixed in 12% neutral formalin and treated after Gomori for acid phosphotase with fixation in cooled acetone have been studied. The diameters of neuronal fibres, axial cylinders and cords have been measured through the microscope with an ocular micrometer. Quantitative comparison of survived and fixed fibres has demonstrated that in the preparations treated with silver and lead salts, as a rule, not the whole fibre is demonstrable, not its axial cylinder, but only a part of the axial cylinder, namely, its centrally situated filamentous cord. It is most probable that, in this case, the axial cord formation is connected with the effect of fixatives. However, axial cord formation is possible in vital, nonfixed fibres in the zone of intersections and swollen incisions. The working hypothesis explaining this phenomenon is represented.", "contents": "[Morphometry of living and metal salt impregnated nerve fibers]. Quantitative comparison on diameter distribution of some structures in vital and fixed neuronal fibres treated with salts of heavy metals has been performed. Rabbit and frog myelin fibres of the ischiadic and vagal nerves impregnated after Bielschowsky--Gross, fixed in 12% neutral formalin and treated after Gomori for acid phosphotase with fixation in cooled acetone have been studied. The diameters of neuronal fibres, axial cylinders and cords have been measured through the microscope with an ocular micrometer. Quantitative comparison of survived and fixed fibres has demonstrated that in the preparations treated with silver and lead salts, as a rule, not the whole fibre is demonstrable, not its axial cylinder, but only a part of the axial cylinder, namely, its centrally situated filamentous cord. It is most probable that, in this case, the axial cord formation is connected with the effect of fixatives. However, axial cord formation is possible in vital, nonfixed fibres in the zone of intersections and swollen incisions. The working hypothesis explaining this phenomenon is represented."}
{"id": "PMID:352308", "title": "Dysmyelination revisited.", "content": "Dysmyelination describes an inborn error of metabolism affecting myelinogenesis that causes it to be abnormal, arrested, or delayed. Abiotrophy or myelin as defined by Gowers, due to metabolic failure of the myelin maintenance system, is yet another feature of dysmyelination. In addition to the leukodystrophies, genetically determined conditions such as infantile amaurotic idiocy, hematosidosis, Niemann-Pick's disease and several of the aminoacidopathies are examples of dysmyelinating diseases. In order to reconcile morphological and neurochemical data in these conditions, it is necessary to reexamine a number of pathogenetic hypotheses based on known enzymatic deficiencies, and the interpretation of fragmentary biochemical analyses. The obligatory role of the neuron and axon in myelin formation and maintenance is reviewed. The hypothesis is advanced that gangliosides and their degradative products constitue precursors for the synthesis of the characteristic myelin sphingolipids cerebrosides, sulfatides, and sphingomyelin. Alterations in axoplasmic flow and of ganglioside metabolism must be condidered as important factors in the pathogenesis of dysmyelination.", "contents": "Dysmyelination revisited. Dysmyelination describes an inborn error of metabolism affecting myelinogenesis that causes it to be abnormal, arrested, or delayed. Abiotrophy or myelin as defined by Gowers, due to metabolic failure of the myelin maintenance system, is yet another feature of dysmyelination. In addition to the leukodystrophies, genetically determined conditions such as infantile amaurotic idiocy, hematosidosis, Niemann-Pick's disease and several of the aminoacidopathies are examples of dysmyelinating diseases. In order to reconcile morphological and neurochemical data in these conditions, it is necessary to reexamine a number of pathogenetic hypotheses based on known enzymatic deficiencies, and the interpretation of fragmentary biochemical analyses. The obligatory role of the neuron and axon in myelin formation and maintenance is reviewed. The hypothesis is advanced that gangliosides and their degradative products constitue precursors for the synthesis of the characteristic myelin sphingolipids cerebrosides, sulfatides, and sphingomyelin. Alterations in axoplasmic flow and of ganglioside metabolism must be condidered as important factors in the pathogenesis of dysmyelination."}
{"id": "PMID:352310", "title": "Pellucid marginal corneal degeneration.", "content": "Pellucid marginal degeneration of the cornea is a bilateral, clear, inferior, peripheral corneal-thinning disorder. Protrusion of the cornea occurs above a band of thinning, which is located 1 to 2 mm from the limbus and measures 1 to 2 mm in width. American ophthalmologists are generally not familiar with the condition because most of the literature concerning pellucid degeneration is European. Four cases are described. This condition is differentiated from other noninflammatory cornel-thinning disorders such as keratoconus, keratoglobus, keratotorus, and posterior keratoconus. It is also differentiated from peripheral corneal disorders associated with inflammation such as Terrien's peripheral corneal degeneration, Mooren's ulcers, and ulcers from connective tissue disease.", "contents": "Pellucid marginal corneal degeneration. Pellucid marginal degeneration of the cornea is a bilateral, clear, inferior, peripheral corneal-thinning disorder. Protrusion of the cornea occurs above a band of thinning, which is located 1 to 2 mm from the limbus and measures 1 to 2 mm in width. American ophthalmologists are generally not familiar with the condition because most of the literature concerning pellucid degeneration is European. Four cases are described. This condition is differentiated from other noninflammatory cornel-thinning disorders such as keratoconus, keratoglobus, keratotorus, and posterior keratoconus. It is also differentiated from peripheral corneal disorders associated with inflammation such as Terrien's peripheral corneal degeneration, Mooren's ulcers, and ulcers from connective tissue disease."}
{"id": "PMID:352313", "title": "The deltoscapular flap.", "content": "The deltoscapular flap is described as an additional source of regional skin for head and neck reconstruction; this flap behaves in the manmer of an arterially based axial skin flap. On three occasions, I have used this back flap that is almost a mirror image of the deltopectoral flap.", "contents": "The deltoscapular flap. The deltoscapular flap is described as an additional source of regional skin for head and neck reconstruction; this flap behaves in the manmer of an arterially based axial skin flap. On three occasions, I have used this back flap that is almost a mirror image of the deltopectoral flap."}
{"id": "PMID:352324", "title": "Changes in the activity of the reticulo-endothelial system of rats during an infection with T. lewisi.", "content": "Data presented show that during the course of a Trypanosoma lewisi infection in rats there was both an activation of the phagocytic cells of the liver and spleen and an increase in their numbers. There was a marked lymphoid hyperplasia in the white pulp of the spleen with an increase in the number and size of the lymphoid follicles. Degenerative changes occurred in the liver parenchymal cells during the infection, and at certain stages large numgers of mononuclear cells were observed in the vascular sinusoids and other vessels of the liver.", "contents": "Changes in the activity of the reticulo-endothelial system of rats during an infection with T. lewisi. Data presented show that during the course of a Trypanosoma lewisi infection in rats there was both an activation of the phagocytic cells of the liver and spleen and an increase in their numbers. There was a marked lymphoid hyperplasia in the white pulp of the spleen with an increase in the number and size of the lymphoid follicles. Degenerative changes occurred in the liver parenchymal cells during the infection, and at certain stages large numgers of mononuclear cells were observed in the vascular sinusoids and other vessels of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:352325", "title": "Studies in vitro on the reaction of peritoneal exudate cells from mice immune to infection with Nematospiroides dubius with the infective third stage larvae of this parasite.", "content": "The results of the present study show that peritoneal exudate cells from mice immune to infection with Nematospiroides dubius are able in vitro to damage the third stage infective larvae as measured by a loss in infectivity. The ability of these cells to function in the absence of specific antibody seems to be related to the presence of trypsin labile factors on their surfaces. Lymphocytes from immune mice are also able to damage the larvae. The suggestion is made that 'activated' macrophages may play an important role in immunity to this infection.", "contents": "Studies in vitro on the reaction of peritoneal exudate cells from mice immune to infection with Nematospiroides dubius with the infective third stage larvae of this parasite. The results of the present study show that peritoneal exudate cells from mice immune to infection with Nematospiroides dubius are able in vitro to damage the third stage infective larvae as measured by a loss in infectivity. The ability of these cells to function in the absence of specific antibody seems to be related to the presence of trypsin labile factors on their surfaces. Lymphocytes from immune mice are also able to damage the larvae. The suggestion is made that 'activated' macrophages may play an important role in immunity to this infection."}
{"id": "PMID:352329", "title": "Where is the immunology in cancer?", "content": "Whether the common human cancers possess tumour-specific antigens which produce an immune response in the host still remains the crucial question in tumour immunology. Recent reports and discussions at the Third International Congress of Immunology suggested that much of the previously published work was not valid. The reasons for this have been analysed by comparing the well-established experimental data with human cancer. It is suggested that much of the current confusion in tumour immunology stems from the poor models used to study human cancer and the inadequate assessment of in vitro assays which have measured the host response. The present methods require refinement, or new techniques need to be developed, before this question can be answered. The field has been well researched, and there do not appear to be any recent major advances in tumour immunology which can be applied in clinical practice.", "contents": "Where is the immunology in cancer? Whether the common human cancers possess tumour-specific antigens which produce an immune response in the host still remains the crucial question in tumour immunology. Recent reports and discussions at the Third International Congress of Immunology suggested that much of the previously published work was not valid. The reasons for this have been analysed by comparing the well-established experimental data with human cancer. It is suggested that much of the current confusion in tumour immunology stems from the poor models used to study human cancer and the inadequate assessment of in vitro assays which have measured the host response. The present methods require refinement, or new techniques need to be developed, before this question can be answered. The field has been well researched, and there do not appear to be any recent major advances in tumour immunology which can be applied in clinical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:352331", "title": "Influence of a GABA transaminase inhibitor on central nervous system oxygen toxicity.", "content": "A decrease in brain GABA concentration has been implied as the cause of convulsions induced by hyperbaric oxygen (HOP). We therefore examined the influence of sodium valproate, an anticonvulsant and GABA transaminase inhibitor on HOP-induced convulsions in rats. The mean latency of occurrence of the first electrical discharge in the ECoG and the appearance of the first clinical seizure in awake chronically implanted rats was unchanged by administration of sodium valproate prior to HOP exposure. We conclude that either the sodium valproate inhibition of GABA removal is insufficient to compensate for HOP inhibition of its production, or else that GABA concentration changes are not causally related to HOP-induced seizures.", "contents": "Influence of a GABA transaminase inhibitor on central nervous system oxygen toxicity. A decrease in brain GABA concentration has been implied as the cause of convulsions induced by hyperbaric oxygen (HOP). We therefore examined the influence of sodium valproate, an anticonvulsant and GABA transaminase inhibitor on HOP-induced convulsions in rats. The mean latency of occurrence of the first electrical discharge in the ECoG and the appearance of the first clinical seizure in awake chronically implanted rats was unchanged by administration of sodium valproate prior to HOP exposure. We conclude that either the sodium valproate inhibition of GABA removal is insufficient to compensate for HOP inhibition of its production, or else that GABA concentration changes are not causally related to HOP-induced seizures."}
{"id": "PMID:352338", "title": "Isolation and some properties of nontoxigenic derivatives of a strain of Clostridium tetani.", "content": "Nontoxigenic derivatives of a toxigenic strain of Clostridium tetani were isolated gy treatment with acridine orange, N-methyl-N'-nitro-soguanidine, rifampicin or ultraviolet light. The frequency of appearance fo non-toxigenic derivatives on these treatments was 0.8 to 3.2 per cent. The nontoxigenic derivatives peoduced all the same extracellular antigenic and protein components as the toxigenic parent strain, except the toxin and materials cross-reacting with the toxin. The nontoxigenic strains, like the toxigenic parent strain, were lyzed by trratment with mitomycin C. Bacteriophage was detected in the lysates of all the nontoxigenic derivatives produced with mitomycin C, and this bacteriophage was morphologically indistinguishable from that obtained from the toxigenic parent strain. The genetic factor controlling tetanus toxin production is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and some properties of nontoxigenic derivatives of a strain of Clostridium tetani. Nontoxigenic derivatives of a toxigenic strain of Clostridium tetani were isolated gy treatment with acridine orange, N-methyl-N'-nitro-soguanidine, rifampicin or ultraviolet light. The frequency of appearance fo non-toxigenic derivatives on these treatments was 0.8 to 3.2 per cent. The nontoxigenic derivatives peoduced all the same extracellular antigenic and protein components as the toxigenic parent strain, except the toxin and materials cross-reacting with the toxin. The nontoxigenic strains, like the toxigenic parent strain, were lyzed by trratment with mitomycin C. Bacteriophage was detected in the lysates of all the nontoxigenic derivatives produced with mitomycin C, and this bacteriophage was morphologically indistinguishable from that obtained from the toxigenic parent strain. The genetic factor controlling tetanus toxin production is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352341", "title": "The proton exchange of the pro-S hydrogen atom at C-1 in dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate catalysed by class-I and class-II aldolases.", "content": "The efficacy of class-I and class-II aldolases in catalysing the C-1 proton exchange in fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate was investigated. The rate of this reaction was at least two orders of magnitude slower in class-II than in the class-I aldolases. It is suggested that this difference reflects the formation of different intermediates in the reactions catalysed by the two classes of aldolase.", "contents": "The proton exchange of the pro-S hydrogen atom at C-1 in dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate catalysed by class-I and class-II aldolases. The efficacy of class-I and class-II aldolases in catalysing the C-1 proton exchange in fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate was investigated. The rate of this reaction was at least two orders of magnitude slower in class-II than in the class-I aldolases. It is suggested that this difference reflects the formation of different intermediates in the reactions catalysed by the two classes of aldolase."}
{"id": "PMID:352342", "title": "Kinetic studies with the use of proton-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy of the specific alpha-deuteration of amino acids by Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase.", "content": "Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase was exposed to aspartate or phenylalanine without oxo acid in buffered 2H2O. The alpha-hydrogen of the amino acids underwent first-order exchange with respect to both substrate and enzyme. P.m.r. spectroscopy gave consistent reaction-rate constants. The deuterium-exchange rate was only moderately increased by addition of oxo acids and was of the same order as the transamination rate. No beta-deuteration was observed. The C(alpha)-H-bond-breaking step is discussed as a part of the entire transamination mechanism.", "contents": "Kinetic studies with the use of proton-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy of the specific alpha-deuteration of amino acids by Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase. Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase was exposed to aspartate or phenylalanine without oxo acid in buffered 2H2O. The alpha-hydrogen of the amino acids underwent first-order exchange with respect to both substrate and enzyme. P.m.r. spectroscopy gave consistent reaction-rate constants. The deuterium-exchange rate was only moderately increased by addition of oxo acids and was of the same order as the transamination rate. No beta-deuteration was observed. The C(alpha)-H-bond-breaking step is discussed as a part of the entire transamination mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:352343", "title": "The interaction of C-protein with heavy meromyosin and subfragment-2.", "content": "C-protein has previously been shown to bind to the light-meromyosin region of the myosin tail. Examination of mixtures of C-protein with heavy meromyosin or subfragment-2 or subfragment-1 in the analytical ultracentrifuge shows that there is also a binding site for C-protein in the subfragment-2 region of the tail.", "contents": "The interaction of C-protein with heavy meromyosin and subfragment-2. C-protein has previously been shown to bind to the light-meromyosin region of the myosin tail. Examination of mixtures of C-protein with heavy meromyosin or subfragment-2 or subfragment-1 in the analytical ultracentrifuge shows that there is also a binding site for C-protein in the subfragment-2 region of the tail."}
{"id": "PMID:352365", "title": "Clinical immunologic studies in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "This review of recent and new directions in clinical immunologic studies of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is restricted to the areas of lymphocyte surface markers, antigen binding lymphocytes, immune complexes, and lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness in lupus patients. First, it is not clear whether the T-lymphopenia observed in SLE is related to viral destruction of T cells, anti-lymphocyte antibodies, or tissue sequestration. Second, the increase in DNA-binding B lymphocytes observed in active lupus patients may be related to minor alterations in the balance of immunoregulatory T cells or to a bypass of DNA-specific helper T cells. Third, it is speculated that the removal of immune complexes which play a role in lupus glomerulitis by various extracorporeal immune absorbents may be important in the future therapy of SLE. Fourth, the mechanisms of T-lymphocyte hypofunction are unexplained. It is postulated from studies done in other diseases that this hypoactivity may be mediated by the secretion of prostaglandin or other humoral agents from one leukocyte subpopulation suppressing another potentially responsive lymphocyte subpopulation. Also an investigation into the lymphocyte subpopulation reactive with virus-infected fibroblasts may be useful in delineating immunoregulatory lymphocytes important in the pathogenesis of SLE.", "contents": "Clinical immunologic studies in systemic lupus erythematosus. This review of recent and new directions in clinical immunologic studies of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is restricted to the areas of lymphocyte surface markers, antigen binding lymphocytes, immune complexes, and lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness in lupus patients. First, it is not clear whether the T-lymphopenia observed in SLE is related to viral destruction of T cells, anti-lymphocyte antibodies, or tissue sequestration. Second, the increase in DNA-binding B lymphocytes observed in active lupus patients may be related to minor alterations in the balance of immunoregulatory T cells or to a bypass of DNA-specific helper T cells. Third, it is speculated that the removal of immune complexes which play a role in lupus glomerulitis by various extracorporeal immune absorbents may be important in the future therapy of SLE. Fourth, the mechanisms of T-lymphocyte hypofunction are unexplained. It is postulated from studies done in other diseases that this hypoactivity may be mediated by the secretion of prostaglandin or other humoral agents from one leukocyte subpopulation suppressing another potentially responsive lymphocyte subpopulation. Also an investigation into the lymphocyte subpopulation reactive with virus-infected fibroblasts may be useful in delineating immunoregulatory lymphocytes important in the pathogenesis of SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:352366", "title": "Natural history of murine lupus. Modulation by sex hormones.", "content": "Pathologic and immunologic features of the spontaneous autoimmune disease of NZB and NZB/NZW F1 (B/W) mice resemble human SLE in three major respects: formation of antibodies to nucleic acids, deposition of immune complexes containing DNA in the kidney, and earlier onset of severe disease in females. Genetic, viral, and hormonal factors are involved in a pathogenetic mechanism that is manifest primarily as a disturbance in immunologic regulation. Recent studies on the sequential development of IgM and then IgG antibodies to DNA and RNA suggest that the thymus, spleen, and gonads exert important regulatory influences. We have found that sex hormones modulate the expression of autoimmunity in B/W mice, with androgens suppressing and estrogens accelerating disease. The hormones may act by restoring immunologic control.", "contents": "Natural history of murine lupus. Modulation by sex hormones. Pathologic and immunologic features of the spontaneous autoimmune disease of NZB and NZB/NZW F1 (B/W) mice resemble human SLE in three major respects: formation of antibodies to nucleic acids, deposition of immune complexes containing DNA in the kidney, and earlier onset of severe disease in females. Genetic, viral, and hormonal factors are involved in a pathogenetic mechanism that is manifest primarily as a disturbance in immunologic regulation. Recent studies on the sequential development of IgM and then IgG antibodies to DNA and RNA suggest that the thymus, spleen, and gonads exert important regulatory influences. We have found that sex hormones modulate the expression of autoimmunity in B/W mice, with androgens suppressing and estrogens accelerating disease. The hormones may act by restoring immunologic control."}
{"id": "PMID:352371", "title": "[Arrest reaction in man: motor arrest response by electrical stimulation of the deep structure of the cerebrum (author's transl)].", "content": "In spite of many reports of arrest reaction in animals, there are very few reports in man. During a therapeutic stereotaxic operation we observed peculiar phenomena caused by electrical stimulation to the deep structure of the cerebrum. This phenomenon is quite similar to that reported by Van Buren, but there are a few differences between them. Arrest reaction was observed in 14 of 23 cases, 17 of 28 tracks. Stimuli which caused the arrest reaction were 60--100 Hz square waves of, 1 msec duration and 5--15 V. The electrical stimulation caused an interruption of counting and other motor actions, which could be resumed following release of stimuli. Psychic confusion or memory disturbances were not observed with the exception of a few cases. The arrest reaction that we observed is thought to be due to a direct effect on the head of the caudate nucleus, not due to secondary effects on the internal capsule and the motor fiber in the vicinity of the caudate nucleus. However, the possibility that the current spread to the motor fiber cannot be definitely ruled out.", "contents": "[Arrest reaction in man: motor arrest response by electrical stimulation of the deep structure of the cerebrum (author's transl)]. In spite of many reports of arrest reaction in animals, there are very few reports in man. During a therapeutic stereotaxic operation we observed peculiar phenomena caused by electrical stimulation to the deep structure of the cerebrum. This phenomenon is quite similar to that reported by Van Buren, but there are a few differences between them. Arrest reaction was observed in 14 of 23 cases, 17 of 28 tracks. Stimuli which caused the arrest reaction were 60--100 Hz square waves of, 1 msec duration and 5--15 V. The electrical stimulation caused an interruption of counting and other motor actions, which could be resumed following release of stimuli. Psychic confusion or memory disturbances were not observed with the exception of a few cases. The arrest reaction that we observed is thought to be due to a direct effect on the head of the caudate nucleus, not due to secondary effects on the internal capsule and the motor fiber in the vicinity of the caudate nucleus. However, the possibility that the current spread to the motor fiber cannot be definitely ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:352372", "title": "A double-blind comparison of morphine and buprenorphine in the prevention of pain after operation.", "content": "A double-blind, between-patient comparison has been made of the effects of morphine 10 mg i.v. and buprenorphine 0.3 mg i.v. on the prevention of pain after operation. The drugs were given by the anaesthetist at the end of the operation, and the onset and severity of pain were assessed by a trained nurse. Both drugs caused a significant delay in the appearance of severe pain when compared with the control group, but with buprenorphine the mean delay of 10.5 h was more than twice that of morphine. The only side-effect to occur more frequently after administration of the analgesics was drowsiness, the incidence being greater after buprenorphine than after morphine.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of morphine and buprenorphine in the prevention of pain after operation. A double-blind, between-patient comparison has been made of the effects of morphine 10 mg i.v. and buprenorphine 0.3 mg i.v. on the prevention of pain after operation. The drugs were given by the anaesthetist at the end of the operation, and the onset and severity of pain were assessed by a trained nurse. Both drugs caused a significant delay in the appearance of severe pain when compared with the control group, but with buprenorphine the mean delay of 10.5 h was more than twice that of morphine. The only side-effect to occur more frequently after administration of the analgesics was drowsiness, the incidence being greater after buprenorphine than after morphine."}
{"id": "PMID:352373", "title": "A history of nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia IVD: Henry Hill Hickman in his time.", "content": "Fresh evidence of Hickman in Ludlow is recorded: an advertisement for an apprentice and an annotation in the Shrewsbury Chronicle relate to his private museum. This and his household goods were auctioned in 1824. That he may have been inspired by Benjamin Collins Brodie is considered.", "contents": "A history of nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia IVD: Henry Hill Hickman in his time. Fresh evidence of Hickman in Ludlow is recorded: an advertisement for an apprentice and an annotation in the Shrewsbury Chronicle relate to his private museum. This and his household goods were auctioned in 1824. That he may have been inspired by Benjamin Collins Brodie is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:352376", "title": "A longitudinal study of the mechanisms of action of debrisoquine and propranolol.", "content": "1 The mode of action of hypotensive drugs is not necessarily the same early and late in a course of treatment. 2 It was aimed to study this possible difference of effects for the drugs debrisoquine and propranolol, using a clinical trial design and measuring as many cardiovascular functions as possible by noninvasive methods in out-patients. 3 Several well known effects of these drugs were noted; in addition it was found that in some subjects there was a small but progressive salt retention during propranolol treatment, that the displacements  of the slopes in baroceptor function tests were different for the two drugs tested, and that venous distensibility was reduced at first with propranolol but soon increased again. 4 It is useful to combine longitudinal measures of body functions with a clinical trial when studying mechanisms of drug action.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of the mechanisms of action of debrisoquine and propranolol. 1 The mode of action of hypotensive drugs is not necessarily the same early and late in a course of treatment. 2 It was aimed to study this possible difference of effects for the drugs debrisoquine and propranolol, using a clinical trial design and measuring as many cardiovascular functions as possible by noninvasive methods in out-patients. 3 Several well known effects of these drugs were noted; in addition it was found that in some subjects there was a small but progressive salt retention during propranolol treatment, that the displacements  of the slopes in baroceptor function tests were different for the two drugs tested, and that venous distensibility was reduced at first with propranolol but soon increased again. 4 It is useful to combine longitudinal measures of body functions with a clinical trial when studying mechanisms of drug action."}
{"id": "PMID:352377", "title": "Plasma concentrations of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam during chronic diazepam therapy.", "content": "1 Plasma concentrations of diazepam and its metabolite, desmethyldiazepam, have been measured in both in- and out-patient groups treated with diazepam for periods varying between 1 month and 10 years. 2 The diazepam concentration was directly related to the dose of diazepam ingested and inversely related to the age of the patient. 3 A highly significant relationship was obtained between the concentration of desmethyldiazepam and diazepam. 4 The plasma concentrations of both diazepam and its metabolite were independent of sex, duration fo therapy and patient group.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam during chronic diazepam therapy. 1 Plasma concentrations of diazepam and its metabolite, desmethyldiazepam, have been measured in both in- and out-patient groups treated with diazepam for periods varying between 1 month and 10 years. 2 The diazepam concentration was directly related to the dose of diazepam ingested and inversely related to the age of the patient. 3 A highly significant relationship was obtained between the concentration of desmethyldiazepam and diazepam. 4 The plasma concentrations of both diazepam and its metabolite were independent of sex, duration fo therapy and patient group."}
{"id": "PMID:352386", "title": "Sterelogical analyses of leukaemic cells.", "content": "With the development of different treatment schedules for acute and chronic leukaemias it has become essential that a uniform, standardized classification of malignant cell type is achieved. Without a standardized diagnosis it is impossible to compare the results of differing treatment regimes. Present diagnosis is still based on clinical criteria and subjective assessment of cell morphology; objective and quantitative data are required. Stereological analyses are capable of providing quantitative data. Stereological techniques have been applied to the study of malignant cell types in different leukaemias for the first time and quantitative data has been obtained. The nuclear and mitochondrial volume fractions of the cells have been estimated for normal lymphocytes, the lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, the abnormal cells of hairy cell leukaemia and several other haematological malignancies. The results clearly indicate that the cell types fo different leukaemias possess measurably different properties and that stereological methods can be used to investigate the leukaemic cell quantitatively.", "contents": "Sterelogical analyses of leukaemic cells. With the development of different treatment schedules for acute and chronic leukaemias it has become essential that a uniform, standardized classification of malignant cell type is achieved. Without a standardized diagnosis it is impossible to compare the results of differing treatment regimes. Present diagnosis is still based on clinical criteria and subjective assessment of cell morphology; objective and quantitative data are required. Stereological analyses are capable of providing quantitative data. Stereological techniques have been applied to the study of malignant cell types in different leukaemias for the first time and quantitative data has been obtained. The nuclear and mitochondrial volume fractions of the cells have been estimated for normal lymphocytes, the lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, the abnormal cells of hairy cell leukaemia and several other haematological malignancies. The results clearly indicate that the cell types fo different leukaemias possess measurably different properties and that stereological methods can be used to investigate the leukaemic cell quantitatively."}
{"id": "PMID:352388", "title": "Measles retinopathy during immunosuppression.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy had an acute attack of measles while on cytotoxic chemotherapy for a testicular neoplasm. Two months later a fatal measles encephalopathy developed, verified by histological, ultrastructural, and immunofluorescent studies. Ophthalmoscopy showed progression of flat depigmented areas of the retina as well as prominent lesions mimicking central serous retinopathy or retinitis. Histopathological studies showed focal retinal necroses with invasion of pigment-laden macrophages into the retina. There were no inflammatory cell infiltrations in the choroid. The presence of structures with the morphological and antigenic properties of measles virus in the affected areas of the retina was shown by electron microsocpy and indirect immunofluorescence. With the increase of immunosuppressive therapy for various purposes the incidence of opportunistic measles virus infections is likely to rise. In the clinical management of such complications ophthalmological examination may prove very helpful.", "contents": "Measles retinopathy during immunosuppression. A 14-year-old boy had an acute attack of measles while on cytotoxic chemotherapy for a testicular neoplasm. Two months later a fatal measles encephalopathy developed, verified by histological, ultrastructural, and immunofluorescent studies. Ophthalmoscopy showed progression of flat depigmented areas of the retina as well as prominent lesions mimicking central serous retinopathy or retinitis. Histopathological studies showed focal retinal necroses with invasion of pigment-laden macrophages into the retina. There were no inflammatory cell infiltrations in the choroid. The presence of structures with the morphological and antigenic properties of measles virus in the affected areas of the retina was shown by electron microsocpy and indirect immunofluorescence. With the increase of immunosuppressive therapy for various purposes the incidence of opportunistic measles virus infections is likely to rise. In the clinical management of such complications ophthalmological examination may prove very helpful."}
{"id": "PMID:352389", "title": "Does enucleation of the eye containing a malignant melanoma prevent or accelerate the dissemination of tumour cells.", "content": "A reappraisal of survival data on patients with uveal melanomas has led us to these impressions: (a) that the mortality rate before enucleation is low, estimated at 1% per year; (b) that the mortality rate rises abruptly following enucleation, reaching a peak of about 8% during the second year after enucleation; and (c) that approximately two-thirds of the fatalities could be attributed to the dissemination of tumour emboli at the time of enucleation. From these impressions we believe the following conclusions are warranted: (a) enucleation as it has been performed in the past may have for many patients an adverse rather than a beneficial effect with respect to the development of metastatic disease from malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body. (b) A long-term follow-up study of untreated patients with melanomas of the choroid and ciliary body is indicated. (c) New techniques for enucleation designed to prevent the dissemination of tumour cells must be developed and tested to enable the ophthalmic surgeon to remove safely the tumour-containing eye that has developed such complications as uncontrollable glaucoma, panophthalmitis, or proptosis from extraocular extension.", "contents": "Does enucleation of the eye containing a malignant melanoma prevent or accelerate the dissemination of tumour cells. A reappraisal of survival data on patients with uveal melanomas has led us to these impressions: (a) that the mortality rate before enucleation is low, estimated at 1% per year; (b) that the mortality rate rises abruptly following enucleation, reaching a peak of about 8% during the second year after enucleation; and (c) that approximately two-thirds of the fatalities could be attributed to the dissemination of tumour emboli at the time of enucleation. From these impressions we believe the following conclusions are warranted: (a) enucleation as it has been performed in the past may have for many patients an adverse rather than a beneficial effect with respect to the development of metastatic disease from malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body. (b) A long-term follow-up study of untreated patients with melanomas of the choroid and ciliary body is indicated. (c) New techniques for enucleation designed to prevent the dissemination of tumour cells must be developed and tested to enable the ophthalmic surgeon to remove safely the tumour-containing eye that has developed such complications as uncontrollable glaucoma, panophthalmitis, or proptosis from extraocular extension."}
{"id": "PMID:352390", "title": "Selectivity of RNA chain initiation in vitro. 1. Analysis of RNA initiations by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography of 5'-triphosphate-labeled oligonucleotides.", "content": "A method for the rapid and quantitative analysis of 5'-terminal oligonucleotides of RNAs made in vitro is described. The method involves synthesis of RNA in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP or GTP, isolation of the RNA, and digestion with T1 or pancreatic ribonucleases to release labeled 5'-triphosphate termanated oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotides are then subjected to chromatography on a polyethyleniminecellulose thin-layer system using 2 M LiCl, 0.01 M EDTA (pH 6.5) in the first dimension and 1.5 M LiCl, 1.8 M formic acid, 0.005 M EDTA (pH 2.0) in the second. RNAs made with E. coli RNA polymerase and lambdacb2, T7, T4, and adenovirus 2 DNA yield characteristic fingerprint patterns. The utility of this method in studying selectivity of in vitro RNA chain initiation is discussed.", "contents": "Selectivity of RNA chain initiation in vitro. 1. Analysis of RNA initiations by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography of 5'-triphosphate-labeled oligonucleotides. A method for the rapid and quantitative analysis of 5'-terminal oligonucleotides of RNAs made in vitro is described. The method involves synthesis of RNA in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP or GTP, isolation of the RNA, and digestion with T1 or pancreatic ribonucleases to release labeled 5'-triphosphate termanated oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotides are then subjected to chromatography on a polyethyleniminecellulose thin-layer system using 2 M LiCl, 0.01 M EDTA (pH 6.5) in the first dimension and 1.5 M LiCl, 1.8 M formic acid, 0.005 M EDTA (pH 2.0) in the second. RNAs made with E. coli RNA polymerase and lambdacb2, T7, T4, and adenovirus 2 DNA yield characteristic fingerprint patterns. The utility of this method in studying selectivity of in vitro RNA chain initiation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352391", "title": "Selectivity of RNA chain initiation in vitro. 2. Correlation of 5'-triphosphate-labeled oligonucleotides on polyethyleniminecellulose thin-layer chromatography with RNA transcripts of bacteriophage lambda cb2 and T7.", "content": "Methods are described for the correlation of 5'-terminal oligonucleotides separated by two-dimensional polyethyleniminecellulose thin-layer chromatogrphy with specific RNA transcripts made in vitro from DNA of phages T7 and lambdacb2. The 5'-terminal oligonucleotides transcribed from DNA containing mutations and alterations which affect the RNA transcripts from specific promoters were compared with fingerprints of RNA from wild type DNA. Specific RNAs were purified on polyacrylamide gels and digested and their 5'-terminal oligonucleotides subjected to chromatography. Transcription of DNA fragments containing specific promoters was carried out and the 5'-oligonucleotide fingerprints of the RNA products compared with fingerprints of the RNA from the whole DNA. Using these methods and information known about T7 and lambdacb2 RNA 5'-terminal sequences, it was possible to identify many of the oligonucleotides separated on the polyethyleniminecellulose chromatography system.", "contents": "Selectivity of RNA chain initiation in vitro. 2. Correlation of 5'-triphosphate-labeled oligonucleotides on polyethyleniminecellulose thin-layer chromatography with RNA transcripts of bacteriophage lambda cb2 and T7. Methods are described for the correlation of 5'-terminal oligonucleotides separated by two-dimensional polyethyleniminecellulose thin-layer chromatogrphy with specific RNA transcripts made in vitro from DNA of phages T7 and lambdacb2. The 5'-terminal oligonucleotides transcribed from DNA containing mutations and alterations which affect the RNA transcripts from specific promoters were compared with fingerprints of RNA from wild type DNA. Specific RNAs were purified on polyacrylamide gels and digested and their 5'-terminal oligonucleotides subjected to chromatography. Transcription of DNA fragments containing specific promoters was carried out and the 5'-oligonucleotide fingerprints of the RNA products compared with fingerprints of the RNA from the whole DNA. Using these methods and information known about T7 and lambdacb2 RNA 5'-terminal sequences, it was possible to identify many of the oligonucleotides separated on the polyethyleniminecellulose chromatography system."}
{"id": "PMID:352392", "title": "Properties of 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "An Escherichia coli enzyme that releases 3-methyladenine and 3-ethyladenine in free form from alkylated DNA has been purified 2800-fold in 7% yield. The enzyme does not liberate several other alkylation products from DNA, including 7-methylguanine,O6-methylguanine, 7-methyladenine, N6-methyladenine, 7-ethylguanine, O6-ethylguanine, and the arylalkylated purine derivatives obtained by treatment of DNA with 7-bromomethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene. The reaction of the enzyme with alkylated DNA leads to the introduction of apurinic sites but no chain breaks (less than one incision per ten apurinic sites), and there is no detectable nuclease activity with native DNA, depurinated DNA, ultraviolet-irradiated DNA, or X-irradiated DNA as potential substrates. The enzyme is termed 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase. It is a small protein, Mr = 19 000, that does not require divalent metal ions, phosphate, or other cofactors in order to cleave base-sugar bonds in alkylated DNA.", "contents": "Properties of 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase from Escherichia coli. An Escherichia coli enzyme that releases 3-methyladenine and 3-ethyladenine in free form from alkylated DNA has been purified 2800-fold in 7% yield. The enzyme does not liberate several other alkylation products from DNA, including 7-methylguanine,O6-methylguanine, 7-methyladenine, N6-methyladenine, 7-ethylguanine, O6-ethylguanine, and the arylalkylated purine derivatives obtained by treatment of DNA with 7-bromomethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene. The reaction of the enzyme with alkylated DNA leads to the introduction of apurinic sites but no chain breaks (less than one incision per ten apurinic sites), and there is no detectable nuclease activity with native DNA, depurinated DNA, ultraviolet-irradiated DNA, or X-irradiated DNA as potential substrates. The enzyme is termed 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase. It is a small protein, Mr = 19 000, that does not require divalent metal ions, phosphate, or other cofactors in order to cleave base-sugar bonds in alkylated DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:352393", "title": "Studies of virus structure by laser-Raman spectroscopy. Turnip yellow mosaic virus and capsids.", "content": "Laser-Raman spectroscopy of the turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) and its capsid indicate the following features of the structure and assembly of the virion. The secondary structure of coat-protein molecules in TYMV is comprised of 9 +/- 5% alpha-helix, 43 +/- 6% beta-sheet, and 48 +/- 6% irregular conformation and is not altered by the removal of the RNA from the capsid. Introduction of as many as 200 chain scissions per RNA molecule also does not affect the overall secondary structure of the encapsulated RNA, which is 77 +/- 5% in the A-helix form. Tryptophan and cysteine residues of the coat protein appear to be in contact with the solvent, while only one of three tyrosines per coat protein is available for hydrogen bonding of its p-hydroxyl group with H2O molecules. Both cytosine and adenine residues of TYMV RNA are protonated in substantial numbers near pH 4.5, suggesting elevation of their respective pKa values within the virion. The Raman data are consistent with chemical evidence favoring interaction between protonated bases of RNA and amino acid side chains of coat protein in TYMV.", "contents": "Studies of virus structure by laser-Raman spectroscopy. Turnip yellow mosaic virus and capsids. Laser-Raman spectroscopy of the turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) and its capsid indicate the following features of the structure and assembly of the virion. The secondary structure of coat-protein molecules in TYMV is comprised of 9 +/- 5% alpha-helix, 43 +/- 6% beta-sheet, and 48 +/- 6% irregular conformation and is not altered by the removal of the RNA from the capsid. Introduction of as many as 200 chain scissions per RNA molecule also does not affect the overall secondary structure of the encapsulated RNA, which is 77 +/- 5% in the A-helix form. Tryptophan and cysteine residues of the coat protein appear to be in contact with the solvent, while only one of three tyrosines per coat protein is available for hydrogen bonding of its p-hydroxyl group with H2O molecules. Both cytosine and adenine residues of TYMV RNA are protonated in substantial numbers near pH 4.5, suggesting elevation of their respective pKa values within the virion. The Raman data are consistent with chemical evidence favoring interaction between protonated bases of RNA and amino acid side chains of coat protein in TYMV."}
{"id": "PMID:352394", "title": "Kinetic studies on the inactivation of Escherichia coli RTEM beta-lactamase by clavulanic acid.", "content": "The kinetic details of the irreversible inactivation of the Escherichia coli RTEM beta-lactamase by clavulanic acid have been elucidated. Clavulanate is destroyed by the enzyme and simultaneously inhibits it by producing two catalytically inactive forms. One of these is transiently stable and decomposes to free enzyme (k = 3.8 X 10(-3) S-1), while the other corresponds to an irreversibly inactivated form. The transient complex is formed from the Michaelis complex at a rate (k approximately 3 X 10(-2) S-1) which is some threefold faster than the rate of formation of the irreversibly inactivated complex. The transient complex is, therefore, the principle enzyme form present after short time periods. In the presence of excess clavulanate, however, all the enzyme accumulates into the irreversibly inactivated form. The number of clavulanate turnovers that occur prior to complete enzyme inactivation is 115.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on the inactivation of Escherichia coli RTEM beta-lactamase by clavulanic acid. The kinetic details of the irreversible inactivation of the Escherichia coli RTEM beta-lactamase by clavulanic acid have been elucidated. Clavulanate is destroyed by the enzyme and simultaneously inhibits it by producing two catalytically inactive forms. One of these is transiently stable and decomposes to free enzyme (k = 3.8 X 10(-3) S-1), while the other corresponds to an irreversibly inactivated form. The transient complex is formed from the Michaelis complex at a rate (k approximately 3 X 10(-2) S-1) which is some threefold faster than the rate of formation of the irreversibly inactivated complex. The transient complex is, therefore, the principle enzyme form present after short time periods. In the presence of excess clavulanate, however, all the enzyme accumulates into the irreversibly inactivated form. The number of clavulanate turnovers that occur prior to complete enzyme inactivation is 115."}
{"id": "PMID:352395", "title": "Chemical studies on the inactivation of Escherichia coli RTEM beta-lactamase by clavulanic acid.", "content": "Incubation of clavulanic acid with the beta-lactamase from Escherichia coli RTEM leads to enzyme-catalyzed depletion of clavulanic acid, to transient inhibition, and to irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. Both the transiently inhibited and the irreversibly inactivated species show a marked increase in the absorbance at 281 nm that is proportional to the decrease in enzyme activity. Hydroxylamine treatment of irreversibly inactivated enzyme restores about one-third of the catalytic activity, with a concomitant decrease in absorbance at 281 nm. Polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing of the irreversibly inactivated enzyme shows three bands of approximately equal intensity, different from native enzyme. Upon hydroxylamine treatment, one of the three bands disappears and now focuses identically with native enzyme. It is evident that the irreversible inactivation of enzyme by an excess of clavulanic acid generates three products, one of which can be reactivated by hydroxylamine.", "contents": "Chemical studies on the inactivation of Escherichia coli RTEM beta-lactamase by clavulanic acid. Incubation of clavulanic acid with the beta-lactamase from Escherichia coli RTEM leads to enzyme-catalyzed depletion of clavulanic acid, to transient inhibition, and to irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. Both the transiently inhibited and the irreversibly inactivated species show a marked increase in the absorbance at 281 nm that is proportional to the decrease in enzyme activity. Hydroxylamine treatment of irreversibly inactivated enzyme restores about one-third of the catalytic activity, with a concomitant decrease in absorbance at 281 nm. Polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing of the irreversibly inactivated enzyme shows three bands of approximately equal intensity, different from native enzyme. Upon hydroxylamine treatment, one of the three bands disappears and now focuses identically with native enzyme. It is evident that the irreversible inactivation of enzyme by an excess of clavulanic acid generates three products, one of which can be reactivated by hydroxylamine."}
{"id": "PMID:352397", "title": "Interaction of lipopolysaccharide with detergents and its possible role in the detergent resistance of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "In the presence of MgCl2, amounts of detergents which disrupted phospholipid vesicles caused lipopolysaccharide I from Proteus mirabilis to aggregate and form vesicular, membrane-like structures. Vesicle formation with P. mirabilis lipopolysaccharide II containing longer O-polysaccharide chains was extremely poor. Lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella minnesota R mutants (chemotypes Ra, Rc and Re) displayed a growing tendency for vesicle formation with increasing deficiency of the R core polysaccharide. Lipopolysaccharides of chemotypes Rc and Re produced vesicles even in the absence of MgCl2 and detergent. Spherical aggregates consisting of P. mirabilis lipopolysaccharide I MgCl2 and detergent were unable to either entrap or retain [14C]-sucrose, [3H=inulin or [3H]dextran. On the other hand, S. minnesota R mutant lipopolysaccharides of chemotypes Rc and Re could entrap all three saccharides and retain them for at least short periods of time. Leakage of [3H]-inulin out of re-lipopolysaccharide vesicles was greatly retarded by addition of MgCl2 to the vesicle system. Incorporation of P. mirabilis lipopolysaccharide I or S. minnesota Rc lipopolysaccharide into phospholipid vesicles protected these model membranes from disruption by detergent. This suggested a similar protective function of lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of enteric bacteria against the action of surfactants occurring in their normal intestinal habitat.", "contents": "Interaction of lipopolysaccharide with detergents and its possible role in the detergent resistance of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In the presence of MgCl2, amounts of detergents which disrupted phospholipid vesicles caused lipopolysaccharide I from Proteus mirabilis to aggregate and form vesicular, membrane-like structures. Vesicle formation with P. mirabilis lipopolysaccharide II containing longer O-polysaccharide chains was extremely poor. Lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella minnesota R mutants (chemotypes Ra, Rc and Re) displayed a growing tendency for vesicle formation with increasing deficiency of the R core polysaccharide. Lipopolysaccharides of chemotypes Rc and Re produced vesicles even in the absence of MgCl2 and detergent. Spherical aggregates consisting of P. mirabilis lipopolysaccharide I MgCl2 and detergent were unable to either entrap or retain [14C]-sucrose, [3H=inulin or [3H]dextran. On the other hand, S. minnesota R mutant lipopolysaccharides of chemotypes Rc and Re could entrap all three saccharides and retain them for at least short periods of time. Leakage of [3H]-inulin out of re-lipopolysaccharide vesicles was greatly retarded by addition of MgCl2 to the vesicle system. Incorporation of P. mirabilis lipopolysaccharide I or S. minnesota Rc lipopolysaccharide into phospholipid vesicles protected these model membranes from disruption by detergent. This suggested a similar protective function of lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of enteric bacteria against the action of surfactants occurring in their normal intestinal habitat."}
{"id": "PMID:352398", "title": "Effects of purine riboside on nucleic acid synthesis in ascites cells.", "content": "Purine riboside (nebularine, 9-beta-ribofuranosylpurine) is a naturally occurring base analog which closely resembles adenosine. It inhibits carcinogenic growth. Purine riboside strongly inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis in different cancer ascites cells. Gel electrophoretic analysis of RNA synthesis in vivo in the presence of purine riboside shows the ribosomal components to be inhibited the most. A method for assaying purine riboside or its phosphates intracellularly has been devised, and by using this it has been shown that purine riboside is extensively phosphorylated in the cells. The triphosphate derivative of purine riboside has been isolated and tested in the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase assay. It appears not to be incorporated into this type of RNA and to competitively inhibit this reaction with regard to ATP.", "contents": "Effects of purine riboside on nucleic acid synthesis in ascites cells. Purine riboside (nebularine, 9-beta-ribofuranosylpurine) is a naturally occurring base analog which closely resembles adenosine. It inhibits carcinogenic growth. Purine riboside strongly inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis in different cancer ascites cells. Gel electrophoretic analysis of RNA synthesis in vivo in the presence of purine riboside shows the ribosomal components to be inhibited the most. A method for assaying purine riboside or its phosphates intracellularly has been devised, and by using this it has been shown that purine riboside is extensively phosphorylated in the cells. The triphosphate derivative of purine riboside has been isolated and tested in the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase assay. It appears not to be incorporated into this type of RNA and to competitively inhibit this reaction with regard to ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:352399", "title": "Isolation and characterization of nascent albuminyl peptides synthesized in vivo from rat liver.", "content": "A procedure is described for the isolation of nascent albuminyl peptides from rat liver polysomes which is based on the isolation of total peptidyl tRNA by ion-exchange chromatography on ECTEOLA cellulose followed by immuno-affinity chromatography employing monospecific anti-albumin antibodies immobilized on Sepharose 4B. Identity of the isolated nascent albuminyl peptides was assayed by tryptic peptide fingerprint analysis. Quantitation and determination of the specific activity of the nascent albuminyl peptides, labeled in vivo with l-[14c]leucine, were made by subjecting the peptides to acid hydrolysis, dansylation and resoultion of the amino acids by thin-layer chromatography, and determination of the specific activity of dansyl leucine.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of nascent albuminyl peptides synthesized in vivo from rat liver. A procedure is described for the isolation of nascent albuminyl peptides from rat liver polysomes which is based on the isolation of total peptidyl tRNA by ion-exchange chromatography on ECTEOLA cellulose followed by immuno-affinity chromatography employing monospecific anti-albumin antibodies immobilized on Sepharose 4B. Identity of the isolated nascent albuminyl peptides was assayed by tryptic peptide fingerprint analysis. Quantitation and determination of the specific activity of the nascent albuminyl peptides, labeled in vivo with l-[14c]leucine, were made by subjecting the peptides to acid hydrolysis, dansylation and resoultion of the amino acids by thin-layer chromatography, and determination of the specific activity of dansyl leucine."}
{"id": "PMID:352400", "title": "A small angle X-ray study of the elongation factor complex Tu . GDP from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The protein elongation factor complex Tu. GDP from Escherichia coli was investigated in the presence of 0.01 mM GDP using the small-angle X-ray method. The overall shape and the molecular parameters of the Tu . GDP complex were determined using a least-squares method where the experimental data were used directly without desmearing. The best fit to the experimental data was obtained assuming the molecule to be an ellipsoid of revolution with the semiaxes A = B = 4.08 nm, and C = 1.18nm. Determination of the molecular weight gave the result Mr = 46 000, which corresponds to a water content equal to 26% (by weight).", "contents": "A small angle X-ray study of the elongation factor complex Tu . GDP from Escherichia coli. The protein elongation factor complex Tu. GDP from Escherichia coli was investigated in the presence of 0.01 mM GDP using the small-angle X-ray method. The overall shape and the molecular parameters of the Tu . GDP complex were determined using a least-squares method where the experimental data were used directly without desmearing. The best fit to the experimental data was obtained assuming the molecule to be an ellipsoid of revolution with the semiaxes A = B = 4.08 nm, and C = 1.18nm. Determination of the molecular weight gave the result Mr = 46 000, which corresponds to a water content equal to 26% (by weight)."}
{"id": "PMID:352401", "title": "Comparison of a nitrate reductase-inactivating enzyme from the maize root with a protease form yeast which inactivates tryptophan synthase.", "content": "A maize root fraction which inactivates nitrate reductase has been shown to have protease activity which can be measured by the hydrolysis of azocasein. This inactivating enzyme was also found to inactivate yeast tryptophan synthase. Yeast proteases A and B, which inactivate this latter enzyme, also gave a specific inactivation of the maize nitrate reductase. The maize root inactivating enzyme, like yeast protease B, degraded casein, and was inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride. A partially-purified yeast inhibitor prevented catalysis by the yeast proteases and maize root inactivating enzyme, but purified yeast inhibitors were without effect on the latter protein. The level of nitrate reductase-inactivating activity, and associated azocasein-degrading activity, increased with age of the maize root. Evidence was obtained for a heat stable inhibitor which maintained them in an inactive state, especially in the young root tip cells.", "contents": "Comparison of a nitrate reductase-inactivating enzyme from the maize root with a protease form yeast which inactivates tryptophan synthase. A maize root fraction which inactivates nitrate reductase has been shown to have protease activity which can be measured by the hydrolysis of azocasein. This inactivating enzyme was also found to inactivate yeast tryptophan synthase. Yeast proteases A and B, which inactivate this latter enzyme, also gave a specific inactivation of the maize nitrate reductase. The maize root inactivating enzyme, like yeast protease B, degraded casein, and was inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride. A partially-purified yeast inhibitor prevented catalysis by the yeast proteases and maize root inactivating enzyme, but purified yeast inhibitors were without effect on the latter protein. The level of nitrate reductase-inactivating activity, and associated azocasein-degrading activity, increased with age of the maize root. Evidence was obtained for a heat stable inhibitor which maintained them in an inactive state, especially in the young root tip cells."}
{"id": "PMID:352402", "title": "Azasterol inhibitors in yeast. Inhibition of the 24-methylene sterol delta24(28)-reductase and delta24-sterol methyltransferase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by 23-azacholesterol.", "content": "The effects of 23-azacholesterol on sterol biosynthesis and growth of Saccharomyces cervisiae were examined. In the presence of 0.2, 0.5, and 1 micron 23-azacholesterol, aerobically-growing yeast produced a nearly constant amount of ergosta-5,7,22,24(28)-tetraenol (approx. 36% of total sterol) and slowly accumulated zymosterol with a concommitant decline in ergosterol synthesis. Growth and total sterol content of yeast cultures treated with 0.2-1 micron 23-azacholesterol were similar to that of the control culture. Yeast cultures treated with 5 and 10 micron 23-azacholesterol produced mostly zymosterol (58-61% of total sterol), while ergosta-5,7,22,24(28)-tetraenol production declined to less than 10% of total sterol. The observed changes in the distribution of sterols in treated cultures are consistent with inhibition of 24-methylene sterol 24(28)-sterol reductase (total inhibition at 1 micron 23-azacholesterol) and of 24-sterol methyltransferase (71% inhibition at 10 micron 23-azacholesterol). Yeast cultures treated with 10 micron 23-azacholesterol were found to contain 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol and 4alpha-methylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol, which were isolated and characterized for the first time.", "contents": "Azasterol inhibitors in yeast. Inhibition of the 24-methylene sterol delta24(28)-reductase and delta24-sterol methyltransferase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by 23-azacholesterol. The effects of 23-azacholesterol on sterol biosynthesis and growth of Saccharomyces cervisiae were examined. In the presence of 0.2, 0.5, and 1 micron 23-azacholesterol, aerobically-growing yeast produced a nearly constant amount of ergosta-5,7,22,24(28)-tetraenol (approx. 36% of total sterol) and slowly accumulated zymosterol with a concommitant decline in ergosterol synthesis. Growth and total sterol content of yeast cultures treated with 0.2-1 micron 23-azacholesterol were similar to that of the control culture. Yeast cultures treated with 5 and 10 micron 23-azacholesterol produced mostly zymosterol (58-61% of total sterol), while ergosta-5,7,22,24(28)-tetraenol production declined to less than 10% of total sterol. The observed changes in the distribution of sterols in treated cultures are consistent with inhibition of 24-methylene sterol 24(28)-sterol reductase (total inhibition at 1 micron 23-azacholesterol) and of 24-sterol methyltransferase (71% inhibition at 10 micron 23-azacholesterol). Yeast cultures treated with 10 micron 23-azacholesterol were found to contain 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol and 4alpha-methylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol, which were isolated and characterized for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:352403", "title": "Phospholipid biosynthesis and secretion by a cell line (A549) which resembles type II aleveolar epithelial cells.", "content": "The A549 cell line is a continuous cell line derived from a human adenocarcinoma of the lung. At low cell population density the cells contain relatively few lamellar bodies, but in mature cells in very confluent cultures lamellar bodies are abundant. The lamellar bodies from these cells are enriched for phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine. In mature cells, 45% of newly synthesized phosphatidylcholine is disaturated. Stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187 produces exocytosis of phosphatidylcholine (46% disaturated). The A549 cell synthesizes, stores in lamellar bodies, and secretes phosphatidylcholine, and thus has many important biological properties of the alveolar epithelial type II cell.", "contents": "Phospholipid biosynthesis and secretion by a cell line (A549) which resembles type II aleveolar epithelial cells. The A549 cell line is a continuous cell line derived from a human adenocarcinoma of the lung. At low cell population density the cells contain relatively few lamellar bodies, but in mature cells in very confluent cultures lamellar bodies are abundant. The lamellar bodies from these cells are enriched for phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine. In mature cells, 45% of newly synthesized phosphatidylcholine is disaturated. Stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187 produces exocytosis of phosphatidylcholine (46% disaturated). The A549 cell synthesizes, stores in lamellar bodies, and secretes phosphatidylcholine, and thus has many important biological properties of the alveolar epithelial type II cell."}
{"id": "PMID:352404", "title": "New procedure for concentration and analytical isoelectric focusing of proteins.", "content": "Proteins in aqueous salt solutions (up to 4 mil) were adsorbed by hydrophobic interaction on phenyl-Sepharose gel (0.1 ml) in small columns. After washing out excess salt, gels were applied on the surface of flat bed polyacrylamide gels for isoelectric focusing, which resulted in efficient desorption and transport of protein out of the phenyl-Sepharose gel. There was no difficulty in obtaining a fifty-fold concentration. The following parameters at adsorption of protein were studied: (i) salt concentration in the protein solution; (ii) phenyl-Sepharose gel adsorptive capacity for protein; (iii) suitable volume of washing solution for the phenyl-Sepharose gel. Theoretical aspects on factors promoting adsorption and desorption of proteins on phenyl-Sepharose gel are discussed. Also discussed are earlier used procedures for concentration and/or dialysis. When dilute protein solutions are to be examined for analytical purposes, the proposed procedures seems to be a valuable aid, which does not require expensive equipment, and is quick and simple to perform.", "contents": "New procedure for concentration and analytical isoelectric focusing of proteins. Proteins in aqueous salt solutions (up to 4 mil) were adsorbed by hydrophobic interaction on phenyl-Sepharose gel (0.1 ml) in small columns. After washing out excess salt, gels were applied on the surface of flat bed polyacrylamide gels for isoelectric focusing, which resulted in efficient desorption and transport of protein out of the phenyl-Sepharose gel. There was no difficulty in obtaining a fifty-fold concentration. The following parameters at adsorption of protein were studied: (i) salt concentration in the protein solution; (ii) phenyl-Sepharose gel adsorptive capacity for protein; (iii) suitable volume of washing solution for the phenyl-Sepharose gel. Theoretical aspects on factors promoting adsorption and desorption of proteins on phenyl-Sepharose gel are discussed. Also discussed are earlier used procedures for concentration and/or dialysis. When dilute protein solutions are to be examined for analytical purposes, the proposed procedures seems to be a valuable aid, which does not require expensive equipment, and is quick and simple to perform."}
{"id": "PMID:352405", "title": "The differential enzyme susceptibility of bovine immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin G2 to pepsin and papain.", "content": "Purified bovine immunoglobulins IgG1 and IgG2 were subjected to enzymatic degradation with pepsin and papain. Results were monitored using density gradient ultracentrifugation, acrylamide electrophosesis and immunodiffusion employing subclass- and light chain-specific antisera. The results indicated a marked enzymatic susceptibility of IgG1 to digestion with pepsin. This differential susceptibility can also be demonstrated in unfractionated bovine gamma-globulin. No striking differences between the two subclasses were observed during treatment with papain in the presence of cysteine and after 24 h, most IgG1 and IgG2 was degraded to Fc and Fab fragments. The pepsin Fc fragment generated from IgG2 was larger than that generated from IgG1 although the F(ab')2 fragments were simialr in size. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the Fc region of IgG1 contains multiple cleavage sites for pepsin whereas IgG2 has few. Rabbits immunized with the first elution peak from a 30 h pepsin digest of bovine gamma-globulin fractionated on Sephadex G-150, responded primarily to common gamma-chain and IgG2-specific determinants. Thus, the differential susceptibility of bovine subclasses to pepsin provides a method for stimulating IgG2-specific antibodies in rabbits.", "contents": "The differential enzyme susceptibility of bovine immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin G2 to pepsin and papain. Purified bovine immunoglobulins IgG1 and IgG2 were subjected to enzymatic degradation with pepsin and papain. Results were monitored using density gradient ultracentrifugation, acrylamide electrophosesis and immunodiffusion employing subclass- and light chain-specific antisera. The results indicated a marked enzymatic susceptibility of IgG1 to digestion with pepsin. This differential susceptibility can also be demonstrated in unfractionated bovine gamma-globulin. No striking differences between the two subclasses were observed during treatment with papain in the presence of cysteine and after 24 h, most IgG1 and IgG2 was degraded to Fc and Fab fragments. The pepsin Fc fragment generated from IgG2 was larger than that generated from IgG1 although the F(ab')2 fragments were simialr in size. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the Fc region of IgG1 contains multiple cleavage sites for pepsin whereas IgG2 has few. Rabbits immunized with the first elution peak from a 30 h pepsin digest of bovine gamma-globulin fractionated on Sephadex G-150, responded primarily to common gamma-chain and IgG2-specific determinants. Thus, the differential susceptibility of bovine subclasses to pepsin provides a method for stimulating IgG2-specific antibodies in rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:352406", "title": "A mutant of Escherichia coli which accumulates large amounts of coproporphyrin.", "content": "A mutant of Escherichia coli which accumulates a large amount of coproporphyrin, presumably because of a block in heme biosynthesis, has been isolated after nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. On rich media, the mutant forms colonies which give bright orange fluorescence when illuminated with ultraviolet light. The mutant appears to be similar to a Salmonella typhimurium mutant, deficient in uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase, described by Sasarman and Desrochers ((1976) J. Bacteriol. 128, 717--721). A striking property of the mutant is that coproporphyrin is retained within the cells in rich media but is almost totally excreted out of cells in minimal glucose medium.", "contents": "A mutant of Escherichia coli which accumulates large amounts of coproporphyrin. A mutant of Escherichia coli which accumulates a large amount of coproporphyrin, presumably because of a block in heme biosynthesis, has been isolated after nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. On rich media, the mutant forms colonies which give bright orange fluorescence when illuminated with ultraviolet light. The mutant appears to be similar to a Salmonella typhimurium mutant, deficient in uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase, described by Sasarman and Desrochers ((1976) J. Bacteriol. 128, 717--721). A striking property of the mutant is that coproporphyrin is retained within the cells in rich media but is almost totally excreted out of cells in minimal glucose medium."}
{"id": "PMID:352407", "title": "Calcium and pancreatic beta-cell function. 4. Evidence that glucose and phosphate stimulate calcium-45 incorporation into different intracellular pools.", "content": "beta-Cell-rich pancreatic islets were microdissected from ob/ob-mice and used for studies of 45Ca uptake and washout. Irrespective of whether the experiments were performed at 21 or 37 degrees C both glucose and phosphate stimulated the net uptake of lanthanum-nondisplaceable 45Ca. The stimulatory effect of phosphate was additive to that produced by glucose. 45Ca incorporated in response to phosphate differed from that taken up in the presence of 20 mM glucose in being easily washed out although it was not affected by the glucose concentration of the washing medium. The efflux of 45Ca was reduced after introducing phosphate into a medium used to perifuse islets which had accumulated 45Ca in response to 20 mM glucose. This suggests that the outward calcium transport can be influenced also by intracellular trapping of the cation. The glucose-stimulated insulin release was inhibited by phosphate; an effect reversed by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. It is concluded that a common effect of glucose and phosphate is to trap calcium in the pancreatic beta-cells but that there are fundamental differences between their effects on intracellular distribution of calcium and on insulin release.", "contents": "Calcium and pancreatic beta-cell function. 4. Evidence that glucose and phosphate stimulate calcium-45 incorporation into different intracellular pools. beta-Cell-rich pancreatic islets were microdissected from ob/ob-mice and used for studies of 45Ca uptake and washout. Irrespective of whether the experiments were performed at 21 or 37 degrees C both glucose and phosphate stimulated the net uptake of lanthanum-nondisplaceable 45Ca. The stimulatory effect of phosphate was additive to that produced by glucose. 45Ca incorporated in response to phosphate differed from that taken up in the presence of 20 mM glucose in being easily washed out although it was not affected by the glucose concentration of the washing medium. The efflux of 45Ca was reduced after introducing phosphate into a medium used to perifuse islets which had accumulated 45Ca in response to 20 mM glucose. This suggests that the outward calcium transport can be influenced also by intracellular trapping of the cation. The glucose-stimulated insulin release was inhibited by phosphate; an effect reversed by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. It is concluded that a common effect of glucose and phosphate is to trap calcium in the pancreatic beta-cells but that there are fundamental differences between their effects on intracellular distribution of calcium and on insulin release."}
{"id": "PMID:352408", "title": "A rapid high-yield purification procedure for the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate receptor protein from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A new method for the purification of the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate receptor protein from Escherichia coli has been developed. The method is rapid and simple, and a very high yield of the purified protein is obtained which is not contaminated with either DNAase or RNAase activity.", "contents": "A rapid high-yield purification procedure for the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate receptor protein from Escherichia coli. A new method for the purification of the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate receptor protein from Escherichia coli has been developed. The method is rapid and simple, and a very high yield of the purified protein is obtained which is not contaminated with either DNAase or RNAase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:352415", "title": "Maximum entropy constrained balance randomization for clinical trials.", "content": "A specialization of the biased coin clinical trial randomization schemes of Pocock and Simon (1975) and Efron (1971) is proposed which gives guidelines for the coin biasing probabilities of assignment to treatment. The scheme parameterizes the often conflicting goals of random treatment assignment and allocation for stratum balance in terms of a single trade-off parameter specifying a desired degree of determinism. Treatment radomization probabilities are obtained iteratively in an exponential form which maximizes randomization entropy subject to a specified balance constraint.", "contents": "Maximum entropy constrained balance randomization for clinical trials. A specialization of the biased coin clinical trial randomization schemes of Pocock and Simon (1975) and Efron (1971) is proposed which gives guidelines for the coin biasing probabilities of assignment to treatment. The scheme parameterizes the often conflicting goals of random treatment assignment and allocation for stratum balance in terms of a single trade-off parameter specifying a desired degree of determinism. Treatment radomization probabilities are obtained iteratively in an exponential form which maximizes randomization entropy subject to a specified balance constraint."}
{"id": "PMID:352416", "title": "An application of multivariate ratio methods for the analysis of a longitudinal clinical trial with missing data.", "content": "This paper presents an analysis of a longitudinal multi-center clinical trial with missing data. It illustrates the application, the appropriateness, and the limitations of a straightforward ratio estimation procedure for dealing with multivariate situations in which missing data occur at random and with small probability. The parameter estimates are computed via matrix operators such as those used for the generalized least squares analysis of catetorical data. Thus, the estimates may be conveniently analyzed by asymptotic regression methods within the same computer program which computes the estimates, provided that the sample size is sufficiently computer program which computes the estimates, provided that the sample size is sufficiently large.", "contents": "An application of multivariate ratio methods for the analysis of a longitudinal clinical trial with missing data. This paper presents an analysis of a longitudinal multi-center clinical trial with missing data. It illustrates the application, the appropriateness, and the limitations of a straightforward ratio estimation procedure for dealing with multivariate situations in which missing data occur at random and with small probability. The parameter estimates are computed via matrix operators such as those used for the generalized least squares analysis of catetorical data. Thus, the estimates may be conveniently analyzed by asymptotic regression methods within the same computer program which computes the estimates, provided that the sample size is sufficiently computer program which computes the estimates, provided that the sample size is sufficiently large."}
{"id": "PMID:352419", "title": "Combined therapy of human interferon (HI) and secretory immunoglobulin (S-IgA) in the treatment of human herpetic keratitis.", "content": "The topical action of a combined therapy of human interferon (3000 U/ml) and secretory immunoglobulin IgA (1,5 mg/ml) was studied in 56 patients with herpetic keratitis. The pain and photophobia disappeared within 48 h after the beginning of treatment and a marked reduction of the corneal lesion during the first week of treatment was observed in all the patients. The therapy was effective, with complete healing of the lesion in 94.8% of cases; 72.2% of them healed in less than 15 days. The highest frequency of healing was between 5 and 10 days, and the rest up to 30 days. Humoral, immunological and delayed hypersensitivity studies were carried out in 36 patients.", "contents": "Combined therapy of human interferon (HI) and secretory immunoglobulin (S-IgA) in the treatment of human herpetic keratitis. The topical action of a combined therapy of human interferon (3000 U/ml) and secretory immunoglobulin IgA (1,5 mg/ml) was studied in 56 patients with herpetic keratitis. The pain and photophobia disappeared within 48 h after the beginning of treatment and a marked reduction of the corneal lesion during the first week of treatment was observed in all the patients. The therapy was effective, with complete healing of the lesion in 94.8% of cases; 72.2% of them healed in less than 15 days. The highest frequency of healing was between 5 and 10 days, and the rest up to 30 days. Humoral, immunological and delayed hypersensitivity studies were carried out in 36 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:352420", "title": "Tubular basement membrane deposits in human renal allografts.", "content": "In 18 patients who received renal allografts, tubulo-interstitial lesions were studied, according to the types of rejection or the possible recurrence of primary disease. Immunofluorescent (IF) investigation revealed tubular basement membrane (TBM) deposits of IgG and/or C3 and sometimes other components of Complement. The pattern of these deposits was: \"linear\" in 3 cases, \"granular\" in 9 cases and \"atypical\" with linear and granular segments in 6 cases. The IF study of own kidneys of 3 patients, before the transplantation, revealed no TBM deposits. TBM deposits were accompanied by arterial wall deposits of IgM and/or C3 and sometimes C5 in 17 cases. Electron-microscopy study of renal tubules showed thickening, lamellation and/or deposits along the tubular basement membrane. The immunopathogenesis of these deposits was discussed.", "contents": "Tubular basement membrane deposits in human renal allografts. In 18 patients who received renal allografts, tubulo-interstitial lesions were studied, according to the types of rejection or the possible recurrence of primary disease. Immunofluorescent (IF) investigation revealed tubular basement membrane (TBM) deposits of IgG and/or C3 and sometimes other components of Complement. The pattern of these deposits was: \"linear\" in 3 cases, \"granular\" in 9 cases and \"atypical\" with linear and granular segments in 6 cases. The IF study of own kidneys of 3 patients, before the transplantation, revealed no TBM deposits. TBM deposits were accompanied by arterial wall deposits of IgM and/or C3 and sometimes C5 in 17 cases. Electron-microscopy study of renal tubules showed thickening, lamellation and/or deposits along the tubular basement membrane. The immunopathogenesis of these deposits was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352421", "title": "The bacteriology of cavitating pulmonary infections and empysema. Studies of transtracheal aspirates and pleural fluid.", "content": "A prospective study of bacteriology in 14 cases of cavitating pulmonary infections and empyema is reported. Bacteriologic results were based on transtracheal aspirates or pleural fluid. Appropriate anaerobic bacteriologic methods were employed. Anaerobic bacteria were recovered in 11 patients (79%); they were the only pathogens isolated in 6 patients. The predominant species were Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides fragilis and Peptostreptococcus. Aerobic bacteria were present in 7 patients. The results indicate that anaerobes play a key role in most cases of cavitating pulmonary infections and empyema, and that proper culture of adequat specimens will generally establish the bacteriological diagnosis.", "contents": "The bacteriology of cavitating pulmonary infections and empysema. Studies of transtracheal aspirates and pleural fluid. A prospective study of bacteriology in 14 cases of cavitating pulmonary infections and empyema is reported. Bacteriologic results were based on transtracheal aspirates or pleural fluid. Appropriate anaerobic bacteriologic methods were employed. Anaerobic bacteria were recovered in 11 patients (79%); they were the only pathogens isolated in 6 patients. The predominant species were Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides fragilis and Peptostreptococcus. Aerobic bacteria were present in 7 patients. The results indicate that anaerobes play a key role in most cases of cavitating pulmonary infections and empyema, and that proper culture of adequat specimens will generally establish the bacteriological diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:352417", "title": "Effect of a long term cholinergic therapy on the gastric acid secretion and on the calculated acid concentration of the parietal component in hypochlorhydric patients.", "content": "Fourteen hypochlorhydric patients suffering from atrophic gastritis were tested with pentagastrin and randomly distributed in groups treated per os : one by a placebo, the other by eserine amine oxide. In the placebo group we did not observe a variation in the acid output nor in the acid concentration of the parietal component. In the patients treated with eserine amine oxide, the acid secretion and the acid concentration of the parietal component increased on treatment (p less than 0.01). In two other groups of hypochlorhydric patients tested with pentagastrin (n = 25) or with histamine ( n = 38) and treated for periods of one to three months we also observed an increase in the acid output and the acid concentration of the parietal component. These facts could be explained by an increase in the number of functional cell units, accompanied by a qualitative variation in the parietal component during treatment the patients suffering from atrophic gastritis.", "contents": "Effect of a long term cholinergic therapy on the gastric acid secretion and on the calculated acid concentration of the parietal component in hypochlorhydric patients. Fourteen hypochlorhydric patients suffering from atrophic gastritis were tested with pentagastrin and randomly distributed in groups treated per os : one by a placebo, the other by eserine amine oxide. In the placebo group we did not observe a variation in the acid output nor in the acid concentration of the parietal component. In the patients treated with eserine amine oxide, the acid secretion and the acid concentration of the parietal component increased on treatment (p less than 0.01). In two other groups of hypochlorhydric patients tested with pentagastrin (n = 25) or with histamine ( n = 38) and treated for periods of one to three months we also observed an increase in the acid output and the acid concentration of the parietal component. These facts could be explained by an increase in the number of functional cell units, accompanied by a qualitative variation in the parietal component during treatment the patients suffering from atrophic gastritis."}
{"id": "PMID:352422", "title": "Histo-immunology of myelofibrosis: a study of 100 cases.", "content": "A search for immunoglobulin deposits in normal and fibrous interstitial tissue was carried out on 100 bone marrow biopsies (44 myeloproliferative disorders and 56 other hemopathies). This preliminary study enabled one to draw three conslusions: 1) The search for immunoglobulins is only possible on non-decalcified bone marrow. The direct immunofluorescent technique gives better results than peroxidase staining: 2) In myeloproliferative disorders immunoglobulins (especially G) are more frequent and more often associated with a myelofibrosis than in other hemopathies, and 3) The more pronounced the fibrosis the more frequent the immunoglobulin deposits, except at the osteomyelosclerosis stage. They are never found in the fibrosis secondary to intramedullary carcinomatous metastases.", "contents": "Histo-immunology of myelofibrosis: a study of 100 cases. A search for immunoglobulin deposits in normal and fibrous interstitial tissue was carried out on 100 bone marrow biopsies (44 myeloproliferative disorders and 56 other hemopathies). This preliminary study enabled one to draw three conslusions: 1) The search for immunoglobulins is only possible on non-decalcified bone marrow. The direct immunofluorescent technique gives better results than peroxidase staining: 2) In myeloproliferative disorders immunoglobulins (especially G) are more frequent and more often associated with a myelofibrosis than in other hemopathies, and 3) The more pronounced the fibrosis the more frequent the immunoglobulin deposits, except at the osteomyelosclerosis stage. They are never found in the fibrosis secondary to intramedullary carcinomatous metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:352418", "title": "Recent advances in the study of membrane bound saccharides.", "content": "The review discusses with the biosynthesis, the changes upon cell density or transformation, the external exposure and the physiological functions of the saccharide moieties of membrane bound sphingoglycolipids and glycoproteins. The structure of biological membranes and some cellular recognition functions tentatively ascribed to membrane bound glycosyl transferases are also reviewed.", "contents": "Recent advances in the study of membrane bound saccharides. The review discusses with the biosynthesis, the changes upon cell density or transformation, the external exposure and the physiological functions of the saccharide moieties of membrane bound sphingoglycolipids and glycoproteins. The structure of biological membranes and some cellular recognition functions tentatively ascribed to membrane bound glycosyl transferases are also reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:352423", "title": "Induced radioresistance in four strains of Escherichia coli, two with lambda lysogens.", "content": "Cells of E. coli that are recA+ and lex+ show a phenomenon of induced radioresistance. A preexposure to ultraviolet light, or ionizing radiation followed by incubation to allow protein synthesis, followed by treatment with rifampin to prevent further induction, renders the cells resistant to further doses of radiation. When this is attempted with lambda lysogens of the same strains, no radioresistance is seen, even though the preexposure is too small to induce lambda itself. If the lysogens are ind-, namely lambda C1857, about the normal radioresistance can be developed by pretreatment. These findings suggest that the lambda repressors can bind to single-strand breaks caused by the inducing agent and can modify the course of induction.", "contents": "Induced radioresistance in four strains of Escherichia coli, two with lambda lysogens. Cells of E. coli that are recA+ and lex+ show a phenomenon of induced radioresistance. A preexposure to ultraviolet light, or ionizing radiation followed by incubation to allow protein synthesis, followed by treatment with rifampin to prevent further induction, renders the cells resistant to further doses of radiation. When this is attempted with lambda lysogens of the same strains, no radioresistance is seen, even though the preexposure is too small to induce lambda itself. If the lysogens are ind-, namely lambda C1857, about the normal radioresistance can be developed by pretreatment. These findings suggest that the lambda repressors can bind to single-strand breaks caused by the inducing agent and can modify the course of induction."}
{"id": "PMID:352424", "title": "A means for orienting flat cells in flow systems.", "content": "Flattened cells, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and sperm of many species, cause problems for fluorescence-activated cell analysis and sorting machines because the flow systems of such devices are unable to control the orientation of these cells as they flow past the detectors. For this reason, the fluorescence or scattered light measurements for identical cells may vary greatly. A flow geometry is here described that orients flat cells in a coaxial flow system so that each cell presents the same aspect to the observation device. A wedge-shaped exit on the sample injection tube in a coaxial flow system is sufficient to produce the desired orientation effect when used with low sample flow rates. Data is presented showing the effect of orientation of fixed chicken erythrocytes on histograms of small forward-angle light-scattering measurements.", "contents": "A means for orienting flat cells in flow systems. Flattened cells, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and sperm of many species, cause problems for fluorescence-activated cell analysis and sorting machines because the flow systems of such devices are unable to control the orientation of these cells as they flow past the detectors. For this reason, the fluorescence or scattered light measurements for identical cells may vary greatly. A flow geometry is here described that orients flat cells in a coaxial flow system so that each cell presents the same aspect to the observation device. A wedge-shaped exit on the sample injection tube in a coaxial flow system is sufficient to produce the desired orientation effect when used with low sample flow rates. Data is presented showing the effect of orientation of fixed chicken erythrocytes on histograms of small forward-angle light-scattering measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:352425", "title": "Quasi-elastic light scattering from migrating chemotactic bands of Escherichia coli.", "content": "We report the observation of migrating chemotactic bands of Escherichia coli in a buffer solution. The temporal development of the bacterial density profile is observed by the scattered light intensity as the band migrates through a stationary laser beam. We have made  a preliminary analysis of the observed band profile with help of the Keller-Segel theory. The model accounts for only some aspects of the observed time evolution of the density profile. The microscopic motility characteristics of the E. coli in the band are simultaneously studied by photon correlation. The measured correlation functions are analyzed to obtain the spatial dependence of the half-width within the band. A simple analytical model is proposed to account for the contribution of the twiddle motion to the correlation function. By analyzing the correlation function as a superposition of straight-line and twiddle motions, we obtain a satisfactory agreement between the theory and the measured angular dependence of the line shape. As a consequence we are able to extract a parameter beta, which measures the average fraction of twiddling bacteria in the center of the band at a given time.", "contents": "Quasi-elastic light scattering from migrating chemotactic bands of Escherichia coli. We report the observation of migrating chemotactic bands of Escherichia coli in a buffer solution. The temporal development of the bacterial density profile is observed by the scattered light intensity as the band migrates through a stationary laser beam. We have made  a preliminary analysis of the observed band profile with help of the Keller-Segel theory. The model accounts for only some aspects of the observed time evolution of the density profile. The microscopic motility characteristics of the E. coli in the band are simultaneously studied by photon correlation. The measured correlation functions are analyzed to obtain the spatial dependence of the half-width within the band. A simple analytical model is proposed to account for the contribution of the twiddle motion to the correlation function. By analyzing the correlation function as a superposition of straight-line and twiddle motions, we obtain a satisfactory agreement between the theory and the measured angular dependence of the line shape. As a consequence we are able to extract a parameter beta, which measures the average fraction of twiddling bacteria in the center of the band at a given time."}
{"id": "PMID:352426", "title": "Isolation and physical studies of the intact supercoiled, the open circular and the linear forms of ColE1-plasmid DNA.", "content": "For the study of DNA conformations, conformational transitions, and DNA-protein interactions, covalently closed supercoiled ColE1-plasmid DNA has been purified from cultures of Escherichia coli harboring this plasmid and grown in the presence of chloramphenicol according to the method of D.B. Clewell [J. Bact. 110 (1972)667]. The open circular and linear forms of the plasmid were prepared by digestion of the covalently closed, supercoiled form with pancreatic deoxyribonuclease and EcoRI-restriction endonuclease, respectively. The linear form was found to be very homogeneous by electron microscopy and sedimenting boundary analysis. Its physical properties (s0 20,w=16.3 S,D0 20,W=1.98 X 10(-8) cm2 s-1 and [eta]=2605 ml g-1) have been carefully determined in 0.2 M NaCl, 0.002 M NaPO4 pH 7.0,0.002 M EDTA, at 23 degrees C. Combination of s0 20, w (obtained by quasielastic laser light scattering) gave Ms,D=4.39 x 10(6). This value is in reasonable agreement with the molecular weight from total intensity laser light scattering M=4.30 x 10(6). The covalently closed and open circular forms of the ColE1-plasmid are less homogeneous due to slight cross-contamination and the presence of small amounts of dimers in these preparations. The weight fractions of the various components as determined by boundary analysis or electron microscopy are given together with the average quantities obtained in the same solvent for the supercoiled form ((s0 20,w)w=25.4 S, (D0 20,w)z=2.89 x 10(-8) cm2 s-1, [eta]= 788 ML G-1,Ms,D=4.69 x 10(6) and Mw=4.59 x 10(6)) and the open circular form (s0 20, w)w=20.1 S, (D0 20,w)z=2.45 x 10(-8) cm2 s-1, [eta]=1421 ml g-1,Ms,D=4.37 x 10(6) and Mw=4.15 x 10(6)). Midpoint analysis of the sedimenting boundaries allows unambiguous determination of the sedimentation coefficients of these two forms: s0 20,w=24.5 S and s0 20,w=18.8 S, respectively. Also deduced from total intensity light scattering were radii of gyration Rg (103.5, 134.2 and 186 nm) and second virial coefficients A2 (0.7, 4.8 AND 5.4 x 10(-4) mole ml/g2) for the supercoiled, the open circular and linear forms, respectively. The data presented are discussed in relation to the conformational parameters for the three forms in solution.", "contents": "Isolation and physical studies of the intact supercoiled, the open circular and the linear forms of ColE1-plasmid DNA. For the study of DNA conformations, conformational transitions, and DNA-protein interactions, covalently closed supercoiled ColE1-plasmid DNA has been purified from cultures of Escherichia coli harboring this plasmid and grown in the presence of chloramphenicol according to the method of D.B. Clewell [J. Bact. 110 (1972)667]. The open circular and linear forms of the plasmid were prepared by digestion of the covalently closed, supercoiled form with pancreatic deoxyribonuclease and EcoRI-restriction endonuclease, respectively. The linear form was found to be very homogeneous by electron microscopy and sedimenting boundary analysis. Its physical properties (s0 20,w=16.3 S,D0 20,W=1.98 X 10(-8) cm2 s-1 and [eta]=2605 ml g-1) have been carefully determined in 0.2 M NaCl, 0.002 M NaPO4 pH 7.0,0.002 M EDTA, at 23 degrees C. Combination of s0 20, w (obtained by quasielastic laser light scattering) gave Ms,D=4.39 x 10(6). This value is in reasonable agreement with the molecular weight from total intensity laser light scattering M=4.30 x 10(6). The covalently closed and open circular forms of the ColE1-plasmid are less homogeneous due to slight cross-contamination and the presence of small amounts of dimers in these preparations. The weight fractions of the various components as determined by boundary analysis or electron microscopy are given together with the average quantities obtained in the same solvent for the supercoiled form ((s0 20,w)w=25.4 S, (D0 20,w)z=2.89 x 10(-8) cm2 s-1, [eta]= 788 ML G-1,Ms,D=4.69 x 10(6) and Mw=4.59 x 10(6)) and the open circular form (s0 20, w)w=20.1 S, (D0 20,w)z=2.45 x 10(-8) cm2 s-1, [eta]=1421 ml g-1,Ms,D=4.37 x 10(6) and Mw=4.15 x 10(6)). Midpoint analysis of the sedimenting boundaries allows unambiguous determination of the sedimentation coefficients of these two forms: s0 20,w=24.5 S and s0 20,w=18.8 S, respectively. Also deduced from total intensity light scattering were radii of gyration Rg (103.5, 134.2 and 186 nm) and second virial coefficients A2 (0.7, 4.8 AND 5.4 x 10(-4) mole ml/g2) for the supercoiled, the open circular and linear forms, respectively. The data presented are discussed in relation to the conformational parameters for the three forms in solution."}
{"id": "PMID:352428", "title": "[Dynamics of insulin secretion in dogs with alloxan diabetes].", "content": "It was shown that hypoinsulinemia in the superior pancratico-duodenal vein and inhibition of the first phase of insulin secretion by the pancreas characteristic of alloxan diabetes of different severity was absent in the femoral vein. The data obtained in the insulin and glucose concentration study in the superior pancreatico-duodenal vein stressed the leading role of the pancreatic factor in the pathogenesis of alloxan diabetes in dogs. Analysis of these parameters in the peripheral femoral vein failed to reflect this statement adequately.", "contents": "[Dynamics of insulin secretion in dogs with alloxan diabetes]. It was shown that hypoinsulinemia in the superior pancratico-duodenal vein and inhibition of the first phase of insulin secretion by the pancreas characteristic of alloxan diabetes of different severity was absent in the femoral vein. The data obtained in the insulin and glucose concentration study in the superior pancreatico-duodenal vein stressed the leading role of the pancreatic factor in the pathogenesis of alloxan diabetes in dogs. Analysis of these parameters in the peripheral femoral vein failed to reflect this statement adequately."}
{"id": "PMID:352429", "title": "[High-frequency generator for the electrocoagulation of the brain tissue].", "content": "The authors present a wiring diagram of a high frequency generator intended for coagulation of animal tissue. Stabilization of output current and automatic formation of gradual increase, time delay and decrease of load current permits its employment for stereotaxic decerebration of animals with a good recurrence of the results of coagulation and least traumatic effect.", "contents": "[High-frequency generator for the electrocoagulation of the brain tissue]. The authors present a wiring diagram of a high frequency generator intended for coagulation of animal tissue. Stabilization of output current and automatic formation of gradual increase, time delay and decrease of load current permits its employment for stereotaxic decerebration of animals with a good recurrence of the results of coagulation and least traumatic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:352431", "title": "[Routes of E. coli 055 bacterial penetration through the intestinal wall in gnotobiotic and ordinary animals].", "content": "Peculiarities of permeability of intestinal barrier in germfree animals for enteropathogenic E. coli 055 were studied. Both germfree and conventional guinea pigs and rats were used. An increase of bacteriemia was revealed in gnotobiotes during the first day of oral E. coli 055 monocontamination; bacteriemia was transient in conventional animals. Under electron microscopy alterations of intercellular contacts and formation of spaces between enterocytes containing numerous microorganisms were found in the intestinal mucous membrane in gnotobiotes. Also more pronounced changes of microvessels of the intestinal mucous membrane were discovered in gnotobiotes. The processes of ingestionan and digestion of Escherichia coli by enterocytes and leukocytes were noted in conventional animals. The revealed derangements of the intestinal barrier in gnotobiotes explain the cause of higher bacteriemia in germfree animals. An important role of the microbial factor in the formation of intestinal barrier is indicated by the data obtained.", "contents": "[Routes of E. coli 055 bacterial penetration through the intestinal wall in gnotobiotic and ordinary animals]. Peculiarities of permeability of intestinal barrier in germfree animals for enteropathogenic E. coli 055 were studied. Both germfree and conventional guinea pigs and rats were used. An increase of bacteriemia was revealed in gnotobiotes during the first day of oral E. coli 055 monocontamination; bacteriemia was transient in conventional animals. Under electron microscopy alterations of intercellular contacts and formation of spaces between enterocytes containing numerous microorganisms were found in the intestinal mucous membrane in gnotobiotes. Also more pronounced changes of microvessels of the intestinal mucous membrane were discovered in gnotobiotes. The processes of ingestionan and digestion of Escherichia coli by enterocytes and leukocytes were noted in conventional animals. The revealed derangements of the intestinal barrier in gnotobiotes explain the cause of higher bacteriemia in germfree animals. An important role of the microbial factor in the formation of intestinal barrier is indicated by the data obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:352432", "title": "[Effect of ionophore A23187 on the strength of contraction and transmembrane action potential of guinea pig papillary muscle].", "content": "Calcium ionophore A23187 being added at 2.5 mM concentration induced 2--3-fold increase of peak contractile force of isolated guinea pig papillary muscle stimulated with the frequency of 0.2 Hz. The increase of force of contraction is not followed by any change in amplitude and duration of membrane action potential. A23187 decreases testing tension as well as duration of the twitch and increases relaxation rate of the muscle. This phenomenon probably reflects increased capability of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the process of calcium ion accumulation. In the presence of ionophore appearance of shoulder on the rising part of the twitch has been registered. In this case the single twitch being differentiated reveals two positive maxima. Addition of D-600 leads to decrease of action potential duration and eliminates the second part of the twitch, the amplitude and the velocity of the first phase of contraction being without change. It was proposed that the first component of the twitch appearing in the presence of A23187 and insensitive to D-600 corresponds to the release of calcium from some intracellular stores.", "contents": "[Effect of ionophore A23187 on the strength of contraction and transmembrane action potential of guinea pig papillary muscle]. Calcium ionophore A23187 being added at 2.5 mM concentration induced 2--3-fold increase of peak contractile force of isolated guinea pig papillary muscle stimulated with the frequency of 0.2 Hz. The increase of force of contraction is not followed by any change in amplitude and duration of membrane action potential. A23187 decreases testing tension as well as duration of the twitch and increases relaxation rate of the muscle. This phenomenon probably reflects increased capability of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the process of calcium ion accumulation. In the presence of ionophore appearance of shoulder on the rising part of the twitch has been registered. In this case the single twitch being differentiated reveals two positive maxima. Addition of D-600 leads to decrease of action potential duration and eliminates the second part of the twitch, the amplitude and the velocity of the first phase of contraction being without change. It was proposed that the first component of the twitch appearing in the presence of A23187 and insensitive to D-600 corresponds to the release of calcium from some intracellular stores."}
{"id": "PMID:352433", "title": "[Effect of stromal fibroblasts on antibody formation in cultures deficient in A-cells].", "content": "Stromal fibroblasts from the monolayer cultures of the rabbit thymus, spleen, and bone marrow when added to suspension cultures of non-adherent rabbit spleen cells had a significant effect on the response of the plaque-forming cells (PFC). Thymus-derived stromal fibroblasts caused an increase in the number of PFC, and bone marrow stromal fibroblasts suppressed the antibody formation in these cultures. Spleen-derived stromal fibroblasts influenced the PFC response similarly to adherent cells. Thymus-derived stromal fibroblasts irradiated by 5000 R influenced the PFC response in the same way as non-irradiated cells. The action of stromal fibroblasts on the antibody formation in the cultures depended on their attachment to the culture flask surface.", "contents": "[Effect of stromal fibroblasts on antibody formation in cultures deficient in A-cells]. Stromal fibroblasts from the monolayer cultures of the rabbit thymus, spleen, and bone marrow when added to suspension cultures of non-adherent rabbit spleen cells had a significant effect on the response of the plaque-forming cells (PFC). Thymus-derived stromal fibroblasts caused an increase in the number of PFC, and bone marrow stromal fibroblasts suppressed the antibody formation in these cultures. Spleen-derived stromal fibroblasts influenced the PFC response similarly to adherent cells. Thymus-derived stromal fibroblasts irradiated by 5000 R influenced the PFC response in the same way as non-irradiated cells. The action of stromal fibroblasts on the antibody formation in the cultures depended on their attachment to the culture flask surface."}
{"id": "PMID:352434", "title": "[Characteristics of T-cells synthesizing macrophage migration inhibition factor in an H-2 system].", "content": "Migration inhibition factor (MIF) was found to be produced by T-cells rather than B-cells as shown by the indirect macrophage migration inhibition test in the H-2 system performed with fractionated lymphocytes. MIF-producers appeared to be more sensitive than T-killer cells to the cytotoxic action of anti-theta-antibodies, plus complement. MIF synthesis by lymph node cells developed earlier after immunization than the cytotoxic activity of these cells. These findings indicated that T-cell subpopulation producing MIF differed from the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Characteristics of T-cells synthesizing macrophage migration inhibition factor in an H-2 system]. Migration inhibition factor (MIF) was found to be produced by T-cells rather than B-cells as shown by the indirect macrophage migration inhibition test in the H-2 system performed with fractionated lymphocytes. MIF-producers appeared to be more sensitive than T-killer cells to the cytotoxic action of anti-theta-antibodies, plus complement. MIF synthesis by lymph node cells developed earlier after immunization than the cytotoxic activity of these cells. These findings indicated that T-cell subpopulation producing MIF differed from the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:352435", "title": "[Lymphocyte reactions at early periods after heart transplantation].", "content": "The authors determined the quantitative and qualitative composition of the white blood and dehydrogenase activity of lymphocytes in the blood from the afferent and afferent vessels of the transplanted heart at the early postoperative periods in dogs. There was noted a reduction of the lymphocyte count in the blood flowing from the transplanted heart on account of retention of these cells in the transplant, and also an inversion of the mitochondrial dehydrogenases activity due to the lymphocyte contact with foreign antigens of the transplanted heart. A hypothesis is put forward that the inversion mechanism was connected with the lymphocyte functions in the capacity of immunocompetent cells.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte reactions at early periods after heart transplantation]. The authors determined the quantitative and qualitative composition of the white blood and dehydrogenase activity of lymphocytes in the blood from the afferent and afferent vessels of the transplanted heart at the early postoperative periods in dogs. There was noted a reduction of the lymphocyte count in the blood flowing from the transplanted heart on account of retention of these cells in the transplant, and also an inversion of the mitochondrial dehydrogenases activity due to the lymphocyte contact with foreign antigens of the transplanted heart. A hypothesis is put forward that the inversion mechanism was connected with the lymphocyte functions in the capacity of immunocompetent cells."}
{"id": "PMID:352436", "title": "[Bound class M, A and G immunoglobulins in the thymus of myasthenia gravis patients].", "content": "Deposits of granular material containing IgM, IgA, and IgG were revealed in the thymus of patients with myasthenia by direct immunofluorescence. Treatment of the thymus sections by unlabeled preparations against individual classes of human immunoglobulins inhibited the reaction of the granular material with the homologous labeled preparations. Disappearance of fluorescence of these deposits was also seen in treatment of the sections with glycine-HCl-buffer, pH 2.8. These data permitted a suggestion that granular material represented immune complexes where IgM, IgA, and IgG served as antibody, and thymus tissue components--as an antigen. The presence of bound immunoglobulin in the thymus indicated that an autoimmune process directed against the tissues of this organ occurred in myasthenia.", "contents": "[Bound class M, A and G immunoglobulins in the thymus of myasthenia gravis patients]. Deposits of granular material containing IgM, IgA, and IgG were revealed in the thymus of patients with myasthenia by direct immunofluorescence. Treatment of the thymus sections by unlabeled preparations against individual classes of human immunoglobulins inhibited the reaction of the granular material with the homologous labeled preparations. Disappearance of fluorescence of these deposits was also seen in treatment of the sections with glycine-HCl-buffer, pH 2.8. These data permitted a suggestion that granular material represented immune complexes where IgM, IgA, and IgG served as antibody, and thymus tissue components--as an antigen. The presence of bound immunoglobulin in the thymus indicated that an autoimmune process directed against the tissues of this organ occurred in myasthenia."}
{"id": "PMID:352437", "title": "[Role of normal microflora in the treatment of vibrio carrier state in rat gnotobionts].", "content": "Materials on the study of interactions between Vibrio cholera El Tor and some indigenous bacteria of human intestinal tract, which proved to be active antagonists in vitro, are presented in this work. Experiments were conducted on gnotobiotic rats (Fisher), using various combinations and variants of the order of the microorganism administration; there were revealed no antagonistic relations between Virbrio cholerae El Tor and Escherichia coli M-17, Lactobacillus fermenti, Lactobacillus plantarum. Vibrio cholera El Tor disappeared completely from the intestinal tract of the rats after its contact with the fecal microflora of healthy rats.", "contents": "[Role of normal microflora in the treatment of vibrio carrier state in rat gnotobionts]. Materials on the study of interactions between Vibrio cholera El Tor and some indigenous bacteria of human intestinal tract, which proved to be active antagonists in vitro, are presented in this work. Experiments were conducted on gnotobiotic rats (Fisher), using various combinations and variants of the order of the microorganism administration; there were revealed no antagonistic relations between Virbrio cholerae El Tor and Escherichia coli M-17, Lactobacillus fermenti, Lactobacillus plantarum. Vibrio cholera El Tor disappeared completely from the intestinal tract of the rats after its contact with the fecal microflora of healthy rats."}
{"id": "PMID:352438", "title": "[Dynamics of formation of antibodies of different immunochemical types to several L-forms and mycoplasmae].", "content": "Both IgM- and IgG-immunoglobulins were revealed in the sera of rabbits immunized with L-forms of hemolytic streptococcus, group A, and Mycoplasma fermentans. In the process of immune response the hemagglutinin titres proved to increase, with IgG antibodies prevalence in the hyperimmune sera.", "contents": "[Dynamics of formation of antibodies of different immunochemical types to several L-forms and mycoplasmae]. Both IgM- and IgG-immunoglobulins were revealed in the sera of rabbits immunized with L-forms of hemolytic streptococcus, group A, and Mycoplasma fermentans. In the process of immune response the hemagglutinin titres proved to increase, with IgG antibodies prevalence in the hyperimmune sera."}
{"id": "PMID:352439", "title": "[Compatibility of the F-like plasmid FB1drd with standard F-group plasmids in E. coli K12 strains].", "content": "Compatibility of depressed F-like plasmid FB1drd integrated into E. coli K12 cell chromosome with standard plasmids of FI-FVI compatibility groups was studied. The results obtained show that such plasmids can stably coexist in the same cell with plasmid FB1drd. On these grounds it is supposed that the latter belongs to the new compatibility group (FVII).", "contents": "[Compatibility of the F-like plasmid FB1drd with standard F-group plasmids in E. coli K12 strains]. Compatibility of depressed F-like plasmid FB1drd integrated into E. coli K12 cell chromosome with standard plasmids of FI-FVI compatibility groups was studied. The results obtained show that such plasmids can stably coexist in the same cell with plasmid FB1drd. On these grounds it is supposed that the latter belongs to the new compatibility group (FVII)."}
{"id": "PMID:352440", "title": "[Interrelationships in experiments in vitro between the migration activity of leukocytes and RNA and DNA synthesis].", "content": "The following correlations were revealed in the parallel study of leukocyte migration in vitro in the presence of a specific antigen and of spontaneous RNA and DNA synthesis in the cultured lymphocytes: 1) a direct correlation between the RNA and DNA synthesis in lymphocytes; 2) a close correlation between the antigen-induced migration and the levels of RNA and DNA synthesis. The effect of the antigen was evidenced by the inhibition or stimulation of leukocyte migration. A high ratio of RNA synthesis to DNA synthesis corresponded to the migration inhibition and a low one--to the migration stimulation. The ratio value varied mainly on account of the changes in the level of DNA synthesis. Participation of T and B cells in the regulation of the antigen-induced leukocyte mobility is discussed.", "contents": "[Interrelationships in experiments in vitro between the migration activity of leukocytes and RNA and DNA synthesis]. The following correlations were revealed in the parallel study of leukocyte migration in vitro in the presence of a specific antigen and of spontaneous RNA and DNA synthesis in the cultured lymphocytes: 1) a direct correlation between the RNA and DNA synthesis in lymphocytes; 2) a close correlation between the antigen-induced migration and the levels of RNA and DNA synthesis. The effect of the antigen was evidenced by the inhibition or stimulation of leukocyte migration. A high ratio of RNA synthesis to DNA synthesis corresponded to the migration inhibition and a low one--to the migration stimulation. The ratio value varied mainly on account of the changes in the level of DNA synthesis. Participation of T and B cells in the regulation of the antigen-induced leukocyte mobility is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352441", "title": "[Lysosome activity in mice during rejection of a heterotopic heart implant].", "content": "Allotransplantation of the heart from newborn mice C57B1/6 into the pinna of adult CBA mice on the 3rd day after operation led to increased acid phosphatase activity and activation of the Golgi apparatus. Numerous lysosomes whose membrane became disrupted on the 7th-9th day from the time of implantation appeared later. At the same time histochemical study demonstrated local loss of acid phosphatase activity and a diffuse staining (brown) of the cytoplasm. No destruction of the lysosome membranes or release of the enzymes into the cytoplasm occurred in case of heart isografts (CBA-GBA).", "contents": "[Lysosome activity in mice during rejection of a heterotopic heart implant]. Allotransplantation of the heart from newborn mice C57B1/6 into the pinna of adult CBA mice on the 3rd day after operation led to increased acid phosphatase activity and activation of the Golgi apparatus. Numerous lysosomes whose membrane became disrupted on the 7th-9th day from the time of implantation appeared later. At the same time histochemical study demonstrated local loss of acid phosphatase activity and a diffuse staining (brown) of the cytoplasm. No destruction of the lysosome membranes or release of the enzymes into the cytoplasm occurred in case of heart isografts (CBA-GBA)."}
{"id": "PMID:352442", "title": "Leukemic relapse 5 1/2 years after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "A 13-yr-old male with acute myelogenous leukemia was treated with various chemotherapy regimens for 3 1/2 yr and then underwent an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. The donor marrow was successfully engrafted, and the patient remained in remission free of all chemotherapy. Then, 5 1/2 yr later, he developed an extramedullary relapse with a chloroma of his maxillary sinus. This case illustrates the need for prolonged followup of transplant recipients and suggest that statements proposing cure as a result of this procedure may be premature.", "contents": "Leukemic relapse 5 1/2 years after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. A 13-yr-old male with acute myelogenous leukemia was treated with various chemotherapy regimens for 3 1/2 yr and then underwent an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. The donor marrow was successfully engrafted, and the patient remained in remission free of all chemotherapy. Then, 5 1/2 yr later, he developed an extramedullary relapse with a chloroma of his maxillary sinus. This case illustrates the need for prolonged followup of transplant recipients and suggest that statements proposing cure as a result of this procedure may be premature."}
{"id": "PMID:352443", "title": "Decrease of mast cells in W/Wv mice and their increase by bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "Production of tissue mast cells was evaluated in genetically anemic mice of W/Wv genotype and was found to be abnormal. In the skin of adult W/Wv mice the number of mast cells/cm was less than 1% of the number observed in the congeneic +/+ mice. No mast cells were detectable in other tissues of the W/Wv mice. After transplantation of bone marrow cells from +/+ mice the number of mast cells in the skin, stomach, caecum, and mesentery of the W/Wv mice increased to levels similar to those of the +/+ mice. These results show that the W/Wv mouse is a useful tool for the investigations concerning the physiologic roles and the origin of mast cells.", "contents": "Decrease of mast cells in W/Wv mice and their increase by bone marrow transplantation. Production of tissue mast cells was evaluated in genetically anemic mice of W/Wv genotype and was found to be abnormal. In the skin of adult W/Wv mice the number of mast cells/cm was less than 1% of the number observed in the congeneic +/+ mice. No mast cells were detectable in other tissues of the W/Wv mice. After transplantation of bone marrow cells from +/+ mice the number of mast cells in the skin, stomach, caecum, and mesentery of the W/Wv mice increased to levels similar to those of the +/+ mice. These results show that the W/Wv mouse is a useful tool for the investigations concerning the physiologic roles and the origin of mast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:352444", "title": "[Experimental models: nutrition and intestinal cancers].", "content": "Experimental models of colonic carcinoma chemically induced in rats explored the effects of several factors involved in colon carcinogenesis: high fat level of the diet, quality and quantity of fat, fecal excretion of neutral and acid steroids, intestinal microflora and fiber content of the diet. They suggested an association linking colon cancer to dietary fat and fecal acids and neutral sterols.", "contents": "[Experimental models: nutrition and intestinal cancers]. Experimental models of colonic carcinoma chemically induced in rats explored the effects of several factors involved in colon carcinogenesis: high fat level of the diet, quality and quantity of fat, fecal excretion of neutral and acid steroids, intestinal microflora and fiber content of the diet. They suggested an association linking colon cancer to dietary fat and fecal acids and neutral sterols."}
{"id": "PMID:352445", "title": "[Carcinogens in food (author's transl)].", "content": "There is no evidence at present that certain chemicals are responsible for certain human cancers (with the exception of aflatoxin, which is the most suspect agent in the development of primary liver cancer in some districts of Africa and in Thailand). A number of chemicals which are carcinogenic to animals are present in human food. Any chemical which induces tumours in animals should be considered as a potential human carcinogen. But special studies must be undertaken before the role played by these substances in the development of human cancer can be definitely evaluated. First priority should be given to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and N-nitroso compounds by reason of their general distribution in the human environment and their high efficiency in animal experiments. An appropriate approach to such studies would be the establishment of correlations between cancer morbidity data and the data on levels of these chemicals in special environments and, if possible, their total intake. This approach has proved fruitful in the aflatoxin intake studies carried out in countries where liver cancer is endemic. The IARC is currently carrying out a study of this kind in areas of high oesophageal cancer morbidity in Iran and in the north of France.", "contents": "[Carcinogens in food (author's transl)]. There is no evidence at present that certain chemicals are responsible for certain human cancers (with the exception of aflatoxin, which is the most suspect agent in the development of primary liver cancer in some districts of Africa and in Thailand). A number of chemicals which are carcinogenic to animals are present in human food. Any chemical which induces tumours in animals should be considered as a potential human carcinogen. But special studies must be undertaken before the role played by these substances in the development of human cancer can be definitely evaluated. First priority should be given to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and N-nitroso compounds by reason of their general distribution in the human environment and their high efficiency in animal experiments. An appropriate approach to such studies would be the establishment of correlations between cancer morbidity data and the data on levels of these chemicals in special environments and, if possible, their total intake. This approach has proved fruitful in the aflatoxin intake studies carried out in countries where liver cancer is endemic. The IARC is currently carrying out a study of this kind in areas of high oesophageal cancer morbidity in Iran and in the north of France."}
{"id": "PMID:352456", "title": "The study of auditory deprivation from birth.", "content": "This paper reviews the research published on auditory deprivation from birth. The extent of the damage caused to animals by this is discussed in relation to humans, deprived of hearing at birth, but later provided with some auditory input through a fitted hearing aid. Lack of research findings prevents a conclusive statement but there appear to be strong grounds for expecting some resulting permanent deficiency at a cortical level in the hearing of complex sounds such as speech.", "contents": "The study of auditory deprivation from birth. This paper reviews the research published on auditory deprivation from birth. The extent of the damage caused to animals by this is discussed in relation to humans, deprived of hearing at birth, but later provided with some auditory input through a fitted hearing aid. Lack of research findings prevents a conclusive statement but there appear to be strong grounds for expecting some resulting permanent deficiency at a cortical level in the hearing of complex sounds such as speech."}
{"id": "PMID:352463", "title": "[Urinary LHRH: radioimmunological assay and physiological significance].", "content": "A LHRH-like substance is detectable in the urine. It is extractable by glass powder, which suggests that it is a peptide, and it can be concentrated by anti-LHRH affinity chromatography, strongly suggesting that it is not a contaminant in the RIA. It is composed of very little intact LHRH, and the great majority appears as multiple smaller fractions, although the possibility of \"urinary LHRH\" being a slightly larger peptide containing a sequence similar or identical to that of LHRH has not been entirely eliminated. Urinary measurements show no correlation with the clinical state, and the widely differing values obtained using different antisera in the present study emphasize the need for in-depth antiserum binding studies prior to clinical use in the LHRH radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "[Urinary LHRH: radioimmunological assay and physiological significance]. A LHRH-like substance is detectable in the urine. It is extractable by glass powder, which suggests that it is a peptide, and it can be concentrated by anti-LHRH affinity chromatography, strongly suggesting that it is not a contaminant in the RIA. It is composed of very little intact LHRH, and the great majority appears as multiple smaller fractions, although the possibility of \"urinary LHRH\" being a slightly larger peptide containing a sequence similar or identical to that of LHRH has not been entirely eliminated. Urinary measurements show no correlation with the clinical state, and the widely differing values obtained using different antisera in the present study emphasize the need for in-depth antiserum binding studies prior to clinical use in the LHRH radioimmunoassay."}
{"id": "PMID:352464", "title": "[Stimulation of growth hormone secretion: a novel extrapigmentary action of alpha-melanotropin].", "content": "Alpha-melanotropin stimulated the spontaneous secretion of human growth hormone in vivo and in vitro. This novel extrapigmentary action of alpha-MSH is also demonstrated in preparations of isolated pituitary tissue and cell cultures. It is concluded that alpha-MSH meets some of the criteria of a genuine growth hormone releasing hormone.", "contents": "[Stimulation of growth hormone secretion: a novel extrapigmentary action of alpha-melanotropin]. Alpha-melanotropin stimulated the spontaneous secretion of human growth hormone in vivo and in vitro. This novel extrapigmentary action of alpha-MSH is also demonstrated in preparations of isolated pituitary tissue and cell cultures. It is concluded that alpha-MSH meets some of the criteria of a genuine growth hormone releasing hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:352461", "title": "A study on socio-medical variables of drug-dependent persons volunteering for treatment in Penang, Malaysia.", "content": "There has been a rapid increase in the past five years in the numbers of hospitalized drug dependents. While the studied population was clearly unrepresentative of the country-wide drug using population, it illustrates how the problem is neither limited to one particular stratum of society, nor to the few \"traditional\" drugs. Indeed, an increasingly youthful group of individuals drawn from all backgrounds is not only becoming dependent upon opiates, but is also using a range of other drugs, all of which are available on the market at relatively low cost. The market prices of drugs have an effect on the pattern of drug use; and many individuals move directly from tobacco to heroin smoking. Drug abuse continues to be a considerable public and governmental concern, and enforcement and treatment programmes are rapidly expanding in attempts to resolve this problem.", "contents": "A study on socio-medical variables of drug-dependent persons volunteering for treatment in Penang, Malaysia. There has been a rapid increase in the past five years in the numbers of hospitalized drug dependents. While the studied population was clearly unrepresentative of the country-wide drug using population, it illustrates how the problem is neither limited to one particular stratum of society, nor to the few \"traditional\" drugs. Indeed, an increasingly youthful group of individuals drawn from all backgrounds is not only becoming dependent upon opiates, but is also using a range of other drugs, all of which are available on the market at relatively low cost. The market prices of drugs have an effect on the pattern of drug use; and many individuals move directly from tobacco to heroin smoking. Drug abuse continues to be a considerable public and governmental concern, and enforcement and treatment programmes are rapidly expanding in attempts to resolve this problem."}
{"id": "PMID:352466", "title": "Prostacyclin (PGI2) inhibits the formation of platelet thrombi in arterioles and venules of the hamster cheek pouch.", "content": "1 Isolated rings of hamster aorta produced an unstable substance which inhibited platelet aggregation in vitro and had the same characteristics as prostacyclin. 2 Prostacyclin inhibited adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced aggregation of hamster platelets in vitro. 3 The effects of prostacyclin on ADP-induced platelet thrombi in the microcirculation of the hamster cheek pouch were studied with a television microscope. 4 Prostacyclin caused a dose-dependent increase in the time of iontophoretic application of ADP which was required to induce platelet thrombi formation and embolization in venules (30 to 40 micron diameter). 5 Prostacyclin caused a dose-dependent reduction in the total time during which ADP-induced thrombi were observed following local electrical damage to arterioles (40 to 80 micron diameter). 6 Thrombus formation in venules and arterioles was abolished by 500 ng/ml prostacyclin in the Krebs solution superfusing the hamster cheek pouch. 7 Prostacyclin was approximately twenty times more potent than prostaglandin E1 in preventing thrombus formation in the microcirculation.", "contents": "Prostacyclin (PGI2) inhibits the formation of platelet thrombi in arterioles and venules of the hamster cheek pouch. 1 Isolated rings of hamster aorta produced an unstable substance which inhibited platelet aggregation in vitro and had the same characteristics as prostacyclin. 2 Prostacyclin inhibited adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced aggregation of hamster platelets in vitro. 3 The effects of prostacyclin on ADP-induced platelet thrombi in the microcirculation of the hamster cheek pouch were studied with a television microscope. 4 Prostacyclin caused a dose-dependent increase in the time of iontophoretic application of ADP which was required to induce platelet thrombi formation and embolization in venules (30 to 40 micron diameter). 5 Prostacyclin caused a dose-dependent reduction in the total time during which ADP-induced thrombi were observed following local electrical damage to arterioles (40 to 80 micron diameter). 6 Thrombus formation in venules and arterioles was abolished by 500 ng/ml prostacyclin in the Krebs solution superfusing the hamster cheek pouch. 7 Prostacyclin was approximately twenty times more potent than prostaglandin E1 in preventing thrombus formation in the microcirculation."}
{"id": "PMID:352467", "title": "Kindling as a model for alcohol withdrawal syndromes.", "content": "Periodic brain stimulation, particularly in the limbic system, at stimulus intensities initially too low to produce any behavioural or EEG effects, progressively produces EEG changes, motor automatisms, and eventually convulsions, an effect called kindling. Data are presented and reviewed that suggest that the severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms progressively increases over years of alcohol abuse in a stepwise fashion similar to the kindling process. The model is presented that the limbic system hyperirritability which accompanies each alcohol withdrawal serves over time to kindle increasingly widespread subcortical structures. These long-term changes in neuronal excitability might relate to the progression of alcohol withdrawal symptoms from tremor to seizures and delirium tremens, as well as the alcoholic personality changes between episodes of withdrawal.", "contents": "Kindling as a model for alcohol withdrawal syndromes. Periodic brain stimulation, particularly in the limbic system, at stimulus intensities initially too low to produce any behavioural or EEG effects, progressively produces EEG changes, motor automatisms, and eventually convulsions, an effect called kindling. Data are presented and reviewed that suggest that the severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms progressively increases over years of alcohol abuse in a stepwise fashion similar to the kindling process. The model is presented that the limbic system hyperirritability which accompanies each alcohol withdrawal serves over time to kindle increasingly widespread subcortical structures. These long-term changes in neuronal excitability might relate to the progression of alcohol withdrawal symptoms from tremor to seizures and delirium tremens, as well as the alcoholic personality changes between episodes of withdrawal."}
{"id": "PMID:352468", "title": "Continuation therapy with amitriptyline in depression.", "content": "Thirty-two patients who had responded to amitriptyline (150 mg daily) when suffering from a depressive illness were allocated either to receive placebo or to remain on the same medication for one year. Plasma concentrations of the drug were regularly estimated. There was no correlation between plasma concentration and subsequent residual affective morbidity. In spite of considerable encouragement, three of the patients did not take the prescribed amitriptyline and they all relapsed. Five out of sixteen patients who received placebo relapsed. None of the patients who continued to take amitriptyline relapsed. It is emphasized that the patients studied were selected, inasmuch as they were apparent responders to amitriptyline. It is concluded that this group of patients should continue to be treated with antidepressant medication for eight months after apparent recovery, and care should be taken to ensure the patients' compliance.", "contents": "Continuation therapy with amitriptyline in depression. Thirty-two patients who had responded to amitriptyline (150 mg daily) when suffering from a depressive illness were allocated either to receive placebo or to remain on the same medication for one year. Plasma concentrations of the drug were regularly estimated. There was no correlation between plasma concentration and subsequent residual affective morbidity. In spite of considerable encouragement, three of the patients did not take the prescribed amitriptyline and they all relapsed. Five out of sixteen patients who received placebo relapsed. None of the patients who continued to take amitriptyline relapsed. It is emphasized that the patients studied were selected, inasmuch as they were apparent responders to amitriptyline. It is concluded that this group of patients should continue to be treated with antidepressant medication for eight months after apparent recovery, and care should be taken to ensure the patients' compliance."}
{"id": "PMID:352469", "title": "Sodium valproate and tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "Twenty-five schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia was given 600 mgs sodium valproate daily with their neuroleptic medication. After one month there was no change in their signs, as judged by a panel of nine viewing films of them taken before and at the end of this treatment.", "contents": "Sodium valproate and tardive dyskinesia. Twenty-five schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia was given 600 mgs sodium valproate daily with their neuroleptic medication. After one month there was no change in their signs, as judged by a panel of nine viewing films of them taken before and at the end of this treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:352471", "title": "The response of E. coli AB2463 recA to fast neutron beams with mean energies in the range 4 to 27 MeV.", "content": "The radiosensitivity of E. coli AB2463 recA, given as the reciprocal of the mean lethal dose, Do-1, has been shown to be the same for four fast neutron beams with widely different energy spectra. It is proposed that this organism can be used to intercompare dosimetry on fast neutron beams with mean energies in the range 4 to 25 MeV with an accuracy of +/- 5%.", "contents": "The response of E. coli AB2463 recA to fast neutron beams with mean energies in the range 4 to 27 MeV. The radiosensitivity of E. coli AB2463 recA, given as the reciprocal of the mean lethal dose, Do-1, has been shown to be the same for four fast neutron beams with widely different energy spectra. It is proposed that this organism can be used to intercompare dosimetry on fast neutron beams with mean energies in the range 4 to 25 MeV with an accuracy of +/- 5%."}
{"id": "PMID:352473", "title": "Day care after operations for hernia or varicose veins: a controlled trial.", "content": "Alternative systems of care after operations for varicose veins or hernia were compared in a total of 360 selected patients, of whom 121 were allocated to be managed in an acute ward for 48 h, 122 in a convalescent hospital for 48 h and 117 to be discharged directly home to the care of the district nursing sister and general practitioner. There were no deaths or major complications. Anaesthetic or surgical problems caused 5 patients (3 convalescent and 2 day care) to be retained in hospital on the day of operation. Minor complications were recorded in approximately one-third of the patients. The majority of these were effectively dealt with by the district nursing sister and only one-third of the complications needed the attention of the general practitioner. Two of the ward patients and 1 of the convalescent patients required readmission to hospital (1 per cent in all). No significant difference was demonstrated in the medical outcome between the three groups after operation. Day care was the most economical of the three systems of care. Inquiry into the patients' opinions elicited the highest proportion of favourable responses in the day care group.", "contents": "Day care after operations for hernia or varicose veins: a controlled trial. Alternative systems of care after operations for varicose veins or hernia were compared in a total of 360 selected patients, of whom 121 were allocated to be managed in an acute ward for 48 h, 122 in a convalescent hospital for 48 h and 117 to be discharged directly home to the care of the district nursing sister and general practitioner. There were no deaths or major complications. Anaesthetic or surgical problems caused 5 patients (3 convalescent and 2 day care) to be retained in hospital on the day of operation. Minor complications were recorded in approximately one-third of the patients. The majority of these were effectively dealt with by the district nursing sister and only one-third of the complications needed the attention of the general practitioner. Two of the ward patients and 1 of the convalescent patients required readmission to hospital (1 per cent in all). No significant difference was demonstrated in the medical outcome between the three groups after operation. Day care was the most economical of the three systems of care. Inquiry into the patients' opinions elicited the highest proportion of favourable responses in the day care group."}
{"id": "PMID:352479", "title": "Substance P containing and cholinergic projections from the habenula.", "content": "Electrolytic lesions and surgical transection of the habenulo-interpeduncular-ventrotegmental tract have established the existence of separate habenulo-interpeduncular-ventrotegmental substance P and cholinergic projections. Micro-knife lesions separating the habenula nuclei showed the medial habenular nucleus to be the source of substance P fibres running via the fasciculus retroflexus to the ventral tegmental area. The lateral habenular nucleus receives a substance P projection from the medial habenular nucleus and is the source of cholinergic projection to the interpeduncular nucleus and to the medial habenular nucleus. Lesions of the ventrotegmental-interpeduncular area did not modify the levels of substance P and choline acetyltransferase in the habenula. These observations suggested that there are no substance P or ACh containing afferents to the habenula from the ventrotegmental-interpeduncular area and the accumulation of substance P and AChE proximal to but not caudal to transections of the fasciculus retroflexus confirmed this view.", "contents": "Substance P containing and cholinergic projections from the habenula. Electrolytic lesions and surgical transection of the habenulo-interpeduncular-ventrotegmental tract have established the existence of separate habenulo-interpeduncular-ventrotegmental substance P and cholinergic projections. Micro-knife lesions separating the habenula nuclei showed the medial habenular nucleus to be the source of substance P fibres running via the fasciculus retroflexus to the ventral tegmental area. The lateral habenular nucleus receives a substance P projection from the medial habenular nucleus and is the source of cholinergic projection to the interpeduncular nucleus and to the medial habenular nucleus. Lesions of the ventrotegmental-interpeduncular area did not modify the levels of substance P and choline acetyltransferase in the habenula. These observations suggested that there are no substance P or ACh containing afferents to the habenula from the ventrotegmental-interpeduncular area and the accumulation of substance P and AChE proximal to but not caudal to transections of the fasciculus retroflexus confirmed this view."}
{"id": "PMID:352485", "title": "Partial purification of a lipolytic enzyme from Escherichia coli.", "content": "An enzyme with phospholipase Al activity was purified some 500-fold from Escherichia coli cell homogenates. Lipase, phospholipase A2, and lysophospholipase copurified with phospholipase A1 and the four activities displayed similar susceptibility to heat treatment. The phospholipase A and lipase activities were recovered in a single band when partially purified preparations were subjected to SDS gel electrophoresis. Phospholipase, lysophospholipase, and lipase all required Ca2+ for activity. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and their lyso analogues were all hydrolysed at equivalent rates and these were substantially greater than the rate of methylpalmitate or tripalmitoylglycerol hydrolyses under similar incubation conditions. Evidence for a direct but slow hydrolysis of the ester at position 2 of phosphoglyceride was obtained; however, release of fatty acid from this position is mostly indirect involving acyl migration to position 1 and subsequent release of the translocated fatty acid. Escherichia coli, therefore, appears to possess a lipolytic enzyme of broad substrate specificity acting mainly at position 1 but also at position 2 of phosphoglycerides and on triacylglycerols and methyl fatty-acid esters.", "contents": "Partial purification of a lipolytic enzyme from Escherichia coli. An enzyme with phospholipase Al activity was purified some 500-fold from Escherichia coli cell homogenates. Lipase, phospholipase A2, and lysophospholipase copurified with phospholipase A1 and the four activities displayed similar susceptibility to heat treatment. The phospholipase A and lipase activities were recovered in a single band when partially purified preparations were subjected to SDS gel electrophoresis. Phospholipase, lysophospholipase, and lipase all required Ca2+ for activity. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and their lyso analogues were all hydrolysed at equivalent rates and these were substantially greater than the rate of methylpalmitate or tripalmitoylglycerol hydrolyses under similar incubation conditions. Evidence for a direct but slow hydrolysis of the ester at position 2 of phosphoglyceride was obtained; however, release of fatty acid from this position is mostly indirect involving acyl migration to position 1 and subsequent release of the translocated fatty acid. Escherichia coli, therefore, appears to possess a lipolytic enzyme of broad substrate specificity acting mainly at position 1 but also at position 2 of phosphoglycerides and on triacylglycerols and methyl fatty-acid esters."}
{"id": "PMID:352486", "title": "The lipase activity of a partially purified lipolytic enzyme of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Escherichia coli lipase was found to have a broad pH optimum between pH 8 and 10. Long-chain acyl triacylglycerols such as trioleolglycerol were hydrolysed at a relatively slow rate, whereas, the shorter-chain acyl derivative tracapryloylglycerol was not. Triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols were broken down at a rate 10 to 15 fold greater than that for monoacylglycerol. Simple esters such as methyloleate and cetylpalmitate were hydrolysed at rates greater than that of triacyglycerol. Water-soluble esters such as p-nitrophenylacetate were not attacked. Hydrolysis of lipase substrate occurred more readily in the presence of an anionic detergent such as taurocholate. The enzyme had no marked preference for the 1- or 3-position of triacylglycerols but attacked these positions much more readily than position 2. The enzyme also catalyzed transacylation reaction with simple alcohols such as methanol or ethanol.", "contents": "The lipase activity of a partially purified lipolytic enzyme of Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli lipase was found to have a broad pH optimum between pH 8 and 10. Long-chain acyl triacylglycerols such as trioleolglycerol were hydrolysed at a relatively slow rate, whereas, the shorter-chain acyl derivative tracapryloylglycerol was not. Triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols were broken down at a rate 10 to 15 fold greater than that for monoacylglycerol. Simple esters such as methyloleate and cetylpalmitate were hydrolysed at rates greater than that of triacyglycerol. Water-soluble esters such as p-nitrophenylacetate were not attacked. Hydrolysis of lipase substrate occurred more readily in the presence of an anionic detergent such as taurocholate. The enzyme had no marked preference for the 1- or 3-position of triacylglycerols but attacked these positions much more readily than position 2. The enzyme also catalyzed transacylation reaction with simple alcohols such as methanol or ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:352487", "title": "relA Gene control of bacterial glycogen synthesis.", "content": "Starvation of Escherichia coli K12 for an amino acid results in the stimulation of bacterial glycogen synthesis in cells containing the relA+ gene, but not in cells carrying the relA- allele. Similarly, a large difference in glycogen content is demonstrable between relA+ and relA- cells in stationary phase. It is concluded that guanosine 5',3' -bis(diphosphate) (ppGPP) or some related relA -dependent metabolite is involved in the regulation of bacterial glycogen synthesis. Detection of significant basal levels of glycogen in a relA- strain of E. coli and in unstarved relA+ C. coli indicates that relA control is not absolutely required for glycogen synthesis but serves as a signal for modulation in response to nutrient availability.", "contents": "relA Gene control of bacterial glycogen synthesis. Starvation of Escherichia coli K12 for an amino acid results in the stimulation of bacterial glycogen synthesis in cells containing the relA+ gene, but not in cells carrying the relA- allele. Similarly, a large difference in glycogen content is demonstrable between relA+ and relA- cells in stationary phase. It is concluded that guanosine 5',3' -bis(diphosphate) (ppGPP) or some related relA -dependent metabolite is involved in the regulation of bacterial glycogen synthesis. Detection of significant basal levels of glycogen in a relA- strain of E. coli and in unstarved relA+ C. coli indicates that relA control is not absolutely required for glycogen synthesis but serves as a signal for modulation in response to nutrient availability."}
{"id": "PMID:352488", "title": "The relationship between the spoT gene, the synthesis of stable RNA, ribosomal proteins, and the beta beta' subunits of RNA polymerase following a nutritional shiftup of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The level of ppGpp and rates of synthesis of stable RNA, ribosomal protein, and the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase were measured following a nutritional shiftup in Escherichia coli strains, NF 929 (spoT+) and NF 930 (spoT-). In the spoT+ strain, ppGpp levels decreased 50% within 2 min following shiftup, and the rates of synthesis of stable RNA, ribosomal proteins, and the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase increased with little or no lag. In contrast, in the spoT- strain, ppGpp levels transiently increased 40% during the first 6 min following shiftup. An inhibition in the rate of stable RNA synthesis and a delay in the increased synthesis of ribosomal proteins and beta and beta' subunits occurred concurrently with the transient increase in ppGpp. In addition, the DNA-dependent synthesis in vitro of the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase was inhibited by physiological levels of ppGpp. Because of the timing and magnitude of the changes in ppGpp levels in the spoT- strain versus the timing when the new rates of stable RNA, ribosomal protein, and beta and beta' subunits synthesis are reached, it is concluded that ppGpp is not the sole element regulating the expression of these genes.", "contents": "The relationship between the spoT gene, the synthesis of stable RNA, ribosomal proteins, and the beta beta' subunits of RNA polymerase following a nutritional shiftup of Escherichia coli. The level of ppGpp and rates of synthesis of stable RNA, ribosomal protein, and the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase were measured following a nutritional shiftup in Escherichia coli strains, NF 929 (spoT+) and NF 930 (spoT-). In the spoT+ strain, ppGpp levels decreased 50% within 2 min following shiftup, and the rates of synthesis of stable RNA, ribosomal proteins, and the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase increased with little or no lag. In contrast, in the spoT- strain, ppGpp levels transiently increased 40% during the first 6 min following shiftup. An inhibition in the rate of stable RNA synthesis and a delay in the increased synthesis of ribosomal proteins and beta and beta' subunits occurred concurrently with the transient increase in ppGpp. In addition, the DNA-dependent synthesis in vitro of the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase was inhibited by physiological levels of ppGpp. Because of the timing and magnitude of the changes in ppGpp levels in the spoT- strain versus the timing when the new rates of stable RNA, ribosomal protein, and beta and beta' subunits synthesis are reached, it is concluded that ppGpp is not the sole element regulating the expression of these genes."}
{"id": "PMID:352490", "title": "Structure and function of aspartate transcarbamoylase studied using chymotrypsin as a probe.", "content": "Aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli is composed of six catalytic (c) and six regulatory (r) polypeptides. We have studied the structure and function of this enzyme using chymotrypsin as a probe. The protease inactivates the isolated catalytic subunit (c3) but has not effects on the native enzyme (c6r6). Under identical conditions, the c3r6 complex is inactivated at a much slower rate than c3. The presence of the substrate analogue succinate together with carbamoyl phosphate reduces substantially the rate of inactivation. Extended exposure to chymotrypsin converts the catalytic subunit into a partially active derivative with a fourfold higher Michaelis constant. This derivative is indistinguishable from the unmodified catalytic subnit in gell electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. However, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the major fragment in the electropherogram is smaller than that of the intact catalytic polypeptide. The results could be explained by postulating the presence of a chymotrypsin-sensitive peptide bond at or near the active site. Since X-ray crystallographic studies have indicated that the active sites are located in a central cavity, the resistance of the native enzyme towards inactivation may be due to the inability of chymotrypsin to enter this cavity.", "contents": "Structure and function of aspartate transcarbamoylase studied using chymotrypsin as a probe. Aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli is composed of six catalytic (c) and six regulatory (r) polypeptides. We have studied the structure and function of this enzyme using chymotrypsin as a probe. The protease inactivates the isolated catalytic subunit (c3) but has not effects on the native enzyme (c6r6). Under identical conditions, the c3r6 complex is inactivated at a much slower rate than c3. The presence of the substrate analogue succinate together with carbamoyl phosphate reduces substantially the rate of inactivation. Extended exposure to chymotrypsin converts the catalytic subunit into a partially active derivative with a fourfold higher Michaelis constant. This derivative is indistinguishable from the unmodified catalytic subnit in gell electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. However, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the major fragment in the electropherogram is smaller than that of the intact catalytic polypeptide. The results could be explained by postulating the presence of a chymotrypsin-sensitive peptide bond at or near the active site. Since X-ray crystallographic studies have indicated that the active sites are located in a central cavity, the resistance of the native enzyme towards inactivation may be due to the inability of chymotrypsin to enter this cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:352491", "title": "Isolation of Ureaplasma from bovine granular vulvitis.", "content": "Cultures for mycoplasmatales, viruses and bacteria were made from bovine vulvar swabs to determine whether ureaplasma was associated with a clinical granular vulvitis observed in 16 Ontario dairy herds. Ureaplasma was isolated from 23.5% of 34 clinically normal cows, 74% of 27 cows with mild to moderate vulvar hyperemia but no discharge and 100% of 20 cows with acute vulvar hyperemia accompanied by purulent discharge. There were statistically significant differences in rates of isolation among clinical groups. Mycoplasma bovigenitalium was isolated from 7.7% and 20% of cows with moderate or acute vulvitis respectively but not from normal cows. Haemophilus somnus was isolated from 25% of cows with acute vulvitis. There were no significant differences in isolations of Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium pyogenes and alpha-hemolytic streptococcus between normal and clinically affected animals. Cultures of 135 repeat samples from 33 cows revealed that ureaplasma persisted in some animals for at least three months. No viruses were isolated from any of the animals in this study.", "contents": "Isolation of Ureaplasma from bovine granular vulvitis. Cultures for mycoplasmatales, viruses and bacteria were made from bovine vulvar swabs to determine whether ureaplasma was associated with a clinical granular vulvitis observed in 16 Ontario dairy herds. Ureaplasma was isolated from 23.5% of 34 clinically normal cows, 74% of 27 cows with mild to moderate vulvar hyperemia but no discharge and 100% of 20 cows with acute vulvar hyperemia accompanied by purulent discharge. There were statistically significant differences in rates of isolation among clinical groups. Mycoplasma bovigenitalium was isolated from 7.7% and 20% of cows with moderate or acute vulvitis respectively but not from normal cows. Haemophilus somnus was isolated from 25% of cows with acute vulvitis. There were no significant differences in isolations of Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium pyogenes and alpha-hemolytic streptococcus between normal and clinically affected animals. Cultures of 135 repeat samples from 33 cows revealed that ureaplasma persisted in some animals for at least three months. No viruses were isolated from any of the animals in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:352492", "title": "Effect of different treatments on the activity of the heat labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli F11(P155).", "content": "A whole cell lysate preparation of the Escherichia coli strain F11(P155) was treated with the following agents: heat (60 degrees C for 30 minutes), pronase, lipase, amylase, formalin (0.1%), sodium lauryl sulfate (0.05%) and sarkosyl NL30 (0.05%). Except for the amylase treatment, the treated whole cell lysate was inactivated when tested in rabbit gut loops or on Chinese hamster ovary cells. The preparations treated with heat or formalin could be used to produce a neutralizing antiserum or could remove the neutralizing capacity of an anti-F11(P155) serum. Finally, the attempt to demonstrate enterotoxicity with the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacterial cell failed.", "contents": "Effect of different treatments on the activity of the heat labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli F11(P155). A whole cell lysate preparation of the Escherichia coli strain F11(P155) was treated with the following agents: heat (60 degrees C for 30 minutes), pronase, lipase, amylase, formalin (0.1%), sodium lauryl sulfate (0.05%) and sarkosyl NL30 (0.05%). Except for the amylase treatment, the treated whole cell lysate was inactivated when tested in rabbit gut loops or on Chinese hamster ovary cells. The preparations treated with heat or formalin could be used to produce a neutralizing antiserum or could remove the neutralizing capacity of an anti-F11(P155) serum. Finally, the attempt to demonstrate enterotoxicity with the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacterial cell failed."}
{"id": "PMID:352493", "title": "Optimal macroculture method for studying mitogenic stimulation of turkey lymphocytes.", "content": "This report describes a method for culturing turkey lymphocytes in disposable, unwashed glass test tubes with Morton closures and for recovering lymphocytes on fiber glass filters with a cell harvester made of common laboratory equipment for assay of mitogenic stimulation. Optimal conditions for culture were established.", "contents": "Optimal macroculture method for studying mitogenic stimulation of turkey lymphocytes. This report describes a method for culturing turkey lymphocytes in disposable, unwashed glass test tubes with Morton closures and for recovering lymphocytes on fiber glass filters with a cell harvester made of common laboratory equipment for assay of mitogenic stimulation. Optimal conditions for culture were established."}
{"id": "PMID:352496", "title": "A radiotracer method for the measurement of central nervous system catecholamines in vivo.", "content": "A new strategy for measurement of brain catecholamines was tested in an animal model. [3H]Norepinephrine was infused intravenously in rabbits to label the peripheral norepinephrine pools. The specific activity of urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid was consistently higher than that for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyglycol (MHPG). Central sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine abolished this difference. Using the formula we propose, it is estimated that 30-50% of urinary MHPG originates from the central nervous system.", "contents": "A radiotracer method for the measurement of central nervous system catecholamines in vivo. A new strategy for measurement of brain catecholamines was tested in an animal model. [3H]Norepinephrine was infused intravenously in rabbits to label the peripheral norepinephrine pools. The specific activity of urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid was consistently higher than that for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyglycol (MHPG). Central sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine abolished this difference. Using the formula we propose, it is estimated that 30-50% of urinary MHPG originates from the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:352497", "title": "Evolution of ethylene by Saccharomyces cerevisiae as influenced by the carbon source for growth and the presence of air.", "content": "Effects of the carbon source and oxygen on ethylene production by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been studied. The amounts of ethylene evolved by the yeast culture were less than those detected in the blank (an equal volume of uninoculated medium), suggesting a net absorption of ethylene by the yeast cells. Addition of glucose to the lactate-grown yeast culture induced ethylene production. This glucose-induced stimulation of ethylene production was inhibited to a great extent by cycloheximide. Results suggested that the yeast cells in the presence of glucose synthesized an ethylene precursor and passed it into the medium. The conversion of this precursor to ethylene might be stimulated by oxygen. The fact that ethylene was produced by the yeast growing anaerobically and also by respiration-deficient mutants isolated from the wild-type yeast suggested that mitochondrial ATP synthesis was not an absolute requirement for ethylene biogenesis.", "contents": "Evolution of ethylene by Saccharomyces cerevisiae as influenced by the carbon source for growth and the presence of air. Effects of the carbon source and oxygen on ethylene production by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been studied. The amounts of ethylene evolved by the yeast culture were less than those detected in the blank (an equal volume of uninoculated medium), suggesting a net absorption of ethylene by the yeast cells. Addition of glucose to the lactate-grown yeast culture induced ethylene production. This glucose-induced stimulation of ethylene production was inhibited to a great extent by cycloheximide. Results suggested that the yeast cells in the presence of glucose synthesized an ethylene precursor and passed it into the medium. The conversion of this precursor to ethylene might be stimulated by oxygen. The fact that ethylene was produced by the yeast growing anaerobically and also by respiration-deficient mutants isolated from the wild-type yeast suggested that mitochondrial ATP synthesis was not an absolute requirement for ethylene biogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:352499", "title": "Detection of Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma orale in cell cultures by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Mycoplasma contaminants of animal and human cell cultures were rapidly detected and identified by an indirect immunofluorescent technique. Cells suspected of being contaminated by mycoplasmas were grown as monolayers on chamber slides in a culture medium selected to promote mycoplasmal growth. Before fixation by acetone, the monolayers were subjected to a hypotonic treatment to cause swelling of the mycoplasmas. Detection and identification were then performed by indirect immunofluorescence using rabbit antisera to various mycoplasma species. The correlation between results obtained by the standard isolation procedure and those obtained by this method was very close.", "contents": "Detection of Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma orale in cell cultures by immunofluorescence. Mycoplasma contaminants of animal and human cell cultures were rapidly detected and identified by an indirect immunofluorescent technique. Cells suspected of being contaminated by mycoplasmas were grown as monolayers on chamber slides in a culture medium selected to promote mycoplasmal growth. Before fixation by acetone, the monolayers were subjected to a hypotonic treatment to cause swelling of the mycoplasmas. Detection and identification were then performed by indirect immunofluorescence using rabbit antisera to various mycoplasma species. The correlation between results obtained by the standard isolation procedure and those obtained by this method was very close."}
{"id": "PMID:352500", "title": "Effect of amino acid deprivation and chloramphenicol treatment on cell sizes of rel+ and relA- strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effects of inhibition of protein synthesis on the cell size distributions of rel+ and relA- derivatives of Escherichia coli K-12 were determined. Amino acid deprivation resulted in a reduction in the cell sizes of rel+ strains but not of relA- strains. Treatment with chloramphenicol (CAM) did not alter the size distributions of either rel+ or relA- strains except when they were rel+ dap-. CAM treatment of rel+ dap- strains resulted in an increase in cell size. It is proposed that these results reflect differences in the structures of the cell envelopes of rel+ and relA- bacteria.", "contents": "Effect of amino acid deprivation and chloramphenicol treatment on cell sizes of rel+ and relA- strains of Escherichia coli. The effects of inhibition of protein synthesis on the cell size distributions of rel+ and relA- derivatives of Escherichia coli K-12 were determined. Amino acid deprivation resulted in a reduction in the cell sizes of rel+ strains but not of relA- strains. Treatment with chloramphenicol (CAM) did not alter the size distributions of either rel+ or relA- strains except when they were rel+ dap-. CAM treatment of rel+ dap- strains resulted in an increase in cell size. It is proposed that these results reflect differences in the structures of the cell envelopes of rel+ and relA- bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:352501", "title": "Regulation of brain pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex.", "content": "A number of excellent and comprehensive reviews on various aspects of pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex have been written recently. The purpose of the present review is to summarize briefly the reaction mechanism and the regulation of this enzyme. Emphasis is put on the most recent literature not covered by previous reviews. Particular attention is also paid to the regulation of brain pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex, since a number of patients with neuromuscular diseases, such as Friedreich's ataxia, show a decreased rate of pyruvate oxidation.", "contents": "Regulation of brain pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex. A number of excellent and comprehensive reviews on various aspects of pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex have been written recently. The purpose of the present review is to summarize briefly the reaction mechanism and the regulation of this enzyme. Emphasis is put on the most recent literature not covered by previous reviews. Particular attention is also paid to the regulation of brain pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex, since a number of patients with neuromuscular diseases, such as Friedreich's ataxia, show a decreased rate of pyruvate oxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:352503", "title": "Ex vivo removal of serum IgG in a patient with colon carcinoma: some biochemical, immunological and histological observations.", "content": "Plasma of a patient with metastatic colon carcinoma was perfused over Formalin and heat-killed S. aureus, in an extracorporeal filtration apparatus, in order to nonspecifically remove IgG and its complexes. Twenty ex vivo absorption procedures were done, over a five-month period, with a minimum of discomfort to the patient. Extracorporeal perfusion of plasma on S. aureus effectively reduced the levels of IgG and immune complexes in the perfused plasma. The nonspecific removal of IgG resulted in 1) slight biochemical alterations in the serum, 2) a transient reduction in the serum blocking activity and appearance of complement-dependent serum cytotoxicity, 3) an increase in the serum IgM levels, 4) a transient increase in the Ig surface-bearing lymphocytes and a decrease in \"E\" rosetting lymphocytes in the first 24-48 hours postperfusion, particularly during the early treatments, 5) an improvement in general condition of the patient and decrease in tumor size, and 6) histological changes in the tumor consistent with tumor destruction. The potential problems and clinical applications of procedures involving ex vivo specific or nonspecific immunoabsorbents are discussed.", "contents": "Ex vivo removal of serum IgG in a patient with colon carcinoma: some biochemical, immunological and histological observations. Plasma of a patient with metastatic colon carcinoma was perfused over Formalin and heat-killed S. aureus, in an extracorporeal filtration apparatus, in order to nonspecifically remove IgG and its complexes. Twenty ex vivo absorption procedures were done, over a five-month period, with a minimum of discomfort to the patient. Extracorporeal perfusion of plasma on S. aureus effectively reduced the levels of IgG and immune complexes in the perfused plasma. The nonspecific removal of IgG resulted in 1) slight biochemical alterations in the serum, 2) a transient reduction in the serum blocking activity and appearance of complement-dependent serum cytotoxicity, 3) an increase in the serum IgM levels, 4) a transient increase in the Ig surface-bearing lymphocytes and a decrease in \"E\" rosetting lymphocytes in the first 24-48 hours postperfusion, particularly during the early treatments, 5) an improvement in general condition of the patient and decrease in tumor size, and 6) histological changes in the tumor consistent with tumor destruction. The potential problems and clinical applications of procedures involving ex vivo specific or nonspecific immunoabsorbents are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352505", "title": "Randomized phase II clinical trial of adriamycin, methotrexate, and actinomycin-D in advanced measurable pancreatic carcinoma: a Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group Report.", "content": "Sixty-six patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma were randomized to receive single agent chemotherapy with either adriamycin, methotrexate, or actinomycin-D using conventional dose, route and schedule of administration. All patients had measurable lesions which were used to objective assessment of response. For adriamycin, 2 of 25 patients (8%) evidenced a partial response (2 of 15 (13%) previously untreated patients). One of 25 patients treated with methotrexate and one of 28 received actinomycin-D responded. The duration of responses ranged from 43-64 days for those patients with no chemotherapy prior to study entry. The median survival of patients who received adriamycin as initial treatment was 12 weeks compared to 8 weeks for methotrexate and 6 weeks for actinomycin-D therapy.", "contents": "Randomized phase II clinical trial of adriamycin, methotrexate, and actinomycin-D in advanced measurable pancreatic carcinoma: a Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group Report. Sixty-six patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma were randomized to receive single agent chemotherapy with either adriamycin, methotrexate, or actinomycin-D using conventional dose, route and schedule of administration. All patients had measurable lesions which were used to objective assessment of response. For adriamycin, 2 of 25 patients (8%) evidenced a partial response (2 of 15 (13%) previously untreated patients). One of 25 patients treated with methotrexate and one of 28 received actinomycin-D responded. The duration of responses ranged from 43-64 days for those patients with no chemotherapy prior to study entry. The median survival of patients who received adriamycin as initial treatment was 12 weeks compared to 8 weeks for methotrexate and 6 weeks for actinomycin-D therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:352506", "title": "Primary malignant teratoma of the thyroid: case report and literature review of cervical teratomas in adults.", "content": "A case of primary malignant teratoma of the thyroid in a gravid 37-year-old female is reported and the literature on cervical teratomas in adults reviewed. The patient was treated by total thyroidectomy and left radical neck dissection followed by cervical and mediastinal radiotherapy and chemotherapy. She fied of recurrent tumor and related complications 9 months after discovery of the lesion. This is the 6th case of primary teratoma of the thyroid and the 9th case of cervical teratoma reported in a adult. These tumors are characteristically large, rapidly growing and highly malignant. The longest survival reported is 10 months. The differentiation of this lesion from carcinosarcomas of the thyroid is discussed.", "contents": "Primary malignant teratoma of the thyroid: case report and literature review of cervical teratomas in adults. A case of primary malignant teratoma of the thyroid in a gravid 37-year-old female is reported and the literature on cervical teratomas in adults reviewed. The patient was treated by total thyroidectomy and left radical neck dissection followed by cervical and mediastinal radiotherapy and chemotherapy. She fied of recurrent tumor and related complications 9 months after discovery of the lesion. This is the 6th case of primary teratoma of the thyroid and the 9th case of cervical teratoma reported in a adult. These tumors are characteristically large, rapidly growing and highly malignant. The longest survival reported is 10 months. The differentiation of this lesion from carcinosarcomas of the thyroid is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352507", "title": "Treatment of histiocytic and mixed lymphomas: a comparison of two, three and four drug chemotherapy.", "content": "The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group has studied 187 patients with generalized progressive malignant lymphoma classified as having the histologic sub-types histiocytic or mixed. Histology review by the Pathology Panel for Lymphoma Clinical Trials demonstrated a 31% disparity with contributing institution's pathologists in regard to cell type, but good agreement with interpretation of nodular or diffuse nodal pattern. Patients were assigned at random to treatment with cyclophosphamide 1 g/m2 on day 1 and prednisone 100 mg/m2 daily for five days (CP); CP plus vincristine 1 mg/m2 on day 1 (CVP); or CVP plus BCNU 60 mg/m2 on day 1 (BCVP). Chemotherapy was given for nine, twenty-one day cycles. The observed complete remission rates were CP-21%, CVP 34%, BCVP 34%. Both CVP and BCVP had significantly more complete remissions than CP, but survival following CVP (118 weeks) was significantly longer than that following either BCVP (76 weeks) or CP (74 weeks). Histologic sub-type, lymph node pattern, response to chemotherapy, performance status and stage of disease were also found to influence survival.", "contents": "Treatment of histiocytic and mixed lymphomas: a comparison of two, three and four drug chemotherapy. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group has studied 187 patients with generalized progressive malignant lymphoma classified as having the histologic sub-types histiocytic or mixed. Histology review by the Pathology Panel for Lymphoma Clinical Trials demonstrated a 31% disparity with contributing institution's pathologists in regard to cell type, but good agreement with interpretation of nodular or diffuse nodal pattern. Patients were assigned at random to treatment with cyclophosphamide 1 g/m2 on day 1 and prednisone 100 mg/m2 daily for five days (CP); CP plus vincristine 1 mg/m2 on day 1 (CVP); or CVP plus BCNU 60 mg/m2 on day 1 (BCVP). Chemotherapy was given for nine, twenty-one day cycles. The observed complete remission rates were CP-21%, CVP 34%, BCVP 34%. Both CVP and BCVP had significantly more complete remissions than CP, but survival following CVP (118 weeks) was significantly longer than that following either BCVP (76 weeks) or CP (74 weeks). Histologic sub-type, lymph node pattern, response to chemotherapy, performance status and stage of disease were also found to influence survival."}
{"id": "PMID:352508", "title": "Casein and alpha-lactalbumin detection in breast cancer cells by immunocytochemistry.", "content": "Casein and alpha-lactalbumin are characteristic proteins produced by normal mammary cells under hormonal stimulation. Specific antisera were used to immunochemically stain for these two proteins in the unstimulated R3230AC transplantable rat mammary tumor as well as in normal lactating rat mammary tissue. Specific staining was observed in the lactating rat alveolar epithelial cells and in the cells lining the intraalveolar ducts with both antisera. In the R3230AC tumor some cells were shown to contain casein or alpha-lactalbumin; the majority of the tumor cells were unstained. These findings indicate that normal mammary cells as well as a small population of cells within the R3230AC tumor are actively synthesizing casein or alpha-lactalbumin. Furthermore, the results suggest that immunocytochemistry may be used to determine the functional heterogeneity of mammary tumors directly.", "contents": "Casein and alpha-lactalbumin detection in breast cancer cells by immunocytochemistry. Casein and alpha-lactalbumin are characteristic proteins produced by normal mammary cells under hormonal stimulation. Specific antisera were used to immunochemically stain for these two proteins in the unstimulated R3230AC transplantable rat mammary tumor as well as in normal lactating rat mammary tissue. Specific staining was observed in the lactating rat alveolar epithelial cells and in the cells lining the intraalveolar ducts with both antisera. In the R3230AC tumor some cells were shown to contain casein or alpha-lactalbumin; the majority of the tumor cells were unstained. These findings indicate that normal mammary cells as well as a small population of cells within the R3230AC tumor are actively synthesizing casein or alpha-lactalbumin. Furthermore, the results suggest that immunocytochemistry may be used to determine the functional heterogeneity of mammary tumors directly."}
{"id": "PMID:352510", "title": "Overview of cardiac pathology in relation to anthracycline cardiotoxicity.", "content": "A review is presented of cardiac pathologic changes associated with acute and chronic toxicity of anthracyclines. These changes consist of cardiac dilatation, degeneration and atrophy of the muscle cells, and interstitial edema and fibrosis. The degeneration of cardiac muscle cells is a complex phenomenon that involves the myofibrils, the nucleus, the mitochondria and the membrane systems of the T-tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the intercellular junctions. The pathogenesis of these alteration is discussed in terms of the biochemical effects of anthracyclines.", "contents": "Overview of cardiac pathology in relation to anthracycline cardiotoxicity. A review is presented of cardiac pathologic changes associated with acute and chronic toxicity of anthracyclines. These changes consist of cardiac dilatation, degeneration and atrophy of the muscle cells, and interstitial edema and fibrosis. The degeneration of cardiac muscle cells is a complex phenomenon that involves the myofibrils, the nucleus, the mitochondria and the membrane systems of the T-tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the intercellular junctions. The pathogenesis of these alteration is discussed in terms of the biochemical effects of anthracyclines."}
{"id": "PMID:352514", "title": "Perspective on the physiology of hypertension.", "content": "Present understanding of the physiology of arterial pressure regulation indicates that the renal-body fluid volume system determines the level at which the mean pressure resides over long periods of time. The relationships between blood volume, and size and compliance of the entire vascular system, and intrinsic regulation of tissue blood flow determine the sequence of observed changes in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Current evidence is compatible with the concept that functional changes in the renal vasculature or tubular system, either intrinsic or extrinsic in origin, reflect the final common pathway in the genesis of all forms of experimental and human hypertension. At the present time the nature of these renal changes appears to alter the fundamental relationships between renal perfusion pressure and sodium and water excretion. One of the major challenges in the field of hypertension today is to test the hypothesis that changes in renal function, either extrinsic or intrinsic in form, are involved in all forms of hypertension.", "contents": "Perspective on the physiology of hypertension. Present understanding of the physiology of arterial pressure regulation indicates that the renal-body fluid volume system determines the level at which the mean pressure resides over long periods of time. The relationships between blood volume, and size and compliance of the entire vascular system, and intrinsic regulation of tissue blood flow determine the sequence of observed changes in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Current evidence is compatible with the concept that functional changes in the renal vasculature or tubular system, either intrinsic or extrinsic in origin, reflect the final common pathway in the genesis of all forms of experimental and human hypertension. At the present time the nature of these renal changes appears to alter the fundamental relationships between renal perfusion pressure and sodium and water excretion. One of the major challenges in the field of hypertension today is to test the hypothesis that changes in renal function, either extrinsic or intrinsic in form, are involved in all forms of hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:352523", "title": "Perspectives on physiological monitoring: junctional-type potentials in the food ventricle.", "content": "1. Many toads monitored throughout survival with no support other than protection against drying, pass terminally through a remarkable evolution which is described here in the full details of a single experiment lasting some 40 hours. 2. The essential features of this particular sequence is block of the Luciani-Wenckebach type affecting SA, AV, and intraventricular conduction. SA block was apparently the major cause of periods of arrest and of cycles of heart beats. Periodically PR delay based on progressive AV block was observed but it was not an outstanding feature. 3. Progressive, rate-determined intraventricular block during the cycles of ventricular beats was the first new feature of these observations. 4. As intraventricular block progressed, an initial ventricular deflection separated itself from the rest of QRS. 5. This initial deflection diminished in amplitude throughout each cycle of ventricular beats, its rate of rise diminished, and the interval separating it from the rest of the ventricular complex increased until the whole initial deflection was revealed. 6. Thereafter, with a small decrease in amplitude of the initial deflection, the remainder of the ventricular electrogram failed to follow and the complex stood alone. 7. Its polarity indicated its origin at the base of the ventricle, the interval separating it from the origin of P indicated that it was downstream from the AV conduction mechanism. 8. This deflection, now a local ventricular potential (LVP) then progressively declined in amplitude and disappeared. 9. The possibility has been discussed that the potential represents (a) a true action potential localized by block or (b) a local, nonpropagated potential akin to junctional potentials like: (1) end-plate potentials, (2) generator potentials, (3) excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), or (c) a pacemaker potential. The experiments that have revealed the phenomenon have not provided other than suggestive but inconclusive information about its nature. 10. The observations are new or certainly not well known and further study should shed light on the problem of intracardial impulse formation and conduction.", "contents": "Perspectives on physiological monitoring: junctional-type potentials in the food ventricle. 1. Many toads monitored throughout survival with no support other than protection against drying, pass terminally through a remarkable evolution which is described here in the full details of a single experiment lasting some 40 hours. 2. The essential features of this particular sequence is block of the Luciani-Wenckebach type affecting SA, AV, and intraventricular conduction. SA block was apparently the major cause of periods of arrest and of cycles of heart beats. Periodically PR delay based on progressive AV block was observed but it was not an outstanding feature. 3. Progressive, rate-determined intraventricular block during the cycles of ventricular beats was the first new feature of these observations. 4. As intraventricular block progressed, an initial ventricular deflection separated itself from the rest of QRS. 5. This initial deflection diminished in amplitude throughout each cycle of ventricular beats, its rate of rise diminished, and the interval separating it from the rest of the ventricular complex increased until the whole initial deflection was revealed. 6. Thereafter, with a small decrease in amplitude of the initial deflection, the remainder of the ventricular electrogram failed to follow and the complex stood alone. 7. Its polarity indicated its origin at the base of the ventricle, the interval separating it from the origin of P indicated that it was downstream from the AV conduction mechanism. 8. This deflection, now a local ventricular potential (LVP) then progressively declined in amplitude and disappeared. 9. The possibility has been discussed that the potential represents (a) a true action potential localized by block or (b) a local, nonpropagated potential akin to junctional potentials like: (1) end-plate potentials, (2) generator potentials, (3) excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), or (c) a pacemaker potential. The experiments that have revealed the phenomenon have not provided other than suggestive but inconclusive information about its nature. 10. The observations are new or certainly not well known and further study should shed light on the problem of intracardial impulse formation and conduction."}
{"id": "PMID:352530", "title": "Localization of the pituitary lactotropes and thyrotropes within Ambystoma gracile by histochemical and immunochemical methods. A developmental study of two populations.", "content": "The prolactin-producing cells are the first hormone-producing cells of the pars distalis to be differentiated within Ambystoma gracile. They first appear when the larvae attain a length of approximately 3.0 cm snout to vent length (SVL). Thyrotropes are observed as the next chromophilic cells to appear, and they occur when the larvae are approximately 4.5 cm SVL. Both thyrotropes and lactotropes increase in numbers until metamorphosis. Gonadotropes begin to appear when larvae attain a size of 5.0 cm SVL and become extremely abundant when larvae are in excess of 7.0 cm SVL. Animals, generally, exhibit the greatest number of thyrotropes just prior to the mean size for metamorphosis, and metamorphosing animals exhibit a dramatic reduction in the number of thyrotropes. Neotenous larvae have an abundant number of thyrotropes which are mainly located along the caudal periphery of the pituitary.", "contents": "Localization of the pituitary lactotropes and thyrotropes within Ambystoma gracile by histochemical and immunochemical methods. A developmental study of two populations. The prolactin-producing cells are the first hormone-producing cells of the pars distalis to be differentiated within Ambystoma gracile. They first appear when the larvae attain a length of approximately 3.0 cm snout to vent length (SVL). Thyrotropes are observed as the next chromophilic cells to appear, and they occur when the larvae are approximately 4.5 cm SVL. Both thyrotropes and lactotropes increase in numbers until metamorphosis. Gonadotropes begin to appear when larvae attain a size of 5.0 cm SVL and become extremely abundant when larvae are in excess of 7.0 cm SVL. Animals, generally, exhibit the greatest number of thyrotropes just prior to the mean size for metamorphosis, and metamorphosing animals exhibit a dramatic reduction in the number of thyrotropes. Neotenous larvae have an abundant number of thyrotropes which are mainly located along the caudal periphery of the pituitary."}
{"id": "PMID:352529", "title": "B lymphocyte differentiation in lethally irradiated and reconstituted mice. A histological study using immunofluorescent detection of B lymphocytes.", "content": "The recovery of the B lymphocyte compartments was investigated in lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with fetal liver cells. This was done by means of immunofluorescence on frozen sections of spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. The first B lymphocyte recovery in the spleen was observed on day 8, a few days earlier than in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches (day 13). These early B cells in the spleen were found in the central part of the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS). Later on, while increasing in number, the B cells formed growing follicles at the periphery of the PALS. Subsequently, brightly fluorescent B cells appeared in the marginal zone, which surrounded the follicles. Another two weeks later, around day 30, also germinal center formation was observed in the follicles of the spleen. B cell development in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches started somewhat later than in the spleen, but once started, the recovery of the different compartments was completed very fast. Germinal center reactions were found in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches already on day 25, and thus earlier than in the spleen, but later than the first occurrence of the strongly fluorescent cells in the marginal zone. Apparently, germinalcenter formation is not essential for the recovery of the population of brightly fluorescent B cells in the marginal zone after irradiation and reconstitution.", "contents": "B lymphocyte differentiation in lethally irradiated and reconstituted mice. A histological study using immunofluorescent detection of B lymphocytes. The recovery of the B lymphocyte compartments was investigated in lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with fetal liver cells. This was done by means of immunofluorescence on frozen sections of spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. The first B lymphocyte recovery in the spleen was observed on day 8, a few days earlier than in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches (day 13). These early B cells in the spleen were found in the central part of the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS). Later on, while increasing in number, the B cells formed growing follicles at the periphery of the PALS. Subsequently, brightly fluorescent B cells appeared in the marginal zone, which surrounded the follicles. Another two weeks later, around day 30, also germinal center formation was observed in the follicles of the spleen. B cell development in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches started somewhat later than in the spleen, but once started, the recovery of the different compartments was completed very fast. Germinal center reactions were found in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches already on day 25, and thus earlier than in the spleen, but later than the first occurrence of the strongly fluorescent cells in the marginal zone. Apparently, germinalcenter formation is not essential for the recovery of the population of brightly fluorescent B cells in the marginal zone after irradiation and reconstitution."}
{"id": "PMID:352532", "title": "Shunt quantification by mathematical analysis of indicator dilution curves.", "content": "Mathematical models are presented for describing and analyzing indicator dilution curves recorded in patients with intracardiac and great vessel shunts. The models treat individual segments of the circulation as linear system blocks, each having, at its output, a characteristic time response to a rapid injection of indicator at its input. These blocks are combined in feedback and feed-forward configurations to simulate left-to-right, right-to-left, and bidirectional shunts. A shunt analysis algorithm, using discrete analogs of the linear system models, was implemented in a computer program and used to analyze thermodilution curves recorded in patients with congenital heart defects. Results are presented comparing shunt fractions obtained from thermodilution curve analyses with oximetrically determined values in 20 patients. Comparing left-to-right shunts measured by the two methods, the mean systematic difference was 0.7% of pulmonary flow and the standard deviation was 7.6% of pulmonary flow. Statistical validation of the bidirectional shunt method will require acquisition and analysis of more data; however, reasonable shunt fractions were computed in five cases studied and good agreement with oximetric determinations was obtained in two cases where complete oximetric data were available.", "contents": "Shunt quantification by mathematical analysis of indicator dilution curves. Mathematical models are presented for describing and analyzing indicator dilution curves recorded in patients with intracardiac and great vessel shunts. The models treat individual segments of the circulation as linear system blocks, each having, at its output, a characteristic time response to a rapid injection of indicator at its input. These blocks are combined in feedback and feed-forward configurations to simulate left-to-right, right-to-left, and bidirectional shunts. A shunt analysis algorithm, using discrete analogs of the linear system models, was implemented in a computer program and used to analyze thermodilution curves recorded in patients with congenital heart defects. Results are presented comparing shunt fractions obtained from thermodilution curve analyses with oximetrically determined values in 20 patients. Comparing left-to-right shunts measured by the two methods, the mean systematic difference was 0.7% of pulmonary flow and the standard deviation was 7.6% of pulmonary flow. Statistical validation of the bidirectional shunt method will require acquisition and analysis of more data; however, reasonable shunt fractions were computed in five cases studied and good agreement with oximetric determinations was obtained in two cases where complete oximetric data were available."}
{"id": "PMID:352533", "title": "Patterns of protein synthesis in E. coli: a catalog of the amount of 140 individual proteins at different growth rates.", "content": "The amount of 140 individual proteins of E. coli B/r was measured during balanced growth in five different media. The abundance of each protein was determined from its absolute amount in 14C-glucose-minimal medium and a measurement of its relative amount at each growth rate using a double labeling technique. Separation of the proteins was carried out by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This catalog of proteins, combined with 50 additional ribosomal proteins already studied, comprises about 5% of the coding capacity of the genome, but accounts for two thirds of the cell's protein mass. The behavior of most of these proteins could be described by a relatively small number of patterns. 102 of the 140 proteins exhibited nearly linear variations with growth rate. The remaining 38 proteins exhibited levels which seemed to depend more on the chemical nature of the medium than on growth rate. Proteins, including the ribosomal proteins, that increase in amount with increasing growth rate account for 20% of total cell protein by weight during growth on acetate, 32% on glucose-minimal medium and 55% on glucose-rich medium. Proteins with invariant levels in the various media comprise about 4% of the cell's total protein.", "contents": "Patterns of protein synthesis in E. coli: a catalog of the amount of 140 individual proteins at different growth rates. The amount of 140 individual proteins of E. coli B/r was measured during balanced growth in five different media. The abundance of each protein was determined from its absolute amount in 14C-glucose-minimal medium and a measurement of its relative amount at each growth rate using a double labeling technique. Separation of the proteins was carried out by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This catalog of proteins, combined with 50 additional ribosomal proteins already studied, comprises about 5% of the coding capacity of the genome, but accounts for two thirds of the cell's protein mass. The behavior of most of these proteins could be described by a relatively small number of patterns. 102 of the 140 proteins exhibited nearly linear variations with growth rate. The remaining 38 proteins exhibited levels which seemed to depend more on the chemical nature of the medium than on growth rate. Proteins, including the ribosomal proteins, that increase in amount with increasing growth rate account for 20% of total cell protein by weight during growth on acetate, 32% on glucose-minimal medium and 55% on glucose-rich medium. Proteins with invariant levels in the various media comprise about 4% of the cell's total protein."}
{"id": "PMID:352534", "title": "Cell surface markers for distinguishing different types of rat dorsal root ganglion cells in culture.", "content": "The distribution of three cell surface markers on dissociated cultures of the rat dorsal root ganglion has been investigated using indirect immunofluorescence. Tetanus toxin binds to a nondividing class of cells with neuronal morphology. Ran-1 is expressed by Schwann cells. Thy-1 is expressed both by fibroblasts and by all the neurones. These assignments have been confirmed by detection of any two of these markers in a single culture using antisera conjugated to different fluorochromes. Approximately 20% of the nonneuronal cells in these cultures were negative for all three markers.", "contents": "Cell surface markers for distinguishing different types of rat dorsal root ganglion cells in culture. The distribution of three cell surface markers on dissociated cultures of the rat dorsal root ganglion has been investigated using indirect immunofluorescence. Tetanus toxin binds to a nondividing class of cells with neuronal morphology. Ran-1 is expressed by Schwann cells. Thy-1 is expressed both by fibroblasts and by all the neurones. These assignments have been confirmed by detection of any two of these markers in a single culture using antisera conjugated to different fluorochromes. Approximately 20% of the nonneuronal cells in these cultures were negative for all three markers."}
{"id": "PMID:352536", "title": "A yeast mutant which accumulates precursor tRNAs.", "content": "It has been proposed that the conditional yeast mutant ts136 is defective in the transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (Hutchinson, Hartwell and McLaughlin, 1969). We have examined ts136 to determine whether it is defective in tRNA biosynthesis. At the restrictive temperature, the mutant accumulates twelve new species of RNA. These species co-migrate on polyacrylamide gels with some of the pulse-labeled precursor tRNAs. Three of the new RNAs (species 1a, 1b and 1c are large enough to contain two tandom tRNAs. Although RNAs 1a, 1b, and 1c do not contain detectable levels of modified and methylated bases, at least one of them hybridizes to DNA from an E. coli plasmid containing a yeast tRNA gene. All the remaining RNAs (2--8) contain modified and methylated bases typical of tRNA. Three of these species were tested and were found to hybridize to tRNA genes. Ribosomal RNA synthesis is also defective in ts136. It is suggested that ts136 may be defective in a nucleolytic activity, which is a prerequisite to RNA transport.", "contents": "A yeast mutant which accumulates precursor tRNAs. It has been proposed that the conditional yeast mutant ts136 is defective in the transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (Hutchinson, Hartwell and McLaughlin, 1969). We have examined ts136 to determine whether it is defective in tRNA biosynthesis. At the restrictive temperature, the mutant accumulates twelve new species of RNA. These species co-migrate on polyacrylamide gels with some of the pulse-labeled precursor tRNAs. Three of the new RNAs (species 1a, 1b and 1c are large enough to contain two tandom tRNAs. Although RNAs 1a, 1b, and 1c do not contain detectable levels of modified and methylated bases, at least one of them hybridizes to DNA from an E. coli plasmid containing a yeast tRNA gene. All the remaining RNAs (2--8) contain modified and methylated bases typical of tRNA. Three of these species were tested and were found to hybridize to tRNA genes. Ribosomal RNA synthesis is also defective in ts136. It is suggested that ts136 may be defective in a nucleolytic activity, which is a prerequisite to RNA transport."}
{"id": "PMID:352537", "title": "Transcription and processing of intervening sequences in yeast tRNA genes.", "content": "Genes for yeast tRNATyr and tRNAPhe have been sequenced (Goodman, Olson and Hall, 1977; Valenzuela et al., 1978) which contain additional nucleotides (intervening sequences) within the middle of the gene that are not present in the mature tRNA. We have isolated precursors to rRNATyr and tRNAPhe from a yeast temperature-sensitive mutant (at the rna1 locus) which accumulates only certain precursor tRNAs at the nonpermissive temperature. The tRNATyr and tRNAPhe precursors were analyzed by oligonucleotide mapping; they each contain the intervening sequence and fully matured 5' and 3' termini. Furthermore, these precursors were used as substrates to search for an enzymatic activity which can remove the intervening sequences and religate the ends. We have shown that wild-type yeast contains such an activity, and that this activity specifically removes the intervening sequences to produce mature-sized RNAs.", "contents": "Transcription and processing of intervening sequences in yeast tRNA genes. Genes for yeast tRNATyr and tRNAPhe have been sequenced (Goodman, Olson and Hall, 1977; Valenzuela et al., 1978) which contain additional nucleotides (intervening sequences) within the middle of the gene that are not present in the mature tRNA. We have isolated precursors to rRNATyr and tRNAPhe from a yeast temperature-sensitive mutant (at the rna1 locus) which accumulates only certain precursor tRNAs at the nonpermissive temperature. The tRNATyr and tRNAPhe precursors were analyzed by oligonucleotide mapping; they each contain the intervening sequence and fully matured 5' and 3' termini. Furthermore, these precursors were used as substrates to search for an enzymatic activity which can remove the intervening sequences and religate the ends. We have shown that wild-type yeast contains such an activity, and that this activity specifically removes the intervening sequences to produce mature-sized RNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:352540", "title": "Biochemical mechanisms accounting for the toxic action of oxygen on living organisms: the key role of superoxide dismutase.", "content": "It seems that superoxide dismutase plays the key role in protecting aerobes against O2 toxicity, but there is a whole range of ancillary mechanisms: enzymes to remove H2O2 (catalase, peroxidases) and hence to control formation of .OH from O2, which requires H2O2; antioxidants (ascorbate, GSH, alpha-tocopherol, carotenoids), which also react with singlet oxygen and/or .OH and often inhibit lipid peroxidation and last, but not least in animals, glutathione peroxidase, which controls the rate of lipid peroxidation. These mechanisms cope well at normal O2 concentrations but are insufficient at higher levels.", "contents": "Biochemical mechanisms accounting for the toxic action of oxygen on living organisms: the key role of superoxide dismutase. It seems that superoxide dismutase plays the key role in protecting aerobes against O2 toxicity, but there is a whole range of ancillary mechanisms: enzymes to remove H2O2 (catalase, peroxidases) and hence to control formation of .OH from O2, which requires H2O2; antioxidants (ascorbate, GSH, alpha-tocopherol, carotenoids), which also react with singlet oxygen and/or .OH and often inhibit lipid peroxidation and last, but not least in animals, glutathione peroxidase, which controls the rate of lipid peroxidation. These mechanisms cope well at normal O2 concentrations but are insufficient at higher levels."}
{"id": "PMID:352557", "title": "[A probable laboratory contamination with Plasmodium falciparum].", "content": "A student working in a medical biology department presented a severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria, with high thrombopenia, hypercalcemia and hypophosphoremia. The mode of infection seems to be a laboratory contamination with a highly contaminated blood sample through skin excoriations.", "contents": "[A probable laboratory contamination with Plasmodium falciparum]. A student working in a medical biology department presented a severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria, with high thrombopenia, hypercalcemia and hypophosphoremia. The mode of infection seems to be a laboratory contamination with a highly contaminated blood sample through skin excoriations."}
{"id": "PMID:352558", "title": "[2 cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Probable responsibility of Anopheles transported by air].", "content": "Report of two cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria which seem to be originary from the Pariser area: the first one in a luggage carrier working in an airport; the second one in a subject living in the neighbourhood of this airport. These cases perhaps question the hygiene measures taken on the arrival of planes coming from impalutaded regions.", "contents": "[2 cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Probable responsibility of Anopheles transported by air]. Report of two cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria which seem to be originary from the Pariser area: the first one in a luggage carrier working in an airport; the second one in a subject living in the neighbourhood of this airport. These cases perhaps question the hygiene measures taken on the arrival of planes coming from impalutaded regions."}
{"id": "PMID:352559", "title": "[Post-transfusion pernicious Plasmodium falciparum attack in a patient with renal insufficiency].", "content": "The authors report one case of transfusion induced falciparum cerebral malaria. Among the parasites responsible for transfusion malaria, Plasmodium falciparum is rarely implicated, but may be accompanied by serious complications. Different ways of artificial transmission of the parasites are reported. Clinical findings are few, so the examination of blood films is essential for diagnostic. The dangerous blood donor must be identified by immunofluorescent methods. The specific treatment is quinine for cerebral malaria or chloroquine in other cases.", "contents": "[Post-transfusion pernicious Plasmodium falciparum attack in a patient with renal insufficiency]. The authors report one case of transfusion induced falciparum cerebral malaria. Among the parasites responsible for transfusion malaria, Plasmodium falciparum is rarely implicated, but may be accompanied by serious complications. Different ways of artificial transmission of the parasites are reported. Clinical findings are few, so the examination of blood films is essential for diagnostic. The dangerous blood donor must be identified by immunofluorescent methods. The specific treatment is quinine for cerebral malaria or chloroquine in other cases."}
{"id": "PMID:352565", "title": "Comparison of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods for viral diagnosis at a distance: a WHO collaborative study.", "content": "Nasopharyngeal secretions collected in Newcastle were examined in both Newcastle and Stockholm for the presence of influenza virus type A and respiratory syncytial (RS) virus by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. A total of 139 specimens were examined in this way and the agreement between the two centres for immunofluorescence was 94% for influenza virus A, 95% for respiratory syncytial virus, and 95% for negative specimens. This technique can therefore be used for examining specimens taken at great distances from the collecting laboratory. The results of the immunoperoxidase technique were unsatisfactory mainly because of the presence of endogenous peroxidase. Measures taken to remove this also destroyed RS virus antigen. It is premature to introduce the immunoperoxidase technique for rapid virus diagnosis, but in due course, when the problems outlined in this article are solved, it could become a useful technique.", "contents": "Comparison of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods for viral diagnosis at a distance: a WHO collaborative study. Nasopharyngeal secretions collected in Newcastle were examined in both Newcastle and Stockholm for the presence of influenza virus type A and respiratory syncytial (RS) virus by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. A total of 139 specimens were examined in this way and the agreement between the two centres for immunofluorescence was 94% for influenza virus A, 95% for respiratory syncytial virus, and 95% for negative specimens. This technique can therefore be used for examining specimens taken at great distances from the collecting laboratory. The results of the immunoperoxidase technique were unsatisfactory mainly because of the presence of endogenous peroxidase. Measures taken to remove this also destroyed RS virus antigen. It is premature to introduce the immunoperoxidase technique for rapid virus diagnosis, but in due course, when the problems outlined in this article are solved, it could become a useful technique."}
{"id": "PMID:352567", "title": "Progress in the rapid diagnosis of viral infections: a memorandum.", "content": "This Memorandum reports the progress that has been made over the past year in the development of laboratory techniques for the rapid diagnosis of viral infections. Progress is reported in the use of the immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence techniques for detecting viruses in respiratory secretions, the use of the glutaraldehyde and periodate methods for peroxidase conjugation, the application of enzyme immunoassay techniques in the detection of viral antigens and antibodies, and training in the use of these techniques. A number of recommendations for further research are made.", "contents": "Progress in the rapid diagnosis of viral infections: a memorandum. This Memorandum reports the progress that has been made over the past year in the development of laboratory techniques for the rapid diagnosis of viral infections. Progress is reported in the use of the immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence techniques for detecting viruses in respiratory secretions, the use of the glutaraldehyde and periodate methods for peroxidase conjugation, the application of enzyme immunoassay techniques in the detection of viral antigens and antibodies, and training in the use of these techniques. A number of recommendations for further research are made."}
{"id": "PMID:352569", "title": "Hepatic oxygen supply and plasma lactate and glucose in endotoxic shock.", "content": "Hepatic oxygen supply and selected blood parameters were recorded in fasted male rates given 20--30 mg/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin intraperitoneally. Mortality was 70% within 24 hours. Measurements during the initial eight hours postendotoxin recorded no differences of hematocrit, systemic arterial pressure, or arterial pO2 between survivors and eventual nonsurvivors. However, by the sixth or eighth hour nonsurvivors showed significantly higher plasma lactate, lower plasma glucose and blood pH, and a greater degree of hypocapnea. In addition, a mean hepatic pO2 had decreased from 25.2 mm Hg during the control to 3.8 mm Hg after six hours. A decline of hepatic oxygen supply also occurred in surviving rats but was significantly less severe. Control rats showed a mild degree of respiratory alkalosis but were otherwise stable over eight hours. The relationship of hepatic oxygen supply to differences of plasma lactate and glucose is discussed. Failure of hepatic circulation is cited as the probable cause of extensive liver anoxia and related developments in nonsurviving endotoxic rats.", "contents": "Hepatic oxygen supply and plasma lactate and glucose in endotoxic shock. Hepatic oxygen supply and selected blood parameters were recorded in fasted male rates given 20--30 mg/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin intraperitoneally. Mortality was 70% within 24 hours. Measurements during the initial eight hours postendotoxin recorded no differences of hematocrit, systemic arterial pressure, or arterial pO2 between survivors and eventual nonsurvivors. However, by the sixth or eighth hour nonsurvivors showed significantly higher plasma lactate, lower plasma glucose and blood pH, and a greater degree of hypocapnea. In addition, a mean hepatic pO2 had decreased from 25.2 mm Hg during the control to 3.8 mm Hg after six hours. A decline of hepatic oxygen supply also occurred in surviving rats but was significantly less severe. Control rats showed a mild degree of respiratory alkalosis but were otherwise stable over eight hours. The relationship of hepatic oxygen supply to differences of plasma lactate and glucose is discussed. Failure of hepatic circulation is cited as the probable cause of extensive liver anoxia and related developments in nonsurviving endotoxic rats."}
{"id": "PMID:352560", "title": "[Comparative value of immunofluorescence and immunoenzymology on figured antigen in the immunological diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis].", "content": "Indirect immunoperoxydase method is compared with indirect immunofluorescence using immunized animal and human sera, and negative control sera. The obtained results show a good statisticly established concord and allow to propose the indirect immunoperoxydase method being used in the biological diagnostic of african Trypanosomiasis because its easy carrying out and its examin with an ordinary microscope.", "contents": "[Comparative value of immunofluorescence and immunoenzymology on figured antigen in the immunological diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis]. Indirect immunoperoxydase method is compared with indirect immunofluorescence using immunized animal and human sera, and negative control sera. The obtained results show a good statisticly established concord and allow to propose the indirect immunoperoxydase method being used in the biological diagnostic of african Trypanosomiasis because its easy carrying out and its examin with an ordinary microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:352570", "title": "Fibrinolysis and risk factors of atherosclerotic disease, with special emphasis on diabetes mellitus.", "content": "This paper reviews and discusses the evidence supporting the involvement of defective fibrinolysis in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, with emphasis on diabetes mellitus. According to the literature, defective fibrinolysis has been observed in association with virtually every major \"risk factor\" for coronary heart disease, including diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, obesity, cigarette smoking and lack of physical exercise. The interrelationships between disturbances in carbohydrate and fat metabolism and fibrinolysis are considered. Attention is drawn to the need for increased clinical attention to the potential role of defective fibrinolysis in atherogenesis, and periodic assessments of the fibrinolytic status are suggested as a promising approach toward early recognition of atherosclerotic tendency and risk. The judicious use of physiologic, dietary and pharmacologic means to correct defective fibrinolysis prophylactically and for the treatment of some forms of atherosclerosis is advocated.", "contents": "Fibrinolysis and risk factors of atherosclerotic disease, with special emphasis on diabetes mellitus. This paper reviews and discusses the evidence supporting the involvement of defective fibrinolysis in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, with emphasis on diabetes mellitus. According to the literature, defective fibrinolysis has been observed in association with virtually every major \"risk factor\" for coronary heart disease, including diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, obesity, cigarette smoking and lack of physical exercise. The interrelationships between disturbances in carbohydrate and fat metabolism and fibrinolysis are considered. Attention is drawn to the need for increased clinical attention to the potential role of defective fibrinolysis in atherogenesis, and periodic assessments of the fibrinolytic status are suggested as a promising approach toward early recognition of atherosclerotic tendency and risk. The judicious use of physiologic, dietary and pharmacologic means to correct defective fibrinolysis prophylactically and for the treatment of some forms of atherosclerosis is advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:352572", "title": "Surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass in the elderly.", "content": "This study included 89 patients, 70-82 years (mean 72.8 years), who had procedures using cardiopulmonary bypass since 1955. Twenty-six patients had elective aortic valve replacement (AVR), with two hospital deaths. One patient who underwent emergency AVR for bacterial endocarditis died of septic shock. Ten patients had AVR and coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), with one hospital death (10%). Fourteen patients had mitral valve replacement (MVR), with eight hospital deaths (57%). Two died of left ventricular rupture after leaving the operating room, and the remainder died of low cardiac output. Twenty-five patients had CABG with no early deaths. Seven patients had aneurysms of the thoracic aorta, with two early deaths. Six patients had other procedures with one death, making a total of 16 operative deaths in the 89 patients. Eighty-four of the patients (94%) were New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class III or IV for congestive heart failure and/or angina, preoperatively. Of these, 12 were in extremis immediately before surgery, and six survived. There were 10 late deaths. The actuarial survival rates for one, two and five years for all patients were 69% (40 patients), 47% (20 patients) and 21% (seven patients), respectively. At recent follow-up (mean 20 months) 84% of the hospital survivors were symptomatically improved at least one NYHA Functional Class. We conclude that CABG and/or AVR can be performed in elderly patients with a low hospital mortality and with symptomatic improvement. However, MVR in the elderly carries an unusually high mortality (7.3 times greater than patients less than 70, in our experience), and this risk must be weighed when considering MVR in these patients.", "contents": "Surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass in the elderly. This study included 89 patients, 70-82 years (mean 72.8 years), who had procedures using cardiopulmonary bypass since 1955. Twenty-six patients had elective aortic valve replacement (AVR), with two hospital deaths. One patient who underwent emergency AVR for bacterial endocarditis died of septic shock. Ten patients had AVR and coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), with one hospital death (10%). Fourteen patients had mitral valve replacement (MVR), with eight hospital deaths (57%). Two died of left ventricular rupture after leaving the operating room, and the remainder died of low cardiac output. Twenty-five patients had CABG with no early deaths. Seven patients had aneurysms of the thoracic aorta, with two early deaths. Six patients had other procedures with one death, making a total of 16 operative deaths in the 89 patients. Eighty-four of the patients (94%) were New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class III or IV for congestive heart failure and/or angina, preoperatively. Of these, 12 were in extremis immediately before surgery, and six survived. There were 10 late deaths. The actuarial survival rates for one, two and five years for all patients were 69% (40 patients), 47% (20 patients) and 21% (seven patients), respectively. At recent follow-up (mean 20 months) 84% of the hospital survivors were symptomatically improved at least one NYHA Functional Class. We conclude that CABG and/or AVR can be performed in elderly patients with a low hospital mortality and with symptomatic improvement. However, MVR in the elderly carries an unusually high mortality (7.3 times greater than patients less than 70, in our experience), and this risk must be weighed when considering MVR in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:352577", "title": "Thermometric enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in continuous flow system: optimization and evaluation using human serum albumin as a model system.", "content": "Thermometric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TELISA) is described. After the procedure of optimization, human serum albumin was assayed using anti-human serum albumin bound to Sepharose CL 4-B in the enzyme thermistor unit and catalase as label on the free antigen. The model system was used for assays down to 10(-13)M and the preparation of immobilized antibodies was used repeatedly up to 100 times. Comparative studies of the TELISA technique with bromocresol green, immunoturbidimetric and rocket immunoelectrophoretic methods were carried out and showed that TELISA could be used as an alternative method.", "contents": "Thermometric enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in continuous flow system: optimization and evaluation using human serum albumin as a model system. Thermometric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TELISA) is described. After the procedure of optimization, human serum albumin was assayed using anti-human serum albumin bound to Sepharose CL 4-B in the enzyme thermistor unit and catalase as label on the free antigen. The model system was used for assays down to 10(-13)M and the preparation of immobilized antibodies was used repeatedly up to 100 times. Comparative studies of the TELISA technique with bromocresol green, immunoturbidimetric and rocket immunoelectrophoretic methods were carried out and showed that TELISA could be used as an alternative method."}
{"id": "PMID:352578", "title": "Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal function in male central precocious puberty.", "content": "Eleven boys aged 1-10 years with central precocious puberty were studied. According to the pubertal development six were classified as P2, one as P3 and four as P5. In all cases plasma testosterone levels were definitely elevated (1.7-5.8 ng/ml) when compared with pre-pubertal controls. Peak values after HCG (3 X 1500 units) in four of the boys were in the high adult range. The binding capacity of serum testosterone oestradiol binding globuline (TeBG) ranged between 0.5 and 7.30 microgram/dl. Basal plasma levels of LH and FSH were respectively 2.06 +/- 0.64 and 1.2 +/- 0.25 miu/ml, and peak levels after LHRH (0.1 mg/m2) 13.9 +/- 3.7 and 2.6 +/- 0.43 miu/ml respectively. The data demonstrated a significant increase of plasma testosterone and post LHRH LH peak levels in boys with central precocious puberty when compared with pre-pubertal controls. The patients at stage P2 exhibited high levels of plasma testosterone contrasting with the degree of pubertal maturation, high values of TeBG and low response to LHRH which were in the pre-pubertal range. These findings suggest that the testicular sensitivity to LH increases early in boys with central precocious puberty, while the testosterone responsiveness, both at peripheral and hypothalamic levels, is delayed.", "contents": "Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal function in male central precocious puberty. Eleven boys aged 1-10 years with central precocious puberty were studied. According to the pubertal development six were classified as P2, one as P3 and four as P5. In all cases plasma testosterone levels were definitely elevated (1.7-5.8 ng/ml) when compared with pre-pubertal controls. Peak values after HCG (3 X 1500 units) in four of the boys were in the high adult range. The binding capacity of serum testosterone oestradiol binding globuline (TeBG) ranged between 0.5 and 7.30 microgram/dl. Basal plasma levels of LH and FSH were respectively 2.06 +/- 0.64 and 1.2 +/- 0.25 miu/ml, and peak levels after LHRH (0.1 mg/m2) 13.9 +/- 3.7 and 2.6 +/- 0.43 miu/ml respectively. The data demonstrated a significant increase of plasma testosterone and post LHRH LH peak levels in boys with central precocious puberty when compared with pre-pubertal controls. The patients at stage P2 exhibited high levels of plasma testosterone contrasting with the degree of pubertal maturation, high values of TeBG and low response to LHRH which were in the pre-pubertal range. These findings suggest that the testicular sensitivity to LH increases early in boys with central precocious puberty, while the testosterone responsiveness, both at peripheral and hypothalamic levels, is delayed."}
{"id": "PMID:352580", "title": "Traumatic ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Traumatic injuries to the region of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) may result in varying degrees of hypomobility of the mandible. The physical and psychological problems associated with restricted jaw opening are outlined. The different forms of ankylosis are mentioned. The rationale behind the various surgical approaches to the problem is outlined, and mention is made of current concepts in joint reconstruction. The importance of supportive adjunctive therapy in the postoperative period, is emphasized.", "contents": "Traumatic ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint. Traumatic injuries to the region of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) may result in varying degrees of hypomobility of the mandible. The physical and psychological problems associated with restricted jaw opening are outlined. The different forms of ankylosis are mentioned. The rationale behind the various surgical approaches to the problem is outlined, and mention is made of current concepts in joint reconstruction. The importance of supportive adjunctive therapy in the postoperative period, is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:352582", "title": "Pompe's disease: diagnosis in kidney and leucocytes using 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.", "content": "The diagnosis of Pompe's disease by the assay of acid alpha-glucosidase in kidney and leucocytes was not previously possible because of the presence of another component which had activity at pH 4.0, but was not deficient in the disease. This problem was resolved either by the use of the inhibitors, turanose, maltose and citrate, or by isoelectric precipitation at pH 5.0, which enabled the estimation of acid alpha glucosidase in kidney and leucocytes.", "contents": "Pompe's disease: diagnosis in kidney and leucocytes using 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. The diagnosis of Pompe's disease by the assay of acid alpha-glucosidase in kidney and leucocytes was not previously possible because of the presence of another component which had activity at pH 4.0, but was not deficient in the disease. This problem was resolved either by the use of the inhibitors, turanose, maltose and citrate, or by isoelectric precipitation at pH 5.0, which enabled the estimation of acid alpha glucosidase in kidney and leucocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:352583", "title": "Loss of suppressor T-lymphocyte function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).", "content": "Immunological reactivity in patients with SLE was studied in vitro trinitrobenzene sulphonate (TNP) specific antibody formation by peripheral blood lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from patients with SLE could produce an increased number of TNP-specific plaque-forming cells (PFC), while no such response could be seen in normal controls. Co-culture of lymphocytes from active SLE patients and normal controls was performed with TNP-Horse red blood cells (TNP-HRBC). The number of PFC by B lymphocytes from active SLE patients was suppressed by T lymphocytes from normal controls. On the other hand, the number of PFC by B lymphocytes from normal controls was increased by T lymphocytes from active SLE patients. Co-culture of lymphocytes from identical twins discordant for SLE was also performed, and the same results were obtained. We further examined the effects of Con A on antibody formation. Con A-treated T lymphocytes from a normal control markedly suppressed TNP-specific PFC by peripheral lymphocytes from active SLE patients. However, Con A-treated T lymphocytes from an active SLE patient did not suppress TNP-specific PFC by lymphocytes from another active SLE patient. These results suggest that active SLE patients showed a loss of suppressor T-lymphocyte function.", "contents": "Loss of suppressor T-lymphocyte function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Immunological reactivity in patients with SLE was studied in vitro trinitrobenzene sulphonate (TNP) specific antibody formation by peripheral blood lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from patients with SLE could produce an increased number of TNP-specific plaque-forming cells (PFC), while no such response could be seen in normal controls. Co-culture of lymphocytes from active SLE patients and normal controls was performed with TNP-Horse red blood cells (TNP-HRBC). The number of PFC by B lymphocytes from active SLE patients was suppressed by T lymphocytes from normal controls. On the other hand, the number of PFC by B lymphocytes from normal controls was increased by T lymphocytes from active SLE patients. Co-culture of lymphocytes from identical twins discordant for SLE was also performed, and the same results were obtained. We further examined the effects of Con A on antibody formation. Con A-treated T lymphocytes from a normal control markedly suppressed TNP-specific PFC by peripheral lymphocytes from active SLE patients. However, Con A-treated T lymphocytes from an active SLE patient did not suppress TNP-specific PFC by lymphocytes from another active SLE patient. These results suggest that active SLE patients showed a loss of suppressor T-lymphocyte function."}
{"id": "PMID:352584", "title": "Polyclonal B-cell activation during rodent malarial infections.", "content": "The numbers of 'background' plaque-forming cells (PFC) secreting IgM specific for either sheep erythrocytes or horse erythrocytes were found to be elevated in the spleens of BALB/c mice during Plasmodium berghei and P. yoelii infection. 'Background' PFC numbers were similarly elevated in the spleens of uninfected mice injected with high speed supernatants of lysates of parasitized red blood cells. The active factor (or factors) in the supernatants was (were) non-dialysable and stable at 56 degrees C, but was (were) destroyed by heating to 100 degrees C.", "contents": "Polyclonal B-cell activation during rodent malarial infections. The numbers of 'background' plaque-forming cells (PFC) secreting IgM specific for either sheep erythrocytes or horse erythrocytes were found to be elevated in the spleens of BALB/c mice during Plasmodium berghei and P. yoelii infection. 'Background' PFC numbers were similarly elevated in the spleens of uninfected mice injected with high speed supernatants of lysates of parasitized red blood cells. The active factor (or factors) in the supernatants was (were) non-dialysable and stable at 56 degrees C, but was (were) destroyed by heating to 100 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:352585", "title": "Delayed removal of renal-bound antigen in decomplemented rabbits with acute serum sickness.", "content": "We have examined the effects of complement depletion, brought about by cobra venom factor (CVF), on the clearance of radiolabelled BSA from the kidney in acute serum sickness in rabbits. The decomplemented group showed a significant decrease in the rate of clearance of renal-bound antigen with a mean half-clearance time of 19.5 days (range 9.3--60) vs 11.3 (range 8.7--15) for the control group. C3 was rapidly cleared from the glomerulus (as assessed by immunofluorescence) when further deposition was prevented by treatment with CVF. Glomerular immune complexes apparently activated the alternative pathway in vitro. These findings suggest that in immune complex nephritis, the clearance of deposited complexes from the kidney is complement-dependent.", "contents": "Delayed removal of renal-bound antigen in decomplemented rabbits with acute serum sickness. We have examined the effects of complement depletion, brought about by cobra venom factor (CVF), on the clearance of radiolabelled BSA from the kidney in acute serum sickness in rabbits. The decomplemented group showed a significant decrease in the rate of clearance of renal-bound antigen with a mean half-clearance time of 19.5 days (range 9.3--60) vs 11.3 (range 8.7--15) for the control group. C3 was rapidly cleared from the glomerulus (as assessed by immunofluorescence) when further deposition was prevented by treatment with CVF. Glomerular immune complexes apparently activated the alternative pathway in vitro. These findings suggest that in immune complex nephritis, the clearance of deposited complexes from the kidney is complement-dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:352586", "title": "The influence of phagocyte function on glomerular localization of aggregated IgM in rats.", "content": "The blood clearance and hepatic localization of aggregated human IgM (AIgM) were studied in relation to the glomerular localization patterns in rats. AIgM was cleared rapidly from the circulation by sinusoidal cells in the liver, monomeric IgM (MIgM) was cleared less rapidly. Localization of AIgM within the glomerulus was dependent on the level in the blood. Low doses led only to a mesangial localization, whereas high doeses resulted in a localization along the capillary walls. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that in the glomerular capillaries the AIgM was localized within endothelial cells or subendothelially, and did not occur within the glomerular basement membrane. Inhibition of the hepatic uptake of AIgM by colloidal carbon resulted in increased levels of circulating AIgM and prolonged the deposition of AIgM in the glomerular capillaries.", "contents": "The influence of phagocyte function on glomerular localization of aggregated IgM in rats. The blood clearance and hepatic localization of aggregated human IgM (AIgM) were studied in relation to the glomerular localization patterns in rats. AIgM was cleared rapidly from the circulation by sinusoidal cells in the liver, monomeric IgM (MIgM) was cleared less rapidly. Localization of AIgM within the glomerulus was dependent on the level in the blood. Low doses led only to a mesangial localization, whereas high doeses resulted in a localization along the capillary walls. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that in the glomerular capillaries the AIgM was localized within endothelial cells or subendothelially, and did not occur within the glomerular basement membrane. Inhibition of the hepatic uptake of AIgM by colloidal carbon resulted in increased levels of circulating AIgM and prolonged the deposition of AIgM in the glomerular capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:352587", "title": "Immunofluorescent antibodies in patients with bird-fancier's lung.", "content": "To assess its value as a screen for avian antibodies, indirect immunofluorescence against avian intestinal tissue has been to test sera from thirty-nine patients with documented bird-fancier's lung disease, thirty-eight asymptomatic bird-fanciers and 257 controls without known avian contact. Immunofluorescent antibodies occurred more frequently than precipitins among patients with BFL and asymptomatic bird-fanicers. Globular fluorescence within the mucus occurred only in patients with avian contact, although other fluorescent antibodies were seen with control patients. No particular pattern was confined to patients with the lung disease. When included in an autoantibody profile, indirect immunofluorescence provides a sensitive and convenient alternative to precipitin methods in screening for avian antibodies.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent antibodies in patients with bird-fancier's lung. To assess its value as a screen for avian antibodies, indirect immunofluorescence against avian intestinal tissue has been to test sera from thirty-nine patients with documented bird-fancier's lung disease, thirty-eight asymptomatic bird-fanciers and 257 controls without known avian contact. Immunofluorescent antibodies occurred more frequently than precipitins among patients with BFL and asymptomatic bird-fanicers. Globular fluorescence within the mucus occurred only in patients with avian contact, although other fluorescent antibodies were seen with control patients. No particular pattern was confined to patients with the lung disease. When included in an autoantibody profile, indirect immunofluorescence provides a sensitive and convenient alternative to precipitin methods in screening for avian antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:352588", "title": "Differentiation between antibodies to protamines and somatic nuclear antigens by means of a comparative fluorescence study on swollen nuclei of spermatozoa and somatic cells.", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescence test on swollen nuclei of rat thymocytes, chicken red blood cells and human and salmon spermatozoa was found to be an easy and satisfactory method for the discrimination between antibodies to sperm-specific nuclear antigens and somatic nuclear antigens. This study shows that nuclear antibodies present in the sera of vasectomized men and in rabbit antisera to human protamines are directed against the human sperm-specific nuclear antigens (protamines), and that they may cross-react with salmon protamine. These sera do not react with somatic nuclear antigens. This comparative fluorescence study and a complement fixation study, performed with sera from diabetic patients, proved that the administration of insulin retard (protamine-zinc-insulin) may lead to the formation of antibodies to the fish protamine. These antibodies may reveal a weak cross reaction with human protamines. The results obtained in this study also prove that the nuclei of chicken red blood cells and human sperm do not contain, or contain very small amounts of, histone fraction H1, and that salmon sperm nuclei do not contain any of the histone fractions, and suggest that the nuclei of mature human spermatozoa contain smaller amounts of histones in comparison to somatic cell nuclei.", "contents": "Differentiation between antibodies to protamines and somatic nuclear antigens by means of a comparative fluorescence study on swollen nuclei of spermatozoa and somatic cells. The indirect immunofluorescence test on swollen nuclei of rat thymocytes, chicken red blood cells and human and salmon spermatozoa was found to be an easy and satisfactory method for the discrimination between antibodies to sperm-specific nuclear antigens and somatic nuclear antigens. This study shows that nuclear antibodies present in the sera of vasectomized men and in rabbit antisera to human protamines are directed against the human sperm-specific nuclear antigens (protamines), and that they may cross-react with salmon protamine. These sera do not react with somatic nuclear antigens. This comparative fluorescence study and a complement fixation study, performed with sera from diabetic patients, proved that the administration of insulin retard (protamine-zinc-insulin) may lead to the formation of antibodies to the fish protamine. These antibodies may reveal a weak cross reaction with human protamines. The results obtained in this study also prove that the nuclei of chicken red blood cells and human sperm do not contain, or contain very small amounts of, histone fraction H1, and that salmon sperm nuclei do not contain any of the histone fractions, and suggest that the nuclei of mature human spermatozoa contain smaller amounts of histones in comparison to somatic cell nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:352589", "title": "Immunofluorescence titres of sperm centrifuged at different speeds.", "content": "Two washing procedures were used on spermatozoa to test the effect of centrifugation on immunofluorescent staining. The rapidly centrifuged spermatozoa often exhibited a loss of acrosomal but an increase in tail antigenicity. A standard technique of sperm preparation for immunofluorescence is recommended in order to have reliable and comparable results.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence titres of sperm centrifuged at different speeds. Two washing procedures were used on spermatozoa to test the effect of centrifugation on immunofluorescent staining. The rapidly centrifuged spermatozoa often exhibited a loss of acrosomal but an increase in tail antigenicity. A standard technique of sperm preparation for immunofluorescence is recommended in order to have reliable and comparable results."}
{"id": "PMID:352590", "title": "Vitamin C and immunity: an assessment of the evidence.", "content": "The high concentration of ascorbate in leucocytes and its rapid expenditure during infection and phagocytosis suggests a role for the vitamin in the immune process. Evidence published to date shows an involvement in the migration and phagocytosis by macrophages and leucocytes, as well as the induction and expression of delayed hypersensitivity. Its effect on antibody production and complement levels is controversial but probably minimal. This study suggests there is room for further investigation into the effect of ascorbate on immunity, particularly with defined populations, but cautions the use of megadose therapy.", "contents": "Vitamin C and immunity: an assessment of the evidence. The high concentration of ascorbate in leucocytes and its rapid expenditure during infection and phagocytosis suggests a role for the vitamin in the immune process. Evidence published to date shows an involvement in the migration and phagocytosis by macrophages and leucocytes, as well as the induction and expression of delayed hypersensitivity. Its effect on antibody production and complement levels is controversial but probably minimal. This study suggests there is room for further investigation into the effect of ascorbate on immunity, particularly with defined populations, but cautions the use of megadose therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:352601", "title": "Changes in the collagen of synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis and effect of D-penicillamine.", "content": "1. Normal synovial membrane contains approximately equal proportions of two genetically distinct forms of collagen, types I and III. The proportion of these two collagens is unchanged in rheumatoid synovium but in addition a small amount of basement membrane collagen is present. Tissue culture of rheumatoid synovium confirms the synthesis of both type I and III collagens. 2. In young normal synovium both type I and type III collagens are stabilized by a reducible keto cross-link, which is replaced in adult tissue by an as yet unknown non-reducible cross-link. During the proliferation of the collagen in adult rheumatoid synovium a high proportion of the keto cross-link is present. This cross-link is not susceptible to cleavage by D-penicillamine, nor does the drug have any effect on the rate of synthesis in vitro. The mode of action of D-penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis does not appear to involve a direct effect on the synovial membrane collagen.", "contents": "Changes in the collagen of synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis and effect of D-penicillamine. 1. Normal synovial membrane contains approximately equal proportions of two genetically distinct forms of collagen, types I and III. The proportion of these two collagens is unchanged in rheumatoid synovium but in addition a small amount of basement membrane collagen is present. Tissue culture of rheumatoid synovium confirms the synthesis of both type I and III collagens. 2. In young normal synovium both type I and type III collagens are stabilized by a reducible keto cross-link, which is replaced in adult tissue by an as yet unknown non-reducible cross-link. During the proliferation of the collagen in adult rheumatoid synovium a high proportion of the keto cross-link is present. This cross-link is not susceptible to cleavage by D-penicillamine, nor does the drug have any effect on the rate of synthesis in vitro. The mode of action of D-penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis does not appear to involve a direct effect on the synovial membrane collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:352605", "title": "Potentially lethal complications of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A case can be made that life expectancy has been prolonged in the diabetic, and some disabling symptoms have been ameliorated by the more recent procedures employed in the management of coronary artery disease and nephropathy. At the same time, the procedures described admittedly present problems and may not be generally available to the vast majority of diabetics. The definitive answer lies in attempting to control diabetes to prevent the development of these and other complications. A number of laboratories are attempting to develop an artificial pancreas or islet transplantation to substitute for the insulin secretory capacity that has been lost or impaired. This is an area of research that demands the highest priority. One cannot be confident that present therapeutic programs can be altered to provide the type of diabetic control necessary for the prevention of complications.", "contents": "Potentially lethal complications of diabetes mellitus. A case can be made that life expectancy has been prolonged in the diabetic, and some disabling symptoms have been ameliorated by the more recent procedures employed in the management of coronary artery disease and nephropathy. At the same time, the procedures described admittedly present problems and may not be generally available to the vast majority of diabetics. The definitive answer lies in attempting to control diabetes to prevent the development of these and other complications. A number of laboratories are attempting to develop an artificial pancreas or islet transplantation to substitute for the insulin secretory capacity that has been lost or impaired. This is an area of research that demands the highest priority. One cannot be confident that present therapeutic programs can be altered to provide the type of diabetic control necessary for the prevention of complications."}
{"id": "PMID:352612", "title": "Inhibition of ovulation in women by chronic treatment with a stimulatory LRH analogue--a new approach to birth control?", "content": "A stimulatory luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) analogue D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LRH was administered subcutaneously once daily in a dose of 5 microgram to four regularly menstruating women. Treatment was instituted within the first three days of the menstrual bleeding and continued for 22--30 days. Ovulation was inhibited in all the women during the treatment cycle. The treatment resulted in disturbances in the pituitary gonadotropin secretion which presumably led to disordered follicular menuration and anovulation. The maximum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to the LRH analogue were obtained during the first few days of treatment. The gonadotropin responses then rapidly decreased during the prolonged treatment. This change in the pituitary responsiveness probably prevented the release of a normal preovulatory LH surge. After the treatment, all the women resumed normal ovulatory menstrual cycles. The results suggest that it might be possible to use stimulatory LRH analogues for birth control.", "contents": "Inhibition of ovulation in women by chronic treatment with a stimulatory LRH analogue--a new approach to birth control? A stimulatory luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) analogue D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LRH was administered subcutaneously once daily in a dose of 5 microgram to four regularly menstruating women. Treatment was instituted within the first three days of the menstrual bleeding and continued for 22--30 days. Ovulation was inhibited in all the women during the treatment cycle. The treatment resulted in disturbances in the pituitary gonadotropin secretion which presumably led to disordered follicular menuration and anovulation. The maximum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to the LRH analogue were obtained during the first few days of treatment. The gonadotropin responses then rapidly decreased during the prolonged treatment. This change in the pituitary responsiveness probably prevented the release of a normal preovulatory LH surge. After the treatment, all the women resumed normal ovulatory menstrual cycles. The results suggest that it might be possible to use stimulatory LRH analogues for birth control."}
{"id": "PMID:352613", "title": "Immunohistological diagnosis of drug-induced hypersensitivity nephritis.", "content": "The immunohistological findings in 10 cases of DIHN and in 6 cases of R-ARF were compared with the patterns of experimental models and human examples of immunological nephritis. In most cases the simultaneous involvement of glomerular and extraglomerular structures was observed. A linear pattern on tubules together with a granular pattern on glomeruli and other structures was more frequently seen in Rifampicin adverse reactions. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence techniques performed in these last cases gave no evidence of the presence of the antigen and specific antibodies in the kidneys.", "contents": "Immunohistological diagnosis of drug-induced hypersensitivity nephritis. The immunohistological findings in 10 cases of DIHN and in 6 cases of R-ARF were compared with the patterns of experimental models and human examples of immunological nephritis. In most cases the simultaneous involvement of glomerular and extraglomerular structures was observed. A linear pattern on tubules together with a granular pattern on glomeruli and other structures was more frequently seen in Rifampicin adverse reactions. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence techniques performed in these last cases gave no evidence of the presence of the antigen and specific antibodies in the kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:352614", "title": "Dipyridamole therapy in the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Dipyridamole was used in 30 cases of nephrotic syndrome, mostly of intractable type. The results indicate that the drug therapy proved to be effective in decreasing urinary protein and controlling nephrotic condition in 40% of the cases after an initial period of treatment. Long-term results of the drug on urinary protein and on nephrotic condition were rated as good in 36.7 and 53.3%, respectively, of the cases treated. The exact mechanism of action of dipyridamole in the nephrotic syndrome is still obscure in many respects. However, the fact that the drug shares its anti-platelet action with the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, e.g. aspirin and indomethacin, and the rapidity with which it produces its urinary protein-decreasing effect, strongly suggests that it inhibits the release of vasoactive amines and other chemical mediators from blood platelets. As far as the present study is concerned, adverse side effects of dipyridamole were few or minimal, even when the drug used in large doses over a prolonged period of time. From these results it is considered that dipyridamole provides a new remedy which is worthy of trying in nephrotic syndrome as a means of reducing the requirement of steroids and immunosuppressive drugs.", "contents": "Dipyridamole therapy in the nephrotic syndrome. Dipyridamole was used in 30 cases of nephrotic syndrome, mostly of intractable type. The results indicate that the drug therapy proved to be effective in decreasing urinary protein and controlling nephrotic condition in 40% of the cases after an initial period of treatment. Long-term results of the drug on urinary protein and on nephrotic condition were rated as good in 36.7 and 53.3%, respectively, of the cases treated. The exact mechanism of action of dipyridamole in the nephrotic syndrome is still obscure in many respects. However, the fact that the drug shares its anti-platelet action with the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, e.g. aspirin and indomethacin, and the rapidity with which it produces its urinary protein-decreasing effect, strongly suggests that it inhibits the release of vasoactive amines and other chemical mediators from blood platelets. As far as the present study is concerned, adverse side effects of dipyridamole were few or minimal, even when the drug used in large doses over a prolonged period of time. From these results it is considered that dipyridamole provides a new remedy which is worthy of trying in nephrotic syndrome as a means of reducing the requirement of steroids and immunosuppressive drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:352631", "title": "Double-blind paired comparison clinical trial of halcinonide and hydrocortisone.", "content": "Fifty patients with a diagnosis of psoriasis, eczematous dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, or neurodermatitis and with bilateral symmetric lesions of equal severity participated in this study. A double-blind paired comparison technique was used in which halcinonide-neomycin-amphotericin ointment was applied to the lesions on one side of the body and hydrocortisone ointment to similar lesions on the other side according to a randomized schedule. The halcinonide-containing combination was statistically superior (p less than 0.05) to hydrocortisone ointment in the treatment of psoriasis patients. No statistically significant difference between the two drugs was obtained for the three other indications studied. No side effects with either ointment were observed. Halcinonide as formulated in this combination is an effective and safe corticosteroid.", "contents": "Double-blind paired comparison clinical trial of halcinonide and hydrocortisone. Fifty patients with a diagnosis of psoriasis, eczematous dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, or neurodermatitis and with bilateral symmetric lesions of equal severity participated in this study. A double-blind paired comparison technique was used in which halcinonide-neomycin-amphotericin ointment was applied to the lesions on one side of the body and hydrocortisone ointment to similar lesions on the other side according to a randomized schedule. The halcinonide-containing combination was statistically superior (p less than 0.05) to hydrocortisone ointment in the treatment of psoriasis patients. No statistically significant difference between the two drugs was obtained for the three other indications studied. No side effects with either ointment were observed. Halcinonide as formulated in this combination is an effective and safe corticosteroid."}
{"id": "PMID:352633", "title": "Oxygen-related intrapulmonary shunting in obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "A simple and previously validated double-indicator technique was used to quantitate shunt in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease at rest, during exercise, and during breathing of 100 percent oxygen. The method avoids several inherent difficulties encountered in previous double-indicator techniques and is independent of the fraction of oxygen in the inspired gas. Sixteen  resting patients with mild obstructive pulmonary disease were found to have intrapulmonary shunting less than or equal to 0.7 percent of the cardiac output (mean, 0-3 +/- 0.2 percent [SD]). During submaximal exercise, shunting was also low (mean, 0.3 +/- 0.1 percent of cardiac output). After breathing pure oxygen for 30 minutes, 11 patients had similar results; however, in four patients, breathing 100 percent oxygen caused an increase intrapulmonary shunting to 1 to 6 percent of the cardiac output. It is concluded that some patients with obstructive pulmonary disease develop intrapulmonary shunting in response to breathing oxygen.", "contents": "Oxygen-related intrapulmonary shunting in obstructive pulmonary disease. A simple and previously validated double-indicator technique was used to quantitate shunt in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease at rest, during exercise, and during breathing of 100 percent oxygen. The method avoids several inherent difficulties encountered in previous double-indicator techniques and is independent of the fraction of oxygen in the inspired gas. Sixteen  resting patients with mild obstructive pulmonary disease were found to have intrapulmonary shunting less than or equal to 0.7 percent of the cardiac output (mean, 0-3 +/- 0.2 percent [SD]). During submaximal exercise, shunting was also low (mean, 0.3 +/- 0.1 percent of cardiac output). After breathing pure oxygen for 30 minutes, 11 patients had similar results; however, in four patients, breathing 100 percent oxygen caused an increase intrapulmonary shunting to 1 to 6 percent of the cardiac output. It is concluded that some patients with obstructive pulmonary disease develop intrapulmonary shunting in response to breathing oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:352634", "title": "The effect of lidoflazine on exercise tolerance in patients with angina pectoris.", "content": "The effect of therapy with lidoflazine on maximal exercise in the upright position was evaluated in 21 patients with angina pectoris. The study consisted of the following three consecutive periods: (1) a three-month period of receving placebo; (2) six months of therapy with lidoflazine; and (3) a six-month period in which patients were randomized to either therapy with lidoflazine or placebo. Functional status was monitored by multistage tests of exercise capacity and the amount of nitroglycerin consumed. From period 1 to period 2, the mean maxial exercise time increased from 4.4 to 6.5 minutes (48 percent; P less than 0.001), and the external workload increased by 68 percent (P less than 0.001). the mean heart rate at two minutes of exercise decreased from 114 to 101 beats per minute (P less than 0.001) but was unchanged at symptom-tolerated maximal exercise. During period 3, the patients receiving therapy with liodflazine maintained their improved exercise tolerance, and the reduction in mean heart rate at two minutes of exercise persisted. Patients receiving placebo during period 3 had a decrease in exercise tolerance, and the mean heart rate at two minutes of exercise increased to control values. Lidoflazine in effective as an antianginal medication, in part due to suppression of the heart rate during exercise.", "contents": "The effect of lidoflazine on exercise tolerance in patients with angina pectoris. The effect of therapy with lidoflazine on maximal exercise in the upright position was evaluated in 21 patients with angina pectoris. The study consisted of the following three consecutive periods: (1) a three-month period of receving placebo; (2) six months of therapy with lidoflazine; and (3) a six-month period in which patients were randomized to either therapy with lidoflazine or placebo. Functional status was monitored by multistage tests of exercise capacity and the amount of nitroglycerin consumed. From period 1 to period 2, the mean maxial exercise time increased from 4.4 to 6.5 minutes (48 percent; P less than 0.001), and the external workload increased by 68 percent (P less than 0.001). the mean heart rate at two minutes of exercise decreased from 114 to 101 beats per minute (P less than 0.001) but was unchanged at symptom-tolerated maximal exercise. During period 3, the patients receiving therapy with liodflazine maintained their improved exercise tolerance, and the reduction in mean heart rate at two minutes of exercise persisted. Patients receiving placebo during period 3 had a decrease in exercise tolerance, and the mean heart rate at two minutes of exercise increased to control values. Lidoflazine in effective as an antianginal medication, in part due to suppression of the heart rate during exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:352636", "title": "Absorption, distribution and elimination of cefazolin in patients with normal renal function.", "content": "Cefazolin was given intramuscularly in a dosage of 1.0 g to 13 bed-ridden patients during treatment for various infections, and the pharmacokinetics evaluated in each subject. In 9 patients the mean serum half-life was 2.7 h, whereas in 4 patients--all over 60 years of age--it was significantly above this value. Impaired renal fuction could not explain the prolonged excretion time in the last group.", "contents": "Absorption, distribution and elimination of cefazolin in patients with normal renal function. Cefazolin was given intramuscularly in a dosage of 1.0 g to 13 bed-ridden patients during treatment for various infections, and the pharmacokinetics evaluated in each subject. In 9 patients the mean serum half-life was 2.7 h, whereas in 4 patients--all over 60 years of age--it was significantly above this value. Impaired renal fuction could not explain the prolonged excretion time in the last group."}
{"id": "PMID:352651", "title": "[Drug-induced oesophageal ulcers (author's transl)].", "content": "Within a one-year period seven patients were observed who had developed ulcers of the upper and mid oesophagus after treatment with doxycycline hydrochloride (n = 3), emepronium bromide (n = 3) or Pantogar (n = 1). In each instance the drug had apparently been swallowed dry. The typical symptoms were a sudden onset of retrosternal chest pain and odynophagia during bed rest. Once the drug had been discontinued and treatment with antacid combined with topical anaesthetics and/or alginic acid instituted the symptoms disappeared within a few days. The authors stress that drugs should be swallowed only with good amounts of fluid and generally not immediately before bed rest.", "contents": "[Drug-induced oesophageal ulcers (author's transl)]. Within a one-year period seven patients were observed who had developed ulcers of the upper and mid oesophagus after treatment with doxycycline hydrochloride (n = 3), emepronium bromide (n = 3) or Pantogar (n = 1). In each instance the drug had apparently been swallowed dry. The typical symptoms were a sudden onset of retrosternal chest pain and odynophagia during bed rest. Once the drug had been discontinued and treatment with antacid combined with topical anaesthetics and/or alginic acid instituted the symptoms disappeared within a few days. The authors stress that drugs should be swallowed only with good amounts of fluid and generally not immediately before bed rest."}
{"id": "PMID:352654", "title": "[Treatment of severe haemolytic-uraemic syndrome by dialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1973 haemodialysis was performed on 30 children with severe haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. Serial measurements were made of blood pressure, blood picture, renal function, complement values, excretion of fibrinogen split-products and beta2-microglobulin in urine. Of 22 children in the acute severe stage two died, in one case treatment having been started too late, in the other as a result of fulminating pneumococcal pneumonia. Twenty children survived without residual symptoms and with normal renal function. Of six children with severe progressive haemolytic-uraemic syndrome two developed terminal renal failure. In one child a renal transplantation has since been performed. One child requires chronic dialysis after nephrectomy. Three children died as a result of arterial hypertension, one of yeast septicaemia. Of two children with recurrent haemolytic-uraemic syndrome one developed terminal renal failure which was successfully treated by renal transplantation. One child died in a hypertensive crisis. The overall death rate of the group was 23%, in the group with the acute severe haemolytic-uraemic syndrome it was 9%. The results suggest that haemodialysis significantly improves the prognosis of severe haemolytic-uraemic syndrome.", "contents": "[Treatment of severe haemolytic-uraemic syndrome by dialysis (author's transl)]. Since 1973 haemodialysis was performed on 30 children with severe haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. Serial measurements were made of blood pressure, blood picture, renal function, complement values, excretion of fibrinogen split-products and beta2-microglobulin in urine. Of 22 children in the acute severe stage two died, in one case treatment having been started too late, in the other as a result of fulminating pneumococcal pneumonia. Twenty children survived without residual symptoms and with normal renal function. Of six children with severe progressive haemolytic-uraemic syndrome two developed terminal renal failure. In one child a renal transplantation has since been performed. One child requires chronic dialysis after nephrectomy. Three children died as a result of arterial hypertension, one of yeast septicaemia. Of two children with recurrent haemolytic-uraemic syndrome one developed terminal renal failure which was successfully treated by renal transplantation. One child died in a hypertensive crisis. The overall death rate of the group was 23%, in the group with the acute severe haemolytic-uraemic syndrome it was 9%. The results suggest that haemodialysis significantly improves the prognosis of severe haemolytic-uraemic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:352663", "title": "Tamoxifen: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in the treatment of breast cancer.", "content": "Tamoxifen 1 is a triphenylethlene oestrogen antagonist which has partial oestrogen agonist activity in some species. Most therapeutic trials with tamoxifen have involved postmenopausal women with advanced brease cancer, about 25 to 60% of patients showing same improvement while receiving treatment (usually 20 or 40mg daily); however- poorly defined assessment criteria in some studies make it difficult to compare the results of different authors. 7 to 18% of patients have had complete clinical remissions lasting for a few months to several years. Although few comparative studies with other treatments have been done, it nevertheless appears that tamoxifen is at least as effective as standard oestrogen or androgen therapy in postmenopausal women, while producing a lower incidence of troublesome adverse effects. In the only comparison with a cytotoxic treatment regimen, the response rates with tamoxifen and cytotoxic therapy were similar (41% versus 50%) in patients who were more than 5 years postmenopausal and had primarily soft-tissue involvement; but in patients who were within 2 to 5 years of their last menstrual period cytotoxic treatment was more effective. Similarly, most authors have reported a higher response rate with tamoxifen in women several years postmenopausal than in those more recently postmenopausal. Tumours which contain receptors respond more often to tamoxifen than those which do not. Administering tamoxifen concomitantly with other chemotherapeutic agents such as cytotoxic drugs appears to increase the response rate, but as might be expected also increases the incidence of adverse reactions. When used alone tamoxifen has been relatively well tolerated in all studies, the overall withdrawal rate due to side-effects being less than 3%.", "contents": "Tamoxifen: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in the treatment of breast cancer. Tamoxifen 1 is a triphenylethlene oestrogen antagonist which has partial oestrogen agonist activity in some species. Most therapeutic trials with tamoxifen have involved postmenopausal women with advanced brease cancer, about 25 to 60% of patients showing same improvement while receiving treatment (usually 20 or 40mg daily); however- poorly defined assessment criteria in some studies make it difficult to compare the results of different authors. 7 to 18% of patients have had complete clinical remissions lasting for a few months to several years. Although few comparative studies with other treatments have been done, it nevertheless appears that tamoxifen is at least as effective as standard oestrogen or androgen therapy in postmenopausal women, while producing a lower incidence of troublesome adverse effects. In the only comparison with a cytotoxic treatment regimen, the response rates with tamoxifen and cytotoxic therapy were similar (41% versus 50%) in patients who were more than 5 years postmenopausal and had primarily soft-tissue involvement; but in patients who were within 2 to 5 years of their last menstrual period cytotoxic treatment was more effective. Similarly, most authors have reported a higher response rate with tamoxifen in women several years postmenopausal than in those more recently postmenopausal. Tumours which contain receptors respond more often to tamoxifen than those which do not. Administering tamoxifen concomitantly with other chemotherapeutic agents such as cytotoxic drugs appears to increase the response rate, but as might be expected also increases the incidence of adverse reactions. When used alone tamoxifen has been relatively well tolerated in all studies, the overall withdrawal rate due to side-effects being less than 3%."}
{"id": "PMID:352664", "title": "Drug-induced liver disease.", "content": "The large number of chemical agents administered for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes can produce various types of hepatic injury by several mechanism. Acute injury may be cytotoxic, cholestatic or mixed. Cytotoxic injury may consist of necrosis or steatosis. Cholestatic injury may be cholangiolitic (hepatocanalicular) or bland (canalicular). Chronic hepatic lesions caused by medicinal agents include chronic active hepatitis, steatosis, cirrhosis, fibrosis, hepatoportal sclerosis (non-cirrhotic portal hypertension), hepatic vein thrombosis, peliosis hepatis, adenoma, carcinoma, and angiosarcoma. There is a useful relationship between the type of hepatic injury and the chemical setting in which the drugs are employed. Some agents produce the liver damage because they are intrinsic (true, predictable) hepatotoxins. Other (non-predictable \"hepatotoxins\"), produce hepatic injury only in the rare and unusually susceptible individual (idiosyncratic injury). Hepatotoxic agents can be recognised by their dose-dependent and experimental reproducibility, properties which are not shared by agents which produce hepatic injury only in idiosyncratic hosts. Intrinsic hepatotoxins may be categorised as direct or indirect. Direct hepatotoxins injure the hepatocyte by direct physiochemical alteration and as a consequence produce metabolic defects. Indirect hepatotoxins selectively block metabolic pathways and, by producing a precise biochemical lesion, lead to structural changes. They may lead to hepatic steatosis or necrosis (cytotoxic indirect hepatotoxins) or block bile flow (cholestatic indirect hepatotoxins). Direct hepatotoxins are rarely encountered as drugs. Overdoses of some drugs and antineoplastic agents appear to be indirect cytotoxic hepatotoxins, and the C-17 alkylated anabolic and contraceptive steroids are indirect, cholestatic hepatotoxins. Idiosyncracy of the host is the mechanism for most types of drug-induced hepatic injury. It may reflect allergy to the drug or a metabolic aberration of the host permitting the production of hepatotoxic metabolites.", "contents": "Drug-induced liver disease. The large number of chemical agents administered for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes can produce various types of hepatic injury by several mechanism. Acute injury may be cytotoxic, cholestatic or mixed. Cytotoxic injury may consist of necrosis or steatosis. Cholestatic injury may be cholangiolitic (hepatocanalicular) or bland (canalicular). Chronic hepatic lesions caused by medicinal agents include chronic active hepatitis, steatosis, cirrhosis, fibrosis, hepatoportal sclerosis (non-cirrhotic portal hypertension), hepatic vein thrombosis, peliosis hepatis, adenoma, carcinoma, and angiosarcoma. There is a useful relationship between the type of hepatic injury and the chemical setting in which the drugs are employed. Some agents produce the liver damage because they are intrinsic (true, predictable) hepatotoxins. Other (non-predictable \"hepatotoxins\"), produce hepatic injury only in the rare and unusually susceptible individual (idiosyncratic injury). Hepatotoxic agents can be recognised by their dose-dependent and experimental reproducibility, properties which are not shared by agents which produce hepatic injury only in idiosyncratic hosts. Intrinsic hepatotoxins may be categorised as direct or indirect. Direct hepatotoxins injure the hepatocyte by direct physiochemical alteration and as a consequence produce metabolic defects. Indirect hepatotoxins selectively block metabolic pathways and, by producing a precise biochemical lesion, lead to structural changes. They may lead to hepatic steatosis or necrosis (cytotoxic indirect hepatotoxins) or block bile flow (cholestatic indirect hepatotoxins). Direct hepatotoxins are rarely encountered as drugs. Overdoses of some drugs and antineoplastic agents appear to be indirect cytotoxic hepatotoxins, and the C-17 alkylated anabolic and contraceptive steroids are indirect, cholestatic hepatotoxins. Idiosyncracy of the host is the mechanism for most types of drug-induced hepatic injury. It may reflect allergy to the drug or a metabolic aberration of the host permitting the production of hepatotoxic metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:352669", "title": "[Statistical considerations on the evaluation of the Krogh-Poulsen clinical functional analysis].", "content": "361 patients, who five years previously were supplied with removable partial protheses, were submitted to Krogh-Poulson clinical function analyses. The test showed no suggestion of functional disturbances in only 12% of patients. Investigations showed that the test should be improved as to reliability, objectivity and validity before being used as a screening procedure in practice.", "contents": "[Statistical considerations on the evaluation of the Krogh-Poulsen clinical functional analysis]. 361 patients, who five years previously were supplied with removable partial protheses, were submitted to Krogh-Poulson clinical function analyses. The test showed no suggestion of functional disturbances in only 12% of patients. Investigations showed that the test should be improved as to reliability, objectivity and validity before being used as a screening procedure in practice."}
{"id": "PMID:352670", "title": "[Casting faults and structural studies on bonded alloys comparing centrifugal castings and vacuum pressure castings].", "content": "The casting processes in use today such as centrifugal casting and vacuum pressure casting were compared with one another. An effort was made to answer the question whether the occurrence of shrink cavities and the mean diameter of the grain of the alloy is dependent on the method of casting. 80 crowns were made by both processes from the baked alloys Degudent Universal, Degudent N and the trial alloy 4437 of the firm Degusa. Slice sections were examined for macro and micro-porosity and the structural appearance was evaluated by linear analysis. Statistical analysis showed that casting faults and casting structure is independent of the method used and their causes must be found in the conditions of casting and the composition of the alloy.", "contents": "[Casting faults and structural studies on bonded alloys comparing centrifugal castings and vacuum pressure castings]. The casting processes in use today such as centrifugal casting and vacuum pressure casting were compared with one another. An effort was made to answer the question whether the occurrence of shrink cavities and the mean diameter of the grain of the alloy is dependent on the method of casting. 80 crowns were made by both processes from the baked alloys Degudent Universal, Degudent N and the trial alloy 4437 of the firm Degusa. Slice sections were examined for macro and micro-porosity and the structural appearance was evaluated by linear analysis. Statistical analysis showed that casting faults and casting structure is independent of the method used and their causes must be found in the conditions of casting and the composition of the alloy."}
{"id": "PMID:352671", "title": "[VMK conus crowns in a prolonged-use study].", "content": "The adhesability and behaviour of ceramic facings of telescoping adhesive elements from baked alloys were tested in prolonged experiments. It was shown that these materials stand up to all requirements if their preparation was properly carried out.", "contents": "[VMK conus crowns in a prolonged-use study]. The adhesability and behaviour of ceramic facings of telescoping adhesive elements from baked alloys were tested in prolonged experiments. It was shown that these materials stand up to all requirements if their preparation was properly carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:352672", "title": "[Orientation studies on the stability of metal-ceramic crowns made from new materials].", "content": "Materials for metal-ceramic crowns have been developed further in the last few years and the use of this type of crown increases steadily. Numerous investigations concern themselves with binding and other properties of this material as well as with its favourable moulding capacity. The present investigation is oriented towards establishing the order of magnitude and limits of confidence of fracture resistance which has to be reckoned with when using a metal-ceramic crown in the mouth.", "contents": "[Orientation studies on the stability of metal-ceramic crowns made from new materials]. Materials for metal-ceramic crowns have been developed further in the last few years and the use of this type of crown increases steadily. Numerous investigations concern themselves with binding and other properties of this material as well as with its favourable moulding capacity. The present investigation is oriented towards establishing the order of magnitude and limits of confidence of fracture resistance which has to be reckoned with when using a metal-ceramic crown in the mouth."}
{"id": "PMID:352673", "title": "[Repairs on metal-ceramic bonded dentures].", "content": "It was shown that the adhesion to metal was always less than to ceramic. The mean value of adhesiveness of Enamelite 500 surpasses with 1.2 daN/cm2 that of Den Mat with 0.8 daN/cm2. The bonding agent which is added to the package was replaced by the adhesive agent Fusion in a further experiment. Here the values for Den Mat increased to 1.65 daN/cm2 whilst those of Enamelite 500 decreased to 0.88 daN/cm2. In clinical trials the repairs held which were not under stress through occlusion or articulation contacts. The colour formation as well as transparency or smoothness of the material were not always satisfactory, the preparation however was quick and simple.", "contents": "[Repairs on metal-ceramic bonded dentures]. It was shown that the adhesion to metal was always less than to ceramic. The mean value of adhesiveness of Enamelite 500 surpasses with 1.2 daN/cm2 that of Den Mat with 0.8 daN/cm2. The bonding agent which is added to the package was replaced by the adhesive agent Fusion in a further experiment. Here the values for Den Mat increased to 1.65 daN/cm2 whilst those of Enamelite 500 decreased to 0.88 daN/cm2. In clinical trials the repairs held which were not under stress through occlusion or articulation contacts. The colour formation as well as transparency or smoothness of the material were not always satisfactory, the preparation however was quick and simple."}
{"id": "PMID:352674", "title": "[Experimental studies on the hardness and adhesiveness of repair materials for metal ceramics].", "content": "This is a report of tests on the hardness and ability to adhere of materials which are recommended for the correction of cracked ceramic facings. The test for adhesiveness was carried out on three typical baked alloys and on a ceramic mass. Further tests were carried out to determine the influence of three Cyanoacrylate glues and a special adhesive agent. Results showed that all materials, especially the cyanoacrylate glues (excepting the adhesive agent) suffer from lowering of their adhesive capacity through the influence of moisture.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the hardness and adhesiveness of repair materials for metal ceramics]. This is a report of tests on the hardness and ability to adhere of materials which are recommended for the correction of cracked ceramic facings. The test for adhesiveness was carried out on three typical baked alloys and on a ceramic mass. Further tests were carried out to determine the influence of three Cyanoacrylate glues and a special adhesive agent. Results showed that all materials, especially the cyanoacrylate glues (excepting the adhesive agent) suffer from lowering of their adhesive capacity through the influence of moisture."}
{"id": "PMID:352675", "title": "[Prosthetic principles in endosseous implantation (I) and implantation-based dentures (II)].", "content": "The prosthetic principles in intraosseous implantation and of the implanted replacement are surveyed and an indication is given of the important prosthetic indications. The significance of proper positioning of the implant and shaping of the implanted replacement are specially dealt with.", "contents": "[Prosthetic principles in endosseous implantation (I) and implantation-based dentures (II)]. The prosthetic principles in intraosseous implantation and of the implanted replacement are surveyed and an indication is given of the important prosthetic indications. The significance of proper positioning of the implant and shaping of the implanted replacement are specially dealt with."}
{"id": "PMID:352676", "title": "[Effect of separation of wax models from the matrix at room temperature on the precision of cast crowns].", "content": "Protracting the separation of wax model and work stump in order to overcome the inner tension in the wax at room temperature is not a dependable measure for preventing shrinkage of the cast.", "contents": "[Effect of separation of wax models from the matrix at room temperature on the precision of cast crowns]. Protracting the separation of wax model and work stump in order to overcome the inner tension in the wax at room temperature is not a dependable measure for preventing shrinkage of the cast."}
{"id": "PMID:352677", "title": "[Aspects of orthodontic-prosthetic planning in adults].", "content": "The introduction of firm fitting orthodontic appliances has increased considerably the treatment potential of adults. Many aesthetic and functional problems allow a more satisfactory solution through preparatory orthodontic treatment than was possible up to now by prosthetic means. Surgical measures can facilitate and complement this therapy. In addition dental orthopaedic measures must be stabilised by prosthesis for reasons of retention.", "contents": "[Aspects of orthodontic-prosthetic planning in adults]. The introduction of firm fitting orthodontic appliances has increased considerably the treatment potential of adults. Many aesthetic and functional problems allow a more satisfactory solution through preparatory orthodontic treatment than was possible up to now by prosthetic means. Surgical measures can facilitate and complement this therapy. In addition dental orthopaedic measures must be stabilised by prosthesis for reasons of retention."}
{"id": "PMID:352678", "title": "[Prosthetic treatment of cleft patients after orthodontic treatment].", "content": "The relationship between the therapeutic effort of orthodontic and prosthetic measures was described ana analysed by means of net-plan technique. At the end of surgical treatment three treatment situations were found. Analysis showed that orthodontic and prosthetic therapeutic effort stood in a reciprocal relationship.", "contents": "[Prosthetic treatment of cleft patients after orthodontic treatment]. The relationship between the therapeutic effort of orthodontic and prosthetic measures was described ana analysed by means of net-plan technique. At the end of surgical treatment three treatment situations were found. Analysis showed that orthodontic and prosthetic therapeutic effort stood in a reciprocal relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:352679", "title": "[Kinetics of supporting teeth in patients with partial dentures].", "content": "In 2 female patients with partial prostheses in the lower jaw, a pilot study was undertaken by means of inductive distance measures into the kinetics of supporting teeth during blank mastication over a period of 10 weeks. 1. Already at the beginning the end supports show unphysiological characteristics of movement during pressing and rubbing. 2. The existing canine guidance shows no abnormal kinetics of the supporting teeth during the excursions. 3. The direction of the kinetics of the supporting teeth changes in embedded part prostheses. 4. The abutment teeth show higher kinetic values after 10 weeks (without embedded partial prosthesis) than in the beginning. 5. In embedded partial prostheses all kinetic values closely approach the physiological norm. The directions on the other hand do not correspond with the physiological norm. The partial prosthesis acts as a splint for the abutment teeth.", "contents": "[Kinetics of supporting teeth in patients with partial dentures]. In 2 female patients with partial prostheses in the lower jaw, a pilot study was undertaken by means of inductive distance measures into the kinetics of supporting teeth during blank mastication over a period of 10 weeks. 1. Already at the beginning the end supports show unphysiological characteristics of movement during pressing and rubbing. 2. The existing canine guidance shows no abnormal kinetics of the supporting teeth during the excursions. 3. The direction of the kinetics of the supporting teeth changes in embedded part prostheses. 4. The abutment teeth show higher kinetic values after 10 weeks (without embedded partial prosthesis) than in the beginning. 5. In embedded partial prostheses all kinetic values closely approach the physiological norm. The directions on the other hand do not correspond with the physiological norm. The partial prosthesis acts as a splint for the abutment teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:352680", "title": "[Precision in fixation and remounting of cast parts].", "content": "The exactitude of transferring castings was tested in two currently used methods of casting. Results showed that alginate casting from a remontage matrix and simple casting with IMPREGUM are sufficiently exact for clinical purposes. When the mixing relations between the casting substances is exactly maintained a transfer exactitude of +/- 0.11 is achieved by the methods tested. When there is a change in the relationship of the mixtures deviations of up to 0.20 mm occur.", "contents": "[Precision in fixation and remounting of cast parts]. The exactitude of transferring castings was tested in two currently used methods of casting. Results showed that alginate casting from a remontage matrix and simple casting with IMPREGUM are sufficiently exact for clinical purposes. When the mixing relations between the casting substances is exactly maintained a transfer exactitude of +/- 0.11 is achieved by the methods tested. When there is a change in the relationship of the mixtures deviations of up to 0.20 mm occur."}
{"id": "PMID:352681", "title": "[Critical considerations on the retention of individually cut attachments based on follow-up studies].", "content": "10 prostheses with individually cut attachments and 50 prosthetic appliances with parallel walled telescopic crowns were tested for their retention after a wear of between 2 and 7 1/2 years. Of the attachments only 3 cases showed good retention; in 4 it was minimal and no rentention was seen in 3 cases. Good retention was maintained in 10 telescoping prostheses, 24 had minimal and 16 no retention. Severe grades of loosening was only seen in telescoping supporting teeth where the anchor had good friction.", "contents": "[Critical considerations on the retention of individually cut attachments based on follow-up studies]. 10 prostheses with individually cut attachments and 50 prosthetic appliances with parallel walled telescopic crowns were tested for their retention after a wear of between 2 and 7 1/2 years. Of the attachments only 3 cases showed good retention; in 4 it was minimal and no rentention was seen in 3 cases. Good retention was maintained in 10 telescoping prostheses, 24 had minimal and 16 no retention. Severe grades of loosening was only seen in telescoping supporting teeth where the anchor had good friction."}
{"id": "PMID:352682", "title": "Distribution of LH-RH nerve endings in the median eminence of proestrus female rats: fluorescence and peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunohistochemistry.", "content": "The morphological distribution of the nerve terminals containing LH-RH in the hypothalamus especially in the median eminence of the proestrus female rat was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, using FITC and peroxidase antibody. The terminals containing LH-RH were classified into four groups on the topographic relationship. LH-RH nerve processes terminated mainly in the infurdibular radix within an elliptical zone surrounding the bases of the infundibular recessus. The heaviest concentration of LH-RH terminals immunohistochemically demonstrated lay on each side of the region extending from the dorsal part of tuberoinfundibular sulcus  to the lateral part of the external layer of the superior labium of the infundibulum. We were unable to detect any neuronal soma with the immunoreactivity to LH-RH in the hypothalamic gray matter. The distributional patterns of LH-RH, GH-RIH and monoamine in the median eminence as well as their relationships were briefly discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of LH-RH nerve endings in the median eminence of proestrus female rats: fluorescence and peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunohistochemistry. The morphological distribution of the nerve terminals containing LH-RH in the hypothalamus especially in the median eminence of the proestrus female rat was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, using FITC and peroxidase antibody. The terminals containing LH-RH were classified into four groups on the topographic relationship. LH-RH nerve processes terminated mainly in the infurdibular radix within an elliptical zone surrounding the bases of the infundibular recessus. The heaviest concentration of LH-RH terminals immunohistochemically demonstrated lay on each side of the region extending from the dorsal part of tuberoinfundibular sulcus  to the lateral part of the external layer of the superior labium of the infundibulum. We were unable to detect any neuronal soma with the immunoreactivity to LH-RH in the hypothalamic gray matter. The distributional patterns of LH-RH, GH-RIH and monoamine in the median eminence as well as their relationships were briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352683", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunoassay of somatostatin.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunoassay for somatostatin using somatostatin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate as \"labeled\" antigen was developed. Minimal detectable dose at present was 40 pg per tube. Serial dilutions of rat hypothalamic extract gave a gradual change of antibody-bound alkaline phosphatase activity which was parallel to that with standard somatostatin. Precision and accuracy of the method were comparable to those in radioimmunoassay reported by others. This method will be a useful tool for the determination of somatostatin, especially in tissues.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunoassay of somatostatin. An enzyme-linked immunoassay for somatostatin using somatostatin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate as \"labeled\" antigen was developed. Minimal detectable dose at present was 40 pg per tube. Serial dilutions of rat hypothalamic extract gave a gradual change of antibody-bound alkaline phosphatase activity which was parallel to that with standard somatostatin. Precision and accuracy of the method were comparable to those in radioimmunoassay reported by others. This method will be a useful tool for the determination of somatostatin, especially in tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:352684", "title": "Influence of pilocarpine pretreatment on (pro)insulin biosynthesis of isolated islets of rats.", "content": "3[H]-Leucine incorporation into (pro)insulin and insulin secretion was investigated using islets prepared by collagenase digestion from pancreata of rats pretreated with the cholimimetic agent pilocarpine or with saline (controls). Under the influence of pilocarpine pretreatment the [3H]-leucine incorporation into islet proteins with insulin immunoreactivity is enhanced at 6 mM glucose in the incubation medium of the islets but the incorporated radioactivity at 18 mM glucose is independent of the pretreatment of the animals. Only small or no changes were found regarding insulin secretion. It is concluded that an influence of pilocarpine pretreatment should be taken into consideration using such islets for studies on the regulation of (pro)insulin biosynthesis.", "contents": "Influence of pilocarpine pretreatment on (pro)insulin biosynthesis of isolated islets of rats. 3[H]-Leucine incorporation into (pro)insulin and insulin secretion was investigated using islets prepared by collagenase digestion from pancreata of rats pretreated with the cholimimetic agent pilocarpine or with saline (controls). Under the influence of pilocarpine pretreatment the [3H]-leucine incorporation into islet proteins with insulin immunoreactivity is enhanced at 6 mM glucose in the incubation medium of the islets but the incorporated radioactivity at 18 mM glucose is independent of the pretreatment of the animals. Only small or no changes were found regarding insulin secretion. It is concluded that an influence of pilocarpine pretreatment should be taken into consideration using such islets for studies on the regulation of (pro)insulin biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:352687", "title": "The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. Cationic and secretory effects of menadione in the endocrine pancreas.", "content": "1. Menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) inhibits insulin release evoked in the rat endocrine pancreas by glucose or glyceraldehyde, but fails to affect the secretory response to Ca2+, Ba2+, theophylline or gliclazide. The inhibitory effect of menadione upon glucose-induced insulin release is a dose-related, rapid and reversible phenomenon, menadione and glucose acting apparently as competitive antagonists. Menadione affects both the early and late phase of the secretory response to glucose. Menadione also antagonizes in a dose-related fashion the ability of glucose to reduce 86Rb efflux, to provoke 86Rb accumulation, to cause biphasic changes in 45 Ca efflux and to stimulate 45 Ca net uptake in pancreatic islets. 2. It is concluded that menadione impairs the insulinotropic action of glucose and other nutrients by impeding the remodelling of cationic fluxes normally provoked by these secretagogues in islet cells. Menadione, however, does not affect the capacity of divalent cations to activate the effector system which controls the release of secretory granules. Menadione may therefore represent a valuable  tool to elucidate the mechanism by which glucose normally modifies the movement of cations in the pancreatic B-cell.", "contents": "The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. Cationic and secretory effects of menadione in the endocrine pancreas. 1. Menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) inhibits insulin release evoked in the rat endocrine pancreas by glucose or glyceraldehyde, but fails to affect the secretory response to Ca2+, Ba2+, theophylline or gliclazide. The inhibitory effect of menadione upon glucose-induced insulin release is a dose-related, rapid and reversible phenomenon, menadione and glucose acting apparently as competitive antagonists. Menadione affects both the early and late phase of the secretory response to glucose. Menadione also antagonizes in a dose-related fashion the ability of glucose to reduce 86Rb efflux, to provoke 86Rb accumulation, to cause biphasic changes in 45 Ca efflux and to stimulate 45 Ca net uptake in pancreatic islets. 2. It is concluded that menadione impairs the insulinotropic action of glucose and other nutrients by impeding the remodelling of cationic fluxes normally provoked by these secretagogues in islet cells. Menadione, however, does not affect the capacity of divalent cations to activate the effector system which controls the release of secretory granules. Menadione may therefore represent a valuable  tool to elucidate the mechanism by which glucose normally modifies the movement of cations in the pancreatic B-cell."}
{"id": "PMID:352688", "title": "Consequences of a specific cleavage in situ of 16-S ribosomal RNA for polypeptide chain initiation.", "content": "The effect of bacteriocin (cloacin DF13) treatment of Escherichia coli ribosomes on initiation of protein synthesis has been studied in detail. In agreement with our previous findings [Baan et al. (1976) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 702--706] it is shown that 70-S initiation complexes can be formed with cloacin-treated ribosomes, but that the initiation factor IF-1 does not function properly. The following pleiotropic effects of this factor have been studied: (a) the acceleration of ribosomal subunit exchange with 70-S couples; (b) the stimulation of the IF-3-mediated dissociation of 70-S ribosomes; (c) the stimulation of 30-S initiation complex formation; (d) the enhancement of the rate of release of IF-2 from 70-S initiation complexes. The effects (a) and (b) are virtually abolished after cleavage of 16-S rRNA. The effect (d) is only partially reduced whereas effect (c) seems to be unimpaired. It is concluded that 70-S initiation complex formation with cloacin-treated ribosomes suffers from improper functioning of IF-1 in the generation of active subunits from 70-S tight couples. This is the only effect on initiation. It can be compensated for by adding more IF-3. The data provide functional evidence that 16-S rRNA is involved in ribosomal subunit interaction.", "contents": "Consequences of a specific cleavage in situ of 16-S ribosomal RNA for polypeptide chain initiation. The effect of bacteriocin (cloacin DF13) treatment of Escherichia coli ribosomes on initiation of protein synthesis has been studied in detail. In agreement with our previous findings [Baan et al. (1976) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 702--706] it is shown that 70-S initiation complexes can be formed with cloacin-treated ribosomes, but that the initiation factor IF-1 does not function properly. The following pleiotropic effects of this factor have been studied: (a) the acceleration of ribosomal subunit exchange with 70-S couples; (b) the stimulation of the IF-3-mediated dissociation of 70-S ribosomes; (c) the stimulation of 30-S initiation complex formation; (d) the enhancement of the rate of release of IF-2 from 70-S initiation complexes. The effects (a) and (b) are virtually abolished after cleavage of 16-S rRNA. The effect (d) is only partially reduced whereas effect (c) seems to be unimpaired. It is concluded that 70-S initiation complex formation with cloacin-treated ribosomes suffers from improper functioning of IF-1 in the generation of active subunits from 70-S tight couples. This is the only effect on initiation. It can be compensated for by adding more IF-3. The data provide functional evidence that 16-S rRNA is involved in ribosomal subunit interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:352690", "title": "The synthesis of cytochrome b on mitochondrial ribosomes in baker's yeast.", "content": "Antiserum against a major cytochrome b peptide isolated from yeast mitochondria as described previously (Lin, L.-F.H., and Beattie, D.S., J. Biol. Chem. 1978, 253, 2412--2418) was raised in rabbits and shown to be monospecific against the pure antigen. Mitochondria were isolated from yeast cells grown in [3H]leucine, extracted with Lubrol and treated with antiserum to cytochrome b. Analysis of the immunoprecipitates by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a single major band of molecular weight 31 000 corresponding to cytochrome b. In order to determine the intracellular site of translation of cytochrome b, yeast cells were labeled in vivo under non-growing conditions with [3H]leucine in the absence or presence of inhibitors of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein synthesis. The incorporation of radioactive leucine into the apoprotein of cytochrome b isolated by immunoprecipitation followed by gel electrophoresis was insensitive to cycloheximide (an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis) and sensitive to acriflavin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol (inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis). Furthermore, no cytochrome b apoprotein was present in a cytoplasmic petite mutant which lacked mitochondrial protein synthesis. Cytochrome b is thus a product of protein synthesis on mitochondrial ribosomes.", "contents": "The synthesis of cytochrome b on mitochondrial ribosomes in baker's yeast. Antiserum against a major cytochrome b peptide isolated from yeast mitochondria as described previously (Lin, L.-F.H., and Beattie, D.S., J. Biol. Chem. 1978, 253, 2412--2418) was raised in rabbits and shown to be monospecific against the pure antigen. Mitochondria were isolated from yeast cells grown in [3H]leucine, extracted with Lubrol and treated with antiserum to cytochrome b. Analysis of the immunoprecipitates by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a single major band of molecular weight 31 000 corresponding to cytochrome b. In order to determine the intracellular site of translation of cytochrome b, yeast cells were labeled in vivo under non-growing conditions with [3H]leucine in the absence or presence of inhibitors of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein synthesis. The incorporation of radioactive leucine into the apoprotein of cytochrome b isolated by immunoprecipitation followed by gel electrophoresis was insensitive to cycloheximide (an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis) and sensitive to acriflavin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol (inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis). Furthermore, no cytochrome b apoprotein was present in a cytoplasmic petite mutant which lacked mitochondrial protein synthesis. Cytochrome b is thus a product of protein synthesis on mitochondrial ribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:352691", "title": "Metabolism of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]glucose and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]mannose in yeast and chick-embryo cells.", "content": "2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]glucose and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]mannose have been prepared by tritiation of the corresponding unlabeled 2-fluoro sugars. The tritiated 2-fluoro sugars are phosphorylated and activated by UTP and by GTP to yield UDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]glucose, UDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]mannose, GDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]glucose and GDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]mannose in both cell types. The nucleotide derivatives could also be labeled in the nucleotide moiety by feeding the cells with [14C]uridine or [14C]guanosine in the presence of unlabeled 2-fluoro sugar. No evidence was obtained for metabolic steps in which the six-carbon chain of 2-fluoro sugars was not preserved. No epimerisation of the label to 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]galactose could be observed by radioactive gas-liquid chromatography of the enzymatic cleavage products of the different 2-fluoro sugar metabolites isolated from either cell type. Yeast and chick embryo cells both incorporate 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]glucose and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]mannose specifically into glycoproteins, although this incorporation is very low when compared to the incorporation of 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose.", "contents": "Metabolism of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]glucose and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]mannose in yeast and chick-embryo cells. 2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]glucose and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]mannose have been prepared by tritiation of the corresponding unlabeled 2-fluoro sugars. The tritiated 2-fluoro sugars are phosphorylated and activated by UTP and by GTP to yield UDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]glucose, UDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]mannose, GDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]glucose and GDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]mannose in both cell types. The nucleotide derivatives could also be labeled in the nucleotide moiety by feeding the cells with [14C]uridine or [14C]guanosine in the presence of unlabeled 2-fluoro sugar. No evidence was obtained for metabolic steps in which the six-carbon chain of 2-fluoro sugars was not preserved. No epimerisation of the label to 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]galactose could be observed by radioactive gas-liquid chromatography of the enzymatic cleavage products of the different 2-fluoro sugar metabolites isolated from either cell type. Yeast and chick embryo cells both incorporate 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]glucose and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]mannose specifically into glycoproteins, although this incorporation is very low when compared to the incorporation of 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:352692", "title": "Small-angle X-ray scattering on malate synthase from baker's yeast. The native substrate-free enzyme and enzyme-substrate complexes.", "content": "Malate synthase from baker's yeast has been investigated in solution by the small-angle X-ray scattering technique. Size, shape and structure of the native substrate-free enzyme and of various enzyme-substrate complexes have been determined. As the enzyme was found to be rather unstable against X-rays, several precautions as well as sophisticated evaluation procedures had to be adopted to make sure that the results were not influenced by radiation damage. These included use of low primary intensity, short time of measurement, the presence of high concentrations of dithiothreitol, combined use of the conventional slit-collimation system and the new cone-collimation system. 1. For the native substrate-free enzyme the following molecular parameters could be established: radius of gyration R = 3.96 +/- 0.02 nm, maximum particle diameter D = 11.2 +/- 0.6 nm, radius of gyration of the thickness Rt = 1.04 +/- 0.04 nm, molecular weight Mr = 187000 +/- 3000, correlation volume Vc = 338 +/- 5 nm3, hydration x = 0.35 +/- 0.02 g/g, mean intersection length - l = 5.0 +/- 0.2 nm. Comparison of the experimental scattering curve with theoretical curves for various models showed that the enzyme is equivalent in scattering to an oblate ellipsoid of revolution rather than to a circular cylinder. The semiaxes of this ellipsoid are a = b = 6.06 nm and c = 2.21 nm. Thus with an axial ratio of about 1:0.36 the enzyme is of very anisometric shape. 2. Binding of the substrates (acetyl-CoA, glyoxylate) or the substrate analogue pyruvate causes slight structural changes of the enzyme. These changes are reflected mainly by a slight decrease of the radius of gyration (0.3--1.3%, as established both with the slit-smeared and the desmeared curves). Concomitantly there occurs a decrease of the maximum particle diameter and an increase of the radius of gyration of the thickness. These changes imply an increase of the axial ratio by 2.2--6.9%, i.e. substrate binding induces a decrease of anisometry. While the particle volume appears to be unchanged on binding glyoxylate or its analogue pyruvate, binding of acetyl-CoA causes slight changes of this parameter. In a similar manner the binding of acetyl-CoA leads to a slight enhancement of the molecular weight; this increase corresponds to the binding of 2.7 +/- 1 molecules of acetyl-CoA.", "contents": "Small-angle X-ray scattering on malate synthase from baker's yeast. The native substrate-free enzyme and enzyme-substrate complexes. Malate synthase from baker's yeast has been investigated in solution by the small-angle X-ray scattering technique. Size, shape and structure of the native substrate-free enzyme and of various enzyme-substrate complexes have been determined. As the enzyme was found to be rather unstable against X-rays, several precautions as well as sophisticated evaluation procedures had to be adopted to make sure that the results were not influenced by radiation damage. These included use of low primary intensity, short time of measurement, the presence of high concentrations of dithiothreitol, combined use of the conventional slit-collimation system and the new cone-collimation system. 1. For the native substrate-free enzyme the following molecular parameters could be established: radius of gyration R = 3.96 +/- 0.02 nm, maximum particle diameter D = 11.2 +/- 0.6 nm, radius of gyration of the thickness Rt = 1.04 +/- 0.04 nm, molecular weight Mr = 187000 +/- 3000, correlation volume Vc = 338 +/- 5 nm3, hydration x = 0.35 +/- 0.02 g/g, mean intersection length - l = 5.0 +/- 0.2 nm. Comparison of the experimental scattering curve with theoretical curves for various models showed that the enzyme is equivalent in scattering to an oblate ellipsoid of revolution rather than to a circular cylinder. The semiaxes of this ellipsoid are a = b = 6.06 nm and c = 2.21 nm. Thus with an axial ratio of about 1:0.36 the enzyme is of very anisometric shape. 2. Binding of the substrates (acetyl-CoA, glyoxylate) or the substrate analogue pyruvate causes slight structural changes of the enzyme. These changes are reflected mainly by a slight decrease of the radius of gyration (0.3--1.3%, as established both with the slit-smeared and the desmeared curves). Concomitantly there occurs a decrease of the maximum particle diameter and an increase of the radius of gyration of the thickness. These changes imply an increase of the axial ratio by 2.2--6.9%, i.e. substrate binding induces a decrease of anisometry. While the particle volume appears to be unchanged on binding glyoxylate or its analogue pyruvate, binding of acetyl-CoA causes slight changes of this parameter. In a similar manner the binding of acetyl-CoA leads to a slight enhancement of the molecular weight; this increase corresponds to the binding of 2.7 +/- 1 molecules of acetyl-CoA."}
{"id": "PMID:352693", "title": "The purification and properties of the aspartate aminotransferase and aromatic-amino-acid aminotransferase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A simple and convenient procedure is described for the isolation in good yield of two amino-transferases from various strains of Escherichia coli. On the basis of their substrate specificities one of the enzymes has been classified as an aromatic amino acid aminotransferase and the other as an aspartate aminotransferase, but both act on a wide range of substrates. Pyridoxal phosphate is bound more strongly to the aspartate aminotransferase than to the aromatic amino transferase which cannot be fully re-activated after removal of the prosthetic group. Both enzymes are composed of two subunits which appear to be identical.", "contents": "The purification and properties of the aspartate aminotransferase and aromatic-amino-acid aminotransferase from Escherichia coli. A simple and convenient procedure is described for the isolation in good yield of two amino-transferases from various strains of Escherichia coli. On the basis of their substrate specificities one of the enzymes has been classified as an aromatic amino acid aminotransferase and the other as an aspartate aminotransferase, but both act on a wide range of substrates. Pyridoxal phosphate is bound more strongly to the aspartate aminotransferase than to the aromatic amino transferase which cannot be fully re-activated after removal of the prosthetic group. Both enzymes are composed of two subunits which appear to be identical."}
{"id": "PMID:352694", "title": "Identification of the amino acid functional groups responsible for 30-S ribosome recognition of messenger RNA.", "content": "About 30 protein-selective chemical reagents have been tested for their ability to inhibit the mRNA binding activity of the 30-S ribosome. A number of reagents were investigated which have been shown by other workers to be capable of modifying free epsilon-amino groups of lysine and all were found to inactivate 30-S ribosomes completely for natural mRNA binding activity. Several reagents selective for histidine, tyrosine, and tryptophan were also found to inactivate. We suggest that the epsilon-amino groups of lysine play an important role in mRNA binding to the 30-S ribosome.", "contents": "Identification of the amino acid functional groups responsible for 30-S ribosome recognition of messenger RNA. About 30 protein-selective chemical reagents have been tested for their ability to inhibit the mRNA binding activity of the 30-S ribosome. A number of reagents were investigated which have been shown by other workers to be capable of modifying free epsilon-amino groups of lysine and all were found to inactivate 30-S ribosomes completely for natural mRNA binding activity. Several reagents selective for histidine, tyrosine, and tryptophan were also found to inactivate. We suggest that the epsilon-amino groups of lysine play an important role in mRNA binding to the 30-S ribosome."}
{"id": "PMID:352695", "title": "Optimisation of conditions for the affinity chromatography of human enterokinase on immobilised p-aminobenzamidine. Improvement of the preparative procedure by inclusion of negative affinity chromatography with glycylglycyl-aniline.", "content": "The affinity chromatography of human enterokinase using p-aminobenzamidine as the ligand [Grant, D.A.W. & Hermon-Taylor, J. (1976) Biochem. J. 155, 243-254] has been reassessed and the optimal conditions for the synthesis and operation of the derivatised gel defined. Satisfactory adsorbants were only produced using high concentrations of both CNBr and spacer-arm in the initial coupling slurry. Under these conditions it seemed likely that the majority of the ligand in a sterically favourable position to bind enterokinase was on the external surface of the bead. Trypsin binding to the adsorbant was not so critically dependent on the synthetic conditions and correlated closely with the degree of substitution. Dilution of the adsorbant with unlabelled Sepharose 4B indicated that there was more than one binding site per enterokinase molecule. The highest affinity was presumably for the active site, with adsorption supported by secondary interactions with spacer-arm or gel matrix not necessarily on the same bead. Maximal resolution was obtained by prolonged washing of the gel after loading; two populations of intestinal aminopeptidase were identified. Substitution of aniline for p-aminobenzamidine abolished specific enterokinase adsorption and improved the purification procedure by further removal of onon-specifically adsorbed contaminants.", "contents": "Optimisation of conditions for the affinity chromatography of human enterokinase on immobilised p-aminobenzamidine. Improvement of the preparative procedure by inclusion of negative affinity chromatography with glycylglycyl-aniline. The affinity chromatography of human enterokinase using p-aminobenzamidine as the ligand [Grant, D.A.W. & Hermon-Taylor, J. (1976) Biochem. J. 155, 243-254] has been reassessed and the optimal conditions for the synthesis and operation of the derivatised gel defined. Satisfactory adsorbants were only produced using high concentrations of both CNBr and spacer-arm in the initial coupling slurry. Under these conditions it seemed likely that the majority of the ligand in a sterically favourable position to bind enterokinase was on the external surface of the bead. Trypsin binding to the adsorbant was not so critically dependent on the synthetic conditions and correlated closely with the degree of substitution. Dilution of the adsorbant with unlabelled Sepharose 4B indicated that there was more than one binding site per enterokinase molecule. The highest affinity was presumably for the active site, with adsorption supported by secondary interactions with spacer-arm or gel matrix not necessarily on the same bead. Maximal resolution was obtained by prolonged washing of the gel after loading; two populations of intestinal aminopeptidase were identified. Substitution of aniline for p-aminobenzamidine abolished specific enterokinase adsorption and improved the purification procedure by further removal of onon-specifically adsorbed contaminants."}
{"id": "PMID:352696", "title": "Structural studies on the immunogenic form of the enterobacterial common antigen.", "content": "It has been shown that enterobacterial common antigen is chemically linked to the hexose region of the R1-type lipopolysaccharide fo the Escherichia coli strain F470 which is immunogenic for this antigen. The number of R core stubs substituted is very small but it is a-parently sufficient to induce antibody formation to the enterobacterial common antigen in the rabbit.", "contents": "Structural studies on the immunogenic form of the enterobacterial common antigen. It has been shown that enterobacterial common antigen is chemically linked to the hexose region of the R1-type lipopolysaccharide fo the Escherichia coli strain F470 which is immunogenic for this antigen. The number of R core stubs substituted is very small but it is a-parently sufficient to induce antibody formation to the enterobacterial common antigen in the rabbit."}
{"id": "PMID:352697", "title": "Structure of the hexose region of Shigella sonnei phase II lipopolysaccharide with 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid as possible immunodeterminant and its relation to Escherichia coli R1 core.", "content": "Comparative chemical analysis (methylation, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, periodate oxidation, etc.) of the lipopolysaccharides and degraded polysaccharides derived from Shigella sonnei phase I, phase II and galactose-deficient R mutants revealed a structure as shown: (formula: see text) 3-Deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (dOclA) as an immunodeterminant was observed in the passive hemolysis inhibition test by (a) selective inhibition of the phase II system by dOclA; (b) the kinetics of the change of serological activity during mild acid treatment: 1% acetic acid abolished serological activity; (c) a lack of activity in galactose-less R mutants and reactivity with Re mutants including Salmonella minnesota Re. An enhanced sensitivity of phase II lipopolysaccharide to galactose oxidase after prolonged treatment with 1% acetic acid suggests that dOclA is linked to C-6 of the terminal or subterminal galactose. dOclA as immunodeterminant could explain some different polysaccharide structures described for Escherichia coli R1 core.", "contents": "Structure of the hexose region of Shigella sonnei phase II lipopolysaccharide with 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid as possible immunodeterminant and its relation to Escherichia coli R1 core. Comparative chemical analysis (methylation, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, periodate oxidation, etc.) of the lipopolysaccharides and degraded polysaccharides derived from Shigella sonnei phase I, phase II and galactose-deficient R mutants revealed a structure as shown: (formula: see text) 3-Deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (dOclA) as an immunodeterminant was observed in the passive hemolysis inhibition test by (a) selective inhibition of the phase II system by dOclA; (b) the kinetics of the change of serological activity during mild acid treatment: 1% acetic acid abolished serological activity; (c) a lack of activity in galactose-less R mutants and reactivity with Re mutants including Salmonella minnesota Re. An enhanced sensitivity of phase II lipopolysaccharide to galactose oxidase after prolonged treatment with 1% acetic acid suggests that dOclA is linked to C-6 of the terminal or subterminal galactose. dOclA as immunodeterminant could explain some different polysaccharide structures described for Escherichia coli R1 core."}
{"id": "PMID:352699", "title": "Maximal exercise test in patients with essential hypertension treated with propranolol.", "content": "Maximal exercise test was performed in 15 patients with essential hypertension before and after 10 days of treatment with oral propranolol in daily doses of 320 mg. After the treatment, heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly fell both at rest and after the test; a greater, though not significantly, workload was tolerated; a significant decrease was observed in the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure, together with a marked reduction in electrocardiographic ischemic changes. Propranolol treatment, besides being an effective antihypertensive agent, improved ischemic changes induced by exercise and cardiac performance in hypertensive patients, also in the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "Maximal exercise test in patients with essential hypertension treated with propranolol. Maximal exercise test was performed in 15 patients with essential hypertension before and after 10 days of treatment with oral propranolol in daily doses of 320 mg. After the treatment, heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly fell both at rest and after the test; a greater, though not significantly, workload was tolerated; a significant decrease was observed in the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure, together with a marked reduction in electrocardiographic ischemic changes. Propranolol treatment, besides being an effective antihypertensive agent, improved ischemic changes induced by exercise and cardiac performance in hypertensive patients, also in the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:352700", "title": "Control of heart rate during movement in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Among patients with acute myocardial infarction and a normal heart rate and blood pressure, a high incidence of sympathetic overactivity was recorded during transport. The combined administration of atropine and sotalol had no significant effect on the mean maximum heart rate on movement. However, this drug combination prevented excessive slowing of the heart rate. Sotalol caused a significant reduction in the mean maximum heart rate on movement. The side-effects were minimal. 10% of patients who received sotalol required atropine for the correction of bradyarrhythmia.", "contents": "Control of heart rate during movement in acute myocardial infarction. Among patients with acute myocardial infarction and a normal heart rate and blood pressure, a high incidence of sympathetic overactivity was recorded during transport. The combined administration of atropine and sotalol had no significant effect on the mean maximum heart rate on movement. However, this drug combination prevented excessive slowing of the heart rate. Sotalol caused a significant reduction in the mean maximum heart rate on movement. The side-effects were minimal. 10% of patients who received sotalol required atropine for the correction of bradyarrhythmia."}
{"id": "PMID:352705", "title": "Efficacy of oral mexiletine in the prevention of exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity.", "content": "The anti-arrhythmic effect of oral mexiletine on exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia was studied in a double blind trial of 10 patients suffering from ventricular ectopic beats of different origins. There was a good reproducibility of the amount of ectopic ventricular activity between consecutive exercise tests when no active drug was given. Treatment for 1 week with mexiletine 600 mg daily resulted in a statistically significant reduction in ventricular ectopic beats, particularly during and after exercise; there were virtually no side-effects. The results suggest that mexiletine has considerable potential in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "Efficacy of oral mexiletine in the prevention of exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity. The anti-arrhythmic effect of oral mexiletine on exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia was studied in a double blind trial of 10 patients suffering from ventricular ectopic beats of different origins. There was a good reproducibility of the amount of ectopic ventricular activity between consecutive exercise tests when no active drug was given. Treatment for 1 week with mexiletine 600 mg daily resulted in a statistically significant reduction in ventricular ectopic beats, particularly during and after exercise; there were virtually no side-effects. The results suggest that mexiletine has considerable potential in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:352701", "title": "Ventricular arrhythmias after an acute myocardial infarction. Prognostic weight and natural history.", "content": "160 consecutive CCU-treated AMI patients below 66 yr were investigated for ventricular ectopic beats (VEB) by 6-h telemetry prior to discharge and after 1 yr. During the follow-up year 11 patients died suddenly and 20 suffered reinfarction. By stepwise discriminant analysis three independent prognostic parameters were found: (1) radiologic cardiomegaly; (2) severe VEBs prior to discharge; (3) diabetes mellitus. Previous infarct, angina, functional class II to IV, smoking, higher age and radiologic cardiomegaly were significantly more frequent in patients with VEBs prior to discharge. History of heart failure, functional class deterioration, higher age, male sex, large first infarct, VT or VF in CCU, transmural infarction, radiologic cardiomegaly were more frequent in patients with severe VEBs prior to discharge. VEB severity increased significantly during the follow-up year in survivors without reinfarction. This increase occurred in patients with previous infarction, angina pectoris, higher age and heart failure.", "contents": "Ventricular arrhythmias after an acute myocardial infarction. Prognostic weight and natural history. 160 consecutive CCU-treated AMI patients below 66 yr were investigated for ventricular ectopic beats (VEB) by 6-h telemetry prior to discharge and after 1 yr. During the follow-up year 11 patients died suddenly and 20 suffered reinfarction. By stepwise discriminant analysis three independent prognostic parameters were found: (1) radiologic cardiomegaly; (2) severe VEBs prior to discharge; (3) diabetes mellitus. Previous infarct, angina, functional class II to IV, smoking, higher age and radiologic cardiomegaly were significantly more frequent in patients with VEBs prior to discharge. History of heart failure, functional class deterioration, higher age, male sex, large first infarct, VT or VF in CCU, transmural infarction, radiologic cardiomegaly were more frequent in patients with severe VEBs prior to discharge. VEB severity increased significantly during the follow-up year in survivors without reinfarction. This increase occurred in patients with previous infarction, angina pectoris, higher age and heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:352706", "title": "Acute double blind trial of a new anti-anginal drug: molsidomine.", "content": "The antianginal activity of Molsidomine, a recently developed compound, was studied in 6 patients with stable angina pectoris who attended 3 trial sessions. On different days the patients received single doses of Molsidomine (M; 2 mg), isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN; 5 mg) or placebo (P), in a double blind cross-over manner. All patients performed exercise tests at time 0 (before medication) and 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 min after drug intake. Tests were performed on a treadmill using the Bruce protocol; the ECG were recorded on 3 channel equipment and was stored on 2 channel magnetic tape (Holter system). No difference between basal values before treatment and on exercise during placebo were observed. At a similar submaximal workload after M and ISDN there was no significant change in heart rate or pressure-rate product, a decrease in systolic blood pressure, a reduction of ST ischemic response between 30 to 120 min after drug intake, and after M alone, a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure during the 6 hour period. Molsidomine produced clear inhibition of exercise-evoked ischemic ST changes and a long-lasting effect on diastolic blood pressure.", "contents": "Acute double blind trial of a new anti-anginal drug: molsidomine. The antianginal activity of Molsidomine, a recently developed compound, was studied in 6 patients with stable angina pectoris who attended 3 trial sessions. On different days the patients received single doses of Molsidomine (M; 2 mg), isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN; 5 mg) or placebo (P), in a double blind cross-over manner. All patients performed exercise tests at time 0 (before medication) and 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 min after drug intake. Tests were performed on a treadmill using the Bruce protocol; the ECG were recorded on 3 channel equipment and was stored on 2 channel magnetic tape (Holter system). No difference between basal values before treatment and on exercise during placebo were observed. At a similar submaximal workload after M and ISDN there was no significant change in heart rate or pressure-rate product, a decrease in systolic blood pressure, a reduction of ST ischemic response between 30 to 120 min after drug intake, and after M alone, a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure during the 6 hour period. Molsidomine produced clear inhibition of exercise-evoked ischemic ST changes and a long-lasting effect on diastolic blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:352708", "title": "Treatment of chronic heart failure with slow release phentolamine.", "content": "Oral medication with phentolamine SR produced subjective and objective improvement in all 45 patients with refractory chronic heart failure of various aetiologies, who were already receiving digitalis and diuretics. This was shown by an increase in pulse-pressure amplitude and urine volume, a decrease in bodyweight and marked reduction in cardiac size and pulmonary congestion, the latter changes being more pronounced in patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD). Exercise tolerance tests in a further 34 patients with less severe chronic heart failure demonstrated that phentolamine SR markedly increased physical capacity. This effect was more pronounced in patients with slightly compromised cardiac status (functional Class 2, NYHA) than in those with moderately compromised cardiac status (Class 3). The improvement in clinical condition was attributed mainly to arterial and venous dilatation, as well as to the positive inotropic effect of the drug. The most important side-effects were diarrhoea and, in the patients with ASHD, increased attacks of angina pectoris; The side-effects were well controlled by the anticholinergic agent oxyphenonium bromide (Antrenyl) and a slight increase in the dose of nitrates. It is concluded that oral phentolamine SR may be a valuable therapeutic adjunct in the management of patients with refractory chronic heart failure.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic heart failure with slow release phentolamine. Oral medication with phentolamine SR produced subjective and objective improvement in all 45 patients with refractory chronic heart failure of various aetiologies, who were already receiving digitalis and diuretics. This was shown by an increase in pulse-pressure amplitude and urine volume, a decrease in bodyweight and marked reduction in cardiac size and pulmonary congestion, the latter changes being more pronounced in patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD). Exercise tolerance tests in a further 34 patients with less severe chronic heart failure demonstrated that phentolamine SR markedly increased physical capacity. This effect was more pronounced in patients with slightly compromised cardiac status (functional Class 2, NYHA) than in those with moderately compromised cardiac status (Class 3). The improvement in clinical condition was attributed mainly to arterial and venous dilatation, as well as to the positive inotropic effect of the drug. The most important side-effects were diarrhoea and, in the patients with ASHD, increased attacks of angina pectoris; The side-effects were well controlled by the anticholinergic agent oxyphenonium bromide (Antrenyl) and a slight increase in the dose of nitrates. It is concluded that oral phentolamine SR may be a valuable therapeutic adjunct in the management of patients with refractory chronic heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:352709", "title": "Effect of diazepam and chlorpromazine on memory functions in man.", "content": "The effect of a single oral dose of diazepam 10 mg or chlorpromazine 25 mg on memory in man was examined in a double-blind study, each drug being crossed-over against placebo, with 20 subjects for each drug. Kahn's Test for Symbol Arrangement and a paired association-learning task were used for assessment of acquisition, storage and retrieval, and state-dependency effects. A flicker-fusion test, two coordination tests, and a choice reaction task were used to evaluate alertness in the subjects. Diazepam significantly impaired acquisition, but slightly facilitated recall. Reaction time was shortened after acute diazepam treatment and coordination was impaired after two weeks treatment with diazepam. Acute treatment with chlorpromazine did not change memory or psychomotor performance.", "contents": "Effect of diazepam and chlorpromazine on memory functions in man. The effect of a single oral dose of diazepam 10 mg or chlorpromazine 25 mg on memory in man was examined in a double-blind study, each drug being crossed-over against placebo, with 20 subjects for each drug. Kahn's Test for Symbol Arrangement and a paired association-learning task were used for assessment of acquisition, storage and retrieval, and state-dependency effects. A flicker-fusion test, two coordination tests, and a choice reaction task were used to evaluate alertness in the subjects. Diazepam significantly impaired acquisition, but slightly facilitated recall. Reaction time was shortened after acute diazepam treatment and coordination was impaired after two weeks treatment with diazepam. Acute treatment with chlorpromazine did not change memory or psychomotor performance."}
{"id": "PMID:352710", "title": "Effect of active metabolites of chlordiazepoxide and diazepam, alone or in combination with alcohol, on psychomotor skills related to driving.", "content": "Interaction of the main metabolites of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide with alcohol was measured in two subacute double-blind cross-over experiments on 40 healthy, young volunteers. The drugs were administered for two week periods. The variables measured were choice reaction time and accuracy, eye-hand co-ordination, divided attention, flicker fusion, proprioception and nystagmus. Chlordiazepoxide lactam, methyloxazepam and oxazepam significantly enhanced the alcohol-induced impairment of psychomotor skills, whereas N-desmethyl-diazepam did so only exceptionally in certain subjects in the choice reaction test. It is concluded that diazepam-alcohol interaction on psychomotor skills is mainly due to the parent compound. No correlation between the serum level of the agents and the changes in performance were found.", "contents": "Effect of active metabolites of chlordiazepoxide and diazepam, alone or in combination with alcohol, on psychomotor skills related to driving. Interaction of the main metabolites of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide with alcohol was measured in two subacute double-blind cross-over experiments on 40 healthy, young volunteers. The drugs were administered for two week periods. The variables measured were choice reaction time and accuracy, eye-hand co-ordination, divided attention, flicker fusion, proprioception and nystagmus. Chlordiazepoxide lactam, methyloxazepam and oxazepam significantly enhanced the alcohol-induced impairment of psychomotor skills, whereas N-desmethyl-diazepam did so only exceptionally in certain subjects in the choice reaction test. It is concluded that diazepam-alcohol interaction on psychomotor skills is mainly due to the parent compound. No correlation between the serum level of the agents and the changes in performance were found."}
{"id": "PMID:352711", "title": "Antibodies to ganglioside GM1 induce mitogenic stimulation and cap formation in rat thymocytes.", "content": "Antibodies towards the ganglioside GM1 [galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosyglucosyl ceramide] stimulated DNA synthesis in rat thymocytes. No mitogenic stimulation was observed  with the monomeric Fab fragment of anti-GM1, suggesting that cross-linking of the gangliosides or associated components was required for activation by these antibodies. Incubation of thymocytes with anti-GM1 and fluorescein-labeled anti-rabbit IgG at 0 degree C resulted in uniform ring-like or patchy staining that developed into a pronounced cap upon elevation of temperature. The cap had a characteristic uropod form, enriched with intracellular organelles. Sodium azide and cytochalasin B completely inhibited cap formation, while colchicine was without effect. These results imply a possible direct or indirect association between surface gangliosides and submembraneous cytoskeletal assemblies that control modulation of these surface components and may transmit stimuli to the interior of the cell.", "contents": "Antibodies to ganglioside GM1 induce mitogenic stimulation and cap formation in rat thymocytes. Antibodies towards the ganglioside GM1 [galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosyglucosyl ceramide] stimulated DNA synthesis in rat thymocytes. No mitogenic stimulation was observed  with the monomeric Fab fragment of anti-GM1, suggesting that cross-linking of the gangliosides or associated components was required for activation by these antibodies. Incubation of thymocytes with anti-GM1 and fluorescein-labeled anti-rabbit IgG at 0 degree C resulted in uniform ring-like or patchy staining that developed into a pronounced cap upon elevation of temperature. The cap had a characteristic uropod form, enriched with intracellular organelles. Sodium azide and cytochalasin B completely inhibited cap formation, while colchicine was without effect. These results imply a possible direct or indirect association between surface gangliosides and submembraneous cytoskeletal assemblies that control modulation of these surface components and may transmit stimuli to the interior of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:352712", "title": "Generation and release of eosinophil chemotactic factor from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils by arachidonic acid.", "content": "This study describes the generation and release of an eosinophil chemotactic factor from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils, rat basophilic leukemia cells, and from a lymphocyte monocyte basophil suspension by arachidonic acid (AA). The eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) is highly specific for eosinophils and resembles the ECF activity obtained from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils after stimulation with the Ca ionophore or during phagocytosis. In this regard, AA-induced ECF represents a biological activity distinct from oxidized AA and its conversion products. AA may therefore have a dual function: it represents an important mechanism of cell activation; as AA is converted into prostaglandins, it appears likely that they exert a modulatory and a suppressive role on biological functions, such as chemotaxis and phagocytosis.", "contents": "Generation and release of eosinophil chemotactic factor from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils by arachidonic acid. This study describes the generation and release of an eosinophil chemotactic factor from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils, rat basophilic leukemia cells, and from a lymphocyte monocyte basophil suspension by arachidonic acid (AA). The eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) is highly specific for eosinophils and resembles the ECF activity obtained from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils after stimulation with the Ca ionophore or during phagocytosis. In this regard, AA-induced ECF represents a biological activity distinct from oxidized AA and its conversion products. AA may therefore have a dual function: it represents an important mechanism of cell activation; as AA is converted into prostaglandins, it appears likely that they exert a modulatory and a suppressive role on biological functions, such as chemotaxis and phagocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:352713", "title": "Gabaminergic and serotonergic modulation of the antidyskinetic effects of tiapride and oxiperomide in the model using 2-(N,N-dipropyl)animo-5,6-dihydroxytetralin.", "content": "The activities of oxiperomide and tiapride were compared with those of control \"neuroleptic\" agents in the dyskinesia model using 2-(N,N-dipropyl)amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin to induce peri-oral movements, in order to determine whether the differential activities (oxiperomide and tiapride being comparatively more effective as antagonists) may involve striatal gabaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms. The peri-oral movements induced by the 2-aminotetralin compound (0.05 mg/kg s.c.) were antagonised by intrastriatal GABA (2.5--10 microgram bilateral) and serotonin (25--100 microgram bilateral). Sodium valproate (i.p.) had little effect but 1.25 mg/kg s.c. quipazine abolished the peri-oral dyskinesia. Subthreshold doses (i.p.) of oxiperomide and tiapride synergised with subthreshold intrastriatal doses of both GABA and serotonin, and with s.c. quipazine, to antagonise the peri-oral movements induced by the 2-aminotetralin compound. Subthreshold doses of haloperidol, sultopride, metoclopramide and pimozide failed to consistently antagonise peri-oral movements when similarly combined with GABA, serotonin or quipazine. It is suggested that, in addition to their known action on cerebral dopamine mechanisms, oxiperomide and tiapride may modify abnormal peri-oral movements by modulation of striatal gabaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Gabaminergic and serotonergic modulation of the antidyskinetic effects of tiapride and oxiperomide in the model using 2-(N,N-dipropyl)animo-5,6-dihydroxytetralin. The activities of oxiperomide and tiapride were compared with those of control \"neuroleptic\" agents in the dyskinesia model using 2-(N,N-dipropyl)amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin to induce peri-oral movements, in order to determine whether the differential activities (oxiperomide and tiapride being comparatively more effective as antagonists) may involve striatal gabaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms. The peri-oral movements induced by the 2-aminotetralin compound (0.05 mg/kg s.c.) were antagonised by intrastriatal GABA (2.5--10 microgram bilateral) and serotonin (25--100 microgram bilateral). Sodium valproate (i.p.) had little effect but 1.25 mg/kg s.c. quipazine abolished the peri-oral dyskinesia. Subthreshold doses (i.p.) of oxiperomide and tiapride synergised with subthreshold intrastriatal doses of both GABA and serotonin, and with s.c. quipazine, to antagonise the peri-oral movements induced by the 2-aminotetralin compound. Subthreshold doses of haloperidol, sultopride, metoclopramide and pimozide failed to consistently antagonise peri-oral movements when similarly combined with GABA, serotonin or quipazine. It is suggested that, in addition to their known action on cerebral dopamine mechanisms, oxiperomide and tiapride may modify abnormal peri-oral movements by modulation of striatal gabaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:352732", "title": "Localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in the human placenta.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) has been found to be produced by the placenta. In the present study, the localization of this releasing factor was delineated by the use of an immunofluorescnece technique. Intense fluorescence was localized in the cytotrophoblast, along the outer surface layer of the syncytiotrophoblast, and in the villous stroma. The cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast did not exhibit any fluorescence. It may be speculated that placental LRF plays a role in regulating the production of human chorionic gonadotropin.", "contents": "Localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in the human placenta. Luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) has been found to be produced by the placenta. In the present study, the localization of this releasing factor was delineated by the use of an immunofluorescnece technique. Intense fluorescence was localized in the cytotrophoblast, along the outer surface layer of the syncytiotrophoblast, and in the villous stroma. The cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast did not exhibit any fluorescence. It may be speculated that placental LRF plays a role in regulating the production of human chorionic gonadotropin."}
{"id": "PMID:352735", "title": "Evidence of suppresssor cell-mechanism of allograft tolerance induced by spleen extract and hydrocortisone.", "content": "The mechanism of allograft tolerance in mice induced by cell-free spleen extract in combination with hydrocortisone was investigated. HC potentiated tolerance induction when given after the spleen extract. When HC was given before, or during the first 2 weeks of antigenic treatment, it counteracted rather than potentiated the tolerance-inducing effect. Spleen or lymph node cells transferred from tolerant donors to untreated or sublethally irradiated syngeneic recipients suppressed the recipients' response to the particular alloantigens. The suppressive activity of lymphoid cells from tolerant donors was abolished when before their transfer the subpopulation of T cells was eliminated by means of anti Thy-1.2 serum and complement. This finding suggests that suppressor T cells may be involved in tolerance induced by spleen extract and hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Evidence of suppresssor cell-mechanism of allograft tolerance induced by spleen extract and hydrocortisone. The mechanism of allograft tolerance in mice induced by cell-free spleen extract in combination with hydrocortisone was investigated. HC potentiated tolerance induction when given after the spleen extract. When HC was given before, or during the first 2 weeks of antigenic treatment, it counteracted rather than potentiated the tolerance-inducing effect. Spleen or lymph node cells transferred from tolerant donors to untreated or sublethally irradiated syngeneic recipients suppressed the recipients' response to the particular alloantigens. The suppressive activity of lymphoid cells from tolerant donors was abolished when before their transfer the subpopulation of T cells was eliminated by means of anti Thy-1.2 serum and complement. This finding suggests that suppressor T cells may be involved in tolerance induced by spleen extract and hydrocortisone."}
{"id": "PMID:352738", "title": "Effects of cytochalasin B on endocytosis and exocytosis.", "content": "The complex effects of cytochalasin B on endocytosis and exocytosis are reviewed. Cytochalasin B inhibits phagocytosis by both mononulcear phagocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes but it does not affect the micropinocytic activity of mononulear phagocytes and other cell types. Cytochalasin B causes increased selective release of acid hydrolase from phagocytic cells but its effect on other secretory cells is more variable, stimulating secretion by some cell types, inhibiting secretion in others and having no effect at all in some instances. The possible mechanisms of action of cytochalsin B are discussed with particular emphasis being placed on its effect on the activity of various protein components of cellular contractile systems. We suggest that many of the biolgoical effects of cytochalasin B may be accounted for by such effects.", "contents": "Effects of cytochalasin B on endocytosis and exocytosis. The complex effects of cytochalasin B on endocytosis and exocytosis are reviewed. Cytochalasin B inhibits phagocytosis by both mononulcear phagocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes but it does not affect the micropinocytic activity of mononulear phagocytes and other cell types. Cytochalasin B causes increased selective release of acid hydrolase from phagocytic cells but its effect on other secretory cells is more variable, stimulating secretion by some cell types, inhibiting secretion in others and having no effect at all in some instances. The possible mechanisms of action of cytochalsin B are discussed with particular emphasis being placed on its effect on the activity of various protein components of cellular contractile systems. We suggest that many of the biolgoical effects of cytochalasin B may be accounted for by such effects."}
{"id": "PMID:352741", "title": "The use of cytochalasins to probe the immunobiolgoy of lymphocytes.", "content": "No attempt will be made to summarize in any formal way the \"pot-pourri\" of experiments we have considered in this chapter. It may occur to some that immunologists as a group have been somewhat removed from the advances made in cellular biology during the last decade. Specifically, they may appear to lack an appreciation of the many ways in which durgs like the cytochalasins can affect cell function. Perhaps because of this naivety however, the immunologists have used the cytochalasins to probe systems so complex that they would never have been comtemplated by more conservative investigaors. In doing so they have revealed insight into many systems that will hopefully be of broad biolgical interest. To date the insights have been mostly of a rather superficial nature and clearly demand more thorough investigation. If they are to be done, such studies will have to be performed by non-immunologists bringing new tools and new perspectives to bear on the immunologists' problems.", "contents": "The use of cytochalasins to probe the immunobiolgoy of lymphocytes. No attempt will be made to summarize in any formal way the \"pot-pourri\" of experiments we have considered in this chapter. It may occur to some that immunologists as a group have been somewhat removed from the advances made in cellular biology during the last decade. Specifically, they may appear to lack an appreciation of the many ways in which durgs like the cytochalasins can affect cell function. Perhaps because of this naivety however, the immunologists have used the cytochalasins to probe systems so complex that they would never have been comtemplated by more conservative investigaors. In doing so they have revealed insight into many systems that will hopefully be of broad biolgical interest. To date the insights have been mostly of a rather superficial nature and clearly demand more thorough investigation. If they are to be done, such studies will have to be performed by non-immunologists bringing new tools and new perspectives to bear on the immunologists' problems."}
{"id": "PMID:352748", "title": "[Studies on the effect of the therapeutic dosage of indomethacin on human gonadotropin secretion (author's transl)].", "content": "To investigate the effect of the therapeutic dosage (50 approximately 100 mg/day) of indomethacin (IDM), which is well-known to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins, on the human pituitary-gonadal axis, five experiments were performed. Exp. I and Exp. II: Six healthy male subjects pretreated with IDM for two days (Exp. I), and 12 male patients receiving IDM for 1 to 19 months (Exp. II) were examined. In these two IDM treated groups, resting levels of plasma LH did not change, and LH response to LH-RH (100 microgram i.v.) slightly increased as compared with nontreated control males (N=11). Resting levels of plasma FSH, and FSH response to LH-RH statistically and significantly suppressed in both IDM treated groups, except for FSH response to LH-RH in the IDM pretreated healthy male group. Exp. III: Two healthy women with regular menstrual cycles were treated with IDM for several days just before ovulation. These women's preovulatory LH surges were not blocked by IDM and were followed by a normal luteal pattern of basal body temperature. Exp. IV: Ten female patients receiving IDM for 1 to 10 months were examined. In 9 patients, normal preovulatory LH surges were observed. It was interesting that the duration of the luteal phase was shortened (less than 10 days) in 5 of the 10 patients, and mid-luteal plasma progesterone levels were less than 500 ng/dl even if some of those patients had a normal duration of the luteal phase. Exp. V: In five female patients treated with IDM for 1 to 9 months, mid-follicular gonadotropin secretions were estimated. Resting levels of plasma gonadotropins and their responses to LH-RH did not differ from the control female group (N=4). From these results, it was indicated that (1) the therapeutic dosage of IDM acted on the central nervous system and the anterior pituitary, and then suppressed FSH secretion in male subjects. There was sexual difference in the IDM effect on FSH secretion, that is, mid-follicular FSH secretion was not affected by IDM in female subjects. (2) LH secretion was not suppressed by IDM in either male or female subjects in the mid-follicular phase. (3) The therapeutic dosage of IDM did not block the preovulatory LH surge and ovulation in female subjects, but IDM might act on corpus luteum and cause luteal dysfunction.", "contents": "[Studies on the effect of the therapeutic dosage of indomethacin on human gonadotropin secretion (author's transl)]. To investigate the effect of the therapeutic dosage (50 approximately 100 mg/day) of indomethacin (IDM), which is well-known to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins, on the human pituitary-gonadal axis, five experiments were performed. Exp. I and Exp. II: Six healthy male subjects pretreated with IDM for two days (Exp. I), and 12 male patients receiving IDM for 1 to 19 months (Exp. II) were examined. In these two IDM treated groups, resting levels of plasma LH did not change, and LH response to LH-RH (100 microgram i.v.) slightly increased as compared with nontreated control males (N=11). Resting levels of plasma FSH, and FSH response to LH-RH statistically and significantly suppressed in both IDM treated groups, except for FSH response to LH-RH in the IDM pretreated healthy male group. Exp. III: Two healthy women with regular menstrual cycles were treated with IDM for several days just before ovulation. These women's preovulatory LH surges were not blocked by IDM and were followed by a normal luteal pattern of basal body temperature. Exp. IV: Ten female patients receiving IDM for 1 to 10 months were examined. In 9 patients, normal preovulatory LH surges were observed. It was interesting that the duration of the luteal phase was shortened (less than 10 days) in 5 of the 10 patients, and mid-luteal plasma progesterone levels were less than 500 ng/dl even if some of those patients had a normal duration of the luteal phase. Exp. V: In five female patients treated with IDM for 1 to 9 months, mid-follicular gonadotropin secretions were estimated. Resting levels of plasma gonadotropins and their responses to LH-RH did not differ from the control female group (N=4). From these results, it was indicated that (1) the therapeutic dosage of IDM acted on the central nervous system and the anterior pituitary, and then suppressed FSH secretion in male subjects. There was sexual difference in the IDM effect on FSH secretion, that is, mid-follicular FSH secretion was not affected by IDM in female subjects. (2) LH secretion was not suppressed by IDM in either male or female subjects in the mid-follicular phase. (3) The therapeutic dosage of IDM did not block the preovulatory LH surge and ovulation in female subjects, but IDM might act on corpus luteum and cause luteal dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:352763", "title": "Effectiveness of topically applied antibiotics on anaerobic bacteria in the pilo-sebaceous duct.", "content": "An unspecific cream vehicle containing 1% erythromycin base was applied once a day for 10 days to one side of the forehead of 16 healthy subjects and the same vehicle without the active agent to the other side. Using the same procedure a solution containing 1.19% clindamycin phosphate (corresponding to 1% clindamycin base) and the corresponding unspecific vehicle was administered to another group of 17 healthy males. Prior to the treatment and after the end bacteria were obtained from the pilosebaceous ducts by means of a special sampling technique. Both ointments containing the antibiotics lead to a significant reduction of the bacterial growth in the pilosebaceous ducts regardless of whether evaluation is made of the total bacterial count or of Propionibacteria. Thus, it could be demonstrated that topical application enables some antibiotics to penetrate into the pilosebaceous duct in an adequate concentration to ensure antibacterial effectiveness if a suitable vehicle is used.", "contents": "Effectiveness of topically applied antibiotics on anaerobic bacteria in the pilo-sebaceous duct. An unspecific cream vehicle containing 1% erythromycin base was applied once a day for 10 days to one side of the forehead of 16 healthy subjects and the same vehicle without the active agent to the other side. Using the same procedure a solution containing 1.19% clindamycin phosphate (corresponding to 1% clindamycin base) and the corresponding unspecific vehicle was administered to another group of 17 healthy males. Prior to the treatment and after the end bacteria were obtained from the pilosebaceous ducts by means of a special sampling technique. Both ointments containing the antibiotics lead to a significant reduction of the bacterial growth in the pilosebaceous ducts regardless of whether evaluation is made of the total bacterial count or of Propionibacteria. Thus, it could be demonstrated that topical application enables some antibiotics to penetrate into the pilosebaceous duct in an adequate concentration to ensure antibacterial effectiveness if a suitable vehicle is used."}
{"id": "PMID:352764", "title": "Protective effect of rabbit immune serum administered orally to rats infected by a human pathogenic strain of E. coli.", "content": "1-week-old rats were inoculated orally with a strain of E. coli (serotype 078) isolated from the blood of a newborn baby who had died of septicemia. During the 3 weeks following inoculation, approximately 50% of the animals died of septicemia and 60% of the surviving rats had pathogenic bacteria in their rectum. Some of the surviving rats were severely impaired in their development. Autopsy showed evidence of active intestinal infection localized mainly in the ileum and cecum. A rabbit anti-E. coli (strain 23) serum (agglutinating titer: 1/2,500) afforded 100% protection when as little as 0.03 mg of serum protein per gram of rat body weight was orally administered in a single dose. The immune serum had an effect both on the mortality rate and on the growth of the rats. However, it never affected the survival of pathogenic bacteria in the rectum, even when administered at a daily dose of 1.5 mg of serum protein per gram of rat body weight on 4 consecutive days. The immune rabbit serum had only a weak bactericidal effect in vitro. The hemagglutination test showed the presence in the immune serum of antibodies against the fimbriae of the pathogenic E. coli strain (titer: 1/1,000). The role of antibody in inhibiting the adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells and/or their progression across the mucous layer are discussed as possible immune mechanisms in the intestinal lumen.", "contents": "Protective effect of rabbit immune serum administered orally to rats infected by a human pathogenic strain of E. coli. 1-week-old rats were inoculated orally with a strain of E. coli (serotype 078) isolated from the blood of a newborn baby who had died of septicemia. During the 3 weeks following inoculation, approximately 50% of the animals died of septicemia and 60% of the surviving rats had pathogenic bacteria in their rectum. Some of the surviving rats were severely impaired in their development. Autopsy showed evidence of active intestinal infection localized mainly in the ileum and cecum. A rabbit anti-E. coli (strain 23) serum (agglutinating titer: 1/2,500) afforded 100% protection when as little as 0.03 mg of serum protein per gram of rat body weight was orally administered in a single dose. The immune serum had an effect both on the mortality rate and on the growth of the rats. However, it never affected the survival of pathogenic bacteria in the rectum, even when administered at a daily dose of 1.5 mg of serum protein per gram of rat body weight on 4 consecutive days. The immune rabbit serum had only a weak bactericidal effect in vitro. The hemagglutination test showed the presence in the immune serum of antibodies against the fimbriae of the pathogenic E. coli strain (titer: 1/1,000). The role of antibody in inhibiting the adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells and/or their progression across the mucous layer are discussed as possible immune mechanisms in the intestinal lumen."}
{"id": "PMID:352771", "title": "Proteus mirabilis brain abscess in a neonate.", "content": "Occasionally a brain abscess has been observed in a neonate. This report presents a unique case of a septic infant who developed a proteus mirabilis brain abscess shortly after birth, which persisted undetected until 21/2 months of age.", "contents": "Proteus mirabilis brain abscess in a neonate. Occasionally a brain abscess has been observed in a neonate. This report presents a unique case of a septic infant who developed a proteus mirabilis brain abscess shortly after birth, which persisted undetected until 21/2 months of age."}
{"id": "PMID:352776", "title": "Isolated mouse pancreatic islets in culture: effects of serum and different culture media on the insulin production of the islets.", "content": "Various conditions for tissue culture of collangenase-isolated mouse pancreatic islets were studied in an attempt to optimize the maintenance of glucose stimulated insulin biosynthesis and release in the cultured specimens. Islets which had been cultured at a physiological glucose concentration (5.5 mmol/1) in the absence of serum had an impaired glucose-stimulated insulin biosynthesis and release as well as a reduced insulin content. Thus, insulin biosynthesis was three times higher after culture in a serum supplemented medium. Further, the insulin secretion of islets cultured in the presence of serum was markedly enhanced in acute incubations with high concentrations of glucose. This response was most pronounced in islets which had been cultured free-floating. A comparison between different culture media showed that islets cultured in RPMI 1640 had the highest insulin production. The present data suggest that the most favourable conditions for long-term storage of isolated islets in culture may be obtained when the islets are maintained as free-floating explants in a culture medium consisting of RPMI 1640 supplemented with serum.", "contents": "Isolated mouse pancreatic islets in culture: effects of serum and different culture media on the insulin production of the islets. Various conditions for tissue culture of collangenase-isolated mouse pancreatic islets were studied in an attempt to optimize the maintenance of glucose stimulated insulin biosynthesis and release in the cultured specimens. Islets which had been cultured at a physiological glucose concentration (5.5 mmol/1) in the absence of serum had an impaired glucose-stimulated insulin biosynthesis and release as well as a reduced insulin content. Thus, insulin biosynthesis was three times higher after culture in a serum supplemented medium. Further, the insulin secretion of islets cultured in the presence of serum was markedly enhanced in acute incubations with high concentrations of glucose. This response was most pronounced in islets which had been cultured free-floating. A comparison between different culture media showed that islets cultured in RPMI 1640 had the highest insulin production. The present data suggest that the most favourable conditions for long-term storage of isolated islets in culture may be obtained when the islets are maintained as free-floating explants in a culture medium consisting of RPMI 1640 supplemented with serum."}
{"id": "PMID:352772", "title": "The quantitative distribution of certain enzymes along the small intestine of the rat and its correlation with the villous area and the Paneth cells.", "content": "The distribution of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase, maltase and amylase was studied throughout the small intestine of the adult rat. Lysozyme activity increases along the length of the small intestine and the behaviour of this enzyme slightly differs from the mucosal enzymes reported in this investigation. A positive correlation is found between the percentage of crypts with granulated Paneth cells and the lysozyme activity. This corroborates with the secretory origin of this enzyme from these intestinal cells.", "contents": "The quantitative distribution of certain enzymes along the small intestine of the rat and its correlation with the villous area and the Paneth cells. The distribution of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase, maltase and amylase was studied throughout the small intestine of the adult rat. Lysozyme activity increases along the length of the small intestine and the behaviour of this enzyme slightly differs from the mucosal enzymes reported in this investigation. A positive correlation is found between the percentage of crypts with granulated Paneth cells and the lysozyme activity. This corroborates with the secretory origin of this enzyme from these intestinal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:352773", "title": "Intrahepatic metabolism and secretion of biliary lipids.", "content": "The purpose of this work is to review the arguments which support the role of mixed micelle formation in the biliary secretion of lipids. These arguments are derived from in vitro physicochemical studies and from results obtained in vivo during biliary drainage in animals and in man. They show that, for the essential, mixed micelle formation between lecithins, cholesterol and bile salts can explain the biliary lipid secretion. The amount of lipids transported into the bile depends on the intrahepatic metabolism of cholesterol and lecithins. Different bile salts have opposite effects on the saturation of bile with cholesterol. During chronic administration of bile salts, the differences may be explained by specific actions on cholesterol metabolism and particularly on cholesterol absorption. On the contrary, during acute injection of bile salts, in most animal species, those bile salts which have the greatest ability of dissolving cholesterol in vitro (dihydroxy being more efficient than trihydroxy) are those which determine the greatest biliary secretion of cholesterol.", "contents": "Intrahepatic metabolism and secretion of biliary lipids. The purpose of this work is to review the arguments which support the role of mixed micelle formation in the biliary secretion of lipids. These arguments are derived from in vitro physicochemical studies and from results obtained in vivo during biliary drainage in animals and in man. They show that, for the essential, mixed micelle formation between lecithins, cholesterol and bile salts can explain the biliary lipid secretion. The amount of lipids transported into the bile depends on the intrahepatic metabolism of cholesterol and lecithins. Different bile salts have opposite effects on the saturation of bile with cholesterol. During chronic administration of bile salts, the differences may be explained by specific actions on cholesterol metabolism and particularly on cholesterol absorption. On the contrary, during acute injection of bile salts, in most animal species, those bile salts which have the greatest ability of dissolving cholesterol in vitro (dihydroxy being more efficient than trihydroxy) are those which determine the greatest biliary secretion of cholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:352783", "title": "Effect of BCG cell-wall skeleton on metastasis of syngeneic tumor in rats, with special reference to lymphocyte trapping.", "content": "Oil-attached BCG cell-wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) was demonstrated to have an activity inducing lymphocyte trapping in the draining node in rats. It acts also as a potent adjuvant for the lymphocyte trapping when injected into the growing syngeneic transplantable tumor. Treatment with repeated intratumor injections into the primary tumor resulted in suppression of tumor growth in both primary and metastatic sites. Even when the primary tumor escaped regression, inhibitory effect on metastatic spread was attained by the therapy. The contribution of BCG-CWS to suppression of metastasis especially in the draining node was discussed from the point of lymphocyte trapping in the draining node.", "contents": "Effect of BCG cell-wall skeleton on metastasis of syngeneic tumor in rats, with special reference to lymphocyte trapping. Oil-attached BCG cell-wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) was demonstrated to have an activity inducing lymphocyte trapping in the draining node in rats. It acts also as a potent adjuvant for the lymphocyte trapping when injected into the growing syngeneic transplantable tumor. Treatment with repeated intratumor injections into the primary tumor resulted in suppression of tumor growth in both primary and metastatic sites. Even when the primary tumor escaped regression, inhibitory effect on metastatic spread was attained by the therapy. The contribution of BCG-CWS to suppression of metastasis especially in the draining node was discussed from the point of lymphocyte trapping in the draining node."}
{"id": "PMID:352784", "title": "Immune response of mice in immunotherapy of tumors with syngeneic antitumor serum plus lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Humoral and cellular immune responses were investigated after combination therapy with syngeneic antitumor serum and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The titer of antitumor antibody determined by using a macrophage-mediated system was very high in mice cured by the combination therapy, and this high titer lasted for a long time. In contrast, no significant titer was detected using an antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated system. Thus, antibody-dependent macrophage-mediated cytolysis was a more sensitive method for detecting antitumor antibody. The cellular immune response was measured as the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tumor cells. In mice that had been cured by combination therapy, this reaction appeared at an early stage, before any antitumor antibody was detectable, but it soon decreased. On the other hand, tumor-bearing mice showed a low level of antibody and no significant delayed hypersensitivity reaction.", "contents": "Immune response of mice in immunotherapy of tumors with syngeneic antitumor serum plus lipopolysaccharide. Humoral and cellular immune responses were investigated after combination therapy with syngeneic antitumor serum and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The titer of antitumor antibody determined by using a macrophage-mediated system was very high in mice cured by the combination therapy, and this high titer lasted for a long time. In contrast, no significant titer was detected using an antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated system. Thus, antibody-dependent macrophage-mediated cytolysis was a more sensitive method for detecting antitumor antibody. The cellular immune response was measured as the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tumor cells. In mice that had been cured by combination therapy, this reaction appeared at an early stage, before any antitumor antibody was detectable, but it soon decreased. On the other hand, tumor-bearing mice showed a low level of antibody and no significant delayed hypersensitivity reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:352787", "title": "Lymphoma of the colon: the spectrum of radiologic changes.", "content": "Primary lymphoma of the colon is rare and comprises less than 1% of large bowel malignancies. Secondary colonic involvement in patients with advanced lymphoma is not uncommon and is frequently undetected. The radiographic findings of 34 patients with colonic lymphoma were reviewed. Thirteen patients had primary tumors, while the remaining 21 had colonic involvement secondary to systemic disease. The radiologic features were classified as mucosal nodularity, endo-exoenteric mass, intraluminal mass, mural infiltration, and mesenteric invasion. One patient with diffuse mucosal nodularity developed acute colonic dilatation, while two other patients had pneumatosis coli secondary to local tumor depositions. Lymphoma is now a well-described complication of chronic ulcerative colitis, and a further case is described here. Although colonic lymphoma is a relatively rare tumor, the spectrum of radiologic changes reviewed here may enable a more accurate radiologic diagnosis.", "contents": "Lymphoma of the colon: the spectrum of radiologic changes. Primary lymphoma of the colon is rare and comprises less than 1% of large bowel malignancies. Secondary colonic involvement in patients with advanced lymphoma is not uncommon and is frequently undetected. The radiographic findings of 34 patients with colonic lymphoma were reviewed. Thirteen patients had primary tumors, while the remaining 21 had colonic involvement secondary to systemic disease. The radiologic features were classified as mucosal nodularity, endo-exoenteric mass, intraluminal mass, mural infiltration, and mesenteric invasion. One patient with diffuse mucosal nodularity developed acute colonic dilatation, while two other patients had pneumatosis coli secondary to local tumor depositions. Lymphoma is now a well-described complication of chronic ulcerative colitis, and a further case is described here. Although colonic lymphoma is a relatively rare tumor, the spectrum of radiologic changes reviewed here may enable a more accurate radiologic diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:352788", "title": "Corticosteroid therapy of alcoholic hepatitis.", "content": "Fifty-five patients with alcoholic hepatitis were studied in a 28- to 32-day randomized double blind treatment trial comparing prednisolone (40 mg per day) with placebo therapy. Of 31 placebo-treated patients, 4 died during the study interval and 2 more died within 5 days of study completion. Only 1 of 24 prednisolone-treated patients died during the same interval (Fisher exact test; P = 0.10). Stepwise discriminant analysis of laboratory factors associated with death revealed independently significant associations with prolongation of prothrombin time and height of serum bilirubin at the initiation of the study. When treatment was included as a variable in this discriminant analysis, it was found that corticosteroid therapy significantly decreased mortality (P less than 0.05). The corrected wedged hepatic venous presure decreased to a similar extent in the two groups. These studies suggest that corticosteroid therapy does decrease early mortality in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis, but has no short term effect on the development of portal hypertension.", "contents": "Corticosteroid therapy of alcoholic hepatitis. Fifty-five patients with alcoholic hepatitis were studied in a 28- to 32-day randomized double blind treatment trial comparing prednisolone (40 mg per day) with placebo therapy. Of 31 placebo-treated patients, 4 died during the study interval and 2 more died within 5 days of study completion. Only 1 of 24 prednisolone-treated patients died during the same interval (Fisher exact test; P = 0.10). Stepwise discriminant analysis of laboratory factors associated with death revealed independently significant associations with prolongation of prothrombin time and height of serum bilirubin at the initiation of the study. When treatment was included as a variable in this discriminant analysis, it was found that corticosteroid therapy significantly decreased mortality (P less than 0.05). The corrected wedged hepatic venous presure decreased to a similar extent in the two groups. These studies suggest that corticosteroid therapy does decrease early mortality in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis, but has no short term effect on the development of portal hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:352789", "title": "Reversal of jejunal water secretion by glucose in rats exposed to coliform enterotoxins.", "content": "Glucose absorption and glucose-facilitated water transport were assessed in rats exposed to semipurified preparations of the heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae by in vivo jejunal perfusion of these toxins alone and with varying amounts of glucose. Progressive increases in the glucose concentration of from 12 to 56 mM resulted in incremental rises in water absorption from perfusates containing each of these toxins, with similar delta water values to those for the electrolyte perfusion solution without toxins. Water secretion was reversed to absorption by the addition of 12 mM glucose when secretion was mild, but 24 mM was required to achieve this in the presence of severe secretion; absolute values for water transport did not return to normal in any instance. Glucose absorption from solutions containing 24 and 56 mM glucose was severely reduced by all of the ST toxins and marginally reduced by some of the LT toxins; the effect of LT was not attributable to the toxin itself, however, but to another unidentified factor present in LT, but not ST, preparations from both toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains. These observations indicate that glucose-facilitated water transport remains intact in intestinal tissue exposed to various coliform enterotoxins and that this occurs despite the presence of impaired glucose absorption in some instances. They provide a rational basis for treatment with oral glucose-electrolyte solutions of persons whose diarrhea is caused by toxigenic coliform bacteria.", "contents": "Reversal of jejunal water secretion by glucose in rats exposed to coliform enterotoxins. Glucose absorption and glucose-facilitated water transport were assessed in rats exposed to semipurified preparations of the heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae by in vivo jejunal perfusion of these toxins alone and with varying amounts of glucose. Progressive increases in the glucose concentration of from 12 to 56 mM resulted in incremental rises in water absorption from perfusates containing each of these toxins, with similar delta water values to those for the electrolyte perfusion solution without toxins. Water secretion was reversed to absorption by the addition of 12 mM glucose when secretion was mild, but 24 mM was required to achieve this in the presence of severe secretion; absolute values for water transport did not return to normal in any instance. Glucose absorption from solutions containing 24 and 56 mM glucose was severely reduced by all of the ST toxins and marginally reduced by some of the LT toxins; the effect of LT was not attributable to the toxin itself, however, but to another unidentified factor present in LT, but not ST, preparations from both toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains. These observations indicate that glucose-facilitated water transport remains intact in intestinal tissue exposed to various coliform enterotoxins and that this occurs despite the presence of impaired glucose absorption in some instances. They provide a rational basis for treatment with oral glucose-electrolyte solutions of persons whose diarrhea is caused by toxigenic coliform bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:352797", "title": "Erythromycin resistance and the chloroplast ribosome in Chlamydomonas reinhardi.", "content": "Five classes of erythromycin-resistant mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardi have been identified. Each class corresponds to a different genetic locus, three nuclear and two chloroplast. The three nuclear loci appear to be unlinked, while Conde et al. (1975) have shown that the two chloroplast loci are linked, but not allelic. Mutants in each class have a unique pattern of cross-resistance in vivo to other antibiotics (lincomycin, carbomycin, and cleocin) that affect chloroplast protein synthesis. The chloroplast ribosomes from each class have a distinctive erythromycin-binding reaction in vitro.--Haploid and diploid strains containing combinations of different genes affecting the chloroplast ribosome were constructed to probe ribosome structure. New phenotypes were obtained by such combinations, demonstrating interactions between the gene products of a number of loci specifying ribosome components.", "contents": "Erythromycin resistance and the chloroplast ribosome in Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Five classes of erythromycin-resistant mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardi have been identified. Each class corresponds to a different genetic locus, three nuclear and two chloroplast. The three nuclear loci appear to be unlinked, while Conde et al. (1975) have shown that the two chloroplast loci are linked, but not allelic. Mutants in each class have a unique pattern of cross-resistance in vivo to other antibiotics (lincomycin, carbomycin, and cleocin) that affect chloroplast protein synthesis. The chloroplast ribosomes from each class have a distinctive erythromycin-binding reaction in vitro.--Haploid and diploid strains containing combinations of different genes affecting the chloroplast ribosome were constructed to probe ribosome structure. New phenotypes were obtained by such combinations, demonstrating interactions between the gene products of a number of loci specifying ribosome components."}
{"id": "PMID:352798", "title": "Genetic instability in auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium requiring cysteine or methionine and resistant to inhibition by 1,2,4-triazole.", "content": "Triazole-resistant (Trz(r)) derivatives of six cysteine- or methionine-requiring (Cym(-)) mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were isolated. Some of the derivatives of each mutant (CTS) were prototrophic, i.e., Cym(-) was suppressed. In every case suppression was initially unstable, Cym(-) auxotrophs being segregated at high frequency, although Trz(r) was stable. After several subcultures on selective medium, CTS strains were classified as either persistently unstable or stabilized. The unstable strains segregated Cym( -) auxotrophs at frequencies of 50-70%, whereas the stabilized strains segregated at frequencies of less than 1%. All suppressed strains had a stable Trz(r) marker co-transducible with cysA. However, there was a correlation between the class of CTS strain and Cym(- ) phenotype. The stabilized strains were Cym(+), whereas the unstable strains were Cym(-). Acriflavin and ethidium bromide increased segregation in the unstable strains, suggesting the involvement of a plasmid. The stabilized strains were refractory to the curing agents. There was no detectable change in the quantity or quality of the S. typhimurium cryptic plasmid. The Trz(r) phenotype of the CTS strains suggested that Trz(r) mutations were of the stable TrzA type. It is suggested that correction of the Cym(-) lesions in CTS strains results from an insertion within the cysCDHIJ gene cluster of a DNA species originating in the cysALKptsHI region of the S. typhimurium chromosome.", "contents": "Genetic instability in auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium requiring cysteine or methionine and resistant to inhibition by 1,2,4-triazole. Triazole-resistant (Trz(r)) derivatives of six cysteine- or methionine-requiring (Cym(-)) mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were isolated. Some of the derivatives of each mutant (CTS) were prototrophic, i.e., Cym(-) was suppressed. In every case suppression was initially unstable, Cym(-) auxotrophs being segregated at high frequency, although Trz(r) was stable. After several subcultures on selective medium, CTS strains were classified as either persistently unstable or stabilized. The unstable strains segregated Cym( -) auxotrophs at frequencies of 50-70%, whereas the stabilized strains segregated at frequencies of less than 1%. All suppressed strains had a stable Trz(r) marker co-transducible with cysA. However, there was a correlation between the class of CTS strain and Cym(- ) phenotype. The stabilized strains were Cym(+), whereas the unstable strains were Cym(-). Acriflavin and ethidium bromide increased segregation in the unstable strains, suggesting the involvement of a plasmid. The stabilized strains were refractory to the curing agents. There was no detectable change in the quantity or quality of the S. typhimurium cryptic plasmid. The Trz(r) phenotype of the CTS strains suggested that Trz(r) mutations were of the stable TrzA type. It is suggested that correction of the Cym(-) lesions in CTS strains results from an insertion within the cysCDHIJ gene cluster of a DNA species originating in the cysALKptsHI region of the S. typhimurium chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:352799", "title": "The nature of genetic instability in auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium requiring cysteine or methionine and resistant to inhibition by 1,2,4-triazole.", "content": "We tested the hypothesis that unstable suppression of auxotrophy in triazole-resistant derivatives of Cym- mutants of Salmonella typhimurium is due to reversible insertion at the Cym- site of genetic material originating in the cysALKptsHI region. We have shown that the unstable phenotype was co-transducible with markers in the cysCDHIJ region. The suppression of the Cym phenotype was recA dependent and frequencies of segregation were affected by UV irradiation. Restored enzyme activity in suppressed strains was determined by wild-type enzyme, suggesting that the unstable regions are located in cys gene regulatory regions. These results support the hypothesis. In contradiction, we found no evidence for a deletion in the cysALKptsHI region.", "contents": "The nature of genetic instability in auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium requiring cysteine or methionine and resistant to inhibition by 1,2,4-triazole. We tested the hypothesis that unstable suppression of auxotrophy in triazole-resistant derivatives of Cym- mutants of Salmonella typhimurium is due to reversible insertion at the Cym- site of genetic material originating in the cysALKptsHI region. We have shown that the unstable phenotype was co-transducible with markers in the cysCDHIJ region. The suppression of the Cym phenotype was recA dependent and frequencies of segregation were affected by UV irradiation. Restored enzyme activity in suppressed strains was determined by wild-type enzyme, suggesting that the unstable regions are located in cys gene regulatory regions. These results support the hypothesis. In contradiction, we found no evidence for a deletion in the cysALKptsHI region."}
{"id": "PMID:352800", "title": "[Genetic control of the sensitivity of Aspergillus nidulans to mutagenic factors. VII. Inheritance of cross-sensitivity to different mutagenic factors by uvs-mutants].", "content": "To study the inheritance of the sensitivity to UV, X-rays, methylmethanesulphonate (MMS), nitrosoguanidine (NG) and nitrous acid (NA) in five uvs mutants of Aspergillus nidulans, having multiple sensitivity to these factors, the sensitivity of recombinants obtained from crossing uvs mutants with uvs+ strain, resistant to all the factors analysed, and uvs leads to uvs+ revertants is investigated. Four uvs mutants (15, 17, 19 and 26) are found to have a nomogenic control of sensitivity to different mutagens. In one mutant (uvs11) the sensitivity to five factors is controlled by two non-linked mutations, one of them determining the sensitivity to UV, NG, NA, and the other--to X-rays and MMC. Phenotypic manifestations of uvs mutations is modified by cell genotype, both chromosomal and cytoplasmic factors being responsible for the modification. Phenotypic modification of uvs mutation results in the change to some (but not to all) mutagenic factors. It suggests, that not the product of uvs gene, but some other components of the reparation complex are modified. Otherwise, reparation of different DNA damages can be carried out by a single enzyme acting in different reparation complexes.", "contents": "[Genetic control of the sensitivity of Aspergillus nidulans to mutagenic factors. VII. Inheritance of cross-sensitivity to different mutagenic factors by uvs-mutants]. To study the inheritance of the sensitivity to UV, X-rays, methylmethanesulphonate (MMS), nitrosoguanidine (NG) and nitrous acid (NA) in five uvs mutants of Aspergillus nidulans, having multiple sensitivity to these factors, the sensitivity of recombinants obtained from crossing uvs mutants with uvs+ strain, resistant to all the factors analysed, and uvs leads to uvs+ revertants is investigated. Four uvs mutants (15, 17, 19 and 26) are found to have a nomogenic control of sensitivity to different mutagens. In one mutant (uvs11) the sensitivity to five factors is controlled by two non-linked mutations, one of them determining the sensitivity to UV, NG, NA, and the other--to X-rays and MMC. Phenotypic manifestations of uvs mutations is modified by cell genotype, both chromosomal and cytoplasmic factors being responsible for the modification. Phenotypic modification of uvs mutation results in the change to some (but not to all) mutagenic factors. It suggests, that not the product of uvs gene, but some other components of the reparation complex are modified. Otherwise, reparation of different DNA damages can be carried out by a single enzyme acting in different reparation complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:352801", "title": "[Role of the product of recB-gene in the thymine-less death and characteristics of this phenomenon in a thy-recB--mutant of Escherichia coli K-12].", "content": "Thymine requiring mutants of rec+ and recB- Escherichia coli strains have been tested for their response to thymine deprivation. Exonuclease V-deficient mutant is less sensitive to thymine deprivation than the wild type strain, because there is no lag period at thymineless death of recB- thy- cells. However, the mechanism of thymineless death of thy- rec+ and thy- recB- cells may be different. Two types of thymineless death are proposed to exist. The first type is due to DNA primary structure damages (single-strand breaks or gaps), accompanied by DNA degradation. The restoration of the balance disturbed by the thymine deprivation between DNA and protein synthesis rates by their balanced inhibition promotes a complete repair of structural damages in DNA and prevents the death of rec+ cells. The second type of thymineless death is not linked with the formation of DNA damages, and this is observed in recB- thy- mutant, defective in exonuclease V.", "contents": "[Role of the product of recB-gene in the thymine-less death and characteristics of this phenomenon in a thy-recB--mutant of Escherichia coli K-12]. Thymine requiring mutants of rec+ and recB- Escherichia coli strains have been tested for their response to thymine deprivation. Exonuclease V-deficient mutant is less sensitive to thymine deprivation than the wild type strain, because there is no lag period at thymineless death of recB- thy- cells. However, the mechanism of thymineless death of thy- rec+ and thy- recB- cells may be different. Two types of thymineless death are proposed to exist. The first type is due to DNA primary structure damages (single-strand breaks or gaps), accompanied by DNA degradation. The restoration of the balance disturbed by the thymine deprivation between DNA and protein synthesis rates by their balanced inhibition promotes a complete repair of structural damages in DNA and prevents the death of rec+ cells. The second type of thymineless death is not linked with the formation of DNA damages, and this is observed in recB- thy- mutant, defective in exonuclease V."}
{"id": "PMID:352802", "title": "[Intergeneric conjugational hybridization of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. 1. Obtaining a salmonella hybrid possessing greater recipient activity in crosses with Escherichia coli].", "content": "Intergeneric hybrids were selected from mating HfrH Escherichia coli with F- Salmonella typhimurium. The hybrid obtained from E. coli leu+ and pro+ genes possessed the increased recipient ability in the mating with E. coli HfrR1 (O--ilv--metE--ara). This hybrid lacked the ability to restrict the phage P1 DNA propagated on E. coli K-12. The replacement of mutated uvrA gene of Salmonella for uvrA+ gene of E. coli restore uvr+ phenotype of Salmonella mutant.", "contents": "[Intergeneric conjugational hybridization of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. 1. Obtaining a salmonella hybrid possessing greater recipient activity in crosses with Escherichia coli]. Intergeneric hybrids were selected from mating HfrH Escherichia coli with F- Salmonella typhimurium. The hybrid obtained from E. coli leu+ and pro+ genes possessed the increased recipient ability in the mating with E. coli HfrR1 (O--ilv--metE--ara). This hybrid lacked the ability to restrict the phage P1 DNA propagated on E. coli K-12. The replacement of mutated uvrA gene of Salmonella for uvrA+ gene of E. coli restore uvr+ phenotype of Salmonella mutant."}
{"id": "PMID:352803", "title": "[Genetic and heteroduplex analysis of deletion mutants of plasmid pAS8].", "content": "Heteroduplex analysis of deletion mutants of plasmid pAS8 permitted to construct a physical map and to elaborate in greater detail the genetic map of RP4 plasmid. The correlation between the ability of mutants to replicate in cells lacking functional DNA-polymerase I and the length of the deleted segment permitted to map rep genes of RP4 on DNA region with coordinates 9.8-17.3 kb. A relationship between the manifestation of incompatibility of mutants with IncP-1 plasmids and the length of deletions indicates that inc genes(s) are located on DNA region with coordinates 2.1-9.8 kb. The analysis of replication of deletion mutants and the manifestation of incompatibility just as of the data about the size of appropriate deletions permitted to make the conclusion about the functional and genetic non-identity of the replication control and incompatibility control in RP4 plasmid. Different degrees of incompatibility manifested by different plasmids suggest a possible polygenic control of the incompatibility.", "contents": "[Genetic and heteroduplex analysis of deletion mutants of plasmid pAS8]. Heteroduplex analysis of deletion mutants of plasmid pAS8 permitted to construct a physical map and to elaborate in greater detail the genetic map of RP4 plasmid. The correlation between the ability of mutants to replicate in cells lacking functional DNA-polymerase I and the length of the deleted segment permitted to map rep genes of RP4 on DNA region with coordinates 9.8-17.3 kb. A relationship between the manifestation of incompatibility of mutants with IncP-1 plasmids and the length of deletions indicates that inc genes(s) are located on DNA region with coordinates 2.1-9.8 kb. The analysis of replication of deletion mutants and the manifestation of incompatibility just as of the data about the size of appropriate deletions permitted to make the conclusion about the functional and genetic non-identity of the replication control and incompatibility control in RP4 plasmid. Different degrees of incompatibility manifested by different plasmids suggest a possible polygenic control of the incompatibility."}
{"id": "PMID:352804", "title": "[Induction of direct mutations of intracellular phage cd exposed to O-methylhydroxylamine].", "content": "Intracellular development of DNA-containing cd phage in the presence of O-methylhydroxylamine (in vivo mutagenesis) results in 50-fold increase of mutants in the phage progeny. The main effect is due to the mutagen presence during replication of phage DNA (within 10-20 min after the infection). The presence of the mutagen both before and after DNA replication does not produce any considerable mutagenic effect. Comparison of the data obtained with kinetic reaction of O-methylhydroxylamine with nucleic acid components is due to enzymatic formation of modified precursors, N4-metoxycytidine and/or N6-metoxyadenosine derivatives, which have dual functional specificity, and to their incorporation into genome under DNA replication. The presence of O-methylhydroxylamine increases not only the number of mixed clones with a high content of mutants, but also the number of pure mutant clones. Recombinogenic activity of O-methylhydroxylamine is considered to be a possible cause of this effect.", "contents": "[Induction of direct mutations of intracellular phage cd exposed to O-methylhydroxylamine]. Intracellular development of DNA-containing cd phage in the presence of O-methylhydroxylamine (in vivo mutagenesis) results in 50-fold increase of mutants in the phage progeny. The main effect is due to the mutagen presence during replication of phage DNA (within 10-20 min after the infection). The presence of the mutagen both before and after DNA replication does not produce any considerable mutagenic effect. Comparison of the data obtained with kinetic reaction of O-methylhydroxylamine with nucleic acid components is due to enzymatic formation of modified precursors, N4-metoxycytidine and/or N6-metoxyadenosine derivatives, which have dual functional specificity, and to their incorporation into genome under DNA replication. The presence of O-methylhydroxylamine increases not only the number of mixed clones with a high content of mutants, but also the number of pure mutant clones. Recombinogenic activity of O-methylhydroxylamine is considered to be a possible cause of this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:352805", "title": "[Partial suppression of the effect of gene re1A in Fusr-mutant Escherichia coli K-12 cells].", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 re1A+-strain CP 78 resistant to fusidic acid (Fusr) were isolated and forms sensitive to high concentration of leucine (500 g/ml) were selected. When shifted down from nutrient broth to minimal medium M9 with supplemented glucose and required amino acids, these leucine-sensitive mutants continued RNA synthesis and demonstrated the prolonged lag-phase in contrast to the parent strain CP 78. Both properties are known to be characteristic of the Rel- strains. At the same time withdrawal of the required amino acids results in cessation of RNA synthesis in Fusr mutants, in the parent Rel+ strain. Thus, leucine-sensitive Fusr mutants show Rel- phenotype only upon amino acid starvation caused by shift down from nutrient broth to minimal medium.", "contents": "[Partial suppression of the effect of gene re1A in Fusr-mutant Escherichia coli K-12 cells]. Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 re1A+-strain CP 78 resistant to fusidic acid (Fusr) were isolated and forms sensitive to high concentration of leucine (500 g/ml) were selected. When shifted down from nutrient broth to minimal medium M9 with supplemented glucose and required amino acids, these leucine-sensitive mutants continued RNA synthesis and demonstrated the prolonged lag-phase in contrast to the parent strain CP 78. Both properties are known to be characteristic of the Rel- strains. At the same time withdrawal of the required amino acids results in cessation of RNA synthesis in Fusr mutants, in the parent Rel+ strain. Thus, leucine-sensitive Fusr mutants show Rel- phenotype only upon amino acid starvation caused by shift down from nutrient broth to minimal medium."}
{"id": "PMID:352806", "title": "[Mutagenic activity of dioxydine].", "content": "A previous evaluation of mutagenic activity of some drugs and perspective substances is carried out using indicator microorganisms. The mutagenicity of dioxydine, a drag with discovered antibacterial activity, is investigated. Dioxydine is shown to induce reversions in mutant of Salmonella typhimurium TA-1950, the indicator strain which demonstrates mutagenic activity of agents, producing mutations of base pair substitution type. Dioxydine proved to affect logariphmiically growing bacterial culture with great activity. Mutageni effect of dioxydine is not modified itself in microsomal oxidation system in vitro. Some data concerning participation of excision reparation enzyme (uvr-B+ gene product) in repair of lethal damages induced by dioxydine, have been obtained. The dioxydine ability to cause bacterial gene mutations in host mediated assay as well as dominant and recessive sex-linked lethal mutations in Drosophila is demonstrated. Dioxydine is capable of inducing chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells and dominant lethal mutations in mouse germ cells.", "contents": "[Mutagenic activity of dioxydine]. A previous evaluation of mutagenic activity of some drugs and perspective substances is carried out using indicator microorganisms. The mutagenicity of dioxydine, a drag with discovered antibacterial activity, is investigated. Dioxydine is shown to induce reversions in mutant of Salmonella typhimurium TA-1950, the indicator strain which demonstrates mutagenic activity of agents, producing mutations of base pair substitution type. Dioxydine proved to affect logariphmiically growing bacterial culture with great activity. Mutageni effect of dioxydine is not modified itself in microsomal oxidation system in vitro. Some data concerning participation of excision reparation enzyme (uvr-B+ gene product) in repair of lethal damages induced by dioxydine, have been obtained. The dioxydine ability to cause bacterial gene mutations in host mediated assay as well as dominant and recessive sex-linked lethal mutations in Drosophila is demonstrated. Dioxydine is capable of inducing chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells and dominant lethal mutations in mouse germ cells."}
{"id": "PMID:352808", "title": "[Problem of chromosome formation in T-even phages].", "content": "Three basic versions for the formation of circularly permuted and terminally redundant chromosomes with rings, concatemers, or fragments as replicative intermediates were considered. Experimental results show that the chromosome of T-even phage can turn into 4-6 large fragments soon after it penetrates inside the Escherichia coli cell. The fragments are capable for autonomous replication and contribute their material to progeny phage chromosomes. These results confirm the suggestion that circularly permuted and terminally redundant chromosomes of T-even phages are made of fragments. A theoretical analysis of different modes of parental chromosome fragments formation, autonomous replication and ordered association was carried out. In particular, it was emphasized that at a low multiplicity of infection the reassociation of fragments by means of recombination can be accomplished only if breaks in complementary strands of the parental chromosome were made with a shift for about 3000 nucleotides. Complexity is a feature of linear chromosomes that ensures their reproduction without defects at the ends.", "contents": "[Problem of chromosome formation in T-even phages]. Three basic versions for the formation of circularly permuted and terminally redundant chromosomes with rings, concatemers, or fragments as replicative intermediates were considered. Experimental results show that the chromosome of T-even phage can turn into 4-6 large fragments soon after it penetrates inside the Escherichia coli cell. The fragments are capable for autonomous replication and contribute their material to progeny phage chromosomes. These results confirm the suggestion that circularly permuted and terminally redundant chromosomes of T-even phages are made of fragments. A theoretical analysis of different modes of parental chromosome fragments formation, autonomous replication and ordered association was carried out. In particular, it was emphasized that at a low multiplicity of infection the reassociation of fragments by means of recombination can be accomplished only if breaks in complementary strands of the parental chromosome were made with a shift for about 3000 nucleotides. Complexity is a feature of linear chromosomes that ensures their reproduction without defects at the ends."}
{"id": "PMID:352810", "title": "[Construction and study of a new type of phage lambda DNA vector molecule].", "content": "A group of lambda mutants (mutants lambda 0) harbouring lesser number of EcoRI restriction sites on DNA molecules was selected. lambda3-1 recombinant (genotype lambdab221amgamma210Sr1lambda3+c-Px) was created by crosses of lambda02 phage with other lambda mutants. This phage DNA may be used as a vector molecule which makes it possible to select easily phages harbouring insertions of EcoRI DNA fragments. The maximal size of DNA fragment, the insertion of which would not decrease lambda3-1 viability, is 7.7 megadaltone. Lambda3-1 DNA has three regions heterological to lambda DNA, two of which probably include sites SRIlambda4 and SRIlambda5 and some juxtaposed genes. For example, Ptgene of lambda phage in juxtaposition with site SRIlambda4 is substituted by Px gene on the lambda3-1 DNA molecule.", "contents": "[Construction and study of a new type of phage lambda DNA vector molecule]. A group of lambda mutants (mutants lambda 0) harbouring lesser number of EcoRI restriction sites on DNA molecules was selected. lambda3-1 recombinant (genotype lambdab221amgamma210Sr1lambda3+c-Px) was created by crosses of lambda02 phage with other lambda mutants. This phage DNA may be used as a vector molecule which makes it possible to select easily phages harbouring insertions of EcoRI DNA fragments. The maximal size of DNA fragment, the insertion of which would not decrease lambda3-1 viability, is 7.7 megadaltone. Lambda3-1 DNA has three regions heterological to lambda DNA, two of which probably include sites SRIlambda4 and SRIlambda5 and some juxtaposed genes. For example, Ptgene of lambda phage in juxtaposition with site SRIlambda4 is substituted by Px gene on the lambda3-1 DNA molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:352811", "title": "[Localization of Rsf- mutation in Escherichia coli HfrC7].", "content": "The contransduction frequency of MAAs, UVs phenotype of Escherichia coli HfrC7 and its 7-51F- derivative with purE markers is found to be 1-2% which indicates that the mutation N 7 is located close to the F integration site in HfrC strain. E. coli strains K-12 7-51F+ and 7-51ColV2+ transfer chromosome markers in the same direction as does HfrC strain. The results suggest the presence of an integrated F fragment (sfa locus) into K-12 7-51F- chromosome.", "contents": "[Localization of Rsf- mutation in Escherichia coli HfrC7]. The contransduction frequency of MAAs, UVs phenotype of Escherichia coli HfrC7 and its 7-51F- derivative with purE markers is found to be 1-2% which indicates that the mutation N 7 is located close to the F integration site in HfrC strain. E. coli strains K-12 7-51F+ and 7-51ColV2+ transfer chromosome markers in the same direction as does HfrC strain. The results suggest the presence of an integrated F fragment (sfa locus) into K-12 7-51F- chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:352849", "title": "[Spinocellular carcinoma of the hand].", "content": "The proper treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the hand is surgical only. Radical cure and preservation of function need not exclude one another if the following points are considered: praeoperative biopsy and intraoperative pathological examination, consideration of the degree of malignancy and the possibilities of surgical reconstruction.", "contents": "[Spinocellular carcinoma of the hand]. The proper treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the hand is surgical only. Radical cure and preservation of function need not exclude one another if the following points are considered: praeoperative biopsy and intraoperative pathological examination, consideration of the degree of malignancy and the possibilities of surgical reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:352851", "title": "The treatment of infections in granulocytopenic patients with granulocyte transfusions.", "content": "Twenty-three severely neutropenic patients were given 31 courses of ABO and HL-A compatible granulocyte-rich plasma transfusions between 1974--76 at the National Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion. The criteria for the effectiveness of therapy were disappearance of fever and survival for over 3 weeks after granulocyte transfusion. Of the 28 evaluated cases granulocyte transfusions were effective in 16 and ineffective in 12 cases. The effectiveness of granulocyte transfusion was favourably influenced by early introduction of therapy, and continuation for several days.", "contents": "The treatment of infections in granulocytopenic patients with granulocyte transfusions. Twenty-three severely neutropenic patients were given 31 courses of ABO and HL-A compatible granulocyte-rich plasma transfusions between 1974--76 at the National Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion. The criteria for the effectiveness of therapy were disappearance of fever and survival for over 3 weeks after granulocyte transfusion. Of the 28 evaluated cases granulocyte transfusions were effective in 16 and ineffective in 12 cases. The effectiveness of granulocyte transfusion was favourably influenced by early introduction of therapy, and continuation for several days."}
{"id": "PMID:352852", "title": "Bone marrow cell separation on Ficoll gradient.", "content": "Cell fraction from rat and murine bone marrow were obtained by sedimentation at unit gravity. A linear gradient of polymerized sucrose (Ficoll) was used and some properties of individual cell fractions were studied. The 3rd cell fraction containing the lymphoblasts and lymphocytes contained also stem cells.", "contents": "Bone marrow cell separation on Ficoll gradient. Cell fraction from rat and murine bone marrow were obtained by sedimentation at unit gravity. A linear gradient of polymerized sucrose (Ficoll) was used and some properties of individual cell fractions were studied. The 3rd cell fraction containing the lymphoblasts and lymphocytes contained also stem cells."}
{"id": "PMID:352853", "title": "Chromosomes in malignant lymphomas (study on short-term lymph node cultures).", "content": "In 15 cases, chromosome studies were performed in short-term lymph node cultures, using the banding technique. Clonal aberrations were found in two cases of Hodgkin's disease and in two of lymphosarcoma. In agreement with earlier observations, the cases of lymphosarcoma with abnormal karyotypes proved hyperdiploid. No chromosomal aberrations were found in three cases of reactive lymphoreticular hyperplasia.", "contents": "Chromosomes in malignant lymphomas (study on short-term lymph node cultures). In 15 cases, chromosome studies were performed in short-term lymph node cultures, using the banding technique. Clonal aberrations were found in two cases of Hodgkin's disease and in two of lymphosarcoma. In agreement with earlier observations, the cases of lymphosarcoma with abnormal karyotypes proved hyperdiploid. No chromosomal aberrations were found in three cases of reactive lymphoreticular hyperplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:352854", "title": "A simple allogeneic test system for the study of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in man.", "content": "A simple allogeneic test system for the study of ADCC activity of human mononuclear peripheral blood leucocytes (MPBL) is presented. The test uses human Rh-positive erythrocytes as target cells coated with specific human IgG antibody. The effector function of human MPBL is demonstrated after depletion of most of the monocytes and B lymphocytes on nylon wool column. The test system seems to be useful in the clinical study of ADCC activity in man.", "contents": "A simple allogeneic test system for the study of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in man. A simple allogeneic test system for the study of ADCC activity of human mononuclear peripheral blood leucocytes (MPBL) is presented. The test uses human Rh-positive erythrocytes as target cells coated with specific human IgG antibody. The effector function of human MPBL is demonstrated after depletion of most of the monocytes and B lymphocytes on nylon wool column. The test system seems to be useful in the clinical study of ADCC activity in man."}
{"id": "PMID:352861", "title": "The effect of ultrasound and its combination with radiation on the genetic material of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Ultrasonication at 20 kHz, intensity 35 W/cm2 and amplitude 15--25 micron of a diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found to act as a weak mutagen with maximum efficiency at the 20% survival of the cells. Under these conditions, the frequency of reversion of the suppressible allel ilv1-92 increased ten times, the frequency of mitotic gene conversion four times. Doses leading to survivals lower than 20% led to a slight increase in the frequency of cytoplasmic respiration-deficient mutants. Submutagenic doses applied immediately after gammaradiation or UV light did not substantially increase the effect of these physical agents on the genetic material of the yeast strain investigated. Application of ultrasound prior to UV radiation did not considerably influence the effect of the radiation either.", "contents": "The effect of ultrasound and its combination with radiation on the genetic material of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ultrasonication at 20 kHz, intensity 35 W/cm2 and amplitude 15--25 micron of a diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found to act as a weak mutagen with maximum efficiency at the 20% survival of the cells. Under these conditions, the frequency of reversion of the suppressible allel ilv1-92 increased ten times, the frequency of mitotic gene conversion four times. Doses leading to survivals lower than 20% led to a slight increase in the frequency of cytoplasmic respiration-deficient mutants. Submutagenic doses applied immediately after gammaradiation or UV light did not substantially increase the effect of these physical agents on the genetic material of the yeast strain investigated. Application of ultrasound prior to UV radiation did not considerably influence the effect of the radiation either."}
{"id": "PMID:352867", "title": "[Cruciate ligament injuries. Results of a follow-up study].", "content": "The paper describes the long term results of 48 patients treated operatively or conservatively because of injury to the cruciate ligaments. The first part deals with the main problems in treating these damages. The second part draws up the extent, age and cause of the injury in these 48 patients. 21 patients (with 22 damages to the cruciate ligaments) underwent clinical and radiological follow-up examination. There were 1 very good, 4 good, 11 fair, and 6 bad results. The results felt subjectively by the patients were: 5 very good, 6 good, 8 fair, and 3 bad.", "contents": "[Cruciate ligament injuries. Results of a follow-up study]. The paper describes the long term results of 48 patients treated operatively or conservatively because of injury to the cruciate ligaments. The first part deals with the main problems in treating these damages. The second part draws up the extent, age and cause of the injury in these 48 patients. 21 patients (with 22 damages to the cruciate ligaments) underwent clinical and radiological follow-up examination. There were 1 very good, 4 good, 11 fair, and 6 bad results. The results felt subjectively by the patients were: 5 very good, 6 good, 8 fair, and 3 bad."}
{"id": "PMID:352868", "title": "[Problems of male contraception. 2. Male hormonal contraception, post-testicular points of attack, immunization and enzyme inhibition].", "content": "In principle control of male fertility is possible by mechanical, surgical and pharmacological methods. However, up to now only the following mechanical and surgical procedures are practicable: coitus interruptus, coitus condomatus and vasectomy. Since the safety of the latter is comparable to the pill, vasectomy is a major alternative to the contraceptive methods used by the female partner. Practical aspects of vasectomy and possible complications are reviewed. Finally, pharmacological approaches and problems involved in the control of male fertility are discussed with special reference to antispermatogenic substances, steroid hormones, immunization and enzyme inhibitors. The concept of antienzymatic contraception is based on the inhibition of penetration of enzymes (acrosin) localized within the acrosomal cap. Unfortunately, penetration of most of the acrosin inhibitors into the acrosome to inactivate acrosin is prevented by the high selectivity of the acrosomal membranes. Thus, pharmacological control of male fertility is still far from being practicable.", "contents": "[Problems of male contraception. 2. Male hormonal contraception, post-testicular points of attack, immunization and enzyme inhibition]. In principle control of male fertility is possible by mechanical, surgical and pharmacological methods. However, up to now only the following mechanical and surgical procedures are practicable: coitus interruptus, coitus condomatus and vasectomy. Since the safety of the latter is comparable to the pill, vasectomy is a major alternative to the contraceptive methods used by the female partner. Practical aspects of vasectomy and possible complications are reviewed. Finally, pharmacological approaches and problems involved in the control of male fertility are discussed with special reference to antispermatogenic substances, steroid hormones, immunization and enzyme inhibitors. The concept of antienzymatic contraception is based on the inhibition of penetration of enzymes (acrosin) localized within the acrosomal cap. Unfortunately, penetration of most of the acrosin inhibitors into the acrosome to inactivate acrosin is prevented by the high selectivity of the acrosomal membranes. Thus, pharmacological control of male fertility is still far from being practicable."}
{"id": "PMID:352869", "title": "[Juvenile reticulosarcoma].", "content": "The prognosis of malignant lymphoma of bone in childhood has been improved. This is due to the modern chemotherapy. Pain in the bones is one of the early symptoms. If these early symptoms are not recognized, diagnosis and therapy may be delayed. The problems of classification, diagnosis and therapy are discussed, 2 case-reports with so-called reticulum cell sarcoma are given.", "contents": "[Juvenile reticulosarcoma]. The prognosis of malignant lymphoma of bone in childhood has been improved. This is due to the modern chemotherapy. Pain in the bones is one of the early symptoms. If these early symptoms are not recognized, diagnosis and therapy may be delayed. The problems of classification, diagnosis and therapy are discussed, 2 case-reports with so-called reticulum cell sarcoma are given."}
{"id": "PMID:352870", "title": "[Reticulum cell sarcoma of the pelvis. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems].", "content": "Diagnostic and operative problems of malignant bone tumors of the pelvis are discussed. Especially mentioned is resection therapy of pelvis tumor including large parts of the pelvis and the hip joint. A case-report is given. In this case replacement of the entire hip joint was successfully performed with a special prosthesis. Stabile fixation of the prosthesis is one of the major problems to be dealth with. Follow-up examination of our patient one year after the operation showed no loosening of the prosthesis and free movement of the hip joint iwth partial loack capacity of the leg.", "contents": "[Reticulum cell sarcoma of the pelvis. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems]. Diagnostic and operative problems of malignant bone tumors of the pelvis are discussed. Especially mentioned is resection therapy of pelvis tumor including large parts of the pelvis and the hip joint. A case-report is given. In this case replacement of the entire hip joint was successfully performed with a special prosthesis. Stabile fixation of the prosthesis is one of the major problems to be dealth with. Follow-up examination of our patient one year after the operation showed no loosening of the prosthesis and free movement of the hip joint iwth partial loack capacity of the leg."}
{"id": "PMID:352871", "title": "[Debrisorb in the treatment of decubital ulcers. An empirical study].", "content": "During first 6 months of 1978 skin lesions of 22 patients suffering from paraplegia were treated with Debrisorb at the Dept. of spinal cord injuries of Bergmannsheil, Bochum. Contrary to the earlier used treatment (wet dressings, necrectomy and fibrinolytic ointments) it appeared that under Debrisorb treatment edema around expanded lesions was quickly reduced. Thereby this infections no longer had a sufficient nutrient. The necessary plastic surgery could be performed earlier than in the past. Debrisorb represent an essential help in the treatment of pressure sores. The common methods of treating pressure sores especially in paraplegic patients may not be changed. The load capacity of the scar is attained faster through Debrisorb. However, Debrisorb cannot replace plastic surgery.", "contents": "[Debrisorb in the treatment of decubital ulcers. An empirical study]. During first 6 months of 1978 skin lesions of 22 patients suffering from paraplegia were treated with Debrisorb at the Dept. of spinal cord injuries of Bergmannsheil, Bochum. Contrary to the earlier used treatment (wet dressings, necrectomy and fibrinolytic ointments) it appeared that under Debrisorb treatment edema around expanded lesions was quickly reduced. Thereby this infections no longer had a sufficient nutrient. The necessary plastic surgery could be performed earlier than in the past. Debrisorb represent an essential help in the treatment of pressure sores. The common methods of treating pressure sores especially in paraplegic patients may not be changed. The load capacity of the scar is attained faster through Debrisorb. However, Debrisorb cannot replace plastic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:352872", "title": "[Valproic acid in the treatment of epilepsy with special emphasis on serum level determination (author's transl)].", "content": "Valproic acid has become a regular component of antiepileptic therapy. Generally it is used against genetically caused, primary generalized epilepsies with bilateral hypersynchronous neuronal discharges in the EEG. An improvement can also be observed by Valproic acid-treatment for secondary generalized and partial epilepsies. Therapeutic results could possibly be improved through a consideration of the serum concentration of valproic acid. Some of the commercial preparations contain the sodium salt of Valproic acid. The free acid which is quickly absorbed, is released in the stomach (tablet) or in the intestine (dragee). The half life is about 15 to 17 hours (one finds a range of 6 to 20 hours in the literature). In view of the half life, it is recommended that the daily dose should be divided into three single doses. About 84 to 95% of the substance is protein bound. Up to now, clinically relevant observations concerning the displacement of valproic acid from its protein binding are unknown. Recently in in vitro studies a decreased protein binding of valproic acid due to phenylbutazone, salicylic acid, and sulfadimethoxine and vice versa, a displacement of phenobarbital and phenytoin caused by valproic acid could be demonstrated. The therapeutic range of the serum level was between 50 and 120 mcg/ml. Individual patients showed that the dispensed dose did not reliably yield the expected serum levels. The necessary daily dose lies for adults between 600 and 2400 mg, in children between 15 and 150 mg/kg. The wide range of allowable dosis is dependent on whether or not valproic acid is to be given in conjunction with other antiepileptic drugs. When phenobarbital and valproic acid are given in conjunction one should be alert for a rise in the phenobarbital serum level. Results of studies in which valproic acid was combined with several other antiepileptic and psychotropic drugs are reported. The majority of the researchers determine a clear parallelism between clinical improvement and a normalization of the EEG in primary generalized epilepsies with bilateral synchronous 3/sec. spikes and waves. The background activity, determined by visual inspection, is not affected. Few workers discuss the correlation of the side effects of valproic acid and its serum level. Tiredness and impaired function of thrombocytes has been observed to be dependent on the valproic acid plasma level.", "contents": "[Valproic acid in the treatment of epilepsy with special emphasis on serum level determination (author's transl)]. Valproic acid has become a regular component of antiepileptic therapy. Generally it is used against genetically caused, primary generalized epilepsies with bilateral hypersynchronous neuronal discharges in the EEG. An improvement can also be observed by Valproic acid-treatment for secondary generalized and partial epilepsies. Therapeutic results could possibly be improved through a consideration of the serum concentration of valproic acid. Some of the commercial preparations contain the sodium salt of Valproic acid. The free acid which is quickly absorbed, is released in the stomach (tablet) or in the intestine (dragee). The half life is about 15 to 17 hours (one finds a range of 6 to 20 hours in the literature). In view of the half life, it is recommended that the daily dose should be divided into three single doses. About 84 to 95% of the substance is protein bound. Up to now, clinically relevant observations concerning the displacement of valproic acid from its protein binding are unknown. Recently in in vitro studies a decreased protein binding of valproic acid due to phenylbutazone, salicylic acid, and sulfadimethoxine and vice versa, a displacement of phenobarbital and phenytoin caused by valproic acid could be demonstrated. The therapeutic range of the serum level was between 50 and 120 mcg/ml. Individual patients showed that the dispensed dose did not reliably yield the expected serum levels. The necessary daily dose lies for adults between 600 and 2400 mg, in children between 15 and 150 mg/kg. The wide range of allowable dosis is dependent on whether or not valproic acid is to be given in conjunction with other antiepileptic drugs. When phenobarbital and valproic acid are given in conjunction one should be alert for a rise in the phenobarbital serum level. Results of studies in which valproic acid was combined with several other antiepileptic and psychotropic drugs are reported. The majority of the researchers determine a clear parallelism between clinical improvement and a normalization of the EEG in primary generalized epilepsies with bilateral synchronous 3/sec. spikes and waves. The background activity, determined by visual inspection, is not affected. Few workers discuss the correlation of the side effects of valproic acid and its serum level. Tiredness and impaired function of thrombocytes has been observed to be dependent on the valproic acid plasma level."}
{"id": "PMID:352873", "title": "[Social psychiatry of migrant workers (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of literature about psychic illness in migrant workers (with special reference to the situation in Europe) is presented, including the problems of incidence and prevalence, course of the illness, typical syndromes and treatment. Results concerning incidence and prevalence of psychic disease in migrant workers are contradictory and partly--for methodological reasons--of questionable quality. It cannot be take for granted, that migrant workers suffer more often from psychiatric disturbances than either of the two possible control groups: the populations of the emigration or immigration countries respectively. There are two high risk periods for migrants: shortly after the migration and after a longer period in the guest country. Differences between the migrant's culture and that of the immigration context (language, mythical beliefs, illness behavior) influence the manifestations of psychiatric syndromes. The following syndromes are typical for migrant workers: paranoid reactions, hypochondric-depressive syndromes, psychosomatic conditions and sexual neurosis. Special attention requests the treatment of migrant workers with psychiatric problems; the aspects of psychotherapy, accompanying social measures and the return as therapeutic measure are discussed. In the second part, a general frame of reference for the sociological analysis of the problem of migrant workers is presented. Reasons for the mass immigration of foreign workers to the industrialized countries of central Europe were the demand of labor force and the large gap in socio-economic development between the countries. In the immigration context, the foreign workers find themselves in the lowest social strata and numerous problems accumulate there. Empirical evidence for different sociological explanations of mental illnes of migrant workers ist presented: hypotheses of social selection vs. social causation (low socio-economic status, goal-striving-stress, culture-shock theory, theory of culture change and isolation hypothesis).", "contents": "[Social psychiatry of migrant workers (author's transl)]. A review of literature about psychic illness in migrant workers (with special reference to the situation in Europe) is presented, including the problems of incidence and prevalence, course of the illness, typical syndromes and treatment. Results concerning incidence and prevalence of psychic disease in migrant workers are contradictory and partly--for methodological reasons--of questionable quality. It cannot be take for granted, that migrant workers suffer more often from psychiatric disturbances than either of the two possible control groups: the populations of the emigration or immigration countries respectively. There are two high risk periods for migrants: shortly after the migration and after a longer period in the guest country. Differences between the migrant's culture and that of the immigration context (language, mythical beliefs, illness behavior) influence the manifestations of psychiatric syndromes. The following syndromes are typical for migrant workers: paranoid reactions, hypochondric-depressive syndromes, psychosomatic conditions and sexual neurosis. Special attention requests the treatment of migrant workers with psychiatric problems; the aspects of psychotherapy, accompanying social measures and the return as therapeutic measure are discussed. In the second part, a general frame of reference for the sociological analysis of the problem of migrant workers is presented. Reasons for the mass immigration of foreign workers to the industrialized countries of central Europe were the demand of labor force and the large gap in socio-economic development between the countries. In the immigration context, the foreign workers find themselves in the lowest social strata and numerous problems accumulate there. Empirical evidence for different sociological explanations of mental illnes of migrant workers ist presented: hypotheses of social selection vs. social causation (low socio-economic status, goal-striving-stress, culture-shock theory, theory of culture change and isolation hypothesis)."}
{"id": "PMID:352883", "title": "[Electron microscopic study on the focal immune response in the choroid (author's transl)].", "content": "Pigmented rabbits were sensitized by subcutaneous injection of BCG together with Freund's complete adjuvant and heat killed tubercle bacilli together with adjuvant. After the titer of serum antibody to BGG was elevated or tuberculin skin test became positive, choroiditis was induced in these eyes by an injection of BGG or PPD directly through the posterior sclera in the vicinity of the optic nerve. The eyes were enucleated at various intervals and the choroid was studied by light and electron microscopy. In the choroid challenged with BGG, infiltrates such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes were seen, in early stages, invading in the posterior segment and peripheral area near the ciliary body. These cells decreased in number within a few days, and after one week a few plasma cells were detected in the posterior uvea. In the choroid challenged with PPD, infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes was seen in early stages, reaching its peak in 48 hours. After 4 and 5 days lymphocytes decreased in number, but monocytes showed mitotic and phagocytotic activity, and accumulated near the sclera. After one week typical epithelioid cells were detected along the suprachoroidal space. These events were restricted within the choroid. The results obtained suggest, that in the focal immune reaction of the choroid, the cellular sequence of events and the range of tissue involved are different depending upon the kinds of antigen used. It may indicate humoral immunity on one side and cell-mediate immunity on the other.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study on the focal immune response in the choroid (author's transl)]. Pigmented rabbits were sensitized by subcutaneous injection of BCG together with Freund's complete adjuvant and heat killed tubercle bacilli together with adjuvant. After the titer of serum antibody to BGG was elevated or tuberculin skin test became positive, choroiditis was induced in these eyes by an injection of BGG or PPD directly through the posterior sclera in the vicinity of the optic nerve. The eyes were enucleated at various intervals and the choroid was studied by light and electron microscopy. In the choroid challenged with BGG, infiltrates such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes were seen, in early stages, invading in the posterior segment and peripheral area near the ciliary body. These cells decreased in number within a few days, and after one week a few plasma cells were detected in the posterior uvea. In the choroid challenged with PPD, infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes was seen in early stages, reaching its peak in 48 hours. After 4 and 5 days lymphocytes decreased in number, but monocytes showed mitotic and phagocytotic activity, and accumulated near the sclera. After one week typical epithelioid cells were detected along the suprachoroidal space. These events were restricted within the choroid. The results obtained suggest, that in the focal immune reaction of the choroid, the cellular sequence of events and the range of tissue involved are different depending upon the kinds of antigen used. It may indicate humoral immunity on one side and cell-mediate immunity on the other."}
{"id": "PMID:352884", "title": "[Clinical and experimental study on hepatorenal syndrome in terms of obstructive jaundice (author's transl)].", "content": "In our department, hepatorenal syndrome was highly associated with obstructive jaundice and was seen in 9.2 percent of patients with obstructive jaundice. This syndrome developed when in underlying hepatic disease, acute renal failure supervened. Histological findings of renal failure caused by obstructive jaundice were summarized as tubular necrosis and the presence of protein-like substance in the glomerulus, which were mostly reversible and similar to those seen in shock. To investigate the pathogenesis of hepatorenal syndrome, experimentally the common duct in dog was ligated to produce obstructive jaundice and B. Klebsiella was injected into the bile duct to produce cholangiolitis. From this study, it was evident that cholangiolar infection was closely correlated with the manifestation of renal failure. In fact, without acquiring infection, renal failure did not occur. Moreover, this infection produced endotoxemia with high incidence. Therefore, it is assumed that this cholangiolar infection plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatorenal syndrome caused by obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental study on hepatorenal syndrome in terms of obstructive jaundice (author's transl)]. In our department, hepatorenal syndrome was highly associated with obstructive jaundice and was seen in 9.2 percent of patients with obstructive jaundice. This syndrome developed when in underlying hepatic disease, acute renal failure supervened. Histological findings of renal failure caused by obstructive jaundice were summarized as tubular necrosis and the presence of protein-like substance in the glomerulus, which were mostly reversible and similar to those seen in shock. To investigate the pathogenesis of hepatorenal syndrome, experimentally the common duct in dog was ligated to produce obstructive jaundice and B. Klebsiella was injected into the bile duct to produce cholangiolitis. From this study, it was evident that cholangiolar infection was closely correlated with the manifestation of renal failure. In fact, without acquiring infection, renal failure did not occur. Moreover, this infection produced endotoxemia with high incidence. Therefore, it is assumed that this cholangiolar infection plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatorenal syndrome caused by obstructive jaundice."}
{"id": "PMID:352887", "title": "Effects of serotonin, of its biosynthetic precursors and of the anti-serotonin agent metergoline on the release of glucagon and insulin from rat pancreas.", "content": "We have evaluated the effect of serotonin (5-HT) and of its biosynthetic precursors 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and tryptophan (TRP) on the release of immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) and insulin (IRI) from isolated islets and pieces of pancrease of the rat. In isolated islets, 5-HT inhibited the IRI response to a high glucose concentration (3.0 mg/ml), without affecting the IRG response to either a low (0.5 mg/ml) or a high glucose concentration; TRP stimulated the IRG and IRI response to the low glucose concentration, while 5-HTP was ineffective. When pieces of pancreas were used, 5-HT and 5-HTP inhibited IRG response to both glucose concentrations, while IRI release was inhibited only by 5-HT. The anti-5-HT agent metergoline enhanced the release of IRG and IRI by pieces of pancreas at both glucose concentrations. The results indicate that exogenous and endogenous 5-HT inhibit basal as well as glucose-mediated IRG and IRI release; that isolated islets are less sensitive than pieces of pancreas to the inhibitory effect of 5-HT and that TRP acts as an amino acid and not as a precursor of 5-HT.", "contents": "Effects of serotonin, of its biosynthetic precursors and of the anti-serotonin agent metergoline on the release of glucagon and insulin from rat pancreas. We have evaluated the effect of serotonin (5-HT) and of its biosynthetic precursors 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and tryptophan (TRP) on the release of immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) and insulin (IRI) from isolated islets and pieces of pancrease of the rat. In isolated islets, 5-HT inhibited the IRI response to a high glucose concentration (3.0 mg/ml), without affecting the IRG response to either a low (0.5 mg/ml) or a high glucose concentration; TRP stimulated the IRG and IRI response to the low glucose concentration, while 5-HTP was ineffective. When pieces of pancreas were used, 5-HT and 5-HTP inhibited IRG response to both glucose concentrations, while IRI release was inhibited only by 5-HT. The anti-5-HT agent metergoline enhanced the release of IRG and IRI by pieces of pancreas at both glucose concentrations. The results indicate that exogenous and endogenous 5-HT inhibit basal as well as glucose-mediated IRG and IRI release; that isolated islets are less sensitive than pieces of pancreas to the inhibitory effect of 5-HT and that TRP acts as an amino acid and not as a precursor of 5-HT."}
{"id": "PMID:352888", "title": "The effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) on pituitary gonadotropins in male homosexuals.", "content": "Basal serum LH and FSH values were found to be within normal limits in 9 homosexual men. The mean LH and FSH responses following the intravenous administration of 100 microgram of LRH were not significantly different from that of heterosexual controls. In addition, the mean basal plasma serum testosterone was similar in the two groups. There is thus no definite implication of endocrine factors in the genesis of male homosexuality.", "contents": "The effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) on pituitary gonadotropins in male homosexuals. Basal serum LH and FSH values were found to be within normal limits in 9 homosexual men. The mean LH and FSH responses following the intravenous administration of 100 microgram of LRH were not significantly different from that of heterosexual controls. In addition, the mean basal plasma serum testosterone was similar in the two groups. There is thus no definite implication of endocrine factors in the genesis of male homosexuality."}
{"id": "PMID:352892", "title": "The amino acid sequences of the tryptic, chymotryptic and peptic peptides from the L-2 light chain of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides from the aminoethylated L-2 light chain of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin were determined by various enzymatic hydrolyses, partial hydrolysis with dilute acetic acid and Edman degradation. The amino acid sequences of the chymotryptic and peptic peptides from the carboxymethylated L-2 light chain were partially analysed in the same manner as the tryptic peptides. The primary structure of the L-2 light chain of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin was deduced from the above results.", "contents": "The amino acid sequences of the tryptic, chymotryptic and peptic peptides from the L-2 light chain of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin. The amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides from the aminoethylated L-2 light chain of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin were determined by various enzymatic hydrolyses, partial hydrolysis with dilute acetic acid and Edman degradation. The amino acid sequences of the chymotryptic and peptic peptides from the carboxymethylated L-2 light chain were partially analysed in the same manner as the tryptic peptides. The primary structure of the L-2 light chain of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin was deduced from the above results."}
{"id": "PMID:352893", "title": "Release of granulocyte elastase in lethal canine endotoxin shock.", "content": "The release of granulocyte elastase and its interaction with plasma protease inhibitors was studied in dogs receiving a slow infusion of a lethal dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin. During endotoxin infusion a marked decline in leucocyte counts was parallelled by a rapid increase in plasma granulocyte elastase concentrations. Maximal values were reached after 3 h, when the infusion was ended. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis with antiserum against granulocyte elastase did not reveal the presence of elastase components with the electrophoretic mobility of free elastase, but elastase-alpha1-antitrypsin complexes were detected. A gradually decreasing plasma concentration of alpha2-macroglobulin was noted during the experiments. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis, however, did not reveal any electrophoretic heterogeneity. It is concluded that the release of granulocyte proteases might be of significance for several pathophysiological changes seen in endotoxin shock.", "contents": "Release of granulocyte elastase in lethal canine endotoxin shock. The release of granulocyte elastase and its interaction with plasma protease inhibitors was studied in dogs receiving a slow infusion of a lethal dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin. During endotoxin infusion a marked decline in leucocyte counts was parallelled by a rapid increase in plasma granulocyte elastase concentrations. Maximal values were reached after 3 h, when the infusion was ended. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis with antiserum against granulocyte elastase did not reveal the presence of elastase components with the electrophoretic mobility of free elastase, but elastase-alpha1-antitrypsin complexes were detected. A gradually decreasing plasma concentration of alpha2-macroglobulin was noted during the experiments. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis, however, did not reveal any electrophoretic heterogeneity. It is concluded that the release of granulocyte proteases might be of significance for several pathophysiological changes seen in endotoxin shock."}
{"id": "PMID:352894", "title": "The bone marrow in Hodgkin's disease: the non-involved marrow.", "content": "One hundred and nineteen methacrylate-embedded trephine biopsy specimens from 80 patients with Hodgkin's disease are reviewed. Although marrow involvement was found in 4% of the untreated patients, the present study was mainly concerned with the marrow unaffected by specific infiltrates and in negative specimens. The non-involved bone marrow in Hodgkin's disease invariably showed alterations of three types; stromal damage, inflammatory infiltration, and disturbed haematopoiesis. Each of these features can be found in the absence of one or both of the others. In severe examples, all three of these components usually occur simultaneously, giving histological pictures that mimic Hodgkin-specific infiltrates, sometimes in association with clinical suggestions of bone marrow involvement or replacement. But trephine biopsies of sufficiently high histological quality offer alternative explanations for the pancytopenia, for instance intramedullary phagocytosis, reactive sclerosing inflammation resembling auto-immune disorders, or a disturbance of haematopoiesis itself. This disturbance could be due to a defect inherent in the haematopoiesis associated with Hodgkin's disease, possibly predisposing for leukaemia in longterm survivors who have received chemotherapy and/or irradiation. The disturbed erythropoiesis proved to be strongly correlated with the stage of the disease at the time of biopsy. This finding could contribute to staging procedures, when laparotomy is contraindicated.", "contents": "The bone marrow in Hodgkin's disease: the non-involved marrow. One hundred and nineteen methacrylate-embedded trephine biopsy specimens from 80 patients with Hodgkin's disease are reviewed. Although marrow involvement was found in 4% of the untreated patients, the present study was mainly concerned with the marrow unaffected by specific infiltrates and in negative specimens. The non-involved bone marrow in Hodgkin's disease invariably showed alterations of three types; stromal damage, inflammatory infiltration, and disturbed haematopoiesis. Each of these features can be found in the absence of one or both of the others. In severe examples, all three of these components usually occur simultaneously, giving histological pictures that mimic Hodgkin-specific infiltrates, sometimes in association with clinical suggestions of bone marrow involvement or replacement. But trephine biopsies of sufficiently high histological quality offer alternative explanations for the pancytopenia, for instance intramedullary phagocytosis, reactive sclerosing inflammation resembling auto-immune disorders, or a disturbance of haematopoiesis itself. This disturbance could be due to a defect inherent in the haematopoiesis associated with Hodgkin's disease, possibly predisposing for leukaemia in longterm survivors who have received chemotherapy and/or irradiation. The disturbed erythropoiesis proved to be strongly correlated with the stage of the disease at the time of biopsy. This finding could contribute to staging procedures, when laparotomy is contraindicated."}
{"id": "PMID:352895", "title": "The immunofluorescence characteristics of the basement membrane in squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Basement membrane-specific antigens (BMSA) were found by immunofluorescence (IFL) in 20 of 33 tumour samples from patients with squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The BMSA were demonstrated to be unrelated to condensation of both reticulin and subepithelial ground substance (as evidenced by antireticulin IFL antibodies, silver stain and PAS reaction, respectively), the age of the patient, the clinical stage and the histological differentiation of the tumour. The finding that BMSA secreting and non-secreting cervical tumours does not correlate with the degree of differentiation, was somewhat unexpected.", "contents": "The immunofluorescence characteristics of the basement membrane in squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Basement membrane-specific antigens (BMSA) were found by immunofluorescence (IFL) in 20 of 33 tumour samples from patients with squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The BMSA were demonstrated to be unrelated to condensation of both reticulin and subepithelial ground substance (as evidenced by antireticulin IFL antibodies, silver stain and PAS reaction, respectively), the age of the patient, the clinical stage and the histological differentiation of the tumour. The finding that BMSA secreting and non-secreting cervical tumours does not correlate with the degree of differentiation, was somewhat unexpected."}
{"id": "PMID:352896", "title": "Big cones and little cones.", "content": "To investigate whether the amount of tissue removed at conization could influence the frequency of inadequate excision of cervical atypias, 354 cone specimens were measured. The data indicate that the frequency of lesions incompletely removed at conization increased with decreasing size (ie. length and volume) of the specimen. The parameters influencing the detection of epithelial atypias at the surgical margin of the specimens are discussed. A plea is made for international standardization in reporting results of conization (size of cone and number of sections) in order to permit objective comparison between clinics of the results of the conization procedure.", "contents": "Big cones and little cones. To investigate whether the amount of tissue removed at conization could influence the frequency of inadequate excision of cervical atypias, 354 cone specimens were measured. The data indicate that the frequency of lesions incompletely removed at conization increased with decreasing size (ie. length and volume) of the specimen. The parameters influencing the detection of epithelial atypias at the surgical margin of the specimens are discussed. A plea is made for international standardization in reporting results of conization (size of cone and number of sections) in order to permit objective comparison between clinics of the results of the conization procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:352902", "title": "State rate review: a critical assessment.", "content": "In response to rising hospital costs, several states established rate setting programs, which now affect about one-fourth of the nation's hospitals.", "contents": "State rate review: a critical assessment. In response to rising hospital costs, several states established rate setting programs, which now affect about one-fourth of the nation's hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:352906", "title": "The transition in frequency of Y chromatin in males during the neonatal period.", "content": "The frequency of Y chromatin, visualized as fluorescent bodies in cell nuclei from lymphocytes in blood smears, was significantly less in newborn males than in three-month-old male infants and adults. The frequency of Y chromatin-positive cells on day 0 was 36.16 +/- 9.11% and then increased daily. At one month after birth the frequency was 55.07 +/- 9.29%, which was not significantly different from that in adult males (57.08 +/- 5.97%).", "contents": "The transition in frequency of Y chromatin in males during the neonatal period. The frequency of Y chromatin, visualized as fluorescent bodies in cell nuclei from lymphocytes in blood smears, was significantly less in newborn males than in three-month-old male infants and adults. The frequency of Y chromatin-positive cells on day 0 was 36.16 +/- 9.11% and then increased daily. At one month after birth the frequency was 55.07 +/- 9.29%, which was not significantly different from that in adult males (57.08 +/- 5.97%)."}
{"id": "PMID:352908", "title": "Study of human male meiosis. II-Q-banding in pachytene bivalents.", "content": "In continuation of the research on male human meiosis within the study of pachytene bivalents, results from the analysis of 125 cells are presented. The aim of this work is to establish Q-banding patterns and make a detailed study of chromomere counting and distribution. To obtain Q-bands Quinacrine and Pseudoisocyanine staining techniques have been used.", "contents": "Study of human male meiosis. II-Q-banding in pachytene bivalents. In continuation of the research on male human meiosis within the study of pachytene bivalents, results from the analysis of 125 cells are presented. The aim of this work is to establish Q-banding patterns and make a detailed study of chromomere counting and distribution. To obtain Q-bands Quinacrine and Pseudoisocyanine staining techniques have been used."}
{"id": "PMID:352909", "title": "Comparison of silver staining of nucleolus organizer regions in human lymphocytes and fibroblasts.", "content": "Ag-staining of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) was studied in the acrocentric chromosomes identified by Q-banding in repeated lymphocyte and skin fibroblast cultures from three different individuals. A similar pattern of Ag-stainability of NORs was found in the two tissues in each individual. Small differences concerning, in each case, only one of the acrocentric chromosomes were found between repeated lymphocyte cultures, as well as between lymphocyte and fibroblast cultures of the same individual without indication of any prevalence of one tissue type in a certain direction. The possibility that these differences are caused by different stages of NOR activation is discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of silver staining of nucleolus organizer regions in human lymphocytes and fibroblasts. Ag-staining of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) was studied in the acrocentric chromosomes identified by Q-banding in repeated lymphocyte and skin fibroblast cultures from three different individuals. A similar pattern of Ag-stainability of NORs was found in the two tissues in each individual. Small differences concerning, in each case, only one of the acrocentric chromosomes were found between repeated lymphocyte cultures, as well as between lymphocyte and fibroblast cultures of the same individual without indication of any prevalence of one tissue type in a certain direction. The possibility that these differences are caused by different stages of NOR activation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352910", "title": "A rapid technique for producing silver-stained nucleolus organizer regions and trypsin-giemsa bands on human chromosomes.", "content": "A simple and rapid technique is described whereby the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) of human chromosomes can be differentially stained with silver. This staining is followed by trypsin-Giemsa banding on the same metaphase chromosomes. The metaphases simultaneously exhibit silver-stained NORs and G bands, allowing for the unequivocal identification of all chromosomes and greatly facilitating studies involving the NOR-bearing acrocentrics.", "contents": "A rapid technique for producing silver-stained nucleolus organizer regions and trypsin-giemsa bands on human chromosomes. A simple and rapid technique is described whereby the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) of human chromosomes can be differentially stained with silver. This staining is followed by trypsin-Giemsa banding on the same metaphase chromosomes. The metaphases simultaneously exhibit silver-stained NORs and G bands, allowing for the unequivocal identification of all chromosomes and greatly facilitating studies involving the NOR-bearing acrocentrics."}
{"id": "PMID:352913", "title": "Selection of mouse X hamster hybrids using HAT medium and a polyene antibiotic.", "content": "In the present study we tested the feasibility of utilizing a structurally modified polyene antibiotic, amphotericin B methyl ester (AME), as a half-selection agent for isolating somatic cell hybrids. By using HAT medium supplemented with AME we have isolated interspecific mouse-hamster hybrids from mixed cultures of mouse (TK-C1 ID or HPRT-A9) and hamster (BHK/C 13) cells fused with Sendai virus, lysolecithin or polyethylene glycol. Hybrid cells proliferated and clones were isolated after 2 to 3 weeks growth in three changes of HAT-AME medium and subsequent growth in HAT medium alone. In contrast, genetically deficient parental C1 1D or A9 cells and AME-sensitive BHK/C 13 cells were killed using a similar growth protocol. The described technique is simple, efficient and permits one to use a cell line without a genetic defect in combination with a genetically deficient cell type in hybrid formation.", "contents": "Selection of mouse X hamster hybrids using HAT medium and a polyene antibiotic. In the present study we tested the feasibility of utilizing a structurally modified polyene antibiotic, amphotericin B methyl ester (AME), as a half-selection agent for isolating somatic cell hybrids. By using HAT medium supplemented with AME we have isolated interspecific mouse-hamster hybrids from mixed cultures of mouse (TK-C1 ID or HPRT-A9) and hamster (BHK/C 13) cells fused with Sendai virus, lysolecithin or polyethylene glycol. Hybrid cells proliferated and clones were isolated after 2 to 3 weeks growth in three changes of HAT-AME medium and subsequent growth in HAT medium alone. In contrast, genetically deficient parental C1 1D or A9 cells and AME-sensitive BHK/C 13 cells were killed using a similar growth protocol. The described technique is simple, efficient and permits one to use a cell line without a genetic defect in combination with a genetically deficient cell type in hybrid formation."}
{"id": "PMID:352914", "title": "A comparison of methods for detecting bacteriophage contamination of tissue culture sera.", "content": "Detection of bacteriophage contamination of tissue culture sera by direct plating has been compared with detection methods based on batch enrichment and on the Poisson distribution (PD plating). Batch enrichment is extremely sensitive for detecting the presence of phage contamination. PD plating combines sensitivity with isolation of each contaminating phage in pure culture. Both batch enrichment and PD plating are more sensitive than direct plating. Neither method requires highly trained personnel or specialized equipment.", "contents": "A comparison of methods for detecting bacteriophage contamination of tissue culture sera. Detection of bacteriophage contamination of tissue culture sera by direct plating has been compared with detection methods based on batch enrichment and on the Poisson distribution (PD plating). Batch enrichment is extremely sensitive for detecting the presence of phage contamination. PD plating combines sensitivity with isolation of each contaminating phage in pure culture. Both batch enrichment and PD plating are more sensitive than direct plating. Neither method requires highly trained personnel or specialized equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:352915", "title": "Synchronization of Drosophila cells in culture.", "content": "We synchronized Drosophila cell lines (Schneider's line 2 and Kc) by allowing the cells to enter the stationary phase of growth and then diluting them into fresh culture medium. The cells of both cell lines entered S phase, after an 8- to 14-hr delay, in a state of partial synchrony; 60 to 80% of the cell population accumulated in S phase. Measurements of the cell cycle phases of Schneider's line 2 cells (S = 14 to 16 hr; G2 = 6 to 8 hr; M = 0.4 hr) were similar to those of Kc cells.", "contents": "Synchronization of Drosophila cells in culture. We synchronized Drosophila cell lines (Schneider's line 2 and Kc) by allowing the cells to enter the stationary phase of growth and then diluting them into fresh culture medium. The cells of both cell lines entered S phase, after an 8- to 14-hr delay, in a state of partial synchrony; 60 to 80% of the cell population accumulated in S phase. Measurements of the cell cycle phases of Schneider's line 2 cells (S = 14 to 16 hr; G2 = 6 to 8 hr; M = 0.4 hr) were similar to those of Kc cells."}
{"id": "PMID:352916", "title": "Artificial capillary perfusion cell culture: metabolic studies.", "content": "Glucose, lactic-acid, and oxygen metabolism of BHK and L929 cells on artificial capillary perfusion units have been studied using several different modes of perfusion. After 7 to 10 days, cells planted in the extracapillary compartment of culture units containing 80 to 150 fibers reached populations that used 0.073 +/- 0.025 mumol per min glucose and 0.76 +/- 0.26 microliter per min oxygen and excreted 0.078 +/- 0.038 mumol per min lactic acid. From these data it is estimated that these units contain approximately 2 x 10(7) cells. The metabolic rate of cultures perfused through the capillaries or through the extracapillary compartment was not affected significantly by change in flow rate except at perfusion flow rates less than or equal to 0.05 ml per min. The cell population, as measured by metabolic activity, did not increase significantly when the serum content of the medium was less than or equal to 1%. No major differences were found in glucose utilization rates of equal numbers of cells on artificial capillaries, on short-term suspension culture, or as monolayers in plastic flasks. Artificial capillary perfusion may provide a simple system for studying metabolism of mammalian cells in culture.", "contents": "Artificial capillary perfusion cell culture: metabolic studies. Glucose, lactic-acid, and oxygen metabolism of BHK and L929 cells on artificial capillary perfusion units have been studied using several different modes of perfusion. After 7 to 10 days, cells planted in the extracapillary compartment of culture units containing 80 to 150 fibers reached populations that used 0.073 +/- 0.025 mumol per min glucose and 0.76 +/- 0.26 microliter per min oxygen and excreted 0.078 +/- 0.038 mumol per min lactic acid. From these data it is estimated that these units contain approximately 2 x 10(7) cells. The metabolic rate of cultures perfused through the capillaries or through the extracapillary compartment was not affected significantly by change in flow rate except at perfusion flow rates less than or equal to 0.05 ml per min. The cell population, as measured by metabolic activity, did not increase significantly when the serum content of the medium was less than or equal to 1%. No major differences were found in glucose utilization rates of equal numbers of cells on artificial capillaries, on short-term suspension culture, or as monolayers in plastic flasks. Artificial capillary perfusion may provide a simple system for studying metabolism of mammalian cells in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:352917", "title": "Growth of animal cells on glass fiber filters and their utilization for biosynthetic analysis.", "content": "HeLa and L-M cells can be effectively grown directly on glass fiber filters to yield replicate cultures that allow easy analysis of biosynthetic capabilities through measurement of radioactive precursor uptake and incorporation. The glass fiber filters are superior to glass cover slips, growth in scintillation vials, and growth on Millipore filters in the ease of handling during experimental treatment and in the amount of radioactivity incorporated during the labeling period. These parameters are experimentally established and a typical application of the procedure that demonstrates the hydroxyurea inhibition of DNA synthesis is presented.", "contents": "Growth of animal cells on glass fiber filters and their utilization for biosynthetic analysis. HeLa and L-M cells can be effectively grown directly on glass fiber filters to yield replicate cultures that allow easy analysis of biosynthetic capabilities through measurement of radioactive precursor uptake and incorporation. The glass fiber filters are superior to glass cover slips, growth in scintillation vials, and growth on Millipore filters in the ease of handling during experimental treatment and in the amount of radioactivity incorporated during the labeling period. These parameters are experimentally established and a typical application of the procedure that demonstrates the hydroxyurea inhibition of DNA synthesis is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:352919", "title": "Immune mechanisms and the action of interferon in chronic hepatitis B virus infection.", "content": "Cytotoxic T lymphocytes can eliminate cells infected with hepatitis B virus. A defect of T lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis seems to exist in chronic hepatitis B infection. T cell-mediated lysis is dependent on HLA antigens of the infected host and this may explain the increased or decreased frequency of particular HLA antigens in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus. This virus may decrease the concentration of HLA antigens expressed on liver cells. Interferon increases the HLA antigen expression on T lymphocytes and hepatocytes, thereby enhancing T lymphocyte-mediate lysis of infected liver cells and elimination of the hepatitis B virus.", "contents": "Immune mechanisms and the action of interferon in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes can eliminate cells infected with hepatitis B virus. A defect of T lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis seems to exist in chronic hepatitis B infection. T cell-mediated lysis is dependent on HLA antigens of the infected host and this may explain the increased or decreased frequency of particular HLA antigens in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus. This virus may decrease the concentration of HLA antigens expressed on liver cells. Interferon increases the HLA antigen expression on T lymphocytes and hepatocytes, thereby enhancing T lymphocyte-mediate lysis of infected liver cells and elimination of the hepatitis B virus."}
{"id": "PMID:352926", "title": "Nonspecific immunostimulant activities of synthetic trehalose-6,6'-diesters (lower homologs of cord factor).", "content": "Mycobacterial cord factors (6,6'-diesters of trehalose with mycolic acids ranging from C80 to C90) have been shown to protect mice effectively against infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae or with Listeria monocytogenes. Our present findings indicate that the low-molecular-weight cord factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae (with corynomycolic acids ranging from C28 PTO C36) is equally active. Moreover, its synthetic analog (with synthetic C32 mycolic acid) has the same activity. Two lower synthetic 6,6'-diesters of trehalose with C22 acids, which are described here for the first time, as well as dipalmitate and a dioleate of sucrose, were found inactive. The synthetic C76 trehalose diesters, which are capable of enhancing nonspecific resistance to infection, increase the immune response in mice, even when injected in metabolizable oil. They induce in the injected paws an inflammatory process weaker and more transient than the natural cord factor.", "contents": "Nonspecific immunostimulant activities of synthetic trehalose-6,6'-diesters (lower homologs of cord factor). Mycobacterial cord factors (6,6'-diesters of trehalose with mycolic acids ranging from C80 to C90) have been shown to protect mice effectively against infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae or with Listeria monocytogenes. Our present findings indicate that the low-molecular-weight cord factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae (with corynomycolic acids ranging from C28 PTO C36) is equally active. Moreover, its synthetic analog (with synthetic C32 mycolic acid) has the same activity. Two lower synthetic 6,6'-diesters of trehalose with C22 acids, which are described here for the first time, as well as dipalmitate and a dioleate of sucrose, were found inactive. The synthetic C76 trehalose diesters, which are capable of enhancing nonspecific resistance to infection, increase the immune response in mice, even when injected in metabolizable oil. They induce in the injected paws an inflammatory process weaker and more transient than the natural cord factor."}
{"id": "PMID:352927", "title": "Effect of systemic candidiasis on blastogenesis of lymphocytes from germfree and conventional rats.", "content": "Germfree and conventional rats were challenged (intravenously) with Candida albicans and sacrificed at various times after infection, and their spleen cells were harvested to examine the effect of disseminated candidiasis on in vitro lymphocyte hypersensitivity to Candida antigens (CA). Results showed that conventional rat splenocytes, initially responsive in vitro to stimulation by CA, manifested a depression in CA-specific responsiveness after challenge with viable C. albicans (days 3 to 6 postchallenge). In addition, the latter splenocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA) was suppressed by 3 to 6 days after challenge with Candida. In contrast to conventional rats, the response of germfree rat splenocytes to CA was insignificant before challenge with C. albicans, and it was increased at 9 days after infection. The response of uninfected germfree rat splenocytes to PHA and ConA was significantly lower than that of unchallenged conventional rats. Challenge with viable C. albicans did not result in a suppression of gnotobiotic rat splenocyte responses to PHA and ConA, but rather, the disseminated infection resulted in as much as fivefold increases in PHA or ConA-induced blastogenesis. These findings suggest that disseminated candidiasis is capable of suppressing blastogenesis in immunologically mature conventional rats and of improving lymphocyte blastogenesis from immunologically immature germfree rats.", "contents": "Effect of systemic candidiasis on blastogenesis of lymphocytes from germfree and conventional rats. Germfree and conventional rats were challenged (intravenously) with Candida albicans and sacrificed at various times after infection, and their spleen cells were harvested to examine the effect of disseminated candidiasis on in vitro lymphocyte hypersensitivity to Candida antigens (CA). Results showed that conventional rat splenocytes, initially responsive in vitro to stimulation by CA, manifested a depression in CA-specific responsiveness after challenge with viable C. albicans (days 3 to 6 postchallenge). In addition, the latter splenocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA) was suppressed by 3 to 6 days after challenge with Candida. In contrast to conventional rats, the response of germfree rat splenocytes to CA was insignificant before challenge with C. albicans, and it was increased at 9 days after infection. The response of uninfected germfree rat splenocytes to PHA and ConA was significantly lower than that of unchallenged conventional rats. Challenge with viable C. albicans did not result in a suppression of gnotobiotic rat splenocyte responses to PHA and ConA, but rather, the disseminated infection resulted in as much as fivefold increases in PHA or ConA-induced blastogenesis. These findings suggest that disseminated candidiasis is capable of suppressing blastogenesis in immunologically mature conventional rats and of improving lymphocyte blastogenesis from immunologically immature germfree rats."}
{"id": "PMID:352928", "title": "Adherence of group A streptococci to human epithelial cells.", "content": "The adherence of group A streptococci to epithelial cells was studied by using streptococcal strains labeled with [(3)H]uridine or fluorescein isothiocyanate. The ability of the labeled organisms to adhere to Detroit 562 epithelial cells, derived from a human pharyngeal carcinoma, as well as to epithelial cells scraped from the oral cavity was determined. Adherence to monolayer cultures or cell suspensions of Detroit cells compared favorably with adherence to suspensions of human oral epithelial cells. Initial experiments to determine the optimal conditions for adherence showed that adherence was temperature dependent and that the optimal incubation time was 15 min for adherence to epithelial cells in suspension and 30 to 60 min for monolayer cultures. Both streptococci and epithelial cells exhibited specificity in the adherence process. Different streptococcal strains varied in their ability to adhere. Adherence was also affected by the growth stage of the bacterial cultures. Trypsin treatment of the streptococci slightly decreased adherence, whereas hyaluronidase treatment increased the adherence of some strains. Streptococci were found to adhere to only about half of the epithelial cells. Those epithelial cells apparently have a limited number of receptor sites since they can be saturated by adding increasing concentrations of bacteria. Further support for limited receptor sites was provided by competition experiments. Adherence was inhibited by trypsin treatment of the epithelial cells, suggesting that proteins in the epithelial cell membrane may play a role in streptococcal adherence.", "contents": "Adherence of group A streptococci to human epithelial cells. The adherence of group A streptococci to epithelial cells was studied by using streptococcal strains labeled with [(3)H]uridine or fluorescein isothiocyanate. The ability of the labeled organisms to adhere to Detroit 562 epithelial cells, derived from a human pharyngeal carcinoma, as well as to epithelial cells scraped from the oral cavity was determined. Adherence to monolayer cultures or cell suspensions of Detroit cells compared favorably with adherence to suspensions of human oral epithelial cells. Initial experiments to determine the optimal conditions for adherence showed that adherence was temperature dependent and that the optimal incubation time was 15 min for adherence to epithelial cells in suspension and 30 to 60 min for monolayer cultures. Both streptococci and epithelial cells exhibited specificity in the adherence process. Different streptococcal strains varied in their ability to adhere. Adherence was also affected by the growth stage of the bacterial cultures. Trypsin treatment of the streptococci slightly decreased adherence, whereas hyaluronidase treatment increased the adherence of some strains. Streptococci were found to adhere to only about half of the epithelial cells. Those epithelial cells apparently have a limited number of receptor sites since they can be saturated by adding increasing concentrations of bacteria. Further support for limited receptor sites was provided by competition experiments. Adherence was inhibited by trypsin treatment of the epithelial cells, suggesting that proteins in the epithelial cell membrane may play a role in streptococcal adherence."}
{"id": "PMID:352929", "title": "Platelet migration inhibtion as an indicator of immunologically mediated target cell injury in canine ehrlichiosis.", "content": "A platelet migration inhibition test was devised to determine the presence of antiplatelet activity in serum collected from experimentally produced and natural cases of canine ehrlichiosis. The maximum platelet migration inhibition effect was observed during the acute phase of the disease and before the appearance of specific humoral antibody, measured by the indirect fluorescent-antibody test. Platelet migration inhibition may be one of the earliest events leading to pancytopenia. In most cases, sera positive for humoral antibodies also were positive for platelet migration inhibition, although no direct correlation was evident between the serological titer and the degree of platelet migration inhibition. Inoculation of dogs with uninfected canine blood did not induce the production of inhibition factor or antibody activity, which precluded a histocompatibility response to the cellular elements in the inoculum. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the platelet inhibition factor interfered with platelet migration by inhibiting pseudopod formation. Affected platelets became rounded and showed evidence of clumping and leakage.", "contents": "Platelet migration inhibtion as an indicator of immunologically mediated target cell injury in canine ehrlichiosis. A platelet migration inhibition test was devised to determine the presence of antiplatelet activity in serum collected from experimentally produced and natural cases of canine ehrlichiosis. The maximum platelet migration inhibition effect was observed during the acute phase of the disease and before the appearance of specific humoral antibody, measured by the indirect fluorescent-antibody test. Platelet migration inhibition may be one of the earliest events leading to pancytopenia. In most cases, sera positive for humoral antibodies also were positive for platelet migration inhibition, although no direct correlation was evident between the serological titer and the degree of platelet migration inhibition. Inoculation of dogs with uninfected canine blood did not induce the production of inhibition factor or antibody activity, which precluded a histocompatibility response to the cellular elements in the inoculum. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the platelet inhibition factor interfered with platelet migration by inhibiting pseudopod formation. Affected platelets became rounded and showed evidence of clumping and leakage."}
{"id": "PMID:352930", "title": "Inhibition of macrophage phagocytic activity by group A streptococcal cell walls.", "content": "Group A streptococcal cell walls inhibited phagocytosis of polystyrene latex particles by rat peritoneal macrophages in vitro. This inhibition was not accompanied by a measurable loss of cell viability. Group D streptococcal cell walls were relatively ineffective in altering phagocytosis. The effectiveness of group A variant streptococcal cell walls and peptidoglycan derived from group A cell walls was increased if cell wall preparations were added to macrophage cultures 12 h before, rather than simultaneously with, latex particles.", "contents": "Inhibition of macrophage phagocytic activity by group A streptococcal cell walls. Group A streptococcal cell walls inhibited phagocytosis of polystyrene latex particles by rat peritoneal macrophages in vitro. This inhibition was not accompanied by a measurable loss of cell viability. Group D streptococcal cell walls were relatively ineffective in altering phagocytosis. The effectiveness of group A variant streptococcal cell walls and peptidoglycan derived from group A cell walls was increased if cell wall preparations were added to macrophage cultures 12 h before, rather than simultaneously with, latex particles."}
{"id": "PMID:352931", "title": "Cryptococcus neoformans: pseudohyphal forms surviving culture with Acanthamoeba polyphaga.", "content": "During experiments on the gastrointestinal tract as a possible portal of entry for Cryptococcus neoformans, we occasionally observed the free-living amoeba, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, growing in the presence of C. neoformans cultured from mouse feces. Examination of the amoebic trophozoites revealed that they were engorged with yeast cells. Over a period of 2 to 3 weeks of incubation, the amoebae apparently killed most of the yeast cells. Some of the surviving C. neoformans cells formed atypical colonies which contained pseudohyphae. Seven other strains have since been cultured with this amoeba. Pseudohyphal forms were found among the surviving colonies in all strains tested. Virulence studies were performed on one randomly selected pseudohyphal isolate from each of the eight strains of C. neoformans. Pseudohyphal isolates from seven of the eight strains failed to kill mice 30 days after intracranial inoculation. The potential role of soil amoebae in the control of C. neoformans in nature is discussed.", "contents": "Cryptococcus neoformans: pseudohyphal forms surviving culture with Acanthamoeba polyphaga. During experiments on the gastrointestinal tract as a possible portal of entry for Cryptococcus neoformans, we occasionally observed the free-living amoeba, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, growing in the presence of C. neoformans cultured from mouse feces. Examination of the amoebic trophozoites revealed that they were engorged with yeast cells. Over a period of 2 to 3 weeks of incubation, the amoebae apparently killed most of the yeast cells. Some of the surviving C. neoformans cells formed atypical colonies which contained pseudohyphae. Seven other strains have since been cultured with this amoeba. Pseudohyphal forms were found among the surviving colonies in all strains tested. Virulence studies were performed on one randomly selected pseudohyphal isolate from each of the eight strains of C. neoformans. Pseudohyphal isolates from seven of the eight strains failed to kill mice 30 days after intracranial inoculation. The potential role of soil amoebae in the control of C. neoformans in nature is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352932", "title": "Candida albicans endocarditis: ultrastructural studies of vegetation formation.", "content": "Candida albicans endocarditis was established in rabbits after transaortic catherization. Within 30 to 90 min after infection, C. albicans was observed by scanning electron microscopy on the valve surface. The organisms were predominantly associated with host deposits of erythrocytes, phagocytes, platelets, and fibrinous-appearing material, which collectively appeared on the valve surface in response to trauma. Within 48 h after infection, vegetations composed of these same host components were observed on the heart valves, although Candida cells were not demonstrable on the valve or vegetation surface. When the vegetations were examined by transmission electron microscopy, Candida blastospores were only observed within phagocytic cells (predominantly monocytes) enmeshed within the vegetation matrix. Many of the intracellular organisms were undergoing degradation, as evidenced by a reduction in electron density of the cell wall. Other fungi had highly electron-dense cell walls and germ tubes. Phagocytic cells containing germinating Candida were highly vacuolated and were observed at various stages of cell lysis. After 7 days of infection, the vegetation contained a dense meshwork of fibrin and Candida pseudohyphae with 10(8) to 10(9) colony-forming units/g of vegetation. The mature vegetation was devoid of phagocytic cells and continued to grow until the death of the animal.", "contents": "Candida albicans endocarditis: ultrastructural studies of vegetation formation. Candida albicans endocarditis was established in rabbits after transaortic catherization. Within 30 to 90 min after infection, C. albicans was observed by scanning electron microscopy on the valve surface. The organisms were predominantly associated with host deposits of erythrocytes, phagocytes, platelets, and fibrinous-appearing material, which collectively appeared on the valve surface in response to trauma. Within 48 h after infection, vegetations composed of these same host components were observed on the heart valves, although Candida cells were not demonstrable on the valve or vegetation surface. When the vegetations were examined by transmission electron microscopy, Candida blastospores were only observed within phagocytic cells (predominantly monocytes) enmeshed within the vegetation matrix. Many of the intracellular organisms were undergoing degradation, as evidenced by a reduction in electron density of the cell wall. Other fungi had highly electron-dense cell walls and germ tubes. Phagocytic cells containing germinating Candida were highly vacuolated and were observed at various stages of cell lysis. After 7 days of infection, the vegetation contained a dense meshwork of fibrin and Candida pseudohyphae with 10(8) to 10(9) colony-forming units/g of vegetation. The mature vegetation was devoid of phagocytic cells and continued to grow until the death of the animal."}
{"id": "PMID:352933", "title": "Virulence of Nocardia asteroides during its growth cycle.", "content": "Cells of Nocardia asteroides undergo structural and chemical changes, especially in the cell wall, during growth in brain heart infusion broth. Experiments were devised to determine whether these changes affected the virulence of Nocardia for mice. It took, on the average, 1,380 times the number of colony-forming units at the stationary phase to achieve the same mortality induced by the log-phase cells. Cells in either the lag phase or early stationary phase of growth were intermediate in the numbers of colony forming units required to kill mice. Dry-weight determinations at different stages of growth demonstrated that the log-phase organisms were approximately 10 times heavier than stationary-phase cells. Thus, on the basis of dry-weight (micrograms) values, the average colony-forming unit of log phase is approximately 130 times more virulent than in stationary-phase cultures. Therefore, the stage of growth affects greatly the virulence of N. asteroides.", "contents": "Virulence of Nocardia asteroides during its growth cycle. Cells of Nocardia asteroides undergo structural and chemical changes, especially in the cell wall, during growth in brain heart infusion broth. Experiments were devised to determine whether these changes affected the virulence of Nocardia for mice. It took, on the average, 1,380 times the number of colony-forming units at the stationary phase to achieve the same mortality induced by the log-phase cells. Cells in either the lag phase or early stationary phase of growth were intermediate in the numbers of colony forming units required to kill mice. Dry-weight determinations at different stages of growth demonstrated that the log-phase organisms were approximately 10 times heavier than stationary-phase cells. Thus, on the basis of dry-weight (micrograms) values, the average colony-forming unit of log phase is approximately 130 times more virulent than in stationary-phase cultures. Therefore, the stage of growth affects greatly the virulence of N. asteroides."}
{"id": "PMID:352934", "title": "Enteropathogenicity of Escherichia coli isolated from hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) with hamster enteritis.", "content": "Escherichia coli isolated from ilea of hamsters with hamster enteritis were tested for enteropathogenicity in intestinal loops prepared in both adult and weanling hamsters. E. coli isolated from hamsters with hamster enteritis caused dilatation of loops in weanling hamsters but not in adult hamsters.", "contents": "Enteropathogenicity of Escherichia coli isolated from hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) with hamster enteritis. Escherichia coli isolated from ilea of hamsters with hamster enteritis were tested for enteropathogenicity in intestinal loops prepared in both adult and weanling hamsters. E. coli isolated from hamsters with hamster enteritis caused dilatation of loops in weanling hamsters but not in adult hamsters."}
{"id": "PMID:352935", "title": "Effects of age and ambient temperature on the responses of infant mice to heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli: assay modifications.", "content": "The response of infant mice to heat-stable enterotoxin from Escherichia coli was affected by the age of the mice (2, 4, 6, and 8 days) and by the ambient temperature (25, 30, and 37 degrees C) after exposure to the enterotoxin. The younger mice and/or mice held at lower temperatures tended to accumulate intestinal fluid (high gut weight/body weight ratios), but older mice and/or mice held at higher temperatures tended to respond with diarrhea and low gut weight/body weight ratios. The standard infant mouse assay forheat-stable E. coli enterotoxin can be simplified, without loss of sensitivity or reliability, by holding the mice at 37 degrees C after exposure and using diarrhea as the index of response. Diarrhea can be detected easily by incorporating dye in the inocula and (at the end of the assay) checking for dye mixed with feces on the rear quarters of the mice or on a sheet of white paper placed under them during incubation.", "contents": "Effects of age and ambient temperature on the responses of infant mice to heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli: assay modifications. The response of infant mice to heat-stable enterotoxin from Escherichia coli was affected by the age of the mice (2, 4, 6, and 8 days) and by the ambient temperature (25, 30, and 37 degrees C) after exposure to the enterotoxin. The younger mice and/or mice held at lower temperatures tended to accumulate intestinal fluid (high gut weight/body weight ratios), but older mice and/or mice held at higher temperatures tended to respond with diarrhea and low gut weight/body weight ratios. The standard infant mouse assay forheat-stable E. coli enterotoxin can be simplified, without loss of sensitivity or reliability, by holding the mice at 37 degrees C after exposure and using diarrhea as the index of response. Diarrhea can be detected easily by incorporating dye in the inocula and (at the end of the assay) checking for dye mixed with feces on the rear quarters of the mice or on a sheet of white paper placed under them during incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:352936", "title": "Modulations of myelopoiesis in vivo by chemically pure preparations of cell wall components from gram-negative bacteria: effects at different stages.", "content": "Modulation of myelopoiesis by chemically pure preparations of different cell wall components from gram-negative bacteria was investigated in vivo. The effects of lipid A, outer membrane lipoprotein, and murein were evaluated at several distinct stages: induction of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) in the serum, increase in the number of committed splenic precursor cells (CFU-C) forming granulocyte-macrophage colonies in vitro, and triggering into the cell cycle of noncommitted hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) from bone marrow. The results reveal different patterns of activity of the bacterial cell wall components (BCWC) tested. (i) In C57Bl/6 mice and C3H/Bom mice, all three preparations were potent inducers of CSA. In C3H/HeJ mice, CSA was only induced by lipoprotein and murein and not by lipid A. After injection of lipid A or lipoprotein, but not murein, the number of CFU-C in spleens of C57Bl/6 mice was increased up to 100-fold. In C3H/Bom and C3H/HeJ mice, not only murein but also lipoprotein were much less potent in this respect. (iii) In C57Bl/6 mice, both lipid A and lipoprotein, but not murein, were capable of inducing the proliferation of CFU-S, as demonstrated by a hot thymidine cytocide technique. Thus, induction of CSA and changes in the pool size of splenic CFU-C after administration of BCWC may be unrelated events. On the other hand, the increase of CFU-C might reflect the mitogenicity of BCWC for CFU-S.", "contents": "Modulations of myelopoiesis in vivo by chemically pure preparations of cell wall components from gram-negative bacteria: effects at different stages. Modulation of myelopoiesis by chemically pure preparations of different cell wall components from gram-negative bacteria was investigated in vivo. The effects of lipid A, outer membrane lipoprotein, and murein were evaluated at several distinct stages: induction of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) in the serum, increase in the number of committed splenic precursor cells (CFU-C) forming granulocyte-macrophage colonies in vitro, and triggering into the cell cycle of noncommitted hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) from bone marrow. The results reveal different patterns of activity of the bacterial cell wall components (BCWC) tested. (i) In C57Bl/6 mice and C3H/Bom mice, all three preparations were potent inducers of CSA. In C3H/HeJ mice, CSA was only induced by lipoprotein and murein and not by lipid A. After injection of lipid A or lipoprotein, but not murein, the number of CFU-C in spleens of C57Bl/6 mice was increased up to 100-fold. In C3H/Bom and C3H/HeJ mice, not only murein but also lipoprotein were much less potent in this respect. (iii) In C57Bl/6 mice, both lipid A and lipoprotein, but not murein, were capable of inducing the proliferation of CFU-S, as demonstrated by a hot thymidine cytocide technique. Thus, induction of CSA and changes in the pool size of splenic CFU-C after administration of BCWC may be unrelated events. On the other hand, the increase of CFU-C might reflect the mitogenicity of BCWC for CFU-S."}
{"id": "PMID:352937", "title": "Association of hemolysin production, hemagglutination of human erythrocytes, and virulence for chicken embryos of extraintestinal Escherichia coli isolates.", "content": "One hundred forty-two strains of Escherichia coli isolated from extraintestinal infections were examined for colicin V (ColV) and hemolysin (Hly) production. For comparison, 20 strains isolated from the feces of normal individuals and 12 enteropathogenic strains of E. coli were tested for these properties. Thirty-five to 59% of extraintestinal isolates were Hly+, but only one fecal strain was Hly+. Colicin V biosynthesis was found for 12% of blood culture isolates, 7% of urine culture isolates and 16% of the strains from other extraintestinal infections. None of the fecal isolates was ColV+. Selected strains were tested for virulence in 13-day-old chicken embryos; these same strains were tested for their ability to hemagglutinate chicken or human erythrocytes. Of 22 extraintestinal isolates, 13 (59%) killed greater than or equal to 60% of the embryos within 72 h. Only one of eight normal fecal isolates and two of three enteropathogenic strains tested were virulent. About 80% of the virulent strains were Hly+. The most striking finding, however, was the hemagglutination of human erythrocytes by virulent extraintestinal isolates. It seems possible that the hemagglutination property reflects a specific common adherence factor.", "contents": "Association of hemolysin production, hemagglutination of human erythrocytes, and virulence for chicken embryos of extraintestinal Escherichia coli isolates. One hundred forty-two strains of Escherichia coli isolated from extraintestinal infections were examined for colicin V (ColV) and hemolysin (Hly) production. For comparison, 20 strains isolated from the feces of normal individuals and 12 enteropathogenic strains of E. coli were tested for these properties. Thirty-five to 59% of extraintestinal isolates were Hly+, but only one fecal strain was Hly+. Colicin V biosynthesis was found for 12% of blood culture isolates, 7% of urine culture isolates and 16% of the strains from other extraintestinal infections. None of the fecal isolates was ColV+. Selected strains were tested for virulence in 13-day-old chicken embryos; these same strains were tested for their ability to hemagglutinate chicken or human erythrocytes. Of 22 extraintestinal isolates, 13 (59%) killed greater than or equal to 60% of the embryos within 72 h. Only one of eight normal fecal isolates and two of three enteropathogenic strains tested were virulent. About 80% of the virulent strains were Hly+. The most striking finding, however, was the hemagglutination of human erythrocytes by virulent extraintestinal isolates. It seems possible that the hemagglutination property reflects a specific common adherence factor."}
{"id": "PMID:352938", "title": "Increased bone marrow production of granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes induced by mycobacterial adjuvants: improved recovery of leukopoiesis in mice after cyclophosphamide treatment.", "content": "The effects of complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) or Mycobacterium bovis BCG on leukopoiesis and on leukopoietic recovery from cyclophosphamide treatment in mice was studied. CFA injected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally resulted in increased blood granulocyte and monocyte counts, increased numbers of bone marrow granulocyte and mononuclear phagocyte progenitors, and increased hematopoietic colony-stimulating factor in the serum. Furthermore, the quantitative cellular response within 24 h to an induced sterile intraperitoneal inflammation (thioglycolate) was augmented by subcutaneous CFA. In mice given CFA subcutaneously, blood granulocyte counts, as well as the peritoneal granulocyte and macrophage response to intraperitoneal thioglycolate, recovered more quickly than did those of the controls after a 250-mg/kg dose of cyclophosphamide. CFA-treated mice consistently maintained blood granulocyte and monocyte counts 1.3-to 4-fold higher than those of the controls for 2 weeks while receiving 75 mg of cyclophosphamide per kg every other day. Mice pretreated with CFA intraperitoneally had higher numbers of bone marrow colony-forming units in culture and higher levels of serum colony-stimulating factor after 250-mg/kg injections of cyclophosphamide. Similarly, BCG resulted in increased bone marrow colony-forming units in culture, increased serum colony-stimulating factor, and a faster return of the peritoneal inflammatory response after cyclophosphamide injection. These results show that mycobacterial adjuvants accelerate recovery of leukopoietic functions after cyclophosphamide treatment and suggest a mechanism whereby such adjuvants afford nonspecific protection against infection in immunosuppressed mice.", "contents": "Increased bone marrow production of granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes induced by mycobacterial adjuvants: improved recovery of leukopoiesis in mice after cyclophosphamide treatment. The effects of complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) or Mycobacterium bovis BCG on leukopoiesis and on leukopoietic recovery from cyclophosphamide treatment in mice was studied. CFA injected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally resulted in increased blood granulocyte and monocyte counts, increased numbers of bone marrow granulocyte and mononuclear phagocyte progenitors, and increased hematopoietic colony-stimulating factor in the serum. Furthermore, the quantitative cellular response within 24 h to an induced sterile intraperitoneal inflammation (thioglycolate) was augmented by subcutaneous CFA. In mice given CFA subcutaneously, blood granulocyte counts, as well as the peritoneal granulocyte and macrophage response to intraperitoneal thioglycolate, recovered more quickly than did those of the controls after a 250-mg/kg dose of cyclophosphamide. CFA-treated mice consistently maintained blood granulocyte and monocyte counts 1.3-to 4-fold higher than those of the controls for 2 weeks while receiving 75 mg of cyclophosphamide per kg every other day. Mice pretreated with CFA intraperitoneally had higher numbers of bone marrow colony-forming units in culture and higher levels of serum colony-stimulating factor after 250-mg/kg injections of cyclophosphamide. Similarly, BCG resulted in increased bone marrow colony-forming units in culture, increased serum colony-stimulating factor, and a faster return of the peritoneal inflammatory response after cyclophosphamide injection. These results show that mycobacterial adjuvants accelerate recovery of leukopoietic functions after cyclophosphamide treatment and suggest a mechanism whereby such adjuvants afford nonspecific protection against infection in immunosuppressed mice."}
{"id": "PMID:352939", "title": "Protection against ascending Escherichia coli pyelonephritis in rats and significance of local immunity.", "content": "Acute pyelonephritis in rats caused by Escherichia coli O6K13H1 produced serum and urinary antibodies against O6 and K13 antigens. This was also seen after intravesical immunization with Formalin-killed bacteria. Both intraperitoneal and intravesical immunization with these Formalin-killed bacteria protected against ascending urinary tract infection induced by homologous bacteria. Passive transfer of urine containing both O6 and K13 antibodies also protected against infection. By absorption experiments it was shown that K13 antibodies were especially important.", "contents": "Protection against ascending Escherichia coli pyelonephritis in rats and significance of local immunity. Acute pyelonephritis in rats caused by Escherichia coli O6K13H1 produced serum and urinary antibodies against O6 and K13 antigens. This was also seen after intravesical immunization with Formalin-killed bacteria. Both intraperitoneal and intravesical immunization with these Formalin-killed bacteria protected against ascending urinary tract infection induced by homologous bacteria. Passive transfer of urine containing both O6 and K13 antibodies also protected against infection. By absorption experiments it was shown that K13 antibodies were especially important."}
{"id": "PMID:352940", "title": "Experimental murine candidiasis: cell-mediated immunity after cutaneous challenge.", "content": "Attempts were made to isolate an antigen(s) from Candida albicans suitable for detecting hypersensitivity in a murine model of candidiasis. Using footpad reactivity in cutaneously infected animals as the assay, comparisons were made of two commercial extracts and cell wall and cytoplasmic preparations made in the laboratory. An extract of the cell wall, a glycoprotein (GP) removed with ethylenediamine, and an extract prepared from the membrane fraction of disrupted C. albicans blastospores proved most useful in demonstrating delayed hypersensitivity in the murine model. The activity of the GP fraction was considerably reduced by oxidation with periodate and was abrogated entirely by digestion with proteolytic enzymes. The extract from the membrane fraction was obtained by incubating the insoluble membrane fraction with phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4, at 50 degrees C, and the proteins in the extract were subsequently precipitated with ammonium sulfate to yield a test preparation that was approximately 75% protein and 25% carbohydrate. The precipitated extract was designated ppt-HEX. Footpad reactivity to ppt-HEX could be transferred with cells and not with serum if the cells were taken from animals at the appropriate time after sensitization. Since the membrane and GP fractions appear to elicit true delayed hypersensitivity reactions, further investigations into their specificity and biochemistry seem warranted.", "contents": "Experimental murine candidiasis: cell-mediated immunity after cutaneous challenge. Attempts were made to isolate an antigen(s) from Candida albicans suitable for detecting hypersensitivity in a murine model of candidiasis. Using footpad reactivity in cutaneously infected animals as the assay, comparisons were made of two commercial extracts and cell wall and cytoplasmic preparations made in the laboratory. An extract of the cell wall, a glycoprotein (GP) removed with ethylenediamine, and an extract prepared from the membrane fraction of disrupted C. albicans blastospores proved most useful in demonstrating delayed hypersensitivity in the murine model. The activity of the GP fraction was considerably reduced by oxidation with periodate and was abrogated entirely by digestion with proteolytic enzymes. The extract from the membrane fraction was obtained by incubating the insoluble membrane fraction with phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4, at 50 degrees C, and the proteins in the extract were subsequently precipitated with ammonium sulfate to yield a test preparation that was approximately 75% protein and 25% carbohydrate. The precipitated extract was designated ppt-HEX. Footpad reactivity to ppt-HEX could be transferred with cells and not with serum if the cells were taken from animals at the appropriate time after sensitization. Since the membrane and GP fractions appear to elicit true delayed hypersensitivity reactions, further investigations into their specificity and biochemistry seem warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:352941", "title": "Production and partial purification of Salmonella enterotoxin.", "content": "By using a strain of Salmonella typhimurium, we detected the presence of an enterotoxin, as determined by the rabbit ileal loop assay, in various complex and defined media. The enterotoxin was concentrated by ultrafiltration of culture supernatant fluids and eluted in and adjacent to the void volume of a Sephadex G-100 column. This suggested that the enterotoxic factor was of a relatively high molecular weight, and additional evidence indicated it was heterogeneous in size. Further chromatography, using a diethylaminoethyl-cellulose anion exchanger, facilitated at least a 50-fold purification of the Salmonella enterotoxin.", "contents": "Production and partial purification of Salmonella enterotoxin. By using a strain of Salmonella typhimurium, we detected the presence of an enterotoxin, as determined by the rabbit ileal loop assay, in various complex and defined media. The enterotoxin was concentrated by ultrafiltration of culture supernatant fluids and eluted in and adjacent to the void volume of a Sephadex G-100 column. This suggested that the enterotoxic factor was of a relatively high molecular weight, and additional evidence indicated it was heterogeneous in size. Further chromatography, using a diethylaminoethyl-cellulose anion exchanger, facilitated at least a 50-fold purification of the Salmonella enterotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:352942", "title": "Infectious agents in immunodeficient murine models: pathogenicity of Nocardia asteroides in congenitally athymic (nude) and hereditarily asplenic (Dh/+) mice.", "content": "Congenitally athymic (Nu/Nu), hereditarily asplenic (Dh/+), and littermate control mice were given intravenous injections of homogeneous cell suspensions of the virulent Nocardia asteroides GUH-2. Kill curve, 50% lethal dose, and kidney clearance data were obtained over a period of 3 months postinfection. N. asteroides initiated both an acute infectious process and a chronic, progressive disease in these animals when given intravenously. The heterozygous (Nu/+) mice appeared to be slightly more susceptible to the acute phase of infection than their nude littermates. In contrast, nude mice were at least 50 times more susceptible to chronic nocardial infection than were the heterozygous (Nu/+) controls. Swiss Webster specific pathogen-free mice were similar to heterozygous (Nu/+) mice in their susceptibility to N. asteroides. The hereditarily asplenic (Dh/+) mice were not as susceptible to lethal infection as were nude mice. However, asplenic mice demonstrated an inability to eliminate nocardia from infected kidneys, whereas their littermate control (+/+) mice were able to mount an effective response and destroy most of the organisms within the kidneys. Similar observations were noted when nude and heterozygous (Nu/+) littermate mice were infected in the footpad. The nude mice developed a systemic infection and died within 4 weeks with little inflammation of the footpad and no macroscopic lesions. In contrast, heterozygous (Nu/+) mice developed extensive local abscesses in the foot that persisted for at least 4 weeks. There was no animal death and no evidence of dissemination. The data presented herein indicate that T cells are essential for adequate host response against infection with a virulent strain of N. asteroides.", "contents": "Infectious agents in immunodeficient murine models: pathogenicity of Nocardia asteroides in congenitally athymic (nude) and hereditarily asplenic (Dh/+) mice. Congenitally athymic (Nu/Nu), hereditarily asplenic (Dh/+), and littermate control mice were given intravenous injections of homogeneous cell suspensions of the virulent Nocardia asteroides GUH-2. Kill curve, 50% lethal dose, and kidney clearance data were obtained over a period of 3 months postinfection. N. asteroides initiated both an acute infectious process and a chronic, progressive disease in these animals when given intravenously. The heterozygous (Nu/+) mice appeared to be slightly more susceptible to the acute phase of infection than their nude littermates. In contrast, nude mice were at least 50 times more susceptible to chronic nocardial infection than were the heterozygous (Nu/+) controls. Swiss Webster specific pathogen-free mice were similar to heterozygous (Nu/+) mice in their susceptibility to N. asteroides. The hereditarily asplenic (Dh/+) mice were not as susceptible to lethal infection as were nude mice. However, asplenic mice demonstrated an inability to eliminate nocardia from infected kidneys, whereas their littermate control (+/+) mice were able to mount an effective response and destroy most of the organisms within the kidneys. Similar observations were noted when nude and heterozygous (Nu/+) littermate mice were infected in the footpad. The nude mice developed a systemic infection and died within 4 weeks with little inflammation of the footpad and no macroscopic lesions. In contrast, heterozygous (Nu/+) mice developed extensive local abscesses in the foot that persisted for at least 4 weeks. There was no animal death and no evidence of dissemination. The data presented herein indicate that T cells are essential for adequate host response against infection with a virulent strain of N. asteroides."}
{"id": "PMID:352943", "title": "Ideal target organism for quantitative bactericidal assays.", "content": "We have developed a target organism which permits quantitative bactericidal assays. The organism is an Escherichia coli mutant which cannot grow at the temperature of the assay (37 degrees C), but retains full colony-forming potential for subsequent quantitation at 25 degrees C. We show that quantitative data on the bactericidal capacity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and alveolar macrophages can be obtained when this mutant is used as a target. The procedure used to generate the strain is described in detail and should be applicable to many bacterial species. Characterization of the properties of the mutant indicates that it has a strong potential for use in other in vivo and in vitro investigations of host responses to microbial invasion.", "contents": "Ideal target organism for quantitative bactericidal assays. We have developed a target organism which permits quantitative bactericidal assays. The organism is an Escherichia coli mutant which cannot grow at the temperature of the assay (37 degrees C), but retains full colony-forming potential for subsequent quantitation at 25 degrees C. We show that quantitative data on the bactericidal capacity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and alveolar macrophages can be obtained when this mutant is used as a target. The procedure used to generate the strain is described in detail and should be applicable to many bacterial species. Characterization of the properties of the mutant indicates that it has a strong potential for use in other in vivo and in vitro investigations of host responses to microbial invasion."}
{"id": "PMID:352944", "title": "Pathogenesis, lethality, and immunizing effect of experimental cutaneous cryptococcosis.", "content": "Mice were subcutaneously inoculated with small numbers of virulent Cryptococcus neoformans and divided into groups. Numbers of viable yeasts at the site were estimated at weekly intervals for 5 weeks on the basis of cultures of minced tissue excised from sacrificed animals. Organisms multiplied at the site for at least 4 weeks and were still detectable after the 5th week, although in reduced numbers. Agglutinins appeared within a week, but these antibodies were not detectable during the 2nd through the 5th week. Cryptococcal polysaccharide began to appear in the sera at 3 weeks, persisting through the duration of 5 weeks. All animals appeared healthy, but a few sickened after many months and died of systemic cryptococcosis. All of these events were observed in many separate experiments. The immunizing capacity of a cutaneous lesion was tested by challenging some of the above animals with viable C. neoformans after various intervals of time, either subcutaneously at a site distant from that of the vaccination or intravenously. Although we were unable to demonstrate reduced multiplication of yeasts in the brains, lungs, and spleens of intravenously challenged animals, it was possible to show that multiplication was inhibited at the site of subcutaneous challenge. It was noted also that vaccinated animals lived longer after lethal intravenous challenge than did nonvaccinated animals. The latter protection was observed, however, only when challenge followed vaccination by 3 weeks or longer, and it was effective only against a relatively low challenge dose. Mice were protected against a higher dose if they had previously received killed cryptococci, alternating subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculations, one of which contained a microbial adjuvant. No protection was observed in animals that were subcutaneously vaccinated with inert materials such as chitin, latex spheres, or even cryptococcal cell walls themselves.", "contents": "Pathogenesis, lethality, and immunizing effect of experimental cutaneous cryptococcosis. Mice were subcutaneously inoculated with small numbers of virulent Cryptococcus neoformans and divided into groups. Numbers of viable yeasts at the site were estimated at weekly intervals for 5 weeks on the basis of cultures of minced tissue excised from sacrificed animals. Organisms multiplied at the site for at least 4 weeks and were still detectable after the 5th week, although in reduced numbers. Agglutinins appeared within a week, but these antibodies were not detectable during the 2nd through the 5th week. Cryptococcal polysaccharide began to appear in the sera at 3 weeks, persisting through the duration of 5 weeks. All animals appeared healthy, but a few sickened after many months and died of systemic cryptococcosis. All of these events were observed in many separate experiments. The immunizing capacity of a cutaneous lesion was tested by challenging some of the above animals with viable C. neoformans after various intervals of time, either subcutaneously at a site distant from that of the vaccination or intravenously. Although we were unable to demonstrate reduced multiplication of yeasts in the brains, lungs, and spleens of intravenously challenged animals, it was possible to show that multiplication was inhibited at the site of subcutaneous challenge. It was noted also that vaccinated animals lived longer after lethal intravenous challenge than did nonvaccinated animals. The latter protection was observed, however, only when challenge followed vaccination by 3 weeks or longer, and it was effective only against a relatively low challenge dose. Mice were protected against a higher dose if they had previously received killed cryptococci, alternating subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculations, one of which contained a microbial adjuvant. No protection was observed in animals that were subcutaneously vaccinated with inert materials such as chitin, latex spheres, or even cryptococcal cell walls themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:352945", "title": "Lactoperoxidase, peroxide, thiocyanate antimicrobial system: correlation of sulfhydryl oxidation with antimicrobial action.", "content": "The antimicrobial activity of the lactoperoxidase, peroxide, thiocyanate system against Escherichia coli was directly related to the oxidation of bacterial sulfhydryls. Lactoperoxidase catalyzed the oxidation of thiocyanate, which resulted in the accumulation of hypothiocyanite ion, OSCN-. A portion of the bacterial sulfhydryls were oxidized by OSCN- to yield sulfenic acid and sulfenyl thiocyanate derivatives. The remaining sulfhydryls were not oxidized, although OSCN- was present in large excess. The oxidation of sulfhydryls to sulfenyl derivatives inhibited bacterial respiration. This inhibition could be reversed by adding sulfhydryl compounds to reduce the sulfenyl derivatives and the excess OSCN-. Also, this inhibition could be reversed by washing the cells so as to remove the excess unreacted OSCN-. After washing, the bacteria underwent a time-dependent recovery of their sulfhydryl content. This recovery resulted in recovery of the ability to respire. The inhibited cells were viable if diluted and plated shortly after the incubation with the lactoperoxidase, peroxide, thiocyanate system. On the other hand, long-term incubation in the presence of the excess OSCN- resulted in loss of viability. Also, the inhibition of respiration became irreversible. During this long-term incubation, the excess OSCN- was consumed and the sulfenyl derivatives disappeared.", "contents": "Lactoperoxidase, peroxide, thiocyanate antimicrobial system: correlation of sulfhydryl oxidation with antimicrobial action. The antimicrobial activity of the lactoperoxidase, peroxide, thiocyanate system against Escherichia coli was directly related to the oxidation of bacterial sulfhydryls. Lactoperoxidase catalyzed the oxidation of thiocyanate, which resulted in the accumulation of hypothiocyanite ion, OSCN-. A portion of the bacterial sulfhydryls were oxidized by OSCN- to yield sulfenic acid and sulfenyl thiocyanate derivatives. The remaining sulfhydryls were not oxidized, although OSCN- was present in large excess. The oxidation of sulfhydryls to sulfenyl derivatives inhibited bacterial respiration. This inhibition could be reversed by adding sulfhydryl compounds to reduce the sulfenyl derivatives and the excess OSCN-. Also, this inhibition could be reversed by washing the cells so as to remove the excess unreacted OSCN-. After washing, the bacteria underwent a time-dependent recovery of their sulfhydryl content. This recovery resulted in recovery of the ability to respire. The inhibited cells were viable if diluted and plated shortly after the incubation with the lactoperoxidase, peroxide, thiocyanate system. On the other hand, long-term incubation in the presence of the excess OSCN- resulted in loss of viability. Also, the inhibition of respiration became irreversible. During this long-term incubation, the excess OSCN- was consumed and the sulfenyl derivatives disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:352946", "title": "Heterogeneity of group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type B.", "content": "Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type B purified from culture filtrates of either the NY-5 or T-19 strain of group A streptococcus was found to be heterogeneous in charge. Three protein fractions with isoelectric points of 8.0, 8.4, and 9.0 were isolated by differential solubility in ethanol and acetate-buffered saline followed by isoelectric focusing and shown to be antigenically identical to streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type B. The molecular weights of all three fractions were approximately 17,500, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with aggregates forming in the presence of hyaluronic acid. Only the pI 8.4 fraction showed the characteristic activities of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin in rabbits: pyrogenicity and ability to enhance susceptibility to lethal endotoxin shock. The pI 8.0 and pI 9.0 fractions were not pyrogenic, but could be used to immunize against pyrogenicity. These two fractions failed either to enhance lethal endotoxin shock or to immunize against enhancement activity. When the isolated fractions were electrofocused again they appeared heterogeneous, suggesting an instability of the B toxin molecular forms.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type B. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type B purified from culture filtrates of either the NY-5 or T-19 strain of group A streptococcus was found to be heterogeneous in charge. Three protein fractions with isoelectric points of 8.0, 8.4, and 9.0 were isolated by differential solubility in ethanol and acetate-buffered saline followed by isoelectric focusing and shown to be antigenically identical to streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type B. The molecular weights of all three fractions were approximately 17,500, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with aggregates forming in the presence of hyaluronic acid. Only the pI 8.4 fraction showed the characteristic activities of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin in rabbits: pyrogenicity and ability to enhance susceptibility to lethal endotoxin shock. The pI 8.0 and pI 9.0 fractions were not pyrogenic, but could be used to immunize against pyrogenicity. These two fractions failed either to enhance lethal endotoxin shock or to immunize against enhancement activity. When the isolated fractions were electrofocused again they appeared heterogeneous, suggesting an instability of the B toxin molecular forms."}
{"id": "PMID:352947", "title": "Relationship between delayed-type hypersensitivity and the progression of Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection.", "content": "The relationship between the level of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and the progression of Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection was examined after inoculation of mice with 10(8) M. lepraemurium in the left hind footpad. The expression of DTH developed over the first 4 weeks of infection, remained high up to week 8, and then dropped to a low level at which it remained for 12 more weeks. The development of DTH was concordant with an initial swelling of the inoculated foot, the appearance of a mononuclear infiltrate at this site, and a prevention of any increase in the number of mycobacteria in this foot and in other tissues studied. A decay of DTH reactivity was associated with a progressive increase in the number of M. lepraemurium initially at the original site of inoculation and subsequently in all other tissues. Although the expression of DTH was lost, adoptive immunization experiments showed that a population of sensitized lymphocytes persisted within host. Further experimentation offered evidence to suggest that the level of systemic antigen may be in part responsible for the loss of DTH reactivity.", "contents": "Relationship between delayed-type hypersensitivity and the progression of Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection. The relationship between the level of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and the progression of Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection was examined after inoculation of mice with 10(8) M. lepraemurium in the left hind footpad. The expression of DTH developed over the first 4 weeks of infection, remained high up to week 8, and then dropped to a low level at which it remained for 12 more weeks. The development of DTH was concordant with an initial swelling of the inoculated foot, the appearance of a mononuclear infiltrate at this site, and a prevention of any increase in the number of mycobacteria in this foot and in other tissues studied. A decay of DTH reactivity was associated with a progressive increase in the number of M. lepraemurium initially at the original site of inoculation and subsequently in all other tissues. Although the expression of DTH was lost, adoptive immunization experiments showed that a population of sensitized lymphocytes persisted within host. Further experimentation offered evidence to suggest that the level of systemic antigen may be in part responsible for the loss of DTH reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:352948", "title": "Characterization of plasmids that encode for the K88 colonization antigen.", "content": "K88 antigen, and important virulence factor in porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EEC), can be transferred along with the ability to ferment the trisaccharide raffinose (Raf). The plasmids from a number of EEC strains that encode these two properties were isolated and characterized. In most strains the K88 and Raf genes were found on a single nonconjugative plasmid approximately 50 x 10(6) daltons in size. This plasmid core was conserved with only slight variation among the strains tested. In some transconjugants, larger conjugative plasmids were observed that were apparently recombinants between the Raf/K88 plasmid and a transfer fa(tor. Occasionally plasmids carrying only the raffinose fermentation genes arose by deletion of a deoxyribonucleic acid segment of about 20 x 10(6) daltons that included the K88 antigen gene(s).", "contents": "Characterization of plasmids that encode for the K88 colonization antigen. K88 antigen, and important virulence factor in porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EEC), can be transferred along with the ability to ferment the trisaccharide raffinose (Raf). The plasmids from a number of EEC strains that encode these two properties were isolated and characterized. In most strains the K88 and Raf genes were found on a single nonconjugative plasmid approximately 50 x 10(6) daltons in size. This plasmid core was conserved with only slight variation among the strains tested. In some transconjugants, larger conjugative plasmids were observed that were apparently recombinants between the Raf/K88 plasmid and a transfer fa(tor. Occasionally plasmids carrying only the raffinose fermentation genes arose by deletion of a deoxyribonucleic acid segment of about 20 x 10(6) daltons that included the K88 antigen gene(s)."}
{"id": "PMID:352949", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a Streptococcus mutans bacteriocin inhibitor from Streptococcus pyogenes.", "content": "An inhibitor of Streptococcus mutans strain GS5 bacteriocin was released from a bacteriocin-sensitive strain of S. pyogenes by sonic treatment and partly purified by gel filtration on a Sepharose 6B column. The inhibitory factor was sensitive to heat, trypsin, and periodate and possessed a molecular weight of approximately 93,000. This factor may be the receptor for the S. mutans bacteriocin.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a Streptococcus mutans bacteriocin inhibitor from Streptococcus pyogenes. An inhibitor of Streptococcus mutans strain GS5 bacteriocin was released from a bacteriocin-sensitive strain of S. pyogenes by sonic treatment and partly purified by gel filtration on a Sepharose 6B column. The inhibitory factor was sensitive to heat, trypsin, and periodate and possessed a molecular weight of approximately 93,000. This factor may be the receptor for the S. mutans bacteriocin."}
{"id": "PMID:352950", "title": "Immediate cytotoxicity of Chlamydia trachomatis for mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "The toxicity of Chlamydia trachomatis was studied with mouse peritoneal macrophage culture. Inoculation of 30 inclusion-forming units of trachoma B/TW-5/OT organisms and 250 inclusion-forming units of lymphogranuloma venereum L2/434/Bu organisms per cell caused immediated toxicity, with the killing of 40 to 90% of the macrophages within 6 h after inoculation. Inhibition of phagocytosis by adsorption at 0 degrees C or by NaF pretreatment of macrophages prevented the toxicity, indicating that chlamydiae must be phagocytized to induce toxicity. Infectivity and toxicity could be dissociated, since ultraviolet-inactivated chlamydiae were still toxic. However, the toxicity was destroyed by heating the organisms at 56 degrees C for 10 min. Tetracycline, and antichlamydial drug, did not prevent toxicity, indicating that multiplication of the organisms was not required to induce toxicity. Toxicity was not prevented by treatment of macrophages with hydrocortisone. The toxicity of trachoma TW-5 was reduced by the rabbit immune serum of trachoma TW-5 but not by the rabbit immune serum of psittacosis meningopneumonitis.", "contents": "Immediate cytotoxicity of Chlamydia trachomatis for mouse peritoneal macrophages. The toxicity of Chlamydia trachomatis was studied with mouse peritoneal macrophage culture. Inoculation of 30 inclusion-forming units of trachoma B/TW-5/OT organisms and 250 inclusion-forming units of lymphogranuloma venereum L2/434/Bu organisms per cell caused immediated toxicity, with the killing of 40 to 90% of the macrophages within 6 h after inoculation. Inhibition of phagocytosis by adsorption at 0 degrees C or by NaF pretreatment of macrophages prevented the toxicity, indicating that chlamydiae must be phagocytized to induce toxicity. Infectivity and toxicity could be dissociated, since ultraviolet-inactivated chlamydiae were still toxic. However, the toxicity was destroyed by heating the organisms at 56 degrees C for 10 min. Tetracycline, and antichlamydial drug, did not prevent toxicity, indicating that multiplication of the organisms was not required to induce toxicity. Toxicity was not prevented by treatment of macrophages with hydrocortisone. The toxicity of trachoma TW-5 was reduced by the rabbit immune serum of trachoma TW-5 but not by the rabbit immune serum of psittacosis meningopneumonitis."}
{"id": "PMID:352951", "title": "Enhancement of lymphocyte blastogenic and delayed hypersensitivity skin responses by indomethacin.", "content": "Incubation of Mycobacterium bovis-sensitized bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes with concanavalin A or M. bovis purified protein derivative and indomethacin caused a consistent, statistically significant increase in [3H] thymidine uptake as compared to cultures without indomethacin. The kinetics of  the response showed that indomethacin must be added to lymphocyte cultures within hours after mitogen or antigen addition for enhancement of [3H]thymidine uptake to occur. Lymphocyte blastogenic responses to purified protein derivative were enhanced in both normal and M. bovis-sensitized lymphocyte cultures. However, enhancement of sensitized lymphocyte responses was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than that in normal animals. Additionally, indomethacin treatment of M. bovis-sensitized guinea pigs singnificantly augmented delayed skin reactions to tuberculin. Delayed hypersensitive skin reactions were only enhanced when indomethacin was administered simultaneously with tuberculin.", "contents": "Enhancement of lymphocyte blastogenic and delayed hypersensitivity skin responses by indomethacin. Incubation of Mycobacterium bovis-sensitized bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes with concanavalin A or M. bovis purified protein derivative and indomethacin caused a consistent, statistically significant increase in [3H] thymidine uptake as compared to cultures without indomethacin. The kinetics of  the response showed that indomethacin must be added to lymphocyte cultures within hours after mitogen or antigen addition for enhancement of [3H]thymidine uptake to occur. Lymphocyte blastogenic responses to purified protein derivative were enhanced in both normal and M. bovis-sensitized lymphocyte cultures. However, enhancement of sensitized lymphocyte responses was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than that in normal animals. Additionally, indomethacin treatment of M. bovis-sensitized guinea pigs singnificantly augmented delayed skin reactions to tuberculin. Delayed hypersensitive skin reactions were only enhanced when indomethacin was administered simultaneously with tuberculin."}
{"id": "PMID:352952", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of serological response to respiratory syncytial virus infection.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied to the detection of serum antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus. The end points of the various sera tested in the assay were approximately 100 times higher than in the complement-fixation test and 2 to 4 times higher than in the plaque reduction test. In addition, the immunosorbent assay appeared to be more efficient than the plaque reduction and complement-fixation techniques for detecting a serological response in young infants (1 to 6 months old) with serous respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory disease. The simplicity, sensitivity, and rapidity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay make it a useful tool for immunological studies with respiratory syncytial virus.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of serological response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied to the detection of serum antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus. The end points of the various sera tested in the assay were approximately 100 times higher than in the complement-fixation test and 2 to 4 times higher than in the plaque reduction test. In addition, the immunosorbent assay appeared to be more efficient than the plaque reduction and complement-fixation techniques for detecting a serological response in young infants (1 to 6 months old) with serous respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory disease. The simplicity, sensitivity, and rapidity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay make it a useful tool for immunological studies with respiratory syncytial virus."}
{"id": "PMID:352953", "title": "Relationship of macrophages to cell-mediated immunity in experimental Nocardia asteroides infection.", "content": "Marked in vivo intracellular killing of Nocardia asteroides occurred in the peritoneal macrophages obtained 72 h after an intraperitoneal challenge with N. asteroides, in guinea pigs either actively immunized with ribonucleic acid protein or passively immunized by immune spleen cell transfer from actively immunized donor guinea pigs. This specific killing of N. asteroides in immune macrophages persisted for at least up to 60 days. Administration of antimacrophage sera before intravenous challenge with N. asteroides in the immune guinea pigs produced an early death of the animals, and the total tissue counts of N. asteroides in the liver, spleen, lungs, and heart remained the same in them as in unimmunized controls.", "contents": "Relationship of macrophages to cell-mediated immunity in experimental Nocardia asteroides infection. Marked in vivo intracellular killing of Nocardia asteroides occurred in the peritoneal macrophages obtained 72 h after an intraperitoneal challenge with N. asteroides, in guinea pigs either actively immunized with ribonucleic acid protein or passively immunized by immune spleen cell transfer from actively immunized donor guinea pigs. This specific killing of N. asteroides in immune macrophages persisted for at least up to 60 days. Administration of antimacrophage sera before intravenous challenge with N. asteroides in the immune guinea pigs produced an early death of the animals, and the total tissue counts of N. asteroides in the liver, spleen, lungs, and heart remained the same in them as in unimmunized controls."}
{"id": "PMID:352954", "title": "Specific and nonspecific resistance in mice immunized with irradiated Myobacterium leprae.", "content": "Following subcutaneous inoculation of irradiated Mycobacterium leprae (I-ML) into the left hind footpad of mice, there was increased resistance to Listeria monocytogenes, indicative of macrophage activation, at the immunization site. In spite of the high level of localized macrophage activation which was proportioned to the immunizing dose of I-ML, no such activity could be demonstrated systemically in these mice, as evidenced by the absence of increased resistance to an intravenous challenge with L. monocytogenes. Under these conditions, I-ML-immunized mice were nonetheless resistant to intravenous infection with either M. tuberculosis or M. bovis BCG, and this immunity was transferred to normal recipients using spleen or lymph node cells. Neonatal thymectomy completely abolished the development of antimycobacterial immunity after vaccination with I-ML, but immunity was restored by an intraperitoneal infusion of syngeneic thymocytes. Systemic nonspecific resistance could be generated in I-ML-immunized mice by an intravenous injection of disrupted I-ML. This study reveals that, after subcutaneous vaccination with I-ML, there is local accumulation of activated macrophages at the inoculation site and a widespread distribution of lymphocytes which are sensitized to mycobacterial antigens. Nonspecific resistance is mediated by the former cells and specific antimycobacterial immunity by the latter.", "contents": "Specific and nonspecific resistance in mice immunized with irradiated Myobacterium leprae. Following subcutaneous inoculation of irradiated Mycobacterium leprae (I-ML) into the left hind footpad of mice, there was increased resistance to Listeria monocytogenes, indicative of macrophage activation, at the immunization site. In spite of the high level of localized macrophage activation which was proportioned to the immunizing dose of I-ML, no such activity could be demonstrated systemically in these mice, as evidenced by the absence of increased resistance to an intravenous challenge with L. monocytogenes. Under these conditions, I-ML-immunized mice were nonetheless resistant to intravenous infection with either M. tuberculosis or M. bovis BCG, and this immunity was transferred to normal recipients using spleen or lymph node cells. Neonatal thymectomy completely abolished the development of antimycobacterial immunity after vaccination with I-ML, but immunity was restored by an intraperitoneal infusion of syngeneic thymocytes. Systemic nonspecific resistance could be generated in I-ML-immunized mice by an intravenous injection of disrupted I-ML. This study reveals that, after subcutaneous vaccination with I-ML, there is local accumulation of activated macrophages at the inoculation site and a widespread distribution of lymphocytes which are sensitized to mycobacterial antigens. Nonspecific resistance is mediated by the former cells and specific antimycobacterial immunity by the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:352955", "title": "Water-soluble adjuvant obtained from Bacterionema matruchotii.", "content": "The adjuvant effect of a butanol-extracted water-soluble adjuvant (bu-WSA) obtained from Bacterionemia matruchotii, a gram-positive oral bacteria, was studied on the antibody response at the plaque-forming cell (PFC) level in murine spleens. Intraperitoneal injection of Bu-WSA caused significant increase in direct PFC numbers in spleens 1 to 3 days after the antigenic stimulation with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Injection of 100 to 800 microgram of Bu-WSA was effective, and 400 microgram of Bu-WSA seemed to be the optimum for induction of the adjuvant effect. The adjuvant effect was strongest when Bu-WSA  was injected at the same time as the SRBC, but some effect was still observed when Bu-WSA was injected 7 days before or 1 day after the immunization. The adjuvant effect of Bu-WSA was greatest at high dose of antigen. The mice injected with Bu-WSA at the time of priming SRBC and then immunized with trinitrophenylated SRBC showed greater anti-trinitrophenyl PFC response than controls without the injection of Bu-WSA. These findings suggest that a part of the adjuvant effect of Bu-WSA depends on thymic cell function and another part does not.", "contents": "Water-soluble adjuvant obtained from Bacterionema matruchotii. The adjuvant effect of a butanol-extracted water-soluble adjuvant (bu-WSA) obtained from Bacterionemia matruchotii, a gram-positive oral bacteria, was studied on the antibody response at the plaque-forming cell (PFC) level in murine spleens. Intraperitoneal injection of Bu-WSA caused significant increase in direct PFC numbers in spleens 1 to 3 days after the antigenic stimulation with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Injection of 100 to 800 microgram of Bu-WSA was effective, and 400 microgram of Bu-WSA seemed to be the optimum for induction of the adjuvant effect. The adjuvant effect was strongest when Bu-WSA  was injected at the same time as the SRBC, but some effect was still observed when Bu-WSA was injected 7 days before or 1 day after the immunization. The adjuvant effect of Bu-WSA was greatest at high dose of antigen. The mice injected with Bu-WSA at the time of priming SRBC and then immunized with trinitrophenylated SRBC showed greater anti-trinitrophenyl PFC response than controls without the injection of Bu-WSA. These findings suggest that a part of the adjuvant effect of Bu-WSA depends on thymic cell function and another part does not."}
{"id": "PMID:352956", "title": "Mechanisms of lipopolysaccharide-initiated rabbit platelet responses: alternative complement pathway dependence of the lytic response.", "content": "Experiments were performed to examine the relationship of endotoxin-initiated complement activation and rabbit platelet lysis. The results of these experiments supported the concept that activation of the alternative pathway is required for endotoxin-initiated complement-dependent rabbit platelet lysis. Our data demonstrated that preparations of endotoxin or isolated lipid A, which activate selectively the classical pathway, are incapable of initiating platelet lysis. Essentially equivalent results were obtained in citrated or heparinized plasma, although the latter anticoagulated plasma appeared to be more efficient in supporting lysis. Additional data support the concept that natural antibody to either the polysaccharide or the lipid A region of the lipopolysaccharide, which might be present in rabbit plasma, probably did not play a prominent role in the complement-mediated lytic response.", "contents": "Mechanisms of lipopolysaccharide-initiated rabbit platelet responses: alternative complement pathway dependence of the lytic response. Experiments were performed to examine the relationship of endotoxin-initiated complement activation and rabbit platelet lysis. The results of these experiments supported the concept that activation of the alternative pathway is required for endotoxin-initiated complement-dependent rabbit platelet lysis. Our data demonstrated that preparations of endotoxin or isolated lipid A, which activate selectively the classical pathway, are incapable of initiating platelet lysis. Essentially equivalent results were obtained in citrated or heparinized plasma, although the latter anticoagulated plasma appeared to be more efficient in supporting lysis. Additional data support the concept that natural antibody to either the polysaccharide or the lipid A region of the lipopolysaccharide, which might be present in rabbit plasma, probably did not play a prominent role in the complement-mediated lytic response."}
{"id": "PMID:352957", "title": "Meningeal exudate cells in vaccinia meningitis of mice: role of local T cells.", "content": "Intracerebral inoculation of vaccinia virus into adult DDD mice produced intensive meningitis several days after infection. The inflammatory reaction could be quantitated by counting cells obtained from this inflammatory lesion. The local virus titer increased until day 5 and subsequently decreased rapidly with time. Concomitant with this titer decrease, numerous meningeal exudate cells appeared in the lesion. The cytotoxic activity of these cells against vaccinia virus infected cells was studied after removal of glass-adherent cells. The results showed that these meningeal exudate cells possessed cytotoxic activity against the virus-infected cells and moreover inhibited plaque formation by vaccinia virus. The magnitude of this activity was much larger than that of spleen cells obtained from the same animals. After treatment with antithymocyte serum, or with antitheta serum plus complement, the meningeal cells lost their inhibitory activity, suggesting that the cells which exerted the effect were mainly T lymphocytes. The meningeal exudate cells obtained on day 7 postinfection were further characterized. A greater part, approximately 80%, of the cell population was composed of theta-positive cells. Less than 1% carried immunoglobulin, 7% possessed neither theta antigen nor immunoglobulin on the surface, and 12% represented glass-adherent cells.", "contents": "Meningeal exudate cells in vaccinia meningitis of mice: role of local T cells. Intracerebral inoculation of vaccinia virus into adult DDD mice produced intensive meningitis several days after infection. The inflammatory reaction could be quantitated by counting cells obtained from this inflammatory lesion. The local virus titer increased until day 5 and subsequently decreased rapidly with time. Concomitant with this titer decrease, numerous meningeal exudate cells appeared in the lesion. The cytotoxic activity of these cells against vaccinia virus infected cells was studied after removal of glass-adherent cells. The results showed that these meningeal exudate cells possessed cytotoxic activity against the virus-infected cells and moreover inhibited plaque formation by vaccinia virus. The magnitude of this activity was much larger than that of spleen cells obtained from the same animals. After treatment with antithymocyte serum, or with antitheta serum plus complement, the meningeal cells lost their inhibitory activity, suggesting that the cells which exerted the effect were mainly T lymphocytes. The meningeal exudate cells obtained on day 7 postinfection were further characterized. A greater part, approximately 80%, of the cell population was composed of theta-positive cells. Less than 1% carried immunoglobulin, 7% possessed neither theta antigen nor immunoglobulin on the surface, and 12% represented glass-adherent cells."}
{"id": "PMID:352958", "title": "Dichotomy between opsonization and serum complement activation by encapsulated staphylococci.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus strains are not effectively opsonized by the serum complement system. Encapsulated staphylococci thereby \"resist phagocytosis.\" To test whether this phenomenon might be explained by an inability of encapsulated strains to activate complement, the relationship between staphylococcal opsonization and serum complement activation was studied. Although encapsulation was found to interfere with opsonization by pooled human serum (human polymorphonuclear leukocytes phagocytized significantly fewer encapsulated bacteria than unencapsulated bacteria after incubation in this opsonic source), encapsulated (S. aureus M and Smith diffuse) and unencapsulated (S. aureus M variant and Smith compact) strains had similar capacities for complement activation as measured by C3-C9 consumption. When C2-deficient and immunoglobulin-deficient sera were studied, again C3-C9 consumption was not influenced by the presence or absence of a capsule. In addition, C3 was detected on the surface of both S. aureus M and M variant strains after incubation in pooled serum and staining with fluorescein-conjugated anti-C3 antibody. Thus, encapsulated staphylococci are not effectively opsonized even though complement is activated and C3 is present on the bacterial surface. The exact mechanism by which the capsule interferes with opsonization is still not known; however, inhibition of complement activation appears not to be the explanation of this phenomenon.", "contents": "Dichotomy between opsonization and serum complement activation by encapsulated staphylococci. Previous studies have demonstrated that encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus strains are not effectively opsonized by the serum complement system. Encapsulated staphylococci thereby \"resist phagocytosis.\" To test whether this phenomenon might be explained by an inability of encapsulated strains to activate complement, the relationship between staphylococcal opsonization and serum complement activation was studied. Although encapsulation was found to interfere with opsonization by pooled human serum (human polymorphonuclear leukocytes phagocytized significantly fewer encapsulated bacteria than unencapsulated bacteria after incubation in this opsonic source), encapsulated (S. aureus M and Smith diffuse) and unencapsulated (S. aureus M variant and Smith compact) strains had similar capacities for complement activation as measured by C3-C9 consumption. When C2-deficient and immunoglobulin-deficient sera were studied, again C3-C9 consumption was not influenced by the presence or absence of a capsule. In addition, C3 was detected on the surface of both S. aureus M and M variant strains after incubation in pooled serum and staining with fluorescein-conjugated anti-C3 antibody. Thus, encapsulated staphylococci are not effectively opsonized even though complement is activated and C3 is present on the bacterial surface. The exact mechanism by which the capsule interferes with opsonization is still not known; however, inhibition of complement activation appears not to be the explanation of this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:352959", "title": "Protective effect of glucan against systemic Staphylococcus aureus septicemia in normal and leukemic mice.", "content": "The reticuloendothelial stimulant glucan, a beta-1,3-polyglucose component of the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was evaluated for its ability to modify Staphylococcus aureus-induced lethality in normal and leukemic mice. In normal mice the intravenous injection of glucan (0.45 mg per mouse) 7 and 4 days prior to intravenous challenge with S. aureus (1.0 x 10(9)) resulted in a significantly increased survival. Histological examination of the kidneys revealed that glucan significantly inhibited renal necrosis associated with systemic staphylococcal diseases. Further studies indicated that glucan administration not only enhanced survival of leukemic mice, but also increased survival of leukemic mice with experimentally induced staphylococcal speticemia. These data denote that glucan enhances nonspecific resistance to S. aureus sepsis, promotes survival during leukemic episodes, and increases survival time of leukemic mice with experimentally induced staphylococcal infection.", "contents": "Protective effect of glucan against systemic Staphylococcus aureus septicemia in normal and leukemic mice. The reticuloendothelial stimulant glucan, a beta-1,3-polyglucose component of the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was evaluated for its ability to modify Staphylococcus aureus-induced lethality in normal and leukemic mice. In normal mice the intravenous injection of glucan (0.45 mg per mouse) 7 and 4 days prior to intravenous challenge with S. aureus (1.0 x 10(9)) resulted in a significantly increased survival. Histological examination of the kidneys revealed that glucan significantly inhibited renal necrosis associated with systemic staphylococcal diseases. Further studies indicated that glucan administration not only enhanced survival of leukemic mice, but also increased survival of leukemic mice with experimentally induced staphylococcal speticemia. These data denote that glucan enhances nonspecific resistance to S. aureus sepsis, promotes survival during leukemic episodes, and increases survival time of leukemic mice with experimentally induced staphylococcal infection."}
{"id": "PMID:352960", "title": "Role of the surface coat in in vitro attachment and phagocytosis of Plasmodium berghei by peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Evidence is presented to indicate that Plasmodium berghei merozoites, but not trophozotites, have an antiphagocytic capsule. The capsule appears to form around the developing merozoties of the schizont in the parasitophorous vacuole. Serum from animals immune to P. berghei reacts with this capsule. After reaction with immune serum, the antiphagocytic action of the capsule is lost. By the process of binding serum protein, the capsule becomes electron dense and can be readily visuallzed as the surface coat by electron microscopy. At physiological temperatures, phagocytosis by macrophages rapidly follows adhesion of antibody-coated parasites. Both tight and loose phagosomes are formed.", "contents": "Role of the surface coat in in vitro attachment and phagocytosis of Plasmodium berghei by peritoneal macrophages. Evidence is presented to indicate that Plasmodium berghei merozoites, but not trophozotites, have an antiphagocytic capsule. The capsule appears to form around the developing merozoties of the schizont in the parasitophorous vacuole. Serum from animals immune to P. berghei reacts with this capsule. After reaction with immune serum, the antiphagocytic action of the capsule is lost. By the process of binding serum protein, the capsule becomes electron dense and can be readily visuallzed as the surface coat by electron microscopy. At physiological temperatures, phagocytosis by macrophages rapidly follows adhesion of antibody-coated parasites. Both tight and loose phagosomes are formed."}
{"id": "PMID:352961", "title": "In vitro interaction of alveolar macrophages and pneumocytes with feline respiratory viruses.", "content": "Feline alveolar macrophages and feline pneumocytes were inoculated in vitro with low multiplicities of either feline calicivirus or feline viral rhinotracheitis virus. Pneumocytes were permissive for both viruses. High titers were attained, and characteristic cytopathic effects developed. Alveolar macrophages were permissive for feline viral rhinotracheitis virus, although the cycle of replication was delayed. Infection of macrophages with feline calicivirus resulted in the production of viral antigens and cytopathic effects; however, viral particles were not detected by electron microscopy, and viral infectivity titers rose only slightly and then fell to undetectable levels by 96 h. The differences in viral susceptibility between these two peripheral pulmonary cell populations that were demonstrated in vitro probably contribute to the differences in pathogenesis of viral rhinotracheitis and calicivirus infections in cats.", "contents": "In vitro interaction of alveolar macrophages and pneumocytes with feline respiratory viruses. Feline alveolar macrophages and feline pneumocytes were inoculated in vitro with low multiplicities of either feline calicivirus or feline viral rhinotracheitis virus. Pneumocytes were permissive for both viruses. High titers were attained, and characteristic cytopathic effects developed. Alveolar macrophages were permissive for feline viral rhinotracheitis virus, although the cycle of replication was delayed. Infection of macrophages with feline calicivirus resulted in the production of viral antigens and cytopathic effects; however, viral particles were not detected by electron microscopy, and viral infectivity titers rose only slightly and then fell to undetectable levels by 96 h. The differences in viral susceptibility between these two peripheral pulmonary cell populations that were demonstrated in vitro probably contribute to the differences in pathogenesis of viral rhinotracheitis and calicivirus infections in cats."}
{"id": "PMID:352962", "title": "Measles virus nucleocapsids: large-scale purification and use in radioimmunoassays.", "content": "Nucleocapsids in quantities approaching 1 mg were purified from 109 measles virus-infected cells. They contained one polypeptide species with a molecular weight of 59,000. Antiserum was raised in rabbits against purified nucleocapsids and used in a competitive radioimmunoassay. Because of their instability, purified nucleocapsids were not suitable for use in such an assay. Instead partially purified nucleocapsids from HEp-2 cells persistently infected with measles virus and labeled in vitro with [35S]methionine were used as the source of radioactive antigen. The radioimmunoassay thus developed measured less than 5 ng of nucleocapsids in infected cells.", "contents": "Measles virus nucleocapsids: large-scale purification and use in radioimmunoassays. Nucleocapsids in quantities approaching 1 mg were purified from 109 measles virus-infected cells. They contained one polypeptide species with a molecular weight of 59,000. Antiserum was raised in rabbits against purified nucleocapsids and used in a competitive radioimmunoassay. Because of their instability, purified nucleocapsids were not suitable for use in such an assay. Instead partially purified nucleocapsids from HEp-2 cells persistently infected with measles virus and labeled in vitro with [35S]methionine were used as the source of radioactive antigen. The radioimmunoassay thus developed measured less than 5 ng of nucleocapsids in infected cells."}
{"id": "PMID:352963", "title": "Bronchopulmonary cellular response to aluminum and zirconium salts.", "content": "The bronchopulmonary cellular immunological response to repeated intratracheal inoculation of aluminum chlorhydrate, sodium zirconium lactate, and zirconium aluminum glycine was examined in rabbits. Results of a dose-response experiment using 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0-mg intratracheal inoculations of each metallic salt demonstrated significant bronchopulmonary histopathology in the 10.0-mg dose-response groups only. Acute lesions were histologically characterized by an inflammatory response centered around respiratory bronchioles. Although epithelioid cell formation was evident in 10.0 mg of aluminum salt (aluminum chlorhydrate and zirconium aluminum glycine) -injected animals, no well-defined granulomas characterized by an orderly arrangement of epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, and giant cells were evident in any of the experimental groups employed. All three metallic salts induced \"activated\" bronchopulmonary macrophages as determined by an in vitro phagocytic assay. This activation was likely nonimmunological since no measurable differences were observed in metallic salt-induced delayed skin reactivity or migration inhibition factor production between inoculated and uninoculated rabbits. The above observations suggest that aluminum and zirconium salts administered in comparatively high dosage via the respiratory tract route can induce respiratory bronchiolitis and activation of alveolar macrophages in the absence of demonstrable delayed hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Bronchopulmonary cellular response to aluminum and zirconium salts. The bronchopulmonary cellular immunological response to repeated intratracheal inoculation of aluminum chlorhydrate, sodium zirconium lactate, and zirconium aluminum glycine was examined in rabbits. Results of a dose-response experiment using 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0-mg intratracheal inoculations of each metallic salt demonstrated significant bronchopulmonary histopathology in the 10.0-mg dose-response groups only. Acute lesions were histologically characterized by an inflammatory response centered around respiratory bronchioles. Although epithelioid cell formation was evident in 10.0 mg of aluminum salt (aluminum chlorhydrate and zirconium aluminum glycine) -injected animals, no well-defined granulomas characterized by an orderly arrangement of epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, and giant cells were evident in any of the experimental groups employed. All three metallic salts induced \"activated\" bronchopulmonary macrophages as determined by an in vitro phagocytic assay. This activation was likely nonimmunological since no measurable differences were observed in metallic salt-induced delayed skin reactivity or migration inhibition factor production between inoculated and uninoculated rabbits. The above observations suggest that aluminum and zirconium salts administered in comparatively high dosage via the respiratory tract route can induce respiratory bronchiolitis and activation of alveolar macrophages in the absence of demonstrable delayed hypersensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:352964", "title": "Serotyping of Chlamydia: antibodies to lymphogranuloma venereum strains compared by microimmunofluorescence and neutralization tests.", "content": "The microimmunofluorescence test with hyperimmune rooster sera against lymphogranuloma venereum strains gave the same serotype patterns obtained in the standard mouse serum system. Results in a plaque reduction test appeared similar when only 3 prototype strains were tested, but differed when a battery of 11 strains were tested.", "contents": "Serotyping of Chlamydia: antibodies to lymphogranuloma venereum strains compared by microimmunofluorescence and neutralization tests. The microimmunofluorescence test with hyperimmune rooster sera against lymphogranuloma venereum strains gave the same serotype patterns obtained in the standard mouse serum system. Results in a plaque reduction test appeared similar when only 3 prototype strains were tested, but differed when a battery of 11 strains were tested."}
{"id": "PMID:352965", "title": "Coupling of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide to epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B.", "content": "Escherichia coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide was coupled to epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B. The bound lipopolysaccharide was immunogenic and immunoadsorptive although at less efficiency than free lipopolysaccharide.", "contents": "Coupling of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide to epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B. Escherichia coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide was coupled to epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B. The bound lipopolysaccharide was immunogenic and immunoadsorptive although at less efficiency than free lipopolysaccharide."}
{"id": "PMID:352966", "title": "Inactivation of polymorphonuclear-neutrophil derived eosinophil chemotactic factor by human serum.", "content": "A low-molecular-weight eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) can be released from human neutrophils on stimulation with the calcium ionophore (A 23187) and during phagocytosis. The presence of human serum suppresses the chemotaxis of eosinophils by ECF significantly. The inhibition is not cell-directed but affects the ECF either by binding or enzymatic cleavage. The inactivators belong to a heterogeneous class of serum components in the 19s, 7s and 4s molecular weight range. Highly purified human IgM and IgA, but neither IgG nor human serum albumin inhibit eosinophil chemotaxis.", "contents": "Inactivation of polymorphonuclear-neutrophil derived eosinophil chemotactic factor by human serum. A low-molecular-weight eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) can be released from human neutrophils on stimulation with the calcium ionophore (A 23187) and during phagocytosis. The presence of human serum suppresses the chemotaxis of eosinophils by ECF significantly. The inhibition is not cell-directed but affects the ECF either by binding or enzymatic cleavage. The inactivators belong to a heterogeneous class of serum components in the 19s, 7s and 4s molecular weight range. Highly purified human IgM and IgA, but neither IgG nor human serum albumin inhibit eosinophil chemotaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:352967", "title": "Demonstration of Fc receptors on the surface of B lymphocytes.", "content": "Human blood lymphocytes were tested by an immunofluorescence technique for surface immunoglobulin and by a rosette test with IgG-sensitised red cells for Fc receptors. From combined tests and experiments involving fractionation of lymphocyte populations it is concluded that Fc receptors are demonstrable on most B lymphocytes by the rosette test, but only if the red cells are optimally sensitised. These observations are advanced as an explanation of the discrepant results of surface marker tests on B cells.", "contents": "Demonstration of Fc receptors on the surface of B lymphocytes. Human blood lymphocytes were tested by an immunofluorescence technique for surface immunoglobulin and by a rosette test with IgG-sensitised red cells for Fc receptors. From combined tests and experiments involving fractionation of lymphocyte populations it is concluded that Fc receptors are demonstrable on most B lymphocytes by the rosette test, but only if the red cells are optimally sensitised. These observations are advanced as an explanation of the discrepant results of surface marker tests on B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:352968", "title": "The beat goes on: status of the artificial heart, 1977.", "content": "After two decades of continuous research on the artificial heart, survival times of experimental animals indicate that clinical application of such a device is definitely feasible. However, a number of problems remain to be solved. Durability of the device, infection, pannus formation at the interface between the device and natural tissue and thrombosis within the device appear to be the major problems. Development of an implantable power source is also an area of important research. Questions of efficiency, cosmetic and psychological acceptability and cost are just beginning to be considered.", "contents": "The beat goes on: status of the artificial heart, 1977. After two decades of continuous research on the artificial heart, survival times of experimental animals indicate that clinical application of such a device is definitely feasible. However, a number of problems remain to be solved. Durability of the device, infection, pannus formation at the interface between the device and natural tissue and thrombosis within the device appear to be the major problems. Development of an implantable power source is also an area of important research. Questions of efficiency, cosmetic and psychological acceptability and cost are just beginning to be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:352969", "title": "Apomorphine revived: fortified, prolonged, and improved therapeutical effect.", "content": "An historical review is presented of the evolution of the clinical apomorphine treatment. Some of the results from the last 10 years of psychopharmacological research have led us to the hypothesis that there exists a close relationship between abstinence and craving symptoms in drug and alcohol addicts, and that anxiety, depression, and tremor symptoms in Parkinsonism (and dementia senilis), are due to disturbances of the same, mainly dopaminergic, pathways in the CNS. In such cases, by means of effective preparations for oral use, we have utilized the synergistic effect of small amounts of apomorphine, L-dopa, and decarboxylase inhibitor with considerable therapeutic effect.", "contents": "Apomorphine revived: fortified, prolonged, and improved therapeutical effect. An historical review is presented of the evolution of the clinical apomorphine treatment. Some of the results from the last 10 years of psychopharmacological research have led us to the hypothesis that there exists a close relationship between abstinence and craving symptoms in drug and alcohol addicts, and that anxiety, depression, and tremor symptoms in Parkinsonism (and dementia senilis), are due to disturbances of the same, mainly dopaminergic, pathways in the CNS. In such cases, by means of effective preparations for oral use, we have utilized the synergistic effect of small amounts of apomorphine, L-dopa, and decarboxylase inhibitor with considerable therapeutic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:352970", "title": "Covert sensitization in group treatment of adolescent drug abusers.", "content": "Seven self-referred males with long-standing histories of excessive use of amphetamines, LSD, and marijuana participated in an experiment dealing with the behavioral procedures of covert sensitization in group treatment. LSD usage did not change during a 14-week precovert-sensitization treatment program. The group then received covert sensitization in 11 sessions within a 6-week period, with all members reporting no LSD usage or desire to take LSD. A 6 to 18-month follow-up indicated that six subjects had not taken LSD. Two subjects reported self-administration of covert sensitization procedures at home to develop aversions to other drugs and were completely drug-free. The seventh subject could not be located. The practical advantages of using covert sensitization procedures in group treatment of drug users within the school setting are discussed.", "contents": "Covert sensitization in group treatment of adolescent drug abusers. Seven self-referred males with long-standing histories of excessive use of amphetamines, LSD, and marijuana participated in an experiment dealing with the behavioral procedures of covert sensitization in group treatment. LSD usage did not change during a 14-week precovert-sensitization treatment program. The group then received covert sensitization in 11 sessions within a 6-week period, with all members reporting no LSD usage or desire to take LSD. A 6 to 18-month follow-up indicated that six subjects had not taken LSD. Two subjects reported self-administration of covert sensitization procedures at home to develop aversions to other drugs and were completely drug-free. The seventh subject could not be located. The practical advantages of using covert sensitization procedures in group treatment of drug users within the school setting are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:352972", "title": "Clonazepam: its efficacy in association with phenytoin and phenobarbital in mental patients with generalized major motor seizures.", "content": "In a 36-week controlled study, the efficacy of clonazepam administered with phenytoin and phenobarbital was evaluated in twenty-four epileptic mental patients suffering from major motor seizures. The patients were distributed in two strata according to the presence or the absence of chlorpromazine. As compared with placebo treatment in the chlorpromazine-free patients, a significant reduction in the frequency of the tonic-clonic seizures was observed during the 24-week clonazepam treatment. This effect could not be observed in the patients requiring the antipsychotic drug. The EEG performed before and at the end of the experimental period did not show any significant change. The most common adverse reactions to clonazepam were drowsiness and ataxia; they diminished with continued treatment.", "contents": "Clonazepam: its efficacy in association with phenytoin and phenobarbital in mental patients with generalized major motor seizures. In a 36-week controlled study, the efficacy of clonazepam administered with phenytoin and phenobarbital was evaluated in twenty-four epileptic mental patients suffering from major motor seizures. The patients were distributed in two strata according to the presence or the absence of chlorpromazine. As compared with placebo treatment in the chlorpromazine-free patients, a significant reduction in the frequency of the tonic-clonic seizures was observed during the 24-week clonazepam treatment. This effect could not be observed in the patients requiring the antipsychotic drug. The EEG performed before and at the end of the experimental period did not show any significant change. The most common adverse reactions to clonazepam were drowsiness and ataxia; they diminished with continued treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:352973", "title": "Comparison of terbutaline and salebutamol aerosols in patients with bronchial asthma.", "content": "The authors have compared the activity of Terbutaline with that of Salbutamol in 14 subjects with partially reversible airways obstruction. In this within patients trial FEV1 resulted significantly increased with both compounds and was still significant 240 minutes after Terbutaline.  After Terbutaline there was in addition a better situation in regard to blood gases. Tolerability with both compounds was very good.", "contents": "Comparison of terbutaline and salebutamol aerosols in patients with bronchial asthma. The authors have compared the activity of Terbutaline with that of Salbutamol in 14 subjects with partially reversible airways obstruction. In this within patients trial FEV1 resulted significantly increased with both compounds and was still significant 240 minutes after Terbutaline.  After Terbutaline there was in addition a better situation in regard to blood gases. Tolerability with both compounds was very good."}
{"id": "PMID:352974", "title": "A double blind study with melperone and placebo in the treatment of chronic alcoholics.", "content": "In a 2-wk randomized double blind study 60 chronic alcoholics were treated with either melperone (Buronil) or placebo. The patients were assessed daily using a scale including 4 items: tension, depression, craving and sleep. Statistically significant improvement was achieved in the placebo group only for \"tension\" and \"sleep\"; whereas, in the melperone group all four items improved significantly. Comparison between the groups revealed statistically significant superiority of melperone over placebo for the item \"craving\".", "contents": "A double blind study with melperone and placebo in the treatment of chronic alcoholics. In a 2-wk randomized double blind study 60 chronic alcoholics were treated with either melperone (Buronil) or placebo. The patients were assessed daily using a scale including 4 items: tension, depression, craving and sleep. Statistically significant improvement was achieved in the placebo group only for \"tension\" and \"sleep\"; whereas, in the melperone group all four items improved significantly. Comparison between the groups revealed statistically significant superiority of melperone over placebo for the item \"craving\"."}
{"id": "PMID:352975", "title": "Methylergometrine: comparison of plasma concentrations and clinical response of two brands.", "content": "There were no significant differences between the two brands of methylergometrine (methylergonovine), Methergin and Myomergin, in the radioimmunologically measured serum concentrations nor in the AUC after an oral 0.250 mg dose determined on the third or sixth postpartum day during a continuous treatment with methylergometrine 0.125 mg t.i.d., nor were there significant differences in the clinical response to this oxytocic drug. Peak serum concentrations were obtained at 3 hours (Methergin 6.3 nmol/1 and Myomergin 6.0 nmol/1), indicating a delayed gastrointestinal absorption in postpartum females in comparison with healthy male volunteers [6]. Spontaneous complaints of side-effects were rare and mild.", "contents": "Methylergometrine: comparison of plasma concentrations and clinical response of two brands. There were no significant differences between the two brands of methylergometrine (methylergonovine), Methergin and Myomergin, in the radioimmunologically measured serum concentrations nor in the AUC after an oral 0.250 mg dose determined on the third or sixth postpartum day during a continuous treatment with methylergometrine 0.125 mg t.i.d., nor were there significant differences in the clinical response to this oxytocic drug. Peak serum concentrations were obtained at 3 hours (Methergin 6.3 nmol/1 and Myomergin 6.0 nmol/1), indicating a delayed gastrointestinal absorption in postpartum females in comparison with healthy male volunteers [6]. Spontaneous complaints of side-effects were rare and mild."}
{"id": "PMID:352976", "title": "Are there schizophrenics for whom drugs may be unnecessary or contraindicated?", "content": "This study reports that there are schizophrenics who do relatively well long term without the routine or continuous use of antipsychotic medication. Specially selected young males undergoing an acute schizophrenic episode were followed, after hospitalization, for up to three years. While hospitalized they were assigned randomly to either placebo or chlorpromazine treatment. Many unmedicated-while-in-hospital patients showed greater long-term improvement, less pathology at follow-up, fewer rehospitalizations and better overall function in the community than patients who were given chlorpromazine while in the hospital. Factors related to post-hospital outcome were good premorbid history and short-lived paranoid characteristics. Considerations which may have an effect on the successful management of acute schizophrenic patients not on medication are mentioned. The findings underline the need for further study of how to utilize antipsychotic medication more selectively in the treatment of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Are there schizophrenics for whom drugs may be unnecessary or contraindicated? This study reports that there are schizophrenics who do relatively well long term without the routine or continuous use of antipsychotic medication. Specially selected young males undergoing an acute schizophrenic episode were followed, after hospitalization, for up to three years. While hospitalized they were assigned randomly to either placebo or chlorpromazine treatment. Many unmedicated-while-in-hospital patients showed greater long-term improvement, less pathology at follow-up, fewer rehospitalizations and better overall function in the community than patients who were given chlorpromazine while in the hospital. Factors related to post-hospital outcome were good premorbid history and short-lived paranoid characteristics. Considerations which may have an effect on the successful management of acute schizophrenic patients not on medication are mentioned. The findings underline the need for further study of how to utilize antipsychotic medication more selectively in the treatment of schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:352977", "title": "Acetylator phenotype in relation to monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant drug therapy.", "content": "The MAOI antidepressant drug phenelzine has a molecular structure closely related to drugs known to be acetylated, specifically isoniazid. Acetylator phenotype is genetically determined and shows wide variation between different ethnic groups. Acetylator phenotype could be a major factor as a determinant of response to phenelzine therapy and the findings from three studies are discussed. The implications for other (non-psychotropic) drug therapy are briefly referred to.", "contents": "Acetylator phenotype in relation to monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant drug therapy. The MAOI antidepressant drug phenelzine has a molecular structure closely related to drugs known to be acetylated, specifically isoniazid. Acetylator phenotype is genetically determined and shows wide variation between different ethnic groups. Acetylator phenotype could be a major factor as a determinant of response to phenelzine therapy and the findings from three studies are discussed. The implications for other (non-psychotropic) drug therapy are briefly referred to."}
{"id": "PMID:352978", "title": "Clinical prediction of antidepressant response.", "content": "Depression is not a unitary disease and not all cases of depression can be treated alike. Therefore, predictors of antidepressant response to different drugs need to be identified. Premorbid personality, age and sex and family history are useful in prediction. As an example, only females respond to the addition of triiodothyronine to the antidepressant therapy. Endogenous depressions respond favourably to antidepressants, so also do psychotic depressions. On the other hand, delusional depressions do not respond to antidepressants. While atypical depressions are best treated with MAOI, motor retardation improves with imipramine and obsessive symptoms with chlorimipramine. In addition to clinical variables, biochemical and statistical approaches have also yielded significant results in prediction.", "contents": "Clinical prediction of antidepressant response. Depression is not a unitary disease and not all cases of depression can be treated alike. Therefore, predictors of antidepressant response to different drugs need to be identified. Premorbid personality, age and sex and family history are useful in prediction. As an example, only females respond to the addition of triiodothyronine to the antidepressant therapy. Endogenous depressions respond favourably to antidepressants, so also do psychotic depressions. On the other hand, delusional depressions do not respond to antidepressants. While atypical depressions are best treated with MAOI, motor retardation improves with imipramine and obsessive symptoms with chlorimipramine. In addition to clinical variables, biochemical and statistical approaches have also yielded significant results in prediction."}
{"id": "PMID:352988", "title": "Inhibition of macrophage migration by choroidal malignant melanoma-associated antigens in patients with unveal melanoma.", "content": "The specific cell-mediated immunity of the lymphocytes of eight patients with choriodal malignant melanoma (MM) to four extracts of choroidal MM-associated antigens was tested with the aid of the MIF technique. Seven of the patients with choroidal MM responded to at least one of the four extracts used, whereas patients with choroidal nevus or carcinoma as well as healthy controls did not respond to any of the MM choroidal extracts. There was no response to iris extracts obtained from the enucleated eyes with MM in any of the subjects tested.", "contents": "Inhibition of macrophage migration by choroidal malignant melanoma-associated antigens in patients with unveal melanoma. The specific cell-mediated immunity of the lymphocytes of eight patients with choriodal malignant melanoma (MM) to four extracts of choroidal MM-associated antigens was tested with the aid of the MIF technique. Seven of the patients with choroidal MM responded to at least one of the four extracts used, whereas patients with choroidal nevus or carcinoma as well as healthy controls did not respond to any of the MM choroidal extracts. There was no response to iris extracts obtained from the enucleated eyes with MM in any of the subjects tested."}
{"id": "PMID:352989", "title": "Coxsackievirus aggregates in muscle cells of a polymyositis patient.", "content": "Muscle biopsy specimens of a patient with polymyositis showed crystalline structures resembling picornavirus aggregates within muscle cells. The patient's serum reacted in an indirect immunofluorescence assay with autologous muscle cells. A strongly positive immunofluorescence staining was also noted when a section of muscle tissue was reacted with coxsackievirus A9 antiserum, and a weakly positive reaction was noted with coxsackievirus B2 antiserum. No staining was observed after treatment with antiserum to poliovirus type 1 or echovirus types 11 and 22.", "contents": "Coxsackievirus aggregates in muscle cells of a polymyositis patient. Muscle biopsy specimens of a patient with polymyositis showed crystalline structures resembling picornavirus aggregates within muscle cells. The patient's serum reacted in an indirect immunofluorescence assay with autologous muscle cells. A strongly positive immunofluorescence staining was also noted when a section of muscle tissue was reacted with coxsackievirus A9 antiserum, and a weakly positive reaction was noted with coxsackievirus B2 antiserum. No staining was observed after treatment with antiserum to poliovirus type 1 or echovirus types 11 and 22."}
{"id": "PMID:353004", "title": "Defective neutrophil chemotaxis and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E in a child with recurrent infections.", "content": "The clinical and immunologic features of an adolescent boy with recurrent pyogenic infections are presented. A cellular defect in neutrophil chemotaxis, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and a negative delayed cutaneous reaction to antigen from Candida albicans were found.", "contents": "Defective neutrophil chemotaxis and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E in a child with recurrent infections. The clinical and immunologic features of an adolescent boy with recurrent pyogenic infections are presented. A cellular defect in neutrophil chemotaxis, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and a negative delayed cutaneous reaction to antigen from Candida albicans were found."}
{"id": "PMID:353009", "title": "Effect of lung volume on expiratory time in the newborn infant.", "content": "The effect of an increased end-expiratory lung volume on inspiratory and expiratory duration was examined in 13 term infants at 4, 30, and 70 h of age. This was accomplished by the administration of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) of 0, 3, and 6 cmH2O by use of a face mask connected to a pneumotachometer, and by measurement of the timing of the respiratory cycle over 1-min intervals. At increasing functional residual capacity (FRC) there was a progressive increase in expiratory time (TE) and fall in respiratory rate, with a variable effect on inspiratory time (TI). As CPAP increased from 0 to 6 cmH2O, the TI/TE ratio fell from 0.75 to 0.62 (P less than 0.01), 0.90 to 0.66 (P less than 0.001), and 0.87 to 0.64 (P less than 0.001) at 4, 30, and 70 h, respectively. We conclude that alterations in end-expiratory lung volume significantly alter expiratory duration in the newborn infant at term. This may be analogous to the vagally mediated tonic control of expiratory time with changing FRC recently described in anesthetized animals.", "contents": "Effect of lung volume on expiratory time in the newborn infant. The effect of an increased end-expiratory lung volume on inspiratory and expiratory duration was examined in 13 term infants at 4, 30, and 70 h of age. This was accomplished by the administration of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) of 0, 3, and 6 cmH2O by use of a face mask connected to a pneumotachometer, and by measurement of the timing of the respiratory cycle over 1-min intervals. At increasing functional residual capacity (FRC) there was a progressive increase in expiratory time (TE) and fall in respiratory rate, with a variable effect on inspiratory time (TI). As CPAP increased from 0 to 6 cmH2O, the TI/TE ratio fell from 0.75 to 0.62 (P less than 0.01), 0.90 to 0.66 (P less than 0.001), and 0.87 to 0.64 (P less than 0.001) at 4, 30, and 70 h, respectively. We conclude that alterations in end-expiratory lung volume significantly alter expiratory duration in the newborn infant at term. This may be analogous to the vagally mediated tonic control of expiratory time with changing FRC recently described in anesthetized animals."}
{"id": "PMID:353011", "title": "Growth of transplants of rat humerus following circumferential division of the periosteum.", "content": "The growth of transplants of young rat humeri has been studied following circumferential division of the periosteum at either the proximal or the distal end of the shaft. Periosteal division resulted in bones that were longer than those in which the periosteum was not cut. Following proximal division the experimental bones grew 30% more at both ends than the control bones and 16% more at the proximal end following distal division. There was, however, no difference between the growth of the experimental and control bones at the distal end following distal division of the periosteum. The experimental humeri had less new subperiosteal bone deposited over their diaphyses than the control humeri. These findings support the view that the periosteum is under tension as a result of the activity of the growth plates, and that changes in periosteal tension affect both the growth in length and the deposition of subperiosteal bone.", "contents": "Growth of transplants of rat humerus following circumferential division of the periosteum. The growth of transplants of young rat humeri has been studied following circumferential division of the periosteum at either the proximal or the distal end of the shaft. Periosteal division resulted in bones that were longer than those in which the periosteum was not cut. Following proximal division the experimental bones grew 30% more at both ends than the control bones and 16% more at the proximal end following distal division. There was, however, no difference between the growth of the experimental and control bones at the distal end following distal division of the periosteum. The experimental humeri had less new subperiosteal bone deposited over their diaphyses than the control humeri. These findings support the view that the periosteum is under tension as a result of the activity of the growth plates, and that changes in periosteal tension affect both the growth in length and the deposition of subperiosteal bone."}
{"id": "PMID:353012", "title": "Globomycin, a new peptide antibiotic with spheroplast-forming activity. II. Isolation and physico-chemical and biological characterization.", "content": "The peptide antibiotic globomycin was extracted from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces halstedii No. 13912, purified on silica-gel columns and crystallized from acetonitrile to give colorless needles. It is a neutral substance with m.p. of 115 degrees C and a molecular formula of C32H57N5O9. On amino-acid analysis, it gave serine, threonine, glycine and an unidentified amino acid. It is soluble in methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform but sparingly soluble in water. The antimicrobial spectrum of globomycin revealed its specific activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Formation of spheroplasts was observed when Escherichia coli was grown in the presence of globomycin, indicating inhibition of the bacterial cell wall synthesis as its mode of action.", "contents": "Globomycin, a new peptide antibiotic with spheroplast-forming activity. II. Isolation and physico-chemical and biological characterization. The peptide antibiotic globomycin was extracted from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces halstedii No. 13912, purified on silica-gel columns and crystallized from acetonitrile to give colorless needles. It is a neutral substance with m.p. of 115 degrees C and a molecular formula of C32H57N5O9. On amino-acid analysis, it gave serine, threonine, glycine and an unidentified amino acid. It is soluble in methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform but sparingly soluble in water. The antimicrobial spectrum of globomycin revealed its specific activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Formation of spheroplasts was observed when Escherichia coli was grown in the presence of globomycin, indicating inhibition of the bacterial cell wall synthesis as its mode of action."}
{"id": "PMID:353024", "title": "Kaspar Hauser's recovery and autopsy: a perspective on neurological and sociological requirements for language development.", "content": "The feral children literature has frequently been cited for relevance to understanding historical antecedents of autism. Kaspar Hauser, who appeared in Nuremberg, Germany in 1828, is one of these children, raised under conditions of extreme deprivation. His case history and gradual acquisition of language after age 17 years are summarized. There is strong evidence that he was the prince of Baden, abducted from his cradle in 1812. Findings of postmortem examination, conducted after his assassination, are discussed. Hauser's postadolescent recovery of language contradicts the notion of a \"critical period\" for language development.", "contents": "Kaspar Hauser's recovery and autopsy: a perspective on neurological and sociological requirements for language development. The feral children literature has frequently been cited for relevance to understanding historical antecedents of autism. Kaspar Hauser, who appeared in Nuremberg, Germany in 1828, is one of these children, raised under conditions of extreme deprivation. His case history and gradual acquisition of language after age 17 years are summarized. There is strong evidence that he was the prince of Baden, abducted from his cradle in 1812. Findings of postmortem examination, conducted after his assassination, are discussed. Hauser's postadolescent recovery of language contradicts the notion of a \"critical period\" for language development."}
{"id": "PMID:353028", "title": "Escherichia coli gene that controls sensitivity to alkylating agents.", "content": "A new type of Escherichia coli mutant which shows increased sensitivity to methyl methane sulfonate but not to UV light or to gamma rays was isolated after mutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The mutant is unable to reactivate phage lambdavir or double-stranded phiX174 DNA (replicative form) that had been treated with methyl methane sulfonate. The mutant is sensitive to other alkylating agents, such as ethyl methane sulfonate, mitomycin C, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, as well. It grows normally and exhibits almost normal recombination proficiency. The mutant possesses normal levels of DNA polymerase I, exonuclease I, exonuclease V, endonuclease specific for methyl methane sulfonate-treated DNA, and 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosidase activities. The genetic locus responsible has been named alk and is located near his on the chromosome.", "contents": "Escherichia coli gene that controls sensitivity to alkylating agents. A new type of Escherichia coli mutant which shows increased sensitivity to methyl methane sulfonate but not to UV light or to gamma rays was isolated after mutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The mutant is unable to reactivate phage lambdavir or double-stranded phiX174 DNA (replicative form) that had been treated with methyl methane sulfonate. The mutant is sensitive to other alkylating agents, such as ethyl methane sulfonate, mitomycin C, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, as well. It grows normally and exhibits almost normal recombination proficiency. The mutant possesses normal levels of DNA polymerase I, exonuclease I, exonuclease V, endonuclease specific for methyl methane sulfonate-treated DNA, and 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosidase activities. The genetic locus responsible has been named alk and is located near his on the chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:353029", "title": "Evidence for the specific association of the chromosomal origin with outer membrane fractions isolated from Escherichia coli.", "content": "DNA-envelope complexes isolated from osmotically lysed spheroplasts of Escherichia coli contained 0.2 to 1% of the total cellular DNA after labeling with [3H]thymidine. Molecular weight determinations indicated that the amount of bound DNA was equivalent in most cases to a maximum of three binding sites per chromosome. Bound DNA from E. coli B/r was distributed approximately equally between inner and outer membrane components when envelopes were fractionated on sucrose equilibrium gradients. Outer membrane-DNA complexes, in particular, fraction H1, with a density of 1.24 g/cm3, were quite stable against shearing and against Sarkosyl NL97. In the case of E. coli B/r, H1-DNA was also relatively resistant to deoxyribonuclease. Inner membrane-DNA complexes, in contrast, were quite labile and readily dissociated to release free DNA. The outer membrane fractions did not appear to contain replication fork DNA, but small amounts may have been present in the inner membrane complexes. A two- to eightfold enrichment for chromosomal origin DNA in the envelope was obtained when cultures of E. coli K-12, synchronized for DNA replication, were pulse labeled at different times in the replication cycle. This enrichment was found invariably in the outer membrane fractions. However, the data do not exclude the possibility that this DNA is bound to regions of adhesion between inner and outer membranes which sediment with a density indistinguishable from that of the outer membrane.", "contents": "Evidence for the specific association of the chromosomal origin with outer membrane fractions isolated from Escherichia coli. DNA-envelope complexes isolated from osmotically lysed spheroplasts of Escherichia coli contained 0.2 to 1% of the total cellular DNA after labeling with [3H]thymidine. Molecular weight determinations indicated that the amount of bound DNA was equivalent in most cases to a maximum of three binding sites per chromosome. Bound DNA from E. coli B/r was distributed approximately equally between inner and outer membrane components when envelopes were fractionated on sucrose equilibrium gradients. Outer membrane-DNA complexes, in particular, fraction H1, with a density of 1.24 g/cm3, were quite stable against shearing and against Sarkosyl NL97. In the case of E. coli B/r, H1-DNA was also relatively resistant to deoxyribonuclease. Inner membrane-DNA complexes, in contrast, were quite labile and readily dissociated to release free DNA. The outer membrane fractions did not appear to contain replication fork DNA, but small amounts may have been present in the inner membrane complexes. A two- to eightfold enrichment for chromosomal origin DNA in the envelope was obtained when cultures of E. coli K-12, synchronized for DNA replication, were pulse labeled at different times in the replication cycle. This enrichment was found invariably in the outer membrane fractions. However, the data do not exclude the possibility that this DNA is bound to regions of adhesion between inner and outer membranes which sediment with a density indistinguishable from that of the outer membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:353030", "title": "Functional interaction of the tonA/tonB receptor system in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Host range mutants of phage T1 (T1h), which productively infected tonB mutants of Escherichia coli, were isolated. The phage mutants were inactivated by isolated outer membranes of E. coli in contrast to the wild-type phage, which only adsorbed reversibly. For the infection process, the tonB function is apparently only required for the irreversible adsorption of the phage T1, but not for the transfer of the phage DNA through the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane of the cell. Mutants of the tonA gene expressing normal amounts of outer membrane receptor proteins were isolated and found to be partially sensitive to phage T5 and resistant to the phages T1 and T1h, colicin M, and albomycin and unable to take up iron as a ferrichrome complex. One tonA mutant remained partially sensitive to T5, colicin M, and albomycin and supported growth of T1h (not of T1) with the same plating efficiency as the parent strain. Only a small region of the tonA receptor protein seems to function for all the very different substrates. A newly isolated host range mutant of T5 (T5h) adsorbed faster to tonA(+) cells than did wild-type T5 and infected tonA missense mutants resistant to wild-type T5. The interplay of the tonA with the tonB function was observed with phage T5 infection, although T5 required only the tonA receptor. Ferrichrome inhibited plaque formation of T5 only when plated on tonB mutants. Adsorption of T5 to cells in liquid medium was influenced by ferrichrome as follows: complete inhibition by 0.1 muM ferrichrome with tonB mutants, not more than 35% inhibition by 1 to 100 muM ferrichrome with the tonB(+) parent strain in the presence of glucose as energy source, and 90% inhibition by 1 muM ferrichrome with partially starved parent cells. We conclude that there exist different functional states of the receptor protein that depend on the energy state of the cell and the tonB function. The latter seems to be required only for translocation processes with outer membrane proteins involved.", "contents": "Functional interaction of the tonA/tonB receptor system in Escherichia coli. Host range mutants of phage T1 (T1h), which productively infected tonB mutants of Escherichia coli, were isolated. The phage mutants were inactivated by isolated outer membranes of E. coli in contrast to the wild-type phage, which only adsorbed reversibly. For the infection process, the tonB function is apparently only required for the irreversible adsorption of the phage T1, but not for the transfer of the phage DNA through the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane of the cell. Mutants of the tonA gene expressing normal amounts of outer membrane receptor proteins were isolated and found to be partially sensitive to phage T5 and resistant to the phages T1 and T1h, colicin M, and albomycin and unable to take up iron as a ferrichrome complex. One tonA mutant remained partially sensitive to T5, colicin M, and albomycin and supported growth of T1h (not of T1) with the same plating efficiency as the parent strain. Only a small region of the tonA receptor protein seems to function for all the very different substrates. A newly isolated host range mutant of T5 (T5h) adsorbed faster to tonA(+) cells than did wild-type T5 and infected tonA missense mutants resistant to wild-type T5. The interplay of the tonA with the tonB function was observed with phage T5 infection, although T5 required only the tonA receptor. Ferrichrome inhibited plaque formation of T5 only when plated on tonB mutants. Adsorption of T5 to cells in liquid medium was influenced by ferrichrome as follows: complete inhibition by 0.1 muM ferrichrome with tonB mutants, not more than 35% inhibition by 1 to 100 muM ferrichrome with the tonB(+) parent strain in the presence of glucose as energy source, and 90% inhibition by 1 muM ferrichrome with partially starved parent cells. We conclude that there exist different functional states of the receptor protein that depend on the energy state of the cell and the tonB function. The latter seems to be required only for translocation processes with outer membrane proteins involved."}
{"id": "PMID:353031", "title": "Escherichia coli mutants defective in membrane phospholipid synthesis: binding and metabolism of 1-oleoylglycerol 3-phosphate by a plsB deep rough mutant.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli containing a defective sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase are conditionally defective in the synthesis of acylglycerol phosphate (acylglycerol-P). Incubation of a deep rough derivative of one of these plsB strains with 1-[3H]oleoylglycerol-32P resulted in the binding of up to 70 nmol of oleoylglycerol-P per 100 nmol of cellular phospholipid. The binding was dependent on time, oleoylglycerol-P concentration, and the quantity of cells employed. The rate and extent of oleoylglycerol-P binding was affected by the deep rough mutation. The altered phospholipid composition due to oleoylglycerol-P binding was without consequence on cell growth and viability, but caused the appearance of intracellular multilamellar structures. Use of the double-labeled oleoylglycerol P demonstrated that the entire molecule was bound to the cell. Intact [3H]-oleoylglycerol-32P was converted to phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphotidyl-glycerol at a rate about 40% of that of de novo phospholipid synthesis. These data demonstrate the transmembrane movement of oleoylglycerol-P to the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and suggest that it may become possible to supplement plsB strains of E. coli with acylglycerol-P's.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutants defective in membrane phospholipid synthesis: binding and metabolism of 1-oleoylglycerol 3-phosphate by a plsB deep rough mutant. Mutants of Escherichia coli containing a defective sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase are conditionally defective in the synthesis of acylglycerol phosphate (acylglycerol-P). Incubation of a deep rough derivative of one of these plsB strains with 1-[3H]oleoylglycerol-32P resulted in the binding of up to 70 nmol of oleoylglycerol-P per 100 nmol of cellular phospholipid. The binding was dependent on time, oleoylglycerol-P concentration, and the quantity of cells employed. The rate and extent of oleoylglycerol-P binding was affected by the deep rough mutation. The altered phospholipid composition due to oleoylglycerol-P binding was without consequence on cell growth and viability, but caused the appearance of intracellular multilamellar structures. Use of the double-labeled oleoylglycerol P demonstrated that the entire molecule was bound to the cell. Intact [3H]-oleoylglycerol-32P was converted to phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphotidyl-glycerol at a rate about 40% of that of de novo phospholipid synthesis. These data demonstrate the transmembrane movement of oleoylglycerol-P to the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and suggest that it may become possible to supplement plsB strains of E. coli with acylglycerol-P's."}
{"id": "PMID:353032", "title": "Bacteriophage P22 is not a likely probe for zones of adhesion between the inner and outer membranes of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Thin-section electron micrographs of plasmolyzed Salmonella typhimurium infected with bacteriophage P22 demonstrated that phage adsorbed to cells over sites of inner- and outer-membrane contact. Efforts were made to isolate such adsorption sites by infection of cells with 35S- and 32P-labeled phage and by separation of the membranes on sucrose gradients. At 37 degrees C, about 75% of the 35S radioactivity could be recovered in a region of intermediate density between the inner and outer membranes. This region (phi band) did not contain 32P. The gradient profile was independent of the multiplicity of infection (between 0.2 and 50) and of the presence or absence of chloramphenicol, dinitrophenol, or cyanide. However, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, when present during the infection step, prevented the formation of phi band. The density of phi band was at least 1.30 g/cm3, as demonstrated by prolonged centrifugation on a D2O-sucrose gradient. phi Band was shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy to contain empty phage heads and contaminating cellular debris. In purified preparations, phage heads were the only structures, visible by negative staining, and very little cellular phospholipid or protein was associated with the phage proteins (less than 2% and 30% by weight, respectively, as determined by using [3H]glycerol or [3H]leucine). The residual cellular protein included all of the major outer-membrane proteins rather than any one specific protein. These results are interpreted as indicating that phi band probably does not contain adhesion site material stably associated with phage heads.", "contents": "Bacteriophage P22 is not a likely probe for zones of adhesion between the inner and outer membranes of Salmonella typhimurium. Thin-section electron micrographs of plasmolyzed Salmonella typhimurium infected with bacteriophage P22 demonstrated that phage adsorbed to cells over sites of inner- and outer-membrane contact. Efforts were made to isolate such adsorption sites by infection of cells with 35S- and 32P-labeled phage and by separation of the membranes on sucrose gradients. At 37 degrees C, about 75% of the 35S radioactivity could be recovered in a region of intermediate density between the inner and outer membranes. This region (phi band) did not contain 32P. The gradient profile was independent of the multiplicity of infection (between 0.2 and 50) and of the presence or absence of chloramphenicol, dinitrophenol, or cyanide. However, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, when present during the infection step, prevented the formation of phi band. The density of phi band was at least 1.30 g/cm3, as demonstrated by prolonged centrifugation on a D2O-sucrose gradient. phi Band was shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy to contain empty phage heads and contaminating cellular debris. In purified preparations, phage heads were the only structures, visible by negative staining, and very little cellular phospholipid or protein was associated with the phage proteins (less than 2% and 30% by weight, respectively, as determined by using [3H]glycerol or [3H]leucine). The residual cellular protein included all of the major outer-membrane proteins rather than any one specific protein. These results are interpreted as indicating that phi band probably does not contain adhesion site material stably associated with phage heads."}
{"id": "PMID:353033", "title": "Noncoordinate control of RNA, lipopolysaccharide, and phospholipid syntheses during amino acid starvation in stringent and relaxed strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The syntheses of RNA, lipopolysaccharides, and phospholipids were measured simultaneously in stringent and relaxed cells of Escherichia coli during normal growth or starvation for amino acids. The synthesis of all these molecules was inhibited by amino acid starvation, but the reduction in synthesis was not coordinated.", "contents": "Noncoordinate control of RNA, lipopolysaccharide, and phospholipid syntheses during amino acid starvation in stringent and relaxed strains of Escherichia coli. The syntheses of RNA, lipopolysaccharides, and phospholipids were measured simultaneously in stringent and relaxed cells of Escherichia coli during normal growth or starvation for amino acids. The synthesis of all these molecules was inhibited by amino acid starvation, but the reduction in synthesis was not coordinated."}
{"id": "PMID:353034", "title": "Derepression of colicin E1 synthesis in the constitutive tif mutant strain (spr tif sfi) and in a tif sfi mutant strain of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "We show here that expression of the colicin gene of the ColE1 plasmid is greatly derepressed in Escherichia coli K-12 strain DM1187 spr tif sfi, which is a constitutive tif mutant, altered in the lexA gene, and which shows constitutive expression of various pathways of the recA-dependent, lexA-blocked (SOS) repair system. In this strain colicin E1 synthesis is at least 100-fold greater than that observed in uninduced control strains (spr+ tif sfi and spr+ tif+ sfi). This result confirms the regulatory role of the lexA product in colicin E1 synthesis. Colicin yields by the uninduced strain DM1187 are as high as the maximum yields from mitomycin-induced control strains and often are several-fold higher. When the nonconstitutive tif sfi strain GC467 is raised to 43 degrees C to induce the SOS system, a low level of colicin synthesis is observed which is less than one-tenth of the yield obtained by induction with mitomycin C. Addition of adenine at the time of shift-up can increase the colicin yield of tif sfi to about one-third of the yield obtained with mitomycin C. We have also found that colicin overproduction can be detected by altered colony appearance in an overlay assay with colicin-sensitive bacteria. In addition, the lethality of the process of colicin synthesis is observed here without the use of bacteriostatic inducing agents.", "contents": "Derepression of colicin E1 synthesis in the constitutive tif mutant strain (spr tif sfi) and in a tif sfi mutant strain of Escherichia coli K-12. We show here that expression of the colicin gene of the ColE1 plasmid is greatly derepressed in Escherichia coli K-12 strain DM1187 spr tif sfi, which is a constitutive tif mutant, altered in the lexA gene, and which shows constitutive expression of various pathways of the recA-dependent, lexA-blocked (SOS) repair system. In this strain colicin E1 synthesis is at least 100-fold greater than that observed in uninduced control strains (spr+ tif sfi and spr+ tif+ sfi). This result confirms the regulatory role of the lexA product in colicin E1 synthesis. Colicin yields by the uninduced strain DM1187 are as high as the maximum yields from mitomycin-induced control strains and often are several-fold higher. When the nonconstitutive tif sfi strain GC467 is raised to 43 degrees C to induce the SOS system, a low level of colicin synthesis is observed which is less than one-tenth of the yield obtained by induction with mitomycin C. Addition of adenine at the time of shift-up can increase the colicin yield of tif sfi to about one-third of the yield obtained with mitomycin C. We have also found that colicin overproduction can be detected by altered colony appearance in an overlay assay with colicin-sensitive bacteria. In addition, the lethality of the process of colicin synthesis is observed here without the use of bacteriostatic inducing agents."}
{"id": "PMID:353035", "title": "Position of the extra amino acid sequence in the precursor arabinose-binding protein of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The extra amino acid sequence in the precursor arabinose-binding protein was shown to be either close to or at the N-terminus.", "contents": "Position of the extra amino acid sequence in the precursor arabinose-binding protein of Escherichia coli. The extra amino acid sequence in the precursor arabinose-binding protein was shown to be either close to or at the N-terminus."}
{"id": "PMID:353036", "title": "Complementation analysis and deletion mapping of Escherichia coli mutants defective in chemotaxis.", "content": "Motile, but generally nonchemotactic (che) mutants of Escherichia coli were examined for complementation and recombination with specialized lambdafla transducing phages. The complex complementation behavior of these mutants found previously in F-prime tests could largely be accounted for by intragenic complementation and by polarity effects. Mutants of the \"cheA\" class defined two genes, cheA and cheW, which appeared to be contranscribed. Mutants of the \"cheB\" class defined four genes, cheX, cheB, cheY, and cheZ, which also constituted a transcriptional unit. Mutants defective in cheA, cheW, cheX, or cheY function swam smoothly, with little or no tumbling, whereas cheB or cheZ mutants exhibited very high tumbling rates. These functions are probably involved in initiating of controlling changes in flagellar rotation in response to chemotactic stimuli.", "contents": "Complementation analysis and deletion mapping of Escherichia coli mutants defective in chemotaxis. Motile, but generally nonchemotactic (che) mutants of Escherichia coli were examined for complementation and recombination with specialized lambdafla transducing phages. The complex complementation behavior of these mutants found previously in F-prime tests could largely be accounted for by intragenic complementation and by polarity effects. Mutants of the \"cheA\" class defined two genes, cheA and cheW, which appeared to be contranscribed. Mutants of the \"cheB\" class defined four genes, cheX, cheB, cheY, and cheZ, which also constituted a transcriptional unit. Mutants defective in cheA, cheW, cheX, or cheY function swam smoothly, with little or no tumbling, whereas cheB or cheZ mutants exhibited very high tumbling rates. These functions are probably involved in initiating of controlling changes in flagellar rotation in response to chemotactic stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:353037", "title": "Molecular events during the release of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase from catabolite repression.", "content": "Transfer of exponential-phase cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, previously grown in 2% glucose, to a derepression medium resulted in a prompt increase in the level of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase, the rate-limiting enzyme of heme biosynthesis under these conditions. This derepression exhibited a lag of 35 min at 23 degrees C and required the participation of both RNA and protein syntheses. Dissection of the molecular events during this lag period disclosed that RNA synthesis, rnal gene function (messenger RNA transport from nucleus to cytosol), and initiation of protein synthesis were completed within less than 10, 18, and 24 min, respectively. The potential regulation of derepression by mitochondrial gene products and mitochondrial function was probed by means of a series of isogenic, respiration-deficient (rho-, pet-, and mit-) mutants; no such regulation was found.", "contents": "Molecular events during the release of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase from catabolite repression. Transfer of exponential-phase cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, previously grown in 2% glucose, to a derepression medium resulted in a prompt increase in the level of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase, the rate-limiting enzyme of heme biosynthesis under these conditions. This derepression exhibited a lag of 35 min at 23 degrees C and required the participation of both RNA and protein syntheses. Dissection of the molecular events during this lag period disclosed that RNA synthesis, rnal gene function (messenger RNA transport from nucleus to cytosol), and initiation of protein synthesis were completed within less than 10, 18, and 24 min, respectively. The potential regulation of derepression by mitochondrial gene products and mitochondrial function was probed by means of a series of isogenic, respiration-deficient (rho-, pet-, and mit-) mutants; no such regulation was found."}
{"id": "PMID:353038", "title": "Site of inhibition of peptidoglycan biosynthesis during the stringent response in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The site of inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis during the stringent response in Escherichia coli was determined in strains which were auxotrophic for both lysine and diaminopimelic acid (DAP). Cells were labeled with [(3)H]DAP for 30 to 60 min in the presence and absence of required amino acids, and the cellular distribution of [(3)H]DAP was determined. In both stringent (rel(+)) and relaxed (relA) strains, amino acid deprivation did not inhibit the incorporation of [(3)H]DAP into the nucleotide precursor and lipid intermediate fractions. The amount of [(3)H]DAP incorporated into the peptidoglycan fraction by the amino acid-deprived relA strain was over 70% of the amount incorporated in the presence of required amino acids. In contrast, the amounts of labeled peptidoglycan in amino acid-deprived rel(+) strains were only 20 to 44% of the amounts synthesized in the presence of amino acids. These results indicate that a late step in peptidoglycan synthesis is inhibited during the stringent response. The components of the lipid intermediate fraction synthesized by rel(+) strains in the presence and absence of required amino acids were quantitated. Amino acid deprivation did not inhibit the synthesis of either the monosaccharide-pentapeptide or the disaccharide-pentapeptide derivatives of the lipid intermediate. Thus, the reaction which is most likely inhibited during the stringent response is the terminal one involving the incorporation of the disaccharide-pentapeptide into peptidoglycan.", "contents": "Site of inhibition of peptidoglycan biosynthesis during the stringent response in Escherichia coli. The site of inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis during the stringent response in Escherichia coli was determined in strains which were auxotrophic for both lysine and diaminopimelic acid (DAP). Cells were labeled with [(3)H]DAP for 30 to 60 min in the presence and absence of required amino acids, and the cellular distribution of [(3)H]DAP was determined. In both stringent (rel(+)) and relaxed (relA) strains, amino acid deprivation did not inhibit the incorporation of [(3)H]DAP into the nucleotide precursor and lipid intermediate fractions. The amount of [(3)H]DAP incorporated into the peptidoglycan fraction by the amino acid-deprived relA strain was over 70% of the amount incorporated in the presence of required amino acids. In contrast, the amounts of labeled peptidoglycan in amino acid-deprived rel(+) strains were only 20 to 44% of the amounts synthesized in the presence of amino acids. These results indicate that a late step in peptidoglycan synthesis is inhibited during the stringent response. The components of the lipid intermediate fraction synthesized by rel(+) strains in the presence and absence of required amino acids were quantitated. Amino acid deprivation did not inhibit the synthesis of either the monosaccharide-pentapeptide or the disaccharide-pentapeptide derivatives of the lipid intermediate. Thus, the reaction which is most likely inhibited during the stringent response is the terminal one involving the incorporation of the disaccharide-pentapeptide into peptidoglycan."}
{"id": "PMID:353039", "title": "Effects of adenosine triphosphate and magnesium chloride on affinity elution of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases from phosphocellulose with transfer ribonucleic acids.", "content": "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases of bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were adsorbed to a phosphocellulose (P-cellulose) column, and those specific for tyrosine [EC 6.1.1.1], threonine [EC 6.1.1.3], valine [EC 6.1.1.9], and isoleucine [EC 6.1.1.5] were eluted with several specific tRNAs. Elutions of these synthetases were affected by ATP and/or MgCl2. The effects of ATP and MgCl2 differ with synthetases. Elutions of tyrosyl- and valyl-tRNA synthetases with their cognate tRNAs were more specific in the presence of MgCl2. Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase was eluted with its cognate tRNA in the presence of both ATP and MgCl2. On the other hand, threonyl-tRNA synthetase was eluted in the absence of ATP and MgCl2 with unfractionated tRNA but not with some non-cognate tRNAs. This suggests that elution of threonyl-tRNA synthetase is highly specific. The present data on the effects of ATP or MgCl2 or both on this affinity elution will be useful for simple and rapid purification of the synthetases.", "contents": "Effects of adenosine triphosphate and magnesium chloride on affinity elution of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases from phosphocellulose with transfer ribonucleic acids. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases of bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were adsorbed to a phosphocellulose (P-cellulose) column, and those specific for tyrosine [EC 6.1.1.1], threonine [EC 6.1.1.3], valine [EC 6.1.1.9], and isoleucine [EC 6.1.1.5] were eluted with several specific tRNAs. Elutions of these synthetases were affected by ATP and/or MgCl2. The effects of ATP and MgCl2 differ with synthetases. Elutions of tyrosyl- and valyl-tRNA synthetases with their cognate tRNAs were more specific in the presence of MgCl2. Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase was eluted with its cognate tRNA in the presence of both ATP and MgCl2. On the other hand, threonyl-tRNA synthetase was eluted in the absence of ATP and MgCl2 with unfractionated tRNA but not with some non-cognate tRNAs. This suggests that elution of threonyl-tRNA synthetase is highly specific. The present data on the effects of ATP or MgCl2 or both on this affinity elution will be useful for simple and rapid purification of the synthetases."}
{"id": "PMID:353040", "title": "Disulfide bonds of purothionine, a lethal toxin for yeasts.", "content": "Purothionin isolated from commercial wheat flour contained several components and two of them (A-I and A-II) were isolated in pure form by CM-52 column chromatography. Each component contained 45 amino acid residues with a 4 disulfide bonds. Purothionin A-II was digested with trypsin and thermolysin to isolate cystine peptides. These were separated and purified by chromatography on an SP-Sephadex column, and paper electrophoresis and chromatography. A peptide containing a -Cys-Cys- sequence was hydrolyzed with 10 N sulfuric acid. Amino acid compositions and partial sequence studies of the cystine peptides and their performic acid-oxidized peptides revealed the positions of all 4 disulfide bonds in purothionin A-II. They were formed between residues 3 and 39, 4 and 31, 12 and 29, and 16 and 25. The results of a partial study of purothionin A-I are also presented.", "contents": "Disulfide bonds of purothionine, a lethal toxin for yeasts. Purothionin isolated from commercial wheat flour contained several components and two of them (A-I and A-II) were isolated in pure form by CM-52 column chromatography. Each component contained 45 amino acid residues with a 4 disulfide bonds. Purothionin A-II was digested with trypsin and thermolysin to isolate cystine peptides. These were separated and purified by chromatography on an SP-Sephadex column, and paper electrophoresis and chromatography. A peptide containing a -Cys-Cys- sequence was hydrolyzed with 10 N sulfuric acid. Amino acid compositions and partial sequence studies of the cystine peptides and their performic acid-oxidized peptides revealed the positions of all 4 disulfide bonds in purothionin A-II. They were formed between residues 3 and 39, 4 and 31, 12 and 29, and 16 and 25. The results of a partial study of purothionin A-I are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:353041", "title": "Relaxation effect of chloramphenicol on the stringent control in Escherichia coli.", "content": "In 10B601 (rel+) strain possessing a temperature-sensitive valyl-tRNA synthetase, chloramphenicol prevented the formation of guanosine-3'-diphosphate-5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) as well as the stringent control of stable RNA synthesis, under the conditions where the incorporation of valine into protein was still detectable i.e. at the lower restrictive temperatures. On the other hand, the effect of chloramphenicol was not observed at higher restrictive temperatures above 42 degrees C where the incorporation of valine was completely absent. Pretreatment of 10B601 cells with chloramphenicol before transfer to a high restrictive temperature (43.5 degrees C) did retard the onset of accumulation of ppGpp after the shift-up. Duration of the lag period was dependent on the concentration of chloramphenicol added. In parallel with the inability of the cells to accumulate ppGpp, stable RNA synthesis was permitted to continue at that high temperature. These results suggest that chloramphenicol traps aminoacyl-tRNA at the A-sites of ribosomes by damming-up the small flow of aminoacyl-tRNA under the restrictive supply of amino acids. Unchanged tRNA which has been located at the A-site is replaced by the charged one, thus resulting in the suppression of ppGpp formation and in the restoration of stable RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Relaxation effect of chloramphenicol on the stringent control in Escherichia coli. In 10B601 (rel+) strain possessing a temperature-sensitive valyl-tRNA synthetase, chloramphenicol prevented the formation of guanosine-3'-diphosphate-5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) as well as the stringent control of stable RNA synthesis, under the conditions where the incorporation of valine into protein was still detectable i.e. at the lower restrictive temperatures. On the other hand, the effect of chloramphenicol was not observed at higher restrictive temperatures above 42 degrees C where the incorporation of valine was completely absent. Pretreatment of 10B601 cells with chloramphenicol before transfer to a high restrictive temperature (43.5 degrees C) did retard the onset of accumulation of ppGpp after the shift-up. Duration of the lag period was dependent on the concentration of chloramphenicol added. In parallel with the inability of the cells to accumulate ppGpp, stable RNA synthesis was permitted to continue at that high temperature. These results suggest that chloramphenicol traps aminoacyl-tRNA at the A-sites of ribosomes by damming-up the small flow of aminoacyl-tRNA under the restrictive supply of amino acids. Unchanged tRNA which has been located at the A-site is replaced by the charged one, thus resulting in the suppression of ppGpp formation and in the restoration of stable RNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:353042", "title": "Synthesis of bacteriophage phiC DNA in dna mutants of Esherichia coli.", "content": "Host dna functions involved in the replication of microvirid phage phiC DNA were investigated in vivo. Although growth of this phage was markedly inhibited even at 35-37 degrees C even in dna+ host, conversion of the infecting single-stranded DNA into the double-stranded parental replicative form (stage I synthesis) occurred normally at 43 degrees C in dna+, dnaA, dnaB, dnaC(D), and dnaE cells. In dnaG mutant, the stage I synthesis was severely inhibited at 43 degrees C but not at 30 degrees C. The stage I replication of phiC DNA was clearly thermosensitive in dnaZ cells incubated in nutrient broth. In Tris-casamino acids-glucose medium, however, the dnaZ mutant sufficiently supported synthesis of the parental replicative form. At 43 degrees C, synthesis of the progeny replicative form DNA (stage II replication) was significantly inhibited even in dna+ cells and was nearly completely blocked in dnaB or dnaC(D) mutant. At 37 degrees C, the stage II replication proceeded normally in dna+ bacteria.", "contents": "Synthesis of bacteriophage phiC DNA in dna mutants of Esherichia coli. Host dna functions involved in the replication of microvirid phage phiC DNA were investigated in vivo. Although growth of this phage was markedly inhibited even at 35-37 degrees C even in dna+ host, conversion of the infecting single-stranded DNA into the double-stranded parental replicative form (stage I synthesis) occurred normally at 43 degrees C in dna+, dnaA, dnaB, dnaC(D), and dnaE cells. In dnaG mutant, the stage I synthesis was severely inhibited at 43 degrees C but not at 30 degrees C. The stage I replication of phiC DNA was clearly thermosensitive in dnaZ cells incubated in nutrient broth. In Tris-casamino acids-glucose medium, however, the dnaZ mutant sufficiently supported synthesis of the parental replicative form. At 43 degrees C, synthesis of the progeny replicative form DNA (stage II replication) was significantly inhibited even in dna+ cells and was nearly completely blocked in dnaB or dnaC(D) mutant. At 37 degrees C, the stage II replication proceeded normally in dna+ bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:353043", "title": "2'-Versus 3'-OH specificity in tRNA aminoacylation. Further support for the \"secondary cognition\" proposal.", "content": "Purified Escherichia coli tRNAAla and tRNALys were each converted to modified species terminating in 2'- and 3'-deoxyadenosine. The modified species were tested as substrates for activation by their cognate aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and for misacylation with phenylalanine by yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. E. coli alanyl- and lysyl-tRNA synthetases normally aminoacylate their cognate tRNA's exclusively on the 3'-OH group, while yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase utilizes only the 2' position on its own tRNA. Therefore, the finding that the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase activated only those modified tRNAAla and tRNALys species terminating in 3'-deoxyadenosine indicated that the position of aminoacylation in this case was specified entirely by the enzyme, an observation relevant to the more general problem of the reason(s) for using a particular site for aminoacylation and maintaining positional specificity during evolution. Initial velocity studies were carried out using E. coli tRNAAla and both alanyl- and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases. As noted in other cases, activation of the modified and unmodified tRNA's had essentially the same associated Km values, but in each case the Vmax determined for the modified tRNA was smaller.", "contents": "2'-Versus 3'-OH specificity in tRNA aminoacylation. Further support for the \"secondary cognition\" proposal. Purified Escherichia coli tRNAAla and tRNALys were each converted to modified species terminating in 2'- and 3'-deoxyadenosine. The modified species were tested as substrates for activation by their cognate aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and for misacylation with phenylalanine by yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. E. coli alanyl- and lysyl-tRNA synthetases normally aminoacylate their cognate tRNA's exclusively on the 3'-OH group, while yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase utilizes only the 2' position on its own tRNA. Therefore, the finding that the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase activated only those modified tRNAAla and tRNALys species terminating in 3'-deoxyadenosine indicated that the position of aminoacylation in this case was specified entirely by the enzyme, an observation relevant to the more general problem of the reason(s) for using a particular site for aminoacylation and maintaining positional specificity during evolution. Initial velocity studies were carried out using E. coli tRNAAla and both alanyl- and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases. As noted in other cases, activation of the modified and unmodified tRNA's had essentially the same associated Km values, but in each case the Vmax determined for the modified tRNA was smaller."}
{"id": "PMID:353044", "title": "Affinity labeling of succinyl-CoA synthetase from porcine heart and Escherichia coli with oxidized coenzyme A disulfide.", "content": "Incubation of oxidized coenzyme A disulfide (produced by oxidation of reduced CoA with 1 eq of sodium periodiate or of CoA disulfide with 1 eq of peracetic acid) with succinyl-CoA disulfide with 1 eq of peracetic acid) with succinyl-CoA synthetase from either porcine heart or Escherichia coli led to the formation of inactive enzyme containing 1 mol of CoA per alphabeta dimer. The bound CoA was attached through a disulfide bond to a sulfhydryl group of the beta subunit. Release of CoA and restoration of activity was achieved by incubation of the modified enzyme with thiols, such as dithiothreitol. Interaction of oxidized CoA disulfide with enzyme was inhibited competitively by desulfo-CoA, which is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme with respect to CoA. These data are evidence that oxidized CoA disulfide is an affinity label for the CoA binding site of succinyl-CoA synthetase and are the first positive results implicating the beta subunit in the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme.", "contents": "Affinity labeling of succinyl-CoA synthetase from porcine heart and Escherichia coli with oxidized coenzyme A disulfide. Incubation of oxidized coenzyme A disulfide (produced by oxidation of reduced CoA with 1 eq of sodium periodiate or of CoA disulfide with 1 eq of peracetic acid) with succinyl-CoA disulfide with 1 eq of peracetic acid) with succinyl-CoA synthetase from either porcine heart or Escherichia coli led to the formation of inactive enzyme containing 1 mol of CoA per alphabeta dimer. The bound CoA was attached through a disulfide bond to a sulfhydryl group of the beta subunit. Release of CoA and restoration of activity was achieved by incubation of the modified enzyme with thiols, such as dithiothreitol. Interaction of oxidized CoA disulfide with enzyme was inhibited competitively by desulfo-CoA, which is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme with respect to CoA. These data are evidence that oxidized CoA disulfide is an affinity label for the CoA binding site of succinyl-CoA synthetase and are the first positive results implicating the beta subunit in the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:353045", "title": "Transcription of T7 DNA containing modified nucleotides by bacteriophage T7 specific RNA polymerase.", "content": "The interaction of bacteriophage T7 specific RNA polymerase with its cognate promoter sites has been probed by selectively replacing bases in one T7 promoter site with base analogs. Base analogs such as 2,6-diaminopurine or hypoxanthine, which alter residues appearing in the minor groove of the DNA helix, prevent utilization of the promoter by T7 RNA polymerase. These analogs do not affect transcription which starts outside of the modified region. In contrast, base analogs that have alterations that appear in the major groove of the DNA helix, such as uracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, and [5-HgSR]pyrimidines, do not prevent utilization of the promoter. The deoxyribonucleoside analog 5'-imino-5'-deoxythymidine, an alteration appearing in the deoxyribose-phosphodiester backbone of the DNA helix, does not prevent promoter recognition. Haemophilus aegyptius restriction endonuclease III, which cleaves DNA at the sequence 5'GGCC3', does not act at sites in which the guanine residues in one of the two DNA strands have been substituted with hypoxanthine. This implicates the guanine amino group in the minor groove of the DNA helix as a possible recognition point for this restriction endonuclease.", "contents": "Transcription of T7 DNA containing modified nucleotides by bacteriophage T7 specific RNA polymerase. The interaction of bacteriophage T7 specific RNA polymerase with its cognate promoter sites has been probed by selectively replacing bases in one T7 promoter site with base analogs. Base analogs such as 2,6-diaminopurine or hypoxanthine, which alter residues appearing in the minor groove of the DNA helix, prevent utilization of the promoter by T7 RNA polymerase. These analogs do not affect transcription which starts outside of the modified region. In contrast, base analogs that have alterations that appear in the major groove of the DNA helix, such as uracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, and [5-HgSR]pyrimidines, do not prevent utilization of the promoter. The deoxyribonucleoside analog 5'-imino-5'-deoxythymidine, an alteration appearing in the deoxyribose-phosphodiester backbone of the DNA helix, does not prevent promoter recognition. Haemophilus aegyptius restriction endonuclease III, which cleaves DNA at the sequence 5'GGCC3', does not act at sites in which the guanine residues in one of the two DNA strands have been substituted with hypoxanthine. This implicates the guanine amino group in the minor groove of the DNA helix as a possible recognition point for this restriction endonuclease."}
{"id": "PMID:353047", "title": "Function of phospholipids in Escherichia coli. Characterization of a mutant deficient in cardiolipin synthesis.", "content": "Screening of a collection of temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli for defects in phospholipid metabolism led to the isolation of a mutant deficient in cardiolipin synthesis. The defective gene, named cls, is closely linked to the trp marker and maps at about Minute 27 on the E. coli chromosome. After transfer of cls to a defined genetic background by transduction, the mutant has the following properties as compared to an isogenic wild type. Exponentially growing cells show a reduction in cardiolipin content by a factor of at least 15 (less than 0.2 mol % of the total phospholipids). A crude membrane fraction derived from the mutant is unable to synthesize cardiolipin from phosphatidylglycerol in vitro. The mutant has no distinctive phenotype regarding its growth properties, membrane-associated respiratory functions, or the ability to insert bacteriophage M13 coat protein into the cell envelope. The cls mutation confers a 5-times reduction in the turnover of the phosphate moiety of phosphatidylglycerol.", "contents": "Function of phospholipids in Escherichia coli. Characterization of a mutant deficient in cardiolipin synthesis. Screening of a collection of temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli for defects in phospholipid metabolism led to the isolation of a mutant deficient in cardiolipin synthesis. The defective gene, named cls, is closely linked to the trp marker and maps at about Minute 27 on the E. coli chromosome. After transfer of cls to a defined genetic background by transduction, the mutant has the following properties as compared to an isogenic wild type. Exponentially growing cells show a reduction in cardiolipin content by a factor of at least 15 (less than 0.2 mol % of the total phospholipids). A crude membrane fraction derived from the mutant is unable to synthesize cardiolipin from phosphatidylglycerol in vitro. The mutant has no distinctive phenotype regarding its growth properties, membrane-associated respiratory functions, or the ability to insert bacteriophage M13 coat protein into the cell envelope. The cls mutation confers a 5-times reduction in the turnover of the phosphate moiety of phosphatidylglycerol."}
{"id": "PMID:353048", "title": "A new iron-containing superoxide dismutase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Escherichia coli B, grown under aerobic conditions, contains at least three distinct superoxide dismutases, which can be visualized on polyacrylamide gel electropherograms of crude soluble extracts of the sonically disrupted cells. Of these, the slowest migrating and the fastest migrating, respectively, have previously been isolated and characterized as manganese-containing and iron-containing enzymes. The enzyme form with medium electrophoretic mobility has now been purified to homogeneity. Its molecular weight is approximately 37,000 and it contains 0.8 atoms of iron/molecule and only negligible amounts of manganese. Like other iron-containing superoxide dismutases and unlike the corresponding manganienzymes, it is inactivated by EDTA plus H2O2. Its specific activity is comparable to that of the other superoxide dismutases of E. coli. Two types of subunits could be distinguished upon electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. One of these migrated identically with the subunit obtained from the manganisuperoxide dismutase, while the other similarly appeared identical with the subunit from the ferrisuperoxide dismutase. This newly isolated enzyme thus appears to be a hybrid of the other two forms. In support of this conclusion, we observed that ultrafiltration or storage of the new superoxide dismutase gave rise to the mangani- and ferrienzymes on disc gel electrophoresis or isoelectric focussing.", "contents": "A new iron-containing superoxide dismutase from Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli B, grown under aerobic conditions, contains at least three distinct superoxide dismutases, which can be visualized on polyacrylamide gel electropherograms of crude soluble extracts of the sonically disrupted cells. Of these, the slowest migrating and the fastest migrating, respectively, have previously been isolated and characterized as manganese-containing and iron-containing enzymes. The enzyme form with medium electrophoretic mobility has now been purified to homogeneity. Its molecular weight is approximately 37,000 and it contains 0.8 atoms of iron/molecule and only negligible amounts of manganese. Like other iron-containing superoxide dismutases and unlike the corresponding manganienzymes, it is inactivated by EDTA plus H2O2. Its specific activity is comparable to that of the other superoxide dismutases of E. coli. Two types of subunits could be distinguished upon electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. One of these migrated identically with the subunit obtained from the manganisuperoxide dismutase, while the other similarly appeared identical with the subunit from the ferrisuperoxide dismutase. This newly isolated enzyme thus appears to be a hybrid of the other two forms. In support of this conclusion, we observed that ultrafiltration or storage of the new superoxide dismutase gave rise to the mangani- and ferrienzymes on disc gel electrophoresis or isoelectric focussing."}
{"id": "PMID:353050", "title": "Stereochemistry and mechanism of reactions catalyzed by tryptophanase Escherichia coli.", "content": "Several beta replacement and alpha,beta elimination reactions catalyzed by tryptophanase from Escherichia coli are shown to proceed stereospecifically with retention of configuration. These conversions include synthesis of tryptophan from (2S,3R)- and (2s,3s)-[3(-3H)]serine in the presence of indole, deamination of these serines in D2O to pyruvate and ammonia, and cleavage of (2S,3R)-and (2S,3S)-[3(-3H)]tryptophan in D2O to indole, pyruvate, and ammonia. A coupled reaction with lactate dehydrogenase was used to trap the stereospecifically labeled [3-H,2H,3H]pryuvates as lactate, which was oxidized to acetate for chirality analysis of the methyl group. During deamination of tryptophan there is significant intramolecular transfer of the alpha proton of the amino acid to C-3 of indole. To determine the exposed face of the cofactor.substrate complex on the enzyme surface and to analyze its conformational orientation, sodium boro[3H]hydride was used to reduce tryptophanase-bound alaninepyridoxal phosphate Schiff's base. Degradation of the resulting pyridoxylalanine to (2S)-[2(-3H)]alanine and (4'S)-[4'(-3H)]pyridoxamine demonstrates that reduction occurs from the exposed si face at C-4' of the complex and that the ketimine double bond is trans.", "contents": "Stereochemistry and mechanism of reactions catalyzed by tryptophanase Escherichia coli. Several beta replacement and alpha,beta elimination reactions catalyzed by tryptophanase from Escherichia coli are shown to proceed stereospecifically with retention of configuration. These conversions include synthesis of tryptophan from (2S,3R)- and (2s,3s)-[3(-3H)]serine in the presence of indole, deamination of these serines in D2O to pyruvate and ammonia, and cleavage of (2S,3R)-and (2S,3S)-[3(-3H)]tryptophan in D2O to indole, pyruvate, and ammonia. A coupled reaction with lactate dehydrogenase was used to trap the stereospecifically labeled [3-H,2H,3H]pryuvates as lactate, which was oxidized to acetate for chirality analysis of the methyl group. During deamination of tryptophan there is significant intramolecular transfer of the alpha proton of the amino acid to C-3 of indole. To determine the exposed face of the cofactor.substrate complex on the enzyme surface and to analyze its conformational orientation, sodium boro[3H]hydride was used to reduce tryptophanase-bound alaninepyridoxal phosphate Schiff's base. Degradation of the resulting pyridoxylalanine to (2S)-[2(-3H)]alanine and (4'S)-[4'(-3H)]pyridoxamine demonstrates that reduction occurs from the exposed si face at C-4' of the complex and that the ketimine double bond is trans."}
{"id": "PMID:353051", "title": "5-Dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate. An intermediate in the 3-dehydroquinate synthase reaction.", "content": "3-Dehydroquinate synthase was purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli. It was found to be a single polypeptide chain of Mr = approximately 57,000. Reaction mixtures of pure enzyme and the substrate, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate, were incubated for short times and treated with NaB3H4. The resulting 3-deoxyheptonic acid 7-phosphate was degraded with sodium periodate, and formic acid representing C-5 of the substrate was isolated. The presence of 3H in the formate corresponding to 15% of the enzyme was interpreted as indicating a 5-dehydro derivative of the substrate as an intermediate of the reaction. Quinic acid, resulting from reduction of 3-dehydroquinate with NaB3H4, was also isolated and degraded with periodate. The formate from C-4 of the quinate was unlabeled, indicating that 3,4-bisdehydroquinate is not an intermediate.", "contents": "5-Dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate. An intermediate in the 3-dehydroquinate synthase reaction. 3-Dehydroquinate synthase was purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli. It was found to be a single polypeptide chain of Mr = approximately 57,000. Reaction mixtures of pure enzyme and the substrate, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate, were incubated for short times and treated with NaB3H4. The resulting 3-deoxyheptonic acid 7-phosphate was degraded with sodium periodate, and formic acid representing C-5 of the substrate was isolated. The presence of 3H in the formate corresponding to 15% of the enzyme was interpreted as indicating a 5-dehydro derivative of the substrate as an intermediate of the reaction. Quinic acid, resulting from reduction of 3-dehydroquinate with NaB3H4, was also isolated and degraded with periodate. The formate from C-4 of the quinate was unlabeled, indicating that 3,4-bisdehydroquinate is not an intermediate."}
{"id": "PMID:353053", "title": "Zinc uptake and incorporation into proteins in T4D bacteriophage-infected Escherichia coli.", "content": "The metabolism of Zn2+ in Escherichia coli infected with T4D bacteriophage and various T4D mutants has been examined. E. coli B infected with T4D, and all T4D mutants except T4D 12-, took up zinc ions at a rate identical to that of uninfected cells. E. coli B infected with T4D 12- had a markedly decreased rate of zinc uptake. The incorporation of zinc into proteins of infected cells has also been studied. T4D phage infection was found to shut off the synthesis of all bacterial host zinc metalloproteins while allowing the formation of viral-induced zinc proteins. The amount of zinc incorporated into viral proteins was affected by the absence of various T4D gene products. Cells infected with T4D 12-, and to a much less extent those infected with T4D 29-, incorporated the least amount of zinc into proteins, while cells infected with T4D 11- and T4D 51- incorporated increased amounts of zinc into the zinc metalloproteins. In cells infected with T4D 11- and 51- most of the zinc protein was found to be the product of gene 12. The marked effect of infection of E. coli with T4D 12- on both zinc uptake and zinc incorporation into protein supports the conclusion that T4D gene 12 protein is a zinc metalloprotein. Additionally, these observations have indicated that this metalloprotein interacts with host cell membrane.", "contents": "Zinc uptake and incorporation into proteins in T4D bacteriophage-infected Escherichia coli. The metabolism of Zn2+ in Escherichia coli infected with T4D bacteriophage and various T4D mutants has been examined. E. coli B infected with T4D, and all T4D mutants except T4D 12-, took up zinc ions at a rate identical to that of uninfected cells. E. coli B infected with T4D 12- had a markedly decreased rate of zinc uptake. The incorporation of zinc into proteins of infected cells has also been studied. T4D phage infection was found to shut off the synthesis of all bacterial host zinc metalloproteins while allowing the formation of viral-induced zinc proteins. The amount of zinc incorporated into viral proteins was affected by the absence of various T4D gene products. Cells infected with T4D 12-, and to a much less extent those infected with T4D 29-, incorporated the least amount of zinc into proteins, while cells infected with T4D 11- and T4D 51- incorporated increased amounts of zinc into the zinc metalloproteins. In cells infected with T4D 11- and 51- most of the zinc protein was found to be the product of gene 12. The marked effect of infection of E. coli with T4D 12- on both zinc uptake and zinc incorporation into protein supports the conclusion that T4D gene 12 protein is a zinc metalloprotein. Additionally, these observations have indicated that this metalloprotein interacts with host cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:353055", "title": "In vivo distribution of phosphothioredoxin and thioredoxin in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The phosphorylation state of thioredoxin was compared in intact cells and in crude extracts. In crude extracts, the extent of phosphorylation was 0.70 to 0.80 mol of phosphate per mol of thioredoxin, with approximately equal amounts of thioredoxin phosphorylated either on cysteinyl32 (formula: see text) or on cysteinyl35 (formula: see text). By comparison, the extent of thioredoxin phosphorylation in intact cells was nearly 1.0 with phosphate present almost exclusively on cysteine32. Nonphosphorylated thioredoxin was present as the reduced thiol form (formula: see text). These findings imply that (formula: see text) is the relevant in vivo species and that a mechanism is operative in crude extracts for transfer of phosphate from cysteine32 to cysteine35.", "contents": "In vivo distribution of phosphothioredoxin and thioredoxin in Escherichia coli. The phosphorylation state of thioredoxin was compared in intact cells and in crude extracts. In crude extracts, the extent of phosphorylation was 0.70 to 0.80 mol of phosphate per mol of thioredoxin, with approximately equal amounts of thioredoxin phosphorylated either on cysteinyl32 (formula: see text) or on cysteinyl35 (formula: see text). By comparison, the extent of thioredoxin phosphorylation in intact cells was nearly 1.0 with phosphate present almost exclusively on cysteine32. Nonphosphorylated thioredoxin was present as the reduced thiol form (formula: see text). These findings imply that (formula: see text) is the relevant in vivo species and that a mechanism is operative in crude extracts for transfer of phosphate from cysteine32 to cysteine35."}
{"id": "PMID:353056", "title": "Synthesis and degradation of poly(A) in permeable cells of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Poly(A) synthesis and degradation have been examined in Escherichia coli cells made permeable to nucleotides by treatment with toluene. Although newly synthesized poly(A) is normally rapidly degraded in this system, extraction of the soluble portion of the cell effectively eliminates this process without affecting poly(A) synthesis. Poly(A) synthesis in this system displays many properties associated with poly(A) synthesis by purified poly(A) polymerase in vitro including a lag in polymerization, stimulation by increased ionic strength, and a low Mg2+ optimum. As with the purified enzyme, this system uses both ADP and ATP as substrates, requires conversion of ATP to ADP, and is strongly inhibited by dADP, orthophosphate, and pyrophosphate. In contrast to the purified poly(A) polymerase, the permeable cell system displays some properties suggestive of in vivo poly(A) metabolism. Thus, the permeable cells require an endogenous RNA primer for activity, the poly(A) product remains with the cells, and the reaction is greatly stimulated by polyamines. This system should prove extremely useful for studies of poly(A) metabolism in E. coli. A surprising feature of these studies was the finding that mutant strains deficient in polynucleotide phosphorylase were unable to synthesize poly(A). The possible roles of polynucleotide phosphorylase and poly(A) in E. coli are discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and degradation of poly(A) in permeable cells of Escherichia coli. Poly(A) synthesis and degradation have been examined in Escherichia coli cells made permeable to nucleotides by treatment with toluene. Although newly synthesized poly(A) is normally rapidly degraded in this system, extraction of the soluble portion of the cell effectively eliminates this process without affecting poly(A) synthesis. Poly(A) synthesis in this system displays many properties associated with poly(A) synthesis by purified poly(A) polymerase in vitro including a lag in polymerization, stimulation by increased ionic strength, and a low Mg2+ optimum. As with the purified enzyme, this system uses both ADP and ATP as substrates, requires conversion of ATP to ADP, and is strongly inhibited by dADP, orthophosphate, and pyrophosphate. In contrast to the purified poly(A) polymerase, the permeable cell system displays some properties suggestive of in vivo poly(A) metabolism. Thus, the permeable cells require an endogenous RNA primer for activity, the poly(A) product remains with the cells, and the reaction is greatly stimulated by polyamines. This system should prove extremely useful for studies of poly(A) metabolism in E. coli. A surprising feature of these studies was the finding that mutant strains deficient in polynucleotide phosphorylase were unable to synthesize poly(A). The possible roles of polynucleotide phosphorylase and poly(A) in E. coli are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353057", "title": "Escherichia coli dnaB protein. Affinity chromatography on immobilized nucleotides.", "content": "The purification of the Escherichia coli dnaB protein by affinity chromatography on nucleotides bound to agarose is described. The dnaB protein, which contains an associated ribonucleoside triphosphatase activity (Wickner, S., Wright, M., and Hurwitz, J. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 71, 783-787) binds to immobilized ATP, ADP, and UDP, but not to AMP. The type of linkage of ATP to agarose influences the adsorption, elution, and purification of the enzyme. Optimal purification is achieved using ATP bound to agarose via its oxidized ribose moiety. By this means, the dnaB protein can be obtained at least 95% electrophoretically pure after only three purification steps. The enzyme can be eluted from immobilized nucleoside-5'-di- and -triphosphates by ATP, ADP, and pyrophosphate, but not by AMP or orthophosphate. ADP and pyrophosphate, as well as the substrate ATP in high concentration are at the same time inhibitors of the ribonucleoside triphosphatase. The dnaB complementing and ribonucleoside triphosphatase activities could not be separated from each other by affinity chromatography, supporting the finding of others that they both reside on the same protein complex, namely a dnaB multimer. The results indicate that the dnaB protein binds to immobilized nucleotides by means of its ribonucleoside triphosphatase, and that at least the pyrophosphate moiety is essential for adsorption as well as elution of the enzyme.", "contents": "Escherichia coli dnaB protein. Affinity chromatography on immobilized nucleotides. The purification of the Escherichia coli dnaB protein by affinity chromatography on nucleotides bound to agarose is described. The dnaB protein, which contains an associated ribonucleoside triphosphatase activity (Wickner, S., Wright, M., and Hurwitz, J. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 71, 783-787) binds to immobilized ATP, ADP, and UDP, but not to AMP. The type of linkage of ATP to agarose influences the adsorption, elution, and purification of the enzyme. Optimal purification is achieved using ATP bound to agarose via its oxidized ribose moiety. By this means, the dnaB protein can be obtained at least 95% electrophoretically pure after only three purification steps. The enzyme can be eluted from immobilized nucleoside-5'-di- and -triphosphates by ATP, ADP, and pyrophosphate, but not by AMP or orthophosphate. ADP and pyrophosphate, as well as the substrate ATP in high concentration are at the same time inhibitors of the ribonucleoside triphosphatase. The dnaB complementing and ribonucleoside triphosphatase activities could not be separated from each other by affinity chromatography, supporting the finding of others that they both reside on the same protein complex, namely a dnaB multimer. The results indicate that the dnaB protein binds to immobilized nucleotides by means of its ribonucleoside triphosphatase, and that at least the pyrophosphate moiety is essential for adsorption as well as elution of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:353058", "title": "The effect of methylmethacrylate on chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The effect of methylmethacrylate on chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was evaluated by an in vitro method that involved migration of human leukocytes under agarose. Chemotactic factors produced during growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli remained chemotactically active in the presence of a methylmethacrylate concentration of 1.25 per cent, which was the highest tested. The methylmethacrylate also did not alter the activity of the chemotactic factor produced by zymosan activation of normal human serum. However, when methylmethacrylate was added to normal human serum prior to zymosan activation, a methylmethacrylate concentration of 0.312 per cent significantly depressed the subsequent zymosan-induced chemotactic activity and concentrations above 0.312 per cent abolished it. When methylmethacrylate was added to the polymorphonuclear leukocyte suspensions, there was significant depression of the migration of cells at a concentration of 0.312 per cent, and at concentrations of 0.625 and 1.25 per cent no leukocyte migration occurred.", "contents": "The effect of methylmethacrylate on chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The effect of methylmethacrylate on chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was evaluated by an in vitro method that involved migration of human leukocytes under agarose. Chemotactic factors produced during growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli remained chemotactically active in the presence of a methylmethacrylate concentration of 1.25 per cent, which was the highest tested. The methylmethacrylate also did not alter the activity of the chemotactic factor produced by zymosan activation of normal human serum. However, when methylmethacrylate was added to normal human serum prior to zymosan activation, a methylmethacrylate concentration of 0.312 per cent significantly depressed the subsequent zymosan-induced chemotactic activity and concentrations above 0.312 per cent abolished it. When methylmethacrylate was added to the polymorphonuclear leukocyte suspensions, there was significant depression of the migration of cells at a concentration of 0.312 per cent, and at concentrations of 0.625 and 1.25 per cent no leukocyte migration occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:353059", "title": "On the stimulation of rat thymocyte 3-O-methyl-glucose transport by mitogenic stimuli.", "content": "Pretreatment of rat thymus lymphocytes with N-ethyl-maleimide prevents the stimulation of 3-O-methyl-glucose transport by concanavalin A or ionophore A23187 but does not affect the ability of concanavalin A to induce a rapid increase in cellular Ca2+take. N-ethyl-maleikide added after concanavalin A amplifies rather than prevents the subsequent stimulation of 3-O-methyl-glucose transport. Incubation of thymocytes with concanavalin A produces a decrease of 43% in the apparent Ki for phloretin, a competitive inhibitor of 3-O-methyl-glucose transport, without affecting the apparent Km for the substrate. Similarly, very low concentrations of cytochalasin B inhibit concanavalin A-stimulated glucose transport preferentially, without markedly affecting the unstimulated transport rates. The similarity between concanavalin A-stimulated 3-O-methyl-glucose transport in thymocytes and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in adipose tissue, with particular emphasis on the effects of the modifying agents described in this paper, is discussed.", "contents": "On the stimulation of rat thymocyte 3-O-methyl-glucose transport by mitogenic stimuli. Pretreatment of rat thymus lymphocytes with N-ethyl-maleimide prevents the stimulation of 3-O-methyl-glucose transport by concanavalin A or ionophore A23187 but does not affect the ability of concanavalin A to induce a rapid increase in cellular Ca2+take. N-ethyl-maleikide added after concanavalin A amplifies rather than prevents the subsequent stimulation of 3-O-methyl-glucose transport. Incubation of thymocytes with concanavalin A produces a decrease of 43% in the apparent Ki for phloretin, a competitive inhibitor of 3-O-methyl-glucose transport, without affecting the apparent Km for the substrate. Similarly, very low concentrations of cytochalasin B inhibit concanavalin A-stimulated glucose transport preferentially, without markedly affecting the unstimulated transport rates. The similarity between concanavalin A-stimulated 3-O-methyl-glucose transport in thymocytes and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in adipose tissue, with particular emphasis on the effects of the modifying agents described in this paper, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353060", "title": "Effects of temperature and nutritional conditions on the mitotic cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Yeast cells were cultivated at different growth rates in a chemostat by alterations in the flow of the limiting nutrient glucose and in batch cultures where variations in growth rate were achieved by alterations in the composition of nutrients. It was observed that the stage in the cycle at which S-phase was completed varied with growth rate. The faster the growth rate, the earlier the stage in the cycle in which completion of S-phase occurred. When stage in the cycle  is converted into time before division it was observed that the time from completion of S-phase to cell division varied only slightly with growth rate except at extremely slow growth rates. Expansion of cell cycle transit time as the growth rate was slowed was achieved primarily by an expansion in time of the period from division to the completion of S-phase. In contrast, when cells were grown at different rates by alterations in the temperature of cultivation, completion of S-phase occurred at approximately the same stage in the cell cycle at all growth rates.", "contents": "Effects of temperature and nutritional conditions on the mitotic cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast cells were cultivated at different growth rates in a chemostat by alterations in the flow of the limiting nutrient glucose and in batch cultures where variations in growth rate were achieved by alterations in the composition of nutrients. It was observed that the stage in the cycle at which S-phase was completed varied with growth rate. The faster the growth rate, the earlier the stage in the cycle in which completion of S-phase occurred. When stage in the cycle  is converted into time before division it was observed that the time from completion of S-phase to cell division varied only slightly with growth rate except at extremely slow growth rates. Expansion of cell cycle transit time as the growth rate was slowed was achieved primarily by an expansion in time of the period from division to the completion of S-phase. In contrast, when cells were grown at different rates by alterations in the temperature of cultivation, completion of S-phase occurred at approximately the same stage in the cell cycle at all growth rates."}
{"id": "PMID:353065", "title": "Comparison of micro-ID, API 20E, and conventional media systems in identification of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The Micro-ID, a new identification kit for Enterobacteriaceae, consists of 15 biochemical tests, with substrates and reagents impregnated in filter paper disks. A 0.2-ml amount of an organism suspension equal to a 0.5 McFarland standard is pipetted into each of the compartments. After 4 h of incubation and addition of potassium-hydroxide (KOH) to the Voges-Proskauer test, the color reactions are read according to the recommendations of the manufacturer. A five-digit octal code number is derived from each set of reactions from which an identification is derived by using a code book. In a single-blind, comparative study of the Micro-ID system with the API 20E system (Analytab Products Inc.) and conventional biochemical tube media, we found that the Micro-ID and the API 20E systems gave a 90% identification correlation when each was compared with the conventional tube media. A comparison of all three systems gave an 82% overall identification correlation. When the common tests of Micro-ID and API 20E were compared with conventional tube media, we found that the tests in the Micro-ID performed as well as or better than those of the API 20E. Certain groups of organisms, i.e., Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Proteus, Salmonella, and Serratia genera, were found to give low correlation on certain common tests. When using primary isolation MacConkey plates from the clinical laboratory, only 74% of the plates with Enterobacteriaceae had sufficient numbers of colonies of each enteric organism to produce the 0.5 McFarland inoculum density required. Problems concerning the misidentification of some organisms are discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of micro-ID, API 20E, and conventional media systems in identification of Enterobacteriaceae. The Micro-ID, a new identification kit for Enterobacteriaceae, consists of 15 biochemical tests, with substrates and reagents impregnated in filter paper disks. A 0.2-ml amount of an organism suspension equal to a 0.5 McFarland standard is pipetted into each of the compartments. After 4 h of incubation and addition of potassium-hydroxide (KOH) to the Voges-Proskauer test, the color reactions are read according to the recommendations of the manufacturer. A five-digit octal code number is derived from each set of reactions from which an identification is derived by using a code book. In a single-blind, comparative study of the Micro-ID system with the API 20E system (Analytab Products Inc.) and conventional biochemical tube media, we found that the Micro-ID and the API 20E systems gave a 90% identification correlation when each was compared with the conventional tube media. A comparison of all three systems gave an 82% overall identification correlation. When the common tests of Micro-ID and API 20E were compared with conventional tube media, we found that the tests in the Micro-ID performed as well as or better than those of the API 20E. Certain groups of organisms, i.e., Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Proteus, Salmonella, and Serratia genera, were found to give low correlation on certain common tests. When using primary isolation MacConkey plates from the clinical laboratory, only 74% of the plates with Enterobacteriaceae had sufficient numbers of colonies of each enteric organism to produce the 0.5 McFarland inoculum density required. Problems concerning the misidentification of some organisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353066", "title": "Evaluation of the Oxi/Ferm tube system for identification of nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli.", "content": "The Oxi/Ferm tube system designed for identification of oxidative-fermentative gram-negative bacteria was evaluated for identification of nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli by comparing it with the conventional system. The nine biochemical reactions used as the initial tests in the Oxi/Ferm tube system showed a close agreement with the same conventional reactions. However, the system was only 41% accurate to species or biotype for complete identification of 239 isolates which were well distributed in 48 species and biotypes and included organisms not listed in the Oxi/Ferm tube identification list. The system correctly identified 56% of the test organisms when the degree of identification was based on the manufacturer's guidance list. However, all isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. diminuta, and group IIf were completely identified by the system.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Oxi/Ferm tube system for identification of nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli. The Oxi/Ferm tube system designed for identification of oxidative-fermentative gram-negative bacteria was evaluated for identification of nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli by comparing it with the conventional system. The nine biochemical reactions used as the initial tests in the Oxi/Ferm tube system showed a close agreement with the same conventional reactions. However, the system was only 41% accurate to species or biotype for complete identification of 239 isolates which were well distributed in 48 species and biotypes and included organisms not listed in the Oxi/Ferm tube identification list. The system correctly identified 56% of the test organisms when the degree of identification was based on the manufacturer's guidance list. However, all isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. diminuta, and group IIf were completely identified by the system."}
{"id": "PMID:353067", "title": "Evaluation of the API 20E system for identification of nonfermentative Gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "The API 20E system for Enterobacteriaceae, recently broadened to include identification of nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria, was evaluated and compared with the conventional method for complete identification of 221 nonfermenters, which were well distributed into 48 species or biotypes and included organisms not listed in the API 20E data base. The results of 16 tests common to both systems were in close agreement. The API 20E system correctly identified 71 (43%) of the 165 organisms included in the API 20E data base. However, almost 90% of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, three species of Pseudomonas, and Bordetella bronchiseptica were correctly identified to species.", "contents": "Evaluation of the API 20E system for identification of nonfermentative Gram-negative bacteria. The API 20E system for Enterobacteriaceae, recently broadened to include identification of nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria, was evaluated and compared with the conventional method for complete identification of 221 nonfermenters, which were well distributed into 48 species or biotypes and included organisms not listed in the API 20E data base. The results of 16 tests common to both systems were in close agreement. The API 20E system correctly identified 71 (43%) of the 165 organisms included in the API 20E data base. However, almost 90% of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, three species of Pseudomonas, and Bordetella bronchiseptica were correctly identified to species."}
{"id": "PMID:353068", "title": "Rapid urea broth test for yeasts.", "content": "A rapid, miniaturized, urea broth test useful for detecting urease activity of yeasts was compared to Christensen urea agar. All urease-producing yeasts tested were positive on both media; however, 60% were reactive in the urea R broth within 30 min, and the remainder were reactive within 4 h. This urea multiwell test may be useful as a rapid screening method for detecting urease-producing yeasts recovered from clinical specimens and as an adjunct test with other rapid methods of yeast identification.", "contents": "Rapid urea broth test for yeasts. A rapid, miniaturized, urea broth test useful for detecting urease activity of yeasts was compared to Christensen urea agar. All urease-producing yeasts tested were positive on both media; however, 60% were reactive in the urea R broth within 30 min, and the remainder were reactive within 4 h. This urea multiwell test may be useful as a rapid screening method for detecting urease-producing yeasts recovered from clinical specimens and as an adjunct test with other rapid methods of yeast identification."}
{"id": "PMID:353069", "title": "Characterization and incidence of pigment production by human clinical group B streptococci.", "content": "Pigment was produced in stab cultures by 97% of 297 group B streptococci isolated from human clinical specimens. The pigment, which was associated with a membranous cell fraction, showed a four-banded absorption spectrum similar to that of a carotenoid, with maxima at 435, 566, 485, and 525 nm. Addition of glucose to the growth medium suppressed pigment production in most strains. Only 37% of strains from bovine sources produced pigment.", "contents": "Characterization and incidence of pigment production by human clinical group B streptococci. Pigment was produced in stab cultures by 97% of 297 group B streptococci isolated from human clinical specimens. The pigment, which was associated with a membranous cell fraction, showed a four-banded absorption spectrum similar to that of a carotenoid, with maxima at 435, 566, 485, and 525 nm. Addition of glucose to the growth medium suppressed pigment production in most strains. Only 37% of strains from bovine sources produced pigment."}
{"id": "PMID:353070", "title": "Preparation of acid-fast microscopy smears for proficiency testing and quality control.", "content": "A method is presented for preparing smears for proficiency testing and quality control in acid-fast microscopy. The work was prompted by the increased demand for acid-fast bacilli positive smears with characteristic microscopic appearance and among-smear uniformity.", "contents": "Preparation of acid-fast microscopy smears for proficiency testing and quality control. A method is presented for preparing smears for proficiency testing and quality control in acid-fast microscopy. The work was prompted by the increased demand for acid-fast bacilli positive smears with characteristic microscopic appearance and among-smear uniformity."}
{"id": "PMID:353071", "title": "Evaluation of Port-A-Cul transport system for protection of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "The protection of anaerobes in Port-A-Cul (PAC) transport system (Bioquest, Div. of Becton, Dickinson &Co., Cockeysville, Md.) tubes and vials was studied. Ten species of obligately anaerobic bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens were used to prepare simulated swab and fluid specimens in high and low concentrations. Samples in PAC tubes and vials were held for 2, 24, and 48 h at ambient temperature and in a refrigerator. In addition, samples of the simulated specimens were exposed to controlled anaerobic and aerobic conditions in vented tubes and vials, with and without PAC medium, at ambient and refrigerator temperatures. Viable bacterial colony counts from specimens in PAC tubes and vials used as recommended by the manufacturer were consistently greater than those from specimens exposed to the different controlled conditions. The protection in PAC was about equal for specimens with either high or low concentrations of bacteria. Protection of the anaerobes in PAC was more obvious with swab than with fluid specimens. Quantitative recovery of anaerobes from refrigerated PAC samples, with few exceptions, was comparable to that from PAC samples held at ambient temperature.", "contents": "Evaluation of Port-A-Cul transport system for protection of anaerobic bacteria. The protection of anaerobes in Port-A-Cul (PAC) transport system (Bioquest, Div. of Becton, Dickinson &Co., Cockeysville, Md.) tubes and vials was studied. Ten species of obligately anaerobic bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens were used to prepare simulated swab and fluid specimens in high and low concentrations. Samples in PAC tubes and vials were held for 2, 24, and 48 h at ambient temperature and in a refrigerator. In addition, samples of the simulated specimens were exposed to controlled anaerobic and aerobic conditions in vented tubes and vials, with and without PAC medium, at ambient and refrigerator temperatures. Viable bacterial colony counts from specimens in PAC tubes and vials used as recommended by the manufacturer were consistently greater than those from specimens exposed to the different controlled conditions. The protection in PAC was about equal for specimens with either high or low concentrations of bacteria. Protection of the anaerobes in PAC was more obvious with swab than with fluid specimens. Quantitative recovery of anaerobes from refrigerated PAC samples, with few exceptions, was comparable to that from PAC samples held at ambient temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:353072", "title": "Standardization of the Analytab Enteric (API 20E) system to increase accuracy and reproducibility of the test for biotype characterization of bacteria.", "content": "Procedures employing the Analytab Enteric (API 20E) system were standardized to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of the individual biochemical tests so that the system could be used to biochemically characterize bacteria for epidemiological studies. The standardized method and the method recommended by the manufacturer (routine method) were tested in parallel with 130 clinical isolates. Tests with 100 randomly selected clinical isolates demonstrated that the standardized method was more accurate and reproducible than the routine method. In addition, the standardized method accurately identified 24 of 30 clinical isolates which could not be identified with the routine method.", "contents": "Standardization of the Analytab Enteric (API 20E) system to increase accuracy and reproducibility of the test for biotype characterization of bacteria. Procedures employing the Analytab Enteric (API 20E) system were standardized to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of the individual biochemical tests so that the system could be used to biochemically characterize bacteria for epidemiological studies. The standardized method and the method recommended by the manufacturer (routine method) were tested in parallel with 130 clinical isolates. Tests with 100 randomly selected clinical isolates demonstrated that the standardized method was more accurate and reproducible than the routine method. In addition, the standardized method accurately identified 24 of 30 clinical isolates which could not be identified with the routine method."}
{"id": "PMID:353073", "title": "Biotyping of Serratia marcescens and its use in epidemiological studies.", "content": "A Serratia marcescens biotyping system using eight carbon sources (benzoate, DL-carnitine, m-erythritol, 3-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, lactose, D-quinate, and trigonelline), a tetrathionate reduction test, production of prodigiosin, and horse blood hemolysis was derived from a recent numerical taxonomic study (Grimont et al., J. Gen. Microbiol. 98:39-66, 1977). A total of 98.6% of 2,210 isolates from various sources could be assigned to 1 of 19 biotypes. Distribution and spread of 1,088 S. marcescens isolates throughout 13 clinical departments of Pellegrin Hospital (Bordeaux, France) were studied from 1968 through 1975. Except for one that colonized the intestinal tract of newborns, the six pigmented biotypes were seldom isolated. Each of the 13 nonpigmented biotypes showed a particular pattern of distribution and spread. The usefulness of S. marcescens biotyping was shown by relating several isolates recovered from patients and their inanimate environment and by pointing out the possible existence of infections or colonizations by two unrelated biotypes. S. marcescens strains isolated from the natural environment (water) are usually pigmented, and their biotypes are uncommon in hospitals. Biotyping can, therefore, be of help in epidemiological and ecological surveys.", "contents": "Biotyping of Serratia marcescens and its use in epidemiological studies. A Serratia marcescens biotyping system using eight carbon sources (benzoate, DL-carnitine, m-erythritol, 3-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, lactose, D-quinate, and trigonelline), a tetrathionate reduction test, production of prodigiosin, and horse blood hemolysis was derived from a recent numerical taxonomic study (Grimont et al., J. Gen. Microbiol. 98:39-66, 1977). A total of 98.6% of 2,210 isolates from various sources could be assigned to 1 of 19 biotypes. Distribution and spread of 1,088 S. marcescens isolates throughout 13 clinical departments of Pellegrin Hospital (Bordeaux, France) were studied from 1968 through 1975. Except for one that colonized the intestinal tract of newborns, the six pigmented biotypes were seldom isolated. Each of the 13 nonpigmented biotypes showed a particular pattern of distribution and spread. The usefulness of S. marcescens biotyping was shown by relating several isolates recovered from patients and their inanimate environment and by pointing out the possible existence of infections or colonizations by two unrelated biotypes. S. marcescens strains isolated from the natural environment (water) are usually pigmented, and their biotypes are uncommon in hospitals. Biotyping can, therefore, be of help in epidemiological and ecological surveys."}
{"id": "PMID:353074", "title": "Biotype determinations for monitoring of EK1 host strains used in recombinant DNA research.", "content": "The biotypes of eight Escherichia coli K-12 strains were determined. Eight different biotypes were observed. Based upon the API biotype computer file, the appearance frequency for these K-12 biotypes ranged from 1/127 (infrequent) to 1/18,046 (rare).", "contents": "Biotype determinations for monitoring of EK1 host strains used in recombinant DNA research. The biotypes of eight Escherichia coli K-12 strains were determined. Eight different biotypes were observed. Based upon the API biotype computer file, the appearance frequency for these K-12 biotypes ranged from 1/127 (infrequent) to 1/18,046 (rare)."}
{"id": "PMID:353075", "title": "Glucose intolerance in uremia. Quantification of pancreatic beta cell sensitivity to glucose and tissue sensitivity to insulin.", "content": "The relative contributions of impaired insulin secretion and of tissue insensitivity to insulin to the carbohydrate intolerance of uremia were investigated in 10 chronically uremic subjects. Two types of glucose-clamp experiments were performed in each patient before and after 10 wk of thrice weekly hemodialysis. In both types the blood glucose concentration was maintained at a constant level by the periodic adjustment of a variable glucose infusion with a negative feedback formula.Hyperglycemic clamp. The blood glucose concentration was acutely raised and maintained 125 mg/dl above basal levels for 2 h. Since the glucose concentration was held constant, the glucose infusion rate is an index of glucose metabolism (M). After dialysis M increased in all patients from an average of 4.23 to 6.30 mg/kg body wt per min (P < 0.001). The plasma insulin responses (I) both pre- and postdialysis were biphasic with an early burst within the first 2-5 min, followed by a phase of gradually increasing insulin concentration. After dialysis the plasma insulin response diminished slightly. Consequently, the M/I ratio, an index of tissue sensitivity to endogenous insulin, increased postdialysis in all subjects by an average of 92% (P < 0.01). Euglycemic clamp. The plasma insulin concentration was acutely raised and maintained by a primecontinuous insulin infusion. The blood glucose concentration was held constant at the basal level by a variable glucose infusion as above. M/I again is a measure of tissue sensitivity to insulin (exogenous) and increased in all patients postdialysis by an average of 57% (P < 0.01). In two patients hepatic glucose production was measured with tritiated glucose during the euglycemic clamp and declined by 84% predialysis. A similar decrease (82%) was observed postdialysis. Thus, both the hyperglycemic and euglycemic clamp techniques demonstrated tissue insensitivity to insulin to be the dominant carbohydrate defect in uremia. The surprising apparent lack of consistency in the change in beta cell response postdialysis is explained by the strong inverse correlation between beta cell sensitivity to glucose and tissue sensitivity to insulin (r = -0.920; P < 0.001). Those individuals who showed the most striking improvement in tissue sensitivity to insulin actually decreased their serum insulin response to hyperglycemia; those whose improvement in tissue sensitivity was more modest showed increases in beta cell responses.", "contents": "Glucose intolerance in uremia. Quantification of pancreatic beta cell sensitivity to glucose and tissue sensitivity to insulin. The relative contributions of impaired insulin secretion and of tissue insensitivity to insulin to the carbohydrate intolerance of uremia were investigated in 10 chronically uremic subjects. Two types of glucose-clamp experiments were performed in each patient before and after 10 wk of thrice weekly hemodialysis. In both types the blood glucose concentration was maintained at a constant level by the periodic adjustment of a variable glucose infusion with a negative feedback formula.Hyperglycemic clamp. The blood glucose concentration was acutely raised and maintained 125 mg/dl above basal levels for 2 h. Since the glucose concentration was held constant, the glucose infusion rate is an index of glucose metabolism (M). After dialysis M increased in all patients from an average of 4.23 to 6.30 mg/kg body wt per min (P < 0.001). The plasma insulin responses (I) both pre- and postdialysis were biphasic with an early burst within the first 2-5 min, followed by a phase of gradually increasing insulin concentration. After dialysis the plasma insulin response diminished slightly. Consequently, the M/I ratio, an index of tissue sensitivity to endogenous insulin, increased postdialysis in all subjects by an average of 92% (P < 0.01). Euglycemic clamp. The plasma insulin concentration was acutely raised and maintained by a primecontinuous insulin infusion. The blood glucose concentration was held constant at the basal level by a variable glucose infusion as above. M/I again is a measure of tissue sensitivity to insulin (exogenous) and increased in all patients postdialysis by an average of 57% (P < 0.01). In two patients hepatic glucose production was measured with tritiated glucose during the euglycemic clamp and declined by 84% predialysis. A similar decrease (82%) was observed postdialysis. Thus, both the hyperglycemic and euglycemic clamp techniques demonstrated tissue insensitivity to insulin to be the dominant carbohydrate defect in uremia. The surprising apparent lack of consistency in the change in beta cell response postdialysis is explained by the strong inverse correlation between beta cell sensitivity to glucose and tissue sensitivity to insulin (r = -0.920; P < 0.001). Those individuals who showed the most striking improvement in tissue sensitivity to insulin actually decreased their serum insulin response to hyperglycemia; those whose improvement in tissue sensitivity was more modest showed increases in beta cell responses."}
{"id": "PMID:353076", "title": "The roles of intracellular and extracellular Ca++ in glucose-stimulated biphasic insulin release by rat islets.", "content": "Verapamil, an agent known rapidly to block calcium uptake into islets of Langerhans, has been used to study the roles of intra- and extracellular calcium in the two phases of glucose-induced insulin release. Rates of calcium uptake and insulin release during the first phase were measured simultaneously over 5 min in rat islets after maintenance in tissue culture for 2 days. Rates of (45)Ca(++) efflux and insulin release during the first and second phases were also measured simultaneously under perifusion conditions. For this, islets were loaded with (45)Ca(++) during the entire maintenance period to complete isotopic equilibrium. Under static incubation conditions 5 muM Verapamil had no effect upon Ca(++) uptake or insulin release in the presence of 2.8 mM glucose. By contrast, glucose-stimulated calcium influx was totally abolished without there being any significant effect upon first phase insulin release. Thus first phase insulin release is independent of increased uptake of extracellular calcium. The lack of effect of 5 muM Verapamil blockade on first phase insulin release was confirmed, under perifusion conditions, and was in marked contrast to the observed 55% inhibition of second phase release. (45)Ca(++) efflux was inhibited during both phases of the insulin release response. The results show that increased calcium uptake in response to glucose is not involved in the mechanism of first phase insulin release but is required for the full development and maintenance of the second phase release. It seems possible that intracellular calcium is the major regulatory control for first phase insulin release and that intracellular calcium and increased uptake of extracellular calcium contribute almost equally to the second phase of glucose-induced release.", "contents": "The roles of intracellular and extracellular Ca++ in glucose-stimulated biphasic insulin release by rat islets. Verapamil, an agent known rapidly to block calcium uptake into islets of Langerhans, has been used to study the roles of intra- and extracellular calcium in the two phases of glucose-induced insulin release. Rates of calcium uptake and insulin release during the first phase were measured simultaneously over 5 min in rat islets after maintenance in tissue culture for 2 days. Rates of (45)Ca(++) efflux and insulin release during the first and second phases were also measured simultaneously under perifusion conditions. For this, islets were loaded with (45)Ca(++) during the entire maintenance period to complete isotopic equilibrium. Under static incubation conditions 5 muM Verapamil had no effect upon Ca(++) uptake or insulin release in the presence of 2.8 mM glucose. By contrast, glucose-stimulated calcium influx was totally abolished without there being any significant effect upon first phase insulin release. Thus first phase insulin release is independent of increased uptake of extracellular calcium. The lack of effect of 5 muM Verapamil blockade on first phase insulin release was confirmed, under perifusion conditions, and was in marked contrast to the observed 55% inhibition of second phase release. (45)Ca(++) efflux was inhibited during both phases of the insulin release response. The results show that increased calcium uptake in response to glucose is not involved in the mechanism of first phase insulin release but is required for the full development and maintenance of the second phase release. It seems possible that intracellular calcium is the major regulatory control for first phase insulin release and that intracellular calcium and increased uptake of extracellular calcium contribute almost equally to the second phase of glucose-induced release."}
{"id": "PMID:353077", "title": "Evaluation of the single radial haemolysis (SRH) technique for rubella antibody measurement.", "content": "Sera from 1258 individuals have been tested by four laboratories for rubella antibody by both the haemagglutination-inhibition and single radial haemolysis techniques. There was good agreement between the results obtained by the two methods. Although sheep red blood cells were used in the single radial haemolysis plates, no problems were encountered with sera from patients with infectious mononucleosis. The single haemolysis technique was found to be simple, convenient, and reliable, and suited to the rapid screening of large numbers of sera to assess susceptibility to rubella in the context of a vaccination campaign. However, since the technique does not detect anti-rubella IgM, it should not be used as the only test to investigate suspected recent infection.", "contents": "Evaluation of the single radial haemolysis (SRH) technique for rubella antibody measurement. Sera from 1258 individuals have been tested by four laboratories for rubella antibody by both the haemagglutination-inhibition and single radial haemolysis techniques. There was good agreement between the results obtained by the two methods. Although sheep red blood cells were used in the single radial haemolysis plates, no problems were encountered with sera from patients with infectious mononucleosis. The single haemolysis technique was found to be simple, convenient, and reliable, and suited to the rapid screening of large numbers of sera to assess susceptibility to rubella in the context of a vaccination campaign. However, since the technique does not detect anti-rubella IgM, it should not be used as the only test to investigate suspected recent infection."}
{"id": "PMID:353079", "title": "Tamm-Horsfall protein in the glomerular capsular space.", "content": "Tamm-Horsfall protein was detected within the capsular space by immunofluorescence in 7 of 72 consecutive patients on whom renal immunopathological studies were performed. Three patients showed prominent aggregates or crescentic collections affecting 30-50% glomeruli; the remaining four patients showed smaller aggregates between lobules. All patients showed pathological evidence of tubulointerstitial disease. It is suggested that Tamm-Horsfall protein in the capsular space is a sign of intratubular urinary backflow and that Tamm-Horsfall antiserum is a useful addition to the reagents used in the immunofluorescence study of renal biopsies.", "contents": "Tamm-Horsfall protein in the glomerular capsular space. Tamm-Horsfall protein was detected within the capsular space by immunofluorescence in 7 of 72 consecutive patients on whom renal immunopathological studies were performed. Three patients showed prominent aggregates or crescentic collections affecting 30-50% glomeruli; the remaining four patients showed smaller aggregates between lobules. All patients showed pathological evidence of tubulointerstitial disease. It is suggested that Tamm-Horsfall protein in the capsular space is a sign of intratubular urinary backflow and that Tamm-Horsfall antiserum is a useful addition to the reagents used in the immunofluorescence study of renal biopsies."}
{"id": "PMID:353080", "title": "Lysosomal enzyme cytochemistry of blood neutrophils.", "content": "Patients with bacterial infection may show altered membrane permeability of the primary azurophilic lysosomes of blood neutrophils. A new enzyme cytochemical technique, sensitive to increased membrane permeability caused by contact of neutrophils with acetone, saponin, low pH, Streptolysin O, bacteria, and nylon wool, has been developed. The method is of potential value as a screening test for bacterial infection and for detecting neutrophil damage during filtration leucopheresis.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzyme cytochemistry of blood neutrophils. Patients with bacterial infection may show altered membrane permeability of the primary azurophilic lysosomes of blood neutrophils. A new enzyme cytochemical technique, sensitive to increased membrane permeability caused by contact of neutrophils with acetone, saponin, low pH, Streptolysin O, bacteria, and nylon wool, has been developed. The method is of potential value as a screening test for bacterial infection and for detecting neutrophil damage during filtration leucopheresis."}
{"id": "PMID:353082", "title": "Some considerations on the role of cementum in periodontal disease.", "content": "The protective role of cementum against root resorption is discussed in relation to buried teeth, orthodontic treatment, replantation and periodontal disease. The essential feature seems to be a layer of partially calcified precementum or vital cementoblasts. Root resorption close to the epithelial attachment, although not common, is probably the result of death of cementoblasts caused by irritants from bacterial plaque, and the presence of severe of prolonged inflammation. Cementum exposed in the pocket can be affected in different ways by these irritants, and rendered unacceptable for re-attachment to periodontal tissue. Successful re-attachment procedures involve either the removal of the affected cementum or its treatment with agents partially to decalcify such as acids, or detoxify by phenol for example. Examples of treatment embodying some of these principles are illustrated by two case histories of localised gingival recession and one of intra-bony pocketing associated with an acute lateral periodontal abscess. In this case a follow-up radiograph taken 16 years later is presented as evidence of the permanence of repair which can be achieved. Root resorption which often follows the use of fresh autogenous bone from the ilium is then discussed and the conclusion reached that the vital cells in the transplant discourage the migration of cementoblasts from the adjacent periodontium. The cementum and dentine thus remain unprotected and susceptible to resorption.", "contents": "Some considerations on the role of cementum in periodontal disease. The protective role of cementum against root resorption is discussed in relation to buried teeth, orthodontic treatment, replantation and periodontal disease. The essential feature seems to be a layer of partially calcified precementum or vital cementoblasts. Root resorption close to the epithelial attachment, although not common, is probably the result of death of cementoblasts caused by irritants from bacterial plaque, and the presence of severe of prolonged inflammation. Cementum exposed in the pocket can be affected in different ways by these irritants, and rendered unacceptable for re-attachment to periodontal tissue. Successful re-attachment procedures involve either the removal of the affected cementum or its treatment with agents partially to decalcify such as acids, or detoxify by phenol for example. Examples of treatment embodying some of these principles are illustrated by two case histories of localised gingival recession and one of intra-bony pocketing associated with an acute lateral periodontal abscess. In this case a follow-up radiograph taken 16 years later is presented as evidence of the permanence of repair which can be achieved. Root resorption which often follows the use of fresh autogenous bone from the ilium is then discussed and the conclusion reached that the vital cells in the transplant discourage the migration of cementoblasts from the adjacent periodontium. The cementum and dentine thus remain unprotected and susceptible to resorption."}
{"id": "PMID:353083", "title": "Osseous repair in infrabony periodontal defects.", "content": "The present investigation was undertaken to quantitate the osseous changes which occur throughout the entire circumferential extent of infrabony periodontal defects in patients with optimal plaque control. Fifteen defects were selected in nine patients. Periodontal surgery was scheduled after each patient had shown an ability to practice efficient plaque removal. Muco-periosteal flaps were raised and the osseous defects debrided. The dimensions of each defect were measured at several specific location points within the defect. The flaps were replaced at their original location and, post-operatively, optimal plaque control was maintained in the area (Mean Plaque Index 0.04). Six to 8 months after the initial surgery all areas were re-operated and the osseous defects were remeasured at the same specific location points. Each defect showed osseous regeneration at every location point. The mean initial osseous defect depth at a location point was 3.5 mm and the mean amount of bone regeneration which occurred was 2.5 mm. Crestal alveolar bone resorption occurred at almost half of the location points and averaged 0.7 mm. Eleven of the 15 defects had resolved completely. There were isolated areas where a shallow defect persisted in the remaining four defects. The behavior of an osseous defect throughout its circumferential extent was characterized by a combination of coronal bone regeneration (mean 77%) and marginal bone resorption (mean 18%). Infrabony periodontal defects may predictably remodel after surgical debridement and establishment of optimal plaque control.", "contents": "Osseous repair in infrabony periodontal defects. The present investigation was undertaken to quantitate the osseous changes which occur throughout the entire circumferential extent of infrabony periodontal defects in patients with optimal plaque control. Fifteen defects were selected in nine patients. Periodontal surgery was scheduled after each patient had shown an ability to practice efficient plaque removal. Muco-periosteal flaps were raised and the osseous defects debrided. The dimensions of each defect were measured at several specific location points within the defect. The flaps were replaced at their original location and, post-operatively, optimal plaque control was maintained in the area (Mean Plaque Index 0.04). Six to 8 months after the initial surgery all areas were re-operated and the osseous defects were remeasured at the same specific location points. Each defect showed osseous regeneration at every location point. The mean initial osseous defect depth at a location point was 3.5 mm and the mean amount of bone regeneration which occurred was 2.5 mm. Crestal alveolar bone resorption occurred at almost half of the location points and averaged 0.7 mm. Eleven of the 15 defects had resolved completely. There were isolated areas where a shallow defect persisted in the remaining four defects. The behavior of an osseous defect throughout its circumferential extent was characterized by a combination of coronal bone regeneration (mean 77%) and marginal bone resorption (mean 18%). Infrabony periodontal defects may predictably remodel after surgical debridement and establishment of optimal plaque control."}
{"id": "PMID:353084", "title": "Development of gingivitis in pre-school children and young adults. A comparative experimental study.", "content": "Earlier studies suggest that children and adults differ in the propensity to develop gingivitis when oral hygiene is abandoned. To confirm the existence of such a difference, a comparative study of pre-school children and young adults was made with objective registration methods. The author performed all registrations. After a period of intensive oral hygiene, all cleaning of teeth was discontinued for 21 days. The amount of bacterial plaque, the amount of gingival exudate and crevicular leukocytes and the bleeding tendency were registered on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. During the experiment the amount of bacterial plaque increased continously in both groups. The amount of gingival exudate and the tendency to gingival bleeding increased to high values in the adults, while only a small rise was seen in the children. The amount of crevicular leukocytes increased in both groups, but the increment was greater in the adults. A comparison concerning differences in gingival exudate and bleeding tendency between pre-school children and adults was undertaken for gingival units that showed a similar plaque development. Under these statistically acceptable prerequisites, it was shown that there is a real difference in the tendency to develop gingivitis between pre-school children and adults.", "contents": "Development of gingivitis in pre-school children and young adults. A comparative experimental study. Earlier studies suggest that children and adults differ in the propensity to develop gingivitis when oral hygiene is abandoned. To confirm the existence of such a difference, a comparative study of pre-school children and young adults was made with objective registration methods. The author performed all registrations. After a period of intensive oral hygiene, all cleaning of teeth was discontinued for 21 days. The amount of bacterial plaque, the amount of gingival exudate and crevicular leukocytes and the bleeding tendency were registered on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. During the experiment the amount of bacterial plaque increased continously in both groups. The amount of gingival exudate and the tendency to gingival bleeding increased to high values in the adults, while only a small rise was seen in the children. The amount of crevicular leukocytes increased in both groups, but the increment was greater in the adults. A comparison concerning differences in gingival exudate and bleeding tendency between pre-school children and adults was undertaken for gingival units that showed a similar plaque development. Under these statistically acceptable prerequisites, it was shown that there is a real difference in the tendency to develop gingivitis between pre-school children and adults."}
{"id": "PMID:353085", "title": "Effect on plaque growth of xylitol and sucrose-containing chewing gums.", "content": "Two experiments tested the effects of xylitol or sucrose-containing chewing gums on plaque formation. In the first experiment the 18 subjects maintained their normal dietary habits, and in the second they received a sucrose-free diet during the 3-day experimental periods. Plaque formation was assessed gravimetrically and/or planimetrically. When the dietary habits were not altered, neither the sucrose nor the xylitol-containing chewing gums had significant effects on the plaque scores. When sucrose was almost eliminated from the diet, plaque formation was significantly higher in the sucrose than in the xylitol and the placebo groups. Although plaque formation was lower in the xylitol group than in the placebo group, the differences were not statistically significant.", "contents": "Effect on plaque growth of xylitol and sucrose-containing chewing gums. Two experiments tested the effects of xylitol or sucrose-containing chewing gums on plaque formation. In the first experiment the 18 subjects maintained their normal dietary habits, and in the second they received a sucrose-free diet during the 3-day experimental periods. Plaque formation was assessed gravimetrically and/or planimetrically. When the dietary habits were not altered, neither the sucrose nor the xylitol-containing chewing gums had significant effects on the plaque scores. When sucrose was almost eliminated from the diet, plaque formation was significantly higher in the sucrose than in the xylitol and the placebo groups. Although plaque formation was lower in the xylitol group than in the placebo group, the differences were not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:353086", "title": "A comparison of the scalloped and linear incisions as used in the reverse bevel technique.", "content": "Using a split-mouth technique in 20 patients, a comparison was made of the linear and scalloped incisions as used in the reverse bevel technique. Forty full thickness periodontal flap procedures were evaluated. The PlI and GI were recorded and gingival fluid collected at operation and at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 12 after operation. Pocket depths and attachment levels were noted and gingival contour assessed, using the Contour Index, pre-operatively and 12 weeks after operation. Pain experience during the first week after operation was evaluated. No significant changes in PlI occurred throughout the study. The GI and gingival fluid flow showed comparable trends. More inflammation was present after the linear incision during the first 2 weeks after operation. Clinically, satisfactory results were achieved for both scalloped and linear incision procedures as shown by the improvement in gingival contour, reduction in pocket depth, slight gain in attachment, lack of gingivitis and low plaque scores.", "contents": "A comparison of the scalloped and linear incisions as used in the reverse bevel technique. Using a split-mouth technique in 20 patients, a comparison was made of the linear and scalloped incisions as used in the reverse bevel technique. Forty full thickness periodontal flap procedures were evaluated. The PlI and GI were recorded and gingival fluid collected at operation and at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 12 after operation. Pocket depths and attachment levels were noted and gingival contour assessed, using the Contour Index, pre-operatively and 12 weeks after operation. Pain experience during the first week after operation was evaluated. No significant changes in PlI occurred throughout the study. The GI and gingival fluid flow showed comparable trends. More inflammation was present after the linear incision during the first 2 weeks after operation. Clinically, satisfactory results were achieved for both scalloped and linear incision procedures as shown by the improvement in gingival contour, reduction in pocket depth, slight gain in attachment, lack of gingivitis and low plaque scores."}
{"id": "PMID:353087", "title": "Clinical assessment of periodontal dressings.", "content": "Forty-one patients requiring gingivectomy in one or more areas were used for a clinical evaluation of three different periodontal dressings. Sixty-five operations were performed. Whenever possible different dressings were tested in the same patient. The type of dressing was chosen randomly, applied by one operator and left in place for 1 week. The patients were supplied with analgetic tablets. At day 7 the condition of the dressing was evaluated before removal. The patients' subjective experiences of pain, swelling, bleeding and fever, as well as use of pain relieving tablets, were recorded. The wound was evaluated with regard to the degree of epithelialization, presence of denuded bone and granulation tissue. The tendency to bleeding and the sensitivity of the teeth to a water spray (15 degrees C) were tested. At day 14 and 21 the same evaluation procedure was repeated. In addition the presence of plaque in the operated area was assessed. One of the dressings more frequently induced pain and swelling than the others. Tablet consumption was also higher when this dressing had been used. No statistically significant differences were found in the clinical assessment of wound healing, tendency to bleeding and the sensitivity of teeth.", "contents": "Clinical assessment of periodontal dressings. Forty-one patients requiring gingivectomy in one or more areas were used for a clinical evaluation of three different periodontal dressings. Sixty-five operations were performed. Whenever possible different dressings were tested in the same patient. The type of dressing was chosen randomly, applied by one operator and left in place for 1 week. The patients were supplied with analgetic tablets. At day 7 the condition of the dressing was evaluated before removal. The patients' subjective experiences of pain, swelling, bleeding and fever, as well as use of pain relieving tablets, were recorded. The wound was evaluated with regard to the degree of epithelialization, presence of denuded bone and granulation tissue. The tendency to bleeding and the sensitivity of the teeth to a water spray (15 degrees C) were tested. At day 14 and 21 the same evaluation procedure was repeated. In addition the presence of plaque in the operated area was assessed. One of the dressings more frequently induced pain and swelling than the others. Tablet consumption was also higher when this dressing had been used. No statistically significant differences were found in the clinical assessment of wound healing, tendency to bleeding and the sensitivity of teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:353089", "title": "Controlled clinical trial of sedative-anticholinergic drugs in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome.", "content": "We studied 16 patients with long-standing irritable bowel syndrome of moderate severity using a controlled, double-blind crossover method. Five sedative-anticholinergic drug combinations and a placebo were tested. The subjective response was assessed with four subjective methods to include an increasing number of response variables. The patients preferred 30 mg phenobarbital plus 8 mg belladonna (P & B) to placebo (P = 0.02). Five of ten patients were helped \"some\" or \"a lot\" with placebo, while ten of 15 were helped \"some\" or \"a lot\" with P & B (P = 0.07). The ten prominent-symptoms method revealed that subjective symptoms such as nervousness, sleep difficulties, and tiredness were experienced as greater problems than diarrhea. The factor analysis method documented a strong placebo response. Simpler evaluation methods such as drug preference and a five-choice method appear more likely to show a positive drug effect, while the inclusion of a larger number of variables appears to emphasize the placebo portion of the response. These observations may help explain some of the apparent discrepancies between the conclusions of some controlled clinical trials and subsequent clinical experience.", "contents": "Controlled clinical trial of sedative-anticholinergic drugs in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. We studied 16 patients with long-standing irritable bowel syndrome of moderate severity using a controlled, double-blind crossover method. Five sedative-anticholinergic drug combinations and a placebo were tested. The subjective response was assessed with four subjective methods to include an increasing number of response variables. The patients preferred 30 mg phenobarbital plus 8 mg belladonna (P & B) to placebo (P = 0.02). Five of ten patients were helped \"some\" or \"a lot\" with placebo, while ten of 15 were helped \"some\" or \"a lot\" with P & B (P = 0.07). The ten prominent-symptoms method revealed that subjective symptoms such as nervousness, sleep difficulties, and tiredness were experienced as greater problems than diarrhea. The factor analysis method documented a strong placebo response. Simpler evaluation methods such as drug preference and a five-choice method appear more likely to show a positive drug effect, while the inclusion of a larger number of variables appears to emphasize the placebo portion of the response. These observations may help explain some of the apparent discrepancies between the conclusions of some controlled clinical trials and subsequent clinical experience."}
{"id": "PMID:353090", "title": "Effect of nighttime anisotropine methyl bromide of duodenal ulcer healing and pain: a double-blind controlled trial.", "content": "Anisotropine methyl bromide, an anticholinergic, 80 mg given orally at 8 P.M., suppresses gastric acid secretion through the night without significant side effects. Thirty patients with endoscopy-proved symptomatic duodenal ulcer disease completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of nighttime anisotropine methyl bromide therapy. Eleven (69 per cent) of 16 anisotropine methyl bromide-treated and six (43 per cent) of 14 placebo-treated subjects healed their ulcers within two weeks of starting treatment. The anisotropine methyl bromide-treated subjects averaged 0.63 +/- 0.27 (mean +/- S.E.) episodes of nocturnal pain during the treatment period versus 2.71 +/- 1.08 episodes in the placebo group (P = 0.06). This is the first reported study of this type designed to evaluate the efficacy of an anticholinergic agent in the healing of duodenal ulcers. Although not conclusive, the results suggest nighttime anisotropine methyl bromide therapy may be useful in the treatment of duodenal ulcer disease. Further studies seem warranted.", "contents": "Effect of nighttime anisotropine methyl bromide of duodenal ulcer healing and pain: a double-blind controlled trial. Anisotropine methyl bromide, an anticholinergic, 80 mg given orally at 8 P.M., suppresses gastric acid secretion through the night without significant side effects. Thirty patients with endoscopy-proved symptomatic duodenal ulcer disease completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of nighttime anisotropine methyl bromide therapy. Eleven (69 per cent) of 16 anisotropine methyl bromide-treated and six (43 per cent) of 14 placebo-treated subjects healed their ulcers within two weeks of starting treatment. The anisotropine methyl bromide-treated subjects averaged 0.63 +/- 0.27 (mean +/- S.E.) episodes of nocturnal pain during the treatment period versus 2.71 +/- 1.08 episodes in the placebo group (P = 0.06). This is the first reported study of this type designed to evaluate the efficacy of an anticholinergic agent in the healing of duodenal ulcers. Although not conclusive, the results suggest nighttime anisotropine methyl bromide therapy may be useful in the treatment of duodenal ulcer disease. Further studies seem warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:353091", "title": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease.", "content": "Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease manifests clinically as a form of presenile dementia. It is now known to be caused by a transmissible agent, probably a \"slow virus\". Rapidly progressive atrophic changes on serial computed tomograms of the brain are highly suggestive of the disease. Neuroradiographic and pathological findings in two cases of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease are documented.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease manifests clinically as a form of presenile dementia. It is now known to be caused by a transmissible agent, probably a \"slow virus\". Rapidly progressive atrophic changes on serial computed tomograms of the brain are highly suggestive of the disease. Neuroradiographic and pathological findings in two cases of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease are documented."}
{"id": "PMID:353092", "title": "Computed tomography in spinal dysraphism.", "content": "The value of spinal computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of spinal dysraphism is described. Eight patients with diverse etiological agents were evaluated by clinical examination and subsequent computed tomography, without contrast enhancement. The diagnosis and location of the pathology thus ascertained allowed for appropriate surgery without invasive diagnostic studies. The value of this approach in children and in those patients in whom a low conus medullaris is suspected is obvious.", "contents": "Computed tomography in spinal dysraphism. The value of spinal computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of spinal dysraphism is described. Eight patients with diverse etiological agents were evaluated by clinical examination and subsequent computed tomography, without contrast enhancement. The diagnosis and location of the pathology thus ascertained allowed for appropriate surgery without invasive diagnostic studies. The value of this approach in children and in those patients in whom a low conus medullaris is suspected is obvious."}
{"id": "PMID:353093", "title": "Simplified resazurin rennet test for diagnosis of mastitis.", "content": "A simplified resazurin rennet test for diagnosis of bovine mastitis was devised. A tablet of resazurin and rennet was placed in a sterile test tube to which 10 ml of milk were added directly from a teat. The test tube was incubated for 1 h at 37 C. After incubation the change in color of resazurin and the time required for coagulation by the rennet were observed. From the results the milk samples tested were classified into four types. Cell count, modified California Mastitis Test, coagulase positive staphylococci, and contents of solids-not-fat, lactose, and protein differed among the four types. This method is simple and practically useful for diagnosis of bovine mastitis.", "contents": "Simplified resazurin rennet test for diagnosis of mastitis. A simplified resazurin rennet test for diagnosis of bovine mastitis was devised. A tablet of resazurin and rennet was placed in a sterile test tube to which 10 ml of milk were added directly from a teat. The test tube was incubated for 1 h at 37 C. After incubation the change in color of resazurin and the time required for coagulation by the rennet were observed. From the results the milk samples tested were classified into four types. Cell count, modified California Mastitis Test, coagulase positive staphylococci, and contents of solids-not-fat, lactose, and protein differed among the four types. This method is simple and practically useful for diagnosis of bovine mastitis."}
{"id": "PMID:353094", "title": "Milk secretion at the cellular level: a unique approach to the mechanism of exocytosis.", "content": "Drugs which interfere with the mechanism of exocytosis such as colchicine and vincristine, so-called microtubule antagonists, are providing a fruitful approach to the study of milk secretion at the cellular level. Intramammary infusions of a milligram or less of these substances into lactating goats produce dramatic drops in milk yields in 24 to 36 h. These depressions are reversed substantially by 48 h. In vitro experiments and tissue observations confirm that these drugs are blocking secretion at the level of the lactating cell and that secretion of all the major milk components (fat globules, casein micelles, lactose, and water) is restrained. Mammary infusion of the plant lectin concanavalin A, a protein which binds to cell surface receptors, produces similar changes in milk flow to those of the microtubule antagonists. This indicates that cell surface membrane components perturbed by concanavalin also must be involved in the secretory mechanism. One of the known receptors for concanavalin A in the apical (secretory) plasma membrane of the lactating cell is the enzyme 5'nucleotidase. The possibility must be considered that this enzyme (glycoprotein), inactivated by concanavalin A, is involved in milk secretion.", "contents": "Milk secretion at the cellular level: a unique approach to the mechanism of exocytosis. Drugs which interfere with the mechanism of exocytosis such as colchicine and vincristine, so-called microtubule antagonists, are providing a fruitful approach to the study of milk secretion at the cellular level. Intramammary infusions of a milligram or less of these substances into lactating goats produce dramatic drops in milk yields in 24 to 36 h. These depressions are reversed substantially by 48 h. In vitro experiments and tissue observations confirm that these drugs are blocking secretion at the level of the lactating cell and that secretion of all the major milk components (fat globules, casein micelles, lactose, and water) is restrained. Mammary infusion of the plant lectin concanavalin A, a protein which binds to cell surface receptors, produces similar changes in milk flow to those of the microtubule antagonists. This indicates that cell surface membrane components perturbed by concanavalin also must be involved in the secretory mechanism. One of the known receptors for concanavalin A in the apical (secretory) plasma membrane of the lactating cell is the enzyme 5'nucleotidase. The possibility must be considered that this enzyme (glycoprotein), inactivated by concanavalin A, is involved in milk secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:353117", "title": "The assessment of maladaptive parent-child interaction by direct observation: an analysis of methods.", "content": "Six direct observation technologies for assessing parent-child interactions are examined: Descriptive-narrative, event recording, three types of interval sampling, and sequential event recording. Selected articles in the clinical literature are reviewed to illustrate use of each technology. Furthermore, the yield of each procedure in terms of four assessment criteria was evaluated: precise description of the parent-child interaction, target selection, identification of the intervention strategy, and evaluation of the intervention technique. The sequential-event-recording technology was determined to be most advantageous in terms of the four criteria.", "contents": "The assessment of maladaptive parent-child interaction by direct observation: an analysis of methods. Six direct observation technologies for assessing parent-child interactions are examined: Descriptive-narrative, event recording, three types of interval sampling, and sequential event recording. Selected articles in the clinical literature are reviewed to illustrate use of each technology. Furthermore, the yield of each procedure in terms of four assessment criteria was evaluated: precise description of the parent-child interaction, target selection, identification of the intervention strategy, and evaluation of the intervention technique. The sequential-event-recording technology was determined to be most advantageous in terms of the four criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:353119", "title": "Professional dietetic education in the U.S. Historical notes.", "content": "Since its founding in 1917, The American Dietetic Association has been concerned with the development and improvement of educational programs for the professional dietitian. This article traces the evolution of professional dietetic educational programs from its beginning in the early cooking schools in the nineteenth century through the development of educational standards, the requirement for training beyond the bachelor's degree, and the establishment of academic requirements. The continued importance of educating the professional dietitian is evidenced by the inclusion of academic requirements as a prerequisite to membership in the Association.", "contents": "Professional dietetic education in the U.S. Historical notes. Since its founding in 1917, The American Dietetic Association has been concerned with the development and improvement of educational programs for the professional dietitian. This article traces the evolution of professional dietetic educational programs from its beginning in the early cooking schools in the nineteenth century through the development of educational standards, the requirement for training beyond the bachelor's degree, and the establishment of academic requirements. The continued importance of educating the professional dietitian is evidenced by the inclusion of academic requirements as a prerequisite to membership in the Association."}
{"id": "PMID:353121", "title": "Cyclandelate in the treatment of senility: a controlled study.", "content": "Elderly patients often manifest a variety of symptoms (e.g., depression, memory loss, irritability, hostility), categorized as \"senility\" or \"senile dementia,\" which are difficult to treat and represent a major therapeutic challenge to the geriatrician. This investigation was designed to assess, under double-blind conditions, a drug often prescribed for these symptoms--cyclandelate. In a 16-week study, 58 elderly patients were randomly assigned to two groups and received either 1600 mg of cyclandelate daily or identical-appearing placebo capsules. Initially, the every four weeks thereafter, the patients were examined for changes in vital signs and for adverse reactions, also, the Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric (SCAG) Scale and the Nurses Observation Scale Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE) were completed. At the final evaluation, a physician's global rating was obtained. Our data suggest that cyclandelate is a safe and moderately effective treatment for certain symptoms of senescence in carefully selected patients.", "contents": "Cyclandelate in the treatment of senility: a controlled study. Elderly patients often manifest a variety of symptoms (e.g., depression, memory loss, irritability, hostility), categorized as \"senility\" or \"senile dementia,\" which are difficult to treat and represent a major therapeutic challenge to the geriatrician. This investigation was designed to assess, under double-blind conditions, a drug often prescribed for these symptoms--cyclandelate. In a 16-week study, 58 elderly patients were randomly assigned to two groups and received either 1600 mg of cyclandelate daily or identical-appearing placebo capsules. Initially, the every four weeks thereafter, the patients were examined for changes in vital signs and for adverse reactions, also, the Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric (SCAG) Scale and the Nurses Observation Scale Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE) were completed. At the final evaluation, a physician's global rating was obtained. Our data suggest that cyclandelate is a safe and moderately effective treatment for certain symptoms of senescence in carefully selected patients."}
{"id": "PMID:353125", "title": "Variations in state Medicaid programs.", "content": "Many federal laws permit the states considerable latitude in determining the important characteristics of programs created under them. Yet, frequently, this aspect is overlooked in the analyses of differences in state-level programs. The purpose of this paper is to present a measure to aid in the analysis of one such program, Medicaid, and to illustrate some of the ways it can be useful. The Medicaid Program Index (MPI) differentiates among state Medicaid programs according to four important characteristics: inclusion of the medically indigent, the optional services covered, limitations on the provision of the basic services, and arrangements for paying providers. Data are presented to show that, in fact, the states do vary considerably on these factors, which can be analyzed in the aggregate (i.e., as the MPI) or separately. In addition, several uses for the MPI are discussed. They include: (1) identifying variations in state programs; (2) accounting for those differences by comparing them to promising explanatory variables; (3) identifying trends in program characteristics over time: and (4) developing hypotheses to account for those trends. Finally, it was suggested that similar measures can be developed to facilitate analyses of other federal/state programs.", "contents": "Variations in state Medicaid programs. Many federal laws permit the states considerable latitude in determining the important characteristics of programs created under them. Yet, frequently, this aspect is overlooked in the analyses of differences in state-level programs. The purpose of this paper is to present a measure to aid in the analysis of one such program, Medicaid, and to illustrate some of the ways it can be useful. The Medicaid Program Index (MPI) differentiates among state Medicaid programs according to four important characteristics: inclusion of the medically indigent, the optional services covered, limitations on the provision of the basic services, and arrangements for paying providers. Data are presented to show that, in fact, the states do vary considerably on these factors, which can be analyzed in the aggregate (i.e., as the MPI) or separately. In addition, several uses for the MPI are discussed. They include: (1) identifying variations in state programs; (2) accounting for those differences by comparing them to promising explanatory variables; (3) identifying trends in program characteristics over time: and (4) developing hypotheses to account for those trends. Finally, it was suggested that similar measures can be developed to facilitate analyses of other federal/state programs."}
{"id": "PMID:353187", "title": "Rhodamine immunohistofluorescence applied to plant tissue.", "content": "Tissue slices from the roots and seeds of sanifoin (Onobrychis viciifolia, Scop.) exhibit bright autofluorescence when illuminated with blue (495 nm) light. This autofluorescence is indistinguishable from the fluorescence emission of fluorescein, the commonly used fluorochrome in immunohistochemical staining procedures. Rhodamine isothiocyanate, when coupled to immunoglobulin, and excited with green light at 546 nm, exhibits a reddish-orange fluorescence with an emission maximum at 590 nm. Plant tissue has little or no autofluorescence when illuminated at this wavelength and viewed with a 580 nm barrier filter. Therefore, use of rhodamine for immunohistochemical localization in plant tissue avoids interpretative complications due to inherent autofluorescence.", "contents": "Rhodamine immunohistofluorescence applied to plant tissue. Tissue slices from the roots and seeds of sanifoin (Onobrychis viciifolia, Scop.) exhibit bright autofluorescence when illuminated with blue (495 nm) light. This autofluorescence is indistinguishable from the fluorescence emission of fluorescein, the commonly used fluorochrome in immunohistochemical staining procedures. Rhodamine isothiocyanate, when coupled to immunoglobulin, and excited with green light at 546 nm, exhibits a reddish-orange fluorescence with an emission maximum at 590 nm. Plant tissue has little or no autofluorescence when illuminated at this wavelength and viewed with a 580 nm barrier filter. Therefore, use of rhodamine for immunohistochemical localization in plant tissue avoids interpretative complications due to inherent autofluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:353126", "title": "Identification of inbred strains of mice: II. Characterization of different substrains of the C3H strain.", "content": "Substrains of inbred C3H mice differ significantly in their genetic constitution with respect to biochemical markers, skin grafting, and skeletal variations. The presence of such discrepancies among substrains poses a problem when comparing conclusions based on experiments done in different substrains. Therefore, methods of controlling the genetic constitution are necessary and important to avoid these discrepancies.", "contents": "Identification of inbred strains of mice: II. Characterization of different substrains of the C3H strain. Substrains of inbred C3H mice differ significantly in their genetic constitution with respect to biochemical markers, skin grafting, and skeletal variations. The presence of such discrepancies among substrains poses a problem when comparing conclusions based on experiments done in different substrains. Therefore, methods of controlling the genetic constitution are necessary and important to avoid these discrepancies."}
{"id": "PMID:353193", "title": "Loss of self-tolerance to single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (sDNA) in vitro.", "content": "The spleens of many normal and autoimmune-susceptible strains of mice mount a specific, IgM, anti-sDNA plaque-forming cell (PFC) response in vitro in the absence of an exogenous source of antigen. This response was not related solely to levels of xenotropic or ecotropic virus and was generated from a small number of precursor cells capable of binding sDNA. Small numbers of anti-sDNA PFC were also apparent in serum-free medium and the response of low-responder strains could be augmented with pokeweed mitogen. T cells and macrophages were not essential and cell division was required early in culture to obtain a peak response on day 5. These results suggest that autoantigen-sensitive cells may escape normal regulatory mechanisms in vitro and differentiate into clones of autoantibody secreting cells.", "contents": "Loss of self-tolerance to single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (sDNA) in vitro. The spleens of many normal and autoimmune-susceptible strains of mice mount a specific, IgM, anti-sDNA plaque-forming cell (PFC) response in vitro in the absence of an exogenous source of antigen. This response was not related solely to levels of xenotropic or ecotropic virus and was generated from a small number of precursor cells capable of binding sDNA. Small numbers of anti-sDNA PFC were also apparent in serum-free medium and the response of low-responder strains could be augmented with pokeweed mitogen. T cells and macrophages were not essential and cell division was required early in culture to obtain a peak response on day 5. These results suggest that autoantigen-sensitive cells may escape normal regulatory mechanisms in vitro and differentiate into clones of autoantibody secreting cells."}
{"id": "PMID:353194", "title": "Measurement of antigen-specific IgG autoantibody production in vitro.", "content": "This report describes the development of a direct, highly sensitive and reproducible microassay for measuring picogram amounts of IgG antibody produced in spleen cultures of NZB/NZW female mice and specific for a well defined nucleic acid antigen (native ssRNA). The spontaneously synthesized antibodies were extensively purified from the culture supernatants. The isolated IgG anti-RNA antibodies had a high affinity, limited heterogeneity, and were specific for RNA as compared with DNA. Spleen cell cultures produced quantities of anti-RNA antibodies sufficient to account for a large proportion of the circulating anti-RNA antibodies in the whole animal. However, our results provide no evidence for the recently published suggestion (Sawada) et al., 1977. J. Immunol. 119:355) that autoreactive lymphocytes are released from normal immunoregulatory control during in vitro culture conditions.", "contents": "Measurement of antigen-specific IgG autoantibody production in vitro. This report describes the development of a direct, highly sensitive and reproducible microassay for measuring picogram amounts of IgG antibody produced in spleen cultures of NZB/NZW female mice and specific for a well defined nucleic acid antigen (native ssRNA). The spontaneously synthesized antibodies were extensively purified from the culture supernatants. The isolated IgG anti-RNA antibodies had a high affinity, limited heterogeneity, and were specific for RNA as compared with DNA. Spleen cell cultures produced quantities of anti-RNA antibodies sufficient to account for a large proportion of the circulating anti-RNA antibodies in the whole animal. However, our results provide no evidence for the recently published suggestion (Sawada) et al., 1977. J. Immunol. 119:355) that autoreactive lymphocytes are released from normal immunoregulatory control during in vitro culture conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:353195", "title": "Studies on the interaction between protein A and immunoglobulin G. I. Effect of protein A on the functional activity of IgG.", "content": "Staphylococcal protein (A (PA) and IgG anti-Forssman immunoglobulin formed complexes that behaved functionally like IgM in their ability to lyse sheep erythrocytes (E) in the presence of whole guinea pig complement (GPC) and to fix purified guinea pig C1. Concanavalin A, a plant lectin that inhibited IgM but not IgG hemolytic activity, inhibited the hemolytic activity of IgG-protein A complexes that behaved like IgM but had no effect on complexes that behaved functionally like IgG. Since Con A is known to bind specifically to glucose and mannose residues, our results suggested that the interaction of protein A with the Fc region of IgG led to exposure of sugar moieties that may participate in complement (C) binding. The production of IgM-like complexes depended on the ratio of protein A to IgG and the empirical formula of these IgM-like complexes was found to be [(IgG)2PA]n. As the ratio of PA to IgG was increased, the resulting complexes tended to behave functionally like IgG but with reduced hemolytic activity and C1 fixing ability. Furthermore, the binding of C1 to EIgG was inhibited by PA and the binding of PA to EIgG was inhibited by C1 indicating that the binding sites for C1 and PA were located near each other or were identical. Our results offer a reasonable explanation for the reported effects of PA or mixtures of PA and IgG in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "Studies on the interaction between protein A and immunoglobulin G. I. Effect of protein A on the functional activity of IgG. Staphylococcal protein (A (PA) and IgG anti-Forssman immunoglobulin formed complexes that behaved functionally like IgM in their ability to lyse sheep erythrocytes (E) in the presence of whole guinea pig complement (GPC) and to fix purified guinea pig C1. Concanavalin A, a plant lectin that inhibited IgM but not IgG hemolytic activity, inhibited the hemolytic activity of IgG-protein A complexes that behaved like IgM but had no effect on complexes that behaved functionally like IgG. Since Con A is known to bind specifically to glucose and mannose residues, our results suggested that the interaction of protein A with the Fc region of IgG led to exposure of sugar moieties that may participate in complement (C) binding. The production of IgM-like complexes depended on the ratio of protein A to IgG and the empirical formula of these IgM-like complexes was found to be [(IgG)2PA]n. As the ratio of PA to IgG was increased, the resulting complexes tended to behave functionally like IgG but with reduced hemolytic activity and C1 fixing ability. Furthermore, the binding of C1 to EIgG was inhibited by PA and the binding of PA to EIgG was inhibited by C1 indicating that the binding sites for C1 and PA were located near each other or were identical. Our results offer a reasonable explanation for the reported effects of PA or mixtures of PA and IgG in vitro and in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:353196", "title": "Regulation of the autoimmune plaque-forming cell response to single-strand DNA (sDNA) in vitro.", "content": "We have shown that young autoimmune and normal strain mice possess autoantigen-sensitive cells potentially capable of producing anti-sDNA autoantibody in the absence of normal regulatory mechanisms in vitro. In certain strains such as B/W mice, these regulatory mechanisms presumably break down with increasing age, and autoimmunity develops. These regulatory mechanisms might consist of sDNA, T cells, or some combination of these since both of these agents suppressed the anti-sDNA PFC response in vitro. The sDNA may have inhibited PFC development by a receptor blockade mechanism since i) spleen cells pulsed with sDNA for short periods and then washed were suppressed after 5 days of culture; ii) treatment of these blocked cells with trypsin and DNase I restored the anti-sDNA response; iii) the PFC remaining in partially blocked cultures were of lower avidity than PFC in unblocked cultures; and iv) the target of sDNA may be a B cell. Thymocytes and splenic T cells suppressed the anti-sDNA response but not the anti-SRBC response in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. The suppressive capacity of thymus cells did not decline with age in B/W mice. In addition, thymus cells activated by competing foreign antigens could also suppress the anti-sDNA response. The relationship between these modes of regulating autoreactivity remains to be investigated.", "contents": "Regulation of the autoimmune plaque-forming cell response to single-strand DNA (sDNA) in vitro. We have shown that young autoimmune and normal strain mice possess autoantigen-sensitive cells potentially capable of producing anti-sDNA autoantibody in the absence of normal regulatory mechanisms in vitro. In certain strains such as B/W mice, these regulatory mechanisms presumably break down with increasing age, and autoimmunity develops. These regulatory mechanisms might consist of sDNA, T cells, or some combination of these since both of these agents suppressed the anti-sDNA PFC response in vitro. The sDNA may have inhibited PFC development by a receptor blockade mechanism since i) spleen cells pulsed with sDNA for short periods and then washed were suppressed after 5 days of culture; ii) treatment of these blocked cells with trypsin and DNase I restored the anti-sDNA response; iii) the PFC remaining in partially blocked cultures were of lower avidity than PFC in unblocked cultures; and iv) the target of sDNA may be a B cell. Thymocytes and splenic T cells suppressed the anti-sDNA response but not the anti-SRBC response in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. The suppressive capacity of thymus cells did not decline with age in B/W mice. In addition, thymus cells activated by competing foreign antigens could also suppress the anti-sDNA response. The relationship between these modes of regulating autoreactivity remains to be investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:353198", "title": "Inhibition enzyme immunoassay, application to human apolipoprotein B.", "content": "Inhibition enzyme immunoassay was applied to human apolipoprotein B (apo-B) from plasma. The technical conditions of the assay were determined. The detection limits of the assay were 200 ng to 10 microgram/ml. Correlation coefficients obtained between enzymoassay and rocket immunoelectrophoresis on one hand and radial immunodiffusion on the other were respectively 0.84 and 0.80. The inhibition enzymoassay provides a specific and highly sensitive method for the quantitation of apo-B.", "contents": "Inhibition enzyme immunoassay, application to human apolipoprotein B. Inhibition enzyme immunoassay was applied to human apolipoprotein B (apo-B) from plasma. The technical conditions of the assay were determined. The detection limits of the assay were 200 ng to 10 microgram/ml. Correlation coefficients obtained between enzymoassay and rocket immunoelectrophoresis on one hand and radial immunodiffusion on the other were respectively 0.84 and 0.80. The inhibition enzymoassay provides a specific and highly sensitive method for the quantitation of apo-B."}
{"id": "PMID:353199", "title": "Use of ELISA for measuring immunoconglutinins.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of immunoconglutinins (IKs) has been developed. IKs are allowed to bind to solid-phase C3 and are then assayed using alkaline phosphatase coupled to anti-IgG or anti-IgM. IK activity was detected in some patients' sera up to 50,000-fold dilution. Significant correlation (r = 0.65) was obtained between the levels of IgM-IKs measured by ELISA and by conventional hemagglutination assay, IgG-IKs and hemagglutination titers did not correlate (r = -0.15).", "contents": "Use of ELISA for measuring immunoconglutinins. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of immunoconglutinins (IKs) has been developed. IKs are allowed to bind to solid-phase C3 and are then assayed using alkaline phosphatase coupled to anti-IgG or anti-IgM. IK activity was detected in some patients' sera up to 50,000-fold dilution. Significant correlation (r = 0.65) was obtained between the levels of IgM-IKs measured by ELISA and by conventional hemagglutination assay, IgG-IKs and hemagglutination titers did not correlate (r = -0.15)."}
{"id": "PMID:353200", "title": "DNA antibodies detected by microhemagglutination test in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A method of tanned erythrocyte agglutination of wide applicability is described for the study of DNA antibodies. The practical aspects of the method have been explored in estimation of antibodies to DNA in human cases of systemic lupus erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, other collagenoses and not related diseases. This method was found to be of high sensitivity and specificity, detecting DNA antibodies only in sera of systemic lupus erythematosus. Results were compared with those obtained by immunofluorescence test using rat liver hepatocytes as source of nuclei.", "contents": "DNA antibodies detected by microhemagglutination test in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. A method of tanned erythrocyte agglutination of wide applicability is described for the study of DNA antibodies. The practical aspects of the method have been explored in estimation of antibodies to DNA in human cases of systemic lupus erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, other collagenoses and not related diseases. This method was found to be of high sensitivity and specificity, detecting DNA antibodies only in sera of systemic lupus erythematosus. Results were compared with those obtained by immunofluorescence test using rat liver hepatocytes as source of nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:353209", "title": "Primary reconstruction of the mandible with a wire mesh prosthesis.", "content": "A stainless steel wire mesh prosthesis was used as a primary mandibular replacement in 102 patients following resection of malignant neoplasms arising in the head and neck. In 67 patients the prosthesis was considered successful. Failure of the host to tolerate the prostheses was associated with history of previous irradiation, extensive resections, and the loss of distant skin flaps used for coverage of the prosthesis. But the prosthesis is tolerated by the host in 90% of the cases if it is inserted in a non-irradiated bed, covered with local tissues, and the resection is limited to the maxillo-oral complex only.", "contents": "Primary reconstruction of the mandible with a wire mesh prosthesis. A stainless steel wire mesh prosthesis was used as a primary mandibular replacement in 102 patients following resection of malignant neoplasms arising in the head and neck. In 67 patients the prosthesis was considered successful. Failure of the host to tolerate the prostheses was associated with history of previous irradiation, extensive resections, and the loss of distant skin flaps used for coverage of the prosthesis. But the prosthesis is tolerated by the host in 90% of the cases if it is inserted in a non-irradiated bed, covered with local tissues, and the resection is limited to the maxillo-oral complex only."}
{"id": "PMID:353210", "title": "Unspecific cellular immunity before therapy in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck.", "content": "An introduction to the role of lymphocytes in immunological reactions is given. Two fundamental categories of immunological response are described which are mediated by two distinct subpopulations of lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immune reactions and T-lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity. Information is given on the role of the immune system in generation of anti-tumour activities and of mechanisms leading to an acceleration of tumour growth. Several pathways of cytotoxic and blocking reactions against target cells are mentioned. Furthermore, methods are described for monitoring the non-specific immune reactivity of the host. These nonspecific cellular immune responses in 30 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were compared with those in 30 healthy controls. Assays were performed in vitro to evaluate the blastogenic response of lymphocytes to the mitogens PHA (phytohaemagglutinin) and PWM (pokeweed mitogen) and to quantify T-rosetteforming lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. The in vivo assays used were the delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to the primary stimulus of DNCB (dinitro-chloro-benzene) and the recall reaction to PPD (purified protein derivate). The carcinoma patients demonstrated significant impairment of lymphocyte blastogenesis reactions to PHA but not to PWM. The percentage and absolute counts of T-rosettes was significantly reduced in cancer patients compared with normal controls. Skin test reactivity to de-novo sensitation with DNCB was significantly abnormal in patients with head and neck cancer. However, delayed type hypersensitivity evaluated with PPD (recall antigen) was not significantly reduced. After subdividing the cancer patients according to their clinical stage of disease and subsequent analysis, they showed no correlation between clinical stage and immune reactivity. These data indicate that PHA induced lymphocyte blastogenesis, enumeration of T-rosette levels and evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity reaction to DNCB are potentially useful for the study of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck to monitor effects of tumour treatment and perhaps to evaluate a correlation between immunocompetence and prognosis.", "contents": "Unspecific cellular immunity before therapy in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. An introduction to the role of lymphocytes in immunological reactions is given. Two fundamental categories of immunological response are described which are mediated by two distinct subpopulations of lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immune reactions and T-lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity. Information is given on the role of the immune system in generation of anti-tumour activities and of mechanisms leading to an acceleration of tumour growth. Several pathways of cytotoxic and blocking reactions against target cells are mentioned. Furthermore, methods are described for monitoring the non-specific immune reactivity of the host. These nonspecific cellular immune responses in 30 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were compared with those in 30 healthy controls. Assays were performed in vitro to evaluate the blastogenic response of lymphocytes to the mitogens PHA (phytohaemagglutinin) and PWM (pokeweed mitogen) and to quantify T-rosetteforming lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. The in vivo assays used were the delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to the primary stimulus of DNCB (dinitro-chloro-benzene) and the recall reaction to PPD (purified protein derivate). The carcinoma patients demonstrated significant impairment of lymphocyte blastogenesis reactions to PHA but not to PWM. The percentage and absolute counts of T-rosettes was significantly reduced in cancer patients compared with normal controls. Skin test reactivity to de-novo sensitation with DNCB was significantly abnormal in patients with head and neck cancer. However, delayed type hypersensitivity evaluated with PPD (recall antigen) was not significantly reduced. After subdividing the cancer patients according to their clinical stage of disease and subsequent analysis, they showed no correlation between clinical stage and immune reactivity. These data indicate that PHA induced lymphocyte blastogenesis, enumeration of T-rosette levels and evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity reaction to DNCB are potentially useful for the study of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck to monitor effects of tumour treatment and perhaps to evaluate a correlation between immunocompetence and prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:353211", "title": "The effects of \"BAR\" therapy on oral malignant tumors.", "content": "\"BAR\" therapy is a combined therapy with BUdR (Radiosensitizer), Antimetabolites (5-FU, FT-207 etc.) and Radiation for malignant tumours. How radiation can be reduced as far as possible and how the effects of treatment can be increased as much as possible are the objectives of this study of combining radiation and BUdR therapy. The authors attempted to irradiate 3-5 days after the BUdR and antimetabolite had been infused via the superficial temporal artery, in 12 malignant oral tumours (11 squamous cell carcinomas and 1 reticulum-cell sarcoma). BUdR 50-250 mg/day, antimetabolites (5-FU) 10-250 mg/day and a total irradiation dose of 6000 rads by 6 MeV Linac X-ray or Co-60 gamma ray, 200 rads/day were given. 9 marked responses, 2 moderate responses and 1 no response (2 cases were operated on by local resection) were obtained by the authors. Side effects of treatment were observed during the course of \"BAR\" therapy. Stomatitis was found in all patients and it occurred on the mucosa of the tumour-affected site especially. Dermatitis of the skin of the face was noted in 6 cases, resembling irradiation dermatitis. Fever was observed in 4 cases and it always occurred after irradiation. Diarrhoea was noted in 3 cases and occurred before irradiation, 2 out of 3 were given BUdR 0.1 g and the remaining one was given BUdR 1 g, and 5-FU lg. In addition, there were: 1 loss of appetite, 1 nausea and 1 exfoliation of nails.", "contents": "The effects of \"BAR\" therapy on oral malignant tumors. \"BAR\" therapy is a combined therapy with BUdR (Radiosensitizer), Antimetabolites (5-FU, FT-207 etc.) and Radiation for malignant tumours. How radiation can be reduced as far as possible and how the effects of treatment can be increased as much as possible are the objectives of this study of combining radiation and BUdR therapy. The authors attempted to irradiate 3-5 days after the BUdR and antimetabolite had been infused via the superficial temporal artery, in 12 malignant oral tumours (11 squamous cell carcinomas and 1 reticulum-cell sarcoma). BUdR 50-250 mg/day, antimetabolites (5-FU) 10-250 mg/day and a total irradiation dose of 6000 rads by 6 MeV Linac X-ray or Co-60 gamma ray, 200 rads/day were given. 9 marked responses, 2 moderate responses and 1 no response (2 cases were operated on by local resection) were obtained by the authors. Side effects of treatment were observed during the course of \"BAR\" therapy. Stomatitis was found in all patients and it occurred on the mucosa of the tumour-affected site especially. Dermatitis of the skin of the face was noted in 6 cases, resembling irradiation dermatitis. Fever was observed in 4 cases and it always occurred after irradiation. Diarrhoea was noted in 3 cases and occurred before irradiation, 2 out of 3 were given BUdR 0.1 g and the remaining one was given BUdR 1 g, and 5-FU lg. In addition, there were: 1 loss of appetite, 1 nausea and 1 exfoliation of nails."}
{"id": "PMID:353213", "title": "In vitro development of inner cell masses isolated immunosurgically from mouse blastocysts. II. Inner cell masses from 3.5- to 4.0-day p.c. blastocysts.", "content": "This paper describes the development in culture of inner cell masses isolated immunosurgically from C3H/He mouse blastocysts immediately after collection between 3.5 and 4.0 days p.c. By 24--48 h most of the inner cell masses isolated from half-expanded blastocysts, and about 50% of those from expanded blastocysts, regenerate an outer layer of trophectoderm-like cells and so resemble mini-blastocysts. With further in vitro culture these structures attach to the substratum and give rise to trophoblast-like giant cells, together with clusters of parietal endoderm cells or inner cell masses surrounded by visceral endoderm. Many of the inner cell masses from the remaining expanded blastocysts develop into floating structures with an outer layer of endoderm cells, and by 7 days consist of a large fluid filled cyst surrounding a collapsed vesicle of epithelial cells. Mesodermal cells line the cysts and form numerous blood islands. When mechanically disrupted, and grown as attached sheets of cells, these cystic structures give rise to patches of trophoblast-like giant cells similar to those described in the previous paper. These results suggest that the inner cell mass of normal mouse blastocysts contains cells which are capable of giving rise to trophoblast in culture.", "contents": "In vitro development of inner cell masses isolated immunosurgically from mouse blastocysts. II. Inner cell masses from 3.5- to 4.0-day p.c. blastocysts. This paper describes the development in culture of inner cell masses isolated immunosurgically from C3H/He mouse blastocysts immediately after collection between 3.5 and 4.0 days p.c. By 24--48 h most of the inner cell masses isolated from half-expanded blastocysts, and about 50% of those from expanded blastocysts, regenerate an outer layer of trophectoderm-like cells and so resemble mini-blastocysts. With further in vitro culture these structures attach to the substratum and give rise to trophoblast-like giant cells, together with clusters of parietal endoderm cells or inner cell masses surrounded by visceral endoderm. Many of the inner cell masses from the remaining expanded blastocysts develop into floating structures with an outer layer of endoderm cells, and by 7 days consist of a large fluid filled cyst surrounding a collapsed vesicle of epithelial cells. Mesodermal cells line the cysts and form numerous blood islands. When mechanically disrupted, and grown as attached sheets of cells, these cystic structures give rise to patches of trophoblast-like giant cells similar to those described in the previous paper. These results suggest that the inner cell mass of normal mouse blastocysts contains cells which are capable of giving rise to trophoblast in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:353214", "title": "Isolation and development of the inner cell mass after exposure of mouse embryos to calcium ionophore A23187.", "content": "Compacted morulae and blastocysts were obtained from CBA, BALB/c and CFLP strains of mice. The embryos were incubated in medium containing 2 X 10(-5) M or 2 X 10(-6) M ionophore A23187. With 2 X 10(-6) M ionophore, morulae survived for up to 12 h showing slight decompaction. Normal development resumed when the morulae were explanted to fresh medium. There was no detectable effect on blastocysts. With 2 X 10(-5) M ionophore, morulae survived for about 20 min and then extensive cell death occurred after this time. With blastocysts however, selective lysis of trophectoderm cells occurred after approximately 30 min following their swelling and vesiculation but the inner cell mass cells (ICM) remained apparently intact and viable. Nearly 80% of the early blastocysts obtained 87 h post-ovulation and all of the late blastocysts used after 12 h in culture (99 h blastocysts) showed this response. Individual fluid accumulating cells were detected in a few isolated ICMs after their overnight culture in vitro, especially in those obtained from early blastocysts, but the majority of the ICMs did not have these cells. All aggregates of three to five ICMs, except one which reformed into a blastocyst, developed as embryoid bodies after 2 days in culture and these survived for up to 10 days; in some cases they developed into cystic embryoid bodies or attached to the culture dish displaying a variety of cell types. The development of the isolated ICMs in vivo was judged to be normal after their transfer to intact host blastocysts as these developed as chimaeric embryos to term.", "contents": "Isolation and development of the inner cell mass after exposure of mouse embryos to calcium ionophore A23187. Compacted morulae and blastocysts were obtained from CBA, BALB/c and CFLP strains of mice. The embryos were incubated in medium containing 2 X 10(-5) M or 2 X 10(-6) M ionophore A23187. With 2 X 10(-6) M ionophore, morulae survived for up to 12 h showing slight decompaction. Normal development resumed when the morulae were explanted to fresh medium. There was no detectable effect on blastocysts. With 2 X 10(-5) M ionophore, morulae survived for about 20 min and then extensive cell death occurred after this time. With blastocysts however, selective lysis of trophectoderm cells occurred after approximately 30 min following their swelling and vesiculation but the inner cell mass cells (ICM) remained apparently intact and viable. Nearly 80% of the early blastocysts obtained 87 h post-ovulation and all of the late blastocysts used after 12 h in culture (99 h blastocysts) showed this response. Individual fluid accumulating cells were detected in a few isolated ICMs after their overnight culture in vitro, especially in those obtained from early blastocysts, but the majority of the ICMs did not have these cells. All aggregates of three to five ICMs, except one which reformed into a blastocyst, developed as embryoid bodies after 2 days in culture and these survived for up to 10 days; in some cases they developed into cystic embryoid bodies or attached to the culture dish displaying a variety of cell types. The development of the isolated ICMs in vivo was judged to be normal after their transfer to intact host blastocysts as these developed as chimaeric embryos to term."}
{"id": "PMID:353215", "title": "Cell division, cell elongation and the co-ordination of crystallin gene expression during lens morphogenesis in the rat.", "content": "A quantitative analysis of cell division and cell elongation was carried out during lens morphogenesis in the rat. At 13 days of development elongating cells in the posterior part of the lens vesicle (presumptive fibre cells) have a lower mitotic activity than cells in the anterior vesicle. By 14 days these elongating cells do not divide. Thus at 14 days of development the lens can be separated into two compartments; a proliferation compartment in the anterior lens and an elongation compartment in the posterior lens. The three main groups of lens-specific proteins, alpha-, beta- and gamma-crystallins, were localized by immunofluorescence. alpha-crystallin is the first crystallin to be detected and is localized in some lens pit cells at 12 days of development. By 14 days all lens cells contain alpha-crystallin. beta- and gamma-crystallins are detected later at 12 1/2 days and are localized in some cells situated primarily in the posterior part of the lens vesicle. At later stages of development these crystallins are restricted to cells of the elongation compartment, i.e. presumptive fibre and fibre cells. Possible mechanisms that govern the temporal and spatial distribution of crystallins are discussed.", "contents": "Cell division, cell elongation and the co-ordination of crystallin gene expression during lens morphogenesis in the rat. A quantitative analysis of cell division and cell elongation was carried out during lens morphogenesis in the rat. At 13 days of development elongating cells in the posterior part of the lens vesicle (presumptive fibre cells) have a lower mitotic activity than cells in the anterior vesicle. By 14 days these elongating cells do not divide. Thus at 14 days of development the lens can be separated into two compartments; a proliferation compartment in the anterior lens and an elongation compartment in the posterior lens. The three main groups of lens-specific proteins, alpha-, beta- and gamma-crystallins, were localized by immunofluorescence. alpha-crystallin is the first crystallin to be detected and is localized in some lens pit cells at 12 days of development. By 14 days all lens cells contain alpha-crystallin. beta- and gamma-crystallins are detected later at 12 1/2 days and are localized in some cells situated primarily in the posterior part of the lens vesicle. At later stages of development these crystallins are restricted to cells of the elongation compartment, i.e. presumptive fibre and fibre cells. Possible mechanisms that govern the temporal and spatial distribution of crystallins are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353216", "title": "Time of commitment of inside cells isolated from preimplantation mouse embryos.", "content": "Groups of inside cells (ICs) and inner cell masses (ICMs) were isolated from individual mouse embryos between the late morula and 3 1/2-day expanded blastocyst stages using a modified immunosurgical procedure, and their purity and developmental potential were assessed in vitro. Several different techniques failed to detect the presence of viable contaminating outside cells on ICs isolated from any of the stages studied. The numbers of inside cells isolated from the earlier stages, counted in air-dried preparations, were considerably higher than previous estimates from serial sections; whereas the numbers isolated from expanded blastocysts were in reasonable agreement. Thus the proportion of inside cells recovered by immunosurgery decreases over this period of development. In view of the evidence that inside cells divide at a faster rate than outside cells at these stages, it is argued that there may be an outward movement of inside cells capable of forming trophectoderm, during expansion of the blastocyst. ICs and ICMs in vitro were observed to develop in one of two distinct ways according to the stage at which they were isolated. ICs from late morulae and some early cavitating blastocysts formed blastocyst-like vesicles over a period of 24--36 h in culture. The presence of trophectoderm cells in these vesicles was confirmed by the persistence of giant cells after ectopic transfer. In contrast ICs from a minority of early cavitating blastocysts, and all ICMs from 3 1/2-day expanded blastocysts did not form vesicles, but proliferated endoderm-like cells. Thus at least some inside cells do not appear to lose the capacity to form trophectoderm and do not become committed to an ICM fate until after the initial formation of the blastocoel cavity.", "contents": "Time of commitment of inside cells isolated from preimplantation mouse embryos. Groups of inside cells (ICs) and inner cell masses (ICMs) were isolated from individual mouse embryos between the late morula and 3 1/2-day expanded blastocyst stages using a modified immunosurgical procedure, and their purity and developmental potential were assessed in vitro. Several different techniques failed to detect the presence of viable contaminating outside cells on ICs isolated from any of the stages studied. The numbers of inside cells isolated from the earlier stages, counted in air-dried preparations, were considerably higher than previous estimates from serial sections; whereas the numbers isolated from expanded blastocysts were in reasonable agreement. Thus the proportion of inside cells recovered by immunosurgery decreases over this period of development. In view of the evidence that inside cells divide at a faster rate than outside cells at these stages, it is argued that there may be an outward movement of inside cells capable of forming trophectoderm, during expansion of the blastocyst. ICs and ICMs in vitro were observed to develop in one of two distinct ways according to the stage at which they were isolated. ICs from late morulae and some early cavitating blastocysts formed blastocyst-like vesicles over a period of 24--36 h in culture. The presence of trophectoderm cells in these vesicles was confirmed by the persistence of giant cells after ectopic transfer. In contrast ICs from a minority of early cavitating blastocysts, and all ICMs from 3 1/2-day expanded blastocysts did not form vesicles, but proliferated endoderm-like cells. Thus at least some inside cells do not appear to lose the capacity to form trophectoderm and do not become committed to an ICM fate until after the initial formation of the blastocoel cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:353217", "title": "In vitro development of inner cell masses isolated immunosurgically from mouse blastocysts. I. Inner cell masses from 3.5-day p.c. blastocysts incubated for 24 h before immunosurgery.", "content": "This paper describes the in vitro development of inner cell masses isolated immunosurgically from mouse blastocysts which had been collected on 3.5 days p.c. and then incubated for 24 h. The inner cell masses continue to grow in culture and develop through a series of stages with increasing complexity of internal organization. By day 1 all of the cultured ICMs have an outer layer of endoderm, and by day 3 some of them have two distinct kinds of inside cells; a columnar epithelial layer and a thin hemisphere of elongated cells. Later, mesodermal cells appear to delaminate from a limited region of the columnar layer, close to where it forms a junction with the thinner cells. By day 5, about 25% of the cultured ICMs have a striking resemblance to normal 7.5-day p.c. C3H embryos, with embryonic ectoderm, extra-embryonic ectoderm and chorion, embryonic and extra-embryonic mesoderm, and visceral endoderm. When mechanically disrupted and grown as attached clumps of cells in a tissue dish, these embryo-like structures give rise to trophoblast-like giant cells. These results suggest that the inner cell mass of 4.5-day p.c. blastocysts contains cells which can give rise to trophoblast derivates in culture.", "contents": "In vitro development of inner cell masses isolated immunosurgically from mouse blastocysts. I. Inner cell masses from 3.5-day p.c. blastocysts incubated for 24 h before immunosurgery. This paper describes the in vitro development of inner cell masses isolated immunosurgically from mouse blastocysts which had been collected on 3.5 days p.c. and then incubated for 24 h. The inner cell masses continue to grow in culture and develop through a series of stages with increasing complexity of internal organization. By day 1 all of the cultured ICMs have an outer layer of endoderm, and by day 3 some of them have two distinct kinds of inside cells; a columnar epithelial layer and a thin hemisphere of elongated cells. Later, mesodermal cells appear to delaminate from a limited region of the columnar layer, close to where it forms a junction with the thinner cells. By day 5, about 25% of the cultured ICMs have a striking resemblance to normal 7.5-day p.c. C3H embryos, with embryonic ectoderm, extra-embryonic ectoderm and chorion, embryonic and extra-embryonic mesoderm, and visceral endoderm. When mechanically disrupted and grown as attached clumps of cells in a tissue dish, these embryo-like structures give rise to trophoblast-like giant cells. These results suggest that the inner cell mass of 4.5-day p.c. blastocysts contains cells which can give rise to trophoblast derivates in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:353218", "title": "Trypanosoma cruzi: in vitro induction of macrophage microbicidal activity.", "content": "Normal, resident and inflammatory mouse peritoneal macrophages can be induced to display microbicidal activity against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi by exposure to products from antigen-pulsed, sensitized spleen cell populations. Optimal macrophage microbicidal activity was achieved by constant exposure and daily renewal of the spleen cell factors. Macrophages obtained after an intraperitoneal injection of mild inflammatory agents were rapidly induced, displaying trypanocidal activity 24 h after exposure to the active spleen cell factor(s), and by 48 h, parasites were no longer observed. Resident peritoneal macrophages required 24 h longer for activation. Removal of the factor(s) before achieving complete disappearance of intracellular parasites led to resumed growth of the surviving organisms. The spleen cell factor(s) is effective when added either before or after exposure of the macrophages to trypomastigotes, and does not itself alter parasite viability. Dilution of the factor(s) up to 1:16 still results in significant trypanocidal activity. In vivo activated cells, obtained after a specific secondary challenge of animals infected with T. cruzi or Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, lose their trypanocidal activity under in vitro conditions. This loss of activity can be prevented or restored by the addition of the active spleen cell factor(s). Induction of trypanocidal activity is also obtained with products from Concanavalin A- or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated normal spleen cells.", "contents": "Trypanosoma cruzi: in vitro induction of macrophage microbicidal activity. Normal, resident and inflammatory mouse peritoneal macrophages can be induced to display microbicidal activity against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi by exposure to products from antigen-pulsed, sensitized spleen cell populations. Optimal macrophage microbicidal activity was achieved by constant exposure and daily renewal of the spleen cell factors. Macrophages obtained after an intraperitoneal injection of mild inflammatory agents were rapidly induced, displaying trypanocidal activity 24 h after exposure to the active spleen cell factor(s), and by 48 h, parasites were no longer observed. Resident peritoneal macrophages required 24 h longer for activation. Removal of the factor(s) before achieving complete disappearance of intracellular parasites led to resumed growth of the surviving organisms. The spleen cell factor(s) is effective when added either before or after exposure of the macrophages to trypomastigotes, and does not itself alter parasite viability. Dilution of the factor(s) up to 1:16 still results in significant trypanocidal activity. In vivo activated cells, obtained after a specific secondary challenge of animals infected with T. cruzi or Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, lose their trypanocidal activity under in vitro conditions. This loss of activity can be prevented or restored by the addition of the active spleen cell factor(s). Induction of trypanocidal activity is also obtained with products from Concanavalin A- or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated normal spleen cells."}
{"id": "PMID:353219", "title": "Resistance of neoplasms to immunological destruction: role of a macrophage chemotaxis inhibitor.", "content": "Several tissue culture lines of 6C3HED, a murine lymphoma, were more susceptible to immunologic destruction in vivo than the highly virulent 6C3HED line maintained by serial intramuscular transplantation. The attenuated tissue culture cells were rejected by normal syngeneic recipients, but thymectomized mice were unable to reject attenuated cells. In such mice, the growth rate of attenuated cells was equivalent to the growth rate of virulent cells in normal syngeneic mice. The increased susceptibility of attenuated cells to destruction by syngeneic hosts was shown to correlate with decreased production by the tumor cells of a macrophage chemotaxis inhibitor, and not with altered antigen density. In addition, when inhibitor isolated from virulent cells was administered to mice challenged with attenuated cells, the latter cells became virulent in vivo. When attenuated and virulent cells were administered simultaneously in the same host, the attenuated cells were able to develop into progressively growing tumors. The data suggest that the successful growth of neoplastic cells in normal may require tumor cells to produce factors which subvert the ability of the host to mobilize macrophages rapidly at the tumor site.", "contents": "Resistance of neoplasms to immunological destruction: role of a macrophage chemotaxis inhibitor. Several tissue culture lines of 6C3HED, a murine lymphoma, were more susceptible to immunologic destruction in vivo than the highly virulent 6C3HED line maintained by serial intramuscular transplantation. The attenuated tissue culture cells were rejected by normal syngeneic recipients, but thymectomized mice were unable to reject attenuated cells. In such mice, the growth rate of attenuated cells was equivalent to the growth rate of virulent cells in normal syngeneic mice. The increased susceptibility of attenuated cells to destruction by syngeneic hosts was shown to correlate with decreased production by the tumor cells of a macrophage chemotaxis inhibitor, and not with altered antigen density. In addition, when inhibitor isolated from virulent cells was administered to mice challenged with attenuated cells, the latter cells became virulent in vivo. When attenuated and virulent cells were administered simultaneously in the same host, the attenuated cells were able to develop into progressively growing tumors. The data suggest that the successful growth of neoplastic cells in normal may require tumor cells to produce factors which subvert the ability of the host to mobilize macrophages rapidly at the tumor site."}
{"id": "PMID:353220", "title": "[Determination of digoxin in serum. Comparison of radioimmunoassay and a heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper describes the evaluation of a heterogeneous enzymeimmunoassay (EIA, subtype ELISA) for the determination of digoxin in serum. Results are compared with those obtained from a radioimmunoassay (New England Nuclear, 125I-Digoxin). The limit of detection is 0.3 microgram/1 (0.4 nmol/1). The range of the test is from 0.3 unto 5.0 microgram/1 (0.4--6.4 nmol/1). Within-batch precision ranged from 7 to 11%, between-batch precision from 8--14%. Pure digoxin, added to solutions of albumin and pooled sera, gave recoveries between 87 and 106%. 116 sera from patients taking digoxin exclusively yielded no systematic difference compared to the results of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) (equation of the bivariate regression CELISA = 0.954 . CRIA + 0.14 (microgram/1) (0.18 nmol/1). Nevertheless marked differences between both tests were observed in individual cases. Digitoxin yielded in vitro and in vivo a cross-reactivity of 7 to 14% depending upon the concentration. In 68 sera from patients, taking digoxin plus spironolactone, we found results that were on average 0.48 microgram/1 (0.64 nmol/1) higher with the ELISA than with the RIA (p less than 0.01%). With respect to practicability the ELISA test for digoxin is very similar to the analogous RIA both using the solid phase technique.", "contents": "[Determination of digoxin in serum. Comparison of radioimmunoassay and a heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay (author's transl)]. This paper describes the evaluation of a heterogeneous enzymeimmunoassay (EIA, subtype ELISA) for the determination of digoxin in serum. Results are compared with those obtained from a radioimmunoassay (New England Nuclear, 125I-Digoxin). The limit of detection is 0.3 microgram/1 (0.4 nmol/1). The range of the test is from 0.3 unto 5.0 microgram/1 (0.4--6.4 nmol/1). Within-batch precision ranged from 7 to 11%, between-batch precision from 8--14%. Pure digoxin, added to solutions of albumin and pooled sera, gave recoveries between 87 and 106%. 116 sera from patients taking digoxin exclusively yielded no systematic difference compared to the results of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) (equation of the bivariate regression CELISA = 0.954 . CRIA + 0.14 (microgram/1) (0.18 nmol/1). Nevertheless marked differences between both tests were observed in individual cases. Digitoxin yielded in vitro and in vivo a cross-reactivity of 7 to 14% depending upon the concentration. In 68 sera from patients, taking digoxin plus spironolactone, we found results that were on average 0.48 microgram/1 (0.64 nmol/1) higher with the ELISA than with the RIA (p less than 0.01%). With respect to practicability the ELISA test for digoxin is very similar to the analogous RIA both using the solid phase technique."}
{"id": "PMID:353221", "title": "Actin in mammalian sperm heads.", "content": "An actin-like substance has been detected in the postacrosomal region of mammalian spermatozoa by indirect immunofluorescence. The antigen was localized using an anti-actin antiserum from a patient with active chronic hepatitis. The actin-like contractile proteins may be important in sperm function and spermegg interactions during fertilization.", "contents": "Actin in mammalian sperm heads. An actin-like substance has been detected in the postacrosomal region of mammalian spermatozoa by indirect immunofluorescence. The antigen was localized using an anti-actin antiserum from a patient with active chronic hepatitis. The actin-like contractile proteins may be important in sperm function and spermegg interactions during fertilization."}
{"id": "PMID:353225", "title": "Isoelectric focusing studies on the beta-fructofuranosidases and alpha-glucosidases of Streptococcus mitis.", "content": "Extracts of Streptococcus mitis ATCC 903 were analysed for beta-fructofuranosidase and alpha-glucosidase activities by isoelectric focusing in thin-layer polyacrylamide gels combined with zymogram procedures. Three bands of activity were visualized in the gels after incubation with sucrose (pI 4.05, 4.25 and 4.85) and three other bands after incubation with p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (pI 3.90, 4.45 and 4.65). The enzymes responsible for the reaction with sucrose were identified as beta-fructofuranosidases (EC 3.2.1.26) for the following reasons: identical enzyme bands were visualized in the gels after incubation with raffinose; no enzyme bands appeared in the gel after incubation with the alpha-glucosides maltose, turanose, trehalose and melezitose; and the soluble fraction hydrolysed sucrose to equimolar amounts of glucose and fructose.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing studies on the beta-fructofuranosidases and alpha-glucosidases of Streptococcus mitis. Extracts of Streptococcus mitis ATCC 903 were analysed for beta-fructofuranosidase and alpha-glucosidase activities by isoelectric focusing in thin-layer polyacrylamide gels combined with zymogram procedures. Three bands of activity were visualized in the gels after incubation with sucrose (pI 4.05, 4.25 and 4.85) and three other bands after incubation with p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (pI 3.90, 4.45 and 4.65). The enzymes responsible for the reaction with sucrose were identified as beta-fructofuranosidases (EC 3.2.1.26) for the following reasons: identical enzyme bands were visualized in the gels after incubation with raffinose; no enzyme bands appeared in the gel after incubation with the alpha-glucosides maltose, turanose, trehalose and melezitose; and the soluble fraction hydrolysed sucrose to equimolar amounts of glucose and fructose."}
{"id": "PMID:353227", "title": "The coating of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus-infected cells in the respiratory tract by immunoglobulins.", "content": "During the course of 26 respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infections, infected cells in the respiratory tract become coated with immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM), IgA being predominant. Methods are described for detecting both intracellular virus and coating immunoglobulin using a double staining technique and immunofluorescence. IgA coating antibody appears in small amounts very early in the illness. The relationship of coating antibody to pathogenesis, prevention, and recovery from RS virus infection is discussed.", "contents": "The coating of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus-infected cells in the respiratory tract by immunoglobulins. During the course of 26 respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infections, infected cells in the respiratory tract become coated with immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM), IgA being predominant. Methods are described for detecting both intracellular virus and coating immunoglobulin using a double staining technique and immunofluorescence. IgA coating antibody appears in small amounts very early in the illness. The relationship of coating antibody to pathogenesis, prevention, and recovery from RS virus infection is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353230", "title": "Cerebral aspergillosis following intracranial surgery. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case of cerebral aspergillosis. This is only the fifth case following intracranial surgery noted in the literature. Pathogenesis, angiographic findings, and results of cerebrospinal fluid culture are discussed.", "contents": "Cerebral aspergillosis following intracranial surgery. Case report. The authors report a case of cerebral aspergillosis. This is only the fifth case following intracranial surgery noted in the literature. Pathogenesis, angiographic findings, and results of cerebrospinal fluid culture are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353231", "title": "Developmental changes in the sucrase-isomaltase complex in rat intestinal mucosa.", "content": "Developmental changes in sucaras-isomaltase complex formation were investigated in intestinal mucosal homogenates and brush border membranes of 15-day-old, 18-day-old and adult rats using Sephadex G-200 column chromatography and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Disaccharidases were solubilized by papain treatment. The molecular weight of the complex did not change during development, however, the activity ratio of sucrase to isomaltase increased during development. Furthermore, a significant amount of free isomaltase, which was probably not to be derived from intestinal brush border membrane, was detected before the weanling.", "contents": "Developmental changes in the sucrase-isomaltase complex in rat intestinal mucosa. Developmental changes in sucaras-isomaltase complex formation were investigated in intestinal mucosal homogenates and brush border membranes of 15-day-old, 18-day-old and adult rats using Sephadex G-200 column chromatography and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Disaccharidases were solubilized by papain treatment. The molecular weight of the complex did not change during development, however, the activity ratio of sucrase to isomaltase increased during development. Furthermore, a significant amount of free isomaltase, which was probably not to be derived from intestinal brush border membrane, was detected before the weanling."}
{"id": "PMID:353235", "title": "How the industrial physician can reduce mortality from asbestos-related diseases.", "content": "Risk indicators for asbestos-related diseases (cancers of the lung, larynx, and alimentary tract; mesothelioma; and asbestosis) and methods of early detection are reviewed and evaluated. The best medical means of reducing mortality from these diseases is to recognize particularly susceptible persons during a preemployment examination and to recommend that they not be hired for jobs involving asbestos exposure. Workers necessarily exposed to asbestos should be enrolled in a medical screening program and urged not to smoke.", "contents": "How the industrial physician can reduce mortality from asbestos-related diseases. Risk indicators for asbestos-related diseases (cancers of the lung, larynx, and alimentary tract; mesothelioma; and asbestosis) and methods of early detection are reviewed and evaluated. The best medical means of reducing mortality from these diseases is to recognize particularly susceptible persons during a preemployment examination and to recommend that they not be hired for jobs involving asbestos exposure. Workers necessarily exposed to asbestos should be enrolled in a medical screening program and urged not to smoke."}
{"id": "PMID:353237", "title": "Transplantation of cadaver kidneys from anencephalic donors.", "content": "Of 14 potential anencephalic donors, the kidneys of six were transplanted to recipients ranging in age from 4 to 19 years and in weight from 8 to 49 kg. In three recipients, serum creatinine levels are less than 1.0 mg/dl 1.5 to 9.5 years after transplant. The transplants failed in two for technical reasons; in one, the kidneys were lost by rejection. The other anencephalic infants were not suitable as donors because of rapid deterioration of vital signs (4), ABO incompatibility (3), and inability to perfuse the kidney (1). Successfully transplanted kidneys from this source rapidly increase in size and function to accomodate even large recipients.", "contents": "Transplantation of cadaver kidneys from anencephalic donors. Of 14 potential anencephalic donors, the kidneys of six were transplanted to recipients ranging in age from 4 to 19 years and in weight from 8 to 49 kg. In three recipients, serum creatinine levels are less than 1.0 mg/dl 1.5 to 9.5 years after transplant. The transplants failed in two for technical reasons; in one, the kidneys were lost by rejection. The other anencephalic infants were not suitable as donors because of rapid deterioration of vital signs (4), ABO incompatibility (3), and inability to perfuse the kidney (1). Successfully transplanted kidneys from this source rapidly increase in size and function to accomodate even large recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:353238", "title": "Intermittent bag ventilation of preterm infants on continuous positive airway pressure: The effect on transcutaneous PO2.", "content": "Preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome requiring continuous positive airway pressure are frequently assisted with intermittent bag ventilation. We assessed the effect of intermittent bag ventilation on PO2 in these infants by continuous monitoring with a transcutaneous oxygen electrode. The behavior of the infants during bagging determined the effect on PO2. Bag ventilation decreased PO2 significantly (P less than 0.01) in infants who were restless during bagging, whereas a significant increase in PO2 (P less than 0.02) was observed in infants who were quiet while being bagged. Although the duration of the increase in PO2 was variable, a sustained rise (greater than 20 minute) occurred in almost half of the infants studied. Intermittent bag ventilation appears to be beneficial in infants who remain quiet during the bagging period.", "contents": "Intermittent bag ventilation of preterm infants on continuous positive airway pressure: The effect on transcutaneous PO2. Preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome requiring continuous positive airway pressure are frequently assisted with intermittent bag ventilation. We assessed the effect of intermittent bag ventilation on PO2 in these infants by continuous monitoring with a transcutaneous oxygen electrode. The behavior of the infants during bagging determined the effect on PO2. Bag ventilation decreased PO2 significantly (P less than 0.01) in infants who were restless during bagging, whereas a significant increase in PO2 (P less than 0.02) was observed in infants who were quiet while being bagged. Although the duration of the increase in PO2 was variable, a sustained rise (greater than 20 minute) occurred in almost half of the infants studied. Intermittent bag ventilation appears to be beneficial in infants who remain quiet during the bagging period."}
{"id": "PMID:353239", "title": "Bacterial colonization of neonates admitted to an intensive care environment.", "content": "In order to elucidate some of the factors responsible for the high rate of nosocomial infection associated with neonatal intensive care, we studied bacterial colonization in 63 infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. In a six-month period, cultures of nose, throat, umbilicus, and stool were obtained on admission and every three days from all infants staying in the NICU greater than or equal to 3 days. Study infants did not develop \"normal\" aerobic flora. Forty-eight percent of infants grew Escherichia coli from stool, but 52% had stool colonization with Klebsiella, Enterobacter, or Citrobacter, the only other Enterobacteriaceae encountered. KEC were also isolated from throat, nose, and umbilicus in 22%, 22%, and 24% of patients, respectively. The risk of stool colonization with KEC increased with duration of hospitalization: 2% of infants were colonized on admission, 60% after 15 days, and 91% after 30 days. Stool colonization with E. coli seemed to protect infants from colonization with other gram-negative bacilli. Thirteen of 20 infants, however, developed pharyngeal GNB colonization in spite of pre-existing abundant growth of alpha streptococci. Antibiotic therapy for greater than 3 days was associated with the isolation of KEC in stool and GNB in the throat, but birth weight less than 2,500 gm and lack of breast milk feedings were not.", "contents": "Bacterial colonization of neonates admitted to an intensive care environment. In order to elucidate some of the factors responsible for the high rate of nosocomial infection associated with neonatal intensive care, we studied bacterial colonization in 63 infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. In a six-month period, cultures of nose, throat, umbilicus, and stool were obtained on admission and every three days from all infants staying in the NICU greater than or equal to 3 days. Study infants did not develop \"normal\" aerobic flora. Forty-eight percent of infants grew Escherichia coli from stool, but 52% had stool colonization with Klebsiella, Enterobacter, or Citrobacter, the only other Enterobacteriaceae encountered. KEC were also isolated from throat, nose, and umbilicus in 22%, 22%, and 24% of patients, respectively. The risk of stool colonization with KEC increased with duration of hospitalization: 2% of infants were colonized on admission, 60% after 15 days, and 91% after 30 days. Stool colonization with E. coli seemed to protect infants from colonization with other gram-negative bacilli. Thirteen of 20 infants, however, developed pharyngeal GNB colonization in spite of pre-existing abundant growth of alpha streptococci. Antibiotic therapy for greater than 3 days was associated with the isolation of KEC in stool and GNB in the throat, but birth weight less than 2,500 gm and lack of breast milk feedings were not."}
{"id": "PMID:353242", "title": "Hemodynamics of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in lambs.", "content": "Despite surgical treatment, congenital foramen of Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia continues to carry a high mortality rate due to associated respiratory insufficiency. We studied the pathologic and hemodynamic changes that result from this condition in lambs. Surgical creation of diaphragmatic hernias in fetal lambs was performed in utero with subsequent delivery by cesarean section near term. Cardiac catheterization was performed on these newborn lambs immediately after delivery, before and after surgical repair of the defect. Data from five of these lambs were compared to data obtained from seven normal lambs. Pulmonary hypertension was found only in lambs with hernias. Pulmonary artery pressures and the mean ratio of pulmonary to systemic resistance were higher in experimental lambs. Oxygen saturation and average cardiac index were higher in normals. Lambs in the experimental group, but not in the control group, had large left-to-right shunts at the level of the ductus arteriosus in the early neonatal period. Arterial oxygen saturations were consistently low with no differences in pre- and post-ductal samples, which suggests right-to-left shunting at the atrial level or physiologic shunting across the unexpanded lungs. No further expansion of the hypoplastic lungs occurred following decompression by surgical hernia repair, but transient hemodynamic improvement was noted in some cases. Surgical ligation of the ductus arteriosus did not significantly alter the clinical condition of the lambs. Lungs in lambs with hernias were grossly abnormal, the left appearing more hypoplastic than the right.", "contents": "Hemodynamics of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in lambs. Despite surgical treatment, congenital foramen of Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia continues to carry a high mortality rate due to associated respiratory insufficiency. We studied the pathologic and hemodynamic changes that result from this condition in lambs. Surgical creation of diaphragmatic hernias in fetal lambs was performed in utero with subsequent delivery by cesarean section near term. Cardiac catheterization was performed on these newborn lambs immediately after delivery, before and after surgical repair of the defect. Data from five of these lambs were compared to data obtained from seven normal lambs. Pulmonary hypertension was found only in lambs with hernias. Pulmonary artery pressures and the mean ratio of pulmonary to systemic resistance were higher in experimental lambs. Oxygen saturation and average cardiac index were higher in normals. Lambs in the experimental group, but not in the control group, had large left-to-right shunts at the level of the ductus arteriosus in the early neonatal period. Arterial oxygen saturations were consistently low with no differences in pre- and post-ductal samples, which suggests right-to-left shunting at the atrial level or physiologic shunting across the unexpanded lungs. No further expansion of the hypoplastic lungs occurred following decompression by surgical hernia repair, but transient hemodynamic improvement was noted in some cases. Surgical ligation of the ductus arteriosus did not significantly alter the clinical condition of the lambs. Lungs in lambs with hernias were grossly abnormal, the left appearing more hypoplastic than the right."}
{"id": "PMID:353245", "title": "Repair potential in periodontal disease: the interproximal channel.", "content": "Interproximal channeling defects associated with lingual denudation of the root are often encountered in patients with insidiously progressive chronic periodontitis. Several cases of such lesions are described and their  potential for repair demonstrated. It is suggested that this type of defect is predictably amenable to successful therapy by exposure and curettage, and that restoration of lost periodontal structures can be anticipated within the interproximal portion of the lesion.", "contents": "Repair potential in periodontal disease: the interproximal channel. Interproximal channeling defects associated with lingual denudation of the root are often encountered in patients with insidiously progressive chronic periodontitis. Several cases of such lesions are described and their  potential for repair demonstrated. It is suggested that this type of defect is predictably amenable to successful therapy by exposure and curettage, and that restoration of lost periodontal structures can be anticipated within the interproximal portion of the lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:353247", "title": "Effects of a mouthwash in an irrigating device on accumulation and maturation of dental plaque.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine whether there was any advantage in using a commercial mouthwash over water in a pulsating oral irrigating device on dental plaque growth and maturation. The amount of plaque accmulated on the test teeth of human subjects was measured on days 1,3,5,7 and 10 during the experimental period by using the two-tone disclosing dye solution and the Quigley and Hein scoring method. The results showed the value of using the two-tone disclosing dye in visualizing the growth and maturation of bacterial plaque in situ. There was a marked delay in the rate of plaque maturation by the commerical mouthwash delivered by an irrigating device. There were no statistical differences in plaque accumulation between the control and treatment groups for the 10-days test periods.", "contents": "Effects of a mouthwash in an irrigating device on accumulation and maturation of dental plaque. A study was conducted to determine whether there was any advantage in using a commercial mouthwash over water in a pulsating oral irrigating device on dental plaque growth and maturation. The amount of plaque accmulated on the test teeth of human subjects was measured on days 1,3,5,7 and 10 during the experimental period by using the two-tone disclosing dye solution and the Quigley and Hein scoring method. The results showed the value of using the two-tone disclosing dye in visualizing the growth and maturation of bacterial plaque in situ. There was a marked delay in the rate of plaque maturation by the commerical mouthwash delivered by an irrigating device. There were no statistical differences in plaque accumulation between the control and treatment groups for the 10-days test periods."}
{"id": "PMID:353249", "title": "A comparison of postsurgical healing following debridement by ultrasonic or hand instruments.", "content": "Subjects for the study were 15 patients requiring periodontal surgery in the maxillary posterior quadrants. A split mouth technique with assignment of quadrants by random alternation was used. Assessments were carried out at given time intervals using the Gingival Index, crevicular fluid measurement, Plaque Index and Retention Index. Pain experience following surgery was also noted. Approximately 8 weeks after the initial assessment, periodontal flap surgery was carried out. On the one side debridement was carried out using an ultrasonic scaler, on the other side, hand instrumentation only was used. On the side receiving ultrasonic debridement during surgery, there was an increased rate of healing as measured by the Gingival Index and crevicular fluid. There was no difference in postoperative pain experience, Plaque Index or Retention Index.", "contents": "A comparison of postsurgical healing following debridement by ultrasonic or hand instruments. Subjects for the study were 15 patients requiring periodontal surgery in the maxillary posterior quadrants. A split mouth technique with assignment of quadrants by random alternation was used. Assessments were carried out at given time intervals using the Gingival Index, crevicular fluid measurement, Plaque Index and Retention Index. Pain experience following surgery was also noted. Approximately 8 weeks after the initial assessment, periodontal flap surgery was carried out. On the one side debridement was carried out using an ultrasonic scaler, on the other side, hand instrumentation only was used. On the side receiving ultrasonic debridement during surgery, there was an increased rate of healing as measured by the Gingival Index and crevicular fluid. There was no difference in postoperative pain experience, Plaque Index or Retention Index."}
{"id": "PMID:353251", "title": "Omission of pepsin from simulated gastric fluid in evaluating activated charcoals as antidotes.", "content": "Although simulated gastric fluid USP calls for 3.2 g of pepsin/liter, most researchers omit pepsin when evaluating adsorbents. The present results show that, although pepsin adsorbs strongly to activated charcoal, it does not interfere significantly with the adsorption of a typical drug like sodium salicylate. Therefore, its omission is justified. Gastric mucin also had almost no effect on salicylate adsorption.", "contents": "Omission of pepsin from simulated gastric fluid in evaluating activated charcoals as antidotes. Although simulated gastric fluid USP calls for 3.2 g of pepsin/liter, most researchers omit pepsin when evaluating adsorbents. The present results show that, although pepsin adsorbs strongly to activated charcoal, it does not interfere significantly with the adsorption of a typical drug like sodium salicylate. Therefore, its omission is justified. Gastric mucin also had almost no effect on salicylate adsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:353252", "title": "Cyclic changes in potential and resistance of the beta-cell membrane induced by glucose in islets of Langerhans from mouse.", "content": "1. The effects of KCl on the membrane potential were studied in cells from mouse islets of Langerhans identified as beta-cells by the characteristic pattern of electrical activity induced by 11.1 mM glucose. 2. In the absence of glucose, when the beta-cell membrane does not exhibit electrical activity, the dependence of the membrane potential upon external potassium [K+]o, could be described by the constant field equation using a PK/PNa ratio between 30 and 75. 3. In 11.1 mM glucose, when the beta-cell membrane potential fluctuates between a silent phase at about -50 mV and an active phase at about -40 mV giving rise to a train of spikes, the dependence of the membrane potential upon [K+]o could also be described with the constant field equation using a smaller PK/PNa of about 15, during the silent phase, and of about 8, during the active phase (foot of the spikes during the burst). 4. A bridge amplifier for measuring the changes in membrane potential during the application of pulses of current through the same micro-electrode was used to estimate the input resistance of a beta-cell. In 11.1 mM glucose, rough estimates of the membrane resistance during the silent phase averaged 1.2 X 10(8) omega. 5. The time course of the changes in input resistance of the cell when switching from 0 to 11.1 mM glucose showed a transient decrease from 0.9 X 10(8) to 0.7 X 10(8) omega followed by an increase to 1.2 X 10(8) omega. 6. The burst pattern was shown to result from the superposition of two potential changes: (a) 5--10 mV depolarization (lasting about 10 sec in 11.1 mM glucose), and (b) 10--50 mM spikes (lasting about 0.1 sec). Only the latter could be suppressed by hyperpolarizing current injection. 7. Application of pulses of current during the various phases of the electrical activity in 11.1 mM glucose enable us to compare the resistance during the silent and active phases. This was found to be oscillating between a high resistance value at about 1.2 X 10(8) omega before each burst and a low resistance value at 0.9 X 10(8) omega during the active phase at the foot of the spikes. In some cells the resistance during the silent phase remained fairly constant. In other cells it increased gradually from 1.1 X 10(8) to 1.3 X 10(8) omega measured just before each burst of spikes. 8. The observed increase in resistance induced by glucose together with the measured dependency of the membrane potential on [K+]o with and without glucose can be explained by postulating that in the presence of glucose the K+ permeability of the beta-cell membrane is reduced. 9. The oscillations between a high and a low resistance state in the presence of 11.1 mM glucose could be due to a sudden decrease in K+  permeability followed by a much larger increase in permeability to other ions, presumably Na+ and Ca2+.", "contents": "Cyclic changes in potential and resistance of the beta-cell membrane induced by glucose in islets of Langerhans from mouse. 1. The effects of KCl on the membrane potential were studied in cells from mouse islets of Langerhans identified as beta-cells by the characteristic pattern of electrical activity induced by 11.1 mM glucose. 2. In the absence of glucose, when the beta-cell membrane does not exhibit electrical activity, the dependence of the membrane potential upon external potassium [K+]o, could be described by the constant field equation using a PK/PNa ratio between 30 and 75. 3. In 11.1 mM glucose, when the beta-cell membrane potential fluctuates between a silent phase at about -50 mV and an active phase at about -40 mV giving rise to a train of spikes, the dependence of the membrane potential upon [K+]o could also be described with the constant field equation using a smaller PK/PNa of about 15, during the silent phase, and of about 8, during the active phase (foot of the spikes during the burst). 4. A bridge amplifier for measuring the changes in membrane potential during the application of pulses of current through the same micro-electrode was used to estimate the input resistance of a beta-cell. In 11.1 mM glucose, rough estimates of the membrane resistance during the silent phase averaged 1.2 X 10(8) omega. 5. The time course of the changes in input resistance of the cell when switching from 0 to 11.1 mM glucose showed a transient decrease from 0.9 X 10(8) to 0.7 X 10(8) omega followed by an increase to 1.2 X 10(8) omega. 6. The burst pattern was shown to result from the superposition of two potential changes: (a) 5--10 mV depolarization (lasting about 10 sec in 11.1 mM glucose), and (b) 10--50 mM spikes (lasting about 0.1 sec). Only the latter could be suppressed by hyperpolarizing current injection. 7. Application of pulses of current during the various phases of the electrical activity in 11.1 mM glucose enable us to compare the resistance during the silent and active phases. This was found to be oscillating between a high resistance value at about 1.2 X 10(8) omega before each burst and a low resistance value at 0.9 X 10(8) omega during the active phase at the foot of the spikes. In some cells the resistance during the silent phase remained fairly constant. In other cells it increased gradually from 1.1 X 10(8) to 1.3 X 10(8) omega measured just before each burst of spikes. 8. The observed increase in resistance induced by glucose together with the measured dependency of the membrane potential on [K+]o with and without glucose can be explained by postulating that in the presence of glucose the K+ permeability of the beta-cell membrane is reduced. 9. The oscillations between a high and a low resistance state in the presence of 11.1 mM glucose could be due to a sudden decrease in K+  permeability followed by a much larger increase in permeability to other ions, presumably Na+ and Ca2+."}
{"id": "PMID:353254", "title": "Influence of external potassium concentration on secretory responses to cholecystokinin-pancreozymin and ionophore A23187 in the pancreatic acinar cell.", "content": "1. The inhibitory effect of a diminution in [K+]o on the secretory processes of the pancreatic acinar cell was analysed in the isolated and perfused rat pancreas. 2. Partial replacement of KCl with NaCl produced falls in both amylase output and pancreatic juice flow which were induced by 5 m-u. cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ)/ml., and the responses were slowly regained after reintroduction of a standard concentration of KCl. 3. A quantitative relation was found between the amount of amylase released by CCK-PZ and [K+]o over the range 1.0--5.6 mM. A linear relation was obtained between the ratio of E1K+]3(0)/amylase output and [K+]3(0). 4. A quantitative relation was also found between the pancreatic juice flow induced by CCK-PZ and [K+]o over the range 1.0--5.6 mM. A linear relation was obtained between the ratio of [K+]3(0)/juice flow and [K+]3(0). 5. The results obtained may be explained by a model as follows: (1) amylase output and juice flow induced by CCK-PZ are simply proportional to the amount of complex composed of a carrier molecule bearing one Ca and four Na atoms, (2) the inward movement of the complex is tightly linked to the CCK-PZ-induced activation of pumps which are postulated on both basal and apical sides of the membrane of the acinar cell, and (3) the Na:K coupling ratio of the pumps is close to 3:2. 6. A quantitative relation was also found between the amount of amylase released by Ca reintroduction after pre-treatment with Ca-ionophore A23187 and [K+]o. This may be explained by a model essentially similar to that mentioned above. 7. Total replacement of NaCl with NaBr slightly reduced the CCK-PZ-induced fluid and amylase secretion. Total replacement of NaCl with sodium isethionate or with sodium pyruvate, however, virtually abolished the CCK-PZ-induced fluid and amylase secretion.", "contents": "Influence of external potassium concentration on secretory responses to cholecystokinin-pancreozymin and ionophore A23187 in the pancreatic acinar cell. 1. The inhibitory effect of a diminution in [K+]o on the secretory processes of the pancreatic acinar cell was analysed in the isolated and perfused rat pancreas. 2. Partial replacement of KCl with NaCl produced falls in both amylase output and pancreatic juice flow which were induced by 5 m-u. cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ)/ml., and the responses were slowly regained after reintroduction of a standard concentration of KCl. 3. A quantitative relation was found between the amount of amylase released by CCK-PZ and [K+]o over the range 1.0--5.6 mM. A linear relation was obtained between the ratio of E1K+]3(0)/amylase output and [K+]3(0). 4. A quantitative relation was also found between the pancreatic juice flow induced by CCK-PZ and [K+]o over the range 1.0--5.6 mM. A linear relation was obtained between the ratio of [K+]3(0)/juice flow and [K+]3(0). 5. The results obtained may be explained by a model as follows: (1) amylase output and juice flow induced by CCK-PZ are simply proportional to the amount of complex composed of a carrier molecule bearing one Ca and four Na atoms, (2) the inward movement of the complex is tightly linked to the CCK-PZ-induced activation of pumps which are postulated on both basal and apical sides of the membrane of the acinar cell, and (3) the Na:K coupling ratio of the pumps is close to 3:2. 6. A quantitative relation was also found between the amount of amylase released by Ca reintroduction after pre-treatment with Ca-ionophore A23187 and [K+]o. This may be explained by a model essentially similar to that mentioned above. 7. Total replacement of NaCl with NaBr slightly reduced the CCK-PZ-induced fluid and amylase secretion. Total replacement of NaCl with sodium isethionate or with sodium pyruvate, however, virtually abolished the CCK-PZ-induced fluid and amylase secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:353255", "title": "Exogenous prostaglandins and gastric secretion in the cat.", "content": "1. In the conscious gastric fistula cate PGE2 was shown to produce dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secreted in response to pentagastrin, histamine and insulin. 2. PGF2alpha had little effect on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion. 3PGF2 delayed the tachyphylaxis of gastric acid stimulated by pentagastrin and histamine, but not that stimulated by insulin. 4. Although not delaying tachyphylaxis of insulin stimulated acid, PGE2 delayed tachyphylaxis of insulin stimulated pepsin.", "contents": "Exogenous prostaglandins and gastric secretion in the cat. 1. In the conscious gastric fistula cate PGE2 was shown to produce dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secreted in response to pentagastrin, histamine and insulin. 2. PGF2alpha had little effect on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion. 3PGF2 delayed the tachyphylaxis of gastric acid stimulated by pentagastrin and histamine, but not that stimulated by insulin. 4. Although not delaying tachyphylaxis of insulin stimulated acid, PGE2 delayed tachyphylaxis of insulin stimulated pepsin."}
{"id": "PMID:353256", "title": "Endogenous prostaglandins and gastric secretion in the cat.", "content": "1. The gastric juice outputs of acid, pepsin, PGE and PGF, and the plasma concentrations of PGE and PGF have been measured in response to I.V. infusions of pentagastrin, histamine and insulin in the conscious cat. 2. There were significant correlations between the output of gastric acid and gastric outputs of both PGE and PGF during secretion produced by all stimulants. Furthermore, there were similar significant correlations between the gastric outputs of pepsin and both PGE and PGF. However, during insulin stimulation there was significantly more pepsin output per unit PGE or PGF output than during either pentagastrin or histamine stimulation. 3. The correlations between the outputs of gastric acid and both PGE and PGF were similar during pentagastrin and insulin stimulation whereas those between acid and PGE and PGF altered during the infusion of histamine. 4. It is concluded that these data partially, but not entirely, support the hypothesis that local release of prostaglandins may act as a negative feed-back mechanism on gastric acid secretion. 5. Plasma prostaglandin concentration did not correlate with changes in acid or pepsin secretion.", "contents": "Endogenous prostaglandins and gastric secretion in the cat. 1. The gastric juice outputs of acid, pepsin, PGE and PGF, and the plasma concentrations of PGE and PGF have been measured in response to I.V. infusions of pentagastrin, histamine and insulin in the conscious cat. 2. There were significant correlations between the output of gastric acid and gastric outputs of both PGE and PGF during secretion produced by all stimulants. Furthermore, there were similar significant correlations between the gastric outputs of pepsin and both PGE and PGF. However, during insulin stimulation there was significantly more pepsin output per unit PGE or PGF output than during either pentagastrin or histamine stimulation. 3. The correlations between the outputs of gastric acid and both PGE and PGF were similar during pentagastrin and insulin stimulation whereas those between acid and PGE and PGF altered during the infusion of histamine. 4. It is concluded that these data partially, but not entirely, support the hypothesis that local release of prostaglandins may act as a negative feed-back mechanism on gastric acid secretion. 5. Plasma prostaglandin concentration did not correlate with changes in acid or pepsin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:353257", "title": "The physiological properties of amine-containing neurones in the lobster nervous system.", "content": "1. Our previous studies have shown that octopamine and serotonin are found associated with a system of neurones in the connective tissue sheath of the second roots of lobster thoracic ganglia. To try to understand the mechanism of activation of these neurones, we undertook an examination of their general physiological properties. 2. All of the neurones receive excitatory synaptic input that has a cholinergic pharmacology, which suggests that it may be from sensory neurones. A very limited number of cells, possibly one, provdes the total synaptic input to all the cells in the roots of the second and third thoracic segments. 3. The cells within one root are electronically coupled to each other. The extent of coupling varies widely between cells; on occasion the coupling is sufficiently tight for action potentials originating in one cell to trigger action potentials in the neighbouring cell. 4. The majority of the cells show no spontaneous activity at temperatures below 14 degrees C, but become spontaneously active above that temperature. Cells cycle reversibly from silent to continuously active to bursting and back as the temperature is increased and decreased. 5. Octopamine and serotonin both inhibit the bursting activity. The octopamine response is blocked by phentolamine but not by propranolol, while the inhibitory action of serotonin is unaffected by either of these drugs. The amine-inhibition of the firing could be an autoregulatory mechanism for cell activity. 6. The physiological properties described in this paper suggest that the widely dispersed amine-containing neurones in lobsters behave like a neurosecretory organ in terms of their mechanism of activation.", "contents": "The physiological properties of amine-containing neurones in the lobster nervous system. 1. Our previous studies have shown that octopamine and serotonin are found associated with a system of neurones in the connective tissue sheath of the second roots of lobster thoracic ganglia. To try to understand the mechanism of activation of these neurones, we undertook an examination of their general physiological properties. 2. All of the neurones receive excitatory synaptic input that has a cholinergic pharmacology, which suggests that it may be from sensory neurones. A very limited number of cells, possibly one, provdes the total synaptic input to all the cells in the roots of the second and third thoracic segments. 3. The cells within one root are electronically coupled to each other. The extent of coupling varies widely between cells; on occasion the coupling is sufficiently tight for action potentials originating in one cell to trigger action potentials in the neighbouring cell. 4. The majority of the cells show no spontaneous activity at temperatures below 14 degrees C, but become spontaneously active above that temperature. Cells cycle reversibly from silent to continuously active to bursting and back as the temperature is increased and decreased. 5. Octopamine and serotonin both inhibit the bursting activity. The octopamine response is blocked by phentolamine but not by propranolol, while the inhibitory action of serotonin is unaffected by either of these drugs. The amine-inhibition of the firing could be an autoregulatory mechanism for cell activity. 6. The physiological properties described in this paper suggest that the widely dispersed amine-containing neurones in lobsters behave like a neurosecretory organ in terms of their mechanism of activation."}
{"id": "PMID:353259", "title": "Dimensional and occlusal changes in fluid resin dentures.", "content": "This study evaluated complete dentures processed with fluid acrylic resins. The dentures were constructed with the aid of a new flask and modified spruing procedures, with the teeth immobilized in the hydrocolloid mold, and with slight mechanical vibration provided during the pouring of the resin. The fluid resin dentures were compared with the dentures constructed by the compression-molding technique and processed with heat-curing acrylic resin. The results indicate that the fluid resin dentures underwent more processing shrinkage (0.617%) than the conventionally processed dentures (0.377%). However, the fluid resin dentures seemed to function as well as the heat-cured dentures. The excessive reduction in the vertical dimension of the occlusion usually observed with fluid resin dentures was minimized; the average cusp height reduction was -0.089 mm. Individual tooth movement, voids, visible porosity, and other surface deficiencies were eliminated.", "contents": "Dimensional and occlusal changes in fluid resin dentures. This study evaluated complete dentures processed with fluid acrylic resins. The dentures were constructed with the aid of a new flask and modified spruing procedures, with the teeth immobilized in the hydrocolloid mold, and with slight mechanical vibration provided during the pouring of the resin. The fluid resin dentures were compared with the dentures constructed by the compression-molding technique and processed with heat-curing acrylic resin. The results indicate that the fluid resin dentures underwent more processing shrinkage (0.617%) than the conventionally processed dentures (0.377%). However, the fluid resin dentures seemed to function as well as the heat-cured dentures. The excessive reduction in the vertical dimension of the occlusion usually observed with fluid resin dentures was minimized; the average cusp height reduction was -0.089 mm. Individual tooth movement, voids, visible porosity, and other surface deficiencies were eliminated."}
{"id": "PMID:353261", "title": "A multiple post-core technique.", "content": "An indirect technique to prepare a multirooted pulpless tooth to receive a crown is presented. The crown also may be made on the newly completed core and its die. The procedure promotes the use of a commercial dental laboratory. The system, which uses divergent roots, results in a cast core having maximum retention.", "contents": "A multiple post-core technique. An indirect technique to prepare a multirooted pulpless tooth to receive a crown is presented. The crown also may be made on the newly completed core and its die. The procedure promotes the use of a commercial dental laboratory. The system, which uses divergent roots, results in a cast core having maximum retention."}
{"id": "PMID:353262", "title": "A procedure for repairing fractured post-core restorations.", "content": "Two methods have been described for dealing with fractured or underextended posts in endodontically treated teeth. They seem to be adequate in preserving teeth that might otherwise have been lost.", "contents": "A procedure for repairing fractured post-core restorations. Two methods have been described for dealing with fractured or underextended posts in endodontically treated teeth. They seem to be adequate in preserving teeth that might otherwise have been lost."}
{"id": "PMID:353263", "title": "Acrylic resin copings: an adjunct to fixed restorative dentistry.", "content": "A simple technique for fabricating and several uses for acrylic resin copings have been presented. These techniques apply to many aspects of restorative dentistry and often are used in combination with each other. Master cast fabrication, interocclusal registrations, and verification of die accuracy can be done using the copings during a one-appointment sequence. The use of resin copings is especially helpful for the inexperienced dentist, permitting high quality dentistry with a minimum of mistakes and frustations. For the experienced fixed prosthodontist they provide another approach to treatment.", "contents": "Acrylic resin copings: an adjunct to fixed restorative dentistry. A simple technique for fabricating and several uses for acrylic resin copings have been presented. These techniques apply to many aspects of restorative dentistry and often are used in combination with each other. Master cast fabrication, interocclusal registrations, and verification of die accuracy can be done using the copings during a one-appointment sequence. The use of resin copings is especially helpful for the inexperienced dentist, permitting high quality dentistry with a minimum of mistakes and frustations. For the experienced fixed prosthodontist they provide another approach to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:353265", "title": "Effect of ultrasonic instrumentation on the retention of simulated cast crowns.", "content": "The effect of ultrasonic instrumentation on the retention of cemented cast restorations was studied. Forces required to dislodge castings from specimen assemblies subjected to ultrasonic vibrations did not differ significantly from those required to cause failure of noninstrumented specimens. The results indicate that clinical application of the ultrasonic device would not affect adversely the retention of properly cemented and well fitting cast restorations.", "contents": "Effect of ultrasonic instrumentation on the retention of simulated cast crowns. The effect of ultrasonic instrumentation on the retention of cemented cast restorations was studied. Forces required to dislodge castings from specimen assemblies subjected to ultrasonic vibrations did not differ significantly from those required to cause failure of noninstrumented specimens. The results indicate that clinical application of the ultrasonic device would not affect adversely the retention of properly cemented and well fitting cast restorations."}
{"id": "PMID:353267", "title": "Complete mandibular subperiosteal implants for edentulous mandibles.", "content": "The complete mandibular subperiosteal implant is one of the oldest implant modalities. It has been serving thousands of people for over 25 years. All failures and problems created in the past have been due to the inadequate support and improper architectural design of the implant substructure. Through the mistakes made in experimentation over the years, better results have been achieved because of the improvement of the implant design. Proper evaluation and utilization of the available bone is essential for a successful prognosis for the edentulous mandible. The crossbar attachment that joins the four implant posts of the substructure provides better force distribution and less potential for resorption below the primary struts of the complete mandibular subperiosteal implant. The cast substructure rests on the bone and is covered by the mucoperiosteum. Satisfactory retention and stability is given to the definitive overdenture which is fitted over the protruding posts and crossbar design. The complete mandibular subperiosteal implant is a definite solution to the problem mandibular edentulous patient. Proper, careful, and conservative diagnosis is important. Skill, experience, and accuracy are major criteria for the success of a dental implant.", "contents": "Complete mandibular subperiosteal implants for edentulous mandibles. The complete mandibular subperiosteal implant is one of the oldest implant modalities. It has been serving thousands of people for over 25 years. All failures and problems created in the past have been due to the inadequate support and improper architectural design of the implant substructure. Through the mistakes made in experimentation over the years, better results have been achieved because of the improvement of the implant design. Proper evaluation and utilization of the available bone is essential for a successful prognosis for the edentulous mandible. The crossbar attachment that joins the four implant posts of the substructure provides better force distribution and less potential for resorption below the primary struts of the complete mandibular subperiosteal implant. The cast substructure rests on the bone and is covered by the mucoperiosteum. Satisfactory retention and stability is given to the definitive overdenture which is fitted over the protruding posts and crossbar design. The complete mandibular subperiosteal implant is a definite solution to the problem mandibular edentulous patient. Proper, careful, and conservative diagnosis is important. Skill, experience, and accuracy are major criteria for the success of a dental implant."}
{"id": "PMID:353268", "title": "Fabrication of a single posterior intermediate restoration.", "content": "Intermediate or temporary crowns are important in cast restoration procedures. A techniques is suggested whereby a metal shell crown is relined with autopolymerizing acrylic resin. It produces a restoration that (1) has good adaptation, (2) maintains gingival tissue health, (3) provides proximal and occlusal contacts, and (4) maintains tooth position.", "contents": "Fabrication of a single posterior intermediate restoration. Intermediate or temporary crowns are important in cast restoration procedures. A techniques is suggested whereby a metal shell crown is relined with autopolymerizing acrylic resin. It produces a restoration that (1) has good adaptation, (2) maintains gingival tissue health, (3) provides proximal and occlusal contacts, and (4) maintains tooth position."}
{"id": "PMID:353272", "title": "A review of the association between intrauterine devices and acute pelvic inflammatory disease.", "content": "Six controlled epidemiologic studies of the association between intrauterine device (IUD) use and development of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are reviewed. The strength and weaknesses of each study are discussed as well as the consistencies of the results. All six studies point in the same direction: IUD use is associated with approximately a three-to fivefold increased risk of PID. The consistency of the association in six different studies, in three different countries and by five different investigators is strong evidence that the association is one of cause and effect. Evidence is presented for the biologic plausability of the association. There also is evidence that copper IUDs do not appear to offer any protection from gonococcal PID. Teenagers appear as likely as older women to be similarly affected by the use of IUDs. There is the intriguing but uncomfirmed suggestion that nulliparous IUD users are more likely to suffer from acute PID than are multiparous users. A public health measure that would control this effect of IUD use is to decrease the use of IUDs in populations at high risk of PID.", "contents": "A review of the association between intrauterine devices and acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Six controlled epidemiologic studies of the association between intrauterine device (IUD) use and development of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are reviewed. The strength and weaknesses of each study are discussed as well as the consistencies of the results. All six studies point in the same direction: IUD use is associated with approximately a three-to fivefold increased risk of PID. The consistency of the association in six different studies, in three different countries and by five different investigators is strong evidence that the association is one of cause and effect. Evidence is presented for the biologic plausability of the association. There also is evidence that copper IUDs do not appear to offer any protection from gonococcal PID. Teenagers appear as likely as older women to be similarly affected by the use of IUDs. There is the intriguing but uncomfirmed suggestion that nulliparous IUD users are more likely to suffer from acute PID than are multiparous users. A public health measure that would control this effect of IUD use is to decrease the use of IUDs in populations at high risk of PID."}
{"id": "PMID:353274", "title": "Ibuprofen therapy for dysmenorrhea.", "content": "Thirty-three dysmenorrheic patients were given ibuprofen, aspirin and a placebo in a double-blind crossover study, with each drug taken during one of three successive menstrual cycles in random sequence. Paired drug comparisons demonstrated the statistical superiority of ibuprofen, as compared with the other two, for the relief of pain. Data evaluated according to patient drug preference showed similar results. The role of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in therapy for dysmenorrhea is discussed.", "contents": "Ibuprofen therapy for dysmenorrhea. Thirty-three dysmenorrheic patients were given ibuprofen, aspirin and a placebo in a double-blind crossover study, with each drug taken during one of three successive menstrual cycles in random sequence. Paired drug comparisons demonstrated the statistical superiority of ibuprofen, as compared with the other two, for the relief of pain. Data evaluated according to patient drug preference showed similar results. The role of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in therapy for dysmenorrhea is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353281", "title": "beta-D-Arabinofuran[1',2':4,5]oxazolo-1,3,5-triazine-5-N-methyl-4,6-dione and analogues, unusually specific immunosuppressive agents.", "content": "Sequential treatment of the protected beta-D-arabinofuran[1',2':4,5]-2-aminooxazoline (2) with methyl isocyanate and diimidazole carbonyl afforded the 2,2'-anhydro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl nucleoside, 6. Deprotection and hydrolysis yielded the corresponding arabinoside. Although the anhydronucleoside exhibited in vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex type 1, it exacerbated the infection in vivo. Further examination uncovered an in vitro inhibition of the induction of a cell-mediated immune response without cytotoxicity.", "contents": "beta-D-Arabinofuran[1',2':4,5]oxazolo-1,3,5-triazine-5-N-methyl-4,6-dione and analogues, unusually specific immunosuppressive agents. Sequential treatment of the protected beta-D-arabinofuran[1',2':4,5]-2-aminooxazoline (2) with methyl isocyanate and diimidazole carbonyl afforded the 2,2'-anhydro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl nucleoside, 6. Deprotection and hydrolysis yielded the corresponding arabinoside. Although the anhydronucleoside exhibited in vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex type 1, it exacerbated the infection in vivo. Further examination uncovered an in vitro inhibition of the induction of a cell-mediated immune response without cytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:353282", "title": "A new class of antimalarial drugs: derivatives of benzothiopyrans.", "content": "A series of substituted benzothiopyrans was synthesized and examined for antimalarial activity. Some were found to be active and curative at dose levels of 160--360 mg/kg against Plasmodium berghei in mice. Afew observations concerning structure-activity relationships were made. The benzothiopyrans were prepared by treatment of either the gem-dichloro- or the thionothioflavone intermediate with various primary amines. The thionothioflavone intermediates were made from thioflavones. Condensation of thiophenols with benzoyl acetates gave the thioflavones.", "contents": "A new class of antimalarial drugs: derivatives of benzothiopyrans. A series of substituted benzothiopyrans was synthesized and examined for antimalarial activity. Some were found to be active and curative at dose levels of 160--360 mg/kg against Plasmodium berghei in mice. Afew observations concerning structure-activity relationships were made. The benzothiopyrans were prepared by treatment of either the gem-dichloro- or the thionothioflavone intermediate with various primary amines. The thionothioflavone intermediates were made from thioflavones. Condensation of thiophenols with benzoyl acetates gave the thioflavones."}
{"id": "PMID:353284", "title": "Inducibility of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in cultured human lymphocytes: a study of repeatability.", "content": "Modifications to the method for estimating aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in cultured human lymphocytes are described. Despite the improvements to the technique it was not possible to show significant 'repeatability' of values for AHH induction over a period of 2 weeks or more. Significant repeatability could be seen when a blood sample from each subject was split into duplicates. However, this level of repeatability was low when considered for quantitative genetics purposes. Possible reasons for the poor repeatability have been discussed.", "contents": "Inducibility of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in cultured human lymphocytes: a study of repeatability. Modifications to the method for estimating aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in cultured human lymphocytes are described. Despite the improvements to the technique it was not possible to show significant 'repeatability' of values for AHH induction over a period of 2 weeks or more. Significant repeatability could be seen when a blood sample from each subject was split into duplicates. However, this level of repeatability was low when considered for quantitative genetics purposes. Possible reasons for the poor repeatability have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353285", "title": "Induction of citrate synthase by aldosterone in the rat kidney.", "content": "The possible induction of renal citrate synthase (E.C. 4.1.3.7) by aldosterone was evaluated in the adrenalectomized rat. Three hours after administration of aldosterone (0.8 microgram/100 g body wt), renal cortical and medullary citrate synthase activity was significantly increased as reported previously by Kinne and Kirsten (Kinne, R., Kirsten, R. 1968. Pfleugers Arch. 300:244). In contrast, no change in this activity was detected in the renal papilla or the liver, under the same conditions. Kinetic analysis revealed that injection of aldosterone had no effect on the KmS for acetyl-CoA and oxalacetate but augmented Vmax of renal medullary citrate synthase activity by 40%. The aldosterone-dependent increase in medullary citrate synthase activity was proportionate to the associated increase in the quantity of antiserum (specific for citrate synthase) required for half-maximal immuno-precipitation. The possibility that aldosterone induced the synthesis of citrate synthase was evaluated in two sets of experiments. In the first set, adrenalectomized rats were injected intraperitoneally with either aldosterone (0.8 microgram/100 g body wt) or the diluent, and simultaneously with 3H or 35S methionine (500 muCi/rat). The isotopes were reversed in about half of the experiments. Three hours after the injection, renal citrate synthase was isolated by ATP-sepharose column chromatography and immuno-precipitation with the specific antiserum. Aldosterone augmented methionine incorporation into renal citrate synthase by 55% but had no effect on incorporation into the hepatic enzyme. In the second set, adrenalectomized rats were injected with either aldosterone (0.8 microcram/100 g body wt) or the diluent, the kidneys were removed 1 hr later and medullary slices were incubated in either 3H- or 35S-methionine at 20 degrees for 2 hr. Mitochondrial citrate synthase was isolated either by ATP-sepharose column chromatography and immuno-precipitation, or by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Aldosterone increased methionine incorporation into the immuno-precipitates by 30% and into the enzyme peak resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by 43%. The latter increase was eliminated by prior administration of either actinomycin D (70--80 microgram/100 g body wt) or spirolactone (SC-26304) (80 microgram/100 g body wt). An equimolar dose of dexamethasone (0.8 microgram/100 g body wt) had no effect on the isotope ratio associated with citrate synthase activity in the polyacrylamide gels.", "contents": "Induction of citrate synthase by aldosterone in the rat kidney. The possible induction of renal citrate synthase (E.C. 4.1.3.7) by aldosterone was evaluated in the adrenalectomized rat. Three hours after administration of aldosterone (0.8 microgram/100 g body wt), renal cortical and medullary citrate synthase activity was significantly increased as reported previously by Kinne and Kirsten (Kinne, R., Kirsten, R. 1968. Pfleugers Arch. 300:244). In contrast, no change in this activity was detected in the renal papilla or the liver, under the same conditions. Kinetic analysis revealed that injection of aldosterone had no effect on the KmS for acetyl-CoA and oxalacetate but augmented Vmax of renal medullary citrate synthase activity by 40%. The aldosterone-dependent increase in medullary citrate synthase activity was proportionate to the associated increase in the quantity of antiserum (specific for citrate synthase) required for half-maximal immuno-precipitation. The possibility that aldosterone induced the synthesis of citrate synthase was evaluated in two sets of experiments. In the first set, adrenalectomized rats were injected intraperitoneally with either aldosterone (0.8 microgram/100 g body wt) or the diluent, and simultaneously with 3H or 35S methionine (500 muCi/rat). The isotopes were reversed in about half of the experiments. Three hours after the injection, renal citrate synthase was isolated by ATP-sepharose column chromatography and immuno-precipitation with the specific antiserum. Aldosterone augmented methionine incorporation into renal citrate synthase by 55% but had no effect on incorporation into the hepatic enzyme. In the second set, adrenalectomized rats were injected with either aldosterone (0.8 microcram/100 g body wt) or the diluent, the kidneys were removed 1 hr later and medullary slices were incubated in either 3H- or 35S-methionine at 20 degrees for 2 hr. Mitochondrial citrate synthase was isolated either by ATP-sepharose column chromatography and immuno-precipitation, or by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Aldosterone increased methionine incorporation into the immuno-precipitates by 30% and into the enzyme peak resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by 43%. The latter increase was eliminated by prior administration of either actinomycin D (70--80 microgram/100 g body wt) or spirolactone (SC-26304) (80 microgram/100 g body wt). An equimolar dose of dexamethasone (0.8 microgram/100 g body wt) had no effect on the isotope ratio associated with citrate synthase activity in the polyacrylamide gels."}
{"id": "PMID:353286", "title": "Effect of lithium ion on melibiose transport in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Both Li+ and Na+ stimulated the uptake of thiomethylgalactoside by the melibiose transport system of Escherichia coli. On the other hand, Li+ inhibited the growht of cells on melibiose as a sole source of carbon. This inhibition was specific for melibiose, and Li+ had no effect on growth of cells on glucose, galactose, lactose, or glycerol. The effect of the cation on melibiose transport was investigated in a mutant which cannot utilize glucose. After entry into this cell, melibiose is cleaved into glucose and galactose by alpha-galactosidase, and the resulting glucose is excreted. Since the entry step was found to be rate-limiting, glucose production could be taken as a measure of melibose transport. Li+ inhibited the transport of melibiose, but not the induction of the melibiose operon nor the activity of alpha-galactosidase. Li+ was found to inhibit the entry of p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactoside, but not p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside entry. Thus, the cation specificity for the melibiose membrane carrier varies different transport substrates.", "contents": "Effect of lithium ion on melibiose transport in Escherichia coli. Both Li+ and Na+ stimulated the uptake of thiomethylgalactoside by the melibiose transport system of Escherichia coli. On the other hand, Li+ inhibited the growht of cells on melibiose as a sole source of carbon. This inhibition was specific for melibiose, and Li+ had no effect on growth of cells on glucose, galactose, lactose, or glycerol. The effect of the cation on melibiose transport was investigated in a mutant which cannot utilize glucose. After entry into this cell, melibiose is cleaved into glucose and galactose by alpha-galactosidase, and the resulting glucose is excreted. Since the entry step was found to be rate-limiting, glucose production could be taken as a measure of melibose transport. Li+ inhibited the transport of melibiose, but not the induction of the melibiose operon nor the activity of alpha-galactosidase. Li+ was found to inhibit the entry of p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactoside, but not p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside entry. Thus, the cation specificity for the melibiose membrane carrier varies different transport substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:353296", "title": "A surgical procedure to prevent tracheo-innominate artery erosion.", "content": "The innominate artery of a patient requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation was palpated in the inferior portion of his tracheostomy wound. Life-threatening hemorrhage was prevented by rotation of a local muscle flap the protect the artery and rotation of pedicled skin flaps to create a permanent tracheostomy.", "contents": "A surgical procedure to prevent tracheo-innominate artery erosion. The innominate artery of a patient requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation was palpated in the inferior portion of his tracheostomy wound. Life-threatening hemorrhage was prevented by rotation of a local muscle flap the protect the artery and rotation of pedicled skin flaps to create a permanent tracheostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:353300", "title": "Correlation between UV dose requirement for lambda bacteriophage induction and lambda repressor concentration.", "content": "Escherichia coli K-12 wild type and a uvrA mutant derivative were used to construct isogenic strains bearing one, two, three, or more phage lambda cI genomes and containing increasing concentration of lambda repressor as measured by in vitro operator DNA-binding assays. The survival and phage induction in response to UV irradiation were determined. In both strains, dose-response relationships were obtained as a function of the cellular repressor concentration. The uvrA lysogens required one-tenth the UV fluence of the wild-type counterparts for induction. Lysogenic strains containing plasmids that overproduce the lambdaind+ repressor and the same lysogens with plasmids overproducing the lambdaind- repressor displayed the same survival curves as the nonlysogenic parental strain; however, only the former produced infectious centers (at a frequency of 2 x 10(-3) to 5 x 10(-4) in response to radiation.", "contents": "Correlation between UV dose requirement for lambda bacteriophage induction and lambda repressor concentration. Escherichia coli K-12 wild type and a uvrA mutant derivative were used to construct isogenic strains bearing one, two, three, or more phage lambda cI genomes and containing increasing concentration of lambda repressor as measured by in vitro operator DNA-binding assays. The survival and phage induction in response to UV irradiation were determined. In both strains, dose-response relationships were obtained as a function of the cellular repressor concentration. The uvrA lysogens required one-tenth the UV fluence of the wild-type counterparts for induction. Lysogenic strains containing plasmids that overproduce the lambdaind+ repressor and the same lysogens with plasmids overproducing the lambdaind- repressor displayed the same survival curves as the nonlysogenic parental strain; however, only the former produced infectious centers (at a frequency of 2 x 10(-3) to 5 x 10(-4) in response to radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:353301", "title": "Genome organization of RNA tumor viruses II. Physical maps of in vitro-synthesized Moloney murine leukemia virus double-stranded DNA by restriction endonucleases.", "content": "Physical maps of the genome of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MLV) DNA were constructed by using bacterial restriction endonucleases. The in vitro-synthesized M-MLV double-stranded DNA was used as the source of the viral DNA. Restriction endonucleases Sal I and Hind III cleave viral DNA at only one site and, thus, generate two DNA fragments. The two DNA fragments generated by Sal I are Sal IA (molecular weight, 3.5 x 10(6)) and Sal IB (molecular weight, 2.4 x 10(6)) and by Hind III are Hind IIIA (molecular weight, 3.6 x 10(6) and Hind IIIB (molecular weight, 2.3 x 10(6)). Restriction endonuclease Bam I generates four fragments of molecular weights of 2.1 x 10(6) (Bam IA), 2 X 10(6) (Bam IB), 1.25 X 10(6) (Bam IC), and 0.24 x 10(6) (Bam ID), whereas restriction endonuclease Hpa I cleaves the M-MLV double-stranded DNA twice to give three fragments of molecular weights of 4.4 x 10(6) (Hpa IA), 0.84 X 10(6) (Hpa IB), and 0.74 x 10(6) (Hpa IC). Digestion of M-MLV double-stranded DNA with restriction endonuclease Sma I produces four fragments of molecular weights of 3.9 x 10(6) (Sma IA), 1.3 X 10(6) (Sma IB), 0.28 X 10(6) (Sma IC), and 0.21 x 10(6) (Sma ID). A mixture of restriction endonucleases Bgl I and Bgl II (Bgl I + II) cleaves the viral DNA at four sites generating five fragments of approximate molecular weights of 2 x 10(6) (Bgl + IIA), 1.75 X 10(6) (Bgl I + IIB), 1.25 X 10(6) (Bgl I + IIC), 0.40 X 10(6) (Bgl I + IID), and 0.31 x 10(6) (Bgl I + IIE). The order of the fragments in relation to the 5' end and 3' end of the genome was determined either by using fractional-length M-MLV double-stranded DNA for digestion by restriction endonucleases or by redigestion of Sal IA, Sal IB, Hind IIIA, and Hind IIIB fragments with other restriction endonucleases. In addition, a number of other restriction endonucleases that cleave in vitro-synthesized M-MLV double-stranded DNA have also been listed.", "contents": "Genome organization of RNA tumor viruses II. Physical maps of in vitro-synthesized Moloney murine leukemia virus double-stranded DNA by restriction endonucleases. Physical maps of the genome of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MLV) DNA were constructed by using bacterial restriction endonucleases. The in vitro-synthesized M-MLV double-stranded DNA was used as the source of the viral DNA. Restriction endonucleases Sal I and Hind III cleave viral DNA at only one site and, thus, generate two DNA fragments. The two DNA fragments generated by Sal I are Sal IA (molecular weight, 3.5 x 10(6)) and Sal IB (molecular weight, 2.4 x 10(6)) and by Hind III are Hind IIIA (molecular weight, 3.6 x 10(6) and Hind IIIB (molecular weight, 2.3 x 10(6)). Restriction endonuclease Bam I generates four fragments of molecular weights of 2.1 x 10(6) (Bam IA), 2 X 10(6) (Bam IB), 1.25 X 10(6) (Bam IC), and 0.24 x 10(6) (Bam ID), whereas restriction endonuclease Hpa I cleaves the M-MLV double-stranded DNA twice to give three fragments of molecular weights of 4.4 x 10(6) (Hpa IA), 0.84 X 10(6) (Hpa IB), and 0.74 x 10(6) (Hpa IC). Digestion of M-MLV double-stranded DNA with restriction endonuclease Sma I produces four fragments of molecular weights of 3.9 x 10(6) (Sma IA), 1.3 X 10(6) (Sma IB), 0.28 X 10(6) (Sma IC), and 0.21 x 10(6) (Sma ID). A mixture of restriction endonucleases Bgl I and Bgl II (Bgl I + II) cleaves the viral DNA at four sites generating five fragments of approximate molecular weights of 2 x 10(6) (Bgl + IIA), 1.75 X 10(6) (Bgl I + IIB), 1.25 X 10(6) (Bgl I + IIC), 0.40 X 10(6) (Bgl I + IID), and 0.31 x 10(6) (Bgl I + IIE). The order of the fragments in relation to the 5' end and 3' end of the genome was determined either by using fractional-length M-MLV double-stranded DNA for digestion by restriction endonucleases or by redigestion of Sal IA, Sal IB, Hind IIIA, and Hind IIIB fragments with other restriction endonucleases. In addition, a number of other restriction endonucleases that cleave in vitro-synthesized M-MLV double-stranded DNA have also been listed."}
{"id": "PMID:353302", "title": "Relatedness of the double-stranded RNAs present in yeast virus-like particles.", "content": "The relatedness of several double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA's) present in the virus-like particles of yeast was examined by T1 fingerprint analysis. The dsRNA's examined were L, the dsRNA encoding the capsid polypeptide of yeast virus-like particles; M, which appears to code for a toxic polypeptide and for resistance to the effects of the toxin; and two S dsRNA's present in particles analogous to the defective interfering particles of animal viruses. S3, a dsRNA of 0.46 X 10(6) daltons, was derived entirely from M, a dsRNA of 1.2 X 10(6) daltons. S1, a dsRNA of 0.92 X 10(6) daltons, was a duplication of S3. This conclusion has also been reached independently by heteroduplex mapping techniques (H. M. Fried and G. R. Fink, personal communication). S1 and S3, at least in one yeast strain, were unstable in sequence, apparently due to the accumulation of sequence variants of the same molecular weight. L was a species of 3 X 10(6) daltons, unrelated in sequence to M, S1, or S3. S1, S3, and M had a 3' T1 dodecanucleotide in common.", "contents": "Relatedness of the double-stranded RNAs present in yeast virus-like particles. The relatedness of several double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA's) present in the virus-like particles of yeast was examined by T1 fingerprint analysis. The dsRNA's examined were L, the dsRNA encoding the capsid polypeptide of yeast virus-like particles; M, which appears to code for a toxic polypeptide and for resistance to the effects of the toxin; and two S dsRNA's present in particles analogous to the defective interfering particles of animal viruses. S3, a dsRNA of 0.46 X 10(6) daltons, was derived entirely from M, a dsRNA of 1.2 X 10(6) daltons. S1, a dsRNA of 0.92 X 10(6) daltons, was a duplication of S3. This conclusion has also been reached independently by heteroduplex mapping techniques (H. M. Fried and G. R. Fink, personal communication). S1 and S3, at least in one yeast strain, were unstable in sequence, apparently due to the accumulation of sequence variants of the same molecular weight. L was a species of 3 X 10(6) daltons, unrelated in sequence to M, S1, or S3. S1, S3, and M had a 3' T1 dodecanucleotide in common."}
{"id": "PMID:353303", "title": "Effect of RNase III on the size of bacteriophage T7 lysozyme mRNA.", "content": "The size of lysozyme mRNA from T7-infected E. coli RNase III+ and RNase III- strains was analyzed by sucrose gradient sedimentation, dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO) sucorse gradient sedimentation, and preparative gel electrophoresis. Each technique revealed a similar size distribution of multiple lysozyme mRNA's. Analysis by preparative gel electrophoresis of RNA extracted after infection of Escherichia coli Bst (RNase III+) separated lysozyme mRNA into six peaks of activity ranging in size from 0.2 x 10(6) to 1.9 x 10(6) daltons. Four well-resolved major peaks of activity were detected, having apparent molecular weights of approximately 0.61 x 10(6), 0.76 x 10(6), 0.92 x 10(6), and 1.3 x 10(6). A broad band of activity, with a molecular weight range from 0.2 x 10(6) to 0.37 x 10(6), was also present, and a sixth peak of activity was sometimes observed that migrates with a mobility corresponding to a molecular weight of 1.9 x 10(6). Judging from their molecular weight as estimated by electrophoresis, most, if not all, of the lysozyme mRNA's were polycistronic. The RNA extracted after infection of an RNase III- host contained a more heterogeneous collection of lysozyme mRNA's. In addition to lysozyme mRNA activity on RNAs with molecular weights between 0.2 x 10(6) and 1.9 x 10(6), RNA species with molecular weights estimated at 4 x 10(6) to 5 x 10(6) were also detected. The data indicate that RNase III processes at least some of the primary lysozyme transcripts. The multiple lysozyme mRNA's represent discrete RNA species rather than aggregates because analysis of the size of lysozyme mRNA under completely denaturing conditions, in Me2SO, produced a similar size distribution of lysozyme mRNAs. Also, treatment of RNA with 90% Me2SO, which separates the strands of a completely double-stranded RNA, did not significantly alter the electrophoretic mobility of the lysozyme mRNA.", "contents": "Effect of RNase III on the size of bacteriophage T7 lysozyme mRNA. The size of lysozyme mRNA from T7-infected E. coli RNase III+ and RNase III- strains was analyzed by sucrose gradient sedimentation, dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO) sucorse gradient sedimentation, and preparative gel electrophoresis. Each technique revealed a similar size distribution of multiple lysozyme mRNA's. Analysis by preparative gel electrophoresis of RNA extracted after infection of Escherichia coli Bst (RNase III+) separated lysozyme mRNA into six peaks of activity ranging in size from 0.2 x 10(6) to 1.9 x 10(6) daltons. Four well-resolved major peaks of activity were detected, having apparent molecular weights of approximately 0.61 x 10(6), 0.76 x 10(6), 0.92 x 10(6), and 1.3 x 10(6). A broad band of activity, with a molecular weight range from 0.2 x 10(6) to 0.37 x 10(6), was also present, and a sixth peak of activity was sometimes observed that migrates with a mobility corresponding to a molecular weight of 1.9 x 10(6). Judging from their molecular weight as estimated by electrophoresis, most, if not all, of the lysozyme mRNA's were polycistronic. The RNA extracted after infection of an RNase III- host contained a more heterogeneous collection of lysozyme mRNA's. In addition to lysozyme mRNA activity on RNAs with molecular weights between 0.2 x 10(6) and 1.9 x 10(6), RNA species with molecular weights estimated at 4 x 10(6) to 5 x 10(6) were also detected. The data indicate that RNase III processes at least some of the primary lysozyme transcripts. The multiple lysozyme mRNA's represent discrete RNA species rather than aggregates because analysis of the size of lysozyme mRNA under completely denaturing conditions, in Me2SO, produced a similar size distribution of lysozyme mRNAs. Also, treatment of RNA with 90% Me2SO, which separates the strands of a completely double-stranded RNA, did not significantly alter the electrophoretic mobility of the lysozyme mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:353304", "title": "Effect of RNase III on efficiency of translation of bacteriophage T7 lysozyme mRNA.", "content": "RNase III had no positive effect on the translation of bacteriophage T7 lysozyme mRNA in vivo or in vitro. The time of appearance and quanity of lysozyme in T7-infected E. coli BL107, an RNase III- strain, and T7-infected E. coli BL15, a nearly isogenic RNase III+ strain, were indistinguishable. Nearly identical patterns of lysozyme mRNA activity were obtained when RNA extracted at different times after infection of RNase III+ and RNase III- hosts was translated in cell-free extracts of E. coli containing or lacking RNase III. Exposure of RNA extracted from T7-infected E. coli BL107 (RNase III-) to purified RNase III did not increase the lysozyme mRNA activity of this RNA. The only result that implied that RNase III has a differential effect on the translatability of the lysozyme mRNA was the translation of fractionaed RNA from T7-infected E. coli BL107. Translation of the smallest and largest lysozyme messages, 0.33 x 10(6) and 4 x 10(6) to 5 x 10(6) daltons, was the most inefficient in RNase III- cell-free extracts as compared to RNase III+ cell-free translation. The translation of the most abundant, medium-sized lysozyme mRNA between 0.9 x 10(6) and 1.5 x 10(6) daltons was the least affected by the absence of RNase III. The existence of a lag between the appearance of lysozyme mRNA and the appearance of lysozyme in T7 infection was confirmed. In these studies a very rapid method of RNA extraction was used, eliminating the possibility of continued RNA transcription during cell collection and RNA extraction. With this method of analysis, the length of the lag period was established at about 3 min. The possibility that RNase III is the controlling element of the lag period was eliminated by these investigations.", "contents": "Effect of RNase III on efficiency of translation of bacteriophage T7 lysozyme mRNA. RNase III had no positive effect on the translation of bacteriophage T7 lysozyme mRNA in vivo or in vitro. The time of appearance and quanity of lysozyme in T7-infected E. coli BL107, an RNase III- strain, and T7-infected E. coli BL15, a nearly isogenic RNase III+ strain, were indistinguishable. Nearly identical patterns of lysozyme mRNA activity were obtained when RNA extracted at different times after infection of RNase III+ and RNase III- hosts was translated in cell-free extracts of E. coli containing or lacking RNase III. Exposure of RNA extracted from T7-infected E. coli BL107 (RNase III-) to purified RNase III did not increase the lysozyme mRNA activity of this RNA. The only result that implied that RNase III has a differential effect on the translatability of the lysozyme mRNA was the translation of fractionaed RNA from T7-infected E. coli BL107. Translation of the smallest and largest lysozyme messages, 0.33 x 10(6) and 4 x 10(6) to 5 x 10(6) daltons, was the most inefficient in RNase III- cell-free extracts as compared to RNase III+ cell-free translation. The translation of the most abundant, medium-sized lysozyme mRNA between 0.9 x 10(6) and 1.5 x 10(6) daltons was the least affected by the absence of RNase III. The existence of a lag between the appearance of lysozyme mRNA and the appearance of lysozyme in T7 infection was confirmed. In these studies a very rapid method of RNA extraction was used, eliminating the possibility of continued RNA transcription during cell collection and RNA extraction. With this method of analysis, the length of the lag period was established at about 3 min. The possibility that RNase III is the controlling element of the lag period was eliminated by these investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:353305", "title": "S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine as a stimulator of viral RNA synthesis by two distinct cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses.", "content": "An in vitro RNA-synthesizing system was used to study the effects of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, and adenosine on the methylation and synthesis of single-stranded RNA by two different cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses.", "contents": "S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine as a stimulator of viral RNA synthesis by two distinct cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses. An in vitro RNA-synthesizing system was used to study the effects of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, and adenosine on the methylation and synthesis of single-stranded RNA by two different cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:353309", "title": "Azathioprine-induced pure red blood cell aplasia.", "content": "Pure RBC aplasia developed in two renal transplant recipients who were receiving long-term azathioprine therapy. With substitution of cyclophosphamide therapy for azathioprine, erythroid hyperplasia and reticulocytosis developed at three weeks in one patient and at three months in the other. Selective erythroid toxic reaction is a potential problem that must be considered when anemia develops in patients receiving long-term azathioprine therapy.", "contents": "Azathioprine-induced pure red blood cell aplasia. Pure RBC aplasia developed in two renal transplant recipients who were receiving long-term azathioprine therapy. With substitution of cyclophosphamide therapy for azathioprine, erythroid hyperplasia and reticulocytosis developed at three weeks in one patient and at three months in the other. Selective erythroid toxic reaction is a potential problem that must be considered when anemia develops in patients receiving long-term azathioprine therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:353312", "title": "Malignant neoplasms following cardiac transplantation.", "content": "Between Jan 6, 1968, and April 11, 1977, 124 patients underwent cardiac transplantation at Stanford University Medical Center, with a mean and median period of follow-up of 18.3 and 9.7 months, respectively. Malignant neoplasms developed in seven patients--three lymphoproliferative neoplasms, two skin cancers, one acute leukemia, and one colon carcinoma. Visceral tumors were often fatal and caused 11% of deaths after three months following transplantation. The incidence and spectrum of malignant neoplasms in this population are similar to those observed in recipients of renal homografts.", "contents": "Malignant neoplasms following cardiac transplantation. Between Jan 6, 1968, and April 11, 1977, 124 patients underwent cardiac transplantation at Stanford University Medical Center, with a mean and median period of follow-up of 18.3 and 9.7 months, respectively. Malignant neoplasms developed in seven patients--three lymphoproliferative neoplasms, two skin cancers, one acute leukemia, and one colon carcinoma. Visceral tumors were often fatal and caused 11% of deaths after three months following transplantation. The incidence and spectrum of malignant neoplasms in this population are similar to those observed in recipients of renal homografts."}
{"id": "PMID:353336", "title": "Pathogenicity of cultivated murine leprosy bacilli Hawaiian-Ogawa strain in mice. 1. The pathogenicity of bacilli from rough colonies.", "content": "This paper deals with the pathogenicity of cultivated murine leprosy bacilli from rough colonies of Hawaiian-Ogawa strain in mice. This strain was isolated by Ogawa, in 1970, on Ogawa's 1% egg yolk medium [1], from mice previously inoculated with Hawaiian strain of murine leprosy bacilli which has been maintained by passages from mice to mice. The pathogenicity of Hawaiian-Ogawa strain was found to belong to the same pattern as Hawaiian strain when the subcutaneous inoculation test was carried out in C57BL/6 and C3H mice, the former being representative of the benign type and the latter being representative of the malignant type. In KK mice of the intermediate type with Hawaiian bacilli, however, Hawaiian-Ogawa bacilli produced the lesions with malignant features in almost all the male mice, while the female mice were divided into two groups roughly half showing the intermediate or malignant type. In DDD mice of the benign type with Hawaiian bacilli, some cases of the male mice showed the malignant features, whereas almost all the female mice were of the benign type in the same experimental conditions. The pathogenicity of Hawaiian-Ogawa bacilli in mice did not revert into that of Hawaiian bacilli even after serial mouse passage. There are slight but definite differences in the mouse pathogenicity between Hawaiian-Ogawa and Hawaiian strains.", "contents": "Pathogenicity of cultivated murine leprosy bacilli Hawaiian-Ogawa strain in mice. 1. The pathogenicity of bacilli from rough colonies. This paper deals with the pathogenicity of cultivated murine leprosy bacilli from rough colonies of Hawaiian-Ogawa strain in mice. This strain was isolated by Ogawa, in 1970, on Ogawa's 1% egg yolk medium [1], from mice previously inoculated with Hawaiian strain of murine leprosy bacilli which has been maintained by passages from mice to mice. The pathogenicity of Hawaiian-Ogawa strain was found to belong to the same pattern as Hawaiian strain when the subcutaneous inoculation test was carried out in C57BL/6 and C3H mice, the former being representative of the benign type and the latter being representative of the malignant type. In KK mice of the intermediate type with Hawaiian bacilli, however, Hawaiian-Ogawa bacilli produced the lesions with malignant features in almost all the male mice, while the female mice were divided into two groups roughly half showing the intermediate or malignant type. In DDD mice of the benign type with Hawaiian bacilli, some cases of the male mice showed the malignant features, whereas almost all the female mice were of the benign type in the same experimental conditions. The pathogenicity of Hawaiian-Ogawa bacilli in mice did not revert into that of Hawaiian bacilli even after serial mouse passage. There are slight but definite differences in the mouse pathogenicity between Hawaiian-Ogawa and Hawaiian strains."}
{"id": "PMID:353337", "title": "Mode of immunopotentiating action of BCG: macrophage activation produced by BCG-infection.", "content": "Macrophage activation as measured by increased rate of carbon clearance and spreading of peritoneal macrophage was studied in mice infected with BCG, strain Japan. BCG caused marked increase of the numbers of peritoneal cells and spread macrophages. The increases of spread macrophages reached a peak at the 3rd week of BCG infection introduced by the both routes of intravenous(i.v.) injection and foot pad(f.p.) injection. BCG also enhanced the clearance of carbon. In the case of BCG given i.v., the increase of the rate of carbon clearance was biphasic : an early increase reaching maximum at the 1st week and a late increase reaching maximum at the 3rd week of BCG infection. When BCG given into one foot pad, peak increase was reached at the 5th week. The activation of macrophages as measured by increased levels of carbon clearance and increased numbers of spread macrophages in the mice receiving BCG i.v. was approximately two fold greater than that in the mice receiving BCG by f.p. route. When sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as antigen were injected i.v. into the mice primed with BCG i.v., the optimal interval between BCG priming and subsequent antigen injection varied with the dose of antigen for the induction of the highest level of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to SRBC, but not with the degree of macrophage activation.", "contents": "Mode of immunopotentiating action of BCG: macrophage activation produced by BCG-infection. Macrophage activation as measured by increased rate of carbon clearance and spreading of peritoneal macrophage was studied in mice infected with BCG, strain Japan. BCG caused marked increase of the numbers of peritoneal cells and spread macrophages. The increases of spread macrophages reached a peak at the 3rd week of BCG infection introduced by the both routes of intravenous(i.v.) injection and foot pad(f.p.) injection. BCG also enhanced the clearance of carbon. In the case of BCG given i.v., the increase of the rate of carbon clearance was biphasic : an early increase reaching maximum at the 1st week and a late increase reaching maximum at the 3rd week of BCG infection. When BCG given into one foot pad, peak increase was reached at the 5th week. The activation of macrophages as measured by increased levels of carbon clearance and increased numbers of spread macrophages in the mice receiving BCG i.v. was approximately two fold greater than that in the mice receiving BCG by f.p. route. When sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as antigen were injected i.v. into the mice primed with BCG i.v., the optimal interval between BCG priming and subsequent antigen injection varied with the dose of antigen for the induction of the highest level of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to SRBC, but not with the degree of macrophage activation."}
{"id": "PMID:353338", "title": "[Various factors influencing toxicity and metabolism of metals--metal-metal interactions and host factors (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper is a brief overview on metal-metal interactions and various other factors involved in the toxicity and metabolism of metals, including host factors, nutrition, habits, etc. Humans and other organisms are exposed to various metals in many ways, and even in an occupation in which workers are exposed to a metal such as lead, they are at the same time also exposed to other metals, although concentrations of these latter metals are usually not very high. This can result in effects different from those produced by a single metal by itself. Furthermore, individual differences which are caused by genetic, nutritional, hormonal, habitual, and many other factors may alter the toxic or metabolic effects of a single metal. Information on this subject is rather limited. This paper is a brief introduction to the importance of future studies on the topic, and the author hopes that it will stimulate more studies by those who are interested in the field of metal toxicology.", "contents": "[Various factors influencing toxicity and metabolism of metals--metal-metal interactions and host factors (author's transl)]. This paper is a brief overview on metal-metal interactions and various other factors involved in the toxicity and metabolism of metals, including host factors, nutrition, habits, etc. Humans and other organisms are exposed to various metals in many ways, and even in an occupation in which workers are exposed to a metal such as lead, they are at the same time also exposed to other metals, although concentrations of these latter metals are usually not very high. This can result in effects different from those produced by a single metal by itself. Furthermore, individual differences which are caused by genetic, nutritional, hormonal, habitual, and many other factors may alter the toxic or metabolic effects of a single metal. Information on this subject is rather limited. This paper is a brief introduction to the importance of future studies on the topic, and the author hopes that it will stimulate more studies by those who are interested in the field of metal toxicology."}
{"id": "PMID:353353", "title": "[Hazards and complications of temporary endocardial stimulation].", "content": "In conducting 381 stimulations in 330 patients with brady- and tachysystolic disorders of cardiac rhythm of various etiology 122 complications were revealed. Dislocation of the electrode was noted in 71 cases (18.6%), perforation of the myocardium by the endocardial electrode in 9 (2.1%), ventricular fibrillation in 11 (2.3%), and sepsis in 5 (1.3%) of the cases. A special device may be used for the immediate detection of dislocation. Characteristic changes are noted on the intracardiac ECG in penetration of the electrode into the myocardium (precursor of perforation).", "contents": "[Hazards and complications of temporary endocardial stimulation]. In conducting 381 stimulations in 330 patients with brady- and tachysystolic disorders of cardiac rhythm of various etiology 122 complications were revealed. Dislocation of the electrode was noted in 71 cases (18.6%), perforation of the myocardium by the endocardial electrode in 9 (2.1%), ventricular fibrillation in 11 (2.3%), and sepsis in 5 (1.3%) of the cases. A special device may be used for the immediate detection of dislocation. Characteristic changes are noted on the intracardiac ECG in penetration of the electrode into the myocardium (precursor of perforation)."}
{"id": "PMID:353354", "title": "[Study of hemodynamics in patients with acromegaly by means of radiocardiography].", "content": "Determination of the indices of central hemodynamics by means of radiocardiography shows them to be essentially changed in patients with acromegaly in the active stage. A clear correlative relationship has been established between the shifts in hemodynamics and the heart volume determined by X-ray. The diagnosis of preclinical stage of circulatory insufficiency is based on revealing a statistically significant increase in the stroke index and a decrease in the circulation volume and total peripheral resistance. In the early stage of acromegaly there is a statistically significant increase in the minute and stroke indices, in the index of minute work, and in the coefficient of circulation effectiveness. With an increase in the duration of the disease, these indices decrease considerably, which denotes hemodynamics deterioration.", "contents": "[Study of hemodynamics in patients with acromegaly by means of radiocardiography]. Determination of the indices of central hemodynamics by means of radiocardiography shows them to be essentially changed in patients with acromegaly in the active stage. A clear correlative relationship has been established between the shifts in hemodynamics and the heart volume determined by X-ray. The diagnosis of preclinical stage of circulatory insufficiency is based on revealing a statistically significant increase in the stroke index and a decrease in the circulation volume and total peripheral resistance. In the early stage of acromegaly there is a statistically significant increase in the minute and stroke indices, in the index of minute work, and in the coefficient of circulation effectiveness. With an increase in the duration of the disease, these indices decrease considerably, which denotes hemodynamics deterioration."}
{"id": "PMID:353356", "title": "[Coronary insufficiency in panarteritis].", "content": "Thirty patients with panarteritis of the aorta and its branches were investigated. The disease was verified by aortography, coronarography and autopsy data. On third of the patients had no clinical signs of the lesions of the coronary arteries, and ECG did not show myocardial hypertrophy. Coronaroangiography demonstrated lesions of the openings of the major coronary arteries by the type of the \"burnt tree\". Morphological picture and localization of the lesions were typical for the disease.", "contents": "[Coronary insufficiency in panarteritis]. Thirty patients with panarteritis of the aorta and its branches were investigated. The disease was verified by aortography, coronarography and autopsy data. On third of the patients had no clinical signs of the lesions of the coronary arteries, and ECG did not show myocardial hypertrophy. Coronaroangiography demonstrated lesions of the openings of the major coronary arteries by the type of the \"burnt tree\". Morphological picture and localization of the lesions were typical for the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:353358", "title": "[Use of the preparation Essenciale in chronic ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The efficacy of the drug \"essentiale\" is discussed on the basis of observation over 34 patients suffering from ischemic heart disease with functional hepatic insufficiency and types IIa and IIb hyperlipoproteinemia. Its normalizing effect on the indices of lipid metabolism the flow of blood in the leg and foot, the vascular tone, and liver function is shwon.", "contents": "[Use of the preparation Essenciale in chronic ischemic heart disease]. The efficacy of the drug \"essentiale\" is discussed on the basis of observation over 34 patients suffering from ischemic heart disease with functional hepatic insufficiency and types IIa and IIb hyperlipoproteinemia. Its normalizing effect on the indices of lipid metabolism the flow of blood in the leg and foot, the vascular tone, and liver function is shwon."}
{"id": "PMID:353370", "title": "[In memory of Albrecht von Graefe's 150th birthday (author's transl)].", "content": "On the occasion of the 150th aniversary of Albrecht von Graefe's birthday his short but successful activity for ophthalmology is brought back to mind. Within the scape of his life-history the attempt is made to portray a man in his time and to waken his importance as ophthalmologist a significant still in our days.", "contents": "[In memory of Albrecht von Graefe's 150th birthday (author's transl)]. On the occasion of the 150th aniversary of Albrecht von Graefe's birthday his short but successful activity for ophthalmology is brought back to mind. Within the scape of his life-history the attempt is made to portray a man in his time and to waken his importance as ophthalmologist a significant still in our days."}
{"id": "PMID:353371", "title": "[Perforating monolateral autokeratoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "The author describes his own techniques of perforating monolateral autokeratoplasty, using two trephines of the same diameter, one of them turning with the right, the other with the left hand. To prevent loss of aqueous humor at first the one and then the other trephine is used up to half the thickness of the cornea. Then the central disc is excised, but to close the hole the trephine left in place until after the finishing of trephining the peripheral disc. The peripheral clear graft is sutured into the central hole, and the central clouded graft is sutured into the peripheral hole. The cornea is overlapped with a conjunctival flap. The diameter of the trephine may be 3 or 4 mm. In total we performed 24 perforating monolateral autokeratoplasties. In 13 the graft remained clear, in 9 they became semitransparent and in two cases they became clouded. In 20 patients the visual acuity improved, in 4 patients no change could be attained. In case of a clear healing the picture of the cornea is characteristic: in the dim center a clear disc and in the periphery - at most in the upper part - the dim graft from the leukoma.", "contents": "[Perforating monolateral autokeratoplasty (author's transl)]. The author describes his own techniques of perforating monolateral autokeratoplasty, using two trephines of the same diameter, one of them turning with the right, the other with the left hand. To prevent loss of aqueous humor at first the one and then the other trephine is used up to half the thickness of the cornea. Then the central disc is excised, but to close the hole the trephine left in place until after the finishing of trephining the peripheral disc. The peripheral clear graft is sutured into the central hole, and the central clouded graft is sutured into the peripheral hole. The cornea is overlapped with a conjunctival flap. The diameter of the trephine may be 3 or 4 mm. In total we performed 24 perforating monolateral autokeratoplasties. In 13 the graft remained clear, in 9 they became semitransparent and in two cases they became clouded. In 20 patients the visual acuity improved, in 4 patients no change could be attained. In case of a clear healing the picture of the cornea is characteristic: in the dim center a clear disc and in the periphery - at most in the upper part - the dim graft from the leukoma."}
{"id": "PMID:353375", "title": "[Lethal achondrogenesis: a review of 56 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "54 cases with lethal achondrogenesis from the literature as well as two own cases are reviewed and analyzed with regard to the following characteristics: sex, hydramnios, breech presentation, duration of pregnancy, length and weight at birth, head circumference, length of upper and lower extremities, clinical and radiological data, age of mother and father at time of birth, familial occurrence and consanguinity of parents, histological, histochemical and electronmicroscopic tissue examination.", "contents": "[Lethal achondrogenesis: a review of 56 cases (author's transl)]. 54 cases with lethal achondrogenesis from the literature as well as two own cases are reviewed and analyzed with regard to the following characteristics: sex, hydramnios, breech presentation, duration of pregnancy, length and weight at birth, head circumference, length of upper and lower extremities, clinical and radiological data, age of mother and father at time of birth, familial occurrence and consanguinity of parents, histological, histochemical and electronmicroscopic tissue examination."}
{"id": "PMID:353376", "title": "[The variation of 16 serum protein fractions following renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "We have investigated 16 serum proteins in 20 patients with stable renal function after renal transplantation. Our investigations have shown the following substantial findings: a regular increase of prealbumin, alpha1-glycoprotein, haptoglobin, hemopexin and beta2-glycoprotein, as well as a rather frequent increase of alpha 2-macroglobulin. As far as variations of the serum protein levels are concerned there was no correlation with kidney disease, accompanying illnesses, therapy or interval since transplantation.", "contents": "[The variation of 16 serum protein fractions following renal transplantation (author's transl)]. We have investigated 16 serum proteins in 20 patients with stable renal function after renal transplantation. Our investigations have shown the following substantial findings: a regular increase of prealbumin, alpha1-glycoprotein, haptoglobin, hemopexin and beta2-glycoprotein, as well as a rather frequent increase of alpha 2-macroglobulin. As far as variations of the serum protein levels are concerned there was no correlation with kidney disease, accompanying illnesses, therapy or interval since transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:353379", "title": "A modified india-ink immunoreaction for the detection of encephalitozoonosis.", "content": "A modified india-ink immuno technique is described. The use of a moist chamber is not required and the visualisation of both positive and negative results facilitates more rapid and confident reading of the test.", "contents": "A modified india-ink immunoreaction for the detection of encephalitozoonosis. A modified india-ink immuno technique is described. The use of a moist chamber is not required and the visualisation of both positive and negative results facilitates more rapid and confident reading of the test."}
{"id": "PMID:353380", "title": "Renal transplantation in the rabbit: a model for preservation studies.", "content": "Transplantation is necessary for evaluation of kidney preservation procedures, and a model using a small laboratory animal is desirable. The rabbit was found to be a suitable animal for this purpose. Even long periods of anaesthesia without artificial respiration were safely achieved. Hydration and serum electrolytes could be maintained within normal ranges with intravenous injections of isotonic saline and dextrose during and after the operation. The kidneys were implanted by anastomosing the artery and vein end-to-side to the abdominal aorta and the posterior vena cava respectively. The ureter was implanted into the bladder over a nylon stent. In a recent 100 transplantations the incidence of vascular thrombosis was low (4%), but rather more (10%) mainly late ureteral complications were encountered. Transplanted kidneys showed good function with mean peak serum creatinines of 285 mumol/l and normal macroscopic and histological appearance at autopsy.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in the rabbit: a model for preservation studies. Transplantation is necessary for evaluation of kidney preservation procedures, and a model using a small laboratory animal is desirable. The rabbit was found to be a suitable animal for this purpose. Even long periods of anaesthesia without artificial respiration were safely achieved. Hydration and serum electrolytes could be maintained within normal ranges with intravenous injections of isotonic saline and dextrose during and after the operation. The kidneys were implanted by anastomosing the artery and vein end-to-side to the abdominal aorta and the posterior vena cava respectively. The ureter was implanted into the bladder over a nylon stent. In a recent 100 transplantations the incidence of vascular thrombosis was low (4%), but rather more (10%) mainly late ureteral complications were encountered. Transplanted kidneys showed good function with mean peak serum creatinines of 285 mumol/l and normal macroscopic and histological appearance at autopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:353383", "title": "Growth of the ICRC bacilli in the foot-pad of mice.", "content": "The ICRC bacilli are acid-fast bacilli cultivated from M. leprae isolates of lepromatous tissue. The ICRC bacilli from C-44 in the conditioned medium were subjected to foot-pad test, in both normal and T/900r mice. The bacilli exhibits a limited multiplication in normal mice while a continuous growth in T/900r mice. The maximum yield for normal and T/900r mice was 10(7) and 10(9)/foot-pad, respectively. The infiltration of voluntary muscle tissue as the main localization site was common for both normal and T/900r mice with evidence of dissemination in the latter. The spread of AFB to sciatic nerve, induction of liver granuloma and the foot-drop was observed only in T/900r mice. These experiments show that the growth of ICRC bacilli in mouse foot-pad is very similar to that of M. leprae confirming a test for identification.", "contents": "Growth of the ICRC bacilli in the foot-pad of mice. The ICRC bacilli are acid-fast bacilli cultivated from M. leprae isolates of lepromatous tissue. The ICRC bacilli from C-44 in the conditioned medium were subjected to foot-pad test, in both normal and T/900r mice. The bacilli exhibits a limited multiplication in normal mice while a continuous growth in T/900r mice. The maximum yield for normal and T/900r mice was 10(7) and 10(9)/foot-pad, respectively. The infiltration of voluntary muscle tissue as the main localization site was common for both normal and T/900r mice with evidence of dissemination in the latter. The spread of AFB to sciatic nerve, induction of liver granuloma and the foot-drop was observed only in T/900r mice. These experiments show that the growth of ICRC bacilli in mouse foot-pad is very similar to that of M. leprae confirming a test for identification."}
{"id": "PMID:353387", "title": "Disulfiram implantation. A placebo-controlled trial with two-year follow-up.", "content": "Ten alcoholics implanted with disulfiram had longer periods of abstinence after treatment than did 10 alcoholics implanted with placebo; 7 of the disulfiram-implanted patients experienced a disulfiram-ethanol reaction in uncontrolled drinking situations, while none of the placebo-implanted patients did.", "contents": "Disulfiram implantation. A placebo-controlled trial with two-year follow-up. Ten alcoholics implanted with disulfiram had longer periods of abstinence after treatment than did 10 alcoholics implanted with placebo; 7 of the disulfiram-implanted patients experienced a disulfiram-ethanol reaction in uncontrolled drinking situations, while none of the placebo-implanted patients did."}
{"id": "PMID:353391", "title": "Experience with lymphangioma.", "content": "Lymphangioma is a rare and benign tumor, mostly encountered in childhood. Our experience extends to 21 patients, all of which were operated upon. Early radical excision in moderate forms or cervical locations and delayed excision or combined management in complex cervical forms are the more preferable way of treatment.", "contents": "Experience with lymphangioma. Lymphangioma is a rare and benign tumor, mostly encountered in childhood. Our experience extends to 21 patients, all of which were operated upon. Early radical excision in moderate forms or cervical locations and delayed excision or combined management in complex cervical forms are the more preferable way of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:353392", "title": "IgG in the walls of the post-capillary venules of human lymph nodes.", "content": "IgG immunoglobulin was demonstrated in the wall of the post-capillary venules of human para-aortal lymph nodes by using a direct immunoperoxidase technique. The relationship of this immunoglobulin to the recirculation of the small lymphocytes is discussed.", "contents": "IgG in the walls of the post-capillary venules of human lymph nodes. IgG immunoglobulin was demonstrated in the wall of the post-capillary venules of human para-aortal lymph nodes by using a direct immunoperoxidase technique. The relationship of this immunoglobulin to the recirculation of the small lymphocytes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353393", "title": "The ontogenic characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in mammaliam pre-implantation ova.", "content": "The onotgenic characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes in mammalian pre-implantation ova have been reviewed. Evidence has been provided that the ova of mice and other mammalian species contain enzyme activity in a masked form, and display turnover processes which possess distinctive characteristics by comparison with those in adult tissues. Also, the extraordinary high levels of LDH in the extracellular secretion of the mammaliam oviduct have been commented on, along with the influence of reproductive hormones on the activity and type of this enzyme. In addition, attention has been drawn to the unique characteristics of the oval micro-evironment, and the influence which such factors may exert on the realization of enzyme phenotype during early mammalian development.", "contents": "The ontogenic characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in mammaliam pre-implantation ova. The onotgenic characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes in mammalian pre-implantation ova have been reviewed. Evidence has been provided that the ova of mice and other mammalian species contain enzyme activity in a masked form, and display turnover processes which possess distinctive characteristics by comparison with those in adult tissues. Also, the extraordinary high levels of LDH in the extracellular secretion of the mammaliam oviduct have been commented on, along with the influence of reproductive hormones on the activity and type of this enzyme. In addition, attention has been drawn to the unique characteristics of the oval micro-evironment, and the influence which such factors may exert on the realization of enzyme phenotype during early mammalian development."}
{"id": "PMID:353395", "title": "Electronic processing of cardiac rehabilitation data.", "content": "With the incidence of ischaemic heart disease at epidemic levels and rising, techniques for detecting, predicting, and rehabilitating the condition of cardiac dysfunction are constantly under development. One technique, that of exercise stress testing, has been used in recent decades in the prediction, detection, and rehabilitation of cardiopulmonary disease. However, ergometric studies in this regard have been hampered by the tedium of physiologic data collection and analysis. With the advent of automated digital and analogue computation procedures and equipment, such data can be both operated on real-time for immediate display or stored for post-exercise and patient-history studies. Such automated data manipulation provides an systematic and comprehensive testing of each patient and permits a much greater case-load. In addition, special computer programs can compile and index specific parameters from a large sample size to facilitate statistical surveys of selected patient populations. The results of such statistical analyses can, if desired, be automatically printed out in a graphical form.", "contents": "Electronic processing of cardiac rehabilitation data. With the incidence of ischaemic heart disease at epidemic levels and rising, techniques for detecting, predicting, and rehabilitating the condition of cardiac dysfunction are constantly under development. One technique, that of exercise stress testing, has been used in recent decades in the prediction, detection, and rehabilitation of cardiopulmonary disease. However, ergometric studies in this regard have been hampered by the tedium of physiologic data collection and analysis. With the advent of automated digital and analogue computation procedures and equipment, such data can be both operated on real-time for immediate display or stored for post-exercise and patient-history studies. Such automated data manipulation provides an systematic and comprehensive testing of each patient and permits a much greater case-load. In addition, special computer programs can compile and index specific parameters from a large sample size to facilitate statistical surveys of selected patient populations. The results of such statistical analyses can, if desired, be automatically printed out in a graphical form."}
{"id": "PMID:353405", "title": "[Comparative study on single layer and two layer anastomoses of small intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "The one layer anastomosis after Gambee is compared with the two layer anastomosis after Dick at the small bowel of 20 minipigs. The end-to-end anastomosis after Gambee consists of an interrupted, inverting suturing of the bowel wall. Dick suggested a closed method, applying bronchial clamps before resecting the bowel. Seromuscular sutures and inner all layer sutures are inserted interrupted. Experimental studies have been done after 4, 7, 14 and 21 days. In Histology two layer anastomoses caused delayed wound healing after 4 days. Twenty-one days after the operation histological findings in both groups were equal. Microangiographic studies showed, that in single layer anastomoses revascularization began 3 days earlier than in two layer anastomoses. Measuring of the bursting strength showed no significant differences. All parameters suggest equal value of both techniques. In our opinion the two layer anastomosis after Dick combines the advantages of a closed method with a simple, easy performable technique. We therfore apply it all over the gastrointestinal tract with exception of esophagel and rectal anastomoses.", "contents": "[Comparative study on single layer and two layer anastomoses of small intestine (author's transl)]. The one layer anastomosis after Gambee is compared with the two layer anastomosis after Dick at the small bowel of 20 minipigs. The end-to-end anastomosis after Gambee consists of an interrupted, inverting suturing of the bowel wall. Dick suggested a closed method, applying bronchial clamps before resecting the bowel. Seromuscular sutures and inner all layer sutures are inserted interrupted. Experimental studies have been done after 4, 7, 14 and 21 days. In Histology two layer anastomoses caused delayed wound healing after 4 days. Twenty-one days after the operation histological findings in both groups were equal. Microangiographic studies showed, that in single layer anastomoses revascularization began 3 days earlier than in two layer anastomoses. Measuring of the bursting strength showed no significant differences. All parameters suggest equal value of both techniques. In our opinion the two layer anastomosis after Dick combines the advantages of a closed method with a simple, easy performable technique. We therfore apply it all over the gastrointestinal tract with exception of esophagel and rectal anastomoses."}
{"id": "PMID:353408", "title": "A case against nasal packing.", "content": "Nasal packing is included in most technical descriptions of septal and rhinoplasty surgery with little accompanying discussion of its indications and possible pitfalls. We believe that routine nasal packing is not an innocuous step. There are certain specific indications for its use but these are uncommon. We suggest that exclusion of packing is a wiser alternative in routine procedures. Over 800 cases of nasal surgery have been reviewed with fewer than 9% requiring packing. The indications for such packing are described as are the alternatives. Problems and complications attendant with its routine use are explored.", "contents": "A case against nasal packing. Nasal packing is included in most technical descriptions of septal and rhinoplasty surgery with little accompanying discussion of its indications and possible pitfalls. We believe that routine nasal packing is not an innocuous step. There are certain specific indications for its use but these are uncommon. We suggest that exclusion of packing is a wiser alternative in routine procedures. Over 800 cases of nasal surgery have been reviewed with fewer than 9% requiring packing. The indications for such packing are described as are the alternatives. Problems and complications attendant with its routine use are explored."}
{"id": "PMID:353409", "title": "Immediate local tissue reactions to Teflon vocal cord implants.", "content": "From the beginning of the teflon injection technique for paralyzed vocal cords there has been an obvious interest in its role as a foreign body. There are a number of previous reports after varying periods of time of residence. This case report describes the tissues response of the foreign body reaction very early, 48 hours after the injection of teflon. It is consistent with early inflammatory foreign body reaction.", "contents": "Immediate local tissue reactions to Teflon vocal cord implants. From the beginning of the teflon injection technique for paralyzed vocal cords there has been an obvious interest in its role as a foreign body. There are a number of previous reports after varying periods of time of residence. This case report describes the tissues response of the foreign body reaction very early, 48 hours after the injection of teflon. It is consistent with early inflammatory foreign body reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:353426", "title": "Glycyrrhiza in old and new perspectives.", "content": "A chronological, documented summary of the reputed uses of glycyrrhiza since 2100 B.C. to the present with correlations made to modern pharmacological research. Many early claims for a broad spectrum of uses for this drug appear to be borne out by conclusions from modern research.", "contents": "Glycyrrhiza in old and new perspectives. A chronological, documented summary of the reputed uses of glycyrrhiza since 2100 B.C. to the present with correlations made to modern pharmacological research. Many early claims for a broad spectrum of uses for this drug appear to be borne out by conclusions from modern research."}
{"id": "PMID:353445", "title": "Development and standardization of a cytotoxic micro-assay for detection of enterotoxins: survey of enterotoxins from Escherichia coli of infant origin.", "content": "The development of a practical cytotoxic micro-assay for detection of enterotoxins in crude bacterial lysates of E. coli and other Gram-negative bacteria, is described. This quantitative assay is based on growth inhibition of mouse-fibroblasts, maintained in suspension or by inhibition of uptake of DNA precursors. Guidelines for performing the assay and evaluating the results by statistical considerations, are described. The choice of a relatively cheap medium and a suitable number of target cells to achieve cell doubling in 24 h is given. The concentrations of proteins in the crude lysates from strains of different origin, are not of equal potency; a predetermined but different protein concentration for strains from infants, adults or porcine origin, are recommended for detection of the toxins and for achieving reproducible results. Production of toxic proteins is enhanced by mitomycin C in toxigenic strains and not in non-toxigenic strains. Screening of a limited number of lysates from E. coli strains originating from infants and a comparison of the cytotoxicity of several known toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains from human adults and porcine origin, are presented.", "contents": "Development and standardization of a cytotoxic micro-assay for detection of enterotoxins: survey of enterotoxins from Escherichia coli of infant origin. The development of a practical cytotoxic micro-assay for detection of enterotoxins in crude bacterial lysates of E. coli and other Gram-negative bacteria, is described. This quantitative assay is based on growth inhibition of mouse-fibroblasts, maintained in suspension or by inhibition of uptake of DNA precursors. Guidelines for performing the assay and evaluating the results by statistical considerations, are described. The choice of a relatively cheap medium and a suitable number of target cells to achieve cell doubling in 24 h is given. The concentrations of proteins in the crude lysates from strains of different origin, are not of equal potency; a predetermined but different protein concentration for strains from infants, adults or porcine origin, are recommended for detection of the toxins and for achieving reproducible results. Production of toxic proteins is enhanced by mitomycin C in toxigenic strains and not in non-toxigenic strains. Screening of a limited number of lysates from E. coli strains originating from infants and a comparison of the cytotoxicity of several known toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains from human adults and porcine origin, are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:353447", "title": "[2,4,6-trinitrotoluene as a nutritional source for bacteria].", "content": "2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is one of the most stable toxic substances belonging to nitroaryls which is introduced into water reservoirs with industrial wastes. Its metabolism by microorganisms was studied in this work. The nitrogen of TNT is less accessible for Pseudomonas denitrificans than for Escherichia coli. In the latter case, TNT can be compared with ammonium sulphate. As a source of carbon, TNT is not utilized at all by E. coli and is hardly accessible for Ps. denitrificans. The data obtained in this work are valuable for intensifying the decomposition of TNT in natural and waste waters. This process can be stimulated in the conditions of biological purification of waters by combining waste waters containing TNT with other industrial waters containing accessible organic substances.", "contents": "[2,4,6-trinitrotoluene as a nutritional source for bacteria]. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is one of the most stable toxic substances belonging to nitroaryls which is introduced into water reservoirs with industrial wastes. Its metabolism by microorganisms was studied in this work. The nitrogen of TNT is less accessible for Pseudomonas denitrificans than for Escherichia coli. In the latter case, TNT can be compared with ammonium sulphate. As a source of carbon, TNT is not utilized at all by E. coli and is hardly accessible for Ps. denitrificans. The data obtained in this work are valuable for intensifying the decomposition of TNT in natural and waste waters. This process can be stimulated in the conditions of biological purification of waters by combining waste waters containing TNT with other industrial waters containing accessible organic substances."}
{"id": "PMID:353453", "title": "Laboratory support in the management of syphilis.", "content": "Recent developments in syphilis serology are set down. The approach today is more rational as it has some basis in immunological understandings. In spite of improvements, syphilis serology continues to have limitations, and differentiating active from inactive cases remains taxing. In primary and secondary syphilis, dark-ground microscopy is still the quickest and surest way to make the diagnosis. In latent syphilis and in late and congenital cases, as well as in instances of other treponemal infections, serological evidence of disease needs to be considered along with each patient's medical, social and sexual history, when and why they may have been given antibiotic treatment, and the results of radiological studies and cerebrospinal fluid examination. For some syphilitics, the decision to treat or not to treat remains a matter of art rather than science.", "contents": "Laboratory support in the management of syphilis. Recent developments in syphilis serology are set down. The approach today is more rational as it has some basis in immunological understandings. In spite of improvements, syphilis serology continues to have limitations, and differentiating active from inactive cases remains taxing. In primary and secondary syphilis, dark-ground microscopy is still the quickest and surest way to make the diagnosis. In latent syphilis and in late and congenital cases, as well as in instances of other treponemal infections, serological evidence of disease needs to be considered along with each patient's medical, social and sexual history, when and why they may have been given antibiotic treatment, and the results of radiological studies and cerebrospinal fluid examination. For some syphilitics, the decision to treat or not to treat remains a matter of art rather than science."}
{"id": "PMID:353448", "title": "[Effect of glutamic acid on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell permeability during rehydration after dehydration].", "content": "Losses of potassium ions, nucleotides and protein substances were studied upon rehydration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells grown on a defined nutrient medium with ethanol and glutamic acid (0.075%) and subjected to dehydration. Considerable amounts of K+ (75--82% of the total), nucleotides and protein substances were found to be released into distilled water upon rehydration of the dehydrated yeast cells. If a higher percentage of yeast cells survived, these lost less nucleotides and nitrogen-containing substances. Glutamic acid being added to the growth medium did not decrease specifically the permeability of the dehydrated yeast cells upon rehydration.", "contents": "[Effect of glutamic acid on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell permeability during rehydration after dehydration]. Losses of potassium ions, nucleotides and protein substances were studied upon rehydration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells grown on a defined nutrient medium with ethanol and glutamic acid (0.075%) and subjected to dehydration. Considerable amounts of K+ (75--82% of the total), nucleotides and protein substances were found to be released into distilled water upon rehydration of the dehydrated yeast cells. If a higher percentage of yeast cells survived, these lost less nucleotides and nitrogen-containing substances. Glutamic acid being added to the growth medium did not decrease specifically the permeability of the dehydrated yeast cells upon rehydration."}
{"id": "PMID:353449", "title": "[Effect of low temperatures (-196 degrees) and of cryoprotectors on some bacterial species].", "content": "The effect of low temperatures (-196 degrees C) and cryoprotectors (PEO-400 and glycerol) on the survival, morphological and functional properties was studied with Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus 209. When the cells were frozen for a short period of time in liquid nitrogen, the survival and the rate of protein synthesis decreased in the gram-negative bacteria but remained almost the same in Staphylococcus aureus. PEO-400 and glycerol manifested cryoprotecting action on all the bacteria under study at concentrations which did not harm the bacteria.", "contents": "[Effect of low temperatures (-196 degrees) and of cryoprotectors on some bacterial species]. The effect of low temperatures (-196 degrees C) and cryoprotectors (PEO-400 and glycerol) on the survival, morphological and functional properties was studied with Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus 209. When the cells were frozen for a short period of time in liquid nitrogen, the survival and the rate of protein synthesis decreased in the gram-negative bacteria but remained almost the same in Staphylococcus aureus. PEO-400 and glycerol manifested cryoprotecting action on all the bacteria under study at concentrations which did not harm the bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:353452", "title": "The medical philosophy of Francis Bacon (1561-1626).", "content": "Francis Bacon's view of man is dualistic but, although he takes note of mental faculties, he makes the relation between mind and body, rather than the substance of mind, the basis for enquiry into mental processes and, more particularly, for the medically relevant study of mind. (He uses \"mind\" and \"soul\" as equivalent terms.) The healing of the body requires study of the body, and the ineffectiveness of physicians is due to their failure in this respect rather than to the body's complexity. To learn about the body requires clinical observation and recording, together with the comparison of bodies, experiments on living animals and attention to pathological changes. The aims of medicine should include not only the restoration of health but also the relief of suffering and they are not to be limited by putting aside a disease as incurable. To learn from treatment it must be fixed in its ordering with controlled and limited variation. Bacon has no separation of medicine from natural science; his philosophy of medicine is his general philosophy of the advancement of knowledge, but limited to a particular field of application. If medicine is separated from natural philosophy it is changed wholly or greatly into empiricism.", "contents": "The medical philosophy of Francis Bacon (1561-1626). Francis Bacon's view of man is dualistic but, although he takes note of mental faculties, he makes the relation between mind and body, rather than the substance of mind, the basis for enquiry into mental processes and, more particularly, for the medically relevant study of mind. (He uses \"mind\" and \"soul\" as equivalent terms.) The healing of the body requires study of the body, and the ineffectiveness of physicians is due to their failure in this respect rather than to the body's complexity. To learn about the body requires clinical observation and recording, together with the comparison of bodies, experiments on living animals and attention to pathological changes. The aims of medicine should include not only the restoration of health but also the relief of suffering and they are not to be limited by putting aside a disease as incurable. To learn from treatment it must be fixed in its ordering with controlled and limited variation. Bacon has no separation of medicine from natural science; his philosophy of medicine is his general philosophy of the advancement of knowledge, but limited to a particular field of application. If medicine is separated from natural philosophy it is changed wholly or greatly into empiricism."}
{"id": "PMID:353458", "title": "A comparison between spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide with and without alpha-methyldopa in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "In a single blind crossover trial, spironolactone (50 mg twice a day), and hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg twice a day) were equally effective hypotensive agents in 16 patients with untreated essential hypertension. The addition of alpha-methyldopa (250 mg three times a day) to each agent produced a further significant and equal fall in blood pressure. Spironolactone therapy was assoicated with fewer clinical and biochemical side effects. The hypotensive effect of the diuretics was independent of the renin status of the patients.", "contents": "A comparison between spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide with and without alpha-methyldopa in the treatment of hypertension. In a single blind crossover trial, spironolactone (50 mg twice a day), and hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg twice a day) were equally effective hypotensive agents in 16 patients with untreated essential hypertension. The addition of alpha-methyldopa (250 mg three times a day) to each agent produced a further significant and equal fall in blood pressure. Spironolactone therapy was assoicated with fewer clinical and biochemical side effects. The hypotensive effect of the diuretics was independent of the renin status of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:353461", "title": "[Stenoptin in angina pectoris (author's transl)].", "content": "In a placebo-controlled double blind study 20 patients suffering from angina pectoris were treated with Stenoptin. The patients had 5 attacks at least per week and consumed 5 chwable nitrocapsules and more. Criteria of success were consumption of chewable nitrocapsules and frequency of attacks. During a 7 day preobservation period the patients received a placebo identical with Stenoptin and 20 chewable nitrocapsules. The study lasted for 8 weeks. The dose was 1 tablet 3 times per day. The attacks of the active substance group were reduced from 11 to 2 on the average, and the nitro-consumption from 16 to 2 per week. In the placebo group frequency of attack slightly increased from 10 to 11. In the active substance group the dose could be reduced to 1 tablet twice per day. The placebo group was treated with 1 Stenoptin tablet 3 times per day for another 8 weeks. Subsequently 1 tablet twice per day sufficed. Transient, nitro-induced headache occurred only in 3 test persons. Stenoptin did not cause side effects and was very effective in serious types of angina pectoris.", "contents": "[Stenoptin in angina pectoris (author's transl)]. In a placebo-controlled double blind study 20 patients suffering from angina pectoris were treated with Stenoptin. The patients had 5 attacks at least per week and consumed 5 chwable nitrocapsules and more. Criteria of success were consumption of chewable nitrocapsules and frequency of attacks. During a 7 day preobservation period the patients received a placebo identical with Stenoptin and 20 chewable nitrocapsules. The study lasted for 8 weeks. The dose was 1 tablet 3 times per day. The attacks of the active substance group were reduced from 11 to 2 on the average, and the nitro-consumption from 16 to 2 per week. In the placebo group frequency of attack slightly increased from 10 to 11. In the active substance group the dose could be reduced to 1 tablet twice per day. The placebo group was treated with 1 Stenoptin tablet 3 times per day for another 8 weeks. Subsequently 1 tablet twice per day sufficed. Transient, nitro-induced headache occurred only in 3 test persons. Stenoptin did not cause side effects and was very effective in serious types of angina pectoris."}
{"id": "PMID:353464", "title": "[Results of a double blind study on the effect of silymarin in the treatment of acute viral hepatitis, carried out at two medical centres (author's transl)].", "content": "In a double blind study carried out under standard conditions at two treatment centers silymarin, 2 sugar-coated tablets 70 mg three times daily, showed a definite therapeutic influence on the characteristic increased serum levels of bilirubin, GOT and GPT associated with acute viral hepatitis. The above mentioned values in 28 patients treated with silymarin were compared with those in 29 patients treated with placebo. The laboratory parameters in the silymarin group regressed more than in the placebo group after the 5th day of treatment. The number of patients having attained normal values after 3 weeks' treatment was higher in the silymarin group than in the placebo group. A statistical comparison revealed a difference between bilirubin and GOT values in the placebo and silymarin groups and a definite trend in the regression of GPT values in favour of silymarin. The course of the immune reaction in HBS Ag patients was not influenced by silymarin. As already proved by other investigators, the use of silymarin in acute viral hepatitis can lead to an accelerated regression in pathological values, thus indicating its use in the treatment of this liver disease.", "contents": "[Results of a double blind study on the effect of silymarin in the treatment of acute viral hepatitis, carried out at two medical centres (author's transl)]. In a double blind study carried out under standard conditions at two treatment centers silymarin, 2 sugar-coated tablets 70 mg three times daily, showed a definite therapeutic influence on the characteristic increased serum levels of bilirubin, GOT and GPT associated with acute viral hepatitis. The above mentioned values in 28 patients treated with silymarin were compared with those in 29 patients treated with placebo. The laboratory parameters in the silymarin group regressed more than in the placebo group after the 5th day of treatment. The number of patients having attained normal values after 3 weeks' treatment was higher in the silymarin group than in the placebo group. A statistical comparison revealed a difference between bilirubin and GOT values in the placebo and silymarin groups and a definite trend in the regression of GPT values in favour of silymarin. The course of the immune reaction in HBS Ag patients was not influenced by silymarin. As already proved by other investigators, the use of silymarin in acute viral hepatitis can lead to an accelerated regression in pathological values, thus indicating its use in the treatment of this liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:353468", "title": "The cervical lymph nodes in Streptococcus pyogenes, group A, type 50, infection in mice.", "content": "Streptococcus pyogenes, group A, type 50, one of the few group A streptococcal types naturally occuring in mice, proved highly virulent in this species after experimental infection. Intranasal infection of 96 mice (Swiss albino, NMRI, and CBA) with this microorganism induced profound reactions in the cervical lymph nodes of 69% of the animals. Histologically, two different forms of reaction were distinguishable. In 61 mice, the lymph nodes exhibited follicular and lymphoplasmacellular hyperplasia and in 9 animals suppurative lymphadenitis was present. The ability of type 50 streptococci to persist in the pharynx of mice, and the similarity of the morphological changes induced by this organism appear to make intranasal murine group A, type 50, streptococcal infection a suitable model for human streptococcal pharyngitis.", "contents": "The cervical lymph nodes in Streptococcus pyogenes, group A, type 50, infection in mice. Streptococcus pyogenes, group A, type 50, one of the few group A streptococcal types naturally occuring in mice, proved highly virulent in this species after experimental infection. Intranasal infection of 96 mice (Swiss albino, NMRI, and CBA) with this microorganism induced profound reactions in the cervical lymph nodes of 69% of the animals. Histologically, two different forms of reaction were distinguishable. In 61 mice, the lymph nodes exhibited follicular and lymphoplasmacellular hyperplasia and in 9 animals suppurative lymphadenitis was present. The ability of type 50 streptococci to persist in the pharynx of mice, and the similarity of the morphological changes induced by this organism appear to make intranasal murine group A, type 50, streptococcal infection a suitable model for human streptococcal pharyngitis."}
{"id": "PMID:353489", "title": "Identification of Escherichia coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosomal protein binding sites on Escherichia coli 5S RNA.", "content": "E coli [32P]-labelled 5S RNA was complexed with E. coli and B. stearothermophilus 50S ribosomal proteins. Limited T1 Rnase digestion of each complex yielded three major fragments which were analysed for their sequences and rebinding of proteins. The primary binding sites for the E. coli binding proteins were determined to be sequences 18 to 57 for E-L5, 58 to 100 for E-L18 and 101 to 116 for E-L25. Rebinding experiments of purified E. coli proteins to the 5S RNA fragments led to the conclusion that E-L5 and E-L25 have secondary binding sites in the section 58 to 100, the primary binding site for E-L18. Since B. stearothermophilus proteins B-L5 and BL22 were found to interact with sequences 18 to 57 to 100 it was established that the thermophile proteins recognize and interact with RNA sequences similar to those of E. coli. Comparison of the E. coli 5S RNA sequence with those of other prokaryotic 5S RNAs reveals that the ribosomal proteins interact with the most conserved sections of the RNA.", "contents": "Identification of Escherichia coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosomal protein binding sites on Escherichia coli 5S RNA. E coli [32P]-labelled 5S RNA was complexed with E. coli and B. stearothermophilus 50S ribosomal proteins. Limited T1 Rnase digestion of each complex yielded three major fragments which were analysed for their sequences and rebinding of proteins. The primary binding sites for the E. coli binding proteins were determined to be sequences 18 to 57 for E-L5, 58 to 100 for E-L18 and 101 to 116 for E-L25. Rebinding experiments of purified E. coli proteins to the 5S RNA fragments led to the conclusion that E-L5 and E-L25 have secondary binding sites in the section 58 to 100, the primary binding site for E-L18. Since B. stearothermophilus proteins B-L5 and BL22 were found to interact with sequences 18 to 57 to 100 it was established that the thermophile proteins recognize and interact with RNA sequences similar to those of E. coli. Comparison of the E. coli 5S RNA sequence with those of other prokaryotic 5S RNAs reveals that the ribosomal proteins interact with the most conserved sections of the RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:353492", "title": "Origin of replication, oriC, or the Escherichia coli chromosome on specialized transducing phages lambda asn.", "content": "Specialized transducing phages lambda asn harboring chromosomal DNA and genetic markers on either side of the asn gene were isolated. Phages carrying chromosomal DNA counterclockwise of the asn gene can upon infection establish themselves as self-replicating plasmids in asn, recA hosts lysogenic for lambda. It is concluded that this bypassing of normal lambda immunity is due to the presence of the chromosomal replication origin, oriC, in this class of phages. Genetic analysis and the determination of restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of the different lambda asn lead to the allocation of oriC within 1.5 megadaltons of the asn gene towards the uncA, uncB genes at 82 min on the genetic map of E. coli. The clockwise order of genes on the chromosomes is found to be: bglB, (pst, glmS), (uncA, uncB), oriC, asn, trkD, rbs, rrnC, ilv.", "contents": "Origin of replication, oriC, or the Escherichia coli chromosome on specialized transducing phages lambda asn. Specialized transducing phages lambda asn harboring chromosomal DNA and genetic markers on either side of the asn gene were isolated. Phages carrying chromosomal DNA counterclockwise of the asn gene can upon infection establish themselves as self-replicating plasmids in asn, recA hosts lysogenic for lambda. It is concluded that this bypassing of normal lambda immunity is due to the presence of the chromosomal replication origin, oriC, in this class of phages. Genetic analysis and the determination of restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of the different lambda asn lead to the allocation of oriC within 1.5 megadaltons of the asn gene towards the uncA, uncB genes at 82 min on the genetic map of E. coli. The clockwise order of genes on the chromosomes is found to be: bglB, (pst, glmS), (uncA, uncB), oriC, asn, trkD, rbs, rrnC, ilv."}
{"id": "PMID:353493", "title": "Ability of chloramphenicol to suppress phenotypically some bacterial mutations.", "content": "Chloramphenicol (CLP) at slightly inhibitory concentrations (3-5 microgram/ml) suppresses the inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell division caused by the temperature sensitive mutation dnaE486 at the nonpermissive temperature. Some other mutations can also be phenotypically suppressed by CLP. A similar effect is shown by chlortetracycline. Phenotypic suppression is caused by both these drugs in different cases than by streptomycin.", "contents": "Ability of chloramphenicol to suppress phenotypically some bacterial mutations. Chloramphenicol (CLP) at slightly inhibitory concentrations (3-5 microgram/ml) suppresses the inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell division caused by the temperature sensitive mutation dnaE486 at the nonpermissive temperature. Some other mutations can also be phenotypically suppressed by CLP. A similar effect is shown by chlortetracycline. Phenotypic suppression is caused by both these drugs in different cases than by streptomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:353494", "title": "E. coli K-12 pel mutants, which block phage lambda DNA injection, coincide with ptsM, which determines a component of a sugar transport system.", "content": "Escherichia coli pel- mutants inhibit the penetration of bacteriophage lambda DNA into the cell. Using P1 mediated cotransduction, we mapped pel- mutations between markers fadD and eda in the interval of minute 40 of the revised E. coli K-12 map. This places pel in the same region as genes kdgR and ptsM. Mutations in kdgR usually do not alter the Pel phenotype, and vice versa. In contrast, about 30% of ptsM- mutants are also pel-, and all pel- mutants isolated are ptsM-. These results suggest that pel and ptsM are one and the same gene. This interpretation would identify the bacterial product required for injection of phage lambda DNA as a component of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system specific for mannose, glucosamine, glucose and fructose. However, the experimental results do not exclude an alternative explanation: that pel and ptsM identify two closely linked genes which would be simultaneously affected at high frequency by a particular mutational event.", "contents": "E. coli K-12 pel mutants, which block phage lambda DNA injection, coincide with ptsM, which determines a component of a sugar transport system. Escherichia coli pel- mutants inhibit the penetration of bacteriophage lambda DNA into the cell. Using P1 mediated cotransduction, we mapped pel- mutations between markers fadD and eda in the interval of minute 40 of the revised E. coli K-12 map. This places pel in the same region as genes kdgR and ptsM. Mutations in kdgR usually do not alter the Pel phenotype, and vice versa. In contrast, about 30% of ptsM- mutants are also pel-, and all pel- mutants isolated are ptsM-. These results suggest that pel and ptsM are one and the same gene. This interpretation would identify the bacterial product required for injection of phage lambda DNA as a component of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system specific for mannose, glucosamine, glucose and fructose. However, the experimental results do not exclude an alternative explanation: that pel and ptsM identify two closely linked genes which would be simultaneously affected at high frequency by a particular mutational event."}
{"id": "PMID:353496", "title": "The temperature sensitive mutant 72c. II. Accumulation at high temperature of ppGpp and pppGpp in the presence of protein synthesis.", "content": "A heat sensitive mutant of E. coli has been analyzed. A shift to restrictive temperature leads to an accumulation of ppGpp and pppGpp in both the parental and the mutant strains (both are relA+). The pool of these compounds is shown to decrease with time after the temperature shift in the case of the parental strain, but remains at the same elevated level in the case of the mutant. The temperature shift of the mutant leads to an apparent reduction of stable RNA synthesis; this inhibition can be released by chloroamphenicol or tetracycline. Gross protein synthesis is more or less unaffected at restrictive temperature. In the parental strain little effect is seen on RNA and protein synthesis after the temperature shift. A relA derivative of the mutant does not show the same inhibition of RNA synthesis at high temperature. Sedimentation analysis suggests that mutant 70S ribosome are more stable, when exposed to a lowered Mg2+ concentration, than are 70S ribosomes from the parental strain. In addition, the relative amounts of the two forms of ribosomal protein S6, which can be obtained on DEAE chromatography (Held et al., 1973), are significantly changed in the mutant.", "contents": "The temperature sensitive mutant 72c. II. Accumulation at high temperature of ppGpp and pppGpp in the presence of protein synthesis. A heat sensitive mutant of E. coli has been analyzed. A shift to restrictive temperature leads to an accumulation of ppGpp and pppGpp in both the parental and the mutant strains (both are relA+). The pool of these compounds is shown to decrease with time after the temperature shift in the case of the parental strain, but remains at the same elevated level in the case of the mutant. The temperature shift of the mutant leads to an apparent reduction of stable RNA synthesis; this inhibition can be released by chloroamphenicol or tetracycline. Gross protein synthesis is more or less unaffected at restrictive temperature. In the parental strain little effect is seen on RNA and protein synthesis after the temperature shift. A relA derivative of the mutant does not show the same inhibition of RNA synthesis at high temperature. Sedimentation analysis suggests that mutant 70S ribosome are more stable, when exposed to a lowered Mg2+ concentration, than are 70S ribosomes from the parental strain. In addition, the relative amounts of the two forms of ribosomal protein S6, which can be obtained on DEAE chromatography (Held et al., 1973), are significantly changed in the mutant."}
{"id": "PMID:353497", "title": "Regulation of surface antigens expression in Paramecium primaurelia: genetic and physiological factors involved in allelic exclusion.", "content": "In paramecium aurelia, allelic exclusion can be considered as a basic feature of the surface antigens system in the same way as intergenic exclusion. Our studies on allelic exclusion in G156/G168 heterozygotes show that (1) allelic exclusion does not depend on discrete regulatory genes dispersed throughout the genome; (2) it does not seem to be influenced by cytoplasmic factors; (3) it occurs regardless of the surface antigen expressed by the parental strains at the time of the cross. These results are discussed in relation to both intergenic and interallelic exclusion for which a common basis is proposed.", "contents": "Regulation of surface antigens expression in Paramecium primaurelia: genetic and physiological factors involved in allelic exclusion. In paramecium aurelia, allelic exclusion can be considered as a basic feature of the surface antigens system in the same way as intergenic exclusion. Our studies on allelic exclusion in G156/G168 heterozygotes show that (1) allelic exclusion does not depend on discrete regulatory genes dispersed throughout the genome; (2) it does not seem to be influenced by cytoplasmic factors; (3) it occurs regardless of the surface antigen expressed by the parental strains at the time of the cross. These results are discussed in relation to both intergenic and interallelic exclusion for which a common basis is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:353498", "title": "Release of nascent trp mRNA from the operon DNA in chloramphenicol-treated cells of Escherichia coli.", "content": "When transcription of the E. coli trp operon is blocked as a result of inhibition of ribosomal activities by chloramphenicol, nascent trp mRNA but not RNA polymerase molecules seem to detach from the template DNA. The continued association of RNA polymerase with DNA is inferred because RNA synthesis resumes at or near the sites of transcription blockage after removal of the antibiotic. When E. coli cells infected with lambdatrp phage are incubated with chloramphenicol under the \"Ptrp-promoted\" conditions (Imamoto and Tani, 1972; Segawa and Imamoto, 1974), the trp mRNA molecules synthesized after removal of the antibiotic contain only promoter-distal information. They are usually small in size, in spite of the fact that chloramphenicol inhibition does not lead to the degradation of trp mRNA. On the other hand, PL-promoted trp transcription, which is non-polar and insensitive to chloramphenicol action, does not show such a premature release of nascent trp mRNA in chloramphenicol-treated cells.", "contents": "Release of nascent trp mRNA from the operon DNA in chloramphenicol-treated cells of Escherichia coli. When transcription of the E. coli trp operon is blocked as a result of inhibition of ribosomal activities by chloramphenicol, nascent trp mRNA but not RNA polymerase molecules seem to detach from the template DNA. The continued association of RNA polymerase with DNA is inferred because RNA synthesis resumes at or near the sites of transcription blockage after removal of the antibiotic. When E. coli cells infected with lambdatrp phage are incubated with chloramphenicol under the \"Ptrp-promoted\" conditions (Imamoto and Tani, 1972; Segawa and Imamoto, 1974), the trp mRNA molecules synthesized after removal of the antibiotic contain only promoter-distal information. They are usually small in size, in spite of the fact that chloramphenicol inhibition does not lead to the degradation of trp mRNA. On the other hand, PL-promoted trp transcription, which is non-polar and insensitive to chloramphenicol action, does not show such a premature release of nascent trp mRNA in chloramphenicol-treated cells."}
{"id": "PMID:353499", "title": "Incompatibility and transforming efficiency of ColE1 and related plasmids.", "content": "Replicons derived from the ColE1 plasmid are incompatible with one another, but are compatible with their naturally occurring relatives ColK and CloDF13. The incompatibility results in loss, by segregation, of one or the other ColE1 plasmid. In most cases, the smaller derivatives tend to displace the larger ones, and the rate of displacement depends on the difference in size. One mini-plasmid retains only 19% of the sequences of ColE1, yet it exerts strong incompatibility: other ColE1 plasmids are rapidly lost when it is introduced into the host. The region essential for ColE1 incompatibility is deduced to lie within 700 base pairs of the origin of replication. The transforming efficiency of any ColE1 plasmid is markedly lowered when another incompatible replicon is resident in the competent cells, even when the transforming plasmid is much smaller than the resident. A model of incompatibility is proposed to account for these effects.", "contents": "Incompatibility and transforming efficiency of ColE1 and related plasmids. Replicons derived from the ColE1 plasmid are incompatible with one another, but are compatible with their naturally occurring relatives ColK and CloDF13. The incompatibility results in loss, by segregation, of one or the other ColE1 plasmid. In most cases, the smaller derivatives tend to displace the larger ones, and the rate of displacement depends on the difference in size. One mini-plasmid retains only 19% of the sequences of ColE1, yet it exerts strong incompatibility: other ColE1 plasmids are rapidly lost when it is introduced into the host. The region essential for ColE1 incompatibility is deduced to lie within 700 base pairs of the origin of replication. The transforming efficiency of any ColE1 plasmid is markedly lowered when another incompatible replicon is resident in the competent cells, even when the transforming plasmid is much smaller than the resident. A model of incompatibility is proposed to account for these effects."}
{"id": "PMID:353500", "title": "Multiple independent control mechanisms affecting the acetamidase of Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "The acetamidase of Aspergillus nidulans is induced by sources of acetyl CoA, benzoate and benzamide and by beta-alanine and other omega-amino acids. The effects of these groups of inducers are appromimately additive. The cis-acting control site mutant, amdI9, affects induction by sources of acetyl-CoA specifically. Lesions in the amdR and gatA genes affect induction by omega-amino acids specifically. Mutations in the amdA gene can lead to elevated acetamidase levels which still respond to the various inducers. The induction controls act independently of repression control by nitrogen metabolites and are not altered by the areA102 mutation. The properties of double mutants with lesions affecting the different control mechanisms also indicate their independence of each other. It is suggested that the acetamidase is subject to complex control by multiple regulatory circuits and that functionally independent control sites adjacent to the structural gene occur.", "contents": "Multiple independent control mechanisms affecting the acetamidase of Aspergillus nidulans. The acetamidase of Aspergillus nidulans is induced by sources of acetyl CoA, benzoate and benzamide and by beta-alanine and other omega-amino acids. The effects of these groups of inducers are appromimately additive. The cis-acting control site mutant, amdI9, affects induction by sources of acetyl-CoA specifically. Lesions in the amdR and gatA genes affect induction by omega-amino acids specifically. Mutations in the amdA gene can lead to elevated acetamidase levels which still respond to the various inducers. The induction controls act independently of repression control by nitrogen metabolites and are not altered by the areA102 mutation. The properties of double mutants with lesions affecting the different control mechanisms also indicate their independence of each other. It is suggested that the acetamidase is subject to complex control by multiple regulatory circuits and that functionally independent control sites adjacent to the structural gene occur."}
{"id": "PMID:353502", "title": "Mutations determining generalized resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Mutations conferring resistance to low levels of kanamycin in Escherichia coli have been mapped at 3 locations: the unc locus (min. 83), a locus we have designated kanA (MIN. 72), close to strA (rpsL), and a locus at min. 86.5 previously discovered by Plate (1976) that we have designated ecfB. The unc and ecfB mutations are associated with defects in energy metabolism, while mutations at kanA may be in the gene coding for ribosomal protein S12 (rpsL). The three types of mutations cause cross resistance to a number of different aminoglycoside antibiotics and the effects of the mutations are cumulative in combination.", "contents": "Mutations determining generalized resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in Escherichia coli. Mutations conferring resistance to low levels of kanamycin in Escherichia coli have been mapped at 3 locations: the unc locus (min. 83), a locus we have designated kanA (MIN. 72), close to strA (rpsL), and a locus at min. 86.5 previously discovered by Plate (1976) that we have designated ecfB. The unc and ecfB mutations are associated with defects in energy metabolism, while mutations at kanA may be in the gene coding for ribosomal protein S12 (rpsL). The three types of mutations cause cross resistance to a number of different aminoglycoside antibiotics and the effects of the mutations are cumulative in combination."}
{"id": "PMID:353503", "title": "The temperature sensitive mutant 72c. I. Pleiotropic growth behaviour and changed response to some antibiotics and mutations in the transcription or translation apparatus.", "content": "The spontaneous temperature sensitive mutant 72c is shown to be more tolerant to fusidic acid, but less tolerant to trimethoprim on plates at permissive temperature, than is the parental strain. The poor growth of the mutant on amino acids supplemented plates, as well as its inability to grow on broth plates at 40 degrees, can be compensates by sublethal amounts of chloroamphenicol. Also some mutations to Rif-R or Str-R improve growth of the mutant under certain conditions. Reversion and other genetic analysis strongly suggest, that the pleiotropic behaviour of the mutant is due to a single mutation in a gene, which is designated fusB and is closely cotransducible with lip at min 14 of the E. coli chromosome. The gene order is lip-fusB-supE.", "contents": "The temperature sensitive mutant 72c. I. Pleiotropic growth behaviour and changed response to some antibiotics and mutations in the transcription or translation apparatus. The spontaneous temperature sensitive mutant 72c is shown to be more tolerant to fusidic acid, but less tolerant to trimethoprim on plates at permissive temperature, than is the parental strain. The poor growth of the mutant on amino acids supplemented plates, as well as its inability to grow on broth plates at 40 degrees, can be compensates by sublethal amounts of chloroamphenicol. Also some mutations to Rif-R or Str-R improve growth of the mutant under certain conditions. Reversion and other genetic analysis strongly suggest, that the pleiotropic behaviour of the mutant is due to a single mutation in a gene, which is designated fusB and is closely cotransducible with lip at min 14 of the E. coli chromosome. The gene order is lip-fusB-supE."}
{"id": "PMID:353506", "title": "On the formation of rho - petites in yeast. III. Effects of temperature on transmission and recombination of mitochondrial markers and on rho - cell formation in temperature sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The rho-factor stability is shown to be affected by four conditional mutations, tsm-8 (mitochondrial), tsp-20, tsp-25 and tsp-30 (nuclear). Growth of mutant cells at high temperature (35 degrees C) results in the rapid production of rho - cells and concomittantly in the decrease of the ability to transmit mitochondrial genetic information to the rho + progeny of crosses. Kinetics of rho - cell formation during growth at 35 degrees C have been compared with variations in transmission and recombination of mitochondrial markers in crosses. In all cases the transmission of mitochondrial markers of the ts-parent decreases as the number of cell generations increases. The frequencies of recombinants between mitochondrial markers either increase or decrease depending on the markers considered and the alleles of the omega-locus involved in the crosses. The results of all crosses performed have been compared with the predictions of the model for recombination and segregation of mitochondrial genes proposed by Dujon et al. (1974). This comparison indicates that the main result of high temperature treatment is a diminution of the input of mitochondrial information from the ts-parent into zygotes. Consequences of the induced variations of input follow the predictions of the model. The correlation found in ts-strains between the reduction of input in crosses and the formation of rho - cells is discussed in terms of molecular events occurring in mitDNA molecules during high temperature induction of rho + to rho - mutation.", "contents": "On the formation of rho - petites in yeast. III. Effects of temperature on transmission and recombination of mitochondrial markers and on rho - cell formation in temperature sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The rho-factor stability is shown to be affected by four conditional mutations, tsm-8 (mitochondrial), tsp-20, tsp-25 and tsp-30 (nuclear). Growth of mutant cells at high temperature (35 degrees C) results in the rapid production of rho - cells and concomittantly in the decrease of the ability to transmit mitochondrial genetic information to the rho + progeny of crosses. Kinetics of rho - cell formation during growth at 35 degrees C have been compared with variations in transmission and recombination of mitochondrial markers in crosses. In all cases the transmission of mitochondrial markers of the ts-parent decreases as the number of cell generations increases. The frequencies of recombinants between mitochondrial markers either increase or decrease depending on the markers considered and the alleles of the omega-locus involved in the crosses. The results of all crosses performed have been compared with the predictions of the model for recombination and segregation of mitochondrial genes proposed by Dujon et al. (1974). This comparison indicates that the main result of high temperature treatment is a diminution of the input of mitochondrial information from the ts-parent into zygotes. Consequences of the induced variations of input follow the predictions of the model. The correlation found in ts-strains between the reduction of input in crosses and the formation of rho - cells is discussed in terms of molecular events occurring in mitDNA molecules during high temperature induction of rho + to rho - mutation."}
{"id": "PMID:353508", "title": "Studies on the control region of the bipolar argECBH operon of Escherichia coli. I. Effect of regulatory mutations and IS2 insertions.", "content": "Several mutations affecting the control or the potential of gene expression in the argECBH bipolar operon have been characterized by enzyme assays, genetic mapping, dominance tests and pulse labelled RNA determinations. None of the mutations involves DNA rearrangements detectable by heteroduplex analysis (Charlier et al., 1978). Partially constitutive transcription of both argE and argCBH has been observed in mutant L10 while constitutive argE transcription and normal argCBH control characterize mutants L9, LL13 and LL2. The control region thus appears to contain two overlapping operators, as suggested previously (Elseviers et al., 1972). Two mutants (L2, LL1) and strain 6-8 from Bretscher and Baumberg (1976) display an increase in acetylornithinase specific activity (argE product) without concommittant increased argE transcription. In addition, they exhibit a decreased argCBH transcription. It is suggested that in these organisms, argE translation and argCBH transcription may be affected by the same genetic event; this explanation is compatible with present working hypothesis for the structure of the control region. An interpretation in terms of messenger attenuation also appears possible. From the properties of two strains harbouring an IS2 insertion in the control region (Charlier et al., 1978) the following conclusion may be drawn: 1. When inserted in orientation I close to the proximal end of a silent gene IS2 appears to promote a low but detectable transcription readthrough into that gene. 2. Insertion of an IS2 element in orientation II close to a neighbouring gene is not a sufficient condition to express that gene at a high rate. The properties of the two insertions appear compatible with the structure proposed for the control region.", "contents": "Studies on the control region of the bipolar argECBH operon of Escherichia coli. I. Effect of regulatory mutations and IS2 insertions. Several mutations affecting the control or the potential of gene expression in the argECBH bipolar operon have been characterized by enzyme assays, genetic mapping, dominance tests and pulse labelled RNA determinations. None of the mutations involves DNA rearrangements detectable by heteroduplex analysis (Charlier et al., 1978). Partially constitutive transcription of both argE and argCBH has been observed in mutant L10 while constitutive argE transcription and normal argCBH control characterize mutants L9, LL13 and LL2. The control region thus appears to contain two overlapping operators, as suggested previously (Elseviers et al., 1972). Two mutants (L2, LL1) and strain 6-8 from Bretscher and Baumberg (1976) display an increase in acetylornithinase specific activity (argE product) without concommittant increased argE transcription. In addition, they exhibit a decreased argCBH transcription. It is suggested that in these organisms, argE translation and argCBH transcription may be affected by the same genetic event; this explanation is compatible with present working hypothesis for the structure of the control region. An interpretation in terms of messenger attenuation also appears possible. From the properties of two strains harbouring an IS2 insertion in the control region (Charlier et al., 1978) the following conclusion may be drawn: 1. When inserted in orientation I close to the proximal end of a silent gene IS2 appears to promote a low but detectable transcription readthrough into that gene. 2. Insertion of an IS2 element in orientation II close to a neighbouring gene is not a sufficient condition to express that gene at a high rate. The properties of the two insertions appear compatible with the structure proposed for the control region."}
{"id": "PMID:353509", "title": "The activity of ant product of the Salmonella phage P22 against the closely related but heteroimmune phage L.", "content": "P22 mutants defective in the early gene 24 are complemented by phage L in mixed infection. P22 12- and P22 23- mutants are not complemented by phage L. Gene function 24 of an L prophage is turned on by a superinfecting P22 24- mutant and complements the missing function of the defective P22 phage. Since this transactivation of prophage gene 24 depends on a functional gene ant in the superinfecting P22 mutant, it indicates derepression for leftward directed gene expression in prophage L. On the contrary neither the rightward directed expression of gene 12 nor of gene 23 in prophage L. can be turned on by superinfecting P22 24- 12- or P22 24- 23- mutants (and also not by P22 12- and P22 23-) to a degree sufficient for complementation of simultaneously superinfecting L virB 12- or L virB 23- mutants. The failure to detect release of repression for rightward directed gene expression of prophage L corresponds to the earlier observation (Prell, 1975) that P22 superinfecting L lysogens cannot release replication inhibition for simultaneously infecting phage L. The results are discussed with respect to the mechanism underlying the different action of P22 antirepressor in L and in P22 lysogens.", "contents": "The activity of ant product of the Salmonella phage P22 against the closely related but heteroimmune phage L. P22 mutants defective in the early gene 24 are complemented by phage L in mixed infection. P22 12- and P22 23- mutants are not complemented by phage L. Gene function 24 of an L prophage is turned on by a superinfecting P22 24- mutant and complements the missing function of the defective P22 phage. Since this transactivation of prophage gene 24 depends on a functional gene ant in the superinfecting P22 mutant, it indicates derepression for leftward directed gene expression in prophage L. On the contrary neither the rightward directed expression of gene 12 nor of gene 23 in prophage L. can be turned on by superinfecting P22 24- 12- or P22 24- 23- mutants (and also not by P22 12- and P22 23-) to a degree sufficient for complementation of simultaneously superinfecting L virB 12- or L virB 23- mutants. The failure to detect release of repression for rightward directed gene expression of prophage L corresponds to the earlier observation (Prell, 1975) that P22 superinfecting L lysogens cannot release replication inhibition for simultaneously infecting phage L. The results are discussed with respect to the mechanism underlying the different action of P22 antirepressor in L and in P22 lysogens."}
{"id": "PMID:353510", "title": "Mutants of yeast with depressed DNA synthesis.", "content": "Seven temperature-sensitive mutants have been isolated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which show a reproducible defect in DNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature. One of these is allelic with rna11 (Hartwell et al., 1970) but the remaining mutants define six complementation groups and probably represent six different genes. The gene symbol dds (for depressed DNA synthesis) is proposed. At the restrictive temperature, rna11-2, dds2-1 and dds6-1 show a rapid and almost total cessation of DNA and RNA synthesis, whilst protein synthesis continues for several hours. The remaining dds mutants show a reduced rate of DNA synthesis from the time of temperature shift (dd1, dds3, dds4) or a cessation of DNA synthesis at a later time (dds5). In some cases, RNA synthesis is affected concomitantly with, or soon after, the depression in DNA synthesis. Possible reasons for the phenotypes of these mutants, and for the relative absence of yeast mutants which are unambiguously and specifically affected in DNA synthesis, are discussed. In addition, we report the isolation of seven new alleles of known cdc genes and ten new mutants with a cell cycle phenotype that complement those already known.", "contents": "Mutants of yeast with depressed DNA synthesis. Seven temperature-sensitive mutants have been isolated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which show a reproducible defect in DNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature. One of these is allelic with rna11 (Hartwell et al., 1970) but the remaining mutants define six complementation groups and probably represent six different genes. The gene symbol dds (for depressed DNA synthesis) is proposed. At the restrictive temperature, rna11-2, dds2-1 and dds6-1 show a rapid and almost total cessation of DNA and RNA synthesis, whilst protein synthesis continues for several hours. The remaining dds mutants show a reduced rate of DNA synthesis from the time of temperature shift (dd1, dds3, dds4) or a cessation of DNA synthesis at a later time (dds5). In some cases, RNA synthesis is affected concomitantly with, or soon after, the depression in DNA synthesis. Possible reasons for the phenotypes of these mutants, and for the relative absence of yeast mutants which are unambiguously and specifically affected in DNA synthesis, are discussed. In addition, we report the isolation of seven new alleles of known cdc genes and ten new mutants with a cell cycle phenotype that complement those already known."}
{"id": "PMID:353511", "title": "Ribosomal RNA transcription in a mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in ribosomal protein synthesis.", "content": "In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the transcription of ribosomal precursor RNA is severely inhibited in the absence of protein synthesis. However, such transcription is not dependent on the synthesis of ribosomal proteins, nor on the synthesis of mRNA for ribosomal proteins, nor on the processing of ribosomal precursor RNA.", "contents": "Ribosomal RNA transcription in a mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in ribosomal protein synthesis. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the transcription of ribosomal precursor RNA is severely inhibited in the absence of protein synthesis. However, such transcription is not dependent on the synthesis of ribosomal proteins, nor on the synthesis of mRNA for ribosomal proteins, nor on the processing of ribosomal precursor RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:353512", "title": "Coding of stable 4S RNA molecules by the resistance factor R1.", "content": "With the aid of DNA-RNA hybridization experiments it was shown that an E. coli strain harbouring the resistance factor R1 contains small, stable RNA species which are capable of annealing with the DNA of this R-factor.  At a higher hybridization temperature RNA molecules form the isogenic, sensitive strain could also hybridize to the R1-DNA. These RNA-species were again detected if the RNA was extracted from P. mirabilis carrying this plasmid. The fact that sulfur-labelled RNA also hybridized to the plasmid DNA seems to indicate that some of these molecules are tRNAs.", "contents": "Coding of stable 4S RNA molecules by the resistance factor R1. With the aid of DNA-RNA hybridization experiments it was shown that an E. coli strain harbouring the resistance factor R1 contains small, stable RNA species which are capable of annealing with the DNA of this R-factor.  At a higher hybridization temperature RNA molecules form the isogenic, sensitive strain could also hybridize to the R1-DNA. These RNA-species were again detected if the RNA was extracted from P. mirabilis carrying this plasmid. The fact that sulfur-labelled RNA also hybridized to the plasmid DNA seems to indicate that some of these molecules are tRNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:353513", "title": "The recognition of mismatched base pairs in DNA by DNase I from Ustilago maydis.", "content": "The activity of Ustilago maydis DNase I, an enzyme implicated in genetic recombination, on DNA substrates containing unpaired or mismatched bases, was examined. The enzyme nicked supercoiled PM-2 molecules, converting these to relaxed circular and linear molecules. Discrete double stranded linear fragments smaller than unit length were also observed after digestion at high enzyme concentration. Heteroduplex molecules were constructed using phi80 bacteriophage derivatives which contained single base substitutions within the E. coli tRNA1tyr gene. Single and double stranded nicking at or near the single mismatched site was observed with three out of the five pairs of heteroduplexes.", "contents": "The recognition of mismatched base pairs in DNA by DNase I from Ustilago maydis. The activity of Ustilago maydis DNase I, an enzyme implicated in genetic recombination, on DNA substrates containing unpaired or mismatched bases, was examined. The enzyme nicked supercoiled PM-2 molecules, converting these to relaxed circular and linear molecules. Discrete double stranded linear fragments smaller than unit length were also observed after digestion at high enzyme concentration. Heteroduplex molecules were constructed using phi80 bacteriophage derivatives which contained single base substitutions within the E. coli tRNA1tyr gene. Single and double stranded nicking at or near the single mismatched site was observed with three out of the five pairs of heteroduplexes."}
{"id": "PMID:353515", "title": "Mutations in the tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid ligase of E. coli causing temperature-sensitivity for growth.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli K-12 with altered tryptophanyl-tRNA ligases, conferring temperature-sensitivity for growth, have been isolated as spontaneous one-step mutants. The mutated enzymes differ markedly in activity from the wildtype, even at the permissive temperature. When assayed at the non-permissive temperature, the mutant enzymes are completely inactive. In one of the mutant strains, growth can be completely inhibited by addition of L-phenylalanine or L-tyrosine to the medium.", "contents": "Mutations in the tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid ligase of E. coli causing temperature-sensitivity for growth. Strains of Escherichia coli K-12 with altered tryptophanyl-tRNA ligases, conferring temperature-sensitivity for growth, have been isolated as spontaneous one-step mutants. The mutated enzymes differ markedly in activity from the wildtype, even at the permissive temperature. When assayed at the non-permissive temperature, the mutant enzymes are completely inactive. In one of the mutant strains, growth can be completely inhibited by addition of L-phenylalanine or L-tyrosine to the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:353516", "title": "Phage Mu-1 mediated transposition: a tool to study the organization of ribosomal protein genes in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Phage Mu-1 mediated transposition has been used to map genes coding for ribosomal proteins and elongation factor G inside transcriptional units. The data indicate that 1) the str A and fusA genes belong to the same operon, 2) the spcA and strA genes are expressed independently, 3) the spcA gene is located in a different transcriptional unit to that of the eryA and eryB genes.", "contents": "Phage Mu-1 mediated transposition: a tool to study the organization of ribosomal protein genes in Escherichia coli. Phage Mu-1 mediated transposition has been used to map genes coding for ribosomal proteins and elongation factor G inside transcriptional units. The data indicate that 1) the str A and fusA genes belong to the same operon, 2) the spcA and strA genes are expressed independently, 3) the spcA gene is located in a different transcriptional unit to that of the eryA and eryB genes."}
{"id": "PMID:353517", "title": "Detection of specific DNA sequences in yeast by colony hybridization.", "content": "A procedure is described for the detection of specific DNA sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method allows a rapid screening of a large number of yeast colonies. The yeast cells of each colony, grown on nitrocellulose filters, are converted, in situ, to protoplasts by snail enzyme, and are then lysed and their DNAs are denatured and fixed on the filter. The presence of the specific DNA sequence is detected directly on the filter by hybridization with a radioactive cRNA. We have used successfully this technique to detect the presence or the absence  of specific mt DNA sequences in p+, p- and p0 strains, and to detect the presence or the absence of the 2 mum DNA sequences in different strains.", "contents": "Detection of specific DNA sequences in yeast by colony hybridization. A procedure is described for the detection of specific DNA sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method allows a rapid screening of a large number of yeast colonies. The yeast cells of each colony, grown on nitrocellulose filters, are converted, in situ, to protoplasts by snail enzyme, and are then lysed and their DNAs are denatured and fixed on the filter. The presence of the specific DNA sequence is detected directly on the filter by hybridization with a radioactive cRNA. We have used successfully this technique to detect the presence or the absence  of specific mt DNA sequences in p+, p- and p0 strains, and to detect the presence or the absence of the 2 mum DNA sequences in different strains."}
{"id": "PMID:353518", "title": "Yeast chromatin: search for histone H1.", "content": "Yeast chromatin, isolated by a rapid procedure contains in addition to histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 a fifth major basic protein. This fifth polypeptide is not an intrinsic component of the nucleosome structure. It has properties of both histone and nonhistone proteins and might represent an early form of histone H1 and of high mobility group nonhistone proteins of higher eukaryotes. Electron microscopic visualization of isolated yeast nucleosomes substaniates further the similarity of the chromatin structudre of this unicellular eukaryote to that of higher eukaryotes.", "contents": "Yeast chromatin: search for histone H1. Yeast chromatin, isolated by a rapid procedure contains in addition to histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 a fifth major basic protein. This fifth polypeptide is not an intrinsic component of the nucleosome structure. It has properties of both histone and nonhistone proteins and might represent an early form of histone H1 and of high mobility group nonhistone proteins of higher eukaryotes. Electron microscopic visualization of isolated yeast nucleosomes substaniates further the similarity of the chromatin structudre of this unicellular eukaryote to that of higher eukaryotes."}
{"id": "PMID:353519", "title": "Arginine regulon control in a Salmonella typhimurium--Escherichia coli hybrid merodiploid.", "content": "The regulation of synthesis of arg enzymes was studied in a hybrid merodiploid in which an episome of Escherichia coli carrying the argR+ allele was transfered to Salmonella typhimurium argR strain. The arg enzyme levels of the hybrid merodiploid were compared to that found in argR and argR+ haploids of S. typhimurium. The results showed that repression of synthesis of arg enzymes was effected through the introduction of the E. coli argR+ allele but significant quantitative differences of arg enzyme levels in the argR+ haploid and the hybrid merodiploid were observed.", "contents": "Arginine regulon control in a Salmonella typhimurium--Escherichia coli hybrid merodiploid. The regulation of synthesis of arg enzymes was studied in a hybrid merodiploid in which an episome of Escherichia coli carrying the argR+ allele was transfered to Salmonella typhimurium argR strain. The arg enzyme levels of the hybrid merodiploid were compared to that found in argR and argR+ haploids of S. typhimurium. The results showed that repression of synthesis of arg enzymes was effected through the introduction of the E. coli argR+ allele but significant quantitative differences of arg enzyme levels in the argR+ haploid and the hybrid merodiploid were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:353520", "title": "Transposon-mediated insertion of R factor into bacterial chromosome.", "content": "Insertion of transposon T n1 into the E. coli JC411 chromosome results in a sharp increase of plasmid RP4 integration frequency. This effect is absent in JC1553 recA cells. The RP4 integration with the chromosome is probably accomplished via recA-dependent recombination between transposon Tn1 inserted into the chromosome and the same transposon in the RP4 plasmid.", "contents": "Transposon-mediated insertion of R factor into bacterial chromosome. Insertion of transposon T n1 into the E. coli JC411 chromosome results in a sharp increase of plasmid RP4 integration frequency. This effect is absent in JC1553 recA cells. The RP4 integration with the chromosome is probably accomplished via recA-dependent recombination between transposon Tn1 inserted into the chromosome and the same transposon in the RP4 plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:353521", "title": "Fine structure analysis of the threonine operon in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A fine structure analysis of the threonine operon in Escherichia coli K-12 was performed by deletion mapping. Lambda transducing bacteriophages carrying various parts of the threonine operon were isolated from strains in which the lacZ gene was fused to a thr gene. We tested for recombination between deletions of the threonine promotor extending into the threonine operon, carried by the phage, and bacterial thr auxotrophs. The relative order of thrO (operator) mutations was established. We propose that an operator region is located between a promoter region and the structural genes. Mutations leading to the desensitization of the aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I towards threonine were localized in two different regions of the thrA gene.", "contents": "Fine structure analysis of the threonine operon in Escherichia coli K-12. A fine structure analysis of the threonine operon in Escherichia coli K-12 was performed by deletion mapping. Lambda transducing bacteriophages carrying various parts of the threonine operon were isolated from strains in which the lacZ gene was fused to a thr gene. We tested for recombination between deletions of the threonine promotor extending into the threonine operon, carried by the phage, and bacterial thr auxotrophs. The relative order of thrO (operator) mutations was established. We propose that an operator region is located between a promoter region and the structural genes. Mutations leading to the desensitization of the aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I towards threonine were localized in two different regions of the thrA gene."}
{"id": "PMID:353522", "title": "Map position of the replication origin on the E. coli chromosome.", "content": "Strains carrying a dnaA temperature sensitive (t.s.) mutation and a Mu-1 prophage inserted within different genes near the origin of replication have been constructed. For each strain, integratively suppressed Hfrs, named G and D in which the ori region was replicated clockwise and counterclockwise respectively, were isolated. The strand preferences of Mu-1 specific Okazaki fragments were subsequently determined for each t.s. strain and its Hfr derivatives. Their comparison led us to establish the direction of replication of the Mu-1 marker from ori. The site ori was confined to the bglB-C--rbsK-P interval.", "contents": "Map position of the replication origin on the E. coli chromosome. Strains carrying a dnaA temperature sensitive (t.s.) mutation and a Mu-1 prophage inserted within different genes near the origin of replication have been constructed. For each strain, integratively suppressed Hfrs, named G and D in which the ori region was replicated clockwise and counterclockwise respectively, were isolated. The strand preferences of Mu-1 specific Okazaki fragments were subsequently determined for each t.s. strain and its Hfr derivatives. Their comparison led us to establish the direction of replication of the Mu-1 marker from ori. The site ori was confined to the bglB-C--rbsK-P interval."}
{"id": "PMID:353523", "title": "Mapping of regions on cloned Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2-mum DNA coding for polypeptides synthesized in Escherichia coli minicells.", "content": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2-mum DNA and some of its restriction fragments were integrated in vector pCR1 ,pBR313 or pBR322 and their expression in Escherichia coli P678-54 minicells was analyzed. 2mum DNA inserted at the EcoRI site of pCR1 or pBR313 and at the PstI site of pBR322 promoted the synthesis of polypeptides of 48,000, 37,000, 35,000 and 19,000 daltons. The DNA regions coding for these polypeptides were mapped on the 2-mum DNA molecule by insertion of single EcoRI or HindIII restriction fragments and comparison of the polypeptides produced. For the synthesis of the 37,000 dalton polypeptide, intact sites RIB and H3 were required. The disappearance of the 37,000 dalton polypeptide on interruption of one of these sites by insertion of the vector, was correlated with the appearance of a polypeptide of 22,000 or 23,500 daltons respectively. The DNA sequence coding for the 37,000 daltons polypeptide, therefore, has to be located in the S-loop region close to or overlapping with the site RIB and H3. Assuming that the 22,000 and the 23,500 dalton polypeptides are truncated forms of the 37,000 dalton polypeptide, the last polypeptide can be exactly mapped. The polypeptide of 48,000 daltons was mapped to that half of the L-loop segment containing the sites H1 and H2. If, however, HindIII fragment H1-H2 was expressed, the 48,000 dalton polypeptide was lost and concomitantly a 43,000 dalton polypeptide appeared. We assume that this polypeptide results from early termination of the polypeptide of 48,000 daltons. The 35,000 and 9,000 dalton polypeptides were mapped to the S-loop region. The integrated inverted repeat sequence of yeast 2-mum Dna did not induce any detectable insert-specific polypeptide synthesis.", "contents": "Mapping of regions on cloned Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2-mum DNA coding for polypeptides synthesized in Escherichia coli minicells. Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2-mum DNA and some of its restriction fragments were integrated in vector pCR1 ,pBR313 or pBR322 and their expression in Escherichia coli P678-54 minicells was analyzed. 2mum DNA inserted at the EcoRI site of pCR1 or pBR313 and at the PstI site of pBR322 promoted the synthesis of polypeptides of 48,000, 37,000, 35,000 and 19,000 daltons. The DNA regions coding for these polypeptides were mapped on the 2-mum DNA molecule by insertion of single EcoRI or HindIII restriction fragments and comparison of the polypeptides produced. For the synthesis of the 37,000 dalton polypeptide, intact sites RIB and H3 were required. The disappearance of the 37,000 dalton polypeptide on interruption of one of these sites by insertion of the vector, was correlated with the appearance of a polypeptide of 22,000 or 23,500 daltons respectively. The DNA sequence coding for the 37,000 daltons polypeptide, therefore, has to be located in the S-loop region close to or overlapping with the site RIB and H3. Assuming that the 22,000 and the 23,500 dalton polypeptides are truncated forms of the 37,000 dalton polypeptide, the last polypeptide can be exactly mapped. The polypeptide of 48,000 daltons was mapped to that half of the L-loop segment containing the sites H1 and H2. If, however, HindIII fragment H1-H2 was expressed, the 48,000 dalton polypeptide was lost and concomitantly a 43,000 dalton polypeptide appeared. We assume that this polypeptide results from early termination of the polypeptide of 48,000 daltons. The 35,000 and 9,000 dalton polypeptides were mapped to the S-loop region. The integrated inverted repeat sequence of yeast 2-mum Dna did not induce any detectable insert-specific polypeptide synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:353525", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the minimal fragment required for autonomous replication (\"basic replicon\") of a copy mutant (pKN102) of the antibiotic resistance factor R1.", "content": "The mini plasmids deriving from pKN102, a copy mutant of the antibiotic resistance factor R1drd-19 of E. coli, share a common DNA sequence of 2.6 kb, which carries the minimal functions for autonomous replication. By cloning of two PstI fragments of this region it could be demonstrated that the \"basic replicon\" is a DNA segment not larger than 1.8 kb, which carries the orgin of replication and the genetic information for at least two proteins. Protein F (NW=11.000 dalton) seems to be synthesed in larger amounts in minicells of E. coli than protein C (20.000). Plasmids containing this isolated replicon of R1 are completely compatible with the parental plasmid R1drd-19.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the minimal fragment required for autonomous replication (\"basic replicon\") of a copy mutant (pKN102) of the antibiotic resistance factor R1. The mini plasmids deriving from pKN102, a copy mutant of the antibiotic resistance factor R1drd-19 of E. coli, share a common DNA sequence of 2.6 kb, which carries the minimal functions for autonomous replication. By cloning of two PstI fragments of this region it could be demonstrated that the \"basic replicon\" is a DNA segment not larger than 1.8 kb, which carries the orgin of replication and the genetic information for at least two proteins. Protein F (NW=11.000 dalton) seems to be synthesed in larger amounts in minicells of E. coli than protein C (20.000). Plasmids containing this isolated replicon of R1 are completely compatible with the parental plasmid R1drd-19."}
{"id": "PMID:353526", "title": "A cold sensitive dnaA mutant of E. coli which overinitiates chromosome replication at low temperature.", "content": "A heat resistant mutant of E. coli dnaAts46 was isolated, which grows normally only at temperatures above 39 degrees. After a temperature shift from 42 degrees to 32 degrees the mutant overproduces DNA relative to protein. This is due to overinitiation of rounds of chromosome replication at low temperature, as indicated by hybridization and other experiments. The mutation is cotransduced by PI with ilv and could not be separated from dnaAts46 by transduction.", "contents": "A cold sensitive dnaA mutant of E. coli which overinitiates chromosome replication at low temperature. A heat resistant mutant of E. coli dnaAts46 was isolated, which grows normally only at temperatures above 39 degrees. After a temperature shift from 42 degrees to 32 degrees the mutant overproduces DNA relative to protein. This is due to overinitiation of rounds of chromosome replication at low temperature, as indicated by hybridization and other experiments. The mutation is cotransduced by PI with ilv and could not be separated from dnaAts46 by transduction."}
{"id": "PMID:353527", "title": "Growth of single-stranded DNA phages in replication mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Host capacity for growth of single-stranded DNA phages was investigated with several replication mutants of E. coli. In dnaL708, dnam709 and dnaS707 mutants, multiplication of phiK was not restricted even at 42 degree C. In dnaM710 cells, however, growth of phiK was severely effected at 42 degree C but not at 33 degree C. Upon infection of phiK, parental replicative form was synthesized at the restrictive temperature, whereas subsequent step (replication of progeny replicative form) was blocked in the dnaZ strain. Growth of phiX174 and alpha3, as tested by transfection, was also thermosensitive in the dnaM710 mutant but not in the dnaL708, dnaM709 and dnaS707 strains. In contrast with lambda, microvirid phages could grow in E. coli cells bearing the groPC259, groPC756 or seg-2 mutation.", "contents": "Growth of single-stranded DNA phages in replication mutants of Escherichia coli. Host capacity for growth of single-stranded DNA phages was investigated with several replication mutants of E. coli. In dnaL708, dnam709 and dnaS707 mutants, multiplication of phiK was not restricted even at 42 degree C. In dnaM710 cells, however, growth of phiK was severely effected at 42 degree C but not at 33 degree C. Upon infection of phiK, parental replicative form was synthesized at the restrictive temperature, whereas subsequent step (replication of progeny replicative form) was blocked in the dnaZ strain. Growth of phiX174 and alpha3, as tested by transfection, was also thermosensitive in the dnaM710 mutant but not in the dnaL708, dnaM709 and dnaS707 strains. In contrast with lambda, microvirid phages could grow in E. coli cells bearing the groPC259, groPC756 or seg-2 mutation."}
{"id": "PMID:353528", "title": "Evidence for translational repression of arginine biosynthetic enzymes in Escherichia coli: altered regulation in a streptomycin-resistant mutant.", "content": "The formation and repressibility of the arginine biosyntietic enzymes acetylornithine delta-aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.11), acetylornithine deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.16), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3), and argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1) were studied in an Escherichia coli W derivative (strain 250-10) that carries (a) a mutant allele of the argR regulatory gene causing a diminished repression-derepression range and (b) a streptomycin resistance mutation. In comparison with the streptomycin-sensitive parent 250, all four enzymes (a) are formed as smaller proportions of the total protein (overall range, 12% to 71%), whether the conditions are repressive (arginine excess) or derepressive (arginine restriction), and (b) show increased repressibility ratios, the carbamoyltransferase giving the largest increase (from 5.7 to 25.0). These effects appear to depend on the concurrent expression of the regulatory-gene and streptomycin resistance mutations, as indicated by analogous experiments with canavanine-resistant mutants of 250-10 that have partial argR- character. The results provide evidence for translational repression in the arginine system, and are interpreted in terms of a functional interaction of a mutant arginine repressor with a mutant S12 ribosomal protein. The locale of translational repression may be near the site of S12, and this mode of regulation may involve initiational selectivity of groupwise recognizable arginine messenger RNA's.", "contents": "Evidence for translational repression of arginine biosynthetic enzymes in Escherichia coli: altered regulation in a streptomycin-resistant mutant. The formation and repressibility of the arginine biosyntietic enzymes acetylornithine delta-aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.11), acetylornithine deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.16), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3), and argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1) were studied in an Escherichia coli W derivative (strain 250-10) that carries (a) a mutant allele of the argR regulatory gene causing a diminished repression-derepression range and (b) a streptomycin resistance mutation. In comparison with the streptomycin-sensitive parent 250, all four enzymes (a) are formed as smaller proportions of the total protein (overall range, 12% to 71%), whether the conditions are repressive (arginine excess) or derepressive (arginine restriction), and (b) show increased repressibility ratios, the carbamoyltransferase giving the largest increase (from 5.7 to 25.0). These effects appear to depend on the concurrent expression of the regulatory-gene and streptomycin resistance mutations, as indicated by analogous experiments with canavanine-resistant mutants of 250-10 that have partial argR- character. The results provide evidence for translational repression in the arginine system, and are interpreted in terms of a functional interaction of a mutant arginine repressor with a mutant S12 ribosomal protein. The locale of translational repression may be near the site of S12, and this mode of regulation may involve initiational selectivity of groupwise recognizable arginine messenger RNA's."}
{"id": "PMID:353529", "title": "The modification of induced genetic change in yeast by an amino acid analogue.", "content": "Treatment of diploid yeast cultures with the amino acid analogue, para-fluorophenylalanine (PFPA), at concentrations which caused inhibition of growth, resulted in up to 5 fold increases in the frequency of mitotic gene conversion at two different heteroallelic loci. With haploid yeast cultures, growth in PFPA increased the rate of forward mutation to canavanine resistance by at least 2 fold. Growth of diploids in PFPA prior to exposure to the deaminating agent nitrous acid, the cross-linking agent mitomycin C, the alkylating chemical ethylmethanesulphonate (EMS) and UV light resulted in significant changes in the potency of these diverse mutagens to induce intragenic recombination. For all four mutagens, increased frequencies of gene convertants/viable cell were observed in those cultures which had been exposed to the amino acid analogue prior to mutagen treatment. In haploid WT yeast cells, amino acid analogue incorporation resulted in an enhanced frequency of UV induced forward mutation to canavanine resistance whilst in a DNA repair deficient rad 6 mutant this interaction between UV and PFPA was abolished. The results have been interpreted on the basis of incorporation of the analogue into enzymes involved with DNA replication with a consequent loss of fidelity of such enzymes and increased errors in base incorporation.", "contents": "The modification of induced genetic change in yeast by an amino acid analogue. Treatment of diploid yeast cultures with the amino acid analogue, para-fluorophenylalanine (PFPA), at concentrations which caused inhibition of growth, resulted in up to 5 fold increases in the frequency of mitotic gene conversion at two different heteroallelic loci. With haploid yeast cultures, growth in PFPA increased the rate of forward mutation to canavanine resistance by at least 2 fold. Growth of diploids in PFPA prior to exposure to the deaminating agent nitrous acid, the cross-linking agent mitomycin C, the alkylating chemical ethylmethanesulphonate (EMS) and UV light resulted in significant changes in the potency of these diverse mutagens to induce intragenic recombination. For all four mutagens, increased frequencies of gene convertants/viable cell were observed in those cultures which had been exposed to the amino acid analogue prior to mutagen treatment. In haploid WT yeast cells, amino acid analogue incorporation resulted in an enhanced frequency of UV induced forward mutation to canavanine resistance whilst in a DNA repair deficient rad 6 mutant this interaction between UV and PFPA was abolished. The results have been interpreted on the basis of incorporation of the analogue into enzymes involved with DNA replication with a consequent loss of fidelity of such enzymes and increased errors in base incorporation."}
{"id": "PMID:353530", "title": "Preferential deletion of a specific region of mitochondrial DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ethidium bromide and 3-carbethoxy-psoralen: directional retention of DNA sequence.", "content": "Grande strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were mutagenized either by ethidium bromide or by 3-carbethoxy-psoralen (a monofunctional furocoumarin derivative) activated by 365nm light. 973 primary rho- clones induced were randomly collected and analyzed individually for the presence or absence of fifteen mitochondrial genetic markers. 1. Under mild conditions of mutagenesis, 83% of the primary clones showed single-deletion genotypes; a unique order of 14 markers could be deduced from the patterns of the deletion. The gene order confirmed our previous map constructed from the analysis of established non-random petite clones. From the frequencies of disjunction between markers, the distance separating 14 mitochondrial markers were estimated. 2. One region, carrying oxi-3, pho-1 and mit 175 loci, was preferentially lost in rho- mutants: there is a strong constraint in the frequencies of various genotypes found in rho- clones. On each side of this particular region, a bidirectionally oriented pattern of retention of markers is observed.", "contents": "Preferential deletion of a specific region of mitochondrial DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ethidium bromide and 3-carbethoxy-psoralen: directional retention of DNA sequence. Grande strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were mutagenized either by ethidium bromide or by 3-carbethoxy-psoralen (a monofunctional furocoumarin derivative) activated by 365nm light. 973 primary rho- clones induced were randomly collected and analyzed individually for the presence or absence of fifteen mitochondrial genetic markers. 1. Under mild conditions of mutagenesis, 83% of the primary clones showed single-deletion genotypes; a unique order of 14 markers could be deduced from the patterns of the deletion. The gene order confirmed our previous map constructed from the analysis of established non-random petite clones. From the frequencies of disjunction between markers, the distance separating 14 mitochondrial markers were estimated. 2. One region, carrying oxi-3, pho-1 and mit 175 loci, was preferentially lost in rho- mutants: there is a strong constraint in the frequencies of various genotypes found in rho- clones. On each side of this particular region, a bidirectionally oriented pattern of retention of markers is observed."}
{"id": "PMID:353531", "title": "8-hydroxyquinoline inhibition of DNA synthesis and intragenic recombination during yeast meiosis.", "content": "Complete inhibition of sporulation was observed in two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to which 8-hydroxyquinoline was added at a final concentration of 5 microgram/ml during the initial 4 to 6 h of sporulation. The cells were most sensitive to the inhibitor during 4 to 6 interval beginning at approximately 2 h (T2). Its addition during that interval resulted in 70 to 80% lethality in strain 4579 and about 40% in API at T24. When present from T0 onward, 5 microgram/ml of 8-hydroxyquinoline severely inhibited premeiotic DNA replication and reduced the frequency of intragenic recombination at the ade 2  and leu 2 loci by 70 and 100%, respectively, relative to control cultures which did not have the inhibitor present. During the period when the cells were most sensitive, the incorporation of 14C-leucine into protein and 14C-adenine into RNA was not inhibited nor was the polysome content affected. At 150 microgram/ml of inhibitor, incorporation of labeled precursors into RNA and protein were inhibited and the percentage of active ribosomes was reduced by 35% within 45 min, but neither transcription or translation appeared to be completely inhibited at this concentration of the inhibitor.", "contents": "8-hydroxyquinoline inhibition of DNA synthesis and intragenic recombination during yeast meiosis. Complete inhibition of sporulation was observed in two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to which 8-hydroxyquinoline was added at a final concentration of 5 microgram/ml during the initial 4 to 6 h of sporulation. The cells were most sensitive to the inhibitor during 4 to 6 interval beginning at approximately 2 h (T2). Its addition during that interval resulted in 70 to 80% lethality in strain 4579 and about 40% in API at T24. When present from T0 onward, 5 microgram/ml of 8-hydroxyquinoline severely inhibited premeiotic DNA replication and reduced the frequency of intragenic recombination at the ade 2  and leu 2 loci by 70 and 100%, respectively, relative to control cultures which did not have the inhibitor present. During the period when the cells were most sensitive, the incorporation of 14C-leucine into protein and 14C-adenine into RNA was not inhibited nor was the polysome content affected. At 150 microgram/ml of inhibitor, incorporation of labeled precursors into RNA and protein were inhibited and the percentage of active ribosomes was reduced by 35% within 45 min, but neither transcription or translation appeared to be completely inhibited at this concentration of the inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:353536", "title": "Effect of caffeine on DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli: studies in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The influence of caffeine on the activity of DNA polymerase I from E. coli was investigated. Caffeine had no effect on the polymerizing activity but did inhibit both 5' leads to 3' and 3' leads to 5' nuclease activities. The highest inhibition was observed with d(A--T)n as substrate: at a concentration of caffeine of 10 mM, inhibition was about 50%. In studies in vivo with 3 isogenic strains of E. coli, carrying different mutations in the DNA polymerase I gene, the effect of caffeine on survival after ultraviolet irradiation was most marked for the wild-type, pol+, followed by those mutants defective in 3' leads to 5', polA1, and 5' leads to 3' nuclease activities, polA107. Caffeine had little influence on survival of the resA1 mutant which lacks both 5' leads to 3' and 3' leads to 5' nuclease activities. These results support the idea that the influence of caffeine on dark repair may be explained in part by its effect on the nuclease activities of DNA polymerase I.", "contents": "Effect of caffeine on DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli: studies in vitro and in vivo. The influence of caffeine on the activity of DNA polymerase I from E. coli was investigated. Caffeine had no effect on the polymerizing activity but did inhibit both 5' leads to 3' and 3' leads to 5' nuclease activities. The highest inhibition was observed with d(A--T)n as substrate: at a concentration of caffeine of 10 mM, inhibition was about 50%. In studies in vivo with 3 isogenic strains of E. coli, carrying different mutations in the DNA polymerase I gene, the effect of caffeine on survival after ultraviolet irradiation was most marked for the wild-type, pol+, followed by those mutants defective in 3' leads to 5', polA1, and 5' leads to 3' nuclease activities, polA107. Caffeine had little influence on survival of the resA1 mutant which lacks both 5' leads to 3' and 3' leads to 5' nuclease activities. These results support the idea that the influence of caffeine on dark repair may be explained in part by its effect on the nuclease activities of DNA polymerase I."}
{"id": "PMID:353537", "title": "Biochemical analysis of damage induced in yeast by formaldehyde. II. Induction of cross-links between DNA and protein.", "content": "Exposure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to formaldehyde-induced cross-links between DNA and proteins. This damage was demonstrated by three different techniques. Ultraviolet irradiation also produced cross-links between DNA and proteins in yeast.", "contents": "Biochemical analysis of damage induced in yeast by formaldehyde. II. Induction of cross-links between DNA and protein. Exposure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to formaldehyde-induced cross-links between DNA and proteins. This damage was demonstrated by three different techniques. Ultraviolet irradiation also produced cross-links between DNA and proteins in yeast."}
{"id": "PMID:353539", "title": "Strategies for detecting heritable translocations in male mice by fertility testing.", "content": "Data from a heritable translocation test were analysed to estimate the best rule for classification of F1 males in normals or partially sterile translocation carriers according to litter size or numbers of live and dead implants per mating. Six rules were compared for classification with up to three litter sizes per F1 male observed. The results indicate that a translocation rate of 2%, or at best of 1%, can be detected with reasonable cost.", "contents": "Strategies for detecting heritable translocations in male mice by fertility testing. Data from a heritable translocation test were analysed to estimate the best rule for classification of F1 males in normals or partially sterile translocation carriers according to litter size or numbers of live and dead implants per mating. Six rules were compared for classification with up to three litter sizes per F1 male observed. The results indicate that a translocation rate of 2%, or at best of 1%, can be detected with reasonable cost."}
{"id": "PMID:353542", "title": "Microbial assays for mutagenicity: a modified liquid culture method compared with the agar plate system for precision and sensitivity.", "content": "A microbial assay system for mutagenicity was developed in which bacterial cells divided in liquid culture. The statistical and practical problems associated with dividing cells were avoided or reduced, whilst the advantages in precision and reliability resulting from the determination of mutation per colony-forming unit (survivor) and of separating the mutation and selection systems were retained. Seven mutagens, two of which required microsomal activation, were evaluated by this liquid-medium method and by the agar-plate method with two strains of Salmonella typhimurium to determine which assay system was the more sensitive. At highly mutagenic and/or very toxic concentrations of the test substance the liquid-medium assay was markedly more sensitive than the agar-plate assay, but at weakly mutagenic and less toxic concentrations the advantage of the liquid-medium test was reduced; however in only one case was the agar-plate assay obviously the more sensitive. There was a clear indication that the liquid-medium assay would be superior to the agar-plate assay for the detection of mutagenic agents active only at toxic concentrations, and also could be more easily and exactly quantified.", "contents": "Microbial assays for mutagenicity: a modified liquid culture method compared with the agar plate system for precision and sensitivity. A microbial assay system for mutagenicity was developed in which bacterial cells divided in liquid culture. The statistical and practical problems associated with dividing cells were avoided or reduced, whilst the advantages in precision and reliability resulting from the determination of mutation per colony-forming unit (survivor) and of separating the mutation and selection systems were retained. Seven mutagens, two of which required microsomal activation, were evaluated by this liquid-medium method and by the agar-plate method with two strains of Salmonella typhimurium to determine which assay system was the more sensitive. At highly mutagenic and/or very toxic concentrations of the test substance the liquid-medium assay was markedly more sensitive than the agar-plate assay, but at weakly mutagenic and less toxic concentrations the advantage of the liquid-medium test was reduced; however in only one case was the agar-plate assay obviously the more sensitive. There was a clear indication that the liquid-medium assay would be superior to the agar-plate assay for the detection of mutagenic agents active only at toxic concentrations, and also could be more easily and exactly quantified."}
{"id": "PMID:353545", "title": "Induction of gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the nitrofluran derivative furylfuramide (AF-2).", "content": "The nitrofuran derivative furylfuramide (AF-2) is known to be both mutagenic and carcinogenic in a number of test systems. In this report we show that AF-2 can also induce gene conversion in diploid yeast in a manner dependent on both duration treatment and concentration.", "contents": "Induction of gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the nitrofluran derivative furylfuramide (AF-2). The nitrofuran derivative furylfuramide (AF-2) is known to be both mutagenic and carcinogenic in a number of test systems. In this report we show that AF-2 can also induce gene conversion in diploid yeast in a manner dependent on both duration treatment and concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:353546", "title": "Photolytic binding of the monoazido analog of ethidium to yeast mitochondrial DNA: competition by ethidium.", "content": "The [14C]-labeled monoazido analog of ethidium, 3-amino-8-azido-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridinium chloride, when mixed with yeast cells and photolyzed, produced covalent adducts with both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA via the light-generated nitrene. The binding efficiency was about 12 times higher in mitochondrial than nuclear DNA. Moreover, the parent ethidium bromide at a 5-fold excess was an effective competitor for the binding of the monoazide analog with mitochondrial DNA, but not with nuclear DNA.", "contents": "Photolytic binding of the monoazido analog of ethidium to yeast mitochondrial DNA: competition by ethidium. The [14C]-labeled monoazido analog of ethidium, 3-amino-8-azido-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridinium chloride, when mixed with yeast cells and photolyzed, produced covalent adducts with both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA via the light-generated nitrene. The binding efficiency was about 12 times higher in mitochondrial than nuclear DNA. Moreover, the parent ethidium bromide at a 5-fold excess was an effective competitor for the binding of the monoazide analog with mitochondrial DNA, but not with nuclear DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:353547", "title": "Testing in vitro of an indirect mutagen (cyclophosphamide) with human leukocyte cultures: Activation by liver perfusion and by incubation with crude liver homogenate.", "content": "The indirect mutagen cyclophosphamide was tested in human whole blood cultures with respect to chromosome-breaking activities and suppression of mitotic indices after activation by liver perfusion and crude liver homogenates with and without cofactors. Both methods produced nearly the same effects, with the exception of liver homogenate without cofactors which had only weak metabolic activities.", "contents": "Testing in vitro of an indirect mutagen (cyclophosphamide) with human leukocyte cultures: Activation by liver perfusion and by incubation with crude liver homogenate. The indirect mutagen cyclophosphamide was tested in human whole blood cultures with respect to chromosome-breaking activities and suppression of mitotic indices after activation by liver perfusion and crude liver homogenates with and without cofactors. Both methods produced nearly the same effects, with the exception of liver homogenate without cofactors which had only weak metabolic activities."}
{"id": "PMID:353548", "title": "Analytical and biological analyses of test materials from the synthetic fuel technologies. I. Mutagenicity of crude oils determined by the Salmonella typhimurium/microsomal activation system.", "content": "We have assayed the mutagenicity of crude industrial products and effluents with the Salmonella/microsomal activation system. Test materials (crude products from coal-conversion processes and natural crude oils) were initially fractionated into primary classes by liquid--liquid extraction and then further fractionated by column chromatography. Prescreening was accomplished over a wide concentration range with the Ames tester strains. Active fractions (mainly the neutral fractions containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and certain basic fractions) can be identified, and dose--response relationships can be established. Standard values are expressed as revertants/mg of the test material assayed with frameshift strain TA98 including metabolic activation with rat-liver preparations. Total mutagenic activity of synthetic fuel samples was consistently higher than that of natural crude \"controls.\" Activities of subfractions are roughly additive and presumably reflect the mutagenic potential of the whole test material. These results are being extended to other genetic assays. Chemical identification is carried out along with the bioassays.", "contents": "Analytical and biological analyses of test materials from the synthetic fuel technologies. I. Mutagenicity of crude oils determined by the Salmonella typhimurium/microsomal activation system. We have assayed the mutagenicity of crude industrial products and effluents with the Salmonella/microsomal activation system. Test materials (crude products from coal-conversion processes and natural crude oils) were initially fractionated into primary classes by liquid--liquid extraction and then further fractionated by column chromatography. Prescreening was accomplished over a wide concentration range with the Ames tester strains. Active fractions (mainly the neutral fractions containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and certain basic fractions) can be identified, and dose--response relationships can be established. Standard values are expressed as revertants/mg of the test material assayed with frameshift strain TA98 including metabolic activation with rat-liver preparations. Total mutagenic activity of synthetic fuel samples was consistently higher than that of natural crude \"controls.\" Activities of subfractions are roughly additive and presumably reflect the mutagenic potential of the whole test material. These results are being extended to other genetic assays. Chemical identification is carried out along with the bioassays."}
{"id": "PMID:353549", "title": "Microbiological mutagenicity studies of pesticides in vitro.", "content": "14 pesticides were tested as pure compounds for the induction of point mutations in four strains of Salmonella typhimurium--TA1535, TA1536, TA1537 and TA1538--in the presence and in the absence of rat-liver microsomal fractions and for the induction of resistance to low concentrations of streptomycin in the filamentous bacterium, Streptomyces coelicolor. The technique used was essentially the so-called \"spot test\". The pesticides investigated were: aminotriazole, Benomyl, Captafol, Captan, Dichlorvos, Dalapon-Na, Dinobuton, Dodine, Ioxynil, Mecoprop, Neburon, Picloram, Triallate and Trichlorphon. In Salmonella, Captan and Triallate were mutagenic on the TA1535 strain; Dichlorvos and Trichlorphon were negative in the spot test but mutagenic after incubation in liquid cultures of strain TA1535. By using the S. coelicolor forward-mutation test, aminotriazole, Dichlorvos, Picloram, Trichlorphon and Triallate were mutagenic with the \"spot test\" technique; Captan showed a weak mutagenic activity with a \"plate-incorporated\" technique.", "contents": "Microbiological mutagenicity studies of pesticides in vitro. 14 pesticides were tested as pure compounds for the induction of point mutations in four strains of Salmonella typhimurium--TA1535, TA1536, TA1537 and TA1538--in the presence and in the absence of rat-liver microsomal fractions and for the induction of resistance to low concentrations of streptomycin in the filamentous bacterium, Streptomyces coelicolor. The technique used was essentially the so-called \"spot test\". The pesticides investigated were: aminotriazole, Benomyl, Captafol, Captan, Dichlorvos, Dalapon-Na, Dinobuton, Dodine, Ioxynil, Mecoprop, Neburon, Picloram, Triallate and Trichlorphon. In Salmonella, Captan and Triallate were mutagenic on the TA1535 strain; Dichlorvos and Trichlorphon were negative in the spot test but mutagenic after incubation in liquid cultures of strain TA1535. By using the S. coelicolor forward-mutation test, aminotriazole, Dichlorvos, Picloram, Trichlorphon and Triallate were mutagenic with the \"spot test\" technique; Captan showed a weak mutagenic activity with a \"plate-incorporated\" technique."}
{"id": "PMID:353550", "title": "Mutagenicity of BCNU and related chloroethylnitrosoureas in Drosophila.", "content": "BCNU and 10 related chloroethylnitrosoureas were tested for their ability to induce sex-linked recessive lethals in Drosophila spermatozoa. All chloroethylnitrosoureas tested were potent mutagens. Among the substances with one chloroethylnitrosourea group, chlorozotocin, BCNU and methanesulfonyloxyethyl chloroethylnitrosourea exhibited the strongest mutagenic effects. Two hydroxyalkyl chloroethylnitrosoureas behaved as potent mutagens too, although the mutation frequencies obtained were one order of magnitude lower relative to the other substances. Among the compounds with two chloroethylnitrosourea groups, bisCNU-ethane and bisCNU-diphenylmethane were most active. When the interconnecting polymethylene chain was elongated from 2 methylene groups (bisCNU-ethane) to 6 methylene groups (bisCNU-hexane), the mutagenic activity decreased by a factor of 2. The mutagenic activity of polymethylene bischloroethylnitrosoureas with connecting chains of intermediate length was not different from bisCNU-hexane. Differences in mutagenic activity were supposed to reflect different concentrations reaching the target cells, possibly in part as a result of differences in transportability of the substances.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of BCNU and related chloroethylnitrosoureas in Drosophila. BCNU and 10 related chloroethylnitrosoureas were tested for their ability to induce sex-linked recessive lethals in Drosophila spermatozoa. All chloroethylnitrosoureas tested were potent mutagens. Among the substances with one chloroethylnitrosourea group, chlorozotocin, BCNU and methanesulfonyloxyethyl chloroethylnitrosourea exhibited the strongest mutagenic effects. Two hydroxyalkyl chloroethylnitrosoureas behaved as potent mutagens too, although the mutation frequencies obtained were one order of magnitude lower relative to the other substances. Among the compounds with two chloroethylnitrosourea groups, bisCNU-ethane and bisCNU-diphenylmethane were most active. When the interconnecting polymethylene chain was elongated from 2 methylene groups (bisCNU-ethane) to 6 methylene groups (bisCNU-hexane), the mutagenic activity decreased by a factor of 2. The mutagenic activity of polymethylene bischloroethylnitrosoureas with connecting chains of intermediate length was not different from bisCNU-hexane. Differences in mutagenic activity were supposed to reflect different concentrations reaching the target cells, possibly in part as a result of differences in transportability of the substances."}
{"id": "PMID:353551", "title": "Suppression of Hela cell growth and increase in nuclear size by chemical carcinogens: a possible screening method.", "content": "HeLa cell monolayers were \"pulse\" treated with either carcinogenic or \"non-carcinogenic\" chemicals. Pre-carcinogens were added with a liver homogenate to provide an appropriate metabolizing system. All proximate carcinogens and a proportion of pre-carcinogens were able to inhibit cell division, and in all cases examined, this was accompanied by nuclear enlargement. Although several \"non-carcinogenic\" chemicals also arrested cell division, nuclear enlargment was not produced. The possibility that growth inhibition and nuclear enlargement in cells treated briefly with a chemical could provide a rapid indication of carcinogenic activity is discussed.", "contents": "Suppression of Hela cell growth and increase in nuclear size by chemical carcinogens: a possible screening method. HeLa cell monolayers were \"pulse\" treated with either carcinogenic or \"non-carcinogenic\" chemicals. Pre-carcinogens were added with a liver homogenate to provide an appropriate metabolizing system. All proximate carcinogens and a proportion of pre-carcinogens were able to inhibit cell division, and in all cases examined, this was accompanied by nuclear enlargement. Although several \"non-carcinogenic\" chemicals also arrested cell division, nuclear enlargment was not produced. The possibility that growth inhibition and nuclear enlargement in cells treated briefly with a chemical could provide a rapid indication of carcinogenic activity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353556", "title": "Absence of immunization effect in human-kidney retransplantation.", "content": "We examined whether rejection of a previous graft rendered a recipient immunized against subsequent kidney transplants in over 1900 retransplants. The one-year survival rate (43 +/- 1 per cent [ +/- S.E.M.]) of second grafts from cadaver donors was only slightly (but statistically significantly) lower than that of first transplant (47 +/- 1 per cent, P less than 0.02). Repeated HLA mismatches in 180 second transplants did not show a lower survival rate than 925 grafts with no repeated HLA incompatibility. We conclude that the danger of immunization by previous grafts has been overemphasized from studies in laboratory animals. Those who rejected the first graft rapidly (high responders) had significantly shorter survival of the second graft compared with those who rejected the initial graft slowly (low responders) (60 +/- 3 versus 31 +/- 3 per cent at one year, P less than 0.00001).", "contents": "Absence of immunization effect in human-kidney retransplantation. We examined whether rejection of a previous graft rendered a recipient immunized against subsequent kidney transplants in over 1900 retransplants. The one-year survival rate (43 +/- 1 per cent [ +/- S.E.M.]) of second grafts from cadaver donors was only slightly (but statistically significantly) lower than that of first transplant (47 +/- 1 per cent, P less than 0.02). Repeated HLA mismatches in 180 second transplants did not show a lower survival rate than 925 grafts with no repeated HLA incompatibility. We conclude that the danger of immunization by previous grafts has been overemphasized from studies in laboratory animals. Those who rejected the first graft rapidly (high responders) had significantly shorter survival of the second graft compared with those who rejected the initial graft slowly (low responders) (60 +/- 3 versus 31 +/- 3 per cent at one year, P less than 0.00001)."}
{"id": "PMID:353558", "title": "The social and economic cost of end-stage renal disease. A patient's perspective.", "content": "The soical and economic effects of end-stage renal disease are enormous. This case history of our experience with dialysis and transplantation details our life with these two modes of treatment. Despite the common notion that Medicare covers most of the expenses, the detailed records of our financial experience show that Medicare paid only 53 per cent of our total costs; the remainder came from a mixture of private and public sources. In seeking alternative financial support, we encountered many problems, including complex and constraining requirements for aid, invasion of privacy, high insurance and bank-interest rates and termination of employment. Even those in middle-income brackets find it difficult to maintain their independence under such circumstances. New legislation extending Medicare coverage of home dialysis and transplantation should help to alleviate these problems in the future.", "contents": "The social and economic cost of end-stage renal disease. A patient's perspective. The soical and economic effects of end-stage renal disease are enormous. This case history of our experience with dialysis and transplantation details our life with these two modes of treatment. Despite the common notion that Medicare covers most of the expenses, the detailed records of our financial experience show that Medicare paid only 53 per cent of our total costs; the remainder came from a mixture of private and public sources. In seeking alternative financial support, we encountered many problems, including complex and constraining requirements for aid, invasion of privacy, high insurance and bank-interest rates and termination of employment. Even those in middle-income brackets find it difficult to maintain their independence under such circumstances. New legislation extending Medicare coverage of home dialysis and transplantation should help to alleviate these problems in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:353557", "title": "Islet-cell-surface antibodies in juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Using an indirect immunofluorescence test on suspensions of viable, insulin-producing islet cells from rats, we found that 32 per cent (28/88) of insulin-treated patients with juvenile diabetes have islet-cell-surface antibodies in their circulation. These antibodies also occurred in four of nine children with glucose intolerance, in one of 24 healthy children and in nondiabetic children with thyroid disorders. In the diabetic children, the immunofluorescent reaction was inhibited by preadsorption of serum to islet cells but was little affected by preadsorption to rat hepatocytes or erythrocytes or to acetone powders of various rat tissues, including pancreas. These results show that organ-specific, nonspecies-specific antibodies reactive with the cell surface of the islet cells can be present in serum from diabetic children, and provide an approach to investigation of immunopathological aspects of diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Islet-cell-surface antibodies in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Using an indirect immunofluorescence test on suspensions of viable, insulin-producing islet cells from rats, we found that 32 per cent (28/88) of insulin-treated patients with juvenile diabetes have islet-cell-surface antibodies in their circulation. These antibodies also occurred in four of nine children with glucose intolerance, in one of 24 healthy children and in nondiabetic children with thyroid disorders. In the diabetic children, the immunofluorescent reaction was inhibited by preadsorption of serum to islet cells but was little affected by preadsorption to rat hepatocytes or erythrocytes or to acetone powders of various rat tissues, including pancreas. These results show that organ-specific, nonspecies-specific antibodies reactive with the cell surface of the islet cells can be present in serum from diabetic children, and provide an approach to investigation of immunopathological aspects of diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:353564", "title": "Structure and processing of yeast precursor tRNAs containing intervening sequences.", "content": "We have isolated a precursor of yeast tRNATyr and shown that it contains an intervening sequence identical to that found in the gene for tRNATyr. The conformation of pre-tRNATyr is similar to that of mature tRNATyr except for the anticodon loop. The loop is sensitive to endonucleolytic cleavage by S1 nuclease near to the ends of the intervening sequence. This pre-tRNA is functionally inactive as it cannot be aminoacylated and the anticodon is not accessible for hydrogen bonding. A crude nuclear extract from yeast contains an excision-ligase activity which will process pre-tRNATyr into mature tRNATyr.", "contents": "Structure and processing of yeast precursor tRNAs containing intervening sequences. We have isolated a precursor of yeast tRNATyr and shown that it contains an intervening sequence identical to that found in the gene for tRNATyr. The conformation of pre-tRNATyr is similar to that of mature tRNATyr except for the anticodon loop. The loop is sensitive to endonucleolytic cleavage by S1 nuclease near to the ends of the intervening sequence. This pre-tRNA is functionally inactive as it cannot be aminoacylated and the anticodon is not accessible for hydrogen bonding. A crude nuclear extract from yeast contains an excision-ligase activity which will process pre-tRNATyr into mature tRNATyr."}
{"id": "PMID:353576", "title": "Antibody-coated bacteria in the urinary sediment of rats with experimental pyelonephritis.", "content": "The appearance of antibody-coated bacteria in urinary sediment has been evaluated in rats with experimental pyelonephritis. At day 7 after induction of pyelonephritis, 9 out of 11 rats demonstrated antibody-coated bacteria in the urinary sediment. The other 2 rats never had a positive urinary sediment. Following removal of the pyelonephritic kidneys, antibody-coated bacteria disappeared in 7 of 9 previously positive rats. In the 2 rats which continued to show antibody-coated bacteria, the infecting organisms were found in the remaining kidney. The 2 rats which never developed antibody-coated bacteria in urinary sediment had a higher then normal serum antibody titer, and 1 rat with antibody-coated bacteria showed a normal serum antibody titer. It is concluded that although the search for antibody-coated bacteria in urinary sediment is a very useful technique, its negativity does not exclude upper urinary tract involvement; in the case of renal parenchymal infection, immunity is not the same at the systemic and the local site.", "contents": "Antibody-coated bacteria in the urinary sediment of rats with experimental pyelonephritis. The appearance of antibody-coated bacteria in urinary sediment has been evaluated in rats with experimental pyelonephritis. At day 7 after induction of pyelonephritis, 9 out of 11 rats demonstrated antibody-coated bacteria in the urinary sediment. The other 2 rats never had a positive urinary sediment. Following removal of the pyelonephritic kidneys, antibody-coated bacteria disappeared in 7 of 9 previously positive rats. In the 2 rats which continued to show antibody-coated bacteria, the infecting organisms were found in the remaining kidney. The 2 rats which never developed antibody-coated bacteria in urinary sediment had a higher then normal serum antibody titer, and 1 rat with antibody-coated bacteria showed a normal serum antibody titer. It is concluded that although the search for antibody-coated bacteria in urinary sediment is a very useful technique, its negativity does not exclude upper urinary tract involvement; in the case of renal parenchymal infection, immunity is not the same at the systemic and the local site."}
{"id": "PMID:353581", "title": "Electrophysiological characteristics of identified tubero-infundibular neurons.", "content": "This article aims to review the recent electrophysiological studies on the distribution of antidromically identified TI neurons, efferent projections of TI axon collaterals, afferent neural connections to TI neurons, and neural pathways mediating recurrent inhibition and excitation in TI neurons.", "contents": "Electrophysiological characteristics of identified tubero-infundibular neurons. This article aims to review the recent electrophysiological studies on the distribution of antidromically identified TI neurons, efferent projections of TI axon collaterals, afferent neural connections to TI neurons, and neural pathways mediating recurrent inhibition and excitation in TI neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:353583", "title": "Traumatic embolization of the intracranial internal carotid artery.", "content": "A 3 mm pellet, shot into the neck of a 13 year old boy, migrated into the common carotid artery and lodged in the infraclinoid internal carotid artery. The case illustrates an unusual intravascular migration of a foreign body. The benign clinical course, radiological evaluation, and rationale for expectant management of such low velocity missle injuries is discussed.", "contents": "Traumatic embolization of the intracranial internal carotid artery. A 3 mm pellet, shot into the neck of a 13 year old boy, migrated into the common carotid artery and lodged in the infraclinoid internal carotid artery. The case illustrates an unusual intravascular migration of a foreign body. The benign clinical course, radiological evaluation, and rationale for expectant management of such low velocity missle injuries is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353582", "title": "Stimulation of gonadotrophs by pituitary portal vessel infusion of superactive LH-RH analogues: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "LH-RH or its superactive analogues were infused into pituitary portal vessels of adult male rats for 1 min; pituitaries were then fixed for routine electron microscopy 1 min, 30 min and 3 h after infusion. A maximal increase of granule release at 2 min. and a maximal increase in synthetic activity (i.e., dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and Golgi apparatus (GA)) at 30 min, occurred in gonadotrophs in response to both LH-RH and the superactive analogues, but not to saline infusion. Only gonadotrophs from analogue infused pituitaries showed a high level of exocytosis and protein synthesis at 3 h. In addition, the superactive analogues typically stimulated formation of large vacuoles of RER at 30 min and 3 h that resembled those seen in \"signet ring\" cells following castration. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) values of serum LH supported these observations. The results of this study provide morphological evidence for a prolonged action of the superactive analogues of LH-RH on both gonadotropin secretion and synthesis under physiological conditions.", "contents": "Stimulation of gonadotrophs by pituitary portal vessel infusion of superactive LH-RH analogues: an ultrastructural study. LH-RH or its superactive analogues were infused into pituitary portal vessels of adult male rats for 1 min; pituitaries were then fixed for routine electron microscopy 1 min, 30 min and 3 h after infusion. A maximal increase of granule release at 2 min. and a maximal increase in synthetic activity (i.e., dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and Golgi apparatus (GA)) at 30 min, occurred in gonadotrophs in response to both LH-RH and the superactive analogues, but not to saline infusion. Only gonadotrophs from analogue infused pituitaries showed a high level of exocytosis and protein synthesis at 3 h. In addition, the superactive analogues typically stimulated formation of large vacuoles of RER at 30 min and 3 h that resembled those seen in \"signet ring\" cells following castration. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) values of serum LH supported these observations. The results of this study provide morphological evidence for a prolonged action of the superactive analogues of LH-RH on both gonadotropin secretion and synthesis under physiological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:353579", "title": "[Effect of amygdalotomy on behavior disorders in epileptics].", "content": "Results of psychological testing in 46 epileptics with severe behaviour disturbances treated surgically, by the stereotaxic method (selective exclusion of the dorso medial parts of amygdalae) are reported. After the operation there was a significant improvement of behaviour and seizures of temporal-lobe type were no longer observed. Comparative tests demonstrated a significant reduction of emotional tension, development of ability to behaviour and emotional reactions control, reduction of emotional instability and motor hyperactivity. Aggressiveness in difficult or conflict situations was markedly diminished or eliminated.", "contents": "[Effect of amygdalotomy on behavior disorders in epileptics]. Results of psychological testing in 46 epileptics with severe behaviour disturbances treated surgically, by the stereotaxic method (selective exclusion of the dorso medial parts of amygdalae) are reported. After the operation there was a significant improvement of behaviour and seizures of temporal-lobe type were no longer observed. Comparative tests demonstrated a significant reduction of emotional tension, development of ability to behaviour and emotional reactions control, reduction of emotional instability and motor hyperactivity. Aggressiveness in difficult or conflict situations was markedly diminished or eliminated."}
{"id": "PMID:353586", "title": "[Behavior of serum proteins and lipids after jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity].", "content": "Variations in body weight, behaviour of lipidaemic fractions proteinaemia, uricaemia and uricuria, and lipid and protein absorption were studied preoperatively and at varying times following operation in five subjects who had undergone jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity. The results showed high serous NEFA and a definite, early and persistent reduction in all lipidaemic fractions after operation. The post-operative levels of serous proteins, particularly albumin, which were reduced in all subjects, reached pathological levels in two patients where proteic malnutrition following on the operation was associated with serious liver disease. The results agree with reported data. The variations in lipidic and proteic malabsorption proved to be in agreement with weight drop and the serous parameters considered. The reduction in uricaemia encountered in the five patients studied failed to agree with data reported in the Anglo-Saxon literature. This may be explained by alimentary and racial differences between the two populations of patients.", "contents": "[Behavior of serum proteins and lipids after jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity]. Variations in body weight, behaviour of lipidaemic fractions proteinaemia, uricaemia and uricuria, and lipid and protein absorption were studied preoperatively and at varying times following operation in five subjects who had undergone jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity. The results showed high serous NEFA and a definite, early and persistent reduction in all lipidaemic fractions after operation. The post-operative levels of serous proteins, particularly albumin, which were reduced in all subjects, reached pathological levels in two patients where proteic malnutrition following on the operation was associated with serious liver disease. The results agree with reported data. The variations in lipidic and proteic malabsorption proved to be in agreement with weight drop and the serous parameters considered. The reduction in uricaemia encountered in the five patients studied failed to agree with data reported in the Anglo-Saxon literature. This may be explained by alimentary and racial differences between the two populations of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:353597", "title": "The treatment of hypertension with verapamil.", "content": "In a randomised double blind cross over trial, verapamil produced significant dose dependent reductions in blood pressure in 23 patients. There were minimal side-effects. All patients had some contraindication to the use of beta blocker therapy, and the role of verapmil in this situation is discussed.", "contents": "The treatment of hypertension with verapamil. In a randomised double blind cross over trial, verapamil produced significant dose dependent reductions in blood pressure in 23 patients. There were minimal side-effects. All patients had some contraindication to the use of beta blocker therapy, and the role of verapmil in this situation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353604", "title": "Genetic counselling and genetics of cleft lip and cleft palate.", "content": "Modern neonatal care and advanced plastic surgical correction have led to the survival of most newborns with oral clefts. These children are likely to reproduce. A slight increase in the incidence of oral clefts may be expected in the future. The genetics of cleft lip and cleft palate is reviewed. The inheritance is usually multifactorial. With normal parents the risk of having a first affected child with cleft lip is about one per thousand, the risk of having a second affected child 4 per cent and the risk of having a third affected child 10 per cent. If a parent has already a cleft lip, the risk of having a first affected child now is 4 per cent, while the risk of having a second affected child is 10 per cent. The methodology of genetic counseling is given.", "contents": "Genetic counselling and genetics of cleft lip and cleft palate. Modern neonatal care and advanced plastic surgical correction have led to the survival of most newborns with oral clefts. These children are likely to reproduce. A slight increase in the incidence of oral clefts may be expected in the future. The genetics of cleft lip and cleft palate is reviewed. The inheritance is usually multifactorial. With normal parents the risk of having a first affected child with cleft lip is about one per thousand, the risk of having a second affected child 4 per cent and the risk of having a third affected child 10 per cent. If a parent has already a cleft lip, the risk of having a first affected child now is 4 per cent, while the risk of having a second affected child is 10 per cent. The methodology of genetic counseling is given."}
{"id": "PMID:353616", "title": "[Experimental and biochemical aspects of crystalline lens induction during embryogenesis].", "content": "The lens induction is a two-step process and involves morphogenetic influences from the archencepalic endoderm and optic vesicle. One can suggest that the lens induction is primed by specific proteins which are synthesized and secreted by the optic vesicle cells. The proteins-inductors appear to penetrate in the cells and, while interacting (directly or via the cytoplasm) with the nuclei, \"programme\" the ectodermal cells towards the lens differentiation. The contact interactions and extracellular matrix are of substantial, but not crucial value for the lens induction. The synthesis of specific proteins (crystallins) is to be considered as the most objective criterion of lens differentiation. In vertebrates, there is a lag-period between the moment of lens induction and synthesis of crystallins which is the most long-term in amphibians. The chick embryos constitute an exception and the synthesis of crystallin mRNA occurs in them a few hours after the lens induction. The developing retina loses its capacity to induce lens but stimulates the processes of fiber formation and synthesis of crystallins. A factor was found in the definitive lens epithelium which may be considered as a possible regulator of lens differentiation. On the basis of experiments with heterogenous and native lens inductors, a suggestion is put forward to the effect that the activity of inducing substances is determined by a definite determinant group of the molecule, rather than by the whole molecule.", "contents": "[Experimental and biochemical aspects of crystalline lens induction during embryogenesis]. The lens induction is a two-step process and involves morphogenetic influences from the archencepalic endoderm and optic vesicle. One can suggest that the lens induction is primed by specific proteins which are synthesized and secreted by the optic vesicle cells. The proteins-inductors appear to penetrate in the cells and, while interacting (directly or via the cytoplasm) with the nuclei, \"programme\" the ectodermal cells towards the lens differentiation. The contact interactions and extracellular matrix are of substantial, but not crucial value for the lens induction. The synthesis of specific proteins (crystallins) is to be considered as the most objective criterion of lens differentiation. In vertebrates, there is a lag-period between the moment of lens induction and synthesis of crystallins which is the most long-term in amphibians. The chick embryos constitute an exception and the synthesis of crystallin mRNA occurs in them a few hours after the lens induction. The developing retina loses its capacity to induce lens but stimulates the processes of fiber formation and synthesis of crystallins. A factor was found in the definitive lens epithelium which may be considered as a possible regulator of lens differentiation. On the basis of experiments with heterogenous and native lens inductors, a suggestion is put forward to the effect that the activity of inducing substances is determined by a definite determinant group of the molecule, rather than by the whole molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:353617", "title": "[Origin of stromal bone marrow mechanocytes according to the results of typing them by isoantigens and chromosomal markers].", "content": "The bone marrow of radiochimaeras and heterotopic bone marrow transplants were used to study the origin of precursors of the fibroblasts growing in the monolayer cultures of hemopoietic tissue. In the bone marrow explants of the (C57BL/6 X CBA) F1 mice, in which the CBA bone marrow was transplanted following the lethal irradiation, the fibroblasts grown in the colonies were of recipient origin judging by isoantigens in the reaction of indirect immunofluorescence with the anti-C57BL/6-serum. At the same time in the bone marrow explants from heterotopic transplants (CBA leads to CBA X C57BL/6) the fibroblasts grown in colonies were of donor origin. The cultures of hemopoietic cells of the bone marrow of females heterotopically transplanted in the singenic male (guinea pigs Huston) contained only fibroblasts which were of donor origin judging by sex chromosomes in the metaphase plates of dividing cells. Hence, the bone marrow precursors of fibroblasts do not depend histogenetically on hemopoietic cells and are not replaced at the expense of repopulating cells of the second partner.", "contents": "[Origin of stromal bone marrow mechanocytes according to the results of typing them by isoantigens and chromosomal markers]. The bone marrow of radiochimaeras and heterotopic bone marrow transplants were used to study the origin of precursors of the fibroblasts growing in the monolayer cultures of hemopoietic tissue. In the bone marrow explants of the (C57BL/6 X CBA) F1 mice, in which the CBA bone marrow was transplanted following the lethal irradiation, the fibroblasts grown in the colonies were of recipient origin judging by isoantigens in the reaction of indirect immunofluorescence with the anti-C57BL/6-serum. At the same time in the bone marrow explants from heterotopic transplants (CBA leads to CBA X C57BL/6) the fibroblasts grown in colonies were of donor origin. The cultures of hemopoietic cells of the bone marrow of females heterotopically transplanted in the singenic male (guinea pigs Huston) contained only fibroblasts which were of donor origin judging by sex chromosomes in the metaphase plates of dividing cells. Hence, the bone marrow precursors of fibroblasts do not depend histogenetically on hemopoietic cells and are not replaced at the expense of repopulating cells of the second partner."}
{"id": "PMID:353618", "title": "[Immunofluorescent study of the origin of connective tissue cells in xenogenic radiation chimeras under normal conditions and in aseptic inflammation].", "content": "The origin of elements of the focus of aseptic inflammation and the normal subcutaneous connective tissue in the xenogenic (mouse-rat) radiation chimaeras was investigated by means of indirect Coons method with antiserum to the rat bone marrow cells. The cells of the imflammation focus (leucocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts or fibroblast-like cells, polynuclear giant cells of foreign bodies), as well as leucocytes, macrophages and some fibroblasts of the normal subcutaneous connective tissue, were shown to take their origin from the transplanted bone marrow cells of the donor.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescent study of the origin of connective tissue cells in xenogenic radiation chimeras under normal conditions and in aseptic inflammation]. The origin of elements of the focus of aseptic inflammation and the normal subcutaneous connective tissue in the xenogenic (mouse-rat) radiation chimaeras was investigated by means of indirect Coons method with antiserum to the rat bone marrow cells. The cells of the imflammation focus (leucocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts or fibroblast-like cells, polynuclear giant cells of foreign bodies), as well as leucocytes, macrophages and some fibroblasts of the normal subcutaneous connective tissue, were shown to take their origin from the transplanted bone marrow cells of the donor."}
{"id": "PMID:353619", "title": "Current trends in amblyopia therapy.", "content": "This report reviews the literature on amblyopia therapy from 1970 through 1976. New techniques of screening for amblyopia have been developed during this period. Modification of therapy which includes the use of penalization, prisms, red filter, and home exercises has been reported in the current literature. A summary of the author's personal experience in the treatment of amblyopia at the Bascom Palmer Eey Institute from 1966 through 1976 is presented with the factors that influenced the outcome of this therapy.", "contents": "Current trends in amblyopia therapy. This report reviews the literature on amblyopia therapy from 1970 through 1976. New techniques of screening for amblyopia have been developed during this period. Modification of therapy which includes the use of penalization, prisms, red filter, and home exercises has been reported in the current literature. A summary of the author's personal experience in the treatment of amblyopia at the Bascom Palmer Eey Institute from 1966 through 1976 is presented with the factors that influenced the outcome of this therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:353620", "title": "Electrophysiologic aspects of amblyopia.", "content": "This paper presents a sampling of the psychophysical and electrophysiologic examinations which have been applied to determine the location of the visual processing defect in functional amblyopia. Areal summation and lateral inhibition are discussed along with methods for determining their extent at different locations in the visual system. Using psychophysical and visual-evoked response data from a series of these tests in humans, a case is made that the outer retina is the locus of a major defect leading to the loss of visual resolution in functional amblyopia.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic aspects of amblyopia. This paper presents a sampling of the psychophysical and electrophysiologic examinations which have been applied to determine the location of the visual processing defect in functional amblyopia. Areal summation and lateral inhibition are discussed along with methods for determining their extent at different locations in the visual system. Using psychophysical and visual-evoked response data from a series of these tests in humans, a case is made that the outer retina is the locus of a major defect leading to the loss of visual resolution in functional amblyopia."}
{"id": "PMID:353621", "title": "Recovery from monocular stimulus deprivation amblyopia in the kitten.", "content": "A review of experimental studies on recovery from monocular stimulus deprivation amblyopia in the kitten is presented. Physiologic, anatomic, and behavioral results are reported for two kinds of recovery experiments: (1) those in which reverse deprivation is employed and (2) those utilizing a recovery period of binocular vision. Data from these investigations are discussed in relation to current thinking regarding the role of synaptic competition during the development of the visual system. The conclusions drawn from these experimental studies of monocular deprivation suggest a possible approach to the treatment of human amblyopia.", "contents": "Recovery from monocular stimulus deprivation amblyopia in the kitten. A review of experimental studies on recovery from monocular stimulus deprivation amblyopia in the kitten is presented. Physiologic, anatomic, and behavioral results are reported for two kinds of recovery experiments: (1) those in which reverse deprivation is employed and (2) those utilizing a recovery period of binocular vision. Data from these investigations are discussed in relation to current thinking regarding the role of synaptic competition during the development of the visual system. The conclusions drawn from these experimental studies of monocular deprivation suggest a possible approach to the treatment of human amblyopia."}
{"id": "PMID:353622", "title": "The pharmacology of amblyopia.", "content": "Physiologic and anatomic evidence has suggested an anatomic disconnection between the deprived eye and visual cortical neurons in cats made amblyopic by monocular deprivation. Clinical and visual-evoked response data suggest, however, that inhibition may play a major role in amblyopia. Accordingly, we intravenously administered anti-inhibitory compounds (bicuculline, ammonium ion, naloxone) to amblyopic cats and demonstrated a substantial restoration of binocular input to the visual cortex. Such pharmacologic reversal suggests that amblyopia is not an anatomically fixed lesion.", "contents": "The pharmacology of amblyopia. Physiologic and anatomic evidence has suggested an anatomic disconnection between the deprived eye and visual cortical neurons in cats made amblyopic by monocular deprivation. Clinical and visual-evoked response data suggest, however, that inhibition may play a major role in amblyopia. Accordingly, we intravenously administered anti-inhibitory compounds (bicuculline, ammonium ion, naloxone) to amblyopic cats and demonstrated a substantial restoration of binocular input to the visual cortex. Such pharmacologic reversal suggests that amblyopia is not an anatomically fixed lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:353623", "title": "The effect of calcium dobesilate on nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy: a controlled study.", "content": "Two independent, double-masked, controlled studies were made to evaluate the efficacy of calcium dobesilate for the treatment of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Forty-two patients underwent a six-month crossover evaluation while receiving calcium dobesilate (750 mg per day) and placebo in random order. Thirty-six patients received calcium dobesilate (1,000 mg per day) or placebo for one year. Evaluation by clinical examination, fluorescein angiography, angiography, and fundus photography failed to demonstrate any beneficial effect of calcium dobesilate.", "contents": "The effect of calcium dobesilate on nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy: a controlled study. Two independent, double-masked, controlled studies were made to evaluate the efficacy of calcium dobesilate for the treatment of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Forty-two patients underwent a six-month crossover evaluation while receiving calcium dobesilate (750 mg per day) and placebo in random order. Thirty-six patients received calcium dobesilate (1,000 mg per day) or placebo for one year. Evaluation by clinical examination, fluorescein angiography, angiography, and fundus photography failed to demonstrate any beneficial effect of calcium dobesilate."}
{"id": "PMID:353625", "title": "Traumatic herniation of buccal pad of fat (traumatic pseudolipoma). A review.", "content": "Since the term traumatic pseudolipoma of the buccal mucosa was originally propounded to describe a traumatic herniation of the buccal fat pad, five additional cases have been reported. The evidence from these cases, together with the occurrence of similar lesions of the buttocks and anterior abdominal wall, is presented, and the suggestion is made that there is now sufficient reason to believe that this condition is a clinical entity for which the name traumatic pseudolipoma would appear to be justified.", "contents": "Traumatic herniation of buccal pad of fat (traumatic pseudolipoma). A review. Since the term traumatic pseudolipoma of the buccal mucosa was originally propounded to describe a traumatic herniation of the buccal fat pad, five additional cases have been reported. The evidence from these cases, together with the occurrence of similar lesions of the buttocks and anterior abdominal wall, is presented, and the suggestion is made that there is now sufficient reason to believe that this condition is a clinical entity for which the name traumatic pseudolipoma would appear to be justified."}
{"id": "PMID:353626", "title": "Oral lesions of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.", "content": "Oral lesions with histologic evidence of subepidermal bullae are described in a patient with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA). Deposition of IgA, IgG, and C3 in the basement membrane zone and vasculitis with C3 deposits in vessel walls suggest the possible role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Oral lesions of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Oral lesions with histologic evidence of subepidermal bullae are described in a patient with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA). Deposition of IgA, IgG, and C3 in the basement membrane zone and vasculitis with C3 deposits in vessel walls suggest the possible role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:353627", "title": "Cytotoxicity evaluation of root canal sealers by the tissue culture--agar overlay technique.", "content": "Ten commercially available root canal sealers were tested for cytotoxicity by the tissue culture--agar overlay method for periods of 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. All sealers manifested evidence of toxicity at every stage of testing. Some sealers which were markedly toxic at 0 hour showed reducing levels of toxicity out to 96 hours. Others remained highly toxic throughout the entirety of the experimental period.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity evaluation of root canal sealers by the tissue culture--agar overlay technique. Ten commercially available root canal sealers were tested for cytotoxicity by the tissue culture--agar overlay method for periods of 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. All sealers manifested evidence of toxicity at every stage of testing. Some sealers which were markedly toxic at 0 hour showed reducing levels of toxicity out to 96 hours. Others remained highly toxic throughout the entirety of the experimental period."}
{"id": "PMID:353628", "title": "Release of endotoxin in an experimental model simulating the dental root canal.", "content": "The action of endotoxin on subcutaneous connective tissue was examined in an experimental model simulating the dental root canal. The local Shwartzman reaction was used as a tool to detect slight tissue alterations that might otherwise go unobserved. The experimental results warrent, in our opinion, the tentative conclusion that the primary toxicity of endotoxins has no major part in the initiation or maintenance of chronic periapical inflammation.", "contents": "Release of endotoxin in an experimental model simulating the dental root canal. The action of endotoxin on subcutaneous connective tissue was examined in an experimental model simulating the dental root canal. The local Shwartzman reaction was used as a tool to detect slight tissue alterations that might otherwise go unobserved. The experimental results warrent, in our opinion, the tentative conclusion that the primary toxicity of endotoxins has no major part in the initiation or maintenance of chronic periapical inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:353651", "title": "[The significance of radioimmunoassay for the diagnosis of growth disorders in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The fact, that peripheral concentrations of most hormones, including growth hormone, are in the nano- and picomole range, requires the use of very sensitive analytical methods for their determination. Radioimmunoassays are most widely used for this purpose as they fulfill the criteria of high sensitivity and reliability. This paper briefly summarizes the principle of radioimmunoassays and the application of such tests for the diagnosis of growth disturbances in children.", "contents": "[The significance of radioimmunoassay for the diagnosis of growth disorders in childhood (author's transl)]. The fact, that peripheral concentrations of most hormones, including growth hormone, are in the nano- and picomole range, requires the use of very sensitive analytical methods for their determination. Radioimmunoassays are most widely used for this purpose as they fulfill the criteria of high sensitivity and reliability. This paper briefly summarizes the principle of radioimmunoassays and the application of such tests for the diagnosis of growth disturbances in children."}
{"id": "PMID:353652", "title": "The placebo effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation.", "content": "The placebo effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation was studied in 93 patients in a double-blind cross-over trial using a genuine stimulator and a placebo machine. Placebo analgesic effect occurred in 32% of trials, as compared with 48% for actual stimulation. The placebo effect of the transcutaneous electrical stimulator is similar to the placebo effect that is noted in other double-blind studies in which medications are used.", "contents": "The placebo effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation. The placebo effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation was studied in 93 patients in a double-blind cross-over trial using a genuine stimulator and a placebo machine. Placebo analgesic effect occurred in 32% of trials, as compared with 48% for actual stimulation. The placebo effect of the transcutaneous electrical stimulator is similar to the placebo effect that is noted in other double-blind studies in which medications are used."}
{"id": "PMID:353655", "title": "[Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay of factor VIII-related antigen. Interest in study of Von Willerbrand's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Factor VIII-related antigen is measured by ELISA as follows: Factor VIII-R: Ag is first \"captured\" between rabbit antibodies to human factor VII R : Ag adsorbed in polystyrene tubes, and conjugate (peroxydase-labelled rabbit antibodies). A chromogenic enzyme substrate is then added and absorbence measurement allows subsequent assay. This method is sensitive, reproducible and specific. The comparison between the results obtained by this enzyme immuno-assay and the electro-immunodiffusion assay (EIA) is interesting for the study of quantitative and qualitative variations of F VII R : Ag in von Willebrand's disease. Two observations of von Willerbrand variants are described in detail : VIII R : Ag plasma level of the first one is normal using EIA but decreased using ELISA, its electrophoretic mobility is increased; in the second case we found typical anomalies of von Willebrand except the VIII R : Ag level normal by the two methods.", "contents": "[Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay of factor VIII-related antigen. Interest in study of Von Willerbrand's disease (author's transl)]. Factor VIII-related antigen is measured by ELISA as follows: Factor VIII-R: Ag is first \"captured\" between rabbit antibodies to human factor VII R : Ag adsorbed in polystyrene tubes, and conjugate (peroxydase-labelled rabbit antibodies). A chromogenic enzyme substrate is then added and absorbence measurement allows subsequent assay. This method is sensitive, reproducible and specific. The comparison between the results obtained by this enzyme immuno-assay and the electro-immunodiffusion assay (EIA) is interesting for the study of quantitative and qualitative variations of F VII R : Ag in von Willebrand's disease. Two observations of von Willerbrand variants are described in detail : VIII R : Ag plasma level of the first one is normal using EIA but decreased using ELISA, its electrophoretic mobility is increased; in the second case we found typical anomalies of von Willebrand except the VIII R : Ag level normal by the two methods."}
{"id": "PMID:353656", "title": "[Volume distribution studies on the platelet populations (author's transl)].", "content": "The volume distribution into human platelet populations was investigated in order to determine if thereis a relationship between the cell density and the cell size and if the isolated platelets are homogeneous populations of cells. The platelet populations were isolated from platelet rich plasma or from washed platelets by isopycnic centrifugation on sucrose density gradients. Platelet volume was measured electronically with Coulter F or Coulter Z Bic coupled with Channelyser C 1000. The results show that there exists a direct relationship between platelet density and size, since the volumetric parameters gradually increase from the small platelets of lower density to the larger ones isolated at higher density. Evidence was also obtained that the isolated populations of platelets were heterogeneous and their volume distribution was log-normal. Both the heavy and the light platelet populations were found as a mixture of mainly large or mainly small platelets respectively.", "contents": "[Volume distribution studies on the platelet populations (author's transl)]. The volume distribution into human platelet populations was investigated in order to determine if thereis a relationship between the cell density and the cell size and if the isolated platelets are homogeneous populations of cells. The platelet populations were isolated from platelet rich plasma or from washed platelets by isopycnic centrifugation on sucrose density gradients. Platelet volume was measured electronically with Coulter F or Coulter Z Bic coupled with Channelyser C 1000. The results show that there exists a direct relationship between platelet density and size, since the volumetric parameters gradually increase from the small platelets of lower density to the larger ones isolated at higher density. Evidence was also obtained that the isolated populations of platelets were heterogeneous and their volume distribution was log-normal. Both the heavy and the light platelet populations were found as a mixture of mainly large or mainly small platelets respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:353657", "title": "[Electrophoretic mobility of antithrombin III in an agarose gel with heparin. (author's transl)].", "content": "The electrophoretic mobility of several forms of antithrombin III in an agarose gel has been compared with the mobility in a gel containing heparin. When a serum was studied, three different compounds were observed. The inactige antithrombin III with higher molecular size, separated by gel filtration, was found to be homogenous even if there was heparin in the gel. A purified antithrombin III, prepared by affinity chromatography, contained an immunoreactive material of higher molecular size which has no activity and a higher mobility in agarose gel. When heparin is incorporated in the agarose plate, the electrophoretic mobility of this polymerized antithrombin III is not modified.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic mobility of antithrombin III in an agarose gel with heparin. (author's transl)]. The electrophoretic mobility of several forms of antithrombin III in an agarose gel has been compared with the mobility in a gel containing heparin. When a serum was studied, three different compounds were observed. The inactige antithrombin III with higher molecular size, separated by gel filtration, was found to be homogenous even if there was heparin in the gel. A purified antithrombin III, prepared by affinity chromatography, contained an immunoreactive material of higher molecular size which has no activity and a higher mobility in agarose gel. When heparin is incorporated in the agarose plate, the electrophoretic mobility of this polymerized antithrombin III is not modified."}
{"id": "PMID:353658", "title": "[Study of the bleeding mechanism during fibrinolysis induced by streptokinase in the rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "Our aim in this work has been to obtain precisions on the bleeding mechanism during fibrinolysis induced by streptokinase in the rabbit. Haemostasis was studied in vivo by the method oh Honour and Russell. The injection of 40 000 u/kg of streptokinase in 10 minutes induces rapidly fibrinolysis, which lasts for approximately one hour which is not accompanied by changes either in coagulation factors, or in platelet function. In vivo : . the adhesion of platelets to the vascular lesion is normal; . platelet aggregation is normal as is the formation of intravascular thrombi; . on the other hand the intra mural platelet thrombus is unstable. The embolization of the intravascular thrombi is responsible for new hemorrhages which can be correlated with the intensity of fibrinolysis. Thus, even in the absence of fibrinogenolysis, of fibrinogen degradation products FPD, of abnormal thrombin generation and of altered platelet function, the fibrinolytic activity induced by streptokinase could alone be responsible for bleeding episodes, occuring during thrombolytic treatment by streptokinase in man.", "contents": "[Study of the bleeding mechanism during fibrinolysis induced by streptokinase in the rabbit (author's transl)]. Our aim in this work has been to obtain precisions on the bleeding mechanism during fibrinolysis induced by streptokinase in the rabbit. Haemostasis was studied in vivo by the method oh Honour and Russell. The injection of 40 000 u/kg of streptokinase in 10 minutes induces rapidly fibrinolysis, which lasts for approximately one hour which is not accompanied by changes either in coagulation factors, or in platelet function. In vivo : . the adhesion of platelets to the vascular lesion is normal; . platelet aggregation is normal as is the formation of intravascular thrombi; . on the other hand the intra mural platelet thrombus is unstable. The embolization of the intravascular thrombi is responsible for new hemorrhages which can be correlated with the intensity of fibrinolysis. Thus, even in the absence of fibrinogenolysis, of fibrinogen degradation products FPD, of abnormal thrombin generation and of altered platelet function, the fibrinolytic activity induced by streptokinase could alone be responsible for bleeding episodes, occuring during thrombolytic treatment by streptokinase in man."}
{"id": "PMID:353659", "title": "Comparision of low dose heparin and low dose heparin combined with aspirin in prevention of deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement.", "content": "In a prospective randomised trial, two groups of 20 patients each were compared. The first group received low dose heparin (t.i.d.) and the second group received low dose heparin (t.i.d.) combined with aspirin. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) were determined using both radioactive fibrinogen uptake test and venography. The correlation between the two methods of diagnosis was better than 90%. There was no significant difference in the incidence of DVT between the two prophylactic regimen. A significant tendancy towards increased bleeding in observed with the combination of low dose heparin and aspirin.", "contents": "Comparision of low dose heparin and low dose heparin combined with aspirin in prevention of deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. In a prospective randomised trial, two groups of 20 patients each were compared. The first group received low dose heparin (t.i.d.) and the second group received low dose heparin (t.i.d.) combined with aspirin. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) were determined using both radioactive fibrinogen uptake test and venography. The correlation between the two methods of diagnosis was better than 90%. There was no significant difference in the incidence of DVT between the two prophylactic regimen. A significant tendancy towards increased bleeding in observed with the combination of low dose heparin and aspirin."}
{"id": "PMID:353661", "title": "[Medical decision assistance. Logical method and application to thyroid diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Medical diagnosis assistance is described in terms of step by step logical reasoning methods. Boolean functions, possibly connected with phi-fuzzy functions, and a theorem proving algorithm may be used at each step. The choice merely depends on the accuracy of diagnosis at a given step. Numerical results based on a study of patients with thyroid diseases are presented.", "contents": "[Medical decision assistance. Logical method and application to thyroid diseases (author's transl)]. Medical diagnosis assistance is described in terms of step by step logical reasoning methods. Boolean functions, possibly connected with phi-fuzzy functions, and a theorem proving algorithm may be used at each step. The choice merely depends on the accuracy of diagnosis at a given step. Numerical results based on a study of patients with thyroid diseases are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:353662", "title": "[The constituents of the red cell membrane (author's transl)].", "content": "Erythrocyte plasma membrane consists of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. The major lipids are phosphoglycerolipids which are amphiphatic molecules and which are responsible for the double layer structure of the membrane. Both membrane leaflets are fluid structures. Lipids diffuse laterally with great velocity. Exchange of lipids between the leaflets hardly occurs. The external leaflet can readily exchange phospholipids and cholesterol with the plasma. The external and the internal leaflets have a different composition. Major proteins are identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis while enzyme proteins are detected through their catalytic properties. Membrane proteins play many roles, among which are the maintenance of red cell shape and deformability (spectrin), cation and anion transport, intra- and extracellular metabolisms. Proteins penetrate more or less deeply into the lipid double layer. Their lateral mobility is limited. Sugars are covalently bound to various lipids and proteins. Being present only on the external surface of the membrane, they are the substrates of blood group antigens. Several abnormalities of erythrocyte membrane constituents have appeared in various congenital hemolytic anemias and in progressive muscular dystrophies.", "contents": "[The constituents of the red cell membrane (author's transl)]. Erythrocyte plasma membrane consists of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. The major lipids are phosphoglycerolipids which are amphiphatic molecules and which are responsible for the double layer structure of the membrane. Both membrane leaflets are fluid structures. Lipids diffuse laterally with great velocity. Exchange of lipids between the leaflets hardly occurs. The external leaflet can readily exchange phospholipids and cholesterol with the plasma. The external and the internal leaflets have a different composition. Major proteins are identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis while enzyme proteins are detected through their catalytic properties. Membrane proteins play many roles, among which are the maintenance of red cell shape and deformability (spectrin), cation and anion transport, intra- and extracellular metabolisms. Proteins penetrate more or less deeply into the lipid double layer. Their lateral mobility is limited. Sugars are covalently bound to various lipids and proteins. Being present only on the external surface of the membrane, they are the substrates of blood group antigens. Several abnormalities of erythrocyte membrane constituents have appeared in various congenital hemolytic anemias and in progressive muscular dystrophies."}
{"id": "PMID:353664", "title": "[Quantitative study of the bacterial flora of air in operating theatres (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study of two air-bacteria counting machines, MK II (Casella, London) and R.B. (Joubert, Lyon) was carried out. Pre-operation air samples from operating rooms were drawn by the two machines working simultaneously. The results from the two machines are similar, however the RB machine is the more sensitive of the two machines. Moreover, an old operating room without filtrated air had a significantly higher air bacteria contamination (m = 199 +/- 173 bacteria/m3) than a new one with filtrated air (m = 40 +/- 36 bacteria/m3). Samples from laminar air flow (m = 1,3 +/- 1,5 bacteria/m3) were examined as test studies. Working methods and results of air bacteria counts are studied.", "contents": "[Quantitative study of the bacterial flora of air in operating theatres (author's transl)]. A comparative study of two air-bacteria counting machines, MK II (Casella, London) and R.B. (Joubert, Lyon) was carried out. Pre-operation air samples from operating rooms were drawn by the two machines working simultaneously. The results from the two machines are similar, however the RB machine is the more sensitive of the two machines. Moreover, an old operating room without filtrated air had a significantly higher air bacteria contamination (m = 199 +/- 173 bacteria/m3) than a new one with filtrated air (m = 40 +/- 36 bacteria/m3). Samples from laminar air flow (m = 1,3 +/- 1,5 bacteria/m3) were examined as test studies. Working methods and results of air bacteria counts are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:353670", "title": "Acute nonlymphoid leukemia.", "content": "Acute nonlymphoid leukemia (ANLL) is not an uncommon form of leukemia in children. The differential diagnosis is sometimes difficult, but there are a number of laboratory tests that can contribute useful information. Despite the introduction of several newer chemotherapeutic agents, only 50 to 60 percent of children with ANLL achieve complete remissions, and the median survival at this time is only about 14 to 18 months. Immunotherapy and bone-marrow transplantation may offer important future avenues of therapy. CNS leukemia has recently evolved as an important complication in this group of leukemias.", "contents": "Acute nonlymphoid leukemia. Acute nonlymphoid leukemia (ANLL) is not an uncommon form of leukemia in children. The differential diagnosis is sometimes difficult, but there are a number of laboratory tests that can contribute useful information. Despite the introduction of several newer chemotherapeutic agents, only 50 to 60 percent of children with ANLL achieve complete remissions, and the median survival at this time is only about 14 to 18 months. Immunotherapy and bone-marrow transplantation may offer important future avenues of therapy. CNS leukemia has recently evolved as an important complication in this group of leukemias."}
{"id": "PMID:353680", "title": "Relative effects of drugs and diet on hyperactive behaviors: an experimental study.", "content": "In a test of Feingold's hypothesis that food additives trigger the hyperactive response, 26 hyperactive children were randomly assigned to treatment conditions whereby they were given active or placebo medications in combination with challenge cookies with artificial food colors or control cookies without the additives. The children were crossed over into each of the four treatment conditions and experimental procedures were employed, including double-blind assessments through the completion of behavior checklists, by teachers and parents. Stimulant medications were clearly more effective than diet in reducing hyperactive behavior. The parent ratings indicate strong drug effects and inconclusive diet effects. Drug effects are marked in teacher ratings as well. However, when the children were receiving placebos, their hyperactive behaviors in the classroom were greater when eating cookies with artificial colors than when eating cookies without artificial colors. According to the ratings, approximately seven children were no longer hyperactive. There is evidence to suggest that the behavior of three to eight children was diet-responsive, depending on the criteria used. There is evidence, particularly in teacher ratings, in support of Feingold's hypothesis if it is modified. Further research is required to specify which subtypes of hyperactive children respond to a diet free of artificial food colors.", "contents": "Relative effects of drugs and diet on hyperactive behaviors: an experimental study. In a test of Feingold's hypothesis that food additives trigger the hyperactive response, 26 hyperactive children were randomly assigned to treatment conditions whereby they were given active or placebo medications in combination with challenge cookies with artificial food colors or control cookies without the additives. The children were crossed over into each of the four treatment conditions and experimental procedures were employed, including double-blind assessments through the completion of behavior checklists, by teachers and parents. Stimulant medications were clearly more effective than diet in reducing hyperactive behavior. The parent ratings indicate strong drug effects and inconclusive diet effects. Drug effects are marked in teacher ratings as well. However, when the children were receiving placebos, their hyperactive behaviors in the classroom were greater when eating cookies with artificial colors than when eating cookies without artificial colors. According to the ratings, approximately seven children were no longer hyperactive. There is evidence to suggest that the behavior of three to eight children was diet-responsive, depending on the criteria used. There is evidence, particularly in teacher ratings, in support of Feingold's hypothesis if it is modified. Further research is required to specify which subtypes of hyperactive children respond to a diet free of artificial food colors."}
{"id": "PMID:353681", "title": "Hyperkinesis and food additives: testing the Feingold hypothesis.", "content": "Teacher ratings, objective classroom and laboratory observational data, attention-concentration, and other psychological measures obtained on 36 school-age, hyperactive boys under experimental and control diet conditions yielded no support for the Feingold hypothesis. Parental ratings revealed positive behavioral changes for the experimental diet; however, they seemed primarily attributable to one diet sequence. Parents' behavioral ratings on ten hyperactive, preschool boys indicated a positive response to the experimental diet; again, laboratory observations showed no diet effect.", "contents": "Hyperkinesis and food additives: testing the Feingold hypothesis. Teacher ratings, objective classroom and laboratory observational data, attention-concentration, and other psychological measures obtained on 36 school-age, hyperactive boys under experimental and control diet conditions yielded no support for the Feingold hypothesis. Parental ratings revealed positive behavioral changes for the experimental diet; however, they seemed primarily attributable to one diet sequence. Parents' behavioral ratings on ten hyperactive, preschool boys indicated a positive response to the experimental diet; again, laboratory observations showed no diet effect."}
{"id": "PMID:353682", "title": "Treatment of status asthmaticus in children with high doses and conventional doses of methylprednisolone.", "content": "Twenty-one children who were admitted to the hospital with status asthmaticus were assigned randomly to one of two groups. Children in group A received methylprednisolone sodium succinate intravenously, 30 mg/sq m every six hours (conventional dose), and those in group B received methylprednisolone sodium succinate intravenously 300 mg/sq m every six hours, until they were no longer wheezing, or for a maximum of four days. There were no significant differences in the outcome between the two groups. We conclude that there is no extra advantage in giving massive doses of corticosteroids over conventional doses in the treatment of severe asthma attacks.", "contents": "Treatment of status asthmaticus in children with high doses and conventional doses of methylprednisolone. Twenty-one children who were admitted to the hospital with status asthmaticus were assigned randomly to one of two groups. Children in group A received methylprednisolone sodium succinate intravenously, 30 mg/sq m every six hours (conventional dose), and those in group B received methylprednisolone sodium succinate intravenously 300 mg/sq m every six hours, until they were no longer wheezing, or for a maximum of four days. There were no significant differences in the outcome between the two groups. We conclude that there is no extra advantage in giving massive doses of corticosteroids over conventional doses in the treatment of severe asthma attacks."}
{"id": "PMID:353683", "title": "Noncompliance in children with renal transplants.", "content": "Fourteen patients (13 of them adolescents) interrupted immunosuppressive treatment following renal transplantation. Twelve were girls and two were boys. Six subsequently lost their allografts and eight had impaired renal function. Noncompliance was suspected when diminution in cushingoid features, unexplained weight loss, or changes in renal function occurred. Noncompliance was comfirmed by interview with psychosocial staff. Available psychosocial data from family interview and personality test obtained earlier as part of systematic follow-up study were analyzed to explore the reasons for noncompliance. Non compliant patient families had lower incomes, more fatherless households, and comunication difficulties within the family and with the medical establishment. Using a stepwise discriminant analysis, a discriminant function was derived which selected 13 of 14 noncompliant patients. Noncompliance may be a preventable cause of allograft failure. These data can aid in identifying high-risk patients and planning intervention programs.", "contents": "Noncompliance in children with renal transplants. Fourteen patients (13 of them adolescents) interrupted immunosuppressive treatment following renal transplantation. Twelve were girls and two were boys. Six subsequently lost their allografts and eight had impaired renal function. Noncompliance was suspected when diminution in cushingoid features, unexplained weight loss, or changes in renal function occurred. Noncompliance was comfirmed by interview with psychosocial staff. Available psychosocial data from family interview and personality test obtained earlier as part of systematic follow-up study were analyzed to explore the reasons for noncompliance. Non compliant patient families had lower incomes, more fatherless households, and comunication difficulties within the family and with the medical establishment. Using a stepwise discriminant analysis, a discriminant function was derived which selected 13 of 14 noncompliant patients. Noncompliance may be a preventable cause of allograft failure. These data can aid in identifying high-risk patients and planning intervention programs."}
{"id": "PMID:353694", "title": "Personality dimensions and reversible perspective in Embedded Figures Test.", "content": "The study examined the relationship between performance on reversible-perspective items in individual and group embedded-figures tests and remaining items, personality and performance variables in two samples of normal females. Performance on the reversible-perspective items was better than on the remaining items in the individual test and as good as other items in the group test. Those who experienced difficulty in solving the reversible-perspective items had more \"psychiatric\" complaints and greater sociability than subjects who experienced little difficulty.", "contents": "Personality dimensions and reversible perspective in Embedded Figures Test. The study examined the relationship between performance on reversible-perspective items in individual and group embedded-figures tests and remaining items, personality and performance variables in two samples of normal females. Performance on the reversible-perspective items was better than on the remaining items in the individual test and as good as other items in the group test. Those who experienced difficulty in solving the reversible-perspective items had more \"psychiatric\" complaints and greater sociability than subjects who experienced little difficulty."}
{"id": "PMID:353696", "title": "Sex differences in responses of children to the Hand Test.", "content": "The Hand Test was administered to 69 boys and 65 girls enrolled in the second grade. Significant differences were found on 11 of the 24 variables. Girls gave significantly more Exhibition and Failure responses, took longer to organize and verbalize a perception (AIRT) and longer to respond to the cards (H - L). Boys gave significantly more Active, Environmental, Description. Withdrawal and Pathology responses; had a higher Acting Out Score (AOS); and gave a greater number of responses (R).", "contents": "Sex differences in responses of children to the Hand Test. The Hand Test was administered to 69 boys and 65 girls enrolled in the second grade. Significant differences were found on 11 of the 24 variables. Girls gave significantly more Exhibition and Failure responses, took longer to organize and verbalize a perception (AIRT) and longer to respond to the cards (H - L). Boys gave significantly more Active, Environmental, Description. Withdrawal and Pathology responses; had a higher Acting Out Score (AOS); and gave a greater number of responses (R)."}
{"id": "PMID:353698", "title": "Biofeedback and meditation: effects on muscle tension and locus of control.", "content": "A total of 48 subjects participated in a relaxation experiment to determine whether frontalis muscle EMG biofeedback, Transcendental Meditation, and meditation (Benson technique) produced decreased muscle tension and concomitant changes in locus of control. All three treatments resulted in significant decreases in frontalis muscle tension when compared to a control. Concomitant changes towards an internal locus of control occurred only in the subjects given biofeedback.", "contents": "Biofeedback and meditation: effects on muscle tension and locus of control. A total of 48 subjects participated in a relaxation experiment to determine whether frontalis muscle EMG biofeedback, Transcendental Meditation, and meditation (Benson technique) produced decreased muscle tension and concomitant changes in locus of control. All three treatments resulted in significant decreases in frontalis muscle tension when compared to a control. Concomitant changes towards an internal locus of control occurred only in the subjects given biofeedback."}
{"id": "PMID:353703", "title": "[Bacteriological aspects in the diagnosis and treatment of endocarditis (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of the laboratory is capital in ensuring the diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis. At the present time, the circumstance surrounding the onset of endocarditis have become broadened. The bacteria responsible may belong to various species, certain requiring the use of special techniques in their culture. If blood cultures are performed under suitable conditions, they should lead to isolation of the organism in more than 90 per cent of cases of endocarditis. Precise identification of the pathogenic organism forms the basis for rational antibiotic therapy. The bactericidal activity of treatment must nevertheless be confirmed in vitro, firstly by study of the reaction of the strain to antibiotics, and secondly by study of the bactericidal activity of the serum.", "contents": "[Bacteriological aspects in the diagnosis and treatment of endocarditis (author's transl)]. The role of the laboratory is capital in ensuring the diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis. At the present time, the circumstance surrounding the onset of endocarditis have become broadened. The bacteria responsible may belong to various species, certain requiring the use of special techniques in their culture. If blood cultures are performed under suitable conditions, they should lead to isolation of the organism in more than 90 per cent of cases of endocarditis. Precise identification of the pathogenic organism forms the basis for rational antibiotic therapy. The bactericidal activity of treatment must nevertheless be confirmed in vitro, firstly by study of the reaction of the strain to antibiotics, and secondly by study of the bactericidal activity of the serum."}
{"id": "PMID:353704", "title": "[The treatment of abdominal evisceration using the wire technique (author's transl)].", "content": "The insertion of wires in the preventive and curative treatment of abdominal evisceration is a variety of atraumatic open full-thickness sutures which are easy to carry out and particularly effective. In preventive treatment, they facilitate abdominal closure and avoid the risk of evisceration when large areas of skin are involved. In curative treatment, they form an abdominal \"buckle\" with the equal distribution of increased pressure over a large area, avoiding pulling on the sutures.", "contents": "[The treatment of abdominal evisceration using the wire technique (author's transl)]. The insertion of wires in the preventive and curative treatment of abdominal evisceration is a variety of atraumatic open full-thickness sutures which are easy to carry out and particularly effective. In preventive treatment, they facilitate abdominal closure and avoid the risk of evisceration when large areas of skin are involved. In curative treatment, they form an abdominal \"buckle\" with the equal distribution of increased pressure over a large area, avoiding pulling on the sutures."}
{"id": "PMID:353705", "title": "[Cimetidine. Clinical pharmacology and toxicity (author's transl)].", "content": "Cimetidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist (H.H2.R.A.) is a potent inhibitor of basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion. Contrary to anticholinergics, it does not affect gastric emptying nor does it decrease lower oesophageal sphincter pressure; cimetidine may therefore be used as the treatment of reflux oesophagitis. After prolonged administration of currently used therapeutic doses, basal and post-prandial serum gastrin levels remain unchanged and the parietal cell mass is not increases. Cimetidine toxicity is very low. Cimetidine is effective in promoting healing and pain relief of gastric and duodenal ulcer. In the latter long-term treatment for prevention of relapse is efficient, but the appraisal of its safety remains debated. Efficiency of H.H2.R.A. in the prophylaxis of gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients with fulminant hepatic failure has been proven. Furthermore, cimetidine has a dramatic ability to control haemorrhage from acute erosive lesions in any seriously-ill patient. It may also be of benefit in the treatment of bleeding from gastric or duodenal ulcer and, whatewer the lesion, in the prevention of bleeding recurrence. In the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, good results have been obtained but cimetidine treatment must be decided and supervised only by well-informed specialists. Lastly, in patients with severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, cimetidine prevents gastric degradation of orally administered pancreatic extracts and decreases steatorrhea.", "contents": "[Cimetidine. Clinical pharmacology and toxicity (author's transl)]. Cimetidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist (H.H2.R.A.) is a potent inhibitor of basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion. Contrary to anticholinergics, it does not affect gastric emptying nor does it decrease lower oesophageal sphincter pressure; cimetidine may therefore be used as the treatment of reflux oesophagitis. After prolonged administration of currently used therapeutic doses, basal and post-prandial serum gastrin levels remain unchanged and the parietal cell mass is not increases. Cimetidine toxicity is very low. Cimetidine is effective in promoting healing and pain relief of gastric and duodenal ulcer. In the latter long-term treatment for prevention of relapse is efficient, but the appraisal of its safety remains debated. Efficiency of H.H2.R.A. in the prophylaxis of gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients with fulminant hepatic failure has been proven. Furthermore, cimetidine has a dramatic ability to control haemorrhage from acute erosive lesions in any seriously-ill patient. It may also be of benefit in the treatment of bleeding from gastric or duodenal ulcer and, whatewer the lesion, in the prevention of bleeding recurrence. In the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, good results have been obtained but cimetidine treatment must be decided and supervised only by well-informed specialists. Lastly, in patients with severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, cimetidine prevents gastric degradation of orally administered pancreatic extracts and decreases steatorrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:353715", "title": "[Disinsertion of the left innominate vein during median vertical sternotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The left innominate vein may be torn during median vertical sternotomy. This tear may in fact be a disinsertion of the venous trunk from the superior vena cava. Repair of this disinsertion is difficult, with a risk of stenosis. It requires the most careful technique, after dissection of the superior vena cava on either side of the tear. It is made much more simple by the use of extracorporeal circulation, which empties and collapses the superior vena cava. Finally, it may be necessary to repair this loss of substance by enlarging it with a fragment of saphenous vein.", "contents": "[Disinsertion of the left innominate vein during median vertical sternotomy (author's transl)]. The left innominate vein may be torn during median vertical sternotomy. This tear may in fact be a disinsertion of the venous trunk from the superior vena cava. Repair of this disinsertion is difficult, with a risk of stenosis. It requires the most careful technique, after dissection of the superior vena cava on either side of the tear. It is made much more simple by the use of extracorporeal circulation, which empties and collapses the superior vena cava. Finally, it may be necessary to repair this loss of substance by enlarging it with a fragment of saphenous vein."}
{"id": "PMID:353717", "title": "[Post-salmonella rheumatism: case report].", "content": "A twenty seven year old man had polyarthritis following diarrhoea due to Salmonella typhimurium. The role of the salmonella infection in the pathogenesis of this joint problem would appear to be confirmed by the detection of the organism on stool culture and a positive reaction for specific antigens in the blood. The arthritis was cured in six weeks under the influence of non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents.", "contents": "[Post-salmonella rheumatism: case report]. A twenty seven year old man had polyarthritis following diarrhoea due to Salmonella typhimurium. The role of the salmonella infection in the pathogenesis of this joint problem would appear to be confirmed by the detection of the organism on stool culture and a positive reaction for specific antigens in the blood. The arthritis was cured in six weeks under the influence of non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents."}
{"id": "PMID:353718", "title": "[The closure of laparotomies using brandebourg full thickness sutures (author's transl)].", "content": "Presentation of a simple method for reinforcement of the closure of laparotomies by so-called \"brandebourg\" full thickness sutures. In our experience, this technique is not ischaemic, ensures axial compression, and renders wound care easy, being simple, effective and cheap.", "contents": "[The closure of laparotomies using brandebourg full thickness sutures (author's transl)]. Presentation of a simple method for reinforcement of the closure of laparotomies by so-called \"brandebourg\" full thickness sutures. In our experience, this technique is not ischaemic, ensures axial compression, and renders wound care easy, being simple, effective and cheap."}
{"id": "PMID:353720", "title": "[Nomifensine: clinical data (author's transl)].", "content": "Open studies with nomifensine the placebo, and double-blind controlled comparisons of nomifensine with placebo, imipramine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline... have been carried out in various parts of the world. Daily dosage varied (50-225 mg), lenght of treatment also (226 weeks). These trials showed considerable effectiveness of nomifensine in neurotic and reactive depressions, it counteracts inhibition and restores drive. Nomifensine caused no significant cardiovascular or anticholinergic side-effects. It does not potentiate the effect of alcohol.", "contents": "[Nomifensine: clinical data (author's transl)]. Open studies with nomifensine the placebo, and double-blind controlled comparisons of nomifensine with placebo, imipramine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline... have been carried out in various parts of the world. Daily dosage varied (50-225 mg), lenght of treatment also (226 weeks). These trials showed considerable effectiveness of nomifensine in neurotic and reactive depressions, it counteracts inhibition and restores drive. Nomifensine caused no significant cardiovascular or anticholinergic side-effects. It does not potentiate the effect of alcohol."}
{"id": "PMID:353721", "title": "[A double-blind nomifensine-nortriptyline trial in ambulatory patients conducted by psychiatrists in private practice: results and comments].", "content": "Nomifensine and nortriptyline were compared in a  collaborative trial by psychiatrists in private practice. The trial impiled:--selection of ambulatory depressed patients--randomization in parallel groups (respectively 31 and 34 subjects)--administration in double-blind condition of 4 capsuels daily of either compound during 4 weeks--quotation of depressvie syndrom with Hamilton depression scale before treatment after 2 and 4 weeks. The analysis of results shows clear improvment of depression scores, equivalent in both groups (non significant difference and posterior rejection of an alternative hypothesis). Practical problems encountered in controlled trials in psychiatrist's outpatients are discussed.", "contents": "[A double-blind nomifensine-nortriptyline trial in ambulatory patients conducted by psychiatrists in private practice: results and comments]. Nomifensine and nortriptyline were compared in a  collaborative trial by psychiatrists in private practice. The trial impiled:--selection of ambulatory depressed patients--randomization in parallel groups (respectively 31 and 34 subjects)--administration in double-blind condition of 4 capsuels daily of either compound during 4 weeks--quotation of depressvie syndrom with Hamilton depression scale before treatment after 2 and 4 weeks. The analysis of results shows clear improvment of depression scores, equivalent in both groups (non significant difference and posterior rejection of an alternative hypothesis). Practical problems encountered in controlled trials in psychiatrist's outpatients are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353725", "title": "[Familial myeloproliferative syndromes. Study of 6 families and review of literature].", "content": "Ten clinical observations concerning six families with familial myeloproliferative disorders are reported. Family no. 1 : two brothers, RES with myelosclerosis and ROS with chronic myeloid leukemia. Family no. 2 : PG atypical myeloproliferative syndrome and his brother polycythemia vera. Family no. 3 : DF myelosclerosis and her son (DR) polycythemia vera. Family no. 4 : DM, polycythemia vera, the mother and a sister with splenomegaly. The brother died with myelofibrosis. Family no. 5 : GA and ML, cousins with polycythemia vera. Family no. 6 : MB and ZG, a brother and sister with polycythemia vera. No consanguinity and no toxic, infections or malignant etiology were found in these families. The literature reviewed emphasises the rarity of the familial incidence of myeloproliferative disorders.", "contents": "[Familial myeloproliferative syndromes. Study of 6 families and review of literature]. Ten clinical observations concerning six families with familial myeloproliferative disorders are reported. Family no. 1 : two brothers, RES with myelosclerosis and ROS with chronic myeloid leukemia. Family no. 2 : PG atypical myeloproliferative syndrome and his brother polycythemia vera. Family no. 3 : DF myelosclerosis and her son (DR) polycythemia vera. Family no. 4 : DM, polycythemia vera, the mother and a sister with splenomegaly. The brother died with myelofibrosis. Family no. 5 : GA and ML, cousins with polycythemia vera. Family no. 6 : MB and ZG, a brother and sister with polycythemia vera. No consanguinity and no toxic, infections or malignant etiology were found in these families. The literature reviewed emphasises the rarity of the familial incidence of myeloproliferative disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:353726", "title": "[Validation of paternity in a father-mother-child trio, by the use of genetic markers. Description of a program to aid in the decision. Determination of the optimal sequence of examinations].", "content": "The knowledge of human polymorphism provides aid to the decision for the diagnosis parenthood. This work gives an algorithm of paternity diagnosis on a (presumed father, mother, child) triplet: the program verifies the logical relationships and calculates several indices used to estimate the likelihood of non-exclusion. We propose to attach greater importance to a neglected index: the percentage of subjects for which the paternity is excluded for the doublet (Mother, Child). Finally, we determine the most efficient and most economical sequence for the sequential use of genetic markers.", "contents": "[Validation of paternity in a father-mother-child trio, by the use of genetic markers. Description of a program to aid in the decision. Determination of the optimal sequence of examinations]. The knowledge of human polymorphism provides aid to the decision for the diagnosis parenthood. This work gives an algorithm of paternity diagnosis on a (presumed father, mother, child) triplet: the program verifies the logical relationships and calculates several indices used to estimate the likelihood of non-exclusion. We propose to attach greater importance to a neglected index: the percentage of subjects for which the paternity is excluded for the doublet (Mother, Child). Finally, we determine the most efficient and most economical sequence for the sequential use of genetic markers."}
{"id": "PMID:353722", "title": "[Significance of speckled staining of epidermal nuclei in direct immunofluorescence. 10 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "This study involved 10 patients having, in direct immunofluorescence, with covered healthy skin, a speckled IgG (+/-IgM) staining of the epidermal nuclei. The chief clinical signs seen and their respective percentages were: Raynaud's syndrome (80%), arthralgia (80%), diffuse or localised alopoecia (60%), muscular disease (40%), swollen fingers (40%), sclerodactylie (20%), cutaneous sclerosis extending beyond the extremities (30%), cutaneous signs of lupus erythematosus (30%), renal involvement (10%). In nine cases out of ten there were circulating anti-ENA antibodies at high levels, divided into anti-RNP antibodies (7/10), anti-Sm antibodies (1/10) and anti-RNP and anti-Sm antibodies (1/10). Diagnoses were divided into: lupus erythematosus (3/10), systemic scleroderma (3/10), Sharp's mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) (3/10) and non-classified connective tissue disease (1/10). The combination of speckled staining of epidermal nuclei and circulating anti-ENA antibodies cannot be considered to be specific of any particular type of connective tissue disease and the prognosis of the disease does not appear to differ from that of the usual prognosis of connective tissue disease with anti-ENA antibodies.", "contents": "[Significance of speckled staining of epidermal nuclei in direct immunofluorescence. 10 cases (author's transl)]. This study involved 10 patients having, in direct immunofluorescence, with covered healthy skin, a speckled IgG (+/-IgM) staining of the epidermal nuclei. The chief clinical signs seen and their respective percentages were: Raynaud's syndrome (80%), arthralgia (80%), diffuse or localised alopoecia (60%), muscular disease (40%), swollen fingers (40%), sclerodactylie (20%), cutaneous sclerosis extending beyond the extremities (30%), cutaneous signs of lupus erythematosus (30%), renal involvement (10%). In nine cases out of ten there were circulating anti-ENA antibodies at high levels, divided into anti-RNP antibodies (7/10), anti-Sm antibodies (1/10) and anti-RNP and anti-Sm antibodies (1/10). Diagnoses were divided into: lupus erythematosus (3/10), systemic scleroderma (3/10), Sharp's mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) (3/10) and non-classified connective tissue disease (1/10). The combination of speckled staining of epidermal nuclei and circulating anti-ENA antibodies cannot be considered to be specific of any particular type of connective tissue disease and the prognosis of the disease does not appear to differ from that of the usual prognosis of connective tissue disease with anti-ENA antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:353728", "title": "Fragment of protein L18 from the Escherichia coli ribosome that contains the 5S RNA binding site.", "content": "A fragment of ribosomal protein L18 was prepared by limited trypsin digestion of a specific complex of L18 and 5S RNA. It was characterised for sequence and the very basic N-terminal region of the protein was found to be absent. No smaller resistant fragments were produced. 5S RNA binding experiments indicated that the basic N-terminal region, from amino acid residues 1 to 17, was not important for the L18-5S RNA association. Under milder trypsin digestion conditions three resistant fragments were produced from the free protein. The largest corresponded to that isolated from the complex. The smaller ones were trimmed slightly further at both N- and C-terminal ends. These smaller fragments did not reassociate with 5S RNA. It was concluded on the basis of the trypsin protection observations and the 5S RNA binding results that the region extending from residues 18 to 117 approximates to the minimum amount of protein required for a specific and stable protein-RNA interaction. The accessibility of the very basic N-terminal region of L18, in the L18-5S RNA complex, suggests that it may be involved, in some way, in the interaction of 5S RNA with 23S RNA.", "contents": "Fragment of protein L18 from the Escherichia coli ribosome that contains the 5S RNA binding site. A fragment of ribosomal protein L18 was prepared by limited trypsin digestion of a specific complex of L18 and 5S RNA. It was characterised for sequence and the very basic N-terminal region of the protein was found to be absent. No smaller resistant fragments were produced. 5S RNA binding experiments indicated that the basic N-terminal region, from amino acid residues 1 to 17, was not important for the L18-5S RNA association. Under milder trypsin digestion conditions three resistant fragments were produced from the free protein. The largest corresponded to that isolated from the complex. The smaller ones were trimmed slightly further at both N- and C-terminal ends. These smaller fragments did not reassociate with 5S RNA. It was concluded on the basis of the trypsin protection observations and the 5S RNA binding results that the region extending from residues 18 to 117 approximates to the minimum amount of protein required for a specific and stable protein-RNA interaction. The accessibility of the very basic N-terminal region of L18, in the L18-5S RNA complex, suggests that it may be involved, in some way, in the interaction of 5S RNA with 23S RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:353729", "title": "Construction of recombinant plasmid carrying the lambda DNA fragment responsible for prophage integration.", "content": "The recombinant DNA molecules were constructed from plasmid RSF2124 and the EcoRI fragment of lambda DNA containing the genes responsible for prophage integration. The presence of these genes in recombinant plasmids was detected genetically. lambda int-gene was shown to be expressed in either orientation of insertion in the plasmid. We found that recombinant plasmid was able to integrate into chromosome of lambda lysogens. The integration of plasmid into host chromosome was demonstrated by contransduction of chromosome and plasmid markers using generalized transducer P1 and by specialized transduction with lambda phages.", "contents": "Construction of recombinant plasmid carrying the lambda DNA fragment responsible for prophage integration. The recombinant DNA molecules were constructed from plasmid RSF2124 and the EcoRI fragment of lambda DNA containing the genes responsible for prophage integration. The presence of these genes in recombinant plasmids was detected genetically. lambda int-gene was shown to be expressed in either orientation of insertion in the plasmid. We found that recombinant plasmid was able to integrate into chromosome of lambda lysogens. The integration of plasmid into host chromosome was demonstrated by contransduction of chromosome and plasmid markers using generalized transducer P1 and by specialized transduction with lambda phages."}
{"id": "PMID:353730", "title": "In vitro construction of deletion mutants of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid Clo DF13.", "content": "The isolation and characterization of deletion mutants of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid Clo DF13 is described. To construct these deletion mutants, DNA of Clo DF13::Tn901 and Clo DF13-rep3::Tn901 plasmids was digested with restriction endonucleases, ligated with T4 ligase and introduced by transformation into Escherichia coli. The presence of the ampicilline transposon Tn901 facilitated the selection of plasmids. The resulting Clo DF13::Tn901 deletion mutants were analyzed by digestion with restriction endonucleases and electron microscopy. From the properties of the various deletion mutants it was concluded that a Clo DF13 DNA region, extending from 5 to 11.5% on the physical map, is essential for the replication of Clo DF13. This region, comprising about 600 base pairs, contains in addition to an origin of replication, DNA sequences which are involved in the regulation of Clo DF13 DNA replication. Furthermore it was observed that in case of the Clo DF13 copy mutant, Clo DF13-rep3, deletion of the 43% to 63% part of the plasmid genome, resulted in the generation of multimeric plasmid structures, accompanied with an impaired segregation of the plasmids to daughter cells.", "contents": "In vitro construction of deletion mutants of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid Clo DF13. The isolation and characterization of deletion mutants of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid Clo DF13 is described. To construct these deletion mutants, DNA of Clo DF13::Tn901 and Clo DF13-rep3::Tn901 plasmids was digested with restriction endonucleases, ligated with T4 ligase and introduced by transformation into Escherichia coli. The presence of the ampicilline transposon Tn901 facilitated the selection of plasmids. The resulting Clo DF13::Tn901 deletion mutants were analyzed by digestion with restriction endonucleases and electron microscopy. From the properties of the various deletion mutants it was concluded that a Clo DF13 DNA region, extending from 5 to 11.5% on the physical map, is essential for the replication of Clo DF13. This region, comprising about 600 base pairs, contains in addition to an origin of replication, DNA sequences which are involved in the regulation of Clo DF13 DNA replication. Furthermore it was observed that in case of the Clo DF13 copy mutant, Clo DF13-rep3, deletion of the 43% to 63% part of the plasmid genome, resulted in the generation of multimeric plasmid structures, accompanied with an impaired segregation of the plasmids to daughter cells."}
{"id": "PMID:353731", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of threonine transfer RNA coded by bacteriophage T4.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of a low molecular weight RNA coded by bacteriophage T4 (and previously identified as species alpha) has been determined. The molecule is of particular biological interest for its associated biosynthetic properties. This RNA is 76 nucleotides in length, contains eight modified bases, and can be arranged in a cloverleaf configuration common to tRNAs. The anticodon sequence is UGU, which corresponds to the threonine-specific codons ACA G. The nucleotide sequence was determined primarily by nearest-neighbor analysis of RNA synthesized in vitro using [alpha-32P]nucleoside triphosphates. Using the single-strand specific nuclease S1, two in vivo labeled half-molecules were generated and analysed. This information together with restrictions imposed by nearest-neighbor data, provided a unique linear sequence of nucleotides with the features of secondary structure common to tRNA molecules.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of threonine transfer RNA coded by bacteriophage T4. The nucleotide sequence of a low molecular weight RNA coded by bacteriophage T4 (and previously identified as species alpha) has been determined. The molecule is of particular biological interest for its associated biosynthetic properties. This RNA is 76 nucleotides in length, contains eight modified bases, and can be arranged in a cloverleaf configuration common to tRNAs. The anticodon sequence is UGU, which corresponds to the threonine-specific codons ACA G. The nucleotide sequence was determined primarily by nearest-neighbor analysis of RNA synthesized in vitro using [alpha-32P]nucleoside triphosphates. Using the single-strand specific nuclease S1, two in vivo labeled half-molecules were generated and analysed. This information together with restrictions imposed by nearest-neighbor data, provided a unique linear sequence of nucleotides with the features of secondary structure common to tRNA molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:353732", "title": "Subunit topography of RNA polymerase (E. coli) in the complex with DNA.", "content": "E. Coli RNA polymerase binding to different DNAs (from E. Coli, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) substituted DNA and poly [d(BrU-A)] was induced with ultraviolet (U.V.) light to form protein-DNA crosslinked complexes. Two independent methods of analysis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS and chloroform extraction indicated the formation of a stable complex between the enzyme and DNA. The complexes were formed under different ionic strength conditions, at low enzyme to DNA ratios in order to approach the conditions of specific binding. In contrast there was no crosslinking of the complex in 1 M KCl solution which dissociates the enzyme from DNA. The efficiency of formation of strongly bound complex was found to be much higher with holoenzyme than with core enzyme. The following results were obtained : 1) The large subunits beta and beta' were found to be bound to DNA. 2) Relatively small amount of sigma subunit were bound to DNA while alpha subunits were essentially not attached to DNA. The high binding affinity of beta and beta' subunits was also observed in the studies of isolated subunits. These results lead to a model of enzyme-DNA complex in which the large beta and beta' subunits provide the contacts between the RNA polymerase and the DNA.", "contents": "Subunit topography of RNA polymerase (E. coli) in the complex with DNA. E. Coli RNA polymerase binding to different DNAs (from E. Coli, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) substituted DNA and poly [d(BrU-A)] was induced with ultraviolet (U.V.) light to form protein-DNA crosslinked complexes. Two independent methods of analysis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS and chloroform extraction indicated the formation of a stable complex between the enzyme and DNA. The complexes were formed under different ionic strength conditions, at low enzyme to DNA ratios in order to approach the conditions of specific binding. In contrast there was no crosslinking of the complex in 1 M KCl solution which dissociates the enzyme from DNA. The efficiency of formation of strongly bound complex was found to be much higher with holoenzyme than with core enzyme. The following results were obtained : 1) The large subunits beta and beta' were found to be bound to DNA. 2) Relatively small amount of sigma subunit were bound to DNA while alpha subunits were essentially not attached to DNA. The high binding affinity of beta and beta' subunits was also observed in the studies of isolated subunits. These results lead to a model of enzyme-DNA complex in which the large beta and beta' subunits provide the contacts between the RNA polymerase and the DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:353733", "title": "Transcription of DNA-histone complexes by yeast RNA polymerase B.", "content": "Transcription of denatured DNA complexed with histones (total, H1 or H2A/H2B/H3/H4) by yeast RNA polymerase B is investigated. Binding of histones to DNA restricts its template activity by decreasing the formation of active, heparin-resistant, RNA polymerase initiation complexes. The elongation of pre-initiated RNA on denatured DNA, complexed with histones, is possible, although resulting in somewhat shorter RNA chains. It is suggested that RNA polymerase B can elongate on a DNA strand covered with histones.", "contents": "Transcription of DNA-histone complexes by yeast RNA polymerase B. Transcription of denatured DNA complexed with histones (total, H1 or H2A/H2B/H3/H4) by yeast RNA polymerase B is investigated. Binding of histones to DNA restricts its template activity by decreasing the formation of active, heparin-resistant, RNA polymerase initiation complexes. The elongation of pre-initiated RNA on denatured DNA, complexed with histones, is possible, although resulting in somewhat shorter RNA chains. It is suggested that RNA polymerase B can elongate on a DNA strand covered with histones."}
{"id": "PMID:353734", "title": "Primed abortive initiation of RNA synthesis by E. coli RNA polymerase on T7 DNA. Steady state kinetic studies.", "content": "Ternary complexes of T7 DNA, RNA polymerase and the antibiotic rifampicin carry out the promoter specific abortive initiation when dinucleoside monophosphates were employed as primers. Primed abortive initiation, leading to synthesis of trinucleoside diphosphates, only occured with combinations of primers and substrates complementary to a promoter region of 8 base pairs centered around the origin of transcription. The steady state kinetics of three abortive initiations at T7 promoter A3 were studied in detail. The reactions appeared to be truly ordered. Affinity constants, maximal velocities and elementary step rate constants were thus obtained. The stimulation by dinucleoside monophosphate primers is brought about by positively effecting the function of the substrate site rather then by their higher affinity to the primer site of the transcriptional complex.", "contents": "Primed abortive initiation of RNA synthesis by E. coli RNA polymerase on T7 DNA. Steady state kinetic studies. Ternary complexes of T7 DNA, RNA polymerase and the antibiotic rifampicin carry out the promoter specific abortive initiation when dinucleoside monophosphates were employed as primers. Primed abortive initiation, leading to synthesis of trinucleoside diphosphates, only occured with combinations of primers and substrates complementary to a promoter region of 8 base pairs centered around the origin of transcription. The steady state kinetics of three abortive initiations at T7 promoter A3 were studied in detail. The reactions appeared to be truly ordered. Affinity constants, maximal velocities and elementary step rate constants were thus obtained. The stimulation by dinucleoside monophosphate primers is brought about by positively effecting the function of the substrate site rather then by their higher affinity to the primer site of the transcriptional complex."}
{"id": "PMID:353735", "title": "Formation of O2-methylthymine in poly(dA-dT) on methylation with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and dimethyl sulphate. Evidence that O2-methylthymine does not miscode during DNA synthesis.", "content": "The alternating co-polymer has been methylated with either N methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or dimethyl sulphate (DMS) and the levels of the various methylated thymidines (O2-methylthymidine, 3-methylthymidine and O4-methylthymidine) measured. MNU produced all three compounds whereas DMS only produced 3-methylthymidine and O2-methylthymidine at detectable levels. These results have been combined with our earlier results concerning the misincorporation of dGMP with E. coli DNA polymerase using MNU-methylated poly(dA-dT). These results indicate that O2-methylthymidine does not miscode during DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Formation of O2-methylthymine in poly(dA-dT) on methylation with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and dimethyl sulphate. Evidence that O2-methylthymine does not miscode during DNA synthesis. The alternating co-polymer has been methylated with either N methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or dimethyl sulphate (DMS) and the levels of the various methylated thymidines (O2-methylthymidine, 3-methylthymidine and O4-methylthymidine) measured. MNU produced all three compounds whereas DMS only produced 3-methylthymidine and O2-methylthymidine at detectable levels. These results have been combined with our earlier results concerning the misincorporation of dGMP with E. coli DNA polymerase using MNU-methylated poly(dA-dT). These results indicate that O2-methylthymidine does not miscode during DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:353736", "title": "Construction and identification by positive hybridization-translation of a bacterial plasmid containing a rat growth hormone structural gene sequence.", "content": "The construction, identification, and use of a recombinant DNA clone containing a growth hormone structural gene sequence is described. A cDNA copy of partially purified pregrowth hormone mRNA from cultured rat pituitary tumor (GC) cells was employed in the construction of a hybrid plasmid, designated pBR322-GH1. The cloned DNA sequence was positively identified by a hybridization-translation procedure which should be applicable to any cloned structural gene sequence. This procedure involved hybridization of cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing RNA from GC cells to the cloned DNA immobilized on nitrocellulose filters, followed by elution of the hybridized RNA and translation in a mRNA-depleted rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. Physical and immunological criteria were employed to show that the translation products were enriched for pregrowth hormone. Hybridization to excess plasmid DNA of [3H]uridine-labeled, size fractionated GC cell cytoplasmic RNA was used to show that all growth hormone-specific RNA sequences are the same size as functional pregrowth hormone mRNA.", "contents": "Construction and identification by positive hybridization-translation of a bacterial plasmid containing a rat growth hormone structural gene sequence. The construction, identification, and use of a recombinant DNA clone containing a growth hormone structural gene sequence is described. A cDNA copy of partially purified pregrowth hormone mRNA from cultured rat pituitary tumor (GC) cells was employed in the construction of a hybrid plasmid, designated pBR322-GH1. The cloned DNA sequence was positively identified by a hybridization-translation procedure which should be applicable to any cloned structural gene sequence. This procedure involved hybridization of cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing RNA from GC cells to the cloned DNA immobilized on nitrocellulose filters, followed by elution of the hybridized RNA and translation in a mRNA-depleted rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. Physical and immunological criteria were employed to show that the translation products were enriched for pregrowth hormone. Hybridization to excess plasmid DNA of [3H]uridine-labeled, size fractionated GC cell cytoplasmic RNA was used to show that all growth hormone-specific RNA sequences are the same size as functional pregrowth hormone mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:353737", "title": "Analysis of the steady-state mechanism of the aminoacylation of tRNAPhe by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from yeast.", "content": "The steady-state mechanism of the aminoacylation of tRNAPhe by the corresponding synthetase from yeast has been investigated in detail by kinetic experiments. It was found that there are two alternative mechanisms: one favoured at low tRNA concentrations and the other at high tRNA concentrations. ATP and Phe are bound randomly to the enzyme. AMP is released immediately after the binding of ATP and Phe. Between the release of AMP and pyrophosphate (PPi) there is at least one additional step. Based on the experimental results a model of the steady-state mechanism is proposed. This model includes the sequence of addition of substrates to the enzyme and the release of products from the enzyme as well as the composition of the intermediate complexes with the enzyme. This model is in accordance with previous results based on different techniques. The results are explained by a \"flip-flop\" mechanism for all the substrates and products involved in the reaction.", "contents": "Analysis of the steady-state mechanism of the aminoacylation of tRNAPhe by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from yeast. The steady-state mechanism of the aminoacylation of tRNAPhe by the corresponding synthetase from yeast has been investigated in detail by kinetic experiments. It was found that there are two alternative mechanisms: one favoured at low tRNA concentrations and the other at high tRNA concentrations. ATP and Phe are bound randomly to the enzyme. AMP is released immediately after the binding of ATP and Phe. Between the release of AMP and pyrophosphate (PPi) there is at least one additional step. Based on the experimental results a model of the steady-state mechanism is proposed. This model includes the sequence of addition of substrates to the enzyme and the release of products from the enzyme as well as the composition of the intermediate complexes with the enzyme. This model is in accordance with previous results based on different techniques. The results are explained by a \"flip-flop\" mechanism for all the substrates and products involved in the reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:353738", "title": "Studies on nucleic acid reassociation kinetics: V. Effects of disparity in tracer and driver fragment lengths.", "content": "Measurements are described of the kinetics of nucleic acid strand pair reassociation where the complementary strands are of different lengths and are present in different concentrations. Rate constants for the reaction of labelled fragments (\"tracer\") with excess complementary strands (\"driver\") were determined, both for driver fragment length greater than tracer fragment length and for the reverse case. Second order reactions and pseudo-first order reactions utilizing strand separated drivers and tracers were studied. The nucleic acids which served for this investigation were phiX174 DNA and RNA, plasmid RSF2124 DNA and E. coli DNA. Approximate empirical expressions relating driver and tracer fragment lengths with the observed rate constants were obtained for practical use. In long tracer-short driver reactions the observed rate constant for the tracer reaction increases proportionately with tracer length. In long driver-short tracer reactions the rate of tracer reaction is retarded. The latter result is unexpected and appears to represent a departure from standard interpretations of the renaturation reaction.", "contents": "Studies on nucleic acid reassociation kinetics: V. Effects of disparity in tracer and driver fragment lengths. Measurements are described of the kinetics of nucleic acid strand pair reassociation where the complementary strands are of different lengths and are present in different concentrations. Rate constants for the reaction of labelled fragments (\"tracer\") with excess complementary strands (\"driver\") were determined, both for driver fragment length greater than tracer fragment length and for the reverse case. Second order reactions and pseudo-first order reactions utilizing strand separated drivers and tracers were studied. The nucleic acids which served for this investigation were phiX174 DNA and RNA, plasmid RSF2124 DNA and E. coli DNA. Approximate empirical expressions relating driver and tracer fragment lengths with the observed rate constants were obtained for practical use. In long tracer-short driver reactions the observed rate constant for the tracer reaction increases proportionately with tracer length. In long driver-short tracer reactions the rate of tracer reaction is retarded. The latter result is unexpected and appears to represent a departure from standard interpretations of the renaturation reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:353739", "title": "Binding sites of E. coli and B. stearothermophilus ribosomal proteins on B stearothermophilus 5S RNA.", "content": "The primary binding sites for Bacillus stearothermophilus proteins B-L5 and B-L22 and the Escherichia coli proteins E-L5, E-L18 and E-L25 on B. stearothermophilus 5S RNA were determined by limited ribonuclease digestion of the corresponding 5S RNA-protein complexes. The results obtained in this study are in agreement with our previous experiments in which the binding sites of E. coli and B. stearothermophilus proteins were determined for E. coli 5S RNA and lead to the conclusion that the proteins interact with the most conserved regions of 5S RNA. A comparison of the results obtained in this study with those of other published experiments suggest that the proposed interaction of nucleotides 16-21 with those of 58-63 is facilitated by protein binding to 5S RNA.", "contents": "Binding sites of E. coli and B. stearothermophilus ribosomal proteins on B stearothermophilus 5S RNA. The primary binding sites for Bacillus stearothermophilus proteins B-L5 and B-L22 and the Escherichia coli proteins E-L5, E-L18 and E-L25 on B. stearothermophilus 5S RNA were determined by limited ribonuclease digestion of the corresponding 5S RNA-protein complexes. The results obtained in this study are in agreement with our previous experiments in which the binding sites of E. coli and B. stearothermophilus proteins were determined for E. coli 5S RNA and lead to the conclusion that the proteins interact with the most conserved regions of 5S RNA. A comparison of the results obtained in this study with those of other published experiments suggest that the proposed interaction of nucleotides 16-21 with those of 58-63 is facilitated by protein binding to 5S RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:353740", "title": "Structure determination of a nucleoside Q precursor isolated from E. coli tRNA: 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine.", "content": "A precursor of modified nucleoside Q isolated from E. coli methyl-deficient tRNA was determined to be 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine. The structure was deduced by means of its chromatographic and electrophoretic mobilities, and UV and mass spectra, in addition to comparison with the synthesized authentic compound. The same molecule is also found in tRNA of an E. coli mutant selected for deficient synthesis of modified nucleosides.", "contents": "Structure determination of a nucleoside Q precursor isolated from E. coli tRNA: 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine. A precursor of modified nucleoside Q isolated from E. coli methyl-deficient tRNA was determined to be 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine. The structure was deduced by means of its chromatographic and electrophoretic mobilities, and UV and mass spectra, in addition to comparison with the synthesized authentic compound. The same molecule is also found in tRNA of an E. coli mutant selected for deficient synthesis of modified nucleosides."}
{"id": "PMID:353741", "title": "Screening of cloned recombinant DNA in bacteria by in situ colony hybridization.", "content": "We have developped in situ methods of colony hybridization in which there is no need to replicate colonies one by one prior to hybridization. The best method consists in promoting partial lysis of the colonies on the plates by means of a resident thermoinducible prophage. It appears that colonies are heterogeneous with respect to prophage induction, so that survivors remain in each colony. Blotting onto nitrocellulose filters and hybridization with a highly radioactive probe permits the screening of many thousands of colonies per plate for the presence of a DNA sequence carried by a plasmid and complementary to the probe. This procedure greatly facilitates the isolation of recombinant plasmids which carry a specific DNA sequence. We also describe a second, less efficient procedure which does not use prophage induced lysis, and is potentially usable with B2 or EK2 safety systems, without modification of the bacterial hosts.", "contents": "Screening of cloned recombinant DNA in bacteria by in situ colony hybridization. We have developped in situ methods of colony hybridization in which there is no need to replicate colonies one by one prior to hybridization. The best method consists in promoting partial lysis of the colonies on the plates by means of a resident thermoinducible prophage. It appears that colonies are heterogeneous with respect to prophage induction, so that survivors remain in each colony. Blotting onto nitrocellulose filters and hybridization with a highly radioactive probe permits the screening of many thousands of colonies per plate for the presence of a DNA sequence carried by a plasmid and complementary to the probe. This procedure greatly facilitates the isolation of recombinant plasmids which carry a specific DNA sequence. We also describe a second, less efficient procedure which does not use prophage induced lysis, and is potentially usable with B2 or EK2 safety systems, without modification of the bacterial hosts."}
{"id": "PMID:353742", "title": "The degradation of DNA by hydrazine: identification of 3-ureidopyrazole as a product of the hydrazinolysis of deoxycytidylic acid residues.", "content": "The reaction of hydrazine with the cytosine residues of DNA yields 3-ureidopyrazole, in approximately 50% yield, in addition to the expected 3-aminopyrazole. This product has been identified by ultraviolet, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. A product of the reaction of hydrazine hydrate with cytosine, formulated by others as NN'-di-(3-pyrazolyl) hydrazine, has been identified as 3-ureidopyrazole.", "contents": "The degradation of DNA by hydrazine: identification of 3-ureidopyrazole as a product of the hydrazinolysis of deoxycytidylic acid residues. The reaction of hydrazine with the cytosine residues of DNA yields 3-ureidopyrazole, in approximately 50% yield, in addition to the expected 3-aminopyrazole. This product has been identified by ultraviolet, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. A product of the reaction of hydrazine hydrate with cytosine, formulated by others as NN'-di-(3-pyrazolyl) hydrazine, has been identified as 3-ureidopyrazole."}
{"id": "PMID:353743", "title": "Comparisons of the fidelity of transcription of RNA polymerase I and II following N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene treatment.", "content": "Using hepatic RNA polymerase I and II from either normal or N-2-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF)-treated rats or E. coli RNA polymerase, the degree of misincorporation of noncomplementary nucleotides was assessed with the synthetic templates, poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) and poly (dA-dT).poly(dA-dT). The predominant base-pair transformation that was transcribed in the presence of Mg++ or Mn++ by RNA polymerase I from control or N-OH-AAF-treated animals or by E. coli RNA polymerase with poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) as template was the transversion, dG-rC to dG-rA; however, transcription in the presence of Mg++ by RNA polymerase II from carcinogen-treated animals showed a statistically greater degree of the base-pair transformation, dG-rC to dG-rU. In contrast, RNA polymerase I and II from control or N-OH-AAF-treated animals transcribed the base-pair transformation, dA-rU to dA-rG, dA-rU to dA-rC and dA-rU to dA-rA to equal extents with poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) as template. E. coli RNA polymerase transcribed the latter template to produce only the transversion, dA-rU to dA-rG. These results suggest that RNA polymerases are capable of miscopying synthetic DNA templates. The consequences of base-pair transformations on the fidelity of transcription after carcinogen treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Comparisons of the fidelity of transcription of RNA polymerase I and II following N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene treatment. Using hepatic RNA polymerase I and II from either normal or N-2-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF)-treated rats or E. coli RNA polymerase, the degree of misincorporation of noncomplementary nucleotides was assessed with the synthetic templates, poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) and poly (dA-dT).poly(dA-dT). The predominant base-pair transformation that was transcribed in the presence of Mg++ or Mn++ by RNA polymerase I from control or N-OH-AAF-treated animals or by E. coli RNA polymerase with poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) as template was the transversion, dG-rC to dG-rA; however, transcription in the presence of Mg++ by RNA polymerase II from carcinogen-treated animals showed a statistically greater degree of the base-pair transformation, dG-rC to dG-rU. In contrast, RNA polymerase I and II from control or N-OH-AAF-treated animals transcribed the base-pair transformation, dA-rU to dA-rG, dA-rU to dA-rC and dA-rU to dA-rA to equal extents with poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) as template. E. coli RNA polymerase transcribed the latter template to produce only the transversion, dA-rU to dA-rG. These results suggest that RNA polymerases are capable of miscopying synthetic DNA templates. The consequences of base-pair transformations on the fidelity of transcription after carcinogen treatment is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353766", "title": "Drowning and near-drowning. Pathophysiology and therapy.", "content": "Drowning is one of the three leading causes of accidental death. Dry drowning, the type in  which no water enters the trachea, responds readily to resuscitation efforts. The current concept of drowning recognizes few differences between saltwater and freshwater aspiration; the therapeutic approach is the same for both types. The physician should be prepared to deal with the drowning victim at the scene of the accident as well as in the hospital. Hospitalization for observation is necessary in every instance, as adult respiratory distress syndrome may develop and cause secondary drowning.", "contents": "Drowning and near-drowning. Pathophysiology and therapy. Drowning is one of the three leading causes of accidental death. Dry drowning, the type in  which no water enters the trachea, responds readily to resuscitation efforts. The current concept of drowning recognizes few differences between saltwater and freshwater aspiration; the therapeutic approach is the same for both types. The physician should be prepared to deal with the drowning victim at the scene of the accident as well as in the hospital. Hospitalization for observation is necessary in every instance, as adult respiratory distress syndrome may develop and cause secondary drowning."}
{"id": "PMID:353767", "title": "Plasma renin activity following renal transplantation.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) was studied serially for up to 21 days following transplantation in thirteen patients receiving renal allografts. PRA was measured during fasting and recumvency and its relationship to renal function, diuretic administration, plasma sodium, allograft rejection and blood pressure was examined. PRA fell steadily as renal function improved and plasma sodium rose following transplantation and when rejection episodes were excluded an inverse relationship between PRA and renal function could be seen. It is not possible to say whether the changes in PRA and function are causally related or whether changes in plasma sodium alone account for the observed changes in PRA. Some rejection episodes were accompanied by an increase in PRA, but this was not sufficiently consistent to be of value in the diagnosis of rejection. PRA also increased in relation to frusemide-induced fluid loss. There was no relationship in these patients between PRA and blood pressure.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity following renal transplantation. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was studied serially for up to 21 days following transplantation in thirteen patients receiving renal allografts. PRA was measured during fasting and recumvency and its relationship to renal function, diuretic administration, plasma sodium, allograft rejection and blood pressure was examined. PRA fell steadily as renal function improved and plasma sodium rose following transplantation and when rejection episodes were excluded an inverse relationship between PRA and renal function could be seen. It is not possible to say whether the changes in PRA and function are causally related or whether changes in plasma sodium alone account for the observed changes in PRA. Some rejection episodes were accompanied by an increase in PRA, but this was not sufficiently consistent to be of value in the diagnosis of rejection. PRA also increased in relation to frusemide-induced fluid loss. There was no relationship in these patients between PRA and blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:353768", "title": "Recurrent meningitis and brain abscess caused by Eikenella corrodens.", "content": "A case of recurrent menigitis and brain abscess caused by Eikenella corrodens in a patient with previous otitis media and mastoidectomy.", "contents": "Recurrent meningitis and brain abscess caused by Eikenella corrodens. A case of recurrent menigitis and brain abscess caused by Eikenella corrodens in a patient with previous otitis media and mastoidectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:353769", "title": "[Acute, lethal miliary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis].", "content": "The authors report a case of lethal acute miliary with bovine tuberculous bacilli. They stress the main characteristics of this exceptional observation :--difficulties in isolating and identifying,--favourable disposition linked to age and to a depressed cellular immunity,--pathogenic interest in the mechanisms of late endogenous reinfestation and of suffocating acute evolution.", "contents": "[Acute, lethal miliary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis]. The authors report a case of lethal acute miliary with bovine tuberculous bacilli. They stress the main characteristics of this exceptional observation :--difficulties in isolating and identifying,--favourable disposition linked to age and to a depressed cellular immunity,--pathogenic interest in the mechanisms of late endogenous reinfestation and of suffocating acute evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:353770", "title": "[Physiopathology of extrinsic allergic alveolitis].", "content": "The extrinsic allergic alveolites classically represent the immunological reaction of type III of the lower respiratory tract. In fact, all immunological mechanisms and several non specific factors are involved in these affections. If delayed hypersensitivity (type I) is today considered as part of the disease, the mechanisms involving reagins (type I) are also probably part of it but it is not so evident for type II reactions. Non specific factors are numerous, often hypothetical, because they are still experimental and not all enumerated. The activation of alveolar macrophages, the triggering of the complement system by another way, the enzymes found in dust or the irritation produced by inhaled products are all important factors.", "contents": "[Physiopathology of extrinsic allergic alveolitis]. The extrinsic allergic alveolites classically represent the immunological reaction of type III of the lower respiratory tract. In fact, all immunological mechanisms and several non specific factors are involved in these affections. If delayed hypersensitivity (type I) is today considered as part of the disease, the mechanisms involving reagins (type I) are also probably part of it but it is not so evident for type II reactions. Non specific factors are numerous, often hypothetical, because they are still experimental and not all enumerated. The activation of alveolar macrophages, the triggering of the complement system by another way, the enzymes found in dust or the irritation produced by inhaled products are all important factors."}
{"id": "PMID:353771", "title": "A comparison of drop-plate and pour-plate methods for bacterial population counts of poultry anaphage (dehydrated caged layer excreta).", "content": "Pour-plate and drop-plate methods for bacterial population country of poultry anaphage (dehydrated caged layer excreta) were compared and were not found to be significantly different.", "contents": "A comparison of drop-plate and pour-plate methods for bacterial population counts of poultry anaphage (dehydrated caged layer excreta). Pour-plate and drop-plate methods for bacterial population country of poultry anaphage (dehydrated caged layer excreta) were compared and were not found to be significantly different."}
{"id": "PMID:353772", "title": "Activity of alpha-1, 4-glucosidase in furazolidone-induced glycogenosis.", "content": "Furazolidone (FZ) at 700 and 800 p.p.m. was added to feed mixtures fed turkey poults two and three weeks posthatching, respectively, to induce acute experimental cardiomyopathy. Poults in the control pen received the same ration but without FZ. From EKG data obtained at 2, 4, and 5 weeks of age, control unaffected and experimental affected poults were selected for sacrifice. Poults were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and appropriate samples of hepatic tissue were removed for assays of activity of alpha-1, 4-glucosidase. Results indicate that enzyme activity in affected FZ-treated poults is similar to that in unaffected control poults. Lack of significant differences in activity of this lysosomal enzyme suggests that FZ-induced glycogenosis may be related to the adult form of idiopathic generalized glucogenosis, the etiology of which remains unidentified.", "contents": "Activity of alpha-1, 4-glucosidase in furazolidone-induced glycogenosis. Furazolidone (FZ) at 700 and 800 p.p.m. was added to feed mixtures fed turkey poults two and three weeks posthatching, respectively, to induce acute experimental cardiomyopathy. Poults in the control pen received the same ration but without FZ. From EKG data obtained at 2, 4, and 5 weeks of age, control unaffected and experimental affected poults were selected for sacrifice. Poults were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and appropriate samples of hepatic tissue were removed for assays of activity of alpha-1, 4-glucosidase. Results indicate that enzyme activity in affected FZ-treated poults is similar to that in unaffected control poults. Lack of significant differences in activity of this lysosomal enzyme suggests that FZ-induced glycogenosis may be related to the adult form of idiopathic generalized glucogenosis, the etiology of which remains unidentified."}
{"id": "PMID:353773", "title": "Effects of anaerobic bacteria on Eimeria tenella infection in bacteria-free, monofloral, and conventional chickens.", "content": "Bacteria-free, monofloral, and conventional chicks were infected with Eimeria tenella. Monofloral chicks were established by inoculating birds in several gnotobiotic isolators with a single species of Escherichia coli or with one of three Bacteroides sp. isolates (No. 157, No. 202, or No. 366). Daily weights of individual birds were recorded for six days post-infection (PI). On Day 6 PI all birds were sacrificed and cecal lesions were scored. Conventional, infected birds lost weight on days 5 and 6 PI and showed severe lesions. Birds maintained as monofloral groups with isolates of Bacteroides sp. No. 157, No. 202 or E. coli showed equally severe lesions, but lost weight only on day 6 PI. Conventional, uninfected birds with no lesions, birds infected with Bacteroides sp. isolate No. 366 with mild lesions, and bacteria-free birds with mild to severe coccidial lesions all continued to gain weight on each day post-infection.", "contents": "Effects of anaerobic bacteria on Eimeria tenella infection in bacteria-free, monofloral, and conventional chickens. Bacteria-free, monofloral, and conventional chicks were infected with Eimeria tenella. Monofloral chicks were established by inoculating birds in several gnotobiotic isolators with a single species of Escherichia coli or with one of three Bacteroides sp. isolates (No. 157, No. 202, or No. 366). Daily weights of individual birds were recorded for six days post-infection (PI). On Day 6 PI all birds were sacrificed and cecal lesions were scored. Conventional, infected birds lost weight on days 5 and 6 PI and showed severe lesions. Birds maintained as monofloral groups with isolates of Bacteroides sp. No. 157, No. 202 or E. coli showed equally severe lesions, but lost weight only on day 6 PI. Conventional, uninfected birds with no lesions, birds infected with Bacteroides sp. isolate No. 366 with mild lesions, and bacteria-free birds with mild to severe coccidial lesions all continued to gain weight on each day post-infection."}
{"id": "PMID:353774", "title": "In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of enteric bacteria isolated from commercial broiler chickens.", "content": "The in vitro activity of six different antimicrobial agents was evaluated by an agar dilution method against enteric bacteria isolated from broilers. Of 923 isolates, 796 were gram-positive bacteria and 127 were Escherichia coli (E. coli). Thiopeptin at 25 microgram/ml inhibited 75% of lactobacilli. This antibiotic at .78 microgram/ml inhibited 82% of staphylococci and more than 92% of other gram-positive organisms. Bacitracin at 100 microgram or less per ml was active against 42% of staphylococci and 30% of streptococci. At 6.25 microgram or less per ml, 70% of clostridia and 78% of lactobacilli were inhibited. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of penicillin G and ampicillin shown as cumulative distribution curves for all isolates were very similar. Both antibiotics showed a wide range of MIC distribution. Streptomycin at 50 microgram or less per ml was active against 87% of lactobacilli and 50% of E. coli. Only 32% of staphylococci were inhibited at these concentrations. At 100 microgram or less per ml, 30% of streptococci and 12% of clostridia were inhibited. Tetracycline at 100 microgram or less per ml inhibited 63% of clostridia. Lactobacilli and E. coli were not inhibited by this antibiotic at 100 microgram or less per ml.", "contents": "In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of enteric bacteria isolated from commercial broiler chickens. The in vitro activity of six different antimicrobial agents was evaluated by an agar dilution method against enteric bacteria isolated from broilers. Of 923 isolates, 796 were gram-positive bacteria and 127 were Escherichia coli (E. coli). Thiopeptin at 25 microgram/ml inhibited 75% of lactobacilli. This antibiotic at .78 microgram/ml inhibited 82% of staphylococci and more than 92% of other gram-positive organisms. Bacitracin at 100 microgram or less per ml was active against 42% of staphylococci and 30% of streptococci. At 6.25 microgram or less per ml, 70% of clostridia and 78% of lactobacilli were inhibited. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of penicillin G and ampicillin shown as cumulative distribution curves for all isolates were very similar. Both antibiotics showed a wide range of MIC distribution. Streptomycin at 50 microgram or less per ml was active against 87% of lactobacilli and 50% of E. coli. Only 32% of staphylococci were inhibited at these concentrations. At 100 microgram or less per ml, 30% of streptococci and 12% of clostridia were inhibited. Tetracycline at 100 microgram or less per ml inhibited 63% of clostridia. Lactobacilli and E. coli were not inhibited by this antibiotic at 100 microgram or less per ml."}
{"id": "PMID:353776", "title": "Nylon wool column separation of chicken thymic-derived (T) and bursal-derived (B) lymphocytes.", "content": "Since the original work of Julius et al. (1973), the nylon wool technique has become a standard laboratory procedure for separating cell populations and obtaining relatively pure populations of T and B cells. While this technique has been applied to a number of different animal systems, it had, to our knowledge, neither been qualitated nor quantitated in the chicken. One passage of chicken splenic lymphocytes through a nylon wool column yields an enriched T cell population in the effluent fraction and an enriched B cell population in the column fraction. As in the murine system, we found fractionation of chicken splenic cells by nylon wool to be a rapid method for enrichment of both T and B cell populations. It is emphasized, however, that each passage should be monitored to check the relative purity of the two cell populations.", "contents": "Nylon wool column separation of chicken thymic-derived (T) and bursal-derived (B) lymphocytes. Since the original work of Julius et al. (1973), the nylon wool technique has become a standard laboratory procedure for separating cell populations and obtaining relatively pure populations of T and B cells. While this technique has been applied to a number of different animal systems, it had, to our knowledge, neither been qualitated nor quantitated in the chicken. One passage of chicken splenic lymphocytes through a nylon wool column yields an enriched T cell population in the effluent fraction and an enriched B cell population in the column fraction. As in the murine system, we found fractionation of chicken splenic cells by nylon wool to be a rapid method for enrichment of both T and B cell populations. It is emphasized, however, that each passage should be monitored to check the relative purity of the two cell populations."}
{"id": "PMID:353777", "title": "Effect of 6-mercaptopurine on response to major and minor histocompatibility antigens.", "content": "Pregraft treatment of chicks with 6 mercaptopurine-palladium complex (6-MP-Pd) resulted in a 16% survival of skin allografts incompatible at the major histocompatibility locus B. These incompatible grafts survived beyond 16 weeks postgrafting and showed profuse feather growth. No form of postgraft treatment was necessary. All nontreated incompatible grafts were rejected prior to 4 weeks postgrafting with no evidence of feather development. The same treatment, however, did not significantly suppress rejection of B-system compatible grafts which differed at minor histocompatibility loci. The rate of feather growth in successful B-system compatible grafts was significantly enhanced by the 6-MP-Pd treatment through 2 weeks postgrafting. Though the drug appears to affect the cellular immune system, the humoral immune response was unaffected as evidenced by a high antibody titer following turkey erythrocyte challenge.", "contents": "Effect of 6-mercaptopurine on response to major and minor histocompatibility antigens. Pregraft treatment of chicks with 6 mercaptopurine-palladium complex (6-MP-Pd) resulted in a 16% survival of skin allografts incompatible at the major histocompatibility locus B. These incompatible grafts survived beyond 16 weeks postgrafting and showed profuse feather growth. No form of postgraft treatment was necessary. All nontreated incompatible grafts were rejected prior to 4 weeks postgrafting with no evidence of feather development. The same treatment, however, did not significantly suppress rejection of B-system compatible grafts which differed at minor histocompatibility loci. The rate of feather growth in successful B-system compatible grafts was significantly enhanced by the 6-MP-Pd treatment through 2 weeks postgrafting. Though the drug appears to affect the cellular immune system, the humoral immune response was unaffected as evidenced by a high antibody titer following turkey erythrocyte challenge."}
{"id": "PMID:353778", "title": "Effect of diflubenzuron (Dimilin; TH--6040) on the hyaluronic acid concentration in chicken combs.", "content": "The addition of N-[[(4-chlorphenyl)amino]carbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide(diflubenzuron; Dimilin; TH-6040) up to levels of 250 ppm of the total diet of both male broilers and layers for 98 days did not affect the hyaluronic acid (HA) concentration (microgram/g tissue) in the combs. The concentration was measured at 21, 28, 42, 56, and 98 days on feed. The concentration in the combs of the layers were not significantly different at any sampling period regardless of diet. At the end of 56 days on feed, the combs of the broiler controls had a significantly (P less than .025) higher concentration than did any of the groups fed diflubenzuron. There were no differences observed at 21, 28, 42, or 98 days in the broilers. The HA concentration increased as the chickens matured and became larger; however, large variations were observed within the various groups at a given sample period.", "contents": "Effect of diflubenzuron (Dimilin; TH--6040) on the hyaluronic acid concentration in chicken combs. The addition of N-[[(4-chlorphenyl)amino]carbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide(diflubenzuron; Dimilin; TH-6040) up to levels of 250 ppm of the total diet of both male broilers and layers for 98 days did not affect the hyaluronic acid (HA) concentration (microgram/g tissue) in the combs. The concentration was measured at 21, 28, 42, 56, and 98 days on feed. The concentration in the combs of the layers were not significantly different at any sampling period regardless of diet. At the end of 56 days on feed, the combs of the broiler controls had a significantly (P less than .025) higher concentration than did any of the groups fed diflubenzuron. There were no differences observed at 21, 28, 42, or 98 days in the broilers. The HA concentration increased as the chickens matured and became larger; however, large variations were observed within the various groups at a given sample period."}
{"id": "PMID:353785", "title": "[Some problems related to the regulation of the glucoamylase synthesis by Endomycopsis fibuligera 21].", "content": "The effect of different sources of carbon and other components on the glucoamylase synthesis by Endomycopsis fibuligera 21 was investigated. It was demonstrated that the enzyme was actively synthesized after the complete utilization of the carbon sources and the synthesis was not related to the presence of specific substrates in the medium. It was shown that water immersed washed cells of the producer accumulated high glucoamylase activity. It is suggested that the above yeast synthesize glucoamylase in the constitutive way and that the process may be regulated by catabolite repression.", "contents": "[Some problems related to the regulation of the glucoamylase synthesis by Endomycopsis fibuligera 21]. The effect of different sources of carbon and other components on the glucoamylase synthesis by Endomycopsis fibuligera 21 was investigated. It was demonstrated that the enzyme was actively synthesized after the complete utilization of the carbon sources and the synthesis was not related to the presence of specific substrates in the medium. It was shown that water immersed washed cells of the producer accumulated high glucoamylase activity. It is suggested that the above yeast synthesize glucoamylase in the constitutive way and that the process may be regulated by catabolite repression."}
{"id": "PMID:353786", "title": "[Influence of fermentation inhibitors on the rate of glutathione accumulation by yeast during fermentation].", "content": "During incubation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the sucrose medium fluorine ions inhibited fermentation and, consequently, reduced the rate of accumulation of SH-compounds, primarily as glutathione, in the medium. Ethanol inhibition of the fermentation resulted in the general degradation of metabolism of the yeast cell and an increase of the content of SH-compounds in the medium.", "contents": "[Influence of fermentation inhibitors on the rate of glutathione accumulation by yeast during fermentation]. During incubation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the sucrose medium fluorine ions inhibited fermentation and, consequently, reduced the rate of accumulation of SH-compounds, primarily as glutathione, in the medium. Ethanol inhibition of the fermentation resulted in the general degradation of metabolism of the yeast cell and an increase of the content of SH-compounds in the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:353787", "title": "[Examination of the apple malic enzyme].", "content": "Two isoforms of the malic enzyme from Renet Simirenko apple pulp were detected by polyacrylamide gel electoresis. The malic enzyme protein constituted the major portion of the protein extracted from apples.", "contents": "[Examination of the apple malic enzyme]. Two isoforms of the malic enzyme from Renet Simirenko apple pulp were detected by polyacrylamide gel electoresis. The malic enzyme protein constituted the major portion of the protein extracted from apples."}
{"id": "PMID:353788", "title": "[Isolation and purification of glucoamylase from the submerged culture of Aspergillus foetidus ATCC 14916].", "content": "Isolation and purification of glucoamylase from Aspergillus foetidus ATCC 14916 were examined. Ethanol and ammonium sulphate proved to be the best precipitants. With their use the yield of glucoamylase was 99.0 and 92.3%, respectively. Treatment of the culture liquid with 0.5% CaCl2 and activated charcoal clarified the filtrate noticeably and left glucoamylase activity unchanged. During submerged cultivation the gungus synthesized no glucosyl transferase. A method to inactivate alpha-amylase through acidification of the reaction mixture to bring pH to 2.5 and incubation for 15 min at 60 degrees C was developed. Glyoamylase was partially purified from ballast proteins by means of (NH4)2SO4 at 19% of total saturation. Glucoamylase was obtained at 79% saturation. The infrared spectrum was recorded in the fraction obtained by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation at 39, 53, 66, 72 and 79% saturation. In all the cases the spectra were identical. This is another proof of purity of the resultant preparation.", "contents": "[Isolation and purification of glucoamylase from the submerged culture of Aspergillus foetidus ATCC 14916]. Isolation and purification of glucoamylase from Aspergillus foetidus ATCC 14916 were examined. Ethanol and ammonium sulphate proved to be the best precipitants. With their use the yield of glucoamylase was 99.0 and 92.3%, respectively. Treatment of the culture liquid with 0.5% CaCl2 and activated charcoal clarified the filtrate noticeably and left glucoamylase activity unchanged. During submerged cultivation the gungus synthesized no glucosyl transferase. A method to inactivate alpha-amylase through acidification of the reaction mixture to bring pH to 2.5 and incubation for 15 min at 60 degrees C was developed. Glyoamylase was partially purified from ballast proteins by means of (NH4)2SO4 at 19% of total saturation. Glucoamylase was obtained at 79% saturation. The infrared spectrum was recorded in the fraction obtained by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation at 39, 53, 66, 72 and 79% saturation. In all the cases the spectra were identical. This is another proof of purity of the resultant preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:353789", "title": "[State of the islands of Langerhans in various animal species after administration of 8-(arensulfonylamino)-quinolines].", "content": "The action of 8-(arensulfonylamino)-quinolines on the insular tissue of the pancreas was studied in frogs, pigeons, mice, golden hamsters, rats, rabbits, cats and dogs. There eas a decrease of zinc content in the Langerhans islets at the earliest stages after injection of the drug. Other histochemical components and histostrucutre of the islets changed with the more pronounced effect of the drug. Permanent diabetes with characteristic morphological picture of the pancreas developed in rabbits only. A possible action of chelating factors on human Langerhans islets is suggested on the basis of comparative pathological study.", "contents": "[State of the islands of Langerhans in various animal species after administration of 8-(arensulfonylamino)-quinolines]. The action of 8-(arensulfonylamino)-quinolines on the insular tissue of the pancreas was studied in frogs, pigeons, mice, golden hamsters, rats, rabbits, cats and dogs. There eas a decrease of zinc content in the Langerhans islets at the earliest stages after injection of the drug. Other histochemical components and histostrucutre of the islets changed with the more pronounced effect of the drug. Permanent diabetes with characteristic morphological picture of the pancreas developed in rabbits only. A possible action of chelating factors on human Langerhans islets is suggested on the basis of comparative pathological study."}
{"id": "PMID:353790", "title": "[Mathematical methods in the diagnosis of the thyroid gland function].", "content": "At present effective diagnosis of deviations from euthyroidism in diseases of the thyroid gland presents certain difficulties. The most rational direction in the solution of this problem is introduction of quantitative methods into the diagnosis. Symptoms encountered in case histories of 1500 patients with goiter transformation were coded for this purpose according to the chosen algorhythm. Only those symptoms which were present in all the case histories were selected for this study. The data obtained were treated on \"Ypapi-2\" computer. A table in which every sign of the disease had a quantitative expression was drawn on the basis of the results. Diagnosis according to the mentioned mathematical table is more effective, and, besides, there is no subjectivism in the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Mathematical methods in the diagnosis of the thyroid gland function]. At present effective diagnosis of deviations from euthyroidism in diseases of the thyroid gland presents certain difficulties. The most rational direction in the solution of this problem is introduction of quantitative methods into the diagnosis. Symptoms encountered in case histories of 1500 patients with goiter transformation were coded for this purpose according to the chosen algorhythm. Only those symptoms which were present in all the case histories were selected for this study. The data obtained were treated on \"Ypapi-2\" computer. A table in which every sign of the disease had a quantitative expression was drawn on the basis of the results. Diagnosis according to the mentioned mathematical table is more effective, and, besides, there is no subjectivism in the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:353791", "title": "[Morphometric analysis of microangiopathy in dogs with alloxan diabetes].", "content": "Morphometric and morphological analysis of microvascular changes of the mesentery of the small intestine in dogs with alloxan diabetes of one month duration was carried out. A number of changes pointing to functional and structural reconstruction of the microcirculatory bed were revealed.", "contents": "[Morphometric analysis of microangiopathy in dogs with alloxan diabetes]. Morphometric and morphological analysis of microvascular changes of the mesentery of the small intestine in dogs with alloxan diabetes of one month duration was carried out. A number of changes pointing to functional and structural reconstruction of the microcirculatory bed were revealed."}
{"id": "PMID:353807", "title": "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: affinity labeling of the ATP binding site by 2', 3' -ribose oxidized ATP.", "content": "Homogeneous Escherichia coli methionyl-, isoleucyl-, tryptophanyl-, and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases and Bacillus stearothermophilus methionyl- and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases are irreversibly inactivated by reaction of their active ATP sites with the 2',3'-dialdehyde derivative of ATP obtained by periodate oxidation. In each case, the amount of 14C-labeled dialdehyde derivative incorporated per molecule of inactivated enzyme appears consistent with the expected active stoichiometry of the synthetase. These results strongly support the presence, at the active site of the studied aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, of a common residue, probably a lysine whose epsilon-NH2 group is known, from the work of others, to form a Schiff's base specifically with the 2',3'-dialdehyde derivatives of ribonucleotides.", "contents": "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: affinity labeling of the ATP binding site by 2', 3' -ribose oxidized ATP. Homogeneous Escherichia coli methionyl-, isoleucyl-, tryptophanyl-, and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases and Bacillus stearothermophilus methionyl- and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases are irreversibly inactivated by reaction of their active ATP sites with the 2',3'-dialdehyde derivative of ATP obtained by periodate oxidation. In each case, the amount of 14C-labeled dialdehyde derivative incorporated per molecule of inactivated enzyme appears consistent with the expected active stoichiometry of the synthetase. These results strongly support the presence, at the active site of the studied aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, of a common residue, probably a lysine whose epsilon-NH2 group is known, from the work of others, to form a Schiff's base specifically with the 2',3'-dialdehyde derivatives of ribonucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:353808", "title": "Homologous nucleotide sequences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNAs: the 5'-end sequence of the mRNA of the lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane.", "content": "The sequence of the first 89 nucleotides at the 5' end of the mRNA for the lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane is: GCUACAUGGAGAUUAACUCAAUCU-AGAGGGUAUUAAUAAUGAAAGCUACUAAACUGGUACU-GGGCGCGGUAAUCCUGGGUUCUACUCUG. The sequence of the first 72 nucleotides was established by direct sequencing methods and was extended to 89 residues on the basis of the known sequences of oligonucleotides obtained from complete digestion of the mRNA by ribonuclease T1 or A and the known amino acid sequence of the prolipoprotein. The mRNA has an untranslated region of 38 residues before the initiation codon, AUG. A unique feature of the 5'-end sequence of the mRNA is that the sequence of 12 nucleotides (GUAUUAAUAAUG) prior to, and including, the initiation codon is the same as that found at the ribosome-binding site for 80S ribosomes in brome mosaic virus RNA4, a eukaryotic mRNA [Dasgupta, R., Shih, D., Saris, C. & Kaesberg, P. (1975) Nature 256, 624-628].", "contents": "Homologous nucleotide sequences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNAs: the 5'-end sequence of the mRNA of the lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane. The sequence of the first 89 nucleotides at the 5' end of the mRNA for the lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane is: GCUACAUGGAGAUUAACUCAAUCU-AGAGGGUAUUAAUAAUGAAAGCUACUAAACUGGUACU-GGGCGCGGUAAUCCUGGGUUCUACUCUG. The sequence of the first 72 nucleotides was established by direct sequencing methods and was extended to 89 residues on the basis of the known sequences of oligonucleotides obtained from complete digestion of the mRNA by ribonuclease T1 or A and the known amino acid sequence of the prolipoprotein. The mRNA has an untranslated region of 38 residues before the initiation codon, AUG. A unique feature of the 5'-end sequence of the mRNA is that the sequence of 12 nucleotides (GUAUUAAUAAUG) prior to, and including, the initiation codon is the same as that found at the ribosome-binding site for 80S ribosomes in brome mosaic virus RNA4, a eukaryotic mRNA [Dasgupta, R., Shih, D., Saris, C. & Kaesberg, P. (1975) Nature 256, 624-628]."}
{"id": "PMID:353809", "title": "Norepinephrine, vasopressin, glucagon, and A23187 induce efflux of calcium from an exchangeable pool in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Isolated rat hepatocytes do not actively accumulate Ca(2+) during prolonged incubation in vitro; however, these cells do exhibit a limited exchange of intracellular with extracellular Ca(2+). The exchangeable pool represents about 2 nmol of Ca(2+) per mg of protein. In medium containing either a low (20 muM) or high (1 mM) concentration of Ca(2+), the divalent cation ionophore, A23187 (at concentrations of 0.03-0.1 nmol/mg of protein), causes release of (45)Ca(2+) from this exchangeable pool but does not allow net influx of extracellular Ca(2+) detectable by the use of a Ca(2+)-sensitive electrode. Like A23187, the hormones norepinephrine, vasopressin, and glucagon (at concentrations that stimulate gluconeogenesis) each induces a similar net efflux of Ca(2+). Treatment with one hormone decreases the subsequent reponse to the others, whereas treatment with A23187 abolishes the hormonal effects upon both Ca(2+) release and gluconeogenesis. The action of norepinephrine, but not of glucagon, upon Ca(2+) efflux is prevented by the alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phenoxybenzamine. The action of norepinephrine is not prevented by the beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol. Together these results indicate that the release of Ca(2+) from a common pool of exchangeable Ca(2+) is important to the action of a variety of hormones on hepatocytes. This Ca(2+) pool in the isolated hepatocyte is characterized as being similar in size and having exchange kinetics that are comparable to those reported for the major intracellular pool of Ca(2+) in the intact liver. The possibility that this pool is intramitochondrial calcium is discussed.", "contents": "Norepinephrine, vasopressin, glucagon, and A23187 induce efflux of calcium from an exchangeable pool in isolated rat hepatocytes. Isolated rat hepatocytes do not actively accumulate Ca(2+) during prolonged incubation in vitro; however, these cells do exhibit a limited exchange of intracellular with extracellular Ca(2+). The exchangeable pool represents about 2 nmol of Ca(2+) per mg of protein. In medium containing either a low (20 muM) or high (1 mM) concentration of Ca(2+), the divalent cation ionophore, A23187 (at concentrations of 0.03-0.1 nmol/mg of protein), causes release of (45)Ca(2+) from this exchangeable pool but does not allow net influx of extracellular Ca(2+) detectable by the use of a Ca(2+)-sensitive electrode. Like A23187, the hormones norepinephrine, vasopressin, and glucagon (at concentrations that stimulate gluconeogenesis) each induces a similar net efflux of Ca(2+). Treatment with one hormone decreases the subsequent reponse to the others, whereas treatment with A23187 abolishes the hormonal effects upon both Ca(2+) release and gluconeogenesis. The action of norepinephrine, but not of glucagon, upon Ca(2+) efflux is prevented by the alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phenoxybenzamine. The action of norepinephrine is not prevented by the beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol. Together these results indicate that the release of Ca(2+) from a common pool of exchangeable Ca(2+) is important to the action of a variety of hormones on hepatocytes. This Ca(2+) pool in the isolated hepatocyte is characterized as being similar in size and having exchange kinetics that are comparable to those reported for the major intracellular pool of Ca(2+) in the intact liver. The possibility that this pool is intramitochondrial calcium is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353810", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the recognition site for the restriction-modification enzyme of Escherichia coli B.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of the recognition site for the restriction-modification enzyme of Escherichia coli B (SB site) has been determined. The recognition site is a 15-nucleotide sequence consisting of the trimer 5'TGA3', followed by an 8-nucleotide domain of variable sequence, which in turn is followed by tetramer 5'TGCT3'. The sequence has no 2-fold rotational symmetry. Single base changes in the constant nucleotide domains result in the loss of sensitivity to both restriction and modification. Our data are also consistent with modification occurring by methylation of two adenine residues per SB site: one on the adenine of the trimer 5'TGA3' and the other on the complementary strand on the adenine complementary to the first thymine of the tetramer 5'TGCT3'. All nine independently isolated spontaneous mutants at the SB1 site of bacteriophage f1 are caused by a G-to-T transversion. Mutations at the SB2 site are caused by various single base changes.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the recognition site for the restriction-modification enzyme of Escherichia coli B. The nucleotide sequence of the recognition site for the restriction-modification enzyme of Escherichia coli B (SB site) has been determined. The recognition site is a 15-nucleotide sequence consisting of the trimer 5'TGA3', followed by an 8-nucleotide domain of variable sequence, which in turn is followed by tetramer 5'TGCT3'. The sequence has no 2-fold rotational symmetry. Single base changes in the constant nucleotide domains result in the loss of sensitivity to both restriction and modification. Our data are also consistent with modification occurring by methylation of two adenine residues per SB site: one on the adenine of the trimer 5'TGA3' and the other on the complementary strand on the adenine complementary to the first thymine of the tetramer 5'TGCT3'. All nine independently isolated spontaneous mutants at the SB1 site of bacteriophage f1 are caused by a G-to-T transversion. Mutations at the SB2 site are caused by various single base changes."}
{"id": "PMID:353811", "title": "Genetic analysis of the human cell surface: antigenic marker for the human X chromosome in human-mouse hybrids.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids of human fibroblasts and mouse A9 cells, carrying only a portion of the human X chromosome in a mouse chromosome background, were injected into C3H mice. The resulting mouse anti-hybrid cell antisera contain antibodies found to be human specific and to react with only those hybrid cells carrying the human X chromosome, as confirmed by essentially perfect concordance between antibody binding assayed by indirect immunofluorescence and presence of the human X-linked enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase determined by autoradiographic assay of [3H] hypoxanthine utilization. Heterogeneous mixtures of hybrid cells may be analyzed into fluorescent (X plus) and nonfluorescent (X minus) subpopulations and fractionated viably by using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of the human cell surface: antigenic marker for the human X chromosome in human-mouse hybrids. Somatic cell hybrids of human fibroblasts and mouse A9 cells, carrying only a portion of the human X chromosome in a mouse chromosome background, were injected into C3H mice. The resulting mouse anti-hybrid cell antisera contain antibodies found to be human specific and to react with only those hybrid cells carrying the human X chromosome, as confirmed by essentially perfect concordance between antibody binding assayed by indirect immunofluorescence and presence of the human X-linked enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase determined by autoradiographic assay of [3H] hypoxanthine utilization. Heterogeneous mixtures of hybrid cells may be analyzed into fluorescent (X plus) and nonfluorescent (X minus) subpopulations and fractionated viably by using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter."}
{"id": "PMID:353812", "title": "Topography and kinetics of genetic recombination in Escherichia coli treated with psoralen and light.", "content": "Genetic exchanges appear to be involved in repair of cross-linked DNA. Kinetics for completion of repair and strand rejoining controlled by the recA(+) gene were examined in Escherichia coli treated with psoralen and light. The results suggest the following model for genetic recombination. After cross-linking treatment, cells in a population initiate repair in near synchrony. Removal of DNA cross-links, preparation of substrate for recombination, and initiation of the first recA-dependent event are completed in less than 1 min. Recombination events occur singly in each cell or chromosome, and require 2.3 +/- 0.4 min at 32 degrees for the recA(+)-dependent step. After completion of the first event, subsequent recombination events occur in a sequential or progressive fashion around the chromosome or in clusters which may consist of one or more domains of the folded chromosome. The time required to proceed to successive sites is either a constant, independent of the distance on the chromosome, or is quite small compared to 2.3 min. DNA substrate for recombination decays with approximate first-order kinetics and the rate is dependent on the number of unrepaired sites. Cell survival can be expressed as a competition between completion of all repair events and the simultaneous decay of chromosomes to forms not reparable by recombination.Equations relating kinetics for completion of repair, the size distribution of DNA molecules, and cell survival are derived for the above model, using as parameters only rate constants for recombination and decay of substrate, and number of events per chromosome. An excellent correlation is found between experimentally determined and theoretical values.", "contents": "Topography and kinetics of genetic recombination in Escherichia coli treated with psoralen and light. Genetic exchanges appear to be involved in repair of cross-linked DNA. Kinetics for completion of repair and strand rejoining controlled by the recA(+) gene were examined in Escherichia coli treated with psoralen and light. The results suggest the following model for genetic recombination. After cross-linking treatment, cells in a population initiate repair in near synchrony. Removal of DNA cross-links, preparation of substrate for recombination, and initiation of the first recA-dependent event are completed in less than 1 min. Recombination events occur singly in each cell or chromosome, and require 2.3 +/- 0.4 min at 32 degrees for the recA(+)-dependent step. After completion of the first event, subsequent recombination events occur in a sequential or progressive fashion around the chromosome or in clusters which may consist of one or more domains of the folded chromosome. The time required to proceed to successive sites is either a constant, independent of the distance on the chromosome, or is quite small compared to 2.3 min. DNA substrate for recombination decays with approximate first-order kinetics and the rate is dependent on the number of unrepaired sites. Cell survival can be expressed as a competition between completion of all repair events and the simultaneous decay of chromosomes to forms not reparable by recombination.Equations relating kinetics for completion of repair, the size distribution of DNA molecules, and cell survival are derived for the above model, using as parameters only rate constants for recombination and decay of substrate, and number of events per chromosome. An excellent correlation is found between experimentally determined and theoretical values."}
{"id": "PMID:353813", "title": "Visualization of central noradrenergic neurons in thick sections by the unlabeled antibody method: a transmitter-specific Golgi image.", "content": "The unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase method has been used with an antiserum against rat dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) to obtain a three-dimensional image of noradrenergic cell bodies and their processes in thick Vibratome sections of rat brain. This method stains DBH-positive neurons exclusively with a result similar to that of the Golgi method, which makes it possible to analyze the geometric plan of these neurons and their projections in the central nervous system. In 100-micron sections, DBH-positive axons can be followed over long distances, and the results indicate that their distribution in cerebral and cerebellar cortex is not diffuse but has a strict geometric order.", "contents": "Visualization of central noradrenergic neurons in thick sections by the unlabeled antibody method: a transmitter-specific Golgi image. The unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase method has been used with an antiserum against rat dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) to obtain a three-dimensional image of noradrenergic cell bodies and their processes in thick Vibratome sections of rat brain. This method stains DBH-positive neurons exclusively with a result similar to that of the Golgi method, which makes it possible to analyze the geometric plan of these neurons and their projections in the central nervous system. In 100-micron sections, DBH-positive axons can be followed over long distances, and the results indicate that their distribution in cerebral and cerebellar cortex is not diffuse but has a strict geometric order."}
{"id": "PMID:353814", "title": "Carotid body chemoreceptor function: hypothesis based on a new circuit model.", "content": "Integration of our own morphological observations into recent ultrastructural, biochemical, and neuropharmacological results on the carotid body led to a new hypothesis on chemoreceptor function: (i) Glomus cells with small dense-cored vesicles (type IB cells) that store norepinephrine are chemoreceptors. (ii) Glomus cells with large dense-cored vesicles (type IA), which are postsynaptic to the other glomus cell type and presynaptic to afferent nerve endings, are dopaminergic interneurons that suppress the afferent discharge frequency during normoxia by releasing dopamine. (iii) The hypoxic stimulus causes the chemoreceptive cell to release the stored norepinephrine, which in turn brings about disinhibition of the afferent nerve  endings by inhibition of the interneuron. (iv) Afferent nerve endings and interneurons interact through reciprocal synapses that form a short inhibitory feedback loop. We propose that information in the carotid body is processed in a fashion graded rather than digital, providing a fine adjusted cooperation of all elements.", "contents": "Carotid body chemoreceptor function: hypothesis based on a new circuit model. Integration of our own morphological observations into recent ultrastructural, biochemical, and neuropharmacological results on the carotid body led to a new hypothesis on chemoreceptor function: (i) Glomus cells with small dense-cored vesicles (type IB cells) that store norepinephrine are chemoreceptors. (ii) Glomus cells with large dense-cored vesicles (type IA), which are postsynaptic to the other glomus cell type and presynaptic to afferent nerve endings, are dopaminergic interneurons that suppress the afferent discharge frequency during normoxia by releasing dopamine. (iii) The hypoxic stimulus causes the chemoreceptive cell to release the stored norepinephrine, which in turn brings about disinhibition of the afferent nerve  endings by inhibition of the interneuron. (iv) Afferent nerve endings and interneurons interact through reciprocal synapses that form a short inhibitory feedback loop. We propose that information in the carotid body is processed in a fashion graded rather than digital, providing a fine adjusted cooperation of all elements."}
{"id": "PMID:353815", "title": "Myelin basic protein demonstrated immunocytochemically in oligodendroglia prior to myelin sheath formation.", "content": "A specific antibody to myelin basic protein has been used to localize the protein in developing rat oligodendroglia and myelin. Basic protein is found in the oligodendroglial cytoplasm of anterior commissures of 5- and 7-day old rats before the beginning of myelination. Staining of basic protein in oligodendroglia increases, becoming most intense during early myelination; it decreases during rapid myelination. Staining intensity of oligodendroglia is dependent upon age, brain region, and nervous tract studied. In myelin, reaction of basic protein with antibody decreases when large compact sheaths are present, unless tissue sections are first treated with alcohol.", "contents": "Myelin basic protein demonstrated immunocytochemically in oligodendroglia prior to myelin sheath formation. A specific antibody to myelin basic protein has been used to localize the protein in developing rat oligodendroglia and myelin. Basic protein is found in the oligodendroglial cytoplasm of anterior commissures of 5- and 7-day old rats before the beginning of myelination. Staining of basic protein in oligodendroglia increases, becoming most intense during early myelination; it decreases during rapid myelination. Staining intensity of oligodendroglia is dependent upon age, brain region, and nervous tract studied. In myelin, reaction of basic protein with antibody decreases when large compact sheaths are present, unless tissue sections are first treated with alcohol."}
{"id": "PMID:353819", "title": "Dissociation of responses to extracellular thirst stimuli following zona incerta lesions.", "content": "In male albino rats, bilateral lesions in the anterior zona incerta which decrease ad lib and food-deprivation water intake and osmotic thirst but leave hypovolemic thirst intact, severely impaired or abolished drinking in response to systemic injections of isoproterenol or central administration of angiotensin II. Water intake following water deprivation was reduced by one-fourth. Reasons for the dissociation of responses to hypovolemia, water deprivation, isoproterenol and angiotensin were suggested.", "contents": "Dissociation of responses to extracellular thirst stimuli following zona incerta lesions. In male albino rats, bilateral lesions in the anterior zona incerta which decrease ad lib and food-deprivation water intake and osmotic thirst but leave hypovolemic thirst intact, severely impaired or abolished drinking in response to systemic injections of isoproterenol or central administration of angiotensin II. Water intake following water deprivation was reduced by one-fourth. Reasons for the dissociation of responses to hypovolemia, water deprivation, isoproterenol and angiotensin were suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:353820", "title": "Effects of dipropylacetic acid on late components of the photically evoked potential and afterdischarge in rat.", "content": "The effects of dipropylacetic acid (DPA) on primary, secondary and afterdischarge waves of the photically evoked potential were examined. It was observed that DPA selectively attenuated late wave components and afterdischarge. A thalamic locus of action for these effects is postulated.", "contents": "Effects of dipropylacetic acid on late components of the photically evoked potential and afterdischarge in rat. The effects of dipropylacetic acid (DPA) on primary, secondary and afterdischarge waves of the photically evoked potential were examined. It was observed that DPA selectively attenuated late wave components and afterdischarge. A thalamic locus of action for these effects is postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:353830", "title": "Nonmutagenic action of cannabinoids in vitro.", "content": "Under the specific conditions reported for the separate tests delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) did not elicit a mutagenic response in microbial and eukaryotic in vitro test systems. THC treatment to histidine auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 (susceptible to frame shift mutation) and TA 100 (susceptible to base pair substitution) were investigated. Analysis for possible revertance in the presence and absence of S9 microsomal activation system indicated an absence of induction of gene mutation. Cultured fibroblasts from healthy individuals and DNA repair deficient Xeroderma pigmentosum patients display similar survival activity upon exposure to THC. There was no observable increase in the number of chromosome breaks or chromatid exchanges following exposure to THC or THC plus S9 microsomal fraction. THC, 11-OHdelta9-THC, cannabinol, and cannabidiol did not induce unscheduled DNA repair synthesis in cultured human fibroblasts. Moreover, THC did not suppress UV-induced DNA repair synthesis.", "contents": "Nonmutagenic action of cannabinoids in vitro. Under the specific conditions reported for the separate tests delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) did not elicit a mutagenic response in microbial and eukaryotic in vitro test systems. THC treatment to histidine auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 (susceptible to frame shift mutation) and TA 100 (susceptible to base pair substitution) were investigated. Analysis for possible revertance in the presence and absence of S9 microsomal activation system indicated an absence of induction of gene mutation. Cultured fibroblasts from healthy individuals and DNA repair deficient Xeroderma pigmentosum patients display similar survival activity upon exposure to THC. There was no observable increase in the number of chromosome breaks or chromatid exchanges following exposure to THC or THC plus S9 microsomal fraction. THC, 11-OHdelta9-THC, cannabinol, and cannabidiol did not induce unscheduled DNA repair synthesis in cultured human fibroblasts. Moreover, THC did not suppress UV-induced DNA repair synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:353831", "title": "[Clinical trial of mepiprazol in the treatment of neurotic inpatients (author's transl)].", "content": "Within a controlled double-blind clinical trial the psychopharmacological effect of mepiprazole was tested against placebo in the treatment of neurotic inpatients. Some results of the recorded psychophysiological parameters (tremor, reaction time and flicker fusion threshold) as well as the scores on a symptom checklist for neurotic patients (post hoc divided into three scales by means of factor analysis: anxiety, depression and weaping) indicate a tranquilizing effect of mepiprazol. These findings are discussed critically with regard of methodological problems of testing tranquilizers in psychiatric hospitals.", "contents": "[Clinical trial of mepiprazol in the treatment of neurotic inpatients (author's transl)]. Within a controlled double-blind clinical trial the psychopharmacological effect of mepiprazole was tested against placebo in the treatment of neurotic inpatients. Some results of the recorded psychophysiological parameters (tremor, reaction time and flicker fusion threshold) as well as the scores on a symptom checklist for neurotic patients (post hoc divided into three scales by means of factor analysis: anxiety, depression and weaping) indicate a tranquilizing effect of mepiprazol. These findings are discussed critically with regard of methodological problems of testing tranquilizers in psychiatric hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:353832", "title": "[Drug-related increase of intelligence level. Considerations and a double-blind-study with flunarizin (sibelium) (author's transl)].", "content": "Fluid and crystallized intelligence are two second-order factors that are differentiated within the intelligence model by R.B.Cattell. Fluid intelligence is considered to be a biological capacity relatively independent of environmental influences. Crystallized intelligence, however, is connected to accultured skills and knowledge. The capacity of fluid intelligence decreases by non-optimal states of general activation, functional psychosis (physically founded reversible psychosis) or defect-syndromes (physically founded irreversible psychosis). Fluid intelligence can increase by drugs only, if the functional psychosis is diminished or if the state of activation is optimized. There is no drug-effect on crystallized intelligence but an indirect influence via fluid intelligence. The hypothesis of the drug-related increase of fluid intelligence as a correlate to the diminuition accompanying the functional psychosis should be confirmed by a clinical experiment. Therefore two samples of 20 patients each with a functional psychosis following cerebral blood-flow disturbances received flunarizine (Sibelium) and placebo respectively during a double-blind study lasting 12 weeks. Under the activ substance to be applied for amelioration of peripheral and central blood-flow the measured values of fluid intelligence increased six weeks after starting therapy, while there were no changes under placebo. In the end of the investigation the measured intellectual capacity had increased by 50 per cent under flunarizine.", "contents": "[Drug-related increase of intelligence level. Considerations and a double-blind-study with flunarizin (sibelium) (author's transl)]. Fluid and crystallized intelligence are two second-order factors that are differentiated within the intelligence model by R.B.Cattell. Fluid intelligence is considered to be a biological capacity relatively independent of environmental influences. Crystallized intelligence, however, is connected to accultured skills and knowledge. The capacity of fluid intelligence decreases by non-optimal states of general activation, functional psychosis (physically founded reversible psychosis) or defect-syndromes (physically founded irreversible psychosis). Fluid intelligence can increase by drugs only, if the functional psychosis is diminished or if the state of activation is optimized. There is no drug-effect on crystallized intelligence but an indirect influence via fluid intelligence. The hypothesis of the drug-related increase of fluid intelligence as a correlate to the diminuition accompanying the functional psychosis should be confirmed by a clinical experiment. Therefore two samples of 20 patients each with a functional psychosis following cerebral blood-flow disturbances received flunarizine (Sibelium) and placebo respectively during a double-blind study lasting 12 weeks. Under the activ substance to be applied for amelioration of peripheral and central blood-flow the measured values of fluid intelligence increased six weeks after starting therapy, while there were no changes under placebo. In the end of the investigation the measured intellectual capacity had increased by 50 per cent under flunarizine."}
{"id": "PMID:353839", "title": "Use of an innervated skin graft to provide sensation to the reconstructed heel.", "content": "An innervated skin graft--a full-thickness skin graft with its nerve supply intact--is presented. In the case described, the sural nerve was preserved and an island of skin supplied by it was transposed to provide sensation to a heel pad, which had first been reconstructed by a cross-thigh flap. This transposed sensation has allowed full activity for 3 years in a young boy wearing normal footwear. This suggests that ulceration of all, or most, heel reconstructions is due to lack of sensation and, further, that the necessary sensation can be provided by this technically simple transposition of an innervated skin graft.", "contents": "Use of an innervated skin graft to provide sensation to the reconstructed heel. An innervated skin graft--a full-thickness skin graft with its nerve supply intact--is presented. In the case described, the sural nerve was preserved and an island of skin supplied by it was transposed to provide sensation to a heel pad, which had first been reconstructed by a cross-thigh flap. This transposed sensation has allowed full activity for 3 years in a young boy wearing normal footwear. This suggests that ulceration of all, or most, heel reconstructions is due to lack of sensation and, further, that the necessary sensation can be provided by this technically simple transposition of an innervated skin graft."}
{"id": "PMID:353840", "title": "Myocutaneous free-flap transfer. Anatomical and experimental considerations.", "content": "If there is a strongly dominant vascular pedicle, a muscle may be suitable for transfer as a free myocutaneous flap. The minor vascular pedicle(s) may contribute significantly to the arterial blood flow to the overlying skin, however. The concept of doing a delay procedure (ligating the dominant pedicle) to increase the survival of the skin component of a free myocutaneous flap is explored.", "contents": "Myocutaneous free-flap transfer. Anatomical and experimental considerations. If there is a strongly dominant vascular pedicle, a muscle may be suitable for transfer as a free myocutaneous flap. The minor vascular pedicle(s) may contribute significantly to the arterial blood flow to the overlying skin, however. The concept of doing a delay procedure (ligating the dominant pedicle) to increase the survival of the skin component of a free myocutaneous flap is explored."}
{"id": "PMID:353842", "title": "The transverse lumbosacral back flap.", "content": "The transverse lumbosacral back flap is presented as a good one to use for coverage of sacral defects. Its reliability appears to be due to an axial pattern of its proximal portion, and to an uninterrupted subdermal vascular plexus across the midline of the back (supplying the terminal portion). A retrospective analysis of its use in 20 patients, over the last 3 years, suggests that when it is designed properly it can be most useful in the management of sacral pressure sores.", "contents": "The transverse lumbosacral back flap. The transverse lumbosacral back flap is presented as a good one to use for coverage of sacral defects. Its reliability appears to be due to an axial pattern of its proximal portion, and to an uninterrupted subdermal vascular plexus across the midline of the back (supplying the terminal portion). A retrospective analysis of its use in 20 patients, over the last 3 years, suggests that when it is designed properly it can be most useful in the management of sacral pressure sores."}
{"id": "PMID:353843", "title": "Repair of major defects of the chest wall and spine with the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap.", "content": "The latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is a remarkably durable and versatile flap. Flap necrosis did not occur in any of our patients. One can safely carry with it skin segments as narrow as 3 cm, or as wide as 30 cm. In addition to the 5 cases presented, we have used the flap to repair axillary burn contractures, for breast reconstruction after a transverse incision, and for coverage of the upper arm and shoulder. The applications of this flap challenge the creative imagination of the surgeon and allow a simplified reconstruction, compared to other good methods. The newly described posterior advancement of a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is suggested as the preferred method to repair meningomyelocele defects.", "contents": "Repair of major defects of the chest wall and spine with the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. The latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is a remarkably durable and versatile flap. Flap necrosis did not occur in any of our patients. One can safely carry with it skin segments as narrow as 3 cm, or as wide as 30 cm. In addition to the 5 cases presented, we have used the flap to repair axillary burn contractures, for breast reconstruction after a transverse incision, and for coverage of the upper arm and shoulder. The applications of this flap challenge the creative imagination of the surgeon and allow a simplified reconstruction, compared to other good methods. The newly described posterior advancement of a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is suggested as the preferred method to repair meningomyelocele defects."}
{"id": "PMID:353845", "title": "Distribution of motor and sensory fibers in the intercostal nerves. Significance in reconstructive surgery.", "content": "If the distribution of the types of nerve fibers in the various intercostal nerves is taken into consideration, an intercostal nerve segment can be an acceptable donor nerve graft for sensory and/or motor nerve replacements. We describe the distribution of motor and sensory axons in various segments of the upper and lower intercostal nerves.", "contents": "Distribution of motor and sensory fibers in the intercostal nerves. Significance in reconstructive surgery. If the distribution of the types of nerve fibers in the various intercostal nerves is taken into consideration, an intercostal nerve segment can be an acceptable donor nerve graft for sensory and/or motor nerve replacements. We describe the distribution of motor and sensory axons in various segments of the upper and lower intercostal nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:353846", "title": "Repair of ischial pressure ulcers with gracilis myocutaneous island flaps.", "content": "Ischial pressure sores can be repaired with gracilis myocutaneous island flaps, and this technique offers numerous advantages over the use of posterior thigh flaps. Several illustrative cases are described.", "contents": "Repair of ischial pressure ulcers with gracilis myocutaneous island flaps. Ischial pressure sores can be repaired with gracilis myocutaneous island flaps, and this technique offers numerous advantages over the use of posterior thigh flaps. Several illustrative cases are described."}
{"id": "PMID:353847", "title": "Earlobe reconstruction with a preauricular flap.", "content": "We describe a one-stage technique for reconstructing earlobe deformities of congenital and acquired origin, using preauricular flaps.", "contents": "Earlobe reconstruction with a preauricular flap. We describe a one-stage technique for reconstructing earlobe deformities of congenital and acquired origin, using preauricular flaps."}
{"id": "PMID:353848", "title": "Experimental esophageal reconstruction in rats, with a free groin flap.", "content": "The reconstruction of a functioning esophagus with a free groin flap was performed successfully in 10 rats. A technique is described for the experimental anastomosis of vessels with a diameter of 0.5 mm or less. We also describe a modification of a method to convert a hairy flap before transfer into a hairless one.", "contents": "Experimental esophageal reconstruction in rats, with a free groin flap. The reconstruction of a functioning esophagus with a free groin flap was performed successfully in 10 rats. A technique is described for the experimental anastomosis of vessels with a diameter of 0.5 mm or less. We also describe a modification of a method to convert a hairy flap before transfer into a hairless one."}
{"id": "PMID:353849", "title": "Epidermolysis bullosa: current concepts and management of the advanced hand deformity.", "content": "A current classification of the types of epidermolysis bullosa is reviewed, in conjunction with some etiological concepts. The pathomechanics of the advanced hand deformity are discussed, and applied to a sequential plan of reconstructive surgery. The objective is the restoration of elementary hand function. Two illustrative cases are presented.", "contents": "Epidermolysis bullosa: current concepts and management of the advanced hand deformity. A current classification of the types of epidermolysis bullosa is reviewed, in conjunction with some etiological concepts. The pathomechanics of the advanced hand deformity are discussed, and applied to a sequential plan of reconstructive surgery. The objective is the restoration of elementary hand function. Two illustrative cases are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:353851", "title": "Closed capsulotomy causing fractures of the scar capsule and the silicone bag of a breast implant. Case report.", "content": "We present a case in which the silicone rubber bag of a bag-gel breast implant was ruptured during the performance of a closed capsulotomy.", "contents": "Closed capsulotomy causing fractures of the scar capsule and the silicone bag of a breast implant. Case report. We present a case in which the silicone rubber bag of a bag-gel breast implant was ruptured during the performance of a closed capsulotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:353852", "title": "Distant migration of silicone gel from a ruptured breast implant. Case report.", "content": "A complication of augmentation mammaplasty is presented in which the bag of a gel-filled implant ruptured and the thin gel migrated through subcutaneous planes as far as the groin. We feel that when a rupture of a gel-filled prosthesis becomes evident, it should be replaced as soon as possible if such migration is to be prevented (particularly if the gel is of the thinner and less-cohesive variety).", "contents": "Distant migration of silicone gel from a ruptured breast implant. Case report. A complication of augmentation mammaplasty is presented in which the bag of a gel-filled implant ruptured and the thin gel migrated through subcutaneous planes as far as the groin. We feel that when a rupture of a gel-filled prosthesis becomes evident, it should be replaced as soon as possible if such migration is to be prevented (particularly if the gel is of the thinner and less-cohesive variety)."}
{"id": "PMID:353853", "title": "[New findings in the study of schizophrenia].", "content": "The paper gives a survey on the results of research on etiology and course of schizophrenia. The results of etiological research have not, as yet, progressed so far as to provide measures of primary prevention, whereas the results of research into the course of schizophrenia have already led to practical consequences for therapy resp. rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients. In future, with a decrease in the number of long-stay hospitalizations, the number of schizophrenic out-patients, resp. of prolonged periods of out-patient treatments will increase accordingly. Thus hitherto known influencing factors and treatment strategies will also be due to change. According to present knowledge, etiology, psychopathology, course and outcome of schizophrenia represent a very complex and variable, multifactorially initiated process, in which illness-related and environment-related factors concur. Drafts of new models and instruments for the assessment of this process and subsequent disabilities as well as methodological difficulties herewith are reported.", "contents": "[New findings in the study of schizophrenia]. The paper gives a survey on the results of research on etiology and course of schizophrenia. The results of etiological research have not, as yet, progressed so far as to provide measures of primary prevention, whereas the results of research into the course of schizophrenia have already led to practical consequences for therapy resp. rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients. In future, with a decrease in the number of long-stay hospitalizations, the number of schizophrenic out-patients, resp. of prolonged periods of out-patient treatments will increase accordingly. Thus hitherto known influencing factors and treatment strategies will also be due to change. According to present knowledge, etiology, psychopathology, course and outcome of schizophrenia represent a very complex and variable, multifactorially initiated process, in which illness-related and environment-related factors concur. Drafts of new models and instruments for the assessment of this process and subsequent disabilities as well as methodological difficulties herewith are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:353855", "title": "[Character changes in epilepsy?].", "content": "There are no personality structures which are typical of epilepsies in the sense of a change in character that can be seen in cross and especially in longitudinal sections. Reported changes of character due to epilepsies cannot be exactly defined reproducibly for the forms of fits to be differentiated and cannot, therefore, be used operationally. There is no doubt, however, that several causal factors must be considered to be responsible for the manifestation of certain frequently observed peculiarities and characteristics, respectively. In addition to organic, psychodynamic, and socio-situational causes, long-time antiepileptic medication is an essential factor of changes in character due to diseases characterized by fits. A better understanding has now been obtained of the importance of this particular factor, and this allows to conclude that there can only be epileptic functioning and reacting.", "contents": "[Character changes in epilepsy?]. There are no personality structures which are typical of epilepsies in the sense of a change in character that can be seen in cross and especially in longitudinal sections. Reported changes of character due to epilepsies cannot be exactly defined reproducibly for the forms of fits to be differentiated and cannot, therefore, be used operationally. There is no doubt, however, that several causal factors must be considered to be responsible for the manifestation of certain frequently observed peculiarities and characteristics, respectively. In addition to organic, psychodynamic, and socio-situational causes, long-time antiepileptic medication is an essential factor of changes in character due to diseases characterized by fits. A better understanding has now been obtained of the importance of this particular factor, and this allows to conclude that there can only be epileptic functioning and reacting."}
{"id": "PMID:353856", "title": "[Development of child neuropsychiatry at the Karl Marx University of Leipzig].", "content": "The development of pedoneuropsychiatry at the University of Leipzig is marked by the opening in 1926 of the first \"Department of Pedopsychiatric Observation\", the establishment of the Clinic of Pedoneuropsychiatry as an independent unit of the Department of Medicine, Karl Marx University, and the setting up in 1976 of a Chair of Pedoneuropsychiatry. Paul Schr\u00f6der's and R. A. Pfeifer's services to their university are particularly appreciated.", "contents": "[Development of child neuropsychiatry at the Karl Marx University of Leipzig]. The development of pedoneuropsychiatry at the University of Leipzig is marked by the opening in 1926 of the first \"Department of Pedopsychiatric Observation\", the establishment of the Clinic of Pedoneuropsychiatry as an independent unit of the Department of Medicine, Karl Marx University, and the setting up in 1976 of a Chair of Pedoneuropsychiatry. Paul Schr\u00f6der's and R. A. Pfeifer's services to their university are particularly appreciated."}
{"id": "PMID:353857", "title": "[Comment on Paul Schr\u00f6der's monograph entitled \"Child characters and their anomalies\"].", "content": "In a critical appreciation of Schr\u00f6der's monograph the work is considered to be a basis of psychiatrically oriented characterology. Dealing with Schr\u00f6der's views also necessarily involves consideration of L. Klage's philosophy. Schr\u00f6der's concern to provide pedagogues, psychologists, and jurists with a study of the characterology of children deviating from the average or norm, which has been made from the psychiatrist's point of view, may be considered fully realized even today.", "contents": "[Comment on Paul Schr\u00f6der's monograph entitled \"Child characters and their anomalies\"]. In a critical appreciation of Schr\u00f6der's monograph the work is considered to be a basis of psychiatrically oriented characterology. Dealing with Schr\u00f6der's views also necessarily involves consideration of L. Klage's philosophy. Schr\u00f6der's concern to provide pedagogues, psychologists, and jurists with a study of the characterology of children deviating from the average or norm, which has been made from the psychiatrist's point of view, may be considered fully realized even today."}
{"id": "PMID:353858", "title": "[Why child neuropsychiatry?].", "content": "The author gives a brief survey of the development of Child-Neuropsychiatry in the G.D.R. and subsequently gives reasons for the decision in favor of the unity of neurology and psychiatry as applied to children and juveniles, which is in contrast to developments in other countries. In addition to hygienic, economic, organizational, and medical considerations, this decision was also determined by the fact that a Child-Neuropsychiatrist must, in his practical work as a subspecialist, be able to head a multiprofessional team and, thus, help assure optimum development of a child's personality.", "contents": "[Why child neuropsychiatry?]. The author gives a brief survey of the development of Child-Neuropsychiatry in the G.D.R. and subsequently gives reasons for the decision in favor of the unity of neurology and psychiatry as applied to children and juveniles, which is in contrast to developments in other countries. In addition to hygienic, economic, organizational, and medical considerations, this decision was also determined by the fact that a Child-Neuropsychiatrist must, in his practical work as a subspecialist, be able to head a multiprofessional team and, thus, help assure optimum development of a child's personality."}
{"id": "PMID:353859", "title": "[Child psychiatry through the years].", "content": "A brief survey of the development of pedopsychiatry in the first half of this century shows how the emphasis changed from an initial interest in handicapped children to an interest especially in environmental and social factors. An attempt is made to explain this change in pedopsychiatric thinking, consideration being given to three aspects: Aid given to the child by society--Pathogenic importance of social constellations--Social requirements of the child.", "contents": "[Child psychiatry through the years]. A brief survey of the development of pedopsychiatry in the first half of this century shows how the emphasis changed from an initial interest in handicapped children to an interest especially in environmental and social factors. An attempt is made to explain this change in pedopsychiatric thinking, consideration being given to three aspects: Aid given to the child by society--Pathogenic importance of social constellations--Social requirements of the child."}
{"id": "PMID:353860", "title": "[Development of nosological conceptions of child psychoses].", "content": "A study of the historical development of nosological conceptions of schizophrenia of children in parallel with the development of pedopsychiatry shows that these conceptions closely follow the lines of adult psychiatry. The description of psychosis-like conditions such as infantile dementia and autism also did not yet lead to a fundamental change in pathogenetic conceptions. There is then described the heuristic approach to considering schizophrenia of children and schizophrenia-like pictures of childhood as a disturbance of adaptation to reality, the development of which can be due to dispositional factors, minimal cerebral lesions acquired in early childhood, and environmental conditions in the sense of a constellatory genesis.", "contents": "[Development of nosological conceptions of child psychoses]. A study of the historical development of nosological conceptions of schizophrenia of children in parallel with the development of pedopsychiatry shows that these conceptions closely follow the lines of adult psychiatry. The description of psychosis-like conditions such as infantile dementia and autism also did not yet lead to a fundamental change in pathogenetic conceptions. There is then described the heuristic approach to considering schizophrenia of children and schizophrenia-like pictures of childhood as a disturbance of adaptation to reality, the development of which can be due to dispositional factors, minimal cerebral lesions acquired in early childhood, and environmental conditions in the sense of a constellatory genesis."}
{"id": "PMID:353861", "title": "[Development of child psychotherapy in Europe].", "content": "The author, by starting from the definitional delimitation of psychotherapy and education, gives a brief description of the history of pedopsychotherapy from early beginnings through to the present time. This particular form of therapy has become varied in both its theories and methods. The present trend of development of pedopsychotherapy is characterized by patient-oriented multidimensional treatment of mental disease rather than classical analysis. An exact separation of education and psychotherapy is presently made for didactical reasons only, but is no longer possible in actual practice.", "contents": "[Development of child psychotherapy in Europe]. The author, by starting from the definitional delimitation of psychotherapy and education, gives a brief description of the history of pedopsychotherapy from early beginnings through to the present time. This particular form of therapy has become varied in both its theories and methods. The present trend of development of pedopsychotherapy is characterized by patient-oriented multidimensional treatment of mental disease rather than classical analysis. An exact separation of education and psychotherapy is presently made for didactical reasons only, but is no longer possible in actual practice."}
{"id": "PMID:353862", "title": "Paul Schilder and group psychotherapy: the development of psychoanalytic group psychotherapy.", "content": "Group Psychotherapy began in 1905 with Pratt who assembled tuberculosis patients for a class treatment. Application of psychoanalytic concepts to group psychotherapy varied from Pratt's rejection of Freud and psychoanalysis to Louis Wender's descriptive and educational use of psychoanalysis in his group psychotherapy in 1936. At about the same time (1936) Paul Schilder actually interpreted the resistance, transferences, and dreams in his group psychotherapy sessions. Accordingly, Schilder would have to be recognized as the first to conduct a psychoanalytic group psychotherapy. Schilder's many contributions to group psychotherapy appeared in a few papers written before 1941. Precursors of current mainstream group psychotherapy can be found in them and they are still used as references.", "contents": "Paul Schilder and group psychotherapy: the development of psychoanalytic group psychotherapy. Group Psychotherapy began in 1905 with Pratt who assembled tuberculosis patients for a class treatment. Application of psychoanalytic concepts to group psychotherapy varied from Pratt's rejection of Freud and psychoanalysis to Louis Wender's descriptive and educational use of psychoanalysis in his group psychotherapy in 1936. At about the same time (1936) Paul Schilder actually interpreted the resistance, transferences, and dreams in his group psychotherapy sessions. Accordingly, Schilder would have to be recognized as the first to conduct a psychoanalytic group psychotherapy. Schilder's many contributions to group psychotherapy appeared in a few papers written before 1941. Precursors of current mainstream group psychotherapy can be found in them and they are still used as references."}
{"id": "PMID:353863", "title": "Helen Flanders Dunbar (1902-1959) and a holistic approach to psychosomatic problems. II. The role of Dunbar's nonmedical background.", "content": "Despite Dunbar's central role in the American psychosomatic movement, few successors seem to have grasped the nature and context of her work. This is partially because, as conveyed in Part I of his article, most histories of psychosomatic theory and research overlook the holistic, organismic point of view shared by Dunbar and other psychoanalysts of the psychobilogic persuasion. However, to grasp the full meaning of Dunbar's work one must look to her nonmedical background in Dantean philosphy and in religious healing.", "contents": "Helen Flanders Dunbar (1902-1959) and a holistic approach to psychosomatic problems. II. The role of Dunbar's nonmedical background. Despite Dunbar's central role in the American psychosomatic movement, few successors seem to have grasped the nature and context of her work. This is partially because, as conveyed in Part I of his article, most histories of psychosomatic theory and research overlook the holistic, organismic point of view shared by Dunbar and other psychoanalysts of the psychobilogic persuasion. However, to grasp the full meaning of Dunbar's work one must look to her nonmedical background in Dantean philosphy and in religious healing."}
{"id": "PMID:353864", "title": "[Twenty years double bind: attempt at a critical review (author's transl)].", "content": "This publication represents a critical review of the literature published so far on the concept of Double Bind (db). The article attempts to describe the development of this concept since its inception by Bateson et al. twenty years ago. The article also illuminates the partly distinctly neglected reference aspect of db, as well as the recent suggestions of a radical reformulation of concept according to which db is no longer a necessarily pathogenous deformation of communication. Since it can be shown that db is a so to say ubiquitous communicative phenomenon, the question as to whether it is specific for schizophrenia, can be definitely negated. An analysis of the quantitative empirical studies published so far, the analysis being viewed under the aspect of a critical review of the methods employed, shows that the development of a methodically and conceptually adequate experimental model which can completely cover db, has not yet proved successful. It becomes evident that the term \"db hypothesis\" is misleading insofar as this should be considered as a rather comprehensive theoretical construction not easily liable to direct experimental testing, which can be considered as possessing the character of a new paradigm.", "contents": "[Twenty years double bind: attempt at a critical review (author's transl)]. This publication represents a critical review of the literature published so far on the concept of Double Bind (db). The article attempts to describe the development of this concept since its inception by Bateson et al. twenty years ago. The article also illuminates the partly distinctly neglected reference aspect of db, as well as the recent suggestions of a radical reformulation of concept according to which db is no longer a necessarily pathogenous deformation of communication. Since it can be shown that db is a so to say ubiquitous communicative phenomenon, the question as to whether it is specific for schizophrenia, can be definitely negated. An analysis of the quantitative empirical studies published so far, the analysis being viewed under the aspect of a critical review of the methods employed, shows that the development of a methodically and conceptually adequate experimental model which can completely cover db, has not yet proved successful. It becomes evident that the term \"db hypothesis\" is misleading insofar as this should be considered as a rather comprehensive theoretical construction not easily liable to direct experimental testing, which can be considered as possessing the character of a new paradigm."}
{"id": "PMID:353882", "title": "Radiographic aspects of massive bone osteoarticular allograft transplantation.", "content": "Experience with 56 cases of osteoarticular allograft transplantation of the extremities is presented. Cadaveric allograft including a joint surface and a variable amount of shaft is used in the treatment of aggressive benign and low-grade malignant tumors involving a long bone near a joint. The preoperative radiographic evaluation is outlined. Thirty-four patients had an uncomplicated course. Twenty-two patients had complications including aseptic fracture, infection, and tumor recurrence. The radiographic spectrum of both complicated and uncomplicated cases is illustrated.", "contents": "Radiographic aspects of massive bone osteoarticular allograft transplantation. Experience with 56 cases of osteoarticular allograft transplantation of the extremities is presented. Cadaveric allograft including a joint surface and a variable amount of shaft is used in the treatment of aggressive benign and low-grade malignant tumors involving a long bone near a joint. The preoperative radiographic evaluation is outlined. Thirty-four patients had an uncomplicated course. Twenty-two patients had complications including aseptic fracture, infection, and tumor recurrence. The radiographic spectrum of both complicated and uncomplicated cases is illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:353883", "title": "Pneumoarthropathy: an unusual radiographic sign of gram-negative septic arthritis.", "content": "Gas in the joint and periarticular tissues appeared as an early radiographic manifestation of gram-negative septic arthritis of the hip in a diabetic patient.  The features of gram-negative septic arthritis are discussed and the value of an early diagnosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Pneumoarthropathy: an unusual radiographic sign of gram-negative septic arthritis. Gas in the joint and periarticular tissues appeared as an early radiographic manifestation of gram-negative septic arthritis of the hip in a diabetic patient.  The features of gram-negative septic arthritis are discussed and the value of an early diagnosis is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:353900", "title": "Prostaglandin I2 is less relaxant than prostaglandin E2 on the lamb ductus arteriosus.", "content": "Prostaglandin (PG) I2 and its stable metabolite, 6-keto-PGF1alpha, were tested on the isolated ductus arteriosus from mature fetal lambs. PGI2 relaxed the ductus in high doses (threshold 10(-6)M) and its activity disappeared on standing at room temperature for 30 minutes. 6-keto-PGF1alpha was inactive at all doses. By contrast, PGE2 produced a dose-dependent relaxation over a range between 10(-10) and 10(-6)M. These findings confirm that PGE2 is the most potent ductal relaxant among the known derivatives of arachidonic acid. PGE2 probably maintains ductus patency in the fetus and, together with PGE1, remains the compound of choice in the management of newborns requiring a viable ductus for survival.", "contents": "Prostaglandin I2 is less relaxant than prostaglandin E2 on the lamb ductus arteriosus. Prostaglandin (PG) I2 and its stable metabolite, 6-keto-PGF1alpha, were tested on the isolated ductus arteriosus from mature fetal lambs. PGI2 relaxed the ductus in high doses (threshold 10(-6)M) and its activity disappeared on standing at room temperature for 30 minutes. 6-keto-PGF1alpha was inactive at all doses. By contrast, PGE2 produced a dose-dependent relaxation over a range between 10(-10) and 10(-6)M. These findings confirm that PGE2 is the most potent ductal relaxant among the known derivatives of arachidonic acid. PGE2 probably maintains ductus patency in the fetus and, together with PGE1, remains the compound of choice in the management of newborns requiring a viable ductus for survival."}
{"id": "PMID:353901", "title": "Prostaglandin I2 as a potentiator of acute inflammation in rats.", "content": "Prostaglandin I2 potentiated the paw swelling induced by carrageenin in rats. Prostaglandin I2 (0.1 microgram) showed similar activity to PGE1 (0.01 microgram). This potentiating property disappeared in 60 minutes and was completely abolished by diphenhydramine (25 mg kg-1, i.p.). In vascular permeability tests, PGI2 itself (2.5 X 10(-10) mol, 88 ng) caused no dye leakage reaction, but PGE1 (2.5 X 10(-10) mol, 88.5 ng) caused a significant dye leakage. This effect of PGE1 was statistically significant compared with vehicle- or PGI2-treated groups (p less than 0.05). Prostaglandin I2 potentiated the increased vascular permeability induced by 5-hydroxytriptamine (2.5 X 10(-10) mol), bradykinin (5 X 10(-10) mol) and histamine (2 X 10(-10) to 2 X 10(-8) mol). The potentiation was the most evident in the case of histamine.", "contents": "Prostaglandin I2 as a potentiator of acute inflammation in rats. Prostaglandin I2 potentiated the paw swelling induced by carrageenin in rats. Prostaglandin I2 (0.1 microgram) showed similar activity to PGE1 (0.01 microgram). This potentiating property disappeared in 60 minutes and was completely abolished by diphenhydramine (25 mg kg-1, i.p.). In vascular permeability tests, PGI2 itself (2.5 X 10(-10) mol, 88 ng) caused no dye leakage reaction, but PGE1 (2.5 X 10(-10) mol, 88.5 ng) caused a significant dye leakage. This effect of PGE1 was statistically significant compared with vehicle- or PGI2-treated groups (p less than 0.05). Prostaglandin I2 potentiated the increased vascular permeability induced by 5-hydroxytriptamine (2.5 X 10(-10) mol), bradykinin (5 X 10(-10) mol) and histamine (2 X 10(-10) to 2 X 10(-8) mol). The potentiation was the most evident in the case of histamine."}
{"id": "PMID:353902", "title": "An antiserum to 5,6-dihydro prostacyclin (PGI1) which also binds prostacyclin.", "content": "An antiserum was raised in rabbits using 5,6-dihydro prostacyclin, a stable analogue of prostacyclin, as the hapten, conjugated to bovine serum albumin. When added to platelet rich plasma the antiserum neutralised the inhibitory activity of prostacyclin, prostaglandin E1 and D2. The amount of antiserum required to neutralise completely a dose of prostacyclin giving 90-95% inhibition of ADP induced aggregation was 10-30 times less than that required for the other two prostaglandins. Small amounts of antiserum prevented the inhibitory activity of prostacyclin generated from endothelial cells in platelet rich plasma.", "contents": "An antiserum to 5,6-dihydro prostacyclin (PGI1) which also binds prostacyclin. An antiserum was raised in rabbits using 5,6-dihydro prostacyclin, a stable analogue of prostacyclin, as the hapten, conjugated to bovine serum albumin. When added to platelet rich plasma the antiserum neutralised the inhibitory activity of prostacyclin, prostaglandin E1 and D2. The amount of antiserum required to neutralise completely a dose of prostacyclin giving 90-95% inhibition of ADP induced aggregation was 10-30 times less than that required for the other two prostaglandins. Small amounts of antiserum prevented the inhibitory activity of prostacyclin generated from endothelial cells in platelet rich plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:353903", "title": "De-aggregatory action of prostacyclin in vivo and its enhancement by theophylline.", "content": "In the mixed venous blood of anaesthetized, heparinized cats prostacyclin de-aggregated platelet thrombi, which were formed on the surface of blood-superfused collagen strips or on the surface of blood-superfused aortic strips from atherosclerotic rabbits. The reversal of platelet aggregation by prostacyclin was still achieved 3 hrs after the formation of platelet clumps. After an intravenous injection of prostacyclin the ID50 for its de-aggregatory action was 7.5 microgram/kg. Theophylline ethyl-diamine (aminophylline), at a dose of 3 mg/kg i.v., did not reverse platelet aggregation but it enhanced the duration of the de-aggregatory action of prostacyclin; it had little effect on the hypotensive action of prostacyclin. It is concluded that prostacyclin disintegrates platelet clumps long after they are formed in heparinized blood in vivo and that its anti-platelet action, but not hypotensive action, is selectively potentiated by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The above experimental data indicate the possibility of the combined use of theophylline and prostacyclin in arterial thrombosis.", "contents": "De-aggregatory action of prostacyclin in vivo and its enhancement by theophylline. In the mixed venous blood of anaesthetized, heparinized cats prostacyclin de-aggregated platelet thrombi, which were formed on the surface of blood-superfused collagen strips or on the surface of blood-superfused aortic strips from atherosclerotic rabbits. The reversal of platelet aggregation by prostacyclin was still achieved 3 hrs after the formation of platelet clumps. After an intravenous injection of prostacyclin the ID50 for its de-aggregatory action was 7.5 microgram/kg. Theophylline ethyl-diamine (aminophylline), at a dose of 3 mg/kg i.v., did not reverse platelet aggregation but it enhanced the duration of the de-aggregatory action of prostacyclin; it had little effect on the hypotensive action of prostacyclin. It is concluded that prostacyclin disintegrates platelet clumps long after they are formed in heparinized blood in vivo and that its anti-platelet action, but not hypotensive action, is selectively potentiated by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The above experimental data indicate the possibility of the combined use of theophylline and prostacyclin in arterial thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:353909", "title": "[Phage-like particles produced by Clostridium tetani].", "content": "Two C. tetani strains used for toxin production spontaneously produce two varieties of phage-like particles with isometric heads. Type A has a contractile tail, whereas type B shows a non-contractile tail with a long, wavy tail fiber. No relationship between the presence of these particles and the amount of toxin produced was found.", "contents": "[Phage-like particles produced by Clostridium tetani]. Two C. tetani strains used for toxin production spontaneously produce two varieties of phage-like particles with isometric heads. Type A has a contractile tail, whereas type B shows a non-contractile tail with a long, wavy tail fiber. No relationship between the presence of these particles and the amount of toxin produced was found."}
{"id": "PMID:353923", "title": "Antioxidant enhancement of amphotericin B activity against Candida albicans.", "content": "Results indicated that the antioxidant n-propyl gallate can enhance amphotericin B activity against Candida albicans by two different mechanisms. One involves drug stabilization. The second has not been characterized.", "contents": "Antioxidant enhancement of amphotericin B activity against Candida albicans. Results indicated that the antioxidant n-propyl gallate can enhance amphotericin B activity against Candida albicans by two different mechanisms. One involves drug stabilization. The second has not been characterized."}
{"id": "PMID:353924", "title": "Laboratory trials with inactivated vaccines against Escherichia coli (O2:K1) infection in fowls.", "content": "Laboratory trials were carried out with an O2:K1 vaccine prepared with either the Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant. Both types of vaccine administered subcutaneously were highly effective against a challenge with the vaccine strain within three to four weeks after vaccination at two to three weeks of age. The complete adjuvant vaccine was more effective than the incomplete adjuvant vaccine when administered to chickens of an earlier age, and in the rate of development and duration of immunity. The efficacy of both vaccines was unimpaired by their incorporation with the Newcastle disease oil adjuvant (inactivated) vaccine (Newcadin). The use of an oil adjuvant vaccine was not found to affect the rate of growth adversely or to produce any other reaction prejudicial to its commerical application. The efficacy of the vaccines was unimpaired by their incorporation with Newcastle disease oil adjuvant (inactivated) vaccine (Newcadin) thus demonstrating the possibility of producing a combined Escherichia coli/Newcastle disease virus vaccine.", "contents": "Laboratory trials with inactivated vaccines against Escherichia coli (O2:K1) infection in fowls. Laboratory trials were carried out with an O2:K1 vaccine prepared with either the Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant. Both types of vaccine administered subcutaneously were highly effective against a challenge with the vaccine strain within three to four weeks after vaccination at two to three weeks of age. The complete adjuvant vaccine was more effective than the incomplete adjuvant vaccine when administered to chickens of an earlier age, and in the rate of development and duration of immunity. The efficacy of both vaccines was unimpaired by their incorporation with the Newcastle disease oil adjuvant (inactivated) vaccine (Newcadin). The use of an oil adjuvant vaccine was not found to affect the rate of growth adversely or to produce any other reaction prejudicial to its commerical application. The efficacy of the vaccines was unimpaired by their incorporation with Newcastle disease oil adjuvant (inactivated) vaccine (Newcadin) thus demonstrating the possibility of producing a combined Escherichia coli/Newcastle disease virus vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:353925", "title": "Immunocyte populations in the mammary gland of the rat at different stages of pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "Immunocyte populations of apparently normal rat mammary glands were examined at different stages of lactation using immunofluorescence techniques. IgA-and IgG-containing cells were present before parturition; IgA-containing cells were numerous than IgG- or IgM-containing cells during the entire period from pregnancy through parturition and lactation to involution.", "contents": "Immunocyte populations in the mammary gland of the rat at different stages of pregnancy and lactation. Immunocyte populations of apparently normal rat mammary glands were examined at different stages of lactation using immunofluorescence techniques. IgA-and IgG-containing cells were present before parturition; IgA-containing cells were numerous than IgG- or IgM-containing cells during the entire period from pregnancy through parturition and lactation to involution."}
{"id": "PMID:353926", "title": "Cryopreservation of bovine blood infected with Babesia major for use in the indirect fluorescent antibody test.", "content": "Washed erythrocytes infected with Babesia major were mixed with glycerol and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, these cells were used for the preparation of antigen slides for immunofluorescence studies.", "contents": "Cryopreservation of bovine blood infected with Babesia major for use in the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Washed erythrocytes infected with Babesia major were mixed with glycerol and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, these cells were used for the preparation of antigen slides for immunofluorescence studies."}
{"id": "PMID:353927", "title": "Culturing anomalies associated with Mycoplasma recovered from the tissues of chicks and turkey poults experimentally infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum or Mycoplasma gallinarum.", "content": "Tissues of mycoplasma infected chicks and turkey poults were cultured and subcultured on mycoplasma agar. Usually, colonies which grew on the agar initially inoculated could be subcultured, but sometimes they could not. At other times, colonies were not seen on the agar initially inoculated but appeared on the subcultured plate.", "contents": "Culturing anomalies associated with Mycoplasma recovered from the tissues of chicks and turkey poults experimentally infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum or Mycoplasma gallinarum. Tissues of mycoplasma infected chicks and turkey poults were cultured and subcultured on mycoplasma agar. Usually, colonies which grew on the agar initially inoculated could be subcultured, but sometimes they could not. At other times, colonies were not seen on the agar initially inoculated but appeared on the subcultured plate."}
{"id": "PMID:353928", "title": "Leucocytic changes in cows given intravenous injections of Escherichia coli endotoxin.", "content": "Single intravenous injections of Escherichia coli endotoxin into normal cows produced dose dependent leucocytic and febrile responses. Injections of 5 to 20 microgram endotoxin induced a neutrophilia between 4 and 8 h, whereas 50 to 500 microgram produced a severe neutropenia for 4 to 6 h followed by a gradual increase in neutrophils along with slight to moderate left shift. Higher doses caused progressively severe lymphopenia and greater increase in fever than the lower doses. It was concluded that blood leucocytic changes during the early part of endotoxin-induced mastitis are partly related to systemic absorption of endotoxin, and that the size of the bone marrow neutrophil reserve in the cow could be estimated by injecting 5 to 10 microgram of endotoxin intravenously.", "contents": "Leucocytic changes in cows given intravenous injections of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Single intravenous injections of Escherichia coli endotoxin into normal cows produced dose dependent leucocytic and febrile responses. Injections of 5 to 20 microgram endotoxin induced a neutrophilia between 4 and 8 h, whereas 50 to 500 microgram produced a severe neutropenia for 4 to 6 h followed by a gradual increase in neutrophils along with slight to moderate left shift. Higher doses caused progressively severe lymphopenia and greater increase in fever than the lower doses. It was concluded that blood leucocytic changes during the early part of endotoxin-induced mastitis are partly related to systemic absorption of endotoxin, and that the size of the bone marrow neutrophil reserve in the cow could be estimated by injecting 5 to 10 microgram of endotoxin intravenously."}
{"id": "PMID:353929", "title": "Alterations in pulmonary function of premature lambs due to positive end-expiratory pressure.", "content": "These studies compare lung mechanics and volumes of premature lambs delivered at 139 days of gestation by cesarean section and ventilated by either intermittent positive pressure (IPP) or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). During the first few hours of life, sequential determinations of lung compliance, specific lung compliance; lung resistance, specific lung conductance and functional residual capacity were made at half-hour intervals. Measurements in 5 lambs ventilated with PEEP demonstrated that lung compliance (p less than 0.005), specific lung compliance (p less than 0.001) and specific lung conductance (p less than 0.005) decreased; while lung resistance (p less than 0.10) and functional residual capacity (p less than 0.02) increased as compared to 7 lambs ventilated with IPP.", "contents": "Alterations in pulmonary function of premature lambs due to positive end-expiratory pressure. These studies compare lung mechanics and volumes of premature lambs delivered at 139 days of gestation by cesarean section and ventilated by either intermittent positive pressure (IPP) or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). During the first few hours of life, sequential determinations of lung compliance, specific lung compliance; lung resistance, specific lung conductance and functional residual capacity were made at half-hour intervals. Measurements in 5 lambs ventilated with PEEP demonstrated that lung compliance (p less than 0.005), specific lung compliance (p less than 0.001) and specific lung conductance (p less than 0.005) decreased; while lung resistance (p less than 0.10) and functional residual capacity (p less than 0.02) increased as compared to 7 lambs ventilated with IPP."}
{"id": "PMID:353930", "title": "A new positive end-expiratory pressure valve for manually operated artificial ventilation.", "content": "The application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) as part of artificial ventilation is currently considered a basic provision to provide adequate treatment of critically ill patients in intensive care units. Hitherto only the application of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) with an end-expiratory pressure of 0 cm water was possible during manually operated artificial ventilation. A new PEEP valve which can be attached to manually operated resuscitators has been developed in co-operation with industry to meet this need. The technical details and experimental testing of the new valve have been presented in this paper. It may be connected via special adaptors to existing Ambu resuscitators, either for use on adults or on neonates, babies and infants. The valve has the characteristics of normal PEEP devices in that the resistances with various PEEP levels remain relatively independent of the flow and thus presents a true positive end-expiratory pressure rather than just an increase of expiratory resistance. The valve can be connected simply to nearly all types of simple and advanced respirators, such as those used for assisting respiration, physiotherapy etc., as well as being used with manually operated resuscitators.", "contents": "A new positive end-expiratory pressure valve for manually operated artificial ventilation. The application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) as part of artificial ventilation is currently considered a basic provision to provide adequate treatment of critically ill patients in intensive care units. Hitherto only the application of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) with an end-expiratory pressure of 0 cm water was possible during manually operated artificial ventilation. A new PEEP valve which can be attached to manually operated resuscitators has been developed in co-operation with industry to meet this need. The technical details and experimental testing of the new valve have been presented in this paper. It may be connected via special adaptors to existing Ambu resuscitators, either for use on adults or on neonates, babies and infants. The valve has the characteristics of normal PEEP devices in that the resistances with various PEEP levels remain relatively independent of the flow and thus presents a true positive end-expiratory pressure rather than just an increase of expiratory resistance. The valve can be connected simply to nearly all types of simple and advanced respirators, such as those used for assisting respiration, physiotherapy etc., as well as being used with manually operated resuscitators."}
{"id": "PMID:353931", "title": "Immediate and middle-term cardiorespiratory effects of positive end-expiratory pressure in thirteen cases of non-haemodynamic pulmonary oedema.", "content": "Thirteen patients with severe acute respiratory failure were ventilated with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) for 9 days. Haemodynamic measurements were performed after 15 min during 100% oxygen breathing, first with intermittent-positive pressure ventilation, secondly with positive end-expiratory pressure. The latter improved the Pa, O2 from 89 to 150 torr, decreased the QS/QT from 43% to 32% and decreased the Pa, CO2 from 37 to 34 torr; this improvement in gas exchange was accompanied by a decrease in cardiac index from 4.4 to 3.7 1 min-1m-2 without changing the systemic arterial pressure. Despite this beneficial effect on arterial blood oxygenation, it did not improve the survival rate of patients with severe acute respiratory failure.", "contents": "Immediate and middle-term cardiorespiratory effects of positive end-expiratory pressure in thirteen cases of non-haemodynamic pulmonary oedema. Thirteen patients with severe acute respiratory failure were ventilated with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) for 9 days. Haemodynamic measurements were performed after 15 min during 100% oxygen breathing, first with intermittent-positive pressure ventilation, secondly with positive end-expiratory pressure. The latter improved the Pa, O2 from 89 to 150 torr, decreased the QS/QT from 43% to 32% and decreased the Pa, CO2 from 37 to 34 torr; this improvement in gas exchange was accompanied by a decrease in cardiac index from 4.4 to 3.7 1 min-1m-2 without changing the systemic arterial pressure. Despite this beneficial effect on arterial blood oxygenation, it did not improve the survival rate of patients with severe acute respiratory failure."}
{"id": "PMID:353934", "title": "Mechanims of extracellular acid-base regulation as temperature changes in decapod crustaceans.", "content": "In the crab Carcinus maenas, as in other decapod crustaceans, the extracellular pH varies with temperature so that the relative alkalinity remains approximately constant. However, as temperature changes, the blood acid-base behavior is not quite the same in an in vitro closed system and the living animal. In fully acclimated crabs, the higher the temperature, the lower the blood total CO2 concentration. After an abrupt temperature increase in vivo a new acid-base state is established instantaneously, comparable to that observed in vitro; but during the following hours, both PCO2 and bicarbonate concentration decrease concomitantly at constant pH. The relative gill ventilation, evaluated as the ratio of the ventilatory flow rate to the oxygen uptake rate, does not vary significantly as a function of temperature. No significant change in the base output can be detected during the hours following a temperature shift. These observations suggest that the mechanisms involved in the temperature-dependent acid-base regulation act mainly to control the blood bicarbonate level.", "contents": "Mechanims of extracellular acid-base regulation as temperature changes in decapod crustaceans. In the crab Carcinus maenas, as in other decapod crustaceans, the extracellular pH varies with temperature so that the relative alkalinity remains approximately constant. However, as temperature changes, the blood acid-base behavior is not quite the same in an in vitro closed system and the living animal. In fully acclimated crabs, the higher the temperature, the lower the blood total CO2 concentration. After an abrupt temperature increase in vivo a new acid-base state is established instantaneously, comparable to that observed in vitro; but during the following hours, both PCO2 and bicarbonate concentration decrease concomitantly at constant pH. The relative gill ventilation, evaluated as the ratio of the ventilatory flow rate to the oxygen uptake rate, does not vary significantly as a function of temperature. No significant change in the base output can be detected during the hours following a temperature shift. These observations suggest that the mechanisms involved in the temperature-dependent acid-base regulation act mainly to control the blood bicarbonate level."}
{"id": "PMID:353951", "title": "[GAST after 3 years' use].", "content": "Increasing of systematic syphilis screening has led many scientists to think to automatisation of classical cardiolipid reactions. The Debains-Kolmer reactions have been adapted to continuous flow but they appear actually inefficient. The use of ART (automated reagin test) gives very satisfying results and this reagent has obtained its homologation in the United States. The apparition of Groupamatic has incitated M. GARRETTA to adapt on this material the K. Antigen reagent manufactured by the Blood Transfusion Center in Lille and has led to the definition of GAST reagent (Groupamatic automated syphilis test). The authors describe the method of preparation of this reagent and its utilization on Groupamatic. It appears that the bovin cardiolipidic extract, non specific by definition, lays down to antagonist problems: to be sensitive enough when specific enough. It's the final reagent settlement which is the more delicate and which needs the maximum in manipulation. Yet, the composition of GAST is now well established and this reagent, ready for use, may be kept during three months at 4 degrees C. Then the authors describe the results of their own use of GAST, in routine on Groupamatic 360: out of 6 079 plasmas of blood donnors examined, 3 per cent of reactions are positive or doubtfull (which stays compatible with the screenings in large number). After confirmation with complementary tests made with manually GAST, RPR with microscopic reading, haemagglutination, and lastly fluorescent method, it appears that the rate of positive reactions is 1,7%. This result is conformable to habitual statistics. In conclusion, the GAST is a well-adapted reagent for Groupamatic technology, and represents a progress compared with classical manually methods. The adaptation of syphilis screening on Groupamatic is a factor of rentability of this equipment, allowing to realize 360 tests in one hour. At last, considering that cardiolipidic reactions are not of an absolute diagnostic value, treponemic complementary tests are necessary in order to confirm positive results picked up on Groupamatic.", "contents": "[GAST after 3 years' use]. Increasing of systematic syphilis screening has led many scientists to think to automatisation of classical cardiolipid reactions. The Debains-Kolmer reactions have been adapted to continuous flow but they appear actually inefficient. The use of ART (automated reagin test) gives very satisfying results and this reagent has obtained its homologation in the United States. The apparition of Groupamatic has incitated M. GARRETTA to adapt on this material the K. Antigen reagent manufactured by the Blood Transfusion Center in Lille and has led to the definition of GAST reagent (Groupamatic automated syphilis test). The authors describe the method of preparation of this reagent and its utilization on Groupamatic. It appears that the bovin cardiolipidic extract, non specific by definition, lays down to antagonist problems: to be sensitive enough when specific enough. It's the final reagent settlement which is the more delicate and which needs the maximum in manipulation. Yet, the composition of GAST is now well established and this reagent, ready for use, may be kept during three months at 4 degrees C. Then the authors describe the results of their own use of GAST, in routine on Groupamatic 360: out of 6 079 plasmas of blood donnors examined, 3 per cent of reactions are positive or doubtfull (which stays compatible with the screenings in large number). After confirmation with complementary tests made with manually GAST, RPR with microscopic reading, haemagglutination, and lastly fluorescent method, it appears that the rate of positive reactions is 1,7%. This result is conformable to habitual statistics. In conclusion, the GAST is a well-adapted reagent for Groupamatic technology, and represents a progress compared with classical manually methods. The adaptation of syphilis screening on Groupamatic is a factor of rentability of this equipment, allowing to realize 360 tests in one hour. At last, considering that cardiolipidic reactions are not of an absolute diagnostic value, treponemic complementary tests are necessary in order to confirm positive results picked up on Groupamatic."}
{"id": "PMID:353952", "title": "[The passive hemagglutination test in the diagnosis of syphilis].", "content": "Studies were carried out on the comparative value of passive haemaglutination, cardiolipin and treponema tests in a total number of 4327 sera syphilitic patients in various stages of the disease and apparently normal subjects or free of syphilis. The results demonstrated the specificity and sensitivity of passive haemagglutination in all the stages of syphilis. In view of the qualities and simplicity of the test, the author recommends it as a screening test combined with a micromethod using the cardiolipin antigen (flocculation test).", "contents": "[The passive hemagglutination test in the diagnosis of syphilis]. Studies were carried out on the comparative value of passive haemaglutination, cardiolipin and treponema tests in a total number of 4327 sera syphilitic patients in various stages of the disease and apparently normal subjects or free of syphilis. The results demonstrated the specificity and sensitivity of passive haemagglutination in all the stages of syphilis. In view of the qualities and simplicity of the test, the author recommends it as a screening test combined with a micromethod using the cardiolipin antigen (flocculation test)."}
{"id": "PMID:353956", "title": "[Cellular mediated immunity in virus infections].", "content": "The intervention of cellular immunity in the course of specific antiviral defence is suggested or confirmed by a series of clinical and experimental findings, i.e. the evolution of certain viral diseases following a second contact with viral antigens; discrepancy between the level of antiviral serum antibodies and the clinical course of some viral diseases; pathohistological alterations in some viral diseases, suggesting the intervention of cellular immunity; the clinical aspects of natural or experimental viral diseases in primary and secondary immunodeficiency. Investigations were likewise carried out on certain indices of cellular immunity in human or experimental viral diseases, such as delayed hypersensitivity skin tests; the transfer of immune lymphocytes; lymphocytic blastic transformation; inhibition of macrophage migration; specific cytotoxicity test. The problems concerning the role of cellular immunity in the specific defence against viruses may be grouped as follows: mechanisms of induction of the immune cellular response in viral infections; relationship between cellular and humoral immunity in antiviral resistance; relative independance of systemic and local cellular immunity in the course of viral diseases; the cellular basis of cellular mediated immunity in viral diseases.", "contents": "[Cellular mediated immunity in virus infections]. The intervention of cellular immunity in the course of specific antiviral defence is suggested or confirmed by a series of clinical and experimental findings, i.e. the evolution of certain viral diseases following a second contact with viral antigens; discrepancy between the level of antiviral serum antibodies and the clinical course of some viral diseases; pathohistological alterations in some viral diseases, suggesting the intervention of cellular immunity; the clinical aspects of natural or experimental viral diseases in primary and secondary immunodeficiency. Investigations were likewise carried out on certain indices of cellular immunity in human or experimental viral diseases, such as delayed hypersensitivity skin tests; the transfer of immune lymphocytes; lymphocytic blastic transformation; inhibition of macrophage migration; specific cytotoxicity test. The problems concerning the role of cellular immunity in the specific defence against viruses may be grouped as follows: mechanisms of induction of the immune cellular response in viral infections; relationship between cellular and humoral immunity in antiviral resistance; relative independance of systemic and local cellular immunity in the course of viral diseases; the cellular basis of cellular mediated immunity in viral diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:353957", "title": "[Extraction of the soluble protein fraction from Treponema Reiter for use as antigen in syphilis serodiagnosis].", "content": "The present paper reports on two methods for extraction of the protein antigen from Treponema Reiter and shows the chemical and immunochemical characteristics of the extracts. Serologic testing of 1810 sera from syphilitic patients in various stages of the disease, from healthy subjects and from subjects with a false positive reaction to lipoid antigens, showed the value of the Reiter antigen to be equal to the cardiolipin antigens and those prepared from pathogenic Treponema. It is recommended to associate this antigen, in view of its qualities, to the cardiolipin tests used in the serodiagnosis of syphilis, especially in the laboratories that do not currently apply other treponema tests.", "contents": "[Extraction of the soluble protein fraction from Treponema Reiter for use as antigen in syphilis serodiagnosis]. The present paper reports on two methods for extraction of the protein antigen from Treponema Reiter and shows the chemical and immunochemical characteristics of the extracts. Serologic testing of 1810 sera from syphilitic patients in various stages of the disease, from healthy subjects and from subjects with a false positive reaction to lipoid antigens, showed the value of the Reiter antigen to be equal to the cardiolipin antigens and those prepared from pathogenic Treponema. It is recommended to associate this antigen, in view of its qualities, to the cardiolipin tests used in the serodiagnosis of syphilis, especially in the laboratories that do not currently apply other treponema tests."}
{"id": "PMID:353959", "title": "The morphological basis of the glomerular permeability to proteins.", "content": "The morphological basis of the glomerular permeability to proteins is reviewed and a survey is given of the studies done with ultrastructural tracer substances. In the normal GCW two structures have been considered important as a possible barrier to macromolecules: the GBM and the epithelial slit pore and slit diaphragm. The currently available evidence indicates that under normal conditions most plasma proteins do not penetrate beyond the subendothelial layer of the GCW. However, it is probable that the epithelial slit diaphragm acts as a secomdary barrier to macromolecules. In glomerular proteinurai the transport of anionic macromolecules through the GCW is increased, but the passage of uncharged macromolecules (PVP, dextran) is less than in the normal glomerulus. The number of anionic sites in the GCW is much smaller than in the normal glomerulus and there is a change in the normal arrangement of the foot processes and a decrease in the number of slit pores. At present, it is still incompletely understood in which way these changes are related to each other. Assuming the presence of focal leaks in the GCW, a possible sequence of events leading to glomerular proteinuria is discussed.", "contents": "The morphological basis of the glomerular permeability to proteins. The morphological basis of the glomerular permeability to proteins is reviewed and a survey is given of the studies done with ultrastructural tracer substances. In the normal GCW two structures have been considered important as a possible barrier to macromolecules: the GBM and the epithelial slit pore and slit diaphragm. The currently available evidence indicates that under normal conditions most plasma proteins do not penetrate beyond the subendothelial layer of the GCW. However, it is probable that the epithelial slit diaphragm acts as a secomdary barrier to macromolecules. In glomerular proteinurai the transport of anionic macromolecules through the GCW is increased, but the passage of uncharged macromolecules (PVP, dextran) is less than in the normal glomerulus. The number of anionic sites in the GCW is much smaller than in the normal glomerulus and there is a change in the normal arrangement of the foot processes and a decrease in the number of slit pores. At present, it is still incompletely understood in which way these changes are related to each other. Assuming the presence of focal leaks in the GCW, a possible sequence of events leading to glomerular proteinuria is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353960", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in nephritis.", "content": "Serum samples from 115 patients with various kidney disease were studied by means of precipitation in 3.5% polyethylene-glycol (the PEG test) and by inhibition of agglutination of IgG-coated polystyrene particles induced by C1q, two tests developed for the detection of circulating immune complexes. Positive results were found in acute glomerulonephritis, particularly in its early stages, and also in chronic forms of glomerulonephritis: membranous, focal sclerosing, mesangiocapillary and focal glomerulonephritis. High levels of circulating immune complexes were found in lupus nephritis. In most cases the test results showed a good correlation with the clinical course of the diseases.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in nephritis. Serum samples from 115 patients with various kidney disease were studied by means of precipitation in 3.5% polyethylene-glycol (the PEG test) and by inhibition of agglutination of IgG-coated polystyrene particles induced by C1q, two tests developed for the detection of circulating immune complexes. Positive results were found in acute glomerulonephritis, particularly in its early stages, and also in chronic forms of glomerulonephritis: membranous, focal sclerosing, mesangiocapillary and focal glomerulonephritis. High levels of circulating immune complexes were found in lupus nephritis. In most cases the test results showed a good correlation with the clinical course of the diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:353968", "title": "Bond strength of composites applied to acid-etched enamel.", "content": "The adhesion to acid-etched enamel of a four-component composite, Concise Enamel Bond System, was studied. The composite was applied undiluted over an intermediate resin layer and diluted with different amounts of resin. Corresponding surfaces of contralateral premolars were used to ensure that the composite samples were tested on areas with similar enamel etch patterns. Eighty specimens were tested. The results of this study indicated that the adherence of undiluted composite to etched enamel surfaces was not improved by using an intermediate layer of low-viscous resin. Composite diluted with liquid resin had poorer adherence than undiluted composite. There was no difference in the results from two degrees of dilution.", "contents": "Bond strength of composites applied to acid-etched enamel. The adhesion to acid-etched enamel of a four-component composite, Concise Enamel Bond System, was studied. The composite was applied undiluted over an intermediate resin layer and diluted with different amounts of resin. Corresponding surfaces of contralateral premolars were used to ensure that the composite samples were tested on areas with similar enamel etch patterns. Eighty specimens were tested. The results of this study indicated that the adherence of undiluted composite to etched enamel surfaces was not improved by using an intermediate layer of low-viscous resin. Composite diluted with liquid resin had poorer adherence than undiluted composite. There was no difference in the results from two degrees of dilution."}
{"id": "PMID:353969", "title": "Trimipramine in the treatment of gastric ulcer.", "content": "Forty patients with endoscopically confirmed gastric ulcers, completed a double-blind study comparing trimipramine with placebo during 4 weeks' treatment. The daily dose of trimipramine was 50 mg given before bedtime. No serious side-effects occurred. After four weeks' treatment 12 of the 20 patients receiving trimipramine had endoscopically completely healed ulcers, while in the placebo group only 4 of the 20 ulcers were healed (P = 0.025). With regard to the patients' complaints, a distinct and statistically significant improvement was also observed in the patients receiving trimipramine (P = 0.025). It is assumed that the previously shown antisecretory effect of the drug, together with the sedative and anti-depressive effect, make trimipramine a valuable drug in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease.", "contents": "Trimipramine in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Forty patients with endoscopically confirmed gastric ulcers, completed a double-blind study comparing trimipramine with placebo during 4 weeks' treatment. The daily dose of trimipramine was 50 mg given before bedtime. No serious side-effects occurred. After four weeks' treatment 12 of the 20 patients receiving trimipramine had endoscopically completely healed ulcers, while in the placebo group only 4 of the 20 ulcers were healed (P = 0.025). With regard to the patients' complaints, a distinct and statistically significant improvement was also observed in the patients receiving trimipramine (P = 0.025). It is assumed that the previously shown antisecretory effect of the drug, together with the sedative and anti-depressive effect, make trimipramine a valuable drug in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease."}
{"id": "PMID:353965", "title": "Anti LH and FSH activity of the human urinary antisteroid substance.", "content": "The antisteroid urinary substance was checked out for its effect on LH and FSH under endogenous (castrated animal) and exogenous (administration of releasing hormone-GnRH) stimulation of the rat hypophysis. Administration of this substance partly blocked the castration induced LH and FSH serum increase by 65% and 37% respectively (p less than 0.01) and inhibited the GnRH stimulating effect depressing serum LH by 50% and FSH by 33% (p less than 0.05). In both experiments the LH and FSH content of the hypophysis was not influenced.", "contents": "Anti LH and FSH activity of the human urinary antisteroid substance. The antisteroid urinary substance was checked out for its effect on LH and FSH under endogenous (castrated animal) and exogenous (administration of releasing hormone-GnRH) stimulation of the rat hypophysis. Administration of this substance partly blocked the castration induced LH and FSH serum increase by 65% and 37% respectively (p less than 0.01) and inhibited the GnRH stimulating effect depressing serum LH by 50% and FSH by 33% (p less than 0.05). In both experiments the LH and FSH content of the hypophysis was not influenced."}
{"id": "PMID:353970", "title": "Group B streptococcal meningitis in previously healthy adult males.", "content": "Two previously healthy men, aged 38 and 39 years, with meningitis due to group B streptococci are described. These patients are unique as only one or two adults with group B streptococcal meningitis without predisposing diseases have been reported previously.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal meningitis in previously healthy adult males. Two previously healthy men, aged 38 and 39 years, with meningitis due to group B streptococci are described. These patients are unique as only one or two adults with group B streptococcal meningitis without predisposing diseases have been reported previously."}
{"id": "PMID:353972", "title": "Experience of a platelet factor 3 immunoinjury technique in the detection of antiplatelet antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus and other clinical disorders.", "content": "Using a recently described platelet factor 3 (PF3) immunoinjury technique designed for the detection of antiplatelet antibody, sera from 62 patients were analysed. 30 of the subjects had systemic lupus erythematosus and the remaining 32 had other clinical disorders. Platelet survival studies were also carried out in every subject. The PF3 test proved positive in 10 of our patients. However, only 1 of these 10 subjects had shortened platelet survival. It is concluded that the PF3 test does not appear to be of use in the detection of circulating antiplatelet antibody.", "contents": "Experience of a platelet factor 3 immunoinjury technique in the detection of antiplatelet antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus and other clinical disorders. Using a recently described platelet factor 3 (PF3) immunoinjury technique designed for the detection of antiplatelet antibody, sera from 62 patients were analysed. 30 of the subjects had systemic lupus erythematosus and the remaining 32 had other clinical disorders. Platelet survival studies were also carried out in every subject. The PF3 test proved positive in 10 of our patients. However, only 1 of these 10 subjects had shortened platelet survival. It is concluded that the PF3 test does not appear to be of use in the detection of circulating antiplatelet antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:353973", "title": "[Therapy of duodenal ulcer using cimetidine].", "content": "55 patients with endoscopically confirmed duodenal ulcers received either cimetidine (26 patients) or placebo (29 patients) in a double-blind trial. At four weeks, 85% of the patients treated with cimetidine and 62% of those receiving placebo had endoscopically healed ulcers. This difference is not statistically significant. However, patients on cimetidine showed a more rapid and statistically significant reduction in the size of their ulcers.", "contents": "[Therapy of duodenal ulcer using cimetidine]. 55 patients with endoscopically confirmed duodenal ulcers received either cimetidine (26 patients) or placebo (29 patients) in a double-blind trial. At four weeks, 85% of the patients treated with cimetidine and 62% of those receiving placebo had endoscopically healed ulcers. This difference is not statistically significant. However, patients on cimetidine showed a more rapid and statistically significant reduction in the size of their ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:353974", "title": "[Colonization of the pregnant woman and the newborn by group B streptococcus: therapeutic and preventive implications].", "content": "In a search for group B streptococci, vagina and urethra of 196 pregnant women entering the delivery room were cultured using a selective medium. Sixteen (8.2%) were positive. Fifteen (15%) of 101 nonpregnant women cultured similarly during a clinical consultation were positive. Esogastric aspiration fluid of 199 neonates from the former group of women was also cultured: 8 (4.0%) were positive. Thus, maternal genital colonization was accompanied by neonatal contamination in 7 of 16 cases (43%). Typing of the streptococci revealed identity between all maternal and neonatal isolates tested. These values are comparable with those obtained in other countries. Their epidemiological implications and the prophylaxis and therapy of the neonatal disease are discussed.", "contents": "[Colonization of the pregnant woman and the newborn by group B streptococcus: therapeutic and preventive implications]. In a search for group B streptococci, vagina and urethra of 196 pregnant women entering the delivery room were cultured using a selective medium. Sixteen (8.2%) were positive. Fifteen (15%) of 101 nonpregnant women cultured similarly during a clinical consultation were positive. Esogastric aspiration fluid of 199 neonates from the former group of women was also cultured: 8 (4.0%) were positive. Thus, maternal genital colonization was accompanied by neonatal contamination in 7 of 16 cases (43%). Typing of the streptococci revealed identity between all maternal and neonatal isolates tested. These values are comparable with those obtained in other countries. Their epidemiological implications and the prophylaxis and therapy of the neonatal disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:353975", "title": "[Psychological and psychosomatic aspects in dentistry].", "content": "Overemphasis on technical knowledge and ability is often the cause for neglecting patients psychosomatically. In the center of patient-dentist relationship stands fear in its various forms. Also, an increasing number of patients come with mental disturbances and expect understanding from the medical person in the first place, and technical knowledge in second only. It is important that the student already be familiarized with these problems. The method of Balint, successfully used in general medecine, seems to be very useful to this end, because it teaches the student to know his own mental reactions aslong with those of his patients.", "contents": "[Psychological and psychosomatic aspects in dentistry]. Overemphasis on technical knowledge and ability is often the cause for neglecting patients psychosomatically. In the center of patient-dentist relationship stands fear in its various forms. Also, an increasing number of patients come with mental disturbances and expect understanding from the medical person in the first place, and technical knowledge in second only. It is important that the student already be familiarized with these problems. The method of Balint, successfully used in general medecine, seems to be very useful to this end, because it teaches the student to know his own mental reactions aslong with those of his patients."}
{"id": "PMID:353976", "title": "[Long-term experience in endosseous endodontic implantation].", "content": "The results of 9 years experience with transfixed abutment-teeth for bar-joint dentures in the lower jaw were collected. The method has been slightly altered since the beginning, and these changes are described in order to complete earlier publications: there are special chapters dealing with the implant-material Syntacoben, which is used in human and veterinary medecine mainly, and with the transfixation technique. By measuring the tooth mobility over a period of 20 months in a group of subjects, one has shown that the stabilisation (4.5 +/- 1.0.10(-2) mm) of loosened lower anterior abutment teeth combined with a bar-joint denture is lasting, even under masticatory pressure. The long-term results (mean wearing-time is 5.5 years) are gathered in a summarized survey. In 62 patients with 100 transfixed abutment-teeth (making a total of 159 abutment-teeth) there was a success of 62%, 15% partial success, and 23% failure. 5 success-cases are also radiologically shown. Within strict indications, transfixation can be recommended today to the practitioner.", "contents": "[Long-term experience in endosseous endodontic implantation]. The results of 9 years experience with transfixed abutment-teeth for bar-joint dentures in the lower jaw were collected. The method has been slightly altered since the beginning, and these changes are described in order to complete earlier publications: there are special chapters dealing with the implant-material Syntacoben, which is used in human and veterinary medecine mainly, and with the transfixation technique. By measuring the tooth mobility over a period of 20 months in a group of subjects, one has shown that the stabilisation (4.5 +/- 1.0.10(-2) mm) of loosened lower anterior abutment teeth combined with a bar-joint denture is lasting, even under masticatory pressure. The long-term results (mean wearing-time is 5.5 years) are gathered in a summarized survey. In 62 patients with 100 transfixed abutment-teeth (making a total of 159 abutment-teeth) there was a success of 62%, 15% partial success, and 23% failure. 5 success-cases are also radiologically shown. Within strict indications, transfixation can be recommended today to the practitioner."}
{"id": "PMID:353978", "title": "[Free gingival grafts in muco-gingival surgery: presentation of clinical cases].", "content": "Several indications of the free gingival graft have been reviewed. When utilized alone, this procedure allows to increase the height of the attached gingiva, to stabilize a recession or to prepare a sufficient zone of attached gingiva before placing a prosthesis. To cover one or several recessions, the gingival graft has to be placed in a first step and then a flap is repositioned coronally.", "contents": "[Free gingival grafts in muco-gingival surgery: presentation of clinical cases]. Several indications of the free gingival graft have been reviewed. When utilized alone, this procedure allows to increase the height of the attached gingiva, to stabilize a recession or to prepare a sufficient zone of attached gingiva before placing a prosthesis. To cover one or several recessions, the gingival graft has to be placed in a first step and then a flap is repositioned coronally."}
{"id": "PMID:353979", "title": "[Tricalcium phosphate and its biodegradable ceramics in periodontal bone surgery. A review of the literature].", "content": "The chemistry, structure, biocompatibility and effect of biodegradable tricalcium phosphate and tricalcium phosphate ceramic are evaluated with the pertinent literature. With proper indication and use the biodegradable tricalcium phosphate implants for the formation of new bone and reattachment in periodontal pockets may be successful. The biodegradable material has to be sufficiently tried out and examined in further animal and clinical studies before recommending it for general use.", "contents": "[Tricalcium phosphate and its biodegradable ceramics in periodontal bone surgery. A review of the literature]. The chemistry, structure, biocompatibility and effect of biodegradable tricalcium phosphate and tricalcium phosphate ceramic are evaluated with the pertinent literature. With proper indication and use the biodegradable tricalcium phosphate implants for the formation of new bone and reattachment in periodontal pockets may be successful. The biodegradable material has to be sufficiently tried out and examined in further animal and clinical studies before recommending it for general use."}
{"id": "PMID:353981", "title": "The role of LH-RH in induction of spawning in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). I. Cytological and histochemical studies of the pituitary and of the ovary.", "content": "Histochemical studies indicate that in teleost, just like the case in mammalian species, the functional changes of the pituitary and the ovary are directly and indirectly under the control of the hypothalamic releasing hormone. The medium lobe of the grass carp's pituitary has only one type of gonadotroph which contains two kinds of granules differing in size and staining reaction. The gonadotrophs show extensive activity of hormone synthesis and release following the LH-RH treatment. This is evidenced by the progressing decrease in number of the small granules, increase in number and size of the huge heterogenous  granules and the appearance of cytoplasmic vacuolation. The small granules are likely to be the LH secreting granules and the huge granules, the FSH secreting granules. Owing to the rapid elevation of pituitary LH, the ovary is activated. This is demonstrated by the increased activities of G-6-Pase, AKP, 3 beta-0H-SDH, and ACP in the follicular cells of the ovary after hormonal treatment. The result suggest that the steroid hormone plays an important role in the regulation of the gonadotropin action.", "contents": "The role of LH-RH in induction of spawning in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). I. Cytological and histochemical studies of the pituitary and of the ovary. Histochemical studies indicate that in teleost, just like the case in mammalian species, the functional changes of the pituitary and the ovary are directly and indirectly under the control of the hypothalamic releasing hormone. The medium lobe of the grass carp's pituitary has only one type of gonadotroph which contains two kinds of granules differing in size and staining reaction. The gonadotrophs show extensive activity of hormone synthesis and release following the LH-RH treatment. This is evidenced by the progressing decrease in number of the small granules, increase in number and size of the huge heterogenous  granules and the appearance of cytoplasmic vacuolation. The small granules are likely to be the LH secreting granules and the huge granules, the FSH secreting granules. Owing to the rapid elevation of pituitary LH, the ovary is activated. This is demonstrated by the increased activities of G-6-Pase, AKP, 3 beta-0H-SDH, and ACP in the follicular cells of the ovary after hormonal treatment. The result suggest that the steroid hormone plays an important role in the regulation of the gonadotropin action."}
{"id": "PMID:353990", "title": "Obstruction due to malignant tumors.", "content": "An overview of the causes, the clinical pictures and the management of obstruction in three major organ systems due to primary and secondary malignant neoplasms has been presented. Such obstruction often produces dramatic clinical pictures that require careful, appropriate, and often aggressive therapy if patients are to receive the quality of palliation they deserve or the attendant improvement in survival that may result.", "contents": "Obstruction due to malignant tumors. An overview of the causes, the clinical pictures and the management of obstruction in three major organ systems due to primary and secondary malignant neoplasms has been presented. Such obstruction often produces dramatic clinical pictures that require careful, appropriate, and often aggressive therapy if patients are to receive the quality of palliation they deserve or the attendant improvement in survival that may result."}
{"id": "PMID:354028", "title": "A long-term study of diclophenac sodium in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteo-arthrosis.", "content": "One hundred and two patients with either rheumatoid arthritis or osteo-arthrosis were treated for prolonged periods with diclophenac sodium (Voltaren; Geigy) to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the drug. Fifty-seven patients completed a trial of 12 months. A total of 70% showed an improvement in functional class, and 40% of the total had complete functional capacity by the end of the trial. The drug was well tolerated. The side-effects (heartburn, abdominal cramps, headache and dizziness) were mild and in most cases did not require cessation of treatment. In 9 patients the Coombs test became positive during the trial, but this did not require cessation of therapy.", "contents": "A long-term study of diclophenac sodium in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteo-arthrosis. One hundred and two patients with either rheumatoid arthritis or osteo-arthrosis were treated for prolonged periods with diclophenac sodium (Voltaren; Geigy) to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the drug. Fifty-seven patients completed a trial of 12 months. A total of 70% showed an improvement in functional class, and 40% of the total had complete functional capacity by the end of the trial. The drug was well tolerated. The side-effects (heartburn, abdominal cramps, headache and dizziness) were mild and in most cases did not require cessation of treatment. In 9 patients the Coombs test became positive during the trial, but this did not require cessation of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:354029", "title": "Hormonal and metabolic responses to an oral glucose load in obese Black diabetics.", "content": "Plasma insulin responses to a 4-hour glucose tolerance (100 g) were studied in urbanized Black people. Persons of normal weight without diabetes (12) and obese persons without diabetes (18) were compared with obese diabetics (19). Fasting serum ketone levels were measured, and the plasma potassium, triglyceride and growth hormone responses during the glucose tolerance test were determined. Obese subjects without diabetes had a twofold greater total plasma insulin response (area under curve) than their counterparts of normal weight, but there was a progressive fall in total plasma insulin response from subjects with mild diabetes (with fasting normoglycaemia) to those with severe diabetes (with fasting hyperglycaemia). The early plasma insulin responses of the group with mild diabetes were significantly impaired, and the peak response was only reached at 120 minutes. The subjects with severe diabetes had a flat insulin response curve. Fasting serum ketone levels were highest in the group with severe diabetes. The growth hormone responses were similar in all the groups. Plasma potassium and tryglyceride levels fell less during the glucose tolerance test in the group with severe diabetes than in the other three groups. These data indicate that insulin secretion is reduced in obese Blacks with chemical evidence of diabetes and this reduction becomes severe in the symptomatic diabetic.", "contents": "Hormonal and metabolic responses to an oral glucose load in obese Black diabetics. Plasma insulin responses to a 4-hour glucose tolerance (100 g) were studied in urbanized Black people. Persons of normal weight without diabetes (12) and obese persons without diabetes (18) were compared with obese diabetics (19). Fasting serum ketone levels were measured, and the plasma potassium, triglyceride and growth hormone responses during the glucose tolerance test were determined. Obese subjects without diabetes had a twofold greater total plasma insulin response (area under curve) than their counterparts of normal weight, but there was a progressive fall in total plasma insulin response from subjects with mild diabetes (with fasting normoglycaemia) to those with severe diabetes (with fasting hyperglycaemia). The early plasma insulin responses of the group with mild diabetes were significantly impaired, and the peak response was only reached at 120 minutes. The subjects with severe diabetes had a flat insulin response curve. Fasting serum ketone levels were highest in the group with severe diabetes. The growth hormone responses were similar in all the groups. Plasma potassium and tryglyceride levels fell less during the glucose tolerance test in the group with severe diabetes than in the other three groups. These data indicate that insulin secretion is reduced in obese Blacks with chemical evidence of diabetes and this reduction becomes severe in the symptomatic diabetic."}
{"id": "PMID:354030", "title": "Rupture of an amoebic liver abscess in pregnancy. A case report.", "content": "The association between hepatic amoebiasis and pregnancy is rare. Between 1966 and 1976 only 5 cases have been described in the world literature. A sixth case is described, and the literature to date is reviewed. Guidelines for management are presented.", "contents": "Rupture of an amoebic liver abscess in pregnancy. A case report. The association between hepatic amoebiasis and pregnancy is rare. Between 1966 and 1976 only 5 cases have been described in the world literature. A sixth case is described, and the literature to date is reviewed. Guidelines for management are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:354033", "title": "The genetics of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Diabetes mellitus is a geneticist's nightmare. We examine herein what causes the nightmare, how bad it is and how it is being alleviated by modern advances. Diabetes is more than one disease, it is indefinable, probably genetically multifactorial, and presents several facets with varying degrees of heredity and environment in their constitution.", "contents": "The genetics of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is a geneticist's nightmare. We examine herein what causes the nightmare, how bad it is and how it is being alleviated by modern advances. Diabetes is more than one disease, it is indefinable, probably genetically multifactorial, and presents several facets with varying degrees of heredity and environment in their constitution."}
{"id": "PMID:354034", "title": "Long-term effect of perhexiline maleate on ventricular ectopic activity.", "content": "The effectiveness of perhexiline maleate in the suppression of ventricular ectopic activity has been studied in 10 patients after myocardial infarction. Before treatment all patients exhibited frequent ectopic beats, i.e. more than 8 per hour. Numerous Holter magnetic tape recordings were made over a 9 - 10-month period of treatment. During the entire period of monitoring significant suppression of ectopic activity was observed in 5 patients and transient suppression in 4, of whom 3 subsequently showed a transient increase. The drug was discontinued in 1 patient because of nausea, anorexia and weight loss. No other adverse effects were encountered.", "contents": "Long-term effect of perhexiline maleate on ventricular ectopic activity. The effectiveness of perhexiline maleate in the suppression of ventricular ectopic activity has been studied in 10 patients after myocardial infarction. Before treatment all patients exhibited frequent ectopic beats, i.e. more than 8 per hour. Numerous Holter magnetic tape recordings were made over a 9 - 10-month period of treatment. During the entire period of monitoring significant suppression of ectopic activity was observed in 5 patients and transient suppression in 4, of whom 3 subsequently showed a transient increase. The drug was discontinued in 1 patient because of nausea, anorexia and weight loss. No other adverse effects were encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:354035", "title": "Maintenance dialysis and renal transplantation facilities in South Africa--1977.", "content": "A survey undertaken in July 1977 revealed that 27 hospital centres were treating 307 patients with chronic renal failure by maintenance haemodialysis and 22 patients by chronic peritoneal dialysis. An additional 28 patients were receiving home dialysis. Seven of the centres had transplantation programmes and were treating 271 survivors with functioning renal homografts.", "contents": "Maintenance dialysis and renal transplantation facilities in South Africa--1977. A survey undertaken in July 1977 revealed that 27 hospital centres were treating 307 patients with chronic renal failure by maintenance haemodialysis and 22 patients by chronic peritoneal dialysis. An additional 28 patients were receiving home dialysis. Seven of the centres had transplantation programmes and were treating 271 survivors with functioning renal homografts."}
{"id": "PMID:354036", "title": "[William Harvey (2 April 1578)--400 years of physiology].", "content": "William Harvey, born on 2 April 1578, was the founder of modern scientific physiology. The importance of his work was that he was the first prominent exponent of the tremendous value of experimental physiology. By postulating the machine model of the circulatory system he also reinforced the idea of Descartes that man is a machine. During the past 400 years this model led to sensational discoveries on the one hand, as well as scientific limitations and cultural and spiritual crises on the other. Serious rethinking about prescientific and prephilosophic premises is urgently needed for the future.", "contents": "[William Harvey (2 April 1578)--400 years of physiology]. William Harvey, born on 2 April 1578, was the founder of modern scientific physiology. The importance of his work was that he was the first prominent exponent of the tremendous value of experimental physiology. By postulating the machine model of the circulatory system he also reinforced the idea of Descartes that man is a machine. During the past 400 years this model led to sensational discoveries on the one hand, as well as scientific limitations and cultural and spiritual crises on the other. Serious rethinking about prescientific and prephilosophic premises is urgently needed for the future."}
{"id": "PMID:354037", "title": "Another look at erythromycin.", "content": "The erythromycins are broadly reviewed from a clinical viewpoint. The antimicrobial spectrum, clinical indications, pharmacokinetics and toxicity are dealt with. The usefulness of erythromycin for respiratory tract infections is stressed. New evidence to support bactericidal activity of this antibiotic is noted. There seems little reason to use the potentially hepatotoxic estolate form of erythromycin. The safety of the other forms of this antibiotic available in this country is emphasized.", "contents": "Another look at erythromycin. The erythromycins are broadly reviewed from a clinical viewpoint. The antimicrobial spectrum, clinical indications, pharmacokinetics and toxicity are dealt with. The usefulness of erythromycin for respiratory tract infections is stressed. New evidence to support bactericidal activity of this antibiotic is noted. There seems little reason to use the potentially hepatotoxic estolate form of erythromycin. The safety of the other forms of this antibiotic available in this country is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:354038", "title": "Open lateral wedge osteotomy of the calcaneum for severe postural pes valgus in children.", "content": "Conservative treatment for postural pes valgus in children is, on occasions, unsuccessful in the more severe cases. Where adequate conservative treatment had failed, it was decided to correct the deformity by performing an open lateral wedge osteotomy of the calcaneum, as advocated by Dwyer. When the Achilles tendon was short, an open elongation of the tendon was added to the procedure. In this series, 10 patients from 5 to 14 years of age with marked postural pes valgus were treated. Satisfactory results are reported after an average follow-up period of 9 years. A possible explanation for the success of the operation is discussed.", "contents": "Open lateral wedge osteotomy of the calcaneum for severe postural pes valgus in children. Conservative treatment for postural pes valgus in children is, on occasions, unsuccessful in the more severe cases. Where adequate conservative treatment had failed, it was decided to correct the deformity by performing an open lateral wedge osteotomy of the calcaneum, as advocated by Dwyer. When the Achilles tendon was short, an open elongation of the tendon was added to the procedure. In this series, 10 patients from 5 to 14 years of age with marked postural pes valgus were treated. Satisfactory results are reported after an average follow-up period of 9 years. A possible explanation for the success of the operation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:354039", "title": "Levamisole and the treatment of Herpesvirus hominis infections. A case report.", "content": "The successful treatment with levamisole of 3 categories of Herpesvirus hominis infection is described. A fourth category of patients infected with vulval condylomata acuminata were unsuccessfully treated with levamisole. The dosage regimen is discussed. The most dramatic feature was the relief of the severe pain encountered in the acute cases. Levamisole has also prevented further attacks to date. There is no doubt that levamisole has a definite place in the treatment of H. hominis infections.", "contents": "Levamisole and the treatment of Herpesvirus hominis infections. A case report. The successful treatment with levamisole of 3 categories of Herpesvirus hominis infection is described. A fourth category of patients infected with vulval condylomata acuminata were unsuccessfully treated with levamisole. The dosage regimen is discussed. The most dramatic feature was the relief of the severe pain encountered in the acute cases. Levamisole has also prevented further attacks to date. There is no doubt that levamisole has a definite place in the treatment of H. hominis infections."}
{"id": "PMID:354040", "title": "Migration of a kirschner wire in the body. A case report.", "content": "Foreign bodies may enter the body by various ways, yet migration in the body seldom occurs. A case is described where a Kirschner wire, which had been inserted in the shoulder joint, migrated through the pleural cavity and the diaphragm, apparently by force of gravity. It was subsequently easily removed by laparotomy.", "contents": "Migration of a kirschner wire in the body. A case report. Foreign bodies may enter the body by various ways, yet migration in the body seldom occurs. A case is described where a Kirschner wire, which had been inserted in the shoulder joint, migrated through the pleural cavity and the diaphragm, apparently by force of gravity. It was subsequently easily removed by laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:354041", "title": "Comparison of carbuterol and hexoprenaline aerosol in bronchial asthma.", "content": "A new beta 2-adrenergic bronchodilator, carbuterol, was compared with hexoprenaline and placebo, by double-blind crossover technique in 10 adult asthmatic patients. Carbuterol 200 microgram was compared with hexoprenaline 200 microgram, corresponding to 2 inhalations from a standard aerosol in each case. The carbuterol effect, in terms of vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was significantly longer than that of hexoprenaline. Its effect on airways resistance also appeared to be longer, although this difference was not statistically significant. The difference in duration of action may be due to greater potency of carbuterol, or to a longer elimination half-life of carbuterol. No significant effects on heart rate or blood pressure were noted with either drug.", "contents": "Comparison of carbuterol and hexoprenaline aerosol in bronchial asthma. A new beta 2-adrenergic bronchodilator, carbuterol, was compared with hexoprenaline and placebo, by double-blind crossover technique in 10 adult asthmatic patients. Carbuterol 200 microgram was compared with hexoprenaline 200 microgram, corresponding to 2 inhalations from a standard aerosol in each case. The carbuterol effect, in terms of vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was significantly longer than that of hexoprenaline. Its effect on airways resistance also appeared to be longer, although this difference was not statistically significant. The difference in duration of action may be due to greater potency of carbuterol, or to a longer elimination half-life of carbuterol. No significant effects on heart rate or blood pressure were noted with either drug."}
{"id": "PMID:354042", "title": "Treatment of hypertension with single daily doses of acebutolol.", "content": "The efficacy of single daily doses of acebutolol, alone or combined with chlorexolone, was investigated in a group of 20 ambulant patients with uncomplicated hypertension of mild-to-moderate severity. severity. Patients were seen at fort-nightly intervals when doses were adjusted. Blood pressure was measured in all instances at 2 and 8 hours after medication, and after it had stabilized, at 26 hours after the last dose. The results indicate that a single dose of acebutolol alone produces significant lowering of supine and erect blood pressures for 24 hours (P less than 0,005). Combining chlorexolone with acebutolol does not improve the hypotensive effect of the beta-blocker significantly, but makes a smaller dose effective.", "contents": "Treatment of hypertension with single daily doses of acebutolol. The efficacy of single daily doses of acebutolol, alone or combined with chlorexolone, was investigated in a group of 20 ambulant patients with uncomplicated hypertension of mild-to-moderate severity. severity. Patients were seen at fort-nightly intervals when doses were adjusted. Blood pressure was measured in all instances at 2 and 8 hours after medication, and after it had stabilized, at 26 hours after the last dose. The results indicate that a single dose of acebutolol alone produces significant lowering of supine and erect blood pressures for 24 hours (P less than 0,005). Combining chlorexolone with acebutolol does not improve the hypotensive effect of the beta-blocker significantly, but makes a smaller dose effective."}
{"id": "PMID:354043", "title": "Current concepts in congenital vesico-ureteral reflux.", "content": "Primary vesico-ureteric reflux must be graded according to severity. Significant reflux up a dilated ureter appears to be an important factor in causing renal damage. There is evidence in favour of the theory that the renal deterioration seen in some cases of reflux can be explained on a congenital basis of site or origin of the ureteral bud and resultant dysplasia of the developing kidney. Surgery should be reserved for selected patients with significant reflux.", "contents": "Current concepts in congenital vesico-ureteral reflux. Primary vesico-ureteric reflux must be graded according to severity. Significant reflux up a dilated ureter appears to be an important factor in causing renal damage. There is evidence in favour of the theory that the renal deterioration seen in some cases of reflux can be explained on a congenital basis of site or origin of the ureteral bud and resultant dysplasia of the developing kidney. Surgery should be reserved for selected patients with significant reflux."}
{"id": "PMID:354044", "title": "Diet and coronary heart disease.", "content": "Coronary heart disease (CHD) is rare in South African Blacks, even in urban dwellers, but very common in Whites. The disease is multifactorial in causation. Habitual pattern of diet undoubtedly is strongly involved. Epidemiological and other evidence suggests that for the primary and secondary dietary prevention of CHD, intake of fat (also cholesterol) should be reduced, with an increase in the polyunsaturated moiety, and obesity should be controlled. Less specific general recommendations are increased consumptions of unrefined or partially refined grain products, and fruit and vegetables. Controversies over interpretations of evidence, over dietary recommendations, and also over the changes of their adoption, are discussed.", "contents": "Diet and coronary heart disease. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is rare in South African Blacks, even in urban dwellers, but very common in Whites. The disease is multifactorial in causation. Habitual pattern of diet undoubtedly is strongly involved. Epidemiological and other evidence suggests that for the primary and secondary dietary prevention of CHD, intake of fat (also cholesterol) should be reduced, with an increase in the polyunsaturated moiety, and obesity should be controlled. Less specific general recommendations are increased consumptions of unrefined or partially refined grain products, and fruit and vegetables. Controversies over interpretations of evidence, over dietary recommendations, and also over the changes of their adoption, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:354045", "title": "Left innominate vein (brachiocephalic) monitoring of central venous pressure after cardiac operations.", "content": "Pre-operative insertion of a central venous pressure monitoring line may be difficult when superficial veins are lacking. Groin cannulations predispose to bacterial endocarditis, and are difficult to keep from becoming obstructed by hip flexion. Internal jugular lines are precarious and tend to be unreliable. Innominate vein cannulation before cardiac surgery is safe, easy to perform, reliable and comfortable for the patient. Complications have not been encountered.", "contents": "Left innominate vein (brachiocephalic) monitoring of central venous pressure after cardiac operations. Pre-operative insertion of a central venous pressure monitoring line may be difficult when superficial veins are lacking. Groin cannulations predispose to bacterial endocarditis, and are difficult to keep from becoming obstructed by hip flexion. Internal jugular lines are precarious and tend to be unreliable. Innominate vein cannulation before cardiac surgery is safe, easy to perform, reliable and comfortable for the patient. Complications have not been encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:354046", "title": "Successful use of a soya-maize mixture in the treatment of kwashiorkor.", "content": "Forty-eight children aged 5 years or less admitted consecutively with a clinical diagnosis of kwashiorkor were randomly allocated to two groups. One group was treated with milk while the other group was fed soya-maize porridge; both groups received the same supportive treatment. The recovery rate in both groups was comparable. Protein intake and the rate of rise in serum albumin and transferrin concentrations were greater in the milk-fed group. The incidence of diarrhoea was significantly less in the children fed soya-maize. Soya-maize porridge is recommended as an effective and inexpensive treatment for kwashiorkor.", "contents": "Successful use of a soya-maize mixture in the treatment of kwashiorkor. Forty-eight children aged 5 years or less admitted consecutively with a clinical diagnosis of kwashiorkor were randomly allocated to two groups. One group was treated with milk while the other group was fed soya-maize porridge; both groups received the same supportive treatment. The recovery rate in both groups was comparable. Protein intake and the rate of rise in serum albumin and transferrin concentrations were greater in the milk-fed group. The incidence of diarrhoea was significantly less in the children fed soya-maize. Soya-maize porridge is recommended as an effective and inexpensive treatment for kwashiorkor."}
{"id": "PMID:354047", "title": "Oxamniquine in the treatment of various schistosome infections in South Africa.", "content": "Trials of a new schistosomicide oxamniquine (Vansil) were carried out in the lowveld of the Eastern Transvaal. After initial dose-finding trials, the safety and efficacy of oxamniquine against Schistosoma mansoni at an oral dose of 15 mg/kg twice a day for 2 days (total dose 60 mg/kg), were confirmed. No detectable effect was noted against S. haematobium or S. mattheei.", "contents": "Oxamniquine in the treatment of various schistosome infections in South Africa. Trials of a new schistosomicide oxamniquine (Vansil) were carried out in the lowveld of the Eastern Transvaal. After initial dose-finding trials, the safety and efficacy of oxamniquine against Schistosoma mansoni at an oral dose of 15 mg/kg twice a day for 2 days (total dose 60 mg/kg), were confirmed. No detectable effect was noted against S. haematobium or S. mattheei."}
{"id": "PMID:354057", "title": "Chemotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy of colorectal cancer. Role of the carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "The current status of treatment for patients with colorectal cancer is suboptimal. Although approximately 80% of patients are amenable to surgery, cure is only possible for 40%. Survival of patients is closely related to disease staging at the time of surgery, being poorer for patients presenting with locally advanced disease or with distant metastases. Patients who undergo curative resections and are categorized as having a high risk of developing recurrence, such as those with regionally involved lymph nodes, should be subjected to studies of adjuvant therapy. Although the definite role of such studies is still under evaluation, there already exist studies of chemotherapy with 5FU, chemoimmunotherapy with 5FU-BCG, and radiation therapy, suggesting the beneficial effect of these treatment modalities based on prolongation of the disease-free interval and survival of patients. The status of available treatments for patients with advanced disease is poor. There exists no single or multidrug regimen capable of producing significant tumor regression to improve the patient's quality of life and survival. Accordingly, the active clinical investigation of newer and potentially effective chemotherapeutic agents should continue. The role of present immunotherapy is not fully determined, although several studies suggest its potential usefulness in the adjuvant and the advanced situations. Serial determinations of CEA are extremely helpful in the postsurgical monitoring of patients receiving adjuvant treatments and also in the follow-up of patients undergoing therapy for overt metastatic disease.", "contents": "Chemotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy of colorectal cancer. Role of the carcinoembryonic antigen. The current status of treatment for patients with colorectal cancer is suboptimal. Although approximately 80% of patients are amenable to surgery, cure is only possible for 40%. Survival of patients is closely related to disease staging at the time of surgery, being poorer for patients presenting with locally advanced disease or with distant metastases. Patients who undergo curative resections and are categorized as having a high risk of developing recurrence, such as those with regionally involved lymph nodes, should be subjected to studies of adjuvant therapy. Although the definite role of such studies is still under evaluation, there already exist studies of chemotherapy with 5FU, chemoimmunotherapy with 5FU-BCG, and radiation therapy, suggesting the beneficial effect of these treatment modalities based on prolongation of the disease-free interval and survival of patients. The status of available treatments for patients with advanced disease is poor. There exists no single or multidrug regimen capable of producing significant tumor regression to improve the patient's quality of life and survival. Accordingly, the active clinical investigation of newer and potentially effective chemotherapeutic agents should continue. The role of present immunotherapy is not fully determined, although several studies suggest its potential usefulness in the adjuvant and the advanced situations. Serial determinations of CEA are extremely helpful in the postsurgical monitoring of patients receiving adjuvant treatments and also in the follow-up of patients undergoing therapy for overt metastatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:354061", "title": "Thalamic spatial variability and the surgical results of lesions placed with neurophysiologic control.", "content": "One hundred stereotactic thalamotomies performed for upper extremity tremor were reviewed and the spatial positions of the anterior limit of ventralis posterior (VP), the thalamic-internal capsular boundary and somatotopic areas within VP plotted with respect to the midline and the place of the anterior comissure. Considerable variability was noted as to the location of these points. The surgical results following 97 of the 100 thalamotomies were evaluated at least three months after the procedure. Fifty-six of 70 patients with Parkinsonian tremor had complete abolition of their upper extremity tremor, as did 20 out of 27 patients with intention tremon. Plotting the spatial positions of the lesions in those cases in which the tremor was abolished and those cases in which tremor continued revealed little difference. However, in all of the cases in which upper extremity tremor was totally abolished, the lesion site was situated in ventralis lateralis anterior to the VP representation of the buccal commissure, thumb, or index finger. This study not only demonstrates the wide range of individual spatial variability in thalamic structures, and the necessity for neurophysiologic corroboration of radiologic information during stereotactic surgery if optimal results are to be obtained, but also suggests a somatotopic organization within ventralis lateralis.", "contents": "Thalamic spatial variability and the surgical results of lesions placed with neurophysiologic control. One hundred stereotactic thalamotomies performed for upper extremity tremor were reviewed and the spatial positions of the anterior limit of ventralis posterior (VP), the thalamic-internal capsular boundary and somatotopic areas within VP plotted with respect to the midline and the place of the anterior comissure. Considerable variability was noted as to the location of these points. The surgical results following 97 of the 100 thalamotomies were evaluated at least three months after the procedure. Fifty-six of 70 patients with Parkinsonian tremor had complete abolition of their upper extremity tremor, as did 20 out of 27 patients with intention tremon. Plotting the spatial positions of the lesions in those cases in which the tremor was abolished and those cases in which tremor continued revealed little difference. However, in all of the cases in which upper extremity tremor was totally abolished, the lesion site was situated in ventralis lateralis anterior to the VP representation of the buccal commissure, thumb, or index finger. This study not only demonstrates the wide range of individual spatial variability in thalamic structures, and the necessity for neurophysiologic corroboration of radiologic information during stereotactic surgery if optimal results are to be obtained, but also suggests a somatotopic organization within ventralis lateralis."}
{"id": "PMID:354066", "title": "Retinal branch vein occlusion.", "content": "Obstruction of a major temporal branch vein, or one of its macular tributaries, presents a significant threat to vision. Visual acuity may be reduced by macular edema or the consequences of retinal neovascularization, and these afflictions frequently become irreversible. Since the complicating macular edema and retinal neovascularization respond, at least in part, to argon laser therapy in some other conditions, some investigators have begun to treat branch vein occlusions with this modality. However, since the pathogenesis and natural history of the disorder have not yet been elucidated by prospective studies, it is not clear whether such treatment is indicated. Clinical and experimental studies are reviewed, and treatment rationale and techniques are discussed. The authors emphasize the need for well-controlled randomized studies to evaluate the natural history of branch vein occlusion and the efficacy of photocoagulation in its treatment.", "contents": "Retinal branch vein occlusion. Obstruction of a major temporal branch vein, or one of its macular tributaries, presents a significant threat to vision. Visual acuity may be reduced by macular edema or the consequences of retinal neovascularization, and these afflictions frequently become irreversible. Since the complicating macular edema and retinal neovascularization respond, at least in part, to argon laser therapy in some other conditions, some investigators have begun to treat branch vein occlusions with this modality. However, since the pathogenesis and natural history of the disorder have not yet been elucidated by prospective studies, it is not clear whether such treatment is indicated. Clinical and experimental studies are reviewed, and treatment rationale and techniques are discussed. The authors emphasize the need for well-controlled randomized studies to evaluate the natural history of branch vein occlusion and the efficacy of photocoagulation in its treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:354091", "title": "The incidence of significant bacteriuria in the dog.", "content": "Counts of the number of bacteria in canine urine samples have a bimodal distribution similar to that found in man. Therefore it is reasonable to accept the same criterion of significant bacteriuria in the dog as in man, namely a count of 10(5) or more organisms/ml. of urine. The incidence of significant bacteriuria in the total canine population was 1.4%. It was higher in bitches compared with male dogs, and higher in older animals. The larger proportion of Boxers affected was attributed to their greater age compared with the mean of the sample population. The most frequently observed clinical signs in case of significant bacteriuria were haematuria, incontinence and frequent urination, and only 4.1% of such cases were asymptomatic.", "contents": "The incidence of significant bacteriuria in the dog. Counts of the number of bacteria in canine urine samples have a bimodal distribution similar to that found in man. Therefore it is reasonable to accept the same criterion of significant bacteriuria in the dog as in man, namely a count of 10(5) or more organisms/ml. of urine. The incidence of significant bacteriuria in the total canine population was 1.4%. It was higher in bitches compared with male dogs, and higher in older animals. The larger proportion of Boxers affected was attributed to their greater age compared with the mean of the sample population. The most frequently observed clinical signs in case of significant bacteriuria were haematuria, incontinence and frequent urination, and only 4.1% of such cases were asymptomatic."}
{"id": "PMID:354093", "title": "[Orthodontic prophylaxis].", "content": "The problems related to the prevention of dental anomalies are very complex. They include the health care for the expectant mother and become evident above all if one considers the long period of development during which the dentition must be protected against adverse causative effects. The developmental phases of the orofacial system from birth to the time at which the permanent anteriors begin to erupt are set forth and measures are deduced that may contribute to the reduction of malformations. It is emphasized that orthodontic prophylaxis will be efficient only if the causative relationships, the conditions of development and the efficiency of the measures taken are realized correctly and evaluated according to high standards.", "contents": "[Orthodontic prophylaxis]. The problems related to the prevention of dental anomalies are very complex. They include the health care for the expectant mother and become evident above all if one considers the long period of development during which the dentition must be protected against adverse causative effects. The developmental phases of the orofacial system from birth to the time at which the permanent anteriors begin to erupt are set forth and measures are deduced that may contribute to the reduction of malformations. It is emphasized that orthodontic prophylaxis will be efficient only if the causative relationships, the conditions of development and the efficiency of the measures taken are realized correctly and evaluated according to high standards."}
{"id": "PMID:354094", "title": "[The Berlin crown--a study from the prosthetic and periodontologic point of view].", "content": "The present study deals with the assessment of 112 Berlin crowns from the viewpoints of prosthodontics and periodontics. In the anterior region, porcelain-plastic jacket crowns offer the advantage of optimal esthetic achievement. In the cervical and palatine regions, the Berlin crown has no advantage over the plastic jacket crown. The confection of the Berlin crown requires exact preparation of the plastic portion and anatomical reproduction of the crowned tooth. Reactions of the periodontium to crowning were observed only in case of faulty technique.", "contents": "[The Berlin crown--a study from the prosthetic and periodontologic point of view]. The present study deals with the assessment of 112 Berlin crowns from the viewpoints of prosthodontics and periodontics. In the anterior region, porcelain-plastic jacket crowns offer the advantage of optimal esthetic achievement. In the cervical and palatine regions, the Berlin crown has no advantage over the plastic jacket crown. The confection of the Berlin crown requires exact preparation of the plastic portion and anatomical reproduction of the crowned tooth. Reactions of the periodontium to crowning were observed only in case of faulty technique."}
{"id": "PMID:354096", "title": "[Review of the literature on the use of substance P in dental practice].", "content": "The authors reviewed the relevant literature to find out whether vexed questions of stomatological research or dental practice (such as conduction in the dentine, prevention of pain produced by cavity preparation, conservative treatment of pulpitis) could be settled by means of the substance P. It seems that this is not the case at present.", "contents": "[Review of the literature on the use of substance P in dental practice]. The authors reviewed the relevant literature to find out whether vexed questions of stomatological research or dental practice (such as conduction in the dentine, prevention of pain produced by cavity preparation, conservative treatment of pulpitis) could be settled by means of the substance P. It seems that this is not the case at present."}
{"id": "PMID:354097", "title": "[Prosthetic therapy for shortened dentitions].", "content": "The cast removable partial prosthesis is the choice for the management of unilaterally and bilaterally reduced tooth rows in practice. General constructional aspects concerning the shaping of the saddles and the utilization of the remaining teeth as abutments are treated together with problems of prevention.", "contents": "[Prosthetic therapy for shortened dentitions]. The cast removable partial prosthesis is the choice for the management of unilaterally and bilaterally reduced tooth rows in practice. General constructional aspects concerning the shaping of the saddles and the utilization of the remaining teeth as abutments are treated together with problems of prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:354098", "title": "Controlled trial of aspirin in cerebral ischemia. Part II: surgical group.", "content": "Patients (125) who had carotid transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and one or more accessible carotid lesions visualized angiographically had reconstructive operations of the carotid artery and were then randomly assigned to aspirin or placebo treatment. The were followed to determine the incidence of subsecquent TIAs, death, cerebral infarction, or retinal infarction. Life table analysis (for 24 months follow up) that eliminated deaths which were not stroke-related revealed a significant difference in favor of aspirin. Because of the small number of patients and the short period of follow up, these results should be interpreted only as consistent with those reported in the initial publication but not conclusive of an aspirin effect in preventing cerebral infarction.", "contents": "Controlled trial of aspirin in cerebral ischemia. Part II: surgical group. Patients (125) who had carotid transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and one or more accessible carotid lesions visualized angiographically had reconstructive operations of the carotid artery and were then randomly assigned to aspirin or placebo treatment. The were followed to determine the incidence of subsecquent TIAs, death, cerebral infarction, or retinal infarction. Life table analysis (for 24 months follow up) that eliminated deaths which were not stroke-related revealed a significant difference in favor of aspirin. Because of the small number of patients and the short period of follow up, these results should be interpreted only as consistent with those reported in the initial publication but not conclusive of an aspirin effect in preventing cerebral infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:354108", "title": "Further reflections on the suicide of Kawabata Yasunari.", "content": "The suicide of Kawabata Yasunari has been studied in terms of loneliness, aestheticism, postwar Japan's mass democracy, and ill health and old age. This paper places focus on the Oedipus complex in relation to Kawabata's concepts of beauty, life, and death. This analysis was supported by the psychosocial data which were provided by Jiko no Tenmatsu (An Account of the Incident) by Usui Yoshimi. The book is based on the story told by a maid of Kawabata, who is believed to have played an important role in his suicide. Although it is a novel, Usui claims that he followed events as told by the reporter as closely as possible.", "contents": "Further reflections on the suicide of Kawabata Yasunari. The suicide of Kawabata Yasunari has been studied in terms of loneliness, aestheticism, postwar Japan's mass democracy, and ill health and old age. This paper places focus on the Oedipus complex in relation to Kawabata's concepts of beauty, life, and death. This analysis was supported by the psychosocial data which were provided by Jiko no Tenmatsu (An Account of the Incident) by Usui Yoshimi. The book is based on the story told by a maid of Kawabata, who is believed to have played an important role in his suicide. Although it is a novel, Usui claims that he followed events as told by the reporter as closely as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:354099", "title": "Xenon-133 inhalation method for regional cerebral blood flow measurements: normal values and test-retest results.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation is to determine the normal values for regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as determined by the xenon inhalation method of Obrist. Normal values for all rCBF parameters were measured in 15 healthy individuals. Our data are compared with the normal data obtained by other investigators. In addition, test-retest rCBF measurements were performed to determine the reproducibility of the method. Our results show that the method is highly reproducible when carried out in serial studies over a short period of time.", "contents": "Xenon-133 inhalation method for regional cerebral blood flow measurements: normal values and test-retest results. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the normal values for regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as determined by the xenon inhalation method of Obrist. Normal values for all rCBF parameters were measured in 15 healthy individuals. Our data are compared with the normal data obtained by other investigators. In addition, test-retest rCBF measurements were performed to determine the reproducibility of the method. Our results show that the method is highly reproducible when carried out in serial studies over a short period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:354114", "title": "Immunodiagnosis of parasitic zoonoses: comparative efficacy of three immunofluorescence tests using antigens purified by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Three immunofluorescent antibody assays were developed during this study: the direct (DFAT) and indirect (IFAT) fluorescent antibody tests using frozen worm sections, and the cyanogen bromide indirect fluorescent antibody test (CNBr-IFAT) using helminth antigens purified by affinity chromatography bound on to commercially prepared CNBr-Sepharose 4B beads. Purified antigens used in the CNBr-IFAT gave greater specificity and sensitivity than either the DFAT or IFAT. Dirofilaria immitis, Toxocara canis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Ascaris lumbricoides infections were studied in natural and zoonotic hosts and in rabbits immunized with antigens prepared from these parasites. In addition, a serological survey of Aboriginal Australians from Queensland was made.", "contents": "Immunodiagnosis of parasitic zoonoses: comparative efficacy of three immunofluorescence tests using antigens purified by affinity chromatography. Three immunofluorescent antibody assays were developed during this study: the direct (DFAT) and indirect (IFAT) fluorescent antibody tests using frozen worm sections, and the cyanogen bromide indirect fluorescent antibody test (CNBr-IFAT) using helminth antigens purified by affinity chromatography bound on to commercially prepared CNBr-Sepharose 4B beads. Purified antigens used in the CNBr-IFAT gave greater specificity and sensitivity than either the DFAT or IFAT. Dirofilaria immitis, Toxocara canis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Ascaris lumbricoides infections were studied in natural and zoonotic hosts and in rabbits immunized with antigens prepared from these parasites. In addition, a serological survey of Aboriginal Australians from Queensland was made."}
{"id": "PMID:354118", "title": "Are tumor-associated transplantation antigens of chemically induced sarcomas related to alien histocompatibility antigens?", "content": "The hypothesis tested was that tumor-specific transplantation antigens of chemically induced tumors cross-react with allogeneic histocompatibility antigens. This hypothesis makes several predictions that can be tested experimentally. First, tumors should grow better and be less immunogenic in certain F1 hybrids than in their syngeneic parents, owing to the hypothecated cross-reactivity of the tumor-specific transplantation antigens with F1 antigens. This is in contrast to the more common observation that parental strain tumors grow worse in the F1 hybrids than they do in the parent. Also certain allogeneic skin grafts might immunize the parental strain mice against their syngeneic tumors, and, finally, immunizing parental mice with syngeneic tumor might cause accelerated rejection of certain skin allografts. The results show that certain tumors grew better in the F1 mice than they did in the parents but that the tumors were not less immunogenic in the F1 hybrids. Mice immunized against alloantigens showed a dose-dependent enhancement of syngeneic tumor growth. Finally, mice immunized with syngeneic tumors demonstrated an apparent prolongation of certain skin allografts. The discussion considers possible alternatives explaining these results.", "contents": "Are tumor-associated transplantation antigens of chemically induced sarcomas related to alien histocompatibility antigens? The hypothesis tested was that tumor-specific transplantation antigens of chemically induced tumors cross-react with allogeneic histocompatibility antigens. This hypothesis makes several predictions that can be tested experimentally. First, tumors should grow better and be less immunogenic in certain F1 hybrids than in their syngeneic parents, owing to the hypothecated cross-reactivity of the tumor-specific transplantation antigens with F1 antigens. This is in contrast to the more common observation that parental strain tumors grow worse in the F1 hybrids than they do in the parent. Also certain allogeneic skin grafts might immunize the parental strain mice against their syngeneic tumors, and, finally, immunizing parental mice with syngeneic tumor might cause accelerated rejection of certain skin allografts. The results show that certain tumors grew better in the F1 mice than they did in the parents but that the tumors were not less immunogenic in the F1 hybrids. Mice immunized against alloantigens showed a dose-dependent enhancement of syngeneic tumor growth. Finally, mice immunized with syngeneic tumors demonstrated an apparent prolongation of certain skin allografts. The discussion considers possible alternatives explaining these results."}
{"id": "PMID:354119", "title": "The course of pancreas allografts in rats conditioned by spleen allografts.", "content": "A new technique for transplanting duct-ligated rat pancreas grafts, rather similar to the technique for spleen grafting in rats, is presented. Inbred AGUS and WAG rats with a strong Ag-B incompatibility were used. Duct-ligated pancreas AGUS to AGUS isografts survived indefinitely in streptozotocin-induced diabetic hosts while WAG to AGUS allografts were quickly rejected. However, when WAG spleen and pancreas were transplanted en bloc to AGUS rats, endocrine pancreas graft function persisted for up to 6 weeks. This finding of a transient protection of pancreas allografts by donor-strain spleen allografts led to further experiments. AGUS recipients first received WAG spleen allografts which then were removed after 3 to 5 months, at which time WAG pancreas allografts were inserted. Sixty-eight per cent of these grafts survived and cured their hosts of streptozotocin-induced diabetes.", "contents": "The course of pancreas allografts in rats conditioned by spleen allografts. A new technique for transplanting duct-ligated rat pancreas grafts, rather similar to the technique for spleen grafting in rats, is presented. Inbred AGUS and WAG rats with a strong Ag-B incompatibility were used. Duct-ligated pancreas AGUS to AGUS isografts survived indefinitely in streptozotocin-induced diabetic hosts while WAG to AGUS allografts were quickly rejected. However, when WAG spleen and pancreas were transplanted en bloc to AGUS rats, endocrine pancreas graft function persisted for up to 6 weeks. This finding of a transient protection of pancreas allografts by donor-strain spleen allografts led to further experiments. AGUS recipients first received WAG spleen allografts which then were removed after 3 to 5 months, at which time WAG pancreas allografts were inserted. Sixty-eight per cent of these grafts survived and cured their hosts of streptozotocin-induced diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:354120", "title": "Mitotic behaviour and proliferative metabolism in allogenic rat kidney transplants in the first 6 days after recirculation.", "content": "Comparative experiments were performed on 41 allogenic rat kidney transplants to determine the mitotic behaviour and proliferative metabolism (application of 3H-thymidine) in the first 6 days after recirculation. Three days after transplantation, DNA synthesis in the tubular epithelial cells of the cortex and the medulla reached its peak. After this time the 3H-thymidine labelling index for these cell nuclei dropped. On the 6th day, the value was equal to that of the first day. The following points are signs of rapid transplant rejection. It was predicted that the DNA synthesis in the epithelial cell nuclei would decline, and also that the lymphocytes would proliferate in the interstitial tissue of the transplant's cortex and medulla. From the 4th day on, these changes were observed. The changes in the proliferative metabolism of the tubular epithelial cell nuclei preceded the mitotic changes by a few hr. The transplant changes caused by ischemia followed by tissue rejection can be made comprehensible by the determination of the average cell density of 3H-thymidine-labelled cortical, medullar, and tubular epithelial cells.", "contents": "Mitotic behaviour and proliferative metabolism in allogenic rat kidney transplants in the first 6 days after recirculation. Comparative experiments were performed on 41 allogenic rat kidney transplants to determine the mitotic behaviour and proliferative metabolism (application of 3H-thymidine) in the first 6 days after recirculation. Three days after transplantation, DNA synthesis in the tubular epithelial cells of the cortex and the medulla reached its peak. After this time the 3H-thymidine labelling index for these cell nuclei dropped. On the 6th day, the value was equal to that of the first day. The following points are signs of rapid transplant rejection. It was predicted that the DNA synthesis in the epithelial cell nuclei would decline, and also that the lymphocytes would proliferate in the interstitial tissue of the transplant's cortex and medulla. From the 4th day on, these changes were observed. The changes in the proliferative metabolism of the tubular epithelial cell nuclei preceded the mitotic changes by a few hr. The transplant changes caused by ischemia followed by tissue rejection can be made comprehensible by the determination of the average cell density of 3H-thymidine-labelled cortical, medullar, and tubular epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:354122", "title": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies and antiglobulins in renal allograft recipients. Correlative study with acute rejection.", "content": "In 45 patients who received kidney transplants, both homologous and heterologous human antiglobulins (anti-Ig) and HLA cytotoxic antibodies have been studied before and after transplantation and in some cases after nephrectomy. A similar study has been performed in a control group of 1,019 healthy blood donors and in 130 patients with acute or chronic glomerulonephritis. After transplantation, homologous anti-IgG were found in 60% of the patients, as compared with 3.5% in the healthy blood donors and 21% in patients with various forms of glomerulonephritis. This difference is particularly striking in sera obtained prior to nephrectomy; the presence of anti-IgG and cytotoxic antibodies in the same patient being significantly associated with early transplant failure. Anti-IgA were found in 75% of the patients with transplants and in 37% of the patients with glomerulonephritis. There was no relationship between the anti-IgA and the outcome of the graft. On the other hand, heterologous anti-Ig were unchanged in the three groups investigated. The mechanism of formation of the anti-IgG is not clear. They are probably antibodies against antigenic structures of the patient's own antibodies, previously combined with a soluble antigen or an antigen on the transplant that has undergone molecular transformation in the course of this reaction. Their pathogenic role, although not demonstrated, can be strongly suspected, and, in a practical way, screening for the anti-Ig in kidney transplant recipients could be of value as a prognostic test.", "contents": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies and antiglobulins in renal allograft recipients. Correlative study with acute rejection. In 45 patients who received kidney transplants, both homologous and heterologous human antiglobulins (anti-Ig) and HLA cytotoxic antibodies have been studied before and after transplantation and in some cases after nephrectomy. A similar study has been performed in a control group of 1,019 healthy blood donors and in 130 patients with acute or chronic glomerulonephritis. After transplantation, homologous anti-IgG were found in 60% of the patients, as compared with 3.5% in the healthy blood donors and 21% in patients with various forms of glomerulonephritis. This difference is particularly striking in sera obtained prior to nephrectomy; the presence of anti-IgG and cytotoxic antibodies in the same patient being significantly associated with early transplant failure. Anti-IgA were found in 75% of the patients with transplants and in 37% of the patients with glomerulonephritis. There was no relationship between the anti-IgA and the outcome of the graft. On the other hand, heterologous anti-Ig were unchanged in the three groups investigated. The mechanism of formation of the anti-IgG is not clear. They are probably antibodies against antigenic structures of the patient's own antibodies, previously combined with a soluble antigen or an antigen on the transplant that has undergone molecular transformation in the course of this reaction. Their pathogenic role, although not demonstrated, can be strongly suspected, and, in a practical way, screening for the anti-Ig in kidney transplant recipients could be of value as a prognostic test."}
{"id": "PMID:354125", "title": "Mechanisms of immunoregulation. Immunoregulation by antibody and antigen-antibody complexes.", "content": "Biologically important regulatory mechanisms exist in many immune responses. The anatomic characteristics of lymphoid tissues and the cell-collaborative events exhibited in immune responses may be explicable in terms of potent regulatory phenomena rather than or as well as requirements for the initial activation of an immune response by antigen. Mechanistically, the regulatory web54 may be a series of Fc portion attachments to Fc receptors directed by the variable region specificities of the antibodies involved.", "contents": "Mechanisms of immunoregulation. Immunoregulation by antibody and antigen-antibody complexes. Biologically important regulatory mechanisms exist in many immune responses. The anatomic characteristics of lymphoid tissues and the cell-collaborative events exhibited in immune responses may be explicable in terms of potent regulatory phenomena rather than or as well as requirements for the initial activation of an immune response by antigen. Mechanistically, the regulatory web54 may be a series of Fc portion attachments to Fc receptors directed by the variable region specificities of the antibodies involved."}
{"id": "PMID:354137", "title": "Renal transplantation in the presence of a positive crossmatch.", "content": "Eighteen renal transplants have been performed prospectively in the presence of a positive serologic crossmatch against donor B lymphocytes. Four transplants have failed, three from rejection and one from renal artery thrombosis. Fourteen are functioning at 3-17 months after transplant. Thus, a renal transplant may be performed in the presence of a positive B-cell crossmatch in most instances without immediate graft rejection.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in the presence of a positive crossmatch. Eighteen renal transplants have been performed prospectively in the presence of a positive serologic crossmatch against donor B lymphocytes. Four transplants have failed, three from rejection and one from renal artery thrombosis. Fourteen are functioning at 3-17 months after transplant. Thus, a renal transplant may be performed in the presence of a positive B-cell crossmatch in most instances without immediate graft rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:354141", "title": "A role of anti-\"LD\" antibody in induction of active enhancement in rat heart allografts.", "content": "Heart allografts from S-D to Wistar rats pretreated with 5 x 10(7) spleen cells taken from donor strain 1 or 2 weeks before, survived indefinitely. Sera taken from the pretreated rats showed high lymphocytotoxic titers and obvious blocking activity against LMC of immunized Wistar spleen cells. Even though the sera were exhaustively absorbed with RBC, this blocking activity was not impaired, although CDC was reduced. The active prolongation of graft survival, therefore, correlates with the presence of anti-LD antibody.", "contents": "A role of anti-\"LD\" antibody in induction of active enhancement in rat heart allografts. Heart allografts from S-D to Wistar rats pretreated with 5 x 10(7) spleen cells taken from donor strain 1 or 2 weeks before, survived indefinitely. Sera taken from the pretreated rats showed high lymphocytotoxic titers and obvious blocking activity against LMC of immunized Wistar spleen cells. Even though the sera were exhaustively absorbed with RBC, this blocking activity was not impaired, although CDC was reduced. The active prolongation of graft survival, therefore, correlates with the presence of anti-LD antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:354144", "title": "Antibody responses in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis of the Old World.", "content": "74 persons of Northern European origin with recent primary exposure to Leishmania tropica in Saudi Arabia were examined for their antibody responses to leishmaniae with the fluorescent antibody test (FAT), the complement fixation reaction. (CFR), and the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA). The FAT detected antibodies to L. donovani in 19 of the 41 individuals with acute lesions or scars characteristic of cutaneous leishmaniasis but in none of the 33 individuals without lesions. Our data suggest that the high proportion of persons with antibodies, as compared to other studies of cutaneous leishmaniasis of the Old World, may be the result of the relatively severe course of the disease in the majority of our patients. The CFR and the IHA did not prove to be useful for the diagnosis of this disease.", "contents": "Antibody responses in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis of the Old World. 74 persons of Northern European origin with recent primary exposure to Leishmania tropica in Saudi Arabia were examined for their antibody responses to leishmaniae with the fluorescent antibody test (FAT), the complement fixation reaction. (CFR), and the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA). The FAT detected antibodies to L. donovani in 19 of the 41 individuals with acute lesions or scars characteristic of cutaneous leishmaniasis but in none of the 33 individuals without lesions. Our data suggest that the high proportion of persons with antibodies, as compared to other studies of cutaneous leishmaniasis of the Old World, may be the result of the relatively severe course of the disease in the majority of our patients. The CFR and the IHA did not prove to be useful for the diagnosis of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:354145", "title": "Lymphocyte mitogenic factor in sera from patients with falciparum malaria.", "content": "To test for the presence of a lymphocyte mitogenic factor in malaria, sera were obtained from 10 patients with malaria (9 with falciparum and one with vivax), and 10 noninfected controls. The sera from the malarial patients caused an increased blastogenesis in mouse splenic lymphocyte cultures and inhibited hemagglutination between lipid-A-coated erythrocytes and lipid-A antibodies. None of the sera were positive using the limulus amebocyte lysate test. These results could be interpreted to demonstrate that patients with falciparum malaria have a circulating mitogen which cross-reacts with endotoxin. However, alternate explanations must be considered, including an hypothesis that antiglobulins and/or immune complexes in the sera of malarious patients both caused the blastogenesis of mouse spleen cells and inhibited hemagglutination to lipid-A antibodies.", "contents": "Lymphocyte mitogenic factor in sera from patients with falciparum malaria. To test for the presence of a lymphocyte mitogenic factor in malaria, sera were obtained from 10 patients with malaria (9 with falciparum and one with vivax), and 10 noninfected controls. The sera from the malarial patients caused an increased blastogenesis in mouse splenic lymphocyte cultures and inhibited hemagglutination between lipid-A-coated erythrocytes and lipid-A antibodies. None of the sera were positive using the limulus amebocyte lysate test. These results could be interpreted to demonstrate that patients with falciparum malaria have a circulating mitogen which cross-reacts with endotoxin. However, alternate explanations must be considered, including an hypothesis that antiglobulins and/or immune complexes in the sera of malarious patients both caused the blastogenesis of mouse spleen cells and inhibited hemagglutination to lipid-A antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:354146", "title": "Survival of parasites in mice immunized against Plasmodium berghei.", "content": "The rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei may survive im immunized Swiss and C3H/StZ mice for a considerable period of time. Despite considerable differences in the observed survival time in animals of a given strain, a general, strain specific pattern is observed. Parasites generally survive longer in Swiss than in C3H/StZ mice. In some of the Swiss mice parasites survived throughout the experimental period, whereas in the others restricted survival was observed, possibly reflecting genetic disparity. Since booster infections did not affect the survival pattern, the effectiveness of elimination is not determined by \"antigen\" dependent, gradual differences in quality of the hosts' immune response. Repeated biotechnical manipulation of the animals may influence experimental results.", "contents": "Survival of parasites in mice immunized against Plasmodium berghei. The rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei may survive im immunized Swiss and C3H/StZ mice for a considerable period of time. Despite considerable differences in the observed survival time in animals of a given strain, a general, strain specific pattern is observed. Parasites generally survive longer in Swiss than in C3H/StZ mice. In some of the Swiss mice parasites survived throughout the experimental period, whereas in the others restricted survival was observed, possibly reflecting genetic disparity. Since booster infections did not affect the survival pattern, the effectiveness of elimination is not determined by \"antigen\" dependent, gradual differences in quality of the hosts' immune response. Repeated biotechnical manipulation of the animals may influence experimental results."}
{"id": "PMID:354147", "title": "High dose medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) treatment in metastatic carcinoma of the breast: a dose-response evaluation.", "content": "The results of controlled clinical trial that used high doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer are reported. Two treatment reigmens were used: regimen A, 500 mg daily with a total dose of 30 g; regimen B, 1,000 mg daily with a total dose of 60 g. The overall response rates were similar, with no statistically significant difference between the two treated groups. Regimen A (lower dosage group) reached a remission rate of 44%, whereas regimen B (higher dosage group) had a remission rate of 41%. The mean duration of response was 8 months with regimen A and 9 months with regimen B. The advantages of the lower dosage regimen as opposed to the higher dosage regimen of MPA in the treatment of advanced breast cancer are discussed.", "contents": "High dose medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) treatment in metastatic carcinoma of the breast: a dose-response evaluation. The results of controlled clinical trial that used high doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer are reported. Two treatment reigmens were used: regimen A, 500 mg daily with a total dose of 30 g; regimen B, 1,000 mg daily with a total dose of 60 g. The overall response rates were similar, with no statistically significant difference between the two treated groups. Regimen A (lower dosage group) reached a remission rate of 44%, whereas regimen B (higher dosage group) had a remission rate of 41%. The mean duration of response was 8 months with regimen A and 9 months with regimen B. The advantages of the lower dosage regimen as opposed to the higher dosage regimen of MPA in the treatment of advanced breast cancer are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:354148", "title": "Estrogen receptors and post-receptor markers in human breast cancer: a reappraisal.", "content": "Several major defects in the estrogen receptor pathway have been evidenced in most human breast cancers by an immunofluorescence tracing of estradiol receptor complexes at the single cell level. Endogenous peroxidase seems a reliable postreceptor marker for estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells. Since almost all human breast cancers appear to include both hormone-sensitive and autonomous cell populations, a combined use of endocrine and cytotoxic regimens is urged. The hormonal regulation of tumor growth parameters could be exploited in order to achieve a maximum recruitment of synchronized tumor cells at risk to chemotherapy.", "contents": "Estrogen receptors and post-receptor markers in human breast cancer: a reappraisal. Several major defects in the estrogen receptor pathway have been evidenced in most human breast cancers by an immunofluorescence tracing of estradiol receptor complexes at the single cell level. Endogenous peroxidase seems a reliable postreceptor marker for estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells. Since almost all human breast cancers appear to include both hormone-sensitive and autonomous cell populations, a combined use of endocrine and cytotoxic regimens is urged. The hormonal regulation of tumor growth parameters could be exploited in order to achieve a maximum recruitment of synchronized tumor cells at risk to chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:354158", "title": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis masquerading as occult malignancy.", "content": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) can present with weight loss, anemia, leukemoid reaction, and generalized debility; there may be no signs or symptoms referable to the urinary tract. Confusion between XGP and renal adenocarcinoma is well recognized, but other malignancies can also be simulated. Case histories of patients with proved XGP whose clinical presentations suggested occult malignancies are recorded. Proteus urinary tract infection, calculi, and a nonvisualizing kidney on intravenous pyelogram should suggest the correct diagnosis. The pathology, bacteriology, diagnosis, and treatment are reviewed.", "contents": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis masquerading as occult malignancy. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) can present with weight loss, anemia, leukemoid reaction, and generalized debility; there may be no signs or symptoms referable to the urinary tract. Confusion between XGP and renal adenocarcinoma is well recognized, but other malignancies can also be simulated. Case histories of patients with proved XGP whose clinical presentations suggested occult malignancies are recorded. Proteus urinary tract infection, calculi, and a nonvisualizing kidney on intravenous pyelogram should suggest the correct diagnosis. The pathology, bacteriology, diagnosis, and treatment are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:354159", "title": "Antibody-coated bacteria in urine of patients with ileal conduit urinary diversion.", "content": "The antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) test is a helpful adjunct for differentiating pyelonephritis from cystitis in the intact urinary tract, particularly in female patients. This test was used in patients with ileal conduits and infected urine in an attempt to determine whether bacilluria was of renal or conduit origin. Every patient with infected conduit urine had a positive ACB test even though no patient had clinical stigmas of acute pyelonephritis. In patients with ileal conduits, the ACB test cannot be used alone as an indicator that bacilluria is a cause of symptoms or renal damage.", "contents": "Antibody-coated bacteria in urine of patients with ileal conduit urinary diversion. The antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) test is a helpful adjunct for differentiating pyelonephritis from cystitis in the intact urinary tract, particularly in female patients. This test was used in patients with ileal conduits and infected urine in an attempt to determine whether bacilluria was of renal or conduit origin. Every patient with infected conduit urine had a positive ACB test even though no patient had clinical stigmas of acute pyelonephritis. In patients with ileal conduits, the ACB test cannot be used alone as an indicator that bacilluria is a cause of symptoms or renal damage."}
{"id": "PMID:354160", "title": "Uropharmacology: VIII. Sympathomimetic agents.", "content": "Sympathomimetic drugs stimulate the receptors of the sympathetic nervous system. Although the bladder possesses sympathetic receptors, sympathomimetic drugs, in general, have little effect on bladder function. Their most useful clinical applications on the urinary tract are to increase or decrease bladder resistance.", "contents": "Uropharmacology: VIII. Sympathomimetic agents. Sympathomimetic drugs stimulate the receptors of the sympathetic nervous system. Although the bladder possesses sympathetic receptors, sympathomimetic drugs, in general, have little effect on bladder function. Their most useful clinical applications on the urinary tract are to increase or decrease bladder resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:354175", "title": "[Conservative treatment of hepaticocholedochus stones via external biliary fistulae].", "content": "The experience with non-surgical treatment of retained stones in 13 patients is described. The treatment was successful in 8 cases. The method of dissolution of the stones and their mechanical removal with the help of a lithotrap of own design was used. The conclusion is drawn, that the treatment of the patients with gallstones in presence of external biliary fistulas should start from conservative methods.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of hepaticocholedochus stones via external biliary fistulae]. The experience with non-surgical treatment of retained stones in 13 patients is described. The treatment was successful in 8 cases. The method of dissolution of the stones and their mechanical removal with the help of a lithotrap of own design was used. The conclusion is drawn, that the treatment of the patients with gallstones in presence of external biliary fistulas should start from conservative methods."}
{"id": "PMID:354201", "title": "[Immunochemical, electrophoretic and enzymatic analysis of the pepsinogen-pepsin isoforms of human gastric mucosa and gastric tumors].", "content": "The obtained specific antiserum against the 1st isoform of pepsinogen of human gastric mucosa responds in immunodiffusion only to the 1st pepsinogen isoform but not to the IId and IIIth one. Human pepsinogen has no common antigenic determinant with pig pepsinogen. The methods of electrophoresis and immunodiffusion reveal the Ist, IId and IIIth isoforms of pepsinogen in human gastric tumors and their metastases, however, they do fail to show any enzymic activity.", "contents": "[Immunochemical, electrophoretic and enzymatic analysis of the pepsinogen-pepsin isoforms of human gastric mucosa and gastric tumors]. The obtained specific antiserum against the 1st isoform of pepsinogen of human gastric mucosa responds in immunodiffusion only to the 1st pepsinogen isoform but not to the IId and IIIth one. Human pepsinogen has no common antigenic determinant with pig pepsinogen. The methods of electrophoresis and immunodiffusion reveal the Ist, IId and IIIth isoforms of pepsinogen in human gastric tumors and their metastases, however, they do fail to show any enzymic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:354202", "title": "[Survival of 5-fluorouracil-treated stomach cancer patients in the far-advanced stages].", "content": "Umder study was the survival rate in 73 patients treated routinely with 5-fluoruracil for recurrences and metastases of gastric cancer. The survival of 33 patients, treated with the clinical effect proved to be reliably higher than that in 40 patients in whom no effect was gained (the time of 50% survival was 7.1 and 2.4 months accordingly). The compared groups of patients did not differ reliably in such prognostic factors as the tumor spread to the onset of chemotherapy and duration of the interval since the primary operation till tumor progression. It is concluded that the longer survival in patients treated with the effect is due to 5-fluoruracil administration.", "contents": "[Survival of 5-fluorouracil-treated stomach cancer patients in the far-advanced stages]. Umder study was the survival rate in 73 patients treated routinely with 5-fluoruracil for recurrences and metastases of gastric cancer. The survival of 33 patients, treated with the clinical effect proved to be reliably higher than that in 40 patients in whom no effect was gained (the time of 50% survival was 7.1 and 2.4 months accordingly). The compared groups of patients did not differ reliably in such prognostic factors as the tumor spread to the onset of chemotherapy and duration of the interval since the primary operation till tumor progression. It is concluded that the longer survival in patients treated with the effect is due to 5-fluoruracil administration."}
{"id": "PMID:354203", "title": "[Formation of an esophageal-intestinal anastomosis in stomach cancer].", "content": "It is suggested to contruct entero-entero, and entero-esophageal anastomoses by means of the SPTU-suturing apparatus with detachable heads through the lumen of the anastomosed jejunum. The technic in use prevents the development of reflux-esophagitis, thus greatly accelerating the accomplishment of the most painstaking stage of the operation--constructing of the anastomoses, and reduced the incidence of suture incompetency of entero-esophageal anastomosis.", "contents": "[Formation of an esophageal-intestinal anastomosis in stomach cancer]. It is suggested to contruct entero-entero, and entero-esophageal anastomoses by means of the SPTU-suturing apparatus with detachable heads through the lumen of the anastomosed jejunum. The technic in use prevents the development of reflux-esophagitis, thus greatly accelerating the accomplishment of the most painstaking stage of the operation--constructing of the anastomoses, and reduced the incidence of suture incompetency of entero-esophageal anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:354209", "title": "An immunohematologic complication of isoniazid.", "content": "The characteristics of an immunohematologic reaction to isoniazid are described with emphasis on the mechanism of development of the positive antiglobulin test. In contrast to previous findings, the antibody is a firmly bound IgG complement-binding antibody, reacting best at 37 degrees C by antiglobulin techniques and only with isoniazid presensitized cells. A method for preparing isoniazid-sensitized cells is described.", "contents": "An immunohematologic complication of isoniazid. The characteristics of an immunohematologic reaction to isoniazid are described with emphasis on the mechanism of development of the positive antiglobulin test. In contrast to previous findings, the antibody is a firmly bound IgG complement-binding antibody, reacting best at 37 degrees C by antiglobulin techniques and only with isoniazid presensitized cells. A method for preparing isoniazid-sensitized cells is described."}
{"id": "PMID:354213", "title": "[Use of an immunofluorescence method and a flocculation test with DNA-sensitized bentonite particles in the serodiagnosis of disseminated lupus erythematosus (SLE)].", "content": "The determination of antibodies against native DNA is of great importance in the solution of the diagnostic and therapeutic problems of dissiminated lupus erythematodes. The practical results are in a direct dependence on the laboratory methods for their determination. The diagnostic significance of two methods was studied with the present investigation: indirect immunofluorescent test and flocculation test with DNA-sensibilized bentonite particles. Under the conditions of the investigation, with the aid of the first method, antibodies against native DNA were found in 86.1 per cent of the sera of lupus nephropathy patients as well as in 13.3 per cent of the sera of patients with renal diseases not associated with LED. High serum titres including up to 1/128, were observed only in LED cases. The continuous persistence of antibodies against LED is also characteristic for the latter. The flocculation test was positive in 60.7 per cent of the sera investigated only with LED cases. The conclusion is that both methods could more wisely be used in LED immunodiagnostic because they combine high sensitivity with specificity of reaction, are easy to perform and no expensive material and apparatuses are required.", "contents": "[Use of an immunofluorescence method and a flocculation test with DNA-sensitized bentonite particles in the serodiagnosis of disseminated lupus erythematosus (SLE)]. The determination of antibodies against native DNA is of great importance in the solution of the diagnostic and therapeutic problems of dissiminated lupus erythematodes. The practical results are in a direct dependence on the laboratory methods for their determination. The diagnostic significance of two methods was studied with the present investigation: indirect immunofluorescent test and flocculation test with DNA-sensibilized bentonite particles. Under the conditions of the investigation, with the aid of the first method, antibodies against native DNA were found in 86.1 per cent of the sera of lupus nephropathy patients as well as in 13.3 per cent of the sera of patients with renal diseases not associated with LED. High serum titres including up to 1/128, were observed only in LED cases. The continuous persistence of antibodies against LED is also characteristic for the latter. The flocculation test was positive in 60.7 per cent of the sera investigated only with LED cases. The conclusion is that both methods could more wisely be used in LED immunodiagnostic because they combine high sensitivity with specificity of reaction, are easy to perform and no expensive material and apparatuses are required."}
{"id": "PMID:354214", "title": "[Pathogenesis of diabetes in adulthood. I. Insulin secretion at different evolutionary phases of diabetes].", "content": "Intravenous loading with glucose and glucose+tolbutamid was conduced in five groups of subjects, selected in a way that the intensity of insulin secretion gradually decreases from one group to the other (control group, relatives of patients with diabetes, diabetics sensitive to SUP and diabetics resistant to SUP). With insulin deficiency (in the last three groups) the early insulin secretion (absence of summit in IRI curve at the tenth minute), was established to grow weak, whereas in latent diabetes and in SUP sensitive diabetics it was preserved and insulinemia was protracted during the second half of the test. Early insulin secretion, in the control group and in the relatives of the diabetics, with loading with glucose-tolbutamid was twice as high as compared with that, obtained with loading solely with glucose. Diabetes at a mature age is concluded to be with a changed sensitivity of B-cells, at the beginning, versus glucose as a stimulator with signaling character, but the ability for synthesis and secretion of insulin, in general, is preserved. With the evolution of diabetes defect, the falling-off of insulin-synthesis ability is included in the pathogenetic mechanisms. A state of complete insulin deficiency develops--hence non-sensitivity to SUP.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of diabetes in adulthood. I. Insulin secretion at different evolutionary phases of diabetes]. Intravenous loading with glucose and glucose+tolbutamid was conduced in five groups of subjects, selected in a way that the intensity of insulin secretion gradually decreases from one group to the other (control group, relatives of patients with diabetes, diabetics sensitive to SUP and diabetics resistant to SUP). With insulin deficiency (in the last three groups) the early insulin secretion (absence of summit in IRI curve at the tenth minute), was established to grow weak, whereas in latent diabetes and in SUP sensitive diabetics it was preserved and insulinemia was protracted during the second half of the test. Early insulin secretion, in the control group and in the relatives of the diabetics, with loading with glucose-tolbutamid was twice as high as compared with that, obtained with loading solely with glucose. Diabetes at a mature age is concluded to be with a changed sensitivity of B-cells, at the beginning, versus glucose as a stimulator with signaling character, but the ability for synthesis and secretion of insulin, in general, is preserved. With the evolution of diabetes defect, the falling-off of insulin-synthesis ability is included in the pathogenetic mechanisms. A state of complete insulin deficiency develops--hence non-sensitivity to SUP."}
{"id": "PMID:354215", "title": "[Microcarcinoma of the cervix uteri (author's transl)].", "content": "Microcarcinoma in the true sense of the word must be distinguished from so-called early stromal invasion. A clear diagnosis must be based on the histological investigation of an adequate biopsy specimen which encompasses the entire changes and enalbes tumour measurement in all three dimensions. With increasing experience it was recognized that the mortality due to microcarcinoma was very low even when limited surgery was performed. When only clearly defined cases were considered, the mortality was nill in early invasion and merely 1.2% in microcarcinomas with a fictitious volume of up to 500 cmm. Both morphological signs of regression of invasive buds and recent knowledge of tumour immunology point to the effectiveness of immunological defence reactions, which are directly related to the tumour mass. A correctly diagnosed microcarcinoma represents a still-localized disease process unless other speical criteria such as lymphatic invasion point to the possibility of discontinuous spread. The method of treatment must be chosen between the extremes: When the danger of metastasis may be neglected local excision of the total diseased area will suffice; in the opposite case, radical operation with lymphadenectomy is indicated. Limited treatment of a microcarcinoma is only justified following clear definition of the lesion based on adequately removed and histologically accurately analyzed biopsy material.", "contents": "[Microcarcinoma of the cervix uteri (author's transl)]. Microcarcinoma in the true sense of the word must be distinguished from so-called early stromal invasion. A clear diagnosis must be based on the histological investigation of an adequate biopsy specimen which encompasses the entire changes and enalbes tumour measurement in all three dimensions. With increasing experience it was recognized that the mortality due to microcarcinoma was very low even when limited surgery was performed. When only clearly defined cases were considered, the mortality was nill in early invasion and merely 1.2% in microcarcinomas with a fictitious volume of up to 500 cmm. Both morphological signs of regression of invasive buds and recent knowledge of tumour immunology point to the effectiveness of immunological defence reactions, which are directly related to the tumour mass. A correctly diagnosed microcarcinoma represents a still-localized disease process unless other speical criteria such as lymphatic invasion point to the possibility of discontinuous spread. The method of treatment must be chosen between the extremes: When the danger of metastasis may be neglected local excision of the total diseased area will suffice; in the opposite case, radical operation with lymphadenectomy is indicated. Limited treatment of a microcarcinoma is only justified following clear definition of the lesion based on adequately removed and histologically accurately analyzed biopsy material."}
{"id": "PMID:354216", "title": "[Spontaneous rupture of renal allografts (author's transl)].", "content": "Spontaneous rupture of an allografted kidney is not such a rare complication of kidney transplantation. In our series 5.2% of the transplanted kidneys ruptured spontaneously. The condition is an acute emergency characterized by the triad, acute abdomen, swelling in the region of the transplant and haemorrhagic shock. The aetiology of transplant rupture seems to be multifactorial, but the superimposition of an acute rejection episode on ischaemic tubular damage with acute renal failure was found to be the most important combination of events leading to transplant rupture in our patients. Exceptionally precise immunological monitoring in the early phases following transplantation and early aggressive therapy of an acute rejection crisis associated with acute renal failure should prevent allograft rupture.", "contents": "[Spontaneous rupture of renal allografts (author's transl)]. Spontaneous rupture of an allografted kidney is not such a rare complication of kidney transplantation. In our series 5.2% of the transplanted kidneys ruptured spontaneously. The condition is an acute emergency characterized by the triad, acute abdomen, swelling in the region of the transplant and haemorrhagic shock. The aetiology of transplant rupture seems to be multifactorial, but the superimposition of an acute rejection episode on ischaemic tubular damage with acute renal failure was found to be the most important combination of events leading to transplant rupture in our patients. Exceptionally precise immunological monitoring in the early phases following transplantation and early aggressive therapy of an acute rejection crisis associated with acute renal failure should prevent allograft rupture."}
{"id": "PMID:354218", "title": "[The Second Gynaecological Department of Vienna University (author's transl)].", "content": "70 years ago, on October 21st, 1908, the new building of the Second Gynaecological Department of Vienna University--a fine example of Jugendstil--was opened. This jubilee takes place at the time when the whole structure of the university clinics is undergoing fundamental change, the new \"Allgemeines Krankenhaus\" is under construction and while the Jugendstil is enjoying new popularity. An attempt is made to outline the lives and work of the outstanding representatives of the Second Gynaecological Department of Vienna University and the history of the building.", "contents": "[The Second Gynaecological Department of Vienna University (author's transl)]. 70 years ago, on October 21st, 1908, the new building of the Second Gynaecological Department of Vienna University--a fine example of Jugendstil--was opened. This jubilee takes place at the time when the whole structure of the university clinics is undergoing fundamental change, the new \"Allgemeines Krankenhaus\" is under construction and while the Jugendstil is enjoying new popularity. An attempt is made to outline the lives and work of the outstanding representatives of the Second Gynaecological Department of Vienna University and the history of the building."}
{"id": "PMID:354219", "title": "[The development of Obstetrics at the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vienna, Medical School, during the last 20 years (author's transl)].", "content": "Including the deliveries in 1956, 1961, 1967, 1970, 1971, 1975, 1976 the development of obstetrics at the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vienna, Medical School, is shown. The frequency of vaginal operative deliveries was reduced, the indicence of ceasarean sections increased from 1.6 to 6.9%. In premature newborns it was possible to gain a higher birthweight, perinatal and postpartum mortality fell from 4.4 to 2.8% and from 3.3 to 1.5% respectively. The connections between these positive results and the new methods and possibilities introduced at the department are discussed.", "contents": "[The development of Obstetrics at the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vienna, Medical School, during the last 20 years (author's transl)]. Including the deliveries in 1956, 1961, 1967, 1970, 1971, 1975, 1976 the development of obstetrics at the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vienna, Medical School, is shown. The frequency of vaginal operative deliveries was reduced, the indicence of ceasarean sections increased from 1.6 to 6.9%. In premature newborns it was possible to gain a higher birthweight, perinatal and postpartum mortality fell from 4.4 to 2.8% and from 3.3 to 1.5% respectively. The connections between these positive results and the new methods and possibilities introduced at the department are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:354226", "title": "Kinetics of petite mutation and thermal death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing at superoptimal temperatures.", "content": "Mass formation of petite mutants took place in a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae when grown at superoptimal temperatures. After an initial period of exponential growth, a second period followed during which exponential death and net exponential petite mutation concurred with exponential growth. The specific rates of the three exponential processes were of the same order of magnitude and varied with the temperature. Net exponential petite mutation did not occur during the deathless first period of growth at superoptimal temperatures nor at any time during growth at suboptimal temperatures. Mitochondria are discussed as possible targets of thermal death in mesophilic yeasts.", "contents": "Kinetics of petite mutation and thermal death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing at superoptimal temperatures. Mass formation of petite mutants took place in a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae when grown at superoptimal temperatures. After an initial period of exponential growth, a second period followed during which exponential death and net exponential petite mutation concurred with exponential growth. The specific rates of the three exponential processes were of the same order of magnitude and varied with the temperature. Net exponential petite mutation did not occur during the deathless first period of growth at superoptimal temperatures nor at any time during growth at suboptimal temperatures. Mitochondria are discussed as possible targets of thermal death in mesophilic yeasts."}
{"id": "PMID:354225", "title": "Pills for the poor: John Wesley's Primitive Physick.", "content": "While John Wesley's Primitive Physick (1747) cannot be termed a classic of British medical literature, it must certainly be identified as one of the most popular volumes published in England during the eighteenth century. Although the work came under attack from contemporary surgeons, physicians, and apothecaries, who maintained that its remedies were founded upon ignorance, Wesley probably knew as much as most members of the medical profession; in fact, on no less than twenty instances throughout the volume, he paraphrases or cites directly from prominent physicians and theorists-such figures as Sydenham, Boerhaave, Cheyne, Mead, and Huxham. However, despite its obvious emphasis upon practical remedies, the underlying focus of Primitive Physick is upon the soul of man. Wesley had consulted some sources, common sense, and his own experience, tempering those with the general principle of \"doing good to all men,\" particularly \"those who desire to live according to the gospel....\" Thus, the Methodist patriarch's own formula for life had as much to do with the spread of Primitive Physick throughout eighteenth-century Britain and America as did all of the remedies and suggestions imprinted upon its pages.", "contents": "Pills for the poor: John Wesley's Primitive Physick. While John Wesley's Primitive Physick (1747) cannot be termed a classic of British medical literature, it must certainly be identified as one of the most popular volumes published in England during the eighteenth century. Although the work came under attack from contemporary surgeons, physicians, and apothecaries, who maintained that its remedies were founded upon ignorance, Wesley probably knew as much as most members of the medical profession; in fact, on no less than twenty instances throughout the volume, he paraphrases or cites directly from prominent physicians and theorists-such figures as Sydenham, Boerhaave, Cheyne, Mead, and Huxham. However, despite its obvious emphasis upon practical remedies, the underlying focus of Primitive Physick is upon the soul of man. Wesley had consulted some sources, common sense, and his own experience, tempering those with the general principle of \"doing good to all men,\" particularly \"those who desire to live according to the gospel....\" Thus, the Methodist patriarch's own formula for life had as much to do with the spread of Primitive Physick throughout eighteenth-century Britain and America as did all of the remedies and suggestions imprinted upon its pages."}
{"id": "PMID:354256", "title": "[Polyphenols in brewing (author's transl)].", "content": "Analytical methods for the determination of polyphenols of malt, barley, hop, wort, and beer are described. Malt or barley tannins has hitherto not received as much study as hop tannin. Polyphenols or tannins are classified. Studies on non-biological hazes are discussed in relation to the haze problem in brewing. The leucoanthocyanins of malt differ from those of hops in ability to form hazes. Subfractionation of polyphenol concentrates on sephadex columns allows isolation of individual tannins.", "contents": "[Polyphenols in brewing (author's transl)]. Analytical methods for the determination of polyphenols of malt, barley, hop, wort, and beer are described. Malt or barley tannins has hitherto not received as much study as hop tannin. Polyphenols or tannins are classified. Studies on non-biological hazes are discussed in relation to the haze problem in brewing. The leucoanthocyanins of malt differ from those of hops in ability to form hazes. Subfractionation of polyphenol concentrates on sephadex columns allows isolation of individual tannins."}
{"id": "PMID:354266", "title": "[Surgery for hypospadias using a penile and scrotal skin flap].", "content": "It is reported on a penoscrotal operation method, where the penile urethra is formed by a skin stripe of penis and scrotum. 35 cases operated by means of this method, the operation technique of which is described in detail, operated cases had altogether good functional and cosmetic results with a completely complicationless postoperative course.", "contents": "[Surgery for hypospadias using a penile and scrotal skin flap]. It is reported on a penoscrotal operation method, where the penile urethra is formed by a skin stripe of penis and scrotum. 35 cases operated by means of this method, the operation technique of which is described in detail, operated cases had altogether good functional and cosmetic results with a completely complicationless postoperative course."}
{"id": "PMID:354279", "title": "[Postoperative urodynamic examination in hypospadias (author's transl)].", "content": "54 boys underwent modified Denis-Browne operations for hypospadias and were followed up by urodynamic examination. Measurement of the urethral pressure profile may be useful for localising micturition disorders.", "contents": "[Postoperative urodynamic examination in hypospadias (author's transl)]. 54 boys underwent modified Denis-Browne operations for hypospadias and were followed up by urodynamic examination. Measurement of the urethral pressure profile may be useful for localising micturition disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:354280", "title": "[50 years ago--1927--the 1st demonstration of chorionic gonadotropin in the urine of pregnant women by Aschheim and Zondek].", "content": "In memory of Aschheim and Zondek 50 years ago it is described the first detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and so the first biologic pregnancy test. In the following our essential present knowledge about HCG is reviewed.", "contents": "[50 years ago--1927--the 1st demonstration of chorionic gonadotropin in the urine of pregnant women by Aschheim and Zondek]. In memory of Aschheim and Zondek 50 years ago it is described the first detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and so the first biologic pregnancy test. In the following our essential present knowledge about HCG is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:354281", "title": "[Action of Na-RNA on infection in mice infected with Shigella flexneri].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on albino mice. Experimentally induced dysentery infection proved to become aggravated under the effect of yeast Na-RNA expressed in the increase of the number of animals which fell ill and perished. This phenomenon proved to be based on the acceleration of reproduction of the causative agent, with a simultaneous selection of its virulent clones seen both in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "[Action of Na-RNA on infection in mice infected with Shigella flexneri]. Experiments were conducted on albino mice. Experimentally induced dysentery infection proved to become aggravated under the effect of yeast Na-RNA expressed in the increase of the number of animals which fell ill and perished. This phenomenon proved to be based on the acceleration of reproduction of the causative agent, with a simultaneous selection of its virulent clones seen both in vitro and in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:354282", "title": "[Immunohistochemical study of the accumulation of antibody-forming cells in the lungs following intrapulmonary and subcutaneous administration of apneumotropic antigen].", "content": "Accumulation of the antibody-synthesizing cells in the lungs of guinea pigs in intratracheal and subcutaneous immunization was studied on a model of a complete typhoid bacilli antigen by means of Coons' method. Antibody-forming cells located in the interalveolar septi and in the peribronchial and perivascular connective tissue appeared with both method of the apneumotropic antigen administration. More of these cells accumulated in intrapulmonary application of the antigen. Repeated immunization by any method also led to the increase of their amount. The problem on the role played by the lungs in the immunogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "[Immunohistochemical study of the accumulation of antibody-forming cells in the lungs following intrapulmonary and subcutaneous administration of apneumotropic antigen]. Accumulation of the antibody-synthesizing cells in the lungs of guinea pigs in intratracheal and subcutaneous immunization was studied on a model of a complete typhoid bacilli antigen by means of Coons' method. Antibody-forming cells located in the interalveolar septi and in the peribronchial and perivascular connective tissue appeared with both method of the apneumotropic antigen administration. More of these cells accumulated in intrapulmonary application of the antigen. Repeated immunization by any method also led to the increase of their amount. The problem on the role played by the lungs in the immunogenesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:354283", "title": "[Possibilities of viral hepatitis diagnosis by immunofluorescent examination of patient blood smears].", "content": "The authors demonstrate possibilities of viral hepatitis diagnosis by means of fluorescent antisera labeled phiiTts. The antisera were obtained from the blood of convalescents after infectious hepatitis (with an uncomplicated course) on the 25th--30th day of the disease, and also from the placental gamma-globulin of persons who had had viral hepatitis (in the anamnesis). Both diagnostic preparations proved to be highly specific, although the first of them was somewhat more sensitive. Blood smears were stained with fluorescent antisera. The fluoresence was revealed in the cytoplasm of the white blood formed elements--lymphocytes and neutrophils; the nucleus was dark. Materials of this investigation permit experimental substantiation of a possibility of prolonged antigenemia in the blood leukocytes of patients suffering from viral hepatitis.", "contents": "[Possibilities of viral hepatitis diagnosis by immunofluorescent examination of patient blood smears]. The authors demonstrate possibilities of viral hepatitis diagnosis by means of fluorescent antisera labeled phiiTts. The antisera were obtained from the blood of convalescents after infectious hepatitis (with an uncomplicated course) on the 25th--30th day of the disease, and also from the placental gamma-globulin of persons who had had viral hepatitis (in the anamnesis). Both diagnostic preparations proved to be highly specific, although the first of them was somewhat more sensitive. Blood smears were stained with fluorescent antisera. The fluoresence was revealed in the cytoplasm of the white blood formed elements--lymphocytes and neutrophils; the nucleus was dark. Materials of this investigation permit experimental substantiation of a possibility of prolonged antigenemia in the blood leukocytes of patients suffering from viral hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:354285", "title": "[Study of the properties of E. coli of serological group 03 isolated in acute intestinal diseases].", "content": "The authors studied the properties of 115 strains of E. coli of serological group 03 isolated from 49 children and adults with acute intestinal disturbances. The majority of the children (82.9%) were aged under one year. Results of the study of the antigenic structure and biochemical properties permitted to differentiate the strains isolated into 3 serological types, with the prevalence of strains of type O3 : K2 (L) : H2 (78.3%), and 8 biochemical variants. The majority of the strains possessed hemolytic properties. Strains of serological group O3 were  isolated repeatedly from the patients during the sickness, whereas none were revealed in examination of 132 healthy children and adults. The data obtained permitted to consider these microbes to be possible causative agents of intestinal coliinfection, and to refer them to the enteropathogenic category.", "contents": "[Study of the properties of E. coli of serological group 03 isolated in acute intestinal diseases]. The authors studied the properties of 115 strains of E. coli of serological group 03 isolated from 49 children and adults with acute intestinal disturbances. The majority of the children (82.9%) were aged under one year. Results of the study of the antigenic structure and biochemical properties permitted to differentiate the strains isolated into 3 serological types, with the prevalence of strains of type O3 : K2 (L) : H2 (78.3%), and 8 biochemical variants. The majority of the strains possessed hemolytic properties. Strains of serological group O3 were  isolated repeatedly from the patients during the sickness, whereas none were revealed in examination of 132 healthy children and adults. The data obtained permitted to consider these microbes to be possible causative agents of intestinal coliinfection, and to refer them to the enteropathogenic category."}
{"id": "PMID:354286", "title": "[Comparative assessment of the efficacy in humoral response of T-cells of various organ origin and their substitutes].", "content": "A linear dependence of the response to the thymus-dependent antigen (log of the plaque-forming cell count) on the T cell dose at the initial curve section was observed in syngeneic transfer of T and B cells mixture. The exponential slope differed for T cells of different origin and could serve as the measure of helper activity. In case of an excess of T-lymphocytes the response reaches the maximum, whose level is independent of the organic origin of T cells. By the helper activity T cells are distributed in the following order: T cells of the spleen and cortisone-resistant thymocytes greater than T cells of the lymph nodes greater than cortisone-sensitive thymocytes. There was established a quantitative equivalence by the capacity to activate B cells between the T-lymphocytes and E. coli lipopolysaccharide.", "contents": "[Comparative assessment of the efficacy in humoral response of T-cells of various organ origin and their substitutes]. A linear dependence of the response to the thymus-dependent antigen (log of the plaque-forming cell count) on the T cell dose at the initial curve section was observed in syngeneic transfer of T and B cells mixture. The exponential slope differed for T cells of different origin and could serve as the measure of helper activity. In case of an excess of T-lymphocytes the response reaches the maximum, whose level is independent of the organic origin of T cells. By the helper activity T cells are distributed in the following order: T cells of the spleen and cortisone-resistant thymocytes greater than T cells of the lymph nodes greater than cortisone-sensitive thymocytes. There was established a quantitative equivalence by the capacity to activate B cells between the T-lymphocytes and E. coli lipopolysaccharide."}
{"id": "PMID:354287", "title": "[Transmission of plasmid Rldrd19 from E. coli to Hafnia].", "content": "Investigations carried out demonstrated a possibility of transmission of plasmid Rldrd19 from E. coli to Hafnia. The incidence of the plasmid transmission varied from 10(-7) to 10(-9) and depended on the properfies of Hafnia strains. Tra-operon of plasmid Rldrd19 in the Hafnia 614 strain functioned with the same efficacy as in E. coli. Plasmid Rldrd19 in Hafnia was unstable and was eliminated from the cells in case of storage at low temperatures. As shown, plasmid Rldrd19 was under strict replication control in Hafnia as in E. coli. Formation of the CCC-form of the plasmid Rldrd19 was suppressed in Hafnia at 29--30 degrees C and was not suppressed in E. coli.", "contents": "[Transmission of plasmid Rldrd19 from E. coli to Hafnia]. Investigations carried out demonstrated a possibility of transmission of plasmid Rldrd19 from E. coli to Hafnia. The incidence of the plasmid transmission varied from 10(-7) to 10(-9) and depended on the properfies of Hafnia strains. Tra-operon of plasmid Rldrd19 in the Hafnia 614 strain functioned with the same efficacy as in E. coli. Plasmid Rldrd19 in Hafnia was unstable and was eliminated from the cells in case of storage at low temperatures. As shown, plasmid Rldrd19 was under strict replication control in Hafnia as in E. coli. Formation of the CCC-form of the plasmid Rldrd19 was suppressed in Hafnia at 29--30 degrees C and was not suppressed in E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:354288", "title": "[Biochemical and serological characteristics of Escherichia belonging to the serological group 01].", "content": "A circulation at the territory of the country of various biochemical and serological variants of escherichia belonging to serological group O1, isolated in acute intestinal diseases of children and adults, was revealed. Nonhomogeneousness of the partial composition of the O-antigen was demonstrated; K-antigens were determined; new H-antigens were described. Of the 10 serological types of escherichia there proved to prevail O1 : K? : Hp and O1 : K1 : Hp; in group and sporadic acute intestinal diseases there were for the first time isolated O1 : K1 : H34, O1 : K1 : H20, O1 : K1 : Hp, O1 : K51 : H7, and O1 : K? : H20.", "contents": "[Biochemical and serological characteristics of Escherichia belonging to the serological group 01]. A circulation at the territory of the country of various biochemical and serological variants of escherichia belonging to serological group O1, isolated in acute intestinal diseases of children and adults, was revealed. Nonhomogeneousness of the partial composition of the O-antigen was demonstrated; K-antigens were determined; new H-antigens were described. Of the 10 serological types of escherichia there proved to prevail O1 : K? : Hp and O1 : K1 : Hp; in group and sporadic acute intestinal diseases there were for the first time isolated O1 : K1 : H34, O1 : K1 : H20, O1 : K1 : Hp, O1 : K51 : H7, and O1 : K? : H20."}
{"id": "PMID:354289", "title": "[Immunoglobulin and antibody content in the blood serum, coprofiltrate and saliva of patients with Sonne dysentery].", "content": "The authors studied the immunoglobulin and specific antibodies content of various classes in the serum, coprofiltrates and the saliva of 68 patients suffering from Sonne dysentery and in 48 healthy adult persons. Mancini's test demonstrated a significant elevation of IgG and IgM content in the blood of dysentery patients in comparison with that in healthy persons, and the absence of any changes in the IgA content. The titres of specific IgG-, IgA- and IgM-antibodies in determination in the modified Coombs' test increased consideerably during dysentery infection and were found in high titres during the first week of the disease; they reached the maximum during the second week and persisted at this level for 3 weeks. The greatest antibody elevation was in the IgA-class. Antibodies revealed in the coprofiltrates and the saliva of dysentery patients belonged to IgA- and IgG-class. There proved to be a correlation of the antibody changes in these two secretions.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulin and antibody content in the blood serum, coprofiltrate and saliva of patients with Sonne dysentery]. The authors studied the immunoglobulin and specific antibodies content of various classes in the serum, coprofiltrates and the saliva of 68 patients suffering from Sonne dysentery and in 48 healthy adult persons. Mancini's test demonstrated a significant elevation of IgG and IgM content in the blood of dysentery patients in comparison with that in healthy persons, and the absence of any changes in the IgA content. The titres of specific IgG-, IgA- and IgM-antibodies in determination in the modified Coombs' test increased consideerably during dysentery infection and were found in high titres during the first week of the disease; they reached the maximum during the second week and persisted at this level for 3 weeks. The greatest antibody elevation was in the IgA-class. Antibodies revealed in the coprofiltrates and the saliva of dysentery patients belonged to IgA- and IgG-class. There proved to be a correlation of the antibody changes in these two secretions."}
{"id": "PMID:354296", "title": "Effect of the isolated removal of the median eminence (ME) and pituitary stalk (PS) on the immunohistology and hormone release of the anterior pituitary gland grafted into the hypophysiotrophic area (HTA) and/or of the in situ pituitary gland.", "content": "Isolated removal of the median eminence (ME) and pituitary stalk (PS) of female rats was performed under visual control, using a new instrument to open up the 3rd ventricle. Atrophy of the uterus, the follicles and the intersitial tissue in the ovaries was accompanied by persistent corpora lutea and persistent diestrous vaginal smears in rats which had undergone a successful removal of ME and PS. No change was, however, detected in the weight of the thyroid and adrenal glands at the end of the six weeks experimental period. An adenohypophysis implanted in the place of the ME at the time of the surgery, could not prevent these changes. In animals, in which the removal of the ME was not complete, the changes of the gonadal system were less pronounced. Immunocytology of the pituitary LH-, FSH, TSH- and prolactin-cells in animals with completely removed ME and PS showed inactive LH- and FSH-cells both in the grafted and in situ pituitaries, while the TSH- and prolactin-cells appeared to be in a stimulated state. In animals with ME remnant, LH-RH axon terminals were localized only on the blood vessels of the remnant. The part of the pituitary graft in contact with these blood vessels, as well as some areas of the in situ pituitary gland, contained active LH cells as judged from their size and immunohistological appearance. Since in the absence of the ME, the hypophysiotrophic area is not able to exert its regulatory effect on the gonadotrophs of the pituitary implant in this area, the authors suggest that this effect is mediated by the blood circulation of the ME which is rich in releasing hormones and is drained toward both the anterior pituitary and the medial basal hypothalamus.", "contents": "Effect of the isolated removal of the median eminence (ME) and pituitary stalk (PS) on the immunohistology and hormone release of the anterior pituitary gland grafted into the hypophysiotrophic area (HTA) and/or of the in situ pituitary gland. Isolated removal of the median eminence (ME) and pituitary stalk (PS) of female rats was performed under visual control, using a new instrument to open up the 3rd ventricle. Atrophy of the uterus, the follicles and the intersitial tissue in the ovaries was accompanied by persistent corpora lutea and persistent diestrous vaginal smears in rats which had undergone a successful removal of ME and PS. No change was, however, detected in the weight of the thyroid and adrenal glands at the end of the six weeks experimental period. An adenohypophysis implanted in the place of the ME at the time of the surgery, could not prevent these changes. In animals, in which the removal of the ME was not complete, the changes of the gonadal system were less pronounced. Immunocytology of the pituitary LH-, FSH, TSH- and prolactin-cells in animals with completely removed ME and PS showed inactive LH- and FSH-cells both in the grafted and in situ pituitaries, while the TSH- and prolactin-cells appeared to be in a stimulated state. In animals with ME remnant, LH-RH axon terminals were localized only on the blood vessels of the remnant. The part of the pituitary graft in contact with these blood vessels, as well as some areas of the in situ pituitary gland, contained active LH cells as judged from their size and immunohistological appearance. Since in the absence of the ME, the hypophysiotrophic area is not able to exert its regulatory effect on the gonadotrophs of the pituitary implant in this area, the authors suggest that this effect is mediated by the blood circulation of the ME which is rich in releasing hormones and is drained toward both the anterior pituitary and the medial basal hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:354298", "title": "Effects of cimetidine on prolactin, LH, and sex steroid secretion in male and female volunteers.", "content": "The histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine, which has recently been introduced for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers and haemorrhage, respectively, stimulates prolactin (PRL) secretion. The release of PRL after a bolus injection of the compound is significantly higher in female than in male volunteers, and is more pronounced during the luteal than during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Oral administration of the drug stimulates PRL to a similar extent as parenteral administration. Treatment of male and female volunteers with cimetidine for 20 days (1 g/day orally) resulted in elevated serum PRL concentrations in both sexes. Basal LH levels as well as the response to 25 microgram LH-RH were not significantly changed after treatment. Testosterone levels in males and oestradiol levels in females were not altered. Luteal progesterone, however, was significantly diminished in the menstrual cycles when cimetidine was given. The mechanism underlying the stimulatory effect of cimetidine on PRL secretion is not clear, but it does not seem that this ability is exerted via an inhibition of pituitary dopamine receptors. The dopaminergic effect of lisuride, an ergot alkaloid, could not be reversed by cimetidine.", "contents": "Effects of cimetidine on prolactin, LH, and sex steroid secretion in male and female volunteers. The histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine, which has recently been introduced for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers and haemorrhage, respectively, stimulates prolactin (PRL) secretion. The release of PRL after a bolus injection of the compound is significantly higher in female than in male volunteers, and is more pronounced during the luteal than during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Oral administration of the drug stimulates PRL to a similar extent as parenteral administration. Treatment of male and female volunteers with cimetidine for 20 days (1 g/day orally) resulted in elevated serum PRL concentrations in both sexes. Basal LH levels as well as the response to 25 microgram LH-RH were not significantly changed after treatment. Testosterone levels in males and oestradiol levels in females were not altered. Luteal progesterone, however, was significantly diminished in the menstrual cycles when cimetidine was given. The mechanism underlying the stimulatory effect of cimetidine on PRL secretion is not clear, but it does not seem that this ability is exerted via an inhibition of pituitary dopamine receptors. The dopaminergic effect of lisuride, an ergot alkaloid, could not be reversed by cimetidine."}
{"id": "PMID:354294", "title": "[Use of the tetrapolar rheocardiographic method for determination of minute blood volume in neurosurgical clinical practice].", "content": "The stroke blood volume and the MBV were determined by tetrapolar rheocardiography at rest and under the effect of muscular exertion in neurosurgical patients (35), in surgical patients (20) and in a control group of healthy subjects (10). A Soviet device, the Ppigamma2-02 tetrapolar rheocardiograph was employed. The method of tetrapolar rheocardiography is simple, atraumatic and provides for prolonged continuous recording. It is sufficiently precise as a method of indirect determination of the minute volume: comparison with data of the radioisotope method shows the precision of tetrapolar rheocardiography to be +/- 5.5%. Its main disadvantage consists in the difficult calculation of MBV in deep, frequent and irregular respiration when the rheocardiogram waves are sharply distorted.", "contents": "[Use of the tetrapolar rheocardiographic method for determination of minute blood volume in neurosurgical clinical practice]. The stroke blood volume and the MBV were determined by tetrapolar rheocardiography at rest and under the effect of muscular exertion in neurosurgical patients (35), in surgical patients (20) and in a control group of healthy subjects (10). A Soviet device, the Ppigamma2-02 tetrapolar rheocardiograph was employed. The method of tetrapolar rheocardiography is simple, atraumatic and provides for prolonged continuous recording. It is sufficiently precise as a method of indirect determination of the minute volume: comparison with data of the radioisotope method shows the precision of tetrapolar rheocardiography to be +/- 5.5%. Its main disadvantage consists in the difficult calculation of MBV in deep, frequent and irregular respiration when the rheocardiogram waves are sharply distorted."}
{"id": "PMID:354301", "title": "Factors affecting the beta-cell sensitivity to alloxan in vivo. Influence of pre- and post-treatment with protective substances.", "content": "Blood glucose and pancreatic islet morphology were studied in mice subjected to different kinds of treatment both before and after alloxan administration. d-Glucose, d-mannose, d-fructose, NaHCO3 and sodium lactate protected against alloxan when given before, but not when given after alloxan, whereas l-leucine protected when administered before, and also when injected 1 or 3 min after alloxan. No protection was seen in animals receiving l-leucine 10 min following alloxan. The findings may indicate that the mechanism for alloxan protection by l-leucine differs from that of the other compounds tested.", "contents": "Factors affecting the beta-cell sensitivity to alloxan in vivo. Influence of pre- and post-treatment with protective substances. Blood glucose and pancreatic islet morphology were studied in mice subjected to different kinds of treatment both before and after alloxan administration. d-Glucose, d-mannose, d-fructose, NaHCO3 and sodium lactate protected against alloxan when given before, but not when given after alloxan, whereas l-leucine protected when administered before, and also when injected 1 or 3 min after alloxan. No protection was seen in animals receiving l-leucine 10 min following alloxan. The findings may indicate that the mechanism for alloxan protection by l-leucine differs from that of the other compounds tested."}
{"id": "PMID:354297", "title": "Demodex folliculorum in a nipple imprint.", "content": "Demodex mites were found in a nipple imprint. Their morphologic features in this cytologic preparation have been described and illustrated. These mites are common parasites of human skin and are apparently of little or no pathologic significance.", "contents": "Demodex folliculorum in a nipple imprint. Demodex mites were found in a nipple imprint. Their morphologic features in this cytologic preparation have been described and illustrated. These mites are common parasites of human skin and are apparently of little or no pathologic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:354302", "title": "Chronic treatment with LH-RH in golden hamsters.", "content": "Male golden hamsters were treated with low doses (50 or 100 ng) or high doses (500-1000 ng) of LH-RH for periods of 10 to 21 days. Gonadal atrophy was induced by blinding. Treatment of intact hamsters with high doses of LH-RH reduced pituitary sensitivity to a test dose of LH-RH given at the end of the experiment. Concomitantly, testis and seminal vesicles were reduced in weight. In blind hamsters with gonadal atrophy, low dose treatment with LH-RH for 21 days reversed testicular atrophy and restored spermatogenesis, while the high dose treatment partly reversed testicular atrophy (viz. increased tubular diameter) but inhibited spermatogenesis. Low dose treatment also increased testicular and seminal vesicles weight in blinded hamsters, whereas high dose treatment did not change these parameters. It is concluded, that a positive effect on testicular functiion may only be obtained by low dose treatment with LH-RH, whereas high dose treatment induces a negative feedback blocking the effect of LH-RH on pituitary gonadotrophin secretion.", "contents": "Chronic treatment with LH-RH in golden hamsters. Male golden hamsters were treated with low doses (50 or 100 ng) or high doses (500-1000 ng) of LH-RH for periods of 10 to 21 days. Gonadal atrophy was induced by blinding. Treatment of intact hamsters with high doses of LH-RH reduced pituitary sensitivity to a test dose of LH-RH given at the end of the experiment. Concomitantly, testis and seminal vesicles were reduced in weight. In blind hamsters with gonadal atrophy, low dose treatment with LH-RH for 21 days reversed testicular atrophy and restored spermatogenesis, while the high dose treatment partly reversed testicular atrophy (viz. increased tubular diameter) but inhibited spermatogenesis. Low dose treatment also increased testicular and seminal vesicles weight in blinded hamsters, whereas high dose treatment did not change these parameters. It is concluded, that a positive effect on testicular functiion may only be obtained by low dose treatment with LH-RH, whereas high dose treatment induces a negative feedback blocking the effect of LH-RH on pituitary gonadotrophin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:354304", "title": "Dihydroergotamine: pharmacokinetics and usefulness in spinal anaesthesia.", "content": "In a double-blind study, 0.5 mg of dihydroergotamine or the same volume of placebo was used to prevent hypotension caused by spinal anaesthesia. The plasma concentrations of dihydroergotamine were determined by a new radioimmunoassay developed for ergot alkaloids, and pharmacokinetic calculations were based on the equation of a two-compartment open model. No significant changes were observed in the heart rates of the two patient groups. In Group I, which received dihydroergotamine, significant increased in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured after drug administration, and, compared to the base-line measurements before spinal anaesthesia, no significant decreases in systolic or diastolic blood pressures were recorded. In contrast to Group I, there was a significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the placebo Group II during spinal anaesthesia. There were no significant differences, however, in the temperature of the great toe between Groups I and II. Dihydroergotamine disappeared quickly from plasma, with a mean alpha-phase half-life of 1.35 min, which explained its rapid effect on blood pressure. Beta-phase half-life (mean 23.20 min), the volume of distribution at beta-phase (mean 0.25 I/kg), and the total plasma clearance (mean 1562.8 ml/min) indicate rapid elimination of the drug from the body.", "contents": "Dihydroergotamine: pharmacokinetics and usefulness in spinal anaesthesia. In a double-blind study, 0.5 mg of dihydroergotamine or the same volume of placebo was used to prevent hypotension caused by spinal anaesthesia. The plasma concentrations of dihydroergotamine were determined by a new radioimmunoassay developed for ergot alkaloids, and pharmacokinetic calculations were based on the equation of a two-compartment open model. No significant changes were observed in the heart rates of the two patient groups. In Group I, which received dihydroergotamine, significant increased in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured after drug administration, and, compared to the base-line measurements before spinal anaesthesia, no significant decreases in systolic or diastolic blood pressures were recorded. In contrast to Group I, there was a significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the placebo Group II during spinal anaesthesia. There were no significant differences, however, in the temperature of the great toe between Groups I and II. Dihydroergotamine disappeared quickly from plasma, with a mean alpha-phase half-life of 1.35 min, which explained its rapid effect on blood pressure. Beta-phase half-life (mean 23.20 min), the volume of distribution at beta-phase (mean 0.25 I/kg), and the total plasma clearance (mean 1562.8 ml/min) indicate rapid elimination of the drug from the body."}
{"id": "PMID:354306", "title": "Arterial segmentation in the goat (Capra hircus) spleen. A study by corrosion cast.", "content": "50 corrosion casts of the splenic artery and its tree were studied to observe the arterial segmentation in the goat spleen on the basis of the intrasplenic distribution. The following observations were made: (i) 74% showed the presence of two arterial segments, a right and a left one; (ii) 10% revealed three arterial segments, a hilar, a right and a left one, and (iii) 16% showed the absence of arterial segmentation in the goat spleen.", "contents": "Arterial segmentation in the goat (Capra hircus) spleen. A study by corrosion cast. 50 corrosion casts of the splenic artery and its tree were studied to observe the arterial segmentation in the goat spleen on the basis of the intrasplenic distribution. The following observations were made: (i) 74% showed the presence of two arterial segments, a right and a left one; (ii) 10% revealed three arterial segments, a hilar, a right and a left one, and (iii) 16% showed the absence of arterial segmentation in the goat spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:354307", "title": "Leptomeres in cultured human muscle.", "content": "Leptomeres, the laminated structures consisting of bundles of very fine filaments separated into bands about 260 nm wide by periodic transverse dense lines 20--80 nm wide, were observed frequently in cultured muscle fibers of 8 patients with acid maltase deficiency, 4 with sporadic, adult-onset idiopathic \"autophagic\" vacuolar myopathy (that is not acid-maltase deficient) and one with abnormal mitochondria, but in only one of greater than 50 other cultures of normal and denervated human muscle. They were also induced abundantly in cultured normal human muscle by exposure to 0.5 mM DNP.", "contents": "Leptomeres in cultured human muscle. Leptomeres, the laminated structures consisting of bundles of very fine filaments separated into bands about 260 nm wide by periodic transverse dense lines 20--80 nm wide, were observed frequently in cultured muscle fibers of 8 patients with acid maltase deficiency, 4 with sporadic, adult-onset idiopathic \"autophagic\" vacuolar myopathy (that is not acid-maltase deficient) and one with abnormal mitochondria, but in only one of greater than 50 other cultures of normal and denervated human muscle. They were also induced abundantly in cultured normal human muscle by exposure to 0.5 mM DNP."}
{"id": "PMID:354308", "title": "Cathepsin D. Purification from rat liver and immunohistochemical demonstration in rat incisor.", "content": "Rat liver cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5) was purified using precipitation technique, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieve chromatography and isoelectric focusing. Rabbit anti-rat cathepsin D IgG was prepared and rat incisor teeth were cross-sectioned in a cryostat. These sections were incubated with FITC-conjugated anti-rat cathepsin D IgG. Marked fluorescence, indicating the localization of cathepsin D, could be seen over the odontoblast and predentin area. No specific fluorescence could be dmonstrated in the pulp connective tissue proper nor in the dentin.", "contents": "Cathepsin D. Purification from rat liver and immunohistochemical demonstration in rat incisor. Rat liver cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5) was purified using precipitation technique, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieve chromatography and isoelectric focusing. Rabbit anti-rat cathepsin D IgG was prepared and rat incisor teeth were cross-sectioned in a cryostat. These sections were incubated with FITC-conjugated anti-rat cathepsin D IgG. Marked fluorescence, indicating the localization of cathepsin D, could be seen over the odontoblast and predentin area. No specific fluorescence could be dmonstrated in the pulp connective tissue proper nor in the dentin."}
{"id": "PMID:354309", "title": "Effect of cleansing procedures on the retentive ability of two luting cements to ground dentin in vitro.", "content": "A method has been described to measure the retention of luting cements to ground dentin in vitro. Using a specially designed apparatus, a circular disc of cement was produced on a ground dentin surface of equal diameter. In a universal testing machine a tensile stress was applied to the cement disc pulling it parallel with the dentin surface at right angles to the diamond grooves until separation. The effect of two different cleansing procedures on the retentive ability of two dental cements was investigated. The cleansing procedures were: rubbing ground dentin with Tubulicid or polishing with wet pumice. The cements studied were a polycarboxylate cement (Durelon) and a zinc phosphate cement (De Trey's Zink Zement Improved). The retentive ability of the polycarboxylate cement showed values from six to seventeen times those of the zinc phosphate cement. The retentive ability of zinc phosphate cement was only slightly affected by the two cleansing procedures, while for polycarboxylate cement it was somewhat reduced following rubbing with Tubulicid and greatly improved after polishing with pumice and water.", "contents": "Effect of cleansing procedures on the retentive ability of two luting cements to ground dentin in vitro. A method has been described to measure the retention of luting cements to ground dentin in vitro. Using a specially designed apparatus, a circular disc of cement was produced on a ground dentin surface of equal diameter. In a universal testing machine a tensile stress was applied to the cement disc pulling it parallel with the dentin surface at right angles to the diamond grooves until separation. The effect of two different cleansing procedures on the retentive ability of two dental cements was investigated. The cleansing procedures were: rubbing ground dentin with Tubulicid or polishing with wet pumice. The cements studied were a polycarboxylate cement (Durelon) and a zinc phosphate cement (De Trey's Zink Zement Improved). The retentive ability of the polycarboxylate cement showed values from six to seventeen times those of the zinc phosphate cement. The retentive ability of zinc phosphate cement was only slightly affected by the two cleansing procedures, while for polycarboxylate cement it was somewhat reduced following rubbing with Tubulicid and greatly improved after polishing with pumice and water."}
{"id": "PMID:354310", "title": "Adaption of luting cement to enamel, dentin and restorative material.", "content": "Thirty-two teeth with artificial crowns cemented with four different cements were sectioned and the cementing interfaces were studied by means of a replica technique. Scanning electronic microscopic examination of the replicas demonstrated that slits occurred in all specimens either at the cement/tooth interface, the cement/alloy interface or both. Differences between the various cements in width and length of the slits could not be assessed by this method, but marked variations in the localization of the slits were noted. A composite resin cement showed slits only at the cement/tooth interface. A zinc phosphate and an EBA cement showed slits at both interfaces whereas a polycarboxylate cement was the only cement which exhibited good adaption to enamel and dentin, leaving gaps at the cement/alloy interface.", "contents": "Adaption of luting cement to enamel, dentin and restorative material. Thirty-two teeth with artificial crowns cemented with four different cements were sectioned and the cementing interfaces were studied by means of a replica technique. Scanning electronic microscopic examination of the replicas demonstrated that slits occurred in all specimens either at the cement/tooth interface, the cement/alloy interface or both. Differences between the various cements in width and length of the slits could not be assessed by this method, but marked variations in the localization of the slits were noted. A composite resin cement showed slits only at the cement/tooth interface. A zinc phosphate and an EBA cement showed slits at both interfaces whereas a polycarboxylate cement was the only cement which exhibited good adaption to enamel and dentin, leaving gaps at the cement/alloy interface."}
{"id": "PMID:354311", "title": "Metastatic osteomyelitis following BCG vaccination.", "content": "An 8-year-old girl, who had been vaccinated with BCG without subsequent regional reactions, developed osteomyelitis in the left calcaneus 7 months later. The process healed after surgical treatment and chemotherapy for 1 year. Culture from the bone abscess gave growth of mycobacteria which could not be distinguished from BCG.", "contents": "Metastatic osteomyelitis following BCG vaccination. An 8-year-old girl, who had been vaccinated with BCG without subsequent regional reactions, developed osteomyelitis in the left calcaneus 7 months later. The process healed after surgical treatment and chemotherapy for 1 year. Culture from the bone abscess gave growth of mycobacteria which could not be distinguished from BCG."}
{"id": "PMID:354312", "title": "Bone mineral content in women with Colles' fracture: effect of calcium supplementation.", "content": "The effect of dietary calcium supplementation on bone mineral content was studied in 40 postmenopausal women with Colles' fracture. The participants were divided into two groups which were given either placebo or 1 g of calcium per day. The bone mineral content of the femur was determined before and after 1 year of medication. Women with Colles' fracture were found to have the same mineral content in the femur as age-matched controls without fractures. Calcium supplementation had no significant effect on the bone mineral content.", "contents": "Bone mineral content in women with Colles' fracture: effect of calcium supplementation. The effect of dietary calcium supplementation on bone mineral content was studied in 40 postmenopausal women with Colles' fracture. The participants were divided into two groups which were given either placebo or 1 g of calcium per day. The bone mineral content of the femur was determined before and after 1 year of medication. Women with Colles' fracture were found to have the same mineral content in the femur as age-matched controls without fractures. Calcium supplementation had no significant effect on the bone mineral content."}
{"id": "PMID:354313", "title": "The early detection of the acoustic neurinomas. Otoneurological indications of the radiological investigation.", "content": "The diagnostic possibilities concerning the early diagnosis of an acoustic neurinoma are discussed. As it is very important to detect these tumors in the otological stage, we scrutinize the different symptoms and signs which can arise this suspicion and try to delineate the criteria for further investigation, which signifies the indications for the radiological investigation: tomography and cisternography. The survey of the results obtained during 1976 confirms the value of the rules we adopted. Every patient complaining of hearing loss or tinnitus has to be examined by audiometry. Every unilateral or asymmetrical perceptive deafness calls for an examination of the functional state of the vestibular system. A perceptive hearing loss with unilateral vestibular functional loss, is an indication for a radiological investigation of the MAI and here a tomography has to be preferred. If the tomography indicates an asymmetry corresponding with the functional loss, a cisternography is to be done. In the cases in which the functional loss goes together with normal radiography, we advise a close follow-up, repeating the functional evaluations at fixed intervals. In case of further deterioration, a control tomography and a cisternography is to be taken into consideration. The case with borderline data, or in which some opposition in the findings is recorded, the cases with negative cisternography and certainly the cases with a dubious cisternography are to be followed too. As on the one side a negative tomography can hide a tumor, and on the other hand a cisternography is a heavy decision for a dubious anomaly, we are inclined to insist more and more on a close functional follow-up rather than extend the indications for cisternography.", "contents": "The early detection of the acoustic neurinomas. Otoneurological indications of the radiological investigation. The diagnostic possibilities concerning the early diagnosis of an acoustic neurinoma are discussed. As it is very important to detect these tumors in the otological stage, we scrutinize the different symptoms and signs which can arise this suspicion and try to delineate the criteria for further investigation, which signifies the indications for the radiological investigation: tomography and cisternography. The survey of the results obtained during 1976 confirms the value of the rules we adopted. Every patient complaining of hearing loss or tinnitus has to be examined by audiometry. Every unilateral or asymmetrical perceptive deafness calls for an examination of the functional state of the vestibular system. A perceptive hearing loss with unilateral vestibular functional loss, is an indication for a radiological investigation of the MAI and here a tomography has to be preferred. If the tomography indicates an asymmetry corresponding with the functional loss, a cisternography is to be done. In the cases in which the functional loss goes together with normal radiography, we advise a close follow-up, repeating the functional evaluations at fixed intervals. In case of further deterioration, a control tomography and a cisternography is to be taken into consideration. The case with borderline data, or in which some opposition in the findings is recorded, the cases with negative cisternography and certainly the cases with a dubious cisternography are to be followed too. As on the one side a negative tomography can hide a tumor, and on the other hand a cisternography is a heavy decision for a dubious anomaly, we are inclined to insist more and more on a close functional follow-up rather than extend the indications for cisternography."}
{"id": "PMID:354315", "title": "Gonadal dysfunction in patients with ataxia telangiectasia.", "content": "Two males and three females with ataxia telangiectasia aged from 4 6/12 to 23 years were subjected to an i.v. LH-RH test. All were found to have elevated basal levels of FSH and three had elevated levels of LH. In all the response of FSH to LH-RH was supranormal. In the pubertal and adult females the basal levels of estradiol were low. The laboratory and clinical findings in these patients as well as data reported by others indicated that the primary gonadal failure is an integral part of AT.", "contents": "Gonadal dysfunction in patients with ataxia telangiectasia. Two males and three females with ataxia telangiectasia aged from 4 6/12 to 23 years were subjected to an i.v. LH-RH test. All were found to have elevated basal levels of FSH and three had elevated levels of LH. In all the response of FSH to LH-RH was supranormal. In the pubertal and adult females the basal levels of estradiol were low. The laboratory and clinical findings in these patients as well as data reported by others indicated that the primary gonadal failure is an integral part of AT."}
{"id": "PMID:354316", "title": "Fatal BCG infection in an immunocompetent girl.", "content": "A 6-year-old girl developed progressive symptoms of increased intracranial pressure starting 5 months after BCG vaccination. Thirteen months later craniotomy revealed an epithelioid cell granuloma of the arachnoid occluding the foramen of Magendie. No tubercle bacilli were found on histological examination. Insertion of a Pudenz shunt relieved the symptoms. Six months later generalized BCG infection developed, and in spite of treatment with ethambutol, rifampicin and isoniazid for 10 weeks, death occurred during an episode of increased intracranial pressure. Mycobacterium BCG could be cultured from several organs. The patient showed no obvious evidence of immuno-deficiency as judged on the basis of previous disease history, particle concentration of granulocytes, B and T lymphocytes in peripheral blood, concentration of immunoglobulins in serum, response of lymphocytes to transformation with mitogens and antigens, and histological findings in the thymus and BCG granulomas.", "contents": "Fatal BCG infection in an immunocompetent girl. A 6-year-old girl developed progressive symptoms of increased intracranial pressure starting 5 months after BCG vaccination. Thirteen months later craniotomy revealed an epithelioid cell granuloma of the arachnoid occluding the foramen of Magendie. No tubercle bacilli were found on histological examination. Insertion of a Pudenz shunt relieved the symptoms. Six months later generalized BCG infection developed, and in spite of treatment with ethambutol, rifampicin and isoniazid for 10 weeks, death occurred during an episode of increased intracranial pressure. Mycobacterium BCG could be cultured from several organs. The patient showed no obvious evidence of immuno-deficiency as judged on the basis of previous disease history, particle concentration of granulocytes, B and T lymphocytes in peripheral blood, concentration of immunoglobulins in serum, response of lymphocytes to transformation with mitogens and antigens, and histological findings in the thymus and BCG granulomas."}
{"id": "PMID:354323", "title": "Studies on rickettsia-like body in Kawasaki disease. Attempts of the isolation and characterization.", "content": "Rickettsia-like bodies were reportedly found in biopsies of the skin and lymph nodes from half the number of patients with Kawasaki's disease. In our present work, these microbodies were isolated from the peripheral whole blood of a patient with Kawasaki's disease (MLNS) through passage of guinea pigs and yolk sac culture. However, the isolated strains disappeared spontaneously during their stores at -80 degrees C for two weeks.", "contents": "Studies on rickettsia-like body in Kawasaki disease. Attempts of the isolation and characterization. Rickettsia-like bodies were reportedly found in biopsies of the skin and lymph nodes from half the number of patients with Kawasaki's disease. In our present work, these microbodies were isolated from the peripheral whole blood of a patient with Kawasaki's disease (MLNS) through passage of guinea pigs and yolk sac culture. However, the isolated strains disappeared spontaneously during their stores at -80 degrees C for two weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:354324", "title": "Rabbit lung plasma and erythrocyte volumes. Lung hematocrit in relation to total body hematocrit.", "content": "The total body hematocrit has been reported to be 85--90% of packed cell volume (PCV) in several species. We have found similar values in rabbits. An \"extra\" plasma volume must exist somewhere in the vascular bed to explain this observation. We have looked for such an extra plasma volume in the pulmonary vasculature. The dynamic hematocrit was estimated in isolated, perfused rabbit lungs from distribution volumes for plasma and erythrocyte tracers. Estimation was also obtained from indicator-dilution curves using bolus-injections of such tracers avoiding their recirculation. It was thus possible to calculate mean transit times for the tracers from their dilution curves directly or applying monoexponential extrapolation from the first part of the downslope of the curves. The dynamic hematocrit of the lung vessels was about 94% of perfusate PCV and there was no difference between the results obtained by the different methods. We concluded that in the rabbit only a very small part of the extra plasma volume is located in the lung vessels. The lung plasma volume is not underestimated by the indicator-dilution technique.", "contents": "Rabbit lung plasma and erythrocyte volumes. Lung hematocrit in relation to total body hematocrit. The total body hematocrit has been reported to be 85--90% of packed cell volume (PCV) in several species. We have found similar values in rabbits. An \"extra\" plasma volume must exist somewhere in the vascular bed to explain this observation. We have looked for such an extra plasma volume in the pulmonary vasculature. The dynamic hematocrit was estimated in isolated, perfused rabbit lungs from distribution volumes for plasma and erythrocyte tracers. Estimation was also obtained from indicator-dilution curves using bolus-injections of such tracers avoiding their recirculation. It was thus possible to calculate mean transit times for the tracers from their dilution curves directly or applying monoexponential extrapolation from the first part of the downslope of the curves. The dynamic hematocrit of the lung vessels was about 94% of perfusate PCV and there was no difference between the results obtained by the different methods. We concluded that in the rabbit only a very small part of the extra plasma volume is located in the lung vessels. The lung plasma volume is not underestimated by the indicator-dilution technique."}
{"id": "PMID:354329", "title": "High doses of fluphenazine enanthate in schizophrenia. A controlled study.", "content": "The results from this controlled study of 12 schizophrenics refractory to ordinary doses of neuroleptics indicate that treatment with fluphenazine enanthate in higher doses than normal (10--20 times higher) might give reduction in psychopathology beyond what can be obtained with normal doses. In four patients the symptom reduction on high doses was pronounced. Moreover, we found that the high fluphenazine plasma levels demonstrated did not increase extrapyramidal and general side effects. The results presented also speak in favour of certain \"non-responding\" patients needing a higher plasma level of a neuroleptic drug than the average patient.", "contents": "High doses of fluphenazine enanthate in schizophrenia. A controlled study. The results from this controlled study of 12 schizophrenics refractory to ordinary doses of neuroleptics indicate that treatment with fluphenazine enanthate in higher doses than normal (10--20 times higher) might give reduction in psychopathology beyond what can be obtained with normal doses. In four patients the symptom reduction on high doses was pronounced. Moreover, we found that the high fluphenazine plasma levels demonstrated did not increase extrapyramidal and general side effects. The results presented also speak in favour of certain \"non-responding\" patients needing a higher plasma level of a neuroleptic drug than the average patient."}
{"id": "PMID:354325", "title": "A double-blind clinical evaluation of different dose intervals with fluspirilene (IMAP).", "content": "The possibility of a biweekly dose of fluspirilene, without deterioration of the clinical picture, was investigated in a group of 34 chronic schizophrenic patients. There were no significant clinical difference between the patients receiving fluspirilene every week and the patients receiving it every two weeks. Therefore it is possible to give fluspirilene in individually adjusted doses with a dose interval of 14 days in stabilized patients.", "contents": "A double-blind clinical evaluation of different dose intervals with fluspirilene (IMAP). The possibility of a biweekly dose of fluspirilene, without deterioration of the clinical picture, was investigated in a group of 34 chronic schizophrenic patients. There were no significant clinical difference between the patients receiving fluspirilene every week and the patients receiving it every two weeks. Therefore it is possible to give fluspirilene in individually adjusted doses with a dose interval of 14 days in stabilized patients."}
{"id": "PMID:354330", "title": "A clinical trial comparing sustained release amitryptyline (Saroten Retard) and conventional amitriptyline tablets (Saroten) in endogenously depressed patients with simultaneous determination of serum levels of amitryptyline and nortriptyline.", "content": "The clinical effect of a sustained release preparation of amitriptyline has been compared with that of conventional amitriptyline tablets in a double-blind cross-over study with 24 patients suffering from endogenous depression. The sustained release preparation was given in a single evening dose (9 p.m.) of two thirds the total daily dose of conventional tablets, which was given in a three times-a-day regimen (8 a.m., 12 a.m. and 9 p.m.). Serum concentrations of amitriptyline and its active metabolite, nortriptyline, were determined. No difference was found between the two preparations as regards either clinical effect or side effects. No correlation could be shown between the clinical effects and the serum concentrations of amitriptyline and nortriptyline.", "contents": "A clinical trial comparing sustained release amitryptyline (Saroten Retard) and conventional amitriptyline tablets (Saroten) in endogenously depressed patients with simultaneous determination of serum levels of amitryptyline and nortriptyline. The clinical effect of a sustained release preparation of amitriptyline has been compared with that of conventional amitriptyline tablets in a double-blind cross-over study with 24 patients suffering from endogenous depression. The sustained release preparation was given in a single evening dose (9 p.m.) of two thirds the total daily dose of conventional tablets, which was given in a three times-a-day regimen (8 a.m., 12 a.m. and 9 p.m.). Serum concentrations of amitriptyline and its active metabolite, nortriptyline, were determined. No difference was found between the two preparations as regards either clinical effect or side effects. No correlation could be shown between the clinical effects and the serum concentrations of amitriptyline and nortriptyline."}
{"id": "PMID:354327", "title": "A six-month follow-up of refractory chronic psychotics treated with Haldol-AID.", "content": "Nine refractory chronic psychotics were switched to a lower dosage of, mostly, a long-acting diphenylbutylpiperidine after having been treated with high initial and maintenance doses of Haldol. This switch-over was rated as very good in three patients (allocation to nursing family) and good in two patients on fluspirilene (Imap); it was also rated as good in one patient on fluphenazine decanoate and one on pipamperone. One patient could discontinue neuroleptic treatment. One was rated as a failure. A switch-over is not always easy as it is a time of trial and error. A switch-over to a parenteral diphenylbutylpiperidine offers good prospectives. As a rule, further improvement is feasible after a period of Haldol medication. It seems that the advantages of a maintenance therapy with Imap are its lack of inconveniences for the patient (not sedative, only slightly hypokinetic) and its good antipsychotic and adequately prolonged activity 2 weeks).", "contents": "A six-month follow-up of refractory chronic psychotics treated with Haldol-AID. Nine refractory chronic psychotics were switched to a lower dosage of, mostly, a long-acting diphenylbutylpiperidine after having been treated with high initial and maintenance doses of Haldol. This switch-over was rated as very good in three patients (allocation to nursing family) and good in two patients on fluspirilene (Imap); it was also rated as good in one patient on fluphenazine decanoate and one on pipamperone. One patient could discontinue neuroleptic treatment. One was rated as a failure. A switch-over is not always easy as it is a time of trial and error. A switch-over to a parenteral diphenylbutylpiperidine offers good prospectives. As a rule, further improvement is feasible after a period of Haldol medication. It seems that the advantages of a maintenance therapy with Imap are its lack of inconveniences for the patient (not sedative, only slightly hypokinetic) and its good antipsychotic and adequately prolonged activity 2 weeks)."}
{"id": "PMID:354331", "title": "Double-blind therapeutic evaluation of fluspirilene compared with fluphenazine decanoate in chronic schizophrenics.", "content": "Fifty chronic schizophrenics were randomly assigned to a 16-week treatment either with fluspirilene or with fluphenazine decanoate. The aim of the study was to compare the antipsychotic action and the side effects of the two neuroleptics. Fluphenazine decanoate caused more side effects and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant in the items tremor, severe extrapyramidal effects and parkinsonism. More patients in the fluspirilene group (nine patients) compared with only three in the fluphenazine decanoate group remained free of side effects during the whole trial. Judged from the BPRS fluspirilene proved an equally potent neuroleptic with fluphenazine decanoate although statistically significant improvement has been obtained in more items of the scale in the fluspirilene group. The improvement in the NOSIE-30 was much more clear in the fluspirilene group. Although Clinical Global Impressions of the investigators and the nursing personnel favored fluspirilene, the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant.", "contents": "Double-blind therapeutic evaluation of fluspirilene compared with fluphenazine decanoate in chronic schizophrenics. Fifty chronic schizophrenics were randomly assigned to a 16-week treatment either with fluspirilene or with fluphenazine decanoate. The aim of the study was to compare the antipsychotic action and the side effects of the two neuroleptics. Fluphenazine decanoate caused more side effects and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant in the items tremor, severe extrapyramidal effects and parkinsonism. More patients in the fluspirilene group (nine patients) compared with only three in the fluphenazine decanoate group remained free of side effects during the whole trial. Judged from the BPRS fluspirilene proved an equally potent neuroleptic with fluphenazine decanoate although statistically significant improvement has been obtained in more items of the scale in the fluspirilene group. The improvement in the NOSIE-30 was much more clear in the fluspirilene group. Although Clinical Global Impressions of the investigators and the nursing personnel favored fluspirilene, the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:354326", "title": "A retrospective evaluation of pipamperone (Dipiperon) in the treatment of behavioural deviations in severely mentally handicapped.", "content": "Nineteen severely mentally handicapped female patients (15-24 years), whose IQ was between less than 30 to 36, were treated with pipamperone (Dipiperon) because of behavioral disturbances. The dose varied from 40 to 180 mg/day spread over one to three intakes. The duration of treatment ranged between two and ten months. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by means of a 12-item rating-scale. A statistically significant improvement was obtained for nine of the 12 items. Overall improvement was very good in two, good in ten, moderate in five, and insufficient in two patients. Serious side-effects were not observed.", "contents": "A retrospective evaluation of pipamperone (Dipiperon) in the treatment of behavioural deviations in severely mentally handicapped. Nineteen severely mentally handicapped female patients (15-24 years), whose IQ was between less than 30 to 36, were treated with pipamperone (Dipiperon) because of behavioral disturbances. The dose varied from 40 to 180 mg/day spread over one to three intakes. The duration of treatment ranged between two and ten months. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by means of a 12-item rating-scale. A statistically significant improvement was obtained for nine of the 12 items. Overall improvement was very good in two, good in ten, moderate in five, and insufficient in two patients. Serious side-effects were not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:354332", "title": "Angiography and scintigraphy of human pancreatic allografts.", "content": "Serial graft angiographies and scintigraphies were obtained in 4 human pancreatic allograft recipients. Important information was obtained both of graft morphology and function. Graft rejection was accompanied by characteristic abnormalities, including arterial irregularities and prolonged contrast medium passage time. On scintigraphy, rejection was associated with reduced isotope uptake.", "contents": "Angiography and scintigraphy of human pancreatic allografts. Serial graft angiographies and scintigraphies were obtained in 4 human pancreatic allograft recipients. Important information was obtained both of graft morphology and function. Graft rejection was accompanied by characteristic abnormalities, including arterial irregularities and prolonged contrast medium passage time. On scintigraphy, rejection was associated with reduced isotope uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:354328", "title": "A syndrome from a possible GABA deficiency. Clinical-therapeutic report on 15 cases.", "content": "A detailed presentation of 15 case-histories of subjects of both sexes, drawn from all decennies of life from the first to the eight, suggesting a syndrome originated from a possible GABA deficiency, is carefully made. Such syndrome is believed to be characterized by basic depressive state, loss of the habit of stretching oneself, sleep disorders, mostly with early morning awakening, constipation and nuchal headache. The above symptoms have been associated to a deficiency of GABA after noting the very speed recovery after administration of N-dipropylacetic acid, an inhibitor of GABA transaminase.", "contents": "A syndrome from a possible GABA deficiency. Clinical-therapeutic report on 15 cases. A detailed presentation of 15 case-histories of subjects of both sexes, drawn from all decennies of life from the first to the eight, suggesting a syndrome originated from a possible GABA deficiency, is carefully made. Such syndrome is believed to be characterized by basic depressive state, loss of the habit of stretching oneself, sleep disorders, mostly with early morning awakening, constipation and nuchal headache. The above symptoms have been associated to a deficiency of GABA after noting the very speed recovery after administration of N-dipropylacetic acid, an inhibitor of GABA transaminase."}
{"id": "PMID:354334", "title": "Ascending projections to the hypothalamus and limbic nuclei from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum: a biochemical and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Axons arising from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum of the rat were traced in various hypothalamic and limbic nuclei by the electron microscopic degeneration method (0.5-8 day survival times) and by measuring regional norepinephrine (NE) concentrations after 12 days of survival using a radioenzymatic method. Significant reductions (41-85%) in NE contents were observed in the supraoptic, arcuate, basal and lateral amygdaloid nuclei and in the hippocampus 12 days after the bilateral electrolytic lesions of the locus coeruleus. No changes in NE concentrations were observed in the ventromedial, septal, central amygdaloid nuclei, in the median eminence and olfactory tubercle. Parabrachial lesions resulted in a decrease of NE content only in the olfactory tubercle. By means of electron microscopy terminal degeneration was found in the hypothalamic paraventricular, dorsomedial nuclei, in the median eminence, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, in the central, lateral and basal amygdaloid nuclei, in the hippocampus and in the anterior ventral thalamic nucleus.", "contents": "Ascending projections to the hypothalamus and limbic nuclei from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum: a biochemical and electron microscopic study. Axons arising from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum of the rat were traced in various hypothalamic and limbic nuclei by the electron microscopic degeneration method (0.5-8 day survival times) and by measuring regional norepinephrine (NE) concentrations after 12 days of survival using a radioenzymatic method. Significant reductions (41-85%) in NE contents were observed in the supraoptic, arcuate, basal and lateral amygdaloid nuclei and in the hippocampus 12 days after the bilateral electrolytic lesions of the locus coeruleus. No changes in NE concentrations were observed in the ventromedial, septal, central amygdaloid nuclei, in the median eminence and olfactory tubercle. Parabrachial lesions resulted in a decrease of NE content only in the olfactory tubercle. By means of electron microscopy terminal degeneration was found in the hypothalamic paraventricular, dorsomedial nuclei, in the median eminence, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, in the central, lateral and basal amygdaloid nuclei, in the hippocampus and in the anterior ventral thalamic nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:354335", "title": "Dangers of positive pressure respiration breathing with special reference to the so-called \"surfactant factor\".", "content": "Atelectasis and emhysema have been induced in rabbits after anaesthesia and IPPB for one hour at 30 cm water pressure. The pulmonary surfactant became coarsely granular and appeared in the form of large drops. A correlation is suggested to exist between this phenomenon and the atelectasis and emphysema which developed during IPPB.", "contents": "Dangers of positive pressure respiration breathing with special reference to the so-called \"surfactant factor\". Atelectasis and emhysema have been induced in rabbits after anaesthesia and IPPB for one hour at 30 cm water pressure. The pulmonary surfactant became coarsely granular and appeared in the form of large drops. A correlation is suggested to exist between this phenomenon and the atelectasis and emphysema which developed during IPPB."}
{"id": "PMID:354336", "title": "Stereotactic biopsies and computer tomography in gliomas.", "content": "This study was carried out in order to obtain data on the relation between tumour structures seen in computer tomograms and the corresponding histopathology and cytology. Nine consecutive patients were studied, and stereotactic biopsies were obtained from sites determined on contrast enhanced computer tomograms. Biopsies were obtained from tumour areas with high and low contrast uptake and from the low attenuating areas surrounding the tumours. The results indicated a close correlation between the microscopical morphology of gliomas and the pattern of the computer tomogram. Biopsy samples from low-uptake central areas contained tumour tissues, necrotic tissue, and in one case a cyst. Biopsies from high-uptake areas typically contained tumour tissue, whereas biopsies from low-uptake surrounding areas contained oedematous non-tumour tissue. For tumour diagnosis biopsies should be obtained from both low and high attenuating tumour areas.", "contents": "Stereotactic biopsies and computer tomography in gliomas. This study was carried out in order to obtain data on the relation between tumour structures seen in computer tomograms and the corresponding histopathology and cytology. Nine consecutive patients were studied, and stereotactic biopsies were obtained from sites determined on contrast enhanced computer tomograms. Biopsies were obtained from tumour areas with high and low contrast uptake and from the low attenuating areas surrounding the tumours. The results indicated a close correlation between the microscopical morphology of gliomas and the pattern of the computer tomogram. Biopsy samples from low-uptake central areas contained tumour tissues, necrotic tissue, and in one case a cyst. Biopsies from high-uptake areas typically contained tumour tissue, whereas biopsies from low-uptake surrounding areas contained oedematous non-tumour tissue. For tumour diagnosis biopsies should be obtained from both low and high attenuating tumour areas."}
{"id": "PMID:354350", "title": "Magnetic circular dichroism approach to hemoprotein analyses.", "content": "Accumulative magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra have shown that MCD is indispensable in exploring the structures and electronic states of hemoproteins. Theoretical and instrumental introductions of MCD spectroscopy were followed by a specific theoretical treatment for applying MCD to various oxidation, ligand, and spin states of hemoproteins. By including explicit electronic states of the heme iron, the theory can systematically interpret the MCD results of various states of hemoproteins. The MCD spectra of myoglobin derivatives offered a typical example for various states of hemoproteins. As an MCD application to heme enzymes, MCD studies on cytochrome P-450 were described in detail, and other extensive applications of MCD to various hemoproteins were cited.", "contents": "Magnetic circular dichroism approach to hemoprotein analyses. Accumulative magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra have shown that MCD is indispensable in exploring the structures and electronic states of hemoproteins. Theoretical and instrumental introductions of MCD spectroscopy were followed by a specific theoretical treatment for applying MCD to various oxidation, ligand, and spin states of hemoproteins. By including explicit electronic states of the heme iron, the theory can systematically interpret the MCD results of various states of hemoproteins. The MCD spectra of myoglobin derivatives offered a typical example for various states of hemoproteins. As an MCD application to heme enzymes, MCD studies on cytochrome P-450 were described in detail, and other extensive applications of MCD to various hemoproteins were cited."}
{"id": "PMID:354355", "title": "Digestive enzymes of the mucosa of the small intestine and trypsin and chymotrypsin proteolytic activity of the intestinal contents of germ-free, monocontaminated and conventional rabbits.", "content": "The activity of the membrane-bound enzymes of the microvillous zone of the entreocytes (maltase, sucrase, trehalase, lactase, cellobiase, alkaline phosphatase and leucylaminopeptidase) was studied in mucosal smears from the proximal jejunum, ileum, caecum and sigmoid flexure in a group of control (C) (8) and germ-free (GF) (7) rabbits. The trypsin and chymotrypsin activity of the contents of the ileum, caecum and sigmoid flexure was studied in 6 C, 5 GF and 5 monocontaminated (MC) rabbits. In summing up it can be stated that the individual membrane-bound enzymes have a different gradient in the various intestinal segments of C and GF rabbits and that they differ reciprocally in character. The maximum statistically significant differences between GF and C rabbits were found in the ileum; in the jejunum they were somewhat smaller and in the caecum smaller still (in this localization the difference was C versus GF). Striking differences in the proportion of the individual disaccharidases were found inthe jejunum and ileum of C rabbits compared with GF rabbits, in which, in both these segments of small intestine the relationship maltase greater than sucrase greater than trehalase greater than lactase was preserved. The proteolytic activity of the intestinal contents likewise had a different gradient character in C, MC and GF rabbits. The maximum activities (especially trypsin) were found in MC animals. The microbial flora is one of the factors regulating the enzymatic activities of the microvillous zone of the enterocytes and it also significantly influences the proteolytic activity of the intestinal contents. This influence is particularly marked in the distal part of the alimentary tube.", "contents": "Digestive enzymes of the mucosa of the small intestine and trypsin and chymotrypsin proteolytic activity of the intestinal contents of germ-free, monocontaminated and conventional rabbits. The activity of the membrane-bound enzymes of the microvillous zone of the entreocytes (maltase, sucrase, trehalase, lactase, cellobiase, alkaline phosphatase and leucylaminopeptidase) was studied in mucosal smears from the proximal jejunum, ileum, caecum and sigmoid flexure in a group of control (C) (8) and germ-free (GF) (7) rabbits. The trypsin and chymotrypsin activity of the contents of the ileum, caecum and sigmoid flexure was studied in 6 C, 5 GF and 5 monocontaminated (MC) rabbits. In summing up it can be stated that the individual membrane-bound enzymes have a different gradient in the various intestinal segments of C and GF rabbits and that they differ reciprocally in character. The maximum statistically significant differences between GF and C rabbits were found in the ileum; in the jejunum they were somewhat smaller and in the caecum smaller still (in this localization the difference was C versus GF). Striking differences in the proportion of the individual disaccharidases were found inthe jejunum and ileum of C rabbits compared with GF rabbits, in which, in both these segments of small intestine the relationship maltase greater than sucrase greater than trehalase greater than lactase was preserved. The proteolytic activity of the intestinal contents likewise had a different gradient character in C, MC and GF rabbits. The maximum activities (especially trypsin) were found in MC animals. The microbial flora is one of the factors regulating the enzymatic activities of the microvillous zone of the enterocytes and it also significantly influences the proteolytic activity of the intestinal contents. This influence is particularly marked in the distal part of the alimentary tube."}
{"id": "PMID:354358", "title": "Specificity of gastric proteinases.", "content": "The aim of our study was to isolate the gastricsin fraction in the purest possible form and to verify some of its properties for further study of the specificity of synthetic substrates. The next step in our research will be a similar analysis of pepsin.", "contents": "Specificity of gastric proteinases. The aim of our study was to isolate the gastricsin fraction in the purest possible form and to verify some of its properties for further study of the specificity of synthetic substrates. The next step in our research will be a similar analysis of pepsin."}
{"id": "PMID:354360", "title": "Effect of probucol in hyperlipidemic patients during two years of administration.", "content": "Probucol, a new cholesterol-lowering agent, was administered to ambulatory outpatients representing several classes of hyperlipoproteinemia (HL) for two years without dietary restriction. In 32 patients with Type II HL and 12 with Type IIB HL, statistically significant reduction in mean serum cholesterol levels occurred within two weeks and persisted throughout two years of therapy at constant dosage (500 mg. twice daily). In smaller numbers of patients with Type IV HL (five patients) and Type V HL, (one patient) similar trends in mean serum cholesterol were observed but failed to achieve statistical significance. Mean triglyceride levels were generally lower during probucol therapy but varied widely between individuals. The drug was well tolerated, with no toxicity and few side effects (mild diarrhea, gas, bloating, and anal pruritus). Probucol should be a valuable addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for hypercholesterolemia.", "contents": "Effect of probucol in hyperlipidemic patients during two years of administration. Probucol, a new cholesterol-lowering agent, was administered to ambulatory outpatients representing several classes of hyperlipoproteinemia (HL) for two years without dietary restriction. In 32 patients with Type II HL and 12 with Type IIB HL, statistically significant reduction in mean serum cholesterol levels occurred within two weeks and persisted throughout two years of therapy at constant dosage (500 mg. twice daily). In smaller numbers of patients with Type IV HL (five patients) and Type V HL, (one patient) similar trends in mean serum cholesterol were observed but failed to achieve statistical significance. Mean triglyceride levels were generally lower during probucol therapy but varied widely between individuals. The drug was well tolerated, with no toxicity and few side effects (mild diarrhea, gas, bloating, and anal pruritus). Probucol should be a valuable addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for hypercholesterolemia."}
{"id": "PMID:354368", "title": "Submaximal exercise testing after acute myocardial infarction: myocardial scintigraphic and electrocardiographic observations.", "content": "The relation between global and regional left ventricular function and electrocardiographic signs of ischemia at rest and during submaximal supine exercise was studied in 27 patients 2 to 3 weeks after acute myocardial infarction. Dynamic myocardial scintigraphy was performed at rest and during submaximal exercise utilizing an in vivo method of labeling red blood cells with technetium-99m pertechnetate. Gated radionuclide blood pool scintigrams were obtained in a modified left anterior oblique, and in some patients also in the right anterior oblique projection, to measure left ventricular ejection fraction and segmental wall motion. Electrocardiographic monitoring of heart rate and rhythm was provided during the exercise. The submaximal exercise test was terminated when the patient's heart rate reached 125 beats/min or if angina, malignant ventricular ectopy or electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia developed before this rate was reached. The data demonstrate that patients with a recent anterior myocardial infarct, in contrast to patients with a recent inferior or nontransmural infarct, manifest a significant reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction with submaximal exercise. Of the eight patients with an anterior infarct, seven had segmental wall motion abnormalities at rest. Four of these eight manifested more severe abnormalities with submaximal exercise; three had abnormalities at rest that did not change with exercise. Four of the eight had a positive electrocardiographic response during exercise (two were taking digoxin). Of these four, only two had more marked wall motion abnormalities with effort. Of the 13 patients with an inferior infarct, 11 had apparently normal wall motion in the modified left anterior oblique projection at rest, including 2 who manifested segmental wall motion abnormalities with submaximal exercise; the 2 remaining patients had wall motion abnormalities at rest that, on exercise, became more marked in one and were unchanged in one. Four of the 13 had a positive electrocardiographic response with exercise (one was taking digoxin); only one of these had a detectably more severe wall motion abnormality with exercise. Of the six patients with a nontransmural infarct, four had no identifiable wall motion abnormalities at rest; in one of these, an abnormality developed with exercise. The remaining two patients had wall motion abnormalities at rest; in one, a positive electrocardiographic ischemic response developed with exercise. Patients with an anterior infarct appear to have a different functional ventricular response to submaximal exercise at the time of hospital discharge than patients with an inferior or nontransmural infarct. To identify ischemic responses with submaximal exercise in these patients one should ideally use both electrocardiographic monitoring and dynamic myocardial scintigraphy.", "contents": "Submaximal exercise testing after acute myocardial infarction: myocardial scintigraphic and electrocardiographic observations. The relation between global and regional left ventricular function and electrocardiographic signs of ischemia at rest and during submaximal supine exercise was studied in 27 patients 2 to 3 weeks after acute myocardial infarction. Dynamic myocardial scintigraphy was performed at rest and during submaximal exercise utilizing an in vivo method of labeling red blood cells with technetium-99m pertechnetate. Gated radionuclide blood pool scintigrams were obtained in a modified left anterior oblique, and in some patients also in the right anterior oblique projection, to measure left ventricular ejection fraction and segmental wall motion. Electrocardiographic monitoring of heart rate and rhythm was provided during the exercise. The submaximal exercise test was terminated when the patient's heart rate reached 125 beats/min or if angina, malignant ventricular ectopy or electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia developed before this rate was reached. The data demonstrate that patients with a recent anterior myocardial infarct, in contrast to patients with a recent inferior or nontransmural infarct, manifest a significant reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction with submaximal exercise. Of the eight patients with an anterior infarct, seven had segmental wall motion abnormalities at rest. Four of these eight manifested more severe abnormalities with submaximal exercise; three had abnormalities at rest that did not change with exercise. Four of the eight had a positive electrocardiographic response during exercise (two were taking digoxin). Of these four, only two had more marked wall motion abnormalities with effort. Of the 13 patients with an inferior infarct, 11 had apparently normal wall motion in the modified left anterior oblique projection at rest, including 2 who manifested segmental wall motion abnormalities with submaximal exercise; the 2 remaining patients had wall motion abnormalities at rest that, on exercise, became more marked in one and were unchanged in one. Four of the 13 had a positive electrocardiographic response with exercise (one was taking digoxin); only one of these had a detectably more severe wall motion abnormality with exercise. Of the six patients with a nontransmural infarct, four had no identifiable wall motion abnormalities at rest; in one of these, an abnormality developed with exercise. The remaining two patients had wall motion abnormalities at rest; in one, a positive electrocardiographic ischemic response developed with exercise. Patients with an anterior infarct appear to have a different functional ventricular response to submaximal exercise at the time of hospital discharge than patients with an inferior or nontransmural infarct. To identify ischemic responses with submaximal exercise in these patients one should ideally use both electrocardiographic monitoring and dynamic myocardial scintigraphy."}
{"id": "PMID:354372", "title": "The biological suppression of malaria: an ecological and nutritional interrelationship of a host and two parasites.", "content": "The interrelationship of malaria and severe ascariasis was studied in Anjouan children with a previously described syndrome of enlarged parotids, localized forehead edema, heavy infestation with Ascaris lumbricoides, and unusual freedom from malaria. After treatment of 37 such children with the ascaricide piperazine, 35 had resolution of parotid enlargement and forehead edema, but 19 developed attacks of malaria. Children treated with placebo had neither resolution of clinical findings nor attacks of malaria. We propose that suppression of the malaria in these children is a nutritional consequence of severe ascariasis and may represent an ecological balance for optimum co-survival of the host and the two parasites.", "contents": "The biological suppression of malaria: an ecological and nutritional interrelationship of a host and two parasites. The interrelationship of malaria and severe ascariasis was studied in Anjouan children with a previously described syndrome of enlarged parotids, localized forehead edema, heavy infestation with Ascaris lumbricoides, and unusual freedom from malaria. After treatment of 37 such children with the ascaricide piperazine, 35 had resolution of parotid enlargement and forehead edema, but 19 developed attacks of malaria. Children treated with placebo had neither resolution of clinical findings nor attacks of malaria. We propose that suppression of the malaria in these children is a nutritional consequence of severe ascariasis and may represent an ecological balance for optimum co-survival of the host and the two parasites."}
{"id": "PMID:354373", "title": "Neomycin-sorbitol and lactulose in the treatment of acute portal-systemic encephalopathy. A controlled, double-blind clinical trial.", "content": "In a double-blind, randomized study the efficacy of lactulose was compared with neomycin-sorbitol in 45 episodes of acute nitrogenous portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE) induced by dietary protein, azotemia, or gastrointestinal hemorrhage. All patients had underlying cirrhosis, and at the time of randomization had encephalopathy of at least grade 2 severity and arterial ammonia concentrations greater than 150 microgram/100 ml. Two thirds of the patients in each group returned to normal mental status and more than 80% in each group showed at least one grade improvement in mental state. In addition, there was equivalent improvement in asterixis, in the performance of the Number Connection Test, in the electroencephalographic pattern, and in arterial ammonia concentration. The principal difference between the two groups was a greater reduction in stool pH after lactulose therapy than after neomycin-sorbitol therapy. One patient randomized to neomycin-sorbitol had to be withdrawn from the study because of persistent vomiting related to the administration of the medication. Otherwise there were no complications attributable to therapy in either group. These data suggest that neomycin-sorbitol and lactulose are equally effective in the treatment of acute nitrogenous portal-systemic encephalopathy.", "contents": "Neomycin-sorbitol and lactulose in the treatment of acute portal-systemic encephalopathy. A controlled, double-blind clinical trial. In a double-blind, randomized study the efficacy of lactulose was compared with neomycin-sorbitol in 45 episodes of acute nitrogenous portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE) induced by dietary protein, azotemia, or gastrointestinal hemorrhage. All patients had underlying cirrhosis, and at the time of randomization had encephalopathy of at least grade 2 severity and arterial ammonia concentrations greater than 150 microgram/100 ml. Two thirds of the patients in each group returned to normal mental status and more than 80% in each group showed at least one grade improvement in mental state. In addition, there was equivalent improvement in asterixis, in the performance of the Number Connection Test, in the electroencephalographic pattern, and in arterial ammonia concentration. The principal difference between the two groups was a greater reduction in stool pH after lactulose therapy than after neomycin-sorbitol therapy. One patient randomized to neomycin-sorbitol had to be withdrawn from the study because of persistent vomiting related to the administration of the medication. Otherwise there were no complications attributable to therapy in either group. These data suggest that neomycin-sorbitol and lactulose are equally effective in the treatment of acute nitrogenous portal-systemic encephalopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:354374", "title": "Acute pancreatitis following renal allotransplantation. A lethal complication.", "content": "Since first described by Starzl in 1964 (1), acute pancreatitis following renal homotransplantation has been the subject of sporadic reports and reviews (2-5). The generally reported incidence has been around 2%, with a mortality rate of 50-60%. A recent experience with such a patient caused us to retrospectively analyze our own series of renal transplant recipients. In an eight-year period, there were six patients who had documented pancreatitis out of a total 120 renal homograft recipients, an incidence of 5%. The mortality was distressingly high; five out of the six succumbed directly to this complication, a rate of 83%. The purpose of this paper is to review these six patients in detail, with special attention to the protean etiologies and manifestations of this lethal complication.", "contents": "Acute pancreatitis following renal allotransplantation. A lethal complication. Since first described by Starzl in 1964 (1), acute pancreatitis following renal homotransplantation has been the subject of sporadic reports and reviews (2-5). The generally reported incidence has been around 2%, with a mortality rate of 50-60%. A recent experience with such a patient caused us to retrospectively analyze our own series of renal transplant recipients. In an eight-year period, there were six patients who had documented pancreatitis out of a total 120 renal homograft recipients, an incidence of 5%. The mortality was distressingly high; five out of the six succumbed directly to this complication, a rate of 83%. The purpose of this paper is to review these six patients in detail, with special attention to the protean etiologies and manifestations of this lethal complication."}
{"id": "PMID:354375", "title": "Granulocytic colonies on macrophage-coated membranes.", "content": "A macrophage cell coating covering a cellulose acetate disk was an effective microenvironment for the production of peroxidase-positive hematopoietic colonies. These developed after intraperitoneal injection of marrow cells with a linear cell relationship of dose to colonies formed. One colony formed for every 2,000 nucleated marrow cells injected. Observation of colony formation daily showed a steady increase in number and size until seven days after cell inoculation. X-irradiation (400 rads) eliminated intrinsic colony formation in BALB/c mice. Irradiation of the donor of the ip marrow cells resulted in a d0 of 95 rads. Treatment of the marrow donor with cytosine arabinoside had a suppressive effect on colony formation as did treatment of the host animal after receipt of the ip marrow. These results indicate that the precursor of the granulocytic colonies seen in the macrophage layers are more similar to committed granulocytic precursors than to the pluripotential stem cell.", "contents": "Granulocytic colonies on macrophage-coated membranes. A macrophage cell coating covering a cellulose acetate disk was an effective microenvironment for the production of peroxidase-positive hematopoietic colonies. These developed after intraperitoneal injection of marrow cells with a linear cell relationship of dose to colonies formed. One colony formed for every 2,000 nucleated marrow cells injected. Observation of colony formation daily showed a steady increase in number and size until seven days after cell inoculation. X-irradiation (400 rads) eliminated intrinsic colony formation in BALB/c mice. Irradiation of the donor of the ip marrow cells resulted in a d0 of 95 rads. Treatment of the marrow donor with cytosine arabinoside had a suppressive effect on colony formation as did treatment of the host animal after receipt of the ip marrow. These results indicate that the precursor of the granulocytic colonies seen in the macrophage layers are more similar to committed granulocytic precursors than to the pluripotential stem cell."}
{"id": "PMID:354376", "title": "Glutathione reductase deficiency in a kindred with hereditary spherocytosis.", "content": "A kindred with hereditary spherocytosis was found to have erythrocyte glutathione reductase deficiency. The glutathione reductase was evaluated enzymatically and immunologically. The enzyme activity could not be restored either by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in vitro, or by oral administration of FAD. Kinetic and electrophoretic studies, heat stability tests, and pH curves revealed no evidence of a varient enzyme. The results of electroimmunodiffusion and neutralization tests using an antiserum indicated that the deficiency is caused by a diminished production of enzyme protein. Hereditary spherocytosis and glutathione reductase deficiency traits segregated independently. The amount of reduced glutathione in the erythrocyte was normal, and the deficiency state without hereditary spherocytosis was asymptomatic. All deficient members in this kindred were heterozygous and the residual enzyme activity in the heterozygote might be sufficient to maintain the reduced glutathione level to prevent oxidative stress.", "contents": "Glutathione reductase deficiency in a kindred with hereditary spherocytosis. A kindred with hereditary spherocytosis was found to have erythrocyte glutathione reductase deficiency. The glutathione reductase was evaluated enzymatically and immunologically. The enzyme activity could not be restored either by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in vitro, or by oral administration of FAD. Kinetic and electrophoretic studies, heat stability tests, and pH curves revealed no evidence of a varient enzyme. The results of electroimmunodiffusion and neutralization tests using an antiserum indicated that the deficiency is caused by a diminished production of enzyme protein. Hereditary spherocytosis and glutathione reductase deficiency traits segregated independently. The amount of reduced glutathione in the erythrocyte was normal, and the deficiency state without hereditary spherocytosis was asymptomatic. All deficient members in this kindred were heterozygous and the residual enzyme activity in the heterozygote might be sufficient to maintain the reduced glutathione level to prevent oxidative stress."}
{"id": "PMID:354378", "title": "Evaluation of a commercial multitest system for identification of yeasts.", "content": "A new commercial yeast identification system, the Randolph Multitest Mycology Plate, was evaluated. This system is based on the assimilation of carbohydrates, growth on birdseed agar, resistance to cycloheximide, hydrolysis of urea, and reduction of nitrate. The 184 clinical isolates used in the evaluation included 20 species of the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, and Geotrichum. Agreement with the standard Wickerham carbohydrate assimilation and other conventional biochemical results was found in 84 percent of the tests, and 91 percent of the yeasts were correctly identified with the aid of microscopy, cultural characteristics, and germ-tube formation. Identification of the tested strains was achieved within 96 hours.", "contents": "Evaluation of a commercial multitest system for identification of yeasts. A new commercial yeast identification system, the Randolph Multitest Mycology Plate, was evaluated. This system is based on the assimilation of carbohydrates, growth on birdseed agar, resistance to cycloheximide, hydrolysis of urea, and reduction of nitrate. The 184 clinical isolates used in the evaluation included 20 species of the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, and Geotrichum. Agreement with the standard Wickerham carbohydrate assimilation and other conventional biochemical results was found in 84 percent of the tests, and 91 percent of the yeasts were correctly identified with the aid of microscopy, cultural characteristics, and germ-tube formation. Identification of the tested strains was achieved within 96 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:354379", "title": "Microwave fixation versus formalin fixation of surgical and autopsy tissue.", "content": "Microwave irradiation of surgical and autopsy tissue penetrates, fixes, and hardens the tissue almost immediately (the fluid media used in the microwave consisted of saline, ten percent phosphate buffered formalin, and distilled water). Tissue sections from a representative sample of organs were tested. Comparable sections were simultaneously fixed in a phosphate buffered ten percent formalin bath in a vaccum oven as a control. Hematoxylin and eosin were used to stain the sections. Results equal to and superior to the control method were obtained. Saline microwave fixation was superior to formalin microwave fixation. Tissues placed in Zenker's solution and fixed in standard microwave oven (for approximately one minute) yielded results at least equal to conventional Zenker fixation (approximately two hours). No tissue hardening resulted from Zenker microwave fixation. A unique time versus temperature graph (microwave heating curve) reduces individual variation with this technique.", "contents": "Microwave fixation versus formalin fixation of surgical and autopsy tissue. Microwave irradiation of surgical and autopsy tissue penetrates, fixes, and hardens the tissue almost immediately (the fluid media used in the microwave consisted of saline, ten percent phosphate buffered formalin, and distilled water). Tissue sections from a representative sample of organs were tested. Comparable sections were simultaneously fixed in a phosphate buffered ten percent formalin bath in a vaccum oven as a control. Hematoxylin and eosin were used to stain the sections. Results equal to and superior to the control method were obtained. Saline microwave fixation was superior to formalin microwave fixation. Tissues placed in Zenker's solution and fixed in standard microwave oven (for approximately one minute) yielded results at least equal to conventional Zenker fixation (approximately two hours). No tissue hardening resulted from Zenker microwave fixation. A unique time versus temperature graph (microwave heating curve) reduces individual variation with this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:354382", "title": "Alternative procedures for identification of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Recognizing the need for practical inexpensive procedures which allow identification of anaerobes commonly encountered in clinical laboratories, a number of investigators have in recent years proposed various alternatives to the expensive, time-consuming techniques presently recommended by reference anaerobe laboratories. Some of these techniques are potentially good alternatives. In this paper we review some of the more promising approaches and present a detailed description of two commercial microbiochemical systems for characterization of anaerobes. When used in conjunction with other available tests, the microsystems are useful and convenient methods for identification of anaerobic bacteria at a reasonable cost.", "contents": "Alternative procedures for identification of anaerobic bacteria. Recognizing the need for practical inexpensive procedures which allow identification of anaerobes commonly encountered in clinical laboratories, a number of investigators have in recent years proposed various alternatives to the expensive, time-consuming techniques presently recommended by reference anaerobe laboratories. Some of these techniques are potentially good alternatives. In this paper we review some of the more promising approaches and present a detailed description of two commercial microbiochemical systems for characterization of anaerobes. When used in conjunction with other available tests, the microsystems are useful and convenient methods for identification of anaerobic bacteria at a reasonable cost."}
{"id": "PMID:354387", "title": "Endothelial cell loss during penetrating keratoplasty.", "content": "We studied the central donor endothelium of 27 clear, penetrating corneal transplants with the specular microscope before and after keratoplasty. We examined the donor corneas first, in vitro, while they were immersed in McCarey-Kaufman preservation medium before transplantation. This preoperative examination proved valuable for screening donor corneas, several of which were not used on the basis of the specular microscopic appearance alone. We examined the donor endothelium again within one week after keratoplasty and calculated the number of endothelial cells per square millimeter from photographs. The reproducibility of the counting method was acceptable. Comparison of the examinations before and after transplantation on each patient showed that, on the average, 23% of the donor endothelial cells were lost during keratoplasty. The 12 phakic transplants lost significantly more endothelial cells than did the 15 aphakic grafts (37% vs 12%). A possible explanation for the increased cell loss in phakic keratoplasties is the shallow anterior chamber present during the initial placement of the graft. Phakic grafts that were larger or had shorter time intervals between donor death and enucleation lost fewer cells. Aphakic transplants had larger postoperative corneal thicknesses than did phakic transplants.", "contents": "Endothelial cell loss during penetrating keratoplasty. We studied the central donor endothelium of 27 clear, penetrating corneal transplants with the specular microscope before and after keratoplasty. We examined the donor corneas first, in vitro, while they were immersed in McCarey-Kaufman preservation medium before transplantation. This preoperative examination proved valuable for screening donor corneas, several of which were not used on the basis of the specular microscopic appearance alone. We examined the donor endothelium again within one week after keratoplasty and calculated the number of endothelial cells per square millimeter from photographs. The reproducibility of the counting method was acceptable. Comparison of the examinations before and after transplantation on each patient showed that, on the average, 23% of the donor endothelial cells were lost during keratoplasty. The 12 phakic transplants lost significantly more endothelial cells than did the 15 aphakic grafts (37% vs 12%). A possible explanation for the increased cell loss in phakic keratoplasties is the shallow anterior chamber present during the initial placement of the graft. Phakic grafts that were larger or had shorter time intervals between donor death and enucleation lost fewer cells. Aphakic transplants had larger postoperative corneal thicknesses than did phakic transplants."}
{"id": "PMID:354388", "title": "Cellular immunity in Mooren's ulcer.", "content": "Seven patients with the clinical diagnosis of Mooren's ulcer underwent macrophage migration inhibition factor testing for evidence of cellular immunity to corneal antigen. Six of seven patients demonstrated positive macrophage migration inhibition in response to corneal antigen, thus suggesting that cell-mediated immunity may play a role in the cause of Mooren's ulcer. One of these patients had a negative macrophage migration inhibition factor when the disease was inactive, but developed a positive response in association with a homograft rejection episode.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in Mooren's ulcer. Seven patients with the clinical diagnosis of Mooren's ulcer underwent macrophage migration inhibition factor testing for evidence of cellular immunity to corneal antigen. Six of seven patients demonstrated positive macrophage migration inhibition in response to corneal antigen, thus suggesting that cell-mediated immunity may play a role in the cause of Mooren's ulcer. One of these patients had a negative macrophage migration inhibition factor when the disease was inactive, but developed a positive response in association with a homograft rejection episode."}
{"id": "PMID:354392", "title": "Ocular cryptococcosis.", "content": "We studied ocular cryptococcosis in a 59-year-old man who had received extensive chemotherapy for abdominal malignant lymphoma. Mucinous lesions containing abundant cryptococci, but no inflammatory cells, formed in the posterior choroid of the eye. Electron microscopy revealed that mucin, a filamentous substance, coated the encapsulated organisms. Except for a few degenerating ones in histiocytes, most cryptococci appeared in the extracellular space.", "contents": "Ocular cryptococcosis. We studied ocular cryptococcosis in a 59-year-old man who had received extensive chemotherapy for abdominal malignant lymphoma. Mucinous lesions containing abundant cryptococci, but no inflammatory cells, formed in the posterior choroid of the eye. Electron microscopy revealed that mucin, a filamentous substance, coated the encapsulated organisms. Except for a few degenerating ones in histiocytes, most cryptococci appeared in the extracellular space."}
{"id": "PMID:354393", "title": "Dermatologic reaction in Stevens-Johnson syndrome after ophthalmic anesthesia with proparacaine hydrochloride.", "content": "A 53-year-old woman, treated in the acute phase of Stevens-Johnson syndrome, received one drop of proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5% in each eye for topical anesthesia. One hour later she developed new bullae of the hands and feet.", "contents": "Dermatologic reaction in Stevens-Johnson syndrome after ophthalmic anesthesia with proparacaine hydrochloride. A 53-year-old woman, treated in the acute phase of Stevens-Johnson syndrome, received one drop of proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5% in each eye for topical anesthesia. One hour later she developed new bullae of the hands and feet."}
{"id": "PMID:354394", "title": "Mackay-Marg tonometry over therapeutic soft contact lenses.", "content": "We evaluated the accuracy of Mackay-Marg electronic applanation tonometry over Bausch and Lomb Plano-T therapeutic soft contact lenses on eye bank, postoperative keratoplasty, and normal eyes. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were compared in the same eye without and with the lens in place. The mean difference of IOP readings through the lens was not statistically different from that without the lens over an IOP range of 10 through 50 mm Hg. We constructed confidence intervals to predict the accuracy of future observations. Results revealed that with 95% confidence, the range of difference between IOP readings without and with the lens in place was from -4.7 to +3.6 mm Hg in eye bank eyes, from -4.3 to +7.4 mm Hg in postoperative penetrating keratoplasty patients, and from -3.5 to +7.4 mm Hg in postoperative lamellar keratoplasty patients, from -3.3 to +2.7 mm Hg in normal eyes. We concluded that IOP can be measured with the Mackay-Marg tonometer through a therapeutic soft contact lens over a corneal graft. Although the readings are not as accurate as without the lens, they are probably adequate as a guide to the necessity of treating increased IOP in postoperative keratoplasty patients.", "contents": "Mackay-Marg tonometry over therapeutic soft contact lenses. We evaluated the accuracy of Mackay-Marg electronic applanation tonometry over Bausch and Lomb Plano-T therapeutic soft contact lenses on eye bank, postoperative keratoplasty, and normal eyes. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were compared in the same eye without and with the lens in place. The mean difference of IOP readings through the lens was not statistically different from that without the lens over an IOP range of 10 through 50 mm Hg. We constructed confidence intervals to predict the accuracy of future observations. Results revealed that with 95% confidence, the range of difference between IOP readings without and with the lens in place was from -4.7 to +3.6 mm Hg in eye bank eyes, from -4.3 to +7.4 mm Hg in postoperative penetrating keratoplasty patients, and from -3.5 to +7.4 mm Hg in postoperative lamellar keratoplasty patients, from -3.3 to +2.7 mm Hg in normal eyes. We concluded that IOP can be measured with the Mackay-Marg tonometer through a therapeutic soft contact lens over a corneal graft. Although the readings are not as accurate as without the lens, they are probably adequate as a guide to the necessity of treating increased IOP in postoperative keratoplasty patients."}
{"id": "PMID:354395", "title": "Clinical implications of aqueous humor studies in uveitis.", "content": "We studied the serologic findings in serum and aqueous humor samples from 693 cases of uveitis. Specimens were tested for the presence of humoral antibodies against tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, antistreptolysin-O, herpes simplex and herpes zoster viruses, mumps virus, and adenovirus. Serologic analyses rarely indicated tuberculous or streptococcal infections, but frequently showed toxoplasmosis and viral diseases.", "contents": "Clinical implications of aqueous humor studies in uveitis. We studied the serologic findings in serum and aqueous humor samples from 693 cases of uveitis. Specimens were tested for the presence of humoral antibodies against tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, antistreptolysin-O, herpes simplex and herpes zoster viruses, mumps virus, and adenovirus. Serologic analyses rarely indicated tuberculous or streptococcal infections, but frequently showed toxoplasmosis and viral diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:354396", "title": "Prevention of vitreous loss in aphakic keratoplasty.", "content": "Controlled aspiration of aqueous before excising the recipient cornea resulted in maintenance of an intact vitreous face during aphakic penetrating corneal transplants in eight of 11 eyes. Vitreous corneal contact or subsequent graft opacification has not occurred in the study group during the observation period.", "contents": "Prevention of vitreous loss in aphakic keratoplasty. Controlled aspiration of aqueous before excising the recipient cornea resulted in maintenance of an intact vitreous face during aphakic penetrating corneal transplants in eight of 11 eyes. Vitreous corneal contact or subsequent graft opacification has not occurred in the study group during the observation period."}
{"id": "PMID:354397", "title": "Clinical trial comparing timolol ophthalmic solution to pilocarpine in open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "A ten-week, double-masked, randomized, clinical trial compared timolol ophthalmic solution and pilocarpine in the therapy of open-angle glaucoma. Timolol decreased the intraocular pressure at least as much as pilocarpine and did not induce miosis, accommodative spasm, or other annoying side effects. The pulse was slowed by timolol, but blood pressure was unaffected. Significant decreases in intraocular pressure were still present after ten weeks of maintenance therapy with the same concentration of drug.", "contents": "Clinical trial comparing timolol ophthalmic solution to pilocarpine in open-angle glaucoma. A ten-week, double-masked, randomized, clinical trial compared timolol ophthalmic solution and pilocarpine in the therapy of open-angle glaucoma. Timolol decreased the intraocular pressure at least as much as pilocarpine and did not induce miosis, accommodative spasm, or other annoying side effects. The pulse was slowed by timolol, but blood pressure was unaffected. Significant decreases in intraocular pressure were still present after ten weeks of maintenance therapy with the same concentration of drug."}
{"id": "PMID:354398", "title": "A simple technique for removal of recurring granular dystrophy in corneal grafts.", "content": "A 63-year-old man and his 24-year-old son developed recurrences of granular dystrophy in their three corneal grafts within three years after surgery. We regrafted one of the son's corneas. Histologic examination of the corneal button removed during surgery showed an avascular connective tissue layer with the histochemical characteristics of granular dystrophy interposed between the epithelium and Bowman's layer. In the remaining two corneal grafts, we fixed the globe with corneal forceps and removed the opaque dystrophic layer by separating it from the cornea with a spatula. Postoperatively, all three corneal grafts were once more transparent.", "contents": "A simple technique for removal of recurring granular dystrophy in corneal grafts. A 63-year-old man and his 24-year-old son developed recurrences of granular dystrophy in their three corneal grafts within three years after surgery. We regrafted one of the son's corneas. Histologic examination of the corneal button removed during surgery showed an avascular connective tissue layer with the histochemical characteristics of granular dystrophy interposed between the epithelium and Bowman's layer. In the remaining two corneal grafts, we fixed the globe with corneal forceps and removed the opaque dystrophic layer by separating it from the cornea with a spatula. Postoperatively, all three corneal grafts were once more transparent."}
{"id": "PMID:354399", "title": "Intraocular pressure and corneal thickness after penetrating keratoplasty.", "content": "We correlated the intraocular pressure readings and measurements of corneal thickness in 71 patients who had had penetrating keratoplasties and found that in the acute post keratoplasty period, increased intraocular pressure caused corneal thinning rather than thickening.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure and corneal thickness after penetrating keratoplasty. We correlated the intraocular pressure readings and measurements of corneal thickness in 71 patients who had had penetrating keratoplasties and found that in the acute post keratoplasty period, increased intraocular pressure caused corneal thinning rather than thickening."}
{"id": "PMID:354400", "title": "Modifying the pattern of prescribing multiple pairs of glasses.", "content": "The New York City Medicaid program uses computerized monitoring techniques as part of its effort to control the quality and utilization of services. The system can identify certain aberrant patterns of practice. For optometric services, one such practice by some providers is the prescribing of separate distance and near eyeglasses in lieu of bifocals. Sending a notification letter to these providers succeeded in modifying the practice. Computerized monitoring and association roles for professionals are discussed.", "contents": "Modifying the pattern of prescribing multiple pairs of glasses. The New York City Medicaid program uses computerized monitoring techniques as part of its effort to control the quality and utilization of services. The system can identify certain aberrant patterns of practice. For optometric services, one such practice by some providers is the prescribing of separate distance and near eyeglasses in lieu of bifocals. Sending a notification letter to these providers succeeded in modifying the practice. Computerized monitoring and association roles for professionals are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:354402", "title": "How environment affects visual development: a selected review.", "content": "This selected review covers 60 papers on animal and human studies in which the development of vision, particularly the neural pathways, has been investigated in terms of environmental stimuli or their absence. Most of these studies are summarized in a single table. Emphasis is given to the early treatment of vision deficits.", "contents": "How environment affects visual development: a selected review. This selected review covers 60 papers on animal and human studies in which the development of vision, particularly the neural pathways, has been investigated in terms of environmental stimuli or their absence. Most of these studies are summarized in a single table. Emphasis is given to the early treatment of vision deficits."}
{"id": "PMID:354412", "title": "Calcium fluxes and contractility in isolated guinea pig atrium: effect of A23187.", "content": "The Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (10(-6) to 3 X 10(-5) M) increased the force of contraction is isolated guinea pig atria. In individual twitches, peak tension, maximum rate of tension development, time to peak tension, and total twitch duration were all increased by A23187. Tripelennamine, indomethacin, and atropine did not significantly alter the inotropic effect of A23187. Serotonin produced changes in individual twitches that differed qualitatively and quantitatively from those of A23187. Therefore, the inotropic action of A23187 is probably not mediated by release of endogenous histamine, prostaglandins, acetylcholine, or serotonin. 45Ca influx and efflux were increased by A23187. The enhanced 45Ca efflux exceeded that which would be predicted if the ionophore acted only to increase the passive Ca2+ permeability of the myocardial cell membrane. These results suggest that A23187 facilitates the entry of extracellular Ca2+ into the myocardial cell and the release of intracellular Ca2+ stores into the myoplasm. The resultant increase in intracellular Ca2+ activity could account for the positive inotropic action of A23187.", "contents": "Calcium fluxes and contractility in isolated guinea pig atrium: effect of A23187. The Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (10(-6) to 3 X 10(-5) M) increased the force of contraction is isolated guinea pig atria. In individual twitches, peak tension, maximum rate of tension development, time to peak tension, and total twitch duration were all increased by A23187. Tripelennamine, indomethacin, and atropine did not significantly alter the inotropic effect of A23187. Serotonin produced changes in individual twitches that differed qualitatively and quantitatively from those of A23187. Therefore, the inotropic action of A23187 is probably not mediated by release of endogenous histamine, prostaglandins, acetylcholine, or serotonin. 45Ca influx and efflux were increased by A23187. The enhanced 45Ca efflux exceeded that which would be predicted if the ionophore acted only to increase the passive Ca2+ permeability of the myocardial cell membrane. These results suggest that A23187 facilitates the entry of extracellular Ca2+ into the myocardial cell and the release of intracellular Ca2+ stores into the myoplasm. The resultant increase in intracellular Ca2+ activity could account for the positive inotropic action of A23187."}
{"id": "PMID:354413", "title": "Questions and replies: renal mechanisms for urinary concentrating and diluting processes.", "content": "Mechanisms for urinary concentration or dilution depend on counterflow processes, both tubular and vascular, within the renal medulla. Recently, there have emerged differing hypotheses about the renal tubular processes responsible for maintaining a hypertonic medullary interstitium. In this Editorial Review, R.W. Berliner frames three questions germane to this issue, and J.P. Kokko and D.J. Marsh provide their responses to these queries. The major issues addressed are: 1) What are the major unresolved question(s) concerning the mechanism by which concentrated urine is formed? 2) Current evidence suggests that the urea concentration in thin ascending limbs is slightly lower in the lumen than in interstitial fluid. Is the transepithelial concentration gradient between thin ascending limb and renal medullary interstitium sufficient to permit an entirely passive mechanism for diluting tubular fluid in the thin ascending limb? 3) A simple three-compartment model for the renal medullary concentrating process would include the tubular lumen, peritubular capillary, and the interstitium. Is it possible to generate a model that, by juxtaposing medullary structures, might explain renal medullary counterflow processes more adequately than the simple three-compartment model?", "contents": "Questions and replies: renal mechanisms for urinary concentrating and diluting processes. Mechanisms for urinary concentration or dilution depend on counterflow processes, both tubular and vascular, within the renal medulla. Recently, there have emerged differing hypotheses about the renal tubular processes responsible for maintaining a hypertonic medullary interstitium. In this Editorial Review, R.W. Berliner frames three questions germane to this issue, and J.P. Kokko and D.J. Marsh provide their responses to these queries. The major issues addressed are: 1) What are the major unresolved question(s) concerning the mechanism by which concentrated urine is formed? 2) Current evidence suggests that the urea concentration in thin ascending limbs is slightly lower in the lumen than in interstitial fluid. Is the transepithelial concentration gradient between thin ascending limb and renal medullary interstitium sufficient to permit an entirely passive mechanism for diluting tubular fluid in the thin ascending limb? 3) A simple three-compartment model for the renal medullary concentrating process would include the tubular lumen, peritubular capillary, and the interstitium. Is it possible to generate a model that, by juxtaposing medullary structures, might explain renal medullary counterflow processes more adequately than the simple three-compartment model?"}
{"id": "PMID:354414", "title": "Redistribution of blood flow in acute hypometabolic behavior.", "content": "Cardiac output, renal and hepatic blood flows, arterial lactate concentration, and minute volume were measured before, during, and after 40 min of rest induced either by the practice known as \"transcendental meditation\" (TM) or by an ordinary eyes-closed rest-relaxation period. Two groups of normal young adults were studied: one group consisted of regular practitioners of TM and the other of similar individuals studied prior to learning this technique. Marked declines of renal blood flow were noted in both groups. Decline of hepatic blood flow, increased cardiac output, decreased arterial lactate, and minute volume were also recorded in the TM-induced rest period. These changes imply a considerable increase of nonrenal, nonhepatic blood flow during TM (44%) and, to a lesser extent, during rest (12%). Increased cerebral and/or skin blood flow is hypothesized to account for part of the redistributed blood flow in the practitioner.", "contents": "Redistribution of blood flow in acute hypometabolic behavior. Cardiac output, renal and hepatic blood flows, arterial lactate concentration, and minute volume were measured before, during, and after 40 min of rest induced either by the practice known as \"transcendental meditation\" (TM) or by an ordinary eyes-closed rest-relaxation period. Two groups of normal young adults were studied: one group consisted of regular practitioners of TM and the other of similar individuals studied prior to learning this technique. Marked declines of renal blood flow were noted in both groups. Decline of hepatic blood flow, increased cardiac output, decreased arterial lactate, and minute volume were also recorded in the TM-induced rest period. These changes imply a considerable increase of nonrenal, nonhepatic blood flow during TM (44%) and, to a lesser extent, during rest (12%). Increased cerebral and/or skin blood flow is hypothesized to account for part of the redistributed blood flow in the practitioner."}
{"id": "PMID:354416", "title": "Field evaluation of primaquine in the control of Plasmodium vivax.", "content": "Two regimens of primaquine in combination with amodiaquine have been compared with amodiaquine alone in known cases of Plasmodium vivax in an endemic area of El Salvador, C.A. A 5-day regimen of primaquine, with dosages based on an adult dose of 15 mg per day, produced a substantial reduction in the numbers of patients experiencing renewed parasite activity and in the number of parasitemias experienced by the group during 9 mo of posttreatment observation, when compared with patients treated only with amodiaquine. A single dose regimen, based on an adult dose of 45 mg, similarly reduced the number of patients with renewed parasite activity and the number of parasitemias in the group. Those patients who experienced malaria attacks subsequent to treatment with either primaquine regimen experienced fewer such attacks than did those receiving amodiaquine alone. It is concluded that such primaquine regimens, which are more practicable for field use than the full 14-days curative regimen, are of value to both the patient and the community through the reduction of parasite episodes and the reduction of the source of mosquito infection for continuation of transmission.", "contents": "Field evaluation of primaquine in the control of Plasmodium vivax. Two regimens of primaquine in combination with amodiaquine have been compared with amodiaquine alone in known cases of Plasmodium vivax in an endemic area of El Salvador, C.A. A 5-day regimen of primaquine, with dosages based on an adult dose of 15 mg per day, produced a substantial reduction in the numbers of patients experiencing renewed parasite activity and in the number of parasitemias experienced by the group during 9 mo of posttreatment observation, when compared with patients treated only with amodiaquine. A single dose regimen, based on an adult dose of 45 mg, similarly reduced the number of patients with renewed parasite activity and the number of parasitemias in the group. Those patients who experienced malaria attacks subsequent to treatment with either primaquine regimen experienced fewer such attacks than did those receiving amodiaquine alone. It is concluded that such primaquine regimens, which are more practicable for field use than the full 14-days curative regimen, are of value to both the patient and the community through the reduction of parasite episodes and the reduction of the source of mosquito infection for continuation of transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:354417", "title": "Biochemical characterization of some species of Trypansoma (Schizotrypanum) from bats (Microchiroptera).", "content": "Trypanosoma (Schizotryanum) species isolated from bats (Microchirotera) in Europe and Latin America were examined by determining the buoyant densities of their nuclear and kinetoplastic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the electrophoretic patterns of six isoenzymes. By these criteria they were separated into three distinct groups -- two from Europe (T. dionisii and T. vespertilionis) and one from America. T. dionisii was also separable by its morphology in vitro. Geographical location and DNA buoyant densities suggested that the American stocks were more closely related to T. cruzi than to the European species, though they differed from it marginally in kinetoplastic DNA density and in being noninfective to mice. Similar stocks studied by other workers have been shown to differ from T. cruzi also in reduced infectivity to, and lack of natural association with, Triatominae, and in antigenic composition. It is therefore proposed that trypanosomes of the subgenus Schizotryanum occuring naturally in Microchiroptera and differing from T. cruzi sensu stricto as outlined above should be treated as a distinct subspecies, T. cruzi marinkellei ssp. nov. T. cruzi sensu stricto thus becomes the nominate subspecies T. cruzi cruze Chagas 1909.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of some species of Trypansoma (Schizotrypanum) from bats (Microchiroptera). Trypanosoma (Schizotryanum) species isolated from bats (Microchirotera) in Europe and Latin America were examined by determining the buoyant densities of their nuclear and kinetoplastic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the electrophoretic patterns of six isoenzymes. By these criteria they were separated into three distinct groups -- two from Europe (T. dionisii and T. vespertilionis) and one from America. T. dionisii was also separable by its morphology in vitro. Geographical location and DNA buoyant densities suggested that the American stocks were more closely related to T. cruzi than to the European species, though they differed from it marginally in kinetoplastic DNA density and in being noninfective to mice. Similar stocks studied by other workers have been shown to differ from T. cruzi also in reduced infectivity to, and lack of natural association with, Triatominae, and in antigenic composition. It is therefore proposed that trypanosomes of the subgenus Schizotryanum occuring naturally in Microchiroptera and differing from T. cruzi sensu stricto as outlined above should be treated as a distinct subspecies, T. cruzi marinkellei ssp. nov. T. cruzi sensu stricto thus becomes the nominate subspecies T. cruzi cruze Chagas 1909."}
{"id": "PMID:354418", "title": "Serological diagnosis of bancroftian and malayan filariasis.", "content": "A study was undertaken to define the sensitivity and specificity of serological tests in bancroftian and malayan filariasis and correlate the findings with clinical disease. Sera were collected from subjects on three different islands in the Philippines: one endemic for bancroftian filariasis, another endemic for malayan filariasis and the third without endemic filariasis. Antibodies were measured, using rugia malayi as the source of antigen. Antibodies against adult worms measured by indirect immunofluorescence were found at a titer of 1:8 or greater in all patients with bancroftian or malayan filariasis but not in the control subjects. There was no relationship of antibody titer to clinical status. Antibodies against microfilariae were measured by indirect immunofluorescence and microfilarial agglutination. A high correlation was observed between the two methods. These antibodies were found in only one quarter, approximately, of patients with filariasis. Microfilarial antibodies were found more commonly in those patients with chronic lymphatic obstruction. It is concluded that measurement of antibodies to adult worms is a useful indicator of infection while microfilarial antibodies are correlated with disease.", "contents": "Serological diagnosis of bancroftian and malayan filariasis. A study was undertaken to define the sensitivity and specificity of serological tests in bancroftian and malayan filariasis and correlate the findings with clinical disease. Sera were collected from subjects on three different islands in the Philippines: one endemic for bancroftian filariasis, another endemic for malayan filariasis and the third without endemic filariasis. Antibodies were measured, using rugia malayi as the source of antigen. Antibodies against adult worms measured by indirect immunofluorescence were found at a titer of 1:8 or greater in all patients with bancroftian or malayan filariasis but not in the control subjects. There was no relationship of antibody titer to clinical status. Antibodies against microfilariae were measured by indirect immunofluorescence and microfilarial agglutination. A high correlation was observed between the two methods. These antibodies were found in only one quarter, approximately, of patients with filariasis. Microfilarial antibodies were found more commonly in those patients with chronic lymphatic obstruction. It is concluded that measurement of antibodies to adult worms is a useful indicator of infection while microfilarial antibodies are correlated with disease."}
{"id": "PMID:354419", "title": "Animal salmonellosis in peninsular Malaysia. II. Annual and zoological distribution of Salmonella serotypes over the 10-year period 1966-1975.", "content": "A total of 860 Salmonella isolations were made in Peninsular Malaysia from 15 animal species (domestic and wild), eggs, molluscs, flies, and animal feed. The isolations were distributed among 31 serotypes in eight groups. The most common serotype isolated was Salmonella pullorum, followed by S. choleraesuis and S. infantis. S. typhimurium had the widest zoological distribution. The importance of controlling animal salmonellosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Animal salmonellosis in peninsular Malaysia. II. Annual and zoological distribution of Salmonella serotypes over the 10-year period 1966-1975. A total of 860 Salmonella isolations were made in Peninsular Malaysia from 15 animal species (domestic and wild), eggs, molluscs, flies, and animal feed. The isolations were distributed among 31 serotypes in eight groups. The most common serotype isolated was Salmonella pullorum, followed by S. choleraesuis and S. infantis. S. typhimurium had the widest zoological distribution. The importance of controlling animal salmonellosis is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:354420", "title": "Safety of colostomy closure.", "content": "A retrospective study of colostomy closures was prompted by recent reports detailing frequent postoperative complications. In a series of 125 intraperitoneal colostomy closures there was a low incidence of complications. There were no anastomotic breakdowns, fistulas, or deaths. We conclude that closure of a well healed colostomy is a safe operation, the success of which is determined by the careful technic with which it is performed.", "contents": "Safety of colostomy closure. A retrospective study of colostomy closures was prompted by recent reports detailing frequent postoperative complications. In a series of 125 intraperitoneal colostomy closures there was a low incidence of complications. There were no anastomotic breakdowns, fistulas, or deaths. We conclude that closure of a well healed colostomy is a safe operation, the success of which is determined by the careful technic with which it is performed."}
{"id": "PMID:354435", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of anaplasmal antigens (Pawhuska isolate) with ferritin-conjugated antibody.", "content": "Antibodies from a cow with an experimentally induced infection of the Pawhuska isolate of bovine anaplasmosis were conjugated with ferritin and used to label antigenic sites in preparations of parasitized erythrocytes. Intact erythrocytes did not label on the extracellular surface. Ferritin-conjugated antibody did not pass through the intact erythrocyte to label the parasite, probably due to the large molecular size of the antibody. Damage to erythrocytic plasmalemma and inclusion body in the hemolyzed erythrocytes and complement-fixation antigen allowed labeling of anaplasmal inclusion structures. The positively labeled structures were outer surface of the pellicle, chromatin of the initial body, and inclusion appendage. Unlabeled structures included inner organismic membrane of the initial body, inclusion membrane, fibrillar protoplasmic network of the initial body, and small electron-dense bodies derived from the initial body.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of anaplasmal antigens (Pawhuska isolate) with ferritin-conjugated antibody. Antibodies from a cow with an experimentally induced infection of the Pawhuska isolate of bovine anaplasmosis were conjugated with ferritin and used to label antigenic sites in preparations of parasitized erythrocytes. Intact erythrocytes did not label on the extracellular surface. Ferritin-conjugated antibody did not pass through the intact erythrocyte to label the parasite, probably due to the large molecular size of the antibody. Damage to erythrocytic plasmalemma and inclusion body in the hemolyzed erythrocytes and complement-fixation antigen allowed labeling of anaplasmal inclusion structures. The positively labeled structures were outer surface of the pellicle, chromatin of the initial body, and inclusion appendage. Unlabeled structures included inner organismic membrane of the initial body, inclusion membrane, fibrillar protoplasmic network of the initial body, and small electron-dense bodies derived from the initial body."}
{"id": "PMID:354437", "title": "Mycobacteria isolated from nasal secretions of tuberculin test reactor cattle.", "content": "Nasal secretions of 103 Holstein cows from a tuberculosis-infected herd in Argentina were bacteriologically cultured for mycobacteria. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated in 8.7% of the cultures. This method was useful for the detection of active tuberculosis with open lesions. Other mycobacteria, most of which grew rapidly on culture media, were isolated in 32% of the cultures and were of little importance as sensitizing agents to mammalian tuberculin in experimental studies in guinea pigs.", "contents": "Mycobacteria isolated from nasal secretions of tuberculin test reactor cattle. Nasal secretions of 103 Holstein cows from a tuberculosis-infected herd in Argentina were bacteriologically cultured for mycobacteria. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated in 8.7% of the cultures. This method was useful for the detection of active tuberculosis with open lesions. Other mycobacteria, most of which grew rapidly on culture media, were isolated in 32% of the cultures and were of little importance as sensitizing agents to mammalian tuberculin in experimental studies in guinea pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:354442", "title": "Phage typing of mycobacteria using paper discs.", "content": "The suitability of phage-impregnated paper discs for the phage typing of mycobacteria was studied. The relevance of the routine test dilution, the volume of the phage used, the mode of incubation, and the effect of prolonged storage of phage-impregnated paper discs were considered. By using paper discs, each impregnated with one of 5 different mycobacteriophages (BG1, BK1, G37, CRI-3 and LG) that lyse Mycobacterium smegmatis 607B, it was determined that 100 x the routine test dilution in a volume of at least 20 microliter was required for phage lysis. Soaked and dried paper discs produced larger areas of lysis than those with 20-microliter volumes. Soaked discs were found to be stable even after storage for 8 weeks at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "Phage typing of mycobacteria using paper discs. The suitability of phage-impregnated paper discs for the phage typing of mycobacteria was studied. The relevance of the routine test dilution, the volume of the phage used, the mode of incubation, and the effect of prolonged storage of phage-impregnated paper discs were considered. By using paper discs, each impregnated with one of 5 different mycobacteriophages (BG1, BK1, G37, CRI-3 and LG) that lyse Mycobacterium smegmatis 607B, it was determined that 100 x the routine test dilution in a volume of at least 20 microliter was required for phage lysis. Soaked and dried paper discs produced larger areas of lysis than those with 20-microliter volumes. Soaked discs were found to be stable even after storage for 8 weeks at 4 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:354443", "title": "Central hypoventilation syndrome: experience with bilateral phrenic nerve pacing in 3 neonates.", "content": "Successful long-term phrenic nerve pacing has been reported in adults with acquired central hypoventilation syndrome. This report summarizes our experience with phrenic nerve pacing in 3 infants with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. The electrodes were implanted in the lower thoracic portion of each phrenic nerve. In all patients. bilateral simultaneous pacing was required to maintain an adequate arterial PO2, tidal volume, and minute ventilation during quiet sleep. Case 1 died of problems primarily related to the severe cor pulmonale that had been present before pacemaker insertion; at autopsy, the pacemaker system was intact and there were no significant phrenic nerve abnormalities. Case 2 later developed failure of awake ventilatory control and died because of extensive phrenic nerve damage incurred by 19 days of continuous pacing. Case 3 has received quiet sleep pacemaker support since September 1977 and has been able to maintain normal quiet sleep ventilation in this manner. Phrenic nerve pacing can be successful in infants as long as continuous pacing is not required. Bilateral simultaneous pacing appears to be an appropriate alternative to home-based intermittent positive-pressure breathing for long-term management of children with central hypoventilation syndrome.", "contents": "Central hypoventilation syndrome: experience with bilateral phrenic nerve pacing in 3 neonates. Successful long-term phrenic nerve pacing has been reported in adults with acquired central hypoventilation syndrome. This report summarizes our experience with phrenic nerve pacing in 3 infants with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. The electrodes were implanted in the lower thoracic portion of each phrenic nerve. In all patients. bilateral simultaneous pacing was required to maintain an adequate arterial PO2, tidal volume, and minute ventilation during quiet sleep. Case 1 died of problems primarily related to the severe cor pulmonale that had been present before pacemaker insertion; at autopsy, the pacemaker system was intact and there were no significant phrenic nerve abnormalities. Case 2 later developed failure of awake ventilatory control and died because of extensive phrenic nerve damage incurred by 19 days of continuous pacing. Case 3 has received quiet sleep pacemaker support since September 1977 and has been able to maintain normal quiet sleep ventilation in this manner. Phrenic nerve pacing can be successful in infants as long as continuous pacing is not required. Bilateral simultaneous pacing appears to be an appropriate alternative to home-based intermittent positive-pressure breathing for long-term management of children with central hypoventilation syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:354444", "title": "Pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in ferret and fetal human tracheas in organ culture.", "content": "The pathogenesis of human respiratory syncytial virus infection was studied in ferret and fetal human tracheas in organ culture. Although the patterns of virus growth were similar in these species, the sites and morphologic consequences of virus replication differed markedly. In human trachea, synthesis of respiratory syncytial virus occurred in a population of ciliated epithelial cells, whereas other cells in the epithelial layer were spared. Virus replication was associated with cell injury characterized by ballooning degeneration and syncytium formation. In ferret trachea, virus growth occurred in fibroblasts of the lamina propria and serosa. Ciliated epithelial cells did not contain viral antigen and remained histologically normal. These observations are relevant to understanding the pathogenesis of human disease and the evaluation of animal models of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in ferret and fetal human tracheas in organ culture. The pathogenesis of human respiratory syncytial virus infection was studied in ferret and fetal human tracheas in organ culture. Although the patterns of virus growth were similar in these species, the sites and morphologic consequences of virus replication differed markedly. In human trachea, synthesis of respiratory syncytial virus occurred in a population of ciliated epithelial cells, whereas other cells in the epithelial layer were spared. Virus replication was associated with cell injury characterized by ballooning degeneration and syncytium formation. In ferret trachea, virus growth occurred in fibroblasts of the lamina propria and serosa. Ciliated epithelial cells did not contain viral antigen and remained histologically normal. These observations are relevant to understanding the pathogenesis of human disease and the evaluation of animal models of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis."}
{"id": "PMID:354445", "title": "Pumonary aspergillosis during hospital renovation.", "content": "During a 4-week period, Aspergillus fumigatus caused disease in 2 patients and colonized a third patient in a renal transplant ward. Our investigation indicated that increased exposure of these patients to spores probably occurred during renovation of the ward one floor above it. Cases were significantly clustered (P = 0.014) during the period when work overhead caused dust to filter down through pores in the acoustical tiles of the false ceiling of the renal transplant ward. Swab cultures demonstrated A. fumigatus in the dust, and air samples showed heavy contamination with A. fumigatus and other fungi at and below a renovation site, but not on 2 distant wards. We concluded that dust can be an important source of aspergilli and that release of dust and spores during activities such as renovation may increase the risk of nosocomial Aspergillus infection in exposed, immunosuppressed patients.", "contents": "Pumonary aspergillosis during hospital renovation. During a 4-week period, Aspergillus fumigatus caused disease in 2 patients and colonized a third patient in a renal transplant ward. Our investigation indicated that increased exposure of these patients to spores probably occurred during renovation of the ward one floor above it. Cases were significantly clustered (P = 0.014) during the period when work overhead caused dust to filter down through pores in the acoustical tiles of the false ceiling of the renal transplant ward. Swab cultures demonstrated A. fumigatus in the dust, and air samples showed heavy contamination with A. fumigatus and other fungi at and below a renovation site, but not on 2 distant wards. We concluded that dust can be an important source of aspergilli and that release of dust and spores during activities such as renovation may increase the risk of nosocomial Aspergillus infection in exposed, immunosuppressed patients."}
{"id": "PMID:354449", "title": "Stainless steel wire for closure of abdominal operative wounds.", "content": "In this prospective study, the abdominal wounds of 500 consecutive patients were closed with buried retention monofilament stainless steel wire. The strength of the suture material, the rapidity of the closure, the very low 0.4% dehiscence rate and the almost total lack of wound complications seems to override the relatively minor inconvenience of handling the wire. These results seem to justify the rountine use of this method of wound closure in abdominal surgery, especially in the elderly and high-risk patients.", "contents": "Stainless steel wire for closure of abdominal operative wounds. In this prospective study, the abdominal wounds of 500 consecutive patients were closed with buried retention monofilament stainless steel wire. The strength of the suture material, the rapidity of the closure, the very low 0.4% dehiscence rate and the almost total lack of wound complications seems to override the relatively minor inconvenience of handling the wire. These results seem to justify the rountine use of this method of wound closure in abdominal surgery, especially in the elderly and high-risk patients."}
{"id": "PMID:354450", "title": "An appraisal of tests for native DNA antibodies in connective tissue diseases. Clinical usefulness of Crithidia luciliae assay.", "content": "Antibody to native DNA was measured by five techniques: the Crithidia luciliae immunofluorescence (CL-IF) test; filter radioimmunoassays using either untreated human KB DNA, endonuclease-treated KB DNA, or a synthetic polynucleotide (poly dAT); and the Farr immunoprecipitation assay using KB DNA. The specificity and sensitivity of the CL-IF assay was similar to that of the filter radioimmunoassay procedures using KB DNA. The CL-IF test showed an increased frequency of positive tests in patients with active disease and severe renal involvement. In patients with severe renal involvement, high titers of serum nDNA antibodies were measured by this procedure. A unique advantage of the CL-IF test was its ability to identify complement-fixing nDNA antibody. The presence of such antibody was correlated with high antibody titer and the presence of severe renal disease. The CL-IF assay is a simple and useful procedure for measurement of anti-nDNA.", "contents": "An appraisal of tests for native DNA antibodies in connective tissue diseases. Clinical usefulness of Crithidia luciliae assay. Antibody to native DNA was measured by five techniques: the Crithidia luciliae immunofluorescence (CL-IF) test; filter radioimmunoassays using either untreated human KB DNA, endonuclease-treated KB DNA, or a synthetic polynucleotide (poly dAT); and the Farr immunoprecipitation assay using KB DNA. The specificity and sensitivity of the CL-IF assay was similar to that of the filter radioimmunoassay procedures using KB DNA. The CL-IF test showed an increased frequency of positive tests in patients with active disease and severe renal involvement. In patients with severe renal involvement, high titers of serum nDNA antibodies were measured by this procedure. A unique advantage of the CL-IF test was its ability to identify complement-fixing nDNA antibody. The presence of such antibody was correlated with high antibody titer and the presence of severe renal disease. The CL-IF assay is a simple and useful procedure for measurement of anti-nDNA."}
{"id": "PMID:354451", "title": "Use, costs, and quality of medical services: impact of the New Mexico peer review system. A 1971-1975 study.", "content": "To assess the effect of areawide peer review (such as that conducted by Professional Standards Review Organizations [PSROs]) on use, cost and quality of medical services, we evaluated 4 years of data on the efforts of the New Mexico Experimental Medical Care Review Organization in reviewing medical services for the Medicaid population. Utilization review had no demonstrable impact on hospital use; hospital days per 100 eligible persons rose 5.0% and 43.4% for persons enrolled all 4 years in Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled, respectively. Peer review produced no net dollar savings; over 4 years, the amount paid for all services per AFDC-eligible person rose 85%. Peer review improved the quality of ambulatory care through large reductions (75%) in medically unnecessary injections. If these findings are replicated elsewhere, they suggest that the goal of the PSRO program to control costs by curtailing utilization may be difficult to achieve, the quality of care goal may be pursued successfully, and the PSRO mission should be focused more on the latter.", "contents": "Use, costs, and quality of medical services: impact of the New Mexico peer review system. A 1971-1975 study. To assess the effect of areawide peer review (such as that conducted by Professional Standards Review Organizations [PSROs]) on use, cost and quality of medical services, we evaluated 4 years of data on the efforts of the New Mexico Experimental Medical Care Review Organization in reviewing medical services for the Medicaid population. Utilization review had no demonstrable impact on hospital use; hospital days per 100 eligible persons rose 5.0% and 43.4% for persons enrolled all 4 years in Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled, respectively. Peer review produced no net dollar savings; over 4 years, the amount paid for all services per AFDC-eligible person rose 85%. Peer review improved the quality of ambulatory care through large reductions (75%) in medically unnecessary injections. If these findings are replicated elsewhere, they suggest that the goal of the PSRO program to control costs by curtailing utilization may be difficult to achieve, the quality of care goal may be pursued successfully, and the PSRO mission should be focused more on the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:354452", "title": "A Marxist view of medical care.", "content": "Marxist studies of medical care emphasize political power and economic dominance in capitalist society. Although historically the Marxist paradigm went into eclipse during the early twentieth century, the field has developed rapidly during recent years. The health system mirrors the society's class structure through control over health institutions, stratification of health workers, and limited occupational mobility into health professions. Monopoly capital is manifest in the growth of medical centers, financial penetration by large corporations, and the \"medical-industrial complex.\" Health policy recommendations reflect different interest groups' political and economic goals. The state's intervention in health care generally protects the capitalist economic system and the private sector. Medical ideology helps maintain class structure and patterns of domination. Comparative international research analyzes the effects of imperialism, changes under socialism, and contradictions of health reform in capitalist societies. Historical materialist epidemiology focuses on economic cycles, social stress, illness-generating conditions of work, and sexism. Health praxis, the disciplined uniting of study and action, involves advocacy of \"nonreformist reforms\" and concrete types of political struggle.", "contents": "A Marxist view of medical care. Marxist studies of medical care emphasize political power and economic dominance in capitalist society. Although historically the Marxist paradigm went into eclipse during the early twentieth century, the field has developed rapidly during recent years. The health system mirrors the society's class structure through control over health institutions, stratification of health workers, and limited occupational mobility into health professions. Monopoly capital is manifest in the growth of medical centers, financial penetration by large corporations, and the \"medical-industrial complex.\" Health policy recommendations reflect different interest groups' political and economic goals. The state's intervention in health care generally protects the capitalist economic system and the private sector. Medical ideology helps maintain class structure and patterns of domination. Comparative international research analyzes the effects of imperialism, changes under socialism, and contradictions of health reform in capitalist societies. Historical materialist epidemiology focuses on economic cycles, social stress, illness-generating conditions of work, and sexism. Health praxis, the disciplined uniting of study and action, involves advocacy of \"nonreformist reforms\" and concrete types of political struggle."}
{"id": "PMID:354459", "title": "Trephination of donor corneal buttons: a scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Corneal buttons were cut from cat and human donor eyes by anterior trephination (with or without scissor completion) and from excised corneoscleral rims by posterior trephination (with or without a press). Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the slope and quality of the cut edge, the diameter of the section of Descemet's membrane that was actually cut, and the loss of endothelial cells around the cut edge. With anterior trephination, the diameter of the section of Descemet's membrane that is cut was found to be less than that of the trephine because the cut edge slopes inward. Posterior trephination with or without a press consistently produced circular buttons with accurately cut outward-sloping edges. This resulted in a diameter of Descemet's membrane which was greater than in the anteriorly trephinated buttons. There also was less damage to peripheral Descemet's membrane and endothelium with the posterior method, especially when compared to scissor cut buttons. A 360 degree peripheral ring of Descemet's membrnae (0.05 to 0.28 mm in width) was denuded of endothelial cells with all techniques.", "contents": "Trephination of donor corneal buttons: a scanning electron microscopic study. Corneal buttons were cut from cat and human donor eyes by anterior trephination (with or without scissor completion) and from excised corneoscleral rims by posterior trephination (with or without a press). Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the slope and quality of the cut edge, the diameter of the section of Descemet's membrane that was actually cut, and the loss of endothelial cells around the cut edge. With anterior trephination, the diameter of the section of Descemet's membrane that is cut was found to be less than that of the trephine because the cut edge slopes inward. Posterior trephination with or without a press consistently produced circular buttons with accurately cut outward-sloping edges. This resulted in a diameter of Descemet's membrane which was greater than in the anteriorly trephinated buttons. There also was less damage to peripheral Descemet's membrane and endothelium with the posterior method, especially when compared to scissor cut buttons. A 360 degree peripheral ring of Descemet's membrnae (0.05 to 0.28 mm in width) was denuded of endothelial cells with all techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:354460", "title": "Cataract extraction without a conjunctival flap.", "content": "Wound healing in 350 cases of senile cataract extraction done with a corneal incision without a conjunctival flap and closed with 3 deep 6-0 chromic gut sutures is examined. There were no cases of epithelial downgrowth and a low incidence of conjunctival blebs. There was one case of endothalmitis and 4 of iris prolapse. Sutures fell out between the 9th and 16th days and the large knots did not cause excessive irritation while in place. There was an 18% incidence of wound leak manifested by shallow or flat anterior chamber. All of these anterior chambers reformed spontaneously soon after the sutures fell out, indicating the wound leak was probably along the sutures tract. One patient with wound leak developed mild glaucoma postoperatively. Wound healing after cataract surgery is discussed. Epithelial downgrowth and conjunctival blebs are related more to tight silk sutures than absence of conjunctival flap. The early loss of the gut sutures does not decrease wound strength since the sutures have already lost their tensile strength. The epithelium which grows into the cataract wound postoperatively when a flap is not used activates stromal fibrocytes and covers any delayed iris prolapse.", "contents": "Cataract extraction without a conjunctival flap. Wound healing in 350 cases of senile cataract extraction done with a corneal incision without a conjunctival flap and closed with 3 deep 6-0 chromic gut sutures is examined. There were no cases of epithelial downgrowth and a low incidence of conjunctival blebs. There was one case of endothalmitis and 4 of iris prolapse. Sutures fell out between the 9th and 16th days and the large knots did not cause excessive irritation while in place. There was an 18% incidence of wound leak manifested by shallow or flat anterior chamber. All of these anterior chambers reformed spontaneously soon after the sutures fell out, indicating the wound leak was probably along the sutures tract. One patient with wound leak developed mild glaucoma postoperatively. Wound healing after cataract surgery is discussed. Epithelial downgrowth and conjunctival blebs are related more to tight silk sutures than absence of conjunctival flap. The early loss of the gut sutures does not decrease wound strength since the sutures have already lost their tensile strength. The epithelium which grows into the cataract wound postoperatively when a flap is not used activates stromal fibrocytes and covers any delayed iris prolapse."}
{"id": "PMID:354462", "title": "Fate of endothelium in a corneal graft.", "content": "An 81-year-old white man with bullous keratopathy received a corneal graft from a 13-month-old donor. The postoperative course has been uneventful. The endothelium of the donor cornea was studied on specular microscopy both before grafting and up to 9 months after surgery. There has been no change in the morphologic characteristics of the corneal endothelium nor has there been any decrease in cell density. The donor endothelium seems to persist for at least 9 months unchanged. This case provides a good illustration since it is not too often that a cornea from a 13-month-old donor is used for grafting in an 81-year-old individual. This experience also gives an indication of the value of specular microscopy as a very useful method to monitor the changes in the endothelium of a corneal graft.", "contents": "Fate of endothelium in a corneal graft. An 81-year-old white man with bullous keratopathy received a corneal graft from a 13-month-old donor. The postoperative course has been uneventful. The endothelium of the donor cornea was studied on specular microscopy both before grafting and up to 9 months after surgery. There has been no change in the morphologic characteristics of the corneal endothelium nor has there been any decrease in cell density. The donor endothelium seems to persist for at least 9 months unchanged. This case provides a good illustration since it is not too often that a cornea from a 13-month-old donor is used for grafting in an 81-year-old individual. This experience also gives an indication of the value of specular microscopy as a very useful method to monitor the changes in the endothelium of a corneal graft."}
{"id": "PMID:354457", "title": "Ultrastructure of the cell wall of Candida albicans blastospores: study of its constitutive layers by the use of a cytochemical technique revealing polysaccharides.", "content": "Cytochemical detection of polysaccharides, using the Thi\u00e9ry method (PATAg) for the ultrastructural localization of periodic acid-engendered carbohydrate macromolecules, suggests eight constitutive layers in the cell wall of the blastospore of C. albicans. Each layer has been assigned a probable chemical composition according to its reactivity at the ultrastructural level. These results are discussed with respect to previous work in the field and to our present knowledge of fungal physiology.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the cell wall of Candida albicans blastospores: study of its constitutive layers by the use of a cytochemical technique revealing polysaccharides. Cytochemical detection of polysaccharides, using the Thi\u00e9ry method (PATAg) for the ultrastructural localization of periodic acid-engendered carbohydrate macromolecules, suggests eight constitutive layers in the cell wall of the blastospore of C. albicans. Each layer has been assigned a probable chemical composition according to its reactivity at the ultrastructural level. These results are discussed with respect to previous work in the field and to our present knowledge of fungal physiology."}
{"id": "PMID:354463", "title": "Early visual rehabilitation after keratoplasty: a double running suture technique.", "content": "A series of keratoplasties was performed using 2 running nylon sutures of unequal size, 23 micrometer (10-0) and 16 micrometer. Visual acuities were assessed within 6 months of surgery and following removal of the 10-0 suture at 2 months. Thirty percent of aphakic and 80% of phakic had acuities of 20/70 or better.", "contents": "Early visual rehabilitation after keratoplasty: a double running suture technique. A series of keratoplasties was performed using 2 running nylon sutures of unequal size, 23 micrometer (10-0) and 16 micrometer. Visual acuities were assessed within 6 months of surgery and following removal of the 10-0 suture at 2 months. Thirty percent of aphakic and 80% of phakic had acuities of 20/70 or better."}
{"id": "PMID:354465", "title": "[Immunology of human warts (author's transl)].", "content": "Specific immune reactions in man subsequent to infection by wart virus have been the subject of various studies. Most concern humoral immunity and show an antibody distribution which rises with age comparable to the viral exanthems of childhood with a maximum at 20 years and show decline thereafter. The acquisition of antibody is prolonged and sometimes irregular and its role in wart healing is questionable. The most recent work on cellular immunity has demonstrated profound abnormalities in cases of profuse verrucosis and in epidermodysplasia verruciformis, increased incidence of warts in immunodeficient states and the existence of specific reactions to viral antigen both in vitro and in vivo. Such results indicate and predominant role for cellular immunity in the evolution of this viral infection and suggest the possibility of specific immunotherapy. Very recent studies of biochemical identification of purified virus particles of various clinical types of wart show viral heterogeneity. This fact implies the need to reexamine these immune reactions in the light of the existence of crossed serological reactivity and specific wart treatment.", "contents": "[Immunology of human warts (author's transl)]. Specific immune reactions in man subsequent to infection by wart virus have been the subject of various studies. Most concern humoral immunity and show an antibody distribution which rises with age comparable to the viral exanthems of childhood with a maximum at 20 years and show decline thereafter. The acquisition of antibody is prolonged and sometimes irregular and its role in wart healing is questionable. The most recent work on cellular immunity has demonstrated profound abnormalities in cases of profuse verrucosis and in epidermodysplasia verruciformis, increased incidence of warts in immunodeficient states and the existence of specific reactions to viral antigen both in vitro and in vivo. Such results indicate and predominant role for cellular immunity in the evolution of this viral infection and suggest the possibility of specific immunotherapy. Very recent studies of biochemical identification of purified virus particles of various clinical types of wart show viral heterogeneity. This fact implies the need to reexamine these immune reactions in the light of the existence of crossed serological reactivity and specific wart treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:354466", "title": "[Adult Letterer-Siwe's disease. Review of literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Letterer-Siwe syndrome is usually encountered in children. It very rarely occurs in adults. 23 cases are found in the literature and analyzed: clinical signs are the same as in infantile observations. Prognosis in some cases is surprisingly very good when only the skin is involved.", "contents": "[Adult Letterer-Siwe's disease. Review of literature (author's transl)]. Letterer-Siwe syndrome is usually encountered in children. It very rarely occurs in adults. 23 cases are found in the literature and analyzed: clinical signs are the same as in infantile observations. Prognosis in some cases is surprisingly very good when only the skin is involved."}
{"id": "PMID:354467", "title": "Antineoplastic-drug effect evaluated with a new X-ray stereophotographic measurement of the tumour volume.", "content": "A method for determination and follow up of the size of inoperable intraabdominal tumours has been devised. At laparotomy, tantalum balls are deposited into the capsule of the tumour. An X-ray stereophotogrammetric method determines their position, which define a polyhedron whose volume can be computer calculated. The value of the method was proved in four patients with inoperable ovarian carcinoma, which provides a simple way for the continuous follow up of the effect of antineoplastic therapy in advanced malignant tumours.", "contents": "Antineoplastic-drug effect evaluated with a new X-ray stereophotographic measurement of the tumour volume. A method for determination and follow up of the size of inoperable intraabdominal tumours has been devised. At laparotomy, tantalum balls are deposited into the capsule of the tumour. An X-ray stereophotogrammetric method determines their position, which define a polyhedron whose volume can be computer calculated. The value of the method was proved in four patients with inoperable ovarian carcinoma, which provides a simple way for the continuous follow up of the effect of antineoplastic therapy in advanced malignant tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:354470", "title": "Effect of anaesthesia and surgery on the number of and mitogen-induced transformation of T- and B-lymphocytes.", "content": "Lymphocyte responses are affected by anaesthesia and surgery. 52 patients were studied to ascertain the affect on lymphocytic responses of thiopentone +N2O +O2, combined, diethyl ether +N2O +O2, and local anaesthesia in connection with surgery. The variables followed were: the leucocyte and differential count, the T- and B-lymphocyte count, and lymphocyte transformation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) in cultures using separated lymphocytes and whole blood. Thiopentone +N2O +O2 anaesthesia together with uterine curettage caused a decrease in the total lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte counts. The Con A response of separated lymphocytes decreased, but the response to other mitogens increased. Combined anaesthesia with thiopentone +N2O +O2 + analgesic + muscle relaxant together with surgery decreased the total lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte counts. The separated lymphocytic and whole blood cultures revealed throughout a decrease in the mitogen and PPD responses. Diethyl ether +N2O +O2 and local anaesthesia, both together with surgery, produced no statistically significant changes in the total lymphocyte or in the T- and B-lymphocyte counts. The mitogen and PPD responses in these groups showed throughout a fall in lymphocyte transformation. Neither patient's age, sex, nor the duration of the anaesthesia or operation affected the magnitude of the changes. The increase in the leucocyte count and in the percentage of neutrophils and the decrease in the percentage of eosinophils and lymphocytes and in the mitogen- and PPD-induced lymphocytic responses increased with the severity of the operative trauma. A new finding was the correlation observed between the changes in the leucocyte and differential counts and the decrease of lymphocytic responses in whole blood culture. The findings in this study indicate that operative trauma determine the decrease in lymphocytic responses associated with anaesthesia and surgery.", "contents": "Effect of anaesthesia and surgery on the number of and mitogen-induced transformation of T- and B-lymphocytes. Lymphocyte responses are affected by anaesthesia and surgery. 52 patients were studied to ascertain the affect on lymphocytic responses of thiopentone +N2O +O2, combined, diethyl ether +N2O +O2, and local anaesthesia in connection with surgery. The variables followed were: the leucocyte and differential count, the T- and B-lymphocyte count, and lymphocyte transformation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) in cultures using separated lymphocytes and whole blood. Thiopentone +N2O +O2 anaesthesia together with uterine curettage caused a decrease in the total lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte counts. The Con A response of separated lymphocytes decreased, but the response to other mitogens increased. Combined anaesthesia with thiopentone +N2O +O2 + analgesic + muscle relaxant together with surgery decreased the total lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte counts. The separated lymphocytic and whole blood cultures revealed throughout a decrease in the mitogen and PPD responses. Diethyl ether +N2O +O2 and local anaesthesia, both together with surgery, produced no statistically significant changes in the total lymphocyte or in the T- and B-lymphocyte counts. The mitogen and PPD responses in these groups showed throughout a fall in lymphocyte transformation. Neither patient's age, sex, nor the duration of the anaesthesia or operation affected the magnitude of the changes. The increase in the leucocyte count and in the percentage of neutrophils and the decrease in the percentage of eosinophils and lymphocytes and in the mitogen- and PPD-induced lymphocytic responses increased with the severity of the operative trauma. A new finding was the correlation observed between the changes in the leucocyte and differential counts and the decrease of lymphocytic responses in whole blood culture. The findings in this study indicate that operative trauma determine the decrease in lymphocytic responses associated with anaesthesia and surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:354471", "title": "Double-blind study of carbenoxolone in gastric ulcer and erosions.", "content": "The effect of carbenoxolone on the healing of gastric ulcer and erosions was compared with that of placebo. The series consisted of 20 patients with chronic gastric ulcers and 20 patients with superficial erosions of the stomach. The diagnosis as well as the follow-up of the lesions were based on gastroscopic examinations. The ulcers were measured gastroscopically. A double-blind method was used. Besides carbenoxolone 50 mg or placebo three times daily, all the patients received antacids in fixed dosage for six weeks. Subjective symptoms and cardiovascular side-effects were recorded. Maximal acid output and serum gastrin levels were measured before and after the treatment. No difference was seen between carbenoxolone and placebo groups with regard to the healing rate of the ulcers of disappearance of the erosions. The subjective symptoms subsided significantly faster in the treatment groups than in the control groups. No cardiovascular side-effects were evident during the treatment with carbenoxolone. One patient needed potassium supplements. Carbenoxolone had no effect on the pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion nor on the serum gastrin values.", "contents": "Double-blind study of carbenoxolone in gastric ulcer and erosions. The effect of carbenoxolone on the healing of gastric ulcer and erosions was compared with that of placebo. The series consisted of 20 patients with chronic gastric ulcers and 20 patients with superficial erosions of the stomach. The diagnosis as well as the follow-up of the lesions were based on gastroscopic examinations. The ulcers were measured gastroscopically. A double-blind method was used. Besides carbenoxolone 50 mg or placebo three times daily, all the patients received antacids in fixed dosage for six weeks. Subjective symptoms and cardiovascular side-effects were recorded. Maximal acid output and serum gastrin levels were measured before and after the treatment. No difference was seen between carbenoxolone and placebo groups with regard to the healing rate of the ulcers of disappearance of the erosions. The subjective symptoms subsided significantly faster in the treatment groups than in the control groups. No cardiovascular side-effects were evident during the treatment with carbenoxolone. One patient needed potassium supplements. Carbenoxolone had no effect on the pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion nor on the serum gastrin values."}
{"id": "PMID:354472", "title": "A comparative study of carticaine and prilocaine in epidural anaesthesia.", "content": "Carticaine and prilocaine (without adrenaline) in epidural anaesthesia were compared in a double blind study. Carticaine and prilocaine were used in 2 % concentration without adrenaline. The latency time was not significantly different, but carticaine was a shorter acting local anaesthetic. The motor block in both series was similar. Carticaine is a good and reliable analgesic in short operations but in operations longer than one and a half hours catheter technique, adrenaline addition or local anaesthetics of longer duration ought to be used.", "contents": "A comparative study of carticaine and prilocaine in epidural anaesthesia. Carticaine and prilocaine (without adrenaline) in epidural anaesthesia were compared in a double blind study. Carticaine and prilocaine were used in 2 % concentration without adrenaline. The latency time was not significantly different, but carticaine was a shorter acting local anaesthetic. The motor block in both series was similar. Carticaine is a good and reliable analgesic in short operations but in operations longer than one and a half hours catheter technique, adrenaline addition or local anaesthetics of longer duration ought to be used."}
{"id": "PMID:354473", "title": "The macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test--an investigation of its value as a routine laboratory test in the detection of malignant disease.", "content": "A previous study of the MOD-MEM test showed promising results. We have attempted to repeat the study using a blind coded series of 210 blood samples from normal subjects and patients with either benign or malignant disease. Using standard criteria the false negative rate for cancer patients averaged 43% and the false positive rate for non-cancer patients averaged 34%. The results indicate that the test at the present time, under routine laboratory conditions, is not reliably reproducible and does not have the ability to effectively discriminate between benign and malignant disease. It is suggested that blind coded studies be used more frequently in assessment of tests with cancer detection potential.", "contents": "The macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test--an investigation of its value as a routine laboratory test in the detection of malignant disease. A previous study of the MOD-MEM test showed promising results. We have attempted to repeat the study using a blind coded series of 210 blood samples from normal subjects and patients with either benign or malignant disease. Using standard criteria the false negative rate for cancer patients averaged 43% and the false positive rate for non-cancer patients averaged 34%. The results indicate that the test at the present time, under routine laboratory conditions, is not reliably reproducible and does not have the ability to effectively discriminate between benign and malignant disease. It is suggested that blind coded studies be used more frequently in assessment of tests with cancer detection potential."}
{"id": "PMID:354474", "title": "The efficacy of oral theophylline and the combination of theophylline + hydroxyzine in chronic bronchial asthma.", "content": "The efficacy of 265 mg theophylline (150 mg of the theophylline being slow-release) and the combination of 265 mg theophylline + 7.5 mg hydroxyzine hydrochloride were compared in a double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled study in 12 patients with chronic reversible bronchial asthma. The patients took their drugs at 7.00 a.m., 1.00 p.m. and 7.00 p.m. During the trial the patients measured their peak expiratory flow (PEF) every day at 7.00 a.m., 10.00 a.m. and 9.30 p.m. The frequency and severity of symptoms and side-effects as well as the auxiliary use of isoprenaline inhalations were also recorded. The trial involved three three-day periods. Both oral theophylline and the combination of theophylline + hydroxyzine caused significant improvements in PEF in all measurement times. The PEF-level was higher when the combination was used than with plain theophylline, though the difference was not significant. Only the combination of theophylline + hydroxyzine had a significant effect on the symptoms, and the use of additional isoprenaline inhalations was also reduced during the combination period. Side-effects were minimal. Circadian variation of bronchial obstruction was seen in all these patients.", "contents": "The efficacy of oral theophylline and the combination of theophylline + hydroxyzine in chronic bronchial asthma. The efficacy of 265 mg theophylline (150 mg of the theophylline being slow-release) and the combination of 265 mg theophylline + 7.5 mg hydroxyzine hydrochloride were compared in a double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled study in 12 patients with chronic reversible bronchial asthma. The patients took their drugs at 7.00 a.m., 1.00 p.m. and 7.00 p.m. During the trial the patients measured their peak expiratory flow (PEF) every day at 7.00 a.m., 10.00 a.m. and 9.30 p.m. The frequency and severity of symptoms and side-effects as well as the auxiliary use of isoprenaline inhalations were also recorded. The trial involved three three-day periods. Both oral theophylline and the combination of theophylline + hydroxyzine caused significant improvements in PEF in all measurement times. The PEF-level was higher when the combination was used than with plain theophylline, though the difference was not significant. Only the combination of theophylline + hydroxyzine had a significant effect on the symptoms, and the use of additional isoprenaline inhalations was also reduced during the combination period. Side-effects were minimal. Circadian variation of bronchial obstruction was seen in all these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:354477", "title": "[Relationship between dose of injected serum albumin and appearance of cells synthesizing immunoglobulins or antibodies].", "content": "Mice were given increasing doses of sheep serum albumin emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant in hind footpads. The kinetics of development of cells which synthesize antibody or immunoglobulins without antibody function was studied in the draining lymph nodes. Results show the relationship between the two cell populations: as the number of antibody synthesizing cells increased, the number of immunoglobulin synthesizing cell increased, and conversely. Between 0.050 and 2.5 mg of antigen, the number of cells of each population increased with the dose injected whereas with 5 and 10 mg, this number is smaller than that obtained with smaller doses and decreased with an increasing dose.", "contents": "[Relationship between dose of injected serum albumin and appearance of cells synthesizing immunoglobulins or antibodies]. Mice were given increasing doses of sheep serum albumin emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant in hind footpads. The kinetics of development of cells which synthesize antibody or immunoglobulins without antibody function was studied in the draining lymph nodes. Results show the relationship between the two cell populations: as the number of antibody synthesizing cells increased, the number of immunoglobulin synthesizing cell increased, and conversely. Between 0.050 and 2.5 mg of antigen, the number of cells of each population increased with the dose injected whereas with 5 and 10 mg, this number is smaller than that obtained with smaller doses and decreased with an increasing dose."}
{"id": "PMID:354483", "title": "Treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm with tranexamic acid: a double-blind clinical trial.", "content": "A double-blind clinical trial of tranexamic acid was carried out on 39 patients with fresh subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm. Twenty patients received tranexamic acid, 6 gm daily for 14 to 21 days, while 19 patients received conventional therapy of bedrest and dexamethasone when cerebral edema developed, plus isotonic saline. Rebleeding and mortality were reduced by one-fourth and one-fifth, respectively (p less than 0.001). No side-effects were observed. Tranexamic acid is valuable in the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysms.", "contents": "Treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm with tranexamic acid: a double-blind clinical trial. A double-blind clinical trial of tranexamic acid was carried out on 39 patients with fresh subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm. Twenty patients received tranexamic acid, 6 gm daily for 14 to 21 days, while 19 patients received conventional therapy of bedrest and dexamethasone when cerebral edema developed, plus isotonic saline. Rebleeding and mortality were reduced by one-fourth and one-fifth, respectively (p less than 0.001). No side-effects were observed. Tranexamic acid is valuable in the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysms."}
{"id": "PMID:354481", "title": "The isolation of thirteen cloned hybrid cell lines secreting mouse strain A derived antibodies with specificity for group A streptococcal carbohydrate.", "content": "Thirteen hybrid cell lines originating from the fusion of a BALB/c myeloma with strain A spleen cells were isolated each of which secreted an antibody with specificity for the carbohydrate of group A streptococci. The cell lines were stable over many in vivo passages in (BALB/c X A/J)F1 mice and secreted large amounts of antibodies into the serum and ascitic fluid of their hosts. Seven of the hybrid cell antibodies belonged to the IgM class, five were typed as IgG2a and one as an IgA immunoglobulin.", "contents": "The isolation of thirteen cloned hybrid cell lines secreting mouse strain A derived antibodies with specificity for group A streptococcal carbohydrate. Thirteen hybrid cell lines originating from the fusion of a BALB/c myeloma with strain A spleen cells were isolated each of which secreted an antibody with specificity for the carbohydrate of group A streptococci. The cell lines were stable over many in vivo passages in (BALB/c X A/J)F1 mice and secreted large amounts of antibodies into the serum and ascitic fluid of their hosts. Seven of the hybrid cell antibodies belonged to the IgM class, five were typed as IgG2a and one as an IgA immunoglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:354479", "title": "Transplantation immunology 1957-1975.", "content": "Knowledge of the transplantation immunity has increased rapidly in the past twenty years. The rejection of allograft is now known to involve the interaction of several subsets of lymphocytes, as well as humoral immunity. Efforts to suppress immunity to the allograft are effective but suppress other kinds of immunity also, thus rendering the recipient susceptible to opportunistic infections. Two approaches to modification of the immune response by impairing the ability of cells sensitized specifically against allograft antigen to kill such cells are described. These agents can and have been used therapeutically in humans for other reasons and have been shown in the laboratory to actually markedly prolong the life of renal allograft, without impairing the immune response to other antigens.", "contents": "Transplantation immunology 1957-1975. Knowledge of the transplantation immunity has increased rapidly in the past twenty years. The rejection of allograft is now known to involve the interaction of several subsets of lymphocytes, as well as humoral immunity. Efforts to suppress immunity to the allograft are effective but suppress other kinds of immunity also, thus rendering the recipient susceptible to opportunistic infections. Two approaches to modification of the immune response by impairing the ability of cells sensitized specifically against allograft antigen to kill such cells are described. These agents can and have been used therapeutically in humans for other reasons and have been shown in the laboratory to actually markedly prolong the life of renal allograft, without impairing the immune response to other antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:354509", "title": "[Sensitivity of beta-hemolytic streptococci to antibiotics].", "content": "Susceptibility of 64 beta-hemolytic streptococcal strains isolated from the patients with sore throat was studied by the method of serial dilutions in fluid nutrient medium (Konikov broth). Heterogenecity with respect to the sensitivity was investigated in 34 strains among separate populations of the microbes (10 to 15 in every strain). The MIC of benzylpenicillin, oxacillin and erythromycin ranged within 0.007--0.24 U/ml, 0.02--0.36 gamma/ml and 0.005--0.1 gamma/ml respectively. The MIC of benzylpenicillin with respect to separate populations most sensitive to it was 0.007--0.015 U/ml, while that with respect to the lease sensitive populations ranged from 0.015 to 0.24 U/ml. The respective values for oxacillin were 0.02--0.12 and 0.18--0.36 gamma/ml and those for erythromycin were 0.005--0.025 and 0.05--0.1 gamma/ml. Therefore, the beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from the patients with sore throat were characterized by a rather high sensitivity to the antibiotics which was important precondition for their efficiency in treatment of the patients with the above disease.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of beta-hemolytic streptococci to antibiotics]. Susceptibility of 64 beta-hemolytic streptococcal strains isolated from the patients with sore throat was studied by the method of serial dilutions in fluid nutrient medium (Konikov broth). Heterogenecity with respect to the sensitivity was investigated in 34 strains among separate populations of the microbes (10 to 15 in every strain). The MIC of benzylpenicillin, oxacillin and erythromycin ranged within 0.007--0.24 U/ml, 0.02--0.36 gamma/ml and 0.005--0.1 gamma/ml respectively. The MIC of benzylpenicillin with respect to separate populations most sensitive to it was 0.007--0.015 U/ml, while that with respect to the lease sensitive populations ranged from 0.015 to 0.24 U/ml. The respective values for oxacillin were 0.02--0.12 and 0.18--0.36 gamma/ml and those for erythromycin were 0.005--0.025 and 0.05--0.1 gamma/ml. Therefore, the beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from the patients with sore throat were characterized by a rather high sensitivity to the antibiotics which was important precondition for their efficiency in treatment of the patients with the above disease."}
{"id": "PMID:354510", "title": "[Kanamycin films for ulcerative lesions of the cornea].", "content": "The kanamycin films were used once for the treatment of 28 patients with the cornea ulcers. The positive effect was registered in 20 patients. Eight patients were treated with the films and the antibiotic acqueous solution. The best results were observed in the patients with affection of the surface layers of the cornea. The positive therapeutic results were registered in 20 patients after operations in connection with cataracta and glaucoma when treated with the films containing kanamycin and dexametazon.", "contents": "[Kanamycin films for ulcerative lesions of the cornea]. The kanamycin films were used once for the treatment of 28 patients with the cornea ulcers. The positive effect was registered in 20 patients. Eight patients were treated with the films and the antibiotic acqueous solution. The best results were observed in the patients with affection of the surface layers of the cornea. The positive therapeutic results were registered in 20 patients after operations in connection with cataracta and glaucoma when treated with the films containing kanamycin and dexametazon."}
{"id": "PMID:354511", "title": "[Effect of terrilytin on antifungal antibiotic activity].", "content": "The antifungal activity of terrilitine, an enzymatic preparation of microbial origin and its effect on the activity of antifungal polyenic antibiotics and griseofulvine were studied in vitro. It was found with the method of serial dilutions in Sabourand's liquid medium that terrilitine was active against C. albicans and certain dermatophytes. In combination with amphotericin B, amphoglucamine, mycoheptine, levorin, nystatin or griseofulvin it increased the activity of these antibiotics 2-16 times.", "contents": "[Effect of terrilytin on antifungal antibiotic activity]. The antifungal activity of terrilitine, an enzymatic preparation of microbial origin and its effect on the activity of antifungal polyenic antibiotics and griseofulvine were studied in vitro. It was found with the method of serial dilutions in Sabourand's liquid medium that terrilitine was active against C. albicans and certain dermatophytes. In combination with amphotericin B, amphoglucamine, mycoheptine, levorin, nystatin or griseofulvin it increased the activity of these antibiotics 2-16 times."}
{"id": "PMID:354512", "title": "[Treatment of dysentery in children with a combination of monomycin and Eleutherococcus].", "content": "An acute dysentery process was studied in 100 children at the age of 1 to 14 years treated with monomycin; 54 patients (the 1st group) were treated with monomycin in combination with eleuterococcus and 46 patients (the 2nd group) were treated with monomycin alone. The dysentery process in the both groups was close. However, the increase in the levels of gamma-globulin, antidysentery antibodies and the phases of changes in the index of phagocytosis completeness during the disease were more pronounced in the patients of the 2nd group than those in the children of the 1st group. Recovery of the patients of the 1st group was registered earlier. It was concluded that eleuterococcus as an adaptagen provided recovery of the patients at lower efforts of the protection mechanisms. Wide use of eleuterococcus in combination with monomycin for the treatment of children with dysentery is recommended.", "contents": "[Treatment of dysentery in children with a combination of monomycin and Eleutherococcus]. An acute dysentery process was studied in 100 children at the age of 1 to 14 years treated with monomycin; 54 patients (the 1st group) were treated with monomycin in combination with eleuterococcus and 46 patients (the 2nd group) were treated with monomycin alone. The dysentery process in the both groups was close. However, the increase in the levels of gamma-globulin, antidysentery antibodies and the phases of changes in the index of phagocytosis completeness during the disease were more pronounced in the patients of the 2nd group than those in the children of the 1st group. Recovery of the patients of the 1st group was registered earlier. It was concluded that eleuterococcus as an adaptagen provided recovery of the patients at lower efforts of the protection mechanisms. Wide use of eleuterococcus in combination with monomycin for the treatment of children with dysentery is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:354513", "title": "[Clinical and laboratory comparisons of tetracycline penetration through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in central nervous system diseases].", "content": "The data on tetracycline penetration from the blood into the serebrospinal fluid of patients with different diseases of the central nervous system are presented. Clinico-laboratory comparisons showed that the antibiotic penetration did not depend on the character and severity of the main disease of the brain (tumor, trauma, abscess). No dependence on the surgical intervention was either found. The index of tetracycline penetration from the blood into the liquor did not depend on the drug administration route, i.e. intramuscularly or orally. The presence of the post-operative meningitis increased permeability of the brain membranes for tetracycline.", "contents": "[Clinical and laboratory comparisons of tetracycline penetration through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in central nervous system diseases]. The data on tetracycline penetration from the blood into the serebrospinal fluid of patients with different diseases of the central nervous system are presented. Clinico-laboratory comparisons showed that the antibiotic penetration did not depend on the character and severity of the main disease of the brain (tumor, trauma, abscess). No dependence on the surgical intervention was either found. The index of tetracycline penetration from the blood into the liquor did not depend on the drug administration route, i.e. intramuscularly or orally. The presence of the post-operative meningitis increased permeability of the brain membranes for tetracycline."}
{"id": "PMID:354514", "title": "Cofactor role of iodide in peroxidase antimicrobial action against Escherichia coli.", "content": "The mechanism of antimicrobial activity of the peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-iodide (I(-)) system was investigated. Inhibition of respiration and loss of viability of Escherichia coli were used as measures of antimicrobial activity. Because the bacteria destroyed H(2)O(2), peroxidase antimicrobial action depended on the competition for H(2)O(2) between the bacteria and the peroxidase. Utilization of H(2)O(2) by the peroxidase was favored by (i) increasing either the peroxidase or the I(-) concentration, so as to increase the rate of oxidation of I(-), (ii) lowering the temperature to lower the rate of destruction of H(2)O(2) by the bacteria, and (iii) adding H(2)O(2) in small increments so as to avoid a large excess of H(2)O(2) relative to I(-). When utilization of H(2)O(2) by the peroxidase system was favored, the peroxidase system and iodine (I(2)) were equivalent. That is, antimicrobial action per mole of H(2)O(2) equaled that per mole of I(2). Also, identical antimicrobial action was obtained either by incubating the bacteria directly with the peroxidase system or by preincubating the peroxidase system so as to form I(2) and then adding the bacteria. On the other hand, peroxidase antimicrobial action could be obtained at low I(-) concentrations. These I(-) concentrations were lower than the concentration of I(2) that was required for antimicrobial action. It is proposed that peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of I(-) yields I(2), which reacts with bacterial components to yield the oxidized components and I(-). The I(-) that is released can be reoxidized and participate again in the oxidation of bacterial components. In this way, I(-) acts as a cofactor in the peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of bacterial components.", "contents": "Cofactor role of iodide in peroxidase antimicrobial action against Escherichia coli. The mechanism of antimicrobial activity of the peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-iodide (I(-)) system was investigated. Inhibition of respiration and loss of viability of Escherichia coli were used as measures of antimicrobial activity. Because the bacteria destroyed H(2)O(2), peroxidase antimicrobial action depended on the competition for H(2)O(2) between the bacteria and the peroxidase. Utilization of H(2)O(2) by the peroxidase was favored by (i) increasing either the peroxidase or the I(-) concentration, so as to increase the rate of oxidation of I(-), (ii) lowering the temperature to lower the rate of destruction of H(2)O(2) by the bacteria, and (iii) adding H(2)O(2) in small increments so as to avoid a large excess of H(2)O(2) relative to I(-). When utilization of H(2)O(2) by the peroxidase system was favored, the peroxidase system and iodine (I(2)) were equivalent. That is, antimicrobial action per mole of H(2)O(2) equaled that per mole of I(2). Also, identical antimicrobial action was obtained either by incubating the bacteria directly with the peroxidase system or by preincubating the peroxidase system so as to form I(2) and then adding the bacteria. On the other hand, peroxidase antimicrobial action could be obtained at low I(-) concentrations. These I(-) concentrations were lower than the concentration of I(2) that was required for antimicrobial action. It is proposed that peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of I(-) yields I(2), which reacts with bacterial components to yield the oxidized components and I(-). The I(-) that is released can be reoxidized and participate again in the oxidation of bacterial components. In this way, I(-) acts as a cofactor in the peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of bacterial components."}
{"id": "PMID:354515", "title": "Oxidation of Escherichia coli sulfhydryl components by the peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide-iodide antimicrobial system.", "content": "The chemical modification of bacterial components was studied following incubation of Escherichia coli with the peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-iodide (I(-)) antimicrobial system or with iodine (I(2)). The oxidation of cell sulfhydryls and the iodination of cell components were measured. Both the peroxidase system and I(2) oxidized sulfhydryls. When the I(-) concentration in the peroxidase system was greater than 100 muM, the peroxidase system and I(2) were equivalent. That is, sulfhydryl oxidation or killing per mole of H(2)O(2) equaled that per mole of I(2). These results were consistent with peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of I(-) to yield 1 mol of I(2) per mol of H(2)O(2). Sulfhydryls were oxidized to yield sulfenic acids and free I(-). With I(-) concentrations in the range of 10 to 100 muM, the amount of sulfhydryls oxidized by the peroxidase system could exceed the amount of I(-). Because the oxidation of sulfhydryls to sulfenic acids did not consume I(-), one I(-) ion could participate in the oxidation of many sulfhydryls. With I(-) concentrations lower than 10 muM, complete oxidation of sulfhydryls was not obtained. Incorporation of I(-) into iodinated derivatives of bacterial components partly depleted the system of I(-) and limited the formation of I(2). These results indicated that antimicrobial activity was due to peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of I(-) to I(2), followed by I(2) oxidation of cell components. There was a direct relationship between sulfhydryl oxidation and antimicrobial action. Although iodination of bacterial components accompanied sulfhydryl oxidation, the amount of I(-) incorporation was not directly related to antimicrobial action. Also, incorporation of I(-) interfered with antimicrobial action at low I(-) concentrations.", "contents": "Oxidation of Escherichia coli sulfhydryl components by the peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide-iodide antimicrobial system. The chemical modification of bacterial components was studied following incubation of Escherichia coli with the peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-iodide (I(-)) antimicrobial system or with iodine (I(2)). The oxidation of cell sulfhydryls and the iodination of cell components were measured. Both the peroxidase system and I(2) oxidized sulfhydryls. When the I(-) concentration in the peroxidase system was greater than 100 muM, the peroxidase system and I(2) were equivalent. That is, sulfhydryl oxidation or killing per mole of H(2)O(2) equaled that per mole of I(2). These results were consistent with peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of I(-) to yield 1 mol of I(2) per mol of H(2)O(2). Sulfhydryls were oxidized to yield sulfenic acids and free I(-). With I(-) concentrations in the range of 10 to 100 muM, the amount of sulfhydryls oxidized by the peroxidase system could exceed the amount of I(-). Because the oxidation of sulfhydryls to sulfenic acids did not consume I(-), one I(-) ion could participate in the oxidation of many sulfhydryls. With I(-) concentrations lower than 10 muM, complete oxidation of sulfhydryls was not obtained. Incorporation of I(-) into iodinated derivatives of bacterial components partly depleted the system of I(-) and limited the formation of I(2). These results indicated that antimicrobial activity was due to peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of I(-) to I(2), followed by I(2) oxidation of cell components. There was a direct relationship between sulfhydryl oxidation and antimicrobial action. Although iodination of bacterial components accompanied sulfhydryl oxidation, the amount of I(-) incorporation was not directly related to antimicrobial action. Also, incorporation of I(-) interfered with antimicrobial action at low I(-) concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:354516", "title": "Microbial degradation of cephalothin by cephalothin-susceptible Escherichia coli.", "content": "Cephalothin (CET)-susceptible Escherichia coli, which can degrade CET after prolonged incubation in broth containing a concentration of the drug greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration, was found in a clinical specimen. The substrate specificity of the partially purified enzyme to cephalosporin analogs strongly indicated the occurrence of CET-specific degradation. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the degradation reaction demonstrated the appearance of two new signals attributed to deacetyl CET. This suggests the possibility of the presence of acylesterase.", "contents": "Microbial degradation of cephalothin by cephalothin-susceptible Escherichia coli. Cephalothin (CET)-susceptible Escherichia coli, which can degrade CET after prolonged incubation in broth containing a concentration of the drug greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration, was found in a clinical specimen. The substrate specificity of the partially purified enzyme to cephalosporin analogs strongly indicated the occurrence of CET-specific degradation. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the degradation reaction demonstrated the appearance of two new signals attributed to deacetyl CET. This suggests the possibility of the presence of acylesterase."}
{"id": "PMID:354517", "title": "Susceptibility of Canadida albicans to miconazole.", "content": "A total of 439 clinical isolates of Candida albicans were tested for susceptibility to miconazole by the agar dilution technique. When tests were read at 48 and 24 h, 56 and 84%, respectively, of the strains were completely inhibited by 4.0 mug of miconazole per ml, the estimated upper limit of probable clinical susceptibility.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Canadida albicans to miconazole. A total of 439 clinical isolates of Candida albicans were tested for susceptibility to miconazole by the agar dilution technique. When tests were read at 48 and 24 h, 56 and 84%, respectively, of the strains were completely inhibited by 4.0 mug of miconazole per ml, the estimated upper limit of probable clinical susceptibility."}
{"id": "PMID:354518", "title": "Comparison of netilmicin with gentamicin in the therapy of experimental Escherichia coli meningitis.", "content": "Netilmicin (SCH 20569), a new broad-spectrum aminoglycoside derived from sisomicin, was compared with gentamicin in the therapy of experimental Escherichia coli meningitis in rabbits. Meningitis was produced in 48 animals by the intracisternal inoculation of 10(5)E. coli colony-forming units. The minimum bactericidal concentration was 2 mug/ml against the test strain for both gentamicin and netilmicin. The two aminoglycosides demonstrated comparable penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The mean percent penetration [(CSF concentration/serum concentration) x 100%] was 22.5 +/- 6.0 and 20.6 +/- 7.2 for netilmicin and gentamicin, respectively (P = 0.18). However, netilmicin achieved bactericidal activity in the CSF at lower levels than did gentamicin. When mean CSF concentrations ranged from 4 to 8 mug/ml, mean CSF bacterial titers decreased 2.98 logs in rabbits treated with netilmicin but only 0.16 log in rabbits treated with gentamicin. A 2-log decrease in CSF bacterial counts was produced by a mean CSF concentration of 1.4 mug of netilmicin per ml as compared to 14.1 mug of gentamicin per ml. Because of its reduced toxicity and greater in vivo bactericidal activity, netilmicin may offer an advantage over gentamicin in the therapy of gram-negative bacillary meningitis.", "contents": "Comparison of netilmicin with gentamicin in the therapy of experimental Escherichia coli meningitis. Netilmicin (SCH 20569), a new broad-spectrum aminoglycoside derived from sisomicin, was compared with gentamicin in the therapy of experimental Escherichia coli meningitis in rabbits. Meningitis was produced in 48 animals by the intracisternal inoculation of 10(5)E. coli colony-forming units. The minimum bactericidal concentration was 2 mug/ml against the test strain for both gentamicin and netilmicin. The two aminoglycosides demonstrated comparable penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The mean percent penetration [(CSF concentration/serum concentration) x 100%] was 22.5 +/- 6.0 and 20.6 +/- 7.2 for netilmicin and gentamicin, respectively (P = 0.18). However, netilmicin achieved bactericidal activity in the CSF at lower levels than did gentamicin. When mean CSF concentrations ranged from 4 to 8 mug/ml, mean CSF bacterial titers decreased 2.98 logs in rabbits treated with netilmicin but only 0.16 log in rabbits treated with gentamicin. A 2-log decrease in CSF bacterial counts was produced by a mean CSF concentration of 1.4 mug of netilmicin per ml as compared to 14.1 mug of gentamicin per ml. Because of its reduced toxicity and greater in vivo bactericidal activity, netilmicin may offer an advantage over gentamicin in the therapy of gram-negative bacillary meningitis."}
{"id": "PMID:354519", "title": "Comparative susceptibility of four kinds of pathogenic fungi to amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester.", "content": "The activity of amphotericin B methyl ester was compared with that of amphotericin B, using Candida albicans (34 isolates), Torulopsis glabrata (12 isolates), Filobasidiella neoformans (stat. conid. Cryptococcus neoformans) (14 isolates), and Coccidioides immitis (37 isolates) and tube dilution in a totally synthetic, completely defined medium (SAAMF) with inocula of 10(4) colony-forming units per ml. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were read after 24 h at 34 degrees C for C. albicans and T. glabrata, and after 48 h at 34 degrees C for C. immitis and F. neoformans. Minimal lethal concentrations were determined by subculture of 10% of the volume of the cultures without evident growth onto Sabouraud glucose agar medium. Overall, amphotericin B methyl ester was slightly less active than amphotericin B, with the differences attaining statistical significance for: (i) inhibition of C. albicans and T. glabrata and (ii) killing of T. glabrata.", "contents": "Comparative susceptibility of four kinds of pathogenic fungi to amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester. The activity of amphotericin B methyl ester was compared with that of amphotericin B, using Candida albicans (34 isolates), Torulopsis glabrata (12 isolates), Filobasidiella neoformans (stat. conid. Cryptococcus neoformans) (14 isolates), and Coccidioides immitis (37 isolates) and tube dilution in a totally synthetic, completely defined medium (SAAMF) with inocula of 10(4) colony-forming units per ml. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were read after 24 h at 34 degrees C for C. albicans and T. glabrata, and after 48 h at 34 degrees C for C. immitis and F. neoformans. Minimal lethal concentrations were determined by subculture of 10% of the volume of the cultures without evident growth onto Sabouraud glucose agar medium. Overall, amphotericin B methyl ester was slightly less active than amphotericin B, with the differences attaining statistical significance for: (i) inhibition of C. albicans and T. glabrata and (ii) killing of T. glabrata."}
{"id": "PMID:354520", "title": "Dissociation between ion permeability and the lethal action of polyene antibiotics on Candida albicans.", "content": "Kinetic data on potassium release from and killing of Candida albicans by the four polyene antibiotics amphotericin B, amphotericin B methyl ester hydrochloride, nystatin, and nystatin methyl ester hydrochloride are presented. The nystatins were relatively more effective than the amphotericins in causing potassium release rather than killing. These data suggest that the aqueous channels or pores formed by the polyene antibiotics are not central to the lethal action of the drugs.", "contents": "Dissociation between ion permeability and the lethal action of polyene antibiotics on Candida albicans. Kinetic data on potassium release from and killing of Candida albicans by the four polyene antibiotics amphotericin B, amphotericin B methyl ester hydrochloride, nystatin, and nystatin methyl ester hydrochloride are presented. The nystatins were relatively more effective than the amphotericins in causing potassium release rather than killing. These data suggest that the aqueous channels or pores formed by the polyene antibiotics are not central to the lethal action of the drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:354521", "title": "Comparison of cephalothin and cefamandole prophylaxis during insertion of prosthetic heart valves.", "content": "Cefamandole nafate (CM) and cephalothin sodium (CP) were administered as prophylaxis in a randomized, prospective study to 30 consecutive patients undergoing prosthetic cardiac valve insertion. A single dose of 20 mg/kg was given intramuscularly during anesthesia induction, and serial plasma antibiotic concentrations, atrial muscle and cardiac valve tissue antibiotic levels, plasma bactericidal activity against pathogenic staphylococci, and infectious complications were determined and compared for the two drugs. Both antibiotics produced high plasma levels (>20 mug/ml 30 min after injection) which fell less than 25% during the period of cardiopulmonary bypass. However, CM levels were significantly higher at most time periods (P<0.05) than CP levels. CP levels were undetectable in atrial muscle from 14 of 15 patients and in valves from 10 of 15 patients. In contrast, CM bioactivity was found in all tissues. Differences in tissue antibiotic concentration could not be accounted for by differences in plasma concentrations or by CP tissue binding and were assumed to be caused by differences in penetration. Plasma bactericidal activity against staphylococci was equal for the two drugs (median titer, 1:16). No infections were seen in either group. CM appeared to be an effective and perhaps preferable prophylactic antibiotic for use during cardiac surgery.", "contents": "Comparison of cephalothin and cefamandole prophylaxis during insertion of prosthetic heart valves. Cefamandole nafate (CM) and cephalothin sodium (CP) were administered as prophylaxis in a randomized, prospective study to 30 consecutive patients undergoing prosthetic cardiac valve insertion. A single dose of 20 mg/kg was given intramuscularly during anesthesia induction, and serial plasma antibiotic concentrations, atrial muscle and cardiac valve tissue antibiotic levels, plasma bactericidal activity against pathogenic staphylococci, and infectious complications were determined and compared for the two drugs. Both antibiotics produced high plasma levels (>20 mug/ml 30 min after injection) which fell less than 25% during the period of cardiopulmonary bypass. However, CM levels were significantly higher at most time periods (P<0.05) than CP levels. CP levels were undetectable in atrial muscle from 14 of 15 patients and in valves from 10 of 15 patients. In contrast, CM bioactivity was found in all tissues. Differences in tissue antibiotic concentration could not be accounted for by differences in plasma concentrations or by CP tissue binding and were assumed to be caused by differences in penetration. Plasma bactericidal activity against staphylococci was equal for the two drugs (median titer, 1:16). No infections were seen in either group. CM appeared to be an effective and perhaps preferable prophylactic antibiotic for use during cardiac surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:354522", "title": "Effect of an interferon inducer, 9-methylstreptimidone, on Candida albicans infection in mice.", "content": "The protective effect of an interferon inducer with a low molecular weight, 9-methylstreptimidone (9-MS), against Candida albicans infection in mice was investigated. The antibiotic was effective only when given prophylactically. When administered in such a manner, the growth of C. albicans in the kidneys and brain was inhibited at the initial stage of infection. The growth of C. albicans was not inhibited by the antibiotic in vitro, and no antifungal effect was obtained in a preparation containing induced interferon. These results suggest that the antifungal action of 9-methylstreptimidone in mice might be manifested not by direct antifungal activity but rather by a host-mediated activity that excludes interferon-inducing capability.", "contents": "Effect of an interferon inducer, 9-methylstreptimidone, on Candida albicans infection in mice. The protective effect of an interferon inducer with a low molecular weight, 9-methylstreptimidone (9-MS), against Candida albicans infection in mice was investigated. The antibiotic was effective only when given prophylactically. When administered in such a manner, the growth of C. albicans in the kidneys and brain was inhibited at the initial stage of infection. The growth of C. albicans was not inhibited by the antibiotic in vitro, and no antifungal effect was obtained in a preparation containing induced interferon. These results suggest that the antifungal action of 9-methylstreptimidone in mice might be manifested not by direct antifungal activity but rather by a host-mediated activity that excludes interferon-inducing capability."}
{"id": "PMID:354523", "title": "Therapeutic failures with miconazole.", "content": "A retrospective review of therapeutic failures of miconazole in three patients is presented. Miconazole, a new imidazole derivative, is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent purportedly effective topically, orally, and parenterally against a number of species of fungi. Three patients with the following culturally proven deep fungal infections were treated with miconazole: (i) destructive arthritis (Sporothrix schenckii), (ii) meningoencephalitis (Cryptococcus neoformans), and (iii) disseminated aspergillosis (Aspergillus fumigatus). All the organisms were susceptible in vitro to 1.56 mug or less of miconazole per ml using a broth dilution technique. In each patient, miconazole administered intravenously in dosages of 30 mg/kg per day failed to control or eradicate infection. Miconazole serum levels ranged from <0.5 to 4.35 mug/ml as determined by radial diffusion bioassay. Cerebrospinal fluid levels were virtually undetectable. In one patient (C. neoformans), miconazole was given intraventricularly in doses of 15 mg without response. Therapeutic failures were attributed to suboptimal body fluid levels of miconazole. The reason(s) for such low levels of activity was not clear, but may have been poor penetrance into tissues, in vitro inactivation, and/or unusually rapid excretion. Untoward reactions from miconazole included fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and phlebitis.", "contents": "Therapeutic failures with miconazole. A retrospective review of therapeutic failures of miconazole in three patients is presented. Miconazole, a new imidazole derivative, is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent purportedly effective topically, orally, and parenterally against a number of species of fungi. Three patients with the following culturally proven deep fungal infections were treated with miconazole: (i) destructive arthritis (Sporothrix schenckii), (ii) meningoencephalitis (Cryptococcus neoformans), and (iii) disseminated aspergillosis (Aspergillus fumigatus). All the organisms were susceptible in vitro to 1.56 mug or less of miconazole per ml using a broth dilution technique. In each patient, miconazole administered intravenously in dosages of 30 mg/kg per day failed to control or eradicate infection. Miconazole serum levels ranged from <0.5 to 4.35 mug/ml as determined by radial diffusion bioassay. Cerebrospinal fluid levels were virtually undetectable. In one patient (C. neoformans), miconazole was given intraventricularly in doses of 15 mg without response. Therapeutic failures were attributed to suboptimal body fluid levels of miconazole. The reason(s) for such low levels of activity was not clear, but may have been poor penetrance into tissues, in vitro inactivation, and/or unusually rapid excretion. Untoward reactions from miconazole included fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and phlebitis."}
{"id": "PMID:354524", "title": "Comparison of the toxicities of patulin and patulin adducts formed with cysteine.", "content": "The toxicities of patulin and of the patulin adducts formed with cysteine were compared using the mutation-sensitive strain Escherichia coli W3110 thy polA1 and its polA1+ revertant. The acute toxicities of patulin and of the adduct mixture were also compared using NMRI mice. The adduct mixture was shown by thin-layer chromatography to consist of one ninhydrin-positive, one ninhydrin- and MBTH (3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone)-positive, three MBTH-positive, and two ninhydrin- and MBTH-negative components. The results showed that patulin was over 100 times more toxic to E. coli than the adduct complex. Neither patulin nor the adduct mixture was found to induce the repair effect in E. coli. In the mouse feeding tests, the oral 50% lethal dose for patulin was 29 mg/kg, while that of the adduct mixture was greater than 2,370 mg/kg.", "contents": "Comparison of the toxicities of patulin and patulin adducts formed with cysteine. The toxicities of patulin and of the patulin adducts formed with cysteine were compared using the mutation-sensitive strain Escherichia coli W3110 thy polA1 and its polA1+ revertant. The acute toxicities of patulin and of the adduct mixture were also compared using NMRI mice. The adduct mixture was shown by thin-layer chromatography to consist of one ninhydrin-positive, one ninhydrin- and MBTH (3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone)-positive, three MBTH-positive, and two ninhydrin- and MBTH-negative components. The results showed that patulin was over 100 times more toxic to E. coli than the adduct complex. Neither patulin nor the adduct mixture was found to induce the repair effect in E. coli. In the mouse feeding tests, the oral 50% lethal dose for patulin was 29 mg/kg, while that of the adduct mixture was greater than 2,370 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:354525", "title": "Antagonism among the normal anaerobic bacteria of the mouse gastrointestinal tract determined by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Strictly anaerobic Bacteroides sp., Eubacterium sp., and Fusobacterium sp. were isolated from the cecum of a conventional mouse. An immunofluorescent method utilizing rabbit antisera specific for each of these three strains was developed to determine their population levels in the gastrointestinal tracts of gnotobiotic mice. Population levels of these anaerobes in groups of gnotobiotic mice colonized with either Bacteroides, Eubacterium, or Fusobacterium were compared with those of gnotobiotes colonized with all three strains. Bacteroides population levels in gnotobiotes colonized with all three strains were 100-fold less than the Bacteroides population level in gnotobiotes colonized with only the Bacteroides strain. Eubacterium or Fusobacterium population levels were not reduced by the presence of the other anaerobic strains. Thus, strictly anaerobic Eubacterium sp. and Fusobacterium sp. that colonized gnotobiotic mice caused a reduction in the in vivo population levels of a strictly anaerobic Bacteroides sp.", "contents": "Antagonism among the normal anaerobic bacteria of the mouse gastrointestinal tract determined by immunofluorescence. Strictly anaerobic Bacteroides sp., Eubacterium sp., and Fusobacterium sp. were isolated from the cecum of a conventional mouse. An immunofluorescent method utilizing rabbit antisera specific for each of these three strains was developed to determine their population levels in the gastrointestinal tracts of gnotobiotic mice. Population levels of these anaerobes in groups of gnotobiotic mice colonized with either Bacteroides, Eubacterium, or Fusobacterium were compared with those of gnotobiotes colonized with all three strains. Bacteroides population levels in gnotobiotes colonized with all three strains were 100-fold less than the Bacteroides population level in gnotobiotes colonized with only the Bacteroides strain. Eubacterium or Fusobacterium population levels were not reduced by the presence of the other anaerobic strains. Thus, strictly anaerobic Eubacterium sp. and Fusobacterium sp. that colonized gnotobiotic mice caused a reduction in the in vivo population levels of a strictly anaerobic Bacteroides sp."}
{"id": "PMID:354526", "title": "Reversal of the silver inhibition of microorganisms by agar.", "content": "Increasing use of silver in the treatment of water has necessitated an examination of microbiological methods for the measurement of silver inactivation of microorganisms. Three common agar media were tested for their ability to neutralize the bacteriostatic effects of silver. Results suggested that growth media differed in their neutralizing capacity; that is, the non-inhibitory media tryptone glucose agar and Trypticase soy agar showed more neutralizing capacity than eosin methylene blue agar. Furthermore, the neutralizing effect appeared to be a function of the soluble component of the media and not of the agar itself.", "contents": "Reversal of the silver inhibition of microorganisms by agar. Increasing use of silver in the treatment of water has necessitated an examination of microbiological methods for the measurement of silver inactivation of microorganisms. Three common agar media were tested for their ability to neutralize the bacteriostatic effects of silver. Results suggested that growth media differed in their neutralizing capacity; that is, the non-inhibitory media tryptone glucose agar and Trypticase soy agar showed more neutralizing capacity than eosin methylene blue agar. Furthermore, the neutralizing effect appeared to be a function of the soluble component of the media and not of the agar itself."}
{"id": "PMID:354527", "title": "Method for the detection of injured Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafoods.", "content": "The sensitivity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus cells to refrigeration and frozen storage and the development of a method for detecting injured and uninjured V. parahaemolyticus cells were studied. Cell suspensions in different kinds of seafood homogenates were either regrigerated (4 degrees C) or frozen (-20 degrees C), stored, and examined for cell survival during storage. V. parahaemolyticus cells were sensitive to both storage temperatures. Many cells died, and many survivors were sublethally injured. In general, refrigeration storage appeared to be more injurious than frozen storage. The initial recovery of the sublethally injured cells was highest in a nutritionally rich, nonselective liquid medium such as Trypticase soy broth, whereas maximum cell multiplication was observed in Trypticase soy broth containing 3% NaCl. The sublethally injured V. parahaemolyticus cells demonstrated sensitivity to the selective enrichment medium, glucose salt teepol broth. From these findings, a new method (designated as the \"repair-detection\" method) was developed for the isolation and enumeration of V. parahaemolyticus. Comparative studies between the recommended and the repair-detection methods showed that injured V. parahaemolyticus cells were present in commercial seafoods and that the repair-detection method was definitely more effective for the detection of total numbers of V. parahaemolyticus cells.", "contents": "Method for the detection of injured Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafoods. The sensitivity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus cells to refrigeration and frozen storage and the development of a method for detecting injured and uninjured V. parahaemolyticus cells were studied. Cell suspensions in different kinds of seafood homogenates were either regrigerated (4 degrees C) or frozen (-20 degrees C), stored, and examined for cell survival during storage. V. parahaemolyticus cells were sensitive to both storage temperatures. Many cells died, and many survivors were sublethally injured. In general, refrigeration storage appeared to be more injurious than frozen storage. The initial recovery of the sublethally injured cells was highest in a nutritionally rich, nonselective liquid medium such as Trypticase soy broth, whereas maximum cell multiplication was observed in Trypticase soy broth containing 3% NaCl. The sublethally injured V. parahaemolyticus cells demonstrated sensitivity to the selective enrichment medium, glucose salt teepol broth. From these findings, a new method (designated as the \"repair-detection\" method) was developed for the isolation and enumeration of V. parahaemolyticus. Comparative studies between the recommended and the repair-detection methods showed that injured V. parahaemolyticus cells were present in commercial seafoods and that the repair-detection method was definitely more effective for the detection of total numbers of V. parahaemolyticus cells."}
{"id": "PMID:354528", "title": "Detection of mutagens produced by fungi with the Salmonella typhimurium assay.", "content": "Forty-one fungal isolates (one isolate per species) representing common plant pathogens and food crop contaminants were grown on sterile, polished rice and assayed for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella typhimurium-microsome system. Initially, single doses of aqueous and chloroform extracts of the moldy rice were assayed against the TA100 tester strain by incorporating extracts into the growth medium and by applying small quantities on disks placed on the agar surface. Suspected activity was examined further by analysis of several doses in the plate incorporation assay. Extracts of two aflatoxin-producing isolates (Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus) showed pronounced mutagenic activity, as did extracts of five other isolates (A. heterothallicus, A. nidulans, A. terricola, Alternaria tenuis, and Fusarium moniliforme) which did not contain detectable aflatoxins. Seven additional isolates (Botrytis cineria, Ceratocystis fimbriata, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi, Penicillium oxalicum, Thermomyces lanuginosus, and Verticilium albo-atrum) revealed activity which was possibly mutagenic; i.e., mutagenic responses were not observed in both the disk and incorporation assays, and clear dose-related activity was not observed in the incorporation assay. Extracts of the remaining fungi were not mutagenic in the bacterial assay.", "contents": "Detection of mutagens produced by fungi with the Salmonella typhimurium assay. Forty-one fungal isolates (one isolate per species) representing common plant pathogens and food crop contaminants were grown on sterile, polished rice and assayed for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella typhimurium-microsome system. Initially, single doses of aqueous and chloroform extracts of the moldy rice were assayed against the TA100 tester strain by incorporating extracts into the growth medium and by applying small quantities on disks placed on the agar surface. Suspected activity was examined further by analysis of several doses in the plate incorporation assay. Extracts of two aflatoxin-producing isolates (Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus) showed pronounced mutagenic activity, as did extracts of five other isolates (A. heterothallicus, A. nidulans, A. terricola, Alternaria tenuis, and Fusarium moniliforme) which did not contain detectable aflatoxins. Seven additional isolates (Botrytis cineria, Ceratocystis fimbriata, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi, Penicillium oxalicum, Thermomyces lanuginosus, and Verticilium albo-atrum) revealed activity which was possibly mutagenic; i.e., mutagenic responses were not observed in both the disk and incorporation assays, and clear dose-related activity was not observed in the incorporation assay. Extracts of the remaining fungi were not mutagenic in the bacterial assay."}
{"id": "PMID:354529", "title": "Survival of a Salmonella typhimurium experimental contaminant during cooking of beef roasts.", "content": "Twenty-one raw boneless beef roasts were experimentally injected with 2 X 10(7) cells of a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium per roast. Contaminated roasts were cooked to center internal temperatures of 137.0 to 147.5 degrees F (58.3 to 64.1 degrees C) in a gas-fired pilot plant food-processing oven. Viable experimental contaminants were recovered from two core samples of the 21 roasts (one cooked to 137.0 degrees F [58.3 degrees C] and one cooked to 141.5 degrees F [ca 60.8 degrees C]). All of 17 cooking net samples taken from the contaminant injection side of roasts were salmonella positive, whereas 7 of 9 net samples from the side opposite injection were positive and all of 11 net samples from the bottom of roasts were positive. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to salmonella contamination of precooked beef roasts.", "contents": "Survival of a Salmonella typhimurium experimental contaminant during cooking of beef roasts. Twenty-one raw boneless beef roasts were experimentally injected with 2 X 10(7) cells of a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium per roast. Contaminated roasts were cooked to center internal temperatures of 137.0 to 147.5 degrees F (58.3 to 64.1 degrees C) in a gas-fired pilot plant food-processing oven. Viable experimental contaminants were recovered from two core samples of the 21 roasts (one cooked to 137.0 degrees F [58.3 degrees C] and one cooked to 141.5 degrees F [ca 60.8 degrees C]). All of 17 cooking net samples taken from the contaminant injection side of roasts were salmonella positive, whereas 7 of 9 net samples from the side opposite injection were positive and all of 11 net samples from the bottom of roasts were positive. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to salmonella contamination of precooked beef roasts."}
{"id": "PMID:354530", "title": "Restriction endonuclease analysis to distinguish two closely related nuclear polyhedrosis viruses: Autographa californica MNPV and Trichoplusia ni MNPV.", "content": "Restriction endonuclease fragment patterns of the deoxyribonucleic acid genomes of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (multiply embedded type) and Trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis virus (multiply embedded type) demonstrate that the two viruses are distinct but closely related variants.", "contents": "Restriction endonuclease analysis to distinguish two closely related nuclear polyhedrosis viruses: Autographa californica MNPV and Trichoplusia ni MNPV. Restriction endonuclease fragment patterns of the deoxyribonucleic acid genomes of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (multiply embedded type) and Trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis virus (multiply embedded type) demonstrate that the two viruses are distinct but closely related variants."}
{"id": "PMID:354531", "title": "Use of [14C]lysine to detect microbial contamination in liquid foods.", "content": "A radiometric method for microbiological control in food industries is suggested. This method, based on the labeling of cells by [14C]lysine, was tested by using nine species of yeast and two species of bacteria.", "contents": "Use of [14C]lysine to detect microbial contamination in liquid foods. A radiometric method for microbiological control in food industries is suggested. This method, based on the labeling of cells by [14C]lysine, was tested by using nine species of yeast and two species of bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:354533", "title": "Familial primary cutaneous amyloidosis. Clinical, genetic, and immunofluorescent studies.", "content": "Familial primary cutaneous amyloidosis, a rare, autosomal dominant genodermatosis, affected 16 of 46 family members of German descent. Previous case reports involved families of Russian, Spanish, or Chinese descent. The finding of IgG, IgM, C3 in the amyloid deposits confirms recent reports of immunofluorescent dermal amyloid deposits.", "contents": "Familial primary cutaneous amyloidosis. Clinical, genetic, and immunofluorescent studies. Familial primary cutaneous amyloidosis, a rare, autosomal dominant genodermatosis, affected 16 of 46 family members of German descent. Previous case reports involved families of Russian, Spanish, or Chinese descent. The finding of IgG, IgM, C3 in the amyloid deposits confirms recent reports of immunofluorescent dermal amyloid deposits."}
{"id": "PMID:354534", "title": "Coexistence of bullous pemphigoid and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A vesiculobullous eruption with clinical and histological features of bullous pemphigoid developed in a 28-year-old woman with proven systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Serum of this patient contained elevated titers of antinuclear antibodies but basement membrane antibodies could not be detected at first, though they did appear in blister fluid. Normal monkey skin explants cultured on this patient's sera gave positive direct immunofluorescence (IF) at the basement membrane zone (BMZ) for IgG deposits. The use of tissue culture methods may be helpful because of the capacity of this test system to reveal the presence of the antibodies to the BMZ despite the presence of the antinuclear antibodies that appear to interfere with their demonstration in standard indirect IF tests.", "contents": "Coexistence of bullous pemphigoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. A vesiculobullous eruption with clinical and histological features of bullous pemphigoid developed in a 28-year-old woman with proven systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Serum of this patient contained elevated titers of antinuclear antibodies but basement membrane antibodies could not be detected at first, though they did appear in blister fluid. Normal monkey skin explants cultured on this patient's sera gave positive direct immunofluorescence (IF) at the basement membrane zone (BMZ) for IgG deposits. The use of tissue culture methods may be helpful because of the capacity of this test system to reveal the presence of the antibodies to the BMZ despite the presence of the antinuclear antibodies that appear to interfere with their demonstration in standard indirect IF tests."}
{"id": "PMID:354535", "title": "Complement-fixing pemphigus antibodies.", "content": "The serum of a patient with a typical case of pemphigus vulgaria contained complement-fixing intercellular autoantibodies (pemphigus antibodies). Complement-fixing pemphigus antibodies were demonstrated only during the untreated active stage of the disease and titrated lower than corresponding IgG autoantibodies, which paralleled well with the disease activity. Pemphigus lesional skin, which contained in-vivo-bound IgG, showed the capability of further binding C3 in vitro from normal human serum. It was suggested from these findings that the complement system may play an active role in pemphigus acantholysis through complement-fixing pemphigus antibodies.", "contents": "Complement-fixing pemphigus antibodies. The serum of a patient with a typical case of pemphigus vulgaria contained complement-fixing intercellular autoantibodies (pemphigus antibodies). Complement-fixing pemphigus antibodies were demonstrated only during the untreated active stage of the disease and titrated lower than corresponding IgG autoantibodies, which paralleled well with the disease activity. Pemphigus lesional skin, which contained in-vivo-bound IgG, showed the capability of further binding C3 in vitro from normal human serum. It was suggested from these findings that the complement system may play an active role in pemphigus acantholysis through complement-fixing pemphigus antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:354536", "title": "Immunopathology of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Association with mixed cryoglobulinemia.", "content": "We describe a case of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with immunoglobulin and complement demonstrated at the dermal-epidermal junction. Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia was also present in the patient, reemphasizing the association of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with other diseases.", "contents": "Immunopathology of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Association with mixed cryoglobulinemia. We describe a case of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with immunoglobulin and complement demonstrated at the dermal-epidermal junction. Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia was also present in the patient, reemphasizing the association of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with other diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:354540", "title": "Escherichia coli bacteremia in patients with malignant diseases.", "content": "Of 142 episodes of Escherichia coli bacteremia that were reviewed, appropriate antibiotics were administered during 98 episodes diagnosed premortem and 74 episodes (71%) responded. The highest cure rates were observed when the portals of entry were the urinary tract and soft tissues. Administration of adrenal corticosteroids did not affect the outcome of these patients. The patients' neutrophil counts at the onset and during infection were important factors in predicting survival. Septic shock occurred in 13% of all episodes, and only 11% of these patients responded. Of those patients who died, 63% died within the first 24 hours. Aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, and semisynthetic penicillins used alone or in combination offered optimal coverage.", "contents": "Escherichia coli bacteremia in patients with malignant diseases. Of 142 episodes of Escherichia coli bacteremia that were reviewed, appropriate antibiotics were administered during 98 episodes diagnosed premortem and 74 episodes (71%) responded. The highest cure rates were observed when the portals of entry were the urinary tract and soft tissues. Administration of adrenal corticosteroids did not affect the outcome of these patients. The patients' neutrophil counts at the onset and during infection were important factors in predicting survival. Septic shock occurred in 13% of all episodes, and only 11% of these patients responded. Of those patients who died, 63% died within the first 24 hours. Aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, and semisynthetic penicillins used alone or in combination offered optimal coverage."}
{"id": "PMID:354542", "title": "Hyperkalemia after renal transplantation. Occurrence in a patient with insulin-dependent diabetes.", "content": "An insulin-dependent diabetic patient received a renal transplant from a living related donor without evidence of rejection. In the posttransplant period, his serum potassium concentration (3.7 to 6.7 mEq/liter) fluctuated widely with the serum glucose concentration (165 to 470 mg/dl) during the day. Serum glucose and potassium concentrations were directly correlated (r = .734, P less than .001). Other factors controlling the serum potassium concentration were examined. Plasma and urinary aldosterone levels were normal, plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels rose during upright activity, and urinary potassium excretion increased with the administration of exogenous mineralocorticoid. Thus, mineralocorticoid secretion and responsiveness were intact. These observations indicate that hyperkalemia in a diabetic patient can occur in the absence of a defect in potassium excretion and are consistent with the interpretation that insulinopenia, as evidenced by hyperglycemia, can result in hyperkalemia due to diminshed translocation of both potassium and glucose from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment.", "contents": "Hyperkalemia after renal transplantation. Occurrence in a patient with insulin-dependent diabetes. An insulin-dependent diabetic patient received a renal transplant from a living related donor without evidence of rejection. In the posttransplant period, his serum potassium concentration (3.7 to 6.7 mEq/liter) fluctuated widely with the serum glucose concentration (165 to 470 mg/dl) during the day. Serum glucose and potassium concentrations were directly correlated (r = .734, P less than .001). Other factors controlling the serum potassium concentration were examined. Plasma and urinary aldosterone levels were normal, plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels rose during upright activity, and urinary potassium excretion increased with the administration of exogenous mineralocorticoid. Thus, mineralocorticoid secretion and responsiveness were intact. These observations indicate that hyperkalemia in a diabetic patient can occur in the absence of a defect in potassium excretion and are consistent with the interpretation that insulinopenia, as evidenced by hyperglycemia, can result in hyperkalemia due to diminshed translocation of both potassium and glucose from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:354541", "title": "Relationship of renal transplantation to hypertension in end-stage renal failure.", "content": "The relationship of renal transplantation to new onset or persistence of previously established hypertension was analyzed in 164 transplant recipients in whom the renal allograft functioned for six months or longer. Of the 164, thirty-seven (23%) had normal blood pressure and 127 (77%) were hypertensive prior to transplantation. Following transplantation 83 patients (51%) were normotensive; high blood pressure was found in 81 (49%). Posttransplant hypertension could not be correlated with the recipient's original renal disease, age, sex, renal donor source, donor age, or maintenance dose of prednisone. More normotensive paients had undergone prior binephrectomy when compared with the hypertensive group (P less than .05). Mean serum creatinine levels was higher (2.0 mg/dl) in hypertensives than in normotensives (1.54 mg/dl) (P greater than .05). Selective renal veins' renin measurements in patients with severe hypertension were not helpful in predicting the beneficial effects of either bilateral nephrectomy or surgical correction of transplant renal artery stenosis.", "contents": "Relationship of renal transplantation to hypertension in end-stage renal failure. The relationship of renal transplantation to new onset or persistence of previously established hypertension was analyzed in 164 transplant recipients in whom the renal allograft functioned for six months or longer. Of the 164, thirty-seven (23%) had normal blood pressure and 127 (77%) were hypertensive prior to transplantation. Following transplantation 83 patients (51%) were normotensive; high blood pressure was found in 81 (49%). Posttransplant hypertension could not be correlated with the recipient's original renal disease, age, sex, renal donor source, donor age, or maintenance dose of prednisone. More normotensive paients had undergone prior binephrectomy when compared with the hypertensive group (P less than .05). Mean serum creatinine levels was higher (2.0 mg/dl) in hypertensives than in normotensives (1.54 mg/dl) (P greater than .05). Selective renal veins' renin measurements in patients with severe hypertension were not helpful in predicting the beneficial effects of either bilateral nephrectomy or surgical correction of transplant renal artery stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:354544", "title": "[Description of a method for measuring sera with a high level fo IgE: test through the inactivation of anti-IgE covered phages].", "content": "The Fab fragment of an anti-IgE serum was conjugated with the  bacteriophage T4 through the use of glutaraldehyde. The conjugated phage was inactivated by human sera which contained IgE. The degree of inactivation allowed to make a distinction between the sera of normal individuals and that of those in whom it is known that high levels of Ig E exist, as in patients with allergic diseases. The method is quite sensitive, economical and does not require costly equipment. Besides, the conjugated phage is preserved for prolonged periods of time.", "contents": "[Description of a method for measuring sera with a high level fo IgE: test through the inactivation of anti-IgE covered phages]. The Fab fragment of an anti-IgE serum was conjugated with the  bacteriophage T4 through the use of glutaraldehyde. The conjugated phage was inactivated by human sera which contained IgE. The degree of inactivation allowed to make a distinction between the sera of normal individuals and that of those in whom it is known that high levels of Ig E exist, as in patients with allergic diseases. The method is quite sensitive, economical and does not require costly equipment. Besides, the conjugated phage is preserved for prolonged periods of time."}
{"id": "PMID:354545", "title": "[Adrenal function in topic corticotherapy].", "content": "It has been shown that corticosteroids for dermatological use produce an inhibition of the adrenal function, and it is considered that in our milieu these products are used without any precise indication. In this study, 29 ambulatory children from 3 to 15 years of age were selected, who were suffering from dermatoses with different degrees of extension, on whom urinary 17-ketosteroids, 17-ketogenicsteroids and serum cortisol were measured before and after non-occlusive treatment of two weeks, using 0.01 percent fluorocorticoids and controls after 24 hours and 8 days. A significant drop of the 17-keratogenicsteroids was found in patients studied at the end of the treatment, with immediate recovery. Additionally it was observed, in patients who had over 30 percent of skin area involved, that there was a decrease in serum cortisol, which persisted even 24 hours after discontinuing treatment, with normal levels in a measurement taken eight days later. It is therefore concluded that glucocorticoids applied topically are capable of inhibiting adrenal function.", "contents": "[Adrenal function in topic corticotherapy]. It has been shown that corticosteroids for dermatological use produce an inhibition of the adrenal function, and it is considered that in our milieu these products are used without any precise indication. In this study, 29 ambulatory children from 3 to 15 years of age were selected, who were suffering from dermatoses with different degrees of extension, on whom urinary 17-ketosteroids, 17-ketogenicsteroids and serum cortisol were measured before and after non-occlusive treatment of two weeks, using 0.01 percent fluorocorticoids and controls after 24 hours and 8 days. A significant drop of the 17-keratogenicsteroids was found in patients studied at the end of the treatment, with immediate recovery. Additionally it was observed, in patients who had over 30 percent of skin area involved, that there was a decrease in serum cortisol, which persisted even 24 hours after discontinuing treatment, with normal levels in a measurement taken eight days later. It is therefore concluded that glucocorticoids applied topically are capable of inhibiting adrenal function."}
{"id": "PMID:354548", "title": "Electron microscopy of germinating ascospores of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The wall of mature ascospores of Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed in sections under the electron microscope a dark outer layer and a lighter inner layer. The latter was composed of a greyish inner part and a light outer part. During germination, the spore grew out at one side and the dark outer layer was broken. Of the light inner layer, the inner greyish part became the wall of the vegetative cell, but the extended part of the cell had a new wall.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of germinating ascospores of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The wall of mature ascospores of Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed in sections under the electron microscope a dark outer layer and a lighter inner layer. The latter was composed of a greyish inner part and a light outer part. During germination, the spore grew out at one side and the dark outer layer was broken. Of the light inner layer, the inner greyish part became the wall of the vegetative cell, but the extended part of the cell had a new wall."}
{"id": "PMID:354549", "title": "In situ study of the glycolytic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "1. The problem of the influence of protein concentration on the kinetic parameters of enzymes has been approached studying the glycolytic enzymes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in permeabilized cells (in situ). 2. The values of Km and Vmax for the different enzymes were essentially the same in dilute solutions of protein and in concentrated ones (in situ) except in the case of enolase where some differences were observed. 3. Functioning of the whole glycolytic pathway was compared in situ and in vitro measuring the rate of the fermentation of glucose. The rate of fermentation in situ was two fold higher than in vitro and the lag before active fermentation was also much shorter. 4. An unidentified phosphorylated compound, possibly polyphosphate, accumulates during the fermentation of glucose under in situ conditions.", "contents": "In situ study of the glycolytic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1. The problem of the influence of protein concentration on the kinetic parameters of enzymes has been approached studying the glycolytic enzymes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in permeabilized cells (in situ). 2. The values of Km and Vmax for the different enzymes were essentially the same in dilute solutions of protein and in concentrated ones (in situ) except in the case of enolase where some differences were observed. 3. Functioning of the whole glycolytic pathway was compared in situ and in vitro measuring the rate of the fermentation of glucose. The rate of fermentation in situ was two fold higher than in vitro and the lag before active fermentation was also much shorter. 4. An unidentified phosphorylated compound, possibly polyphosphate, accumulates during the fermentation of glucose under in situ conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:354550", "title": "[Cadaverine is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of arthrobactin and ferrioxamine E (author's transl)].", "content": "Cadaverin was more readily incorporated than lysine into arthrobactin from Arthrobacter pascens and into ferrioxamin E from Streptomyces glaucescens. From a racemic mixture only the L-isomer of lysine is incorporated. The L-lysine decarboxylase activity was measured in vivo and in vitro. The enzyme from Arthrobacter pascens is not inducable by lysine and completely repressed by 5.10(-6) M Fe3+. In Klebsiella pneumoniae, the producer of aerobactin, only a very low activity of L-lysine decarboxylase was detected.", "contents": "[Cadaverine is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of arthrobactin and ferrioxamine E (author's transl)]. Cadaverin was more readily incorporated than lysine into arthrobactin from Arthrobacter pascens and into ferrioxamin E from Streptomyces glaucescens. From a racemic mixture only the L-isomer of lysine is incorporated. The L-lysine decarboxylase activity was measured in vivo and in vitro. The enzyme from Arthrobacter pascens is not inducable by lysine and completely repressed by 5.10(-6) M Fe3+. In Klebsiella pneumoniae, the producer of aerobactin, only a very low activity of L-lysine decarboxylase was detected."}
{"id": "PMID:354552", "title": "Diagnosis in schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness: a reassessment of the specificity of 'schizophrenic' symptoms in the light of current research.", "content": "Present clinical and research methods of differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and affective psychoses rely very heavily on presenting symptoms and signs, especially in acute psychosis. We have reviewed studies bearing on this issue, including studies of the phenomenology of psychotic illness, outcome, family history, response to treatment with lithium carbonate, and cross-national and historical diagnostic comparisons. We conclude that most so-called schizophrenic symptoms, taken alone and in cross section, have remarkably little, if any, demonstrated validity in determining diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment response in psychosis. In the United States, particularly, overreliance on such symptoms alone results in overdiagnosis of schizophrenia and underdiagnosis of affective illnesses, particularly mania. This compromises both clinical treatment and research.", "contents": "Diagnosis in schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness: a reassessment of the specificity of 'schizophrenic' symptoms in the light of current research. Present clinical and research methods of differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and affective psychoses rely very heavily on presenting symptoms and signs, especially in acute psychosis. We have reviewed studies bearing on this issue, including studies of the phenomenology of psychotic illness, outcome, family history, response to treatment with lithium carbonate, and cross-national and historical diagnostic comparisons. We conclude that most so-called schizophrenic symptoms, taken alone and in cross section, have remarkably little, if any, demonstrated validity in determining diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment response in psychosis. In the United States, particularly, overreliance on such symptoms alone results in overdiagnosis of schizophrenia and underdiagnosis of affective illnesses, particularly mania. This compromises both clinical treatment and research."}
{"id": "PMID:354554", "title": "Implications of sex differences in the prevalences of antisocial personality, alcoholism, and criminality for familial transmission.", "content": "We describe three multifactorial models of disease transmission in which the prevalences of a disease differ in men and women. These models demonstrate explicitly how such sex differences may be caused by genetic factors, home environment, sociocultural, or other nonfamilial factors. Independent sets of family data about antisocial personality and alcoholism in the United States and criminality in Danish twins are analyzed according to these quantitative models. Relevant clinical and adoption data about these disorders are reviewed. The sex differences observed in the development of antisocial personality and of crime appear to be due to familial factors whereas the differences between male and female alcoholics are due to nonfamilial factors. The models and results are discussed in terms of their general implications for testing hypotheses about gender-related differences.", "contents": "Implications of sex differences in the prevalences of antisocial personality, alcoholism, and criminality for familial transmission. We describe three multifactorial models of disease transmission in which the prevalences of a disease differ in men and women. These models demonstrate explicitly how such sex differences may be caused by genetic factors, home environment, sociocultural, or other nonfamilial factors. Independent sets of family data about antisocial personality and alcoholism in the United States and criminality in Danish twins are analyzed according to these quantitative models. Relevant clinical and adoption data about these disorders are reviewed. The sex differences observed in the development of antisocial personality and of crime appear to be due to familial factors whereas the differences between male and female alcoholics are due to nonfamilial factors. The models and results are discussed in terms of their general implications for testing hypotheses about gender-related differences."}
{"id": "PMID:354556", "title": "[Diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the cervix uteri (author's transl)].", "content": "Until now 12 cases of primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the cervix uteri have been described in the literature. Two more cases are reported. Diagnosis is only possible after exclusion of a systemic disease. Principle rules for therapy cannot be given by these few cases. However it seems that combined surgical and radiological treatment provides the best chances for longer surviving. Experiences in chemotherapeutical treatment of reticulum cell sarcoma of the cervix uteri are not yet published. Four of the 14 patients mentioned in this study died from relapse. The prognosis of this type of cervical tumor seems to be rather good.", "contents": "[Diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the cervix uteri (author's transl)]. Until now 12 cases of primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the cervix uteri have been described in the literature. Two more cases are reported. Diagnosis is only possible after exclusion of a systemic disease. Principle rules for therapy cannot be given by these few cases. However it seems that combined surgical and radiological treatment provides the best chances for longer surviving. Experiences in chemotherapeutical treatment of reticulum cell sarcoma of the cervix uteri are not yet published. Four of the 14 patients mentioned in this study died from relapse. The prognosis of this type of cervical tumor seems to be rather good."}
{"id": "PMID:354575", "title": "The neuro-endocrine complex in the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine system.", "content": "The pancreatic islet is one of the well-studied endocrine tissues in regard to innervation. This neuro-insular complex has been known since the 1920's. The direct contact of the nervous element to the gastro-enteric endocrine cells has recently been reported in the proventricular mucosa of the finch. Here, the majority of the endocrine cells lie in the lamina propria and form a neuro-endocrine complex with unmyelinated nerve fibers. A similar neuro-endocrine complex was also reported in the rat stomach and in the duodenum of the human fetus. The occurrence of the neuro-endocrine complexes in the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine system might provide supportive data to the neuro-ectodermal theory on the origin of the endocrine cells proposed by Professors A. G. E. PEARSE and T. FUJITA.", "contents": "The neuro-endocrine complex in the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine system. The pancreatic islet is one of the well-studied endocrine tissues in regard to innervation. This neuro-insular complex has been known since the 1920's. The direct contact of the nervous element to the gastro-enteric endocrine cells has recently been reported in the proventricular mucosa of the finch. Here, the majority of the endocrine cells lie in the lamina propria and form a neuro-endocrine complex with unmyelinated nerve fibers. A similar neuro-endocrine complex was also reported in the rat stomach and in the duodenum of the human fetus. The occurrence of the neuro-endocrine complexes in the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine system might provide supportive data to the neuro-ectodermal theory on the origin of the endocrine cells proposed by Professors A. G. E. PEARSE and T. FUJITA."}
{"id": "PMID:354576", "title": "Physiology of paraneurons.", "content": "An attempt is made in this review to elucidate the functional characteristics of paraneurons. The secretory functions of neuron, neurosecretory cell and paraneuron consist of three main phases: secretion, transmission and reversion. Secretion can be divided into a steady state and an activated state. A paraneuron behaves characteristically in the active phase of secretion and in the phase of transmission. There are three main events in the activated phase of secretion (\"stimulus-extrusion coupling\") in paraneurons, reception of stimulus, conduction of excitation, and extrusion of secretory substances. These three events seem to correspond to the functional characteristics in the three different regions of the paraneuron membrane. A stimulus-induced change in conformation in the input region of paraneurons may result in the inward movement of Na+ and Ca++. The inward movement of Na+ sometimes coincides with a graded depolarization which may occasionally generate all-or-nothing, short-duration action potential possibly in the intermediate region. A rise in [Ca++]i, whether it coincides with Na-dependent depolarization or not, may initiate extrusion of granules. If eccytosis is the mode of extrusion of secretory granules of paraneurons, the cell membranes at the output region should be rearranged by fusion with the membranes of granules. Ionic permeability of the output region might decrease during eccytosis if ionic permeability of the granule membrane is lower than that of other regions. Somatostatin in most cases and insulin in a special case may act locally on the adjacent target cells, and such a mode of transmission may come into the category of paracrine secretion.", "contents": "Physiology of paraneurons. An attempt is made in this review to elucidate the functional characteristics of paraneurons. The secretory functions of neuron, neurosecretory cell and paraneuron consist of three main phases: secretion, transmission and reversion. Secretion can be divided into a steady state and an activated state. A paraneuron behaves characteristically in the active phase of secretion and in the phase of transmission. There are three main events in the activated phase of secretion (\"stimulus-extrusion coupling\") in paraneurons, reception of stimulus, conduction of excitation, and extrusion of secretory substances. These three events seem to correspond to the functional characteristics in the three different regions of the paraneuron membrane. A stimulus-induced change in conformation in the input region of paraneurons may result in the inward movement of Na+ and Ca++. The inward movement of Na+ sometimes coincides with a graded depolarization which may occasionally generate all-or-nothing, short-duration action potential possibly in the intermediate region. A rise in [Ca++]i, whether it coincides with Na-dependent depolarization or not, may initiate extrusion of granules. If eccytosis is the mode of extrusion of secretory granules of paraneurons, the cell membranes at the output region should be rearranged by fusion with the membranes of granules. Ionic permeability of the output region might decrease during eccytosis if ionic permeability of the granule membrane is lower than that of other regions. Somatostatin in most cases and insulin in a special case may act locally on the adjacent target cells, and such a mode of transmission may come into the category of paracrine secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:354577", "title": "Electron microscopical and immunohistochemical study on parafollicular cell complex with reference to parafollicular cell as a paraneuron.", "content": "In mammalian species, parafollicular cells were usually disseminated among the follicles of the thyroid gland; but they occasionally formed fairly large clusters around the parathyroid IV and thymus IV. These cell clusters were called parafollicular cell complexes and were regarded as the remnant of the embryonic ultimobranchial body. The parafollicular cell complex contained follicular cells in addition to parafollicular cells. Colloid-containing follicles also occurred. In order to assess the developmental and functional relationship between follicular cells and parafollicular cells, the parafollicular cell complex in the dog was investigated by means of immunohistochemical method and electron microscopy. Follicular cells in the parafollicular cell complex showed various ultrastructures representing every developmental stage. The cells forming solid clusters without follicles were indistinguishable from the precursor cells of the parafollicular cells. Parafollicular cells occasionally formed narrow colloid-containing follicles. The results of the immunoperoxidase study indicated that the follicular cells in the parafollicular cell complex elaborated 19s thyroglobulin and stored it as colloid droplets in the follicular lumen. The antigenicity of the colloid droplets in the parafollicular cell comples was much stronger than that of the thyroid follicles. Based on these results, the origin of the parafollicular cells was discussed with special reference to the paraneuron concept of FUJITA (1976). The theory that both follicular and parafollicular cells were of endodermal origin seemed valid.", "contents": "Electron microscopical and immunohistochemical study on parafollicular cell complex with reference to parafollicular cell as a paraneuron. In mammalian species, parafollicular cells were usually disseminated among the follicles of the thyroid gland; but they occasionally formed fairly large clusters around the parathyroid IV and thymus IV. These cell clusters were called parafollicular cell complexes and were regarded as the remnant of the embryonic ultimobranchial body. The parafollicular cell complex contained follicular cells in addition to parafollicular cells. Colloid-containing follicles also occurred. In order to assess the developmental and functional relationship between follicular cells and parafollicular cells, the parafollicular cell complex in the dog was investigated by means of immunohistochemical method and electron microscopy. Follicular cells in the parafollicular cell complex showed various ultrastructures representing every developmental stage. The cells forming solid clusters without follicles were indistinguishable from the precursor cells of the parafollicular cells. Parafollicular cells occasionally formed narrow colloid-containing follicles. The results of the immunoperoxidase study indicated that the follicular cells in the parafollicular cell complex elaborated 19s thyroglobulin and stored it as colloid droplets in the follicular lumen. The antigenicity of the colloid droplets in the parafollicular cell comples was much stronger than that of the thyroid follicles. Based on these results, the origin of the parafollicular cells was discussed with special reference to the paraneuron concept of FUJITA (1976). The theory that both follicular and parafollicular cells were of endodermal origin seemed valid."}
{"id": "PMID:354578", "title": "Monoamine-containing paraneurons in the sympathetic ganglia of mammals.", "content": "1. A combined method for glyoxylic acid induced catecholamine fluorescence and electron microscopy was introduced in this study of the small intensely fluorescent (SIF) or granule-containing (GC) cells of the sympathetic ganglia. 2. Adrenergic interneurons were demonstrated in the sympathetic ganglia of the rat and the rhesus monkey. 3. Existence of adrenergic paraneurons (neuro-endocrine cells) in the sympathetic ganglia of several mammalian species was suggesed by the following observations: a) catecholamines are contained in the granular vesicles of SIF cells; b) SIF cells are innervated by preganglionic cholinergic nerves and are often in close relation with fenestrated capillaries; c) SIF cells develop from the neuroblast which originated from the neural crest, and ; d) substantial surface areas of GC cells are covered by basal lamina alone. Figures indicating exocytosis of granular vesicles were often seen here. 4. There are remarkable species differences in quantity and quality of SIF cells and great discrepancies among the physiological, biochemical and the morphological observations on SIF cells.", "contents": "Monoamine-containing paraneurons in the sympathetic ganglia of mammals. 1. A combined method for glyoxylic acid induced catecholamine fluorescence and electron microscopy was introduced in this study of the small intensely fluorescent (SIF) or granule-containing (GC) cells of the sympathetic ganglia. 2. Adrenergic interneurons were demonstrated in the sympathetic ganglia of the rat and the rhesus monkey. 3. Existence of adrenergic paraneurons (neuro-endocrine cells) in the sympathetic ganglia of several mammalian species was suggesed by the following observations: a) catecholamines are contained in the granular vesicles of SIF cells; b) SIF cells are innervated by preganglionic cholinergic nerves and are often in close relation with fenestrated capillaries; c) SIF cells develop from the neuroblast which originated from the neural crest, and ; d) substantial surface areas of GC cells are covered by basal lamina alone. Figures indicating exocytosis of granular vesicles were often seen here. 4. There are remarkable species differences in quantity and quality of SIF cells and great discrepancies among the physiological, biochemical and the morphological observations on SIF cells."}
{"id": "PMID:354579", "title": "Ultrastructure and function of the granule-containing cells in the anuran sympathetic ganglia.", "content": "In the sympathetic ganglia of various anuran species clusters of small granule-containing cells (GC cells) appeared more often in the 5th to 7th paravertebral granglia rather than in the 9th and 10th ganglia of the sympathetic chain. The GC cells were classified into four types according to the granular vesicle morphology. Types I, II and III cells probably acted as endocrine cells which secrete catecholamines into blood capillaries or extracellular spaces. Type IV cells, however, resembled sympathetic ganglion cells. They seemed to be a special type of postganglionic adrenergic neuron rather than a type of interneuron. All these four cell types received cholinergic innervations. Ganglion cells in the anuran sympathetic ganglia formed no synapses with the adrenergic elements or the GC cells. Hence, it was unlikely that s-IPSP was mediated by catecholamines released from GC cells. Serial section studies revealed that both B- and C-neurons received only cholinergic innervation. A mechanism of s-IPSP production was discussed in correlation with the morphological findings.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and function of the granule-containing cells in the anuran sympathetic ganglia. In the sympathetic ganglia of various anuran species clusters of small granule-containing cells (GC cells) appeared more often in the 5th to 7th paravertebral granglia rather than in the 9th and 10th ganglia of the sympathetic chain. The GC cells were classified into four types according to the granular vesicle morphology. Types I, II and III cells probably acted as endocrine cells which secrete catecholamines into blood capillaries or extracellular spaces. Type IV cells, however, resembled sympathetic ganglion cells. They seemed to be a special type of postganglionic adrenergic neuron rather than a type of interneuron. All these four cell types received cholinergic innervations. Ganglion cells in the anuran sympathetic ganglia formed no synapses with the adrenergic elements or the GC cells. Hence, it was unlikely that s-IPSP was mediated by catecholamines released from GC cells. Serial section studies revealed that both B- and C-neurons received only cholinergic innervation. A mechanism of s-IPSP production was discussed in correlation with the morphological findings."}
{"id": "PMID:354580", "title": "Innervation of the chief cells of the carotid body: an ultrastructural review.", "content": "Recent serial ultrathin section studies have shown that a single kind of nerve fiber innervates chief cells of the carotid body through various types of endings. These nerve endings have been described in previous papers as being vesicle-rich, mitochondria-rich or small and large calyciform; these endings occurred in en passant and bouton forms. The intracranial section experiments of the glossopharyngeal nerve seem to support the view that the nerve fiber innervating chief cells is sensory, the soma of which is located in the inferior (petrosal) ganglion, although conflicting data still exist. Two types of synapses have been found at the sites of apposition between nerve fibers and chief cells: one, named efferent or type 1 synapse, in which chief cells are postsynaptic; the other, named afferent or type 2 synapse, in which chief cells are presynaptic. The serial ultrathin section study has shown that a single nerve fiber forms both types, with the latter type predominating. The possibility is strongly suggested that most of efferent synapses on the chief cells are formed by sensory fibers which form numerous afferent synapses, but not by proper efferent fibers. The similarity between chief cells and SIF cells in the autonomic ganglia is suggested in terms of synaptic relations with neuronal elements.", "contents": "Innervation of the chief cells of the carotid body: an ultrastructural review. Recent serial ultrathin section studies have shown that a single kind of nerve fiber innervates chief cells of the carotid body through various types of endings. These nerve endings have been described in previous papers as being vesicle-rich, mitochondria-rich or small and large calyciform; these endings occurred in en passant and bouton forms. The intracranial section experiments of the glossopharyngeal nerve seem to support the view that the nerve fiber innervating chief cells is sensory, the soma of which is located in the inferior (petrosal) ganglion, although conflicting data still exist. Two types of synapses have been found at the sites of apposition between nerve fibers and chief cells: one, named efferent or type 1 synapse, in which chief cells are postsynaptic; the other, named afferent or type 2 synapse, in which chief cells are presynaptic. The serial ultrathin section study has shown that a single nerve fiber forms both types, with the latter type predominating. The possibility is strongly suggested that most of efferent synapses on the chief cells are formed by sensory fibers which form numerous afferent synapses, but not by proper efferent fibers. The similarity between chief cells and SIF cells in the autonomic ganglia is suggested in terms of synaptic relations with neuronal elements."}
{"id": "PMID:354581", "title": "The pinealocyte--a paraneuron? A review.", "content": "The pineal complex develops from a tubular evagination of the diencephalic roof. In amphibians a proliferation zone is the source of the pinealocytes and of the cells of the subcommissural organ. The pinealocytes are not real nerve cells, but derived likewise from the embryonic neural epithelium. The pinealocytes of lower vertebrates are directly photosensitive; however, the morphological structures for direct light perception are gradually lost in the phylogenetic development and are absent in the pinealocytes of mammals. A secretory function is shown in the pinealocytes of all vertebrates, but it is more pronounced in the pinealocytes of reptiles, birds and mammals; dense-cored vesicles originate in the Golgi complex and are transported to and accumulated in the terminals of the basal processes near the perivascular space. Nerve cells are in synaptic ribbon contact with pinealocytes in lower vertebrates and their axons give a rise to the tractus pinealis. The nerve cells and nervous connection with the brain are absent in the pineal organ of mammals. Only few autonomic fibers reach the pineal organ of lower vertebrates, but the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation are well developed in the pineal organ of most species of birds and mammals. The transmitter release from the sympathetic fibers is influenced by environmental light; light mediates in this way the activity of hormone producing enzymes in the pinealocytes. The synthesis of indolderivates, like melatonin, is confirmed and the presence of a polypeptide hormone is discussed. Accordingly, the pineal organ functions as a \"neuro\" chemical, \"neuro\" endocrine transducer or photo-\"neuro\" endocrine organ, which converts a light input (direct in lower vertebrates, via transmitter release by sympathetic fibers in mammals) into a hormonal output. The pineal organ thus provides the animal with a \"biological clock\", which is geared to the lighting environment. The pineal organ is a regulator (or a regulator of regulators) for several body functions. In mammals, the influence on the synchronization of the gonadal activity is best known. The pinealocyte is a hormone producing cell, which shows common features with the liquor contacting neurons and with the neurosecretory cells; after the definition of FUJITA (1976) the pinealocyte is said to be a paraneuron, also.", "contents": "The pinealocyte--a paraneuron? A review. The pineal complex develops from a tubular evagination of the diencephalic roof. In amphibians a proliferation zone is the source of the pinealocytes and of the cells of the subcommissural organ. The pinealocytes are not real nerve cells, but derived likewise from the embryonic neural epithelium. The pinealocytes of lower vertebrates are directly photosensitive; however, the morphological structures for direct light perception are gradually lost in the phylogenetic development and are absent in the pinealocytes of mammals. A secretory function is shown in the pinealocytes of all vertebrates, but it is more pronounced in the pinealocytes of reptiles, birds and mammals; dense-cored vesicles originate in the Golgi complex and are transported to and accumulated in the terminals of the basal processes near the perivascular space. Nerve cells are in synaptic ribbon contact with pinealocytes in lower vertebrates and their axons give a rise to the tractus pinealis. The nerve cells and nervous connection with the brain are absent in the pineal organ of mammals. Only few autonomic fibers reach the pineal organ of lower vertebrates, but the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation are well developed in the pineal organ of most species of birds and mammals. The transmitter release from the sympathetic fibers is influenced by environmental light; light mediates in this way the activity of hormone producing enzymes in the pinealocytes. The synthesis of indolderivates, like melatonin, is confirmed and the presence of a polypeptide hormone is discussed. Accordingly, the pineal organ functions as a \"neuro\" chemical, \"neuro\" endocrine transducer or photo-\"neuro\" endocrine organ, which converts a light input (direct in lower vertebrates, via transmitter release by sympathetic fibers in mammals) into a hormonal output. The pineal organ thus provides the animal with a \"biological clock\", which is geared to the lighting environment. The pineal organ is a regulator (or a regulator of regulators) for several body functions. In mammals, the influence on the synchronization of the gonadal activity is best known. The pinealocyte is a hormone producing cell, which shows common features with the liquor contacting neurons and with the neurosecretory cells; after the definition of FUJITA (1976) the pinealocyte is said to be a paraneuron, also."}
{"id": "PMID:354582", "title": "A morphological survey of the median eminence: fluorescence histochemistry, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry.", "content": "This review is a morphological survey of the median eminence of the rat as revealed by fluorescence histochemistry, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Strong catecholamine fluorescence was diffusely distributed in the external layer of the median eminence especially around the primary capillaries of the portal vessels. In the internal layer, there was a scattering of varicosities or strands with catecholamine fluorescence. The origin of these catecholamine nerve fibers and the function of dopamine (DA) nerve fibers in the external layer were discussed. In the external layer of the median eminence, a large number of nerve endings and processes of various sizes ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 micrometer in diameter were found around pericapillary spaces of the hypophyseal portal system. These nerve endings have been classified into three types according to the morphological features of the vesicles contained in them. Small and large dense cored vesicles (40-60 nm, 70-100 nm in diameter) with very high electron density appeared in the first type nerve endings after 5-OHDA treatment; these endings were regarded as monoaminergic, and more specifically, catecholaminergic. Topographical distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) nerve fibers in the median eminence was revealed by immunohistochemistry using the peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) method. LH-RH nerve processes and terminals appeared as brown beaded strands and dots in the PAP method. LH-RH terminals in the median eminence were seen to be encircling the infundibular radix. However, they were not evenly distributed; the most notable accumulation of LH-RH reactive dots were located in the region extending from the dorsal part of the tuberoinfundibular sulcus to the lateral part of external layer of the superior infundibular labium at the infundibular radix. Considering the distribution of LH-RH, the growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (GIH) and the monoamine nerve endings in the median eminence, the function of the anterior pituitary appeared to be regulated by a delicate interrelationship of nerve endings.", "contents": "A morphological survey of the median eminence: fluorescence histochemistry, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. This review is a morphological survey of the median eminence of the rat as revealed by fluorescence histochemistry, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Strong catecholamine fluorescence was diffusely distributed in the external layer of the median eminence especially around the primary capillaries of the portal vessels. In the internal layer, there was a scattering of varicosities or strands with catecholamine fluorescence. The origin of these catecholamine nerve fibers and the function of dopamine (DA) nerve fibers in the external layer were discussed. In the external layer of the median eminence, a large number of nerve endings and processes of various sizes ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 micrometer in diameter were found around pericapillary spaces of the hypophyseal portal system. These nerve endings have been classified into three types according to the morphological features of the vesicles contained in them. Small and large dense cored vesicles (40-60 nm, 70-100 nm in diameter) with very high electron density appeared in the first type nerve endings after 5-OHDA treatment; these endings were regarded as monoaminergic, and more specifically, catecholaminergic. Topographical distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) nerve fibers in the median eminence was revealed by immunohistochemistry using the peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) method. LH-RH nerve processes and terminals appeared as brown beaded strands and dots in the PAP method. LH-RH terminals in the median eminence were seen to be encircling the infundibular radix. However, they were not evenly distributed; the most notable accumulation of LH-RH reactive dots were located in the region extending from the dorsal part of the tuberoinfundibular sulcus to the lateral part of external layer of the superior infundibular labium at the infundibular radix. Considering the distribution of LH-RH, the growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (GIH) and the monoamine nerve endings in the median eminence, the function of the anterior pituitary appeared to be regulated by a delicate interrelationship of nerve endings."}
{"id": "PMID:354583", "title": "Exocytosis: the common release mechanism of secretory granules in glandular cells, neurosecretory cells, neurons and paraneurons.", "content": "Exocytotic granule release in glandular cells (exocrine and endocrine), neurosecretory cells, neurons and paraneurons was discussed. Attention was focused on the neurosecretory terminals in the mammalian posterior pituitary gland and adrenomedullary cells. The concept of \"exocytosis-vesiculation sequence\" proposed by Douglas and Nagasawa was introduced. This theory states that the exocytotic release of secretory granules was followed by the mechanism of granule membrane recovery; this process occurred at the bottom of the exocytotic pit in the form of coated microvesicles. Experimental results were presented which substantiated the theory for the transformation of coated microvesicles into smooth microvesicles. The origin and the nature of long enigmatic \"synaptic vesicles\" in the posterior pituitary gland was thus explained. The exocytotic release probably operates as the general and perhaps sole mechanism of granule release in a variety of glandular cells, neurosecretory cells, neurons and paraneurons.", "contents": "Exocytosis: the common release mechanism of secretory granules in glandular cells, neurosecretory cells, neurons and paraneurons. Exocytotic granule release in glandular cells (exocrine and endocrine), neurosecretory cells, neurons and paraneurons was discussed. Attention was focused on the neurosecretory terminals in the mammalian posterior pituitary gland and adrenomedullary cells. The concept of \"exocytosis-vesiculation sequence\" proposed by Douglas and Nagasawa was introduced. This theory states that the exocytotic release of secretory granules was followed by the mechanism of granule membrane recovery; this process occurred at the bottom of the exocytotic pit in the form of coated microvesicles. Experimental results were presented which substantiated the theory for the transformation of coated microvesicles into smooth microvesicles. The origin and the nature of long enigmatic \"synaptic vesicles\" in the posterior pituitary gland was thus explained. The exocytotic release probably operates as the general and perhaps sole mechanism of granule release in a variety of glandular cells, neurosecretory cells, neurons and paraneurons."}
{"id": "PMID:354584", "title": "Adrenal medulla: chromaffin cells as paraneurons.", "content": "Adrenal chromaffin cells are typical paraneurons. They are of neural crest origin, secrete catecholamines and produce action potentials. In addition to adrenaline-storing (A) cells and noradrenaline-storing (NA) cells, a third calss of chromaffin cells is distinguishable. They are characterized by the smallness of the secretory granules, and hence are called small-granule chromaffin (SGC) cells. The SGC cells have two or more, long, axon-like processes, receive a heavy innervation, and contain small synaptic-like vesicles in addition to the dense-cored secretory granules of neurosecretory type. Hence, they are regarded as an intermediate form between both A and NA cells of endocrine function and sympathetic nerve cells. Adrenal chromaffin cells share the basic process of the formation, intracellular transport, and storage of the secretory granules with all the paraneurons. Thus, the secretory granules are formed in the Golgi area and contain mainly peptides. They then incorporate adenine nucleotides and catecholamines and when mature are released by exocytosis. By means of autoradiography, quantitative variations were demonstrated with regard to dopa-, dopamine- and noradrenaline-handling capacities within chromaffin cells of a single class. A similar functional differentiation may possibly be found in paraneurons other than the adrenal chromaffin cells. Hypophysectomy in the mouse suppessed the uptake of 3H-dopamine-derived radio-activity in the chromaffin cells. The SGC cells seemed to increase their number in the hypophysectomized mouse.", "contents": "Adrenal medulla: chromaffin cells as paraneurons. Adrenal chromaffin cells are typical paraneurons. They are of neural crest origin, secrete catecholamines and produce action potentials. In addition to adrenaline-storing (A) cells and noradrenaline-storing (NA) cells, a third calss of chromaffin cells is distinguishable. They are characterized by the smallness of the secretory granules, and hence are called small-granule chromaffin (SGC) cells. The SGC cells have two or more, long, axon-like processes, receive a heavy innervation, and contain small synaptic-like vesicles in addition to the dense-cored secretory granules of neurosecretory type. Hence, they are regarded as an intermediate form between both A and NA cells of endocrine function and sympathetic nerve cells. Adrenal chromaffin cells share the basic process of the formation, intracellular transport, and storage of the secretory granules with all the paraneurons. Thus, the secretory granules are formed in the Golgi area and contain mainly peptides. They then incorporate adenine nucleotides and catecholamines and when mature are released by exocytosis. By means of autoradiography, quantitative variations were demonstrated with regard to dopa-, dopamine- and noradrenaline-handling capacities within chromaffin cells of a single class. A similar functional differentiation may possibly be found in paraneurons other than the adrenal chromaffin cells. Hypophysectomy in the mouse suppessed the uptake of 3H-dopamine-derived radio-activity in the chromaffin cells. The SGC cells seemed to increase their number in the hypophysectomized mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:354585", "title": "Some phylogenetical aspects on the occurrence of somatostatin in the gastro-entero pancreatic endocrine system. A histological and immunocytochemical study, combined with quantitative radioimmunological assays of tissue extracts.", "content": "Rodioimmunoassayable somatostatin (SRIF) was found in acid ethanol extracts from various parts of the gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine system in reptiles, amphibians, teleost bony fish, cartilaginous fish, and jawless fish, as well as in a deuterostomian invertebrate, the tunicate, Ciona intestinalis. The cellular sites could, as a rule, be easily visualized light-microscopically by the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical procedure, using guinea-pig and rabbit antisera against synthetic SRIF. The standard Hellerstr\u00f6m-Hellman technique, used to detect argyrophi SRIF-storing D cells, failed to visualize the SRIF cells in teh GEP endocrine system of the tumicate and of the jaw-less fish. Moreover, the results comfirmed the previous description that this technique only exceptionally (and sometimes only after further modifications) gave positive results when applied to the GEP endocrine system of bony fish, amphibians, and reptiles. In cartilaginous fish, however, it worked adequately and confirmed the radio-immunological and immunocytochemical observations. In the mucosa of the alimentary tract and in the parenchyma of its associated glands of one echinoderm and two pelecypod molluscs and one crustacean arthropod no sgns of the occurrence of SRIF-storing cells were observed using the three correlated procedures. In several of these tissues, signs of the occurrence of insulin-producing cells had perviously been observed. Thus, SRIF seems to appear at a later evolutionary stage than insulin. The principal islets (Brockmann corpusles) of the marine teleost fish, Cottus scorpius, had the highest concentrations of radioimmunoassayable SRIF of all the GEP organs and tissues investigated, viz. about 200 ng/mg wet weight. Nevertheless, it was only 1/5 of the actual insulin content.", "contents": "Some phylogenetical aspects on the occurrence of somatostatin in the gastro-entero pancreatic endocrine system. A histological and immunocytochemical study, combined with quantitative radioimmunological assays of tissue extracts. Rodioimmunoassayable somatostatin (SRIF) was found in acid ethanol extracts from various parts of the gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine system in reptiles, amphibians, teleost bony fish, cartilaginous fish, and jawless fish, as well as in a deuterostomian invertebrate, the tunicate, Ciona intestinalis. The cellular sites could, as a rule, be easily visualized light-microscopically by the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical procedure, using guinea-pig and rabbit antisera against synthetic SRIF. The standard Hellerstr\u00f6m-Hellman technique, used to detect argyrophi SRIF-storing D cells, failed to visualize the SRIF cells in teh GEP endocrine system of the tumicate and of the jaw-less fish. Moreover, the results comfirmed the previous description that this technique only exceptionally (and sometimes only after further modifications) gave positive results when applied to the GEP endocrine system of bony fish, amphibians, and reptiles. In cartilaginous fish, however, it worked adequately and confirmed the radio-immunological and immunocytochemical observations. In the mucosa of the alimentary tract and in the parenchyma of its associated glands of one echinoderm and two pelecypod molluscs and one crustacean arthropod no sgns of the occurrence of SRIF-storing cells were observed using the three correlated procedures. In several of these tissues, signs of the occurrence of insulin-producing cells had perviously been observed. Thus, SRIF seems to appear at a later evolutionary stage than insulin. The principal islets (Brockmann corpusles) of the marine teleost fish, Cottus scorpius, had the highest concentrations of radioimmunoassayable SRIF of all the GEP organs and tissues investigated, viz. about 200 ng/mg wet weight. Nevertheless, it was only 1/5 of the actual insulin content."}
{"id": "PMID:354590", "title": "Human kidney preservation by flushing with intracellular solution and cold storage.", "content": "Simple flushing and cold storage of human kidneys for transplantation has not been accepted for preservation times exceeding 24 hours. A prospective study of 25 primary cadaver kidney transplants was performed to evaluate Collins C2 solution for human kidney preservation. Cold storage time was 10 to 23 hours in 14 cases and 26 to 44.5 hours in 11 cases. Seventeen (68%) of the kidneys had immediate, sustained function. The one-month function rate was 88%. There were no significant differences between the 10- to 23-hour and the 26- to 44.5-hour groups with respect to the incidence of first-week dialysis, one-month graft function, or mean lowest serum creatinine value. Human kidney preservation time can be safely extended beyond 24 hours with Collins C2 flushing followed by simple cold storage.", "contents": "Human kidney preservation by flushing with intracellular solution and cold storage. Simple flushing and cold storage of human kidneys for transplantation has not been accepted for preservation times exceeding 24 hours. A prospective study of 25 primary cadaver kidney transplants was performed to evaluate Collins C2 solution for human kidney preservation. Cold storage time was 10 to 23 hours in 14 cases and 26 to 44.5 hours in 11 cases. Seventeen (68%) of the kidneys had immediate, sustained function. The one-month function rate was 88%. There were no significant differences between the 10- to 23-hour and the 26- to 44.5-hour groups with respect to the incidence of first-week dialysis, one-month graft function, or mean lowest serum creatinine value. Human kidney preservation time can be safely extended beyond 24 hours with Collins C2 flushing followed by simple cold storage."}
{"id": "PMID:354591", "title": "A review. Lessons from an animal model of intra-abdominal sepsis.", "content": "Intra-abdominal sepsis that involves multiple aerobic and anaerobic bacteria derived from the colonic flora was studied in Wistar rats to determine the relative roles of various microbial species. The rats challenged with pooled colonic contents showed a biphasic disease. Initially, there was acute peritonitis, Escherichia coli bacteremia, and high mortality. In rats that survived this acute peritonitis stage, intra-abdominal abscesses developed, and anaerobic bacteria were the preponderant organisms. Subsequent experiments showed that antibiotics directed against coliforms prevented mortality, whereas agents active against anaerobes reduced the incidence of abscesses. Challenges with Escherichia coli alone produced bacteremia and death, whereas pure cultures of Bacteroides fragilis caused intra-abdominal abscesses. These observations suggest that both coliforms and anaerobes are important pathogens in intra-abdominal sepsis, although the different types of microbes appear to play distinctive roles in the sequence of pathological events.", "contents": "A review. Lessons from an animal model of intra-abdominal sepsis. Intra-abdominal sepsis that involves multiple aerobic and anaerobic bacteria derived from the colonic flora was studied in Wistar rats to determine the relative roles of various microbial species. The rats challenged with pooled colonic contents showed a biphasic disease. Initially, there was acute peritonitis, Escherichia coli bacteremia, and high mortality. In rats that survived this acute peritonitis stage, intra-abdominal abscesses developed, and anaerobic bacteria were the preponderant organisms. Subsequent experiments showed that antibiotics directed against coliforms prevented mortality, whereas agents active against anaerobes reduced the incidence of abscesses. Challenges with Escherichia coli alone produced bacteremia and death, whereas pure cultures of Bacteroides fragilis caused intra-abdominal abscesses. These observations suggest that both coliforms and anaerobes are important pathogens in intra-abdominal sepsis, although the different types of microbes appear to play distinctive roles in the sequence of pathological events."}
{"id": "PMID:354592", "title": "Flail chest syndrome and pulmonary contusion.", "content": "Controlled mechanical ventilation has been the mainstay of treatment in the flail chest syndrome for more than 20 years, retrospective studies have recently suggested that the technique is unnecessary, and they infer that spontaneous ventilation or intermittent mandatory ventilation are equally effective. The common theme of these investigations is that mechanical ventilation is required only to relieve hypoxemia associated with the underlying contusion. In two cases of flail chest, spontaneous respiratory efforts resulted in complete disruption of the fracture sites and thus prolonged the duration of mechanical ventilation that was required. In severe cases of flail chest syndrome, there is still a need for controlled mechanical ventilation to splint the rib fractures in a position which facilitates union of the fragments.", "contents": "Flail chest syndrome and pulmonary contusion. Controlled mechanical ventilation has been the mainstay of treatment in the flail chest syndrome for more than 20 years, retrospective studies have recently suggested that the technique is unnecessary, and they infer that spontaneous ventilation or intermittent mandatory ventilation are equally effective. The common theme of these investigations is that mechanical ventilation is required only to relieve hypoxemia associated with the underlying contusion. In two cases of flail chest, spontaneous respiratory efforts resulted in complete disruption of the fracture sites and thus prolonged the duration of mechanical ventilation that was required. In severe cases of flail chest syndrome, there is still a need for controlled mechanical ventilation to splint the rib fractures in a position which facilitates union of the fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:354595", "title": "Toxicological aspects of food safety - carcinogenicity and mutagenicity.", "content": "One major problem in the evaluation of potential carcinogenic food additives and contaminants is that of thresholds or, better, of \"no-adverse-effect-levels\". Arguments in favour of the postulated \"irreversibility\" of carcinogenic effects are based on dose-response studies, single-dose and multi-generation experiments as well as on the concept of somatic mutation as the first steps in carcinogenesis with subsequent transmittance of induced defects during cell replication. The problem of extrapolation of results of animal experiments using high doses to low exposure and low incidences in man is not yet solved satisfactorily. Possible practical consequences include zero-tolerance, acceptable thresholds at low risk and safety factors. Acceptable intakes never should be considered constants but should be changeable as soon as new facts in regard to the safety evaluation are available. Several systems of short-term tests as screening methods are based on mutagenicity tests and offer many advantages. Their critical evaluation is of utmost importance. Examples of some relevant problems to be discussed include nitrosamines in food products and their formation from ingested precursors; the migration of vinyl chloride from PVC food packing material; the occurrence of low levels of chloroform in drinking water.", "contents": "Toxicological aspects of food safety - carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. One major problem in the evaluation of potential carcinogenic food additives and contaminants is that of thresholds or, better, of \"no-adverse-effect-levels\". Arguments in favour of the postulated \"irreversibility\" of carcinogenic effects are based on dose-response studies, single-dose and multi-generation experiments as well as on the concept of somatic mutation as the first steps in carcinogenesis with subsequent transmittance of induced defects during cell replication. The problem of extrapolation of results of animal experiments using high doses to low exposure and low incidences in man is not yet solved satisfactorily. Possible practical consequences include zero-tolerance, acceptable thresholds at low risk and safety factors. Acceptable intakes never should be considered constants but should be changeable as soon as new facts in regard to the safety evaluation are available. Several systems of short-term tests as screening methods are based on mutagenicity tests and offer many advantages. Their critical evaluation is of utmost importance. Examples of some relevant problems to be discussed include nitrosamines in food products and their formation from ingested precursors; the migration of vinyl chloride from PVC food packing material; the occurrence of low levels of chloroform in drinking water."}
{"id": "PMID:354596", "title": "[Roentgeno-morphological study of the 1st metatarsal bone and the calcaneus on the material of archaeological excavations in Latvia].", "content": "In the investigation 183 first metatarsi and heel bones of ancient and contemporary people have been examined. It has been stated that the first metatarsi in contemporary people exceed in length those of ancient people. The thickness of substantia compacta of the first metatarsus, as well as the thickness of the tuber calcanei and lamina plantaris of the heel bones was more pronounced in ancient people than in contemporary people. Spongious trabeculae in ancient men were greater in number and thickness.", "contents": "[Roentgeno-morphological study of the 1st metatarsal bone and the calcaneus on the material of archaeological excavations in Latvia]. In the investigation 183 first metatarsi and heel bones of ancient and contemporary people have been examined. It has been stated that the first metatarsi in contemporary people exceed in length those of ancient people. The thickness of substantia compacta of the first metatarsus, as well as the thickness of the tuber calcanei and lamina plantaris of the heel bones was more pronounced in ancient people than in contemporary people. Spongious trabeculae in ancient men were greater in number and thickness."}
{"id": "PMID:354599", "title": "[Rearrangement of the microcirculatory bed of the skin pedicle flap during the development of complications].", "content": "Rearrangement of microcirculatory pathways in the skin was studied without injecting the vessels when the peduncles of a regular size and the peduncles with the ratio of their length to width as 5:1 were formed. In the first case, rearrangement of the microcirculatory bed was revealed to have an adaptive character. In the second case, continuously increasing gross morphological disorders resulting in venous congestion and contributing to necrosis of the peduncle were revealed.", "contents": "[Rearrangement of the microcirculatory bed of the skin pedicle flap during the development of complications]. Rearrangement of microcirculatory pathways in the skin was studied without injecting the vessels when the peduncles of a regular size and the peduncles with the ratio of their length to width as 5:1 were formed. In the first case, rearrangement of the microcirculatory bed was revealed to have an adaptive character. In the second case, continuously increasing gross morphological disorders resulting in venous congestion and contributing to necrosis of the peduncle were revealed."}
{"id": "PMID:354600", "title": "[Proliferative processes in the epithelium of the autotransplant and surrounding skin of mice].", "content": "Proliferative processes were studied in epithelial cells of skin autografts and the surrounding skin in mice of CBA line. In the animals subjected to the operation but without cortisone injection (Fig. 1, a and Fig. 2, delta), a high proliferative activity in the skin epithelial cells surrounding the autograft was observed during the whole course of the experiment. In the cells of the autograft, the mitotic activity, after inhibition, restored quickly up to the original level, and in 10 days it sharply increased and did not differ from that in the epithelium of the surrounding skin. The amount of DNA-synthesising cells in the epithlium of the autograft at first remained at the original level, and then, after a short sharp rise, it decreased up to its level in the surrounding skin and then was changing nearly in the similar fashion with it. After repeated injection of cortisone both indices of proliferative activity (Fig 1, delta and Fig. 2, delta) in the epithlium of the autograft and of the surrounding skin gradually increased although slower than in the controls.", "contents": "[Proliferative processes in the epithelium of the autotransplant and surrounding skin of mice]. Proliferative processes were studied in epithelial cells of skin autografts and the surrounding skin in mice of CBA line. In the animals subjected to the operation but without cortisone injection (Fig. 1, a and Fig. 2, delta), a high proliferative activity in the skin epithelial cells surrounding the autograft was observed during the whole course of the experiment. In the cells of the autograft, the mitotic activity, after inhibition, restored quickly up to the original level, and in 10 days it sharply increased and did not differ from that in the epithelium of the surrounding skin. The amount of DNA-synthesising cells in the epithlium of the autograft at first remained at the original level, and then, after a short sharp rise, it decreased up to its level in the surrounding skin and then was changing nearly in the similar fashion with it. After repeated injection of cortisone both indices of proliferative activity (Fig 1, delta and Fig. 2, delta) in the epithlium of the autograft and of the surrounding skin gradually increased although slower than in the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:354601", "title": "[Morphometric evaluation of the intensity of blood flow in the islands of Langerhans and of the effectiveness of controlled revascularization of the pancreas under experimental conditions].", "content": "Experiments with 68 white rats have demonstrated that, comparing to the normal, density and area of the pancreatic islets capillaries at alloxan diabetes decreases and is followed by elevation of blood suger and drop in insulin containing erythrocytes. At purposeful revascularization (splenectomy) density and area of capillary surface in the pancreatic islets increases, and diffusion radius decreases, that is accompanied by improved endocrinal function and makes it possible to estimate positively the method of revascularization of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Morphometric evaluation of the intensity of blood flow in the islands of Langerhans and of the effectiveness of controlled revascularization of the pancreas under experimental conditions]. Experiments with 68 white rats have demonstrated that, comparing to the normal, density and area of the pancreatic islets capillaries at alloxan diabetes decreases and is followed by elevation of blood suger and drop in insulin containing erythrocytes. At purposeful revascularization (splenectomy) density and area of capillary surface in the pancreatic islets increases, and diffusion radius decreases, that is accompanied by improved endocrinal function and makes it possible to estimate positively the method of revascularization of the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:354603", "title": "[Effect of different types of sports on skeletal growth in child, adolescent and young sportsmen].", "content": "The work represents a theoretical review on the influence of various kinds of sport on the locomotorium. There exists a great discrepancy on how sport influences growth and synostosis in bones. The work from the Department of Normal Anatomy of the First Medical Institute, Leningrad is dedicated to the effects of various kinds of sport on the skeleton of young sportsmen and summarizes the results of the investigations performed. It is demonstrated that different kinds of sport affect differently the process of synostosis in tubular bones. The influence depends on the character of bones involving in the given kind of sport and on the character of physical loading. Thus, the process of synostosis depends not only on genetic factors, but also on social ones which include physical culture. Despite a great number of works dedicated to the study how different kinds of sport influence growth and synostosis of bones, regularities of the process remain to be clarified. Further investigations are needed.", "contents": "[Effect of different types of sports on skeletal growth in child, adolescent and young sportsmen]. The work represents a theoretical review on the influence of various kinds of sport on the locomotorium. There exists a great discrepancy on how sport influences growth and synostosis in bones. The work from the Department of Normal Anatomy of the First Medical Institute, Leningrad is dedicated to the effects of various kinds of sport on the skeleton of young sportsmen and summarizes the results of the investigations performed. It is demonstrated that different kinds of sport affect differently the process of synostosis in tubular bones. The influence depends on the character of bones involving in the given kind of sport and on the character of physical loading. Thus, the process of synostosis depends not only on genetic factors, but also on social ones which include physical culture. Despite a great number of works dedicated to the study how different kinds of sport influence growth and synostosis of bones, regularities of the process remain to be clarified. Further investigations are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:354606", "title": "[Neuromorphological and immunofluorescence study of experimental infection caused by the attenuated strain of tick-borne encephalitis virus].", "content": "In Syrian hamsters inoculated subcutaneously with an attenuated strain of tick-borne encephalitis virus the infection runs an asymptomatic course in all the animals, some of which, however, develop within 4 weeks some changes in nerve cells and hypertrophy of astrocytes. The viral antigen is detected by Coons' method in nerve cells and spleen cells. An intensive treatment of the hamsters with cyclophosphane 106 days after virus inoculation provoked no morphological lesions in the brain which could have been associated with virus activation. No virus antigen could be found in brain impression smears either. However, in both untreated animals and those treated with the immunosuppressant drug the viral antigen was found in mononuclear cells of the spleen.", "contents": "[Neuromorphological and immunofluorescence study of experimental infection caused by the attenuated strain of tick-borne encephalitis virus]. In Syrian hamsters inoculated subcutaneously with an attenuated strain of tick-borne encephalitis virus the infection runs an asymptomatic course in all the animals, some of which, however, develop within 4 weeks some changes in nerve cells and hypertrophy of astrocytes. The viral antigen is detected by Coons' method in nerve cells and spleen cells. An intensive treatment of the hamsters with cyclophosphane 106 days after virus inoculation provoked no morphological lesions in the brain which could have been associated with virus activation. No virus antigen could be found in brain impression smears either. However, in both untreated animals and those treated with the immunosuppressant drug the viral antigen was found in mononuclear cells of the spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:354607", "title": "[Current problems of pathogenesis of thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "According to current concepts, thyrotoxicosis should be regarded as an autoimmune disease in which signs of a delayed type of hypersensitivity are found. The functional excitation of the thyroid gland is caused and maintained by the appearance of lymphocytes sensitized for responding to autoantigens of thyrocytes and for production of thyrostimulating autoantibodies. The course of thyrotoxicosis is aggravated by the disorder of homeostatic mechanisms which normally oppose the hyperfunction of the thyroid gland and the effect of the excess of thyroid hormones. Thus in thyrotoxicosis the disorder of immune homeostasis is accompanied by desorganization of endocrine homeostasis.", "contents": "[Current problems of pathogenesis of thyrotoxicosis]. According to current concepts, thyrotoxicosis should be regarded as an autoimmune disease in which signs of a delayed type of hypersensitivity are found. The functional excitation of the thyroid gland is caused and maintained by the appearance of lymphocytes sensitized for responding to autoantigens of thyrocytes and for production of thyrostimulating autoantibodies. The course of thyrotoxicosis is aggravated by the disorder of homeostatic mechanisms which normally oppose the hyperfunction of the thyroid gland and the effect of the excess of thyroid hormones. Thus in thyrotoxicosis the disorder of immune homeostasis is accompanied by desorganization of endocrine homeostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:354608", "title": "[Alkaline phosphatase of striated border of the enterocytes in experimental dysentery].", "content": "The activity of alkaline phosphatase of the striated border of enterocytes was studied experimentally in Syrian hamsters in the early stage of adsorption of Shigella zonnei on the epithelium of the small intestine and in a long-term dysentery infection. It was established that upon the direct effect of bacteria on the glycocalix of enterocytes the activity of the enzyme in it at the site of attachment decreased; upon a long-term effect of Shigella on the intestinal wall a decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase is systemic.", "contents": "[Alkaline phosphatase of striated border of the enterocytes in experimental dysentery]. The activity of alkaline phosphatase of the striated border of enterocytes was studied experimentally in Syrian hamsters in the early stage of adsorption of Shigella zonnei on the epithelium of the small intestine and in a long-term dysentery infection. It was established that upon the direct effect of bacteria on the glycocalix of enterocytes the activity of the enzyme in it at the site of attachment decreased; upon a long-term effect of Shigella on the intestinal wall a decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase is systemic."}
{"id": "PMID:354609", "title": "[Hyaline membrane disease (idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome of newborn infants)].", "content": "A review of literature on the morphology and pathogenesis of the disease of hyaline membranes (DHM) in children is presented. The role of predisposing factors in the development of the disease such as inheritance, perinatal asphyxia, prematurity of newborns, diabetes in the mother, Cesarian section, is analyzed. The results of electron microscopic, immunohistochemical and dynamic histological examinations of the lungs in DHM are presented. The current concepts on the association of this disease with a defficiency of a surfactant, alpha1-antitrypsin, hypoperfusion and reduction of fibrinolytic activity of the lung tissue, and with the condition of the vegetative nervous system are discussed.", "contents": "[Hyaline membrane disease (idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome of newborn infants)]. A review of literature on the morphology and pathogenesis of the disease of hyaline membranes (DHM) in children is presented. The role of predisposing factors in the development of the disease such as inheritance, perinatal asphyxia, prematurity of newborns, diabetes in the mother, Cesarian section, is analyzed. The results of electron microscopic, immunohistochemical and dynamic histological examinations of the lungs in DHM are presented. The current concepts on the association of this disease with a defficiency of a surfactant, alpha1-antitrypsin, hypoperfusion and reduction of fibrinolytic activity of the lung tissue, and with the condition of the vegetative nervous system are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:354615", "title": "Antiemetic effect of droperidol after ophthalmic surgery.", "content": "Postoperative nausea with emesis is an undesirable side effect of general anesthesia in patients who have undergone ophthalmic surgery. The antiemetic effect of intravenous droperidol (Inapsine) was measured in a double-blind, controlled study of 78 patients undergoing general (enflurane [Ethrane]) anesthesia for a variety of ophthalmic procedures. There was a significant difference in the incidence of postoperative nausea and/or emesis in the droperidol-treated group, 13 of 78 (16%) as compared with the control population (37 of 87 [42%]). No complications of droperidol administration were observed. Droperidol may be an effective antiemetic drug if used prophylactically in patients who receive general anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery.", "contents": "Antiemetic effect of droperidol after ophthalmic surgery. Postoperative nausea with emesis is an undesirable side effect of general anesthesia in patients who have undergone ophthalmic surgery. The antiemetic effect of intravenous droperidol (Inapsine) was measured in a double-blind, controlled study of 78 patients undergoing general (enflurane [Ethrane]) anesthesia for a variety of ophthalmic procedures. There was a significant difference in the incidence of postoperative nausea and/or emesis in the droperidol-treated group, 13 of 78 (16%) as compared with the control population (37 of 87 [42%]). No complications of droperidol administration were observed. Droperidol may be an effective antiemetic drug if used prophylactically in patients who receive general anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:354616", "title": "Indocyanine green: a new vital stain for use before penetrating keratoplasty.", "content": "Indocyanine green selectively stains devitalized corneal endothelial cells. In addition, the dye has been found to be nontoxic to the function of living endothelial cells. Indocyanine green appears to be an ideal vital stain for use before penetrating keratoplasty.", "contents": "Indocyanine green: a new vital stain for use before penetrating keratoplasty. Indocyanine green selectively stains devitalized corneal endothelial cells. In addition, the dye has been found to be nontoxic to the function of living endothelial cells. Indocyanine green appears to be an ideal vital stain for use before penetrating keratoplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:354618", "title": "Four chest flaps.", "content": "A modification of the deltopectoral flap is described, which allows for the use of the anterior oblique chest flap from the same side. The deltopectoral flap is extended laterally over the shoulder, but is modified to extend the inferior incision medially to, but not beyond, the vertical plane of the nipple. This modification does not limit the range of the deltopectoral flap but does allow for development of a second flap that is based on the same four perforating vessels. Two flaps served by the same base provide for four individual chest flaps for use in undelayed reconstruction. A bilobed chest flap can be utilized, undelayed, where the deltopectoral and oblique flaps are raised simultaneously from the same side.", "contents": "Four chest flaps. A modification of the deltopectoral flap is described, which allows for the use of the anterior oblique chest flap from the same side. The deltopectoral flap is extended laterally over the shoulder, but is modified to extend the inferior incision medially to, but not beyond, the vertical plane of the nipple. This modification does not limit the range of the deltopectoral flap but does allow for development of a second flap that is based on the same four perforating vessels. Two flaps served by the same base provide for four individual chest flaps for use in undelayed reconstruction. A bilobed chest flap can be utilized, undelayed, where the deltopectoral and oblique flaps are raised simultaneously from the same side."}
{"id": "PMID:354619", "title": "Sinus infection due to Eikenella corrodens.", "content": "Eikenella corrodens is a gram-negative rod that has been identified as a cause of endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, cellulitis, and other infections. Because it is difficult to grow unless it is incubated in 10% carbon dioxide and because it may be overgrown by other organisms, it can be overlooked as a sinus pathogen. This is a report of the isolation of E corrodens from the sinuses of three patients with sinusitis. Three important features of infection with E corrodens, which are illustrated by these cases, are as follows: (1) the indolence of E corrodens infections; (2) the unusual susceptibility pattern of E corrodens; and (3) the fact that E corrodens is often isolated in mixed culture. The purulent contents of sinus cavities should be cultured in aerobic, anaerobic, and 10% carbon dioxide atmospheres.", "contents": "Sinus infection due to Eikenella corrodens. Eikenella corrodens is a gram-negative rod that has been identified as a cause of endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, cellulitis, and other infections. Because it is difficult to grow unless it is incubated in 10% carbon dioxide and because it may be overgrown by other organisms, it can be overlooked as a sinus pathogen. This is a report of the isolation of E corrodens from the sinuses of three patients with sinusitis. Three important features of infection with E corrodens, which are illustrated by these cases, are as follows: (1) the indolence of E corrodens infections; (2) the unusual susceptibility pattern of E corrodens; and (3) the fact that E corrodens is often isolated in mixed culture. The purulent contents of sinus cavities should be cultured in aerobic, anaerobic, and 10% carbon dioxide atmospheres."}
{"id": "PMID:354621", "title": "The effect of variation in mould temperature, metal temperature and mould size on the development of internal porosity in cast structures.", "content": "Three series of two types of specimens were cast from a cobalt and a nickel base alloy using variation in mould and metal temperatures and in mould size. The casting procedures included a unidirectional solidification system and a problem of feeding. Porosity was assessed by radiographic and metallographic analyses.", "contents": "The effect of variation in mould temperature, metal temperature and mould size on the development of internal porosity in cast structures. Three series of two types of specimens were cast from a cobalt and a nickel base alloy using variation in mould and metal temperatures and in mould size. The casting procedures included a unidirectional solidification system and a problem of feeding. Porosity was assessed by radiographic and metallographic analyses."}
{"id": "PMID:354623", "title": "The effect of variation in the technique of metal fusion on the development of internal porosity in cast structures.", "content": "Standard tensile specimens were cast from a series of alloys using several techniques of metal fusion. Subsequently, all specimens were subjected to radiographic and metallographic evaluation inassociation with density determination in order to ascertain the effect of melting technique on the amount and pattern of porosity.", "contents": "The effect of variation in the technique of metal fusion on the development of internal porosity in cast structures. Standard tensile specimens were cast from a series of alloys using several techniques of metal fusion. Subsequently, all specimens were subjected to radiographic and metallographic evaluation inassociation with density determination in order to ascertain the effect of melting technique on the amount and pattern of porosity."}
{"id": "PMID:354624", "title": "The bonding of polycarboxylate cement to gold.", "content": "A comparison is made of several types of treatment of the surface of gold which will promote greater bonding with polycarboxylate cement.", "contents": "The bonding of polycarboxylate cement to gold. A comparison is made of several types of treatment of the surface of gold which will promote greater bonding with polycarboxylate cement."}
{"id": "PMID:354626", "title": "Isolation of bacteriophage-like particles from uninduced Clostridium tetani cultures.", "content": "The isolation of hexagonal-headed, tailless, bacteriophage-like particles from uninduced cultures of Clostridium tetani is described. Clear, round, 1--3 mm diameter plaques were noted on Clostrisel agar plates, which were overlaid with soft agar inoculated with 7--14 day broth cultures. Particles were detected by transmission electron microscopy from broth cultures seeded with scrapings from the plaques. Both electron dense and electron lucent heads were noted. An electron dense head was observed attached to the surface of a dividing bacterium.", "contents": "Isolation of bacteriophage-like particles from uninduced Clostridium tetani cultures. The isolation of hexagonal-headed, tailless, bacteriophage-like particles from uninduced cultures of Clostridium tetani is described. Clear, round, 1--3 mm diameter plaques were noted on Clostrisel agar plates, which were overlaid with soft agar inoculated with 7--14 day broth cultures. Particles were detected by transmission electron microscopy from broth cultures seeded with scrapings from the plaques. Both electron dense and electron lucent heads were noted. An electron dense head was observed attached to the surface of a dividing bacterium."}
{"id": "PMID:354627", "title": "Haemopoietic stem cells in the foetal mouse thymus.", "content": "The presence of haemopoietic stem cells (HSC) in the foetal mouse thymus was assessed to determine whether all cells which enter the developing organ are precommitted to thymocyte differentiation, or if stem cell multipotentiality still exists. The Till and McCulloch spleen colony assay was used to delineate foetal-thymus derived HSC in lethally irradiated recipients. Of the range examined, between 13 days of gestation to birth, a peak of stem cell activity occurs in 15-day foetal thymus. The surface colonies produced by the thymus-derived HSC are small compared to colonies produced by the liver derived HSC, although well within the range of the latter. Histologically, five types of colonies were identifiable which were produced by the thymus-derived HSC, indicating that these cells retain the potential to form a wide range of differentiated colonies.", "contents": "Haemopoietic stem cells in the foetal mouse thymus. The presence of haemopoietic stem cells (HSC) in the foetal mouse thymus was assessed to determine whether all cells which enter the developing organ are precommitted to thymocyte differentiation, or if stem cell multipotentiality still exists. The Till and McCulloch spleen colony assay was used to delineate foetal-thymus derived HSC in lethally irradiated recipients. Of the range examined, between 13 days of gestation to birth, a peak of stem cell activity occurs in 15-day foetal thymus. The surface colonies produced by the thymus-derived HSC are small compared to colonies produced by the liver derived HSC, although well within the range of the latter. Histologically, five types of colonies were identifiable which were produced by the thymus-derived HSC, indicating that these cells retain the potential to form a wide range of differentiated colonies."}
{"id": "PMID:354628", "title": "Evidence implicating the mononuclear phagocytic system of the rat in immunity to infections with Trypanosoma lewisi.", "content": "The present study emphasises the importance of the mononuclear phagocytic system of the rat in immunity to infections with Trypanosoma lewisi. Despite the great increase in the weight of the spleen, the liver played a major role in removing the parasites from the circulation. No evidence could be obtained that removal of the parasites was related to the lytic activity of specific antibody and complement.", "contents": "Evidence implicating the mononuclear phagocytic system of the rat in immunity to infections with Trypanosoma lewisi. The present study emphasises the importance of the mononuclear phagocytic system of the rat in immunity to infections with Trypanosoma lewisi. Despite the great increase in the weight of the spleen, the liver played a major role in removing the parasites from the circulation. No evidence could be obtained that removal of the parasites was related to the lytic activity of specific antibody and complement."}
{"id": "PMID:354631", "title": "Battered wives: a controlled study of predisposition.", "content": "The possibility that women who are battered by their husband are predisposed to this treatment is examined in a controlled study of 30 such women and 30 control subjects. A number of father-related items distinguished between the two groups: in the battered group fathers had more mental illness, were more violent and tended to be more strict. Battered women more often witnessed violence by their husband to other prior to marriage. All participants were rated for hostility using the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ). Both groups emerged as significantly and globally more hostile than a group of normal subjects.", "contents": "Battered wives: a controlled study of predisposition. The possibility that women who are battered by their husband are predisposed to this treatment is examined in a controlled study of 30 such women and 30 control subjects. A number of father-related items distinguished between the two groups: in the battered group fathers had more mental illness, were more violent and tended to be more strict. Battered women more often witnessed violence by their husband to other prior to marriage. All participants were rated for hostility using the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ). Both groups emerged as significantly and globally more hostile than a group of normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:354633", "title": "Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on certain growth features of Candida albicans.", "content": "Candida albicans (Robin) Berkhout, isolated from an adult female with recurring candidiasis, was tested in vitro for macroscopic and microscopic growth features at varying hyperbaric oxygen levels and at various exposure times and intervals. The organism was found to be inhibited within a pressure/time range well tolerated by human subjects, suggesting that hyperbaric oxygen might be used successfully in treating human candidiasis. Overall experimental results provide an in vitro basis for use of compression chamber therapy in candidiasis treatment.", "contents": "Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on certain growth features of Candida albicans. Candida albicans (Robin) Berkhout, isolated from an adult female with recurring candidiasis, was tested in vitro for macroscopic and microscopic growth features at varying hyperbaric oxygen levels and at various exposure times and intervals. The organism was found to be inhibited within a pressure/time range well tolerated by human subjects, suggesting that hyperbaric oxygen might be used successfully in treating human candidiasis. Overall experimental results provide an in vitro basis for use of compression chamber therapy in candidiasis treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:354629", "title": "Protecting chicks and poults from Salmonellae by oral administration of \"normal\" gut microflora.", "content": "Resistance of young chicks and poults to salmonella exposure was substantially increased by early oral administration of intestinal contents or feces from selected adult chickens. Protection was secured also by administering anaerobic broth cultures of intestinal microflora from selected donor birds. Protection, was substantial for 63 days, the longest period tested, although it could be overcome by severe exposure. The protective mechanism appears to be a consequence of competitive exclusion of salmonella by \"normal\" microflora of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Protecting chicks and poults from Salmonellae by oral administration of \"normal\" gut microflora. Resistance of young chicks and poults to salmonella exposure was substantially increased by early oral administration of intestinal contents or feces from selected adult chickens. Protection was secured also by administering anaerobic broth cultures of intestinal microflora from selected donor birds. Protection, was substantial for 63 days, the longest period tested, although it could be overcome by severe exposure. The protective mechanism appears to be a consequence of competitive exclusion of salmonella by \"normal\" microflora of the gastrointestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:354638", "title": "Persistent themes: a naturalistic study of personality development in the family.", "content": "This pilot longitudinal study of normal children and their families examines the associations noted between behaviors appearing in early childhood and concerns expressed by the same youngster fifteen years later. These concerns were seen to be related to continuing transactions around a particular issue within the family system. A case description of the evolution of the particular patterns of one of the family systems studied and the details of their recurring negotiations includes an examination of two subsystems of the family unit: the mother-infant pair and the parenting couple. The impact of this family system's struggle upon the developing youngster and her personality as a late adolescent is discussed.", "contents": "Persistent themes: a naturalistic study of personality development in the family. This pilot longitudinal study of normal children and their families examines the associations noted between behaviors appearing in early childhood and concerns expressed by the same youngster fifteen years later. These concerns were seen to be related to continuing transactions around a particular issue within the family system. A case description of the evolution of the particular patterns of one of the family systems studied and the details of their recurring negotiations includes an examination of two subsystems of the family unit: the mother-infant pair and the parenting couple. The impact of this family system's struggle upon the developing youngster and her personality as a late adolescent is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:354639", "title": "Multiple family group therapy: a review of the literature.", "content": "This review focuses upon multiple family group therapy, its origin in the intersection of family and group therapies, its use in a variety of settings, its specific techniques and group development in individual and ongoing meetings, its goals and dominant themes, its parallels in family and group work. Also discussed are evaluation of outcome of this therapy modality and those dynamics thought to contribute to family change. Areas for further investigation are outlined.", "contents": "Multiple family group therapy: a review of the literature. This review focuses upon multiple family group therapy, its origin in the intersection of family and group therapies, its use in a variety of settings, its specific techniques and group development in individual and ongoing meetings, its goals and dominant themes, its parallels in family and group work. Also discussed are evaluation of outcome of this therapy modality and those dynamics thought to contribute to family change. Areas for further investigation are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:354637", "title": "Migraine and drug absorption.", "content": "The majority of migraine attacks are associated with gastrointestinal symptoms which add considerably to the distress and inconvenience caused by the headache. When salicylate absorption from effervescent aspirin tablets was studied during migraine, the rate of absorption was found to be reduced relative to that found in non-migrainous volunteers and in the same patients when headache-free. There is evidence that this reduced rate of absorption is caused by gastrointestinal stasis and reduced rate of gastric emptying. Patients in whom aspirin absorption was delayed were more likely to take longer to respond and to require additional treatment. Metoclopramide, which increases gastric emptying rate, has been shown to improve the rate of absorption of aspirin during migraine and also increase the rate of recovery from the attack and avoid the need for additional treatment; effects which were not shown by thiethylperazine. It is likely that delayed absorption during migraine affects some drugs other than aspirin, such as ergotamine, and it is therefore recommended that the most rapidly absorbable formulation should be used. If such treatment is ineffective, metoclopramide may be a useful addition and should be tried before resorting to other routes of administration.", "contents": "Migraine and drug absorption. The majority of migraine attacks are associated with gastrointestinal symptoms which add considerably to the distress and inconvenience caused by the headache. When salicylate absorption from effervescent aspirin tablets was studied during migraine, the rate of absorption was found to be reduced relative to that found in non-migrainous volunteers and in the same patients when headache-free. There is evidence that this reduced rate of absorption is caused by gastrointestinal stasis and reduced rate of gastric emptying. Patients in whom aspirin absorption was delayed were more likely to take longer to respond and to require additional treatment. Metoclopramide, which increases gastric emptying rate, has been shown to improve the rate of absorption of aspirin during migraine and also increase the rate of recovery from the attack and avoid the need for additional treatment; effects which were not shown by thiethylperazine. It is likely that delayed absorption during migraine affects some drugs other than aspirin, such as ergotamine, and it is therefore recommended that the most rapidly absorbable formulation should be used. If such treatment is ineffective, metoclopramide may be a useful addition and should be tried before resorting to other routes of administration."}
{"id": "PMID:354641", "title": "[Isolation of Haemophilus vaginalis in patients with leukorrhea].", "content": "Strains of Haemophilus vaginalis were isolated from patients with leukorrhea. The characteristics of the microorganism that permit its laboratory diagnosis and results of the antibiotic-sensibility tests are described.", "contents": "[Isolation of Haemophilus vaginalis in patients with leukorrhea]. Strains of Haemophilus vaginalis were isolated from patients with leukorrhea. The characteristics of the microorganism that permit its laboratory diagnosis and results of the antibiotic-sensibility tests are described."}
{"id": "PMID:354642", "title": "[Scalp alopecia in leprosy].", "content": "A clinical-pathological study of 270 patients admitted to the \"El Rinc\u00f3n\" Leprosary is made. The incidence of scalp alopecia, its localization on skull and its association with the polar form of lepromatous leprosy are stressed.", "contents": "[Scalp alopecia in leprosy]. A clinical-pathological study of 270 patients admitted to the \"El Rinc\u00f3n\" Leprosary is made. The incidence of scalp alopecia, its localization on skull and its association with the polar form of lepromatous leprosy are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:354643", "title": "[Microbiological examinations in the intensive surgical care unit of the General Calixto Garcia teaching Hospital].", "content": "Microbiological examinations carried out in the intensive surgical-care unit of the \"Calixto Garc\u00eda\" Teaching Hospital between October, 1974 and February, 1976 are exposed. Nineteen examinations were carried out in the unit and results were as follows: 53,1% of the personnel had pathogenic germs (43,8%, coagulase-positive staphylococci; 6,3%, beta-hemolytic streptococci; and 6,3%, Klebsiella). Acceptable results were obtained in the unit air but it was not the case in laboratory and nursery sections. Pathogenic germs found on surfaces and equipments were coagulase-positive staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Aerobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter, Proteus, Escherichia coli and enterococci.", "contents": "[Microbiological examinations in the intensive surgical care unit of the General Calixto Garcia teaching Hospital]. Microbiological examinations carried out in the intensive surgical-care unit of the \"Calixto Garc\u00eda\" Teaching Hospital between October, 1974 and February, 1976 are exposed. Nineteen examinations were carried out in the unit and results were as follows: 53,1% of the personnel had pathogenic germs (43,8%, coagulase-positive staphylococci; 6,3%, beta-hemolytic streptococci; and 6,3%, Klebsiella). Acceptable results were obtained in the unit air but it was not the case in laboratory and nursery sections. Pathogenic germs found on surfaces and equipments were coagulase-positive staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Aerobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter, Proteus, Escherichia coli and enterococci."}
{"id": "PMID:354640", "title": "[1st clinical therapeutic trial of mebendazole in some cases of helmenthiasis in Cuba].", "content": "Due to the difficulties faced in the etiologic approach of trichuriasis as a result of the intolerance, reduced efficacy and toxicity of some drugs a clinical-therapeutic trial of mebendazole was started in 5-64 year-old patients with some form of helmynthiasis as trichuriasis, enterobiasis or necatoriasis. Coproparasitological examinations carried out 15, 30 and 45 days after the ingestion of the drug depicted an excellent cure rate (98% in trichuriasis; 100% in enterobiasis; and 85% in necatoriasis). Very few side-effects were found. This is the first clinical-therapeutic trial of mebendazole in parasitic diseases in our country, and it can be affirmed that results have been very positive and also that they are similar to those obtained by foreign authors.", "contents": "[1st clinical therapeutic trial of mebendazole in some cases of helmenthiasis in Cuba]. Due to the difficulties faced in the etiologic approach of trichuriasis as a result of the intolerance, reduced efficacy and toxicity of some drugs a clinical-therapeutic trial of mebendazole was started in 5-64 year-old patients with some form of helmynthiasis as trichuriasis, enterobiasis or necatoriasis. Coproparasitological examinations carried out 15, 30 and 45 days after the ingestion of the drug depicted an excellent cure rate (98% in trichuriasis; 100% in enterobiasis; and 85% in necatoriasis). Very few side-effects were found. This is the first clinical-therapeutic trial of mebendazole in parasitic diseases in our country, and it can be affirmed that results have been very positive and also that they are similar to those obtained by foreign authors."}
{"id": "PMID:354645", "title": "[The incidence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs of Havana City].", "content": "The significance of the knowledge of the incidence of Dirofilaria immitis in the dog is emphasized since dirofilariasis is a zoonosis which produce subcutaneous tumors which clinical-etiological diagnosis is very difficult. Adult forms are often located in the skin. The percentage of parasitized dogs found in the Havana city is reported. One-hundred-and-two necropsies of gadder dogs depicted that 6,86% of them had Dirofilaria immitis. Results were negative in the remaining 93,13%.", "contents": "[The incidence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs of Havana City]. The significance of the knowledge of the incidence of Dirofilaria immitis in the dog is emphasized since dirofilariasis is a zoonosis which produce subcutaneous tumors which clinical-etiological diagnosis is very difficult. Adult forms are often located in the skin. The percentage of parasitized dogs found in the Havana city is reported. One-hundred-and-two necropsies of gadder dogs depicted that 6,86% of them had Dirofilaria immitis. Results were negative in the remaining 93,13%."}
{"id": "PMID:354646", "title": "[Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].", "content": "A study is carried out in 8 infants with a diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia which was established through the study of histologic lung sections, and a microscopic study of protozoas. The following are some of the factors predisposing to this disease: prematurity, significant denutrition, primary immunodeficiencies, extended use of antibiotics, malignancies, and immunosuppressive treatments.", "contents": "[Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]. A study is carried out in 8 infants with a diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia which was established through the study of histologic lung sections, and a microscopic study of protozoas. The following are some of the factors predisposing to this disease: prematurity, significant denutrition, primary immunodeficiencies, extended use of antibiotics, malignancies, and immunosuppressive treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:354647", "title": "[Indirect parasitological methods. A modification of Baermann's test].", "content": "Feces specimens from 483 patients are studied using a modification of Baermann's technique (G\u00e1lvez). Comparison is made with other methods. Results obtained have a higher positiveness: in larvae, protozoan, and helminth eggs.", "contents": "[Indirect parasitological methods. A modification of Baermann's test]. Feces specimens from 483 patients are studied using a modification of Baermann's technique (G\u00e1lvez). Comparison is made with other methods. Results obtained have a higher positiveness: in larvae, protozoan, and helminth eggs."}
{"id": "PMID:354644", "title": "[1st case of human hepatic hydatidosis in Costa Rica].", "content": "About seven cases of unilocular hydatidosis for Echinococcus granulosus in porcine and bovine cattles have been found in Costa Rica. According to one out of the authors--Brenes, R. R.--the experimental infection of a dog (1950) after the oral administration of a fertile cyst for obtaining or developing the adult form failed to produce good results. Up to date, no report of the finding of E. granulosus in dogs or in people has been obtained. No additional case of bovine hydatidosis has been reported in Costa Rica in the last twenty years. A patient with hepatic hydatidosis who underwent surgery is presented.", "contents": "[1st case of human hepatic hydatidosis in Costa Rica]. About seven cases of unilocular hydatidosis for Echinococcus granulosus in porcine and bovine cattles have been found in Costa Rica. According to one out of the authors--Brenes, R. R.--the experimental infection of a dog (1950) after the oral administration of a fertile cyst for obtaining or developing the adult form failed to produce good results. Up to date, no report of the finding of E. granulosus in dogs or in people has been obtained. No additional case of bovine hydatidosis has been reported in Costa Rica in the last twenty years. A patient with hepatic hydatidosis who underwent surgery is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:354650", "title": "[Etiology of acute diarrheal diseases].", "content": "The microbiologic, clinical and epidemiologic aspects of the main biologic agents producing acute diarrheic diseases are reviewed. Some considerations related to the origin of these affections are presented.", "contents": "[Etiology of acute diarrheal diseases]. The microbiologic, clinical and epidemiologic aspects of the main biologic agents producing acute diarrheic diseases are reviewed. Some considerations related to the origin of these affections are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:354651", "title": "[Various considerations on the lesions and treatment of Trichophyton verrucosum in calves. Preliminary report].", "content": "This paper is devoted to study the magnitude of the skin lesions produced by Trichophyton verrucosum--previously identified--as well as the therapeutic measures taken. For this study were used 45 calves with a skin fungal process identified, by the adequate culture means, as from T. verrucosum. Through the histic study of the skin biopsy were found several lesions due to tinea corporis dermatitis. The use of the drug employed is described. The cure rate obtained with this drug was the following: an 80% cure within 6 days, a 12,5% within 8 days, and a 7,5% within 10 days; no cure was observed in the controls--5 from the total number.", "contents": "[Various considerations on the lesions and treatment of Trichophyton verrucosum in calves. Preliminary report]. This paper is devoted to study the magnitude of the skin lesions produced by Trichophyton verrucosum--previously identified--as well as the therapeutic measures taken. For this study were used 45 calves with a skin fungal process identified, by the adequate culture means, as from T. verrucosum. Through the histic study of the skin biopsy were found several lesions due to tinea corporis dermatitis. The use of the drug employed is described. The cure rate obtained with this drug was the following: an 80% cure within 6 days, a 12,5% within 8 days, and a 7,5% within 10 days; no cure was observed in the controls--5 from the total number."}
{"id": "PMID:354648", "title": "[Toxoplasmosis and contact with animals: study of 390 cases].", "content": "Three hundred and ninety patients with suspected toxoplasmosis due to their contact with animales--they owned them, or work with them--are studied. The great significance of this way of acquiring the disease is stated. Every patient had a complement fixation test and an intradermal reaction test with toxoplasmine. An 85.2% positiveness to complement fixation, and a 64.1% to intradermal test were found among those patients who informed animal contact; a 70,6% positiveness to complement fixation, and a 56,2% to intradermal reaction was found in the patients who denied having any contact with animals. This showed both the importance of animal contact as well as other forms of transmission. The contacts were also studied, and the animals were classified according to J. Jira, the researcher: maximal, high, minimal and unreceptiveness to toxoplasma. The possibility of acquiring toxoplasmosis from other sources besides the close contact with animals must be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Toxoplasmosis and contact with animals: study of 390 cases]. Three hundred and ninety patients with suspected toxoplasmosis due to their contact with animales--they owned them, or work with them--are studied. The great significance of this way of acquiring the disease is stated. Every patient had a complement fixation test and an intradermal reaction test with toxoplasmine. An 85.2% positiveness to complement fixation, and a 64.1% to intradermal test were found among those patients who informed animal contact; a 70,6% positiveness to complement fixation, and a 56,2% to intradermal reaction was found in the patients who denied having any contact with animals. This showed both the importance of animal contact as well as other forms of transmission. The contacts were also studied, and the animals were classified according to J. Jira, the researcher: maximal, high, minimal and unreceptiveness to toxoplasma. The possibility of acquiring toxoplasmosis from other sources besides the close contact with animals must be taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:354649", "title": "[Obtaining of serum (antibodies) of antitrophozoites of Giardia lamblia and non-specific factors. A practical method].", "content": "According to some authors, the nonspecific elements belong to Candida albicans morphologic variables, and according to others, they represent an evolutive stage or are the result of Giardia lamblia. An immunitary methodology is developed in experimental animals combining intramuscular, intravascular and intraperitoneal pathways with soluble substances and extracts which can be absorbed in aluminium hydroxide of Giardia lamblia and nonspecific elements trophocytes. Sera (antibodies) to these organisms are obtained.", "contents": "[Obtaining of serum (antibodies) of antitrophozoites of Giardia lamblia and non-specific factors. A practical method]. According to some authors, the nonspecific elements belong to Candida albicans morphologic variables, and according to others, they represent an evolutive stage or are the result of Giardia lamblia. An immunitary methodology is developed in experimental animals combining intramuscular, intravascular and intraperitoneal pathways with soluble substances and extracts which can be absorbed in aluminium hydroxide of Giardia lamblia and nonspecific elements trophocytes. Sera (antibodies) to these organisms are obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:354668", "title": "Control of intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) by extracorporeal removal of carbon dioxide.", "content": "Five lambs were anaesthetized, paralysed, mechanically ventilated and connected to a membrane \"lung\" to permit removal of carbon dioxide. When part of the carbon dioxide was removed in this manner, the tidal volume was decreased to keep PaCO2 constant. For example, when 70% of carbon dioxide was removed by the membrane lung, total ventilation was reduced by 50%, peak inspiratory pressure was decreased by 45%, and PaO2 was kept constant by increasing the inspired oxygen fraction from 0.21 to 0.27%. The removal of carbon dioxide by a membrane during positive pressure breathing could decrease barotrauma, particularly in poorly compliant lungs. Technically, the extracorporeal removal of carbon dioxide is relatively simple procedure.", "contents": "Control of intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) by extracorporeal removal of carbon dioxide. Five lambs were anaesthetized, paralysed, mechanically ventilated and connected to a membrane \"lung\" to permit removal of carbon dioxide. When part of the carbon dioxide was removed in this manner, the tidal volume was decreased to keep PaCO2 constant. For example, when 70% of carbon dioxide was removed by the membrane lung, total ventilation was reduced by 50%, peak inspiratory pressure was decreased by 45%, and PaO2 was kept constant by increasing the inspired oxygen fraction from 0.21 to 0.27%. The removal of carbon dioxide by a membrane during positive pressure breathing could decrease barotrauma, particularly in poorly compliant lungs. Technically, the extracorporeal removal of carbon dioxide is relatively simple procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:354669", "title": "A history of nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia IVE: Henry Hill Hickman in his time.", "content": "More evidence is presented: a questionable letter from a grateful patient; Hickman's stewardship at a Charity Ball; the baptism of his children at Shifnal. The identities of \"John\" and \"Glover\", mentioned in Hickman's letter from Paris, and the marriage of one of Hickman's cousins to the son of a French emigr\u00e9, are discussed. A recorded gift places Eliza in Paris with Henry on November 10, 1828. The need to assess the evidence in the context of its time and place is stressed.", "contents": "A history of nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia IVE: Henry Hill Hickman in his time. More evidence is presented: a questionable letter from a grateful patient; Hickman's stewardship at a Charity Ball; the baptism of his children at Shifnal. The identities of \"John\" and \"Glover\", mentioned in Hickman's letter from Paris, and the marriage of one of Hickman's cousins to the son of a French emigr\u00e9, are discussed. A recorded gift places Eliza in Paris with Henry on November 10, 1828. The need to assess the evidence in the context of its time and place is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:354671", "title": "A possible combination of hypoxic cell sensitizer with an oxic protector: implications for radiotherapy.", "content": "This paper discusses the results of experiments using \u03b3-rays and a hypoxic sensitizer metronidazole (MET) and also a well-known protector, mercaptoethylamine (MEA), individually and in combination, on the survival of the yeast S. cerevisiae BZ 34. MET (5mM) gave a hypoxic enhancement ratio (ER) of 1\u00b73. MEA (5mM, 10mM) gave a dose-modifying factor (DMF) of 1\u00b79 and 2\u00b73 respectively for euoxic cells. However, the DMFs for hypoxic cells were 1\u00b70 and 1\u00b71 for 5 and 10mM concentrations of MEA. A combination of 5mM MEA and 5mM MET gave a DMF of 2\u00b70 for euoxic cells and the ER remained at 1\u00b73 for hypoxic cells. The \"effective\" oxygen enhancement ratios were 2\u00b73 and 1\u00b77 for the control and the sensitizer respectively. In the combination this value was equal to or even slightly less than 1. All DMF, ER and OER values were derived from D(0) values of the survival curves. The values based on 10% survival are almost equal to those derived from D(0) values. All the survival curves gave the same extrapolation number, showing that the chemicals individually or in combination were truly dose-modifying.These results indicate that protectors such as MEA could be preferentially protecting euoxic cells, and that combining such \"oxic protectors\" with a hypoxic sensitizer could result in protecting euoxic cells while the sensitization of hypoxic cells was not much reduced. The implications of our results for radiotherapy are discussed. It appears that the use of nontoxic oxic protectors may be a useful adjuvant in overcoming the hypoxic-cell problem in radiotherapy.", "contents": "A possible combination of hypoxic cell sensitizer with an oxic protector: implications for radiotherapy. This paper discusses the results of experiments using \u03b3-rays and a hypoxic sensitizer metronidazole (MET) and also a well-known protector, mercaptoethylamine (MEA), individually and in combination, on the survival of the yeast S. cerevisiae BZ 34. MET (5mM) gave a hypoxic enhancement ratio (ER) of 1\u00b73. MEA (5mM, 10mM) gave a dose-modifying factor (DMF) of 1\u00b79 and 2\u00b73 respectively for euoxic cells. However, the DMFs for hypoxic cells were 1\u00b70 and 1\u00b71 for 5 and 10mM concentrations of MEA. A combination of 5mM MEA and 5mM MET gave a DMF of 2\u00b70 for euoxic cells and the ER remained at 1\u00b73 for hypoxic cells. The \"effective\" oxygen enhancement ratios were 2\u00b73 and 1\u00b77 for the control and the sensitizer respectively. In the combination this value was equal to or even slightly less than 1. All DMF, ER and OER values were derived from D(0) values of the survival curves. The values based on 10% survival are almost equal to those derived from D(0) values. All the survival curves gave the same extrapolation number, showing that the chemicals individually or in combination were truly dose-modifying.These results indicate that protectors such as MEA could be preferentially protecting euoxic cells, and that combining such \"oxic protectors\" with a hypoxic sensitizer could result in protecting euoxic cells while the sensitization of hypoxic cells was not much reduced. The implications of our results for radiotherapy are discussed. It appears that the use of nontoxic oxic protectors may be a useful adjuvant in overcoming the hypoxic-cell problem in radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:354674", "title": "Radiosensitization of Serratia marcescens by nitropyridinium compounds.", "content": "The two nitropyridinium compounds tested sensitize hypoxic Serratia marcescens to irradiation up to the oxygen enhancement level by two components which can be separated as  a function of compound concentration. Sensitization above the initial plateau level is in order of their determined one-electron reduction potentials, Ro 03-5580 (E 7 1 = -335 mV) being more efficient than Ro 03-5637 (E 7 1 = -358 mV). Additivity in sensitization up to a maximum enhancement level of 2.1 +/- 0.1 is found on combining these hydrophilic compounds at concentrations to give sensitization at the plateau level, with the hydrophobic sensitizer paranitroacetophenone (PNAP). It is concluded that the nitropyridinium compounds and PNAP sensitize the same site.", "contents": "Radiosensitization of Serratia marcescens by nitropyridinium compounds. The two nitropyridinium compounds tested sensitize hypoxic Serratia marcescens to irradiation up to the oxygen enhancement level by two components which can be separated as  a function of compound concentration. Sensitization above the initial plateau level is in order of their determined one-electron reduction potentials, Ro 03-5580 (E 7 1 = -335 mV) being more efficient than Ro 03-5637 (E 7 1 = -358 mV). Additivity in sensitization up to a maximum enhancement level of 2.1 +/- 0.1 is found on combining these hydrophilic compounds at concentrations to give sensitization at the plateau level, with the hydrophobic sensitizer paranitroacetophenone (PNAP). It is concluded that the nitropyridinium compounds and PNAP sensitize the same site."}
{"id": "PMID:354672", "title": "An evaluation of 6 short-term tests for detecting organic chemical carcinogens.", "content": "A number of tests have been described which are thought to be capable of identifying carcinogens without using the actual induction of cancer as an endpoint. This study compared the performance of 6 such tests on a selection of 120 organic chemicals. The tests studies were: (1) mutation of Salmonella typhimurium; (2) cell transformation; (3) degranulation of endoplasmic reticulum; (4) sebaceous gland suppression; (5) tetrazolium reduction and (6) subcutaneous implant. A further 4 tests were examined briefly, but were not included in the complete evaluation. The chemicals were classified into carcinogens (58) and non-carcinogens (62) on the basis of published experimental data, and into 1 of 4 broad chemical classes. There was considerable variation between tests in their ability to predict carcinogenicity, with the cell-transformation test and the bacterial-mutation test being the most accurate (94% and 93% accurate respectively). These 2 tests were considered to be of general use in screening, since they were clearly more accurate than the others. Statistical consideration of various combinations of these tests showed that the use of cell transformation and bacterial mutation together, provide an advantage over the use of either test alone. The inclusion of the other 4 tests in a screening battery predictably resulted in a great increase in overall inaccuracy and loss of discrimination, even though the detection of carcinogens is improved. All the tests were shown to generate both false positive and false negative results, a situation which may be controlled by the use, where possible, of appropriate chemical-class controls, to identify the test which is optimal for the class of chemical under test. Structural analogy may have a part to play in the rapid detection of environmental carcinogens, and some general guidelines for its use are given.", "contents": "An evaluation of 6 short-term tests for detecting organic chemical carcinogens. A number of tests have been described which are thought to be capable of identifying carcinogens without using the actual induction of cancer as an endpoint. This study compared the performance of 6 such tests on a selection of 120 organic chemicals. The tests studies were: (1) mutation of Salmonella typhimurium; (2) cell transformation; (3) degranulation of endoplasmic reticulum; (4) sebaceous gland suppression; (5) tetrazolium reduction and (6) subcutaneous implant. A further 4 tests were examined briefly, but were not included in the complete evaluation. The chemicals were classified into carcinogens (58) and non-carcinogens (62) on the basis of published experimental data, and into 1 of 4 broad chemical classes. There was considerable variation between tests in their ability to predict carcinogenicity, with the cell-transformation test and the bacterial-mutation test being the most accurate (94% and 93% accurate respectively). These 2 tests were considered to be of general use in screening, since they were clearly more accurate than the others. Statistical consideration of various combinations of these tests showed that the use of cell transformation and bacterial mutation together, provide an advantage over the use of either test alone. The inclusion of the other 4 tests in a screening battery predictably resulted in a great increase in overall inaccuracy and loss of discrimination, even though the detection of carcinogens is improved. All the tests were shown to generate both false positive and false negative results, a situation which may be controlled by the use, where possible, of appropriate chemical-class controls, to identify the test which is optimal for the class of chemical under test. Structural analogy may have a part to play in the rapid detection of environmental carcinogens, and some general guidelines for its use are given."}
{"id": "PMID:354675", "title": "Sensitization of ultraviolet radiation damage in bacteria and mammalian cells.", "content": "Bacteria (Serratia marcescens) and mammalian cell (Chinese hamster V79-379A) were irradiated in monolayers with ultraviolet light at 254 nm or 365 nm in the presence or absence of radiosensitizing drugs. At 254 nm, killing is very efficient (D37 approximately 1 J m-2 exposure, or  approximately 6 x 10(4) photons absorbed by DNA per bacterium), and sensitizers have no effect. At 365 nm, cells are not killed in buffer, but are inactivated in the presence of nifurpipone or misonidazole. Lethal exposures (approximately 5 x 10(3) J m-2 at 10micrometer misonidazole) correspond to about 10 (7) photons absorbed by sensitizer molecules per bacterium. Toxicity of stabel photoproducts of the drugs is not involved, nor is oxygen required. Hence the transient species formed by photo-excitation of radiosensitizer molecules are capable of killing cells in the absence of other types of radiation damage.", "contents": "Sensitization of ultraviolet radiation damage in bacteria and mammalian cells. Bacteria (Serratia marcescens) and mammalian cell (Chinese hamster V79-379A) were irradiated in monolayers with ultraviolet light at 254 nm or 365 nm in the presence or absence of radiosensitizing drugs. At 254 nm, killing is very efficient (D37 approximately 1 J m-2 exposure, or  approximately 6 x 10(4) photons absorbed by DNA per bacterium), and sensitizers have no effect. At 365 nm, cells are not killed in buffer, but are inactivated in the presence of nifurpipone or misonidazole. Lethal exposures (approximately 5 x 10(3) J m-2 at 10micrometer misonidazole) correspond to about 10 (7) photons absorbed by sensitizer molecules per bacterium. Toxicity of stabel photoproducts of the drugs is not involved, nor is oxygen required. Hence the transient species formed by photo-excitation of radiosensitizer molecules are capable of killing cells in the absence of other types of radiation damage."}
{"id": "PMID:354676", "title": "Activation of radiosensitizers by hypoxic cells.", "content": "Hypoxic cells can metabolize nitroheterocyclic compounds to produce toxic intermediates capable of affecting the survival of neighbouring oxygenated cells. Mutagenesis experiments with E. coli WP-2 343 (deficient in nitroreductase) indicated that reduction of nitroheterocyclics outside bacteria causes killing and mutations within bacteria, presumably due to the transfer of the \"active\" specie (s). Using animal tissue slices to reduce nitrofurans, cultured L-929 cells incubated under aerobic conditions were far more sensitive to the toxic and DNA damaging effects of these drugs. Transfer of the active species also occurs in a tissue-like environment in multicell spheroids where the presence of a hypoxic central core served to convert the nitroheterocyclics to intermediates which also damaged the neighbouring oxygenated cells.", "contents": "Activation of radiosensitizers by hypoxic cells. Hypoxic cells can metabolize nitroheterocyclic compounds to produce toxic intermediates capable of affecting the survival of neighbouring oxygenated cells. Mutagenesis experiments with E. coli WP-2 343 (deficient in nitroreductase) indicated that reduction of nitroheterocyclics outside bacteria causes killing and mutations within bacteria, presumably due to the transfer of the \"active\" specie (s). Using animal tissue slices to reduce nitrofurans, cultured L-929 cells incubated under aerobic conditions were far more sensitive to the toxic and DNA damaging effects of these drugs. Transfer of the active species also occurs in a tissue-like environment in multicell spheroids where the presence of a hypoxic central core served to convert the nitroheterocyclics to intermediates which also damaged the neighbouring oxygenated cells."}
{"id": "PMID:354677", "title": "Metronidazole (flagyl) and misonidazole (Ro-07-0582): reduction by facultative anaerobes and cytotoxic action on hypoxic bacteria and mammalian cells in vivo.", "content": "The toxic actions of the \"nitro\" radiosensitizers, metronidazole and misonidazole on the bacteria E. coli B/r and Serratia marcescens have been investigated under anareobic and aerobic conditions. The rates of reduction of the drugs by suspensions of these bacteria as well as by suspensions microorganisms from the rat caecum have been measured. Both drugs were reduced or were toxic only under anaerobic conditions. In all instances misonidazole was reduced more rapidly than metronidazole but metronidazole was more toxic. It is suggested that these phenomena may model those occurring with hypoxic mammalian cells in vivo and that care should be taken before automatically extrapolating in vitro data to the in vivo situation.", "contents": "Metronidazole (flagyl) and misonidazole (Ro-07-0582): reduction by facultative anaerobes and cytotoxic action on hypoxic bacteria and mammalian cells in vivo. The toxic actions of the \"nitro\" radiosensitizers, metronidazole and misonidazole on the bacteria E. coli B/r and Serratia marcescens have been investigated under anareobic and aerobic conditions. The rates of reduction of the drugs by suspensions of these bacteria as well as by suspensions microorganisms from the rat caecum have been measured. Both drugs were reduced or were toxic only under anaerobic conditions. In all instances misonidazole was reduced more rapidly than metronidazole but metronidazole was more toxic. It is suggested that these phenomena may model those occurring with hypoxic mammalian cells in vivo and that care should be taken before automatically extrapolating in vitro data to the in vivo situation."}
{"id": "PMID:354678", "title": "A fast kinetics study of the modes of action of some different radiosensitizers in bacteria.", "content": "Using a fast mixing a irradiation technique, the gas explosion method, with Serratia marcescents, the decay of oxygen-dependent damage is found to consist of a fast and a slow stage, each of which is associated with a sub-component of this damage. In the present work, the interactions of these components with radiosensitizers are examined. At low concentrations O2, TAN (a nitroxyl) and misonidazole all preferentially sensitize the slow-stage damage. At higher concentrations, O2 and TAN sensitize the fast-stage damage by a fixation reaction that competes with its repair; in contrast, misonidazole appears mainly to operate by reaction with an earlier, ever shorter form of oxygen-dependent damage.", "contents": "A fast kinetics study of the modes of action of some different radiosensitizers in bacteria. Using a fast mixing a irradiation technique, the gas explosion method, with Serratia marcescents, the decay of oxygen-dependent damage is found to consist of a fast and a slow stage, each of which is associated with a sub-component of this damage. In the present work, the interactions of these components with radiosensitizers are examined. At low concentrations O2, TAN (a nitroxyl) and misonidazole all preferentially sensitize the slow-stage damage. At higher concentrations, O2 and TAN sensitize the fast-stage damage by a fixation reaction that competes with its repair; in contrast, misonidazole appears mainly to operate by reaction with an earlier, ever shorter form of oxygen-dependent damage."}
{"id": "PMID:354679", "title": "Hypoxic cell radiosensitization by 8-methoxypsoralen.", "content": "8-Methoxypsoralen has been shown to act as a radiosensitizer of hypoxic bacteriophage and bacteria. Radiosensitization of bacteriophage requires irradiation in the presence of excess scavenger. Bacterial radiosensitization requires deficiencies in uvr and rec genes. For the drug to be effective it must be present during irradiation. Pulse radiolysis studies have shown that, like electron-affinic radiosensitizers, 8MOP can efficiently oxidize free radicals. Unlike oxygen and most electron-affinic radiosensitizers 8MOP does not act in a purely dose-modifying fashion, and can radiosensitize beyond the oxygen effect.", "contents": "Hypoxic cell radiosensitization by 8-methoxypsoralen. 8-Methoxypsoralen has been shown to act as a radiosensitizer of hypoxic bacteriophage and bacteria. Radiosensitization of bacteriophage requires irradiation in the presence of excess scavenger. Bacterial radiosensitization requires deficiencies in uvr and rec genes. For the drug to be effective it must be present during irradiation. Pulse radiolysis studies have shown that, like electron-affinic radiosensitizers, 8MOP can efficiently oxidize free radicals. Unlike oxygen and most electron-affinic radiosensitizers 8MOP does not act in a purely dose-modifying fashion, and can radiosensitize beyond the oxygen effect."}
{"id": "PMID:354680", "title": "Escherichia coli infection in mice and impaired fetal development.", "content": "Investigations were undertaken, using the mouse as an animal model, to study the effect of Escherichia coli on fetal development. The i.v. injection of 7.5 X 10(6) bacteria, originally obtained from a suspected case of human pyelonephritis, caused only a mild and transient disturbance of maternal health but caused severe fetal wastage. Groups of mice were examined 4, 7 and 11 days after infection and the numbers of organisms were determined in the spleen, liver, kidneys, placentas and resorptions. From the findings obtained, it was concluded that the Esch. coli grew preferentially in the placentas. By the 7th day the placentas showed marked degenerative and necrotic changes and the bacteria could be recovered from the majority of fetuses at this time. Histologically, no significant changes were seen in the spleen, liver and kidneys. As a result of these findings in an animal model, and taking into consideration the observations of other workers, it is suggested that coliform bacteraemia in human pregnancies may also cause infections of the placenta and bring about abortion or premature delivery.", "contents": "Escherichia coli infection in mice and impaired fetal development. Investigations were undertaken, using the mouse as an animal model, to study the effect of Escherichia coli on fetal development. The i.v. injection of 7.5 X 10(6) bacteria, originally obtained from a suspected case of human pyelonephritis, caused only a mild and transient disturbance of maternal health but caused severe fetal wastage. Groups of mice were examined 4, 7 and 11 days after infection and the numbers of organisms were determined in the spleen, liver, kidneys, placentas and resorptions. From the findings obtained, it was concluded that the Esch. coli grew preferentially in the placentas. By the 7th day the placentas showed marked degenerative and necrotic changes and the bacteria could be recovered from the majority of fetuses at this time. Histologically, no significant changes were seen in the spleen, liver and kidneys. As a result of these findings in an animal model, and taking into consideration the observations of other workers, it is suggested that coliform bacteraemia in human pregnancies may also cause infections of the placenta and bring about abortion or premature delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:354682", "title": "Pemphigoid and pemphigus antigens in cultured epidermal cells.", "content": "Fractions of IgG from sera of patients with pemphigoid and pemphigus added to monolayer cultures of mouse epidermal cells resulted in a sparse distribution of cells. Direct immunofluorescence studies of these monolayers revealed epidermal cell surface antigens reacting with pemphigoid and pemphigus antibodies. We suggest that these antibodies may bind to epidermal cell surface antigenic molecules which are important in maintaining epidermal cell adhesion in culture.", "contents": "Pemphigoid and pemphigus antigens in cultured epidermal cells. Fractions of IgG from sera of patients with pemphigoid and pemphigus added to monolayer cultures of mouse epidermal cells resulted in a sparse distribution of cells. Direct immunofluorescence studies of these monolayers revealed epidermal cell surface antigens reacting with pemphigoid and pemphigus antibodies. We suggest that these antibodies may bind to epidermal cell surface antigenic molecules which are important in maintaining epidermal cell adhesion in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:354684", "title": "A simple immunofluorescence test for the detection of platelet antibodies.", "content": "Immunofluorescence tests on platelets have always been hampered by nonspecific fluorescence caused by non-immunological binding of plasma proteins to the platelet membrane. It was found that this could be easily overcome by fixation of the cells with paraformaldehyde (PFA). By using PFA-fixed platelets, a simple method for the detection of platelet antibodies, the platelet suspension immunofluorescence test (PSIFT) was developed. PFA fixation did not alter or inactivate the platelet antigens tested. Platelet-reactive antibodies detected specifically with the PSIFT included platelet-specific agglutinins of the IgM class, non-agglutinating platelet-specific antibodies of the IgG class, drug-dependent platelet antibodies, HLA antibodies, as well as anti-A and anti-B antibodies. The sensitivity of the new test was satisfactory, as was its reproducibility. Measurement of platelet immunofluorescence was possible in a continuous flow microfluorometer, making a principle, quantitation of platelet antibodies and antigens possible.", "contents": "A simple immunofluorescence test for the detection of platelet antibodies. Immunofluorescence tests on platelets have always been hampered by nonspecific fluorescence caused by non-immunological binding of plasma proteins to the platelet membrane. It was found that this could be easily overcome by fixation of the cells with paraformaldehyde (PFA). By using PFA-fixed platelets, a simple method for the detection of platelet antibodies, the platelet suspension immunofluorescence test (PSIFT) was developed. PFA fixation did not alter or inactivate the platelet antigens tested. Platelet-reactive antibodies detected specifically with the PSIFT included platelet-specific agglutinins of the IgM class, non-agglutinating platelet-specific antibodies of the IgG class, drug-dependent platelet antibodies, HLA antibodies, as well as anti-A and anti-B antibodies. The sensitivity of the new test was satisfactory, as was its reproducibility. Measurement of platelet immunofluorescence was possible in a continuous flow microfluorometer, making a principle, quantitation of platelet antibodies and antigens possible."}
{"id": "PMID:354685", "title": "Immune complexes in myelofibrosis: a possible guide to management.", "content": "Using a fluorescent technique intracellular immune complexes were found in the peripheral leucocytes in all of 12 patients with myelofibrosis studied. Fluorescent cells varied from 12% to 81%; with no relation to the total white count or any obvious clinical finding. Three of the patients with severe refractory anaemia benefited from immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "Immune complexes in myelofibrosis: a possible guide to management. Using a fluorescent technique intracellular immune complexes were found in the peripheral leucocytes in all of 12 patients with myelofibrosis studied. Fluorescent cells varied from 12% to 81%; with no relation to the total white count or any obvious clinical finding. Three of the patients with severe refractory anaemia benefited from immunosuppressive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:354686", "title": "Group B streptococcal infection in a maternity unit.", "content": "Neonatal infection due to Group B streptococci is described in a maternity unit. Six babies were affected and two died. Three of the babies were born at term, and weighed more than 2.5 kg. Tachypnoea was the earliest clinical sign in each case, and we suggest that newborn infants with persistent tachypnoea and evidence of maternal or infant colonization with Group B streptococci should receive antibiotics. Alternative approaches to the diagnosis and management of infection with Group B streptococci are discussed and rejected.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal infection in a maternity unit. Neonatal infection due to Group B streptococci is described in a maternity unit. Six babies were affected and two died. Three of the babies were born at term, and weighed more than 2.5 kg. Tachypnoea was the earliest clinical sign in each case, and we suggest that newborn infants with persistent tachypnoea and evidence of maternal or infant colonization with Group B streptococci should receive antibiotics. Alternative approaches to the diagnosis and management of infection with Group B streptococci are discussed and rejected."}
{"id": "PMID:354688", "title": "Photochemical cross-linking of unmodified acetylvalyl-tRNA to 16S RNA at the ribosomal P site.", "content": "Acetylvalyl-, acetylphenylalanyl-, and formylmethionyl-tRNA which were derivatized at their 4-thiouridine residues with the photoaffinity label, p-azidophenacyl bromide, were nonenzymatically bound to salt-washed ribosomes. More than 90% of the binding was to the P site as judged by reactivity with puromycin. Subsequent irradiation (greater than 310 nm) of the tRNA-ribosome complexes resulted in the covalent linking of only the acetylvalyl-tRNA to the 30S subunit. Attachment was solely to the 16S RNA with an efficiency of cross-linking of 13--15%. Covalent linking was 90% inhibited by prior treatment with puromycin, showing that the covalent linking reaction had taken place at the P site. Cross-linking required irradiation and mRNA but was not dependent on the presence of the photoaffinity probe in the tRNA. tRNAs whose 4-thiouridine had been modified with unreactive analogues of p-azidophenacyl bromide or unmodified acetylvalyl-tRNA exhibited the same cross-linking behavior as photoaffinity probe-modified acetylvalyl-tRNA. Furthermore, even acetylvalyl-tRNA whose 4-thiouridine had been removed by treatment with H2O2 was quantitatively as active as unmodified tRNA. These results provide the first demonstration of direct photochemical cross-linking of tRNA to ribosomes.", "contents": "Photochemical cross-linking of unmodified acetylvalyl-tRNA to 16S RNA at the ribosomal P site. Acetylvalyl-, acetylphenylalanyl-, and formylmethionyl-tRNA which were derivatized at their 4-thiouridine residues with the photoaffinity label, p-azidophenacyl bromide, were nonenzymatically bound to salt-washed ribosomes. More than 90% of the binding was to the P site as judged by reactivity with puromycin. Subsequent irradiation (greater than 310 nm) of the tRNA-ribosome complexes resulted in the covalent linking of only the acetylvalyl-tRNA to the 30S subunit. Attachment was solely to the 16S RNA with an efficiency of cross-linking of 13--15%. Covalent linking was 90% inhibited by prior treatment with puromycin, showing that the covalent linking reaction had taken place at the P site. Cross-linking required irradiation and mRNA but was not dependent on the presence of the photoaffinity probe in the tRNA. tRNAs whose 4-thiouridine had been modified with unreactive analogues of p-azidophenacyl bromide or unmodified acetylvalyl-tRNA exhibited the same cross-linking behavior as photoaffinity probe-modified acetylvalyl-tRNA. Furthermore, even acetylvalyl-tRNA whose 4-thiouridine had been removed by treatment with H2O2 was quantitatively as active as unmodified tRNA. These results provide the first demonstration of direct photochemical cross-linking of tRNA to ribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:354689", "title": "Initiation of enzymatic DNA synthesis by yeast RNA polymerase I.", "content": "In vitro DNA synthesis by yeast DNA polymerase I can be initiated by partially purified yeast RNA polymerases in the presence or absence of rNTPs. Homogeneous yeast RNA polymerase I initiates DNA synthesis by yeast DNA polymerase I on single-stranded DNA templates only in the presence of all four rNTPs. A protein capable of initiating enzymatic DNA synthesis on single-stranded DNA in the absence of rNTPs has also been separated from partially purified yeast RNA polymerase I fractions. Analysis of the RNA polymerase I initiated replication products of phage fd DNA on alkaline sucrose gradients showed noncovalent linkage between the newly synthesized DNA and the template. Isopycnic analyses of the ribonucleotide initiated fd DNA replication products demonstrated covalent linkage between the initiator RNA and newly synthesized DNA. Results from 32P-transfer experiments confirmed the covalent linkage between RNA and DNA chains and showed the presence of all four ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides at the RNA--DNA junctions. The ribonucleotide found most frequently at the RNA--DNA junction is uridylate and the purine deoxynucleotides occur more frequently than pyrimidine deoxynucleotides.", "contents": "Initiation of enzymatic DNA synthesis by yeast RNA polymerase I. In vitro DNA synthesis by yeast DNA polymerase I can be initiated by partially purified yeast RNA polymerases in the presence or absence of rNTPs. Homogeneous yeast RNA polymerase I initiates DNA synthesis by yeast DNA polymerase I on single-stranded DNA templates only in the presence of all four rNTPs. A protein capable of initiating enzymatic DNA synthesis on single-stranded DNA in the absence of rNTPs has also been separated from partially purified yeast RNA polymerase I fractions. Analysis of the RNA polymerase I initiated replication products of phage fd DNA on alkaline sucrose gradients showed noncovalent linkage between the newly synthesized DNA and the template. Isopycnic analyses of the ribonucleotide initiated fd DNA replication products demonstrated covalent linkage between the initiator RNA and newly synthesized DNA. Results from 32P-transfer experiments confirmed the covalent linkage between RNA and DNA chains and showed the presence of all four ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides at the RNA--DNA junctions. The ribonucleotide found most frequently at the RNA--DNA junction is uridylate and the purine deoxynucleotides occur more frequently than pyrimidine deoxynucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:354690", "title": "Replication of antibiotic resistance plasmid R6K DNA in vitro.", "content": "A soluble extract prepared from cells of an Escherichia coli strain carrying the antibiotic resistance plasmid R6K is capable of carrying out the complete process of R6K DNA replication. DNA synthesis in vitro is dependent on the four deoxyribo- and ribonucleotide triphosphates and is sensitive to rifampin and streptolydigin, inhibitors of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into R6K DNA also is sensitive to actinomycin D, novobiocin, arabinofuranosyl-CTP, and N-ethylmaleimide. Kinetics of synthesis are linear for 60 to 120 min. Replication proceeds semiconservatively and supercoiled closed-circular DNA molecules are synthesized. Analysis by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation indicated that the early R6K DNA products contain DNA fragments of approximately 18 S in size, corresponding to the length between the R6K alpha origin of replication and the terminus of replication observed in vivo. Addition of exogenous supercoiled R6K DNA is inhibitory to the in vitro system, whereas the addition of R6K DNA in the form of relaxation complex stimulates R6K DNA synthesis to a small extent.", "contents": "Replication of antibiotic resistance plasmid R6K DNA in vitro. A soluble extract prepared from cells of an Escherichia coli strain carrying the antibiotic resistance plasmid R6K is capable of carrying out the complete process of R6K DNA replication. DNA synthesis in vitro is dependent on the four deoxyribo- and ribonucleotide triphosphates and is sensitive to rifampin and streptolydigin, inhibitors of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into R6K DNA also is sensitive to actinomycin D, novobiocin, arabinofuranosyl-CTP, and N-ethylmaleimide. Kinetics of synthesis are linear for 60 to 120 min. Replication proceeds semiconservatively and supercoiled closed-circular DNA molecules are synthesized. Analysis by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation indicated that the early R6K DNA products contain DNA fragments of approximately 18 S in size, corresponding to the length between the R6K alpha origin of replication and the terminus of replication observed in vivo. Addition of exogenous supercoiled R6K DNA is inhibitory to the in vitro system, whereas the addition of R6K DNA in the form of relaxation complex stimulates R6K DNA synthesis to a small extent."}
{"id": "PMID:354691", "title": "Antibody nucleic acid complexes. Immunospecific retention of N6-methyladenosine-containing transfer ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Antibodies specific for N6-methyladenosine (m6A) were immobilized on Sepharose and the resulting immunoadsorbent was tested for its ability to retain those Escherichia coli tRNAs containing the antigenic hapten, i.e., m6A. Results obtained with [32P]PO4- and [methyl-3H]-methionine-labeled tRNAs indicated that approximately 3 to 5% of the radioactive RNA was retained by the immunoadsorbent. Under identical conditions, but in the presence of m6A (1 mg/mL), less than 0.2% of the radioactivity was retained. Subsequent characterization of the retained tRNA via (a) analysis of methyl-3H-labeled, methylated nucleosides, (b) two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and (c) analysis of the retention of [3H]aminoacyl-tRNA species led to the conclusion that the anti-m6A/Sepharose adsorbent quantitatively and exclusively retained a single tRNA species containing m6A, namely, tRNAVal.", "contents": "Antibody nucleic acid complexes. Immunospecific retention of N6-methyladenosine-containing transfer ribonucleic acid. Antibodies specific for N6-methyladenosine (m6A) were immobilized on Sepharose and the resulting immunoadsorbent was tested for its ability to retain those Escherichia coli tRNAs containing the antigenic hapten, i.e., m6A. Results obtained with [32P]PO4- and [methyl-3H]-methionine-labeled tRNAs indicated that approximately 3 to 5% of the radioactive RNA was retained by the immunoadsorbent. Under identical conditions, but in the presence of m6A (1 mg/mL), less than 0.2% of the radioactivity was retained. Subsequent characterization of the retained tRNA via (a) analysis of methyl-3H-labeled, methylated nucleosides, (b) two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and (c) analysis of the retention of [3H]aminoacyl-tRNA species led to the conclusion that the anti-m6A/Sepharose adsorbent quantitatively and exclusively retained a single tRNA species containing m6A, namely, tRNAVal."}
{"id": "PMID:354692", "title": "Mechanism of the stereospectific irreversible inhibition of bacterial glutamic acid decarboxylase by (R)-(--)-4-aminohex-5-ynoic acid, an analogue of 4-aminobutyric acid.", "content": "4-Aminohex-5-ynoic acid inhibits bacterial glutamic acid decarboxylase in a time-dependent irreversible manner. The inhibition is stereospecific and requires the abstraction of the propargylic hydrogen from 4(R)-(--)-4-aminohex-5-ynoic acid. This leads to the generation of a reactive alkylating agent in the active site which can react with a nucleophilic residue. At complete inhibition, there is incorporation of one molecule of inhibitor per pyridoxal binding site. If the decarboxylation of glutamate occurs with retention of configuration, the irreversible inhibition of this enzyme by the 4-(R) isomer can be rationalized on the basis of reversibility of the protonation step in the normal catalytic mechanism.", "contents": "Mechanism of the stereospectific irreversible inhibition of bacterial glutamic acid decarboxylase by (R)-(--)-4-aminohex-5-ynoic acid, an analogue of 4-aminobutyric acid. 4-Aminohex-5-ynoic acid inhibits bacterial glutamic acid decarboxylase in a time-dependent irreversible manner. The inhibition is stereospecific and requires the abstraction of the propargylic hydrogen from 4(R)-(--)-4-aminohex-5-ynoic acid. This leads to the generation of a reactive alkylating agent in the active site which can react with a nucleophilic residue. At complete inhibition, there is incorporation of one molecule of inhibitor per pyridoxal binding site. If the decarboxylation of glutamate occurs with retention of configuration, the irreversible inhibition of this enzyme by the 4-(R) isomer can be rationalized on the basis of reversibility of the protonation step in the normal catalytic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:354693", "title": "Role of arginyl residues in yeast hexokinase PII.", "content": "Yeast hexokinase PII is rapidly inactivated (assayed at pH 8.0) by either butanedione in borate buffer or phenylglyoxal, reagents which are highly selective for the modification of arginyl residues. MgATP alone offers no protection against inactivation, consistent with low affinity of hexokinase for this nucleotide in the absence of sugar. Glucose provides slight protection against inactivation, while the combined presence of glucose and MgATP gives significant protection, suggesting that modified arginyl residues may lie at the active site, possibly serving to bind the anionic polyphosphate of the nucleotide in the ternary enzyme:sugar:nucleotide complex. Extrapolation to complete inactivation suggests that inactivation by butanedione correlates with the modification of 4.2 arginyl residues per subunit, and complete protection against inactivation by the combined presence of glucose and MgATP correlates with the protection of 2 to 3 arginyl residues per subunit. When the modified enzyme is assayed at pH 6.5, significant activity remains. However, modification by butanedione in borate buffer abolishes the burst-type slow transient process, observed when the enzyme is assayed at pH 6.5, to such an extent that after extensive modification the kinetic assays are characterized by a lag-type slow transient process. But even after extensive modification, hexokinase PII still demonstrates negative cooperativity with MgATP and is still strongly activated by citrate when assayed at pH 6.5.", "contents": "Role of arginyl residues in yeast hexokinase PII. Yeast hexokinase PII is rapidly inactivated (assayed at pH 8.0) by either butanedione in borate buffer or phenylglyoxal, reagents which are highly selective for the modification of arginyl residues. MgATP alone offers no protection against inactivation, consistent with low affinity of hexokinase for this nucleotide in the absence of sugar. Glucose provides slight protection against inactivation, while the combined presence of glucose and MgATP gives significant protection, suggesting that modified arginyl residues may lie at the active site, possibly serving to bind the anionic polyphosphate of the nucleotide in the ternary enzyme:sugar:nucleotide complex. Extrapolation to complete inactivation suggests that inactivation by butanedione correlates with the modification of 4.2 arginyl residues per subunit, and complete protection against inactivation by the combined presence of glucose and MgATP correlates with the protection of 2 to 3 arginyl residues per subunit. When the modified enzyme is assayed at pH 6.5, significant activity remains. However, modification by butanedione in borate buffer abolishes the burst-type slow transient process, observed when the enzyme is assayed at pH 6.5, to such an extent that after extensive modification the kinetic assays are characterized by a lag-type slow transient process. But even after extensive modification, hexokinase PII still demonstrates negative cooperativity with MgATP and is still strongly activated by citrate when assayed at pH 6.5."}
{"id": "PMID:354695", "title": "A calcium-activated potassium channel present in foetal red cells of the sheep but absent from reticulocytes and mature red cells.", "content": "Red cells of adult sheep, like those of other ruminants, lack the calcium-activated potassium channel which is present in the membrane of human red cells. Since the activities of other transport systems in the sheep red cell are known to decrease during maturation of the cell or during development of the animal it was investigated whether the K+ channel is present in red cells from younger animals or in reticulocytes. Using the divalent cation ionophore A23187 to increase the intracellular Ca of intact cells, it was found that the K+-selective channel is present in foetal red cells from the foetus or newborn animal but not in reticulocytes. The presence of the channel showed no dependence on the K+ genotype of the sheep and was not associated with either \"high K+\"- or \"low K+\"-type Na+ pump. No Ca2+-dependent change in K+ permeability was found in red cells from either newborn or adult donkeys suggesting that its presence in the red cells of the foetus may not be general. The role of the K+ channel in the mammalian red cell and the relationship between the K+ channel and the Na+ pump are discussed.", "contents": "A calcium-activated potassium channel present in foetal red cells of the sheep but absent from reticulocytes and mature red cells. Red cells of adult sheep, like those of other ruminants, lack the calcium-activated potassium channel which is present in the membrane of human red cells. Since the activities of other transport systems in the sheep red cell are known to decrease during maturation of the cell or during development of the animal it was investigated whether the K+ channel is present in red cells from younger animals or in reticulocytes. Using the divalent cation ionophore A23187 to increase the intracellular Ca of intact cells, it was found that the K+-selective channel is present in foetal red cells from the foetus or newborn animal but not in reticulocytes. The presence of the channel showed no dependence on the K+ genotype of the sheep and was not associated with either \"high K+\"- or \"low K+\"-type Na+ pump. No Ca2+-dependent change in K+ permeability was found in red cells from either newborn or adult donkeys suggesting that its presence in the red cells of the foetus may not be general. The role of the K+ channel in the mammalian red cell and the relationship between the K+ channel and the Na+ pump are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:354696", "title": "Mechanism of energy coupling for transport of deoxycytidine, uridine, uracil, adenine and hypoxanthine in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The transport processes for uridine, deoxycytidine, uracil, adenine and hypoxanthine require an energy source and are active under anaerobic or aerobic conditions. Inhibitory effects of cyanide, arsenate, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, 2,4-dinitrophenol and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide on the transport of uridine and deoxycytidine differ from the corresponding effects on the transport of uracil, adenine and hypoxanthine. The nature of these inhibitory effects supports the conclusion that uridine and deoxycytidine transport is energized either by electron transport or by ATP hydrolysis via (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. The transport or uracil, adenine and hypoxanthine is dependent upon ATP or some high energy phosphate derivative of ATP, but is independent of (Ca2+ + Mg+)-ATPase and electron transport. Uptake of the ribose moiety of uridine by a mutant of Escherichia coli B, which lacks the transport system for uracil and intact uridine, is neither stimulated by energy sources nor inhibited by various inhibitors of energy metabolism under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.", "contents": "Mechanism of energy coupling for transport of deoxycytidine, uridine, uracil, adenine and hypoxanthine in Escherichia coli. The transport processes for uridine, deoxycytidine, uracil, adenine and hypoxanthine require an energy source and are active under anaerobic or aerobic conditions. Inhibitory effects of cyanide, arsenate, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, 2,4-dinitrophenol and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide on the transport of uridine and deoxycytidine differ from the corresponding effects on the transport of uracil, adenine and hypoxanthine. The nature of these inhibitory effects supports the conclusion that uridine and deoxycytidine transport is energized either by electron transport or by ATP hydrolysis via (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. The transport or uracil, adenine and hypoxanthine is dependent upon ATP or some high energy phosphate derivative of ATP, but is independent of (Ca2+ + Mg+)-ATPase and electron transport. Uptake of the ribose moiety of uridine by a mutant of Escherichia coli B, which lacks the transport system for uracil and intact uridine, is neither stimulated by energy sources nor inhibited by various inhibitors of energy metabolism under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:354697", "title": "The primary structure of Escherichia coli K12 aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I-Isolation and characterisation of the peptides produced by cyanogen bromide.", "content": "The aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I from Escherichia coli K12, composed of four identical subunits of molecular weight 86,000, was carboxy-methylated, fragmented by cyanogen bromide treatment and citraconylated. Using gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and preparative paper electrophoresis and chromatography, 15 of 21 cyanogen bromide peptides were isolated in pure form and characterized by their composition, their N-terminal amino acid, and by their content of known cysteinyl or tryptophanyl tryptic peptides.", "contents": "The primary structure of Escherichia coli K12 aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I-Isolation and characterisation of the peptides produced by cyanogen bromide. The aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I from Escherichia coli K12, composed of four identical subunits of molecular weight 86,000, was carboxy-methylated, fragmented by cyanogen bromide treatment and citraconylated. Using gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and preparative paper electrophoresis and chromatography, 15 of 21 cyanogen bromide peptides were isolated in pure form and characterized by their composition, their N-terminal amino acid, and by their content of known cysteinyl or tryptophanyl tryptic peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:354701", "title": "A selected bibliography of biomedical and environmental applications of stable isotopes. III--15N 1971-1976.", "content": "A compilation of selected references of the use of 15N in biochemical, pharmacological, clinical and environmental applications for the period 1971--1976 is presented. Author and subject indices have been compiled to enable the reader to make further use of this information.", "contents": "A selected bibliography of biomedical and environmental applications of stable isotopes. III--15N 1971-1976. A compilation of selected references of the use of 15N in biochemical, pharmacological, clinical and environmental applications for the period 1971--1976 is presented. Author and subject indices have been compiled to enable the reader to make further use of this information."}
{"id": "PMID:354702", "title": "A selected bibliography of biomedical and environmental applications of stable isotopes. IV--17O, 18O and 34S 1971--1976.", "content": "Selected references to the biochemical, pharmacological, clinical  and environmental applications of the stable oxygen isotopes, 17O and 18O and of 34S have been compiled for the period 1971--1976. Author and subject indices have been prepared for each element.", "contents": "A selected bibliography of biomedical and environmental applications of stable isotopes. IV--17O, 18O and 34S 1971--1976. Selected references to the biochemical, pharmacological, clinical  and environmental applications of the stable oxygen isotopes, 17O and 18O and of 34S have been compiled for the period 1971--1976. Author and subject indices have been prepared for each element."}
{"id": "PMID:354704", "title": "A profile of health sciences libraries in Southeast Asia.", "content": "This paper reports the results of a survey undertaken by the World Health Organization of health sciences libraries in Southeast Asia. It includes information on clientele, budget, personnel, collections, lending policy, dissemination of information, and reference services. The survey indicates that the collections in most of the health sciences libraries in Southeast Asia are deficient and that services provided to readers are inadequate. Recommendations for improvement are outlined.", "contents": "A profile of health sciences libraries in Southeast Asia. This paper reports the results of a survey undertaken by the World Health Organization of health sciences libraries in Southeast Asia. It includes information on clientele, budget, personnel, collections, lending policy, dissemination of information, and reference services. The survey indicates that the collections in most of the health sciences libraries in Southeast Asia are deficient and that services provided to readers are inadequate. Recommendations for improvement are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:354699", "title": "[Heat induced structural transformations in Escherichia coli membranes in the presence of Ca2+].", "content": "Using an uncharged hydrophobic fluorescent probe 4-dimethylaminochalkon (DMC) the thermotropic behaviour of cytoplasmic E. coli membranes in the presence of Ca2+ cations was investigated. DMC appeared to be very sensitive in detection of temperature induced phase transitions in E. coli membrane preparations. It was found unexpectedly that Ca2+ does not increased the phase transition temperature of membrane preparations, compared to the values calculated for the membranes in tris-HC1-buffer. The obtained results are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Heat induced structural transformations in Escherichia coli membranes in the presence of Ca2+]. Using an uncharged hydrophobic fluorescent probe 4-dimethylaminochalkon (DMC) the thermotropic behaviour of cytoplasmic E. coli membranes in the presence of Ca2+ cations was investigated. DMC appeared to be very sensitive in detection of temperature induced phase transitions in E. coli membrane preparations. It was found unexpectedly that Ca2+ does not increased the phase transition temperature of membrane preparations, compared to the values calculated for the membranes in tris-HC1-buffer. The obtained results are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:354703", "title": "Cytogenetic evidence for recurrence of acute myelogenous leukemia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in donor hematopoietic cells.", "content": "A 22-yr-old man with acute myelocytic leukemia received a bone marrow transplant from a genotypically HLA-identical female sibling after cyclophosphamide preparation. He remained in complete remission for 18 mo, when he developed a chloroma in the perineum. The chloroma was treated with local radiotherapy. The chloroma recurred 8 mo later and was treated with radiotherapy followed by combination chemotherapy. At 34 mo after transplant, marrow relapse and chloroma were documented. The first chloroma contained host cells by fluorescent Y-chromatin body analyses of interphase nuclei. All metaphase cells and karyotypes from peripheral blood and marrow samples showed no evidence of host cells from 3 wk after transplant through the time of marrow relapse. Data from autosomal and sex chromosome studies indicate that the marrow relapse occurred in cells of donor origin. A new consistent chromosome abnormality [45, X, -X, t(8;21) (q22; q22)] was observed in a majority of donor cells. The patient received a second bone marrow transplant from the same donor after preparation with busulfan and cyclophosphamide and attained a complete remission with full hematologic engraftment.", "contents": "Cytogenetic evidence for recurrence of acute myelogenous leukemia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in donor hematopoietic cells. A 22-yr-old man with acute myelocytic leukemia received a bone marrow transplant from a genotypically HLA-identical female sibling after cyclophosphamide preparation. He remained in complete remission for 18 mo, when he developed a chloroma in the perineum. The chloroma was treated with local radiotherapy. The chloroma recurred 8 mo later and was treated with radiotherapy followed by combination chemotherapy. At 34 mo after transplant, marrow relapse and chloroma were documented. The first chloroma contained host cells by fluorescent Y-chromatin body analyses of interphase nuclei. All metaphase cells and karyotypes from peripheral blood and marrow samples showed no evidence of host cells from 3 wk after transplant through the time of marrow relapse. Data from autosomal and sex chromosome studies indicate that the marrow relapse occurred in cells of donor origin. A new consistent chromosome abnormality [45, X, -X, t(8;21) (q22; q22)] was observed in a majority of donor cells. The patient received a second bone marrow transplant from the same donor after preparation with busulfan and cyclophosphamide and attained a complete remission with full hematologic engraftment."}
{"id": "PMID:354705", "title": "MEDLINE training within the library school curriculum: quality control and future trends.", "content": "In order to assess the current status of MEDLINE training provided by schools of library science, a survey was conducted of those schools having an educational identification code issued by the National Library of Medicine. Information was gathered on such variables as the instructors' background and preparation, the course objectives and content, and the amount of on-line experience provided to students in each of eleven programs. An evaluation of these measures indicates that more opportunities to gain experience in using MEDLINE should be initiated by library schools and that current efforts should be continued and expanded. Specific recommendations for accomplishing these goals are outlined; they are addressed to health sciences librarians, library school educators, the Medical Library Association, and the National Library of Medicine.", "contents": "MEDLINE training within the library school curriculum: quality control and future trends. In order to assess the current status of MEDLINE training provided by schools of library science, a survey was conducted of those schools having an educational identification code issued by the National Library of Medicine. Information was gathered on such variables as the instructors' background and preparation, the course objectives and content, and the amount of on-line experience provided to students in each of eleven programs. An evaluation of these measures indicates that more opportunities to gain experience in using MEDLINE should be initiated by library schools and that current efforts should be continued and expanded. Specific recommendations for accomplishing these goals are outlined; they are addressed to health sciences librarians, library school educators, the Medical Library Association, and the National Library of Medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:354706", "title": "A specialized information center. The clinical neurology information center.", "content": "The history, philosophy, and methodology of a unique specialized medical information center are reported. The Clinical Neurology Information Center is an educational information service (giving its audience information which can be the basis for formulating their own questions) rather than an instructional information service (giving information in reply to questions). Clinical, as well as basic neuroscience, information is culled by professional neurologists from 855 medical periodicals. The essence of each article is summarized in a single sentence (\"terse conclusions\") or a bibliographic reference only is given; this material is published every two weeks in the Concise Clinical Neurology Review (CCNR). The format of the CCNR is such that the reader should be able to scan a very large amount of current literature by investing only twenty to thirty minutes every two weeks. The values of this system as well as some of its problems are discussed.", "contents": "A specialized information center. The clinical neurology information center. The history, philosophy, and methodology of a unique specialized medical information center are reported. The Clinical Neurology Information Center is an educational information service (giving its audience information which can be the basis for formulating their own questions) rather than an instructional information service (giving information in reply to questions). Clinical, as well as basic neuroscience, information is culled by professional neurologists from 855 medical periodicals. The essence of each article is summarized in a single sentence (\"terse conclusions\") or a bibliographic reference only is given; this material is published every two weeks in the Concise Clinical Neurology Review (CCNR). The format of the CCNR is such that the reader should be able to scan a very large amount of current literature by investing only twenty to thirty minutes every two weeks. The values of this system as well as some of its problems are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:354707", "title": "Comparison of American medical dictionaries.", "content": "Although American medical dictionaries are a valuable part of any medical library collection, the attributes of each of the four major dictionaries are often unknown and the reference material contained in each unused. The medical librarian should be aware of the differences and values of each dictionary and try to have at least one edition of each available to library users in order to maintain an adequate reference collection.", "contents": "Comparison of American medical dictionaries. Although American medical dictionaries are a valuable part of any medical library collection, the attributes of each of the four major dictionaries are often unknown and the reference material contained in each unused. The medical librarian should be aware of the differences and values of each dictionary and try to have at least one edition of each available to library users in order to maintain an adequate reference collection."}
{"id": "PMID:354724", "title": "A gastrocnemius musculocutaneous flap.", "content": "The results of injection studies in cadavers and in vivo flap construction suggested that a flap based on the medial or lateral gastrocnemius muscle and the skin of the popliteal fossa draining to the long or short saphenous systems respectively provides a good length to breadth ratio flap without prior delay. Such a flap based on the medial gastrocnemius muscle was used successfully in 1 patient.", "contents": "A gastrocnemius musculocutaneous flap. The results of injection studies in cadavers and in vivo flap construction suggested that a flap based on the medial or lateral gastrocnemius muscle and the skin of the popliteal fossa draining to the long or short saphenous systems respectively provides a good length to breadth ratio flap without prior delay. Such a flap based on the medial gastrocnemius muscle was used successfully in 1 patient."}
{"id": "PMID:354727", "title": "Experimental flap delay with formic acid.", "content": "Using dorsal, cranially based 10 X 3 cm composite pedicle flaps in rats, the effects of an injection of 2 ml of formic acid in different concentrations was studied. Concentrations of 0.2 per cent gave a very significant increase in flap survival over controls. Preoperative penicillin did not influence the outcome.", "contents": "Experimental flap delay with formic acid. Using dorsal, cranially based 10 X 3 cm composite pedicle flaps in rats, the effects of an injection of 2 ml of formic acid in different concentrations was studied. Concentrations of 0.2 per cent gave a very significant increase in flap survival over controls. Preoperative penicillin did not influence the outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:354729", "title": "Fibrous reactions in the tissues which surround silicone breast prostheses.", "content": "Fibrotic reactions in adipose tissue, in the pectoral muscle and in the mammary gland are described. These were provoked by trauma to those tissues during implantation. Such reactions cause thickening of the capsule around the implant, and may be contributory factors in constrictive fibrosis.", "contents": "Fibrous reactions in the tissues which surround silicone breast prostheses. Fibrotic reactions in adipose tissue, in the pectoral muscle and in the mammary gland are described. These were provoked by trauma to those tissues during implantation. Such reactions cause thickening of the capsule around the implant, and may be contributory factors in constrictive fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:354732", "title": "Serum calcium and magnesium in schizophrenia: relationship to clinical phenomena and neuroleptic treatment.", "content": "Serum calcium and magnesium were studied in drug-free and neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients. Calcium and magnesium were not significantly different in 31 unmedicated schizophrenic patients compared with normal controls. Serum calcium was altered, however, in two subgroups: (1) Patients who remitted after neuroleptic withdrawal were significantly lower in calcium than those who did not remit; (2) catatonic schizophrenic patients appeared to have an increased calcium at the onset of catatonic stupor. Patients treated with pimozide were found to have a significant decreased in both calcium and magnesium compared with their drug-free values. These same patients showed a similar decrease in both electrolytes during treatment with fluphenazine, a structurally different neuroleptic drug.", "contents": "Serum calcium and magnesium in schizophrenia: relationship to clinical phenomena and neuroleptic treatment. Serum calcium and magnesium were studied in drug-free and neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients. Calcium and magnesium were not significantly different in 31 unmedicated schizophrenic patients compared with normal controls. Serum calcium was altered, however, in two subgroups: (1) Patients who remitted after neuroleptic withdrawal were significantly lower in calcium than those who did not remit; (2) catatonic schizophrenic patients appeared to have an increased calcium at the onset of catatonic stupor. Patients treated with pimozide were found to have a significant decreased in both calcium and magnesium compared with their drug-free values. These same patients showed a similar decrease in both electrolytes during treatment with fluphenazine, a structurally different neuroleptic drug."}
{"id": "PMID:354733", "title": "Trials of lithium, chlorpromazine and amitriptyline in schizoaffective patients.", "content": "Two drug trials in schizoaffective patients are reported. Nineteen \"schizomanic\" patients were treated for one month, on a double blind basis, with chlorpromazine or lithium and 41 \"schizodepressive\" patients with amitriptyline, chlorpromazine or both. In the schizodepressive patients there was a trend to a better response to chlorpromazine, but drug response generally was poor, only 20 per cent of patients recovering within the month. In the schizomanic patients lithium seemed as effective as chlorpromazine, which supports the view that these patients were suffering from a variant of mania.", "contents": "Trials of lithium, chlorpromazine and amitriptyline in schizoaffective patients. Two drug trials in schizoaffective patients are reported. Nineteen \"schizomanic\" patients were treated for one month, on a double blind basis, with chlorpromazine or lithium and 41 \"schizodepressive\" patients with amitriptyline, chlorpromazine or both. In the schizodepressive patients there was a trend to a better response to chlorpromazine, but drug response generally was poor, only 20 per cent of patients recovering within the month. In the schizomanic patients lithium seemed as effective as chlorpromazine, which supports the view that these patients were suffering from a variant of mania."}
{"id": "PMID:354734", "title": "The neuroleptic hypothesis: study of the covariation of extrapyramidal and therapeutic drug effects.", "content": "A therapeutic trial with chlorpromazine was conducted with a homogeneous (for age and sex) group of recently admitted schizophrenic patients. Extrapyramidal effects were measured through quantitative analysis of digital tremor, after four days of fixed-dose treatment. Assessment of treatment efficacy was based on Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ratings, done at the end of four weeks' treatment. Those patients whose tremor was least affected by drug were most likely to benefit from the treatment. Implications of this negative correlation for our understanding of the neuroleptic hypothesis and the closely associated dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia are discussed.", "contents": "The neuroleptic hypothesis: study of the covariation of extrapyramidal and therapeutic drug effects. A therapeutic trial with chlorpromazine was conducted with a homogeneous (for age and sex) group of recently admitted schizophrenic patients. Extrapyramidal effects were measured through quantitative analysis of digital tremor, after four days of fixed-dose treatment. Assessment of treatment efficacy was based on Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ratings, done at the end of four weeks' treatment. Those patients whose tremor was least affected by drug were most likely to benefit from the treatment. Implications of this negative correlation for our understanding of the neuroleptic hypothesis and the closely associated dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:354735", "title": "A method of grafting hand burns following early excision.", "content": "Early excision and delayed primary grafting of burns of the hand is presented as a method of achieving rapid healing, thus allowing early full mobilization. The results of 19 consecutively treated patients are reported.", "contents": "A method of grafting hand burns following early excision. Early excision and delayed primary grafting of burns of the hand is presented as a method of achieving rapid healing, thus allowing early full mobilization. The results of 19 consecutively treated patients are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:354736", "title": "Influence of bowel preparation and antimicrobials on colonic microflora.", "content": "The influence of three types of preoperative mechanical bowel preparation on colonic microflora has been studied in 88 patients undergoing elective bowel resection and compared with 21 controls. Neither conventional bowel preparation (CBP) using oral magnesium sulphate, enemas and rectal washouts nor whole bowel irrigation (WBI) via a nasogastric tube influenced the type or number of organisms in the colon at the time of operation. The administration of an elemental diet (ED) was associated with only a small reduction the numbers of Escherichia coli (P less than 0.02). The addition of oral neomycin and metronidazole for 48 h before operation to all three methods of bowel preparation was associated with a highly significant reduction in the counts per ml of E. coli (P less than 0.001) and Bacteroides fragilis (P less than 0.001) in the colon. There was no correlation between the diameter of the lesion being resected with the numbers of bacteria in the colon even when oral neomycin and metronidazole were added to the bowel preparation.", "contents": "Influence of bowel preparation and antimicrobials on colonic microflora. The influence of three types of preoperative mechanical bowel preparation on colonic microflora has been studied in 88 patients undergoing elective bowel resection and compared with 21 controls. Neither conventional bowel preparation (CBP) using oral magnesium sulphate, enemas and rectal washouts nor whole bowel irrigation (WBI) via a nasogastric tube influenced the type or number of organisms in the colon at the time of operation. The administration of an elemental diet (ED) was associated with only a small reduction the numbers of Escherichia coli (P less than 0.02). The addition of oral neomycin and metronidazole for 48 h before operation to all three methods of bowel preparation was associated with a highly significant reduction in the counts per ml of E. coli (P less than 0.001) and Bacteroides fragilis (P less than 0.001) in the colon. There was no correlation between the diameter of the lesion being resected with the numbers of bacteria in the colon even when oral neomycin and metronidazole were added to the bowel preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:354737", "title": "Primary suture of the perineal wound following rectal excision for inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Delay in healing of the perineal wound is a major cause of disability in patients after excision of the rectum. The outcome of primary suture in 76 patients treated at St Mark's Hospital between 1967 and 1976 was correlated with a number of factors describing the patients, their preparation for surgery and details of surgical technique and management. The perineal wound healed by first intention in 33 patients. The remaining 43 patients regarded as failures included 7 with delayed breakdown after initial healing. The results showed that women fared better than men. Excision of the rectum following colectomy and ileostomy was associated with failure of the perineal wound to heal in 9 out of 10 patients. Treatments with peroperative ampicillin and topical antibacterial agents were both correlated significantly with success. Preoperative sepsis and operative contamination were followed by perineal sepsis and wound breakdown on 16 out of 21 occasions. Discriminant analysis showed that topical and peroperative antibacterial treatments, sex, preoperative sepsis and finally ACTH were the most important variables in descending order of importance. The prediction of success and failure by this procedure was 72.4 per cent correct.", "contents": "Primary suture of the perineal wound following rectal excision for inflammatory bowel disease. Delay in healing of the perineal wound is a major cause of disability in patients after excision of the rectum. The outcome of primary suture in 76 patients treated at St Mark's Hospital between 1967 and 1976 was correlated with a number of factors describing the patients, their preparation for surgery and details of surgical technique and management. The perineal wound healed by first intention in 33 patients. The remaining 43 patients regarded as failures included 7 with delayed breakdown after initial healing. The results showed that women fared better than men. Excision of the rectum following colectomy and ileostomy was associated with failure of the perineal wound to heal in 9 out of 10 patients. Treatments with peroperative ampicillin and topical antibacterial agents were both correlated significantly with success. Preoperative sepsis and operative contamination were followed by perineal sepsis and wound breakdown on 16 out of 21 occasions. Discriminant analysis showed that topical and peroperative antibacterial treatments, sex, preoperative sepsis and finally ACTH were the most important variables in descending order of importance. The prediction of success and failure by this procedure was 72.4 per cent correct."}
{"id": "PMID:354741", "title": "Autoimmunity in juvenile diabetics and their families.", "content": "Pancreatic islet cell, thyroid, and gastric antibodies were studied in 116 young insulin-dependent diabetics and 257 relatives. Seventy-four per cent of the diabetics studied within three months of diagnosis had islet-cell antibodies but only 20% of those studied three years or more after diagnosis. Persistence of these antibodies was associated with a high prevalence of thyrogastric autoimmunity, which suggests that some cases have an aetiology similar to that of \"polyendocrine\" autoimmune disease. Retinopathy or nephropathy, or both, was present in 10 diabetics, who were all members of \"autoimmune\" families, in which one or more members had organ-specific antibodies. Nine of the 10 healthy relatives with islet-cell antibodies and all families with more than one diabetic were also in this autoimmune group. These data suggest that an autoimmune factor may contribute to juvenile diabetes and that such autoimmune diabetes has a tendency to run in families and may be more likely to cause complications.", "contents": "Autoimmunity in juvenile diabetics and their families. Pancreatic islet cell, thyroid, and gastric antibodies were studied in 116 young insulin-dependent diabetics and 257 relatives. Seventy-four per cent of the diabetics studied within three months of diagnosis had islet-cell antibodies but only 20% of those studied three years or more after diagnosis. Persistence of these antibodies was associated with a high prevalence of thyrogastric autoimmunity, which suggests that some cases have an aetiology similar to that of \"polyendocrine\" autoimmune disease. Retinopathy or nephropathy, or both, was present in 10 diabetics, who were all members of \"autoimmune\" families, in which one or more members had organ-specific antibodies. Nine of the 10 healthy relatives with islet-cell antibodies and all families with more than one diabetic were also in this autoimmune group. These data suggest that an autoimmune factor may contribute to juvenile diabetes and that such autoimmune diabetes has a tendency to run in families and may be more likely to cause complications."}
{"id": "PMID:354742", "title": "Renal vein renin measurements in children with hypertension.", "content": "Renal venous renin activity was measured in 50 children with hypertension. Main renal vein and segmental renal vein sampling was feasible in children as young as 15 months. In all cases in which there was a clear difference in renin secretion between the kidneys--that is, a main vein renin ratio above 1.5--surgery, when undertaken, successfully restored normal blood pressure. Most of the children with main renal vein renin ratios below 1.5 had bilateral disease or apparently normal kidneys. Segmental renal vein sampling contributed useful information additional to that provided by main renal vein measurements and permitted identification of local sources of renin production. In children with renal transplants who developed hypertension renal vein renin measurements helped in determining the cause and facilitating the management of the raised blood pressure.", "contents": "Renal vein renin measurements in children with hypertension. Renal venous renin activity was measured in 50 children with hypertension. Main renal vein and segmental renal vein sampling was feasible in children as young as 15 months. In all cases in which there was a clear difference in renin secretion between the kidneys--that is, a main vein renin ratio above 1.5--surgery, when undertaken, successfully restored normal blood pressure. Most of the children with main renal vein renin ratios below 1.5 had bilateral disease or apparently normal kidneys. Segmental renal vein sampling contributed useful information additional to that provided by main renal vein measurements and permitted identification of local sources of renin production. In children with renal transplants who developed hypertension renal vein renin measurements helped in determining the cause and facilitating the management of the raised blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:354746", "title": "Prophylactic co-trimoxazole in biliary surgery.", "content": "A double-blind study was conducted to test the prophylactic effect of a single dose of co-trimoxazole on the incidence of septic complications after elective cholecystectomy. Forty-eight patients received co-trimoxazole and 47 placebo. Wound sepsis occurred in 10 (21%) of the controls but in only 2 (4%) of the treated group, and the incidences of pulmonary complications were 49% (23 cases) and 19% (9) respectively. These differences were significnat. Wound sepsis after cholecystectomy occurs mostly in patients with infected bile. Co-trimoxazole given by intravenous infusion rapidly achieves a high concentration in the palsma and is effective against most biliary pathogens.", "contents": "Prophylactic co-trimoxazole in biliary surgery. A double-blind study was conducted to test the prophylactic effect of a single dose of co-trimoxazole on the incidence of septic complications after elective cholecystectomy. Forty-eight patients received co-trimoxazole and 47 placebo. Wound sepsis occurred in 10 (21%) of the controls but in only 2 (4%) of the treated group, and the incidences of pulmonary complications were 49% (23 cases) and 19% (9) respectively. These differences were significnat. Wound sepsis after cholecystectomy occurs mostly in patients with infected bile. Co-trimoxazole given by intravenous infusion rapidly achieves a high concentration in the palsma and is effective against most biliary pathogens."}
{"id": "PMID:354747", "title": "Monitoring aminoglycoside use in patients with severely impaired renal function.", "content": "Twenty patients with severely impaired renal function, 17 of wnom had recently transplanted kidneys, were treated with aminoglycosides for severe infections acquired in hospital. Serum aminoglycoside concentrations were closely monitored and dosages adjusted individually to obtain peak and trough concentrations that ensured adequate treatment while avoiding toxicity. Causative organisms were susceptible to treatment in 21 out of 26 episodes of infection (81%), and 12 of the 17 patients (71%) in whom organisms were isolated were cured. Nephrotoxicity attributable to aminoglycosides alone was not observed during the 35 courses of treatment. Ototoxicity occurred in only one patient, who had excessively high serum concentrations of amikacin. Serum aminoglycoside concentrations were directly affected by carbenicillin and flucytosine. The concurrent administration of cephradine and cephalexin with gentamicin may have produced nephrotoxicity. We conclude that aminoglycosides, when carefully monitored, are effective and safe in patients with severely impaired renal function.", "contents": "Monitoring aminoglycoside use in patients with severely impaired renal function. Twenty patients with severely impaired renal function, 17 of wnom had recently transplanted kidneys, were treated with aminoglycosides for severe infections acquired in hospital. Serum aminoglycoside concentrations were closely monitored and dosages adjusted individually to obtain peak and trough concentrations that ensured adequate treatment while avoiding toxicity. Causative organisms were susceptible to treatment in 21 out of 26 episodes of infection (81%), and 12 of the 17 patients (71%) in whom organisms were isolated were cured. Nephrotoxicity attributable to aminoglycosides alone was not observed during the 35 courses of treatment. Ototoxicity occurred in only one patient, who had excessively high serum concentrations of amikacin. Serum aminoglycoside concentrations were directly affected by carbenicillin and flucytosine. The concurrent administration of cephradine and cephalexin with gentamicin may have produced nephrotoxicity. We conclude that aminoglycosides, when carefully monitored, are effective and safe in patients with severely impaired renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:354749", "title": "Attachment of virulent Treponema pallidum to human mononuclear phagocytes.", "content": "The predominant phagocyte in established human syphilitic lesions is the mononuclear phagocyte. As these leucocytes may be important in immunity to Treponema pallidum, the initial interaction between human phagocytes and pathogenic T. pallidum (Nichols strain) was studied in vitro. Motile, virulent T. pallidum attach to the surface membrane of phagocytes but are not ingested by these cells. Heated, non-motile treponemes are not cell-associated but are observed free in the extracellular medium. Attachment is polar, at one or both terminal portions of the treponeme, and is neither serum- nor complement-dependent. Ingestion of virulent treponemes was not observed by phase-contrast or by electron microscopy in the presence of normal human or rabbit serum and complement. Techniques were chosen to preserve both the fragile surface constituents of the treponeme and the phagocytic function of mononuclear cells. Unfixed preparations were observed by phase-contrast microscopical examination during incubation to differentiate motile from non-motile organisms and fixed preparations were used for quantitation of attachment. This model should be useful for studying humoral and cell-mediated immunity in syphilis.", "contents": "Attachment of virulent Treponema pallidum to human mononuclear phagocytes. The predominant phagocyte in established human syphilitic lesions is the mononuclear phagocyte. As these leucocytes may be important in immunity to Treponema pallidum, the initial interaction between human phagocytes and pathogenic T. pallidum (Nichols strain) was studied in vitro. Motile, virulent T. pallidum attach to the surface membrane of phagocytes but are not ingested by these cells. Heated, non-motile treponemes are not cell-associated but are observed free in the extracellular medium. Attachment is polar, at one or both terminal portions of the treponeme, and is neither serum- nor complement-dependent. Ingestion of virulent treponemes was not observed by phase-contrast or by electron microscopy in the presence of normal human or rabbit serum and complement. Techniques were chosen to preserve both the fragile surface constituents of the treponeme and the phagocytic function of mononuclear cells. Unfixed preparations were observed by phase-contrast microscopical examination during incubation to differentiate motile from non-motile organisms and fixed preparations were used for quantitation of attachment. This model should be useful for studying humoral and cell-mediated immunity in syphilis."}
{"id": "PMID:354750", "title": "Genital chlamydial infections in patients attending a gynaecological outpatient clinic.", "content": "Investigation for genital chlamydial infections was carried out on 160 patients of fertile age attending a gynaecological outpatient clinic. Thirteen (9%) of the 144 patients with valid specimens were found to be Chlamydia-positive. Seven (54%) of them had antichlamydial antibodies by the complement-fixation test, and 11 (85%) antichlamydial antibodies by a single-antigen immunofluorescence test compared with 21 (16%) and 70 (53%), respectively, of the 131 Chlamydia-negative patients. Patients with overt genital chlamydial infection often complained of ocular and urethral symptoms. Usually there was clinical evidence of cervical infection as well as of inflammation on cervicovaginal smears. Colposcopical and histological examinations did not show any specific alterations.", "contents": "Genital chlamydial infections in patients attending a gynaecological outpatient clinic. Investigation for genital chlamydial infections was carried out on 160 patients of fertile age attending a gynaecological outpatient clinic. Thirteen (9%) of the 144 patients with valid specimens were found to be Chlamydia-positive. Seven (54%) of them had antichlamydial antibodies by the complement-fixation test, and 11 (85%) antichlamydial antibodies by a single-antigen immunofluorescence test compared with 21 (16%) and 70 (53%), respectively, of the 131 Chlamydia-negative patients. Patients with overt genital chlamydial infection often complained of ocular and urethral symptoms. Usually there was clinical evidence of cervical infection as well as of inflammation on cervicovaginal smears. Colposcopical and histological examinations did not show any specific alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:354751", "title": "Early malignant syphilis observed during infection and reinfection in the same patient.", "content": "Malignant syphilitic infections occurring in the same woman at an interval of 38 months is reported. The first infection was diagnosed as secondary papulopustular and ecthymatous syphilis. The reinfection was more severe, taking the form of secondary ulcerative syphilis with fever, general deterioration, and loss of weight. Numerous Treponema pallidum were present in the serum expressed from the papulopustular lesions during the first infection, but they were absent from the secretion expressed from the margins of the ulcerative symphilides during the reinfection. Many treponemes were present in the plasma cell infiltrates in histopathological sections of the biopsy specimens taken from the margin of the ulcers.", "contents": "Early malignant syphilis observed during infection and reinfection in the same patient. Malignant syphilitic infections occurring in the same woman at an interval of 38 months is reported. The first infection was diagnosed as secondary papulopustular and ecthymatous syphilis. The reinfection was more severe, taking the form of secondary ulcerative syphilis with fever, general deterioration, and loss of weight. Numerous Treponema pallidum were present in the serum expressed from the papulopustular lesions during the first infection, but they were absent from the secretion expressed from the margins of the ulcerative symphilides during the reinfection. Many treponemes were present in the plasma cell infiltrates in histopathological sections of the biopsy specimens taken from the margin of the ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:354758", "title": "Antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal coliforms isolated from domestic sewage before and after treatment in an aerobic lagoon.", "content": "The resistance of 260 strains of fecal coliforms, isolated from raw domestic sewage and aerobic lagoon effluent, to ampicillin, aureomycin, chloromycetin, gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfadiazine, and tetracycline, was determined. Aerobic lagoon treatment produced a 20-fold reduction in the fecal coliform numbers. No statistically significant difference in antibiotic resistance was observed between the fecal coliforms found in raw sewage and in lagoon effluent despite a trend towards the loss of resistance in the latter. Antibiotic resistance, either single or multiple, did not contribute to, or detract from, bacterial survival in the aerobic lagoon. Of the isolates, 15% showed resistance to two or more antiobiotics.", "contents": "Antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal coliforms isolated from domestic sewage before and after treatment in an aerobic lagoon. The resistance of 260 strains of fecal coliforms, isolated from raw domestic sewage and aerobic lagoon effluent, to ampicillin, aureomycin, chloromycetin, gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfadiazine, and tetracycline, was determined. Aerobic lagoon treatment produced a 20-fold reduction in the fecal coliform numbers. No statistically significant difference in antibiotic resistance was observed between the fecal coliforms found in raw sewage and in lagoon effluent despite a trend towards the loss of resistance in the latter. Antibiotic resistance, either single or multiple, did not contribute to, or detract from, bacterial survival in the aerobic lagoon. Of the isolates, 15% showed resistance to two or more antiobiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:354759", "title": "Parathyroid hormone and hyperparathyroidism: current concepts.", "content": "Our expanding knowledge of the physiologic and biochemical factors governing calcium homeostasis has improved our capacity to evaluate hypercalcemia, of which an increased incidence is being discovered through the widespread use of multiphasic screening. Consequently, we are diagnosing mild forms of hyperparathryoidism more often than formerly. The enhanced recognition of virtually symptom-free hyperparathyroidism presents a problem in patient management because the natural history of this form of hyperparathyroidism is unknown and the pathologic lesion underlying the condition may be ambiguous, resulting in difficult decisions in surgical management. Further study is required to resolve this issue in order to provide optimal care for the affected individual.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone and hyperparathyroidism: current concepts. Our expanding knowledge of the physiologic and biochemical factors governing calcium homeostasis has improved our capacity to evaluate hypercalcemia, of which an increased incidence is being discovered through the widespread use of multiphasic screening. Consequently, we are diagnosing mild forms of hyperparathryoidism more often than formerly. The enhanced recognition of virtually symptom-free hyperparathyroidism presents a problem in patient management because the natural history of this form of hyperparathyroidism is unknown and the pathologic lesion underlying the condition may be ambiguous, resulting in difficult decisions in surgical management. Further study is required to resolve this issue in order to provide optimal care for the affected individual."}
{"id": "PMID:354760", "title": "Surgical considerations in hyperparathyroidism: current concepts.", "content": "The pathologic and histologic alterations seen in the parathyroid glands removed at operation have changed dramatically in recent years as a result of early diagnosis and treatment, often in asymptomatic patients. This situation has resulted in considerable disagreement over optimal surgical therapy and the number of parathyroid glands the surgeon should remove. These areas of controversy are analysed and current concepts critically reviewed.", "contents": "Surgical considerations in hyperparathyroidism: current concepts. The pathologic and histologic alterations seen in the parathyroid glands removed at operation have changed dramatically in recent years as a result of early diagnosis and treatment, often in asymptomatic patients. This situation has resulted in considerable disagreement over optimal surgical therapy and the number of parathyroid glands the surgeon should remove. These areas of controversy are analysed and current concepts critically reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:354762", "title": "Immunologic detection of primary carcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "The prevalence of carcinoma of the pancreas is increasing in North America. Primary prevention of this disorder is not yet possible and secondary prevention is difficult because most investigative procedures are either highly invasive or not universally available. The authors tested the efficacy of a simple immunologic assay, the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay, in the detection of carcinoma of the pancreas. They investigated 55 patients who were divided into six groups--normal (control) patients (16) and those with carcinoma of the pancreas (9 patients), pancreatitis (15), other intra-abdominal carcinomas (9), obstructive jaundice (4) and pancreatic pseudocysts (2). The LAI assay proved highly effective in selecting patients who, at surgery, were shown to have carcinoma of the pancreas, but was not as effective in the groups. This assay may therefore prove valuable in the early evaluation of patients with a suspected pancreatic malignant condition.", "contents": "Immunologic detection of primary carcinoma of the pancreas. The prevalence of carcinoma of the pancreas is increasing in North America. Primary prevention of this disorder is not yet possible and secondary prevention is difficult because most investigative procedures are either highly invasive or not universally available. The authors tested the efficacy of a simple immunologic assay, the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay, in the detection of carcinoma of the pancreas. They investigated 55 patients who were divided into six groups--normal (control) patients (16) and those with carcinoma of the pancreas (9 patients), pancreatitis (15), other intra-abdominal carcinomas (9), obstructive jaundice (4) and pancreatic pseudocysts (2). The LAI assay proved highly effective in selecting patients who, at surgery, were shown to have carcinoma of the pancreas, but was not as effective in the groups. This assay may therefore prove valuable in the early evaluation of patients with a suspected pancreatic malignant condition."}
{"id": "PMID:354765", "title": "Diabetic glomerulosclerosis: current status.", "content": "Current information on the nature, pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic glomerulosclerosis is reviewed. The fundamental lesion is one of the glomerular basement membrane, a complex layer of collage-like and other peptides; thickening of this membrane, seen microscopically, is due to the presence of an increased amount of membrane material of normal composition. There is little reliable evidence relating the frequency of glomerulosclerosis to the quality of control of the diabetic state, but indirect evidence from patients with secondary diabetes and from a variety of studies in animals indicates strongly that the glomerular lesion is a consequence of the abnormal metabolic state and can be prevented by adequate treatment of the diabetes. A concept of the pathogenesis of the glomerular lesions and renal failure is presented, but there remain large gaps in knowledge of the mechanisms involved. Treatment of chronic renal failure by maintenance renal dialysis and renal transplantation is not as successful in persons with diabetes as in those without this condition; however, the results appear to be improving, and transplantation particularly holds much promise.", "contents": "Diabetic glomerulosclerosis: current status. Current information on the nature, pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic glomerulosclerosis is reviewed. The fundamental lesion is one of the glomerular basement membrane, a complex layer of collage-like and other peptides; thickening of this membrane, seen microscopically, is due to the presence of an increased amount of membrane material of normal composition. There is little reliable evidence relating the frequency of glomerulosclerosis to the quality of control of the diabetic state, but indirect evidence from patients with secondary diabetes and from a variety of studies in animals indicates strongly that the glomerular lesion is a consequence of the abnormal metabolic state and can be prevented by adequate treatment of the diabetes. A concept of the pathogenesis of the glomerular lesions and renal failure is presented, but there remain large gaps in knowledge of the mechanisms involved. Treatment of chronic renal failure by maintenance renal dialysis and renal transplantation is not as successful in persons with diabetes as in those without this condition; however, the results appear to be improving, and transplantation particularly holds much promise."}
{"id": "PMID:354767", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma in renal allograft recipients.", "content": "The development of Kaposi's sarcoma in immunosuppressed patients is a rare occurrence, but poses a real threat to the patient due to the rapid progression of the unchecked disease. The suspicion of this disease will prompt early diagnosis by scrutiny of histologic preparations and prompt interruption of antirejection therapy. Four of five patients in whom a diagnosis was made preterminally responded favorably to withdrawal of immunosuppressive agents. In renal allograft recipients with mucocutaneous vascular lesions, Kaposi's sarcoma should be considered as a cause of gastrointestinal bleeding.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma in renal allograft recipients. The development of Kaposi's sarcoma in immunosuppressed patients is a rare occurrence, but poses a real threat to the patient due to the rapid progression of the unchecked disease. The suspicion of this disease will prompt early diagnosis by scrutiny of histologic preparations and prompt interruption of antirejection therapy. Four of five patients in whom a diagnosis was made preterminally responded favorably to withdrawal of immunosuppressive agents. In renal allograft recipients with mucocutaneous vascular lesions, Kaposi's sarcoma should be considered as a cause of gastrointestinal bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:354768", "title": "Gonadal dysgenesis with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: an electron microscopic and steroid receptor analyses with a review of the literature.", "content": "A patient with gonadal dysgenesis who developed endometrial carcinoma in her 31st year of estrogen therapy is discussed in relation to thirteen previously reported cases of carcinoma of the uterus in patients with Turner's syndrome. The pattern of steroid receptor proteins in the endometrial carcinoma was found to correlate with the degree of differentiation of the tumor as assessed by light and electron microscopy. The findings reflect a potential for continued hormonal responsiveness of the tumor.", "contents": "Gonadal dysgenesis with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: an electron microscopic and steroid receptor analyses with a review of the literature. A patient with gonadal dysgenesis who developed endometrial carcinoma in her 31st year of estrogen therapy is discussed in relation to thirteen previously reported cases of carcinoma of the uterus in patients with Turner's syndrome. The pattern of steroid receptor proteins in the endometrial carcinoma was found to correlate with the degree of differentiation of the tumor as assessed by light and electron microscopy. The findings reflect a potential for continued hormonal responsiveness of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:354769", "title": "Ultrastructural investigation of NI3S2-induced rhabdomyosarcoma in Wistar rat: comparative study with emphasis on myofibrillar differentiation and ciliar formation.", "content": "Nickel-sulfid-induced rhabdomyosarcomas were studied by both light and electron microscopy. The successive stages differentiating tumor cells were described, and two differentiation types of rhabdomyoblasts could be observed 1) with the characteristic pattern of fetal differentiation--i.e., myofilament apparation before Z-line formation--and 2) with synthesis of these elements in the reverse order. An organized T-system is not evident. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is irregular and its cisternae often contain a granular substance or microcrystals. The only well-developed element of tumoral myofibrils is the Z-line; the other zones of sarcomeres are seldom clearly defined. Several unusual granular structures were observed. No virus particles were found. The formation of cilia appears only in interphase rhabdomyoblasts and has to be considered as aberrant and temporary formations from centrioles. They generally possess a \"9 + 0\" microtubular pattern, but often could be observed as rudimentary forms with a \"7 + 2\" microtubular arrangement. This case is another example demonstrating the relationship of cilia formation with cell division, especially after suppression of mitotic control. The histology and the electron microscopy results are discussed in relation to the differentiation pattern and the ultrastructural features of embryonic, regenerating and pathological muscle differentiating in vitro.", "contents": "Ultrastructural investigation of NI3S2-induced rhabdomyosarcoma in Wistar rat: comparative study with emphasis on myofibrillar differentiation and ciliar formation. Nickel-sulfid-induced rhabdomyosarcomas were studied by both light and electron microscopy. The successive stages differentiating tumor cells were described, and two differentiation types of rhabdomyoblasts could be observed 1) with the characteristic pattern of fetal differentiation--i.e., myofilament apparation before Z-line formation--and 2) with synthesis of these elements in the reverse order. An organized T-system is not evident. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is irregular and its cisternae often contain a granular substance or microcrystals. The only well-developed element of tumoral myofibrils is the Z-line; the other zones of sarcomeres are seldom clearly defined. Several unusual granular structures were observed. No virus particles were found. The formation of cilia appears only in interphase rhabdomyoblasts and has to be considered as aberrant and temporary formations from centrioles. They generally possess a \"9 + 0\" microtubular pattern, but often could be observed as rudimentary forms with a \"7 + 2\" microtubular arrangement. This case is another example demonstrating the relationship of cilia formation with cell division, especially after suppression of mitotic control. The histology and the electron microscopy results are discussed in relation to the differentiation pattern and the ultrastructural features of embryonic, regenerating and pathological muscle differentiating in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:354770", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the endometrium and fallopian tube as superficial extension of invasive cervical carcinoma.", "content": "Five cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix associated with widespread squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the endometrial surface are reported. In one case, carcinoma in situ was also found in one fallopian tube in continuity with the cervicoendometrial lesion. A survey of the literature reveals only 20 cases with similar surface endometrial involvement by cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Of these, the fallopian tubes were involved by an identical lesion in six cases only. Pyometra and cervical stenosis were reported in about 66% of the cases. This rare form of upward cervical cancer extension was present in five of 680 cases (0.7%) of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in the file of the Tumor Registry of Magee-Womens Hospital.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the endometrium and fallopian tube as superficial extension of invasive cervical carcinoma. Five cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix associated with widespread squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the endometrial surface are reported. In one case, carcinoma in situ was also found in one fallopian tube in continuity with the cervicoendometrial lesion. A survey of the literature reveals only 20 cases with similar surface endometrial involvement by cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Of these, the fallopian tubes were involved by an identical lesion in six cases only. Pyometra and cervical stenosis were reported in about 66% of the cases. This rare form of upward cervical cancer extension was present in five of 680 cases (0.7%) of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in the file of the Tumor Registry of Magee-Womens Hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:354772", "title": "Bilateral primary germ cell testicular tumors: report of four cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Bilateral primary germ cell tumors of the testicle are rare. The last comprehensive review of the literature (1955) revealed a 1.6% incidence. However, during the past twenty years, cases have been reported more often, raising the questions of increased frequency due to prolonged survival following surgery and/or roentgen therapy for unilateral tumors. A search of the medical journals during the past two decades fails to show any increased frequency of bilaterality (1.56%). All general combinations of cell types may occur and the tumors may appear simultaneously or sequentially. Successive seminomas are seen more often followed in frequency by concurrent seminomas. Although 50% of the second primaries were diagnosed within five years, 3% of the patients developed the second tumor after 20 years, stressing the need for extended follow-up. Factors affecting the diagnosis, management and prognosis of bilateral testicular tumors are discussed. Four additional cases of bilateral germ cell tumors are described.", "contents": "Bilateral primary germ cell testicular tumors: report of four cases and review of the literature. Bilateral primary germ cell tumors of the testicle are rare. The last comprehensive review of the literature (1955) revealed a 1.6% incidence. However, during the past twenty years, cases have been reported more often, raising the questions of increased frequency due to prolonged survival following surgery and/or roentgen therapy for unilateral tumors. A search of the medical journals during the past two decades fails to show any increased frequency of bilaterality (1.56%). All general combinations of cell types may occur and the tumors may appear simultaneously or sequentially. Successive seminomas are seen more often followed in frequency by concurrent seminomas. Although 50% of the second primaries were diagnosed within five years, 3% of the patients developed the second tumor after 20 years, stressing the need for extended follow-up. Factors affecting the diagnosis, management and prognosis of bilateral testicular tumors are discussed. Four additional cases of bilateral germ cell tumors are described."}
{"id": "PMID:354773", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen levels in advanced gastric carcinoma.", "content": "Serial CEA levels were measured in 157 patients with advanced inoperable gastric carcinoma entered in a controlled trial of cytotoxic therapy. In 49 (31%) of cases initial levels were greater than 50 ng/ml. However, serial measurements were only possible in 57 (36%) cases and results were prognostically valuable in only 15 (9.5%) of cases.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen levels in advanced gastric carcinoma. Serial CEA levels were measured in 157 patients with advanced inoperable gastric carcinoma entered in a controlled trial of cytotoxic therapy. In 49 (31%) of cases initial levels were greater than 50 ng/ml. However, serial measurements were only possible in 57 (36%) cases and results were prognostically valuable in only 15 (9.5%) of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:354774", "title": "Lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract: a study of 117 cases presenting with gastrointestinal disease.", "content": "A study was made of 117 patients who presented with gastrointestinal lymphoma. The occurrence was 48 in the stomach, 37 in the small intestine, 13 in the ileocecal region, two in the appendix and 11 in the large intestine. In six cases, multiple sites in the gastrointestinal tract were involved, but in five cases this appeared to be secondary to massive mesenteric or retroperitoneal lymph node disease. Using Rappaport's classification, diffuse histiocytic lymphoma was the most frequent histologic type and constituted 60% of the cases. Nodular lymphomas comprised 10% of the total, nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma forming the majority of this group. Ten of the lymphomas were undifferentiated, 5 of Burkitt's type and 5 non-Burkitt's type. Five were Mediterranean-type lymphomas associated with plasma cell infiltration of the adjacent mucosa, and only two cases of primary Hodgkin's disease were encountered. Two lymphomas could not be classified. Eight percent of the cases showed plasmacytoid changes and were classified as a distinct subgroup of the parent lymphoma rather than as examples of extramedullary plasmacytoma. Gastrointestinally lymphomas occurred most frequently during the fourth to seventh decades. However, nine lymphomas occurred in children younger than 16 years of age. In comparison to adults, the childhood lymphomas showed a number of notable differences with respect to sex distribution, site of involvement and histologic type. Information concerning the extent of the disease at the time of diagnosis was available in 75 cases. Of these, 49% of the lymphomas were confined to the affected viscus and 33% had associated regional lymph node involvement; the remaining 18% had mode widespread disease. In 44 patients information on the spread of disease was available and in 48% there was extra abdominal spread. Prognosis appeared to correlate best with the stage of the disease rather than the histologic type.", "contents": "Lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract: a study of 117 cases presenting with gastrointestinal disease. A study was made of 117 patients who presented with gastrointestinal lymphoma. The occurrence was 48 in the stomach, 37 in the small intestine, 13 in the ileocecal region, two in the appendix and 11 in the large intestine. In six cases, multiple sites in the gastrointestinal tract were involved, but in five cases this appeared to be secondary to massive mesenteric or retroperitoneal lymph node disease. Using Rappaport's classification, diffuse histiocytic lymphoma was the most frequent histologic type and constituted 60% of the cases. Nodular lymphomas comprised 10% of the total, nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma forming the majority of this group. Ten of the lymphomas were undifferentiated, 5 of Burkitt's type and 5 non-Burkitt's type. Five were Mediterranean-type lymphomas associated with plasma cell infiltration of the adjacent mucosa, and only two cases of primary Hodgkin's disease were encountered. Two lymphomas could not be classified. Eight percent of the cases showed plasmacytoid changes and were classified as a distinct subgroup of the parent lymphoma rather than as examples of extramedullary plasmacytoma. Gastrointestinally lymphomas occurred most frequently during the fourth to seventh decades. However, nine lymphomas occurred in children younger than 16 years of age. In comparison to adults, the childhood lymphomas showed a number of notable differences with respect to sex distribution, site of involvement and histologic type. Information concerning the extent of the disease at the time of diagnosis was available in 75 cases. Of these, 49% of the lymphomas were confined to the affected viscus and 33% had associated regional lymph node involvement; the remaining 18% had mode widespread disease. In 44 patients information on the spread of disease was available and in 48% there was extra abdominal spread. Prognosis appeared to correlate best with the stage of the disease rather than the histologic type."}
{"id": "PMID:354775", "title": "Inverted papilloma of the bladder: a distinct urological lesion.", "content": "With the addition of six new cases, 104 cases of inverted papilloma of the bladder are reviewed. Pathological and epidemiological characteristics of this distinct bladder lesion are outlined, comparison with transitional cell papilloma is investigated, and recommended therapy and follow-up are offered.", "contents": "Inverted papilloma of the bladder: a distinct urological lesion. With the addition of six new cases, 104 cases of inverted papilloma of the bladder are reviewed. Pathological and epidemiological characteristics of this distinct bladder lesion are outlined, comparison with transitional cell papilloma is investigated, and recommended therapy and follow-up are offered."}
{"id": "PMID:354776", "title": "Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood.", "content": "The paratesticular region was the primary site in 20 of 289 children (7%) entered on the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study. The 20 patients were 1.7- to 19-years-old at diagnosis. Fifteen underwent retroperitoneal node dissection (12) or biopsy (3), and 6/15 (40%) had nodal involvement by tumor. Nineteen of the 20 patients had no gross local or metastatic disease after surgery. All 20 received chemotherapy, and 13 also received radiotherapy. Treatment was effective: 16 of 18 evaluable patients (89%) were free of disease at a median of 23 months from diagnosis (range, 8-43 months). Since the incidence of tumor-involved retroperitoneal nodes is high, a dissection should be performed. If the nodes are free of tumor, retroperitoneal radiotherapy may not be necessary. Reduction of morbidity in patients with paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma is desirable, because the disease has a good prognosis.", "contents": "Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood. The paratesticular region was the primary site in 20 of 289 children (7%) entered on the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study. The 20 patients were 1.7- to 19-years-old at diagnosis. Fifteen underwent retroperitoneal node dissection (12) or biopsy (3), and 6/15 (40%) had nodal involvement by tumor. Nineteen of the 20 patients had no gross local or metastatic disease after surgery. All 20 received chemotherapy, and 13 also received radiotherapy. Treatment was effective: 16 of 18 evaluable patients (89%) were free of disease at a median of 23 months from diagnosis (range, 8-43 months). Since the incidence of tumor-involved retroperitoneal nodes is high, a dissection should be performed. If the nodes are free of tumor, retroperitoneal radiotherapy may not be necessary. Reduction of morbidity in patients with paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma is desirable, because the disease has a good prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:354777", "title": "Multiple fibroxanthosarcoma of bone.", "content": "A case of multiple fibroxanthrosarcoma of bone is described. Clinically, the patient presented with multiple osteolytic lesions involving the skull, ribs, vertebral body, pelvic bones and proximal femur simulating multiple myeloma or metastatic carcinoma. The histologic features of the lesion fulfilled the criteria established for the recently delineated fibroxanthosarcoma. Three similar cases reported as multiple diffuse fibrosarcoma of bone are reviewed and the terminology for these lesions discussed.", "contents": "Multiple fibroxanthosarcoma of bone. A case of multiple fibroxanthrosarcoma of bone is described. Clinically, the patient presented with multiple osteolytic lesions involving the skull, ribs, vertebral body, pelvic bones and proximal femur simulating multiple myeloma or metastatic carcinoma. The histologic features of the lesion fulfilled the criteria established for the recently delineated fibroxanthosarcoma. Three similar cases reported as multiple diffuse fibrosarcoma of bone are reviewed and the terminology for these lesions discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:354778", "title": "Tumor heterogeneity and the biology of cancer invasion and metastasis.", "content": "The development of a metastasis is dependent on an interplay between host factors and intrinsic characteristics of malignant tumor cells. The process of metastasis is highly selective, and the metastatic lesion represents the end point of many destructive events that only a few cells can survive. Neoplasms, which are predominantly heterogeneous, contain a variety of subpopulations of cells with differing metastatic potential. Furthermore, metastatic cell variants have been shown to preexist in murine neoplasms of old and recent origin. The possible existence of highly metastatic variant cells within a primary tumor suggests that we no longer should consider a neoplasm to be a uniform entity. Efforts to design effective therapeutic agents and procedures against malignant tumors should be directed toward the few but fatal metastatic subpopulations of cells.", "contents": "Tumor heterogeneity and the biology of cancer invasion and metastasis. The development of a metastasis is dependent on an interplay between host factors and intrinsic characteristics of malignant tumor cells. The process of metastasis is highly selective, and the metastatic lesion represents the end point of many destructive events that only a few cells can survive. Neoplasms, which are predominantly heterogeneous, contain a variety of subpopulations of cells with differing metastatic potential. Furthermore, metastatic cell variants have been shown to preexist in murine neoplasms of old and recent origin. The possible existence of highly metastatic variant cells within a primary tumor suggests that we no longer should consider a neoplasm to be a uniform entity. Efforts to design effective therapeutic agents and procedures against malignant tumors should be directed toward the few but fatal metastatic subpopulations of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:354779", "title": "Mutagenic and recombinogenic effects of the antitumor antibiotic anthramycin.", "content": "Anthramycin, one of the pyrrolo(1,4)benzodiazepine antibiotics with potent antitumor activity, was tested for its effects on a number of genetic parameters. The results show that this antibiotic is nonmutagenic in the Ames strains of Salmonella typhimurium while mutagenic in only one and antimutagenic in the rest of the genes tested in the eukaryotic organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The antibiotic is, however, a potent recombinogen inasmuch as it induced mitotic crossing over, mitotic gene conversion, and possibly other chromosomal alterations in a diploid strain of S. cerevisiae. These studies emphasize the need for a battery of test systems including eukaryotic organisms to detect the genetic activity of certain antitumor drugs. The importance of considering data distinguishing between highly mutagenic and poorly mutagenic cancer chemotherapeutic agents is also discussed.", "contents": "Mutagenic and recombinogenic effects of the antitumor antibiotic anthramycin. Anthramycin, one of the pyrrolo(1,4)benzodiazepine antibiotics with potent antitumor activity, was tested for its effects on a number of genetic parameters. The results show that this antibiotic is nonmutagenic in the Ames strains of Salmonella typhimurium while mutagenic in only one and antimutagenic in the rest of the genes tested in the eukaryotic organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The antibiotic is, however, a potent recombinogen inasmuch as it induced mitotic crossing over, mitotic gene conversion, and possibly other chromosomal alterations in a diploid strain of S. cerevisiae. These studies emphasize the need for a battery of test systems including eukaryotic organisms to detect the genetic activity of certain antitumor drugs. The importance of considering data distinguishing between highly mutagenic and poorly mutagenic cancer chemotherapeutic agents is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:354782", "title": "Activation of carcinogens and mutagens by rat colon mucosa.", "content": "Colon mucosal cells can catalyze the activation of precarcinogens to mutagenic metabolites without the intermediacy of intestinal bacteria as shown in a mutagenesis assay system composed of Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 and the 9000 X g supernatant fraction of rat colon mucosal cells. Pretreatment of rats with beta-naphtoflavone increased the activation of 2-aminoanthracene 10- to 20-fold and the activation of benzo(a)pyrene 4-fold. Pretreatment of rats with Aroclor 1254 doubled the activation of 2-aminoanthracene over control but had no effect on the activation of benzo(a)pyrene. The activation of 2-aminoanthracene and benzo(a)pyrene by liver was induced significantly by pretreatment with beta-naphthoflavone and Aroclor 1254. Phenobarbital/hydrocortisone pretreatment did not increase the activation by the colon system of any precarcinogen tested but did increase the activation of 2-aminoanthracene, cyclophosphamide, and isophosphamide by the liver system. The activation of precarcinogens in the bacterial test system is directly correlated with the activities of the pretreated colon and liver preparations toward several drug and polycyclic hydrocarbon substrates assayed in vitro.", "contents": "Activation of carcinogens and mutagens by rat colon mucosa. Colon mucosal cells can catalyze the activation of precarcinogens to mutagenic metabolites without the intermediacy of intestinal bacteria as shown in a mutagenesis assay system composed of Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 and the 9000 X g supernatant fraction of rat colon mucosal cells. Pretreatment of rats with beta-naphtoflavone increased the activation of 2-aminoanthracene 10- to 20-fold and the activation of benzo(a)pyrene 4-fold. Pretreatment of rats with Aroclor 1254 doubled the activation of 2-aminoanthracene over control but had no effect on the activation of benzo(a)pyrene. The activation of 2-aminoanthracene and benzo(a)pyrene by liver was induced significantly by pretreatment with beta-naphthoflavone and Aroclor 1254. Phenobarbital/hydrocortisone pretreatment did not increase the activation by the colon system of any precarcinogen tested but did increase the activation of 2-aminoanthracene, cyclophosphamide, and isophosphamide by the liver system. The activation of precarcinogens in the bacterial test system is directly correlated with the activities of the pretreated colon and liver preparations toward several drug and polycyclic hydrocarbon substrates assayed in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:354784", "title": "An automatic device for freeze-clamping of cardiac tissue within a fraction of the contraction cycle.", "content": "An automatic quick-freeze clamping device has been developed. Opposed pneumatic pistons filled with aluminium caps previously cooled in liquid nitrogen are used to compress a portion (100 to 200 mg) of the myocardium to a 0.15 to 0.20 mm thick wafer, colling the tissue from 37 degrees C to -15 degrees C within 10 ms. The clamp is triggered electronically from the R-wave of the ECG. This tissue fixation by freezing within 10 ms is sufficiently rapid to study oscillations of myocardial metabolite levels during the contraction cycle of isolated perfused hearts of small mammals such as the rat and guinea pig whose rate is 4 to 5 beats per second.", "contents": "An automatic device for freeze-clamping of cardiac tissue within a fraction of the contraction cycle. An automatic quick-freeze clamping device has been developed. Opposed pneumatic pistons filled with aluminium caps previously cooled in liquid nitrogen are used to compress a portion (100 to 200 mg) of the myocardium to a 0.15 to 0.20 mm thick wafer, colling the tissue from 37 degrees C to -15 degrees C within 10 ms. The clamp is triggered electronically from the R-wave of the ECG. This tissue fixation by freezing within 10 ms is sufficiently rapid to study oscillations of myocardial metabolite levels during the contraction cycle of isolated perfused hearts of small mammals such as the rat and guinea pig whose rate is 4 to 5 beats per second."}
{"id": "PMID:354792", "title": "Gonadotropic cells in the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. An experimental immunocytological, electron miscroscopical study.", "content": "The gonadotropin-producing cells (GTH-cells) in the Atlantic salmon were studied light and electron microscopically before, during and after spawning, and after injections of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). The double immunofluorescent technique was applied using rabbit anti-carp GTH as the first antibody. Numerous immunofluorescent cells were observed throughout the pars distalis, but very few in the pars intermedia. These cells are basophilic and PAS-positive, and ultrastructurally classified as globular gonadotropes. Only one gonadotropic cell type could be identified; its size, morphology and fine structure vary considerably. In the same specimen the GTH-cells can be predominantly globular or vesicular in appearance, depending on the reproductive phase of the fish. At spawning and after LH-RH injection, many GTH-cells reach a vacuolar stage; the content of the vacuoles is not immunofluorescent. Another cell type, which resembles GTH-cells in semi-thin sections, did not show gonadotropic properties; its nature and functional significance are unknown. In addition, the present study revealed an increase in the synthetic and exocytotic activity of prolactin cells after LH-RH injections. It is suggested that LH-RH mediates this effect via LH and eventually via estradiol.", "contents": "Gonadotropic cells in the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. An experimental immunocytological, electron miscroscopical study. The gonadotropin-producing cells (GTH-cells) in the Atlantic salmon were studied light and electron microscopically before, during and after spawning, and after injections of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). The double immunofluorescent technique was applied using rabbit anti-carp GTH as the first antibody. Numerous immunofluorescent cells were observed throughout the pars distalis, but very few in the pars intermedia. These cells are basophilic and PAS-positive, and ultrastructurally classified as globular gonadotropes. Only one gonadotropic cell type could be identified; its size, morphology and fine structure vary considerably. In the same specimen the GTH-cells can be predominantly globular or vesicular in appearance, depending on the reproductive phase of the fish. At spawning and after LH-RH injection, many GTH-cells reach a vacuolar stage; the content of the vacuoles is not immunofluorescent. Another cell type, which resembles GTH-cells in semi-thin sections, did not show gonadotropic properties; its nature and functional significance are unknown. In addition, the present study revealed an increase in the synthetic and exocytotic activity of prolactin cells after LH-RH injections. It is suggested that LH-RH mediates this effect via LH and eventually via estradiol."}
{"id": "PMID:354793", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of gonadotrophic hormones in the porcine pituitary using the immunoperoxidase technique.", "content": "Using specific antibodies against beta subunits of porcine LH and FSH, the pituitary cells which produce these two gonadotrophins were identified in the porcine pituitary at the ultrastructural level using the immunoperoxidase technique. It was clearly shown that most of the gonadotrophic cells are responsible for the production of both FSH and LH. However, some cells, only positive for FSH or LH, indicate that the concentrations of FSH and LH vary from cell to cell. At the ultrastructural level, the FSH/LH cells contain one class of secretory granules strongly positive for bvth FSH and LH as well as large negatively stained dense bodies. These findings indicate that the \"one cell-one hormone\" concept may not apply to gonadotrophic hormones; a FSH/LH cell cannot be distinguished from a LH or FSH cell without immunocytochemical identification of its hormonal content.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of gonadotrophic hormones in the porcine pituitary using the immunoperoxidase technique. Using specific antibodies against beta subunits of porcine LH and FSH, the pituitary cells which produce these two gonadotrophins were identified in the porcine pituitary at the ultrastructural level using the immunoperoxidase technique. It was clearly shown that most of the gonadotrophic cells are responsible for the production of both FSH and LH. However, some cells, only positive for FSH or LH, indicate that the concentrations of FSH and LH vary from cell to cell. At the ultrastructural level, the FSH/LH cells contain one class of secretory granules strongly positive for bvth FSH and LH as well as large negatively stained dense bodies. These findings indicate that the \"one cell-one hormone\" concept may not apply to gonadotrophic hormones; a FSH/LH cell cannot be distinguished from a LH or FSH cell without immunocytochemical identification of its hormonal content."}
{"id": "PMID:354794", "title": "Immunocytological localization of LH, FSH, TSH and their subunits in the pituitary of normal and anencephalic human fetuses.", "content": "Immunostaining with antisera to oLH, hCG, hLH, pLHbeta, hFSH, hFSHbeta, hTSHalpha and bTSH was used to delineate the gonadotropic and thyrotropic cells of the human fetal anterior pituitary. Hypophyses from 29 normal fetuses, 3 newborn infants, and 5 totally ancencephalic fetuses were used. Several controls to check for the specificty of the immunocytological reaction were made. In normal fetuses, observations showed that: 1) the alpha subunit was detected from the eighth week and throughout gestation without sex differences; 2) intact LH was detected during the third month, however, age and sex differences were observed during the fourth and fifth months; 3) intact FSH was detected in female fetuses from the beginning of the fourth month, a sex difference was observed; 4) LH and FSH were detected in the same cells; 5) the thyrotropic cells were detectable from 15 weeks of gestation and their number increased during gestation without sex difference; 6) at birth the gonadotropic cells were scarce and were located in the ventromedian zone of the anterior pituitary, while the thyrotopic cells remained numerous and were located in the dorsomedian zone. In amencephalic fetuses: 1) the alpha subunit existed at each stage studies; 2) the reaction induced by anti-pLHbeta and anti-hFSHbeta sera was alwys very weak regardless of sex or age; 3) the thyrotropic cells were more numerous in comparison to the gonadotropic cells. These data are discussed in terms of the relationship of the hypophysiotropic hypothalamic factors to the appearance and evolution of the glycoprotein hormones and their subunits.", "contents": "Immunocytological localization of LH, FSH, TSH and their subunits in the pituitary of normal and anencephalic human fetuses. Immunostaining with antisera to oLH, hCG, hLH, pLHbeta, hFSH, hFSHbeta, hTSHalpha and bTSH was used to delineate the gonadotropic and thyrotropic cells of the human fetal anterior pituitary. Hypophyses from 29 normal fetuses, 3 newborn infants, and 5 totally ancencephalic fetuses were used. Several controls to check for the specificty of the immunocytological reaction were made. In normal fetuses, observations showed that: 1) the alpha subunit was detected from the eighth week and throughout gestation without sex differences; 2) intact LH was detected during the third month, however, age and sex differences were observed during the fourth and fifth months; 3) intact FSH was detected in female fetuses from the beginning of the fourth month, a sex difference was observed; 4) LH and FSH were detected in the same cells; 5) the thyrotropic cells were detectable from 15 weeks of gestation and their number increased during gestation without sex difference; 6) at birth the gonadotropic cells were scarce and were located in the ventromedian zone of the anterior pituitary, while the thyrotopic cells remained numerous and were located in the dorsomedian zone. In amencephalic fetuses: 1) the alpha subunit existed at each stage studies; 2) the reaction induced by anti-pLHbeta and anti-hFSHbeta sera was alwys very weak regardless of sex or age; 3) the thyrotropic cells were more numerous in comparison to the gonadotropic cells. These data are discussed in terms of the relationship of the hypophysiotropic hypothalamic factors to the appearance and evolution of the glycoprotein hormones and their subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:354795", "title": "Nonconventional innervation of the pancreatic islets of the teleost fish, Gillichthys mirabilis.", "content": "The innervation of the pancreatic islets of a teleost fish, Gillichthys mirabilis, was investigated with various techniques including axonal iontophoresis of cobalt, light microscopy, and electron microscopy. Two types of postganglionic neurons, the splanchnic and the vagus, innervate the islet parenchyma. The splanchnic fibers originate from the single coeliac ganglion, situated near the third spinal nerve on the right side, and pass caudally to the islet. Postganglionic vagal fibers reaching the islets arise from ganglion cells located at irregular intervals along the vagus nerve. Iontophoresis of cobaltous chloride revealed that both types of nerves send large numbers of fibers to the islet cells. Electron microscopy showed that the granules of the vagal fibers are polymorphic, large (130 mm diameter) and markedly electron dense, whereas the splanchnic granules are smaller (100 nm diameter) and less electron dense than those of the vagus. These granules do not correspond to those seen in postganglionic autonomic neurons of other vertebrates. Rather, they are more like classical neurosecretory granules. Although their chemical nature is unknown, the extent of islet innervation suggests that it must play an important regulatory role.", "contents": "Nonconventional innervation of the pancreatic islets of the teleost fish, Gillichthys mirabilis. The innervation of the pancreatic islets of a teleost fish, Gillichthys mirabilis, was investigated with various techniques including axonal iontophoresis of cobalt, light microscopy, and electron microscopy. Two types of postganglionic neurons, the splanchnic and the vagus, innervate the islet parenchyma. The splanchnic fibers originate from the single coeliac ganglion, situated near the third spinal nerve on the right side, and pass caudally to the islet. Postganglionic vagal fibers reaching the islets arise from ganglion cells located at irregular intervals along the vagus nerve. Iontophoresis of cobaltous chloride revealed that both types of nerves send large numbers of fibers to the islet cells. Electron microscopy showed that the granules of the vagal fibers are polymorphic, large (130 mm diameter) and markedly electron dense, whereas the splanchnic granules are smaller (100 nm diameter) and less electron dense than those of the vagus. These granules do not correspond to those seen in postganglionic autonomic neurons of other vertebrates. Rather, they are more like classical neurosecretory granules. Although their chemical nature is unknown, the extent of islet innervation suggests that it must play an important regulatory role."}
{"id": "PMID:354796", "title": "Fine structural studies of the islets of langerhans in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus).", "content": "A study of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) was initiated by the observation that 98 percent of the animals of a recently established colony showed ketoacidosis soon after birth, about ten percent of which later developed persistent hyperglycemia. The islets are made up of a centrally located mass of insulin-producing B-cells surrounded by a peripheral rim of A- and D-cells. Most islets are richly supplied by unmyelinated nerve fibers which terminate on all three cell types with cholinergic synaptic endings. Early changes in islet fine structure due to ketosis comprise degranulation of A-cells combined with signs of crinophagia of alpha-granules. After the manifestation of hyperglycemia, degranulation of B-cells is followed by deposition of glycogen which in the late phase of the diabetic syndrome forms large masses obscuring the regular cellular organelles. In six- to nine-month hyperglycemic animals degenerative changes are also observed in D-cells in the form of autophagic vacuoles.", "contents": "Fine structural studies of the islets of langerhans in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). A study of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) was initiated by the observation that 98 percent of the animals of a recently established colony showed ketoacidosis soon after birth, about ten percent of which later developed persistent hyperglycemia. The islets are made up of a centrally located mass of insulin-producing B-cells surrounded by a peripheral rim of A- and D-cells. Most islets are richly supplied by unmyelinated nerve fibers which terminate on all three cell types with cholinergic synaptic endings. Early changes in islet fine structure due to ketosis comprise degranulation of A-cells combined with signs of crinophagia of alpha-granules. After the manifestation of hyperglycemia, degranulation of B-cells is followed by deposition of glycogen which in the late phase of the diabetic syndrome forms large masses obscuring the regular cellular organelles. In six- to nine-month hyperglycemic animals degenerative changes are also observed in D-cells in the form of autophagic vacuoles."}
{"id": "PMID:354816", "title": "[Current therapeutic indications and possibilities in prolonged respiratory insufficiency (collective review) ].", "content": "The article provides a synthetic review of the most current problems of treatment of acute respiratory insufficiency refractory to standard and conventional therapeutic remedies using extracorporal membrane gas exchangers. On the basis of a review of the literature on the subject, the advantages and disadvantages of each main type of oxygenator are considered and critically evaluated with regard to metabolic, haemodynamic and circulatroy activity and the repercussions of each resuscitation technique on haemocoagulation.", "contents": "[Current therapeutic indications and possibilities in prolonged respiratory insufficiency (collective review) ]. The article provides a synthetic review of the most current problems of treatment of acute respiratory insufficiency refractory to standard and conventional therapeutic remedies using extracorporal membrane gas exchangers. On the basis of a review of the literature on the subject, the advantages and disadvantages of each main type of oxygenator are considered and critically evaluated with regard to metabolic, haemodynamic and circulatroy activity and the repercussions of each resuscitation technique on haemocoagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:354821", "title": "Improved approach to sequential addition immunoassay.", "content": "In the usual sequential addition enzyme immunoassays for drugs, the activity of the drug-labeled enzyme decreases continuously with time as more of it is bound to antibody. Sensitivity also decreases; the activity immediately after mixing is the most sensitive indicator of drug concentration. The reaction of enzyme-drug with antibody can be stopped by saturating the antibody with a larger quantity of unlabeled drug, which reacts with the antibody faster than does the enzyme-labeled drug. When drug is added soon after the reaction starts, the enzyme activity is stabilized and the sensitivity to small quantities of antigen is increased. This approach, with modification, should be applicable to sequential immunoassays in which other kinds of labels are used. The enzyme activity can be measured for a longer time, with the predictable increase in precision, as well as the ability to detect smaller quantities, to use less reagent, and to use end-point rather than kinetic assays.", "contents": "Improved approach to sequential addition immunoassay. In the usual sequential addition enzyme immunoassays for drugs, the activity of the drug-labeled enzyme decreases continuously with time as more of it is bound to antibody. Sensitivity also decreases; the activity immediately after mixing is the most sensitive indicator of drug concentration. The reaction of enzyme-drug with antibody can be stopped by saturating the antibody with a larger quantity of unlabeled drug, which reacts with the antibody faster than does the enzyme-labeled drug. When drug is added soon after the reaction starts, the enzyme activity is stabilized and the sensitivity to small quantities of antigen is increased. This approach, with modification, should be applicable to sequential immunoassays in which other kinds of labels are used. The enzyme activity can be measured for a longer time, with the predictable increase in precision, as well as the ability to detect smaller quantities, to use less reagent, and to use end-point rather than kinetic assays."}
{"id": "PMID:354822", "title": "Coupled reactions of immobilized enzymes and immobilized substrates: clinical application as exemplified by amylase assay.", "content": "We described a partitioned enzyme-sensor system, which incorporates an immoblized substrate and three or more discrete immobilized enzymes. This instrument measures alpha-amylase activity by passing the solution containing alpha-amylase over a column packed with immobilized starch. The resulting oligosaccharides are successively exposed to a column or columns containing immobolized glucose oxidase, catalase, glucoamylase or maltase, and glucose oxidase. The resulting hydrogen peroxide is detected by a three-electrode amperometric cell. All immobilized reagents were immobilized on a particulate, porous alumina to allow rapid and constant flow rate. With use of less than optimum immobilized reagents, alpha-amylase activity has been measured from about 5 to 200 kU/liter with a 50 microliter sample size. Lack of sensitivity is predominantly attributable to the low activity and low stability of immobilized maltase and glucoamylase. We believe that a clinical test using this system is feasible and desirable because the immobilized reagent system should allow for testing of alpha-amylase with excellent precision, convenience to the operator, and low cost.", "contents": "Coupled reactions of immobilized enzymes and immobilized substrates: clinical application as exemplified by amylase assay. We described a partitioned enzyme-sensor system, which incorporates an immoblized substrate and three or more discrete immobilized enzymes. This instrument measures alpha-amylase activity by passing the solution containing alpha-amylase over a column packed with immobilized starch. The resulting oligosaccharides are successively exposed to a column or columns containing immobolized glucose oxidase, catalase, glucoamylase or maltase, and glucose oxidase. The resulting hydrogen peroxide is detected by a three-electrode amperometric cell. All immobilized reagents were immobilized on a particulate, porous alumina to allow rapid and constant flow rate. With use of less than optimum immobilized reagents, alpha-amylase activity has been measured from about 5 to 200 kU/liter with a 50 microliter sample size. Lack of sensitivity is predominantly attributable to the low activity and low stability of immobilized maltase and glucoamylase. We believe that a clinical test using this system is feasible and desirable because the immobilized reagent system should allow for testing of alpha-amylase with excellent precision, convenience to the operator, and low cost."}
{"id": "PMID:354826", "title": "The combined use of L-alpha-methyldopa hydrazine and methyldopa in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "1. The combined use of alpha-methyldopa and L-alpha-methyldopa hydrazine (a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor) has been studied, in a double-blind cross-over comparison, with alpha-methyldopa and L-alpha-methyldopa hydrazine placebo in the treatment of eight patients with essential hypertension. 2. L-alpha-methyldopa hydrazine did not enhance the antihypertensive effect of alpha-methyldopa. This suggests that because methyldopa can inhibit its own decarboxylation, peripheral decarboxylation is not an important metabolic pathway for methyldopa and elevated brain levels of methyldopa do not necessarily result in elevated brain levels of methyldopamine.", "contents": "The combined use of L-alpha-methyldopa hydrazine and methyldopa in the treatment of hypertension. 1. The combined use of alpha-methyldopa and L-alpha-methyldopa hydrazine (a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor) has been studied, in a double-blind cross-over comparison, with alpha-methyldopa and L-alpha-methyldopa hydrazine placebo in the treatment of eight patients with essential hypertension. 2. L-alpha-methyldopa hydrazine did not enhance the antihypertensive effect of alpha-methyldopa. This suggests that because methyldopa can inhibit its own decarboxylation, peripheral decarboxylation is not an important metabolic pathway for methyldopa and elevated brain levels of methyldopa do not necessarily result in elevated brain levels of methyldopamine."}
{"id": "PMID:354827", "title": "Antihypertensive activity of alpha-methyldopa on a twice daily regimen in comparison to metoprolol. A multi-centre controlled clinical trial.", "content": "1. The antihypertensive effects of alpha-methyldopa and metoprolol have been compared in 110 patients (fifty-one males and fifty-nine females) with previously untreated essential hypertension (sixty-eight WHO stage 1 and forty-two WHO stage 2). 2. After 2 weeks of placebo, the patients were randomly allocated to treatment with either of the two drugs: alpha-methyldopa up to 500 mg b.i.d. and metroprolol up to 200 mg b.i.d. for 6 weeks. Periodical clinical, biochemical, haematological, radiological and electrocardiographical measurements were performed. 3. The average reduction in blood pressure produced by the two drugs was comparable. 4. In general, side-effects were few and tolerable: mainly bradycardia in the metoprolol group and dizziness and drowsiness in the alpha-methyldopa group. 5. The plasma renin activity was significantly reduced in the metoprolol but not in the alpha-methyldopa group.", "contents": "Antihypertensive activity of alpha-methyldopa on a twice daily regimen in comparison to metoprolol. A multi-centre controlled clinical trial. 1. The antihypertensive effects of alpha-methyldopa and metoprolol have been compared in 110 patients (fifty-one males and fifty-nine females) with previously untreated essential hypertension (sixty-eight WHO stage 1 and forty-two WHO stage 2). 2. After 2 weeks of placebo, the patients were randomly allocated to treatment with either of the two drugs: alpha-methyldopa up to 500 mg b.i.d. and metroprolol up to 200 mg b.i.d. for 6 weeks. Periodical clinical, biochemical, haematological, radiological and electrocardiographical measurements were performed. 3. The average reduction in blood pressure produced by the two drugs was comparable. 4. In general, side-effects were few and tolerable: mainly bradycardia in the metoprolol group and dizziness and drowsiness in the alpha-methyldopa group. 5. The plasma renin activity was significantly reduced in the metoprolol but not in the alpha-methyldopa group."}
{"id": "PMID:354828", "title": "Sodium and fluid balance during hypotensive response to alpha-methyldopa.", "content": "1. Detailed observations on sodium and fluid balance during treatment with alpha-methyldopa were made in five hypertensive patients. The initial fall in blood pressure concurred with a decline in fluid and sodium excretion. Sodium balance increased 100-300 mEq. In one patient with serve hypertension the sodium balance was incompletely restored, the relationship with blood pressure indicating a negative feedback loop. In the other patients sodium balance reverted to baseline, while the hypotensive response was maintained. This is probably due to a decrease in renal arteriolar tone. 2. Parallel systemic and renal vasodilatation may account for the discrepancy between a significant increase in blood volume and insignificant long-term changes in the fluid and sodium status.", "contents": "Sodium and fluid balance during hypotensive response to alpha-methyldopa. 1. Detailed observations on sodium and fluid balance during treatment with alpha-methyldopa were made in five hypertensive patients. The initial fall in blood pressure concurred with a decline in fluid and sodium excretion. Sodium balance increased 100-300 mEq. In one patient with serve hypertension the sodium balance was incompletely restored, the relationship with blood pressure indicating a negative feedback loop. In the other patients sodium balance reverted to baseline, while the hypotensive response was maintained. This is probably due to a decrease in renal arteriolar tone. 2. Parallel systemic and renal vasodilatation may account for the discrepancy between a significant increase in blood volume and insignificant long-term changes in the fluid and sodium status."}
{"id": "PMID:354829", "title": "Clinical experiences with methyldopa.", "content": "1. The hypotensive effect of methyldopa alone or associated with other hypotensive drugs was evaluated in 155 patients. After 10 days of treatment, the blood pressure was back to normal in 80% and in 50% of the patients with mild and moderate hypertension, and it was significantly decreased in those with severe hypertension. 2. Contrary to other hypotensive drugs, it did not produce a significant increase in BUN and serum creatinine. Occasional or recurrent episodes of orthostatic hypotension were observed in about 18% of the cases, but in none did it produce important symptoms of cerebral or myocardial ischaemia.", "contents": "Clinical experiences with methyldopa. 1. The hypotensive effect of methyldopa alone or associated with other hypotensive drugs was evaluated in 155 patients. After 10 days of treatment, the blood pressure was back to normal in 80% and in 50% of the patients with mild and moderate hypertension, and it was significantly decreased in those with severe hypertension. 2. Contrary to other hypotensive drugs, it did not produce a significant increase in BUN and serum creatinine. Occasional or recurrent episodes of orthostatic hypotension were observed in about 18% of the cases, but in none did it produce important symptoms of cerebral or myocardial ischaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:354830", "title": "Amiloride in the treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism and essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Amiloride (40 mg/day) was given to nineteen patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. There were significant falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, in total exchangeable sodium and in serum sodium and bicarbonate, while total exchangeable potassium, total body potassium, serum potassium, chloride and urea, plasma renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone all increased significantly. Amiloride was effective in reducing the blood pressure in patients with and without adrenocortical adenoma. No carry-over effect was seen on withdrawing amiloride. Similar changes were associated with amiloride treatment in five patients with essential hypertension; hyperkalaemia was not observed. 2. Only negligible side effects were encountered in the entire series of 24 patients.", "contents": "Amiloride in the treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism and essential hypertension. 1. Amiloride (40 mg/day) was given to nineteen patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. There were significant falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, in total exchangeable sodium and in serum sodium and bicarbonate, while total exchangeable potassium, total body potassium, serum potassium, chloride and urea, plasma renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone all increased significantly. Amiloride was effective in reducing the blood pressure in patients with and without adrenocortical adenoma. No carry-over effect was seen on withdrawing amiloride. Similar changes were associated with amiloride treatment in five patients with essential hypertension; hyperkalaemia was not observed. 2. Only negligible side effects were encountered in the entire series of 24 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:354831", "title": "Treatment of acute leukaemia in children.", "content": "As can be seen, there are many problems yet to be solved in the development of optimal therapy for acute leukaemia in children. For patients with ALL we must be able to identify clearly the standard and the varieties of high risk patients. For the patient with standard risk features life expectancy is long and therapy regimens must be designed to provide optimal control of the disease with minimal short and long-term toxicity. For patients with the high risk features of those varieties of ALL associated with poor prognosis methods must be found to circumvent the problem of early acquisition of drug resistance by the leukaemic lymphoblasts. For children with AML the results of remission induction regimens must still be improved to match those obtained in ALL. The major problem awaiting solution, however, is the maintenance of remission once obtained. As disease-free survival in AML is improved then consideration of CNS prophylaxis and the timing of cessation of therapy must be considered.", "contents": "Treatment of acute leukaemia in children. As can be seen, there are many problems yet to be solved in the development of optimal therapy for acute leukaemia in children. For patients with ALL we must be able to identify clearly the standard and the varieties of high risk patients. For the patient with standard risk features life expectancy is long and therapy regimens must be designed to provide optimal control of the disease with minimal short and long-term toxicity. For patients with the high risk features of those varieties of ALL associated with poor prognosis methods must be found to circumvent the problem of early acquisition of drug resistance by the leukaemic lymphoblasts. For children with AML the results of remission induction regimens must still be improved to match those obtained in ALL. The major problem awaiting solution, however, is the maintenance of remission once obtained. As disease-free survival in AML is improved then consideration of CNS prophylaxis and the timing of cessation of therapy must be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:354832", "title": "Treatment of acute leukaemia in adults.", "content": "Although progress in the treatment of adult acute leukaemia has been much less dramatic than that which has occurred in the management of children with ALL, it should be clear from this progress report that significant strides have recently been made in the treatment of both adult ANLL and ALL that are of real benefit to the individual patient. This improvement is equally the result of improved supportive care and antileukaemia treatment. The progress has been of sufficient magnitude to clearly justify the optimism expressed in several recent reviews of leukaemia treatment (Freireich et al, 1976; Holland et al, 1976; Wiernik, 1976).", "contents": "Treatment of acute leukaemia in adults. Although progress in the treatment of adult acute leukaemia has been much less dramatic than that which has occurred in the management of children with ALL, it should be clear from this progress report that significant strides have recently been made in the treatment of both adult ANLL and ALL that are of real benefit to the individual patient. This improvement is equally the result of improved supportive care and antileukaemia treatment. The progress has been of sufficient magnitude to clearly justify the optimism expressed in several recent reviews of leukaemia treatment (Freireich et al, 1976; Holland et al, 1976; Wiernik, 1976)."}
{"id": "PMID:354837", "title": "The effect of methylmethacrylate on the bacterial inhibiting properties of normal human serum.", "content": "In vitro evaluation of the effect of known concentrations of methylmethacrylate on the bacterial inhibiting properties of normal human serum has been carried out. In low concentrations, methylmethacrylate was found to abolish almost completely the growth inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis by normal human serum. Normal human serum did not have an effect on growth of Staphylococcus aureus. It did inhibit growth of Escherichia coli, but there was no reversal of this effect by methylmethacrylate.", "contents": "The effect of methylmethacrylate on the bacterial inhibiting properties of normal human serum. In vitro evaluation of the effect of known concentrations of methylmethacrylate on the bacterial inhibiting properties of normal human serum has been carried out. In low concentrations, methylmethacrylate was found to abolish almost completely the growth inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis by normal human serum. Normal human serum did not have an effect on growth of Staphylococcus aureus. It did inhibit growth of Escherichia coli, but there was no reversal of this effect by methylmethacrylate."}
{"id": "PMID:354838", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of dopamine in patients with resistant congestive heart failure.", "content": "Twelve patients with clinical and hemodynamic evidence of severe congestive heart failure, unresponsive to the usual therapy of salt restriction, oxygen, bed rest, digitalis, and massive doses of diuretics, were studied during a control period and after intravenous dopamine. Seven patients survived and 5 died with intractable failure and shock despite transiently improved hemodynamic indices. At control period and after optimal dose of dopamine, there were no significant changes in heart rate (HR) and mean systemic arterial pressure. The mean pulmonary artery (PA) and pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressures decreased slightly. Cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SVI), and stroke work indices (SWI) rose (p less than 0.005) from the control values of 1.4 +/- 0.1, 15.3 +/- 5, and 13.6 +/- 1.7 to 2.2 +/- 0.1, 24.1 +/- 4, and 24 +/- 2.3, respectively; pulmonary arteriolar (PAR), total pulmonary vascular (TPVR), and systemic vascular (SVR) resistances fell (p less than 0.01). Urine output increased from 13.5 ml/hr before to 58.2 ml/hr after dopamine (p less than 0.005). After 24 and 48 hr of dopamine, in addition to the above hemodynamic changes, PA pressure fell from 38 +/- 4 to 33 +/- 3 and 28 +/- 2, and PCW from 30 +/- 2 to 24 +/- 3 and 18 +/- 3 (p less than 0.05). Compared with nonsurvivors, survivors had significant decreases in PA and PCW pressures, PAR, and TPVR and an increase in SWI. These data indicate that dopamine is effective in some patients with refractive congestive heart failure associated with acute oliguric renal failure and that the prognosis may be improved.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of dopamine in patients with resistant congestive heart failure. Twelve patients with clinical and hemodynamic evidence of severe congestive heart failure, unresponsive to the usual therapy of salt restriction, oxygen, bed rest, digitalis, and massive doses of diuretics, were studied during a control period and after intravenous dopamine. Seven patients survived and 5 died with intractable failure and shock despite transiently improved hemodynamic indices. At control period and after optimal dose of dopamine, there were no significant changes in heart rate (HR) and mean systemic arterial pressure. The mean pulmonary artery (PA) and pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressures decreased slightly. Cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SVI), and stroke work indices (SWI) rose (p less than 0.005) from the control values of 1.4 +/- 0.1, 15.3 +/- 5, and 13.6 +/- 1.7 to 2.2 +/- 0.1, 24.1 +/- 4, and 24 +/- 2.3, respectively; pulmonary arteriolar (PAR), total pulmonary vascular (TPVR), and systemic vascular (SVR) resistances fell (p less than 0.01). Urine output increased from 13.5 ml/hr before to 58.2 ml/hr after dopamine (p less than 0.005). After 24 and 48 hr of dopamine, in addition to the above hemodynamic changes, PA pressure fell from 38 +/- 4 to 33 +/- 3 and 28 +/- 2, and PCW from 30 +/- 2 to 24 +/- 3 and 18 +/- 3 (p less than 0.05). Compared with nonsurvivors, survivors had significant decreases in PA and PCW pressures, PAR, and TPVR and an increase in SWI. These data indicate that dopamine is effective in some patients with refractive congestive heart failure associated with acute oliguric renal failure and that the prognosis may be improved."}
{"id": "PMID:354839", "title": "Dose response to chlorthalidone in patients with mild hypertension. Efficacy of a lower dose.", "content": "A multicenter study of chlorthalidone was performed to determine the relative antihypertensive efficacy and side effects of doses lower than those usually recommended for therapy. After a 4-wk placebo control period 100 patients with mild hypertension were randomly assigned doubleblind to 12.5-, 25-, 50-, or 75-mg regimens of chlorthalidone or to placebo for 12 wk. The groups of patients taking 25, 50, and 75 mg had declines in blood pressure which were not significantly different from each other. Serum potassium decreased in the 50- and 75-mg groups but not significantly in the 25-mg group. We conclude that chlorthalidone, 25 mg daily, was at least as effective for hypertension as 50 and 75 mg with less perturbation of potassium. Use of smaller initial diuretic doses may provide equal efficacy with fewer side effects for many patients.", "contents": "Dose response to chlorthalidone in patients with mild hypertension. Efficacy of a lower dose. A multicenter study of chlorthalidone was performed to determine the relative antihypertensive efficacy and side effects of doses lower than those usually recommended for therapy. After a 4-wk placebo control period 100 patients with mild hypertension were randomly assigned doubleblind to 12.5-, 25-, 50-, or 75-mg regimens of chlorthalidone or to placebo for 12 wk. The groups of patients taking 25, 50, and 75 mg had declines in blood pressure which were not significantly different from each other. Serum potassium decreased in the 50- and 75-mg groups but not significantly in the 25-mg group. We conclude that chlorthalidone, 25 mg daily, was at least as effective for hypertension as 50 and 75 mg with less perturbation of potassium. Use of smaller initial diuretic doses may provide equal efficacy with fewer side effects for many patients."}
{"id": "PMID:354840", "title": "Effect of benzopyranoperidine, a delta-9-THC congener, on pain.", "content": "In a double-blind, 5-way crossover designed study, single doses of placebo, 2 doses of codeine sulfate (60 and 120 mg), and 2 doses of benzopyranoperidine (2 and 4 mg) were administered orally to 35 patients who required analgesics for chronic pain due to malignancies. Benzopyranopyridine is an analogue of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and was chosen on the basis of its sedative, hypnotic, and analgesic properties in animals. Pain relief scores indicated a degree of relief of clinical significance with 120 mg of codeine but no consistent difference between placebo and any other active agent. On the basis of the data, bezopyranoperidine (2 or 4 mg) is not as effective as codeine (120 mg or 60 mg) and not more effective than placebo in relieving pain due to cancer; indeed, pain perception appeared to be augmented by both doses.", "contents": "Effect of benzopyranoperidine, a delta-9-THC congener, on pain. In a double-blind, 5-way crossover designed study, single doses of placebo, 2 doses of codeine sulfate (60 and 120 mg), and 2 doses of benzopyranoperidine (2 and 4 mg) were administered orally to 35 patients who required analgesics for chronic pain due to malignancies. Benzopyranopyridine is an analogue of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and was chosen on the basis of its sedative, hypnotic, and analgesic properties in animals. Pain relief scores indicated a degree of relief of clinical significance with 120 mg of codeine but no consistent difference between placebo and any other active agent. On the basis of the data, bezopyranoperidine (2 or 4 mg) is not as effective as codeine (120 mg or 60 mg) and not more effective than placebo in relieving pain due to cancer; indeed, pain perception appeared to be augmented by both doses."}
{"id": "PMID:354842", "title": "Neurovascular free foot flaps in reconstruction of the mutilated hand.", "content": "The neurovascular free flap from the first web region of the foot affords unrivalled potential for refurbishing sensibility to the denervated hand. Its greatest application is when no conventional island flap tissue remains for transfer. Its two-point discrimination is only moderate, but when used for thumb reconstruction, its sensibility is adequate because no functional substitute exists. Functionally and cosmetically it is superior to other methods of thumb reconstruction because of its pulp, size, and nail availability. There are no finger identification problems and secondary donor defects are minimal.", "contents": "Neurovascular free foot flaps in reconstruction of the mutilated hand. The neurovascular free flap from the first web region of the foot affords unrivalled potential for refurbishing sensibility to the denervated hand. Its greatest application is when no conventional island flap tissue remains for transfer. Its two-point discrimination is only moderate, but when used for thumb reconstruction, its sensibility is adequate because no functional substitute exists. Functionally and cosmetically it is superior to other methods of thumb reconstruction because of its pulp, size, and nail availability. There are no finger identification problems and secondary donor defects are minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:354843", "title": "Clinical application of free omental flap transfer.", "content": "In the field of reconstructive surgery, the greater omentum has been used as a transposed flap for the treatment of chronic lymphedema, radionecrosis, and so forth. Its transferable range was limited by the length of its pedicle. Microvascular anastomosis allows for free transplantation of this organ and has vastly expanded its usefulness.", "contents": "Clinical application of free omental flap transfer. In the field of reconstructive surgery, the greater omentum has been used as a transposed flap for the treatment of chronic lymphedema, radionecrosis, and so forth. Its transferable range was limited by the length of its pedicle. Microvascular anastomosis allows for free transplantation of this organ and has vastly expanded its usefulness."}
{"id": "PMID:354844", "title": "Microvascular bone transplatation.", "content": "A technique has been presented for the transplantation of bone with its own vascular system. Microvascular techniques have been developed to the point that this procedure is feasible in both the laboratory animal and in humans. Using this technique or the fibula transplantation technique of Taylor and colleagues, it should be possible to reconstruct many bone dificits that are refractory to free bone grafting.", "contents": "Microvascular bone transplatation. A technique has been presented for the transplantation of bone with its own vascular system. Microvascular techniques have been developed to the point that this procedure is feasible in both the laboratory animal and in humans. Using this technique or the fibula transplantation technique of Taylor and colleagues, it should be possible to reconstruct many bone dificits that are refractory to free bone grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:354845", "title": "Diffuse pulmonary abnormalities: clinical correlations.", "content": "The clinical correlations of diffuse pulmonary opacities, visible on the chest X-ray, are reviewed and the main diagnostic investigations outlined. Clinically the patients are classified into those with fever; those with no symptoms; those with cough, malaise and loss of weight, but no fever; and those with dyspnoea as the main symptom. The possible diseases giving rise to each group of manifestations are reviewed and the differential diagnosis discussed.", "contents": "Diffuse pulmonary abnormalities: clinical correlations. The clinical correlations of diffuse pulmonary opacities, visible on the chest X-ray, are reviewed and the main diagnostic investigations outlined. Clinically the patients are classified into those with fever; those with no symptoms; those with cough, malaise and loss of weight, but no fever; and those with dyspnoea as the main symptom. The possible diseases giving rise to each group of manifestations are reviewed and the differential diagnosis discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:354867", "title": "Myocardiopathies. A review.", "content": "The author offers a critical review of the present knowledge about myocardiopathies and points out discordant opinions of various authors. He presents his own classification of this inhomogeneous group of myocardial diseases, based on the etiological principle. Special attention is given to the present status of diagnostic methods, the author pointing out the nonspecificity of individual signs and symptoms of the disease. It is emphasized that in two thirds of patients even a general practitioner is capable of diagnosing myocardiopathy on the basis of routine cardiological examinations (patient's history, physical examination, ECG and X-ray). This is of great practical importance because the prognosis--although essentially unfavourable--depends to a great extent on an early diagnosis. Finally, principles of therapy at myocardiopathies are presented.", "contents": "Myocardiopathies. A review. The author offers a critical review of the present knowledge about myocardiopathies and points out discordant opinions of various authors. He presents his own classification of this inhomogeneous group of myocardial diseases, based on the etiological principle. Special attention is given to the present status of diagnostic methods, the author pointing out the nonspecificity of individual signs and symptoms of the disease. It is emphasized that in two thirds of patients even a general practitioner is capable of diagnosing myocardiopathy on the basis of routine cardiological examinations (patient's history, physical examination, ECG and X-ray). This is of great practical importance because the prognosis--although essentially unfavourable--depends to a great extent on an early diagnosis. Finally, principles of therapy at myocardiopathies are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:354872", "title": "Automated measurements on human C-bands in family studies.", "content": "An automated system providing quantitative measurements of C-band size has been used, in conjunction with statistical methodology developed for the purpose, in a family study to demonstrate its potential in determining the mode of transmission of C-bands from parent to offspring, and to test the assumption of Mendelian inheritance. The most serious obstacle encountered was the high within-person variance of the normalized band sizes, the large within-slide variance being increased by technical variation between different preparations. Attempts to reduce variance by developing more effective normalization techniques did not prove fruitful. Nevertheless, the ability of the present system to perform a trace using a reasonable number of cells has been demonstrated in an example. In the two families studied we saw no evidence that band size was not transmitted and changes in band size, if any, were less than about 5 micrometer2 X 10(-2) (compared to a typical medium-category band size of about 65 mcirometer2 X 10(-2)).", "contents": "Automated measurements on human C-bands in family studies. An automated system providing quantitative measurements of C-band size has been used, in conjunction with statistical methodology developed for the purpose, in a family study to demonstrate its potential in determining the mode of transmission of C-bands from parent to offspring, and to test the assumption of Mendelian inheritance. The most serious obstacle encountered was the high within-person variance of the normalized band sizes, the large within-slide variance being increased by technical variation between different preparations. Attempts to reduce variance by developing more effective normalization techniques did not prove fruitful. Nevertheless, the ability of the present system to perform a trace using a reasonable number of cells has been demonstrated in an example. In the two families studied we saw no evidence that band size was not transmitted and changes in band size, if any, were less than about 5 micrometer2 X 10(-2) (compared to a typical medium-category band size of about 65 mcirometer2 X 10(-2))."}
{"id": "PMID:354896", "title": "Lidocaine-induced cardiac asystole.", "content": "Intravenous administration of a single 50-mg bolus of lidocaine in a 67-year-old man resulted in profound depression of the activity of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodal pacemakers. The patient had no apparent associated conditions which might have predisposed him to the development of bradyarrhythmias; and, thus, this probably represented a true idiosyncrasy to lidocaine.", "contents": "Lidocaine-induced cardiac asystole. Intravenous administration of a single 50-mg bolus of lidocaine in a 67-year-old man resulted in profound depression of the activity of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodal pacemakers. The patient had no apparent associated conditions which might have predisposed him to the development of bradyarrhythmias; and, thus, this probably represented a true idiosyncrasy to lidocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:354897", "title": "Neonatal assessment procedures: a historical review.", "content": "A historical review of neonatal assessment procedures is presented to demonstrate the trends in advancement of the field and attempts toward collaboration of medicine and psychology in contributions to the area. The literature suggests that the medically oriented neurological examinations have continued  to be altered and improved. The growth of behaviorism within psychology and the view that behavior is closely related to underlying neurological mechanisms have contributed to the development of behaviorally oriented assessment procedures. These trends have combined successfully in the development of the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale, which focuses on assessment of behavioral capabilities reflecting the quality of parent-infant relationships. The most recent contributions are directed toward development of specialized assessment techniques to fulfill specific research needs. Suggestions and cautions for use of available procedures are presented.", "contents": "Neonatal assessment procedures: a historical review. A historical review of neonatal assessment procedures is presented to demonstrate the trends in advancement of the field and attempts toward collaboration of medicine and psychology in contributions to the area. The literature suggests that the medically oriented neurological examinations have continued  to be altered and improved. The growth of behaviorism within psychology and the view that behavior is closely related to underlying neurological mechanisms have contributed to the development of behaviorally oriented assessment procedures. These trends have combined successfully in the development of the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale, which focuses on assessment of behavioral capabilities reflecting the quality of parent-infant relationships. The most recent contributions are directed toward development of specialized assessment techniques to fulfill specific research needs. Suggestions and cautions for use of available procedures are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:354898", "title": "The effects of reinforcement and strategy training on impulsive responding.", "content": "Impulsive second-grade children received strategy training or strategy training combined with primary or secondary reinforcement. All training groups showed significantly longer response latencies and significantly fewer errors on the Matching Familiar Figures test immediately following training. The reinforcement groups had significantly longer latencies than the training-only group, and there was some indication that primary reinforcement was more effective than secondary reinforcement in producing response delay. The 3 training groups did not differ significantly on error scores.", "contents": "The effects of reinforcement and strategy training on impulsive responding. Impulsive second-grade children received strategy training or strategy training combined with primary or secondary reinforcement. All training groups showed significantly longer response latencies and significantly fewer errors on the Matching Familiar Figures test immediately following training. The reinforcement groups had significantly longer latencies than the training-only group, and there was some indication that primary reinforcement was more effective than secondary reinforcement in producing response delay. The 3 training groups did not differ significantly on error scores."}
{"id": "PMID:354908", "title": "[The Schrudde method of plastic surgery. Results after 15 years use of the method].", "content": "After 15 years of experience with Schrudde's slide-swing operation, the results of this method are evaluated. Indication has been examined in 911 cases, both as to localisation and etiology. Since the resulting scars are smaller than the circumference of the defect, this approach possesses considerable advantages over other methods. Its safety enables it to be applied where defects are very extensive. A first attempt is here made to analyse the method geometrically.", "contents": "[The Schrudde method of plastic surgery. Results after 15 years use of the method]. After 15 years of experience with Schrudde's slide-swing operation, the results of this method are evaluated. Indication has been examined in 911 cases, both as to localisation and etiology. Since the resulting scars are smaller than the circumference of the defect, this approach possesses considerable advantages over other methods. Its safety enables it to be applied where defects are very extensive. A first attempt is here made to analyse the method geometrically."}
{"id": "PMID:354916", "title": "[Cardiotoxicity of mianserin, an antidepressant (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of mianserin on cardiac function was investigated on 60 adults with known heart disease, the drug previously having been shown not to influence the action of phenprocoumon. After satisfactory anticoagulation had been established, all patients were given additionally two different dosage regimens of mianserin or a placebo in a double-blind trial lasting three weeks. The dose was gradually increased to a maximal daily level of 30 mg or 60 mg, respectively, on the sixth day. Heart rate, blood pressure and electrocardiogram were obtained before and after mianserin had been added. There was no statistically significant difference between the three trial groups with respect to the three measured variables.", "contents": "[Cardiotoxicity of mianserin, an antidepressant (author's transl)]. The effect of mianserin on cardiac function was investigated on 60 adults with known heart disease, the drug previously having been shown not to influence the action of phenprocoumon. After satisfactory anticoagulation had been established, all patients were given additionally two different dosage regimens of mianserin or a placebo in a double-blind trial lasting three weeks. The dose was gradually increased to a maximal daily level of 30 mg or 60 mg, respectively, on the sixth day. Heart rate, blood pressure and electrocardiogram were obtained before and after mianserin had been added. There was no statistically significant difference between the three trial groups with respect to the three measured variables."}
{"id": "PMID:354919", "title": "Effects of central cortical EEG feedback training on incidence of poorly controlled seizures.", "content": "This study examined the clinical effects of central cortical EEG feedback training in 8 patients with poorly controlled seizures. After base-line recordings, patients were trained in the laboratory and then initiated on a double or triple crossover design using portable equipment at home, with bimonthly laboratory test sessions. Performance at home was monitored by a strip chart recorder with the portable unit. Training was based on the simultaneous detection of two central cortical (C3--T3) EEG frequency bands (6--9 Hz and either 12--15 or 18--23 Hz), with reward provided for the occurrence of one in the absence of the other. The design consisted of successive 3 month periods of training, with reward contingencies reversed after each period without the subject's knowledge. Seizure incidence records were compared statistically before, during, and after the design. Six of the 8 patients reported significant and sustained seizure reductions, which averaged 74%, following reward for either 12--15 or 18--23 Hz in the absence of 6--9 Hz. Response to positive reward for 12--15 Hz was specific, with seizure rates returning to base line when reinforcement contingencies were reversed. Reduced seizure rates following positive reward for 18--23 Hz were not altered with contingency reversals. A nonspecific interpretation of these effects is rejected in favor of an EEG normalizing hypothesis.", "contents": "Effects of central cortical EEG feedback training on incidence of poorly controlled seizures. This study examined the clinical effects of central cortical EEG feedback training in 8 patients with poorly controlled seizures. After base-line recordings, patients were trained in the laboratory and then initiated on a double or triple crossover design using portable equipment at home, with bimonthly laboratory test sessions. Performance at home was monitored by a strip chart recorder with the portable unit. Training was based on the simultaneous detection of two central cortical (C3--T3) EEG frequency bands (6--9 Hz and either 12--15 or 18--23 Hz), with reward provided for the occurrence of one in the absence of the other. The design consisted of successive 3 month periods of training, with reward contingencies reversed after each period without the subject's knowledge. Seizure incidence records were compared statistically before, during, and after the design. Six of the 8 patients reported significant and sustained seizure reductions, which averaged 74%, following reward for either 12--15 or 18--23 Hz in the absence of 6--9 Hz. Response to positive reward for 12--15 Hz was specific, with seizure rates returning to base line when reinforcement contingencies were reversed. Reduced seizure rates following positive reward for 18--23 Hz were not altered with contingency reversals. A nonspecific interpretation of these effects is rejected in favor of an EEG normalizing hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:354920", "title": "Non-monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants and epilepsy: a review.", "content": "The literature dealing with the convulsant effects of the antidepressant drugs of the non-monoamine oxidase inhibitor variety is reviews. It is concluded that most of these drugs do lower the seizure threshold and may precipitate seizures even at normal therapeutic doses. The pathophysiology of antidepressant-induced seizures is discussed, and attention is drawn to biochemical differences in those antideprssants that have the least epileptogenic potential or may even be anticonvulsant. The clinical difficulties regarding administration of antidepressant drugs to epileptic patients are mentioned, and some practical advice is offered.", "contents": "Non-monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants and epilepsy: a review. The literature dealing with the convulsant effects of the antidepressant drugs of the non-monoamine oxidase inhibitor variety is reviews. It is concluded that most of these drugs do lower the seizure threshold and may precipitate seizures even at normal therapeutic doses. The pathophysiology of antidepressant-induced seizures is discussed, and attention is drawn to biochemical differences in those antideprssants that have the least epileptogenic potential or may even be anticonvulsant. The clinical difficulties regarding administration of antidepressant drugs to epileptic patients are mentioned, and some practical advice is offered."}
{"id": "PMID:354921", "title": "Determination of phenytoin in plasma: a comparison of procedures using a new radioimmunoassay, gas chromatography, and enzyme immunoassay.", "content": "A new commercially available radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure for the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin has been assessed and compared with a gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) and an enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) procedure. One hundred and thirty-four plasma samples containing phenytoin were analyzed by the three methods and the results were found to be essentially independent of the procedure used and so would indicate similar clinical interpretation. The correlation coefficients were: RIA/GLC = 0.988; EMIT/RIA = 0.978; EMIT/GLC = 0.981. The cross reactivity of 33 drugs and related compounds was tested in the RIA and EMIT procedures and only a few very closely related substances showed significant cross reactivity. In addition, the three methods were compared with respect to the technical difficulties involved as well as time and cost for the assay of single and multiple samples.", "contents": "Determination of phenytoin in plasma: a comparison of procedures using a new radioimmunoassay, gas chromatography, and enzyme immunoassay. A new commercially available radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure for the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin has been assessed and compared with a gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) and an enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) procedure. One hundred and thirty-four plasma samples containing phenytoin were analyzed by the three methods and the results were found to be essentially independent of the procedure used and so would indicate similar clinical interpretation. The correlation coefficients were: RIA/GLC = 0.988; EMIT/RIA = 0.978; EMIT/GLC = 0.981. The cross reactivity of 33 drugs and related compounds was tested in the RIA and EMIT procedures and only a few very closely related substances showed significant cross reactivity. In addition, the three methods were compared with respect to the technical difficulties involved as well as time and cost for the assay of single and multiple samples."}
{"id": "PMID:354922", "title": "Carbamazepine and the electroencephalogram of epileptics: a double blind study in comparison to phenytoin.", "content": "In double blind crossover 4 month trials, carbamazepine was compared to phenytoin as sole treatment for 45 patients with uncontrolled partial and generalized epilepsy. EEGs performed at the end of these trials revealed that while using carbamazepine the patients manifested a significant overall increase in diffuse slow waves and an increase in generalized epileptiform discharges without significant accompanying changes in seizure incidence. Also, during the carbamazepine trial generalized epileptiform discharges activated by hyperventilation were more frequent in patients with a higher seizure incidence compared to subjects with a lower seizure incidence of patients taking phenytoin. No significant focal EEG changes occurred.", "contents": "Carbamazepine and the electroencephalogram of epileptics: a double blind study in comparison to phenytoin. In double blind crossover 4 month trials, carbamazepine was compared to phenytoin as sole treatment for 45 patients with uncontrolled partial and generalized epilepsy. EEGs performed at the end of these trials revealed that while using carbamazepine the patients manifested a significant overall increase in diffuse slow waves and an increase in generalized epileptiform discharges without significant accompanying changes in seizure incidence. Also, during the carbamazepine trial generalized epileptiform discharges activated by hyperventilation were more frequent in patients with a higher seizure incidence compared to subjects with a lower seizure incidence of patients taking phenytoin. No significant focal EEG changes occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:354931", "title": "The synthesis of a photoreactive puromycin analogue and its application for labeling proteins in the 50-S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "A photoreactive puromycin analogue, 6-dimethylamino-9-[3-(p-azido-L-beta-phenylalanylamino)-3-deoxy-beta-ribofuranosyl] purine, was synthesized. Biological activity was demonstrated by inhibition of the poly (U)-directed phenylalanine-incorporation system and by decomposition of isolated polysomes from Escherichia coli. The 3H-labeled puromycin analogue was covalently attached to the 50-S subunit of isolated 70-S ribosomes from Escherichia coli after irradiation. More than 90% of the radioactivity was bound to the protein fraction. The 70-S proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The proteins labeled primarily were those of the 50-S subunit, identified as L6, L13, L18, L22 and L25. On the basis of the affinity label used and supportive data from the literature, it is concluded that these proteins are at the active center of the 50-S particle and probably belong to the region of the ribosomal A site.", "contents": "The synthesis of a photoreactive puromycin analogue and its application for labeling proteins in the 50-S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes. A photoreactive puromycin analogue, 6-dimethylamino-9-[3-(p-azido-L-beta-phenylalanylamino)-3-deoxy-beta-ribofuranosyl] purine, was synthesized. Biological activity was demonstrated by inhibition of the poly (U)-directed phenylalanine-incorporation system and by decomposition of isolated polysomes from Escherichia coli. The 3H-labeled puromycin analogue was covalently attached to the 50-S subunit of isolated 70-S ribosomes from Escherichia coli after irradiation. More than 90% of the radioactivity was bound to the protein fraction. The 70-S proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The proteins labeled primarily were those of the 50-S subunit, identified as L6, L13, L18, L22 and L25. On the basis of the affinity label used and supportive data from the literature, it is concluded that these proteins are at the active center of the 50-S particle and probably belong to the region of the ribosomal A site."}
{"id": "PMID:354932", "title": "Homologous RNA polymerase binding to Escherichia coli DNA: a study of the distribution of stable binding sites.", "content": "The number and the distribution of the sites of Escherichia coli DNA that form stable complexes with the homologous RNA polymerase (class A sites according to Hinkle and Chamberlin [3]) have been investigated. Almost all the DNA can bind RNA polymerase, even when fragmented at short (undergenic) size; this general non-promoter-specific binding is highly labile and is not temperature-dependent. The range of RNA polymerase/DNA ratios that give rise to the stable temperature-dependent complexes was examined. The amount and the distribution of class A complexes were studied analysing the dissociation of complexes formed by RNA polymerase on DNA fragments of various length. The E. coli genome appears to form 3.8 X 10(3) stable complexes; the majority of these complexes shows a short-range distribution (800-1200 base pairs). The rest is more widely spaced (1200-6000 base pairs).", "contents": "Homologous RNA polymerase binding to Escherichia coli DNA: a study of the distribution of stable binding sites. The number and the distribution of the sites of Escherichia coli DNA that form stable complexes with the homologous RNA polymerase (class A sites according to Hinkle and Chamberlin [3]) have been investigated. Almost all the DNA can bind RNA polymerase, even when fragmented at short (undergenic) size; this general non-promoter-specific binding is highly labile and is not temperature-dependent. The range of RNA polymerase/DNA ratios that give rise to the stable temperature-dependent complexes was examined. The amount and the distribution of class A complexes were studied analysing the dissociation of complexes formed by RNA polymerase on DNA fragments of various length. The E. coli genome appears to form 3.8 X 10(3) stable complexes; the majority of these complexes shows a short-range distribution (800-1200 base pairs). The rest is more widely spaced (1200-6000 base pairs)."}
{"id": "PMID:354933", "title": "Evidence for catabolite degradation in the glucose-dependent inactivation of yeast cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was radioactively labeled during its synthesis on a glucose-free derepression medium. After purification a sensitive radio-immunoassay for this enzyme could be developed. The assay showed that after the physiological, glucose-dependent 'catabolite inactivation' of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase an inactive enzyme protein is immunologically not detectable. Together with the irreversibility of this reaction in vivo this finding strongly suggest a proteolytic mechanism of enzyme inactivation. For this process the term 'catabolite degradation' is used.", "contents": "Evidence for catabolite degradation in the glucose-dependent inactivation of yeast cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase. The cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was radioactively labeled during its synthesis on a glucose-free derepression medium. After purification a sensitive radio-immunoassay for this enzyme could be developed. The assay showed that after the physiological, glucose-dependent 'catabolite inactivation' of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase an inactive enzyme protein is immunologically not detectable. Together with the irreversibility of this reaction in vivo this finding strongly suggest a proteolytic mechanism of enzyme inactivation. For this process the term 'catabolite degradation' is used."}
{"id": "PMID:354934", "title": "Synthesis of lens crystallins in Xenopus oocytes as determined by quantitative immunoprecipitation.", "content": "Total poly(A)-containing calf lens mRNA was microinjected into Xenopus oocytes and synthesis of alpha, beta, and gamma-crystallins was demonstrated. By a method of quantitative immunoprecipitation the rate of translation of purified 14S alphaA2-crystallin mRNA was compared with translation of 9-S rabbit globin mRNA. Maximal response of oocytes was obtained with virtually the same molar amounts of mRNA, taking into account the larger size of the alphaA2-crystallin mRNA. Kinetics of translation were also very similar and both mRNAs were translated with similar rate and efficiency for at least two days. It was estimated that 20-30 polypeptide chains per hour per mRNA molecule were synthesized.", "contents": "Synthesis of lens crystallins in Xenopus oocytes as determined by quantitative immunoprecipitation. Total poly(A)-containing calf lens mRNA was microinjected into Xenopus oocytes and synthesis of alpha, beta, and gamma-crystallins was demonstrated. By a method of quantitative immunoprecipitation the rate of translation of purified 14S alphaA2-crystallin mRNA was compared with translation of 9-S rabbit globin mRNA. Maximal response of oocytes was obtained with virtually the same molar amounts of mRNA, taking into account the larger size of the alphaA2-crystallin mRNA. Kinetics of translation were also very similar and both mRNAs were translated with similar rate and efficiency for at least two days. It was estimated that 20-30 polypeptide chains per hour per mRNA molecule were synthesized."}
{"id": "PMID:354935", "title": "Interaction of DNA with DNA-binding proteins: protein exchange and complex stability.", "content": "The competition of the DNA-binding proteins I and II of Escherichia coli and of the phage fd DNA-binding protein for single-stranded DNA was investigated. Their roles in cells might be judged from their binding affinities to DNA and their mutual exchange in the DNA . protein complexes. Strongest binding on single strands was found for the phage protein. DNA-binding protein II displaced half of the protein I in the complex with single-stranded DNA when no double-stranded DNA was present. Protein-complexed single strands were protected against degradation. The protection is less pronounced for protein II which can increase the stability of the fd DNA complex with DNA-binding protein I against nucleolytic cleavage.", "contents": "Interaction of DNA with DNA-binding proteins: protein exchange and complex stability. The competition of the DNA-binding proteins I and II of Escherichia coli and of the phage fd DNA-binding protein for single-stranded DNA was investigated. Their roles in cells might be judged from their binding affinities to DNA and their mutual exchange in the DNA . protein complexes. Strongest binding on single strands was found for the phage protein. DNA-binding protein II displaced half of the protein I in the complex with single-stranded DNA when no double-stranded DNA was present. Protein-complexed single strands were protected against degradation. The protection is less pronounced for protein II which can increase the stability of the fd DNA complex with DNA-binding protein I against nucleolytic cleavage."}
{"id": "PMID:354936", "title": "Protein synthesis in muscle cultures from patients with myotonic dystrophy. Influence of A23187 ionophore and calcium: preliminary investigation.", "content": "Muscle samples for cultures were obtained from the tibialis anterior by open biopsy under local anesthesia in 12 patients with myotonic dystrophy and 15 controls. Total protein synthesis in muscle cultures from patients with myotonic dystrophy showed a nonsignificant increase in (3H)-leucine incorporation. Addition of A23187 ionophore significantly stimulated the protein synthesis in muscle cultures from patients with myotonic dystrophy, but had an inhibitory effect in the cultures from controls. Myosin heavy chain synthesis was measured and found normal in all patients with myotonic dystrophy.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in muscle cultures from patients with myotonic dystrophy. Influence of A23187 ionophore and calcium: preliminary investigation. Muscle samples for cultures were obtained from the tibialis anterior by open biopsy under local anesthesia in 12 patients with myotonic dystrophy and 15 controls. Total protein synthesis in muscle cultures from patients with myotonic dystrophy showed a nonsignificant increase in (3H)-leucine incorporation. Addition of A23187 ionophore significantly stimulated the protein synthesis in muscle cultures from patients with myotonic dystrophy, but had an inhibitory effect in the cultures from controls. Myosin heavy chain synthesis was measured and found normal in all patients with myotonic dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:354937", "title": "Studies on EEG activities in the beta band.", "content": "A report on first findings of quantitative investigations of beta activity in the frequency domain is presented. Spectral analysis techniques were applied in three parallel still ongoing clinical studies, i.e. (1) an exploration of beta activities in a broad clinical material, (2) a study of the possible use of quantitative beta assessment in antiepileptic drug therapy, and (3) an investigation of special patterns with harmonic components in the beta band. Several clearly distinguishable types of spectral shapes, different coherence characteristics, significant alterations by changes of drug composition and a rich variation of harmonic patterns indicate a large and fascinating new field for clinical EEG research.", "contents": "Studies on EEG activities in the beta band. A report on first findings of quantitative investigations of beta activity in the frequency domain is presented. Spectral analysis techniques were applied in three parallel still ongoing clinical studies, i.e. (1) an exploration of beta activities in a broad clinical material, (2) a study of the possible use of quantitative beta assessment in antiepileptic drug therapy, and (3) an investigation of special patterns with harmonic components in the beta band. Several clearly distinguishable types of spectral shapes, different coherence characteristics, significant alterations by changes of drug composition and a rich variation of harmonic patterns indicate a large and fascinating new field for clinical EEG research."}
{"id": "PMID:354938", "title": "Clonazepam, baclofen and placebo in the treatment of spasticity.", "content": "25 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other spastic disorders, 33 MS patients and 10 control patients with MS were given clonazepam, baclofen or placebo over a period of 5 days to 20 weeks. Both clonazepam and baclofen were significantly more effective than placebo in the treatment of spasticity (p less than 0.005 or p less than 0.01). A clinical trial of clonazepam versus baclofen was carried out and this showed no significant difference between the two drugs. However, there was indication that clonazepam influenced with better improvement in patients with slight muscle hypertonia mainly of cerebral origin. Patients with more severe forms, mainly of spinal spasticity, benefited rather from baclofen treatment (Fisher's test, p = 0.003). There was suggestion that combination of the two drugs may be more effective in some patients than than clonazepam or baclofen alone.", "contents": "Clonazepam, baclofen and placebo in the treatment of spasticity. 25 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other spastic disorders, 33 MS patients and 10 control patients with MS were given clonazepam, baclofen or placebo over a period of 5 days to 20 weeks. Both clonazepam and baclofen were significantly more effective than placebo in the treatment of spasticity (p less than 0.005 or p less than 0.01). A clinical trial of clonazepam versus baclofen was carried out and this showed no significant difference between the two drugs. However, there was indication that clonazepam influenced with better improvement in patients with slight muscle hypertonia mainly of cerebral origin. Patients with more severe forms, mainly of spinal spasticity, benefited rather from baclofen treatment (Fisher's test, p = 0.003). There was suggestion that combination of the two drugs may be more effective in some patients than than clonazepam or baclofen alone."}
{"id": "PMID:354939", "title": "Level of blood pressure in patients with Parkinson's disease. A case-control study.", "content": "The comparison of the blood pressures of 273 patients with Parkinson's disease and of controls matched in sex and age revealed that Parkinsonian patients had a lower systolic blood pressure and more rarely suffered from clinical hypertension than did the control subjects. Among the Parkinsonian patients both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased with advancing stages of the disease. The severity of tremor did not correlate significantly with the level of the blood pressure, but with increasing severity of rigidity and hypokinesia the blood pressure lowered significantly.", "contents": "Level of blood pressure in patients with Parkinson's disease. A case-control study. The comparison of the blood pressures of 273 patients with Parkinson's disease and of controls matched in sex and age revealed that Parkinsonian patients had a lower systolic blood pressure and more rarely suffered from clinical hypertension than did the control subjects. Among the Parkinsonian patients both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased with advancing stages of the disease. The severity of tremor did not correlate significantly with the level of the blood pressure, but with increasing severity of rigidity and hypokinesia the blood pressure lowered significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:354940", "title": "Effects of slow intravenous administration of endotoxin on blood cells and coagulation in dogs.", "content": "Endotoxin shock was induced in dogs by slow administration of a lethal dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin. During the 3-hour infusion period a state of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was noted. The drop in platelets and leukocytes was the most rapid and pronounced effect of the infusion, while consumption of coagulation factors occurred more slowly. Activation of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of coagulation appeared to be closely parallel. Concomitantly increasing amounts of fibrin(ogen) degradation products were detected, while soluble fibrin monomers were observed only inconstantly. Intravascular hemolysis was slight and occurred in the late stages of shock, and could not have influenced the development of DIC.", "contents": "Effects of slow intravenous administration of endotoxin on blood cells and coagulation in dogs. Endotoxin shock was induced in dogs by slow administration of a lethal dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin. During the 3-hour infusion period a state of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was noted. The drop in platelets and leukocytes was the most rapid and pronounced effect of the infusion, while consumption of coagulation factors occurred more slowly. Activation of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of coagulation appeared to be closely parallel. Concomitantly increasing amounts of fibrin(ogen) degradation products were detected, while soluble fibrin monomers were observed only inconstantly. Intravascular hemolysis was slight and occurred in the late stages of shock, and could not have influenced the development of DIC."}
{"id": "PMID:354941", "title": "Effect of haloperidol and d-amphetamine on cerebral tyramine and octopamine levels.", "content": "The administration of d-amphetamine or haloperidol produced a marked reduction in the rat striatum concentration of p-tyramine, an effect that was not observed in the mesolimbic system. However, the administration of d-amphetamine to haloperidol-pretreated animals produced in both brain areas a marked reduction in p-tyramine levels. Furthermore, this latter treatment produced a marked increase in the m-tyramine levels in both brain regions. Hypothalamic p-octopamine levels were reduced by d-amphetamine, but not by haloperidol or haloperidol in the presence of d-amphetamine.", "contents": "Effect of haloperidol and d-amphetamine on cerebral tyramine and octopamine levels. The administration of d-amphetamine or haloperidol produced a marked reduction in the rat striatum concentration of p-tyramine, an effect that was not observed in the mesolimbic system. However, the administration of d-amphetamine to haloperidol-pretreated animals produced in both brain areas a marked reduction in p-tyramine levels. Furthermore, this latter treatment produced a marked increase in the m-tyramine levels in both brain regions. Hypothalamic p-octopamine levels were reduced by d-amphetamine, but not by haloperidol or haloperidol in the presence of d-amphetamine."}
{"id": "PMID:354959", "title": "Early effects of vinblastine and vincristine on the rat spermatogenesis: analyses by a new transillumination-phase contrast microscopic method.", "content": "Male sterility belongs to the recently recognized complications of cancer chemotherapy and has an increasing importance. Therefore, more information about the mode of action of anticancer drugs on mammalian spermatogenesis is needed. We have developed a technique based on transillumination of living, freshly isolated unstained rat seminiferous tubules, where the cells specifically killed by the drugs are recognized as dull zones. Early stages of cell degeneration can be rapidly analyzed by phase contrast microscopy of living cells. Because the transillumination technique, in addition, permits an accurate recognition of the segments of the seminiferous epithelial wave, the cells representing various stages of the mitotic and meiotic cell cycles during spermatogenesis can be isolated in living state for morphological analysis. Vinblastine and vincristine cause an arrest of mitotic and meiotic divisions to metaphase followed by cell death, which was more rapid after vincristine administration. Both alkaloids had a slight damaging effect on the pachytene spermatocytes. Large doses of both drugs primarily affected the Sertoli cells by destroying their microtubules and mitochondria. Vincristine specifically damaged the acrosomic system and the cytoplasmic bridges of the young spermatids.", "contents": "Early effects of vinblastine and vincristine on the rat spermatogenesis: analyses by a new transillumination-phase contrast microscopic method. Male sterility belongs to the recently recognized complications of cancer chemotherapy and has an increasing importance. Therefore, more information about the mode of action of anticancer drugs on mammalian spermatogenesis is needed. We have developed a technique based on transillumination of living, freshly isolated unstained rat seminiferous tubules, where the cells specifically killed by the drugs are recognized as dull zones. Early stages of cell degeneration can be rapidly analyzed by phase contrast microscopy of living cells. Because the transillumination technique, in addition, permits an accurate recognition of the segments of the seminiferous epithelial wave, the cells representing various stages of the mitotic and meiotic cell cycles during spermatogenesis can be isolated in living state for morphological analysis. Vinblastine and vincristine cause an arrest of mitotic and meiotic divisions to metaphase followed by cell death, which was more rapid after vincristine administration. Both alkaloids had a slight damaging effect on the pachytene spermatocytes. Large doses of both drugs primarily affected the Sertoli cells by destroying their microtubules and mitochondria. Vincristine specifically damaged the acrosomic system and the cytoplasmic bridges of the young spermatids."}
{"id": "PMID:354968", "title": "Auditory processing in anurans.", "content": "Anurans (frogs and toads) represent an example of peripheral specialization of the auditory systems. Their inner ear contains two distinct auditory organs: the amphibian papilla and the basilar papilla. Each organ is tuned to different species-specific frequency ranges. Because of this peripheral specialization, anurans offer an excellent opportunity to explore neural decoding of complex sounds in the central auditory system.", "contents": "Auditory processing in anurans. Anurans (frogs and toads) represent an example of peripheral specialization of the auditory systems. Their inner ear contains two distinct auditory organs: the amphibian papilla and the basilar papilla. Each organ is tuned to different species-specific frequency ranges. Because of this peripheral specialization, anurans offer an excellent opportunity to explore neural decoding of complex sounds in the central auditory system."}
{"id": "PMID:354972", "title": "Antibody and complement modulation of tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Low doses of highly purified anti-TNP (trinitrophenyl) antibody specifically stimulated nucleoside uptake in TNP-substituted L cells and low doses of heterospecific anti-L cell antibody stimulated nucleoside incorporation, DNA synthesis, and cell growth in L cells in vitro. High concentrations of antibody inhibited these processes. Complement activated through C3 augmented the cytostimulatory effects of low concentrations of antibody and activated through C9 augmented the cytoinhibitory effects of antibody. One very early effect of cytostimulatory concentrations of antibody is activation of membrane carrier transport systems as seen with 45Ca2+ uptake. Growth of L cells in tissue culture in the continuous presence of a cytostimulatory concentration of antibody selected for a variant cell line that was less responsive to antibody, thought to be due to a blocking effect of increased amounts of sialic acid. In vivo experiments documented that the same antibody could modulate L cell tumor growth in T cell-depleted mice, depending on whether a low or high concentration of antibody was given passively. In the experimental systems used, therefore, antitumor antibody and complement directly modulate the growth of tumor cells.", "contents": "Antibody and complement modulation of tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Low doses of highly purified anti-TNP (trinitrophenyl) antibody specifically stimulated nucleoside uptake in TNP-substituted L cells and low doses of heterospecific anti-L cell antibody stimulated nucleoside incorporation, DNA synthesis, and cell growth in L cells in vitro. High concentrations of antibody inhibited these processes. Complement activated through C3 augmented the cytostimulatory effects of low concentrations of antibody and activated through C9 augmented the cytoinhibitory effects of antibody. One very early effect of cytostimulatory concentrations of antibody is activation of membrane carrier transport systems as seen with 45Ca2+ uptake. Growth of L cells in tissue culture in the continuous presence of a cytostimulatory concentration of antibody selected for a variant cell line that was less responsive to antibody, thought to be due to a blocking effect of increased amounts of sialic acid. In vivo experiments documented that the same antibody could modulate L cell tumor growth in T cell-depleted mice, depending on whether a low or high concentration of antibody was given passively. In the experimental systems used, therefore, antitumor antibody and complement directly modulate the growth of tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:354975", "title": "Two types of dopamine receptors in behavioral regulation.", "content": "Evidence has been presented indicating the existence of distinct dopamine receptors in the brain. The experimental proof that two types of dopamine receptors--the excitation-mediating (DAe) receptors and the inhibition-mediating (DAi) receptors--exist in the snail brain is put forward. The functioning of DAi and DAe receptors in locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior is discussed along with implications of dopaminergic involvement in a gratification system.", "contents": "Two types of dopamine receptors in behavioral regulation. Evidence has been presented indicating the existence of distinct dopamine receptors in the brain. The experimental proof that two types of dopamine receptors--the excitation-mediating (DAe) receptors and the inhibition-mediating (DAi) receptors--exist in the snail brain is put forward. The functioning of DAi and DAe receptors in locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior is discussed along with implications of dopaminergic involvement in a gratification system."}
{"id": "PMID:354976", "title": "Clinical aspects of dopamine agonists and antagonists.", "content": "Dopamine and its specific receptors are widely distributed in man. Body regions where dopaminergic activity is of special pharmacologic interest include the basal ganglions, hypothalamus, chemoreceptor trigger zone, other less well defined areas in the central nervous system, and the renal and cardiovascular systems. The search for dopaminergic agents to modify these systems in disease states has depended heavily on in vitro and in vivo bioassays. These assays involving receptor binding, enzyme activation, smooth muscle and neuronal excitation, and modification of animal behavior have provided physicians with important therapeutic tools. Indeed, the introduction of levodopa for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and of the phenothiazines and related drugs for schizophrenia and psychosis has been a hallmark of neuropharmacologic research. However, the maximal benefits that these drugs may afford have not yet been realized due to an inadequate understanding of disease processes and a relative lack of specificity of drug action.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of dopamine agonists and antagonists. Dopamine and its specific receptors are widely distributed in man. Body regions where dopaminergic activity is of special pharmacologic interest include the basal ganglions, hypothalamus, chemoreceptor trigger zone, other less well defined areas in the central nervous system, and the renal and cardiovascular systems. The search for dopaminergic agents to modify these systems in disease states has depended heavily on in vitro and in vivo bioassays. These assays involving receptor binding, enzyme activation, smooth muscle and neuronal excitation, and modification of animal behavior have provided physicians with important therapeutic tools. Indeed, the introduction of levodopa for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and of the phenothiazines and related drugs for schizophrenia and psychosis has been a hallmark of neuropharmacologic research. However, the maximal benefits that these drugs may afford have not yet been realized due to an inadequate understanding of disease processes and a relative lack of specificity of drug action."}
{"id": "PMID:354977", "title": "Two modifications of the intrauterine membrane contraceptive device.", "content": "The intrauterine membrane (IUM) is an intrauterine contraceptive device designed to be compliant with a range of uterine shapes and sizes and with transient dimensional changes resulting from uterine motility. This compliance was expected to contribute to low rates for removal due to bleeding and pain, but the use of the IUM resulted in heavy bleeding among its early users. Consequently, two modifications of the device were made to decrease bleeding. One group of IUMs was modified by using ethylene vinyl acetate to provide a high level of lateral compliance and another was modified by using a tissue-compatible Hydron coating in order to decrease the inflammatory response of the endometrium. One hundred of each of these modified IUMs were tested along with 100 of the standard IUMs in a double-blind study conducted at the Noi Klinika in Debrecen, Hungary. The findings of this study suggested that these two modifications did not improve the over-all performance of the IUM.", "contents": "Two modifications of the intrauterine membrane contraceptive device. The intrauterine membrane (IUM) is an intrauterine contraceptive device designed to be compliant with a range of uterine shapes and sizes and with transient dimensional changes resulting from uterine motility. This compliance was expected to contribute to low rates for removal due to bleeding and pain, but the use of the IUM resulted in heavy bleeding among its early users. Consequently, two modifications of the device were made to decrease bleeding. One group of IUMs was modified by using ethylene vinyl acetate to provide a high level of lateral compliance and another was modified by using a tissue-compatible Hydron coating in order to decrease the inflammatory response of the endometrium. One hundred of each of these modified IUMs were tested along with 100 of the standard IUMs in a double-blind study conducted at the Noi Klinika in Debrecen, Hungary. The findings of this study suggested that these two modifications did not improve the over-all performance of the IUM."}
{"id": "PMID:354978", "title": "Endometritis and infertility.", "content": "Endometrial biopsy is an essential tool in the evaluation of the infertile couple. Among the various causes of infertility which may be elucidated by such a biopsy, endometritis plays a significant role. In this review endometritis has been subdivided into three distinct pathologic entities: acute, chronic, and fibrotic. Detailed histologic features are discussed separately for each of these varieties. Most of the acute inflammations of the endometrium are cauased by bacteria. They are usually of short duration, respond well to treatment, and only rarely are associated with long-standing infertility. Chronic endometritis, on the other hand, can be caused by a variety of agents such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. However, in the majority of cases with chronic endometritis the etiology cannot be determined and these are then considered nonspecific. Tuberculous endometritis, which is discussed under the heading of chronic endometritis, constitutes a common cause of infertility in certain countries but much less so in the United States. Other less common conditions such as mycoplasma infection and cytomegalic virus infection, have also been associated with reproductive failure. However, chronic endometritis, especially the most common so-called nonspecific type, is a relatively uncommon cause of infertility. The syndrome of intrauterine adhesions or synechiae has been classified here as fibrotic endometritis because of the pathogenesis and histopathology of this lesion. This entity is commonly associated with infertility and may constitute the end result of a long-standing inflammatory process in the endometrium. The diagnosis of endometritis is not a simple one and necessitates close cooperation between the clinician and pathologist. Pertinent clinical and detailed histopathologic data have to be exchanged between the treating physician and pathologist, especially in cases of infertility, in order for the patient to have benefit from the examination of endometrial tissue obtained.", "contents": "Endometritis and infertility. Endometrial biopsy is an essential tool in the evaluation of the infertile couple. Among the various causes of infertility which may be elucidated by such a biopsy, endometritis plays a significant role. In this review endometritis has been subdivided into three distinct pathologic entities: acute, chronic, and fibrotic. Detailed histologic features are discussed separately for each of these varieties. Most of the acute inflammations of the endometrium are cauased by bacteria. They are usually of short duration, respond well to treatment, and only rarely are associated with long-standing infertility. Chronic endometritis, on the other hand, can be caused by a variety of agents such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. However, in the majority of cases with chronic endometritis the etiology cannot be determined and these are then considered nonspecific. Tuberculous endometritis, which is discussed under the heading of chronic endometritis, constitutes a common cause of infertility in certain countries but much less so in the United States. Other less common conditions such as mycoplasma infection and cytomegalic virus infection, have also been associated with reproductive failure. However, chronic endometritis, especially the most common so-called nonspecific type, is a relatively uncommon cause of infertility. The syndrome of intrauterine adhesions or synechiae has been classified here as fibrotic endometritis because of the pathogenesis and histopathology of this lesion. This entity is commonly associated with infertility and may constitute the end result of a long-standing inflammatory process in the endometrium. The diagnosis of endometritis is not a simple one and necessitates close cooperation between the clinician and pathologist. Pertinent clinical and detailed histopathologic data have to be exchanged between the treating physician and pathologist, especially in cases of infertility, in order for the patient to have benefit from the examination of endometrial tissue obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:354980", "title": "Pituitary gonadotropin inhibition by a highly active analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.", "content": "Chronic treatment with highly active analogs of luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone (LH-RH) induces \"paradoxical\" antifertility effects. Intact male rats, a reduction in testosterone production is observed after the administration of [D-Ser(But)6]-LH-RH(1-9)ethylamide (burserelin, Hoe 766), 50 ng/day subcutaneously for 4 weeks. In castrated male rats treated with the same dose of analog, plasma LH levels were reduced from days 14 to 28 and plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were reduced from days 21 to 28 of treatment. Pituitary LH and FSH concentrations were also decreased. The plasma prolactin level was reduced at 14 days of treatment. The hypothalamic LH-RH content remained unchanged and the adrenal corticosterone content was lowered. These findings indicate a direct inhibitory effect of the analog on gonadotropin secretion in the absence of the gonads, and may explain some paradoxical antifertility effects observed with high doses of LH-RH analogs which exceed the physiologic dose range.", "contents": "Pituitary gonadotropin inhibition by a highly active analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Chronic treatment with highly active analogs of luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone (LH-RH) induces \"paradoxical\" antifertility effects. Intact male rats, a reduction in testosterone production is observed after the administration of [D-Ser(But)6]-LH-RH(1-9)ethylamide (burserelin, Hoe 766), 50 ng/day subcutaneously for 4 weeks. In castrated male rats treated with the same dose of analog, plasma LH levels were reduced from days 14 to 28 and plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were reduced from days 21 to 28 of treatment. Pituitary LH and FSH concentrations were also decreased. The plasma prolactin level was reduced at 14 days of treatment. The hypothalamic LH-RH content remained unchanged and the adrenal corticosterone content was lowered. These findings indicate a direct inhibitory effect of the analog on gonadotropin secretion in the absence of the gonads, and may explain some paradoxical antifertility effects observed with high doses of LH-RH analogs which exceed the physiologic dose range."}
{"id": "PMID:354981", "title": "Microsurgical anastomosis of the rabbit oviduct using 9-0 monofilament polyglycolic acid suture.", "content": "As part of a larger study to determine which factors are important in fallopian tube reconstruction, 9-0 monofilament polyglycolic acid suture on a 145 micron-needle was used for rabbit oviduct microsurgical anastomosis. A 100% pregnancy rate in five rabbits with no disruption of the endosalpingial or muscular layers was noted. Of special note, the suture was totally resorbed, and no suture residuum or surrounging reaction was noted. The suture material appears to fulfill the criteria for an ideal suture described at the beginning of the paper. This is the first report of the use of a 9-0 monofilament polyglycolic acid suture.", "contents": "Microsurgical anastomosis of the rabbit oviduct using 9-0 monofilament polyglycolic acid suture. As part of a larger study to determine which factors are important in fallopian tube reconstruction, 9-0 monofilament polyglycolic acid suture on a 145 micron-needle was used for rabbit oviduct microsurgical anastomosis. A 100% pregnancy rate in five rabbits with no disruption of the endosalpingial or muscular layers was noted. Of special note, the suture was totally resorbed, and no suture residuum or surrounging reaction was noted. The suture material appears to fulfill the criteria for an ideal suture described at the beginning of the paper. This is the first report of the use of a 9-0 monofilament polyglycolic acid suture."}
{"id": "PMID:354992", "title": "Reducing accidents and injuries in the dental environment.", "content": "This article has dealt with the dental office and potentially hazardous situations that could result in injury or death from electrical, gas, chemical, or mechanical accidents. Industry spends billions of dollars each year on safety considerations for its employees. Many of their safety practices are applicable to the dental office. A safety check list for the dental office is proposed. The dentist must be aware that other possible hazards exist in dental offices including the misuse of ultraviolet light units and ultrasonic scalers. In addition, the dentist must be concerned with unexpected traumas such as interstitial air emphysema, the aspiration or swallowing of instruments, appliances and restorations and self-inflicted puncture wounds.", "contents": "Reducing accidents and injuries in the dental environment. This article has dealt with the dental office and potentially hazardous situations that could result in injury or death from electrical, gas, chemical, or mechanical accidents. Industry spends billions of dollars each year on safety considerations for its employees. Many of their safety practices are applicable to the dental office. A safety check list for the dental office is proposed. The dentist must be aware that other possible hazards exist in dental offices including the misuse of ultraviolet light units and ultrasonic scalers. In addition, the dentist must be concerned with unexpected traumas such as interstitial air emphysema, the aspiration or swallowing of instruments, appliances and restorations and self-inflicted puncture wounds."}
{"id": "PMID:355006", "title": "The metabolism of glucose in pancreatic islets.", "content": "Some quantitative aspects of glucose metabolism in isolated pancreatic islets are reviewed, with emphasis on the measurement of metabolic fluxes, substrate concentrations and enzyme activities. The influence of the environmental glucose concentration upon the production rate of metabolic end-products, and the intracellular concentration of both metabolites and co-factors is also considered.", "contents": "The metabolism of glucose in pancreatic islets. Some quantitative aspects of glucose metabolism in isolated pancreatic islets are reviewed, with emphasis on the measurement of metabolic fluxes, substrate concentrations and enzyme activities. The influence of the environmental glucose concentration upon the production rate of metabolic end-products, and the intracellular concentration of both metabolites and co-factors is also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:355008", "title": "Hypothesis: placental membranes produce prolactin.", "content": "Orthodox views for the origin of the high concentration of prolactin (PRL) present in amniotic fluid suggest it is derived from maternal or fetal serum. However, the data on which these conclusions are based can also be interpreted to indicate that this hormone may be a product of placental or periplacental tissues. Trophoblast or amnion do not appear to produce PRL, while PRL synthesis by decidua-chorion is suggested from experiments in the rhesus monkey and by in vitro incubation of human tissue. Production of PRL by an extrapituitary cell is not without precedent and would be a simple explanation for high amniotic fluid PRL concentrations. Moreover, decidual-chorionic PRL would be strategically placed to mediate local functions of this hormone such as osmoregulation and myometrial inhibition.", "contents": "Hypothesis: placental membranes produce prolactin. Orthodox views for the origin of the high concentration of prolactin (PRL) present in amniotic fluid suggest it is derived from maternal or fetal serum. However, the data on which these conclusions are based can also be interpreted to indicate that this hormone may be a product of placental or periplacental tissues. Trophoblast or amnion do not appear to produce PRL, while PRL synthesis by decidua-chorion is suggested from experiments in the rhesus monkey and by in vitro incubation of human tissue. Production of PRL by an extrapituitary cell is not without precedent and would be a simple explanation for high amniotic fluid PRL concentrations. Moreover, decidual-chorionic PRL would be strategically placed to mediate local functions of this hormone such as osmoregulation and myometrial inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:355011", "title": "Comparison studies on potency tests for rabies vaccines.", "content": "Eleven laboratories from eight countries and four continents took part in a collaborative study to evaluate experimental procedures to be used in selecting the new standard reference rabies vaccine prepared in human diploid cell cultures. The following procedures were used : (a) the NIH potency test in mice, (b) the antibody binding technique (by either mouse inoculation or the tissue culture method), (c) virus-neutralizing antibody levels in mice used for the NIH test, and (d) antibody induction in human volunteers treated with vaccine alone and in combination with human rabies gamma globulin. The four methods used for determination of rabies antibodies were mouse inoculation, rapid fluorescent focus inhibition, plaque reduction and complement fixation techniques. All results were expressed in International Units as compared to the standard WHO serum and vaccine preparations. In general, a close correlation was noted in results from different laboratories, and it was recommended that the future rabies standard vaccine should be evaluated by three testing procedures, the NIH test, the antibody-binding technique, and antibody levels in mice used for the NIH test.", "contents": "Comparison studies on potency tests for rabies vaccines. Eleven laboratories from eight countries and four continents took part in a collaborative study to evaluate experimental procedures to be used in selecting the new standard reference rabies vaccine prepared in human diploid cell cultures. The following procedures were used : (a) the NIH potency test in mice, (b) the antibody binding technique (by either mouse inoculation or the tissue culture method), (c) virus-neutralizing antibody levels in mice used for the NIH test, and (d) antibody induction in human volunteers treated with vaccine alone and in combination with human rabies gamma globulin. The four methods used for determination of rabies antibodies were mouse inoculation, rapid fluorescent focus inhibition, plaque reduction and complement fixation techniques. All results were expressed in International Units as compared to the standard WHO serum and vaccine preparations. In general, a close correlation was noted in results from different laboratories, and it was recommended that the future rabies standard vaccine should be evaluated by three testing procedures, the NIH test, the antibody-binding technique, and antibody levels in mice used for the NIH test."}
{"id": "PMID:355012", "title": "Questions concerning the potency of rabies vaccine.", "content": "In pre-exposure immunization the protective effect of rabies vaccines can be correlated with their ability to stimulate the production of neutralizing antibodies and in post-exposure therapy also antibodies would appear to have a major role. Therefore, the potency of the vaccines may conveniently be compared by measuring their antigenicity in animals or by serum blocking tests. Nevertheless, most authorities will license, for human and veterinary use, only those vaccines which reach the required standards in the Habel or NIH tests, both of which depend upon the inoculation of more than 1 dose of vaccine followed by an intracerebral challenge. We have been involved recently in testing batches of vaccine imported into Britain for use in animals and man. Since the U.K. authorities have adopted the NIH test for this purpose we have taken the opportunity to compare some of these vaccines in the NIH test, in a modified NIH test in which the same amount of vaccine was given in a single dose, and in a test in which the production of serum neutralizing antibodies was measured. We have found that one dose of vaccine given on day 0 gave less protection and less neutralizing antibody than the same amount of vaccine given as two separate doses on day 0 and day 7. The greater effect obtained by inoculating the vaccine in two doses could thus be misleading and we suggest the adoption of a test in which a single dose is given.", "contents": "Questions concerning the potency of rabies vaccine. In pre-exposure immunization the protective effect of rabies vaccines can be correlated with their ability to stimulate the production of neutralizing antibodies and in post-exposure therapy also antibodies would appear to have a major role. Therefore, the potency of the vaccines may conveniently be compared by measuring their antigenicity in animals or by serum blocking tests. Nevertheless, most authorities will license, for human and veterinary use, only those vaccines which reach the required standards in the Habel or NIH tests, both of which depend upon the inoculation of more than 1 dose of vaccine followed by an intracerebral challenge. We have been involved recently in testing batches of vaccine imported into Britain for use in animals and man. Since the U.K. authorities have adopted the NIH test for this purpose we have taken the opportunity to compare some of these vaccines in the NIH test, in a modified NIH test in which the same amount of vaccine was given in a single dose, and in a test in which the production of serum neutralizing antibodies was measured. We have found that one dose of vaccine given on day 0 gave less protection and less neutralizing antibody than the same amount of vaccine given as two separate doses on day 0 and day 7. The greater effect obtained by inoculating the vaccine in two doses could thus be misleading and we suggest the adoption of a test in which a single dose is given."}
{"id": "PMID:355013", "title": "Use of the antibody assay in immunized mice for the determination of rabies vaccine potency.", "content": "At present, the NIH potency test is the most widely used method for determining the potency of rabies virus vaccines. The drawbacks of this test are well known and include significant test variability as well as the use of an unnatural challenge route. The antibody assay in immunized mice involves the assay of sera from mice immunized with serial dilutions of rabies vaccine. The amount of antibody in the sera is expressed in International Units per ml (IU/ml). Sera from identical dilutions of different vaccines are compared for potency with serum from the same dilution of U.S. Reference Rabies Vaccine. A \"unit ratio\" is calculated by dividing the serum potency value for the test vaccine by that for the reference vaccine at each dilution tested. This unit ratio may then be compared to the antigenic value generated by the NIH test performed on the same vaccines. In this study, results are reported for both duck embryo and human diploid cell culture vaccines using the Serum Neutralization Test in mice as well as the Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test to assay the antisera. Correlations are presented between the unit ratio and antigenic value for all vaccines tested. Also, practical applications and limitations of the test are discussed.", "contents": "Use of the antibody assay in immunized mice for the determination of rabies vaccine potency. At present, the NIH potency test is the most widely used method for determining the potency of rabies virus vaccines. The drawbacks of this test are well known and include significant test variability as well as the use of an unnatural challenge route. The antibody assay in immunized mice involves the assay of sera from mice immunized with serial dilutions of rabies vaccine. The amount of antibody in the sera is expressed in International Units per ml (IU/ml). Sera from identical dilutions of different vaccines are compared for potency with serum from the same dilution of U.S. Reference Rabies Vaccine. A \"unit ratio\" is calculated by dividing the serum potency value for the test vaccine by that for the reference vaccine at each dilution tested. This unit ratio may then be compared to the antigenic value generated by the NIH test performed on the same vaccines. In this study, results are reported for both duck embryo and human diploid cell culture vaccines using the Serum Neutralization Test in mice as well as the Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test to assay the antisera. Correlations are presented between the unit ratio and antigenic value for all vaccines tested. Also, practical applications and limitations of the test are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355014", "title": "Studies on candidate reference preparations of rabies vaccine.", "content": "Two candidate reference rabies vaccines were tested in a collaborative study involving seven laboratories. Using four different testing procedures it was determined that both vaccine preparations were highly potent and demonstrated satisfactory stability in the thermal degradation test.", "contents": "Studies on candidate reference preparations of rabies vaccine. Two candidate reference rabies vaccines were tested in a collaborative study involving seven laboratories. Using four different testing procedures it was determined that both vaccine preparations were highly potent and demonstrated satisfactory stability in the thermal degradation test."}
{"id": "PMID:355015", "title": "Comparative study on antibody determination by different methods in sera of persons vaccinated with HDCS rabies vaccine.", "content": "The comparative studies undertaken by 7 laboratories in 6 countries show that the calculation of I.U.'s did not, as anticipated, minimize but actually enhanced the variability of results of rabies antibody estimations in the sera of HDCS vaccinees. The high biological variance in the method(s) may not have been considered by individual laboratories and any neglect of fundamental biostatistical laws unfortunately diminishes the theoretical advantage of using the \"International Standard (I.S.)\" as a  \"tertium comparationis\". Perhaps the intrinsic variability of the I.S. should be re-evaluated and it is conceivable that a pure IgG fraction of rabies antiserum would show less variability. Intralaboratory variation might be reduced by agreeing that only a geometric mean of the I.S., and not a single value obtained in an individual test, should be used for calculation of I.U.'s. Application of the principles of biochemical and pharmacological methods, such as test-to-test control of the I.S. and its analytical variances might well enhance the reproducibility of the results. MNT, RFFIT, PRT and CFT were unable to detect antibodies in HDCS vaccinees until 7 days after the first vaccination. The establishment of methods for detecting early antibody requires further investigation.", "contents": "Comparative study on antibody determination by different methods in sera of persons vaccinated with HDCS rabies vaccine. The comparative studies undertaken by 7 laboratories in 6 countries show that the calculation of I.U.'s did not, as anticipated, minimize but actually enhanced the variability of results of rabies antibody estimations in the sera of HDCS vaccinees. The high biological variance in the method(s) may not have been considered by individual laboratories and any neglect of fundamental biostatistical laws unfortunately diminishes the theoretical advantage of using the \"International Standard (I.S.)\" as a  \"tertium comparationis\". Perhaps the intrinsic variability of the I.S. should be re-evaluated and it is conceivable that a pure IgG fraction of rabies antiserum would show less variability. Intralaboratory variation might be reduced by agreeing that only a geometric mean of the I.S., and not a single value obtained in an individual test, should be used for calculation of I.U.'s. Application of the principles of biochemical and pharmacological methods, such as test-to-test control of the I.S. and its analytical variances might well enhance the reproducibility of the results. MNT, RFFIT, PRT and CFT were unable to detect antibodies in HDCS vaccinees until 7 days after the first vaccination. The establishment of methods for detecting early antibody requires further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:355016", "title": "Antibody levels following WI38 rabies vaccine.", "content": "WI38 rabies vaccine lots with varying mouse potency ratios were compared in their ability to induce neutralizing antibody in human volunteers. Three vaccination schedules were used: 0, 7 and 14 days; o,7 and 21 days; and 0,28 and 56 days. Regardless of the mouse potency ratio, antibody was barely or not detectable on the 7th day after the first dose of vaccine. After the second dose, however, there was a very good correlation between mouse potency and antibody level attained. Vaccines with potency ratios above 2 gave comparable results, whether the 0, 7, 14 or 0, 28, 56 schedules were used. The lowest potency vaccine, however, have a much better response when given at 0, 7 and 14 days than at 0, 28, and 56 days. Although the vaccine with the greatest potency ratio produced the highest levels of antibody, very adequate responses were obtained in 100% of recipients after three doses of vaccines having a ratio greater than 2, given at 0, 7, 14 or 0, 7, 21 days.", "contents": "Antibody levels following WI38 rabies vaccine. WI38 rabies vaccine lots with varying mouse potency ratios were compared in their ability to induce neutralizing antibody in human volunteers. Three vaccination schedules were used: 0, 7 and 14 days; o,7 and 21 days; and 0,28 and 56 days. Regardless of the mouse potency ratio, antibody was barely or not detectable on the 7th day after the first dose of vaccine. After the second dose, however, there was a very good correlation between mouse potency and antibody level attained. Vaccines with potency ratios above 2 gave comparable results, whether the 0, 7, 14 or 0, 28, 56 schedules were used. The lowest potency vaccine, however, have a much better response when given at 0, 7 and 14 days than at 0, 28, and 56 days. Although the vaccine with the greatest potency ratio produced the highest levels of antibody, very adequate responses were obtained in 100% of recipients after three doses of vaccines having a ratio greater than 2, given at 0, 7, 14 or 0, 7, 21 days."}
{"id": "PMID:355017", "title": "The advantage and adequacy of the mixed hemadsorption test for rabies antibody determination.", "content": "The goal of rabies vaccination is an early development of protecting antibodies. The mixed hemadsorption (MH) test is shown to be an adequate test to evaluate the immunization response. It measures antibodies combining with antigens on rabies-infected cells equivalent to the glycoprotein antigen at the exterior of the budding virus (1). Further, the MH test used measures antibodies solely of IgG class, thus avoiding positive results being obtained by IgM antibodies which can be produced during a prolonged period because of antigen persistence due to daily immunization doses (2). Antibodies of IgM class may play only a minor role in the early defence against rabies as probably only antibodies of IgG class can reach a locally introduced virus and, so far, are the only immunoglobulins shown to induce immune lysis in rabies-infected cells (3). The MH test is described. It is a sensitive, reliable and technically convenient method as it has a capacity for testing many sera in the same run. Results obtained are compared with neutralization values obtained from different types of rabies vaccines (4).", "contents": "The advantage and adequacy of the mixed hemadsorption test for rabies antibody determination. The goal of rabies vaccination is an early development of protecting antibodies. The mixed hemadsorption (MH) test is shown to be an adequate test to evaluate the immunization response. It measures antibodies combining with antigens on rabies-infected cells equivalent to the glycoprotein antigen at the exterior of the budding virus (1). Further, the MH test used measures antibodies solely of IgG class, thus avoiding positive results being obtained by IgM antibodies which can be produced during a prolonged period because of antigen persistence due to daily immunization doses (2). Antibodies of IgM class may play only a minor role in the early defence against rabies as probably only antibodies of IgG class can reach a locally introduced virus and, so far, are the only immunoglobulins shown to induce immune lysis in rabies-infected cells (3). The MH test is described. It is a sensitive, reliable and technically convenient method as it has a capacity for testing many sera in the same run. Results obtained are compared with neutralization values obtained from different types of rabies vaccines (4)."}
{"id": "PMID:355018", "title": "Rapid immunoenzymatic technique for titration of rabies antibodies IgG and IgM.", "content": "This report is concerned with the application of the enzyme immunoassay to measure the antibodies in humans vaccinated against rabies or presenting symptoms of rabies without having been vaccinated. By the same technique we identify the IgG and IgM classes of antibodies. The antigen (5 microgram/ml), purified virus, is readily adsorbed into polystyrene tube by passive adsorption. The use of only one dilution for each serum assay (1/200) is particularly suitable for epidemiological studies. Antibody response of subjects in the course of rabies vaccination was an obvious application. After 5 inoculations of tissue culture vaccine the IgM response was poor and late; it was even negative in two cases. The IgG response appeared early on the 7th day. In the same way we tried to follow antibody response in three cases of rabies in man. Seroneutralisation (SN) antibody were not detected at the beginning of the illness. In case 1 antibodies were found on the 12th day, in case 2 on the 7th day and in case 3 on the 8th day. When we assayed the serum samples for immunoenzymatic test, we found that the sera became positive some days earlier: on the 5th for case 1, already on the 1st day for the two others. In each of these three cases the positivity of the test corresponded to the presence of IgM class globulins since IgG detection remained negative as did the SN test. Our results could have some clinical interest concerning future rabies treatment and early diagnosis.", "contents": "Rapid immunoenzymatic technique for titration of rabies antibodies IgG and IgM. This report is concerned with the application of the enzyme immunoassay to measure the antibodies in humans vaccinated against rabies or presenting symptoms of rabies without having been vaccinated. By the same technique we identify the IgG and IgM classes of antibodies. The antigen (5 microgram/ml), purified virus, is readily adsorbed into polystyrene tube by passive adsorption. The use of only one dilution for each serum assay (1/200) is particularly suitable for epidemiological studies. Antibody response of subjects in the course of rabies vaccination was an obvious application. After 5 inoculations of tissue culture vaccine the IgM response was poor and late; it was even negative in two cases. The IgG response appeared early on the 7th day. In the same way we tried to follow antibody response in three cases of rabies in man. Seroneutralisation (SN) antibody were not detected at the beginning of the illness. In case 1 antibodies were found on the 12th day, in case 2 on the 7th day and in case 3 on the 8th day. When we assayed the serum samples for immunoenzymatic test, we found that the sera became positive some days earlier: on the 5th for case 1, already on the 1st day for the two others. In each of these three cases the positivity of the test corresponded to the presence of IgM class globulins since IgG detection remained negative as did the SN test. Our results could have some clinical interest concerning future rabies treatment and early diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:355023", "title": "Long-term survey of the treatment of diarrhoea with loperamide.", "content": "42 outpatients with chronic diarrhoea of varying origin received individually adapted doses (2--12 mg) of loperamide for a median time of 543 days (range 140--1,159 days). In most cases, the mean daily stool frequency dropped significantly and stool consistency improved clearly; the beneficial effects of the drug were maintained over the entire treatment period. Also, patients with diarrhoea of organic origin tended to react more favourably to loperamide than patients with functional diarrhoea. No drug-related changes in laboratory parameters could be detected and clinical side effects were virtually nil. No morphine-like effect of loperamide could be evidence by means of the pupil diameter changes after naloxone administration.", "contents": "Long-term survey of the treatment of diarrhoea with loperamide. 42 outpatients with chronic diarrhoea of varying origin received individually adapted doses (2--12 mg) of loperamide for a median time of 543 days (range 140--1,159 days). In most cases, the mean daily stool frequency dropped significantly and stool consistency improved clearly; the beneficial effects of the drug were maintained over the entire treatment period. Also, patients with diarrhoea of organic origin tended to react more favourably to loperamide than patients with functional diarrhoea. No drug-related changes in laboratory parameters could be detected and clinical side effects were virtually nil. No morphine-like effect of loperamide could be evidence by means of the pupil diameter changes after naloxone administration."}
{"id": "PMID:355024", "title": "A study of the variations in the response regarding duodenal ulcer when treated with placebo by different investigators.", "content": "Four series of duodenal ulcer patients presenting with pain have been treated with two types of placebos (intramuscular injections or tablets) by 4 different physicians while a fifth group of patients did not receive any treatment. Patients noted the number of days with pain since the beginning of the test by themselves. All patients treated with placebo presented with a significantly shorter duration of pain than untreated patients. There was a significant difference between the actions of the different physicians on the duration of pain. This suggests that some, until now unprecised, character(s) of the physician plays an important part in the relief of duodenal ulcer pain.", "contents": "A study of the variations in the response regarding duodenal ulcer when treated with placebo by different investigators. Four series of duodenal ulcer patients presenting with pain have been treated with two types of placebos (intramuscular injections or tablets) by 4 different physicians while a fifth group of patients did not receive any treatment. Patients noted the number of days with pain since the beginning of the test by themselves. All patients treated with placebo presented with a significantly shorter duration of pain than untreated patients. There was a significant difference between the actions of the different physicians on the duration of pain. This suggests that some, until now unprecised, character(s) of the physician plays an important part in the relief of duodenal ulcer pain."}
{"id": "PMID:355025", "title": "Gastric mucosal cell proliferation and immunoglobulin-containing cells in M\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9r's Disease.", "content": "The amount of immunoglobulin-containing cells in gastric mucosa from 6 patients with M\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9r's disease was estimated. Furthermore, the rate of gastric epithelial cell proliferation was sutdied in 4 of the patients. Fluorescent antisera specifically reacting with IgA, IgG and IgM were applied, and accordingly the cells were differentiated and quantitated. Other biopsies were labelled in vitro with 3H-thymidine and autoradiographs were prepared. The percentage of DNA-synthesising cells in the progenitor cell region was estimated. The number of IgM-containing cells in the gastric fundic mucosa was markedly increased, while the rate of epithelial cell proliferation was increased in 2 cases and within normal range in the remaining 2 patients.", "contents": "Gastric mucosal cell proliferation and immunoglobulin-containing cells in M\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9r's Disease. The amount of immunoglobulin-containing cells in gastric mucosa from 6 patients with M\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9r's disease was estimated. Furthermore, the rate of gastric epithelial cell proliferation was sutdied in 4 of the patients. Fluorescent antisera specifically reacting with IgA, IgG and IgM were applied, and accordingly the cells were differentiated and quantitated. Other biopsies were labelled in vitro with 3H-thymidine and autoradiographs were prepared. The percentage of DNA-synthesising cells in the progenitor cell region was estimated. The number of IgM-containing cells in the gastric fundic mucosa was markedly increased, while the rate of epithelial cell proliferation was increased in 2 cases and within normal range in the remaining 2 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:355026", "title": "Controlled trial of chenodeoxycholic therapy for radiolucent gallstones. A multicenter study.", "content": "134 patients with radiolucent gallstones were randomly allocated to receive either placebo or 1 of 3 different doses of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA); 750, 1,500, or 3,000 mg). The initial dose was lowered if not well tolerated. 107 patients were treated for more than 3 months. Among them, stones dissolved in 21 and were smaller in 25 patients. Partial or complete dissolution occurred in 4 of the 13 receiving 375 mg/day, 14 of 37 receiving 750 mg, 24 of the 38 receiving 1,500 mg and 4 of 8 receiving 3,000 mg/day. The number of responders to the therapy was significantly greater in the groups of patients receiving 1,500 mg/day or 17-24 mg/kg body weight than in any other group. However, side effects, i.e., diarrhea and transaminase increase, are also dose related. It appears from this study that the optimal dose of CDCA may be between 17 and 20 mg/kg body weight.", "contents": "Controlled trial of chenodeoxycholic therapy for radiolucent gallstones. A multicenter study. 134 patients with radiolucent gallstones were randomly allocated to receive either placebo or 1 of 3 different doses of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA); 750, 1,500, or 3,000 mg). The initial dose was lowered if not well tolerated. 107 patients were treated for more than 3 months. Among them, stones dissolved in 21 and were smaller in 25 patients. Partial or complete dissolution occurred in 4 of the 13 receiving 375 mg/day, 14 of 37 receiving 750 mg, 24 of the 38 receiving 1,500 mg and 4 of 8 receiving 3,000 mg/day. The number of responders to the therapy was significantly greater in the groups of patients receiving 1,500 mg/day or 17-24 mg/kg body weight than in any other group. However, side effects, i.e., diarrhea and transaminase increase, are also dose related. It appears from this study that the optimal dose of CDCA may be between 17 and 20 mg/kg body weight."}
{"id": "PMID:355027", "title": "Treatment of active duodenal ulcer with oral cimetidine: a multicenter controlled endoscopic trial.", "content": "A double-blind 4-week trial of cimetidine (1 g daily) versus placebo was conducted in 68 adult outpatients with active duodenal ulceration endoscopically confirmed. 3 of the patient admitted to the study (1 on cimetidine and 2 on placebo) did not complete the trial. After 4 weeks of treatment, 25 of 33 patients (76%) receiving cimetidine had healed their ulcers compared with 15 (47%) of 32 patients receiving placebo (p less than 0.02). Antacid consumption was also significantly decreased by cimetidine when compared with placebo. Tolerability of the drug was good.", "contents": "Treatment of active duodenal ulcer with oral cimetidine: a multicenter controlled endoscopic trial. A double-blind 4-week trial of cimetidine (1 g daily) versus placebo was conducted in 68 adult outpatients with active duodenal ulceration endoscopically confirmed. 3 of the patient admitted to the study (1 on cimetidine and 2 on placebo) did not complete the trial. After 4 weeks of treatment, 25 of 33 patients (76%) receiving cimetidine had healed their ulcers compared with 15 (47%) of 32 patients receiving placebo (p less than 0.02). Antacid consumption was also significantly decreased by cimetidine when compared with placebo. Tolerability of the drug was good."}
{"id": "PMID:355028", "title": "Effect of somatostatin on pentagastrin stimulated secretion by isolated canine stomachs, perfused ex vivo with homologous blood.", "content": "The effect of somatostatin on pentagastrin-induced gastric secretion was assessed on 6 isolated canine stomachs perfused ex vivo with homologous blood. Hormones were given at a constant rate into the gastric arterial circulation. Somatostatin caused inhibition of the HCl concentration and output and reduced the secretion volume in all stomachs studied. The output but not the concentration of pepsin was also reduced.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin on pentagastrin stimulated secretion by isolated canine stomachs, perfused ex vivo with homologous blood. The effect of somatostatin on pentagastrin-induced gastric secretion was assessed on 6 isolated canine stomachs perfused ex vivo with homologous blood. Hormones were given at a constant rate into the gastric arterial circulation. Somatostatin caused inhibition of the HCl concentration and output and reduced the secretion volume in all stomachs studied. The output but not the concentration of pepsin was also reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:355033", "title": "[A double-blind cross-over trial of a new hypolipidaemic drug (author's transl)].", "content": "A double blind cross-over trial has been carried out on the effects of a nicotinic acid compound on 27 patients affected by hyperlipidemia. The subjects have been treated over one year according the following plan: two peroids of 90 days each with the drug and two with placebo. The statistical analysis showed a significant reduction of serum cholesterol triglycerides, phospholipids and total lipids. In 4 patients out of 27, the treatment has not been completed because of drug intollerance.", "contents": "[A double-blind cross-over trial of a new hypolipidaemic drug (author's transl)]. A double blind cross-over trial has been carried out on the effects of a nicotinic acid compound on 27 patients affected by hyperlipidemia. The subjects have been treated over one year according the following plan: two peroids of 90 days each with the drug and two with placebo. The statistical analysis showed a significant reduction of serum cholesterol triglycerides, phospholipids and total lipids. In 4 patients out of 27, the treatment has not been completed because of drug intollerance."}
{"id": "PMID:355037", "title": "Chemical and biological properties of the carcinostatic protein fraction of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A carcinostatic protein fraction (EPF) was separated from Escherichia coli 055 cells by the following procedure: E. coli 055 cells were suspended in distilled water, and extracted by repeater freezing and thawing. The extracts were centrifuged and the supernatant was treated with 1N acetic acid (pH 4.5). Acid precipitate collected by centrifugation was dissolved in alkaline water (pH 8 to 9) and subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 column. The high molecular weight fraction obtained by gel filtration was collected, freeze-dried, and designated as EPF. EPF was composed of approximately 74.5% of protein, 20.4% of lipid, and a small amount of polysaccharide. The isoelectric point of EPF was pH 5.2 +/- 0.A and the ultraviolet spectrum showed absorption maximum at 278 nm (E1%1cm 4.30) in 0.01M Tris-HCl (pH 7.8) buffer. The antitumor experiment with EPF demonstrated that the daily injection of EPF in a dose of 10 microgram/mouse inhibited sarcoma-180 ascites in 90% of the treated animals and the dose of 100 micrograms/mouse brought about 100% inhibition. In the contact test using C3H2K and C3HW2K cells, 200 micrograms/ml of EPF exhibited about 40% cell destruction. In the ihhibition test of 14C-phenylalanine incorporation into intact sarcoma-180 cells, EPF exhibited 60.5% inhibition at the concentration of 275 micrograms/ml. In contrast, EPF did not show any inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-uridine or 3H-thymidine.", "contents": "Chemical and biological properties of the carcinostatic protein fraction of Escherichia coli. A carcinostatic protein fraction (EPF) was separated from Escherichia coli 055 cells by the following procedure: E. coli 055 cells were suspended in distilled water, and extracted by repeater freezing and thawing. The extracts were centrifuged and the supernatant was treated with 1N acetic acid (pH 4.5). Acid precipitate collected by centrifugation was dissolved in alkaline water (pH 8 to 9) and subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 column. The high molecular weight fraction obtained by gel filtration was collected, freeze-dried, and designated as EPF. EPF was composed of approximately 74.5% of protein, 20.4% of lipid, and a small amount of polysaccharide. The isoelectric point of EPF was pH 5.2 +/- 0.A and the ultraviolet spectrum showed absorption maximum at 278 nm (E1%1cm 4.30) in 0.01M Tris-HCl (pH 7.8) buffer. The antitumor experiment with EPF demonstrated that the daily injection of EPF in a dose of 10 microgram/mouse inhibited sarcoma-180 ascites in 90% of the treated animals and the dose of 100 micrograms/mouse brought about 100% inhibition. In the contact test using C3H2K and C3HW2K cells, 200 micrograms/ml of EPF exhibited about 40% cell destruction. In the ihhibition test of 14C-phenylalanine incorporation into intact sarcoma-180 cells, EPF exhibited 60.5% inhibition at the concentration of 275 micrograms/ml. In contrast, EPF did not show any inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-uridine or 3H-thymidine."}
{"id": "PMID:355038", "title": "A clinical trial of cell-wall skeleton of BCG in chemoimmunotherapy of acute leukemia.", "content": "A clinical trial of chemoimmunotherapy using cell-wall skeleton of BCG (BCG-CWS) was conducted in 28 patients with acute leukemia in complete remission. Chemotherapy consisted of monthly intensification therapy for 2 months and bimonthly therafter. Immunotherapy with 200 microgram of oil-attached BCG-CWS mixed with 10(7) autochthonous leukemic cells was given intradermally at either of upper or lower extremities every week, except when the patients were on maintenance therapy. No serious systemic side effect attributable to BCG-CWS was noted. Six patients developed mild and transient temparature elevation. Most importnat side effect was local skin reaction. Indulated papules developed in all patients, resulting in draining ulcerations in 26 patients. Increase of immunological reactivity of the patients receiving BCG-CWS was noted. Skin test response to PPD, Varidase, and candida extract showed definite increase. In vitro lymphocyte blastogenic response to PPD, concanavalin-A, and pokeweed mitogen revealed significant increase.", "contents": "A clinical trial of cell-wall skeleton of BCG in chemoimmunotherapy of acute leukemia. A clinical trial of chemoimmunotherapy using cell-wall skeleton of BCG (BCG-CWS) was conducted in 28 patients with acute leukemia in complete remission. Chemotherapy consisted of monthly intensification therapy for 2 months and bimonthly therafter. Immunotherapy with 200 microgram of oil-attached BCG-CWS mixed with 10(7) autochthonous leukemic cells was given intradermally at either of upper or lower extremities every week, except when the patients were on maintenance therapy. No serious systemic side effect attributable to BCG-CWS was noted. Six patients developed mild and transient temparature elevation. Most importnat side effect was local skin reaction. Indulated papules developed in all patients, resulting in draining ulcerations in 26 patients. Increase of immunological reactivity of the patients receiving BCG-CWS was noted. Skin test response to PPD, Varidase, and candida extract showed definite increase. In vitro lymphocyte blastogenic response to PPD, concanavalin-A, and pokeweed mitogen revealed significant increase."}
{"id": "PMID:355042", "title": "Immunoglobulin deficiency diseases of the intestine.", "content": "Marshak has emphasized the role of the gastrointestinal tract as a major immunologic organ and described the radiologic findings of immunoglobulin deficiency diseases of the small intestine. According to his classification the radiologic findings include multiple nodular defects, edema and increased secretions associated with Giardiasis, a sprue-like pattern, and thickened folds. In this report, the role of the intestine in the immune response is briefly reviewed and several of the radiologic features of immune deficiency diseases and those of benign nodular lymphoid hyperplasia are illustrated.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin deficiency diseases of the intestine. Marshak has emphasized the role of the gastrointestinal tract as a major immunologic organ and described the radiologic findings of immunoglobulin deficiency diseases of the small intestine. According to his classification the radiologic findings include multiple nodular defects, edema and increased secretions associated with Giardiasis, a sprue-like pattern, and thickened folds. In this report, the role of the intestine in the immune response is briefly reviewed and several of the radiologic features of immune deficiency diseases and those of benign nodular lymphoid hyperplasia are illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:355043", "title": "A comparative double-blind study of esophageal barium pastes.", "content": "To demonstrate esophageal varices barium sulfate suspensions must coat the lower esophagus for as long as 5 to 10 minutes. This study compared the ability of five barium sulfate preparations to resist disappearance by inadvertent swallowing. Three of the special preparations for esophageal examination, Esophatrast, Barosperse Esophageal Paste, and HD-5000 performed satisfactorily. Examiner skill, persistence, and careful technique are the most important factors in examining the lower esophagus. The authors' procedure for examination of the esophagus for varices is described. It takes into account position, time, phase of respiration, occasional use of drugs, and procedures to insure good coating and relaxation of the lower esophagus.", "contents": "A comparative double-blind study of esophageal barium pastes. To demonstrate esophageal varices barium sulfate suspensions must coat the lower esophagus for as long as 5 to 10 minutes. This study compared the ability of five barium sulfate preparations to resist disappearance by inadvertent swallowing. Three of the special preparations for esophageal examination, Esophatrast, Barosperse Esophageal Paste, and HD-5000 performed satisfactorily. Examiner skill, persistence, and careful technique are the most important factors in examining the lower esophagus. The authors' procedure for examination of the esophagus for varices is described. It takes into account position, time, phase of respiration, occasional use of drugs, and procedures to insure good coating and relaxation of the lower esophagus."}
{"id": "PMID:355044", "title": "Pneumatosis cystoides coli.", "content": "Pneumatosis cystoides coli in most cases is a disease of unknown etiology. In a few patients, it is secondary to an infarction or ulcerative colitis. Associated pulmonary emphysema is not uncommon. The gas pockets, whcih may be of varying size, can be identified along the contour of the bowel. The left side of the colon is more frequently involved than the right. The lesion is usually segmental. The rectum is almost always spared. Symptoms are negligible and operation is not required.", "contents": "Pneumatosis cystoides coli. Pneumatosis cystoides coli in most cases is a disease of unknown etiology. In a few patients, it is secondary to an infarction or ulcerative colitis. Associated pulmonary emphysema is not uncommon. The gas pockets, whcih may be of varying size, can be identified along the contour of the bowel. The left side of the colon is more frequently involved than the right. The lesion is usually segmental. The rectum is almost always spared. Symptoms are negligible and operation is not required."}
{"id": "PMID:355045", "title": "Drug-induced gastrointestinal disease.", "content": "The gastrointestinal tract is a common target for adverse drug reactions. The resultant changes are often nonspecific (e.g., mucosal ulceration, intestinal infarction, motility disturbance) and in many cases no radiographically detectable lesion may occur. A comprehensive review of the reported drug-induced disorders of the digestive organs is herein presented and their radiographic manifestations are described.", "contents": "Drug-induced gastrointestinal disease. The gastrointestinal tract is a common target for adverse drug reactions. The resultant changes are often nonspecific (e.g., mucosal ulceration, intestinal infarction, motility disturbance) and in many cases no radiographically detectable lesion may occur. A comprehensive review of the reported drug-induced disorders of the digestive organs is herein presented and their radiographic manifestations are described."}
{"id": "PMID:355047", "title": "Complications of gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy.", "content": "Flexible fiberoptic endoscopes are being increasingly used for direct visualization and biopsy of lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. The spectrum of gastrointestinal complications associated with fiber-optic esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, and colonoscopy is reviewed. Radiologic recognition and evaluation of these iatrogenic incidents is of critical importance.", "contents": "Complications of gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy. Flexible fiberoptic endoscopes are being increasingly used for direct visualization and biopsy of lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. The spectrum of gastrointestinal complications associated with fiber-optic esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, and colonoscopy is reviewed. Radiologic recognition and evaluation of these iatrogenic incidents is of critical importance."}
{"id": "PMID:355046", "title": "Iatrogenic problems following gastric surgery.", "content": "It is difficult to truly define iatrogenic complications in the postsurgical state in that the surgery is a condition originated by physician intervention and thus any problems that occur may be technically considered as physician created. In this article we attempt to demonstrate problems that occur both due to technical errors and the choice of operative procedure. In addition, unusual postsurgical anatomy is illustrated with the hope of avoiding further iatrogenic problems from lack of recognition.", "contents": "Iatrogenic problems following gastric surgery. It is difficult to truly define iatrogenic complications in the postsurgical state in that the surgery is a condition originated by physician intervention and thus any problems that occur may be technically considered as physician created. In this article we attempt to demonstrate problems that occur both due to technical errors and the choice of operative procedure. In addition, unusual postsurgical anatomy is illustrated with the hope of avoiding further iatrogenic problems from lack of recognition."}
{"id": "PMID:355048", "title": "Roentgen manifestations of radiation injury to the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Radiation injury of the gastrointestinal tract requires a minimum dose of 4200 to 4500 rads. The symptoms and signs of radiation injury usually appear within 6 to 24 months following therapy. The radiation induced changes include mucosal atrophy and ulceration associated with an obliterative endarteritis in the supportive vasculo-connective tissue. The roentgen manifestations are those of an ischemic process but may also mimic those of recurrent malignant disease. Obstruction, hemorrhage, and fistula formation are common complications. Surgery is frequently required. The morbidity and mortality is considerable.", "contents": "Roentgen manifestations of radiation injury to the gastrointestinal tract. Radiation injury of the gastrointestinal tract requires a minimum dose of 4200 to 4500 rads. The symptoms and signs of radiation injury usually appear within 6 to 24 months following therapy. The radiation induced changes include mucosal atrophy and ulceration associated with an obliterative endarteritis in the supportive vasculo-connective tissue. The roentgen manifestations are those of an ischemic process but may also mimic those of recurrent malignant disease. Obstruction, hemorrhage, and fistula formation are common complications. Surgery is frequently required. The morbidity and mortality is considerable."}
{"id": "PMID:355050", "title": "[Problems in the evaluation of contraceptives (author's transl)].", "content": "For the evaluation of the effectiveness of contraceptives the Life Table method is at present the best method. It is a disadvantage that the original method of Tietze & Potter was restricted to the evaluation of intra-uterine contraception devices. A Belgian team is now in the process of developing a modified life table method for the evaluation of the effectiveness and the side effects of oral contraceptives. The reference to the Pearl-index for the effectiveness of contraceptives is unclear and in the way in which it is at present used scientifically untenable.", "contents": "[Problems in the evaluation of contraceptives (author's transl)]. For the evaluation of the effectiveness of contraceptives the Life Table method is at present the best method. It is a disadvantage that the original method of Tietze & Potter was restricted to the evaluation of intra-uterine contraception devices. A Belgian team is now in the process of developing a modified life table method for the evaluation of the effectiveness and the side effects of oral contraceptives. The reference to the Pearl-index for the effectiveness of contraceptives is unclear and in the way in which it is at present used scientifically untenable."}
{"id": "PMID:355052", "title": "[Role of propionic acid, yeasts and ethyl alcohol in regulating the activity of H-factor in Drosophila simulans].", "content": "Effects of yeast, propionic acid and ethanol on the activity of H-factor, which sharply increases the frequency of somatic recombination in X-chromosomes of dorsal prothoracal disc cells in Drosophila simulans are studied. The frequency of yellow and singed mosaic spots in heterozygous yw ++/++sn1vHD. melanogaster females, inherited H-factor from the father (the stock sn1v) is estimated. The results of the varience analysis have shown that yeast and propionic acid regulate the activity of H-factor in cells of dorsal prothoracal disc, the interaction of yeast and propionic acid being also observed. Yeasts (or some unknown product of their metabolism) are the activator of H-factor; thus, when larvae eat much yeast, the frequency of yellow and singed mosaic spots in humeral region becomes high. A decrease of mosaic spot frequency under the increase of propionic acid content in nutrition medium is a result of the inhibitory effect of propionic acid on the yeast growth, but not of the direct repression of H-factor activity. So, propionic acid may be considered as a regulator of the second order. Ethanol does not activate H-factor. Changes in the content of yeast and propionic acid in nutrition medium do not affect the frequency of yellow and singed mosaic spots in other regions of D. simulans body, except humeral.", "contents": "[Role of propionic acid, yeasts and ethyl alcohol in regulating the activity of H-factor in Drosophila simulans]. Effects of yeast, propionic acid and ethanol on the activity of H-factor, which sharply increases the frequency of somatic recombination in X-chromosomes of dorsal prothoracal disc cells in Drosophila simulans are studied. The frequency of yellow and singed mosaic spots in heterozygous yw ++/++sn1vHD. melanogaster females, inherited H-factor from the father (the stock sn1v) is estimated. The results of the varience analysis have shown that yeast and propionic acid regulate the activity of H-factor in cells of dorsal prothoracal disc, the interaction of yeast and propionic acid being also observed. Yeasts (or some unknown product of their metabolism) are the activator of H-factor; thus, when larvae eat much yeast, the frequency of yellow and singed mosaic spots in humeral region becomes high. A decrease of mosaic spot frequency under the increase of propionic acid content in nutrition medium is a result of the inhibitory effect of propionic acid on the yeast growth, but not of the direct repression of H-factor activity. So, propionic acid may be considered as a regulator of the second order. Ethanol does not activate H-factor. Changes in the content of yeast and propionic acid in nutrition medium do not affect the frequency of yellow and singed mosaic spots in other regions of D. simulans body, except humeral."}
{"id": "PMID:355053", "title": "[Incorporation of phi80 phage into unusual chromosome sites and isolation of a specialized transducing bacteriophage].", "content": "The mutant strain KS713 of Escherichia coli K-12 deleted for the normal insertion site and secondary preferable one was obtained. The insertion frequency of phage phi80 into the double deletion strain is reduced about 30-fold with respect to integration into the strain H47 with deletion of the primary phi80 attachment site and about 500-fold relative to integration into wild type Escherichia coli. Analysis of the rare abnormal lysogens of KS 713 strain indicates that there are secondary sites on the chromosome, which are utilized for prophage attachment if insertion at preferable secondary att80-II site is eliminated too. The insertion of phi80 phage into the bfe locus was obtained by the appropriate selection technique. Induced prophage excision from the bfe site was rather efficient and lysates contained phi80 phage particles that could specificically transduce the argH+ gene. Upon transduction into a recipient strain carrying recA, heterogenotes harbouring both the wild-type and the mutant argH genes were isolated. These heterogenotes were used for producing high-frequency transducing lysates.", "contents": "[Incorporation of phi80 phage into unusual chromosome sites and isolation of a specialized transducing bacteriophage]. The mutant strain KS713 of Escherichia coli K-12 deleted for the normal insertion site and secondary preferable one was obtained. The insertion frequency of phage phi80 into the double deletion strain is reduced about 30-fold with respect to integration into the strain H47 with deletion of the primary phi80 attachment site and about 500-fold relative to integration into wild type Escherichia coli. Analysis of the rare abnormal lysogens of KS 713 strain indicates that there are secondary sites on the chromosome, which are utilized for prophage attachment if insertion at preferable secondary att80-II site is eliminated too. The insertion of phi80 phage into the bfe locus was obtained by the appropriate selection technique. Induced prophage excision from the bfe site was rather efficient and lysates contained phi80 phage particles that could specificically transduce the argH+ gene. Upon transduction into a recipient strain carrying recA, heterogenotes harbouring both the wild-type and the mutant argH genes were isolated. These heterogenotes were used for producing high-frequency transducing lysates."}
{"id": "PMID:355054", "title": "[Intergeneric conjugational crossing of Escherichia coli with Salmonella typhimurium. II. Transfer of a polA1 mutation from Escherichia coli to Salmonella typhimurium and its phenotypic expression in the salmonella genome].", "content": "The Escherichia coli structural gene for DNA polymerase I was inserted into Salmonella typhimurium chromosome by conjugal transfer. The genetic analysis of P1-mediated transduction of obtained hybrid showed that polA gene is located in it between metE and rha loci and is cotransduced with metE (about 50%) and rha (12%). The phenotypic properties of polA1 hybrid E. coliXS. typhimurium concerning UV-MMS-NG and gamma-ray sensitivity are similar to the polA1 mutants of E. coli.", "contents": "[Intergeneric conjugational crossing of Escherichia coli with Salmonella typhimurium. II. Transfer of a polA1 mutation from Escherichia coli to Salmonella typhimurium and its phenotypic expression in the salmonella genome]. The Escherichia coli structural gene for DNA polymerase I was inserted into Salmonella typhimurium chromosome by conjugal transfer. The genetic analysis of P1-mediated transduction of obtained hybrid showed that polA gene is located in it between metE and rha loci and is cotransduced with metE (about 50%) and rha (12%). The phenotypic properties of polA1 hybrid E. coliXS. typhimurium concerning UV-MMS-NG and gamma-ray sensitivity are similar to the polA1 mutants of E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:355055", "title": "[Supersensitivity to levorin and amphotericin B in several Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants resistant to nystatin].", "content": "104 mutants resistant to nystatin were isolated after UV-treatment of two haploid marked strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The analysis of resistance to three polyene antibiotics allowed to determine 8 phenotype classes of mutants including those resistant to nystatin but in various combinations showing hypersensitivity to levorin and (or) amphotericin B. The analysis of UV absorption spectra of sterolic extracts prepared from cells of different mutants showed that similar quality changes in sterol composition could be associated both with polyresistant an supersensitive phenotype. New type of mutants resistant to nystatin and supersensitive to levorin and (or) amphotericin B seems to be promising for studies on the mechanisms of action of polyene antibiotics, the bases of resistance to them and also in consideration of the possibility to increase the efficiency of antimycotic antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "[Supersensitivity to levorin and amphotericin B in several Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants resistant to nystatin]. 104 mutants resistant to nystatin were isolated after UV-treatment of two haploid marked strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The analysis of resistance to three polyene antibiotics allowed to determine 8 phenotype classes of mutants including those resistant to nystatin but in various combinations showing hypersensitivity to levorin and (or) amphotericin B. The analysis of UV absorption spectra of sterolic extracts prepared from cells of different mutants showed that similar quality changes in sterol composition could be associated both with polyresistant an supersensitive phenotype. New type of mutants resistant to nystatin and supersensitive to levorin and (or) amphotericin B seems to be promising for studies on the mechanisms of action of polyene antibiotics, the bases of resistance to them and also in consideration of the possibility to increase the efficiency of antimycotic antibiotic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:355056", "title": "[Gene relA function in the expression of amino acid operons. I. Effect of the allelic state of gene relA on phenotypic manifestations of auxotrophic threonine and isoleucine mutations in Escherichia coli K-12].", "content": "The substitution of the relA gene mutant allele with wild type allele of this gene in strictly auxotrophic strain of Escherichia coli K-12 GT25, carrying thr B1007 mitation, results in the appearance of the partial dependence of the bacterial growth upon threonine. On the other hand, the introduction of relA mutation into genome of incomplete threonine auxotroph, which was isolated as pseudorevertant from the strict threonine auxotroph CP78, recovered the strict dependency of the growth on the presence of threonine in the medium. The introduction of relA mutation into genome of partial isoleucine auxotroph, carrying a mutation in ilvA gene, reduces the residual activity of threonine deaminase under the conditions of derepression and results in the appearance of strict dependency of bacterial growth on the presence of isoleucine. These data indicate that operons, which control the biosynthesis of threonine and isoleucine, are positively regulated by the product of relA gene. The possibility of using leaky mutations, which lead to incomplete block of these amino acids synthesis, for testing allelic state of relA gene is discussed.", "contents": "[Gene relA function in the expression of amino acid operons. I. Effect of the allelic state of gene relA on phenotypic manifestations of auxotrophic threonine and isoleucine mutations in Escherichia coli K-12]. The substitution of the relA gene mutant allele with wild type allele of this gene in strictly auxotrophic strain of Escherichia coli K-12 GT25, carrying thr B1007 mitation, results in the appearance of the partial dependence of the bacterial growth upon threonine. On the other hand, the introduction of relA mutation into genome of incomplete threonine auxotroph, which was isolated as pseudorevertant from the strict threonine auxotroph CP78, recovered the strict dependency of the growth on the presence of threonine in the medium. The introduction of relA mutation into genome of partial isoleucine auxotroph, carrying a mutation in ilvA gene, reduces the residual activity of threonine deaminase under the conditions of derepression and results in the appearance of strict dependency of bacterial growth on the presence of isoleucine. These data indicate that operons, which control the biosynthesis of threonine and isoleucine, are positively regulated by the product of relA gene. The possibility of using leaky mutations, which lead to incomplete block of these amino acids synthesis, for testing allelic state of relA gene is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355057", "title": "[Gene relA function in the expression of amino acid operons. II. Effect of the allelic state of gene relA on the overproduction of threonine by an Escherichia coli K-12 mutant resistant to beta-hydroxynorvaline].", "content": "Mutants, resistant to threonine analogue, DL-alpha-amino-beta-hydroxyvaleric acid, were obtained after the treatment of Escherichia coli K-12 RelA- cells with nitrosoguanidine, and among them the strain with maximal threonine production (about 3g/l) was selected. Genetic and biochemical analysis of the producer has revealed the dependency of the threonine production on at least three mutations. The mutation in the thrA gene disturbs retroinhibition of homoserine dehydrogenase by threonine. The mutation in the ilvA gene decreases the activity of threonine deaminase, and thus results in partial isoleucine auxotrophy, and finally, the reversion in the relA gene restores the stringent amino acid control of RNA synthesis in threonine producer cells. The role of relA gene in threonine production was demonstrated by comparing pairs of strains differing from one another in the allelic state of the relA gene. The level of threonine synthesis (its intra- and extracellular concentrations) during moderate isoleucine starvation in RelA+ cells 2-3 times as high as in RelA- cells. The presence of relA+ allele is found to result in the increase of the cell resistance to DL-alpha-amino-beta-hydroxyvaleric acid.", "contents": "[Gene relA function in the expression of amino acid operons. II. Effect of the allelic state of gene relA on the overproduction of threonine by an Escherichia coli K-12 mutant resistant to beta-hydroxynorvaline]. Mutants, resistant to threonine analogue, DL-alpha-amino-beta-hydroxyvaleric acid, were obtained after the treatment of Escherichia coli K-12 RelA- cells with nitrosoguanidine, and among them the strain with maximal threonine production (about 3g/l) was selected. Genetic and biochemical analysis of the producer has revealed the dependency of the threonine production on at least three mutations. The mutation in the thrA gene disturbs retroinhibition of homoserine dehydrogenase by threonine. The mutation in the ilvA gene decreases the activity of threonine deaminase, and thus results in partial isoleucine auxotrophy, and finally, the reversion in the relA gene restores the stringent amino acid control of RNA synthesis in threonine producer cells. The role of relA gene in threonine production was demonstrated by comparing pairs of strains differing from one another in the allelic state of the relA gene. The level of threonine synthesis (its intra- and extracellular concentrations) during moderate isoleucine starvation in RelA+ cells 2-3 times as high as in RelA- cells. The presence of relA+ allele is found to result in the increase of the cell resistance to DL-alpha-amino-beta-hydroxyvaleric acid."}
{"id": "PMID:355061", "title": "Canine kidney cells. II. Neutral lipids, phospholipids and fatty acids of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in suspension and monolayer culture.", "content": "Differences in lipid composition and the effects of monolayer and suspension culture were studied in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and their plasma membranes isolated by the Warren fluorescein-mercuric acetate technique. Unesterified cholesterol was the major neutral lipid extracted from the whole cells and plasma membranes of cultures except for suspension-grown whole cells which had triglyceride as their major neutral lipid. Triglyceride increased about 7- to 20-fold and glycerol ethers increased about 3- to 20-fold in suspension grown whole cells and their plasma membranes compared to those from monolayer cultures. Total quantities of phospholipids are similar in whole cells of both cultures. Plasma membranes from monolayer cultures have about 1.4-fold more total phospholipids than those from suspension cultures. The distribution of fatty acids in the plasma membranes and whole cells generally follow the composition of calf serum used in the culture medium. However, the phospholipids of plasma membranes from monolayer cultures had substantially higher values for C18 unsaturated fatty acids and somewhat lower values for palmitoleic acid than the values for the fatty acids in calf serum. Also, the phospholipids of suspension-grown whole cells had substantially higher values for lauric acid and lower values for C18 unsaturated fatty acids when compared to calf serum.", "contents": "Canine kidney cells. II. Neutral lipids, phospholipids and fatty acids of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in suspension and monolayer culture. Differences in lipid composition and the effects of monolayer and suspension culture were studied in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and their plasma membranes isolated by the Warren fluorescein-mercuric acetate technique. Unesterified cholesterol was the major neutral lipid extracted from the whole cells and plasma membranes of cultures except for suspension-grown whole cells which had triglyceride as their major neutral lipid. Triglyceride increased about 7- to 20-fold and glycerol ethers increased about 3- to 20-fold in suspension grown whole cells and their plasma membranes compared to those from monolayer cultures. Total quantities of phospholipids are similar in whole cells of both cultures. Plasma membranes from monolayer cultures have about 1.4-fold more total phospholipids than those from suspension cultures. The distribution of fatty acids in the plasma membranes and whole cells generally follow the composition of calf serum used in the culture medium. However, the phospholipids of plasma membranes from monolayer cultures had substantially higher values for C18 unsaturated fatty acids and somewhat lower values for palmitoleic acid than the values for the fatty acids in calf serum. Also, the phospholipids of suspension-grown whole cells had substantially higher values for lauric acid and lower values for C18 unsaturated fatty acids when compared to calf serum."}
{"id": "PMID:355063", "title": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: a biological enigma.", "content": "The association of certain forms of liver disease and a deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin is an observation which raises the possibility that other forms of liver disease ultimately will be found to have as their proximate cause a defined metabolic aberration, which may in turn be inherited. Although alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is a genetically determined error of protein synthesis, environmental factors, unrecognised at present, are required for the disease to become overt. Thus, this interesting association may herald an increasing number of clinical diseases in which the interaction of environmental stimuli and single genetically determined aberrations are crucially important. The diseases to which we succumb may be largely determined by a genetically determined susceptibility, a point of view which was stated so well by Archibalt Garrod in his essay Inborn Factors in Disease published nearly half a century ago.", "contents": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: a biological enigma. The association of certain forms of liver disease and a deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin is an observation which raises the possibility that other forms of liver disease ultimately will be found to have as their proximate cause a defined metabolic aberration, which may in turn be inherited. Although alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is a genetically determined error of protein synthesis, environmental factors, unrecognised at present, are required for the disease to become overt. Thus, this interesting association may herald an increasing number of clinical diseases in which the interaction of environmental stimuli and single genetically determined aberrations are crucially important. The diseases to which we succumb may be largely determined by a genetically determined susceptibility, a point of view which was stated so well by Archibalt Garrod in his essay Inborn Factors in Disease published nearly half a century ago."}
{"id": "PMID:355064", "title": "Serum bile acids in hepatobiliary disease.", "content": "We review the estimation of total and individual serum bile acids to detect the presence and nature of hepatobiliary disease. The different methods for measuring serum bile acids are discussed.", "contents": "Serum bile acids in hepatobiliary disease. We review the estimation of total and individual serum bile acids to detect the presence and nature of hepatobiliary disease. The different methods for measuring serum bile acids are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355065", "title": "Regulation of blood ammonia.", "content": "Disturbance of ammonia metabolism is an important but not the only factor in the genesis of hepatic coma. In this review mechanisms controlling the concentration of ammonia in the blood other than disturbed liver function have been discussed. The key function of ammonia in the pyridine nucleotide cyde has been outlined and it is suggested that the function of this cycle in patients with liver disease would repay further study.", "contents": "Regulation of blood ammonia. Disturbance of ammonia metabolism is an important but not the only factor in the genesis of hepatic coma. In this review mechanisms controlling the concentration of ammonia in the blood other than disturbed liver function have been discussed. The key function of ammonia in the pyridine nucleotide cyde has been outlined and it is suggested that the function of this cycle in patients with liver disease would repay further study."}
{"id": "PMID:355066", "title": "Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in liver disease.", "content": "There are many changes in the plasma, lipids, and lipoproteins in patients with liver disease. They have proved difficult to study but our understanding of these changes has increased greatly during recent years. In obstructive jaundice hyperlipidaemia is a fairly constant finding and this appears to be due to the regurgitation of phospholipid from the obstructed biliary tree. The plasma lipids tend to fall with parenchymal liver disease. The composition of the lipoproteins depends on the activity of the plasma enzyme lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase. When LCAT activity is high the individual lipoprotein fractions are normal. When it is reduced all of the lipoprotein fractions are affected but the pattern found with obstruction is quite different from that found with parenchymal disease. The changes in plasma lipoproteins appear to be associated with change in the lipid composition of cellular membranes and this may have important functional implications.", "contents": "Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in liver disease. There are many changes in the plasma, lipids, and lipoproteins in patients with liver disease. They have proved difficult to study but our understanding of these changes has increased greatly during recent years. In obstructive jaundice hyperlipidaemia is a fairly constant finding and this appears to be due to the regurgitation of phospholipid from the obstructed biliary tree. The plasma lipids tend to fall with parenchymal liver disease. The composition of the lipoproteins depends on the activity of the plasma enzyme lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase. When LCAT activity is high the individual lipoprotein fractions are normal. When it is reduced all of the lipoprotein fractions are affected but the pattern found with obstruction is quite different from that found with parenchymal disease. The changes in plasma lipoproteins appear to be associated with change in the lipid composition of cellular membranes and this may have important functional implications."}
{"id": "PMID:355067", "title": "Some clinical features of liver cell failure: an appraisal of their causes.", "content": "The mechanisms underlying the cause of the major clinical features of liver cell failure are reviewed. These include jaundice, fluid retention, hepatic encephalopathy, bleeding tendency, etc.", "contents": "Some clinical features of liver cell failure: an appraisal of their causes. The mechanisms underlying the cause of the major clinical features of liver cell failure are reviewed. These include jaundice, fluid retention, hepatic encephalopathy, bleeding tendency, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:355068", "title": "Liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis: 1968-78.", "content": "The classification of chronic hepatitis introduced in 1968 is still current, but has been modified. The concept of bridging hepatic necrosis has been incorporated, and is recognised as an important feature of both acute and chronic aggressive (active) hepatitis (CAH). In the pathogenesis of the latter, piecemeal necrosis is, however, thought to be the more important factor. The histological picture of CAH varies widely. Several causes of CAH have been identified, including hepatitis B virus. Recognition of surface and core components of the virus in tissue sections has facilitated study of the relationship between host response and pathological lesion in chronic hepatitis. CAH and primary biliary cirrhosis share histological features, and a mixed form has been postulated. Staining for copper sometimes helps to distinguish the two lesions. A third histological category, chronic lobular hepatitis, comprises patients with histological lesions like those of acute hepatitis, but with a chronic or recurrent course.", "contents": "Liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis: 1968-78. The classification of chronic hepatitis introduced in 1968 is still current, but has been modified. The concept of bridging hepatic necrosis has been incorporated, and is recognised as an important feature of both acute and chronic aggressive (active) hepatitis (CAH). In the pathogenesis of the latter, piecemeal necrosis is, however, thought to be the more important factor. The histological picture of CAH varies widely. Several causes of CAH have been identified, including hepatitis B virus. Recognition of surface and core components of the virus in tissue sections has facilitated study of the relationship between host response and pathological lesion in chronic hepatitis. CAH and primary biliary cirrhosis share histological features, and a mixed form has been postulated. Staining for copper sometimes helps to distinguish the two lesions. A third histological category, chronic lobular hepatitis, comprises patients with histological lesions like those of acute hepatitis, but with a chronic or recurrent course."}
{"id": "PMID:355069", "title": "Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: a great neglected disease of the liver.", "content": "Schistosomiasis mansoni and japonica, helminth infections involving the livers of 100 million people, are among the 'great neglected diseases of mankind' on the basis both of their prevalence and the relative lack of interest shown in them by clinicians and biomedical investigators. Schistosomiasis is not only an interesting disease in itself but has the added advantage of providing unique human and animal models of hepatic pathophysiology, immunopathogenesis, and collagen metabolism.", "contents": "Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: a great neglected disease of the liver. Schistosomiasis mansoni and japonica, helminth infections involving the livers of 100 million people, are among the 'great neglected diseases of mankind' on the basis both of their prevalence and the relative lack of interest shown in them by clinicians and biomedical investigators. Schistosomiasis is not only an interesting disease in itself but has the added advantage of providing unique human and animal models of hepatic pathophysiology, immunopathogenesis, and collagen metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:355070", "title": "Trials and tribulations with artificial liver support.", "content": "This paper reviews the experience gained over the past few years in two techniques of liver support, charcoal haemoperfusion and polyacrylonitrile membrane haemodialysis. Problems with charcoal haemoperfusion have centred around platelet aggregation and hypertension, and new carbon preparations with a variety of different coatings to overcome these problems are described. Haemodialysis using the PAN membrane has caused fewer side-effects and current results show that 33% of patients so treated recover consciousness. The new techniques for liver support currently being developed, including combined dialysis/perfusion systems and those based on plasma separation, are also described.", "contents": "Trials and tribulations with artificial liver support. This paper reviews the experience gained over the past few years in two techniques of liver support, charcoal haemoperfusion and polyacrylonitrile membrane haemodialysis. Problems with charcoal haemoperfusion have centred around platelet aggregation and hypertension, and new carbon preparations with a variety of different coatings to overcome these problems are described. Haemodialysis using the PAN membrane has caused fewer side-effects and current results show that 33% of patients so treated recover consciousness. The new techniques for liver support currently being developed, including combined dialysis/perfusion systems and those based on plasma separation, are also described."}
{"id": "PMID:355071", "title": "Low dose steroids and clinical relapse in Crohn's disease: a controlled trial.", "content": "The long-term effect of prednisone in Crohn's disease has been examined in a double-blind controlled trial. Clinical relapse, recurrence, and extension of the disease were examined in 64 patients followed-up for up to three years. Fourteen patients were withdrawn because of severe symptoms (eight on prednisone and six controls); the withdrawal rate in both groups was 30% at three years. Nine other patients had radiological recurrence or extension of disease (five prednisone and four controls). Prednisone did not improve the relapse rate, nor did it affect recurrence or extension of disease.", "contents": "Low dose steroids and clinical relapse in Crohn's disease: a controlled trial. The long-term effect of prednisone in Crohn's disease has been examined in a double-blind controlled trial. Clinical relapse, recurrence, and extension of the disease were examined in 64 patients followed-up for up to three years. Fourteen patients were withdrawn because of severe symptoms (eight on prednisone and six controls); the withdrawal rate in both groups was 30% at three years. Nine other patients had radiological recurrence or extension of disease (five prednisone and four controls). Prednisone did not improve the relapse rate, nor did it affect recurrence or extension of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:355072", "title": "Peliosis hepatis in recipients of renal transplants.", "content": "Peliosis hepatis, an uncommon liver lesion characterised by blood-filled cavities bordered by hepatocytic plates, was found in 12 patients three to 17 months after renal transplantation. Hepatomegaly and portal hypertension were present in five of the six patients with major peliosis hepatis, and were absent in the other six with minor hepatic lesions. Alterations of centrilobular vein walls in some of these patients suggest that peliosis hepatis could be the result of a blockade or liver blood outflow at the junctions of sinusoids and centrilobular veins. The cause of these alterations might be azathioprine.", "contents": "Peliosis hepatis in recipients of renal transplants. Peliosis hepatis, an uncommon liver lesion characterised by blood-filled cavities bordered by hepatocytic plates, was found in 12 patients three to 17 months after renal transplantation. Hepatomegaly and portal hypertension were present in five of the six patients with major peliosis hepatis, and were absent in the other six with minor hepatic lesions. Alterations of centrilobular vein walls in some of these patients suggest that peliosis hepatis could be the result of a blockade or liver blood outflow at the junctions of sinusoids and centrilobular veins. The cause of these alterations might be azathioprine."}
{"id": "PMID:355074", "title": "The effects of xenopsin of endocrine pancreas and gastric antrum in dogs.", "content": "Effects of synthetic xenopsin on endocrine pancreas and gastric antrum in anesthetized dogs were studied. Synthetic xenopsin was administered into the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and plasma insulin, glucagon and gastrin in the superior pancreaticoduodenal vein and gastrin in the right gastroepiploic vein were measured radioimmunologically. Administration of 10 microgram of xenopsin per kg of body weight brought about a hyperglycemic response and rapid and sharp elevations of the hormones in the pancreatic vein. Plasma gastrin level in the gastric vein also showed an immediate and sharp increase following xenopsin administration. Xenopsin appeared more potent inducer of the glucagon. It is concluded that xenopsin acts directly on endocrine pancreas and gastric antrum to secrete their hormones.", "contents": "The effects of xenopsin of endocrine pancreas and gastric antrum in dogs. Effects of synthetic xenopsin on endocrine pancreas and gastric antrum in anesthetized dogs were studied. Synthetic xenopsin was administered into the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and plasma insulin, glucagon and gastrin in the superior pancreaticoduodenal vein and gastrin in the right gastroepiploic vein were measured radioimmunologically. Administration of 10 microgram of xenopsin per kg of body weight brought about a hyperglycemic response and rapid and sharp elevations of the hormones in the pancreatic vein. Plasma gastrin level in the gastric vein also showed an immediate and sharp increase following xenopsin administration. Xenopsin appeared more potent inducer of the glucagon. It is concluded that xenopsin acts directly on endocrine pancreas and gastric antrum to secrete their hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:355075", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in thyrotoxicosis: studies on insulin secretion before and after remission from the hyperthyroid state.", "content": "The effects of thyrotoxicosis on insulin secretion were studied in 11 patients with Graves' disease and compared with the results obtained in 6 of the patients after they had attained clinical remission. Constant glucose infusion (CGI) and acute tolbutamide infusion (AIT) tests were chosen to investigate beta-cell function. For similar means of fasting plasma glucose, basal plasma insulin mean was significantly higher during thyrotoxicosis. During AIT, mean peak insulin was obtained earlier in the hyperthyroid state (2 min) than after remission (4 min), being its level higher in the hyperthyroid state. During CGI, early insulin responses to similar plasma glucose increments, were comparable for both hyper and euthyroid subjects. After 10 minutes of CGI, insulin concentrations in the hyperthyroid state did not increase as in the euthyroid state in spite of comparable increments of plasma glucose, being similar plateau insulin levels attained thereafter. These results suggest the presence of an insulin-resistant state in hyperthyroidism which may either disappear during a chronic glucose infusion and/or be accompanied by a deficient late glucose-induced insulin release.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in thyrotoxicosis: studies on insulin secretion before and after remission from the hyperthyroid state. The effects of thyrotoxicosis on insulin secretion were studied in 11 patients with Graves' disease and compared with the results obtained in 6 of the patients after they had attained clinical remission. Constant glucose infusion (CGI) and acute tolbutamide infusion (AIT) tests were chosen to investigate beta-cell function. For similar means of fasting plasma glucose, basal plasma insulin mean was significantly higher during thyrotoxicosis. During AIT, mean peak insulin was obtained earlier in the hyperthyroid state (2 min) than after remission (4 min), being its level higher in the hyperthyroid state. During CGI, early insulin responses to similar plasma glucose increments, were comparable for both hyper and euthyroid subjects. After 10 minutes of CGI, insulin concentrations in the hyperthyroid state did not increase as in the euthyroid state in spite of comparable increments of plasma glucose, being similar plateau insulin levels attained thereafter. These results suggest the presence of an insulin-resistant state in hyperthyroidism which may either disappear during a chronic glucose infusion and/or be accompanied by a deficient late glucose-induced insulin release."}
{"id": "PMID:355077", "title": "Effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on the negative feed-back effect of estrogen on LH release.", "content": "Ovariectomized female rabbits were pretreated with actinomycin D (80 microgram/100 g body weight) cycloheximide (300 microgram/100 g body weight) or chloramphenicol (300 microgram/100 g body weight) 4 h before an intravenous injection of 25 microgram of estradiol benzoate. Actinomycin D, cycloheximide and chloramphenicol decreased basal gonadotropin levels, but actinomycin D was less active than chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Despite this effect on basal levels, such treatment did not prevent the effect of estradiol benzoate on LH release. Moreover, no significant impairment of the LH response to LH-RH was found. The interpretation of experiments using drugs such actinomycin D, cycloheximide or chloramphenicol requires caution; however, one cannot disregard the possibility that the negative feed-back effect of estrogen, in contrast to the positive effect, may not be mediated by RNA-dependent DNA and the protein-synthesizing systems.", "contents": "Effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on the negative feed-back effect of estrogen on LH release. Ovariectomized female rabbits were pretreated with actinomycin D (80 microgram/100 g body weight) cycloheximide (300 microgram/100 g body weight) or chloramphenicol (300 microgram/100 g body weight) 4 h before an intravenous injection of 25 microgram of estradiol benzoate. Actinomycin D, cycloheximide and chloramphenicol decreased basal gonadotropin levels, but actinomycin D was less active than chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Despite this effect on basal levels, such treatment did not prevent the effect of estradiol benzoate on LH release. Moreover, no significant impairment of the LH response to LH-RH was found. The interpretation of experiments using drugs such actinomycin D, cycloheximide or chloramphenicol requires caution; however, one cannot disregard the possibility that the negative feed-back effect of estrogen, in contrast to the positive effect, may not be mediated by RNA-dependent DNA and the protein-synthesizing systems."}
{"id": "PMID:355078", "title": "Immunoglobulin deposition in membranous glomerulonephritis: immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy findings.", "content": "In a series of 250 renal biopsies (transplants excluded) the diagnosis of membranous glomerulonephritis was made in 22. This was done on light microscopy in 17, while the addition of immunofluorescence enabled the diagnosis to be made in a further five. Electron microscopy confirmed the diagnosis in all cases. Immunoperoxidase studies emphasized the basement membrane distribution of the deposits of immunoglobulin and relative sparing of the mesangium. They showed at an ultrastructural level the presence of IgG in the deposits.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin deposition in membranous glomerulonephritis: immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy findings. In a series of 250 renal biopsies (transplants excluded) the diagnosis of membranous glomerulonephritis was made in 22. This was done on light microscopy in 17, while the addition of immunofluorescence enabled the diagnosis to be made in a further five. Electron microscopy confirmed the diagnosis in all cases. Immunoperoxidase studies emphasized the basement membrane distribution of the deposits of immunoglobulin and relative sparing of the mesangium. They showed at an ultrastructural level the presence of IgG in the deposits."}
{"id": "PMID:355079", "title": "The histological preparation of bronchial brushings--a reliable and satisfactory method.", "content": "A method for improving the diagnostic yield of fibreoptic bronchoscopic bronchial brushings and tiny biopsies has been developed. This technique has proved reliable giving a high positive yield of malignant cells and tissue in the 232 specimens examined.", "contents": "The histological preparation of bronchial brushings--a reliable and satisfactory method. A method for improving the diagnostic yield of fibreoptic bronchoscopic bronchial brushings and tiny biopsies has been developed. This technique has proved reliable giving a high positive yield of malignant cells and tissue in the 232 specimens examined."}
{"id": "PMID:355080", "title": "Percutaneous needle biopsies of renal allografts: the relationship between morphological changes present in biopsies and subsequent allograft function.", "content": "In the Cambridge renal transplant unit percutaneous needle biopsies of renal transplants have been extensively used to help identify the cause of impaired allograft function. During the period 1966--1973, 154 of the 269 renal allografts transplanted were biopsied at least once during the first 90 days after transplantation. In this survey the relationship between morphological changes in these biopsy specimens and allograft function 1, 3 and 5 years after transplantation is assessed. A highly significant direct relationship exists between early graft failure and the presence of medial necrosis of arteries, acute glomerular lesions and interstitial haemorrhage. Less than 10% of grafts with one or more of these changes and none in which all three types of lesion were present were capable of supporting life at 1 year. There is a significant association between poor subsequent graft function and mononuclear cell infiltration of the intima of arteries. No clear relationship exists, however, between the function of grafts at 1 and 3 years and the degree of mononuclear cell infiltration of the interstitial tissue. Tubular necrosis was frequently observed and future graft performance is related to the extent and cause of the tubular damage.", "contents": "Percutaneous needle biopsies of renal allografts: the relationship between morphological changes present in biopsies and subsequent allograft function. In the Cambridge renal transplant unit percutaneous needle biopsies of renal transplants have been extensively used to help identify the cause of impaired allograft function. During the period 1966--1973, 154 of the 269 renal allografts transplanted were biopsied at least once during the first 90 days after transplantation. In this survey the relationship between morphological changes in these biopsy specimens and allograft function 1, 3 and 5 years after transplantation is assessed. A highly significant direct relationship exists between early graft failure and the presence of medial necrosis of arteries, acute glomerular lesions and interstitial haemorrhage. Less than 10% of grafts with one or more of these changes and none in which all three types of lesion were present were capable of supporting life at 1 year. There is a significant association between poor subsequent graft function and mononuclear cell infiltration of the intima of arteries. No clear relationship exists, however, between the function of grafts at 1 and 3 years and the degree of mononuclear cell infiltration of the interstitial tissue. Tubular necrosis was frequently observed and future graft performance is related to the extent and cause of the tubular damage."}
{"id": "PMID:355081", "title": "Morphological aspects of the endocrine pancreas in a prednisolone-treated infant.", "content": "The endocrine pancreas of a corticosteroid-treated infant during the course of nephrotic syndrome was morphologically studied. Islet cell hyperplasia and dispersed endocrine cell aggregates between acinar tissue were observed. A marked numerical increase of B cells was identified by using cytochemical and immunofluorescent methods. Morphometric data support the morphological observations. The findings suggest that corticosteroid treatment induces endocrine cell replication and neogenesis.", "contents": "Morphological aspects of the endocrine pancreas in a prednisolone-treated infant. The endocrine pancreas of a corticosteroid-treated infant during the course of nephrotic syndrome was morphologically studied. Islet cell hyperplasia and dispersed endocrine cell aggregates between acinar tissue were observed. A marked numerical increase of B cells was identified by using cytochemical and immunofluorescent methods. Morphometric data support the morphological observations. The findings suggest that corticosteroid treatment induces endocrine cell replication and neogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:355082", "title": "Morpho-functional differentiation in lobular carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Lobular carcinoma of the breast has been studied using histochemical methods for mucosubstances; immunocytochemical methods for casein and actin; the ruthenium red electronycytochemical method for acid glycoproteins and an immunoelectroncytochemical method for casein. Mucosubstances and casein showed a similar cytoplasmic localization, but casein production was much more intense and also showed a more diffuse cytoplasmic localization. Occasionally casein assumed the form of target-like 'inclusions' as seen characteristically with the mucosubstances. The neoplastic cells were not stained by antisera against actin. Ultrastructurally, some cells showed an intracytoplasmic lumen with microvilli and/or an irregular outline at one extremity which was covered by microvilli. An electron-dense 'fuzz' and casein coated the microvilli of cells exposed respectively to ruthenium red and an anticasein serum followed by peroxidase--anti-peroxidase complexes. It is concluded that lobular carcinoma shows evidence of epithelial rather than myoepithelial differentiation with the emphasis on epithelial secretory cells engaged in intensive milk protein production. All 10 tumours tested for oestrogen receptors were positive in contradistinction to ductal carcinoma with a lower incidence of positivity. It appears that, in addition to distinctive histological and histochemical features, lobular carcinoma has an almost constant endocrine pattern in respect of its oestrogen receptor content.", "contents": "Morpho-functional differentiation in lobular carcinoma of the breast. Lobular carcinoma of the breast has been studied using histochemical methods for mucosubstances; immunocytochemical methods for casein and actin; the ruthenium red electronycytochemical method for acid glycoproteins and an immunoelectroncytochemical method for casein. Mucosubstances and casein showed a similar cytoplasmic localization, but casein production was much more intense and also showed a more diffuse cytoplasmic localization. Occasionally casein assumed the form of target-like 'inclusions' as seen characteristically with the mucosubstances. The neoplastic cells were not stained by antisera against actin. Ultrastructurally, some cells showed an intracytoplasmic lumen with microvilli and/or an irregular outline at one extremity which was covered by microvilli. An electron-dense 'fuzz' and casein coated the microvilli of cells exposed respectively to ruthenium red and an anticasein serum followed by peroxidase--anti-peroxidase complexes. It is concluded that lobular carcinoma shows evidence of epithelial rather than myoepithelial differentiation with the emphasis on epithelial secretory cells engaged in intensive milk protein production. All 10 tumours tested for oestrogen receptors were positive in contradistinction to ductal carcinoma with a lower incidence of positivity. It appears that, in addition to distinctive histological and histochemical features, lobular carcinoma has an almost constant endocrine pattern in respect of its oestrogen receptor content."}
{"id": "PMID:355083", "title": "Experience in the diagnosis of glomerulonephritis using combined light microscopical, ultrastructural and immunofluorescence techniques--an analysis of 134 cases.", "content": "The contribution of electron and immunofluorescence microscopy to renal biopsy diagnosis is illustrated by the results obtained in a personal series of patients with various types of glomerulonephritis. Introductory notes on the ultrastructure of the glomerular capillary and on immunological processes are also included. Immunofluorescent staining has particular value in demonstrating IgG-containing deposits in early membranous glomerulonephritis at a stage when ordinary microscopy is inconclusive. It is capable of throwing light on the mechanism of glomerular damage in severe extracapillary proliferation and in some cases of recurrent haematuria, but is less successful in separating minimal change disease from proliferative processes. Electron microscopy reveals the precise site of immune deposits and fibrin together with basement membrane changes, the microtubular structures common in SLE, and other details. It is concluded that for the accurate diagnosis of kidney disease it is essential to supplement light microscopy by one, or preferably both these methods.", "contents": "Experience in the diagnosis of glomerulonephritis using combined light microscopical, ultrastructural and immunofluorescence techniques--an analysis of 134 cases. The contribution of electron and immunofluorescence microscopy to renal biopsy diagnosis is illustrated by the results obtained in a personal series of patients with various types of glomerulonephritis. Introductory notes on the ultrastructure of the glomerular capillary and on immunological processes are also included. Immunofluorescent staining has particular value in demonstrating IgG-containing deposits in early membranous glomerulonephritis at a stage when ordinary microscopy is inconclusive. It is capable of throwing light on the mechanism of glomerular damage in severe extracapillary proliferation and in some cases of recurrent haematuria, but is less successful in separating minimal change disease from proliferative processes. Electron microscopy reveals the precise site of immune deposits and fibrin together with basement membrane changes, the microtubular structures common in SLE, and other details. It is concluded that for the accurate diagnosis of kidney disease it is essential to supplement light microscopy by one, or preferably both these methods."}
{"id": "PMID:355086", "title": "Protein-lipid interactions and the role of water.", "content": "The rigidity of the three-dimensional structure of a native protein is dependent on the network of hydrogen-bonded groups which provide the scaffolding for the other interactions. The structure is stabilized by the hydrophobic interactions of the nonpolar side chains. The latter are formed by the very unfavorable entropy change that occurs in water but not in less-polar solvents. It is unlikely that any solvent other than water can produce the same folding of a polypeptide chain to form the active native structure. Water plays a unique role, since it alone is responsible for the heat capacity changes observed when nonpolar groups are transferred from an aqueous to a nonaqueous environment, as exists in the interior of a protein. The need to juxtapose like groups and to avoid making contact among unlike groups imposes severe restrictions on the binding of small or large molecules to proteins. Consequently there must be proper pairing of polarities as well as close fitting of ligands for strong binding to occur. This is clearly evident from the x-ray studies of proteins containing subunits or prosthetic groups. The thermodynamic parameters observed in the most complex protein reactions--i.e., self-assembly systems--resemble rather well those observed in micelle association reactions or even in the solution of nonpolar gases in water. This interaction--hydrophobic--can be looked upon as the controlling reaction which stabilized the organized structures of most cellular entities aside from nucleic acids--i.e., membranes and organelles.", "contents": "Protein-lipid interactions and the role of water. The rigidity of the three-dimensional structure of a native protein is dependent on the network of hydrogen-bonded groups which provide the scaffolding for the other interactions. The structure is stabilized by the hydrophobic interactions of the nonpolar side chains. The latter are formed by the very unfavorable entropy change that occurs in water but not in less-polar solvents. It is unlikely that any solvent other than water can produce the same folding of a polypeptide chain to form the active native structure. Water plays a unique role, since it alone is responsible for the heat capacity changes observed when nonpolar groups are transferred from an aqueous to a nonaqueous environment, as exists in the interior of a protein. The need to juxtapose like groups and to avoid making contact among unlike groups imposes severe restrictions on the binding of small or large molecules to proteins. Consequently there must be proper pairing of polarities as well as close fitting of ligands for strong binding to occur. This is clearly evident from the x-ray studies of proteins containing subunits or prosthetic groups. The thermodynamic parameters observed in the most complex protein reactions--i.e., self-assembly systems--resemble rather well those observed in micelle association reactions or even in the solution of nonpolar gases in water. This interaction--hydrophobic--can be looked upon as the controlling reaction which stabilized the organized structures of most cellular entities aside from nucleic acids--i.e., membranes and organelles."}
{"id": "PMID:355115", "title": "Use of enzyme-deficient cell lines as feeder layers.", "content": "Enzyme-deficient cell lines, lacking TK or HPRT and therefore unable to grow in HAT medium, may be used as feeder layers to enhance clonal growth of wild-type cells. Low numbers of wild-type test cells may be plated in HAT medium with 5 X 10(5) HAT-sensitive feeder cells per Petri dish. The feeder cells remain attached and metabolizing for 1 to 2 weeks, but ultimately die and detach, leaving colonies of test cells. This feeder layer technique is very simple and flexible and could have wide applicability.", "contents": "Use of enzyme-deficient cell lines as feeder layers. Enzyme-deficient cell lines, lacking TK or HPRT and therefore unable to grow in HAT medium, may be used as feeder layers to enhance clonal growth of wild-type cells. Low numbers of wild-type test cells may be plated in HAT medium with 5 X 10(5) HAT-sensitive feeder cells per Petri dish. The feeder cells remain attached and metabolizing for 1 to 2 weeks, but ultimately die and detach, leaving colonies of test cells. This feeder layer technique is very simple and flexible and could have wide applicability."}
{"id": "PMID:355116", "title": "An improved technique of preparing bone-marrow specimens for cytogenetic analysis.", "content": "Sixty-six bone-marrow specimens, derived from patients with hematological and nonhematological disorders, were processed for cytogenetic analysis. Modifications of various parameters of the standard (direct) culture procedure were investigated and the quality of the preparations determined. As a result of these experiments, an improved culture technique was developed that yielded significantly better quality chromosome preparations. This method is based on a short incubation (25-min) of the bone-marrow specimen, immediately following aspiration, in a solution containing both hypotonic KCl and colcemid and completely omits the use of tissue culture medium.", "contents": "An improved technique of preparing bone-marrow specimens for cytogenetic analysis. Sixty-six bone-marrow specimens, derived from patients with hematological and nonhematological disorders, were processed for cytogenetic analysis. Modifications of various parameters of the standard (direct) culture procedure were investigated and the quality of the preparations determined. As a result of these experiments, an improved culture technique was developed that yielded significantly better quality chromosome preparations. This method is based on a short incubation (25-min) of the bone-marrow specimen, immediately following aspiration, in a solution containing both hypotonic KCl and colcemid and completely omits the use of tissue culture medium."}
{"id": "PMID:355117", "title": "Regulation of the immune response in autoimmune NZB/NZW F1 mice. II. Age dependent release of suppressive factors from spleen cells.", "content": "Supressor cells in the spleens of overtly autoimmune NZB X NZW (B/W) mice, but not age matched normal strain mice, were shown to release a small, less than 20,000 Dalton factor which inhibited early events in the anti-SRBC PFC response and the mitogenic response. This splenic inhibitory factor (SIF) was (i) stable on heating (56 degrees, 30 min) and freezine (-70degrees); (ii) non-specific for antigen; (iii) absorbed and/or inactivated by target cells in young B/W spleen cell cultures and (iv) released gradually into the culture medium by metabolically active cells. SIF also blocked the T-cell replacing effect of allogeneic factor (TRF) in the anti-SRBC response. These observations suggest that SIF may lead to the immunodepressed state in overtly autoimmune B/W mice by preventing the activation or differentiation of lymphocytes responding to exogenous antigen.", "contents": "Regulation of the immune response in autoimmune NZB/NZW F1 mice. II. Age dependent release of suppressive factors from spleen cells. Supressor cells in the spleens of overtly autoimmune NZB X NZW (B/W) mice, but not age matched normal strain mice, were shown to release a small, less than 20,000 Dalton factor which inhibited early events in the anti-SRBC PFC response and the mitogenic response. This splenic inhibitory factor (SIF) was (i) stable on heating (56 degrees, 30 min) and freezine (-70degrees); (ii) non-specific for antigen; (iii) absorbed and/or inactivated by target cells in young B/W spleen cell cultures and (iv) released gradually into the culture medium by metabolically active cells. SIF also blocked the T-cell replacing effect of allogeneic factor (TRF) in the anti-SRBC response. These observations suggest that SIF may lead to the immunodepressed state in overtly autoimmune B/W mice by preventing the activation or differentiation of lymphocytes responding to exogenous antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:355118", "title": "Immunological studies of human placentae: identification and distribution of proteins in immature chorionic villi.", "content": "Cryostat sections of normal human first-trimester placentae have been studied by indirect immunofluorescence to localize numerous protein antigens to well-defined anatomical regions. Transferrin was identified in the apical aspect of all trophoblasts. Fibrinogen/fibrin was also clearly demonstrated in speckled pattern in this location and similar reactions were also observed for alpha-2-macroglobulin, IgG and C3. Plasminogen was identifiable in trophoblasts, and beta-2-microglobulin was uniformly absent from these cells. Collagen and fibrinogen/fibrin were demonstrated on trophoblastic basement membrane, whereas IgG and C3 were only very rarely identified at this site. Few antisera gave strong staining of first-trimester villous stroma, although collagen was shown to contribute much of the stromal matrix. Fibrinogen/fibrin, plasminogen, alpha-2-macroglobulin, C4, C3, C1q, IgG and caeruloplasmin gave positive reactions in fibrin and fibrinoid areas, and phytohaemagglutinin was demonstrated to bind strongly to these areas as well as to trophoblastic basement membrane.", "contents": "Immunological studies of human placentae: identification and distribution of proteins in immature chorionic villi. Cryostat sections of normal human first-trimester placentae have been studied by indirect immunofluorescence to localize numerous protein antigens to well-defined anatomical regions. Transferrin was identified in the apical aspect of all trophoblasts. Fibrinogen/fibrin was also clearly demonstrated in speckled pattern in this location and similar reactions were also observed for alpha-2-macroglobulin, IgG and C3. Plasminogen was identifiable in trophoblasts, and beta-2-microglobulin was uniformly absent from these cells. Collagen and fibrinogen/fibrin were demonstrated on trophoblastic basement membrane, whereas IgG and C3 were only very rarely identified at this site. Few antisera gave strong staining of first-trimester villous stroma, although collagen was shown to contribute much of the stromal matrix. Fibrinogen/fibrin, plasminogen, alpha-2-macroglobulin, C4, C3, C1q, IgG and caeruloplasmin gave positive reactions in fibrin and fibrinoid areas, and phytohaemagglutinin was demonstrated to bind strongly to these areas as well as to trophoblastic basement membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:355119", "title": "The immune response in NZB mice of different ages to thymus-dependent and thymus-independent phosphorylcholine antigens.", "content": "This study was designed to examine aberrations of immune responses in autoimmune NZB strain mice during ageing, at the level of individual B cell clones. The response to phosphorylcholine (PC) was chosen because murine responses to PC are restricted to a few B cell clones and can be characterized with idiotypic markers. Responses to both thymus-dependent (TD) and thymus-independently (TI) PC-containing antigens were measured in mice ranging from 1 to 62 weeks of age. We found that: (1) TD responses to phosphorylcholine keyhole limpet haemocyanin (PC-KLH) decreased markedly (about 17-fold) between 28 and 62 weeks of age. TI responses to the R36a strain pneumococcus decreased only slightly during the same period. (2) The PFC responses to both antigens became markedly prolonged in mice older than 24 weeks. (3) The NZB response to either antigen is essentially monoclonal, as measured by inhibition of PFC with specific anti-idiotype serum and PC hapten. No age-related alteration in avidity or idiotype expression was observed. Our results demonstrate that no aberrant PC-reactive B cell clones appear in old NZB, and lend support to the notion that the abnormalities observed are due to defective regulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "The immune response in NZB mice of different ages to thymus-dependent and thymus-independent phosphorylcholine antigens. This study was designed to examine aberrations of immune responses in autoimmune NZB strain mice during ageing, at the level of individual B cell clones. The response to phosphorylcholine (PC) was chosen because murine responses to PC are restricted to a few B cell clones and can be characterized with idiotypic markers. Responses to both thymus-dependent (TD) and thymus-independently (TI) PC-containing antigens were measured in mice ranging from 1 to 62 weeks of age. We found that: (1) TD responses to phosphorylcholine keyhole limpet haemocyanin (PC-KLH) decreased markedly (about 17-fold) between 28 and 62 weeks of age. TI responses to the R36a strain pneumococcus decreased only slightly during the same period. (2) The PFC responses to both antigens became markedly prolonged in mice older than 24 weeks. (3) The NZB response to either antigen is essentially monoclonal, as measured by inhibition of PFC with specific anti-idiotype serum and PC hapten. No age-related alteration in avidity or idiotype expression was observed. Our results demonstrate that no aberrant PC-reactive B cell clones appear in old NZB, and lend support to the notion that the abnormalities observed are due to defective regulatory mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:355120", "title": "A simplified method for the in vitro induction of IgG antibody in collagen coated dishes.", "content": "Culture dishes precoated with thin layers of acid soluble rat tail collagen simplify conditions necessary to obtain in vitro high IgG anti-DNP responses from primed and boosted mice. In contrast to Mishell-Dutton type cultures the use of collagen precludes the need to continually rock cultures and to add nutrients. Reduction of the cell density in collagen dishes to 10(6) cells/ml is without detriment to the antibody response. Cells adhering to collagen coated dishes after 24 h incubation provide an enriched population of IgG anti-DNP precursor cells; which will mature to antibody secretion at very low cell density (10(4) -10(5) cells/ml). However, as changes in the adhesive properties of cells to collagen occur during cell maturation, attempts to adapt the technique to obtain clones of antibody secreting cells were not wholly successful.", "contents": "A simplified method for the in vitro induction of IgG antibody in collagen coated dishes. Culture dishes precoated with thin layers of acid soluble rat tail collagen simplify conditions necessary to obtain in vitro high IgG anti-DNP responses from primed and boosted mice. In contrast to Mishell-Dutton type cultures the use of collagen precludes the need to continually rock cultures and to add nutrients. Reduction of the cell density in collagen dishes to 10(6) cells/ml is without detriment to the antibody response. Cells adhering to collagen coated dishes after 24 h incubation provide an enriched population of IgG anti-DNP precursor cells; which will mature to antibody secretion at very low cell density (10(4) -10(5) cells/ml). However, as changes in the adhesive properties of cells to collagen occur during cell maturation, attempts to adapt the technique to obtain clones of antibody secreting cells were not wholly successful."}
{"id": "PMID:355121", "title": "Cell-mediated immunological responsiveness in mice decomplemented with cobra venom factor.", "content": "In vivo administration of cobra factor (CoF) the C3-activating protein of cobra venom, had no suppressive effect on the in vitro response of lymphocytes to PHA, LPS or allogeneic cells; nor did it affect the generation of cells cytotoxic to allogeneic target cells. HVG reactivity was inhibited by commercially available but not purified CoF, and the latter also failed to prolong skin allograft survival. It is concluded that in vivo complement depletion does not interfere with T cell responses, and that previous reports of prolonged survival of skin allografts and inhibition of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions following treatment with CoF may have been due to impurities in the preparations used.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunological responsiveness in mice decomplemented with cobra venom factor. In vivo administration of cobra factor (CoF) the C3-activating protein of cobra venom, had no suppressive effect on the in vitro response of lymphocytes to PHA, LPS or allogeneic cells; nor did it affect the generation of cells cytotoxic to allogeneic target cells. HVG reactivity was inhibited by commercially available but not purified CoF, and the latter also failed to prolong skin allograft survival. It is concluded that in vivo complement depletion does not interfere with T cell responses, and that previous reports of prolonged survival of skin allografts and inhibition of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions following treatment with CoF may have been due to impurities in the preparations used."}
{"id": "PMID:355122", "title": "The induction of salivary antibodies by topical sensitization with particulate and soluble bacterial immunogens.", "content": "This investigation attempted to characterize systematically the secretory and serum immune responses following oral administration of soluble and particulate bacterial immunogens. Following oral sensitization of axenic mice with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, Candidin, or streptococcal group H antigen, a substantially longer latent period was observed before all salivary samples exhibited specific agglutinins when compared to a similar immunization regimen with intact nonviable micro-organisms. Also, the peak titres of salivary agglutinins were significantly lower when the soluble antigenic counterparts of particulate E. coli or Candida albicans were utilized as immunogens. Examination of serum antibodies showed that following administration of E. coli LPS, similar titres of exocrine and serum agglutinins were noted. The serum titres were significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than those elicited by oral immunization with particulate E. coli. After termination of the topical immunization regimen, salivary agglutinins were found to decline rapidly whether immunization was via soluble or particulate antigens; however, immunization with particulate bacterial antigens appeared capable of stimulating and maintaining a higher rate of local antibody secretion than similar sensitization with soluble immunogen preparations.", "contents": "The induction of salivary antibodies by topical sensitization with particulate and soluble bacterial immunogens. This investigation attempted to characterize systematically the secretory and serum immune responses following oral administration of soluble and particulate bacterial immunogens. Following oral sensitization of axenic mice with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, Candidin, or streptococcal group H antigen, a substantially longer latent period was observed before all salivary samples exhibited specific agglutinins when compared to a similar immunization regimen with intact nonviable micro-organisms. Also, the peak titres of salivary agglutinins were significantly lower when the soluble antigenic counterparts of particulate E. coli or Candida albicans were utilized as immunogens. Examination of serum antibodies showed that following administration of E. coli LPS, similar titres of exocrine and serum agglutinins were noted. The serum titres were significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than those elicited by oral immunization with particulate E. coli. After termination of the topical immunization regimen, salivary agglutinins were found to decline rapidly whether immunization was via soluble or particulate antigens; however, immunization with particulate bacterial antigens appeared capable of stimulating and maintaining a higher rate of local antibody secretion than similar sensitization with soluble immunogen preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:355123", "title": "Antibody induced elimination of the plasmid controlled K88 adhesion factor from a porcine enteropathogen.", "content": "The heat labile K88 antigen which is a product of an episomal gene, was eliminated from a pocrine enteropathogen by passage through media containing sow colostrum antibodies raised against heart stable antigens of E. coli. In consequence the porcine enteropathogen lost its ability to adhere to and aggluinate chicken erythrocytes, and model system for piglet intestinal adhesion and virulence.", "contents": "Antibody induced elimination of the plasmid controlled K88 adhesion factor from a porcine enteropathogen. The heat labile K88 antigen which is a product of an episomal gene, was eliminated from a pocrine enteropathogen by passage through media containing sow colostrum antibodies raised against heart stable antigens of E. coli. In consequence the porcine enteropathogen lost its ability to adhere to and aggluinate chicken erythrocytes, and model system for piglet intestinal adhesion and virulence."}
{"id": "PMID:355124", "title": "Casein-induced experimental amyloidosis. IX. Alterations in marrow dependent function.", "content": "CBA/J mice receiving multiple injections of sodium caseinate (CAS) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) were assayed for marrow dependent functions by measuring their ability (i) to reject bone marrow allografts and (ii) to resist Friend virus (FV)-induced suppression of lymphocyte mitogenesis. Mice that developed amyloidosis following 25-30 injections completely lost the ability to reject allogeneic marrow cells, whereas nonamyloid BSA-treated mice had enhanced rejection of marrow allografts. There was increased resistance to the suppressive effects of FV in spleen cells from 'preamyloid' mice receiving CAS injections and nonamyloid mice receiving 10-40 BSA injections. Amyloid mice appeared to be as susceptible to the effects of FV-induced suppression as control (untreated) animals. These data indicate that alterations in marrow dependent function may be related to the pathogenesis of amyloid disease.", "contents": "Casein-induced experimental amyloidosis. IX. Alterations in marrow dependent function. CBA/J mice receiving multiple injections of sodium caseinate (CAS) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) were assayed for marrow dependent functions by measuring their ability (i) to reject bone marrow allografts and (ii) to resist Friend virus (FV)-induced suppression of lymphocyte mitogenesis. Mice that developed amyloidosis following 25-30 injections completely lost the ability to reject allogeneic marrow cells, whereas nonamyloid BSA-treated mice had enhanced rejection of marrow allografts. There was increased resistance to the suppressive effects of FV in spleen cells from 'preamyloid' mice receiving CAS injections and nonamyloid mice receiving 10-40 BSA injections. Amyloid mice appeared to be as susceptible to the effects of FV-induced suppression as control (untreated) animals. These data indicate that alterations in marrow dependent function may be related to the pathogenesis of amyloid disease."}
{"id": "PMID:355125", "title": "Direct blockade of antigen-reactive B lymphocytes by immune complexes. An 'off' signal for precursors of IgM-producing cells provided by the linkage of antigen-and Fc-receptors.", "content": "Antigen-antibody complexes efficiently inhibit the induction of antibody formation. Using Mishell-Dutton cultures, it can be demonstrated that neither T cells nor their products are required for this inhibition of IgM PFC formation. The blockade is at the level of B cells and cannot be overcome by LPS or TRF. The data demonstrate that cross-linking of antigen- and Fc-receptors by antigen-antibody complexes is a blocking signal for B cells.", "contents": "Direct blockade of antigen-reactive B lymphocytes by immune complexes. An 'off' signal for precursors of IgM-producing cells provided by the linkage of antigen-and Fc-receptors. Antigen-antibody complexes efficiently inhibit the induction of antibody formation. Using Mishell-Dutton cultures, it can be demonstrated that neither T cells nor their products are required for this inhibition of IgM PFC formation. The blockade is at the level of B cells and cannot be overcome by LPS or TRF. The data demonstrate that cross-linking of antigen- and Fc-receptors by antigen-antibody complexes is a blocking signal for B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:355126", "title": "IgE in experimental schistosomiasis. II. Quantitative determination of specific IgE antibodies against S. mansoni: a follow-up study of two strains of infected rats. Correlation with protective immunity.", "content": "Parasite specific IgE antibodies in rats infected with Schistosoma manoni were measured by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions and by the technique of immuno-adsorption. Two strains, one a low IgE producer (Fischer rats) and the other a high IgE producer (Hooded-Lister rats) were studied. In Fischer rats, a time course study of the occurrence of IgE antibodies and resistance to reinfection was made. Parasite specific IgE levels measured by immuno-adsorpiton were much lower than total IgE levels and a similar percentage of specific IgE (about 8%) was in the two strains.IgE antibodies were maximum at day 30 and day 60 after infection; however, a third peak at day 90 was observed only in Fischer rats. Some discrepancies between results obtained by PCA and immunosorbent techniques have been observed, which could be explained by differences in the affinity of IgE antibodies during infection or by the presence of total IgE in the PCA assay. There was a close parallelism between specific IgE antibodies levels and the course of immunity in Fischer rats. This parallelism supports the view that IgE could play a pre-eminent role in protective immunity in rat schistosomiasis.", "contents": "IgE in experimental schistosomiasis. II. Quantitative determination of specific IgE antibodies against S. mansoni: a follow-up study of two strains of infected rats. Correlation with protective immunity. Parasite specific IgE antibodies in rats infected with Schistosoma manoni were measured by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions and by the technique of immuno-adsorption. Two strains, one a low IgE producer (Fischer rats) and the other a high IgE producer (Hooded-Lister rats) were studied. In Fischer rats, a time course study of the occurrence of IgE antibodies and resistance to reinfection was made. Parasite specific IgE levels measured by immuno-adsorpiton were much lower than total IgE levels and a similar percentage of specific IgE (about 8%) was in the two strains.IgE antibodies were maximum at day 30 and day 60 after infection; however, a third peak at day 90 was observed only in Fischer rats. Some discrepancies between results obtained by PCA and immunosorbent techniques have been observed, which could be explained by differences in the affinity of IgE antibodies during infection or by the presence of total IgE in the PCA assay. There was a close parallelism between specific IgE antibodies levels and the course of immunity in Fischer rats. This parallelism supports the view that IgE could play a pre-eminent role in protective immunity in rat schistosomiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:355144", "title": "Serotyping in epidemiological tracing of nosocomially acquired Proteus mirabilis in a geriatric ward.", "content": "Samples taken from patients, staff, and hospital milieu at intervals of two weeks for 41 weeks were analysed for nosocomial spread of Proteus mirabilis. Eighty-eight per cent of 3,519 colonies were serotyped into 21 0 groups. By O grouping and H typing, nosocomial spread of P. mirabilis could be demonstrated in several cases between patients in the same room. No spread between rooms was found. The acquisition of P. mirabilis between patients probably occurred as the result of cross-infection due to inadequate nursing technique.", "contents": "Serotyping in epidemiological tracing of nosocomially acquired Proteus mirabilis in a geriatric ward. Samples taken from patients, staff, and hospital milieu at intervals of two weeks for 41 weeks were analysed for nosocomial spread of Proteus mirabilis. Eighty-eight per cent of 3,519 colonies were serotyped into 21 0 groups. By O grouping and H typing, nosocomial spread of P. mirabilis could be demonstrated in several cases between patients in the same room. No spread between rooms was found. The acquisition of P. mirabilis between patients probably occurred as the result of cross-infection due to inadequate nursing technique."}
{"id": "PMID:355145", "title": "Enterotoxin-producing bacteria stools from Swedish United Nations soldiers in Cyprus.", "content": "A study was designed to establish the role of heat-labile enterotoxin producing Escherichia coli and other intestinal pathogens in diarrhoeal disease in Swedish soldiers of the United Nations' Force in Cyprus. Before leaving Sweden for Cyprus, no enteropathogens were isolated from the soldiers. The study was performed from October 1975 through January 1976 and in August 1976. Enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the intestinal pathogens most frequently isolated from the cases of diarrhoea. Such strains were found in 14 of 79 diarrhoeal cases (18%) but also in 6 of 66 (9%) of next-bed-fellow controls and in 7 of 139 (5%) of healthy Cypriotic civilians. Few other pathogens were identified in the soldiers, but 9 of 139 (6%) of the Cypriots were carriers of cysts of Giardia lamblia. The results indicate that enterotoxigenic bacteria were probably the most important cause of diarrhoea of those agents identified among the Swedish UN soldiers on Cyprus. Several soldiers were colonized with these strains without contracting diarrhoea.", "contents": "Enterotoxin-producing bacteria stools from Swedish United Nations soldiers in Cyprus. A study was designed to establish the role of heat-labile enterotoxin producing Escherichia coli and other intestinal pathogens in diarrhoeal disease in Swedish soldiers of the United Nations' Force in Cyprus. Before leaving Sweden for Cyprus, no enteropathogens were isolated from the soldiers. The study was performed from October 1975 through January 1976 and in August 1976. Enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the intestinal pathogens most frequently isolated from the cases of diarrhoea. Such strains were found in 14 of 79 diarrhoeal cases (18%) but also in 6 of 66 (9%) of next-bed-fellow controls and in 7 of 139 (5%) of healthy Cypriotic civilians. Few other pathogens were identified in the soldiers, but 9 of 139 (6%) of the Cypriots were carriers of cysts of Giardia lamblia. The results indicate that enterotoxigenic bacteria were probably the most important cause of diarrhoea of those agents identified among the Swedish UN soldiers on Cyprus. Several soldiers were colonized with these strains without contracting diarrhoea."}
{"id": "PMID:355146", "title": "Indications, interpretation and applications of antibiotic assays.", "content": "Routine monitoring of serum levels is imperative when antibiotics are given to patients with impairment of renal function. Other desirable indications include: need for assessment of adequate aminoglycoside levels in the initial management of severe infection; chloramphenicol therapy; need for control of bioavailability of new drugs or of new derivatives of known compounds; specific clinical situations (unexplained therapeutic failure, assessment of the oral use of antibiotics as an adequate therapy in patient with severe infections; appraisal of the innocuity of topical antibiotics in burned patients or in patients with liver or renal insufficiency). The serum antibacterial test is highly recommended for assessing the adequency of antibiotic therapy in patients with bacterial endocarditis and in infected patients with impaired host resistance such as those with leukopenia. Control of initial treatment in any severe infection, osteomyelitis (particularly when combined antibiotics are used) and tuberculosis are other indications of this test. Any attempt to correlate the results yielded by antibiotic assays with in-vivo effectiveness must take into account the patient himself and the several unknown factors which, in each individual case, can affect the ultimate result of the antibiotic therapy, such as antibiotic delivery to tissues, drug binding to cellular debris, intracellular penetration of the antibiotic, etc.", "contents": "Indications, interpretation and applications of antibiotic assays. Routine monitoring of serum levels is imperative when antibiotics are given to patients with impairment of renal function. Other desirable indications include: need for assessment of adequate aminoglycoside levels in the initial management of severe infection; chloramphenicol therapy; need for control of bioavailability of new drugs or of new derivatives of known compounds; specific clinical situations (unexplained therapeutic failure, assessment of the oral use of antibiotics as an adequate therapy in patient with severe infections; appraisal of the innocuity of topical antibiotics in burned patients or in patients with liver or renal insufficiency). The serum antibacterial test is highly recommended for assessing the adequency of antibiotic therapy in patients with bacterial endocarditis and in infected patients with impaired host resistance such as those with leukopenia. Control of initial treatment in any severe infection, osteomyelitis (particularly when combined antibiotics are used) and tuberculosis are other indications of this test. Any attempt to correlate the results yielded by antibiotic assays with in-vivo effectiveness must take into account the patient himself and the several unknown factors which, in each individual case, can affect the ultimate result of the antibiotic therapy, such as antibiotic delivery to tissues, drug binding to cellular debris, intracellular penetration of the antibiotic, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:355148", "title": "Perspective and trends for biomaterials.", "content": "Biomaterials may be synthetic or of natural origin used in contact with living tissue and biological fluids for prosthetic, diagnostic, therapeutic, and storage applications. The opposing phenomena of clotting and fibrinolysis under physiological conditions significantly influence the biocompatibility of materials. Although smooth-surfaced biomaterials adsorb proteins when in contact with blood, subsequent enzymatic and hemorheological events alter these proteins, thus influencing their biological performance. In contrast to synthetic materials, the healthy, living endothelium exhibits active secretory functions in the maintenance of blood compatibility. The increasingly wide use of biomaterials besides cardiovascular surgery justifies a broad-based approach because too narrow objectives often bypass significant opportunities that are realistic in terms of technological advancement and societal needs.", "contents": "Perspective and trends for biomaterials. Biomaterials may be synthetic or of natural origin used in contact with living tissue and biological fluids for prosthetic, diagnostic, therapeutic, and storage applications. The opposing phenomena of clotting and fibrinolysis under physiological conditions significantly influence the biocompatibility of materials. Although smooth-surfaced biomaterials adsorb proteins when in contact with blood, subsequent enzymatic and hemorheological events alter these proteins, thus influencing their biological performance. In contrast to synthetic materials, the healthy, living endothelium exhibits active secretory functions in the maintenance of blood compatibility. The increasingly wide use of biomaterials besides cardiovascular surgery justifies a broad-based approach because too narrow objectives often bypass significant opportunities that are realistic in terms of technological advancement and societal needs."}
{"id": "PMID:355149", "title": "Autonomic function in hemodialyzed patients.", "content": "The authors have studied the autonomic function in a group of 34 regular hemodialyzed patients and in a group of 24 normal volunteers with simple, non-invasive and repeteable techniques. To evaluate autonomic function Valsalva manoeuvre, cold pressor test, mental stress test, tilt test, diving reflex test, systolic-time intervals and plasma catecholamines levels were used in all subjects. Uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis were studied the day after hemodialysis. The response to cold pressor test, mental stress test, tilt test and plasma catecholamines levels resulted normal in all uremic patients, even if 17 out of 34 patients showed an abnormal response to the Valsalva manoeuvre (Valsalva ratio lesser than 1.40). In these patients an alteration of diving reflex and/or a pathological systolic-time interval was found. The authors suggest that sympathetic function is normal in regular hemodialyzed patients and that the abnormal response to the Valsalva manoeuvre is probably due to a defect in the vagal control of the heart and/or an alteration of cardiac performance.", "contents": "Autonomic function in hemodialyzed patients. The authors have studied the autonomic function in a group of 34 regular hemodialyzed patients and in a group of 24 normal volunteers with simple, non-invasive and repeteable techniques. To evaluate autonomic function Valsalva manoeuvre, cold pressor test, mental stress test, tilt test, diving reflex test, systolic-time intervals and plasma catecholamines levels were used in all subjects. Uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis were studied the day after hemodialysis. The response to cold pressor test, mental stress test, tilt test and plasma catecholamines levels resulted normal in all uremic patients, even if 17 out of 34 patients showed an abnormal response to the Valsalva manoeuvre (Valsalva ratio lesser than 1.40). In these patients an alteration of diving reflex and/or a pathological systolic-time interval was found. The authors suggest that sympathetic function is normal in regular hemodialyzed patients and that the abnormal response to the Valsalva manoeuvre is probably due to a defect in the vagal control of the heart and/or an alteration of cardiac performance."}
{"id": "PMID:355150", "title": "Ex-vivo removal of mammalian immunoglobulin G: method and immunological alterations.", "content": "We have described a clinically feasible method capable of rapidly and repeatedly removing mammalian IgG extracorporeally by adsorption onto heat-killed, formalin-stabilized Staphylococcus aureus Cowan-I. In dogs, 2-13 grams of IgG were removed in 60-70 minutes, lowering the serum concentration of IgG by 30-70 percent. Serum IgG levels returned to pre-run values within 48-72 hours and, in some cases, were higher than pre-run levels at 48-72 hours. Serum biochemical alterations were generally transient and relatively modest. Peripheral lymphocyte counts showed minimal changes but the percentage of erythrocyte rosette forming cells appeared to increase with successive runs. This method is safe and efficient, and can be repetitively performed at short intervals in dogs. This method may prove useful in diseases in which rapid removal of circulating IgG is desired.", "contents": "Ex-vivo removal of mammalian immunoglobulin G: method and immunological alterations. We have described a clinically feasible method capable of rapidly and repeatedly removing mammalian IgG extracorporeally by adsorption onto heat-killed, formalin-stabilized Staphylococcus aureus Cowan-I. In dogs, 2-13 grams of IgG were removed in 60-70 minutes, lowering the serum concentration of IgG by 30-70 percent. Serum IgG levels returned to pre-run values within 48-72 hours and, in some cases, were higher than pre-run levels at 48-72 hours. Serum biochemical alterations were generally transient and relatively modest. Peripheral lymphocyte counts showed minimal changes but the percentage of erythrocyte rosette forming cells appeared to increase with successive runs. This method is safe and efficient, and can be repetitively performed at short intervals in dogs. This method may prove useful in diseases in which rapid removal of circulating IgG is desired."}
{"id": "PMID:355152", "title": "Chromosome 14 translocations in non-Burkitt lymphomas.", "content": "Chromosome studies were performed on malignant cells obtained from 27 patients with non-Burkitt lymphomas. A marker chromosome affecting the long arm of No. 14 (14q+) was the single most frequent abnormality and was noted in 17 of these patients. The frequency of the 14q+ marker varied with the type of lymphoma. For patients with malignant lymphoma, histiocytic, the frequency was 5 of 8; for mixed-cell type, 1 of 3; for poorly differentiated lymphocytic, 8 of 8; for well-differentiated lymphocytic, 0 of 3; for lymphoblastic, 0 of 1; for Hodgkin's disease, 2 of 3; and for mycosis fungoides, 1 of 1. The donor chromosome involved in the 14q translocation was identified in 12 cases; certain chromosomes appeared to be affected more frequently than others. Although the break point was band 14q32 in most cases, the exact location of the receptor site on 14q was not always consistent. The distal part of 14q24 was also involved as a receptor site in at least one translocation. These findings suggest that, in some types of lymphoid malignancy, cells with a 14q translocation have a proliferative advantage over cells with other chromosome rearrangments. The presence of the 14q translocation may be important in the future for the distinction among morphologically different, but functionally comparable, subgroups of lymphoid malignancies.", "contents": "Chromosome 14 translocations in non-Burkitt lymphomas. Chromosome studies were performed on malignant cells obtained from 27 patients with non-Burkitt lymphomas. A marker chromosome affecting the long arm of No. 14 (14q+) was the single most frequent abnormality and was noted in 17 of these patients. The frequency of the 14q+ marker varied with the type of lymphoma. For patients with malignant lymphoma, histiocytic, the frequency was 5 of 8; for mixed-cell type, 1 of 3; for poorly differentiated lymphocytic, 8 of 8; for well-differentiated lymphocytic, 0 of 3; for lymphoblastic, 0 of 1; for Hodgkin's disease, 2 of 3; and for mycosis fungoides, 1 of 1. The donor chromosome involved in the 14q translocation was identified in 12 cases; certain chromosomes appeared to be affected more frequently than others. Although the break point was band 14q32 in most cases, the exact location of the receptor site on 14q was not always consistent. The distal part of 14q24 was also involved as a receptor site in at least one translocation. These findings suggest that, in some types of lymphoid malignancy, cells with a 14q translocation have a proliferative advantage over cells with other chromosome rearrangments. The presence of the 14q translocation may be important in the future for the distinction among morphologically different, but functionally comparable, subgroups of lymphoid malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:355153", "title": "The U.S. health insurance industry: an alternative view.", "content": "The health insurance industry in the U.S. can be characterized as a concentrated industry. It has evolved into its current structure as a result of certain historical conditions, particularly those following the Great Depression. The structure of the industry has had an effect on the manner in which the industry functions and the cost increases in the health care sector. Specifically, the pricing mechanism is that of a price leader setting a limit price; health premium prices are higher than would be expected under a competitive structure. Regulation has been ineffective, because it has been dominated historically by health care providers and insurers. The costs of health care in general, and hospital care in particular, have increased beyond what would be expected as a result of \"cost-pass-through.\"", "contents": "The U.S. health insurance industry: an alternative view. The health insurance industry in the U.S. can be characterized as a concentrated industry. It has evolved into its current structure as a result of certain historical conditions, particularly those following the Great Depression. The structure of the industry has had an effect on the manner in which the industry functions and the cost increases in the health care sector. Specifically, the pricing mechanism is that of a price leader setting a limit price; health premium prices are higher than would be expected under a competitive structure. Regulation has been ineffective, because it has been dominated historically by health care providers and insurers. The costs of health care in general, and hospital care in particular, have increased beyond what would be expected as a result of \"cost-pass-through.\""}
{"id": "PMID:355154", "title": "Study of a growth factor for Mycobacterium lepraemurium. I. Minimal medium.", "content": "A growth promoting factor is contained in the petroleum ether or acetone extracted residue of lyophilized dry egg yolk. Egg white, horse serum, soybean powder, bovine serum albumin, egg albumin and milk were used in M. lepraemurium culture attempts as protein sources instead of yolk lipoprotein. None of these substances promoted the growth of M. lepraemurium. One percent egg white medium was prepared from the mixture of one part 1% Ogawa basal medium to two parts egg white, adjusted to pH 6.1. This medium does not permit the growth of M. lepraemurium but permits bacillary survival for two months. This medium is most suitable as a minimal medium to investigate growth factors of M. lepraemurium. Utilizing the minimal medium, the following substances were tested for growth promoting activity: lecithin, cholesterol, petroleum ether extracted fraction of yolk, butanol extracted fraction of yolk, retinol, hemin, yeast extract, broth, farnesol and dolichol fraction of chicken liver. None of these supported growth of M. lepraemurium. The following neutralizing agents of free radicals were tried in the minimal medium: triethylenediamine, beta-carotin, potassium iodide, potassium bromide, 2-aminoethylisothio-uranium-bromide, 2-aminoethyl-isothio-uranium-bromide-hydrobromide and cysteamine. None of these supported growth of M. lepraemurium.", "contents": "Study of a growth factor for Mycobacterium lepraemurium. I. Minimal medium. A growth promoting factor is contained in the petroleum ether or acetone extracted residue of lyophilized dry egg yolk. Egg white, horse serum, soybean powder, bovine serum albumin, egg albumin and milk were used in M. lepraemurium culture attempts as protein sources instead of yolk lipoprotein. None of these substances promoted the growth of M. lepraemurium. One percent egg white medium was prepared from the mixture of one part 1% Ogawa basal medium to two parts egg white, adjusted to pH 6.1. This medium does not permit the growth of M. lepraemurium but permits bacillary survival for two months. This medium is most suitable as a minimal medium to investigate growth factors of M. lepraemurium. Utilizing the minimal medium, the following substances were tested for growth promoting activity: lecithin, cholesterol, petroleum ether extracted fraction of yolk, butanol extracted fraction of yolk, retinol, hemin, yeast extract, broth, farnesol and dolichol fraction of chicken liver. None of these supported growth of M. lepraemurium. The following neutralizing agents of free radicals were tried in the minimal medium: triethylenediamine, beta-carotin, potassium iodide, potassium bromide, 2-aminoethylisothio-uranium-bromide, 2-aminoethyl-isothio-uranium-bromide-hydrobromide and cysteamine. None of these supported growth of M. lepraemurium."}
{"id": "PMID:355156", "title": "Stability of individual antimycobacterial precipitation patterns during treatment for lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "Sixty serum specimens obtained from 16 lepromatous patients at intervals during the first year of DDS treatment were studied in crossed immunoelectrophoresis against an M. leprae sonicate for possible variations of specificities and titers of antimycobacterial antibodies. All sera tested showed antibody activity against M. leprae, the number of precipitation lines produced varying between two and seven. In individual patients the numbers and positions of the precipitation lines remained remarkably constant throughout the period of study.", "contents": "Stability of individual antimycobacterial precipitation patterns during treatment for lepromatous leprosy. Sixty serum specimens obtained from 16 lepromatous patients at intervals during the first year of DDS treatment were studied in crossed immunoelectrophoresis against an M. leprae sonicate for possible variations of specificities and titers of antimycobacterial antibodies. All sera tested showed antibody activity against M. leprae, the number of precipitation lines produced varying between two and seven. In individual patients the numbers and positions of the precipitation lines remained remarkably constant throughout the period of study."}
{"id": "PMID:355157", "title": "Use of pyridine for differentiating Mycobacterium leprae from other mycobacteria in direct microscopy.", "content": "The loss of acid-fastness by M. leprae after two-hour pyridine extractions, reportedly a specific test for differentiating M. leprae from all other mycobacteria, was verified on different materials obtained from leprosy patients, histologic sections from a fatal post-BCG vaccination case and smears prepared from pure cultures of 32 strains of 18 different mycobacterial species. Under the conditions used, pyridine extraction led to complete loss of acid-fastness in M. leprae only in histologic sections of biopsy specimens from leprosy patients, whereas in direct smears from skin lesions containing M. leprae the number of acid-fast rods after pyridine extraction was either equal to or only slightly smaller than in control preparations. Moreover, since smears from pure cultures of M. avium, M. diernhoferi, M. fortuitum, M. scrofulaceum, M. vaccae and especially M. phlei displayed a smaller or greater number of nonacid-fast cells as well (in some instances only 10% to 20% of cells were found stained whereas control slides contained 90% to 100% acid-fast rods), loss of acid-fastness after two-hour pyridine extraction cannot be considered a property typical of M. leprae only.", "contents": "Use of pyridine for differentiating Mycobacterium leprae from other mycobacteria in direct microscopy. The loss of acid-fastness by M. leprae after two-hour pyridine extractions, reportedly a specific test for differentiating M. leprae from all other mycobacteria, was verified on different materials obtained from leprosy patients, histologic sections from a fatal post-BCG vaccination case and smears prepared from pure cultures of 32 strains of 18 different mycobacterial species. Under the conditions used, pyridine extraction led to complete loss of acid-fastness in M. leprae only in histologic sections of biopsy specimens from leprosy patients, whereas in direct smears from skin lesions containing M. leprae the number of acid-fast rods after pyridine extraction was either equal to or only slightly smaller than in control preparations. Moreover, since smears from pure cultures of M. avium, M. diernhoferi, M. fortuitum, M. scrofulaceum, M. vaccae and especially M. phlei displayed a smaller or greater number of nonacid-fast cells as well (in some instances only 10% to 20% of cells were found stained whereas control slides contained 90% to 100% acid-fast rods), loss of acid-fastness after two-hour pyridine extraction cannot be considered a property typical of M. leprae only."}
{"id": "PMID:355158", "title": "Electron microscopic observations of cell division in Mycobacterium leprae by means of serial ultrathin sectioning.", "content": "The division of Mycobacterium leprae in human skin was studied in the ultrathin sections at the electron microscopic level. A few dividing bacilli were observed. The division seemed to be accomplished by inward extension ob both the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane into the cytoplasm of the bacillary cell to form a septum. The intracellular membranous organelle (mesosome) is assumed to play a role in division.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations of cell division in Mycobacterium leprae by means of serial ultrathin sectioning. The division of Mycobacterium leprae in human skin was studied in the ultrathin sections at the electron microscopic level. A few dividing bacilli were observed. The division seemed to be accomplished by inward extension ob both the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane into the cytoplasm of the bacillary cell to form a septum. The intracellular membranous organelle (mesosome) is assumed to play a role in division."}
{"id": "PMID:355155", "title": "Cholesterol, a factor which is required for growth of mycobacteria from leprous tissues.", "content": "In a yeast extract, glycerol and sheep serum containing medium, slow but abundant growth of mycobacteria occurred when media were inoculated with M. leprae isolated from leprous tissues of armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus Linn.). The lipid fraction of the serum was the essential factor for growth. Cholesterol not only replaced, but surpassed the growth promoting effect of the lipid fraction. However, growth of mycobacteria was observed only when media were enriched with serum. The relationship of the obtained strains of mycobacteria to leprosy is not yet clear. The following cholesterol medium, stabilized with lecithin, is proposed for primary cultivation of mycobacteria from leprous tissues: KH2PO4-8.2 gm, Na2HPO4-0.5 gm, yeast extract (Difco)-4 gm, and glycerol 30 gm, dissolved to make one liter basal medium in distilled water. Cholesterol (200 mg) dissolved in 4 ml warm acetone is injected with a syringe into the basal medium. The solution is autoclaved for ten minutes to evaporate the acetone. Lecithin, 200 mg dissolved in 20 ml of the basal medium is mixed to the medium cooled to room temperature. Nine milliliter aliquots are distributed into each of a series of 50 ml screw cap tubes and autoclaved for 25 minutes. One milliliter of filter sterilized sheep serum is added to each of the tubes containing 9 ml of the cholesterol-lecithin medium. Semisolid media are prepared the same way but 1.5% agar w/v is added to the cholesterol-lecithin medium before autoclaving. When cooled to 56 degrees C, 10% w/v sheep serum is mixed to the liquid. The medium is distributed into screw cap tubes and agar slants are poured and allowed to solidify in the inclined tubes at room temperature. Macrophages contain considerable amounts of cholesterol. Cholesterol is proposed as a possible growth factor for host grown M. leprae in the macrophages of the susceptible host and the same sterol as a growth factor for primary cultivation of mycobacteria from leprous tissues.", "contents": "Cholesterol, a factor which is required for growth of mycobacteria from leprous tissues. In a yeast extract, glycerol and sheep serum containing medium, slow but abundant growth of mycobacteria occurred when media were inoculated with M. leprae isolated from leprous tissues of armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus Linn.). The lipid fraction of the serum was the essential factor for growth. Cholesterol not only replaced, but surpassed the growth promoting effect of the lipid fraction. However, growth of mycobacteria was observed only when media were enriched with serum. The relationship of the obtained strains of mycobacteria to leprosy is not yet clear. The following cholesterol medium, stabilized with lecithin, is proposed for primary cultivation of mycobacteria from leprous tissues: KH2PO4-8.2 gm, Na2HPO4-0.5 gm, yeast extract (Difco)-4 gm, and glycerol 30 gm, dissolved to make one liter basal medium in distilled water. Cholesterol (200 mg) dissolved in 4 ml warm acetone is injected with a syringe into the basal medium. The solution is autoclaved for ten minutes to evaporate the acetone. Lecithin, 200 mg dissolved in 20 ml of the basal medium is mixed to the medium cooled to room temperature. Nine milliliter aliquots are distributed into each of a series of 50 ml screw cap tubes and autoclaved for 25 minutes. One milliliter of filter sterilized sheep serum is added to each of the tubes containing 9 ml of the cholesterol-lecithin medium. Semisolid media are prepared the same way but 1.5% agar w/v is added to the cholesterol-lecithin medium before autoclaving. When cooled to 56 degrees C, 10% w/v sheep serum is mixed to the liquid. The medium is distributed into screw cap tubes and agar slants are poured and allowed to solidify in the inclined tubes at room temperature. Macrophages contain considerable amounts of cholesterol. Cholesterol is proposed as a possible growth factor for host grown M. leprae in the macrophages of the susceptible host and the same sterol as a growth factor for primary cultivation of mycobacteria from leprous tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:355167", "title": "Cutaneous non-Hodgkin lymphoma: re-evaluation of histology using enzymecytochemical and immunologic studies.", "content": "With biopsies from 101 cutaneous lymphoma patients, enzymecytochemical and immunologic features of the lesions were outlined. Their histo- and cytomorphology and Kiel classification were defined.", "contents": "Cutaneous non-Hodgkin lymphoma: re-evaluation of histology using enzymecytochemical and immunologic studies. With biopsies from 101 cutaneous lymphoma patients, enzymecytochemical and immunologic features of the lesions were outlined. Their histo- and cytomorphology and Kiel classification were defined."}
{"id": "PMID:355180", "title": "Plasma renin concentration during lithium therapy.", "content": "Plasma renin concentration was determined in patients given lithium treatment. In longitudinal study plasma renin concentration was determined in nine patients before the start of lithium treatment and at intervals during 3 months of treatment. In a transversal study, 18 patients given lithium treatment for 2--20 years were compared with 11 control persons. In the longitudinal study, plasma renin concentrations did not, during lithium treatment, deviate significantly from pre-treatment values. In the transversal study, values in the lithium treated patients did not differ significantly from values in the control group. There were no correlations, in the transversal study, between serum lithium concentrations and plasma renin concentrations. Our study indicates that the plasma renin concentration remains unaffected by lithium administered in nontoxic doses.", "contents": "Plasma renin concentration during lithium therapy. Plasma renin concentration was determined in patients given lithium treatment. In longitudinal study plasma renin concentration was determined in nine patients before the start of lithium treatment and at intervals during 3 months of treatment. In a transversal study, 18 patients given lithium treatment for 2--20 years were compared with 11 control persons. In the longitudinal study, plasma renin concentrations did not, during lithium treatment, deviate significantly from pre-treatment values. In the transversal study, values in the lithium treated patients did not differ significantly from values in the control group. There were no correlations, in the transversal study, between serum lithium concentrations and plasma renin concentrations. Our study indicates that the plasma renin concentration remains unaffected by lithium administered in nontoxic doses."}
{"id": "PMID:355181", "title": "Butaclamol in the treatment of schizophrenia. A standard-controlled clinical trial.", "content": "A 16-week, standard-controlled, double-blind study was conducted to compare the efficacy of butaclamol with that of fluphenazine in the treatment of 24 newly admitted schizophrenic patients. Statistically significant improvement occurred in the entire population in the total scores of the BPRS and PAS; in the activation, anergia, thought disturbance and hostile/suspiciousness factor scores of the BPRS; and in the scores of 9 of the 12 factors of the PAS. There were no statistically significant differences between the scores of the two treatment groups on the total or factor scores of either scale during the course of the clinical trial. The most frequently occurring adverse effects in the butaclamol group were rigidity, akathisia and excitement/agitation. The most frequently occurring adverse effects in the fluphenazine group were insomnia, decreased motor activity and tremor. It is concluded that butaclamol exerts potent neuroleptic effects on schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Butaclamol in the treatment of schizophrenia. A standard-controlled clinical trial. A 16-week, standard-controlled, double-blind study was conducted to compare the efficacy of butaclamol with that of fluphenazine in the treatment of 24 newly admitted schizophrenic patients. Statistically significant improvement occurred in the entire population in the total scores of the BPRS and PAS; in the activation, anergia, thought disturbance and hostile/suspiciousness factor scores of the BPRS; and in the scores of 9 of the 12 factors of the PAS. There were no statistically significant differences between the scores of the two treatment groups on the total or factor scores of either scale during the course of the clinical trial. The most frequently occurring adverse effects in the butaclamol group were rigidity, akathisia and excitement/agitation. The most frequently occurring adverse effects in the fluphenazine group were insomnia, decreased motor activity and tremor. It is concluded that butaclamol exerts potent neuroleptic effects on schizophrenic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:355182", "title": "Double-blind comparison of bromperidol and perphenazine.", "content": "Within the scope of a clinical double-blind study, effects and side effects of Bromperidol and Perphenazine were compared. Forty newly-hospitalized schizophrenic patients were included in the trial. Assessments were made on days 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30. Data were documented by means of the AMP system, the EPRS scale of Simpson and Angus, and a Brief Ward Behaviour Rating Scale. Laboratory tests and ECGs were performed before and after treatment. Treatment was scheduled for 30 days and dosages were established depending on effects and side effects. We found a therapeutic effective mean daily dose of 6 mg for Bromperidol and 20 mg for Perphenazine. Both substances caused autonomic and extrapyramidal side effects and, in a few patients, temproary fatigue. The employed dosage caused no strong sedation. To sum up, Bromperidol and Perphenazine can be described as highly potent and well tolerated antipsychotic drugs. We observed stronger efficacy and earlier onset of action with Bromperidol. The superior effect of Bromperidol cannot be explained by a higher dosage as compared with Perphenazine, since both substances showed a similar severity of extrapyramidal side effects, and the dosage of both substances was established individually for each patient, depending on effects and side effects.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of bromperidol and perphenazine. Within the scope of a clinical double-blind study, effects and side effects of Bromperidol and Perphenazine were compared. Forty newly-hospitalized schizophrenic patients were included in the trial. Assessments were made on days 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30. Data were documented by means of the AMP system, the EPRS scale of Simpson and Angus, and a Brief Ward Behaviour Rating Scale. Laboratory tests and ECGs were performed before and after treatment. Treatment was scheduled for 30 days and dosages were established depending on effects and side effects. We found a therapeutic effective mean daily dose of 6 mg for Bromperidol and 20 mg for Perphenazine. Both substances caused autonomic and extrapyramidal side effects and, in a few patients, temproary fatigue. The employed dosage caused no strong sedation. To sum up, Bromperidol and Perphenazine can be described as highly potent and well tolerated antipsychotic drugs. We observed stronger efficacy and earlier onset of action with Bromperidol. The superior effect of Bromperidol cannot be explained by a higher dosage as compared with Perphenazine, since both substances showed a similar severity of extrapyramidal side effects, and the dosage of both substances was established individually for each patient, depending on effects and side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:355183", "title": "Treatment of the alcoholic organic brain syndrome with EMD 21657. A derivative of a pyritinolmetabolite: double-blind clinical, quantitative EEG and psychometric studies.", "content": "The efficacy of EMD 21657--a derivative of a pyritinolmetabolite--with regard to the improvement of the organic brain syndrome (OBS) of chronic alcoholics was investigated in a double-blind study utilizing clinical, psychometric and quantitative EEG evaluation. Nineteen patients received 3 x 300 mg EMD and 21 patients 3 x 1 dragee placebo for 6 weeks. The groups did not differ in regard to age, sex, weight, height, alcohol anamnesis or IQ. The hospitalized patients were examined before as well as at the end of the second, fourth and sixth week of drug treatment. While the overall evaluation by the psychiatrist and patients at the end of the period of treatment did not show marked intergroup differences, the clinical global impression scale and the OBS rating scale demonstrated that both groups showed a significant reduction in their OBS and that improvement with EMD 21657 therapy was significantly superior to the one with placebo. Psychometric analysis also exhibited a significant superiority of EMD in regard to the general, associative, numeric and total verbal memory, concentration and attention variability. Psychovisual memory and the quantative aspects of attention showed opposite findings. Flickerlight fusion frequency, reaction time and after-image did not change significantly. The psychomotor activity improved significantly more with EMD than placebo; this was especially pronounced in the left hand. Affect and mood improved also more with EMD than placebo. Side effects were observed more frequently under active treatment and were characterized by temporary headaches. Power spectral density analysis of the EEG revealed in both groups a decrease of delta, fast alpha and beta activities and an increase in theta and slow alpha activity, but changes during EMD treatment more frequently reached the level of statistical significance than with placebo. The most consistant finding was the theta augmentation under EMD treatment. It was concluded that EMD 21657 is a CNS-effective drug with pronounced nootropic and slight thymotropic properties.", "contents": "Treatment of the alcoholic organic brain syndrome with EMD 21657. A derivative of a pyritinolmetabolite: double-blind clinical, quantitative EEG and psychometric studies. The efficacy of EMD 21657--a derivative of a pyritinolmetabolite--with regard to the improvement of the organic brain syndrome (OBS) of chronic alcoholics was investigated in a double-blind study utilizing clinical, psychometric and quantitative EEG evaluation. Nineteen patients received 3 x 300 mg EMD and 21 patients 3 x 1 dragee placebo for 6 weeks. The groups did not differ in regard to age, sex, weight, height, alcohol anamnesis or IQ. The hospitalized patients were examined before as well as at the end of the second, fourth and sixth week of drug treatment. While the overall evaluation by the psychiatrist and patients at the end of the period of treatment did not show marked intergroup differences, the clinical global impression scale and the OBS rating scale demonstrated that both groups showed a significant reduction in their OBS and that improvement with EMD 21657 therapy was significantly superior to the one with placebo. Psychometric analysis also exhibited a significant superiority of EMD in regard to the general, associative, numeric and total verbal memory, concentration and attention variability. Psychovisual memory and the quantative aspects of attention showed opposite findings. Flickerlight fusion frequency, reaction time and after-image did not change significantly. The psychomotor activity improved significantly more with EMD than placebo; this was especially pronounced in the left hand. Affect and mood improved also more with EMD than placebo. Side effects were observed more frequently under active treatment and were characterized by temporary headaches. Power spectral density analysis of the EEG revealed in both groups a decrease of delta, fast alpha and beta activities and an increase in theta and slow alpha activity, but changes during EMD treatment more frequently reached the level of statistical significance than with placebo. The most consistant finding was the theta augmentation under EMD treatment. It was concluded that EMD 21657 is a CNS-effective drug with pronounced nootropic and slight thymotropic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:355185", "title": "Pineal gland involvement in retina-induced experimental allergic uveitis.", "content": "A form of experimental allergic uveitis (EAU) can be elicited in guinea pigs by injection of an extract of homologous retina homogenate (S preparation). These guinea pigs exhibit clinical and histological ocular disease as well as cellular and humoral immune responses to S preparation. Recent studies have shown an immunofluorescent crossreactivity of the sera of these animals (anti-S) with retinal photoreceptors and pinealocytes. The experiments presented in this paper demonstrate pineal gland involvement during the course of S preparation-induced EAU. There is lymphocytic infiltration of the pineal gland, with corresponding loss of antigen reactivity and some disturbance in cell structure. Pineal gland infiltrate can be seen before observable retinal involvement. Similarity of the reactive substances in retinal photoreceptors and pinealocytes is demonstrated by a reaction of identity in immunodiffusion studies and similar mobilities in immunoelectrophoretic studies of S preparation and pineal gland extract with anti-S serum. The relationship of the retinal and pineal substances to each other, as well as their role in disease development in the animal model and possibly in human uveitides, are discussed.", "contents": "Pineal gland involvement in retina-induced experimental allergic uveitis. A form of experimental allergic uveitis (EAU) can be elicited in guinea pigs by injection of an extract of homologous retina homogenate (S preparation). These guinea pigs exhibit clinical and histological ocular disease as well as cellular and humoral immune responses to S preparation. Recent studies have shown an immunofluorescent crossreactivity of the sera of these animals (anti-S) with retinal photoreceptors and pinealocytes. The experiments presented in this paper demonstrate pineal gland involvement during the course of S preparation-induced EAU. There is lymphocytic infiltration of the pineal gland, with corresponding loss of antigen reactivity and some disturbance in cell structure. Pineal gland infiltrate can be seen before observable retinal involvement. Similarity of the reactive substances in retinal photoreceptors and pinealocytes is demonstrated by a reaction of identity in immunodiffusion studies and similar mobilities in immunoelectrophoretic studies of S preparation and pineal gland extract with anti-S serum. The relationship of the retinal and pineal substances to each other, as well as their role in disease development in the animal model and possibly in human uveitides, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355198", "title": "Clomerulopathy in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei: induction of an autoimmune process.", "content": "1. Apparently a living, metabolizing parasite is required to induce the formation of autoantibodies. 2. It seems unlikely that immune complexes of the first type, i.e., positive for plasmodial antigens, are responsible for the induction of autoantibodies, as the transferred malarious plasma (group B) also contained that type of immune complex, but did not induce the formation of the second type of complex. 3. Although a deregulation of the immunocompetent system will occur in animals with a high parasitemia (immunosuppression), the fact that extremely low parasitemia is sufficient to induce antismoothmuscle antibodies suggests that proliferation of \"forbidden clones\" of self-reactive lymphocytes is not very likely. 4. Antismooth-muscle antibodies are frequently associated with active chronic hepatitis in man. Whether any damage to liver tissue (6) during malaria infection may be responsible for the induction of antismoothmuscle antibodies remains to be investigated. The clinical relevance of these findings is as yet obscure, and one should be careful in comparing these results of the rodent model with the human situation. 5. It remains to be elucidated whether the high level of so-called nonspecific antibodies in acutely infected mice can be explained entirely by the existence of antibodies to parasitic antigens and to host smooth-muscle antigens.", "contents": "Clomerulopathy in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei: induction of an autoimmune process. 1. Apparently a living, metabolizing parasite is required to induce the formation of autoantibodies. 2. It seems unlikely that immune complexes of the first type, i.e., positive for plasmodial antigens, are responsible for the induction of autoantibodies, as the transferred malarious plasma (group B) also contained that type of immune complex, but did not induce the formation of the second type of complex. 3. Although a deregulation of the immunocompetent system will occur in animals with a high parasitemia (immunosuppression), the fact that extremely low parasitemia is sufficient to induce antismoothmuscle antibodies suggests that proliferation of \"forbidden clones\" of self-reactive lymphocytes is not very likely. 4. Antismooth-muscle antibodies are frequently associated with active chronic hepatitis in man. Whether any damage to liver tissue (6) during malaria infection may be responsible for the induction of antismoothmuscle antibodies remains to be investigated. The clinical relevance of these findings is as yet obscure, and one should be careful in comparing these results of the rodent model with the human situation. 5. It remains to be elucidated whether the high level of so-called nonspecific antibodies in acutely infected mice can be explained entirely by the existence of antibodies to parasitic antigens and to host smooth-muscle antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:355205", "title": "Comments on seroepidemiologic studies.", "content": "If the tools for the control of transmission are not available, the application of seroepidemiologic methods, as an exercise in the tropics, just in order to assess the magnitude of the problem of malaria transmission, should be restricted. Application of seroepidemiologic methods in connection with control operations seems valuable. They can provide new and basic information. It is very unlikely that in control schemes, the assessment of incidence of fresh parasitemias is better, easier, or more accurate than in a serological survey. There seems to be no great interest in refining our methodology for seroepidemiologic techniques. Renewed interest will be prompted by reliable and effective control operations. This may be in the form of a vaccine, a new drug or another insecticide, but it must be within the economic limits of the malarious country.", "contents": "Comments on seroepidemiologic studies. If the tools for the control of transmission are not available, the application of seroepidemiologic methods, as an exercise in the tropics, just in order to assess the magnitude of the problem of malaria transmission, should be restricted. Application of seroepidemiologic methods in connection with control operations seems valuable. They can provide new and basic information. It is very unlikely that in control schemes, the assessment of incidence of fresh parasitemias is better, easier, or more accurate than in a serological survey. There seems to be no great interest in refining our methodology for seroepidemiologic techniques. Renewed interest will be prompted by reliable and effective control operations. This may be in the form of a vaccine, a new drug or another insecticide, but it must be within the economic limits of the malarious country."}
{"id": "PMID:355206", "title": "Pituitary insufficiency following head injury.", "content": "A 32-year-old man developed panhypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus shortly after sustaining a head injury. Hormonal investigation showed that basal prolactin levels were moderately elevated the first two years after the accident, but later returned to normal. There was no rise in prolactin after administration on chlorpromazine, and the response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone was attenuated. Basal luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were low and there was no change after administration of luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone. There was also no growth hormone elevation following arginine infusion. On the other hand, there was a normal but delayed elevation of thyrotropin in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Appropriate stimulation tests showed normal responsiveness of the thyroid, adrenals and testes. These findings are compatible with an injury to the pituitary stalk, damaging the neurohypophyseal tract and affecting the blood supply to the pituitary gland.", "contents": "Pituitary insufficiency following head injury. A 32-year-old man developed panhypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus shortly after sustaining a head injury. Hormonal investigation showed that basal prolactin levels were moderately elevated the first two years after the accident, but later returned to normal. There was no rise in prolactin after administration on chlorpromazine, and the response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone was attenuated. Basal luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were low and there was no change after administration of luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone. There was also no growth hormone elevation following arginine infusion. On the other hand, there was a normal but delayed elevation of thyrotropin in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Appropriate stimulation tests showed normal responsiveness of the thyroid, adrenals and testes. These findings are compatible with an injury to the pituitary stalk, damaging the neurohypophyseal tract and affecting the blood supply to the pituitary gland."}
{"id": "PMID:355208", "title": "The occurrence of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani in the soil of the United States.", "content": "Soil samples taken every fifty miles on four east-west transects across the United States were examined for C. botulinum and C. tetani, organisms that could inhibit the growth of C. botulinum type A, and for various soil properties. Type A strains were found mostly in the western part of the United States, in neutral to alkaline soil. Type B strains were more uniformly distributed, with a majority of them occurring east of the Mississippi River; none, however, were found in samples taken in the southermost transect. They were associated with soil of high organic content. Type C strains were found only in acid soil of the Gulf Coast, and type D strains in alkaline soil of some western states. Type E strains were mostly associated with damp to wet soil. Organisms inhibitory to type A strains were found in 4 of 21 samples of soil in which type A strains were demonstrated and in 7 of 20 samples in which they were not. Trypsin activation of culture fluids was necessary for the demonstration of most strains of types B, C, D, and E. C. tetani was demonstrated in 30 per cent of the soil samples. Its occurrence was not correlated with any particular soil type or climatic area.", "contents": "The occurrence of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani in the soil of the United States. Soil samples taken every fifty miles on four east-west transects across the United States were examined for C. botulinum and C. tetani, organisms that could inhibit the growth of C. botulinum type A, and for various soil properties. Type A strains were found mostly in the western part of the United States, in neutral to alkaline soil. Type B strains were more uniformly distributed, with a majority of them occurring east of the Mississippi River; none, however, were found in samples taken in the southermost transect. They were associated with soil of high organic content. Type C strains were found only in acid soil of the Gulf Coast, and type D strains in alkaline soil of some western states. Type E strains were mostly associated with damp to wet soil. Organisms inhibitory to type A strains were found in 4 of 21 samples of soil in which type A strains were demonstrated and in 7 of 20 samples in which they were not. Trypsin activation of culture fluids was necessary for the demonstration of most strains of types B, C, D, and E. C. tetani was demonstrated in 30 per cent of the soil samples. Its occurrence was not correlated with any particular soil type or climatic area."}
{"id": "PMID:355209", "title": "Evaluation of reagin card tests for syphilis.", "content": "The macroscopic rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and reagin screen (RST) card tests for syphilis were compared. Test specimens were also examined with the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) microscopic slide test; those reactive in the card or slide tests were examined with the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) procedure. Agreement between the card tests with 2,300 specimens was 99%; among all three reagin tests it was 96.3%. With 348 specimens reactive in one or more of the tests, there was 75.6% agreement among all three tests. The FTA-ABS was reactive with 71% of the RPR- or RST- and 65% of the VDRL-reactive specimens. The comparison showed that the card tests give results in close agreement with those of VDRL while offering a number of practical advantages over it.", "contents": "Evaluation of reagin card tests for syphilis. The macroscopic rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and reagin screen (RST) card tests for syphilis were compared. Test specimens were also examined with the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) microscopic slide test; those reactive in the card or slide tests were examined with the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) procedure. Agreement between the card tests with 2,300 specimens was 99%; among all three reagin tests it was 96.3%. With 348 specimens reactive in one or more of the tests, there was 75.6% agreement among all three tests. The FTA-ABS was reactive with 71% of the RPR- or RST- and 65% of the VDRL-reactive specimens. The comparison showed that the card tests give results in close agreement with those of VDRL while offering a number of practical advantages over it."}
{"id": "PMID:355210", "title": "Evaluation of an office method of detecting bacteriuria.", "content": "Although catheter-associated UTI continues to be the leading cause of nosocomial infection, epidemiological investigation of catheter use in many hospitals may be precluded by the reluctance of the laboratory to process the large number of urine cultures. We have evaluated the use by Nurse Epidemiologists of Bacturcult tubes for such purposes. The urine of 111 catheterized patients was cultured daily using both the Bacturcult and streak plate method until significant bacteriuria developed (greater than 10(5) colonies/ml). Bacturcult proved as accurate as the conventional technique in detecting bacteriuria. In contrast to previous studies, the daily incidence of infection rose with increasing duration of catheterization. Concomitant antibiotic usage reduced the risk of infection but selected out multi-drug resistant organisms. Older age and procedural errors also increased the risk of infection. The study took 150 hours to complete and cost about $250. It is concluded that Bacturcult is an accurate, simple and relatively inexpensive method of detecting bacteriuria and could be useful for investigating the epidemiology of catheter-associated infections in community hospitals.", "contents": "Evaluation of an office method of detecting bacteriuria. Although catheter-associated UTI continues to be the leading cause of nosocomial infection, epidemiological investigation of catheter use in many hospitals may be precluded by the reluctance of the laboratory to process the large number of urine cultures. We have evaluated the use by Nurse Epidemiologists of Bacturcult tubes for such purposes. The urine of 111 catheterized patients was cultured daily using both the Bacturcult and streak plate method until significant bacteriuria developed (greater than 10(5) colonies/ml). Bacturcult proved as accurate as the conventional technique in detecting bacteriuria. In contrast to previous studies, the daily incidence of infection rose with increasing duration of catheterization. Concomitant antibiotic usage reduced the risk of infection but selected out multi-drug resistant organisms. Older age and procedural errors also increased the risk of infection. The study took 150 hours to complete and cost about $250. It is concluded that Bacturcult is an accurate, simple and relatively inexpensive method of detecting bacteriuria and could be useful for investigating the epidemiology of catheter-associated infections in community hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:355211", "title": "[Posterior canal wall reconstruction--the results of a prolonged-follow-up (author's transl)].", "content": "The preservation or reconstitution of a normal external auditory canal with the obliteration of or maintenance of an aerated maistoid cavity is possible by reconstruction of the lateral attic wall and posterior canal wall. Conserved homograft cartilage and autograft cartilage or bone are considered suitable. Connective tissue and lyophilised dura are not suitable. Rejection of implants and recurrence of cholesteatoma will worsen the eventful successful outcome such that the initial success of over 90% is reduced to 75%. A longer follow-up admittedly is necessary for satisfactory assessment.", "contents": "[Posterior canal wall reconstruction--the results of a prolonged-follow-up (author's transl)]. The preservation or reconstitution of a normal external auditory canal with the obliteration of or maintenance of an aerated maistoid cavity is possible by reconstruction of the lateral attic wall and posterior canal wall. Conserved homograft cartilage and autograft cartilage or bone are considered suitable. Connective tissue and lyophilised dura are not suitable. Rejection of implants and recurrence of cholesteatoma will worsen the eventful successful outcome such that the initial success of over 90% is reduced to 75%. A longer follow-up admittedly is necessary for satisfactory assessment."}
{"id": "PMID:355212", "title": "[Tympanic membrane repair with cartilage and double tissue-layered grafts (author's transl)].", "content": "This article describes the technique and advantages of a three layered repair of large perforations of the tympanic membrane using a pallisade of tragal cartilage covered by temporalis fascia and pedicled external auditory canal skin. Large defects of the tympanic membrane can be closed by this method and in addition satisfactory sound transmission can be achieved. The correct positioning of the cartilage graft complex requires training and skill, but an experienced otologist should be able to achieve this in a short time. Early or late reperforation of the graft is extremely rare and late perforations due to otitis media close spontaneously since large defects are not expected. The results in respect of graft durability and hearing improvement are very satisfactory.", "contents": "[Tympanic membrane repair with cartilage and double tissue-layered grafts (author's transl)]. This article describes the technique and advantages of a three layered repair of large perforations of the tympanic membrane using a pallisade of tragal cartilage covered by temporalis fascia and pedicled external auditory canal skin. Large defects of the tympanic membrane can be closed by this method and in addition satisfactory sound transmission can be achieved. The correct positioning of the cartilage graft complex requires training and skill, but an experienced otologist should be able to achieve this in a short time. Early or late reperforation of the graft is extremely rare and late perforations due to otitis media close spontaneously since large defects are not expected. The results in respect of graft durability and hearing improvement are very satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:355213", "title": "[Simultaneous multiple flaps in head and neck surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "We have developed several variations of the \"bilobed flap\" for the reconstruction of large defects of the head and neck. In so doing, we use pedicled bi- and tri-lobed flaps, transposition-rotation skin flaps or double-rotation skin flaps. Some examples are described to illustrate the technique employed.", "contents": "[Simultaneous multiple flaps in head and neck surgery (author's transl)]. We have developed several variations of the \"bilobed flap\" for the reconstruction of large defects of the head and neck. In so doing, we use pedicled bi- and tri-lobed flaps, transposition-rotation skin flaps or double-rotation skin flaps. Some examples are described to illustrate the technique employed."}
{"id": "PMID:355214", "title": "Effect of hyperinflation and atelectasis on fluid accumulation in the puppy lung.", "content": "The effects of hyperinflation and of atelectasis on accumulation of fluid in the lung was studied in 12 anesthetized spontaneously breathing puppies. Vascular pressures were raised and the plasma colloid osmotic pressure was reduced by the infusion of 0.9% saline thus promoting the formation of pulmonary edema. A tracheostomy was performed and the left lower lobe catheterized in all puppies. In five puppies hyperinflation of the left lower lobe was achieved by applying a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) of 10 Torr. In seven other puppies the left lobe was made atelectatic by occluding its bronchus after ventilating the lungs with 100% oxygen. The right lung was ventilated to ambient pressure in all puppies. The extravascular lung water content was determined by the difference in wet and dry lung weights corrected for residual blood. We found that hyperinflation produced by CPAP enhanced and atelectasis opposed fluid accumulation in the puppy lung.", "contents": "Effect of hyperinflation and atelectasis on fluid accumulation in the puppy lung. The effects of hyperinflation and of atelectasis on accumulation of fluid in the lung was studied in 12 anesthetized spontaneously breathing puppies. Vascular pressures were raised and the plasma colloid osmotic pressure was reduced by the infusion of 0.9% saline thus promoting the formation of pulmonary edema. A tracheostomy was performed and the left lower lobe catheterized in all puppies. In five puppies hyperinflation of the left lower lobe was achieved by applying a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) of 10 Torr. In seven other puppies the left lobe was made atelectatic by occluding its bronchus after ventilating the lungs with 100% oxygen. The right lung was ventilated to ambient pressure in all puppies. The extravascular lung water content was determined by the difference in wet and dry lung weights corrected for residual blood. We found that hyperinflation produced by CPAP enhanced and atelectasis opposed fluid accumulation in the puppy lung."}
{"id": "PMID:355215", "title": "Effect of demycarosylturimycin on ribosomal peptidyltransferase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effect of demycarosylturimycin H on bacterial growth, polypeptide synthesis and peptidyltransferase was studied. The effects are compared with those of intact turimycins acylated or deacylated in 4''-position of mycarose. The removal of the acyl group in 4''-position of mycarose leads to a total loss of inhibition of acceptor substrate binding while the removal of acyl mycarose moiety changes the pattern of inhibition of polypeptide synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of demycarosylturimycin on ribosomal peptidyltransferase from Escherichia coli. The effect of demycarosylturimycin H on bacterial growth, polypeptide synthesis and peptidyltransferase was studied. The effects are compared with those of intact turimycins acylated or deacylated in 4''-position of mycarose. The removal of the acyl group in 4''-position of mycarose leads to a total loss of inhibition of acceptor substrate binding while the removal of acyl mycarose moiety changes the pattern of inhibition of polypeptide synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:355217", "title": "Fecal coliform methods for examination of sea water: interlaboratory evaluation of split sample analysis.", "content": "An interlaboratory study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of the following 3 multiple-tube fermentation methods for determining the most probable number (MPN) of Escherichia coli in a split artificial sea water sample: (1) the 72-hr standard methods procedure of the American Public Health Association, (2) a 24-hr elevated-temperature test using A-1 medium, and (3) a 24-hr elevated temperature test modified to include an initial 3-hr resuscitation period using A-1 medium. The capability of the laboratories to perform the 3 test procedures was also compared. Split sample replicates with low, medium, and high levels of E. coli were examined in 18 laboratories in the United States and Canada. Data indicate that the laboratories performed each test with equal capability, and all 3 procedures were equally effective in enumerating the strain of E. coli used in this investigation. By virtue of its homogeneity and stability, the split sample served as an appropriate specimen for this study and could probably be used as a proficiency test specimen for evaluating laboratory analyst performance in the bacteriological examination of sea water.", "contents": "Fecal coliform methods for examination of sea water: interlaboratory evaluation of split sample analysis. An interlaboratory study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of the following 3 multiple-tube fermentation methods for determining the most probable number (MPN) of Escherichia coli in a split artificial sea water sample: (1) the 72-hr standard methods procedure of the American Public Health Association, (2) a 24-hr elevated-temperature test using A-1 medium, and (3) a 24-hr elevated temperature test modified to include an initial 3-hr resuscitation period using A-1 medium. The capability of the laboratories to perform the 3 test procedures was also compared. Split sample replicates with low, medium, and high levels of E. coli were examined in 18 laboratories in the United States and Canada. Data indicate that the laboratories performed each test with equal capability, and all 3 procedures were equally effective in enumerating the strain of E. coli used in this investigation. By virtue of its homogeneity and stability, the split sample served as an appropriate specimen for this study and could probably be used as a proficiency test specimen for evaluating laboratory analyst performance in the bacteriological examination of sea water."}
{"id": "PMID:355218", "title": "Further characterization of the R plasmid Rts1 and its mutant pTW2: replication and incompatibility of the plasmid.", "content": "Incompatibility of the R plasmid Rts1 and its replication mutant pTW2 was studied in recA host cells of Escherichia coli. When the R plasmid R401, belonging to the same incompatibility group as Rts1, was used as a test plasmid, R401 was eliminated preferentially from (Rts-R401)+ cells irrespective of the direction of transfer. In contrast, pTW2 and R401 were mutually excluded. The decreased incompatibility of pTW2 was confirmed by a direct incompatibility test in which a derivative of Rts1 expelled pTW2 exclusively. Alkaline sucrose gradients of pTW2 and Rts1 DNA indicated that approximately one-fourth of the Rts1 genome was deleted in pTW2. In addition, both the various temperature-dependent properties of Rts1 and the inhibitory effect on phage T4 development were also lost in pTW2. A possible mechanism that regulates the stringent replication of Rts1 is discussed.", "contents": "Further characterization of the R plasmid Rts1 and its mutant pTW2: replication and incompatibility of the plasmid. Incompatibility of the R plasmid Rts1 and its replication mutant pTW2 was studied in recA host cells of Escherichia coli. When the R plasmid R401, belonging to the same incompatibility group as Rts1, was used as a test plasmid, R401 was eliminated preferentially from (Rts-R401)+ cells irrespective of the direction of transfer. In contrast, pTW2 and R401 were mutually excluded. The decreased incompatibility of pTW2 was confirmed by a direct incompatibility test in which a derivative of Rts1 expelled pTW2 exclusively. Alkaline sucrose gradients of pTW2 and Rts1 DNA indicated that approximately one-fourth of the Rts1 genome was deleted in pTW2. In addition, both the various temperature-dependent properties of Rts1 and the inhibitory effect on phage T4 development were also lost in pTW2. A possible mechanism that regulates the stringent replication of Rts1 is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355219", "title": "Cell surface growth in Escherichia coli: distribution of matrix protein.", "content": "Autoradiography of cell envelope \"ghosts\" from Escherichia coli was used to demonstrate that newly synthesized molecules of \"matrix\" protein are inserted at random locations over the entire surface of the outer membrane and that, once inserted, these molecules are not thereafter conserved in any fixed spatial location.", "contents": "Cell surface growth in Escherichia coli: distribution of matrix protein. Autoradiography of cell envelope \"ghosts\" from Escherichia coli was used to demonstrate that newly synthesized molecules of \"matrix\" protein are inserted at random locations over the entire surface of the outer membrane and that, once inserted, these molecules are not thereafter conserved in any fixed spatial location."}
{"id": "PMID:355220", "title": "Threonine degradation by Serratia marcescens.", "content": "The wild strain of Serratia marcescens rapidly degraded threonine and formed aminoacetone in a medium containing glucose and urea. Extracts of this strain showed high threonine dehydrogenase and \"biosynthetic\" threonine deaminase activities, but no threonine aldolase activity. Threonine dehydrogenase-deficient strain Mu-910 was selected among mutants unable to grow on threonine as the carbon source. This strain did not form aminoacetone from threonine, but it slowly degraded threonine. Strain D-60, deficient in both threonine dehydrogenase and threonine deaminase, was derived from strain Mu-910 and barely degraded threonine. A glycine-requiring strain derived from the wild strain grew in minimal medium containing threonine as the glycine source, whereas a glycine-requiring strain derived from strain Mu-910 did not grow. This indicates that threonine dehydrogenase participates in glycine formation from threonine (via alpha-amino-beta-ketobutyrate) as well as in threonine degradation to aminoacetone.", "contents": "Threonine degradation by Serratia marcescens. The wild strain of Serratia marcescens rapidly degraded threonine and formed aminoacetone in a medium containing glucose and urea. Extracts of this strain showed high threonine dehydrogenase and \"biosynthetic\" threonine deaminase activities, but no threonine aldolase activity. Threonine dehydrogenase-deficient strain Mu-910 was selected among mutants unable to grow on threonine as the carbon source. This strain did not form aminoacetone from threonine, but it slowly degraded threonine. Strain D-60, deficient in both threonine dehydrogenase and threonine deaminase, was derived from strain Mu-910 and barely degraded threonine. A glycine-requiring strain derived from the wild strain grew in minimal medium containing threonine as the glycine source, whereas a glycine-requiring strain derived from strain Mu-910 did not grow. This indicates that threonine dehydrogenase participates in glycine formation from threonine (via alpha-amino-beta-ketobutyrate) as well as in threonine degradation to aminoacetone."}
{"id": "PMID:355221", "title": "Microcin plasmids: a group of extrachromosomal elements coding for low-molecular-weight antibiotics in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Microcins are low-molecular-weight compounds produced and excreted by Enterobacteriaceae. They inhibit the growth of a wide spectrum of microorganisms. Microcin-synthesizing transconjugants were obtained in seven out of eight experiments of conjugational transfer between wild-type microcinogenic strains of Escherichia coli and E. coli strain BM21. The physical analysis of one of the transconjugant strains that has acquired the ability to produce microcin 17 showed the presence of extrachromosomal DNA as a plasmid (pRYC17) of molecular weight 36 X 10(6) (18.3-micron length), which is absent in the \"microcincured\" derivative strain. pRYC17 was incompatible with plasmids of the IncFII group. Other suspected plasmids containing the information for the synthesis of microcins have not been clearly classified. Strains producing microcins 93, 136, and 140 show a partial incompatibility with IncFIII group of plasmids.", "contents": "Microcin plasmids: a group of extrachromosomal elements coding for low-molecular-weight antibiotics in Escherichia coli. Microcins are low-molecular-weight compounds produced and excreted by Enterobacteriaceae. They inhibit the growth of a wide spectrum of microorganisms. Microcin-synthesizing transconjugants were obtained in seven out of eight experiments of conjugational transfer between wild-type microcinogenic strains of Escherichia coli and E. coli strain BM21. The physical analysis of one of the transconjugant strains that has acquired the ability to produce microcin 17 showed the presence of extrachromosomal DNA as a plasmid (pRYC17) of molecular weight 36 X 10(6) (18.3-micron length), which is absent in the \"microcincured\" derivative strain. pRYC17 was incompatible with plasmids of the IncFII group. Other suspected plasmids containing the information for the synthesis of microcins have not been clearly classified. Strains producing microcins 93, 136, and 140 show a partial incompatibility with IncFIII group of plasmids."}
{"id": "PMID:355222", "title": "Enterobacterial common antigen in mutant strains of Salmonella.", "content": "A good correlation was found to exist between the serologically determined presence of enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) and the amount of the rare sugar constituent D-mannosaminuronic acid. Strains classified by serological techniques as ECA+, ECA-, and ECAtrace were found to possess the expected amounts of mannosaminuronic acid in the ECA-enriched phenol-soluble PL-L fractions. This correlation provides strong evidence on the identity of the mannosaminuronic acid-glucosamine polymer with the ECA as defined by Kunin (J. Exp. Med. 118:565-586, 1963).", "contents": "Enterobacterial common antigen in mutant strains of Salmonella. A good correlation was found to exist between the serologically determined presence of enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) and the amount of the rare sugar constituent D-mannosaminuronic acid. Strains classified by serological techniques as ECA+, ECA-, and ECAtrace were found to possess the expected amounts of mannosaminuronic acid in the ECA-enriched phenol-soluble PL-L fractions. This correlation provides strong evidence on the identity of the mannosaminuronic acid-glucosamine polymer with the ECA as defined by Kunin (J. Exp. Med. 118:565-586, 1963)."}
{"id": "PMID:355223", "title": "Effect of near-UV light on Escherichia coli in the presence of 8-methoxypsoralen: wavelength dependency of killing, induction of prophage, and mutation.", "content": "Wavelength dependency of photo-inactivation and photoinduced reverse mutation of Escherichia coli sensitized with 8-methoxypsoralen, and wavelength dependency of photoinduction of lambda prophage from the sensitized lysogen were measured in a range of 298 to 400 nm. The most efficient sensitization for these biological effects was observed between 320 and 340 nm. In the presence of 8-methyoxypsoralen, the induced mutation frequency per lethal hit was highest of 298 nm in the range examined and was gradually decreased with increasing wavelength to a minimum frequency at 345 nm. This finding may be a reflection of the production of more than one type of lesions which have different efficiencies for mutation compared with the killing efficiency.", "contents": "Effect of near-UV light on Escherichia coli in the presence of 8-methoxypsoralen: wavelength dependency of killing, induction of prophage, and mutation. Wavelength dependency of photo-inactivation and photoinduced reverse mutation of Escherichia coli sensitized with 8-methoxypsoralen, and wavelength dependency of photoinduction of lambda prophage from the sensitized lysogen were measured in a range of 298 to 400 nm. The most efficient sensitization for these biological effects was observed between 320 and 340 nm. In the presence of 8-methyoxypsoralen, the induced mutation frequency per lethal hit was highest of 298 nm in the range examined and was gradually decreased with increasing wavelength to a minimum frequency at 345 nm. This finding may be a reflection of the production of more than one type of lesions which have different efficiencies for mutation compared with the killing efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:355224", "title": "Inducible reactivation and mutagenesis of UV-irradiated bacteriophage P22 in Salmonella typhimurium LT2 containing the plasmid pKM101.", "content": "The inducible (Weigle) reactivation of UV-irradiated bacteriophage P22 has been examined on strains of Salmonella typhimurium with and without the mutagenesis-enhancing plasmid pKM101. A large inducible reactivation was observed in the plasmid-containing strain, but only a small response was observed in the strain lacking the plasmid. An increased frequency of clear-plaque mutants was detected among the survivors. The efficiencies of the plasmid-mediated and cellular repair processes have been determined. The kinetics of induction of the phage reactivation have been investigated. The relationship of the observed results to the inducible reactivation of UV-irradiated lambda in Escherichia coli and to error-prone repair is discussed.", "contents": "Inducible reactivation and mutagenesis of UV-irradiated bacteriophage P22 in Salmonella typhimurium LT2 containing the plasmid pKM101. The inducible (Weigle) reactivation of UV-irradiated bacteriophage P22 has been examined on strains of Salmonella typhimurium with and without the mutagenesis-enhancing plasmid pKM101. A large inducible reactivation was observed in the plasmid-containing strain, but only a small response was observed in the strain lacking the plasmid. An increased frequency of clear-plaque mutants was detected among the survivors. The efficiencies of the plasmid-mediated and cellular repair processes have been determined. The kinetics of induction of the phage reactivation have been investigated. The relationship of the observed results to the inducible reactivation of UV-irradiated lambda in Escherichia coli and to error-prone repair is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355225", "title": "Regulation of the synthesis of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase in Escherichia coli: specific activity of the enzyme in relationship to perturbations of DNA replication.", "content": "Ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase (RDP reductase) activity was found to greatly increase after a shift to the nonpermissive temperature in Escherichia coli mutants temperature sensitive for DNA elongation (dnaE dnaG dnaZ lig) or DNA initiation (dnaA dnaC dnaI). However, the kinetics of increase in RDP reductase after a shift to nonpermissive conditions were significantly different in initiation-defective mutants compared with elongation-defective mutants. In strains without defects in DNA metabolism, the specific activity of RDP reductase was found to increase with increasing growth rate. Nutritional shifts to faster growth conditions caused cells to transiently overproduce RDP reductase before adjusting to the new steady-state conditions.", "contents": "Regulation of the synthesis of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase in Escherichia coli: specific activity of the enzyme in relationship to perturbations of DNA replication. Ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase (RDP reductase) activity was found to greatly increase after a shift to the nonpermissive temperature in Escherichia coli mutants temperature sensitive for DNA elongation (dnaE dnaG dnaZ lig) or DNA initiation (dnaA dnaC dnaI). However, the kinetics of increase in RDP reductase after a shift to nonpermissive conditions were significantly different in initiation-defective mutants compared with elongation-defective mutants. In strains without defects in DNA metabolism, the specific activity of RDP reductase was found to increase with increasing growth rate. Nutritional shifts to faster growth conditions caused cells to transiently overproduce RDP reductase before adjusting to the new steady-state conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:355226", "title": "Replication of bromodeoxyuridylate-substituted mitochondrial DNA in yeast.", "content": "The DNA of several strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was labeled by growing the culture in medium supplemented with thymidylate and bromodeoxyuridylate. It was thus possible to follow the course of mitochondrial DNA replication in density shift experiments by determining the buoyant density distribution of unreplicated and replicated DNAs in analytical CsCl gradients. DNA replication was followed for three generations after transfer of cultures from light medium to heavy medium and heavy medium to light medium. Under both conditions, the density shifts observed for mitochondrial DNA were those expected for semiconservative, nondispersive replication. This was further confirmed by analysis of the buoyant density of alkali-denatured hybrid mitochondrial DNA. With this method, no significant recombination between replicated and unreplicated DNA was detected after three generations of growth.", "contents": "Replication of bromodeoxyuridylate-substituted mitochondrial DNA in yeast. The DNA of several strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was labeled by growing the culture in medium supplemented with thymidylate and bromodeoxyuridylate. It was thus possible to follow the course of mitochondrial DNA replication in density shift experiments by determining the buoyant density distribution of unreplicated and replicated DNAs in analytical CsCl gradients. DNA replication was followed for three generations after transfer of cultures from light medium to heavy medium and heavy medium to light medium. Under both conditions, the density shifts observed for mitochondrial DNA were those expected for semiconservative, nondispersive replication. This was further confirmed by analysis of the buoyant density of alkali-denatured hybrid mitochondrial DNA. With this method, no significant recombination between replicated and unreplicated DNA was detected after three generations of growth."}
{"id": "PMID:355227", "title": "Functional organization of the kdp genes of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The kdp genes code for a high-affinity and repressible K+ transport system. The regulation and organization of the kdp genes were analyzed by studies of constitutive mutants and of strains in which bacteriophage lambda is integrated into the kdp genes. The polar effects of lambda integration demonstrate that three of the kdp genes form an operon, kdpABC, read from A to C. The kdpD gene is a separate transcription unit and is the site of mutations making expression of the kdp genes partially constitutive. The constitutive mutants are dominant to kdpD+ in diploids. These findings, the fact that kdpD mutations identified previously are Kdp-, and the existence of intracistronic complementation between some kdpD mutations indicate that the kdpD gene product is an oligomeric positive regulator of the kdp genes. Deletions extending clockwise from kdp as far as the gltA locus were isolated from strains with bacteriophage lambda integrated into kdpD. Plaque-forming transducing lambda phages carrying the kdpABC operon were isolated.", "contents": "Functional organization of the kdp genes of Escherichia coli K-12. The kdp genes code for a high-affinity and repressible K+ transport system. The regulation and organization of the kdp genes were analyzed by studies of constitutive mutants and of strains in which bacteriophage lambda is integrated into the kdp genes. The polar effects of lambda integration demonstrate that three of the kdp genes form an operon, kdpABC, read from A to C. The kdpD gene is a separate transcription unit and is the site of mutations making expression of the kdp genes partially constitutive. The constitutive mutants are dominant to kdpD+ in diploids. These findings, the fact that kdpD mutations identified previously are Kdp-, and the existence of intracistronic complementation between some kdpD mutations indicate that the kdpD gene product is an oligomeric positive regulator of the kdp genes. Deletions extending clockwise from kdp as far as the gltA locus were isolated from strains with bacteriophage lambda integrated into kdpD. Plaque-forming transducing lambda phages carrying the kdpABC operon were isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:355228", "title": "Pathways of mutagenesis and repair in Escherichia coli exposed to low levels of simple alkylating agents.", "content": "Mutagenesis by simple alkylating agents is thought to occur by either a lexA+-dependent process called error-prone repair or a lex-independent process often attributed to mispairing during replication. We show here that error-prone repair is responsible for the majority of mutants formed after a large dose of alkylating agent, but it is unlikely that it contributes significantly to mutagenesis during exposure to low concentrations of these chemicals. The mutagenicity of these low doses of alkylating agent is reduced by a repair system constitutively present in lexA+ cells but absent in lexA mutants. This system reduces mutagenesis until a second error-free system, called the adaptive responses, can be induced [P. Jeggo, M. Defais, L. Samson, and P. Schendel, Mol. Gen. Genet, 157:1-9, 1977; L. Samson and J. Cairns, Nature (London) 267:281-283, 1977]. The adaptive response is capable of dealing with a much larger amount of alkylation damage than the constitutive system and, when induced, appears to be able to reduce mutagenesis by both decreasing the number of sites available for mutagenesis and delaying the induction of error-prone repair enzymes. Finally, we discuss a model of chemically induced mutagenesis based on these findings which maintains that the observed mutation frequency is dependent on a \"race\" between these two error-free systems and the two mutagenic pathways.", "contents": "Pathways of mutagenesis and repair in Escherichia coli exposed to low levels of simple alkylating agents. Mutagenesis by simple alkylating agents is thought to occur by either a lexA+-dependent process called error-prone repair or a lex-independent process often attributed to mispairing during replication. We show here that error-prone repair is responsible for the majority of mutants formed after a large dose of alkylating agent, but it is unlikely that it contributes significantly to mutagenesis during exposure to low concentrations of these chemicals. The mutagenicity of these low doses of alkylating agent is reduced by a repair system constitutively present in lexA+ cells but absent in lexA mutants. This system reduces mutagenesis until a second error-free system, called the adaptive responses, can be induced [P. Jeggo, M. Defais, L. Samson, and P. Schendel, Mol. Gen. Genet, 157:1-9, 1977; L. Samson and J. Cairns, Nature (London) 267:281-283, 1977]. The adaptive response is capable of dealing with a much larger amount of alkylation damage than the constitutive system and, when induced, appears to be able to reduce mutagenesis by both decreasing the number of sites available for mutagenesis and delaying the induction of error-prone repair enzymes. Finally, we discuss a model of chemically induced mutagenesis based on these findings which maintains that the observed mutation frequency is dependent on a \"race\" between these two error-free systems and the two mutagenic pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:355229", "title": "Relationship of R6K replicating forms to the folded chromosome of Escherichia coli.", "content": "An examination of the relationship of both nonreplicating and replicating forms of R6K plasmid DNA to the Escherichia coli folded chromosome showed that both forms cosediment with the chromosome in neutral sucrose gradients. Approximately 20% of the nonreplicatin molecules was found as freely sedimenting forms when the folded-configuration of the chromosomes was preserved. However, under the same conditions negligible amounts of the replicating forms were found as freely sedimenting molecules. Thus, it is concluded that the replicating forms, when compared with nonreplicating molecules, are preferentially associated with the folded chromosomal structure. Exposure of the folded chromosomal structure to RNase resulted in an unfolding of the chromosome and a concomitant increase in the amount of freely sedimenting replicating and nonreplicating forms of R6K DNA. Analyses of the single-stranded length of RNase-released nascent molecules suggest that they replicate in continuous association with the folded chromsome complex. Nonenzymatic unfolding of the chromosomes by progressively lowering the sodium ion concentration during lysis resulted in a progressive increase in the release of nonreplicating molecules. Replicating molecules wer not released by unfolding the chromosome in this fashion.", "contents": "Relationship of R6K replicating forms to the folded chromosome of Escherichia coli. An examination of the relationship of both nonreplicating and replicating forms of R6K plasmid DNA to the Escherichia coli folded chromosome showed that both forms cosediment with the chromosome in neutral sucrose gradients. Approximately 20% of the nonreplicatin molecules was found as freely sedimenting forms when the folded-configuration of the chromosomes was preserved. However, under the same conditions negligible amounts of the replicating forms were found as freely sedimenting molecules. Thus, it is concluded that the replicating forms, when compared with nonreplicating molecules, are preferentially associated with the folded chromosomal structure. Exposure of the folded chromosomal structure to RNase resulted in an unfolding of the chromosome and a concomitant increase in the amount of freely sedimenting replicating and nonreplicating forms of R6K DNA. Analyses of the single-stranded length of RNase-released nascent molecules suggest that they replicate in continuous association with the folded chromsome complex. Nonenzymatic unfolding of the chromosomes by progressively lowering the sodium ion concentration during lysis resulted in a progressive increase in the release of nonreplicating molecules. Replicating molecules wer not released by unfolding the chromosome in this fashion."}
{"id": "PMID:355230", "title": "Metabolite compartmentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Uninduced cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibit high basal levels of allantoinase, allantoicase, and ureidoglycolate hydrolase, the enzymes responsible for degrading allantoin to urea. As a result, these activities increase only 4- to 8-fold upon induction, whereas the urea-degrading enzymes, urea carboxylase and allophanate hydrolase, have very low basal levels and routinely increase 30-fold on induction. Differences in the inducibility of these five enzymes were somewhat surprising because they are all part of the same pathway and have the same inducer, allophanate. Our current studies reconcile these observations. S. cerevisiae normally contained up to 1 mM allantoin sequestered in a cellular organelle, most likely the vacuole. Separation of the large amounts of allantoin and the enzymes that degrade it provide the cell with an efficient nitrogen reserve. On starvation, sequestered allantoin likely becomes accessible to these degradative enzymes. Because they are already present at high levels, the fact that their inducer is considerably removed from the input allantoin is of little consequence. This suggests that at times metabolite compartmentation may play an equal role with enzyme induction in the regulation of allantoin metabolism. Metabolism of arginine, another sequestered metabolite, must be controlled both by induction of arginase and compartmentation because arginine serves both as a reserve nitrogen source and a precursor of protein synthesis. The latter function precludes the existence of high basal levels of arginase.", "contents": "Metabolite compartmentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Uninduced cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibit high basal levels of allantoinase, allantoicase, and ureidoglycolate hydrolase, the enzymes responsible for degrading allantoin to urea. As a result, these activities increase only 4- to 8-fold upon induction, whereas the urea-degrading enzymes, urea carboxylase and allophanate hydrolase, have very low basal levels and routinely increase 30-fold on induction. Differences in the inducibility of these five enzymes were somewhat surprising because they are all part of the same pathway and have the same inducer, allophanate. Our current studies reconcile these observations. S. cerevisiae normally contained up to 1 mM allantoin sequestered in a cellular organelle, most likely the vacuole. Separation of the large amounts of allantoin and the enzymes that degrade it provide the cell with an efficient nitrogen reserve. On starvation, sequestered allantoin likely becomes accessible to these degradative enzymes. Because they are already present at high levels, the fact that their inducer is considerably removed from the input allantoin is of little consequence. This suggests that at times metabolite compartmentation may play an equal role with enzyme induction in the regulation of allantoin metabolism. Metabolism of arginine, another sequestered metabolite, must be controlled both by induction of arginase and compartmentation because arginine serves both as a reserve nitrogen source and a precursor of protein synthesis. The latter function precludes the existence of high basal levels of arginase."}
{"id": "PMID:355231", "title": "Induction and inhibition of the allantoin permease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Allantoin uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by an energy-dependent, low-Km, active transport system. However, there is at present little information concerning its regulation. In view of this, we investigated the control of alloantoin transport and found that it was regulated quite differently from the other pathway components. Preincubation of appropriate mutant cultures with purified allantoate (commercial preparations contain 17% allantoin), urea, or oxalurate did not significantly increase allantoin uptake. Preincubation with allantoin, however, resulted in a 10- to 15-fold increase in the rate of allantoin accumulation. Two allantoin analogs were also found to elicit dramatic increases in allantoin uptake. Hydantoin and hydantoin acetic acid were able to induce allantoin transport to 63 and 95% of the levels observed with allantoin. Neither of these compounds was able to serve as a sole nitrogen source for S. cerevisiae, and they may be non-metabolizable inducers of the allantoin permease. The rna1 gene product appeared to be required for allantoin permease induction, suggesting that control was exerted at the level of gene expression. In addition, we have shown that allantoin uptake is not unidirectional; efflux merely occurs at a very low rate. Allantoin uptake is also transinhibited by addition of certain amino acids to the culture medium, and several models concerning the operation of such inhibition were discussed.", "contents": "Induction and inhibition of the allantoin permease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Allantoin uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by an energy-dependent, low-Km, active transport system. However, there is at present little information concerning its regulation. In view of this, we investigated the control of alloantoin transport and found that it was regulated quite differently from the other pathway components. Preincubation of appropriate mutant cultures with purified allantoate (commercial preparations contain 17% allantoin), urea, or oxalurate did not significantly increase allantoin uptake. Preincubation with allantoin, however, resulted in a 10- to 15-fold increase in the rate of allantoin accumulation. Two allantoin analogs were also found to elicit dramatic increases in allantoin uptake. Hydantoin and hydantoin acetic acid were able to induce allantoin transport to 63 and 95% of the levels observed with allantoin. Neither of these compounds was able to serve as a sole nitrogen source for S. cerevisiae, and they may be non-metabolizable inducers of the allantoin permease. The rna1 gene product appeared to be required for allantoin permease induction, suggesting that control was exerted at the level of gene expression. In addition, we have shown that allantoin uptake is not unidirectional; efflux merely occurs at a very low rate. Allantoin uptake is also transinhibited by addition of certain amino acids to the culture medium, and several models concerning the operation of such inhibition were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355232", "title": "A new locus (leuK) affecting the regulation of branched-chain amino acid, histidine, and tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes.", "content": "A locus (leuK) affecting regulation of the leucine operon was selected by isolating a spontaneous Ara+ derivative of an Escherichia coli B/r strain carrying an ara-leu fusion in which the arabinose operon is under leucine control. Genetic analyses by P1 transduction demonstrated that the lesion is located to the right of the galactose operon. Regulation of the biosynthetic enzymes for leucine, isoleucine-valine, histidine, and tryptophan was altered in a strain carrying leuK16. High-level gene expression in the heterozygous merodiploid strain F' leuK+/leuK16) demonstrated the dominance of the mutant allele to the wild-type allele. No apparent effect was observed in the mutant on N-acetylornithinase, a biosynthetic enzyme in the arginine pathway, nor on any of the 18 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases examined. However, compared with that of the parent strain, the extent of the charging of leucyl-, isoleucyl-, valyl-, histidyl-, and arginyl-tRNA was decreased in the mutant.", "contents": "A new locus (leuK) affecting the regulation of branched-chain amino acid, histidine, and tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes. A locus (leuK) affecting regulation of the leucine operon was selected by isolating a spontaneous Ara+ derivative of an Escherichia coli B/r strain carrying an ara-leu fusion in which the arabinose operon is under leucine control. Genetic analyses by P1 transduction demonstrated that the lesion is located to the right of the galactose operon. Regulation of the biosynthetic enzymes for leucine, isoleucine-valine, histidine, and tryptophan was altered in a strain carrying leuK16. High-level gene expression in the heterozygous merodiploid strain F' leuK+/leuK16) demonstrated the dominance of the mutant allele to the wild-type allele. No apparent effect was observed in the mutant on N-acetylornithinase, a biosynthetic enzyme in the arginine pathway, nor on any of the 18 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases examined. However, compared with that of the parent strain, the extent of the charging of leucyl-, isoleucyl-, valyl-, histidyl-, and arginyl-tRNA was decreased in the mutant."}
{"id": "PMID:355233", "title": "Dimensions of Escherichia coli at various growth rates: model for envelope growth.", "content": "The duplication of Escherichia coli B/r is described based on two independent sequences, the replication of the genome and the growth of the envelope. It is proposed that (i) new envelope growth zones are activated coincident with the initiation of new rounds of chromosome replication; (ii) each zone is active in envelope synthesis from the time of its inauguration to the division which follows the completion of the round of chromosome replication (that is, for C + D min); and (iii) the rate of envelope synthesis at each site is constant, independent of the growth rate. Measurements of the surface areas of two E. coli B/r substrains growing at a variety of rates and during nutritional transitions are consistent with the predictions of the model.", "contents": "Dimensions of Escherichia coli at various growth rates: model for envelope growth. The duplication of Escherichia coli B/r is described based on two independent sequences, the replication of the genome and the growth of the envelope. It is proposed that (i) new envelope growth zones are activated coincident with the initiation of new rounds of chromosome replication; (ii) each zone is active in envelope synthesis from the time of its inauguration to the division which follows the completion of the round of chromosome replication (that is, for C + D min); and (iii) the rate of envelope synthesis at each site is constant, independent of the growth rate. Measurements of the surface areas of two E. coli B/r substrains growing at a variety of rates and during nutritional transitions are consistent with the predictions of the model."}
{"id": "PMID:355234", "title": "Diameter of cells of a thermosensitive dnaA mutant of Escherichia coli cultivated at intermediate temperatures.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli K-12 carrying the dnaA46 mutation exhibited a progressively decreasing DNA concentration and a progressively increasing cell size as the temperature was raised from 31 to 37 degrees C. Above 37 degrees C, steady-state exponential growth could not be maintained. The increase in average cell size with increasing growth temperature was due to an increase in cell length. There was no change in cell width. This seems to rule out the hypothesis that the increase in cell width in thy strains cultivated on low concentrations of thymine is due to the decrease in DNA concentration which also occurs under these conditions.", "contents": "Diameter of cells of a thermosensitive dnaA mutant of Escherichia coli cultivated at intermediate temperatures. Strains of Escherichia coli K-12 carrying the dnaA46 mutation exhibited a progressively decreasing DNA concentration and a progressively increasing cell size as the temperature was raised from 31 to 37 degrees C. Above 37 degrees C, steady-state exponential growth could not be maintained. The increase in average cell size with increasing growth temperature was due to an increase in cell length. There was no change in cell width. This seems to rule out the hypothesis that the increase in cell width in thy strains cultivated on low concentrations of thymine is due to the decrease in DNA concentration which also occurs under these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:355235", "title": "Chromosome replication rate and cell shape in Escherichia coli: lack of coupling.", "content": "The dimensions of Rep- cells of Escherichia coli K-12 were measured and compared with those of their Rep+ isogenic cells (both Thy-), Rep- cells cultivated identically were longer (but not wider), even though both strains were wider when the rate of chromosome replication was slowed down by lowering the thymine concentration supplied. This eliminates the possibility that cell shape is determined by this rate. Simulating Thy+ phenotype by adding deoxyguanosine resulted in shorter Rep- cells when growth was faster. This excludes a simple relationship between cell elongation and growth rate, but is consistent with a linear proportionality between the rate of surface synthesis and growth. Thymine limitation of fast-growing Thy- E. coli K-12 cells is shown to result in loss of their uniform shape and production of bizarre morphologies, apparently due to imbalanced synthesis of wall components.", "contents": "Chromosome replication rate and cell shape in Escherichia coli: lack of coupling. The dimensions of Rep- cells of Escherichia coli K-12 were measured and compared with those of their Rep+ isogenic cells (both Thy-), Rep- cells cultivated identically were longer (but not wider), even though both strains were wider when the rate of chromosome replication was slowed down by lowering the thymine concentration supplied. This eliminates the possibility that cell shape is determined by this rate. Simulating Thy+ phenotype by adding deoxyguanosine resulted in shorter Rep- cells when growth was faster. This excludes a simple relationship between cell elongation and growth rate, but is consistent with a linear proportionality between the rate of surface synthesis and growth. Thymine limitation of fast-growing Thy- E. coli K-12 cells is shown to result in loss of their uniform shape and production of bizarre morphologies, apparently due to imbalanced synthesis of wall components."}
{"id": "PMID:355236", "title": "Salmonella typhimurium mutants lacking protease II.", "content": "Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium lacking protease II, an endoprotease with trypsin-like specificity, have been isolated. These mutants can be identified by using the chromogenic substrate N-methyl-N-p-toluenesulfonyl-L-lysine beta-naphthyl ester to screen colonies growing on agar for the presence of the enzyme. All of the mutations isolated map at locus tlp (typsin-like protease) which is cotransducible (approximately 1%) using phage P1 with tre (trehalose utilization) at approximately 58 min on the Salmonella map. Double mutants lacking both protease I and protease II have been constructed. These strains grew normally. They were able to degrade abnormal proteins and to carry out protein turnover during carbon starvation at the same rate as the wild type.", "contents": "Salmonella typhimurium mutants lacking protease II. Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium lacking protease II, an endoprotease with trypsin-like specificity, have been isolated. These mutants can be identified by using the chromogenic substrate N-methyl-N-p-toluenesulfonyl-L-lysine beta-naphthyl ester to screen colonies growing on agar for the presence of the enzyme. All of the mutations isolated map at locus tlp (typsin-like protease) which is cotransducible (approximately 1%) using phage P1 with tre (trehalose utilization) at approximately 58 min on the Salmonella map. Double mutants lacking both protease I and protease II have been constructed. These strains grew normally. They were able to degrade abnormal proteins and to carry out protein turnover during carbon starvation at the same rate as the wild type."}
{"id": "PMID:355237", "title": "Peptidase-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Mutant derivatives of Escherichia coli K-12 deficient in several peptidases have been obtained. Mutants lacking a naphthylamidase, peptidase N, were isolated by screening for colonies unable to hydrolyze L-alanine beta-naphthylamide. Other mutants were isolated using positive selections for resistance to valine peptides. Mutants lacking peptidase A, a broad-specificity aminopeptidase, were obtained by selection for resistance to L-valyl-L-leucine amide. Mutants lacking a dipeptidase, peptidase D, were isolated from a pepN pepA strain by selection for resistance to L-valyl-glycine. Starting with a pepN pepA pepD strain, selection for resistance to L-valyl-glycyl-glycine or several other valine peptides produced mutants deficient in another aminopeptidase, peptidase B. Mutants resistant to L-valyl-L-proline lack peptidase Q, an activity capable of rapid hydrolysis of X-proline dipeptides. Using these selection procedures, a strain (CM89) lacking five different peptidases has been isolated. Although still sensitive to valine, this strain is resistant to a variety of valine di- and tripeptides. The ability of this strain to use peptides as sources of amino acids is much more restricted than that of wild-type E. coli strains. Strains containing only one of the five peptidases missing in CM89 have been constructed by transduction. The peptide utilization profiles of these strains show that each of the five peptidases can function during growth in the catabolism of peptides.", "contents": "Peptidase-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. Mutant derivatives of Escherichia coli K-12 deficient in several peptidases have been obtained. Mutants lacking a naphthylamidase, peptidase N, were isolated by screening for colonies unable to hydrolyze L-alanine beta-naphthylamide. Other mutants were isolated using positive selections for resistance to valine peptides. Mutants lacking peptidase A, a broad-specificity aminopeptidase, were obtained by selection for resistance to L-valyl-L-leucine amide. Mutants lacking a dipeptidase, peptidase D, were isolated from a pepN pepA strain by selection for resistance to L-valyl-glycine. Starting with a pepN pepA pepD strain, selection for resistance to L-valyl-glycyl-glycine or several other valine peptides produced mutants deficient in another aminopeptidase, peptidase B. Mutants resistant to L-valyl-L-proline lack peptidase Q, an activity capable of rapid hydrolysis of X-proline dipeptides. Using these selection procedures, a strain (CM89) lacking five different peptidases has been isolated. Although still sensitive to valine, this strain is resistant to a variety of valine di- and tripeptides. The ability of this strain to use peptides as sources of amino acids is much more restricted than that of wild-type E. coli strains. Strains containing only one of the five peptidases missing in CM89 have been constructed by transduction. The peptide utilization profiles of these strains show that each of the five peptidases can function during growth in the catabolism of peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:355238", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a Clo DF13::Tn901 plasmid mutant with thermosensitive control of DNA replication.", "content": "After nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis, a mutant Escherichia coli strain harboring the Clo DF13::Tn901 plasmid pJN03 was isolated that is thermosensitive (Ts) for growth at 43 degrees C. The mutation responsible for this thermosensitive phenotype resides on the pJN03 plasmid genome. Cells harboring the pJN03 cop-1(Ts) plasmid mutant showed a large increase in plasmid copy number at 43 degrees C accompanied by an increase in the synthesis of plasmid-specified gene products like cloacin DF13 and beta-lactamase. The pJN03 cop-1(Ts) mutant showed uncontrolled plasmid DNA replication at the nonpermissive temperature. Analysis of plasmid deletions showed that the mutation is located in the Clo DF13 map interval from 0 to 12% or 29 to 45%. This implies that native cloacin DF13 and the Clo DF13-specified polypeptides B, C, D, E, and G are not involved in the pleiotropic phenotype of the plasmid mutant pJN03 cop-1(Ts).", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a Clo DF13::Tn901 plasmid mutant with thermosensitive control of DNA replication. After nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis, a mutant Escherichia coli strain harboring the Clo DF13::Tn901 plasmid pJN03 was isolated that is thermosensitive (Ts) for growth at 43 degrees C. The mutation responsible for this thermosensitive phenotype resides on the pJN03 plasmid genome. Cells harboring the pJN03 cop-1(Ts) plasmid mutant showed a large increase in plasmid copy number at 43 degrees C accompanied by an increase in the synthesis of plasmid-specified gene products like cloacin DF13 and beta-lactamase. The pJN03 cop-1(Ts) mutant showed uncontrolled plasmid DNA replication at the nonpermissive temperature. Analysis of plasmid deletions showed that the mutation is located in the Clo DF13 map interval from 0 to 12% or 29 to 45%. This implies that native cloacin DF13 and the Clo DF13-specified polypeptides B, C, D, E, and G are not involved in the pleiotropic phenotype of the plasmid mutant pJN03 cop-1(Ts)."}
{"id": "PMID:355239", "title": "Effect of inhibitors of elongation factor Tu on the metabolic regulation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "By using inhibitors of elongation factor Tu (L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone [TPCK] and kirromycin), we determined the effect of elongation factor Tu inhibition on the synthesis  of individual components of the translation machinery. The rates of synthesis of individual proteins were measured in double-label experiments using a two-dimensional gel system. TPCK inhibition produce a coordinate decrease in the differential synthesis rates of all components of the translation machinery examined in these experiments. On the other hand, kirromycin inhibition increased the differential synthesis rates of some translation components and decreased the differential synthesis rates of others. These results suggest that the metabolic regulation of synthesis of various translation proteins is not mediated through a common signal.", "contents": "Effect of inhibitors of elongation factor Tu on the metabolic regulation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli. By using inhibitors of elongation factor Tu (L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone [TPCK] and kirromycin), we determined the effect of elongation factor Tu inhibition on the synthesis  of individual components of the translation machinery. The rates of synthesis of individual proteins were measured in double-label experiments using a two-dimensional gel system. TPCK inhibition produce a coordinate decrease in the differential synthesis rates of all components of the translation machinery examined in these experiments. On the other hand, kirromycin inhibition increased the differential synthesis rates of some translation components and decreased the differential synthesis rates of others. These results suggest that the metabolic regulation of synthesis of various translation proteins is not mediated through a common signal."}
{"id": "PMID:355240", "title": "Outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. XVIII. Electron microscopic studies on porin insertion sites and growth of cell surface of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium contains three \"major proteins\" or \"porins\" (34K, 35K, and 36K) in the outer membrane. A mutant strain producing only the 35K porin was first grown in media containing high concentrations of NaCl to \"repress\" the porin synthesis and then was shifted into a medium without NaCl. The newly made porin molecules were then labeled with the ferritin-coupled antibody at various times after the shift, and the samples were examined by whole-mount, freeze-etching, and thin-section electron microscopy. These experiments showed that newly inserted porins appeared as discrete patches uniformly distributed over the surface of the cell and, furthermore, that the sites of adhesion between the inner and outer membrane were most probably the pathway by which the newly made porin molecules appeared on cell surface. The 34K and 36K porins were also inserted in the same manner, since the appearance of new porins at discrete sites all over the cell surface was also observed when cells with wild-type porin phenotype were treated with unlabeled antibody to block existing antigenic sites, subsequently regrown, and labeled with the ferritin-coupled antibody. Since porins comprise a major portion of the densely packed, relatively immobile, \"protein framework\" of the outer membrane, these results lead us to conclude that the outer membrane grows predominantly by diffuse intercalation rather than by the zonal growth mechanism.", "contents": "Outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. XVIII. Electron microscopic studies on porin insertion sites and growth of cell surface of Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella typhimurium contains three \"major proteins\" or \"porins\" (34K, 35K, and 36K) in the outer membrane. A mutant strain producing only the 35K porin was first grown in media containing high concentrations of NaCl to \"repress\" the porin synthesis and then was shifted into a medium without NaCl. The newly made porin molecules were then labeled with the ferritin-coupled antibody at various times after the shift, and the samples were examined by whole-mount, freeze-etching, and thin-section electron microscopy. These experiments showed that newly inserted porins appeared as discrete patches uniformly distributed over the surface of the cell and, furthermore, that the sites of adhesion between the inner and outer membrane were most probably the pathway by which the newly made porin molecules appeared on cell surface. The 34K and 36K porins were also inserted in the same manner, since the appearance of new porins at discrete sites all over the cell surface was also observed when cells with wild-type porin phenotype were treated with unlabeled antibody to block existing antigenic sites, subsequently regrown, and labeled with the ferritin-coupled antibody. Since porins comprise a major portion of the densely packed, relatively immobile, \"protein framework\" of the outer membrane, these results lead us to conclude that the outer membrane grows predominantly by diffuse intercalation rather than by the zonal growth mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:355241", "title": "Compact Escherichia coli nucleoids in a highly supercoiled conformation.", "content": "Escherichia coli nucleoids were visualized in a compact, highly supercoiled conformation at 1 M NaCl. After the salt concentration was lowered to 0.15 M NaCl, the nucleoids uncoiled in beaded fibers in which RNA-mediated structural domains could be distinguished.", "contents": "Compact Escherichia coli nucleoids in a highly supercoiled conformation. Escherichia coli nucleoids were visualized in a compact, highly supercoiled conformation at 1 M NaCl. After the salt concentration was lowered to 0.15 M NaCl, the nucleoids uncoiled in beaded fibers in which RNA-mediated structural domains could be distinguished."}
{"id": "PMID:355242", "title": "Psychological adjustment of nonpatient homosexuals: critical review of the research literature.", "content": "This paper critically reviews research studies comparing adjustment levels of nonpatient homosexuals and heterosexuals, and concludes that findings to date have not demonstrated that the homosexual individual is any less psychologically adjusted than his heterosexual counterpart.", "contents": "Psychological adjustment of nonpatient homosexuals: critical review of the research literature. This paper critically reviews research studies comparing adjustment levels of nonpatient homosexuals and heterosexuals, and concludes that findings to date have not demonstrated that the homosexual individual is any less psychologically adjusted than his heterosexual counterpart."}
{"id": "PMID:355243", "title": "Cardiovascular system simulation requirements.", "content": "Circulatory system characteristics are considered with respect to specifying model design parameters for simulators and pulse duplicators. The requirements are investigated to determine what characteristics and parameters are important in design and construction. The specific design depends on the functions of the device to be investigated. The single most important quantity is the modeled proximal capacitance or compliance of the large vessels. More detailed study specifications require more detailed models.", "contents": "Cardiovascular system simulation requirements. Circulatory system characteristics are considered with respect to specifying model design parameters for simulators and pulse duplicators. The requirements are investigated to determine what characteristics and parameters are important in design and construction. The specific design depends on the functions of the device to be investigated. The single most important quantity is the modeled proximal capacitance or compliance of the large vessels. More detailed study specifications require more detailed models."}
{"id": "PMID:355244", "title": "Tissue, cellular and subcellular events at a bone-ceramic hydroxylapatite interface.", "content": "A new polycrystalline form of hydroxylapatite, durapatite, has been examined as a cortical bone implant in dogs. Utilizing histological and electron optical techniques, it has been found that durapatite does not elicit a foreign body response and that all new bone surrounding the material is normally calcified. Bone was found to strongly adhere to durapatite and preliminary evidence suggests this bonding may be due to direct chemical attachment of bone to the material.", "contents": "Tissue, cellular and subcellular events at a bone-ceramic hydroxylapatite interface. A new polycrystalline form of hydroxylapatite, durapatite, has been examined as a cortical bone implant in dogs. Utilizing histological and electron optical techniques, it has been found that durapatite does not elicit a foreign body response and that all new bone surrounding the material is normally calcified. Bone was found to strongly adhere to durapatite and preliminary evidence suggests this bonding may be due to direct chemical attachment of bone to the material."}
{"id": "PMID:355245", "title": "Tri-calcium phosphate as a bone substitute.", "content": "Strong porous tri-calcium phosphate ceramic has been fabricated, and investigated as a bone implant material. No foreign body reaction was observed, while osteoclastic activity was shown to be involved in biodegradation. Bone mineral was deposited directly onto the surface of the ceramic implant.", "contents": "Tri-calcium phosphate as a bone substitute. Strong porous tri-calcium phosphate ceramic has been fabricated, and investigated as a bone implant material. No foreign body reaction was observed, while osteoclastic activity was shown to be involved in biodegradation. Bone mineral was deposited directly onto the surface of the ceramic implant."}
{"id": "PMID:355246", "title": "Controlled mechanized trepan.", "content": "A mechanized trepan is described whose cutting action is halted automatically when the trepan's cutting edge reaches the last 0.03 mm. tissue layer of the cornea. The automatic half of both the motor which advances the trepan as well as the second motor which rotates the trepan is triggered by the sudden change in electrical resistance between the trepan and the patient's internal body fluid, at the final stage of penetration. This automatic feature eliminates the danger of inadvertant damage to the inner structures of the eye.", "contents": "Controlled mechanized trepan. A mechanized trepan is described whose cutting action is halted automatically when the trepan's cutting edge reaches the last 0.03 mm. tissue layer of the cornea. The automatic half of both the motor which advances the trepan as well as the second motor which rotates the trepan is triggered by the sudden change in electrical resistance between the trepan and the patient's internal body fluid, at the final stage of penetration. This automatic feature eliminates the danger of inadvertant damage to the inner structures of the eye."}
{"id": "PMID:355250", "title": "Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen. Incorporation of pyridoxal phosphate into the allosteric activator site and an ADP-glucose-protected pyridoxal phosphate binding site of Escherichia coli B ADP-glucose synthase.", "content": "[3H]Pyridoxal-P can be covalently incorporated into Escherichia coli B mutant strain AC70R1 ADP-glucose synthase by reduction with NaBH4. Two distinct lysine residues can be modified by the allosteric activator pyridoxal-P. Incorporation of [3H]pyridoxal-P in the presence of substrate ADP-glucose + MgCl2 prevents pyridoxylation of an ADP-glucose-protected site and allows modification of the allosteric activator site. Incorporation of [3H]pyridoxal-P in the presence of allosteric effectors fructose-P2, 5'-AMP, or hexanediol-1,6-P2, protects against pyridoxylation of the allosteric activator site, and allows modification of the ADP-glucose-protected site. Incorporation of pyridoxal-P into the allosteric activator site results in modified enzyme of high activity form, even in the absence of fructose-P2. This modified enzyme, when assayed in the absence of fructose-P2, exhibits activation kinetics similar to nonpyridoxylated enzyme assayed in the presence of fructose-P2 and is still inhibited by 5'-AMP. These data suggest that the allosteric activator site of pyridoxylation is the fructose-P2 binding site, and is distinct from the inhibitor 5'-AMP binding site. Incorporation of pyridoxal-P into the ADP-glucose-protected site results in a decrease in enzyme activity. This pyridoxylated lysine could be involved with the binding of thesubstrates ADP-glucose, alpha-glucose-1-P, or PPi, or participate in the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen. Incorporation of pyridoxal phosphate into the allosteric activator site and an ADP-glucose-protected pyridoxal phosphate binding site of Escherichia coli B ADP-glucose synthase. [3H]Pyridoxal-P can be covalently incorporated into Escherichia coli B mutant strain AC70R1 ADP-glucose synthase by reduction with NaBH4. Two distinct lysine residues can be modified by the allosteric activator pyridoxal-P. Incorporation of [3H]pyridoxal-P in the presence of substrate ADP-glucose + MgCl2 prevents pyridoxylation of an ADP-glucose-protected site and allows modification of the allosteric activator site. Incorporation of [3H]pyridoxal-P in the presence of allosteric effectors fructose-P2, 5'-AMP, or hexanediol-1,6-P2, protects against pyridoxylation of the allosteric activator site, and allows modification of the ADP-glucose-protected site. Incorporation of pyridoxal-P into the allosteric activator site results in modified enzyme of high activity form, even in the absence of fructose-P2. This modified enzyme, when assayed in the absence of fructose-P2, exhibits activation kinetics similar to nonpyridoxylated enzyme assayed in the presence of fructose-P2 and is still inhibited by 5'-AMP. These data suggest that the allosteric activator site of pyridoxylation is the fructose-P2 binding site, and is distinct from the inhibitor 5'-AMP binding site. Incorporation of pyridoxal-P into the ADP-glucose-protected site results in a decrease in enzyme activity. This pyridoxylated lysine could be involved with the binding of thesubstrates ADP-glucose, alpha-glucose-1-P, or PPi, or participate in the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:355251", "title": "Phosphate binding to Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase. Evidence for site homogeneity.", "content": "The reversible, noncovalent binding of inorganic phosphate to Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase at pH 8 has been examined by equilibrium dialysis at two temperatures and two ionic strengths. Binding occurs with a stoichiometry of two phosphate ions per dimeric enzyme molecule and a single dissociation constant that is not very sensitive to temperature or ionic strength. These results contradict published evidence for anti-cooperative binding of inorganic phosphate to alkaline phosphatase. Reasons are presented for believing that the apparent anti-cooperativity reported by other workers is artifactual.", "contents": "Phosphate binding to Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase. Evidence for site homogeneity. The reversible, noncovalent binding of inorganic phosphate to Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase at pH 8 has been examined by equilibrium dialysis at two temperatures and two ionic strengths. Binding occurs with a stoichiometry of two phosphate ions per dimeric enzyme molecule and a single dissociation constant that is not very sensitive to temperature or ionic strength. These results contradict published evidence for anti-cooperative binding of inorganic phosphate to alkaline phosphatase. Reasons are presented for believing that the apparent anti-cooperativity reported by other workers is artifactual."}
{"id": "PMID:355252", "title": "The functional importance of structural features of ergosterol in yeast.", "content": "As an approach to the study of the relationship between the structure of sterols and their capacity to function in the lipid leaflet of membranes, various sterols were examined for their ability to support the growth of anaerobic Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A marked dependence on precise structural features was observed in growth-response and morphology. Of the chemical groups which distinguish ergosterol, the main sterol of S. cerevisiae, the hydroxyl group at C-3 was obligatory, and the other groups were found to be of the following relative importance: 24beta-methyl-delta22-grouping greater than 24beta-methyl group greater than delta5,7-diene system = delta5-bond approximately or equal to no double bond. Methyl groups at C-4 and C-14 were inconsistent with activity. Consequently, the data strongly suggest that the normal biosynthetic processes removal of methyl groups from the nucleus and introduction of one in the side chain are of functional significance. A double bond between C-17 and C-20 joining the steroidal side chain to the nucleus had no deleterious effect on the growth process but only if C-22 was trans-oriented to C-13. In the cis-case no growth at all proceeded. This means the natural sterol probably acts functionally in the form of its preferred conformer in which C-22 is to the right (\"right-handed\") in the usual view. Since the placing of a substituent (OH or CH3) in the molecule at C-20 in such a way that it appears on the front side in the right-handed conformer completely destroyed activity, the sterol apparently presents its front face to protein or phospholipid when complexing occurs.", "contents": "The functional importance of structural features of ergosterol in yeast. As an approach to the study of the relationship between the structure of sterols and their capacity to function in the lipid leaflet of membranes, various sterols were examined for their ability to support the growth of anaerobic Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A marked dependence on precise structural features was observed in growth-response and morphology. Of the chemical groups which distinguish ergosterol, the main sterol of S. cerevisiae, the hydroxyl group at C-3 was obligatory, and the other groups were found to be of the following relative importance: 24beta-methyl-delta22-grouping greater than 24beta-methyl group greater than delta5,7-diene system = delta5-bond approximately or equal to no double bond. Methyl groups at C-4 and C-14 were inconsistent with activity. Consequently, the data strongly suggest that the normal biosynthetic processes removal of methyl groups from the nucleus and introduction of one in the side chain are of functional significance. A double bond between C-17 and C-20 joining the steroidal side chain to the nucleus had no deleterious effect on the growth process but only if C-22 was trans-oriented to C-13. In the cis-case no growth at all proceeded. This means the natural sterol probably acts functionally in the form of its preferred conformer in which C-22 is to the right (\"right-handed\") in the usual view. Since the placing of a substituent (OH or CH3) in the molecule at C-20 in such a way that it appears on the front side in the right-handed conformer completely destroyed activity, the sterol apparently presents its front face to protein or phospholipid when complexing occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:355253", "title": "An active alpha'2beta2 derivative of tryptophean synthase formed by limited proteolysis.", "content": "A new approach to studying the arrangement of subunits in the multienzyme complex tryptophan synthase is reported. Comparative studies of limited tryptic proteolysis of the alpha2beta2 complex and of the separate beta2 and alpha subunits show that subunit association inhibits two types of proteolysis which occur with the separate subunits: (i) cleavage of the beta2 subunit to two fragments with consequent loss of activity and (ii) complete degradation of the alpha subunit with loss of activity. Trypsin treatment of the alpha2beta complex does, however, result in at least one cleavage of the alpha subunit and yields an active alpha'2beta2 complex. The alpha'2beta2 complex can be resolved into an active beta2 subunit and an active alpha derivative termed alpha'. These two species can reassociate into the active alpha'2beta2 complex. alpha' derivative can be separated into a large fragment of Mr approximately 20,000 to 23,000 and a small peptide by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions.", "contents": "An active alpha'2beta2 derivative of tryptophean synthase formed by limited proteolysis. A new approach to studying the arrangement of subunits in the multienzyme complex tryptophan synthase is reported. Comparative studies of limited tryptic proteolysis of the alpha2beta2 complex and of the separate beta2 and alpha subunits show that subunit association inhibits two types of proteolysis which occur with the separate subunits: (i) cleavage of the beta2 subunit to two fragments with consequent loss of activity and (ii) complete degradation of the alpha subunit with loss of activity. Trypsin treatment of the alpha2beta complex does, however, result in at least one cleavage of the alpha subunit and yields an active alpha'2beta2 complex. The alpha'2beta2 complex can be resolved into an active beta2 subunit and an active alpha derivative termed alpha'. These two species can reassociate into the active alpha'2beta2 complex. alpha' derivative can be separated into a large fragment of Mr approximately 20,000 to 23,000 and a small peptide by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:355255", "title": "Biosynthesis of yeast mannan. Properties of a mannosylphosphate transferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A homogenate of mechanically broken, freshly grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae X2180 cells catalyzes the transfer of mannosylphosphate units from guanosine diphosphate mannose to reduced alpha1 leads to 2-[3H]mannotetraose to yield reduced mannosylphosphoryl [3H]-mannotetraose. The product is analogous in structure to the phosphorylated mannan side chains, which suggests that the enzymic activity is involved in mannoprotein biosynthesis in the intact cell. The mannosylphosphate transferase activity, localized in a membrane fraction obtained by differential centrifugation at 100,000 x g, was solubilized by Triton X-155 and purified 250-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation and by ion exchange and gell filtration chromatographies. The enzyme requires MN2+ OR Co2+ ions for activity and is stimulated by various detergents. The mnn2 and mnn3 mannan mutants of S. cerevisiae possess normal levels of mannosylphosphate transferase activity, whereas the mnn4 mutant cells contain very low, if any, activity. This is consistent with a previous conclusion that the mnn4 mutation affects the mannosylphosphate transferase activity, whereas the mnn2 and mnn3 strains possess phosphate-deficient mannans because they are unable to synthesize the appropriate side chain precursors. A new mannan mutant class with the mnn4 chemotype was isolated, but the mutation proved to be recessive and nonallelic with the mnn4 locus. This new locus is designated mnn6.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of yeast mannan. Properties of a mannosylphosphate transferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A homogenate of mechanically broken, freshly grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae X2180 cells catalyzes the transfer of mannosylphosphate units from guanosine diphosphate mannose to reduced alpha1 leads to 2-[3H]mannotetraose to yield reduced mannosylphosphoryl [3H]-mannotetraose. The product is analogous in structure to the phosphorylated mannan side chains, which suggests that the enzymic activity is involved in mannoprotein biosynthesis in the intact cell. The mannosylphosphate transferase activity, localized in a membrane fraction obtained by differential centrifugation at 100,000 x g, was solubilized by Triton X-155 and purified 250-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation and by ion exchange and gell filtration chromatographies. The enzyme requires MN2+ OR Co2+ ions for activity and is stimulated by various detergents. The mnn2 and mnn3 mannan mutants of S. cerevisiae possess normal levels of mannosylphosphate transferase activity, whereas the mnn4 mutant cells contain very low, if any, activity. This is consistent with a previous conclusion that the mnn4 mutation affects the mannosylphosphate transferase activity, whereas the mnn2 and mnn3 strains possess phosphate-deficient mannans because they are unable to synthesize the appropriate side chain precursors. A new mannan mutant class with the mnn4 chemotype was isolated, but the mutation proved to be recessive and nonallelic with the mnn4 locus. This new locus is designated mnn6."}
{"id": "PMID:355256", "title": "Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues. X. Initial rates of adsorption of nickel or copper ions on hydroxyapatite surface.", "content": "Initial rates of ion-exchange adsorption of nickelous or cupric ions with calcium ions on the surface of synthetic hydroxyapatite were studied in aqueous nitrate solutions. A kinetic interpretation has been proposed. The determination of the initial rates is important for a systematic investigation of adhesion of certain properly designed substances that may mediate a chemical bonding between dental resins and \"mordanted\" calcified tissues.", "contents": "Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues. X. Initial rates of adsorption of nickel or copper ions on hydroxyapatite surface. Initial rates of ion-exchange adsorption of nickelous or cupric ions with calcium ions on the surface of synthetic hydroxyapatite were studied in aqueous nitrate solutions. A kinetic interpretation has been proposed. The determination of the initial rates is important for a systematic investigation of adhesion of certain properly designed substances that may mediate a chemical bonding between dental resins and \"mordanted\" calcified tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:355257", "title": "Identification of wear particles in tissue after implantation of different plastic materials.", "content": "A method is shown by which to identify wear particles of implanted plastic materials in tissue. A Mettler FP2 hot stage was used to determine the melting point of different elastomer particles in normal histological sections between the crossed nicols. By using a microcolorimeter Type MPE (Leitz, Wetzlar, Germany), additional information about the molecular degradation of wear particles was obtained.", "contents": "Identification of wear particles in tissue after implantation of different plastic materials. A method is shown by which to identify wear particles of implanted plastic materials in tissue. A Mettler FP2 hot stage was used to determine the melting point of different elastomer particles in normal histological sections between the crossed nicols. By using a microcolorimeter Type MPE (Leitz, Wetzlar, Germany), additional information about the molecular degradation of wear particles was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:355258", "title": "Mechanics of the knee and problems in reconstructive surgery.", "content": "Static force transmission at the knee is analysed using measurements from radiographs showing the position of the line of body weight and also the bones of the knee in their correct orientation during function. With this technique it is possible to suggest values for a variety of forces acting at the knee. During function the degree of knee flexion is not as important as the angle that the thigh makes with the vertical. The tension in the extensor mechanism is not the same above and below the patella. Failure to recognise these two features results in fundamental errors. The patella, the effects of patellectomy and of forward displacement of the attachment of the patellar ligament are discussed. The importance of the transmission of force in the coronal plane is emphasised with particular reference to total knee replacement. It is suggested that small errors of geometry, as seen in the anteroposterior radiograph, can produce large changes of load.", "contents": "Mechanics of the knee and problems in reconstructive surgery. Static force transmission at the knee is analysed using measurements from radiographs showing the position of the line of body weight and also the bones of the knee in their correct orientation during function. With this technique it is possible to suggest values for a variety of forces acting at the knee. During function the degree of knee flexion is not as important as the angle that the thigh makes with the vertical. The tension in the extensor mechanism is not the same above and below the patella. Failure to recognise these two features results in fundamental errors. The patella, the effects of patellectomy and of forward displacement of the attachment of the patellar ligament are discussed. The importance of the transmission of force in the coronal plane is emphasised with particular reference to total knee replacement. It is suggested that small errors of geometry, as seen in the anteroposterior radiograph, can produce large changes of load."}
{"id": "PMID:355261", "title": "Cell division from a genetic perspective.", "content": "A novel view of the eukaryotic cell cycle is taking form as genetic strategies borrowed from investigations of microbial gene regulation and bacteriophage morphogenesis are being applied to the process of cell division. It is a genetic construct in which mutational lesions identify the primary events, thermolabile gene products reveal temporal order, mutant phenotypes yield pathways of causality, and regulatory events are localized within sequences of gene controlled steps.", "contents": "Cell division from a genetic perspective. A novel view of the eukaryotic cell cycle is taking form as genetic strategies borrowed from investigations of microbial gene regulation and bacteriophage morphogenesis are being applied to the process of cell division. It is a genetic construct in which mutational lesions identify the primary events, thermolabile gene products reveal temporal order, mutant phenotypes yield pathways of causality, and regulatory events are localized within sequences of gene controlled steps."}
{"id": "PMID:355262", "title": "Localization of actin in Dictyostelium amebas by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Antibody prepared against avian smooth muscle actin has been used to localize actin in the slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. The distribution of actin in migrating cells is different from that in feeding cells. Migrating amebas display fluorescence primarily in advancing regions whereas feeding amebas show uniform fluorescence throughout. The reaction is specific for actin since the fluorescence observed is blocked when the antibody is absorbed by actin purified from avian skeletal muscle, human platelets, and Dictyostelium. These results, in addition to describing the distribution of actin in D. discoideum, demonstrate that actins from these diverse sources share at least one common antigenic determinant.", "contents": "Localization of actin in Dictyostelium amebas by immunofluorescence. Antibody prepared against avian smooth muscle actin has been used to localize actin in the slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. The distribution of actin in migrating cells is different from that in feeding cells. Migrating amebas display fluorescence primarily in advancing regions whereas feeding amebas show uniform fluorescence throughout. The reaction is specific for actin since the fluorescence observed is blocked when the antibody is absorbed by actin purified from avian skeletal muscle, human platelets, and Dictyostelium. These results, in addition to describing the distribution of actin in D. discoideum, demonstrate that actins from these diverse sources share at least one common antigenic determinant."}
{"id": "PMID:355264", "title": "[A case of traumatic spondylolisthesis treated by Harrington's method and graft (author's transl)].", "content": "This exceptional case of traumatic spondylolisthesis recalls the interest of rapid treatment, and the great interest of Harrington's material both for contention and reduction. Finally the authors emphasise the necissity of completing the procedure by an intersomatic graft by the anterior route.", "contents": "[A case of traumatic spondylolisthesis treated by Harrington's method and graft (author's transl)]. This exceptional case of traumatic spondylolisthesis recalls the interest of rapid treatment, and the great interest of Harrington's material both for contention and reduction. Finally the authors emphasise the necissity of completing the procedure by an intersomatic graft by the anterior route."}
{"id": "PMID:355265", "title": "Relationships among three components of self-concept and same-sex and opposite-sex human figure drawings.", "content": "In an extension of previous studies, 88 presumably normal Ss were given the Draw-A-Person Test and were asked to make Semantic Differential ratings of their same-sex and opposite-sex figure drawings, as well as their real, ideal, and least-liked selves. Significant positive correlations were found between same-sex figure ratings and ratings of both real self and ideal self, and there was a significant negative correlation between ratings of same-sex figure drawings and ratings of least-liked self. There were no significant correlations between ratings of opposite-sex figure drawings and actual, ideal, or least-liked self ratings. Thus a significant relationship among three components of self-concept and normal Ss' perceptions of their human figure drawings emerged, but only for same-sex figures.", "contents": "Relationships among three components of self-concept and same-sex and opposite-sex human figure drawings. In an extension of previous studies, 88 presumably normal Ss were given the Draw-A-Person Test and were asked to make Semantic Differential ratings of their same-sex and opposite-sex figure drawings, as well as their real, ideal, and least-liked selves. Significant positive correlations were found between same-sex figure ratings and ratings of both real self and ideal self, and there was a significant negative correlation between ratings of same-sex figure drawings and ratings of least-liked self. There were no significant correlations between ratings of opposite-sex figure drawings and actual, ideal, or least-liked self ratings. Thus a significant relationship among three components of self-concept and normal Ss' perceptions of their human figure drawings emerged, but only for same-sex figures."}
{"id": "PMID:355266", "title": "Applicability of the Group Personality Projective Test within a prison population.", "content": "Administered the Group Personality Projective Test (GPPT) to 60 male offenders incarcerated in a state penitentiary. A board of 10 prisoners selected inmates who clearly had demonstrated one of three patterns of assaultive behavior: undercontrolled aggressives, overcontrolled aggressives, and over controlled psychopaths. A control group was chosen randomly from the prison population, as well. Results failed to support the hypothesis that GPPT scores significantly differ among relatively homogeneous prisoner subgroups or between these groups and the control group of non-assaultive prisoners.", "contents": "Applicability of the Group Personality Projective Test within a prison population. Administered the Group Personality Projective Test (GPPT) to 60 male offenders incarcerated in a state penitentiary. A board of 10 prisoners selected inmates who clearly had demonstrated one of three patterns of assaultive behavior: undercontrolled aggressives, overcontrolled aggressives, and over controlled psychopaths. A control group was chosen randomly from the prison population, as well. Results failed to support the hypothesis that GPPT scores significantly differ among relatively homogeneous prisoner subgroups or between these groups and the control group of non-assaultive prisoners."}
{"id": "PMID:355268", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies in granuloma eosinophilicum faciale.", "content": "Direct immunofluorescence investigations were performed on skin biopsies from five patients with granuloma eosinophilicum faciale (GEF; facial granuloma). An extensive and brilliant granular picture was observed along the basement membrane (BM) of the epidermis and the hair follicles, in the walls of the vessels, in the cellular infiltrates and on the connective tissue fibers. These granules were positively stained by antisera directed against IgG, complement (C3/4) and, although less consistently, against IgA and IgM. IgE was found in one case along the BM, but anti- IgD was negative. Concomitantly heavy fibrillar deposits of fibrin were present in the walls of the vessels and in the cellular infiltrates, together with granular depositions along the BM. The analysis of the complement factors showed that C1q, C4, C3, C3c, C3d and C5 were present in the same pattern as C3/4. These results indicate that GEF can be considered as a chronic form of leukoclastic vasculitis mediated by an Arthus-like mechanism, maintained by an unidentified, persistent antigen or by locally produced Ig aggregates.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies in granuloma eosinophilicum faciale. Direct immunofluorescence investigations were performed on skin biopsies from five patients with granuloma eosinophilicum faciale (GEF; facial granuloma). An extensive and brilliant granular picture was observed along the basement membrane (BM) of the epidermis and the hair follicles, in the walls of the vessels, in the cellular infiltrates and on the connective tissue fibers. These granules were positively stained by antisera directed against IgG, complement (C3/4) and, although less consistently, against IgA and IgM. IgE was found in one case along the BM, but anti- IgD was negative. Concomitantly heavy fibrillar deposits of fibrin were present in the walls of the vessels and in the cellular infiltrates, together with granular depositions along the BM. The analysis of the complement factors showed that C1q, C4, C3, C3c, C3d and C5 were present in the same pattern as C3/4. These results indicate that GEF can be considered as a chronic form of leukoclastic vasculitis mediated by an Arthus-like mechanism, maintained by an unidentified, persistent antigen or by locally produced Ig aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:355274", "title": "The principal stress distribution in a root with a loaded post in model experiments.", "content": "The principal stress distribution in a root with a loaded post was analyzed in model experiments, in which emphasis was directed to the cervical boundary of the root where the stresses are greatest. Maximum stresses were found in the inner proximal sides, and were stronger when the prepared root canal walls were parallel. When contact between post and root was reduced, stresses decreased. These findings point to the importance of sparing tooth substance in the proximal parts of the canal in order to reduce the risk of breaking the cement layer and loosening the post.", "contents": "The principal stress distribution in a root with a loaded post in model experiments. The principal stress distribution in a root with a loaded post was analyzed in model experiments, in which emphasis was directed to the cervical boundary of the root where the stresses are greatest. Maximum stresses were found in the inner proximal sides, and were stronger when the prepared root canal walls were parallel. When contact between post and root was reduced, stresses decreased. These findings point to the importance of sparing tooth substance in the proximal parts of the canal in order to reduce the risk of breaking the cement layer and loosening the post."}
{"id": "PMID:355275", "title": "A flexural method for evaluation of metal-ceramic bond strengths.", "content": "A test technique is presented for evaluating metal-ceramic bond strengths. The test piece consists of a four-point loaded metal beam with porcelain bonded to the central tension side of the beam. The test produced failures at predictable locations and was able to differentiate between metal surface treatments.", "contents": "A flexural method for evaluation of metal-ceramic bond strengths. A test technique is presented for evaluating metal-ceramic bond strengths. The test piece consists of a four-point loaded metal beam with porcelain bonded to the central tension side of the beam. The test produced failures at predictable locations and was able to differentiate between metal surface treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:355276", "title": "Laser evaluation of handpiece contamination.", "content": "Six different models of ultra-high speed handpieces were evaluated in regard to debris accumulation following cutting through tooth structure. A weight-load machine and a laser particle detector were utilized to evaluate the amount of the debris retained. Amounts of debris accumulated after dry and wet cutting were also evaluated. The effect of simple wiping of the handpieces with alcohol guaze was assessed. The results obtained show that the longer the cutting time, the larger the amounts of debris retained on the handpieces. Dry cutting resulted in smaller amounts of debris entrapped than following wet cutting. The cleaning by wiping with alcohol gauze reduced the amounts of the debris, but is insufficient and cannot be utilized as a single procedure for decontaminating handpieces. The external head design is a cardinal factor in retention of debris: larger but smoother surfaces will retain less debris than smaller but more complicated surfaces. External tubings are debris retention foci.", "contents": "Laser evaluation of handpiece contamination. Six different models of ultra-high speed handpieces were evaluated in regard to debris accumulation following cutting through tooth structure. A weight-load machine and a laser particle detector were utilized to evaluate the amount of the debris retained. Amounts of debris accumulated after dry and wet cutting were also evaluated. The effect of simple wiping of the handpieces with alcohol guaze was assessed. The results obtained show that the longer the cutting time, the larger the amounts of debris retained on the handpieces. Dry cutting resulted in smaller amounts of debris entrapped than following wet cutting. The cleaning by wiping with alcohol gauze reduced the amounts of the debris, but is insufficient and cannot be utilized as a single procedure for decontaminating handpieces. The external head design is a cardinal factor in retention of debris: larger but smoother surfaces will retain less debris than smaller but more complicated surfaces. External tubings are debris retention foci."}
{"id": "PMID:355278", "title": "Bacterial penetration, pulpal reaction and the inner surface of Concise enamel bond. Composite fillings in etched and unetched cavities.", "content": "The sealing properties of resin-composite resin material applied to acid-etched cavities and adjacent enamel were studied in 40 contralateral tooth pairs. This treatment was found to reduce considerably the risk of ingrowth of microorganisms from the surface of the tooth. The resin material did not have any appreciable irritative effect on the pulp; the same was true for the etching procedure. Etching of lateral enamel walls and margins with an acid gel after the application of a liner on dentinal walls was considered to be the procedure recommended before the application of the combination of unfilled resin and composite resin.", "contents": "Bacterial penetration, pulpal reaction and the inner surface of Concise enamel bond. Composite fillings in etched and unetched cavities. The sealing properties of resin-composite resin material applied to acid-etched cavities and adjacent enamel were studied in 40 contralateral tooth pairs. This treatment was found to reduce considerably the risk of ingrowth of microorganisms from the surface of the tooth. The resin material did not have any appreciable irritative effect on the pulp; the same was true for the etching procedure. Etching of lateral enamel walls and margins with an acid gel after the application of a liner on dentinal walls was considered to be the procedure recommended before the application of the combination of unfilled resin and composite resin."}
{"id": "PMID:355279", "title": "Effect of toothbrushing with different concentrations of chlorhexidine on the development of dental plaque and gingivitis.", "content": "This study showed that 0.15, 0.10, and 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate solutions used on the toothbrush subsequent to scaling were for at least 45 days able to maintain plaque and gingivitis scores lower than those obtained 14 days after scaling and oral hygiene instruction. Discoloration of teeth and fillings were the only side effects observed.", "contents": "Effect of toothbrushing with different concentrations of chlorhexidine on the development of dental plaque and gingivitis. This study showed that 0.15, 0.10, and 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate solutions used on the toothbrush subsequent to scaling were for at least 45 days able to maintain plaque and gingivitis scores lower than those obtained 14 days after scaling and oral hygiene instruction. Discoloration of teeth and fillings were the only side effects observed."}
{"id": "PMID:355280", "title": "Be, Li, and Na redistribution near a porcelain/Ni alloy interface shown by ion microprobe mass analysis.", "content": "During porcelainization the non-preoxidized alloy develops a Be-rich reaction zone in the interface which separates a Be-depleted alloy from a Li and (to a lesser extent Na) depleted region of the ceramic. Thus, Be diffuses to the interface through the alloy Be degrees leads to Be++ + 2 e- occurs at the interface; some of the electrons are electronically conducted to the porcelain-air interface where they are consumed as 2 e- + 1/2 O degrees 2 leads to O=, and the resulting negatively charged porcelain surface attracts Li+ (and Na+).", "contents": "Be, Li, and Na redistribution near a porcelain/Ni alloy interface shown by ion microprobe mass analysis. During porcelainization the non-preoxidized alloy develops a Be-rich reaction zone in the interface which separates a Be-depleted alloy from a Li and (to a lesser extent Na) depleted region of the ceramic. Thus, Be diffuses to the interface through the alloy Be degrees leads to Be++ + 2 e- occurs at the interface; some of the electrons are electronically conducted to the porcelain-air interface where they are consumed as 2 e- + 1/2 O degrees 2 leads to O=, and the resulting negatively charged porcelain surface attracts Li+ (and Na+)."}
{"id": "PMID:355281", "title": "Topography and distribution of trace surface metals (Sn, In) on alloys for porcelain-metal restoration: influence of surface treatment.", "content": "Gold alloys were given five different conditioning treatments prior to porcelain firing. The alloys were examined with a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. Only two of the alloys had tin and indium present; these were concentrated in particles partially fused to the alloy's surface.", "contents": "Topography and distribution of trace surface metals (Sn, In) on alloys for porcelain-metal restoration: influence of surface treatment. Gold alloys were given five different conditioning treatments prior to porcelain firing. The alloys were examined with a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. Only two of the alloys had tin and indium present; these were concentrated in particles partially fused to the alloy's surface."}
{"id": "PMID:355282", "title": "Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues. XV. Neutron activation analysis of dentin sorption of mordant salts.", "content": "Five metallic chlorides were compared simultaneously, with regard to their interaction with dentin surfaces. Neutron activation analysis was used to measure the quantities absorbed. Each metal was bound by dentin to some extent during a 60-second exposure, and was not removed during a 20-second rinse with distilled water. Quantitatively, the gram-atom amounts of ions sorbed increased in the order Co less than Al less than Zn approximately Cu less than Fe. These mordant salts warrant further study as a possible means of improving adhesive bonding between dental resins (via polyfunctional surface-active comonomers) and dentin.", "contents": "Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues. XV. Neutron activation analysis of dentin sorption of mordant salts. Five metallic chlorides were compared simultaneously, with regard to their interaction with dentin surfaces. Neutron activation analysis was used to measure the quantities absorbed. Each metal was bound by dentin to some extent during a 60-second exposure, and was not removed during a 20-second rinse with distilled water. Quantitatively, the gram-atom amounts of ions sorbed increased in the order Co less than Al less than Zn approximately Cu less than Fe. These mordant salts warrant further study as a possible means of improving adhesive bonding between dental resins (via polyfunctional surface-active comonomers) and dentin."}
{"id": "PMID:355283", "title": "Pressure distribution in centrifugal dental casting.", "content": "Equations are developed for liquid metal pressure in centrifugal dental casting, given the instantaneous rotational velocity, density, and certain dimensions of the casting machine and casting pattern. A \"reference parabola\" is introduced making the fluid pressure concept more understandable. A specially designed specimen demonstrates experimentally the reference parabola at freezing.", "contents": "Pressure distribution in centrifugal dental casting. Equations are developed for liquid metal pressure in centrifugal dental casting, given the instantaneous rotational velocity, density, and certain dimensions of the casting machine and casting pattern. A \"reference parabola\" is introduced making the fluid pressure concept more understandable. A specially designed specimen demonstrates experimentally the reference parabola at freezing."}
{"id": "PMID:355285", "title": "Maternal smoking and congenital malformations: an epidemiological study.", "content": "In a case-control study undertaken in several hospitals in Connecticut, it was found that women who reported smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day during pregnancy had a relative risk of about 1.6 for congenital malformations in the offspring of that pregnancy compared with women who said they had not smoked at all during pregnancy. However, there was no significant increase in risk among women who reported smoking 20 or fewer cigarettes a day during pregnancy compared with those who said they had not smoked at all during pregnancy. The higher risk among moderate and heavy smokers could not be attributed to any of the potentially confounding variables considered in this study; furthermore, it was specific to smoking during pregnancy rather than before pregnancy, and increased with the average amount smoked a day. Nevertheless, because the increase in risk was modest, because response bias could exist in a study of this type, and because no other studies have examined in detail the smoking-congenital malformation hypothesis, further research is needed to determine whether the relationship between maternal smoking and congenital malformations in offspring is causal.", "contents": "Maternal smoking and congenital malformations: an epidemiological study. In a case-control study undertaken in several hospitals in Connecticut, it was found that women who reported smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day during pregnancy had a relative risk of about 1.6 for congenital malformations in the offspring of that pregnancy compared with women who said they had not smoked at all during pregnancy. However, there was no significant increase in risk among women who reported smoking 20 or fewer cigarettes a day during pregnancy compared with those who said they had not smoked at all during pregnancy. The higher risk among moderate and heavy smokers could not be attributed to any of the potentially confounding variables considered in this study; furthermore, it was specific to smoking during pregnancy rather than before pregnancy, and increased with the average amount smoked a day. Nevertheless, because the increase in risk was modest, because response bias could exist in a study of this type, and because no other studies have examined in detail the smoking-congenital malformation hypothesis, further research is needed to determine whether the relationship between maternal smoking and congenital malformations in offspring is causal."}
{"id": "PMID:355287", "title": "Extrusion of endodontically treated teeth.", "content": "Extrusion in a vertical direction was used in efforts to retain 14 teeth that had subcrestal fractures, perforations, or caries below the gingival tissue. Indications for the procedure, techniques, and complications are discussed.", "contents": "Extrusion of endodontically treated teeth. Extrusion in a vertical direction was used in efforts to retain 14 teeth that had subcrestal fractures, perforations, or caries below the gingival tissue. Indications for the procedure, techniques, and complications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355290", "title": "Surgical-prosthetic correction of dentofacial deformities.", "content": "The rehabilitation of optimal masticatory function in many persons who have difficult prosthetic dental conditions can be significantly aided by newer orthognathic surgical procedures. The combined surgical-prosthetic approach for these patients requires close cooperation and communication between the general dentist or prosthodontist and the oral surgeon, particularly because various aspects of the surgical treatment planning for these patients differ greatly from those for patients with complete natural dentitions. A discussion and report of cases illustrate germane aspects of evaluation of conditions, treatment planning, and surgical approaches to the more commonly encountered surgical-prosthetic dental problems.", "contents": "Surgical-prosthetic correction of dentofacial deformities. The rehabilitation of optimal masticatory function in many persons who have difficult prosthetic dental conditions can be significantly aided by newer orthognathic surgical procedures. The combined surgical-prosthetic approach for these patients requires close cooperation and communication between the general dentist or prosthodontist and the oral surgeon, particularly because various aspects of the surgical treatment planning for these patients differ greatly from those for patients with complete natural dentitions. A discussion and report of cases illustrate germane aspects of evaluation of conditions, treatment planning, and surgical approaches to the more commonly encountered surgical-prosthetic dental problems."}
{"id": "PMID:355291", "title": "Acid-etch repair of hereditary type 4 enamel hypoplasia.", "content": "Defects of the enamel include hypoplasia and hypomineralization. The cause can be local, systemic, or hereditary. A 14-year-old boy had type 4 hereditary hypoplastic enamel. The Nuva-Seal, Nuva-Fil acid-etch technique was used to restore the defect.", "contents": "Acid-etch repair of hereditary type 4 enamel hypoplasia. Defects of the enamel include hypoplasia and hypomineralization. The cause can be local, systemic, or hereditary. A 14-year-old boy had type 4 hereditary hypoplastic enamel. The Nuva-Seal, Nuva-Fil acid-etch technique was used to restore the defect."}
{"id": "PMID:355293", "title": "Humoral and cellular immune responses in Aspergillus fumigatus pulmonary disease.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate immunologic differences between aspergilloma (A) and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), comparing the results to atopic and nonatopic control subjects. Humoral studies included skin tests with common inhalant antigens and Aspergillus fumigatus. Total and specific IgE and other immunologlobulin levels and serum precipitins were evaluated against A. fumigatus. Cellular immunity was studied with routine skin testing and phytohemaqglutinin-induced lymphocyte blast transformation. Antigen-induced blast transformation was also carried out with the use of serial dilutions of A. fumigatus. All patients with ABPA were atopic and had marked elevations of IgE. None of the patients were atopic and they had normal IgE levels. Immediate and late skin reactivity to A. fumigatus was low in control and A groups but high in 2 patients with ABPA. IgG antibody against A. fumigatus was generally greater in the ABPA group. Both ABPA and A had serum precipitating antibody against A. fumigatus. The atopic controls had elevated IgE levels and immediate skin test reactivity to A. fumigatus, and one also had weak serum precipitins against A. fumigatus. IgE antibody against A. fumigatus was generally higher in ABPA than A. ABPA and A patients had elevated stimulation indices (SI) to A. fumigatus. No stimulation could be detected with cells from control subjects. This study indicates that both T and B cell sensitization may play a role in the development of or as a response to aspergillus-related pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Humoral and cellular immune responses in Aspergillus fumigatus pulmonary disease. This study was designed to evaluate immunologic differences between aspergilloma (A) and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), comparing the results to atopic and nonatopic control subjects. Humoral studies included skin tests with common inhalant antigens and Aspergillus fumigatus. Total and specific IgE and other immunologlobulin levels and serum precipitins were evaluated against A. fumigatus. Cellular immunity was studied with routine skin testing and phytohemaqglutinin-induced lymphocyte blast transformation. Antigen-induced blast transformation was also carried out with the use of serial dilutions of A. fumigatus. All patients with ABPA were atopic and had marked elevations of IgE. None of the patients were atopic and they had normal IgE levels. Immediate and late skin reactivity to A. fumigatus was low in control and A groups but high in 2 patients with ABPA. IgG antibody against A. fumigatus was generally greater in the ABPA group. Both ABPA and A had serum precipitating antibody against A. fumigatus. The atopic controls had elevated IgE levels and immediate skin test reactivity to A. fumigatus, and one also had weak serum precipitins against A. fumigatus. IgE antibody against A. fumigatus was generally higher in ABPA than A. ABPA and A patients had elevated stimulation indices (SI) to A. fumigatus. No stimulation could be detected with cells from control subjects. This study indicates that both T and B cell sensitization may play a role in the development of or as a response to aspergillus-related pulmonary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:355294", "title": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of mononuclear cells from asthmatics tested in three in vitro assays.", "content": "Using the chicken red blood cell assay, the human Chang liver cell assay, and a lymphoblastoid cell assay, mononuclear cells from asthmatics and normals were tested for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) capacity. Mononuclear cell preparations from perennial nonallergic asthmatics with a history of asthma associated with viral infections had a reduced ADCC capacity in the chicken red blood cell assay, an increased ADCC capacity in the Chang liver cell assay, and normal ADCC capacity in the lymphoblastoid cell assay. The data also suggested that perennial nonallergic asthmatics had increased percentages of surface IgG-negative lymphocytes in the peripheral blood when compared to normals.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of mononuclear cells from asthmatics tested in three in vitro assays. Using the chicken red blood cell assay, the human Chang liver cell assay, and a lymphoblastoid cell assay, mononuclear cells from asthmatics and normals were tested for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) capacity. Mononuclear cell preparations from perennial nonallergic asthmatics with a history of asthma associated with viral infections had a reduced ADCC capacity in the chicken red blood cell assay, an increased ADCC capacity in the Chang liver cell assay, and normal ADCC capacity in the lymphoblastoid cell assay. The data also suggested that perennial nonallergic asthmatics had increased percentages of surface IgG-negative lymphocytes in the peripheral blood when compared to normals."}
{"id": "PMID:355296", "title": "Stress management training for the elderly: a psychoeducational approach.", "content": "A procedure is described for teaching elderly persons the use of relaxation as a coping skill. The procedure, called Stress Management Training, seeks to provide the client with: 1) a cognitive understanding of stress and relaxation, 2) the ability to relax by controlling muscle tension and sympathetic-nervous-system activity, and 3) the ability to extend the relaxation skill to real-life stress situations. A case report demonstrates the process, which is an educational model rather than a medical model. The role of the psychotherapist as an educator and the potential usefulness of the social learning theory as a basis for conceptualizing mental health problems are discussed.", "contents": "Stress management training for the elderly: a psychoeducational approach. A procedure is described for teaching elderly persons the use of relaxation as a coping skill. The procedure, called Stress Management Training, seeks to provide the client with: 1) a cognitive understanding of stress and relaxation, 2) the ability to relax by controlling muscle tension and sympathetic-nervous-system activity, and 3) the ability to extend the relaxation skill to real-life stress situations. A case report demonstrates the process, which is an educational model rather than a medical model. The role of the psychotherapist as an educator and the potential usefulness of the social learning theory as a basis for conceptualizing mental health problems are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355298", "title": "Convergence insufficiency: incidence, diagnosis, and treatment.", "content": "Convergence insufficiency is one of the most common ocular problems. The paper carefully reviews the existing literature paying particular attention to etiology, diagnosis, sensory findings, treatment, and treatment results.", "contents": "Convergence insufficiency: incidence, diagnosis, and treatment. Convergence insufficiency is one of the most common ocular problems. The paper carefully reviews the existing literature paying particular attention to etiology, diagnosis, sensory findings, treatment, and treatment results."}
{"id": "PMID:355301", "title": "[A study of two proteins associated with pregnancy. HPL and SPI glycoprotein, in the serum of 692 pregnant women (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors study the evolution of the levels of two proteins found in pregnancy (HPL and SP1 glycoprotein) in the serum of 692 pregnant women. They establish normal and pathological zones. They study particular cases (twins, hydramnios and kidney pathologies). The relationships between fetal distress, maturity, and the fetal weight at birth are analysed.", "contents": "[A study of two proteins associated with pregnancy. HPL and SPI glycoprotein, in the serum of 692 pregnant women (author's transl)]. The authors study the evolution of the levels of two proteins found in pregnancy (HPL and SP1 glycoprotein) in the serum of 692 pregnant women. They establish normal and pathological zones. They study particular cases (twins, hydramnios and kidney pathologies). The relationships between fetal distress, maturity, and the fetal weight at birth are analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:355302", "title": "Osteoblastoma of the metacarpal: A case report.", "content": "Osteoblastoma is a rare tumor, but the small bones of the hands and feet are the second most common location. Despite this, the diagnosis of osteoblastoma is rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of bone tumors of the hand. This is a case similar to Jaffe and Mayer's original report.", "contents": "Osteoblastoma of the metacarpal: A case report. Osteoblastoma is a rare tumor, but the small bones of the hands and feet are the second most common location. Despite this, the diagnosis of osteoblastoma is rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of bone tumors of the hand. This is a case similar to Jaffe and Mayer's original report."}
{"id": "PMID:355303", "title": "Multiple volar carpometacarpal joint dislocation. Case report of traumatic volar dislocation of the medial four carpometacarpal joint in a child and review of the literature.", "content": "Traumatic dislocation of the medial four carpometacarpal joints in a child is an unusual injury. Descriptions of this injury in the literature have been reviewed and a case is presented to illustrate the pertinent anatomy, biomechanical aspects, and details of management. Specifically, the importance of collateral circulation to the hand and an effective technique of pin fixation are described.", "contents": "Multiple volar carpometacarpal joint dislocation. Case report of traumatic volar dislocation of the medial four carpometacarpal joint in a child and review of the literature. Traumatic dislocation of the medial four carpometacarpal joints in a child is an unusual injury. Descriptions of this injury in the literature have been reviewed and a case is presented to illustrate the pertinent anatomy, biomechanical aspects, and details of management. Specifically, the importance of collateral circulation to the hand and an effective technique of pin fixation are described."}
{"id": "PMID:355544", "title": "Peanut agglutinin. I. A new tool for studying T lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "Fluorescein-coupled peanut agglutinin (PNA) has been used at the single-cell level to study mouse lymphocyte subpopulations. PNA not only binds to most thymocytes, as has already been shown by other authors, but also binds to a small fraction of peripheral lymphocytes that are all T cells (theta+Ig-) or null cells (theta-Ig-). Most PNA-positive thymocytes are sensitive to in vivo corticosteroids and irradiation (450 rads) treatments. Conversely, the positive spleen cells (5% of total spleen lymphocytes) are essentially resistant to corticosteroids and irradiation. Study of PNA binding during ontogenesis shows the occurrence of PNA-positive cells in the fetal liver before thymus constitution and in the very beginning of embryonic thymus and spleen development. These data indicate that PNA is a marker of early T cell subpopulations but that there are probably several distinct subsets of PNA-positive T cells.", "contents": "Peanut agglutinin. I. A new tool for studying T lymphocyte subpopulations. Fluorescein-coupled peanut agglutinin (PNA) has been used at the single-cell level to study mouse lymphocyte subpopulations. PNA not only binds to most thymocytes, as has already been shown by other authors, but also binds to a small fraction of peripheral lymphocytes that are all T cells (theta+Ig-) or null cells (theta-Ig-). Most PNA-positive thymocytes are sensitive to in vivo corticosteroids and irradiation (450 rads) treatments. Conversely, the positive spleen cells (5% of total spleen lymphocytes) are essentially resistant to corticosteroids and irradiation. Study of PNA binding during ontogenesis shows the occurrence of PNA-positive cells in the fetal liver before thymus constitution and in the very beginning of embryonic thymus and spleen development. These data indicate that PNA is a marker of early T cell subpopulations but that there are probably several distinct subsets of PNA-positive T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:355545", "title": "Expression of two differentiation antigens on normal and cultured human T cells.", "content": "An antiserum specific for human T lymphocytes (AMT) was used to examine patterns of T cell surface antigen expression and to isolate their reactive membrane antigens. By a quantitative adsorption assay, different plateaus of AMT reactivity with blood T cells were observed after serial adsorptions with individual T cell lines. MOLT-3 cells removed 95% of AMT activity to blood T cells whereas MOLT-4 removed 70% and HSB-2 removed only 30%. A cross-adsorption analysis demonstrated that each of the three cell lines differed in their adsorbing efficiency to remove AMT antibodies reactive with the reciprocal cell lines. Radiolabeled membrane proteins were solubilized with either sodium deoxycholate (DOC) or NP-40 detergents, precipitated with AMT, and Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I, and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Two distinct T lymphocyte antigens of approximately 25,000 daltons (p25) and 16,000 (p16) were identified on MOLT-3 cells. Similar relative quantities of p25 and p16 were detected on human peripheral T cells and thymocytes. MOLT-4 cells contained less of the p25 peak than did MOLT-3. HSB-2 cells gave a small peak in the same general location as the MOLT-3 p25 peak, and a relatively large p16 peak. Adsorption of AMT with HSB-2 removed the capacity of the antiserum to precipitate p16 from MOLT-3, but did not eliminate reactivity with p25.", "contents": "Expression of two differentiation antigens on normal and cultured human T cells. An antiserum specific for human T lymphocytes (AMT) was used to examine patterns of T cell surface antigen expression and to isolate their reactive membrane antigens. By a quantitative adsorption assay, different plateaus of AMT reactivity with blood T cells were observed after serial adsorptions with individual T cell lines. MOLT-3 cells removed 95% of AMT activity to blood T cells whereas MOLT-4 removed 70% and HSB-2 removed only 30%. A cross-adsorption analysis demonstrated that each of the three cell lines differed in their adsorbing efficiency to remove AMT antibodies reactive with the reciprocal cell lines. Radiolabeled membrane proteins were solubilized with either sodium deoxycholate (DOC) or NP-40 detergents, precipitated with AMT, and Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I, and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Two distinct T lymphocyte antigens of approximately 25,000 daltons (p25) and 16,000 (p16) were identified on MOLT-3 cells. Similar relative quantities of p25 and p16 were detected on human peripheral T cells and thymocytes. MOLT-4 cells contained less of the p25 peak than did MOLT-3. HSB-2 cells gave a small peak in the same general location as the MOLT-3 p25 peak, and a relatively large p16 peak. Adsorption of AMT with HSB-2 removed the capacity of the antiserum to precipitate p16 from MOLT-3, but did not eliminate reactivity with p25."}
{"id": "PMID:355546", "title": "Suppression of humoral and delayed hypersensitivity responses by distinct T cell subpopulations.", "content": "Immunization of mice with a supraoptimal dose of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) results in splenic T cell populations capable of specifically suppressing recipients' plaque forming cell (PFC) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to SRBC when tested in an adoptive transfer system. By localization on discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradients and relative sensitivity to Cytoxan, two distinct T cell subpopulations suppressing DTH reactivity were identified. One population could not be distinguished from T cells capable of inhibiting direct and indirect PFC responses. However, another population appeared quite distinct and capable of inhibiting DTH, but not PFC responses.", "contents": "Suppression of humoral and delayed hypersensitivity responses by distinct T cell subpopulations. Immunization of mice with a supraoptimal dose of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) results in splenic T cell populations capable of specifically suppressing recipients' plaque forming cell (PFC) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to SRBC when tested in an adoptive transfer system. By localization on discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradients and relative sensitivity to Cytoxan, two distinct T cell subpopulations suppressing DTH reactivity were identified. One population could not be distinguished from T cells capable of inhibiting direct and indirect PFC responses. However, another population appeared quite distinct and capable of inhibiting DTH, but not PFC responses."}
{"id": "PMID:355548", "title": "Serum from LPS nonresponder C3H/HeJ mice does not support the formation of functional EAC reagents.", "content": "Serum from C3H/HeJ mice in contrast to serum from other mouse strains does not convert EA into EAC. A factor in supportive serum permits nonsupportive C3H/HeJ serum to produce a functional EAC-rosetting reagent. This factor is heat stable. Its concentration in serum parallels the sensitivity of mice to LPS. It is absent or inoperative when sensitivity is reduced on a genetic basis and increased when sensitivity is increased by treatment with BCG.", "contents": "Serum from LPS nonresponder C3H/HeJ mice does not support the formation of functional EAC reagents. Serum from C3H/HeJ mice in contrast to serum from other mouse strains does not convert EA into EAC. A factor in supportive serum permits nonsupportive C3H/HeJ serum to produce a functional EAC-rosetting reagent. This factor is heat stable. Its concentration in serum parallels the sensitivity of mice to LPS. It is absent or inoperative when sensitivity is reduced on a genetic basis and increased when sensitivity is increased by treatment with BCG."}
{"id": "PMID:355549", "title": "Activation of distinct helper and suppressor T cells in experimental trypanosomiasis.", "content": "Spleen cells taken from mice soon after infection with Trypanosoma brucei S 42 enhance the primary in vitro antibody response of normal spleen cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), but do not affect their response to DNP-Ficoll. Spleen cells harvested later in the infection (day 6 onwards) suppress the antibody response of normal spleen cells to both SRBC and DNP-Ficoll. The enhancing and suppressive effects of \"infected\" spleen cells are sensitive to treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 anti-serum and complement, and can be mediated by nylon wool-purified populations of T cells. The enhancing T cell is sensitive to ALS, not lost within 4 weeks of adult thymectomy, and bears the Ly-1+, 23- phenotype. The suppressor T cell is insensitive to ALS, lost within 20 weeks of adult thymectomy, and bears the Ly-1+, 23+ phenotype. The significance of the activation of distinct helper and suppressor T cells is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of trypanosomiasis.", "contents": "Activation of distinct helper and suppressor T cells in experimental trypanosomiasis. Spleen cells taken from mice soon after infection with Trypanosoma brucei S 42 enhance the primary in vitro antibody response of normal spleen cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), but do not affect their response to DNP-Ficoll. Spleen cells harvested later in the infection (day 6 onwards) suppress the antibody response of normal spleen cells to both SRBC and DNP-Ficoll. The enhancing and suppressive effects of \"infected\" spleen cells are sensitive to treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 anti-serum and complement, and can be mediated by nylon wool-purified populations of T cells. The enhancing T cell is sensitive to ALS, not lost within 4 weeks of adult thymectomy, and bears the Ly-1+, 23- phenotype. The suppressor T cell is insensitive to ALS, lost within 20 weeks of adult thymectomy, and bears the Ly-1+, 23+ phenotype. The significance of the activation of distinct helper and suppressor T cells is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of trypanosomiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:355551", "title": "A model for the autosensitization autoantibody production associated with xenogeneic thymic RNA.", "content": "Normal C57BL/6 bone marrow cells cultured for 3 weeks with xenogeneic thymic RNA and syngeneic C57BL/6 antigens (immunoglobulin G or red blood cells) produced anti-immunoglobulin antibody or anti-mouse red blood cell antibody (hemolysin). Addition of both xenogeneic thymic RNA and autoantigens to bone marrow cultures was necessary to elicit autosensitization. Syngeneic thymic RNA would not substitute for xenogeneic RNA. Normal recipients inoculated with syngeneic kidney or spinal cord homogenates and xenogeneic thymic RNA developed albuminuria or motor neuropathies within 10 days. Histologic examination of tissues from these animals revealed immunoglobulin deposits on glomerular or tubular basement membranes or on myelin sheaths. These changes were not observed in tissues from control animals inoculated with only the organ homogenates. Normal mice injected with syngeneic bone marrow cells, which had been autosensitized in vitro against kidney or spinal cord homogenates, also developed albuminuria or motor neuropathies, respectively. These abnormalities were observed only if bone marrow cells had been cultured with both xenogeneic thymic RNA and autoantigens. Histologic examination of tissues from these mice also revealed immunoglobulin deposits in kidney or spinal cord tissues. These results demonstrate that xenogeneic thymic RNA can play important roles in the formation of autoantibodies.", "contents": "A model for the autosensitization autoantibody production associated with xenogeneic thymic RNA. Normal C57BL/6 bone marrow cells cultured for 3 weeks with xenogeneic thymic RNA and syngeneic C57BL/6 antigens (immunoglobulin G or red blood cells) produced anti-immunoglobulin antibody or anti-mouse red blood cell antibody (hemolysin). Addition of both xenogeneic thymic RNA and autoantigens to bone marrow cultures was necessary to elicit autosensitization. Syngeneic thymic RNA would not substitute for xenogeneic RNA. Normal recipients inoculated with syngeneic kidney or spinal cord homogenates and xenogeneic thymic RNA developed albuminuria or motor neuropathies within 10 days. Histologic examination of tissues from these animals revealed immunoglobulin deposits on glomerular or tubular basement membranes or on myelin sheaths. These changes were not observed in tissues from control animals inoculated with only the organ homogenates. Normal mice injected with syngeneic bone marrow cells, which had been autosensitized in vitro against kidney or spinal cord homogenates, also developed albuminuria or motor neuropathies, respectively. These abnormalities were observed only if bone marrow cells had been cultured with both xenogeneic thymic RNA and autoantigens. Histologic examination of tissues from these mice also revealed immunoglobulin deposits in kidney or spinal cord tissues. These results demonstrate that xenogeneic thymic RNA can play important roles in the formation of autoantibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:355553", "title": "A microassay for the determination of hemolytic complement activity in mouse serum.", "content": "A 51Cr release microhemolytic complement assay is described to detect hemolytic complement activity in mouse serum, 51Cr-labeled sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) which have been sensitized with a subagglutinating amount of the 7S IgG fraction of rabbit anti-SRBC serum are placed in microtiter plates and further antibody added to each well prior to the addition of the complement (C) source. The IgG antibody was found to be more efficient in the lytic assay than the 19S IgM antibody. The assay is simple to perform, reproducible, and requires small volumes of mouse serum. Comparative hemolytic values were established for serum from a variety of murine strains using pooled BALB/c serum as the C reference. No apparent relationship was noted between the H-2 type of inbred mouse strains and the presence or absence of hemolytic complement.", "contents": "A microassay for the determination of hemolytic complement activity in mouse serum. A 51Cr release microhemolytic complement assay is described to detect hemolytic complement activity in mouse serum, 51Cr-labeled sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) which have been sensitized with a subagglutinating amount of the 7S IgG fraction of rabbit anti-SRBC serum are placed in microtiter plates and further antibody added to each well prior to the addition of the complement (C) source. The IgG antibody was found to be more efficient in the lytic assay than the 19S IgM antibody. The assay is simple to perform, reproducible, and requires small volumes of mouse serum. Comparative hemolytic values were established for serum from a variety of murine strains using pooled BALB/c serum as the C reference. No apparent relationship was noted between the H-2 type of inbred mouse strains and the presence or absence of hemolytic complement."}
{"id": "PMID:355554", "title": "A miniaturized in vitro diffusion culture system.", "content": "A miniaturized diffusion culture apparatus holding 24 individual cultures and utilizing 1/10 the cells and volume of standard Marbrook-type cultures is described. This system was evaluated by studying the anti-sheep erythrocyte response of spleen cells from unprimed or primed and boosted mice. Compared to parallel Mishell--Dutton plate cultures memory responses in mini-diffusion cultures rise more slowly, peak 1--2 days later and thereafter decline less rapidly. Moreover, the diffusion cultures give a pronounced IgG response peaking at 6 days, while the abortive IgG response evident in plate cultures at 4 days rapidly disappears. While viability in the two systems is equivalent, cell recovery on days 7 and 8 is markedly higher in the diffusion cultures. Of 4 cell concentrations tested, 2 million cells are found to produce the optimum anti-sheep erythrocyte plaque-forming cell response. A 0.2 micron nucleopore membrane is preferable to a dialysis membrane and yields up to a 2-fold higher response. Replacement of the reservoir medium on day 4 impairs rather than improves the response. The culture system was also found to support an excellent primary response. This response is dependent on the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol and does not require rocking.", "contents": "A miniaturized in vitro diffusion culture system. A miniaturized diffusion culture apparatus holding 24 individual cultures and utilizing 1/10 the cells and volume of standard Marbrook-type cultures is described. This system was evaluated by studying the anti-sheep erythrocyte response of spleen cells from unprimed or primed and boosted mice. Compared to parallel Mishell--Dutton plate cultures memory responses in mini-diffusion cultures rise more slowly, peak 1--2 days later and thereafter decline less rapidly. Moreover, the diffusion cultures give a pronounced IgG response peaking at 6 days, while the abortive IgG response evident in plate cultures at 4 days rapidly disappears. While viability in the two systems is equivalent, cell recovery on days 7 and 8 is markedly higher in the diffusion cultures. Of 4 cell concentrations tested, 2 million cells are found to produce the optimum anti-sheep erythrocyte plaque-forming cell response. A 0.2 micron nucleopore membrane is preferable to a dialysis membrane and yields up to a 2-fold higher response. Replacement of the reservoir medium on day 4 impairs rather than improves the response. The culture system was also found to support an excellent primary response. This response is dependent on the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol and does not require rocking."}
{"id": "PMID:355555", "title": "Passive hemagglutination and hemolysis tests for the detection of anti-DNA antibody.", "content": "Passive hemagglutination (PHA) and hemolysis (PHL) tests using chromium chloride-treated sheep red blood cells were developed to detect and measure the anti-DNA antibodies. Sonication of native DNA was found to prevent the incidence of non-specific agglutination. Sheep red cells were coated with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) which had been sonicated and treated with nuclease S1 to digest the single-stranded regions in the DNA. The specificities for dsDNA-coated cells were checked by inhibition studies in PHA test and plaque assay. In clinical studies fairly close correlations were found between the antibodies to DNA and the activity of the disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Complement-fixing antibodies were detected in most of SLE patients with active lupus nephritis, but rarely in those in remission. Anticomplementary activity seemed to be negligible in PHL test. These tests are simple and may be useful to the diagnosis and the management of SLE.", "contents": "Passive hemagglutination and hemolysis tests for the detection of anti-DNA antibody. Passive hemagglutination (PHA) and hemolysis (PHL) tests using chromium chloride-treated sheep red blood cells were developed to detect and measure the anti-DNA antibodies. Sonication of native DNA was found to prevent the incidence of non-specific agglutination. Sheep red cells were coated with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) which had been sonicated and treated with nuclease S1 to digest the single-stranded regions in the DNA. The specificities for dsDNA-coated cells were checked by inhibition studies in PHA test and plaque assay. In clinical studies fairly close correlations were found between the antibodies to DNA and the activity of the disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Complement-fixing antibodies were detected in most of SLE patients with active lupus nephritis, but rarely in those in remission. Anticomplementary activity seemed to be negligible in PHL test. These tests are simple and may be useful to the diagnosis and the management of SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:355556", "title": "Use of yeasts in affinity chromatography.", "content": "The use of the yeast Candida lipolytica as a support in affinity chromatography for the purification of lectins of Ricinus communis seeds has been studied. A comparison was made with columns of erythrocyte stromas and Sepharose 4B with respect to protein yields, the agglutinating activity yield, and the electrophoretic characteristics of the eluted substances. Even though the yield is less than with other supports, it does appear that the yeast columns represent an effective method for the purification of ricin lectins.", "contents": "Use of yeasts in affinity chromatography. The use of the yeast Candida lipolytica as a support in affinity chromatography for the purification of lectins of Ricinus communis seeds has been studied. A comparison was made with columns of erythrocyte stromas and Sepharose 4B with respect to protein yields, the agglutinating activity yield, and the electrophoretic characteristics of the eluted substances. Even though the yield is less than with other supports, it does appear that the yeast columns represent an effective method for the purification of ricin lectins."}
{"id": "PMID:355557", "title": "A method for preparing leucocyte depleted erythrocytes from rat blood.", "content": "By centrifuging heparinised rat blood 2 or 3 times through double discontinuous Ficoll--Hypaque density density gradients it is possible to achieve over 99.8% depletion of leucocytes and to retrieve nearly all the erythrocytes and leucocytes in the original specimen.", "contents": "A method for preparing leucocyte depleted erythrocytes from rat blood. By centrifuging heparinised rat blood 2 or 3 times through double discontinuous Ficoll--Hypaque density density gradients it is possible to achieve over 99.8% depletion of leucocytes and to retrieve nearly all the erythrocytes and leucocytes in the original specimen."}
{"id": "PMID:355561", "title": "Eosinophil function related to cutaneous disorders.", "content": "A concise review of the ultrastructural features and physiological properties of eosinophils is presented with the aim of delineating those properties of eosinophils that set them apart from other granulocytes. It has become clear that eosinophols are subject to chemotaxis by attractants that do not affect other cells (e.g., histamine, ECF-A, ESP) and that they contain antiflogistic agents (arylsulfatase IIB, peroxidase) that neutralize specific substances known to elicit the inflammatory response. The mechanisms underlying eosinophilia in a variety of cutaneous disorders are analyzed in the light of this information.", "contents": "Eosinophil function related to cutaneous disorders. A concise review of the ultrastructural features and physiological properties of eosinophils is presented with the aim of delineating those properties of eosinophils that set them apart from other granulocytes. It has become clear that eosinophols are subject to chemotaxis by attractants that do not affect other cells (e.g., histamine, ECF-A, ESP) and that they contain antiflogistic agents (arylsulfatase IIB, peroxidase) that neutralize specific substances known to elicit the inflammatory response. The mechanisms underlying eosinophilia in a variety of cutaneous disorders are analyzed in the light of this information."}
{"id": "PMID:355562", "title": "Stimulation of fibroblast biosynthetic activity by serum of patients with pretibial myxedema.", "content": "Skin fibroblasts from the shoulder and lower extremities of normal individuals, as well as from patients with pretibial myxedema (PTM) were grown in culture. When cells reached the monolayer stage, they were labeled with 3H-glucosamine and tested for hyaluronic acid synthesis in the presence of either serum from PTM patients or normal human serum. All the fibroblasts from the pretibial area synthesized 2 to 3 times more hyaluronic acid when incubated with PTM sera than when incubated in normal human serum. Fibroblasts cultured from skin of the back or prepuce did not respond to PTM sera. This heat-stable, protease-sensitive, and dialyzable, fibroblast-stimulating factor is not a 7S gamma-globulin. The enhanced sensitivity to PTM sera exhibited by fibroblasts from the lower extremities may explain why the lesions in this disease are restricted primarily to that area.", "contents": "Stimulation of fibroblast biosynthetic activity by serum of patients with pretibial myxedema. Skin fibroblasts from the shoulder and lower extremities of normal individuals, as well as from patients with pretibial myxedema (PTM) were grown in culture. When cells reached the monolayer stage, they were labeled with 3H-glucosamine and tested for hyaluronic acid synthesis in the presence of either serum from PTM patients or normal human serum. All the fibroblasts from the pretibial area synthesized 2 to 3 times more hyaluronic acid when incubated with PTM sera than when incubated in normal human serum. Fibroblasts cultured from skin of the back or prepuce did not respond to PTM sera. This heat-stable, protease-sensitive, and dialyzable, fibroblast-stimulating factor is not a 7S gamma-globulin. The enhanced sensitivity to PTM sera exhibited by fibroblasts from the lower extremities may explain why the lesions in this disease are restricted primarily to that area."}
{"id": "PMID:355563", "title": "Regulation of growth of fibroblasts.", "content": "Present knowledge on regulation of fibroblast growth is based on in vitro culture of fibroblasts from different sources. The research has focused on 2 problems: identification of the signal that reaches the fibroblast from outside and tells it to grow and identification of metabolic reactions inside the cell that commit it to initiate DNA synthesis after the signal arrives. Although the signal and the metabolic reactions have not yet been clearly identified, and the relationship between in vivo conditions and the result of these in vitro studies still has to be determined, the large body of data collected so far and the steadily growing information concerning these problems suggest a complex interrelation between cellular environment and metabolic processes involved in growth regulation.", "contents": "Regulation of growth of fibroblasts. Present knowledge on regulation of fibroblast growth is based on in vitro culture of fibroblasts from different sources. The research has focused on 2 problems: identification of the signal that reaches the fibroblast from outside and tells it to grow and identification of metabolic reactions inside the cell that commit it to initiate DNA synthesis after the signal arrives. Although the signal and the metabolic reactions have not yet been clearly identified, and the relationship between in vivo conditions and the result of these in vitro studies still has to be determined, the large body of data collected so far and the steadily growing information concerning these problems suggest a complex interrelation between cellular environment and metabolic processes involved in growth regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:355564", "title": "Development and differentiation of dermal cells in man.", "content": "Development and differentiation of the single free cells of mesenchyme and dermis of human embryos and fetuses from week 6 to term is described. From week 6 to week 14, three cell types are present: stellate general mesenchymal cells with long processes, phagocytic macrophages of probable yolk-sac origin, and a granule-secretory type of cell, which could be either a melanoblast or a mast stem cell. From week 14 to week 21, fibroblasts are numerous and active, and perineurial cells, pericytes, melanoblasts, mast cells, and Merkel cells can be individually identified. There is also present another cell type, possible of bone marrow origin, that may be ancestral to the Langerhans cell and that may be carried over into postanal dermis as the \"histiocyte\" or fixed dermal macrophage. From week 24 to term there is little change apart from the development of fat cells in the deeper dermis. Neither lymphocyte nor plasma cell was observed at any stage of development. These observations were used in the specification and identification of cells of fully developed postnatal dermis.", "contents": "Development and differentiation of dermal cells in man. Development and differentiation of the single free cells of mesenchyme and dermis of human embryos and fetuses from week 6 to term is described. From week 6 to week 14, three cell types are present: stellate general mesenchymal cells with long processes, phagocytic macrophages of probable yolk-sac origin, and a granule-secretory type of cell, which could be either a melanoblast or a mast stem cell. From week 14 to week 21, fibroblasts are numerous and active, and perineurial cells, pericytes, melanoblasts, mast cells, and Merkel cells can be individually identified. There is also present another cell type, possible of bone marrow origin, that may be ancestral to the Langerhans cell and that may be carried over into postanal dermis as the \"histiocyte\" or fixed dermal macrophage. From week 24 to term there is little change apart from the development of fat cells in the deeper dermis. Neither lymphocyte nor plasma cell was observed at any stage of development. These observations were used in the specification and identification of cells of fully developed postnatal dermis."}
{"id": "PMID:355567", "title": "Monocytes, macrophages, and their diseases in man.", "content": "Mononuclear phagocytes are a widely distributed system of cells involved in host defense functions, immunologic reactions, disposal of unwanted organic and inorganic materials, and synthesis of biologically active compounds such as complement components and prostaglandins. The system includes early precursor cells in the bone marrow, blood monocytes, alveolar and peritoneal macrophages, sinusoidal lining cells in the spleen, and Kupffer cells in the liver. We have recently come to understand the biology of these interesting cells and the diseases they produce.", "contents": "Monocytes, macrophages, and their diseases in man. Mononuclear phagocytes are a widely distributed system of cells involved in host defense functions, immunologic reactions, disposal of unwanted organic and inorganic materials, and synthesis of biologically active compounds such as complement components and prostaglandins. The system includes early precursor cells in the bone marrow, blood monocytes, alveolar and peritoneal macrophages, sinusoidal lining cells in the spleen, and Kupffer cells in the liver. We have recently come to understand the biology of these interesting cells and the diseases they produce."}
{"id": "PMID:355568", "title": "Analogous functions of macrophages and Langerhans cells in the initiation in the immune response.", "content": "Langerhans cells constitute a minor cell population within the mammalian epidermis. This paper defines these cells immunologically and functionally and supports the concept that Langerhans cells are closely related to cells from the monocyte-macrophage-histiocyte series. Both cell types bear surface receptors for Fc-IgG and C3 and express surface glycoproteins, termed Ia antigens, encoded for by immune-response genes (Ir genes) of the major histocompatibility complex of the species. The expression of Ia antigens by Langerhans cells and macrophages is intimately associated with important functions of both cell types, including the capacity to present immunologically relevant antigen to the T lymphocyte and to cause proliferation to allogeneic T lymphocytes in mixed leukocyte reactions.", "contents": "Analogous functions of macrophages and Langerhans cells in the initiation in the immune response. Langerhans cells constitute a minor cell population within the mammalian epidermis. This paper defines these cells immunologically and functionally and supports the concept that Langerhans cells are closely related to cells from the monocyte-macrophage-histiocyte series. Both cell types bear surface receptors for Fc-IgG and C3 and express surface glycoproteins, termed Ia antigens, encoded for by immune-response genes (Ir genes) of the major histocompatibility complex of the species. The expression of Ia antigens by Langerhans cells and macrophages is intimately associated with important functions of both cell types, including the capacity to present immunologically relevant antigen to the T lymphocyte and to cause proliferation to allogeneic T lymphocytes in mixed leukocyte reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:355569", "title": "Recruitment of basophils in delayed hypersensitivity reactions.", "content": "Basophilic leukocytes constitute a significant proportion of the cellular infiltrates in many forms of delayed-in-onset hypersensitivity reactions in human beings, guinea pigs, and other animals. In this paper, I review current information on the role of basophils in the reactions, and present similarities and differences between Jones-Mote and classic delayed hypersensitivities.", "contents": "Recruitment of basophils in delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Basophilic leukocytes constitute a significant proportion of the cellular infiltrates in many forms of delayed-in-onset hypersensitivity reactions in human beings, guinea pigs, and other animals. In this paper, I review current information on the role of basophils in the reactions, and present similarities and differences between Jones-Mote and classic delayed hypersensitivities."}
{"id": "PMID:355570", "title": "Mast cell secretion: membrane events.", "content": "Stimulation of secretion with A23187 circumvents the usual mechanism of stimulation of secretion by direct mediation of an increase in cytoplasmic Ca++ and thereby permits study of the terminal components of the secretory process in which granules are externalized by membrane fusion events. Two alterations in the plasma membrane precede fusion: the formation of bulges and the aggregation of intramembranous particles. These changes require a permissive level of ATP and are sensitive to reagents that bind to intracellular protein sulfhydryl groups. They seem not to be attributable to a direct effect of Ca++ on membrane phospholipids. The cell components responsive to Ca++ and responsible for the alterations in the membrane are not known; neither microtubules nor actin filaments seem to qualify.", "contents": "Mast cell secretion: membrane events. Stimulation of secretion with A23187 circumvents the usual mechanism of stimulation of secretion by direct mediation of an increase in cytoplasmic Ca++ and thereby permits study of the terminal components of the secretory process in which granules are externalized by membrane fusion events. Two alterations in the plasma membrane precede fusion: the formation of bulges and the aggregation of intramembranous particles. These changes require a permissive level of ATP and are sensitive to reagents that bind to intracellular protein sulfhydryl groups. They seem not to be attributable to a direct effect of Ca++ on membrane phospholipids. The cell components responsive to Ca++ and responsible for the alterations in the membrane are not known; neither microtubules nor actin filaments seem to qualify."}
{"id": "PMID:355571", "title": "Connective tissue structure: cell binding to collagen.", "content": "Established lines of fibroblasts have been shown to adhere to collagen substrates via a serum-derived glycoprotein. The attachment of various other cells to collagen types I-IV is examined here. Cells such as human skin fibroblasts, periosteum, hepatocytes, connective tissue cells, and monocytes required the serum glycoprotein and adhered equally well to all collagens, but attachment of chondrocytes, epidermal cells, and neutrophils was inhibited by the serum glycoprotein. Attachment of 2 tumorigenic cells, an osteosarcoma and a fibrosarcoma, was found to be unaffected by the serum glycoprotein. In addition, the fibrosarcoma and epidermal cells attached preferentially to type IV (basement membrane) collagen.", "contents": "Connective tissue structure: cell binding to collagen. Established lines of fibroblasts have been shown to adhere to collagen substrates via a serum-derived glycoprotein. The attachment of various other cells to collagen types I-IV is examined here. Cells such as human skin fibroblasts, periosteum, hepatocytes, connective tissue cells, and monocytes required the serum glycoprotein and adhered equally well to all collagens, but attachment of chondrocytes, epidermal cells, and neutrophils was inhibited by the serum glycoprotein. Attachment of 2 tumorigenic cells, an osteosarcoma and a fibrosarcoma, was found to be unaffected by the serum glycoprotein. In addition, the fibrosarcoma and epidermal cells attached preferentially to type IV (basement membrane) collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:355572", "title": "The correlation between the antibody titers in sera of patients with Pemphigus vulgaris and their clinical state.", "content": "Immunofluorescent antibodies against the intercellular material of the malpighian layer were detected in the sera of 22 of 24 patients suffering from pemphigus vulgaris. A clear-cut agreement between pretreatment antibody titers and the severity of the clinical manifestations was established only with the extreme values, i.e., patients without antibodies were among the mildest cases while the highest titers were found exclusively among the most severe cases. There was a considerable overlapping of all 3 states of the disease--mild, moderate and severe--in the range of the intermediate titers. On the individual level, 20 of the 24 patients showed a positive correlation between steroid-induced clinical improvement and a fall in the antibody titer. Conversely, in some cases, an exacerbation of the clinical state was associated with a rise in antibody titer. The results of this investigation indicate a positive correlation between the immunological findings and the clinical activity of the disease.", "contents": "The correlation between the antibody titers in sera of patients with Pemphigus vulgaris and their clinical state. Immunofluorescent antibodies against the intercellular material of the malpighian layer were detected in the sera of 22 of 24 patients suffering from pemphigus vulgaris. A clear-cut agreement between pretreatment antibody titers and the severity of the clinical manifestations was established only with the extreme values, i.e., patients without antibodies were among the mildest cases while the highest titers were found exclusively among the most severe cases. There was a considerable overlapping of all 3 states of the disease--mild, moderate and severe--in the range of the intermediate titers. On the individual level, 20 of the 24 patients showed a positive correlation between steroid-induced clinical improvement and a fall in the antibody titer. Conversely, in some cases, an exacerbation of the clinical state was associated with a rise in antibody titer. The results of this investigation indicate a positive correlation between the immunological findings and the clinical activity of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:355573", "title": "Prognosis in tetanus: Use of data from therapeutic trials.", "content": "There is a need in clinical tetanus for a simple prognostic classification for all patients at time of admission to the hospital. Data from three randomized clinical trials performed in India in the 1960s, which contained information on several prognostic variables for 1,385 patients, have been used to study different methods of prognosis. A logistic regression performed on the combined data from the trials suggested that the probability of death is related separately to the period of onset (the time from the first symptom to generalized reflex spasms), to the time from first symptom to admission to the hospital, and to the clinical assessment of severity of tetanus on admission; the effects of these variables have been studied by tabulation. A new system is proposed for assigning patients to three prognostic groups, defined by time from first symptom to admission and whether or not reflex spasms were present on admission to the hospital. The range of fatality rates is 10%--63%. Neonates are assigned to a separate group with a fatality rate of 72%. Other prognostic groupings are also explored in case it is felt that the above method relies too heavily on local arrangements for medical care.", "contents": "Prognosis in tetanus: Use of data from therapeutic trials. There is a need in clinical tetanus for a simple prognostic classification for all patients at time of admission to the hospital. Data from three randomized clinical trials performed in India in the 1960s, which contained information on several prognostic variables for 1,385 patients, have been used to study different methods of prognosis. A logistic regression performed on the combined data from the trials suggested that the probability of death is related separately to the period of onset (the time from the first symptom to generalized reflex spasms), to the time from first symptom to admission to the hospital, and to the clinical assessment of severity of tetanus on admission; the effects of these variables have been studied by tabulation. A new system is proposed for assigning patients to three prognostic groups, defined by time from first symptom to admission and whether or not reflex spasms were present on admission to the hospital. The range of fatality rates is 10%--63%. Neonates are assigned to a separate group with a fatality rate of 72%. Other prognostic groupings are also explored in case it is felt that the above method relies too heavily on local arrangements for medical care."}
{"id": "PMID:355574", "title": "The immunologic response to infection with respiratory syncytial virus in infants.", "content": "Fifty infants younger than six months, hospitalized for infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), were studied by examination of serial samples of nasal secretion. Secretory neutralizing activity was measured by plaque reduction and secretory antibody by indirect fluorescence using conjugated antiserum to human IgA, IgG, or IgM. Secretory neutralizing activity during infection rose or fell fourfold with approximately equal frequency (20% and 26%, respectively). In contrast, levels of IgA antibody to RSV in secretions rose fourfold in 56%--65% of the infants and fell in none. The frequency of such rises in titer of antibody was directly related to age. In individual secretions the correlation between neutralizing activity and IgA antibody to RSV was poor: neutralizing activity was often found in the absence of detectable antibody, and IgA antibody to RSV was often nonneutralizing. Nevertheless, the development of IgA antibody to RSV correlated in time with the disappearance of virus from the respiratory tract. The timing of this secretory response is consistent with the hypothesis that antibody contributes significantly to cure of infection.", "contents": "The immunologic response to infection with respiratory syncytial virus in infants. Fifty infants younger than six months, hospitalized for infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), were studied by examination of serial samples of nasal secretion. Secretory neutralizing activity was measured by plaque reduction and secretory antibody by indirect fluorescence using conjugated antiserum to human IgA, IgG, or IgM. Secretory neutralizing activity during infection rose or fell fourfold with approximately equal frequency (20% and 26%, respectively). In contrast, levels of IgA antibody to RSV in secretions rose fourfold in 56%--65% of the infants and fell in none. The frequency of such rises in titer of antibody was directly related to age. In individual secretions the correlation between neutralizing activity and IgA antibody to RSV was poor: neutralizing activity was often found in the absence of detectable antibody, and IgA antibody to RSV was often nonneutralizing. Nevertheless, the development of IgA antibody to RSV correlated in time with the disappearance of virus from the respiratory tract. The timing of this secretory response is consistent with the hypothesis that antibody contributes significantly to cure of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:355575", "title": "Escherichia coli in bacteremia: K and O antigens and serum sensitivity of strains from adults and neonates.", "content": "Comparisons of O- and K-antigenic types and serum sensitivity were carried out with 149 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from adults with bacteremia and 46 strains from neonates with bacteremia. O-antigenic types O6, O4, O2, O16, O18, and O7 were observed most frequently, but their relative prevalence did not differ materially between adult and neonatal bacteremias. A greater proportion of strains from neonatal bacteremia contained K1 antigen and were autoagglutinable compared with strains from adult bacteremia, although K1 was the most frequent K antigen found in strains from adults. K-antigen-containing strains did not appear to be associated with enhanced severity of bacteremia, but nontypable strains, auto-agglutinable strains, and strains of O-antigenic types O4, O6, and O8 were associated with a greater frequency of shock and fatal outcome in adults. No differences could be detected between the serum sensitivities of E. coli isolated from adult bacteremia and those from neonatal bacteremia. K antigen did not affect serum sensitivity, but E. coli strains of O types O18, O2, O4, and O7 were more serum-resistant than other E. coli. Bacteremia caused by serum-sensitive E. coli was less often associated with shock and death than bacteremia caused by serum-resistant E. coli.", "contents": "Escherichia coli in bacteremia: K and O antigens and serum sensitivity of strains from adults and neonates. Comparisons of O- and K-antigenic types and serum sensitivity were carried out with 149 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from adults with bacteremia and 46 strains from neonates with bacteremia. O-antigenic types O6, O4, O2, O16, O18, and O7 were observed most frequently, but their relative prevalence did not differ materially between adult and neonatal bacteremias. A greater proportion of strains from neonatal bacteremia contained K1 antigen and were autoagglutinable compared with strains from adult bacteremia, although K1 was the most frequent K antigen found in strains from adults. K-antigen-containing strains did not appear to be associated with enhanced severity of bacteremia, but nontypable strains, auto-agglutinable strains, and strains of O-antigenic types O4, O6, and O8 were associated with a greater frequency of shock and fatal outcome in adults. No differences could be detected between the serum sensitivities of E. coli isolated from adult bacteremia and those from neonatal bacteremia. K antigen did not affect serum sensitivity, but E. coli strains of O types O18, O2, O4, and O7 were more serum-resistant than other E. coli. Bacteremia caused by serum-sensitive E. coli was less often associated with shock and death than bacteremia caused by serum-resistant E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:355576", "title": "Host defenses in the aged: evaluation of components of the inflammatory and immune responses.", "content": "Host defenses were evaluated in 70 healthy aged volunteers. Individuals who had diseases or who were taking medication known to affect the inflammatory and immune responses were excluded from the study. Volunteers were followed for 24 months to correlate their state of health with the evaluation of host defenses. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte function and the serum opsonic capacity for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were normal. Assays of complement components and activity revealed unexplained elevations in native C3 and properdin, normal concentrations of factor B, normal conversion of C3 by inulin, and normal levels of hemolytic complement. The levels of IgG and IgA did not differ from levels noted in younger controls, but the concentration of IgM was decreased and that of IgE increased. The prevalence of autoantibodies was low. None of the volunteers were anergic, but lymphocyte responses to mitogens were depressed in three-day cultures. The number and percentages of E-rosette-forming cells and cells bearing surface IgD or IgM were normal. No lymphopenia was noted.", "contents": "Host defenses in the aged: evaluation of components of the inflammatory and immune responses. Host defenses were evaluated in 70 healthy aged volunteers. Individuals who had diseases or who were taking medication known to affect the inflammatory and immune responses were excluded from the study. Volunteers were followed for 24 months to correlate their state of health with the evaluation of host defenses. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte function and the serum opsonic capacity for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were normal. Assays of complement components and activity revealed unexplained elevations in native C3 and properdin, normal concentrations of factor B, normal conversion of C3 by inulin, and normal levels of hemolytic complement. The levels of IgG and IgA did not differ from levels noted in younger controls, but the concentration of IgM was decreased and that of IgE increased. The prevalence of autoantibodies was low. None of the volunteers were anergic, but lymphocyte responses to mitogens were depressed in three-day cultures. The number and percentages of E-rosette-forming cells and cells bearing surface IgD or IgM were normal. No lymphopenia was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:355577", "title": "Search for heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in humans, livestock, food, and water in a community in the Philippines.", "content": "Environmental sources of heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli are unknown. The feces of 1,086 inhabitants (approximately 5%) of a small town in the Philippines, 28 pigs, and 10 water buffalo were cultured for enteric bacterial pathogens. Twenty-seven persons harbored pathogenic bacteria: five individuals had enterotoxigenic E. coli, 11 Salmonella species, nine Vibrio parahaemolyticus, one Shigella boydii, and one nonagglutinable Vibrio. Enterotoxigenic E. coli were isolated from two of 28 pigs and from one of 10 water buffalo. Cultures of 26 pieces of beef, 25 pieces of pork, and 52 leafy vegetables obtained from a community market failed to grow enterotoxigenic E. coli. None of 47 samples of contaminated surface water contained this pathogen. Serotypes of human and animal strains of enterotoxigenic E. coli were different, although E. coli O78:H12 isolated from a pig has previously been incriminated in human diarrheal disease. In this limited survey of a Philippine community, enterotoxigenic E. coli were isolated from humans and livestock. The possibility that enterotoxigenic E. coli infections are zoonotic warrants further investigation.", "contents": "Search for heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in humans, livestock, food, and water in a community in the Philippines. Environmental sources of heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli are unknown. The feces of 1,086 inhabitants (approximately 5%) of a small town in the Philippines, 28 pigs, and 10 water buffalo were cultured for enteric bacterial pathogens. Twenty-seven persons harbored pathogenic bacteria: five individuals had enterotoxigenic E. coli, 11 Salmonella species, nine Vibrio parahaemolyticus, one Shigella boydii, and one nonagglutinable Vibrio. Enterotoxigenic E. coli were isolated from two of 28 pigs and from one of 10 water buffalo. Cultures of 26 pieces of beef, 25 pieces of pork, and 52 leafy vegetables obtained from a community market failed to grow enterotoxigenic E. coli. None of 47 samples of contaminated surface water contained this pathogen. Serotypes of human and animal strains of enterotoxigenic E. coli were different, although E. coli O78:H12 isolated from a pig has previously been incriminated in human diarrheal disease. In this limited survey of a Philippine community, enterotoxigenic E. coli were isolated from humans and livestock. The possibility that enterotoxigenic E. coli infections are zoonotic warrants further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:355578", "title": "Role of complement in host defense against experimental disseminated candidiasis.", "content": "The role of complement in experimental disseminated candidiasis was studied in normal guinea pigs, animals congenitally deficient in the fourth component of complement (C4), and animals depleted of alternative pathway activity by cobra venom factor (CVF). Animals pretreated with CVF and challenged with Candida albicans had a high rate of mortality. Results of quantitative organ cultures corroborated prior reports that the kidney was the major target organ of infection. Infection of the kidney was markedly enhanced by CVF-induced depletion of the alternative pathway but not by classical pathway deficiency (deficiency in C4). There were differences among organs (kidney, liver, and spleen) in their requirement for complement to mount an effective host defense response. Ultimately, the integrity of the alternative pathway and late components of complement appears necessary for the limitation of and survival from sepsis due to C. albicans in nonimmune animals.", "contents": "Role of complement in host defense against experimental disseminated candidiasis. The role of complement in experimental disseminated candidiasis was studied in normal guinea pigs, animals congenitally deficient in the fourth component of complement (C4), and animals depleted of alternative pathway activity by cobra venom factor (CVF). Animals pretreated with CVF and challenged with Candida albicans had a high rate of mortality. Results of quantitative organ cultures corroborated prior reports that the kidney was the major target organ of infection. Infection of the kidney was markedly enhanced by CVF-induced depletion of the alternative pathway but not by classical pathway deficiency (deficiency in C4). There were differences among organs (kidney, liver, and spleen) in their requirement for complement to mount an effective host defense response. Ultimately, the integrity of the alternative pathway and late components of complement appears necessary for the limitation of and survival from sepsis due to C. albicans in nonimmune animals."}
{"id": "PMID:355579", "title": "Type distribution of beta-hemolytic streptococci in Israel: a 10-year study.", "content": "A survey was carried out over 10 years on the distribution of beta-hemolytic streptococci, their identification, and the clinical implications. Curtures were typed by the conventional agglutination and precipitation methods and by enzyme production. The present survey indicates the changes in streptococcal ecology of the various serotypes. Epidemics of acute pharyngitis with complete absence of rheumatic fever provided suggestive evidence that not all group A types are associated with rheumatic fever. The survey also emphasizes the occurence of non-group A streptococci in human infection.", "contents": "Type distribution of beta-hemolytic streptococci in Israel: a 10-year study. A survey was carried out over 10 years on the distribution of beta-hemolytic streptococci, their identification, and the clinical implications. Curtures were typed by the conventional agglutination and precipitation methods and by enzyme production. The present survey indicates the changes in streptococcal ecology of the various serotypes. Epidemics of acute pharyngitis with complete absence of rheumatic fever provided suggestive evidence that not all group A types are associated with rheumatic fever. The survey also emphasizes the occurence of non-group A streptococci in human infection."}
{"id": "PMID:355580", "title": "Initial clinical evaluation of a new Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine of tissue culture origin.", "content": "Currently available Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) vaccines are relatively ineffective in preventing infections in humans and contain considerable amounts of contaminating egg protein. A new formalin-inactivated vaccine was prepared by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the Sheila Smith strain of Rickettsia rickettsii grown in chick embryo cell tissue culture. The new product has greater protective immunogenicity in rheusus monkeys and guinea pigs than commercial vaccines. Six volunteers without immunologic evidence of prior exposure to RMSF received from one to three inoculations of the vaccine diluted 1:10, and there were two benign local reactions. Titers of antibody (determined by microagglutination and indirect fluorescence techniques) increased in all recipients as did lymphocyte tranformation responses to specific rickettsial antigen. Ten volunteers were immunized twice with vaccine diluted 1:3; there were no local reactions, and immunologic responses were similar to those in the six volunteers in the first group. The proper dosage and immunization schedule for the vaccine must be determined in further studies.", "contents": "Initial clinical evaluation of a new Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine of tissue culture origin. Currently available Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) vaccines are relatively ineffective in preventing infections in humans and contain considerable amounts of contaminating egg protein. A new formalin-inactivated vaccine was prepared by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the Sheila Smith strain of Rickettsia rickettsii grown in chick embryo cell tissue culture. The new product has greater protective immunogenicity in rheusus monkeys and guinea pigs than commercial vaccines. Six volunteers without immunologic evidence of prior exposure to RMSF received from one to three inoculations of the vaccine diluted 1:10, and there were two benign local reactions. Titers of antibody (determined by microagglutination and indirect fluorescence techniques) increased in all recipients as did lymphocyte tranformation responses to specific rickettsial antigen. Ten volunteers were immunized twice with vaccine diluted 1:3; there were no local reactions, and immunologic responses were similar to those in the six volunteers in the first group. The proper dosage and immunization schedule for the vaccine must be determined in further studies."}
{"id": "PMID:355581", "title": "Detection by direct immunofluorescence of antibodies to Treponema pallidum in the cutaneous infiltrates of rabbit syphilomas.", "content": "By direct immunofluorescence, with use of fluorescein-labeled sonified Treponema pallidum, specific antibodies were detected in the tissue infiltrates of cutaneous syphilomas in rabbits. Specimens from cutaneous and mucosal inflammatory lesions induced by intradermal injection of a keratinous substance from an epidermal cyst served as controls. Granular fluorescence was detected in the dermis of 11 of the 12 syphiloma specimens and corresponded to areas of heavy plasma cell infiltrates, and some fluorescence was found directly on plasma cells identified by subsequent staining with hematoxylin and eosin. This fluorescence could be blocked by preabsorption. Control slides did not show any fluorescence. Immunopathologic techniques using labeled antigens may be of diagnostic value in syphilis and other infectious disorders which feature specific infiltrates.", "contents": "Detection by direct immunofluorescence of antibodies to Treponema pallidum in the cutaneous infiltrates of rabbit syphilomas. By direct immunofluorescence, with use of fluorescein-labeled sonified Treponema pallidum, specific antibodies were detected in the tissue infiltrates of cutaneous syphilomas in rabbits. Specimens from cutaneous and mucosal inflammatory lesions induced by intradermal injection of a keratinous substance from an epidermal cyst served as controls. Granular fluorescence was detected in the dermis of 11 of the 12 syphiloma specimens and corresponded to areas of heavy plasma cell infiltrates, and some fluorescence was found directly on plasma cells identified by subsequent staining with hematoxylin and eosin. This fluorescence could be blocked by preabsorption. Control slides did not show any fluorescence. Immunopathologic techniques using labeled antigens may be of diagnostic value in syphilis and other infectious disorders which feature specific infiltrates."}
{"id": "PMID:355582", "title": "Sources of gram-negative bacilli colonizing the tracheae of intubated patients.", "content": "Twenty acutely ill patients requiring prolonged orotracheal intubation were studied to determine the source and progression of gram-negative bacilli colonizing the trachea. Organisms recovered from daily tracheal, hypopharyngeal, and rectal cultures were typed and speciated to identify identical strains at the three sites. All patients acquired gram-negative bacilli in the trachea by day 3 after intubation. Thirty organisms that were not recovered from the tracheal aspirate immediately following intubation were isolated for at least two days some time thereafter. Nine of the 30 colonizing bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae, and all were found in another culture site, usually the hypopharynx, before isolation from the trachea. In contrast, only four of the 21 non-Enterobacteriaceae that colonized the trachea were recovered previously from either the hypopharynx or rectum, a finding which represents a significant difference (P = 0.0002). Quantitation of isolates from the hypopharynx was of no value in predicting subsequent acquisition in the trachea, and the numbers of bacteria recovered from the first positive tracheal specimen were not predictive of subsequent persistence in the trachea.", "contents": "Sources of gram-negative bacilli colonizing the tracheae of intubated patients. Twenty acutely ill patients requiring prolonged orotracheal intubation were studied to determine the source and progression of gram-negative bacilli colonizing the trachea. Organisms recovered from daily tracheal, hypopharyngeal, and rectal cultures were typed and speciated to identify identical strains at the three sites. All patients acquired gram-negative bacilli in the trachea by day 3 after intubation. Thirty organisms that were not recovered from the tracheal aspirate immediately following intubation were isolated for at least two days some time thereafter. Nine of the 30 colonizing bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae, and all were found in another culture site, usually the hypopharynx, before isolation from the trachea. In contrast, only four of the 21 non-Enterobacteriaceae that colonized the trachea were recovered previously from either the hypopharynx or rectum, a finding which represents a significant difference (P = 0.0002). Quantitation of isolates from the hypopharynx was of no value in predicting subsequent acquisition in the trachea, and the numbers of bacteria recovered from the first positive tracheal specimen were not predictive of subsequent persistence in the trachea."}
{"id": "PMID:355583", "title": "Legionnaires' disease: antigenic peculiarities, strain differences, and antibiotic sensitivities of the agent.", "content": "Paired sera from victims of Legionnaires' disease showed, in many cases, significant rises in immunoglobulin G antibodies to both the causative agent (LA) of Legionnaires' disease and Chlamydia psittaci, but concurrent rises in immunoglobulin M antibodies only against LA. Guinea pigs experimentally infected with LA likewise responded with antibodies to both C. psittaci and LA. Guinea pigs infected with LA also reflected significant differences in antigenic makeup and in pathogenicity among four strains of LA examined. In antibiotic studies, rifampin was 200 times more effective than erythromycin and 17,000 times more effective than tetracycline in plaque reduction tests of LA in monolayer cultures of primary chick embryo cells. An isolate of LA recovered from a healthy person was compared with three isolates from persons with fatal infections.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease: antigenic peculiarities, strain differences, and antibiotic sensitivities of the agent. Paired sera from victims of Legionnaires' disease showed, in many cases, significant rises in immunoglobulin G antibodies to both the causative agent (LA) of Legionnaires' disease and Chlamydia psittaci, but concurrent rises in immunoglobulin M antibodies only against LA. Guinea pigs experimentally infected with LA likewise responded with antibodies to both C. psittaci and LA. Guinea pigs infected with LA also reflected significant differences in antigenic makeup and in pathogenicity among four strains of LA examined. In antibiotic studies, rifampin was 200 times more effective than erythromycin and 17,000 times more effective than tetracycline in plaque reduction tests of LA in monolayer cultures of primary chick embryo cells. An isolate of LA recovered from a healthy person was compared with three isolates from persons with fatal infections."}
{"id": "PMID:355585", "title": "Effects of progesterone on chemosensitivity in normal men.", "content": "Progesterone administration increase VE in man, but its effects on ventilatory response to hypercapnia and hypoxia have not been well documented. Accordingly, VE, HVR, and HCVR were measured during placebo and MPA administration in 11 normal men. The effect of MPA (20 mg orally q 8 hr for 32 hr) on T degrees, metabolic rate (VO2 and VCO2) was also determined. With MPA, T degrees, rose 0.4 degrees C +/- 0.0008 (S.E.M.) p less than 0.0001), VE increased 0.46 +/- 0.16 L/min (p less than 0.01), and VO2 and VCO2 did not change significantly. HCVR (measured under hyperoxic conditions during rebreathing) increased significantly (P less than 0.01) from 2.9 +/- 0.33 L/min/mm Hg (placebo) to 4.0 +/- 0.29 (MPA). HVR was measured as the shape parameter A, so that when A increased, HVR was augmented. During MPA, HVR increased from A = 132 +/- 19.1 to 179 +/- 20.5 (P less than 0.02). We conclude that 60 mg of MPA daily in normal men increases VE and chemosensitivity as measured by the ventilatory response to hypercapnia and hypoxia.", "contents": "Effects of progesterone on chemosensitivity in normal men. Progesterone administration increase VE in man, but its effects on ventilatory response to hypercapnia and hypoxia have not been well documented. Accordingly, VE, HVR, and HCVR were measured during placebo and MPA administration in 11 normal men. The effect of MPA (20 mg orally q 8 hr for 32 hr) on T degrees, metabolic rate (VO2 and VCO2) was also determined. With MPA, T degrees, rose 0.4 degrees C +/- 0.0008 (S.E.M.) p less than 0.0001), VE increased 0.46 +/- 0.16 L/min (p less than 0.01), and VO2 and VCO2 did not change significantly. HCVR (measured under hyperoxic conditions during rebreathing) increased significantly (P less than 0.01) from 2.9 +/- 0.33 L/min/mm Hg (placebo) to 4.0 +/- 0.29 (MPA). HVR was measured as the shape parameter A, so that when A increased, HVR was augmented. During MPA, HVR increased from A = 132 +/- 19.1 to 179 +/- 20.5 (P less than 0.02). We conclude that 60 mg of MPA daily in normal men increases VE and chemosensitivity as measured by the ventilatory response to hypercapnia and hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:355587", "title": "Radical neck dissection: considerations in flat design.", "content": "A wide choice of skin incisions and skin flaps is available to the surgeon contemplating radical neck dissection. The choice of incisions, however, may often be influenced by a number of existing or pre-existing conditions. Each situation has to be treated on its own merit depending on the prevailing cicumstances if all objectives are to be achieved.", "contents": "Radical neck dissection: considerations in flat design. A wide choice of skin incisions and skin flaps is available to the surgeon contemplating radical neck dissection. The choice of incisions, however, may often be influenced by a number of existing or pre-existing conditions. Each situation has to be treated on its own merit depending on the prevailing cicumstances if all objectives are to be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:355590", "title": "Active immunization of ewes against luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, and its effects on ovulation and gonadotrophin, prolactin and ovarian steroid secretion.", "content": "Three Scottish Blackface ewes were immunized against luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and three control ewes were immunized against BSA alone. When the antibody titre to LH-RH became raised the treated animals failed to show oestrus or ovulate; they had significantly lower levels of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and higher levels of prolactin than the controls, whereas the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were unaltered. The integrity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal system of these animals was then challenged by the injection of a highly active analogue of LH-RH and by ovariectomy. An i.v. injection of 5 microgram D-serine-t-butyl 6 des-glycine-NH2 10 LH-RH ethylamide raised plasma LH and FSH. Ovariectomy caused an eight- and ninefold rise in plasma levels of LH and FSH respectively in controls, but failed to increase plasma levels of LH and FSH in the LH-RH-immunized ewes. Plasma prolactin concentrations in the LH-RH-immunized ewes were significantly reduced by ovariectomy.", "contents": "Active immunization of ewes against luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, and its effects on ovulation and gonadotrophin, prolactin and ovarian steroid secretion. Three Scottish Blackface ewes were immunized against luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and three control ewes were immunized against BSA alone. When the antibody titre to LH-RH became raised the treated animals failed to show oestrus or ovulate; they had significantly lower levels of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and higher levels of prolactin than the controls, whereas the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were unaltered. The integrity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal system of these animals was then challenged by the injection of a highly active analogue of LH-RH and by ovariectomy. An i.v. injection of 5 microgram D-serine-t-butyl 6 des-glycine-NH2 10 LH-RH ethylamide raised plasma LH and FSH. Ovariectomy caused an eight- and ninefold rise in plasma levels of LH and FSH respectively in controls, but failed to increase plasma levels of LH and FSH in the LH-RH-immunized ewes. Plasma prolactin concentrations in the LH-RH-immunized ewes were significantly reduced by ovariectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:355596", "title": "Streptococcal M protein extracted by nonionic detergent. III. Correlation between immunological cross-reactions and structural similarities with implications for antiphagocytosis.", "content": "Three immunologically cross-reactive and non-cross-reactive streptococcal M proteins were analyzed by a chromatographic tryptic peptide mapping system. The results indicate that cross-reactions correlate with the extent of structural similarity among the M protein molecules analyzed. The data also reveal that free lysine is released by the action of trypsin from these three M proteins, suggesting a common lys-lys or arg-lys sequence. In addition, only one peptide has been found to be common within all three M types. This limited structural relatedness among the three M proteins examined indicates that sequence variation plays a major role in the immunological specificity of the M antigens. However, despite sequence variation, all M protein molecules have a common antiphagocytic activity. The fact that no common opsonic antibody has yet been found, even against limited M types, argues against this biological activity being solely the result of a common sequence. Based on these data, it is suggested that the antiphagocytic effect of M protein may be due to a conformationally created environment on the surface of the molecule which is selected by both immunological and biological pressure.", "contents": "Streptococcal M protein extracted by nonionic detergent. III. Correlation between immunological cross-reactions and structural similarities with implications for antiphagocytosis. Three immunologically cross-reactive and non-cross-reactive streptococcal M proteins were analyzed by a chromatographic tryptic peptide mapping system. The results indicate that cross-reactions correlate with the extent of structural similarity among the M protein molecules analyzed. The data also reveal that free lysine is released by the action of trypsin from these three M proteins, suggesting a common lys-lys or arg-lys sequence. In addition, only one peptide has been found to be common within all three M types. This limited structural relatedness among the three M proteins examined indicates that sequence variation plays a major role in the immunological specificity of the M antigens. However, despite sequence variation, all M protein molecules have a common antiphagocytic activity. The fact that no common opsonic antibody has yet been found, even against limited M types, argues against this biological activity being solely the result of a common sequence. Based on these data, it is suggested that the antiphagocytic effect of M protein may be due to a conformationally created environment on the surface of the molecule which is selected by both immunological and biological pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:355597", "title": "Synthesis of fibronectin by cultured human endothelial cells.", "content": "Plasma fibronectin is probably the major nonimmune particulate opsonin in blood and is cross-linked to fibrin during the final stage of blood coagulation. Fibronectin also occurs in an insoluble form in basement membranes especially those underlying endothelial cells and in loose connective tissue. Fibronectin was demonstrated in cultured human endothelial cells and in the surrounding extracellular matrix by immunofluorescence microscopy by using antibody to human plasma fibronectin. Cultured human endothelial cells released fibronectin into the culture medium which was immunologically identical to the fibronectin in human plasma. Cultured human endothelial cells were labeled with [3H] leucine. The radioactive fibronectin present in the endothelial postculture medium and in urea extracts of cellular monolayers was isolated with either anti-fibronectin coupled to Protein A-Sepharose or double antibody immunoprecipitation and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When reduced, the [3H] fibronectin synthesized by cultured endothelial cells had the same mol wt (approximately 200,000) as plasma fibronectin. Unreduced, the [3H] fibronectin synthesized by endothelial cells migrated as a dimer, as did plasma fibronectin. Fibronectin accounted for approximately 15% of the protein synthesized and released by endothelial cells into the culture medium. Thus, cultured endothelial cells synthesize fibronectin, secrete it into the culture medium, and incorporate it into extracellular matrix. The results suggest that the endothelial cell is potentially a major site of synthesis of circulating plasma fibronectin. In addition, fibronectin derived from endothelial cells may be an important structural component of the subendothelium.", "contents": "Synthesis of fibronectin by cultured human endothelial cells. Plasma fibronectin is probably the major nonimmune particulate opsonin in blood and is cross-linked to fibrin during the final stage of blood coagulation. Fibronectin also occurs in an insoluble form in basement membranes especially those underlying endothelial cells and in loose connective tissue. Fibronectin was demonstrated in cultured human endothelial cells and in the surrounding extracellular matrix by immunofluorescence microscopy by using antibody to human plasma fibronectin. Cultured human endothelial cells released fibronectin into the culture medium which was immunologically identical to the fibronectin in human plasma. Cultured human endothelial cells were labeled with [3H] leucine. The radioactive fibronectin present in the endothelial postculture medium and in urea extracts of cellular monolayers was isolated with either anti-fibronectin coupled to Protein A-Sepharose or double antibody immunoprecipitation and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When reduced, the [3H] fibronectin synthesized by cultured endothelial cells had the same mol wt (approximately 200,000) as plasma fibronectin. Unreduced, the [3H] fibronectin synthesized by endothelial cells migrated as a dimer, as did plasma fibronectin. Fibronectin accounted for approximately 15% of the protein synthesized and released by endothelial cells into the culture medium. Thus, cultured endothelial cells synthesize fibronectin, secrete it into the culture medium, and incorporate it into extracellular matrix. The results suggest that the endothelial cell is potentially a major site of synthesis of circulating plasma fibronectin. In addition, fibronectin derived from endothelial cells may be an important structural component of the subendothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:355598", "title": "The family as the unit of medical care.", "content": "This review of the literature on the family and medical care involves an expedition into the sister disciplines of epidemiology, sociology, and psychology. There is a considerable volume of evidence that documents how important to the individual's health is his family. This material has been organized into four categories: (1) the family's contribution to the \"cause\" of disease, (2) the family's contribution to the \"cure\" of disease, (3) the family's response to serious or chronic disease, and (4) the family's desire and/or need for family-oriented care. In the conclusion, some implications for the future of the discipline of family medicine are discussed in relation to the material presented.", "contents": "The family as the unit of medical care. This review of the literature on the family and medical care involves an expedition into the sister disciplines of epidemiology, sociology, and psychology. There is a considerable volume of evidence that documents how important to the individual's health is his family. This material has been organized into four categories: (1) the family's contribution to the \"cause\" of disease, (2) the family's contribution to the \"cure\" of disease, (3) the family's response to serious or chronic disease, and (4) the family's desire and/or need for family-oriented care. In the conclusion, some implications for the future of the discipline of family medicine are discussed in relation to the material presented."}
{"id": "PMID:355599", "title": "Role of divalent cations in the resumption of meiosis of rat oocytes.", "content": "Resumption of meiotic maturation was induced in follicle-enclosed rat-oocytes by treatment with the divalent cationophore A23187 (10(-5)M). However, the same effect was attained by incubation in Ca++-deficient medium, even in the presence of EDTA or EGTA (1mM). The stability of the first polar body was increased under Ca++-deficient conditions. Neither the ionophore nor Ca++-deficient medium interfered with the spontaneous maturation of isolated oocytes of the rat. The experiments with cultured follicles suggest that redistribution of divalent cations may participate in the physiological control of meiosis in mammalian oocytes.", "contents": "Role of divalent cations in the resumption of meiosis of rat oocytes. Resumption of meiotic maturation was induced in follicle-enclosed rat-oocytes by treatment with the divalent cationophore A23187 (10(-5)M). However, the same effect was attained by incubation in Ca++-deficient medium, even in the presence of EDTA or EGTA (1mM). The stability of the first polar body was increased under Ca++-deficient conditions. Neither the ionophore nor Ca++-deficient medium interfered with the spontaneous maturation of isolated oocytes of the rat. The experiments with cultured follicles suggest that redistribution of divalent cations may participate in the physiological control of meiosis in mammalian oocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:355600", "title": "Childhood depression: an overview.", "content": "A review of the psychiatric literature on childhood depression indicates confusion in the basic concept of depressive illness in childhood. There is no general agreement on criteria for childhood depression. The diagnosis of depression in childhood is being based on clinical impression, arbitrarily selected criteria, or on a favorable response to treatment with antidepressants. There is no distinction between primary and secondary depression. The diagnosis of \"masked depression\" is given to children with a wide range of different problems, bassed on the hypothesis that depression in childhood can be manifested by clinical symptomatology quite distinct from that found in adults. However, recent studies do not support this hypothesis. Most studies on childhood depression include a wide range of children in spite of the fact that from the data available in current literature it seems justified to distinguish between the different age groups of children, mainly the prepubertal and the adolescent groups.", "contents": "Childhood depression: an overview. A review of the psychiatric literature on childhood depression indicates confusion in the basic concept of depressive illness in childhood. There is no general agreement on criteria for childhood depression. The diagnosis of depression in childhood is being based on clinical impression, arbitrarily selected criteria, or on a favorable response to treatment with antidepressants. There is no distinction between primary and secondary depression. The diagnosis of \"masked depression\" is given to children with a wide range of different problems, bassed on the hypothesis that depression in childhood can be manifested by clinical symptomatology quite distinct from that found in adults. However, recent studies do not support this hypothesis. Most studies on childhood depression include a wide range of children in spite of the fact that from the data available in current literature it seems justified to distinguish between the different age groups of children, mainly the prepubertal and the adolescent groups."}
{"id": "PMID:355601", "title": "Sodium valproate in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.", "content": "The effect of sodium valproate 1200 mg daily on the disability of Parkinsonism and on levodopa-induced dyskinesia was assessed in a double-blind crossover trial with matched placebo in 12 patients with Parkinson's disease. No objective change in the severity of Parkinsonism or dyskinesias was noted. However, six out of nine patients who completed the trial noted a slight to moderate improvement in their dyskinesias with no change in their Parkinsonism. Excess salivation improved in four subjects on sodium valproate.", "contents": "Sodium valproate in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. The effect of sodium valproate 1200 mg daily on the disability of Parkinsonism and on levodopa-induced dyskinesia was assessed in a double-blind crossover trial with matched placebo in 12 patients with Parkinson's disease. No objective change in the severity of Parkinsonism or dyskinesias was noted. However, six out of nine patients who completed the trial noted a slight to moderate improvement in their dyskinesias with no change in their Parkinsonism. Excess salivation improved in four subjects on sodium valproate."}
{"id": "PMID:355602", "title": "Baclofen in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "In a controlled trial, baclofen (mean dose 45 mg daily) signficantly increased disability from Parkinsonism in 12 patients with the long-term levodopa syndrome. Peak dose choreoathetosis was not improved but benefit was observed in all four patients with \"off period dystonia.\" Adverse side effects were common and severe, and included visual hallucinations, vomiting, and dizziness.", "contents": "Baclofen in Parkinson's disease. In a controlled trial, baclofen (mean dose 45 mg daily) signficantly increased disability from Parkinsonism in 12 patients with the long-term levodopa syndrome. Peak dose choreoathetosis was not improved but benefit was observed in all four patients with \"off period dystonia.\" Adverse side effects were common and severe, and included visual hallucinations, vomiting, and dizziness."}
{"id": "PMID:355604", "title": "Evaluation of BCNU and/or radiotherapy in the treatment of anaplastic gliomas. A cooperative clinical trial.", "content": "A controlled, prospective, randomized study evaluated the use of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and/or radiotherapy in the treatment of patients who were operated on and had histological confirmation of anaplastic glioma. A total of 303 patients were randomized into this study, of whom 222 (73%) were within the Valid Study Group (VSG), having met the protocol criteria of neuropathology, corticosteroid control, and therapeutic approach. Patients were divided into four random groups, and received BCNU (80 mg/sq m/day on 3 successive days every 6 to 8 weeks), and/or radiotherapy (5000 to 6000 rads to the whole brain through bilateral opposing ports), or best conventional care but no chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Analysis was performed on all patients who received any amount of therapy (VSG) and on the Adequately Treated Group (ATG), who had received 5000 or more rads radiotherapy, two or more courses of chemotherapy, and had a minimum survival of 8 or more weeks (the interval that would have been required to have received either the radiotherapy or chemotherapy). Median survival of patients in the VSG was, best conventional care: 14 weeks (ATG: 17.0 weeks); BCNU: 18.5 weeks (ATG: 25.0 weeks); radiotherapy: 35 weeks (ATG: 37.5 weeks); and BCNU plus radiotherapy: 34.5 weeks (ATG: 40.5 weeks). All therapeutic modalities showed some statistical superiority compared to best conventional care. There was no significant difference between the four groups in relation to age distribution, sex, location of tumor, diagnosis, tumor characteristics, signs or symptoms, or the amount of corticosteroid used. An analysis of prognostic factors indicates that the initial performance status (Karnofsky rating), age, the use of only a surgical biopsy, parietal location, the presence of seizures, or the involvement of cranial nerves II, III, IV, and VI are all of significance. Toxicity included acceptable, reversible thrombocytopenia and leukopenia.", "contents": "Evaluation of BCNU and/or radiotherapy in the treatment of anaplastic gliomas. A cooperative clinical trial. A controlled, prospective, randomized study evaluated the use of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and/or radiotherapy in the treatment of patients who were operated on and had histological confirmation of anaplastic glioma. A total of 303 patients were randomized into this study, of whom 222 (73%) were within the Valid Study Group (VSG), having met the protocol criteria of neuropathology, corticosteroid control, and therapeutic approach. Patients were divided into four random groups, and received BCNU (80 mg/sq m/day on 3 successive days every 6 to 8 weeks), and/or radiotherapy (5000 to 6000 rads to the whole brain through bilateral opposing ports), or best conventional care but no chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Analysis was performed on all patients who received any amount of therapy (VSG) and on the Adequately Treated Group (ATG), who had received 5000 or more rads radiotherapy, two or more courses of chemotherapy, and had a minimum survival of 8 or more weeks (the interval that would have been required to have received either the radiotherapy or chemotherapy). Median survival of patients in the VSG was, best conventional care: 14 weeks (ATG: 17.0 weeks); BCNU: 18.5 weeks (ATG: 25.0 weeks); radiotherapy: 35 weeks (ATG: 37.5 weeks); and BCNU plus radiotherapy: 34.5 weeks (ATG: 40.5 weeks). All therapeutic modalities showed some statistical superiority compared to best conventional care. There was no significant difference between the four groups in relation to age distribution, sex, location of tumor, diagnosis, tumor characteristics, signs or symptoms, or the amount of corticosteroid used. An analysis of prognostic factors indicates that the initial performance status (Karnofsky rating), age, the use of only a surgical biopsy, parietal location, the presence of seizures, or the involvement of cranial nerves II, III, IV, and VI are all of significance. Toxicity included acceptable, reversible thrombocytopenia and leukopenia."}
{"id": "PMID:355605", "title": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in human pituitary blood.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone (LH) and LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) were measured by radioimmunoassay in blood samples collected from the pituitary gland during transsphenoidal surgery in 19 patients. Detectable levels of LHRH were present in 12 patients. Wide fluctuations of LHRH were seen in sequential samples collected at 10-minute intervals, suggesting a pulsatile mode of release. This technique may yield useful data on hypothalamic control of pituitary secretion.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in human pituitary blood. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) were measured by radioimmunoassay in blood samples collected from the pituitary gland during transsphenoidal surgery in 19 patients. Detectable levels of LHRH were present in 12 patients. Wide fluctuations of LHRH were seen in sequential samples collected at 10-minute intervals, suggesting a pulsatile mode of release. This technique may yield useful data on hypothalamic control of pituitary secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:355607", "title": "Homogenous bone grafts to the mandible.", "content": "Homogenous bone grafts were used in 20 cases including cysts, nonunions, an open bite, an ameloblastoma, fibrous dysplasia, and cherubism. There was a 75% success rate. This type of graft can solve a number of operative problems in mandibular surgery.", "contents": "Homogenous bone grafts to the mandible. Homogenous bone grafts were used in 20 cases including cysts, nonunions, an open bite, an ameloblastoma, fibrous dysplasia, and cherubism. There was a 75% success rate. This type of graft can solve a number of operative problems in mandibular surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:355608", "title": "Failure of silastin chin implant four years postoperatively.", "content": "Failure of a preformed Silastic chin implant nearly four years after insertion is reported. It is the obligation of all clinicians to report failures as well as successes to provide data for comprehensive evaluation of various techniques and materials.", "contents": "Failure of silastin chin implant four years postoperatively. Failure of a preformed Silastic chin implant nearly four years after insertion is reported. It is the obligation of all clinicians to report failures as well as successes to provide data for comprehensive evaluation of various techniques and materials."}
{"id": "PMID:355610", "title": "Correction of the atrophic alveolar ridge by interpositional bone grafting: a progress report.", "content": "A retrospective study of postoperative stability and osseous changes was made on nine patients with maxillary or mandibular atrophy who were treated with interpositional bone grafting techniques. There was minimal discernible positional change or resorption of the portion of the maxilla or mandible that was moved by interpositional grafting procedures. Sequential radiographs and cephalometric tracings showed early consolidation of the grafted bone, minimal resorption of the respositioned osseous segments, and a small decrease of alveolar ridge height during an average potsoperative follow-up period of seven months.", "contents": "Correction of the atrophic alveolar ridge by interpositional bone grafting: a progress report. A retrospective study of postoperative stability and osseous changes was made on nine patients with maxillary or mandibular atrophy who were treated with interpositional bone grafting techniques. There was minimal discernible positional change or resorption of the portion of the maxilla or mandible that was moved by interpositional grafting procedures. Sequential radiographs and cephalometric tracings showed early consolidation of the grafted bone, minimal resorption of the respositioned osseous segments, and a small decrease of alveolar ridge height during an average potsoperative follow-up period of seven months."}
{"id": "PMID:355611", "title": "The lipswitch: a modification of Kazanjian's labial vestibuloplasty.", "content": "A variation of the labial vestibuloplasty can provide an improved base for dentures. Complications with this procedure have been fewer; the pain and edema have been less than or equal to the amounts encountered with other procedures. This modification can be performed on an outpatient basis and requires no free grafts or splints.", "contents": "The lipswitch: a modification of Kazanjian's labial vestibuloplasty. A variation of the labial vestibuloplasty can provide an improved base for dentures. Complications with this procedure have been fewer; the pain and edema have been less than or equal to the amounts encountered with other procedures. This modification can be performed on an outpatient basis and requires no free grafts or splints."}
{"id": "PMID:355612", "title": "Sutures and suturing--current concepts.", "content": "Currently available suture materials can be classified as nonabsorbable and absorbable types. Too often the surgeon selects the material on the basis of handling properties alone. The \"perfect\" suture material does not exist. Physical properties such as tensile strength, reactivity, size, and absorbability must be considered in light of current knowledge of wound healing. Placement of sutures is obviously as important as selection of material.", "contents": "Sutures and suturing--current concepts. Currently available suture materials can be classified as nonabsorbable and absorbable types. Too often the surgeon selects the material on the basis of handling properties alone. The \"perfect\" suture material does not exist. Physical properties such as tensile strength, reactivity, size, and absorbability must be considered in light of current knowledge of wound healing. Placement of sutures is obviously as important as selection of material."}
{"id": "PMID:355613", "title": "Anemia, splenomegaly, and glomerulonephritis associated with autoantibody in Trypanosoma lewisi infections.", "content": "Anemia with splenomegaly and signs of glomerulonephritis were found associated with the acute and post-acute phase of Trypanosoma lewisi infections of laboratory rats. The onset of the anemia was associated with the peak of parasitemia and the development of cold-active hemagglutinin (HA) for trypsinized rat erythrocytes. It persisted with gradual recovery for as long as the trypanosomes and HA were detected in the blood. Signs of glomerulonephritis consisted of hypercellularity of the glomerular tuft, swelling of vascular endothelium and tubular epithelium, thickening of Bowman's membrane and tubular basement membrane, and abnormal numbers of hyaline casts in the distal convoluted tubules. Residual damage to the kidneys was not evaluated.", "contents": "Anemia, splenomegaly, and glomerulonephritis associated with autoantibody in Trypanosoma lewisi infections. Anemia with splenomegaly and signs of glomerulonephritis were found associated with the acute and post-acute phase of Trypanosoma lewisi infections of laboratory rats. The onset of the anemia was associated with the peak of parasitemia and the development of cold-active hemagglutinin (HA) for trypsinized rat erythrocytes. It persisted with gradual recovery for as long as the trypanosomes and HA were detected in the blood. Signs of glomerulonephritis consisted of hypercellularity of the glomerular tuft, swelling of vascular endothelium and tubular epithelium, thickening of Bowman's membrane and tubular basement membrane, and abnormal numbers of hyaline casts in the distal convoluted tubules. Residual damage to the kidneys was not evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:355614", "title": "Disaccharidase activity in the intestinal tissue of broilers infected with coccidia.", "content": "Maltase and sucrase activities were measured in the intestine of broilers inoculated with sporulated coccidial oocysts. Infection with Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, E. necatrix, and E. brunetti decreased disaccharidase activity in the intestinal region in which maximum infection was found compared with the activity in uninoculated controls. The maximum reduction occurred on the first or second day of patency followed by a rapid recovery in activity. Disaccharidase activity was inversely proportional to the inoculum dose.", "contents": "Disaccharidase activity in the intestinal tissue of broilers infected with coccidia. Maltase and sucrase activities were measured in the intestine of broilers inoculated with sporulated coccidial oocysts. Infection with Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, E. necatrix, and E. brunetti decreased disaccharidase activity in the intestinal region in which maximum infection was found compared with the activity in uninoculated controls. The maximum reduction occurred on the first or second day of patency followed by a rapid recovery in activity. Disaccharidase activity was inversely proportional to the inoculum dose."}
{"id": "PMID:355619", "title": "A method of decontamination of ultrasonic scalers and high speed handpieces.", "content": "The use of contaminated water in high speed handpieces and ultrasonic handpieces presents potential hazards to both dentist and patient. This study has shown that after waterline sterilization, the use of a sterile, disposable membrane filter can eliminate the microflora from the water of an ultrasonic scaler for up to 48 hours. Similarly, the water from a high speed handpiece can remain bacteria free for up to 72 hours when a 0.45 micrometer pore size membrane filter is installed into the waterline. This system of decontamination by filtration may present a workable approach to the problem of contaminated water and merits further research and development. Commercial materials and equipment are identified in this report to specify the investigative procedures. Such identification does not simply recommendation or endorsement or that the materials and equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Furthermore, the opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and are not to be construed as those of the Army Medical Department.", "contents": "A method of decontamination of ultrasonic scalers and high speed handpieces. The use of contaminated water in high speed handpieces and ultrasonic handpieces presents potential hazards to both dentist and patient. This study has shown that after waterline sterilization, the use of a sterile, disposable membrane filter can eliminate the microflora from the water of an ultrasonic scaler for up to 48 hours. Similarly, the water from a high speed handpiece can remain bacteria free for up to 72 hours when a 0.45 micrometer pore size membrane filter is installed into the waterline. This system of decontamination by filtration may present a workable approach to the problem of contaminated water and merits further research and development. Commercial materials and equipment are identified in this report to specify the investigative procedures. Such identification does not simply recommendation or endorsement or that the materials and equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Furthermore, the opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and are not to be construed as those of the Army Medical Department."}
{"id": "PMID:355621", "title": "T-pins in a direct pattern technique for posts and cores.", "content": "A practical direct technique for making post and core impressions with a T-pin and self-curing acrylic resin was described. Emphasis was placed on the function of the T-shaped plastic pin in fabricating the pattern. Clinical procedures for each step were described in detail. The unique characteristic of the T-pin of softening and becoming very sticky when exposed to direct contact with acrylic resin monomer allows soft acrylic resin to adhere to it, resulting in an accurate direct impression of the canal.", "contents": "T-pins in a direct pattern technique for posts and cores. A practical direct technique for making post and core impressions with a T-pin and self-curing acrylic resin was described. Emphasis was placed on the function of the T-shaped plastic pin in fabricating the pattern. Clinical procedures for each step were described in detail. The unique characteristic of the T-pin of softening and becoming very sticky when exposed to direct contact with acrylic resin monomer allows soft acrylic resin to adhere to it, resulting in an accurate direct impression of the canal."}
{"id": "PMID:355624", "title": "Effects of occlusal therapy on pantographic reproducibility of mandibular border movements.", "content": "A clinical experiment was undertaken to study the relationship between occlusal therapy and pantographic reproducibility. Twenty-six subjects were categorized according to their ability to reproduce pantographic border movements and were put into either a control nonreproducible, control reproducible, or experimental nonreproducible group. From each subject a sequence of five pantographic surveys consisting of two morning and two afternoon pantographic recordings was taken. Each survey period lasted a minimum of 30 days. The experimental subjects alone were given occlusal splint therapy and occlusal adjustment therapy during the sequence of recall periods. The relationship between the effect caused by occlusal therapy and pantographic reproducibility was analyzed. For the purpose of analysis, the pantographic recordings were assessed a numerical score using a pantographic reproducibility index. A double-blind technique was used until all data were collected.", "contents": "Effects of occlusal therapy on pantographic reproducibility of mandibular border movements. A clinical experiment was undertaken to study the relationship between occlusal therapy and pantographic reproducibility. Twenty-six subjects were categorized according to their ability to reproduce pantographic border movements and were put into either a control nonreproducible, control reproducible, or experimental nonreproducible group. From each subject a sequence of five pantographic surveys consisting of two morning and two afternoon pantographic recordings was taken. Each survey period lasted a minimum of 30 days. The experimental subjects alone were given occlusal splint therapy and occlusal adjustment therapy during the sequence of recall periods. The relationship between the effect caused by occlusal therapy and pantographic reproducibility was analyzed. For the purpose of analysis, the pantographic recordings were assessed a numerical score using a pantographic reproducibility index. A double-blind technique was used until all data were collected."}
{"id": "PMID:355631", "title": "Differentiation of Serratia marcescens and Serratia liquefaciens by tests for lipase and phospholipase production.", "content": "The production of lipase and phospolipase by certain members of the Enterobacteriaceae was examined by thin-layer chromatography of resting-cell suspensions incubated with triolein or lecithin. Most strains of Serratia marcescens produced both enzymes while most strains of Serratia liquefaciens exhibited strong lipase but only a minor phospholipase activity. Enterobacter spp. (25 strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae (20 strains), Escherichia coli (15 strains), Citrobacter freundii (7 strains) and Proteus spp. (20 strains) lacked both types of enzymic activity except for the following: three strains of Enterobacter cloacae, two of Proteus mirabilis and three of Proteus vulgaris possessed slight lipase activity; about one-half of the Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter hafniae strains examined produced slight phospholipase activity. It is suggested that tests for lipase and phospholipase should be used in conjunction with those for DNAase production and sugar fermentation for the differentiation of S. marcescens and S. liquefaciens.", "contents": "Differentiation of Serratia marcescens and Serratia liquefaciens by tests for lipase and phospholipase production. The production of lipase and phospolipase by certain members of the Enterobacteriaceae was examined by thin-layer chromatography of resting-cell suspensions incubated with triolein or lecithin. Most strains of Serratia marcescens produced both enzymes while most strains of Serratia liquefaciens exhibited strong lipase but only a minor phospholipase activity. Enterobacter spp. (25 strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae (20 strains), Escherichia coli (15 strains), Citrobacter freundii (7 strains) and Proteus spp. (20 strains) lacked both types of enzymic activity except for the following: three strains of Enterobacter cloacae, two of Proteus mirabilis and three of Proteus vulgaris possessed slight lipase activity; about one-half of the Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter hafniae strains examined produced slight phospholipase activity. It is suggested that tests for lipase and phospholipase should be used in conjunction with those for DNAase production and sugar fermentation for the differentiation of S. marcescens and S. liquefaciens."}
{"id": "PMID:355632", "title": "Assay of staphylococcal delta-haemolysin with fish erythrocytes.", "content": "Suspensions of erythroctes from certain marine fish (cod, saithe, haddock and mackerel) were 4--16 times more sensitive than human or horse erythrocytes to staphylococcal delta-haemolysin. Cod erythrocytes were lysed rapidly by delta-haemolysin and the titres of haemolysin were independent of the temperatures at which the tests were incubated, over the range 0--37 degrees C. Fish erythrocytes were not lysed by purified alpha- and beta-haemolysins and no synergistic action was found between beta- and delta-haemolysins. In blood agar-overlay plates, the zones of lysis that developed in cod blood agar were larger and clearer than those that developed in human or horse blood agar.", "contents": "Assay of staphylococcal delta-haemolysin with fish erythrocytes. Suspensions of erythroctes from certain marine fish (cod, saithe, haddock and mackerel) were 4--16 times more sensitive than human or horse erythrocytes to staphylococcal delta-haemolysin. Cod erythrocytes were lysed rapidly by delta-haemolysin and the titres of haemolysin were independent of the temperatures at which the tests were incubated, over the range 0--37 degrees C. Fish erythrocytes were not lysed by purified alpha- and beta-haemolysins and no synergistic action was found between beta- and delta-haemolysins. In blood agar-overlay plates, the zones of lysis that developed in cod blood agar were larger and clearer than those that developed in human or horse blood agar."}
{"id": "PMID:355633", "title": "The use of fluorescein-labelled lectins in the detection and identification of fungi pathogenic for man: a preliminary study.", "content": "Fluorescein-labelled lectins of known specificities for different sugars were used in an attempt to identify fungi in paraffin sections of surgical and post-mortem material. Aspergillus fumigatus, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Rhizopus oryzae have been studied with five fluorescein-labelled lectins and with basis of differences in their reactions with these stains. The results accord well with what is known of the chemistry of the organisms and the method offers promise to practising histopathologists.", "contents": "The use of fluorescein-labelled lectins in the detection and identification of fungi pathogenic for man: a preliminary study. Fluorescein-labelled lectins of known specificities for different sugars were used in an attempt to identify fungi in paraffin sections of surgical and post-mortem material. Aspergillus fumigatus, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Rhizopus oryzae have been studied with five fluorescein-labelled lectins and with basis of differences in their reactions with these stains. The results accord well with what is known of the chemistry of the organisms and the method offers promise to practising histopathologists."}
{"id": "PMID:355638", "title": "Radiation damage in the high resolution electron microscopy of biological materials: a review.", "content": "Radiation damage to a biological specimen arises from a variety of interactions between the illuminating electrons and the atoms in it. The relative probabilities of these events, and the amout of energy transferred, can be calculated from basic physical theory. The microscopic damage caused in a particular specimen in given operating conditions is more difficult to predict, but it can be measured by a number of macroscopic indicators, the chief of which are loss of mass and changes in the energy loss spectrum (or electron diffraction, pattern, if any). For most biological material the observed rate of damage is such as to set a limit to the intensity of illumination, the maximum magnification and the minimum size of detail that can be made visible. Several techniques have been devised and tested for reducing the radiation sensitivity of a specimen, of which cooling to a very low temperature and encasing it in an inert medium are the most effective. If the various protective measures act cooperatively, they could increase the effective resolution of sensitive material by an order of magnitude, making possible electron microscopy of the atomic structure of, for instance, the nucleic acid bases and other macromolecules. The prospects for observing living cells at a resolution better than that of the best optical microscopes would remain very small.", "contents": "Radiation damage in the high resolution electron microscopy of biological materials: a review. Radiation damage to a biological specimen arises from a variety of interactions between the illuminating electrons and the atoms in it. The relative probabilities of these events, and the amout of energy transferred, can be calculated from basic physical theory. The microscopic damage caused in a particular specimen in given operating conditions is more difficult to predict, but it can be measured by a number of macroscopic indicators, the chief of which are loss of mass and changes in the energy loss spectrum (or electron diffraction, pattern, if any). For most biological material the observed rate of damage is such as to set a limit to the intensity of illumination, the maximum magnification and the minimum size of detail that can be made visible. Several techniques have been devised and tested for reducing the radiation sensitivity of a specimen, of which cooling to a very low temperature and encasing it in an inert medium are the most effective. If the various protective measures act cooperatively, they could increase the effective resolution of sensitive material by an order of magnitude, making possible electron microscopy of the atomic structure of, for instance, the nucleic acid bases and other macromolecules. The prospects for observing living cells at a resolution better than that of the best optical microscopes would remain very small."}
{"id": "PMID:355647", "title": "Acute effects of orally administered levamisole on random monocyte motility and chemotaxis in man.", "content": "Cellular immune functions were studied in patients with early bladder cancer 2 hours after ingestion of either levamisole or a placebo. Random monocyte motility was significantly increased (P less than 0.025) in 13 of 17 patients receiving levamisole. Monocyte chemotaxis was significantly increased (P less than 0.025) in 16 of the 17 patients. Random monocyte motility and monocyte chemotaxis did not change in either 8 patients on the placebo or in 15 normal controls. Monocytes from normal donors showed increased random motility and chemotaxis after incubation with levamisole in vitro. These results indicated that increases in peripheral blood monocyte motility followed oral administration of levamisole. Kinetic studies indicated that these effects were rapid in onset and short lived.", "contents": "Acute effects of orally administered levamisole on random monocyte motility and chemotaxis in man. Cellular immune functions were studied in patients with early bladder cancer 2 hours after ingestion of either levamisole or a placebo. Random monocyte motility was significantly increased (P less than 0.025) in 13 of 17 patients receiving levamisole. Monocyte chemotaxis was significantly increased (P less than 0.025) in 16 of the 17 patients. Random monocyte motility and monocyte chemotaxis did not change in either 8 patients on the placebo or in 15 normal controls. Monocytes from normal donors showed increased random motility and chemotaxis after incubation with levamisole in vitro. These results indicated that increases in peripheral blood monocyte motility followed oral administration of levamisole. Kinetic studies indicated that these effects were rapid in onset and short lived."}
{"id": "PMID:355648", "title": "Detection of mutagenicity of the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by the host-mediated assay and its correlation to carcinogenicity.", "content": "Mutagenic potential of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was investigated in the host-mediated assay with mice used as hosts. This assay revealed potent mutagenicity of this colon carcinogen for Salmonella typhimurium G46. The mutagenicity of DMH was inhibited by pretreatment of mice with disulfiram. In addition, mouse strain and sex differences influenced the mutation induction by DMH: Mutation induction was significantly lower in C57BL/6 mice than in outbred ICR mice of either sex and was generally higher in male than in females of either C57BL/6 or ICR mice.", "contents": "Detection of mutagenicity of the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by the host-mediated assay and its correlation to carcinogenicity. Mutagenic potential of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was investigated in the host-mediated assay with mice used as hosts. This assay revealed potent mutagenicity of this colon carcinogen for Salmonella typhimurium G46. The mutagenicity of DMH was inhibited by pretreatment of mice with disulfiram. In addition, mouse strain and sex differences influenced the mutation induction by DMH: Mutation induction was significantly lower in C57BL/6 mice than in outbred ICR mice of either sex and was generally higher in male than in females of either C57BL/6 or ICR mice."}
{"id": "PMID:355649", "title": "The respiratory epithelium. I. Human bronchus.", "content": "Six morphologic cell types comprise the human bronchial epithelium: basal cells that do not reach the bronchial lumen, neurosecretory cells (Kulchitsky's cells, K-cells, or small granule cells) that rarely reach the lumen, and indifferent cells, mucous cells [small mucous granule cells (SMGC) and mucous goblet cells], ciliated cells, and ciliated-mucous cells that do reach the lumen. Ciliated-mucous cells bearing fully developed cilia and containing mucous granules are seen only occasionally. Three of the cell types that reach the lumen are microvillus covered and do not bear cilia. The microvillus-covered nonciliated cells are: 1) neurosecretory cells, 2) indifferent cells, and 3) mucous cells. Neurosecretory cells contain characteristic dense core granules. Such cells rarely reach the lumen. Indifferent cells are rarely seen. They have a pale cytoplasm and show no evidence of either ciliary or mucous differentiation. Similar cells are observed showing early signs of either ciliary or mucous differentiation or even both types of differentiation in the same cell. Mucous cells comprise the vast majority of microvillus-covered cells. They present either as SMGC with a few small mucous granules or as goblet cells, filled with mucus. These columnar cells are characterized ultrastructurally by dense cytoplasm and a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The microvilli are coated with a glycocalyx that binds colloidal iron more avidly than that of either cilia or microvilli of ciliated cells. Possible interrelationships between the different cell types in normal epithelium are discussed.", "contents": "The respiratory epithelium. I. Human bronchus. Six morphologic cell types comprise the human bronchial epithelium: basal cells that do not reach the bronchial lumen, neurosecretory cells (Kulchitsky's cells, K-cells, or small granule cells) that rarely reach the lumen, and indifferent cells, mucous cells [small mucous granule cells (SMGC) and mucous goblet cells], ciliated cells, and ciliated-mucous cells that do reach the lumen. Ciliated-mucous cells bearing fully developed cilia and containing mucous granules are seen only occasionally. Three of the cell types that reach the lumen are microvillus covered and do not bear cilia. The microvillus-covered nonciliated cells are: 1) neurosecretory cells, 2) indifferent cells, and 3) mucous cells. Neurosecretory cells contain characteristic dense core granules. Such cells rarely reach the lumen. Indifferent cells are rarely seen. They have a pale cytoplasm and show no evidence of either ciliary or mucous differentiation. Similar cells are observed showing early signs of either ciliary or mucous differentiation or even both types of differentiation in the same cell. Mucous cells comprise the vast majority of microvillus-covered cells. They present either as SMGC with a few small mucous granules or as goblet cells, filled with mucus. These columnar cells are characterized ultrastructurally by dense cytoplasm and a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The microvilli are coated with a glycocalyx that binds colloidal iron more avidly than that of either cilia or microvilli of ciliated cells. Possible interrelationships between the different cell types in normal epithelium are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355650", "title": "The respiratory epithelium. II. Hamster trachea, bronchus, and bronchioles.", "content": "The normal female hamster respiratory epithelium at five airway levels was characterized with the use of coordinated morphologic and histochemical techniques. Five morphologic cell types were recognized in the trachea, stem bronchi, and primary bronchl: basal cells and neurosecretory cells that were basally located and did not reach the lumen and mucous cells [mucous goblet cells and small mucous granule cells (SMGC)], indifferent cells showing mucous-ciliary differentiation, and ciliated cells that reached the lumen. Two epithelial cell types were observed in the bronchioles, ciliated cells and nonciliated Clara cells, both of which reached the lumen. Mucous cells presented as either SMGC with a few small periodic acid-Schiff-positive granules (diastase-resistant neutral mucosubstances) or as goblet cells, filled with the same material. Mucous cells were columnar, and the cytoplasm was electron-dense and contained a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. The microvilli of the mucous cells were coated more thickly with colloidal iron than either the cilia or microvilli of ciliated cells. Approximately one-half the cells in the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles were ciliated. Ciliated cells containing intracellular ciliated cysts with normal cilia projecting into a closed space or ciliated cells bearing compound cilia were observed infrequently. Neurosecretory cells were rarely observed. These cells contained characteristic dense-core granules.", "contents": "The respiratory epithelium. II. Hamster trachea, bronchus, and bronchioles. The normal female hamster respiratory epithelium at five airway levels was characterized with the use of coordinated morphologic and histochemical techniques. Five morphologic cell types were recognized in the trachea, stem bronchi, and primary bronchl: basal cells and neurosecretory cells that were basally located and did not reach the lumen and mucous cells [mucous goblet cells and small mucous granule cells (SMGC)], indifferent cells showing mucous-ciliary differentiation, and ciliated cells that reached the lumen. Two epithelial cell types were observed in the bronchioles, ciliated cells and nonciliated Clara cells, both of which reached the lumen. Mucous cells presented as either SMGC with a few small periodic acid-Schiff-positive granules (diastase-resistant neutral mucosubstances) or as goblet cells, filled with the same material. Mucous cells were columnar, and the cytoplasm was electron-dense and contained a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. The microvilli of the mucous cells were coated more thickly with colloidal iron than either the cilia or microvilli of ciliated cells. Approximately one-half the cells in the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles were ciliated. Ciliated cells containing intracellular ciliated cysts with normal cilia projecting into a closed space or ciliated cells bearing compound cilia were observed infrequently. Neurosecretory cells were rarely observed. These cells contained characteristic dense-core granules."}
{"id": "PMID:355651", "title": "The respiratory epithelium. III. Histogenesis of epidermoid metaplasia and carcinoma in situ in the human.", "content": "The histogenesis of epidermoid metaplasia and carcinoma in situ was analyzed in human bronchial epithelium. The conclusion is that epidermoid metaplasia and carcinoma in situ can result from conversion of mucous cells. This implies the direct transformation of one type of fully differentiated cell to another. The study therefore emphasizes the differentiation potentialities of the mucous cells that can divide and undergo goblet cell hyperplasia and epidermoid metaplasia. Epidermoid metaplasia is a common reaction to injury in the bronchus. In our series of cases it was especially frequent in patients without neoplastic disease who had undergone intratracheal intubation or tracheostomy and who had been maintained on a respirator in the Shock Trauma Unit, University of Maryland. Future studies will be required to distinguish the difference, if any, between epidermoid metaplasia destined to become malignant carcinoma and that which is not. One difference noted in this study was the absence of overt cornification in epidermoid metaplasia in patients without neoplastic disease.", "contents": "The respiratory epithelium. III. Histogenesis of epidermoid metaplasia and carcinoma in situ in the human. The histogenesis of epidermoid metaplasia and carcinoma in situ was analyzed in human bronchial epithelium. The conclusion is that epidermoid metaplasia and carcinoma in situ can result from conversion of mucous cells. This implies the direct transformation of one type of fully differentiated cell to another. The study therefore emphasizes the differentiation potentialities of the mucous cells that can divide and undergo goblet cell hyperplasia and epidermoid metaplasia. Epidermoid metaplasia is a common reaction to injury in the bronchus. In our series of cases it was especially frequent in patients without neoplastic disease who had undergone intratracheal intubation or tracheostomy and who had been maintained on a respirator in the Shock Trauma Unit, University of Maryland. Future studies will be required to distinguish the difference, if any, between epidermoid metaplasia destined to become malignant carcinoma and that which is not. One difference noted in this study was the absence of overt cornification in epidermoid metaplasia in patients without neoplastic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:355653", "title": "The respiratory epithelium. VI. Histogenesis of lung tumors induced by benzo[a]pyrene-ferric oxide in the hamster.", "content": "Lung tumors were induced in female Syrian golden hamsters by intratracheal instillation of benzo[a]pyrene-Fe2O3. The tumors were characterized with the use of coordinated morphologic and histochemical techniques including electron microscopy. The lung carcinomas were classified according to their presumed cell of origin. Most were derived from mucous cells and/or basal cells, and they were classified as either epidermoid carcinomas or as combined epidermoid and adenocarcinomas. The tumors in the second group (57% of the total number of carcinomas) presented a wide spectrum of epidermoid and adeno components. The epidermoid component was characterized in well-differentiated tumors by the presence of intercellular bridges and/or keratinization. Well-developed desmosomes and numerous bundles of tonofilaments were observed ultrastructurally. In diagnosing adenocarcinoma, one no longer needs to depend on the presence of tubules or gross glandular structures as criteria for diagnosis. The presence of intracellular and/or extracellular alveoli, well-developed Golgi complex, and endoplasmic reticulum and/or evidence of mucous secretion provide more definitive criteria. A tumor composed of neurosecretory cells that morphologically resembled a bronchial carcinoid of man was observed. Nests of uniform, small, polygonal cells with round-to-oval nuclei were seen at the light microscopic level. Dense-core secretory granules 1,100-2,200 A were present in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. Several fibrosarcomas were observed. The tumors showed a very cellular structure, composed of either densely packed ovoid or spindle-shaped cells. Ultrastructurally, the cells resembled fibroblasts. The results obtained in this study give strong support for a histogenetic classification, i.e., a classification based on the cell of origin.", "contents": "The respiratory epithelium. VI. Histogenesis of lung tumors induced by benzo[a]pyrene-ferric oxide in the hamster. Lung tumors were induced in female Syrian golden hamsters by intratracheal instillation of benzo[a]pyrene-Fe2O3. The tumors were characterized with the use of coordinated morphologic and histochemical techniques including electron microscopy. The lung carcinomas were classified according to their presumed cell of origin. Most were derived from mucous cells and/or basal cells, and they were classified as either epidermoid carcinomas or as combined epidermoid and adenocarcinomas. The tumors in the second group (57% of the total number of carcinomas) presented a wide spectrum of epidermoid and adeno components. The epidermoid component was characterized in well-differentiated tumors by the presence of intercellular bridges and/or keratinization. Well-developed desmosomes and numerous bundles of tonofilaments were observed ultrastructurally. In diagnosing adenocarcinoma, one no longer needs to depend on the presence of tubules or gross glandular structures as criteria for diagnosis. The presence of intracellular and/or extracellular alveoli, well-developed Golgi complex, and endoplasmic reticulum and/or evidence of mucous secretion provide more definitive criteria. A tumor composed of neurosecretory cells that morphologically resembled a bronchial carcinoid of man was observed. Nests of uniform, small, polygonal cells with round-to-oval nuclei were seen at the light microscopic level. Dense-core secretory granules 1,100-2,200 A were present in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. Several fibrosarcomas were observed. The tumors showed a very cellular structure, composed of either densely packed ovoid or spindle-shaped cells. Ultrastructurally, the cells resembled fibroblasts. The results obtained in this study give strong support for a histogenetic classification, i.e., a classification based on the cell of origin."}
{"id": "PMID:355655", "title": "The burned hand: a planned treatment program.", "content": "A planned treatment program for burned hands has been developed and was used in 72 burns of the dorsum of the hands. Treatment was individualized on the basis of whether hand burns were superficial or deep. In the former, there was evidence of spontaneous reepithelialization within 14 to 21 days. In the latter, immediate or delayed excision, followed by resurfacing with autografts was done. Both groups received topical antibiotic creaming, elevation, an exercise program as soon as they were able, and splinting of the burned hand in the antideformity position. Hypertrophic scars and unacceptable epithelium were excised when they interfered with function. Initially, this program allowed us to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures in 94% of the second-degree burns of the dorsum of the hand. The third-degree burned hand needed excision and autografting in 100% of the burned hands. This treatment program has as its goals: prevention of deformity by early motion and protection of the unburned and regenerating epithelium by creaming with topical antibiotic ointment.", "contents": "The burned hand: a planned treatment program. A planned treatment program for burned hands has been developed and was used in 72 burns of the dorsum of the hands. Treatment was individualized on the basis of whether hand burns were superficial or deep. In the former, there was evidence of spontaneous reepithelialization within 14 to 21 days. In the latter, immediate or delayed excision, followed by resurfacing with autografts was done. Both groups received topical antibiotic creaming, elevation, an exercise program as soon as they were able, and splinting of the burned hand in the antideformity position. Hypertrophic scars and unacceptable epithelium were excised when they interfered with function. Initially, this program allowed us to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures in 94% of the second-degree burns of the dorsum of the hand. The third-degree burned hand needed excision and autografting in 100% of the burned hands. This treatment program has as its goals: prevention of deformity by early motion and protection of the unburned and regenerating epithelium by creaming with topical antibiotic ointment."}
{"id": "PMID:355656", "title": "The roll-bar hand.", "content": "This report describes a new hand injury seen in passengers in dune buggies having rollover accidents. Since these vehicles are usually driven off the road and far from treatment centers the treatment of these injuries is often delayed. As the rollover takes place, the reflex action--usually of the passenger--is to grasp the roll bar. A crush-avulsion injury occurs at the level of the metacarpals, with the thumb frequently spared. Wound contamination, delay in treatment, and the frequency of other serious injuries add to the seriousness of this injury. Redesign of the roll bar, provision of better passenger protection, and an internal grasp support are suggested to reduce its incidence.", "contents": "The roll-bar hand. This report describes a new hand injury seen in passengers in dune buggies having rollover accidents. Since these vehicles are usually driven off the road and far from treatment centers the treatment of these injuries is often delayed. As the rollover takes place, the reflex action--usually of the passenger--is to grasp the roll bar. A crush-avulsion injury occurs at the level of the metacarpals, with the thumb frequently spared. Wound contamination, delay in treatment, and the frequency of other serious injuries add to the seriousness of this injury. Redesign of the roll bar, provision of better passenger protection, and an internal grasp support are suggested to reduce its incidence."}
{"id": "PMID:355659", "title": "Conservative surgical management of urological complications after cadaveric renal transplantation.", "content": "Review of a consecutive series of 85 cadaveric renal transplants revealed urinary fistulas in 7 cases. Bladder fistulas originated from the anterior cystostomy suture line in 3 patients and required secondary closure in every case. Ureteral fistulas from the donor ureter often required a multistaged operation. In every case the end result has been satisfactory, with closure of the fistula and preservation of renal function.", "contents": "Conservative surgical management of urological complications after cadaveric renal transplantation. Review of a consecutive series of 85 cadaveric renal transplants revealed urinary fistulas in 7 cases. Bladder fistulas originated from the anterior cystostomy suture line in 3 patients and required secondary closure in every case. Ureteral fistulas from the donor ureter often required a multistaged operation. In every case the end result has been satisfactory, with closure of the fistula and preservation of renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:355660", "title": "Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections. X. Adhesive properties of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis: lack of correlation with urinary pathogenicity.", "content": "The ability of a bacterial strain to adhere to the vaginal mucosa and the mucosa of the urinary conduits seems to be important in the pathogenesis of urinary infection. Bacterial adherence to vaginal epithelial cells was measured in vitro for 37 strains of Escherichia coli and 18 strains of Proteus mirabilis isolated from the anus, bladder and renal pelvis. No correlation could be demonstrated between the adhesive properties of a bacterial strain and its clinical pathogenicity, suggesting that host factors determining bacterial adherence are more important than bacterial adhesive factors in determining susceptibility to urinary infections.", "contents": "Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections. X. Adhesive properties of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis: lack of correlation with urinary pathogenicity. The ability of a bacterial strain to adhere to the vaginal mucosa and the mucosa of the urinary conduits seems to be important in the pathogenesis of urinary infection. Bacterial adherence to vaginal epithelial cells was measured in vitro for 37 strains of Escherichia coli and 18 strains of Proteus mirabilis isolated from the anus, bladder and renal pelvis. No correlation could be demonstrated between the adhesive properties of a bacterial strain and its clinical pathogenicity, suggesting that host factors determining bacterial adherence are more important than bacterial adhesive factors in determining susceptibility to urinary infections."}
{"id": "PMID:355661", "title": "The effect of oral bethanechol chloride on the cystometrogram of the normal male adult.", "content": "A double-blind study of the effects of placebo and oral bethanechol chloride (25, 50 and 100 mg.) on the carbon dioxide cystometrogram of the normal male adult was done. Statistical analysis of the data showed no significant dose-response relationship for any of the parameters measured.", "contents": "The effect of oral bethanechol chloride on the cystometrogram of the normal male adult. A double-blind study of the effects of placebo and oral bethanechol chloride (25, 50 and 100 mg.) on the carbon dioxide cystometrogram of the normal male adult was done. Statistical analysis of the data showed no significant dose-response relationship for any of the parameters measured."}
{"id": "PMID:355662", "title": "Urinary tract infection localization in women.", "content": "The site of urinary infection in 51 adult women was determined by the bladder-washout technique (BW). Of the 37 patients with proved upper-tract infection shown by BW, 16 had upper-tract symptoms, three had lower-tract symptoms, and 18 were asymptomatic; 31 had antibody-coated bacteria (ACB), and six had no ACB. Of 14 patients with proved lower-tract infection shown by BW, three had upper-tract symptoms, five had lower-tract symptoms, and six were asymptomatic; none had ACB. All 31 women whose infecting bacteria were coated with antibody proved to have an upper-tract infection shown by BW. A subset of the population of adult women with upper-tract infection have organisms emanating from their ureters at BW localization, which are not coated with antibody. Physicians must be cautious in interpreting results that are negative for ACB.", "contents": "Urinary tract infection localization in women. The site of urinary infection in 51 adult women was determined by the bladder-washout technique (BW). Of the 37 patients with proved upper-tract infection shown by BW, 16 had upper-tract symptoms, three had lower-tract symptoms, and 18 were asymptomatic; 31 had antibody-coated bacteria (ACB), and six had no ACB. Of 14 patients with proved lower-tract infection shown by BW, three had upper-tract symptoms, five had lower-tract symptoms, and six were asymptomatic; none had ACB. All 31 women whose infecting bacteria were coated with antibody proved to have an upper-tract infection shown by BW. A subset of the population of adult women with upper-tract infection have organisms emanating from their ureters at BW localization, which are not coated with antibody. Physicians must be cautious in interpreting results that are negative for ACB."}
{"id": "PMID:355663", "title": "Cyclobenzaprine in intractable pain syndromes with muscle spasm.", "content": "The effectiveness of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride, a new tricyclic skeletal muscle relaxant, was shown in patients with long-term intractable pain of cervical and lumbar origin aggravated by skeletal muscle spasm and tenderness. The investigation was double-blind and randomized, comparing cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride (10 mg three times a day) with diazepam (5 mg three times a day) and with placebo. After two weeks of treatment, the 16 patients in the cyclobenzaprine group showed an overall improvement in pain variables as did the 16 patients in the diazepam group. No serious adverse reactions to cyclobenzaprine were observed in the study. However, dry mouth due to cyclobenzaprine's anticholinergic action and mild degrees of drowsiness were encountered more often than with diazepam or placebo.", "contents": "Cyclobenzaprine in intractable pain syndromes with muscle spasm. The effectiveness of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride, a new tricyclic skeletal muscle relaxant, was shown in patients with long-term intractable pain of cervical and lumbar origin aggravated by skeletal muscle spasm and tenderness. The investigation was double-blind and randomized, comparing cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride (10 mg three times a day) with diazepam (5 mg three times a day) and with placebo. After two weeks of treatment, the 16 patients in the cyclobenzaprine group showed an overall improvement in pain variables as did the 16 patients in the diazepam group. No serious adverse reactions to cyclobenzaprine were observed in the study. However, dry mouth due to cyclobenzaprine's anticholinergic action and mild degrees of drowsiness were encountered more often than with diazepam or placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:355680", "title": "Specific muscle protein-sparing postoperative dextrose-free amino acid infusions.", "content": "The protein-sparing and ketogenic effect of postoperative infusion of maintenance solutions containing either 3.5% amino acids or 5% dextrose in 0.33 normal (N) saline was compared by nitrogen balance and urinary acetone determination in 31 patients. A specific muscle protein sparing effect was determined by quantitation of excretion of 3-methylhistidine in seven patients of the amino acid group and eight patients in the dextrose group. In addition, an extensive hormone and substrate profile was determined. It was found that amino acid infusions not only produce a less negative nitrogen balance but also significantly reduce excretion of 3-methylhistidine indicating specific preservation of the muscle compartment.", "contents": "Specific muscle protein-sparing postoperative dextrose-free amino acid infusions. The protein-sparing and ketogenic effect of postoperative infusion of maintenance solutions containing either 3.5% amino acids or 5% dextrose in 0.33 normal (N) saline was compared by nitrogen balance and urinary acetone determination in 31 patients. A specific muscle protein sparing effect was determined by quantitation of excretion of 3-methylhistidine in seven patients of the amino acid group and eight patients in the dextrose group. In addition, an extensive hormone and substrate profile was determined. It was found that amino acid infusions not only produce a less negative nitrogen balance but also significantly reduce excretion of 3-methylhistidine indicating specific preservation of the muscle compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:355681", "title": "[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefoxitin in the field of obstetrics and gynecology (author's transl)].", "content": "1) Serum concentrations of cefoxitin (CFX) was lower than that of cefazolin (CEZ), but the tissue concentrations of CFX were higher in ovary, oviduct and uterus compared with CEZ. 2) CFX was administered to 15 patients with moderate intrapelvic or urinary tract infections at a dose of 4 g per day for 5 to 7 days. The overall results obtained were as follows; excellent in 6 cases, good in 6 cases. The CFX treatment was effective in all patients, 8 cases, with intrapelvic infections. 3) The majority of organisms detected were E. coli (12 strains), and the antimicrobial activity of CFX against them was superior to those of CEZ and CET. 4) No side effects and abnormal laboratory findings were observed. 5) It is considered that CFX will be a useful drug in the field of obstetrics and gynecology.", "contents": "[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefoxitin in the field of obstetrics and gynecology (author's transl)]. 1) Serum concentrations of cefoxitin (CFX) was lower than that of cefazolin (CEZ), but the tissue concentrations of CFX were higher in ovary, oviduct and uterus compared with CEZ. 2) CFX was administered to 15 patients with moderate intrapelvic or urinary tract infections at a dose of 4 g per day for 5 to 7 days. The overall results obtained were as follows; excellent in 6 cases, good in 6 cases. The CFX treatment was effective in all patients, 8 cases, with intrapelvic infections. 3) The majority of organisms detected were E. coli (12 strains), and the antimicrobial activity of CFX against them was superior to those of CEZ and CET. 4) No side effects and abnormal laboratory findings were observed. 5) It is considered that CFX will be a useful drug in the field of obstetrics and gynecology."}
{"id": "PMID:355687", "title": "Successful treatment of Nocardia asteroides infection with minocycline in kidney transplant patients.", "content": "Two cases of Noca dia asteroides infection were encountered out of 55 kidney transplant patients at Chiba University Hospital. One patient developed an extrapleural abscess and the other had a pulmonary infiltration with chest wall abscess. The patients were successfully treated by surgical drainage of the chest wall abscesses and by oral administration of minocycline. No adverse effects caused by minocycline were observed during the therapy. From 1900, when the first case of Nocardia infection was reported in Japan, there have been 60 cases reported in Japanese literature through 1973, including those we observed. This is the first report on nocardiosis in kidney transplant patients and on successful treatment of nocardiosis with minocycline in Japan.", "contents": "Successful treatment of Nocardia asteroides infection with minocycline in kidney transplant patients. Two cases of Noca dia asteroides infection were encountered out of 55 kidney transplant patients at Chiba University Hospital. One patient developed an extrapleural abscess and the other had a pulmonary infiltration with chest wall abscess. The patients were successfully treated by surgical drainage of the chest wall abscesses and by oral administration of minocycline. No adverse effects caused by minocycline were observed during the therapy. From 1900, when the first case of Nocardia infection was reported in Japan, there have been 60 cases reported in Japanese literature through 1973, including those we observed. This is the first report on nocardiosis in kidney transplant patients and on successful treatment of nocardiosis with minocycline in Japan."}
{"id": "PMID:355688", "title": "Congenital fistula of the right coronary artery-left ventricle--a case report.", "content": "While the incidence of right coronary artery-left ventricle fistulae is low, cardiac catheterization, ascending aortogram and selective coronary angiogram led us to suspect the presence of such a fistula in a 10-year old female patient. Arteriorrhaphy with additional ligation was performed and the patient is in good health more than one year after surgery.", "contents": "Congenital fistula of the right coronary artery-left ventricle--a case report. While the incidence of right coronary artery-left ventricle fistulae is low, cardiac catheterization, ascending aortogram and selective coronary angiogram led us to suspect the presence of such a fistula in a 10-year old female patient. Arteriorrhaphy with additional ligation was performed and the patient is in good health more than one year after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:355689", "title": "Surgical treatment of juxtarenal aortic occlusion.", "content": "From 1974 to 1976, four patients with juxtarenal aortic occlusion were operated upon with no surgical mortality. Thromboendarterectomy (TEA) of the aorta with renal revascularization was performed in one patient, and TEA with grafting in three. Intraoperative renal protection was particularly important, since suprarenal aortic clamping was often required in these cases. Possible renal embolism developed in one patient postoperatively. In order to prevent renal embolism and to minimize ischemic insult to the kidney, the value of the following procedures was stressed; (a) irrigation of aortic lumen with saline after TEA under suprarenal aortic clamping with renal arteries kept occluded, and (b) re-application of aortic clamp below the renal arteries after irrigation. Since the most distal level of occlusive process was the common femoral artery in our series, the patient with this disease entity should be treated more actively.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of juxtarenal aortic occlusion. From 1974 to 1976, four patients with juxtarenal aortic occlusion were operated upon with no surgical mortality. Thromboendarterectomy (TEA) of the aorta with renal revascularization was performed in one patient, and TEA with grafting in three. Intraoperative renal protection was particularly important, since suprarenal aortic clamping was often required in these cases. Possible renal embolism developed in one patient postoperatively. In order to prevent renal embolism and to minimize ischemic insult to the kidney, the value of the following procedures was stressed; (a) irrigation of aortic lumen with saline after TEA under suprarenal aortic clamping with renal arteries kept occluded, and (b) re-application of aortic clamp below the renal arteries after irrigation. Since the most distal level of occlusive process was the common femoral artery in our series, the patient with this disease entity should be treated more actively."}
{"id": "PMID:355697", "title": "A cellular approach to neurological disease.", "content": "This presentation is necessarily an overview of the work in our laboratories. We have chosen to study oligodendroglia and myelin first, because we have specific markers we can use, and we can focus on specific disease entities. However, the same strategy can be applied to neurons and neuronal diseases. Despite major advances in the neurosciences, many questions remain unanswered. In general there has been a predictable sequence in our progress in understanding the nature of neurological disorders. Early studies focused on a clinical description of the disease. Next the pathology was described, and attempts were made to correlate these findings with the clinical symptoms. Now that we are able to isolate some of the cells involved in specific diseases (see Table I) we can begin to investigate the normal metabolism of these cells, study their components, and follow any changes that take place under different pathological conditions. Thus, we have shown that it is possible to study and perphaps eventually provide therapy for certain disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, without knowning that delineation of events in the normal cell is an essential step in unraveling the mysteries of neurological disease.", "contents": "A cellular approach to neurological disease. This presentation is necessarily an overview of the work in our laboratories. We have chosen to study oligodendroglia and myelin first, because we have specific markers we can use, and we can focus on specific disease entities. However, the same strategy can be applied to neurons and neuronal diseases. Despite major advances in the neurosciences, many questions remain unanswered. In general there has been a predictable sequence in our progress in understanding the nature of neurological disorders. Early studies focused on a clinical description of the disease. Next the pathology was described, and attempts were made to correlate these findings with the clinical symptoms. Now that we are able to isolate some of the cells involved in specific diseases (see Table I) we can begin to investigate the normal metabolism of these cells, study their components, and follow any changes that take place under different pathological conditions. Thus, we have shown that it is possible to study and perphaps eventually provide therapy for certain disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, without knowning that delineation of events in the normal cell is an essential step in unraveling the mysteries of neurological disease."}
{"id": "PMID:355699", "title": "[State of intracardiac hemodynamics in normothermic heart perfusion].", "content": "The state of intracardiac hemodynamics during normothermal perfusion was studied on an isolated heart-lung preparation obtained by the Robicsek I method (30 experiments). In appraisal of the hemodynamic and myocardial indices characterizing the functional condition of the right and left ventricles in 2 to 3 hours, definite changes were revealed which allowed prognostication of the duration and effectiveness of preservation. If the functional condition of the transplant (changes predominantly in the right ventricle) diminished in this period, heart arrest occurred within the next 30--60 minutes. If after these 2--3 hours the work of the heart-lung preparation was characterized by stationary parameters of intracardiac hemodynamics, such a transplant was capable of maintaining autoperfusion for 7 to 8 hours; the optimum term of preservation, however, was 6 hours. Irreparable diminution of the transplant viability occurred sharply in the next one or two hours.", "contents": "[State of intracardiac hemodynamics in normothermic heart perfusion]. The state of intracardiac hemodynamics during normothermal perfusion was studied on an isolated heart-lung preparation obtained by the Robicsek I method (30 experiments). In appraisal of the hemodynamic and myocardial indices characterizing the functional condition of the right and left ventricles in 2 to 3 hours, definite changes were revealed which allowed prognostication of the duration and effectiveness of preservation. If the functional condition of the transplant (changes predominantly in the right ventricle) diminished in this period, heart arrest occurred within the next 30--60 minutes. If after these 2--3 hours the work of the heart-lung preparation was characterized by stationary parameters of intracardiac hemodynamics, such a transplant was capable of maintaining autoperfusion for 7 to 8 hours; the optimum term of preservation, however, was 6 hours. Irreparable diminution of the transplant viability occurred sharply in the next one or two hours."}
{"id": "PMID:355701", "title": "[Effect of strophanthin and atropine on atrioventricular conduction in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The effect of single therapeutic doses of strophanthin (0.25--0.4 mg) and atropine (0.75--1,0 mg) on cardiac contraction was studied in 39 patients with acute myocardial infarction and in 12 subjects with no signs of organic heart affection by recording the electrical potentials of the heart conduction system. The indicated dose of strophanthin caused changes in the intervals of the electrogram neither in individuals who did not have myocardial infarction nor in patients with acute myocardial infarction, including those with myocardial infarction complicated by atrioventricular and intraventricular block. Atropine improved atrioventricular conduction by shortening the PH interval in patients with myocardial infarction complicated by I--II grade atrioventricular block and had no marked effect on the spread of excitation impulses along the atrioventricular node in higher grades of atrioventricular block. Atropin shortened the PH interval slightly in individuals without myocardial infarction and in patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction, but did not have an effect on intraventricular conduction.", "contents": "[Effect of strophanthin and atropine on atrioventricular conduction in acute myocardial infarct]. The effect of single therapeutic doses of strophanthin (0.25--0.4 mg) and atropine (0.75--1,0 mg) on cardiac contraction was studied in 39 patients with acute myocardial infarction and in 12 subjects with no signs of organic heart affection by recording the electrical potentials of the heart conduction system. The indicated dose of strophanthin caused changes in the intervals of the electrogram neither in individuals who did not have myocardial infarction nor in patients with acute myocardial infarction, including those with myocardial infarction complicated by atrioventricular and intraventricular block. Atropine improved atrioventricular conduction by shortening the PH interval in patients with myocardial infarction complicated by I--II grade atrioventricular block and had no marked effect on the spread of excitation impulses along the atrioventricular node in higher grades of atrioventricular block. Atropin shortened the PH interval slightly in individuals without myocardial infarction and in patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction, but did not have an effect on intraventricular conduction."}
{"id": "PMID:355702", "title": "[Interventricular septal defects in combination with aortic valve insufficiency and the problems of their surgical correction].", "content": "Twenty-one operative interventions were performed on patients with interventricular septal defects and aortic insufficiency in the period between 1964 and 1976. The authors believe that the main component of the operative tactics is correction of aortic insufficiency, which in most cases may be achieved by plastic surgery of the abnormal cusps. Since mild aortic insufficiency remaining in some of the patients after the operation causes no marked disorders of hemodynamics, the authors assume that at the current stage prosthetics of the valve is justified only if plastic correction of the abnormality is absolutely impossible.", "contents": "[Interventricular septal defects in combination with aortic valve insufficiency and the problems of their surgical correction]. Twenty-one operative interventions were performed on patients with interventricular septal defects and aortic insufficiency in the period between 1964 and 1976. The authors believe that the main component of the operative tactics is correction of aortic insufficiency, which in most cases may be achieved by plastic surgery of the abnormal cusps. Since mild aortic insufficiency remaining in some of the patients after the operation causes no marked disorders of hemodynamics, the authors assume that at the current stage prosthetics of the valve is justified only if plastic correction of the abnormality is absolutely impossible."}
{"id": "PMID:355704", "title": "Intrarenal hemodynamics in the transplanted rat kidney.", "content": "Regional and single glomerular blood flow conditions in the transplanted rat kidney after various periods of cold ischemia were investigated with use of the microsphere method. Intravascular injection of a silicon rubber compound (Microfil) allowed identification and sampling of single glomeruli. The periods of ischemia were two hours (minor damage), 12 hr (intermediate damage), and 16 hr (severe damage). After two hours of cold ischemia, the regional and total renal blood flows were fairly normal. After 12 hr and 16 hr of cold ischemia, the total and regional blood flows were reduced five minutes after recirculation, the reduction being pronounced in the deep cortex and juxtamedullary glomeruli. In the 12-hr group, the blood flow showed complete restitution after 65 min, whereas in the 16-hr group, the blood flow in the inner cortex and juxtamedullary glomeruli remained decreased. An impairment of medullary circulation would seem to be an important component in the pathophysiology of acute renal failure in this model.", "contents": "Intrarenal hemodynamics in the transplanted rat kidney. Regional and single glomerular blood flow conditions in the transplanted rat kidney after various periods of cold ischemia were investigated with use of the microsphere method. Intravascular injection of a silicon rubber compound (Microfil) allowed identification and sampling of single glomeruli. The periods of ischemia were two hours (minor damage), 12 hr (intermediate damage), and 16 hr (severe damage). After two hours of cold ischemia, the regional and total renal blood flows were fairly normal. After 12 hr and 16 hr of cold ischemia, the total and regional blood flows were reduced five minutes after recirculation, the reduction being pronounced in the deep cortex and juxtamedullary glomeruli. In the 12-hr group, the blood flow showed complete restitution after 65 min, whereas in the 16-hr group, the blood flow in the inner cortex and juxtamedullary glomeruli remained decreased. An impairment of medullary circulation would seem to be an important component in the pathophysiology of acute renal failure in this model."}
{"id": "PMID:355705", "title": "Nephron function of the transplanted rat kidney.", "content": "Tubular function in the early phase (one to three hours) after transplantation of rat kidneys was analyzed with respect to glomerular filtration, vascular and tubular pressures, and excretory variables. Kidneys exposed to a short period of cold ischemia (two hours) functioned almost normally, except for a polyuria. After 12 and 16 hr of cold ischemia, nephron heterogeneity appeared with 1) \"normal\" tubules, 2) dilated tubules, and 3) collapsed tubules. In the \"normal\" tubules, the pressure was increased to 20 mm Hg, and the filtration was reduced in proportion to the mean net driving force. The dilated tubules had no filtration due to a more or less complete tubular obstruction, probably located in the thin loop of Henle and in the collecting ducts. The collapsed tubules had no filtration due to glomerular ischemia, which in turn might be the consequence of afferent arteriolar constriction. The total GFR was greatly reduced since only the \"normal\" tubules contributed to the total filtration. Concentrating ability and potassium secretion were also impaired. We interpreted this impairment as being due to medullary dysfunction, which would explain the isosthenuria and the impaired potassium transport.", "contents": "Nephron function of the transplanted rat kidney. Tubular function in the early phase (one to three hours) after transplantation of rat kidneys was analyzed with respect to glomerular filtration, vascular and tubular pressures, and excretory variables. Kidneys exposed to a short period of cold ischemia (two hours) functioned almost normally, except for a polyuria. After 12 and 16 hr of cold ischemia, nephron heterogeneity appeared with 1) \"normal\" tubules, 2) dilated tubules, and 3) collapsed tubules. In the \"normal\" tubules, the pressure was increased to 20 mm Hg, and the filtration was reduced in proportion to the mean net driving force. The dilated tubules had no filtration due to a more or less complete tubular obstruction, probably located in the thin loop of Henle and in the collecting ducts. The collapsed tubules had no filtration due to glomerular ischemia, which in turn might be the consequence of afferent arteriolar constriction. The total GFR was greatly reduced since only the \"normal\" tubules contributed to the total filtration. Concentrating ability and potassium secretion were also impaired. We interpreted this impairment as being due to medullary dysfunction, which would explain the isosthenuria and the impaired potassium transport."}
{"id": "PMID:355713", "title": "[Chromosomal abnormalities in human neoplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "Multiple connections exist between chromosomal aberrations and malignant tumors. It is the aim of the present article to summarize the data known so far in view of i) cancer-prone chromosome abnormalities, ii) chromosome abnormalities related to tumors and iii) chromosome abnormalities related to carcinogens. In some instances it seemed useful to discuss the findings in man in connection with the results of in vitro experimental data.", "contents": "[Chromosomal abnormalities in human neoplasia (author's transl)]. Multiple connections exist between chromosomal aberrations and malignant tumors. It is the aim of the present article to summarize the data known so far in view of i) cancer-prone chromosome abnormalities, ii) chromosome abnormalities related to tumors and iii) chromosome abnormalities related to carcinogens. In some instances it seemed useful to discuss the findings in man in connection with the results of in vitro experimental data."}
{"id": "PMID:355712", "title": "[Cytostatica and small intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytostatica not only suppress proliferation in tumor cells but it also checks proliferation in small intestinal epithelium. The consequence is cell reduction and damage resulting in a diminished function. Because of the high reserve capacity of the small intestinal epithelium, clinical signs of diminished function are mostly seen after repeated high doses or one extremely high doses of Cytostatica. Although there is abundant information on the effect of Cytostatica on the small intestinal epithelium (cell turnover, morphology, digestive enzymes and absorption) there are other areas that are as urgent for the interested clinician to work on: 1. Would it be possible to coincide the dose and dosage rate with the cell cycles to reduce the chance of damage to small intestinal epithelium? 2. Which role has the luminal content when there is damage from Cytostatica? Is it possible to concentrate on changing the luminal contents (antibiotics, \"elemental diet\", cultivate desirable microflora, etc.) Therefore diminishing the damage from Cytostatica? 3. How would Cytostatica influence the barrier function on the intestinal wall? Should the patient on Cytostatica therapy receive special protection against intestinal infection? 4. Does Cytostatica affect the biotransformation in the small intestinal epithelium, especially when taken orally? How important is this biotransformation in small intestinal epithelium damaged by Cytostatica therapy? 5. What factors determine the regeneration of the small intestinal epithelium after Cytostatica damage?", "contents": "[Cytostatica and small intestine (author's transl)]. Cytostatica not only suppress proliferation in tumor cells but it also checks proliferation in small intestinal epithelium. The consequence is cell reduction and damage resulting in a diminished function. Because of the high reserve capacity of the small intestinal epithelium, clinical signs of diminished function are mostly seen after repeated high doses or one extremely high doses of Cytostatica. Although there is abundant information on the effect of Cytostatica on the small intestinal epithelium (cell turnover, morphology, digestive enzymes and absorption) there are other areas that are as urgent for the interested clinician to work on: 1. Would it be possible to coincide the dose and dosage rate with the cell cycles to reduce the chance of damage to small intestinal epithelium? 2. Which role has the luminal content when there is damage from Cytostatica? Is it possible to concentrate on changing the luminal contents (antibiotics, \"elemental diet\", cultivate desirable microflora, etc.) Therefore diminishing the damage from Cytostatica? 3. How would Cytostatica influence the barrier function on the intestinal wall? Should the patient on Cytostatica therapy receive special protection against intestinal infection? 4. Does Cytostatica affect the biotransformation in the small intestinal epithelium, especially when taken orally? How important is this biotransformation in small intestinal epithelium damaged by Cytostatica therapy? 5. What factors determine the regeneration of the small intestinal epithelium after Cytostatica damage?"}
{"id": "PMID:355723", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies of skeletal muscle extracellular membranes in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Skeletal muscle from 34 insulin-dependent diabetic patients and 20 age-matched controls was examined by immunofluorescent microscopy. Significantly increased staining of capillary and muscle basement membranes of diabetics was seen for IgG, albumin, and fibrin. The immunofluorescent pattern was identical with that observed using heterologous antibasement membrane antiserum, indicating that these proteins were present within these basement membranes. No differences were detected between males and females or between kidney-transplanted and nontransplanted diabetics. No correlation was noted between intensity of staining and duration of diabetes. The presence of certain serum proteins within vascular and nonvascular basement membranes in diabetics is not restricted to the kidney and may reflect widespread alterations in extracellular membranes that permit entrapment of these proteins.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies of skeletal muscle extracellular membranes in diabetes mellitus. Skeletal muscle from 34 insulin-dependent diabetic patients and 20 age-matched controls was examined by immunofluorescent microscopy. Significantly increased staining of capillary and muscle basement membranes of diabetics was seen for IgG, albumin, and fibrin. The immunofluorescent pattern was identical with that observed using heterologous antibasement membrane antiserum, indicating that these proteins were present within these basement membranes. No differences were detected between males and females or between kidney-transplanted and nontransplanted diabetics. No correlation was noted between intensity of staining and duration of diabetes. The presence of certain serum proteins within vascular and nonvascular basement membranes in diabetics is not restricted to the kidney and may reflect widespread alterations in extracellular membranes that permit entrapment of these proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:355724", "title": "Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Eleven cases of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis whose kidney biopsies were studied with light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopy are described. Nine patients presented with nephrotic syndrome, one with proteinuria and hematuria, and one with proteinuria alone. Morphologically mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis was characterized by diffuse mesangial cell proliferation and some increase in mesangial matrix. On immunofluorescence, mesangial IgM deposition was observed in all cases and was considered a distinct feature of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Electron microscopy showed electron-dense granular deposits within the mesangial matrix in four cases. The clinical course was variable. Of the eight cases with nephrotic syndrome, four treated with steroids alone and four treated with steroids and cytotoxic drugs, one in each group achieved remission while the remaining patients continued to have steroid dependency or resistance. Two of these latter patients manifested steroid responsiveness, steroid resistance, and spontaneous remission at different times in their courses. Renal function remained normal in all. These cases demonstrate that mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis is an entity characterized by increased mesangial cellularity, deposition of IgM in a mesangial distribution, a relatively benign course, and variable response to treatment.", "contents": "Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Eleven cases of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis whose kidney biopsies were studied with light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopy are described. Nine patients presented with nephrotic syndrome, one with proteinuria and hematuria, and one with proteinuria alone. Morphologically mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis was characterized by diffuse mesangial cell proliferation and some increase in mesangial matrix. On immunofluorescence, mesangial IgM deposition was observed in all cases and was considered a distinct feature of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Electron microscopy showed electron-dense granular deposits within the mesangial matrix in four cases. The clinical course was variable. Of the eight cases with nephrotic syndrome, four treated with steroids alone and four treated with steroids and cytotoxic drugs, one in each group achieved remission while the remaining patients continued to have steroid dependency or resistance. Two of these latter patients manifested steroid responsiveness, steroid resistance, and spontaneous remission at different times in their courses. Renal function remained normal in all. These cases demonstrate that mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis is an entity characterized by increased mesangial cellularity, deposition of IgM in a mesangial distribution, a relatively benign course, and variable response to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:355725", "title": "A morphologic and permeability study of luminal smooth muscle cells after arterial injury in the rat.", "content": "In the carotid air drying model of arterial endothelial injury in the stressed rat, endothelium does not always regenerate over the zone of intimal thickening; instead, a layer of modified smooth muscle cells appears to form a temporary luminal surface. We examined the properties of these luminal smooth muscle cells in injured right carotid arteries from stressed rats at intervals up to 2 months by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Before perfusion fixation, selected animals were given injections of Evans blue dye, ferritin, or horseradish peroxidase. Unlike adjacent endothelium, the luminal smooth muscle cells most closely resembled neighboring intimal smooth muscle cells, lacked morphologic characteristics of normal endothelium, and did not stain with rabbit antibody to rat factor viii. Unlike normal mature endothelium, this layer did not exclude horseradish peroxidase, Evans blue, or ferritin. These data demonstrate that a nonthrombogenic layer composed of modified smooth muscle cells can appear at the luminal surface of a zone of injury-induced myointimal thickening; however, this layer does not form a permeability barrier to large molecules.", "contents": "A morphologic and permeability study of luminal smooth muscle cells after arterial injury in the rat. In the carotid air drying model of arterial endothelial injury in the stressed rat, endothelium does not always regenerate over the zone of intimal thickening; instead, a layer of modified smooth muscle cells appears to form a temporary luminal surface. We examined the properties of these luminal smooth muscle cells in injured right carotid arteries from stressed rats at intervals up to 2 months by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Before perfusion fixation, selected animals were given injections of Evans blue dye, ferritin, or horseradish peroxidase. Unlike adjacent endothelium, the luminal smooth muscle cells most closely resembled neighboring intimal smooth muscle cells, lacked morphologic characteristics of normal endothelium, and did not stain with rabbit antibody to rat factor viii. Unlike normal mature endothelium, this layer did not exclude horseradish peroxidase, Evans blue, or ferritin. These data demonstrate that a nonthrombogenic layer composed of modified smooth muscle cells can appear at the luminal surface of a zone of injury-induced myointimal thickening; however, this layer does not form a permeability barrier to large molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:355732", "title": "Asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. Presentation, histology, and results with D-penicillamine.", "content": "Of 103 patients with the syndrome of primary biliary cirrhosis (chronic, nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis) who entered a double-blind, randomized, controlled treatment trial with either D-penicillamine or placebo, 21 (20%) were asymptomatic with respect to their liver disease. Study of these 21 patients revealed that (1) 43% of patients with asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis had advanced histologic lesions (fibrosis or cirrhosis); (2) asymptomatic patients with advanced histologic lesions likely have had their disease for 10 years or more; (3) stage of primary biliary cirrhosis may remain unchanged for years; and (4) most asymptomatic patients receiving D-penicillamine, when compared with patients given placebo, had improved liver function tests at 1-year follow-up. However, the incidence of major toxicity with D-penicillamine for primary biliary cirrhosis in a maintenance dose of 1 g approximates 20%. Furthermore, one of our patients who was asymptomatic but who had advanced histologic changes died recently from D-penicillamine-associated bone marrow suppression. It remains to be determined whether the benefit-to-risk ratio of D-penicillamine in primary biliary cirrhosis justifies its use.", "contents": "Asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. Presentation, histology, and results with D-penicillamine. Of 103 patients with the syndrome of primary biliary cirrhosis (chronic, nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis) who entered a double-blind, randomized, controlled treatment trial with either D-penicillamine or placebo, 21 (20%) were asymptomatic with respect to their liver disease. Study of these 21 patients revealed that (1) 43% of patients with asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis had advanced histologic lesions (fibrosis or cirrhosis); (2) asymptomatic patients with advanced histologic lesions likely have had their disease for 10 years or more; (3) stage of primary biliary cirrhosis may remain unchanged for years; and (4) most asymptomatic patients receiving D-penicillamine, when compared with patients given placebo, had improved liver function tests at 1-year follow-up. However, the incidence of major toxicity with D-penicillamine for primary biliary cirrhosis in a maintenance dose of 1 g approximates 20%. Furthermore, one of our patients who was asymptomatic but who had advanced histologic changes died recently from D-penicillamine-associated bone marrow suppression. It remains to be determined whether the benefit-to-risk ratio of D-penicillamine in primary biliary cirrhosis justifies its use."}
{"id": "PMID:355737", "title": "Glucagon and diabetes.", "content": "We have considered the evidence, first, that the presence of glucagon is essential in the pathogenesis of the full syndrome that results from complete insulin deficiency; second, that in the diabetic in whom insulin levels are relatively fixed, a rise in glucagon concentration contributes to endogenous hyperglycemia; and, third, that conventional methods of treatment of diabetes do not fully correct either the abnormal glucagon levels or the hyperglycemia, but when insulin therapy is supplemented with somatostatin, an agent which suppresses both glucagon and growth hormone, both hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia are corrected. These facts may one day provide a rationale for therapeutic efforts to suppress excess glucagon secretion in the management of diabetes in man.", "contents": "Glucagon and diabetes. We have considered the evidence, first, that the presence of glucagon is essential in the pathogenesis of the full syndrome that results from complete insulin deficiency; second, that in the diabetic in whom insulin levels are relatively fixed, a rise in glucagon concentration contributes to endogenous hyperglycemia; and, third, that conventional methods of treatment of diabetes do not fully correct either the abnormal glucagon levels or the hyperglycemia, but when insulin therapy is supplemented with somatostatin, an agent which suppresses both glucagon and growth hormone, both hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia are corrected. These facts may one day provide a rationale for therapeutic efforts to suppress excess glucagon secretion in the management of diabetes in man."}
{"id": "PMID:355738", "title": "Somatostatin and diabetes.", "content": "Somatostatin may act as a local regulator of endocrine and exocrine secretion and as a peptidergic neurotransmitter rather than as a classical circulating hormone. The possible physiologic role of its secretion in the regulation of islet A and B cell function, and particularly its significance in nutrient homeostasis and diabetes, are discussed.", "contents": "Somatostatin and diabetes. Somatostatin may act as a local regulator of endocrine and exocrine secretion and as a peptidergic neurotransmitter rather than as a classical circulating hormone. The possible physiologic role of its secretion in the regulation of islet A and B cell function, and particularly its significance in nutrient homeostasis and diabetes, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355739", "title": "Why control diabetes?", "content": "The concept that appropriate therapy for diabetes should achieve levels of fasting and postprandial blood, serum, or plasma glucose values as close to those of the nondiabetic as possible may be philosophically correct, but in practice is most difficult to obtain.", "contents": "Why control diabetes? The concept that appropriate therapy for diabetes should achieve levels of fasting and postprandial blood, serum, or plasma glucose values as close to those of the nondiabetic as possible may be philosophically correct, but in practice is most difficult to obtain."}
{"id": "PMID:355741", "title": "Diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "The only methods of treatment for severe diabetic retinopathy that have been proved effective by controlled clinical trials are photocoagulation and pituitary ablation. It must be noted that photocoagulation and pituitary ablation impede but do not cure diabetic retinopathy. Pars plana vitrectomy can be highly effective for removing blood from the vitreous of the eye, allowing better vision, particularly if the retina has been shown to be functional by electrophysiologic testing and ultrasonography. In addition, vitrectomy allows the ophthalmologist to visualize, evaluate, and treat the diabetic retina by photocoagulation or other methods. Attempts at better regulation of blood sugar have reduced the development of microangiopathy in experimental animals and recently in man. The benefits of rigorous regulation of the blood sugar has been noted in a policy statement by the American Diabetes Association. The development of a practical, beneficial pancreas has been undertaken, and may be required in order to reap the full benefits of rigorous blood sugar control. It has been recommended that all patients be evaluated by an ophthalmologist as soon as they have been found to have diabetes, that all diabetics be examined ophthalmologically on an annual basis, and that patients with significant retinopathy be seen at 6 month or shorter intervals by their ophthalmologist. The evaluation and treatment of diabetic retinopathy has progressed enormously during the past decade. It is hoped that the cause of diabetic microangiopathy and retinopathy will be discovered in the near future so that treatment will ultimately cure rather than control the process of diabetic retinopathy.", "contents": "Diabetic retinopathy. The only methods of treatment for severe diabetic retinopathy that have been proved effective by controlled clinical trials are photocoagulation and pituitary ablation. It must be noted that photocoagulation and pituitary ablation impede but do not cure diabetic retinopathy. Pars plana vitrectomy can be highly effective for removing blood from the vitreous of the eye, allowing better vision, particularly if the retina has been shown to be functional by electrophysiologic testing and ultrasonography. In addition, vitrectomy allows the ophthalmologist to visualize, evaluate, and treat the diabetic retina by photocoagulation or other methods. Attempts at better regulation of blood sugar have reduced the development of microangiopathy in experimental animals and recently in man. The benefits of rigorous regulation of the blood sugar has been noted in a policy statement by the American Diabetes Association. The development of a practical, beneficial pancreas has been undertaken, and may be required in order to reap the full benefits of rigorous blood sugar control. It has been recommended that all patients be evaluated by an ophthalmologist as soon as they have been found to have diabetes, that all diabetics be examined ophthalmologically on an annual basis, and that patients with significant retinopathy be seen at 6 month or shorter intervals by their ophthalmologist. The evaluation and treatment of diabetic retinopathy has progressed enormously during the past decade. It is hoped that the cause of diabetic microangiopathy and retinopathy will be discovered in the near future so that treatment will ultimately cure rather than control the process of diabetic retinopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:355743", "title": "Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma in the elderly diabetic.", "content": "The gravity of this syndrome of severe diabetic stupor without ketosis may not be recognized because patients are usually middle-aged or elderly with mild diabetes. A lack of urgency in treating these patients is probably the cause of the widely reported mortality of 40 to 70 per cent.", "contents": "Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma in the elderly diabetic. The gravity of this syndrome of severe diabetic stupor without ketosis may not be recognized because patients are usually middle-aged or elderly with mild diabetes. A lack of urgency in treating these patients is probably the cause of the widely reported mortality of 40 to 70 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:355747", "title": "[The history of plastic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The plastic surgery begins with rhinoplastic methods in the early medieval India and was unknown to Western medicine until 1400. The first European surgeon, who restored a lost nose, was Branca de'Branca in Sicily. He took the flap from the cheek, but his son Antonio Branca took the reparative flap from the upper arm, and this \"Italian method\" was first described by the knight of Teutonic Order Heinrich von Pfalzpaint in 1460. Antonio Branca repaired also mutilated lips and ears, and the methods employed by him and by the Vianeo family in Calabria are described by various authors, most extensively by Gaspare Tagliacozzi in his \"Chirurgia Curtorum\" (1597). -Soon after Tagliacozzi's death, plastic surgery fell into disuse, until in 1794 the description of  a rhinoplastic operation in India brought the methods again to the attention of European surgeons and initiated the revival of the practice. German surgeons as Carl Ferdinand Graefe, Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach and Bernhard Langenbeck leaded it to its full modern development.", "contents": "[The history of plastic surgery (author's transl)]. The plastic surgery begins with rhinoplastic methods in the early medieval India and was unknown to Western medicine until 1400. The first European surgeon, who restored a lost nose, was Branca de'Branca in Sicily. He took the flap from the cheek, but his son Antonio Branca took the reparative flap from the upper arm, and this \"Italian method\" was first described by the knight of Teutonic Order Heinrich von Pfalzpaint in 1460. Antonio Branca repaired also mutilated lips and ears, and the methods employed by him and by the Vianeo family in Calabria are described by various authors, most extensively by Gaspare Tagliacozzi in his \"Chirurgia Curtorum\" (1597). -Soon after Tagliacozzi's death, plastic surgery fell into disuse, until in 1794 the description of  a rhinoplastic operation in India brought the methods again to the attention of European surgeons and initiated the revival of the practice. German surgeons as Carl Ferdinand Graefe, Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach and Bernhard Langenbeck leaded it to its full modern development."}
{"id": "PMID:355748", "title": "[Adam Politzer (1835-1920) (author's transl)].", "content": "Politzer's method of tubal inflation was published in 1873. Together with J. Gruber, he was entrusted with the direction of the newly-founded Ohrenklinik of the University of Vienna, the first of its kind in the world. He determined the otic capsule as the cause of otosclerosis for the first time in 1893. After J. Gruber's retirement 1897, he became chief of the Ohrenklinik of Vienna. Politzer published 103 scientific papers dealing with almost all fields of otology, including his well-known textbook of Otology and his History of Otology in 2 volumes. During his 46 years of teaching, Politzer turned otology from a \"sterile, hopeless discipline\" into an academically recognized field in Austria.", "contents": "[Adam Politzer (1835-1920) (author's transl)]. Politzer's method of tubal inflation was published in 1873. Together with J. Gruber, he was entrusted with the direction of the newly-founded Ohrenklinik of the University of Vienna, the first of its kind in the world. He determined the otic capsule as the cause of otosclerosis for the first time in 1893. After J. Gruber's retirement 1897, he became chief of the Ohrenklinik of Vienna. Politzer published 103 scientific papers dealing with almost all fields of otology, including his well-known textbook of Otology and his History of Otology in 2 volumes. During his 46 years of teaching, Politzer turned otology from a \"sterile, hopeless discipline\" into an academically recognized field in Austria."}
{"id": "PMID:355750", "title": "Intra and extracranial meningiomas involving the temporal bone.", "content": "Meningiomas involving the temporal bone are very rare. Until 1964, only 39 cases had been reported in the world literature. Most series reported are very small and a physician is unable, based on his own experience, to acquire a sufficient knowledge about this entity and may raise serious doubts regarding the diagnosis and management of these tumors. In the past nine years the author has encountered five cases of meningiomas involving the temporal bone. This became a stimulus for a thorough research of the world literature of meningiomas in general, with emphasis on temporal bone involvement. Nine more cases were collected from cooperative physicians with whom the author has been associated. These 14 cases are the clinical material analysed in this study. This thesis is divided into three sections: 1. Exhaustive review of the world literature on meningiomas with emphasis on involvement of the temporal bone. 2. A detailed presentation and discussion of the clinical material stressing the importance of the newer diagnostic methods available and the most modern microsurgical techniques used in otological and neurological surgery procedures, applied to the treatment of those lesions. A light microscopic histopathological study of all cases reported is presented. Electronmicroscopy demonstrates the true intracellular nature of an atypical, recurrent meningioma occurring in a child. 3. A critical evaluation of the cases presented and the value of the diagnostic and therapeutic methods applied in this series of patients are here analysed. Conclusions are then drawn based on the experience and knowledge accumulated in this study. The histopathological diagnosis of meningiomas sometimes is difficult. Probably those tumors involve the temporal bone more commonly than has been reported in the literature. Some of these lesions probably are being misdiagnosed as chemodectomas or other neoplasias. Computerized axial tomography, particularly applied to the diagnosis of brain lesions, is the major break-through of recent modern medicine. A noninvasive technique, when used with contrast enhancement, offers great diagnostic possibilities. Early diagnosis of meningiomas and their complete surgical excision are the key factors necessary for a successful result with a good prognosis and a low recurrence rate. Although these tumors are classically considered radioresistant, radiotherapy may play a role in the treatment of incompletely excised lesions or in patients of a poor surgical risk. Further experiences and time will probably lead to more definite conclusions regarding the role of radiation therapy or the combined surgical and postoperative radiation treatment. Of all brain tumors, meningiomas offer the best prognosis.", "contents": "Intra and extracranial meningiomas involving the temporal bone. Meningiomas involving the temporal bone are very rare. Until 1964, only 39 cases had been reported in the world literature. Most series reported are very small and a physician is unable, based on his own experience, to acquire a sufficient knowledge about this entity and may raise serious doubts regarding the diagnosis and management of these tumors. In the past nine years the author has encountered five cases of meningiomas involving the temporal bone. This became a stimulus for a thorough research of the world literature of meningiomas in general, with emphasis on temporal bone involvement. Nine more cases were collected from cooperative physicians with whom the author has been associated. These 14 cases are the clinical material analysed in this study. This thesis is divided into three sections: 1. Exhaustive review of the world literature on meningiomas with emphasis on involvement of the temporal bone. 2. A detailed presentation and discussion of the clinical material stressing the importance of the newer diagnostic methods available and the most modern microsurgical techniques used in otological and neurological surgery procedures, applied to the treatment of those lesions. A light microscopic histopathological study of all cases reported is presented. Electronmicroscopy demonstrates the true intracellular nature of an atypical, recurrent meningioma occurring in a child. 3. A critical evaluation of the cases presented and the value of the diagnostic and therapeutic methods applied in this series of patients are here analysed. Conclusions are then drawn based on the experience and knowledge accumulated in this study. The histopathological diagnosis of meningiomas sometimes is difficult. Probably those tumors involve the temporal bone more commonly than has been reported in the literature. Some of these lesions probably are being misdiagnosed as chemodectomas or other neoplasias. Computerized axial tomography, particularly applied to the diagnosis of brain lesions, is the major break-through of recent modern medicine. A noninvasive technique, when used with contrast enhancement, offers great diagnostic possibilities. Early diagnosis of meningiomas and their complete surgical excision are the key factors necessary for a successful result with a good prognosis and a low recurrence rate. Although these tumors are classically considered radioresistant, radiotherapy may play a role in the treatment of incompletely excised lesions or in patients of a poor surgical risk. Further experiences and time will probably lead to more definite conclusions regarding the role of radiation therapy or the combined surgical and postoperative radiation treatment. Of all brain tumors, meningiomas offer the best prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:355751", "title": "Congenital atresia of the ear.", "content": "Congenital atresia of the ear requires prompt diagnosis and an early assessment of hearing. In bilateral atresia, aural rehabilitation should be started early in life to avoid late sequelae of speech problems. In unilateral atresia, the need is not urgent if the child hears normally in the other ear. Polytomography and audiometric testing are the two most important parts of the patient's evaluation. Precise audiometric testing may be difficult, or even impossible, in these children. The indications for surgery are presented. The risk of injuring an abnormally placed facial nerve remains a deterrent to many otologic surgeons who would otherwise operate on atresia. Surgery for correction of atresia was performed on 20 ears in 18 patients. A method of fascia graft overlay in conjunction with a center-hole skin graft was used. In 14 or 17 ears where an attempt was made at hearing rehabilitation the average preoperative air conduction threshold was 59 db and the average postoperative air conduction threshold was 24 db. Two unique cases are discussed in detail. One is a primary cholesteatoma in association with atresia, and the other is a finding of primitive and embryonic subepithelial tissue in the mastoid air cell system.", "contents": "Congenital atresia of the ear. Congenital atresia of the ear requires prompt diagnosis and an early assessment of hearing. In bilateral atresia, aural rehabilitation should be started early in life to avoid late sequelae of speech problems. In unilateral atresia, the need is not urgent if the child hears normally in the other ear. Polytomography and audiometric testing are the two most important parts of the patient's evaluation. Precise audiometric testing may be difficult, or even impossible, in these children. The indications for surgery are presented. The risk of injuring an abnormally placed facial nerve remains a deterrent to many otologic surgeons who would otherwise operate on atresia. Surgery for correction of atresia was performed on 20 ears in 18 patients. A method of fascia graft overlay in conjunction with a center-hole skin graft was used. In 14 or 17 ears where an attempt was made at hearing rehabilitation the average preoperative air conduction threshold was 59 db and the average postoperative air conduction threshold was 24 db. Two unique cases are discussed in detail. One is a primary cholesteatoma in association with atresia, and the other is a finding of primitive and embryonic subepithelial tissue in the mastoid air cell system."}
{"id": "PMID:355775", "title": "Mechanisms in hypokalemia: clinical correlation.", "content": "Hypokalemia is seen most often with the use of diuretics and in patients with emesis. Other common clinical settings in which it may be significant include corticosteroid therapy, antibiotic usage, diarrhea, diabetic ketoacidosis, or psychiatric illness. Occasionally the cause may be obscure. In such situations the determination of urine potassium and arterial pH may prove helpful. Subclassification of hypokalemia into such categories as \"acidosis\", \"alkalosis\", \"extra-renal\", or \"renal\" loss is then possible. The cases discussed  demonstrate the utilization of these methods to define the etiology and to understand the pathophysiology in hypokalemia.", "contents": "Mechanisms in hypokalemia: clinical correlation. Hypokalemia is seen most often with the use of diuretics and in patients with emesis. Other common clinical settings in which it may be significant include corticosteroid therapy, antibiotic usage, diarrhea, diabetic ketoacidosis, or psychiatric illness. Occasionally the cause may be obscure. In such situations the determination of urine potassium and arterial pH may prove helpful. Subclassification of hypokalemia into such categories as \"acidosis\", \"alkalosis\", \"extra-renal\", or \"renal\" loss is then possible. The cases discussed  demonstrate the utilization of these methods to define the etiology and to understand the pathophysiology in hypokalemia."}
{"id": "PMID:355777", "title": "R.D. Laing: creative analyst or false prophet?", "content": "One of R.D. Laing's recent books 'Politics of experience' is discussed from a critical point of view. In his first books Laing defined the schizophrenic as a sensitive person who was squeezed into the 'double-bind' messages of his intimates. In the book discussed here, Laing views the schizoid experience as a symbol of health. He suggests that everyone use this schizoid experience as a means of rediscovering his lost 'real' self by divesting oneself of society and its evils. This change in Laing's writings is viewed here critically: instead of urging us to find a way to change society, as questionable as it may be, he suggests we keep the 'status-quo' and find a 'solution' for ourselves. The article lastly deals with Laing's argument in the context of the Kibbutz. The question why so many youngsters in the Kibbutz are influenced by Laing's point of view, is discussed.", "contents": "R.D. Laing: creative analyst or false prophet? One of R.D. Laing's recent books 'Politics of experience' is discussed from a critical point of view. In his first books Laing defined the schizophrenic as a sensitive person who was squeezed into the 'double-bind' messages of his intimates. In the book discussed here, Laing views the schizoid experience as a symbol of health. He suggests that everyone use this schizoid experience as a means of rediscovering his lost 'real' self by divesting oneself of society and its evils. This change in Laing's writings is viewed here critically: instead of urging us to find a way to change society, as questionable as it may be, he suggests we keep the 'status-quo' and find a 'solution' for ourselves. The article lastly deals with Laing's argument in the context of the Kibbutz. The question why so many youngsters in the Kibbutz are influenced by Laing's point of view, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355799", "title": "Behavior of a vigorous alpha- or beta-hemolysin-producing strain of Staphylococcus aureus in the cutaneous tissue of mice.", "content": "Two strains of Staphylococcus aureus were examined for behavior in the cutaneous tissue of mice by the fluorescent antibody technique, hematoxylin and eosin staining. When about 10(8) viable cells of an alpha-hemolysin-producing strain (Wood 46) were inoculated subcutaneously into a mouse, they multiplied in the subcutaneous tissue of the mouse and gradually entered the corium to produce alpha-hemolysin and nuclease. Edematous and necrotic lesions were observed in the cutaneous tissue where the organisms had multiplied. When 10(8) viable cells of a beta-hemolysin-producing strain (Kitami 3-9D) were inoculated into a mouse, they multiplied within a narrow extent surrounded mainly by infiltrating leukocytes and produced mainly beta-hemolysin. The changes of cutaneous tissue were weaker in mice inoculated with Kitami 3-9D strain than in mice inoculated with strain Wood 46. When 10(6) viable cells of both strains were inoculated into mice, they were phagocytized by leukocytes. Neither multiplication of organisms nor production of any active extracellular substance was observed in these mice. Edema, degeneration, and necrosis were also noticed in the cutaneous tissue of mice inoculated with alpha- and beta-hemolysin. In addition, the infiltration of leukocytes was inhibited mainly by alpha-hemolysin.", "contents": "Behavior of a vigorous alpha- or beta-hemolysin-producing strain of Staphylococcus aureus in the cutaneous tissue of mice. Two strains of Staphylococcus aureus were examined for behavior in the cutaneous tissue of mice by the fluorescent antibody technique, hematoxylin and eosin staining. When about 10(8) viable cells of an alpha-hemolysin-producing strain (Wood 46) were inoculated subcutaneously into a mouse, they multiplied in the subcutaneous tissue of the mouse and gradually entered the corium to produce alpha-hemolysin and nuclease. Edematous and necrotic lesions were observed in the cutaneous tissue where the organisms had multiplied. When 10(8) viable cells of a beta-hemolysin-producing strain (Kitami 3-9D) were inoculated into a mouse, they multiplied within a narrow extent surrounded mainly by infiltrating leukocytes and produced mainly beta-hemolysin. The changes of cutaneous tissue were weaker in mice inoculated with Kitami 3-9D strain than in mice inoculated with strain Wood 46. When 10(6) viable cells of both strains were inoculated into mice, they were phagocytized by leukocytes. Neither multiplication of organisms nor production of any active extracellular substance was observed in these mice. Edema, degeneration, and necrosis were also noticed in the cutaneous tissue of mice inoculated with alpha- and beta-hemolysin. In addition, the infiltration of leukocytes was inhibited mainly by alpha-hemolysin."}
{"id": "PMID:355807", "title": "Double-blind confirmation and treatment of milk sensitivity.", "content": "A nine-year-old boy had seasonal and perennial allergic nasal and eye symptoms, as well as the allergic-tension-fatigue syndrome. The presence of milk sensitivity was demonstrated by repeated non-blind and double-blind dietary challenge. He responded well to sublingual milk therapy. The efficacy of this technique was confirmed twice by double-blind challenges.", "contents": "Double-blind confirmation and treatment of milk sensitivity. A nine-year-old boy had seasonal and perennial allergic nasal and eye symptoms, as well as the allergic-tension-fatigue syndrome. The presence of milk sensitivity was demonstrated by repeated non-blind and double-blind dietary challenge. He responded well to sublingual milk therapy. The efficacy of this technique was confirmed twice by double-blind challenges."}
{"id": "PMID:355810", "title": "Heparin prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis in patients with a fractured neck of the femur.", "content": "A double-blind controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of the prophylactic subcutaneous administration of calcium heparin in preventing deep vein thrombosis has been conducted in 50 patients with a fractured neck of the femur. Heparin was given every eight hours in a dose of 100 international units per kilogram of body weight and was commenced as soon as possible after the patient's admission to hospital. Treatment was continued for two weeks. In the placebo group, 12 of 25 patients developed a deep venous thrombosis and in five of these patients the thrombosis propagated to the thigh. There were no deep venous thromboses in the heparin-treated group during the two weeks of treatment, but four patients developed a deep venous thrombosis within a week of stopping the heparin. The heparin regime was safe; operative blood loss was not increased, nor was there an increased incidence of wound complications as compared to the placebo group.", "contents": "Heparin prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis in patients with a fractured neck of the femur. A double-blind controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of the prophylactic subcutaneous administration of calcium heparin in preventing deep vein thrombosis has been conducted in 50 patients with a fractured neck of the femur. Heparin was given every eight hours in a dose of 100 international units per kilogram of body weight and was commenced as soon as possible after the patient's admission to hospital. Treatment was continued for two weeks. In the placebo group, 12 of 25 patients developed a deep venous thrombosis and in five of these patients the thrombosis propagated to the thigh. There were no deep venous thromboses in the heparin-treated group during the two weeks of treatment, but four patients developed a deep venous thrombosis within a week of stopping the heparin. The heparin regime was safe; operative blood loss was not increased, nor was there an increased incidence of wound complications as compared to the placebo group."}
{"id": "PMID:355813", "title": "The value of delayed primary wound closure in colonic and rectal surgery.", "content": "The technique of delayed primary wound closure was employed in 82 out of 100 consecutive colorectal operations. Problems with wound healing occurred in seven patients, but in only three of them was it a wound infection. The value of delayed primary wound closure has been demonstrated by this low rate of wound infection (3.7%).", "contents": "The value of delayed primary wound closure in colonic and rectal surgery. The technique of delayed primary wound closure was employed in 82 out of 100 consecutive colorectal operations. Problems with wound healing occurred in seven patients, but in only three of them was it a wound infection. The value of delayed primary wound closure has been demonstrated by this low rate of wound infection (3.7%)."}
{"id": "PMID:355814", "title": "The spread of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Two cases of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria have been reported from eastern Papua New Guinea in order to alert the medical profession about the spread of resistant strains throughout that territory.", "contents": "The spread of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Papua New Guinea. Two cases of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria have been reported from eastern Papua New Guinea in order to alert the medical profession about the spread of resistant strains throughout that territory."}
{"id": "PMID:355820", "title": "A phase II study of phenesterin (NSC-104469).", "content": "Phenesterin was evaluated in 222 patients with two different dosage regimens, one by daily treatment and the other with an intermittent schedule. Toxicity was moderate with both programs. The largest group of patients treated had breast cancer; they experienced a 10% response rate. Of interest was a higher percentage of responses in ovarian cancer (36%). An expanded study of patients with ovarian cancer would be of interest.", "contents": "A phase II study of phenesterin (NSC-104469). Phenesterin was evaluated in 222 patients with two different dosage regimens, one by daily treatment and the other with an intermittent schedule. Toxicity was moderate with both programs. The largest group of patients treated had breast cancer; they experienced a 10% response rate. Of interest was a higher percentage of responses in ovarian cancer (36%). An expanded study of patients with ovarian cancer would be of interest."}
{"id": "PMID:355821", "title": "Increased survival in childhood acute nonlymphocytic leukemia after treatment with prednisone, cytosine arabinoside, 6-thioguanine, cyclophosphamide, and oncovin (PATCO) combination chemotherapy.", "content": "One hundred-sixty-three children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) were treated with a multiple-drug induction program (PATCO) consisting of prednisone (PDN), cytosine arabinoside ((Ara-C), 6-thioguanine (6-TG), cyclophosphamide (CPM), and Oncovin (VCR). Ninety-six, 59%, obtained a remission. Remission was maintained with daily 6-TG and four-day pulses of Ara-C and CPM with a single dose of VCR every 28 days. The median duration of remission was 11.5 months. Certain prognostic factors affected induction rate and remission duration. Initial white blood count (WBC) was a significant factor in achieving a remission, whereas age, sex, and type of ANLL had no effect. Initial WBC, age, and sex had a significant effect on remission duration, but type of ANLL had no effect. Relapsing patients were treated with daunomycin and 5-azacytidine. The reinduction rate was 53% with a median second remission duration of 190 days. Overall survival for the 163 patients is 55.4% at 12 months, 31.5% at 24 months, 21.4% at 36 months, and 19% at 48 months.", "contents": "Increased survival in childhood acute nonlymphocytic leukemia after treatment with prednisone, cytosine arabinoside, 6-thioguanine, cyclophosphamide, and oncovin (PATCO) combination chemotherapy. One hundred-sixty-three children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) were treated with a multiple-drug induction program (PATCO) consisting of prednisone (PDN), cytosine arabinoside ((Ara-C), 6-thioguanine (6-TG), cyclophosphamide (CPM), and Oncovin (VCR). Ninety-six, 59%, obtained a remission. Remission was maintained with daily 6-TG and four-day pulses of Ara-C and CPM with a single dose of VCR every 28 days. The median duration of remission was 11.5 months. Certain prognostic factors affected induction rate and remission duration. Initial white blood count (WBC) was a significant factor in achieving a remission, whereas age, sex, and type of ANLL had no effect. Initial WBC, age, and sex had a significant effect on remission duration, but type of ANLL had no effect. Relapsing patients were treated with daunomycin and 5-azacytidine. The reinduction rate was 53% with a median second remission duration of 190 days. Overall survival for the 163 patients is 55.4% at 12 months, 31.5% at 24 months, 21.4% at 36 months, and 19% at 48 months."}
{"id": "PMID:355828", "title": "Formation and early years of the AAPM.", "content": "This vignette recites significant steps leading to the formation of the AAPM and transpiring in the developments of the first decade, approximately. Persons involved, dates, and places are recognized. A table summarizes the progression of events. This recitation ends with the term of Kereiakes, the last President to be elected by the Board of Directors from its own membership, and with the move of the annual meeting time to mid-summer.", "contents": "Formation and early years of the AAPM. This vignette recites significant steps leading to the formation of the AAPM and transpiring in the developments of the first decade, approximately. Persons involved, dates, and places are recognized. A table summarizes the progression of events. This recitation ends with the term of Kereiakes, the last President to be elected by the Board of Directors from its own membership, and with the move of the annual meeting time to mid-summer."}
{"id": "PMID:355832", "title": "Yeast ribosomal proteins. I. Characterization of cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The cytoplasmic 80s ribosomal proteins from the cells of yeast Sachharomyces cerevisiae were analysed by SDS two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seventyfour proteins were identified and consecutively numbered from 1 to 74. Upon oxidation of the 80s proteins with performic acid, ten proteins (no. 15, 20, 35, 40, 44, 46, 49, 51, 54 and 55) were dislocated on the gel without change of the total number of protein spots. Five proteins (no. 8, 14, 16, 36 and 74) were phosphorylated in vivo as seen in 32P-labelling experiments. The large and small subunits separated in low magnesium medium were analyzed by the above gel electrophoresis. At least forty-five and twenty-eight proteins were assumed to be in the large and small subunits, respectively. All proteins found in the 80s ribosomes, except for no. 3, were detected in either subunit without appearance of new spots. The acidic protein no. 3 seems to be lost during subunit dissociation.", "contents": "Yeast ribosomal proteins. I. Characterization of cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The cytoplasmic 80s ribosomal proteins from the cells of yeast Sachharomyces cerevisiae were analysed by SDS two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seventyfour proteins were identified and consecutively numbered from 1 to 74. Upon oxidation of the 80s proteins with performic acid, ten proteins (no. 15, 20, 35, 40, 44, 46, 49, 51, 54 and 55) were dislocated on the gel without change of the total number of protein spots. Five proteins (no. 8, 14, 16, 36 and 74) were phosphorylated in vivo as seen in 32P-labelling experiments. The large and small subunits separated in low magnesium medium were analyzed by the above gel electrophoresis. At least forty-five and twenty-eight proteins were assumed to be in the large and small subunits, respectively. All proteins found in the 80s ribosomes, except for no. 3, were detected in either subunit without appearance of new spots. The acidic protein no. 3 seems to be lost during subunit dissociation."}
{"id": "PMID:355833", "title": "Mini-chromosomes: plasmids which carry the E. coli replication origin.", "content": "We have isolated plasmids by linking the 5.9 MD EcoRI fragment of E. coli that carries the origin of replication to an EcoRI fragment that carries an amplicillin resistance determinant, but lacks an origin of replication. 3 plasmids of this type, pOC1, pOC2, and pOC3, are described in detail in this report. Although the plasmids have some adverse effect on the growth properties of the host strain, their existence shows that two functioning chromosomal origins can coexist in one cell. Deletions generated from this type of plasmids allow an allocation of the origin of replication of E. coli within a DNA segment less than 0.4 MD in size.", "contents": "Mini-chromosomes: plasmids which carry the E. coli replication origin. We have isolated plasmids by linking the 5.9 MD EcoRI fragment of E. coli that carries the origin of replication to an EcoRI fragment that carries an amplicillin resistance determinant, but lacks an origin of replication. 3 plasmids of this type, pOC1, pOC2, and pOC3, are described in detail in this report. Although the plasmids have some adverse effect on the growth properties of the host strain, their existence shows that two functioning chromosomal origins can coexist in one cell. Deletions generated from this type of plasmids allow an allocation of the origin of replication of E. coli within a DNA segment less than 0.4 MD in size."}
{"id": "PMID:355829", "title": "[Current status of chemotherapy of tumors of the head and neck].", "content": "The literature regarding chemotherapy of cervico-facial tumours is reviewed. Owing to its modest, short-lived results intra-arterial treatment has been largely abandoned even in the case of serious complications. It is only used in selected cases as a preparation for subsequent surgical and/or radiation therapy. General, one-drug cytostatic therapy has been given fair results with objective remissions varying from 7.5 to 58%. In recent years polychemotherapy has proved more effective with remissions of from 30 to 80%. There are too few data on the polychemotherapy-immunotherapy association to draw valid conclusions.", "contents": "[Current status of chemotherapy of tumors of the head and neck]. The literature regarding chemotherapy of cervico-facial tumours is reviewed. Owing to its modest, short-lived results intra-arterial treatment has been largely abandoned even in the case of serious complications. It is only used in selected cases as a preparation for subsequent surgical and/or radiation therapy. General, one-drug cytostatic therapy has been given fair results with objective remissions varying from 7.5 to 58%. In recent years polychemotherapy has proved more effective with remissions of from 30 to 80%. There are too few data on the polychemotherapy-immunotherapy association to draw valid conclusions."}
{"id": "PMID:355836", "title": "Yeast mutant, rna 1, affects the entry into polysomes of ribosomal RNA as well as messenger RNA.", "content": "The entry of newly labeled ribosomal subunits and mRNA into polysomes was examined in the yeast mutant rna1. The entry of both types of RNA into polysomes is inhibited rapidly at the restrictive temperature. Analysis of the labeling of the ATP pool and the kinetics of synthesis and processing of mRNA at the restrictive temperature leads to the conclusion that the primary defect in the mutant affects transport of both ribosomes and messenger across the nuclear membrane.", "contents": "Yeast mutant, rna 1, affects the entry into polysomes of ribosomal RNA as well as messenger RNA. The entry of newly labeled ribosomal subunits and mRNA into polysomes was examined in the yeast mutant rna1. The entry of both types of RNA into polysomes is inhibited rapidly at the restrictive temperature. Analysis of the labeling of the ATP pool and the kinetics of synthesis and processing of mRNA at the restrictive temperature leads to the conclusion that the primary defect in the mutant affects transport of both ribosomes and messenger across the nuclear membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:355837", "title": "Restriction enzyme cleavage mapping of T7 virus early region.", "content": "DNA molecules of seven T7 mutants with overlapping deletions in the early region were cleaved by restriction enzymes HindII, HpaI and II, and HaeIII. The differences in the cleavage patterns after electrophoresis have been used to generate a cleavage map of the restriction sites of this enzyme. It covers the first 9% of the T7 DNA molecule. Cleavage points for HindII are at 0.60, 1.33, 1.59, 1.76, 5.26, 6.27, 7.4 and 8.38%; for HpaI and II at 1.36, 1.62, 4.46, 6.29, 6.62, 7.56, and 8.76%, for HaeIII at 3.85, 6.98, 7.88 and 8.26%. Some fragments have been located in the region containing the early promoters, others carry the complete sequences of gene 0.3.", "contents": "Restriction enzyme cleavage mapping of T7 virus early region. DNA molecules of seven T7 mutants with overlapping deletions in the early region were cleaved by restriction enzymes HindII, HpaI and II, and HaeIII. The differences in the cleavage patterns after electrophoresis have been used to generate a cleavage map of the restriction sites of this enzyme. It covers the first 9% of the T7 DNA molecule. Cleavage points for HindII are at 0.60, 1.33, 1.59, 1.76, 5.26, 6.27, 7.4 and 8.38%; for HpaI and II at 1.36, 1.62, 4.46, 6.29, 6.62, 7.56, and 8.76%, for HaeIII at 3.85, 6.98, 7.88 and 8.26%. Some fragments have been located in the region containing the early promoters, others carry the complete sequences of gene 0.3."}
{"id": "PMID:355838", "title": "A direct confirmation of the specificity of mutation frequency decline for suppressor mutations.", "content": "In a phage T7-resistand and galactose-sensitive derivative of E. coli B/r trp- it has been possible to show that MFD for UV-induced mutations is specific for Trp+ reversions (mainly of an ochre suppressor-containing type) but is without effect on galactose-resistant or D-fucose-resistant (ara Cc) forward mutations.", "contents": "A direct confirmation of the specificity of mutation frequency decline for suppressor mutations. In a phage T7-resistand and galactose-sensitive derivative of E. coli B/r trp- it has been possible to show that MFD for UV-induced mutations is specific for Trp+ reversions (mainly of an ochre suppressor-containing type) but is without effect on galactose-resistant or D-fucose-resistant (ara Cc) forward mutations."}
{"id": "PMID:355839", "title": "Reduced expression of a distal gene of the prn gene cluster in deletion mutants of Aspergillus nidulans: genetic evidence for a dicistronic messenger in an eukaryote.", "content": "The prn gene cluster involved in L-proline catabolism in Aspergillus nidulans, has the gene order prnA-prnD-regulatory region-prnB-prnC. prnB, prnD, and prnC specify proline permease, proline oxidase, and delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) dehydrogenase, respectively. prnA is probably a positive regulatory gene whose product is necessary for expression of the prn activities. Proline induces proline permease and P5C dehydrogenase in prnD- mutants which lack proline oxidase, showing that proline does not have to be converted to P5C to act as inducer. Deletion mutations extending from within prnD to within prnB result in considerably reduced expression of prnC, whereas a prnD- prnB- double mutant shows normal prnC expression. This strongly suggests that the deletion mutations eliminate a promotor/initiator site for transcription of a dicistronic messenger for prnB and prnC. The fact that the deletions do not eliminate prnC expression altogether indicates that at least one other species of prnC transcript (monocistronic, tricistronic, or tetracistronic) can be made.", "contents": "Reduced expression of a distal gene of the prn gene cluster in deletion mutants of Aspergillus nidulans: genetic evidence for a dicistronic messenger in an eukaryote. The prn gene cluster involved in L-proline catabolism in Aspergillus nidulans, has the gene order prnA-prnD-regulatory region-prnB-prnC. prnB, prnD, and prnC specify proline permease, proline oxidase, and delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) dehydrogenase, respectively. prnA is probably a positive regulatory gene whose product is necessary for expression of the prn activities. Proline induces proline permease and P5C dehydrogenase in prnD- mutants which lack proline oxidase, showing that proline does not have to be converted to P5C to act as inducer. Deletion mutations extending from within prnD to within prnB result in considerably reduced expression of prnC, whereas a prnD- prnB- double mutant shows normal prnC expression. This strongly suggests that the deletion mutations eliminate a promotor/initiator site for transcription of a dicistronic messenger for prnB and prnC. The fact that the deletions do not eliminate prnC expression altogether indicates that at least one other species of prnC transcript (monocistronic, tricistronic, or tetracistronic) can be made."}
{"id": "PMID:355840", "title": "GABA transaminase provides an alternative route of beta-alanine synthesis in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Three unlinked genes where mutation can lead to D(+)-pantothenic acid auxotrophy in Aspergillus nidulans have been identified. pantoA is probably the structural gene for pantothenate synthetase (EC 6.3.2.1) whilst pantoB and pantoC are involved in the syntheses of D-pantoic acid and beta-alanine, respectively. A pantoC- mutant is tentatively considered to be blocked in conversion of 5,6-dihydrouracil to beta-ureidopropionate. An alternative route of beta-alanine biosynthesis occurs by the transamination of malonic semialdehyde, catalysed by GABA transaminase. The possibility that beta-alanine can be replaced by certain structurally related compounds and yet nevertheless yield biologically active coenzyme A analogues is discussed.", "contents": "GABA transaminase provides an alternative route of beta-alanine synthesis in Aspergillus nidulans. Three unlinked genes where mutation can lead to D(+)-pantothenic acid auxotrophy in Aspergillus nidulans have been identified. pantoA is probably the structural gene for pantothenate synthetase (EC 6.3.2.1) whilst pantoB and pantoC are involved in the syntheses of D-pantoic acid and beta-alanine, respectively. A pantoC- mutant is tentatively considered to be blocked in conversion of 5,6-dihydrouracil to beta-ureidopropionate. An alternative route of beta-alanine biosynthesis occurs by the transamination of malonic semialdehyde, catalysed by GABA transaminase. The possibility that beta-alanine can be replaced by certain structurally related compounds and yet nevertheless yield biologically active coenzyme A analogues is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355841", "title": "Affinity labelling of yeast ribosomal peptidyl transferase.", "content": "Using p-nitrophenylcarbamyl-phenylalanyl-tRNA (PNPC-Phe-tRNA) and N-Iodoacetylphenylalanyl-tRNA as affinity labels we have attempted to identify the components of the aminoacyl-tRNA binding sites located in the vicinity of the peptidyl transferase centre of the yeast ribosome. Both Phe-tRNA derivatives bind to the ribosomal A-site in the presence of 20 mM Mg++ ion concentration and can be translocated to the ribosomal P-site in the presence of elongation factor. After the labels have been allowed to react covalently with ribosomes they were found associated with the large ribosomal subunit. Proteins L36, L43, L42, L29, L2, L17/18, L19/20 and proteins L26, L38, L22/23, L7/9, L4/6, L36, L11, L43, L39 were labelled in samples treated with PNPC-Phe-tRNA and N-iodoacetyl-Phe-tRNA respectively. In contrast, when only the components of the ribosomal P-site were analysed by reacting the treated particles with puromycin fewer spots were labelled, corresponding to proteins L36 and L19/20 using PNPC-Phe-tRNA and proteins L4/6, L36, and L43 using N-Iodoacetyl-Phe-tRNA.", "contents": "Affinity labelling of yeast ribosomal peptidyl transferase. Using p-nitrophenylcarbamyl-phenylalanyl-tRNA (PNPC-Phe-tRNA) and N-Iodoacetylphenylalanyl-tRNA as affinity labels we have attempted to identify the components of the aminoacyl-tRNA binding sites located in the vicinity of the peptidyl transferase centre of the yeast ribosome. Both Phe-tRNA derivatives bind to the ribosomal A-site in the presence of 20 mM Mg++ ion concentration and can be translocated to the ribosomal P-site in the presence of elongation factor. After the labels have been allowed to react covalently with ribosomes they were found associated with the large ribosomal subunit. Proteins L36, L43, L42, L29, L2, L17/18, L19/20 and proteins L26, L38, L22/23, L7/9, L4/6, L36, L11, L43, L39 were labelled in samples treated with PNPC-Phe-tRNA and N-iodoacetyl-Phe-tRNA respectively. In contrast, when only the components of the ribosomal P-site were analysed by reacting the treated particles with puromycin fewer spots were labelled, corresponding to proteins L36 and L19/20 using PNPC-Phe-tRNA and proteins L4/6, L36, and L43 using N-Iodoacetyl-Phe-tRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:355842", "title": "Mechanism of the radioprotecting action of chemical compounds on Escherichia coli cells.", "content": "The effect of radioprotection of indolylalkylamines (5-methoxytryptamine) and aminothiols (cysteamine) on E. coli cells is practically absent if the cells have genetic defects in the repair systems. This means that the explanation of radioprotection by scavenging of free radicals is invalid and that specific repair mechanisms may be involved. In order to explain the radioprotective mechanism it was suggested that the radioprotectors interact with the damaged sites in DNA so that they become partly screened from repairing endonucleases. Under these conditions the reduction of incision rate results in diminished enzymatic induction of lethal double-strand breaks in DNA, this being important only in wild type cells. To prove this hypothesis an experimental procedure was developed using bacterial cells carrying plasmids (ColE1). This procedure enabled to determine the in vivo rate of enzymatic incision of gamma-sites. It was found that the protectors did not change the total amount of gamma-damages in DNA but reduced the rate of enzymatic incision.", "contents": "Mechanism of the radioprotecting action of chemical compounds on Escherichia coli cells. The effect of radioprotection of indolylalkylamines (5-methoxytryptamine) and aminothiols (cysteamine) on E. coli cells is practically absent if the cells have genetic defects in the repair systems. This means that the explanation of radioprotection by scavenging of free radicals is invalid and that specific repair mechanisms may be involved. In order to explain the radioprotective mechanism it was suggested that the radioprotectors interact with the damaged sites in DNA so that they become partly screened from repairing endonucleases. Under these conditions the reduction of incision rate results in diminished enzymatic induction of lethal double-strand breaks in DNA, this being important only in wild type cells. To prove this hypothesis an experimental procedure was developed using bacterial cells carrying plasmids (ColE1). This procedure enabled to determine the in vivo rate of enzymatic incision of gamma-sites. It was found that the protectors did not change the total amount of gamma-damages in DNA but reduced the rate of enzymatic incision."}
{"id": "PMID:355843", "title": "Recessive nonsense-suppression in yeast: involvement of 60S ribosomal subunit.", "content": "The ribosomal protein patterns of recessive suppressor strain and parent strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. About 30 proteinspots were found for ribosomal proteins of small subunit for both mutant and parent strain. These patterns do not differ from each other neither in intensity of staining, nor in mobility of spots. 41 protein spots were found in electrophoregrams of 60S ribosomal proteins both from parent strain and recessive suppressor strain. The electrophoretic picture of the 60S proteins from the parent and mutant strains is similar except the intensity of staining of the L30 spot. This protein is present in 60S subunit of suppressor strain and completely absent or only weakly stained on electrophoregrams of ribosomal proteins of parent strain. The possible relationships between the content of L30 protein and the mechanism of recessive suppression in yeast are discussed.", "contents": "Recessive nonsense-suppression in yeast: involvement of 60S ribosomal subunit. The ribosomal protein patterns of recessive suppressor strain and parent strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. About 30 proteinspots were found for ribosomal proteins of small subunit for both mutant and parent strain. These patterns do not differ from each other neither in intensity of staining, nor in mobility of spots. 41 protein spots were found in electrophoregrams of 60S ribosomal proteins both from parent strain and recessive suppressor strain. The electrophoretic picture of the 60S proteins from the parent and mutant strains is similar except the intensity of staining of the L30 spot. This protein is present in 60S subunit of suppressor strain and completely absent or only weakly stained on electrophoregrams of ribosomal proteins of parent strain. The possible relationships between the content of L30 protein and the mechanism of recessive suppression in yeast are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355845", "title": "S-adenosyl methionine requiring mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidences for the existence of two methionine adenosyl transferases.", "content": "Mutants requiring S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) for growth have been selected in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two classes of mutants have been found. One class corresponds to the simultaneous occurrence of mutations at two unlinked loci SAM1 and SAM2 and presents a strict SAM requirement for growth on any medium. The second class corresponds to special single mutations in the gene SAM2 which lead to a residual growth on minimal medium but to normal growth on SAM supplemented medium or on a complex medium like YPGA not containing any SAM. These genetic data can be taken as an indication that Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses two isoenzymatic methionine adenosyl transferases (MAT). In addition, SAM1 and SAM2 loci have been identified respectively with the ETH-10 and ETH2 loci previously described. Biochemical evidences corroborate the genetic results. Two MAT activities can be dissociated in a wild type extract (MATI and MATII) by DEAE cellulose chromatography. Mutations at the SAM1 locus lead to the absence or to the modification of MATII whereas mutations at the SAM2 locus lead to the absence or to the modification of MATI. Moreover, some of our results seem to show that MATI and MATII are associated in vivo.", "contents": "S-adenosyl methionine requiring mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidences for the existence of two methionine adenosyl transferases. Mutants requiring S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) for growth have been selected in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two classes of mutants have been found. One class corresponds to the simultaneous occurrence of mutations at two unlinked loci SAM1 and SAM2 and presents a strict SAM requirement for growth on any medium. The second class corresponds to special single mutations in the gene SAM2 which lead to a residual growth on minimal medium but to normal growth on SAM supplemented medium or on a complex medium like YPGA not containing any SAM. These genetic data can be taken as an indication that Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses two isoenzymatic methionine adenosyl transferases (MAT). In addition, SAM1 and SAM2 loci have been identified respectively with the ETH-10 and ETH2 loci previously described. Biochemical evidences corroborate the genetic results. Two MAT activities can be dissociated in a wild type extract (MATI and MATII) by DEAE cellulose chromatography. Mutations at the SAM1 locus lead to the absence or to the modification of MATII whereas mutations at the SAM2 locus lead to the absence or to the modification of MATI. Moreover, some of our results seem to show that MATI and MATII are associated in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:355847", "title": "Transfection and transformation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.", "content": "The freeze thaw transfection procedure of Dityatkin et al. (1972) was adapted for the transfection and transformation of A. tumefaciens. Transfection of the strains B6S3 and B6-6 with DNA of the temperate phage PS8cc186 yielded a maximum frequency of 2 10(-7) transfectants per total recipient population. In transformation of the strain GV3100 with the P type plasmid RP4 a maximum frequency of 3.5 10(-7) transformants per total recipient population was obtained. Agrobacterium Ti-plasmids were introduced in the strain GV3100 with a maximal efficiency of 4.5 10(-8). These experiments provide further evidence that the Ti-plasmid is responsible for the oncogenic properties of A tumefaciens and for its capacity to induce \"opine\" synthesis in Crown-gall plant cells.", "contents": "Transfection and transformation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The freeze thaw transfection procedure of Dityatkin et al. (1972) was adapted for the transfection and transformation of A. tumefaciens. Transfection of the strains B6S3 and B6-6 with DNA of the temperate phage PS8cc186 yielded a maximum frequency of 2 10(-7) transfectants per total recipient population. In transformation of the strain GV3100 with the P type plasmid RP4 a maximum frequency of 3.5 10(-7) transformants per total recipient population was obtained. Agrobacterium Ti-plasmids were introduced in the strain GV3100 with a maximal efficiency of 4.5 10(-8). These experiments provide further evidence that the Ti-plasmid is responsible for the oncogenic properties of A tumefaciens and for its capacity to induce \"opine\" synthesis in Crown-gall plant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:355849", "title": "Lambda phage promoter used to enhance expression of a plasmid-cloned gene.", "content": "A 50-fold (or greater) increase in the production of phage 21 repressor was obtained by construction of a plasmid in which the 21cI (repressor) gene could be transcribed from lambdaPL. The enhancement due to increased 21cI gene copy number and transcription from lambdaPL were at least five-fold and ten-fold, respectively. The plasmid was constructed in vitro by recombination of EcoRI-generated DNA fragments. The use of the DNA fragment containing lambdaPL in obtaining expression of cloned genes is discussed.", "contents": "Lambda phage promoter used to enhance expression of a plasmid-cloned gene. A 50-fold (or greater) increase in the production of phage 21 repressor was obtained by construction of a plasmid in which the 21cI (repressor) gene could be transcribed from lambdaPL. The enhancement due to increased 21cI gene copy number and transcription from lambdaPL were at least five-fold and ten-fold, respectively. The plasmid was constructed in vitro by recombination of EcoRI-generated DNA fragments. The use of the DNA fragment containing lambdaPL in obtaining expression of cloned genes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355851", "title": "A ribosomal RNA gene, rrnC, of Escherichia coli, mapped by specialized transducing lambdadilv and lambda drbs phages.", "content": "Specialized transducing phages carrying segments of the Escherichia coli chromosome from the rbs-ilv region including rrn genes have been isolated. These phages carry rrn transcription units coding for 16S and 23S rRNA with the direction of transcription clockwise towards the ilv operon. While one of the phages (lambdad279rbs) appears to carry the genuine rrn gene, denoted rrnC, located between rbs and ilv at 82 min on the E. coli chromosome another one isolated as an ilv transducing phage, lambda5ilv, carries a hybrid rrn gene, denoted rrnX, which has originated from a recombinational cross-over between the rrnC and one of the other rrn genes.", "contents": "A ribosomal RNA gene, rrnC, of Escherichia coli, mapped by specialized transducing lambdadilv and lambda drbs phages. Specialized transducing phages carrying segments of the Escherichia coli chromosome from the rbs-ilv region including rrn genes have been isolated. These phages carry rrn transcription units coding for 16S and 23S rRNA with the direction of transcription clockwise towards the ilv operon. While one of the phages (lambdad279rbs) appears to carry the genuine rrn gene, denoted rrnC, located between rbs and ilv at 82 min on the E. coli chromosome another one isolated as an ilv transducing phage, lambda5ilv, carries a hybrid rrn gene, denoted rrnX, which has originated from a recombinational cross-over between the rrnC and one of the other rrn genes."}
{"id": "PMID:355850", "title": "Effect of cI repressor level on thymineless and spontaneous induction; specificity of lambda RNA transcription.", "content": "To determine the role of the cI repressor in induction provoked by thymine deprivation, we have analyzed lambda messenger RNA made during and the effect of cI repressor levels on thymineless induction. During thymineless induction, the l- and r-strand transcription of lambda is restricted to the \"early\" and \"delayed early\" RNA. This transcriptional pattern is similar to that reported for lambda mutants defective in DNA synthesis. \"Late\" r-strand transcription requires the addition of thymine. A decrease (to less than 10% of 0 time) in the amount of exogenous label (3H-uridine) incorporated into total RNA by the time of maximum thymineless induction was observed. Since subsequent burst sizes are not diminished by the thymine deprivation and competition experiments show that the amount of lambda message RNA present is at least as great as that in heat induced lambda cI857 lysogens, this decrease must involve either enlarged uridine pool sizes or decreased entry of label. The introduction into the lambda lysogen of a plasmid (pKB252) carrying the lambda cI gene prevents (1) the thymineless induction of lambda (curing the plasmid restores thymineless induction) and, (2) the appearance of both spontaneously induced cells and free phage. Thus, thymineless induction is dependent on the level of cI repressor and spontaneous induction also appears to be the consequence of lowered repressor levels in lambda lysogens.", "contents": "Effect of cI repressor level on thymineless and spontaneous induction; specificity of lambda RNA transcription. To determine the role of the cI repressor in induction provoked by thymine deprivation, we have analyzed lambda messenger RNA made during and the effect of cI repressor levels on thymineless induction. During thymineless induction, the l- and r-strand transcription of lambda is restricted to the \"early\" and \"delayed early\" RNA. This transcriptional pattern is similar to that reported for lambda mutants defective in DNA synthesis. \"Late\" r-strand transcription requires the addition of thymine. A decrease (to less than 10% of 0 time) in the amount of exogenous label (3H-uridine) incorporated into total RNA by the time of maximum thymineless induction was observed. Since subsequent burst sizes are not diminished by the thymine deprivation and competition experiments show that the amount of lambda message RNA present is at least as great as that in heat induced lambda cI857 lysogens, this decrease must involve either enlarged uridine pool sizes or decreased entry of label. The introduction into the lambda lysogen of a plasmid (pKB252) carrying the lambda cI gene prevents (1) the thymineless induction of lambda (curing the plasmid restores thymineless induction) and, (2) the appearance of both spontaneously induced cells and free phage. Thus, thymineless induction is dependent on the level of cI repressor and spontaneous induction also appears to be the consequence of lowered repressor levels in lambda lysogens."}
{"id": "PMID:355852", "title": "Physical mapping of genes on yeast mitochondrial DNA: localization of antibiotic resistance loci, and rRNA and tRNA genes.", "content": "We have physically mapped the loci conferring resistance to antibiotics that inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis (erythromycin, chloramphenicol and paromomycin) or respiration (oligomycin I and II), as well as the 21s and 14s rRNA and tRNA genes on the restriction map of the mitochondrial genome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mitochondrial genes were localized by hybridization of labeled RNA probes to restriction fragments of grande (strain MH41-7B) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) generated by endonucleases EcoRI, HpaI, BamHI, HindIII, SalI, PstI and HhaI. We have derived the HhaI restriction fragment map of MH41-7B mit DNA, to be added to our previously reported maps for the six other endonucleases. The antibiotic resistance loci (antR) were mapped by hybridization of 3H-cRNA transcribed from single marker petite mtDNA's of low kinetic complexity to grande restriction fragments. We have chosen the single Sal I site as the origin of the circular physical map and have positioned the antibiotic loci as follows: C (99.5-1.Ou)--P (27-36.Ou)--OII (58.3-62u--OI (80-84u)--E (94.4-98.4u). The 21s rRNA is localized at 94.4-99.2u, and the 14s rRNA is positioned between 36.2-39.8u. The two rRNA species are separated by 36% of the genome. Total mitochondrial tRNA labeled with 125I hybridized primarily to two regions of the genome, at 99.5-11.5u and 34-44u. A third region of hybridization was occasionally detected at 70--76u, which probably corresponds to seryl and glutamyl tRNA genes, previously located to this region by petite deletion mapping.", "contents": "Physical mapping of genes on yeast mitochondrial DNA: localization of antibiotic resistance loci, and rRNA and tRNA genes. We have physically mapped the loci conferring resistance to antibiotics that inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis (erythromycin, chloramphenicol and paromomycin) or respiration (oligomycin I and II), as well as the 21s and 14s rRNA and tRNA genes on the restriction map of the mitochondrial genome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mitochondrial genes were localized by hybridization of labeled RNA probes to restriction fragments of grande (strain MH41-7B) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) generated by endonucleases EcoRI, HpaI, BamHI, HindIII, SalI, PstI and HhaI. We have derived the HhaI restriction fragment map of MH41-7B mit DNA, to be added to our previously reported maps for the six other endonucleases. The antibiotic resistance loci (antR) were mapped by hybridization of 3H-cRNA transcribed from single marker petite mtDNA's of low kinetic complexity to grande restriction fragments. We have chosen the single Sal I site as the origin of the circular physical map and have positioned the antibiotic loci as follows: C (99.5-1.Ou)--P (27-36.Ou)--OII (58.3-62u--OI (80-84u)--E (94.4-98.4u). The 21s rRNA is localized at 94.4-99.2u, and the 14s rRNA is positioned between 36.2-39.8u. The two rRNA species are separated by 36% of the genome. Total mitochondrial tRNA labeled with 125I hybridized primarily to two regions of the genome, at 99.5-11.5u and 34-44u. A third region of hybridization was occasionally detected at 70--76u, which probably corresponds to seryl and glutamyl tRNA genes, previously located to this region by petite deletion mapping."}
{"id": "PMID:355853", "title": "Restriction enzyme analysis of mitochondrial DNAs of petite mutants of yeast: classification of petites, and deletion mapping of mitochondrial genes.", "content": "We have analyzed the restriction digest patterns of the mitochondrial DNA from 41 cytoplasmic petite strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, that have been extensively characterized with respect to genetic markers. Each mitochondrial DNA was digested with seven restriction endonucleases (EcoRI, HPaI, HindIII, BamHI, HhaI, SalI, and PstI) which together make 41 cuts in grande mitochondrial DNA and for which we have derived fragment maps. The petite mitochondrial DNAs were also analyzed with HpaII, HaeIII, and AluI, each of which makes more than 80 cleavages in grande mitochondrial DNA. On the basis of the restriction patterns observed (i.e., only one fragment migrating differently from grande for a single deletion, and more than one for multiple deletions) and by comparing petite and grande mitochondrial DNA restriction maps, the petite clones could be classified into two main groups: (1) petites representing a single deletion of grande mitochondrial DNA and (2) petites containing multiple deletions of the grande mitochondrial DNA resulting in rearranged sequences. Single deletion petites may retain a large portion of the grande mitochondrial genome or may be of low kinetic cimplexity. Many petites which are scored as single continuous deletions by genetic criteria were later demonstrated to be internally deleted by restriction endonuclease analysis. Heterogeneous sequences, manifested by the presence of sub-stoichiometric amounts of some restriction fragments, may accompany the single or multiple deletions. Single deletions with heterogeneous sequences remain useful for mapping if the low concentration sequences represent a subset of the stoichiometric bands. Using a group of petites which retain single continuous regions of the grande mitochondrial DNA, we have physically mapped antibiotic resistance and mit- markers to regions of the grande restriction map as follows: C (99.3--1.4 map units)--OXI-1 (2.5--15.7)--OXI-2 (18.5--25)--P (28.1--34.2)--OXI-3 (32.2--61.2--OII (60--62)--COB (64.6--80.8--0I (80.4--85.7)--E (95--98.9).", "contents": "Restriction enzyme analysis of mitochondrial DNAs of petite mutants of yeast: classification of petites, and deletion mapping of mitochondrial genes. We have analyzed the restriction digest patterns of the mitochondrial DNA from 41 cytoplasmic petite strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, that have been extensively characterized with respect to genetic markers. Each mitochondrial DNA was digested with seven restriction endonucleases (EcoRI, HPaI, HindIII, BamHI, HhaI, SalI, and PstI) which together make 41 cuts in grande mitochondrial DNA and for which we have derived fragment maps. The petite mitochondrial DNAs were also analyzed with HpaII, HaeIII, and AluI, each of which makes more than 80 cleavages in grande mitochondrial DNA. On the basis of the restriction patterns observed (i.e., only one fragment migrating differently from grande for a single deletion, and more than one for multiple deletions) and by comparing petite and grande mitochondrial DNA restriction maps, the petite clones could be classified into two main groups: (1) petites representing a single deletion of grande mitochondrial DNA and (2) petites containing multiple deletions of the grande mitochondrial DNA resulting in rearranged sequences. Single deletion petites may retain a large portion of the grande mitochondrial genome or may be of low kinetic cimplexity. Many petites which are scored as single continuous deletions by genetic criteria were later demonstrated to be internally deleted by restriction endonuclease analysis. Heterogeneous sequences, manifested by the presence of sub-stoichiometric amounts of some restriction fragments, may accompany the single or multiple deletions. Single deletions with heterogeneous sequences remain useful for mapping if the low concentration sequences represent a subset of the stoichiometric bands. Using a group of petites which retain single continuous regions of the grande mitochondrial DNA, we have physically mapped antibiotic resistance and mit- markers to regions of the grande restriction map as follows: C (99.3--1.4 map units)--OXI-1 (2.5--15.7)--OXI-2 (18.5--25)--P (28.1--34.2)--OXI-3 (32.2--61.2--OII (60--62)--COB (64.6--80.8--0I (80.4--85.7)--E (95--98.9)."}
{"id": "PMID:355854", "title": "A new conditional lethal mutator (dnaQ49) in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "A conditional lethal mutator, dnaQ49, was found in Escherichia coli K12. The dnaQ49 mutation caused stimulation of rifampicin-, nalidixic acid- and streptomycin-resistant mutation frequencies 100 to 2000 fold at 30 degrees C and the frequencies were further increased 50 to 100 fold at 35 degrees C or higher temperatures. Cells carrying dnaQ49 were unable to grow in salt-free L-broth at 44.5 degrees C, and DNA synthesis but not protein synthesis of the cells was suppressed under the restrictive conditions. The dnaQ gene was located at about 5 min on the E. coli linkage map and the order of the genes residing in this region was determined to be ton A-dnaE-metD-dnaQ-pro A.", "contents": "A new conditional lethal mutator (dnaQ49) in Escherichia coli K12. A conditional lethal mutator, dnaQ49, was found in Escherichia coli K12. The dnaQ49 mutation caused stimulation of rifampicin-, nalidixic acid- and streptomycin-resistant mutation frequencies 100 to 2000 fold at 30 degrees C and the frequencies were further increased 50 to 100 fold at 35 degrees C or higher temperatures. Cells carrying dnaQ49 were unable to grow in salt-free L-broth at 44.5 degrees C, and DNA synthesis but not protein synthesis of the cells was suppressed under the restrictive conditions. The dnaQ gene was located at about 5 min on the E. coli linkage map and the order of the genes residing in this region was determined to be ton A-dnaE-metD-dnaQ-pro A."}
{"id": "PMID:355855", "title": "Requirement of protein and RNA synthesis for lambda repressor inactivation by tif-1: effects of chloramphenicol, neomycin and rifampicin.", "content": "The inactivation of lambda repressor was followed by the specific DNA binding assay during the course of lysogenic induction provoked by incubation at 42 degrees C of an E. coli tif-1 lysogenic strain. The presence of up to 400 microgram/ml chloramphenicol during the inducing treatment did not impair the loss of repressor binding activity, whilst concentrations of 200 microgram/ml neomycin and 100 microgram/ml rifampicin effectively inhibited the inactivation of lambda repressor. Residual protein synthesis in the presence of chloramphenicol, neomycin and rifampicin was 5%, 5% and 27% respectively of that observed in the drug-free control. This residual synthesis did not appear to involve amplification of the X-protein. These results suggest that tif-mediated inactivation of the lambda repressor requires the activation of some specific gene(s), the translation of which appears to be resistant to chloramphenicol.", "contents": "Requirement of protein and RNA synthesis for lambda repressor inactivation by tif-1: effects of chloramphenicol, neomycin and rifampicin. The inactivation of lambda repressor was followed by the specific DNA binding assay during the course of lysogenic induction provoked by incubation at 42 degrees C of an E. coli tif-1 lysogenic strain. The presence of up to 400 microgram/ml chloramphenicol during the inducing treatment did not impair the loss of repressor binding activity, whilst concentrations of 200 microgram/ml neomycin and 100 microgram/ml rifampicin effectively inhibited the inactivation of lambda repressor. Residual protein synthesis in the presence of chloramphenicol, neomycin and rifampicin was 5%, 5% and 27% respectively of that observed in the drug-free control. This residual synthesis did not appear to involve amplification of the X-protein. These results suggest that tif-mediated inactivation of the lambda repressor requires the activation of some specific gene(s), the translation of which appears to be resistant to chloramphenicol."}
{"id": "PMID:355856", "title": "The expression of tetracycline resistance after insertion of foreign DNA fragments between the EcoRI and HindIII sites of the plasmid cloning vector pBR 322.", "content": "In vitro recombination techniques were used to construct hybrid plasmids between pBR 322 and different DNA fragments derived from pML 21 and the E. coli chromosome. Some of the resulting hybrid plasmids express the tetracycline resistance gene of pBR 322, depending on the DNA fragment which has been ligated into the HindIII-site of pBR 322. From these studies we could conclude the direction of transcription of the kanamycin resistance gene in plasmid pML 21 with respect to the SalI, SmaI, HincII, KpnI, EcoRI and HindIII restriction sites. The replacement of the small HindIII-EcoRI-fragment in pBR 322 by other DNA fragments from the E. coli chromosome and selection for tcr-phenotypes showed that this system may be very useful for screening and analysis of promotor-containing DNA fragments.", "contents": "The expression of tetracycline resistance after insertion of foreign DNA fragments between the EcoRI and HindIII sites of the plasmid cloning vector pBR 322. In vitro recombination techniques were used to construct hybrid plasmids between pBR 322 and different DNA fragments derived from pML 21 and the E. coli chromosome. Some of the resulting hybrid plasmids express the tetracycline resistance gene of pBR 322, depending on the DNA fragment which has been ligated into the HindIII-site of pBR 322. From these studies we could conclude the direction of transcription of the kanamycin resistance gene in plasmid pML 21 with respect to the SalI, SmaI, HincII, KpnI, EcoRI and HindIII restriction sites. The replacement of the small HindIII-EcoRI-fragment in pBR 322 by other DNA fragments from the E. coli chromosome and selection for tcr-phenotypes showed that this system may be very useful for screening and analysis of promotor-containing DNA fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:355857", "title": "Induced mutagenesis in dam- mutants of Escherichia coli: a role for 6-methyladenine residues in mutation avoidance.", "content": "E. coli strains carrying the dam-3 and dam-4 mutations resulting in reduced levels of 6-methyladenine in the DNA have been found to be more sensitive to base analogue mutagenesis than dam+ strains. Mutagenesis by EMS was also found to be enhanced in dam- strains. Dam- mutants however were not found to be hypermutable by UV light. It is concluded that the dam- strains are deficient in the correct repair of mispairing lesions. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that 6-methyladenine residues in the DNA are involved in strand discrimination during mismatch correction.", "contents": "Induced mutagenesis in dam- mutants of Escherichia coli: a role for 6-methyladenine residues in mutation avoidance. E. coli strains carrying the dam-3 and dam-4 mutations resulting in reduced levels of 6-methyladenine in the DNA have been found to be more sensitive to base analogue mutagenesis than dam+ strains. Mutagenesis by EMS was also found to be enhanced in dam- strains. Dam- mutants however were not found to be hypermutable by UV light. It is concluded that the dam- strains are deficient in the correct repair of mispairing lesions. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that 6-methyladenine residues in the DNA are involved in strand discrimination during mismatch correction."}
{"id": "PMID:355858", "title": "Circular mitochondrial DNA molecules from petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: resolution by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from petite strain K45 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains about 7% circular DNA molecules which comprise a simple oligomeric series based on a monomeric size of 1.7 kilobase pairs. Electrophoresis of K45 mtDNA on a polyacrylamide-agarose slab gel fractionates the mtDNA into a major band (containing linear DNA) and several faster running minor bands each containing particular size class of circular DNA molecules. From study of mtDNA from K45 and two other simple petites it was found that the mobility of circles is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the circle size. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis thus permits the separation of circular mtDNA from the linear mtDNA of simple petites, and physically resolves circles of different size from one another.", "contents": "Circular mitochondrial DNA molecules from petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: resolution by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from petite strain K45 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains about 7% circular DNA molecules which comprise a simple oligomeric series based on a monomeric size of 1.7 kilobase pairs. Electrophoresis of K45 mtDNA on a polyacrylamide-agarose slab gel fractionates the mtDNA into a major band (containing linear DNA) and several faster running minor bands each containing particular size class of circular DNA molecules. From study of mtDNA from K45 and two other simple petites it was found that the mobility of circles is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the circle size. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis thus permits the separation of circular mtDNA from the linear mtDNA of simple petites, and physically resolves circles of different size from one another."}
{"id": "PMID:355859", "title": "\"Maturation\" of DNA duplexes.", "content": "Reassociation of typical single-copy DNAs, like E. coli DNA, even when performed at relatively low temperatures, results in the formation of perfect duplexes with thermal stability very close to that of the native DNA. In contrast, duplexes of mouse repeated DNA as well as duplexes of Streptomyces DNA prepared under the same conditions, show a low thermal stability and undergo post-reassociation changes upon prolonged incubation. These changes, called \"maturation\" of the DNA duplexes, result in increasing of their thermal stability. Some of the factors affecting the rate of \"maturation\" are studied. The implication of the \"maturation\" process in reassociation analysis and in characterization of the heterogeneity of DNA is discussed.", "contents": "\"Maturation\" of DNA duplexes. Reassociation of typical single-copy DNAs, like E. coli DNA, even when performed at relatively low temperatures, results in the formation of perfect duplexes with thermal stability very close to that of the native DNA. In contrast, duplexes of mouse repeated DNA as well as duplexes of Streptomyces DNA prepared under the same conditions, show a low thermal stability and undergo post-reassociation changes upon prolonged incubation. These changes, called \"maturation\" of the DNA duplexes, result in increasing of their thermal stability. Some of the factors affecting the rate of \"maturation\" are studied. The implication of the \"maturation\" process in reassociation analysis and in characterization of the heterogeneity of DNA is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355860", "title": "Dissociability of free and peptidyl-tRNA bound ribosomes.", "content": "The influence of peptidyl-tRNA on the dissociation of yeast 80 S ribosomes into subunits was studied. For this purpose temperature-sensitive (ts) suppressor strain of yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae carrying a defect in peptide chain termination was used. It was found that peptidyl-tRNA did not influence the dissociation of ribosomes either at high salt concentration or in the presence of dissociation factor (DF) from yeast. After dissociation of yeast ribosomes in 0.5 M KCl, peptidyl-tRNA remains bound to the 60 S subunit. Some characteristics of the termination process and release of nascent polypeptides from yeast ribosomes are discussed.", "contents": "Dissociability of free and peptidyl-tRNA bound ribosomes. The influence of peptidyl-tRNA on the dissociation of yeast 80 S ribosomes into subunits was studied. For this purpose temperature-sensitive (ts) suppressor strain of yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae carrying a defect in peptide chain termination was used. It was found that peptidyl-tRNA did not influence the dissociation of ribosomes either at high salt concentration or in the presence of dissociation factor (DF) from yeast. After dissociation of yeast ribosomes in 0.5 M KCl, peptidyl-tRNA remains bound to the 60 S subunit. Some characteristics of the termination process and release of nascent polypeptides from yeast ribosomes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355861", "title": "Altered mitochondrial ribosomes in a cold-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A mutation at a new locus denoted tsr1 which lies very close to the ery1 locus and 21S rRNA gene in mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, confers conditional respiratory deficiency on cells grown at low temperature, namely 18 degrees. Studies on mitochondria isolated from a strain carrying the mutatated tsr1 locus demonstrate that the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis is cold-senitive at 18 degrees. The large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosomes isolated from the mutant strain is unstable during extraction and the isolated ribosomes are shown to be defective in catalyzing the poly U-directed synthesis of polyphenylalanine. It is concluded that the tsr1 locus is involved in the determination of the properties of the large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome.", "contents": "Altered mitochondrial ribosomes in a cold-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A mutation at a new locus denoted tsr1 which lies very close to the ery1 locus and 21S rRNA gene in mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, confers conditional respiratory deficiency on cells grown at low temperature, namely 18 degrees. Studies on mitochondria isolated from a strain carrying the mutatated tsr1 locus demonstrate that the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis is cold-senitive at 18 degrees. The large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosomes isolated from the mutant strain is unstable during extraction and the isolated ribosomes are shown to be defective in catalyzing the poly U-directed synthesis of polyphenylalanine. It is concluded that the tsr1 locus is involved in the determination of the properties of the large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome."}
{"id": "PMID:355863", "title": "[Conversion of nucleoside triphosphates in an RNA polymerase system].", "content": "The behavior of nucleoside triphosphates (NTP) in the RNA-polymerase system from E. coli was studied. The conversion of NTP to the corresponding nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) was observed. This phenomenon was accounted for a contaminating enzyme activity in the RNA-polymerase preparations. The possibility to remove such a contamination was demonstrated, the best technique being the DNA-cellulose affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme does not catalyze the intermediate formation of NDP's from NTP's during RNA synthesis with poly(U) and poly(dG)-poly(dC) as templates.", "contents": "[Conversion of nucleoside triphosphates in an RNA polymerase system]. The behavior of nucleoside triphosphates (NTP) in the RNA-polymerase system from E. coli was studied. The conversion of NTP to the corresponding nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) was observed. This phenomenon was accounted for a contaminating enzyme activity in the RNA-polymerase preparations. The possibility to remove such a contamination was demonstrated, the best technique being the DNA-cellulose affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme does not catalyze the intermediate formation of NDP's from NTP's during RNA synthesis with poly(U) and poly(dG)-poly(dC) as templates."}
{"id": "PMID:355862", "title": "[Role of ribonucleic acids in organizing the structure of Escherichia coli ribosomes].", "content": "The paper summarizes recent data on the secondary and tertiary structure of RNA in ribosomes. The participation of RNA in intraribosomal interactions and the role of these interactions in organization of ribosomal subunits are discussed. The following conclusions are made: 1) the structure of ribosomal subunits is predominantly created with their RNA components; 2) RNA molecules in ribosomal subunits have a very compact structure; the formation of this structure is followed by the rearrangement of the secondary structure of RNA; 3) the small group of ribosomal proteins plays an important role in the folding of RNA in the compact conformation: they not only stabilize intraribosomal RNA conformation but probably induce new RNA-RNA contacts.", "contents": "[Role of ribonucleic acids in organizing the structure of Escherichia coli ribosomes]. The paper summarizes recent data on the secondary and tertiary structure of RNA in ribosomes. The participation of RNA in intraribosomal interactions and the role of these interactions in organization of ribosomal subunits are discussed. The following conclusions are made: 1) the structure of ribosomal subunits is predominantly created with their RNA components; 2) RNA molecules in ribosomal subunits have a very compact structure; the formation of this structure is followed by the rearrangement of the secondary structure of RNA; 3) the small group of ribosomal proteins plays an important role in the folding of RNA in the compact conformation: they not only stabilize intraribosomal RNA conformation but probably induce new RNA-RNA contacts."}
{"id": "PMID:355871", "title": "[The depressive child (author's transl)].", "content": "Depressive states in childhood often remain unrecognized and so are either handled wrongly or not at all. Some 2--3% of all children with abnormal behaviour are moderately to severely depressed, and a further 6--8% mildly so. The diagnosis of neurotic, constitutional, endogenous and exogenous depression is more difficult in children than in adults, because the depressive symptomes alter with its development. In small children the condition usually presents with psychosomatic complaints, whereas in schoolchildren it produces mixed psychological and psychosomatic manifestations, and in adolescents predominantly psychological depressive symptoms. From the point of view of the child psychiatrist, childhood depression is regarded as \"primary\" depression, characterized by atypical symptoms; typical adult depressions are \"secondary\", and masked depression in these age-groups a \"regressive\" form. Treatment of depressive conditions in children is directed both at the causative factors and the symptoms. Environmentally induced and constitutional depressions mainly need psychotherapy and remedial training, sometimes in conjunction with antidepressant medication. Management of exogenous depression is directed towards the underlying organic disorder. The endogenous phasic depressive illnesses, very rare in children, are a matter for treatment with psychotropic drugs.", "contents": "[The depressive child (author's transl)]. Depressive states in childhood often remain unrecognized and so are either handled wrongly or not at all. Some 2--3% of all children with abnormal behaviour are moderately to severely depressed, and a further 6--8% mildly so. The diagnosis of neurotic, constitutional, endogenous and exogenous depression is more difficult in children than in adults, because the depressive symptomes alter with its development. In small children the condition usually presents with psychosomatic complaints, whereas in schoolchildren it produces mixed psychological and psychosomatic manifestations, and in adolescents predominantly psychological depressive symptoms. From the point of view of the child psychiatrist, childhood depression is regarded as \"primary\" depression, characterized by atypical symptoms; typical adult depressions are \"secondary\", and masked depression in these age-groups a \"regressive\" form. Treatment of depressive conditions in children is directed both at the causative factors and the symptoms. Environmentally induced and constitutional depressions mainly need psychotherapy and remedial training, sometimes in conjunction with antidepressant medication. Management of exogenous depression is directed towards the underlying organic disorder. The endogenous phasic depressive illnesses, very rare in children, are a matter for treatment with psychotropic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:355872", "title": "[The aggressive child (author's transl)].", "content": "In children a \"normal\" aggressiveness should be distinguished from \"hostile\" and \"inhibited\" aggression; the latter usually become apparent as heteroaggressive or autoaggressive behaviour. Autoaggression is more common with younger children. Different hypotheses about the origin of aggressiveness are discussed. In the younger child nail biting, trichotillomania, rocking, an intensified phase of contrariness and enkopresis may have components of aggressiveness. In older children and adolescents dissocial forms of development, drug taking, attempted suicid, and anorexia nervosa may be parts of aggressive behaviour. Minimal brain dysfunction, autism, and postencephalitic syndromes predominate amongst organic alterations of the brain as causes for aggressive behaviour. Particularly the Lesch-Nyhan-syndrome, but equally the Cornelia de Lange-syndrome show autoaggressive tendencies.", "contents": "[The aggressive child (author's transl)]. In children a \"normal\" aggressiveness should be distinguished from \"hostile\" and \"inhibited\" aggression; the latter usually become apparent as heteroaggressive or autoaggressive behaviour. Autoaggression is more common with younger children. Different hypotheses about the origin of aggressiveness are discussed. In the younger child nail biting, trichotillomania, rocking, an intensified phase of contrariness and enkopresis may have components of aggressiveness. In older children and adolescents dissocial forms of development, drug taking, attempted suicid, and anorexia nervosa may be parts of aggressive behaviour. Minimal brain dysfunction, autism, and postencephalitic syndromes predominate amongst organic alterations of the brain as causes for aggressive behaviour. Particularly the Lesch-Nyhan-syndrome, but equally the Cornelia de Lange-syndrome show autoaggressive tendencies."}
{"id": "PMID:355873", "title": "[Psychological care in pediatric oncology: patients, family, and personnel (author's transl)].", "content": "The improved outlook in many pediatric tumour and leukemia patients has brought about new psychological problems: we no longer have to focus our attention only on death and its implications, but also on the impact of aggressive multimodal therapy, of remission and relapse, of permanent cure alas sometimes paid for by lasting physical defects. There are relatively few \"hard\" physical data, based on controlled studies, concerning the reactions of the patients themselves and of their environment to the different phases of cancer in children, but certain empirical findings, based on clinical observations and the work of some interested psychologists, allow a number of conclusions to be drawn. The reactions of children to a life-threatening disease and to the possibility of death are mostly age-dependent; parents' reactions, as a rule, follow certain typical patterns superimposed by individual particularities (initial shock, non-acceptance and escape; finally, ways of coping) which ought to be taken into account by the medical and nursing team. The ability to convey hope and trust, competence, self-confidence, emotional stability and continuous personal engagement of those who treat such children are of paramount importance in minimizing psychological damage. Organized group discussions may sometimes be of additional help.", "contents": "[Psychological care in pediatric oncology: patients, family, and personnel (author's transl)]. The improved outlook in many pediatric tumour and leukemia patients has brought about new psychological problems: we no longer have to focus our attention only on death and its implications, but also on the impact of aggressive multimodal therapy, of remission and relapse, of permanent cure alas sometimes paid for by lasting physical defects. There are relatively few \"hard\" physical data, based on controlled studies, concerning the reactions of the patients themselves and of their environment to the different phases of cancer in children, but certain empirical findings, based on clinical observations and the work of some interested psychologists, allow a number of conclusions to be drawn. The reactions of children to a life-threatening disease and to the possibility of death are mostly age-dependent; parents' reactions, as a rule, follow certain typical patterns superimposed by individual particularities (initial shock, non-acceptance and escape; finally, ways of coping) which ought to be taken into account by the medical and nursing team. The ability to convey hope and trust, competence, self-confidence, emotional stability and continuous personal engagement of those who treat such children are of paramount importance in minimizing psychological damage. Organized group discussions may sometimes be of additional help."}
{"id": "PMID:355866", "title": "[Electrophoretic study of the acid soluble proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast chromatin].", "content": "Fractionation of acid-soluble proteins from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromatin by gel electrophoresis suggested the existence of four histonestone fractions--H2a, H2b, H3, H4 and histone H1-like protein. The latter was isolated according to the second method of Johns and extracted with 5% HClO4. Amino acid analysis of the histone H1-like protein showed a moderately high content of basic amino acids, but a much lower ratio of lysine: arginine (approximately 3) than that of the hisone H1 from higher eukaryotes. In addition to histone H1-like protein a protein X was also extracted with 5% HC1O4. The sequence of the electrophoretic mobilities of histone fractions from yeast coincides with those of histone fractions from plants--H4 greater than H3 greater than H2a greater than H2b greater than H1.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic study of the acid soluble proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast chromatin]. Fractionation of acid-soluble proteins from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromatin by gel electrophoresis suggested the existence of four histonestone fractions--H2a, H2b, H3, H4 and histone H1-like protein. The latter was isolated according to the second method of Johns and extracted with 5% HClO4. Amino acid analysis of the histone H1-like protein showed a moderately high content of basic amino acids, but a much lower ratio of lysine: arginine (approximately 3) than that of the hisone H1 from higher eukaryotes. In addition to histone H1-like protein a protein X was also extracted with 5% HC1O4. The sequence of the electrophoretic mobilities of histone fractions from yeast coincides with those of histone fractions from plants--H4 greater than H3 greater than H2a greater than H2b greater than H1."}
{"id": "PMID:355864", "title": "[\"Killer\" plasmid in natural strains of Saccharomyces].", "content": "Double stranded RNA's of thirteen wine strains of Saccharomyces belonging to different species and exhibiting killing activity were studied. Two strains of Oxford genetic stocks were used for control. All these strains have four different spectra of killer activity and contain two double stranded RNAs, L and M. All strains regardless of the type of killer activity have the same electrophoretic mobility of L. The mobility of M varies in different strains but is not connected with the spectrum of killing activity. All strains can be cured by cycloheximide. Cured variants have no M. Certain cured strains contain small portions of double stranded RNAs with electrophoretical mobility faster than of M.", "contents": "[\"Killer\" plasmid in natural strains of Saccharomyces]. Double stranded RNA's of thirteen wine strains of Saccharomyces belonging to different species and exhibiting killing activity were studied. Two strains of Oxford genetic stocks were used for control. All these strains have four different spectra of killer activity and contain two double stranded RNAs, L and M. All strains regardless of the type of killer activity have the same electrophoretic mobility of L. The mobility of M varies in different strains but is not connected with the spectrum of killing activity. All strains can be cured by cycloheximide. Cured variants have no M. Certain cured strains contain small portions of double stranded RNAs with electrophoretical mobility faster than of M."}
{"id": "PMID:355865", "title": "[Analysis of the thermostability of the hybrid DNA molecules of microorganisms as a means of increasing the resolution of the molecular hybridization technic].", "content": "A comparative study of termostability of microorganisms DNA was performed in order to increase the resolution of the method of molecular hybridization. Molecular hybridization was carried out and the curve of hybrid DNA duplexes distribution, acccording to termostability of two groups of microorganisms, related to strains Echerichia coli B1 and Vibrio cholerae eltor 18647, were obtained. It was determined that the form of the curves is specie specific for the microorganisms investigated but there exists a similarity between the closely related strains which can not be distinguished by the percent of homology.", "contents": "[Analysis of the thermostability of the hybrid DNA molecules of microorganisms as a means of increasing the resolution of the molecular hybridization technic]. A comparative study of termostability of microorganisms DNA was performed in order to increase the resolution of the method of molecular hybridization. Molecular hybridization was carried out and the curve of hybrid DNA duplexes distribution, acccording to termostability of two groups of microorganisms, related to strains Echerichia coli B1 and Vibrio cholerae eltor 18647, were obtained. It was determined that the form of the curves is specie specific for the microorganisms investigated but there exists a similarity between the closely related strains which can not be distinguished by the percent of homology."}
{"id": "PMID:355877", "title": "Amelioration of bronchopulmonary dysplasia after vitamin E administration. A preliminary report.", "content": "We studied the effect of vitamin E on the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasis in neonates with respiratory-distress syndrome. Twenty infants received vitamin E administered intramuscularly during the acute phase of the syndrome, and 20 infants served as controls. Administration of vitamin E significantly increased the serum vitamin E concentration. Nine vitamin-treated and 13 control patients required supplemental oxygen for longer than 250 hours; all were treated with positive-pressure ventilation and endotracheal continuous distending airway pressure. Six of those 13 controls had x-ray changes consistent with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and four died. None of the nine vitamin-treated patients had changes characteristic of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P = 0.046), and all survived. Administration of vitamin E during the acute phase of the respiratory-distress syndrome appears to modify the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasis.", "contents": "Amelioration of bronchopulmonary dysplasia after vitamin E administration. A preliminary report. We studied the effect of vitamin E on the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasis in neonates with respiratory-distress syndrome. Twenty infants received vitamin E administered intramuscularly during the acute phase of the syndrome, and 20 infants served as controls. Administration of vitamin E significantly increased the serum vitamin E concentration. Nine vitamin-treated and 13 control patients required supplemental oxygen for longer than 250 hours; all were treated with positive-pressure ventilation and endotracheal continuous distending airway pressure. Six of those 13 controls had x-ray changes consistent with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and four died. None of the nine vitamin-treated patients had changes characteristic of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P = 0.046), and all survived. Administration of vitamin E during the acute phase of the respiratory-distress syndrome appears to modify the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasis."}
{"id": "PMID:355868", "title": "[X-ray structural analysis of pepsin. V. Conformation of the main chain of the enzyme].", "content": "A detailed description of structural investigations of pepsin from 3.5 to 2.7 A resolution are given. The main attention is drawn to the conformation of the polypeptide backbone of the enzyme. The numbers of amino acid residues involved in the formation of various structural elements are listed. The structure of pepsin is similar to that of acid proteases isolated from lower organisms. The two domain structure of all acid proteases has a periodicity in the sequence of beta-segments and helices and a very specific symmetrical structure of each domain. This makes it possible to describe the structure of acid proteases in simple terms.", "contents": "[X-ray structural analysis of pepsin. V. Conformation of the main chain of the enzyme]. A detailed description of structural investigations of pepsin from 3.5 to 2.7 A resolution are given. The main attention is drawn to the conformation of the polypeptide backbone of the enzyme. The numbers of amino acid residues involved in the formation of various structural elements are listed. The structure of pepsin is similar to that of acid proteases isolated from lower organisms. The two domain structure of all acid proteases has a periodicity in the sequence of beta-segments and helices and a very specific symmetrical structure of each domain. This makes it possible to describe the structure of acid proteases in simple terms."}
{"id": "PMID:355879", "title": "Efficacy of chest physiotherapy and intermittent positive-pressure breathing in the resolution of pneumonia.", "content": "We undertook a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of chest physiotherapy and intermittent positive-pressure breathing in the treatment of pneumonia. The diagnosis of pneumonia required a compatible clinical history and x-ray confirmation. A total of 54 patients were assigned to treatment and control groups and were similar in age, smoking history, underlying lung disease and prior antibiotic treatment. Antibiotic therapy, guided by Gram stain and sputum and blood cultures, was similar in both groups. Chest physiotherapy, consisting of postural drainage, percussion and vibration, was given concurrently with intermittent positive-pressure breathing with use of racemic epinephrine every four hours. There was no statistically significant difference in duration of fever, extent of radiographic clearing, duration of hospital stay and mortality between the control and treated groups. Chest physiotherapy and intermittent positive-pressure breathing do not hasten the resolution of pneumonia.", "contents": "Efficacy of chest physiotherapy and intermittent positive-pressure breathing in the resolution of pneumonia. We undertook a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of chest physiotherapy and intermittent positive-pressure breathing in the treatment of pneumonia. The diagnosis of pneumonia required a compatible clinical history and x-ray confirmation. A total of 54 patients were assigned to treatment and control groups and were similar in age, smoking history, underlying lung disease and prior antibiotic treatment. Antibiotic therapy, guided by Gram stain and sputum and blood cultures, was similar in both groups. Chest physiotherapy, consisting of postural drainage, percussion and vibration, was given concurrently with intermittent positive-pressure breathing with use of racemic epinephrine every four hours. There was no statistically significant difference in duration of fever, extent of radiographic clearing, duration of hospital stay and mortality between the control and treated groups. Chest physiotherapy and intermittent positive-pressure breathing do not hasten the resolution of pneumonia."}
{"id": "PMID:355881", "title": "The importance of beta, the type II error and sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized control trial. Survey of 71 \"negative\" trials.", "content": "Seventy-one \"negative\" randomized control trials were re-examined to determine if the investigators had studied large enough samples to give a high probability (greater than 0.90) of detecting a 25 per cent and 50 per cent therapeutic improvement in the response. Sixty-seven of the trials had a greater than 10 per cent risk of missing a true 25 per cent therapeutic improvement, and with the same risk, 50 of the trials could have missed a 50 per cent improvement. Estimates of 90 per cent confidence intervals for the true improvement in each trial showed that in 57 of these \"negative\" trials, a potential 25 per cent improvement was possible, and 34 of the trials showed a potential 50 per cent improvement. Many of the therapies labeled as \"no different from control\" in trials using inadequate samples have not received a fair test. Concern for the probability of missing an important therapeutic improvement because of small sample sizes deserves more attention in the planning of clinical trials.", "contents": "The importance of beta, the type II error and sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized control trial. Survey of 71 \"negative\" trials. Seventy-one \"negative\" randomized control trials were re-examined to determine if the investigators had studied large enough samples to give a high probability (greater than 0.90) of detecting a 25 per cent and 50 per cent therapeutic improvement in the response. Sixty-seven of the trials had a greater than 10 per cent risk of missing a true 25 per cent therapeutic improvement, and with the same risk, 50 of the trials could have missed a 50 per cent improvement. Estimates of 90 per cent confidence intervals for the true improvement in each trial showed that in 57 of these \"negative\" trials, a potential 25 per cent improvement was possible, and 34 of the trials showed a potential 50 per cent improvement. Many of the therapies labeled as \"no different from control\" in trials using inadequate samples have not received a fair test. Concern for the probability of missing an important therapeutic improvement because of small sample sizes deserves more attention in the planning of clinical trials."}
{"id": "PMID:355882", "title": "Cellular sensitivity to collagen in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "We examined patients with rheumatoid arthritis for cellular sansitivity to native human Types I, II and III collagens. Mononuclear cells from 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 21 with other inflammatory arthritides, 20 with osteoarthritis and 20 normal subjects were evaluated for the in vitro production of leukocyte inhibitory factor in response to collagen and a control antigen, streptokinase-streptodornase. By this assay, cells from 37 (74 per cent) and 39 (78 per cent) of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis responded to Types II and III collagens, respectively. In contrast, cells from the 41 patients with other kinds of arthritis and the normal group did not produce this lymphokine to collagens. There was no response to Type I collagen or to denatured alpha chains of these collagens. All four groups responded equivalently to streptokinase-streptodornase. These data demonstrate that most patients with rheumatoid arthritis exhibit cellular sensitivity to Types II and III collagens.", "contents": "Cellular sensitivity to collagen in rheumatoid arthritis. We examined patients with rheumatoid arthritis for cellular sansitivity to native human Types I, II and III collagens. Mononuclear cells from 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 21 with other inflammatory arthritides, 20 with osteoarthritis and 20 normal subjects were evaluated for the in vitro production of leukocyte inhibitory factor in response to collagen and a control antigen, streptokinase-streptodornase. By this assay, cells from 37 (74 per cent) and 39 (78 per cent) of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis responded to Types II and III collagens, respectively. In contrast, cells from the 41 patients with other kinds of arthritis and the normal group did not produce this lymphokine to collagens. There was no response to Type I collagen or to denatured alpha chains of these collagens. All four groups responded equivalently to streptokinase-streptodornase. These data demonstrate that most patients with rheumatoid arthritis exhibit cellular sensitivity to Types II and III collagens."}
{"id": "PMID:355887", "title": "QB DNA-containing hybrid plasmids giving rise to QB phage formation in the bacterial host.", "content": "Hybrid plasmids consisting of PCRI and a complete DNA copy of the RNA genome of coli.phage QB, inserted in either orientation, elicit the formation of phage QB when introduced into Escherichia coli", "contents": "QB DNA-containing hybrid plasmids giving rise to QB phage formation in the bacterial host. Hybrid plasmids consisting of PCRI and a complete DNA copy of the RNA genome of coli.phage QB, inserted in either orientation, elicit the formation of phage QB when introduced into Escherichia coli"}
{"id": "PMID:355890", "title": "DNA sequence for a low-level promoter of the lac repressor gene and an 'up' promoter mutation.", "content": "The promoter for a weakly expressed constitutive gene, the lactose repressor gene (lacI), has been sequenced, along with an 'up' promoter mutation Iq. The 10-fold enhancement in I expression found in Iq is the result of a single base change at position -35. To facilitate the sequencing, the lacI gene was cloned in a small plasmid.", "contents": "DNA sequence for a low-level promoter of the lac repressor gene and an 'up' promoter mutation. The promoter for a weakly expressed constitutive gene, the lactose repressor gene (lacI), has been sequenced, along with an 'up' promoter mutation Iq. The 10-fold enhancement in I expression found in Iq is the result of a single base change at position -35. To facilitate the sequencing, the lacI gene was cloned in a small plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:355891", "title": "Sequence of the lacI gene.", "content": "The structural gene for the lac repressor of Escherichia coli, the lacI gene has been sequenced. This 1,080 base pair region of the E. coli chromosome codes for the lac repressor protein of 360 amino acids. The DNA sequence largely confirms but extends the previously reported protein sequence and allows a structural analysis of genetic phenomena.", "contents": "Sequence of the lacI gene. The structural gene for the lac repressor of Escherichia coli, the lacI gene has been sequenced. This 1,080 base pair region of the E. coli chromosome codes for the lac repressor protein of 360 amino acids. The DNA sequence largely confirms but extends the previously reported protein sequence and allows a structural analysis of genetic phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:355892", "title": "Correlation of nonsense sites in the lacI gene with specific codons in the nucleotide sequence.", "content": "Nonsense mutations derived from 90 different codons in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli have been correlated with the I gene nucleotide sequence. In over 80 cases the specific codon which generates the nonsense mutation can be identified. The sequence shows that 14-16 sites arise through tandem double base changes.", "contents": "Correlation of nonsense sites in the lacI gene with specific codons in the nucleotide sequence. Nonsense mutations derived from 90 different codons in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli have been correlated with the I gene nucleotide sequence. In over 80 cases the specific codon which generates the nonsense mutation can be identified. The sequence shows that 14-16 sites arise through tandem double base changes."}
{"id": "PMID:355893", "title": "Molecular basis of base substitution hotspots in Escherichia coli.", "content": "In the lacI gene of Escherichia coli spontaneous base substituion hotspots occur at 5-methylcytosine residues. The hotspots disappear when the respective cytosines are not methylated. We suggest that the hotspots may result from the spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine, which is not excised by the enzyme DNA-uracil glycosidase.", "contents": "Molecular basis of base substitution hotspots in Escherichia coli. In the lacI gene of Escherichia coli spontaneous base substituion hotspots occur at 5-methylcytosine residues. The hotspots disappear when the respective cytosines are not methylated. We suggest that the hotspots may result from the spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine, which is not excised by the enzyme DNA-uracil glycosidase."}
{"id": "PMID:355907", "title": "Heterogeneity of pepsin-solubilized human glomerular basement membrane collagen.", "content": "The collagen component of isolated glomerular basement membrane ws solubilized by limited pepsin digestion and further purified. The amino acid and carbohydrate composition of the final material was very similar to that described for the alpha1-chains of type IV collagen. However, the presence of several components was detected when the material was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis either without or after reduction. The molecular weights of the major components in the reduced material were about 140,000, 100,000, 80,000 and less than 65,000 (in the case of five components). The data thus do not support the previous suggestion that the human glomerular basement membrane contains only one type of collagen polypeptide chain. However, part of the heterogeneity may be due to the presence of more than one collagenous part in a procollagen-type polypeptide chain, and an additional reason may lie in a partial degradation of collagenous portions during pepsin digestion.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of pepsin-solubilized human glomerular basement membrane collagen. The collagen component of isolated glomerular basement membrane ws solubilized by limited pepsin digestion and further purified. The amino acid and carbohydrate composition of the final material was very similar to that described for the alpha1-chains of type IV collagen. However, the presence of several components was detected when the material was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis either without or after reduction. The molecular weights of the major components in the reduced material were about 140,000, 100,000, 80,000 and less than 65,000 (in the case of five components). The data thus do not support the previous suggestion that the human glomerular basement membrane contains only one type of collagen polypeptide chain. However, part of the heterogeneity may be due to the presence of more than one collagenous part in a procollagen-type polypeptide chain, and an additional reason may lie in a partial degradation of collagenous portions during pepsin digestion."}
{"id": "PMID:355912", "title": "The quantitative assessment of lipofuscin pigment, cytoplasmic RNA and nucleolar volume in senile dementia.", "content": "Treatment of patients suffering from senile dementia with meclofenoxate has been reported to result in an improvement in mental performance. Furthermore meclofenoxate reduces the amount of lipofuscin pigment in nerve cells. We have shown that, although nerve cells in a group of demented patients have decreased amounts of cytoplasmic RNA and reduced nucleolar volume, they contain no more pigment than do cells of a control group. It seems, therefore, unlikely that removal of lipofuscin, per se, has any bearing on this reported improvement in intellectual capability, nor is it implicated in the aetiology of senile dementia.", "contents": "The quantitative assessment of lipofuscin pigment, cytoplasmic RNA and nucleolar volume in senile dementia. Treatment of patients suffering from senile dementia with meclofenoxate has been reported to result in an improvement in mental performance. Furthermore meclofenoxate reduces the amount of lipofuscin pigment in nerve cells. We have shown that, although nerve cells in a group of demented patients have decreased amounts of cytoplasmic RNA and reduced nucleolar volume, they contain no more pigment than do cells of a control group. It seems, therefore, unlikely that removal of lipofuscin, per se, has any bearing on this reported improvement in intellectual capability, nor is it implicated in the aetiology of senile dementia."}
{"id": "PMID:355908", "title": "[Comparison of EMG tracings obtained by means of computer analysis and by routine quantitative method].", "content": "The purpose of the present work was to compare EMG tracings obtained by the automatic method using the computer ANOPS and by the method of quantitative electromyography. The measurements of the automatic method were found to be reliable and reproducible permitting to distinguish normal from pathological tracing, and in the pathological tracing to discriminate between the so called primary muscular and the neurogenic changes. The automatic method permits a much larger number of potentials to be evaluated, besides it is less time consuming and more objective since it rules out subjective selection of potentials which is a drawback in the conventional method.", "contents": "[Comparison of EMG tracings obtained by means of computer analysis and by routine quantitative method]. The purpose of the present work was to compare EMG tracings obtained by the automatic method using the computer ANOPS and by the method of quantitative electromyography. The measurements of the automatic method were found to be reliable and reproducible permitting to distinguish normal from pathological tracing, and in the pathological tracing to discriminate between the so called primary muscular and the neurogenic changes. The automatic method permits a much larger number of potentials to be evaluated, besides it is less time consuming and more objective since it rules out subjective selection of potentials which is a drawback in the conventional method."}
{"id": "PMID:355913", "title": "The treatment of intracranial aneurysms by injection with a tissue adhesive.", "content": "The authors have developed a technique of occluding intracranial aneurysms by the direct injection of a tissue adhesive. Previous work in our laboratory had revealed the unusual intravascular characteristics and physiological properties of isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate (IBC). These findings had indicated the feasibility of utilizing IBC in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms by its direct injection. We have now treated twenty patients by this method. Eighteen aneurysms were injected during open craniotomy and two were treated by closed stereotactic injection utilizing electronic radiography. Follow-up data, ranging from 1 to 6 years after operation, are available on these patients. Sixteen patients (80% of the series) have had good to excellent results. Our experience and the application of this technique as a potential tool in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms are discussed.", "contents": "The treatment of intracranial aneurysms by injection with a tissue adhesive. The authors have developed a technique of occluding intracranial aneurysms by the direct injection of a tissue adhesive. Previous work in our laboratory had revealed the unusual intravascular characteristics and physiological properties of isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate (IBC). These findings had indicated the feasibility of utilizing IBC in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms by its direct injection. We have now treated twenty patients by this method. Eighteen aneurysms were injected during open craniotomy and two were treated by closed stereotactic injection utilizing electronic radiography. Follow-up data, ranging from 1 to 6 years after operation, are available on these patients. Sixteen patients (80% of the series) have had good to excellent results. Our experience and the application of this technique as a potential tool in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355914", "title": "Neurosurgery and the anatomy of reading: a practical review.", "content": "Tumors and vascular malformations in the posterior parts of the dominant hemisphere are frequently associated with preoperative alexias, and surgical maneuvers in these areas may cause the appearance of this neurobehavioral deficit as an operative complication. Lesions of the dominant (left) angular gyrus are associated with the syndromes of alexia with agraphia. Alexia without agraphia results from lesions of the pathways which conduct visual information from the calcarine areas to the left angular gyrus (splenium of the corpus callosum, left lingual and fusiform gyri, left transverse and vertical occipital fasciculi). A brief bedside examination (outlined in the text) provides useful pre- and postoperative localizing information. Fresh cadaver studies of the brain in situ have shown that the approximate center of the left angular gyrus area is found by first locating a point 9 cm forward along the midline from the inion and then moving 4 1/4 cm laterally. These measurements define a point which is a few centimeters medial and posterior to the center of the parietal eminence.", "contents": "Neurosurgery and the anatomy of reading: a practical review. Tumors and vascular malformations in the posterior parts of the dominant hemisphere are frequently associated with preoperative alexias, and surgical maneuvers in these areas may cause the appearance of this neurobehavioral deficit as an operative complication. Lesions of the dominant (left) angular gyrus are associated with the syndromes of alexia with agraphia. Alexia without agraphia results from lesions of the pathways which conduct visual information from the calcarine areas to the left angular gyrus (splenium of the corpus callosum, left lingual and fusiform gyri, left transverse and vertical occipital fasciculi). A brief bedside examination (outlined in the text) provides useful pre- and postoperative localizing information. Fresh cadaver studies of the brain in situ have shown that the approximate center of the left angular gyrus area is found by first locating a point 9 cm forward along the midline from the inion and then moving 4 1/4 cm laterally. These measurements define a point which is a few centimeters medial and posterior to the center of the parietal eminence."}
{"id": "PMID:355915", "title": "A technical modification of Cloward's posterior lumbar interbody fusion.", "content": "The concept of interbody (intercorporal) fusion as a useful treatment for intervertebral disc disease in the cervical area has been well received. Thirty-two years have passed since Cloward first introduced his technique of posterior lumbar intervertebral fusion. The author believes that the delayed acceptance of this procedure is due to fear of technical difficulties. A technical modification of Cloward's posterior lumbar interbody fusion is introduced. It entails better technique in controlling epidural bleeding by careful positioning of the patient and the use of oxidized cellulose as a tampon in the epidural space. The integrity of the facet is preserved through a more limited interlaminal approach. Osteosynthesis of the grafts is assured by multiple perforations of the cortical plate in accordance with Robinson's principle utilized in cervical interbody fusion. The author believes that the modification simplifies the Cloward posterior lumbar interbody fusion. It also assures better stability after surgery by retention of the facet and lessening the dangers of settlement of the graft by preservation of the cortical plate. In a series of 75 cases, tomograms made 4 months after operation have shown a viable graft with active osteosynthesis between the graft and the adjoining vertebral bodies in 94%.", "contents": "A technical modification of Cloward's posterior lumbar interbody fusion. The concept of interbody (intercorporal) fusion as a useful treatment for intervertebral disc disease in the cervical area has been well received. Thirty-two years have passed since Cloward first introduced his technique of posterior lumbar intervertebral fusion. The author believes that the delayed acceptance of this procedure is due to fear of technical difficulties. A technical modification of Cloward's posterior lumbar interbody fusion is introduced. It entails better technique in controlling epidural bleeding by careful positioning of the patient and the use of oxidized cellulose as a tampon in the epidural space. The integrity of the facet is preserved through a more limited interlaminal approach. Osteosynthesis of the grafts is assured by multiple perforations of the cortical plate in accordance with Robinson's principle utilized in cervical interbody fusion. The author believes that the modification simplifies the Cloward posterior lumbar interbody fusion. It also assures better stability after surgery by retention of the facet and lessening the dangers of settlement of the graft by preservation of the cortical plate. In a series of 75 cases, tomograms made 4 months after operation have shown a viable graft with active osteosynthesis between the graft and the adjoining vertebral bodies in 94%."}
{"id": "PMID:355919", "title": "The development of modern intracranial aneurysm surgery.", "content": "This history of the steps leading to the modern surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms begins some 200 years ago when it was found that cervical carotid artery ligations (for trauma) could be tolerated. This discovery led, early in the 1800's to the use of carotid ligation for the treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas and eventually for the treatment of intracranial saccular aneurysms. The era of modern intracranial surgery for aneurysms began after Moniz introduced cerebral angiography in 1927. The first trapping procedure (for a carotid-cavernous fistula) was performed in 1932, and the first successful planned intracranial operation for a saccular aneurysm was reported in 1933. Subsequent developments are chronologically cited, together with mention of methods now obsolete.", "contents": "The development of modern intracranial aneurysm surgery. This history of the steps leading to the modern surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms begins some 200 years ago when it was found that cervical carotid artery ligations (for trauma) could be tolerated. This discovery led, early in the 1800's to the use of carotid ligation for the treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas and eventually for the treatment of intracranial saccular aneurysms. The era of modern intracranial surgery for aneurysms began after Moniz introduced cerebral angiography in 1927. The first trapping procedure (for a carotid-cavernous fistula) was performed in 1932, and the first successful planned intracranial operation for a saccular aneurysm was reported in 1933. Subsequent developments are chronologically cited, together with mention of methods now obsolete."}
{"id": "PMID:355920", "title": "Respiratory problems associated with head trauma.", "content": "Respiratory problems occur commonly in association with severe head injury. Seven easily measured parameters for the diagnosis of respiratory insufficiency are outlined. Certain central and peripheral causes of insufficient ventilation are analyzed, including head trauma and drug overdose as central sources and aspiration, pulmonary edema, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, fat embolism, chest trauma and iatrogenic complications as peripheral causes. Establishment of the diagnosis and management of the problems within each category are discussed.", "contents": "Respiratory problems associated with head trauma. Respiratory problems occur commonly in association with severe head injury. Seven easily measured parameters for the diagnosis of respiratory insufficiency are outlined. Certain central and peripheral causes of insufficient ventilation are analyzed, including head trauma and drug overdose as central sources and aspiration, pulmonary edema, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, fat embolism, chest trauma and iatrogenic complications as peripheral causes. Establishment of the diagnosis and management of the problems within each category are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:355922", "title": "Spinal dysraphism: a comprehensive diagnostic approach.", "content": "Twelve patients with the clinical findings of spinal dysraphism form the basis for this report. In eight patients, physical findings, plain x-rays, and unenhanced spinal computed tomography allowed for precise diagnosis and subsequent therapy, without contrast myelography. All patients in the study had intravenous pyelography, and this revealed evidence of renal deterioration in two. The other 10 patients had radiographically normal upper urinary tracts. Urodynamic assessment was performed in seven; three were normal and four were abnormal. The pattern of the abnormal studies (three \"flaccid type\" with an adequate urethral pressure profile and one with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia) allowed for appropriate therapy to be employed for bladder emptying and continence. Both spinal computed tomography and urodynamic testing serve as noninvasive studies that can be employed in the follow-up and management of patients with spinal dysraphism.", "contents": "Spinal dysraphism: a comprehensive diagnostic approach. Twelve patients with the clinical findings of spinal dysraphism form the basis for this report. In eight patients, physical findings, plain x-rays, and unenhanced spinal computed tomography allowed for precise diagnosis and subsequent therapy, without contrast myelography. All patients in the study had intravenous pyelography, and this revealed evidence of renal deterioration in two. The other 10 patients had radiographically normal upper urinary tracts. Urodynamic assessment was performed in seven; three were normal and four were abnormal. The pattern of the abnormal studies (three \"flaccid type\" with an adequate urethral pressure profile and one with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia) allowed for appropriate therapy to be employed for bladder emptying and continence. Both spinal computed tomography and urodynamic testing serve as noninvasive studies that can be employed in the follow-up and management of patients with spinal dysraphism."}
{"id": "PMID:355929", "title": "[Acute hepatic failure and renal damage. Experimental and clinical studies].", "content": "Renal damage in acute hepatic failure induced in the pig by means of an hepatic state, temporary or permanent devascularisation Amanita phalloides poisoning or orthotopic liver transplant proved of slight degree, particularly in animals treated with replacement therapy. In the cases of animals that died in acute hepatic coma, on the other hand, renal cortex ischaemia and marked medullary congestion were constant. Histologically, the damage consisted of slight tubular nephrosis; this was more apparent in the proximal tubules. Evaluation of renal damage in 38 patients with acute hepatic failure was more complicated owing to the variety of clinical conditions (level of coma, hypovolaemia, intensive care and hepatic assistance). Nevertheless, a clear relation was established between the degree of liver damage and blood creatinine and creatinine clearance values. All patients who died presented liver cell necrosis of over 75%, blood creatinine values of more than 2 mg/100 ml, and less than 50 ml/min clearance. Tubular nephrosis was the predominant lesion. It appeared that renal damage was primarily pre-renal. No signs of a true hepatorenal syndrome could be made out.", "contents": "[Acute hepatic failure and renal damage. Experimental and clinical studies]. Renal damage in acute hepatic failure induced in the pig by means of an hepatic state, temporary or permanent devascularisation Amanita phalloides poisoning or orthotopic liver transplant proved of slight degree, particularly in animals treated with replacement therapy. In the cases of animals that died in acute hepatic coma, on the other hand, renal cortex ischaemia and marked medullary congestion were constant. Histologically, the damage consisted of slight tubular nephrosis; this was more apparent in the proximal tubules. Evaluation of renal damage in 38 patients with acute hepatic failure was more complicated owing to the variety of clinical conditions (level of coma, hypovolaemia, intensive care and hepatic assistance). Nevertheless, a clear relation was established between the degree of liver damage and blood creatinine and creatinine clearance values. All patients who died presented liver cell necrosis of over 75%, blood creatinine values of more than 2 mg/100 ml, and less than 50 ml/min clearance. Tubular nephrosis was the predominant lesion. It appeared that renal damage was primarily pre-renal. No signs of a true hepatorenal syndrome could be made out."}
{"id": "PMID:355930", "title": "[The significance of cryoglobulins and cryohemagglutinins. Immunological and clinical study of 39 cases].", "content": "In about 5 years of clinical and immunological research, 39 cases of cryoplasmopathies (5 with cryoglobulinaemia and 34 with cryohaemoagglutinaemia) were identified on the basis of immunological typing studies (immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion, identification and isolation of cryoantibodies, cryocrit, titration, identificcation of antibody specificity). Discussion and physiopathological interpretation of possibly associated cases and diseases are conducted on the basis of personal immunological data and the most recent literature on matters of clinical immunohaematology.", "contents": "[The significance of cryoglobulins and cryohemagglutinins. Immunological and clinical study of 39 cases]. In about 5 years of clinical and immunological research, 39 cases of cryoplasmopathies (5 with cryoglobulinaemia and 34 with cryohaemoagglutinaemia) were identified on the basis of immunological typing studies (immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion, identification and isolation of cryoantibodies, cryocrit, titration, identificcation of antibody specificity). Discussion and physiopathological interpretation of possibly associated cases and diseases are conducted on the basis of personal immunological data and the most recent literature on matters of clinical immunohaematology."}
{"id": "PMID:355933", "title": "The amyloidosis.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of amyloidosis are examined in the light of a classification based on anatomical models of amyloid distribution: 1) generalised amyloidosis, including primary and secondary sporadic forms, hereditary and familial amyloidosis, and senile amyloidosis; 2) local amyloidosis, including amyloid tumours, neoplasia with amyloid stroma, and other forms. The nature of amyloid is described. Morphological, ultrastructural, biochemical and immunochemical research has shown that: 1) amyloid is a fibrillar protein with a typical EM and X-ray diffraction appearance; 2) two main types of amyloid proteins exist, one related to Ig light chains and found in primary forms and in association with myeloma, the other (called AA proteins) being the main component of secondary forms and certain types of familial amyloidosis; 3) serum proteins structurally related to the AA proteins may be used as amyloid precursors. The cause and mechanisms of amyloid production are becoming clearer. In particular, a relation with the production of Igs has been established. Improved methods for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease will throw more light and the nature of amyloid and its protein precursors.", "contents": "The amyloidosis. The clinical and pathological features of amyloidosis are examined in the light of a classification based on anatomical models of amyloid distribution: 1) generalised amyloidosis, including primary and secondary sporadic forms, hereditary and familial amyloidosis, and senile amyloidosis; 2) local amyloidosis, including amyloid tumours, neoplasia with amyloid stroma, and other forms. The nature of amyloid is described. Morphological, ultrastructural, biochemical and immunochemical research has shown that: 1) amyloid is a fibrillar protein with a typical EM and X-ray diffraction appearance; 2) two main types of amyloid proteins exist, one related to Ig light chains and found in primary forms and in association with myeloma, the other (called AA proteins) being the main component of secondary forms and certain types of familial amyloidosis; 3) serum proteins structurally related to the AA proteins may be used as amyloid precursors. The cause and mechanisms of amyloid production are becoming clearer. In particular, a relation with the production of Igs has been established. Improved methods for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease will throw more light and the nature of amyloid and its protein precursors."}
{"id": "PMID:355935", "title": "[Preliminary results of treatment with Tagamet (cimetidine SK and F) in gastric and duodenal ulcers].", "content": "Following 3x200 mg Tagament (cymetidine SK & F) tablets at meals and 2 in the evening (5 per day) for an average of 31 days, complete endoscopic cure was obtained after 29 days (duodenal patients) and 35 days (gastric patients) in 26/27 subjects with slow healing histories (17 with duodenal and 10 with gastric ulcer). Rapid regression of pain and dyspepsia was observed form the outset and there was a marked reduction in the consumption of antacid preparation. Its marked efficacy and good tolerance make Tagamet a drug of choice in the treatment of peptic, duodenal and gastric ulcers.", "contents": "[Preliminary results of treatment with Tagamet (cimetidine SK and F) in gastric and duodenal ulcers]. Following 3x200 mg Tagament (cymetidine SK & F) tablets at meals and 2 in the evening (5 per day) for an average of 31 days, complete endoscopic cure was obtained after 29 days (duodenal patients) and 35 days (gastric patients) in 26/27 subjects with slow healing histories (17 with duodenal and 10 with gastric ulcer). Rapid regression of pain and dyspepsia was observed form the outset and there was a marked reduction in the consumption of antacid preparation. Its marked efficacy and good tolerance make Tagamet a drug of choice in the treatment of peptic, duodenal and gastric ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:355954", "title": "Naproxen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Naproxen, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic drug was found to be better than placebo and as effective as indomethacin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The drug was well tolerated, and appears to be a useful alternative to more established medication such as aspirin.", "contents": "Naproxen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Naproxen, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic drug was found to be better than placebo and as effective as indomethacin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The drug was well tolerated, and appears to be a useful alternative to more established medication such as aspirin."}
{"id": "PMID:355958", "title": "Effects of bromocriptine mesylate on the composition of the mammary secretion in non-breast-feeding women.", "content": "A double-blind trial was performed on 26 women, who had elected not to breast-feed their infants, to determine the effect of bromocriptine mesylate (2.5 mg twice daily for 14 days postpartum) on the composition of the mammary secretion during lactogenesis. Mammary secretion (less than 5.0 ml) was collected from each breast of each woman at daily intervals during the 14-day treatment period and the progressive changes in the concentration of the milk constituents, lactose, alpha-lactalbumin, serum albumin, total protein, lactoferin, IgA, IgG, sodium and potassium were determined. The degree of milk leakage and breast engorgement were also assessed. Both the subjective assessments and the changes in the concentration of the milk constituents demonstrated that lactogenesis occurred between about Day 2 and Day 5 postpartum in the placebo group (in the absence of the suckling stimulus) but was suppressed in the bromocriptine-treated group.", "contents": "Effects of bromocriptine mesylate on the composition of the mammary secretion in non-breast-feeding women. A double-blind trial was performed on 26 women, who had elected not to breast-feed their infants, to determine the effect of bromocriptine mesylate (2.5 mg twice daily for 14 days postpartum) on the composition of the mammary secretion during lactogenesis. Mammary secretion (less than 5.0 ml) was collected from each breast of each woman at daily intervals during the 14-day treatment period and the progressive changes in the concentration of the milk constituents, lactose, alpha-lactalbumin, serum albumin, total protein, lactoferin, IgA, IgG, sodium and potassium were determined. The degree of milk leakage and breast engorgement were also assessed. Both the subjective assessments and the changes in the concentration of the milk constituents demonstrated that lactogenesis occurred between about Day 2 and Day 5 postpartum in the placebo group (in the absence of the suckling stimulus) but was suppressed in the bromocriptine-treated group."}
{"id": "PMID:355959", "title": "Puerperal infection due to group A beta hemolytic streptococcus.", "content": "A cluster of 5 patients with puerperal infection due to group A beta hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) is described. The most striking clinical signs included the early onset of uterine tenderness followed by an abrupt temperature elevation to greater than or equal to 102 F. At the time of uterine tenderness (Day 2, postpartum), 4 of 5 patients had gram-stained lochial smears showing a predominance of gram-positive cocci. The cluster of cases occurred with no source of the infection identified after 365 culture attempts. Therapy was rapidly successful with intravenous penicillin.", "contents": "Puerperal infection due to group A beta hemolytic streptococcus. A cluster of 5 patients with puerperal infection due to group A beta hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) is described. The most striking clinical signs included the early onset of uterine tenderness followed by an abrupt temperature elevation to greater than or equal to 102 F. At the time of uterine tenderness (Day 2, postpartum), 4 of 5 patients had gram-stained lochial smears showing a predominance of gram-positive cocci. The cluster of cases occurred with no source of the infection identified after 365 culture attempts. Therapy was rapidly successful with intravenous penicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:355960", "title": "Low-dose carbenicillin prophylaxis for vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy.", "content": "A double-blind prospective study of 99 patients undergoing vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy was performed at North Carolina Baptist Hospital of the Bowman Gray School of Medicine at Wake Forest University. The study indicated that low-dose intravenous carbenicillin begun preoperatively and continued for 24 hours resulted in decreased febrile morbidity, postoperative infection rate, and shortened hospital stay in patients undergoing both vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy. The indications for operation, clinical characteristics of patients, and operative and postoperative management were similar for the control and study groups. For the vaginal hysterectomy group, febrile morbidity was reduced from 34.6% in the control group to 7.7% in the group receiving carbenicillin. For patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy, febrile morbidity was reduced from 54.1% in the control group to 4.0% in the group receiving prophylactic carbenicillin. Similar reductions for the carbenicillin study group in fever index and average total hospital stay were also noted. Urinary tract infections were determined to be present more commonly in the group of patients with febrile morbidity receiving no prophylactic antibiotics. The incidence of pelvic infections were reduced in both carbenicillin-treated groups. This investigation suggests that low-dose carbenicillin prophylaxis is beneficial in reduction of morbidity following both vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy.", "contents": "Low-dose carbenicillin prophylaxis for vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy. A double-blind prospective study of 99 patients undergoing vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy was performed at North Carolina Baptist Hospital of the Bowman Gray School of Medicine at Wake Forest University. The study indicated that low-dose intravenous carbenicillin begun preoperatively and continued for 24 hours resulted in decreased febrile morbidity, postoperative infection rate, and shortened hospital stay in patients undergoing both vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy. The indications for operation, clinical characteristics of patients, and operative and postoperative management were similar for the control and study groups. For the vaginal hysterectomy group, febrile morbidity was reduced from 34.6% in the control group to 7.7% in the group receiving carbenicillin. For patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy, febrile morbidity was reduced from 54.1% in the control group to 4.0% in the group receiving prophylactic carbenicillin. Similar reductions for the carbenicillin study group in fever index and average total hospital stay were also noted. Urinary tract infections were determined to be present more commonly in the group of patients with febrile morbidity receiving no prophylactic antibiotics. The incidence of pelvic infections were reduced in both carbenicillin-treated groups. This investigation suggests that low-dose carbenicillin prophylaxis is beneficial in reduction of morbidity following both vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:355961", "title": "Progressive necrotizing wound infections in postirradiated patients.", "content": "Five cases of postoperative progressive gangrenous wound infection are described in patients who had received whole pelvis irradiation prior to surgery for genital tract cancer. The syndrome described as distinct from Meleney Type I and II ulcers. Predicated on the experience derived, a scheme for its management is proposed.", "contents": "Progressive necrotizing wound infections in postirradiated patients. Five cases of postoperative progressive gangrenous wound infection are described in patients who had received whole pelvis irradiation prior to surgery for genital tract cancer. The syndrome described as distinct from Meleney Type I and II ulcers. Predicated on the experience derived, a scheme for its management is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:355962", "title": "Pituitary gonadotropin response to LHRH in human pregnancy.", "content": "The effect of synthetic LHRH on serum levels of FSH, LH, and hCG was determined during early and midgestation. Eight healthy volunteers were studied during the first (8--9 weeks) and second (15--20 weeks) trimesters of pregnancy with 4 patients in each group. Serum samples, obtained before and 15, 30, 45, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes after an intravenous bolus of 100 microgram LHRH, were assayed for LH, FSH, and hCG by specific radioimmunoassays. Serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, and 17 alphahydroxyprogesterone were also measured in samples obtained prior to and 3 hours after LHRH injection. The serum levels of LH and FSH were undetectable in all samples, and no increase was observed after administration of LHRH. Levels of chorionic gonadadotropin, estradiol, progesterone, and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone did show slight fluctuations, but there was no significant effect from LHRH administration. These results support the concept that pituitary gonadotropic function is markedly suppressed during early human pregnancy.", "contents": "Pituitary gonadotropin response to LHRH in human pregnancy. The effect of synthetic LHRH on serum levels of FSH, LH, and hCG was determined during early and midgestation. Eight healthy volunteers were studied during the first (8--9 weeks) and second (15--20 weeks) trimesters of pregnancy with 4 patients in each group. Serum samples, obtained before and 15, 30, 45, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes after an intravenous bolus of 100 microgram LHRH, were assayed for LH, FSH, and hCG by specific radioimmunoassays. Serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, and 17 alphahydroxyprogesterone were also measured in samples obtained prior to and 3 hours after LHRH injection. The serum levels of LH and FSH were undetectable in all samples, and no increase was observed after administration of LHRH. Levels of chorionic gonadadotropin, estradiol, progesterone, and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone did show slight fluctuations, but there was no significant effect from LHRH administration. These results support the concept that pituitary gonadotropic function is markedly suppressed during early human pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:355963", "title": "Antimicrobial effect of amniotic fluid.", "content": "The antimicrobial effect of amniotic fluid (AF) obtained during the first (AF1) and second (AF2) trimesters was compared with the third (AF3) against anaerobic bacteria, such as Bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis (6 strains), Eubacterium lentum (3 strains), and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (4 strains). Escherichia coli (5 strains) served as a positive control. AF1 supported the growth of all 4 anaerobes (except B fragilis for 4 hours) for the entire 24-hour period tested. AF2 supported the growth of E coli and B fragilis for 24 hours but temporarily inhibited P anaerobius and E lentum. In contrast, AF3 inhibited all bacteria tested for 8 hours or more. It is concluded that AF1 is the least inhibitory, AF3 the most, and AF2 intermediate for the organisms tested. Lack of antimicrobial effect of AF on anaerobic bacteria may be one explanation for the higher incidence of anaerobic infections during absortion than during the prenatal period.", "contents": "Antimicrobial effect of amniotic fluid. The antimicrobial effect of amniotic fluid (AF) obtained during the first (AF1) and second (AF2) trimesters was compared with the third (AF3) against anaerobic bacteria, such as Bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis (6 strains), Eubacterium lentum (3 strains), and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (4 strains). Escherichia coli (5 strains) served as a positive control. AF1 supported the growth of all 4 anaerobes (except B fragilis for 4 hours) for the entire 24-hour period tested. AF2 supported the growth of E coli and B fragilis for 24 hours but temporarily inhibited P anaerobius and E lentum. In contrast, AF3 inhibited all bacteria tested for 8 hours or more. It is concluded that AF1 is the least inhibitory, AF3 the most, and AF2 intermediate for the organisms tested. Lack of antimicrobial effect of AF on anaerobic bacteria may be one explanation for the higher incidence of anaerobic infections during absortion than during the prenatal period."}
{"id": "PMID:355964", "title": "Cervicofacial abcesses of unknown origin. A survey of eighty-one cases.", "content": "A survey of eighty-one patients with cervicofacial abscesses of unknown origin is presented. The salient clinical features and the treatment of the abscesses are described. Mainly affected were children under 4 years of age, and the submandibular and submental regions were the most common sites of involvement. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogenic organism, and epidemic strains were implicated in some cases. A high incidence of resistance to penicillin was noted. The nasal vestibule is postulated to be reservoir of the organisms, and the possible relationship between infection, malnutrition, and a mild degree of anemia is examined.", "contents": "Cervicofacial abcesses of unknown origin. A survey of eighty-one cases. A survey of eighty-one patients with cervicofacial abscesses of unknown origin is presented. The salient clinical features and the treatment of the abscesses are described. Mainly affected were children under 4 years of age, and the submandibular and submental regions were the most common sites of involvement. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogenic organism, and epidemic strains were implicated in some cases. A high incidence of resistance to penicillin was noted. The nasal vestibule is postulated to be reservoir of the organisms, and the possible relationship between infection, malnutrition, and a mild degree of anemia is examined."}
{"id": "PMID:355965", "title": "Evaluation of preoperative ibuprofen for postoperative pain after removal of third molars.", "content": "An evaluation of the analgesic effects of preoperatively administered ibuprofen on prospective pain after the surgical removal of impacted third molar was undertaken in 100 patients in a double-blind parallel treatment trial. The pretreatment with ibuprofen delayed the mean time of onset of postoperative pain more than 100 minutes, as compared to pretreatment with placebo. The severity of pain initially experienced postoperatively was less in the pretreated group. There was no detectable interaction between the pretreatment and the analgesics administered postoperatively. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to delay the onset and lessen the severity of postoperative pain by preoperative administration of a nonsteroidal, antiinflammatory analgesic, such as ibuprofen.", "contents": "Evaluation of preoperative ibuprofen for postoperative pain after removal of third molars. An evaluation of the analgesic effects of preoperatively administered ibuprofen on prospective pain after the surgical removal of impacted third molar was undertaken in 100 patients in a double-blind parallel treatment trial. The pretreatment with ibuprofen delayed the mean time of onset of postoperative pain more than 100 minutes, as compared to pretreatment with placebo. The severity of pain initially experienced postoperatively was less in the pretreated group. There was no detectable interaction between the pretreatment and the analgesics administered postoperatively. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to delay the onset and lessen the severity of postoperative pain by preoperative administration of a nonsteroidal, antiinflammatory analgesic, such as ibuprofen."}
{"id": "PMID:355966", "title": "Betamethasone-17-benzoate in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers.", "content": "A double-blind study of the effectiveness of betamethasone-17-benzoate in the treatment of recurrent aphothous ulcers (RAU) was concucted. The drug was found to be effective in reducing symptoms and shortening healing time but not in preventing recurrences. Evaluation of the medical histories and laboratory studies suggests that multiple factors may be involved in the etiology of RAU, as reported by others.", "contents": "Betamethasone-17-benzoate in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers. A double-blind study of the effectiveness of betamethasone-17-benzoate in the treatment of recurrent aphothous ulcers (RAU) was concucted. The drug was found to be effective in reducing symptoms and shortening healing time but not in preventing recurrences. Evaluation of the medical histories and laboratory studies suggests that multiple factors may be involved in the etiology of RAU, as reported by others."}
{"id": "PMID:355968", "title": "The bactericidal potential of various endodontic materials for primary teeth.", "content": "An in vitro study of the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects of several pulp therapy compounds and their components on selected bacterial commonly isolated from infected primary teeth was undertaken. It was determined that zinc oxide had no inhibitory effects on E. coli, Staph. aureus, and Strep. viridans; however, the addition of  eugenol to this system retarded the growth of only the grampositive organisms. The inclusion of zinc acetate as a setting accelerator inhibited both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Also the inhibitory effects on these three organisms could be greatly enhanced by the addition of formocresol or paraformaldehyde to the zinc oxide--eugenol--zinc acetate system. It was also noted that Sargenti's N-2 paste was apparently no more effective in retarding growth of these organisms than the mixtures. Only the lead tetroxide and hydorcortisone present in the N-2 paste was toxic to the Staph. aureus but not to E. coli or to Strep. viridans. The other heavy metals in N-2 apparently have no antibacterial activity in the manner in which they were tested. This evidence suggests, but is not conclusive, that zinc oxide--eugenol--zinc acetate, with or without formaldehyde-containing compounds, may be effective in the elimination of bacteria from pulpotomized primary teeth. Therefore, the addition of highly cytotoxic chemicals which will remain sealed in a root canal and be active for extended periods of time may not be necessary for successful treatment.", "contents": "The bactericidal potential of various endodontic materials for primary teeth. An in vitro study of the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects of several pulp therapy compounds and their components on selected bacterial commonly isolated from infected primary teeth was undertaken. It was determined that zinc oxide had no inhibitory effects on E. coli, Staph. aureus, and Strep. viridans; however, the addition of  eugenol to this system retarded the growth of only the grampositive organisms. The inclusion of zinc acetate as a setting accelerator inhibited both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Also the inhibitory effects on these three organisms could be greatly enhanced by the addition of formocresol or paraformaldehyde to the zinc oxide--eugenol--zinc acetate system. It was also noted that Sargenti's N-2 paste was apparently no more effective in retarding growth of these organisms than the mixtures. Only the lead tetroxide and hydorcortisone present in the N-2 paste was toxic to the Staph. aureus but not to E. coli or to Strep. viridans. The other heavy metals in N-2 apparently have no antibacterial activity in the manner in which they were tested. This evidence suggests, but is not conclusive, that zinc oxide--eugenol--zinc acetate, with or without formaldehyde-containing compounds, may be effective in the elimination of bacteria from pulpotomized primary teeth. Therefore, the addition of highly cytotoxic chemicals which will remain sealed in a root canal and be active for extended periods of time may not be necessary for successful treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:355969", "title": "Submergence of roots for alveolar bone preservation. II. Reimplanted endodontically treated roots.", "content": "Root canal therapy was accomplished on the mandibular premolars of four dogs. These premolars were then extracted, contoured, reimplanted, and submerged. Resorption occurred up to 60 days; healing progressed satisfactorily, with some evidence of coronal osseous regeneration. Root canal sealer was expressed out the coronal orifice after the roots were submerged. This sealer appeared to affect normal healing over the coronal surface of the roots.", "contents": "Submergence of roots for alveolar bone preservation. II. Reimplanted endodontically treated roots. Root canal therapy was accomplished on the mandibular premolars of four dogs. These premolars were then extracted, contoured, reimplanted, and submerged. Resorption occurred up to 60 days; healing progressed satisfactorily, with some evidence of coronal osseous regeneration. Root canal sealer was expressed out the coronal orifice after the roots were submerged. This sealer appeared to affect normal healing over the coronal surface of the roots."}
{"id": "PMID:355980", "title": "Myxoedema coma. A review.", "content": "Myxoedema coma is a rare emergency needing prompt recognition and urgent treatment before diagnostic confirmation. The pathyphysiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, investigations and treatment are described. Triiodothyronine in small doses intravenously with continuous cardiac monitoring is suggested. Slow rewarming, care of the airway and prompt treatment of hypoventilation by assisted ventilation, the use of hydrocortisone and the avoidance of sedatives, vasopressors and overloading are also discussed, as is prevention. This emergency occurs in elderly people often with co-existent disease and thus only close attention to detail will be rewarded with improving results and falling mortality figures.", "contents": "Myxoedema coma. A review. Myxoedema coma is a rare emergency needing prompt recognition and urgent treatment before diagnostic confirmation. The pathyphysiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, investigations and treatment are described. Triiodothyronine in small doses intravenously with continuous cardiac monitoring is suggested. Slow rewarming, care of the airway and prompt treatment of hypoventilation by assisted ventilation, the use of hydrocortisone and the avoidance of sedatives, vasopressors and overloading are also discussed, as is prevention. This emergency occurs in elderly people often with co-existent disease and thus only close attention to detail will be rewarded with improving results and falling mortality figures."}
{"id": "PMID:355987", "title": "Lipoid nephrosis and focal glomerulosclerosis.", "content": "Forty-one renal biopsies from 34 patients presenting over a 7-year period with the nephrotic syndrome or significant proteinuria and considered initially to be cases of lipoid nephrosis have been reviewed, and the results correlated with clinical findings. Lipoid nephrosis was confirmed in 25 of the patients (20 males, 5 females) 6 of whom showed a small proportion of completely sclerosed glomeruli. Twenty-two of these patients were in remission at the time of review. Nine of the patients (4 males, 5 females) showed features typical of focal glomerulosclerosis; only 4 of these were in remission, 4 showed continuing proteinuria, and one had died. The study emphasizes the importance and problems of distinguishing lipoid nephrosis from focal glomerulosclerosis.", "contents": "Lipoid nephrosis and focal glomerulosclerosis. Forty-one renal biopsies from 34 patients presenting over a 7-year period with the nephrotic syndrome or significant proteinuria and considered initially to be cases of lipoid nephrosis have been reviewed, and the results correlated with clinical findings. Lipoid nephrosis was confirmed in 25 of the patients (20 males, 5 females) 6 of whom showed a small proportion of completely sclerosed glomeruli. Twenty-two of these patients were in remission at the time of review. Nine of the patients (4 males, 5 females) showed features typical of focal glomerulosclerosis; only 4 of these were in remission, 4 showed continuing proteinuria, and one had died. The study emphasizes the importance and problems of distinguishing lipoid nephrosis from focal glomerulosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:355988", "title": "Lymph node and splenic imprints: their value in diagnosis.", "content": "Comparison was made of the value of information obtained from imprints and from histological sections of lymph nodes from 100 biopsies on patients with mainly haematological disorders and 55 spleens removed surgically. The sections provided the definitive diagnosis. It was seldom possible to make a definite diagnosis from imprints, but they provide additional information useful in interpreting the histology of sections.", "contents": "Lymph node and splenic imprints: their value in diagnosis. Comparison was made of the value of information obtained from imprints and from histological sections of lymph nodes from 100 biopsies on patients with mainly haematological disorders and 55 spleens removed surgically. The sections provided the definitive diagnosis. It was seldom possible to make a definite diagnosis from imprints, but they provide additional information useful in interpreting the histology of sections."}
{"id": "PMID:355983", "title": "[On the hypotensive activity of carrageenan iota in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Carrageenan iota and dextran sulfate deplete the plasmatic stores of kininogens in the Rat. 2. A slow intravenous infusion of carrageenan iota in the anaesthetized Rat produces a lowering of blood pressure which is only transient because of the development of tachyphylaxy. At this stage the cardio-vascular system which fails to respond to carrageenan iota injection is also refractory to ellagic acid administration. After depletion of the plasmatic stores of kininogens by dextran sulfate, glandular kallikreins or ellagic acid, carrageenan iota has lost its hypotensive properties. It is concluded that the cardio-vascular effects of carrageenan iota are mainly due to activation of the kininogenskinins system. 3. Indomethacin curtails the hypotensive effects of kinins by inhibition of the release of prostaglandins by these polypeptides. It also reduces the duration of the hypotensive response to carrageenan. Carrageenan iota is neither a histamine nor a 5-hydroxytryptamine liberator.", "contents": "[On the hypotensive activity of carrageenan iota in the rat (author's transl)]. 1. Carrageenan iota and dextran sulfate deplete the plasmatic stores of kininogens in the Rat. 2. A slow intravenous infusion of carrageenan iota in the anaesthetized Rat produces a lowering of blood pressure which is only transient because of the development of tachyphylaxy. At this stage the cardio-vascular system which fails to respond to carrageenan iota injection is also refractory to ellagic acid administration. After depletion of the plasmatic stores of kininogens by dextran sulfate, glandular kallikreins or ellagic acid, carrageenan iota has lost its hypotensive properties. It is concluded that the cardio-vascular effects of carrageenan iota are mainly due to activation of the kininogenskinins system. 3. Indomethacin curtails the hypotensive effects of kinins by inhibition of the release of prostaglandins by these polypeptides. It also reduces the duration of the hypotensive response to carrageenan. Carrageenan iota is neither a histamine nor a 5-hydroxytryptamine liberator."}
{"id": "PMID:355989", "title": "The longevity of Clonorchis sinensis.", "content": "The persistence of Clonorchis sinensis infestation of the bile duct for a period of at least 26 years without neoplasia supervening is reported in a Chinese immigrant to Australia.", "contents": "The longevity of Clonorchis sinensis. The persistence of Clonorchis sinensis infestation of the bile duct for a period of at least 26 years without neoplasia supervening is reported in a Chinese immigrant to Australia."}
{"id": "PMID:355984", "title": "[Hodgkin's disease. T lymphocyte defect in patients in complete remission (author's transl)].", "content": "11 patients with Hodgkin's disease in remission, including 7 patients with an initial stage III-IV, off treatment for at least 6 months, were tested for blood T lymphocyte functions. All were completely re-evaluated at the end of treatment to assess complete remission. The number of peripheral blood lymphocytes was below 1,200/cu mm 5/11 patients. Absolute numbers of E-rosette-forming T lymphocytes were decreased in 8 patients, whereas active rosettes were normal in 4/6. A slightly increased percentage of EAC rosettes, a marker for B lymphocytes, was found in only 2 patients. In vitro lymphocyte reactivity to a sub-optimal dose of PHA was studied in 9 patients. A statistically significant defect of lymphocyte transformation was observed in the patient group T lymphocytes. A membrane change is suggested rather than a true depletion. The persistance of such abnormalities long after treatment may raise the question of a complementary immunostimulating treatment in these patients.", "contents": "[Hodgkin's disease. T lymphocyte defect in patients in complete remission (author's transl)]. 11 patients with Hodgkin's disease in remission, including 7 patients with an initial stage III-IV, off treatment for at least 6 months, were tested for blood T lymphocyte functions. All were completely re-evaluated at the end of treatment to assess complete remission. The number of peripheral blood lymphocytes was below 1,200/cu mm 5/11 patients. Absolute numbers of E-rosette-forming T lymphocytes were decreased in 8 patients, whereas active rosettes were normal in 4/6. A slightly increased percentage of EAC rosettes, a marker for B lymphocytes, was found in only 2 patients. In vitro lymphocyte reactivity to a sub-optimal dose of PHA was studied in 9 patients. A statistically significant defect of lymphocyte transformation was observed in the patient group T lymphocytes. A membrane change is suggested rather than a true depletion. The persistance of such abnormalities long after treatment may raise the question of a complementary immunostimulating treatment in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:355985", "title": "Computerized system for the selection of the most HLA-compatible kidney recipient (France-Transplant).", "content": "The RITRAN program is applied to renal transplantation and operates within the framework of France Transplant. It makes it possible to choose the most compatible kidney recipient within the ABO blood group system and within the major histocompatibility system in man (HLA). The file presently comprises the data stored on tape concerning 1800 dialysis patients who are awaiting grafts. It is managed by UNIVAC 1108 computer. More than 25 medical-surgical transplant teams from France, Switzerland, Holland and Spain are connected with the computer. It was five years ago that the first interrogation system began operating in real time 20 hours out of 24, using a telex line, and it continues to provide complete satisfaction. The updating of the data is done by the RITREC system, also using a telex machine. An adaptation of the programs applied for choosing blood and platelet donors is in the process of being realized.", "contents": "Computerized system for the selection of the most HLA-compatible kidney recipient (France-Transplant). The RITRAN program is applied to renal transplantation and operates within the framework of France Transplant. It makes it possible to choose the most compatible kidney recipient within the ABO blood group system and within the major histocompatibility system in man (HLA). The file presently comprises the data stored on tape concerning 1800 dialysis patients who are awaiting grafts. It is managed by UNIVAC 1108 computer. More than 25 medical-surgical transplant teams from France, Switzerland, Holland and Spain are connected with the computer. It was five years ago that the first interrogation system began operating in real time 20 hours out of 24, using a telex line, and it continues to provide complete satisfaction. The updating of the data is done by the RITREC system, also using a telex machine. An adaptation of the programs applied for choosing blood and platelet donors is in the process of being realized."}
{"id": "PMID:355993", "title": "A micromethod for measuring neutrophil candidacidal activity in neonates.", "content": "We developed a micromethod, requiring but a few drops of blood, for measuring the ability of neutrophils to kill ingested Candida albicans. The neutrophils of 10 normal adults killed 26.2 +/- 9.5% of ingested C. albicans in 2.5 hr in a standard fungicidal assay, and 21.4 +/- 6.5% in our new micromodification. Neutrophils from 14 full term, healthy 30- to 40-hr-old infants, studied with the micromethod, killed 23.2 +/- 6.0% of ingested C. albicans. We conclude that the neutrophils of normal neonates are competent in this sphere of antimicrobial activity.", "contents": "A micromethod for measuring neutrophil candidacidal activity in neonates. We developed a micromethod, requiring but a few drops of blood, for measuring the ability of neutrophils to kill ingested Candida albicans. The neutrophils of 10 normal adults killed 26.2 +/- 9.5% of ingested C. albicans in 2.5 hr in a standard fungicidal assay, and 21.4 +/- 6.5% in our new micromodification. Neutrophils from 14 full term, healthy 30- to 40-hr-old infants, studied with the micromethod, killed 23.2 +/- 6.0% of ingested C. albicans. We conclude that the neutrophils of normal neonates are competent in this sphere of antimicrobial activity."}
{"id": "PMID:355997", "title": "The stimulus secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. XXVII. Effect of glucose on K+ fluxes in isolated islets.", "content": "The effect of glucose upon the handling of K+ by islets of Langerhans removed from normal rats was investigated by measuring both the net uptake of 86Rb+ and its efflux from prelabelled islets. The inflow of K+ into islet cells is mediated, in part at least, by an ouabain-sensitive pump. Glucose fails to affect the inflow rate of K+, but it apparently decreases the permeability of islet cells plasma membrane to effuent K+. The glucose-induced change in permeability is a rapid and rapidly reversible phenomenon. Under steady-state conditions, it leads to an increase in the islet cells K+ pool and a decrease of its fractional turnover rate.", "contents": "The stimulus secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. XXVII. Effect of glucose on K+ fluxes in isolated islets. The effect of glucose upon the handling of K+ by islets of Langerhans removed from normal rats was investigated by measuring both the net uptake of 86Rb+ and its efflux from prelabelled islets. The inflow of K+ into islet cells is mediated, in part at least, by an ouabain-sensitive pump. Glucose fails to affect the inflow rate of K+, but it apparently decreases the permeability of islet cells plasma membrane to effuent K+. The glucose-induced change in permeability is a rapid and rapidly reversible phenomenon. Under steady-state conditions, it leads to an increase in the islet cells K+ pool and a decrease of its fractional turnover rate."}
{"id": "PMID:355999", "title": "A diffractometer using a lateral effect photodiode for the rapid determination of sarcomere length changes in cross-striated muscle.", "content": "A simple method is devised to record rapid sarcomere length changes of muscle fibres using a lateral effect diode. In the standard position the diffractometer records length changes between 1.65 and 3.8 micron, the output being linear 1 V/micron with a frequency response of -3 dB at 1.2 kHz. The absolute error is less than 0.05 micron between 1.65 and 2.80 micron and less than 0.1 micron between 2.81 and 3.30 micron. The resolution of length changes is less than 0.005 micron over the whole range. By varying the detector position the length range can be extended to either side, and spatial resolution can be improved at the expense of length range.", "contents": "A diffractometer using a lateral effect photodiode for the rapid determination of sarcomere length changes in cross-striated muscle. A simple method is devised to record rapid sarcomere length changes of muscle fibres using a lateral effect diode. In the standard position the diffractometer records length changes between 1.65 and 3.8 micron, the output being linear 1 V/micron with a frequency response of -3 dB at 1.2 kHz. The absolute error is less than 0.05 micron between 1.65 and 2.80 micron and less than 0.1 micron between 2.81 and 3.30 micron. The resolution of length changes is less than 0.005 micron over the whole range. By varying the detector position the length range can be extended to either side, and spatial resolution can be improved at the expense of length range."}
{"id": "PMID:356010", "title": "Standardized fixation of human lung for radiology and morphometry; Description of a \"two chamber\"-system with formaldehyde vapor inflation.", "content": "In order to obtain optimal preservation of lungs for histology, morphometry and radiology a two-chamber system of lung fixation with hot formaldehyde vapor is introduced. Compared with other procedures this system offers small dead space and ensures quick and thorough fixation by imitating \"inspiration\" and \"expiration\". Volume- and pressure-regulated \"breathing\" enables fixation in a stage of the respiration cycle, which can be chosen. This procedure can be used routinely in the autopsy room. The only serious drawback seems to be air pollution, if the chambers are not absolutely insulated.", "contents": "Standardized fixation of human lung for radiology and morphometry; Description of a \"two chamber\"-system with formaldehyde vapor inflation. In order to obtain optimal preservation of lungs for histology, morphometry and radiology a two-chamber system of lung fixation with hot formaldehyde vapor is introduced. Compared with other procedures this system offers small dead space and ensures quick and thorough fixation by imitating \"inspiration\" and \"expiration\". Volume- and pressure-regulated \"breathing\" enables fixation in a stage of the respiration cycle, which can be chosen. This procedure can be used routinely in the autopsy room. The only serious drawback seems to be air pollution, if the chambers are not absolutely insulated."}
{"id": "PMID:356015", "title": "[Resistance of yeast cells to plastics and elastics].", "content": "For the investigation of plastics and elastics several sensitive biological methods are in use. In the Pharmacopeia of GDR, 2nd edition, a safety-test on isolated frogheart is prescribed for plastics and a safety-test on daphnia magna for elastics. Ionescu-Stoian had recommended a test using saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found a good conformity of the result given by this test with the results of the daphnia-test. On the other hand, the saccharomyces cerevisiae-test is much more sensitive than the test with isolated frogheart.", "contents": "[Resistance of yeast cells to plastics and elastics]. For the investigation of plastics and elastics several sensitive biological methods are in use. In the Pharmacopeia of GDR, 2nd edition, a safety-test on isolated frogheart is prescribed for plastics and a safety-test on daphnia magna for elastics. Ionescu-Stoian had recommended a test using saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found a good conformity of the result given by this test with the results of the daphnia-test. On the other hand, the saccharomyces cerevisiae-test is much more sensitive than the test with isolated frogheart."}
{"id": "PMID:356017", "title": "[Complex pneumoconiosis in dental laboratory technicians].", "content": "Five cases of complex pneumoconiosis are described in dental prosthesis makers. The histo-spectrographic analysis with Castaing's microprobe of the lung fragment obtained by surgical biopsy revealed a complex disease associating silicosis of cobalt pneumoconiosis.", "contents": "[Complex pneumoconiosis in dental laboratory technicians]. Five cases of complex pneumoconiosis are described in dental prosthesis makers. The histo-spectrographic analysis with Castaing's microprobe of the lung fragment obtained by surgical biopsy revealed a complex disease associating silicosis of cobalt pneumoconiosis."}
{"id": "PMID:356029", "title": "Pretransplant assays of alloimmunity in predicting renal graft outcome.", "content": "Forty-one renal allograft recipients were studied for evidence of specific antidonor alloimmunity prior to transplantation. Pretransplant evidence of antibody to the donor as detected by ADCC correlated with the occurrence of early graft loss. This suggests that the ADCC may serve as a useful pretransplant corssmatching procedure.", "contents": "Pretransplant assays of alloimmunity in predicting renal graft outcome. Forty-one renal allograft recipients were studied for evidence of specific antidonor alloimmunity prior to transplantation. Pretransplant evidence of antibody to the donor as detected by ADCC correlated with the occurrence of early graft loss. This suggests that the ADCC may serve as a useful pretransplant corssmatching procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:356031", "title": "Long-term results of renal transplantation in children.", "content": "Of 81 children at risk for 5 to 11 yrs following an initial renal allograft, 62 (77%) are alive and 54 (67%) have a functioning allograft. Growth retardation remains a significant problem following transplantation in children; however, rehabilitation is excellent with 94% of recipients surviving with a functioning allograft engaged in age appropriate activities.", "contents": "Long-term results of renal transplantation in children. Of 81 children at risk for 5 to 11 yrs following an initial renal allograft, 62 (77%) are alive and 54 (67%) have a functioning allograft. Growth retardation remains a significant problem following transplantation in children; however, rehabilitation is excellent with 94% of recipients surviving with a functioning allograft engaged in age appropriate activities."}
{"id": "PMID:356035", "title": "Renal transplantation in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Patients with end-stage renal disease secondary to SLE with or without preceding nonrenal disease manifestations, should have dialysis and/or transplantation offered to them. There is no increased risk of allograft rejection. Neither does there appear to be excessive risk of recrudescence of SLE disease activity.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Patients with end-stage renal disease secondary to SLE with or without preceding nonrenal disease manifestations, should have dialysis and/or transplantation offered to them. There is no increased risk of allograft rejection. Neither does there appear to be excessive risk of recrudescence of SLE disease activity."}
{"id": "PMID:356043", "title": "Mechanism of ultraviolet-induced mutagenesis: extent and fidelity of in vitro DNA synthesis on irradiated templates.", "content": "The effect of UV irradiation on the extent and fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro was studied by using homopolymers and primed single-stranded varphiX174 phage DNA as substrates. Unfractionated and fractionated cell-free extracts from Escherichia coli pol(+) and polA1 mutants as well as purified DNA polymerase I were used as sources of enzymatic activity. (DNA polymerases, as used here, refer to deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7.) The extent of inhibition of DNA synthesis on UV-irradiated varphiX174 DNA suggested that pyrimidine dimers act as an absolute block for chain elongation by DNA polymerases I and III. Experiments with an irradiated poly(dC) template failed to detect incorporation of noncomplementary bases due to pyrimidine dimers. A large increase in the turnover of nucleoside triphosphates to free monophosphates during synthesis by DNA polymerase I on irradiated varphiX174 DNA has been observed. We propose that this nucleotide turnover is due to idling by DNA polymerase (i.e., incorporation and subsequent excision of nucleotides opposite UV photolesions, by the 3'-->5' \"proofreading\" exonuclease) thus preventing replication past pyrimidine dimers and the potentially mutagenic event that should result. In support of this hypothesis, DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus and by mammalian DNA polymerase alpha, both of which are devoid of any exonuclease activity, was found to be only partially inhibited, but not blocked, by UV irradiation of the template and accompanied by an increased incorporation of noncomplementary nucleotides. It is suggested that UV mutagenesis in bacteria requires an induced modification of the cellular DNA replication machinery, possibly an inhibition of the 3'-->5' exonuclease activity associated with DNA polymerases.", "contents": "Mechanism of ultraviolet-induced mutagenesis: extent and fidelity of in vitro DNA synthesis on irradiated templates. The effect of UV irradiation on the extent and fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro was studied by using homopolymers and primed single-stranded varphiX174 phage DNA as substrates. Unfractionated and fractionated cell-free extracts from Escherichia coli pol(+) and polA1 mutants as well as purified DNA polymerase I were used as sources of enzymatic activity. (DNA polymerases, as used here, refer to deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7.) The extent of inhibition of DNA synthesis on UV-irradiated varphiX174 DNA suggested that pyrimidine dimers act as an absolute block for chain elongation by DNA polymerases I and III. Experiments with an irradiated poly(dC) template failed to detect incorporation of noncomplementary bases due to pyrimidine dimers. A large increase in the turnover of nucleoside triphosphates to free monophosphates during synthesis by DNA polymerase I on irradiated varphiX174 DNA has been observed. We propose that this nucleotide turnover is due to idling by DNA polymerase (i.e., incorporation and subsequent excision of nucleotides opposite UV photolesions, by the 3'-->5' \"proofreading\" exonuclease) thus preventing replication past pyrimidine dimers and the potentially mutagenic event that should result. In support of this hypothesis, DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus and by mammalian DNA polymerase alpha, both of which are devoid of any exonuclease activity, was found to be only partially inhibited, but not blocked, by UV irradiation of the template and accompanied by an increased incorporation of noncomplementary nucleotides. It is suggested that UV mutagenesis in bacteria requires an induced modification of the cellular DNA replication machinery, possibly an inhibition of the 3'-->5' exonuclease activity associated with DNA polymerases."}
{"id": "PMID:356044", "title": "Functional covalent complex between elongation factor Tu and an analog of lysyl-tRNA.", "content": "Complex formation between elongation factor Tu, GTP, and Nepsilon-bromoacetyl-Lys-tRNA results in the cross-linking of the protein and the modified Lys-tRNA. The efficiency of affinity labeling is greater than 50%. In the presence of unmodified Lys-tRNA, the amount of crosslinking is greatly decreased. There is no covalent reaction with elongation factor Tu in the absence of complex formation. Substantial purification of the crosslinked ternary complex can be achieved by gel filtration at low Mg2+ concentration and passage through nitrocellulose filters. The crosslinked complex exhibits message-dependent binding to ribosomes which is accompanied by the hydrolysis of the associated GTP, as shown by both filter assays and gel filtration profiles. The crosslinked complex therefore appears to function normally except for its inability to dissociate. These experiments demonstrate that the ternary complex is the true intermediate in the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomes.", "contents": "Functional covalent complex between elongation factor Tu and an analog of lysyl-tRNA. Complex formation between elongation factor Tu, GTP, and Nepsilon-bromoacetyl-Lys-tRNA results in the cross-linking of the protein and the modified Lys-tRNA. The efficiency of affinity labeling is greater than 50%. In the presence of unmodified Lys-tRNA, the amount of crosslinking is greatly decreased. There is no covalent reaction with elongation factor Tu in the absence of complex formation. Substantial purification of the crosslinked ternary complex can be achieved by gel filtration at low Mg2+ concentration and passage through nitrocellulose filters. The crosslinked complex exhibits message-dependent binding to ribosomes which is accompanied by the hydrolysis of the associated GTP, as shown by both filter assays and gel filtration profiles. The crosslinked complex therefore appears to function normally except for its inability to dissociate. These experiments demonstrate that the ternary complex is the true intermediate in the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:356045", "title": "ATP-induced conformational changes in the restriction endonuclease from Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "ATP induces a conformational change in the Escherichia coli K-12 restriction enzyme that allows it to discriminate between unmodified and modified DNA recognition sequences. This conformational change does not require ATP hydrolysis. However, ATP hydrolysis is a requirement for DNA cleavage.", "contents": "ATP-induced conformational changes in the restriction endonuclease from Escherichia coli K-12. ATP induces a conformational change in the Escherichia coli K-12 restriction enzyme that allows it to discriminate between unmodified and modified DNA recognition sequences. This conformational change does not require ATP hydrolysis. However, ATP hydrolysis is a requirement for DNA cleavage."}
{"id": "PMID:356046", "title": "Direct demonstration of duplicate tuf genes in enteric bacteria.", "content": "Radioactive tuf mRNA was used to detect the tuf gene in bacterial DNA that had been digested by various restriction endonucleases. Both the K-12 and the B strains of Escherichia coli contain two tuf genes, but no more than two. Salmonella typhimurium also contains duplicate tuf genes.", "contents": "Direct demonstration of duplicate tuf genes in enteric bacteria. Radioactive tuf mRNA was used to detect the tuf gene in bacterial DNA that had been digested by various restriction endonucleases. Both the K-12 and the B strains of Escherichia coli contain two tuf genes, but no more than two. Salmonella typhimurium also contains duplicate tuf genes."}
{"id": "PMID:356047", "title": "Evaluation of the partitioning of bound inorganic phosphate during medium and intermediate phosphate in equilibrium water oxygen exchange reactions of yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase.", "content": "During the rapid exchange of oxygens of Pi with water catalyzed by yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase, Pi at the catalytic site may either dissociate or undergo reversible loss of an oxygen to water. The effective partitioning of bound Pi during exchange starting with medium Pi containing 18O in all four oxygens has been evaluated by mass spectral analysis of the change in the distribution of Pi species containing zero to four 18O oxygens per Pi. This analysis indicates that the rate of Pi release from the enzyme is only 1.4 times faster than the rate of reformation of the anhydrous intermediate. A similar partitioning of bound Pi is observed during PPi hydrolysis, indicating that hydrolysis and medium exchange have common intermediates. The approach should be applicable to study of related phosphate oxygen exchanges.", "contents": "Evaluation of the partitioning of bound inorganic phosphate during medium and intermediate phosphate in equilibrium water oxygen exchange reactions of yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase. During the rapid exchange of oxygens of Pi with water catalyzed by yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase, Pi at the catalytic site may either dissociate or undergo reversible loss of an oxygen to water. The effective partitioning of bound Pi during exchange starting with medium Pi containing 18O in all four oxygens has been evaluated by mass spectral analysis of the change in the distribution of Pi species containing zero to four 18O oxygens per Pi. This analysis indicates that the rate of Pi release from the enzyme is only 1.4 times faster than the rate of reformation of the anhydrous intermediate. A similar partitioning of bound Pi is observed during PPi hydrolysis, indicating that hydrolysis and medium exchange have common intermediates. The approach should be applicable to study of related phosphate oxygen exchanges."}
{"id": "PMID:356048", "title": "Visualization of the intracellular development of bacteriophage lambda, with special reference to DNA packaging.", "content": "To reveal intermediates in lambda DNA packaging, infected cells were osmotically ruptured and the cell lysates were deposited on electron microscope grids by sedimentation through a sucrose/formalin cushion. A fixation procedure that crosslinks head-related structures to DNA allowed us to study successive stages in the process of head filling. Three types of head-related structures can be distinguished: (i) empty heads (petit lambda), less angular in outline than complete lambda heads; (ii) heads partially filled with DNA (partially filled heads), having a roundish outline; and (iii) particles tightly packed with DNA (full heads), having a hexagonal outline. DNA-head complexes were bound either at the terminal end of a DNA thread or at a point intermediate along the thread. The terminal complexes were more abundant. No head-related structures could be found in an induced lambda mutant lysogen blocked in the synthesis of petit lambda (amber in lambda gene E). One type of mutant blocked in DNA packaging (amber in gene A) produces empty heads and free tails, whereas another (amber in gene D) produces partially filled heads in addition. Our data suggest that a DNA-petit lambda complex may be an early intermediate in packaging and that the lambda DNA substrate can be a cohesive-ended concatemer or a concatemer with double-stranded cohesive site sequences.", "contents": "Visualization of the intracellular development of bacteriophage lambda, with special reference to DNA packaging. To reveal intermediates in lambda DNA packaging, infected cells were osmotically ruptured and the cell lysates were deposited on electron microscope grids by sedimentation through a sucrose/formalin cushion. A fixation procedure that crosslinks head-related structures to DNA allowed us to study successive stages in the process of head filling. Three types of head-related structures can be distinguished: (i) empty heads (petit lambda), less angular in outline than complete lambda heads; (ii) heads partially filled with DNA (partially filled heads), having a roundish outline; and (iii) particles tightly packed with DNA (full heads), having a hexagonal outline. DNA-head complexes were bound either at the terminal end of a DNA thread or at a point intermediate along the thread. The terminal complexes were more abundant. No head-related structures could be found in an induced lambda mutant lysogen blocked in the synthesis of petit lambda (amber in lambda gene E). One type of mutant blocked in DNA packaging (amber in gene A) produces empty heads and free tails, whereas another (amber in gene D) produces partially filled heads in addition. Our data suggest that a DNA-petit lambda complex may be an early intermediate in packaging and that the lambda DNA substrate can be a cohesive-ended concatemer or a concatemer with double-stranded cohesive site sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:356049", "title": "Identification of the structural proteins of an ATP-driven potassium transport system in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The three structural proteins of the ATP-driven Kdp potassium transport system of Escherichia coli [Rhoads, D. B., Waters, F. B. & Epstein, W. (1976) J. Gen. Physiol. 67, 325-341] have been identified and found to be located in the inner membrane. The high-affinity repressible Kdp system in one of four potassium transport systems in E. coli. The Kdp proteins were identified both in growing cells as well as in heavily UV-irradiated cells infected with transducing phages carrying the kdp operon. Although all previously identified ATP-driven transport systems of Gram-negative bacteria have been shown to contain a periplasmic protein component, no evidence was found for such a component or for an outer membrane component of the Kdp system. The molecular weights of the three inner membrane proteins, KdpA, KdpB, and KdpC, were determined to be 47,000, 90,000 and 22,000, respectively.", "contents": "Identification of the structural proteins of an ATP-driven potassium transport system in Escherichia coli. The three structural proteins of the ATP-driven Kdp potassium transport system of Escherichia coli [Rhoads, D. B., Waters, F. B. & Epstein, W. (1976) J. Gen. Physiol. 67, 325-341] have been identified and found to be located in the inner membrane. The high-affinity repressible Kdp system in one of four potassium transport systems in E. coli. The Kdp proteins were identified both in growing cells as well as in heavily UV-irradiated cells infected with transducing phages carrying the kdp operon. Although all previously identified ATP-driven transport systems of Gram-negative bacteria have been shown to contain a periplasmic protein component, no evidence was found for such a component or for an outer membrane component of the Kdp system. The molecular weights of the three inner membrane proteins, KdpA, KdpB, and KdpC, were determined to be 47,000, 90,000 and 22,000, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:356050", "title": "Novel template requirements of N4 virion RNA polymerase.", "content": "A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been purified from disrupted virions of the Escherichia coli bacteriophage N4. The RNA polymerase is phage-coded and is required for class I N4 RNA synthesis, which is defined as RNA synthesized in vivo in the absence of post-infection protein synthesis. A polypeptide of molecular weight 350,000 is detected when the purified enzyme is analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. N4 RNA polymerase requires denatured DNA as a template in vitro and shows a strong preference for denatured N4 DNA. With this template, transcription is asymmetric. The RNA product is complementary to only the H strand of N4 DNA. Furthermore, only class I N4 RNA is synthesized. In vivo transcription by the N4 virion RNA polymerase is inhibited by coumermycin. This result suggests that the activity of E. coli DNA gyrase, an enzyme that introduces negative supertwists into DNA, is required for N4 transcription.", "contents": "Novel template requirements of N4 virion RNA polymerase. A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been purified from disrupted virions of the Escherichia coli bacteriophage N4. The RNA polymerase is phage-coded and is required for class I N4 RNA synthesis, which is defined as RNA synthesized in vivo in the absence of post-infection protein synthesis. A polypeptide of molecular weight 350,000 is detected when the purified enzyme is analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. N4 RNA polymerase requires denatured DNA as a template in vitro and shows a strong preference for denatured N4 DNA. With this template, transcription is asymmetric. The RNA product is complementary to only the H strand of N4 DNA. Furthermore, only class I N4 RNA is synthesized. In vivo transcription by the N4 virion RNA polymerase is inhibited by coumermycin. This result suggests that the activity of E. coli DNA gyrase, an enzyme that introduces negative supertwists into DNA, is required for N4 transcription."}
{"id": "PMID:356051", "title": "Reconstitution of purified detergent-soluble HLA-A and HLA-B antigens into phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "Purified detergent-soluble human histocmpatibility antigens (HLA-A and HLA-B) were reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles by mixing the protein and lipid together in the presence of either octylglucoside (octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside) or deoxycholate and removing the detergent by dialysis. The resulting preparation consisted of lipid vesicles containing all or most of the added protein. The protein in the vesicles was antigenically active, as demonstrated by specific binding to anti-beta2-microglobulin IgG-Sepharose beads and by specific inhibition of alloantibody and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Protein incorporated into vesicles at a protein/phospholipid ratio of 1:10 showed an asymmetric distribution of the HLA-A and HLA-B molecules, with virtually all of the antigens oriented facing the external medium. Cleavage experiments with proteases showed that the molecule was attached to the vesicle membrane via the COOH terminus, consistent with its proposed structure in intact cellular plasma membranes. Electron micrographs of the vesicles showed 50-60 A knobs on the outer surface similar to structures observed for other membrane proteins. HLA-A and HLA-B could also be incoporated into vesicles together with Semliki Forest virus membrane proteins. The resulting preparations should be useful in defining the molecular interactions involving HLA-A and HLA-B antigens in the immune response.", "contents": "Reconstitution of purified detergent-soluble HLA-A and HLA-B antigens into phospholipid vesicles. Purified detergent-soluble human histocmpatibility antigens (HLA-A and HLA-B) were reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles by mixing the protein and lipid together in the presence of either octylglucoside (octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside) or deoxycholate and removing the detergent by dialysis. The resulting preparation consisted of lipid vesicles containing all or most of the added protein. The protein in the vesicles was antigenically active, as demonstrated by specific binding to anti-beta2-microglobulin IgG-Sepharose beads and by specific inhibition of alloantibody and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Protein incorporated into vesicles at a protein/phospholipid ratio of 1:10 showed an asymmetric distribution of the HLA-A and HLA-B molecules, with virtually all of the antigens oriented facing the external medium. Cleavage experiments with proteases showed that the molecule was attached to the vesicle membrane via the COOH terminus, consistent with its proposed structure in intact cellular plasma membranes. Electron micrographs of the vesicles showed 50-60 A knobs on the outer surface similar to structures observed for other membrane proteins. HLA-A and HLA-B could also be incoporated into vesicles together with Semliki Forest virus membrane proteins. The resulting preparations should be useful in defining the molecular interactions involving HLA-A and HLA-B antigens in the immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:356052", "title": "Visualization by fluorescence of the binding and internalization of epidermal growth factor in human carcinoma cells A-431.", "content": "The binding and internalization of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in human epithelioid carcinoma cells (A-431), which have approximately 2.6 X 10(6) receptors per cell, has been followed with 125I-labeled EGF and by fluorescence microscopy. We have prepared a fluorescent derivative of EGF that is biologically active and retains substantial binding affinity for cell receptors. After binding of this derivative to cells at 6 degrees, the cellular borders were prominently stained and the fluorescence on the remainder of the membrane was uniform. Upon warming of these cells to 37 degrees for 10 min, the surface fluorescence diminished and randomly distributed endocytotic vesicles appeared in the cytoplasm. After 20 min at 37 degrees these fluorescent vesicles formed a perinuclear ring. The binding of EGF to the surface of these cells was also visualized by immunofluorescence using rabbit antibodies to EGF and rhodamine-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibodies. We did not detect large fluorescent clusters or cap formation in these experiments. These data provide direct confirmation of the previous biochemical data that suggested that cell membrane-bound EGF is rapidly internalized.", "contents": "Visualization by fluorescence of the binding and internalization of epidermal growth factor in human carcinoma cells A-431. The binding and internalization of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in human epithelioid carcinoma cells (A-431), which have approximately 2.6 X 10(6) receptors per cell, has been followed with 125I-labeled EGF and by fluorescence microscopy. We have prepared a fluorescent derivative of EGF that is biologically active and retains substantial binding affinity for cell receptors. After binding of this derivative to cells at 6 degrees, the cellular borders were prominently stained and the fluorescence on the remainder of the membrane was uniform. Upon warming of these cells to 37 degrees for 10 min, the surface fluorescence diminished and randomly distributed endocytotic vesicles appeared in the cytoplasm. After 20 min at 37 degrees these fluorescent vesicles formed a perinuclear ring. The binding of EGF to the surface of these cells was also visualized by immunofluorescence using rabbit antibodies to EGF and rhodamine-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibodies. We did not detect large fluorescent clusters or cap formation in these experiments. These data provide direct confirmation of the previous biochemical data that suggested that cell membrane-bound EGF is rapidly internalized."}
{"id": "PMID:356053", "title": "Transport of long-chain fatty acids by Escherichia coli: mapping and characterization of mutants in the fadL gene.", "content": "A new locus (fadL) that is required for the utilization of long-chain fatty acids has been mapped and partially characterized in an Escherichia coli mutant. The fadL locus has been mapped at 50 min on the chromosome. A mutant bearing a defect in this locus cannot utilize long-chain fatty acids as a sole carbon source. Derivatives of this mutant that can grow on decanoate (termed fadR) are capable of growth on medium-chain but not long-chain fatty acids. It is believed that the fadL mutants is defective in the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the cell for the following reasons: (i) fadR fadL strains can oxidize in vivo decanoate but not oleate; (ii) neither fadL nor fadR fadL strains can incorporate oleate into their membrane  lipids; (iii) the activity of the acyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.3) in fadR fadL strains is comparable to the acyl-CoA synthetase activity in fadR fadL+ strains; and (iv) in vitro extracts from fadR fadL+ strains. If the above hypothesis is correct, the uptake of long-chain fatty acids by E. coli requires at least two gene products.", "contents": "Transport of long-chain fatty acids by Escherichia coli: mapping and characterization of mutants in the fadL gene. A new locus (fadL) that is required for the utilization of long-chain fatty acids has been mapped and partially characterized in an Escherichia coli mutant. The fadL locus has been mapped at 50 min on the chromosome. A mutant bearing a defect in this locus cannot utilize long-chain fatty acids as a sole carbon source. Derivatives of this mutant that can grow on decanoate (termed fadR) are capable of growth on medium-chain but not long-chain fatty acids. It is believed that the fadL mutants is defective in the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the cell for the following reasons: (i) fadR fadL strains can oxidize in vivo decanoate but not oleate; (ii) neither fadL nor fadR fadL strains can incorporate oleate into their membrane  lipids; (iii) the activity of the acyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.3) in fadR fadL strains is comparable to the acyl-CoA synthetase activity in fadR fadL+ strains; and (iv) in vitro extracts from fadR fadL+ strains. If the above hypothesis is correct, the uptake of long-chain fatty acids by E. coli requires at least two gene products."}
{"id": "PMID:356054", "title": "Enhancement of the neonate's nonspecific immunity to Klebsiella infection by muramyl dipeptide, a synthetic immunoadjuvant.", "content": "N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide) and certain derivatives that are structural analogs of part of the bacterial peptidoglycan monomer have been shown to be adjuvant active and to enhance the nonspecific immunity of adult mice infected by Klebsiella pneumoniae. In the present study muramyl dipeptide and two other synthetic analogs were found to be active in newborn mice. This activity could be demonstrated after administration by subcutaneous or even by oral route. In contrast to what was observed after treatment by lipopolysaccharide, 8-day-old mice were definitively protected against bacterial challenge by these glycopeptides. Therefore such molecules could have a great value in view of studying and correcting the neonate's unresponsiveness.", "contents": "Enhancement of the neonate's nonspecific immunity to Klebsiella infection by muramyl dipeptide, a synthetic immunoadjuvant. N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide) and certain derivatives that are structural analogs of part of the bacterial peptidoglycan monomer have been shown to be adjuvant active and to enhance the nonspecific immunity of adult mice infected by Klebsiella pneumoniae. In the present study muramyl dipeptide and two other synthetic analogs were found to be active in newborn mice. This activity could be demonstrated after administration by subcutaneous or even by oral route. In contrast to what was observed after treatment by lipopolysaccharide, 8-day-old mice were definitively protected against bacterial challenge by these glycopeptides. Therefore such molecules could have a great value in view of studying and correcting the neonate's unresponsiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:356055", "title": "Interspecies transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to Syrian hamsters with reference to clinical syndromes and strains of agent.", "content": "Experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was serially transmitted from guinea pigs to Syrian hamsters with 100% incidence, morbidity, and mortality. All animals developed a subacute spongiform virus encephalopathy with neuronal destruction and concomitant astrocytic changes. In the first passage three different clinical syndromes were recorded, each with widely variant incubation times; these results suggested there may be different strains of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob agent, some of which may be partially separated when the agent is passaged from one species to another. Accumulations of neurofilaments in neuronal perikarya and processes and increased lipofuscin were suggestive of changes seen in senility and aging.", "contents": "Interspecies transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to Syrian hamsters with reference to clinical syndromes and strains of agent. Experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was serially transmitted from guinea pigs to Syrian hamsters with 100% incidence, morbidity, and mortality. All animals developed a subacute spongiform virus encephalopathy with neuronal destruction and concomitant astrocytic changes. In the first passage three different clinical syndromes were recorded, each with widely variant incubation times; these results suggested there may be different strains of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob agent, some of which may be partially separated when the agent is passaged from one species to another. Accumulations of neurofilaments in neuronal perikarya and processes and increased lipofuscin were suggestive of changes seen in senility and aging."}
{"id": "PMID:356056", "title": "Coronary vasodilator activity of 13,14-dehydroprostacyclin methyl ester: comparison with prostacyclin and other prostanoids.", "content": "The effects of a recently synthesized, stable prostacyclin (PGI2) analog, 13,14-dehydro-PGI2 methyl ester, and authentic PGI2 and several other prostanoids on the coronary circulation were investigated in the intact dog by using a new technique to measure coronary sinus blood flow. The PGI2 analog, PGI2, and prostaglandin (PG) E2 and D2 each increased coronary sinus blood flow in a dose-related fashion when injected into the left coronary artery. The analog and PGE2 had similar vasodilator activity while PGI2 was slightly more potent. PGD2 was a moderately active coronary vasodilator whereas PGF2alpha was inactive. The coronary vasodilator effects of PGI2, its analog, PGE2, and PGD2 occurred at doses that had little effect on aortic pressure, left ventricular pressure and its first derivative, or on cardiac output and heart rate. The prostaglandin precursor arachidonic acid and the endoperoxide intermediate PGH2 both increased coronary sinus blood flow in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of arachidonic acid were inhibited by indomethacin. These data show that PGE2, PGI2, and a stable PGI2 analog are potent vasodilators in the canine coronary vascular bed and suggest that the vasodilator effects of arachidonic acid and PGH2 may be due to the formation of PGE2, PGD2, or PGI2 in the dog heart.", "contents": "Coronary vasodilator activity of 13,14-dehydroprostacyclin methyl ester: comparison with prostacyclin and other prostanoids. The effects of a recently synthesized, stable prostacyclin (PGI2) analog, 13,14-dehydro-PGI2 methyl ester, and authentic PGI2 and several other prostanoids on the coronary circulation were investigated in the intact dog by using a new technique to measure coronary sinus blood flow. The PGI2 analog, PGI2, and prostaglandin (PG) E2 and D2 each increased coronary sinus blood flow in a dose-related fashion when injected into the left coronary artery. The analog and PGE2 had similar vasodilator activity while PGI2 was slightly more potent. PGD2 was a moderately active coronary vasodilator whereas PGF2alpha was inactive. The coronary vasodilator effects of PGI2, its analog, PGE2, and PGD2 occurred at doses that had little effect on aortic pressure, left ventricular pressure and its first derivative, or on cardiac output and heart rate. The prostaglandin precursor arachidonic acid and the endoperoxide intermediate PGH2 both increased coronary sinus blood flow in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of arachidonic acid were inhibited by indomethacin. These data show that PGE2, PGI2, and a stable PGI2 analog are potent vasodilators in the canine coronary vascular bed and suggest that the vasodilator effects of arachidonic acid and PGH2 may be due to the formation of PGE2, PGD2, or PGI2 in the dog heart."}
{"id": "PMID:356063", "title": "The cytochrome P-450 reaction mechanism--kinetic aspects.", "content": "The reviewed kinetic investigations at the experimentally accessible partial reactions of the reaction sequence clearly evidence that the P-450 system represents a complex reaction system, the main control points of which are shown in Scheme 3: As can be seen, control elements are the substrate, the cytochrome species (P-450/448), the reducing agent, the reductase, phospholipid and parts of the b5 system as well. Formula (see text): All of these steps can be rate limiting (rate interfering), depending on the distinct substrate and oxygen donor. The ternary complex evidently has a key position however in that is structural specificities determine rate and product distribution of the respective substrate conversion. But unfortunately the ternary complex decay (including the e2 transfer) is kinetically unresolved till now.", "contents": "The cytochrome P-450 reaction mechanism--kinetic aspects. The reviewed kinetic investigations at the experimentally accessible partial reactions of the reaction sequence clearly evidence that the P-450 system represents a complex reaction system, the main control points of which are shown in Scheme 3: As can be seen, control elements are the substrate, the cytochrome species (P-450/448), the reducing agent, the reductase, phospholipid and parts of the b5 system as well. Formula (see text): All of these steps can be rate limiting (rate interfering), depending on the distinct substrate and oxygen donor. The ternary complex evidently has a key position however in that is structural specificities determine rate and product distribution of the respective substrate conversion. But unfortunately the ternary complex decay (including the e2 transfer) is kinetically unresolved till now."}
{"id": "PMID:356066", "title": "Patient compliance: practical implications for physical therapists. A review of the literature.", "content": "Patients do not always follow medical advice. This literature review describes the extent to which patients fail to comply, methods of measuring compliance, factors affecting compliance, and programs to obtain maximal compliance. Although most of the literature on patient compliance stems from drug studies, physical therapists can gain valuable information from these studies. Some of the practical implications for physical therapists are presented.", "contents": "Patient compliance: practical implications for physical therapists. A review of the literature. Patients do not always follow medical advice. This literature review describes the extent to which patients fail to comply, methods of measuring compliance, factors affecting compliance, and programs to obtain maximal compliance. Although most of the literature on patient compliance stems from drug studies, physical therapists can gain valuable information from these studies. Some of the practical implications for physical therapists are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:356072", "title": "Ego vicissitudes in response to replacement or loss of body parts. Certain analogies to events during psychoanalytic treatment.", "content": "A comparison is made between the analytic experience and two distinct kinds of surgery, i.e., organ transplant operations and more traditional surgical procedures. Basically, the first add new parts, while the latter remove old parts. This fundamental difference influences patients' response to the surgical intervention. Similarly, in analysis one can identify phases when the patient is troubled over the possibility of acquiring new parts of the self, and other phases, usually later in treatment, when he mourns the loss of old and familiar parts. These generalizations bear on the problem of resistance to change during analysis and patients' fears about permitting themselves to be influenced by analytic treatment.", "contents": "Ego vicissitudes in response to replacement or loss of body parts. Certain analogies to events during psychoanalytic treatment. A comparison is made between the analytic experience and two distinct kinds of surgery, i.e., organ transplant operations and more traditional surgical procedures. Basically, the first add new parts, while the latter remove old parts. This fundamental difference influences patients' response to the surgical intervention. Similarly, in analysis one can identify phases when the patient is troubled over the possibility of acquiring new parts of the self, and other phases, usually later in treatment, when he mourns the loss of old and familiar parts. These generalizations bear on the problem of resistance to change during analysis and patients' fears about permitting themselves to be influenced by analytic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:356073", "title": "Neurotic and narcissistic transferences in Freud's relationship with Josef Popper.", "content": "An analysis of Freud's avoidance of meeting with Josef Popper is offered which suggests that Freud's idealization of Popper was related to an unconscious fear of being attacked by him. This view is compared and contrasted with the concept that Freud had a \"mirror transference\" to Popper, as proposed by Wolf and Trosman (1974). The choice of focusing on either narcissistic or neurotic mechanisms in this psychobiographical inquiry is discussed and related to similar choices that commonly occur in clinical work.", "contents": "Neurotic and narcissistic transferences in Freud's relationship with Josef Popper. An analysis of Freud's avoidance of meeting with Josef Popper is offered which suggests that Freud's idealization of Popper was related to an unconscious fear of being attacked by him. This view is compared and contrasted with the concept that Freud had a \"mirror transference\" to Popper, as proposed by Wolf and Trosman (1974). The choice of focusing on either narcissistic or neurotic mechanisms in this psychobiographical inquiry is discussed and related to similar choices that commonly occur in clinical work."}
{"id": "PMID:356078", "title": "Treatment of hypertension with biofeedback and relaxation techniques.", "content": "The present study describes a 16-week trial of the use of a combination of biofeedback and relaxation techniques for the treatment of hypertension. Twenty-two hypertensive patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups: (1) diastolic blood pressure feedback, electromyographic feedback, and verbal relaxation; (2) sham blood pressure feedback; and (3) no treatment. For the 14 patients completing active treatment during an initial or crossover period, the average changes in blood pressure as measured outside the laboratory were minimal (0/-1 and +1/0 mm Hg, supine and standing, respectively). Average blood pressure reduction in the laboratory was no greater with active than with sham blood pressure feedback (-3/-2 vs. -5/-2 mm Hg). One subject, however, after showing no change in blood pressure during sham feedback, achieved pronounced and prolonged improvement following active treatment. Overall results do not support the usefulness of these techniques as primary therapy in most hypertensives.", "contents": "Treatment of hypertension with biofeedback and relaxation techniques. The present study describes a 16-week trial of the use of a combination of biofeedback and relaxation techniques for the treatment of hypertension. Twenty-two hypertensive patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups: (1) diastolic blood pressure feedback, electromyographic feedback, and verbal relaxation; (2) sham blood pressure feedback; and (3) no treatment. For the 14 patients completing active treatment during an initial or crossover period, the average changes in blood pressure as measured outside the laboratory were minimal (0/-1 and +1/0 mm Hg, supine and standing, respectively). Average blood pressure reduction in the laboratory was no greater with active than with sham blood pressure feedback (-3/-2 vs. -5/-2 mm Hg). One subject, however, after showing no change in blood pressure during sham feedback, achieved pronounced and prolonged improvement following active treatment. Overall results do not support the usefulness of these techniques as primary therapy in most hypertensives."}
{"id": "PMID:356079", "title": "Nonpharmacologic control of essential hypertension in man: a critical review of the experimental literature.", "content": "Many nonpharmacologic (behavioral) techniques are being proposed for the therapy of essential hypertension. The research in this area is reviewed and divided roughly into two categories: the biofeedback and relaxation methodologies. While feedback can be used to lower pressures during laboratory training sessions, studies designed to alter basal blood pressure levels with biofeedback have not yet been reported. The absence of evidence for such changes through biofeedback limits the usefulness of this technique in hypertension control. The various relaxation methods, such as yoga, transcendental meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, and others have shown more promise. With varying degrees of experimental vigor, many of these techniques have been associated with long-lasting changes in blood pressure. The strengths and weaknesses of the various authors' research designs, data and conclusions are discussed, and suggestions for further experimentation are offered.", "contents": "Nonpharmacologic control of essential hypertension in man: a critical review of the experimental literature. Many nonpharmacologic (behavioral) techniques are being proposed for the therapy of essential hypertension. The research in this area is reviewed and divided roughly into two categories: the biofeedback and relaxation methodologies. While feedback can be used to lower pressures during laboratory training sessions, studies designed to alter basal blood pressure levels with biofeedback have not yet been reported. The absence of evidence for such changes through biofeedback limits the usefulness of this technique in hypertension control. The various relaxation methods, such as yoga, transcendental meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, and others have shown more promise. With varying degrees of experimental vigor, many of these techniques have been associated with long-lasting changes in blood pressure. The strengths and weaknesses of the various authors' research designs, data and conclusions are discussed, and suggestions for further experimentation are offered."}
{"id": "PMID:356080", "title": "Patterning of cognitive and somatic processes in the self-regulation of anxiety: effects of meditation versus exercise.", "content": "Davidson and Schwartz (1) have proposed a psychobiological analysis of anxiety that emphasizes the patterning of multiple processes in the generation and self-regulation of this state. The present article specifically reviews recent research on cognitive and somatic components of anxiety. A dual component scale which separately assesses cognitive and somatic trait anxiety is described and applied to the study of the differential effects of a somatic (physical exercise) and a cognitive (meditation) relaxation procedure. A total of 77 subjects was employed; 44 regularly practiced physical exercise and 33 regularly practiced meditation for comparable periods of time. As predicted, subjects practicing physical exercise reported relatively less somatic and more cognitive anxiety than meditators. These data suggest that specific subcomponents of anxiety may be differentially associated with relaxation techniques engaging primarily cognitive versus somatic subsystems. It is proposed that relaxation consists of (1) a generalized reduction to multiple physiological systems (termed the relaxation response by Benson) and (2) a more specific pattern of changes superimposed upon this general reduction, which is elicited by the particular techniques employed. The data from this retrospective study need to be followed up by prospective studies to establish the precise mechanisms for these effects.", "contents": "Patterning of cognitive and somatic processes in the self-regulation of anxiety: effects of meditation versus exercise. Davidson and Schwartz (1) have proposed a psychobiological analysis of anxiety that emphasizes the patterning of multiple processes in the generation and self-regulation of this state. The present article specifically reviews recent research on cognitive and somatic components of anxiety. A dual component scale which separately assesses cognitive and somatic trait anxiety is described and applied to the study of the differential effects of a somatic (physical exercise) and a cognitive (meditation) relaxation procedure. A total of 77 subjects was employed; 44 regularly practiced physical exercise and 33 regularly practiced meditation for comparable periods of time. As predicted, subjects practicing physical exercise reported relatively less somatic and more cognitive anxiety than meditators. These data suggest that specific subcomponents of anxiety may be differentially associated with relaxation techniques engaging primarily cognitive versus somatic subsystems. It is proposed that relaxation consists of (1) a generalized reduction to multiple physiological systems (termed the relaxation response by Benson) and (2) a more specific pattern of changes superimposed upon this general reduction, which is elicited by the particular techniques employed. The data from this retrospective study need to be followed up by prospective studies to establish the precise mechanisms for these effects."}
{"id": "PMID:356084", "title": "Lithium intoxication. (Report of 23 cases and review of 100 cases from the literature).", "content": "Twenty-three patients were studied, 21 of whom developed intoxication during maintenance therapy with a lithium dosage which had been unchanged for months to years. Toxic effects on brain, heart and kidneys were found and the severity of lithium intoxication seemed to depend on at least three factors: the height of the serum lithium concentration (SLi), the duration of lithium intoxication and individual tolerance. Disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism preceded lithium intoxication in the majority of the patients. Water loss due to impaired renal concentrating ability seemed to be a major predisposing factor. Renal insufficiency was apparent in 17 of the patients on admission and five of these did not regain normal renal function. In seven patients, renal biopsy showed abnormalities which suggest that a chronic nephropathy, possibly caused by lithium, might be another predisposing factor. Treatment with sodium chloride infusion had no specific effect on lithium excretion and led to hypernatraemia in some patients and is therefore not recommended. Hemodialysis is the most effective method available for removing the lithium ion from intoxicated patients. Hemodialysis should be carried out long enough to secure a SLi of less than 1 mmol/l after redistribution of lithium in the body. Treatment by peritoneal dialysis is appropriate only if hemodialysis facilities are unavailable. Lithium intoxication is a serious condition. Of the 23 patients reported, two died and two developed persisting neurological sequelae. The best way to prevent lithium intoxication is to control the serum concentration and to assess renal function and renal concentrating ability regularly during therapy.", "contents": "Lithium intoxication. (Report of 23 cases and review of 100 cases from the literature). Twenty-three patients were studied, 21 of whom developed intoxication during maintenance therapy with a lithium dosage which had been unchanged for months to years. Toxic effects on brain, heart and kidneys were found and the severity of lithium intoxication seemed to depend on at least three factors: the height of the serum lithium concentration (SLi), the duration of lithium intoxication and individual tolerance. Disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism preceded lithium intoxication in the majority of the patients. Water loss due to impaired renal concentrating ability seemed to be a major predisposing factor. Renal insufficiency was apparent in 17 of the patients on admission and five of these did not regain normal renal function. In seven patients, renal biopsy showed abnormalities which suggest that a chronic nephropathy, possibly caused by lithium, might be another predisposing factor. Treatment with sodium chloride infusion had no specific effect on lithium excretion and led to hypernatraemia in some patients and is therefore not recommended. Hemodialysis is the most effective method available for removing the lithium ion from intoxicated patients. Hemodialysis should be carried out long enough to secure a SLi of less than 1 mmol/l after redistribution of lithium in the body. Treatment by peritoneal dialysis is appropriate only if hemodialysis facilities are unavailable. Lithium intoxication is a serious condition. Of the 23 patients reported, two died and two developed persisting neurological sequelae. The best way to prevent lithium intoxication is to control the serum concentration and to assess renal function and renal concentrating ability regularly during therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:356121", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of pericardial diseases.", "content": "This review has attempted to summarize the usefulness of echocardiography in pericardial effusion and other pericardial diseases. As stated before, it is an extremely useful technique for the detection and following of patients with pericardial effusion. The usefulness in other forms of pericardial disease is less well-established.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of pericardial diseases. This review has attempted to summarize the usefulness of echocardiography in pericardial effusion and other pericardial diseases. As stated before, it is an extremely useful technique for the detection and following of patients with pericardial effusion. The usefulness in other forms of pericardial disease is less well-established."}
{"id": "PMID:356130", "title": "Functional heterogeneity of rabbit peritoneal and alveolar macrophages activated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG.", "content": "The biological activity of rabbit peritoneal and alveolar macrophages activated with M. bovis BCG was investigated by use of tests measuring their phagocytic and staphylocidal properties. Macrophages were separated in a discontinuous albumin gradient which yielded 4 to 5 bands depending on the source of the exudate. The peritoneal exudate had about 40% of cells recovered in band E and the alveolar exudate had about 35% in band C. There were not significant differences between the uptake by three subpopulations of macrophages. The alveolar macrophages from normal rabbits were less active than peritoneal macrophages. They were also less active those from vaccinated animals. Subpopulations of band B macrophages killed S. aureus more efficient than those from band C. Such differences reflect the number of mature or immature cells in each subpopulations. Mature cells (bond B and C) possess phagocytic and bactericidal activities whereas immature cells (bond D) are capable of ingesting bacteria but no killing them.", "contents": "Functional heterogeneity of rabbit peritoneal and alveolar macrophages activated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The biological activity of rabbit peritoneal and alveolar macrophages activated with M. bovis BCG was investigated by use of tests measuring their phagocytic and staphylocidal properties. Macrophages were separated in a discontinuous albumin gradient which yielded 4 to 5 bands depending on the source of the exudate. The peritoneal exudate had about 40% of cells recovered in band E and the alveolar exudate had about 35% in band C. There were not significant differences between the uptake by three subpopulations of macrophages. The alveolar macrophages from normal rabbits were less active than peritoneal macrophages. They were also less active those from vaccinated animals. Subpopulations of band B macrophages killed S. aureus more efficient than those from band C. Such differences reflect the number of mature or immature cells in each subpopulations. Mature cells (bond B and C) possess phagocytic and bactericidal activities whereas immature cells (bond D) are capable of ingesting bacteria but no killing them."}
{"id": "PMID:356131", "title": "[Jos\u00e9 Martins da Cruz Jobim: his priority in the detection of an hereditary hematologic disorder in African Negro slaves (author's transl)].", "content": "A brazilian physician, Jos\u00e9 Martins da Cruz Jobim, may be considered the author of one of the earliest medical reports with a story of the prevalence of the sikle cell trait among african negroes who came to Brazil as slaves, by observing their rather remarkable resistance against malarial infections than other sets of our population. Naturally, his report, published in 1835, must be considered by the actual scientific concepts.", "contents": "[Jos\u00e9 Martins da Cruz Jobim: his priority in the detection of an hereditary hematologic disorder in African Negro slaves (author's transl)]. A brazilian physician, Jos\u00e9 Martins da Cruz Jobim, may be considered the author of one of the earliest medical reports with a story of the prevalence of the sikle cell trait among african negroes who came to Brazil as slaves, by observing their rather remarkable resistance against malarial infections than other sets of our population. Naturally, his report, published in 1835, must be considered by the actual scientific concepts."}
{"id": "PMID:356127", "title": "[Nucleic acid and proteins content in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes].", "content": "The nucleic acids and protein content in epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi during its exponential growth in vitro were studied. The parasites were cultivated in a diphasic blood-agar medium at 28 degrees C. The RNA extraction and hydrolisis were performed by the method of Fleck and Begg and the acid hydrolisis of DNA precipitate was done according to Webb and Lindstrom. Schneider's colorimetric method was used for ribose and desoxyribose measurement, employing as reagents orcein and diphenylamine respectively. Protein content was determined by the method of Lowry et al. Calf thymus DNA, yeast RNA and bovine plasma albumin were used as standards. It was established that 1.00 g of wet parasites contained 1.05 (+/-0.17) X 10(10) epimastigote forms. The contents of DNA, RNA and protein were 6.1, 12.3 and 105.4 mg/g of wet epimastigote, or 5.8, 11.7 and 100.1 X 10(-7) microgram per epimastigote, respectively. The method employed for nucleic acid determinations did not show great differences when compared with the Schmidt Thamhauser-Schneider technique, and it has the advantage of being more rapid.", "contents": "[Nucleic acid and proteins content in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes]. The nucleic acids and protein content in epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi during its exponential growth in vitro were studied. The parasites were cultivated in a diphasic blood-agar medium at 28 degrees C. The RNA extraction and hydrolisis were performed by the method of Fleck and Begg and the acid hydrolisis of DNA precipitate was done according to Webb and Lindstrom. Schneider's colorimetric method was used for ribose and desoxyribose measurement, employing as reagents orcein and diphenylamine respectively. Protein content was determined by the method of Lowry et al. Calf thymus DNA, yeast RNA and bovine plasma albumin were used as standards. It was established that 1.00 g of wet parasites contained 1.05 (+/-0.17) X 10(10) epimastigote forms. The contents of DNA, RNA and protein were 6.1, 12.3 and 105.4 mg/g of wet epimastigote, or 5.8, 11.7 and 100.1 X 10(-7) microgram per epimastigote, respectively. The method employed for nucleic acid determinations did not show great differences when compared with the Schmidt Thamhauser-Schneider technique, and it has the advantage of being more rapid."}
{"id": "PMID:356135", "title": "[Research of toxoplasmosis by intradermal reaction in suspected cases].", "content": "Toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in 5i,2% of 5000 patients and cohabitants with suspicions of several affections who were referred to the parasitology service of the \"General Calixto Garc\u00eda\" Teaching Hospital from several provinces and regions of the country. The intradermoreaction test with toxoplasmin antigen was used in all of them. Results are exposed according to affections, sex, age and origin of the patients.", "contents": "[Research of toxoplasmosis by intradermal reaction in suspected cases]. Toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in 5i,2% of 5000 patients and cohabitants with suspicions of several affections who were referred to the parasitology service of the \"General Calixto Garc\u00eda\" Teaching Hospital from several provinces and regions of the country. The intradermoreaction test with toxoplasmin antigen was used in all of them. Results are exposed according to affections, sex, age and origin of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:356136", "title": "[Otic myiasis in a newborn caused by Calliphoridae larvae of the genus Phaenicia].", "content": "A 55-day-old newborn with an intense otitis haemorrhagica caused by a Calliphoridae larva of the genus Phaenicia is presented. During an ear lavage the larva was removed. The patient was admitted and once the genus was known he underwent a specific treatment and was discharged completely cured.", "contents": "[Otic myiasis in a newborn caused by Calliphoridae larvae of the genus Phaenicia]. A 55-day-old newborn with an intense otitis haemorrhagica caused by a Calliphoridae larva of the genus Phaenicia is presented. During an ear lavage the larva was removed. The patient was admitted and once the genus was known he underwent a specific treatment and was discharged completely cured."}
{"id": "PMID:356137", "title": "[Homogenization of samples for the culture of mycobacteria. A comparative study of samples with and without centrifugation].", "content": "A homogenization method for sputum samples for the culture of acid-fast bacilli that omits the use of centrifugation, passage test tubes and balances is described. 10% sodium phosphate was used as decontaminating substance. This method facilitates the laboratory work since the samples so treated are incubated at 37 degrees C up to the next day when they are then cultured.  676 samples prepared according to this method were compared with samples prepared according to the standard method; a 6,21% positivity in the former compared to a 5,47% in the latter as well as a lower percentage of contamination were obtained. Contamination occurred in 9,91% of samples without centrifugation and in 14,35% of centrifuged samples.", "contents": "[Homogenization of samples for the culture of mycobacteria. A comparative study of samples with and without centrifugation]. A homogenization method for sputum samples for the culture of acid-fast bacilli that omits the use of centrifugation, passage test tubes and balances is described. 10% sodium phosphate was used as decontaminating substance. This method facilitates the laboratory work since the samples so treated are incubated at 37 degrees C up to the next day when they are then cultured.  676 samples prepared according to this method were compared with samples prepared according to the standard method; a 6,21% positivity in the former compared to a 5,47% in the latter as well as a lower percentage of contamination were obtained. Contamination occurred in 9,91% of samples without centrifugation and in 14,35% of centrifuged samples."}
{"id": "PMID:356161", "title": "The transseptal approach to the pituitary gland.", "content": "Transseptal, transsphenoidal pituitary surgery is safe and effective in the management of various problems associated with the region of the sella turcica. This series include 285 operations on 272 patients treated from Sept. 1, 1972, to Sept. 1, 1976. The operative mortality was 1.75%. In every patient, the anatomy should be assessed preoperatively by polytomograms of the sella and the sphenoid sinus and by bilateral carotid angiography. The operating microscope and intra-operative x-ray control with the image-intensifier are essentials. Pneumoencephalography is performed whenever the possibility of an empty sella or arachnoidal cyst exists and when angiography does not satisfactorily outline the suprasellar extension of large pituitary tumors. Computerized tomographic scanning is also of value. A new group of pathologic problems, namely microadenomas (tumors less than 1 cm in diameter), has now become amenable to transseptal surgical management. This series includes a group of 50 patients with microadenomas: 45 with functioning pituitary adenomas and 5 with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. The transfrontal intracranial surgical approach also has specific indications. This choice is determined by the anatomy and the extent and nature of the pathologic lesion. The rhinologic concepts of exposure and reconstruction are modifications of the \"maxilla-premaxilla\" (Cottle) approach to the nasal septum. This allows direct midline access to the sphenoid sinus and sella turcica while preserving both the caudal end of the nasal septum and the anterior nasal spine, thereby minimizing rhinologic airway and cosmetic complications. We believe that, by combining the talents of the neurosurgeon, endocrinologist, neuroradiologist, ophthalmologist, and rhinologist, this procedure can be offered to patients with a wide range of disorders and excellent results may be anticipated.", "contents": "The transseptal approach to the pituitary gland. Transseptal, transsphenoidal pituitary surgery is safe and effective in the management of various problems associated with the region of the sella turcica. This series include 285 operations on 272 patients treated from Sept. 1, 1972, to Sept. 1, 1976. The operative mortality was 1.75%. In every patient, the anatomy should be assessed preoperatively by polytomograms of the sella and the sphenoid sinus and by bilateral carotid angiography. The operating microscope and intra-operative x-ray control with the image-intensifier are essentials. Pneumoencephalography is performed whenever the possibility of an empty sella or arachnoidal cyst exists and when angiography does not satisfactorily outline the suprasellar extension of large pituitary tumors. Computerized tomographic scanning is also of value. A new group of pathologic problems, namely microadenomas (tumors less than 1 cm in diameter), has now become amenable to transseptal surgical management. This series includes a group of 50 patients with microadenomas: 45 with functioning pituitary adenomas and 5 with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. The transfrontal intracranial surgical approach also has specific indications. This choice is determined by the anatomy and the extent and nature of the pathologic lesion. The rhinologic concepts of exposure and reconstruction are modifications of the \"maxilla-premaxilla\" (Cottle) approach to the nasal septum. This allows direct midline access to the sphenoid sinus and sella turcica while preserving both the caudal end of the nasal septum and the anterior nasal spine, thereby minimizing rhinologic airway and cosmetic complications. We believe that, by combining the talents of the neurosurgeon, endocrinologist, neuroradiologist, ophthalmologist, and rhinologist, this procedure can be offered to patients with a wide range of disorders and excellent results may be anticipated."}
{"id": "PMID:356170", "title": "[Allergies and dental pulp (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of the articles dealing with allergy in the dental pulp is oppered. The dental pulp--furthermore when inflamed--showes antigens, lymphocyetes and plasmocytes, antibodies (IgG, IgA and IgE), mast-cells, histamine and possibly C3. However an hypersensitivity or allergy of immediate type elicited by circulating antibodies has never been demonstrated. In another way, two types of allergies of cellular type have been described in the dental pulp: graft rejection and contact hypersensitivity. Autoimmunity has also just been described.", "contents": "[Allergies and dental pulp (author's transl)]. A review of the articles dealing with allergy in the dental pulp is oppered. The dental pulp--furthermore when inflamed--showes antigens, lymphocyetes and plasmocytes, antibodies (IgG, IgA and IgE), mast-cells, histamine and possibly C3. However an hypersensitivity or allergy of immediate type elicited by circulating antibodies has never been demonstrated. In another way, two types of allergies of cellular type have been described in the dental pulp: graft rejection and contact hypersensitivity. Autoimmunity has also just been described."}
{"id": "PMID:356172", "title": "On the theory of an intravenous isotope method for cerebral blood flow measurements.", "content": "The theoretical basis of the intravenous isotope method has been examined with particular emphasis on the physiological significance of the area of the curves obtained and the meaning of the peak activity. It is concluded that the area is proportional to the volume of distribution of the indicator within the monitored volume, and inversely related to the cardiac output. The peak activity will be a measure of the fractional blood flow to the brain. It will be affected, however by the extension of the input bolus to the brain but also by the transit time within the brain itself. An unexpected low cardiac output, for instance, will lead to an over-estimation of the cerebral blood flow as derived from the peak activity even though the concomitant prolongation of the input bolus will reduce the error. The theory thus suggests that central circulatory variables will have an influence on the curves obtained and thus also will influence the validity of the method. The validity can be substantially improved by (1) the determination of the input bolus by, for instance, a gamma detector focused over the aortic arch, and (2) by the determination of the cardiac output; this can theoretically be carried out if a true intravascular indicator is used and the investigation is expanded to include the determination of the systemic blood volume.", "contents": "On the theory of an intravenous isotope method for cerebral blood flow measurements. The theoretical basis of the intravenous isotope method has been examined with particular emphasis on the physiological significance of the area of the curves obtained and the meaning of the peak activity. It is concluded that the area is proportional to the volume of distribution of the indicator within the monitored volume, and inversely related to the cardiac output. The peak activity will be a measure of the fractional blood flow to the brain. It will be affected, however by the extension of the input bolus to the brain but also by the transit time within the brain itself. An unexpected low cardiac output, for instance, will lead to an over-estimation of the cerebral blood flow as derived from the peak activity even though the concomitant prolongation of the input bolus will reduce the error. The theory thus suggests that central circulatory variables will have an influence on the curves obtained and thus also will influence the validity of the method. The validity can be substantially improved by (1) the determination of the input bolus by, for instance, a gamma detector focused over the aortic arch, and (2) by the determination of the cardiac output; this can theoretically be carried out if a true intravascular indicator is used and the investigation is expanded to include the determination of the systemic blood volume."}
{"id": "PMID:356173", "title": "The validity of an intravenous isotope method for cerebral blood flow measurements. An experimental study.", "content": "The intravenous isotope method has been examined. The method uses 99Tc as the indicator with recording of the radioactivity with two gamma-dectors placed bilaterally over the skull and oriented over the bifurcation of the middle cerebral artery. 65% of the total curve obtained was found to be generated by activity passing in the ipsilateral internal carotid artery, 25% in the contralateral internal carotid artery and less than 10% by activity passing in the two external carotid arteries. The counting rate efficiency for an intracerebral location was 19.4 +/- 1.8 times the count rate from the same activity placed at 1 m distance in air which in turn was 5 cps/muCi. The variability in efficiency from patient to patient was thus estimated at +/- 9%. The duration of the input bolus had a marked influence on the vurve, which will be of importance since it showed a rather large variability from patient. Using the peak activity as an index of the cerebral blood flow the intravenous method showed a surprisingly good correlation with the 133Xe wash-out method; the correlation coefficient was 0.93 and the variability at slightly subnormal values estimated at +/- 15%. It is concluded that the method can be used in the case of limited demands on the accuracy of the cerebral blood flow determinations.", "contents": "The validity of an intravenous isotope method for cerebral blood flow measurements. An experimental study. The intravenous isotope method has been examined. The method uses 99Tc as the indicator with recording of the radioactivity with two gamma-dectors placed bilaterally over the skull and oriented over the bifurcation of the middle cerebral artery. 65% of the total curve obtained was found to be generated by activity passing in the ipsilateral internal carotid artery, 25% in the contralateral internal carotid artery and less than 10% by activity passing in the two external carotid arteries. The counting rate efficiency for an intracerebral location was 19.4 +/- 1.8 times the count rate from the same activity placed at 1 m distance in air which in turn was 5 cps/muCi. The variability in efficiency from patient to patient was thus estimated at +/- 9%. The duration of the input bolus had a marked influence on the vurve, which will be of importance since it showed a rather large variability from patient. Using the peak activity as an index of the cerebral blood flow the intravenous method showed a surprisingly good correlation with the 133Xe wash-out method; the correlation coefficient was 0.93 and the variability at slightly subnormal values estimated at +/- 15%. It is concluded that the method can be used in the case of limited demands on the accuracy of the cerebral blood flow determinations."}
{"id": "PMID:356163", "title": "[Primary intraorbital meningiomas].", "content": "The authors found in literature the description of 124 cases of intra-orbital primitive meningiomas; they illustrate their clinico-surgical aspects as well as the differential features on the ground of their point of origin: 90 meningiomas of the (dural) sheath of the optic nerve (23 intraforaminal ones and 67 extraforaminal ones), 34 extradural meningiomas; they present 4 original cases, 3 extradural ones and 1 of the sheath of the optic nerve. After describing the elements of differential diagnosis with the most common intra-orbital expansive lesions (gliomas, sarcomas, angiomas, psuedotumors or orbital granulomas) the authors end by stating that total extirpation must be always carried out including, if necessary, the optic nerve and the ocular globe when it is invaded.", "contents": "[Primary intraorbital meningiomas]. The authors found in literature the description of 124 cases of intra-orbital primitive meningiomas; they illustrate their clinico-surgical aspects as well as the differential features on the ground of their point of origin: 90 meningiomas of the (dural) sheath of the optic nerve (23 intraforaminal ones and 67 extraforaminal ones), 34 extradural meningiomas; they present 4 original cases, 3 extradural ones and 1 of the sheath of the optic nerve. After describing the elements of differential diagnosis with the most common intra-orbital expansive lesions (gliomas, sarcomas, angiomas, psuedotumors or orbital granulomas) the authors end by stating that total extirpation must be always carried out including, if necessary, the optic nerve and the ocular globe when it is invaded."}
{"id": "PMID:356174", "title": "Glucose tolerance in relation to skeletal muscle enzyme activities in cancer patients.", "content": "Glucose metabolism and skeletal muscle enzyme activities were studied in nineteen cancer patients and twelve matched controls. The fasting insulin values were normal but the fasting glucose values and the sum of glucose were increased and the sum of insulin was decreased during intravenous glucose tolerance test in the cancer patients. The elimination rate of glucose (k-value) during glucose challenge was, however, not significantly different in cancer patients as compared with that of appropriate controls. The activities of enzymes representative for glycogen turnover, glycolysis, citric acid cycle and respiratory chain were significantly lower in the muscle tissue of cancer patients, while the activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, an enzyme in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, was unchanged and the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly higher. Rate limiting enzyme activities in muscle tissue, phosphofructokinase and cytochrome c oxidase correlated signficantly with plasma insulin and glucose during glucose challenge. The results point at the possibility of covariating debilitation of pancreatic beta-cells and skeletal muscle enzymes caused by the malignant tumour.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance in relation to skeletal muscle enzyme activities in cancer patients. Glucose metabolism and skeletal muscle enzyme activities were studied in nineteen cancer patients and twelve matched controls. The fasting insulin values were normal but the fasting glucose values and the sum of glucose were increased and the sum of insulin was decreased during intravenous glucose tolerance test in the cancer patients. The elimination rate of glucose (k-value) during glucose challenge was, however, not significantly different in cancer patients as compared with that of appropriate controls. The activities of enzymes representative for glycogen turnover, glycolysis, citric acid cycle and respiratory chain were significantly lower in the muscle tissue of cancer patients, while the activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, an enzyme in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, was unchanged and the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly higher. Rate limiting enzyme activities in muscle tissue, phosphofructokinase and cytochrome c oxidase correlated signficantly with plasma insulin and glucose during glucose challenge. The results point at the possibility of covariating debilitation of pancreatic beta-cells and skeletal muscle enzymes caused by the malignant tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:356175", "title": "The significance of body sodium content in hypertension following renal transplantation: exchangeable sodium and plasma renin concentration before and after renal transplantation.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine the importance of body sodium content in hypertension following renal transplantation using measurements of exchangeablesodium (NaE) before and after transplantation. Plasma renin concentration (PRC) was also investigated. In the present study the necessity of a reference for expressing NaE values was eliminated because the subjects investigated acted as their own controls. The study included fourteen recipients, of whom seven were normotensive with an average blood pressure (BP) of 136/84 mmHg and seven were hypertensive with an average BP of 182/113 mmHg after renal transplantation. In the hypertensive NaE increased significantly (mean 22%) in contrast to an insignificant decrease in NaE in the normotensives (mean, -5%). The change in NaE was positively correlated to the mean BP after renal transplantation (p = 0.69, n = 14, P less than 0.02). BP and NaE were not correlated to prednisone dosages. PRC was normal in all the hypertensives. The results strongly suggest that sodium accumulation in the body, which is not prednisone-dependent, is involved in the pathogenesis in post-transplant hypertension.", "contents": "The significance of body sodium content in hypertension following renal transplantation: exchangeable sodium and plasma renin concentration before and after renal transplantation. The purpose of the present study was to determine the importance of body sodium content in hypertension following renal transplantation using measurements of exchangeablesodium (NaE) before and after transplantation. Plasma renin concentration (PRC) was also investigated. In the present study the necessity of a reference for expressing NaE values was eliminated because the subjects investigated acted as their own controls. The study included fourteen recipients, of whom seven were normotensive with an average blood pressure (BP) of 136/84 mmHg and seven were hypertensive with an average BP of 182/113 mmHg after renal transplantation. In the hypertensive NaE increased significantly (mean 22%) in contrast to an insignificant decrease in NaE in the normotensives (mean, -5%). The change in NaE was positively correlated to the mean BP after renal transplantation (p = 0.69, n = 14, P less than 0.02). BP and NaE were not correlated to prednisone dosages. PRC was normal in all the hypertensives. The results strongly suggest that sodium accumulation in the body, which is not prednisone-dependent, is involved in the pathogenesis in post-transplant hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:356176", "title": "A method for the assessment of placental blood perfusion using 99mTc pertechnetate.", "content": "A radioisotope method was developed for the measurement of placental blood flow using 99mTc pertechnetate as a tracer and a single detector as a measuring device. The results are given as placental perfusion rate (ml/min/ml) calculated from the tracer-appearance curve. The series consisted of 148 healthy pregnant women between the 28th and 42nd week and fifty pregnancies with a hypertensive disease. In healthy subjects the placental perfusion rate increased by about 32% in the period between 28th and 38th week, but there was a large variation. The perfusion rate showed a tendency to diminish at term. In a group of fifty hypertensive pregnancies a highly significant decrease in the perfusion rate was observed when compared with normal subjects. The conclusion drawn is that this method can be used for the quantitative measurement of placental blood supply.", "contents": "A method for the assessment of placental blood perfusion using 99mTc pertechnetate. A radioisotope method was developed for the measurement of placental blood flow using 99mTc pertechnetate as a tracer and a single detector as a measuring device. The results are given as placental perfusion rate (ml/min/ml) calculated from the tracer-appearance curve. The series consisted of 148 healthy pregnant women between the 28th and 42nd week and fifty pregnancies with a hypertensive disease. In healthy subjects the placental perfusion rate increased by about 32% in the period between 28th and 38th week, but there was a large variation. The perfusion rate showed a tendency to diminish at term. In a group of fifty hypertensive pregnancies a highly significant decrease in the perfusion rate was observed when compared with normal subjects. The conclusion drawn is that this method can be used for the quantitative measurement of placental blood supply."}
{"id": "PMID:356177", "title": "A radioimmunoassay of the pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1).", "content": "A radioimmunological method for determination of the pregnancy specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1) is described. Antigen specificity of rabbit anti-human SP1 serum (Behringwerke) was investigated against human placental and pituitary hormones. The sensitivity was about 10 microgram/l. The concentration ranges of SP1 in umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid were 0.10--0.60 mg/l and 0.3--3.8 mg/l, respectively. A good correlation (r = +0.95) was found between the radioimmunological and electroimmunological methods for determination of SP1 in maternal blood.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay of the pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1). A radioimmunological method for determination of the pregnancy specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1) is described. Antigen specificity of rabbit anti-human SP1 serum (Behringwerke) was investigated against human placental and pituitary hormones. The sensitivity was about 10 microgram/l. The concentration ranges of SP1 in umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid were 0.10--0.60 mg/l and 0.3--3.8 mg/l, respectively. A good correlation (r = +0.95) was found between the radioimmunological and electroimmunological methods for determination of SP1 in maternal blood."}
{"id": "PMID:356178", "title": "Effect of rat intestinal glycoprotein on complement lytic activity of 32P-labelled Escherichia coli.", "content": "Evidence for complement activation by an intestinal glycoprotein fraction from germfree rats is presented. The lowering effect on human serum bactericidal activity of E. coli was 28% for the intestinal glycoprotein fraction, 31% for zymosan, and 25% for inulin, while the lowering effect on conventional rat serum bactericidal activity was 65%, 53% and 21%, respectively. 32P-releasing activity of serum from germfree rats and from man on labelled E. coli amounted to 8% and 28%, respectively, of the release exerted by serum from conventional rats.", "contents": "Effect of rat intestinal glycoprotein on complement lytic activity of 32P-labelled Escherichia coli. Evidence for complement activation by an intestinal glycoprotein fraction from germfree rats is presented. The lowering effect on human serum bactericidal activity of E. coli was 28% for the intestinal glycoprotein fraction, 31% for zymosan, and 25% for inulin, while the lowering effect on conventional rat serum bactericidal activity was 65%, 53% and 21%, respectively. 32P-releasing activity of serum from germfree rats and from man on labelled E. coli amounted to 8% and 28%, respectively, of the release exerted by serum from conventional rats."}
{"id": "PMID:356179", "title": "Characterization of lymphocytes isolated from non-lymphoid human malignant tumours.", "content": "Mononuclear cells (MC) were found in suspensions prepared from twenty-one out of twenty-two solid human neoplasms. In three cases it was calculated that more than 1% of the MC could represent contamination by blood MC. Due to technical difficulties and blood lymphocyte contamination, eight cases were excluded from the study. MC could be separated from thirteen of the remaining fourteen tumours and in one tumour no MC were found. On average, 0.44 X 10(6) MC were obtained from each biopsy weighing 1-5 g. The MC were characterized with regard to markers for T and B lymphocytes. On average 41.0% of the MC were T and 18.2% B cells. There was no significant correlation between MC infiltration and tumour size or spread. In all patients blood MC were also isolated and characterized with regard to T (62.0%) and B lymphocytes (14.3%). The T/B ratio of tumour and blood lymphocytes corresponded in most cases. In two cases a markedly depressed T fraction was found within the tumour, whereas the T lymphocyte portions in the blood of these patients were within the normal range.", "contents": "Characterization of lymphocytes isolated from non-lymphoid human malignant tumours. Mononuclear cells (MC) were found in suspensions prepared from twenty-one out of twenty-two solid human neoplasms. In three cases it was calculated that more than 1% of the MC could represent contamination by blood MC. Due to technical difficulties and blood lymphocyte contamination, eight cases were excluded from the study. MC could be separated from thirteen of the remaining fourteen tumours and in one tumour no MC were found. On average, 0.44 X 10(6) MC were obtained from each biopsy weighing 1-5 g. The MC were characterized with regard to markers for T and B lymphocytes. On average 41.0% of the MC were T and 18.2% B cells. There was no significant correlation between MC infiltration and tumour size or spread. In all patients blood MC were also isolated and characterized with regard to T (62.0%) and B lymphocytes (14.3%). The T/B ratio of tumour and blood lymphocytes corresponded in most cases. In two cases a markedly depressed T fraction was found within the tumour, whereas the T lymphocyte portions in the blood of these patients were within the normal range."}
{"id": "PMID:356180", "title": "beta-lactamase insensitive or inhibitory beta-lactams: two approaches to the challenge of ampicillin-resistant E. coli.", "content": "The rising incidence of Gram-negative bacteria resistant to ampicillin in hospitals has brought about a need to develop novel beta-lactam antibiotics. This challenge is being met in two ways. First, attempts have been made to develop compounds insensitive to beta-lactamase hydrolysis. This has proved difficult in the penicillin series, but cefuroxime and cefoxitin are cephalosporin derivatives with the necessary properties. The second approach has been to discover novel beta-lactam nuclei capable of inhibiting beta-lactamases. So far this had led to the production of the clavulins and the olivacins, the latter class of molecules being closely related chemically to thienamycin.", "contents": "beta-lactamase insensitive or inhibitory beta-lactams: two approaches to the challenge of ampicillin-resistant E. coli. The rising incidence of Gram-negative bacteria resistant to ampicillin in hospitals has brought about a need to develop novel beta-lactam antibiotics. This challenge is being met in two ways. First, attempts have been made to develop compounds insensitive to beta-lactamase hydrolysis. This has proved difficult in the penicillin series, but cefuroxime and cefoxitin are cephalosporin derivatives with the necessary properties. The second approach has been to discover novel beta-lactam nuclei capable of inhibiting beta-lactamases. So far this had led to the production of the clavulins and the olivacins, the latter class of molecules being closely related chemically to thienamycin."}
{"id": "PMID:356181", "title": "beta-lactamase production by strains of Escherichia coli of intermediate susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics. A study of their clinical significance in urinary tract infection.", "content": "In a prospective study of patients treated with cephalexin or co-trimoxazole, almost all isolated E. coli strains of intermediate susceptibility to ampicillin or cephalosporin (MIC 2-16 microgram/ml) were shown to produce beta-lactamase detectable with a chromogenic cephalosporin substrate, or by the clover-leaf test or the acidimetric method. When assayed in preparations of sonicated bacteria, the enzyme had a cephalosporinase-substrate profile in a large majority of cases. In order to evaluate the clinical significance of this beta-lactamase production, 48 patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) were treated with cephalexin, an antibiotic hydrolysed by the enzyme. Forty-three additional patients were treated with co-trimoxazole for comparison. A statistically significant difference in cure rate (p less than 0.05) was found after 2 weeks. Six recurrences occurred in the cephalexin group and none in the co-trimoxazole group. However, after six weeks there were 8 and 5 recurrences, respectively (p less than 0.05). There were no differences in beta-lactamase activity or MIC/MBC between initial strains and isolates from recurrent UTI. Thus, the recurrent infections were not due to emergence of resistance.", "contents": "beta-lactamase production by strains of Escherichia coli of intermediate susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics. A study of their clinical significance in urinary tract infection. In a prospective study of patients treated with cephalexin or co-trimoxazole, almost all isolated E. coli strains of intermediate susceptibility to ampicillin or cephalosporin (MIC 2-16 microgram/ml) were shown to produce beta-lactamase detectable with a chromogenic cephalosporin substrate, or by the clover-leaf test or the acidimetric method. When assayed in preparations of sonicated bacteria, the enzyme had a cephalosporinase-substrate profile in a large majority of cases. In order to evaluate the clinical significance of this beta-lactamase production, 48 patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) were treated with cephalexin, an antibiotic hydrolysed by the enzyme. Forty-three additional patients were treated with co-trimoxazole for comparison. A statistically significant difference in cure rate (p less than 0.05) was found after 2 weeks. Six recurrences occurred in the cephalexin group and none in the co-trimoxazole group. However, after six weeks there were 8 and 5 recurrences, respectively (p less than 0.05). There were no differences in beta-lactamase activity or MIC/MBC between initial strains and isolates from recurrent UTI. Thus, the recurrent infections were not due to emergence of resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:356182", "title": "Effects on renal function of treatment with cefoxitin alone or in combination with furosemide.", "content": "The glomerular filtration rate measured by 51Chrome-EDTA and serum half life of cefoxitin were followed in patients with preexisting moderate renal impairment. The patients were treated with cefoxitin for two to three weeks because of chronic serious infections. The dose used in patients with an initial clearance of more than 40 mg/ml was 1 g three times daily giving a mean peak concentration of 100 microgram/ml. Seven patients were treated with cefoxitin alone and twelve with cefoxitin and furosemide (80 mg daily orally). The glomerular filtration rate did not change significantly during treatment time. There were no signs of accumulation of cefoxitin as serum half life of the drug remained unchanged both in patients treated with and without furosemide concurrently.", "contents": "Effects on renal function of treatment with cefoxitin alone or in combination with furosemide. The glomerular filtration rate measured by 51Chrome-EDTA and serum half life of cefoxitin were followed in patients with preexisting moderate renal impairment. The patients were treated with cefoxitin for two to three weeks because of chronic serious infections. The dose used in patients with an initial clearance of more than 40 mg/ml was 1 g three times daily giving a mean peak concentration of 100 microgram/ml. Seven patients were treated with cefoxitin alone and twelve with cefoxitin and furosemide (80 mg daily orally). The glomerular filtration rate did not change significantly during treatment time. There were no signs of accumulation of cefoxitin as serum half life of the drug remained unchanged both in patients treated with and without furosemide concurrently."}
{"id": "PMID:356183", "title": "Newer cephalosporins and cephamycins--a review.", "content": "Since the introduction of cephalothin and cephaloridine as the first parenteral cephalosporins and cephalexin as the first member of the group which is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, several new cephalosporin derivatives have been developed. Most of these have no major advantages over cephalothin, cephaloridine or cephalexin. Increased knowledge about the importance of beta-lactamases for bacterial resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics has focused interest on development of drugs with increased resistance to degradation by these enzymes. Among the caphalosporins, cefamandole and cefuroxime have been found to be markedly more active against beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria. A new group of beta-lactam antibiotics, the cephamycins, have been introduced with cefoxitin as the first clinically useful member. Cefoxitin has the spectrum of a beta-lactamase-resistant cephalosporin and is also active against Bacteroides fragilis. The review concentrates on the antibacterial spectrum of these three new antibiotics and on their clinical efficacy.", "contents": "Newer cephalosporins and cephamycins--a review. Since the introduction of cephalothin and cephaloridine as the first parenteral cephalosporins and cephalexin as the first member of the group which is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, several new cephalosporin derivatives have been developed. Most of these have no major advantages over cephalothin, cephaloridine or cephalexin. Increased knowledge about the importance of beta-lactamases for bacterial resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics has focused interest on development of drugs with increased resistance to degradation by these enzymes. Among the caphalosporins, cefamandole and cefuroxime have been found to be markedly more active against beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria. A new group of beta-lactam antibiotics, the cephamycins, have been introduced with cefoxitin as the first clinically useful member. Cefoxitin has the spectrum of a beta-lactamase-resistant cephalosporin and is also active against Bacteroides fragilis. The review concentrates on the antibacterial spectrum of these three new antibiotics and on their clinical efficacy."}
{"id": "PMID:356185", "title": "Renal transplantation in patients with diabetic nephropathy.", "content": "Renal transplantations were performed over a period of three years to twenty patients with end-stage diabetic nephropathy. Two of the patients were transplanted with kidneys from living donors, others with cadaver kidneys. One year after the transplantation 6 patients out of 12 were alive, after two years one out of four. Graft survival after one year was 4 out of 12, and after two years one out of four patients. Eight patients had died, the primary causes of death having been infection or infarction. Late complications in the form of gangrene occurred in four patients with a functioning transplant. The issue of priority, criteria for selection, and the use of living donors are discussed.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Renal transplantations were performed over a period of three years to twenty patients with end-stage diabetic nephropathy. Two of the patients were transplanted with kidneys from living donors, others with cadaver kidneys. One year after the transplantation 6 patients out of 12 were alive, after two years one out of four. Graft survival after one year was 4 out of 12, and after two years one out of four patients. Eight patients had died, the primary causes of death having been infection or infarction. Late complications in the form of gangrene occurred in four patients with a functioning transplant. The issue of priority, criteria for selection, and the use of living donors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:356186", "title": "Diabetic nephropathy. Clinical observations and prognosis.", "content": "38 diabetic patients in dialysis or after renal transplantation have retrospectively been studied to see if some of the clinical observations could be of prognostic value. The results show that cardial ectasia is correlated to a significant higher mortality, whereas the degree of diabetic retinopathy and the duration of diabetes both seem to be without prognostic importance.", "contents": "Diabetic nephropathy. Clinical observations and prognosis. 38 diabetic patients in dialysis or after renal transplantation have retrospectively been studied to see if some of the clinical observations could be of prognostic value. The results show that cardial ectasia is correlated to a significant higher mortality, whereas the degree of diabetic retinopathy and the duration of diabetes both seem to be without prognostic importance."}
{"id": "PMID:356187", "title": "Diabetic nephropathy. Experiences through seven years. Survival curves and causes of death.", "content": "A 7-year material is presented comprising 38 diabetic nephropathy patients who were treated by dialysis and transplantation. The cumulative patient survival rate after one year is 39%. The survival rate of the transplanted diabetic patient is poorer than that of the transplanted non-diabetic patient. However, no difference is to be found between the graft survival rates of the two patient groups. Forty-seven percent of the patients died from cardiovascular causes and 43% from infectious complications.", "contents": "Diabetic nephropathy. Experiences through seven years. Survival curves and causes of death. A 7-year material is presented comprising 38 diabetic nephropathy patients who were treated by dialysis and transplantation. The cumulative patient survival rate after one year is 39%. The survival rate of the transplanted diabetic patient is poorer than that of the transplanted non-diabetic patient. However, no difference is to be found between the graft survival rates of the two patient groups. Forty-seven percent of the patients died from cardiovascular causes and 43% from infectious complications."}
{"id": "PMID:356188", "title": "Factors influencing the prognosis in diabetic patients accepted for renal transplantation.", "content": "Out of 27 patients with advanced diabetic nephropathy accepted for renal transplantation. 11 had cardiac symptoms and 10 others had advanced neuropathy. The former group had a poor outcome with 100% mortality within one year, seven patients dying before transplantation. Neuropathy also indicated a poor prognosis. Early transplantation, before the stage of terminal uraemia, was at no advantage in this material.", "contents": "Factors influencing the prognosis in diabetic patients accepted for renal transplantation. Out of 27 patients with advanced diabetic nephropathy accepted for renal transplantation. 11 had cardiac symptoms and 10 others had advanced neuropathy. The former group had a poor outcome with 100% mortality within one year, seven patients dying before transplantation. Neuropathy also indicated a poor prognosis. Early transplantation, before the stage of terminal uraemia, was at no advantage in this material."}
{"id": "PMID:356189", "title": "Kidney transplantation in diabetic nephropathy: four years experience.", "content": "Since 1972 65 patients with diabetic nephropathy have been evaluated for renal transplantation. Twenty one were not accepted, 6 died before transplantation and 10 are still under observation. Of 28 transplanted patients 13 are alive with functioning graft, and 3 are treated with hospital dialysis. Patient survival at one year was 65% and graft survival 50%.", "contents": "Kidney transplantation in diabetic nephropathy: four years experience. Since 1972 65 patients with diabetic nephropathy have been evaluated for renal transplantation. Twenty one were not accepted, 6 died before transplantation and 10 are still under observation. Of 28 transplanted patients 13 are alive with functioning graft, and 3 are treated with hospital dialysis. Patient survival at one year was 65% and graft survival 50%."}
{"id": "PMID:356191", "title": "Bone lesions following renal transplantation. Bone mineral density and amount of trabecular bone.", "content": "24 renal transplanted patients who developed post-transplant bone complications (aseptic necrosis of bone of spontaneous fractures) were studied and compared with a control material of age- and sexmatched renal transplanted (RT) patients. The bone mineral concentration in the forearm, histomorphometric measurements of iliac crest biopsies, and the parathyroid function were investigated. A significant reduction in the bone mineral concentration was found in the group of RT patients with bone complications compared to RT patients without. The amount of cancellous bone in the bone biopsies was reduced in patients with aseptic necrosis of bone. No significant differences in the biochemical values were found.", "contents": "Bone lesions following renal transplantation. Bone mineral density and amount of trabecular bone. 24 renal transplanted patients who developed post-transplant bone complications (aseptic necrosis of bone of spontaneous fractures) were studied and compared with a control material of age- and sexmatched renal transplanted (RT) patients. The bone mineral concentration in the forearm, histomorphometric measurements of iliac crest biopsies, and the parathyroid function were investigated. A significant reduction in the bone mineral concentration was found in the group of RT patients with bone complications compared to RT patients without. The amount of cancellous bone in the bone biopsies was reduced in patients with aseptic necrosis of bone. No significant differences in the biochemical values were found."}
{"id": "PMID:356192", "title": "The clinical significance of hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation.", "content": "Hypercalcemia after renal transplantation (post-TH) was detected in 32 (17%) of 188 long-term survivors. The mean time from renal transplantation (RT) till onset of post-TH was 60 (3-210) days. In 19 patients the hypercalcemia was mild and transient, resolving spontaneously within 1-65 (mean 18) months. In 6 patients s-calcium normalized simultaneously with a rejection episode treated with increased prednisone doses. The hypercalcemia was more pronounced (permanent) in 7 patients, and terminated by subtotal parathyroidectomy in 5 and still persists in 2. The hypercalcemia was asymptomatic and did not affect the function of the graft except in one patient who developed calculi in the graft and a fall in graft function, all of which disappeared after subtotal parathyroidectomy. The frequency of aseptic bone necrosis and spontaneous fractures was the same in recipients with and without post-TH. Serum parathyroid hormone (s-PTH) was significantly higher in patients with permanent than in those with transient post-TH, who had the same slight elevation of s-PTH as the normocalcemic recipients. A permanent course of post-TH can be expected when both s-calcium and s-PTH are persistingly elevated.", "contents": "The clinical significance of hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation. Hypercalcemia after renal transplantation (post-TH) was detected in 32 (17%) of 188 long-term survivors. The mean time from renal transplantation (RT) till onset of post-TH was 60 (3-210) days. In 19 patients the hypercalcemia was mild and transient, resolving spontaneously within 1-65 (mean 18) months. In 6 patients s-calcium normalized simultaneously with a rejection episode treated with increased prednisone doses. The hypercalcemia was more pronounced (permanent) in 7 patients, and terminated by subtotal parathyroidectomy in 5 and still persists in 2. The hypercalcemia was asymptomatic and did not affect the function of the graft except in one patient who developed calculi in the graft and a fall in graft function, all of which disappeared after subtotal parathyroidectomy. The frequency of aseptic bone necrosis and spontaneous fractures was the same in recipients with and without post-TH. Serum parathyroid hormone (s-PTH) was significantly higher in patients with permanent than in those with transient post-TH, who had the same slight elevation of s-PTH as the normocalcemic recipients. A permanent course of post-TH can be expected when both s-calcium and s-PTH are persistingly elevated."}
{"id": "PMID:356193", "title": "Parathyroidectomy after renal transplantation.", "content": "Among 569 patients treated with renal transplantation during a 12-year period in Gothenburg, eleven patients were subjected to subtotal parathyroidectomy after successful transplantation. All patients had comparatively long histories of advanced renal failure and/or long-lasting haemodialysis treatment before transplantation. Signs of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands (elevated total serum calcium with or without clinical symptoms) appeared within the first few months after transplantation in eight cases, and after 1-3 years in three cases. Four patients had symptoms of bone disease and/or soft tissue calcium deposits whereas renal functional impairment was not noted in any patient. The remaining seven patients were operated upon because of persistently elevated serum calcium levels only, in order to prevent such complications. In spite of our extremely restrictive policy concerning parathyroidectomy in patients awaiting renal transplantation and, conversely, a liberal attitude to this operation after transplantation, parathyroidectomy was a rare event among our patients. The rationale for surgical treatment of mild hyperparathyroidism following renal transplantation is questioned, as is the need for sophisticated diagnostic procedures to detect more cases of asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Parathyroidectomy after renal transplantation. Among 569 patients treated with renal transplantation during a 12-year period in Gothenburg, eleven patients were subjected to subtotal parathyroidectomy after successful transplantation. All patients had comparatively long histories of advanced renal failure and/or long-lasting haemodialysis treatment before transplantation. Signs of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands (elevated total serum calcium with or without clinical symptoms) appeared within the first few months after transplantation in eight cases, and after 1-3 years in three cases. Four patients had symptoms of bone disease and/or soft tissue calcium deposits whereas renal functional impairment was not noted in any patient. The remaining seven patients were operated upon because of persistently elevated serum calcium levels only, in order to prevent such complications. In spite of our extremely restrictive policy concerning parathyroidectomy in patients awaiting renal transplantation and, conversely, a liberal attitude to this operation after transplantation, parathyroidectomy was a rare event among our patients. The rationale for surgical treatment of mild hyperparathyroidism following renal transplantation is questioned, as is the need for sophisticated diagnostic procedures to detect more cases of asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:356194", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism in uremia and after kidney transplantation.", "content": "From 1969 until the end of 1976, 376 patients have had kidney transplants in our department. Fourteen patients have had subtotal parathyroidectomy done, either in their uremic phase or after a successfull kidney transplantation. All patients, except one, who had an adenoma, had varying degrees of hyperplasia of the glands. The postoperative results were satisfying in 10 patients. 3 patients is medically substituted for hypoparathyroidism while one still is hypercalcemic. There was no operative mortality and no surgical complications.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism in uremia and after kidney transplantation. From 1969 until the end of 1976, 376 patients have had kidney transplants in our department. Fourteen patients have had subtotal parathyroidectomy done, either in their uremic phase or after a successfull kidney transplantation. All patients, except one, who had an adenoma, had varying degrees of hyperplasia of the glands. The postoperative results were satisfying in 10 patients. 3 patients is medically substituted for hypoparathyroidism while one still is hypercalcemic. There was no operative mortality and no surgical complications."}
{"id": "PMID:356195", "title": "Secondary hyperparathyroidism and parathyroidectomy in terminal chronic renal failure.", "content": "Subtotal parathyroidectomy was performed on 34 patients with severe renal insufficiency. The indications were grave clinical symptoms (pruritus, bone pains and mental disturbances), gastric ulcer and radiological abnormalities (metastatic calcifications, osteoporosis, fractures and subperiostal resorption). The serum calcium level was elevated in eight cases. The serum parathormone value was determined in 13 cases, it was elevated in all cases. Less than 500 mg tissue was removed in 12, between 500 and 6000 mg in 19 and over 6000 mg in 3 cases. Nodular hyperplasia was demonstrated in 11 and diffuse hyperplasia in 23 patients. The serum calcium and parathormone levels fell markedly after the operation, and pruritus, bone pains and mental disturbances were markedly alleviated. Complete recovery was achieved only by a successful renal transplantation, but the operation had often a favourable effect on the grave symptoms.", "contents": "Secondary hyperparathyroidism and parathyroidectomy in terminal chronic renal failure. Subtotal parathyroidectomy was performed on 34 patients with severe renal insufficiency. The indications were grave clinical symptoms (pruritus, bone pains and mental disturbances), gastric ulcer and radiological abnormalities (metastatic calcifications, osteoporosis, fractures and subperiostal resorption). The serum calcium level was elevated in eight cases. The serum parathormone value was determined in 13 cases, it was elevated in all cases. Less than 500 mg tissue was removed in 12, between 500 and 6000 mg in 19 and over 6000 mg in 3 cases. Nodular hyperplasia was demonstrated in 11 and diffuse hyperplasia in 23 patients. The serum calcium and parathormone levels fell markedly after the operation, and pruritus, bone pains and mental disturbances were markedly alleviated. Complete recovery was achieved only by a successful renal transplantation, but the operation had often a favourable effect on the grave symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:356196", "title": "Secondary hyperparathyroidism and its sequelae in renal transplant recipients. Long term findings in a series of conservatively managed patients.", "content": "The prevalence and duration of secondary hyperparathyroidism in 42 renal transplant recipients, and the sequelae of this condition, were studied. Immediately before transplantation, an elevated PTH-value was recorded in 76% of the patients, postoperatively there was a marked drop. Early after successful transplantation, 57% of the patients had hypercalcemia. At follow-up 3 years later, moderate hypercalcemia persisted in half of the patients but only 3 patients had significantly elevated PTH. The quality of renal graft function was not inferior in the hypercalcemic patients. Subperiosteal bone resorption and soft tissue calcifications were more common among the hypercalcemic patients. Our data suggest that secondary hyperparathyroidism can be managed conservatively in most renal transplant recipients. If progressive bone changes occur, surgical removal of parathyroid tissue should be considered.", "contents": "Secondary hyperparathyroidism and its sequelae in renal transplant recipients. Long term findings in a series of conservatively managed patients. The prevalence and duration of secondary hyperparathyroidism in 42 renal transplant recipients, and the sequelae of this condition, were studied. Immediately before transplantation, an elevated PTH-value was recorded in 76% of the patients, postoperatively there was a marked drop. Early after successful transplantation, 57% of the patients had hypercalcemia. At follow-up 3 years later, moderate hypercalcemia persisted in half of the patients but only 3 patients had significantly elevated PTH. The quality of renal graft function was not inferior in the hypercalcemic patients. Subperiosteal bone resorption and soft tissue calcifications were more common among the hypercalcemic patients. Our data suggest that secondary hyperparathyroidism can be managed conservatively in most renal transplant recipients. If progressive bone changes occur, surgical removal of parathyroid tissue should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:356197", "title": "The role of parathyroidectomy in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism before and after renal transplantation.", "content": "In a series of 335 renal transplant recipients, 28 patients underwent parathyroidectomy due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Twenty patients were operated on prior to renal transplantation, 8 subsequent to it. Solitary adenomas were found in 6 cases, diffuse hyperplasia in 22. Fifteen of the patients with diffuse hyperplasia underwent total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation of parathyroid fragments into the sternocleidomastoid muscle, subtotal parathyroidectomy was performed in 7. Four hypercalcaemic patients underwent parathyroid surgery because of deteriorating transplant function but without improvement. Following parathyroidectomy, 21 patients became hypocalcaemic. 15 of these patients had undergone total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation. Dihydrotachysterol substitution was accompanied by toxic symptoms in three patients on dialysis and by deteriorating renal function in two transplanted patients. Therefore, subtotal parathyroidectomy is recommended as the surgical procedure of choice in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism before, as well as after renal transplantation.", "contents": "The role of parathyroidectomy in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism before and after renal transplantation. In a series of 335 renal transplant recipients, 28 patients underwent parathyroidectomy due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Twenty patients were operated on prior to renal transplantation, 8 subsequent to it. Solitary adenomas were found in 6 cases, diffuse hyperplasia in 22. Fifteen of the patients with diffuse hyperplasia underwent total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation of parathyroid fragments into the sternocleidomastoid muscle, subtotal parathyroidectomy was performed in 7. Four hypercalcaemic patients underwent parathyroid surgery because of deteriorating transplant function but without improvement. Following parathyroidectomy, 21 patients became hypocalcaemic. 15 of these patients had undergone total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation. Dihydrotachysterol substitution was accompanied by toxic symptoms in three patients on dialysis and by deteriorating renal function in two transplanted patients. Therefore, subtotal parathyroidectomy is recommended as the surgical procedure of choice in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism before, as well as after renal transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:356198", "title": "Explorative parathyroidectomy before and after kidney transplantation.", "content": "Twentytwo parathyroidectomies were performed in a series of about 200 patients. Surgical exploration was performed in less than 5% of patients with slowly progressive uremia, and of patients on maintenance haemodialysis, whereas as many as 15% of patients returning to dialysis after graft failure were operated on. After successful transplantation appoximately 10% of a patients with an initially functioning graft ultimately had a neck exploration. On three occasions this parathyroidectomy was acutely performed. In about one third of the surgically explored cases the parathyroid glands displayed marked assymetry and/or histological features possibly indicative of adenoma formation or \"autonomous nodules\". The incidence of surgical complications was low and beneficial clinical effect were often encountered. It thus seems possible to defend a liberal attitude towards the performance of parathyroidectomy in patients accepted into a transplantation programme.", "contents": "Explorative parathyroidectomy before and after kidney transplantation. Twentytwo parathyroidectomies were performed in a series of about 200 patients. Surgical exploration was performed in less than 5% of patients with slowly progressive uremia, and of patients on maintenance haemodialysis, whereas as many as 15% of patients returning to dialysis after graft failure were operated on. After successful transplantation appoximately 10% of a patients with an initially functioning graft ultimately had a neck exploration. On three occasions this parathyroidectomy was acutely performed. In about one third of the surgically explored cases the parathyroid glands displayed marked assymetry and/or histological features possibly indicative of adenoma formation or \"autonomous nodules\". The incidence of surgical complications was low and beneficial clinical effect were often encountered. It thus seems possible to defend a liberal attitude towards the performance of parathyroidectomy in patients accepted into a transplantation programme."}
{"id": "PMID:356199", "title": "Renal function in hypercalcemia after renal transplantation.", "content": "A case of transient hypercalcemia in a 53-year-old female, who received a necro-kidney transplant, has been examined. The hypercalcemia was caused by vitamin D intoxication on three separate occasions. Each period of even moderate hypercalcemia produced a rapid fall in renal function. The effect was reversible. These findings are discussed in the light of earlier reports on stable renal function in post-transplant hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Renal function in hypercalcemia after renal transplantation. A case of transient hypercalcemia in a 53-year-old female, who received a necro-kidney transplant, has been examined. The hypercalcemia was caused by vitamin D intoxication on three separate occasions. Each period of even moderate hypercalcemia produced a rapid fall in renal function. The effect was reversible. These findings are discussed in the light of earlier reports on stable renal function in post-transplant hypercalcemia."}
{"id": "PMID:356201", "title": "The influence of 13 clinical and immunological factors on renal graft survival: a contingency table analysis.", "content": "A statistical method which accounts for the heterogeneity of clinical materials is presented and applied to a material of necrokidney transplantations. It is concluded that the recipient sex and the period in which the transplantation was performed are the most important factors (best prognosis for female recipients, best programs for transplantations in the first periods) and that the HLA-match grade has a significant influence on graft survival for male recipients and transplantations with short cold ischemia time. The present analysis has furthermore demonstrate the heterogeneity of the material as judged by the associations between factors and the overestimation of the influence of some of the factors by direct comparisons.", "contents": "The influence of 13 clinical and immunological factors on renal graft survival: a contingency table analysis. A statistical method which accounts for the heterogeneity of clinical materials is presented and applied to a material of necrokidney transplantations. It is concluded that the recipient sex and the period in which the transplantation was performed are the most important factors (best prognosis for female recipients, best programs for transplantations in the first periods) and that the HLA-match grade has a significant influence on graft survival for male recipients and transplantations with short cold ischemia time. The present analysis has furthermore demonstrate the heterogeneity of the material as judged by the associations between factors and the overestimation of the influence of some of the factors by direct comparisons."}
{"id": "PMID:356202", "title": "Delayed renal and extrarenal complications following primarily successful renal transplantation.", "content": "Delayed renal and extrarenal complications after primarily completely successful renal transplantations is surveyed. All cases in which a surgical or clinical complication, a rejection or a complication of the immunosuppressive treatment had occurred were omitted. Primarily, 84 out of 476 transplantations (17%) were completely successful. After six months, the continued course was entirely uneventful in 47 of these cases. In 37 some kind of renal and/or extrarenal complication occurred 6-114 months after the primarily successful course. The complications could not be correlated to histocompatibility, sex, age or basic disease. During the last years, when the basic immunosuppressive treatment was reduced and principally alternative day treatment of corticosteroids was used, the complications diminished.", "contents": "Delayed renal and extrarenal complications following primarily successful renal transplantation. Delayed renal and extrarenal complications after primarily completely successful renal transplantations is surveyed. All cases in which a surgical or clinical complication, a rejection or a complication of the immunosuppressive treatment had occurred were omitted. Primarily, 84 out of 476 transplantations (17%) were completely successful. After six months, the continued course was entirely uneventful in 47 of these cases. In 37 some kind of renal and/or extrarenal complication occurred 6-114 months after the primarily successful course. The complications could not be correlated to histocompatibility, sex, age or basic disease. During the last years, when the basic immunosuppressive treatment was reduced and principally alternative day treatment of corticosteroids was used, the complications diminished."}
{"id": "PMID:356203", "title": "Late complications after successful renal transplantation.", "content": "Of the patients treated with renal transplantation in Gothenburg between 1965 and 1972, 128 (38%) eventually had a \"successful\" transplant, i.e. a well-functioning graft (primary or secondary) beyond the third year after transplantation. The actuarial ten-year survival was 75%, 95% of these patients were well rehabilitated, medically and socially. Slow chronic rejection of the graft was the most common late complication and was responsible for an annual rate of graft loss of about five per cent. Avoiding overtreatment with immunosuppressive drugs, this complication should be met by early retransplantation. Ten out of 17 deaths occurred despite continued good graft function, seven of these being due to arteriosclerotic disease. In patients with continued good transplant function, negative effects of chronic immunosuppression were relatively uncommon: infection and malignancy caused the death of one and two patients, respectively. The only infectious disease seen in increased frequency was Herpes Zoster. This pattern of late complications with a high incidence of arteriosclerotic disease and a low incidence of infectious complications in the late transplantation course is not in accordance with other reports, where the reverse situation has prevailed. This difference might partly be explained by high age of the patients and adherence to a low-dose policy for chronic immunosuppression in our programme.", "contents": "Late complications after successful renal transplantation. Of the patients treated with renal transplantation in Gothenburg between 1965 and 1972, 128 (38%) eventually had a \"successful\" transplant, i.e. a well-functioning graft (primary or secondary) beyond the third year after transplantation. The actuarial ten-year survival was 75%, 95% of these patients were well rehabilitated, medically and socially. Slow chronic rejection of the graft was the most common late complication and was responsible for an annual rate of graft loss of about five per cent. Avoiding overtreatment with immunosuppressive drugs, this complication should be met by early retransplantation. Ten out of 17 deaths occurred despite continued good graft function, seven of these being due to arteriosclerotic disease. In patients with continued good transplant function, negative effects of chronic immunosuppression were relatively uncommon: infection and malignancy caused the death of one and two patients, respectively. The only infectious disease seen in increased frequency was Herpes Zoster. This pattern of late complications with a high incidence of arteriosclerotic disease and a low incidence of infectious complications in the late transplantation course is not in accordance with other reports, where the reverse situation has prevailed. This difference might partly be explained by high age of the patients and adherence to a low-dose policy for chronic immunosuppression in our programme."}
{"id": "PMID:356204", "title": "Arterial stenosis in renal transplantation.", "content": "Stenosis of the renal artery of the transplant (RAT), is reported with a frequency of 5-10% (Nerstr\u00f8m, Ladefoged & Lund 1972, Nilsson, Henriksson & Thoren 1976, Beachley, Pierce, Boykin & Lee 1976). The stenosis is significant if it deteriorates the renal function or elevates the arterial blood pressure. The angiographic impression of a stenosis depends on the projection and it is difficult to correlate the radiological findings with the blood flow. Moreover both renal failure and hypertension might depend on other factors than stenosis of the RAT. The aim of this study was to establish how often a reconstruction of a RAT suspected of being stenotic would benefit the patient.", "contents": "Arterial stenosis in renal transplantation. Stenosis of the renal artery of the transplant (RAT), is reported with a frequency of 5-10% (Nerstr\u00f8m, Ladefoged & Lund 1972, Nilsson, Henriksson & Thoren 1976, Beachley, Pierce, Boykin & Lee 1976). The stenosis is significant if it deteriorates the renal function or elevates the arterial blood pressure. The angiographic impression of a stenosis depends on the projection and it is difficult to correlate the radiological findings with the blood flow. Moreover both renal failure and hypertension might depend on other factors than stenosis of the RAT. The aim of this study was to establish how often a reconstruction of a RAT suspected of being stenotic would benefit the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:356205", "title": "Cancer as a late-onset complication of kidney transplantation.", "content": "A Scandinavian material of 2,683 transplanted patients, 59 of whom were diagnosed to have tumours, was analysed and the following found: 1) a greatly increased incidence of mesenchymal tumours (especially reticulosarcomata), 2) a greatly increased occurrence of \"chronic pyelonephritis\" (as a primary disease) among tumour patients, and 3) a correlation between tumour incidence and HLA-B mismatch between donor and recipient. Based on this material it is proposed that chronic immunostimulation in the recipient caused by graft antigens and bacteria and virus antigens puts a stop to T-suppressor lymphocyte function and subsequent proliferation of the lymphoid tissue, and that this is a major factor in the appearance of tumours derived from mesenchymal tissue, whereas the occurrence of ectodermal tumours is a result of a series of other oncogenetic factors.", "contents": "Cancer as a late-onset complication of kidney transplantation. A Scandinavian material of 2,683 transplanted patients, 59 of whom were diagnosed to have tumours, was analysed and the following found: 1) a greatly increased incidence of mesenchymal tumours (especially reticulosarcomata), 2) a greatly increased occurrence of \"chronic pyelonephritis\" (as a primary disease) among tumour patients, and 3) a correlation between tumour incidence and HLA-B mismatch between donor and recipient. Based on this material it is proposed that chronic immunostimulation in the recipient caused by graft antigens and bacteria and virus antigens puts a stop to T-suppressor lymphocyte function and subsequent proliferation of the lymphoid tissue, and that this is a major factor in the appearance of tumours derived from mesenchymal tissue, whereas the occurrence of ectodermal tumours is a result of a series of other oncogenetic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:356207", "title": "Arterial disease with ischemic ulcerations in renal transplanted recipients.", "content": "Four cases of wide-spread arterial calcifications and peripheral necroses developing after successful renal transplantation are presented. In two cases parathyroidectomy was performed to prevent progress of the peripheral ischemic ulcers. In one of these cases, this was followed by healing of the necroses. In the two other cases parathyroidectomy had been performed because of hypercalcemia in the post-transplantation period. Ischemic ulcers appeared in these patients during treatment with vitamin D and healed after withdrawal of this therapy. Prevention of uremic arterial disease might be obtained by early control of serum phosphate levels and by renal transplantation at an early stage of renal disease. Parathyroidectomy should be considered in the treatment of developing peripheral gangrene in uremic patients and renal transplant recipients. Also, there are obvious hazards connected with vitamin D therapy in these patients.", "contents": "Arterial disease with ischemic ulcerations in renal transplanted recipients. Four cases of wide-spread arterial calcifications and peripheral necroses developing after successful renal transplantation are presented. In two cases parathyroidectomy was performed to prevent progress of the peripheral ischemic ulcers. In one of these cases, this was followed by healing of the necroses. In the two other cases parathyroidectomy had been performed because of hypercalcemia in the post-transplantation period. Ischemic ulcers appeared in these patients during treatment with vitamin D and healed after withdrawal of this therapy. Prevention of uremic arterial disease might be obtained by early control of serum phosphate levels and by renal transplantation at an early stage of renal disease. Parathyroidectomy should be considered in the treatment of developing peripheral gangrene in uremic patients and renal transplant recipients. Also, there are obvious hazards connected with vitamin D therapy in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:356208", "title": "Steroid diabetes after renal transplantation--a preliminary report.", "content": "The incidence of steroid diabetes mellitus was studied retrospectively in 84 renal transplant recipients with grafts which had functioned longer than 3 months. The observation time ranged between 3 and 36 months (mean 17 months). Overt diabetes necessitating treatment was found in 24 patients (29%). Another 14 patients had transient elevations in blood glucose. The incidence of steroid diabetes was found to correlate with increasing age and body weight and with the number of rejection episodes. In the majority of the patients with manifest diabetes it was diagnosed within three months after transplantation.", "contents": "Steroid diabetes after renal transplantation--a preliminary report. The incidence of steroid diabetes mellitus was studied retrospectively in 84 renal transplant recipients with grafts which had functioned longer than 3 months. The observation time ranged between 3 and 36 months (mean 17 months). Overt diabetes necessitating treatment was found in 24 patients (29%). Another 14 patients had transient elevations in blood glucose. The incidence of steroid diabetes was found to correlate with increasing age and body weight and with the number of rejection episodes. In the majority of the patients with manifest diabetes it was diagnosed within three months after transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:356209", "title": "Ocular complications in recipients of kidney transplants.", "content": "104 renal transplant recipients have been examined regarding ocular complications. A high incidence of posterior subcapsular cataracts has been found, increasing with time after operation. Only 2 cases of open angle glaucoma were found, indicating a seemingly small risk for developing a corticosteroid-induced glaucoma in such patients. A high frequency of treatment-resistant herpes simplex keratitis, probably due to reduced corneal resistance, was found.", "contents": "Ocular complications in recipients of kidney transplants. 104 renal transplant recipients have been examined regarding ocular complications. A high incidence of posterior subcapsular cataracts has been found, increasing with time after operation. Only 2 cases of open angle glaucoma were found, indicating a seemingly small risk for developing a corticosteroid-induced glaucoma in such patients. A high frequency of treatment-resistant herpes simplex keratitis, probably due to reduced corneal resistance, was found."}
{"id": "PMID:356210", "title": "Permanent withdrawal of prednisone in nekro-kidney transplantation.", "content": "Starting 2.5 (2.0-3.9) years after grafting prednisone (but not azathioprine) has been gradually reduced below the conventional maintenance dose of 10 mg per day in 43 and has up until now eventually been completely withdrawn in 23 out of 47 consecutive patients with a first nekro-kidney transplant, which was well functioning at 2 years after transplantation. There appeared to be an increased risk of rejection during reduction of prednisone from 10 to 2.5 mg per day, but 20 out of the 23 patients in whom prednisolone has by noe been completely withdrawn have maintained stable and normal graft function over an average period of 1.6 (0.1-3.0) years on zero prednisone.", "contents": "Permanent withdrawal of prednisone in nekro-kidney transplantation. Starting 2.5 (2.0-3.9) years after grafting prednisone (but not azathioprine) has been gradually reduced below the conventional maintenance dose of 10 mg per day in 43 and has up until now eventually been completely withdrawn in 23 out of 47 consecutive patients with a first nekro-kidney transplant, which was well functioning at 2 years after transplantation. There appeared to be an increased risk of rejection during reduction of prednisone from 10 to 2.5 mg per day, but 20 out of the 23 patients in whom prednisolone has by noe been completely withdrawn have maintained stable and normal graft function over an average period of 1.6 (0.1-3.0) years on zero prednisone."}
{"id": "PMID:356211", "title": "Rena transplantation and HLA-A, B matching. Theoretical considerations concerning pool size.", "content": "The rate of improvement in HLA-matching quality with increasing pool size is predicted. The frequency of HLA-A, B compatible matches increases rapidly up to approximately 47% for pool size 1000 and from then on the increase is more moderate while for HLA-A, B fullhouse-identical matches the increase in frequency is slower and more constant, the expected frequency being approximately 33% at a pool size of 2500. The import/export balance between two cooperating pools is estimated for various relative pool sizes and transplantation activities.", "contents": "Rena transplantation and HLA-A, B matching. Theoretical considerations concerning pool size. The rate of improvement in HLA-matching quality with increasing pool size is predicted. The frequency of HLA-A, B compatible matches increases rapidly up to approximately 47% for pool size 1000 and from then on the increase is more moderate while for HLA-A, B fullhouse-identical matches the increase in frequency is slower and more constant, the expected frequency being approximately 33% at a pool size of 2500. The import/export balance between two cooperating pools is estimated for various relative pool sizes and transplantation activities."}
{"id": "PMID:356212", "title": "Experimental and clinical experiences with long-term kidney preservation by use of simpel hypothermia.", "content": "In an experimental work published in 1973, it was found, that it was possible to preserve pig kidneys with up to one hour of warm ischemia for 24 hours using pretreatment with chlorpromazine and subsequent preservation with simpel hypothermia (Collings C2-solution). Clinical experiences with this method are now presented and confirm, that this method allows preservation of ischaemic damaged kidneys for about 24 hours.", "contents": "Experimental and clinical experiences with long-term kidney preservation by use of simpel hypothermia. In an experimental work published in 1973, it was found, that it was possible to preserve pig kidneys with up to one hour of warm ischemia for 24 hours using pretreatment with chlorpromazine and subsequent preservation with simpel hypothermia (Collings C2-solution). Clinical experiences with this method are now presented and confirm, that this method allows preservation of ischaemic damaged kidneys for about 24 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:356213", "title": "Kidney preservation with Collins' and Sachs' solution.", "content": "We suggest that the flush-out and short-term-storage solution (Brunius-Gelin) solution so far used in Scandinavia prior to continuous hypothermic perfusion, be replaced by Collins' C2 solution or Sachs' II solution. The question of which one of these should be preferred will need further elucidation. The advantages to be obtained by this change are several: increased simplicity and increased uniformity within our organ exchange organizations as well as the possibility of prolonging non-perfusion preservation periods, with savings in manpower and costs, and increasing simplicity and safety during organ transportation.", "contents": "Kidney preservation with Collins' and Sachs' solution. We suggest that the flush-out and short-term-storage solution (Brunius-Gelin) solution so far used in Scandinavia prior to continuous hypothermic perfusion, be replaced by Collins' C2 solution or Sachs' II solution. The question of which one of these should be preferred will need further elucidation. The advantages to be obtained by this change are several: increased simplicity and increased uniformity within our organ exchange organizations as well as the possibility of prolonging non-perfusion preservation periods, with savings in manpower and costs, and increasing simplicity and safety during organ transportation."}
{"id": "PMID:356215", "title": "HLA-ABC matching and outcome of primary cadaveric kidney transplantations in Gothenburg.", "content": "The influence of HLA matching was studied in 319 informative cases of primary cadaveric kidney transplantations performed in Gothenburg 1969--1976. Foreign HLA-B antigens seemed to be of more importance for graft survival than foreign HLA-A or -C antigens. The prognosis for graft survival was significantly improved for match-grades with one foreign HLA-B antigen from the period 1973--1976 compared to those from the period 1969--1972. Match-grades with two foreign HLA-B antigens had significantly reduced graft survival during the period 1973--1976.", "contents": "HLA-ABC matching and outcome of primary cadaveric kidney transplantations in Gothenburg. The influence of HLA matching was studied in 319 informative cases of primary cadaveric kidney transplantations performed in Gothenburg 1969--1976. Foreign HLA-B antigens seemed to be of more importance for graft survival than foreign HLA-A or -C antigens. The prognosis for graft survival was significantly improved for match-grades with one foreign HLA-B antigen from the period 1973--1976 compared to those from the period 1969--1972. Match-grades with two foreign HLA-B antigens had significantly reduced graft survival during the period 1973--1976."}
{"id": "PMID:356216", "title": "The influence of HLA-A, -B, -C, and -D matching on kidney graft survival.", "content": "The influence of HLA matching has been studied in a Norwegian material of 147 living related first transplants, 281 cadaveric first transplants and 48 cadaveric second transplants. Graft survival corresponded closely to HLA antigen disparity and degree of MLC response in combinations transplanted with kidneys from living related donors. In patients transplanted with cadaveric grafts. HLA identical and compatible grafts performed significantly better than imcompatible grafts. Matching for HLA-C in addition to HLA-A and -B did not seem to improve graft survival.", "contents": "The influence of HLA-A, -B, -C, and -D matching on kidney graft survival. The influence of HLA matching has been studied in a Norwegian material of 147 living related first transplants, 281 cadaveric first transplants and 48 cadaveric second transplants. Graft survival corresponded closely to HLA antigen disparity and degree of MLC response in combinations transplanted with kidneys from living related donors. In patients transplanted with cadaveric grafts. HLA identical and compatible grafts performed significantly better than imcompatible grafts. Matching for HLA-C in addition to HLA-A and -B did not seem to improve graft survival."}
{"id": "PMID:356218", "title": "The significance of HLA-A and -B matching for cadaver-kidney survival in Stockholm 1970--1976.", "content": "The significance of HLA-matching for the survival of cadaver kidneys, transplanted between January 1970 and June 1976 to 170 uraemic patients has been assessed. When the patients were divided into groups according to degree of HLA compatibility it was found that the groups so obtained were comparable neither with regard to the quality of the transplants nor to the immunosuppressive therapy given. This was due to multiple changes in policy in 1973. When the case material was divided into patients treated before and after 1973, comparable groups were obtained within each series. The only correlation found was that, in the chronologically later groups, 2 year survival rate of transplants with E-G match (3--4 incompatibilities) was inferior to that of transplants with C-D match (1-2 incompatibilities).", "contents": "The significance of HLA-A and -B matching for cadaver-kidney survival in Stockholm 1970--1976. The significance of HLA-matching for the survival of cadaver kidneys, transplanted between January 1970 and June 1976 to 170 uraemic patients has been assessed. When the patients were divided into groups according to degree of HLA compatibility it was found that the groups so obtained were comparable neither with regard to the quality of the transplants nor to the immunosuppressive therapy given. This was due to multiple changes in policy in 1973. When the case material was divided into patients treated before and after 1973, comparable groups were obtained within each series. The only correlation found was that, in the chronologically later groups, 2 year survival rate of transplants with E-G match (3--4 incompatibilities) was inferior to that of transplants with C-D match (1-2 incompatibilities)."}
{"id": "PMID:356219", "title": "HLA determination in renal transplantation with living donor.", "content": "During the period Feb. 1967--Aug. 1976 94 first renal transplantations were performed using living related donors and histocompatibility tests. Eight transplantations were performed on children under 15 years old and four on patients over 50 years old. The rest of the patients were between 15 and 50 years old. No exclusions were performed. 22 patients expired, seven of these with a well functioning graft. The patient survival (P.S.) was 90% at 1 year, 87% at 2 years and 77% at 5 years, the graft survival (G.S.) was 81% at 1 year, 80% at 2 years and 68% at 5 years. The clinical results showed a fairly good correlation with the histocompatibility degree. In the A-B-match groups the 1, 2 resp. 5 years P.S. was 95, 96 resp. 89% and G.S. 90, 90 resp. 89%. In 43% of the patients rejection of variable degree developed. The rejection led to graft loss in 12%.", "contents": "HLA determination in renal transplantation with living donor. During the period Feb. 1967--Aug. 1976 94 first renal transplantations were performed using living related donors and histocompatibility tests. Eight transplantations were performed on children under 15 years old and four on patients over 50 years old. The rest of the patients were between 15 and 50 years old. No exclusions were performed. 22 patients expired, seven of these with a well functioning graft. The patient survival (P.S.) was 90% at 1 year, 87% at 2 years and 77% at 5 years, the graft survival (G.S.) was 81% at 1 year, 80% at 2 years and 68% at 5 years. The clinical results showed a fairly good correlation with the histocompatibility degree. In the A-B-match groups the 1, 2 resp. 5 years P.S. was 95, 96 resp. 89% and G.S. 90, 90 resp. 89%. In 43% of the patients rejection of variable degree developed. The rejection led to graft loss in 12%."}
{"id": "PMID:356220", "title": "Corneatransplantation and matching for HLA-A and B.", "content": "Analysis of 140 corneatransplantations performed without selection showed a significant correlation between the HLA-A and B match and the clinical outcome. Furthermore, a highly significant correlation was found between rejection episodes and a positive direct cell-mediated lympholysis.", "contents": "Corneatransplantation and matching for HLA-A and B. Analysis of 140 corneatransplantations performed without selection showed a significant correlation between the HLA-A and B match and the clinical outcome. Furthermore, a highly significant correlation was found between rejection episodes and a positive direct cell-mediated lympholysis."}
{"id": "PMID:356221", "title": "Patterns of immunological anti-donor reactivity in renal allotransplanted patients--a prospective study.", "content": "The immunological reactivity of 20 consecutive renal allotransplanted patients against donor lymphocytes were followed from the day of transplantation and subsequently twice weekly until dismissal or graftectomy. The investigations concerned Complement Dependent Cytotoxic (CDC) antibodies, Antibody Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) and Cell-Mediated Lymphocytotoxicity (CML). Five patterns of immunological reactivity were observed parallelling the clinical courses. A specifically positive CML test was highly but not absolutely correlated to clinical graftrejection. Graftrejection was in general not preceeded by positive CML. The patterns of CDC and ADCC reactivity in relation to graftrejection were not evident.", "contents": "Patterns of immunological anti-donor reactivity in renal allotransplanted patients--a prospective study. The immunological reactivity of 20 consecutive renal allotransplanted patients against donor lymphocytes were followed from the day of transplantation and subsequently twice weekly until dismissal or graftectomy. The investigations concerned Complement Dependent Cytotoxic (CDC) antibodies, Antibody Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) and Cell-Mediated Lymphocytotoxicity (CML). Five patterns of immunological reactivity were observed parallelling the clinical courses. A specifically positive CML test was highly but not absolutely correlated to clinical graftrejection. Graftrejection was in general not preceeded by positive CML. The patterns of CDC and ADCC reactivity in relation to graftrejection were not evident."}
{"id": "PMID:356222", "title": "The use of tests for cell mediated cytotoxicity in clinical kidney transplantation.", "content": "The test systems for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and direct cell-mediated lympholysis (DCML) were used to measure the immunological response of kidney transplanted patients against donor related targets before and after transplantation and in long term allograft recipients. An isolated positive ADCC cross march was found to indicate a grave graft prognosis. Positive DCML reactions were correlated to clinical rejection. In long term recipients antibodies reactive in ADCC against donor related targets seemed to be correlated with a state of chronic rejection.", "contents": "The use of tests for cell mediated cytotoxicity in clinical kidney transplantation. The test systems for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and direct cell-mediated lympholysis (DCML) were used to measure the immunological response of kidney transplanted patients against donor related targets before and after transplantation and in long term allograft recipients. An isolated positive ADCC cross march was found to indicate a grave graft prognosis. Positive DCML reactions were correlated to clinical rejection. In long term recipients antibodies reactive in ADCC against donor related targets seemed to be correlated with a state of chronic rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:356223", "title": "The effect of blood transfusions on cadaver kidney transplants--an analysis of patients transplanted in Uppsala.", "content": "The kidney graft survival in 117 transplanted patients was investigated with reference to blood transfusions. No improvement of graft survival was observed in the transfused patients as compared to the patients who were not transfused or had got autologous blood only.", "contents": "The effect of blood transfusions on cadaver kidney transplants--an analysis of patients transplanted in Uppsala. The kidney graft survival in 117 transplanted patients was investigated with reference to blood transfusions. No improvement of graft survival was observed in the transfused patients as compared to the patients who were not transfused or had got autologous blood only."}
{"id": "PMID:356225", "title": "The effect of blood-transfusions on renal allograft survival.", "content": "The relation between previous bloodtransfusions and renal allograft survival was studied retrospectively in 88 patients, who had been transplanted for the first time. The allograft survival rate was higher in the group who had received bloodtransfusion than in the group who had not. This difference was significantly greater when considering patients who had not previously been pregnant, e.g. patients without previous stimulation of the immuno system. The material shows no difference in allograft survival between previously transfused and non transfused patients, when considering age, sex or disease of kidney. In this retrospective study it is concluded that previous transfusions improved the prognosis of the transplantation. A prospective study has yet to be done, in order to enlighten the influence of various other factors on the allograft survival rate such as length of period or uraemia and of dialysis.", "contents": "The effect of blood-transfusions on renal allograft survival. The relation between previous bloodtransfusions and renal allograft survival was studied retrospectively in 88 patients, who had been transplanted for the first time. The allograft survival rate was higher in the group who had received bloodtransfusion than in the group who had not. This difference was significantly greater when considering patients who had not previously been pregnant, e.g. patients without previous stimulation of the immuno system. The material shows no difference in allograft survival between previously transfused and non transfused patients, when considering age, sex or disease of kidney. In this retrospective study it is concluded that previous transfusions improved the prognosis of the transplantation. A prospective study has yet to be done, in order to enlighten the influence of various other factors on the allograft survival rate such as length of period or uraemia and of dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:356226", "title": "Influence of blood transfusions on kidney transplant and uremic patient survival.", "content": "The influence of blood transfusions on kidney graft survival in 167 first cadaveric transplants and 85 first living related transplants is presented. Blood transfusions had no effect upon kidney graft survival in the patients transplanted with kidneys from living related donors. A significantly better graft survival was observed in the transfused group of patients transplanted with cadaveric kidneys. This beneficial effect was most pronounced in men. When patient survival was analyzed, however, a possible beneficial effect of blood transfusions was almost nulled out when patients dying while waiting for a transplant were included. The majority of these latter patients had been transfused and many had formed HLA antibodies.", "contents": "Influence of blood transfusions on kidney transplant and uremic patient survival. The influence of blood transfusions on kidney graft survival in 167 first cadaveric transplants and 85 first living related transplants is presented. Blood transfusions had no effect upon kidney graft survival in the patients transplanted with kidneys from living related donors. A significantly better graft survival was observed in the transfused group of patients transplanted with cadaveric kidneys. This beneficial effect was most pronounced in men. When patient survival was analyzed, however, a possible beneficial effect of blood transfusions was almost nulled out when patients dying while waiting for a transplant were included. The majority of these latter patients had been transfused and many had formed HLA antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:356227", "title": "Transfusion and kidney graft survival in Finland.", "content": "The influence of blood transfusions prior to kidney transplantation on graft survival was analyzed in a series of 406 first transplantations, including 321 necro-kidneys. Among the 131 females with necrokidneys, 14 had not been pregnant or received transfusions, neither had 70 of the 190 male necrokidney recipients been transfused. In comparison with these controls, a slightly better graft survival was observed in the \"immune-triggered\" patients, especially in those with no detectable lymphocytotoxic antibodies before transplantation, and more markedly in female than in male patients. The effect of pregnancies seemed the same as that of transfusions. The age and pretransplantation dialysis treatment of the recipient appeared irrelevant to graft survival. \"Immune-triggering\" slightly improved graft survival also in the living donor category.", "contents": "Transfusion and kidney graft survival in Finland. The influence of blood transfusions prior to kidney transplantation on graft survival was analyzed in a series of 406 first transplantations, including 321 necro-kidneys. Among the 131 females with necrokidneys, 14 had not been pregnant or received transfusions, neither had 70 of the 190 male necrokidney recipients been transfused. In comparison with these controls, a slightly better graft survival was observed in the \"immune-triggered\" patients, especially in those with no detectable lymphocytotoxic antibodies before transplantation, and more markedly in female than in male patients. The effect of pregnancies seemed the same as that of transfusions. The age and pretransplantation dialysis treatment of the recipient appeared irrelevant to graft survival. \"Immune-triggering\" slightly improved graft survival also in the living donor category."}
{"id": "PMID:356228", "title": "Blood transfusion and kidney transplantation.", "content": "During the years 1968--1976, 115 nondiabetic primary cadaveric transplantations were performed in southern Sweden. For 95 of these patients there was an observation period of at least one year. 32% of these patients had never received a blood transfusion. These recipients had an lower one year graft survival (33%) than those who had received one or more transfusions (48%). Patients who had received more than five transfusions did not show a higher graft survival than other transfused kidney recipients. Presence of cytotoxic antibodies also decreased the one year graft survival both in the transfused and not transfused patient groups.", "contents": "Blood transfusion and kidney transplantation. During the years 1968--1976, 115 nondiabetic primary cadaveric transplantations were performed in southern Sweden. For 95 of these patients there was an observation period of at least one year. 32% of these patients had never received a blood transfusion. These recipients had an lower one year graft survival (33%) than those who had received one or more transfusions (48%). Patients who had received more than five transfusions did not show a higher graft survival than other transfused kidney recipients. Presence of cytotoxic antibodies also decreased the one year graft survival both in the transfused and not transfused patient groups."}
{"id": "PMID:356229", "title": "Blood transfusion and primary graft survival in male recipients.", "content": "The outcome of primary kidney transplantation in 241 male patients was studied with reference to pretransplant blood transfusions. 55 patients received kidneys from living related donors with one shared HLA-haplotype, 186 patients received kidneys from cadaveric donors. The graft survival was calculated after exclusion of graft loss due to non-immunological reasons. The graft survival was found to be significantly higher in transfused recipients, especially in patients receiving kidneys from living related donors.", "contents": "Blood transfusion and primary graft survival in male recipients. The outcome of primary kidney transplantation in 241 male patients was studied with reference to pretransplant blood transfusions. 55 patients received kidneys from living related donors with one shared HLA-haplotype, 186 patients received kidneys from cadaveric donors. The graft survival was calculated after exclusion of graft loss due to non-immunological reasons. The graft survival was found to be significantly higher in transfused recipients, especially in patients receiving kidneys from living related donors."}
{"id": "PMID:356230", "title": "A controlled trial of antihuman lymphocyte globulin (Behring) in cadaveric renal transplantation: improvement in graft and patient survival at one year using a high-dose regimen.", "content": "A controlled study of the effect of antihuman lymphocyte globulin (AHLG) on patient and kidney transplant survival has been performed. The AHLG was administered as an adjuvant to the routine immunosuppressive drugs in either high (30 mg/kg) or low (15 mg/kg) doses, control patients received no AHLG. The clinical condition of the recipients and the quality and the degree of immunological compatibility of the transplants were comparable. During the period of the study, the results of all first-time cadaver-kidney transplantations to non-diabetic uraemic patients were included. The actuarial graft survival rates at 12 months for the three groups (high dose, low dose and control) were 67%, 49% and 35%. The corresponding patient survival rates were 91%, 66% and 65% respectively. The difference between the results in the high dose AHLG and in the control group was significant (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "A controlled trial of antihuman lymphocyte globulin (Behring) in cadaveric renal transplantation: improvement in graft and patient survival at one year using a high-dose regimen. A controlled study of the effect of antihuman lymphocyte globulin (AHLG) on patient and kidney transplant survival has been performed. The AHLG was administered as an adjuvant to the routine immunosuppressive drugs in either high (30 mg/kg) or low (15 mg/kg) doses, control patients received no AHLG. The clinical condition of the recipients and the quality and the degree of immunological compatibility of the transplants were comparable. During the period of the study, the results of all first-time cadaver-kidney transplantations to non-diabetic uraemic patients were included. The actuarial graft survival rates at 12 months for the three groups (high dose, low dose and control) were 67%, 49% and 35%. The corresponding patient survival rates were 91%, 66% and 65% respectively. The difference between the results in the high dose AHLG and in the control group was significant (p less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:356231", "title": "The effects of anti-lymphocyte globulin on lymphocyte subpopulations in recipients of kidney allografts.", "content": "During the first three weeks following transplantation kidney allograft recipients were treated with zero, 15 or 30 mg/day of anti-human-lymphocyte globulin (ALHG, Behringwerke). T-cells were determined as sheep erythrocyte rosette forming cells (E--RFC) and B cells were identified using the surface membrane immunoglobulin (SmIg) marker. The proportion of E--RFC decreased with increasing AHLG dose. The absolute number of E--RFC was lower in patients receiving 30 mg/kg AHLG compared to those not treated with AHLG. In patients receiving 30 mg/kg AHLG the mean number of lymphocytes covered with AHLG was 78 +/- 3%, detected by using a fluorescent anti-horse IG; significantly higher (p less than 0,001) than 31 +/- 3% in patients treated with 15 mg/kg AHLG. T cell function was measured as the mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and Concanavalin A (Con A) and the B cell response was measured as the mitogenic response to anti-B2microglobulin (anti-B2m). No differences in response to Con A or anti-B2m were seen in lymphocytes from the various groups of patients. The response to PHA increased (p less than 0,05) in patients treated with the highest dose of AHLG.", "contents": "The effects of anti-lymphocyte globulin on lymphocyte subpopulations in recipients of kidney allografts. During the first three weeks following transplantation kidney allograft recipients were treated with zero, 15 or 30 mg/day of anti-human-lymphocyte globulin (ALHG, Behringwerke). T-cells were determined as sheep erythrocyte rosette forming cells (E--RFC) and B cells were identified using the surface membrane immunoglobulin (SmIg) marker. The proportion of E--RFC decreased with increasing AHLG dose. The absolute number of E--RFC was lower in patients receiving 30 mg/kg AHLG compared to those not treated with AHLG. In patients receiving 30 mg/kg AHLG the mean number of lymphocytes covered with AHLG was 78 +/- 3%, detected by using a fluorescent anti-horse IG; significantly higher (p less than 0,001) than 31 +/- 3% in patients treated with 15 mg/kg AHLG. T cell function was measured as the mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and Concanavalin A (Con A) and the B cell response was measured as the mitogenic response to anti-B2microglobulin (anti-B2m). No differences in response to Con A or anti-B2m were seen in lymphocytes from the various groups of patients. The response to PHA increased (p less than 0,05) in patients treated with the highest dose of AHLG."}
{"id": "PMID:356232", "title": "Clinical experience with antilymphocyte-globulin in cadaveric kidney transplantation.", "content": "Two different commercially available anti-lymphocyte-globulin preparations have been used in 30 recipients of primary cadaveric kidneys. No difference in graft survival was found within three years after transplantation compared to 102 primary cadaceric kidney recipients who only received basic immunosuppression. When only patients completing an intended ALG dosage were considered, the one-year graft survival was 65% compared to 52% in patients not receiving ALG. In this series of ALG treated patients no major benefits were found compared to the basic immunosuppressive regimen used at this transplantation centre.", "contents": "Clinical experience with antilymphocyte-globulin in cadaveric kidney transplantation. Two different commercially available anti-lymphocyte-globulin preparations have been used in 30 recipients of primary cadaveric kidneys. No difference in graft survival was found within three years after transplantation compared to 102 primary cadaceric kidney recipients who only received basic immunosuppression. When only patients completing an intended ALG dosage were considered, the one-year graft survival was 65% compared to 52% in patients not receiving ALG. In this series of ALG treated patients no major benefits were found compared to the basic immunosuppressive regimen used at this transplantation centre."}
{"id": "PMID:356233", "title": "Antilymphocyte globulin in cadaveric renal transplantation--a controlled trial.", "content": "In a prospective, controlled study, 40 patients receiving a cadaveric renal transplant (first grafts) were randomized into two groups. Twenty patients were given antilymphocyte globulin (Behringwerke AHLG) in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight for a total no. of 25 times in combination with a standard regimen of prednisone and azathioprine. Graft survival and graft function were similar in the two groups both at 18 and 30 months post transplantation. No serious side effects of the ALG treatment were observed.", "contents": "Antilymphocyte globulin in cadaveric renal transplantation--a controlled trial. In a prospective, controlled study, 40 patients receiving a cadaveric renal transplant (first grafts) were randomized into two groups. Twenty patients were given antilymphocyte globulin (Behringwerke AHLG) in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight for a total no. of 25 times in combination with a standard regimen of prednisone and azathioprine. Graft survival and graft function were similar in the two groups both at 18 and 30 months post transplantation. No serious side effects of the ALG treatment were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:356235", "title": "Treatment of acute gouty arthritis with proquazone and indomethacin. A comparative, double-blind trial.", "content": "Eighteen patients (11 men and 7 women) suffering from primary or secondary gout, were treated with either proquazone or indomethacin for acute attacks in a double-blind study. There were 9 patients in each treatment group. A marked improvement of clinical symptoms appeared in 2-3 days. In the proquazone group, complete remission was achieved in 6 patients, a good result in one, and a slight improvement in one patient, whereas one patient did not respond to treatment. The corresponding figures for the indomethacin group were 4 cases with complete remission, 4 with a good result, and one not responding to treatment. A significant decrease in s-uric acid values was noted in the proquazone group. In this group too, mild gastrointestinal symptoms appeared in 2 patients.", "contents": "Treatment of acute gouty arthritis with proquazone and indomethacin. A comparative, double-blind trial. Eighteen patients (11 men and 7 women) suffering from primary or secondary gout, were treated with either proquazone or indomethacin for acute attacks in a double-blind study. There were 9 patients in each treatment group. A marked improvement of clinical symptoms appeared in 2-3 days. In the proquazone group, complete remission was achieved in 6 patients, a good result in one, and a slight improvement in one patient, whereas one patient did not respond to treatment. The corresponding figures for the indomethacin group were 4 cases with complete remission, 4 with a good result, and one not responding to treatment. A significant decrease in s-uric acid values was noted in the proquazone group. In this group too, mild gastrointestinal symptoms appeared in 2 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:356237", "title": "A new anti-inflammatory drug, proquazone, and ibuprofen in the treatment of degenerative joint disease of the knee (gonarthrosis). A double-blind comparative study.", "content": "The therapeutic effect and the tolerance of a new non-steriod anti-inflammatory compound, proquazone, were compared with those of ibuprofen in a double-blind, randomized study on patients with gonarthrosis. Totally 39 patients participated in the study: 19 patients in the proquazone group and 20 patients in the ibuprofen group. The two drugs were given in daily doses of 900 mg and 1200 mg respectively during 3 weeks. In both treatment groups a good result was achieved in more than 70% of the cases, but proquazone seemed to be more effective in reducing swelling and pain of knee. There were more side effects in the proquazone group than in the ibuprofen group, but they were generally mild and disappeared spontaneously. Only one patient in the proquazone group withdrew, because of epigastric discomfort.", "contents": "A new anti-inflammatory drug, proquazone, and ibuprofen in the treatment of degenerative joint disease of the knee (gonarthrosis). A double-blind comparative study. The therapeutic effect and the tolerance of a new non-steriod anti-inflammatory compound, proquazone, were compared with those of ibuprofen in a double-blind, randomized study on patients with gonarthrosis. Totally 39 patients participated in the study: 19 patients in the proquazone group and 20 patients in the ibuprofen group. The two drugs were given in daily doses of 900 mg and 1200 mg respectively during 3 weeks. In both treatment groups a good result was achieved in more than 70% of the cases, but proquazone seemed to be more effective in reducing swelling and pain of knee. There were more side effects in the proquazone group than in the ibuprofen group, but they were generally mild and disappeared spontaneously. Only one patient in the proquazone group withdrew, because of epigastric discomfort."}
{"id": "PMID:356238", "title": "A long-term comparison of proquazone and naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip.", "content": "The efficacy and tolerance of 900 mg/day proquazone were compared with those of 500 mg/day naproxen in a three-month trial with 40 patients suffering from osteoarthritis of the hip. Proquazone was found to be more effective than naproxen in providing relief of symptoms and improving the patient's condition. The side effects of proquazone were exclusively gastrointestinal but occurred more frequently than with naproxen. With one exception, none of the symptoms were serious enough to require suspension of therapy. These results suggest that the action of proquazone provides a good balance between clinical efficacy and tolerance.", "contents": "A long-term comparison of proquazone and naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip. The efficacy and tolerance of 900 mg/day proquazone were compared with those of 500 mg/day naproxen in a three-month trial with 40 patients suffering from osteoarthritis of the hip. Proquazone was found to be more effective than naproxen in providing relief of symptoms and improving the patient's condition. The side effects of proquazone were exclusively gastrointestinal but occurred more frequently than with naproxen. With one exception, none of the symptoms were serious enough to require suspension of therapy. These results suggest that the action of proquazone provides a good balance between clinical efficacy and tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:356239", "title": "A long-term double-blind comparative study on proquazone (Biarison) and ibuprofen in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The efficacy and tolerance of proquazone, 900 mg, and ibuprofen, 1200 mg, were compared in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of 6 months' duration, with 44 patients, 21 on proquazone and 23 on ibuprofen. Comparison of proquazone-treated patients with patients treated with iburofen showed a significantly better improvement , as is demonstrated by the significant differences in the Lansbury Index, in nocturnal pain, final assessment of therapeutic effect, and number of interruptions due to lack of efficacy. All differences were in favour of proquazone, proving its therapeutic superiority over ibuprofen. The side effects in the proquazone group were mainly gastrointestinal, and 2 patients broke off treatment prematurely due to diarrhoea (in one patient, lack of efficacy was a contributory cause). A third patient discontinued because of moderate nausea and dizziness. In the ibuprofen group, 4 patients discontinued because of side effects (skin eruptions, dizziness, epigastric discomfort, and one thrombocytopenia) in addition to lack of efficacy. Proquazone seems to be an effective and well tolerated anti-inflammatory analgesic.", "contents": "A long-term double-blind comparative study on proquazone (Biarison) and ibuprofen in rheumatoid arthritis. The efficacy and tolerance of proquazone, 900 mg, and ibuprofen, 1200 mg, were compared in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of 6 months' duration, with 44 patients, 21 on proquazone and 23 on ibuprofen. Comparison of proquazone-treated patients with patients treated with iburofen showed a significantly better improvement , as is demonstrated by the significant differences in the Lansbury Index, in nocturnal pain, final assessment of therapeutic effect, and number of interruptions due to lack of efficacy. All differences were in favour of proquazone, proving its therapeutic superiority over ibuprofen. The side effects in the proquazone group were mainly gastrointestinal, and 2 patients broke off treatment prematurely due to diarrhoea (in one patient, lack of efficacy was a contributory cause). A third patient discontinued because of moderate nausea and dizziness. In the ibuprofen group, 4 patients discontinued because of side effects (skin eruptions, dizziness, epigastric discomfort, and one thrombocytopenia) in addition to lack of efficacy. Proquazone seems to be an effective and well tolerated anti-inflammatory analgesic."}
{"id": "PMID:356240", "title": "A comparative, double-blind trial with proquazone and naproxen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In a double-blind trial lasting 6 months, 36 patients with classical or definity rheumatoid arthritis were divided into two groups, one receiving 3x300 mg proquazone/day and the other 2x250 mg naproxen plus one placebo capsule/day. Efficacy parameters were assessed and laboratory tests performed at regular intervals throughout the trial. Both drugs were well tolerated, in that no abnormal changes were found in the results of laboratory tests in either group, and that drug-related side effects, mainly gastrointestinal disturbances, occurred in just over half the cases in each group. Both drugs improved the Lansbury Index, especially grip strength, walking time, and ESR. Proquazone did significantly better than naproxen in improving ESR and nocturnal pain. More therpaeutic successes were recorded with proquazone than with naproxen in the overall assessment at the end of the trial.", "contents": "A comparative, double-blind trial with proquazone and naproxen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In a double-blind trial lasting 6 months, 36 patients with classical or definity rheumatoid arthritis were divided into two groups, one receiving 3x300 mg proquazone/day and the other 2x250 mg naproxen plus one placebo capsule/day. Efficacy parameters were assessed and laboratory tests performed at regular intervals throughout the trial. Both drugs were well tolerated, in that no abnormal changes were found in the results of laboratory tests in either group, and that drug-related side effects, mainly gastrointestinal disturbances, occurred in just over half the cases in each group. Both drugs improved the Lansbury Index, especially grip strength, walking time, and ESR. Proquazone did significantly better than naproxen in improving ESR and nocturnal pain. More therpaeutic successes were recorded with proquazone than with naproxen in the overall assessment at the end of the trial."}
{"id": "PMID:356241", "title": "Proquazone (Biarison) and indomethacin (Indocid) in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Two comparative, clinical, double-blind studies.", "content": "The effect and tolerance of proquazone and indomethacin in patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis were compared in two separate 3-week clinical, double-blind, randomized studies on total of 60 patients. In the first study 16 patients were treated with proquazone and 14 patients with indomethacin, and in the second study 15 patients were treated in each group. Both drugs were found to have an evident, equally strong effect on pain and functional capacity in daily doses of 900 mg and 75mg respectively. Severe side effects were not noted with either one of the drugs. Patients with previously known intolerance to indomethacin were excluded from the studies. Gastronitestinal disturbances seem to be the most commonly appearing side effect in patients treated with proquazone.", "contents": "Proquazone (Biarison) and indomethacin (Indocid) in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Two comparative, clinical, double-blind studies. The effect and tolerance of proquazone and indomethacin in patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis were compared in two separate 3-week clinical, double-blind, randomized studies on total of 60 patients. In the first study 16 patients were treated with proquazone and 14 patients with indomethacin, and in the second study 15 patients were treated in each group. Both drugs were found to have an evident, equally strong effect on pain and functional capacity in daily doses of 900 mg and 75mg respectively. Severe side effects were not noted with either one of the drugs. Patients with previously known intolerance to indomethacin were excluded from the studies. Gastronitestinal disturbances seem to be the most commonly appearing side effect in patients treated with proquazone."}
{"id": "PMID:356242", "title": "2 (1H)-quinazolinones as novel non-acidic anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "Chemical modification of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2 (1H)-quinazolinone, a new lead in the area of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, has led to 1-isopropyl-4-phenyl-7-methyl-2 (1H)-quinazolinone, proquazone. The overall anti-inflammatory profile of proquazone compares well with indomethacin qualitatively and quantitatively. It is particularly noteworthy that proquazone is the first potent anti-inflammatory drug of a non-acidic nature.", "contents": "2 (1H)-quinazolinones as novel non-acidic anti-inflammatory agents. Chemical modification of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2 (1H)-quinazolinone, a new lead in the area of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, has led to 1-isopropyl-4-phenyl-7-methyl-2 (1H)-quinazolinone, proquazone. The overall anti-inflammatory profile of proquazone compares well with indomethacin qualitatively and quantitatively. It is particularly noteworthy that proquazone is the first potent anti-inflammatory drug of a non-acidic nature."}
{"id": "PMID:356244", "title": "A clinical trial of the analgesic properties of Voltaren (diclofenac sodium).", "content": "In a double-blind comparison with placebo in 60 patients suffering from post-operative pain following the surgical removal of a third molar in the lower jaw, statistical analyses showed that Voltaren (diclofenac sodium) in a single dose of 50 mg had a significantly greater analgesic effect than placebo. The technique to be used for studies with analgesic drugs is briefly discussed.", "contents": "A clinical trial of the analgesic properties of Voltaren (diclofenac sodium). In a double-blind comparison with placebo in 60 patients suffering from post-operative pain following the surgical removal of a third molar in the lower jaw, statistical analyses showed that Voltaren (diclofenac sodium) in a single dose of 50 mg had a significantly greater analgesic effect than placebo. The technique to be used for studies with analgesic drugs is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:356245", "title": "A study of the anti-inflammatory effect of Voltaren in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In a double-blind, crossover study conducted in ten hospitalised patients suffering from active rheumatoid arthritis, the anti-inflammatory effect of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) in a daily dosage of 125 mg was compared with that of placebo under strictly standardised conditions. Changes in reversible articular swelling were determined by measuring the circumference of involved wrist, knee, metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal, and metatarosphalangeal joints. A consistent decrease in joint swelling occurred in response to treatment with diclofenac sodium, as compared with a consistent increase following placebo medication. This difference was significant at the 5% level for all except the interphalangeal joints. Similarly, in response to diclofenac sodium a greater improvement was noted in duration of morning stiffness and grip strength and a greater reduction in the total number of painful and swollen joints. The status of the rheumatoid condition improved in nine patients following treatment with diclofenac sodium, but in none following placebo medication. Two patients reported unwanted effects, consisting of a sensation of fullness during treatment with diclofenac sodium in one case and of heartburn during both treatment periods in the other. No laboratory abnormalities were noted.", "contents": "A study of the anti-inflammatory effect of Voltaren in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In a double-blind, crossover study conducted in ten hospitalised patients suffering from active rheumatoid arthritis, the anti-inflammatory effect of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) in a daily dosage of 125 mg was compared with that of placebo under strictly standardised conditions. Changes in reversible articular swelling were determined by measuring the circumference of involved wrist, knee, metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal, and metatarosphalangeal joints. A consistent decrease in joint swelling occurred in response to treatment with diclofenac sodium, as compared with a consistent increase following placebo medication. This difference was significant at the 5% level for all except the interphalangeal joints. Similarly, in response to diclofenac sodium a greater improvement was noted in duration of morning stiffness and grip strength and a greater reduction in the total number of painful and swollen joints. The status of the rheumatoid condition improved in nine patients following treatment with diclofenac sodium, but in none following placebo medication. Two patients reported unwanted effects, consisting of a sensation of fullness during treatment with diclofenac sodium in one case and of heartburn during both treatment periods in the other. No laboratory abnormalities were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:356246", "title": "Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) and indomethacin in the ambulatory treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind multicentre study.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover trial conducted on a multicentre basis, 109 patients with \"classic\" or \"definite\" rheumatoid arthritis were treated for two weeks with diclofenac sodium (Voltaren, 25 mg t.i.d.) and indomethacin (25 mg t.i.d). Both drugs led to a clear-cut decrease in morning stiffness, as well as to a significant improvement in pain at rest and on movement. In these respects no significant difference between the two-drugs was observed. As regards their effect on status of rheumatoid condition, however, a trend towards a significant improvement was discernible, in the investigator's opinion, only in response to diclofenac sodium. \"Unwanted effects\" were mentioned by 25 patients before the trial, by 31 during treatment with diclofenac sodium, and by 33 during treatment with indomethacin. While the patients were receiving indomethacin, five of them discontinued treatment on account of side effects (headache in three cases, headache and tiredness in one case, and an allergic skin reaction in one case) and one of them, who complained of headache, lowered the dosage; treatment with diclofenac sodium was discontinued because of side effects by only one patient, who had developed an allergic skin reaction.", "contents": "Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) and indomethacin in the ambulatory treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind multicentre study. In a double-blind crossover trial conducted on a multicentre basis, 109 patients with \"classic\" or \"definite\" rheumatoid arthritis were treated for two weeks with diclofenac sodium (Voltaren, 25 mg t.i.d.) and indomethacin (25 mg t.i.d). Both drugs led to a clear-cut decrease in morning stiffness, as well as to a significant improvement in pain at rest and on movement. In these respects no significant difference between the two-drugs was observed. As regards their effect on status of rheumatoid condition, however, a trend towards a significant improvement was discernible, in the investigator's opinion, only in response to diclofenac sodium. \"Unwanted effects\" were mentioned by 25 patients before the trial, by 31 during treatment with diclofenac sodium, and by 33 during treatment with indomethacin. While the patients were receiving indomethacin, five of them discontinued treatment on account of side effects (headache in three cases, headache and tiredness in one case, and an allergic skin reaction in one case) and one of them, who complained of headache, lowered the dosage; treatment with diclofenac sodium was discontinued because of side effects by only one patient, who had developed an allergic skin reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:356247", "title": "Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) and naproxen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative double-blind study.", "content": "In a double-blind, between-patient trial the efficacy and tolerability of two new non-steroid anti-inflammatory analgesics-diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) 50 mg b.i.d. and naproxen 250 mg b.i.d.-were compared in hospitalised patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Both drugs had a clearly positive effect on the duration of morning stiffness, bilateral grip strength, pain at rest, and pain on movement. No statistically significant difference between the two drugs was found with respect to clinical efficacy. Three patients treated with diclofenac sodium reported unwanted effects, as compared with seven patients receiving naproxen. These unwated effects led to premature discontinuation of the treatment in one patient on naproxen. Thus, although both drugs were well tolerated, it appeared that diclofenac sodium caused somewhat fewer unwanted effects.", "contents": "Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) and naproxen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative double-blind study. In a double-blind, between-patient trial the efficacy and tolerability of two new non-steroid anti-inflammatory analgesics-diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) 50 mg b.i.d. and naproxen 250 mg b.i.d.-were compared in hospitalised patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Both drugs had a clearly positive effect on the duration of morning stiffness, bilateral grip strength, pain at rest, and pain on movement. No statistically significant difference between the two drugs was found with respect to clinical efficacy. Three patients treated with diclofenac sodium reported unwanted effects, as compared with seven patients receiving naproxen. These unwated effects led to premature discontinuation of the treatment in one patient on naproxen. Thus, although both drugs were well tolerated, it appeared that diclofenac sodium caused somewhat fewer unwanted effects."}
{"id": "PMID:356249", "title": "A comparative short-term trial with Voltaren (diclofenac sodium) and naproxen in soft-tissue rheumatism.", "content": "In a double-blind study, diclofenac sodium (Voltaren)--administered for 14 days in a dosage of 25 mg t.i.d.--was compared with naproxen (250 mg b.i.d. for 14 days) in the treatment of 120 patients with soft-tissue rheumatism. Assessment of the efficacy of the two treatments was based upon changes, recorded once a week, in the following parameters: pain at rest and on movement, swelling, local tenderness, functional impairment, limitation of movement, and sleep disturbances. The incidence of unwanted effects was also recorded, and the effects themselves were classified according to the probability of their being causally related to the trial preparations. Both drugs appeared to be effective in relieving symptoms associated with soft-tissue rheumatism. In most indications the therapeutic efficacy of the two preparations was similar. In patients suffering from diseases affecting the shoulder region, however, diclofenac sodium was significantly more effective. Unwanted effects rarely occurred with either drug.", "contents": "A comparative short-term trial with Voltaren (diclofenac sodium) and naproxen in soft-tissue rheumatism. In a double-blind study, diclofenac sodium (Voltaren)--administered for 14 days in a dosage of 25 mg t.i.d.--was compared with naproxen (250 mg b.i.d. for 14 days) in the treatment of 120 patients with soft-tissue rheumatism. Assessment of the efficacy of the two treatments was based upon changes, recorded once a week, in the following parameters: pain at rest and on movement, swelling, local tenderness, functional impairment, limitation of movement, and sleep disturbances. The incidence of unwanted effects was also recorded, and the effects themselves were classified according to the probability of their being causally related to the trial preparations. Both drugs appeared to be effective in relieving symptoms associated with soft-tissue rheumatism. In most indications the therapeutic efficacy of the two preparations was similar. In patients suffering from diseases affecting the shoulder region, however, diclofenac sodium was significantly more effective. Unwanted effects rarely occurred with either drug."}
{"id": "PMID:356250", "title": "The long-term efficacy and tolerability of Voltaren (diclofenac sodium) and indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A report is given on a long-term controlled trial in which diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) was compared with indomethacin in 36 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, both drugs being administered in a dosage of 75-125 mg daily. In this trial, planned as a double-blind study, each patient was to participate for six months, after which the patients treated with diclofenac sodium were to be followed up for a further six months. By the end of the first six months, diclofenac sodium had proved to be clearly superior to indomethacin in terms of therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, unwanted effects referable to either the central nervous system or the gastro-intestinal tract were less common and less severe in the patient treated with diclofenac sodium than in those receiving indomethacin. These results demonstrate that, when given as long-term treatment to patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, Voltaren is both effective and well tolerated.", "contents": "The long-term efficacy and tolerability of Voltaren (diclofenac sodium) and indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis. A report is given on a long-term controlled trial in which diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) was compared with indomethacin in 36 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, both drugs being administered in a dosage of 75-125 mg daily. In this trial, planned as a double-blind study, each patient was to participate for six months, after which the patients treated with diclofenac sodium were to be followed up for a further six months. By the end of the first six months, diclofenac sodium had proved to be clearly superior to indomethacin in terms of therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, unwanted effects referable to either the central nervous system or the gastro-intestinal tract were less common and less severe in the patient treated with diclofenac sodium than in those receiving indomethacin. These results demonstrate that, when given as long-term treatment to patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, Voltaren is both effective and well tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:356252", "title": "The effect of inhaled RS 7540, a xanthone, on exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "The effect of 71 oxo-7-thiomethoxyxanthone-2-carboxylic acid sodium salt (RS 7540) in inhibiting exercise-induced asthma was compared with that of placebo in a double-blind crossover study. Single doses of 40 mg were given by inhalation to 12 patients. Ten of these subsequently received a dose of 20 mg. RS 7540 at both dose levels had a statistically significant effect in giving total or partial protection from exercise-induced bronchospasm; however, no dose relationship was apparent.", "contents": "The effect of inhaled RS 7540, a xanthone, on exercise-induced asthma. The effect of 71 oxo-7-thiomethoxyxanthone-2-carboxylic acid sodium salt (RS 7540) in inhibiting exercise-induced asthma was compared with that of placebo in a double-blind crossover study. Single doses of 40 mg were given by inhalation to 12 patients. Ten of these subsequently received a dose of 20 mg. RS 7540 at both dose levels had a statistically significant effect in giving total or partial protection from exercise-induced bronchospasm; however, no dose relationship was apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:356253", "title": "The pleiotropic effect of spontaneous single-step variant production in Mycobacterium intracellulare.", "content": "A strain of M. intracellulare, AT 13786, derived from human sputum, gave rise to transparent and opaque colony forms which were cloned and investigated. From the results the conclusion was drawn that the opaque form was a mutant of the transparent type and possessed alterations in the cell envelope which were responsible for enhanced permeability. The opaque form was more susceptible to a number of antibiotics; it grew faster in standard medium, and was not dependent on tween for dextrose utilization. Tween enhanced the antibiotic susceptibility of the opaque form more than that of the transparent. The avirulent opaque colony form of the pathogenic strain serotype Boone also revealed a loss of tween dependence for dextrose utilization. The significance of the overall change has been discussed with respect to the question of virulence.", "contents": "The pleiotropic effect of spontaneous single-step variant production in Mycobacterium intracellulare. A strain of M. intracellulare, AT 13786, derived from human sputum, gave rise to transparent and opaque colony forms which were cloned and investigated. From the results the conclusion was drawn that the opaque form was a mutant of the transparent type and possessed alterations in the cell envelope which were responsible for enhanced permeability. The opaque form was more susceptible to a number of antibiotics; it grew faster in standard medium, and was not dependent on tween for dextrose utilization. Tween enhanced the antibiotic susceptibility of the opaque form more than that of the transparent. The avirulent opaque colony form of the pathogenic strain serotype Boone also revealed a loss of tween dependence for dextrose utilization. The significance of the overall change has been discussed with respect to the question of virulence."}
{"id": "PMID:356254", "title": "Hexoprenaline and terbutaline administered by inhalation. A comparison between two beta2-adrenoreceptor agonists with respect to effect on bronchial obstruction, heart rate, blood pressure and muscle tremor.", "content": "In a controlled double-blind cross-over study in 15 patients with reversible bronchial obstruction hexoprenaline (Ipradol, 0.20 mg/puff) and terbutaline (Bricanyl, 0.25 mg/puff) when administered as metered aerosol in a dosage of one puff followed by two puffs 30 min later produced the same maximum improvement of ventilatory function. However, after inhalation of terbutaline a more sustained broncholytic effect was obtained than after hexoprenaline. Similar results were obtained in six patients after doubling the dose of each agent. The influence on pulse rate and blood pressure was negligible with either agent. The amplitude of finger tremor was measured after 2 + 4 puffs. No significant changes in mean values occurred after either of the two agents although after hexoprenaline an increase in amplitude of more than 100% was recorded in two out of six patients 30 min after the second dose.", "contents": "Hexoprenaline and terbutaline administered by inhalation. A comparison between two beta2-adrenoreceptor agonists with respect to effect on bronchial obstruction, heart rate, blood pressure and muscle tremor. In a controlled double-blind cross-over study in 15 patients with reversible bronchial obstruction hexoprenaline (Ipradol, 0.20 mg/puff) and terbutaline (Bricanyl, 0.25 mg/puff) when administered as metered aerosol in a dosage of one puff followed by two puffs 30 min later produced the same maximum improvement of ventilatory function. However, after inhalation of terbutaline a more sustained broncholytic effect was obtained than after hexoprenaline. Similar results were obtained in six patients after doubling the dose of each agent. The influence on pulse rate and blood pressure was negligible with either agent. The amplitude of finger tremor was measured after 2 + 4 puffs. No significant changes in mean values occurred after either of the two agents although after hexoprenaline an increase in amplitude of more than 100% was recorded in two out of six patients 30 min after the second dose."}
{"id": "PMID:356255", "title": "Bovine tuberculosis in man--reinfection or endogenous exacerbation.", "content": "Cattle tuberculosis was totally eradicated in Sweden 20 years ago. Twelve cases of bovine tuberculosis in man were reported in 1974 and 1975. All cases lived for many years in areas where cattle tuberculosis had previously been common. No recent source of infection could be demonstrated. These findings are in accordance with an exacerbation of a distant infection.", "contents": "Bovine tuberculosis in man--reinfection or endogenous exacerbation. Cattle tuberculosis was totally eradicated in Sweden 20 years ago. Twelve cases of bovine tuberculosis in man were reported in 1974 and 1975. All cases lived for many years in areas where cattle tuberculosis had previously been common. No recent source of infection could be demonstrated. These findings are in accordance with an exacerbation of a distant infection."}
{"id": "PMID:356261", "title": "Benzene--attempts to establish a lower exposure standard in the United States. A review.", "content": "Production usage and potential occupational exposure to benzene are described in this review, as are selected, relevant reports presenting evidence evidence implicating benzene as a causative factor in leukemia, particularly acute myelogenous leukemia, pancytopenia (including aplastic anemia) and chromosomal aberrations. A chronologic account of events in the 1970s in the United States, largely based on epidemiologic evdince collected and prepared by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, caused the regulatory agency, the Department of Labor, through its Occupational Safety and Health Administration to declare benzene a human leukemogen and carcinogen and to publish an emergency temporary standard of 1 ppm in May, 1977, but this standard has not been legalized.", "contents": "Benzene--attempts to establish a lower exposure standard in the United States. A review. Production usage and potential occupational exposure to benzene are described in this review, as are selected, relevant reports presenting evidence evidence implicating benzene as a causative factor in leukemia, particularly acute myelogenous leukemia, pancytopenia (including aplastic anemia) and chromosomal aberrations. A chronologic account of events in the 1970s in the United States, largely based on epidemiologic evdince collected and prepared by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, caused the regulatory agency, the Department of Labor, through its Occupational Safety and Health Administration to declare benzene a human leukemogen and carcinogen and to publish an emergency temporary standard of 1 ppm in May, 1977, but this standard has not been legalized."}
{"id": "PMID:356262", "title": "Synthetic maps of human gene frequencies in Europeans.", "content": "Multivarate techniques can be used to condense the information for a large number of loci and alleles into one or a few synthetic variables. The geographic distribution of synthetic variables can be plotted by the same technique used in mapping the gene frequency of a single allele. Synthetic maps were constructed for Europe and the Near East, with the use of principal components to condense the information of 38 independent alleles from ten loci. The first principal component summarizes close to 30% of the total information and shows gradients. Maps thus constructed show clines in remarkable agreement with those expected on the basis of the spread of early farming in Europe, thus supporting the hypothesis that this spread was a demic spread rather than a cultural diffusion of farming technology.", "contents": "Synthetic maps of human gene frequencies in Europeans. Multivarate techniques can be used to condense the information for a large number of loci and alleles into one or a few synthetic variables. The geographic distribution of synthetic variables can be plotted by the same technique used in mapping the gene frequency of a single allele. Synthetic maps were constructed for Europe and the Near East, with the use of principal components to condense the information of 38 independent alleles from ten loci. The first principal component summarizes close to 30% of the total information and shows gradients. Maps thus constructed show clines in remarkable agreement with those expected on the basis of the spread of early farming in Europe, thus supporting the hypothesis that this spread was a demic spread rather than a cultural diffusion of farming technology."}
{"id": "PMID:356264", "title": "Age determination of an Alaskan mummy: morphological and biochemical correlation.", "content": "Aspartic acid racemization analysis of a tooth from an Alaskan mummy yielded an age at death of 53 (+/- 5) years, which correlates well with earlier estimates based on morphological features. This study illustrates the value of integrative approaches to paleopathologic problems and the importance of preserving rare specimens for the application of new techniques.", "contents": "Age determination of an Alaskan mummy: morphological and biochemical correlation. Aspartic acid racemization analysis of a tooth from an Alaskan mummy yielded an age at death of 53 (+/- 5) years, which correlates well with earlier estimates based on morphological features. This study illustrates the value of integrative approaches to paleopathologic problems and the importance of preserving rare specimens for the application of new techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:356265", "title": "Unusual antibody-induced modulation of surface antigens in the cell coat of a bloodstream trypanosome.", "content": "Unlike other eukaryotic cells, Trypanosoma lewisi forms caps at 0 degrees C when incubated with rabbit immunoglobulin G(IgG) directed against surface IgG from the rat host. The host IgG, which is specific for parasite antigens, probably does not cause capping of these antigens in vivo, since trypanosomes treated with Fab fragments directed against rat IgG are uniformly labeled and do not cap at 0 degrees C or 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Unusual antibody-induced modulation of surface antigens in the cell coat of a bloodstream trypanosome. Unlike other eukaryotic cells, Trypanosoma lewisi forms caps at 0 degrees C when incubated with rabbit immunoglobulin G(IgG) directed against surface IgG from the rat host. The host IgG, which is specific for parasite antigens, probably does not cause capping of these antigens in vivo, since trypanosomes treated with Fab fragments directed against rat IgG are uniformly labeled and do not cap at 0 degrees C or 37 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:356266", "title": "Bone marrow origin of hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells) in humans.", "content": "Hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells) from two male recipients of bone marrow transplants from females were studied for fluorescent Y body staining and sex chromatin (Barr body). After the transplant, macrophages had the sex karyotype of the donor, indicating that human hepatic macrophages originate in bone marrow.", "contents": "Bone marrow origin of hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells) in humans. Hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells) from two male recipients of bone marrow transplants from females were studied for fluorescent Y body staining and sex chromatin (Barr body). After the transplant, macrophages had the sex karyotype of the donor, indicating that human hepatic macrophages originate in bone marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:356267", "title": "Antitrypanosomal effect of allopurinol: conversion in vivo to aminopyrazolopyrimidine nucleotides by Trypanosoma curzi.", "content": "The parasite Trypanosoma cruzi metabolizes allopurinol by a sequential conversion to allopurinol mononucleotide and aminopurinol mononucleotide. The latter is incorporated into RNA. This transformation of a widely used innocuous agent, allopurinol, into a toxic adenine analog appears to account for the antiprotozoan effect of allopurinol. These unique enzymatic activities appear to occur only in T. cruzi and the pathogenic lesihaminae. Allopurinol may serve as a model for the synthesis of similar antiprotozoan agents.", "contents": "Antitrypanosomal effect of allopurinol: conversion in vivo to aminopyrazolopyrimidine nucleotides by Trypanosoma curzi. The parasite Trypanosoma cruzi metabolizes allopurinol by a sequential conversion to allopurinol mononucleotide and aminopurinol mononucleotide. The latter is incorporated into RNA. This transformation of a widely used innocuous agent, allopurinol, into a toxic adenine analog appears to account for the antiprotozoan effect of allopurinol. These unique enzymatic activities appear to occur only in T. cruzi and the pathogenic lesihaminae. Allopurinol may serve as a model for the synthesis of similar antiprotozoan agents."}
{"id": "PMID:356268", "title": "Research involving human subjects.", "content": "This article reports a study of the activities and performance of institutional review boards to protect human research subjects. Researchers and institutional review board members were generally supportive of the review system, although substantial criticisms were also heard. Institutional review boards had some direct impact on half of the proposals reviewed by requiring either modification of or additional information about proposed research. The data, however, raise questions about the effectiveness of some review board actions, for example, with regard to informed consent. Some policy implications of the study are presented.", "contents": "Research involving human subjects. This article reports a study of the activities and performance of institutional review boards to protect human research subjects. Researchers and institutional review board members were generally supportive of the review system, although substantial criticisms were also heard. Institutional review boards had some direct impact on half of the proposals reviewed by requiring either modification of or additional information about proposed research. The data, however, raise questions about the effectiveness of some review board actions, for example, with regard to informed consent. Some policy implications of the study are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:356269", "title": "Localization of inorganic phosphate in the pancreatic B cell and its loss on glucose stimulation.", "content": "Perifusion experiments have shown that there is a discharge of inorganic phosphate into the medium when insulin secretion from isolated islets is stimulated by glucose. Histochemical and microprobe examination of resting pancreatic islets in the electron microscope shows a specific accumulation of inorganic phosphate adjacent to the plasmalemma and nucleolus of the B (beta) cells. This phossphate is lost from the cells during secretory stimulation of islets with high concentrations of glucose.", "contents": "Localization of inorganic phosphate in the pancreatic B cell and its loss on glucose stimulation. Perifusion experiments have shown that there is a discharge of inorganic phosphate into the medium when insulin secretion from isolated islets is stimulated by glucose. Histochemical and microprobe examination of resting pancreatic islets in the electron microscope shows a specific accumulation of inorganic phosphate adjacent to the plasmalemma and nucleolus of the B (beta) cells. This phossphate is lost from the cells during secretory stimulation of islets with high concentrations of glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:356271", "title": "The logic of adjunctive therapy in surgical patients with resectable cancer.", "content": "The principles and rationale of using multiple modalities (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy) to treat solid malignancies is reviewed. Animal models of human tumors have clearly demonstrated the superiority of combining local treatment (eg, surgery) with systemic treatment (eg, chemotherapy). Although the results of many trials of adjunctive therapy in man are still preliminary, they warrant the caustious generalization that multiple modality therapy will increasingly become more effective than surgery alone for most types of solid tumors. Although the strategy of employing adjunctive therapy is rational, it must be emphasized that the therapeutic efficacy of specific drugs or agents for particular patients or tumor types has not always been satisfactory. Clinical trials now in progress may demonstrate more effective regimens. In the meantime, physicians should be cautious about using adjunctive therapy as standard treatment until long-term benefits and safety have been demonstrated. Participation in clinical trials is encouraged to verify the validity and application of this therapeutic approach.", "contents": "The logic of adjunctive therapy in surgical patients with resectable cancer. The principles and rationale of using multiple modalities (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy) to treat solid malignancies is reviewed. Animal models of human tumors have clearly demonstrated the superiority of combining local treatment (eg, surgery) with systemic treatment (eg, chemotherapy). Although the results of many trials of adjunctive therapy in man are still preliminary, they warrant the caustious generalization that multiple modality therapy will increasingly become more effective than surgery alone for most types of solid tumors. Although the strategy of employing adjunctive therapy is rational, it must be emphasized that the therapeutic efficacy of specific drugs or agents for particular patients or tumor types has not always been satisfactory. Clinical trials now in progress may demonstrate more effective regimens. In the meantime, physicians should be cautious about using adjunctive therapy as standard treatment until long-term benefits and safety have been demonstrated. Participation in clinical trials is encouraged to verify the validity and application of this therapeutic approach."}
{"id": "PMID:356276", "title": "Sir John Harington, Thomas Crapper, and the flush toilet.", "content": "With the population explosion of the last century, major changes in sewage removal and sanitation were necessary. Two men offered important designs for the modern flush toilet. Sir John Harington was a poet in 16th Century England, while Thomas Crapper was a plumber and businessman in the same country 300 years later. Harington will be remembered for eloquent words about the toilet and Crapper may be assured even greater remembrance for selling toilets and being named Crapper.", "contents": "Sir John Harington, Thomas Crapper, and the flush toilet. With the population explosion of the last century, major changes in sewage removal and sanitation were necessary. Two men offered important designs for the modern flush toilet. Sir John Harington was a poet in 16th Century England, while Thomas Crapper was a plumber and businessman in the same country 300 years later. Harington will be remembered for eloquent words about the toilet and Crapper may be assured even greater remembrance for selling toilets and being named Crapper."}
{"id": "PMID:356286", "title": "Protein binding of drugs--the clinical significance.", "content": "Drug-protein binding is reviewed from a clinical and practical point of view. Commonly used drugs are discussed and the effects of disease, drug dosage and hypoalbuminaemia on drug-protein binding are reviewed. Doses of highly bound (greater than 80%) drugs in patients with hypoalbuminaemia, liver disease or renal failure should be regularly reviewed.", "contents": "Protein binding of drugs--the clinical significance. Drug-protein binding is reviewed from a clinical and practical point of view. Commonly used drugs are discussed and the effects of disease, drug dosage and hypoalbuminaemia on drug-protein binding are reviewed. Doses of highly bound (greater than 80%) drugs in patients with hypoalbuminaemia, liver disease or renal failure should be regularly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:356287", "title": "Trofosfamide in the treatment of patients with cancer. A pilot trial.", "content": "The efficacy of trofosfamide (Ixoten; Noristan), a derivative of cyclophosphamide, was investigated in 76 patients. Those with solid tumours were given 50 mg/kg in 6 divided doses in 48 hours; those with chronic lymphatic leukaemia were treated with 100 mg orally 3 times a day for up to 10 weeks. Side-effects of treatment included leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, a fall in the haemoglobin level, haematuria and occasional alopecia. Nausea was never severe, and occurred in only half of the patients on a high dose and in none of the patients on a low dose. A therapeutic effect was observed in patients with breast cancer, cancer of unknown origin and pancreatic cancer. Twenty-one of 24 patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (all of whom had aggressive disease) responded to treatment, and complete remission (including normal bone marrow), was achieved in 5 of these patients.", "contents": "Trofosfamide in the treatment of patients with cancer. A pilot trial. The efficacy of trofosfamide (Ixoten; Noristan), a derivative of cyclophosphamide, was investigated in 76 patients. Those with solid tumours were given 50 mg/kg in 6 divided doses in 48 hours; those with chronic lymphatic leukaemia were treated with 100 mg orally 3 times a day for up to 10 weeks. Side-effects of treatment included leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, a fall in the haemoglobin level, haematuria and occasional alopecia. Nausea was never severe, and occurred in only half of the patients on a high dose and in none of the patients on a low dose. A therapeutic effect was observed in patients with breast cancer, cancer of unknown origin and pancreatic cancer. Twenty-one of 24 patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (all of whom had aggressive disease) responded to treatment, and complete remission (including normal bone marrow), was achieved in 5 of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:356288", "title": "Piracetam in the management of spasticity in cerebral palsy.", "content": "This article is a preliminary report of a new indication for the drug piracetam (Nootropil; UCB). It was found that piracetam was useful for the control of spasticity in 8 out of 16 patients with cerebral palsy. Side-effects were minimal.", "contents": "Piracetam in the management of spasticity in cerebral palsy. This article is a preliminary report of a new indication for the drug piracetam (Nootropil; UCB). It was found that piracetam was useful for the control of spasticity in 8 out of 16 patients with cerebral palsy. Side-effects were minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:356289", "title": "The Bain anaesthetic circuit.", "content": "The Bain co-axial circuit is a recent and versatile addition to the semiclosed anaesthetic breathing systems. The relationship between the patient's arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and fresh gas flow during intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) using this circuit has been reassessed. A mean PaCO2 of 33,4 mmHg for 64 patients was recorded using a fresh gas flow of 100 ml/kg/min and a mean PaCO2 of 37,3 mmHg for 55 patients using a fresh gas flow off 70 ml/kg/min.", "contents": "The Bain anaesthetic circuit. The Bain co-axial circuit is a recent and versatile addition to the semiclosed anaesthetic breathing systems. The relationship between the patient's arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and fresh gas flow during intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) using this circuit has been reassessed. A mean PaCO2 of 33,4 mmHg for 64 patients was recorded using a fresh gas flow of 100 ml/kg/min and a mean PaCO2 of 37,3 mmHg for 55 patients using a fresh gas flow off 70 ml/kg/min."}
{"id": "PMID:356290", "title": "Bromodeoxyuridine tablet methodology for in vivo studies of DNA synthesis.", "content": "5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) tablets with different physical characteristics are useful in a wide variety of studies requiring detection of DNA replication in vivo. These tablets can effect a high substitution of BrdU in DNA, thereby permitting sister chromatid differentiation in chromosomes stained with 33258 Hoechst alone or in conjunction with Giemsa. Baseline and cyclophosphamide-induced in vivo sister chromatid exchange frequencies in mouse spleen, marrow, and thymus were measured and found to be significantly greater than those in spermatogonia. Sister chromatid exchange analysis was also extended to mouse liver and to Chinese hamster and Armenian hamster marrow cells. Sister chromatid differentiation was observed in Armenian hamster meiotic tissue, and evidence for interhomolog chromatid exchange obtained.", "contents": "Bromodeoxyuridine tablet methodology for in vivo studies of DNA synthesis. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) tablets with different physical characteristics are useful in a wide variety of studies requiring detection of DNA replication in vivo. These tablets can effect a high substitution of BrdU in DNA, thereby permitting sister chromatid differentiation in chromosomes stained with 33258 Hoechst alone or in conjunction with Giemsa. Baseline and cyclophosphamide-induced in vivo sister chromatid exchange frequencies in mouse spleen, marrow, and thymus were measured and found to be significantly greater than those in spermatogonia. Sister chromatid exchange analysis was also extended to mouse liver and to Chinese hamster and Armenian hamster marrow cells. Sister chromatid differentiation was observed in Armenian hamster meiotic tissue, and evidence for interhomolog chromatid exchange obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:356291", "title": "Use of latex particles for analysis of heterokaryon formation and cell fusion.", "content": "A simple method for the quick and accurate detection of cell fusion utilizing latex particles as cytoplasmic markers was developed and is reported here. The method is particularly useful for demonstrating human skin fibroblast heterokaryons. Ingestion of latex particles did not affect the growth of primary human and established BHK(21)/C(13) hamster fibroblasts. In addition, somatic cell hybridization between hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient (HPRT-) and thymidine kinase-deficient (TK-) mutants of BHK(21)/C(13) was also unaffected by lates particle ingestion.", "contents": "Use of latex particles for analysis of heterokaryon formation and cell fusion. A simple method for the quick and accurate detection of cell fusion utilizing latex particles as cytoplasmic markers was developed and is reported here. The method is particularly useful for demonstrating human skin fibroblast heterokaryons. Ingestion of latex particles did not affect the growth of primary human and established BHK(21)/C(13) hamster fibroblasts. In addition, somatic cell hybridization between hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient (HPRT-) and thymidine kinase-deficient (TK-) mutants of BHK(21)/C(13) was also unaffected by lates particle ingestion."}
{"id": "PMID:356293", "title": "Preoperative assessment of the patient with breast cancer.", "content": "The clinical assessment of patients with Stages I and II breast cancer is outlined in Figure 1. A chest x-ray film and serum alkaline phosphatase are the only routine studies indicated. If the serum alkaline phosphatase is abnormal in the presence of otherwise normal liver function studies, a bone scan, liver scan, and CEA should be obtained. Areas of increased radioactivity on bone scan are always evaluated by additional radiographs and in some cases tomograms. The majority of focal areas of increased radioactivity will demonstrate radiographic evidence of benign bone lesions, predominantly degenerative joint disease. Only those focal areas of increased radioactivity that are normal on x-ray film or show radiographic evidence of metastases are considered to be positive for metastatic disease. The results of the liver scan are correlated with the level of CEA. Focal areas of decreased radioactivity associated with a CEA greater than 5 ng per ml are considered to be metastases. In the absence of elevation of the CEA, focal areas of increased radioactivity should be biopsied prior to any further considerations as to definitive therapy. The clinical assessment of patients with Stage III disease is outlined in Figure 2. Patients with this stage of disease have a much greater chance of having clinically occult metastases of sufficient size to be detected by chest x-ray film, serum alkaline phosphatase, and bone scan. If the serum alkaline phosphatase is abnormal, a liver scan and CEA are obtained in an effort to detect liver metastases. The same sequence of events is then followed as suggested for patients with Stages I and II disease. Several new techniques of detecting occult metastases are being evaluated. Biomarkers are the subject of another article in this volume. The use of computerized axial tomography is also being evaluated as a means of detecting lung, liver, and mediastinal metastases. The results of these initial clinical trials should be carefully followed.", "contents": "Preoperative assessment of the patient with breast cancer. The clinical assessment of patients with Stages I and II breast cancer is outlined in Figure 1. A chest x-ray film and serum alkaline phosphatase are the only routine studies indicated. If the serum alkaline phosphatase is abnormal in the presence of otherwise normal liver function studies, a bone scan, liver scan, and CEA should be obtained. Areas of increased radioactivity on bone scan are always evaluated by additional radiographs and in some cases tomograms. The majority of focal areas of increased radioactivity will demonstrate radiographic evidence of benign bone lesions, predominantly degenerative joint disease. Only those focal areas of increased radioactivity that are normal on x-ray film or show radiographic evidence of metastases are considered to be positive for metastatic disease. The results of the liver scan are correlated with the level of CEA. Focal areas of decreased radioactivity associated with a CEA greater than 5 ng per ml are considered to be metastases. In the absence of elevation of the CEA, focal areas of increased radioactivity should be biopsied prior to any further considerations as to definitive therapy. The clinical assessment of patients with Stage III disease is outlined in Figure 2. Patients with this stage of disease have a much greater chance of having clinically occult metastases of sufficient size to be detected by chest x-ray film, serum alkaline phosphatase, and bone scan. If the serum alkaline phosphatase is abnormal, a liver scan and CEA are obtained in an effort to detect liver metastases. The same sequence of events is then followed as suggested for patients with Stages I and II disease. Several new techniques of detecting occult metastases are being evaluated. Biomarkers are the subject of another article in this volume. The use of computerized axial tomography is also being evaluated as a means of detecting lung, liver, and mediastinal metastases. The results of these initial clinical trials should be carefully followed."}
{"id": "PMID:356294", "title": "Immunology, tumor markers, and breast cancer.", "content": "Although our knowledge of immunologic processes in breast cancer is still inadequate, many preliminary studies described here may yield valuable information after long-term patient follow-up. At present, there is no specific tumor marker diagnostic of breast cancer, but markers such as CEA, ferritin, immune complexes, and specially estrogen receptors have strong potential as prognostic indicators. As a group, breast cancer patients, as do those with other malignancies, demonstrate reduced immunologic capacity, therefore assays of nonspecific immune function may not be relevant. Assays of \"specific\" reactivity to breast tumor antigens, however, warrant further investigation as clinical tools. Application of immunotherapy to breast cancer is relatively recent and few trials have more than preliminary data. Determination of estrogen receptors should be included in future clinical immunotherapy protocols so that true evaluation of immunologic responses may benefit, hopefully, from our awareness of the endocrine milieu.", "contents": "Immunology, tumor markers, and breast cancer. Although our knowledge of immunologic processes in breast cancer is still inadequate, many preliminary studies described here may yield valuable information after long-term patient follow-up. At present, there is no specific tumor marker diagnostic of breast cancer, but markers such as CEA, ferritin, immune complexes, and specially estrogen receptors have strong potential as prognostic indicators. As a group, breast cancer patients, as do those with other malignancies, demonstrate reduced immunologic capacity, therefore assays of nonspecific immune function may not be relevant. Assays of \"specific\" reactivity to breast tumor antigens, however, warrant further investigation as clinical tools. Application of immunotherapy to breast cancer is relatively recent and few trials have more than preliminary data. Determination of estrogen receptors should be included in future clinical immunotherapy protocols so that true evaluation of immunologic responses may benefit, hopefully, from our awareness of the endocrine milieu."}
{"id": "PMID:356297", "title": "Modified radical mastectomy.", "content": "The recent history of operations for breast cancer indicates a growing trend toward conservatism. The modified radical mastectomy achieves the goal of removing all evidence of cancer in the breast involved and removes the regional lymph nodes for accurate staging of the disease. In addition, it provides a cosmetic result superior to that of the standard radical mastectomy. Breast reconstruction may be undertaken at a later time with excellent result. The 5 and 10 year survival rates of comparable groups of patients after modified radical mastectomy and standard radical mastectomy appear to be almost identical.", "contents": "Modified radical mastectomy. The recent history of operations for breast cancer indicates a growing trend toward conservatism. The modified radical mastectomy achieves the goal of removing all evidence of cancer in the breast involved and removes the regional lymph nodes for accurate staging of the disease. In addition, it provides a cosmetic result superior to that of the standard radical mastectomy. Breast reconstruction may be undertaken at a later time with excellent result. The 5 and 10 year survival rates of comparable groups of patients after modified radical mastectomy and standard radical mastectomy appear to be almost identical."}
{"id": "PMID:356300", "title": "Ovarian suppression and breast cancer.", "content": "Castration by radiation or oophorectomy may cause regression of tumor metastasis. Patients who will benefit are those whose estrophile protein concentration in breast tissue is high. The use of castration as an early adjunctive method (prophylactic castration) delays the onset of recurrence, although it may take 10 to 15 years to verify these observations. Difficulty in analyzing these data is due to the smallness of the sample, and the frequent use of hormones in control patients. Effective castration may be observed with radiation or surgery. The choice is dependent on the patient's wishes and the need for an immediate effect. Combination therapy with steroids, chemotherapy, or adrenalectomy may potentiate the effect of castration. Premenopausal castration may markedly decrease the incidence of new breast cancers, particularly when followed for 20 or more years.", "contents": "Ovarian suppression and breast cancer. Castration by radiation or oophorectomy may cause regression of tumor metastasis. Patients who will benefit are those whose estrophile protein concentration in breast tissue is high. The use of castration as an early adjunctive method (prophylactic castration) delays the onset of recurrence, although it may take 10 to 15 years to verify these observations. Difficulty in analyzing these data is due to the smallness of the sample, and the frequent use of hormones in control patients. Effective castration may be observed with radiation or surgery. The choice is dependent on the patient's wishes and the need for an immediate effect. Combination therapy with steroids, chemotherapy, or adrenalectomy may potentiate the effect of castration. Premenopausal castration may markedly decrease the incidence of new breast cancers, particularly when followed for 20 or more years."}
{"id": "PMID:356301", "title": "Bilateral breast cancer.", "content": "The true incidence of bilateral breast cancer, both simultaneous and subsequent, is higher than older statistics indicate, and the frequency can be expected to increase as more efficient methods of detection and treatment become commonplace. Furthermore, there is a subgroup of patients who have an especially high risk for having a second primary cancer in the other breast; if such a cancer develops it deleteriously influences the survival of the patient. A rational approach to the management of the other breast is presented using contralateral biopsy as an added modality for detection and reserving prophylatic matectomy of the other breast for those patients who ar at high risk for developing cancer in it.", "contents": "Bilateral breast cancer. The true incidence of bilateral breast cancer, both simultaneous and subsequent, is higher than older statistics indicate, and the frequency can be expected to increase as more efficient methods of detection and treatment become commonplace. Furthermore, there is a subgroup of patients who have an especially high risk for having a second primary cancer in the other breast; if such a cancer develops it deleteriously influences the survival of the patient. A rational approach to the management of the other breast is presented using contralateral biopsy as an added modality for detection and reserving prophylatic matectomy of the other breast for those patients who ar at high risk for developing cancer in it."}
{"id": "PMID:356302", "title": "Chemotherapy of recurrent breast cancer.", "content": "Several chemotherapeutic agents given singly or in combination are capable of producing significant tumor regression in recurrent breast cancer. Such remissions improve both the quality and duration of life. To date, the most active combinations have been variations of Cooper's CMFVP therapy or regimens containing Adriamycin. Further improvements in survival may be realized from the addition of hormonal and/or immune therapy to these active combinations as well as from the development of new drugs.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of recurrent breast cancer. Several chemotherapeutic agents given singly or in combination are capable of producing significant tumor regression in recurrent breast cancer. Such remissions improve both the quality and duration of life. To date, the most active combinations have been variations of Cooper's CMFVP therapy or regimens containing Adriamycin. Further improvements in survival may be realized from the addition of hormonal and/or immune therapy to these active combinations as well as from the development of new drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:356303", "title": "A technique for skin grafting of postmastectomy defects.", "content": "A technique for grafting defects at the site of the mastectomy uses full thickness grafts taken from the lower portion of the abdomen. Primary closure of the donor site can be achieved easily with minimal postoperative discomfort.", "contents": "A technique for skin grafting of postmastectomy defects. A technique for grafting defects at the site of the mastectomy uses full thickness grafts taken from the lower portion of the abdomen. Primary closure of the donor site can be achieved easily with minimal postoperative discomfort."}
{"id": "PMID:356305", "title": "Platelets, thromboembolism and the clinical utility of antiplatelet drugs.", "content": "Experience has established a major role for platelets in the pathogenesis of a variety of thromboembolic disorders. Despite advances in several areas, many problems remain. The relevance of platelet function testing to thromboembolic disorders needs clarification. Whether the association of enhanced platelet function and the aforementioned disorders represents cause, effect or nonspecific accompaniment is unknown. The concept of identifying individuals at risk by platelet function testing is attractive but unproved. Whether such individuals would benefit from prophylactic antiplatelet therapy is also unknown. For treatment of most established thromboembolic disorders as well as prophylaxis, the place of antiplatelet drugs is not established. Whether this form of therapy is superior to conventional treatment, adjunctive or of no benefit is not resolved in most instances. Also, the most appropriate antiplatelet drug or combination of drugs, and in which dosages for specific disorders, remains unclear. Well designed, prospective clinical investigation, although cumbersome and time-consuming, will be necessary to answer most of these questions. A final problem area concerns research into the pharmacology of platelet inhibition. It is probable that the ideal antiplatelet agent remains undiscovered. Currently, several investigators are looking into the possibility of manipulating prostaglandin metabolic pathways in hopes of specifically blocking thromboxane generation while allowing production of metabolites inhibitory to aggregation. This exciting approach and other investigations into the biochemical basis of platelet function should lead to the discovery of new antiplatelet agents.", "contents": "Platelets, thromboembolism and the clinical utility of antiplatelet drugs. Experience has established a major role for platelets in the pathogenesis of a variety of thromboembolic disorders. Despite advances in several areas, many problems remain. The relevance of platelet function testing to thromboembolic disorders needs clarification. Whether the association of enhanced platelet function and the aforementioned disorders represents cause, effect or nonspecific accompaniment is unknown. The concept of identifying individuals at risk by platelet function testing is attractive but unproved. Whether such individuals would benefit from prophylactic antiplatelet therapy is also unknown. For treatment of most established thromboembolic disorders as well as prophylaxis, the place of antiplatelet drugs is not established. Whether this form of therapy is superior to conventional treatment, adjunctive or of no benefit is not resolved in most instances. Also, the most appropriate antiplatelet drug or combination of drugs, and in which dosages for specific disorders, remains unclear. Well designed, prospective clinical investigation, although cumbersome and time-consuming, will be necessary to answer most of these questions. A final problem area concerns research into the pharmacology of platelet inhibition. It is probable that the ideal antiplatelet agent remains undiscovered. Currently, several investigators are looking into the possibility of manipulating prostaglandin metabolic pathways in hopes of specifically blocking thromboxane generation while allowing production of metabolites inhibitory to aggregation. This exciting approach and other investigations into the biochemical basis of platelet function should lead to the discovery of new antiplatelet agents."}
{"id": "PMID:356306", "title": "Corticosteroids in patients with a high risk of fat embolism syndrome.", "content": "The effects of methylprednisolone on the clinical fat embolism syndrome were studied in a series of 60 patients who had at least two fractures of the pelvis, femur and tibia and who did not have any other important injuries. This series was dichotomized at random, and 29 patients were given 10 milligrams per kilogram of methylprednisolone three times, once upon admission and, then, at eight and 16 hours post-traumatically. Thirty-one patients served as controls. Fat embolism syndrome was defined as a combination of hypoxemia, bilateral \"snow storm\" infiltrations of the lungs, petechial rash, mental disturbances, pyrexia, anemia and thrombocytopenia. Varying degrees of the syndrome were observed in two patients given methylprednisolone and in 15 patients in the control group. Methylprednisolone reduced all individual signs. There were no fatalities in this series of fracturers. No complications were observed from the use of methylprednisolone. Methylprednisolone in an early pharmacologic dosage is effective in fulminant instances of fat embolism that occur in spite of adequate respiratory care and the proper treatment of fractures.", "contents": "Corticosteroids in patients with a high risk of fat embolism syndrome. The effects of methylprednisolone on the clinical fat embolism syndrome were studied in a series of 60 patients who had at least two fractures of the pelvis, femur and tibia and who did not have any other important injuries. This series was dichotomized at random, and 29 patients were given 10 milligrams per kilogram of methylprednisolone three times, once upon admission and, then, at eight and 16 hours post-traumatically. Thirty-one patients served as controls. Fat embolism syndrome was defined as a combination of hypoxemia, bilateral \"snow storm\" infiltrations of the lungs, petechial rash, mental disturbances, pyrexia, anemia and thrombocytopenia. Varying degrees of the syndrome were observed in two patients given methylprednisolone and in 15 patients in the control group. Methylprednisolone reduced all individual signs. There were no fatalities in this series of fracturers. No complications were observed from the use of methylprednisolone. Methylprednisolone in an early pharmacologic dosage is effective in fulminant instances of fat embolism that occur in spite of adequate respiratory care and the proper treatment of fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:356308", "title": "Thoracoscopy in perspective.", "content": "The indications for thoracoscopy are undiagnosed pleural disease effusions of tumors; when tissue specificity is important for future treatment and adequate tissue is needed for estrogen binding studies; undiagnosed pleuropulmonary disease; biopsy of pulmonary lesions undiagnosed by other means; mediastinal masses, particularly in children; hilar masses; preoperative screening preliminary to thoracotomy for resection in malignant disease, particularly those with effusions; in spontaneous pneumothorax, to define the abnormality and indicate the need for thoracotomy; for postresection space problems; trauma, and, of course, for intrapleural pneumonolysis.", "contents": "Thoracoscopy in perspective. The indications for thoracoscopy are undiagnosed pleural disease effusions of tumors; when tissue specificity is important for future treatment and adequate tissue is needed for estrogen binding studies; undiagnosed pleuropulmonary disease; biopsy of pulmonary lesions undiagnosed by other means; mediastinal masses, particularly in children; hilar masses; preoperative screening preliminary to thoracotomy for resection in malignant disease, particularly those with effusions; in spontaneous pneumothorax, to define the abnormality and indicate the need for thoracotomy; for postresection space problems; trauma, and, of course, for intrapleural pneumonolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:356311", "title": "Tranexamic acid in the preoperative management of ruptured intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "A randomized, controlled clinical trial was carried out to study the effect of tranexamic acid (AMCA, trans-AMCHA) in prevention of early rebleeding after proven rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. The series comprises 46 patients admitted to the hospital within three days after the first bleeding. Twenty-three were treated with tranexamic acid and 23 were controls. Nine patients in the control group and one in the group treated with tranexamic acid had confirmed rebleeding. The incidence of vasospasm, cerebral ischemia and hydrocephalus as well as mortality and morbidity is discussed.", "contents": "Tranexamic acid in the preoperative management of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. A randomized, controlled clinical trial was carried out to study the effect of tranexamic acid (AMCA, trans-AMCHA) in prevention of early rebleeding after proven rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. The series comprises 46 patients admitted to the hospital within three days after the first bleeding. Twenty-three were treated with tranexamic acid and 23 were controls. Nine patients in the control group and one in the group treated with tranexamic acid had confirmed rebleeding. The incidence of vasospasm, cerebral ischemia and hydrocephalus as well as mortality and morbidity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:356312", "title": "Humorally mediated alterations in cardiac performance as a consequence of positive end-expiratory pressure.", "content": "Two experimental designs were used to study the mechanism of the decreased cardiac output associated with the use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). In the first study of nine dogs the application of 15 cm H2O PEEP led to a decrease in cardiac output (CO) from 2.68 +/- 1.05 to 2.01 +/- 1.26 liters/min (+/- SD) (p less than 0.05) concomitant with an increase in transmural central venous pressure of 5.2 +/- 0.9 to 8.4 +/- 2.7 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) and a slight increase in transmural left atrial pressure of 6.8 +/- 3.3 to 7.3 +/- 3.6 mm Hg (p less than 0.1). These data are consistent with altered ventricular performance. In a second study nine pairs of dogs were cross-circulated. Application of 15 cm H2O PEEP to one member of the experimental pair led to a decrease in the CO of the other member from 2.71 +/- 0.98 to 2.21 +/- 0.81 liters/min (p less than 0.001). This decrease returned toward baseline with the removal of PEEP (p less than 0.02). Results indicate that one mechanism whereby PEEP reduces the cardiac output is through the action of a humoral agent.", "contents": "Humorally mediated alterations in cardiac performance as a consequence of positive end-expiratory pressure. Two experimental designs were used to study the mechanism of the decreased cardiac output associated with the use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). In the first study of nine dogs the application of 15 cm H2O PEEP led to a decrease in cardiac output (CO) from 2.68 +/- 1.05 to 2.01 +/- 1.26 liters/min (+/- SD) (p less than 0.05) concomitant with an increase in transmural central venous pressure of 5.2 +/- 0.9 to 8.4 +/- 2.7 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) and a slight increase in transmural left atrial pressure of 6.8 +/- 3.3 to 7.3 +/- 3.6 mm Hg (p less than 0.1). These data are consistent with altered ventricular performance. In a second study nine pairs of dogs were cross-circulated. Application of 15 cm H2O PEEP to one member of the experimental pair led to a decrease in the CO of the other member from 2.71 +/- 0.98 to 2.21 +/- 0.81 liters/min (p less than 0.001). This decrease returned toward baseline with the removal of PEEP (p less than 0.02). Results indicate that one mechanism whereby PEEP reduces the cardiac output is through the action of a humoral agent."}
{"id": "PMID:356313", "title": "Protective effect of propranolol in the treatment of ischemically damaged canine kidneys prior to transplantation.", "content": "Warm ischemia is a potential problem during the harvesting of cadaveric kidneys for transplantation purposes. This ischemia can cause impaired renal function following transplantation. The purpose of our study was to determine whether the beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol was effective in improving renal function after ischemia. Dog kidneys were subjected to 30 minutes of warm ischemia followed by hypothermic pulsatile preservation for 24 hours. The kidneys then were autotransplanted with immediate contralateral nephrectomy. In this model only 50% of the untreated control group survived. Three different protocols using propranolol were tested. Administration of propranolol to dogs before the ischemic period, or installation of propranolol into the renal artery at the start of the ischemia, or addition of propranolol to the preservation perfusate lessened the severity of acute tubular necrosis and resulted in 100% long-term survival. Although the mechanism was not investigated, it has been suggested that propranolol is acting through its blockade of beta-mediated renin release and/or through its so-called membrane-stabilizing effect.", "contents": "Protective effect of propranolol in the treatment of ischemically damaged canine kidneys prior to transplantation. Warm ischemia is a potential problem during the harvesting of cadaveric kidneys for transplantation purposes. This ischemia can cause impaired renal function following transplantation. The purpose of our study was to determine whether the beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol was effective in improving renal function after ischemia. Dog kidneys were subjected to 30 minutes of warm ischemia followed by hypothermic pulsatile preservation for 24 hours. The kidneys then were autotransplanted with immediate contralateral nephrectomy. In this model only 50% of the untreated control group survived. Three different protocols using propranolol were tested. Administration of propranolol to dogs before the ischemic period, or installation of propranolol into the renal artery at the start of the ischemia, or addition of propranolol to the preservation perfusate lessened the severity of acute tubular necrosis and resulted in 100% long-term survival. Although the mechanism was not investigated, it has been suggested that propranolol is acting through its blockade of beta-mediated renin release and/or through its so-called membrane-stabilizing effect."}
{"id": "PMID:356314", "title": "A modified fundoplication which preserves the ability to belch.", "content": "This report describes a transabdominal antireflux procedure which combines some of the features of the operations described by Nisse, Belsey, and Hill. From 1972 through 1976, 61 patients underwent a conventional Nissen fundoplication and 54 patients were operated according to the method described in this report. None of the patients who had a Nissen operation was able to belch freely; 15% had a \"gas-bloat syndrome\". Return of the ability to belch often signified partial or complete brakdown of the plication, which occurred in 11% of the cases. By contrast, all but one of the patients who had modified plication were able to belch freely; there has been only one instance of recurrent reflux.", "contents": "A modified fundoplication which preserves the ability to belch. This report describes a transabdominal antireflux procedure which combines some of the features of the operations described by Nisse, Belsey, and Hill. From 1972 through 1976, 61 patients underwent a conventional Nissen fundoplication and 54 patients were operated according to the method described in this report. None of the patients who had a Nissen operation was able to belch freely; 15% had a \"gas-bloat syndrome\". Return of the ability to belch often signified partial or complete brakdown of the plication, which occurred in 11% of the cases. By contrast, all but one of the patients who had modified plication were able to belch freely; there has been only one instance of recurrent reflux."}
{"id": "PMID:356315", "title": "Portal hypertension following renal transplantation.", "content": "Portal hypertension and variceal hemorrhage may be found in the renal transplant patient with chronic liver disease. The development of portal hypertension was found to occur after long-term graft survival without significant rejection. The development of positive cytomegalic virus and negative hepatitis-associated antigen appeared to be common. Splenomegaly and prominent venous collateral were the most frequent physical findings, while ascites and hepatomegaly were less frequent. Portasystemic decompression can be performed successfully, however, the mortality and morbidity appear to be higher for this group than for other cirrhotic patients with comparable hepatic reserve.", "contents": "Portal hypertension following renal transplantation. Portal hypertension and variceal hemorrhage may be found in the renal transplant patient with chronic liver disease. The development of portal hypertension was found to occur after long-term graft survival without significant rejection. The development of positive cytomegalic virus and negative hepatitis-associated antigen appeared to be common. Splenomegaly and prominent venous collateral were the most frequent physical findings, while ascites and hepatomegaly were less frequent. Portasystemic decompression can be performed successfully, however, the mortality and morbidity appear to be higher for this group than for other cirrhotic patients with comparable hepatic reserve."}
{"id": "PMID:356316", "title": "The use of arterial--central venous oxygen differences to calculate cardiac output and oxygen consumption in critically ill surgical patients.", "content": "Simultaneous determinations of cardiac output (using the cardiogreen indicator dilution technique) and arterial--central venous oxygen differences [C(a-cv)O2] were obtained in 200 critically ill surgical patients. The average initial values +/- SD included arterial--central venous oxygen differences of 3.6 +/- 1.6 vol%, cardiac index of 3.4 \"/- 1.2 liter/min/sq m, and oxygen consumption of 100 ml/min/sqm. As might be expected, low arterial--central venous oxygen differences, especially if less than 2.0 vol%, were associated with high cardiac indices, but the oxygen consumptions were much lower than normal and the mortality rates were increased. The cardiac indices calculated from the C(a-cv)O2 averaged 4.1 liter/min/sq m and correlated rather well with the measured cardiac indices, particularly if the patients with a C(a-cv)O2 of less than 2.0 vol% were excluded. Arterial pH values did not correlate well with the calculated oxygen consumption. Arterial oxygen contents of more than 16.2 vol% equivalent to a hemoglobin of 12.5 gm/dl or higher with an oxygen saturation of 95%, provided better arteriovenous oxygen differences, oxygen consumptions, and survival rates than those found with lower hemoglobin values. Arterial--central venous oxygen differences and calculated oxygen consumptions can be practical clinical and prognostic value.", "contents": "The use of arterial--central venous oxygen differences to calculate cardiac output and oxygen consumption in critically ill surgical patients. Simultaneous determinations of cardiac output (using the cardiogreen indicator dilution technique) and arterial--central venous oxygen differences [C(a-cv)O2] were obtained in 200 critically ill surgical patients. The average initial values +/- SD included arterial--central venous oxygen differences of 3.6 +/- 1.6 vol%, cardiac index of 3.4 \"/- 1.2 liter/min/sq m, and oxygen consumption of 100 ml/min/sqm. As might be expected, low arterial--central venous oxygen differences, especially if less than 2.0 vol%, were associated with high cardiac indices, but the oxygen consumptions were much lower than normal and the mortality rates were increased. The cardiac indices calculated from the C(a-cv)O2 averaged 4.1 liter/min/sq m and correlated rather well with the measured cardiac indices, particularly if the patients with a C(a-cv)O2 of less than 2.0 vol% were excluded. Arterial pH values did not correlate well with the calculated oxygen consumption. Arterial oxygen contents of more than 16.2 vol% equivalent to a hemoglobin of 12.5 gm/dl or higher with an oxygen saturation of 95%, provided better arteriovenous oxygen differences, oxygen consumptions, and survival rates than those found with lower hemoglobin values. Arterial--central venous oxygen differences and calculated oxygen consumptions can be practical clinical and prognostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:356317", "title": "Prognostic factors of peritoneal infections in transplant patients.", "content": "Twenty-eight cases of peritoneal infections occurring in 686 transplant patients (4%) are reported. The mortality was 78.5% (22 of 28 patients) and accounted for 13.2% of all transplant deaths. Recipients of cadaver kidneys were more prone to develop intraperitoneal infection, whereas the age, the presence of diabetes, and the tissue typing had no influence on the likelihood to develop intraperitoneal infections. Sixteen patients developed intraperitoneal infection secondary to the transplantation or another operation, whereas the intraperitoneal infection was due to a disease process unrelated to previous surgery in 12 patients. Only 64% of the patients presented with abdominal symptoms, 24 presented with septic shock, and 11 with a wound infection without peritoneal signs. The uncharacteristic clinical findings resulted in a delay of 8.7 days between the onset of symptoms and the recognition of the peritoneal infection and made a preoperative diagnosis possible in only 22 patients. It became clear that patients with generalized peritonitis, concomitant distant infections, opportunistics organisms in the peritoneal cavity, and the infections caused by postoperative complications have a poorer prognosis than the remainder of the group. Early recognition of the problem, especially after operation, and vigorous treatment seem to be the keys for improved results in the treatment of this serious condition.", "contents": "Prognostic factors of peritoneal infections in transplant patients. Twenty-eight cases of peritoneal infections occurring in 686 transplant patients (4%) are reported. The mortality was 78.5% (22 of 28 patients) and accounted for 13.2% of all transplant deaths. Recipients of cadaver kidneys were more prone to develop intraperitoneal infection, whereas the age, the presence of diabetes, and the tissue typing had no influence on the likelihood to develop intraperitoneal infections. Sixteen patients developed intraperitoneal infection secondary to the transplantation or another operation, whereas the intraperitoneal infection was due to a disease process unrelated to previous surgery in 12 patients. Only 64% of the patients presented with abdominal symptoms, 24 presented with septic shock, and 11 with a wound infection without peritoneal signs. The uncharacteristic clinical findings resulted in a delay of 8.7 days between the onset of symptoms and the recognition of the peritoneal infection and made a preoperative diagnosis possible in only 22 patients. It became clear that patients with generalized peritonitis, concomitant distant infections, opportunistics organisms in the peritoneal cavity, and the infections caused by postoperative complications have a poorer prognosis than the remainder of the group. Early recognition of the problem, especially after operation, and vigorous treatment seem to be the keys for improved results in the treatment of this serious condition."}
{"id": "PMID:356350", "title": "[Effect of SL 25 on radiogenic xerostomia in the radiotherapy of tumors in the region of neck and face (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiogenic xerostomia often poses problems to the radiotherapeutist because this symptom can become so severe that treatment has to be interrupted or in some cases even stopped. The therapeutic success can become uncertain because of such deviations from the irradiation scheme. Because of promising observations reported in literature, we have examined the stimulating effect on the salivation produced by the test preparation SL 25 from Kali-Chemie Pharma GmbH in Hannover. A double blindfold test was made. Only three out of fourteen patients (22%) in the active substance group declared to feel a relief of the xerostomia, whereas in the control group five out of twenty patients (25%) felt this relief.", "contents": "[Effect of SL 25 on radiogenic xerostomia in the radiotherapy of tumors in the region of neck and face (author's transl)]. The radiogenic xerostomia often poses problems to the radiotherapeutist because this symptom can become so severe that treatment has to be interrupted or in some cases even stopped. The therapeutic success can become uncertain because of such deviations from the irradiation scheme. Because of promising observations reported in literature, we have examined the stimulating effect on the salivation produced by the test preparation SL 25 from Kali-Chemie Pharma GmbH in Hannover. A double blindfold test was made. Only three out of fourteen patients (22%) in the active substance group declared to feel a relief of the xerostomia, whereas in the control group five out of twenty patients (25%) felt this relief."}
{"id": "PMID:356352", "title": "Immunosuppressive activity of carrageenan for cell-mediated responses in the mouse.", "content": "Unfractionated carrageenan was highly toxic to CBA mice. By using moderately nontoxic regimens, the immunosuppressive properties of carrageenan were examined in several assays. The growth of tumour allografts was only modestly enhanced at low dosages, but dramatic enhance ment of tumour growth and feeble prolongation of skip allograft survival occurred only at a very high dose. Mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity was significantly diminished at both high and low doses. Phytohaemagglutinin responsiveness was suppressed in the spleen but not in the mesenteric lymph node cells. Changes in the ability of normal syngeneic lymphoid cells to \"home\" to the lymphoid organs of treated mice were confined to the period immediately after carrageenan administration, an observation that was not temporally related to the suppressive action of carrageenan. It is concluded that, compared with its effect on antibody formation, carrageenan is a very poor inhibitor of cell-mediated responses. Possible reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive activity of carrageenan for cell-mediated responses in the mouse. Unfractionated carrageenan was highly toxic to CBA mice. By using moderately nontoxic regimens, the immunosuppressive properties of carrageenan were examined in several assays. The growth of tumour allografts was only modestly enhanced at low dosages, but dramatic enhance ment of tumour growth and feeble prolongation of skip allograft survival occurred only at a very high dose. Mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity was significantly diminished at both high and low doses. Phytohaemagglutinin responsiveness was suppressed in the spleen but not in the mesenteric lymph node cells. Changes in the ability of normal syngeneic lymphoid cells to \"home\" to the lymphoid organs of treated mice were confined to the period immediately after carrageenan administration, an observation that was not temporally related to the suppressive action of carrageenan. It is concluded that, compared with its effect on antibody formation, carrageenan is a very poor inhibitor of cell-mediated responses. Possible reasons for this are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:356353", "title": "Absence of reaction of a xenogenic anti-H-2 serum with mouse embryonal carcinoma cells.", "content": "A rabbit antiserum raised against papain-solubilized H-2 antigens has been used to investigate the eventual expression of H-2 antigens and related molecules on embryonal carcinoma cells and on other types of mouse cells. No material reacting with this serum could be detected on cells carrying the F9 antigen. It is concluded that no H-2 antigen or cross-reacting material is expressed on these cell types.", "contents": "Absence of reaction of a xenogenic anti-H-2 serum with mouse embryonal carcinoma cells. A rabbit antiserum raised against papain-solubilized H-2 antigens has been used to investigate the eventual expression of H-2 antigens and related molecules on embryonal carcinoma cells and on other types of mouse cells. No material reacting with this serum could be detected on cells carrying the F9 antigen. It is concluded that no H-2 antigen or cross-reacting material is expressed on these cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:356356", "title": "Kidney transplantation across positive B and T cell crossmatches.", "content": "Cadaveric renal transplants were performed despite a positive conventional crossmatch (usually intermediate positive) resulting from donor-specific B cell lymphocytotoxins (both IgG and IgM) or IgM cold-reactive T cell lymphocytotoxins. Graft survival at 2 months was 72% in the 14 patients with B cell-specific antibodies and 71% in the 7 recipients with T cell antibodies. No correlation was observed between graft rejection and warm (mainly IgG) or cold (IgM) B cell-specific antibodies. These results indicate that not all positive crossmatches are a contraindication to transplantation. Attempts should be made to study the nature of the lymphocytotoxins before withholding the allograft from the recipient.", "contents": "Kidney transplantation across positive B and T cell crossmatches. Cadaveric renal transplants were performed despite a positive conventional crossmatch (usually intermediate positive) resulting from donor-specific B cell lymphocytotoxins (both IgG and IgM) or IgM cold-reactive T cell lymphocytotoxins. Graft survival at 2 months was 72% in the 14 patients with B cell-specific antibodies and 71% in the 7 recipients with T cell antibodies. No correlation was observed between graft rejection and warm (mainly IgG) or cold (IgM) B cell-specific antibodies. These results indicate that not all positive crossmatches are a contraindication to transplantation. Attempts should be made to study the nature of the lymphocytotoxins before withholding the allograft from the recipient."}
{"id": "PMID:356351", "title": "ABO-incompatible bone marrow transplantation: preparation by plasma exchange and in vivo antibody absorption.", "content": "The threat of fatal hemolytic transfusion reaction has been a major deterrent to the use of ABO-incompatible bone marrow donors. An eighteen year old type O male with acute leukemia was prepared to receive type A HLA identical marrow using large volume plasma exchange prior to and following cyclophosphamide administration. Saline agglutinating anti-A antibody was initially present at a titer of 1:128. The initial antiglobulin titer of dithiothreitol (DTT) treated serum was 1:64. Initially the T 1/2 of 51Cr labeled type A red blood cells was less than five minutes. The first plasma exchange removed large quantities of anti-A antibody but 51Cr survival of type A red blood cells was unchanged. A second plasma exchange after an interval of three days, increased the T 1/2 of 51Cr labeled cells to 20 minutes. Saline agglutinating anti-A was not present at a titer of 1:8 and the antiglobulin titer of DTT treated serum was 1:4. Reaction to subsequent transfusion of type A red blood cells (5 units) was limited to a single febrile episode during the first unit. Survival of 51Cr labeled red blood cells increased to T 1/2 equal to 21 hours. These data indicate that plasma exchange and infusion of ABO incompatible red blood cells effectively reduce antibody concentration and prolong survival of ABO incompatible erythrocytes. It is suggested that the prolongation of 51Cr survival of ABO-incompatible red blood cells to a point that extravascular destruction is predominant be used to establish the safety of ABO-incompatible marrow infusion.", "contents": "ABO-incompatible bone marrow transplantation: preparation by plasma exchange and in vivo antibody absorption. The threat of fatal hemolytic transfusion reaction has been a major deterrent to the use of ABO-incompatible bone marrow donors. An eighteen year old type O male with acute leukemia was prepared to receive type A HLA identical marrow using large volume plasma exchange prior to and following cyclophosphamide administration. Saline agglutinating anti-A antibody was initially present at a titer of 1:128. The initial antiglobulin titer of dithiothreitol (DTT) treated serum was 1:64. Initially the T 1/2 of 51Cr labeled type A red blood cells was less than five minutes. The first plasma exchange removed large quantities of anti-A antibody but 51Cr survival of type A red blood cells was unchanged. A second plasma exchange after an interval of three days, increased the T 1/2 of 51Cr labeled cells to 20 minutes. Saline agglutinating anti-A was not present at a titer of 1:8 and the antiglobulin titer of DTT treated serum was 1:4. Reaction to subsequent transfusion of type A red blood cells (5 units) was limited to a single febrile episode during the first unit. Survival of 51Cr labeled red blood cells increased to T 1/2 equal to 21 hours. These data indicate that plasma exchange and infusion of ABO incompatible red blood cells effectively reduce antibody concentration and prolong survival of ABO incompatible erythrocytes. It is suggested that the prolongation of 51Cr survival of ABO-incompatible red blood cells to a point that extravascular destruction is predominant be used to establish the safety of ABO-incompatible marrow infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:356357", "title": "Prolonged survival of alymphatic skin allografts in the rat. A humoral component.", "content": "Immunological mechanisms of increased graft survival in \"immunologically privileged\" sites were defined by comparing host responses against orthotopic and alymphatic skin allografts in rats. The conventional skin grafts reject by day 8; grafts placed on alymphatic skin pedicles heal in normally, but begin by day 16 to 18 to contract inexorably until only a scar remains by day 35 to 40. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity rose significantly in spleen and draining lymph nodes 8 to 10 days after orthotopic grafting, but was absent as long as 35 days after skin transplantation to alymphatic pedicles. No significant activity in antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was noted in either recipient group, while complement-dependent cytotoxicity was slightly elevated 8 to 10 days postoperatively in both groups. Passive transfer of serum from recipients of alymphatic skin grafts, taken 8 and 12 days after grafting, prolonged survival of test cardiac allografts significantly, although neither control serum from recipients of orthotopic skin allografts, or serum taken 28 days after alymphatic skin grafting increased test heart survival. We conclude that prolonged survival of skin grafts on alymphatic sites may be based, at least partially, on the development of host humoral factors.", "contents": "Prolonged survival of alymphatic skin allografts in the rat. A humoral component. Immunological mechanisms of increased graft survival in \"immunologically privileged\" sites were defined by comparing host responses against orthotopic and alymphatic skin allografts in rats. The conventional skin grafts reject by day 8; grafts placed on alymphatic skin pedicles heal in normally, but begin by day 16 to 18 to contract inexorably until only a scar remains by day 35 to 40. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity rose significantly in spleen and draining lymph nodes 8 to 10 days after orthotopic grafting, but was absent as long as 35 days after skin transplantation to alymphatic pedicles. No significant activity in antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was noted in either recipient group, while complement-dependent cytotoxicity was slightly elevated 8 to 10 days postoperatively in both groups. Passive transfer of serum from recipients of alymphatic skin grafts, taken 8 and 12 days after grafting, prolonged survival of test cardiac allografts significantly, although neither control serum from recipients of orthotopic skin allografts, or serum taken 28 days after alymphatic skin grafting increased test heart survival. We conclude that prolonged survival of skin grafts on alymphatic sites may be based, at least partially, on the development of host humoral factors."}
{"id": "PMID:356358", "title": "Clinical significance of the 1-hour biopsy in renal transplantation.", "content": "Biopsy specimens were obtained from 43 transplanted kidneys at the time of excision from the donor but prior to revascularization, and 1 hr after revascularization. Two independent laboratories evaluated specimens by immunofluorescent techniques for the presence of IgM, IgA, IgG, C'3, and fibrin. Results from the two laboratories examined for reproducibility and immunological specificity, and correlated with clinical course. Results show that immunoglobulin deposition seen in the 1-hr renal biopsy specimens is of little significance, because: (1) immunoglobulin deposition was difficult to quantitate reliably, (2) the presence of immunoglobulins did not correlate with clinical course, and (3) the majority of immunoglobulin deposition detected was not immunologically specific, since it was most often either present prior to vascularization or disappeared with vascularization.", "contents": "Clinical significance of the 1-hour biopsy in renal transplantation. Biopsy specimens were obtained from 43 transplanted kidneys at the time of excision from the donor but prior to revascularization, and 1 hr after revascularization. Two independent laboratories evaluated specimens by immunofluorescent techniques for the presence of IgM, IgA, IgG, C'3, and fibrin. Results from the two laboratories examined for reproducibility and immunological specificity, and correlated with clinical course. Results show that immunoglobulin deposition seen in the 1-hr renal biopsy specimens is of little significance, because: (1) immunoglobulin deposition was difficult to quantitate reliably, (2) the presence of immunoglobulins did not correlate with clinical course, and (3) the majority of immunoglobulin deposition detected was not immunologically specific, since it was most often either present prior to vascularization or disappeared with vascularization."}
{"id": "PMID:356359", "title": "A study of three protocols of blood transfusion before renal transplantaion in the dog.", "content": "Three protocols of blood transfusion were evaluated in a canine model for (1) the strength and breadth of leukocytotoxin induction, (2) the induction of cell-mediated immunity against the blood donors, (3) haemagglutinin production, and (4) any effect on kidney graft survival. At the end of the transfusion schedule, each dog received a kindey graft and was given azathioprine and prednisolone postoperatively. All dogs were unrelated and blood donors were not used as kidney donors. All three transfusion protocols, comprising i.v. injections of blood twice weekly or every 2 weeks from one or three donors, induced unacceptably strong and broad leukocytotoxins. All transplants performed across a positive crossmatch failed to function. However, where a negative crossmatch was available, the trend of results was that the transfused dogs had better graft survival than nontransfused animals similarly treated with azathioprine and prednisolone. Only one dog produced haemagglutinins. Several animals had positive cell-mediated immunity against the blood donors, but the response was not strong and was frequently not sustained.", "contents": "A study of three protocols of blood transfusion before renal transplantaion in the dog. Three protocols of blood transfusion were evaluated in a canine model for (1) the strength and breadth of leukocytotoxin induction, (2) the induction of cell-mediated immunity against the blood donors, (3) haemagglutinin production, and (4) any effect on kidney graft survival. At the end of the transfusion schedule, each dog received a kindey graft and was given azathioprine and prednisolone postoperatively. All dogs were unrelated and blood donors were not used as kidney donors. All three transfusion protocols, comprising i.v. injections of blood twice weekly or every 2 weeks from one or three donors, induced unacceptably strong and broad leukocytotoxins. All transplants performed across a positive crossmatch failed to function. However, where a negative crossmatch was available, the trend of results was that the transfused dogs had better graft survival than nontransfused animals similarly treated with azathioprine and prednisolone. Only one dog produced haemagglutinins. Several animals had positive cell-mediated immunity against the blood donors, but the response was not strong and was frequently not sustained."}
{"id": "PMID:356361", "title": "[Genetic nature of neoplastic transformation].", "content": "The necessity is substantiated to discriminate between the two notions: the oncogenic potency of cell genome and the conditions which either favour or prevent its realization. Both epigenetic alterations and mutations may cause neoplastic transformation of the cell but the expression of the tumor phenotype, composed of normal structural and functional elements, occurs exclusively at the epigenetic level. An impaired selectivity of nucleus-to-cytoplasm transport of mRNAs presumably is involved in this process.", "contents": "[Genetic nature of neoplastic transformation]. The necessity is substantiated to discriminate between the two notions: the oncogenic potency of cell genome and the conditions which either favour or prevent its realization. Both epigenetic alterations and mutations may cause neoplastic transformation of the cell but the expression of the tumor phenotype, composed of normal structural and functional elements, occurs exclusively at the epigenetic level. An impaired selectivity of nucleus-to-cytoplasm transport of mRNAs presumably is involved in this process."}
{"id": "PMID:356367", "title": "[Method of preparing suspended cells for scanning electron microscopy].", "content": "To preserve the lifetime morphology of the surface of suspended cells, these must be fixed in suspensions. The subsequent stages of cell preparation for scanning electron microscopy (dehydratation, critical point drying, coating) are considerably facilitated if fixed cells are preliminary attached to some substrate surface. An effective substrate should provide a firm rather than selective attachment of the overwhelming majority of fixed cells; the substrate should be also available for a wide application. The trial of different types of substrates showed a sufficient effectivity of plates made of commercial aluminium foil. In tests with murine embryonal and transformed fibroblasts as well as with human blood leukocytes, in average 90 per cent of cells fixed with glutaraldehyde in suspensions got attached to foil substrate surfaces; the fixed cells both settled from suspension and attached were seen distributed evenly on the substrate surface. The use of aluminium foil substrates made it possible to study the surface topography of some types of suspended cells.", "contents": "[Method of preparing suspended cells for scanning electron microscopy]. To preserve the lifetime morphology of the surface of suspended cells, these must be fixed in suspensions. The subsequent stages of cell preparation for scanning electron microscopy (dehydratation, critical point drying, coating) are considerably facilitated if fixed cells are preliminary attached to some substrate surface. An effective substrate should provide a firm rather than selective attachment of the overwhelming majority of fixed cells; the substrate should be also available for a wide application. The trial of different types of substrates showed a sufficient effectivity of plates made of commercial aluminium foil. In tests with murine embryonal and transformed fibroblasts as well as with human blood leukocytes, in average 90 per cent of cells fixed with glutaraldehyde in suspensions got attached to foil substrate surfaces; the fixed cells both settled from suspension and attached were seen distributed evenly on the substrate surface. The use of aluminium foil substrates made it possible to study the surface topography of some types of suspended cells."}
{"id": "PMID:356360", "title": "[Additional limitations of the Shrikhande method and their verification].", "content": "Shrikhande's method was checked on linear-variety common wheat Lutescens 62. Two causes for a distortion of the ratio of genotypic and paratypic components of the variance were established: parameter b of Smith's law is not constant for a given field and depends on the method of parcelling: Smith's law is not confirmed at all. A two-stage test of Shrikhande's method correctness is suggested for checking its limitations in practice. The analysis of variance for any given parcelling is done at the first stage. Significant ratios of between-cluster mean squares and within-cluster mean squares indicate that Smith's law is confirmed. The second stage consists in the analysis of variance of lg V(X) linear regression by lg X or in the graphical analysis of the function lg V(X) = = f (lg X).", "contents": "[Additional limitations of the Shrikhande method and their verification]. Shrikhande's method was checked on linear-variety common wheat Lutescens 62. Two causes for a distortion of the ratio of genotypic and paratypic components of the variance were established: parameter b of Smith's law is not constant for a given field and depends on the method of parcelling: Smith's law is not confirmed at all. A two-stage test of Shrikhande's method correctness is suggested for checking its limitations in practice. The analysis of variance for any given parcelling is done at the first stage. Significant ratios of between-cluster mean squares and within-cluster mean squares indicate that Smith's law is confirmed. The second stage consists in the analysis of variance of lg V(X) linear regression by lg X or in the graphical analysis of the function lg V(X) = = f (lg X)."}
{"id": "PMID:356362", "title": "[Variability in chromosomes number during plant ontogenesis].", "content": "The experiments on chromosome variability of cells in the ontogenesis of higher plants are reviewed. The polyploidization of somatic cells during the ontogenesis is shown to be the natural phenomenon for most plant tissues and it is correlated with the intensification of cellular metabolism. The functional and chromosome variability of somatic cells is supposed to depend mostly on the hormonal regulation. The possible role of the phytochrome system in this process is discussed.", "contents": "[Variability in chromosomes number during plant ontogenesis]. The experiments on chromosome variability of cells in the ontogenesis of higher plants are reviewed. The polyploidization of somatic cells during the ontogenesis is shown to be the natural phenomenon for most plant tissues and it is correlated with the intensification of cellular metabolism. The functional and chromosome variability of somatic cells is supposed to depend mostly on the hormonal regulation. The possible role of the phytochrome system in this process is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:356368", "title": "[Cytochemistry and ultrastructure of frog pancreatic exo- and endocrine epithelium under normal conditions].", "content": "The pancreatic epithelium of intact frog has been studied using morphometry, cytochemistry and electron microscopy. A low level of DNA synthesis was shown to be characteristic of pancreatic epithelium of frogs caught in winter. The B/A cell volume ratio is 3.68 +/- 0.16 and 2.55 +/- 0.36 in small and median pancreatic islets, resp. A-, B-, D-cells are found in pancreatic islets, and intermediate acinar A and acinar B cells in intact frog pancreas.", "contents": "[Cytochemistry and ultrastructure of frog pancreatic exo- and endocrine epithelium under normal conditions]. The pancreatic epithelium of intact frog has been studied using morphometry, cytochemistry and electron microscopy. A low level of DNA synthesis was shown to be characteristic of pancreatic epithelium of frogs caught in winter. The B/A cell volume ratio is 3.68 +/- 0.16 and 2.55 +/- 0.36 in small and median pancreatic islets, resp. A-, B-, D-cells are found in pancreatic islets, and intermediate acinar A and acinar B cells in intact frog pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:356370", "title": "A controlled trial of anterior spinal fusion and d\u00e9bridement in the surgical management of tuberculosis of the spine in patients on standard chemotherapy: a study in two centres in South Africa. Seventh Report of the Medical Research Council Working Party on tuberculosis of the spine.", "content": "In 2 centres in South Africa 159 patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis of the thoracic and/or lumbar spine were allocated at random to operation by radical resection of the spinal lesion and insertion of autologous bone grafts (Rad. series) or by d\u00e9bridement of the spinal focus (Deb. series). All the patients were treated with isoniazid plus PAS daily for 18 months and daily streptomycin for the first 3 months. They have been followed up to 36 months. The main analysis of this report concerns 55 Rad. and 52 Deb. patients. The clinical and radiographic condition of the 2 series on admission was similar. Central nervous system involvement was common; 27% of the patients were paraplegic and 12% paraparetic. The mean period of initial stay in hospital was 179 days for the Rad. and 133 days for the Deb. patients and of strict recumbency 97 and 37 days, respectively. Seven per cent of the Rad. and 12% of the Deb. patients had a sinus and/or clinically evident abscess initially, all of which resolved by 18 months. Of 23 Rad. and 8 Deb. patients with a radiographyically evident mediastinal abscess initially, but never a sinus or clinically evident abscess, the shadow had disappeared by 12 months in 91% and 88%, respectively. It was still present in only 1 patient (Rad.) at 36 months. Radiographically complete bony fusion of the affected vertebral bodies had occurred in 11% of 46 Rad. and 13% of 45 Deb. patients by 6 months, in 39% and 22% by 12 months, in 59% and 33% by 18 months (P = 0.05) and 74% and 69% by 36 months. The mean vertebral loss on admission was 1.0 vertebra in the Rad. and 1.1 in the Deb. series. At 36 months there was a mean loss of a further 0.2 of a vertebra in each series. The mean angulation of the spine at the start of treatment was 33 degrees for the Rad. and 35 degrees for the Deb. series and the mean increase at 3 years was 15 degrees and 8 degrees (P = 0.06), respectively. At 18 months, 64% of the Rad. and 69% of the Deb. patients had a favourable response to treatment and at 3 years 81% and 88%, respectively, non-significant differences. Patients with central nervous system (CNS) involvement on admission stayed in hospital initially for an average of 204 days compared with 129 days for those with no CNS involvement, the period of strict recumbency being 84 days compared with 60 days. The prognosis was also less favourable, 14% compared with 2%, respectively, died (P = 0.03) and 32% compared with 3%, respectively, had an unfavourable response at 36 months (P = 0.0003). At 6 months the paralysis had resolved in 6 (21%) of the 29 paraplegic patients compared with 7 (54%) of the 13 paraparetic patients (P = 0.07). The corresponding proportions at 21 months were 72% and 69%. At 18 months, 28% of the paraplegics responded favourably compared with 62% of the paraparetics (P = 0.08) but at 36 months the proportions were similar, namely 65% and 67%. Specimens from spinal lesions were obtained at operation in 149 patients...", "contents": "A controlled trial of anterior spinal fusion and d\u00e9bridement in the surgical management of tuberculosis of the spine in patients on standard chemotherapy: a study in two centres in South Africa. Seventh Report of the Medical Research Council Working Party on tuberculosis of the spine. In 2 centres in South Africa 159 patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis of the thoracic and/or lumbar spine were allocated at random to operation by radical resection of the spinal lesion and insertion of autologous bone grafts (Rad. series) or by d\u00e9bridement of the spinal focus (Deb. series). All the patients were treated with isoniazid plus PAS daily for 18 months and daily streptomycin for the first 3 months. They have been followed up to 36 months. The main analysis of this report concerns 55 Rad. and 52 Deb. patients. The clinical and radiographic condition of the 2 series on admission was similar. Central nervous system involvement was common; 27% of the patients were paraplegic and 12% paraparetic. The mean period of initial stay in hospital was 179 days for the Rad. and 133 days for the Deb. patients and of strict recumbency 97 and 37 days, respectively. Seven per cent of the Rad. and 12% of the Deb. patients had a sinus and/or clinically evident abscess initially, all of which resolved by 18 months. Of 23 Rad. and 8 Deb. patients with a radiographyically evident mediastinal abscess initially, but never a sinus or clinically evident abscess, the shadow had disappeared by 12 months in 91% and 88%, respectively. It was still present in only 1 patient (Rad.) at 36 months. Radiographically complete bony fusion of the affected vertebral bodies had occurred in 11% of 46 Rad. and 13% of 45 Deb. patients by 6 months, in 39% and 22% by 12 months, in 59% and 33% by 18 months (P = 0.05) and 74% and 69% by 36 months. The mean vertebral loss on admission was 1.0 vertebra in the Rad. and 1.1 in the Deb. series. At 36 months there was a mean loss of a further 0.2 of a vertebra in each series. The mean angulation of the spine at the start of treatment was 33 degrees for the Rad. and 35 degrees for the Deb. series and the mean increase at 3 years was 15 degrees and 8 degrees (P = 0.06), respectively. At 18 months, 64% of the Rad. and 69% of the Deb. patients had a favourable response to treatment and at 3 years 81% and 88%, respectively, non-significant differences. Patients with central nervous system (CNS) involvement on admission stayed in hospital initially for an average of 204 days compared with 129 days for those with no CNS involvement, the period of strict recumbency being 84 days compared with 60 days. The prognosis was also less favourable, 14% compared with 2%, respectively, died (P = 0.03) and 32% compared with 3%, respectively, had an unfavourable response at 36 months (P = 0.0003). At 6 months the paralysis had resolved in 6 (21%) of the 29 paraplegic patients compared with 7 (54%) of the 13 paraparetic patients (P = 0.07). The corresponding proportions at 21 months were 72% and 69%. At 18 months, 28% of the paraplegics responded favourably compared with 62% of the paraparetics (P = 0.08) but at 36 months the proportions were similar, namely 65% and 67%. Specimens from spinal lesions were obtained at operation in 149 patients..."}
{"id": "PMID:356380", "title": "Ultrasonic modification of experimental bruising in the guinea-pig pinna.", "content": "Both pinnae of anaesthetized male guinea-pigs were contused in a reproducible manner and one immediately treated with 0.75 MHz ultrasound at an average therapeutic intensity of 0.61 W cm-2 for a period of 2 min. The lividity and rate of resorption of the rusultant bruises were measured by a photometric method. The results fell into two distinct classes. In the majority of cases, the bruises formed on the insonated pinnae were significantly less intense and were resorbed at the same rate as their corresponding controls. In the remaining cases, ultrasonic irradiation resulted in an increased initial lividity and a significantly greater rate of resorption.", "contents": "Ultrasonic modification of experimental bruising in the guinea-pig pinna. Both pinnae of anaesthetized male guinea-pigs were contused in a reproducible manner and one immediately treated with 0.75 MHz ultrasound at an average therapeutic intensity of 0.61 W cm-2 for a period of 2 min. The lividity and rate of resorption of the rusultant bruises were measured by a photometric method. The results fell into two distinct classes. In the majority of cases, the bruises formed on the insonated pinnae were significantly less intense and were resorbed at the same rate as their corresponding controls. In the remaining cases, ultrasonic irradiation resulted in an increased initial lividity and a significantly greater rate of resorption."}
{"id": "PMID:356390", "title": "Mortality and morbidity in pretransplant bilateral nephrectomy: analysis of 305 cases.", "content": "The surgical riks were analyzed in 305 patients with end stage renal failure who underwent bilateral nephrectomy through midabdominal approach in preparation for kidney transplantation. The over-all mortality rate was 3.6 per cent. Age was the most significant risk factor in the mortality. Patients less than fifty years of age had an operative mortality rate of 3.1 per cent while those more than fifty years had an operative mortality of 11.1 per cent. Other pertinent risk factors were preoperative complications of renal failure and additional surgical procedures at the time of bilateral nephrectomy. The leading causes of death were those of cardiovascular complications and infection. The morbidity rate was 58.7 per cent being major in 18 per cent and minor in 40.7 per cent. Bilateral nephrectomy is recommended selectively in patients with (1) chronic pyelonephritis with urinary tract infection, (2) major vesicoureteral reflux, (3) immunologically active glomerulonephritis, (4) severe hypertension uncontrollable by adequate dialysis, and (5) extremely large or infected polycystic kidneys.", "contents": "Mortality and morbidity in pretransplant bilateral nephrectomy: analysis of 305 cases. The surgical riks were analyzed in 305 patients with end stage renal failure who underwent bilateral nephrectomy through midabdominal approach in preparation for kidney transplantation. The over-all mortality rate was 3.6 per cent. Age was the most significant risk factor in the mortality. Patients less than fifty years of age had an operative mortality rate of 3.1 per cent while those more than fifty years had an operative mortality of 11.1 per cent. Other pertinent risk factors were preoperative complications of renal failure and additional surgical procedures at the time of bilateral nephrectomy. The leading causes of death were those of cardiovascular complications and infection. The morbidity rate was 58.7 per cent being major in 18 per cent and minor in 40.7 per cent. Bilateral nephrectomy is recommended selectively in patients with (1) chronic pyelonephritis with urinary tract infection, (2) major vesicoureteral reflux, (3) immunologically active glomerulonephritis, (4) severe hypertension uncontrollable by adequate dialysis, and (5) extremely large or infected polycystic kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:356391", "title": "Kidney stones and renal transplantation.", "content": "Only 10 cases of renal calculi in transplanted kidneys are reported in the literature. Etiology is not uniform in all the cases. Some of these cases were managed conservatively. We herein report a case in which the etiology of the stone may be urinary tract infection. This patient was managed conservatively.", "contents": "Kidney stones and renal transplantation. Only 10 cases of renal calculi in transplanted kidneys are reported in the literature. Etiology is not uniform in all the cases. Some of these cases were managed conservatively. We herein report a case in which the etiology of the stone may be urinary tract infection. This patient was managed conservatively."}
{"id": "PMID:356392", "title": "Staghorn calculus due to migration of foreign body: unusual complication of ileal conduit.", "content": "An unusual late complication of ileal conduit diversion is described. To our knowledge this is the first case reported in which a foreign body apparently migrated from an ileal conduit to the renal pelvis and served as a nidus for stone formation.", "contents": "Staghorn calculus due to migration of foreign body: unusual complication of ileal conduit. An unusual late complication of ileal conduit diversion is described. To our knowledge this is the first case reported in which a foreign body apparently migrated from an ileal conduit to the renal pelvis and served as a nidus for stone formation."}
{"id": "PMID:356405", "title": "Visceral larva migrans and alveolar hydatid disease. Dangers real or imagined.", "content": "For both visceral larva migrans and alveolar hydatid diseases, it is the feces of companion animals that are the primary source of human infection. Clearly, whatever is done to reduce this form of environmental contamination and the prevalence of the parasites' infective stages will help to protect the health of the human population in the United States and Canada, particularly the children. Very important are appropriate anthelmintic treatment programs, especially for T. canis, and proper control of close associations between pets and people. Probably the known incidence of visceral larva migrans in humans and the range of its known pathogenicity will increase as better diagnostic methods become available. In addition, other animal helminths, for instance Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina, may become more substantially documented as causes of human visceral larva migrans. Until more is known of the geographical distribution and prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis among animals in North America, it will be difficult to assess accurately the future significance of alveolar hydatid disease in the continent's human population. Another important advance would be the development of anthelmintics that are effective for somatic second stage larvae of T. canis, and others effective for adult or larval Echinococcus species. Meanwhile it is a most important responsibility of the veterinary profession to educate its clients thoroughly concerning these dangerous helminths.", "contents": "Visceral larva migrans and alveolar hydatid disease. Dangers real or imagined. For both visceral larva migrans and alveolar hydatid diseases, it is the feces of companion animals that are the primary source of human infection. Clearly, whatever is done to reduce this form of environmental contamination and the prevalence of the parasites' infective stages will help to protect the health of the human population in the United States and Canada, particularly the children. Very important are appropriate anthelmintic treatment programs, especially for T. canis, and proper control of close associations between pets and people. Probably the known incidence of visceral larva migrans in humans and the range of its known pathogenicity will increase as better diagnostic methods become available. In addition, other animal helminths, for instance Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina, may become more substantially documented as causes of human visceral larva migrans. Until more is known of the geographical distribution and prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis among animals in North America, it will be difficult to assess accurately the future significance of alveolar hydatid disease in the continent's human population. Another important advance would be the development of anthelmintics that are effective for somatic second stage larvae of T. canis, and others effective for adult or larval Echinococcus species. Meanwhile it is a most important responsibility of the veterinary profession to educate its clients thoroughly concerning these dangerous helminths."}
{"id": "PMID:356407", "title": "Leprosy in a chimpanzee. Morphology of the skin lesions and characterization of the organism.", "content": "Microscopic features of lepromatoid lesions in a chimpanzee inoculated with bovine leukemia virus consisted of diffuse dermal infiltrations of foamy histiocytes, except for a subepidermal \"clear zone\" devoid of infiltrating cells. Acid-fast organisms were in histiocytes, dermal nerves and a branch of the left radial nerve. The organisms were more intensely acid-fast with the Fite-Faraco than with the Ziehl-Neelsen stain. The organisms did not oxidize 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) to indole but their acid-fast staining quality was removed by pretreatment with pyridine. Human leprosy patients, inoculated simultaneously with chimpanzee and human lepromin, reacted similarly to both lepromins. Organisms, when inoculated into mouse footpads, multipllied in 6 months to a quantity that was compatible with their identification as Mycobacterium leprae.", "contents": "Leprosy in a chimpanzee. Morphology of the skin lesions and characterization of the organism. Microscopic features of lepromatoid lesions in a chimpanzee inoculated with bovine leukemia virus consisted of diffuse dermal infiltrations of foamy histiocytes, except for a subepidermal \"clear zone\" devoid of infiltrating cells. Acid-fast organisms were in histiocytes, dermal nerves and a branch of the left radial nerve. The organisms were more intensely acid-fast with the Fite-Faraco than with the Ziehl-Neelsen stain. The organisms did not oxidize 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) to indole but their acid-fast staining quality was removed by pretreatment with pyridine. Human leprosy patients, inoculated simultaneously with chimpanzee and human lepromin, reacted similarly to both lepromins. Organisms, when inoculated into mouse footpads, multipllied in 6 months to a quantity that was compatible with their identification as Mycobacterium leprae."}
{"id": "PMID:356408", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the small intestine of a normal unsuckled calf and a calf with enteric colibacillosis.", "content": "Sections of the small intestine were taken under general anaesthesia from a normal calf and from a calf with enteric colibacillosis and examined by scanning electron and light microscopy. In the normal calf villi were long and oval throughout the intestine and in the challenged calf there was villous stunting and fusion in the distal small intestine.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the small intestine of a normal unsuckled calf and a calf with enteric colibacillosis. Sections of the small intestine were taken under general anaesthesia from a normal calf and from a calf with enteric colibacillosis and examined by scanning electron and light microscopy. In the normal calf villi were long and oval throughout the intestine and in the challenged calf there was villous stunting and fusion in the distal small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:356409", "title": "The effect of Gn-RH on the pregnancy rate of artificially inseminated cows.", "content": "One hundred and nine pure bred Holstein Friesians were injected intramuscularly with 0.125 mg of a synthetic Gn-RH analogue at the time of the first service to study the effect of Gn-RH on the fertility of inseminated cows. Sixty-four cows or 58.7 per cent were diagnosed as pregnant after one insemination compared to 54 animals or 49.5 per cent in the untreated control group. Total pregnancy rate of 81.65 per cent was 8.3 per cent higher than in the controls, while the services per conception rate improved from 1.49 to 1.39. Gn-RH administration at the time of oestrus could improve herd fertility through its including effect on follicular rupture and regulatory influence on ovarian function.", "contents": "The effect of Gn-RH on the pregnancy rate of artificially inseminated cows. One hundred and nine pure bred Holstein Friesians were injected intramuscularly with 0.125 mg of a synthetic Gn-RH analogue at the time of the first service to study the effect of Gn-RH on the fertility of inseminated cows. Sixty-four cows or 58.7 per cent were diagnosed as pregnant after one insemination compared to 54 animals or 49.5 per cent in the untreated control group. Total pregnancy rate of 81.65 per cent was 8.3 per cent higher than in the controls, while the services per conception rate improved from 1.49 to 1.39. Gn-RH administration at the time of oestrus could improve herd fertility through its including effect on follicular rupture and regulatory influence on ovarian function."}
{"id": "PMID:356413", "title": "[Distribution and characteristics of the R factors in E. coli isolated from poultry].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that Escherichia coli organisms isolated from birds in the district of Haskovo are up to 65 per cent resistant to drugs. It has been experimentally shown that the genetic determinants of resistance to chemotherapeutics are transferred via conjugation. The possibility of transferring R-factors from Escherichia coli to Salmonella typhimurium points to one of the routes for the occurrence of drug resistance in Salmonella bacteria.", "contents": "[Distribution and characteristics of the R factors in E. coli isolated from poultry]. It has been demonstrated that Escherichia coli organisms isolated from birds in the district of Haskovo are up to 65 per cent resistant to drugs. It has been experimentally shown that the genetic determinants of resistance to chemotherapeutics are transferred via conjugation. The possibility of transferring R-factors from Escherichia coli to Salmonella typhimurium points to one of the routes for the occurrence of drug resistance in Salmonella bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:356414", "title": "[Effect of low temperatures on the count and virulence of salmonellae in slaughtered poultry].", "content": "Studied was the effect of shock freezing at -34 degrees C and the storing of slaughtered birds at -18 degrees C up to six months on the survival and the change in the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium, S. meleagridis, and S. gallinarum-pullorum. It was established that the number of the tested Salmonella species decreased steadily, however, no complete devitalizing was attained. The Salmonella count was most intensely reduced in the first fifteen days of storing. Most resistant to the effect of low temperature were S. typhimurium organisms, and least resistant was S. meleagridis. It was found that the virulence of the tested Salmonella strains gradually dropped, the amount of disappearing organisms correlating with the drop of their virulence.", "contents": "[Effect of low temperatures on the count and virulence of salmonellae in slaughtered poultry]. Studied was the effect of shock freezing at -34 degrees C and the storing of slaughtered birds at -18 degrees C up to six months on the survival and the change in the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium, S. meleagridis, and S. gallinarum-pullorum. It was established that the number of the tested Salmonella species decreased steadily, however, no complete devitalizing was attained. The Salmonella count was most intensely reduced in the first fifteen days of storing. Most resistant to the effect of low temperature were S. typhimurium organisms, and least resistant was S. meleagridis. It was found that the virulence of the tested Salmonella strains gradually dropped, the amount of disappearing organisms correlating with the drop of their virulence."}
{"id": "PMID:356419", "title": "[Milk protein digestion in the stomach at an early age].", "content": "In the mucosa and gastric contents of young rats proteolytic activity was investigated. The pepsinogen content in the mucosa and proteolytic activity of the gastric contents does not change over a period from the 1st till the 11th day and then abruptly increase. A change-over from milk to mixed nourishment in the period from 12 to 20 days of life is attended by a growing pepsinogen content and a drastically reduced prorennin content in the gastric mucosa. The change-over from mixed to a definitely fixed nutrition after 20 days of life is accompanied by an intensive discharge into the gastric content of HCl and pepsin.", "contents": "[Milk protein digestion in the stomach at an early age]. In the mucosa and gastric contents of young rats proteolytic activity was investigated. The pepsinogen content in the mucosa and proteolytic activity of the gastric contents does not change over a period from the 1st till the 11th day and then abruptly increase. A change-over from milk to mixed nourishment in the period from 12 to 20 days of life is attended by a growing pepsinogen content and a drastically reduced prorennin content in the gastric mucosa. The change-over from mixed to a definitely fixed nutrition after 20 days of life is accompanied by an intensive discharge into the gastric content of HCl and pepsin."}
{"id": "PMID:356438", "title": "Neurological syndromes produced by some toxic metals encountered industrially or environmentally.", "content": "Toxic metals encountered industrially or environmentally may produce the following syndromes: 1) Peripheral neuropathy: which is mainly sensory in arsenic and entirely motor with inorganic lead, organophosphorus compounds and tallium produce a mixed form of peripheral neuropathy. 2) Encephalopathy: usually with lead poisoning where ataxia and hemiplegia or optic atrophy may occur. 3) Optic neuritis: transient or permanent impairment of vision in arsenic poisoning and blurring of vision followed by field fedects with thallium poisoning. 4) Cerebellar disturbances: in the form of ataxia in organic mercury. 5) Parkinsonism: extrapyramidal signs occurs in manganese poisoning shown as mask face and rigidity of muscles. 6) Mental changes: as acute psychosis in organic lead and erethism in organic mercury.", "contents": "Neurological syndromes produced by some toxic metals encountered industrially or environmentally. Toxic metals encountered industrially or environmentally may produce the following syndromes: 1) Peripheral neuropathy: which is mainly sensory in arsenic and entirely motor with inorganic lead, organophosphorus compounds and tallium produce a mixed form of peripheral neuropathy. 2) Encephalopathy: usually with lead poisoning where ataxia and hemiplegia or optic atrophy may occur. 3) Optic neuritis: transient or permanent impairment of vision in arsenic poisoning and blurring of vision followed by field fedects with thallium poisoning. 4) Cerebellar disturbances: in the form of ataxia in organic mercury. 5) Parkinsonism: extrapyramidal signs occurs in manganese poisoning shown as mask face and rigidity of muscles. 6) Mental changes: as acute psychosis in organic lead and erethism in organic mercury."}
{"id": "PMID:356440", "title": "[Treatment of acute kidney failure].", "content": "By the rapid development of the chronic haemodialysis and the transplantation of kidneys the treatment of the acute renal failure is not so often dealt with in literature, though the haemodialysis since its clinical use in 1944 for 15 years exclusively has been used for the treatment of acute renal failure. Alarming reports on the increase of the mortality up to 80% were the cause to deal with treatment and developmental tendencies in form of a survey. The conclusions were that during the last 6 years in the GDR annually about 300 cases of acute renal failure are constantly treated. The total mortality rate is without any essential variations on an average about 44.9%. In comparison to international statistics these figures are remarkably good. According to the  basic etiological cause of the acute renal failure the mortality rate varies between 60% in surgical diseases and about 30% in intoxications with uraemia. Apart from these analyses the author enters indication, causes and prognosis in form of a summary.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute kidney failure]. By the rapid development of the chronic haemodialysis and the transplantation of kidneys the treatment of the acute renal failure is not so often dealt with in literature, though the haemodialysis since its clinical use in 1944 for 15 years exclusively has been used for the treatment of acute renal failure. Alarming reports on the increase of the mortality up to 80% were the cause to deal with treatment and developmental tendencies in form of a survey. The conclusions were that during the last 6 years in the GDR annually about 300 cases of acute renal failure are constantly treated. The total mortality rate is without any essential variations on an average about 44.9%. In comparison to international statistics these figures are remarkably good. According to the  basic etiological cause of the acute renal failure the mortality rate varies between 60% in surgical diseases and about 30% in intoxications with uraemia. Apart from these analyses the author enters indication, causes and prognosis in form of a summary."}
{"id": "PMID:356441", "title": "[Possibilities and limits of kidney transplantation].", "content": "Chronic haemodialysis and renal transplantation are mutually supplementing methods for the treatment of patients with terminal renal lesion. The two methods have proved their worth in clinical practice. The expectance of life of patients with chronic renal insufficiency could essentially be improved during the last years. In last consequence the successes of the transplantation of kidneys depend on the solution of immunobiological problems, which are not yet cleared up nowadays. 1. In the determination of genotypical determinants possibly not all are known or recognizable. 2. The at present clinically usable examination methods do not yet allow to recognize rejections so early that by an aimed immunosuppressive treatment irreversible damages on the graft may be prevented. After a transplantation of kidneys of relatives a long survival time of transplanted patients is better than after a transplantation of kidneys taken from dead bodies. The rejection is still the main factor of the failure of the graft, the sepsis is the most frequent cause of death. It is neccessary, to develop less toxical remedies for the adaptation of the graft. Nevertheless, thousands of optimally transplanted patients prove the usefulness of the allogenic transplantation of the kidney.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limits of kidney transplantation]. Chronic haemodialysis and renal transplantation are mutually supplementing methods for the treatment of patients with terminal renal lesion. The two methods have proved their worth in clinical practice. The expectance of life of patients with chronic renal insufficiency could essentially be improved during the last years. In last consequence the successes of the transplantation of kidneys depend on the solution of immunobiological problems, which are not yet cleared up nowadays. 1. In the determination of genotypical determinants possibly not all are known or recognizable. 2. The at present clinically usable examination methods do not yet allow to recognize rejections so early that by an aimed immunosuppressive treatment irreversible damages on the graft may be prevented. After a transplantation of kidneys of relatives a long survival time of transplanted patients is better than after a transplantation of kidneys taken from dead bodies. The rejection is still the main factor of the failure of the graft, the sepsis is the most frequent cause of death. It is neccessary, to develop less toxical remedies for the adaptation of the graft. Nevertheless, thousands of optimally transplanted patients prove the usefulness of the allogenic transplantation of the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:356435", "title": "Sudden cardiac death.", "content": "Over the past decade, there has been a significant decrease in the hospital mortality of patients with coronary artery disease. However, sudden cardiac death, which accounts for the majority of deaths from coronary artery disease, hasbeen little affected. This report reviews the pathology, electrophysiology, demographics and clinical presentation of sudden cardiac death. Emergency care and possible preventative measures are examined.", "contents": "Sudden cardiac death. Over the past decade, there has been a significant decrease in the hospital mortality of patients with coronary artery disease. However, sudden cardiac death, which accounts for the majority of deaths from coronary artery disease, hasbeen little affected. This report reviews the pathology, electrophysiology, demographics and clinical presentation of sudden cardiac death. Emergency care and possible preventative measures are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:356442", "title": "[Current problems in the pathophysiology of the adrenal glands and its clinical importance].", "content": "In recent years new knowledge on the pathophysiolgy of the parathyroid gland has led to a series of not unimportant consequences for the endocrinological clinic. To this belongs the glandular translocation which under certain circumstances is regarded as favourable and the principal practicability so which is without any question. In certain, above all urologically conditioned clinical pictures with consecutive stimulation of the parathyroid secretion an inhibition effect on the parathyroid glands which can be evoked by drugs is discussed. Here the problem is a possibly significant preventive measure. The question of the maintained or disturbed euparathyroidism must be interesting in such cases, in which alone from the result of the conventional calcium-metabolic diagnostics an obligatory evidence remains questionable. Difficulties are above all in such cases, where the transitions of a functional adaption mechanism to an autonomized process with own laws may be present or it must be feared that the overloaded glandular function comes to an end. On the basis of own findings the authors adopt a definite attitude to these problems.", "contents": "[Current problems in the pathophysiology of the adrenal glands and its clinical importance]. In recent years new knowledge on the pathophysiolgy of the parathyroid gland has led to a series of not unimportant consequences for the endocrinological clinic. To this belongs the glandular translocation which under certain circumstances is regarded as favourable and the principal practicability so which is without any question. In certain, above all urologically conditioned clinical pictures with consecutive stimulation of the parathyroid secretion an inhibition effect on the parathyroid glands which can be evoked by drugs is discussed. Here the problem is a possibly significant preventive measure. The question of the maintained or disturbed euparathyroidism must be interesting in such cases, in which alone from the result of the conventional calcium-metabolic diagnostics an obligatory evidence remains questionable. Difficulties are above all in such cases, where the transitions of a functional adaption mechanism to an autonomized process with own laws may be present or it must be feared that the overloaded glandular function comes to an end. On the basis of own findings the authors adopt a definite attitude to these problems."}
{"id": "PMID:356445", "title": "[\"Functional relaxation\" as a method in anthropologic medicine].", "content": "\"Funktionelle Entspannung\" (F.E.)--functional relaxation--according to M. Fuchs resumes Weizs\u00e4cker's \"Gestaltkreis\". Its medium is the body (comprising body, soul and mind) and its \"rhythm\", which penetrates and supports the individual human sphere. Somebody who is in agreement with his own body is also in agreement with the world around him; somebody who sets up tensions between the world and himself loses his personal rhythm. This becomes obvious in the \"body-language\" in the form of false tensions. In the F. E. these are not approached in a verbal way or by way of set exercises, but in each case individually--beginning at the spine and the joints and then continuing with the inner cavities and spaces. Approach and method of the F. E. are exemplified (e. g. hypertonie, asthma bronchiale, where other psychotherapeutic methods--psychoanalysis, autogenes training etc.--did not help).", "contents": "[\"Functional relaxation\" as a method in anthropologic medicine]. \"Funktionelle Entspannung\" (F.E.)--functional relaxation--according to M. Fuchs resumes Weizs\u00e4cker's \"Gestaltkreis\". Its medium is the body (comprising body, soul and mind) and its \"rhythm\", which penetrates and supports the individual human sphere. Somebody who is in agreement with his own body is also in agreement with the world around him; somebody who sets up tensions between the world and himself loses his personal rhythm. This becomes obvious in the \"body-language\" in the form of false tensions. In the F. E. these are not approached in a verbal way or by way of set exercises, but in each case individually--beginning at the spine and the joints and then continuing with the inner cavities and spaces. Approach and method of the F. E. are exemplified (e. g. hypertonie, asthma bronchiale, where other psychotherapeutic methods--psychoanalysis, autogenes training etc.--did not help)."}
{"id": "PMID:356446", "title": "[Local Sanarelli-Shwartzmann-phenomen after hemipelvectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "We report a case of haemorrhagic necrosis after hemipelvectomy, which shows nearly all characteritic criterions of local Sanarelli-Shwartzman-phenomenon.", "contents": "[Local Sanarelli-Shwartzmann-phenomen after hemipelvectomy (author's transl)]. We report a case of haemorrhagic necrosis after hemipelvectomy, which shows nearly all characteritic criterions of local Sanarelli-Shwartzman-phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:356462", "title": "[Exceptional suicide of a physician (author's transl)].", "content": "A 57 years old psychiatrist committed suicide through insufflation of powder from a chemical fire extinguisher his respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Death was due not to mechanically induced asphyxia but to asystolia. The latter disturbance is explained as a vagal reaction to trauma because of the characteristic position of the corpse at the scene and because the victim did not exhibit any signs of gas or foreign body embolism. A further point of interest in the context of trauma mechanism, is the absence of significant disruptions in spite of the high pressure (10-12 atu) developed by the extinguisher. No conclusive interpretation can be given about the psychological mechanisms behind this suicidal act. On the other side the modality of the procedure used by the victim became manifest already a few months before the critical act.", "contents": "[Exceptional suicide of a physician (author's transl)]. A 57 years old psychiatrist committed suicide through insufflation of powder from a chemical fire extinguisher his respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Death was due not to mechanically induced asphyxia but to asystolia. The latter disturbance is explained as a vagal reaction to trauma because of the characteristic position of the corpse at the scene and because the victim did not exhibit any signs of gas or foreign body embolism. A further point of interest in the context of trauma mechanism, is the absence of significant disruptions in spite of the high pressure (10-12 atu) developed by the extinguisher. No conclusive interpretation can be given about the psychological mechanisms behind this suicidal act. On the other side the modality of the procedure used by the victim became manifest already a few months before the critical act."}
{"id": "PMID:356463", "title": "[Exhumation for suspected poisoning--reticulum cell sarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A 57-year-old woman showed somnolence, extreme stiffness of the neck and atypical CSF findings which led to her death within a few days. During legacy controversy the possibility of poisoning was considered. The post mortem, pathological and toxological examinations of the exhumed corpse permitted the diagnosis of reticulum cell sarcoma 16 months after death. Such a diagnosis 16 months after death has, to our knowledge, not previously been reported.", "contents": "[Exhumation for suspected poisoning--reticulum cell sarcoma (author's transl)]. A 57-year-old woman showed somnolence, extreme stiffness of the neck and atypical CSF findings which led to her death within a few days. During legacy controversy the possibility of poisoning was considered. The post mortem, pathological and toxological examinations of the exhumed corpse permitted the diagnosis of reticulum cell sarcoma 16 months after death. Such a diagnosis 16 months after death has, to our knowledge, not previously been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:356464", "title": "[New knowledge in the treatment of post-traumatic strictures in the posterior urethra].", "content": "At present on principle 3 methods are taken into consideration for the treatment of the posttraumatic strictures of the urethra: 1. the skin filling methods, 2. the methods used by us personally, based on bursting the stricture and using the abundantly mobilised distally flapped distal stump of the urethra and 3. the urethrotomy under vision with sharp cut. Whether one method may claim exclusiveness, we shall know probably already in the next years.", "contents": "[New knowledge in the treatment of post-traumatic strictures in the posterior urethra]. At present on principle 3 methods are taken into consideration for the treatment of the posttraumatic strictures of the urethra: 1. the skin filling methods, 2. the methods used by us personally, based on bursting the stricture and using the abundantly mobilised distally flapped distal stump of the urethra and 3. the urethrotomy under vision with sharp cut. Whether one method may claim exclusiveness, we shall know probably already in the next years."}
{"id": "PMID:356477", "title": "Antibiotic NRC-501, a new antibiotic produced by Streptomyces species.", "content": "A new antibiotic, NRC-501, was isolated and purified from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces species NRC-501. Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the antibiotic NRC-501 were revealed.", "contents": "Antibiotic NRC-501, a new antibiotic produced by Streptomyces species. A new antibiotic, NRC-501, was isolated and purified from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces species NRC-501. Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the antibiotic NRC-501 were revealed."}
{"id": "PMID:356478", "title": "A simple method for preparing specimens of Claviceps purpurea for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The method is a modification of freeze-drying and includes also a simultaneous coating during rotation. It utilizes a common vacuum coating apparatus with a modified miniature electric motor. The cells of C. purpurea in the resulting specimen retain their original shape.", "contents": "A simple method for preparing specimens of Claviceps purpurea for scanning electron microscopy. The method is a modification of freeze-drying and includes also a simultaneous coating during rotation. It utilizes a common vacuum coating apparatus with a modified miniature electric motor. The cells of C. purpurea in the resulting specimen retain their original shape."}
{"id": "PMID:356486", "title": "[Bone transplantation in the treatment of haematogenous and posttraumatic osteomyelitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presents 602 patients--436 with haematogenous osteomyelitis and 166 with posttraumatic suppurative osteitis. The clinical material is analysed according to the following criteria: age, localization, morphology, kind of infection, operative methods. The author recommends bone replacement ot the donor area with allogenous cancellous bone. No complications were observed in 285 operations of this kind. The osteoplastic treatment of haematogenous osteomyelitis provides healing 86% and of posttraumatic suppurative osteitis--in 79% of the cases. Thanks to reoperations, this percentage increases to 97% for the haematogenous osteomyelitis and to 98% for posttraumatic purulent osteitis respectively.", "contents": "[Bone transplantation in the treatment of haematogenous and posttraumatic osteomyelitis (author's transl)]. The author presents 602 patients--436 with haematogenous osteomyelitis and 166 with posttraumatic suppurative osteitis. The clinical material is analysed according to the following criteria: age, localization, morphology, kind of infection, operative methods. The author recommends bone replacement ot the donor area with allogenous cancellous bone. No complications were observed in 285 operations of this kind. The osteoplastic treatment of haematogenous osteomyelitis provides healing 86% and of posttraumatic suppurative osteitis--in 79% of the cases. Thanks to reoperations, this percentage increases to 97% for the haematogenous osteomyelitis and to 98% for posttraumatic purulent osteitis respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:356487", "title": "[Soft tissue plastics in treatment of chronic osteomyelitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Soft tissue plastics are indispensable in the surgical treatment oft chronic osteomyelitis (56 cases in 10 years). Myoplastics (27 operations) are simple, successful, but only suitable with stabile bones. The treatment of osteomyelitis in the distal parts of the extremities often requires additional skin flaps (25 operations), rarely free skin grafts.", "contents": "[Soft tissue plastics in treatment of chronic osteomyelitis (author's transl)]. Soft tissue plastics are indispensable in the surgical treatment oft chronic osteomyelitis (56 cases in 10 years). Myoplastics (27 operations) are simple, successful, but only suitable with stabile bones. The treatment of osteomyelitis in the distal parts of the extremities often requires additional skin flaps (25 operations), rarely free skin grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:356489", "title": "[Lymphocyte transformation test with streptococcal antigens in newborn infants and their mothers].", "content": "Following streptococcal mitogens and antigens were tested in the lymphocyte transformation test with human cord blood and maternal blood: streptococcal M1- and M19-proteins, mucopeptide, erythrogenic toxins and additional phytohemagglutinin. There are no significant differences in the blastogenic response with the different mitogens and antigens in maternal and cord blood. The cord blood lymphocytes show the same degree of blastogenic reaction to the mitogens and antigens as the maternal lymphocytes, that may reflect the state of readiness for cellular immunological defence. The spontaneous incorporation of 3H-labelled thymidine into cord blood lymphoblasts is significant higher than in lymphoblasts of maternal blood.--The results of specific and unspecific stimulation by means of steptococcal antigens are discussed.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte transformation test with streptococcal antigens in newborn infants and their mothers]. Following streptococcal mitogens and antigens were tested in the lymphocyte transformation test with human cord blood and maternal blood: streptococcal M1- and M19-proteins, mucopeptide, erythrogenic toxins and additional phytohemagglutinin. There are no significant differences in the blastogenic response with the different mitogens and antigens in maternal and cord blood. The cord blood lymphocytes show the same degree of blastogenic reaction to the mitogens and antigens as the maternal lymphocytes, that may reflect the state of readiness for cellular immunological defence. The spontaneous incorporation of 3H-labelled thymidine into cord blood lymphoblasts is significant higher than in lymphoblasts of maternal blood.--The results of specific and unspecific stimulation by means of steptococcal antigens are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:356490", "title": "[Clinical studies on the effect of pregnancy and labor on the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin].", "content": "After giving 5 g Ampicillin intravenously to a total of 33 women (gravidae during the VIII. month pregnancy, women in labor and health controll persons) the serum levels of the mothers were analysed according to the pharmacokinetic parameter half-life of elimination.--Our results show that only the delivery cause significant differences of the kinetic of ampicillin.--Our results are discussed with the data given by literature.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on the effect of pregnancy and labor on the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin]. After giving 5 g Ampicillin intravenously to a total of 33 women (gravidae during the VIII. month pregnancy, women in labor and health controll persons) the serum levels of the mothers were analysed according to the pharmacokinetic parameter half-life of elimination.--Our results show that only the delivery cause significant differences of the kinetic of ampicillin.--Our results are discussed with the data given by literature."}
{"id": "PMID:356495", "title": "Insulin secretion reactivation of pancreatic islets from starved rats in vitro.", "content": "Starvation of Wistar rats induced a shift of glucose threshold for insulin secretion of isolated islets above 5 mM, which can be restored by pretreatment of the tissue with glucose, mannose, glyceraldehyde, an theophylline, but not with acetylcholine or lactate. The improved insulin secretion is not connected with an enhanced glucose utilization.", "contents": "Insulin secretion reactivation of pancreatic islets from starved rats in vitro. Starvation of Wistar rats induced a shift of glucose threshold for insulin secretion of isolated islets above 5 mM, which can be restored by pretreatment of the tissue with glucose, mannose, glyceraldehyde, an theophylline, but not with acetylcholine or lactate. The improved insulin secretion is not connected with an enhanced glucose utilization."}
{"id": "PMID:356496", "title": "A simple method for cloning and replica plating of mammalian cells using multicellular spheroids.", "content": "V 79/4 Chinese hamster cells or HeLa cells grow in Eagle's MEM supplemented with 25 microgram/ml dextran sulphate to form clonal multicellular spheroids. These cell clones, consisting of 5-10(2) cells, are easy to separate, to transfer from one culture vessel into another and grow as normal monolayer colonies on Dederon cloth circles after subculture in Eagle's MEM without dextran sulphate. A simple replica technique is described by which 500 clones can be transfered onto at least 3 replica cloth circles, 10 cm in diameter, with a replica plating efficiency of approximately 100%.", "contents": "A simple method for cloning and replica plating of mammalian cells using multicellular spheroids. V 79/4 Chinese hamster cells or HeLa cells grow in Eagle's MEM supplemented with 25 microgram/ml dextran sulphate to form clonal multicellular spheroids. These cell clones, consisting of 5-10(2) cells, are easy to separate, to transfer from one culture vessel into another and grow as normal monolayer colonies on Dederon cloth circles after subculture in Eagle's MEM without dextran sulphate. A simple replica technique is described by which 500 clones can be transfered onto at least 3 replica cloth circles, 10 cm in diameter, with a replica plating efficiency of approximately 100%."}
{"id": "PMID:356497", "title": "Antihypertensive therapy in patients above age 60. Third interim report of the European Working Party on High blood pressure in Elderly (EWPHE).", "content": "Three hundred forty nine hypertensive patients above the age of 60 have entered the double-blind multicentre trial of the European Working Party on High blood pressure in the Elderly (EWPHE). After stratification and randomisation half were treated with one or two capsules containing 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide and 50 mg triamterene and if blood pressure control was insufficient methyldopa was added up to 2 g daily; the other half received matching placebo. No significant differences between the groups were present prior to randomisation. A significant blood pressure difference of 25/10 mm Hg was obtained between the groups and maintained during two years of follow-up. No major disturbances in serum potassium or serum sodium were noted with the present drug combination. However, during the initial phase an increase in serum creatinine and serum uric acid was noted in the actively treated group, which was maintained for two years. Also glucose tolerance was impaired after 2 years in the actively treated group. A favourable influence on prognosis by active treatment can be expected on the basis of the blood pressure reduction and in the absence of major electrolytes disturbances. But this benefit must be proven by observed statistical differences in terminating events between the groups. Therefore the patients are being followed for a longer period of time and more patients are admitted into the trial.", "contents": "Antihypertensive therapy in patients above age 60. Third interim report of the European Working Party on High blood pressure in Elderly (EWPHE). Three hundred forty nine hypertensive patients above the age of 60 have entered the double-blind multicentre trial of the European Working Party on High blood pressure in the Elderly (EWPHE). After stratification and randomisation half were treated with one or two capsules containing 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide and 50 mg triamterene and if blood pressure control was insufficient methyldopa was added up to 2 g daily; the other half received matching placebo. No significant differences between the groups were present prior to randomisation. A significant blood pressure difference of 25/10 mm Hg was obtained between the groups and maintained during two years of follow-up. No major disturbances in serum potassium or serum sodium were noted with the present drug combination. However, during the initial phase an increase in serum creatinine and serum uric acid was noted in the actively treated group, which was maintained for two years. Also glucose tolerance was impaired after 2 years in the actively treated group. A favourable influence on prognosis by active treatment can be expected on the basis of the blood pressure reduction and in the absence of major electrolytes disturbances. But this benefit must be proven by observed statistical differences in terminating events between the groups. Therefore the patients are being followed for a longer period of time and more patients are admitted into the trial."}
{"id": "PMID:356498", "title": "Gastrointestinal hormones.", "content": "The chemistry, localisation, release and effects of gastrointestinal hormones and some related peptides are surveyed. Their main presumed physiologic actions are: gastric acid and pepsin secretion are stimulated by gastrin and to a less degree by secretin. Acid secretion is inhibited by bulbo-enterogastrone and GIP. Biliary water and electrolytes are augmented by gastrin, CCK-PZ, secretin and VIP and inhibited by Substance P. Pancreatic bicarbonate and enzyme secretions are stimulated by secretin and CCK-PZ, especially in combination. Lower oesophageal and antral motility and tonus are elevated following gastrin and motilin; the gallbladder and small intestine empty following CCK. Gastrin regulates gastrointestinal, and CCK pancreatic, tissue growth. Somatostatin inhibits all gut hormones. All peptides are vasoactive within the splanchnic area, each one in a specific manner.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal hormones. The chemistry, localisation, release and effects of gastrointestinal hormones and some related peptides are surveyed. Their main presumed physiologic actions are: gastric acid and pepsin secretion are stimulated by gastrin and to a less degree by secretin. Acid secretion is inhibited by bulbo-enterogastrone and GIP. Biliary water and electrolytes are augmented by gastrin, CCK-PZ, secretin and VIP and inhibited by Substance P. Pancreatic bicarbonate and enzyme secretions are stimulated by secretin and CCK-PZ, especially in combination. Lower oesophageal and antral motility and tonus are elevated following gastrin and motilin; the gallbladder and small intestine empty following CCK. Gastrin regulates gastrointestinal, and CCK pancreatic, tissue growth. Somatostatin inhibits all gut hormones. All peptides are vasoactive within the splanchnic area, each one in a specific manner."}
{"id": "PMID:356499", "title": "Detection of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes in humans with special reference to patients with contact dermatitis.", "content": "Factors likely to influence the detection of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes by immunofluorescence (IF) have been studied. Several of the examined anti-immunoglobulin reagents reacted to other Ig-classes but the relevant as demonstrated by hemagglutination test. When the indirect IF-method was used most anti-Ig reagents reacted with a significantly larger population of lymphocytes. Neither cytophilic Ig, nor plasma membrane dynamics did seem to exert any critical effect on classification of human lymphocytes. With selected sera lymphocytes of 24 patients with contact dermatitis were studied. No difference in number of Ig-bearing cells (direct and indirect technique respectively) between the patients and normals was found. In most individuals there was a good correlation between EA-rosette-forming cells and number of Ig-bearing lymphocytes including IgD-bearing using the indirect technique. This indicates the detection of a Fc-positive rather than a Ig-bearing cell population.", "contents": "Detection of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes in humans with special reference to patients with contact dermatitis. Factors likely to influence the detection of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes by immunofluorescence (IF) have been studied. Several of the examined anti-immunoglobulin reagents reacted to other Ig-classes but the relevant as demonstrated by hemagglutination test. When the indirect IF-method was used most anti-Ig reagents reacted with a significantly larger population of lymphocytes. Neither cytophilic Ig, nor plasma membrane dynamics did seem to exert any critical effect on classification of human lymphocytes. With selected sera lymphocytes of 24 patients with contact dermatitis were studied. No difference in number of Ig-bearing cells (direct and indirect technique respectively) between the patients and normals was found. In most individuals there was a good correlation between EA-rosette-forming cells and number of Ig-bearing lymphocytes including IgD-bearing using the indirect technique. This indicates the detection of a Fc-positive rather than a Ig-bearing cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:356501", "title": "Male prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas in humans studied by peroxidase-labelled antibody method.", "content": "In order to identity the source of excess secretion of prolactin in male patients, the pituitary tumors of 11 males with hyperprolactinaemia were studied by peroxidase-labelled antibody method using antibodies against human prolactin. Using light microscope, prolactin was demonstrated in most tumour cells in all cases. Ultrastructurally, prolactin was localized mainly on the secretory granules. Immunohistochemically positive cells were thought to correlate with first type of tumour cells which were the major component observed by regular electron microscopic study without immunohistochemical staining. These findings indicated the secretion of excess amount of prolactin by the tumour cells and were considered to be responsible for the category of Male Prolactin Secreting Pituitary Adenoma. The mechanism by which these male hyperprolactinaemic patients are endocrinologically non-functioning is also discussed.", "contents": "Male prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas in humans studied by peroxidase-labelled antibody method. In order to identity the source of excess secretion of prolactin in male patients, the pituitary tumors of 11 males with hyperprolactinaemia were studied by peroxidase-labelled antibody method using antibodies against human prolactin. Using light microscope, prolactin was demonstrated in most tumour cells in all cases. Ultrastructurally, prolactin was localized mainly on the secretory granules. Immunohistochemically positive cells were thought to correlate with first type of tumour cells which were the major component observed by regular electron microscopic study without immunohistochemical staining. These findings indicated the secretion of excess amount of prolactin by the tumour cells and were considered to be responsible for the category of Male Prolactin Secreting Pituitary Adenoma. The mechanism by which these male hyperprolactinaemic patients are endocrinologically non-functioning is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:356502", "title": "Gonadotrophin regulation in the lactating rat.", "content": "Post-partum lactation in the rat is associated with follicular quiescence and an attenuation of gonadotrophin secretion. The present study demonstrates that the lactating rat responds to exogenous LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in a manner similar to dioestrous rats. Oestrogen priming increases the LH and FSH response to LH-RH to a smaller degree in ovariectomized, lactating, than in non-lactating, ovariectomized rats. Pituitary LH levels throughout lactation did not seem to be related LH-RH-induced LH release. A diminished post-castration rise in both LH and FSH, and a diminished positive feedback response to oestrogen administration were also observed and may indicate a disruption of gonadotrophin regulation at both the hypothalamic and the pituitary level.", "contents": "Gonadotrophin regulation in the lactating rat. Post-partum lactation in the rat is associated with follicular quiescence and an attenuation of gonadotrophin secretion. The present study demonstrates that the lactating rat responds to exogenous LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in a manner similar to dioestrous rats. Oestrogen priming increases the LH and FSH response to LH-RH to a smaller degree in ovariectomized, lactating, than in non-lactating, ovariectomized rats. Pituitary LH levels throughout lactation did not seem to be related LH-RH-induced LH release. A diminished post-castration rise in both LH and FSH, and a diminished positive feedback response to oestrogen administration were also observed and may indicate a disruption of gonadotrophin regulation at both the hypothalamic and the pituitary level."}
{"id": "PMID:356507", "title": "Intravenous lidocaine as a suppressant of persistent cough caused by bronchoscopy.", "content": "The effect of intravenous lidocaine in the treatment of persistent cough occurring after diagnostic bronchoscopies performed under general anaesthesia was investigated in a controlled clinical trial. The study comprised 28 adults patients, all of whom had regained consciousness after anaesthesia. Fifteen patients were treated with lidocaine (1.05 mg/kg body weight) and 13 patients with placebo (saline). In each patient the intravenously injected dose was repeated once after 5 min. In 11 of the 15 patients (73%) who received lidocaine coughing ceased, while it continued in all 13 patients in the placebo group. The difference is highly significant (P less than 0.001). None of the patients developed side effects such as hypotension, arrhythmias, central nervous system symptoms or respiratory depression after injection of lidocaine. It is therefore concluded that intravenous lidocaine in man is a safe and useful cough-suppressant.", "contents": "Intravenous lidocaine as a suppressant of persistent cough caused by bronchoscopy. The effect of intravenous lidocaine in the treatment of persistent cough occurring after diagnostic bronchoscopies performed under general anaesthesia was investigated in a controlled clinical trial. The study comprised 28 adults patients, all of whom had regained consciousness after anaesthesia. Fifteen patients were treated with lidocaine (1.05 mg/kg body weight) and 13 patients with placebo (saline). In each patient the intravenously injected dose was repeated once after 5 min. In 11 of the 15 patients (73%) who received lidocaine coughing ceased, while it continued in all 13 patients in the placebo group. The difference is highly significant (P less than 0.001). None of the patients developed side effects such as hypotension, arrhythmias, central nervous system symptoms or respiratory depression after injection of lidocaine. It is therefore concluded that intravenous lidocaine in man is a safe and useful cough-suppressant."}
{"id": "PMID:356508", "title": "Serum diazepam and serum creatine kinase after intra-muscular injection of diazepam in two different vehicles.", "content": "Serum diazepam concentration and serum creatine kinase activity (serum CK) were measured in 35 patients (who were divided into three groups (A, B, and C)), over a period of 24 hours after administration of diazepam. An increase in serum CK was regarded as an indication of local muscle injury. In group A, diazepam in a polyethyleneoxydricinolate vehicle was injected intramuscularly; in group B, diazepam in a propyleneglycol-ether alcohol vehicle was injected intramuscularly; and in group C, diazepam was administered orally, combined with intramuscular administration of the vehicle used in group B. The investigation was double-blind and randomized. Serum diazepam absorption expressed as the area under the concentration curve was identical in groups A and C and significantly higher than in group B. Serum CK rose in all groups. The differences among the groups were not significant. There were considerable individual variations in all three groups, and almost half the patients showed no increase in serum CK at all. No negative correlation was found between serum diazepam and serum CK. Thus no effect of muscle injury--if present--on absorption rate could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Serum diazepam and serum creatine kinase after intra-muscular injection of diazepam in two different vehicles. Serum diazepam concentration and serum creatine kinase activity (serum CK) were measured in 35 patients (who were divided into three groups (A, B, and C)), over a period of 24 hours after administration of diazepam. An increase in serum CK was regarded as an indication of local muscle injury. In group A, diazepam in a polyethyleneoxydricinolate vehicle was injected intramuscularly; in group B, diazepam in a propyleneglycol-ether alcohol vehicle was injected intramuscularly; and in group C, diazepam was administered orally, combined with intramuscular administration of the vehicle used in group B. The investigation was double-blind and randomized. Serum diazepam absorption expressed as the area under the concentration curve was identical in groups A and C and significantly higher than in group B. Serum CK rose in all groups. The differences among the groups were not significant. There were considerable individual variations in all three groups, and almost half the patients showed no increase in serum CK at all. No negative correlation was found between serum diazepam and serum CK. Thus no effect of muscle injury--if present--on absorption rate could be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:356509", "title": "Two early Danish respirators designed for prolonged artificial ventilation.", "content": "Two Danish respirators are described. The first one was made by August Krogh in 1931 and was based on the principles of the Drinker tank respirator. The original feature was a motor driven by water from an ordinary water tap. It was never widely used, most likely due to practical problems connected with nursing care, etc. The polio epidemic in Copenhagen in 1952 initiated the era of the IPPV-methods and gave rise to the construction of a great number of new respirators. Among the first of these was the Claus Bang respirator. Although it contained many modern features, it proved technically unreliable and was only used for 3-5 years.", "contents": "Two early Danish respirators designed for prolonged artificial ventilation. Two Danish respirators are described. The first one was made by August Krogh in 1931 and was based on the principles of the Drinker tank respirator. The original feature was a motor driven by water from an ordinary water tap. It was never widely used, most likely due to practical problems connected with nursing care, etc. The polio epidemic in Copenhagen in 1952 initiated the era of the IPPV-methods and gave rise to the construction of a great number of new respirators. Among the first of these was the Claus Bang respirator. Although it contained many modern features, it proved technically unreliable and was only used for 3-5 years."}
{"id": "PMID:356510", "title": "Electron-microscopic and cytophotometric studies on the abdominal pre- and paravertebral ganglia of the cat.", "content": "Electron-microscopic and cytophotometric studies of the cat abdominal pre- and paravertrebral ganglia have revealed that in the prevertebral ganglion there are neurons of two distinct types. The paravertebral ganglion was found to consist of a structurally homogenous neuronal population.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic and cytophotometric studies on the abdominal pre- and paravertebral ganglia of the cat. Electron-microscopic and cytophotometric studies of the cat abdominal pre- and paravertrebral ganglia have revealed that in the prevertebral ganglion there are neurons of two distinct types. The paravertebral ganglion was found to consist of a structurally homogenous neuronal population."}
{"id": "PMID:356511", "title": "Histocytology of the avian (Gallus domesticus) carotid body.", "content": "The histotopography of the silvery-white glistening carotid body and the branchial derivates in the cranial thoracic inlets as well as the histocytology of the particular organ were revealed by various microtechniques. Three types of randomly distributed epithelioid cells, many capillaries, and small and large sinuses are observable. Myelinated fibres are sparsely distributed. 25 clinically healthy white leghorn males were used for this investigation.", "contents": "Histocytology of the avian (Gallus domesticus) carotid body. The histotopography of the silvery-white glistening carotid body and the branchial derivates in the cranial thoracic inlets as well as the histocytology of the particular organ were revealed by various microtechniques. Three types of randomly distributed epithelioid cells, many capillaries, and small and large sinuses are observable. Myelinated fibres are sparsely distributed. 25 clinically healthy white leghorn males were used for this investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:356512", "title": "The influence of fetal circulation on liver cell ultrastructure.", "content": "This study shows that autolytic changes in liver tissue from mini-pig fetuses are less extensive if, after removal of the uterus, the fetal circulation is left anatomically intact until excision and fixation. It must be concluded that, if it is not possible to remove and fix fetal material immediately, the fetus should be kept in the intact amniotic cavity with an intact umbilical cord.", "contents": "The influence of fetal circulation on liver cell ultrastructure. This study shows that autolytic changes in liver tissue from mini-pig fetuses are less extensive if, after removal of the uterus, the fetal circulation is left anatomically intact until excision and fixation. It must be concluded that, if it is not possible to remove and fix fetal material immediately, the fetus should be kept in the intact amniotic cavity with an intact umbilical cord."}
{"id": "PMID:356513", "title": "Resection and reconstruction for bone tumours.", "content": "For the surgical treatment of tumours in long bones a technique in which the resected bone segment is autoclaved and replaced is described. The results in three patients who had undergone this operation 7 to 11 years previously, one for chondrosarcoma and two for giant cell tumour, are reported. In all three cases sound union has been achieved. The advantages of boiled autografts are the immediate availability and the excellent fit of the graft. In order to avoid the problem of slow union of the autoclaved bone segment rigid fixation with long-term stability, preferably with a K\u00fcntscher nail and the use of supplementary fresh autogenous bone, is necessary. Two patients with traumatic bone loss from the femoral shaft treated in a similar way are reported from the literature.", "contents": "Resection and reconstruction for bone tumours. For the surgical treatment of tumours in long bones a technique in which the resected bone segment is autoclaved and replaced is described. The results in three patients who had undergone this operation 7 to 11 years previously, one for chondrosarcoma and two for giant cell tumour, are reported. In all three cases sound union has been achieved. The advantages of boiled autografts are the immediate availability and the excellent fit of the graft. In order to avoid the problem of slow union of the autoclaved bone segment rigid fixation with long-term stability, preferably with a K\u00fcntscher nail and the use of supplementary fresh autogenous bone, is necessary. Two patients with traumatic bone loss from the femoral shaft treated in a similar way are reported from the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:356514", "title": "V-Y plasty as treatment of finger tip amputations.", "content": "V-Y plasty was performed in 28 patients who suffered from a transverse amputation of the finger tip. Bilateral V-Y plasty was carried out in 16 cases and single volar V-Y plasty in 12 cases. The average follow-up period was 32 months. Six patients had postoperative complications, requiring reoperation in four patients. The follow-up results were satisfactory. The results showed that V-Y plasty is indicated in transverse amputations through the distal one-third to one-half of the nailbed, but only in patients to whom the length of the finger is of importance.", "contents": "V-Y plasty as treatment of finger tip amputations. V-Y plasty was performed in 28 patients who suffered from a transverse amputation of the finger tip. Bilateral V-Y plasty was carried out in 16 cases and single volar V-Y plasty in 12 cases. The average follow-up period was 32 months. Six patients had postoperative complications, requiring reoperation in four patients. The follow-up results were satisfactory. The results showed that V-Y plasty is indicated in transverse amputations through the distal one-third to one-half of the nailbed, but only in patients to whom the length of the finger is of importance."}
{"id": "PMID:356515", "title": "Asymptomatic diabetes in childhood and adolescence. A review.", "content": "An account is given of the present conception of asymptomatic (chemical) diabetes in the pediatric age group, which also has been named MODY (maturity-onset type of diabetes of young people). Long-term studies show that about 10% will eventually decompensate to overt diabetes. In contrast to classical juvenile-onset type of diabetes the inheritance of MODY seems to be autosomal dominant in many cases. Some authors have suggested that insulin resistance exists in non-obese patients with asymptomatic diabetes, but this view is not supported by observations of the author. Obese patients should reduce their body fat, but other therapeutic approaches are difficult to evaluate because of the normal fluctuation of the disease. There is no general agreement in the literature concerning the value of insulin treatment. The author supports the view that insulin treatment should be started in the late stages of chemical diabetes just before symptomatic disease emerges. In the long run this approach may ameliorate the condition due to the preservation of some beta-cell function for long periods. An unsettled question is whether early insulin treatment in asymptomatic diabetes will delay diabetic vascular complications.", "contents": "Asymptomatic diabetes in childhood and adolescence. A review. An account is given of the present conception of asymptomatic (chemical) diabetes in the pediatric age group, which also has been named MODY (maturity-onset type of diabetes of young people). Long-term studies show that about 10% will eventually decompensate to overt diabetes. In contrast to classical juvenile-onset type of diabetes the inheritance of MODY seems to be autosomal dominant in many cases. Some authors have suggested that insulin resistance exists in non-obese patients with asymptomatic diabetes, but this view is not supported by observations of the author. Obese patients should reduce their body fat, but other therapeutic approaches are difficult to evaluate because of the normal fluctuation of the disease. There is no general agreement in the literature concerning the value of insulin treatment. The author supports the view that insulin treatment should be started in the late stages of chemical diabetes just before symptomatic disease emerges. In the long run this approach may ameliorate the condition due to the preservation of some beta-cell function for long periods. An unsettled question is whether early insulin treatment in asymptomatic diabetes will delay diabetic vascular complications."}
{"id": "PMID:356516", "title": "Phylogeny of insulin. Some evolutionary aspects of insulin production with particular regard to the biosynthesis of insulin in Myxine glutinosa.", "content": "Preceding phylogenetic studies on the occurrence of insulin have shown--e.g. by bioassays and immunocytochemical procedures--that insulin producing B-cells are present in all vertebrates and even in several invertebrates, both protostomian and deuterostomian. The most original B-cells are obviously endocrine cells of open type, situated in the mucosa of the alimentary tract. Moreover, the results of these studies show that insulin is not only a polypeptide hormone of considerable age but also that the insulin molecule seems to have been kept surprisingly stable during evolution. Best known of all non-mammalian insulins is that from the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa. It is probably the most original insulin of all in the vertebrate series. Both the amino-acid sequence and the three-dimensional structure of the dimer of hagfish insulin differ only little from those of pig insulin. The biosynthesis occurs via proinsulin and is also in most respects similar to mammalian insulin biosynthesis. There are, however, some differences. Although it readily crystallizes as tetragonal bipyramids, hagfish insulin does not form hexamers. In a test system, with isolated rat fat cells, its binding affinity is 23% and its potency 5% of that of pig insulin, a discrepancy indicating a \"partial antagonism\" on the receptors. Although the conversion of proinsulin to insulin seems to occur in the secretion granules, they contain no crystalline cores. Since a strictly tryptic-like enzyme was found to destroy hagfish insulin rapidly, the enzyme converting proinsulin to insulin must--in addition to a carboxy-peptidase-B-like activity--have a different specificity in Myxine.", "contents": "Phylogeny of insulin. Some evolutionary aspects of insulin production with particular regard to the biosynthesis of insulin in Myxine glutinosa. Preceding phylogenetic studies on the occurrence of insulin have shown--e.g. by bioassays and immunocytochemical procedures--that insulin producing B-cells are present in all vertebrates and even in several invertebrates, both protostomian and deuterostomian. The most original B-cells are obviously endocrine cells of open type, situated in the mucosa of the alimentary tract. Moreover, the results of these studies show that insulin is not only a polypeptide hormone of considerable age but also that the insulin molecule seems to have been kept surprisingly stable during evolution. Best known of all non-mammalian insulins is that from the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa. It is probably the most original insulin of all in the vertebrate series. Both the amino-acid sequence and the three-dimensional structure of the dimer of hagfish insulin differ only little from those of pig insulin. The biosynthesis occurs via proinsulin and is also in most respects similar to mammalian insulin biosynthesis. There are, however, some differences. Although it readily crystallizes as tetragonal bipyramids, hagfish insulin does not form hexamers. In a test system, with isolated rat fat cells, its binding affinity is 23% and its potency 5% of that of pig insulin, a discrepancy indicating a \"partial antagonism\" on the receptors. Although the conversion of proinsulin to insulin seems to occur in the secretion granules, they contain no crystalline cores. Since a strictly tryptic-like enzyme was found to destroy hagfish insulin rapidly, the enzyme converting proinsulin to insulin must--in addition to a carboxy-peptidase-B-like activity--have a different specificity in Myxine."}
{"id": "PMID:356517", "title": "C-peptide in juvenile diabetes.", "content": "C-peptide can be used as a measure of endogenous insulin secretion in insulin treated diabetics with insulin antibodies. At the onset of juvenile diabetes insulin production is thought to be absent or minimal, but we have found rather high levels of C-peptide, even in ketoacidotic patients. The ketoacidosis does not mean an irreversible beta cell failure. In the postinitial remission period with stable metabolism many patients have normal or almost normal C-peptide levels and their beta cells have the capacity to respond to natural stimulation with an increased insulin secretion. For some unknown reason the metabolism becomes more labile coinciding with decreasing C-peptide values. However, even several years beyond the postinitial remission period many juvenile diabetics have some persistent beta cell function, and it has been shown that even trace remnants of beta cell function are of importance for stabilization of the metabolism. There is no reason to believe that the beta cell failure should be predetermined e.g. by genetic factors. However, little is known how to influence the progression and stop the increasing beta cell failure. Some of our results suggest that an early detection and an intensive treatment of diabetes before severe metabolic disturbances and pronounced insulin deficiency have appeared, may increase the possibility of preserving some beta cell function.", "contents": "C-peptide in juvenile diabetes. C-peptide can be used as a measure of endogenous insulin secretion in insulin treated diabetics with insulin antibodies. At the onset of juvenile diabetes insulin production is thought to be absent or minimal, but we have found rather high levels of C-peptide, even in ketoacidotic patients. The ketoacidosis does not mean an irreversible beta cell failure. In the postinitial remission period with stable metabolism many patients have normal or almost normal C-peptide levels and their beta cells have the capacity to respond to natural stimulation with an increased insulin secretion. For some unknown reason the metabolism becomes more labile coinciding with decreasing C-peptide values. However, even several years beyond the postinitial remission period many juvenile diabetics have some persistent beta cell function, and it has been shown that even trace remnants of beta cell function are of importance for stabilization of the metabolism. There is no reason to believe that the beta cell failure should be predetermined e.g. by genetic factors. However, little is known how to influence the progression and stop the increasing beta cell failure. Some of our results suggest that an early detection and an intensive treatment of diabetes before severe metabolic disturbances and pronounced insulin deficiency have appeared, may increase the possibility of preserving some beta cell function."}
{"id": "PMID:356520", "title": "Transplantation of islets of Langerhans in diabetic rats.", "content": "In the present work, homogeneous isolated pancreatic islet-cells were transplanted to diabetic rats with the aim of verifying if the transplanted tissue could survive and reduce the plasma glucose concentration on the alloxan-induced diabetic receptors. For the isolation of the pancreatic islets, pancreas was incubated in collagenase solution for about 13 +/- 3 minutes, followed by centrifugation in Ficoll gradients. The islets, 3 000 to 5 000, were transplanted to alloxan diabetic recipients, in a territory, preferentially with portal-hepatic drainage (mesentery and spleen). Sixty per cent of the recipients exhibited a fall of the plasma glucose concentration, up to 70%, while in the control animals, the diabetes persisted. The islets were found in the recipients mesentery up to 10 days after transplantation, and all of them showed heavily granulated (aldehyde fuchsin positive) beta cells. After this time, islets were not found. These results indicate that islets can survive and attenuate diabetes in alloxan-treated rats, and that, probably, the number of islets transplanted as well as the receiving areas play an important role.", "contents": "Transplantation of islets of Langerhans in diabetic rats. In the present work, homogeneous isolated pancreatic islet-cells were transplanted to diabetic rats with the aim of verifying if the transplanted tissue could survive and reduce the plasma glucose concentration on the alloxan-induced diabetic receptors. For the isolation of the pancreatic islets, pancreas was incubated in collagenase solution for about 13 +/- 3 minutes, followed by centrifugation in Ficoll gradients. The islets, 3 000 to 5 000, were transplanted to alloxan diabetic recipients, in a territory, preferentially with portal-hepatic drainage (mesentery and spleen). Sixty per cent of the recipients exhibited a fall of the plasma glucose concentration, up to 70%, while in the control animals, the diabetes persisted. The islets were found in the recipients mesentery up to 10 days after transplantation, and all of them showed heavily granulated (aldehyde fuchsin positive) beta cells. After this time, islets were not found. These results indicate that islets can survive and attenuate diabetes in alloxan-treated rats, and that, probably, the number of islets transplanted as well as the receiving areas play an important role."}
{"id": "PMID:356521", "title": "Molecular changes in lymph node tissue after skin heterografts.", "content": "Changes in the rat lymph node RNA base composition and in ribosomal aggregation induced by heterologous skin graft have been characterized by the base composition analysis of the phenol extractable RNA, by the density gradient centrifugation of the ribosomal particles and by amino acid incorporation in the newly synthetized protein. Following skin grafts, the changes in base composition of total RNA in lymph . nodes were mainly due to the synthesis of ribosomal type RNA. Ribosomes were assembled as single units or as polyribosomes. The present findings also show an increase in amino acid incorporation by polyribosomes after the first graft reaction.", "contents": "Molecular changes in lymph node tissue after skin heterografts. Changes in the rat lymph node RNA base composition and in ribosomal aggregation induced by heterologous skin graft have been characterized by the base composition analysis of the phenol extractable RNA, by the density gradient centrifugation of the ribosomal particles and by amino acid incorporation in the newly synthetized protein. Following skin grafts, the changes in base composition of total RNA in lymph . nodes were mainly due to the synthesis of ribosomal type RNA. Ribosomes were assembled as single units or as polyribosomes. The present findings also show an increase in amino acid incorporation by polyribosomes after the first graft reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:356523", "title": "Prophylactic treatment with miconazole in patients highly predisposed to fungal infection. A placebo-controlled double-blind study.", "content": "In a placebo-controlled double-blind study the prophylactic value of oral systemic treatment with the antimycotic agent miconazole was assessed in 30 highly predisposed patients receiving intensive cytostatic chemotherapy because of haematological malignancies. Patients colonized with Candida before treatment were not freed from this micro-organism by miconazole treatment. However, only 3 out of 6 initially non-colonized miconazole-treated patients became colonized during the study, against 10 out of 10 placebo-treated patients (p = 0.036). Seven out of 15 patients in the placebo group developed clinical mycosis, against only two out of 15 in the miconazole group. The miconazole-treated patients remained clinically free of mycosis for 252 out of 264 treatment days, while the placebo-treated patients remained free of mycosis for only 263 out or 338 treatment days (p = 0.0001). The results indicate that systemic miconazole treatment protects highly predisposed patients from colonization with Candida and prevents or postpones clinically established candidosis.", "contents": "Prophylactic treatment with miconazole in patients highly predisposed to fungal infection. A placebo-controlled double-blind study. In a placebo-controlled double-blind study the prophylactic value of oral systemic treatment with the antimycotic agent miconazole was assessed in 30 highly predisposed patients receiving intensive cytostatic chemotherapy because of haematological malignancies. Patients colonized with Candida before treatment were not freed from this micro-organism by miconazole treatment. However, only 3 out of 6 initially non-colonized miconazole-treated patients became colonized during the study, against 10 out of 10 placebo-treated patients (p = 0.036). Seven out of 15 patients in the placebo group developed clinical mycosis, against only two out of 15 in the miconazole group. The miconazole-treated patients remained clinically free of mycosis for 252 out of 264 treatment days, while the placebo-treated patients remained free of mycosis for only 263 out or 338 treatment days (p = 0.0001). The results indicate that systemic miconazole treatment protects highly predisposed patients from colonization with Candida and prevents or postpones clinically established candidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:356524", "title": "Multidisciplinary treatment for central nervous system tumours with nitrosourea compounds.", "content": "The authors report the results of a controlled clinical trial in patients with primitive and metastatic CNS tumours treated with combined therapy: surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy (BCNU or CCNU). A total of 102 patients were treated, 50 with BCNU, and 52 with CCNU. The overall response (R. + P.R.) was 68% for the BCNU group, and 65% for the CCNU group. No significant differences were found between the two types of treatment, either in terms of response or in terms of quality and length of survival.", "contents": "Multidisciplinary treatment for central nervous system tumours with nitrosourea compounds. The authors report the results of a controlled clinical trial in patients with primitive and metastatic CNS tumours treated with combined therapy: surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy (BCNU or CCNU). A total of 102 patients were treated, 50 with BCNU, and 52 with CCNU. The overall response (R. + P.R.) was 68% for the BCNU group, and 65% for the CCNU group. No significant differences were found between the two types of treatment, either in terms of response or in terms of quality and length of survival."}
{"id": "PMID:356525", "title": "[Immunfluorescence of human brain tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Sera of 38 patients with various intracranial tumours were examined by indirect immunofluorescence for antibodies against their own tumours. The frequency of antibodies found in this investigation corresponds to the frequency of antibodies against tumours of other organs. Antibodies were found in 9 out of 14 glioblastomas, in 3 out of 10 slower growing gliomas, and in 2 sarcomas. Antibodies could not be demonstrated in metastases, meningiomas, or Lindau tumours. Localization of antigens by immunofluorescnece suggests that they are surface antigens. Antibodies are found in sera collected two days after surgery as well as in sera obtained two weeks after surgery. The method used did not demonstrate any complement dependency. Possibilities for diagnostic use are discussed.", "contents": "[Immunfluorescence of human brain tumours (author's transl)]. Sera of 38 patients with various intracranial tumours were examined by indirect immunofluorescence for antibodies against their own tumours. The frequency of antibodies found in this investigation corresponds to the frequency of antibodies against tumours of other organs. Antibodies were found in 9 out of 14 glioblastomas, in 3 out of 10 slower growing gliomas, and in 2 sarcomas. Antibodies could not be demonstrated in metastases, meningiomas, or Lindau tumours. Localization of antigens by immunofluorescnece suggests that they are surface antigens. Antibodies are found in sera collected two days after surgery as well as in sera obtained two weeks after surgery. The method used did not demonstrate any complement dependency. Possibilities for diagnostic use are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:356556", "title": "Animal models: importance in research on hemorrhage and thrombosis.", "content": "Despite some sentiments against animal research, animal models continue to be important in studying hemorrhage and thrombosis. Examples of genetic models are dogs and pigs with von Willebrand's disease. The homozygous von Willebrand pig appears to be resistant to arteriosclerosis, presumably due to impairment of the platelet aggregating function. Among acquired models, pigs are gaining in favor, perhaps because their clotting and platelet characteristics resemble those in humans. Species vary markedly in their normal plasma levels of platelet aggregating factor/von Willebrand factor (PAF/vWF). One promising approach to the study of thrombosis is using platelet anti-aggregating drugs to inhibit PAF/vWF dependent platelet thrombus formation; a drug-induced von Willebrand state seems feasible.", "contents": "Animal models: importance in research on hemorrhage and thrombosis. Despite some sentiments against animal research, animal models continue to be important in studying hemorrhage and thrombosis. Examples of genetic models are dogs and pigs with von Willebrand's disease. The homozygous von Willebrand pig appears to be resistant to arteriosclerosis, presumably due to impairment of the platelet aggregating function. Among acquired models, pigs are gaining in favor, perhaps because their clotting and platelet characteristics resemble those in humans. Species vary markedly in their normal plasma levels of platelet aggregating factor/von Willebrand factor (PAF/vWF). One promising approach to the study of thrombosis is using platelet anti-aggregating drugs to inhibit PAF/vWF dependent platelet thrombus formation; a drug-induced von Willebrand state seems feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:356557", "title": "Platelets, endothelium, and smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis.", "content": "A factor derived from platelets stimulates the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in culture, and is likely important in stimulating smooth muscle proliferative lesions of atherogenesis in vivo. The platelet factor is produced during platelet aggregation when serum is made from whole blood. In vitro, smooth muscle cells are potent aggregating agents for platelets, while endothelial cells can inhibit this aggregating effect. Better understanding of the interactions of platelets, smooth muscle cells, and endothelium would facilitate developing effective means of intervening in or preventing the smooth muscle proliferative lesions of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Platelets, endothelium, and smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. A factor derived from platelets stimulates the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in culture, and is likely important in stimulating smooth muscle proliferative lesions of atherogenesis in vivo. The platelet factor is produced during platelet aggregation when serum is made from whole blood. In vitro, smooth muscle cells are potent aggregating agents for platelets, while endothelial cells can inhibit this aggregating effect. Better understanding of the interactions of platelets, smooth muscle cells, and endothelium would facilitate developing effective means of intervening in or preventing the smooth muscle proliferative lesions of atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:356558", "title": "Vessel injury and atherosclerosis.", "content": "Repeated endothelial injury causes lipid-rich lesion in animals on a normal diet. In severely thrombocytopenic animals these lesions do not form or are markedly inhibited. The occurrence of lipid in some experimental designs is related to continued or repeated deposition of thrombus. Lipid deposition occurs in areas where endothelium is repeatedly removed and regrows. Repeated deposition of thrombus may bring about changes in the metabolism of the neo-intima which favor lipid deposition.", "contents": "Vessel injury and atherosclerosis. Repeated endothelial injury causes lipid-rich lesion in animals on a normal diet. In severely thrombocytopenic animals these lesions do not form or are markedly inhibited. The occurrence of lipid in some experimental designs is related to continued or repeated deposition of thrombus. Lipid deposition occurs in areas where endothelium is repeatedly removed and regrows. Repeated deposition of thrombus may bring about changes in the metabolism of the neo-intima which favor lipid deposition."}
{"id": "PMID:356559", "title": "Venous thrombosis: mechanisms and treatment.", "content": "The role of Virchow's triad in the etiology and treatment of venous thrombosis, the natural history of  postoperative thrombosis, and methods for monitoring venous embolism are described. In patients with hip joint replacements the effects of several drugs or drug combinations or placebos on wound hematoma and the effects of age, obesity, and activity and several drug combinations on venous embolism are reported.", "contents": "Venous thrombosis: mechanisms and treatment. The role of Virchow's triad in the etiology and treatment of venous thrombosis, the natural history of  postoperative thrombosis, and methods for monitoring venous embolism are described. In patients with hip joint replacements the effects of several drugs or drug combinations or placebos on wound hematoma and the effects of age, obesity, and activity and several drug combinations on venous embolism are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:356560", "title": "Cardiac thromboembolism: evidence for role of platelets and value of platelet suppressant therapy.", "content": "Thromboembolism remains a frequent and serious problem in cardiac patients. Methods to identify the thrombosis prone patient and the identification of safe and effective forms of treatment would be of great value. The accumulating evidence which indicates that abnormalities in platelet tests are often present in cardiac patients and may help identify those at greatest risk of thrombosis is encouraging. It suggests that patients with cardiac disease are desirable groups for investigation. It also indicates that the platelet survival test may be useful as a reference against which new and more practical tests can be compared, as well as a means to identify useful platelet suppressant drugs or to monitor the effects of these drugs.", "contents": "Cardiac thromboembolism: evidence for role of platelets and value of platelet suppressant therapy. Thromboembolism remains a frequent and serious problem in cardiac patients. Methods to identify the thrombosis prone patient and the identification of safe and effective forms of treatment would be of great value. The accumulating evidence which indicates that abnormalities in platelet tests are often present in cardiac patients and may help identify those at greatest risk of thrombosis is encouraging. It suggests that patients with cardiac disease are desirable groups for investigation. It also indicates that the platelet survival test may be useful as a reference against which new and more practical tests can be compared, as well as a means to identify useful platelet suppressant drugs or to monitor the effects of these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:356561", "title": "Rationale for antiplatelet agents in diabetic vascular disease.", "content": "Studies summarized in this paper indicate that some diabetics have increased sensitivity to platelet aggregating agents. The problem is in the platelet release reaction and may reflect increased synthesis of prostaglandins or their precursors. An interaction of plasma factor such as von Willebrand factor with platelets may also be involved. Based on these and other considerations, a prospective study on the use of aspirin and dipyridamole on diabetic lower extremity vascular disease is underway as a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study.", "contents": "Rationale for antiplatelet agents in diabetic vascular disease. Studies summarized in this paper indicate that some diabetics have increased sensitivity to platelet aggregating agents. The problem is in the platelet release reaction and may reflect increased synthesis of prostaglandins or their precursors. An interaction of plasma factor such as von Willebrand factor with platelets may also be involved. Based on these and other considerations, a prospective study on the use of aspirin and dipyridamole on diabetic lower extremity vascular disease is underway as a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study."}
{"id": "PMID:356570", "title": "Diabetic angiopathy--its lessons in vascular physiology.", "content": "Progress in our understanding diabetic angiopathy has been slow, but we are now learning a number of lessons of interest to the cardiologist. Diabetic angiopathy is a collective term for conditions specific to the diabetic state and related to its duration more than to patient age. The angiopathy produces calcification of the media of larger arteries, but its major effects are in the microcirculation. Intense interest in one feature, skeletal muscle capillary basement membrane thickening, has dominated the last decade. Capillary basement membrane thickening, while characteristic of diabetes, is associated with little direct impairment of the microcirculatin. It appears to play no role in the pathogenesis of diabetes itself. The pathology of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy suggests that arteriolar changes may be the major mediator of diabetic angiopathy. This concept is supported by the interactions between hypertension and diabetes in the eye and kidney. The course of diabetes of youthful onset differs from that of maturity onset. The relative frequency of diabetic angiopathy is higher, and of atherosclerotic complications is lower. This has made it difficult to demonstrate the potential value of preventive measures. Benefit to one type of problem may become hidden by worsening of the other. If the diabetic benefits from what is learned about how ischemic heart disease risk can be reduced, he will require even more effective management to prevent or control diabetic angiopathy.", "contents": "Diabetic angiopathy--its lessons in vascular physiology. Progress in our understanding diabetic angiopathy has been slow, but we are now learning a number of lessons of interest to the cardiologist. Diabetic angiopathy is a collective term for conditions specific to the diabetic state and related to its duration more than to patient age. The angiopathy produces calcification of the media of larger arteries, but its major effects are in the microcirculation. Intense interest in one feature, skeletal muscle capillary basement membrane thickening, has dominated the last decade. Capillary basement membrane thickening, while characteristic of diabetes, is associated with little direct impairment of the microcirculatin. It appears to play no role in the pathogenesis of diabetes itself. The pathology of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy suggests that arteriolar changes may be the major mediator of diabetic angiopathy. This concept is supported by the interactions between hypertension and diabetes in the eye and kidney. The course of diabetes of youthful onset differs from that of maturity onset. The relative frequency of diabetic angiopathy is higher, and of atherosclerotic complications is lower. This has made it difficult to demonstrate the potential value of preventive measures. Benefit to one type of problem may become hidden by worsening of the other. If the diabetic benefits from what is learned about how ischemic heart disease risk can be reduced, he will require even more effective management to prevent or control diabetic angiopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:356572", "title": "Value of coronary bypass surgery. Controversies in cardiology: Part I.", "content": "The value of coronary bypass surgery has been studied carefully during the last decade. Four methods, none perfect, have been used to compare the results of such surgery with the results of medical therapy. New data are likely to be merely supportive rather than the outcome of a definitive study with a new and a acceptable experimental design. It is therefore time to analyze the available data in light of the treacherousness of the disease and to determine if a clear trend is evident. There appears to be sufficient evidence to state that properly performed coronary bypass surgery will increase coronary blood flow and relieve angina pectoris in 90 percent of patients; total relief of angina can be expected in 60 percent and partial relief in 30 percent. Compared with modern medical therapy, properly performed coronary bypass surgery appears to prolong the life of patients who have obstruction of the left main coronary artery or triple or double vessel disease. There is not adequate evidence to state that the procedure will prolong the life of patients with single vessel obstruction. However, patients with single vessel obstruction and unacceptable angina pectoris should be considered for bypass surgery (especially patients with obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary artery). In practice, at Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, bypass surgery is recommended for young people with few symptoms if compelling obstructing lesions are present and in older patients only if their symptoms require it. Medical therapy is given before and after bypass surgery. When bypass surgery is performed in an excellent fashion (operative risk 1 percent) a great deal of \"controversy\" about this problem vanishes.", "contents": "Value of coronary bypass surgery. Controversies in cardiology: Part I. The value of coronary bypass surgery has been studied carefully during the last decade. Four methods, none perfect, have been used to compare the results of such surgery with the results of medical therapy. New data are likely to be merely supportive rather than the outcome of a definitive study with a new and a acceptable experimental design. It is therefore time to analyze the available data in light of the treacherousness of the disease and to determine if a clear trend is evident. There appears to be sufficient evidence to state that properly performed coronary bypass surgery will increase coronary blood flow and relieve angina pectoris in 90 percent of patients; total relief of angina can be expected in 60 percent and partial relief in 30 percent. Compared with modern medical therapy, properly performed coronary bypass surgery appears to prolong the life of patients who have obstruction of the left main coronary artery or triple or double vessel disease. There is not adequate evidence to state that the procedure will prolong the life of patients with single vessel obstruction. However, patients with single vessel obstruction and unacceptable angina pectoris should be considered for bypass surgery (especially patients with obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary artery). In practice, at Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, bypass surgery is recommended for young people with few symptoms if compelling obstructing lesions are present and in older patients only if their symptoms require it. Medical therapy is given before and after bypass surgery. When bypass surgery is performed in an excellent fashion (operative risk 1 percent) a great deal of \"controversy\" about this problem vanishes."}
{"id": "PMID:356576", "title": "Carotid sinus hypersensitivity and syncope.", "content": "Hyperactivity of the carotid sinus reflex is common in older men. However, an unequivocal diagnosis of carotid sinus syncope is difficult to establish because the symptoms are nonspecific, and both hyperactivity of the carotid sinus reflex and syncope are common. Twenty-one men were evaluated for episodes of lightheadedness or syncope, or both, associated with a hypersensitive carotid sinus reflex. Seventeen patients had the cardioinhibitory type, two the vasodepressor type and two both the cardioinhibitory and vasodepressor types. Patients with the cardioinhibitory type benefited from the insertion of a permanent pacemaker if they had multiple episodes of syncope. A history of syncope associated with some event capable of stimulating the carotid sinus was also helpful in selecting patients for pacemaker treatment. The combination of the cardioinhibitory and vasodepressor types may be missed unless carotid sinus stimulation is repeated after the administration of atropine. The results of electrophysiologic studies in 17 patients with the cardioinhibitory type suggest that intrinsic sinus nodal dysfunction is not the major cause for asystole after carotid sinus stimulation.", "contents": "Carotid sinus hypersensitivity and syncope. Hyperactivity of the carotid sinus reflex is common in older men. However, an unequivocal diagnosis of carotid sinus syncope is difficult to establish because the symptoms are nonspecific, and both hyperactivity of the carotid sinus reflex and syncope are common. Twenty-one men were evaluated for episodes of lightheadedness or syncope, or both, associated with a hypersensitive carotid sinus reflex. Seventeen patients had the cardioinhibitory type, two the vasodepressor type and two both the cardioinhibitory and vasodepressor types. Patients with the cardioinhibitory type benefited from the insertion of a permanent pacemaker if they had multiple episodes of syncope. A history of syncope associated with some event capable of stimulating the carotid sinus was also helpful in selecting patients for pacemaker treatment. The combination of the cardioinhibitory and vasodepressor types may be missed unless carotid sinus stimulation is repeated after the administration of atropine. The results of electrophysiologic studies in 17 patients with the cardioinhibitory type suggest that intrinsic sinus nodal dysfunction is not the major cause for asystole after carotid sinus stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:356577", "title": "Reduced quinidine clearance in elderly persons.", "content": "The influence of age on quinidine pharmacokinetics was assessed in 22 healthy male and female volunteers; 14 of the subjects were young (aged 23 to 34 years) and 8 elderly (aged 60 to 69 years). All subjects received 180 to 300 mg of quinidine base by constant rate intravenous infusion over 10 to 15 minutes. The concentration of total and unbound quinidine in multiple serum samples and in urine collected within 48 hours after the administration of quinidine qas determined with spectrophotofluorometric assay. Mean kinetic values for total quinidine in the young subjects were: elimination half-life (t 1/2 beta), 7.3 hours; total volume of distribution (Vd), 2.39 liters/kg; total clearance, 4.04 ml/min per kg; renal clearance 1.43 ml/min per kg; and percent unbound, 24.6 In the elderly subjects, the values for Vd (2.18 liters/kg) and percent unbound (28.2) did not differ significantly from these values in the young subjects. However, in the elderly subjects t 1/2 beta was significantly longer (9.7 hours, P less than 0.05) and total quinidine clearance significantly less (2.64 ml/min per kg, P less than 0.005) than in the young subjects. Renal clearance of quinidine in the elderly was also significantly less (0.99 ml/min per kg, P less than 0.05) than in the young and was associated with lower rates of creatinine clearance in the elderly (r = 0.66). Reduced clearance of quinidine and prolongation of its elimination half-life could predispose to toxicity in the elderly unless the dose were appropriately adjusted.", "contents": "Reduced quinidine clearance in elderly persons. The influence of age on quinidine pharmacokinetics was assessed in 22 healthy male and female volunteers; 14 of the subjects were young (aged 23 to 34 years) and 8 elderly (aged 60 to 69 years). All subjects received 180 to 300 mg of quinidine base by constant rate intravenous infusion over 10 to 15 minutes. The concentration of total and unbound quinidine in multiple serum samples and in urine collected within 48 hours after the administration of quinidine qas determined with spectrophotofluorometric assay. Mean kinetic values for total quinidine in the young subjects were: elimination half-life (t 1/2 beta), 7.3 hours; total volume of distribution (Vd), 2.39 liters/kg; total clearance, 4.04 ml/min per kg; renal clearance 1.43 ml/min per kg; and percent unbound, 24.6 In the elderly subjects, the values for Vd (2.18 liters/kg) and percent unbound (28.2) did not differ significantly from these values in the young subjects. However, in the elderly subjects t 1/2 beta was significantly longer (9.7 hours, P less than 0.05) and total quinidine clearance significantly less (2.64 ml/min per kg, P less than 0.005) than in the young subjects. Renal clearance of quinidine in the elderly was also significantly less (0.99 ml/min per kg, P less than 0.05) than in the young and was associated with lower rates of creatinine clearance in the elderly (r = 0.66). Reduced clearance of quinidine and prolongation of its elimination half-life could predispose to toxicity in the elderly unless the dose were appropriately adjusted."}
{"id": "PMID:356578", "title": "Efficacy of lidocaine in preventing primary ventricular fibrillation within 1 hour after a 300 mg intramuscular injection. A double-blind, randomized study of 300 hospitalized patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The effectiveness of intramuscular lidocaine in preventing in-hospital primary ventricular fibrillation within 1 hour after injection of the drug in patients with acute myocardial infarction was assessed in a double-blind randomized study performed in 300 such patients admitted within 6 hours of myocardial infarction. Six of 147 patients treated with 300 mg of intamuscular lidocaine had ventricular fibrillation compared with 4 of 153 control subjects. The lidocaine blood level of the patients who experienced ventricular fibrillation was 1.4 +/- 0.7 microgram/ml (mean +/- standard deviation) at the time of fibrillation, a value not significantly different from that of treated patients who did not experience fibrillation. Lidocaine blood levels in the latter were 1.9 +/- 1.1, 2.1 +/- 1.1, 2.1 +/- 1.1 and 1.7 +/- 0.7 microgram/ml, respectively, 7, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after injection. In this study intramuscular lidocaine was ineffective in preventing ventricular fibrillation, possibly because the given dose, 300 mg, prevented attainment of adequqte blood levels of the drug.", "contents": "Efficacy of lidocaine in preventing primary ventricular fibrillation within 1 hour after a 300 mg intramuscular injection. A double-blind, randomized study of 300 hospitalized patients with acute myocardial infarction. The effectiveness of intramuscular lidocaine in preventing in-hospital primary ventricular fibrillation within 1 hour after injection of the drug in patients with acute myocardial infarction was assessed in a double-blind randomized study performed in 300 such patients admitted within 6 hours of myocardial infarction. Six of 147 patients treated with 300 mg of intamuscular lidocaine had ventricular fibrillation compared with 4 of 153 control subjects. The lidocaine blood level of the patients who experienced ventricular fibrillation was 1.4 +/- 0.7 microgram/ml (mean +/- standard deviation) at the time of fibrillation, a value not significantly different from that of treated patients who did not experience fibrillation. Lidocaine blood levels in the latter were 1.9 +/- 1.1, 2.1 +/- 1.1, 2.1 +/- 1.1 and 1.7 +/- 0.7 microgram/ml, respectively, 7, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after injection. In this study intramuscular lidocaine was ineffective in preventing ventricular fibrillation, possibly because the given dose, 300 mg, prevented attainment of adequqte blood levels of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:356579", "title": "Natural history of myocardial infarction in the coronary drug project: long-term prognostic importance of serum lipid levels. Coronary Drug Project Research Group.", "content": "The relation between baseline fasting serum lipid levels (serum cholesterol and triglycerides) and 5 year rates for four end points--mortality from all causes, mortality from coronary heart disease, sudden death due to coronary heart disease and incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction plus coronary death--was studied in 2,789 men. These were patients in the Coronary Drug Project placebo group who were 30 to 64 years old on entry and had recovered from one or more previous documented myocardial infarctions. Serum cholesterol was significantly related to all four end points, in both univariate and multivariate regression analyses (with control of 38 or 39 other factors in the latter). This significant relation of cholesterol to these end points was shown at low, medium and high levels of serum triglycerides. In contrast, baseline fasting serum triglyceride levels were not positively related to any of these end points. In these postmyocardial infarction patients, findings indicative of cardiovascular status at  baseline evaluation, particularly the state of the myocardium, were more powerful prognosticators than serum cholesterol. These findings underscore the importance of efforts to prevent the first coronary episode. They also indicate the possibility after recovery from acute myocardial infarction of improving long-term prognosis through reduction of serum cholesterol.", "contents": "Natural history of myocardial infarction in the coronary drug project: long-term prognostic importance of serum lipid levels. Coronary Drug Project Research Group. The relation between baseline fasting serum lipid levels (serum cholesterol and triglycerides) and 5 year rates for four end points--mortality from all causes, mortality from coronary heart disease, sudden death due to coronary heart disease and incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction plus coronary death--was studied in 2,789 men. These were patients in the Coronary Drug Project placebo group who were 30 to 64 years old on entry and had recovered from one or more previous documented myocardial infarctions. Serum cholesterol was significantly related to all four end points, in both univariate and multivariate regression analyses (with control of 38 or 39 other factors in the latter). This significant relation of cholesterol to these end points was shown at low, medium and high levels of serum triglycerides. In contrast, baseline fasting serum triglyceride levels were not positively related to any of these end points. In these postmyocardial infarction patients, findings indicative of cardiovascular status at  baseline evaluation, particularly the state of the myocardium, were more powerful prognosticators than serum cholesterol. These findings underscore the importance of efforts to prevent the first coronary episode. They also indicate the possibility after recovery from acute myocardial infarction of improving long-term prognosis through reduction of serum cholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:356587", "title": "Aseptic necrosis after renal transplantation in children.", "content": "Aseptic necrosis developed in 11 (6%) of 171 recipients of renal allografts who underwent transplant operations at Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles between February 1967 and August 1977. Pain was the predominant presenting symptom and preceded roentgenographic evidence of aseptic necrosis by as long as seven months. Initial symptoms occurred two months to four years posttransplant. Limited weight bearing and reduction in the dosage of prednisone failed to prevent the progressive destruction of five femoral heads in three patients. Hip replacement led to an amelioration of the symptoms and a resumption of normal activity in each patient. Two patients with involvement of multiple osseous structures have persistent knee and elbow joint pain and effusions, and one of them has required prosthetic replacement of the proximal humerus. No therapy was required for patients with aseptic necrosis of single bones of the hand and foot. There was no statistically significant difference in the total steroid dose received during the first posttransplant year between patients in whom aseptic necrosis developed, and those in whom it did not develop.", "contents": "Aseptic necrosis after renal transplantation in children. Aseptic necrosis developed in 11 (6%) of 171 recipients of renal allografts who underwent transplant operations at Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles between February 1967 and August 1977. Pain was the predominant presenting symptom and preceded roentgenographic evidence of aseptic necrosis by as long as seven months. Initial symptoms occurred two months to four years posttransplant. Limited weight bearing and reduction in the dosage of prednisone failed to prevent the progressive destruction of five femoral heads in three patients. Hip replacement led to an amelioration of the symptoms and a resumption of normal activity in each patient. Two patients with involvement of multiple osseous structures have persistent knee and elbow joint pain and effusions, and one of them has required prosthetic replacement of the proximal humerus. No therapy was required for patients with aseptic necrosis of single bones of the hand and foot. There was no statistically significant difference in the total steroid dose received during the first posttransplant year between patients in whom aseptic necrosis developed, and those in whom it did not develop."}
{"id": "PMID:356588", "title": "Complications of corticosteroid therapy.", "content": "The complications of corticosteroid therapy in children are protean. Perhaps the most important of these are adrenal insufficiency after withdrawal of steroids, immunosuppression, and growth failure. The physician who is caring for a child receiving corticosteroids must be aware of these common complications as well as the many less frequent side effects, such as cataracts, pseudotumor cerebri, pancreatitis, and steroid myopathy, to name a few. In all children, the risk of using corticosteroids should be weighed carefully before therapy with these agents is begun.", "contents": "Complications of corticosteroid therapy. The complications of corticosteroid therapy in children are protean. Perhaps the most important of these are adrenal insufficiency after withdrawal of steroids, immunosuppression, and growth failure. The physician who is caring for a child receiving corticosteroids must be aware of these common complications as well as the many less frequent side effects, such as cataracts, pseudotumor cerebri, pancreatitis, and steroid myopathy, to name a few. In all children, the risk of using corticosteroids should be weighed carefully before therapy with these agents is begun."}
{"id": "PMID:356590", "title": "Mortality and morbidity associated with pressure- and volume-limited infant ventilators.", "content": "The effect of pressure-limited (PL) and volume-limited (VL) ventilation on mortality and morbidity in infants with severe hyaline membrane disease (HMD) was examined in a prospective controlled study. Criteria for mechanical ventilation were PaO2 value of 50 mm Hg or less or a Paco2 value of 70 mm Hg or greater, while the infant was receiving nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) at oxygen concentrations (FIO2) of 0.8 or greater and CPAP of 8 cm H2O or greater; HMD associated with severe perinatal asphyxia requiring mechanical ventilation in the delivery room. Consecutive patients were alternately assigned to receive either PL or VL ventilation. Twenty infants were ventilated with PL machines using low peak inspiratory pressures (mean maximum inspiratory pressure of 28 cm H2O) and prolonged inspiratory times. Twenty other infants were ventilated with VL machines, using essentially unlimited peak inspiratory pressures (mean maximum inspiratory pressure of 62 mm H2O) and prolonged expiratory times. There were no significant differences in survival, incidence of pneumothorax or pulmonary interstitial emphysema, or noteworthy bronchopulmonary dysplasia.", "contents": "Mortality and morbidity associated with pressure- and volume-limited infant ventilators. The effect of pressure-limited (PL) and volume-limited (VL) ventilation on mortality and morbidity in infants with severe hyaline membrane disease (HMD) was examined in a prospective controlled study. Criteria for mechanical ventilation were PaO2 value of 50 mm Hg or less or a Paco2 value of 70 mm Hg or greater, while the infant was receiving nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) at oxygen concentrations (FIO2) of 0.8 or greater and CPAP of 8 cm H2O or greater; HMD associated with severe perinatal asphyxia requiring mechanical ventilation in the delivery room. Consecutive patients were alternately assigned to receive either PL or VL ventilation. Twenty infants were ventilated with PL machines using low peak inspiratory pressures (mean maximum inspiratory pressure of 28 cm H2O) and prolonged inspiratory times. Twenty other infants were ventilated with VL machines, using essentially unlimited peak inspiratory pressures (mean maximum inspiratory pressure of 62 mm H2O) and prolonged expiratory times. There were no significant differences in survival, incidence of pneumothorax or pulmonary interstitial emphysema, or noteworthy bronchopulmonary dysplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:356592", "title": "New dimensions in the laboratory diagnosis of pancreatic disease.", "content": "The laboratory diagnosis of pancreatic disease has been made more precise by certain modifications in older methods and by the introduction of a variety of new technical procedures. The principal human isoamylases may now be distinguished and their activities in serum and urine measured. A test has been devised which helps indicate the presence of acute pancreatitis by showing relatively increased excretion of amylase in the urine as compared with creatinine. The ratio of amylase to creatinine in the urine appears to be a good index of relative hyperamylasuria. A screening test for pancreatic-type hyperamylasuria has been formulated that allows increased urinary excretion of this isoamylase to be identified. These additions and developments have sharpened the interpretation of hyperamylasemia and hyperamylasuria and have added new dimensions to the laboratory diagnosis of pancreatic disease.", "contents": "New dimensions in the laboratory diagnosis of pancreatic disease. The laboratory diagnosis of pancreatic disease has been made more precise by certain modifications in older methods and by the introduction of a variety of new technical procedures. The principal human isoamylases may now be distinguished and their activities in serum and urine measured. A test has been devised which helps indicate the presence of acute pancreatitis by showing relatively increased excretion of amylase in the urine as compared with creatinine. The ratio of amylase to creatinine in the urine appears to be a good index of relative hyperamylasuria. A screening test for pancreatic-type hyperamylasuria has been formulated that allows increased urinary excretion of this isoamylase to be identified. These additions and developments have sharpened the interpretation of hyperamylasemia and hyperamylasuria and have added new dimensions to the laboratory diagnosis of pancreatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:356593", "title": "A controlled trial of 6-methylprednisolone in acute alcoholic hepatitis. With a note on published results in encephalopathic patients.", "content": "In a prospective double-blind study, 27 patients with alcoholic hepatitis were randomized for 6-methylprednisolone (12 patients) or placebo treatment (15 patients). The mortality was 50% among steroid treated patients and 47% in the control group (P less than .05). The role of liver biopsy feasibility at selection is emphasized since the mortality in this group was 10% as opposed to 71% when the procedure was contraindicated (P less than .01). Complications in the steroid-treated subjects were similar quantitatively and qualitatively to those observed in the control series.", "contents": "A controlled trial of 6-methylprednisolone in acute alcoholic hepatitis. With a note on published results in encephalopathic patients. In a prospective double-blind study, 27 patients with alcoholic hepatitis were randomized for 6-methylprednisolone (12 patients) or placebo treatment (15 patients). The mortality was 50% among steroid treated patients and 47% in the control group (P less than .05). The role of liver biopsy feasibility at selection is emphasized since the mortality in this group was 10% as opposed to 71% when the procedure was contraindicated (P less than .01). Complications in the steroid-treated subjects were similar quantitatively and qualitatively to those observed in the control series."}
{"id": "PMID:356594", "title": "The diagnostic significance of the immunoglobulin A to M and A to total ratios in the pancreatoduodenal fluid of patients with benign and malignant pancreatic diseases.", "content": "Immunoglobulins A, M and G in the pancreato-duodenal fluid (PDF) of 35 pancreatic disease-free individuals and 48 patients with chronic pancreatitis (25), hypersecretory disorders (10), renal transplanted (4) and with pancreatic cancer (9), were determined by a single radial immunodiffusion method. Although a trend of immunoglobulin hypersecretion in benign diseases and hyposecretion in malignancies was present, individual levels of Ig-A and Ig-M differed statistically only between cancer and other groups. Calculating the ratios of Ig-A to Ig-M (A/M) and Ig-A to total immunoglobulin contents (A/T) in the PDF of patients with chronic pancreatitis or cancer, however, a significantly higher or lower ratio, respectively, was found compared to control group. Differences in A/M ratios could not be detected between patients with benign diseases, but were constantly present when these patients were compared to pancreatic cancer. The underlying mechanism(s) of the disturbed immunosecretory system in pancreatic diseases remains speculative. Nevertheless, immunoglobulin measurements in the PDF of patients with pancreatic diseases offer a simple diagnostic aid in clinical differentiation of pancreatic pathology.", "contents": "The diagnostic significance of the immunoglobulin A to M and A to total ratios in the pancreatoduodenal fluid of patients with benign and malignant pancreatic diseases. Immunoglobulins A, M and G in the pancreato-duodenal fluid (PDF) of 35 pancreatic disease-free individuals and 48 patients with chronic pancreatitis (25), hypersecretory disorders (10), renal transplanted (4) and with pancreatic cancer (9), were determined by a single radial immunodiffusion method. Although a trend of immunoglobulin hypersecretion in benign diseases and hyposecretion in malignancies was present, individual levels of Ig-A and Ig-M differed statistically only between cancer and other groups. Calculating the ratios of Ig-A to Ig-M (A/M) and Ig-A to total immunoglobulin contents (A/T) in the PDF of patients with chronic pancreatitis or cancer, however, a significantly higher or lower ratio, respectively, was found compared to control group. Differences in A/M ratios could not be detected between patients with benign diseases, but were constantly present when these patients were compared to pancreatic cancer. The underlying mechanism(s) of the disturbed immunosecretory system in pancreatic diseases remains speculative. Nevertheless, immunoglobulin measurements in the PDF of patients with pancreatic diseases offer a simple diagnostic aid in clinical differentiation of pancreatic pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:356596", "title": "Epidemiology of common-source outbreaks of shigellosis in the United States, 1961-1975.", "content": "In 1961-1975, there were 72 foodborne and 38 waterborne outbreaks of shigellosis reported in the United States. Foodborne outbreaks were most often caused by salads with contamination attributed to poor hygiene of a food handler. Waterborne outbreaks most often involved semipublic water systems, and were usually the result of inadequate chlorination of water contaminated by human feces. In 110 common-source outbreaks, 16,541 persons were ill. The attack rate for both food- and waterborne shigellosis was 47%, and the case-fatality ratio was 0.1% in foodborne outbreaks and 0.2% in waterborne outbreaks.", "contents": "Epidemiology of common-source outbreaks of shigellosis in the United States, 1961-1975. In 1961-1975, there were 72 foodborne and 38 waterborne outbreaks of shigellosis reported in the United States. Foodborne outbreaks were most often caused by salads with contamination attributed to poor hygiene of a food handler. Waterborne outbreaks most often involved semipublic water systems, and were usually the result of inadequate chlorination of water contaminated by human feces. In 110 common-source outbreaks, 16,541 persons were ill. The attack rate for both food- and waterborne shigellosis was 47%, and the case-fatality ratio was 0.1% in foodborne outbreaks and 0.2% in waterborne outbreaks."}
{"id": "PMID:356598", "title": "Efficacy of trimazosin and prazosin therapy on cardiac and exercise performance in outpatients with chronic congestive heart failure.", "content": "The effect of trimazosin versus placebo therapy in 16 patients and of prazosin versus placebo therapy in six patients on treadmill exercise performance was evaluated in two double-blind, randomized studies in patients with chronic left ventricular failure despite therapy with digitalis and diuretics. The administration of trimazosin and prazosin was effective in lowering resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures and resting heart rate times systolic blood pressure, and the administration of trimazosin was effective in decreasing exercise diastolic blood pressure. Trimazosin and prazosin therapy was also effective in diminishing clinical symptoms, in lessening roentgenographic evidence of pulmonary venous congestion and in improving exercise duration until marked dyspnea. Based on these data, we conclude that the vasodilators, trimazosin and prazosin, are effective in treating chronic left ventricular failure.", "contents": "Efficacy of trimazosin and prazosin therapy on cardiac and exercise performance in outpatients with chronic congestive heart failure. The effect of trimazosin versus placebo therapy in 16 patients and of prazosin versus placebo therapy in six patients on treadmill exercise performance was evaluated in two double-blind, randomized studies in patients with chronic left ventricular failure despite therapy with digitalis and diuretics. The administration of trimazosin and prazosin was effective in lowering resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures and resting heart rate times systolic blood pressure, and the administration of trimazosin was effective in decreasing exercise diastolic blood pressure. Trimazosin and prazosin therapy was also effective in diminishing clinical symptoms, in lessening roentgenographic evidence of pulmonary venous congestion and in improving exercise duration until marked dyspnea. Based on these data, we conclude that the vasodilators, trimazosin and prazosin, are effective in treating chronic left ventricular failure."}
{"id": "PMID:356600", "title": "Multiple peripheral pulmonary carcinoids and tumorlets of carcinoid type, with restrictive and obstructive lung disease.", "content": "Multiple peripheral carcinoid tumors were found on lung biopsy in a 53 year old woman with an eight year history of pulmonary nodules. The biopsy specimen showed nodules varying from 1 to 7 mm in greatest diameter. The larger lesions were typical bronchial carcinoids whereas the smaller ones resembled pulmonary \"tumorlets.\" Electron microscopy showed neurosecretory granules typical of carcinoids. The common multicentric origin of carcinoids and tumorlets from Kulchitsky cells is discussed. Pulmonary function testing revealed mild obstructive and restrictive defects, both attributed to the carcinoid tumors. The history, pathology and physiology of this unusual case are presented in detail, with a review of the literature. Obstructive airways disease, presumably due to the extensive bronchiolar involvement, has not previously been reported in this entity.", "contents": "Multiple peripheral pulmonary carcinoids and tumorlets of carcinoid type, with restrictive and obstructive lung disease. Multiple peripheral carcinoid tumors were found on lung biopsy in a 53 year old woman with an eight year history of pulmonary nodules. The biopsy specimen showed nodules varying from 1 to 7 mm in greatest diameter. The larger lesions were typical bronchial carcinoids whereas the smaller ones resembled pulmonary \"tumorlets.\" Electron microscopy showed neurosecretory granules typical of carcinoids. The common multicentric origin of carcinoids and tumorlets from Kulchitsky cells is discussed. Pulmonary function testing revealed mild obstructive and restrictive defects, both attributed to the carcinoid tumors. The history, pathology and physiology of this unusual case are presented in detail, with a review of the literature. Obstructive airways disease, presumably due to the extensive bronchiolar involvement, has not previously been reported in this entity."}
{"id": "PMID:356601", "title": "The acute effects of ritodrine infusion on maternal metabolism: measurements of levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon, triglycerides, cholesterol, placental lactogen and chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "Twenty-nine women in premature labor were randomly assigned to a ritodrine (N = 14) or placebo (N = 15) treatment group. Thirteen serial blood samples were drawn during the first 12 hours of therapy by intravenous drug infusion and they were analyzed for a variety of metabolic substances. There was a significant increase in the blood glucose level in the ritodrine group after one hour and this persisted for the 12 hours of intravenous drug treatment. Plasma insulin levels similarly did not increase in the placebo but significantly rose in the ritodrine group by 30 minutes, peaked at 2 1/2 hours, and remained elevated throughout the infusion. There were no significant differences between levels of plasma glucagon, cholesterol triglyceride, human placental lactogen, or human chorionic gonadotropin in the two treatment groups. Ritodrine caused significant maternal and fetal tachycardia. Its use in women with carbohydrate abnormalities should be monitored carefully. The increased glucose levels may lead to an increased fetal weight.", "contents": "The acute effects of ritodrine infusion on maternal metabolism: measurements of levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon, triglycerides, cholesterol, placental lactogen and chorionic gonadotropin. Twenty-nine women in premature labor were randomly assigned to a ritodrine (N = 14) or placebo (N = 15) treatment group. Thirteen serial blood samples were drawn during the first 12 hours of therapy by intravenous drug infusion and they were analyzed for a variety of metabolic substances. There was a significant increase in the blood glucose level in the ritodrine group after one hour and this persisted for the 12 hours of intravenous drug treatment. Plasma insulin levels similarly did not increase in the placebo but significantly rose in the ritodrine group by 30 minutes, peaked at 2 1/2 hours, and remained elevated throughout the infusion. There were no significant differences between levels of plasma glucagon, cholesterol triglyceride, human placental lactogen, or human chorionic gonadotropin in the two treatment groups. Ritodrine caused significant maternal and fetal tachycardia. Its use in women with carbohydrate abnormalities should be monitored carefully. The increased glucose levels may lead to an increased fetal weight."}
{"id": "PMID:356602", "title": "A comparison of two indirect methods for localizing the site of urinary infection: beta glucuronidase levels and the presence of antibody-coated bacteria.", "content": "A comparison of two of the indirect methods used for localization of the site of urinary tract infection was made for 218 obstetric patients. There was no correlation between urinary beta glucuronidase activity and the presence of a positive fluorescent antibody test. The ranges of beta glucuronidase activity were so variable that this test could not differentiate between the presence of renal, bladder, or absence of infection.", "contents": "A comparison of two indirect methods for localizing the site of urinary infection: beta glucuronidase levels and the presence of antibody-coated bacteria. A comparison of two of the indirect methods used for localization of the site of urinary tract infection was made for 218 obstetric patients. There was no correlation between urinary beta glucuronidase activity and the presence of a positive fluorescent antibody test. The ranges of beta glucuronidase activity were so variable that this test could not differentiate between the presence of renal, bladder, or absence of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:356606", "title": "Failure of serial chest radiographs to predict recovery from respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Chest radiographs of 29 patients with the clinical and radiographic diagnosis of RDS during the 5 days of the illness were graded according to a modification of the classification of Bomsel. There was no significant difference between the radiographs of surviving neonates and those who died of RDS. Mean L/S ratios were also collected from 26 of the 29 patients. Those who survived had significantly more mean L/S ratios greater than 2.5 than did the nonsurvivors (p less than 0.01). This difference did not correlate with the staging of the chest radiographs. The mean L/S ratio is a better predictor of survival than chest radiographs during the first 5 days of RDS.", "contents": "Failure of serial chest radiographs to predict recovery from respiratory distress syndrome. Chest radiographs of 29 patients with the clinical and radiographic diagnosis of RDS during the 5 days of the illness were graded according to a modification of the classification of Bomsel. There was no significant difference between the radiographs of surviving neonates and those who died of RDS. Mean L/S ratios were also collected from 26 of the 29 patients. Those who survived had significantly more mean L/S ratios greater than 2.5 than did the nonsurvivors (p less than 0.01). This difference did not correlate with the staging of the chest radiographs. The mean L/S ratio is a better predictor of survival than chest radiographs during the first 5 days of RDS."}
{"id": "PMID:356607", "title": "Plastic procedures in cancer of the lower genital tract.", "content": "Plastic procedures were performed on 12 patients with cancer in situ of the vulva or vagina or after pelvic exenteration. All patients are alive and well on follow-up from four to 47 months with no evidence of recurrence. Plastic procedures are very important in treatment of cancer of the lower genital tract. The split-thickness graft used in this study is optimal in terms of treatment appearance, and restoration of sexual function.", "contents": "Plastic procedures in cancer of the lower genital tract. Plastic procedures were performed on 12 patients with cancer in situ of the vulva or vagina or after pelvic exenteration. All patients are alive and well on follow-up from four to 47 months with no evidence of recurrence. Plastic procedures are very important in treatment of cancer of the lower genital tract. The split-thickness graft used in this study is optimal in terms of treatment appearance, and restoration of sexual function."}
{"id": "PMID:356609", "title": "Maternal smoking, birth weight, infant death, and the self-selection problem.", "content": "Several aspects of the relationship between maternal smoking and birth weights of infants are discussed. No satisfactory explanation for Yerushalmy's results has been given other than that low birth weight appears to relate more to the smoker than to the smoking. Recent studies by Silverman support this position. The possibility that nicotine may induce a physiologic response that serves to alleviate bioenergetic deficiency in some individuals should not be overlooked. In this view, both smoking and low birth weight are symptoms of deficient maternal bioenergetic systems.", "contents": "Maternal smoking, birth weight, infant death, and the self-selection problem. Several aspects of the relationship between maternal smoking and birth weights of infants are discussed. No satisfactory explanation for Yerushalmy's results has been given other than that low birth weight appears to relate more to the smoker than to the smoking. Recent studies by Silverman support this position. The possibility that nicotine may induce a physiologic response that serves to alleviate bioenergetic deficiency in some individuals should not be overlooked. In this view, both smoking and low birth weight are symptoms of deficient maternal bioenergetic systems."}
{"id": "PMID:356610", "title": "Herpes gestationis: clinical features of immunologically proved cases.", "content": "Clinical features of eight immunopathologically proved cases of herpes gestationis (HG) are presented. They are compared with those of anearlier, clinically defined series. The important, features of the disease are identical in the two groups, particularly the worsening with subsequent pregnancies, absence of intervening HG-free pregnancies, and the exacerbation with delivery and estrogens. The immunopathologic investigations are a reliable, diagnostic aid in differentiating HG from other dermatoses of pregnancy with which it may, at times, be confused.", "contents": "Herpes gestationis: clinical features of immunologically proved cases. Clinical features of eight immunopathologically proved cases of herpes gestationis (HG) are presented. They are compared with those of anearlier, clinically defined series. The important, features of the disease are identical in the two groups, particularly the worsening with subsequent pregnancies, absence of intervening HG-free pregnancies, and the exacerbation with delivery and estrogens. The immunopathologic investigations are a reliable, diagnostic aid in differentiating HG from other dermatoses of pregnancy with which it may, at times, be confused."}
{"id": "PMID:356612", "title": "Male transsexualism--a review of genital surgical reconstruction.", "content": "Transsexualism is a poorly understood, uncommon, and controversial entity of recent interest to the lay public and medical profession. Important features of the condition are discussed, surgical procedures for genital conversion in male transsexuals are compared, and our experience at the University of Virginia where 53 patients have been treated surgically is presented. All patients have made satisfactory postoperative psychosocial adjustment despite a surgical complication rate approaching 50 per cent. It is concluded that alternative (better) surgical procedures for male transsexuals should be explored.", "contents": "Male transsexualism--a review of genital surgical reconstruction. Transsexualism is a poorly understood, uncommon, and controversial entity of recent interest to the lay public and medical profession. Important features of the condition are discussed, surgical procedures for genital conversion in male transsexuals are compared, and our experience at the University of Virginia where 53 patients have been treated surgically is presented. All patients have made satisfactory postoperative psychosocial adjustment despite a surgical complication rate approaching 50 per cent. It is concluded that alternative (better) surgical procedures for male transsexuals should be explored."}
{"id": "PMID:356613", "title": "The effect of varying prolactin levels on pituitary luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "Seventy-one women with menstrual irregularities were investigated by measurement of basal plasma estradiol, prolactin, and gonadotropin levels. They were each given an intravenous injection of 100 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured for two hours. The women were divided into three groups on the basis of the prolactin levels: \"normal,\" \"mild elevation,\" and \"severe elevation.\" For each prolactin group there was no difference in age or estradiol or basal LH and FSH levels. The pituitary response to the GnRH injection was also similar for the three groups. These data suggest that elevated prolactin levels do not interfere with pituitary gonadotropin cell function.", "contents": "The effect of varying prolactin levels on pituitary luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Seventy-one women with menstrual irregularities were investigated by measurement of basal plasma estradiol, prolactin, and gonadotropin levels. They were each given an intravenous injection of 100 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured for two hours. The women were divided into three groups on the basis of the prolactin levels: \"normal,\" \"mild elevation,\" and \"severe elevation.\" For each prolactin group there was no difference in age or estradiol or basal LH and FSH levels. The pituitary response to the GnRH injection was also similar for the three groups. These data suggest that elevated prolactin levels do not interfere with pituitary gonadotropin cell function."}
{"id": "PMID:356617", "title": "Computer-assisted eye examination. VI. Identification and correction of errors in the Refractor III system for subjective examination.", "content": "A computer-assisted subjective eye examination was administered to 80 patients. They were also examined in the conventional manual way. The results of the computer-assisted examination were compared with those obtained by conventional subjective methods to identify errors of hardware, software, and optometric flow charting and other problems. An 87.5% satisfactory prescription level was found for the distance prescription. The 12.5% unsatisfactory results are accounted for by several kinds of error. The percentage of unsatisfactory refractive results was greater for near than for distance measures because of special flow-chart and software problems, which were subsequently corrected. With implementation of the changes initiated as a result of this investigation, satisfactory refractive results approaching 95% can be expected.", "contents": "Computer-assisted eye examination. VI. Identification and correction of errors in the Refractor III system for subjective examination. A computer-assisted subjective eye examination was administered to 80 patients. They were also examined in the conventional manual way. The results of the computer-assisted examination were compared with those obtained by conventional subjective methods to identify errors of hardware, software, and optometric flow charting and other problems. An 87.5% satisfactory prescription level was found for the distance prescription. The 12.5% unsatisfactory results are accounted for by several kinds of error. The percentage of unsatisfactory refractive results was greater for near than for distance measures because of special flow-chart and software problems, which were subsequently corrected. With implementation of the changes initiated as a result of this investigation, satisfactory refractive results approaching 95% can be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:356618", "title": "Clinical comparison of direct versus indirect bonding with different bracket types and adhesives.", "content": "A longitudinal clinical trial was made in forty-two children to compare some commonly used techniques for orthodontic bracket bonding. A particular study design (Figs. 1 and 5) allowed blind quadrantwise comparisons in the same patient of six different variables, including direct versus indirect bonding, adhesives of the filled diacrylate resin type with small versus large filler particles, and metal brackets with mesh-backed versus perforated bases. The same person bonded all brackets within one week and performed the orthodontic treatment by a friction-free edgewise light-wire technique. Efforts were made to minimize gingival irritation by using eccentrically placed brackets on small bases, by careful trimming of excess adhesives flash around the bases, and by directing much emphasis on oral hygiene measures. The plaque situation around the brackets and along the gingival margins and the gingival condition were assessed according to the criteria of the plaque and gingival index systems by a dental hygienist at each monthly visit during a test period of 6 months. The study demonstrated that both direct and indirect bonding with the different adhesives and bracket types could give clinically satisfactory results. Still, there were statistically significant differences in plaque retention, gingival inflammation, and bond strength. The bonding adhesive with small filler particles was more hygienic than and about as strong as two adhesives with larger, coarser filler particles. The mesh-backed brackets retained less plaque and gave stronger bonds than the brackets with perforated pads. Advantages of direct bonding over the indirect procedure were that (1) the bracket bases were fitted closer to the tooth surface (which improved bond strength), (2) it was easier to work clean and to remove excess adhesive flash around the bracket bases (to help prevent gingival inflammation and decalcification and facilitate debonding), and (3) the bonding adhesive constantly filled out the entire contact surface of the brackets (thus avoiding artificial undercuts and deficiency areas which are prone to promote decalcification). A number of other clinical observations were also discussed.", "contents": "Clinical comparison of direct versus indirect bonding with different bracket types and adhesives. A longitudinal clinical trial was made in forty-two children to compare some commonly used techniques for orthodontic bracket bonding. A particular study design (Figs. 1 and 5) allowed blind quadrantwise comparisons in the same patient of six different variables, including direct versus indirect bonding, adhesives of the filled diacrylate resin type with small versus large filler particles, and metal brackets with mesh-backed versus perforated bases. The same person bonded all brackets within one week and performed the orthodontic treatment by a friction-free edgewise light-wire technique. Efforts were made to minimize gingival irritation by using eccentrically placed brackets on small bases, by careful trimming of excess adhesives flash around the bases, and by directing much emphasis on oral hygiene measures. The plaque situation around the brackets and along the gingival margins and the gingival condition were assessed according to the criteria of the plaque and gingival index systems by a dental hygienist at each monthly visit during a test period of 6 months. The study demonstrated that both direct and indirect bonding with the different adhesives and bracket types could give clinically satisfactory results. Still, there were statistically significant differences in plaque retention, gingival inflammation, and bond strength. The bonding adhesive with small filler particles was more hygienic than and about as strong as two adhesives with larger, coarser filler particles. The mesh-backed brackets retained less plaque and gave stronger bonds than the brackets with perforated pads. Advantages of direct bonding over the indirect procedure were that (1) the bracket bases were fitted closer to the tooth surface (which improved bond strength), (2) it was easier to work clean and to remove excess adhesive flash around the bracket bases (to help prevent gingival inflammation and decalcification and facilitate debonding), and (3) the bonding adhesive constantly filled out the entire contact surface of the brackets (thus avoiding artificial undercuts and deficiency areas which are prone to promote decalcification). A number of other clinical observations were also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:356619", "title": "Enamel surface characteristics on removal of bonded orthodontic brackets.", "content": "Thirty-six premolars which were scheduled for routine extraction were bracketed with either N or G system adhesives. After one week the brackets were removed and the residual adhesive removed by low-speed green stone, a hand scaler, or an ultrasonic scaler. Half the teeth were given a final pumice, and then all were extracted. The SEM was used to evaluate the enamel surface, and quantitative assessments were made for the area covered with retained adhesive and for damage to the surface. All three removal techniques left appreciable amounts of retained adhesive 20 to 60 per cent coverage for G and 55 to 75 per cent for N adhesive. All detectable adhesive was removed by final pumicing. The detectably roughened area was over 50 per cent for the green stone treatment for both materials and appeared to introduce unnecessary roughness. The hand scaler and the particular ultrasonic scaler used in this study did not severely roughen the enamel for either material and appeared to be effective for initial adhesive removal. All three techniques introduced occasional gouges 10 to 20 micrometer in depth which could not be removed. All other roughness was generally smoothed by final pumicing. Thus, pumicing is a necessary final step with all removal procedures studied.", "contents": "Enamel surface characteristics on removal of bonded orthodontic brackets. Thirty-six premolars which were scheduled for routine extraction were bracketed with either N or G system adhesives. After one week the brackets were removed and the residual adhesive removed by low-speed green stone, a hand scaler, or an ultrasonic scaler. Half the teeth were given a final pumice, and then all were extracted. The SEM was used to evaluate the enamel surface, and quantitative assessments were made for the area covered with retained adhesive and for damage to the surface. All three removal techniques left appreciable amounts of retained adhesive 20 to 60 per cent coverage for G and 55 to 75 per cent for N adhesive. All detectable adhesive was removed by final pumicing. The detectably roughened area was over 50 per cent for the green stone treatment for both materials and appeared to introduce unnecessary roughness. The hand scaler and the particular ultrasonic scaler used in this study did not severely roughen the enamel for either material and appeared to be effective for initial adhesive removal. All three techniques introduced occasional gouges 10 to 20 micrometer in depth which could not be removed. All other roughness was generally smoothed by final pumicing. Thus, pumicing is a necessary final step with all removal procedures studied."}
{"id": "PMID:356621", "title": "Substances which aggregate neutrophils. Mechanism of action.", "content": "Several agents which influence calcium fluxes in neutrophils were tested for their influence on human neutrophil aggregation. Formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, a synthetic chemotactic tripeptide, aggregated the cells. Cytochalasin B and high levels of extracellular calcium or phosphate enhanced this effect; 10(-6) M to 10(-5) M lanthanum inhibited it. In addition, the calcium ionophore A23187 aggregated the cells. Aggregation induced by the chemotactic factor and A23187 required extracellular calcium. These results correlate with the known or postulated ability of chemotactic factors, A23187, calcium, phosphate, lanthanum, and cytochalasin B to enhance or inhibit the influx and intracellular accumulation of the calcium ion. Transmembrane fluxes or intracellular levels of calcium may modulate PMN aggregation. Aggregation induced by the chemotactic tripeptide and A23187 also required extracellular magnesium. Since calcium and magnesium cannot substitute for each other in the aggregation response to the chemotactic factor or A23187, each bivalent cation must play a separate role in PMN aggregation. The role of magnesium is unknown. Since magnesium, unlike calcium, is known to be necessary for PMN adherence to glass, it may play a permissive role in PMN aggregation. Thus, magnesium may foster the formation of cell-cell adhesions. In addition to inhibiting chemotactic factor-induced aggregation at concentrations of 10(-6) M to 10(-5) M, lanthanum, at concentrations of 10(-4) M to 10(-3) M, aggregated the cells. Lanthanum-induced aggregation did not require extracellular calcium or magnesium. This aggregation may result from the formation of intercellular adhesions by the lanthanum ion directly.", "contents": "Substances which aggregate neutrophils. Mechanism of action. Several agents which influence calcium fluxes in neutrophils were tested for their influence on human neutrophil aggregation. Formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, a synthetic chemotactic tripeptide, aggregated the cells. Cytochalasin B and high levels of extracellular calcium or phosphate enhanced this effect; 10(-6) M to 10(-5) M lanthanum inhibited it. In addition, the calcium ionophore A23187 aggregated the cells. Aggregation induced by the chemotactic factor and A23187 required extracellular calcium. These results correlate with the known or postulated ability of chemotactic factors, A23187, calcium, phosphate, lanthanum, and cytochalasin B to enhance or inhibit the influx and intracellular accumulation of the calcium ion. Transmembrane fluxes or intracellular levels of calcium may modulate PMN aggregation. Aggregation induced by the chemotactic tripeptide and A23187 also required extracellular magnesium. Since calcium and magnesium cannot substitute for each other in the aggregation response to the chemotactic factor or A23187, each bivalent cation must play a separate role in PMN aggregation. The role of magnesium is unknown. Since magnesium, unlike calcium, is known to be necessary for PMN adherence to glass, it may play a permissive role in PMN aggregation. Thus, magnesium may foster the formation of cell-cell adhesions. In addition to inhibiting chemotactic factor-induced aggregation at concentrations of 10(-6) M to 10(-5) M, lanthanum, at concentrations of 10(-4) M to 10(-3) M, aggregated the cells. Lanthanum-induced aggregation did not require extracellular calcium or magnesium. This aggregation may result from the formation of intercellular adhesions by the lanthanum ion directly."}
{"id": "PMID:356622", "title": "The thymus in patients with allogeneic bone marrow transplants.", "content": "The thymus glands from 11 patients with aplastic anemia or acute leukemia who received allogeneic bone marrow transplants were studied at autopsy. All showed marked cortical involution. In the short-term survivors the medulla and perivascular spaces were lymphocyte-depleted and the epithelial cells formed pseudorosettes. In those surviving over 2 months, increasing numbers of small lymphocytes were present, presumably reconstituted with donor lymphocytes. Phagocytosis of cellular debris was frequent, especially in patients with graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) or treated with anithymocyte globulin (ATG). Plasma cells were numerous in perilobular tissue and were occasionally found within the medulla. The findings are compatible with the concept that the thymus plays an important role in the immune deficiency experienced after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and in the subsequent lymphoid reconstitution.", "contents": "The thymus in patients with allogeneic bone marrow transplants. The thymus glands from 11 patients with aplastic anemia or acute leukemia who received allogeneic bone marrow transplants were studied at autopsy. All showed marked cortical involution. In the short-term survivors the medulla and perivascular spaces were lymphocyte-depleted and the epithelial cells formed pseudorosettes. In those surviving over 2 months, increasing numbers of small lymphocytes were present, presumably reconstituted with donor lymphocytes. Phagocytosis of cellular debris was frequent, especially in patients with graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) or treated with anithymocyte globulin (ATG). Plasma cells were numerous in perilobular tissue and were occasionally found within the medulla. The findings are compatible with the concept that the thymus plays an important role in the immune deficiency experienced after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and in the subsequent lymphoid reconstitution."}
{"id": "PMID:356623", "title": "Retention of water and potassium by erythrocytes prevents calcium-induced membrane rigidity.", "content": "Modest increases in intracellular calcium concentrations, in association with ATP depletion, cause the appearance of pathologic changes in erthrocyte shape and deformability. The loss of erythrocyte ATP and simultaneous increase in cellular calcium have previously been considered the sole requisites for the appearance of erythrocyte membrane rigidity. We report that red cells suspended in high-potassium buffers may be simultaneously loaded with calcium (through exposure to the divalent cation ionophore A23187) and depleted of ATP without incurring drastic changes in shape or in membrane stiffness. Incubation of erythrocytes under these conditions effectively blocks both water and potassium loss normally caused by calcium accumulation. However, the high external potassium has no influence on either the ionophore-induced accumulation of calcium or on the the concomitant hydrolysis of cellular ATP. These results suggest the involvement of at least one further parameter, ie, changes in cell water and cation content, in the development of calcium-induced erythrocyte rigidity.", "contents": "Retention of water and potassium by erythrocytes prevents calcium-induced membrane rigidity. Modest increases in intracellular calcium concentrations, in association with ATP depletion, cause the appearance of pathologic changes in erthrocyte shape and deformability. The loss of erythrocyte ATP and simultaneous increase in cellular calcium have previously been considered the sole requisites for the appearance of erythrocyte membrane rigidity. We report that red cells suspended in high-potassium buffers may be simultaneously loaded with calcium (through exposure to the divalent cation ionophore A23187) and depleted of ATP without incurring drastic changes in shape or in membrane stiffness. Incubation of erythrocytes under these conditions effectively blocks both water and potassium loss normally caused by calcium accumulation. However, the high external potassium has no influence on either the ionophore-induced accumulation of calcium or on the the concomitant hydrolysis of cellular ATP. These results suggest the involvement of at least one further parameter, ie, changes in cell water and cation content, in the development of calcium-induced erythrocyte rigidity."}
{"id": "PMID:356625", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in normal and diseased liver tissue.", "content": "Many reports have demonstrated an elevation of circulating carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the majority of patients with alcoholic liver disease and, less frequently, in patients with nonalcoholic liver disease. Several explanations for this finding have been proposed, eg, increased production or release of CEA by the damaged liver, decreased hepatic metabolism, or diminished excretion of CEA of extrahepatic origin. In an attempt to clarify the mechanism of CEA elevation in liver disease, we have compared the CEA plasma level as measured by radioimmunoassay with CEA demonstrable in liver tissue by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique in 7 patients without significant changes in the liver biopsy specimen, 23 patients with alcoholic liver disease, and 16 patients with miscellaneous liver diseases such as acute or chronic nonalcoholic hepatitis or extrahepatic biliary obstruction. The mean CEA plasma level in patients with alcoholic liver disease was significantly higher than in patients with nonalcoholic liver disease (8.8 +/- 9.5 vs 2.7 +/- 2.5 ng/ml; P less than 0.02). In normal liver tissue, CEA was observed in the apical cytoplasm and along the luminal surface of bile duct epithelial cells, suggesting that under normal conditions CEA accumulates in and is excreted by bile ducts. In patients with alcoholic hepatitis and/or cirrhosis there was marked bile ductular proliferation and prominent cytoplasmic CEA-specific staining and both were associated with elevated CEA plasma levels in more than 80% of cases. In the group of miscellaneous liver diseases, bile ductule counts and CEA-specific staining did not correlate with CEA plasma levels. These observations suggest that proliferating bile ductules contribute to elevated plasma CEA in alcoholic patients.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in normal and diseased liver tissue. Many reports have demonstrated an elevation of circulating carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the majority of patients with alcoholic liver disease and, less frequently, in patients with nonalcoholic liver disease. Several explanations for this finding have been proposed, eg, increased production or release of CEA by the damaged liver, decreased hepatic metabolism, or diminished excretion of CEA of extrahepatic origin. In an attempt to clarify the mechanism of CEA elevation in liver disease, we have compared the CEA plasma level as measured by radioimmunoassay with CEA demonstrable in liver tissue by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique in 7 patients without significant changes in the liver biopsy specimen, 23 patients with alcoholic liver disease, and 16 patients with miscellaneous liver diseases such as acute or chronic nonalcoholic hepatitis or extrahepatic biliary obstruction. The mean CEA plasma level in patients with alcoholic liver disease was significantly higher than in patients with nonalcoholic liver disease (8.8 +/- 9.5 vs 2.7 +/- 2.5 ng/ml; P less than 0.02). In normal liver tissue, CEA was observed in the apical cytoplasm and along the luminal surface of bile duct epithelial cells, suggesting that under normal conditions CEA accumulates in and is excreted by bile ducts. In patients with alcoholic hepatitis and/or cirrhosis there was marked bile ductular proliferation and prominent cytoplasmic CEA-specific staining and both were associated with elevated CEA plasma levels in more than 80% of cases. In the group of miscellaneous liver diseases, bile ductule counts and CEA-specific staining did not correlate with CEA plasma levels. These observations suggest that proliferating bile ductules contribute to elevated plasma CEA in alcoholic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:356626", "title": "Lymphoid thyroiditis following immunization with group A streptococcal vaccine.", "content": "Severe lymphoid thyroiditis and associated hypothyroidism occurred in all of 7 male and 4 female F(7) derivatives (seventh generation) of rats immunized in each generation against Group A streptococci. This evidence of thyroiditis produced by immunization against a nonthyroidal antigen suggests that some cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in humans may result from nonspecific immune responses.", "contents": "Lymphoid thyroiditis following immunization with group A streptococcal vaccine. Severe lymphoid thyroiditis and associated hypothyroidism occurred in all of 7 male and 4 female F(7) derivatives (seventh generation) of rats immunized in each generation against Group A streptococci. This evidence of thyroiditis produced by immunization against a nonthyroidal antigen suggests that some cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in humans may result from nonspecific immune responses."}
{"id": "PMID:356628", "title": "Dye-dilution cardiac output without blood withdrawal in the conscious rabbit.", "content": "Cardiac output can be measured in the conscious rabbit without blood withdrawal by use of a modified dye-dilution method. Blood flows continuously from the central ear artery through a Silastic catheter that passes through a modified cuvette lumen and back into an ear vein. Blood flow through this shunt was 1.5 ml/min. This modified technique was evaluated by comparison with a simultaneously performed cardiac output measurement using radioactive microspheres and by making consecutive dye-dilution measurements at short time intervals. A correlation coefficient of 0.96 was obtained when comparing dye-dilution and microsphere cardiac outputs. The difference between 11 paired measurements was 7.09 +/- 5.24% (mean +/- SD). Consecutive outputs measured within 3 min of each other by the flow-through technique had a correlation coefficient of 0.99 and a difference between the first and second determinations of 3.52 +/- 2.38%. The method permits dye-dilution cardiac output measurement in the conscious rabbit while avoiding the potential error caused by blood withdrawal from small animals.", "contents": "Dye-dilution cardiac output without blood withdrawal in the conscious rabbit. Cardiac output can be measured in the conscious rabbit without blood withdrawal by use of a modified dye-dilution method. Blood flows continuously from the central ear artery through a Silastic catheter that passes through a modified cuvette lumen and back into an ear vein. Blood flow through this shunt was 1.5 ml/min. This modified technique was evaluated by comparison with a simultaneously performed cardiac output measurement using radioactive microspheres and by making consecutive dye-dilution measurements at short time intervals. A correlation coefficient of 0.96 was obtained when comparing dye-dilution and microsphere cardiac outputs. The difference between 11 paired measurements was 7.09 +/- 5.24% (mean +/- SD). Consecutive outputs measured within 3 min of each other by the flow-through technique had a correlation coefficient of 0.99 and a difference between the first and second determinations of 3.52 +/- 2.38%. The method permits dye-dilution cardiac output measurement in the conscious rabbit while avoiding the potential error caused by blood withdrawal from small animals."}
{"id": "PMID:356631", "title": "Primary health care in an academic medical center.", "content": "In 1975-76 a one-year longitudinal study of the delivery of primary care services was carried out at all ambulatory institutional facilities in Durham County, North Carolina and in 47 of 50 community private practices covering the broad fields of surgery (including urology and orthopedics), medicine, pediatrics, and ob/gyn. The present paper focuses on the private and public clinics of Duke University Medical Center. Data were analyzed to document differentials in sociodemographic characteristics of patients attending these two systems of care. Results showed that patients attending the private clinics are predominantly white and covered by private insurance, while patients attending the public clinics are predominantly black and heavily dependent on Medicaid coverage. The potentially detrimental effects of a two-class system of care on the health of patients, as well as on the education of students, is discussed in the context of a scant medical literature on this subject.", "contents": "Primary health care in an academic medical center. In 1975-76 a one-year longitudinal study of the delivery of primary care services was carried out at all ambulatory institutional facilities in Durham County, North Carolina and in 47 of 50 community private practices covering the broad fields of surgery (including urology and orthopedics), medicine, pediatrics, and ob/gyn. The present paper focuses on the private and public clinics of Duke University Medical Center. Data were analyzed to document differentials in sociodemographic characteristics of patients attending these two systems of care. Results showed that patients attending the private clinics are predominantly white and covered by private insurance, while patients attending the public clinics are predominantly black and heavily dependent on Medicaid coverage. The potentially detrimental effects of a two-class system of care on the health of patients, as well as on the education of students, is discussed in the context of a scant medical literature on this subject."}
{"id": "PMID:356632", "title": "Immunocytochemical diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.", "content": "Eight cases of liver disease associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency are described. Six of the cases, including the only childhood case, showed no evidence of lung disease. An occult but variable clinical course is defined in this disorder. A spectrum in the severity of tissue change was noted, and in some instances, extensive liver disease was correlated with relatively minor derangement in liver function. While this form of liver disease is uncommon, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of adult liver disease. Screening for alpha-1-antitrypsin globules in periodic acid-Schiff stained liver tissue sections should be considered in certain cases of cryptogenic liver disease in adults, particularly when advanced disease presents suddenly, where micronodular (portal) cirrhosis is unrelated to excessive alcohol use, or where tissue changes exceed those anticipated from serum biochemical abnormalities. In most of these cases, tissue findings from liver biopsy or autopsy, rather than clinical suspicion, led to the diagnosis. The availability of a simple and reliable immunoperoxidase technique, applicable to routinely processed tissue samples, allowed for rapid and specific diagnosis in all cases. This immunocytochemical method has proven its usefulness in the prospective and retrospective tissue diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and associated liver disease.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Eight cases of liver disease associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency are described. Six of the cases, including the only childhood case, showed no evidence of lung disease. An occult but variable clinical course is defined in this disorder. A spectrum in the severity of tissue change was noted, and in some instances, extensive liver disease was correlated with relatively minor derangement in liver function. While this form of liver disease is uncommon, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of adult liver disease. Screening for alpha-1-antitrypsin globules in periodic acid-Schiff stained liver tissue sections should be considered in certain cases of cryptogenic liver disease in adults, particularly when advanced disease presents suddenly, where micronodular (portal) cirrhosis is unrelated to excessive alcohol use, or where tissue changes exceed those anticipated from serum biochemical abnormalities. In most of these cases, tissue findings from liver biopsy or autopsy, rather than clinical suspicion, led to the diagnosis. The availability of a simple and reliable immunoperoxidase technique, applicable to routinely processed tissue samples, allowed for rapid and specific diagnosis in all cases. This immunocytochemical method has proven its usefulness in the prospective and retrospective tissue diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and associated liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:356634", "title": "The Duffy blood group and resistance to Plasmodium vivax in Honduras.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that the Duffy blood group negative genotype is a factor in resistance to Plasmodium vivax, we determined the Duffy blood group, the malaria antibodies, and the slide-demonstrated infection rates with P. vivax and P. falciparum of 420 persons living in Nueva Armenia, Honduras. In all, 247 persons were Duffy negative. Demonstrated infections with P. falciparum were almost equally distributed between Duffy-positive (5,8%) and Duffy-negative (4.9%) persons. Similarly, Duffy-positive (25.6%) and Duffy-negative (28.2%) persons had equal proportions of indirect fluorescent antibody test titers suggestive of past or present P. falciparum infection. In contrast, all 14 P. vivax infections were found in Duffy-negative persons. There was no evidence suggesting that Duffy-positive and Duffy-negative persons had different exposures to malaria. The Duffy negative genotype FyFy appears to be a factor in resistance to P. vivax.", "contents": "The Duffy blood group and resistance to Plasmodium vivax in Honduras. To test the hypothesis that the Duffy blood group negative genotype is a factor in resistance to Plasmodium vivax, we determined the Duffy blood group, the malaria antibodies, and the slide-demonstrated infection rates with P. vivax and P. falciparum of 420 persons living in Nueva Armenia, Honduras. In all, 247 persons were Duffy negative. Demonstrated infections with P. falciparum were almost equally distributed between Duffy-positive (5,8%) and Duffy-negative (4.9%) persons. Similarly, Duffy-positive (25.6%) and Duffy-negative (28.2%) persons had equal proportions of indirect fluorescent antibody test titers suggestive of past or present P. falciparum infection. In contrast, all 14 P. vivax infections were found in Duffy-negative persons. There was no evidence suggesting that Duffy-positive and Duffy-negative persons had different exposures to malaria. The Duffy negative genotype FyFy appears to be a factor in resistance to P. vivax."}
{"id": "PMID:356635", "title": "Plasmodium falciparum in culture: establishment of additional strains.", "content": "The establishment of new strains of Plasmodium falciparum in continuous culture is described. One line (FCR-2), isolated from an individual who had traveled extensively through South America, was passed initially through Aotus trivirgatus monkeys and then cultured into human erythrocytes using the flow-vial technique. A strain of P. falciparum FMG), shipped by air freight on wet ice from The Gambia, was cultured directly from a human infection into continuous culture using the Petri dish-candle jar technique, giving line FCR-3. Two other strains (6252 and FSG) were hand carried by a commercial flight on wet ice from the Gambia and were initiated into culture at the same time using the same media, sera, and erythrocytes. After 6 wk in vitro the 6252 strain became adapted as line FCR-4, whereas FSG had died out. Normal-looking gametocytes were seen in all four strains reported here. Notwithstanding their normal appearance they would not exflagellate in vitro, nor were they infective to Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes via membrane feeding. Production of new gametocytes continued for 6 mo, then gradually stopped.", "contents": "Plasmodium falciparum in culture: establishment of additional strains. The establishment of new strains of Plasmodium falciparum in continuous culture is described. One line (FCR-2), isolated from an individual who had traveled extensively through South America, was passed initially through Aotus trivirgatus monkeys and then cultured into human erythrocytes using the flow-vial technique. A strain of P. falciparum FMG), shipped by air freight on wet ice from The Gambia, was cultured directly from a human infection into continuous culture using the Petri dish-candle jar technique, giving line FCR-3. Two other strains (6252 and FSG) were hand carried by a commercial flight on wet ice from the Gambia and were initiated into culture at the same time using the same media, sera, and erythrocytes. After 6 wk in vitro the 6252 strain became adapted as line FCR-4, whereas FSG had died out. Normal-looking gametocytes were seen in all four strains reported here. Notwithstanding their normal appearance they would not exflagellate in vitro, nor were they infective to Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes via membrane feeding. Production of new gametocytes continued for 6 mo, then gradually stopped."}
{"id": "PMID:356636", "title": "Filarial infection of the breast.", "content": "The breast is a common site of filarial infection in females in Sri Lanka. We report our experience with 13 cases of filarial breast nodules, 12 containing adult worms and the other only microfilariae. In five of these cases the species was identified as Wuchereria bancrofti.", "contents": "Filarial infection of the breast. The breast is a common site of filarial infection in females in Sri Lanka. We report our experience with 13 cases of filarial breast nodules, 12 containing adult worms and the other only microfilariae. In five of these cases the species was identified as Wuchereria bancrofti."}
{"id": "PMID:356643", "title": "The American Association for the Study and Cure of Inebriety.", "content": "From the beginning of the American Association for the Study and Cure of Inebriety (November 1870) and throughout its history, the leadership perceived that it was at the forefront of a therapeutic social movement--the pioneer of a new medical viewpoint as well as a new medical specialty.", "contents": "The American Association for the Study and Cure of Inebriety. From the beginning of the American Association for the Study and Cure of Inebriety (November 1870) and throughout its history, the leadership perceived that it was at the forefront of a therapeutic social movement--the pioneer of a new medical viewpoint as well as a new medical specialty."}
{"id": "PMID:356644", "title": "An analytic comparison of persons arrested for driving while intoxicated and alcohol detoxification patients.", "content": "This article presents findings on an analytic comparison of two groups of persons for whom alcohol is an identical clinical or social problem--247 patients currently under treatment in a detoxification unit in a general hospital and 118 individuals who had been arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) and were attending a DWI school. A systematic comparison of these two groups yielded several important, statistically significant differences and it becomes increasingly apparent that distinctions can be made that permit the identification of high-risk segments of the DWI population, facilitating early diagnosis and differential treatment modes.", "contents": "An analytic comparison of persons arrested for driving while intoxicated and alcohol detoxification patients. This article presents findings on an analytic comparison of two groups of persons for whom alcohol is an identical clinical or social problem--247 patients currently under treatment in a detoxification unit in a general hospital and 118 individuals who had been arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) and were attending a DWI school. A systematic comparison of these two groups yielded several important, statistically significant differences and it becomes increasingly apparent that distinctions can be made that permit the identification of high-risk segments of the DWI population, facilitating early diagnosis and differential treatment modes."}
{"id": "PMID:356645", "title": "Effects of acute alcohol administration on reproductive endocrinology in the male rat.", "content": "The results of the current studies further document that acute alcohol administration markedly disrupts the function of the HPG in the male. Our results indicate that alcohol depresses serum testosterone levels and, thereby, produces clinical symptoms associated with hypoandrogenization. Moreover, our studies suggest that acute alcohol administration also affects the hypothalamic-pituitary axis by reducing serum LH levels--an effect that may represent the primary action of alcohol on the HPG.", "contents": "Effects of acute alcohol administration on reproductive endocrinology in the male rat. The results of the current studies further document that acute alcohol administration markedly disrupts the function of the HPG in the male. Our results indicate that alcohol depresses serum testosterone levels and, thereby, produces clinical symptoms associated with hypoandrogenization. Moreover, our studies suggest that acute alcohol administration also affects the hypothalamic-pituitary axis by reducing serum LH levels--an effect that may represent the primary action of alcohol on the HPG."}
{"id": "PMID:356646", "title": "Effects of alcohol on plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels.", "content": "The findings obtained in this study indicate that the major effect of ethanol on plasma testosterone levels is occurring at a peripheral (testicular) rather than central (hypothalamic-pituitary) site.", "contents": "Effects of alcohol on plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels. The findings obtained in this study indicate that the major effect of ethanol on plasma testosterone levels is occurring at a peripheral (testicular) rather than central (hypothalamic-pituitary) site."}
{"id": "PMID:356647", "title": "The effects of alcoholic liver disease and alcohol ingestion on sex hormone levels.", "content": "This study showed that alcohol significantly decreases plasma testosterone levels, with changes noted as early as the first day of alcohol use (loss of pulsatile secretion). This effect is due, in part, to a direct testicular action since it occurred without LH suppression and in the presence of elevated LH levels. More chronic use of alcohol resulted in a suppression of LH. Thus, alcohol use in nonalcoholic men is associated with an effect both at the testicular and hypothalamic-pituitary levels.", "contents": "The effects of alcoholic liver disease and alcohol ingestion on sex hormone levels. This study showed that alcohol significantly decreases plasma testosterone levels, with changes noted as early as the first day of alcohol use (loss of pulsatile secretion). This effect is due, in part, to a direct testicular action since it occurred without LH suppression and in the presence of elevated LH levels. More chronic use of alcohol resulted in a suppression of LH. Thus, alcohol use in nonalcoholic men is associated with an effect both at the testicular and hypothalamic-pituitary levels."}
{"id": "PMID:356648", "title": "Ethanol increases rate of isolated atria.", "content": "Ethanol has a positive chronotropic and negative inotropic effect on isolated spontaneously beating rabbit atria. Both effects increased with increasing ethanol concentrations in the bathing medium. This response is apparently a direct action of ethanol on the myocardium and is not due to the release of catecholamines, acetylcholine, or acetaldehyde produced by the oxidative metabolism of ethanol. Ethanol is one of the few pharmacologic agents having opposite actions on heart rate and force of contraction.", "contents": "Ethanol increases rate of isolated atria. Ethanol has a positive chronotropic and negative inotropic effect on isolated spontaneously beating rabbit atria. Both effects increased with increasing ethanol concentrations in the bathing medium. This response is apparently a direct action of ethanol on the myocardium and is not due to the release of catecholamines, acetylcholine, or acetaldehyde produced by the oxidative metabolism of ethanol. Ethanol is one of the few pharmacologic agents having opposite actions on heart rate and force of contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:356649", "title": "Quality assurance for alcoholism treatment.", "content": "Mechanisms that seek assurance of quality care at reasonable cost include utilization review, accreditation, certification, licensure, and patient care audit. Within the social rehabilitative field, it is probably safe to say that only alcoholism has developed and implemented what might be considered the majority of the significant elements of a quality assurance program.", "contents": "Quality assurance for alcoholism treatment. Mechanisms that seek assurance of quality care at reasonable cost include utilization review, accreditation, certification, licensure, and patient care audit. Within the social rehabilitative field, it is probably safe to say that only alcoholism has developed and implemented what might be considered the majority of the significant elements of a quality assurance program."}
{"id": "PMID:356650", "title": "Legislation: regulation and strangulation or option for innovation?", "content": "Frequently, we in the health professions are reactive (or even reactionary) in response to the evolutions and revolutions in our system of health care. In fact, at times the best that can be said for us is that we are responsive (and we hope, responsible) to the need for change. I would suggest that we must be innovative in dealing with the plethora of health legislation.", "contents": "Legislation: regulation and strangulation or option for innovation? Frequently, we in the health professions are reactive (or even reactionary) in response to the evolutions and revolutions in our system of health care. In fact, at times the best that can be said for us is that we are responsive (and we hope, responsible) to the need for change. I would suggest that we must be innovative in dealing with the plethora of health legislation."}
{"id": "PMID:356651", "title": "PSRO--impact and implications for alcoholism treatment programs.", "content": "Since there has been recent congressional concern with claims of Medicare/Medicaid fraud and abuse and a renewed push for a national health insurance program, PSROs seem evermore closely tied to the mandate of quality health care at the lowest possible cost. Now is the time to acknowledge their being, assess their impact on health care delivery programs, and gear our efforts to supporting our common objective of quality medical services.", "contents": "PSRO--impact and implications for alcoholism treatment programs. Since there has been recent congressional concern with claims of Medicare/Medicaid fraud and abuse and a renewed push for a national health insurance program, PSROs seem evermore closely tied to the mandate of quality health care at the lowest possible cost. Now is the time to acknowledge their being, assess their impact on health care delivery programs, and gear our efforts to supporting our common objective of quality medical services."}
{"id": "PMID:356652", "title": "A medical audit of acute alcoholism and chronic alcoholism.", "content": "A medical audit for acute alcoholism was done in a large private general hospital where the cases are admitted to and treated on the general medical service. Another medical audit was done for chronic alcoholism for patients admitted to an alcoholism rehabilitation unit in a large general hospital in a teaching center.", "contents": "A medical audit of acute alcoholism and chronic alcoholism. A medical audit for acute alcoholism was done in a large private general hospital where the cases are admitted to and treated on the general medical service. Another medical audit was done for chronic alcoholism for patients admitted to an alcoholism rehabilitation unit in a large general hospital in a teaching center."}
{"id": "PMID:356653", "title": "Moving the treatment of alcoholism into the medical mainstream.", "content": "This demonstration program for the treatment of alcoholism is based on the premise that alcoholism is a disease and that the primary care physician should play the central role in the overall management of alcoholism. The context of the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) encourages the physician to assume responsibility for the care of the alcoholic and serves as the appropriate setting for the coordination of all modalities required.", "contents": "Moving the treatment of alcoholism into the medical mainstream. This demonstration program for the treatment of alcoholism is based on the premise that alcoholism is a disease and that the primary care physician should play the central role in the overall management of alcoholism. The context of the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) encourages the physician to assume responsibility for the care of the alcoholic and serves as the appropriate setting for the coordination of all modalities required."}
{"id": "PMID:356654", "title": "Transient suppression of growth hormone secretion after chronic ethanol intake.", "content": "Fifty-two percent of patients with chronic heavy intake of ethanol had an abnormally low growth hormone (GH) response to propranolo-glucagon. The effect of ethanol is transient, since the GH response was normal in patients studied 2 wk or more after withdrawal of ethanol. The low GH response was not due to a difference in the levels of glucose or insulin. Ethanol probably suppresses the GH response by acting on the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. Along with previous data suggesting transient ACTH deficiency in chronic alcoholic patients, our findings suggest that these patients may have multiple hypothalamic-pituitary deficiencies.", "contents": "Transient suppression of growth hormone secretion after chronic ethanol intake. Fifty-two percent of patients with chronic heavy intake of ethanol had an abnormally low growth hormone (GH) response to propranolo-glucagon. The effect of ethanol is transient, since the GH response was normal in patients studied 2 wk or more after withdrawal of ethanol. The low GH response was not due to a difference in the levels of glucose or insulin. Ethanol probably suppresses the GH response by acting on the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. Along with previous data suggesting transient ACTH deficiency in chronic alcoholic patients, our findings suggest that these patients may have multiple hypothalamic-pituitary deficiencies."}
{"id": "PMID:356655", "title": "Effects of chronic ethanol treatment on rat liver mitochondrial protein synthesis.", "content": "Chronic ethanol treatment of male Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in a 50% decrease in the rate of incorporation of precursor leucine into isolated mitochondria. This decrease is manifest in a decreased labeling of three polypeptides of inner mitochondrial membranes that are the major products of in vitro mitochondrial protein synthesis under the conditions employed. Immunoprecipitation of cytochrome-c oxidase revealed that these three polypeptides are subunits 1, 2, and 3 of cytochrome-c oxidase and have apparent molecular weights of 33,000, 25,000, and 20,000. Sixty percent of the total incorporated radioactivity is associated with these polypeptides. A decrease in the contents of subunit 2 and of a second polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 22,000 was also noted as an effect of chronic ethanol treatment.", "contents": "Effects of chronic ethanol treatment on rat liver mitochondrial protein synthesis. Chronic ethanol treatment of male Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in a 50% decrease in the rate of incorporation of precursor leucine into isolated mitochondria. This decrease is manifest in a decreased labeling of three polypeptides of inner mitochondrial membranes that are the major products of in vitro mitochondrial protein synthesis under the conditions employed. Immunoprecipitation of cytochrome-c oxidase revealed that these three polypeptides are subunits 1, 2, and 3 of cytochrome-c oxidase and have apparent molecular weights of 33,000, 25,000, and 20,000. Sixty percent of the total incorporated radioactivity is associated with these polypeptides. A decrease in the contents of subunit 2 and of a second polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 22,000 was also noted as an effect of chronic ethanol treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:356656", "title": "Effect of an acute dose of ethanol on rat liver microsomal mixed function oxygenase components and membrane lipid composition.", "content": "The lipid composition of rat liver microsomes was not altered in response to a single acute dose of ethanol relative to isocaloric glycerol-treated controls. Microsomal cytochrome P-450 was transiently elevated, the elevation paralleling blood ethanol levels. Microsomal NADPH oxidase was transiently elevated relative to the activity in isocaloric glycerol-treated controls.", "contents": "Effect of an acute dose of ethanol on rat liver microsomal mixed function oxygenase components and membrane lipid composition. The lipid composition of rat liver microsomes was not altered in response to a single acute dose of ethanol relative to isocaloric glycerol-treated controls. Microsomal cytochrome P-450 was transiently elevated, the elevation paralleling blood ethanol levels. Microsomal NADPH oxidase was transiently elevated relative to the activity in isocaloric glycerol-treated controls."}
{"id": "PMID:356657", "title": "[Reaction of ocular tissues to scleral-implant and encircling material: polyamide--silicone--polyester (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-two human eyes and one rejected Silastic sponge were examined histopathologically for the reaction of ocular tissues to buckling and encircling materials. The eyes were enucleated 22 days to 14 years following retinal detachment surgery. Silicone implants, Silastic sponges, and Mersilene bands were very well tolerated by the eye, whereas nylon threads caused a moderate and prolonged granulomatous inflammation due to their susceptability to enzymatic decomposition. This reaction, however, does not seem to be of major clinical importance, as the amount of nylon used in detachment operations is low. Atrophy of the underlying sclera can happen with any of the above-mentioned materials and depends mostly on mechanical factors of the implant and on the intraocular pressure. Even with total transcleral erosion of the buckling or encircling material, no severe histopathologic changes could be found in the overlying choroid and retina.", "contents": "[Reaction of ocular tissues to scleral-implant and encircling material: polyamide--silicone--polyester (author's transl)]. Twenty-two human eyes and one rejected Silastic sponge were examined histopathologically for the reaction of ocular tissues to buckling and encircling materials. The eyes were enucleated 22 days to 14 years following retinal detachment surgery. Silicone implants, Silastic sponges, and Mersilene bands were very well tolerated by the eye, whereas nylon threads caused a moderate and prolonged granulomatous inflammation due to their susceptability to enzymatic decomposition. This reaction, however, does not seem to be of major clinical importance, as the amount of nylon used in detachment operations is low. Atrophy of the underlying sclera can happen with any of the above-mentioned materials and depends mostly on mechanical factors of the implant and on the intraocular pressure. Even with total transcleral erosion of the buckling or encircling material, no severe histopathologic changes could be found in the overlying choroid and retina."}
{"id": "PMID:356658", "title": "Metoprolol eye drops in the treatment of glaucoma. A double-blind single-dose trial of a beta1-adrenergic blocking drug.", "content": "A double-blind single-dose trial was performed on 13 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Metoprolol 1%, 2%, and 4% produced a median fall in IOP of 5.6, 5.4, and 6.8 mm Hg, respectively, in the treated eye. The differences in effect between the 1%, 2%, and 4% solutions were not statistically significant. There was no significant fall in IOP in the untreated eyes. There were no significant changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, or pupillary diameter. We could not detect any local objective or subjective side effects during the single-dose study. The clinical usefulness of metoprolol may be limited due to local toxic reactions after treatment with multiple doses. Furthermore, there is the problem of tachyphylaxis that could limit extended treatment with topical beta-adrenergic blocking drugs.", "contents": "Metoprolol eye drops in the treatment of glaucoma. A double-blind single-dose trial of a beta1-adrenergic blocking drug. A double-blind single-dose trial was performed on 13 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Metoprolol 1%, 2%, and 4% produced a median fall in IOP of 5.6, 5.4, and 6.8 mm Hg, respectively, in the treated eye. The differences in effect between the 1%, 2%, and 4% solutions were not statistically significant. There was no significant fall in IOP in the untreated eyes. There were no significant changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, or pupillary diameter. We could not detect any local objective or subjective side effects during the single-dose study. The clinical usefulness of metoprolol may be limited due to local toxic reactions after treatment with multiple doses. Furthermore, there is the problem of tachyphylaxis that could limit extended treatment with topical beta-adrenergic blocking drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:356659", "title": "Demonstration isolation and identification of culturable microfungi and bacteria in horse hair and dandruff. Immunochemical comparison with allergic components.", "content": "Horse hiar and dandruff have been investigated for their content of microfungi and bacteria. Inoculation and incubation on V-8 agar containing penicillin and streptomycin, with subsequent colony counting and identification, revealed more than nine and five different genera of microfungi and bacteria respectively, in horse hair and dandruff. Isolation and cultivation of the quantitatively dominating species, and preparation of an extract of these were performed, followed by immunochemical comparison with extract of the horse hair and dandruff using crossed-line immuno-electrophoresis. As no immunochemical identity was demonstrated it was concluded that the identified microorganisms might serve as a guideline to suspected sensitizing substances when patients with a typical case history of horse allergy do not react to extracts of horse hair and dandruff.", "contents": "Demonstration isolation and identification of culturable microfungi and bacteria in horse hair and dandruff. Immunochemical comparison with allergic components. Horse hiar and dandruff have been investigated for their content of microfungi and bacteria. Inoculation and incubation on V-8 agar containing penicillin and streptomycin, with subsequent colony counting and identification, revealed more than nine and five different genera of microfungi and bacteria respectively, in horse hair and dandruff. Isolation and cultivation of the quantitatively dominating species, and preparation of an extract of these were performed, followed by immunochemical comparison with extract of the horse hair and dandruff using crossed-line immuno-electrophoresis. As no immunochemical identity was demonstrated it was concluded that the identified microorganisms might serve as a guideline to suspected sensitizing substances when patients with a typical case history of horse allergy do not react to extracts of horse hair and dandruff."}
{"id": "PMID:356666", "title": "Oesophageal/transpulmonary pressure change ratios as a guide to lung compliance. A study in rabbits undergoing IPPV.", "content": "Experimental studies in ten anaesthetised rabbits suggest that oesophageal-transpulmonary pressure ratios can be correlated with trends in lung compliance during IPPV. The relevance and limitations of this technique are discussed as an alternative method of lung compliance measurement in the sick neonate.", "contents": "Oesophageal/transpulmonary pressure change ratios as a guide to lung compliance. A study in rabbits undergoing IPPV. Experimental studies in ten anaesthetised rabbits suggest that oesophageal-transpulmonary pressure ratios can be correlated with trends in lung compliance during IPPV. The relevance and limitations of this technique are discussed as an alternative method of lung compliance measurement in the sick neonate."}
{"id": "PMID:356664", "title": "Ovarian cyst. An unusual cause of respiratory arrest.", "content": "Respiratory arrest in a patient with a huge ovarian cyst is described. The successful resuscitation and subsequent management of the case are outlined.", "contents": "Ovarian cyst. An unusual cause of respiratory arrest. Respiratory arrest in a patient with a huge ovarian cyst is described. The successful resuscitation and subsequent management of the case are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:356672", "title": "[The anatomical and histological investigation of the pancreas in the 19th century and till the discovery of insulin (1921). 1. The anatomical pancreas research from the beginning till the discovery of islets of pancreas (1869) (author's transl)].", "content": "In this investigated period are the vessels of pancreas exactly described. Further on are in the first half of the 19th century comparative-anatomical and embryological studies on pancreas carried out. The physiology and function of pancreas are also in this time investigated. The enzymatic digestion of succus pancreaticus is discovered. RUDOLF VIRCHOW has 1854 the internal secretion of pancreas postulated.", "contents": "[The anatomical and histological investigation of the pancreas in the 19th century and till the discovery of insulin (1921). 1. The anatomical pancreas research from the beginning till the discovery of islets of pancreas (1869) (author's transl)]. In this investigated period are the vessels of pancreas exactly described. Further on are in the first half of the 19th century comparative-anatomical and embryological studies on pancreas carried out. The physiology and function of pancreas are also in this time investigated. The enzymatic digestion of succus pancreaticus is discovered. RUDOLF VIRCHOW has 1854 the internal secretion of pancreas postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:356663", "title": "[November 2, 1928.] Endotracheal Anaesthesia. By I. W. Magill, M.B.", "content": "(1) With certain exceptions, endotracheal anaesthesia is the best method for operations on the head and neck and for any other operation in which there may be a difficulty in controlling the patient's air-way. (2) Expiration should be provided for, in endotracheal anaesthesia, either by means of a second tube or by a tube of calibre sufficient to permit to-and-fro respiration. (3) Cocainization of the upper air-passages has decided advantages in endotracheal anaesthesia. (4) \"Blind\" intubation through the nose renders the method possible in cases where it is impossible to use a speculum. (5) The insufflation method is not specially indicated in abdominal surgery. (6) The routine use of endotracheal anaesthesia in teaching-hospitals for every class of case is detrimental to the production of sound anaesthetic knowledge in students who are likely to become general practitioners.", "contents": "[November 2, 1928.] Endotracheal Anaesthesia. By I. W. Magill, M.B. (1) With certain exceptions, endotracheal anaesthesia is the best method for operations on the head and neck and for any other operation in which there may be a difficulty in controlling the patient's air-way. (2) Expiration should be provided for, in endotracheal anaesthesia, either by means of a second tube or by a tube of calibre sufficient to permit to-and-fro respiration. (3) Cocainization of the upper air-passages has decided advantages in endotracheal anaesthesia. (4) \"Blind\" intubation through the nose renders the method possible in cases where it is impossible to use a speculum. (5) The insufflation method is not specially indicated in abdominal surgery. (6) The routine use of endotracheal anaesthesia in teaching-hospitals for every class of case is detrimental to the production of sound anaesthetic knowledge in students who are likely to become general practitioners."}
{"id": "PMID:356673", "title": "Influence of alloxan administration on the blood glucose, islets of langerhans and some other tissues of the frog, Rana tigrina.", "content": "Like majority of other vertebrates, the frog Rana tigrina belongs to the alloxan sensitive group. Alloxanization at doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg caused selective degenerative changes in the pancreatic beta-cells and a deficiency of insulin, which, in turn, provoked elevation of normal plasma glucose levels. The alpha-cells retained their normal structure. With the lower dose (200 mg/kg), however, many islets remained unaffected and there was no hyperglycemia. The fatal effect of alloxan on Rana tigrina appears to be due to the nephrotoxicity and acidosis of body fluid caused by this drug.", "contents": "Influence of alloxan administration on the blood glucose, islets of langerhans and some other tissues of the frog, Rana tigrina. Like majority of other vertebrates, the frog Rana tigrina belongs to the alloxan sensitive group. Alloxanization at doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg caused selective degenerative changes in the pancreatic beta-cells and a deficiency of insulin, which, in turn, provoked elevation of normal plasma glucose levels. The alpha-cells retained their normal structure. With the lower dose (200 mg/kg), however, many islets remained unaffected and there was no hyperglycemia. The fatal effect of alloxan on Rana tigrina appears to be due to the nephrotoxicity and acidosis of body fluid caused by this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:356682", "title": "Hypersensitivity to five non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents: ibuprofen, fenoprofen, indomethacin, naproxen and tolmetin.", "content": "Five drugs promoted generally as safe substitutes for aspirin-sensitive individuals (ASA) were studied. All five were found capable of causing exacerbation of symptoms and increase of induced bleeding time in ASA patients with concomitant low iodide tolerance, and four of the five drugs gave positive reactions in patients tolerant to ASA but iodide intolerant.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity to five non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents: ibuprofen, fenoprofen, indomethacin, naproxen and tolmetin. Five drugs promoted generally as safe substitutes for aspirin-sensitive individuals (ASA) were studied. All five were found capable of causing exacerbation of symptoms and increase of induced bleeding time in ASA patients with concomitant low iodide tolerance, and four of the five drugs gave positive reactions in patients tolerant to ASA but iodide intolerant."}
{"id": "PMID:356683", "title": "Flunisolide nasal spray for the treatment of children with seasonal allergic rhinitis.", "content": "Forty-eight children with seasonal allergic rhinitis received either 150 microgram/day of flunisolide (a new topical steroid) or placebo. Those receiving flunisolide had a significantly shorter daily duration of sneezing, stuffy nose, runny nose and throat itch. Total or substantial control of their symptoms was reported by 67% of the flunisolide group and 25% of the placebo group.", "contents": "Flunisolide nasal spray for the treatment of children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Forty-eight children with seasonal allergic rhinitis received either 150 microgram/day of flunisolide (a new topical steroid) or placebo. Those receiving flunisolide had a significantly shorter daily duration of sneezing, stuffy nose, runny nose and throat itch. Total or substantial control of their symptoms was reported by 67% of the flunisolide group and 25% of the placebo group."}
{"id": "PMID:356689", "title": "Immediate excision of burn wounds.", "content": "Early excision and grafting of body burns is a safe and efficient means of treatment. It reduces hospital stay and probably reduces septic complications. A group of 41 patients were so treated at Miami Valley Hospital Burn Therapy Program. Their hospital stay was less than that of patients treated and reported to the National Institute of Burn Medicine.", "contents": "Immediate excision of burn wounds. Early excision and grafting of body burns is a safe and efficient means of treatment. It reduces hospital stay and probably reduces septic complications. A group of 41 patients were so treated at Miami Valley Hospital Burn Therapy Program. Their hospital stay was less than that of patients treated and reported to the National Institute of Burn Medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:356690", "title": "Hypothermic pulsatile perfusion and transplantation of pediatric cadaveric kidneys into adults.", "content": "Twenty-seven adults received en block or single renal allografts from pediatric donors less than 12 years of age. Hypothermic pulsatile perfusion of these small kidneys presented no technical difficulties. Flow rates ranged between 0.8-1.2 ml/min/gm. Single pediatric kidneys from donors as young as three years were able to produce a creatinine clearance of 50 ml/min in adults by one month posttransplant. No differences in renal function were noted between en bloc or single kidneys. En bloc transplants were associated with an increased incidence of renal arterial thromboses (3/8 cases). Because of this, pediatric cadaver kidneys were transplanted as single units, and an additional advantage was that they could provide donor kidneys for two recipients. In our series, one year pediatric graft survival is less than a comparable group of adult cadaveric kidney recipients.", "contents": "Hypothermic pulsatile perfusion and transplantation of pediatric cadaveric kidneys into adults. Twenty-seven adults received en block or single renal allografts from pediatric donors less than 12 years of age. Hypothermic pulsatile perfusion of these small kidneys presented no technical difficulties. Flow rates ranged between 0.8-1.2 ml/min/gm. Single pediatric kidneys from donors as young as three years were able to produce a creatinine clearance of 50 ml/min in adults by one month posttransplant. No differences in renal function were noted between en bloc or single kidneys. En bloc transplants were associated with an increased incidence of renal arterial thromboses (3/8 cases). Because of this, pediatric cadaver kidneys were transplanted as single units, and an additional advantage was that they could provide donor kidneys for two recipients. In our series, one year pediatric graft survival is less than a comparable group of adult cadaveric kidney recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:356691", "title": "The current status of laetrile.", "content": "Amygdalin at various concentrations and with numerous impurities is the most common cyanogenic glycoside found in laetrile samples. Its chemical properties were first described in 1837, and pharmacologic studies have shown that ultimately it is broken down to HCN, benzaldehyde, and glucose by enzymes found in gut bacteria but not intracellularly in humans. Fatal and nonfatal toxicities to orally ingested cyanogenic glycosides have been reported worldwide. We review here the signs and symptoms of acute cyanide toxicity and its treatment. Substantial in-vitro and in-vivo testing in animal tumor systems has shown that amygdalin is entirely devoid of significant anticancer activity. Control animals often have lived longer than those treated with various doses and schedules of amygdalin. Acceptable clinical studies in humans are lacking, but such ventures would appear to be contraindicated from animal studies and observed human toxicities. We also discuss current legal-judicial aspects of laetrile therapy for cancer.", "contents": "The current status of laetrile. Amygdalin at various concentrations and with numerous impurities is the most common cyanogenic glycoside found in laetrile samples. Its chemical properties were first described in 1837, and pharmacologic studies have shown that ultimately it is broken down to HCN, benzaldehyde, and glucose by enzymes found in gut bacteria but not intracellularly in humans. Fatal and nonfatal toxicities to orally ingested cyanogenic glycosides have been reported worldwide. We review here the signs and symptoms of acute cyanide toxicity and its treatment. Substantial in-vitro and in-vivo testing in animal tumor systems has shown that amygdalin is entirely devoid of significant anticancer activity. Control animals often have lived longer than those treated with various doses and schedules of amygdalin. Acceptable clinical studies in humans are lacking, but such ventures would appear to be contraindicated from animal studies and observed human toxicities. We also discuss current legal-judicial aspects of laetrile therapy for cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:356692", "title": "How do phagocytes eat?", "content": "Phagocytosis is a cellular function relevant for host defense against infection, tissue turnover, and other aspects of human physiology. Phagocytosis is also representative of functions wherein external stimuli activate motile events in the cell. Recognition of suitable objects by the plasma membrane of the phagocyte initiates phagocytosis. Knowledge of serum proteins that coat objects rendering them recognizable is considerable, but understanding of the chemical basis of recognition is meager. The signals activated by recognition are also not known. The work of phagocytosis that causes pseudopodia to enclose objects in vacuoles is ascribable to metabolic energy-dependent interactions between actin filaments and other contractile proteins in the peripheral cytoplasm. These interactions may also regulate the fusion of lysosomes with phagocytic vacuoles, an event important for the processing of ingested objects after phagocytosis.", "contents": "How do phagocytes eat? Phagocytosis is a cellular function relevant for host defense against infection, tissue turnover, and other aspects of human physiology. Phagocytosis is also representative of functions wherein external stimuli activate motile events in the cell. Recognition of suitable objects by the plasma membrane of the phagocyte initiates phagocytosis. Knowledge of serum proteins that coat objects rendering them recognizable is considerable, but understanding of the chemical basis of recognition is meager. The signals activated by recognition are also not known. The work of phagocytosis that causes pseudopodia to enclose objects in vacuoles is ascribable to metabolic energy-dependent interactions between actin filaments and other contractile proteins in the peripheral cytoplasm. These interactions may also regulate the fusion of lysosomes with phagocytic vacuoles, an event important for the processing of ingested objects after phagocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:356704", "title": "[Passive haemagglutination test in serodiagnosis of syphilis. Survey of a one-year trial in a venereal diseases prophylactic center (author's transl)].", "content": "We report here a one-year study of the reliability of the Treponema pallidum Haemagglutination Test (TPHA) in the serological diagnosis of syphilis. By comparing TPHA data with the diagnosis based on a set of grouped criteria, we were able to determine TPHA accuracy. All studies were conducted at the Antivenereal Prophylactic Center, in Nice, France, on 1,775 sera. The grouped data consisted of:--Serological Test for Syphilis (STS) using cardiolipin antigen,--medical and epidemiological records;--two specific reactions; namely the Fluorescent Antibody Test (FTA) and the Treponema Immobilisation Test (TIT). Reliability is excellent in 98.58 p. 100: the TPHA either proves syphilis or eliminates this diagnosis. The TPHA was particularly useful in investigating \"problem sera\" for which there existed conflicts in the grouped data. The applicability of TPHA is limited, however, in that it has low sensitivity during early primary syphilis, and it cannot be used to monitor antibodies during treatment. Nevertheless, TPHA, based on a standard specific antigen, is assured of a high place among the tools of serological diagnosis of syphilis because of its high accuracy and sensitivity, its objective and easily read results, and the simplicity of its technique.", "contents": "[Passive haemagglutination test in serodiagnosis of syphilis. Survey of a one-year trial in a venereal diseases prophylactic center (author's transl)]. We report here a one-year study of the reliability of the Treponema pallidum Haemagglutination Test (TPHA) in the serological diagnosis of syphilis. By comparing TPHA data with the diagnosis based on a set of grouped criteria, we were able to determine TPHA accuracy. All studies were conducted at the Antivenereal Prophylactic Center, in Nice, France, on 1,775 sera. The grouped data consisted of:--Serological Test for Syphilis (STS) using cardiolipin antigen,--medical and epidemiological records;--two specific reactions; namely the Fluorescent Antibody Test (FTA) and the Treponema Immobilisation Test (TIT). Reliability is excellent in 98.58 p. 100: the TPHA either proves syphilis or eliminates this diagnosis. The TPHA was particularly useful in investigating \"problem sera\" for which there existed conflicts in the grouped data. The applicability of TPHA is limited, however, in that it has low sensitivity during early primary syphilis, and it cannot be used to monitor antibodies during treatment. Nevertheless, TPHA, based on a standard specific antigen, is assured of a high place among the tools of serological diagnosis of syphilis because of its high accuracy and sensitivity, its objective and easily read results, and the simplicity of its technique."}
{"id": "PMID:356699", "title": "[A physician in search of glory: Joseph Cl\u00e9ment Tissot (1747-1826)].", "content": "J.C. Tissot is one of the minor figures of the history of Medicine. Still, because of his writings on therapeutic exercises he should be better known. A part from that, he is also a human figure. Surgeon in Napoleon's Army, he goes through many misadventures, and finally dies peacefully dreaming of the past glory.", "contents": "[A physician in search of glory: Joseph Cl\u00e9ment Tissot (1747-1826)]. J.C. Tissot is one of the minor figures of the history of Medicine. Still, because of his writings on therapeutic exercises he should be better known. A part from that, he is also a human figure. Surgeon in Napoleon's Army, he goes through many misadventures, and finally dies peacefully dreaming of the past glory."}
{"id": "PMID:356706", "title": "Polyhydramnion. A clinical study.", "content": "A clinical study of pregnancies complicated by polyhydramnion diagnosed at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, during 1972--1976 is presented. The incidence of polyhydramnion was 0.4% and it was associated with premature delivery, multiple pregnancy, chemical diabetes, and foetal anomalies. However, there were no anomalies in 2/3 of the newborn infants. The perinatal mortality was 41.7%. Early diagnosis is important in order to give good antenatal care and to plan for the delivery. The importance of ultrasonic examination in prenatal diagnosis is stressed.", "contents": "Polyhydramnion. A clinical study. A clinical study of pregnancies complicated by polyhydramnion diagnosed at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, during 1972--1976 is presented. The incidence of polyhydramnion was 0.4% and it was associated with premature delivery, multiple pregnancy, chemical diabetes, and foetal anomalies. However, there were no anomalies in 2/3 of the newborn infants. The perinatal mortality was 41.7%. Early diagnosis is important in order to give good antenatal care and to plan for the delivery. The importance of ultrasonic examination in prenatal diagnosis is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:356707", "title": "A comparison of high-dose pentazocine with pethidine and diazepam in paediatric premedication.", "content": "A comparision of a high dose of pentazocine (0.9 mg/kg), and moderate doses of pethidine (1 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) as pre-anaesthetic medication was carried out in a double-blind between-patient placebo-controlled trial in 200 children. The assessment of the drugs as pre-anesthetic medication was made by comparing the sedative effect before induction, the status of the patient at induction and the patient's behaviour in the recovery room. All the active drugs were superior to the placebo at induction of anaesthesia. Postoperatively the sedative effect of the high dose of pentazocine was superior to that of the other active drugs, presumably due to the strong analgesic effect at this dose. The rate of respiration was clearly lower after pentazocine than after the other two active drugs. Other side effects or complications did not differ between the groups. It is concluded that, in spite of its favourable sedative effect, a high dose of pentazocine should be used with caution in pediatric premedication because of the possibility of slight respiratory depression.", "contents": "A comparison of high-dose pentazocine with pethidine and diazepam in paediatric premedication. A comparision of a high dose of pentazocine (0.9 mg/kg), and moderate doses of pethidine (1 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) as pre-anaesthetic medication was carried out in a double-blind between-patient placebo-controlled trial in 200 children. The assessment of the drugs as pre-anesthetic medication was made by comparing the sedative effect before induction, the status of the patient at induction and the patient's behaviour in the recovery room. All the active drugs were superior to the placebo at induction of anaesthesia. Postoperatively the sedative effect of the high dose of pentazocine was superior to that of the other active drugs, presumably due to the strong analgesic effect at this dose. The rate of respiration was clearly lower after pentazocine than after the other two active drugs. Other side effects or complications did not differ between the groups. It is concluded that, in spite of its favourable sedative effect, a high dose of pentazocine should be used with caution in pediatric premedication because of the possibility of slight respiratory depression."}
{"id": "PMID:356712", "title": "Tissue oxygenation in hypovolaemic shock.", "content": "Tissue hypoxia is an essential feature in the pathophysiology of hypovolaemic shock. In traumatized patients gross injury and haemorrhage may induce both general and local oxygen deficiency. Prolonged hypoxia can induce irreversible changes in tissues, inhibit wound healing, and increase susceptibility to infection. Correction of cardiac index and arterial PO2 does not necessarily ensure a normal tissue PO2, and therefore, arterial oxygen tension provides an inadequate index of peripheral tissue oxygenation. There are two methods currently available for clinical measurements of tissue gases: 1) mass spectrometry, and 2) tonometry with an implanted silicone rubber tube. These methods have shown that the tissue PO2 levels provide an excellent index of peripheral perfusion. During periods of experimentally induced low cardiac output, tissue PO2 decreases almost proportionally to decreases in cardiac output, whereas tissue PCO2 increases slightly. In experimental animals correction of short-term hypovolaemia restores tissue oxygen tensions to normal. However, in patients with multiple injury and hypovolaemic shock the tissue PO2 remains depressed for several days, despite the elevation of cardiac index above normal levels after extensive resuscitation. The poor tissue PO2 response, despite increased arterial PO2, clearly places the majority of the obstacle to oxygen delivery at the microcirculatory-cellular level.", "contents": "Tissue oxygenation in hypovolaemic shock. Tissue hypoxia is an essential feature in the pathophysiology of hypovolaemic shock. In traumatized patients gross injury and haemorrhage may induce both general and local oxygen deficiency. Prolonged hypoxia can induce irreversible changes in tissues, inhibit wound healing, and increase susceptibility to infection. Correction of cardiac index and arterial PO2 does not necessarily ensure a normal tissue PO2, and therefore, arterial oxygen tension provides an inadequate index of peripheral tissue oxygenation. There are two methods currently available for clinical measurements of tissue gases: 1) mass spectrometry, and 2) tonometry with an implanted silicone rubber tube. These methods have shown that the tissue PO2 levels provide an excellent index of peripheral perfusion. During periods of experimentally induced low cardiac output, tissue PO2 decreases almost proportionally to decreases in cardiac output, whereas tissue PCO2 increases slightly. In experimental animals correction of short-term hypovolaemia restores tissue oxygen tensions to normal. However, in patients with multiple injury and hypovolaemic shock the tissue PO2 remains depressed for several days, despite the elevation of cardiac index above normal levels after extensive resuscitation. The poor tissue PO2 response, despite increased arterial PO2, clearly places the majority of the obstacle to oxygen delivery at the microcirculatory-cellular level."}
{"id": "PMID:356713", "title": "Catecholamines in shock.", "content": "The role of endogenous catecholamines in various clinical shock and stress states is reviewed; the effects, especially on the peripheral circulation, of catecholamine secretion are the same independent of the cause. Risks of using sympathomimetic agents in the treatment of shock are evaluated. A prolonged noradrenaline activity is to be expected in surgical stress states, e.g. multiple injuries, fat embolism syndrome, burns and infections; therapeutic approaches to minimize the sympathoadrenal activity are outlined.", "contents": "Catecholamines in shock. The role of endogenous catecholamines in various clinical shock and stress states is reviewed; the effects, especially on the peripheral circulation, of catecholamine secretion are the same independent of the cause. Risks of using sympathomimetic agents in the treatment of shock are evaluated. A prolonged noradrenaline activity is to be expected in surgical stress states, e.g. multiple injuries, fat embolism syndrome, burns and infections; therapeutic approaches to minimize the sympathoadrenal activity are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:356714", "title": "Posttraumatic pulmonary microembolism. Pathophysiology and treatment.", "content": "The aetiology of respiratory insufficiency in man following massive trauma, major surgery or serious illness may vary. There is, however, one special type, the pathogenesis of which remains controversial despite several clinical, autopsy and experimental investigations. Our concept of this syndrome, which is summarized in this review has been arrived at from clinical, pathologico-anatomical and experimental studies. In its pure form the syndrome is most appropriately called \"posttraumatic pulmonary microembolism\", because the major underlying mechanism is probably a release of thromboplastic products from injured tissues, which generate platelet and fibrin microemboli which are trapped in the lungs during a phase of fibrinolysis inhibition. Preventive measures against pulmonary microembolism include immediate restoration of the haemodynamic state to ensure good tissue perfusion, and prompt reduction and immobilization of internal fixation of long bone fractures. The cardinal feature in the treatment of impending respiratory dysfunction is early institution of volume-controlled ventilation, using positive end-expiratory pressures of between 8 and 15 cm H2O synchronously with low dose heparin treatment and administration of one or two high doses of corticosteroids.", "contents": "Posttraumatic pulmonary microembolism. Pathophysiology and treatment. The aetiology of respiratory insufficiency in man following massive trauma, major surgery or serious illness may vary. There is, however, one special type, the pathogenesis of which remains controversial despite several clinical, autopsy and experimental investigations. Our concept of this syndrome, which is summarized in this review has been arrived at from clinical, pathologico-anatomical and experimental studies. In its pure form the syndrome is most appropriately called \"posttraumatic pulmonary microembolism\", because the major underlying mechanism is probably a release of thromboplastic products from injured tissues, which generate platelet and fibrin microemboli which are trapped in the lungs during a phase of fibrinolysis inhibition. Preventive measures against pulmonary microembolism include immediate restoration of the haemodynamic state to ensure good tissue perfusion, and prompt reduction and immobilization of internal fixation of long bone fractures. The cardinal feature in the treatment of impending respiratory dysfunction is early institution of volume-controlled ventilation, using positive end-expiratory pressures of between 8 and 15 cm H2O synchronously with low dose heparin treatment and administration of one or two high doses of corticosteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:356718", "title": "Comparison of salbutamol and ephedrine in oral bronchodilator combinations with theophylline and hydroxyzine: their effects on asthmatics.", "content": "The efficacies of three antiasthamatic bronchodilator combinations were compared using data obtained from sixteen patients. During the trial the patients measured their peak expiratory flow (PEF) every day at 7.00 a.m., 10.00 a.m. and 9.30 pm. Six patients also measured their PEF at 1.30 a.m. The frequency and severity of symptoms and side-effects as well as the auxiliary use of isoprenaline inhalations were also recorded. This double-blind cross-over trial consisted of five four-day periods including three periods with different drug combinations and two placebo periods. By increasing the sympathomimetic activity of the basic oral drug combination of theophylline and hydroxyzine with salbutamol or ephedrine the therapeutic effect of the combination was also increased although not statistically significantly. All combinations tested differed significantly from placebo in their effect. Harmful side-effects increased in proportion to the potency of the sympathomimetic drug used in the combination; they were minimal during treatment with the basic theophylline-hydroxyzine combination. Circadian variation of bronchial obstruction was a constant phenomenon in all asthmatics participating in this trial.", "contents": "Comparison of salbutamol and ephedrine in oral bronchodilator combinations with theophylline and hydroxyzine: their effects on asthmatics. The efficacies of three antiasthamatic bronchodilator combinations were compared using data obtained from sixteen patients. During the trial the patients measured their peak expiratory flow (PEF) every day at 7.00 a.m., 10.00 a.m. and 9.30 pm. Six patients also measured their PEF at 1.30 a.m. The frequency and severity of symptoms and side-effects as well as the auxiliary use of isoprenaline inhalations were also recorded. This double-blind cross-over trial consisted of five four-day periods including three periods with different drug combinations and two placebo periods. By increasing the sympathomimetic activity of the basic oral drug combination of theophylline and hydroxyzine with salbutamol or ephedrine the therapeutic effect of the combination was also increased although not statistically significantly. All combinations tested differed significantly from placebo in their effect. Harmful side-effects increased in proportion to the potency of the sympathomimetic drug used in the combination; they were minimal during treatment with the basic theophylline-hydroxyzine combination. Circadian variation of bronchial obstruction was a constant phenomenon in all asthmatics participating in this trial."}
{"id": "PMID:356719", "title": "Antihypertensive drug combinations: prazosin, hydrochlorothiazide and clonidine.", "content": "Fourty-six men and 6 women aged 45 years and having arterial hypertension newly diagnosed at routine medical examinations were given out-patient antihypertensive treatment with prazosin, prazosin + hydrochlorothiazide, or prazosin + hydrochlorothiazide + clonidine. The mean values of blood pressure after the 3-week placebo period were 157/109 mmHg in the supine and 160/115 mmHg in the standing position. Treatment with prazosin (1--2 mg t.i.d.) produced normotension in 4/52 patients only, yet supine diastolic blood pressure and standing blood pressure were significantly lowered within 9 weeks. The addition of hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg daily) for 3 weeks to the regimen led to normotension in 12/46 patients. The remaining 34 patients still having an average supine blood pressure of 152/106 mmHg after prazosin + hydrochlorothiazide, responded well to low doses of clonidine added for 6 weeks to the treatment. Only 7 patients having initially high blood pressure still had a diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 100 mmHg at the end of the trial. The subjective side-effects were frequent but mild being roughly similar during placebo and active drug periods, except that fatigue and dry mouth due to clonidine were common, yet tolerable. No \"first tablet reactions\" to low inital doses of prazosin were found.", "contents": "Antihypertensive drug combinations: prazosin, hydrochlorothiazide and clonidine. Fourty-six men and 6 women aged 45 years and having arterial hypertension newly diagnosed at routine medical examinations were given out-patient antihypertensive treatment with prazosin, prazosin + hydrochlorothiazide, or prazosin + hydrochlorothiazide + clonidine. The mean values of blood pressure after the 3-week placebo period were 157/109 mmHg in the supine and 160/115 mmHg in the standing position. Treatment with prazosin (1--2 mg t.i.d.) produced normotension in 4/52 patients only, yet supine diastolic blood pressure and standing blood pressure were significantly lowered within 9 weeks. The addition of hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg daily) for 3 weeks to the regimen led to normotension in 12/46 patients. The remaining 34 patients still having an average supine blood pressure of 152/106 mmHg after prazosin + hydrochlorothiazide, responded well to low doses of clonidine added for 6 weeks to the treatment. Only 7 patients having initially high blood pressure still had a diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 100 mmHg at the end of the trial. The subjective side-effects were frequent but mild being roughly similar during placebo and active drug periods, except that fatigue and dry mouth due to clonidine were common, yet tolerable. No \"first tablet reactions\" to low inital doses of prazosin were found."}
{"id": "PMID:356720", "title": "Effect of calcium p-chlorphenoxyisobutyrate and calcium carbonate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "content": "Since dietary calcium had been reported to reduce plasma lipids, the effects of calcium carbonate (CaCO3, 2 g/day) and the calcium salt of p-chlorphenozyisobutyrate (Ca-CPIB, 2 g/day), both singly and in combination, were studied in outpatients with primary hyperlipidaemia. Three groups of five patients were followed in a double-blind cross-over study, in which placebo and the drugs were given alternately during four-week periods. The main results were: 1) CaCO3 alone did not produce any significant changes in plasma lipids. 2) Ca-CPIB reduced LDL-cholesterol in patients with type IIa and IIb by an average of 29 and 21%, respectively. It also lowered VLDL-triglyceride by 50% in type IIb and by 48% in four out of five patients with type IV. 3) The combination of CaCO3 and Ca-CPIB reduced LDL-cholesterol by 31 and 25% in types IIa and IIb, respectively. It also lowered VLDL-triglyceride by 48-52% in types IIa and by 46% in four out of five patients with type IIb. 4) Three out of five patients with type IV had a rise of LDL-cholesterol while on Ca-CPIB alone; two of the patients had the rise while on the combination. 5) After treatment with Ca-CPIB, either singly or in combination, there was a statistically significant lowering of ESR and of plasma inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase. No clinical side effects were noted.", "contents": "Effect of calcium p-chlorphenoxyisobutyrate and calcium carbonate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia. Since dietary calcium had been reported to reduce plasma lipids, the effects of calcium carbonate (CaCO3, 2 g/day) and the calcium salt of p-chlorphenozyisobutyrate (Ca-CPIB, 2 g/day), both singly and in combination, were studied in outpatients with primary hyperlipidaemia. Three groups of five patients were followed in a double-blind cross-over study, in which placebo and the drugs were given alternately during four-week periods. The main results were: 1) CaCO3 alone did not produce any significant changes in plasma lipids. 2) Ca-CPIB reduced LDL-cholesterol in patients with type IIa and IIb by an average of 29 and 21%, respectively. It also lowered VLDL-triglyceride by 50% in type IIb and by 48% in four out of five patients with type IV. 3) The combination of CaCO3 and Ca-CPIB reduced LDL-cholesterol by 31 and 25% in types IIa and IIb, respectively. It also lowered VLDL-triglyceride by 48-52% in types IIa and by 46% in four out of five patients with type IIb. 4) Three out of five patients with type IV had a rise of LDL-cholesterol while on Ca-CPIB alone; two of the patients had the rise while on the combination. 5) After treatment with Ca-CPIB, either singly or in combination, there was a statistically significant lowering of ESR and of plasma inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase. No clinical side effects were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:356722", "title": "Transcriptional and translational effects of hormones.", "content": "At present it is not possible to describe the precise sequence of post-transductional phenomena corresponding to the action of any hormone in a given target cell. It seems probable that different events at the levels of DNA replication, DNA transcription, RNA translation, and post-translational phenomena are regulated in each case in a specific sequential way. However, the possibility cannot be discarded of simultaneous and/or independent hormone actions in two or more of these type of phenomena.", "contents": "Transcriptional and translational effects of hormones. At present it is not possible to describe the precise sequence of post-transductional phenomena corresponding to the action of any hormone in a given target cell. It seems probable that different events at the levels of DNA replication, DNA transcription, RNA translation, and post-translational phenomena are regulated in each case in a specific sequential way. However, the possibility cannot be discarded of simultaneous and/or independent hormone actions in two or more of these type of phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:356723", "title": "Sodium clavulanate potentiation of cephalosporin activity against clinical isolates of cephalothin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "Plasmid-carrying Klebsiella pneunomiae clinical isolates with agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 32 mug/ml or greater were tested for in vitro potentiation of cephalothin activity by clavulanic acid (BRL-14151), an inhibitor of beta-lactamases. The addition of 10 mug of clavulanate per ml caused greater than a 500-fold reduction in geometric mean cephalothin agar dilution MIC, with lesser but significant reductions resulting from clavulanate concentrations of 5 or 1 mug/ml. Clavulanate-potentiated reduction of cephalothin MICs in broth against resistant Klebsiella were comparable to reduction in agar dilution MICs as a rule. However, a low concentration (1 mug/ml) of clavulanate produced cephalothin MICs in broth several-fold higher than by the agar dilution method. Modest cephalothin-potentiating effects of clavulanate on cephalothin-susceptible strains and on cefoxitin against cephalothin-resistant Klebsiella strongly suggested that the major effect of clavulanate was beta-lactamase inhibition.", "contents": "Sodium clavulanate potentiation of cephalosporin activity against clinical isolates of cephalothin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Plasmid-carrying Klebsiella pneunomiae clinical isolates with agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 32 mug/ml or greater were tested for in vitro potentiation of cephalothin activity by clavulanic acid (BRL-14151), an inhibitor of beta-lactamases. The addition of 10 mug of clavulanate per ml caused greater than a 500-fold reduction in geometric mean cephalothin agar dilution MIC, with lesser but significant reductions resulting from clavulanate concentrations of 5 or 1 mug/ml. Clavulanate-potentiated reduction of cephalothin MICs in broth against resistant Klebsiella were comparable to reduction in agar dilution MICs as a rule. However, a low concentration (1 mug/ml) of clavulanate produced cephalothin MICs in broth several-fold higher than by the agar dilution method. Modest cephalothin-potentiating effects of clavulanate on cephalothin-susceptible strains and on cefoxitin against cephalothin-resistant Klebsiella strongly suggested that the major effect of clavulanate was beta-lactamase inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:356724", "title": "Double-blind comparison of cefamandole and penicillin in pneumococcal pneumonia.", "content": "We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of intravenous penicillin and cefamandole in the therapy of pneumococcal pneumonia. Patients received either 1 g of cefamandole or 600,000 U of aqueous penicillin G every 6 h. Of the 100 patients entered into the study, 96 had clinical and radiographic evidence of pneumonia. Microbial etiology was determined from the results of sputum and blood cultures and/or sputum Gram stains. Streptococcus pneumoniae was pathogenic in 49 patients, of whom 24 received cefamandole and 25 received penicillin. There was no statistically significant difference in the response or cure rate. Of the 100 patients, 93 were treated for 3 days or more and were evaluated for adverse effects and toxicity. There was no significant difference between cefamandole-treated and pencillin-treated patients in the incidence of colonization, superinfection, phlebitis, thrombocytosis, decrease in hematocrit, or elevated liver function tests. Eosinophilia occurred more frequently in patients treated with penicillin (20 of 42) than in those treated with cefamandole (11 of 42 (chi square, P < 0.05). Only one patient receiving cefamandole developed a positive direct Coombs test. No patient in either group developed meningitis. We conclude that, with the doses and route of administration employed in this study, cefamandole is as effective as penicillin in the therapy of pneumococcal pneumonia without an increased incidence of colonization, superinfection, or adverse effects.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of cefamandole and penicillin in pneumococcal pneumonia. We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of intravenous penicillin and cefamandole in the therapy of pneumococcal pneumonia. Patients received either 1 g of cefamandole or 600,000 U of aqueous penicillin G every 6 h. Of the 100 patients entered into the study, 96 had clinical and radiographic evidence of pneumonia. Microbial etiology was determined from the results of sputum and blood cultures and/or sputum Gram stains. Streptococcus pneumoniae was pathogenic in 49 patients, of whom 24 received cefamandole and 25 received penicillin. There was no statistically significant difference in the response or cure rate. Of the 100 patients, 93 were treated for 3 days or more and were evaluated for adverse effects and toxicity. There was no significant difference between cefamandole-treated and pencillin-treated patients in the incidence of colonization, superinfection, phlebitis, thrombocytosis, decrease in hematocrit, or elevated liver function tests. Eosinophilia occurred more frequently in patients treated with penicillin (20 of 42) than in those treated with cefamandole (11 of 42 (chi square, P < 0.05). Only one patient receiving cefamandole developed a positive direct Coombs test. No patient in either group developed meningitis. We conclude that, with the doses and route of administration employed in this study, cefamandole is as effective as penicillin in the therapy of pneumococcal pneumonia without an increased incidence of colonization, superinfection, or adverse effects."}
{"id": "PMID:356721", "title": "Application of automated sequence analysis to the understanding of protein structure and function.", "content": "Application of automated Edman degradation to the covalent structural analysis of proteins has had an important impact upon the generation of structural information. The strategies involved in determining the complete sequences of proteins have been simplified such that studies of this kind can be carried out more rapidly and with less expenditure of material. Moreover, the high efficiency of the procedures in the anlaysis of intact polypeptides has allowed the convenient comparison of extensive regions of sequence at the amino-termini of proteins. Such structural studies have revealed a more detailed understanding of the function and post-translational modification of many proteins.", "contents": "Application of automated sequence analysis to the understanding of protein structure and function. Application of automated Edman degradation to the covalent structural analysis of proteins has had an important impact upon the generation of structural information. The strategies involved in determining the complete sequences of proteins have been simplified such that studies of this kind can be carried out more rapidly and with less expenditure of material. Moreover, the high efficiency of the procedures in the anlaysis of intact polypeptides has allowed the convenient comparison of extensive regions of sequence at the amino-termini of proteins. Such structural studies have revealed a more detailed understanding of the function and post-translational modification of many proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:356725", "title": "Bactericidal activity of cephalosporins in an in vitro model simulating serum levels.", "content": "The bactericidal activity of cefazolin, cephaloridine, and cephalothin in a simulated intramuscular study (500 mg) and a simulated intravenous drip infusion study (2 g/2 h) is reported. In both model systems, the bactericidal activity of cefazolin surpassed that of cephalothin, and there were certain differences between cefazolin and cephaloridine in the simulated intramuscular study when human serum was used as a medium. In a routine reference static system, the drug levels were constant at the simulated peak level of each cephalosporin by both routes. In this system the three cephalosporins were equal in activity. In a third experiment, the effect of drug concentrations and exposure time on bactericidal activity of the cephalosporins was studied. The bactericidal activity of cephaloridine was the strongest of the three drugs when exposure time was 2 h and drug concentration was less than four times the minimal inhibitory concentration. At concentrations above four times the minimum inhibitory concentration, all three cephalosporins were equal in activity when the exposure time was 2 h.", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of cephalosporins in an in vitro model simulating serum levels. The bactericidal activity of cefazolin, cephaloridine, and cephalothin in a simulated intramuscular study (500 mg) and a simulated intravenous drip infusion study (2 g/2 h) is reported. In both model systems, the bactericidal activity of cefazolin surpassed that of cephalothin, and there were certain differences between cefazolin and cephaloridine in the simulated intramuscular study when human serum was used as a medium. In a routine reference static system, the drug levels were constant at the simulated peak level of each cephalosporin by both routes. In this system the three cephalosporins were equal in activity. In a third experiment, the effect of drug concentrations and exposure time on bactericidal activity of the cephalosporins was studied. The bactericidal activity of cephaloridine was the strongest of the three drugs when exposure time was 2 h and drug concentration was less than four times the minimal inhibitory concentration. At concentrations above four times the minimum inhibitory concentration, all three cephalosporins were equal in activity when the exposure time was 2 h."}
{"id": "PMID:356726", "title": "Enzymatic modification of aminoglycoside antibiotics: 3-N-acetyltransferase with broad specificity that determines resistance to the novel aminoglycoside apramycin.", "content": "Examination of a number of R-plasmid-containing bacterial isolates of animal origin has revealed the presence of a new aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (3-N) with a broad substrate range that includes all the disubstituted 2-deoxystreptamine antibiotics and also the novel monosubstituted antibiotic apramycin. Antibiotic derivatives acylated with hydroxyaminobutyric acid at the 1-amino position were not modified by the enzyme.", "contents": "Enzymatic modification of aminoglycoside antibiotics: 3-N-acetyltransferase with broad specificity that determines resistance to the novel aminoglycoside apramycin. Examination of a number of R-plasmid-containing bacterial isolates of animal origin has revealed the presence of a new aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (3-N) with a broad substrate range that includes all the disubstituted 2-deoxystreptamine antibiotics and also the novel monosubstituted antibiotic apramycin. Antibiotic derivatives acylated with hydroxyaminobutyric acid at the 1-amino position were not modified by the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:356727", "title": "Fluorescent assay for estimating the binding of erythromycin derivatives to ribosomes.", "content": "A fluorescent erythromycin derivative was used to determine the binding of erythromycin derivatives to ribosomes. The assay is rapid, sensitive, and convenient. Because measurements are made in solution, they represent equilibrium conditions, unlike filter binding assays which perturb the equilibrium. Results correlate well with measurements made by other techniques.", "contents": "Fluorescent assay for estimating the binding of erythromycin derivatives to ribosomes. A fluorescent erythromycin derivative was used to determine the binding of erythromycin derivatives to ribosomes. The assay is rapid, sensitive, and convenient. Because measurements are made in solution, they represent equilibrium conditions, unlike filter binding assays which perturb the equilibrium. Results correlate well with measurements made by other techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:356729", "title": "[Morphological and structural variations of the human inguinal region (author's transl)].", "content": "In the inguinal region, numerous muscular and fibrous alterations are described. They are related to the unconstant position of the pubic tubercle in relation io the interspinous diameter (linea bi-spinalis). The pubic tubercle can be observed in two different locations: either high or low. The high location is characterized by the presence of the pubic tubercle at a distance of 5 to 7.5 cm below the interspinous diameter. It must be considered as normal and is found in 65% of the subjects. In the low locations, the distance between spinous tubercle and interspinous diameter reaches 7,5 to 12 cm. It is an important abnormality which interests 35% of the subjects. The lower the pubic tubercle are located, the more often morphological alterations are to be found in the following structures: obliquus externus, obliquus internus, transversus and cremaster muscles as well as fascia transversalis. Nevertheless, the pyramidalis muscle as well as the inguinal ligamentary formation, Hesselbach's interfoveolar ligament and Thompson's iliopubic tract do not follow that rule, since the important morphological variations of these deep fibrous components can never be related to the distance between pubic tubercle and interspinous diameter. The functional signification of the inguinal region and especially of the inguinal canal is modified by those ostelogical, muscular and ligamentary variations.", "contents": "[Morphological and structural variations of the human inguinal region (author's transl)]. In the inguinal region, numerous muscular and fibrous alterations are described. They are related to the unconstant position of the pubic tubercle in relation io the interspinous diameter (linea bi-spinalis). The pubic tubercle can be observed in two different locations: either high or low. The high location is characterized by the presence of the pubic tubercle at a distance of 5 to 7.5 cm below the interspinous diameter. It must be considered as normal and is found in 65% of the subjects. In the low locations, the distance between spinous tubercle and interspinous diameter reaches 7,5 to 12 cm. It is an important abnormality which interests 35% of the subjects. The lower the pubic tubercle are located, the more often morphological alterations are to be found in the following structures: obliquus externus, obliquus internus, transversus and cremaster muscles as well as fascia transversalis. Nevertheless, the pyramidalis muscle as well as the inguinal ligamentary formation, Hesselbach's interfoveolar ligament and Thompson's iliopubic tract do not follow that rule, since the important morphological variations of these deep fibrous components can never be related to the distance between pubic tubercle and interspinous diameter. The functional signification of the inguinal region and especially of the inguinal canal is modified by those ostelogical, muscular and ligamentary variations."}
{"id": "PMID:356730", "title": "Development of pineal complex in Calotes versicolor.", "content": "The general plan of the development of the organ in Calotes versicolor in no way differs from that of Sphenodon and Lacerta. The lens of the parietal eye of Calotes appears at a comparatively later state of development than in Sphenodon and Lacerta. The papaphysis in the embryos of Calotes versicolor is a simple structure. Histologically all the structures resemble the wall of the brain from which they arose.", "contents": "Development of pineal complex in Calotes versicolor. The general plan of the development of the organ in Calotes versicolor in no way differs from that of Sphenodon and Lacerta. The lens of the parietal eye of Calotes appears at a comparatively later state of development than in Sphenodon and Lacerta. The papaphysis in the embryos of Calotes versicolor is a simple structure. Histologically all the structures resemble the wall of the brain from which they arose."}
{"id": "PMID:356731", "title": "[Teratogenic effects of localized x-irradiation of branchial and aortic arches of chick embryos (author's transl)].", "content": "X-irradiation of branchial and aortic arches of 3 day old chick embryos is lethal in only a small number of cases (3-12,5%), but results in a high proportion (30-96%) of arterial malformations. The production of arterial anomalies is not random, but is related to the experimental method used and the function of the aortic arch with respect to the dynamics of circulation. Numerical and statistical studes, together with histological examination of the irradiated branchial and aortic arches, have revealed the importance of: the immediate environment of the aortic arch on its morphogenesis, the moment at which the teratogenic aggression occurs and the role of haemodynamics in the fate of the aortic arches. To explain aortic teratogenesis, we propose a hypothesis according to which all arterial anomalies are of morphogenetic origin. These anomalies can result in circulatory modifications which, in turn, cause new malformations.", "contents": "[Teratogenic effects of localized x-irradiation of branchial and aortic arches of chick embryos (author's transl)]. X-irradiation of branchial and aortic arches of 3 day old chick embryos is lethal in only a small number of cases (3-12,5%), but results in a high proportion (30-96%) of arterial malformations. The production of arterial anomalies is not random, but is related to the experimental method used and the function of the aortic arch with respect to the dynamics of circulation. Numerical and statistical studes, together with histological examination of the irradiated branchial and aortic arches, have revealed the importance of: the immediate environment of the aortic arch on its morphogenesis, the moment at which the teratogenic aggression occurs and the role of haemodynamics in the fate of the aortic arches. To explain aortic teratogenesis, we propose a hypothesis according to which all arterial anomalies are of morphogenetic origin. These anomalies can result in circulatory modifications which, in turn, cause new malformations."}
{"id": "PMID:356732", "title": "[Action of DDT on colonization of the chick embryonic genital ridges, by primordial germ cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Colonization of the genital ridges by primordial germ cells was quantitatively studied, at stages 18-24, in Chick embryos issued from eggs treated with commercial DDT before incubation. The pesticide provokes, dating from the 4th day of development (stage 24), a significant reduction in the gonadal germ population. This deficit may be due to 3 different actions of DDT on the primordial gonocytes: an inhibition of their gonadic colonizing capacity, a failure of proliferation and, at last, an excessive rate of cell death. However, the DDT modifies neither the initial number of blastodermal germ cells nor their migratory capacity toward the gonadal region.", "contents": "[Action of DDT on colonization of the chick embryonic genital ridges, by primordial germ cells (author's transl)]. Colonization of the genital ridges by primordial germ cells was quantitatively studied, at stages 18-24, in Chick embryos issued from eggs treated with commercial DDT before incubation. The pesticide provokes, dating from the 4th day of development (stage 24), a significant reduction in the gonadal germ population. This deficit may be due to 3 different actions of DDT on the primordial gonocytes: an inhibition of their gonadic colonizing capacity, a failure of proliferation and, at last, an excessive rate of cell death. However, the DDT modifies neither the initial number of blastodermal germ cells nor their migratory capacity toward the gonadal region."}
{"id": "PMID:356733", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the germinal cells of ovary of Penaeus paulensis (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructural study of the germinal cells of Penaeus paulensis was carried out on the immature (stage I), in maturation (stage II) and mature ovary (stage III). The stage I is characterized by numerous peripheral nucleolar systems which are formed by a fibrillar central portion entoured by a fibrillogranular nucleolonema. There are no yolk granules in the cytoplasm. The stage II is characterized by the onset of the vitellogenesis and a close morphological relationship exists between the endoplasmic reticulum and the systhesis and deposition of yolk. The stage III is recognized by the presence of the \"peripheral bodies\" in the peripheral cytoplasm of the germ cells. These structures are separated from the adjacent cytoplasm by the cell membrane and possibly represent an accumulation of extracellular material comparable to the zona pellucida.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the germinal cells of ovary of Penaeus paulensis (author's transl)]. The ultrastructural study of the germinal cells of Penaeus paulensis was carried out on the immature (stage I), in maturation (stage II) and mature ovary (stage III). The stage I is characterized by numerous peripheral nucleolar systems which are formed by a fibrillar central portion entoured by a fibrillogranular nucleolonema. There are no yolk granules in the cytoplasm. The stage II is characterized by the onset of the vitellogenesis and a close morphological relationship exists between the endoplasmic reticulum and the systhesis and deposition of yolk. The stage III is recognized by the presence of the \"peripheral bodies\" in the peripheral cytoplasm of the germ cells. These structures are separated from the adjacent cytoplasm by the cell membrane and possibly represent an accumulation of extracellular material comparable to the zona pellucida."}
{"id": "PMID:356734", "title": "[Systematization of the articular surfaces of the carpometacarpal joints (author's transl)].", "content": "A study, done on 100 hands, of the systematization of the articular surfaces of the carpometacarpal joints, clearly delineates the variability of circumference, dimesions, and relief of the articular facets. An attempt to draw general conclusions from this morphological study, in terms of arthrokinetics, leads to an understanding of the nature of the joints and the movements that are performed at this site.", "contents": "[Systematization of the articular surfaces of the carpometacarpal joints (author's transl)]. A study, done on 100 hands, of the systematization of the articular surfaces of the carpometacarpal joints, clearly delineates the variability of circumference, dimesions, and relief of the articular facets. An attempt to draw general conclusions from this morphological study, in terms of arthrokinetics, leads to an understanding of the nature of the joints and the movements that are performed at this site."}
{"id": "PMID:356735", "title": "Machine perfusion versus cold storage for preservation of kidneys before transplantation.", "content": "Machine preservation was introduced into the Groningen Transplant Group in December 1972. Thirty five of the 90 kidneys transplanted in the following period of four years were preserved on a machine. The other kidneys were preserved by the so-called cold storage method. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are outlined. Evidence is found in the literature and in this study that cold storage is sufficient for preservation-times up to 24 hours. When the preservation time exceeds this period, then machine preservation may be an advantage. Kidneys damaged by ischaemia were found to have a higher percentage of immediate function when preserved by the machine compared to those preserved by cold storage. There was no significant difference in one-year graft survival for the kidneys preserved by either method. Machine preservation helps to select between viable and non-viable kidneys from non-heartbeating donors. This is especially important in view of the lack of kidneys for transplantation. Therefore, in the opinion of the authors, it is necessary to continue with machine preservation in selected centres and to make the facilities of these centres available to every donor hospital in The Netherlands.", "contents": "Machine perfusion versus cold storage for preservation of kidneys before transplantation. Machine preservation was introduced into the Groningen Transplant Group in December 1972. Thirty five of the 90 kidneys transplanted in the following period of four years were preserved on a machine. The other kidneys were preserved by the so-called cold storage method. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are outlined. Evidence is found in the literature and in this study that cold storage is sufficient for preservation-times up to 24 hours. When the preservation time exceeds this period, then machine preservation may be an advantage. Kidneys damaged by ischaemia were found to have a higher percentage of immediate function when preserved by the machine compared to those preserved by cold storage. There was no significant difference in one-year graft survival for the kidneys preserved by either method. Machine preservation helps to select between viable and non-viable kidneys from non-heartbeating donors. This is especially important in view of the lack of kidneys for transplantation. Therefore, in the opinion of the authors, it is necessary to continue with machine preservation in selected centres and to make the facilities of these centres available to every donor hospital in The Netherlands."}
{"id": "PMID:356736", "title": "Recent developments in peripheral nerve surgery. Management of open traumatic peripheral nerve lesions.", "content": "The modern technique of operative repair of traumatic nerve interruption is discussed. The results of microsurgical repair have proved to be superior to those of conventional methods. Besides the anatomy and the operative technique, the indications and timing for surgical intervention are discussed. Reference to the literature and the authors' own experience show that delayed primary repair is the method of choice.", "contents": "Recent developments in peripheral nerve surgery. Management of open traumatic peripheral nerve lesions. The modern technique of operative repair of traumatic nerve interruption is discussed. The results of microsurgical repair have proved to be superior to those of conventional methods. Besides the anatomy and the operative technique, the indications and timing for surgical intervention are discussed. Reference to the literature and the authors' own experience show that delayed primary repair is the method of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:356738", "title": "Levamisole therapy in atopic dermatitis: randomized double-blind evaluation.", "content": "A randomized double-blind study of levamisole hydrochloride therapy in atopic dermatitis is reported. No improvement was noted in any of several assessments, which included patients' subjective impressions; physicians' clinical impressions; comparison of clinical extent and severity scores; and incidence of cutaneous infections or lessening of serum IgE levels. A trend toward improvement was seen in a majority of cases, whether treatment was with a placebo or an active drug. This study emphasizes the need for double-blind techniques for therapeutic trial in the management of patients with atopic dermatitis.", "contents": "Levamisole therapy in atopic dermatitis: randomized double-blind evaluation. A randomized double-blind study of levamisole hydrochloride therapy in atopic dermatitis is reported. No improvement was noted in any of several assessments, which included patients' subjective impressions; physicians' clinical impressions; comparison of clinical extent and severity scores; and incidence of cutaneous infections or lessening of serum IgE levels. A trend toward improvement was seen in a majority of cases, whether treatment was with a placebo or an active drug. This study emphasizes the need for double-blind techniques for therapeutic trial in the management of patients with atopic dermatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:356739", "title": "The use of levamisole in atopic dermatitis: a prospective study.", "content": "Levamisole hydrochloride, a nonspecific immunostimulant, was given to 30 children with atopic dermatitis (AD) in a double-blind manner during an eight-month period. Clinical course findings, including intradermal reactions to tuberculin, candidin, and streptokinase-streptodernase; sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene; periphal blood T- and B-lymphocytes; in vitro lymphocyte transformation with phytohemagglutinin; and serum levels of IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgE, were noted every two months. Fifteen children completed the study. Neither the clinical course nor the immunologic values showed substantial differences between the levamisole-treated and the placebo group. Our experience with levamisole in AD is disappointing.", "contents": "The use of levamisole in atopic dermatitis: a prospective study. Levamisole hydrochloride, a nonspecific immunostimulant, was given to 30 children with atopic dermatitis (AD) in a double-blind manner during an eight-month period. Clinical course findings, including intradermal reactions to tuberculin, candidin, and streptokinase-streptodernase; sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene; periphal blood T- and B-lymphocytes; in vitro lymphocyte transformation with phytohemagglutinin; and serum levels of IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgE, were noted every two months. Fifteen children completed the study. Neither the clinical course nor the immunologic values showed substantial differences between the levamisole-treated and the placebo group. Our experience with levamisole in AD is disappointing."}
{"id": "PMID:356740", "title": "Immunofluorescence of biopsy specimens: comparison of methods of transportation.", "content": "Immunofluorescence findings for IgG, IgA, IgM, and C4 on biopsy specimens quick frozen and transported frozen were compared with findings on portions of the same biopsy specimens placed in holding solution and transported at ambient temperatures. A total of 52 biopsy specimens were examined from normal individuals and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), pemphigus, pemphigoid, and dermatitis herpetiformis. Overall agreement of results was 90%: 88% in SLE; 50% to 66% in DLE, 96% in pemphigus; 92% in bullous pemphigoid; and 87% in dermatitis herpetiformis. Except for two of the 42 biopsy specimens, the combined IgG, IgA, IgM, and C4 findings were the same. In one DLE case, only the frozen biopsy specimen was positive. In one case of dermatitis herpetiformis, only the ambient temperature biopsy specimen was positive. Results indicate the holding solution at ambient temperature can be used in place of the frozen method.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence of biopsy specimens: comparison of methods of transportation. Immunofluorescence findings for IgG, IgA, IgM, and C4 on biopsy specimens quick frozen and transported frozen were compared with findings on portions of the same biopsy specimens placed in holding solution and transported at ambient temperatures. A total of 52 biopsy specimens were examined from normal individuals and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), pemphigus, pemphigoid, and dermatitis herpetiformis. Overall agreement of results was 90%: 88% in SLE; 50% to 66% in DLE, 96% in pemphigus; 92% in bullous pemphigoid; and 87% in dermatitis herpetiformis. Except for two of the 42 biopsy specimens, the combined IgG, IgA, IgM, and C4 findings were the same. In one DLE case, only the frozen biopsy specimen was positive. In one case of dermatitis herpetiformis, only the ambient temperature biopsy specimen was positive. Results indicate the holding solution at ambient temperature can be used in place of the frozen method."}
{"id": "PMID:356741", "title": "Darier's disease: an immunologic study.", "content": "Darier's disease is frequently complicated by bacterial skin infections and occasionally by Kaposi's varicelliform eruption. Postulating that defective host immunologic competence might explain these infections, humoral and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) were evaluated in four patients. Humoral immunity was normal as demonstrated by quantitative immunoglobulins, isohemagglutinins, direct skin immunofluorescence, and B-cell counts. The CMI was evaluated by standard delayed type hypersensitivity skin tests, T-cell counts, lymphocyte transformation assays, macrophage inhibition factor (MIF) assays, and skin windows. Blunted lymphocyte blastogenesis, MIF, and skin window response indicated depressed CMI. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis were normal.", "contents": "Darier's disease: an immunologic study. Darier's disease is frequently complicated by bacterial skin infections and occasionally by Kaposi's varicelliform eruption. Postulating that defective host immunologic competence might explain these infections, humoral and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) were evaluated in four patients. Humoral immunity was normal as demonstrated by quantitative immunoglobulins, isohemagglutinins, direct skin immunofluorescence, and B-cell counts. The CMI was evaluated by standard delayed type hypersensitivity skin tests, T-cell counts, lymphocyte transformation assays, macrophage inhibition factor (MIF) assays, and skin windows. Blunted lymphocyte blastogenesis, MIF, and skin window response indicated depressed CMI. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis were normal."}
{"id": "PMID:356742", "title": "Antinuclear antibodies: a simplified classification of the nuclear immunofluorescent patterns.", "content": "The key to a simplified classification of the nuclear immunofluorescent patterns is to separate out only two patterns, the speckled and nucleolar, from the nonhomogeneous particulate group (showing stained particles). There are only six categories divided into two major groups: nonparticulate and particulate. The nonparticulate group consists of the (1) peripheral, (2) homogeneous, and (3) leukocyte specific patterns. The particulate group is divided into (1) nucleolar, (2) speckled, and (3) \"other particulates.\" The major diagnostic and prognostic values of of the test are retained by the simple expedient of separating out only two morphologically distinct and diagnostically important patterns from the particulate group, the nucleolar and speckled patterns, seen mainly in scleroderma but not in lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Antinuclear antibodies: a simplified classification of the nuclear immunofluorescent patterns. The key to a simplified classification of the nuclear immunofluorescent patterns is to separate out only two patterns, the speckled and nucleolar, from the nonhomogeneous particulate group (showing stained particles). There are only six categories divided into two major groups: nonparticulate and particulate. The nonparticulate group consists of the (1) peripheral, (2) homogeneous, and (3) leukocyte specific patterns. The particulate group is divided into (1) nucleolar, (2) speckled, and (3) \"other particulates.\" The major diagnostic and prognostic values of of the test are retained by the simple expedient of separating out only two morphologically distinct and diagnostically important patterns from the particulate group, the nucleolar and speckled patterns, seen mainly in scleroderma but not in lupus erythematosus."}
{"id": "PMID:356748", "title": "Usefulness of continuous positive airway pressure in differential diagnosis of cardiac from pulmonary cyanosis in newborn infants.", "content": "Differential diagnosis of cyanosis in the neonate is difficult and cardiac catheterisation may be required for a correct diagnosis. It has been suggested that the response of PaO2 to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with 100% oxygen may be useful. The purpose of this study was to test further this hypothesis by studying all neonates investigated for cyanosis with a PaO2 less than or equal to 50 torr in 0-8 to 1-0 F1O2. Arterial blood samples were obtained in an F1O2 of 0-21-0-4 and 0-8-1-0, and in an F1O2 of 0-8-1-0 with 8-10 cm CPAP, and were analysed for PaO2, PaCO2, and pH, bicarbonate being calculated. The final diagnoses were congenital heart disease (CHD) 21 cases, pulmonary parenchymal disease (PD) 10 cases, and persistent fetal circulation (PFC) 3 cases. No significant difference in pH, bicarbonate, or PaCO2 was observed among the three groups or with CPAP. In the CHD and PFC infants CPAP produced no significant change in PaO2. In the PD babies PaO2 increased by an average of 33 torr (P less than 0-05). Despite thus attaining statistical significance 2 PD infants had no increase in PaO2 with CPAP. An increase of PaO2 greater than 10 torr with CPAP suggests PD, and a nonsignificant increase in PaO2 does not rule out PD. Irrespective of initial PaO2, final PaO2 in 0-8-1-0 F1O2 with CPAP greater than 50 torr suggests PD, and less than 50 torr suggests CHD. The results indicate that CPAP may be used as an adjunct in differentiating cardiac from pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Usefulness of continuous positive airway pressure in differential diagnosis of cardiac from pulmonary cyanosis in newborn infants. Differential diagnosis of cyanosis in the neonate is difficult and cardiac catheterisation may be required for a correct diagnosis. It has been suggested that the response of PaO2 to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with 100% oxygen may be useful. The purpose of this study was to test further this hypothesis by studying all neonates investigated for cyanosis with a PaO2 less than or equal to 50 torr in 0-8 to 1-0 F1O2. Arterial blood samples were obtained in an F1O2 of 0-21-0-4 and 0-8-1-0, and in an F1O2 of 0-8-1-0 with 8-10 cm CPAP, and were analysed for PaO2, PaCO2, and pH, bicarbonate being calculated. The final diagnoses were congenital heart disease (CHD) 21 cases, pulmonary parenchymal disease (PD) 10 cases, and persistent fetal circulation (PFC) 3 cases. No significant difference in pH, bicarbonate, or PaCO2 was observed among the three groups or with CPAP. In the CHD and PFC infants CPAP produced no significant change in PaO2. In the PD babies PaO2 increased by an average of 33 torr (P less than 0-05). Despite thus attaining statistical significance 2 PD infants had no increase in PaO2 with CPAP. An increase of PaO2 greater than 10 torr with CPAP suggests PD, and a nonsignificant increase in PaO2 does not rule out PD. Irrespective of initial PaO2, final PaO2 in 0-8-1-0 F1O2 with CPAP greater than 50 torr suggests PD, and less than 50 torr suggests CHD. The results indicate that CPAP may be used as an adjunct in differentiating cardiac from pulmonary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:356751", "title": "Group B streptococci in pharyngeal aspirates at birth and the early detection of neonatal sepsis.", "content": "The pharyngeal aspirates collected from 400 babies at the time of delivery were examined for the presence of bacteria, especially group B streptococci. Aspirates from 79 babies were found to contain viable bacteria, including 4 with group B streptococci; one of these 4 babies developed streptococcal meningitis within 24 hours. The group B streptococci were seen on a Gram-stained film of the aspirate, and were detectable by coagglutination and countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis within 4 hours and by culture after 24 hours. Examination of pharyngeal aspirates may be of value as a screening test for neonatal sepsis.", "contents": "Group B streptococci in pharyngeal aspirates at birth and the early detection of neonatal sepsis. The pharyngeal aspirates collected from 400 babies at the time of delivery were examined for the presence of bacteria, especially group B streptococci. Aspirates from 79 babies were found to contain viable bacteria, including 4 with group B streptococci; one of these 4 babies developed streptococcal meningitis within 24 hours. The group B streptococci were seen on a Gram-stained film of the aspirate, and were detectable by coagglutination and countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis within 4 hours and by culture after 24 hours. Examination of pharyngeal aspirates may be of value as a screening test for neonatal sepsis."}
{"id": "PMID:356752", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies in reactional leprosy with relevance to treatment.", "content": "Twenty-three biopsies of skin lesions of patients with various types of leprosy, showing a recent reaction, were examined by means of immunofluorescence (IF) methods. The patients were divided into two groups according to the number of inflammatory cells, staining with various FTC-labelled anti-immunoglobulin antisera, in representative areas of the biopsies. It was found that the presence of these cells was correlated with a good response to thalidomide treatment.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies in reactional leprosy with relevance to treatment. Twenty-three biopsies of skin lesions of patients with various types of leprosy, showing a recent reaction, were examined by means of immunofluorescence (IF) methods. The patients were divided into two groups according to the number of inflammatory cells, staining with various FTC-labelled anti-immunoglobulin antisera, in representative areas of the biopsies. It was found that the presence of these cells was correlated with a good response to thalidomide treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:356753", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies across the leprosy spectrum.", "content": "Forty biopsies from skin lesions of untreated (24) and treated (16) leprosy patients, representing the whole leprosy spectrum, were examined by means of immunofluorescence (IF) methods. Only few or no cells staining with FTC-labelled antihuman immunoglobulin antisera were found in the lesional skin of all patients examined. Sparse IgM-deposits along the basement membrane of the epidermis were observed in a few borderline lepromatous and lepromatous patients. Complement deposits along the basement membrane of the epidermis and in the vessel walls were found in tuberculo\u00efd as well as in lepromatous patients. Complement and in a lesser number IgG-deposits were observed around sweat glands and sometimes around sweat gland ducts and other skin appendages. Autofluorescing macrophages were noted in patients at the lepromatous side of the leprosy spectrum; approximately half of these patients showed complement deposits in an around these cells.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies across the leprosy spectrum. Forty biopsies from skin lesions of untreated (24) and treated (16) leprosy patients, representing the whole leprosy spectrum, were examined by means of immunofluorescence (IF) methods. Only few or no cells staining with FTC-labelled antihuman immunoglobulin antisera were found in the lesional skin of all patients examined. Sparse IgM-deposits along the basement membrane of the epidermis were observed in a few borderline lepromatous and lepromatous patients. Complement deposits along the basement membrane of the epidermis and in the vessel walls were found in tuberculo\u00efd as well as in lepromatous patients. Complement and in a lesser number IgG-deposits were observed around sweat glands and sometimes around sweat gland ducts and other skin appendages. Autofluorescing macrophages were noted in patients at the lepromatous side of the leprosy spectrum; approximately half of these patients showed complement deposits in an around these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:356754", "title": "Double blind trial in the treatment of herpes simplex and herpes zoster with adenine arabinoside and idoxuridine.", "content": "In a double blind trial adenine arabinoside (Vidarabine) and Idoxuridine (IDU) were tested in herpes simplex and herpes zoster infections. Adenine arabinoside covered 19 patients with HSV and 6 with HZ while IDU 19 with HSV and 6 with HZ. From the statistical analysis it was found that Vidarabine acts shorter than IDU in HSV P less than 0.01, while in HZ no significant difference P less than 0.5 was found, possibly due to the small number of patients tested.", "contents": "Double blind trial in the treatment of herpes simplex and herpes zoster with adenine arabinoside and idoxuridine. In a double blind trial adenine arabinoside (Vidarabine) and Idoxuridine (IDU) were tested in herpes simplex and herpes zoster infections. Adenine arabinoside covered 19 patients with HSV and 6 with HZ while IDU 19 with HSV and 6 with HZ. From the statistical analysis it was found that Vidarabine acts shorter than IDU in HSV P less than 0.01, while in HZ no significant difference P less than 0.5 was found, possibly due to the small number of patients tested."}
{"id": "PMID:356759", "title": "Immunological and histological study of temporal arteries.", "content": "Sixty-four temporal arteries were studied. 36 were from patients with clinically active temporal arteritis or polymyalgia rheumatica; 22 showed histological changes of temporal arteritis, 12 of which were in an active stage. 28 arteries, none of which showed histological changes, were taken at necropsy or from patients with unrelated disease. Extracellular immunoglobulin and complement deposition was seen in the artery biopsies showing active arteries and in 1 of the 10 biopsies with inactive arteritis. There was no immunoglobulin or complement deposition in the 14 patients with clinically active temporal arteritis and/or polymyalgia rheumatica, but with a normal artery biopsy. Patients with clinically active temporal arteritis were more likely to have a positive biopsy. Our results support the suggestion that the immune deposition is concurrent with an active histologically proven arteritis. Immunofluorescent examination does not appear to be a better diagnostic test than histological examination.", "contents": "Immunological and histological study of temporal arteries. Sixty-four temporal arteries were studied. 36 were from patients with clinically active temporal arteritis or polymyalgia rheumatica; 22 showed histological changes of temporal arteritis, 12 of which were in an active stage. 28 arteries, none of which showed histological changes, were taken at necropsy or from patients with unrelated disease. Extracellular immunoglobulin and complement deposition was seen in the artery biopsies showing active arteries and in 1 of the 10 biopsies with inactive arteritis. There was no immunoglobulin or complement deposition in the 14 patients with clinically active temporal arteritis and/or polymyalgia rheumatica, but with a normal artery biopsy. Patients with clinically active temporal arteritis were more likely to have a positive biopsy. Our results support the suggestion that the immune deposition is concurrent with an active histologically proven arteritis. Immunofluorescent examination does not appear to be a better diagnostic test than histological examination."}
{"id": "PMID:356760", "title": "Estimation of IgM rheumatoid factors by fluorimetry.", "content": "Sheep red cells coated with rabbit IgG antibody may be used to detect IgM rheumatoid factors either by agglutination or microscopically by the fluorescence of antihuman IgM antibody conjugate bound to rheumatoid factors on the cell surface. By substituting for red cells the plastic surface of a filter disc coated with rabbit IgG it was possible to elute the bound conjugate and measure the fluorescence in a fluorimeter. The results of both the sheep cell agglutination test and the fluorescence test agreed quite well for the majority of sera; both tests seemed to reflect IgM rheumatoid factor concentrations in these sera. The difficulties encountered in attempting to define and measure accurately rheumatoid factor concentrations in a serum are emphasised.", "contents": "Estimation of IgM rheumatoid factors by fluorimetry. Sheep red cells coated with rabbit IgG antibody may be used to detect IgM rheumatoid factors either by agglutination or microscopically by the fluorescence of antihuman IgM antibody conjugate bound to rheumatoid factors on the cell surface. By substituting for red cells the plastic surface of a filter disc coated with rabbit IgG it was possible to elute the bound conjugate and measure the fluorescence in a fluorimeter. The results of both the sheep cell agglutination test and the fluorescence test agreed quite well for the majority of sera; both tests seemed to reflect IgM rheumatoid factor concentrations in these sera. The difficulties encountered in attempting to define and measure accurately rheumatoid factor concentrations in a serum are emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:356761", "title": "Continuous and intermittent levamisole. A controlled trial.", "content": "A double-blind comparative trial showed that intermittent levamisole therapy (150 mg daily for 3 days of each week) was as effective as continuous therapy (150 mg daily) in rheumatoid arthritis and with slightly fewer side effects.", "contents": "Continuous and intermittent levamisole. A controlled trial. A double-blind comparative trial showed that intermittent levamisole therapy (150 mg daily for 3 days of each week) was as effective as continuous therapy (150 mg daily) in rheumatoid arthritis and with slightly fewer side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:356763", "title": "Intra-articular methotrexate. Clinical and laboratory study in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis.", "content": "The effects of intra-articular methotrexate (MTX) were compared with saline in 20 patients with persistent knee effusions due to rheumatoid arthritis (15) and psoriasis (5) in a double-blind pilot study. Clinical improvement was seen in most patients given either MTX or saline and was attributed to joint irrigation during arthroscopy and the placebo effects. MTX had a local anti-inflammatory effect in the psoriatic arthropathies; the percentages of polymorphonuclear cells and pyroninophilic mononuclear cells in synovial fluids fell sharply. Intraarticular hydrocortisone acetate was not anti-inflammatory in 2 psoriatic patients treated subsequently. The anti-inflammatory action of MTX in joints may resemble its effectiveness in controlling the rash of psoriasis.", "contents": "Intra-articular methotrexate. Clinical and laboratory study in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis. The effects of intra-articular methotrexate (MTX) were compared with saline in 20 patients with persistent knee effusions due to rheumatoid arthritis (15) and psoriasis (5) in a double-blind pilot study. Clinical improvement was seen in most patients given either MTX or saline and was attributed to joint irrigation during arthroscopy and the placebo effects. MTX had a local anti-inflammatory effect in the psoriatic arthropathies; the percentages of polymorphonuclear cells and pyroninophilic mononuclear cells in synovial fluids fell sharply. Intraarticular hydrocortisone acetate was not anti-inflammatory in 2 psoriatic patients treated subsequently. The anti-inflammatory action of MTX in joints may resemble its effectiveness in controlling the rash of psoriasis."}
{"id": "PMID:356764", "title": "Indomethacin and naproxen suppositories in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A double-blind cross-over study of 35 out-patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed that Naproxen and Indomethacin suppositories were both effective forms of treatment in rheumatoid arthritis, both being significantly superior to placebo in terms of relief of morning stiffness.", "contents": "Indomethacin and naproxen suppositories in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind cross-over study of 35 out-patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed that Naproxen and Indomethacin suppositories were both effective forms of treatment in rheumatoid arthritis, both being significantly superior to placebo in terms of relief of morning stiffness."}
{"id": "PMID:356767", "title": "[Transport and preservation of biological specimens for microbiological processing (author's transl)].", "content": "Here you can read how to carry and preserve the biologic specimens literature speaks about and we found in many Italian hospitals. In particular we explain how to carry and preserve specimens of urine, stool, expectoration, pharyngeal exudate and we speak about the many problems of preserving isolated strains for long time.", "contents": "[Transport and preservation of biological specimens for microbiological processing (author's transl)]. Here you can read how to carry and preserve the biologic specimens literature speaks about and we found in many Italian hospitals. In particular we explain how to carry and preserve specimens of urine, stool, expectoration, pharyngeal exudate and we speak about the many problems of preserving isolated strains for long time."}
{"id": "PMID:356769", "title": "[Microbiological specimen for anaerobic assay (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important events of the bacteriological study of the anaerobic infections are the choose of specimen, how to collect and carry it. These preliminary steps may condition the success of each further manipulation. A correct methodology requires some general rules: 1. to prepare anaerobic assay only whether the clinical data are indicative: so the laboratory could give better performances for the truly interesting cases; 2. to prevent, for what it is possible, contacts between 02 and the sample; to avoid contamination with anaerobic bacteria of the endogen flora present on human mucosa; 3. the sample must be assayed within 30--45 min after having been collected. After this time many bacterial cells are lost and the sample does not represent anymore microbiology of the septic focus. Indications about samples available for anaerobic assay, are given. It is emphasized how much preferable is a syringe collecting, while swab or biopsy present some technical difficulties and cause loss of the exigent bacteria. Some indication is at last given about the transport of specimen in the case the patient is not near the laboratory.", "contents": "[Microbiological specimen for anaerobic assay (author's transl)]. The most important events of the bacteriological study of the anaerobic infections are the choose of specimen, how to collect and carry it. These preliminary steps may condition the success of each further manipulation. A correct methodology requires some general rules: 1. to prepare anaerobic assay only whether the clinical data are indicative: so the laboratory could give better performances for the truly interesting cases; 2. to prevent, for what it is possible, contacts between 02 and the sample; to avoid contamination with anaerobic bacteria of the endogen flora present on human mucosa; 3. the sample must be assayed within 30--45 min after having been collected. After this time many bacterial cells are lost and the sample does not represent anymore microbiology of the septic focus. Indications about samples available for anaerobic assay, are given. It is emphasized how much preferable is a syringe collecting, while swab or biopsy present some technical difficulties and cause loss of the exigent bacteria. Some indication is at last given about the transport of specimen in the case the patient is not near the laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:356766", "title": "[Request for sampling and acquisition of biological samples for microbiological investigation (author's transl)].", "content": "On the grounds of published data and of those resulting from an investigation carried out in the Italian hospitals, the writers propose to standardize the requests for microbiological exams and the sampling procedures and the acquisition of the materials to be subjected to bacteriological examination.", "contents": "[Request for sampling and acquisition of biological samples for microbiological investigation (author's transl)]. On the grounds of published data and of those resulting from an investigation carried out in the Italian hospitals, the writers propose to standardize the requests for microbiological exams and the sampling procedures and the acquisition of the materials to be subjected to bacteriological examination."}
{"id": "PMID:356771", "title": "[Requisition, reply forms and data recording (author's transl)].", "content": "A system for the automatic handling of laboratory data is described with particular reference to the microbiology module. The system is based on \"real time\" operation which permits acquisition of data as soon as they are generated; computation as soon as the necessary elements became available, production and storage of results as soon as computed.", "contents": "[Requisition, reply forms and data recording (author's transl)]. A system for the automatic handling of laboratory data is described with particular reference to the microbiology module. The system is based on \"real time\" operation which permits acquisition of data as soon as they are generated; computation as soon as the necessary elements became available, production and storage of results as soon as computed."}
{"id": "PMID:356772", "title": "[A computerized system for clinical microbiology (author's transl)].", "content": "A system of microbiology reporting by computer which is simple to operate and provides accurate, rapid reporting of laboratory results with provisions for permanent data storage, retrieval and other programs, is described. The system provides on efficient and reliable day-to-day service and readily accessible data for retrospective research. A brief note on the computer element of the system is also given.", "contents": "[A computerized system for clinical microbiology (author's transl)]. A system of microbiology reporting by computer which is simple to operate and provides accurate, rapid reporting of laboratory results with provisions for permanent data storage, retrieval and other programs, is described. The system provides on efficient and reliable day-to-day service and readily accessible data for retrospective research. A brief note on the computer element of the system is also given."}
{"id": "PMID:356768", "title": "[Evaluation of survival of bacteria on dry swabs and transport systems (author's transl)].", "content": "The survival of bacteria on dry swabs varied from twenty pro cent of organisms alive to no viability at four hours after the inoculation. Cotton-wool swabs highly reduced survival of bacteria; alginate or albumin swabs were less toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, charcoal swabs for Gram-negative bacteria. Transport systems allow certain organisms to remain viable as long as 24--48 hours. The quality and accuracy of any bacteriological culture depends greatly upon obtaining a proper specimen. Cotton-wool swabs are to be employed only when cultures are made immediately after collection, dry swabs--charcoal, albumin coated or calcium alginate--when cultures are made within four hours. For longer periods of time only transport systems are to be employed.", "contents": "[Evaluation of survival of bacteria on dry swabs and transport systems (author's transl)]. The survival of bacteria on dry swabs varied from twenty pro cent of organisms alive to no viability at four hours after the inoculation. Cotton-wool swabs highly reduced survival of bacteria; alginate or albumin swabs were less toxic for Gram-positive bacteria, charcoal swabs for Gram-negative bacteria. Transport systems allow certain organisms to remain viable as long as 24--48 hours. The quality and accuracy of any bacteriological culture depends greatly upon obtaining a proper specimen. Cotton-wool swabs are to be employed only when cultures are made immediately after collection, dry swabs--charcoal, albumin coated or calcium alginate--when cultures are made within four hours. For longer periods of time only transport systems are to be employed."}
{"id": "PMID:356773", "title": "[Quality control in microbiology (author's transl)].", "content": "The microbiology quality control importance is emphasized and some particular problems that quality control presents in microbiology are also indicated. There are two types of microbiology quality control as well as for hematology and chemical chemistry: collective quality control, between more laboratories, and individual quality control, in the sphere of each laboratory. A.M.O.I. (Associazione Microbiologi Ospedalieri Italiani) and I.S.V.T. (Istituto Sieroterapico Vaccinogeno Toscano) Sclavo collaborating, have organized a collective quality control between laboratories of different hospitals during the year 1974 and 1975. The results of this control are reported. Although preliminary, they indicate practical importance of microbiology control. During 1975, in fact, the pathogens isolated have been in high percentage than 1976. At last, the future quality control's program aiming at methods's standardization and technical, methodical instructions is indicated.", "contents": "[Quality control in microbiology (author's transl)]. The microbiology quality control importance is emphasized and some particular problems that quality control presents in microbiology are also indicated. There are two types of microbiology quality control as well as for hematology and chemical chemistry: collective quality control, between more laboratories, and individual quality control, in the sphere of each laboratory. A.M.O.I. (Associazione Microbiologi Ospedalieri Italiani) and I.S.V.T. (Istituto Sieroterapico Vaccinogeno Toscano) Sclavo collaborating, have organized a collective quality control between laboratories of different hospitals during the year 1974 and 1975. The results of this control are reported. Although preliminary, they indicate practical importance of microbiology control. During 1975, in fact, the pathogens isolated have been in high percentage than 1976. At last, the future quality control's program aiming at methods's standardization and technical, methodical instructions is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:356770", "title": "[Methods for sampling, collecting, preserving and carrying materials for parasitic tests (author's transl)].", "content": "A review is made of the methods of sampling, collecting, preserving and carrying materials to search directly (by microscopical, cultural or biological tests) the most common human parasites: protozoa, helminths and arthropods, with some references of indirect, specific (immunological) and aspecific (hematological, biochemical, immunochemical) procedures to search signs of parasitoses. The aim of this paper is to propose a standardization of these procedures for protozoa, helminth and arthropod infections.", "contents": "[Methods for sampling, collecting, preserving and carrying materials for parasitic tests (author's transl)]. A review is made of the methods of sampling, collecting, preserving and carrying materials to search directly (by microscopical, cultural or biological tests) the most common human parasites: protozoa, helminths and arthropods, with some references of indirect, specific (immunological) and aspecific (hematological, biochemical, immunochemical) procedures to search signs of parasitoses. The aim of this paper is to propose a standardization of these procedures for protozoa, helminth and arthropod infections."}
{"id": "PMID:356775", "title": "[Liquor-culture in central nervous system mycosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Several possibilities of fungous etiology for meningo-encephalitis are shortly exposed, with the literature data on the liquor characters. Methods for the identification of the most frequently met fungi in liquor are given, both on microscopical and cultural examinations. For cryptococcal meningo-encephalitis is suggested the research in liquor of the capsular polysaccharide, and a personal observation is reported.", "contents": "[Liquor-culture in central nervous system mycosis (author's transl)]. Several possibilities of fungous etiology for meningo-encephalitis are shortly exposed, with the literature data on the liquor characters. Methods for the identification of the most frequently met fungi in liquor are given, both on microscopical and cultural examinations. For cryptococcal meningo-encephalitis is suggested the research in liquor of the capsular polysaccharide, and a personal observation is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:356776", "title": "[Preliminary considerations for blood culture (author's transl)].", "content": "Some procedures are examined that more affect blood culture reliability. Basic recommendations concern the indications for blood cultures and the training of personnel who have to collect the specimens aseptically. The following steps are considered: informations required; skin disinfection; procedures of blood collection as anticoagulant to be used, volume of blood to be drawn, dilution in culture medium; time and number of cultures to be collected.", "contents": "[Preliminary considerations for blood culture (author's transl)]. Some procedures are examined that more affect blood culture reliability. Basic recommendations concern the indications for blood cultures and the training of personnel who have to collect the specimens aseptically. The following steps are considered: informations required; skin disinfection; procedures of blood collection as anticoagulant to be used, volume of blood to be drawn, dilution in culture medium; time and number of cultures to be collected."}
{"id": "PMID:356774", "title": "[Bacteriological examination of cerebro-spinal fluid: suggested techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors are considering the various tests used in the bacteriological examination of the cerebro-spinal fluid and thence to try to find a simple reliable method of which they recommend the PAR-test must be an indispensable part. In the appendix they are suggesting some quick additional diagnostic test.", "contents": "[Bacteriological examination of cerebro-spinal fluid: suggested techniques (author's transl)]. The Authors are considering the various tests used in the bacteriological examination of the cerebro-spinal fluid and thence to try to find a simple reliable method of which they recommend the PAR-test must be an indispensable part. In the appendix they are suggesting some quick additional diagnostic test."}
{"id": "PMID:356777", "title": "[Basic procedure for blood cultures (author's transl)].", "content": "The Author summarizes the basic routine procedure for blood cultures first examining different factors that can influence it (blood coagulation, antimicrobial agents, natural bacterial inhibitors of blood cell wall deficient bacteria) and then describing culture media, atmospheric conditions, incubation time, and modalities for inspection, staining of cultures and subcultures. Finally new rapid automated methods are briefly pointed out.", "contents": "[Basic procedure for blood cultures (author's transl)]. The Author summarizes the basic routine procedure for blood cultures first examining different factors that can influence it (blood coagulation, antimicrobial agents, natural bacterial inhibitors of blood cell wall deficient bacteria) and then describing culture media, atmospheric conditions, incubation time, and modalities for inspection, staining of cultures and subcultures. Finally new rapid automated methods are briefly pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:356778", "title": "[Blood cultures for brucellosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of 77 blood cultures for Brucella in a period of 22 months in Domodossola Hospital (North Italy) are reviewed. Positive results were obtained in 54,80% of cases within the sixth day of incubation. Then of fifteen cultures from apyrectical patients were positive, like then of fifteen in patients with low and not significative titles of agglutinating antibodies. It is concluded for the usefulness of blood culture in every suspicious case of Brucella infection.", "contents": "[Blood cultures for brucellosis (author's transl)]. The results of 77 blood cultures for Brucella in a period of 22 months in Domodossola Hospital (North Italy) are reviewed. Positive results were obtained in 54,80% of cases within the sixth day of incubation. Then of fifteen cultures from apyrectical patients were positive, like then of fifteen in patients with low and not significative titles of agglutinating antibodies. It is concluded for the usefulness of blood culture in every suspicious case of Brucella infection."}
{"id": "PMID:356779", "title": "[Blood culture in the leptospiroses (author's transl)].", "content": "In the early stage of Leptospirae infection there is always blood stream invasion so blood culture is the best diagnostic test and permit precise etiologic identification. In the paper methods and selective media are suggested and the possibility of mistake so called \"pseudo Spirochaetes\" for Leptospirae is emphasized. Personal experience about the streght of blood culture in comparison with Martin and Pettit serumdiagnostic tests is reported.", "contents": "[Blood culture in the leptospiroses (author's transl)]. In the early stage of Leptospirae infection there is always blood stream invasion so blood culture is the best diagnostic test and permit precise etiologic identification. In the paper methods and selective media are suggested and the possibility of mistake so called \"pseudo Spirochaetes\" for Leptospirae is emphasized. Personal experience about the streght of blood culture in comparison with Martin and Pettit serumdiagnostic tests is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:356788", "title": "The care of vascular endothelium in pediatric surgery.", "content": "The influence of manipulating blood vessels by clamping, drying, stretching and surgical anastomotic technique on the subsequent integrity of blood vessel endothelium has been studied in the dog. Thrombogenesis at the vessel surface was found in all specimens where loss of endothelium had exposed subendothelial tissues. Whether thrombotic occlusion of the vessel followed depended upon several local factors including the amount of surface area damaged and volume of blood flow in the vessel. All modes of vessel manipulation studied led to significant endothelial damage. To prevent this damage in the clinical setting all possible methods to avoid the exposure of subendothelial tissues should be used. Endothelial integrity is the cornerstone to success in handling blood vessels and avoiding thrombogenesis. This study suggests that clamping of blood vessels should always be done with a minimum of force, only preventing blood flow, and not crushing the vessel wall. Endothelial surfaces should never be allowed to become dry. Stretching should be avoided as it can lead to thrombosis within intact blood vessels when the endothelium is disrupted. Suture anastomotic techniques should be used which minimize endothelial trauma and thus avoid subendothelial tissue reactions which in turn may jeopardize long-term patency and growth at anastomotic sites. In pediatric cases where growth is anticipated interrupted suture technique should be used. This study suggests that many techniques currently used in vascular surgery may be compromising to short and long-term blood vessel patency.", "contents": "The care of vascular endothelium in pediatric surgery. The influence of manipulating blood vessels by clamping, drying, stretching and surgical anastomotic technique on the subsequent integrity of blood vessel endothelium has been studied in the dog. Thrombogenesis at the vessel surface was found in all specimens where loss of endothelium had exposed subendothelial tissues. Whether thrombotic occlusion of the vessel followed depended upon several local factors including the amount of surface area damaged and volume of blood flow in the vessel. All modes of vessel manipulation studied led to significant endothelial damage. To prevent this damage in the clinical setting all possible methods to avoid the exposure of subendothelial tissues should be used. Endothelial integrity is the cornerstone to success in handling blood vessels and avoiding thrombogenesis. This study suggests that clamping of blood vessels should always be done with a minimum of force, only preventing blood flow, and not crushing the vessel wall. Endothelial surfaces should never be allowed to become dry. Stretching should be avoided as it can lead to thrombosis within intact blood vessels when the endothelium is disrupted. Suture anastomotic techniques should be used which minimize endothelial trauma and thus avoid subendothelial tissue reactions which in turn may jeopardize long-term patency and growth at anastomotic sites. In pediatric cases where growth is anticipated interrupted suture technique should be used. This study suggests that many techniques currently used in vascular surgery may be compromising to short and long-term blood vessel patency."}
{"id": "PMID:356784", "title": "[Neutrophil function in children with acute lyphoblastic leukemia].", "content": "Neutrophil function has been studied in 12 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia by means of the NBT test and bactericidal assay against E. coli. Tests have been performed before and during treatment. In untreated patients the bactericidal activity of neutrophils was normal, in spite of the decreased number of cells reducing the NBT dye after activation with immuno-complexes. In remission, those patients showed normal reduction. No correlation was observed between the bactericidal power registered after cranial irradiation and the NBT test.", "contents": "[Neutrophil function in children with acute lyphoblastic leukemia]. Neutrophil function has been studied in 12 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia by means of the NBT test and bactericidal assay against E. coli. Tests have been performed before and during treatment. In untreated patients the bactericidal activity of neutrophils was normal, in spite of the decreased number of cells reducing the NBT dye after activation with immuno-complexes. In remission, those patients showed normal reduction. No correlation was observed between the bactericidal power registered after cranial irradiation and the NBT test."}
{"id": "PMID:356780", "title": "[Interpretation of blood culture results (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important problem of blood culture results interpretation is represented by contaminations. The Author reviews the different criteria differentiating contamination from bacteremia. Particularly he discusses the importance of type of organism isolated; of number of blood cultures taken from each patient; of pour-plate culture results; of antibodies production towards the organism isolated.", "contents": "[Interpretation of blood culture results (author's transl)]. The most important problem of blood culture results interpretation is represented by contaminations. The Author reviews the different criteria differentiating contamination from bacteremia. Particularly he discusses the importance of type of organism isolated; of number of blood cultures taken from each patient; of pour-plate culture results; of antibodies production towards the organism isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:356781", "title": "[Blood culture results from 1967 to 1975 and drug sensitivity of bacteria isolated by blood culture in the last three years (1974-1976) (author's transl)].", "content": "The blood culture results of patients of S. M. Nuova Hospital of Florence (Italy) have been examined in a period of nine years (1967-1976). We can attest from this results that in the last years of this period we have had an increase of the number of Enterobacteriaceae from blood culture. In the meanwhile we have had a decrease of positive results that is not due to an increase of the number of blood culture; in fact it has been doubled, but this decrease is mostly due to a larger number of examinated patients that to an increase of blood culture for each patient. Introduction in the routine of a diphasic culture system (Casta\u00f1eda) commercially available has allowed contaminants' decrease. Antibiotic resistance of most important bacteria isolated in the last three years (1974-1976) were carry out.", "contents": "[Blood culture results from 1967 to 1975 and drug sensitivity of bacteria isolated by blood culture in the last three years (1974-1976) (author's transl)]. The blood culture results of patients of S. M. Nuova Hospital of Florence (Italy) have been examined in a period of nine years (1967-1976). We can attest from this results that in the last years of this period we have had an increase of the number of Enterobacteriaceae from blood culture. In the meanwhile we have had a decrease of positive results that is not due to an increase of the number of blood culture; in fact it has been doubled, but this decrease is mostly due to a larger number of examinated patients that to an increase of blood culture for each patient. Introduction in the routine of a diphasic culture system (Casta\u00f1eda) commercially available has allowed contaminants' decrease. Antibiotic resistance of most important bacteria isolated in the last three years (1974-1976) were carry out."}
{"id": "PMID:356790", "title": "Myocardial revascularization: a rebuttal of the cooperative study.", "content": "From January 1972 through December 1974, at Saint Louis University Medical Center (SLU), 345 patients similar to those of the VA Cooperative Coronary Artery Study received CABG. Operative mortality was SLU 2.3%, VA 5.6% (p < 0.05). Perioperative myocardial infarction rate was SLU 8.4%, VA 18% (p < 0.005). One year graft patency was SLU 87%, VA 71%; all grafts patent SLU 76%, VA 54%; at least one graft patent SLU 96%, VA 89%. SLU angina pectoris relief at five years was 90%. SLU patients free of myocardial infarction five years postoperatively was 83%. Comparative cumulative four year survivals were: [Table: see text] Cumulative four-year survival in 272 SLU patients (79%) completely revascularized was 94%, compared to SLU entire group of 95%, VA medical 86% (p < 0.002) and VA surgical 85% (p < 0.002). Comparing 1972-74 SLU results to VA medical and surgical groups, CABG prolonged life in patients with double and triple vessel disease and in those completely revascularized.", "contents": "Myocardial revascularization: a rebuttal of the cooperative study. From January 1972 through December 1974, at Saint Louis University Medical Center (SLU), 345 patients similar to those of the VA Cooperative Coronary Artery Study received CABG. Operative mortality was SLU 2.3%, VA 5.6% (p < 0.05). Perioperative myocardial infarction rate was SLU 8.4%, VA 18% (p < 0.005). One year graft patency was SLU 87%, VA 71%; all grafts patent SLU 76%, VA 54%; at least one graft patent SLU 96%, VA 89%. SLU angina pectoris relief at five years was 90%. SLU patients free of myocardial infarction five years postoperatively was 83%. Comparative cumulative four year survivals were: [Table: see text] Cumulative four-year survival in 272 SLU patients (79%) completely revascularized was 94%, compared to SLU entire group of 95%, VA medical 86% (p < 0.002) and VA surgical 85% (p < 0.002). Comparing 1972-74 SLU results to VA medical and surgical groups, CABG prolonged life in patients with double and triple vessel disease and in those completely revascularized."}
{"id": "PMID:356791", "title": "Time course of effects of morphine on hypothalamic content of LHRH and serum testosterone and LH levels of morphine-tolerant and nontolerant male rats.", "content": "Time course of the effects of morphine on the hypothalamic content of LHRH in both nontolerant and morphine-tolerant male rats was investigated in relation to the temporal changes of serum testosterone and LH levels. The hypothalamic LHRH content of the nontolerant rats was increased 8 hr after the administration of morphine (100 mg/kg) when serum testosterone levels were depressed. The LHRH content of the tolerant rats was decreased during withdrawal of morphine for 48 hr when the lowered serum testosterone and LH levels had returned to within the control levels. Although the hypothalamic LHRH content does not necessarily reflect the release of LHRH, these results are in favour of the hypothesis that the release of hypothalamic LHRH is inhibited by the administration of morphine and is restored by the withdrawal of the narcotic.", "contents": "Time course of effects of morphine on hypothalamic content of LHRH and serum testosterone and LH levels of morphine-tolerant and nontolerant male rats. Time course of the effects of morphine on the hypothalamic content of LHRH in both nontolerant and morphine-tolerant male rats was investigated in relation to the temporal changes of serum testosterone and LH levels. The hypothalamic LHRH content of the nontolerant rats was increased 8 hr after the administration of morphine (100 mg/kg) when serum testosterone levels were depressed. The LHRH content of the tolerant rats was decreased during withdrawal of morphine for 48 hr when the lowered serum testosterone and LH levels had returned to within the control levels. Although the hypothalamic LHRH content does not necessarily reflect the release of LHRH, these results are in favour of the hypothesis that the release of hypothalamic LHRH is inhibited by the administration of morphine and is restored by the withdrawal of the narcotic."}
{"id": "PMID:356792", "title": "Clinical effect of aerosol triamcinolone acetonide in bronchial asthma.", "content": "In a double-blind, 12-week study of corticosteroid-dependent reversible bronchial asthma, 20 of 31 (64.5%) patients receiving triamcinolone acetonide aerosol, 800 microgram daily, were able to discontinue oral steroid therapy. This compares with three of 29 (10.3%) treated with aerosol placebo. At the end of the 12-week period, the mean 8 AM plasma cortisol level had increased from 5.3 +/- 4.1 to 8.6 +/- 5.2 microgram/dl in those receiving triamcinolone acetonide. The mean percent predicted values in the triamcinolone group for forced expiratory volume in the first second rose from 44.8 to 62.4 at two weeks (P less than .005), for forced vital capacity from 64.1 to 79.9 (P less than .005), and for maximum midexpiratory flow rate from 26.7 to 46.7 (P less than .005). The improved pulmonary function values persisted while the oral prednisone equivalent daily dose decreased from a mean of 13.3 to 2.9 mg at 12 weeks. Significant oral candidiasis was detected in two patients. Aerosol triamcinolone acetonide appears to be an effective alternative to beclomethasone dipropionate for use in patients with bronchial asthma.", "contents": "Clinical effect of aerosol triamcinolone acetonide in bronchial asthma. In a double-blind, 12-week study of corticosteroid-dependent reversible bronchial asthma, 20 of 31 (64.5%) patients receiving triamcinolone acetonide aerosol, 800 microgram daily, were able to discontinue oral steroid therapy. This compares with three of 29 (10.3%) treated with aerosol placebo. At the end of the 12-week period, the mean 8 AM plasma cortisol level had increased from 5.3 +/- 4.1 to 8.6 +/- 5.2 microgram/dl in those receiving triamcinolone acetonide. The mean percent predicted values in the triamcinolone group for forced expiratory volume in the first second rose from 44.8 to 62.4 at two weeks (P less than .005), for forced vital capacity from 64.1 to 79.9 (P less than .005), and for maximum midexpiratory flow rate from 26.7 to 46.7 (P less than .005). The improved pulmonary function values persisted while the oral prednisone equivalent daily dose decreased from a mean of 13.3 to 2.9 mg at 12 weeks. Significant oral candidiasis was detected in two patients. Aerosol triamcinolone acetonide appears to be an effective alternative to beclomethasone dipropionate for use in patients with bronchial asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:356793", "title": "Renal failure with posttransplant renin-angiotensin mediated hypertension.", "content": "Ten days after receiving a kidney transplant, severe hypertension and renal failure developed in a patient with a previously functioning graft. Although moderate blood pressure control was achieved with dialysis and antihypertensive medications, the graft did not function well. A trial of sar-ala-angiotensin II (an angiotensin II antagonist) was associated with a dramatic fall in blood pressure. Subsequently, the patient's own two kidneys were removed, the blood pressure fell to normal on the operating table, and within days graft function improved. The possible explanation for the changes in graft function, including angiotensin II-mediated changes of glomerular filtration rate, are discussed.", "contents": "Renal failure with posttransplant renin-angiotensin mediated hypertension. Ten days after receiving a kidney transplant, severe hypertension and renal failure developed in a patient with a previously functioning graft. Although moderate blood pressure control was achieved with dialysis and antihypertensive medications, the graft did not function well. A trial of sar-ala-angiotensin II (an angiotensin II antagonist) was associated with a dramatic fall in blood pressure. Subsequently, the patient's own two kidneys were removed, the blood pressure fell to normal on the operating table, and within days graft function improved. The possible explanation for the changes in graft function, including angiotensin II-mediated changes of glomerular filtration rate, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:356794", "title": "Disseminated cryptococcosis presenting as palpable purpura.", "content": "Disseminated cryptococcosis with palpable purpura as the initial clinical manifestation developed in a patient with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Cryptococcal vascular injury in a thrombocytopenic cancer patient best explains this previously unreported presentation of cryptococcosis. Purpuric presentations of disseminated fungal infection are likely to increase in frequency as cancer therapy becomes more aggressive.", "contents": "Disseminated cryptococcosis presenting as palpable purpura. Disseminated cryptococcosis with palpable purpura as the initial clinical manifestation developed in a patient with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Cryptococcal vascular injury in a thrombocytopenic cancer patient best explains this previously unreported presentation of cryptococcosis. Purpuric presentations of disseminated fungal infection are likely to increase in frequency as cancer therapy becomes more aggressive."}
{"id": "PMID:356795", "title": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia in a patient with a renal allograft.", "content": "A man received a cadaver renal allograft for end-stage renal failure. After 35 months of immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine and prednisone, he developed septicemia and a high leukocyte count. In spite of successful treatment of the infection, the leukocyte count continued to rise and a diagnosis of Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic granulocytic leukemia was made. An increased incidence of malignant disease, especially lymphoreticular malignancy, is well described in immunosuppressed patients with allografts. However, the association of chronic granulocytic leukemia and immunosuppressive therapy previously has not been reported. An additional etiological factor in this patient may have been the extensive diagnostic radiological investigations undertaken in childhood. The recent addition of allopurinol to the immunosuppressive therapy has normalized the platelet and leukocyte counts, probably by potentiating mercaptopurine.", "contents": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia in a patient with a renal allograft. A man received a cadaver renal allograft for end-stage renal failure. After 35 months of immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine and prednisone, he developed septicemia and a high leukocyte count. In spite of successful treatment of the infection, the leukocyte count continued to rise and a diagnosis of Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic granulocytic leukemia was made. An increased incidence of malignant disease, especially lymphoreticular malignancy, is well described in immunosuppressed patients with allografts. However, the association of chronic granulocytic leukemia and immunosuppressive therapy previously has not been reported. An additional etiological factor in this patient may have been the extensive diagnostic radiological investigations undertaken in childhood. The recent addition of allopurinol to the immunosuppressive therapy has normalized the platelet and leukocyte counts, probably by potentiating mercaptopurine."}
{"id": "PMID:356786", "title": "[Distribution of the O-group of \"E coli\" isolated in urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of the O-groups of E. coli isolated in urinary tract infections by several italian and foreing Authors are reviewed and compared with the distribution obtained by us in the O-grouping of 300 strains isolated during 1976 in hospital and in surgery. Our results are similar to those of above-mentioned Authors. In fact O6, O75 and O2 groups are the most frequent; besides for the first time a considerable number of \"enteritogenic\" groups has been isolated and the most frequent of them was the O126. According to the results, the theory of specific pathogenicity could be supported by the high frequency of the O6, O75 and O2 groups; the presence of other groups could justify the theory of prevalence.", "contents": "[Distribution of the O-group of \"E coli\" isolated in urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. The distribution of the O-groups of E. coli isolated in urinary tract infections by several italian and foreing Authors are reviewed and compared with the distribution obtained by us in the O-grouping of 300 strains isolated during 1976 in hospital and in surgery. Our results are similar to those of above-mentioned Authors. In fact O6, O75 and O2 groups are the most frequent; besides for the first time a considerable number of \"enteritogenic\" groups has been isolated and the most frequent of them was the O126. According to the results, the theory of specific pathogenicity could be supported by the high frequency of the O6, O75 and O2 groups; the presence of other groups could justify the theory of prevalence."}
{"id": "PMID:356798", "title": "[Pulmonary hemosiderosis in children. Immunologic study].", "content": "Circulating anti alveolar basement membrane antibodies have been detected by indirect immunofluorescence on lung rat in two out of five children presenting with pulmonary hemosiderosis. The two cases are reported and seem to be consistent with an auto-immune disease due to anti-basement membrane antibodies. Authors outline the presence of anti-reticulin antibodies in the two cases reported and the high level of IgE which seems a frequent finding in pulmonary hemosiderosis.", "contents": "[Pulmonary hemosiderosis in children. Immunologic study]. Circulating anti alveolar basement membrane antibodies have been detected by indirect immunofluorescence on lung rat in two out of five children presenting with pulmonary hemosiderosis. The two cases are reported and seem to be consistent with an auto-immune disease due to anti-basement membrane antibodies. Authors outline the presence of anti-reticulin antibodies in the two cases reported and the high level of IgE which seems a frequent finding in pulmonary hemosiderosis."}
{"id": "PMID:356787", "title": "[Control of the technic for recovery of E coli K12 after acquisition of R factors. Tests with various culture substrates under different mating conditions].", "content": "A survey was carried out in order to ascertain the reliable conditions for the recovery of E. coli K12 after acquisition of extrachromosomial resistance from polyresistant strains of Salmonella bredeney, responsible for a hospital outbreak of gastroenteritis. In particular in this study the length of mating, the amounts of partners in the cross-cultures, the availability of different media for selection of recipient E. coli, were controlled. It was possible to conclude that the incubation of cross-cultures during 18 hours at 37 degrees C was suitable for a greater transfer, whereas the amount of donor and recipient cells in the starting cultures was of little importance. Attempts to use synthetic media for the selective recovery of E. coli which had been made drug-resistant were not successful; instead some of lactosate media which are classically employed for the diagnosis of enterobacteria (Endo agar, Mac Conkey agar, Desoxycholate Lactose agar, Brilliant Green Bile agar, Eosin Methylene Blue agar, Violet Red Bile agar, Wurtz agar) gave satisfactory results. Among these media the two last were the best because they provided good differentiation between the prevalent Salmonella colonies and the few lactose-fermenting colonies, even in the crowded growth areas of the plates.", "contents": "[Control of the technic for recovery of E coli K12 after acquisition of R factors. Tests with various culture substrates under different mating conditions]. A survey was carried out in order to ascertain the reliable conditions for the recovery of E. coli K12 after acquisition of extrachromosomial resistance from polyresistant strains of Salmonella bredeney, responsible for a hospital outbreak of gastroenteritis. In particular in this study the length of mating, the amounts of partners in the cross-cultures, the availability of different media for selection of recipient E. coli, were controlled. It was possible to conclude that the incubation of cross-cultures during 18 hours at 37 degrees C was suitable for a greater transfer, whereas the amount of donor and recipient cells in the starting cultures was of little importance. Attempts to use synthetic media for the selective recovery of E. coli which had been made drug-resistant were not successful; instead some of lactosate media which are classically employed for the diagnosis of enterobacteria (Endo agar, Mac Conkey agar, Desoxycholate Lactose agar, Brilliant Green Bile agar, Eosin Methylene Blue agar, Violet Red Bile agar, Wurtz agar) gave satisfactory results. Among these media the two last were the best because they provided good differentiation between the prevalent Salmonella colonies and the few lactose-fermenting colonies, even in the crowded growth areas of the plates."}
{"id": "PMID:356799", "title": "[Sample technique in cytology (author's transl)].", "content": "Modern theory and experience question the reliability and suitability of sampling per judgment being the method for the evaluation of the percentage of cells in clinical cytology till now. For the reduction of this gap empirical studies were undertaken in order to receive proper estimates of blood smears. A simple method for the differential blood count is to take 30 or more strips of the width of the field of vision of the microscope perpendicular to the smearing direction as sampling units at random or by systemtaic selection with a random starting point. For the class of cells under consideration as well as for whole the cell population on the slide, the coefficient of variation of the mean of the cells within different strips has to be less than 0,1. Smears of a width of 10 mm instead of the usual 22 mm seems to be preferable. Under such conditions more than 1.000 cells are to be counted for a reliable estimate of the more frequent classes of cells. It is not supposed that this tedious method will be carried out by technicians but modern apparatus are presumed to give consistent estimates in such a way.", "contents": "[Sample technique in cytology (author's transl)]. Modern theory and experience question the reliability and suitability of sampling per judgment being the method for the evaluation of the percentage of cells in clinical cytology till now. For the reduction of this gap empirical studies were undertaken in order to receive proper estimates of blood smears. A simple method for the differential blood count is to take 30 or more strips of the width of the field of vision of the microscope perpendicular to the smearing direction as sampling units at random or by systemtaic selection with a random starting point. For the class of cells under consideration as well as for whole the cell population on the slide, the coefficient of variation of the mean of the cells within different strips has to be less than 0,1. Smears of a width of 10 mm instead of the usual 22 mm seems to be preferable. Under such conditions more than 1.000 cells are to be counted for a reliable estimate of the more frequent classes of cells. It is not supposed that this tedious method will be carried out by technicians but modern apparatus are presumed to give consistent estimates in such a way."}
{"id": "PMID:356800", "title": "[A system of automatic image processing and possibilities of its usage (author's transl)].", "content": "Prior to the description of the hardware and the developmental possibilities of the hardware, general principles of image processing systems are explanated and the properties for the utilizing of this measuring method are outlined and delimites. Actual problems, being worked at, and hitherto existing results are reported.", "contents": "[A system of automatic image processing and possibilities of its usage (author's transl)]. Prior to the description of the hardware and the developmental possibilities of the hardware, general principles of image processing systems are explanated and the properties for the utilizing of this measuring method are outlined and delimites. Actual problems, being worked at, and hitherto existing results are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:356801", "title": "Some methodical remarks on the use of impulse cytophotometry in automated cervix cytology.", "content": "Methological studies in preparation and staining of cervical cells for measurement in a flow through cytophotometer are described. Different enzymatic petreatment and fluorochromation are tested in regard to the diagnostic value of the histogram obtained.", "contents": "Some methodical remarks on the use of impulse cytophotometry in automated cervix cytology. Methological studies in preparation and staining of cervical cells for measurement in a flow through cytophotometer are described. Different enzymatic petreatment and fluorochromation are tested in regard to the diagnostic value of the histogram obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:356802", "title": "[Epidemiology of cervical cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "There are remarkable differences of incidence and mortality from cervical cancer between countries and even within small countries. In developed industrial countries, incidence is slowly declining. Age distribution (middle--aged women are mostly afflicted) distinguishes cervical cancer from all other common malignant neoplasms. Known risk factors are: low social class, sexual activity early in youth, instable sexual relationships. Cervical cancer behaves like a veneral disease of low infectious power. Cervical cancer develops stepwise out of epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. The foundations of a cervical cancer control programme are laid: cytodiagnosis as screening method; well defined high risk groups; effective and not dangerous treatment of prephases and early stages of cancer. In the G.D.R. conditions for effective cancer control are good: cancer registration works stable for more than 20 years; it enables evaluation of effectivity. Cytologic screening can be fully integrated into basic gynecologic care. Medical care including prevention is free of fees and available for all women. The ultimate of goal of a cervical cancer control programme is primary prevention by detection and treatment of preneoplastic lesions (dysplasia and carcinoma in situ).", "contents": "[Epidemiology of cervical cancer (author's transl)]. There are remarkable differences of incidence and mortality from cervical cancer between countries and even within small countries. In developed industrial countries, incidence is slowly declining. Age distribution (middle--aged women are mostly afflicted) distinguishes cervical cancer from all other common malignant neoplasms. Known risk factors are: low social class, sexual activity early in youth, instable sexual relationships. Cervical cancer behaves like a veneral disease of low infectious power. Cervical cancer develops stepwise out of epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. The foundations of a cervical cancer control programme are laid: cytodiagnosis as screening method; well defined high risk groups; effective and not dangerous treatment of prephases and early stages of cancer. In the G.D.R. conditions for effective cancer control are good: cancer registration works stable for more than 20 years; it enables evaluation of effectivity. Cytologic screening can be fully integrated into basic gynecologic care. Medical care including prevention is free of fees and available for all women. The ultimate of goal of a cervical cancer control programme is primary prevention by detection and treatment of preneoplastic lesions (dysplasia and carcinoma in situ)."}
{"id": "PMID:356805", "title": "[Method of random selection of fields of view for pathological study of histological preparations].", "content": "A simple method for selection of fields of vision in microscopy of histological sections is suggested. The objective of the microscope is focused to any corner of the section, and values of integrator screws of the preparation driver are read. Two other diagonal corners of the section are placed under the objective and values of the integrator screws are read. Numbers of the natural series between the first and second readings of integrator screw values are taken as the numbers of fields of vision in the section examined. A random number of a field of vision is obtained from the table of random numbers in the interval of numbers obtained from values of the integrator screws.", "contents": "[Method of random selection of fields of view for pathological study of histological preparations]. A simple method for selection of fields of vision in microscopy of histological sections is suggested. The objective of the microscope is focused to any corner of the section, and values of integrator screws of the preparation driver are read. Two other diagonal corners of the section are placed under the objective and values of the integrator screws are read. Numbers of the natural series between the first and second readings of integrator screw values are taken as the numbers of fields of vision in the section examined. A random number of a field of vision is obtained from the table of random numbers in the interval of numbers obtained from values of the integrator screws."}
{"id": "PMID:356807", "title": "[Experimental study of the pathogenesis of dysentery].", "content": "It was shown that experimental dysentery could be produced against the background of various pathologic conditions of experimental animals (avitaminosis, concurrent diseases, etc). The studies in vivo and in vitro showed that intraepithelial parasitising of Shigella occurred in dysentery but did not play the leading role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Macrophages played a more important role, particularly in formation of the bacterial carrier state. In order to resolve some disputable problems of the pathogenesis of dysentery it is necessary to take into account the biological properties of the causative agent which change under the influence ov various effects, as well as the state of reponsiveness of the host.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the pathogenesis of dysentery]. It was shown that experimental dysentery could be produced against the background of various pathologic conditions of experimental animals (avitaminosis, concurrent diseases, etc). The studies in vivo and in vitro showed that intraepithelial parasitising of Shigella occurred in dysentery but did not play the leading role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Macrophages played a more important role, particularly in formation of the bacterial carrier state. In order to resolve some disputable problems of the pathogenesis of dysentery it is necessary to take into account the biological properties of the causative agent which change under the influence ov various effects, as well as the state of reponsiveness of the host."}
{"id": "PMID:356810", "title": "[Morphometric characteristics of fundal glands of the stomach in duodenal ulcer and pre-ulcer condition].", "content": "Biopsy material was used for morphometric study of the fundal glands in 114 patients with duodenal ulcers, 177 patients with various forms of gastroduodenal pathology but with typical signs of duodenal ulcer, and in 21 normal subjects. Three variants of the increase in the amount of secretory elements of the fundal glands were found: owing to an increase in the number of main cells (first variant), main and parietal cells (second variant), and parietal cells (third variant). These changes in the fundal glands are not specific for ulcer and pre-ulcer conditions, they are observed in normal subjects with constitutional hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin. The patients with duodenal ulcer and pre-ulcer conditions are characterized by \"hyper-pepsinogenic shift\" in the epithelial formula of the fundal gland (45% and 31-38%, respectively) owing to an increase in the number of main cells.", "contents": "[Morphometric characteristics of fundal glands of the stomach in duodenal ulcer and pre-ulcer condition]. Biopsy material was used for morphometric study of the fundal glands in 114 patients with duodenal ulcers, 177 patients with various forms of gastroduodenal pathology but with typical signs of duodenal ulcer, and in 21 normal subjects. Three variants of the increase in the amount of secretory elements of the fundal glands were found: owing to an increase in the number of main cells (first variant), main and parietal cells (second variant), and parietal cells (third variant). These changes in the fundal glands are not specific for ulcer and pre-ulcer conditions, they are observed in normal subjects with constitutional hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin. The patients with duodenal ulcer and pre-ulcer conditions are characterized by \"hyper-pepsinogenic shift\" in the epithelial formula of the fundal gland (45% and 31-38%, respectively) owing to an increase in the number of main cells."}
{"id": "PMID:356811", "title": "[Early death of pancreatic A-cells after irradiation with supralethal doses].", "content": "For investigation of postirradiation reactions, of pancreatic insular cells, male Wistar rats were subjected to 1.5, 3, 7, and 15 kR  of Co60 gamma-radiation. It was found that after application of doses of 7 kR or higher, interphase death of all the insular A-cells occurred within 6 hours. The cell death was demonstrated to be characterized by chromatin pycnosis, dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear space, mitochondrial swelling, and desintegration of A-granules. Macrophages took no part in resorption of the dead cells. A-cell necrosis was not accompanied by morphologically observable changes in acinar cells or insucar B-cells. Some possible explanations of the more pronounced radiosensitivity of A-cells are discussed.", "contents": "[Early death of pancreatic A-cells after irradiation with supralethal doses]. For investigation of postirradiation reactions, of pancreatic insular cells, male Wistar rats were subjected to 1.5, 3, 7, and 15 kR  of Co60 gamma-radiation. It was found that after application of doses of 7 kR or higher, interphase death of all the insular A-cells occurred within 6 hours. The cell death was demonstrated to be characterized by chromatin pycnosis, dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear space, mitochondrial swelling, and desintegration of A-granules. Macrophages took no part in resorption of the dead cells. A-cell necrosis was not accompanied by morphologically observable changes in acinar cells or insucar B-cells. Some possible explanations of the more pronounced radiosensitivity of A-cells are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:356813", "title": "[Use of mathematics in pathological anatomy].", "content": "The author discusses the possibilities of using mathematics in pathological anatomy studies on the basis of data from literature and his own studies. The information on the organization and planning of a mathematical investigation and on the features of the system approach to investigation of pathomorphology problems is presented. The main stages of the mathematical analysis of pathological changes are described with special reference to the use of likelihood and information approaches to the evaluation of the pathology of morphological systems at all levels of the structural organization. The principles of mathematical modelling and axiomatization of pathomorphological processes are outlined. The paper is illustrated with mathematical models of age dynamics of atherosclerosis and informational characteristics of the process of malignization of the stratified squamous epithelium. The general principles of further development of quantitative pathomorphology are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Use of mathematics in pathological anatomy]. The author discusses the possibilities of using mathematics in pathological anatomy studies on the basis of data from literature and his own studies. The information on the organization and planning of a mathematical investigation and on the features of the system approach to investigation of pathomorphology problems is presented. The main stages of the mathematical analysis of pathological changes are described with special reference to the use of likelihood and information approaches to the evaluation of the pathology of morphological systems at all levels of the structural organization. The principles of mathematical modelling and axiomatization of pathomorphological processes are outlined. The paper is illustrated with mathematical models of age dynamics of atherosclerosis and informational characteristics of the process of malignization of the stratified squamous epithelium. The general principles of further development of quantitative pathomorphology are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:356817", "title": "Mathematical and experimental methods for design and evaluation of membrane oxygenators.", "content": "Three categories of membrane oxygenators are considered: passive flow, secondary flow induced by the mainstream, secondary flow induced by an external application of energy. The current status of mathematical methods for analysis of fluid mechanics, O2 and CO2 exchange for these categories are briefly reviewed. Emphasis is given to approximate methods for calculation of gas exchange. Practical methods for experimental design optimization studies are outlined; these methods are extended to evaluation of O2 and CO2 exchange in clinical operation. A new method for estimation of internal ventilation and perfusion maldistribution and diffusion resistance is described. A brief assessment of blood damage in clinical application of the oxygenator is presented from the point of view of deterioration of gas exchange performance.", "contents": "Mathematical and experimental methods for design and evaluation of membrane oxygenators. Three categories of membrane oxygenators are considered: passive flow, secondary flow induced by the mainstream, secondary flow induced by an external application of energy. The current status of mathematical methods for analysis of fluid mechanics, O2 and CO2 exchange for these categories are briefly reviewed. Emphasis is given to approximate methods for calculation of gas exchange. Practical methods for experimental design optimization studies are outlined; these methods are extended to evaluation of O2 and CO2 exchange in clinical operation. A new method for estimation of internal ventilation and perfusion maldistribution and diffusion resistance is described. A brief assessment of blood damage in clinical application of the oxygenator is presented from the point of view of deterioration of gas exchange performance."}
{"id": "PMID:356818", "title": "Intraocular lens implantation: a review.", "content": "Intraocular lens implantation has been developing over the past 15 years in Europe and is now becoming popular in the United States. Lens materials and designs as well as surgical techniques are still being evaluated. The overall results are excellent, with a small increase in complications being the price paid for a dramatic increase in visual rehabilitation.", "contents": "Intraocular lens implantation: a review. Intraocular lens implantation has been developing over the past 15 years in Europe and is now becoming popular in the United States. Lens materials and designs as well as surgical techniques are still being evaluated. The overall results are excellent, with a small increase in complications being the price paid for a dramatic increase in visual rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:356819", "title": "Engineering aspects of ECMO technology.", "content": "The primary areas of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) technology with engineering components are: biomaterials, oxygenator design, ECMO physiology and total system design. The evolution of ECMO has been largely empirical, with many innovations introduced directly from clinical experience and observation. Major advances are needed in both materials ans oxygenator design if current hematologic hazards are to be reduced. Optimization of ECMO systems has not been attempted in any systematic way because the basic physiology is not well enough understood to define the rationales for optimum control and management strategies. Once these strategies have been developed and tested, currently available automation technology can be applied to make the ECMO system system simpler and safer for clinical use.", "contents": "Engineering aspects of ECMO technology. The primary areas of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) technology with engineering components are: biomaterials, oxygenator design, ECMO physiology and total system design. The evolution of ECMO has been largely empirical, with many innovations introduced directly from clinical experience and observation. Major advances are needed in both materials ans oxygenator design if current hematologic hazards are to be reduced. Optimization of ECMO systems has not been attempted in any systematic way because the basic physiology is not well enough understood to define the rationales for optimum control and management strategies. Once these strategies have been developed and tested, currently available automation technology can be applied to make the ECMO system system simpler and safer for clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:356824", "title": "Actin filaments in paramyxovirus-infected human fibroblasts studied by indirect immunofluorescence.", "content": "Fibroblasts growing on glass have microfilaments arranged in bundles. These can be demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescent technique using human antiactin serum or experimentally produced rabbit anti-actin serum. When monolayer cultures of epithelial cells and fibroblasts are infected with paramyxovirus, such as measles, mumps, Sendai and NDV, there is a striking decrease of the bundles. Rabies and adenoviruses do not seem to influence the staining of microfilaments. The microfilament decreasing effect in the cells correlates to the finding by SDS-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis of actin within virions of the paramyxoviruses.", "contents": "Actin filaments in paramyxovirus-infected human fibroblasts studied by indirect immunofluorescence. Fibroblasts growing on glass have microfilaments arranged in bundles. These can be demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescent technique using human antiactin serum or experimentally produced rabbit anti-actin serum. When monolayer cultures of epithelial cells and fibroblasts are infected with paramyxovirus, such as measles, mumps, Sendai and NDV, there is a striking decrease of the bundles. Rabies and adenoviruses do not seem to influence the staining of microfilaments. The microfilament decreasing effect in the cells correlates to the finding by SDS-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis of actin within virions of the paramyxoviruses."}
{"id": "PMID:356826", "title": "[Possibility of preserving the innervation of transplanted kidneys in dogs].", "content": "It has been stated experimentally in dogs that after classical operative denervation of the kidney, complete adrenergic and partial cholinergic denervation of the organ is achieved only in the cases were excision of ggl. splanchnicum and ggl. aorticorenale is performed simultaneously. The classical autotransplantation of the kidney, as a rule, produces complete adrenergic and partial cholinergic denervation of the organ. The surgical procedure modified by the authors contributes to preservation of intrarenal adrenergic and cholinergic innervation and the organ behaves in the same manner as after preganglionic surgical decentralization.", "contents": "[Possibility of preserving the innervation of transplanted kidneys in dogs]. It has been stated experimentally in dogs that after classical operative denervation of the kidney, complete adrenergic and partial cholinergic denervation of the organ is achieved only in the cases were excision of ggl. splanchnicum and ggl. aorticorenale is performed simultaneously. The classical autotransplantation of the kidney, as a rule, produces complete adrenergic and partial cholinergic denervation of the organ. The surgical procedure modified by the authors contributes to preservation of intrarenal adrenergic and cholinergic innervation and the organ behaves in the same manner as after preganglionic surgical decentralization."}
{"id": "PMID:356828", "title": "The characteristics of a new glucose sensor for use in an artificial pancreatic beta cell.", "content": "A new glucose sensor has been developed for the continuous extracorporeal monitoring of blood glucose concentrations in conjunction with an artificial pancreatic beta cell simulator. This sensor has a rapid ninety percent response time (less than 1 min), is stable for periods of up to 140 hours of accumulated use and can be calibrated without the use of a reference glucose analyzer. Its reliability has been confirmed in over 100 clinical studies. A comparison of this sensor to other glucose sensors designed for artificial pancreatic beta cell devices is made and the sensor is shown to be the most advanced glucose sensor presently available for extracorporeal continuous glucose monitoring in man.", "contents": "The characteristics of a new glucose sensor for use in an artificial pancreatic beta cell. A new glucose sensor has been developed for the continuous extracorporeal monitoring of blood glucose concentrations in conjunction with an artificial pancreatic beta cell simulator. This sensor has a rapid ninety percent response time (less than 1 min), is stable for periods of up to 140 hours of accumulated use and can be calibrated without the use of a reference glucose analyzer. Its reliability has been confirmed in over 100 clinical studies. A comparison of this sensor to other glucose sensors designed for artificial pancreatic beta cell devices is made and the sensor is shown to be the most advanced glucose sensor presently available for extracorporeal continuous glucose monitoring in man."}
{"id": "PMID:356822", "title": "[The coagulation picture and plasma clearance capacity in atherosclerotic diabetics].", "content": "An attempt is made to set out the complex question of the relations between plasma and wall factors in coagulation, platelets and lipids in atheroscderotic diabetes. The literature data show that this disease is associated the clotting and fibrinolytic systems as a result of the prevalence of thrombogenic factors and/or poor inhibitor activity. A survey is made of fibrinolysis activators and inhibitors, and of the part played by lipids in the aetiopathogenesis of thrombophilia, though the mechanisms responsible have not yet been fully established. Reference is made to De Gaetano's exposition of Walsh's views concerning the r\u00f4le of platelets in clotting. An assessment is made of the relations between platelets and lipoproteins, and hence of the importance of platelets in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Reference is made to a series of atherosclerotic diabetics. Hyperaggregability was noted in 60% of 30 cases. The experimental results obtained by Bierman et al. on the relation between insulin and lipoproteinlipase and the interference of insulin with PHLA are presented in an explanation of the clarifying power of plasma in this disease. Lastly, an account is given of lipoproteinlipase values observed in a personal series of 48 cases employing a radioimmunological technique. Baselines were depressed in 24 subjects.", "contents": "[The coagulation picture and plasma clearance capacity in atherosclerotic diabetics]. An attempt is made to set out the complex question of the relations between plasma and wall factors in coagulation, platelets and lipids in atheroscderotic diabetes. The literature data show that this disease is associated the clotting and fibrinolytic systems as a result of the prevalence of thrombogenic factors and/or poor inhibitor activity. A survey is made of fibrinolysis activators and inhibitors, and of the part played by lipids in the aetiopathogenesis of thrombophilia, though the mechanisms responsible have not yet been fully established. Reference is made to De Gaetano's exposition of Walsh's views concerning the r\u00f4le of platelets in clotting. An assessment is made of the relations between platelets and lipoproteins, and hence of the importance of platelets in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Reference is made to a series of atherosclerotic diabetics. Hyperaggregability was noted in 60% of 30 cases. The experimental results obtained by Bierman et al. on the relation between insulin and lipoproteinlipase and the interference of insulin with PHLA are presented in an explanation of the clarifying power of plasma in this disease. Lastly, an account is given of lipoproteinlipase values observed in a personal series of 48 cases employing a radioimmunological technique. Baselines were depressed in 24 subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:356830", "title": "Alternate pathway activation of complement in a Proteus mirabilis ulceration of the cornea.", "content": "A 63-year-old patient had an extensive infiltration, ulceration, and eventual perforation of the cornea caused by Proteus mirabilis. Histopathological examination of corneal tissue that was obtained at keratoplasty disclosed that the stroma was ulcerated with a diffuse infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Immunopathological examination of the cornea revealed prominent and diffuse staining for properdin and C3 complement. There was an absence of staining for IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and C4 complement. These findings suggest that the alternate pathway of complement was activated in this ulcerated cornea and that immunopathological phenomena contribute to the polymorphonuclear infiltration found with Gram-negative ulcerations of the human cornea.", "contents": "Alternate pathway activation of complement in a Proteus mirabilis ulceration of the cornea. A 63-year-old patient had an extensive infiltration, ulceration, and eventual perforation of the cornea caused by Proteus mirabilis. Histopathological examination of corneal tissue that was obtained at keratoplasty disclosed that the stroma was ulcerated with a diffuse infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Immunopathological examination of the cornea revealed prominent and diffuse staining for properdin and C3 complement. There was an absence of staining for IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and C4 complement. These findings suggest that the alternate pathway of complement was activated in this ulcerated cornea and that immunopathological phenomena contribute to the polymorphonuclear infiltration found with Gram-negative ulcerations of the human cornea."}
{"id": "PMID:356840", "title": "Factors in the spread of salmonellas in meatworks with special reference to contamination of knives.", "content": "Immersion of knives momentarily in hot water (82 degrees C) was ineffective in destroying salmonellas on knives used in a meatworks to carry out the bung dropping operation. Laboratory experiments confirmed that knives covered with meat products required 10 or more seconds to be effectively decontaminated at this temperature. Examination of knives used for slaughtering and for dressing beef carcases showed that knives coming into contact with hides had higher counts for salmonella and a higher percentage positive than knives used for other cutting operations. Knives used for cutting the skin of the forelegs and hindlegs had the highest counts.", "contents": "Factors in the spread of salmonellas in meatworks with special reference to contamination of knives. Immersion of knives momentarily in hot water (82 degrees C) was ineffective in destroying salmonellas on knives used in a meatworks to carry out the bung dropping operation. Laboratory experiments confirmed that knives covered with meat products required 10 or more seconds to be effectively decontaminated at this temperature. Examination of knives used for slaughtering and for dressing beef carcases showed that knives coming into contact with hides had higher counts for salmonella and a higher percentage positive than knives used for other cutting operations. Knives used for cutting the skin of the forelegs and hindlegs had the highest counts."}
{"id": "PMID:356841", "title": "Subdivision of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from cattle and goats into two types.", "content": "Some strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, mostly isolated from goats, grow to greater turbidity in broth and form larger colonies on solid medium than does the type strain, PG1. These strains also digest casein, liquefy inspissated serum actively and survive longer at 45 degrees C and are referred to as LC (large colony) strains. Strains more closely resembling PG1 have been called SC (small colony) strains. The SC strains comprise those from contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and some from goats. One LC strain was isolated from a steer; all others have come from goats. Differentiation of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides into 2 types on the basis of the characteristics described may be relevant to their role in CBPP.", "contents": "Subdivision of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from cattle and goats into two types. Some strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, mostly isolated from goats, grow to greater turbidity in broth and form larger colonies on solid medium than does the type strain, PG1. These strains also digest casein, liquefy inspissated serum actively and survive longer at 45 degrees C and are referred to as LC (large colony) strains. Strains more closely resembling PG1 have been called SC (small colony) strains. The SC strains comprise those from contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and some from goats. One LC strain was isolated from a steer; all others have come from goats. Differentiation of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides into 2 types on the basis of the characteristics described may be relevant to their role in CBPP."}
{"id": "PMID:356851", "title": "Binding of chloramphenicol and a fragment of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid to ribosomes and a ribosome precursor from a mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "During exponential growth, the mutatn strain Escherichia coli 15-28 accumulates 47S particles, which are unusual precursors to 50S ribosomal subunits. The 47S particles have little ability to bind chloramphenicol, but binding of a fragment of aminoacyl-tRNA is about half that by completed subunits. The 70S (and 50S) ribosomes of strain 15-28 and its parent (strain 15TP) do not differ in chloramphenicol binding. Although ribosomes from the mutant are less able than those from the parent to bind the fragment, this difference is not as marked as was found previously [Sims & Wild (1976) Biochem. J. 160, 721-726] for the binding of an analogue of peptidyl-tRNA and for peptidyltransferase activity. The altered activities may arise because strain 15-28 misassembles 50S subunits of altered conformation and because the few proteins that 47S patricles lack have vital functions in some of the partial reactions of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Binding of chloramphenicol and a fragment of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid to ribosomes and a ribosome precursor from a mutant of Escherichia coli. During exponential growth, the mutatn strain Escherichia coli 15-28 accumulates 47S particles, which are unusual precursors to 50S ribosomal subunits. The 47S particles have little ability to bind chloramphenicol, but binding of a fragment of aminoacyl-tRNA is about half that by completed subunits. The 70S (and 50S) ribosomes of strain 15-28 and its parent (strain 15TP) do not differ in chloramphenicol binding. Although ribosomes from the mutant are less able than those from the parent to bind the fragment, this difference is not as marked as was found previously [Sims & Wild (1976) Biochem. J. 160, 721-726] for the binding of an analogue of peptidyl-tRNA and for peptidyltransferase activity. The altered activities may arise because strain 15-28 misassembles 50S subunits of altered conformation and because the few proteins that 47S patricles lack have vital functions in some of the partial reactions of protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:356852", "title": "Proline biosynthesis by cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli and potential errors arising from the use of a bioradiological assay procedure.", "content": "1. The growth of Escherichia coli proline auxotrophs on medium containing L-proline (50 microgram/ml) induces catabolic enzymes. A bioradiological assay system for proline, using proB cells of E. coli, might give erroneous results owing to proline catabolism by the proline auxotrophs on which the assay depends. 2. Differential utilization of proline and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate by the proB cells for the synthesis of protein, and failure of the method to distinguish between these two possible products of the proline-biosynthetic enzymes, might also give rise to error. 3. The proline-dependent incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine into the protein of proline-starved proB auxotrophs was to some degree directly influenced by the presence of crude cell extract from E. coli, even though this was not supplied with substrate and cofactors, and could thus not itself synthesize proline. 4. The kinetics of proline biosynthesis by cell-free extracts were linear and biphasic, only the last phase being affected by the concentrations of substrate and extract. This phenomenon is not understood. 5. Proline biosynthesis is inhibited, not only by high concentrations of ATP, but also by aspartate, glycine, alanine and serine, aspartate having the greatest effect. 6. Attempts at complementation in vitro between extracts of proline auxotrophic mutants were not successful, suggesting the possibility that strain X680 (proA) and/or X278 (proB) may be a double mutant. 7. The enzymes of proline biosyntehsis are co-eluted from a column of Bio-Gel A1.5M in a position corresponding to a mol.wt. of 350000. 8. Comparisons between rates of proline biosynthesis in vivo and in vitro were made.", "contents": "Proline biosynthesis by cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli and potential errors arising from the use of a bioradiological assay procedure. 1. The growth of Escherichia coli proline auxotrophs on medium containing L-proline (50 microgram/ml) induces catabolic enzymes. A bioradiological assay system for proline, using proB cells of E. coli, might give erroneous results owing to proline catabolism by the proline auxotrophs on which the assay depends. 2. Differential utilization of proline and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate by the proB cells for the synthesis of protein, and failure of the method to distinguish between these two possible products of the proline-biosynthetic enzymes, might also give rise to error. 3. The proline-dependent incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine into the protein of proline-starved proB auxotrophs was to some degree directly influenced by the presence of crude cell extract from E. coli, even though this was not supplied with substrate and cofactors, and could thus not itself synthesize proline. 4. The kinetics of proline biosynthesis by cell-free extracts were linear and biphasic, only the last phase being affected by the concentrations of substrate and extract. This phenomenon is not understood. 5. Proline biosynthesis is inhibited, not only by high concentrations of ATP, but also by aspartate, glycine, alanine and serine, aspartate having the greatest effect. 6. Attempts at complementation in vitro between extracts of proline auxotrophic mutants were not successful, suggesting the possibility that strain X680 (proA) and/or X278 (proB) may be a double mutant. 7. The enzymes of proline biosyntehsis are co-eluted from a column of Bio-Gel A1.5M in a position corresponding to a mol.wt. of 350000. 8. Comparisons between rates of proline biosynthesis in vivo and in vitro were made."}
{"id": "PMID:356853", "title": "Gel filtration of sialoglycoproteins.", "content": "The role of sialic acid in the gel-filtration behaviour of sialoglycoproteins was investigated by using the separated isoenzymes of purified human liver alpha-L-fucosidase and several other well-known sialic acid-containing glycoproteins (fetuin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, thyroglobulin and bovine submaxillary mucin). For each glycoprotein studied, gel filtration of its desialylated derivative gave an apparent molecular weights much less than that expected just from removal of sialic acid. For the lower-molecular-weight glycoproteins (fetuin and alpha1-acid glyocprotein), gel filtration of the sialylated molecules led to apparent molecular weights much larger than the known values. The data indicate that gel filtration cannot be used for accurately determining the molecular weights of at least some sialoglycoproteins.", "contents": "Gel filtration of sialoglycoproteins. The role of sialic acid in the gel-filtration behaviour of sialoglycoproteins was investigated by using the separated isoenzymes of purified human liver alpha-L-fucosidase and several other well-known sialic acid-containing glycoproteins (fetuin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, thyroglobulin and bovine submaxillary mucin). For each glycoprotein studied, gel filtration of its desialylated derivative gave an apparent molecular weights much less than that expected just from removal of sialic acid. For the lower-molecular-weight glycoproteins (fetuin and alpha1-acid glyocprotein), gel filtration of the sialylated molecules led to apparent molecular weights much larger than the known values. The data indicate that gel filtration cannot be used for accurately determining the molecular weights of at least some sialoglycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:356854", "title": "Solubilization of bovine heart-value collagen.", "content": "Complete solubilization of bovine heart-valve gollagen was obtained by using sequential pepsin digestion and extraction with dithiothreitol under non-denaturing conditions. Use of the reducing agent was the crucial step resulting in solubilization. These findings suggest that disulphide-bonded proteins may be in part responsible for the insolubility of bovine heart-valve collagen.", "contents": "Solubilization of bovine heart-value collagen. Complete solubilization of bovine heart-valve gollagen was obtained by using sequential pepsin digestion and extraction with dithiothreitol under non-denaturing conditions. Use of the reducing agent was the crucial step resulting in solubilization. These findings suggest that disulphide-bonded proteins may be in part responsible for the insolubility of bovine heart-valve collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:356858", "title": "[Composition of the 32-detector rCBF system (Meditronic) and experience in its use (author's transl)].", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in patients with no neurological deficit and no abnormal findings of cerebral angiograms except aneurysm itself with Xenon-133 injection technique by using the computerized 32-detector rCBF system (rCBF-322, Meditronic, Denmark). This system consists of a 32-detector head with a concave surface and a 32 pulse height analyser and analog-digital ratemeter as the accumulator connected to display units with an oscilloscope for 32 clearance curves and also a microcomputer programmed for calculating the rCBF initial with the initial slope analysis, for calculating the rCBF 10 with the height-over-area method and the rCBF gray, rCBF white, weight gray and weight white with the SHAM method. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The mean value and SD of rCBF initial was 58.4 +/- 6.2 ml/100 g brain/min; rCBF 10, 50.6 +/- 5.0 ml/100 g brain/min; rCBF gray, 78.0 +/- 14.0 ml/100 g brain/min; rCBF white, 22.1 +/- 6.6 ml/100 g brain/min; weight gray, 49.0 +/- 3.7%; weight white, 51.0 +/- 3.7%. These data should be considered normal values as reported also by others. 2) Reproducibilities were estimated by measuring twice the rCBF initial and the rCBF 10 at rest with closed eyes. The reproducibilities of the rCBF initial eyes 13.55% (P less than 0.05) and one of the rCBF 10 was 8.85% (P less than 0.05). It was concluded that this system should be widely used for measuring the rCBF in patients with various cerebral diseases.", "contents": "[Composition of the 32-detector rCBF system (Meditronic) and experience in its use (author's transl)]. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in patients with no neurological deficit and no abnormal findings of cerebral angiograms except aneurysm itself with Xenon-133 injection technique by using the computerized 32-detector rCBF system (rCBF-322, Meditronic, Denmark). This system consists of a 32-detector head with a concave surface and a 32 pulse height analyser and analog-digital ratemeter as the accumulator connected to display units with an oscilloscope for 32 clearance curves and also a microcomputer programmed for calculating the rCBF initial with the initial slope analysis, for calculating the rCBF 10 with the height-over-area method and the rCBF gray, rCBF white, weight gray and weight white with the SHAM method. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The mean value and SD of rCBF initial was 58.4 +/- 6.2 ml/100 g brain/min; rCBF 10, 50.6 +/- 5.0 ml/100 g brain/min; rCBF gray, 78.0 +/- 14.0 ml/100 g brain/min; rCBF white, 22.1 +/- 6.6 ml/100 g brain/min; weight gray, 49.0 +/- 3.7%; weight white, 51.0 +/- 3.7%. These data should be considered normal values as reported also by others. 2) Reproducibilities were estimated by measuring twice the rCBF initial and the rCBF 10 at rest with closed eyes. The reproducibilities of the rCBF initial eyes 13.55% (P less than 0.05) and one of the rCBF 10 was 8.85% (P less than 0.05). It was concluded that this system should be widely used for measuring the rCBF in patients with various cerebral diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:356865", "title": "Hypertension and arterial development. Long-term considerations.", "content": "A considerable body of evidence supports the view that haemodynamic factors, acting during growth and development, affect the ultimate form of the larger arteries. Many of the changes induced in vessels by high pressure or flow are adaptive and effectively minimise alterations in vessel function, but these changes may predispose to degenerative disease. 'Early intervention' in arterial disease implies intervention in the first and second decades of life.", "contents": "Hypertension and arterial development. Long-term considerations. A considerable body of evidence supports the view that haemodynamic factors, acting during growth and development, affect the ultimate form of the larger arteries. Many of the changes induced in vessels by high pressure or flow are adaptive and effectively minimise alterations in vessel function, but these changes may predispose to degenerative disease. 'Early intervention' in arterial disease implies intervention in the first and second decades of life."}
{"id": "PMID:356867", "title": "Comparative trial of atenolol and propranolol in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "1 The use of atenolol, a cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, in the management of hyperthyroidism has been studied by comparing it with propranolol. 2 In a double-blind cross-over trial, atenolol (50 mg), propranolol (40 mg) and placebo 4 times daily for 1 week were compared in twenty-one hyperthyroid patients by sequential analysis. 3. Patients generally preferred atenolol or propranolol to placebo but this preference only achieved significance with propranolol. 4 Judged by their effect on the symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism, both atenolol and propranolol were significantly better than placebo, but no distinction could be made between the two active compounds. 5 Atenolol and propranolol reduced mean heart rate by 29.8 and 27.1% respectively compared with placebo. 6 Atenolol appeared almost equally effective to propranolol in the management of the peripheral manifestations of hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Comparative trial of atenolol and propranolol in hyperthyroidism. 1 The use of atenolol, a cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, in the management of hyperthyroidism has been studied by comparing it with propranolol. 2 In a double-blind cross-over trial, atenolol (50 mg), propranolol (40 mg) and placebo 4 times daily for 1 week were compared in twenty-one hyperthyroid patients by sequential analysis. 3. Patients generally preferred atenolol or propranolol to placebo but this preference only achieved significance with propranolol. 4 Judged by their effect on the symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism, both atenolol and propranolol were significantly better than placebo, but no distinction could be made between the two active compounds. 5 Atenolol and propranolol reduced mean heart rate by 29.8 and 27.1% respectively compared with placebo. 6 Atenolol appeared almost equally effective to propranolol in the management of the peripheral manifestations of hyperthyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:356869", "title": "Phenotypic diversity in experimental hepatomas: the concept of partially blocked ontogeny. The 10th Walter Hubert Lecture.", "content": "Cancer cells should be seen not as exclusively a problem in cell proliferation, but rather as a problem combining the processes of proliferation and differentiation, hence the phrase introduced in 1968: \"oncogeny is blocked ontogeny\". Cancer tissues resemble foetal tissues in many ways but they differ from foetal tissue in being unable to \"recapitulate the total programme leading to an orchestrated collection of organism-serving cells\" that are programmed \"to make the organ as adaptive as possible to the range of environmental variations in which it evolved\". Citing the \"Osgood Principle\" from the 1950's, recent supporting evidence was described, in which the most mature differentiated cells exert positive and negative feedback upon the proliferation of their progenitor stem cells. Advanced examples in the haemopoietic series were drawn from the work of Sachs, Metcalf, Till and McCulloch, and Kurland and Moore. The blocked ontogeny hypothesis was further elaborated in the concept of \"partially-blocked ontogeny\", which is intended to describe a situation in which highly differentiated slowly growing tumours contain some cells which have left the proliferating pool to differentiate along the normal pathway, but are blocked somewhere short of the final organism-serving state, in harmony with earlier suggestions by Osgood, by Pierce, and by Sachs.", "contents": "Phenotypic diversity in experimental hepatomas: the concept of partially blocked ontogeny. The 10th Walter Hubert Lecture. Cancer cells should be seen not as exclusively a problem in cell proliferation, but rather as a problem combining the processes of proliferation and differentiation, hence the phrase introduced in 1968: \"oncogeny is blocked ontogeny\". Cancer tissues resemble foetal tissues in many ways but they differ from foetal tissue in being unable to \"recapitulate the total programme leading to an orchestrated collection of organism-serving cells\" that are programmed \"to make the organ as adaptive as possible to the range of environmental variations in which it evolved\". Citing the \"Osgood Principle\" from the 1950's, recent supporting evidence was described, in which the most mature differentiated cells exert positive and negative feedback upon the proliferation of their progenitor stem cells. Advanced examples in the haemopoietic series were drawn from the work of Sachs, Metcalf, Till and McCulloch, and Kurland and Moore. The blocked ontogeny hypothesis was further elaborated in the concept of \"partially-blocked ontogeny\", which is intended to describe a situation in which highly differentiated slowly growing tumours contain some cells which have left the proliferating pool to differentiate along the normal pathway, but are blocked somewhere short of the final organism-serving state, in harmony with earlier suggestions by Osgood, by Pierce, and by Sachs."}
{"id": "PMID:356871", "title": "Rapid serological test for diagnosis of chlamydial ocular infections.", "content": "A rapid serodiagnostic test for the diagnosis of paratrachoma (TRIC ophthalmia neonatorum, inclusion conjunctivitis, TRIC punctate keratoconjunctivitis, and trachoma of sexually transmitted origin) has been developed. The technique is based on using a modified micro-immunofluorescence test for detecting antichlamydial IgG and IgM in the blood and IgG and IgA in tears. The blood samples are collected on cellulose sponges after a finger prick, and tears are collected by introducing small sponges into the lower conjunctival fornix of the eye. The blood and tear samples collected in this way could be sent to the diagnostic laboratory by post without special arrangements for cold storage. In general the presence of antichlamydial IgG at a level of greater than or equal to 1/32 or IgM at a level of greater than or equal to 1/8 in blood and antichlamydial IgG or IgA at a level of greater than or equal to 1/8 in tears was closely associated with ocular paratrachoma. The combined results of the micro-IF test of blood and tears has yielded the highest rate of positivity (90%). In patients with acute untreated paratrachoma the sensitivity of this test was similar to that of irradiated McCoy cells. In patients with a milder infection receiving antibiotics the sensitivity of the serodiagnostic test was superior to that of the cultural test. The high sensitivity and specificity of this rapid, simple and inexpensive serodiagnostic test for the diagnosis of chlamydial ocular infections, coupled with simple and practical methods of collection and transport of blood and tear specimens, offer advantages over cultural tests for routine diagnosis and study of chlamydial ocular infections.", "contents": "Rapid serological test for diagnosis of chlamydial ocular infections. A rapid serodiagnostic test for the diagnosis of paratrachoma (TRIC ophthalmia neonatorum, inclusion conjunctivitis, TRIC punctate keratoconjunctivitis, and trachoma of sexually transmitted origin) has been developed. The technique is based on using a modified micro-immunofluorescence test for detecting antichlamydial IgG and IgM in the blood and IgG and IgA in tears. The blood samples are collected on cellulose sponges after a finger prick, and tears are collected by introducing small sponges into the lower conjunctival fornix of the eye. The blood and tear samples collected in this way could be sent to the diagnostic laboratory by post without special arrangements for cold storage. In general the presence of antichlamydial IgG at a level of greater than or equal to 1/32 or IgM at a level of greater than or equal to 1/8 in blood and antichlamydial IgG or IgA at a level of greater than or equal to 1/8 in tears was closely associated with ocular paratrachoma. The combined results of the micro-IF test of blood and tears has yielded the highest rate of positivity (90%). In patients with acute untreated paratrachoma the sensitivity of this test was similar to that of irradiated McCoy cells. In patients with a milder infection receiving antibiotics the sensitivity of the serodiagnostic test was superior to that of the cultural test. The high sensitivity and specificity of this rapid, simple and inexpensive serodiagnostic test for the diagnosis of chlamydial ocular infections, coupled with simple and practical methods of collection and transport of blood and tear specimens, offer advantages over cultural tests for routine diagnosis and study of chlamydial ocular infections."}
{"id": "PMID:356872", "title": "Ocular histopathology in animals experimentally infected with Mycobacterium leprae and M. lepraemurium. 1. Mycobacterium leprae and M. lepraemurium infections in the mouse. 2. Mycobacterium leprae infections in the 9-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus L.).", "content": "At varying periods of time following the successful establishment of systemic infections with Mycobacterium leprae or M. lepraemurium in the mouse and the nine-banded armadillo eyes were examined by light microscopy. Inoculation of bacilli was by the intravenous or intraperitoneal route or directly into the hind footpads; eyes were not directly inoculated in this study. During periods of up to 3 years under laboratory conditions no animal showed evidence of impaired vision or blindness, and the external appearance of both eyes was normal. The ocular histopathology and the sites of accumulation of bacilli are described. In immunologically normal mice infected with M. lepraemurium bacilli were much commoner in extraorbital tissues, but they were, nevertheless, found in various tissues within the orbit, including the ciliary body and sclera. In immunologically normal mice (and one rat) injected with M. leprae of human origin no bacilli were found in the eye, but in mice immunologically depressed by thymectomy and total body irradiation considerable numbers of bacilli were present in the iris and ciliary body and also in the limbal cornea. In the armadillo bacilli were found in large numbers in virtually all tissues except the lens, retina, optic nerve, and aqueous and vitreous humours, but the uveal tract was heavily involved. Findings are discussed in relation to the great frequency of ocular involvement and the importance of immune-complex disease in patients with lepromatous leprosy, and to factors wihch may favour the localisation and multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae in the eye.", "contents": "Ocular histopathology in animals experimentally infected with Mycobacterium leprae and M. lepraemurium. 1. Mycobacterium leprae and M. lepraemurium infections in the mouse. 2. Mycobacterium leprae infections in the 9-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus L.). At varying periods of time following the successful establishment of systemic infections with Mycobacterium leprae or M. lepraemurium in the mouse and the nine-banded armadillo eyes were examined by light microscopy. Inoculation of bacilli was by the intravenous or intraperitoneal route or directly into the hind footpads; eyes were not directly inoculated in this study. During periods of up to 3 years under laboratory conditions no animal showed evidence of impaired vision or blindness, and the external appearance of both eyes was normal. The ocular histopathology and the sites of accumulation of bacilli are described. In immunologically normal mice infected with M. lepraemurium bacilli were much commoner in extraorbital tissues, but they were, nevertheless, found in various tissues within the orbit, including the ciliary body and sclera. In immunologically normal mice (and one rat) injected with M. leprae of human origin no bacilli were found in the eye, but in mice immunologically depressed by thymectomy and total body irradiation considerable numbers of bacilli were present in the iris and ciliary body and also in the limbal cornea. In the armadillo bacilli were found in large numbers in virtually all tissues except the lens, retina, optic nerve, and aqueous and vitreous humours, but the uveal tract was heavily involved. Findings are discussed in relation to the great frequency of ocular involvement and the importance of immune-complex disease in patients with lepromatous leprosy, and to factors wihch may favour the localisation and multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae in the eye."}
{"id": "PMID:356873", "title": "Replacement of pseudouridine in transfer RNA by 5-fluorouridine does not affect the ability to stimulate the synthesis of guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate.", "content": "The requirement for ribothymidine and pseudouridine in the TpsiCG loop of tRNA for its activity in the ribosome and tRNA-stimulated synthesis of guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) by stringent factor has been tested by the use of a purified tRNAPhe (883 pmol of phenylalanine incorporated/A260 unit) in which 92% of the pseudouridine, 98% of the ribothymidine, 98% of the dihydrouridine, and 88% of the uridines were substituted by 5-fluorouridine. This tRNA was quantitatively as active as control tRNA in inducing pppGpp synthesis. With loose-couple ribosomes, the concentration of tRNA needed to give half-maximal reaction was 0.07 micrometer for both normal and fluorouridine-substituted tRNA, with vacant tight-couple ribosomes it was 0.05 micrometer, and with tight couples carrying poly(Phe)-tRNA at the P site the value was 0.02 micrometer. These results show that at the level of intact tRNA there is no special requirement for modified bases in the TpsiCG loop of tRNA in the synthesis of pppGpp.", "contents": "Replacement of pseudouridine in transfer RNA by 5-fluorouridine does not affect the ability to stimulate the synthesis of guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate. The requirement for ribothymidine and pseudouridine in the TpsiCG loop of tRNA for its activity in the ribosome and tRNA-stimulated synthesis of guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) by stringent factor has been tested by the use of a purified tRNAPhe (883 pmol of phenylalanine incorporated/A260 unit) in which 92% of the pseudouridine, 98% of the ribothymidine, 98% of the dihydrouridine, and 88% of the uridines were substituted by 5-fluorouridine. This tRNA was quantitatively as active as control tRNA in inducing pppGpp synthesis. With loose-couple ribosomes, the concentration of tRNA needed to give half-maximal reaction was 0.07 micrometer for both normal and fluorouridine-substituted tRNA, with vacant tight-couple ribosomes it was 0.05 micrometer, and with tight couples carrying poly(Phe)-tRNA at the P site the value was 0.02 micrometer. These results show that at the level of intact tRNA there is no special requirement for modified bases in the TpsiCG loop of tRNA in the synthesis of pppGpp."}
{"id": "PMID:356876", "title": "Control of acetohydroxy acid synthetase in Escherichia coli 9723.", "content": "A method by which three acetohydroxy acid synthetase activities are separated from extracts of Escherichia coli 9723 has been developed. Isoleucine specifically represses synthesis of one of the enzymes, which is not sensitive to valine inhibition, and isoleucine also simultaneously enhances the production of a second activity, which is valine inhibitable. The valine-inhibitable activity is repressed by leucine and valine, a combination of which is more effective than either alone. The third acetohydroxy acid synthetase, which is more active at pH 6 than at 8, is not controlled by the branched-chain amino acids. In a mutant of E. coli 9723 selected for the ability of valine to inhibit growth, the isoleucine-repressible acetohydroxy acid synthetase activity was no longer present, but isoleucine addition still resulted in enhanced production of the valine-inhibitable activity.", "contents": "Control of acetohydroxy acid synthetase in Escherichia coli 9723. A method by which three acetohydroxy acid synthetase activities are separated from extracts of Escherichia coli 9723 has been developed. Isoleucine specifically represses synthesis of one of the enzymes, which is not sensitive to valine inhibition, and isoleucine also simultaneously enhances the production of a second activity, which is valine inhibitable. The valine-inhibitable activity is repressed by leucine and valine, a combination of which is more effective than either alone. The third acetohydroxy acid synthetase, which is more active at pH 6 than at 8, is not controlled by the branched-chain amino acids. In a mutant of E. coli 9723 selected for the ability of valine to inhibit growth, the isoleucine-repressible acetohydroxy acid synthetase activity was no longer present, but isoleucine addition still resulted in enhanced production of the valine-inhibitable activity."}
{"id": "PMID:356877", "title": "Photoaffinity inhibition of dipeptide transport in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A dipeptide containing a nitrene precursor, glycyl-4-azido-2-nitro-L-phenylalanine, has been synthesized. This compound is a photoaffinity inhibitor of dipeptide transport in E. coli. In the dark, the dipeptide is a reversible inhibitor of glycylglycine uptake by live E. coli W cells. The 14C-labeled compound is a substrate for the transport system, with a Km of 7 micrometer and V max of 5 x 10(3) molecules cell-1 s-1 (compare 9 micrometer and 1 x 10(4) molecules cell-1 s-1, respectively, for the transport of glycylglycine under the same conditions). When intact E. coli cells are photolyzed at approximately  350 nm in the presence of the photolabile dipeptide, their ability to transport either glycylglycine or unphotolyzed glycyl-4-azido-2-nitro-L-phenylalanine is irreversibly inhibited, but their ability to transport arginine is unaffected. The presence of glycylglycine in the medium during photolysis protects the cells against the light-dependent inactivation of dipeptide transport.", "contents": "Photoaffinity inhibition of dipeptide transport in Escherichia coli. A dipeptide containing a nitrene precursor, glycyl-4-azido-2-nitro-L-phenylalanine, has been synthesized. This compound is a photoaffinity inhibitor of dipeptide transport in E. coli. In the dark, the dipeptide is a reversible inhibitor of glycylglycine uptake by live E. coli W cells. The 14C-labeled compound is a substrate for the transport system, with a Km of 7 micrometer and V max of 5 x 10(3) molecules cell-1 s-1 (compare 9 micrometer and 1 x 10(4) molecules cell-1 s-1, respectively, for the transport of glycylglycine under the same conditions). When intact E. coli cells are photolyzed at approximately  350 nm in the presence of the photolabile dipeptide, their ability to transport either glycylglycine or unphotolyzed glycyl-4-azido-2-nitro-L-phenylalanine is irreversibly inhibited, but their ability to transport arginine is unaffected. The presence of glycylglycine in the medium during photolysis protects the cells against the light-dependent inactivation of dipeptide transport."}
{"id": "PMID:356878", "title": "A new method for the purification of 30S ribosomal proteins from Escherichia coli using nondenaturing conditions.", "content": "A new method for the purification of Escherichia coli (A19) 30S ribosomal proteins has been developed that avoids the use of denaturing conditions such as urea, acetic acid, and lyophilization. In this way the majority of the proteins from the small ribosomal subunit can be obtained in 5--100 mg quantities and at greater than or equal to 90% purity. This has been achieved by the initial \"splitting\" of the proteins into two main groups with LiCl followed by fractionating on ion-exchange and gel-filtration columns, in the absence of urea and in the presence of salt. The proteins prepared by this nondenaturing procedure were soluble at high ionic strength and less soluble, being aggregated, at low salt concentrations. This behavior was exactly the opposite of that exhibited by proteins prepared with methods using denaturing conditions. These new methods have enabled additional ribosomal RNA-binding proteins to be found and potential protein-proteins complexes to be isolated. Preliminary evidence that these proteins may retain a more native structure is presented.", "contents": "A new method for the purification of 30S ribosomal proteins from Escherichia coli using nondenaturing conditions. A new method for the purification of Escherichia coli (A19) 30S ribosomal proteins has been developed that avoids the use of denaturing conditions such as urea, acetic acid, and lyophilization. In this way the majority of the proteins from the small ribosomal subunit can be obtained in 5--100 mg quantities and at greater than or equal to 90% purity. This has been achieved by the initial \"splitting\" of the proteins into two main groups with LiCl followed by fractionating on ion-exchange and gel-filtration columns, in the absence of urea and in the presence of salt. The proteins prepared by this nondenaturing procedure were soluble at high ionic strength and less soluble, being aggregated, at low salt concentrations. This behavior was exactly the opposite of that exhibited by proteins prepared with methods using denaturing conditions. These new methods have enabled additional ribosomal RNA-binding proteins to be found and potential protein-proteins complexes to be isolated. Preliminary evidence that these proteins may retain a more native structure is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:356879", "title": "Tripeptide-specific aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli AJ005.", "content": "A tripeptidase, TP, from the ribosome-free fraction of Escherichia coli AJ005, a peptidase-deficient mutant of strain K-12, has been obtained using gel electrophoresis and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, hydroxylapatite, and Sephadex G-200. Characterization studies on tripeptidase TP, freed of other detectable peptidases, indicate that this enzyme is capable of cleaving an amino-terminal leucine, lysine, methionine, or phenylalanine residue from certain tripeptides. Only one band of activity toward several tripeptides (and no activity toward dipeptides) was detected following gel electrophoresis of this preparation. Tripeptidase TP, the only strain AJ005 peptidase known to attack trilysine, was inactive toward all dipeptides, peptide amides, substituted peptides, esters, and tetrapeptides tested as substrates. Trilysine cleavage is optimal at about pH 8.5,  as determined in Tris, borate, or phosphate buffers. Tripeptidase TP activity tested under a number of conditions was not inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor (3 mg/mL), phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (25 micrometer), or iodoacetate (9 mM). p-Mercuribenzoate (10 micrometer), divalent copper, cobalt, calcium (2.5 mM), zinc (25 micrometer), and mercury (10 micrometer) are inhibitory. Based on Sephadex G-200 chromatography tripeptidase TP has a particle weight of approximately 80 000 daltons. An apparent Km of 5.3 mM was determined for methionylglycylglycine cleavage.", "contents": "Tripeptide-specific aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli AJ005. A tripeptidase, TP, from the ribosome-free fraction of Escherichia coli AJ005, a peptidase-deficient mutant of strain K-12, has been obtained using gel electrophoresis and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, hydroxylapatite, and Sephadex G-200. Characterization studies on tripeptidase TP, freed of other detectable peptidases, indicate that this enzyme is capable of cleaving an amino-terminal leucine, lysine, methionine, or phenylalanine residue from certain tripeptides. Only one band of activity toward several tripeptides (and no activity toward dipeptides) was detected following gel electrophoresis of this preparation. Tripeptidase TP, the only strain AJ005 peptidase known to attack trilysine, was inactive toward all dipeptides, peptide amides, substituted peptides, esters, and tetrapeptides tested as substrates. Trilysine cleavage is optimal at about pH 8.5,  as determined in Tris, borate, or phosphate buffers. Tripeptidase TP activity tested under a number of conditions was not inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor (3 mg/mL), phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (25 micrometer), or iodoacetate (9 mM). p-Mercuribenzoate (10 micrometer), divalent copper, cobalt, calcium (2.5 mM), zinc (25 micrometer), and mercury (10 micrometer) are inhibitory. Based on Sephadex G-200 chromatography tripeptidase TP has a particle weight of approximately 80 000 daltons. An apparent Km of 5.3 mM was determined for methionylglycylglycine cleavage."}
{"id": "PMID:356880", "title": "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from yeast: generality of chemical proofreading in the prevention of misaminoacylation of tRNA.", "content": "The specificity of valyl-, phenylalanyl-, and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases from yeast has been examined by a series of stringent tests designed to eliminate the possibility of artefactual interference. Valyl-tRNA synthetase, as well as activating a number of amino acid analogues, will accept alanine, cysteine, isoleucine, and serine in addition to threonine as substrates for both ATP-PPi exchange and transfer to some tRNAVal species. The transfer is not observed if atempts are made to isolate the appropriate aminoacyl-tRNAVal-C-C-A but its role in the overall aminoacylation can be suspected from both the formation of a stable aminoacyl-tRNAVal-C-C-A(3'NH2) compound and from the stoichiometry of ATP hydrolysis during the aminoacylation of the native tRNA. Similar tests with phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase indicate that this enzyme will also activate and transfer other naturally occurring amino acids, namely, leucine, methionine, and tyrosine. The tyrosine enzyme, which lacks the hydrolytic capacity of the other two enzymes (von der Haar, F., & Cramer, F (1976) Biochemistry 15, 4131--4138) is probably absolutely specific for tyrosine. It is concluded that chemical proofreading, in terms of an enzymatic hydrolysis of a misacylated tRNA, plays an important part in maintaining the specificity in the overall reaction and that this activity may be more widespread than has so far been suspected.", "contents": "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from yeast: generality of chemical proofreading in the prevention of misaminoacylation of tRNA. The specificity of valyl-, phenylalanyl-, and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases from yeast has been examined by a series of stringent tests designed to eliminate the possibility of artefactual interference. Valyl-tRNA synthetase, as well as activating a number of amino acid analogues, will accept alanine, cysteine, isoleucine, and serine in addition to threonine as substrates for both ATP-PPi exchange and transfer to some tRNAVal species. The transfer is not observed if atempts are made to isolate the appropriate aminoacyl-tRNAVal-C-C-A but its role in the overall aminoacylation can be suspected from both the formation of a stable aminoacyl-tRNAVal-C-C-A(3'NH2) compound and from the stoichiometry of ATP hydrolysis during the aminoacylation of the native tRNA. Similar tests with phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase indicate that this enzyme will also activate and transfer other naturally occurring amino acids, namely, leucine, methionine, and tyrosine. The tyrosine enzyme, which lacks the hydrolytic capacity of the other two enzymes (von der Haar, F., & Cramer, F (1976) Biochemistry 15, 4131--4138) is probably absolutely specific for tyrosine. It is concluded that chemical proofreading, in terms of an enzymatic hydrolysis of a misacylated tRNA, plays an important part in maintaining the specificity in the overall reaction and that this activity may be more widespread than has so far been suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:356882", "title": "Formation of large, ion-permeable membrane channels by the matrix protein (porin) of Escherichia coli.", "content": "One of the major proteins of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli, the matrix protein (porin), has been isolated by detergent solubilisation. When the protein is added in concentrations of the order 10 ng/cm3 to the outer phases of a planar lipid bilayer membrane, the membrane conductance increases by many orders of magnitude. At lower protein concentrations the conductance increases in a stepwise fashion, the single conductance increment being about 2 nS (1 nS = 10(-9) siemens = 10(-9) omega -1) in 1 MKCl. The conductance pathway has an ohmic current vs. voltage character and a poor selectivity for chloride and the alkali ions. These findings are consistent with the assumption that the protein forms large aqueous channels in the membrane. From the average value of the single-channel conductance a channel diameter of about 0.9 nm is estimated. This channel size is consistent with the sugar permeability which has been reported for lipid vesicles reconstituted in the presence of the protein.", "contents": "Formation of large, ion-permeable membrane channels by the matrix protein (porin) of Escherichia coli. One of the major proteins of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli, the matrix protein (porin), has been isolated by detergent solubilisation. When the protein is added in concentrations of the order 10 ng/cm3 to the outer phases of a planar lipid bilayer membrane, the membrane conductance increases by many orders of magnitude. At lower protein concentrations the conductance increases in a stepwise fashion, the single conductance increment being about 2 nS (1 nS = 10(-9) siemens = 10(-9) omega -1) in 1 MKCl. The conductance pathway has an ohmic current vs. voltage character and a poor selectivity for chloride and the alkali ions. These findings are consistent with the assumption that the protein forms large aqueous channels in the membrane. From the average value of the single-channel conductance a channel diameter of about 0.9 nm is estimated. This channel size is consistent with the sugar permeability which has been reported for lipid vesicles reconstituted in the presence of the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:356886", "title": "Purification and properties of trehalase from the thermophilic fungus Humicola lanuginosa.", "content": "Trehalase (alpha,alpha-Trehalose glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.28) was partially solubilized from the thermophilic fungus Humicola lanuginosa RM-B, and purified 184-fold. The purified enzyme was optimally active at 50 degrees C in acetate buffer at pH 5.5. It was highly specific for alpha,alpha-trehalose and had an apparent Km = 0.4 mM at 50 degrees C. None of the other disaccharides tested either inhibited or activated the enzyme. The molecular weight of the enzyme was around 170 000. Trehalase from mycelium grown at 40 and 50 degrees C had similar properties. The purified enzyme, in contrast to that in the crude-cell free extract, was less stable. At low concentration, purified trehalase was afforded protection against heat-inactivation by \"protection against heat-inactivation by \"protective factor(s)\" present in mycelial extracts. The \"protective factor(s)\" was sensitive to proteolytic digestion. It was not diffusible and was stable to boiling for at least 30 min. Bovine serum albumin and casein also protected the enzyme from heat-inactivation.", "contents": "Purification and properties of trehalase from the thermophilic fungus Humicola lanuginosa. Trehalase (alpha,alpha-Trehalose glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.28) was partially solubilized from the thermophilic fungus Humicola lanuginosa RM-B, and purified 184-fold. The purified enzyme was optimally active at 50 degrees C in acetate buffer at pH 5.5. It was highly specific for alpha,alpha-trehalose and had an apparent Km = 0.4 mM at 50 degrees C. None of the other disaccharides tested either inhibited or activated the enzyme. The molecular weight of the enzyme was around 170 000. Trehalase from mycelium grown at 40 and 50 degrees C had similar properties. The purified enzyme, in contrast to that in the crude-cell free extract, was less stable. At low concentration, purified trehalase was afforded protection against heat-inactivation by \"protection against heat-inactivation by \"protective factor(s)\" present in mycelial extracts. The \"protective factor(s)\" was sensitive to proteolytic digestion. It was not diffusible and was stable to boiling for at least 30 min. Bovine serum albumin and casein also protected the enzyme from heat-inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:356887", "title": "Selective denaturation of several yeast enzymes by free fatty acids.", "content": "The denaturation of eight purified yeast enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, alcohol dehydrogenase, beta-fructosidase, hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, promoted under controlled conditions by the free fatty acids myristic and oleic, is selective. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP+ 1 oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) is extremely sensitive to destabilization and was studied in greater detail. Results show that chain length and degree of unsaturation of fatty acids are important to their destabilizing effect, and that ligands of the enzyme can afford protection. The denaturation process results in more than one altered form. These results can be viewed in the perspective of the possibility that amphipathic substances, and in particular free fatty acids, may play a role for enzyme degradation in vivo, by initiating steps of selective denaturation.", "contents": "Selective denaturation of several yeast enzymes by free fatty acids. The denaturation of eight purified yeast enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, alcohol dehydrogenase, beta-fructosidase, hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, promoted under controlled conditions by the free fatty acids myristic and oleic, is selective. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP+ 1 oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) is extremely sensitive to destabilization and was studied in greater detail. Results show that chain length and degree of unsaturation of fatty acids are important to their destabilizing effect, and that ligands of the enzyme can afford protection. The denaturation process results in more than one altered form. These results can be viewed in the perspective of the possibility that amphipathic substances, and in particular free fatty acids, may play a role for enzyme degradation in vivo, by initiating steps of selective denaturation."}
{"id": "PMID:356888", "title": "Influence of viscosity of enzymatic reactions studied with glucoamylase of Aspergillus niger.", "content": "Viscosity can be interpreted in terms of transport of momentum and, therefore, it should influence the kinetics of enzyme reactions. A theory, developed by Somogyi and Damjanovich ((1975) J. Theor. Biol. 51, 393--401), is based on this idea. Transport of momentum must always be accompanied by the transport of mass and this second influence of viscosity is a limiting factor for fast reactions in the liquid phase. A third aspect is, that the chemical potentials of the components of viscous solutions are altered. This paper reports experiments concerning the influence of the viscosigens (compounds that increase the viscosity of solvents), alginate, sucrose, and maltose on the kinetic behaviour of glucoamylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.3). The observed invariance of V and the decrease of Km are explained by the increase of chemical potentials and restriction of momentum transport.", "contents": "Influence of viscosity of enzymatic reactions studied with glucoamylase of Aspergillus niger. Viscosity can be interpreted in terms of transport of momentum and, therefore, it should influence the kinetics of enzyme reactions. A theory, developed by Somogyi and Damjanovich ((1975) J. Theor. Biol. 51, 393--401), is based on this idea. Transport of momentum must always be accompanied by the transport of mass and this second influence of viscosity is a limiting factor for fast reactions in the liquid phase. A third aspect is, that the chemical potentials of the components of viscous solutions are altered. This paper reports experiments concerning the influence of the viscosigens (compounds that increase the viscosity of solvents), alginate, sucrose, and maltose on the kinetic behaviour of glucoamylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.3). The observed invariance of V and the decrease of Km are explained by the increase of chemical potentials and restriction of momentum transport."}
{"id": "PMID:356889", "title": "Enhanced allosteric regulation of threonine deaminase and acetohydroxy acid synthase from Escherichia coli in a permeabilized-cell assay system.", "content": "A permeabilized-cell technique for rapid assay of enzyme activity has revealed enhanced allosteric regulation of both threonine deaminase (L-threonine hydrolyase (deaminating), EC 4.2.1.16) and acethohydroxy acid synthease (acetolactate pyruvate-lyase (carboxylating), EC 4.1.3.18) in Escherichia col K-12. In the permeabilized cell assay threonine deaminase exhibited a higher Hill coefficient for inhibition by L-isoleucine, and acetohydroxy acid synthase exhibited a hypersensensitivity to allosteric inhibition by L-valine when compared to studies on crude extracts. We propose that these effects reflect the in situ microenvironments of both enzymes. Preliminary evidence further indicates that acetohydroxy acid synthase may loosely associate with the cell membrane.", "contents": "Enhanced allosteric regulation of threonine deaminase and acetohydroxy acid synthase from Escherichia coli in a permeabilized-cell assay system. A permeabilized-cell technique for rapid assay of enzyme activity has revealed enhanced allosteric regulation of both threonine deaminase (L-threonine hydrolyase (deaminating), EC 4.2.1.16) and acethohydroxy acid synthease (acetolactate pyruvate-lyase (carboxylating), EC 4.1.3.18) in Escherichia col K-12. In the permeabilized cell assay threonine deaminase exhibited a higher Hill coefficient for inhibition by L-isoleucine, and acetohydroxy acid synthase exhibited a hypersensensitivity to allosteric inhibition by L-valine when compared to studies on crude extracts. We propose that these effects reflect the in situ microenvironments of both enzymes. Preliminary evidence further indicates that acetohydroxy acid synthase may loosely associate with the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:356890", "title": "Triacylglycerol synthesis in lipid particles from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).", "content": "Triacylglycerol synthesis has been studied in a lipid particle preparation of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and compared with the synthesis in other subcellular fractions. Fatty acid-CoA ligase (AMP) (EC 6.2.1.3) activity and sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase activity (EC 2.3.1.15) were present in all the subcellular fractions tested but the highest specific activities of both enzymes were observed with the lipid particle fraction. The products of the glycerol 3-phosphate acylation indicate that triacyglycerol synthesis proceeds through the phosphatidic acid pathway. However, only a small and nearly constant amount of lysophosphatidic acid was found with the lipid particle fraction while the other subcellular fraction produced lysophosphatidic and phosphatidic acid with a more pronounced precursor/product relationship. Triacylglycerol synthesis from endogenous diacylglycerol present in the lipid particle was also demonstrated.", "contents": "Triacylglycerol synthesis in lipid particles from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Triacylglycerol synthesis has been studied in a lipid particle preparation of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and compared with the synthesis in other subcellular fractions. Fatty acid-CoA ligase (AMP) (EC 6.2.1.3) activity and sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase activity (EC 2.3.1.15) were present in all the subcellular fractions tested but the highest specific activities of both enzymes were observed with the lipid particle fraction. The products of the glycerol 3-phosphate acylation indicate that triacyglycerol synthesis proceeds through the phosphatidic acid pathway. However, only a small and nearly constant amount of lysophosphatidic acid was found with the lipid particle fraction while the other subcellular fraction produced lysophosphatidic and phosphatidic acid with a more pronounced precursor/product relationship. Triacylglycerol synthesis from endogenous diacylglycerol present in the lipid particle was also demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:356891", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of beta-D-galactan in the nuclei of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "The acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum produces an extracellular sulfated and phosphorylated beta-D-galactan which was recently isolated from the nuclei of this organism. This polysaccharide has now been localized in the nuclei of P. polycephalum by electron microscopy using a specific \"sandwich\" technique: thin sections of P. polycephalum microplasmodia were incubated with the Ricinus communis lectin specific for D-galactose residues. The bound lectin was then localized with gold granules labeled with a galactose-terminated glycoprotein (desialylated ceruloplasmin). The galactan was found in the nuclei mainly associated with chromatin and, also, but to a smaller extent, in the cytoplasm and in some vacuoles. The specificity of the method was assessed by marking under the same condition the galactomannan present in the cell wall of the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of beta-D-galactan in the nuclei of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum. The acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum produces an extracellular sulfated and phosphorylated beta-D-galactan which was recently isolated from the nuclei of this organism. This polysaccharide has now been localized in the nuclei of P. polycephalum by electron microscopy using a specific \"sandwich\" technique: thin sections of P. polycephalum microplasmodia were incubated with the Ricinus communis lectin specific for D-galactose residues. The bound lectin was then localized with gold granules labeled with a galactose-terminated glycoprotein (desialylated ceruloplasmin). The galactan was found in the nuclei mainly associated with chromatin and, also, but to a smaller extent, in the cytoplasm and in some vacuoles. The specificity of the method was assessed by marking under the same condition the galactomannan present in the cell wall of the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe."}
{"id": "PMID:356892", "title": "The origin of the nitrogen atom in the thiazole ring of thiamine in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Methods are described for the isolation and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the 4-methyl-5-beta-hydroxyethyl thiazole moiety of thiamine in microbial cells. Using these methods, it was determined that in Escherichia coli the nitrogen atom in the thiazole ring of thiamine is derived solely from L-tyrosine.", "contents": "The origin of the nitrogen atom in the thiazole ring of thiamine in Escherichia coli. Methods are described for the isolation and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the 4-methyl-5-beta-hydroxyethyl thiazole moiety of thiamine in microbial cells. Using these methods, it was determined that in Escherichia coli the nitrogen atom in the thiazole ring of thiamine is derived solely from L-tyrosine."}
{"id": "PMID:356894", "title": "Isolation, purification, and partial chemical characterization of chromium(III) fractions existing in brewer's yeast and Sabouraud's liquid medium.", "content": "An ethanol extract of brewer's yeast which had been cultivated in a medium containing trivalent 51Cr was analyzed for 51Cr compounds by using petroleum ether extraction, gel filtration, cation and anion exchange chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Similar analytical procedures as for the above analysis were used for studying 51Cr compounds formed in the spent culture medium and in a sterile medium. Several 51Cr fractions were isolated from the three chromium sources, but one anionic 51Cr fraction present in the yeast and in the spent culture medium was not found in the sterile medium. Molecular weight estimations of the 51Cr fractions by gel filtration chromatography showed that the 51Cr ion exchange fractions contained several 51Cr compounds. The molecular weights of these compounds ranged from 150 to 1000 daltons and the molecular weights of 51Cr compounds separated from the yeast were markedly lower than those of the corresponding ion exchange fractions isolated from the culture medium. By using thin layer chromatography it was possible to isolate 51Cr compounds from the main bulk of ninhydrin active impurities. The polarity of all 51Cr compounds was found to be greater than that of most amino acids. The 51Cr compounds isolated from the yeast were mixed with 125I-insulin and incubated, after which the solution was eluted through Sephadex G-50 gel to test if binding had occurred. Elution peaks of 51Cr and 125I-insulin showed that 51Cr compounds were not bound to the insulin.", "contents": "Isolation, purification, and partial chemical characterization of chromium(III) fractions existing in brewer's yeast and Sabouraud's liquid medium. An ethanol extract of brewer's yeast which had been cultivated in a medium containing trivalent 51Cr was analyzed for 51Cr compounds by using petroleum ether extraction, gel filtration, cation and anion exchange chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Similar analytical procedures as for the above analysis were used for studying 51Cr compounds formed in the spent culture medium and in a sterile medium. Several 51Cr fractions were isolated from the three chromium sources, but one anionic 51Cr fraction present in the yeast and in the spent culture medium was not found in the sterile medium. Molecular weight estimations of the 51Cr fractions by gel filtration chromatography showed that the 51Cr ion exchange fractions contained several 51Cr compounds. The molecular weights of these compounds ranged from 150 to 1000 daltons and the molecular weights of 51Cr compounds separated from the yeast were markedly lower than those of the corresponding ion exchange fractions isolated from the culture medium. By using thin layer chromatography it was possible to isolate 51Cr compounds from the main bulk of ninhydrin active impurities. The polarity of all 51Cr compounds was found to be greater than that of most amino acids. The 51Cr compounds isolated from the yeast were mixed with 125I-insulin and incubated, after which the solution was eluted through Sephadex G-50 gel to test if binding had occurred. Elution peaks of 51Cr and 125I-insulin showed that 51Cr compounds were not bound to the insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:356893", "title": "Insulin action on Escherichia coli. Regulation of the adenylate cyclase and phosphotransferase enzymes.", "content": "Insulin on Escherichia coli was studied using wild type E. coli B/r and K12 strains and a number of phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase mutants. In vivo, the effects of insulin on the differential rate of tryptophanase synthesis, the rate of alpha-methylglucoside uptake and the rate of growth on glucose were determined in E. coli B/r. In vitro, the effect of insulin on the adenylate cyclase and the phosphotransferase activities was determined using toluenized cell preparations of E. coli B/r, E. coli K12 and phosphotransferase mutant strains. The specificity of insulin action on E. coli was determined using glucagon, vasopressin and somatropin as well as insulin antisera. Results show the specific action of insulin on E. coli, inhibiting tryptophanase induction and adenylate cyclase activity, while stimulating growth on glucose and uptake and phosphorylation of alpha-methylglucoside.", "contents": "Insulin action on Escherichia coli. Regulation of the adenylate cyclase and phosphotransferase enzymes. Insulin on Escherichia coli was studied using wild type E. coli B/r and K12 strains and a number of phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase mutants. In vivo, the effects of insulin on the differential rate of tryptophanase synthesis, the rate of alpha-methylglucoside uptake and the rate of growth on glucose were determined in E. coli B/r. In vitro, the effect of insulin on the adenylate cyclase and the phosphotransferase activities was determined using toluenized cell preparations of E. coli B/r, E. coli K12 and phosphotransferase mutant strains. The specificity of insulin action on E. coli was determined using glucagon, vasopressin and somatropin as well as insulin antisera. Results show the specific action of insulin on E. coli, inhibiting tryptophanase induction and adenylate cyclase activity, while stimulating growth on glucose and uptake and phosphorylation of alpha-methylglucoside."}
{"id": "PMID:356896", "title": "Biphasic saturations of binding proteins can be the result of a competitive inhibition of substrate fixation.", "content": "A mathematical model is proposed which explains some biphasic saturations of Binding Proteins by their substrates through an effect of a competitive inhibition. The inhibitor can be the substrate itself especially when the retention phenomenon is occuring. This model has been verified with two periplasmic Binding Proteins of Escherichia coli: the Glutamine Binding Protein and the Leucine-Isoleucine-Valine Binding Protein. A significant connection is found between experimental results and the hypothesis.", "contents": "Biphasic saturations of binding proteins can be the result of a competitive inhibition of substrate fixation. A mathematical model is proposed which explains some biphasic saturations of Binding Proteins by their substrates through an effect of a competitive inhibition. The inhibitor can be the substrate itself especially when the retention phenomenon is occuring. This model has been verified with two periplasmic Binding Proteins of Escherichia coli: the Glutamine Binding Protein and the Leucine-Isoleucine-Valine Binding Protein. A significant connection is found between experimental results and the hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:356899", "title": "Finger pulse amplitude and frontalis EMG biofeedback effects of single- and two-system training.", "content": "The relationship between finger pulse amplitude (PA) and frontalis EMG was studied first by looking at general physiological changes accompanying successful bidirectional PA control. Seven successful subjects were then asked to produce two patterns of PA and EMG (PAincEMGdec and PAdecEMGdec) while receiving both PA and frontalis EMG biofeedback. Results indicate subjects can easily produce the differentiation pattern of PAdecEMGdec but cannot produce the integration pattern of PAincEMGdec. These rather paradoxical results may indicate subjects were using an \"attentional\" rather than \"arousal\" strategy for controlling PA and have implications for the use of peripheral vasomotor training as a general relaxation technique.", "contents": "Finger pulse amplitude and frontalis EMG biofeedback effects of single- and two-system training. The relationship between finger pulse amplitude (PA) and frontalis EMG was studied first by looking at general physiological changes accompanying successful bidirectional PA control. Seven successful subjects were then asked to produce two patterns of PA and EMG (PAincEMGdec and PAdecEMGdec) while receiving both PA and frontalis EMG biofeedback. Results indicate subjects can easily produce the differentiation pattern of PAdecEMGdec but cannot produce the integration pattern of PAincEMGdec. These rather paradoxical results may indicate subjects were using an \"attentional\" rather than \"arousal\" strategy for controlling PA and have implications for the use of peripheral vasomotor training as a general relaxation technique."}
{"id": "PMID:356900", "title": "The relative effectiveness of three techniques to induce the trophotropic response.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effectiveness of electromyographic biofeedback training (EMG BFT), meditation, and progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) in eliciting a relaxation or trophotropic response as measured by frontalis muscle tension, heart rate, electrodermal response, respiration rate, and skin temperature. Fifty-four college students were randomly assigned to one of five groups: (1) control, (2) placebo control, (3) EMG BFT, (4) meditation, (5) PMR. After baseline measures were obtained subjects were trained in 10 30-minute training sessions and posttested. Comparisons by ANOVAs indicated there was a significant decrease in muscle tension in the EMG BFT and meditation groups and significant decreases in respiration rate in the meditation and PMR groups. No other changes were attributed to treatment.", "contents": "The relative effectiveness of three techniques to induce the trophotropic response. The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effectiveness of electromyographic biofeedback training (EMG BFT), meditation, and progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) in eliciting a relaxation or trophotropic response as measured by frontalis muscle tension, heart rate, electrodermal response, respiration rate, and skin temperature. Fifty-four college students were randomly assigned to one of five groups: (1) control, (2) placebo control, (3) EMG BFT, (4) meditation, (5) PMR. After baseline measures were obtained subjects were trained in 10 30-minute training sessions and posttested. Comparisons by ANOVAs indicated there was a significant decrease in muscle tension in the EMG BFT and meditation groups and significant decreases in respiration rate in the meditation and PMR groups. No other changes were attributed to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:356906", "title": "1/f noise in membranes.", "content": "The present situation of 1/f noise in the passage of ions across membranes is examined. A survey of biological and synthetic membranes is given at which a 1/f frequency dependence has been observed in the spectrum of voltage or current fluctuations. Empirical relations and theories of 1/f noise in membranes are critically discussed.", "contents": "1/f noise in membranes. The present situation of 1/f noise in the passage of ions across membranes is examined. A survey of biological and synthetic membranes is given at which a 1/f frequency dependence has been observed in the spectrum of voltage or current fluctuations. Empirical relations and theories of 1/f noise in membranes are critically discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:356907", "title": "A contrast variation study of Escherichia coli ribosomes reassembled from protonated and deuterated subunits.", "content": "Neutron low angle scattering studies on E. coli ribosomes reassembled from protonated and deuterated subunits indicate that the association of the two subunits occurs without major distortion of their shape or modification of the distribution of the protein and RNA components.", "contents": "A contrast variation study of Escherichia coli ribosomes reassembled from protonated and deuterated subunits. Neutron low angle scattering studies on E. coli ribosomes reassembled from protonated and deuterated subunits indicate that the association of the two subunits occurs without major distortion of their shape or modification of the distribution of the protein and RNA components."}
{"id": "PMID:356909", "title": "Immobilization of immunoglobulins on polystyrene latex beads: characterization by density gradient centrifugation.", "content": "Isopycnic banding by density gradient centrifugation was used to measure density changes in complexes formed by the immobilization of each of four different immunoglobulins (IgG) (bovine, dog, rabbit, and sheep) on polystyrene latex beads (0.109 +/- 0.0025 micrometer diameter). Subtractive measurements of density changes allowed calculation of the mass of immobilized IgG under varying experimental conditions. The immobilization data were correlated with adsorption isotherms which incorporated charge repulsion forces. The effects of pH and NaCl concentration on the immobilization were studied for the latex-bovine IgG system. It was found that the mass of immobilized immunoglobulins was increased from 10 to 20% by removing the IgG from its isoelectric range.", "contents": "Immobilization of immunoglobulins on polystyrene latex beads: characterization by density gradient centrifugation. Isopycnic banding by density gradient centrifugation was used to measure density changes in complexes formed by the immobilization of each of four different immunoglobulins (IgG) (bovine, dog, rabbit, and sheep) on polystyrene latex beads (0.109 +/- 0.0025 micrometer diameter). Subtractive measurements of density changes allowed calculation of the mass of immobilized IgG under varying experimental conditions. The immobilization data were correlated with adsorption isotherms which incorporated charge repulsion forces. The effects of pH and NaCl concentration on the immobilization were studied for the latex-bovine IgG system. It was found that the mass of immobilized immunoglobulins was increased from 10 to 20% by removing the IgG from its isoelectric range."}
{"id": "PMID:356911", "title": "[Common antigens of stable group A streptococcal L forms and muscle fibers of human myocardium].", "content": "The immunofluorescence method was used to demonstrate that the antigens of stable streptococcus L-forms and of the cytoplasmic membrane of human myocardium muscle fibers were common. The common antigen was included into the composition of the surface membrane of the muscle cell adjacent to the sarcolemma, and of the transverse tubule membranes of the sarcoplasma reticulum passing in the Z-band region of the muscle fiber sarcomeres. The reactions is completely prevented by the exhaustion of the anti-serum to the antigen of the L-forms with the homogenate of human myocardium tissues or a suspension of the L-form cultures grown both on meat and on casein media. Exhaustion with tissue homogenate of other organs (the liver) or with concentrated nutrient medium practically failed to influence the extent of this reaction. The authors believe that the commonnes of the antigens of stable L-forms of streptococcus, group A, cultures and of the myocardium could serve as one of the causes of prolonged persistence of L-forms in human and animal organism.", "contents": "[Common antigens of stable group A streptococcal L forms and muscle fibers of human myocardium]. The immunofluorescence method was used to demonstrate that the antigens of stable streptococcus L-forms and of the cytoplasmic membrane of human myocardium muscle fibers were common. The common antigen was included into the composition of the surface membrane of the muscle cell adjacent to the sarcolemma, and of the transverse tubule membranes of the sarcoplasma reticulum passing in the Z-band region of the muscle fiber sarcomeres. The reactions is completely prevented by the exhaustion of the anti-serum to the antigen of the L-forms with the homogenate of human myocardium tissues or a suspension of the L-form cultures grown both on meat and on casein media. Exhaustion with tissue homogenate of other organs (the liver) or with concentrated nutrient medium practically failed to influence the extent of this reaction. The authors believe that the commonnes of the antigens of stable L-forms of streptococcus, group A, cultures and of the myocardium could serve as one of the causes of prolonged persistence of L-forms in human and animal organism."}
{"id": "PMID:356912", "title": "[Age and increase in the sensitivity threshold of the tonic region of the hypothalamic sex center to inhibition by estradiol in female rats].", "content": "Estradiol-17 beta was injected into the 3rd ventricle of hemiovariectomized rats to study the sensitivity of the hypothalamic sexual centre. In aged (14--16-month-old) rats the dose of estradiol required for suppression of the compensatory ovarian hypertrophy by 50 and 100 per cent was 4--5 times greater than in young (3-month-old) rats. The results obtained suggest the age-associated increase of the threshold sensitivity of the tonic region of the hypothalamic sexual centre to estrogen suppression. These data can be used for the interpretation of the mechanism of both the age-associated elevation of gonadotropin secretion, and of the reproductive function.", "contents": "[Age and increase in the sensitivity threshold of the tonic region of the hypothalamic sex center to inhibition by estradiol in female rats]. Estradiol-17 beta was injected into the 3rd ventricle of hemiovariectomized rats to study the sensitivity of the hypothalamic sexual centre. In aged (14--16-month-old) rats the dose of estradiol required for suppression of the compensatory ovarian hypertrophy by 50 and 100 per cent was 4--5 times greater than in young (3-month-old) rats. The results obtained suggest the age-associated increase of the threshold sensitivity of the tonic region of the hypothalamic sexual centre to estrogen suppression. These data can be used for the interpretation of the mechanism of both the age-associated elevation of gonadotropin secretion, and of the reproductive function."}
{"id": "PMID:356913", "title": "[Insulin-forming activity of monolayer cultures of pancreatic islet cells from cattle fetuses].", "content": "The radioimmunological method was applied to the study of insulin content in the growth medium of primary monolayer cultures of bovine fetal pancreatic islet cells grown with usual and increased (300 mg%) glucose content. The latter led to an enhanced insulin secretion. The results of cytological study demonstrated a definite interrelationship between the mitotic activity of culture cells and the intensity of insulin secretion into the medium.", "contents": "[Insulin-forming activity of monolayer cultures of pancreatic islet cells from cattle fetuses]. The radioimmunological method was applied to the study of insulin content in the growth medium of primary monolayer cultures of bovine fetal pancreatic islet cells grown with usual and increased (300 mg%) glucose content. The latter led to an enhanced insulin secretion. The results of cytological study demonstrated a definite interrelationship between the mitotic activity of culture cells and the intensity of insulin secretion into the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:356914", "title": "[Assessment of the functional state of the cerebral cortex in rabbits according to electroencephalographic findings using a computer diagnostic system].", "content": "Computer estimation of the current functional state of the cerebral cortex in rabbits by the EEG data permitted to distinguish its peculiarities in dark and light adaptation of different duration under the action of nembutal; individual peculiarities of the cerebral cortex activity were revealed in various rabbits. The automatic converter system and that of recording and analysis of multiprocess information (apromin system) and computer diagnostic system (mds) were used in complex for the multistage processing of the multiprocess information. Final results are presented on the plane as points reflecting multidimentional images of the current functional states of the cerebral cortex in animals.", "contents": "[Assessment of the functional state of the cerebral cortex in rabbits according to electroencephalographic findings using a computer diagnostic system]. Computer estimation of the current functional state of the cerebral cortex in rabbits by the EEG data permitted to distinguish its peculiarities in dark and light adaptation of different duration under the action of nembutal; individual peculiarities of the cerebral cortex activity were revealed in various rabbits. The automatic converter system and that of recording and analysis of multiprocess information (apromin system) and computer diagnostic system (mds) were used in complex for the multistage processing of the multiprocess information. Final results are presented on the plane as points reflecting multidimentional images of the current functional states of the cerebral cortex in animals."}
{"id": "PMID:356915", "title": "Fetal hemoglobin in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH): evidence for derivation of HbF-containing erythrocytes (F cells) from the PNH clone as well as from normal hemopoietic stem cell lines.", "content": "The cellular distribution of HbF was studied in nine patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) by measuring the level of HbF and determining the number of HbF-containing red cells (F cells) in whole blood and in the population of normal cells obtained after immune lysis of the abnormal erythrocytes. The amounts of HbF and the F cell frequencies found in the normal red cells were strikingly similar to the values seen in whole blood. The observed frequencies of F cells in normal cells best fitted those expected under the assumption that the F cells arise equally from normal hemopoietic stem cells and from the stem cells with the PNH defect. Since PNH appears to be a clonal hemopoietic stem cell disorder, this evidence argues against a derivation of F cells from distinct pluripotent stem cell lines.", "contents": "Fetal hemoglobin in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH): evidence for derivation of HbF-containing erythrocytes (F cells) from the PNH clone as well as from normal hemopoietic stem cell lines. The cellular distribution of HbF was studied in nine patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) by measuring the level of HbF and determining the number of HbF-containing red cells (F cells) in whole blood and in the population of normal cells obtained after immune lysis of the abnormal erythrocytes. The amounts of HbF and the F cell frequencies found in the normal red cells were strikingly similar to the values seen in whole blood. The observed frequencies of F cells in normal cells best fitted those expected under the assumption that the F cells arise equally from normal hemopoietic stem cells and from the stem cells with the PNH defect. Since PNH appears to be a clonal hemopoietic stem cell disorder, this evidence argues against a derivation of F cells from distinct pluripotent stem cell lines."}
{"id": "PMID:356916", "title": "Primary systemic amyloidosis: comparison of melphalan and prednisone versus placebo.", "content": "Satisfactory treatment for primary amyloidosis does not exist. Because the amyloid fibrils consist of a portion of a monoclonal light chain, it appears reasonable to treat amyloidosis with alkylating agents that are effective against the plasma cells that synthesize monoclonal light chains. Fifty-five patients with primary systemic amyloidosis were randomized (double blind) to melphalan-prednisone or placebo. In comparison with the placebo group, patients given melphalan-prednisone were able to continue on treatment for a longer time and to receive larger doses before the code was broken. Among this group, the nephrotic syndrome disappeared in two patients and urinary excretion of protein was reduced by more than 50% in eight others. Of 13 patients who received melphalan-prednisone for more than 12 mo, 6 improved, 3 were stable, and 4 had progression of disease. Survival did not differ significantly between the groups.", "contents": "Primary systemic amyloidosis: comparison of melphalan and prednisone versus placebo. Satisfactory treatment for primary amyloidosis does not exist. Because the amyloid fibrils consist of a portion of a monoclonal light chain, it appears reasonable to treat amyloidosis with alkylating agents that are effective against the plasma cells that synthesize monoclonal light chains. Fifty-five patients with primary systemic amyloidosis were randomized (double blind) to melphalan-prednisone or placebo. In comparison with the placebo group, patients given melphalan-prednisone were able to continue on treatment for a longer time and to receive larger doses before the code was broken. Among this group, the nephrotic syndrome disappeared in two patients and urinary excretion of protein was reduced by more than 50% in eight others. Of 13 patients who received melphalan-prednisone for more than 12 mo, 6 improved, 3 were stable, and 4 had progression of disease. Survival did not differ significantly between the groups."}
{"id": "PMID:356924", "title": "Global capacity reduction and schizophrenia.", "content": "This paper reviews the evidence for a specific deficit in the flow of information through the schizophrenic processing system. It is suggested that there is little to support the notion of a single defective mechanism underlying schizophrenic cognitive dysfunction. The lack of a valid and reliable metric for measuring degree of difficulty across tasks and a lack of concern with matching tasks for attentional processing load, detracts from the usefulness of available results. The applicability of a global limited capacity model of selective attention to schizophrenic information processing is discussed as the most appropriate means of systematizing the wealth of published empirical data.", "contents": "Global capacity reduction and schizophrenia. This paper reviews the evidence for a specific deficit in the flow of information through the schizophrenic processing system. It is suggested that there is little to support the notion of a single defective mechanism underlying schizophrenic cognitive dysfunction. The lack of a valid and reliable metric for measuring degree of difficulty across tasks and a lack of concern with matching tasks for attentional processing load, detracts from the usefulness of available results. The applicability of a global limited capacity model of selective attention to schizophrenic information processing is discussed as the most appropriate means of systematizing the wealth of published empirical data."}
{"id": "PMID:356925", "title": "Vitamins and sport.", "content": "In a double blind test on 40 men and women high performance fencers the influence of a multivitamin-electrolyte-preparation on reaction time, hit-frequency and neuromuscular irritability was determined. Evidence of B1, B2 and B6-deficiencies up to 70% were found. After application of the preparation an increase of performance of 3% could be observed. The tests were carried out by means of coenzymatic activation of the respective vitamins in the haemolysate of erythrocytes. The results are explained by the role of the vitamins in the human organism and by the special conditions under which endurance athletes have to perform: high turn-over rate of the energy metabolism, an increase of the body core temperature and thus increased sweat loss, factors leading to deficiencies of the water soluble B-vitamins.", "contents": "Vitamins and sport. In a double blind test on 40 men and women high performance fencers the influence of a multivitamin-electrolyte-preparation on reaction time, hit-frequency and neuromuscular irritability was determined. Evidence of B1, B2 and B6-deficiencies up to 70% were found. After application of the preparation an increase of performance of 3% could be observed. The tests were carried out by means of coenzymatic activation of the respective vitamins in the haemolysate of erythrocytes. The results are explained by the role of the vitamins in the human organism and by the special conditions under which endurance athletes have to perform: high turn-over rate of the energy metabolism, an increase of the body core temperature and thus increased sweat loss, factors leading to deficiencies of the water soluble B-vitamins."}
{"id": "PMID:356929", "title": "Topographic projections of substance P and GABA pathways in the striato- and pallido-nigral system: a biochemical and immunohistochemical study.", "content": "The topographical projections of substance P pathways from the caudateputamen and globus pallidus to the pars compacta and pars reticulata of the substantia nigra have been investigated in the rat using immunohistochemical and radioimmunoassay techniques and compared with the projections of GABA nergic striatal neurones. Unilateral vertical knife cuts through the anterior and posterior striatum have shown the majority of substance P-containing neurones which project to the substantia nigra to originate in the most rostral part of the caudate-putamen. This projection appears to innervate the pars reticulata and pars compacta of the substantia nigra to a similar extent. A separate projection of substance P-containing neurones to the substantia nigra appears to originate in the globus pallidus. Undercutting the cerebral cortex which overlies the corpus striatum did not affect the substance P content of the globus pallidus or substantia nigra. However, there appears to be an additional substance P projection from the basal ganglia to the entopeduncular nucleus. In contrast, GABA-containing neurones which project to the substantia nigra are mainly located in more caudal parts of the caudate-putamen and in the globus pallidus. There is a marked differentiation in the region of the substantia nigra innervated by GABA cells originating in the rostral and caudal parts of the corpus striatum. Rostrally situated neurones project almost exclusively to the pars reticulata, while neurones in the caudal part of the caudate-putamen and globus pallidus project to both the pars compacta and pars reticulata. These results suggest that there is a partial topographical separation of the sites of origin of substance P- and GABA-containing neurones which project to the substantia nigra.", "contents": "Topographic projections of substance P and GABA pathways in the striato- and pallido-nigral system: a biochemical and immunohistochemical study. The topographical projections of substance P pathways from the caudateputamen and globus pallidus to the pars compacta and pars reticulata of the substantia nigra have been investigated in the rat using immunohistochemical and radioimmunoassay techniques and compared with the projections of GABA nergic striatal neurones. Unilateral vertical knife cuts through the anterior and posterior striatum have shown the majority of substance P-containing neurones which project to the substantia nigra to originate in the most rostral part of the caudate-putamen. This projection appears to innervate the pars reticulata and pars compacta of the substantia nigra to a similar extent. A separate projection of substance P-containing neurones to the substantia nigra appears to originate in the globus pallidus. Undercutting the cerebral cortex which overlies the corpus striatum did not affect the substance P content of the globus pallidus or substantia nigra. However, there appears to be an additional substance P projection from the basal ganglia to the entopeduncular nucleus. In contrast, GABA-containing neurones which project to the substantia nigra are mainly located in more caudal parts of the caudate-putamen and in the globus pallidus. There is a marked differentiation in the region of the substantia nigra innervated by GABA cells originating in the rostral and caudal parts of the corpus striatum. Rostrally situated neurones project almost exclusively to the pars reticulata, while neurones in the caudal part of the caudate-putamen and globus pallidus project to both the pars compacta and pars reticulata. These results suggest that there is a partial topographical separation of the sites of origin of substance P- and GABA-containing neurones which project to the substantia nigra."}
{"id": "PMID:356930", "title": "The central and peripheral ends of the substance P-containing sensory neurones in the rat trigeminal system.", "content": "The distribution of substance P (SP) immunoreactivity in the spinal nucleus of the rat trigeminal nerve and in the skin of the lower lip was examined following (a) unilateral electrolytic lesions of the trigeminal ganglion, (b) trigeminal rhizotomy, and (c) unilateral interruption of the mental nerve, the sensory branch of the trigeminal nerve innervating the lower lip. A marked depletion of SP immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral trigeminal spinal nucleus followed lesions of the trigeminal ganglion or rhizotomy. The reticular formation ventral and medial to the spinal nucleus showed a small decrease in SP immunofluorescence on the operated side. Some loss of SP immunoreactivity was observed in the skin of the lower lip following ganglionectomy or rhizotomy. After sectioning the mental branch SP-immunofluorescent fibres of the skin of the lower lip disappear completely on the denervated side. It was concluded that some trigeminal ganglion neurones store, and might release, SP at their axon terminals in the medulla oblongata and at their sensory terminals in the skin.", "contents": "The central and peripheral ends of the substance P-containing sensory neurones in the rat trigeminal system. The distribution of substance P (SP) immunoreactivity in the spinal nucleus of the rat trigeminal nerve and in the skin of the lower lip was examined following (a) unilateral electrolytic lesions of the trigeminal ganglion, (b) trigeminal rhizotomy, and (c) unilateral interruption of the mental nerve, the sensory branch of the trigeminal nerve innervating the lower lip. A marked depletion of SP immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral trigeminal spinal nucleus followed lesions of the trigeminal ganglion or rhizotomy. The reticular formation ventral and medial to the spinal nucleus showed a small decrease in SP immunofluorescence on the operated side. Some loss of SP immunoreactivity was observed in the skin of the lower lip following ganglionectomy or rhizotomy. After sectioning the mental branch SP-immunofluorescent fibres of the skin of the lower lip disappear completely on the denervated side. It was concluded that some trigeminal ganglion neurones store, and might release, SP at their axon terminals in the medulla oblongata and at their sensory terminals in the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:356932", "title": "Changes in intracellular organization of tubulin and actin in N-18 neuroblastoma cells during the process of axon extension induced by serum deprivation.", "content": "Specific antibodies against actin and tubulin have been used to follow the distribution and organization of actin and tubulin containing structures in N-18 neuroblastoma cells induced to sprout axons. Immunofluorescence microscopy shows that during the time of axonal sprouting microtubules converge into growing processes forming dense bundles in which individual microtubules cannot be resolved. In the growth cone where individual fluorescent fibers can again be distinguished microtubules seem to be excluded from the very margin. Actin is predominantly located at the cell periphery both in cell bodies and in cell processes. It appears to be present in areas of high surface motility and is especially abundant at the tip of the growth cone.", "contents": "Changes in intracellular organization of tubulin and actin in N-18 neuroblastoma cells during the process of axon extension induced by serum deprivation. Specific antibodies against actin and tubulin have been used to follow the distribution and organization of actin and tubulin containing structures in N-18 neuroblastoma cells induced to sprout axons. Immunofluorescence microscopy shows that during the time of axonal sprouting microtubules converge into growing processes forming dense bundles in which individual microtubules cannot be resolved. In the growth cone where individual fluorescent fibers can again be distinguished microtubules seem to be excluded from the very margin. Actin is predominantly located at the cell periphery both in cell bodies and in cell processes. It appears to be present in areas of high surface motility and is especially abundant at the tip of the growth cone."}
{"id": "PMID:356933", "title": "VIP-, enkephalin-, substance P- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in neurons intrinsic to the intestine: immunohistochemical evidence from organotypic tissue cultures.", "content": "Small intestine from 18-day fetal mice grown for 3 weeks in organotypic tissue culture was found to contain numerous VIP, enkephalin, substance P and some somatostatin immunoreactive nerve fibers. Since these cultures should be devoid of all afferent or other extrinsic neuronal inputs, it is concluded that there are VIP, enkephalin, substance P and somatostatin containing neurons intrinsic to the intestinal wall. However, all 4 peptides may also be present in neurons originating outside the gastrointestinal tract as well as in the intrinsic neurons.", "contents": "VIP-, enkephalin-, substance P- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in neurons intrinsic to the intestine: immunohistochemical evidence from organotypic tissue cultures. Small intestine from 18-day fetal mice grown for 3 weeks in organotypic tissue culture was found to contain numerous VIP, enkephalin, substance P and some somatostatin immunoreactive nerve fibers. Since these cultures should be devoid of all afferent or other extrinsic neuronal inputs, it is concluded that there are VIP, enkephalin, substance P and somatostatin containing neurons intrinsic to the intestinal wall. However, all 4 peptides may also be present in neurons originating outside the gastrointestinal tract as well as in the intrinsic neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:356937", "title": "Levels of coenzyme A--glutathione mixed disulfide in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The pool of coenzyme A--glutathione mixed disulfide (CoASSG) rapidly increased 2.0 times in response to oxygen starvation and 1.5 times in response to glucose starvation but did not change following ammonia starvation. The increase in the CoASSG pool resulted from an increase in the CoASSG fraction of the CoA pool from 42 to 66--93%. Fluoride, cyanide, chloramphenicol, and rifampicin all caused similar increases. Aerobic growth on fermentable sugars resulted in CoASSG making up 40--55% of the CoA pool while growth on nonfermentable carbon sources or anaerobic fermentation resulted in CoASSG replacing acetyl CoA and free CoA to make up 85--95% of the CoA pool. The CoASSG:ATP ratio varied inversely with the growth rate in two groupings of carbon sources made up of either fermentable or nonfermentable molecules. Cultures grown aerobically on fermentable sugars exhibited a lower CoASSG:ATP ratio reflecting the lower proportion of CoASSG in the CoA pool.", "contents": "Levels of coenzyme A--glutathione mixed disulfide in Escherichia coli. The pool of coenzyme A--glutathione mixed disulfide (CoASSG) rapidly increased 2.0 times in response to oxygen starvation and 1.5 times in response to glucose starvation but did not change following ammonia starvation. The increase in the CoASSG pool resulted from an increase in the CoASSG fraction of the CoA pool from 42 to 66--93%. Fluoride, cyanide, chloramphenicol, and rifampicin all caused similar increases. Aerobic growth on fermentable sugars resulted in CoASSG making up 40--55% of the CoA pool while growth on nonfermentable carbon sources or anaerobic fermentation resulted in CoASSG replacing acetyl CoA and free CoA to make up 85--95% of the CoA pool. The CoASSG:ATP ratio varied inversely with the growth rate in two groupings of carbon sources made up of either fermentable or nonfermentable molecules. Cultures grown aerobically on fermentable sugars exhibited a lower CoASSG:ATP ratio reflecting the lower proportion of CoASSG in the CoA pool."}
{"id": "PMID:356938", "title": "Metabolism of delta24-sterols by yeast mutants blocked in removal of the C-14 methyl group.", "content": "We have investigated the metabolism of exogenously provided delta24-sterols by whole cell cultures of a polyene-resistant mutant (D10) of Candida albicans blocked at removal of the C-14 methyl group. Comparison of the relative efficiencies of transmethylation at C-24 of selected sterol substrates revealed the following substrate preferences of the Candida delta24-sterol methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.41): zymosterol greater than 4alpha-methylzymosterol greater than 14alpha-methylzymosterol. Exogenous 4,4-dimethylzymosterol was not transmethylated by mutant D10. Incorporation of the 14C-labelled methyl group of S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-14C]methionine into the sterols of a D10 culture preloaded with zymosterol indicated that zymosterol was a better (40 X) substrate than endogenous lanosterolmfeeding zymosterol to D10 and a polyene-resistant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Nys-P100) that was also blocked at removal of the C-14 methyl group gave 24-methyl sterols possessing delta22 and ring B unsaturation. Mutant D10 was able to produce ergosterol from zymosterol whereas Nys-P100 produced ergosta-7,22-dienol. When grown in the presence of 3 micrometer 25-aza-24,25-dihydrozymosterol, a known inhibitor of the delta24-sterol methyltransferase, Nys-P100 accumulated 14alpha-methylzymosterol, a minor metabolite in this mutant under normal growth conditions and hitherto unidentified as a yeast sterol.", "contents": "Metabolism of delta24-sterols by yeast mutants blocked in removal of the C-14 methyl group. We have investigated the metabolism of exogenously provided delta24-sterols by whole cell cultures of a polyene-resistant mutant (D10) of Candida albicans blocked at removal of the C-14 methyl group. Comparison of the relative efficiencies of transmethylation at C-24 of selected sterol substrates revealed the following substrate preferences of the Candida delta24-sterol methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.41): zymosterol greater than 4alpha-methylzymosterol greater than 14alpha-methylzymosterol. Exogenous 4,4-dimethylzymosterol was not transmethylated by mutant D10. Incorporation of the 14C-labelled methyl group of S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-14C]methionine into the sterols of a D10 culture preloaded with zymosterol indicated that zymosterol was a better (40 X) substrate than endogenous lanosterolmfeeding zymosterol to D10 and a polyene-resistant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Nys-P100) that was also blocked at removal of the C-14 methyl group gave 24-methyl sterols possessing delta22 and ring B unsaturation. Mutant D10 was able to produce ergosterol from zymosterol whereas Nys-P100 produced ergosta-7,22-dienol. When grown in the presence of 3 micrometer 25-aza-24,25-dihydrozymosterol, a known inhibitor of the delta24-sterol methyltransferase, Nys-P100 accumulated 14alpha-methylzymosterol, a minor metabolite in this mutant under normal growth conditions and hitherto unidentified as a yeast sterol."}
{"id": "PMID:356939", "title": "Phosphorylation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate by a dialyzed cell-free extract from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A cell-free extract of Escherichia coli, even after exhaustive dialysis, was found capable of phosphorylating adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). Centrifugation at 100 000 g for 3h sedimented most of the capacity to phosphorylate AMP to ATP, while the supernatant retained a significant capacity to phosphorylate AMP to ADP. The pellet contained a greater amount of phosphate polymers (which were neither DNA, RNA, nor proteins) than did the supernatant. The addition of authentic inorganic polyphosphates to the supernatant restored the phosphorylating capacity of the original extracts. It is concluded that the observed phosphorylation is partly due to inorganic polyphosphate.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate by a dialyzed cell-free extract from Escherichia coli. A cell-free extract of Escherichia coli, even after exhaustive dialysis, was found capable of phosphorylating adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). Centrifugation at 100 000 g for 3h sedimented most of the capacity to phosphorylate AMP to ATP, while the supernatant retained a significant capacity to phosphorylate AMP to ADP. The pellet contained a greater amount of phosphate polymers (which were neither DNA, RNA, nor proteins) than did the supernatant. The addition of authentic inorganic polyphosphates to the supernatant restored the phosphorylating capacity of the original extracts. It is concluded that the observed phosphorylation is partly due to inorganic polyphosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:356940", "title": "The effect of adsorbant and anti-inflammatory drugs on secretion in ligated segments of pig intestine infected with Escherichia coli.", "content": "Four adsorbant drug preparations, Kaopectate, colloidal Attapulgite, noncolloidal Attapulgite and Pepto-bismol were investigated for their effects on fluid accumulation in ligated segments of pig intestine inoculated with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Two anti-inflammatory drugs. aspirin and methylprednisolone, and two antibiotics, lincomycin and polymyxin B, were also tested. All the drugs except the two anti-inflammatory products were given by injection into the lumen of the intestine. Aspirin was given orally and methylprednisolone was given intramuscularly. The antibiotics were tested at levels at which they had no significant antibacterial effect in in vitro tests. The adsorbant drugs colloidal Attapulgite and Pepto-bismol were shown to be effective in reducing fluid accumulation in ligated segments of pig intestine infected with enteropathogenic E. coli. In the case of Peptobismol this effect was associated with an antibacterial effect as well as an antitoxic effect, probably due to its adsorbant properties. It is possible that an aspirin-like effect in the gut due to the active ingredient bismuth subsalicylate may have contributed to the effectiveness of Pepto-bismol. Colloidal Attapulgite was demonstrated to have an antitoxic effect but did not have an antibacterial effect. In high doses, the anti-inflammatory drugs acetylsalicylic acid and methylprednisolone were marginally effective in reduction of fluid accumulation in the same test system. Lincomycin was shown to reduce intestinal fluid secretion, whereas polymyxin B had no effect.", "contents": "The effect of adsorbant and anti-inflammatory drugs on secretion in ligated segments of pig intestine infected with Escherichia coli. Four adsorbant drug preparations, Kaopectate, colloidal Attapulgite, noncolloidal Attapulgite and Pepto-bismol were investigated for their effects on fluid accumulation in ligated segments of pig intestine inoculated with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Two anti-inflammatory drugs. aspirin and methylprednisolone, and two antibiotics, lincomycin and polymyxin B, were also tested. All the drugs except the two anti-inflammatory products were given by injection into the lumen of the intestine. Aspirin was given orally and methylprednisolone was given intramuscularly. The antibiotics were tested at levels at which they had no significant antibacterial effect in in vitro tests. The adsorbant drugs colloidal Attapulgite and Pepto-bismol were shown to be effective in reducing fluid accumulation in ligated segments of pig intestine infected with enteropathogenic E. coli. In the case of Peptobismol this effect was associated with an antibacterial effect as well as an antitoxic effect, probably due to its adsorbant properties. It is possible that an aspirin-like effect in the gut due to the active ingredient bismuth subsalicylate may have contributed to the effectiveness of Pepto-bismol. Colloidal Attapulgite was demonstrated to have an antitoxic effect but did not have an antibacterial effect. In high doses, the anti-inflammatory drugs acetylsalicylic acid and methylprednisolone were marginally effective in reduction of fluid accumulation in the same test system. Lincomycin was shown to reduce intestinal fluid secretion, whereas polymyxin B had no effect."}
{"id": "PMID:356941", "title": "Demonstration of parvovirus in Canadian swine and antigenic relationships with isolates from other countries.", "content": "A Canadian isolate of porcine parvovirus, isolated from cultured pig thyroid cells, was shown to be antigenically indistinguishable from a British (59e/63) and a German (G10/1) strain when treated by the modified direct complement-fixation, the hemagglutination-inhibition and the fluorescent antibody tests. These tests also revealed that antibodies to parvoviruses were detectable in a large proportion of the conventionally raised pigs in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Cell cultures, prepared from tissues collected in a slaughterhouse, were often found to be infected with parvovirus. In cell cultures the infection was demonstrated more effectively by immunofluorescence than by the hemagglutination test.", "contents": "Demonstration of parvovirus in Canadian swine and antigenic relationships with isolates from other countries. A Canadian isolate of porcine parvovirus, isolated from cultured pig thyroid cells, was shown to be antigenically indistinguishable from a British (59e/63) and a German (G10/1) strain when treated by the modified direct complement-fixation, the hemagglutination-inhibition and the fluorescent antibody tests. These tests also revealed that antibodies to parvoviruses were detectable in a large proportion of the conventionally raised pigs in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Cell cultures, prepared from tissues collected in a slaughterhouse, were often found to be infected with parvovirus. In cell cultures the infection was demonstrated more effectively by immunofluorescence than by the hemagglutination test."}
{"id": "PMID:356943", "title": "Germination and outgrowth of Schizosaccharomyces pombe ascospores isolated by Urografin density gradient centrifugation.", "content": "A simple method for the isolation of single ascospores of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was examined. Single spores in the 7-day-old sporulating culture of a homothallic strain were separated from remaining vegetative cells by isopycnic centrifugation in the linear gradient from 10 to 60% of Urografin solution at 700 X g for 20 min. Protein content of isolated spores was very low as compared with that of vegetative cells. The isolated spores germinated through the following steps when cultured in a liquid medium at 25--35 degrees C; loss of refractility (darkening) under a phase-contrast microscope, spherical growth (swelling), emergence of germ tubes, elongation of germ tubes, cell plate formation, and cell separation. The absorbance at 650 nm of the spore suspension initially decreased, accompanied by darkening of spores, and then increased with spherical growth. The germination rate of isolated spores reached almost 100%.", "contents": "Germination and outgrowth of Schizosaccharomyces pombe ascospores isolated by Urografin density gradient centrifugation. A simple method for the isolation of single ascospores of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was examined. Single spores in the 7-day-old sporulating culture of a homothallic strain were separated from remaining vegetative cells by isopycnic centrifugation in the linear gradient from 10 to 60% of Urografin solution at 700 X g for 20 min. Protein content of isolated spores was very low as compared with that of vegetative cells. The isolated spores germinated through the following steps when cultured in a liquid medium at 25--35 degrees C; loss of refractility (darkening) under a phase-contrast microscope, spherical growth (swelling), emergence of germ tubes, elongation of germ tubes, cell plate formation, and cell separation. The absorbance at 650 nm of the spore suspension initially decreased, accompanied by darkening of spores, and then increased with spherical growth. The germination rate of isolated spores reached almost 100%."}
{"id": "PMID:356942", "title": "Effect of heat stable and heat labile Escherichia coli enterotoxins and cholera toxin in combination with theophylline on unidirectional sodium and chloride flux in the small intestine of weanling swine.", "content": "The effect of heat stable and heat labile Escherichia coli enterotoxins or cholera toxin in combination with theophylline on net water, sodium and chloride and unidirectional sodium and chloride fluxes was examined in acute isolated loops of jejunum of weanling swine. The effect of heat stable enterotoxin in combination with theophylline was determined in loops located in the proximal jejunum, while combinations of theophylline and either heat labile enterotoxin or cholera toxin were studied in the distal jejunum. In each situation the addition of theophylline resulted in an additive rather than a synergistic increment of intestinal secretory activity. This study implies that the intestinal adenyl cyclase system and enterotoxin induced intestinal secretion may not be directly related in the swine small intestine.", "contents": "Effect of heat stable and heat labile Escherichia coli enterotoxins and cholera toxin in combination with theophylline on unidirectional sodium and chloride flux in the small intestine of weanling swine. The effect of heat stable and heat labile Escherichia coli enterotoxins or cholera toxin in combination with theophylline on net water, sodium and chloride and unidirectional sodium and chloride fluxes was examined in acute isolated loops of jejunum of weanling swine. The effect of heat stable enterotoxin in combination with theophylline was determined in loops located in the proximal jejunum, while combinations of theophylline and either heat labile enterotoxin or cholera toxin were studied in the distal jejunum. In each situation the addition of theophylline resulted in an additive rather than a synergistic increment of intestinal secretory activity. This study implies that the intestinal adenyl cyclase system and enterotoxin induced intestinal secretion may not be directly related in the swine small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:356944", "title": "Postbacterial sepsis and disseminated candidiasis.", "content": "The effect of gram-negative sepsis (Escherichia coli) on the capacity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) to phagocytize and kill Candida albicans was assessed. The PMN's from septic dogs phagocytized C. albicans as well as PMN's from non-septic dogs. The PMN's from septic dogs that phagocytized C. albicans underwent a spontaneous lysis at a much higher rate than PMN's from non-septic dogs. A functional difference in PMN's from normal and septic dogs is indicated.", "contents": "Postbacterial sepsis and disseminated candidiasis. The effect of gram-negative sepsis (Escherichia coli) on the capacity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) to phagocytize and kill Candida albicans was assessed. The PMN's from septic dogs phagocytized C. albicans as well as PMN's from non-septic dogs. The PMN's from septic dogs that phagocytized C. albicans underwent a spontaneous lysis at a much higher rate than PMN's from non-septic dogs. A functional difference in PMN's from normal and septic dogs is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:356945", "title": "A taxonomic study of the Spirillum lipoferum group, with descriptions of a new genus, Azospirillum gen. nov. and two species, Azospirillum lipoferum (Beijerinck) comb. nov. and Azospirillum brasilense sp. nov.", "content": "Sixty-one strains of the root-associated nitrogen fixer Spirillum lipoferum exhibited a similar morphology in peptone--succinate salts medium: vibrioid cells having a diameter of 1.0 micrometer. When grown in broth the cells had a single polar flagellum, but when grown on agar at 30 degrees C lateral flagella of shorter wavelength were also formed. The DNA base composition was 69--71 mol% guanine + cytosine when determined by thermal denaturation. DNA homology experiments indicated the occurrence of two distinct but related homology groups: 46 strains were in group I and 15 strains were in group II. Group II strains were distinguished by their ability to use glucose as a sole carbon source for growth in nitrogen-free medium, by their production of an acidic reaction in a peptone-based glucose medium, by their requirement for biotin, and by their formation of wider, longer, S-shaped or helical cells in semisolid nitrogen-free malate medium. The results indicate that two species exist, and on the basis of their characteristics it is proposed that they be assigned to a new genus, Azospirillum. Strians belonging to group II are named A. lipoferum (Beijerinck) comb. nov., while those belonging to group I are named A. brasilense sp. nov. Strain Sp 59b (ATCC29707) is proposed as the neotype strain for A. lipoferum, and strain Sp 7 (ATCC 29145) is proposed as the type strain for A. brasilense.", "contents": "A taxonomic study of the Spirillum lipoferum group, with descriptions of a new genus, Azospirillum gen. nov. and two species, Azospirillum lipoferum (Beijerinck) comb. nov. and Azospirillum brasilense sp. nov. Sixty-one strains of the root-associated nitrogen fixer Spirillum lipoferum exhibited a similar morphology in peptone--succinate salts medium: vibrioid cells having a diameter of 1.0 micrometer. When grown in broth the cells had a single polar flagellum, but when grown on agar at 30 degrees C lateral flagella of shorter wavelength were also formed. The DNA base composition was 69--71 mol% guanine + cytosine when determined by thermal denaturation. DNA homology experiments indicated the occurrence of two distinct but related homology groups: 46 strains were in group I and 15 strains were in group II. Group II strains were distinguished by their ability to use glucose as a sole carbon source for growth in nitrogen-free medium, by their production of an acidic reaction in a peptone-based glucose medium, by their requirement for biotin, and by their formation of wider, longer, S-shaped or helical cells in semisolid nitrogen-free malate medium. The results indicate that two species exist, and on the basis of their characteristics it is proposed that they be assigned to a new genus, Azospirillum. Strians belonging to group II are named A. lipoferum (Beijerinck) comb. nov., while those belonging to group I are named A. brasilense sp. nov. Strain Sp 59b (ATCC29707) is proposed as the neotype strain for A. lipoferum, and strain Sp 7 (ATCC 29145) is proposed as the type strain for A. brasilense."}
{"id": "PMID:356948", "title": "Flunisolide nasal spray in the treatment of perennial rhinitis.", "content": "In an 8-week double-blind study of the clinical effectiveness of flunisolide, a new synthetic corticosteroid intended for topical use, 73 persons with perennial rhinitis received 300 microgram/d of either flunisolide or placebo. The flunisolide group showed a significantly greater reduction than the placebo group in the daily duration of sneezing, stuffy nose, nose blowing and postnasal drip, but not of runny nose, and a significantly greater reuction in the severity of all these manifestations. Substantial or total control of manifestations was reported by 73% of the flunisolide group and 25% of the placebo group, a significant difference. Careful monitoring of the plasma  cortisol concentration revealed no evidence of adrenal suppression, and in no patient did the value fall below normal. The lack of adrenal suppression may be due to the very small amount of corticosteroid administered and the rapid metabolism of flunisolide into a relatively inactive metabolite.", "contents": "Flunisolide nasal spray in the treatment of perennial rhinitis. In an 8-week double-blind study of the clinical effectiveness of flunisolide, a new synthetic corticosteroid intended for topical use, 73 persons with perennial rhinitis received 300 microgram/d of either flunisolide or placebo. The flunisolide group showed a significantly greater reduction than the placebo group in the daily duration of sneezing, stuffy nose, nose blowing and postnasal drip, but not of runny nose, and a significantly greater reuction in the severity of all these manifestations. Substantial or total control of manifestations was reported by 73% of the flunisolide group and 25% of the placebo group, a significant difference. Careful monitoring of the plasma  cortisol concentration revealed no evidence of adrenal suppression, and in no patient did the value fall below normal. The lack of adrenal suppression may be due to the very small amount of corticosteroid administered and the rapid metabolism of flunisolide into a relatively inactive metabolite."}
{"id": "PMID:356951", "title": "Non-hodgkin's lymphomas in Saskatchewan: a clinicopathologic study.", "content": "In a retrospective clinical study of 208 previously untreated persons with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas the disorders were classified and staged according to the histopathologic criteria of Rappaport, Winter and Hicks and the Ann Arbor clinical staging classification.Nodular types constituted 22% and diffuse types 78% of the lymphomas. The nodular lymphomas were slightly more common in females and were clustered in the age range 30 to 90 years. The diffuse lymphomas were slightly more common in males; the age distribution was bimodal, with one peak in the age range 10 to 19 years and the other in the age range 60 to 69 years, but when the age distribution of the general population in which the lymphomas occurred was taken into account, the incidence of these lymphomas was found to be significantly higher (P < 0.001) in persons more than 69 years of age than in those 40 to 69 years of age.SURVIVAL CORRELATED WITH HISTOPATHOLOGIC TYPE: persons with nodular (follicular) lymphomas and diffuse lymphocytic well differentiated lymphomas had a significantly greater survival (P < 0.05) than those with other diffuse lymphomas. No significant difference in survival was noticed between persons with nodal and extranodal lymphomas.While Rappaport and colleagues' criteria are still very useful, it is important to recognize the nodular lymphoma as a specific entity requiring generally different management from diffuse lymphomas. Appreciation of the different biologic behaviour of the various lymphomas is important to clinicians planning therapy.", "contents": "Non-hodgkin's lymphomas in Saskatchewan: a clinicopathologic study. In a retrospective clinical study of 208 previously untreated persons with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas the disorders were classified and staged according to the histopathologic criteria of Rappaport, Winter and Hicks and the Ann Arbor clinical staging classification.Nodular types constituted 22% and diffuse types 78% of the lymphomas. The nodular lymphomas were slightly more common in females and were clustered in the age range 30 to 90 years. The diffuse lymphomas were slightly more common in males; the age distribution was bimodal, with one peak in the age range 10 to 19 years and the other in the age range 60 to 69 years, but when the age distribution of the general population in which the lymphomas occurred was taken into account, the incidence of these lymphomas was found to be significantly higher (P < 0.001) in persons more than 69 years of age than in those 40 to 69 years of age.SURVIVAL CORRELATED WITH HISTOPATHOLOGIC TYPE: persons with nodular (follicular) lymphomas and diffuse lymphocytic well differentiated lymphomas had a significantly greater survival (P < 0.05) than those with other diffuse lymphomas. No significant difference in survival was noticed between persons with nodal and extranodal lymphomas.While Rappaport and colleagues' criteria are still very useful, it is important to recognize the nodular lymphoma as a specific entity requiring generally different management from diffuse lymphomas. Appreciation of the different biologic behaviour of the various lymphomas is important to clinicians planning therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:356953", "title": "Complications of treatment encountered in lymphoma-leukemia long-term survivors.", "content": "Potential posttreatment complications for patients with the lymphomas and leukemia include: 1) impairment of growth and development in children, 2) CNS disturbances encompassing psychologic, intellectual and neurologic expressions, 3) gonadal effects--endocrine, reproductive, teratogenic and genetic, 4) dysfunction of other organs and structures, such as the thyroid, lung and heart and 5) oncogenesis. Many of these adversities are occasioned by radiation therapy, but chemotherapy also can be responsible for some long-term deleterious consequences. The results of combined chemo- and radiaton therapy are becoming better understood, and require further elucidation because earlier stages of the disease are being managed by combined chemo- and radiation therapy regimens.", "contents": "Complications of treatment encountered in lymphoma-leukemia long-term survivors. Potential posttreatment complications for patients with the lymphomas and leukemia include: 1) impairment of growth and development in children, 2) CNS disturbances encompassing psychologic, intellectual and neurologic expressions, 3) gonadal effects--endocrine, reproductive, teratogenic and genetic, 4) dysfunction of other organs and structures, such as the thyroid, lung and heart and 5) oncogenesis. Many of these adversities are occasioned by radiation therapy, but chemotherapy also can be responsible for some long-term deleterious consequences. The results of combined chemo- and radiaton therapy are becoming better understood, and require further elucidation because earlier stages of the disease are being managed by combined chemo- and radiation therapy regimens."}
{"id": "PMID:356954", "title": "The immunological classification of acute lymphoblastic leukemias.", "content": "The main methods used in order to assess the immunological markers on the blast cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are critically evaluated. The classification of ALL according to the phenotype of the leukemic cells and their presumed origin is reviewed. The correlations with clinical features and prognosis, as well as their possible therapeutic implications, are discussed.", "contents": "The immunological classification of acute lymphoblastic leukemias. The main methods used in order to assess the immunological markers on the blast cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are critically evaluated. The classification of ALL according to the phenotype of the leukemic cells and their presumed origin is reviewed. The correlations with clinical features and prognosis, as well as their possible therapeutic implications, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:356955", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: treatment.", "content": "Over the past thirty years, major progress has been achieved in the treatment of ALL. Many of the concepts, definitions, and principles of chemotherapy have and continue to be derived from studies in ALL. Major and continuing progress is ongoing for the various categories of treatment; that is, remission induction, treatment at sites of high risk for relapse (e. g., pharmacologic sanctuaries), cytoreductive therapy during complete remission, and duration of treatment. Rapid improvement in our understanding of the pathogenesis of ALL and particularly the identification of immunologic and prognostic subcategories of ALL have major therapeutic implications which are in process of being realized. Current research is focused on the development of new chemotherapeutic agents, the more rational basis for the employment of chemotherapeutic agents in combination (cytokinetic, pharmacologic, and related studies), a better definition of the host-tumor relationship particularly with respect to immunologic response and iatrogenic manipulation of such responses, and in the area of supportive care and bone marrow transplantation.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: treatment. Over the past thirty years, major progress has been achieved in the treatment of ALL. Many of the concepts, definitions, and principles of chemotherapy have and continue to be derived from studies in ALL. Major and continuing progress is ongoing for the various categories of treatment; that is, remission induction, treatment at sites of high risk for relapse (e. g., pharmacologic sanctuaries), cytoreductive therapy during complete remission, and duration of treatment. Rapid improvement in our understanding of the pathogenesis of ALL and particularly the identification of immunologic and prognostic subcategories of ALL have major therapeutic implications which are in process of being realized. Current research is focused on the development of new chemotherapeutic agents, the more rational basis for the employment of chemotherapeutic agents in combination (cytokinetic, pharmacologic, and related studies), a better definition of the host-tumor relationship particularly with respect to immunologic response and iatrogenic manipulation of such responses, and in the area of supportive care and bone marrow transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:356956", "title": "The preleukemic syndrome (hemopoietic dysplasia).", "content": "Retrospective analysis of patients with acute myelomonoblastic (or nonlymphocytic) leukemia has helped to clarify the early stages of the evolution of this disease, and a clinical picture has emerged that is sufficiently discriminating to permit prospective observations. The clinical and laboratory features of the hematologic disorder preceding overt, blast-cell leukemia (i.e., the \"preleukemic syndrome\" or \"hemopoietic dysplasia\") are described, and diagnostic criteria and approaches to management are considered. This hematologic syndrome appears to be a stage in a multiphasic panmyelopathy that involves all products of the marrow stem cell. Available data indicate that most of these patients develop acute leukemia within 24 months of the onset of the hematologic abnormalities, but longer courses are not uncommon. Prospective documentation in a large group of patients is needed before the natural course can be accurately defined; such studies are now being planned.", "contents": "The preleukemic syndrome (hemopoietic dysplasia). Retrospective analysis of patients with acute myelomonoblastic (or nonlymphocytic) leukemia has helped to clarify the early stages of the evolution of this disease, and a clinical picture has emerged that is sufficiently discriminating to permit prospective observations. The clinical and laboratory features of the hematologic disorder preceding overt, blast-cell leukemia (i.e., the \"preleukemic syndrome\" or \"hemopoietic dysplasia\") are described, and diagnostic criteria and approaches to management are considered. This hematologic syndrome appears to be a stage in a multiphasic panmyelopathy that involves all products of the marrow stem cell. Available data indicate that most of these patients develop acute leukemia within 24 months of the onset of the hematologic abnormalities, but longer courses are not uncommon. Prospective documentation in a large group of patients is needed before the natural course can be accurately defined; such studies are now being planned."}
{"id": "PMID:356957", "title": "Immunologic aspects and pathology of the malignant lymphomas.", "content": "Malignant lymphomas have traditionally been classified on solely morphologic grounds. With new immunologic and cytochemical techniques, it has been possible to characterize normal cells of the T-lymphocytic, B-lymphocytic, and monocyte-macrophage systems. Application of these methodologies to malignant lymphomas has established their nature as neoplasmas of the immune system. Within the B-lymphocytic system it is possible to identify subpopulations responsible for Burkitt's tumor, follicular (nodular) lymphomas, lymphocytic lymphomas of intermediate differentiation and well differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas. The T-lymphocytic system includes lymphoblastic lymphomas, mycosis fungoides, and Sezary's syndrome. Large cell lymphomas are diverse but the majority are tumors of transformed lymphocytes, usually of the B-lymphocytic system. The precise nature of the neoplastic cells of Hodgkin's disease, i.e., Reed-Sternberg cells and their mononuclear counterparts, has not yet been established. Despite previous suggestions of a B-lymphocytic or T-lymphocytic origin, recent studies utilizing in vivo cultivation have strongly suggested derivation from the monocyte-macrophage system.", "contents": "Immunologic aspects and pathology of the malignant lymphomas. Malignant lymphomas have traditionally been classified on solely morphologic grounds. With new immunologic and cytochemical techniques, it has been possible to characterize normal cells of the T-lymphocytic, B-lymphocytic, and monocyte-macrophage systems. Application of these methodologies to malignant lymphomas has established their nature as neoplasmas of the immune system. Within the B-lymphocytic system it is possible to identify subpopulations responsible for Burkitt's tumor, follicular (nodular) lymphomas, lymphocytic lymphomas of intermediate differentiation and well differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas. The T-lymphocytic system includes lymphoblastic lymphomas, mycosis fungoides, and Sezary's syndrome. Large cell lymphomas are diverse but the majority are tumors of transformed lymphocytes, usually of the B-lymphocytic system. The precise nature of the neoplastic cells of Hodgkin's disease, i.e., Reed-Sternberg cells and their mononuclear counterparts, has not yet been established. Despite previous suggestions of a B-lymphocytic or T-lymphocytic origin, recent studies utilizing in vivo cultivation have strongly suggested derivation from the monocyte-macrophage system."}
{"id": "PMID:356959", "title": "Hairy cell leukemia: an unusual lymphoproliferative disease: a study of 24 patients.", "content": "A laboratory and clinical evaluation of 24 patients with hairy cell leukemia was carried out over a 23-month period. Most patients had splenomegaly without adenopathy or pancyotpenia. Nine of the patients had undergone splenectomy prior to referral; their median WBC count was 6600/mm3. The median WBC count for the 14 patients who had no prior therapy was 3550/mm3, and their median platelet count was 80,500/mm3. Spleen weights ranged from 618 to 3780 g; there appeared to be no relationship between the size of the spleen and the response in the blood counts after splenectomy. Four patients in whom the majority of the WBC were hairy cells underwent splenectomy, which produced no real change in their WBC count; however, there was improvement in the platelet count in three. In contrast, the presence of leukopenia with a low percentage of hairy cells predicted a beneficial response to splenectomy. The study of surface immunoglobulins (SIg) in 16 patients demonstrated that resynthesis had occurred in each case. Phagocytosis of zymosan was studied in 15 patients; in 8 of these, 25% or more of the hair cells were capable of phagocytosis; in 6 others, 0--9%; and in one, 13%. The resynthesis of SIg is a feature usually associated with B-lymphocytes, but the phagocytosis of zymosan is not. Thus, the existence of either a spectrum of functional capabilities of hairy cells or several distinct subtypes is suggested by these data. Platelet aggregation with epinephrine was abnormal in 7 of 14 patients studied but there were no clinically significant bleeding problems. A chromosome abnormality was present in 2 of the 19 patients from whom adequate samples were obtained; the abnormality probably involved chromsome 12 in both patients as well as absent Y and was associated with a rapidly progressive clinical course. The presence of a predominant number of hairy cells with a normal or increased peripheral blood WBC count or of a chromosomal abnormality suggests that splenectomy might not be beneficial as the initial therapy and that chemotherapy should be considered.", "contents": "Hairy cell leukemia: an unusual lymphoproliferative disease: a study of 24 patients. A laboratory and clinical evaluation of 24 patients with hairy cell leukemia was carried out over a 23-month period. Most patients had splenomegaly without adenopathy or pancyotpenia. Nine of the patients had undergone splenectomy prior to referral; their median WBC count was 6600/mm3. The median WBC count for the 14 patients who had no prior therapy was 3550/mm3, and their median platelet count was 80,500/mm3. Spleen weights ranged from 618 to 3780 g; there appeared to be no relationship between the size of the spleen and the response in the blood counts after splenectomy. Four patients in whom the majority of the WBC were hairy cells underwent splenectomy, which produced no real change in their WBC count; however, there was improvement in the platelet count in three. In contrast, the presence of leukopenia with a low percentage of hairy cells predicted a beneficial response to splenectomy. The study of surface immunoglobulins (SIg) in 16 patients demonstrated that resynthesis had occurred in each case. Phagocytosis of zymosan was studied in 15 patients; in 8 of these, 25% or more of the hair cells were capable of phagocytosis; in 6 others, 0--9%; and in one, 13%. The resynthesis of SIg is a feature usually associated with B-lymphocytes, but the phagocytosis of zymosan is not. Thus, the existence of either a spectrum of functional capabilities of hairy cells or several distinct subtypes is suggested by these data. Platelet aggregation with epinephrine was abnormal in 7 of 14 patients studied but there were no clinically significant bleeding problems. A chromosome abnormality was present in 2 of the 19 patients from whom adequate samples were obtained; the abnormality probably involved chromsome 12 in both patients as well as absent Y and was associated with a rapidly progressive clinical course. The presence of a predominant number of hairy cells with a normal or increased peripheral blood WBC count or of a chromosomal abnormality suggests that splenectomy might not be beneficial as the initial therapy and that chemotherapy should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:356960", "title": "The chemotherapy of Hodgkin's disease: past experiences and future directions.", "content": "From the standpoint of chemotherapy, the first progress in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease was the identification of the activity of nitrogen mustard in the 1940's. The initial antitumor effect of the drug created a great excitement. However, when all patients later relapsed, there was subsequent dejection and skepticism about the utility of drug therapy. Fortunately, in the 1950's and 1960's, the development of other effective agents (vinca alkaloids, corticosteroids, and methylhydrazines) in conjunction with the elucidation of the principles of combination chemotherapy led to a marked increase in the antitumor response rate of patients with Hodgkin's disease. The value of many of these drug combinations remains under study. Nonetheless, approximately 75% of all patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease treated today with combination chemotherapy can achieve a complete remission. In addition, over half of these remain disease-free long enough to be considered cured. The development of effective treatment,  both local (radiotherapy) and systemic (MOPP chemotherapy), has given the clinical investigator the tools to complete, in the 1970's, the therapeutic experiments necessary to refine both the interrelationship between the treatments and their impact upon the natural history of Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "The chemotherapy of Hodgkin's disease: past experiences and future directions. From the standpoint of chemotherapy, the first progress in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease was the identification of the activity of nitrogen mustard in the 1940's. The initial antitumor effect of the drug created a great excitement. However, when all patients later relapsed, there was subsequent dejection and skepticism about the utility of drug therapy. Fortunately, in the 1950's and 1960's, the development of other effective agents (vinca alkaloids, corticosteroids, and methylhydrazines) in conjunction with the elucidation of the principles of combination chemotherapy led to a marked increase in the antitumor response rate of patients with Hodgkin's disease. The value of many of these drug combinations remains under study. Nonetheless, approximately 75% of all patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease treated today with combination chemotherapy can achieve a complete remission. In addition, over half of these remain disease-free long enough to be considered cured. The development of effective treatment,  both local (radiotherapy) and systemic (MOPP chemotherapy), has given the clinical investigator the tools to complete, in the 1970's, the therapeutic experiments necessary to refine both the interrelationship between the treatments and their impact upon the natural history of Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:356961", "title": "The need for a mammalian test system for mutagens: action of some reducing agents.", "content": "Reducing agents and cysteine, cysteamine, glutathione, ascorbic acid and H2O2 with and without the addition of Cu2+ did not increase significantly the frequency of mutations in the Salmonella test at non-toxic concentrations but triggered a marked DNA repair synthesis and induced a relatively high frequency of chromosome aberrations in cultured mammalian cells. Both latter effects were reduced by the addition of catalase to solutions of the reducing agents plus Cu2+. To avoid 'False Negatives' in mutagenicity screening the use of several test subjects including mammalian cells seems to be required.", "contents": "The need for a mammalian test system for mutagens: action of some reducing agents. Reducing agents and cysteine, cysteamine, glutathione, ascorbic acid and H2O2 with and without the addition of Cu2+ did not increase significantly the frequency of mutations in the Salmonella test at non-toxic concentrations but triggered a marked DNA repair synthesis and induced a relatively high frequency of chromosome aberrations in cultured mammalian cells. Both latter effects were reduced by the addition of catalase to solutions of the reducing agents plus Cu2+. To avoid 'False Negatives' in mutagenicity screening the use of several test subjects including mammalian cells seems to be required."}
{"id": "PMID:356962", "title": "Controlled trial of methotrexate and Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin therapy for advanced head and neck cancer.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with advanced, inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were randomized to receive methotrexate alone or methotrexate with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. The response rates with methotrexate (3 of 19) and methotrexate plus B. Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (4 of 16) were similar, as was the duration of response and survival of the two groups. The results of in vitro immunological studies of lymphocytes were assessed. Marked weight loss, poor performance status, and distant metastases were the most important prognostic factors. The presence of anergy was significantly correlated with weight loss. This study also indicated that a large tumor burden is a frequent occurrence in advanced head and neck cancer and may account for the lack of efficacy of B. Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin.", "contents": "Controlled trial of methotrexate and Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin therapy for advanced head and neck cancer. Thirty-eight patients with advanced, inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were randomized to receive methotrexate alone or methotrexate with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. The response rates with methotrexate (3 of 19) and methotrexate plus B. Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (4 of 16) were similar, as was the duration of response and survival of the two groups. The results of in vitro immunological studies of lymphocytes were assessed. Marked weight loss, poor performance status, and distant metastases were the most important prognostic factors. The presence of anergy was significantly correlated with weight loss. This study also indicated that a large tumor burden is a frequent occurrence in advanced head and neck cancer and may account for the lack of efficacy of B. Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin."}
{"id": "PMID:356966", "title": "Clinical trial of peptichemio in solid tumors of childhood.", "content": "Peptichemio (PTC) was utilized in various advanced and disseminated tumors in children. With the schedule that was used, toxicity was mild. Immediate side effects included anaphylactoid reactions which required close supervision of the patient during infusion of the drug. PTC proved efficacious in advanced neuroblastoma. In patients with bone metastases, PTC has a prompt analgesic effect which seems to occur independently of any antitumor action.", "contents": "Clinical trial of peptichemio in solid tumors of childhood. Peptichemio (PTC) was utilized in various advanced and disseminated tumors in children. With the schedule that was used, toxicity was mild. Immediate side effects included anaphylactoid reactions which required close supervision of the patient during infusion of the drug. PTC proved efficacious in advanced neuroblastoma. In patients with bone metastases, PTC has a prompt analgesic effect which seems to occur independently of any antitumor action."}
{"id": "PMID:356967", "title": "Clinical trial of rubidazone in solid tumors and malignant lymphomas.", "content": "Rubidazone, a semisynthetic daunorubicin derivative, was administered to 33 patients with advanced solid tumors or malignant lymphomas. The doses used were 200, 150, or 100 mg/m2 repeated at 3-week intervals. The antitumor effect was very modest. Partial remission was obtained in only one patient and stable disease was observed for periods of 4--18 weeks in seven additional patients. The major toxic effects were gastrointestinal and myelosuppressive. In two patients, cardiac toxic effects were noted and one patient had an anaphylactic-like reaction. No clinical cross-resistance seemed to exist between rubidazone and adriamycin.", "contents": "Clinical trial of rubidazone in solid tumors and malignant lymphomas. Rubidazone, a semisynthetic daunorubicin derivative, was administered to 33 patients with advanced solid tumors or malignant lymphomas. The doses used were 200, 150, or 100 mg/m2 repeated at 3-week intervals. The antitumor effect was very modest. Partial remission was obtained in only one patient and stable disease was observed for periods of 4--18 weeks in seven additional patients. The major toxic effects were gastrointestinal and myelosuppressive. In two patients, cardiac toxic effects were noted and one patient had an anaphylactic-like reaction. No clinical cross-resistance seemed to exist between rubidazone and adriamycin."}
{"id": "PMID:356968", "title": "Combination chemoimmunotherapy for extensive non-oat cell lung cancer.", "content": "In a prospective randomized trial, sc Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) immunotherapy did not significantly affect the responses and survival of 49 non-oat cell lung cancer patients receiving isophosphamide and adriamycin chemotherapy. Remissions (tumor regression greater than 50%) were seen in five of 23 patients receiving an intensive C. parvum schedule and in three of 26 patients receiving a nonintensive C. parvum schedule (22% versus 12%). Median survival was 20 weeks for patients given intensive C. parvum and 23 weeks for patients given nonintensive C. parvum. This study did demonstrate the importance of pretherapy immunocompetence, performance status, and weight loss as predictors for survival. Weight loss was the most significant prognostic factor. Performance status was closely associated with weight loss but skin reactivity to dermatophytin predicted independently and was the second most important prognostic characteristic.", "contents": "Combination chemoimmunotherapy for extensive non-oat cell lung cancer. In a prospective randomized trial, sc Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) immunotherapy did not significantly affect the responses and survival of 49 non-oat cell lung cancer patients receiving isophosphamide and adriamycin chemotherapy. Remissions (tumor regression greater than 50%) were seen in five of 23 patients receiving an intensive C. parvum schedule and in three of 26 patients receiving a nonintensive C. parvum schedule (22% versus 12%). Median survival was 20 weeks for patients given intensive C. parvum and 23 weeks for patients given nonintensive C. parvum. This study did demonstrate the importance of pretherapy immunocompetence, performance status, and weight loss as predictors for survival. Weight loss was the most significant prognostic factor. Performance status was closely associated with weight loss but skin reactivity to dermatophytin predicted independently and was the second most important prognostic characteristic."}
{"id": "PMID:356970", "title": "Chemoimmunotherapy for disseminated malignant melanoma: a prospective randomized study.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with disseminated malignant melanoma were treated with DTIC (250 mg/m2 iv, Days 1--5) and actinomycin D (0.5 mg/day iv, Days 1--5) at 5-week intervals. Patients were randomly allocated to receive no immunotherapy or immunotherapy consisting of methanol extracted residue of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (0.5 mg intradermally; 100 microgram in five separate sites) every 5 weeks, concomitant with chemotherapy. Of these 28 evaluable patients, 13 received chemoimmunotherapy with one complete response (CR) and 15 received chemotherapy alone with one CR. Both responses occurred in lymph node metastases. No partial responses were seen.", "contents": "Chemoimmunotherapy for disseminated malignant melanoma: a prospective randomized study. Twenty-eight patients with disseminated malignant melanoma were treated with DTIC (250 mg/m2 iv, Days 1--5) and actinomycin D (0.5 mg/day iv, Days 1--5) at 5-week intervals. Patients were randomly allocated to receive no immunotherapy or immunotherapy consisting of methanol extracted residue of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (0.5 mg intradermally; 100 microgram in five separate sites) every 5 weeks, concomitant with chemotherapy. Of these 28 evaluable patients, 13 received chemoimmunotherapy with one complete response (CR) and 15 received chemotherapy alone with one CR. Both responses occurred in lymph node metastases. No partial responses were seen."}
{"id": "PMID:356971", "title": "Phase II study of vinblastine, methyl-CCNU, and medroxyprogesterone in advanced renal cell cancer.", "content": "One hundred and sixty-five patients with advanced renal cell cancer were evaluable for combination or single-agent therapy with methyl-CCNU, vinblastine, and medroxyprogesterone. A low order or response was observed, and these agents were not proven effective as treatment for metastatic renal cell cancer. Performance status and a relatively long symptom-free interval from primary tumor to metastatic disease were found to be the most prognostically significant factors for survival.", "contents": "Phase II study of vinblastine, methyl-CCNU, and medroxyprogesterone in advanced renal cell cancer. One hundred and sixty-five patients with advanced renal cell cancer were evaluable for combination or single-agent therapy with methyl-CCNU, vinblastine, and medroxyprogesterone. A low order or response was observed, and these agents were not proven effective as treatment for metastatic renal cell cancer. Performance status and a relatively long symptom-free interval from primary tumor to metastatic disease were found to be the most prognostically significant factors for survival."}
{"id": "PMID:356973", "title": "Piperazinedione in patients with advanced malignant melanoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "Piperazinedione was administered in doses of 9 or 12 mg/m2 by iv infusion every 3 weeks in 28 patients with previously treated malignant melanoma. Of the 25 evaluable patients, 72% had drug-induced toxicity: 40% had leukopenia, 56% had thrombocytopenia, 40% had anemia, and 16% had nausea and vomiting. None of these patients had partial remission, two had stable disease, and the remaining 23 had definite progression of their disease in spite of adequate trial with this agent.", "contents": "Piperazinedione in patients with advanced malignant melanoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Piperazinedione was administered in doses of 9 or 12 mg/m2 by iv infusion every 3 weeks in 28 patients with previously treated malignant melanoma. Of the 25 evaluable patients, 72% had drug-induced toxicity: 40% had leukopenia, 56% had thrombocytopenia, 40% had anemia, and 16% had nausea and vomiting. None of these patients had partial remission, two had stable disease, and the remaining 23 had definite progression of their disease in spite of adequate trial with this agent."}
{"id": "PMID:356974", "title": "Results of treating stage I and II carcinoma of the breast with primary radiation therapy.", "content": "Eighty patients with stage I and II carcinoma of the breast were treated with primary radiation therapy between July 1968 and December 1975 at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. The median followup time was 41 months. Only one local recurrence was observed. The survival at 5 years was 88% for stage I and 72% for stage II. The relapse-free survival at 5 years was 91% for stage I and 56% for stage II. Of breasts evaluated for cosmetic results, 66% were judged good or excellent by physicians and 81% were judged good or excellent by patients. One patient developed a pericardial reaction related to treatment which required hospitalization. Other complications were mild and cleared without additional therapy.", "contents": "Results of treating stage I and II carcinoma of the breast with primary radiation therapy. Eighty patients with stage I and II carcinoma of the breast were treated with primary radiation therapy between July 1968 and December 1975 at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. The median followup time was 41 months. Only one local recurrence was observed. The survival at 5 years was 88% for stage I and 72% for stage II. The relapse-free survival at 5 years was 91% for stage I and 56% for stage II. Of breasts evaluated for cosmetic results, 66% were judged good or excellent by physicians and 81% were judged good or excellent by patients. One patient developed a pericardial reaction related to treatment which required hospitalization. Other complications were mild and cleared without additional therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:356975", "title": "Cell kinetics and chemotherapy: a critical review.", "content": "The paper reviews methods of studying cell kinetics in man, cell population kinetics of human tumors and bone marrow, drug interactions and the cell cycle, and possible applications to chemotherapy. The conclusions drawn are: (1) Cell cycle time and S-phase duration for proliferating granulocyte precursors in human bone marrow are poorly defined but are probably shorter than median values for most human tumors, including leukemia. (2) Most drugs have greater toxicity for cycling cells and some variation in toxicity at different phases of the cell cycle. There is a special need for chemotherapy directed at slowly proliferating and hypoxic tumor cells. (3) Pretreatment indices of tumor cell kinetics are of little value in choosing drugs or in predicting response. (4) Experiments in animals have demonstrated that therapeutic index may depend on schedule. Knowledge of cell kinetics in animals rarely allows prediction of the optimal schedule and is unlikely to do so in man. Optimal schedules in mice are not directly relevant to man. (5) Measurement of tumor labeling index or DNA histogram by flow microfluorimetry to detect cell synchrony is of little benefit in scheduling if concurrent changes in bone marrow are ignored; these methods are invalid at short intervals after treatment because surviving clonogenic cells are indistinguishable from a larger number of drug-damaged cells prior to their lysis. (6) The major factor determining the outcome of chemotherapy is the availability of drugs with activity for the tumor and acceptable host toxicity. Claims that complex schedules using several drugs are effective  because of synchrony or kinetic differences of tumor and normal tissue are at present unsubstantiated.", "contents": "Cell kinetics and chemotherapy: a critical review. The paper reviews methods of studying cell kinetics in man, cell population kinetics of human tumors and bone marrow, drug interactions and the cell cycle, and possible applications to chemotherapy. The conclusions drawn are: (1) Cell cycle time and S-phase duration for proliferating granulocyte precursors in human bone marrow are poorly defined but are probably shorter than median values for most human tumors, including leukemia. (2) Most drugs have greater toxicity for cycling cells and some variation in toxicity at different phases of the cell cycle. There is a special need for chemotherapy directed at slowly proliferating and hypoxic tumor cells. (3) Pretreatment indices of tumor cell kinetics are of little value in choosing drugs or in predicting response. (4) Experiments in animals have demonstrated that therapeutic index may depend on schedule. Knowledge of cell kinetics in animals rarely allows prediction of the optimal schedule and is unlikely to do so in man. Optimal schedules in mice are not directly relevant to man. (5) Measurement of tumor labeling index or DNA histogram by flow microfluorimetry to detect cell synchrony is of little benefit in scheduling if concurrent changes in bone marrow are ignored; these methods are invalid at short intervals after treatment because surviving clonogenic cells are indistinguishable from a larger number of drug-damaged cells prior to their lysis. (6) The major factor determining the outcome of chemotherapy is the availability of drugs with activity for the tumor and acceptable host toxicity. Claims that complex schedules using several drugs are effective  because of synchrony or kinetic differences of tumor and normal tissue are at present unsubstantiated."}
{"id": "PMID:356976", "title": "Phase I study of hycanthone.", "content": "Hycanthone was given to 15 patients with metastatic cancer in order to determine the maximum tolerable dose. The drug was administered in 5-day courses at 3-week intervals. The starting dose was 30 mg/m2/day and the highest dose level reached was 90 mg/m2/day. The most common (13 patients) side effect was nausea and/or vomiting. The dose-limiting toxicity was toxic hepatitis manifested as elevation in serum transaminases in eight of 15 patients and an increase in serum bilirubin in three patients. Hepatotoxicity was dose-related and was observed in two of 25 courses given at the dose level of less than or equal to 70 mg/m2 compared to seven of nine courses given at the dose level of greater than or equal to 80 mg/m2. Because of an unacceptable incidence of hepatotoxicity at higher doses, 70 mg/m2/day x 5 appears to be a safe dose for phase II studies.", "contents": "Phase I study of hycanthone. Hycanthone was given to 15 patients with metastatic cancer in order to determine the maximum tolerable dose. The drug was administered in 5-day courses at 3-week intervals. The starting dose was 30 mg/m2/day and the highest dose level reached was 90 mg/m2/day. The most common (13 patients) side effect was nausea and/or vomiting. The dose-limiting toxicity was toxic hepatitis manifested as elevation in serum transaminases in eight of 15 patients and an increase in serum bilirubin in three patients. Hepatotoxicity was dose-related and was observed in two of 25 courses given at the dose level of less than or equal to 70 mg/m2 compared to seven of nine courses given at the dose level of greater than or equal to 80 mg/m2. Because of an unacceptable incidence of hepatotoxicity at higher doses, 70 mg/m2/day x 5 appears to be a safe dose for phase II studies."}
{"id": "PMID:356978", "title": "Phase II trial of a combination of cyclosphamide, vincristine, and methotrexate in advanced colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Twenty patients with advanced colon cancer were treated with a combination of low-dose weekly cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and methotrexate (COM) after demonstrated progression of disease with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Four patients (20%) had partial responses with a median survival of 15 months, six (30%) had disease stabilization for 3--16 months (median survival, 8 months), and ten progressed with a median survival of 5.5 months. All four partial responses and five of six stabilizations occurred in patients with a performance status of 0 or 1. COM appeared well-tolerated and at least as effective as alternative secondary chemotherapy following 5-FU failure.", "contents": "Phase II trial of a combination of cyclosphamide, vincristine, and methotrexate in advanced colorectal carcinoma. Twenty patients with advanced colon cancer were treated with a combination of low-dose weekly cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and methotrexate (COM) after demonstrated progression of disease with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Four patients (20%) had partial responses with a median survival of 15 months, six (30%) had disease stabilization for 3--16 months (median survival, 8 months), and ten progressed with a median survival of 5.5 months. All four partial responses and five of six stabilizations occurred in patients with a performance status of 0 or 1. COM appeared well-tolerated and at least as effective as alternative secondary chemotherapy following 5-FU failure."}
{"id": "PMID:356980", "title": "Phase I--II study of intermittent bolus administration of DTIC and actinomycin D in metastatic malignant melanoma.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with disseminated malignant melanoma were treated with intermittent bolus DTIC and actinomycin D in an escalating dose schedule, starting at 650 and 1 mg/m2 respectively. Courses were repeated at 3--4-week intervals. Twenty four patients were  evaluable for toxicity and 22 were evaluable for response. Two patients (9%) had a complete remission lasting 7+ and 14 months, and three patients (14%) had a partial remission lasting 2+, 5+, and 14+ months. Nausea and vomiting, lasting 24 hours, was observed in 88% of patients, while diarrhea was noted in 17%. Stomatitis and alopecia were less frequently observed. All responses occurred at nonmyelosuppressive doses and in patients with visceral-predominant metastases. This schedule offers the patient the convenience of single-day treatment and less prolonged gastrointestinal intolerance. Further evaluation of this drug combination and schedule would appear to be indicated.", "contents": "Phase I--II study of intermittent bolus administration of DTIC and actinomycin D in metastatic malignant melanoma. Twenty-six patients with disseminated malignant melanoma were treated with intermittent bolus DTIC and actinomycin D in an escalating dose schedule, starting at 650 and 1 mg/m2 respectively. Courses were repeated at 3--4-week intervals. Twenty four patients were  evaluable for toxicity and 22 were evaluable for response. Two patients (9%) had a complete remission lasting 7+ and 14 months, and three patients (14%) had a partial remission lasting 2+, 5+, and 14+ months. Nausea and vomiting, lasting 24 hours, was observed in 88% of patients, while diarrhea was noted in 17%. Stomatitis and alopecia were less frequently observed. All responses occurred at nonmyelosuppressive doses and in patients with visceral-predominant metastases. This schedule offers the patient the convenience of single-day treatment and less prolonged gastrointestinal intolerance. Further evaluation of this drug combination and schedule would appear to be indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:356982", "title": "Effect of primary treatment modality on the metastatic pattern of mammary carcinoma.", "content": "In animal tumor systems, all three major treatment modalities, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, may increase the incidence of metastases in the presence of circulating viable tumor cells. In breast cancer patients, selected studies can be found which report an increased incidence of metastases after surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy, but these effects appear to exert little influence on overall survival. Caution is advised in using systemic therapy prior to effective primary tumor cytoreductive treatment. Clinical trials in advanced local disease should be done to test this concern. Minimal surgery, loco-regional radiotherapy, and effective adjuvant systemic therapy may result in the improved survival of patients with breast cancer with minimal functional or cosmetic impairment.", "contents": "Effect of primary treatment modality on the metastatic pattern of mammary carcinoma. In animal tumor systems, all three major treatment modalities, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, may increase the incidence of metastases in the presence of circulating viable tumor cells. In breast cancer patients, selected studies can be found which report an increased incidence of metastases after surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy, but these effects appear to exert little influence on overall survival. Caution is advised in using systemic therapy prior to effective primary tumor cytoreductive treatment. Clinical trials in advanced local disease should be done to test this concern. Minimal surgery, loco-regional radiotherapy, and effective adjuvant systemic therapy may result in the improved survival of patients with breast cancer with minimal functional or cosmetic impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:356983", "title": "5-fluorouracil, methyl-CCNU, adriamycin, and mitomycin C in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer.", "content": "Eighteen previously untreated patients with advanced nonresectable adenocarcinoma of the stomach were treated with a four-drug regimen consisting of 5-fluorouracil, methyl-CCNU, adriamycin, and mitomycin C. Objective responses occurred in only two patients (11%); the majority of patients had stable disease for greater than or equal to 8 weeks (61%). The median survival of 27 weeks was similar to that reported in other combination chemotherapy trials. Numerous staging and restaging procedures and strict response criteria were utilized and each was evaluated for its effectiveness in following responses. None of these parameters was useful for evaluating response of intra-abdominal tumor. We conclude that this four-drug combination is no better than previously described two-drug regimens.", "contents": "5-fluorouracil, methyl-CCNU, adriamycin, and mitomycin C in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. Eighteen previously untreated patients with advanced nonresectable adenocarcinoma of the stomach were treated with a four-drug regimen consisting of 5-fluorouracil, methyl-CCNU, adriamycin, and mitomycin C. Objective responses occurred in only two patients (11%); the majority of patients had stable disease for greater than or equal to 8 weeks (61%). The median survival of 27 weeks was similar to that reported in other combination chemotherapy trials. Numerous staging and restaging procedures and strict response criteria were utilized and each was evaluated for its effectiveness in following responses. None of these parameters was useful for evaluating response of intra-abdominal tumor. We conclude that this four-drug combination is no better than previously described two-drug regimens."}
{"id": "PMID:356984", "title": "Phase II clinical trial with high-dose methotrexate therapy and citrovorum factor rescue.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-four patients with advanced malignant disease were treated with 496 infusions of high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) followed by citrovorum factor rescue. Most patients had failed to respond to previous combination chemotherapy. The overall response rate was 29% with 33 partial responses and six complete responses observed in patients with a variety of tumors. Plasma MTX levels were monitored in all patients during each course of therapy in order to identify those patients with delayed plasma MTX clearance. Patients with abnormally slow rates of plasma MTX decay received escalated doses of citrovorum factor rescue in order to prevent drug-induced toxicity. In general, during this study HD-MTX was well-tolerated. Because serious toxicity was neither frequent, severe, nor unpredictable, its use was not limited. HD-MTX should now be evaluated in well-designed controlled clinical trials to compare its antitumor activity to that of conventional- or standard-dose MTX regimens in diseases where HD therapy appears to have efficacy.", "contents": "Phase II clinical trial with high-dose methotrexate therapy and citrovorum factor rescue. One hundred and thirty-four patients with advanced malignant disease were treated with 496 infusions of high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) followed by citrovorum factor rescue. Most patients had failed to respond to previous combination chemotherapy. The overall response rate was 29% with 33 partial responses and six complete responses observed in patients with a variety of tumors. Plasma MTX levels were monitored in all patients during each course of therapy in order to identify those patients with delayed plasma MTX clearance. Patients with abnormally slow rates of plasma MTX decay received escalated doses of citrovorum factor rescue in order to prevent drug-induced toxicity. In general, during this study HD-MTX was well-tolerated. Because serious toxicity was neither frequent, severe, nor unpredictable, its use was not limited. HD-MTX should now be evaluated in well-designed controlled clinical trials to compare its antitumor activity to that of conventional- or standard-dose MTX regimens in diseases where HD therapy appears to have efficacy."}
{"id": "PMID:356986", "title": "Phase I trial of vindesine in patients with advanced cancer.", "content": "A phase I evaluation of vindesine was carried out in 69 adult patient with advanced malignancies. Two escalating dose schedules were explored: (a) a single dose every 7--14 days, and (b) daily injections X 5--10 days as tolerated. The main toxic effects were myelosuppression, alopecia, paresthesia, asthenia, myalgia, and hyporeflexia. Antitumor activity was seen during this phase I study in patients with leukemia, lymphoma, and testicular neoplasms. Disease oriented phase II trials of 3--4 mg/m2 every 7--14 days or 1.3--2.0 mg/m2/day X 5--7 days every 3 weeks would be appropriate.", "contents": "Phase I trial of vindesine in patients with advanced cancer. A phase I evaluation of vindesine was carried out in 69 adult patient with advanced malignancies. Two escalating dose schedules were explored: (a) a single dose every 7--14 days, and (b) daily injections X 5--10 days as tolerated. The main toxic effects were myelosuppression, alopecia, paresthesia, asthenia, myalgia, and hyporeflexia. Antitumor activity was seen during this phase I study in patients with leukemia, lymphoma, and testicular neoplasms. Disease oriented phase II trials of 3--4 mg/m2 every 7--14 days or 1.3--2.0 mg/m2/day X 5--7 days every 3 weeks would be appropriate."}
{"id": "PMID:356988", "title": "Treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia with cytosine arabinoside, vincristine, and prednisone.", "content": "Thirteen adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were entered into a protocol in which cytosine arabinoside infusion was added to vincristine and prednisone as remission induction and periodic intensification therapy. Central nervous system prophylaxis consisting of cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate was given, and all patients received continuous oral 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate as maintenance treatment. Myelotoxicity was severe during induction, with prolonged granulocyte and platelet count nadirs noted. Nine of 13 patients (69%) obtained a complete remission and one (8%) obtained a partial remission. The median duration of complete remission was 38.1 weeks. It was concluded that cytosine arabinoside in combination with vincristine and prednisone is an effective but toxic antileukemic regimen which did not produce a major improvement in remission duration.", "contents": "Treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia with cytosine arabinoside, vincristine, and prednisone. Thirteen adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were entered into a protocol in which cytosine arabinoside infusion was added to vincristine and prednisone as remission induction and periodic intensification therapy. Central nervous system prophylaxis consisting of cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate was given, and all patients received continuous oral 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate as maintenance treatment. Myelotoxicity was severe during induction, with prolonged granulocyte and platelet count nadirs noted. Nine of 13 patients (69%) obtained a complete remission and one (8%) obtained a partial remission. The median duration of complete remission was 38.1 weeks. It was concluded that cytosine arabinoside in combination with vincristine and prednisone is an effective but toxic antileukemic regimen which did not produce a major improvement in remission duration."}
{"id": "PMID:356997", "title": "Dissecting the hematopoietic microenvironment. III. Evidence for a positive short range stimulus for cellular proliferation.", "content": "Experiments were carried out with the intent of defining the nature of the microenvironmental defect which severely limits erythropoiesis in the spleen of the S1/S1d mouse. Chimeric spleens, half S1/S1d and half congenic +/+, supported erythropoiesis in the +/+ region but not in the S1/S1d region, regardless of which genotype was the irradiated, marrow-injected host animal. Implants of normal marrow stroma within the spleens of irradiated S1/S1d mice also supported normal proportions of erythrocytic and granulocytic hematopoiesis. Implants of normal spleen stroma, particularly the capsular portion, into unirradiated s1/s1d mice stimulated erythropoiesis originating from S1/S1d stem cells within and in the immediate vicinity of the implant. The evidence suggests a short range, stromal erythropoietic stimulatory factor which is lacking in the S1/S1d.", "contents": "Dissecting the hematopoietic microenvironment. III. Evidence for a positive short range stimulus for cellular proliferation. Experiments were carried out with the intent of defining the nature of the microenvironmental defect which severely limits erythropoiesis in the spleen of the S1/S1d mouse. Chimeric spleens, half S1/S1d and half congenic +/+, supported erythropoiesis in the +/+ region but not in the S1/S1d region, regardless of which genotype was the irradiated, marrow-injected host animal. Implants of normal marrow stroma within the spleens of irradiated S1/S1d mice also supported normal proportions of erythrocytic and granulocytic hematopoiesis. Implants of normal spleen stroma, particularly the capsular portion, into unirradiated s1/s1d mice stimulated erythropoiesis originating from S1/S1d stem cells within and in the immediate vicinity of the implant. The evidence suggests a short range, stromal erythropoietic stimulatory factor which is lacking in the S1/S1d."}
{"id": "PMID:356998", "title": "Analysis of the progression of meiosis in dispersed rat testicular cells by flow cytofluorometry.", "content": "Initiation and progression of meiosis was followed in dispersed rat testicular cells by flow cytofluorometry and cytology. The DNA content of dissociated testicular cells of rats 6--30 days old, killed at daily intervals, was analysed by flow cytofluorometry using propidium iodide as a DNA-specific and quantitative fluorochrome. Testicular cells of a 6-day-old rat showed one peak of fluorescence. A second peak, at twice the modal channel number, appeared in testicular cells of 9-day-old animals. The number of cells under this peak increased progressively with age. A third peak, at half the channel number of the original one, appeared at 20 days and accounted for an increasing proportion of cells in testes taken from older rats. Cytological examination of the testicular tissue used for flow cytofluorometric analysis showed that preleptotene spermatocytes first appeared at 8 days after birth. Spermatids were first observed cytologically at 20 days after birth. The close temporal appearance of the fluorescence peaks with that of spermatocytes and spermatids, and the close association of the frequency of diploid and tetraploid cells as derived by flow cytofluorometry and cytology, indicated that the fluorescence peaks correspond--in order of increasing fluorescence--to spermatids, spermatogonia and somatic cells, and to spermatocytes. This conclusion was re-examined by analysing the ploidy levels of testicular cells of hypophysectomized or estradiol-treated by flow cytofluorodmetry. There was a loss of the haploid and tetraploid peaks subsequent to hypophysectomy. Estradiol dipropionate-treated rats, given weekly injections starting at 7 days of age, showed no appearance of the haploid peak and the regression of the tetraploid peak after an initial and transitory appearance. These results indicate that changes in ploidy levels that accompany the progression of meiosis in the testis were reflected in the sequential appearance of three fluorescence peaks as detected by flow cytofluorometry. The close correlation between the frequency of cell types as obtained by cytology and flow cytofluorometry indicates that the latter is a sensitive method for studying selected aspects of spermatogenesis in dissociated testicular cells.", "contents": "Analysis of the progression of meiosis in dispersed rat testicular cells by flow cytofluorometry. Initiation and progression of meiosis was followed in dispersed rat testicular cells by flow cytofluorometry and cytology. The DNA content of dissociated testicular cells of rats 6--30 days old, killed at daily intervals, was analysed by flow cytofluorometry using propidium iodide as a DNA-specific and quantitative fluorochrome. Testicular cells of a 6-day-old rat showed one peak of fluorescence. A second peak, at twice the modal channel number, appeared in testicular cells of 9-day-old animals. The number of cells under this peak increased progressively with age. A third peak, at half the channel number of the original one, appeared at 20 days and accounted for an increasing proportion of cells in testes taken from older rats. Cytological examination of the testicular tissue used for flow cytofluorometric analysis showed that preleptotene spermatocytes first appeared at 8 days after birth. Spermatids were first observed cytologically at 20 days after birth. The close temporal appearance of the fluorescence peaks with that of spermatocytes and spermatids, and the close association of the frequency of diploid and tetraploid cells as derived by flow cytofluorometry and cytology, indicated that the fluorescence peaks correspond--in order of increasing fluorescence--to spermatids, spermatogonia and somatic cells, and to spermatocytes. This conclusion was re-examined by analysing the ploidy levels of testicular cells of hypophysectomized or estradiol-treated by flow cytofluorodmetry. There was a loss of the haploid and tetraploid peaks subsequent to hypophysectomy. Estradiol dipropionate-treated rats, given weekly injections starting at 7 days of age, showed no appearance of the haploid peak and the regression of the tetraploid peak after an initial and transitory appearance. These results indicate that changes in ploidy levels that accompany the progression of meiosis in the testis were reflected in the sequential appearance of three fluorescence peaks as detected by flow cytofluorometry. The close correlation between the frequency of cell types as obtained by cytology and flow cytofluorometry indicates that the latter is a sensitive method for studying selected aspects of spermatogenesis in dissociated testicular cells."}
{"id": "PMID:357000", "title": "Uteroglobin-like antigen in the pulmonary epithelium and secretion of the lung.", "content": "The immunological identity of a uteroglobin-like protein, occurring in respiratory tract secretions and tissue, with uteroglobin from rabbit endometrial secretion is demonstrated. A uteroglobin-like antigen has been localized in bronchial epithelial cells and in bronchioles by immunofluorescence. This secretory protein is, in contrast to the authentic uteroglobin, hormone-independent, as far as estrogens and progesterone are concerned. The possible significance of comparative studies on uteroglobin and the uteroglobin-like antigen is discussed, taking into account cytological, endocrinological, and molecularbiological aspects.", "contents": "Uteroglobin-like antigen in the pulmonary epithelium and secretion of the lung. The immunological identity of a uteroglobin-like protein, occurring in respiratory tract secretions and tissue, with uteroglobin from rabbit endometrial secretion is demonstrated. A uteroglobin-like antigen has been localized in bronchial epithelial cells and in bronchioles by immunofluorescence. This secretory protein is, in contrast to the authentic uteroglobin, hormone-independent, as far as estrogens and progesterone are concerned. The possible significance of comparative studies on uteroglobin and the uteroglobin-like antigen is discussed, taking into account cytological, endocrinological, and molecularbiological aspects."}
{"id": "PMID:356999", "title": "Ultrastructure of rat pituitary LH gonadotrophs in relation to serum and pituitary LH levels following repeated LH-RH stimulation.", "content": "The effects of single and repeated LH-RH injections at 120 min intervals on female rat LH gonadotrophs and on pituitary and serum LH levels were investigated using electronmicroscopy and radioimmunoassay. A temporary stimulation of granule release, of protein and new granule synthesis and of the accumulation of lysosomal structures was found in LH cells after the first LH-RH injection. The temporary stimulations were massively enhanced after the second injection. These consecutive yet in their time-sequence overlapping processes account for the initial depletion of secretory granule content (3--15 min after LH-RH injection), for the subsequent regranulation and accumulation of granules above control levels (60--120 min after injection) and also for the reduction in the number of granules to control levels (150 min after LH-RH injection and thereafter). Increased polymorphic lysosomal structures are believed to be responsible for this reduction of excess granules. The amount of assayable pituitary and serum LH generally corresponds with the morphological changes observed in LH-gonadotrophs, thus further substantiating the above observations. A schema which summarizes the observed morphological and hormonal changes in their time-sequence in response to LH-RH stimulation depicts the short-term regulation of secretory processes in female gonadotrophs.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of rat pituitary LH gonadotrophs in relation to serum and pituitary LH levels following repeated LH-RH stimulation. The effects of single and repeated LH-RH injections at 120 min intervals on female rat LH gonadotrophs and on pituitary and serum LH levels were investigated using electronmicroscopy and radioimmunoassay. A temporary stimulation of granule release, of protein and new granule synthesis and of the accumulation of lysosomal structures was found in LH cells after the first LH-RH injection. The temporary stimulations were massively enhanced after the second injection. These consecutive yet in their time-sequence overlapping processes account for the initial depletion of secretory granule content (3--15 min after LH-RH injection), for the subsequent regranulation and accumulation of granules above control levels (60--120 min after injection) and also for the reduction in the number of granules to control levels (150 min after LH-RH injection and thereafter). Increased polymorphic lysosomal structures are believed to be responsible for this reduction of excess granules. The amount of assayable pituitary and serum LH generally corresponds with the morphological changes observed in LH-gonadotrophs, thus further substantiating the above observations. A schema which summarizes the observed morphological and hormonal changes in their time-sequence in response to LH-RH stimulation depicts the short-term regulation of secretory processes in female gonadotrophs."}
{"id": "PMID:357001", "title": "Identification of the LH and TSH-secreting cells in the pituitary gland of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Pituitary glands from juvenile (pre-pubertal) and adult male and female rhesus monkeys were examined following immunocytochemical staining with antisera to the beta subunits of ovine luteinizing hormone (LHbeta) and of human thyroid stimulating hormone (TSHbeta). The LHbeta antiserum reacts with a cell that is PAS-positive, occurs singly and is randomly distributed throughout the pars distalis. The diameter of these cells is approximately 11.5 micrometer. They do not seem to vary in number in either juveniles (pre-pubertals) or adults, or in males or females. There appears to be fewer LH cells in the pituitary glands of pregnant and lactating females. In addition to staining cells in the pars distalis, the antiserum also reacts with a population of cells located in the pars tuberalis. The cells that stain with the anti-TSHbeta serum are confined primarily to the pars distalis. They are approximately 15.8 micrometer in diameter and are generally found in groups or clusters located in the anterior and medical regions of the gland. The TSH cells vary in number from one animal to another; however, this variability is unrelated to the age or the sex of the animals. No demonstrable changes occur in the number of TSH cells during pregnancy or lactation.", "contents": "Identification of the LH and TSH-secreting cells in the pituitary gland of the rhesus monkey. Pituitary glands from juvenile (pre-pubertal) and adult male and female rhesus monkeys were examined following immunocytochemical staining with antisera to the beta subunits of ovine luteinizing hormone (LHbeta) and of human thyroid stimulating hormone (TSHbeta). The LHbeta antiserum reacts with a cell that is PAS-positive, occurs singly and is randomly distributed throughout the pars distalis. The diameter of these cells is approximately 11.5 micrometer. They do not seem to vary in number in either juveniles (pre-pubertals) or adults, or in males or females. There appears to be fewer LH cells in the pituitary glands of pregnant and lactating females. In addition to staining cells in the pars distalis, the antiserum also reacts with a population of cells located in the pars tuberalis. The cells that stain with the anti-TSHbeta serum are confined primarily to the pars distalis. They are approximately 15.8 micrometer in diameter and are generally found in groups or clusters located in the anterior and medical regions of the gland. The TSH cells vary in number from one animal to another; however, this variability is unrelated to the age or the sex of the animals. No demonstrable changes occur in the number of TSH cells during pregnancy or lactation."}
{"id": "PMID:357002", "title": "Immunocytochemical study of the neurohypophysial hormone producing system of the lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus.", "content": "Using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique at the light microscopic level, it has been shown that, in the dipnoan preoptico-hypophysial neurosecretory system, vasotocin and mesotocin are synthesized in separate neurons. In the preoptic nuclei, the perikarya of these two types of neurosecretory neurons are not located preferentially. The two types of neurosecretory perikarya give rise to separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic axons, respectively. The dipnoan median eminence and neural lobe contain separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres, the general distribution of which is described. In the pars distalis and the pars intermedia of the hypophysis, neurohypophysial hormone-containing nerve fibres have not been found.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical study of the neurohypophysial hormone producing system of the lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus. Using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique at the light microscopic level, it has been shown that, in the dipnoan preoptico-hypophysial neurosecretory system, vasotocin and mesotocin are synthesized in separate neurons. In the preoptic nuclei, the perikarya of these two types of neurosecretory neurons are not located preferentially. The two types of neurosecretory perikarya give rise to separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic axons, respectively. The dipnoan median eminence and neural lobe contain separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres, the general distribution of which is described. In the pars distalis and the pars intermedia of the hypophysis, neurohypophysial hormone-containing nerve fibres have not been found."}
{"id": "PMID:357003", "title": "The ultrastructure of pinealocytes in the golden mole (Amblysomus hottentotus) with special reference to the granular vesicles.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the pinealocytes of the golden mole (Amblysomus hottentotus), a blind subterranean mammal living in complete darkness, was examined and compared with that of pinealocytes of other mammals. On the basis of the presence of granular vesicles and glycogen granules, only one population of pinealocytes was found. Large mitochondria, ribosomes, lipid inclusions and scarce lysosomes were observed in the perikaryon. Numerous glycogen granules, often forming typical accumulations, were frequently found to be associated with typical vacuoles. An extraordinary large number of granular vesicles is characteristic of the golden mole pinealocyte. Phenomena of excretion of compound(s) stored in the granular vesicles were identified. Morphologically this is characterized by dissociation of its granular core in situ while its limiting membrane is preserved. The physiological significance of the secretory process characterized by the formation of these granular vesicles is discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of pinealocytes in the golden mole (Amblysomus hottentotus) with special reference to the granular vesicles. The ultrastructure of the pinealocytes of the golden mole (Amblysomus hottentotus), a blind subterranean mammal living in complete darkness, was examined and compared with that of pinealocytes of other mammals. On the basis of the presence of granular vesicles and glycogen granules, only one population of pinealocytes was found. Large mitochondria, ribosomes, lipid inclusions and scarce lysosomes were observed in the perikaryon. Numerous glycogen granules, often forming typical accumulations, were frequently found to be associated with typical vacuoles. An extraordinary large number of granular vesicles is characteristic of the golden mole pinealocyte. Phenomena of excretion of compound(s) stored in the granular vesicles were identified. Morphologically this is characterized by dissociation of its granular core in situ while its limiting membrane is preserved. The physiological significance of the secretory process characterized by the formation of these granular vesicles is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:357004", "title": "A Golgi study of the hypothalamus of Actinopterygii. II. The posterior hypothalamus.", "content": "The posterior hypothalami of the polypteriform, Calamoichthys, and of the teleost, Anguilla, were studied by means of the Golgi technique. In Calamoichthys, the lateral lobes are not developed and the median lobe is simple. In Anguilla, the median (tuberal) lobe shows lophodendritic, CSF-contacting cells and horizontal cells in the periventricular grey and some reticular elements directed toward the cell-poor lateral areas. In the lateral lobes the periventricular grey is formed by multipolar neurons and a diffuse population of multipolar cells of uncertain identity. The nucleus diffusus lobi lateralis is formed by scarce multipolar neurons, often placed next to the external surface of the brain. The organization of the lateral lobes in Actinopterygii is reminiscent of highly developed integrative regions.", "contents": "A Golgi study of the hypothalamus of Actinopterygii. II. The posterior hypothalamus. The posterior hypothalami of the polypteriform, Calamoichthys, and of the teleost, Anguilla, were studied by means of the Golgi technique. In Calamoichthys, the lateral lobes are not developed and the median lobe is simple. In Anguilla, the median (tuberal) lobe shows lophodendritic, CSF-contacting cells and horizontal cells in the periventricular grey and some reticular elements directed toward the cell-poor lateral areas. In the lateral lobes the periventricular grey is formed by multipolar neurons and a diffuse population of multipolar cells of uncertain identity. The nucleus diffusus lobi lateralis is formed by scarce multipolar neurons, often placed next to the external surface of the brain. The organization of the lateral lobes in Actinopterygii is reminiscent of highly developed integrative regions."}
{"id": "PMID:357005", "title": "Intercellular attachments between calcified collagenous tissue forming cells in the rat.", "content": "Osteoblasts of the young rat cranium, and cementoblasts and odontoblasts of young rat molars were prepared by ethanol freeze-fracture prior to critical point drying for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Critical point drying causes shrinkage which separates the lateral intercellular contacts between neighbours in the same sheet in the case of cementoblasts and osteoblasts, but not those between odontoblasts. These differences are considered to be of functional significance and need to be taken into consideration when formulating theories of calcium influx into the mineralizable matrix of the respective tissues.", "contents": "Intercellular attachments between calcified collagenous tissue forming cells in the rat. Osteoblasts of the young rat cranium, and cementoblasts and odontoblasts of young rat molars were prepared by ethanol freeze-fracture prior to critical point drying for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Critical point drying causes shrinkage which separates the lateral intercellular contacts between neighbours in the same sheet in the case of cementoblasts and osteoblasts, but not those between odontoblasts. These differences are considered to be of functional significance and need to be taken into consideration when formulating theories of calcium influx into the mineralizable matrix of the respective tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:357006", "title": "A stereological ultrastructural study of peritoneal macrophages from germ-free and conventionally-reared mice.", "content": "The reported work is the first direct ultrastructural comparison of resident peritoneal macrophages from germ-free and conventional animals. Three groups of mice were studied: germ-free (GF), conventionally-reared under isolation conditions (IC), and conventionally-reared in an open environment (OC). The macrophages from the three groups of animals are closely similar morphologically. Particularly noteworthy are the electron-dense, lysosome-like granules which are numerous in the macrophages of germ-free mice and which provide a structural foundation for the presumed microbicidal capability of the phagocytes. Morphometric estimates showed that the \"average macrophage\" from GF mice is smaller and possesses a smaller, rounder nucleus, a smaller volume fraction of mitochondria and more lysosome-like granules per unit of cytoplasmic volume than the \"average macrophage\" from conventional mice. Moreover, granules and mitochondria are smaller, on average in the GF phagocytes than in macrophages from conventional mice. The results suggest that peritoneal macrophages from the germ-free mouse represent, more truly than those from the conventional mouse, the nature of the fully differentiated but as yet unstimulated mononuclear phagocyte.", "contents": "A stereological ultrastructural study of peritoneal macrophages from germ-free and conventionally-reared mice. The reported work is the first direct ultrastructural comparison of resident peritoneal macrophages from germ-free and conventional animals. Three groups of mice were studied: germ-free (GF), conventionally-reared under isolation conditions (IC), and conventionally-reared in an open environment (OC). The macrophages from the three groups of animals are closely similar morphologically. Particularly noteworthy are the electron-dense, lysosome-like granules which are numerous in the macrophages of germ-free mice and which provide a structural foundation for the presumed microbicidal capability of the phagocytes. Morphometric estimates showed that the \"average macrophage\" from GF mice is smaller and possesses a smaller, rounder nucleus, a smaller volume fraction of mitochondria and more lysosome-like granules per unit of cytoplasmic volume than the \"average macrophage\" from conventional mice. Moreover, granules and mitochondria are smaller, on average in the GF phagocytes than in macrophages from conventional mice. The results suggest that peritoneal macrophages from the germ-free mouse represent, more truly than those from the conventional mouse, the nature of the fully differentiated but as yet unstimulated mononuclear phagocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:357009", "title": "Immunofluorescent staining of keratin fibers in cultured cells.", "content": "Antibody prepared against a group of keratins purified from human stratum corneum was used to identify cells containing keratins by immunofluorescence. In sectioned tissue and in culture, keratinocytes of skin and other stratified squamous epithelia-whether human, rabbit of mouse-stained strongly, indicating homologous amino acid sequences in the keratins of these species. In all cases, the antibody revealed a dense cytoplasmic network of discrete fibers probably consisting of aggregated (tono-) filaments. The pattern of staining was not affected by cytochalasin B or colcemid. No keratins were detected in cultured cells of mesenchymal origin (3T3, NIL, BHK, human diploid fibroblasts) or in connective tissues, indicating that the 100 A filaments of fibroblasts are not related to the keratins. Keratinocytes at all stages of differentiation, including basal cells, stained brightly and therefore contained abundant keratins.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent staining of keratin fibers in cultured cells. Antibody prepared against a group of keratins purified from human stratum corneum was used to identify cells containing keratins by immunofluorescence. In sectioned tissue and in culture, keratinocytes of skin and other stratified squamous epithelia-whether human, rabbit of mouse-stained strongly, indicating homologous amino acid sequences in the keratins of these species. In all cases, the antibody revealed a dense cytoplasmic network of discrete fibers probably consisting of aggregated (tono-) filaments. The pattern of staining was not affected by cytochalasin B or colcemid. No keratins were detected in cultured cells of mesenchymal origin (3T3, NIL, BHK, human diploid fibroblasts) or in connective tissues, indicating that the 100 A filaments of fibroblasts are not related to the keratins. Keratinocytes at all stages of differentiation, including basal cells, stained brightly and therefore contained abundant keratins."}
{"id": "PMID:357010", "title": "Stereo immunofluorescence microscopy: I. Three-dimensional arrangement of microfilaments, microtubules and tonofilaments.", "content": "An easy manipulation of the commercial fluorescence microscope allows stereo pairs of pictures to be taken, which when examined with a stereo viewer, give a strong three-dimensional impression. The procedure is described in detail. Its use allows the documentation by immunofluorescence microscopy of the three-dimensional display and organization of microfilament bundles, microtubules and tonofilaments in some well characterized tissue culture cell lines.", "contents": "Stereo immunofluorescence microscopy: I. Three-dimensional arrangement of microfilaments, microtubules and tonofilaments. An easy manipulation of the commercial fluorescence microscope allows stereo pairs of pictures to be taken, which when examined with a stereo viewer, give a strong three-dimensional impression. The procedure is described in detail. Its use allows the documentation by immunofluorescence microscopy of the three-dimensional display and organization of microfilament bundles, microtubules and tonofilaments in some well characterized tissue culture cell lines."}
{"id": "PMID:357011", "title": "The suppression of defective translation by ppGpp and its role in the stringent response.", "content": "Amino acid starvation is shown to decrease the fidelity of translation in E. coli. When proteins are analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, missense errors are detected as an unusual heterogeneity in their isoelectric points, while premature termination of protein synthesis can be recognized by a decreased relative rate of synthesis of higher molecular weight proteins and by the the accumulation of a complex group of new small polypeptides. The types of translational errors observed are amino acid-specific. For example, starvation of a rel- strain for histidine produces severe isoelectric point heterogeneity with little evidence of premature termination, while starvation for leucine has little effect on the isoelectric points, but produces a drastic decrease in the average molecular weight of the newly synthesized protein. These differences suggest codon-specific errors in reading the genetic code. In these rel- cells, the effect of amino acid starvation on the rates of synthesis of complete individual proteins is both protein- and amino acid-specific. For example, ribosomal protein L7/12, which lacks histidine, is made at a higher level during histidine starvation than during isoleucine or leucine starvation. This suggests that in rel- cells, the modulation of gene expression caused by the lack of a particular amino acid is, at least in part, a function of the abundance of that amino acid in particular proteins-that is, the response of rel- cells to starvation is consistent with the theory that the inhibition of protein synthesis and the accompanying increase in error frequency both result from low levels of the correct substrate. In marked contrast, virtually no starvation-induced translational errors are detected in a rel+ strain, and the response is not amino acid-specific. Varoius data strongly imply that in this rel+ strain, essentially all the changes caused by starvation are due to the accumulation of ppGpp, which independently reduces protein synthesis, thereby suppressing all the direct effects of amino acid limitation seen in rel- strains (where ppGpp does not accumulate upon starvation). A model is presented which describes how ppGpp might suppress the direct effects of starvation and avoid the loss of translational fidelity. In addition, the direct and specific effects of ppGpp on gene expression are examined independently of amino acid starvation.", "contents": "The suppression of defective translation by ppGpp and its role in the stringent response. Amino acid starvation is shown to decrease the fidelity of translation in E. coli. When proteins are analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, missense errors are detected as an unusual heterogeneity in their isoelectric points, while premature termination of protein synthesis can be recognized by a decreased relative rate of synthesis of higher molecular weight proteins and by the the accumulation of a complex group of new small polypeptides. The types of translational errors observed are amino acid-specific. For example, starvation of a rel- strain for histidine produces severe isoelectric point heterogeneity with little evidence of premature termination, while starvation for leucine has little effect on the isoelectric points, but produces a drastic decrease in the average molecular weight of the newly synthesized protein. These differences suggest codon-specific errors in reading the genetic code. In these rel- cells, the effect of amino acid starvation on the rates of synthesis of complete individual proteins is both protein- and amino acid-specific. For example, ribosomal protein L7/12, which lacks histidine, is made at a higher level during histidine starvation than during isoleucine or leucine starvation. This suggests that in rel- cells, the modulation of gene expression caused by the lack of a particular amino acid is, at least in part, a function of the abundance of that amino acid in particular proteins-that is, the response of rel- cells to starvation is consistent with the theory that the inhibition of protein synthesis and the accompanying increase in error frequency both result from low levels of the correct substrate. In marked contrast, virtually no starvation-induced translational errors are detected in a rel+ strain, and the response is not amino acid-specific. Varoius data strongly imply that in this rel+ strain, essentially all the changes caused by starvation are due to the accumulation of ppGpp, which independently reduces protein synthesis, thereby suppressing all the direct effects of amino acid limitation seen in rel- strains (where ppGpp does not accumulate upon starvation). A model is presented which describes how ppGpp might suppress the direct effects of starvation and avoid the loss of translational fidelity. In addition, the direct and specific effects of ppGpp on gene expression are examined independently of amino acid starvation."}
{"id": "PMID:357019", "title": "[Use of the modified Gustafson technic for the determination of age by teeth from paleoanthropological material of Czech ruling princes at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries].", "content": "1. A modification of Gustafson's method is described with a view to estimating individual age according to the state of teeth in prehistoric bone material. Age estimation is made on he basis of a hisological investigation of the hard dental tissue and of the changes that affect teeth as the individual grows old. 4 markers are ascertained on thick sagittal sections of singleroot teeth in prehistorical material: degree of dental abrasion, secondary dentin desposition, cement aposition, and dental apex resorption [Fig. 1.], with scores ranging from 0--3 points. Using the marker system described by Gustafson the corresponding average age values were estimated for the total scores of the 4 markers ascertained [Fig. 2, Tab. 1] and the standard error of estimation was calculated [Tab. 2]. 2. The above method helped to estimated the age of Czech Princes ruling at the turn of the 9th and 10th centruies, whose remains were discovereed at Prague Castle. The age of Prince K 1 was thus estimated at 30--35 years, that of St. Wenceslaus at 40--45 years, and that of he Prince of Zizi at +/- 60 years. 3. The modification makes it possible for anthropologists and forensic experts to use the histological method of Gustafson's section in estimating the age both in prehistorical and in recent bone material.", "contents": "[Use of the modified Gustafson technic for the determination of age by teeth from paleoanthropological material of Czech ruling princes at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries]. 1. A modification of Gustafson's method is described with a view to estimating individual age according to the state of teeth in prehistoric bone material. Age estimation is made on he basis of a hisological investigation of the hard dental tissue and of the changes that affect teeth as the individual grows old. 4 markers are ascertained on thick sagittal sections of singleroot teeth in prehistorical material: degree of dental abrasion, secondary dentin desposition, cement aposition, and dental apex resorption [Fig. 1.], with scores ranging from 0--3 points. Using the marker system described by Gustafson the corresponding average age values were estimated for the total scores of the 4 markers ascertained [Fig. 2, Tab. 1] and the standard error of estimation was calculated [Tab. 2]. 2. The above method helped to estimated the age of Czech Princes ruling at the turn of the 9th and 10th centruies, whose remains were discovereed at Prague Castle. The age of Prince K 1 was thus estimated at 30--35 years, that of St. Wenceslaus at 40--45 years, and that of he Prince of Zizi at +/- 60 years. 3. The modification makes it possible for anthropologists and forensic experts to use the histological method of Gustafson's section in estimating the age both in prehistorical and in recent bone material."}
{"id": "PMID:357035", "title": "Vinyl chloride and vinyl benzene (styrene)--metabolism, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.", "content": "Vinyl chloride and vinyl benzene (styrene) are mutagenic in microbial tests, in Drosophila, in yeast, and in mammalian cells. Reports from various countries have shown an excess of chromosomal aberrations in the lymphocytes of workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer when the workers were compared with controls. Workers occupationally exposed to styrene also revealed a clear increase in the rate of chromosome aberrations in their lymphocytes. Both chloroethylene oxide and styrene oxide, the primary biotransformation products of vinyl chloirde and styrene respectively, bind covalently to cellular macromolecules. Vinyl chloride is a carcinogen in both animals and man. Styrene is currently being tested in animals. These findings, the demonstration of mutagenic response via microbial and other test systems and with observations of significant excesses of chromosomal aberrations among workers exposed to these agents, raise scientific and health oriented concern about the possible genetic risks of vinyl chloride and styrene to man.", "contents": "Vinyl chloride and vinyl benzene (styrene)--metabolism, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Vinyl chloride and vinyl benzene (styrene) are mutagenic in microbial tests, in Drosophila, in yeast, and in mammalian cells. Reports from various countries have shown an excess of chromosomal aberrations in the lymphocytes of workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer when the workers were compared with controls. Workers occupationally exposed to styrene also revealed a clear increase in the rate of chromosome aberrations in their lymphocytes. Both chloroethylene oxide and styrene oxide, the primary biotransformation products of vinyl chloirde and styrene respectively, bind covalently to cellular macromolecules. Vinyl chloride is a carcinogen in both animals and man. Styrene is currently being tested in animals. These findings, the demonstration of mutagenic response via microbial and other test systems and with observations of significant excesses of chromosomal aberrations among workers exposed to these agents, raise scientific and health oriented concern about the possible genetic risks of vinyl chloride and styrene to man."}
{"id": "PMID:357039", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for urinary albumin.", "content": "We describe a rapid, sensitive, and precise radioimmunoassay for urinary albumin (Ualb). Aliquots of diluted urine were incubated at room temperature for 1 h with 125I-labeled albumin and a rabbit antiserum monospecific for human albumin. Phase separation was effected by the double-antibody technique. The dose-response curve as linear in the range of 15.6-10000 ng, equivalent to 4 to 3000 mg/liter of urine. The limit of sensitivity was 16 ng of albumin. The coefficient of assay variation was 4.8%, both at 44 mg/liter and at 1304 mg/liter. A displacement curve obtained with a serially diluted urine sample of high albumin concentration was completely superimposable with the curve for which human albumin was used as a standard. In 26 normal individuals the range for Ualb was 2.2--12.6 mg/24h, and for albumin clearance (Calb, 1.8 x 10(-5)-19.6 x 10(-5) ml/min. After renal homografts in 25 patients, Ualb ranged from 16.9 to 9928 mg/24 h, and Calb from 2.7 x 10(-4) to 1.7 x 10(-1) ml/min. Both increased Ualb and Calb correlated well with the severity of renal homograft rejection.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for urinary albumin. We describe a rapid, sensitive, and precise radioimmunoassay for urinary albumin (Ualb). Aliquots of diluted urine were incubated at room temperature for 1 h with 125I-labeled albumin and a rabbit antiserum monospecific for human albumin. Phase separation was effected by the double-antibody technique. The dose-response curve as linear in the range of 15.6-10000 ng, equivalent to 4 to 3000 mg/liter of urine. The limit of sensitivity was 16 ng of albumin. The coefficient of assay variation was 4.8%, both at 44 mg/liter and at 1304 mg/liter. A displacement curve obtained with a serially diluted urine sample of high albumin concentration was completely superimposable with the curve for which human albumin was used as a standard. In 26 normal individuals the range for Ualb was 2.2--12.6 mg/24h, and for albumin clearance (Calb, 1.8 x 10(-5)-19.6 x 10(-5) ml/min. After renal homografts in 25 patients, Ualb ranged from 16.9 to 9928 mg/24 h, and Calb from 2.7 x 10(-4) to 1.7 x 10(-1) ml/min. Both increased Ualb and Calb correlated well with the severity of renal homograft rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:357040", "title": "Washington University Case Conference: Theophylline toxicity.", "content": "This case demonstrates the importance of monitoring theophylline concentrations in serum during therapy with this drug. The commonly used body-weight-derived guidelines for therapeutic dose are not adequate and do not preclude the necessity for such monitoring. The ultraviolet spectrophotometric methods available for serum theophylline analysis are generally suitable; however, the more specific liquid-chromatographic techniques have certain advantages in that they require only small amounts of serum (25--50 microliter) and are relatively free of interferences from other commonly used drugs. The enzyme immunoassay procedure also appears well suited for the routine measurement of theophylline. The therapeutic range for serum theophylline is well established (10--20 mg/liter) and theophylline values correlate well with therapeutic response and toxicity. We therefore recommend that theophylline in the serum be monitored regularly and dosages adjusted accordingly.", "contents": "Washington University Case Conference: Theophylline toxicity. This case demonstrates the importance of monitoring theophylline concentrations in serum during therapy with this drug. The commonly used body-weight-derived guidelines for therapeutic dose are not adequate and do not preclude the necessity for such monitoring. The ultraviolet spectrophotometric methods available for serum theophylline analysis are generally suitable; however, the more specific liquid-chromatographic techniques have certain advantages in that they require only small amounts of serum (25--50 microliter) and are relatively free of interferences from other commonly used drugs. The enzyme immunoassay procedure also appears well suited for the routine measurement of theophylline. The therapeutic range for serum theophylline is well established (10--20 mg/liter) and theophylline values correlate well with therapeutic response and toxicity. We therefore recommend that theophylline in the serum be monitored regularly and dosages adjusted accordingly."}
{"id": "PMID:357041", "title": "Enzyme-coupled ultraviolet determination of alpha-amylase activity with the GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "We evaluated the Harleco alpha-glucosidase/hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-coupled alpha-amylase method, bu use of the GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer. Performance evaluation included kinetic studies of substrate and maltose hydrolysis as well as effects of endogenous glucose and fructose. The reagent was found to give a linear response with alpha-amylase activity to greater than 1200 U/liter. Within-run precision resulted in coefficients of variation (CV) of 0.9 to 3.2% over the range studied. Day-to-day precision corresponded to CV's of 2.4 to 4.4% over the same range of alpha-amylase procedure was found to be good (r = 0.997) for patients' sera examined.", "contents": "Enzyme-coupled ultraviolet determination of alpha-amylase activity with the GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer. We evaluated the Harleco alpha-glucosidase/hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-coupled alpha-amylase method, bu use of the GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer. Performance evaluation included kinetic studies of substrate and maltose hydrolysis as well as effects of endogenous glucose and fructose. The reagent was found to give a linear response with alpha-amylase activity to greater than 1200 U/liter. Within-run precision resulted in coefficients of variation (CV) of 0.9 to 3.2% over the range studied. Day-to-day precision corresponded to CV's of 2.4 to 4.4% over the same range of alpha-amylase procedure was found to be good (r = 0.997) for patients' sera examined."}
{"id": "PMID:357042", "title": "Spurious brain creatine kinase in serum from patients with renal disease.", "content": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme I(BB) is generally not detectable in normal serum, and its occurrence in serum has been documented in only a few disease states. In particular, increased activity of this isoenzyme has been reported in association with chronic renal failure, hemodialysis, and renal transplantation. The present study demonstrates that the apparent creatine kinase observed in the serum of such renal patients is an artifact, observed as a result of measuring creatine kinase isoenzymes by fluorescence. Our observations resemble those of McKenzie et al. [Clin. Chim. Acta 70, 333(1976)] concerning an artifact in the fluorometric determination of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the sera of patients with end-stage renal failure. The artifact binds to albumin, is not a protein, and occurs in some normal sera at very low concentrations. This artifact can be mistakenly identified as isoenzyme I in renal-disease patients if CK isoenzymes are determined fluorometrically.", "contents": "Spurious brain creatine kinase in serum from patients with renal disease. Creatine kinase isoenzyme I(BB) is generally not detectable in normal serum, and its occurrence in serum has been documented in only a few disease states. In particular, increased activity of this isoenzyme has been reported in association with chronic renal failure, hemodialysis, and renal transplantation. The present study demonstrates that the apparent creatine kinase observed in the serum of such renal patients is an artifact, observed as a result of measuring creatine kinase isoenzymes by fluorescence. Our observations resemble those of McKenzie et al. [Clin. Chim. Acta 70, 333(1976)] concerning an artifact in the fluorometric determination of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the sera of patients with end-stage renal failure. The artifact binds to albumin, is not a protein, and occurs in some normal sera at very low concentrations. This artifact can be mistakenly identified as isoenzyme I in renal-disease patients if CK isoenzymes are determined fluorometrically."}
{"id": "PMID:357043", "title": "An improved technique for immunofixation of electrophoretograms.", "content": "Immunofixation coupled with electrophoresis is winning favor as an easy, sensitive, and versatile method for detecting specific protein fractions. Here, we discuss problems which appear when antisera are applied onto the electrophoretic medium (Cellogel or cellulose acetate). Longitudinal slits can be made in the electrophoretic medium without worsening resolution. Such longitudinally slitted electrophoretic membranes can be used in electrophoresis and specific antisera applied simply by pipetting them onto the electrophoretograms. The method has been used successfully in typing immunoglobulins.", "contents": "An improved technique for immunofixation of electrophoretograms. Immunofixation coupled with electrophoresis is winning favor as an easy, sensitive, and versatile method for detecting specific protein fractions. Here, we discuss problems which appear when antisera are applied onto the electrophoretic medium (Cellogel or cellulose acetate). Longitudinal slits can be made in the electrophoretic medium without worsening resolution. Such longitudinally slitted electrophoretic membranes can be used in electrophoresis and specific antisera applied simply by pipetting them onto the electrophoretograms. The method has been used successfully in typing immunoglobulins."}
{"id": "PMID:357045", "title": "Induction of cleft palates by triamcinolone acetonide: re-examination of the problem.", "content": "We have examined the uptake of 3H-triamcinolone acetonide (3H-TAC) into various maternal and embryonic tissues of A/J mice. We report that the fetal tissues were able to retain TAC for long periods, although the concentrations of TAC in the maternal tissues were significantly lower. We have also examined the binding of 3H-TAC both to nuclei and cytosols from maxillary processes. We report that 3H-TAC can bind to chromatin both at low and high affinity. This leads to the isolation of two chromosmal protein fractions containing bound 3H-TAC. Therefore, triamcinolone acetonide is favorably retained in fetal tissues by its ability to bind tightly to chromatin.", "contents": "Induction of cleft palates by triamcinolone acetonide: re-examination of the problem. We have examined the uptake of 3H-triamcinolone acetonide (3H-TAC) into various maternal and embryonic tissues of A/J mice. We report that the fetal tissues were able to retain TAC for long periods, although the concentrations of TAC in the maternal tissues were significantly lower. We have also examined the binding of 3H-TAC both to nuclei and cytosols from maxillary processes. We report that 3H-TAC can bind to chromatin both at low and high affinity. This leads to the isolation of two chromosmal protein fractions containing bound 3H-TAC. Therefore, triamcinolone acetonide is favorably retained in fetal tissues by its ability to bind tightly to chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:357051", "title": "Effect of niridazole in cellular immunity in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The influence of niridazole, an anti-helminthic drug, on cell-mediated immune responses was investigated. Allograft rejection in mice as well as the in vitro induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against murine alloantigen were used as the test system. Repeated daily oral treatment of host mice with niridazole (100 mg/kg) prior to and during allotransplantation resulte in the postponement of graft rejection, inducing a transitory functional state of allograft tolerance. The time interval between the termination of niridazole administration and onset of graft rejection was estimated to be 5-7 days. In order to test the effect of niridazole or its derivatives on the in vitro induction of alloreactive CTL, the serum or urine of mice which were treated with niridazole were added to the cultures, instead of adding niridazole directly to the cultures. Such serum and urine were found to be inhibitory for in vitro induction of CTL. The serum and urine had no effect on the effector phase of CTL.", "contents": "Effect of niridazole in cellular immunity in vivo and in vitro. The influence of niridazole, an anti-helminthic drug, on cell-mediated immune responses was investigated. Allograft rejection in mice as well as the in vitro induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against murine alloantigen were used as the test system. Repeated daily oral treatment of host mice with niridazole (100 mg/kg) prior to and during allotransplantation resulte in the postponement of graft rejection, inducing a transitory functional state of allograft tolerance. The time interval between the termination of niridazole administration and onset of graft rejection was estimated to be 5-7 days. In order to test the effect of niridazole or its derivatives on the in vitro induction of alloreactive CTL, the serum or urine of mice which were treated with niridazole were added to the cultures, instead of adding niridazole directly to the cultures. Such serum and urine were found to be inhibitory for in vitro induction of CTL. The serum and urine had no effect on the effector phase of CTL."}
{"id": "PMID:357052", "title": "The effects on polymorphonuclear leucocyte function of prednisolone and azathioprine in vivo and prednisolone, azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in vitro.", "content": "The effects of prednisolone azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine on polymorphonuclear neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans have been studied. In twenty patients with a functioning kidney graft, taking both azathioprine 2.5 mg/kg/day and prednisolone (mean dose 0.59 mg/kg/day; range 0.30-1.0 mg/kg/day), the polymorphonuclear function did not significantly differ from that in either twenty-two normal or eighteen uraemic controls. Addition of prednisolone, 1.2 X 10(-5) M, azathioprine, 2.1 X 10(-5) M, and 6-mercaptopurine, 2.1 X 10(-5) M, using each drug alone, to normal human polymorphonuclear cells in vitro did not significantly alter their function. It is concluded that prednisolone and azathioprine together in vivo and that both these drugs and 6-mercaptopurine singly in vitro have no significant deleterious effect on polymorphonuclear function and do not contribute, in this way, to the increased susceptibility of patients receiving these drugs to infection.", "contents": "The effects on polymorphonuclear leucocyte function of prednisolone and azathioprine in vivo and prednisolone, azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in vitro. The effects of prednisolone azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine on polymorphonuclear neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans have been studied. In twenty patients with a functioning kidney graft, taking both azathioprine 2.5 mg/kg/day and prednisolone (mean dose 0.59 mg/kg/day; range 0.30-1.0 mg/kg/day), the polymorphonuclear function did not significantly differ from that in either twenty-two normal or eighteen uraemic controls. Addition of prednisolone, 1.2 X 10(-5) M, azathioprine, 2.1 X 10(-5) M, and 6-mercaptopurine, 2.1 X 10(-5) M, using each drug alone, to normal human polymorphonuclear cells in vitro did not significantly alter their function. It is concluded that prednisolone and azathioprine together in vivo and that both these drugs and 6-mercaptopurine singly in vitro have no significant deleterious effect on polymorphonuclear function and do not contribute, in this way, to the increased susceptibility of patients receiving these drugs to infection."}
{"id": "PMID:357053", "title": "In vitro suppression of lymphocyte blastogenic response to mitogen and antigen by Leishmania tropica.", "content": "Cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses are important in the immunity against Leishmania spp. infection in man. However, an infection continues to persist for a limited or indefinite period of time in spite of demonstrable CMI. The factors which allow the infection to persist in the presence of the CMI are hitherto unknown. Evidence is presented here that Leishmania tropica or their products suppress the in vitro proliferative response of normal human lymphocytes to mitogen and specific antigens. The suppressive effect of L. tropica is neither due to a direct toxic action on lymphocytes nor to competition for nutrients or antigens. In vivo such an immunosuppressive effect could both facilitate macrophage parasitization and the intracellular survival of L. tropica, even after the CMI develops to processed L. tropica antigen. Persistence of infection is seen in many other bacterial, viral and fungal infections. The in vitro suppressive effect of L. tropica on the immune response observed in our study therefore becomes relevant to the understanding of the host-parasite interaction, which may determine the eventual outcome of infection in many other intracellular infections.", "contents": "In vitro suppression of lymphocyte blastogenic response to mitogen and antigen by Leishmania tropica. Cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses are important in the immunity against Leishmania spp. infection in man. However, an infection continues to persist for a limited or indefinite period of time in spite of demonstrable CMI. The factors which allow the infection to persist in the presence of the CMI are hitherto unknown. Evidence is presented here that Leishmania tropica or their products suppress the in vitro proliferative response of normal human lymphocytes to mitogen and specific antigens. The suppressive effect of L. tropica is neither due to a direct toxic action on lymphocytes nor to competition for nutrients or antigens. In vivo such an immunosuppressive effect could both facilitate macrophage parasitization and the intracellular survival of L. tropica, even after the CMI develops to processed L. tropica antigen. Persistence of infection is seen in many other bacterial, viral and fungal infections. The in vitro suppressive effect of L. tropica on the immune response observed in our study therefore becomes relevant to the understanding of the host-parasite interaction, which may determine the eventual outcome of infection in many other intracellular infections."}
{"id": "PMID:357054", "title": "Nephrotoxic potency of antisera to three rat glomerular basement membrane glycoproteins.", "content": "In a previous article, we cited studies which have allowed us to isolate diverse glycoproteins of the rat glomerular basement membrane (GMB) and to study their biochemical structures and antigenicity. This present study attempts to examine, using the heterologous nephrotoxic nephritis model (Masugi's nephritis) the nephrotoxicity of immune sera prepared from three of these glycoproteins: one fairly rich in collagen-like structures (A3), another lacking collagen-like structures (A1), and a third of intermediate composition (A2). The results obtained are discussed in relation to those already published concerning the nature of the GBM antigen(s) responsible for the nephrotoxicity of the sera.", "contents": "Nephrotoxic potency of antisera to three rat glomerular basement membrane glycoproteins. In a previous article, we cited studies which have allowed us to isolate diverse glycoproteins of the rat glomerular basement membrane (GMB) and to study their biochemical structures and antigenicity. This present study attempts to examine, using the heterologous nephrotoxic nephritis model (Masugi's nephritis) the nephrotoxicity of immune sera prepared from three of these glycoproteins: one fairly rich in collagen-like structures (A3), another lacking collagen-like structures (A1), and a third of intermediate composition (A2). The results obtained are discussed in relation to those already published concerning the nature of the GBM antigen(s) responsible for the nephrotoxicity of the sera."}
{"id": "PMID:357055", "title": "Inhibition of polyclonal B-cell activation by suppressor monocytes in patients with sarcoidosis.", "content": "The present study employed a direct plaque-forming cell (PGC) assay following pokeweed mitogen (PWM) induced polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes in sarcoidosis to evaluate the in vitro humoral immune response in this disease and to delineate the immunoregulation of this response. Sarcoidosis lymphocytes had a suppressed PFC response to polyclonal activation, but were unable to suppress normal B-cell PFC responses in allogeneic co-cultures. Removal of a cell type, which was corticosteroid-resistant, radio-resistant, adherent and a non-T cell, from sarcoidosis mononuclear cell suspensions reversed the suppressed PFC response, indicating the presence of a suppressor monocyte. Thus in vitro suppressor cell activity has now been demonstrated in this disease, which is characterized by multiple immunological aberrancies.", "contents": "Inhibition of polyclonal B-cell activation by suppressor monocytes in patients with sarcoidosis. The present study employed a direct plaque-forming cell (PGC) assay following pokeweed mitogen (PWM) induced polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes in sarcoidosis to evaluate the in vitro humoral immune response in this disease and to delineate the immunoregulation of this response. Sarcoidosis lymphocytes had a suppressed PFC response to polyclonal activation, but were unable to suppress normal B-cell PFC responses in allogeneic co-cultures. Removal of a cell type, which was corticosteroid-resistant, radio-resistant, adherent and a non-T cell, from sarcoidosis mononuclear cell suspensions reversed the suppressed PFC response, indicating the presence of a suppressor monocyte. Thus in vitro suppressor cell activity has now been demonstrated in this disease, which is characterized by multiple immunological aberrancies."}
{"id": "PMID:357059", "title": "Free flaps: an overview.", "content": "The free flap represents a dramatic one-stage procedure for distant transfer of skin flaps. The operative technique consists of: identification of healthy recipient vessels; isolation of viable island skin flap; distant transfer followed by revascularization via microvascular anastomoses. New techniques warrant classification of free tissue transfers into single tissue transfers (skin, muscle, bone, nerve) and compound tissue transfers (osteocutaneous, musculocutaneous). When compared to conventional techniques, free flap transfers offer shorter hospitalization and immobilization as well as a greater reconstructive potential. However, their utilization mandates extensive experience in multiple microvascular techniques and clinical microsurgery.", "contents": "Free flaps: an overview. The free flap represents a dramatic one-stage procedure for distant transfer of skin flaps. The operative technique consists of: identification of healthy recipient vessels; isolation of viable island skin flap; distant transfer followed by revascularization via microvascular anastomoses. New techniques warrant classification of free tissue transfers into single tissue transfers (skin, muscle, bone, nerve) and compound tissue transfers (osteocutaneous, musculocutaneous). When compared to conventional techniques, free flap transfers offer shorter hospitalization and immobilization as well as a greater reconstructive potential. However, their utilization mandates extensive experience in multiple microvascular techniques and clinical microsurgery."}
{"id": "PMID:357060", "title": "Clinical experiences in free flap transfer.", "content": "In this series of 62 free flap transfers, 48 (80%) have been successful. There have been a significant number of vascular complications, 39% of which the majority were arterial thrombosis. Fifty per cent of those which thrombosed were salvaged on exploration and revision of the vessels. The frequency of complications has diminished with experience but they remain significantly high. Free flap surgery demands considerable expertise in both donor site dissection and microvascular technique. Two surgeons with microvascular experience, each with adequate assistance, are preferred and ready availability of operating room is essential. Close postoperative observation and readiness to revise anastomoses are equally important. About 50% of failed free flap sites have been repaired by application of split skin grafts.", "contents": "Clinical experiences in free flap transfer. In this series of 62 free flap transfers, 48 (80%) have been successful. There have been a significant number of vascular complications, 39% of which the majority were arterial thrombosis. Fifty per cent of those which thrombosed were salvaged on exploration and revision of the vessels. The frequency of complications has diminished with experience but they remain significantly high. Free flap surgery demands considerable expertise in both donor site dissection and microvascular technique. Two surgeons with microvascular experience, each with adequate assistance, are preferred and ready availability of operating room is essential. Close postoperative observation and readiness to revise anastomoses are equally important. About 50% of failed free flap sites have been repaired by application of split skin grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:357061", "title": "Vascularized free flap transfers.", "content": "The success of a free flap transfer depends entirely on the suture of a paired artery and vein between the donor and recipient sites. The interrupted suturing method with biangulation or successive interrupted suturing is the method of choice. The size of the site, small or large, does not effect either the resulting patency or the process of intimal healing. When occlusion of the anastomosed site is encountered, the transferred free flap can be saved by exploration within 6 hours after surgery. Reapplication of the clamp proximally or distally to the anastomosed site does not change the patency rate. Free groin flaps can be successfully transferred in 2 orthopedic cases.", "contents": "Vascularized free flap transfers. The success of a free flap transfer depends entirely on the suture of a paired artery and vein between the donor and recipient sites. The interrupted suturing method with biangulation or successive interrupted suturing is the method of choice. The size of the site, small or large, does not effect either the resulting patency or the process of intimal healing. When occlusion of the anastomosed site is encountered, the transferred free flap can be saved by exploration within 6 hours after surgery. Reapplication of the clamp proximally or distally to the anastomosed site does not change the patency rate. Free groin flaps can be successfully transferred in 2 orthopedic cases."}
{"id": "PMID:357062", "title": "Management of bone in digital replantation: free vascularized and composite bone grafts.", "content": "Microvascular surgical techniques have been applied to the problem of digital amputation, persistent nonunion and complicated extremity injuries with segmental bone and soft tissue loss. In replantations, adequate bone shortening and fixation with intramedullary pins or rods is mandatory. Proper patient selection, preoperative management of the amputated parts, application of microsurgical disciplines, employment of an organized surgical sequence, and rigid postoperative monitoring has resulted in an 80% viability rate in 121 replantations. Recent advances in the management of skeletal injuries using microvascular techniques include free vascularized bone grafting and salvage of the preamputation limb using free composite grafts of skin, subcutaneous tissue and bone. These free composite grafts techniques are exacting and time consuming. Meticulous planning, preoperative rehearsal and careful coordination between the operating teams make the functional restoration of a severely injured limb possible.", "contents": "Management of bone in digital replantation: free vascularized and composite bone grafts. Microvascular surgical techniques have been applied to the problem of digital amputation, persistent nonunion and complicated extremity injuries with segmental bone and soft tissue loss. In replantations, adequate bone shortening and fixation with intramedullary pins or rods is mandatory. Proper patient selection, preoperative management of the amputated parts, application of microsurgical disciplines, employment of an organized surgical sequence, and rigid postoperative monitoring has resulted in an 80% viability rate in 121 replantations. Recent advances in the management of skeletal injuries using microvascular techniques include free vascularized bone grafting and salvage of the preamputation limb using free composite grafts of skin, subcutaneous tissue and bone. These free composite grafts techniques are exacting and time consuming. Meticulous planning, preoperative rehearsal and careful coordination between the operating teams make the functional restoration of a severely injured limb possible."}
{"id": "PMID:357063", "title": "Artificial shoulder joint by P\u00e9an (1893): the facts of an exceptional intervention and the prosthetic method.", "content": "In 1893, the famous French surgeon E. J. P\u00e9an substituted the proximal end of a humerus with a total shoulder arthroplasty made of platinum and rubber. After 2 years, the prosthesis was removed and nothing more was heard about it. After more than 80 years from that historic operation, the author has found P\u00e9an's original prosthesis in the Smithsonian Institution of Washington, D.C. This exceptional medical document was designed by a Parisian dentist, J. Porter Michaels and was brought to the United States by Edward A. Bogue, an American dentist who worked in Paris. Bogue donated it in 1916 to the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in Washington. At the present time the prosthesis is being kept in the Smithsonian Institution. The intervention was not a complete success since P\u00e9an had to remove the artificial joint due to a persistent tubercular infection. Nevertheless this prosthesis represents a milestone in the history of medicine, an event justly deserving of our note.", "contents": "Artificial shoulder joint by P\u00e9an (1893): the facts of an exceptional intervention and the prosthetic method. In 1893, the famous French surgeon E. J. P\u00e9an substituted the proximal end of a humerus with a total shoulder arthroplasty made of platinum and rubber. After 2 years, the prosthesis was removed and nothing more was heard about it. After more than 80 years from that historic operation, the author has found P\u00e9an's original prosthesis in the Smithsonian Institution of Washington, D.C. This exceptional medical document was designed by a Parisian dentist, J. Porter Michaels and was brought to the United States by Edward A. Bogue, an American dentist who worked in Paris. Bogue donated it in 1916 to the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in Washington. At the present time the prosthesis is being kept in the Smithsonian Institution. The intervention was not a complete success since P\u00e9an had to remove the artificial joint due to a persistent tubercular infection. Nevertheless this prosthesis represents a milestone in the history of medicine, an event justly deserving of our note."}
{"id": "PMID:357065", "title": "Microsurgery of the peripheral nerve: a physiological approach.", "content": "Results with peripheral nerve injuries, which today still fall short of our goals, should intensify our efforts in this specialized field of microsurgery. We are living in an exciting era of functional reconstitution. Long gone are the times when a pink replanted digit or a successful free flap comprised the end-point of our surgical efforts. The direction from now on is toward achieving functional restoration by utilizing basic principles while armed with the unlimited potentials of reconstructive microsurgery. To this end we need the assistance and cooperation of other sciences since the enigma of the peripheral nerve can be deciphered only by a multidisciplinary approach.", "contents": "Microsurgery of the peripheral nerve: a physiological approach. Results with peripheral nerve injuries, which today still fall short of our goals, should intensify our efforts in this specialized field of microsurgery. We are living in an exciting era of functional reconstitution. Long gone are the times when a pink replanted digit or a successful free flap comprised the end-point of our surgical efforts. The direction from now on is toward achieving functional restoration by utilizing basic principles while armed with the unlimited potentials of reconstructive microsurgery. To this end we need the assistance and cooperation of other sciences since the enigma of the peripheral nerve can be deciphered only by a multidisciplinary approach."}
{"id": "PMID:357066", "title": "A comparison of epineurial, perineurial and epiperineurial methods of nerve suture.", "content": "An experimental study was designed to compare the effectiveness of epineurial, perineurial, and combined epineurial and perineurial suture after laceration of the sciatic nerve in rabbits by measuring biochemical determinations in the distal stump of the nerve after both immediate and delayed repairs. Relatively more myelin was found in the immediate epineurial group, which suggests that nerve regeneration was most rapid in this group. Additional experiments are needed to evaluate end-organ reinnervation which is another criterion for evaluating the best method of nerve suture in clinical situations.", "contents": "A comparison of epineurial, perineurial and epiperineurial methods of nerve suture. An experimental study was designed to compare the effectiveness of epineurial, perineurial, and combined epineurial and perineurial suture after laceration of the sciatic nerve in rabbits by measuring biochemical determinations in the distal stump of the nerve after both immediate and delayed repairs. Relatively more myelin was found in the immediate epineurial group, which suggests that nerve regeneration was most rapid in this group. Additional experiments are needed to evaluate end-organ reinnervation which is another criterion for evaluating the best method of nerve suture in clinical situations."}
{"id": "PMID:357067", "title": "Microvascular surgery and its clinical applications.", "content": "Experience with a surgical technique of microvascular anastomosis for free tissue transfers and digital replantations has been applied in 184 cases, and demonstrates that complications such as total flap necrosis are avoidable by experience and technical skill.", "contents": "Microvascular surgery and its clinical applications. Experience with a surgical technique of microvascular anastomosis for free tissue transfers and digital replantations has been applied in 184 cases, and demonstrates that complications such as total flap necrosis are avoidable by experience and technical skill."}
{"id": "PMID:357068", "title": "Steady-state kinetics of valproic acid in epileptic patients.", "content": "Pharmacokinetic evaluation and prediction were carried out in 20 epileptic patients. Using conventional pharmacokinetic techniques and a one-compartment model, predicted and observed valproic acid plasma concentrations were compared. Valproic acid assay was performed by gas-liquid chromatography. There was good agreement between predicted and observed plasma concentrations. Most patients had predicted half-lives (t1/2s) of 6 to 8 hr, independent of the plasma concentration of valproic acid. Five patients had predicted t1/2s of 12 hr. The correlation between dose and plasma level was poor. Most patients had valproic acid plasma levels between 55 and 100 microgram/ml. Administration of valproic acid three times a day with determination of individual plasma concentrations offers a reliable method of monitoring. Constant levels are maintained in individual patients, but there is substantial intersubject variation.", "contents": "Steady-state kinetics of valproic acid in epileptic patients. Pharmacokinetic evaluation and prediction were carried out in 20 epileptic patients. Using conventional pharmacokinetic techniques and a one-compartment model, predicted and observed valproic acid plasma concentrations were compared. Valproic acid assay was performed by gas-liquid chromatography. There was good agreement between predicted and observed plasma concentrations. Most patients had predicted half-lives (t1/2s) of 6 to 8 hr, independent of the plasma concentration of valproic acid. Five patients had predicted t1/2s of 12 hr. The correlation between dose and plasma level was poor. Most patients had valproic acid plasma levels between 55 and 100 microgram/ml. Administration of valproic acid three times a day with determination of individual plasma concentrations offers a reliable method of monitoring. Constant levels are maintained in individual patients, but there is substantial intersubject variation."}
{"id": "PMID:357069", "title": "Combined effects of fenmetozole and ethanol.", "content": "Eight male subjects took none or 200 mg fenmetozole 1 hr before drinking a beverage containing none or 50 ml/70 kg ethanol. Tests designed to measure mental and motor performance were administered 2 hr after fenmetozole ingestion. Fenmetozole alone impaired standing steadiness but improved mental performance in one test. Fenmetozole did not antagonize the decrement in performance induced by this amount of ethanol. In combination, the subjective symptoms caused by fenmetozole were additive with those of ethanol.", "contents": "Combined effects of fenmetozole and ethanol. Eight male subjects took none or 200 mg fenmetozole 1 hr before drinking a beverage containing none or 50 ml/70 kg ethanol. Tests designed to measure mental and motor performance were administered 2 hr after fenmetozole ingestion. Fenmetozole alone impaired standing steadiness but improved mental performance in one test. Fenmetozole did not antagonize the decrement in performance induced by this amount of ethanol. In combination, the subjective symptoms caused by fenmetozole were additive with those of ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:357073", "title": "Short intensive topical APF applications and dental caries in a fluoridated area.", "content": "Three groups of approximately 200 children, consuming fluoridated water since birth, were given either 5, 10 or 25 consecutive topical applications with an APF gel (1.2% F, pH 3.2) in mouthpieces. After 1 year, mean DMFS increments were 7.2%, 30.4% and 35.3% less respectively for the three groups as compared with untreated control groups. Although enamel fluoride levels remained high after the 1st year, differences in dental caries increments between treated and control groups were too small to show group differences. The results suggest that in a fluoridated area, when caries activity is low, it would be difficult to show a long-term anticaries effect by increasing the fluoride concentration in sound enamel by a short series of self-applied topical fluoride applications.", "contents": "Short intensive topical APF applications and dental caries in a fluoridated area. Three groups of approximately 200 children, consuming fluoridated water since birth, were given either 5, 10 or 25 consecutive topical applications with an APF gel (1.2% F, pH 3.2) in mouthpieces. After 1 year, mean DMFS increments were 7.2%, 30.4% and 35.3% less respectively for the three groups as compared with untreated control groups. Although enamel fluoride levels remained high after the 1st year, differences in dental caries increments between treated and control groups were too small to show group differences. The results suggest that in a fluoridated area, when caries activity is low, it would be difficult to show a long-term anticaries effect by increasing the fluoride concentration in sound enamel by a short series of self-applied topical fluoride applications."}
{"id": "PMID:357074", "title": "Supply and demand for prosthetic treatment in Victoria, Australia.", "content": "Surveys were conducted in Victoria, Australia, to estimate the demand for prosthetic treatment by examining the needs of a randomly selected group of the population. Similar surveys were conducted in relation to the contribution made by the dentists in Victoria and also that of a recently introduced group of workers, the Advanced Dental Technicians. It was found that approximately 19% of the population required prosthetic treatment in the full denture field and that the existing dentists were not meeting this need. When the Advanced Dental Technicians are more fully engaged in clinical work, the need may well be met.", "contents": "Supply and demand for prosthetic treatment in Victoria, Australia. Surveys were conducted in Victoria, Australia, to estimate the demand for prosthetic treatment by examining the needs of a randomly selected group of the population. Similar surveys were conducted in relation to the contribution made by the dentists in Victoria and also that of a recently introduced group of workers, the Advanced Dental Technicians. It was found that approximately 19% of the population required prosthetic treatment in the full denture field and that the existing dentists were not meeting this need. When the Advanced Dental Technicians are more fully engaged in clinical work, the need may well be met."}
{"id": "PMID:357078", "title": "Allotypes of IgM and IgD receptors in the mouse: a probe for lymphocyte differentiation.", "content": "Antibodies to IgD and IgM are present in many mouse alloantisera made against lymphocytes. Antibodies to IgM are also present in a small minority of conventional antiallotype sera made against pertussis/anti-pertussis complexes. These antibodies reflect different allelic forms of IgD and IgM in different mouse strains, and allowed the mapping of the delta- and mu-chain genes (Ig-5 and Ig-6, respectively) to the heavy-chain complex. The variable portions of IgM and IgD receptors on individual cells bearing both chains are similar or identical. Both receptors show allelic exclusion and come from the same chromosome on individual cells (haplotype exclusion). It is suggested that very early in B lymphocyte differentiation there is a commitment to a given chromosome, and translocation of one copy of a given variable region gene to each heavy-chain gene. Subsequent switches of immunoglobulin class then involve differential gene activation. Immature B cells possess IgM receptors only and mature into cells bearing both IgM and IgD receptors. After activation with antigen, IgD is probably lost. These findings are discussed within the framework of the clonal abortion theory of B-lymphocyte tolerance.", "contents": "Allotypes of IgM and IgD receptors in the mouse: a probe for lymphocyte differentiation. Antibodies to IgD and IgM are present in many mouse alloantisera made against lymphocytes. Antibodies to IgM are also present in a small minority of conventional antiallotype sera made against pertussis/anti-pertussis complexes. These antibodies reflect different allelic forms of IgD and IgM in different mouse strains, and allowed the mapping of the delta- and mu-chain genes (Ig-5 and Ig-6, respectively) to the heavy-chain complex. The variable portions of IgM and IgD receptors on individual cells bearing both chains are similar or identical. Both receptors show allelic exclusion and come from the same chromosome on individual cells (haplotype exclusion). It is suggested that very early in B lymphocyte differentiation there is a commitment to a given chromosome, and translocation of one copy of a given variable region gene to each heavy-chain gene. Subsequent switches of immunoglobulin class then involve differential gene activation. Immature B cells possess IgM receptors only and mature into cells bearing both IgM and IgD receptors. After activation with antigen, IgD is probably lost. These findings are discussed within the framework of the clonal abortion theory of B-lymphocyte tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:357084", "title": "The effects of asbestos on macrophages.", "content": "The exact role of the alveolar macrophage in the pathogenesis of asbestosis is not known. Most studies of the effect of asbestos on macrophages have been concerned with the in vitro biochemical or cytotoxic properties of the dust and have made use of peritoneal macrophages. In general, chrysotile had a toxic effect on the macrophages, whereas amphibole varieties did not. Most forms of absetos, however, are actively fibrogenic in man and animals, and there is no clear correlation between in vitro cytotoxicity of various forms of asbestos and their fibrogenicity. Recent experiments in which animals are exposed to asbestos in vivo provide evidence of alteration of macrophage activity, as demonstrated by changes in surface morphology and IgG receptor sites, as well as released of various secretory products. Deposition of complement components found on the surface of alveolar marcophages from animals exposed to asbestos could be a manifestation of a humoral immune response directed against an altered cell. The capacity of macrophages to participate in inflammation, tissue repair, and immunity suggests an immunopathogenic concept for the development of asbestosis.", "contents": "The effects of asbestos on macrophages. The exact role of the alveolar macrophage in the pathogenesis of asbestosis is not known. Most studies of the effect of asbestos on macrophages have been concerned with the in vitro biochemical or cytotoxic properties of the dust and have made use of peritoneal macrophages. In general, chrysotile had a toxic effect on the macrophages, whereas amphibole varieties did not. Most forms of absetos, however, are actively fibrogenic in man and animals, and there is no clear correlation between in vitro cytotoxicity of various forms of asbestos and their fibrogenicity. Recent experiments in which animals are exposed to asbestos in vivo provide evidence of alteration of macrophage activity, as demonstrated by changes in surface morphology and IgG receptor sites, as well as released of various secretory products. Deposition of complement components found on the surface of alveolar marcophages from animals exposed to asbestos could be a manifestation of a humoral immune response directed against an altered cell. The capacity of macrophages to participate in inflammation, tissue repair, and immunity suggests an immunopathogenic concept for the development of asbestosis."}
{"id": "PMID:357085", "title": "The toxicity of salt.", "content": "The subject of sodium toxicity has been controversial for a long time. There is no question that the element can be noxious when consumed acutely in large quantities and there is little doubt as to cause and effect Conversely the consequences of mederate chronic sodium consumption are much harder to document. The effects are insidious and are subject to modification by a variety of environmental influences such as dietary potassium. In addition most studies of chronic sodium excess have dealt with elusive subject of \"essential\" hypertension. Interpretations of data have been very difficult, and conflicting reports have occurred. Nevertheless epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies show that chronic excess sodium ingestion acting upon a substrate of genetic susceptibility, is an important etiologic factor in essential hypertension and the expression of its sequelae. Positive correlations have also have been obtained between dietary salt and the incidence of stroke and gastric cancer. Dietary potassium appears to confer some degree of protection from the toxic properties of sodium through some unknown mechanism. Available evidence indicates that a  suitable intake of salt for man might be approximately 3.5 g/day and probably less. Salt consumption in most developed countries ranges between 8 to 40 g/day, and modern methods of food processing and preparation deplete the protective potassium. The incidences of hypertension in these countries range between 15 to 40% of their populations, and it exacts a dreadful toll. Recognition of the toxic properties of sodium and knowledge of the mechanisms involved in its toxicity offer great possibilities in the area of preventive medicine It may be possible by the sorting out of hypertension-prone subjects and dietary intervention to prevent or minimize the development of hypertension in susceptible individuals. This says nothing of other aspects of sodium toxicity, of which we are largely ignorant.", "contents": "The toxicity of salt. The subject of sodium toxicity has been controversial for a long time. There is no question that the element can be noxious when consumed acutely in large quantities and there is little doubt as to cause and effect Conversely the consequences of mederate chronic sodium consumption are much harder to document. The effects are insidious and are subject to modification by a variety of environmental influences such as dietary potassium. In addition most studies of chronic sodium excess have dealt with elusive subject of \"essential\" hypertension. Interpretations of data have been very difficult, and conflicting reports have occurred. Nevertheless epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies show that chronic excess sodium ingestion acting upon a substrate of genetic susceptibility, is an important etiologic factor in essential hypertension and the expression of its sequelae. Positive correlations have also have been obtained between dietary salt and the incidence of stroke and gastric cancer. Dietary potassium appears to confer some degree of protection from the toxic properties of sodium through some unknown mechanism. Available evidence indicates that a  suitable intake of salt for man might be approximately 3.5 g/day and probably less. Salt consumption in most developed countries ranges between 8 to 40 g/day, and modern methods of food processing and preparation deplete the protective potassium. The incidences of hypertension in these countries range between 15 to 40% of their populations, and it exacts a dreadful toll. Recognition of the toxic properties of sodium and knowledge of the mechanisms involved in its toxicity offer great possibilities in the area of preventive medicine It may be possible by the sorting out of hypertension-prone subjects and dietary intervention to prevent or minimize the development of hypertension in susceptible individuals. This says nothing of other aspects of sodium toxicity, of which we are largely ignorant."}
{"id": "PMID:357093", "title": "Management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. A review.", "content": "The management of recurrent aphthous ulceration is discussed. It appears that the treatment of choice in mild to moderately severe aphthous stomatitis is repeated application of topical tetracycline hydrochloride. Viscous lidocaine (2 percent) provides symptomatic relief and is therefore a useful adjunct to therapy. Cyclical estrogens appear to be helpful in recurrent premenstrual aphthosis. Immune-regulating agents such as levamisole hold promise for the future.", "contents": "Management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. A review. The management of recurrent aphthous ulceration is discussed. It appears that the treatment of choice in mild to moderately severe aphthous stomatitis is repeated application of topical tetracycline hydrochloride. Viscous lidocaine (2 percent) provides symptomatic relief and is therefore a useful adjunct to therapy. Cyclical estrogens appear to be helpful in recurrent premenstrual aphthosis. Immune-regulating agents such as levamisole hold promise for the future."}
{"id": "PMID:357087", "title": "The role of calcium in renal gluconeogenesis: studies using ionophore A23187.", "content": "The divalent cation ionophore A23187 was found to increase glucose production from alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamine, succinate, and lactate but not from glycerol in isolated rat renal cortical tubules at external Ca++ concentrations of 0.1 mM. At an external Ca++ concentration of 1.0 mM or in the absence of external Ca++, the ionophore did not increase glucose production from alpha-ketoglutarate. Ionophore A 23187 did not increase cyclic AMP levels in renal cortical tubules or slices. The increase in glucose production produced by ionophore A23187 was completely prevented by pre-incubation of the tubules with 10(-5) M pentobarbital, a known inhibitor of calcium transport in biological systems. The experiments suggest that ionophore A23187 increases gluconeogenesis from a variety of substrates by altering the levels of cytosolic calcium without affecting the concentrations of cyclic AMP.", "contents": "The role of calcium in renal gluconeogenesis: studies using ionophore A23187. The divalent cation ionophore A23187 was found to increase glucose production from alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamine, succinate, and lactate but not from glycerol in isolated rat renal cortical tubules at external Ca++ concentrations of 0.1 mM. At an external Ca++ concentration of 1.0 mM or in the absence of external Ca++, the ionophore did not increase glucose production from alpha-ketoglutarate. Ionophore A 23187 did not increase cyclic AMP levels in renal cortical tubules or slices. The increase in glucose production produced by ionophore A23187 was completely prevented by pre-incubation of the tubules with 10(-5) M pentobarbital, a known inhibitor of calcium transport in biological systems. The experiments suggest that ionophore A23187 increases gluconeogenesis from a variety of substrates by altering the levels of cytosolic calcium without affecting the concentrations of cyclic AMP."}
{"id": "PMID:357097", "title": "Cardiac and pulmonary effects of therapy with albuterol and isoproterenol.", "content": "This study evaluated the cardiac and pulmonary effects of administering multiple inhaled doses of albuterol, isoproterenol sulfate, and placebo in ten patients with reversible obstructive disease of the airways. The pulmonary effects of therapy with albuterol were similar in magnitude to those of isoproterenol but lasted longer. The inotropic and chronotropic effects of therapy with isoproterenol were greater than those of albuterol. It appears that albuterol has beta2-adrenergic selectivity over a wide range of dosages and is an effective bronchodilator drug.", "contents": "Cardiac and pulmonary effects of therapy with albuterol and isoproterenol. This study evaluated the cardiac and pulmonary effects of administering multiple inhaled doses of albuterol, isoproterenol sulfate, and placebo in ten patients with reversible obstructive disease of the airways. The pulmonary effects of therapy with albuterol were similar in magnitude to those of isoproterenol but lasted longer. The inotropic and chronotropic effects of therapy with isoproterenol were greater than those of albuterol. It appears that albuterol has beta2-adrenergic selectivity over a wide range of dosages and is an effective bronchodilator drug."}
{"id": "PMID:357098", "title": "Echocardiographic manifestation of flail right and noncoronary aortic valve leaflets.", "content": "Echocardiographic studies provide information useful in determining the etiology and location of aortic valvular lesions, but assessment of their severity remains difficult. We report the findings in two patients with surgically confirmed right (case 1) and noncoronary (case 2) flail aortic leaflets in whom dense echoes filled the aortic root in systole, only to move from this position into the left ventricular outflow tract during diastole. This echocardiographic finding is a clinically useful noninvasive indicator of rupture of the right or noncoronary aortic cusp and dictates a need for early surgery.", "contents": "Echocardiographic manifestation of flail right and noncoronary aortic valve leaflets. Echocardiographic studies provide information useful in determining the etiology and location of aortic valvular lesions, but assessment of their severity remains difficult. We report the findings in two patients with surgically confirmed right (case 1) and noncoronary (case 2) flail aortic leaflets in whom dense echoes filled the aortic root in systole, only to move from this position into the left ventricular outflow tract during diastole. This echocardiographic finding is a clinically useful noninvasive indicator of rupture of the right or noncoronary aortic cusp and dictates a need for early surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:357099", "title": "Children of depressed and schizophrenic mothers.", "content": "A sample of psychotic mothers and their children who were five years or younger when first recruited for our study of high risk children was followed up five years later. The current sample, obtained from our previous work, consisted of 18 schizophrenic, 12 depressed and psychotic, and 22 well mothers and their six to 12 year old children. The mothers were equated for education and age, and the children for sex and age. Cognitive style tests and interviews measuring social adjustment and functioning were given to both the parents and the children.", "contents": "Children of depressed and schizophrenic mothers. A sample of psychotic mothers and their children who were five years or younger when first recruited for our study of high risk children was followed up five years later. The current sample, obtained from our previous work, consisted of 18 schizophrenic, 12 depressed and psychotic, and 22 well mothers and their six to 12 year old children. The mothers were equated for education and age, and the children for sex and age. Cognitive style tests and interviews measuring social adjustment and functioning were given to both the parents and the children."}
{"id": "PMID:357100", "title": "Fluorescent antibody study of diseased, end-stage human kidneys.", "content": "Forty cases of diseased kidneys at end-stage were studied by fluorescent antibody technique in search for viral etiology of glomerulonephritis and other renal diseases. Among these 40 cases, 12 (30%) were ascribed to immune complex disease because of detection of immunoglobulins and complement in glomeruli of the same kidney specimen. In 8 cases (20%) only complement was detected in glomeruli. In the remaining 50% neither complement nor immunoglobulin deposit was found in glomeruli. The etiologies of the latter cases remain unknown. Of 12 cases of kidney disease of immune complex origin, hepatitis virus type B surface antigen was detected in 2 cases. In these 2 cases the magnitude of immune complex deposits with complement was greater than that of other cases. Other than hepatitis B virus antigen, no other viruses including Coxsackieviruses, ECHO viruses, and HSV-1 could be detected by indirect fluorescent antibody techniques. The proportion of complement deposit to the deposition of complement with immune complex in the diseased kidneys at end-stage was calculated and statistically analyzed.", "contents": "Fluorescent antibody study of diseased, end-stage human kidneys. Forty cases of diseased kidneys at end-stage were studied by fluorescent antibody technique in search for viral etiology of glomerulonephritis and other renal diseases. Among these 40 cases, 12 (30%) were ascribed to immune complex disease because of detection of immunoglobulins and complement in glomeruli of the same kidney specimen. In 8 cases (20%) only complement was detected in glomeruli. In the remaining 50% neither complement nor immunoglobulin deposit was found in glomeruli. The etiologies of the latter cases remain unknown. Of 12 cases of kidney disease of immune complex origin, hepatitis virus type B surface antigen was detected in 2 cases. In these 2 cases the magnitude of immune complex deposits with complement was greater than that of other cases. Other than hepatitis B virus antigen, no other viruses including Coxsackieviruses, ECHO viruses, and HSV-1 could be detected by indirect fluorescent antibody techniques. The proportion of complement deposit to the deposition of complement with immune complex in the diseased kidneys at end-stage was calculated and statistically analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:357101", "title": "Evaluation of microscopic examination for bacteriuria.", "content": "In order to find an easily available, simple, reliable and inexpensive method for demonstrating significant bacteriuria in routine urine examination, microscopic observation and bacteriological cultures have been made in parallel on total of 206 urine samples. Microscopic examinations of centrifuged deposit for both pus cells and bacteria were found to be more satisfactory in urine specimens with significant bacteriuria than the examinations for either of these elements alone. The criteria of more than five pus cells per high power field and organisms visible in methylene blue stain had sensitivity of 79% and a false positive rate of 13%.", "contents": "Evaluation of microscopic examination for bacteriuria. In order to find an easily available, simple, reliable and inexpensive method for demonstrating significant bacteriuria in routine urine examination, microscopic observation and bacteriological cultures have been made in parallel on total of 206 urine samples. Microscopic examinations of centrifuged deposit for both pus cells and bacteria were found to be more satisfactory in urine specimens with significant bacteriuria than the examinations for either of these elements alone. The criteria of more than five pus cells per high power field and organisms visible in methylene blue stain had sensitivity of 79% and a false positive rate of 13%."}
{"id": "PMID:357110", "title": "[Hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy. A diagnostic possibility for monitoring bile secretion following orthotopic liver transplantation].", "content": "One often finds complicating diagnostic uncertainties, when evaluating cholestasis in the early postoperative phase as well as in the follow-up of orthotopic liver transplants. One potential complication is the obstruction of the biliary tract caused by various conditions. The diagnostic value of hepatobiliary sequential imaging is demonstrated in there patients. This method is a noninvasive, simple way of investigating the bile flow after orthotopic liver transplantation, and therefore proves a valueable tool among the diagnostic procedures used for differentiation of the cholestasis syndrome.", "contents": "[Hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy. A diagnostic possibility for monitoring bile secretion following orthotopic liver transplantation]. One often finds complicating diagnostic uncertainties, when evaluating cholestasis in the early postoperative phase as well as in the follow-up of orthotopic liver transplants. One potential complication is the obstruction of the biliary tract caused by various conditions. The diagnostic value of hepatobiliary sequential imaging is demonstrated in there patients. This method is a noninvasive, simple way of investigating the bile flow after orthotopic liver transplantation, and therefore proves a valueable tool among the diagnostic procedures used for differentiation of the cholestasis syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:357112", "title": "The characterization of high-resolution G-banded chromosomes of man.", "content": "The detailed characterization of G-banding patterns of high resolution human chromosomes has been possible with the utilization of a refined cell synchronization technique which routinely yields a large number of excellent quality cells in late prophase, prometaphase, early metaphase, and mid-metaphase. The mitotic cells exhibit up to a 400% increase in the number of bands previously visualized by standard methods. From studies of the banding patterns, it has become evident that the G-positive and, to some extent, the G-negative bands of mid-metaphase results from a coalescence of finer subbands of earlier stages and that each band and its corresponding subbands maintain a constant location throughout the process of chromosome condensation. A precise schematic representation of the number, position, height and staining intensity of bands is presented for the five largest chromosomes of the complement at the four mitotic stages.", "contents": "The characterization of high-resolution G-banded chromosomes of man. The detailed characterization of G-banding patterns of high resolution human chromosomes has been possible with the utilization of a refined cell synchronization technique which routinely yields a large number of excellent quality cells in late prophase, prometaphase, early metaphase, and mid-metaphase. The mitotic cells exhibit up to a 400% increase in the number of bands previously visualized by standard methods. From studies of the banding patterns, it has become evident that the G-positive and, to some extent, the G-negative bands of mid-metaphase results from a coalescence of finer subbands of earlier stages and that each band and its corresponding subbands maintain a constant location throughout the process of chromosome condensation. A precise schematic representation of the number, position, height and staining intensity of bands is presented for the five largest chromosomes of the complement at the four mitotic stages."}
{"id": "PMID:357113", "title": "Effect of salt-treatment on manually isolated polytene chromosomes from Chironomus tentans.", "content": "A method for the rapid manual isolation of polytene chromosomes and nuclear membranes from salivary glands of Chironomus tentans is presented and the analysis of some of their RNA and protein components before and after treatment with 2 M salt solutions is summarized.--After salt-incubation the chromosomes still display a considerable number of bands which stain with ethidium bromide and which are sensitive to treatment with DNase, RNase, trypsin, and proteinase K, to a lesser extent with pronase and papain. Analysis of the iodinated residual proteins on SDS gels yield three major and two minor bands (MW between 50,000 and 70,000 dalton) which were also shown to be present in interphase chromosomes of Ehrlich ascites cells which had been treated similarly and are also tightly bound constituents of DNA prepared according to Gross-Bellard et al. (1973). This result indicates the existence of a general class of non-histone proteins involved in keeping the DNA in a supercoiled state. Furthermore their presence in salt-treated nuclear membranes of Chironomus salivary gland cells (and Xenopus oocytes, unpubl.) will be of interest with respect to functional aspects of the nuclear matrix.", "contents": "Effect of salt-treatment on manually isolated polytene chromosomes from Chironomus tentans. A method for the rapid manual isolation of polytene chromosomes and nuclear membranes from salivary glands of Chironomus tentans is presented and the analysis of some of their RNA and protein components before and after treatment with 2 M salt solutions is summarized.--After salt-incubation the chromosomes still display a considerable number of bands which stain with ethidium bromide and which are sensitive to treatment with DNase, RNase, trypsin, and proteinase K, to a lesser extent with pronase and papain. Analysis of the iodinated residual proteins on SDS gels yield three major and two minor bands (MW between 50,000 and 70,000 dalton) which were also shown to be present in interphase chromosomes of Ehrlich ascites cells which had been treated similarly and are also tightly bound constituents of DNA prepared according to Gross-Bellard et al. (1973). This result indicates the existence of a general class of non-histone proteins involved in keeping the DNA in a supercoiled state. Furthermore their presence in salt-treated nuclear membranes of Chironomus salivary gland cells (and Xenopus oocytes, unpubl.) will be of interest with respect to functional aspects of the nuclear matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:357114", "title": "Production and characterization of antisera against three individual NHC proteins; a case of a generally distributed NHC protein.", "content": "In order to assess the selectivity of the distribution patterns of individual nonhistone chromosomal proteins (NHC proteins), immunofluorescent staining experiments were performed on Drosophila polytene chromosomes. Antisera have been prepared against three individual NHC proteins which were isolated by sequential preparative slab gel isoelectric focusing and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In two cases, immunofluorescent staining of the chromosomes indicated a specific limited distribution pattern; apparently the antigen in each case is present at a reproducible and distinct subset of chromomeres. This type of pattern has also been obtained with antisera prepared against molecular weight subfractions of NHC proteins (Silver and Elgin, 1977). Each selective fluorescence distribution pattern obtained so far is reproducible and unique to the antiserum under study. In a third case, an antiserum caused prominant staining at dense chromomeres and the chromocenter in a pattern mimicking DNA (and presumably histone) distribution. Indirect radioimmunostaining of SDS and isoelectric focusing gels on which total NHC proteins had been separated confirmed that this antiserum reacted specifically with a protein(s) of molecular weight 21,000 D and pI 5.2. The data in conjunction with absorption experiments indicates that the chromosomal staining is due to an interaction of antibodies with NHC protein(s) and not with histones. This finding suggests that at least one major acidic NHC protein plays a very general role (comparable to that of the histones) in maintaining chromatin structure.", "contents": "Production and characterization of antisera against three individual NHC proteins; a case of a generally distributed NHC protein. In order to assess the selectivity of the distribution patterns of individual nonhistone chromosomal proteins (NHC proteins), immunofluorescent staining experiments were performed on Drosophila polytene chromosomes. Antisera have been prepared against three individual NHC proteins which were isolated by sequential preparative slab gel isoelectric focusing and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In two cases, immunofluorescent staining of the chromosomes indicated a specific limited distribution pattern; apparently the antigen in each case is present at a reproducible and distinct subset of chromomeres. This type of pattern has also been obtained with antisera prepared against molecular weight subfractions of NHC proteins (Silver and Elgin, 1977). Each selective fluorescence distribution pattern obtained so far is reproducible and unique to the antiserum under study. In a third case, an antiserum caused prominant staining at dense chromomeres and the chromocenter in a pattern mimicking DNA (and presumably histone) distribution. Indirect radioimmunostaining of SDS and isoelectric focusing gels on which total NHC proteins had been separated confirmed that this antiserum reacted specifically with a protein(s) of molecular weight 21,000 D and pI 5.2. The data in conjunction with absorption experiments indicates that the chromosomal staining is due to an interaction of antibodies with NHC protein(s) and not with histones. This finding suggests that at least one major acidic NHC protein plays a very general role (comparable to that of the histones) in maintaining chromatin structure."}
{"id": "PMID:357115", "title": "The search for circadian rhythm pacemakers in the light of lesion experiments.", "content": "Considering the huge phylogenetic tree of evolution of the animal kingdom, only very limited observations have been made on the pacemaker mechanism of the circadian rhythms of various biological phenomena. If there is a master clock controlling the circadian rhythmicity in the animal body, lesions in it should certainly produce arrhythmic activity. On the basis of very scattered data available at present, it can be presumed that in the central nervous system there is a group of cells which functions as a master clock. Its location is close enough to the primary photoreceptors to be entrained by the environmental light-dark cycle. The clock unidirectionally controls all body activities and also other secondary pacemakers, if they exist. The influence of a secondary pacemaker is seen in pathological conditions or after destruction of the master clock. Lesions in the coupling site between the clock and overt activity may result in arrhythmia without damaging clock activity. Hence, care must be taken in assessing the data recorded. Up to now, the optic lobes in several insect species and the suprachiasmatic nucleus in several rodent species are the most likely sites of a master clock, and lesions in these instantaneously induce arrhythmia. Increasing study of the retinohypothalamic projection in other mammals and birds will throw more and more light on this nucleus. A search for the circadian master clock in the body should, therefore, be extended to all species of animals and this will clarify the circadian clock mechanism, no matter whether it functions as a result of membrane activity, genetic influence or a very specific biochemical mechanism resistant to environmental changes.", "contents": "The search for circadian rhythm pacemakers in the light of lesion experiments. Considering the huge phylogenetic tree of evolution of the animal kingdom, only very limited observations have been made on the pacemaker mechanism of the circadian rhythms of various biological phenomena. If there is a master clock controlling the circadian rhythmicity in the animal body, lesions in it should certainly produce arrhythmic activity. On the basis of very scattered data available at present, it can be presumed that in the central nervous system there is a group of cells which functions as a master clock. Its location is close enough to the primary photoreceptors to be entrained by the environmental light-dark cycle. The clock unidirectionally controls all body activities and also other secondary pacemakers, if they exist. The influence of a secondary pacemaker is seen in pathological conditions or after destruction of the master clock. Lesions in the coupling site between the clock and overt activity may result in arrhythmia without damaging clock activity. Hence, care must be taken in assessing the data recorded. Up to now, the optic lobes in several insect species and the suprachiasmatic nucleus in several rodent species are the most likely sites of a master clock, and lesions in these instantaneously induce arrhythmia. Increasing study of the retinohypothalamic projection in other mammals and birds will throw more and more light on this nucleus. A search for the circadian master clock in the body should, therefore, be extended to all species of animals and this will clarify the circadian clock mechanism, no matter whether it functions as a result of membrane activity, genetic influence or a very specific biochemical mechanism resistant to environmental changes."}
{"id": "PMID:357117", "title": "The biological importance of organophosphorus compounds containing a carbon-phosphorus bond.", "content": "Organophosphorus anticholinesterase compounds may be derivatives of phosphoric acid or of a phosphonic acid. The phosphonic acid derivatives are usually more reactive and more toxic than the phosphoric acid derivatives. Examples are given to show that differences in the chemical and biological reactivity of phosphates and phosphonates reflect many different aspects of their chemical structure. Some recently discovered naturally-occurring phosphonates are described, together with some synthetic phosphonate analogues of naturally-occurring phosphates. The utility of these synthetic phosphonates as tools for probing enzymic reaction sequences is discussed.", "contents": "The biological importance of organophosphorus compounds containing a carbon-phosphorus bond. Organophosphorus anticholinesterase compounds may be derivatives of phosphoric acid or of a phosphonic acid. The phosphonic acid derivatives are usually more reactive and more toxic than the phosphoric acid derivatives. Examples are given to show that differences in the chemical and biological reactivity of phosphates and phosphonates reflect many different aspects of their chemical structure. Some recently discovered naturally-occurring phosphonates are described, together with some synthetic phosphonate analogues of naturally-occurring phosphates. The utility of these synthetic phosphonates as tools for probing enzymic reaction sequences is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:357118", "title": "Metabolic factors and the utilization of phosphorus by plants.", "content": "The overall process of entry and transport of phosphate by plants has been separated into its component parts. Rapid esterification is involved but a small proportion of the total transport may occur by a non-metabolic route. Mannose alters the metabolism of phosphate in roots of cereals and thereby reduces the transport to the shoot by as much as 99% whereas dicotyledonous species are much less sensitive. The sequestration of phosphate as mannose 6-phosphate is reversible in some species depending on the extent of its conversion into fructose 6-phosphate and it is possible that in vivo controls of this type operate in whole plants. The factors involved in the control of distribution of inorganic phosphate between cellular organelles and throughout the plant are discussed. Enzymic hydrolysis of organic forms by roots and associated microorganisms may also be important in soils where available orthophosphate is limiting. Other inorganic nutrients, particularly boron, play an important role during the transport of phosphate across membranes. Major differences have been found in the capacities of different species to transport absorbed phosphate to the shoot. Peas and field beans absorb efficiently in the early weeks of growth but the rate of transport is about one thirtieth that of oats, barley, mung bean or sunflower. The relevance of the experimental findings to the wider problem of efficiency of fertilizer use and the possible selection of genotypes with high capacities for absorption and transport are discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic factors and the utilization of phosphorus by plants. The overall process of entry and transport of phosphate by plants has been separated into its component parts. Rapid esterification is involved but a small proportion of the total transport may occur by a non-metabolic route. Mannose alters the metabolism of phosphate in roots of cereals and thereby reduces the transport to the shoot by as much as 99% whereas dicotyledonous species are much less sensitive. The sequestration of phosphate as mannose 6-phosphate is reversible in some species depending on the extent of its conversion into fructose 6-phosphate and it is possible that in vivo controls of this type operate in whole plants. The factors involved in the control of distribution of inorganic phosphate between cellular organelles and throughout the plant are discussed. Enzymic hydrolysis of organic forms by roots and associated microorganisms may also be important in soils where available orthophosphate is limiting. Other inorganic nutrients, particularly boron, play an important role during the transport of phosphate across membranes. Major differences have been found in the capacities of different species to transport absorbed phosphate to the shoot. Peas and field beans absorb efficiently in the early weeks of growth but the rate of transport is about one thirtieth that of oats, barley, mung bean or sunflower. The relevance of the experimental findings to the wider problem of efficiency of fertilizer use and the possible selection of genotypes with high capacities for absorption and transport are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:357119", "title": "Phosphorus cycles of forest and upland grassland ecosystems and some effects of land management practices.", "content": "The distribution of phosphorus capital and net annual transfers of phosphorus between the major components of two unfertilized phosphorus-deficient UK ecosystems, an oak--ash woodland in the Lake District and an Agrostis-Festuca grassland in Snowdonia (both on acid brown-earth soils), have been estimted in terms of kg P ha--1. In both ecosystems less than 3% of the phosphorus, totalling 1890 kg P ha--1 and 3040 kg P ha--1 for the woodland and grassland, respectively, is contained in the living biomass and half that is below ground level. Nearly all the phosphorus is in the soil matrix. Although the biomass phosphorus is mostly in the vegetation, the soil fauna and vegetation is slower (25%) than in the grassland vegetatation (208%). More than 85% of the net annual vegetation uptake of phosphorus from the soil is returned to the soil, mainly in organic debris, which in the grassland ecosystem is more than twice as rich in phosphorus (0.125% P) as in the woodland ecosystem (0.053% P). These concentrations are related to the rates of turnover (input/P content) of phosphorus in the litter layer on the soil surface; it is faster in the grassland (460%) than in the woodland (144%). In both cycles plant uptake of phosphorus largely depends on the release of phosphorus through decomposition of the organic matter returned to soil. In both the woodland and the grassland, the amount of cycling phosphorus is potentially reduced by its immobilization in tree and sheep production and in undecomposed organic matter accumulating in soil. It is assumed that the reductions are counterbalanced by the replenishment of cycling phosphorus by (i) some mineralization of organically bound phosphorus in the mineral soil, (ii) the income in rainfall and aerosols not being effectively lost in soil drainage waters and (iii) rock weathering. The effects of the growth of conifers and sheep grazing on the balance between decomposition and accumulation of organic matter returned to soil are considered in relation to the rate of phosphorus cycling and the pedogenetic changes in soil phosphorus condition leading to reduced fertility. Although controlled sheep grazing speeds up phosphorus cycling and may reverse the pedogenetic trend in favour of soil improvement, conifers may slow down phosphorus cycling and promote the pedogenetic trend towards infertility.", "contents": "Phosphorus cycles of forest and upland grassland ecosystems and some effects of land management practices. The distribution of phosphorus capital and net annual transfers of phosphorus between the major components of two unfertilized phosphorus-deficient UK ecosystems, an oak--ash woodland in the Lake District and an Agrostis-Festuca grassland in Snowdonia (both on acid brown-earth soils), have been estimted in terms of kg P ha--1. In both ecosystems less than 3% of the phosphorus, totalling 1890 kg P ha--1 and 3040 kg P ha--1 for the woodland and grassland, respectively, is contained in the living biomass and half that is below ground level. Nearly all the phosphorus is in the soil matrix. Although the biomass phosphorus is mostly in the vegetation, the soil fauna and vegetation is slower (25%) than in the grassland vegetatation (208%). More than 85% of the net annual vegetation uptake of phosphorus from the soil is returned to the soil, mainly in organic debris, which in the grassland ecosystem is more than twice as rich in phosphorus (0.125% P) as in the woodland ecosystem (0.053% P). These concentrations are related to the rates of turnover (input/P content) of phosphorus in the litter layer on the soil surface; it is faster in the grassland (460%) than in the woodland (144%). In both cycles plant uptake of phosphorus largely depends on the release of phosphorus through decomposition of the organic matter returned to soil. In both the woodland and the grassland, the amount of cycling phosphorus is potentially reduced by its immobilization in tree and sheep production and in undecomposed organic matter accumulating in soil. It is assumed that the reductions are counterbalanced by the replenishment of cycling phosphorus by (i) some mineralization of organically bound phosphorus in the mineral soil, (ii) the income in rainfall and aerosols not being effectively lost in soil drainage waters and (iii) rock weathering. The effects of the growth of conifers and sheep grazing on the balance between decomposition and accumulation of organic matter returned to soil are considered in relation to the rate of phosphorus cycling and the pedogenetic changes in soil phosphorus condition leading to reduced fertility. Although controlled sheep grazing speeds up phosphorus cycling and may reverse the pedogenetic trend in favour of soil improvement, conifers may slow down phosphorus cycling and promote the pedogenetic trend towards infertility."}
{"id": "PMID:357120", "title": "Phosphorus and the eutrophication of lakes--a personal view.", "content": "The availability and abundance of biologically-active forms of phosphorus in natural waters are briefly reviewed in relation to the requirements, growth and development of algal populations. The consequences of artificial enrichment of lakes with agricultural, domestic and industrial effluents ('eutrophication') attributed to increased phosphorus loading are compared with evidence from a selection of natural lakes and experimental systems in the UK. The suggestion is made that increased loadings on richer lakes make relatively less impact than does mild eutrophication of unproductive waters. Within limits the effects of eutrophication are reversible.", "contents": "Phosphorus and the eutrophication of lakes--a personal view. The availability and abundance of biologically-active forms of phosphorus in natural waters are briefly reviewed in relation to the requirements, growth and development of algal populations. The consequences of artificial enrichment of lakes with agricultural, domestic and industrial effluents ('eutrophication') attributed to increased phosphorus loading are compared with evidence from a selection of natural lakes and experimental systems in the UK. The suggestion is made that increased loadings on richer lakes make relatively less impact than does mild eutrophication of unproductive waters. Within limits the effects of eutrophication are reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:357121", "title": "The dissipation of phosphorus in sewage and sewage effluents.", "content": "Of the 41 kt of phosphorus reaching the sewage works in England and Wales 15 kt is removed in sewage sludge and the remainder is disposed of to rivers. 60% of the sewage sludge is now used as fertilizer and this proportion will no doubt increase in the future. The total use of sewage sludge, however, represents only about 5% of the current annual usage of artificial phosphorus fertilizer. At present there is no general economic incentive to make better use of the phosphorus in effluents. Phosphorus removal is expensive--about 2--3 pence/m3. If all the sewage effluents in England and Wales were to be so treated the cost would be about 100--150 million pounds annually, that is about 50% of the present costs of sewage treatment. In certain cases, but rarely in the UK, phosphate is removed, not to conserve phosphorus but to minimize the problems it creates in the environment. The phosphorus removed has little value as fertilizer. Alternative methods of using the phosphorus in effluents by the production and harvesting of crops of algae or aquatic plants have so far proved uneconomic. However, these methods need to be reviewed periodically as they may in the future become economically more attractive, especially in warmer climates where plant growth can be maintained throughout the year.", "contents": "The dissipation of phosphorus in sewage and sewage effluents. Of the 41 kt of phosphorus reaching the sewage works in England and Wales 15 kt is removed in sewage sludge and the remainder is disposed of to rivers. 60% of the sewage sludge is now used as fertilizer and this proportion will no doubt increase in the future. The total use of sewage sludge, however, represents only about 5% of the current annual usage of artificial phosphorus fertilizer. At present there is no general economic incentive to make better use of the phosphorus in effluents. Phosphorus removal is expensive--about 2--3 pence/m3. If all the sewage effluents in England and Wales were to be so treated the cost would be about 100--150 million pounds annually, that is about 50% of the present costs of sewage treatment. In certain cases, but rarely in the UK, phosphate is removed, not to conserve phosphorus but to minimize the problems it creates in the environment. The phosphorus removed has little value as fertilizer. Alternative methods of using the phosphorus in effluents by the production and harvesting of crops of algae or aquatic plants have so far proved uneconomic. However, these methods need to be reviewed periodically as they may in the future become economically more attractive, especially in warmer climates where plant growth can be maintained throughout the year."}
{"id": "PMID:357122", "title": "World resources of phosphorus.", "content": "The geochemistry of phosphorus and the global distribution of its resources are reviewed. The concept of reserves and resources is discussed in view of recent price developments in the phosphate mining industry. A description is given on the application of a model called MIMIC (Mining Industry Model for Inventorization and Cost evaluation of mineral resources) for estimating the inferred global reserves and resources in different cost categories. Based on the size and growth rate of annual production, the inferred reserves can be estimated at +/- 20 000 Mt of phosphorus. This figure is in reasonable agreement with conventionally estimated demonstrated resources. Estimates of exploitable resources with the MIMIC model vary between 40 000 and 500 000 Mt with about 20 000 Mt in deposits containing about 14% P (70% BPL). The inferred reserves alone would satisfy current consumption for many hundreds of years. In this context, the historical growth rate of slightly less than 7% per annum appears neither exceptional nor particularly alarming with respect to the next doubling of the world population.", "contents": "World resources of phosphorus. The geochemistry of phosphorus and the global distribution of its resources are reviewed. The concept of reserves and resources is discussed in view of recent price developments in the phosphate mining industry. A description is given on the application of a model called MIMIC (Mining Industry Model for Inventorization and Cost evaluation of mineral resources) for estimating the inferred global reserves and resources in different cost categories. Based on the size and growth rate of annual production, the inferred reserves can be estimated at +/- 20 000 Mt of phosphorus. This figure is in reasonable agreement with conventionally estimated demonstrated resources. Estimates of exploitable resources with the MIMIC model vary between 40 000 and 500 000 Mt with about 20 000 Mt in deposits containing about 14% P (70% BPL). The inferred reserves alone would satisfy current consumption for many hundreds of years. In this context, the historical growth rate of slightly less than 7% per annum appears neither exceptional nor particularly alarming with respect to the next doubling of the world population."}
{"id": "PMID:357123", "title": "Some economic and technical factors affecting use of phosphate raw materials.", "content": "In comparison with phosphate resources most of the other industrial minerals essential to man have much higher unit values. Furthermore, they generally have more narrowly defined geochemical origins, concentration requirements, and end-use markets. Consequently, an economic assessment of their mined production cost in relation to market value is more easily and reliably defined. Thus, the mere knowledge of existing or newly discovered ore bodies provides economic incentives for exploitation plans--even in the most remote geographical location (as is well illustrated by iron, copper, tin, lead, and similar mineral commodities). Unfortunately, this is not the case for phosphate resources. Much of the known vast reserves of more than 1 X 10(11) tons, which are favourably dispersed among the worldwide markets, remains uneconomical to recover, despite the growing need for phosphate in world food production. A complex set of interrelated technical and economic factors decide the economic potential of any particular phosphate reserve. Although technical similarities may exist among deposits, economic analogies are rare. The economic evaluation of the mineability of the ore and the mill preparation of the concentrates must also take into account the geological setting and character of the ore deposit as well as the eventual end-use markets and their locations.", "contents": "Some economic and technical factors affecting use of phosphate raw materials. In comparison with phosphate resources most of the other industrial minerals essential to man have much higher unit values. Furthermore, they generally have more narrowly defined geochemical origins, concentration requirements, and end-use markets. Consequently, an economic assessment of their mined production cost in relation to market value is more easily and reliably defined. Thus, the mere knowledge of existing or newly discovered ore bodies provides economic incentives for exploitation plans--even in the most remote geographical location (as is well illustrated by iron, copper, tin, lead, and similar mineral commodities). Unfortunately, this is not the case for phosphate resources. Much of the known vast reserves of more than 1 X 10(11) tons, which are favourably dispersed among the worldwide markets, remains uneconomical to recover, despite the growing need for phosphate in world food production. A complex set of interrelated technical and economic factors decide the economic potential of any particular phosphate reserve. Although technical similarities may exist among deposits, economic analogies are rare. The economic evaluation of the mineability of the ore and the mill preparation of the concentrates must also take into account the geological setting and character of the ore deposit as well as the eventual end-use markets and their locations."}
{"id": "PMID:357128", "title": "Effects of apomorphine and apomorphine-L-dopa-carbidopa on alcohol post-intoxication symptoms.", "content": "In a randomised double-blind clinical trial on 58 gamma-alcoholics, the effect of apomorphine given orally in individual subemetic doses was compared with apomorphine-L-dopa-carbidopa and with placebo. No positive effects of treatment with apomorphine, or with the combination apomorphine-L-dopa-carbidopa, on alcohol consumption or post-intoxication symptoms could be demonstrated. In the group which received the combination apomorphine-L-dopa-carbidopa, the post-intoxication symptoms lasted significantly longer than in the other two groups.", "contents": "Effects of apomorphine and apomorphine-L-dopa-carbidopa on alcohol post-intoxication symptoms. In a randomised double-blind clinical trial on 58 gamma-alcoholics, the effect of apomorphine given orally in individual subemetic doses was compared with apomorphine-L-dopa-carbidopa and with placebo. No positive effects of treatment with apomorphine, or with the combination apomorphine-L-dopa-carbidopa, on alcohol consumption or post-intoxication symptoms could be demonstrated. In the group which received the combination apomorphine-L-dopa-carbidopa, the post-intoxication symptoms lasted significantly longer than in the other two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:357124", "title": "Phosphorus and mankind's problems today.", "content": "The unprecedented increase in the worldwide population of humans--a growth which has been underway for two centuries and has been continuously accelerating--seems to be a root cause of many of the problems of today, including including those treated in this symposium. Current events once more arouse fears that the probable conclusion of our present growth era will unfortunately consist of widespread death from famine, pestilence, and social disruption of various kinds (perhaps involving nuclear devices). Non-local efforts to avoid famine induced by rapid population growth seem only to delay an eventuality that will thereby finally lead to many more people starving. In this paper, phosphate pollution and soil erosion are treated as indirect results of the population boom; and some radical changes in soil and water management are suggested for lessening these problems for large populations.", "contents": "Phosphorus and mankind's problems today. The unprecedented increase in the worldwide population of humans--a growth which has been underway for two centuries and has been continuously accelerating--seems to be a root cause of many of the problems of today, including including those treated in this symposium. Current events once more arouse fears that the probable conclusion of our present growth era will unfortunately consist of widespread death from famine, pestilence, and social disruption of various kinds (perhaps involving nuclear devices). Non-local efforts to avoid famine induced by rapid population growth seem only to delay an eventuality that will thereby finally lead to many more people starving. In this paper, phosphate pollution and soil erosion are treated as indirect results of the population boom; and some radical changes in soil and water management are suggested for lessening these problems for large populations."}
{"id": "PMID:357129", "title": "[Herpes virus hominis diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 14-year-old girl treated with cytostatics because of leukaemia a severe and chronic atypical herpes virus hominis infection occurred. The same disease also occurred in a 30-year-old man under immunosuppression after a renal transplant. The skin reactions posed diagnostic and therapeutic problems. In both cases withdrawal of the cytostatic agent or drastic reduction of the immunosuppressive drug were successful therapeutically.", "contents": "[Herpes virus hominis diseases (author's transl)]. In a 14-year-old girl treated with cytostatics because of leukaemia a severe and chronic atypical herpes virus hominis infection occurred. The same disease also occurred in a 30-year-old man under immunosuppression after a renal transplant. The skin reactions posed diagnostic and therapeutic problems. In both cases withdrawal of the cytostatic agent or drastic reduction of the immunosuppressive drug were successful therapeutically."}
{"id": "PMID:357125", "title": "Modern mankind's influence on the natural cycles of phosphorus.", "content": "When the molten surface of the earth solidified over 4 X 10(9) years ago the quantity of phosphorus to be contained in the storehouse of the new planet had already been resolved. The phosphorus was locked in an igneous lithosphere as orthophosphate. With the advent of the first primitive rainstorms the slow endless process of liberating the phosphorus from the igneous rock strata had begun. It required about 3 X 10(9) years for this process to supply enough soluble phosphates for the seas of the earth to become saturated with respect to apatites. Today slightly more than half of the phosphate is contained in sedimentary deposits. The established phosphorus cycles of the earth were almost independent of the activities of mankind for more than 4 X 10(9) years. Only in the past 200 years has the influence been worthy of consideration and as late as the 1960s too few reliable data were available for us to assess the status of our activities on the natural cycles. Today a reasonably clear picture is emerging.", "contents": "Modern mankind's influence on the natural cycles of phosphorus. When the molten surface of the earth solidified over 4 X 10(9) years ago the quantity of phosphorus to be contained in the storehouse of the new planet had already been resolved. The phosphorus was locked in an igneous lithosphere as orthophosphate. With the advent of the first primitive rainstorms the slow endless process of liberating the phosphorus from the igneous rock strata had begun. It required about 3 X 10(9) years for this process to supply enough soluble phosphates for the seas of the earth to become saturated with respect to apatites. Today slightly more than half of the phosphate is contained in sedimentary deposits. The established phosphorus cycles of the earth were almost independent of the activities of mankind for more than 4 X 10(9) years. Only in the past 200 years has the influence been worthy of consideration and as late as the 1960s too few reliable data were available for us to assess the status of our activities on the natural cycles. Today a reasonably clear picture is emerging."}
{"id": "PMID:357126", "title": "Phosphorus biochemistry.", "content": "The biochemistry of phosphorus is outlined. As this element appears to have no redox reactions in biological systems phosphorus is always handled as phosphate and, as all phosphate compounds are thermodynamically unstable in water, phosphate uptake and incorporation are associated with energy consumption. The subsequent use of phosphate in metabolism and synthesis is illustrated by metabolic pathways and DNA (RNA) polymerizations, respectively. The importance and unique chemical significance of phosphorus in biology cannot be overestimated.", "contents": "Phosphorus biochemistry. The biochemistry of phosphorus is outlined. As this element appears to have no redox reactions in biological systems phosphorus is always handled as phosphate and, as all phosphate compounds are thermodynamically unstable in water, phosphate uptake and incorporation are associated with energy consumption. The subsequent use of phosphate in metabolism and synthesis is illustrated by metabolic pathways and DNA (RNA) polymerizations, respectively. The importance and unique chemical significance of phosphorus in biology cannot be overestimated."}
{"id": "PMID:357141", "title": "[Mechanic-technological and metallographical studies on soldering of dental alloys].", "content": "It can be proved that the reliability of soldering is in practice not very high, as properties of solidity and the quality of compounds very greatly. This is unavoidable in spite of the most careful execution of the welding and observation of the corresponding soldering directions. Low sigmaB-values are attributable to: 1. the insufficient filling of the soldering space (ca. 80%); 2. many lacunae in the solder commissures, which partly communicate with one another; 3. small diffusion zones and poor wettability in case of the pairing of the materials Co-Cr-Mo/Au-solder.", "contents": "[Mechanic-technological and metallographical studies on soldering of dental alloys]. It can be proved that the reliability of soldering is in practice not very high, as properties of solidity and the quality of compounds very greatly. This is unavoidable in spite of the most careful execution of the welding and observation of the corresponding soldering directions. Low sigmaB-values are attributable to: 1. the insufficient filling of the soldering space (ca. 80%); 2. many lacunae in the solder commissures, which partly communicate with one another; 3. small diffusion zones and poor wettability in case of the pairing of the materials Co-Cr-Mo/Au-solder."}
{"id": "PMID:357142", "title": "Age difference in the response to synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in androgenized rats with special reference to the dose of testosterone propionate for androgenization.", "content": "Five-day-old female rats were androgenized with 1,000 or 100 microgram testosterone propionate and were examined regarding the response to LHRH at 4, 7 and 12 weeks of age by measuring peripheral LH concentrations. The order of magnitude in LH release was 7 greater than 4 greater than 12 weeks old, whereas in normal rats, 4 greater than 12 greater than 7 weeks old. LH release in 4- and 7-week-old rats was higher than that in normal controls at the respective age, but was much lower than that in normal controls 12 weeks old. The LH release by Des-Gly10-(D-Ala6)-LHRH-ethylamide (TAP127) was greater than that by natural LHRH both in normal and androgenized rats at 7 or 12 weeks old. The results indicate that the pituitary gland in androgenized rats responds to LHRH to a much larger extent during the premature period and its responsiveness declines during the course of maturation. A marked hypersensitivity was observed in 7-week-old rats androgenized with 100 microgram testosterone propionate. The process of androgenization may include the induction of alterations in the sensitivity of the pituitary to LHRH and probably in the LH synthesizing ability of the pituitary.", "contents": "Age difference in the response to synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in androgenized rats with special reference to the dose of testosterone propionate for androgenization. Five-day-old female rats were androgenized with 1,000 or 100 microgram testosterone propionate and were examined regarding the response to LHRH at 4, 7 and 12 weeks of age by measuring peripheral LH concentrations. The order of magnitude in LH release was 7 greater than 4 greater than 12 weeks old, whereas in normal rats, 4 greater than 12 greater than 7 weeks old. LH release in 4- and 7-week-old rats was higher than that in normal controls at the respective age, but was much lower than that in normal controls 12 weeks old. The LH release by Des-Gly10-(D-Ala6)-LHRH-ethylamide (TAP127) was greater than that by natural LHRH both in normal and androgenized rats at 7 or 12 weeks old. The results indicate that the pituitary gland in androgenized rats responds to LHRH to a much larger extent during the premature period and its responsiveness declines during the course of maturation. A marked hypersensitivity was observed in 7-week-old rats androgenized with 100 microgram testosterone propionate. The process of androgenization may include the induction of alterations in the sensitivity of the pituitary to LHRH and probably in the LH synthesizing ability of the pituitary."}
{"id": "PMID:357143", "title": "Conditions for establishment of reflex ovulation in light estrous rats.", "content": "Continual anovulatory state associating with persistent vaginal cornification (light estrus) was induced by placing 4-day cycling rats under continuous lighting (LL). Uterine cervical stimulation was applied at arbitrary solar hours to light estrous rats showing continual vaginal estrus for more than 2 weeks. The ovulation was induced between 14 and 16 hr after the stimulation dissociating entirely with solar hours. Injection of anti-LHRH serum 5 min after the stimulation but not later than 20 min blocked this ovulation. Ovulation thus induced was always followed by pseudopregnancy with continual leucocytic vaginal smear lasting 10.70 days. The change in concentrations of peripheral serum progesterone during this period was almost similar to that of normal pseudopregnancy except extremely low levels observed at the start and end. Effectiveness of the cervical stimulation for induction of ovulation in light estrous rats was related to not only the duration of light estrus but also the time after transfer to LL, suggesting that the neural mechanism of ovulation in light estrous rats shifted from that of the spontaneous to reflex ovulators due to the extinction of environmental photic cue.", "contents": "Conditions for establishment of reflex ovulation in light estrous rats. Continual anovulatory state associating with persistent vaginal cornification (light estrus) was induced by placing 4-day cycling rats under continuous lighting (LL). Uterine cervical stimulation was applied at arbitrary solar hours to light estrous rats showing continual vaginal estrus for more than 2 weeks. The ovulation was induced between 14 and 16 hr after the stimulation dissociating entirely with solar hours. Injection of anti-LHRH serum 5 min after the stimulation but not later than 20 min blocked this ovulation. Ovulation thus induced was always followed by pseudopregnancy with continual leucocytic vaginal smear lasting 10.70 days. The change in concentrations of peripheral serum progesterone during this period was almost similar to that of normal pseudopregnancy except extremely low levels observed at the start and end. Effectiveness of the cervical stimulation for induction of ovulation in light estrous rats was related to not only the duration of light estrus but also the time after transfer to LL, suggesting that the neural mechanism of ovulation in light estrous rats shifted from that of the spontaneous to reflex ovulators due to the extinction of environmental photic cue."}
{"id": "PMID:357144", "title": "Bombesin inhibits insulin release from isolated pancreatic islets of rats in vitro.", "content": "The effect of bombesin on insulin release from isolated pancreatic islets of rats was examined in vitro. Bombesin, at the doses ranging from 10 ng/ml to 1 microgram/ml, significantly inhibited 16.7 mM glucose-induced insulin release, while bombesin had no inhibitory effect on insulin release at 8.3 mM and 3.3 mM glucose. Moreover, bombesin also suppressed insulin release elicited by 10 mM arginine at the doses of 100 ng/ml and 1 microgram/ml. These results indicate that bombesin has a direct inhibitory action on insulin release.", "contents": "Bombesin inhibits insulin release from isolated pancreatic islets of rats in vitro. The effect of bombesin on insulin release from isolated pancreatic islets of rats was examined in vitro. Bombesin, at the doses ranging from 10 ng/ml to 1 microgram/ml, significantly inhibited 16.7 mM glucose-induced insulin release, while bombesin had no inhibitory effect on insulin release at 8.3 mM and 3.3 mM glucose. Moreover, bombesin also suppressed insulin release elicited by 10 mM arginine at the doses of 100 ng/ml and 1 microgram/ml. These results indicate that bombesin has a direct inhibitory action on insulin release."}
{"id": "PMID:357145", "title": "Influence of hormonal contraceptives on the pituitary response to LH/FSH-releasing hormone.", "content": "In the pre-ovulatory phase the absolute and relative LH increase was much greater than during the luteal phase and less pronounced in the early follicular phase of the normal cycle. FSH release was affected only during the pre-ovulatory period, where a retarded, 3- or 4-fold increase compared to basal levels was recorded. In the women taking oral contraceptives of the conventional type the first LH-RH test showed gonadotropin responses similar to those obtained during the luteal phase of the controls. The second test brought a significantly lower LH response, suggesting an increasing exogenous steroid inhibition at the pituitary level in the course of the therapeutic cycle. This inhibition seems to be reversed during the monthly tablet-free interval. A particularly small and retarded gonadotropin response was observed in patients taking Deposiston. These results are discussed as to their clinical significance.", "contents": "Influence of hormonal contraceptives on the pituitary response to LH/FSH-releasing hormone. In the pre-ovulatory phase the absolute and relative LH increase was much greater than during the luteal phase and less pronounced in the early follicular phase of the normal cycle. FSH release was affected only during the pre-ovulatory period, where a retarded, 3- or 4-fold increase compared to basal levels was recorded. In the women taking oral contraceptives of the conventional type the first LH-RH test showed gonadotropin responses similar to those obtained during the luteal phase of the controls. The second test brought a significantly lower LH response, suggesting an increasing exogenous steroid inhibition at the pituitary level in the course of the therapeutic cycle. This inhibition seems to be reversed during the monthly tablet-free interval. A particularly small and retarded gonadotropin response was observed in patients taking Deposiston. These results are discussed as to their clinical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:357148", "title": "Study of actin and its interactions with heavy meromyosin and the regulatory proteins by the pulse fluorimetry in polarized light of a fluorescent probe attached to an actin cysteine.", "content": "The decay of anisotropy of the N-iodoacetyl-N'-(5-sulfo-1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine fluorescence attached to cysteine-373 of actin can be characterized by two correlation times theta1 and theta2. theta1 has a value of several nanoseconds and is thought to represent some local protein motion. theta2 is of the order of several hundreds of nanoseconds. Its value increases with actin concentration. It represents an average of the G and F actin correlation times. When actin interacts with heavy meromyosin, theta2 increases and becomes infinite at a molar ratio of one heavy meromyosin molecule per four actin protomers. It is concluded that a definite complex is then formed between F actin and heavy meromyosin. In the same time, G actin concentration becomes equal to zero. Finally, when F actin forms a complex with the regulatory proteins tropomyosin and troponin, the value of theta2 is greater in the absence than in the presence of Ca2+. This result indicates that micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ induces a conformation change of the complex of F actin with the regulatory proteins.", "contents": "Study of actin and its interactions with heavy meromyosin and the regulatory proteins by the pulse fluorimetry in polarized light of a fluorescent probe attached to an actin cysteine. The decay of anisotropy of the N-iodoacetyl-N'-(5-sulfo-1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine fluorescence attached to cysteine-373 of actin can be characterized by two correlation times theta1 and theta2. theta1 has a value of several nanoseconds and is thought to represent some local protein motion. theta2 is of the order of several hundreds of nanoseconds. Its value increases with actin concentration. It represents an average of the G and F actin correlation times. When actin interacts with heavy meromyosin, theta2 increases and becomes infinite at a molar ratio of one heavy meromyosin molecule per four actin protomers. It is concluded that a definite complex is then formed between F actin and heavy meromyosin. In the same time, G actin concentration becomes equal to zero. Finally, when F actin forms a complex with the regulatory proteins tropomyosin and troponin, the value of theta2 is greater in the absence than in the presence of Ca2+. This result indicates that micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ induces a conformation change of the complex of F actin with the regulatory proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:357149", "title": "Sulfite binding to a flavodehydrogenase, cytochrome b2 from baker's yeast.", "content": "Baker's yeast L-lactate dehydrogenase (flavocytochrome b2) is a typical flavodehydrogenase, in that it accepts two electrons from the substrate but has a monoelectronic acceptor. Yet it forms a red semiquinone [Capeill\u00e8re Blandin et al. Eur. J. Biochem. 54, 549--566 (1975)] and it is shown in this paper that it forms a reversible covalent complex with sulfite (Kd = 1.4 muM). This complex can be observed by difference spectroscopy and provides a convenient tool for visualizing the flavin chromophore, usually hidden behind the intense heme absorbance. A number of anions (D-lactate, oxalate and pyruvate) are inhibitors of the enzymatic reaction and induce spectral perturbations of the flavin spectrum. It is concluded that probably two positive charges exist at the active site: one which stabilizes the red semiquinone and one which attracts organic anions and sulfite. It is also concluded that the correlation between reactivity with sulfite and reactivity with oxygen among flavo-proteins may not be as general as previously proposed [Massey et al. J. Biol. Chem. 244, 3999--4006 (1969)].", "contents": "Sulfite binding to a flavodehydrogenase, cytochrome b2 from baker's yeast. Baker's yeast L-lactate dehydrogenase (flavocytochrome b2) is a typical flavodehydrogenase, in that it accepts two electrons from the substrate but has a monoelectronic acceptor. Yet it forms a red semiquinone [Capeill\u00e8re Blandin et al. Eur. J. Biochem. 54, 549--566 (1975)] and it is shown in this paper that it forms a reversible covalent complex with sulfite (Kd = 1.4 muM). This complex can be observed by difference spectroscopy and provides a convenient tool for visualizing the flavin chromophore, usually hidden behind the intense heme absorbance. A number of anions (D-lactate, oxalate and pyruvate) are inhibitors of the enzymatic reaction and induce spectral perturbations of the flavin spectrum. It is concluded that probably two positive charges exist at the active site: one which stabilizes the red semiquinone and one which attracts organic anions and sulfite. It is also concluded that the correlation between reactivity with sulfite and reactivity with oxygen among flavo-proteins may not be as general as previously proposed [Massey et al. J. Biol. Chem. 244, 3999--4006 (1969)]."}
{"id": "PMID:357151", "title": "Paracrystalline arrays of protein-synthesis elongation factor Tu. Comparison with polymerized actin.", "content": "Homogeneous protein synthesis elongation factor Tu from Escherichia coli forms aggregates at high concentrations of ammonium sulfate which have a filamentous appearance in the light microscope. Electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations shows that these aggregates are paracrystalline, including three different forms. On the basis of analyses by optical diffraction, this polymorphism can be explained in terms of three different tubular foldings of the same basic two-dimensional surface lattice. This can be compared with that underlying the structure of actin filaments, thus providing a crucial test of the putative relationship between the elongation factor and actin [Rosenbusch, J. P. et al. (1976) J. Supramol. Struct. 5, 391-396]. The differences between the surface lattices, in conjunction with the negative results of sensitive immunochemical tests for possible cross-reactivities between the two proteins, suggest that any such relationship is very remote.", "contents": "Paracrystalline arrays of protein-synthesis elongation factor Tu. Comparison with polymerized actin. Homogeneous protein synthesis elongation factor Tu from Escherichia coli forms aggregates at high concentrations of ammonium sulfate which have a filamentous appearance in the light microscope. Electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations shows that these aggregates are paracrystalline, including three different forms. On the basis of analyses by optical diffraction, this polymorphism can be explained in terms of three different tubular foldings of the same basic two-dimensional surface lattice. This can be compared with that underlying the structure of actin filaments, thus providing a crucial test of the putative relationship between the elongation factor and actin [Rosenbusch, J. P. et al. (1976) J. Supramol. Struct. 5, 391-396]. The differences between the surface lattices, in conjunction with the negative results of sensitive immunochemical tests for possible cross-reactivities between the two proteins, suggest that any such relationship is very remote."}
{"id": "PMID:357152", "title": "Acid maltase deficiency in adults. Clinical, morphological and biochemical study of three patients.", "content": "3 adult women with distinct clinical pictures of progressive myopathy were studied. The morphological findings of biopsied skeletal muscle suggested the diagnosis of type II glycogenosis. Biochemical analysis confirmed a profound deficiency of alpha-1,4-glucosidase activity. Electrophoresis of muscle acid maltase showed the presence of one band in normal individuals. A very faint band with normal electrophoretic mobility was present in the patients' muscles. Muscle neutral maltase is composed of four bands in normal adult individuals: two of the four bands were clearly reduced in the muscles of the patients. The acid and neutral maltases were not significantly reduced in the patients' leukocytes. Acid maltase determination in urine made it possible to identify the homozygous, but not to completely segregate the heterozygous, from unaffected adult subjects.", "contents": "Acid maltase deficiency in adults. Clinical, morphological and biochemical study of three patients. 3 adult women with distinct clinical pictures of progressive myopathy were studied. The morphological findings of biopsied skeletal muscle suggested the diagnosis of type II glycogenosis. Biochemical analysis confirmed a profound deficiency of alpha-1,4-glucosidase activity. Electrophoresis of muscle acid maltase showed the presence of one band in normal individuals. A very faint band with normal electrophoretic mobility was present in the patients' muscles. Muscle neutral maltase is composed of four bands in normal adult individuals: two of the four bands were clearly reduced in the muscles of the patients. The acid and neutral maltases were not significantly reduced in the patients' leukocytes. Acid maltase determination in urine made it possible to identify the homozygous, but not to completely segregate the heterozygous, from unaffected adult subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:357153", "title": "Transcutaneous PO2 measurement for evaluating the oxygen supply of skin allo- and autografts. Theory and practical application.", "content": "The condition of skin autografts and allografts in rats and rabbits was checked by transcutaneous PO2 measurement according to R. HUCH, D. W. LUBBERS and A. HUCH. The tcPO2 values obtained with standardized maximal hyperemia allow conclusions concerning the oxygen supply and thus the vascularization of a transplant. This method seems suitable to monitor the healing of autografts and to register quantitatively the progress of rejection in allografts.", "contents": "Transcutaneous PO2 measurement for evaluating the oxygen supply of skin allo- and autografts. Theory and practical application. The condition of skin autografts and allografts in rats and rabbits was checked by transcutaneous PO2 measurement according to R. HUCH, D. W. LUBBERS and A. HUCH. The tcPO2 values obtained with standardized maximal hyperemia allow conclusions concerning the oxygen supply and thus the vascularization of a transplant. This method seems suitable to monitor the healing of autografts and to register quantitatively the progress of rejection in allografts."}
{"id": "PMID:357154", "title": "Splenic transposition with ligation of the vascular pedicle in rodents. Immunological consequences.", "content": "By splenic subcutaneous transposition and ligation of the vascular pedicle, the direct relation spleen-liver was interrupted in rodents infected with malaria. It was demonstrated that in this situation detoxification of the liver and recovery from malaria was evidently hampered by the lack of a direct splenic cell supply, due to retardation of the homing and differentiation in the spleen of precursors of immunologically competent cells. In the presence of blood-borne antigens and/or hepatotoxins, this simple 'shunt' operation appears to constitute a serious immunological handicap. However, it may be a useful model for the study of cellular and microenvironmental interrelationships of the immune response versus blood-borne antigens.", "contents": "Splenic transposition with ligation of the vascular pedicle in rodents. Immunological consequences. By splenic subcutaneous transposition and ligation of the vascular pedicle, the direct relation spleen-liver was interrupted in rodents infected with malaria. It was demonstrated that in this situation detoxification of the liver and recovery from malaria was evidently hampered by the lack of a direct splenic cell supply, due to retardation of the homing and differentiation in the spleen of precursors of immunologically competent cells. In the presence of blood-borne antigens and/or hepatotoxins, this simple 'shunt' operation appears to constitute a serious immunological handicap. However, it may be a useful model for the study of cellular and microenvironmental interrelationships of the immune response versus blood-borne antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:357163", "title": "Ontogeny of B lymphocyte function. VI. Ontogeny of thymus cell capacity to facilitate the functional maturation of B lymphocytes.", "content": "The differentiation of the B cell population from fetal mice to produce a normal, adult-like, heterogeneous reponse, with respect to antibody affinity, has been shown to require (or to be facilitated by) thymus cells. The maturation of the thymus cell population to be capable of facilitating this differentiation of the B cell population was studied. It was found that the thymus cell population acquires the capacity fo facilitate (or induce) this maturation of the B cell population between seven and ten days after birth. Thus, the normal maturation of the B cell population to give a response which is heterogeneous with respect to affinity, appears to be controlled by the maturation of thymus function.", "contents": "Ontogeny of B lymphocyte function. VI. Ontogeny of thymus cell capacity to facilitate the functional maturation of B lymphocytes. The differentiation of the B cell population from fetal mice to produce a normal, adult-like, heterogeneous reponse, with respect to antibody affinity, has been shown to require (or to be facilitated by) thymus cells. The maturation of the thymus cell population to be capable of facilitating this differentiation of the B cell population was studied. It was found that the thymus cell population acquires the capacity fo facilitate (or induce) this maturation of the B cell population between seven and ten days after birth. Thus, the normal maturation of the B cell population to give a response which is heterogeneous with respect to affinity, appears to be controlled by the maturation of thymus function."}
{"id": "PMID:357170", "title": "The use of a right atrial catheter in bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia.", "content": "A right atrial catheter was implanted into 15 patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation as a treatment for acute leukemia. The catheter remained in position for 79 +/- 34 days. No catheter-related septicemia was observed. It appears that this catheter is helpful in supporting bone marrow transplant recipients.", "contents": "The use of a right atrial catheter in bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia. A right atrial catheter was implanted into 15 patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation as a treatment for acute leukemia. The catheter remained in position for 79 +/- 34 days. No catheter-related septicemia was observed. It appears that this catheter is helpful in supporting bone marrow transplant recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:357171", "title": "Image processing in pathology. V. Interpretation of feature distributions of liver cell nuclei in histological sections.", "content": "A new method is applied for calculating the volume and extinction of liver cell nuclei from area and extinction of their sections in histological slices. With a special classificator for the automatical processing of microscopical pictures 96 per cent of morphologically controlled aequatorial sections of liver cell nuclei are correctly recognized. Using a mathematical model (additive fitting of three normal distributions to the given feature distribution) ploidie classes and volume classes can be recorded more exactly.", "contents": "Image processing in pathology. V. Interpretation of feature distributions of liver cell nuclei in histological sections. A new method is applied for calculating the volume and extinction of liver cell nuclei from area and extinction of their sections in histological slices. With a special classificator for the automatical processing of microscopical pictures 96 per cent of morphologically controlled aequatorial sections of liver cell nuclei are correctly recognized. Using a mathematical model (additive fitting of three normal distributions to the given feature distribution) ploidie classes and volume classes can be recorded more exactly."}
{"id": "PMID:357172", "title": "Nephrotoxic and pneumotoxic antibodies and their acute action on lungs. III. Organ localization of antibodies after experimental administration of lethal doses.", "content": "Experimental intravenous administration of large doses of heterologous anti-glomerular and anti-lung antibodies induces acute exsudative haemorrhagic changes in the lungs resulting in death of the experimental animals. The specific localization of these antibodies labelled with radioactive isotopes of iodine and administered using the paired-isotope technique with radioiodinated normal IgG, displayed high values in the lungs, liver and kidneys. Pulmonary changes developing after administration of the same dose of anti-glomerular antibodies into the left heart ventricle are of lesser extent and the animals survive. On this mode of administration, the specific localization of antibodies presents lower values in the lungs, whereas the values in the kidneys and liver are approximately the same as seen after intravenous administration. Antibody localization in the kidneys and liver is facilitated by the morphologic structure of the capillaries, whereas in the lungs a direct transendothelial transfer must be considered, since in this organ capillary endothelium forms a coherent layer. Attention is being drawn to the high specific localization of antibodies in the liver and to the potential effect of these antibodies on the liver.", "contents": "Nephrotoxic and pneumotoxic antibodies and their acute action on lungs. III. Organ localization of antibodies after experimental administration of lethal doses. Experimental intravenous administration of large doses of heterologous anti-glomerular and anti-lung antibodies induces acute exsudative haemorrhagic changes in the lungs resulting in death of the experimental animals. The specific localization of these antibodies labelled with radioactive isotopes of iodine and administered using the paired-isotope technique with radioiodinated normal IgG, displayed high values in the lungs, liver and kidneys. Pulmonary changes developing after administration of the same dose of anti-glomerular antibodies into the left heart ventricle are of lesser extent and the animals survive. On this mode of administration, the specific localization of antibodies presents lower values in the lungs, whereas the values in the kidneys and liver are approximately the same as seen after intravenous administration. Antibody localization in the kidneys and liver is facilitated by the morphologic structure of the capillaries, whereas in the lungs a direct transendothelial transfer must be considered, since in this organ capillary endothelium forms a coherent layer. Attention is being drawn to the high specific localization of antibodies in the liver and to the potential effect of these antibodies on the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:357177", "title": "Morphologic aspects of alveolar microcirculation.", "content": "Direct observations of the flow direction and connections between arteries and veins in the mammal lung are difficult. When we divide the lung into smaller units like acini or segments we can observe a central supply of the unit with arterial blood that has venous drainage at different points of the periphery. Consideration of the situation prevailing at birth strongly suggests a preferential flow direction through paths located in primary septa at the bottom of alveoli. Capillaries of the secondary septa placed between alveoli open to the same duct represent collaterals of the mainstream flow filled only if pressure conditions permit. Another significant feature is the presence of pleated alveolar septa. While capillaries inside the interalveolar wall mostly appear flat or collapsed, the capillaries of the pleated alveolar corners are always wide open. Often they show openings into a small venule placed inside the pleated area, which strongly suggests that the pleated areas contain the venous side of the capillaries.", "contents": "Morphologic aspects of alveolar microcirculation. Direct observations of the flow direction and connections between arteries and veins in the mammal lung are difficult. When we divide the lung into smaller units like acini or segments we can observe a central supply of the unit with arterial blood that has venous drainage at different points of the periphery. Consideration of the situation prevailing at birth strongly suggests a preferential flow direction through paths located in primary septa at the bottom of alveoli. Capillaries of the secondary septa placed between alveoli open to the same duct represent collaterals of the mainstream flow filled only if pressure conditions permit. Another significant feature is the presence of pleated alveolar septa. While capillaries inside the interalveolar wall mostly appear flat or collapsed, the capillaries of the pleated alveolar corners are always wide open. Often they show openings into a small venule placed inside the pleated area, which strongly suggests that the pleated areas contain the venous side of the capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:357178", "title": "Pharmacological factors influencing permeability of the bronchial microcirculation.", "content": "The bronchial microcirculation is organized as a network of interconnected superficial and deep small blood vessels that extend throughout the bronchial tree. The close proximity of the bronchial venules to the origin of the pulmonary lymphatics suggests a role in fluid balance in the lung. The responsiveness of the venous segment of this network to agents influencing permeability clearly indicates a role in the genesis of certain types of noncardiogenic interstitial edema. The responsiveness of the venous segment of the bronchial circulation to neural and humoral stimuli raises the possibility of a significant role in the distribution of blood flow between the mucosa and peribronchial space. Such control may play a significant role in heat and water exchange between blood and air. Thus, these observations indicate that the bronchial microcirculation is involved with aspects of pulmonary function other than the nutrition of the bronchi, nerves, pleura, and large pulmonary blood vessels.", "contents": "Pharmacological factors influencing permeability of the bronchial microcirculation. The bronchial microcirculation is organized as a network of interconnected superficial and deep small blood vessels that extend throughout the bronchial tree. The close proximity of the bronchial venules to the origin of the pulmonary lymphatics suggests a role in fluid balance in the lung. The responsiveness of the venous segment of this network to agents influencing permeability clearly indicates a role in the genesis of certain types of noncardiogenic interstitial edema. The responsiveness of the venous segment of the bronchial circulation to neural and humoral stimuli raises the possibility of a significant role in the distribution of blood flow between the mucosa and peribronchial space. Such control may play a significant role in heat and water exchange between blood and air. Thus, these observations indicate that the bronchial microcirculation is involved with aspects of pulmonary function other than the nutrition of the bronchi, nerves, pleura, and large pulmonary blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:357179", "title": "Structural basis for some permeability properties of the air--blood barrier.", "content": "The structural basis for the permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane to water-soluble solutes rests in part on the structure and function of its intercellular junctions and the pinocytotic vesicles within its cells. Intercellular junctions between endothelial cells of the pulmonary capillary bed differ both in permeability to enzyme tracers and in their structure. As determined by freeze fracture, the junctions in the arteriolar, capillary, and venular portion of the capillary network vary in complexity, and in the number of rows of particles constituting the junction. Because there are few particles associated with the junctions in the venular end of the capillary bed, these are considered to be the most permeable of the three types of vascular junctions. Epithelial junctions, in contrast, are impermeable to all enzyme tracers studied, and they are composed of a continuous, complex network of junctional fibrils. While intercellular junctions form seals of varying 'tightness,' pinocytotic vesicles provide a means for the transport of water-soluble macromolecules across the alveolar-capillary membrane.", "contents": "Structural basis for some permeability properties of the air--blood barrier. The structural basis for the permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane to water-soluble solutes rests in part on the structure and function of its intercellular junctions and the pinocytotic vesicles within its cells. Intercellular junctions between endothelial cells of the pulmonary capillary bed differ both in permeability to enzyme tracers and in their structure. As determined by freeze fracture, the junctions in the arteriolar, capillary, and venular portion of the capillary network vary in complexity, and in the number of rows of particles constituting the junction. Because there are few particles associated with the junctions in the venular end of the capillary bed, these are considered to be the most permeable of the three types of vascular junctions. Epithelial junctions, in contrast, are impermeable to all enzyme tracers studied, and they are composed of a continuous, complex network of junctional fibrils. While intercellular junctions form seals of varying 'tightness,' pinocytotic vesicles provide a means for the transport of water-soluble macromolecules across the alveolar-capillary membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:357180", "title": "Pulmonary metabolism of epoxides.", "content": "Activities of epoxide hydrase (EH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) have been measured in pulmonary tissue from several species. On the basis of total organ activity, pulmonary tissue has less capacity than liver tissue to metabolize epoxides. Pulmonary EH and GST appear to be refractory to induction by typical agents. Rat pulmonary GST will conjugate a variety of epoxides, but K-region epoxides are metabolized at lower rates than alkene oxides. In the isolated perfused rabbit lung, benzo (a) pyrene-4,5-oxide (BPO) is metabolized by EH and GST at similar initial rates, but EH activity is lost after a few minutes, apparently owing to inadequate local substrate levels. GST from rabbit lung cytosol has been separated by chromatographic methods into six peaks of enzymic activity (toward 1-chloro-2,4-denitrobenzene). Of these peaks, all six metabolized BPO and two metabolized styrene oxide. Although EH and GST are less active in lung than in liver, pulmonary metabolism of epoxides is important because this tissue must be able to protect itself from arene oxides generated by pulmonary oxidative metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.", "contents": "Pulmonary metabolism of epoxides. Activities of epoxide hydrase (EH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) have been measured in pulmonary tissue from several species. On the basis of total organ activity, pulmonary tissue has less capacity than liver tissue to metabolize epoxides. Pulmonary EH and GST appear to be refractory to induction by typical agents. Rat pulmonary GST will conjugate a variety of epoxides, but K-region epoxides are metabolized at lower rates than alkene oxides. In the isolated perfused rabbit lung, benzo (a) pyrene-4,5-oxide (BPO) is metabolized by EH and GST at similar initial rates, but EH activity is lost after a few minutes, apparently owing to inadequate local substrate levels. GST from rabbit lung cytosol has been separated by chromatographic methods into six peaks of enzymic activity (toward 1-chloro-2,4-denitrobenzene). Of these peaks, all six metabolized BPO and two metabolized styrene oxide. Although EH and GST are less active in lung than in liver, pulmonary metabolism of epoxides is important because this tissue must be able to protect itself from arene oxides generated by pulmonary oxidative metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons."}
{"id": "PMID:357181", "title": "Pleural reactions to environmental agents.", "content": "In the past, pleural disease has been uncommon, generally limited to infection derived from underlying pulmonary involvement or the result of local neoplastic invasion or hematogenous metastases. The deep, protected location of the lung's mesothelial surface provides insufficient defense against environmentally derived very fine biologically active inorganic particles, and a new set of abnormalities--pleural plaques, fibrosis, unique calcification, malignancy (mesothelioma), benign asbestotic effusion--have introduced problems of pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and therapy. These changes are becoming frequent among individuals who were exposed to asbestos more than 20 years ago. Occupational exposure (direct and indirect), and in some cases environmental exposure (household contacts of asbestos-exposed workers and factory neighborhood residents), have been associated with higher prevalence of radiographically evident pleural abnormalities. What effects such changes will have on morbidity and mortality rates is incompletely understood.", "contents": "Pleural reactions to environmental agents. In the past, pleural disease has been uncommon, generally limited to infection derived from underlying pulmonary involvement or the result of local neoplastic invasion or hematogenous metastases. The deep, protected location of the lung's mesothelial surface provides insufficient defense against environmentally derived very fine biologically active inorganic particles, and a new set of abnormalities--pleural plaques, fibrosis, unique calcification, malignancy (mesothelioma), benign asbestotic effusion--have introduced problems of pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and therapy. These changes are becoming frequent among individuals who were exposed to asbestos more than 20 years ago. Occupational exposure (direct and indirect), and in some cases environmental exposure (household contacts of asbestos-exposed workers and factory neighborhood residents), have been associated with higher prevalence of radiographically evident pleural abnormalities. What effects such changes will have on morbidity and mortality rates is incompletely understood."}
{"id": "PMID:357182", "title": "Inhalation anesthetics.", "content": "The inhalation anesthetics affect operating room personnel as well as the patient. This occupational exposure is similar in all respects to industrial solvent exposures. Although the extent of the hazard is not yet established, it is clear that only quite low levels of these active chemical should be allowed in the operating room air.", "contents": "Inhalation anesthetics. The inhalation anesthetics affect operating room personnel as well as the patient. This occupational exposure is similar in all respects to industrial solvent exposures. Although the extent of the hazard is not yet established, it is clear that only quite low levels of these active chemical should be allowed in the operating room air."}
{"id": "PMID:357183", "title": "Environmental injury of the lung: role of humoral mediators.", "content": "Environmental lung injury may take the form of acute tracheobronchitis, asthma, pulmonary edema, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, allergic pneumonitis, fibrosing alveolitis, pleurisy, and neoplastic disease. Environmental factors eliciting these responses include irritant gases and fumes, oxidants, organic allergens, inorganic dust, bacterial enzymes, and high partial pressures of oxygen. The basic pulmonary reactions to these toxic agents--bronchoconstriction, vasoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, inflammation, carcinogenesis--may be mediated, aggravated, or modulated by biologically active substances. These humoral agents include biogenic amines (e.g. histamine): peptides (e.g., bradykinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and spasmogenic lung peptide); enzymes (e.g., proteases, superoxide dismutase, and mixed function oxidases); and acidic lipids (e.g., prostaglandins, prostaglandin endoperoxides, and thromboxanes).", "contents": "Environmental injury of the lung: role of humoral mediators. Environmental lung injury may take the form of acute tracheobronchitis, asthma, pulmonary edema, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, allergic pneumonitis, fibrosing alveolitis, pleurisy, and neoplastic disease. Environmental factors eliciting these responses include irritant gases and fumes, oxidants, organic allergens, inorganic dust, bacterial enzymes, and high partial pressures of oxygen. The basic pulmonary reactions to these toxic agents--bronchoconstriction, vasoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, inflammation, carcinogenesis--may be mediated, aggravated, or modulated by biologically active substances. These humoral agents include biogenic amines (e.g. histamine): peptides (e.g., bradykinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and spasmogenic lung peptide); enzymes (e.g., proteases, superoxide dismutase, and mixed function oxidases); and acidic lipids (e.g., prostaglandins, prostaglandin endoperoxides, and thromboxanes)."}
{"id": "PMID:357185", "title": "RNA transcription and chromatin structure during meiotic and postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis.", "content": "Autoradiographic procedures for the study of RNA and protein synthesis during spermatogenesis have been complemented with electron microscope techniques for visualization of gene activity. These procedures have enabled us to determine that RNA transcription is highly selective with respect to RNA species, timing of synthesis, types  of chromosomes (autosomes and sex chromosomes), segments of chromosomes (i.e., the lampbrush segment), and chromatin structure. In mouse and human spermatocytes, a peak production of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) occurs during leptotene-zygotene, preceding nonnucleolar RNA synthesis, which is at a peak in middle pachytene. Transcription in late spermatids decreases in coincidence with changes in chromatin structure and high incorporation rates of [3H]arginine. In these cells, a particulate repeating pattern of chromatin is replaced by chromatin fibers of uniform diameter as highly arginine-rich proteins replace somatic histones. In spermatogonia, spermatocytes and Sertoli cells, the products of transcription are mainly heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and rRNA, whereas spermatids transcribe predominantly hnRNA during early spermiogenesis. Persistent long-lived [3H]-uridine-labeled RNA species in pachytene spermatocyte nuclei contrast with a fast turnover of [3H]uridine-labeled RNA in Sertoli cells as detected at the same pulse labeling time (8--12 days). From these results one can postulate a still undefined control mechanism of gene expression during spermatogenesis for modulating a cascade of events required for male gamete formation.", "contents": "RNA transcription and chromatin structure during meiotic and postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis. Autoradiographic procedures for the study of RNA and protein synthesis during spermatogenesis have been complemented with electron microscope techniques for visualization of gene activity. These procedures have enabled us to determine that RNA transcription is highly selective with respect to RNA species, timing of synthesis, types  of chromosomes (autosomes and sex chromosomes), segments of chromosomes (i.e., the lampbrush segment), and chromatin structure. In mouse and human spermatocytes, a peak production of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) occurs during leptotene-zygotene, preceding nonnucleolar RNA synthesis, which is at a peak in middle pachytene. Transcription in late spermatids decreases in coincidence with changes in chromatin structure and high incorporation rates of [3H]arginine. In these cells, a particulate repeating pattern of chromatin is replaced by chromatin fibers of uniform diameter as highly arginine-rich proteins replace somatic histones. In spermatogonia, spermatocytes and Sertoli cells, the products of transcription are mainly heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and rRNA, whereas spermatids transcribe predominantly hnRNA during early spermiogenesis. Persistent long-lived [3H]-uridine-labeled RNA species in pachytene spermatocyte nuclei contrast with a fast turnover of [3H]uridine-labeled RNA in Sertoli cells as detected at the same pulse labeling time (8--12 days). From these results one can postulate a still undefined control mechanism of gene expression during spermatogenesis for modulating a cascade of events required for male gamete formation."}
{"id": "PMID:357186", "title": "t-Alleles and the possibility of post-meiotic gene expression during mammalian spermatogenesis.", "content": "Although there is strong evidence for post-meiotic RNA synthesis during spermatogenesis, definitive proof of haploid gene transcription is lacking. Segregation distortion in t-allele-bearing males provides evidence for post-meiotic gene expression since delayed mating experiments argue strongly that there are similar numbers of qualitatively different spermatozoa in ejaculates of males carrying moderately distorting t-alleles. Such post-meiotic transcription may not be infrequent but the intercellular bridges connecting spermatids would usually maintain gametic equivalence.", "contents": "t-Alleles and the possibility of post-meiotic gene expression during mammalian spermatogenesis. Although there is strong evidence for post-meiotic RNA synthesis during spermatogenesis, definitive proof of haploid gene transcription is lacking. Segregation distortion in t-allele-bearing males provides evidence for post-meiotic gene expression since delayed mating experiments argue strongly that there are similar numbers of qualitatively different spermatozoa in ejaculates of males carrying moderately distorting t-alleles. Such post-meiotic transcription may not be infrequent but the intercellular bridges connecting spermatids would usually maintain gametic equivalence."}
{"id": "PMID:357213", "title": "Severe psoriasis--oral therapy with a new retinoid.", "content": "Ro 10-9359 is a retinoic acid derivative, selected for study because of a better tolerance than retinoic acid, shown in animal experiments. Doses of 25 mg b.i.d., 25 mg t.i.d. and 50 mg b.i.d. were administered orally to 27 patients suffering from severe chronic generalized psoriasis. The clinical efficacy was evaluated by means of a new index, psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) based on severity and area of psoriatic lesions. At doses of 25 mg t.i.d. or 50 mg b.i.d. Ro 10--9359 proved to be an extremely potent antipsoriatic drug. A more than 90% reduction of psoriatic lesions could be seen in 10 patients out of 20 after 4-8 weeks of treatment. This good effect lasted about 5 weeks after treatment. Side effects were frequent, but mostly mild and completely reversible after termination of treatment.", "contents": "Severe psoriasis--oral therapy with a new retinoid. Ro 10-9359 is a retinoic acid derivative, selected for study because of a better tolerance than retinoic acid, shown in animal experiments. Doses of 25 mg b.i.d., 25 mg t.i.d. and 50 mg b.i.d. were administered orally to 27 patients suffering from severe chronic generalized psoriasis. The clinical efficacy was evaluated by means of a new index, psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) based on severity and area of psoriatic lesions. At doses of 25 mg t.i.d. or 50 mg b.i.d. Ro 10--9359 proved to be an extremely potent antipsoriatic drug. A more than 90% reduction of psoriatic lesions could be seen in 10 patients out of 20 after 4-8 weeks of treatment. This good effect lasted about 5 weeks after treatment. Side effects were frequent, but mostly mild and completely reversible after termination of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:357214", "title": "Treatment of urogenital/rectal gonorrhoea in males and females with epicillin in combination with probenecid.", "content": "This paper describes the results of treatment of 124 patients (78 male and 46 female) with urogenital/rectal gonorrhoea with epicillin (3.5 g orally) in combination with 1 g of probenecid (instant therapy). High cure rates were found for both the male (98.6%) and female patients (100%). Serious drawbacks of this treatment are a high frequency of postgonococcal urethritis (45.6%) and a short-lived increase in the frequency and looseness of faecal discharge in a considerable amount of patients (6.8% in the male and 22.7% in the female patients).", "contents": "Treatment of urogenital/rectal gonorrhoea in males and females with epicillin in combination with probenecid. This paper describes the results of treatment of 124 patients (78 male and 46 female) with urogenital/rectal gonorrhoea with epicillin (3.5 g orally) in combination with 1 g of probenecid (instant therapy). High cure rates were found for both the male (98.6%) and female patients (100%). Serious drawbacks of this treatment are a high frequency of postgonococcal urethritis (45.6%) and a short-lived increase in the frequency and looseness of faecal discharge in a considerable amount of patients (6.8% in the male and 22.7% in the female patients)."}
{"id": "PMID:357220", "title": "Immunological milestones in ontogeny.", "content": "Age-equivalence shows that certain differentiative events and the onset of various types of immunocompetence follow the same sequence in all species as lymphocytes emerge during development.", "contents": "Immunological milestones in ontogeny. Age-equivalence shows that certain differentiative events and the onset of various types of immunocompetence follow the same sequence in all species as lymphocytes emerge during development."}
{"id": "PMID:357221", "title": "Effect of temperature on transplantation immunity in Ambystoma mexicanum.", "content": "Juvenile and mature neotenous Ambystoma mexicanum received allogeneic and xenogeneic skin transplants. Rejection times for 1st-set, and 3rd-set grafts were noted at 21 degrees C, and for axolotls placed in a cold-room at 7 degrees C 7 h post-grafting, 1 week post-grafting and 2 weeks post-grafting respectively. In all cases graft-rejection was chronic; 2nd and 3rd-set grafts were rejected progressively more rapidly than 1st-set grafts. An important temperature-sensitive event occurs during the 1st week post-grafting.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on transplantation immunity in Ambystoma mexicanum. Juvenile and mature neotenous Ambystoma mexicanum received allogeneic and xenogeneic skin transplants. Rejection times for 1st-set, and 3rd-set grafts were noted at 21 degrees C, and for axolotls placed in a cold-room at 7 degrees C 7 h post-grafting, 1 week post-grafting and 2 weeks post-grafting respectively. In all cases graft-rejection was chronic; 2nd and 3rd-set grafts were rejected progressively more rapidly than 1st-set grafts. An important temperature-sensitive event occurs during the 1st week post-grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:357223", "title": "Specific visualization of the distribution of the calcium dependent regulatory protein of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (modulator protein) in tissue culture cells by immunofluorescence microscopy: mitosis and intercellular bridge.", "content": "Monospecific antibodies against the homogeneous Ca++ dependent regulatory protein of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CDR protein) from bovine brain were used in indirect immunofluorescence microscopy to visualize the cytoplasmic organization of this key regulatory protein in growing tissue culture cells. Although cells during interphase reveal only a weak general cytoplasmic fluorescence, a dramatic reorganization of CDR protein occurs with the onset of mitosis. Throughout the different mitotic stages CDR protein is strongly concentrated in the two polar parts of each half spindle. After completion of telophase (CDR protein appears at both cytoplasmic ends of the intercellular bridge which still connects the two daughter cells. Parallel use of monospecific antibodies against CDR protein and tubulin emphasizes the spatial restriction in the localization of CDR protein during mitosis and early G1 phase of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Specific visualization of the distribution of the calcium dependent regulatory protein of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (modulator protein) in tissue culture cells by immunofluorescence microscopy: mitosis and intercellular bridge. Monospecific antibodies against the homogeneous Ca++ dependent regulatory protein of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CDR protein) from bovine brain were used in indirect immunofluorescence microscopy to visualize the cytoplasmic organization of this key regulatory protein in growing tissue culture cells. Although cells during interphase reveal only a weak general cytoplasmic fluorescence, a dramatic reorganization of CDR protein occurs with the onset of mitosis. Throughout the different mitotic stages CDR protein is strongly concentrated in the two polar parts of each half spindle. After completion of telophase (CDR protein appears at both cytoplasmic ends of the intercellular bridge which still connects the two daughter cells. Parallel use of monospecific antibodies against CDR protein and tubulin emphasizes the spatial restriction in the localization of CDR protein during mitosis and early G1 phase of the cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:357224", "title": "The intermediate-sized filaments in rat kangaroo PtK2 cells. I. Morphology in situ.", "content": "The system of the intermediate-sized filaments (IF) of rat kangaroo PtK2 cells which can be specifically demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy using certain rabbit autoantibodies and guinea pig antibodies against bovine hoof prekeratin has been studied by electron microscopy. The characteristic ornamental, curved arrays of this system are shown after fixation in situ in both thin sections and whole-cell-preparations to represent bundles of 6 to 11 nm thick filaments extending through the whole cytoplasm, although in some cells they appear to be enriched in the perinuclear region. While many individual IF are recognized in the cytoplasm the tendency of such filaments to aggregate laterally into bundles is one of their prominent features. Among such bundle formations one form that consists of tightly packed IF cemented together in a dense osmiophilic matrix is especially conspicious. The appearance and mode of arrangement of the IF is not significantly altered in cells treated with colcemid and/or cytochalasin B. Spatial relationships of IF with microfilament-containing cables and microtubules as well as with membranous structures are also described. IF are heterogeneous in width and reveal an unstained, apparently hollow core, indicative of a tubular organization. Many IF show small, sometimes periodically arranged lateral projections which seem to be involved in IF cross-linking. Associations with polyribosomes are common. The changes in the IF system during mitosis have also been examined. The structural details of the IF as well as their possible role as cytoskeletal elements involved in the control of cell shape and cytoplasmic architecture are discussed in relation to data on various intermediate-sized filaments from other cell types. The close similarity of the IF of PtK2 cells to aggregates of prekeratin filaments is emphasized. It is suggested that PtK2 cells represent an epithelial cell line growing in a state of balanced semi-keratinization.", "contents": "The intermediate-sized filaments in rat kangaroo PtK2 cells. I. Morphology in situ. The system of the intermediate-sized filaments (IF) of rat kangaroo PtK2 cells which can be specifically demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy using certain rabbit autoantibodies and guinea pig antibodies against bovine hoof prekeratin has been studied by electron microscopy. The characteristic ornamental, curved arrays of this system are shown after fixation in situ in both thin sections and whole-cell-preparations to represent bundles of 6 to 11 nm thick filaments extending through the whole cytoplasm, although in some cells they appear to be enriched in the perinuclear region. While many individual IF are recognized in the cytoplasm the tendency of such filaments to aggregate laterally into bundles is one of their prominent features. Among such bundle formations one form that consists of tightly packed IF cemented together in a dense osmiophilic matrix is especially conspicious. The appearance and mode of arrangement of the IF is not significantly altered in cells treated with colcemid and/or cytochalasin B. Spatial relationships of IF with microfilament-containing cables and microtubules as well as with membranous structures are also described. IF are heterogeneous in width and reveal an unstained, apparently hollow core, indicative of a tubular organization. Many IF show small, sometimes periodically arranged lateral projections which seem to be involved in IF cross-linking. Associations with polyribosomes are common. The changes in the IF system during mitosis have also been examined. The structural details of the IF as well as their possible role as cytoskeletal elements involved in the control of cell shape and cytoplasmic architecture are discussed in relation to data on various intermediate-sized filaments from other cell types. The close similarity of the IF of PtK2 cells to aggregates of prekeratin filaments is emphasized. It is suggested that PtK2 cells represent an epithelial cell line growing in a state of balanced semi-keratinization."}
{"id": "PMID:357225", "title": "The intermediate-sized filaments in rat kangaroo PtK2 cells. II. Structure and composition of isolated filaments.", "content": "When cultured cells of the rat kangaroo cell line PtK2 grown on plastic or glass surfaces are lysed and extracted with combinations of low and high salt buffers and the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 cytoskeletal preparations are obtained that show an enrichment of 6 to 11 nm thick filaments. The arrays of these filaments have been examined by various light and electron microscopic techniques, including ultrathin sectioning, whole mount transmission electron microscopy, negative staining, and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. In addition, 6 to 11 nm filaments isolated from these cells with similar extraction procedures and with centrifugation techniques have been examined by electron microscopy. The arrays of these isolated intermediate-sized filaments, their ultrastructure and their specific decoration by certain antibodies present in normal rabbit sera as well as by guinea pig antibodies against purified bovine prekeratin is demonstrated. When preparations enriched in these intermediate-sized filaments are examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a corresponding enrichment of three polypeptide bands with apparent molecular weights of about 45 000, 52 000 and 58 000 (the latter component sometimes appears split into two bands) is observed, besides some residual actin and a few high molecular weight bands. The morphology of the isolated filaments, their immunological reaction with antibodies decorating prekeratin-containing structures, and the sizes of their constitutive polypeptides suggest that these filaments are closely related to prekeratin-containing filaments observed in a variety of epithelial cells.", "contents": "The intermediate-sized filaments in rat kangaroo PtK2 cells. II. Structure and composition of isolated filaments. When cultured cells of the rat kangaroo cell line PtK2 grown on plastic or glass surfaces are lysed and extracted with combinations of low and high salt buffers and the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 cytoskeletal preparations are obtained that show an enrichment of 6 to 11 nm thick filaments. The arrays of these filaments have been examined by various light and electron microscopic techniques, including ultrathin sectioning, whole mount transmission electron microscopy, negative staining, and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. In addition, 6 to 11 nm filaments isolated from these cells with similar extraction procedures and with centrifugation techniques have been examined by electron microscopy. The arrays of these isolated intermediate-sized filaments, their ultrastructure and their specific decoration by certain antibodies present in normal rabbit sera as well as by guinea pig antibodies against purified bovine prekeratin is demonstrated. When preparations enriched in these intermediate-sized filaments are examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a corresponding enrichment of three polypeptide bands with apparent molecular weights of about 45 000, 52 000 and 58 000 (the latter component sometimes appears split into two bands) is observed, besides some residual actin and a few high molecular weight bands. The morphology of the isolated filaments, their immunological reaction with antibodies decorating prekeratin-containing structures, and the sizes of their constitutive polypeptides suggest that these filaments are closely related to prekeratin-containing filaments observed in a variety of epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:357227", "title": "Amikacin in gram-negative paediatric infections.", "content": "Amikacin was used in the treatment of various Gram-negative infections in sixty-six children ranging in age from two days to thirteen years. Over 72% of the infections treated were classified as severe and the remainder were moderate. Among infections in which the site of origin was the urinary or gastro-intestinal tract, amikacin achieved thirty-eight (95%) complete or partial cures in forty patients. In respiratory tract infections, amikacin completely or partially cured six (75%) out of eight patients. The remaining eighteen infections involved skin, soft tissue and other miscellaneous categories in which amikacin therapy resulted in seventeen (94%) complete or partial cures. Overall, amikacin achieved fifty-four  complete cures and seven clinical or bacteriological cures in sixty-six patients, which represents an 82% complete cure rate and 10% partial cure rate for all the patients in the study.", "contents": "Amikacin in gram-negative paediatric infections. Amikacin was used in the treatment of various Gram-negative infections in sixty-six children ranging in age from two days to thirteen years. Over 72% of the infections treated were classified as severe and the remainder were moderate. Among infections in which the site of origin was the urinary or gastro-intestinal tract, amikacin achieved thirty-eight (95%) complete or partial cures in forty patients. In respiratory tract infections, amikacin completely or partially cured six (75%) out of eight patients. The remaining eighteen infections involved skin, soft tissue and other miscellaneous categories in which amikacin therapy resulted in seventeen (94%) complete or partial cures. Overall, amikacin achieved fifty-four  complete cures and seven clinical or bacteriological cures in sixty-six patients, which represents an 82% complete cure rate and 10% partial cure rate for all the patients in the study."}
{"id": "PMID:357228", "title": "Amikacin in the treatment of genito-urinary tract infections in cancer patients.", "content": "Amikacin was used in the treatment of severe urinary tract infections in twenty-five seriously ill patients. In twenty-four of the patients, cystitis or pyelonephritis complicated carcinoma of the bladder. Structural changes in the urinary tract, resulting from schistosomiasis, presented additional obstacles to treatment in many of the patients. The most commonly isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas. Most patients received 500 mg of amikacin every twelve hours. Three patients experienced adverse renal reactions which showed subsequent improvement. Amikacin effected twenty-one (84%) complete cures and four (16%) clinical cures in the twenty-five patients. This represents 100% clinical success in this study.", "contents": "Amikacin in the treatment of genito-urinary tract infections in cancer patients. Amikacin was used in the treatment of severe urinary tract infections in twenty-five seriously ill patients. In twenty-four of the patients, cystitis or pyelonephritis complicated carcinoma of the bladder. Structural changes in the urinary tract, resulting from schistosomiasis, presented additional obstacles to treatment in many of the patients. The most commonly isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas. Most patients received 500 mg of amikacin every twelve hours. Three patients experienced adverse renal reactions which showed subsequent improvement. Amikacin effected twenty-one (84%) complete cures and four (16%) clinical cures in the twenty-five patients. This represents 100% clinical success in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:357229", "title": "Clinical experience with cefadroxil in upper and lower respiratory tract infections.", "content": "Cefadroxil is a new semisynthetic oral cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Absorption of cefadroxil is unaffected by food, its serum levels are prolonged and it is excreted in the urine at a relatively slow rate compared to cephalexin. In the treatment of 108 patient with upper or lower respiratory tract infections, cefadroxil effected 93% complete cures. Fifty-five of the patients had upper respiratory tract infections and fifty-three had lower respiratory tract infections; among them cefadroxil acheived clinical success rates of 100% and 96%, respectively. Cefadroxil was clinically successful in eight (89%) out of nine patients whose infections were caused by mixed aetiologies. The principal causative agents were Staphylococcus aureus, beta-haemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Overall bacterial eradication produced by cefadroxil was 112 (91%) of 123 organisms isolated from 108 patients. Reports of mild and transient side-effects in only 3.7% of the patients showed that the drug was well tolerated.", "contents": "Clinical experience with cefadroxil in upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Cefadroxil is a new semisynthetic oral cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Absorption of cefadroxil is unaffected by food, its serum levels are prolonged and it is excreted in the urine at a relatively slow rate compared to cephalexin. In the treatment of 108 patient with upper or lower respiratory tract infections, cefadroxil effected 93% complete cures. Fifty-five of the patients had upper respiratory tract infections and fifty-three had lower respiratory tract infections; among them cefadroxil acheived clinical success rates of 100% and 96%, respectively. Cefadroxil was clinically successful in eight (89%) out of nine patients whose infections were caused by mixed aetiologies. The principal causative agents were Staphylococcus aureus, beta-haemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Overall bacterial eradication produced by cefadroxil was 112 (91%) of 123 organisms isolated from 108 patients. Reports of mild and transient side-effects in only 3.7% of the patients showed that the drug was well tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:357230", "title": "Netilmicin: a review of toxicity in laboratory animals.", "content": "The data on the toxicity of netilmicin in laboratory animals as well as preliminary data in man are reviewed. Netilmicin is less toxic to the VIIIth nerve than is gentamicin in all species tested. The data suggest that it probably is less ototoxic than tobramycin, although confirmatory studies should be performed. Netilmicin is also nephrotoxic than gentamicin in all species tested. It is less nephrotoxic than tobramycin in the rat and dog. Comparisons in the rat suggest that netilmicin has a flat dose--response curve that resembles the curve produced by streptomycin. In animals, netilmicin produces more neuromuscular blockade than gentamicin; however, neuromuscular blockade with aminoglycosides in man is rare and thus far no episodes have been associated with netilmicin during clinical investigation. Initial clinical studies in man indicate that netilmicin is efficacious and well tolerated. Presently available data suggest that netilmicin offers distinct advantages over older aminoglycosides. Final conclusions must await prospective randomized double-blind trials in man.", "contents": "Netilmicin: a review of toxicity in laboratory animals. The data on the toxicity of netilmicin in laboratory animals as well as preliminary data in man are reviewed. Netilmicin is less toxic to the VIIIth nerve than is gentamicin in all species tested. The data suggest that it probably is less ototoxic than tobramycin, although confirmatory studies should be performed. Netilmicin is also nephrotoxic than gentamicin in all species tested. It is less nephrotoxic than tobramycin in the rat and dog. Comparisons in the rat suggest that netilmicin has a flat dose--response curve that resembles the curve produced by streptomycin. In animals, netilmicin produces more neuromuscular blockade than gentamicin; however, neuromuscular blockade with aminoglycosides in man is rare and thus far no episodes have been associated with netilmicin during clinical investigation. Initial clinical studies in man indicate that netilmicin is efficacious and well tolerated. Presently available data suggest that netilmicin offers distinct advantages over older aminoglycosides. Final conclusions must await prospective randomized double-blind trials in man."}
{"id": "PMID:357231", "title": "A double-blind crossover evaluation of ketoprofen (Orudis) and placebo in rheumatoid arthritis with assessment of long-term tolerance.", "content": "A two-week double-blind crossover study of ketoprofen, a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, and placebo was done in ten patients with active rheumatoid arthritis in order to obtain a preliminary efficacy estimate of this new drug. Even after only one week of treatment, joint activity was significantly reduced while other parameters of disease activity showed strong clinical trends in favour of the drug. Only one adverse reaction (mild nausea) was reported during ketoprofen therapy. At the conclusion of the double-blind study, seven patients volunteered to continue on ketoprofen to evaluate the tolerance of the drug during proptracted administration. All patients completed over twelve months of treatment. Overall, ketoprofen gave good control of pain and inflammation, gastro-intestinal disturbance was reported in a single instance and laboratory values were not adversely affected by the drug.", "contents": "A double-blind crossover evaluation of ketoprofen (Orudis) and placebo in rheumatoid arthritis with assessment of long-term tolerance. A two-week double-blind crossover study of ketoprofen, a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, and placebo was done in ten patients with active rheumatoid arthritis in order to obtain a preliminary efficacy estimate of this new drug. Even after only one week of treatment, joint activity was significantly reduced while other parameters of disease activity showed strong clinical trends in favour of the drug. Only one adverse reaction (mild nausea) was reported during ketoprofen therapy. At the conclusion of the double-blind study, seven patients volunteered to continue on ketoprofen to evaluate the tolerance of the drug during proptracted administration. All patients completed over twelve months of treatment. Overall, ketoprofen gave good control of pain and inflammation, gastro-intestinal disturbance was reported in a single instance and laboratory values were not adversely affected by the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:357233", "title": "Kinetics of analgesic response in man; an example with two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs.", "content": "A double-blind, controlled trial is described in which a total of forty hospital in-patients suffering from severe post-operative pain were randomly allocated to treatment with one of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, namely, either indoprofen which has a short half-life (two-hours) or naproxen which has a long half-life (thirteen hours). The drugs were administered orally on a single-dose basis. The doses used in this way were 300 mg of indoprofen or 250 mg of naproxen. Patients scored the severity of their pain on a five-point scale and these scores were recorded prior to and at fixed time intervals up to eight hours following administration of medication. No significant differences emerged between the two test drugs and the duration of the response was also found to be similar for the two compounds despite their very different plasma half-life values.", "contents": "Kinetics of analgesic response in man; an example with two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs. A double-blind, controlled trial is described in which a total of forty hospital in-patients suffering from severe post-operative pain were randomly allocated to treatment with one of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, namely, either indoprofen which has a short half-life (two-hours) or naproxen which has a long half-life (thirteen hours). The drugs were administered orally on a single-dose basis. The doses used in this way were 300 mg of indoprofen or 250 mg of naproxen. Patients scored the severity of their pain on a five-point scale and these scores were recorded prior to and at fixed time intervals up to eight hours following administration of medication. No significant differences emerged between the two test drugs and the duration of the response was also found to be similar for the two compounds despite their very different plasma half-life values."}
{"id": "PMID:357239", "title": "Effect of anticancer therapy of lymphocyte cytotoxicity in lung cancer patients.", "content": "Cytotoxicity of lymphocytes against allogeneic target cells of a bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma was examined by a microcytotoxicity test in lung cancer patients after the various kinds of anticancer treatment. Cytotoxicity in untreated cases at stages I, II, and III was higher than the range of controls, but cytotoxicity in those at stage IV decreased to the range of controls. Tumor resection augmented cytotoxicity in patients at stages II and III, when the assays were carried out 3 weeks after the operation. Local irradiation of tumors augmented cytotoxicity in patients at stages II, III, and IV, when the assays were carried out 1 week after the last irradiation. Immunotherapy with BCG cell-wall skeleton augmented cytotoxicity  to a marked degree in patients at stages I, II, III, and IV, when the assays were carried out after 4 months of a continuous treatment. The microcytotoxicity test may be useful for estimating the reactivity of lymphocytes in lung cancer patients in various situations.", "contents": "Effect of anticancer therapy of lymphocyte cytotoxicity in lung cancer patients. Cytotoxicity of lymphocytes against allogeneic target cells of a bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma was examined by a microcytotoxicity test in lung cancer patients after the various kinds of anticancer treatment. Cytotoxicity in untreated cases at stages I, II, and III was higher than the range of controls, but cytotoxicity in those at stage IV decreased to the range of controls. Tumor resection augmented cytotoxicity in patients at stages II and III, when the assays were carried out 3 weeks after the operation. Local irradiation of tumors augmented cytotoxicity in patients at stages II, III, and IV, when the assays were carried out 1 week after the last irradiation. Immunotherapy with BCG cell-wall skeleton augmented cytotoxicity  to a marked degree in patients at stages I, II, III, and IV, when the assays were carried out after 4 months of a continuous treatment. The microcytotoxicity test may be useful for estimating the reactivity of lymphocytes in lung cancer patients in various situations."}
{"id": "PMID:357240", "title": "Effect of intravenous infusion of somatostatin on gastric, pancreatic and biliary secretion in the rat.", "content": "The effect of somatostatin (GH-RIH) on gastric, pancreatic and biliary secretion was examined in the anesthetized rats. Intravenous infusion of the hormone, in graded doses ranging from 1 to 16 microgram/kg/hr, produced a dose dependent inhibition of pentagastrin, 1.5 microgram/kg/hr, induced acid secretion, reaching about 54% of control level at the dose of 16 microgram/kg/hr. Somatostatin, 4, 16 and 64 microgram/kg/hr, inhibited the pancreatic juice volume stimulated by intravenous injection of secretin, 1 u/kg, as a bolus. Somatostastin, 2, 8, 32 and 128 microgram/kg/30 min, did not change the bile flow rate in control period. Somatostatin may play a physiological role in the regulation of the secretory process of the stomach and pancreas.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous infusion of somatostatin on gastric, pancreatic and biliary secretion in the rat. The effect of somatostatin (GH-RIH) on gastric, pancreatic and biliary secretion was examined in the anesthetized rats. Intravenous infusion of the hormone, in graded doses ranging from 1 to 16 microgram/kg/hr, produced a dose dependent inhibition of pentagastrin, 1.5 microgram/kg/hr, induced acid secretion, reaching about 54% of control level at the dose of 16 microgram/kg/hr. Somatostatin, 4, 16 and 64 microgram/kg/hr, inhibited the pancreatic juice volume stimulated by intravenous injection of secretin, 1 u/kg, as a bolus. Somatostastin, 2, 8, 32 and 128 microgram/kg/30 min, did not change the bile flow rate in control period. Somatostatin may play a physiological role in the regulation of the secretory process of the stomach and pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:357241", "title": "[Goethe's morphology definition and the problem of relationship of the Cro-magnons to the primitive Germans (Carl Gegenbaur)].", "content": "The problem of the Teutons' origin has been considered to be open up to this day though some scientists have worked on this field since 1912. Anthropologists and linguists as BRAUN, FEIST, GUNTERT, KOPPELMANN, PAUDLER and V.D. VELDEN produced many evidences in favour of the hypothesis the Teutons to be a mixture of the Old European Cro-Magnons speaking an archaic ural-altaic idiom with the Indo-Europeans immigrating into Europe from Asia. The Kelts may have a similar origin but they might include the Berbers of ancient Iberia as a third component. The hypothesis mentioned above was able to be ignored as far as an archaic language of the postulated type was unknown in the extremely western Euro-Saharanian territory. By means of a aerohydrodynamic model a hint was received to the probable existence of such a language in western Atlas or in one of the Mauretanian oases. This is not the case. But an archaic not-Berberized language preserved until the Spanish Conquest is found on the central isles of the Canary Islands. This language is handed down by some Spanish, Portuguese, and French chroniclers but mostly by the Italian engineer TORRIANI. His autograph found out and published by WOLFEL (1940) contains two poems (endechas), some sentences, and many separate words. Other clauses and single words are held in the manuscripts of the other writers. The oldest layer of Canary language (i.e. the Altaic stratum) passed for unintelligible until the summer of 1977. The earliest colonization of the Canary Islands by Cr\u00f4-Magnons is doubtless on the strength of many anthropological examinations. The analysis of the two endechas and of 12 clauses tolerably handed down shows an Altaic language of an early type which still consists of words and formatives surviving only in one or two of the today's Altaic daughter-languages as Turkish, Mongolian, and Tunguso-Manchu, only seldom in all of them. The conicidence of surviving both of Cr\u00f4-Magnon-typical men and of the archaic Altaic language on the Canary Islands as a reservation of megalithic civilization up to the Middle Ages (XVIth century) approves the hypothesis mentioned above.", "contents": "[Goethe's morphology definition and the problem of relationship of the Cro-magnons to the primitive Germans (Carl Gegenbaur)]. The problem of the Teutons' origin has been considered to be open up to this day though some scientists have worked on this field since 1912. Anthropologists and linguists as BRAUN, FEIST, GUNTERT, KOPPELMANN, PAUDLER and V.D. VELDEN produced many evidences in favour of the hypothesis the Teutons to be a mixture of the Old European Cro-Magnons speaking an archaic ural-altaic idiom with the Indo-Europeans immigrating into Europe from Asia. The Kelts may have a similar origin but they might include the Berbers of ancient Iberia as a third component. The hypothesis mentioned above was able to be ignored as far as an archaic language of the postulated type was unknown in the extremely western Euro-Saharanian territory. By means of a aerohydrodynamic model a hint was received to the probable existence of such a language in western Atlas or in one of the Mauretanian oases. This is not the case. But an archaic not-Berberized language preserved until the Spanish Conquest is found on the central isles of the Canary Islands. This language is handed down by some Spanish, Portuguese, and French chroniclers but mostly by the Italian engineer TORRIANI. His autograph found out and published by WOLFEL (1940) contains two poems (endechas), some sentences, and many separate words. Other clauses and single words are held in the manuscripts of the other writers. The oldest layer of Canary language (i.e. the Altaic stratum) passed for unintelligible until the summer of 1977. The earliest colonization of the Canary Islands by Cr\u00f4-Magnons is doubtless on the strength of many anthropological examinations. The analysis of the two endechas and of 12 clauses tolerably handed down shows an Altaic language of an early type which still consists of words and formatives surviving only in one or two of the today's Altaic daughter-languages as Turkish, Mongolian, and Tunguso-Manchu, only seldom in all of them. The conicidence of surviving both of Cr\u00f4-Magnon-typical men and of the archaic Altaic language on the Canary Islands as a reservation of megalithic civilization up to the Middle Ages (XVIth century) approves the hypothesis mentioned above."}
{"id": "PMID:357242", "title": "[The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of the red deer (Cervus elaphus)--anatomical corrosion studies].", "content": "By means of thirty skulls of dominating female animals the formation and topography of the Cavum nasi and its Sinus paranasales of the red-deer are described. The main results are on the one hand the total absence of a Sinus frontalis and a Sinus sphenoidalis and on the other hand the characteristic formation of the Sinus ethmoidales. Amongst critical discussion with the available literature concerning the pneumatisation of skulls of red-deer a comparison with the well-known findings about the Cavum nasi and its Sinus paranasalis at the sheep, goat, roe-deer and cattle is following.", "contents": "[The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of the red deer (Cervus elaphus)--anatomical corrosion studies]. By means of thirty skulls of dominating female animals the formation and topography of the Cavum nasi and its Sinus paranasales of the red-deer are described. The main results are on the one hand the total absence of a Sinus frontalis and a Sinus sphenoidalis and on the other hand the characteristic formation of the Sinus ethmoidales. Amongst critical discussion with the available literature concerning the pneumatisation of skulls of red-deer a comparison with the well-known findings about the Cavum nasi and its Sinus paranasalis at the sheep, goat, roe-deer and cattle is following."}
{"id": "PMID:357245", "title": "Uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial genes in yeast: dependence on input bias of mitochondrial DNA and preliminary investigations of the mechanism.", "content": "In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, previous studies on the inheritance of mitochondrial genes controlling antibiotic resistance have shown that some crosses produce a substantial number of uniparental zygotes, which transmit to their diploid progeny mitochondrial alleles from only one parent. In this paper, we show that uniparental zygotes are formed especially when one parent (majority parent) contributes substantially more mitochondrial DNA molecules to the zygote than does the other (minority) parent. Cellular contents of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are increased in these experiments by treatment with cycloheximide, alpha-factor, or the uvsp5 nuclear mutation. In such a biased cross, some zygotes are uniparental for mitochondrial alleles from the majority parent, and the frequency of such zygotes increases with increasing bias. In two- and three-factor crosses the cap1, ery1, and oli1 loci behave coordinately, rather than independently; minority markers tend to be transmitted or lost as a unit, suggesting that the uniparental mechanism acts on entire mtDNA molecules rather than on individual loci. This rules out the possibility that uniparental inheritance can be explained by the conversion of minority markers to the majority alleles during recombination. Exceptions to the coordinate behavior of different loci can be explained by marker rescue via recombination. Uniparental inheritance is largely independent of the position of buds on the zygote. We conclude that it is due to the failure of minority markers to replicate in some zygotes, possibly involving the rapid enzymatic destruction of such markers. We have considered two general classes of mechanisms: (1) random selection of molecules for replication, as for example by competition for replicating sites on a membrane; and (2) differential marking of mtDNA molecules in the two parents, possibly by modification enzymes, followed by a mechanism that \"counts\" molecules and replicates only the majority type. These classes of models are distinguished genetically by the fact that the first predicts that the output frequency of a given allele among the progeny of a large number of zygotes will approximately equal the average input frequency of that allele, while the second class predicts that any input bias will be amplified in the output. The data suggest that bias amplification does occur. We hypothesize that maternal inheritance of mitochondrial or chloroplast genes in many organisms may depend upon a biased input of organelle DNA molecules, which usually favors the maternal parent, followed by failure of the minority (paternal) molecules to replicate in many or all zygotes.", "contents": "Uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial genes in yeast: dependence on input bias of mitochondrial DNA and preliminary investigations of the mechanism. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, previous studies on the inheritance of mitochondrial genes controlling antibiotic resistance have shown that some crosses produce a substantial number of uniparental zygotes, which transmit to their diploid progeny mitochondrial alleles from only one parent. In this paper, we show that uniparental zygotes are formed especially when one parent (majority parent) contributes substantially more mitochondrial DNA molecules to the zygote than does the other (minority) parent. Cellular contents of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are increased in these experiments by treatment with cycloheximide, alpha-factor, or the uvsp5 nuclear mutation. In such a biased cross, some zygotes are uniparental for mitochondrial alleles from the majority parent, and the frequency of such zygotes increases with increasing bias. In two- and three-factor crosses the cap1, ery1, and oli1 loci behave coordinately, rather than independently; minority markers tend to be transmitted or lost as a unit, suggesting that the uniparental mechanism acts on entire mtDNA molecules rather than on individual loci. This rules out the possibility that uniparental inheritance can be explained by the conversion of minority markers to the majority alleles during recombination. Exceptions to the coordinate behavior of different loci can be explained by marker rescue via recombination. Uniparental inheritance is largely independent of the position of buds on the zygote. We conclude that it is due to the failure of minority markers to replicate in some zygotes, possibly involving the rapid enzymatic destruction of such markers. We have considered two general classes of mechanisms: (1) random selection of molecules for replication, as for example by competition for replicating sites on a membrane; and (2) differential marking of mtDNA molecules in the two parents, possibly by modification enzymes, followed by a mechanism that \"counts\" molecules and replicates only the majority type. These classes of models are distinguished genetically by the fact that the first predicts that the output frequency of a given allele among the progeny of a large number of zygotes will approximately equal the average input frequency of that allele, while the second class predicts that any input bias will be amplified in the output. The data suggest that bias amplification does occur. We hypothesize that maternal inheritance of mitochondrial or chloroplast genes in many organisms may depend upon a biased input of organelle DNA molecules, which usually favors the maternal parent, followed by failure of the minority (paternal) molecules to replicate in many or all zygotes."}
{"id": "PMID:357247", "title": "[Genetic effects of the decay of tritium incorporated into Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells. I. Lethal effect of 3H-alanine on cells of different ploidy and radiosensitivity].", "content": "Lethal effect of 3H-alanine on cells of different ploidy (1n-4n) and radiosensitivity wild type haploid and diploid strains; xrs2 mutant and diploid strains homozygous for this mutation is studied. It is shown that the efficiency of the inactivation per tritium decay depends on ploidy, radiosensitivity and geometric dimension of cells and nuclei. Do for all the studied strains is slightly higher than Do for these strains in case of external beta-irradiation. RBE of beta-ray tritium with respect to beta-ray of 32P is 1.5.", "contents": "[Genetic effects of the decay of tritium incorporated into Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells. I. Lethal effect of 3H-alanine on cells of different ploidy and radiosensitivity]. Lethal effect of 3H-alanine on cells of different ploidy (1n-4n) and radiosensitivity wild type haploid and diploid strains; xrs2 mutant and diploid strains homozygous for this mutation is studied. It is shown that the efficiency of the inactivation per tritium decay depends on ploidy, radiosensitivity and geometric dimension of cells and nuclei. Do for all the studied strains is slightly higher than Do for these strains in case of external beta-irradiation. RBE of beta-ray tritium with respect to beta-ray of 32P is 1.5."}
{"id": "PMID:357248", "title": "Hybrid plasmids containing the araBAD genes of Escherichia coli B/r.", "content": "The DNA fragments generated by restriction endonuclease BamI which contain the araCBAD genes from E.coli B/r have been cloned. The DNA fragments containing ara genes were idenified by a compairson of the BamI fragments of lambdah80dara phages containing different ara deletion mutations. The ara genes were cloned into the plasmid pBR317, a derivative of ColE1. The cloned DNA fragments were analyzed by digestion with pairs of restriction endonucleases to determine the molecular weight of the chimeras and to identify the cloned ara DNA fragments. The cloned ara fragments were also identified by genetic complementation and recombination tests.", "contents": "Hybrid plasmids containing the araBAD genes of Escherichia coli B/r. The DNA fragments generated by restriction endonuclease BamI which contain the araCBAD genes from E.coli B/r have been cloned. The DNA fragments containing ara genes were idenified by a compairson of the BamI fragments of lambdah80dara phages containing different ara deletion mutations. The ara genes were cloned into the plasmid pBR317, a derivative of ColE1. The cloned DNA fragments were analyzed by digestion with pairs of restriction endonucleases to determine the molecular weight of the chimeras and to identify the cloned ara DNA fragments. The cloned ara fragments were also identified by genetic complementation and recombination tests."}
{"id": "PMID:357249", "title": "Cloning of chemically synthesized lactose operators. II. EcoRI-linkered operators.", "content": "A 40 base, mainly duplex DNA segment, with the following sequence pAATTCCACATGTGGAATTGTGAGCGGATAACAATTTGTT (3') GGTGTACACCTTAACACTCGCCTATTGTTAAACACCTTAAp (5') has been synthesized by combination of chemical and enzymatic methods. It consists of a wild-type lactose operator sequence (boxed) bracketed by \"linker\" sequences which permit excision of the segment from plasmid vehicles by the EcoRI restriction endonuclease. This segment has been ligated into the pMB9 plasmid and the resulting operator plasmids used to transform E. coli K-12. Among the transformant products were strains carrying plasmids with one, two, three, or four operator segments in tandem. Derepression of the lactose operon effected by these plasmids in vivo as well as the lifetimes of complexes formed between repressor and these plasmids in vitro increase with increasing numbers of operators per plasmid.", "contents": "Cloning of chemically synthesized lactose operators. II. EcoRI-linkered operators. A 40 base, mainly duplex DNA segment, with the following sequence pAATTCCACATGTGGAATTGTGAGCGGATAACAATTTGTT (3') GGTGTACACCTTAACACTCGCCTATTGTTAAACACCTTAAp (5') has been synthesized by combination of chemical and enzymatic methods. It consists of a wild-type lactose operator sequence (boxed) bracketed by \"linker\" sequences which permit excision of the segment from plasmid vehicles by the EcoRI restriction endonuclease. This segment has been ligated into the pMB9 plasmid and the resulting operator plasmids used to transform E. coli K-12. Among the transformant products were strains carrying plasmids with one, two, three, or four operator segments in tandem. Derepression of the lactose operon effected by these plasmids in vivo as well as the lifetimes of complexes formed between repressor and these plasmids in vitro increase with increasing numbers of operators per plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:357250", "title": "Isolation of the regulatory segment of the biotin operons of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A DNA fragment of 463 base pairs has been isolated by HpaII digestion of the EcoRI cleaved lambdabiot124-10 DNA fragment containing the Escherichia coli biotin gene cluster. This HpaII subfragment contains the biotin regulator region. The biotin regulator DNA has been characterized by electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis, RNA polymerase binding capacity, and the ability to initiate leftward and rightward transcriptions. The two RNA polymerase binding sites are located 63 base pairs and 117 base pairs away from the left end of the HpaII fragment. Both the left- and rightward RNA transcripts have adenosine triphosphates at their 5' end.", "contents": "Isolation of the regulatory segment of the biotin operons of Escherichia coli K-12. A DNA fragment of 463 base pairs has been isolated by HpaII digestion of the EcoRI cleaved lambdabiot124-10 DNA fragment containing the Escherichia coli biotin gene cluster. This HpaII subfragment contains the biotin regulator region. The biotin regulator DNA has been characterized by electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis, RNA polymerase binding capacity, and the ability to initiate leftward and rightward transcriptions. The two RNA polymerase binding sites are located 63 base pairs and 117 base pairs away from the left end of the HpaII fragment. Both the left- and rightward RNA transcripts have adenosine triphosphates at their 5' end."}
{"id": "PMID:357251", "title": "A thermoinducible lambda phage-ColE1 plasmid chimera for the overproduction of gene products from cloned DNA segments.", "content": "Two segments of lambda have been cloned into the multicopy plasmid pBR322. One extends from N through cII (NcII segment, from 71.3 to 81.0% on the physical map) and the other from N through P (NOP segment, from 71.3 to 86.5% on the physical map). Cells carrying these recombinant plasmids express lambda immunity (cIts) and Rex function. In addition, they decrease the efficiency of plating at 32 degrees C of lambdavir and lambdaimm434, but not that of lambdaimm21. Recombinant plasmids with lambdaNOP segments (pKC14, pKC16) differ from recombinant plasmid with labmdaNcII segment (pKC10) in two respects: (i) strains carrying pKC14 or pKC16 are killed at 42 degrees C, and (ii) these strains are thermally inducible for plasmid DNA synthesis, resulting in increase of plasmid copy number from an uninduced level of 50 to more than 130 per chromosome. It was suggested that both these differences are related to functions contained in the lambda DNA segment extending from 81.0 to 86.5%. The usefulness of plasmid pKC16 for overproduction of gene products from cloned DNA segments was demonstrated by cloning the E. coli exonuclease III gene (xth) in pKC16. Thermal induction of this xth plasmid (pSGr) results in a 125-fold increase in exonuclease III activity over that of a control strain lacking the xth gene insert. The extent of exonuclease III overproduction obtained by cloning xth gene in a lambda vector was similar to that obtained with pSGR3.", "contents": "A thermoinducible lambda phage-ColE1 plasmid chimera for the overproduction of gene products from cloned DNA segments. Two segments of lambda have been cloned into the multicopy plasmid pBR322. One extends from N through cII (NcII segment, from 71.3 to 81.0% on the physical map) and the other from N through P (NOP segment, from 71.3 to 86.5% on the physical map). Cells carrying these recombinant plasmids express lambda immunity (cIts) and Rex function. In addition, they decrease the efficiency of plating at 32 degrees C of lambdavir and lambdaimm434, but not that of lambdaimm21. Recombinant plasmids with lambdaNOP segments (pKC14, pKC16) differ from recombinant plasmid with labmdaNcII segment (pKC10) in two respects: (i) strains carrying pKC14 or pKC16 are killed at 42 degrees C, and (ii) these strains are thermally inducible for plasmid DNA synthesis, resulting in increase of plasmid copy number from an uninduced level of 50 to more than 130 per chromosome. It was suggested that both these differences are related to functions contained in the lambda DNA segment extending from 81.0 to 86.5%. The usefulness of plasmid pKC16 for overproduction of gene products from cloned DNA segments was demonstrated by cloning the E. coli exonuclease III gene (xth) in pKC16. Thermal induction of this xth plasmid (pSGr) results in a 125-fold increase in exonuclease III activity over that of a control strain lacking the xth gene insert. The extent of exonuclease III overproduction obtained by cloning xth gene in a lambda vector was similar to that obtained with pSGR3."}
{"id": "PMID:357252", "title": "Human pituitary growth hormone cells in old age.", "content": "Pituitaries obtained at autopsy from 18 men and 17 women, over 80 years of age, who died of various acute illness, were investigated histologically by various staining procedures, including the immunoperoxidase technique. Compared with pituitaries of 10 male and 10 female subjects who died of short-lasting diseases between 20 and 56 years of age, no involution of growth hormone cells was found in pituitaries of the older group. Incidence, distribution, granulation and immunoreactivity of growth hormone cells showed no apparent differences related to age and sex. Lack of regression of growth hormone cells with advancing age indicates that the pituitary can produce growth hormone in old subjects.", "contents": "Human pituitary growth hormone cells in old age. Pituitaries obtained at autopsy from 18 men and 17 women, over 80 years of age, who died of various acute illness, were investigated histologically by various staining procedures, including the immunoperoxidase technique. Compared with pituitaries of 10 male and 10 female subjects who died of short-lasting diseases between 20 and 56 years of age, no involution of growth hormone cells was found in pituitaries of the older group. Incidence, distribution, granulation and immunoreactivity of growth hormone cells showed no apparent differences related to age and sex. Lack of regression of growth hormone cells with advancing age indicates that the pituitary can produce growth hormone in old subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:357265", "title": "Home health care for the elderly.", "content": "Home health services must be expanded and must include ongoing social work services. In addition to the provision of direct service, social workers are encouraged to advocate for quality home health services, to develop effective techniques for providing social services to home-care patients, to incorporate these techniques into social work education, and to become involved in the education of their medical colleagues. In this way, the home health field can begin to fulfill its goals by providing patients with quality care in the home setting, thus allowing them to remain independent and at the same time meeting their health and social needs.", "contents": "Home health care for the elderly. Home health services must be expanded and must include ongoing social work services. In addition to the provision of direct service, social workers are encouraged to advocate for quality home health services, to develop effective techniques for providing social services to home-care patients, to incorporate these techniques into social work education, and to become involved in the education of their medical colleagues. In this way, the home health field can begin to fulfill its goals by providing patients with quality care in the home setting, thus allowing them to remain independent and at the same time meeting their health and social needs."}
{"id": "PMID:357266", "title": "Diabetic patients on hemodialysis.", "content": "In general, individuals who have a chronic illness must make major emotional and physical adjustments. Do patients forced to cope with two chronic conditions make these adjustments with greater difficulty or with increased ease? This study compared diabetic and nondiabetic patients having end-stage renal disease and examined how individuals already ill with diabetes adapt to the additional stress of hemodialysis treatment.", "contents": "Diabetic patients on hemodialysis. In general, individuals who have a chronic illness must make major emotional and physical adjustments. Do patients forced to cope with two chronic conditions make these adjustments with greater difficulty or with increased ease? This study compared diabetic and nondiabetic patients having end-stage renal disease and examined how individuals already ill with diabetes adapt to the additional stress of hemodialysis treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:357267", "title": "Fatal experimental Babesia microti infections in the Norwegian lemming, Lemmus lemmus (L.).", "content": "Experimental infections of Babesia microti in laboratory-reared Clethrionomys glareolus revealed that approximately 15% of the erythrocytes were infected with single ring forms during peak parasitemia. Infected erythrocytes could be detected in blood smears up to one month post infection. C. glareolus treated with a single injection of Depo-Medrol i.m. two days prior to infection displayed a four-fold increase in number of infected erythrocytes at peak parasitemia, 35% of which contained more than one Babesia, and a prolongation of the infection. B. microti infections in 35 laboratory--reared Lemmus lemmus were fatal. Multiple invasion of erythrocytes, anemia, icterus, hemoglobinuria, anorexia and weight loss, and adrenal and splenic hypertrophy were characteristic for B. microti infections in Norwegian lemmings.", "contents": "Fatal experimental Babesia microti infections in the Norwegian lemming, Lemmus lemmus (L.). Experimental infections of Babesia microti in laboratory-reared Clethrionomys glareolus revealed that approximately 15% of the erythrocytes were infected with single ring forms during peak parasitemia. Infected erythrocytes could be detected in blood smears up to one month post infection. C. glareolus treated with a single injection of Depo-Medrol i.m. two days prior to infection displayed a four-fold increase in number of infected erythrocytes at peak parasitemia, 35% of which contained more than one Babesia, and a prolongation of the infection. B. microti infections in 35 laboratory--reared Lemmus lemmus were fatal. Multiple invasion of erythrocytes, anemia, icterus, hemoglobinuria, anorexia and weight loss, and adrenal and splenic hypertrophy were characteristic for B. microti infections in Norwegian lemmings."}
{"id": "PMID:357268", "title": "Application of R-plasmid DNA's from Escherichia coli minicells in genetic transformation.", "content": "Components of minicell lyzates of Escherichia coli P678.54 (R1 drd 19) and escherichia coli P678.54 (R6K) were visualized in an electron microscope and used for the transformation of Escherichia coli JC7623. The frequency of the resulting transformants (of the order of 10(-6)%) was not appreciably influenced by the manner of lyzate preparation. The presence of covalently closed circular DNA was detected in two different transformants using radioisotopes, thus demonstrating an autonomous existence of R1 drd 19 or R6K plasmids in tested transformants. This finding corresponds with the results of their genetic analysis.", "contents": "Application of R-plasmid DNA's from Escherichia coli minicells in genetic transformation. Components of minicell lyzates of Escherichia coli P678.54 (R1 drd 19) and escherichia coli P678.54 (R6K) were visualized in an electron microscope and used for the transformation of Escherichia coli JC7623. The frequency of the resulting transformants (of the order of 10(-6)%) was not appreciably influenced by the manner of lyzate preparation. The presence of covalently closed circular DNA was detected in two different transformants using radioisotopes, thus demonstrating an autonomous existence of R1 drd 19 or R6K plasmids in tested transformants. This finding corresponds with the results of their genetic analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:357269", "title": "Stimulation of amino acid transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "Inhibitors of energy metabolism (3-chlorophenylhydrazonomalononitrile, antimycin A, iodoacetamide, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) but not of transport (uranyl ions) stimulate at low concentrations the uptake of L-leucine, L-glutamic acid, L-arginine and, to a lesser degree, of 2-aminoisobutyric acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The effect is apparent only after augmenting the energy reserves of cells by preincubation with D-glucose or, more strikingly, with ethanol. It is absent in a mutant (op1) lacking the translocation system for ADP--ATP in mitochondria. The presence of two different energy reserves for amino acid transport is indicated (one in energy-poor, the other in energy-rich cells). The stimulating effect appears to be caused by a retarded degradation of the transport proteins as occurs at a lowered level of mitochondria-produced ATP.", "contents": "Stimulation of amino acid transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by metabolic inhibitors. Inhibitors of energy metabolism (3-chlorophenylhydrazonomalononitrile, antimycin A, iodoacetamide, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) but not of transport (uranyl ions) stimulate at low concentrations the uptake of L-leucine, L-glutamic acid, L-arginine and, to a lesser degree, of 2-aminoisobutyric acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The effect is apparent only after augmenting the energy reserves of cells by preincubation with D-glucose or, more strikingly, with ethanol. It is absent in a mutant (op1) lacking the translocation system for ADP--ATP in mitochondria. The presence of two different energy reserves for amino acid transport is indicated (one in energy-poor, the other in energy-rich cells). The stimulating effect appears to be caused by a retarded degradation of the transport proteins as occurs at a lowered level of mitochondria-produced ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:357283", "title": "Cellular response in Salmonella typhimurium-infected mice: evaluation of Salmonella receptors of B lymphocytes.", "content": "The cellular response in the course of experimental infection with Salmonella typhimurium was studied in mice. T cells were detected by the presence of theta-antigen, B cells by the binding of fluorescent immunoglobulins, and cells with receptors by labeled Salmonella binding. Lymphocytes were from spleen and lymph nodes. Results have been divided into three groups: group A, including mice with slight symptomatology; group B, including those with serious infection symptomatology; and group C, including mice that died in the course of the experiment. In spleen and lymph nodes of group A mice, an increase in the percentage of T and B lymphocytes was observed. This increase reached a peak 10 days after experimental infection. In lymph nodes, the B-cell percentage was equal to the percentage of T cells, whereas in spleen lymphocytes the B-cell percentage was higher. In spleens of group B mice we observed the same response as in mice of group A, whereas in lymph nodes there was a low response of T and B lymphocytes. In group C mice, there was no significant response of T and B lymphocytes in either spleen or lymph nodes. In B lymphocytes prepared from spleens of surviving mice, a small number of Salmonella receptors was detected: 200 bacterial cells per 10(9) lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cellular response in Salmonella typhimurium-infected mice: evaluation of Salmonella receptors of B lymphocytes. The cellular response in the course of experimental infection with Salmonella typhimurium was studied in mice. T cells were detected by the presence of theta-antigen, B cells by the binding of fluorescent immunoglobulins, and cells with receptors by labeled Salmonella binding. Lymphocytes were from spleen and lymph nodes. Results have been divided into three groups: group A, including mice with slight symptomatology; group B, including those with serious infection symptomatology; and group C, including mice that died in the course of the experiment. In spleen and lymph nodes of group A mice, an increase in the percentage of T and B lymphocytes was observed. This increase reached a peak 10 days after experimental infection. In lymph nodes, the B-cell percentage was equal to the percentage of T cells, whereas in spleen lymphocytes the B-cell percentage was higher. In spleens of group B mice we observed the same response as in mice of group A, whereas in lymph nodes there was a low response of T and B lymphocytes. In group C mice, there was no significant response of T and B lymphocytes in either spleen or lymph nodes. In B lymphocytes prepared from spleens of surviving mice, a small number of Salmonella receptors was detected: 200 bacterial cells per 10(9) lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:357284", "title": "Polymorphonuclear neutrophil chemotaxis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.", "content": "The motility of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils was studied in vitro under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Chemotactic factors were generated from plasma with immune complexes or with whole bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides fragilis). Chemotaxis induced by chemotactic factors generated from immune complexes was identical under both conditions. However, chemotaxis utilizing chemotactic factors generated from bacteria was markedly depressed under anaerobic conditions. Mean random tubemoltility was not significantly different under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. These data indicate that different metabolic pathways may be involved in polymorphonuclear neutrophil movement. Some of these pathways require oxygen (chemotaxis in response to factors generated by bacteria in plasma), whereas others do not (random tube migration and chemotaxis in response to factors generated by immune complexes in plasma). These observations may be important in the induction of inflammatory responses within hypoxic tissues.", "contents": "Polymorphonuclear neutrophil chemotaxis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The motility of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils was studied in vitro under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Chemotactic factors were generated from plasma with immune complexes or with whole bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides fragilis). Chemotaxis induced by chemotactic factors generated from immune complexes was identical under both conditions. However, chemotaxis utilizing chemotactic factors generated from bacteria was markedly depressed under anaerobic conditions. Mean random tubemoltility was not significantly different under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. These data indicate that different metabolic pathways may be involved in polymorphonuclear neutrophil movement. Some of these pathways require oxygen (chemotaxis in response to factors generated by bacteria in plasma), whereas others do not (random tube migration and chemotaxis in response to factors generated by immune complexes in plasma). These observations may be important in the induction of inflammatory responses within hypoxic tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:357285", "title": "In vitro adhesion of Escherichia coli to porcine small intestinal epithelial cells: pili as adhesive factors.", "content": "Escherichia coli strains with pili (K99 or 987P) known to facilitate intestinal colonization adhered in vitro to porcine intestinal epithelial cells. These strains adhered equally to both ileal and jejunal epithelial cells. A laboratory E. coli strain that has type 1 pili also adhered to porcine intestinal epithelial cells. When nonpiliated cells derived from 987P+, K99+, or type 1 pilus+ strains were used for in vitro adhesion assays, they failed to adhere. The attachment of piliated bacteria to epithelial cells was a saturable process that plateaued at 30 to 40 bacterial cells attached per epithelial cell. Competitive inhibition of bacterial cell attachment to epithelial cells with purified pili showed that only purified 987P competed against the 987P+ strain and only purified type 1 pili competed against the type 1 pilus+ strain. Competition between a K99+ strain and K99 was not consistently achieved. K99+, 987P+, and type 1 pilus+ bacteria could be prevented from adhering to epithelial cells by Fab fragments specific for K99, 987P, or type 1 pili, respectively. Fab fragments specific for non-K99 bacterial surface antigens did not inhibit adhesion of the K99+ strain. It is concluded that adhesion of E. coli to porcine intestinal epithelial cells in vitro is mediated by pili and that the epithelial cells used apparently had different receptors for different pili.", "contents": "In vitro adhesion of Escherichia coli to porcine small intestinal epithelial cells: pili as adhesive factors. Escherichia coli strains with pili (K99 or 987P) known to facilitate intestinal colonization adhered in vitro to porcine intestinal epithelial cells. These strains adhered equally to both ileal and jejunal epithelial cells. A laboratory E. coli strain that has type 1 pili also adhered to porcine intestinal epithelial cells. When nonpiliated cells derived from 987P+, K99+, or type 1 pilus+ strains were used for in vitro adhesion assays, they failed to adhere. The attachment of piliated bacteria to epithelial cells was a saturable process that plateaued at 30 to 40 bacterial cells attached per epithelial cell. Competitive inhibition of bacterial cell attachment to epithelial cells with purified pili showed that only purified 987P competed against the 987P+ strain and only purified type 1 pili competed against the type 1 pilus+ strain. Competition between a K99+ strain and K99 was not consistently achieved. K99+, 987P+, and type 1 pilus+ bacteria could be prevented from adhering to epithelial cells by Fab fragments specific for K99, 987P, or type 1 pili, respectively. Fab fragments specific for non-K99 bacterial surface antigens did not inhibit adhesion of the K99+ strain. It is concluded that adhesion of E. coli to porcine intestinal epithelial cells in vitro is mediated by pili and that the epithelial cells used apparently had different receptors for different pili."}
{"id": "PMID:357286", "title": "Characterization of an Escherichia coli plasmid encoding for synthesis of heat-labile toxin: molecular cloning of the toxin determinant.", "content": "P307 is a plasmid isolated from a strain of Escherichia coli that was responsible for an outbreak of diarrheal disease in piglets. This 60 X 10(6)-dalton plasmid was subsequently shown to encode for the synthesis of a heat-labile toxin (LT). Using recombinant DNA technology, we isolated a 7.8 X 10(6)-dalton DNA fragment that contains the LT gene(s). This fragment was generated using an EcoRI partial digestion of P307 DNA, and the fragment was joined to a small multicopy plasmid, RSF2124. E. coli strains harboring the chimeric plasmid produced greater amounts of LT than did the same strains containing P307. The LT genes were also isolated on a 5.8 X 10(6)-dalton DNA fragment made by BamHI digestion, and we identified an EcoRI recognition sequence that is located in a position essential for LT synthesis.", "contents": "Characterization of an Escherichia coli plasmid encoding for synthesis of heat-labile toxin: molecular cloning of the toxin determinant. P307 is a plasmid isolated from a strain of Escherichia coli that was responsible for an outbreak of diarrheal disease in piglets. This 60 X 10(6)-dalton plasmid was subsequently shown to encode for the synthesis of a heat-labile toxin (LT). Using recombinant DNA technology, we isolated a 7.8 X 10(6)-dalton DNA fragment that contains the LT gene(s). This fragment was generated using an EcoRI partial digestion of P307 DNA, and the fragment was joined to a small multicopy plasmid, RSF2124. E. coli strains harboring the chimeric plasmid produced greater amounts of LT than did the same strains containing P307. The LT genes were also isolated on a 5.8 X 10(6)-dalton DNA fragment made by BamHI digestion, and we identified an EcoRI recognition sequence that is located in a position essential for LT synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:357287", "title": "Inhibition of specific amino acid uptake in Candida albicans by lysosomal extracts from rabbit alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Lysosomal-rich fractions, obtained from normal rabbit alveolar macrophages, were extracted and tested for their effects on Candida albicans. The uptake and incorporation of various compounds (amino acids, uridine, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and Rb+) by C. albicans were measured in the presence and absence of extract. These studies demonstrated that the extract had a specific effect on the uptake of certain amino acids by C. albicans. Of the amino acids tested, the uptake of methionine valine, lysine, phenylalanine, and leucine was drastically reduced in the presence of extract, whereas proline and glutamic acid uptake was unaffected. Those amino acids whose uptake was inhibited have been shown to be transported in other yeasts by a general amino acid permease. The existence of a general amino acid permease in C. albicans is compatible with our data. Additionally, the extract had no effect on the uptake of uridine, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and Rb+. Leakage of 86Rb by C. albicans was detected in the presence of the extract. Viability of Candida, as measured by colony-forming ability, decreased after a 16-h incubation of C. albicans with the extract.", "contents": "Inhibition of specific amino acid uptake in Candida albicans by lysosomal extracts from rabbit alveolar macrophages. Lysosomal-rich fractions, obtained from normal rabbit alveolar macrophages, were extracted and tested for their effects on Candida albicans. The uptake and incorporation of various compounds (amino acids, uridine, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and Rb+) by C. albicans were measured in the presence and absence of extract. These studies demonstrated that the extract had a specific effect on the uptake of certain amino acids by C. albicans. Of the amino acids tested, the uptake of methionine valine, lysine, phenylalanine, and leucine was drastically reduced in the presence of extract, whereas proline and glutamic acid uptake was unaffected. Those amino acids whose uptake was inhibited have been shown to be transported in other yeasts by a general amino acid permease. The existence of a general amino acid permease in C. albicans is compatible with our data. Additionally, the extract had no effect on the uptake of uridine, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and Rb+. Leakage of 86Rb by C. albicans was detected in the presence of the extract. Viability of Candida, as measured by colony-forming ability, decreased after a 16-h incubation of C. albicans with the extract."}
{"id": "PMID:357288", "title": "Biological evaluation of a methanol-soluble, heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin in infant mice, pigs, rabbits, and calves.", "content": "Escherichia coli P16 was shown to produce two heat-stable toxins (ST) with differing biological activity. The toxins were separated by methanol extraction, and the first, STa, was methanol soluble, partially heat stable, active in neonatal piglets (1 to 3 days old) and infant mice, but inactive in weaned pigs (7 to 9 weeks old); the second, STb, was methanol insoluble, active in weaned pigs and rabbit ligated loops, but inactive in infant mice. It is therefore suggested that use of suckling mice as indicators of ST production will fail to identify certain ST-producing strains.", "contents": "Biological evaluation of a methanol-soluble, heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin in infant mice, pigs, rabbits, and calves. Escherichia coli P16 was shown to produce two heat-stable toxins (ST) with differing biological activity. The toxins were separated by methanol extraction, and the first, STa, was methanol soluble, partially heat stable, active in neonatal piglets (1 to 3 days old) and infant mice, but inactive in weaned pigs (7 to 9 weeks old); the second, STb, was methanol insoluble, active in weaned pigs and rabbit ligated loops, but inactive in infant mice. It is therefore suggested that use of suckling mice as indicators of ST production will fail to identify certain ST-producing strains."}
{"id": "PMID:357289", "title": "Increase in the population of duodenal immunoglobulin A plasmocytes in axenic mice associated with different living or dead bacterial strains of intestinal origin.", "content": "Various bacterial strains were tested for their ability to stimulate immunoglobulin A (IgA) plasmocytes to populate the duodenal lamina propria in axenic mice. The mice were associated with the strains for at least 4 weeks. The strains inhabiting the conventional mouse intestine and belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Eubacterium, Actinobacillus, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium, and Clostridium (including the extremely oxygen-sensitive ones) are only slightly or nonimmunogenic, whereas the strains belonging to the genera Bacteroides and Escherichia have an immunogenic effect. The same result was obtained with Bacteroides and Escherichia strains isolated from the digestive tract of other animal species. The kinetics of appearance of intestinal IgA plasmocytes are similar in axenic mice monoassociated with a stimulatory strain and in conventional mice. The association of two or more strains with axenic mice leads either to the same or a greater number of duodenal IgA plasmocytes as that obtained with the most stimulatory strain monoassociated with axenic mice. The maximum stimulation recorded in all of these trials represents about two-thirds of that observed in conventional mice and was obtained in the duodenum of gnotoxenic mice harboring four bacterial strains isolated from the conventional mouse microflora. The orally administered killed cells of two immunogenic strains, E. coli and Bacteroides sp., are as immunogenic as the living cells, provided that their concentration in the digestive tract is sufficient.", "contents": "Increase in the population of duodenal immunoglobulin A plasmocytes in axenic mice associated with different living or dead bacterial strains of intestinal origin. Various bacterial strains were tested for their ability to stimulate immunoglobulin A (IgA) plasmocytes to populate the duodenal lamina propria in axenic mice. The mice were associated with the strains for at least 4 weeks. The strains inhabiting the conventional mouse intestine and belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Eubacterium, Actinobacillus, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium, and Clostridium (including the extremely oxygen-sensitive ones) are only slightly or nonimmunogenic, whereas the strains belonging to the genera Bacteroides and Escherichia have an immunogenic effect. The same result was obtained with Bacteroides and Escherichia strains isolated from the digestive tract of other animal species. The kinetics of appearance of intestinal IgA plasmocytes are similar in axenic mice monoassociated with a stimulatory strain and in conventional mice. The association of two or more strains with axenic mice leads either to the same or a greater number of duodenal IgA plasmocytes as that obtained with the most stimulatory strain monoassociated with axenic mice. The maximum stimulation recorded in all of these trials represents about two-thirds of that observed in conventional mice and was obtained in the duodenum of gnotoxenic mice harboring four bacterial strains isolated from the conventional mouse microflora. The orally administered killed cells of two immunogenic strains, E. coli and Bacteroides sp., are as immunogenic as the living cells, provided that their concentration in the digestive tract is sufficient."}
{"id": "PMID:357290", "title": "Extraction of streptococcal type 12 M protein by cyanogen bromide.", "content": "Conditions for the release of streptococcal type 12 M protein from whole cells by cyanogen bromide are described; they demonstrated that methionine is not essential to the structural arrangements which account for some of its immunological and biological properties. The released M protein was separated from other proteins by column chromatography with hydroxylapatite. The type-specific molecules which reacted with precipitating antibodies were found only in the 0.3 M eluate, formed zones with mobilities less than 12% of that of the dye front on electrophoresis in the standard acrylamide disc gel system, formed at least four bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide disc gels with molecular weights ranging from 12,000 to 23,000, and stimulated the formation of opsonic antibodies in rabbits. Cyanogen bromide provides a highly specific method for the release of M proteins which should prove particularly useful in analyses of structural-functional relationships among different M proteins.", "contents": "Extraction of streptococcal type 12 M protein by cyanogen bromide. Conditions for the release of streptococcal type 12 M protein from whole cells by cyanogen bromide are described; they demonstrated that methionine is not essential to the structural arrangements which account for some of its immunological and biological properties. The released M protein was separated from other proteins by column chromatography with hydroxylapatite. The type-specific molecules which reacted with precipitating antibodies were found only in the 0.3 M eluate, formed zones with mobilities less than 12% of that of the dye front on electrophoresis in the standard acrylamide disc gel system, formed at least four bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide disc gels with molecular weights ranging from 12,000 to 23,000, and stimulated the formation of opsonic antibodies in rabbits. Cyanogen bromide provides a highly specific method for the release of M proteins which should prove particularly useful in analyses of structural-functional relationships among different M proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:357291", "title": "Comparative immunological analysis of host plasma proteins bound to bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei subspecies.", "content": "The presence, location, host specificity, identity, and quantity of rat plasma proteins bound to bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei subsp. brucei, T. brucei subsp. rhodesiense, and T. brucei subsp. gambiense were determined by a quantitative indirect fluorescent-antibody method and gel immunoassays. Fluorescence differences between trypanosomes obtained from rats and mice and treated with antiserum to normal rat plasma indicated that most, if not all, of the bound plasma proteins were host specific. Removal of plasma proteins by trypsinization of parasites provided evidence for their attachment to the surface of the parasite. The accreted proteins were found to be host albumin, immunoglobulin G (IgG), and complement (C3). The same quantities of these three plasma proteins were present on T. brucei subspecies collected from normal rats at 2 days postinfection, during low or peak parasitemias, or from cortisone-treated rats. IgM could only be detected on parasites collected from normal rats at peak parasitemia. With the aid of rocket immunoelectrophoresis, host albumin and IgG were found to account for 0.2 and 0.05%, respectively, of the total soluble proteins of the bloodstream forms. It was concluded from this study that: (i) host plasma proteins were bound to parasites early in the infection, suggesting a mechanism of adaptation to the mammalian host; (ii) the surface-bound IgG was not the result of a specific immune response against the parasites but might be the cause of C3 attachment; (iii) among the bloodstream forms of the three T. brucei subspecies, there were no differences in amounts of surface-bound albumin, IgG, or C3. A comparison between the present data dealing with T. brucei subspecies, on the one hand, and the previously published results concerning T. congolense, on the other, revealed significant differences in the amounts of the host plasma proteins attached to these hemoflagellates.", "contents": "Comparative immunological analysis of host plasma proteins bound to bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei subspecies. The presence, location, host specificity, identity, and quantity of rat plasma proteins bound to bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei subsp. brucei, T. brucei subsp. rhodesiense, and T. brucei subsp. gambiense were determined by a quantitative indirect fluorescent-antibody method and gel immunoassays. Fluorescence differences between trypanosomes obtained from rats and mice and treated with antiserum to normal rat plasma indicated that most, if not all, of the bound plasma proteins were host specific. Removal of plasma proteins by trypsinization of parasites provided evidence for their attachment to the surface of the parasite. The accreted proteins were found to be host albumin, immunoglobulin G (IgG), and complement (C3). The same quantities of these three plasma proteins were present on T. brucei subspecies collected from normal rats at 2 days postinfection, during low or peak parasitemias, or from cortisone-treated rats. IgM could only be detected on parasites collected from normal rats at peak parasitemia. With the aid of rocket immunoelectrophoresis, host albumin and IgG were found to account for 0.2 and 0.05%, respectively, of the total soluble proteins of the bloodstream forms. It was concluded from this study that: (i) host plasma proteins were bound to parasites early in the infection, suggesting a mechanism of adaptation to the mammalian host; (ii) the surface-bound IgG was not the result of a specific immune response against the parasites but might be the cause of C3 attachment; (iii) among the bloodstream forms of the three T. brucei subspecies, there were no differences in amounts of surface-bound albumin, IgG, or C3. A comparison between the present data dealing with T. brucei subspecies, on the one hand, and the previously published results concerning T. congolense, on the other, revealed significant differences in the amounts of the host plasma proteins attached to these hemoflagellates."}
{"id": "PMID:357292", "title": "Effects of certain cations (Fe, Zn, Mg, and Ca) on bacterial endotoxins.", "content": "The natural occurrence of cations Fe, Zn, Mg, and Ca in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of both the S and R forms of Shigella dysenteriae 1 was studied. LPS preparations were obtained either by phenol-water extraction (according to the method of Westphal et al., Z. Naturforsch. 7b:148-155, 1952) or by extraction of cells with hypertonic sodium chloride-sodium citrate (according to the method of Raynaud and Digeon, C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 229:564-566, 1949), with subsequent chromatographic purification on Sephadex G200 and Sepharose 4B columns. The cation in highest concentration in the Westphal extract was Mg(2+) (as much as 30 mug/mg), and the lowest one was Fe (ca. 0.10 mug/mg). In LPS of the Raynaud type, the cation in highest concentration was Ca(2+) (as much as 13 mug/mg), and the lowest one was Fe (ca. 0.10 mug/mg). The effects of increasing and decreasing the concentrations of cations (Fe, Zn, Mg, Ca) upon the biological activity of the endotoxins was evaluated by using toxicity in mice and the Limulus test. It appeared that increased concentrations of Fe (chiefly of Fe(3+)) decreased the toxicity of the R form of LPS, whereas Mg(2+) decreased the toxicity of the S form. After prolonged dialysis of LPS preparations against deionized water, there was no consistent relationship between toxicity as determined in white mice and with the Limulus test.", "contents": "Effects of certain cations (Fe, Zn, Mg, and Ca) on bacterial endotoxins. The natural occurrence of cations Fe, Zn, Mg, and Ca in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of both the S and R forms of Shigella dysenteriae 1 was studied. LPS preparations were obtained either by phenol-water extraction (according to the method of Westphal et al., Z. Naturforsch. 7b:148-155, 1952) or by extraction of cells with hypertonic sodium chloride-sodium citrate (according to the method of Raynaud and Digeon, C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 229:564-566, 1949), with subsequent chromatographic purification on Sephadex G200 and Sepharose 4B columns. The cation in highest concentration in the Westphal extract was Mg(2+) (as much as 30 mug/mg), and the lowest one was Fe (ca. 0.10 mug/mg). In LPS of the Raynaud type, the cation in highest concentration was Ca(2+) (as much as 13 mug/mg), and the lowest one was Fe (ca. 0.10 mug/mg). The effects of increasing and decreasing the concentrations of cations (Fe, Zn, Mg, Ca) upon the biological activity of the endotoxins was evaluated by using toxicity in mice and the Limulus test. It appeared that increased concentrations of Fe (chiefly of Fe(3+)) decreased the toxicity of the R form of LPS, whereas Mg(2+) decreased the toxicity of the S form. After prolonged dialysis of LPS preparations against deionized water, there was no consistent relationship between toxicity as determined in white mice and with the Limulus test."}
{"id": "PMID:357293", "title": "Homogeneous enzyme immune assay for staphylococcal enterotoxin B.", "content": "A simple homogeneous enzyme immune assay was developed for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B by a conjugate of beta-amylase coupled with the enterotoxin.", "contents": "Homogeneous enzyme immune assay for staphylococcal enterotoxin B. A simple homogeneous enzyme immune assay was developed for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B by a conjugate of beta-amylase coupled with the enterotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:357295", "title": "Cefazolin and cephradine: relationship between serum concentrations and tissue contents in mice.", "content": "The relationship between serum concentrations and tissue levels of various doses of cefazolin and cephradine was determined in experimentally infected mice. An infection was induced by injection of 5 X 10(6) Escherichia coli into the right hind leg, antibiotics were administered 1 h later. At 15-minute intervals mice were killed by exsanguination after a blood sample was taken, and the infected thigh was taken out and homogenized. The total amount of antibiotic per gram thigh muscle tissue was calculated on the basis of the concentration in the supernatant of the homogenate. From the parallel course between blood concentrations and total tissue contents it may be concluded that the thigh was easily accessible for both cephalosporins. The ratio between the total tissue content and the free serum concentrations was the same for both antibiotics despite the difference in protein binding between cefazolin and cephradine in mouse serum. This implies that the discrepancy between the relative antibacterial activity of the cephalosporins in vitro and in vivo found in earlier experiments cannot be explained by differences in accessibility of the tissue.", "contents": "Cefazolin and cephradine: relationship between serum concentrations and tissue contents in mice. The relationship between serum concentrations and tissue levels of various doses of cefazolin and cephradine was determined in experimentally infected mice. An infection was induced by injection of 5 X 10(6) Escherichia coli into the right hind leg, antibiotics were administered 1 h later. At 15-minute intervals mice were killed by exsanguination after a blood sample was taken, and the infected thigh was taken out and homogenized. The total amount of antibiotic per gram thigh muscle tissue was calculated on the basis of the concentration in the supernatant of the homogenate. From the parallel course between blood concentrations and total tissue contents it may be concluded that the thigh was easily accessible for both cephalosporins. The ratio between the total tissue content and the free serum concentrations was the same for both antibiotics despite the difference in protein binding between cefazolin and cephradine in mouse serum. This implies that the discrepancy between the relative antibacterial activity of the cephalosporins in vitro and in vivo found in earlier experiments cannot be explained by differences in accessibility of the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:357303", "title": "Continuous monitoring of urea levels during hemodialysis.", "content": "An ammonium ion-specific electrode system is evaluated for analysis of blood urea nitrogen from serum, plasma ultrafiltrate, or hemodialyzer dialysate fluid. The electrode shows a high sensitivity over clinically useful concentration ranges. Free serum ammonia, volatile amines, or urea ammonia after hydrolysis can be measured. In a double blind study excellent correlation was found for 187 blood urea nitrogen samples measured with the electrode with standard auto-analyzer techniques. Continuous monitoring of urea in dialysate fluid is described. Urea clearances were measured from dialysate effluent from an in vitro dialysis using conventional equipment. These values show excellent correlation to those from stnadard analysis methods. A continuous urea sensor for on-line hemodialysis application which can provide quantification of therapy is described.", "contents": "Continuous monitoring of urea levels during hemodialysis. An ammonium ion-specific electrode system is evaluated for analysis of blood urea nitrogen from serum, plasma ultrafiltrate, or hemodialyzer dialysate fluid. The electrode shows a high sensitivity over clinically useful concentration ranges. Free serum ammonia, volatile amines, or urea ammonia after hydrolysis can be measured. In a double blind study excellent correlation was found for 187 blood urea nitrogen samples measured with the electrode with standard auto-analyzer techniques. Continuous monitoring of urea in dialysate fluid is described. Urea clearances were measured from dialysate effluent from an in vitro dialysis using conventional equipment. These values show excellent correlation to those from stnadard analysis methods. A continuous urea sensor for on-line hemodialysis application which can provide quantification of therapy is described."}
{"id": "PMID:357309", "title": "The principles of controlled clinical trials of drugs.", "content": "The principles of evaluation of new drugs are described and discussed. This evaluation is carried out in three consecutive phases. The first one is performed on young, healthy volunteers. The general response to the drug and signs of toxicity are registered. Preliminary data about absorption, elimination and metabolism are collected. The safe dosage range and preferred route of administration are settled. In the second phase, initial trials on a limited number of patients for specific disease control or prophylaxis are carried out. Patients are included in the trial by random selection and stratification. Studies are strictly controlled. To avoid bias, double-blind examination is used in paired patients, a group of patients or by the crossover design. The problems of planning, design of the study, clinical and statistical evaluation of results are discussed. Two examples of controlled clinical studies are given, concerning the assessment of antirheumatic and antianginal drugs. Finally the principles of the third phase of study are discussed. The methods of evaluation described may be applied for the assessment of entirely new substances as well as for verification of the objective therapeutic value of \"old\" drugs.", "contents": "The principles of controlled clinical trials of drugs. The principles of evaluation of new drugs are described and discussed. This evaluation is carried out in three consecutive phases. The first one is performed on young, healthy volunteers. The general response to the drug and signs of toxicity are registered. Preliminary data about absorption, elimination and metabolism are collected. The safe dosage range and preferred route of administration are settled. In the second phase, initial trials on a limited number of patients for specific disease control or prophylaxis are carried out. Patients are included in the trial by random selection and stratification. Studies are strictly controlled. To avoid bias, double-blind examination is used in paired patients, a group of patients or by the crossover design. The problems of planning, design of the study, clinical and statistical evaluation of results are discussed. Two examples of controlled clinical studies are given, concerning the assessment of antirheumatic and antianginal drugs. Finally the principles of the third phase of study are discussed. The methods of evaluation described may be applied for the assessment of entirely new substances as well as for verification of the objective therapeutic value of \"old\" drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:357310", "title": "Methodological aspects of clinical evaluation of antianginal drugs.", "content": "The principles of patient selection and designing and management of the clinical evaluation of antianginal agents are discussed. The study should involve patients with stable angina pectoris, history of anginal attacks of at least three months duration with five or more attacks per week, ST-segment depression at least one mm and anginal attack during the exercise test. Subjective criteria based on detailed dilaries kept by the patients and objective criteria based on exercise tests with cycloergometer, treadmill and atrial pacing are described; and difficulties related to final evaluation of the antianginal agent are discussed.", "contents": "Methodological aspects of clinical evaluation of antianginal drugs. The principles of patient selection and designing and management of the clinical evaluation of antianginal agents are discussed. The study should involve patients with stable angina pectoris, history of anginal attacks of at least three months duration with five or more attacks per week, ST-segment depression at least one mm and anginal attack during the exercise test. Subjective criteria based on detailed dilaries kept by the patients and objective criteria based on exercise tests with cycloergometer, treadmill and atrial pacing are described; and difficulties related to final evaluation of the antianginal agent are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:357311", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of metronidazole at different dosages.", "content": "Metronidazole, a drug effective against certain protozoal and anaerobic infections, was given female patients with Trichomoniasis urogenitalis. Group I received twice daily 250 mg of metronidazole (supplied as 250 mg tablets Vagimid). Group II received in a single dose 1.0 g (4 tablets); and group III, 2.0 g (8 tablets). Serum and urine metronidazole levels were measured polarographically. Kinetic parameters were determined from the measured values of the concentration time curve by a computing program. An exact control of the therapeutic result was carried out. In all patients peak serum levels occurred within 1-3 hr and averaged 5.1 +/- 1.7 microgram/ml after 250 mg doses, 19.6 +/- 3.8 microgram/ml after 1.0 g doses and 40.6 +/- 9.3 microgram/ml after 2.0 g doses. About 35% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine in 12 hr and about 50% in 24 hr. Metronidazole shows protein binding of 10-20% equally in vivo and in vitro. Minimum trichomonacidic concentrations of nearly 1 microgram/ml were still present 12 hr after oral application of 250 mg metronidazole, and 24 hr to 36 hr, respectively after 1.0 g and 2.0 g daily doses. The cure rate was 100%. No serious side effects ocurred in any of the patients.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of metronidazole at different dosages. Metronidazole, a drug effective against certain protozoal and anaerobic infections, was given female patients with Trichomoniasis urogenitalis. Group I received twice daily 250 mg of metronidazole (supplied as 250 mg tablets Vagimid). Group II received in a single dose 1.0 g (4 tablets); and group III, 2.0 g (8 tablets). Serum and urine metronidazole levels were measured polarographically. Kinetic parameters were determined from the measured values of the concentration time curve by a computing program. An exact control of the therapeutic result was carried out. In all patients peak serum levels occurred within 1-3 hr and averaged 5.1 +/- 1.7 microgram/ml after 250 mg doses, 19.6 +/- 3.8 microgram/ml after 1.0 g doses and 40.6 +/- 9.3 microgram/ml after 2.0 g doses. About 35% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine in 12 hr and about 50% in 24 hr. Metronidazole shows protein binding of 10-20% equally in vivo and in vitro. Minimum trichomonacidic concentrations of nearly 1 microgram/ml were still present 12 hr after oral application of 250 mg metronidazole, and 24 hr to 36 hr, respectively after 1.0 g and 2.0 g daily doses. The cure rate was 100%. No serious side effects ocurred in any of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:357316", "title": "The synthesis of DNA by DNA-membrane complexes from irradiated E. coli B/r and Bs-1: the role of the membrane.", "content": "DNA-membrane complexes were isolated from lysed E. coli B/r and Bs-1, either by low g forces from a low salt solution, or by high g forces through a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The latter method was more gentle. Irradiation of the intact bacteria had no effect on the membrane macromolecules or on RNA components of these complexes. DNA loss was not significant after irradiation under anoxic conditions but complexes isolated from from Bs-1 irradiated in air showed an appreciable decrease in DNA content. In the presence of the appropriate nucleotide mixture, both 'free' DNA, found in the supernatant fractions, and rapidly sedimented membrane-associated DNA were able to synthesize DNA in the absence of added polymerase. DNA synthesis associated with 'free' DNA was more sensitive to radiation than that associated with DNA bound to the membrane, which appeared to moderate the effects of radiation on new DNA synthesis. It is concluded that the depression of DNA synthesis is primarily a result of irradiation-induced changes on genome-DNA. The interpretation of earlier work from our laboratories that DNA-membrane complexes contained the macromolecular structure which responded to radiation with a high o.e.r. is not supported by the evidence in this work.", "contents": "The synthesis of DNA by DNA-membrane complexes from irradiated E. coli B/r and Bs-1: the role of the membrane. DNA-membrane complexes were isolated from lysed E. coli B/r and Bs-1, either by low g forces from a low salt solution, or by high g forces through a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The latter method was more gentle. Irradiation of the intact bacteria had no effect on the membrane macromolecules or on RNA components of these complexes. DNA loss was not significant after irradiation under anoxic conditions but complexes isolated from from Bs-1 irradiated in air showed an appreciable decrease in DNA content. In the presence of the appropriate nucleotide mixture, both 'free' DNA, found in the supernatant fractions, and rapidly sedimented membrane-associated DNA were able to synthesize DNA in the absence of added polymerase. DNA synthesis associated with 'free' DNA was more sensitive to radiation than that associated with DNA bound to the membrane, which appeared to moderate the effects of radiation on new DNA synthesis. It is concluded that the depression of DNA synthesis is primarily a result of irradiation-induced changes on genome-DNA. The interpretation of earlier work from our laboratories that DNA-membrane complexes contained the macromolecular structure which responded to radiation with a high o.e.r. is not supported by the evidence in this work."}
{"id": "PMID:357318", "title": "Effect of hypervitaminosis A on the Harderian gland in rats. A morphologic and morphometric study.", "content": "Daily administration of 100 I.U. vitamin A/gram body weight to rats, for a period of 15 days, had the following effects: Body weight of rats treated with excess vitamin A was lower (84.0 g) than that of the controls (147.0 g). The weight of the Harderian gland was lower of rats injected with vitamin A (54.0 mg) than for the controls (87.0 mg). Histological examination of the Harderian gland in the hypervitaminotic animal showed smaller acini, lower cells, wide lumina and small nuclei when compared with the controls. These data were confirmed with morphometric techniques.", "contents": "Effect of hypervitaminosis A on the Harderian gland in rats. A morphologic and morphometric study. Daily administration of 100 I.U. vitamin A/gram body weight to rats, for a period of 15 days, had the following effects: Body weight of rats treated with excess vitamin A was lower (84.0 g) than that of the controls (147.0 g). The weight of the Harderian gland was lower of rats injected with vitamin A (54.0 mg) than for the controls (87.0 mg). Histological examination of the Harderian gland in the hypervitaminotic animal showed smaller acini, lower cells, wide lumina and small nuclei when compared with the controls. These data were confirmed with morphometric techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:357319", "title": "Plasma levels of folates, ascorbate, vitamin B6 and riboflavin in children.", "content": "Plasma vitamin levels of approximately 125 children admitted to the Queens Child Psychiatric Center were determined in a controlled study, with respect to medication and dietary conditions. The age of these children varied from 4 to 16 years. The data present the mean values with respect to the age and racial origin. There are no significant variations in the mean levels of these vitamins in terms of the age etc. of the subjects. As such the data indicate the levels in children and are comparable to the data for adults.", "contents": "Plasma levels of folates, ascorbate, vitamin B6 and riboflavin in children. Plasma vitamin levels of approximately 125 children admitted to the Queens Child Psychiatric Center were determined in a controlled study, with respect to medication and dietary conditions. The age of these children varied from 4 to 16 years. The data present the mean values with respect to the age and racial origin. There are no significant variations in the mean levels of these vitamins in terms of the age etc. of the subjects. As such the data indicate the levels in children and are comparable to the data for adults."}
{"id": "PMID:357320", "title": "Ascorbic acid, neutrophil function, and the immune response.", "content": "The role of ascorbic acid is reviewed with regard to antimicrobial activity, interferon production, and humoral and cellular immune responses. Ascorbic acid appears to play a role in a number of neutrophil functions including increased chemotaxis, increased particulate ingestion, enhanced lysozyme-mediated non-oxidative killing, protection against the toxic effects of superoxide anion radical, inhibition of the halide-peroxide-myeloperoxidase system without a pronounced bactericidal effect, and stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid, neutrophil function, and the immune response. The role of ascorbic acid is reviewed with regard to antimicrobial activity, interferon production, and humoral and cellular immune responses. Ascorbic acid appears to play a role in a number of neutrophil functions including increased chemotaxis, increased particulate ingestion, enhanced lysozyme-mediated non-oxidative killing, protection against the toxic effects of superoxide anion radical, inhibition of the halide-peroxide-myeloperoxidase system without a pronounced bactericidal effect, and stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:357321", "title": "Bacterial catabolism of lipoic acid. Isolation and identification of a methyl ketone.", "content": "A soil bacterium, Pseudomonas putida LP, can be grown on lipoate as sole source of carbon, sulfur, and energy. In addition to the previously identified catabolites (bisnorlipoate, tetranorlipoate, beta-hydroxybisnorlipoate, lipoate thiolsulfinate, and two bisnorlipoate thiolsulfinates) isolated from cultures of the organism grown on [1,6-14C[lipoate, a methyl ketone (1,2-dithiolane-3-butyl-3'-one) has now been isolated and identified. This catabolite was isolated by solvent extraction and hydrophobic gel filtration and characterized by chromatographic mobilities and spray reactions and by UV, IR, PMR, and mass spectrometries. The methyl ketone presumably arises by decarboxylation of the beta-keto acid formed during the beta-oxidation of lipoate to bisnorlipoate by the microorganism.", "contents": "Bacterial catabolism of lipoic acid. Isolation and identification of a methyl ketone. A soil bacterium, Pseudomonas putida LP, can be grown on lipoate as sole source of carbon, sulfur, and energy. In addition to the previously identified catabolites (bisnorlipoate, tetranorlipoate, beta-hydroxybisnorlipoate, lipoate thiolsulfinate, and two bisnorlipoate thiolsulfinates) isolated from cultures of the organism grown on [1,6-14C[lipoate, a methyl ketone (1,2-dithiolane-3-butyl-3'-one) has now been isolated and identified. This catabolite was isolated by solvent extraction and hydrophobic gel filtration and characterized by chromatographic mobilities and spray reactions and by UV, IR, PMR, and mass spectrometries. The methyl ketone presumably arises by decarboxylation of the beta-keto acid formed during the beta-oxidation of lipoate to bisnorlipoate by the microorganism."}
{"id": "PMID:357322", "title": "Glomerular foam cells in kidney allograft.", "content": "Foam cells are occasionally encountered in renal glomeruli in cases of nephrotic syndrome, however, they were not described so far in renal allografts. The authors found the glomerular foam cells in a cadaveric kidney transplant which survived 7 months after transplantation in a 35-year-old man. Electron microscopy revealed the mesangial cells to be loaded with lipids in this case. The formation of the glomerular foam cells is generally referred to hyperlipidemia, but its cause remains obscure in the presented case.", "contents": "Glomerular foam cells in kidney allograft. Foam cells are occasionally encountered in renal glomeruli in cases of nephrotic syndrome, however, they were not described so far in renal allografts. The authors found the glomerular foam cells in a cadaveric kidney transplant which survived 7 months after transplantation in a 35-year-old man. Electron microscopy revealed the mesangial cells to be loaded with lipids in this case. The formation of the glomerular foam cells is generally referred to hyperlipidemia, but its cause remains obscure in the presented case."}
{"id": "PMID:357342", "title": "A diagnostic key employing biological reactions for differentiating pathogenic Corynebacterium genitalium (NSU corynebacteria) from commensals of the urogenital tract.", "content": "More than 100 strains of Corynebacterium genitalium, probably responsible for coryneform urethritis and other infections, and 600 commensals of the male and female urogenital tracts have been studied and grouped into five pathogenic types numbered I to V and six saprophytic types designated C-1 to C-6 on the basis of eight biological reactions. This preliminary classification has been based on differences in requirements for oxygen, on the fermentation of fructose, dextrose, sucrose, and starch together with the production of the enzymes gelatinase, lipase, and urease. One criterion differentiated the pathogens from the commensals: All pathogens were nonfructose fermenters whereas every commensal fermented this sugar.", "contents": "A diagnostic key employing biological reactions for differentiating pathogenic Corynebacterium genitalium (NSU corynebacteria) from commensals of the urogenital tract. More than 100 strains of Corynebacterium genitalium, probably responsible for coryneform urethritis and other infections, and 600 commensals of the male and female urogenital tracts have been studied and grouped into five pathogenic types numbered I to V and six saprophytic types designated C-1 to C-6 on the basis of eight biological reactions. This preliminary classification has been based on differences in requirements for oxygen, on the fermentation of fructose, dextrose, sucrose, and starch together with the production of the enzymes gelatinase, lipase, and urease. One criterion differentiated the pathogens from the commensals: All pathogens were nonfructose fermenters whereas every commensal fermented this sugar."}
{"id": "PMID:357343", "title": "99m technetium sulphur colloid localization in renal infection. An experimental evaluation.", "content": "Renal uptake of 99mTechnetium sulphur colloid (99mTcSC) was investigated in 99 animals with experimentally induced unilateral pyelonephritis and in 60 animals with a thermally induced renal injury. The degree of localization of 99mTcSC in the kidney was determined by direct counting of retained isotope after bilateral nephrectomy at autopsy. Phagocytosis of 99mTcSC by inflammatory tissue has been reported and it was anticipated that renal infection would lead to an increase in 99mTcSC uptake by the kidney. In fact it was found that renal infection with pathologic changes resulted in a significant decrease in the localization of 99mTcSC in the pyelonephritic kidney. A similar decrease was found in the thermally injured kidney but renal infection without pathologic changes did not give rise to any changes in radionuclide uptake. These findings suggested that phagocytosis by the proximal convoluted tubular cells is the normal mechanism for 99mTcSC accumulation in the kidney and that renal infection reduced the phagocytic capability of these cells.", "contents": "99m technetium sulphur colloid localization in renal infection. An experimental evaluation. Renal uptake of 99mTechnetium sulphur colloid (99mTcSC) was investigated in 99 animals with experimentally induced unilateral pyelonephritis and in 60 animals with a thermally induced renal injury. The degree of localization of 99mTcSC in the kidney was determined by direct counting of retained isotope after bilateral nephrectomy at autopsy. Phagocytosis of 99mTcSC by inflammatory tissue has been reported and it was anticipated that renal infection would lead to an increase in 99mTcSC uptake by the kidney. In fact it was found that renal infection with pathologic changes resulted in a significant decrease in the localization of 99mTcSC in the pyelonephritic kidney. A similar decrease was found in the thermally injured kidney but renal infection without pathologic changes did not give rise to any changes in radionuclide uptake. These findings suggested that phagocytosis by the proximal convoluted tubular cells is the normal mechanism for 99mTcSC accumulation in the kidney and that renal infection reduced the phagocytic capability of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:357340", "title": "Towards computer analysis of pulmonary infiltration.", "content": "A feasibility study is described to provide quantitative texture measures to distinguish between normal lung, alveolar infiltrates and interstitial infiltrates. Advanced computer imaging technology and decision making processes were applied to distinguish between these textural patterns. The results, based on computer extracted quantitative measures, show an excellent separation of the three classes considered with 95% accuracy in the training phase and 90% accuracy in the testing phase.", "contents": "Towards computer analysis of pulmonary infiltration. A feasibility study is described to provide quantitative texture measures to distinguish between normal lung, alveolar infiltrates and interstitial infiltrates. Advanced computer imaging technology and decision making processes were applied to distinguish between these textural patterns. The results, based on computer extracted quantitative measures, show an excellent separation of the three classes considered with 95% accuracy in the training phase and 90% accuracy in the testing phase."}
{"id": "PMID:357341", "title": "Lymphatic visualization during renal transplant rejection.", "content": "Intrarenal microlymphatic filling was observed during a microangiographic and histologic study of unmodified canine allograft rejection. The extent of lymphatic visualization was correlated with the pathophysiologic state of the allograft. An example of renal lymphatic visualization following arterial perfusion of a human specimen is also presented. During early rejection, as microvascular and histologic alteration became more severe, there was prominent visualization of lymphatics. However, in late rejection, as cortical necrosis developed, lymphatic filling was less evident. Lymphatic visualization following arterial perfusion during rejection depends on progressive loss of microvascular integrity, contrast extravasation and subsequent filling of lymphatics which are acting as an alternate route of drainage for the excess interstitial edema present due to immune injury.", "contents": "Lymphatic visualization during renal transplant rejection. Intrarenal microlymphatic filling was observed during a microangiographic and histologic study of unmodified canine allograft rejection. The extent of lymphatic visualization was correlated with the pathophysiologic state of the allograft. An example of renal lymphatic visualization following arterial perfusion of a human specimen is also presented. During early rejection, as microvascular and histologic alteration became more severe, there was prominent visualization of lymphatics. However, in late rejection, as cortical necrosis developed, lymphatic filling was less evident. Lymphatic visualization following arterial perfusion during rejection depends on progressive loss of microvascular integrity, contrast extravasation and subsequent filling of lymphatics which are acting as an alternate route of drainage for the excess interstitial edema present due to immune injury."}
{"id": "PMID:357347", "title": "Locus of control and health: a review of the literature.", "content": "Locus of control, an individual difference construct from social learning theory, has shown some promise in predicting and explaining specific health-related behaviors. Research is reviewed on the utility of the locus of control construct in understanding smoking reduction, birth control utilization, weight loss, information-seeking, adherence to medication regimens, and other health or sick-role behaviors. Implications for health educators are presented.", "contents": "Locus of control and health: a review of the literature. Locus of control, an individual difference construct from social learning theory, has shown some promise in predicting and explaining specific health-related behaviors. Research is reviewed on the utility of the locus of control construct in understanding smoking reduction, birth control utilization, weight loss, information-seeking, adherence to medication regimens, and other health or sick-role behaviors. Implications for health educators are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:357351", "title": "Evaluation of histochemical observations of activity of acid hydrolases obtained with semipermeable membrane techniques: a combined histochemical and biochemical investigation 2. The biochemical investigation and comparison with the histochemical observations.", "content": "The reliability of enzyme histochemical semipermeable membrane techniques for the demonstration of acid hydrolases was investigated with a combined histochemical and biochemical study. In part 1 the histochemical findings were presented. In this communication the biochemical findings are reported and compared with the histochemical findings. In m. soleus, m. plantaris, m. gastrocnemius and diaphragm of vitamin E deficient rabbits the activity of the lysosomal acid hydrolases, cathepsin D, acid maltase, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase is significantly increased. This increase in activity of the investigated acid hydrolases was equal for muscles with an aerobic or an anaerobic metabolism. By means of statistical calculations the activity of the enzymes demonstrated with histochemical techniques was compared with the enzyme activity determined with biochemical techniques. From the results of this investigation it can be concluded that the histochemical semipermeable membrane techniques for the demonstration of activity of acid hydrolases are very reliable. Considering the fact that these techniques are also tissue-saving, they are therefore extremely suitable for the study of catabolic wasting processes in skeletal muscle tissues of patients with inherited or acquired muscular diseases.", "contents": "Evaluation of histochemical observations of activity of acid hydrolases obtained with semipermeable membrane techniques: a combined histochemical and biochemical investigation 2. The biochemical investigation and comparison with the histochemical observations. The reliability of enzyme histochemical semipermeable membrane techniques for the demonstration of acid hydrolases was investigated with a combined histochemical and biochemical study. In part 1 the histochemical findings were presented. In this communication the biochemical findings are reported and compared with the histochemical findings. In m. soleus, m. plantaris, m. gastrocnemius and diaphragm of vitamin E deficient rabbits the activity of the lysosomal acid hydrolases, cathepsin D, acid maltase, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase is significantly increased. This increase in activity of the investigated acid hydrolases was equal for muscles with an aerobic or an anaerobic metabolism. By means of statistical calculations the activity of the enzymes demonstrated with histochemical techniques was compared with the enzyme activity determined with biochemical techniques. From the results of this investigation it can be concluded that the histochemical semipermeable membrane techniques for the demonstration of activity of acid hydrolases are very reliable. Considering the fact that these techniques are also tissue-saving, they are therefore extremely suitable for the study of catabolic wasting processes in skeletal muscle tissues of patients with inherited or acquired muscular diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:357352", "title": "Immunofluorescent subcellular localization of some muscle proteins: a comparison between tissue sections and isolated myofibrils.", "content": "The localization of parvalbumin in fish white muscle and of the calcium binding protein, of arginine kinase and of glycogen phosphorylase in crayfish tail muscle have been investigated by immunofluorescence using isolated myofibrils and muscle sections as starting materials. It is shown that the four proteins appear to be localized on the thin filaments when myofibrils are used as starting material. This result contrasts with previous observations where it appeared that parvalbumin in fish muscle and arginine kinase in crayfish muscle were distributed uniformly within the cell. This discrepancy is discussed in relation to the high solubility of these proteins. In the light of the present knowledge about striated muscles from these two organisms, it seems that the roles of parvalbumin in fish and of the calcium binding protein in crayfish are probably different.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent subcellular localization of some muscle proteins: a comparison between tissue sections and isolated myofibrils. The localization of parvalbumin in fish white muscle and of the calcium binding protein, of arginine kinase and of glycogen phosphorylase in crayfish tail muscle have been investigated by immunofluorescence using isolated myofibrils and muscle sections as starting materials. It is shown that the four proteins appear to be localized on the thin filaments when myofibrils are used as starting material. This result contrasts with previous observations where it appeared that parvalbumin in fish muscle and arginine kinase in crayfish muscle were distributed uniformly within the cell. This discrepancy is discussed in relation to the high solubility of these proteins. In the light of the present knowledge about striated muscles from these two organisms, it seems that the roles of parvalbumin in fish and of the calcium binding protein in crayfish are probably different."}
{"id": "PMID:357353", "title": "Evaluation of histochemical observations of activity of acid hydrolases obtained with semipermeable membrane techniques: a combined histochemical and biochemical investigation 1. The histochemical investigation.", "content": "The reliability of enzyme histochemical observations of activities of acid hydrolases was investigated with a combined histochemical and biochemical study. Specimens of m. soleus, m. plantaris, m. gastrocnemius and diaphragm of normal and of vitamin E deficient rabbits were used. For the histochemical investigation, activity and localization of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, leucine aminopeptidase and E600 resistant non-specific arylesterase were examined with semipermeable membrane techniques. For the biochemical investigation, activity of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, cathepsin D, acid maltase and neutral maltase was determined. By means of stastical calculations the enzyme activities demonstrated with histochemical techniques were compared with the enzyme activities determined with biochemical techniques. In the present communication the histochemical findings are reported and discussed. From the histochemical findings it appeared that activity of the acid hydrolases investigated is strongly increased in both a granular and a diffuse pattern in skeletal muscle of vitamin E deficient rabbits. The statistical calculations of the histochemical findings clearly reveal that the increased activity of one acid hydrolase was highly significantly paralleled by an increased activity of a second acid hydrolase. Moreover the probability that the activity of all other histochemically studied acid hydrolases was significantly increased was rather high. The increase in activity of the acid hydrolases studied was the same in muscles with an aerobic or an anaerobic metabolism. Moreover there was no difference in activity and localization of the acid hydrolases in aerobic type I and anaerobic type II fibres. The localization of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity muscle fibres mostly coincided. In cases where these enzymes were localized both centrally and in the subsarcolemnal areas of the muscle fibres, the activity of E600 resistant naphtholesterase was usually, and the activity of leucine aminopeptidase was exclusively located in the subsarcolemnal areas. All of the examined acid hydrolases were found to be present in the inflammatory exudate and in the connective tissue.", "contents": "Evaluation of histochemical observations of activity of acid hydrolases obtained with semipermeable membrane techniques: a combined histochemical and biochemical investigation 1. The histochemical investigation. The reliability of enzyme histochemical observations of activities of acid hydrolases was investigated with a combined histochemical and biochemical study. Specimens of m. soleus, m. plantaris, m. gastrocnemius and diaphragm of normal and of vitamin E deficient rabbits were used. For the histochemical investigation, activity and localization of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, leucine aminopeptidase and E600 resistant non-specific arylesterase were examined with semipermeable membrane techniques. For the biochemical investigation, activity of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, cathepsin D, acid maltase and neutral maltase was determined. By means of stastical calculations the enzyme activities demonstrated with histochemical techniques were compared with the enzyme activities determined with biochemical techniques. In the present communication the histochemical findings are reported and discussed. From the histochemical findings it appeared that activity of the acid hydrolases investigated is strongly increased in both a granular and a diffuse pattern in skeletal muscle of vitamin E deficient rabbits. The statistical calculations of the histochemical findings clearly reveal that the increased activity of one acid hydrolase was highly significantly paralleled by an increased activity of a second acid hydrolase. Moreover the probability that the activity of all other histochemically studied acid hydrolases was significantly increased was rather high. The increase in activity of the acid hydrolases studied was the same in muscles with an aerobic or an anaerobic metabolism. Moreover there was no difference in activity and localization of the acid hydrolases in aerobic type I and anaerobic type II fibres. The localization of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity muscle fibres mostly coincided. In cases where these enzymes were localized both centrally and in the subsarcolemnal areas of the muscle fibres, the activity of E600 resistant naphtholesterase was usually, and the activity of leucine aminopeptidase was exclusively located in the subsarcolemnal areas. All of the examined acid hydrolases were found to be present in the inflammatory exudate and in the connective tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:357354", "title": "A methodological study for the quantification and the control of the physico-chemical processes occurring during cell fixation. I. The development of a new technology.", "content": "Fixation in a traditional sense means the immersion of biological material into a chemical fluid. For permanent preservation the fixative is always \"offered\" (1) in excess of the cell sample, and the process of fixation is influenced by (2) chemical impurities of the fixative fluid. Both factors influence the succeeding dyeing of cells. In order to avoid these uncontrolled criteria, a new technology for controlled cell fixation has been developed, whereby freshly prepared formaldehyde and methanol gas in an \"inert\" gas-flow of helium was applied to thin membranes by aid of a capillary flow-in technique. The instrumental equipment consists of (1) an ultra-high vacuum flow-apparatus with a total-pressure measuring unit, (2) a gas-supply device, (3) a mass spectrometer including a pump system, and (4) a Teflon and/or glass-gas chamber for the treatment of synthetic (Hostaphan foils) or biological membranes (mesenterium) with formaldehyde as the fixative gas. The amount of \"offered\", adsorbed, absorbed, diffused, and desorbed fixative gas could be absolutely estimated after the saturation of the membranes with an \"on-line\" operating \"inert\" mass spectrometer of the Omegatron type. The gas treatment of the Hostaphan foils with formaldehyde showed that nearly all adsorbed gas molecules could be desorbed. In contrast to native membranes the greatest proportion of the gas molecules adhered to the biological surface, and only a small quantity were desorbable. Physisorption or physisorption and chemisorption occured depending on the adsorber surface property. A monolayer of formaldehyde of 5.10(14) to 1.10(15) molecules per 10(16) A2 surface area can be postulated on the basis of these preliminary results. This value corresponds to a mass of about 5.10(-8) g CH2O. It resulted in an area-coverage ratio of CH2O molecules per cell of 10(9):1. The membrane surface facing the gas side always amounted to 1 cm2. A fixative gas concentration of 10(6) molecules/cm3, and therefore a degree of coverage of less than 1/1000 monolayer can be estimated absolutely. For a precise determination of the degree of fixation, further experiments and the evaluation of additional physico-chemical parameters are necessary.", "contents": "A methodological study for the quantification and the control of the physico-chemical processes occurring during cell fixation. I. The development of a new technology. Fixation in a traditional sense means the immersion of biological material into a chemical fluid. For permanent preservation the fixative is always \"offered\" (1) in excess of the cell sample, and the process of fixation is influenced by (2) chemical impurities of the fixative fluid. Both factors influence the succeeding dyeing of cells. In order to avoid these uncontrolled criteria, a new technology for controlled cell fixation has been developed, whereby freshly prepared formaldehyde and methanol gas in an \"inert\" gas-flow of helium was applied to thin membranes by aid of a capillary flow-in technique. The instrumental equipment consists of (1) an ultra-high vacuum flow-apparatus with a total-pressure measuring unit, (2) a gas-supply device, (3) a mass spectrometer including a pump system, and (4) a Teflon and/or glass-gas chamber for the treatment of synthetic (Hostaphan foils) or biological membranes (mesenterium) with formaldehyde as the fixative gas. The amount of \"offered\", adsorbed, absorbed, diffused, and desorbed fixative gas could be absolutely estimated after the saturation of the membranes with an \"on-line\" operating \"inert\" mass spectrometer of the Omegatron type. The gas treatment of the Hostaphan foils with formaldehyde showed that nearly all adsorbed gas molecules could be desorbed. In contrast to native membranes the greatest proportion of the gas molecules adhered to the biological surface, and only a small quantity were desorbable. Physisorption or physisorption and chemisorption occured depending on the adsorber surface property. A monolayer of formaldehyde of 5.10(14) to 1.10(15) molecules per 10(16) A2 surface area can be postulated on the basis of these preliminary results. This value corresponds to a mass of about 5.10(-8) g CH2O. It resulted in an area-coverage ratio of CH2O molecules per cell of 10(9):1. The membrane surface facing the gas side always amounted to 1 cm2. A fixative gas concentration of 10(6) molecules/cm3, and therefore a degree of coverage of less than 1/1000 monolayer can be estimated absolutely. For a precise determination of the degree of fixation, further experiments and the evaluation of additional physico-chemical parameters are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:357355", "title": "Immunoenzymehistochemical detection of fibrin microthrombi during disseminated intravascular coagulation rats.", "content": "In tissue of rats with disseminated intravascular coagulation, fibrin microthrombi can be sensitively detected by immunohistochemical methods, using antisera against rat fibrinogen or fibrin monomer. An indirect immunoperoxidase procedure on paraplast-embedded sections yields best results with regard to the morphology of the thrombi and their localization in the tissue. Only fibrillar immunoreactive material, oriented lengthwise in the vessels, should be regarded as microthrombi formed in vivo.", "contents": "Immunoenzymehistochemical detection of fibrin microthrombi during disseminated intravascular coagulation rats. In tissue of rats with disseminated intravascular coagulation, fibrin microthrombi can be sensitively detected by immunohistochemical methods, using antisera against rat fibrinogen or fibrin monomer. An indirect immunoperoxidase procedure on paraplast-embedded sections yields best results with regard to the morphology of the thrombi and their localization in the tissue. Only fibrillar immunoreactive material, oriented lengthwise in the vessels, should be regarded as microthrombi formed in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:357362", "title": "Increased production of the antibiotic aurodox (X-5108) by aurodox-resistant mutants.", "content": "Conventional strain and media improvement techniques were of limited success in increasing yields of the antibiotic aurodox (X-5108) above 0.5 g/liter. Higher yields were obtained by reversion of a zero producer followed by the selection of mutants resistant to aurodox. Resistant strains of Streptomyces goldiniensis ATCC 21386 able to grow on 2 g/liter of aurodox produced greater than 2.5 g/liter of antibiotic. The rate of yield increase leveled off as the strains became resistant to greater than 2 g/liter of aurodox. These strains, in contrast to those sensitive to aurodox, gave a positive response to conventional mutagenic methods for further yield increases.", "contents": "Increased production of the antibiotic aurodox (X-5108) by aurodox-resistant mutants. Conventional strain and media improvement techniques were of limited success in increasing yields of the antibiotic aurodox (X-5108) above 0.5 g/liter. Higher yields were obtained by reversion of a zero producer followed by the selection of mutants resistant to aurodox. Resistant strains of Streptomyces goldiniensis ATCC 21386 able to grow on 2 g/liter of aurodox produced greater than 2.5 g/liter of antibiotic. The rate of yield increase leveled off as the strains became resistant to greater than 2 g/liter of aurodox. These strains, in contrast to those sensitive to aurodox, gave a positive response to conventional mutagenic methods for further yield increases."}
{"id": "PMID:357363", "title": "In vitro activity against Escherichia coli of CGP 9000, a new oral cephalosporin.", "content": "The activity against Escherichia coli of a new oral cephalosporin (manufacturer's code: CGP 9000) has been evaluated in vitro. The intrinsic lytic activity of the new compound was greater than that of cephalexin, but less than that of cephalothin. As judged by regrowth studies using ampicillin resistant E. coli strains, the beta-lactamase stability of the new cephalosporin was somewhat less than that of cephalexin. When tested in an in vitro model in conditions simulating those of the treatment of bacterial cystitis, cephalosporin CGP 9000 suppressed growth of an ampicillin sensitive E. coli strain for a therapeutically acceptable period of time, but exhibited reduced activity against an ampicillin resistant E. coli strain.", "contents": "In vitro activity against Escherichia coli of CGP 9000, a new oral cephalosporin. The activity against Escherichia coli of a new oral cephalosporin (manufacturer's code: CGP 9000) has been evaluated in vitro. The intrinsic lytic activity of the new compound was greater than that of cephalexin, but less than that of cephalothin. As judged by regrowth studies using ampicillin resistant E. coli strains, the beta-lactamase stability of the new cephalosporin was somewhat less than that of cephalexin. When tested in an in vitro model in conditions simulating those of the treatment of bacterial cystitis, cephalosporin CGP 9000 suppressed growth of an ampicillin sensitive E. coli strain for a therapeutically acceptable period of time, but exhibited reduced activity against an ampicillin resistant E. coli strain."}
{"id": "PMID:357367", "title": "Substrate specificity of penicillin acylase of E. coli.", "content": "The hydrolysis of several phenylacetylamino compounds was studied using a purified preparation of E. coli penicillin acylase. The L-isomers of phenylacetyl amino acids were cleaved much faster than the D-isomers. The same observations was made for some phenylacetylamino beta-lactams. When the beta-lactam ring is incorporated in a penam or cephem ring system, the D-isomers were hydrolysed somewhat faster than the L-isomers. We also confirmed that benzylpenicillins with an hydroxy- or an amino-group in alpha-position of the side chain were hydrolysed, both in the normal and the 6-epi-series.", "contents": "Substrate specificity of penicillin acylase of E. coli. The hydrolysis of several phenylacetylamino compounds was studied using a purified preparation of E. coli penicillin acylase. The L-isomers of phenylacetyl amino acids were cleaved much faster than the D-isomers. The same observations was made for some phenylacetylamino beta-lactams. When the beta-lactam ring is incorporated in a penam or cephem ring system, the D-isomers were hydrolysed somewhat faster than the L-isomers. We also confirmed that benzylpenicillins with an hydroxy- or an amino-group in alpha-position of the side chain were hydrolysed, both in the normal and the 6-epi-series."}
{"id": "PMID:357410", "title": "Intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J: N-deacetylation of Escherichia coli peptidoglycan amino sugars.", "content": "During intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on Escherichia coli, the substrate cell peptidoglycan is extensively modified as it is converted to bdelloplast peptidoglycan. The initially lysozyme-sensitive peptidoglycan of E. coli was rapidly converted to a lysozyme-resistant form. The conversion was due to the N-deacetylation of a large portion of the peptidoglycan amino sugars. Chemically acetylating the isolated peptidoglycan restored its sensitivity to lysozyme digestion. However, approximately half of the products of lysozyme digestion exhibited hydrophobic interactions that were shown not to be due to the presence of protein. This suggests that a molecule capable of hydrophobic interactions, other than protein, becomes linked to the bdelloplast peptidoglycan. The data also suggest that much of the Braun lipoprotein is removed from the E. coli peptidoglycan early during bdellovibrio development.", "contents": "Intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J: N-deacetylation of Escherichia coli peptidoglycan amino sugars. During intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on Escherichia coli, the substrate cell peptidoglycan is extensively modified as it is converted to bdelloplast peptidoglycan. The initially lysozyme-sensitive peptidoglycan of E. coli was rapidly converted to a lysozyme-resistant form. The conversion was due to the N-deacetylation of a large portion of the peptidoglycan amino sugars. Chemically acetylating the isolated peptidoglycan restored its sensitivity to lysozyme digestion. However, approximately half of the products of lysozyme digestion exhibited hydrophobic interactions that were shown not to be due to the presence of protein. This suggests that a molecule capable of hydrophobic interactions, other than protein, becomes linked to the bdelloplast peptidoglycan. The data also suggest that much of the Braun lipoprotein is removed from the E. coli peptidoglycan early during bdellovibrio development."}
{"id": "PMID:357411", "title": "Intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J: attachment of long-chain fatty acids to escherichia coli peptidoglycan.", "content": "During the initial stages of intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on Escherichia coli, the peptidoglycan of the E. coli becomes acylated with long-chain fatty acids, primarily palmitic acid (60%) and oleic acid (20%). The attachment of the fatty acids to the peptidoglycan involves a carboxylic-ester bond, i.e., they were removed by treatment with alkaline hydroxylamine. Their linkage to the peptidoglycan does not involve a protein molecule. When the bdelloplast peptidoglycan was digested with lysozyme, the fatty acid-containing split products behaved as lipopeptidoglycan, i.e., they were extracted into the organic phase of 1-butanol:acetic acid:water (4:15) two-phase system; all of the lysozyme split products generated from normal E. coli peptidoglycan were extracted into the water phase. It is suggested that the function of the acylation reaction is to help stabilize the bdelloplast outer membrane against osmotic forces. In addition, a model is presented to explain how a bdellovibrio penetrates, stabilizes, and lyses a substrate cell.", "contents": "Intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J: attachment of long-chain fatty acids to escherichia coli peptidoglycan. During the initial stages of intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on Escherichia coli, the peptidoglycan of the E. coli becomes acylated with long-chain fatty acids, primarily palmitic acid (60%) and oleic acid (20%). The attachment of the fatty acids to the peptidoglycan involves a carboxylic-ester bond, i.e., they were removed by treatment with alkaline hydroxylamine. Their linkage to the peptidoglycan does not involve a protein molecule. When the bdelloplast peptidoglycan was digested with lysozyme, the fatty acid-containing split products behaved as lipopeptidoglycan, i.e., they were extracted into the organic phase of 1-butanol:acetic acid:water (4:15) two-phase system; all of the lysozyme split products generated from normal E. coli peptidoglycan were extracted into the water phase. It is suggested that the function of the acylation reaction is to help stabilize the bdelloplast outer membrane against osmotic forces. In addition, a model is presented to explain how a bdellovibrio penetrates, stabilizes, and lyses a substrate cell."}
{"id": "PMID:357412", "title": "Reconstitution of an ordered structure from major outer membrane constituents and the lipoprotein-bearing peptidoglycan sacculus of Escherichia coli.", "content": "An ordered hexagonal lattice structure with a lattice constant of about 7 nm was reconstituted on the entire surface of the lipoprotein-bearing peptidoglycan from outer membrane protein O-8 and lipopolysaccharide. The lattice structure resembled that observed in the cell envelope which had been treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (Steven et al., J. Cell Biol. 72:292-301, 1977). The omission of either O-8 or lipopolysaccharide resulted in the failure of formation of the lattice structure. No ordered lattice was formed on the peptidoglycan lacking the bound form of the lipoprotein. In the absence of the lipoprotein-bearing peptidoglycan, O-8 and lipopolysaccharide assembled into vesicles with an ordered hexagonal lattice, the lattice constant of which was also about 7 nm. A preliminary experiment indicated that protein O-9 gave the same result as did O-8. These results strongly indicate that O-8 and/or O-9 and lipopolysaccharide provide the ordered framework of the outer membrane and that the bound form of the lipoprotein plays a role in the holding of the framework on the peptidoglycan layer.", "contents": "Reconstitution of an ordered structure from major outer membrane constituents and the lipoprotein-bearing peptidoglycan sacculus of Escherichia coli. An ordered hexagonal lattice structure with a lattice constant of about 7 nm was reconstituted on the entire surface of the lipoprotein-bearing peptidoglycan from outer membrane protein O-8 and lipopolysaccharide. The lattice structure resembled that observed in the cell envelope which had been treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (Steven et al., J. Cell Biol. 72:292-301, 1977). The omission of either O-8 or lipopolysaccharide resulted in the failure of formation of the lattice structure. No ordered lattice was formed on the peptidoglycan lacking the bound form of the lipoprotein. In the absence of the lipoprotein-bearing peptidoglycan, O-8 and lipopolysaccharide assembled into vesicles with an ordered hexagonal lattice, the lattice constant of which was also about 7 nm. A preliminary experiment indicated that protein O-9 gave the same result as did O-8. These results strongly indicate that O-8 and/or O-9 and lipopolysaccharide provide the ordered framework of the outer membrane and that the bound form of the lipoprotein plays a role in the holding of the framework on the peptidoglycan layer."}
{"id": "PMID:357413", "title": "Cell-cell interactions in conjugating Escherichia coli: role of F pili and fate of mating aggregates.", "content": "Bacterial conjugation between Escherichia coli cells was investigated by a combination of physical and genetic techniques, using Hfr, F', or R+ donors and F- recipients. DNA transfer occurred in mating aggregates of up to 50 cells. Multiple interactions between donor and recipient cells occurred, and both F- pilus connections and wall-to-wall contacts were detectable. The detectable F- pilus contacts could be destroyed without either disrupting the mating aggregates or preventing DNA transfer. Hfr X F- mating aggregates did not disaggregate even though recombinant frequencies were inversely proportional to the distance from the origin of DNA transfer. F' or R+ donors formed mating aggregates with F- cells which disaggregated soon after transfer of the autonomous sex factor DNA.", "contents": "Cell-cell interactions in conjugating Escherichia coli: role of F pili and fate of mating aggregates. Bacterial conjugation between Escherichia coli cells was investigated by a combination of physical and genetic techniques, using Hfr, F', or R+ donors and F- recipients. DNA transfer occurred in mating aggregates of up to 50 cells. Multiple interactions between donor and recipient cells occurred, and both F- pilus connections and wall-to-wall contacts were detectable. The detectable F- pilus contacts could be destroyed without either disrupting the mating aggregates or preventing DNA transfer. Hfr X F- mating aggregates did not disaggregate even though recombinant frequencies were inversely proportional to the distance from the origin of DNA transfer. F' or R+ donors formed mating aggregates with F- cells which disaggregated soon after transfer of the autonomous sex factor DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:357414", "title": "Transconjugant analysis: limitations on the use of sequence-specific endonucleases for plasmid identification.", "content": "We used the sequence-specific endonucleases EcoRI, SmaI, BamHI, HsuI, and HaeIII as identification tools in following the conjugal transfer of the well-studied R plasmids Sa, R388, RP4, and R6K. Transfers were both intergeneric and intrageneric. Plasmid fingerprints were generated from both single- and combination-enzyme digests. The Sa transconjugants yielded plasmids showing consistent fingerprints for each of the respective endonucleases used, whereas the three other R-plasmid transconjugants showed fingerprint changes.", "contents": "Transconjugant analysis: limitations on the use of sequence-specific endonucleases for plasmid identification. We used the sequence-specific endonucleases EcoRI, SmaI, BamHI, HsuI, and HaeIII as identification tools in following the conjugal transfer of the well-studied R plasmids Sa, R388, RP4, and R6K. Transfers were both intergeneric and intrageneric. Plasmid fingerprints were generated from both single- and combination-enzyme digests. The Sa transconjugants yielded plasmids showing consistent fingerprints for each of the respective endonucleases used, whereas the three other R-plasmid transconjugants showed fingerprint changes."}
{"id": "PMID:357415", "title": "Porin activity in the osmotic shock fluid of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Osmotic shock fluid of Escherichia coli exhibited pore-forming activity. This activity could be followed by an in vitro assay based on the conductivity increase for ions due to the presence of pores in black lipid membranes. The histogram (the distribution of conductivity increments in a single pore experiment) obtained with osmotic shock fluid from E. coli was identical to the histogram obtained by detergent-solubilized porin isolated from the outer membrane. The osmotic shock fluid from porin-negative mutants also exhibited pore activity, although the histogram and ion specificity were different from those of porin. Antibodies raised against detergent-solubilized porin were able to form precipitin lines by the Ouchterlony immunodiffusion technique when shock fluids, but not detergent-solubilized porin, were used. These antibodies prevented the formation of pores when shock fluids contained porin but not when shock fluids obtained from porin-negative mutants were used. Macroscopic membrane conductivity of shock fluids due to porin exhibited a concentration dependence, in contrast to detergent-solubilized porin. These results indicate that the hydrodynamic properties of periplasmic or \"soluble\" porin are different from those of the detergent-solubilized porin of the outer membrane. Periplasmic porin comprises about 0.7% of total protein in the osmotic shock fluid.", "contents": "Porin activity in the osmotic shock fluid of Escherichia coli. Osmotic shock fluid of Escherichia coli exhibited pore-forming activity. This activity could be followed by an in vitro assay based on the conductivity increase for ions due to the presence of pores in black lipid membranes. The histogram (the distribution of conductivity increments in a single pore experiment) obtained with osmotic shock fluid from E. coli was identical to the histogram obtained by detergent-solubilized porin isolated from the outer membrane. The osmotic shock fluid from porin-negative mutants also exhibited pore activity, although the histogram and ion specificity were different from those of porin. Antibodies raised against detergent-solubilized porin were able to form precipitin lines by the Ouchterlony immunodiffusion technique when shock fluids, but not detergent-solubilized porin, were used. These antibodies prevented the formation of pores when shock fluids contained porin but not when shock fluids obtained from porin-negative mutants were used. Macroscopic membrane conductivity of shock fluids due to porin exhibited a concentration dependence, in contrast to detergent-solubilized porin. These results indicate that the hydrodynamic properties of periplasmic or \"soluble\" porin are different from those of the detergent-solubilized porin of the outer membrane. Periplasmic porin comprises about 0.7% of total protein in the osmotic shock fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:357416", "title": "Identification of three genes controlling production of new outer membrane pore proteins in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Escherichia coli K-12 strains carrying mutations in the ompB gene or double mutations in the tolF and par genes lack the major outer membrane proteins 1a and 1b. These strains are deficient in the transport of small hydrophylic compounds and are multiply colicin resistant. When revertants of these strains were sought, a number of extragenic pseudorevertants were obtained which produced new outer membrane proteins. These new proteins could be divided into three classes by differences in electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels, by differing specificities for transport of small molecules, and by the identification of three different genetic loci for genes controlling their production. These genetic loci are designated as nmpA (at approximately 82.5 min on the E. coli K-12 genetic map), nmpB (8.6 min), and nmpC (12 min). The new proteins produced in strains carrying nmpA, nmpB, or nmpC mutations did not cross-react with antiserum against a mixture of proteins 1a and 1b, or with antiserum against phage-directed protein 2. Production of the new membrane proteins restored sensitivity to some of the colicins.", "contents": "Identification of three genes controlling production of new outer membrane pore proteins in Escherichia coli K-12. Escherichia coli K-12 strains carrying mutations in the ompB gene or double mutations in the tolF and par genes lack the major outer membrane proteins 1a and 1b. These strains are deficient in the transport of small hydrophylic compounds and are multiply colicin resistant. When revertants of these strains were sought, a number of extragenic pseudorevertants were obtained which produced new outer membrane proteins. These new proteins could be divided into three classes by differences in electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels, by differing specificities for transport of small molecules, and by the identification of three different genetic loci for genes controlling their production. These genetic loci are designated as nmpA (at approximately 82.5 min on the E. coli K-12 genetic map), nmpB (8.6 min), and nmpC (12 min). The new proteins produced in strains carrying nmpA, nmpB, or nmpC mutations did not cross-react with antiserum against a mixture of proteins 1a and 1b, or with antiserum against phage-directed protein 2. Production of the new membrane proteins restored sensitivity to some of the colicins."}
{"id": "PMID:357417", "title": "Differences in crystal violet uptake and cation-induced death among yeast sterol mutants.", "content": "Yeast sterol mutants exposed to crystal violet demonstrated greater dye uptake than the wild type. In addition, exposure for 10 min to hypertonic cation solutions showed a greater decrease in cell viability for mutants than for wild type.", "contents": "Differences in crystal violet uptake and cation-induced death among yeast sterol mutants. Yeast sterol mutants exposed to crystal violet demonstrated greater dye uptake than the wild type. In addition, exposure for 10 min to hypertonic cation solutions showed a greater decrease in cell viability for mutants than for wild type."}
{"id": "PMID:357418", "title": "Mapping of the hemE locus in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A new type of heme-deficient mutant was isolated in Salmonella typhimurium by neomycin selection. The mutant was deficient in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity, coded by the hemE gene. The hemE gene was located between the genes rif and thi at 128 min on the chromosomal map of S. typhimurium.", "contents": "Mapping of the hemE locus in Salmonella typhimurium. A new type of heme-deficient mutant was isolated in Salmonella typhimurium by neomycin selection. The mutant was deficient in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity, coded by the hemE gene. The hemE gene was located between the genes rif and thi at 128 min on the chromosomal map of S. typhimurium."}
{"id": "PMID:357419", "title": "A single mutation affects L-serine deaminase, L-leucyl-, L-phenylalanyl-tRNA protein transferase, and proline oxidase activity in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A mutation at a single locus, wyb, results in several phenotypic changes in Escherichia coli K-12. The Wyb- phenotype includes: (i) an increase in L-serine deaminase activity, together with a loss of inducibility by L-leucine; (ii) an absence of L-leucyl-, L-phenylalanyl-tRNA protein transferase activity; (iii) inducibility of proline oxidase by proline; and (iv) a loss of ability to use maltose as a carbon and energy source.", "contents": "A single mutation affects L-serine deaminase, L-leucyl-, L-phenylalanyl-tRNA protein transferase, and proline oxidase activity in Escherichia coli K-12. A mutation at a single locus, wyb, results in several phenotypic changes in Escherichia coli K-12. The Wyb- phenotype includes: (i) an increase in L-serine deaminase activity, together with a loss of inducibility by L-leucine; (ii) an absence of L-leucyl-, L-phenylalanyl-tRNA protein transferase activity; (iii) inducibility of proline oxidase by proline; and (iv) a loss of ability to use maltose as a carbon and energy source."}
{"id": "PMID:357420", "title": "Control of Escherichia coli growth by CO2.", "content": "Escherichia coli B dependence on CO2 for growth was demonstrated. At suboptimal CO2 concentrations the rate of growth was controlled by CO2 concentration.", "contents": "Control of Escherichia coli growth by CO2. Escherichia coli B dependence on CO2 for growth was demonstrated. At suboptimal CO2 concentrations the rate of growth was controlled by CO2 concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:357421", "title": "Temperature-dependent variation in the extent of methylation of ribosomal proteins L7 and L12 in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The amount of epsilon-N-monomethyllysine in ribosomal proteins L7 and L12 in Escherichia coli is dependent upon the cell growth temperature. At 37 degrees C or above, very small amounts were detected. Dramatic increase in the content of epsilon-N-monomethyllysine in these proteins was observed when the growth temperature was lowered.", "contents": "Temperature-dependent variation in the extent of methylation of ribosomal proteins L7 and L12 in Escherichia coli. The amount of epsilon-N-monomethyllysine in ribosomal proteins L7 and L12 in Escherichia coli is dependent upon the cell growth temperature. At 37 degrees C or above, very small amounts were detected. Dramatic increase in the content of epsilon-N-monomethyllysine in these proteins was observed when the growth temperature was lowered."}
{"id": "PMID:357422", "title": "Distribution of autolysins in hyphae of Aspergillus nidulans: evidence for a lipid-mediated attachment to hyphal walls.", "content": "Preparations of broken Aspergillus nidulans hyphae contained both free and wall-bound autolysins. The bound enzymes were not solubilized by 8 M LiCl or neutral or anionic detergents; they were readily detached from walls by a cationic detergent or by autodigestion. Once detached, the enzymes did not reassociate with wall to give salt-resistant complexes. Six enzymes hydrolyzing wall polymers were bound to the envelope, and the same activities were also detected among soluble proteins in the cytoplasmic fraction. It is suggested that cytoplasmic vesicles, containing autolysins, are inserted into or trapped by newly formed wall in the growing hypha; these constitute the wall-bound autolysin fraction. Starvation for a carbon source derepressed the synthesis of five out of the six autolysins, and the amounts of both soluble and wall-bound activities increased by one to two orders of magnitude.", "contents": "Distribution of autolysins in hyphae of Aspergillus nidulans: evidence for a lipid-mediated attachment to hyphal walls. Preparations of broken Aspergillus nidulans hyphae contained both free and wall-bound autolysins. The bound enzymes were not solubilized by 8 M LiCl or neutral or anionic detergents; they were readily detached from walls by a cationic detergent or by autodigestion. Once detached, the enzymes did not reassociate with wall to give salt-resistant complexes. Six enzymes hydrolyzing wall polymers were bound to the envelope, and the same activities were also detected among soluble proteins in the cytoplasmic fraction. It is suggested that cytoplasmic vesicles, containing autolysins, are inserted into or trapped by newly formed wall in the growing hypha; these constitute the wall-bound autolysin fraction. Starvation for a carbon source derepressed the synthesis of five out of the six autolysins, and the amounts of both soluble and wall-bound activities increased by one to two orders of magnitude."}
{"id": "PMID:357423", "title": "Copy numbers of coexisting plasmids in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A strain of Escherichia coli K-12 carrying eight compatible and distinguishable plasmids was constructed. The amounts of plasmid DNA (measured as supercoiled molecules) per chromosome in this strain was about equal to the sum of the plasmid DNAs, extracted under controlled conditions, from strains each carrying one of the eight plasmids. Analysis of these DNA preparations showed that each plasmid in the multiplasmid strain was present in the same proportion per chromosome as in the single-plasmid strains. Also the level of phenotypic expression of each plasmid in the multiplasmid strain was the same as in the single-plasmid strains. Each plasmid, therefore, appears to control its own copy number irrespective of the presence of other compatible plasmids.", "contents": "Copy numbers of coexisting plasmids in Escherichia coli K-12. A strain of Escherichia coli K-12 carrying eight compatible and distinguishable plasmids was constructed. The amounts of plasmid DNA (measured as supercoiled molecules) per chromosome in this strain was about equal to the sum of the plasmid DNAs, extracted under controlled conditions, from strains each carrying one of the eight plasmids. Analysis of these DNA preparations showed that each plasmid in the multiplasmid strain was present in the same proportion per chromosome as in the single-plasmid strains. Also the level of phenotypic expression of each plasmid in the multiplasmid strain was the same as in the single-plasmid strains. Each plasmid, therefore, appears to control its own copy number irrespective of the presence of other compatible plasmids."}
{"id": "PMID:357424", "title": "Involvement of the relA gene product and feedback inhibition in the regulation of DUP-N-acetylmuramyl-peptide synthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The regulation of uridine diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl-peptide (UDP-MurNAc-peptide) synthesis was studied by labeling Escherichia coli strains auxotrophic for lysine and diaminopimelate with [3H]diaminopimelate for 15 min under various conditions. The amounts of [3H]diaminopimelate incorporated into UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide and -pentapeptide by a stringent (rel+) strain were the same in the presence or absence of lysine. Chloramphenicol-treated rel+ cells showed a 2.8-fold increase in labeled UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. An isogenic relaxed (relA) strain deprived of lysine showed a 2.7-fold increase in UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. Thus, UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide synthesis is regulated by the relA gene. D-Cycloserine treatment of rel+ and relA strains caused a depletion of intracellular UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. Labeled UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide accumulated in D-cycloserine-treated cells of the rel+ and relA strains, suggesting that UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide is a feedback inhibitor of UDP-MurNAc-peptide synthesis. In lysine-deprived cells, D-cycloserine treatment caused 41- and 71-fold accumulations of UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide in rel+ and relA strains, respectively. A 124-fold increase in UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide occurred in lysine-deprived rel+ cells treated with both chloramphenicol and D-cycloserine. These results indicate that both the relA gene product and feedback inhibition are involved in regulating UDP-MurNAc-peptide synthesis during amino acid deprivation.", "contents": "Involvement of the relA gene product and feedback inhibition in the regulation of DUP-N-acetylmuramyl-peptide synthesis in Escherichia coli. The regulation of uridine diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl-peptide (UDP-MurNAc-peptide) synthesis was studied by labeling Escherichia coli strains auxotrophic for lysine and diaminopimelate with [3H]diaminopimelate for 15 min under various conditions. The amounts of [3H]diaminopimelate incorporated into UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide and -pentapeptide by a stringent (rel+) strain were the same in the presence or absence of lysine. Chloramphenicol-treated rel+ cells showed a 2.8-fold increase in labeled UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. An isogenic relaxed (relA) strain deprived of lysine showed a 2.7-fold increase in UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. Thus, UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide synthesis is regulated by the relA gene. D-Cycloserine treatment of rel+ and relA strains caused a depletion of intracellular UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. Labeled UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide accumulated in D-cycloserine-treated cells of the rel+ and relA strains, suggesting that UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide is a feedback inhibitor of UDP-MurNAc-peptide synthesis. In lysine-deprived cells, D-cycloserine treatment caused 41- and 71-fold accumulations of UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide in rel+ and relA strains, respectively. A 124-fold increase in UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide occurred in lysine-deprived rel+ cells treated with both chloramphenicol and D-cycloserine. These results indicate that both the relA gene product and feedback inhibition are involved in regulating UDP-MurNAc-peptide synthesis during amino acid deprivation."}
{"id": "PMID:357425", "title": "Relationship of large and small invertases in Saccharomyces: mutant selectively deficient in small invertase.", "content": "A mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (D10-ER1) has been isolated after a two-step mutagenesis of strain 4059-358D (SUC 1) using ethyl methane sulfonate. Cells of this new strain produced a level of total invertase equaling that of 4059 but contained only trace amounts of the small, internal, aglycan form of the enzyme (less than 0.1% of total in D10-ER1 compared with 6% in 4059). When D10.ER1 was crossed with an invertase-hyperproducing strain dgr3 (SUC3), progeny were isolated (HZ400-5A and HZ400-2C) in which levels of total invertase had at least quadrupled. The percentage of small invertase, however, remained insignificant. Levels of small invertase in strain HZ400-5A were determined by affinity chromatography on conconavalin A-Sepharose, gel permeation chromatography, and isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl. The large invertase of the SUC1 yeasts described here was found to contain a form apparently greater in size than the large invertase of the SUC2 strain FH4C; this probably reflects a higher content of carbohydrate. The overall results of this study do not support a direct structural relationship between large and small invertases. The implications on invertase biosynthesis and structure are discussed.", "contents": "Relationship of large and small invertases in Saccharomyces: mutant selectively deficient in small invertase. A mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (D10-ER1) has been isolated after a two-step mutagenesis of strain 4059-358D (SUC 1) using ethyl methane sulfonate. Cells of this new strain produced a level of total invertase equaling that of 4059 but contained only trace amounts of the small, internal, aglycan form of the enzyme (less than 0.1% of total in D10-ER1 compared with 6% in 4059). When D10.ER1 was crossed with an invertase-hyperproducing strain dgr3 (SUC3), progeny were isolated (HZ400-5A and HZ400-2C) in which levels of total invertase had at least quadrupled. The percentage of small invertase, however, remained insignificant. Levels of small invertase in strain HZ400-5A were determined by affinity chromatography on conconavalin A-Sepharose, gel permeation chromatography, and isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl. The large invertase of the SUC1 yeasts described here was found to contain a form apparently greater in size than the large invertase of the SUC2 strain FH4C; this probably reflects a higher content of carbohydrate. The overall results of this study do not support a direct structural relationship between large and small invertases. The implications on invertase biosynthesis and structure are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:357426", "title": "Effect of tsl (thermosensitive suppressor of lex) mutation on postreplication repair in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Cells of Escherichia coli K-12 carrying lexA or recA mutations are more sensitive to UV radiation than corresponding wild-type cells and are defective in postreplication repair. Supressor mutations (tsl) have been described previously which increase the UV resistance of lexA uvr+, lexA uvrA, and recAI uvr+ strains, but not the resistance of recA1 uvrA strains. We have studied the effect of the tsl-1 mutation on postreplication repair and find that the enhanced survival conferred by this mutation is correlated with an increased capacity for postreplication repair.", "contents": "Effect of tsl (thermosensitive suppressor of lex) mutation on postreplication repair in Escherichia coli K-12. Cells of Escherichia coli K-12 carrying lexA or recA mutations are more sensitive to UV radiation than corresponding wild-type cells and are defective in postreplication repair. Supressor mutations (tsl) have been described previously which increase the UV resistance of lexA uvr+, lexA uvrA, and recAI uvr+ strains, but not the resistance of recA1 uvrA strains. We have studied the effect of the tsl-1 mutation on postreplication repair and find that the enhanced survival conferred by this mutation is correlated with an increased capacity for postreplication repair."}
{"id": "PMID:357427", "title": "Enzymes producing 4-thiouridine in Escherichia coli tRNA: approximate chromosomal locations of the genes and enzyme activities in a 4-thiouridine-deficient mutant.", "content": "A previously described mutant of Escherichia coli which lacks 4-thiouridine in its tRNA was here shown to be deficient in factor A, one of the two proteins responsible for this thiolation of uridine. Addition of exogenous factor A restored the thiolating ability of extracts prepared from the mutant. The activities of the two thiolation proteins were governed by genes at two widely separated positions on the chromosome, as determined with F-prime merodiploids. The site governing factor A activity lay roughly in the region of the recently reported position of nuv, a gene controlling the production of 4-thiouridine in tRNA.", "contents": "Enzymes producing 4-thiouridine in Escherichia coli tRNA: approximate chromosomal locations of the genes and enzyme activities in a 4-thiouridine-deficient mutant. A previously described mutant of Escherichia coli which lacks 4-thiouridine in its tRNA was here shown to be deficient in factor A, one of the two proteins responsible for this thiolation of uridine. Addition of exogenous factor A restored the thiolating ability of extracts prepared from the mutant. The activities of the two thiolation proteins were governed by genes at two widely separated positions on the chromosome, as determined with F-prime merodiploids. The site governing factor A activity lay roughly in the region of the recently reported position of nuv, a gene controlling the production of 4-thiouridine in tRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:357428", "title": "Intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J: solubilization of Escherichia coli peptidoglycan.", "content": "During penetration of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus into Escherchia coli, two enzymatic activities, a glycanase and a peptidase, rapidly solubilized some 10 to 15% of the E. coli peptidoglycan. The glycanase activity, which solubilizes peptidoglycan amino sugars, came to a sharp halt with completion of the penetration process. Peptidase activity, which cleaves diaminopimelic acid residues from the peptidoglycan, continued, but at a decreasing rate. By 90 min after bdellovibrio attack, some 30% of the initial E. coli diaminopimelic acid residues were solubilized and present in the culture fluid as free diaminopimelic acid. During bdellovibrio penetration some 25% of the lipopolysaccharide glucosamine was also solubilized by an as yet undefined enzymatic activity that yielded products having molecular weights below 2,000. The solubilization of E. coli lipopolysaccharide glucosamine also terminated at completion of bdellovibrio penetration. At the end of bdellovibrio growth, a second period of rapid solubilization of bdelloplast peptidoglycan began which resulted in lysis of the bdelloplast and complete solubilization of the peptidoglycan amino sugars and diaminopimelic acid. The final lytic enzyme(s) was synthesized just before the time of lysis.", "contents": "Intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J: solubilization of Escherichia coli peptidoglycan. During penetration of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus into Escherchia coli, two enzymatic activities, a glycanase and a peptidase, rapidly solubilized some 10 to 15% of the E. coli peptidoglycan. The glycanase activity, which solubilizes peptidoglycan amino sugars, came to a sharp halt with completion of the penetration process. Peptidase activity, which cleaves diaminopimelic acid residues from the peptidoglycan, continued, but at a decreasing rate. By 90 min after bdellovibrio attack, some 30% of the initial E. coli diaminopimelic acid residues were solubilized and present in the culture fluid as free diaminopimelic acid. During bdellovibrio penetration some 25% of the lipopolysaccharide glucosamine was also solubilized by an as yet undefined enzymatic activity that yielded products having molecular weights below 2,000. The solubilization of E. coli lipopolysaccharide glucosamine also terminated at completion of bdellovibrio penetration. At the end of bdellovibrio growth, a second period of rapid solubilization of bdelloplast peptidoglycan began which resulted in lysis of the bdelloplast and complete solubilization of the peptidoglycan amino sugars and diaminopimelic acid. The final lytic enzyme(s) was synthesized just before the time of lysis."}
{"id": "PMID:357430", "title": "Characterization of a restriction enzyme from Escherichia coli K carrying a mutation in the modification subunit.", "content": "The restriction enzyme from a restriction and modification-deficient strain of Escherichia coli K mutated in the modification gene (hsdM) has been purified using an in vitro complementation assay with a mutant restriction enzyme from a strain lacking only restriction. The restriction enzyme from the hsdM mutant lacks all of the activities that are associated with the wild type enzyme: binding of unmodified DNA to filters, cleavage, or methylation of unmodified DNA and ATP hydrolysis. It is shown that the enzyme from this hsdM mutant cannot bind S-adenosylmethionine, an allosteric effector in the restriction reaction. In the absence of enzyme activation by S-adenosylmethionine, no binding to unmodified DNA takes place. A comparison with other mutant restriction enzymes allows us to outline the biochemical role of the subunits of the E. coli K restriction endonuclease.", "contents": "Characterization of a restriction enzyme from Escherichia coli K carrying a mutation in the modification subunit. The restriction enzyme from a restriction and modification-deficient strain of Escherichia coli K mutated in the modification gene (hsdM) has been purified using an in vitro complementation assay with a mutant restriction enzyme from a strain lacking only restriction. The restriction enzyme from the hsdM mutant lacks all of the activities that are associated with the wild type enzyme: binding of unmodified DNA to filters, cleavage, or methylation of unmodified DNA and ATP hydrolysis. It is shown that the enzyme from this hsdM mutant cannot bind S-adenosylmethionine, an allosteric effector in the restriction reaction. In the absence of enzyme activation by S-adenosylmethionine, no binding to unmodified DNA takes place. A comparison with other mutant restriction enzymes allows us to outline the biochemical role of the subunits of the E. coli K restriction endonuclease."}
{"id": "PMID:357433", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the L-arabinose regulatory region of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of a 250-base pair segment of L-arabinose operon DNA containing the 150-base pair regulatory region has been determined. This segment includes the promoter for rightward araBAD transcription, pBAD, the promoter for leftward araC transcription, pC, and sites responsible for repression.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the L-arabinose regulatory region of Escherichia coli K12. The nucleotide sequence of a 250-base pair segment of L-arabinose operon DNA containing the 150-base pair regulatory region has been determined. This segment includes the promoter for rightward araBAD transcription, pBAD, the promoter for leftward araC transcription, pC, and sites responsible for repression."}
{"id": "PMID:357434", "title": "Inhibition of primase, the dnaG protein of Escherichia coli by 2'-deoxy-2'-azidocytidine triphosphate.", "content": "2'-Deoxy-2'-azidocytidine-5'-triphosphate was investigated as an inhibitor in two reconstructed enzyme systems which catalyze the replication of two viral DNAs. During replication of the duplex replicative form of phiX174 DNA, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme was weakly inhibited and inhibition was reversed by dCTP. A more pronounced inhibition, not reversed by either dCTP or CTP, was observed during replication of the single-stranded DNA of the bacteriophage G4, a close relative of phiX174. This effect depended on the incorporation of 2'-deoxy-2'-azidocytidine-5'-triphosphate by primase (dnaG protein) which synthesizes a 29-residue RNA primer at the unique origin of bacteriophage G4 DNA replication. Extension of the primer strand, terminated by 2'-deoxy-2'-azidocytidine-5'-triphosphate is then severely inhibited. Primase was also inhibited by the 2'-deoxy-2'-azido derivatives of ATP, GTP, and UTP.", "contents": "Inhibition of primase, the dnaG protein of Escherichia coli by 2'-deoxy-2'-azidocytidine triphosphate. 2'-Deoxy-2'-azidocytidine-5'-triphosphate was investigated as an inhibitor in two reconstructed enzyme systems which catalyze the replication of two viral DNAs. During replication of the duplex replicative form of phiX174 DNA, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme was weakly inhibited and inhibition was reversed by dCTP. A more pronounced inhibition, not reversed by either dCTP or CTP, was observed during replication of the single-stranded DNA of the bacteriophage G4, a close relative of phiX174. This effect depended on the incorporation of 2'-deoxy-2'-azidocytidine-5'-triphosphate by primase (dnaG protein) which synthesizes a 29-residue RNA primer at the unique origin of bacteriophage G4 DNA replication. Extension of the primer strand, terminated by 2'-deoxy-2'-azidocytidine-5'-triphosphate is then severely inhibited. Primase was also inhibited by the 2'-deoxy-2'-azido derivatives of ATP, GTP, and UTP."}
{"id": "PMID:357435", "title": "The ribosomal protein L24 of Escherichia coli is an assembly protein.", "content": "Incubation of 50 S subunits with 4.2 M LiCl leads to 4.2c cores and the complementary split protein fraction SP4.2, the latter containing quantitatively L24. L24 was removed from the split fraction by means of CM-cellulose chromatography. Partial and total reconstitution experiments performed with this protein preparation in the absence and presence of L24 demonstrate the crucial role of L24 in the early stage of assembly. However, this protein is dispensable for the subsequent steps of the in vitro assembly. 50 S subunits lacking L24 are fully active in the translation of artificial (poly(U)) and natural (R17 RNA) mRNA, indicating that L24 is not involved in any function of protein synthesis of the mature ribosome. It is therefore a mere assembly protein.", "contents": "The ribosomal protein L24 of Escherichia coli is an assembly protein. Incubation of 50 S subunits with 4.2 M LiCl leads to 4.2c cores and the complementary split protein fraction SP4.2, the latter containing quantitatively L24. L24 was removed from the split fraction by means of CM-cellulose chromatography. Partial and total reconstitution experiments performed with this protein preparation in the absence and presence of L24 demonstrate the crucial role of L24 in the early stage of assembly. However, this protein is dispensable for the subsequent steps of the in vitro assembly. 50 S subunits lacking L24 are fully active in the translation of artificial (poly(U)) and natural (R17 RNA) mRNA, indicating that L24 is not involved in any function of protein synthesis of the mature ribosome. It is therefore a mere assembly protein."}
{"id": "PMID:357436", "title": "The effects of glucagon, catecholamines, and the calcium ionophore A23187 on the phosphorylation of rat hepatocyte cytosolic proteins.", "content": "Recent experiments have demonstrated that stimulation of rat hepatocyte alpha-adrenergic receptors alters the activity of enzymes known to be regulated by cycles of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. These events apparently occur without an increase in the activity of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. The present study compared the effects of glucagon and catecholamines on the incorporation of radioactive phosphate into cytosolic proteins obtained from intact rat hepatocytes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis resolved 27 phosphorylated bands in the molecular weight range 220,000 to 29,000. Treatment of the intact hepatocytes with glucagon or cyclic nucleotides increased the phosphorylation of 12 of these bands. Incubation of unlabeled cytoplasmic proteins with the catalytic subunit of protein kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP leads to the phosphorylation of 11 proteins. The molecular weights of these proteins were very similar to those altered by glucagon treatment of intact cells. Stimulation of the alpha-receptor with norepinephrine, epinephrine, or phenylephrine in the presence of 20 micrometer propranolol caused an increase in the phosphorylation of at least 10 of the same 12 phosphorylated bands stimulated by glucagon. The increase in phosphorylation mediated by alpha-receptors was only 50 to 60% of that observed with glucagon  and occurred in the absence of any change in the level of adenosone 3':5'-monophosphate. The effects of alpha-receptor stimulation could be completely antagonized by 20 micrometer ergotamine or 20 micrometer phentolamine. Treatment of the cells with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 in an attempt to mimic alpha-receptor function increased the phosphorylation of 4 of the phosphoproteins altered by glucagon or catecholamines. The effects of the ionophore depended on the presence of extracellular Ca2+ ion and were similar in magnitude to those of catecholamines. It is concluded that alpha-receptor occupation alters the activity of an adenosin 3':5'-monophosphate-independent protein kinase or phosphatase with a specificity similar to those affected by cyclic nucleotides.", "contents": "The effects of glucagon, catecholamines, and the calcium ionophore A23187 on the phosphorylation of rat hepatocyte cytosolic proteins. Recent experiments have demonstrated that stimulation of rat hepatocyte alpha-adrenergic receptors alters the activity of enzymes known to be regulated by cycles of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. These events apparently occur without an increase in the activity of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. The present study compared the effects of glucagon and catecholamines on the incorporation of radioactive phosphate into cytosolic proteins obtained from intact rat hepatocytes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis resolved 27 phosphorylated bands in the molecular weight range 220,000 to 29,000. Treatment of the intact hepatocytes with glucagon or cyclic nucleotides increased the phosphorylation of 12 of these bands. Incubation of unlabeled cytoplasmic proteins with the catalytic subunit of protein kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP leads to the phosphorylation of 11 proteins. The molecular weights of these proteins were very similar to those altered by glucagon treatment of intact cells. Stimulation of the alpha-receptor with norepinephrine, epinephrine, or phenylephrine in the presence of 20 micrometer propranolol caused an increase in the phosphorylation of at least 10 of the same 12 phosphorylated bands stimulated by glucagon. The increase in phosphorylation mediated by alpha-receptors was only 50 to 60% of that observed with glucagon  and occurred in the absence of any change in the level of adenosone 3':5'-monophosphate. The effects of alpha-receptor stimulation could be completely antagonized by 20 micrometer ergotamine or 20 micrometer phentolamine. Treatment of the cells with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 in an attempt to mimic alpha-receptor function increased the phosphorylation of 4 of the phosphoproteins altered by glucagon or catecholamines. The effects of the ionophore depended on the presence of extracellular Ca2+ ion and were similar in magnitude to those of catecholamines. It is concluded that alpha-receptor occupation alters the activity of an adenosin 3':5'-monophosphate-independent protein kinase or phosphatase with a specificity similar to those affected by cyclic nucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:357437", "title": "Nucleation of microtubules in vitro by isolated spindle pole bodies of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Spindle pole bodies (SPBs) were isolated from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by an adaptation of the Kleinschmidt monolayer technique. Spheroplasts prepared from the cells were lysed on an air-water interface. Spread preparations were picked up on grids, transferred to experimental test solutions, and prepared for whole-mount electron microscopy. Using purified exogenous tubulin from porcine brain tissue, the isolated SPBs were shown to nucleate the assembly of microtubules in vitro. Microtubule growth was directional and primarily onto the intranuclear face of the SPB. Neither the morphology nor the microtubule-initiating capacity of the SPB was affected by treatment with the enzymes DNase, RNase, or phospholipase although both properties were sensitive to trypsin. Analysis of SPBs at various stages of the cell cycle showed that newly replicated SPBs had the capacity to nucleate microtubules. SPBs isolated from exponentially growing cells initiated a subset of the yeast spindle microtubules equivalent to the number of pole-to-pole microtubules seen in vivo. However, SPBs isolated from cells in stationary phase and therefore arrested in G1 nucleated a number of  microtubules equal to the total chromosomal and pole-to-pole tubules in the yeast spindle. This may mean that in G1-arrested cells, the SPB is associated with microtubule attachment sites of the yeast chromatin.", "contents": "Nucleation of microtubules in vitro by isolated spindle pole bodies of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Spindle pole bodies (SPBs) were isolated from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by an adaptation of the Kleinschmidt monolayer technique. Spheroplasts prepared from the cells were lysed on an air-water interface. Spread preparations were picked up on grids, transferred to experimental test solutions, and prepared for whole-mount electron microscopy. Using purified exogenous tubulin from porcine brain tissue, the isolated SPBs were shown to nucleate the assembly of microtubules in vitro. Microtubule growth was directional and primarily onto the intranuclear face of the SPB. Neither the morphology nor the microtubule-initiating capacity of the SPB was affected by treatment with the enzymes DNase, RNase, or phospholipase although both properties were sensitive to trypsin. Analysis of SPBs at various stages of the cell cycle showed that newly replicated SPBs had the capacity to nucleate microtubules. SPBs isolated from exponentially growing cells initiated a subset of the yeast spindle microtubules equivalent to the number of pole-to-pole microtubules seen in vivo. However, SPBs isolated from cells in stationary phase and therefore arrested in G1 nucleated a number of  microtubules equal to the total chromosomal and pole-to-pole tubules in the yeast spindle. This may mean that in G1-arrested cells, the SPB is associated with microtubule attachment sites of the yeast chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:357438", "title": "Immunological characterization of a major transformation-sensitive fibroblast cell surface glycoprotein. Localization, redistribution, and role in cell shape.", "content": "The major cell surface glycoprotein of chick embryo fibroblasts, cellular fibronectin (formerly known as CSP or LETS protein), was purified and used to produce monospecific antisera. After affinity purification, the anti-fibronectin was used to investigate fibronectin's localization, its transfer from intracellular to extracellular pools, its antibody-induced redistribution on the cell surface, and its role in cell shape. Anti-fibronectin localizes to extracellular fibrils located under and between sparse cells, and to a dense matrix that surrounds confluent cells. Cellular fibronectin is also present in granular intracytoplasmic structures containing newly synthesized fibronectin before secretion. This intracellular staining disappears 2 h after treatment with cycloheximide or puromycin, and returns after removal of these protein synthesis inhibitors. In pulse-chase experiments using cycloheximide, fibronectin was sequentially transferred from the intracellular to the fibrillar extracellular forms. Transformation of chick fibroblasts results in decreases in both extracellular and intracellular fibronectin, and in altered cell shape. Treatment of untransformed chick fibroblasts with anti-fibronectin results in rapid (30 min) alteration to a rounder cell shape resembling that of many transformed cells. These rapid shape changes are followed by a slow, antibody-induced redistribution of fibronectin to supranuclear caplike structures. This \"capping\" is inhibited by metabolic inhibitors. Reconstitution of cell surface fibronectin onto transformed cells restores a more normal fibroblastic phenotype. The reconstituted fibronectin on these cells organizes into fibrillar patterns similar to those of untransformed cells. As with untransformed cells, treatment of these reconstituted cells with anti-fibronectin also results in cell rounding and \"capping\" of fibronectin.", "contents": "Immunological characterization of a major transformation-sensitive fibroblast cell surface glycoprotein. Localization, redistribution, and role in cell shape. The major cell surface glycoprotein of chick embryo fibroblasts, cellular fibronectin (formerly known as CSP or LETS protein), was purified and used to produce monospecific antisera. After affinity purification, the anti-fibronectin was used to investigate fibronectin's localization, its transfer from intracellular to extracellular pools, its antibody-induced redistribution on the cell surface, and its role in cell shape. Anti-fibronectin localizes to extracellular fibrils located under and between sparse cells, and to a dense matrix that surrounds confluent cells. Cellular fibronectin is also present in granular intracytoplasmic structures containing newly synthesized fibronectin before secretion. This intracellular staining disappears 2 h after treatment with cycloheximide or puromycin, and returns after removal of these protein synthesis inhibitors. In pulse-chase experiments using cycloheximide, fibronectin was sequentially transferred from the intracellular to the fibrillar extracellular forms. Transformation of chick fibroblasts results in decreases in both extracellular and intracellular fibronectin, and in altered cell shape. Treatment of untransformed chick fibroblasts with anti-fibronectin results in rapid (30 min) alteration to a rounder cell shape resembling that of many transformed cells. These rapid shape changes are followed by a slow, antibody-induced redistribution of fibronectin to supranuclear caplike structures. This \"capping\" is inhibited by metabolic inhibitors. Reconstitution of cell surface fibronectin onto transformed cells restores a more normal fibroblastic phenotype. The reconstituted fibronectin on these cells organizes into fibrillar patterns similar to those of untransformed cells. As with untransformed cells, treatment of these reconstituted cells with anti-fibronectin also results in cell rounding and \"capping\" of fibronectin."}
{"id": "PMID:357439", "title": "Method for rapid detection of group B streptococci by coagglutination.", "content": "A quick and reliable technique for the identification of group B streptococci has been developed. The method requires no elaborate equipment or expensive reagents and can be used to detect the group B organisms in mixed broth cultures or to identify suspect colonies selected from agar plates. The method is a coagglutination technique in which 1 drop of specifically sensitized protein A-containing Staphylococcus aureus is mixed with 1 drop of supernatant of an actively growing culture. The soluble group-specific carbohydrate substance of the group B streptococci reacts with the staph particles to produce agglutination that is macroscopically readable. One colony of group B streptococci taken from an agar plate and inoculated into Todd-Hewitt broth will give a positive reaction within 6 h of incubation; with a larger inoculum, the positive reaction occurs within a shorter period. The method was applied for detection of group B streptococci in mixed broth cultures. In laboratory studies involving random mixtures of organisms, 59.3% of positive cultures were detected within the first 8 h of incubation, and 71.7% were found within 24 h. In clinical studies with mixed broth cultures grown directly from vaginal swabs, 78.6% of the positive cultures were detected within the first 8 h of incubation, and 92.9% were found within 24 h.", "contents": "Method for rapid detection of group B streptococci by coagglutination. A quick and reliable technique for the identification of group B streptococci has been developed. The method requires no elaborate equipment or expensive reagents and can be used to detect the group B organisms in mixed broth cultures or to identify suspect colonies selected from agar plates. The method is a coagglutination technique in which 1 drop of specifically sensitized protein A-containing Staphylococcus aureus is mixed with 1 drop of supernatant of an actively growing culture. The soluble group-specific carbohydrate substance of the group B streptococci reacts with the staph particles to produce agglutination that is macroscopically readable. One colony of group B streptococci taken from an agar plate and inoculated into Todd-Hewitt broth will give a positive reaction within 6 h of incubation; with a larger inoculum, the positive reaction occurs within a shorter period. The method was applied for detection of group B streptococci in mixed broth cultures. In laboratory studies involving random mixtures of organisms, 59.3% of positive cultures were detected within the first 8 h of incubation, and 71.7% were found within 24 h. In clinical studies with mixed broth cultures grown directly from vaginal swabs, 78.6% of the positive cultures were detected within the first 8 h of incubation, and 92.9% were found within 24 h."}
{"id": "PMID:357440", "title": "Detection of antibodies to legionnaires disease organism by microagglutination and micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests.", "content": "Microagglutination and micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests with easily prepared, safe, heat-killed antigens for detecting antibodies to the legionnaires disease organism have been developed. A safranin-stained whole-cell antigen is used in the microagglutination test, and a simply prepared soluble antigen is used in the micro-ELISA tests. The microagglutination test detected elevated titers in 97.2% of the sera from patients with legionnaires disease. Three variations of the micro-ELISA test with anti-human immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, and Fab peroxidase-labeled conjugates revealed elevated titers with 74.3, 82.9, and 88.6% of the sera, respectively. The microagglutination and the micro-ELISA tests used in combination detected 100% of the elevated titers.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies to legionnaires disease organism by microagglutination and micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests. Microagglutination and micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests with easily prepared, safe, heat-killed antigens for detecting antibodies to the legionnaires disease organism have been developed. A safranin-stained whole-cell antigen is used in the microagglutination test, and a simply prepared soluble antigen is used in the micro-ELISA tests. The microagglutination test detected elevated titers in 97.2% of the sera from patients with legionnaires disease. Three variations of the micro-ELISA test with anti-human immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, and Fab peroxidase-labeled conjugates revealed elevated titers with 74.3, 82.9, and 88.6% of the sera, respectively. The microagglutination and the micro-ELISA tests used in combination detected 100% of the elevated titers."}
{"id": "PMID:357441", "title": "Evaluation of a simplified Guizotia abyssinica seed medium for differentiation of Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "A simplified Guizotia abyssinica seed medium, eliminating glucose, creatinine, and phosphate, was evaluated for the isolation and presumptive identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. Of 80 isolates of C. neoformans tested, 69 (86%) developed the characteristic brown pigment within 12 h on this medium as against only 5 isolates (6%) on the complete medium. In primary cultures of experimentally seeded specimens of sputum, bronchial aspirate, soil, and pigeon excreta, C. neoformans was recognizable within 3 to 5 days on the modified medium in contrast to the 3 to 8 days required on the complete medium. The results demonstrated that the simplified G. abyssinica seed agar, with or without diphenyl, is superior to the complete medium  for the rapid development of the brown pigment by C. neoformans.", "contents": "Evaluation of a simplified Guizotia abyssinica seed medium for differentiation of Cryptococcus neoformans. A simplified Guizotia abyssinica seed medium, eliminating glucose, creatinine, and phosphate, was evaluated for the isolation and presumptive identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. Of 80 isolates of C. neoformans tested, 69 (86%) developed the characteristic brown pigment within 12 h on this medium as against only 5 isolates (6%) on the complete medium. In primary cultures of experimentally seeded specimens of sputum, bronchial aspirate, soil, and pigeon excreta, C. neoformans was recognizable within 3 to 5 days on the modified medium in contrast to the 3 to 8 days required on the complete medium. The results demonstrated that the simplified G. abyssinica seed agar, with or without diphenyl, is superior to the complete medium  for the rapid development of the brown pigment by C. neoformans."}
{"id": "PMID:357442", "title": "Clinical evaluation of the Uni-Yeast-Tek system for rapid presumptive identification of medically important yeasts.", "content": "The results of over 400 tests for identification of clinical yeast isolates as to species using the Uni-Yeast-Tek (UYT) system in comparison with a more conventional system are reported. The conventional system utilized a total of 23 individual tests, including both fermentation and assimilation tests, whereas the UYT system included only 11 separate tests. In the initial phase of the study, coded unknown isolates were evaluated by each of two technologists using both methods independently. After this initial evaluation, the two methods were used in parallel for routine testing of yeast isolates as they were obtained from clinical specimens. A further evaluation of the UYT system was carried out by retrospectively analyzing the species reported from a clinical mycology laboratory during two separate time periods in which different approaches to yeast identification were employed. A total of 92% of the isolates tested with the UYT system were correctly reported within 72 h, 96% were correctly named after 1 week of incubation, and 97% were correctly reported after 2 weeks of incubation of UYT plates at 30 degrees C when results of the two phases of the study were analyzed together. With the conventional system, 88% of the isolates were correctly reported at 72 h, 96% at 1 week, and 98% after 2 weeks of incubation of biochemical tests. Retrospective analysis of laboratory records revealed no major changes in species reported after adoption of the UYT system for routine testing of clinical isolates. The data presented in this report suggest that the UYT system can be expected to yield rapid presumptive identification of clinical yeast isolates with reasonable confidence when certain minor limitations that are discussed in the text are taken into account.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of the Uni-Yeast-Tek system for rapid presumptive identification of medically important yeasts. The results of over 400 tests for identification of clinical yeast isolates as to species using the Uni-Yeast-Tek (UYT) system in comparison with a more conventional system are reported. The conventional system utilized a total of 23 individual tests, including both fermentation and assimilation tests, whereas the UYT system included only 11 separate tests. In the initial phase of the study, coded unknown isolates were evaluated by each of two technologists using both methods independently. After this initial evaluation, the two methods were used in parallel for routine testing of yeast isolates as they were obtained from clinical specimens. A further evaluation of the UYT system was carried out by retrospectively analyzing the species reported from a clinical mycology laboratory during two separate time periods in which different approaches to yeast identification were employed. A total of 92% of the isolates tested with the UYT system were correctly reported within 72 h, 96% were correctly named after 1 week of incubation, and 97% were correctly reported after 2 weeks of incubation of UYT plates at 30 degrees C when results of the two phases of the study were analyzed together. With the conventional system, 88% of the isolates were correctly reported at 72 h, 96% at 1 week, and 98% after 2 weeks of incubation of biochemical tests. Retrospective analysis of laboratory records revealed no major changes in species reported after adoption of the UYT system for routine testing of clinical isolates. The data presented in this report suggest that the UYT system can be expected to yield rapid presumptive identification of clinical yeast isolates with reasonable confidence when certain minor limitations that are discussed in the text are taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:357443", "title": "Direct-plate serological grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci from primary isolation plates with the Phadebact streptococcus test.", "content": "The grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococcal isolates by a new direct-plate procedure employing Phadebact Streptococcus Test reagents was compared with the results obtained with the 4- and 24-h Phadebact grouping procedure and with the Lancefield grouping obtained with a capillary precipitin test. The new procedure employed a modification of the Phadebact procedure that permitted the grouping of streptococci on glass slides with a minimum of five primary isolated colonies. When only five to eight colonies were available for direct testing with each Phadebact reagent, coagglutination was better manifested when the colonies were disaggregated on a glass slide in a loopful of Tween 80 solution. Further enhancement of the coagglutination reaction was effected when the respective Phadebact reagents were employed in relatively small volumes. The direct-plate procedure permitted the correct identification of 127 out of 129 betahemolytic isolates. The 4-h method correctly identified 192 of the 200 streptococci tested. All of the 200 isolates tested by the 24-h procedure and the Lancefield grouping were correctly identified. The direct-plate Phadebact procedure affords the clinical microbiologist a rapid and reliable means of identifying groups A, B, C, and G beta-hemolytic streptococci. When sufficient numbers of primary colonies are not available for the direct procedure, the 4- or 24-h procedures may be employed.", "contents": "Direct-plate serological grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci from primary isolation plates with the Phadebact streptococcus test. The grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococcal isolates by a new direct-plate procedure employing Phadebact Streptococcus Test reagents was compared with the results obtained with the 4- and 24-h Phadebact grouping procedure and with the Lancefield grouping obtained with a capillary precipitin test. The new procedure employed a modification of the Phadebact procedure that permitted the grouping of streptococci on glass slides with a minimum of five primary isolated colonies. When only five to eight colonies were available for direct testing with each Phadebact reagent, coagglutination was better manifested when the colonies were disaggregated on a glass slide in a loopful of Tween 80 solution. Further enhancement of the coagglutination reaction was effected when the respective Phadebact reagents were employed in relatively small volumes. The direct-plate procedure permitted the correct identification of 127 out of 129 betahemolytic isolates. The 4-h method correctly identified 192 of the 200 streptococci tested. All of the 200 isolates tested by the 24-h procedure and the Lancefield grouping were correctly identified. The direct-plate Phadebact procedure affords the clinical microbiologist a rapid and reliable means of identifying groups A, B, C, and G beta-hemolytic streptococci. When sufficient numbers of primary colonies are not available for the direct procedure, the 4- or 24-h procedures may be employed."}
{"id": "PMID:357444", "title": "Serological reactions of the genus Peptostreptococcus.", "content": "White male New Zealand rabbits were immunized with soluble antigen preparations (SP) of the following gram-positive anaerobic cocci: Peptostreptococcus anaerobius ATCC 27337 and VPI 5737; P. micros VPI 2618; Streptococcus morbillorum ATCC 27527; P. parvulus VPI 5229; and P. productus ATCC 27340. SP were reacted with homologous and heterologous rabbit antisera in immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, indirect fluorescent-antibody, and tanned-cell passive hemagglutination tests. Even though each antiserum reacted strongly with its homologous SP, no interspecies reactivity was observed except between P. productus antisera and P. parvulus SP by the passive hemagglutination test. Antisera prepared to both strains of P. anaerobius reacted with the other strain in all serological tests.", "contents": "Serological reactions of the genus Peptostreptococcus. White male New Zealand rabbits were immunized with soluble antigen preparations (SP) of the following gram-positive anaerobic cocci: Peptostreptococcus anaerobius ATCC 27337 and VPI 5737; P. micros VPI 2618; Streptococcus morbillorum ATCC 27527; P. parvulus VPI 5229; and P. productus ATCC 27340. SP were reacted with homologous and heterologous rabbit antisera in immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, indirect fluorescent-antibody, and tanned-cell passive hemagglutination tests. Even though each antiserum reacted strongly with its homologous SP, no interspecies reactivity was observed except between P. productus antisera and P. parvulus SP by the passive hemagglutination test. Antisera prepared to both strains of P. anaerobius reacted with the other strain in all serological tests."}
{"id": "PMID:357445", "title": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis for detection of microbial antigens: increased sensitivity with dextran-containing gels.", "content": "The addition of 4% dextran with a mean molecular weight of 70,000 to counterimmunoelectrophoresis gels enhanced the clarity of precipitin lines and increased the sensitivity of the procedure two- to fourfold with a variety of microbial antigens.", "contents": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis for detection of microbial antigens: increased sensitivity with dextran-containing gels. The addition of 4% dextran with a mean molecular weight of 70,000 to counterimmunoelectrophoresis gels enhanced the clarity of precipitin lines and increased the sensitivity of the procedure two- to fourfold with a variety of microbial antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:357446", "title": "Development of a template for use in immunofluorescent identification of mycoplasmas.", "content": "A template for securing blocks of agar onto glass slides is described. Use of the template allows efficient handling as well as thorough washing of agar blocks during the immunofluorescence staining process.", "contents": "Development of a template for use in immunofluorescent identification of mycoplasmas. A template for securing blocks of agar onto glass slides is described. Use of the template allows efficient handling as well as thorough washing of agar blocks during the immunofluorescence staining process."}
{"id": "PMID:357447", "title": "Microwave oven for melting laboratory media.", "content": "A microwave oven was used to melt microbiological media, resulting in a substantial reduction of heat generation and considerable savings in time.", "contents": "Microwave oven for melting laboratory media. A microwave oven was used to melt microbiological media, resulting in a substantial reduction of heat generation and considerable savings in time."}
{"id": "PMID:357448", "title": "Glucose-stimulated 45Calcium efflux from isolated rat pancreatic islets.", "content": "Kinetics of (45)Ca efflux and insulin release were studied in collagenase-isolated rat islets during 2-h perifusions with calcium-depleted (0.05 mM) bicarbonate-phosphate buffer containing 2.2 mM glucose. Addition of glucose (16.7 mM) suppressed (45)Ca efflux by 30%. Removal of glucose caused an \"off response\" of insulin release. The perifusion of a normal concentration of Ca (2.3 mM) greatly stimulated (45)Ca efflux, indicating Ca <--> (45)Ca exchange. When Ca and glucose were superimposed, the effects on (45)Ca efflux and insulin release depended upon the order of presentation of the stimuli: when Ca was added to an ongoing 16.7-mM glucose perifusion, biphasic patterns of (45)Ca and insulin release were seen; when glucose was superimposed on a Ca perifusion, an inhibition of the Ca-stimulated (45)Ca efflux occurred, and a reduced but clearly biphasic insulin response was seen. The subsequent insulin off response after with-drawal of the glucose was also reduced. Mathematical \"peeling\" of (45)Ca efflux curves from unstimulated islets suggests that there are at least two, and probably three, different intracellular Ca compartments (not including the extracellular sucrose space). At the beginning of perifusion, these three compartments (I, II, III) contain 25, 56, and 19% of the intracellular (45)Ca, and their rates of efflux are 6.7, 1.2, and 0.1%/min, respectively. Glucose appears to suppress efflux from the largest compartment (II); Ca appears to exchange with (45)Ca from a more inert compartment (III). The relationship between insulin and (45)Ca release is not stoichiometric.", "contents": "Glucose-stimulated 45Calcium efflux from isolated rat pancreatic islets. Kinetics of (45)Ca efflux and insulin release were studied in collagenase-isolated rat islets during 2-h perifusions with calcium-depleted (0.05 mM) bicarbonate-phosphate buffer containing 2.2 mM glucose. Addition of glucose (16.7 mM) suppressed (45)Ca efflux by 30%. Removal of glucose caused an \"off response\" of insulin release. The perifusion of a normal concentration of Ca (2.3 mM) greatly stimulated (45)Ca efflux, indicating Ca <--> (45)Ca exchange. When Ca and glucose were superimposed, the effects on (45)Ca efflux and insulin release depended upon the order of presentation of the stimuli: when Ca was added to an ongoing 16.7-mM glucose perifusion, biphasic patterns of (45)Ca and insulin release were seen; when glucose was superimposed on a Ca perifusion, an inhibition of the Ca-stimulated (45)Ca efflux occurred, and a reduced but clearly biphasic insulin response was seen. The subsequent insulin off response after with-drawal of the glucose was also reduced. Mathematical \"peeling\" of (45)Ca efflux curves from unstimulated islets suggests that there are at least two, and probably three, different intracellular Ca compartments (not including the extracellular sucrose space). At the beginning of perifusion, these three compartments (I, II, III) contain 25, 56, and 19% of the intracellular (45)Ca, and their rates of efflux are 6.7, 1.2, and 0.1%/min, respectively. Glucose appears to suppress efflux from the largest compartment (II); Ca appears to exchange with (45)Ca from a more inert compartment (III). The relationship between insulin and (45)Ca release is not stoichiometric."}
{"id": "PMID:357449", "title": "Antibodies to histones in drug-induced and idiopathic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "When tissue sections are extracted with 0.1 N HCl, cellular nuclear proteins, including histones, are removed but nuclear DNA is retained. Histones can be reconstituted back to nuclear DNA in acid-extracted tissue sections so that the resulting nuclear substrate is composed only of DNA and histones and does not contain acidic nuclear protein antigens. The resulting DNA-histone tissue substrate can be used in the immunofluorescent method for specific detention of antibodies to histones. Sera from 23 patients with drug-induced lupus erythematosus (procainamide 19, isoniazid 2, nitrofurantoin 2) and 20 patients with idiopathic (not drug-induced) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied. All 23 patients with drug-induced lupus erythematosus (LE) lost nuclear staining on acid-extracted sections. In contrast, only 12 of 20 with idiopathic SLE lost nuclear staining on acid-extracted tissues, and in the remaining 8, there was no significant fall in titer. In the drug-induced LE group, loss of nuclear staining was due to the absence of histones on the substrate because with histone-reconstituted sections, 22 of 23 again became positive for nuclear staining at titers equal to or at one doubling dilution below titers on unextracted tissues. In contrast, of the 12 idiopathic SLE sera which lost nuclear staining, only 5 regained nuclear staining on histone-reconstituted tissue sections. In idiopathic SLE, antinuclear antibodies are heterogeneous in specificities and may consist of antibodies to native DNA, histones, or nonhistone proteins. In contrast, antinuclear antibodies in drug-induced LE are less heterogeneous and mainly consist of antibodies to histones.", "contents": "Antibodies to histones in drug-induced and idiopathic lupus erythematosus. When tissue sections are extracted with 0.1 N HCl, cellular nuclear proteins, including histones, are removed but nuclear DNA is retained. Histones can be reconstituted back to nuclear DNA in acid-extracted tissue sections so that the resulting nuclear substrate is composed only of DNA and histones and does not contain acidic nuclear protein antigens. The resulting DNA-histone tissue substrate can be used in the immunofluorescent method for specific detention of antibodies to histones. Sera from 23 patients with drug-induced lupus erythematosus (procainamide 19, isoniazid 2, nitrofurantoin 2) and 20 patients with idiopathic (not drug-induced) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied. All 23 patients with drug-induced lupus erythematosus (LE) lost nuclear staining on acid-extracted sections. In contrast, only 12 of 20 with idiopathic SLE lost nuclear staining on acid-extracted tissues, and in the remaining 8, there was no significant fall in titer. In the drug-induced LE group, loss of nuclear staining was due to the absence of histones on the substrate because with histone-reconstituted sections, 22 of 23 again became positive for nuclear staining at titers equal to or at one doubling dilution below titers on unextracted tissues. In contrast, of the 12 idiopathic SLE sera which lost nuclear staining, only 5 regained nuclear staining on histone-reconstituted tissue sections. In idiopathic SLE, antinuclear antibodies are heterogeneous in specificities and may consist of antibodies to native DNA, histones, or nonhistone proteins. In contrast, antinuclear antibodies in drug-induced LE are less heterogeneous and mainly consist of antibodies to histones."}
{"id": "PMID:357450", "title": "Renin response to stimulation of cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors in man.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (renin) and hemodynamic response to venous pooling of blood in legs were studied in 24 healthy volunteers and four patients who after bilateral nephrectomy received a functioning renal transplant. Blood pressure cuffs were placed around subjects' thighs and inflated at a pressure 5 mm Hg below the individuals' diastolic pressures. 30 min after thigh cuff inflation, renin significantly increased in all volunteers (mean = 125%). Inflation of cuffs induced a decrease of right atrial pressure, cardiopulmonary blood volume, and cardiac output, but there were no changes in the extra-arterial systolic and diatoloic pressure or in the pressure amplitude. After cuffs were deflated, renin and hemodynamic parameters returned toward normal. In nine volunteers in whom thigh cuff inflation initially elicited renin increases, subsequent intravenous propranolol (0.25 mg/kg) abolished the response to repeated cuff inflation. The renin increase to thigh cuff inflation was absent or suppressed in four patients with a recently transplanted denervated kidney. It is concluded that thigh cuff inflation elicited a reflex-mediated renin increase, and that the reflex stemmed from stimulation of cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors.", "contents": "Renin response to stimulation of cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors in man. Plasma renin activity (renin) and hemodynamic response to venous pooling of blood in legs were studied in 24 healthy volunteers and four patients who after bilateral nephrectomy received a functioning renal transplant. Blood pressure cuffs were placed around subjects' thighs and inflated at a pressure 5 mm Hg below the individuals' diastolic pressures. 30 min after thigh cuff inflation, renin significantly increased in all volunteers (mean = 125%). Inflation of cuffs induced a decrease of right atrial pressure, cardiopulmonary blood volume, and cardiac output, but there were no changes in the extra-arterial systolic and diatoloic pressure or in the pressure amplitude. After cuffs were deflated, renin and hemodynamic parameters returned toward normal. In nine volunteers in whom thigh cuff inflation initially elicited renin increases, subsequent intravenous propranolol (0.25 mg/kg) abolished the response to repeated cuff inflation. The renin increase to thigh cuff inflation was absent or suppressed in four patients with a recently transplanted denervated kidney. It is concluded that thigh cuff inflation elicited a reflex-mediated renin increase, and that the reflex stemmed from stimulation of cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:357451", "title": "Effects of cue-controlled relaxation, a placebo treatment, and no treatment on changes in self-reported test anxiety among college students.", "content": "Twenty-eight test-anxious Ss received either \"cue-controlled relaxation therapy,\" an inert placebo treatment, or no treatment. Once before and twice after the experimental treatment period each S responded to three test-anxiety scales and to one measure of public-speaking anxiety. Once after the treatment, Ss rated the credibility of the procedure to which they had been exposed. Pre- and posttreatment scores on the measure of (untreated) speech anxiety and posttreatment ratings of credibility both showed that the cued relaxation and placebo procedures exerted equivalent experimental demand for improvement. Scores on all three test-anxiety measures showed that, under these conditions of equivalent demand,the placebo procedure reduced self-reports of test anxiety at least as much as did cue-controlled relaxation. Implications are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of cue-controlled relaxation, a placebo treatment, and no treatment on changes in self-reported test anxiety among college students. Twenty-eight test-anxious Ss received either \"cue-controlled relaxation therapy,\" an inert placebo treatment, or no treatment. Once before and twice after the experimental treatment period each S responded to three test-anxiety scales and to one measure of public-speaking anxiety. Once after the treatment, Ss rated the credibility of the procedure to which they had been exposed. Pre- and posttreatment scores on the measure of (untreated) speech anxiety and posttreatment ratings of credibility both showed that the cued relaxation and placebo procedures exerted equivalent experimental demand for improvement. Scores on all three test-anxiety measures showed that, under these conditions of equivalent demand,the placebo procedure reduced self-reports of test anxiety at least as much as did cue-controlled relaxation. Implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:357452", "title": "Factorial relationships of measures of perceived level of psychopathology and sociometric choice.", "content": "Studied the relationship of diagnosis, age, length of hospitalization, and various measures of perceived level of psychopathology, perceived appropriateness of hospitalization, and sociometric choice among 39 adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Factor analysis revealed two factors, one that was apparently a measure of perceived level of psychopathology and another that was apparently a measure of sociometric choice. Perceptions of an individual's level of psychopathology appear to be shared across staff and patient boundaries. Appropriateness of hospitalization had a strong positive relationship to perceived level of psychopathology and a weak negative relationship to sociometric standing. The relative lack of relationship between sociometric standing and perceived level of psychopathology is discussed in light of past research and methodological design issues.", "contents": "Factorial relationships of measures of perceived level of psychopathology and sociometric choice. Studied the relationship of diagnosis, age, length of hospitalization, and various measures of perceived level of psychopathology, perceived appropriateness of hospitalization, and sociometric choice among 39 adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Factor analysis revealed two factors, one that was apparently a measure of perceived level of psychopathology and another that was apparently a measure of sociometric choice. Perceptions of an individual's level of psychopathology appear to be shared across staff and patient boundaries. Appropriateness of hospitalization had a strong positive relationship to perceived level of psychopathology and a weak negative relationship to sociometric standing. The relative lack of relationship between sociometric standing and perceived level of psychopathology is discussed in light of past research and methodological design issues."}
{"id": "PMID:357453", "title": "The pain apperception test: an investigation of concurrent validity.", "content": "Gave 55 chronic pain patients the Pain Apperception Test (PAT), the MMPI, the Health Index Index, the Whitely Index, the Pain Estimate, and the Tourniquet Test in an investigation of the concurrent validity of the PAT. The results did not support strongly the concurrent validity of the PAT, given the small number of significant correlations obtained. However, several consistent patterns did emerge: The PAT appeared to be correlated positively with the Alcoholism and Social Introversion scales of the MMPI and with the Invalidism scale of the Health Index. The PAT appeared to be correlated negatively with the Psychopathic Deviate scale of the MMPI. The latter results are discussed with respect to the psychodynamics of chronic pain patients. Further research is suggested, especially with regard to direct pain measures and predictive validity.", "contents": "The pain apperception test: an investigation of concurrent validity. Gave 55 chronic pain patients the Pain Apperception Test (PAT), the MMPI, the Health Index Index, the Whitely Index, the Pain Estimate, and the Tourniquet Test in an investigation of the concurrent validity of the PAT. The results did not support strongly the concurrent validity of the PAT, given the small number of significant correlations obtained. However, several consistent patterns did emerge: The PAT appeared to be correlated positively with the Alcoholism and Social Introversion scales of the MMPI and with the Invalidism scale of the Health Index. The PAT appeared to be correlated negatively with the Psychopathic Deviate scale of the MMPI. The latter results are discussed with respect to the psychodynamics of chronic pain patients. Further research is suggested, especially with regard to direct pain measures and predictive validity."}
{"id": "PMID:357454", "title": "Retrospective identification of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni in a case of amoebic meningoencephalitis.", "content": "Acanthamoeba culbertsoni was identified retrospectively in a case of amoebic meningoencephalitis, previously reported by Jager and Stamm (Lancet, 2, 1343, 1972). This is the second report of this species causing secondary infection in man. Positive results were obtained only with anti-A. culbertsoni sera when the brain sections were stained by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test with various antisera produced against different Acanthamoeba species. Antiserum raised against purified plasma membranes of A. culbertsoni showed once more its highly specific diagnostic value.", "contents": "Retrospective identification of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni in a case of amoebic meningoencephalitis. Acanthamoeba culbertsoni was identified retrospectively in a case of amoebic meningoencephalitis, previously reported by Jager and Stamm (Lancet, 2, 1343, 1972). This is the second report of this species causing secondary infection in man. Positive results were obtained only with anti-A. culbertsoni sera when the brain sections were stained by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test with various antisera produced against different Acanthamoeba species. Antiserum raised against purified plasma membranes of A. culbertsoni showed once more its highly specific diagnostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:357457", "title": "A stereotaxic atlas of the brain of the three-day-old domestic chick.", "content": "Preparation of a stereotaxic atlas of the brain of the 3-day-old domestic chick was prompted by the widespread use of chicks in behavioral and pharmacological research. The atlas is comprised of 26 frontal plates extending from the frontal pole to the level of the hypoglossal nucleus, and one sagittal plate at lateral 0.4 mm. Marking lesions were used to ascertain coordinates, the brains were embedded in albumin and sections cut at 36 mmu. The brain sections were stained with cresyl violet for nuclei and with hematoxylin for fibers. Unstained brain sections were used as a guide in drawing the plates to correct for shrinkage and distortion. The use of the atlas for research purposes for one year, plus test lesions targeted for specific brain structures, indicates the atlas is accurate to within 0.5 mm.", "contents": "A stereotaxic atlas of the brain of the three-day-old domestic chick. Preparation of a stereotaxic atlas of the brain of the 3-day-old domestic chick was prompted by the widespread use of chicks in behavioral and pharmacological research. The atlas is comprised of 26 frontal plates extending from the frontal pole to the level of the hypoglossal nucleus, and one sagittal plate at lateral 0.4 mm. Marking lesions were used to ascertain coordinates, the brains were embedded in albumin and sections cut at 36 mmu. The brain sections were stained with cresyl violet for nuclei and with hematoxylin for fibers. Unstained brain sections were used as a guide in drawing the plates to correct for shrinkage and distortion. The use of the atlas for research purposes for one year, plus test lesions targeted for specific brain structures, indicates the atlas is accurate to within 0.5 mm."}
{"id": "PMID:357458", "title": "Characterization of the monoaminergic innervation of immature rat neocortex: a histofluorescence analysis.", "content": "In the neocortex of 6-day-old rat, abundant axon terminals which exhibit specific catecholamine fluorescence are found in all regions and throughout all cortical layers. The overall density of axons in 6-day-old cortex is similar to the density in the adult cortex. In immature cortex, there are two distinct fluorescent plexuses, both presumably noradrenergic, one in the molecular layer and another in the lower half of the cortex. The superficial plexus is composed primarily of horizontal fibers, and the deep plexus of a dense feltwork of obliquely oriented fibers suggestive of a terminal field. The cortical plate itself is traversed by a few vertical processes. Following lesions of the midbrain tegmentum no fluorescent axons are seen in cortex, providing evidence that the fluorescent axons in cortex arise from brain stem neurons. The deep and superficial plexuses can be differentially visualized depending on the histochemical techniques employed and on pharmacological treatment, such as loading with a monoamine congener. Both deep and superficial axons are shown to contain endogenous catecholamines but those fibers in the deep plexus are filled to far less than their maximum capacity. The pharmaco-histochemical differences between axons in the two plexuses suggest that there may exist two distinct catecholaminergic projections to lateral neocortex. The demonstration of an extensive cortical monoamine innervation early in ontogeny supports the possibility that monoamine neurons play an important role in information processing and/or developmental interactions in the immature brain.", "contents": "Characterization of the monoaminergic innervation of immature rat neocortex: a histofluorescence analysis. In the neocortex of 6-day-old rat, abundant axon terminals which exhibit specific catecholamine fluorescence are found in all regions and throughout all cortical layers. The overall density of axons in 6-day-old cortex is similar to the density in the adult cortex. In immature cortex, there are two distinct fluorescent plexuses, both presumably noradrenergic, one in the molecular layer and another in the lower half of the cortex. The superficial plexus is composed primarily of horizontal fibers, and the deep plexus of a dense feltwork of obliquely oriented fibers suggestive of a terminal field. The cortical plate itself is traversed by a few vertical processes. Following lesions of the midbrain tegmentum no fluorescent axons are seen in cortex, providing evidence that the fluorescent axons in cortex arise from brain stem neurons. The deep and superficial plexuses can be differentially visualized depending on the histochemical techniques employed and on pharmacological treatment, such as loading with a monoamine congener. Both deep and superficial axons are shown to contain endogenous catecholamines but those fibers in the deep plexus are filled to far less than their maximum capacity. The pharmaco-histochemical differences between axons in the two plexuses suggest that there may exist two distinct catecholaminergic projections to lateral neocortex. The demonstration of an extensive cortical monoamine innervation early in ontogeny supports the possibility that monoamine neurons play an important role in information processing and/or developmental interactions in the immature brain."}
{"id": "PMID:357455", "title": "Effect of sublingual pentrinitrol on exercise tolerance in angina pectoris.", "content": "The effects of 10 mg sublingual pentrinitrol and placebo on the exercise tolerance of 20 patients with angina pectoris were compared. The ten patients who received pentrinitrol had increases in exercise times and metabolic oxygen equivalents (METs) 15 and 60 minutes after administration, whereas no change occurred in ten comparable patients receiving placebo. Pentrinitrol produced lower preexercise systolic blood pressures and systolic blood pressures at point of angina. An increase in heart rate offset the effect of the reduced systolic blood pressure on double product (systolic blood pressure times heart rate). Sublingual pentrinitrol is an effective antianginal drug for at least 60 minutes.", "contents": "Effect of sublingual pentrinitrol on exercise tolerance in angina pectoris. The effects of 10 mg sublingual pentrinitrol and placebo on the exercise tolerance of 20 patients with angina pectoris were compared. The ten patients who received pentrinitrol had increases in exercise times and metabolic oxygen equivalents (METs) 15 and 60 minutes after administration, whereas no change occurred in ten comparable patients receiving placebo. Pentrinitrol produced lower preexercise systolic blood pressures and systolic blood pressures at point of angina. An increase in heart rate offset the effect of the reduced systolic blood pressure on double product (systolic blood pressure times heart rate). Sublingual pentrinitrol is an effective antianginal drug for at least 60 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:357456", "title": "Hypnotic activity of diphenhydramine, methapyrilene, and placebo.", "content": "In a double-blind controlled study, an oral dose of diphenhydramine hydrochloride (12.5, 25, or 50 mg), methapyrilene fumarate (36, 72, or 144 mg), or placebo was administered to 1295 post-partum patients if they complained of, or anticipated, a sleep problem. Hypnotic activity was assessed clinically by subjective and objective techniques. Methapyrilene and diphenhydramine, at all doses, were found to be effective hypnotics in comparison to placebo, based on sleep latency, sleep duration, awakening in the night, global evaluation, and morning alertness. Increasing the dose of these drugs, in the range studied, produced a minimal increase in effectiveness.", "contents": "Hypnotic activity of diphenhydramine, methapyrilene, and placebo. In a double-blind controlled study, an oral dose of diphenhydramine hydrochloride (12.5, 25, or 50 mg), methapyrilene fumarate (36, 72, or 144 mg), or placebo was administered to 1295 post-partum patients if they complained of, or anticipated, a sleep problem. Hypnotic activity was assessed clinically by subjective and objective techniques. Methapyrilene and diphenhydramine, at all doses, were found to be effective hypnotics in comparison to placebo, based on sleep latency, sleep duration, awakening in the night, global evaluation, and morning alertness. Increasing the dose of these drugs, in the range studied, produced a minimal increase in effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:357464", "title": "Nasal CPAP employing a jet device for creating positive pressure.", "content": "A nasal CPAP system consisting of a jet device (weight 5 g) connected with a binasal nose-piece is described. A positive airway pressure is obtained with the system applied to newborn infants provided a certain magnitude of air is brought to the jet device, and a resistance, presented by the airways, exists against the flow of air. As the system requires neither a manometer nor an excess pressure safety valve, pressures in the nasopharynx were recorded at various jet flows to illustrate the flow/pressure relationship. The CPAP can easily be etablished at definite pressures by simple adjustment of the jet flow, using this flow/pressure curve. The system appeared efficient for the treatment of apnoea, apparently due to a special attribute of the jet device. Oesophageal pressures were measured at various gas flows and at various stages of RDS, and in children with healthy lungs. The pressure appeared high with increased density of the lungs, but constant in healthy lungs despite various gas flows. Extreme pressure excursion were recorded during crying and increased muscular tone. This may explain the high frequency of pneumothorax in RDS.", "contents": "Nasal CPAP employing a jet device for creating positive pressure. A nasal CPAP system consisting of a jet device (weight 5 g) connected with a binasal nose-piece is described. A positive airway pressure is obtained with the system applied to newborn infants provided a certain magnitude of air is brought to the jet device, and a resistance, presented by the airways, exists against the flow of air. As the system requires neither a manometer nor an excess pressure safety valve, pressures in the nasopharynx were recorded at various jet flows to illustrate the flow/pressure relationship. The CPAP can easily be etablished at definite pressures by simple adjustment of the jet flow, using this flow/pressure curve. The system appeared efficient for the treatment of apnoea, apparently due to a special attribute of the jet device. Oesophageal pressures were measured at various gas flows and at various stages of RDS, and in children with healthy lungs. The pressure appeared high with increased density of the lungs, but constant in healthy lungs despite various gas flows. Extreme pressure excursion were recorded during crying and increased muscular tone. This may explain the high frequency of pneumothorax in RDS."}
{"id": "PMID:357465", "title": "Nasal CPAP treatment of the respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective investigation of 10 new born infants.", "content": "Ten newborn infants with the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) or foetal aspiration (FA) were treated with a simplified nasal CPAP system (continuous positive airway pressure). The system consists of a Hudson binasal cannula and a Benveniste pediatric jet device (weight 5 g). The desired airway pressures are obtained by adjustment of the jet flow in accordance with the naso-pharyngeal flow/pressure relationship. The system was found to be effective in the treatment of 9 of the 10 children, as demonstrated by improved blood gas values, and improved respiration; the latter was also evident in infants with pronounced apnea. In one child pneumothorax, occuring after about 24 hours of successful CPAP treatment, necessitated respirator treatment. The system is quick and simple to use, and permits feeding, lung physiotherapy and routine nursing of the child during treatment.", "contents": "Nasal CPAP treatment of the respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective investigation of 10 new born infants. Ten newborn infants with the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) or foetal aspiration (FA) were treated with a simplified nasal CPAP system (continuous positive airway pressure). The system consists of a Hudson binasal cannula and a Benveniste pediatric jet device (weight 5 g). The desired airway pressures are obtained by adjustment of the jet flow in accordance with the naso-pharyngeal flow/pressure relationship. The system was found to be effective in the treatment of 9 of the 10 children, as demonstrated by improved blood gas values, and improved respiration; the latter was also evident in infants with pronounced apnea. In one child pneumothorax, occuring after about 24 hours of successful CPAP treatment, necessitated respirator treatment. The system is quick and simple to use, and permits feeding, lung physiotherapy and routine nursing of the child during treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:357470", "title": "Anaerobic culture in podiatric practice.", "content": "Although few podiatric infections are anaerobic, it is important to isolate, identify, and test all of the various types of bacteria for sensitivity. Dr. Lantor did not write this synopsis to analyze the procedures mentioned, but to outline some of the signs and symptoms associated with anaerobic growths and to make foot surgeons aware of the need for anaerobic culture techniques.", "contents": "Anaerobic culture in podiatric practice. Although few podiatric infections are anaerobic, it is important to isolate, identify, and test all of the various types of bacteria for sensitivity. Dr. Lantor did not write this synopsis to analyze the procedures mentioned, but to outline some of the signs and symptoms associated with anaerobic growths and to make foot surgeons aware of the need for anaerobic culture techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:357639", "title": "Immunocytochemical methods in the study of lymphoma and related conditions.", "content": "The diagnosis and classification of malignant lymphomas is based upon traditional histological criteria evolved over the years by successive generations of pathologists. Immunoperoxidase methods applied to formalin paraffin sections have permitted a direct correlation of these established morphologic criteria with newer immunological concepts of the form and function of the B lymphocyte and its derivatives. Study of material from 500 cases of Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and myeloma has revealed that many of these conditions may find a common origin in the lymphocyte, and that some malignant cells, previously identified as malignant histiocytes or reticulum cells are rather related to or derived from the transformed lymphocyte or immunoblast. The corresponding tumors are thus more logically designated immunoblastic sarcoma. The study also reveals a claser developmental relationship between multiple myeloma and immunoblastic sarcoma than previously suspected, and suggests that all of the B cell lymphomas occur as part of a continuous spectrum of disease, rather than as separate entities as implied by current histological classifications. The study of immunoglobulin in formalin paraffin sections is illustrative of the great potential of this method in the diagnosis and study of neoplasia in general.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical methods in the study of lymphoma and related conditions. The diagnosis and classification of malignant lymphomas is based upon traditional histological criteria evolved over the years by successive generations of pathologists. Immunoperoxidase methods applied to formalin paraffin sections have permitted a direct correlation of these established morphologic criteria with newer immunological concepts of the form and function of the B lymphocyte and its derivatives. Study of material from 500 cases of Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and myeloma has revealed that many of these conditions may find a common origin in the lymphocyte, and that some malignant cells, previously identified as malignant histiocytes or reticulum cells are rather related to or derived from the transformed lymphocyte or immunoblast. The corresponding tumors are thus more logically designated immunoblastic sarcoma. The study also reveals a claser developmental relationship between multiple myeloma and immunoblastic sarcoma than previously suspected, and suggests that all of the B cell lymphomas occur as part of a continuous spectrum of disease, rather than as separate entities as implied by current histological classifications. The study of immunoglobulin in formalin paraffin sections is illustrative of the great potential of this method in the diagnosis and study of neoplasia in general."}
{"id": "PMID:357641", "title": "Subcellular localization of gonadotropins and testosterone in the developing fetal rat testis.", "content": "Gonadotropins and testosterone were immunocytochemically localized in the fetal rat testes 16-18 days of gestation with the unlabeled antibody-peroxidase anti-peroxidase complex technique. Maximum staining for gonadotropins with antiserum to the beta chain of human chorionic gonadotropin (anti-hCGbeta) occurred at 16 days gestation in the seminferous tubule and 17 days gestation in interstitial (Leydig) cells. Anti hCGbeta sites were on the plasma membranes at the luminal aspects of Sertoli cells at 16 days gestation. In addition, intracellular hCGbeta sites were evident including the nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, some vesicles, lysosomes and centrioles. The stain for hCGbeta disappeared rapidly and by 17 days was limited to patches in the cytoplasm and nuclei. In the fetal testes, staining for anti-testosterone binding sites was most intense at 18 days of gestation either in lipid droplets or on nuclei of Leydig and Sertoli cells. Very little testosterone stain was observed before 18 days of gestation. These findings agree with physiologic data that suggest that gonadotropins bind to receptors and stimulate testicular development and the capacity for testosterone production.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of gonadotropins and testosterone in the developing fetal rat testis. Gonadotropins and testosterone were immunocytochemically localized in the fetal rat testes 16-18 days of gestation with the unlabeled antibody-peroxidase anti-peroxidase complex technique. Maximum staining for gonadotropins with antiserum to the beta chain of human chorionic gonadotropin (anti-hCGbeta) occurred at 16 days gestation in the seminferous tubule and 17 days gestation in interstitial (Leydig) cells. Anti hCGbeta sites were on the plasma membranes at the luminal aspects of Sertoli cells at 16 days gestation. In addition, intracellular hCGbeta sites were evident including the nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, some vesicles, lysosomes and centrioles. The stain for hCGbeta disappeared rapidly and by 17 days was limited to patches in the cytoplasm and nuclei. In the fetal testes, staining for anti-testosterone binding sites was most intense at 18 days of gestation either in lipid droplets or on nuclei of Leydig and Sertoli cells. Very little testosterone stain was observed before 18 days of gestation. These findings agree with physiologic data that suggest that gonadotropins bind to receptors and stimulate testicular development and the capacity for testosterone production."}
{"id": "PMID:357643", "title": "Immunocytochemical evidence for vasopressin receptors.", "content": "An electron microscopic study was made of mouse pituitaries immunocytochemically stained with anti-lysine vasopressin (LVP) as the primary antiserum in the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-anti-peroxidase procedure. Vasopressin (VP) was identified in the neurosecretory granules of the neural lobe which stained with peroxidase anti-peroxidase molecules. Electron density was induced in secretory granules of the pars intermedia (PI), both in the melanocyte stimulated hormone and ACTH cell types, probably indicating VP molecules attached to binding (receptor) sites. Omission of anti-LVP abolished staining both in the neural lobe and the PL Anti-LVP absorbed with antigen, by admixing with LVP, abolished staining in the neural lobe but not in the PI; according to optical density measurements the PI showed a +/- 22% staining increase over controls. Staining intensity in the PI probably reflects occupancy of binding (receptor) sites for VP. Exposure of PI granules to LVP before the usual staining sequence resulted in +/- 48% increased staining. In water-deprived mice with high endogenous VP titers, staining was +/- 33% and +/- 40% more intense than in normal mice. Solid phase absorbed and eluted antibodies to LVP provided additional proof that staining in both neural lobe and PI could be attributed to anti-LVP. Results indicate that binding or receptor sites for VP are located on secretory granules in the PL Possible physiological significance is discussed.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical evidence for vasopressin receptors. An electron microscopic study was made of mouse pituitaries immunocytochemically stained with anti-lysine vasopressin (LVP) as the primary antiserum in the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-anti-peroxidase procedure. Vasopressin (VP) was identified in the neurosecretory granules of the neural lobe which stained with peroxidase anti-peroxidase molecules. Electron density was induced in secretory granules of the pars intermedia (PI), both in the melanocyte stimulated hormone and ACTH cell types, probably indicating VP molecules attached to binding (receptor) sites. Omission of anti-LVP abolished staining both in the neural lobe and the PL Anti-LVP absorbed with antigen, by admixing with LVP, abolished staining in the neural lobe but not in the PI; according to optical density measurements the PI showed a +/- 22% staining increase over controls. Staining intensity in the PI probably reflects occupancy of binding (receptor) sites for VP. Exposure of PI granules to LVP before the usual staining sequence resulted in +/- 48% increased staining. In water-deprived mice with high endogenous VP titers, staining was +/- 33% and +/- 40% more intense than in normal mice. Solid phase absorbed and eluted antibodies to LVP provided additional proof that staining in both neural lobe and PI could be attributed to anti-LVP. Results indicate that binding or receptor sites for VP are located on secretory granules in the PL Possible physiological significance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:357645", "title": "Steric hindrance as a factor in the reaction of labeled antibody with cell surface antigenic determinants.", "content": "The binding of rabbit anti-human IgG labeled with 125I, shellfish glycogen or ferritin to human IgG attached to the surface of rabbit RBC with chromic chloride was studied. Maximum binding was noted with 125I labeled antibody. Slightly but consistently less binding was found with shellfish glycogen labeled antibody. The binding of ferritin labeled antibody was strikingly reduced--usually one-third or less of that found with 125I labeled antibody alone. This suggests that under the conditions of these experiments, the attachment of large labels to antibody molecules results in reduced antibody binding to surface antigen. Steric hindrance is probably at least in part responsible for this reduced binding.", "contents": "Steric hindrance as a factor in the reaction of labeled antibody with cell surface antigenic determinants. The binding of rabbit anti-human IgG labeled with 125I, shellfish glycogen or ferritin to human IgG attached to the surface of rabbit RBC with chromic chloride was studied. Maximum binding was noted with 125I labeled antibody. Slightly but consistently less binding was found with shellfish glycogen labeled antibody. The binding of ferritin labeled antibody was strikingly reduced--usually one-third or less of that found with 125I labeled antibody alone. This suggests that under the conditions of these experiments, the attachment of large labels to antibody molecules results in reduced antibody binding to surface antigen. Steric hindrance is probably at least in part responsible for this reduced binding."}
{"id": "PMID:357646", "title": "High resolution dual laser flow cytometry.", "content": "Flow cytometers based on optical sensing utilize external light sources and fluorescent dyes to measure one or more specific components or properties of individual cells or subcellular particles in liquid suspension. To provide for independent excitation of two dyes used in double staining experiments we have constructed a high resolution flow cytometer that uses two laser beams to provide two wavelengths of excitation. These beams are separated spatially so that cells flow through them sequentially, with a time separation of about 20 musec. Since the dyes are excited sequentially their emission occurs at different times and their emission spectra may overlap without causing any difficulty in analysis. We have developed new light collection optics that permit up to four measurements to be made on each cell. This approach greatly increases the number of dye combinations that can be used in flow cytometry, thus removing a significant limitation of single illumination instruments.", "contents": "High resolution dual laser flow cytometry. Flow cytometers based on optical sensing utilize external light sources and fluorescent dyes to measure one or more specific components or properties of individual cells or subcellular particles in liquid suspension. To provide for independent excitation of two dyes used in double staining experiments we have constructed a high resolution flow cytometer that uses two laser beams to provide two wavelengths of excitation. These beams are separated spatially so that cells flow through them sequentially, with a time separation of about 20 musec. Since the dyes are excited sequentially their emission occurs at different times and their emission spectra may overlap without causing any difficulty in analysis. We have developed new light collection optics that permit up to four measurements to be made on each cell. This approach greatly increases the number of dye combinations that can be used in flow cytometry, thus removing a significant limitation of single illumination instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:357647", "title": "Immunoperoxidase localization of vitamin D dependent calcium binding protein.", "content": "Calcium binding protein (CaBP) was localized by the indirect peroxidase-labeled antibody method in chick duodenum 72 hr after administering 32.5 nmol of cholecalciferol to vitamin D-deficient chicks. CaBP was observed in cytoplasm and nuclei of absorptive cells but was absent from goblet cells. Our results are consistent with the suggested functional role for CaBP in the prevention of intracellular accumulation of calcium by preventing mitochondrial accumulation of calcium, enhancing removal of calcium from absorptive cells, and/or preventing the \"leaking\" of calcium into cells through the lateral borders. They are not consistent with an extracellular functional role for CaBP.", "contents": "Immunoperoxidase localization of vitamin D dependent calcium binding protein. Calcium binding protein (CaBP) was localized by the indirect peroxidase-labeled antibody method in chick duodenum 72 hr after administering 32.5 nmol of cholecalciferol to vitamin D-deficient chicks. CaBP was observed in cytoplasm and nuclei of absorptive cells but was absent from goblet cells. Our results are consistent with the suggested functional role for CaBP in the prevention of intracellular accumulation of calcium by preventing mitochondrial accumulation of calcium, enhancing removal of calcium from absorptive cells, and/or preventing the \"leaking\" of calcium into cells through the lateral borders. They are not consistent with an extracellular functional role for CaBP."}
{"id": "PMID:357648", "title": "Use of horseradish peroxidase to block nonspecific enzyme uptake in immunoperoxidase microscopy.", "content": "Intrinsic tissue peroxidase activity can be more or less successfully destroyed by methanol-H2O2 treatment. It has been found, however, in our laboratory that horseradish peroxidase (HRP) coupled to antibody will bind to some tissue components on a nonspecific basis and remain to take part in the histochemical stain. This contributes considerably to the background. This difficulty can be largely overcome if the tissues are pretreated with a solution of horseradish peroxidase which binds with nonspecific tissue sites. The adsorbed enzyme, along with the intrinsic peroxidase, can then be successfully inactivated by methanol-H2O2 treatment. By this method of blocking, there is considerable reduction in background staining.", "contents": "Use of horseradish peroxidase to block nonspecific enzyme uptake in immunoperoxidase microscopy. Intrinsic tissue peroxidase activity can be more or less successfully destroyed by methanol-H2O2 treatment. It has been found, however, in our laboratory that horseradish peroxidase (HRP) coupled to antibody will bind to some tissue components on a nonspecific basis and remain to take part in the histochemical stain. This contributes considerably to the background. This difficulty can be largely overcome if the tissues are pretreated with a solution of horseradish peroxidase which binds with nonspecific tissue sites. The adsorbed enzyme, along with the intrinsic peroxidase, can then be successfully inactivated by methanol-H2O2 treatment. By this method of blocking, there is considerable reduction in background staining."}
{"id": "PMID:357649", "title": "Isolation and cultivation of bovine ephemeral fever virus in chickens and chicken embryos.", "content": "Unadapted bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus was isolated from cattle blood after intravenous inoculation into chicken embryos. Infected embryos died or hatched as abnormal chickens. The chick embryo was slightly less sensitive to unadapted BEF virus than were Vero cell cultures, but the use of embryos avoids the several blind passages that are required to isolate BEF virus in unweaned mice. Chick embryos were considerably less efficient than Vero cell culture or unweaned mice in detecting Vero cell-adapted and mouse-adapted BEF virus respectively. Viraemia was demonstrated in chicken embryos at 1-4 days and in one-day-old chickens at 1-3 days after intravenous inoculation of BEF virus. BEF virus was demonstrated by isolation and by immunofluoresence in heart, brain, lung and liver of chicken embryos at 1-5 days and in lung and liver of one-day-old chickens at 1-2 days, after intravenous inoculation. The isolated viruses were confirmed as BEF virus by neutralization with immune mouse ascitic fluid. BEF neutralizing antibodies were produced in 4-week-old and adult chickens after intravenous inoculation with BEF virus.", "contents": "Isolation and cultivation of bovine ephemeral fever virus in chickens and chicken embryos. Unadapted bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus was isolated from cattle blood after intravenous inoculation into chicken embryos. Infected embryos died or hatched as abnormal chickens. The chick embryo was slightly less sensitive to unadapted BEF virus than were Vero cell cultures, but the use of embryos avoids the several blind passages that are required to isolate BEF virus in unweaned mice. Chick embryos were considerably less efficient than Vero cell culture or unweaned mice in detecting Vero cell-adapted and mouse-adapted BEF virus respectively. Viraemia was demonstrated in chicken embryos at 1-4 days and in one-day-old chickens at 1-3 days after intravenous inoculation of BEF virus. BEF virus was demonstrated by isolation and by immunofluoresence in heart, brain, lung and liver of chicken embryos at 1-5 days and in lung and liver of one-day-old chickens at 1-2 days, after intravenous inoculation. The isolated viruses were confirmed as BEF virus by neutralization with immune mouse ascitic fluid. BEF neutralizing antibodies were produced in 4-week-old and adult chickens after intravenous inoculation with BEF virus."}
{"id": "PMID:357650", "title": "High and low level tetracycline resistance in Shigella sonnei.", "content": "The results presented in this paper confirm the existence of two types of tetracycline resistance in Shigella sonnei. One group of strains had a high level of resistance to tetracycline and oxytetracyline, with a variable level of minocycline resistance. The second group had a lower level of tetracycline resistance and were sensitive to minocycline. After conjugation with E. coli K12 the selected E. coli transconjugants had the same levels of resistance as the parent Sh. sonnei strain, with one exception. Sh. sonnei 87 was resistant to a high level of tetracycline, but was able to transfer only low level resistance. It is suggested that Sh. sonnei 87 carriers two plasmids: pSU1, a conjugative plasmid conferring a low level of tetracycline resistance, and pSU2, a non-conjugative plasmid which confers a high level of resistance to tetracycline.", "contents": "High and low level tetracycline resistance in Shigella sonnei. The results presented in this paper confirm the existence of two types of tetracycline resistance in Shigella sonnei. One group of strains had a high level of resistance to tetracycline and oxytetracyline, with a variable level of minocycline resistance. The second group had a lower level of tetracycline resistance and were sensitive to minocycline. After conjugation with E. coli K12 the selected E. coli transconjugants had the same levels of resistance as the parent Sh. sonnei strain, with one exception. Sh. sonnei 87 was resistant to a high level of tetracycline, but was able to transfer only low level resistance. It is suggested that Sh. sonnei 87 carriers two plasmids: pSU1, a conjugative plasmid conferring a low level of tetracycline resistance, and pSU2, a non-conjugative plasmid which confers a high level of resistance to tetracycline."}
{"id": "PMID:357651", "title": "A study of acute respiratory disease in the community of Port Chalmers. I. Illnesses within a group of selected families and the relative incidence of respiratory pathogens in the whole community.", "content": "A study of respiratory diseases in the semi-isolated community of Port Chamlers, New Zealand, began in April 1973. The intensive surveillance of a selected group fo 26 families involved the weekly reporting of illness, the collection of specimens for virus, Group A streptococci and Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolation and the collection of sera at 6-month intervals. A total of 956 illnesses were reported during 32 months. The median number of illnesses per year were: infants 4.4, children 2.5, female adults 2.4 and male adults 2.0. Of all these illnesses, 57% were upper respiratory, 31% were lower respiratory and 9% were enteric. The severity of these illnesses was not greater than would be expected in open communities. Surveillance by pathogen isolation only of the whole community through the patients in the general practice was carried out concurrently. A total of 640 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from which 161 viruses, 47 Group A streptococci and 2 M. pneumoniae were isolated. The overall isolation rate was 33%. The similarities between the epidemiological patterns of respiratory disease in the open community and the isolated community are discussed.", "contents": "A study of acute respiratory disease in the community of Port Chalmers. I. Illnesses within a group of selected families and the relative incidence of respiratory pathogens in the whole community. A study of respiratory diseases in the semi-isolated community of Port Chamlers, New Zealand, began in April 1973. The intensive surveillance of a selected group fo 26 families involved the weekly reporting of illness, the collection of specimens for virus, Group A streptococci and Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolation and the collection of sera at 6-month intervals. A total of 956 illnesses were reported during 32 months. The median number of illnesses per year were: infants 4.4, children 2.5, female adults 2.4 and male adults 2.0. Of all these illnesses, 57% were upper respiratory, 31% were lower respiratory and 9% were enteric. The severity of these illnesses was not greater than would be expected in open communities. Surveillance by pathogen isolation only of the whole community through the patients in the general practice was carried out concurrently. A total of 640 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from which 161 viruses, 47 Group A streptococci and 2 M. pneumoniae were isolated. The overall isolation rate was 33%. The similarities between the epidemiological patterns of respiratory disease in the open community and the isolated community are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:357652", "title": "Properties of the cell surface Fc-receptor induced by herpes simplex virus.", "content": "Detection of peroxidase-antiperoxidase soluble complexes (PAP) bound to the surface of herpes simplex virus-infected cells has been used to demonstrate virus-induced Fc receptors and to study their distribution. The PAP method is more sensitive than hemadsorption with immunoglobulin-coated sheep red blood cells, and can be used to study localization by light and electron microscopy. Our results indicate that capping takes place after the receptor is engaged by antigen-antibody complexes and that at least a portion of the bound ligand is internalized.", "contents": "Properties of the cell surface Fc-receptor induced by herpes simplex virus. Detection of peroxidase-antiperoxidase soluble complexes (PAP) bound to the surface of herpes simplex virus-infected cells has been used to demonstrate virus-induced Fc receptors and to study their distribution. The PAP method is more sensitive than hemadsorption with immunoglobulin-coated sheep red blood cells, and can be used to study localization by light and electron microscopy. Our results indicate that capping takes place after the receptor is engaged by antigen-antibody complexes and that at least a portion of the bound ligand is internalized."}
{"id": "PMID:357657", "title": "Guinea pig homologues of TL and QA-2 antigens.", "content": "The H-2, thymus-leukemia (TL), and Qa-2 antigens of mice are encoded by closely linked genes on murine chromosome 17, and have structural similiarity in that each antigen is borne on a approximately 44,000 dalton molecule associated with beta2 microglobulin (beta2mu). The extensive homology of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products that exists for the mouse and guinea pig suggested that a similar homology might exist for products of genetic regions closely linked to the MHC. By taking advantage of the selective association of beta2mu with H-2, Qa-2, and TL antigens, and by using the technique of sequential immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated two previously undescribed guinea pig molecules reactive with anti-guinea pig beta2mu. The first molecule was composed of a 36,000 dalton glycoprotein associated with beta2mu and was found on guinea pig thymocytes, but not lymphocytes. The second molecule was composed of a 40,000 dalton glycoprotein associated with beta2mu, and was found on both guinea pig thymocytes and lymphocytes. By structure, chemical composition, association with beta2mu, and tissue distribution, the first molecule is an attractive candidate for the guinea pig homologue of TL antigen, whereas the second fits the criteria for the guinea pig homologue of Qa-2 antigen.", "contents": "Guinea pig homologues of TL and QA-2 antigens. The H-2, thymus-leukemia (TL), and Qa-2 antigens of mice are encoded by closely linked genes on murine chromosome 17, and have structural similiarity in that each antigen is borne on a approximately 44,000 dalton molecule associated with beta2 microglobulin (beta2mu). The extensive homology of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products that exists for the mouse and guinea pig suggested that a similar homology might exist for products of genetic regions closely linked to the MHC. By taking advantage of the selective association of beta2mu with H-2, Qa-2, and TL antigens, and by using the technique of sequential immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated two previously undescribed guinea pig molecules reactive with anti-guinea pig beta2mu. The first molecule was composed of a 36,000 dalton glycoprotein associated with beta2mu and was found on guinea pig thymocytes, but not lymphocytes. The second molecule was composed of a 40,000 dalton glycoprotein associated with beta2mu, and was found on both guinea pig thymocytes and lymphocytes. By structure, chemical composition, association with beta2mu, and tissue distribution, the first molecule is an attractive candidate for the guinea pig homologue of TL antigen, whereas the second fits the criteria for the guinea pig homologue of Qa-2 antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:357658", "title": "Possible role of macrophage glycolipids as receptors for migration inhibitory factor (MIF).", "content": "Guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells incubated with water soluble glycolipids obtained from macrophages show an enhanced response to migration inhibitory factor. Incorporation of these glycolipids into liposomes greatly facilitates their interaction with indicator cells. Enhancement of peritoneal exudate cell responsiveness to migration inhibitory factor was specific for glycolipids from guinea pig macrophages. Glycolipids extracted from guinea pig brain and polymorphonuclear leukocytes as well as several bovine and porcine glycolipids had no effect. Specificity of enhancement was not due merely to a preferential association of macrophage glycolipids with indicator cells. The possible role of macrophage glycolipids as receptors for MIF is discussed.", "contents": "Possible role of macrophage glycolipids as receptors for migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells incubated with water soluble glycolipids obtained from macrophages show an enhanced response to migration inhibitory factor. Incorporation of these glycolipids into liposomes greatly facilitates their interaction with indicator cells. Enhancement of peritoneal exudate cell responsiveness to migration inhibitory factor was specific for glycolipids from guinea pig macrophages. Glycolipids extracted from guinea pig brain and polymorphonuclear leukocytes as well as several bovine and porcine glycolipids had no effect. Specificity of enhancement was not due merely to a preferential association of macrophage glycolipids with indicator cells. The possible role of macrophage glycolipids as receptors for MIF is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:357659", "title": "Distinct subpopulations of IgG memory B cells respond to different molecular forms of the same hapten.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice primed with the thymus-dependent antigen trinitrophenyl keyhold limpet hemocyanin several months earlier can be cultured in vitro to give vigorous IgG antihapten PFC responses to thymus-dependent (TD) and thymus-independent (TI) forms of the same hapten. Here we show that the IgG memory precursors that respond to these two forms of the hapten constitute functionally distinct subpopulations. We have designated these subpopulations as B1gamma and B2gamma to represent secondary precursor cells responding to TI and TD antigens, respectively. Three types of evidence for these subpopulations are presented: 1) In vitro secondary IgG responses to TD and TI forms of the TNP hapten are additive when both forms are added to the same culture. 2) The precursor frequencies for the TD and TI antigens are additive, but addition is not observed between two TD or two TI antigens. 3) Each population can be selectively eliminated by BUdR and light treatment without affecting the other population. The ontogenetic relationships between these subpopulations are discussed in relation to all presently proposed subpopulations B1mu, B2mu, B1gamma, and B2gamma.", "contents": "Distinct subpopulations of IgG memory B cells respond to different molecular forms of the same hapten. Spleen cells from mice primed with the thymus-dependent antigen trinitrophenyl keyhold limpet hemocyanin several months earlier can be cultured in vitro to give vigorous IgG antihapten PFC responses to thymus-dependent (TD) and thymus-independent (TI) forms of the same hapten. Here we show that the IgG memory precursors that respond to these two forms of the hapten constitute functionally distinct subpopulations. We have designated these subpopulations as B1gamma and B2gamma to represent secondary precursor cells responding to TI and TD antigens, respectively. Three types of evidence for these subpopulations are presented: 1) In vitro secondary IgG responses to TD and TI forms of the TNP hapten are additive when both forms are added to the same culture. 2) The precursor frequencies for the TD and TI antigens are additive, but addition is not observed between two TD or two TI antigens. 3) Each population can be selectively eliminated by BUdR and light treatment without affecting the other population. The ontogenetic relationships between these subpopulations are discussed in relation to all presently proposed subpopulations B1mu, B2mu, B1gamma, and B2gamma."}
{"id": "PMID:357672", "title": "Vectorcardiographic identification of myocardial scar: a discriminative study with automatically processed vectorcardiographic information.", "content": "A multivariate discriminative procedure for the vectorcardiographic identification of ischemic myocardial scarring was performed utilizing data from 1,162 vectorcardiograms (VCGs) obtained in clinically normal subjects and 90 VCGs obtained from patients proved at autopsy to have ischemic myocardial scars. The VCGs from patients with myocardial scars were divided into two groups, a design group of 50 cases and an evaluation group of 40 cases. The best vectorcardiographic variables to discriminate the clinically normal group from the design group with scars were identified by stepwise linear discrimination. Sixteen vectorcardiographic variables were then used for discriminative analysis. This analysis correctly identified myocardial scars in 45 of the 50 VCGs in the design group (sensitivity 90%); among the 1,162 VCGs from clinically normal subjects, 32 were misidentified as myocardial scar (specificity 97.2). The sensitivity of these defining criteria was then tested in the 40 cases of myocardial scar in the evaluation group and found to be reproducible; 34 of the 40 cases of this group (85.0%) were correctly identified as having a myocardial scar. The multivariate discriminative criteria developed in this study had greater sensitivity and specificity than standard methods usually employed in electrocardiography and vectorcardiography. The criteria defined need to be evaluated in a large series that includes instances of cardiac pathology of nonischemic nature.", "contents": "Vectorcardiographic identification of myocardial scar: a discriminative study with automatically processed vectorcardiographic information. A multivariate discriminative procedure for the vectorcardiographic identification of ischemic myocardial scarring was performed utilizing data from 1,162 vectorcardiograms (VCGs) obtained in clinically normal subjects and 90 VCGs obtained from patients proved at autopsy to have ischemic myocardial scars. The VCGs from patients with myocardial scars were divided into two groups, a design group of 50 cases and an evaluation group of 40 cases. The best vectorcardiographic variables to discriminate the clinically normal group from the design group with scars were identified by stepwise linear discrimination. Sixteen vectorcardiographic variables were then used for discriminative analysis. This analysis correctly identified myocardial scars in 45 of the 50 VCGs in the design group (sensitivity 90%); among the 1,162 VCGs from clinically normal subjects, 32 were misidentified as myocardial scar (specificity 97.2). The sensitivity of these defining criteria was then tested in the 40 cases of myocardial scar in the evaluation group and found to be reproducible; 34 of the 40 cases of this group (85.0%) were correctly identified as having a myocardial scar. The multivariate discriminative criteria developed in this study had greater sensitivity and specificity than standard methods usually employed in electrocardiography and vectorcardiography. The criteria defined need to be evaluated in a large series that includes instances of cardiac pathology of nonischemic nature."}
{"id": "PMID:357675", "title": "Radioimmunoassay and automated enzyme immunoassay for the determination of thyroxine.", "content": "The EMIT homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for the determination of thyroxine (T4) was adapted to an automatic analyser (Type Kem-O-Mat) and compared with a conventional radioimmunoassay. Sera from 92 patients whose thyrometabolic status was being examined, and control sera with 3 different T4 concentrations were analysed by both methods. Day-to-day analyses of the control sera gave variation coefficients between 6 and 10% for both methods. The mean value for T4 in the patients sera was 111 nmol/l (8.6 microgram/dl) determined by the enzyme immunoassay and 109 nmol/l (8.5 microgram/dl) determined by the radioimmunoassay; the correlation coefficient was r = 0.9.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay and automated enzyme immunoassay for the determination of thyroxine. The EMIT homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for the determination of thyroxine (T4) was adapted to an automatic analyser (Type Kem-O-Mat) and compared with a conventional radioimmunoassay. Sera from 92 patients whose thyrometabolic status was being examined, and control sera with 3 different T4 concentrations were analysed by both methods. Day-to-day analyses of the control sera gave variation coefficients between 6 and 10% for both methods. The mean value for T4 in the patients sera was 111 nmol/l (8.6 microgram/dl) determined by the enzyme immunoassay and 109 nmol/l (8.5 microgram/dl) determined by the radioimmunoassay; the correlation coefficient was r = 0.9."}
{"id": "PMID:357677", "title": "Entry of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) dionisii to macrophages in vitro and its subsequent fate therein.", "content": "Observations by phase contrast, fluorescence and electron microscopy showed that epimastigotes of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) dionisii (grown in vitro) were phagocytosed posterior end first by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Many were subsequently digested as a result of phagosome-lysosome fusion but others survived by apparently inhibiting this fusion and/or escaping from the phagosome into the host cell's cytoplasm. These survivors replicated as amastigotes. Long trypomastigotes, separated from populations grown in vitro by passage down a column of glass beads (with or without prior exposure to guinea-pig serum), were phagocytosed by either pole and all were subsequently digested.", "contents": "Entry of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) dionisii to macrophages in vitro and its subsequent fate therein. Observations by phase contrast, fluorescence and electron microscopy showed that epimastigotes of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) dionisii (grown in vitro) were phagocytosed posterior end first by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Many were subsequently digested as a result of phagosome-lysosome fusion but others survived by apparently inhibiting this fusion and/or escaping from the phagosome into the host cell's cytoplasm. These survivors replicated as amastigotes. Long trypomastigotes, separated from populations grown in vitro by passage down a column of glass beads (with or without prior exposure to guinea-pig serum), were phagocytosed by either pole and all were subsequently digested."}
{"id": "PMID:357678", "title": "Mobilization of the Proteus mirabilis chromosome by R plasmid R772.", "content": "The P-1 incompatibility group plasmid R772 can mobilize the chromosome of Proteus mirabilis strain PM5006. The decreasing gradient of recombinant recovery frequencies found for markers which were increasingly distal to 0 min with plasmid D donors was not found with R772. Instead, it produced recombinants for all markers at frequencies of about 5 X 10(-5) per donor. This is about 10-fold lower than the plasmid transfer frequency. Recombinants were stable and recombination was only detected over short segments of the chromosome which corresponded to about 10 min on the D plasmid map of the chromosome. All recombinants had inherited R772 and expressed all properties of the plasmid. Attempts to isolate variant plasmids with increased frequencies of recombinant formation were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Mobilization of the Proteus mirabilis chromosome by R plasmid R772. The P-1 incompatibility group plasmid R772 can mobilize the chromosome of Proteus mirabilis strain PM5006. The decreasing gradient of recombinant recovery frequencies found for markers which were increasingly distal to 0 min with plasmid D donors was not found with R772. Instead, it produced recombinants for all markers at frequencies of about 5 X 10(-5) per donor. This is about 10-fold lower than the plasmid transfer frequency. Recombinants were stable and recombination was only detected over short segments of the chromosome which corresponded to about 10 min on the D plasmid map of the chromosome. All recombinants had inherited R772 and expressed all properties of the plasmid. Attempts to isolate variant plasmids with increased frequencies of recombinant formation were unsuccessful."}
{"id": "PMID:357679", "title": "Serological characteristics of pili determined by the plasmids R711b and F0lac.", "content": "The plasmids R711b (at present IncX) and F0lac (IncFV) both determine pili morphologically like those of F (IncFI), and confer sensitivity to the F-specific filamentous bacteriophages, but not to the F-specific isometric RNA phages. Detailed serological studies show that the two pilus types are unrelated, and that neither is related to any of the previously defined F pilus serotypes. Adsorption of the isometric RNA phage MS2 to R711b pili occurs in the presence but not in the absence of formalin, which presumably prevents elution of reversibly adsorbed virions. No adsorption occurs with F0lac pili. MS2 multiplication, as measured by titre increase tests in liquid medium, is found with neither plasmid. The two plasmids are not incompatible. These observations indicate that R744b and F0lac are different both from one another and from the plasmids belonging to the incompatibility groups IncFI--IV.", "contents": "Serological characteristics of pili determined by the plasmids R711b and F0lac. The plasmids R711b (at present IncX) and F0lac (IncFV) both determine pili morphologically like those of F (IncFI), and confer sensitivity to the F-specific filamentous bacteriophages, but not to the F-specific isometric RNA phages. Detailed serological studies show that the two pilus types are unrelated, and that neither is related to any of the previously defined F pilus serotypes. Adsorption of the isometric RNA phage MS2 to R711b pili occurs in the presence but not in the absence of formalin, which presumably prevents elution of reversibly adsorbed virions. No adsorption occurs with F0lac pili. MS2 multiplication, as measured by titre increase tests in liquid medium, is found with neither plasmid. The two plasmids are not incompatible. These observations indicate that R744b and F0lac are different both from one another and from the plasmids belonging to the incompatibility groups IncFI--IV."}
{"id": "PMID:357680", "title": "Basic amino acid inhibition of cell division and macromolecular synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on poor nitrogen sources such as allantoin or proline was totally inhibited by addition of a non-degradable basic amino acid to the medium. Cells treated with lysine contained greatly reduced quantities of histidine and arginine. Conversely, lysine and histidine were severely reduced in arginase-deficient cells treated with arginine. When all three basic amino acids were present in the culture medium, growth was normal suggesting that synthesis of all three basic amino acids was decreased by an excess of any one of them. Inhibition of growth was accompanied by a fivefold increase in the observed ratio of budded to unbudded cells. These morphological changes suggested that DNA synthesis was inhibited. Consistent with this suggestion, addition of a basic amino acid to the culture medium substantially reduced the ability of the cells to incorporate [14C]uracil into alkali-resistant, trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material. RNA and protein synthesis, although decreased, were less sensitive to the effects of such additions.", "contents": "Basic amino acid inhibition of cell division and macromolecular synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on poor nitrogen sources such as allantoin or proline was totally inhibited by addition of a non-degradable basic amino acid to the medium. Cells treated with lysine contained greatly reduced quantities of histidine and arginine. Conversely, lysine and histidine were severely reduced in arginase-deficient cells treated with arginine. When all three basic amino acids were present in the culture medium, growth was normal suggesting that synthesis of all three basic amino acids was decreased by an excess of any one of them. Inhibition of growth was accompanied by a fivefold increase in the observed ratio of budded to unbudded cells. These morphological changes suggested that DNA synthesis was inhibited. Consistent with this suggestion, addition of a basic amino acid to the culture medium substantially reduced the ability of the cells to incorporate [14C]uracil into alkali-resistant, trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material. RNA and protein synthesis, although decreased, were less sensitive to the effects of such additions."}
{"id": "PMID:357681", "title": "Preliminary seroepidemiological studies on the human syncytial virus.", "content": "The seroepidemiology of the human syncytial virus was investigated by means of an indirect immunofluorescence test on 241 sera from Kenya, Tunisia, Singapore and Britain. These included sera from patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, other tumours of the oro-nasopharynx, tumours of other parts of the body, and from normal donors. In this study, the virus was found to infect only Kenyan Africans and all but one of these seropositive subjects had tumours, particularly of the oro-nasopharyngeal spaces. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Preliminary seroepidemiological studies on the human syncytial virus. The seroepidemiology of the human syncytial virus was investigated by means of an indirect immunofluorescence test on 241 sera from Kenya, Tunisia, Singapore and Britain. These included sera from patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, other tumours of the oro-nasopharynx, tumours of other parts of the body, and from normal donors. In this study, the virus was found to infect only Kenyan Africans and all but one of these seropositive subjects had tumours, particularly of the oro-nasopharyngeal spaces. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:357682", "title": "Immunoperoxidase detection of baculovirus antigens in insect cells.", "content": "The sequence of events in the infection of TN-368-10 and TN-368-13 cells by Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) was investigated by using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Antisera raised against enveloped nucleocapsids detected homologous antigens at 6 to 8 h post infection which was about 2 h before the appearance of both intracellular and extracellular infectious virus. Similar tests using polyhedrin antiserum showed that polyhedrin is first synthesized at 12 h post infection, 2 to 4 h after the appearance of infectious nonoccluded virus. The immunoperoxidase technique was also applied to four other invertebrate cell lines after inoculation with AcMNPV. The most significant result was that 90% of AcMNPV-inoculated Bombyx mori 5 cells produced enveloped nucleocapsid antigens and infectious virus but only 1% or less of the cells produced polyhedrin. This disparity emphasizes the need for assays for NPV infection that are independent of polyhedron production.", "contents": "Immunoperoxidase detection of baculovirus antigens in insect cells. The sequence of events in the infection of TN-368-10 and TN-368-13 cells by Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) was investigated by using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Antisera raised against enveloped nucleocapsids detected homologous antigens at 6 to 8 h post infection which was about 2 h before the appearance of both intracellular and extracellular infectious virus. Similar tests using polyhedrin antiserum showed that polyhedrin is first synthesized at 12 h post infection, 2 to 4 h after the appearance of infectious nonoccluded virus. The immunoperoxidase technique was also applied to four other invertebrate cell lines after inoculation with AcMNPV. The most significant result was that 90% of AcMNPV-inoculated Bombyx mori 5 cells produced enveloped nucleocapsid antigens and infectious virus but only 1% or less of the cells produced polyhedrin. This disparity emphasizes the need for assays for NPV infection that are independent of polyhedron production."}
{"id": "PMID:357683", "title": "A model for the adsorption of phage P22 to Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A new model for the adsorption of bacteriophage P22 to its host Salmonella typhimurium is proposed. The main feature of this model is that only three of the six tail proteins found on the mature phage function during adsorption. This model explains why there is a difference in the specific endoglycosidase activity of the tail protein of mature virions as opposed to unattached tail protein. It also accounts for the cubic relationship between p.f.u. and tail protein concentration in in vitro assembly experiments.", "contents": "A model for the adsorption of phage P22 to Salmonella typhimurium. A new model for the adsorption of bacteriophage P22 to its host Salmonella typhimurium is proposed. The main feature of this model is that only three of the six tail proteins found on the mature phage function during adsorption. This model explains why there is a difference in the specific endoglycosidase activity of the tail protein of mature virions as opposed to unattached tail protein. It also accounts for the cubic relationship between p.f.u. and tail protein concentration in in vitro assembly experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:357684", "title": "Two early dynamometers. An historical account of the earliest measurements to study human muscular strength.", "content": "An account of two of the earliest dynamometers is presented, together with results of the first experiments attained with them. The Graham--Desaguliers dynamometer was developed in London in 1763 to measure human muscular force, in such a way that synergistic muscles could not impart a false mechanical advantage to the test. The Regnier dynamometer was invented in Paris in 1798 to measure the traction properties of artillery-horses, but was desinged as an all-purpose instrument to measure specific human muscle groups as well. Dynamometers were developed to record human strength along a continuum, to remove the need for a dead-weight or biological standard, and to measure many different groups of muscles, not just those of lifting or pushing. The foundations of modern clinical dynamometry are described.", "contents": "Two early dynamometers. An historical account of the earliest measurements to study human muscular strength. An account of two of the earliest dynamometers is presented, together with results of the first experiments attained with them. The Graham--Desaguliers dynamometer was developed in London in 1763 to measure human muscular force, in such a way that synergistic muscles could not impart a false mechanical advantage to the test. The Regnier dynamometer was invented in Paris in 1798 to measure the traction properties of artillery-horses, but was desinged as an all-purpose instrument to measure specific human muscle groups as well. Dynamometers were developed to record human strength along a continuum, to remove the need for a dead-weight or biological standard, and to measure many different groups of muscles, not just those of lifting or pushing. The foundations of modern clinical dynamometry are described."}
{"id": "PMID:357685", "title": "The use of A23187 to demonstrate the role of intracellular calcium in causing ultrastructural damage in mammalian muscle.", "content": "Electron micrographs show that treatment of mouse diaphragm with the divalent cation ionophore A23187 causes major ultrastructural damage in the muscle. During the first 30 min of exposure to A23187, the mitochondria swell markedly but after 40 min they undergo further ultrastructural changes and a rapid dissolution of the myofilaments is also seen at this time. In place only remnants of the filaments remain. It is suggested that the ionophore causes the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum which, initially, is taken up by the mitochondria, causing then to swell; after 40 min the mitochondria release the accumulated Ca2+. It is argued that the rise in [ca2+]i stimulates neutral proteases in the myoplasm and that the sequence of events following ionophore treatment may act as a model for the involvement of Ca2+ in various myopathies. We have shown previously (29) that treatment of the cutaneous pectoris muscle of the frog with the divalent cation ionophore A23187 has three major effects: (i) The membrane potential (Em) is depolarized, an action that is found only when the Ca2+ -concentration of the bathing saline is very low. (ii) It causes an increase in resting tension and the development of contraction. This effect is found at both normal (1.8 mM) and low values of [Ca2+]o and is, therefore, independent of Ca2+ entry and of changes in Em. The ionophore is believed to act primarily by releasing Ca2+ from intracellular stores. (iii) It causes major ultrastructural damage to the muscle filaments. The evidence suggests that A23187 acts at the sarcoplasmic reticulum of frog muscle, causing the release of stored Ca2+ , and the consequent rise in [Ca2+]i stimulates a Ca2+ -activated protease which is responsible for the myofilament degradation. A calcium-activated factor has been isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle; this enzyme operates at neutral pH, hydrolyses denatured casein, and specifically removes the Z-lines and alpha-actinin from skeletal muscle (24). A Ca2+ -activated protease with a pH optimum of 7.5 has also been purified from porcine skeletal muscle; it removes Z-discs, degrades troponin and tropomyosin and partly degrades M lines, and it has been suggested that it may have a physiological role in the disassembly of intact myofibrils during the metabolic turnover of myofibrillar proteins (6, 7). This protases is not localized in membrane-bounded sub-cellular particles, but is believed to be in direct contact with the cytoplasm (26). These findings are of particular interest in thelight of recent suggestions that the cellular necrosis observed in various muscle diseases is a consequence of an increased net influx of calcium into cells which causes, in turn, calcium overloading of the muscle mitochondria (34, 35). We have, therefore, extended our previous studies with frog muscle by the examination of the action of A23187 on the mammalian skeletal muscle of mouse diaphragm...", "contents": "The use of A23187 to demonstrate the role of intracellular calcium in causing ultrastructural damage in mammalian muscle. Electron micrographs show that treatment of mouse diaphragm with the divalent cation ionophore A23187 causes major ultrastructural damage in the muscle. During the first 30 min of exposure to A23187, the mitochondria swell markedly but after 40 min they undergo further ultrastructural changes and a rapid dissolution of the myofilaments is also seen at this time. In place only remnants of the filaments remain. It is suggested that the ionophore causes the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum which, initially, is taken up by the mitochondria, causing then to swell; after 40 min the mitochondria release the accumulated Ca2+. It is argued that the rise in [ca2+]i stimulates neutral proteases in the myoplasm and that the sequence of events following ionophore treatment may act as a model for the involvement of Ca2+ in various myopathies. We have shown previously (29) that treatment of the cutaneous pectoris muscle of the frog with the divalent cation ionophore A23187 has three major effects: (i) The membrane potential (Em) is depolarized, an action that is found only when the Ca2+ -concentration of the bathing saline is very low. (ii) It causes an increase in resting tension and the development of contraction. This effect is found at both normal (1.8 mM) and low values of [Ca2+]o and is, therefore, independent of Ca2+ entry and of changes in Em. The ionophore is believed to act primarily by releasing Ca2+ from intracellular stores. (iii) It causes major ultrastructural damage to the muscle filaments. The evidence suggests that A23187 acts at the sarcoplasmic reticulum of frog muscle, causing the release of stored Ca2+ , and the consequent rise in [Ca2+]i stimulates a Ca2+ -activated protease which is responsible for the myofilament degradation. A calcium-activated factor has been isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle; this enzyme operates at neutral pH, hydrolyses denatured casein, and specifically removes the Z-lines and alpha-actinin from skeletal muscle (24). A Ca2+ -activated protease with a pH optimum of 7.5 has also been purified from porcine skeletal muscle; it removes Z-discs, degrades troponin and tropomyosin and partly degrades M lines, and it has been suggested that it may have a physiological role in the disassembly of intact myofibrils during the metabolic turnover of myofibrillar proteins (6, 7). This protases is not localized in membrane-bounded sub-cellular particles, but is believed to be in direct contact with the cytoplasm (26). These findings are of particular interest in thelight of recent suggestions that the cellular necrosis observed in various muscle diseases is a consequence of an increased net influx of calcium into cells which causes, in turn, calcium overloading of the muscle mitochondria (34, 35). We have, therefore, extended our previous studies with frog muscle by the examination of the action of A23187 on the mammalian skeletal muscle of mouse diaphragm..."}
{"id": "PMID:357687", "title": "Dynamic renal transplant imaging with Tc-99m DTPA (Sn) supplemented by a transplant perfusion index in the management of renal transplants.", "content": "We have performed 955 studies on 152 patients with 167 renal transplants. Images were recorded following bolus injection of 12-15 mCi Tc-99m DTPA (Sn). The data were stored on a computer and analyzed by generation of region-of-interest curves from (a) the iliac artery distal to the transplant, (b) the kidney, and (c) a background area. A perfusion index was adopted: formula see text. In 276 studies the patient clearly had acute tubular necrosis (ATN), rejection, or a normal kidney on retrospective analysis. The normal perfusion index has a value below 150, and it increases with falling perfusion, such as is seen in rejection and in renal-artery stenosis. The use of this index in addition to sequential images and changes in the region-of-interest curves usually allows separation of rejection from ATN and, particularly, rejection from normals. When serial studies are performed, the separation of rejecting from nonrejecting transplants is excellent, although renal-artery stenosis may cause similar changes in perfusion.", "contents": "Dynamic renal transplant imaging with Tc-99m DTPA (Sn) supplemented by a transplant perfusion index in the management of renal transplants. We have performed 955 studies on 152 patients with 167 renal transplants. Images were recorded following bolus injection of 12-15 mCi Tc-99m DTPA (Sn). The data were stored on a computer and analyzed by generation of region-of-interest curves from (a) the iliac artery distal to the transplant, (b) the kidney, and (c) a background area. A perfusion index was adopted: formula see text. In 276 studies the patient clearly had acute tubular necrosis (ATN), rejection, or a normal kidney on retrospective analysis. The normal perfusion index has a value below 150, and it increases with falling perfusion, such as is seen in rejection and in renal-artery stenosis. The use of this index in addition to sequential images and changes in the region-of-interest curves usually allows separation of rejection from ATN and, particularly, rejection from normals. When serial studies are performed, the separation of rejecting from nonrejecting transplants is excellent, although renal-artery stenosis may cause similar changes in perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:357689", "title": "Enzymological properties of pantothenate synthetase from Escherichia coli B.", "content": "Following a previous report on physicochemical properties, the enzymological properties of a homogeneously purified preparation of pantothenate synthetase were described. The optimum pH was 10.0 and optimum temperature 30 degrees C. The lyophilized enzyme was very stable on standing at -20 degrees C. K+ or NH4+ and Mg2+ were required as activators; other cations examined were inhibitive to various extents and the enzyme required ATP as the energy supplier. Some omega-amino acids exerted strong inhibition, and the enzyme was inhibited by some chelating agents but was not affected by SH compounds and SH inhibitors. Apparent Km for pantoate was 6.3 x 10(-5)M, for beta-alanine 1.5 x 10(-4)M, and for ATP 1.0 x 10(-4)M. According to the method of Cleland, the enzyme reaction proceeds by a Bi Uni Uni Bi Ping Pong mechanism and a scheme showing the order of binding of substrates and releasing of products is presented.", "contents": "Enzymological properties of pantothenate synthetase from Escherichia coli B. Following a previous report on physicochemical properties, the enzymological properties of a homogeneously purified preparation of pantothenate synthetase were described. The optimum pH was 10.0 and optimum temperature 30 degrees C. The lyophilized enzyme was very stable on standing at -20 degrees C. K+ or NH4+ and Mg2+ were required as activators; other cations examined were inhibitive to various extents and the enzyme required ATP as the energy supplier. Some omega-amino acids exerted strong inhibition, and the enzyme was inhibited by some chelating agents but was not affected by SH compounds and SH inhibitors. Apparent Km for pantoate was 6.3 x 10(-5)M, for beta-alanine 1.5 x 10(-4)M, and for ATP 1.0 x 10(-4)M. According to the method of Cleland, the enzyme reaction proceeds by a Bi Uni Uni Bi Ping Pong mechanism and a scheme showing the order of binding of substrates and releasing of products is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:357693", "title": "Adhesion to normal human uroepithelial cells of Escherichia coli from children with various forms of urinary tract infection.", "content": "The ability to adhere to normal human uroepithelial cells was compared for Escherichia coli strains isolated from the urine of girls with acute pyelonephritis, acute cystitis, or asymptomatic bacteriuria, and from the stools of school children without bacteriuria. Strains from those with acute pyelonephritis had high adhesive ability, whereas strains from those with acute cystitis had intermediate and strains from girls with asymptomatic bacteriuria or from normal feces had low adhesive ability. Strains of serogroup O4K12 had good adherence regardless of origin. E. coli of the eight O groups commonly found in patients with acute pyelonephritis adhered more than did strains of other O groups. Spontaneously agglutinating strains had less adhesive ability than did the O-typable ones.", "contents": "Adhesion to normal human uroepithelial cells of Escherichia coli from children with various forms of urinary tract infection. The ability to adhere to normal human uroepithelial cells was compared for Escherichia coli strains isolated from the urine of girls with acute pyelonephritis, acute cystitis, or asymptomatic bacteriuria, and from the stools of school children without bacteriuria. Strains from those with acute pyelonephritis had high adhesive ability, whereas strains from those with acute cystitis had intermediate and strains from girls with asymptomatic bacteriuria or from normal feces had low adhesive ability. Strains of serogroup O4K12 had good adherence regardless of origin. E. coli of the eight O groups commonly found in patients with acute pyelonephritis adhered more than did strains of other O groups. Spontaneously agglutinating strains had less adhesive ability than did the O-typable ones."}
{"id": "PMID:357697", "title": "Selected Hand Test personality variables related to accidents in female drivers.", "content": "The Hand Test was administered to 170 females ranging in age from 17 to 72 years to determine if specific personality tendencies measured by the Hand Test would be significantly related to incidence of automotive accidents. Results indicated that the personality characteristic associated with DIR was significantly correlated with accidents, but that relationships differed somewhat with age.", "contents": "Selected Hand Test personality variables related to accidents in female drivers. The Hand Test was administered to 170 females ranging in age from 17 to 72 years to determine if specific personality tendencies measured by the Hand Test would be significantly related to incidence of automotive accidents. Results indicated that the personality characteristic associated with DIR was significantly correlated with accidents, but that relationships differed somewhat with age."}
{"id": "PMID:357698", "title": "Toward an objective evaluation procedure of the Kinetic Family Drawings (KFD).", "content": "The feasibility of employing a quantitative scoring procedure for evaluating the Kinetic Family Drawings (KFD) was examined. A quantitative scoring procedure was developed from the clinical hypotheses Burns and Kaufman (1970, 1972) to score 21 measurable KFD styles, actions, and characteristics. The scoring procedure was employed to evaluate 116 KFDs obtained from four groups of boys to determine the effectiveness of the procedure to differentiate among two levels of emotional adjustment and the two levels of age. The results indicated that four of seven sets of extracted component scores significantly differed between the emotionally well-adjusted and the emotionally disturbed groups. One set of component scores significantly differed between the younger and the older groups, while two sets of component scores did not differ among any of the four groups. The KFD total score was found to differ significantly only between the young emotionally disturbed and the young emotionally well-adjusted groups. It was concluded that a quantitative scoring procedure for the KFD is feasible.", "contents": "Toward an objective evaluation procedure of the Kinetic Family Drawings (KFD). The feasibility of employing a quantitative scoring procedure for evaluating the Kinetic Family Drawings (KFD) was examined. A quantitative scoring procedure was developed from the clinical hypotheses Burns and Kaufman (1970, 1972) to score 21 measurable KFD styles, actions, and characteristics. The scoring procedure was employed to evaluate 116 KFDs obtained from four groups of boys to determine the effectiveness of the procedure to differentiate among two levels of emotional adjustment and the two levels of age. The results indicated that four of seven sets of extracted component scores significantly differed between the emotionally well-adjusted and the emotionally disturbed groups. One set of component scores significantly differed between the younger and the older groups, while two sets of component scores did not differ among any of the four groups. The KFD total score was found to differ significantly only between the young emotionally disturbed and the young emotionally well-adjusted groups. It was concluded that a quantitative scoring procedure for the KFD is feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:357699", "title": "More on the reliability of the kinesthetic aftereffects measure and need for stimulation.", "content": "Recently, some have argued for a renewed interest in the kinesthetic aftereffects procedure (KAE) as a personality measure even though it may show low test-retest reliability. These arguments indicate that first-session KAE is valid but later-session KAE is not, due to the supposed appearance (in later sessions) of unwanted functional similarity between different aspects of the KAE procedure. Functional similarity leads to reduced reliability and validity of the retest. Data from two new studies do not support this functional similarity hypothesis, but these data do support the KAE by showing test-retest reliability. Also, the data show some new but tentative experimental evidence for the construct validity of second-session KAE as a measure of need for stimulation. These data do support the KAE as a personality measure but, when contrasted to arguments that only first-session KAE is valid, the data indicate that this is unresolved.", "contents": "More on the reliability of the kinesthetic aftereffects measure and need for stimulation. Recently, some have argued for a renewed interest in the kinesthetic aftereffects procedure (KAE) as a personality measure even though it may show low test-retest reliability. These arguments indicate that first-session KAE is valid but later-session KAE is not, due to the supposed appearance (in later sessions) of unwanted functional similarity between different aspects of the KAE procedure. Functional similarity leads to reduced reliability and validity of the retest. Data from two new studies do not support this functional similarity hypothesis, but these data do support the KAE by showing test-retest reliability. Also, the data show some new but tentative experimental evidence for the construct validity of second-session KAE as a measure of need for stimulation. These data do support the KAE as a personality measure but, when contrasted to arguments that only first-session KAE is valid, the data indicate that this is unresolved."}
{"id": "PMID:357702", "title": "Preservation of solubilized and emulsified systems I: Correlation of mathematically predicted preservative availability with antimicrobial activity.", "content": "Mathematical models were investigated for the distribution and antimicrobial activity of chlorocresol in solubilized and emulsified systems stabilized with a nonionic surfactant. The concentration of free preservative in the solubilized systems was described adequately by an equation widely used to describe the binding of small molecules to macromolecules. For the emulsions, this equation was combined with an expression for the partitioning of the preservative between the oil and water phases. It was confirmed that short-term antimicrobial activity can be related to the free (unbound) preservative concentration in the aqueous phase and that preservative solubilized within the surfactant micelles or partitioned into the oil phase does not contribute to short-term preservation.", "contents": "Preservation of solubilized and emulsified systems I: Correlation of mathematically predicted preservative availability with antimicrobial activity. Mathematical models were investigated for the distribution and antimicrobial activity of chlorocresol in solubilized and emulsified systems stabilized with a nonionic surfactant. The concentration of free preservative in the solubilized systems was described adequately by an equation widely used to describe the binding of small molecules to macromolecules. For the emulsions, this equation was combined with an expression for the partitioning of the preservative between the oil and water phases. It was confirmed that short-term antimicrobial activity can be related to the free (unbound) preservative concentration in the aqueous phase and that preservative solubilized within the surfactant micelles or partitioned into the oil phase does not contribute to short-term preservation."}
{"id": "PMID:357706", "title": "Denture esthetics is more than tooth selection.", "content": "The selection of the proper mold and shade of denture teeth is but one part of denture esthetics. Compensating for lost alveolar bone, correctly positioning anterior teeth for lip support, and reestablishing the correct vertical dimension of occlusion, in combination with proper tooth selection, creates good denture esthetics. Proper contour and normal physiologic movement of the muscles enhances an esthetic denture, whereas improper support can severely detract from it. Even though denture construction requires a step-by-step progression, these steps cannot be isolated but rather must be integrated to produce an optimal result.", "contents": "Denture esthetics is more than tooth selection. The selection of the proper mold and shade of denture teeth is but one part of denture esthetics. Compensating for lost alveolar bone, correctly positioning anterior teeth for lip support, and reestablishing the correct vertical dimension of occlusion, in combination with proper tooth selection, creates good denture esthetics. Proper contour and normal physiologic movement of the muscles enhances an esthetic denture, whereas improper support can severely detract from it. Even though denture construction requires a step-by-step progression, these steps cannot be isolated but rather must be integrated to produce an optimal result."}
{"id": "PMID:357707", "title": "The role of saliva in retention of maxillary complete dentures.", "content": "In this study maxillary denture retention was influenced by the salivary volume between the denture base and the mucous membrane. An optimum intervening salivary volume, at which the greatest retention was developed, was also observed. It was observed from determination of electric resistance of palatal mucous membrane that inward and outward flow of intervening saliva was greater in the denture with poor retention than in the one with good retention. Moreover, when the salivary volume between the denture base and mucous membrane was optimum the salivary flow under the denture was minimum.", "contents": "The role of saliva in retention of maxillary complete dentures. In this study maxillary denture retention was influenced by the salivary volume between the denture base and the mucous membrane. An optimum intervening salivary volume, at which the greatest retention was developed, was also observed. It was observed from determination of electric resistance of palatal mucous membrane that inward and outward flow of intervening saliva was greater in the denture with poor retention than in the one with good retention. Moreover, when the salivary volume between the denture base and mucous membrane was optimum the salivary flow under the denture was minimum."}
{"id": "PMID:357708", "title": "Visualization of stress and strain related to removable partial denture abutments.", "content": "The following conclusions are based on the conditions set forth in this investigation and apply to forces acting through a vertical direction of application only: 1. The unilateral removable partial denture produced no more stress than the bilateral removable partial denture. 2. The fully active Dalbo removable partial denture resulted in the greatest stressbreaking action. 3. The rigid Dalbo removable partial denture resulted in the least ridge displacement. 4. The rigid Dalbo removable partial denture resulted in the greatest stress concentrations in the distal abutment. 5. None of the attachments tested resulted in a distribution of the stresses along the edentulous ridge. 6. The use of two abutments (double abutments) resulted in greater stress concentrations in the distal abutment than the use of single abutments. 7. Forces in the single abutment were resisted along the long axis of the root. 8. Forces in the double abutments were resisted along the long axis of the distal abutment.", "contents": "Visualization of stress and strain related to removable partial denture abutments. The following conclusions are based on the conditions set forth in this investigation and apply to forces acting through a vertical direction of application only: 1. The unilateral removable partial denture produced no more stress than the bilateral removable partial denture. 2. The fully active Dalbo removable partial denture resulted in the greatest stressbreaking action. 3. The rigid Dalbo removable partial denture resulted in the least ridge displacement. 4. The rigid Dalbo removable partial denture resulted in the greatest stress concentrations in the distal abutment. 5. None of the attachments tested resulted in a distribution of the stresses along the edentulous ridge. 6. The use of two abutments (double abutments) resulted in greater stress concentrations in the distal abutment than the use of single abutments. 7. Forces in the single abutment were resisted along the long axis of the root. 8. Forces in the double abutments were resisted along the long axis of the distal abutment."}
{"id": "PMID:357709", "title": "Combined endodontic and restorative treatment considerations.", "content": "Endodontic treatment for pulpal pathology should result in an asymptomatic tooth with a sealed canal. Restorative treatment for the pulpless tooth should provide protection against fracture and the needed resistance against masticatory stress to allow the tooth to resume normal function.", "contents": "Combined endodontic and restorative treatment considerations. Endodontic treatment for pulpal pathology should result in an asymptomatic tooth with a sealed canal. Restorative treatment for the pulpless tooth should provide protection against fracture and the needed resistance against masticatory stress to allow the tooth to resume normal function."}
{"id": "PMID:357710", "title": "Analysis of the geometry of finishing lines for full crown restorations.", "content": "The geometry exhibiting the least marginal discrepancy in this investigation was the shoulder of the slightly oversize casting (Fig. 4). This was significantly better (p = .05) than the oversize bevel, the control shoulder, or the control bevel.", "contents": "Analysis of the geometry of finishing lines for full crown restorations. The geometry exhibiting the least marginal discrepancy in this investigation was the shoulder of the slightly oversize casting (Fig. 4). This was significantly better (p = .05) than the oversize bevel, the control shoulder, or the control bevel."}
{"id": "PMID:357711", "title": "Analysis of stress on a fixed partial denture with a blade-vent implant abutment.", "content": "Using a two-dimensional finite element method, a study was made that compared the behavior of a model mandibular posterior fixed partial denture constructed on the second premolar abutment and a blade-vent implant imbedded at the site of the second molar with the behavior of a fixed partial denture constructed on the second premolar and second molar abutments. The following were the results: 1. Deflections of the implant fixed partial denture were less than those of the natural tooth fixed partial denture in vertical and inclined loads. 2. Stress concentration was markedly found in the pontic and the mesial and distal parts of the premolar retainer in both restorations and the implant neck in the implant fixed partial denture. 3. In the implant fixed partial denture, stresses induced in the surrounding bone became higher around the posterior abutment and became lower around the premolar retainer than the stresses produced with the natural tooth fixed partial denture. 4. Therefore it was suggested that, to relieve stress to the surrounding bone around the implant abutment, occlusal forces loaded to the implant fixed partial denture have to be more concentrated on the premolar abutment than do forces loaded to the natural tooth fixed partial denture.", "contents": "Analysis of stress on a fixed partial denture with a blade-vent implant abutment. Using a two-dimensional finite element method, a study was made that compared the behavior of a model mandibular posterior fixed partial denture constructed on the second premolar abutment and a blade-vent implant imbedded at the site of the second molar with the behavior of a fixed partial denture constructed on the second premolar and second molar abutments. The following were the results: 1. Deflections of the implant fixed partial denture were less than those of the natural tooth fixed partial denture in vertical and inclined loads. 2. Stress concentration was markedly found in the pontic and the mesial and distal parts of the premolar retainer in both restorations and the implant neck in the implant fixed partial denture. 3. In the implant fixed partial denture, stresses induced in the surrounding bone became higher around the posterior abutment and became lower around the premolar retainer than the stresses produced with the natural tooth fixed partial denture. 4. Therefore it was suggested that, to relieve stress to the surrounding bone around the implant abutment, occlusal forces loaded to the implant fixed partial denture have to be more concentrated on the premolar abutment than do forces loaded to the natural tooth fixed partial denture."}
{"id": "PMID:357712", "title": "Laboratory procedures for fitting removable partial denture frameworks.", "content": "A technique has been described for fitting a removable partial denture framework to the master cast prior to adapting it in the mouth. Emphasis should be placed on maintaining the original contour of the framework throughout the procedure. The amount of metal removed should be only that necessary to seat the casting on the master cast without abrading the stone. When finishing the tooth-contacting surfaces on the casting, very light pressure should be used to burnish the rough surfaces, not reduce them. If these steps are accomplished carefully in the laboratory, the dentist should be able to fit the framework in the mouth in a minimum of time (Fig. 7).", "contents": "Laboratory procedures for fitting removable partial denture frameworks. A technique has been described for fitting a removable partial denture framework to the master cast prior to adapting it in the mouth. Emphasis should be placed on maintaining the original contour of the framework throughout the procedure. The amount of metal removed should be only that necessary to seat the casting on the master cast without abrading the stone. When finishing the tooth-contacting surfaces on the casting, very light pressure should be used to burnish the rough surfaces, not reduce them. If these steps are accomplished carefully in the laboratory, the dentist should be able to fit the framework in the mouth in a minimum of time (Fig. 7)."}
{"id": "PMID:357713", "title": "The psychological training of Abraham Flexner, the reformer of medical education.", "content": "The great reformer of American medical education was Abraham Flexner. His basic emphasis was to insist that medical education should be solidly based on science. Not a physician, Flexner's specialized training was in psychology. This paper traces the major influence on Flexner's thinking (primarily the works of Hall, Stumpf, and Lotze) and relates these influences to his emphasis on the importance of basic science.", "contents": "The psychological training of Abraham Flexner, the reformer of medical education. The great reformer of American medical education was Abraham Flexner. His basic emphasis was to insist that medical education should be solidly based on science. Not a physician, Flexner's specialized training was in psychology. This paper traces the major influence on Flexner's thinking (primarily the works of Hall, Stumpf, and Lotze) and relates these influences to his emphasis on the importance of basic science."}
{"id": "PMID:357714", "title": "Analysis of the antigenic composition of Trypanosoma brucei brucei bloodstream and culture forms by the quantitative direct fluorescent antibody methods.", "content": "The quantitative direct fluorescent antibody (QDFA) methods were employed for the antigenic analysis of bloodstream forms and culture procyclics of 2 variants, TRUM (Trypanosome Research University of of Massachusetts) 106 and TRUM 107, of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Intact and trypsinized trypanosomes were studied. It was demonstrated that: (A) The specific variant antigens are localized in the surface coat of bloodstream trypomastigotes. (B) In addition to the common antigens shared by bloodstream forms and culture procyclics, there are also certain antigens unique to these latter stages. (C) Still another group of antigens, not found in the culture procyclics, appears to be shared by the bloodstream forms, irrespective of their variant-specific antigens. These antigens may be present in part in the coat or on the cell membrane and in part within the cytoplasm. (D) Irrespective of the bloodstream-form variant from which they are derived, the procyclics are antigenically the same. The QDFA results are analyzed statistically and discussed in the light of the available literature.", "contents": "Analysis of the antigenic composition of Trypanosoma brucei brucei bloodstream and culture forms by the quantitative direct fluorescent antibody methods. The quantitative direct fluorescent antibody (QDFA) methods were employed for the antigenic analysis of bloodstream forms and culture procyclics of 2 variants, TRUM (Trypanosome Research University of of Massachusetts) 106 and TRUM 107, of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Intact and trypsinized trypanosomes were studied. It was demonstrated that: (A) The specific variant antigens are localized in the surface coat of bloodstream trypomastigotes. (B) In addition to the common antigens shared by bloodstream forms and culture procyclics, there are also certain antigens unique to these latter stages. (C) Still another group of antigens, not found in the culture procyclics, appears to be shared by the bloodstream forms, irrespective of their variant-specific antigens. These antigens may be present in part in the coat or on the cell membrane and in part within the cytoplasm. (D) Irrespective of the bloodstream-form variant from which they are derived, the procyclics are antigenically the same. The QDFA results are analyzed statistically and discussed in the light of the available literature."}
{"id": "PMID:357715", "title": "[The treatment of the tumors by hyperthermia (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper is a review of the biological effects of hyperthermia and of their mechanisms. A great interest has been stimulated for the treatment of the tumors by hyperthermia alone or associated to chemo and radiotherapy. The clinical application needs an accurate control of the temperature which raises difficult technical problems.", "contents": "[The treatment of the tumors by hyperthermia (author's transl)]. This paper is a review of the biological effects of hyperthermia and of their mechanisms. A great interest has been stimulated for the treatment of the tumors by hyperthermia alone or associated to chemo and radiotherapy. The clinical application needs an accurate control of the temperature which raises difficult technical problems."}
{"id": "PMID:357716", "title": "Identification of the spermatogenic stages in living seminiferous tubules of man.", "content": "Parts of human seminiferous tubules containing late spermatids with condensed nuclei (Stage II) absorbed more transmitted light than did parts at other stages. Spermatogenic stages I, III, IV and VI were identifiable by phase-contrast microscopy.", "contents": "Identification of the spermatogenic stages in living seminiferous tubules of man. Parts of human seminiferous tubules containing late spermatids with condensed nuclei (Stage II) absorbed more transmitted light than did parts at other stages. Spermatogenic stages I, III, IV and VI were identifiable by phase-contrast microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:357717", "title": "Effects of RMI 12,936, a synthetic antiprogestational steroid, on the oestrous cycle and ovulation in the rat.", "content": "RMI 12,936 inhibited the vaginal cycle and ovulation in the rat. This effect was not mimicked by oestrogen and was partly reversed by progesterone. Ovulation was restored by injection of hCG and the inhibition was associated with reduced cyclic and tonic LH secretion while hypophysial LH levels were generally unaffected. Hypophysial sensitivity to LH-RH was reduced compared with that when ovulation was blocked with sodium pentobarbitone. It is concluded that RMI 12,936 blocks ovulation by causing a reduction in hypophysial sensitivity to LH-RH and that this is probably an antiprogestational effect.", "contents": "Effects of RMI 12,936, a synthetic antiprogestational steroid, on the oestrous cycle and ovulation in the rat. RMI 12,936 inhibited the vaginal cycle and ovulation in the rat. This effect was not mimicked by oestrogen and was partly reversed by progesterone. Ovulation was restored by injection of hCG and the inhibition was associated with reduced cyclic and tonic LH secretion while hypophysial LH levels were generally unaffected. Hypophysial sensitivity to LH-RH was reduced compared with that when ovulation was blocked with sodium pentobarbitone. It is concluded that RMI 12,936 blocks ovulation by causing a reduction in hypophysial sensitivity to LH-RH and that this is probably an antiprogestational effect."}
{"id": "PMID:357721", "title": "Studies on antitumor agents, 2. Syntheses and antitumor activities of 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil and 1,3-bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil.", "content": "Convenient and efficient methods were developed for preparing 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (Thf-FU, 3) [trade name, Futraful (Ftorafur) or FT-207], which is used clinically as an antitumor agent, and 1,3-bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (Thf2-FU, 4). For the syntheses, 2,4-bis(trimethylsily)-5-fluorouracil (Me3Si-FU, 1) and 2-acetoxytetrahydrofuran (Thf-OAc, 2) were condensed in the presence of Friedel-Crafts catalysts, such as SnCl4 and BF3-Et2O in dichloromethane, or in the presence of NaI in acetonitrile to give Thf-Fu or Thf2-FU depending on the reaction conditions and workup procedure. A trace of 3-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (3-Thf-FU, 5) was formed in these reactions. Thf2-FU was easily hydrolyzed to Thf-FU. 2-Methoxytetrahydrofuran can be used instead of Thf-OAc for preparation of Thf-FU under similar conditions. The optimal ratios of Me3Si-FU, Thf-OAc, and SnCl4 or NaI for preparation of Thf-FU and Thf2-FU were determined. In all cases, 2-2.5 equiv of Thf-OAc with respect to Me3Si-FU gave the best results. The yields of Thf-FU and more especially of Thf2-FU were greatly dependent on the relative amount of SnCl4, and 0.01-0.1 equiv of the catalyst with respect to Me3Si-FU gave the best results. Thf2-FU was found to be effective against murine solid tumors and it was less toxic than Thf-FU when given orally. The antitumor activity of 3-Thf-FU is also reported.", "contents": "Studies on antitumor agents, 2. Syntheses and antitumor activities of 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil and 1,3-bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil. Convenient and efficient methods were developed for preparing 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (Thf-FU, 3) [trade name, Futraful (Ftorafur) or FT-207], which is used clinically as an antitumor agent, and 1,3-bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (Thf2-FU, 4). For the syntheses, 2,4-bis(trimethylsily)-5-fluorouracil (Me3Si-FU, 1) and 2-acetoxytetrahydrofuran (Thf-OAc, 2) were condensed in the presence of Friedel-Crafts catalysts, such as SnCl4 and BF3-Et2O in dichloromethane, or in the presence of NaI in acetonitrile to give Thf-Fu or Thf2-FU depending on the reaction conditions and workup procedure. A trace of 3-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (3-Thf-FU, 5) was formed in these reactions. Thf2-FU was easily hydrolyzed to Thf-FU. 2-Methoxytetrahydrofuran can be used instead of Thf-OAc for preparation of Thf-FU under similar conditions. The optimal ratios of Me3Si-FU, Thf-OAc, and SnCl4 or NaI for preparation of Thf-FU and Thf2-FU were determined. In all cases, 2-2.5 equiv of Thf-OAc with respect to Me3Si-FU gave the best results. The yields of Thf-FU and more especially of Thf2-FU were greatly dependent on the relative amount of SnCl4, and 0.01-0.1 equiv of the catalyst with respect to Me3Si-FU gave the best results. Thf2-FU was found to be effective against murine solid tumors and it was less toxic than Thf-FU when given orally. The antitumor activity of 3-Thf-FU is also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:357722", "title": "1-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(2,6-dichlorophenylthio)-n-butyl]-1H-imidazole nitrate, a new potent antifungal agent.", "content": "The preparation and antifungal properties of 1-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,6-dichlorophenylthio)-n-butyl]-1H-imidazole nitrate 1 are described. It is particularly effective against in vivo Candida albicans infections (mice), maintaining good activity down to 0.25% formulation strength and showing unusually low reinfection rates after treatment is ended.", "contents": "1-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(2,6-dichlorophenylthio)-n-butyl]-1H-imidazole nitrate, a new potent antifungal agent. The preparation and antifungal properties of 1-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,6-dichlorophenylthio)-n-butyl]-1H-imidazole nitrate 1 are described. It is particularly effective against in vivo Candida albicans infections (mice), maintaining good activity down to 0.25% formulation strength and showing unusually low reinfection rates after treatment is ended."}
{"id": "PMID:357724", "title": "Pain in childbirth.", "content": "Sheila Kitzinger describes pain and its control throughout the various stages of childbirth. She stresses the value of antenatal preparation as well as the need for a supportive environment during the labour stages. All concerned--the porspective parents, doctors, midwives and any other personnel in a maternity unit should be educated to be able to provide such an environment.", "contents": "Pain in childbirth. Sheila Kitzinger describes pain and its control throughout the various stages of childbirth. She stresses the value of antenatal preparation as well as the need for a supportive environment during the labour stages. All concerned--the porspective parents, doctors, midwives and any other personnel in a maternity unit should be educated to be able to provide such an environment."}
{"id": "PMID:357726", "title": "Ca2+ transport by chondrocyte mitochondria of the epiphyseal growth plate.", "content": "In a study of the Ca2+ kinetics of mitochondria of chick epiphyseal chondrocytes, the rate of Ca2+ uptake was linear up to a medium Ca2+ concentration of 30 mum. The half maximal transport rate occurred at 34 mum Ca2+. The Ca2+ uptake rate, expressed as a function of time, was 35 nmoles/mg protein/min; the presence of Mg2+ had little effect on Ca2+ accumulation. While these kinetic parameters did not differ significantly from mitochondria of cells of nonmineralizing tissues, the respiratory characteristics of the chondrocyte organelles exhibited functional differences. Thus, up to 350 nmoles Ca2+/mg protein, chondrocyte mitochondria performed coupled oxidative phosphorylation. Calcium uptake was energy supported, while Ca2+ binding was low. Addition of respiratory inhibitors and uncouplers to these mitochondria resulted in a rapid loss of more than 80% of the total Ca2+. The Ca/Pi ratio of the extrudate was very similar to the ratio of the ions in cartilage septum fluid. In the most mineralized zones of the epiphyseal plate, there was little change in the state 4 respiratory rate, but nonspecific Ca2+ binding was elevated and a high percentage of the total Ca2+ was in a nonextrudable form. The results indicate that in cells preparing for mineralization, much of the total mitochondrial Ca2+ is in a form that can be transported to the calcification front. In cells close to the calcification front, nonextrudable Ca2+ may form calcium phosphate granules described by other investigators.", "contents": "Ca2+ transport by chondrocyte mitochondria of the epiphyseal growth plate. In a study of the Ca2+ kinetics of mitochondria of chick epiphyseal chondrocytes, the rate of Ca2+ uptake was linear up to a medium Ca2+ concentration of 30 mum. The half maximal transport rate occurred at 34 mum Ca2+. The Ca2+ uptake rate, expressed as a function of time, was 35 nmoles/mg protein/min; the presence of Mg2+ had little effect on Ca2+ accumulation. While these kinetic parameters did not differ significantly from mitochondria of cells of nonmineralizing tissues, the respiratory characteristics of the chondrocyte organelles exhibited functional differences. Thus, up to 350 nmoles Ca2+/mg protein, chondrocyte mitochondria performed coupled oxidative phosphorylation. Calcium uptake was energy supported, while Ca2+ binding was low. Addition of respiratory inhibitors and uncouplers to these mitochondria resulted in a rapid loss of more than 80% of the total Ca2+. The Ca/Pi ratio of the extrudate was very similar to the ratio of the ions in cartilage septum fluid. In the most mineralized zones of the epiphyseal plate, there was little change in the state 4 respiratory rate, but nonspecific Ca2+ binding was elevated and a high percentage of the total Ca2+ was in a nonextrudable form. The results indicate that in cells preparing for mineralization, much of the total mitochondrial Ca2+ is in a form that can be transported to the calcification front. In cells close to the calcification front, nonextrudable Ca2+ may form calcium phosphate granules described by other investigators."}
{"id": "PMID:357727", "title": "High resolution scanning electron microscopy in biology: artefacts caused by the nature and mode of application of the coating material.", "content": "Results of high resolution secondary electron observations of the haemocyanin molecule from the marine whelk Buccinum undatum are given. The choice of metal used for surface coating of the sample (gold, gold--palladium or carbon/gold--palldium) and the mode of application of this metal (thermal vacuum evaporation or diode sputtering) were both found to be of utmost importance when working at high magnifications in the scanning electron microscope. Sputter coating with gold gives poor results because of a granular and cracked appearance of the surface film. The haemocyanin molecules were difficult to recognize in these preparations. Best results were obtained by a thermal vacuum evaporation of gold--palladium. It is suggested that the inferior results seen after sputter coating may be due to the high temperatures wihch the specimen experiences during the sputtering, even when cooling of the specimen stage is carried out. Other specimens (diatom valves and latex spheres) were also studied at high magnification giving the same results as the haemocyanin molecules.", "contents": "High resolution scanning electron microscopy in biology: artefacts caused by the nature and mode of application of the coating material. Results of high resolution secondary electron observations of the haemocyanin molecule from the marine whelk Buccinum undatum are given. The choice of metal used for surface coating of the sample (gold, gold--palladium or carbon/gold--palldium) and the mode of application of this metal (thermal vacuum evaporation or diode sputtering) were both found to be of utmost importance when working at high magnifications in the scanning electron microscope. Sputter coating with gold gives poor results because of a granular and cracked appearance of the surface film. The haemocyanin molecules were difficult to recognize in these preparations. Best results were obtained by a thermal vacuum evaporation of gold--palladium. It is suggested that the inferior results seen after sputter coating may be due to the high temperatures wihch the specimen experiences during the sputtering, even when cooling of the specimen stage is carried out. Other specimens (diatom valves and latex spheres) were also studied at high magnification giving the same results as the haemocyanin molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:357729", "title": "A method for the removal of epoxy resins from tissue in preparation for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "A method for unmounting entire resin-embedded samples for SEM observation is described. This technique is particularly useful when correlation of TEM and SEM images is desired for material that is no longer available for conventional SEM preparative procedures. Sample embedded in a variety of epoxy-type resins were trimmed of excess resin and placed in a concentrated solution of sodium methoxide. After complete dissolution of the resin, the tissue was washed in a graded series of sodium methoxide in methanol--benzene, transferred to acetone, critical point dried, mounted on stubs, and coated with gold-palladium. Upon viewing in the SEM, the tissue sample showed remarkable preservation of detail at relatively high magnifications.", "contents": "A method for the removal of epoxy resins from tissue in preparation for scanning electron microscopy. A method for unmounting entire resin-embedded samples for SEM observation is described. This technique is particularly useful when correlation of TEM and SEM images is desired for material that is no longer available for conventional SEM preparative procedures. Sample embedded in a variety of epoxy-type resins were trimmed of excess resin and placed in a concentrated solution of sodium methoxide. After complete dissolution of the resin, the tissue was washed in a graded series of sodium methoxide in methanol--benzene, transferred to acetone, critical point dried, mounted on stubs, and coated with gold-palladium. Upon viewing in the SEM, the tissue sample showed remarkable preservation of detail at relatively high magnifications."}
{"id": "PMID:357746", "title": "Antigens of a human breast carcinoma cell line (BT 20). I. Synthesis of serum proteins, membrane-associated antigens, and oncofetal-associated antigens.", "content": "The synthesis of various products by a human mammary cell line (BT 20) was studied by incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids, choline, glucosamine, or galactosamine into nondialyzable materials. These products had molecular weights ranging from less than 12,300 daltons to more than 200,000 daltons. They were analyzed by immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion in agar. Among the synthesized products, the following proteins were identified: beta2-glycoprotein I, alpha2HS-glycoprotein, alpha2-lipoprotein, actin, beta2-microglobulin, carcinoembryonic antigen, three oncofetal-associated antigens, and various erythrocyte membrane-associated antigens (namely, glycophorin). Synthesis of milk proteins was not detectable. Only the protein moiety of the glycophorin molecule seemed to be synthesized. The beta2-microglobulin was synthesized in an unbound state as well as bound to a glycoprotein whose relationship with the transplantation or tumor antigens must be determined. The three oncofetal-associated antigens were also synthesized in vitro by human fetal tissues and neoplastic and dysplastic human mammary tissues.", "contents": "Antigens of a human breast carcinoma cell line (BT 20). I. Synthesis of serum proteins, membrane-associated antigens, and oncofetal-associated antigens. The synthesis of various products by a human mammary cell line (BT 20) was studied by incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids, choline, glucosamine, or galactosamine into nondialyzable materials. These products had molecular weights ranging from less than 12,300 daltons to more than 200,000 daltons. They were analyzed by immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion in agar. Among the synthesized products, the following proteins were identified: beta2-glycoprotein I, alpha2HS-glycoprotein, alpha2-lipoprotein, actin, beta2-microglobulin, carcinoembryonic antigen, three oncofetal-associated antigens, and various erythrocyte membrane-associated antigens (namely, glycophorin). Synthesis of milk proteins was not detectable. Only the protein moiety of the glycophorin molecule seemed to be synthesized. The beta2-microglobulin was synthesized in an unbound state as well as bound to a glycoprotein whose relationship with the transplantation or tumor antigens must be determined. The three oncofetal-associated antigens were also synthesized in vitro by human fetal tissues and neoplastic and dysplastic human mammary tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:357747", "title": "A reevaluation of B-lymphocyte levels in peripheral blood from cancer patients.", "content": "B-lymphocytes were quantitated in mononuclear cell suspensions derived from the peripheral blood of patients with various nonlymphoreticular cancers. The method used was anti-IgM and anti-IgD membrane immunofluorescence. The mean percentage of circulating B-lymphocytes in 78 cancer patients tested was 5.3 +/- 4.6 with a range of 0--18%. Those values were compared with a mean of 9.4 +/- 4.0 and a range of 3--20% for 46 apparently normal individuals. The difference was highly significant (P less than or equal to 0.001). The mean percentage of B-cells in cell suspensions from 43 patients that were tested prior to treatment was 5.8 +/- 4.8 with a range of 0--18%. Very low values were observed both in the presence and absence of therapy, and a correlation with stage of disease could not be established. The low values were associated with decreased T-cell numbers and significantly increased monocyte levels. The fact that those values were significantly lower than have been reported previously for cancer patients was discussed as was the identity of the cells that previously had been counted as B-lymphocytes.", "contents": "A reevaluation of B-lymphocyte levels in peripheral blood from cancer patients. B-lymphocytes were quantitated in mononuclear cell suspensions derived from the peripheral blood of patients with various nonlymphoreticular cancers. The method used was anti-IgM and anti-IgD membrane immunofluorescence. The mean percentage of circulating B-lymphocytes in 78 cancer patients tested was 5.3 +/- 4.6 with a range of 0--18%. Those values were compared with a mean of 9.4 +/- 4.0 and a range of 3--20% for 46 apparently normal individuals. The difference was highly significant (P less than or equal to 0.001). The mean percentage of B-cells in cell suspensions from 43 patients that were tested prior to treatment was 5.8 +/- 4.8 with a range of 0--18%. Very low values were observed both in the presence and absence of therapy, and a correlation with stage of disease could not be established. The low values were associated with decreased T-cell numbers and significantly increased monocyte levels. The fact that those values were significantly lower than have been reported previously for cancer patients was discussed as was the identity of the cells that previously had been counted as B-lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:357748", "title": "Pathogenesis of Marek's disease: early appearance of Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen in infected chickens.", "content": "Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen (MATSA) appeared in different lymphoid tissues of P-line chickens soon after they were infected with BC-1 strain of Marek's disease virus. MATSA-bearing cells first appeared in spleens by 5 days post infection (PI) and were observed through a 21-day experimental period at mean levels varying from 3.8 to 21.9% of the total cells examined. Lower percentages of MATSA-bearing cells were observed in the thymus, in the bursa of Fabricius, among peripheral blood lymphocytes, and among bone marrow cells beginning 7 days PI. The antigen was not detected on normal lymphocytes from chickens or chicken embryos, nor was it detected on cultured chicken embryo fibroblasts infected or transformed by avian RNA tumor viruses.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of Marek's disease: early appearance of Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen in infected chickens. Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen (MATSA) appeared in different lymphoid tissues of P-line chickens soon after they were infected with BC-1 strain of Marek's disease virus. MATSA-bearing cells first appeared in spleens by 5 days post infection (PI) and were observed through a 21-day experimental period at mean levels varying from 3.8 to 21.9% of the total cells examined. Lower percentages of MATSA-bearing cells were observed in the thymus, in the bursa of Fabricius, among peripheral blood lymphocytes, and among bone marrow cells beginning 7 days PI. The antigen was not detected on normal lymphocytes from chickens or chicken embryos, nor was it detected on cultured chicken embryo fibroblasts infected or transformed by avian RNA tumor viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:357749", "title": "Development of teratomas from embryos transplanted into outbred and inbred adult hamsters.", "content": "Six- to 8 1/2-day inbred MHA/SsLak and outbred Syrian golden hamster embryos and 14-day fetal lungs, testes, and portions of small intestine were transplanted into cheek pouches or under kidney capsules of adult recipients. Embryonic grafts gave rise to benign teratomas, irrespective of the age of the embryo, transplantation site, and the strain or stock of recipient. Fetal lung and testis grew little in extrauterine sites, whereas fetal intestine formed large mucus-filled cysts lined with proliferating and apparently functionally active epithelium.", "contents": "Development of teratomas from embryos transplanted into outbred and inbred adult hamsters. Six- to 8 1/2-day inbred MHA/SsLak and outbred Syrian golden hamster embryos and 14-day fetal lungs, testes, and portions of small intestine were transplanted into cheek pouches or under kidney capsules of adult recipients. Embryonic grafts gave rise to benign teratomas, irrespective of the age of the embryo, transplantation site, and the strain or stock of recipient. Fetal lung and testis grew little in extrauterine sites, whereas fetal intestine formed large mucus-filled cysts lined with proliferating and apparently functionally active epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:357750", "title": "Primary splenic tuberculosis in transplant candidates.", "content": "Caseous granulomatous lesions, consistent with tuberculosis, were found in the spleen in two of our renal transplant candidates. There was no clinical evidence of tuberculosis in either patient. Only one patient had a positive tuberculin skin test whose chest film showed hilar calcifications suggestive of healed granulomatous disease. Because of this incidental finding in the spleen, both patients were placed on antituberculous therapy. There has been no evidence of active tuberculosis in either patient despite the use of usual doses of immunosuppressive drugs.", "contents": "Primary splenic tuberculosis in transplant candidates. Caseous granulomatous lesions, consistent with tuberculosis, were found in the spleen in two of our renal transplant candidates. There was no clinical evidence of tuberculosis in either patient. Only one patient had a positive tuberculin skin test whose chest film showed hilar calcifications suggestive of healed granulomatous disease. Because of this incidental finding in the spleen, both patients were placed on antituberculous therapy. There has been no evidence of active tuberculosis in either patient despite the use of usual doses of immunosuppressive drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:357751", "title": "Post-laryngectomy tracheostome stenosis--etiology and treatment.", "content": "The etiology of post-laryngectomy tracheostome stenosis is reviewed. This condition is not common if preventive measures are used at the time of surgery and during the postoperative period. However stenosis will occasionally occur. We have not been satisfied with standard revision techniques but have had success with radical excision of the stenosed area followed by reconstruction with superiorly based bilateral pedicle flaps.", "contents": "Post-laryngectomy tracheostome stenosis--etiology and treatment. The etiology of post-laryngectomy tracheostome stenosis is reviewed. This condition is not common if preventive measures are used at the time of surgery and during the postoperative period. However stenosis will occasionally occur. We have not been satisfied with standard revision techniques but have had success with radical excision of the stenosed area followed by reconstruction with superiorly based bilateral pedicle flaps."}
{"id": "PMID:357752", "title": "Surgical repair of complete subglottic stenosis.", "content": "Two cases of complete subglottic stenosis, with absence of any subglottic airway, are presented. Both patients were treated via an anterior tracheo-crico-thyrotomy with excision of scar tissue. In both patients the newly created lumen was stented with Silastic covered with a buccal graft. One of these patients also had a hyoid bone autograft inserted between the cut edges of the cricoid ring. Both patients were successfully decannulated. The literature is reviewed in order to trace the history of the development of the procedures used.", "contents": "Surgical repair of complete subglottic stenosis. Two cases of complete subglottic stenosis, with absence of any subglottic airway, are presented. Both patients were treated via an anterior tracheo-crico-thyrotomy with excision of scar tissue. In both patients the newly created lumen was stented with Silastic covered with a buccal graft. One of these patients also had a hyoid bone autograft inserted between the cut edges of the cricoid ring. Both patients were successfully decannulated. The literature is reviewed in order to trace the history of the development of the procedures used."}
{"id": "PMID:357753", "title": "The uses and limitations of auricular composite grafts.", "content": "Composite autografts of skin and cartilage from the auricule are useful in the reconstruction of defects in many areas of the head and neck. However, their use has certain limitations if minimal loss of the graft is to be achieved. A variety of examples are presented by the authors and the limitations are summarized.", "contents": "The uses and limitations of auricular composite grafts. Composite autografts of skin and cartilage from the auricule are useful in the reconstruction of defects in many areas of the head and neck. However, their use has certain limitations if minimal loss of the graft is to be achieved. A variety of examples are presented by the authors and the limitations are summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:357754", "title": "Longterm treatment with brompheniramine and phenylpropanolamine in recurrent otitis media--a double-blind study.", "content": "A double-blind study has been performed in 44 children with recurrent episodes of otitis media and/or secretory otitis media using a combined preparation of brompheniraminemaleate and phenylpropanolaminehydrocloride (Lunerin mite). No significant prophylactic effect was found on symptoms of respiratory tract infections or middle ear diseases during the trial period of nine months. The result suggests that further critical studies should be performed with such preparations which for the time being are used abundantly for the prevention of middle ear infections or effusions.", "contents": "Longterm treatment with brompheniramine and phenylpropanolamine in recurrent otitis media--a double-blind study. A double-blind study has been performed in 44 children with recurrent episodes of otitis media and/or secretory otitis media using a combined preparation of brompheniraminemaleate and phenylpropanolaminehydrocloride (Lunerin mite). No significant prophylactic effect was found on symptoms of respiratory tract infections or middle ear diseases during the trial period of nine months. The result suggests that further critical studies should be performed with such preparations which for the time being are used abundantly for the prevention of middle ear infections or effusions."}
{"id": "PMID:357755", "title": "Dextran sulfates as a contaminant of DNA extracted from concentrated viruses and as an inhibitor of DNA polymerases.", "content": "Dextran sulfate is commonly used with polyethylene glycol to concentrate viruses before extraction of their DNA. However, dextran slulfate then easily contaminated such DNA and acted as a potent inhibitor of DNA polymerases from Bacillus subtilis (III), phage PBS2, and phage T4. Dextran sulfate only weakly inhibited Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I preparations.", "contents": "Dextran sulfates as a contaminant of DNA extracted from concentrated viruses and as an inhibitor of DNA polymerases. Dextran sulfate is commonly used with polyethylene glycol to concentrate viruses before extraction of their DNA. However, dextran slulfate then easily contaminated such DNA and acted as a potent inhibitor of DNA polymerases from Bacillus subtilis (III), phage PBS2, and phage T4. Dextran sulfate only weakly inhibited Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:357756", "title": "Interaction between bacteriophage Sf6 and Shigella flexner.", "content": "The Shigella flexneri phage Sf6 has an isometric head with hexagonal symmetry 53nm in diameter. The noncontractile tails in 16 nm long and terminates with a base plate containing six spikes. Sf6 is typical of the C phages in the morphological classification of Bradley. Phage Sf6 processes alpha-1,3-endorhamnosidase activity as demonstrated by methylation and reducing end group sugar analyses of the products obtained on interaction with the O-polysaccharide chain of S.flexneri strains which have the O-group 3,4 antigen. The major end product was an octasaccharide with the following structure: Rha III-GlcNAc-Rha I-Rha II-Rha III-GlcNAc-Rha I-Rha II. Acetylation of 0-2 of rhamnose III of the O-polysaccharide chain, either brought about by Sf6 lysogenization or found in wild-type S. flexneri (3b) strains, prevented enzymatic hydrolysis. O-deacetylation of the polysaccharide chain again made it susceptible to the S6f endorhamnosidase.", "contents": "Interaction between bacteriophage Sf6 and Shigella flexner. The Shigella flexneri phage Sf6 has an isometric head with hexagonal symmetry 53nm in diameter. The noncontractile tails in 16 nm long and terminates with a base plate containing six spikes. Sf6 is typical of the C phages in the morphological classification of Bradley. Phage Sf6 processes alpha-1,3-endorhamnosidase activity as demonstrated by methylation and reducing end group sugar analyses of the products obtained on interaction with the O-polysaccharide chain of S.flexneri strains which have the O-group 3,4 antigen. The major end product was an octasaccharide with the following structure: Rha III-GlcNAc-Rha I-Rha II-Rha III-GlcNAc-Rha I-Rha II. Acetylation of 0-2 of rhamnose III of the O-polysaccharide chain, either brought about by Sf6 lysogenization or found in wild-type S. flexneri (3b) strains, prevented enzymatic hydrolysis. O-deacetylation of the polysaccharide chain again made it susceptible to the S6f endorhamnosidase."}
{"id": "PMID:357757", "title": "Cryptococcosis in columbiformes at the San Diego Zoo.", "content": "Two cases of cryptococcosis in columbiformes exhibited at the San Diego Zoo are described. The organism isolated from the first case had morphological, chemical and temperature growth characteristics of C. neoformans. The culture from case 2 died before it could be examined biochemically or by mouse inoculation.", "contents": "Cryptococcosis in columbiformes at the San Diego Zoo. Two cases of cryptococcosis in columbiformes exhibited at the San Diego Zoo are described. The organism isolated from the first case had morphological, chemical and temperature growth characteristics of C. neoformans. The culture from case 2 died before it could be examined biochemically or by mouse inoculation."}
{"id": "PMID:357764", "title": "Furosemide compared with hydrochlorothiazide. Long-term treatment of hypertension.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover study, the effectiveness of furosemide, 40 mg twice daily, was compared with hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mg twice daily, in hypertensive patients. Both hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide significantly reduced blood pressure (BP) during three months of therapy. However, the fall in BP was consistently greater with hydrochlorothiazide than with furosemide, although the difference was significant only with respect to systolic BP. The somewhat greater antihypertensive effectiveness of hydrochlorothiazide may be related to its longer action permitting a more continuous diuretic effect and, hence, maintenance of reduced extracellular fluid volume throughout the 24-hour period.", "contents": "Furosemide compared with hydrochlorothiazide. Long-term treatment of hypertension. In a double-blind crossover study, the effectiveness of furosemide, 40 mg twice daily, was compared with hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mg twice daily, in hypertensive patients. Both hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide significantly reduced blood pressure (BP) during three months of therapy. However, the fall in BP was consistently greater with hydrochlorothiazide than with furosemide, although the difference was significant only with respect to systolic BP. The somewhat greater antihypertensive effectiveness of hydrochlorothiazide may be related to its longer action permitting a more continuous diuretic effect and, hence, maintenance of reduced extracellular fluid volume throughout the 24-hour period."}
{"id": "PMID:357765", "title": "Rapid recovery from massive diazepam overdose.", "content": "Two patients were hospitalized in moderately deep coma after ingestion of large doses of diazepam (500 and 2,000 mg) with suicidal intent. Neither patient experienced important complications; both recovered fully and were discharged within 48 hours. Concentrations of diazepam and its three pharmacologically active metabolites (desmethyldiazepam, temazepam, and oxazepam) were determined in multiple samples drawn during and after hospitalization. High concentrations of all four compounds were present in early samples, then declined slowly during the next one to two weeks. Rapid clinical recovery after diazepam overdose is not attributable to rapid elimination of active compounds from the body, but more likely to adaptation or tolerance to their depressant effects.", "contents": "Rapid recovery from massive diazepam overdose. Two patients were hospitalized in moderately deep coma after ingestion of large doses of diazepam (500 and 2,000 mg) with suicidal intent. Neither patient experienced important complications; both recovered fully and were discharged within 48 hours. Concentrations of diazepam and its three pharmacologically active metabolites (desmethyldiazepam, temazepam, and oxazepam) were determined in multiple samples drawn during and after hospitalization. High concentrations of all four compounds were present in early samples, then declined slowly during the next one to two weeks. Rapid clinical recovery after diazepam overdose is not attributable to rapid elimination of active compounds from the body, but more likely to adaptation or tolerance to their depressant effects."}
{"id": "PMID:357768", "title": "False-positive cryptococcal antigen test and cervical prevertebral abscess.", "content": "A false-positive latex agglutination test for cryptococcal antigen occurred in a patient with a cervical prevertebral abscess and vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Using a commercial latex agglutination test kit, a cryptococcal antigen titer of 1:32 was found in the CSF, but no cryptococcal antigen was found when the CSF was retested at a reference laboratory. The false-positive test resulted in unnecessary therapy with amphotericin B and delay in appropriate diagnostic studies and therapy.", "contents": "False-positive cryptococcal antigen test and cervical prevertebral abscess. A false-positive latex agglutination test for cryptococcal antigen occurred in a patient with a cervical prevertebral abscess and vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Using a commercial latex agglutination test kit, a cryptococcal antigen titer of 1:32 was found in the CSF, but no cryptococcal antigen was found when the CSF was retested at a reference laboratory. The false-positive test resulted in unnecessary therapy with amphotericin B and delay in appropriate diagnostic studies and therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:357773", "title": "A preliminary study in the detection of cardiac disorders via phase-invariant signature algorithm of ECG.", "content": "The present paper presents a simple and unambiguous computer-assisted method for the detection of cardiac disorders by processing the electrocardiogram. A new technique \"Phase Invariant Signature Algorithm (PISA)\", has been described, which is useful in the detection of cardiac abnormalities by investigating certain statistical properties of the measured waveform of ECG in a \"phase-locked\" fashion. This method of detection of abnormalities in the heart was used in the changes in the hypoxic action potential and in the ECG due to ionic changes and ischemia in the heart of cats and dogs. The signature of the normal ECG or action potential was straight-line. Any change in the waveform of ECG or action potential was detected as spikes in the signature. This method of detection of cardiac abnormalities does not require a priori reference to any standard ECG. The results indicate that this new method is capable of detecting cardiac disorders at an early stage and hence a higher sensitivity than the presently available type of ECG analysis. This method is in the developmental stage and further studies are being carried out.", "contents": "A preliminary study in the detection of cardiac disorders via phase-invariant signature algorithm of ECG. The present paper presents a simple and unambiguous computer-assisted method for the detection of cardiac disorders by processing the electrocardiogram. A new technique \"Phase Invariant Signature Algorithm (PISA)\", has been described, which is useful in the detection of cardiac abnormalities by investigating certain statistical properties of the measured waveform of ECG in a \"phase-locked\" fashion. This method of detection of abnormalities in the heart was used in the changes in the hypoxic action potential and in the ECG due to ionic changes and ischemia in the heart of cats and dogs. The signature of the normal ECG or action potential was straight-line. Any change in the waveform of ECG or action potential was detected as spikes in the signature. This method of detection of cardiac abnormalities does not require a priori reference to any standard ECG. The results indicate that this new method is capable of detecting cardiac disorders at an early stage and hence a higher sensitivity than the presently available type of ECG analysis. This method is in the developmental stage and further studies are being carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:357795", "title": "Liver transplantation.", "content": "From March 1963 through June 1976, 111 patients received orthotopic liver homografts. Forty-two of the recipients had congenital biliary atresia. Other common diagnoses were chronic aggressive hepatitis, Laennec's cirrhosis, and primary hepatic malignancy. There were also other assorted, less common diagnoses. Thirty-one of the 111 patients (28%) lived at least one year and 15 are still alive with follow-ups of 2 1/2 to 8 1/2 years. Seven of the patients lived for more than five years, and 6 of these 7 are still alive. In 1975 and 1976, clinical-pathologic correlations on all these patients were carried out with Professor K.A. Porter of London. The most common causes for failure were technical misadventures, including biliary tract problems, vascular thromboses, and the use of ischemically damaged livers. Rejection was less of a problem than had been realized. In view of these findings, improvements in intraoperative and postoperative management were made with particular reference to biliary tract drainage and to the use of microvascular techniques. Treatment of a new series of 30 patients was begun in July 1976, and completed in December 1977. After 6 to 22 months, 15 of the 30 most recently treated patients are alive, all living outside the hospital. Thus, the outlook after transplantation appears to have greatly improved, and a one-year survival rate of 50% is projected.", "contents": "Liver transplantation. From March 1963 through June 1976, 111 patients received orthotopic liver homografts. Forty-two of the recipients had congenital biliary atresia. Other common diagnoses were chronic aggressive hepatitis, Laennec's cirrhosis, and primary hepatic malignancy. There were also other assorted, less common diagnoses. Thirty-one of the 111 patients (28%) lived at least one year and 15 are still alive with follow-ups of 2 1/2 to 8 1/2 years. Seven of the patients lived for more than five years, and 6 of these 7 are still alive. In 1975 and 1976, clinical-pathologic correlations on all these patients were carried out with Professor K.A. Porter of London. The most common causes for failure were technical misadventures, including biliary tract problems, vascular thromboses, and the use of ischemically damaged livers. Rejection was less of a problem than had been realized. In view of these findings, improvements in intraoperative and postoperative management were made with particular reference to biliary tract drainage and to the use of microvascular techniques. Treatment of a new series of 30 patients was begun in July 1976, and completed in December 1977. After 6 to 22 months, 15 of the 30 most recently treated patients are alive, all living outside the hospital. Thus, the outlook after transplantation appears to have greatly improved, and a one-year survival rate of 50% is projected."}
{"id": "PMID:357809", "title": "[Antithrombotic prophylaxis after surgical interventions on the major veins].", "content": "Eight-year experience in conducting antithrombotic prophylaxis, by methods elaborated by the authors, in 93 patients operated on for acute thrombosis in the system of venae cavae superior and inferior is generalized. On the basis of the results, the authors advanced the main principle of antithrombotic prophylaxis, the necessity for simultaneous correction of disorders of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and aggregation of formed elements of the blood. They showed that the efficacy of postoperative antithrombotic prophylaxis depends on the presence and character of hemodynamic disorders in the involved extremity. It is established that general fractional heparinization is not suitable for antithrombotic prophylaxis due to low efficacy and high rate of hemorrhagic complications. Continuous regional infusion of rheopolyglucin-heparin mixture with nicotinic acid and Trental ensures in most cases correction of the thrombotic condition of hemostasis and effective prevention of rethrombosis of the major veins with minimum hazard of hemorrhagic complications.", "contents": "[Antithrombotic prophylaxis after surgical interventions on the major veins]. Eight-year experience in conducting antithrombotic prophylaxis, by methods elaborated by the authors, in 93 patients operated on for acute thrombosis in the system of venae cavae superior and inferior is generalized. On the basis of the results, the authors advanced the main principle of antithrombotic prophylaxis, the necessity for simultaneous correction of disorders of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and aggregation of formed elements of the blood. They showed that the efficacy of postoperative antithrombotic prophylaxis depends on the presence and character of hemodynamic disorders in the involved extremity. It is established that general fractional heparinization is not suitable for antithrombotic prophylaxis due to low efficacy and high rate of hemorrhagic complications. Continuous regional infusion of rheopolyglucin-heparin mixture with nicotinic acid and Trental ensures in most cases correction of the thrombotic condition of hemostasis and effective prevention of rethrombosis of the major veins with minimum hazard of hemorrhagic complications."}
{"id": "PMID:357810", "title": "Phenylalanine metabolism in uremic and normal man.", "content": "The metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine was evaluated in six normal men, five chronically uremic men, and three men undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and 13 acidic metabolites of those amino acids were measured in plasma postabsorptively and in plasma and urine after a phenylalanine load of 100 mg/kg. In addition, five normal subjects and five dialysis patients ingested L-[14C]-phenylalanine (uniformly labeled) with the load. In uremic and dialysis patients, plasma phenylalanine rose higher and fell more gradually after the load, and tyrosine rose more slowly. The 24-hr urinary concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine were similar in the three groups. At 24 hr, cumulative expiration of 14CO2 was 20.2% in the dialysis patients and 28.4% in the normal subjects. Plasma phenylalanine levels and 14CO2 expiration varied with protein intake in normal subjects. In uremic and dialysis patients, plasma phenyllactic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were elevated, the last one markedly so. Moreover, plasma phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) and mandelic acid were detected only in dialysis patients. After the phenylalanine load, plasma conjugated phenylacetic acid rose in uremic patients, and PPA increased transiently in some dialysis patients. In urine of dialysis patients, concentrations of benzoic acid and conjugated o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid were decreased, and PPA was sometimes increased. The data suggest a mild impairment in the hydroxylation of phenylalanine which does not result in marked changes in plasma or in urinary metabolites after a phenylalanine load.", "contents": "Phenylalanine metabolism in uremic and normal man. The metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine was evaluated in six normal men, five chronically uremic men, and three men undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and 13 acidic metabolites of those amino acids were measured in plasma postabsorptively and in plasma and urine after a phenylalanine load of 100 mg/kg. In addition, five normal subjects and five dialysis patients ingested L-[14C]-phenylalanine (uniformly labeled) with the load. In uremic and dialysis patients, plasma phenylalanine rose higher and fell more gradually after the load, and tyrosine rose more slowly. The 24-hr urinary concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine were similar in the three groups. At 24 hr, cumulative expiration of 14CO2 was 20.2% in the dialysis patients and 28.4% in the normal subjects. Plasma phenylalanine levels and 14CO2 expiration varied with protein intake in normal subjects. In uremic and dialysis patients, plasma phenyllactic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were elevated, the last one markedly so. Moreover, plasma phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) and mandelic acid were detected only in dialysis patients. After the phenylalanine load, plasma conjugated phenylacetic acid rose in uremic patients, and PPA increased transiently in some dialysis patients. In urine of dialysis patients, concentrations of benzoic acid and conjugated o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid were decreased, and PPA was sometimes increased. The data suggest a mild impairment in the hydroxylation of phenylalanine which does not result in marked changes in plasma or in urinary metabolites after a phenylalanine load."}
{"id": "PMID:357811", "title": "Response of plasma triglycerides to dietary change in patients on hemodialysis.", "content": "The effect of reduction in dietary carbohydrate content of meal formula diets on plasma triglyceride concentrations was studied in 12 patients receiving chronic hemodialysis. Fasting plasma triglycerides decreased over a 10-day period in 11 of 12 patients in response to a decreased proportion of carbohydrate (from 50 to 35% of total daily calories) regardless of the type of fat used. Postprandial insulin responses were also significantly lower in the patients on the diets lower in carbohydrate. In addition, triglyceride kinetics were studied in three groups of patients. Patients with renal failure (dialyzed and undialyzed) had lower triglyceride production rates than those of control subjects, despite higher plasma triglyceride concentrations. Elevated (greater than 150 mg/100 ml) fasting plasma triglycerides are associated with lower triglyceride production rates in patients with chronic renal failure and may not be improved by conventional hemodialysis. A long-term study of the efficacy of reduction in dietary carbohydrate on plasma triglycerides is needed since routine hemodialysis does not appear to correct the lipid abnormality in patients with chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Response of plasma triglycerides to dietary change in patients on hemodialysis. The effect of reduction in dietary carbohydrate content of meal formula diets on plasma triglyceride concentrations was studied in 12 patients receiving chronic hemodialysis. Fasting plasma triglycerides decreased over a 10-day period in 11 of 12 patients in response to a decreased proportion of carbohydrate (from 50 to 35% of total daily calories) regardless of the type of fat used. Postprandial insulin responses were also significantly lower in the patients on the diets lower in carbohydrate. In addition, triglyceride kinetics were studied in three groups of patients. Patients with renal failure (dialyzed and undialyzed) had lower triglyceride production rates than those of control subjects, despite higher plasma triglyceride concentrations. Elevated (greater than 150 mg/100 ml) fasting plasma triglycerides are associated with lower triglyceride production rates in patients with chronic renal failure and may not be improved by conventional hemodialysis. A long-term study of the efficacy of reduction in dietary carbohydrate on plasma triglycerides is needed since routine hemodialysis does not appear to correct the lipid abnormality in patients with chronic renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:357812", "title": "Thoracic duct drainage and antilymphocyte globulin for renal transplantation in man.", "content": "Thoracic duct drainage resulting in a lymphocyte depletion of more than 20 x 10(9) cells was performed during the three months prior to transplantation in 37 patients. Results obtained in this group of patients were compared to those in transplant recipients similarly treated, over the same period, but not subjected to thoracic duct drainage. Both groups received comparable doses of antilymphocyte globulins, azathioprine and corticosteroids. No clear-cut difference in transplantation outcome was found when recipients of kidneys from related living donors (whether HLA identical or HLA haploidentical) were considered. By contrast, an improved transplant survival and a decreased incidence of rejection crises were observed in recipients of kidneys from cadaver donors when a thoracic duct drainage was performed prior to transplantation. The immunosuppressive effect of thoracic duct drainage, probably enhanced by antilymphocyte globulin treatment, is therefore a valuable adjunct to more conventional methods of pretreating human cadaveric transplant recipients.", "contents": "Thoracic duct drainage and antilymphocyte globulin for renal transplantation in man. Thoracic duct drainage resulting in a lymphocyte depletion of more than 20 x 10(9) cells was performed during the three months prior to transplantation in 37 patients. Results obtained in this group of patients were compared to those in transplant recipients similarly treated, over the same period, but not subjected to thoracic duct drainage. Both groups received comparable doses of antilymphocyte globulins, azathioprine and corticosteroids. No clear-cut difference in transplantation outcome was found when recipients of kidneys from related living donors (whether HLA identical or HLA haploidentical) were considered. By contrast, an improved transplant survival and a decreased incidence of rejection crises were observed in recipients of kidneys from cadaver donors when a thoracic duct drainage was performed prior to transplantation. The immunosuppressive effect of thoracic duct drainage, probably enhanced by antilymphocyte globulin treatment, is therefore a valuable adjunct to more conventional methods of pretreating human cadaveric transplant recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:357815", "title": "Importance of aliphatic amines in uremia.", "content": "Five main aspects were addressed: 1)The demonstration that creatinine is an endogenous precursor of dimethylamine (DMA) in chronic renal failure. 2) The size of the body amine pool measured in transplant patients suggests sequestration in some intracellular compartment. This illustrates the possible error in directly relating serum concentrations to neurological toxicity. 3) Bacterial overgrowth and increased generation of duodenal DMA in the small intestine becomes apparent at a serum creatinine above 8 mg/dl. Two cases show that bacterial overgrowth preceded the increased duodenal DMA. 4)Clinical toxicity is demonstrated by i) correlation of abnormal neurobehavioral parameters with serum amine levels, and ii) by improvement with administration of nonabsorbable broad spectrum antibiotics. Results with adsorption agents are inconclusive. 5) Preliminary tests of behavior modification in a rat model by direct instillation of amines into the brain are positive for TMA but negative for DMA, but no DMA entry into brain cells is demonstrated in the latter. The generation of aliphatic amines represents only one part of a spectrum of alteration induced by proximal intestinal bacterial enzyme action that occurs in renal failure. It is possible that some bacterial activity is beneficial and that the net clinical result is a balance between the \"good\" and the \"evil\" bacterial effects.", "contents": "Importance of aliphatic amines in uremia. Five main aspects were addressed: 1)The demonstration that creatinine is an endogenous precursor of dimethylamine (DMA) in chronic renal failure. 2) The size of the body amine pool measured in transplant patients suggests sequestration in some intracellular compartment. This illustrates the possible error in directly relating serum concentrations to neurological toxicity. 3) Bacterial overgrowth and increased generation of duodenal DMA in the small intestine becomes apparent at a serum creatinine above 8 mg/dl. Two cases show that bacterial overgrowth preceded the increased duodenal DMA. 4)Clinical toxicity is demonstrated by i) correlation of abnormal neurobehavioral parameters with serum amine levels, and ii) by improvement with administration of nonabsorbable broad spectrum antibiotics. Results with adsorption agents are inconclusive. 5) Preliminary tests of behavior modification in a rat model by direct instillation of amines into the brain are positive for TMA but negative for DMA, but no DMA entry into brain cells is demonstrated in the latter. The generation of aliphatic amines represents only one part of a spectrum of alteration induced by proximal intestinal bacterial enzyme action that occurs in renal failure. It is possible that some bacterial activity is beneficial and that the net clinical result is a balance between the \"good\" and the \"evil\" bacterial effects."}
{"id": "PMID:357816", "title": "The federal governments's role in management of end-stage renal disease.", "content": "This presentation traces the history of the Federal government's support of research and development related to the therapeutic modalities dialysis and renal transplantation. A description is presented of the Federal government's role in introduction of these new treatment methods into medical practice and of the gradual assumption by the government of responsibility for funding of the cost of dialysis and transplantation in the United States. Current issues and problems related to the federally subsidized End-State Renal Disease Program are discussed. The concept of \"technology assessment\" is introduced followed by discussion of the vital role it must play in any future federal development and support of new medical treatment technologies which must be paid for with public moneys because of their high cost.", "contents": "The federal governments's role in management of end-stage renal disease. This presentation traces the history of the Federal government's support of research and development related to the therapeutic modalities dialysis and renal transplantation. A description is presented of the Federal government's role in introduction of these new treatment methods into medical practice and of the gradual assumption by the government of responsibility for funding of the cost of dialysis and transplantation in the United States. Current issues and problems related to the federally subsidized End-State Renal Disease Program are discussed. The concept of \"technology assessment\" is introduced followed by discussion of the vital role it must play in any future federal development and support of new medical treatment technologies which must be paid for with public moneys because of their high cost."}
{"id": "PMID:357819", "title": "Selection of hemodialysis versus cadaveric transplantation.", "content": "The records of 272 recipients of cadaver allografts and of 650 dialyzed patients (440 center dialysis and 210 home dialysis) were reviewed in an attempt to determine whether hemodialysis or transplantation is the best treatment for end-stage renal failure. Home dialysis patient survival is slightly better than that of cadaver kidney recipients and far better than center dialysis patient survival. When considering the quality of life assumed by the degree of social and professional rehabilitation, cadaver kidney transplantation appears the optimal choice. Finally, the life expectancy of a patient is higher if he embarks upon an integrated program where hemodialysis is a complementary adjunct to cadaver kidney transplantation.", "contents": "Selection of hemodialysis versus cadaveric transplantation. The records of 272 recipients of cadaver allografts and of 650 dialyzed patients (440 center dialysis and 210 home dialysis) were reviewed in an attempt to determine whether hemodialysis or transplantation is the best treatment for end-stage renal failure. Home dialysis patient survival is slightly better than that of cadaver kidney recipients and far better than center dialysis patient survival. When considering the quality of life assumed by the degree of social and professional rehabilitation, cadaver kidney transplantation appears the optimal choice. Finally, the life expectancy of a patient is higher if he embarks upon an integrated program where hemodialysis is a complementary adjunct to cadaver kidney transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:357821", "title": "Donor pretreatment in an unselected series of cadaver renal allografts.", "content": "In a single center, an unselected non-exclusion series of 78 consecutive cadaver renal allografts in 76 recipients was studied. Since 1971, using kidneys obtained from donors pretreated with large doses of cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone, excellent clinical results with 2-year graft-survival of 70% 5-year graft survival of 66% have been obtained. The improvement in results is believed to be aided by the reduction in allograft immunogenicity due to short-term donor pretreatment. In this series, poor tissue-matching grades are notable, heavily transfused patients are few, 33 patients were high risk, and 43 patients were presensitized. In spite of these negative selection factors, the results obtained in this pretreated series, with 18% of graft losses due to rejection, are superior to those obtained in patients who did not receive pretreated allografts during the same time period, with 34% of graft losses due to rejection, and 2-year and 5-year graft survivals of 57% and 53%, respectively.", "contents": "Donor pretreatment in an unselected series of cadaver renal allografts. In a single center, an unselected non-exclusion series of 78 consecutive cadaver renal allografts in 76 recipients was studied. Since 1971, using kidneys obtained from donors pretreated with large doses of cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone, excellent clinical results with 2-year graft-survival of 70% 5-year graft survival of 66% have been obtained. The improvement in results is believed to be aided by the reduction in allograft immunogenicity due to short-term donor pretreatment. In this series, poor tissue-matching grades are notable, heavily transfused patients are few, 33 patients were high risk, and 43 patients were presensitized. In spite of these negative selection factors, the results obtained in this pretreated series, with 18% of graft losses due to rejection, are superior to those obtained in patients who did not receive pretreated allografts during the same time period, with 34% of graft losses due to rejection, and 2-year and 5-year graft survivals of 57% and 53%, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:357831", "title": "[Experiences with the implantation of the 2-loop-medaillon-lens (author's transl)].", "content": "The experience with 100 primary implantations of the 2-loop-Medaillon-lens is reported. In 4% complications occured that decreased the visual outcome. The avoidance of complications is discussed. In the author's opinion implanting artificial lenses is a suitable method of visual rehabilitation - connected with little risk - of patients who are not suitable for correction with glasses or contact lenses. The indications and contraindications are discussed. The main indication is a onesided cataract.", "contents": "[Experiences with the implantation of the 2-loop-medaillon-lens (author's transl)]. The experience with 100 primary implantations of the 2-loop-Medaillon-lens is reported. In 4% complications occured that decreased the visual outcome. The avoidance of complications is discussed. In the author's opinion implanting artificial lenses is a suitable method of visual rehabilitation - connected with little risk - of patients who are not suitable for correction with glasses or contact lenses. The indications and contraindications are discussed. The main indication is a onesided cataract."}
{"id": "PMID:357832", "title": "[Surgical treatment of entropium senile (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on a modification of the entropion surgery of Celsus-Hotz which was successfully carried out in 87 patients with entropion senile from 1969 to 1976. After excision of an about 5 mm wide crescentshaped dermal tissue of the lower eyelid about 3 mm down the margin the muscle fibres of the M. orbicularis near the margin are resected. Before suturing the skin 3-6 stitches of Hotz are done to reduce the tarsus. The advantages of this technique are the safe therapeutical effect, the cosmetical effect and the easy correction of this operation in case of a failure.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of entropium senile (author's transl)]. The authors report on a modification of the entropion surgery of Celsus-Hotz which was successfully carried out in 87 patients with entropion senile from 1969 to 1976. After excision of an about 5 mm wide crescentshaped dermal tissue of the lower eyelid about 3 mm down the margin the muscle fibres of the M. orbicularis near the margin are resected. Before suturing the skin 3-6 stitches of Hotz are done to reduce the tarsus. The advantages of this technique are the safe therapeutical effect, the cosmetical effect and the easy correction of this operation in case of a failure."}
{"id": "PMID:357835", "title": "[The Custodis procedure--technic and results (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the post 11 years 2,722 retinal detachments needed surgery. The mostly used procedure of Custodis consists in an implant, which covering the area of the hole is impressed into the sclera by mattress sutures. In 70% of our cases--due to Custodis--we succeeded in avoiding drainage of the subretinal fluid. Since 1966 the additional diathermy and/or lightcoagulation was mostly replaced by cryopexy. Summarizing the number of retinal detachments operated in the University clinic of M\u00fcnster during 1955--1957 (Pau), 1958--1961 (B\u00f6ke) as well as ours (1966--1977), 4,030 retinal surgeries (minus 10% encircling procedures) underwent within 18 years a Custodis procedure. The success rate of 85% indicates that Custodis' technic enables to optimal results.", "contents": "[The Custodis procedure--technic and results (author's transl)]. Within the post 11 years 2,722 retinal detachments needed surgery. The mostly used procedure of Custodis consists in an implant, which covering the area of the hole is impressed into the sclera by mattress sutures. In 70% of our cases--due to Custodis--we succeeded in avoiding drainage of the subretinal fluid. Since 1966 the additional diathermy and/or lightcoagulation was mostly replaced by cryopexy. Summarizing the number of retinal detachments operated in the University clinic of M\u00fcnster during 1955--1957 (Pau), 1958--1961 (B\u00f6ke) as well as ours (1966--1977), 4,030 retinal surgeries (minus 10% encircling procedures) underwent within 18 years a Custodis procedure. The success rate of 85% indicates that Custodis' technic enables to optimal results."}
{"id": "PMID:357836", "title": "[Coagulation and fibrinolytic system in the vascular risks diabetes mellitus and hyperlipoproteinemia (author's transl)].", "content": "42 patients with minifest diabetes mellitus and 42 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia type II, IV or V (Fredickson) underwent analysis of cholesterol, triglycerides and agar-agarosegel-lipoprotein electrophoresis. Simultaneously clotting factors I--XIII, platelet count and aggregability, fibrinolytic activity and antithrombins were determined. The most accentuated disturbances were seen in hyperlipoproteinemia type II and in diabetes mellitus comprising increase of fibrinogen content, platelet reduction and enhanced platelet aggregability, hypofibrinolysis. Only minor differences of certain clotting factors could be detected comparing diabetes mellitus and hyperlipoproteinemia type II. Diabetes mellitus being complicated by micro- or macroangiopathia revealed additional significant alterations such as more pronounced increase of fibrinogen, further platelet reduction and aggregability. Increase of fibrinogen, platelt disturbances, hypofibrinolysis and alterations of antithrombin activity in connection with metabolic diseases may be regarded as additional risk to vascular complications.", "contents": "[Coagulation and fibrinolytic system in the vascular risks diabetes mellitus and hyperlipoproteinemia (author's transl)]. 42 patients with minifest diabetes mellitus and 42 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia type II, IV or V (Fredickson) underwent analysis of cholesterol, triglycerides and agar-agarosegel-lipoprotein electrophoresis. Simultaneously clotting factors I--XIII, platelet count and aggregability, fibrinolytic activity and antithrombins were determined. The most accentuated disturbances were seen in hyperlipoproteinemia type II and in diabetes mellitus comprising increase of fibrinogen content, platelet reduction and enhanced platelet aggregability, hypofibrinolysis. Only minor differences of certain clotting factors could be detected comparing diabetes mellitus and hyperlipoproteinemia type II. Diabetes mellitus being complicated by micro- or macroangiopathia revealed additional significant alterations such as more pronounced increase of fibrinogen, further platelet reduction and aggregability. Increase of fibrinogen, platelt disturbances, hypofibrinolysis and alterations of antithrombin activity in connection with metabolic diseases may be regarded as additional risk to vascular complications."}
{"id": "PMID:357837", "title": "[Neurophysiological bases of vestibular training].", "content": "Occupation-oriented vestibular selection is based on the two principles: selection of vestibular-resistant subjects, and increase of vestibular tolerance through training. The latter implies inherited ability of the central nervous system to attenuate vestibular reactions. The review surveys experimental data concerning attenuation (habituation) of vestibular reactions as a result of prolonged or reiterative excitation of labyrinthine receptors. The review discusses peculiar features of the development, stability and transfer of habituation. It gives data on disturbed habituation as a result of an exposure to stress-effects (hypokinesia, hypoxia, hypothermia) and certain drugs. The phenomenon of vestibular habituation is interpreted in terms of Sokolov's concept of the stimulus nervous model.", "contents": "[Neurophysiological bases of vestibular training]. Occupation-oriented vestibular selection is based on the two principles: selection of vestibular-resistant subjects, and increase of vestibular tolerance through training. The latter implies inherited ability of the central nervous system to attenuate vestibular reactions. The review surveys experimental data concerning attenuation (habituation) of vestibular reactions as a result of prolonged or reiterative excitation of labyrinthine receptors. The review discusses peculiar features of the development, stability and transfer of habituation. It gives data on disturbed habituation as a result of an exposure to stress-effects (hypokinesia, hypoxia, hypothermia) and certain drugs. The phenomenon of vestibular habituation is interpreted in terms of Sokolov's concept of the stimulus nervous model."}
{"id": "PMID:357843", "title": "Surface antigens of the embryonic chick myoblast: expression on freshly trypsinized cells.", "content": "Using an antiserum raised in rabbits against embryonic chick skeletal myoblasts (Anti-M-24), we have examined the trypsin and neuraminidase sensitivity and physiological expression of myoenic cell surface antigens. It was found that trypsin-released muscle cells more effectively inhibited, on a cell to cell basis, the cytotoxicity of Anti-M-24 for 24-h-old myoblast monolayers than did identical cells that had received a 3-4 h suspension culture recovery period from trypsinization. There was no such difference in absorptive capacities observed for any other embryonic chick tissue tested (e.g. brain, retina, liver, heart, and red blood cells) when freshly trypsinized cells were compared to ones which were given a 3-4 h culture period. If freshly trypsinized muscle cells were treated with high concentrations (30,000 international units (IU)/0.1 ml packed cells) of trypsin or with neuraminidase (30,000 IU/ml packed cells), there was a selective loss of myoblast-specific surface antigens. When single cells that had been in suspension culture for 3.5 h were reexposed to low concentrations (10,000 IU/0.1 ml packed cells) of trypsin, more antigenic sites were revealed on their surfaces as detected by an increased absorptive capacity in removing myoblast-binding antibodies from Anti-M-24. This increase in antigenic expression was time-dependent and inversely related to the length of culture time after trypsinization. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that tissue specific myoblast cell surface antigens are present on both muscle cells that were freshly dissociated and those that had been in suspension culture for 3-4 h. Furthermore, freshly trypsinized myoblasts possessed cell surface components that were highly antigenic; antiserum to such cells reacted extensively with both trypsinized and recovered muscle cells as detected by complement-dependent 51Cr release cytotoxicity assays and immunofluorescence. We conclude that embryonic chick myoblasts possess surface antigens that may be selectively removed by neuraminidase or high concentrations of trypsin. These antigens may be progressively masked, with increasing time of culture after protease-dissociation, by molecules that are sensitive to low concentrations of trypsin. Such masking of tissue-specific cell surface antigens could result in the display of molecular mosaics which may play a role in facilitating intercellular recognition and subsequent differentiation and histogenesis.", "contents": "Surface antigens of the embryonic chick myoblast: expression on freshly trypsinized cells. Using an antiserum raised in rabbits against embryonic chick skeletal myoblasts (Anti-M-24), we have examined the trypsin and neuraminidase sensitivity and physiological expression of myoenic cell surface antigens. It was found that trypsin-released muscle cells more effectively inhibited, on a cell to cell basis, the cytotoxicity of Anti-M-24 for 24-h-old myoblast monolayers than did identical cells that had received a 3-4 h suspension culture recovery period from trypsinization. There was no such difference in absorptive capacities observed for any other embryonic chick tissue tested (e.g. brain, retina, liver, heart, and red blood cells) when freshly trypsinized cells were compared to ones which were given a 3-4 h culture period. If freshly trypsinized muscle cells were treated with high concentrations (30,000 international units (IU)/0.1 ml packed cells) of trypsin or with neuraminidase (30,000 IU/ml packed cells), there was a selective loss of myoblast-specific surface antigens. When single cells that had been in suspension culture for 3.5 h were reexposed to low concentrations (10,000 IU/0.1 ml packed cells) of trypsin, more antigenic sites were revealed on their surfaces as detected by an increased absorptive capacity in removing myoblast-binding antibodies from Anti-M-24. This increase in antigenic expression was time-dependent and inversely related to the length of culture time after trypsinization. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that tissue specific myoblast cell surface antigens are present on both muscle cells that were freshly dissociated and those that had been in suspension culture for 3-4 h. Furthermore, freshly trypsinized myoblasts possessed cell surface components that were highly antigenic; antiserum to such cells reacted extensively with both trypsinized and recovered muscle cells as detected by complement-dependent 51Cr release cytotoxicity assays and immunofluorescence. We conclude that embryonic chick myoblasts possess surface antigens that may be selectively removed by neuraminidase or high concentrations of trypsin. These antigens may be progressively masked, with increasing time of culture after protease-dissociation, by molecules that are sensitive to low concentrations of trypsin. Such masking of tissue-specific cell surface antigens could result in the display of molecular mosaics which may play a role in facilitating intercellular recognition and subsequent differentiation and histogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:357844", "title": "Energetics and molecular biology of active transport in bacterial membrane vesicles.", "content": "Bacterial membrane vesicles retain the same sidedness as the membrane in the intact cell and catalyze active transport of many solutes by a respiration-dependent mechanism that does not involve the generation of utilization of ATP or other high-energy phosphate compounds. In E. coli vesicles, most of these transport systems are coupled to an electrochemical gradient of protons (deltamuH+, interior negative and alkaline) generated primarily by the oxidation of D-lactate or reduced phenazine methosulfate via a membrane-bound respiratory chain. Oxygen or, under appropriate conditions, fumarate or nitrate can function as terminal electron acceptors, and the site at which deltamuH+ is generated is located before cytochrome b1 in the respiratory chain. Certain (N-dansyl)aminoalkyl-beta-D-galactopyranosides (Dns-gal) and N(2-nitro-4-azidophenyl)aminoalkyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranosides (APG) are competitive inhibitors of lactose transport but are not transported themselves. Various fluorescence techniques, direct binding assays, and photoinactivation studies demonstrate that the great bulk of the lac carrier protein (ca. 95%) does not bind ligand in the absence of energy-coupling. Upon generation of a deltamuH+ (interior negative and alkaline), binding of Dns-gal and APG-dependent photoinactivation are observed. The data indicate that energy is coupled to the initial step in the transport process, and suggest that the lac carrier protein may be negatively charged.", "contents": "Energetics and molecular biology of active transport in bacterial membrane vesicles. Bacterial membrane vesicles retain the same sidedness as the membrane in the intact cell and catalyze active transport of many solutes by a respiration-dependent mechanism that does not involve the generation of utilization of ATP or other high-energy phosphate compounds. In E. coli vesicles, most of these transport systems are coupled to an electrochemical gradient of protons (deltamuH+, interior negative and alkaline) generated primarily by the oxidation of D-lactate or reduced phenazine methosulfate via a membrane-bound respiratory chain. Oxygen or, under appropriate conditions, fumarate or nitrate can function as terminal electron acceptors, and the site at which deltamuH+ is generated is located before cytochrome b1 in the respiratory chain. Certain (N-dansyl)aminoalkyl-beta-D-galactopyranosides (Dns-gal) and N(2-nitro-4-azidophenyl)aminoalkyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranosides (APG) are competitive inhibitors of lactose transport but are not transported themselves. Various fluorescence techniques, direct binding assays, and photoinactivation studies demonstrate that the great bulk of the lac carrier protein (ca. 95%) does not bind ligand in the absence of energy-coupling. Upon generation of a deltamuH+ (interior negative and alkaline), binding of Dns-gal and APG-dependent photoinactivation are observed. The data indicate that energy is coupled to the initial step in the transport process, and suggest that the lac carrier protein may be negatively charged."}
{"id": "PMID:357845", "title": "The molecular mechanism of dicarboxylic acid transport in Escherichia coli K 12.", "content": "It is the purpose of this communication to review the properties of the dicarboxylic acid transport system in Escherichia coli K 12, in particular the role of various dicarboxylate transport proteins, and the disposition of these components in the cytoplasmic membrane. The dicarboxylate transport system is an active process and is responsible for the uptake of succinate, fumarate, and malate. Membrane vesicles prepared from the EDTA, lysozyme, and osmotic shock treatment take up the dicarboxylic acids in the presence of an electron donor. Genetic analysis of various transport mutants indicates that there is only one dicarboxylic acid transport system present in Escherichia coli K 12, and that at least 3 genes, designated cbt, dct A, and dct B, are involved in this transport system. The products corresponding to the 3 genes are: a periplasmic binding protein (PBP) specified by cbt, and 2 membrane integral proteins, SBP 1 and SBP 2, specified by dct B and dct A, respectively. Components SBP 1 and SBP 2 appear to be exposed on both the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane, and lie in close proximity to each other. The substrate recognition sites of SBP 2 and SBP 1 are exposed on the outer and inner surfaces of the membrane respectively. The data presently available suggest that dicarboxylic acids may be translocated across the membrane via a transport channel. A tentative working model on the mechanism of translocation of dicarboxylic acids across the cell envelope by the periplasmic binding protein, and the 2 membrane carrier proteins is presented.", "contents": "The molecular mechanism of dicarboxylic acid transport in Escherichia coli K 12. It is the purpose of this communication to review the properties of the dicarboxylic acid transport system in Escherichia coli K 12, in particular the role of various dicarboxylate transport proteins, and the disposition of these components in the cytoplasmic membrane. The dicarboxylate transport system is an active process and is responsible for the uptake of succinate, fumarate, and malate. Membrane vesicles prepared from the EDTA, lysozyme, and osmotic shock treatment take up the dicarboxylic acids in the presence of an electron donor. Genetic analysis of various transport mutants indicates that there is only one dicarboxylic acid transport system present in Escherichia coli K 12, and that at least 3 genes, designated cbt, dct A, and dct B, are involved in this transport system. The products corresponding to the 3 genes are: a periplasmic binding protein (PBP) specified by cbt, and 2 membrane integral proteins, SBP 1 and SBP 2, specified by dct B and dct A, respectively. Components SBP 1 and SBP 2 appear to be exposed on both the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane, and lie in close proximity to each other. The substrate recognition sites of SBP 2 and SBP 1 are exposed on the outer and inner surfaces of the membrane respectively. The data presently available suggest that dicarboxylic acids may be translocated across the membrane via a transport channel. A tentative working model on the mechanism of translocation of dicarboxylic acids across the cell envelope by the periplasmic binding protein, and the 2 membrane carrier proteins is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:357852", "title": "Impairment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis of the athymic \"nude\" mouse.", "content": "Pituitary and serum levels of LH and FSH and hypothalamic GnRH content were measured in acyclic, congenitally athymic (nu/nu) female mice. No significant differences were found between athymic and normal dioestrous mice of the same age (3 months). The serum LH level of the athymic mouse failed to increase 6 days after ovariectomy, but increased in response to injection of GnRH. The results suggest that the athymic nude mice suffer from impairment of hypothalamic control of the pituitary.", "contents": "Impairment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis of the athymic \"nude\" mouse. Pituitary and serum levels of LH and FSH and hypothalamic GnRH content were measured in acyclic, congenitally athymic (nu/nu) female mice. No significant differences were found between athymic and normal dioestrous mice of the same age (3 months). The serum LH level of the athymic mouse failed to increase 6 days after ovariectomy, but increased in response to injection of GnRH. The results suggest that the athymic nude mice suffer from impairment of hypothalamic control of the pituitary."}
{"id": "PMID:357853", "title": "Lipofuscinogenesis in mice early treated with centrophenoxine.", "content": "Previous studies in our and other laboratories indicated that there is a reduction in the neuronal lipofuscin in old rodents after several weeks of treatment with centrophenoxine. The present study investigates whether this chemical can prevent pigment formation if given early in life before the onset of pigmentogenesis. The study shows that the drug did not stop lipofuscin formation in 1 month old mice. But there was a consistent decrease in the pigment in the neurons of cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the treated animals compared to the age-matched controls. The degree of reduction was largely dependent on the duration of the treatment and a significant diminution was noted after treatment for five months or more.", "contents": "Lipofuscinogenesis in mice early treated with centrophenoxine. Previous studies in our and other laboratories indicated that there is a reduction in the neuronal lipofuscin in old rodents after several weeks of treatment with centrophenoxine. The present study investigates whether this chemical can prevent pigment formation if given early in life before the onset of pigmentogenesis. The study shows that the drug did not stop lipofuscin formation in 1 month old mice. But there was a consistent decrease in the pigment in the neurons of cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the treated animals compared to the age-matched controls. The degree of reduction was largely dependent on the duration of the treatment and a significant diminution was noted after treatment for five months or more."}
{"id": "PMID:357857", "title": "[Nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis].", "content": "Two cases of naevus lipomatosus superficialis (Hoffmann and Zurhelle) are described by the authors. The main clinical characteristics and histological peculiarities are reviewed. Both cases were disseminated and had typical localisation (pelvic area). The histological examination showed ectopic adipocytes in the dermis. The authors mare a reference to the different hypotheses on the pathogenesis of these lesions.", "contents": "[Nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis]. Two cases of naevus lipomatosus superficialis (Hoffmann and Zurhelle) are described by the authors. The main clinical characteristics and histological peculiarities are reviewed. Both cases were disseminated and had typical localisation (pelvic area). The histological examination showed ectopic adipocytes in the dermis. The authors mare a reference to the different hypotheses on the pathogenesis of these lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:357858", "title": "[Hereditary benign intra-epithelial dyskeratosis (Witkop--Von Sallman syndrome)].", "content": "A case of inherited intraepithelial benign dyskeratosis (Witkop-Von Sallmann syndrome) is presented by the authors. The diagnosis is based on clinical and histological peculiarities.", "contents": "[Hereditary benign intra-epithelial dyskeratosis (Witkop--Von Sallman syndrome)]. A case of inherited intraepithelial benign dyskeratosis (Witkop-Von Sallmann syndrome) is presented by the authors. The diagnosis is based on clinical and histological peculiarities."}
{"id": "PMID:357859", "title": "[Early or malignant ulcerative syphilis. Considerations apropos of 2 cases. Bibliographic analysis].", "content": "Two cases of early ulcerative syphilis observed in the city of La Plata, Argentina, in the last 13 years are presented. Cases n.o 1, classified as Queyrat type, was in a previously bad general condition, due both to excessive smoking and alcoholism and showed a classic blood serologic test, that was slightly reactive. Case n.o 2, Milian type, presented a previously excellent general condition. The classic blood serologic test and FTAabs. were strongly reactive. It showed only a significant depression of cell immunity, with regard to the bacterial cutaneous proofs (bacterial skin-tests) carried out \"in vivo\". In both cases the clinical aspect was similar, with ulcerative necrotic lesions and affectation of the general condition which coincided with the outbreak of those lesions. The response to treatment was good, with rapid improvement of the general condition while the improvement of the skin lesions was slower and occurred only within 3 weeks.", "contents": "[Early or malignant ulcerative syphilis. Considerations apropos of 2 cases. Bibliographic analysis]. Two cases of early ulcerative syphilis observed in the city of La Plata, Argentina, in the last 13 years are presented. Cases n.o 1, classified as Queyrat type, was in a previously bad general condition, due both to excessive smoking and alcoholism and showed a classic blood serologic test, that was slightly reactive. Case n.o 2, Milian type, presented a previously excellent general condition. The classic blood serologic test and FTAabs. were strongly reactive. It showed only a significant depression of cell immunity, with regard to the bacterial cutaneous proofs (bacterial skin-tests) carried out \"in vivo\". In both cases the clinical aspect was similar, with ulcerative necrotic lesions and affectation of the general condition which coincided with the outbreak of those lesions. The response to treatment was good, with rapid improvement of the general condition while the improvement of the skin lesions was slower and occurred only within 3 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:357860", "title": "[Lichenoid pityriasis. Clinical study of 13 cases].", "content": "13 patients with Pityriasis Lichenoides are studied clinical and histologically, showing a clinical polymorphism of the lesions, mainly in the papulous, vesiculous, and necrotic ones. The data about age, sex, evolution and response to the treatment in the present study are similar to those found by other authors. Constantly, we found, a variable degree of vasculitis. In almost all the cases there was a damage of the epithelium --exoserosis and exocytosis--, as well as presence in some cases, of red cells extravasated within the epidermis. In upper dermis we found in all biopsies, divers degrees of perivascular cell infiltration mainly composed of lymphocytes and histiocytes with predominance of the last ones, in five cases. In the majority of our cases, there was a strong relationship between the clinical and the histological aspects, but in some cases, mild lesions showed an acute microscopical picture. We are of the opinion that Pityriasis Lichenoides must be considered as a different entity from Parapsoriasis. In addition, we think that PL, is a clinical picture that manifests itself as a chronic or an acute form, and both types can be seen in the disease evolution. Finally, we could not find an evident influence and a positive response to the treatment in our patients with the classical therapeutics.", "contents": "[Lichenoid pityriasis. Clinical study of 13 cases]. 13 patients with Pityriasis Lichenoides are studied clinical and histologically, showing a clinical polymorphism of the lesions, mainly in the papulous, vesiculous, and necrotic ones. The data about age, sex, evolution and response to the treatment in the present study are similar to those found by other authors. Constantly, we found, a variable degree of vasculitis. In almost all the cases there was a damage of the epithelium --exoserosis and exocytosis--, as well as presence in some cases, of red cells extravasated within the epidermis. In upper dermis we found in all biopsies, divers degrees of perivascular cell infiltration mainly composed of lymphocytes and histiocytes with predominance of the last ones, in five cases. In the majority of our cases, there was a strong relationship between the clinical and the histological aspects, but in some cases, mild lesions showed an acute microscopical picture. We are of the opinion that Pityriasis Lichenoides must be considered as a different entity from Parapsoriasis. In addition, we think that PL, is a clinical picture that manifests itself as a chronic or an acute form, and both types can be seen in the disease evolution. Finally, we could not find an evident influence and a positive response to the treatment in our patients with the classical therapeutics."}
{"id": "PMID:357861", "title": "[Churg-Strauss allergic granulomatosis].", "content": "A 65 year old female patient with a 2 year history of bronchial asthma disseminated petechial, papulopustular and ulceronecrotic eruption and an isolated episode of intestinal bleeding. Chest X rays showed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and laboratory examination revealed eosinophilia (17%) leucocytosis (22.900) and a severe renal insufficiency. Cutaneous biopsy revealed a necrotizing, leucocytoclastic vasculitis of the small blood vessels in the dermis as well as the hypodermis. The patient died 2 days after diagnosis and corticosteroid therapy had been started. Necropsy showed granulomatous and/or vasculitic lesions of the lungs, spleen, kidneys and skin. The clinical and laboratory aspects are discussed and the relevant literature is reviewed.", "contents": "[Churg-Strauss allergic granulomatosis]. A 65 year old female patient with a 2 year history of bronchial asthma disseminated petechial, papulopustular and ulceronecrotic eruption and an isolated episode of intestinal bleeding. Chest X rays showed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and laboratory examination revealed eosinophilia (17%) leucocytosis (22.900) and a severe renal insufficiency. Cutaneous biopsy revealed a necrotizing, leucocytoclastic vasculitis of the small blood vessels in the dermis as well as the hypodermis. The patient died 2 days after diagnosis and corticosteroid therapy had been started. Necropsy showed granulomatous and/or vasculitic lesions of the lungs, spleen, kidneys and skin. The clinical and laboratory aspects are discussed and the relevant literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:357862", "title": "[Bone lesions in Kaposi's angiogenous reticulosis].", "content": "The bone lesions usually seen in Kaposi's sarcoma are described. Three patients with moderately severe skin lesions who showed bone lesions are reported. X-rays examination showed different types of pathologic aspects which are described. A thorough evaluation searching for bone lesions should be made in all cases of Kaposi's sarcoma, mainly those with extensive cutaneous lesions.", "contents": "[Bone lesions in Kaposi's angiogenous reticulosis]. The bone lesions usually seen in Kaposi's sarcoma are described. Three patients with moderately severe skin lesions who showed bone lesions are reported. X-rays examination showed different types of pathologic aspects which are described. A thorough evaluation searching for bone lesions should be made in all cases of Kaposi's sarcoma, mainly those with extensive cutaneous lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:357863", "title": "[Angiomas of the mouth].", "content": "A patient with palatal hemangioma was subjected to study and the general characteristics of buccal hemangioma are analyzed. Their infrequent occurrence being remarkable. Maxillar angiomas have a reserved prognosis not only because of their histologic malignancy but also because of the threat of incoercible hemorrhage with the removal of dentures. Therefore radical surgical intervention or eventual radiotherapy is indicated.", "contents": "[Angiomas of the mouth]. A patient with palatal hemangioma was subjected to study and the general characteristics of buccal hemangioma are analyzed. Their infrequent occurrence being remarkable. Maxillar angiomas have a reserved prognosis not only because of their histologic malignancy but also because of the threat of incoercible hemorrhage with the removal of dentures. Therefore radical surgical intervention or eventual radiotherapy is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:357864", "title": "[Ultrastructure of Darier's disease].", "content": "Biopsies from four patients with Darier's disease were studied by electron microscopy. The desmosome-tonofilament complex does not seem to be primarily involved in the acantholytic process responsible for the epidermal cells separation with formation of suprabasal lacunae. Grains and corps ronds are consistent histopathological findings in Darier's disease: the ultrastructure of these cells is described.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of Darier's disease]. Biopsies from four patients with Darier's disease were studied by electron microscopy. The desmosome-tonofilament complex does not seem to be primarily involved in the acantholytic process responsible for the epidermal cells separation with formation of suprabasal lacunae. Grains and corps ronds are consistent histopathological findings in Darier's disease: the ultrastructure of these cells is described."}
{"id": "PMID:357879", "title": "The marathon: a history and review of the literature.", "content": "An evaluation of the physiological, biochemical and psychological results obtained by various investigators on participants in competitive marathons is provided. The historical background of the studies on marathon runners suggests that much of the early information has been forgotten and has resulted in repetitive studies providing no additional insight into the physiological problems of these runners. However, the basic information obtained since the first scientific studies of participants in the 1899 marathon race has provided interesting and valuable information. The value of this older basic information to present and future investigators is emphasized. Suggestions for additional research based on results from both the earliest and the latest studies of marathon runners are made. Increasing participation in marathon races by individuals of both sexes, by individuals with various kinds of pathology as well as individuals of varying levels of physical competence suggests the value and need for research on these individuals before, during and after their involvement in such a strenuous and physiologically demanding physical task.", "contents": "The marathon: a history and review of the literature. An evaluation of the physiological, biochemical and psychological results obtained by various investigators on participants in competitive marathons is provided. The historical background of the studies on marathon runners suggests that much of the early information has been forgotten and has resulted in repetitive studies providing no additional insight into the physiological problems of these runners. However, the basic information obtained since the first scientific studies of participants in the 1899 marathon race has provided interesting and valuable information. The value of this older basic information to present and future investigators is emphasized. Suggestions for additional research based on results from both the earliest and the latest studies of marathon runners are made. Increasing participation in marathon races by individuals of both sexes, by individuals with various kinds of pathology as well as individuals of varying levels of physical competence suggests the value and need for research on these individuals before, during and after their involvement in such a strenuous and physiologically demanding physical task."}
{"id": "PMID:357881", "title": "[Optimization of the local thermocoagulation process as applied to stereotaxic neurosurgery].", "content": "A mathematic model was set up to find the thermal response of tissues to thermocoagulation. This model was studied by means of an analogue computer so as to establish optimal operating parameters for high-resistance heating probes. The smallest size of the layer of incomplete necrosis was used as criteria for optimization. The results suggest that the best performance characteristics in thermal coagulation can be achieved by using controlled temperatures from 77 to 87 degrees C (applied intermittently or continually).", "contents": "[Optimization of the local thermocoagulation process as applied to stereotaxic neurosurgery]. A mathematic model was set up to find the thermal response of tissues to thermocoagulation. This model was studied by means of an analogue computer so as to establish optimal operating parameters for high-resistance heating probes. The smallest size of the layer of incomplete necrosis was used as criteria for optimization. The results suggest that the best performance characteristics in thermal coagulation can be achieved by using controlled temperatures from 77 to 87 degrees C (applied intermittently or continually)."}
{"id": "PMID:357890", "title": "The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release XXVI. Are the secretory and fuel functions of glucose dissociable by iodoacetate?", "content": "Iodoacetate inhibits glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in pancreatic islets and causes a time- and dose-related inhibition of glucose oxidation and lactate output by the islets. High concentrations of the drug (0.3 mM or more) fail to affect Ba2+-induced insulin secretion but inhibit glucose-stimulated proinsulin biosynthesis, 45Ca net uptake and insulin release. A mixture of fumarate, glutamate, and pyruvate, the oxidation of which is only partially reduced by iodoacetate, fails to protect the B-cell against the inhibitory effect of the drug. These findings are compatible with the view that glycolysis plays an essential role in the process of glucose-induced insulin release. At low concentrations of iodoacetate (up to 0.2 mM), the reduction in glucose metabolism coincides with a partial inhibition of proinsulin biosynthesis. However, the expected reduction in 45Ca net uptake and subsequent insulin release is masked by a concomitant facilitating action of iodoacetate, possibly due to interference with native ionophoretic processes. It is concluded that iodoacetate is not an adequate tool to dissociate, if they are dissociable, the fuel and secretory functions of glucose.", "contents": "The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release XXVI. Are the secretory and fuel functions of glucose dissociable by iodoacetate? Iodoacetate inhibits glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in pancreatic islets and causes a time- and dose-related inhibition of glucose oxidation and lactate output by the islets. High concentrations of the drug (0.3 mM or more) fail to affect Ba2+-induced insulin secretion but inhibit glucose-stimulated proinsulin biosynthesis, 45Ca net uptake and insulin release. A mixture of fumarate, glutamate, and pyruvate, the oxidation of which is only partially reduced by iodoacetate, fails to protect the B-cell against the inhibitory effect of the drug. These findings are compatible with the view that glycolysis plays an essential role in the process of glucose-induced insulin release. At low concentrations of iodoacetate (up to 0.2 mM), the reduction in glucose metabolism coincides with a partial inhibition of proinsulin biosynthesis. However, the expected reduction in 45Ca net uptake and subsequent insulin release is masked by a concomitant facilitating action of iodoacetate, possibly due to interference with native ionophoretic processes. It is concluded that iodoacetate is not an adequate tool to dissociate, if they are dissociable, the fuel and secretory functions of glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:357891", "title": "Elevated levels of pancreatic polypeptide in obese-hyperglycemic mice.", "content": "The concentration and distribution of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was studied in hyperglycemic obese (ob/ob) mice and homozygous (+/+) controls. By radioimmunoassay, the concentration of PP in the pancreas of ob/ob mice was greater both in the duodenal lobe (70.7%) and in the body and tail (66.3%) when compared to identical areas of control pancreases. Analysis of immunostained pancreatic tissue indicated that the number of PP cells per islet cross-section was significantly increased (58%) in the ob/ob tissue. The calculated total number of PP cells per average islet was elevated three times in the ob/ob islet. However, the proportion PP cell volume relative to the islet volume in ob/ob was one-half that of control islets. These results clearly demonstrate an elevation in both the number of PP cells per islet and the concentration of PP in the diabetic ob/ob murine pancreas.", "contents": "Elevated levels of pancreatic polypeptide in obese-hyperglycemic mice. The concentration and distribution of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was studied in hyperglycemic obese (ob/ob) mice and homozygous (+/+) controls. By radioimmunoassay, the concentration of PP in the pancreas of ob/ob mice was greater both in the duodenal lobe (70.7%) and in the body and tail (66.3%) when compared to identical areas of control pancreases. Analysis of immunostained pancreatic tissue indicated that the number of PP cells per islet cross-section was significantly increased (58%) in the ob/ob tissue. The calculated total number of PP cells per average islet was elevated three times in the ob/ob islet. However, the proportion PP cell volume relative to the islet volume in ob/ob was one-half that of control islets. These results clearly demonstrate an elevation in both the number of PP cells per islet and the concentration of PP in the diabetic ob/ob murine pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:357929", "title": "Effect of phenoxyethanol on the permeability of Escherichia coli NCTC 5933 to inorganic ions.", "content": "Concentrations of phenoxyethanol which retarded the growth rate of Escherichia coli NCTC 5933 in nutrient broth, stimulated the rates of respiration and total oxygen uptake of cell suspensions with glucose as carbon source, and were able to dissipate artificially induced membrane proton gradients. In cells with repressed oxidative phosphorylating activity, no stimulation of respiration was observed. These actions were characteristic of uncouples of oxidative phosphorylation. Similar concentrations of the drug caused additional increased permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane to K+ but not to Li+, Na+, Ca++, Mg++, NO-3, Cl-, So--4, or PO---4. Drug induced permeability of the membrane to protons and potassium ions were not found to be directly coupled.", "contents": "Effect of phenoxyethanol on the permeability of Escherichia coli NCTC 5933 to inorganic ions. Concentrations of phenoxyethanol which retarded the growth rate of Escherichia coli NCTC 5933 in nutrient broth, stimulated the rates of respiration and total oxygen uptake of cell suspensions with glucose as carbon source, and were able to dissipate artificially induced membrane proton gradients. In cells with repressed oxidative phosphorylating activity, no stimulation of respiration was observed. These actions were characteristic of uncouples of oxidative phosphorylation. Similar concentrations of the drug caused additional increased permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane to K+ but not to Li+, Na+, Ca++, Mg++, NO-3, Cl-, So--4, or PO---4. Drug induced permeability of the membrane to protons and potassium ions were not found to be directly coupled."}
{"id": "PMID:357930", "title": "Preferential uptake of thymidine by thymineless enterobacteria: its significance in DNA labelling.", "content": "Minimum satisfactory concentrations of thymine and thymidine were determined for the growth of a high thymine-requirng (thy) mutant to Escherichia coli strain J5-3. Cultures were then grown in the presence of these concentrations of non-radioactive ('cold') pyrimidine together with 5 microCi/ml [methyl-3H)thymine, or [methyl-3H)thymidine (specific activities 5 Ci/m mole), and the uptake of radioactivity into ice cold trichloroacetic acid insoluble material determined. By far the most efficient labelling system was obtained if the label was supplied as radioactive thymidine and growth requirements satisfied by thymine alone. The addition of deoxyadenosine to the labelled thymidine/unlabelled thymine system dramatically reduced uptake of label. The addition of radioactive thymine with either thymine or thymidine to ensure satisfactory growth gave poor labelling. Using the [methyl-3H] thymidine/thymine system it was possible to increase the concentration of thymine from 8 to 64 microgram/ml with only a 25% reduction in label uptake after a 2 h period. The same system was also shown to be most efficient for labelling a thy derivative of another K12 strain, a thymine low-requiring (tir) K12 strain, a thy mutant of Klebsiella aerogenes 418 and a tir derivative of Salmonella typhimurium LT2.", "contents": "Preferential uptake of thymidine by thymineless enterobacteria: its significance in DNA labelling. Minimum satisfactory concentrations of thymine and thymidine were determined for the growth of a high thymine-requirng (thy) mutant to Escherichia coli strain J5-3. Cultures were then grown in the presence of these concentrations of non-radioactive ('cold') pyrimidine together with 5 microCi/ml [methyl-3H)thymine, or [methyl-3H)thymidine (specific activities 5 Ci/m mole), and the uptake of radioactivity into ice cold trichloroacetic acid insoluble material determined. By far the most efficient labelling system was obtained if the label was supplied as radioactive thymidine and growth requirements satisfied by thymine alone. The addition of deoxyadenosine to the labelled thymidine/unlabelled thymine system dramatically reduced uptake of label. The addition of radioactive thymine with either thymine or thymidine to ensure satisfactory growth gave poor labelling. Using the [methyl-3H] thymidine/thymine system it was possible to increase the concentration of thymine from 8 to 64 microgram/ml with only a 25% reduction in label uptake after a 2 h period. The same system was also shown to be most efficient for labelling a thy derivative of another K12 strain, a thymine low-requiring (tir) K12 strain, a thy mutant of Klebsiella aerogenes 418 and a tir derivative of Salmonella typhimurium LT2."}
{"id": "PMID:357932", "title": "In vivo formation of transmissible resistance factor by recombination between nontransmissible resistance factor and Col B factor.", "content": "Germ-free swine were artificially contaminated with tetracycline (TC) sensitive strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. One of these strains, E. coli 3306, was infected with a plasmid carrying kanamycin (KM) resistance, i.e., T-kan factor. Another strain, E. coli P-5, carried a conjugally transferable Col B factor. Among the nine strains used, only E. coli P-38 became TC-resistant after TC administration. Three types of TC-resistance E. coli P-38 strains were found; (a) one strain carried nontransferable TC resistance and could not produce colicin, (b) one strain carried TC resistance with a high transmission frequency which could not produce colicin, and (c) one strain carried TC resistance with a low transmission frequency that could produce colicin B. Genetic studies disclosed that the transmissible TC resistance factors, i.e., Rms105 (group b) and Rms104 (group c), were formed by recombination between Col B factor and nontransmissible TC-resistance (tet) determinant which appeared in E. coli P-38 mutants.", "contents": "In vivo formation of transmissible resistance factor by recombination between nontransmissible resistance factor and Col B factor. Germ-free swine were artificially contaminated with tetracycline (TC) sensitive strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. One of these strains, E. coli 3306, was infected with a plasmid carrying kanamycin (KM) resistance, i.e., T-kan factor. Another strain, E. coli P-5, carried a conjugally transferable Col B factor. Among the nine strains used, only E. coli P-38 became TC-resistant after TC administration. Three types of TC-resistance E. coli P-38 strains were found; (a) one strain carried nontransferable TC resistance and could not produce colicin, (b) one strain carried TC resistance with a high transmission frequency which could not produce colicin, and (c) one strain carried TC resistance with a low transmission frequency that could produce colicin B. Genetic studies disclosed that the transmissible TC resistance factors, i.e., Rms105 (group b) and Rms104 (group c), were formed by recombination between Col B factor and nontransmissible TC-resistance (tet) determinant which appeared in E. coli P-38 mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:357933", "title": "Proliferation of hemolysin-plaque-forming cells in nude mice and normal littermates subjected to antigenic competition.", "content": "The increase of PFC per spleen and the development of hemolytic foci were examined to clarify the patterns of clonal expansion of B-lymphocytes in athymic nude mice (nu/nu) and normal littermates (nu/+) subjected to the procedure for antigenic competition between horse erythrocytes (HRBC) and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). In normal littermates without pretreatment with HRBC, a small number of PFC and hemolytic foci of small size were detected 2-days after the challenge with SRBC. The number of PFC increased progressively from day 2 to day 4, and hemolytic foci increased in the number and size during the period. In nude mice, a small number of PVFC were detected on day 2 and the number increased only slightly from day 2 to day 4. No large hemolytic foci were detected during the period. In normal littermates subjected to the procedure for antigenic competition, the patterns of increase of PFC and development of hemolytic foci were similar to those in nude mice. In nude mice, the procedure for antigenic competition exerted almost no effect on the patterns.", "contents": "Proliferation of hemolysin-plaque-forming cells in nude mice and normal littermates subjected to antigenic competition. The increase of PFC per spleen and the development of hemolytic foci were examined to clarify the patterns of clonal expansion of B-lymphocytes in athymic nude mice (nu/nu) and normal littermates (nu/+) subjected to the procedure for antigenic competition between horse erythrocytes (HRBC) and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). In normal littermates without pretreatment with HRBC, a small number of PFC and hemolytic foci of small size were detected 2-days after the challenge with SRBC. The number of PFC increased progressively from day 2 to day 4, and hemolytic foci increased in the number and size during the period. In nude mice, a small number of PVFC were detected on day 2 and the number increased only slightly from day 2 to day 4. No large hemolytic foci were detected during the period. In normal littermates subjected to the procedure for antigenic competition, the patterns of increase of PFC and development of hemolytic foci were similar to those in nude mice. In nude mice, the procedure for antigenic competition exerted almost no effect on the patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:357935", "title": "Genetic control of granuloma response to oil-associated BCG cell wall vaccine in mice.", "content": "Intravenous injection of mice with BCG cell wall vaccine induces granuloma in the lung. The granuloma induced as measured by lung weight showed marked strain differences; C3H/HeMs bred in this Institute (C3H), C3HeB/FeJ, P/J and A/He were low responders, whereas C57BL/6 and AKR/He were high responders. When C57BL/6 and C3H were compared, the responsiveness appeared to be inherent in each strain of mice providing strong evidence for genetic control in this phenomenon. Breeding experiments suggested that multiple loci, including a MHC-linked locus, were involved although the role of the MHC-linked loci was marginal.", "contents": "Genetic control of granuloma response to oil-associated BCG cell wall vaccine in mice. Intravenous injection of mice with BCG cell wall vaccine induces granuloma in the lung. The granuloma induced as measured by lung weight showed marked strain differences; C3H/HeMs bred in this Institute (C3H), C3HeB/FeJ, P/J and A/He were low responders, whereas C57BL/6 and AKR/He were high responders. When C57BL/6 and C3H were compared, the responsiveness appeared to be inherent in each strain of mice providing strong evidence for genetic control in this phenomenon. Breeding experiments suggested that multiple loci, including a MHC-linked locus, were involved although the role of the MHC-linked loci was marginal."}
{"id": "PMID:357938", "title": "Clinical patient management and the integrated health information system.", "content": "Emerging progress in clinical applications of patient care computing is identified. The essential clinical skill is understanding what data are appropriate in any given patient care situation and extracting enough information to make the correct management decision. The value of the computer has less to do with the internal intellectual process of diagnosis than its contribution to the more manifest actions in support of clinical patient management. Techniques with which the computer is assisting in improving the clinical decisionmaking process are reviewed, and a mechanism to link them to active patient care settings is described. In addition, a trend toward the integration of various independent subsystems, so that expensive resources can be optimized for patient needs, is noted.", "contents": "Clinical patient management and the integrated health information system. Emerging progress in clinical applications of patient care computing is identified. The essential clinical skill is understanding what data are appropriate in any given patient care situation and extracting enough information to make the correct management decision. The value of the computer has less to do with the internal intellectual process of diagnosis than its contribution to the more manifest actions in support of clinical patient management. Techniques with which the computer is assisting in improving the clinical decisionmaking process are reviewed, and a mechanism to link them to active patient care settings is described. In addition, a trend toward the integration of various independent subsystems, so that expensive resources can be optimized for patient needs, is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:357939", "title": "Patient data acquisition.", "content": "Patient data are acquired in three ways: by direct interrogation; physiological measurements; and analysis of specimens, signals, and images. When computers are used to acquire information from the patient directly, difficulties arise from the lack of standardized patient medical history, the complexities of natural language processing, and the problems of man/machine communication (patient with computer terminal, and physician with computer-generated history). A great variety of data input devices have been used for the acquisition of the patient medical history. Most have been extensively used in multiphasic health testing programs, and this experience is freely drawn upon in this paper.", "contents": "Patient data acquisition. Patient data are acquired in three ways: by direct interrogation; physiological measurements; and analysis of specimens, signals, and images. When computers are used to acquire information from the patient directly, difficulties arise from the lack of standardized patient medical history, the complexities of natural language processing, and the problems of man/machine communication (patient with computer terminal, and physician with computer-generated history). A great variety of data input devices have been used for the acquisition of the patient medical history. Most have been extensively used in multiphasic health testing programs, and this experience is freely drawn upon in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:357940", "title": "Systems to support clinical decisions: automated medical signal analysis.", "content": "The benefits and capabilities of an automated medical signal analysis system that can lead to more effective patient care are identified, the capabilities of different types of systems are briefly mentioned, and automated systems that support nominative and managerial decisions are described. The need for the practicing physician to anticipate computer hardware limitations and potential errors in programming are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Systems to support clinical decisions: automated medical signal analysis. The benefits and capabilities of an automated medical signal analysis system that can lead to more effective patient care are identified, the capabilities of different types of systems are briefly mentioned, and automated systems that support nominative and managerial decisions are described. The need for the practicing physician to anticipate computer hardware limitations and potential errors in programming are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:357942", "title": "Introduction to computer systems in diagnostic radiology.", "content": "Diagnostic radiology is immensely complex. It involves a consultation process, patient handling to produce images, and advanced technology. Computers have been applied extensively to these processes, and examples are given of some of these applications. Fully integrated computerized radiology systems have been an elusive goal. Integrity of patient data is probably the key to integration. Progress in the field continues.", "contents": "Introduction to computer systems in diagnostic radiology. Diagnostic radiology is immensely complex. It involves a consultation process, patient handling to produce images, and advanced technology. Computers have been applied extensively to these processes, and examples are given of some of these applications. Fully integrated computerized radiology systems have been an elusive goal. Integrity of patient data is probably the key to integration. Progress in the field continues."}
{"id": "PMID:357941", "title": "Computers in the clinical laboratory: what we have learned.", "content": "The clinical laboratory responds to a request for results by processing a specimen. The output is a report on a priority response. The role of the laboratory computer is that of a work allocation control system, which monitors and directs this intricate piecework activity. The operation is analogous to light industry. Effectiveness depends upon hardware reliability and internal laboratory control of the computer system.", "contents": "Computers in the clinical laboratory: what we have learned. The clinical laboratory responds to a request for results by processing a specimen. The output is a report on a priority response. The role of the laboratory computer is that of a work allocation control system, which monitors and directs this intricate piecework activity. The operation is analogous to light industry. Effectiveness depends upon hardware reliability and internal laboratory control of the computer system."}
{"id": "PMID:357953", "title": "[The treatment of acute dehydration (author's transl)].", "content": "In infants and children acute dehydration is mainly caused by gastroenteritis with vomiting and diarrhoea, and by feeding failures. Since in the German speaking literature very different therapeutic regimens for rehydration are discussed the principles of oral and parenteral treatment are described. The rational therapy is based on the knowledge of physiology and pathophysiology of water and electrolyte metabolism. Therefore a few basic aspects are described, i.e. compartments of body fluids, turnover rates, the balance, types of dehydration, concentration of electrolytes in body fluids and their relevance to dehydration. Special problems exist in the treatment of hypertonic dehydration. In order to avoid cerebral edema the rehydration should not be attempted quickly with very hypotonic salt solutions, but should be performed with a 1/2--1/3 isotonic Ringer-lactate solution and early begin of potassium substitution over a period of 48 h.", "contents": "[The treatment of acute dehydration (author's transl)]. In infants and children acute dehydration is mainly caused by gastroenteritis with vomiting and diarrhoea, and by feeding failures. Since in the German speaking literature very different therapeutic regimens for rehydration are discussed the principles of oral and parenteral treatment are described. The rational therapy is based on the knowledge of physiology and pathophysiology of water and electrolyte metabolism. Therefore a few basic aspects are described, i.e. compartments of body fluids, turnover rates, the balance, types of dehydration, concentration of electrolytes in body fluids and their relevance to dehydration. Special problems exist in the treatment of hypertonic dehydration. In order to avoid cerebral edema the rehydration should not be attempted quickly with very hypotonic salt solutions, but should be performed with a 1/2--1/3 isotonic Ringer-lactate solution and early begin of potassium substitution over a period of 48 h."}
{"id": "PMID:357954", "title": "[Group B streptococcus infections during the neonatal period (author's transl)].", "content": "Nowadays, in severe infections during the neonatal period new bacteria--group B streptococci--have to be taken into account, since in some clinics they already predominate over gramnegative rods. Septicemia and meningitis may be caused by group B streptococci. The septicemia which especially threatents prematures starts with apnoeic spells in the very first hours after birth and may be easily misdiagnosed as an idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. The mortality is very high (about 60%). Meningitis starts later, normally during the 3rd to 4th week. Seizures are typical at the onset.  Group B streptococci may be identified in the CSF by counterimmunoelectrophoresis within one hour. The prognosis is more favourable in meningitis than in septicemia (mortality about 20%). Survivors have little neurological sequelae. Penicillin G or ampicillin combination with an aminoglycoside is recommended as chemotherapy. Exchange transfusion should be considered early. Group B streptococci causing the septic form may be transfered during labour since up to 25% of pregnant women are colonized. Nosocomial transmission of group B streptococci may be the reason for meningitis. Prophylactic penicillin does not seem to help in preventing the disease, but it is possible, that meningitis of the newborn may be prevented by immunizing the mother during pregnancy.", "contents": "[Group B streptococcus infections during the neonatal period (author's transl)]. Nowadays, in severe infections during the neonatal period new bacteria--group B streptococci--have to be taken into account, since in some clinics they already predominate over gramnegative rods. Septicemia and meningitis may be caused by group B streptococci. The septicemia which especially threatents prematures starts with apnoeic spells in the very first hours after birth and may be easily misdiagnosed as an idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. The mortality is very high (about 60%). Meningitis starts later, normally during the 3rd to 4th week. Seizures are typical at the onset.  Group B streptococci may be identified in the CSF by counterimmunoelectrophoresis within one hour. The prognosis is more favourable in meningitis than in septicemia (mortality about 20%). Survivors have little neurological sequelae. Penicillin G or ampicillin combination with an aminoglycoside is recommended as chemotherapy. Exchange transfusion should be considered early. Group B streptococci causing the septic form may be transfered during labour since up to 25% of pregnant women are colonized. Nosocomial transmission of group B streptococci may be the reason for meningitis. Prophylactic penicillin does not seem to help in preventing the disease, but it is possible, that meningitis of the newborn may be prevented by immunizing the mother during pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:357960", "title": "Determination of radiation equivalence of ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) for induction of gene conversion in diploid yeast.", "content": "A unit Rad-Equivalent Chemical (REC) has been suggested for purposes of quantitating the mutagenic hazards of chemicals. The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated by the establishment of a constant relationship between the forward mutation frequency and haploid genome size in various organisms for both radiation and chemical EMS. However, it is necessary to determine the radiation equivalence of chemicals in as many organisms and for as many end-points as possible. For end-points we are limited to forward mutations. Another relevant genetic end-point of interest in this regard is gene conversion which can also monitor any kind of DNA damage in a suitable diploid system. Hence, we have determined the REC value for EMS in diploid yeast with gene conversion as the end-point. This agrees well with the REC values estimated in a number of organisms with forward mutation as the end-point. This finding further underlines the generality of the REC concept.", "contents": "Determination of radiation equivalence of ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) for induction of gene conversion in diploid yeast. A unit Rad-Equivalent Chemical (REC) has been suggested for purposes of quantitating the mutagenic hazards of chemicals. The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated by the establishment of a constant relationship between the forward mutation frequency and haploid genome size in various organisms for both radiation and chemical EMS. However, it is necessary to determine the radiation equivalence of chemicals in as many organisms and for as many end-points as possible. For end-points we are limited to forward mutations. Another relevant genetic end-point of interest in this regard is gene conversion which can also monitor any kind of DNA damage in a suitable diploid system. Hence, we have determined the REC value for EMS in diploid yeast with gene conversion as the end-point. This agrees well with the REC values estimated in a number of organisms with forward mutation as the end-point. This finding further underlines the generality of the REC concept."}
{"id": "PMID:357961", "title": "On the mechanisms of induced somatic recombination by certain fungicides in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Four fungicides interfered with the segregation of chromosomes at mitosis of Aspergillus nidulans by increasing the somatic recombination, shown as colour sectors in green colonies, in a strain heterozygous for spore colour mutations. In an attempt to discover the mechanisms by which these fungicides increased the somatic recombination, a prototrophic diploid strain, heterozygous for colour and several other appropriate markers in all chromosomes, was used which enabled the detection and classification of all colour recombinants to be made by genetic analysis. The fungicides investigated were: benomyl (methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate) a benzimidazole derivative, botran (2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline) and chloroneb (1,4-dichloro-2,5-dimethoxybenzene) of the aromatic hydrocarbon group of fungicides, and the antibiotic actinomycin D. At least three different mechanisms, non-disjunction, mitotic crossing-over and breakage-deletion, were found to be responsible for the recombinogenic activity of the compounds studied.", "contents": "On the mechanisms of induced somatic recombination by certain fungicides in Aspergillus nidulans. Four fungicides interfered with the segregation of chromosomes at mitosis of Aspergillus nidulans by increasing the somatic recombination, shown as colour sectors in green colonies, in a strain heterozygous for spore colour mutations. In an attempt to discover the mechanisms by which these fungicides increased the somatic recombination, a prototrophic diploid strain, heterozygous for colour and several other appropriate markers in all chromosomes, was used which enabled the detection and classification of all colour recombinants to be made by genetic analysis. The fungicides investigated were: benomyl (methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate) a benzimidazole derivative, botran (2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline) and chloroneb (1,4-dichloro-2,5-dimethoxybenzene) of the aromatic hydrocarbon group of fungicides, and the antibiotic actinomycin D. At least three different mechanisms, non-disjunction, mitotic crossing-over and breakage-deletion, were found to be responsible for the recombinogenic activity of the compounds studied."}
{"id": "PMID:357966", "title": "The role of Aspergillus fumigatus fresenius in dermatitis of chickens.", "content": "Aspergillus fumigatus proved to be the causative organism of dermatitis in chickens. This has been assessed mycologically as well as histopathologically. The histopathological lesions caused by the fungi are fully described. The different factors which might help the establishment of the mycotic infection are discussed.", "contents": "The role of Aspergillus fumigatus fresenius in dermatitis of chickens. Aspergillus fumigatus proved to be the causative organism of dermatitis in chickens. This has been assessed mycologically as well as histopathologically. The histopathological lesions caused by the fungi are fully described. The different factors which might help the establishment of the mycotic infection are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:357970", "title": "Cobalamin analogues are present in human plasma and can mask cobalamin deficiency because current radioisotope dilution assays are not specific for true cobalamin.", "content": "Since R protein binds cobalamin (vitamin B12) and cobalamin analogues, whereas intrinsic factor is highly specific for true cobalamin, we compared the serum cobalamin values obtained with these proteins in radioisotope dilution assays. With R protein, eight of 21 patients with cobalamin deficiency had serum cobalamin levels (mean, 204, range, 85 to 355 pg per milliliter) that overlapped with values for 74 normal subjects (mean, 576, range, 220 to 1230). With intrinsic factor, no patient values (mean, 36, range, less than 10 to 78 pg per milliliter) overlapped with the normal values (mean, 322, range, 130 to 785). Paper chromatography showed that these differences were due to the presence of cobalamin analogues. R protein constituted 51 to 85 per cent of the cobalamin-binding protein in 10 commercial serum cobalamin assay kits, which were said to contain \"intrinsic factor\". Human plasma contains cobalamin analogues that can mask cobalamin deficiency with current radioisotope dilution assays.", "contents": "Cobalamin analogues are present in human plasma and can mask cobalamin deficiency because current radioisotope dilution assays are not specific for true cobalamin. Since R protein binds cobalamin (vitamin B12) and cobalamin analogues, whereas intrinsic factor is highly specific for true cobalamin, we compared the serum cobalamin values obtained with these proteins in radioisotope dilution assays. With R protein, eight of 21 patients with cobalamin deficiency had serum cobalamin levels (mean, 204, range, 85 to 355 pg per milliliter) that overlapped with values for 74 normal subjects (mean, 576, range, 220 to 1230). With intrinsic factor, no patient values (mean, 36, range, less than 10 to 78 pg per milliliter) overlapped with the normal values (mean, 322, range, 130 to 785). Paper chromatography showed that these differences were due to the presence of cobalamin analogues. R protein constituted 51 to 85 per cent of the cobalamin-binding protein in 10 commercial serum cobalamin assay kits, which were said to contain \"intrinsic factor\". Human plasma contains cobalamin analogues that can mask cobalamin deficiency with current radioisotope dilution assays."}
{"id": "PMID:357971", "title": "Improvement of kidney-graft survival with increased numbers of blood transfusions.", "content": "In a study of 1360 cadaver-donor kidney transplants we found a striking correlation of increased numbers of pretransplant blood transfusions with improved transplant survival (P less than 0.0001). Graft survival rate in recipients with greater than 20 transfusions was 71 p5 per cent at one year as compared with 42p2 per cent for recipients with no transfusions; at four years the survival rates were 65p5 per cent and 30p3 per cent (P less than 10(-6). Frozen blood was less effective than nonfrozen blood in producing this effect. In contrast to previous reports based on fewer numbers of transplants, a single pretransplant transfusion of transfusions given during transplantation had no statistically significant influence on graft outcome. The beneficial effect of pretransplant transfusions was apparent at transplant centers with high or low overall success rates. Deliberate transfusion trials in prospective transplant recipients should consider this strong dose dependence of graft prolongation by transfusions.", "contents": "Improvement of kidney-graft survival with increased numbers of blood transfusions. In a study of 1360 cadaver-donor kidney transplants we found a striking correlation of increased numbers of pretransplant blood transfusions with improved transplant survival (P less than 0.0001). Graft survival rate in recipients with greater than 20 transfusions was 71 p5 per cent at one year as compared with 42p2 per cent for recipients with no transfusions; at four years the survival rates were 65p5 per cent and 30p3 per cent (P less than 10(-6). Frozen blood was less effective than nonfrozen blood in producing this effect. In contrast to previous reports based on fewer numbers of transplants, a single pretransplant transfusion of transfusions given during transplantation had no statistically significant influence on graft outcome. The beneficial effect of pretransplant transfusions was apparent at transplant centers with high or low overall success rates. Deliberate transfusion trials in prospective transplant recipients should consider this strong dose dependence of graft prolongation by transfusions."}
{"id": "PMID:357978", "title": "Immunoglobulin classes of human serum antibodies in vaginal candidiasis.", "content": "The titre and immunoglobulin class of antibodies against Candida albicans in serum from 60 non-pregnant women was determined. IgG titres up to 1 : 32, IgA titres up to 1 : 8, and IgM titres up to 1 : 4 were detected in 30 women with vaginal candidiasis. Similar titres were found in 20 women harbouring yeasts in the mouth or rectum, and in 10 women who were not harbouring yeasts in the vagina, mouth or rectum. Serum fractionation confirmed that antibodies to C. albicans are found in the three immunoglobulin classes and that those antibodies reside in highest titre in the IgG class. No secretory IgA antibodies against C. albicans were detected in the serum of these women.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin classes of human serum antibodies in vaginal candidiasis. The titre and immunoglobulin class of antibodies against Candida albicans in serum from 60 non-pregnant women was determined. IgG titres up to 1 : 32, IgA titres up to 1 : 8, and IgM titres up to 1 : 4 were detected in 30 women with vaginal candidiasis. Similar titres were found in 20 women harbouring yeasts in the mouth or rectum, and in 10 women who were not harbouring yeasts in the vagina, mouth or rectum. Serum fractionation confirmed that antibodies to C. albicans are found in the three immunoglobulin classes and that those antibodies reside in highest titre in the IgG class. No secretory IgA antibodies against C. albicans were detected in the serum of these women."}
{"id": "PMID:357980", "title": "[Amino acid composition of non-absorbed peptide fractions in rat small intestines. III. Feeding of wheat gluten and molasses yeast. Essential amino acid content of feces].", "content": "The authors investigated the nitrogen content of different fractions and in particular the aminoacid composition of the trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable and TCA-soluble peptides in the distal small intestine of rats which had been fed experimental diets (nitrogen-free or containing casein, wheat gluten or molasses yeast as a protein carrier). Parallel with this, they determined in growing rats the nitrogen and amino-acid digestibility of molasses yeast and wheat gluten according to the technique of faecal analysis, and studied the amino-acid composition of the faecal protein. Independently of the dietary protein fed, the peptide fractions of the content of the intestine showed an amino-acid composition that was largely similar to that found in case of nitrogen-free diet. The amino-acid composition of the faecal protein is, independently of the dietary protein given, relatively constant and corresponds approximately to the intestinal loss protein. There is agreement between the amino-acid composition of the TCA-precipitable peptide fractions and those of the corresponding faecal proteins. These components seem to be of endogenous origin.", "contents": "[Amino acid composition of non-absorbed peptide fractions in rat small intestines. III. Feeding of wheat gluten and molasses yeast. Essential amino acid content of feces]. The authors investigated the nitrogen content of different fractions and in particular the aminoacid composition of the trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable and TCA-soluble peptides in the distal small intestine of rats which had been fed experimental diets (nitrogen-free or containing casein, wheat gluten or molasses yeast as a protein carrier). Parallel with this, they determined in growing rats the nitrogen and amino-acid digestibility of molasses yeast and wheat gluten according to the technique of faecal analysis, and studied the amino-acid composition of the faecal protein. Independently of the dietary protein fed, the peptide fractions of the content of the intestine showed an amino-acid composition that was largely similar to that found in case of nitrogen-free diet. The amino-acid composition of the faecal protein is, independently of the dietary protein given, relatively constant and corresponds approximately to the intestinal loss protein. There is agreement between the amino-acid composition of the TCA-precipitable peptide fractions and those of the corresponding faecal proteins. These components seem to be of endogenous origin."}
{"id": "PMID:357984", "title": "Transformation of yeast by a replicating hybrid plasmid.", "content": "Chimaeric plasmids have been constructed containing a yeast plasmid and fragments of yeast nuclear DNA linked to pMB9, a derivative of the ColEl plasmid from E. coli. Two plasmids were isolated which complement leuB mutations in E. coli. These plasmids have been used to develop a method for transforming a leu2 strain of S. cerevisiae to Leu+ with high frequency. The yeast transformants contained multiple plasmid copies which were recovered by transformation in E. coli. The yeast plasmid sequence recombined intramolecularly during propagation in yeast.", "contents": "Transformation of yeast by a replicating hybrid plasmid. Chimaeric plasmids have been constructed containing a yeast plasmid and fragments of yeast nuclear DNA linked to pMB9, a derivative of the ColEl plasmid from E. coli. Two plasmids were isolated which complement leuB mutations in E. coli. These plasmids have been used to develop a method for transforming a leu2 strain of S. cerevisiae to Leu+ with high frequency. The yeast transformants contained multiple plasmid copies which were recovered by transformation in E. coli. The yeast plasmid sequence recombined intramolecularly during propagation in yeast."}
{"id": "PMID:357987", "title": "Fibronectins--adhesive glycoproteins of cell surface and blood.", "content": "A recently characterised class of adhesive, high molecular weight glycoproteins is present on the surfaces of cells, in connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids. These proteins may have important roles in cellular adhesion, malignant transformation, reticuloendothelial system function, and embryonic differentiation.", "contents": "Fibronectins--adhesive glycoproteins of cell surface and blood. A recently characterised class of adhesive, high molecular weight glycoproteins is present on the surfaces of cells, in connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids. These proteins may have important roles in cellular adhesion, malignant transformation, reticuloendothelial system function, and embryonic differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:357993", "title": "Bacteriophages inhibit degradation of abnormal proteins in E. coli.", "content": "On infection of Escherichia coli cells by bacteriophages T4, T5 or T7, the degradation of E. coli protein fragments and abnormal proteins is inhibited. Normal E. coli proteins, however, continue to be degraded at their usual rates. T4 early proteins (s) is needed to inhibit the turnover of abnormal proteins in T4-infected E. coli cells.", "contents": "Bacteriophages inhibit degradation of abnormal proteins in E. coli. On infection of Escherichia coli cells by bacteriophages T4, T5 or T7, the degradation of E. coli protein fragments and abnormal proteins is inhibited. Normal E. coli proteins, however, continue to be degraded at their usual rates. T4 early proteins (s) is needed to inhibit the turnover of abnormal proteins in T4-infected E. coli cells."}
{"id": "PMID:357998", "title": "Lungs as a generator of prostacyclin--hypothesis on physiological significance.", "content": "In vivo anti-platelet de-aggregatory activity of exogenous prostacyclin is enhanced after its passage through the pulmonary circulation of anaesthetized cats, probably because of a concomitant generation of endogenous prostacyclin by the lungs. Evidence is also presented that perfused lungs of guinea pigs and rats spontaneously release considerable amounts of prostacyclin. It is therefore postulated that a continuous biosynthesis of prostacyclin by pulmonary endothelium is a general physiological phenomenon, while the generation of thromboxane A2 by lungs occurs in response to pathological stimuli. Coronary and cerebral arteries are supposed to benefit from this hormonal function of the lungs.", "contents": "Lungs as a generator of prostacyclin--hypothesis on physiological significance. In vivo anti-platelet de-aggregatory activity of exogenous prostacyclin is enhanced after its passage through the pulmonary circulation of anaesthetized cats, probably because of a concomitant generation of endogenous prostacyclin by the lungs. Evidence is also presented that perfused lungs of guinea pigs and rats spontaneously release considerable amounts of prostacyclin. It is therefore postulated that a continuous biosynthesis of prostacyclin by pulmonary endothelium is a general physiological phenomenon, while the generation of thromboxane A2 by lungs occurs in response to pathological stimuli. Coronary and cerebral arteries are supposed to benefit from this hormonal function of the lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:357999", "title": "Osmotic stimulation of pepsin secretion in the rat.", "content": "The effect of the osmolarity of intragastric instillates on pepsin secretion was studied in rats anaesthetised with urethane. Irrigation of the stomach with solutions of sucrose and NaCl, resp. caused a concentration-dependent increase in pepsin output. A stimulation was observed already by hypotonic solutions and the maximal effect was obtained by 300 m-osmole/l of sucrose and by 600 m-osmole/l of NaCl (13- and 10-fold stimulation resp.). A similar time course in the increase of pepsin output was produced by hyperosmotic solutions (600 m-osmole/l) of sucrose, urea, NaCl and choline chloride. Pepsin output was stimulated maximally within 30 min and decreased thereafter, but remained at about 4--6-fold higher levels than during the previous irrigation with distilled water. Replacement of hyperosmotic instillates by distilled water reduced pepsin secretion to the initial level. Hypertonic ethanol (600 m-osmole/l) increased pepsin output only slightly. Vagotomy, pretreatment with atropine (1 mg/kg i.v.) or cimetidine (5 mg/kg i.v.), local anesthesia of the gastric mucosa with 4% lidocaine or intravenous infusion of PGE2 (2 microgram/kg X min) did not antagonise the stimulation of pepsin output induced by hyperosmotic NaCl (600 m-osmole/l). The results indicate that the increase of the osmolarity of intragastric instillates stimulates pepsin secretion in the rat without involvement of neural (vagal or local cholinergic reflexes) or hormonal mechanisms (release of gastrin) which are known to stimulate gastric secretion in the gastric phase.", "contents": "Osmotic stimulation of pepsin secretion in the rat. The effect of the osmolarity of intragastric instillates on pepsin secretion was studied in rats anaesthetised with urethane. Irrigation of the stomach with solutions of sucrose and NaCl, resp. caused a concentration-dependent increase in pepsin output. A stimulation was observed already by hypotonic solutions and the maximal effect was obtained by 300 m-osmole/l of sucrose and by 600 m-osmole/l of NaCl (13- and 10-fold stimulation resp.). A similar time course in the increase of pepsin output was produced by hyperosmotic solutions (600 m-osmole/l) of sucrose, urea, NaCl and choline chloride. Pepsin output was stimulated maximally within 30 min and decreased thereafter, but remained at about 4--6-fold higher levels than during the previous irrigation with distilled water. Replacement of hyperosmotic instillates by distilled water reduced pepsin secretion to the initial level. Hypertonic ethanol (600 m-osmole/l) increased pepsin output only slightly. Vagotomy, pretreatment with atropine (1 mg/kg i.v.) or cimetidine (5 mg/kg i.v.), local anesthesia of the gastric mucosa with 4% lidocaine or intravenous infusion of PGE2 (2 microgram/kg X min) did not antagonise the stimulation of pepsin output induced by hyperosmotic NaCl (600 m-osmole/l). The results indicate that the increase of the osmolarity of intragastric instillates stimulates pepsin secretion in the rat without involvement of neural (vagal or local cholinergic reflexes) or hormonal mechanisms (release of gastrin) which are known to stimulate gastric secretion in the gastric phase."}
{"id": "PMID:358005", "title": "25 years of neuroepidemiology in the Americas.", "content": "In the Western Hemisphere, prior to 1950, there were few reliable data on the incidence, geographic distribution or population patterns of diseases of the nervous system. Impressions of prevalence were generally derived from the European literature and from a variety of case reports and relative frequencies based on clinic or hospital admissions or selected autopsy series. Since such data from different sources generally defy comparison, it has been necessary to develop data sources for defined populations to provide incidence and prevalence rates. Such an effort, initially concerned with multiple sclerosis, was launched in 1950 by NIH. International mortality statistics were also collected and analyzed and intensive population surveys in the United States and Canada were planned and carried out. In time, such efforts were extended to cover a wide variety of other chronic and subacute diseases of the nervous system, and support was provided by NIH and voluntary agencies for studies in many other countries. Independently, population studies were developed at various Universities and health care facilities in Latin America. ISSSTE in Mexico City provided a broad experience on multiple sclerosis, ALS, epilepsy, stroke and brain tumor; studies developed in the West Indies on Jamaican Neuropathy; and there were studies in several countries on cysticercosis, Chagas' disease and epilepsy. Also notable are recent studies in Guatemala and plans for geographic comparisons over the broad range of latitude in Chile. The advantages and limitations of mortality statistics will be discussed. The priorities in the selection of the disorders which were to be studied, the procedures which were developed, and the highlights of the results of such investigations will be presented. In addition to descriptive population surveys, case control comparisons and prospective studies are also being developed which seek to identify the risk factors or etiologic determinants that may account for the population pattern which have been observed.", "contents": "25 years of neuroepidemiology in the Americas. In the Western Hemisphere, prior to 1950, there were few reliable data on the incidence, geographic distribution or population patterns of diseases of the nervous system. Impressions of prevalence were generally derived from the European literature and from a variety of case reports and relative frequencies based on clinic or hospital admissions or selected autopsy series. Since such data from different sources generally defy comparison, it has been necessary to develop data sources for defined populations to provide incidence and prevalence rates. Such an effort, initially concerned with multiple sclerosis, was launched in 1950 by NIH. International mortality statistics were also collected and analyzed and intensive population surveys in the United States and Canada were planned and carried out. In time, such efforts were extended to cover a wide variety of other chronic and subacute diseases of the nervous system, and support was provided by NIH and voluntary agencies for studies in many other countries. Independently, population studies were developed at various Universities and health care facilities in Latin America. ISSSTE in Mexico City provided a broad experience on multiple sclerosis, ALS, epilepsy, stroke and brain tumor; studies developed in the West Indies on Jamaican Neuropathy; and there were studies in several countries on cysticercosis, Chagas' disease and epilepsy. Also notable are recent studies in Guatemala and plans for geographic comparisons over the broad range of latitude in Chile. The advantages and limitations of mortality statistics will be discussed. The priorities in the selection of the disorders which were to be studied, the procedures which were developed, and the highlights of the results of such investigations will be presented. In addition to descriptive population surveys, case control comparisons and prospective studies are also being developed which seek to identify the risk factors or etiologic determinants that may account for the population pattern which have been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:358006", "title": "[Possible role of acetylcholine-acetylcolinesterase in the etiopathogenesis of epilepsy].", "content": "Of the results obtained by numerous investigators in the study of the acetylcholine-acetylcholinesterase system, it is quite clear that it is altered significantly in the convulsive state. In the present work, a study of the acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in serum was made in 53 patients with different type of epilepsy during the intercritical period. A significantly high increase in the enzymatic activity (p less than 0.001) was found, compared with that of the controls, unrelated with the probable etiology of the process nor with some symptoms. We observed, nevertheless, a tendency towards diminished enzymatic activity with an increase of the severity of the electroencephalographic picture, and we interpreted this as a compensating effect. The AChE activity in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of a group of epileptic patients subjected to stereotaxic operations was studied before and after surgery, observing a significantly diminished activity of AChE in serum (p less than 0.001) after surgery. This asserts the hypothesis of the compensating increase of the AChE activity in serum, which tends to normalize once some of the factors producing the decompensation are eliminated.", "contents": "[Possible role of acetylcholine-acetylcolinesterase in the etiopathogenesis of epilepsy]. Of the results obtained by numerous investigators in the study of the acetylcholine-acetylcholinesterase system, it is quite clear that it is altered significantly in the convulsive state. In the present work, a study of the acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in serum was made in 53 patients with different type of epilepsy during the intercritical period. A significantly high increase in the enzymatic activity (p less than 0.001) was found, compared with that of the controls, unrelated with the probable etiology of the process nor with some symptoms. We observed, nevertheless, a tendency towards diminished enzymatic activity with an increase of the severity of the electroencephalographic picture, and we interpreted this as a compensating effect. The AChE activity in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of a group of epileptic patients subjected to stereotaxic operations was studied before and after surgery, observing a significantly diminished activity of AChE in serum (p less than 0.001) after surgery. This asserts the hypothesis of the compensating increase of the AChE activity in serum, which tends to normalize once some of the factors producing the decompensation are eliminated."}
{"id": "PMID:358010", "title": "Relationships between portions of the third and fourth ventricles. An aid to stereotactic accuracy for posterior fossa stereotaxy.", "content": "The relationships between the third and fourth ventricles have been studied by examination of the angles formed by third and fourth ventricular projections. These have been subjected to statistical analysis and have proved useful for posterior fossa stereotactic surgery.", "contents": "Relationships between portions of the third and fourth ventricles. An aid to stereotactic accuracy for posterior fossa stereotaxy. The relationships between the third and fourth ventricles have been studied by examination of the angles formed by third and fourth ventricular projections. These have been subjected to statistical analysis and have proved useful for posterior fossa stereotactic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:358012", "title": "Valproic acid: interaction with other anticonvulsant drugs.", "content": "The interaction of valproic acid and other antiepileptic drugs was studied in 25 patients for 5 to 9 months. Clinical evaluations, seizure records, and antiepileptic drug levels were followed regularly. Eleven of the 13 patients required a reduced phenobarbital dose when concurrently treated with valproic acid. This reduction was prompted by sedation. An average dose reduction of 46 percent resulted in an average serum phenobarbital decrease of 15 percent. Ten of 15 patients had decreased phenytoin concentrations during concurrent administration with valproic acid. No definitive conclusion was reached about other antiepileptic drugs. Decreased phenobarbital excretion because of urine acidification and displacement of phenytoin from protein binding sites may account for the observations. Careful monitoring of anticonvulsant levels is required in anticipation of the documented interactions.", "contents": "Valproic acid: interaction with other anticonvulsant drugs. The interaction of valproic acid and other antiepileptic drugs was studied in 25 patients for 5 to 9 months. Clinical evaluations, seizure records, and antiepileptic drug levels were followed regularly. Eleven of the 13 patients required a reduced phenobarbital dose when concurrently treated with valproic acid. This reduction was prompted by sedation. An average dose reduction of 46 percent resulted in an average serum phenobarbital decrease of 15 percent. Ten of 15 patients had decreased phenytoin concentrations during concurrent administration with valproic acid. No definitive conclusion was reached about other antiepileptic drugs. Decreased phenobarbital excretion because of urine acidification and displacement of phenytoin from protein binding sites may account for the observations. Careful monitoring of anticonvulsant levels is required in anticipation of the documented interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:358013", "title": "Rectal administration of sodium valproate in status epilepticus.", "content": "Six patients suffering from status epilepticus were refractory to parenteral treatment with either diazepam, amobarbital or both, and were given sodium valproate 200 to 800 mg every 6 hours. The drug was administered rectally as 200 mg lipid-based suppositories, thereby avoiding impaired absorption, which occurs in the presence of paralytic ileus. Plasma levels of sodium valproate in all patients reached the therapeutic range within 36 hours of starting therapy. Seizures were totally controlled in five patients and a 75 percent reduction was noted in the sixth. In two patients, the route of administration was changed from rectal to an equivalent oral dose with continuing control of seizures and minimal change in plasma levels, suggesting that bioavailability is similar for the two forms of the drug. The rectal route of administration was effective in achieving systemic absorption of sodium valproate in the treatment of status epilepticus.", "contents": "Rectal administration of sodium valproate in status epilepticus. Six patients suffering from status epilepticus were refractory to parenteral treatment with either diazepam, amobarbital or both, and were given sodium valproate 200 to 800 mg every 6 hours. The drug was administered rectally as 200 mg lipid-based suppositories, thereby avoiding impaired absorption, which occurs in the presence of paralytic ileus. Plasma levels of sodium valproate in all patients reached the therapeutic range within 36 hours of starting therapy. Seizures were totally controlled in five patients and a 75 percent reduction was noted in the sixth. In two patients, the route of administration was changed from rectal to an equivalent oral dose with continuing control of seizures and minimal change in plasma levels, suggesting that bioavailability is similar for the two forms of the drug. The rectal route of administration was effective in achieving systemic absorption of sodium valproate in the treatment of status epilepticus."}
{"id": "PMID:358014", "title": "Effect of valproic acid on hepatic function.", "content": "Altered hepatic function tests occurred in four of 25 patients treated with valproic acid. An average dose reduction in three patients of 10 mg per kilogram per day resulted in reversion of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) to normal. The drug was discontinued in one patient. Careful monitoring of hepatic function is required of patients being treated with valproic acid, but our experience suggests that dose reduction alone may be effective in preventing untoward hepatic side effects.", "contents": "Effect of valproic acid on hepatic function. Altered hepatic function tests occurred in four of 25 patients treated with valproic acid. An average dose reduction in three patients of 10 mg per kilogram per day resulted in reversion of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) to normal. The drug was discontinued in one patient. Careful monitoring of hepatic function is required of patients being treated with valproic acid, but our experience suggests that dose reduction alone may be effective in preventing untoward hepatic side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:358016", "title": "[Functional studies after pulmonary autografts or hilar stripping. Experimental research].", "content": "pO2, pCO2, pH and ERO2 were controlled in the autotransplanted lung and after hilar stripping. The contralateral lung was excluded by ligation of the right pulmonary artery. It appeared that such ligation is not sufficient for this purpose, whereas hilar stripping offers an adequate experimental model for the simulation of autotransplantation.", "contents": "[Functional studies after pulmonary autografts or hilar stripping. Experimental research]. pO2, pCO2, pH and ERO2 were controlled in the autotransplanted lung and after hilar stripping. The contralateral lung was excluded by ligation of the right pulmonary artery. It appeared that such ligation is not sufficient for this purpose, whereas hilar stripping offers an adequate experimental model for the simulation of autotransplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:358018", "title": "[Tumoral pathology of the jejunum. Apropos of 5 cases].", "content": "1654 cases of tumour of the digestive tube operated on in the Department of General Clinical Surgery and Surgical Therapy of the University of Pavia, during the period 2nd half 1964--1st half 1977, have been considered. Four primary tumours (1 leiomyoma, 2 adenocarcinomas, 1 reticulosarcoma) and one secondary tumour (metastases of retroperitoneal sarcoma) occurred in the jejunum and their pathology is examined from the etiopathogenetic and anatomoclinical viewpoints.", "contents": "[Tumoral pathology of the jejunum. Apropos of 5 cases]. 1654 cases of tumour of the digestive tube operated on in the Department of General Clinical Surgery and Surgical Therapy of the University of Pavia, during the period 2nd half 1964--1st half 1977, have been considered. Four primary tumours (1 leiomyoma, 2 adenocarcinomas, 1 reticulosarcoma) and one secondary tumour (metastases of retroperitoneal sarcoma) occurred in the jejunum and their pathology is examined from the etiopathogenetic and anatomoclinical viewpoints."}
{"id": "PMID:358020", "title": "[Stomitis caused by non-absorbable sutures: a complication to be avoided].", "content": "Stomitis due to non absorbable sutures is an increasingly common endoscopic finding. Personal experience has shown that this complication is not encountered when catgut sutures are employed in stomach operations. It is therefore recommmended that this or other absorbable material be used in gastric surgery. Stress is placed on the need to make use of absorbable threads for both inside and external sutures, since inflammation may be observed in the anastomosis even in cases where catgut is used fro mucosa-mucosa stitches and nonabsorbable material for serosaserosa sutures.", "contents": "[Stomitis caused by non-absorbable sutures: a complication to be avoided]. Stomitis due to non absorbable sutures is an increasingly common endoscopic finding. Personal experience has shown that this complication is not encountered when catgut sutures are employed in stomach operations. It is therefore recommmended that this or other absorbable material be used in gastric surgery. Stress is placed on the need to make use of absorbable threads for both inside and external sutures, since inflammation may be observed in the anastomosis even in cases where catgut is used fro mucosa-mucosa stitches and nonabsorbable material for serosaserosa sutures."}
{"id": "PMID:358021", "title": "[Controlled clinical study of the effects of Anasclerol in hospitalized patients with cerebrovascular disorders].", "content": "A double-blind clinical trial of vincamine hydrochloride and a known dihydrogenated ergotoxine derivative, administered i.m. for 10 days, was conducted on 2 groups of 10 hospitalised cerebrovascular patients. Hemiplegia was evaluated prior to treatment and on its 5th and 10th day, by a scoring system. Statistical assessment of the results and the clinical observations showed that vincamine hydrochloride can be usefully employed in the treatment of acute cerebrovascular accidents on account of its marked effectiveness and rapid action--these being attributable to its cerebral vasoregulatory and metabolic mechanism, and to increased availability due to salification of the basic molecule--, coupled with its excellent local and general tolerability.", "contents": "[Controlled clinical study of the effects of Anasclerol in hospitalized patients with cerebrovascular disorders]. A double-blind clinical trial of vincamine hydrochloride and a known dihydrogenated ergotoxine derivative, administered i.m. for 10 days, was conducted on 2 groups of 10 hospitalised cerebrovascular patients. Hemiplegia was evaluated prior to treatment and on its 5th and 10th day, by a scoring system. Statistical assessment of the results and the clinical observations showed that vincamine hydrochloride can be usefully employed in the treatment of acute cerebrovascular accidents on account of its marked effectiveness and rapid action--these being attributable to its cerebral vasoregulatory and metabolic mechanism, and to increased availability due to salification of the basic molecule--, coupled with its excellent local and general tolerability."}
{"id": "PMID:358022", "title": "[A case of oral localization of Crohn's disease. Review of the literature].", "content": "A case of Crohn's disease with specific tonsillar, pharyngeal and laryngeal lesions is presented. The unusualness of this site was clear from the literature. Stress is laid on the ubiquity of lesions indicative of the systemic nature of the disease. The intestinal lesions contain a viral agent that can be transmitted to animals.", "contents": "[A case of oral localization of Crohn's disease. Review of the literature]. A case of Crohn's disease with specific tonsillar, pharyngeal and laryngeal lesions is presented. The unusualness of this site was clear from the literature. Stress is laid on the ubiquity of lesions indicative of the systemic nature of the disease. The intestinal lesions contain a viral agent that can be transmitted to animals."}
{"id": "PMID:358023", "title": "[Notes on respiratory and cardiac pathology in an unpublished letter of Maurizio Bufalini].", "content": "An unpublished letter written by Maurizio Bufalini on 8th January 1820 describes a clinical case of considerable gravity characterized by asthma with pleural effusion and \"dilatation of the vena cava\". On this basis, the state of knowledge of asthma in that period, particularly in relation to heart diseases, is reviewed. Following a careful examination of the letter, the possibility that M. Bufalini may have been a forerunner of the modern concept of cor pulmonale is suggested.", "contents": "[Notes on respiratory and cardiac pathology in an unpublished letter of Maurizio Bufalini]. An unpublished letter written by Maurizio Bufalini on 8th January 1820 describes a clinical case of considerable gravity characterized by asthma with pleural effusion and \"dilatation of the vena cava\". On this basis, the state of knowledge of asthma in that period, particularly in relation to heart diseases, is reviewed. Following a careful examination of the letter, the possibility that M. Bufalini may have been a forerunner of the modern concept of cor pulmonale is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:358031", "title": "[Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis of cells during the changeover period in isoenzyme synthesis during drosophila ontogenesis].", "content": "The ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies of the differentiating epithelial cells of the ejaculatory bulb in D. littoralis Maigen (=D. imeretensis Sokolov) have shown that the change of synthesis of non-specific isozyme of carboxyl esterase to synthesis of organospecific carboxyl esterase is realized at the same time in all epithelial cells. The epithelium of ejaculatroy bulb is homogeneous by its celluaar composition at all stages of differetiation under study. No mitosing cells or distinct foci of degeneration were found in the epithelial layer after the flight of imago.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis of cells during the changeover period in isoenzyme synthesis during drosophila ontogenesis]. The ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies of the differentiating epithelial cells of the ejaculatory bulb in D. littoralis Maigen (=D. imeretensis Sokolov) have shown that the change of synthesis of non-specific isozyme of carboxyl esterase to synthesis of organospecific carboxyl esterase is realized at the same time in all epithelial cells. The epithelium of ejaculatroy bulb is homogeneous by its celluaar composition at all stages of differetiation under study. No mitosing cells or distinct foci of degeneration were found in the epithelial layer after the flight of imago."}
{"id": "PMID:358034", "title": "Speech considerations in oral surgery. Part I. Speech physiology.", "content": "A brief overview of the physiologic process associated with speech is presented. The areas of respiration, phonation, and articulation are defined, along with the role each plays in the production of speech sounds. Finally, a discussion is presented as to why an understanding of the dynamics of speech production is needed when ablative surgery is the preferred course of management for oral malignancies.", "contents": "Speech considerations in oral surgery. Part I. Speech physiology. A brief overview of the physiologic process associated with speech is presented. The areas of respiration, phonation, and articulation are defined, along with the role each plays in the production of speech sounds. Finally, a discussion is presented as to why an understanding of the dynamics of speech production is needed when ablative surgery is the preferred course of management for oral malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:358035", "title": "Speech considerations in oral surgery. Part II. Speech characteristics of patients following surgery for oral malignancies.", "content": "The characteristics of speech following ablative surgery for oral malignancies are presented. The speech following cheilotomy, maxillectomy, mandibulectomy, nasopharyngeal excavation, and glossectomy is described. Emphasis is placed on glossectomy because of the prevalence of this surgery and the nature of the research being done in this area. Finally, a discussion of research needs involving the oral surgeon, dentist, and speech pathologist is presented.", "contents": "Speech considerations in oral surgery. Part II. Speech characteristics of patients following surgery for oral malignancies. The characteristics of speech following ablative surgery for oral malignancies are presented. The speech following cheilotomy, maxillectomy, mandibulectomy, nasopharyngeal excavation, and glossectomy is described. Emphasis is placed on glossectomy because of the prevalence of this surgery and the nature of the research being done in this area. Finally, a discussion of research needs involving the oral surgeon, dentist, and speech pathologist is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:358036", "title": "Human pulp response to a new composite system. Vytol composite restorative and bonding agent.", "content": "A new two-paste composite system (Vytol and Vytol Bonding Agent) was evaluated to establish its level of pulpal response in human teeth and to determine whether a calcium hydroxide base is required. Class V cavity preparations were cut in seventy-two teeth of ten male patients whose ages averaged 52.5 years. The teeth were restored and extracted at 1 to 7 days, 12 to 14 days, and 47 to 56 days. Histologic evaluation indicated that the unlined Vytol System reacted very similarly to other commercially available composite restorative materials and that a calcium hydroxide base is effective in reducing or eliminating adverse pulp responses.", "contents": "Human pulp response to a new composite system. Vytol composite restorative and bonding agent. A new two-paste composite system (Vytol and Vytol Bonding Agent) was evaluated to establish its level of pulpal response in human teeth and to determine whether a calcium hydroxide base is required. Class V cavity preparations were cut in seventy-two teeth of ten male patients whose ages averaged 52.5 years. The teeth were restored and extracted at 1 to 7 days, 12 to 14 days, and 47 to 56 days. Histologic evaluation indicated that the unlined Vytol System reacted very similarly to other commercially available composite restorative materials and that a calcium hydroxide base is effective in reducing or eliminating adverse pulp responses."}
{"id": "PMID:358068", "title": "A pilot study of the treatment of outpatients with chronic pain: symptom control, stimulus control and social system intervention.", "content": "Of 6 outpatients with chronic pain, 5 completed therapy based on a 3-part treatment package designed to provide symptom control, stimulus control and social system modification. Each of the components of the treatment package resulted in therapeutic change. A mean of 35.8 weekly hour long therapy sessions resulted in statistically significant decreases in pain, hopelessness, depression and analgesic medication intake. Generally, these improvements were maintained at 6 months and 1 year follow-up. This study is consistent with the notion that chronic pain is maintained by a combination of inter- and intrapersonal factors. A controlled comparison of this treatment program with other treatments for chronic pain is indicated.", "contents": "A pilot study of the treatment of outpatients with chronic pain: symptom control, stimulus control and social system intervention. Of 6 outpatients with chronic pain, 5 completed therapy based on a 3-part treatment package designed to provide symptom control, stimulus control and social system modification. Each of the components of the treatment package resulted in therapeutic change. A mean of 35.8 weekly hour long therapy sessions resulted in statistically significant decreases in pain, hopelessness, depression and analgesic medication intake. Generally, these improvements were maintained at 6 months and 1 year follow-up. This study is consistent with the notion that chronic pain is maintained by a combination of inter- and intrapersonal factors. A controlled comparison of this treatment program with other treatments for chronic pain is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:358097", "title": "[Unusual giant inclusions in blast cells during acute transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia. Cytochemical and ultrastructural study (author's transl)].", "content": "Unusual giant inclusions are reported in the blast cells during the blastic crisis of a chronic granulocytic leukemia. These inclusions coudl have their origin in degenerated mitochondria, and acid phosphatase positivity suggests fusion with lysosomes. A possible viral etiology is discussed.", "contents": "[Unusual giant inclusions in blast cells during acute transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia. Cytochemical and ultrastructural study (author's transl)]. Unusual giant inclusions are reported in the blast cells during the blastic crisis of a chronic granulocytic leukemia. These inclusions coudl have their origin in degenerated mitochondria, and acid phosphatase positivity suggests fusion with lysosomes. A possible viral etiology is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:358098", "title": "[Electrical activity of the intestine in the conscious dog. Simultaneous pharmacologic investigation by chronic electrodes and electroperitoneography (author's transl)].", "content": "Two technics (chronic electrodes-electrointraperitoneography : EIG) have been used simultaneously in the conscious dog for the pharmacological study of drug effects on the electrical activity of intestine. The results show a good correlation between records obtained with the technic which needs a surgical operation (chronic electrodes) and the other which doesn't (EIG). The expected effects of the parasympathomimetic (acetylcholine-neostigmine) parasympatholytic (scopolamine) and adrenergic (epinephrine-neosynephrine) drugs used on the spiking activity are obtained with the two technics.", "contents": "[Electrical activity of the intestine in the conscious dog. Simultaneous pharmacologic investigation by chronic electrodes and electroperitoneography (author's transl)]. Two technics (chronic electrodes-electrointraperitoneography : EIG) have been used simultaneously in the conscious dog for the pharmacological study of drug effects on the electrical activity of intestine. The results show a good correlation between records obtained with the technic which needs a surgical operation (chronic electrodes) and the other which doesn't (EIG). The expected effects of the parasympathomimetic (acetylcholine-neostigmine) parasympatholytic (scopolamine) and adrenergic (epinephrine-neosynephrine) drugs used on the spiking activity are obtained with the two technics."}
{"id": "PMID:358099", "title": "[Aging and atherosclerosis of human aorta. Comparative evolution of seven glycosyl-transferases and of lactate-dehydrogenase (author's transl)].", "content": "Seven glycosyl-transferases and the lactico-dehydrogenase from human aortas were assayed. These aortas were divided in five classes according to the age and in five steps according to the atherogenesis. These enzymic activities do not show any parallelism in their evolution; their variation with age and with atherogenesis is quite different. For example, the N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase activity increases with atherogenesis whereas it diminishes with age; on the other hand the lactate-dehydrogenase activity increases with age and decreases with atherogenesis; the sialyl-transferase activity is nearly constant during adulthood while it hardly declines with atherogenesis. These assays suggest: 1) an effect of energy metabolism on the glycosyl-transferase activities; 2) a qualitative and quantitative variation of the glycosaminoglycans biosynthesis; 3) a structural modification of the glucidic part of the glycoproteins which can induce the formation of antigenic sites.", "contents": "[Aging and atherosclerosis of human aorta. Comparative evolution of seven glycosyl-transferases and of lactate-dehydrogenase (author's transl)]. Seven glycosyl-transferases and the lactico-dehydrogenase from human aortas were assayed. These aortas were divided in five classes according to the age and in five steps according to the atherogenesis. These enzymic activities do not show any parallelism in their evolution; their variation with age and with atherogenesis is quite different. For example, the N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase activity increases with atherogenesis whereas it diminishes with age; on the other hand the lactate-dehydrogenase activity increases with age and decreases with atherogenesis; the sialyl-transferase activity is nearly constant during adulthood while it hardly declines with atherogenesis. These assays suggest: 1) an effect of energy metabolism on the glycosyl-transferase activities; 2) a qualitative and quantitative variation of the glycosaminoglycans biosynthesis; 3) a structural modification of the glucidic part of the glycoproteins which can induce the formation of antigenic sites."}
{"id": "PMID:358100", "title": "Investigation and determination of the antifibrinolytic properties of dipeptides and synthetic compounds.", "content": "1) Investigation and evaluation of antifibrinolytic activity of some new compounds has been carried out using two technics based, one on the \"standard clots\" method and the other one on labelled clots methods. 2) Among the first four members of the linear amino diacids 2-aminopimelic acid possesses a slight antifibrinolytic activity, the others are non active. 3) The two dipeptides having the same chain length as EACA behave differently ; beta alanyl-glycine is practically inactive whilst glycyl-beta alanine possesses a significant inhibiting power. The question is raised as to whether this active dipeptide might play an antifibrinolytic role in the organism. 4) Among the cyclic epsilon-amino acids tested, alpha aminocampholic acid and dl cis (2,2 dimethyl-3-alpha-aminoethyl) cyclobutaneacetic acid possess and activity slightly superior to that of EACA.", "contents": "Investigation and determination of the antifibrinolytic properties of dipeptides and synthetic compounds. 1) Investigation and evaluation of antifibrinolytic activity of some new compounds has been carried out using two technics based, one on the \"standard clots\" method and the other one on labelled clots methods. 2) Among the first four members of the linear amino diacids 2-aminopimelic acid possesses a slight antifibrinolytic activity, the others are non active. 3) The two dipeptides having the same chain length as EACA behave differently ; beta alanyl-glycine is practically inactive whilst glycyl-beta alanine possesses a significant inhibiting power. The question is raised as to whether this active dipeptide might play an antifibrinolytic role in the organism. 4) Among the cyclic epsilon-amino acids tested, alpha aminocampholic acid and dl cis (2,2 dimethyl-3-alpha-aminoethyl) cyclobutaneacetic acid possess and activity slightly superior to that of EACA."}
{"id": "PMID:358101", "title": "[Long term course of insulin secretion in treated non-insulin dependent diabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "The long-term effects of sulfonamides were studied by means of hyperinsulinemia tests in 82 diabetics over a period of 12 months (24 months for 30 of them). Whereas for those (obese) diabetes whose only treatment was dieting--alone or combined with biguanides--hyperinsulinemia attenuates itself as do also variations in glycemia, although some asynchronism remains, in those diabetics treated with sulfonamides--alone or in combination with other treatments--the insulinemia curve is hardly modified.", "contents": "[Long term course of insulin secretion in treated non-insulin dependent diabetics (author's transl)]. The long-term effects of sulfonamides were studied by means of hyperinsulinemia tests in 82 diabetics over a period of 12 months (24 months for 30 of them). Whereas for those (obese) diabetes whose only treatment was dieting--alone or combined with biguanides--hyperinsulinemia attenuates itself as do also variations in glycemia, although some asynchronism remains, in those diabetics treated with sulfonamides--alone or in combination with other treatments--the insulinemia curve is hardly modified."}
{"id": "PMID:358108", "title": "Hereditary considerations in common disorders.", "content": "We have reviewed the approach of the modern clinical geneticist to the genetics of common diseases. The importance of considering genetic heterogeneity within these groups of disorders has been emphasized. The physician should recognize our present inability to deliver exact recurrence risks for most families with these common disorders. As our knowledge improves, we must constantly update our counseling. Until then, in most cases, we can only utilize the empirical risk data presently available and provide an idea of the magnitude of risk, which in many of these disorders appears low. However, continued utilization of imprecise risk data must not impede recognition of potential and demonstrated heterogeneity within these disorders, or retard the development of new and improved risk data based on knowledge of the heterogeneity within common diseases.", "contents": "Hereditary considerations in common disorders. We have reviewed the approach of the modern clinical geneticist to the genetics of common diseases. The importance of considering genetic heterogeneity within these groups of disorders has been emphasized. The physician should recognize our present inability to deliver exact recurrence risks for most families with these common disorders. As our knowledge improves, we must constantly update our counseling. Until then, in most cases, we can only utilize the empirical risk data presently available and provide an idea of the magnitude of risk, which in many of these disorders appears low. However, continued utilization of imprecise risk data must not impede recognition of potential and demonstrated heterogeneity within these disorders, or retard the development of new and improved risk data based on knowledge of the heterogeneity within common diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:358102", "title": "[Demonstration of Reed-Sternberg cells immunoglobulin production by ultrastructural immunocytochemistry (author's transl)].", "content": "Presence of immunoglobulins in the Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells cytoplasm is confirmed by ultrastructural immunoperoxydase methods using serum Fab human antigammaglobulins. Hypothesis proposed by Garvin of an immunoglobulin synthesis by unbound ribosomes seems probable.", "contents": "[Demonstration of Reed-Sternberg cells immunoglobulin production by ultrastructural immunocytochemistry (author's transl)]. Presence of immunoglobulins in the Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells cytoplasm is confirmed by ultrastructural immunoperoxydase methods using serum Fab human antigammaglobulins. Hypothesis proposed by Garvin of an immunoglobulin synthesis by unbound ribosomes seems probable."}
{"id": "PMID:358103", "title": "[Physical state of lipids accumulated in atherosclerotic lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "The work of Small and al. concerning the physical state of lipids accumulated in atherosclerotic plaques, is analysed. This team of biophysicists studies the composition in cholesterol, cholesterol esters and phospholipids, of each type of lesion and reports it on a phase diagram, while identifying the physical state of these lipids by polarizing microscope and by X-ray diffraction. In such a way, they show that the ordinary fatty streak has a composition which situates it in the 2 phases-zone, and actually demonstrate liquid crystals of phospholipids (+ cholesterol + cholesterol esters) and oily droplets of cholesterol esters, but never cholesterol crystals. In the other types of lesions (intermediary lesions, fibrous plaques and atheromatous plaques) they find, in addition to liquid crystals and oily droplets previously mentioned, crystals of cholesterol monohydrate, which leads to 3 phases. These findings are in accord with experimental models studied by the authors, for whom the physical state of lipids plays a very important role in the formation as well as the regression of atherosclerotic plaques.", "contents": "[Physical state of lipids accumulated in atherosclerotic lesions (author's transl)]. The work of Small and al. concerning the physical state of lipids accumulated in atherosclerotic plaques, is analysed. This team of biophysicists studies the composition in cholesterol, cholesterol esters and phospholipids, of each type of lesion and reports it on a phase diagram, while identifying the physical state of these lipids by polarizing microscope and by X-ray diffraction. In such a way, they show that the ordinary fatty streak has a composition which situates it in the 2 phases-zone, and actually demonstrate liquid crystals of phospholipids (+ cholesterol + cholesterol esters) and oily droplets of cholesterol esters, but never cholesterol crystals. In the other types of lesions (intermediary lesions, fibrous plaques and atheromatous plaques) they find, in addition to liquid crystals and oily droplets previously mentioned, crystals of cholesterol monohydrate, which leads to 3 phases. These findings are in accord with experimental models studied by the authors, for whom the physical state of lipids plays a very important role in the formation as well as the regression of atherosclerotic plaques."}
{"id": "PMID:358109", "title": "Heritable disorders of connective tissue: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.", "content": "The Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a relatively common heritable disorder of connective tissue. The cardinal features are cutaneous hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, bleeding diathesis, and tissue fragility, and these features lead to a large variety of additional manifestations. Of the eight presently described types, four varieties have been found to be caused by defects in the biogenesis of collagen, the major structural protein of the body. Consideration of the clinical features and probable mode of inheritance will permit subclassification of many patients into specific types, and biochemical confirmation is possible for several varieties.", "contents": "Heritable disorders of connective tissue: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a relatively common heritable disorder of connective tissue. The cardinal features are cutaneous hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, bleeding diathesis, and tissue fragility, and these features lead to a large variety of additional manifestations. Of the eight presently described types, four varieties have been found to be caused by defects in the biogenesis of collagen, the major structural protein of the body. Consideration of the clinical features and probable mode of inheritance will permit subclassification of many patients into specific types, and biochemical confirmation is possible for several varieties."}
{"id": "PMID:358104", "title": "[Antibody-coated bacteria in the urine of children. Technique and results (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the technique used to detect the antibody-coated bacteria at the Hospital Trousseau (Paris). The presence of antibody-coated bacteria in 132 children with urinary tract infection is evaluated and compared to the serum antibody titres in 109 children of the same group.", "contents": "[Antibody-coated bacteria in the urine of children. Technique and results (author's transl)]. The authors describe the technique used to detect the antibody-coated bacteria at the Hospital Trousseau (Paris). The presence of antibody-coated bacteria in 132 children with urinary tract infection is evaluated and compared to the serum antibody titres in 109 children of the same group."}
{"id": "PMID:358105", "title": "[Biochemical modifications of connective tissue induced by the non-saponifiables of avocado and soya-bean oils administered percutaneously in the \"Hairless\" rat (author's transl)].", "content": "A mixture of non-saponifiable fractions of avocado and soya-bean oils was administered percutaneously, for fifteen days, in a 5% dilution in decanol. They resulted in modifications of constituents of connective tissue of the treated skin and in subjacent carrageenan induced granulome. The effect on the granuloma was reduced to an increased total protein content. As for the skin, the effect of the non-saponifiables was different from that induced by the vehicle by an increase of water and lipids and an increased level of soluble proteins, including collagen, as compared to insoluble proteins. The results are in agreement with those obtained using the non-saponifiables taken orally but the effects appear sooner and are localized essentially at skin level.", "contents": "[Biochemical modifications of connective tissue induced by the non-saponifiables of avocado and soya-bean oils administered percutaneously in the \"Hairless\" rat (author's transl)]. A mixture of non-saponifiable fractions of avocado and soya-bean oils was administered percutaneously, for fifteen days, in a 5% dilution in decanol. They resulted in modifications of constituents of connective tissue of the treated skin and in subjacent carrageenan induced granulome. The effect on the granuloma was reduced to an increased total protein content. As for the skin, the effect of the non-saponifiables was different from that induced by the vehicle by an increase of water and lipids and an increased level of soluble proteins, including collagen, as compared to insoluble proteins. The results are in agreement with those obtained using the non-saponifiables taken orally but the effects appear sooner and are localized essentially at skin level."}
{"id": "PMID:358112", "title": "Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on pulmonary function and blood gases of infants with respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Nitrogen washout measurements and blood-gas analyses were made on 32 newborn infants with severe RDS at continuous positive airway pressures (CPAP) of 5, 10, and 15 cm H2O. Increases in airway pressure resulted in significant increases in PaO2 and functional residual capacity (FRC). It also produced significant decreases in alveolar turnover rates of the \"fast\" and \"slow\" alveolar spaces of a two-space lung model. Changes in CPAP did not significantly affect the distribution of ventilation. The changes in PaO2, due to changes in CPAP, did not correlate well with changes in FRC/wt nor with changes in alveolar turnover rates. Thus, the effects of increasing CPAP on PaO2 were not simply due to increases in FRC. The changes in PaO2 are due to a complex relationship between changes in FRC, alveolar turnover rates, and to other alterations in cardiopulmonary function that are yet to be fully understood.", "contents": "Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on pulmonary function and blood gases of infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Nitrogen washout measurements and blood-gas analyses were made on 32 newborn infants with severe RDS at continuous positive airway pressures (CPAP) of 5, 10, and 15 cm H2O. Increases in airway pressure resulted in significant increases in PaO2 and functional residual capacity (FRC). It also produced significant decreases in alveolar turnover rates of the \"fast\" and \"slow\" alveolar spaces of a two-space lung model. Changes in CPAP did not significantly affect the distribution of ventilation. The changes in PaO2, due to changes in CPAP, did not correlate well with changes in FRC/wt nor with changes in alveolar turnover rates. Thus, the effects of increasing CPAP on PaO2 were not simply due to increases in FRC. The changes in PaO2 are due to a complex relationship between changes in FRC, alveolar turnover rates, and to other alterations in cardiopulmonary function that are yet to be fully understood."}
{"id": "PMID:358119", "title": "Postneonatal infant mortality in infants to a neonatal intensive care unit.", "content": "The postneonatal infant mortality (PNIM) of 2,205 infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit from January 1971 to December 1974 was 44 in 1,000 infants who survived to age 28 days. This rate is approximately ten times that of the general population. Congenital malformations (59%), infections (12%), sudden infant death syndrome (10%), and asphyxial brain damage (10%) were the most common causes of death. One third (26) of the infants remained in the hospital whereas two thirds (52) had been dismissed prior to death. All who remained in the hospital plus 36 who had been dismissed died of severe illnesses that were incompatible with prolonged survival. The remaining PNIM was 10 in 1,000 neonatal survivors. This rate is still twice that of the general population. These deaths occurred in infants who were apparently well at the time of dismissal and subsequent examinations. Sudden infant death syndrome and infections constituted the largest portion of this mortality. Factors contributing to mortality in this group were poor socioeconomic status and low birth weight. Maternal age, race, marital status, and neonatal illnesses including apnea were not significantly related. Factors that appear to be important in the birth of high-risk infants continued to be operative in the postneonatal period, and contribute to a high mortality in apparently normal infants dismissed from the neonatal intensive care unit.", "contents": "Postneonatal infant mortality in infants to a neonatal intensive care unit. The postneonatal infant mortality (PNIM) of 2,205 infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit from January 1971 to December 1974 was 44 in 1,000 infants who survived to age 28 days. This rate is approximately ten times that of the general population. Congenital malformations (59%), infections (12%), sudden infant death syndrome (10%), and asphyxial brain damage (10%) were the most common causes of death. One third (26) of the infants remained in the hospital whereas two thirds (52) had been dismissed prior to death. All who remained in the hospital plus 36 who had been dismissed died of severe illnesses that were incompatible with prolonged survival. The remaining PNIM was 10 in 1,000 neonatal survivors. This rate is still twice that of the general population. These deaths occurred in infants who were apparently well at the time of dismissal and subsequent examinations. Sudden infant death syndrome and infections constituted the largest portion of this mortality. Factors contributing to mortality in this group were poor socioeconomic status and low birth weight. Maternal age, race, marital status, and neonatal illnesses including apnea were not significantly related. Factors that appear to be important in the birth of high-risk infants continued to be operative in the postneonatal period, and contribute to a high mortality in apparently normal infants dismissed from the neonatal intensive care unit."}
{"id": "PMID:358120", "title": "Treatment of chronic childhood asthma with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosols: II. Effect on pituitary-adrenal function after substitution for oral corticosteroids.", "content": "The effects of beclomethasone, dipropionate aerosol (DBA) (400 microgram/day) on clinical course, pulmonary function, and pituitary-adrenal function was studied in 34 steroid-dependent asthmatic children. Asthma severity was assessed by daily symptom and medication scores, peak flow measured three times a day, and weekly spirometry. Pituitary-adrenal function was evaluated by diurnal cortisol levels, cortisol responses to intravenous (IV) corticotropin (ACTH), and steroid responses to IV metyrapone. After 12 weeks of BDA therapy, 30 of 34 patients no longer required prednisone. Mean weekly symptom and medication scores and the number of attacks decreased significantly (P less than .01)). A significant improvement was demonstrated in the patients' peak flow (P less than .01), forced expiratory volume in one second, and maximum midexpiratory flow rates (P less than .01). Thirty of the 34 patients initially had abnormal metyrapone responses, 28 had abnormal diurnal cortisol levels, whereas only 14 had abnormal IV ACTH response tests. Although significant improvement was noted in the mean metyrapone and diurnal cortisol tests, only partial recovery of pituitary-adrenal function was observed in 20 patients, complete recovery in 5, and no change in 9. BDA was found to be therapeutically superior to oral steroids in the group of steroid-dependent asthmatic children and produced no serious adverse effects.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic childhood asthma with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosols: II. Effect on pituitary-adrenal function after substitution for oral corticosteroids. The effects of beclomethasone, dipropionate aerosol (DBA) (400 microgram/day) on clinical course, pulmonary function, and pituitary-adrenal function was studied in 34 steroid-dependent asthmatic children. Asthma severity was assessed by daily symptom and medication scores, peak flow measured three times a day, and weekly spirometry. Pituitary-adrenal function was evaluated by diurnal cortisol levels, cortisol responses to intravenous (IV) corticotropin (ACTH), and steroid responses to IV metyrapone. After 12 weeks of BDA therapy, 30 of 34 patients no longer required prednisone. Mean weekly symptom and medication scores and the number of attacks decreased significantly (P less than .01)). A significant improvement was demonstrated in the patients' peak flow (P less than .01), forced expiratory volume in one second, and maximum midexpiratory flow rates (P less than .01). Thirty of the 34 patients initially had abnormal metyrapone responses, 28 had abnormal diurnal cortisol levels, whereas only 14 had abnormal IV ACTH response tests. Although significant improvement was noted in the mean metyrapone and diurnal cortisol tests, only partial recovery of pituitary-adrenal function was observed in 20 patients, complete recovery in 5, and no change in 9. BDA was found to be therapeutically superior to oral steroids in the group of steroid-dependent asthmatic children and produced no serious adverse effects."}
{"id": "PMID:358121", "title": "Otitis media in the neonatal intensive care unit.", "content": "Thirty-eight of 125 premature infants who were hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) had abnormal tympanic membrane mobility compatible with otitis media. Twenty-five of these 38 had received antibiotics within one week of otoscopic examination and were considered to have either serous otitis or partially treated bacterial otitis media; tympanocentesis was not performed in them. Tympanocentesis was performed in the remaining 13 infants who had not received antibiotics. Bacterial otitis media was confirmed in ten of the 13. Either staphylococcal (six cases) or Gram-negative enteric organisms (four cases) were isolated in cultures obtained by tympanocentesis in these cases. The four cases of Gram-negative infections occurred in infants within six weeks of birth. Nasotracheal intubation for more than seven days was significantly correlated with impaired tympanic membrane mobility compatible with otitis media. Otitis media occurs frequently among premature infants who are hospitalized in an NICU, and it should be looked for in any infant in whom sepsis is clinically suspected.", "contents": "Otitis media in the neonatal intensive care unit. Thirty-eight of 125 premature infants who were hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) had abnormal tympanic membrane mobility compatible with otitis media. Twenty-five of these 38 had received antibiotics within one week of otoscopic examination and were considered to have either serous otitis or partially treated bacterial otitis media; tympanocentesis was not performed in them. Tympanocentesis was performed in the remaining 13 infants who had not received antibiotics. Bacterial otitis media was confirmed in ten of the 13. Either staphylococcal (six cases) or Gram-negative enteric organisms (four cases) were isolated in cultures obtained by tympanocentesis in these cases. The four cases of Gram-negative infections occurred in infants within six weeks of birth. Nasotracheal intubation for more than seven days was significantly correlated with impaired tympanic membrane mobility compatible with otitis media. Otitis media occurs frequently among premature infants who are hospitalized in an NICU, and it should be looked for in any infant in whom sepsis is clinically suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:358122", "title": "Postvaricella acute transverse myelitis: A case presentation and review of the literature.", "content": "Although the complications and sequelae of varicella are rare, they can cause significant mortality and morbidity in both the normal and compromised patient. Eight cases of \"pure\" acute transverse myelitis (ATM) following varicella have previously been reported in the literature. We report the ninth case of postvaricella ATM in a 9-year-old girl. Her course was characterized by paraplegia, sensory loss, hyperesthesia, and incontinence of urine and feces. All patients, except ours, recovered fully from ATM.", "contents": "Postvaricella acute transverse myelitis: A case presentation and review of the literature. Although the complications and sequelae of varicella are rare, they can cause significant mortality and morbidity in both the normal and compromised patient. Eight cases of \"pure\" acute transverse myelitis (ATM) following varicella have previously been reported in the literature. We report the ninth case of postvaricella ATM in a 9-year-old girl. Her course was characterized by paraplegia, sensory loss, hyperesthesia, and incontinence of urine and feces. All patients, except ours, recovered fully from ATM."}
{"id": "PMID:358123", "title": "Experimental design deck for clinical research: A new learning resource in aid of scientific thinking.", "content": "The Experimental Design Deck for Clinical Research is a simulation of a problem in experimental design in a card deck format. It is intended to stimulate the development of skills in scientific thinking by allowing the student, in a self-directed fashion, to design a clinical trial to test either a given hypothesis (specific deck) or a hypothesis that the player provides (general deck). In addition to its use as an educational tool, the Experimental Design Deck can be used as a guide to the application of scientific thinking in a variety of biomedical activities. It can easily be modified for application to problems in nonmedical research and evaluation.", "contents": "Experimental design deck for clinical research: A new learning resource in aid of scientific thinking. The Experimental Design Deck for Clinical Research is a simulation of a problem in experimental design in a card deck format. It is intended to stimulate the development of skills in scientific thinking by allowing the student, in a self-directed fashion, to design a clinical trial to test either a given hypothesis (specific deck) or a hypothesis that the player provides (general deck). In addition to its use as an educational tool, the Experimental Design Deck can be used as a guide to the application of scientific thinking in a variety of biomedical activities. It can easily be modified for application to problems in nonmedical research and evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:358131", "title": "The percepton of motion: Michotte revisited.", "content": "This paper extends the range of artificial-intelligence vision programs to the domain of moving objects, using the work of Michotte as a source of data for a computer program which purports to 'see' the action types he examined. Given the thesis that internal descriptions of a nonlinguistic type provide the basis for a constructive, knowledge-based theory of perception, the properties of a symbol-manipulating system capable of supporting this are explored as a challenge to the Michotte notion of \"direct perception without interpretation\".", "contents": "The percepton of motion: Michotte revisited. This paper extends the range of artificial-intelligence vision programs to the domain of moving objects, using the work of Michotte as a source of data for a computer program which purports to 'see' the action types he examined. Given the thesis that internal descriptions of a nonlinguistic type provide the basis for a constructive, knowledge-based theory of perception, the properties of a symbol-manipulating system capable of supporting this are explored as a challenge to the Michotte notion of \"direct perception without interpretation\"."}
{"id": "PMID:358132", "title": "Sir Charles Bell on visual direction.", "content": "Helmholtz is usually credited with demonstrating the relationship between the perception of visual direction and eye muscle activity: he said that directional judgements resulted from the effort of will involved in altering the position of the eyes. However, Bell reached the same conclusion many years earlier, primarily on the basis of experiments with afterimages: an afterimage appeared to move with voluntary movement of the eye, but it appeared stationary when the eye was moved passively.", "contents": "Sir Charles Bell on visual direction. Helmholtz is usually credited with demonstrating the relationship between the perception of visual direction and eye muscle activity: he said that directional judgements resulted from the effort of will involved in altering the position of the eyes. However, Bell reached the same conclusion many years earlier, primarily on the basis of experiments with afterimages: an afterimage appeared to move with voluntary movement of the eye, but it appeared stationary when the eye was moved passively."}
{"id": "PMID:358133", "title": "The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. XXVIII. Effect of glucose on Na+ fluxes in isolated islets.", "content": "The effect of glucose upon the handling of 22Na+ by pancreatic islets was investigated. Using a triple-isotope technique, the apparent concentration of Na+ in islet cells was estimated at 50--75 mM. The pattern of 22Na+ efflux from perifused islets indicates that this intracellular Na+ load is compartmentalized among a small, possibly organelle-bound pool characterized by a low fractional turnover rate (5%/min) and a large, presumably cystosolic pool displaying a much higher fractional turnover rate (20--34%/min). Glucose provokes a rapid, pronounced and sustained increase in the fractional outflow rate of Na+ across the plasma membrane and, under steady-state conditions, moderately reduces the concentration of Na+ inside the islet cells. The glucose-induced increase in Na+ outflow rate, which is also observed in response to glyceraldehyde and dose not require the presence of extracellular Ca2+, might be mediated, in part at least, by an ouabain-resistant ionophoretic system. The experimental data suggest that glucose also increases the inward transport of Na+ in islet cells by a veratridine-sensitive channel.", "contents": "The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. XXVIII. Effect of glucose on Na+ fluxes in isolated islets. The effect of glucose upon the handling of 22Na+ by pancreatic islets was investigated. Using a triple-isotope technique, the apparent concentration of Na+ in islet cells was estimated at 50--75 mM. The pattern of 22Na+ efflux from perifused islets indicates that this intracellular Na+ load is compartmentalized among a small, possibly organelle-bound pool characterized by a low fractional turnover rate (5%/min) and a large, presumably cystosolic pool displaying a much higher fractional turnover rate (20--34%/min). Glucose provokes a rapid, pronounced and sustained increase in the fractional outflow rate of Na+ across the plasma membrane and, under steady-state conditions, moderately reduces the concentration of Na+ inside the islet cells. The glucose-induced increase in Na+ outflow rate, which is also observed in response to glyceraldehyde and dose not require the presence of extracellular Ca2+, might be mediated, in part at least, by an ouabain-resistant ionophoretic system. The experimental data suggest that glucose also increases the inward transport of Na+ in islet cells by a veratridine-sensitive channel."}
{"id": "PMID:358134", "title": "A non-invasive determination of lung perfusion compared with the direct Fick method.", "content": "In 5 young pigs (7--9 kg each) data on effective lung perfusion were obtained using a sinusoidal forcing function in the inspired halothane concentration. These data were compared with the cardiac output measured by the direct Fick method for oxygen, corrected for venous admixture. To produce different levels of cardiac output during each experiment the respiratory and circulatory conditions were changed. For the 5 experiments taken together, the mean of the ratios between the non-invasively obtained effective lung perfusion and the venous admixture corrected Fick data was 1.01 (SD = 0.14, n = 55) with r = 0.92.", "contents": "A non-invasive determination of lung perfusion compared with the direct Fick method. In 5 young pigs (7--9 kg each) data on effective lung perfusion were obtained using a sinusoidal forcing function in the inspired halothane concentration. These data were compared with the cardiac output measured by the direct Fick method for oxygen, corrected for venous admixture. To produce different levels of cardiac output during each experiment the respiratory and circulatory conditions were changed. For the 5 experiments taken together, the mean of the ratios between the non-invasively obtained effective lung perfusion and the venous admixture corrected Fick data was 1.01 (SD = 0.14, n = 55) with r = 0.92."}
{"id": "PMID:358144", "title": "[Cutaneous and osseous autotransplant with vascular microanastomosis for the repair of a suppurating pseudoarthrosis with major loss of substance (author's transl)].", "content": "A 37 year-old-man with suppurative pseudoarthrosis of the leg with major loss of skin and bone substance, cure was cured by the autotransplant of a cutaneous-osseous block taken from the iliac crest, its vascularisation being ensured by microanastomosis of its vascular pedicle.", "contents": "[Cutaneous and osseous autotransplant with vascular microanastomosis for the repair of a suppurating pseudoarthrosis with major loss of substance (author's transl)]. A 37 year-old-man with suppurative pseudoarthrosis of the leg with major loss of skin and bone substance, cure was cured by the autotransplant of a cutaneous-osseous block taken from the iliac crest, its vascularisation being ensured by microanastomosis of its vascular pedicle."}
{"id": "PMID:358140", "title": "[The action of dihydroergotoxine in acute sickling crisis. Results of a double-blind study carried out in French speaking Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "A double-blind multicentre study was undertaken in French-speaking African countries, using parallel series in 34 SC homozygous or double-heterozygous subjects suffering from vasculo-occlusive sickling crisis. In the patients treated with dihydroergotoxine, there was a reduction in the duration of the episodes by 43 hours, i.e. more than one quarter of the total duration. This decrease was statistically significant (p is less than 0.05).", "contents": "[The action of dihydroergotoxine in acute sickling crisis. Results of a double-blind study carried out in French speaking Africa (author's transl)]. A double-blind multicentre study was undertaken in French-speaking African countries, using parallel series in 34 SC homozygous or double-heterozygous subjects suffering from vasculo-occlusive sickling crisis. In the patients treated with dihydroergotoxine, there was a reduction in the duration of the episodes by 43 hours, i.e. more than one quarter of the total duration. This decrease was statistically significant (p is less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:358141", "title": "[Primary fibrosing cholangitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary fibrosing cholangitis is a rare and grave disorder. It consists of an inflammatory stenosis, localised or extensive, of the extra or intra-hepatic system, with intramural fibrous thickening, leaving the mucosa and the serosa undamaged. It has many similar features to primary biliary cirrhosis, and would seem to be the same response of the biliary system to an agression which remains of unknown aetiology. The resection of localised stenoses, bilio-digestive by-pass procedures or external drainage of the common duct can only delay progression towards fatal cholangitis.", "contents": "[Primary fibrosing cholangitis (author's transl)]. Primary fibrosing cholangitis is a rare and grave disorder. It consists of an inflammatory stenosis, localised or extensive, of the extra or intra-hepatic system, with intramural fibrous thickening, leaving the mucosa and the serosa undamaged. It has many similar features to primary biliary cirrhosis, and would seem to be the same response of the biliary system to an agression which remains of unknown aetiology. The resection of localised stenoses, bilio-digestive by-pass procedures or external drainage of the common duct can only delay progression towards fatal cholangitis."}
{"id": "PMID:358142", "title": "[Surgical treatment of severe club foot: cutaneous plasty (author's transl)].", "content": "As they are seen late, some club feet get an important contracture of the skin. It can be an impediment to obtain a whole straightening of the foot by the cutaneous tension when the soft-tissues are closed. In order to avoid this risk, a rotational plasty is proposed, to which a \"Z\" plasty is added. It allows to realize a suture without any tension; it produces a very good and esthetic scar. So as, the physical therapy can be soon begun without any risk.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of severe club foot: cutaneous plasty (author's transl)]. As they are seen late, some club feet get an important contracture of the skin. It can be an impediment to obtain a whole straightening of the foot by the cutaneous tension when the soft-tissues are closed. In order to avoid this risk, a rotational plasty is proposed, to which a \"Z\" plasty is added. It allows to realize a suture without any tension; it produces a very good and esthetic scar. So as, the physical therapy can be soon begun without any risk."}
{"id": "PMID:358146", "title": "Evidence for RNA-RNA cross-link formation in Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "Evidence is presented in three separate cases for the formation of RNA-RNA cross-links in intact E. coli ribosomes and ribosomal subunits. The first case is a cross-link between the 18S and 13S regions of the 23S RNA, induced by ultraviolet irradiation. The second is a cross-link at the subunit interface, generated by the bifunctional reagent bis-(2-chloroethyl)-amine. The third example is a cross-link between sections O'-D and P-A of the 16S RNA, induced as in the first case by ultraviolet irradiation. The RNA-RNA cross-links can be identified as such, despite the complications introduced by concomitant RNA-protein cross-linking reactions. The experiments represent a first attempt to introduce RNA-RNA cross-linking into studies of the topographical organization of the RNA within the ribosome.", "contents": "Evidence for RNA-RNA cross-link formation in Escherichia coli ribosomes. Evidence is presented in three separate cases for the formation of RNA-RNA cross-links in intact E. coli ribosomes and ribosomal subunits. The first case is a cross-link between the 18S and 13S regions of the 23S RNA, induced by ultraviolet irradiation. The second is a cross-link at the subunit interface, generated by the bifunctional reagent bis-(2-chloroethyl)-amine. The third example is a cross-link between sections O'-D and P-A of the 16S RNA, induced as in the first case by ultraviolet irradiation. The RNA-RNA cross-links can be identified as such, despite the complications introduced by concomitant RNA-protein cross-linking reactions. The experiments represent a first attempt to introduce RNA-RNA cross-linking into studies of the topographical organization of the RNA within the ribosome."}
{"id": "PMID:358147", "title": "pBR322 restriction map derived from the DNA sequence: accurate DNA size markers up to 4361 nucleotide pairs long.", "content": "I have derived a complete restriction map of pBR322 from the total nucleotide sequence of the plasmid. Most of the restriction sites also have been demonstrated empirically. The exact sizes of all restriction fragments and the relative positions of the cuts are presented. These fragments can serve as accurate DNA size markers from small pieces up to the 4362 base pair length of pBR322. Inserts cloned in this vector may be characterized easily using this data.", "contents": "pBR322 restriction map derived from the DNA sequence: accurate DNA size markers up to 4361 nucleotide pairs long. I have derived a complete restriction map of pBR322 from the total nucleotide sequence of the plasmid. Most of the restriction sites also have been demonstrated empirically. The exact sizes of all restriction fragments and the relative positions of the cuts are presented. These fragments can serve as accurate DNA size markers from small pieces up to the 4362 base pair length of pBR322. Inserts cloned in this vector may be characterized easily using this data."}
{"id": "PMID:358148", "title": "On the role of protein S4 N-terminal residues 1 through 30 in 30S ribosome function.", "content": "30S ribosomal protein S4 contains a single cysteine residue at position 31. We have selectively cleaved the peptide bond adjacent to this residue using the reagent 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid. The two resultant fragments were purified. The smaller S4-fragment (1-30) was found to be incapable of interacting with 16S RNA directly. This fragment also is not incorporated into a particle reconstituted from 16S RNA and 20 purified proteins with S4 missing. In contrast, the large S4-fragment (31-203) appears to be fully functional in ribosome assembly. Replacement of S4 with this fragment in the reconstitution reaction leads to a complete 30S ribosome containing all 30S proteins. This particle has a full capacity to bind poly U but has lost all activity for poly U directed phe-tRNA binding. We therefore propose that the N-terminus of protein S4 is not critical for ribosome assembly but is essential for tRNA binding.", "contents": "On the role of protein S4 N-terminal residues 1 through 30 in 30S ribosome function. 30S ribosomal protein S4 contains a single cysteine residue at position 31. We have selectively cleaved the peptide bond adjacent to this residue using the reagent 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid. The two resultant fragments were purified. The smaller S4-fragment (1-30) was found to be incapable of interacting with 16S RNA directly. This fragment also is not incorporated into a particle reconstituted from 16S RNA and 20 purified proteins with S4 missing. In contrast, the large S4-fragment (31-203) appears to be fully functional in ribosome assembly. Replacement of S4 with this fragment in the reconstitution reaction leads to a complete 30S ribosome containing all 30S proteins. This particle has a full capacity to bind poly U but has lost all activity for poly U directed phe-tRNA binding. We therefore propose that the N-terminus of protein S4 is not critical for ribosome assembly but is essential for tRNA binding."}
{"id": "PMID:358176", "title": "[Pulmonary nocardiosis].", "content": "Nocardioses are unusual broncho-pneumopathies with a dangerous evolution which should be better known. They occur usually, except in case no. 1, in patients with decreased immunity. For this reason they belong to superinfection with opportunist germs. It should be kept in mind when identfying the nocardia so as to start an early specific treatment.", "contents": "[Pulmonary nocardiosis]. Nocardioses are unusual broncho-pneumopathies with a dangerous evolution which should be better known. They occur usually, except in case no. 1, in patients with decreased immunity. For this reason they belong to superinfection with opportunist germs. It should be kept in mind when identfying the nocardia so as to start an early specific treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:358177", "title": "[Bronchial fibroscopy. Indications and results].", "content": "The authors report a personal experience of 1.159 bronchial fibroscopies performed in 3 years. They review the literature for the indications and results of bronchial fibroscopy (except results on trans-bronchial biopsies). The diagnostic value of this technique is highly superior, where bronchopulmonary cancers are concerned, to the traditional bronchoscopy. Besides these classical indications, the place of bronchial fibroscopy in intensive care, and its help for bacteriological and parasitological diagnoses, must be underlined.", "contents": "[Bronchial fibroscopy. Indications and results]. The authors report a personal experience of 1.159 bronchial fibroscopies performed in 3 years. They review the literature for the indications and results of bronchial fibroscopy (except results on trans-bronchial biopsies). The diagnostic value of this technique is highly superior, where bronchopulmonary cancers are concerned, to the traditional bronchoscopy. Besides these classical indications, the place of bronchial fibroscopy in intensive care, and its help for bacteriological and parasitological diagnoses, must be underlined."}
{"id": "PMID:358178", "title": "[Some observations regarding long-term intubation and tracheotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of new non-irritating thermoplastic endotracheal tubes together with improved nursing techniques have resulted in a considerable reduction in the number of tracheotomies. The choice of method to keep the airways patient depends on various factors and must be made individually. The advantages and disadvantages of naso-tracheal and oro-tracheal intubation and of tracheotomy are reviewed. Some of the risks and complications attendant on long-term naso-tracheal intubation are discussed. Maxillary sinusitis due to obstructed drainage should have X-ray examination without delay and, if necessary, treatment. Suspicious of an open fracture of the base of the skull constitutes a contraindication to nasal intubation. Provided there are no contra-indications and the organs touched by the endotracheal tube (nose, pharynx, larynx) are regularly inspected, nasotracheal intubation can, with careful nursing, be continued for prolonged periods. Tracheotomy is still indicated in some cases.", "contents": "[Some observations regarding long-term intubation and tracheotomy (author's transl)]. The development of new non-irritating thermoplastic endotracheal tubes together with improved nursing techniques have resulted in a considerable reduction in the number of tracheotomies. The choice of method to keep the airways patient depends on various factors and must be made individually. The advantages and disadvantages of naso-tracheal and oro-tracheal intubation and of tracheotomy are reviewed. Some of the risks and complications attendant on long-term naso-tracheal intubation are discussed. Maxillary sinusitis due to obstructed drainage should have X-ray examination without delay and, if necessary, treatment. Suspicious of an open fracture of the base of the skull constitutes a contraindication to nasal intubation. Provided there are no contra-indications and the organs touched by the endotracheal tube (nose, pharynx, larynx) are regularly inspected, nasotracheal intubation can, with careful nursing, be continued for prolonged periods. Tracheotomy is still indicated in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:358179", "title": "[Haemodynamic changes during artificial ventilation with and without positive end-expiratory pressure in respiratory insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Artificial ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) affects the haemodynamic function of the various organs differently. Depending on intravascular volume, myocardial contractility and the pulmonary vasculature PEEP ventilation may result in a reduced cardiac output. By increasing the circulating blood volume the cardiovascular changes induced by PEEP can be minimized. When PEEP ventilation is stopped symptoms of hypervolaemia may appear. The effects of PEEP ventilation on the brain, liver, mesenterial circulation and kidney manifest themselves in a rise of intracranial pressure, reduced portal bloodflow, increased mesenteric vascular resistance and redistribution of the intrarenal blood flow respectively.", "contents": "[Haemodynamic changes during artificial ventilation with and without positive end-expiratory pressure in respiratory insufficiency (author's transl)]. Artificial ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) affects the haemodynamic function of the various organs differently. Depending on intravascular volume, myocardial contractility and the pulmonary vasculature PEEP ventilation may result in a reduced cardiac output. By increasing the circulating blood volume the cardiovascular changes induced by PEEP can be minimized. When PEEP ventilation is stopped symptoms of hypervolaemia may appear. The effects of PEEP ventilation on the brain, liver, mesenterial circulation and kidney manifest themselves in a rise of intracranial pressure, reduced portal bloodflow, increased mesenteric vascular resistance and redistribution of the intrarenal blood flow respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:358180", "title": "[Desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Peripheral eosinophilia in DIP: a new clinical aspect (author's transl)].", "content": "It were Liebow et al. (1965) who, for the first time, described the desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) as one clinical and morphological unit. The etiopathology of this disease is still unknown and there exist many controversial opinions as to its role within the interstitial pneumonias. For the clinical-physician the DIP represents a difficult problem because there seems to be no uniform appearance to this disease. So a lung-biopsy is the unique way to make a definitive diagnosis. The following description represents a case of DIP observed at our hospital. At the same time we tried to give a review of our present knowledge concerning the morphology, course and therapy of this disease. We think it should be note that the DIP was accompanied by an extreme peripheral eosinophilia. To our knowledge this is the first time such a phenomenon is described. In the course of the treatment with steroids the eosinophilia disappeared parallel to the normalization of the radiographic findings.", "contents": "[Desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Peripheral eosinophilia in DIP: a new clinical aspect (author's transl)]. It were Liebow et al. (1965) who, for the first time, described the desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) as one clinical and morphological unit. The etiopathology of this disease is still unknown and there exist many controversial opinions as to its role within the interstitial pneumonias. For the clinical-physician the DIP represents a difficult problem because there seems to be no uniform appearance to this disease. So a lung-biopsy is the unique way to make a definitive diagnosis. The following description represents a case of DIP observed at our hospital. At the same time we tried to give a review of our present knowledge concerning the morphology, course and therapy of this disease. We think it should be note that the DIP was accompanied by an extreme peripheral eosinophilia. To our knowledge this is the first time such a phenomenon is described. In the course of the treatment with steroids the eosinophilia disappeared parallel to the normalization of the radiographic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:358185", "title": "A case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.", "content": "The case is reported of a 64-year-old woman with ataxia and dementia progressing to a state of extrapyramidal rigidity and death in 10 months. The neuropathological changes characterised by severe nerve cell degeneration and loss, a hypertrophic astrocytic gliosis and a status spongiosus were widespread in the cerebral cortex, corpus striatum and cerebellum and confirmed the clinical diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.", "contents": "A case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The case is reported of a 64-year-old woman with ataxia and dementia progressing to a state of extrapyramidal rigidity and death in 10 months. The neuropathological changes characterised by severe nerve cell degeneration and loss, a hypertrophic astrocytic gliosis and a status spongiosus were widespread in the cerebral cortex, corpus striatum and cerebellum and confirmed the clinical diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease."}
{"id": "PMID:358186", "title": "Plasma sodium valproate levels and clinical response in epilepsy.", "content": "Serial plasma levels of sodium valproate were estimated in 12 epileptic patients and 10 normal subjects after a single dose of the drug, whilst random estimations were performed in another group of 32 patients already stabilised on sodium valproate. The tentative conclusions arrived at by this study were: 1) In the majority of patients and normal subjects peak plasma levels were reached by the end of the first or second hour. 2) The majority of clinically controlled subjects showed a plasma level above 40microgram/ml. 3) Similar doses of sodium valproate (mg/kg) produced higher plasma levels in normal subjects than in the epileptic patients. Whether this is an effect of other anticonvulsants the patients were taking at the same time is a matter for conjecture. 4) Dosage and plasma levels did not appear to show a close correlation. 5) Random estimation of plasma levels are of little value for monitoring therapeutic efficacy, unless timed in relation to the dose, for reasons already mentioned above.", "contents": "Plasma sodium valproate levels and clinical response in epilepsy. Serial plasma levels of sodium valproate were estimated in 12 epileptic patients and 10 normal subjects after a single dose of the drug, whilst random estimations were performed in another group of 32 patients already stabilised on sodium valproate. The tentative conclusions arrived at by this study were: 1) In the majority of patients and normal subjects peak plasma levels were reached by the end of the first or second hour. 2) The majority of clinically controlled subjects showed a plasma level above 40microgram/ml. 3) Similar doses of sodium valproate (mg/kg) produced higher plasma levels in normal subjects than in the epileptic patients. Whether this is an effect of other anticonvulsants the patients were taking at the same time is a matter for conjecture. 4) Dosage and plasma levels did not appear to show a close correlation. 5) Random estimation of plasma levels are of little value for monitoring therapeutic efficacy, unless timed in relation to the dose, for reasons already mentioned above."}
{"id": "PMID:358188", "title": "Inactivation of phage repressor in a permeable cell system: role of recBC DNase in induction.", "content": "UV light causes inactivation of phage (phi80) repressor molecules in a plasmolyzed, permeable cell preparation of Escherichia coli. Induction without UV irradiation occurs when the permeable cells are incubated in the presence of four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and ATP. The induction triggered by dNTP's requires a functional recBC gene product and is associated with degradation of the DNA replication fork. The role of recBC DNase in the induction of prophage and SOS functions in general is discussed.", "contents": "Inactivation of phage repressor in a permeable cell system: role of recBC DNase in induction. UV light causes inactivation of phage (phi80) repressor molecules in a plasmolyzed, permeable cell preparation of Escherichia coli. Induction without UV irradiation occurs when the permeable cells are incubated in the presence of four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and ATP. The induction triggered by dNTP's requires a functional recBC gene product and is associated with degradation of the DNA replication fork. The role of recBC DNase in the induction of prophage and SOS functions in general is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:358189", "title": "Complementary sequences 1700 nucleotides apart form a ribonuclease III cleavage site in Escherichia coli ribosomal precursor RNA.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of Escherichia coli DNA at both ends of the gene for 16S rRNA has been determined for two rRNA operons, rrnD and rrnX. The 400 nucleotides we have examined exhibit only one base change between rrnD and rrnX. Within the 160 nucleotides that precede mature 16S rRNA sequences are cleavage sites for several E. coli endonucleases, including RNase III. A 240-nucleotide segment encompassing the 16S 3' end contains another RNase III site and the point of presumed RNase P scission at the 5' end of tRNA1Ile, the first tRNA appearing in the 16-23S spacer region of rrnD and rrnX. Most importantly, the DNA sequences predict that regions flanking the 16S gene in the rRNA primary transcript extensively base pair to form a double-helical structure whose hairpin loop includes the entire mature 16S molecule; within this structure is a 26-base-pair stem containing the two sequences at which RNase III action generates the 5' and 3' ends of a previously characterized precursor to 16S rRNA. Although our proposed secondary structure for this RNase III site is superficially dissimilar to previously described cleavage sites in the T7 early mRNA precursor, certain common features may constitute signals for RNase III recognition. The suggestion that distant portions of an RNA molecule can form a secondary structure within which specific endonucleolytic cleavages occur may have mechanistic implications for the joining of noncontiguous portions of gene sequences evident in several eukaryotic mRNAs.", "contents": "Complementary sequences 1700 nucleotides apart form a ribonuclease III cleavage site in Escherichia coli ribosomal precursor RNA. The nucleotide sequence of Escherichia coli DNA at both ends of the gene for 16S rRNA has been determined for two rRNA operons, rrnD and rrnX. The 400 nucleotides we have examined exhibit only one base change between rrnD and rrnX. Within the 160 nucleotides that precede mature 16S rRNA sequences are cleavage sites for several E. coli endonucleases, including RNase III. A 240-nucleotide segment encompassing the 16S 3' end contains another RNase III site and the point of presumed RNase P scission at the 5' end of tRNA1Ile, the first tRNA appearing in the 16-23S spacer region of rrnD and rrnX. Most importantly, the DNA sequences predict that regions flanking the 16S gene in the rRNA primary transcript extensively base pair to form a double-helical structure whose hairpin loop includes the entire mature 16S molecule; within this structure is a 26-base-pair stem containing the two sequences at which RNase III action generates the 5' and 3' ends of a previously characterized precursor to 16S rRNA. Although our proposed secondary structure for this RNase III site is superficially dissimilar to previously described cleavage sites in the T7 early mRNA precursor, certain common features may constitute signals for RNase III recognition. The suggestion that distant portions of an RNA molecule can form a secondary structure within which specific endonucleolytic cleavages occur may have mechanistic implications for the joining of noncontiguous portions of gene sequences evident in several eukaryotic mRNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:358190", "title": "Processing of the 5' end of Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal RNA.", "content": "We have isolated and partially characterized an endonuclease involved in processing the 5' end of 16S rRNA of Escherichia coli. A mutant strain that is deficient in this enzyme accumulates a new precursor of 16S rRNA, named 16.3S rRNA. This rRNA has the 3' end of mature 16S rRNA but is about 60 nucleotides longer at the 5' end. In vitro, the enzyme preparation cleaves an RNA fragment of about 60 nucleotides from the 5' end of 16.3S rRNA in 30S ribosomal subunits, yielding the mature 5' end of 16S rRNA. In the mutant strain the 16.3S rRNA is associated with a full complement of 21 ribosomal proteins in 30S subunits. These particles, which comprise 50% of the total 30S subunits, are present on polyribosomes.", "contents": "Processing of the 5' end of Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal RNA. We have isolated and partially characterized an endonuclease involved in processing the 5' end of 16S rRNA of Escherichia coli. A mutant strain that is deficient in this enzyme accumulates a new precursor of 16S rRNA, named 16.3S rRNA. This rRNA has the 3' end of mature 16S rRNA but is about 60 nucleotides longer at the 5' end. In vitro, the enzyme preparation cleaves an RNA fragment of about 60 nucleotides from the 5' end of 16.3S rRNA in 30S ribosomal subunits, yielding the mature 5' end of 16S rRNA. In the mutant strain the 16.3S rRNA is associated with a full complement of 21 ribosomal proteins in 30S subunits. These particles, which comprise 50% of the total 30S subunits, are present on polyribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:358191", "title": "A protein methylesterase involved in bacterial sensing.", "content": "A protein methylesterase has been identified in soluble extracts of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of gamma-glutamyl methyl ester residues from membrane-bound 60,000-molecular weight proteins that are essential for chemotaxis. Analyses of methylesterase activity in a variety of chemotactically defective strains suggest that the methylesterase is a product of the cheX gene in Salmonella and the cheB gene in E. coli. In addition, the cheT gene product in S. typhimurium seems to play a role in expression of methylesterase activity. Mutant strains lacking the protein methylesterase tumble incessantly in the absence of attractant gradients. This behavior is the converse of that shown by mutant strains defective in methyltransferase activity, which swim smoothly in the absence of repellent gradients. This finding indicates that reversible methylation acts as a control mechanism and that both a methyltransferase and a protein methylesterase are instrumental in bacterial sensing.", "contents": "A protein methylesterase involved in bacterial sensing. A protein methylesterase has been identified in soluble extracts of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of gamma-glutamyl methyl ester residues from membrane-bound 60,000-molecular weight proteins that are essential for chemotaxis. Analyses of methylesterase activity in a variety of chemotactically defective strains suggest that the methylesterase is a product of the cheX gene in Salmonella and the cheB gene in E. coli. In addition, the cheT gene product in S. typhimurium seems to play a role in expression of methylesterase activity. Mutant strains lacking the protein methylesterase tumble incessantly in the absence of attractant gradients. This behavior is the converse of that shown by mutant strains defective in methyltransferase activity, which swim smoothly in the absence of repellent gradients. This finding indicates that reversible methylation acts as a control mechanism and that both a methyltransferase and a protein methylesterase are instrumental in bacterial sensing."}
{"id": "PMID:358192", "title": "Low molecular weight RNA species encoded by a multiple drug resistance plasmid.", "content": "Multiple drug resistance plasmid NR1 is shown to code for at least 10 low molecular weight RNAs. These species, ranging in size from 60 to 120 nucleotides, have been purified from minicells by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and characterized by RNase T1 fingerprinting. Hybridization of purified RNAs to restriction endonuclease digests of NR1 DNA indicates that most are derived from the resistance transfer factor region of the plasmid genome. One RNA was found to be coded by the transposable tetracycline resistance element Tn10, and several are associated with DNA fragments that contain origins of replication.", "contents": "Low molecular weight RNA species encoded by a multiple drug resistance plasmid. Multiple drug resistance plasmid NR1 is shown to code for at least 10 low molecular weight RNAs. These species, ranging in size from 60 to 120 nucleotides, have been purified from minicells by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and characterized by RNase T1 fingerprinting. Hybridization of purified RNAs to restriction endonuclease digests of NR1 DNA indicates that most are derived from the resistance transfer factor region of the plasmid genome. One RNA was found to be coded by the transposable tetracycline resistance element Tn10, and several are associated with DNA fragments that contain origins of replication."}
{"id": "PMID:358193", "title": "Fluorescent localization of membrane sites in glycerinated chicken skeletal muscle fibers and the relationship of these sites to the protein composition of the Z disc.", "content": "Didansyl derivatives of amino acids and N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine were used to localize membrane hydrophobic sites in glycerol-extracted chicken skeletal muscle fibers. Epifluorescence microscopy revealed that such sites coincide with the distribution of mitochondria, the transverse tubular (T) system and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). They are specifically associated with myofibril Z lines and occasionally extend from one Z plane to the next longitudinally along the muscle fiber. The hydrophobic probes interact noncovalently with the Z lines, and their induced fluorescence can be eliminated by exposure of the myofibrils to ionic detergents, nonionic detergents, or phospholipase C, before or after addition of the hydrophobic label. Extraction of glycerinated fibers with 0.6 M KI removes the majority of sarcomeric actin and myosin and leaves a scaffold of longitudinally interconnected Z planes. Membrane fluorescence remains tightly associated with these Z planes and with the remnant mitochondria. Shearing of such scaffolds results in the cleavage of the longitudinal connections and the production of large sheets of interconnected, close-packed Z discs in a honeycomb-like array. Comparison of the localization of two Z disc proteins, desmin and alpha-actinin, with that of the membrane material reveals that alpha-actinin is localized in the interior of each myofibril Z disc whereas both desmin and the membrane material surround each disc. Thus, glycerination and KI extraction of muscle fibers leaves remnants of T system and SR membranes tightly associated with the Z disc honeycomb lattice. Because the Z discs are connected at their peripheries through the T system appear to the plasma membrane, desmin and this membrane structure appear to be connected throughout the whole Z plane up to and including the plasma membrane. The congruent localization of desmin and the T system strongly suggests that this molecule mediates the adhesion of this membrane system around each Z disc.", "contents": "Fluorescent localization of membrane sites in glycerinated chicken skeletal muscle fibers and the relationship of these sites to the protein composition of the Z disc. Didansyl derivatives of amino acids and N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine were used to localize membrane hydrophobic sites in glycerol-extracted chicken skeletal muscle fibers. Epifluorescence microscopy revealed that such sites coincide with the distribution of mitochondria, the transverse tubular (T) system and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). They are specifically associated with myofibril Z lines and occasionally extend from one Z plane to the next longitudinally along the muscle fiber. The hydrophobic probes interact noncovalently with the Z lines, and their induced fluorescence can be eliminated by exposure of the myofibrils to ionic detergents, nonionic detergents, or phospholipase C, before or after addition of the hydrophobic label. Extraction of glycerinated fibers with 0.6 M KI removes the majority of sarcomeric actin and myosin and leaves a scaffold of longitudinally interconnected Z planes. Membrane fluorescence remains tightly associated with these Z planes and with the remnant mitochondria. Shearing of such scaffolds results in the cleavage of the longitudinal connections and the production of large sheets of interconnected, close-packed Z discs in a honeycomb-like array. Comparison of the localization of two Z disc proteins, desmin and alpha-actinin, with that of the membrane material reveals that alpha-actinin is localized in the interior of each myofibril Z disc whereas both desmin and the membrane material surround each disc. Thus, glycerination and KI extraction of muscle fibers leaves remnants of T system and SR membranes tightly associated with the Z disc honeycomb lattice. Because the Z discs are connected at their peripheries through the T system appear to the plasma membrane, desmin and this membrane structure appear to be connected throughout the whole Z plane up to and including the plasma membrane. The congruent localization of desmin and the T system strongly suggests that this molecule mediates the adhesion of this membrane system around each Z disc."}
{"id": "PMID:358194", "title": "The ovalbumin gene: cloning of the natural gene.", "content": "The structural ovalbumin DNA sequences are not contiguous and are separated by multiple \"intervening regions\" in native chicken DNA. EcoRI, a restriction endonuclease that does not cleave the structural ovalbumin DNA sequences, digests the natural ovalbumin gene into three distinct fragments of 2.4, 1.8, and 9.5 kilobase pairs in length by cleaving within these \"intervening regions.\" The 2.4-kilobase pair fragment contains only about 450 nucleotide pairs of coding sequence, with the rest being intervening sequences. This DNA fragment was cloned in bacteria by using the certified EK2 vector lambdagtWES.lambdaB after enrichment from total EcoRI-digested chicken DNA by a combination of RPC-5 column chromatography and preparative agarose gel electrophoresis. Five out of approximately 20,000 recombinant phage plaques were capable of hybridizing with a (32)P-labeled Hha I fragment of a recombinant plasmid pOV230 containing the entire structural ovalbumin gene. DNA amplified in these recombinant phages, lambdagtWES.OV2.4, was shown to contain the same restriction endonuclease cleavage sites as in the 2.4-kilobase pair EcoRI fragment previously determined by restriction mapping of total genomic chicken DNA. The intervening sequences were allowed to hybridize with excess total chicken DNA and oviduct nuclear RNA after nick-translation. They were found to be unique chicken DNA sequences, and appeared to be transcribed in their entireties during gene expression. Like the structural gene sequences, the expression of the intervening sequences is also inducible by steroid hormones.", "contents": "The ovalbumin gene: cloning of the natural gene. The structural ovalbumin DNA sequences are not contiguous and are separated by multiple \"intervening regions\" in native chicken DNA. EcoRI, a restriction endonuclease that does not cleave the structural ovalbumin DNA sequences, digests the natural ovalbumin gene into three distinct fragments of 2.4, 1.8, and 9.5 kilobase pairs in length by cleaving within these \"intervening regions.\" The 2.4-kilobase pair fragment contains only about 450 nucleotide pairs of coding sequence, with the rest being intervening sequences. This DNA fragment was cloned in bacteria by using the certified EK2 vector lambdagtWES.lambdaB after enrichment from total EcoRI-digested chicken DNA by a combination of RPC-5 column chromatography and preparative agarose gel electrophoresis. Five out of approximately 20,000 recombinant phage plaques were capable of hybridizing with a (32)P-labeled Hha I fragment of a recombinant plasmid pOV230 containing the entire structural ovalbumin gene. DNA amplified in these recombinant phages, lambdagtWES.OV2.4, was shown to contain the same restriction endonuclease cleavage sites as in the 2.4-kilobase pair EcoRI fragment previously determined by restriction mapping of total genomic chicken DNA. The intervening sequences were allowed to hybridize with excess total chicken DNA and oviduct nuclear RNA after nick-translation. They were found to be unique chicken DNA sequences, and appeared to be transcribed in their entireties during gene expression. Like the structural gene sequences, the expression of the intervening sequences is also inducible by steroid hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:358195", "title": "In vitro system from Escherichia coli that catalyzes generalized genetic recombination.", "content": "This paper reports an in vitro system for studying generalized genetic recombination. The system uses extracts from Escherichia coli as a source of enzymes and plasmid DNA molecules as substrates. Unit-size plasmid DNA rings are converted into genomes fused at a region of DNA homology at a frequency of about 5-10% over a period of hours. That the fused structures are the result of recombination is supported by two lines of evidence. When two partially homologous plasmids of different sizes are used as substrates for the in vitro system, intermediates containing one plasmid of each size are obtained. Furthermore, fused structures are not formed with high efficiency in extracts from recombination-deficient (Rec A(-)) cells.DNA synthesis does not appear to be required for the formation of the recombination intermediates; it is possible to omit DNA precursors from the reaction mixture and, furthermore, to develop the fused structures even in the presence of chaintermininating dideoxynucleoside triphosphates. The structures formed in vitro have the basic properties of recombination intermediates previously recovered from intact cells. That is, two genomes are demonstrably fused at a region of homology. However, in one way the molecules formed in vitro have a property less frequently observed in vivo-the fused genomes often appear to be connected over an extended region of homology ranging up to several hundred base pairs in length. This extended region of pairing may indicate the presence of two crossover connections very close together and, as will be discussed, may provide an insight into the mechanism by which the recombination intermediate is formed.", "contents": "In vitro system from Escherichia coli that catalyzes generalized genetic recombination. This paper reports an in vitro system for studying generalized genetic recombination. The system uses extracts from Escherichia coli as a source of enzymes and plasmid DNA molecules as substrates. Unit-size plasmid DNA rings are converted into genomes fused at a region of DNA homology at a frequency of about 5-10% over a period of hours. That the fused structures are the result of recombination is supported by two lines of evidence. When two partially homologous plasmids of different sizes are used as substrates for the in vitro system, intermediates containing one plasmid of each size are obtained. Furthermore, fused structures are not formed with high efficiency in extracts from recombination-deficient (Rec A(-)) cells.DNA synthesis does not appear to be required for the formation of the recombination intermediates; it is possible to omit DNA precursors from the reaction mixture and, furthermore, to develop the fused structures even in the presence of chaintermininating dideoxynucleoside triphosphates. The structures formed in vitro have the basic properties of recombination intermediates previously recovered from intact cells. That is, two genomes are demonstrably fused at a region of homology. However, in one way the molecules formed in vitro have a property less frequently observed in vivo-the fused genomes often appear to be connected over an extended region of homology ranging up to several hundred base pairs in length. This extended region of pairing may indicate the presence of two crossover connections very close together and, as will be discussed, may provide an insight into the mechanism by which the recombination intermediate is formed."}
{"id": "PMID:358196", "title": "Lysyl-derived aldehydes in outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The major outer membrane proteins from Escherichia coli K-12 are modified to contain alpha-aminoadipic acid delta-semialdehyde (allysine). The allysine was found to be derived from lysine and it was identified by derivatizing it to chloronorleucine by reduction, alpha-aminoadipic acid by oxidation, and to alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid by reacting it with CN- and NH3. The alpha-aminoadipic acid was identified by mass spectrometry. Two major outer membrane proteins were found to possess allysine, a modified lysine characteristically found to connective tissue.", "contents": "Lysyl-derived aldehydes in outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli. The major outer membrane proteins from Escherichia coli K-12 are modified to contain alpha-aminoadipic acid delta-semialdehyde (allysine). The allysine was found to be derived from lysine and it was identified by derivatizing it to chloronorleucine by reduction, alpha-aminoadipic acid by oxidation, and to alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid by reacting it with CN- and NH3. The alpha-aminoadipic acid was identified by mass spectrometry. Two major outer membrane proteins were found to possess allysine, a modified lysine characteristically found to connective tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:358197", "title": "Ribonuclease P: an enzyme with an essential RNA component.", "content": "The activity of ribonuclease P on precursor tRNA substrates from Escherichia coli can be abolished by pretreatment of this enzyme with micrococcal nuclease or pancreatic ribonuclease A, as well as by proteases and by thermal denaturation. Highly purified RNase P exhibits one prominent RNA and one prominent polypeptide component when examined in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. The buoyant density in CsCl of RNase P, 1.71 g/ml, is characteristic of a protein-RNA complex. The activity of RNase P is inhibited by various RNA molecules. The presence of a discrete RNA component in RNase P appears to be essential for enzymatic function. A model is described for enzyme-substrate recognition in which this RNA component plays an important role.", "contents": "Ribonuclease P: an enzyme with an essential RNA component. The activity of ribonuclease P on precursor tRNA substrates from Escherichia coli can be abolished by pretreatment of this enzyme with micrococcal nuclease or pancreatic ribonuclease A, as well as by proteases and by thermal denaturation. Highly purified RNase P exhibits one prominent RNA and one prominent polypeptide component when examined in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. The buoyant density in CsCl of RNase P, 1.71 g/ml, is characteristic of a protein-RNA complex. The activity of RNase P is inhibited by various RNA molecules. The presence of a discrete RNA component in RNase P appears to be essential for enzymatic function. A model is described for enzyme-substrate recognition in which this RNA component plays an important role."}
{"id": "PMID:358198", "title": "A bacterial clone synthesizing proinsulin.", "content": "We have cloned double-stranded cDNA copies of a rat preproinsulin messenger RNA in Escherichia coli chi1776, using the unique Pst endonuclease site of plasmid pBR322 that lies in the region encoding amino acids 181-182 of penicillinase. This site was reconstructed by inserting the cDNA with an oligo(dG)-oligo(dC) joining procedure. One of the clones expresses a fused protein bearing both insulin and penicillinase antigenic determinants. The DNA sequence of this plasmid shows that the insulin region is read in phase; a stretch of six glycine residues connects the alanine at position 182 of penicillinase to the fourth amino acid, glutamine, of rat proinsulin.", "contents": "A bacterial clone synthesizing proinsulin. We have cloned double-stranded cDNA copies of a rat preproinsulin messenger RNA in Escherichia coli chi1776, using the unique Pst endonuclease site of plasmid pBR322 that lies in the region encoding amino acids 181-182 of penicillinase. This site was reconstructed by inserting the cDNA with an oligo(dG)-oligo(dC) joining procedure. One of the clones expresses a fused protein bearing both insulin and penicillinase antigenic determinants. The DNA sequence of this plasmid shows that the insulin region is read in phase; a stretch of six glycine residues connects the alanine at position 182 of penicillinase to the fourth amino acid, glutamine, of rat proinsulin."}
{"id": "PMID:358199", "title": "Partial amino acid sequence of penicillinase coded by Escherichia coli plasmid R6K.", "content": "Direct studies of the amino acid sequence of an Escherichia coli plasmid-coded penicillinase (penicillin amido-beta-lactamhydrolase, EC 3.5.2.6) are in complete agreement with results derived from the translation of the DNA sequence of a related plasmid, apart from a single amino acid substitution. This penicillinase from a Gram-negative bacterium shows 30-35% identity with functionally similar enzymes from Gram-positive bacteria. This paper should be read in conjunction with the report of the DNA sequence of the gene.", "contents": "Partial amino acid sequence of penicillinase coded by Escherichia coli plasmid R6K. Direct studies of the amino acid sequence of an Escherichia coli plasmid-coded penicillinase (penicillin amido-beta-lactamhydrolase, EC 3.5.2.6) are in complete agreement with results derived from the translation of the DNA sequence of a related plasmid, apart from a single amino acid substitution. This penicillinase from a Gram-negative bacterium shows 30-35% identity with functionally similar enzymes from Gram-positive bacteria. This paper should be read in conjunction with the report of the DNA sequence of the gene."}
{"id": "PMID:358200", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the ampicillin resistance gene of Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322.", "content": "I have determined the nucleotide sequence of the ampicillin resistance gene of pBR322, an Escherichia coli plasmid that encodes a penicillin beta-lactamase. This gene codes for a protein of 286 amino acid residues. The first 23 amino acids presumably form a signal for secretion, because they do not appear in the mature enzyme, whose partial amino acid sequence has been determined independently.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the ampicillin resistance gene of Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322. I have determined the nucleotide sequence of the ampicillin resistance gene of pBR322, an Escherichia coli plasmid that encodes a penicillin beta-lactamase. This gene codes for a protein of 286 amino acid residues. The first 23 amino acids presumably form a signal for secretion, because they do not appear in the mature enzyme, whose partial amino acid sequence has been determined independently."}
{"id": "PMID:358201", "title": "High-resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of glucose metabolism in Escherichia coli.", "content": "High-resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of suspensions of Escherichia coli cells have been obtained at 90.5 MHz by using the Fourier transform mode. Anaerobic cells incubated with [I-13C]glucose show a time course of glycolysis in which the alpha and beta glucose anomers disappear at different rates, lactate, succinate, acetate, alanine, and valine accumulate as end products of glycolysis, and fructose bisphosphate appears as an intermediate. It is shown that fructose bisphosphate is labeled at C-1 and C-6 during [I-13C]-glucose catabolism. Upon oxygenation, glutamate appears with the 13C ENRICHMENT AT THE C-4, C-3, and C-2 positions, with the C-4 most intense. From the position of the 13C label we conclude that valine is formed by condensation of pyruvate and that carbon enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle mainly through acetyl CoA.", "contents": "High-resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of glucose metabolism in Escherichia coli. High-resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of suspensions of Escherichia coli cells have been obtained at 90.5 MHz by using the Fourier transform mode. Anaerobic cells incubated with [I-13C]glucose show a time course of glycolysis in which the alpha and beta glucose anomers disappear at different rates, lactate, succinate, acetate, alanine, and valine accumulate as end products of glycolysis, and fructose bisphosphate appears as an intermediate. It is shown that fructose bisphosphate is labeled at C-1 and C-6 during [I-13C]-glucose catabolism. Upon oxygenation, glutamate appears with the 13C ENRICHMENT AT THE C-4, C-3, and C-2 positions, with the C-4 most intense. From the position of the 13C label we conclude that valine is formed by condensation of pyruvate and that carbon enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle mainly through acetyl CoA."}
{"id": "PMID:358202", "title": "Matrix protein from Escherichia coli outer membranes forms voltage-controlled channels in lipid bilayers.", "content": "Matrix protein from Escherichia coli was integrated into planar lipid bilayers. The incorporated protein generates aqueous channels across these membranes. Channels are induced irreversibly by voltage, and their number is proportional to the protein content of the membrane and stays constant over hours. They are uniform in size, with a diameter of about 1 nm and a single-channel conductance of 0.14 nS in 0.1 M NaCl. In addition to ionic conductance, the channels allow free diffusion of small, uncharged molecules. Channels assume either an open or a closed state. Membrane potentials shift this two-state equilibrium distribution in favor of closed channels, an observation that explains both negative resistance and inactivation at high potentials. Channels are not randomly distributed in the membrane but interact cooperatively within aggregates. The smallest entity inducible consists of three channels.", "contents": "Matrix protein from Escherichia coli outer membranes forms voltage-controlled channels in lipid bilayers. Matrix protein from Escherichia coli was integrated into planar lipid bilayers. The incorporated protein generates aqueous channels across these membranes. Channels are induced irreversibly by voltage, and their number is proportional to the protein content of the membrane and stays constant over hours. They are uniform in size, with a diameter of about 1 nm and a single-channel conductance of 0.14 nS in 0.1 M NaCl. In addition to ionic conductance, the channels allow free diffusion of small, uncharged molecules. Channels assume either an open or a closed state. Membrane potentials shift this two-state equilibrium distribution in favor of closed channels, an observation that explains both negative resistance and inactivation at high potentials. Channels are not randomly distributed in the membrane but interact cooperatively within aggregates. The smallest entity inducible consists of three channels."}
{"id": "PMID:358203", "title": "Contranscription of genes for RNA polymerase subunits beta and beta' with genes for ribosomal proteins in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The lambdarifd18 transducing phage carries genes for RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.6) subunits beta and beta' (rpoB,C) and genes for four ribosomal proteins (rplK for L11, rplA for LI, rplJ for L10, and rplL for L7/L12). DNA segments of various sizes, which cover the rifd allele of the rpoB gene, were cloned into lambda vector phages. The hybrid phages were then analyzed for their ability to express the rpoB gene and neighboring ribosomal protein genes in ultraviolet-irradiated lambda-lysogenic and nonlysogenic bacterial hosts. The results show that the rpoB gene is cotranscribed with two neighboring ribosomal protein genes and that in the rpoB,C transcription unit is: promoter, rp1J, rp1L, rpoB, and rpoC.", "contents": "Contranscription of genes for RNA polymerase subunits beta and beta' with genes for ribosomal proteins in Escherichia coli. The lambdarifd18 transducing phage carries genes for RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.6) subunits beta and beta' (rpoB,C) and genes for four ribosomal proteins (rplK for L11, rplA for LI, rplJ for L10, and rplL for L7/L12). DNA segments of various sizes, which cover the rifd allele of the rpoB gene, were cloned into lambda vector phages. The hybrid phages were then analyzed for their ability to express the rpoB gene and neighboring ribosomal protein genes in ultraviolet-irradiated lambda-lysogenic and nonlysogenic bacterial hosts. The results show that the rpoB gene is cotranscribed with two neighboring ribosomal protein genes and that in the rpoB,C transcription unit is: promoter, rp1J, rp1L, rpoB, and rpoC."}
{"id": "PMID:358225", "title": "Restoration of sensation to the hand by a free neurovascular flap from the first web space of the foot.", "content": "A neurovascular free flap from the first web space of the foot was used successfully in two patients for replacement of glabrous skin of the hand and fingers. The potential advantages of this flap are that (1) it may be used to replace large defects of glabrous skin, (2) it provides a rich vascular supply to the periphery of the hand, and (3) the sensation achieved approaches the normal for the intact glabrous skin of the hand.", "contents": "Restoration of sensation to the hand by a free neurovascular flap from the first web space of the foot. A neurovascular free flap from the first web space of the foot was used successfully in two patients for replacement of glabrous skin of the hand and fingers. The potential advantages of this flap are that (1) it may be used to replace large defects of glabrous skin, (2) it provides a rich vascular supply to the periphery of the hand, and (3) the sensation achieved approaches the normal for the intact glabrous skin of the hand."}
{"id": "PMID:358227", "title": "Application of glove designs in resurfacing the dorsum of the hand.", "content": "Careful surgery, a precise dressing technique with prolonged immobilization, and the utilization of designs borrowed from the glove industry are integral aspects in our attempts to resufrace the dorsal surface of the hand. One case is presented to demonstrate our method.", "contents": "Application of glove designs in resurfacing the dorsum of the hand. Careful surgery, a precise dressing technique with prolonged immobilization, and the utilization of designs borrowed from the glove industry are integral aspects in our attempts to resufrace the dorsal surface of the hand. One case is presented to demonstrate our method."}
{"id": "PMID:358228", "title": "THe hazards of injecting local anesthetic solutions with epinephrine into flaps: experimental study.", "content": "In a study using paired longitudinal flaps on the back of the rat, we found evidence to support the findings of previous investigators regarding the toxic effects of injecting local anesthetic solutions containing epinephrine into delayed flaps. Epinephrine concentrations of 1:200,000 and 1:400,000 were demonstrated to significantly increase losses in these flaps. Epinephrine concentrations of 1:100,000, 1:200,000, and 1:400,000 were not demonstrated to be harmful to undelayed flaps, in the dosages used.", "contents": "THe hazards of injecting local anesthetic solutions with epinephrine into flaps: experimental study. In a study using paired longitudinal flaps on the back of the rat, we found evidence to support the findings of previous investigators regarding the toxic effects of injecting local anesthetic solutions containing epinephrine into delayed flaps. Epinephrine concentrations of 1:200,000 and 1:400,000 were demonstrated to significantly increase losses in these flaps. Epinephrine concentrations of 1:100,000, 1:200,000, and 1:400,000 were not demonstrated to be harmful to undelayed flaps, in the dosages used."}
{"id": "PMID:358231", "title": "Reconstruction of mandibular defects with revascularized free rib grafts.", "content": "Two cases of hemimandibular reconstructions with revascularized free rib grafts are presented. The viability of the transplants was confirmed by bone scans and biopsy, even though the main nutrient vessels providing the intramedullary blood flow were not included in these grafts (and only the periosteal circulation was utilized). The removal of a rib graft without the nutrient vessel eliminates the need for a complicated posterior dissection, close to the costovertebral joint. Revascularized free bone grafts have a greater chance of survival, provide more rapid healing, offer less risk of absorption, and are more resistant to infection than conventional bone grafts.", "contents": "Reconstruction of mandibular defects with revascularized free rib grafts. Two cases of hemimandibular reconstructions with revascularized free rib grafts are presented. The viability of the transplants was confirmed by bone scans and biopsy, even though the main nutrient vessels providing the intramedullary blood flow were not included in these grafts (and only the periosteal circulation was utilized). The removal of a rib graft without the nutrient vessel eliminates the need for a complicated posterior dissection, close to the costovertebral joint. Revascularized free bone grafts have a greater chance of survival, provide more rapid healing, offer less risk of absorption, and are more resistant to infection than conventional bone grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:358232", "title": "Transfer of free flaps to provide well-vascularized, thick cover for breast reconstructions after radical mastectomy.", "content": "The use of a free flap to bring in well-vascularized cover for a breast reconstruction (following radical mastectomy) is presented. Eleven of 12 such transfers were successful. (One free groin glap failed, and that reconstruction was abandoned.) Patients for breast reconstruction who have a marked deficiency of healthy, well-vascularized skin and subcutaneous tissue in the area are suitable candidates for this operative procedure. When a free groin flap is transferred, the donor defect is minimal.", "contents": "Transfer of free flaps to provide well-vascularized, thick cover for breast reconstructions after radical mastectomy. The use of a free flap to bring in well-vascularized cover for a breast reconstruction (following radical mastectomy) is presented. Eleven of 12 such transfers were successful. (One free groin glap failed, and that reconstruction was abandoned.) Patients for breast reconstruction who have a marked deficiency of healthy, well-vascularized skin and subcutaneous tissue in the area are suitable candidates for this operative procedure. When a free groin flap is transferred, the donor defect is minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:358233", "title": "Choosing the correct Limberg flap.", "content": "A technique is presented for designing the 8 possible Limberg flaps to close any given rhomboidal defect. Then we show how to choose out of those 8 the only two that will be correctly oriented so the donor area of the Limberg flap can be closed with a minimal amount of tension.", "contents": "Choosing the correct Limberg flap. A technique is presented for designing the 8 possible Limberg flaps to close any given rhomboidal defect. Then we show how to choose out of those 8 the only two that will be correctly oriented so the donor area of the Limberg flap can be closed with a minimal amount of tension."}
{"id": "PMID:358234", "title": "Experience with the glans flap operation for distal penile hypospadias. A review of 62 consecutive cases.", "content": "We review our results from the surgical treatment of distal penile hypospadias, using the glans flap operation of Horton and Devine, in 62 consecutive cases. We recommend this operation, as it is our treatment of choice for this crippling congenital deformity.", "contents": "Experience with the glans flap operation for distal penile hypospadias. A review of 62 consecutive cases. We review our results from the surgical treatment of distal penile hypospadias, using the glans flap operation of Horton and Devine, in 62 consecutive cases. We recommend this operation, as it is our treatment of choice for this crippling congenital deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:358235", "title": "Use of a cross-forearm neurocutaneous flap to provide sensation and coverage in hand reconstruction.", "content": "A cross-forearm, neurocutaneous flap has been used in certain clinical situations to restore coverage and sensation over hand defects. Based on the superficial branch of the radial nerve, this flap provides a combination of handlike skin and subcutaneous tissue with sensation, which can be transferred. A fascicular neurorrhaphy between the superficial branch of the radial nerve and an appropriate recipient nerve stump has resulted in new epicritic sensation in the reconstructed area.", "contents": "Use of a cross-forearm neurocutaneous flap to provide sensation and coverage in hand reconstruction. A cross-forearm, neurocutaneous flap has been used in certain clinical situations to restore coverage and sensation over hand defects. Based on the superficial branch of the radial nerve, this flap provides a combination of handlike skin and subcutaneous tissue with sensation, which can be transferred. A fascicular neurorrhaphy between the superficial branch of the radial nerve and an appropriate recipient nerve stump has resulted in new epicritic sensation in the reconstructed area."}
{"id": "PMID:358236", "title": "Two new procedures for plastic surgical repair, as used in a shotgun injury of the hand.", "content": "We report a shotgun injury of the hand, in which two new procedures for plastic surgical repair were carried out. These procedures may be applicable elsewhere in plastic surgery.", "contents": "Two new procedures for plastic surgical repair, as used in a shotgun injury of the hand. We report a shotgun injury of the hand, in which two new procedures for plastic surgical repair were carried out. These procedures may be applicable elsewhere in plastic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:358237", "title": "Secondary correction of the burned eyelid deformity.", "content": "We describe our experience in late reconstructions of 35 burned eyelids. On this basis we advocate wide, aggressive release of all scar contractures, including the distal part of the levator when necessary. To cover the resultant defects we use generous full-thickness skin grafts, if available, for both the upper and lower lids. Rarely has a tarsorrhaphy been required, and properly constructed dressings provide satisfactory lid immobilization and permit conjunctival hygiene. During the postoperative period the vision need not be obstructed by a tarsorrhaphy, Frost sutures, or the dressings.", "contents": "Secondary correction of the burned eyelid deformity. We describe our experience in late reconstructions of 35 burned eyelids. On this basis we advocate wide, aggressive release of all scar contractures, including the distal part of the levator when necessary. To cover the resultant defects we use generous full-thickness skin grafts, if available, for both the upper and lower lids. Rarely has a tarsorrhaphy been required, and properly constructed dressings provide satisfactory lid immobilization and permit conjunctival hygiene. During the postoperative period the vision need not be obstructed by a tarsorrhaphy, Frost sutures, or the dressings."}
{"id": "PMID:358238", "title": "Primary one-stage repair of large lateral defects of the nose.", "content": "We report our procedure for a primary one-stage repair of a large lateral defect of the nose.", "contents": "Primary one-stage repair of large lateral defects of the nose. We report our procedure for a primary one-stage repair of a large lateral defect of the nose."}
{"id": "PMID:358239", "title": "Study of encapsulation of silicone rubber implants in animals. A foreign-body reaction.", "content": "It has long been known that the formation of a fibrous capsule around an implant is a general phenomenon in nature, an inevitable result of the tissue defense mechanism called the foreign body reaction. We have investigated this reaction in animals and find it consists of a series of interrelated processes in which the final result may vary, depending on the susceptibility of the foreign material to phagocytosis, incorporation by giant cells, or isolation by fibrosis. This susceptibility depends, in turn, on the physical and chemical properties of the implant. The process of capsule formation, as well as the structure of the final capsule, is similar in animal models and in humans--so that investigations of human encapsulation may be done in animals. The cause of abnormal induration around human breast implants is still unknown, and the question of whether normal induration in the animal model can be used to elucidate abnormal clinical induration depends on further investigation of both phenomena.", "contents": "Study of encapsulation of silicone rubber implants in animals. A foreign-body reaction. It has long been known that the formation of a fibrous capsule around an implant is a general phenomenon in nature, an inevitable result of the tissue defense mechanism called the foreign body reaction. We have investigated this reaction in animals and find it consists of a series of interrelated processes in which the final result may vary, depending on the susceptibility of the foreign material to phagocytosis, incorporation by giant cells, or isolation by fibrosis. This susceptibility depends, in turn, on the physical and chemical properties of the implant. The process of capsule formation, as well as the structure of the final capsule, is similar in animal models and in humans--so that investigations of human encapsulation may be done in animals. The cause of abnormal induration around human breast implants is still unknown, and the question of whether normal induration in the animal model can be used to elucidate abnormal clinical induration depends on further investigation of both phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:358240", "title": "Immediate reconstruction of full-thickness burn of an ear with an undelayed myocutaneous flap. Case report.", "content": "We report a case in which an undelayed cervical myocutaneous flap was used early to cover the denuded cartilage of a burned ear. The ear was saved, and a good result was obtained.", "contents": "Immediate reconstruction of full-thickness burn of an ear with an undelayed myocutaneous flap. Case report. We report a case in which an undelayed cervical myocutaneous flap was used early to cover the denuded cartilage of a burned ear. The ear was saved, and a good result was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:358241", "title": "External fixation of endotracheal tubes while skin grafting severe burns of the face.", "content": "The use of an external cranial device for endotracheal tube fixation can prevent mechanical dislodgement of skin grafts and permit easy access while one is operating on extensive burns of the face.", "contents": "External fixation of endotracheal tubes while skin grafting severe burns of the face. The use of an external cranial device for endotracheal tube fixation can prevent mechanical dislodgement of skin grafts and permit easy access while one is operating on extensive burns of the face."}
{"id": "PMID:358247", "title": "The aetiology of the hyperventilation syndrome. A review of the literature.", "content": "The aetiology of the hyperventilation syndrome is reviewed with special emphasis on psychological aspects. Early reports linking overbreathing and the emotions can be found as far back as the 16th century. During the last 50 years research has been carried out into respiration in psychiatric disorders but as far as the hyperventilation syndrome is concerned there have been few psychiatric studies. Though many people believe that hyperventilation occurs as a response to anxiety, it has recently been suggested that it is due to a bad breathing habit. Whichever view should prove to be correct, most people would agree that the distressing symptoms produced by hyperventilation may themselves cause anxiety and exacerbate the hyperventilation, thus setting up a vicious circle. By the time the patient presents, this vicious circle has usually become established.", "contents": "The aetiology of the hyperventilation syndrome. A review of the literature. The aetiology of the hyperventilation syndrome is reviewed with special emphasis on psychological aspects. Early reports linking overbreathing and the emotions can be found as far back as the 16th century. During the last 50 years research has been carried out into respiration in psychiatric disorders but as far as the hyperventilation syndrome is concerned there have been few psychiatric studies. Though many people believe that hyperventilation occurs as a response to anxiety, it has recently been suggested that it is due to a bad breathing habit. Whichever view should prove to be correct, most people would agree that the distressing symptoms produced by hyperventilation may themselves cause anxiety and exacerbate the hyperventilation, thus setting up a vicious circle. By the time the patient presents, this vicious circle has usually become established."}
{"id": "PMID:358251", "title": "Xenon contrast enhancement in computed body tomography.", "content": "Xenon has been investigated as a contrast medium for conventional radiography, and in vitro as a contrast medium for computed tomography. The authors evaluated xenon contrast enhancement in vivo for CT body scanning. Nine healthy subjects had CT scans before and during xenon inhalation. Concentrations of xenon used varied from 10--50%. Consistent useful changes in attenuation from inhaled xenon were found in the lung but not in abdominal organs. Lung attenuation varied linearly with the xenon concentration in the inhaled gas. Inhalation of xenon concentrations greater than 30% resulted in side effects. Further studies are required to demonstrate whether xenon contrast enhancement is of diagnostic value in computed tomography.", "contents": "Xenon contrast enhancement in computed body tomography. Xenon has been investigated as a contrast medium for conventional radiography, and in vitro as a contrast medium for computed tomography. The authors evaluated xenon contrast enhancement in vivo for CT body scanning. Nine healthy subjects had CT scans before and during xenon inhalation. Concentrations of xenon used varied from 10--50%. Consistent useful changes in attenuation from inhaled xenon were found in the lung but not in abdominal organs. Lung attenuation varied linearly with the xenon concentration in the inhaled gas. Inhalation of xenon concentrations greater than 30% resulted in side effects. Further studies are required to demonstrate whether xenon contrast enhancement is of diagnostic value in computed tomography."}
{"id": "PMID:358292", "title": "Enhanced formation of PGI2, a potent hypotensive substance, by aortic rings and homogenates of the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "Intact rings and homogenates of aorta from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) contain enhanced capacity over normal rats (NR) to convert arachidonic acid into PGI2. The PGI2 synthetic system in SHR is stimulated to a greater extent than NR by norepinephrine. Indomethacin blocks this stimulation. PGE2 and PGF2alpha were detected in much smaller amounts in homogenates (undetected in rings) but their formation was not enhanced by the hypertensive tissue. The identity of PGI2 was based on 1) direct pharmacological assay on the rat blood pressure. In this system identical vasodepressor responses to PGI2 are observed after intracarotid and intrajugular administration 2) indirectly as 6-keto PGF1alpha isolated after incubation of aortic homogenates with tritiated arachidonic acid and 3) indirectly by GC-MS assay of PGE2, PGF2alpha and 6-keto PGF1alpha formed during incubation of aortic homogenates with excess unlabeled arachidonic acid. These results provide additional support to our recent hypothesis that PGI2, of aortic origin, might actively participate in the regulation of systemic blood pressure. Its enhanced formation by intact hypertensive vascular tissue reflects an increase in the number of enzyme molecules immediately available to the substrate. This could probably be an adaptive response to the elevated levels of catecholamines in the circulation.", "contents": "Enhanced formation of PGI2, a potent hypotensive substance, by aortic rings and homogenates of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Intact rings and homogenates of aorta from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) contain enhanced capacity over normal rats (NR) to convert arachidonic acid into PGI2. The PGI2 synthetic system in SHR is stimulated to a greater extent than NR by norepinephrine. Indomethacin blocks this stimulation. PGE2 and PGF2alpha were detected in much smaller amounts in homogenates (undetected in rings) but their formation was not enhanced by the hypertensive tissue. The identity of PGI2 was based on 1) direct pharmacological assay on the rat blood pressure. In this system identical vasodepressor responses to PGI2 are observed after intracarotid and intrajugular administration 2) indirectly as 6-keto PGF1alpha isolated after incubation of aortic homogenates with tritiated arachidonic acid and 3) indirectly by GC-MS assay of PGE2, PGF2alpha and 6-keto PGF1alpha formed during incubation of aortic homogenates with excess unlabeled arachidonic acid. These results provide additional support to our recent hypothesis that PGI2, of aortic origin, might actively participate in the regulation of systemic blood pressure. Its enhanced formation by intact hypertensive vascular tissue reflects an increase in the number of enzyme molecules immediately available to the substrate. This could probably be an adaptive response to the elevated levels of catecholamines in the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:358293", "title": "The effect of prostacyclin on the human umbilical artery.", "content": "Prostacyclin was tested on human umbilical artery obtained after spontaneous delivery or by Cesarean section. Isometric and isotonic responses were measured on spiral preparations in Krebs-bicarbonate buffer at 37 degrees C equilibrated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Spiral artery strips, whether superfused or mounted in organ baths isometrically or isotonically, responded in a dose-dependent manner to both prostacyclin and serotonin; the PGI2 response was biphasic in that low doses (2.5 x 10(-8) M -1.0 x 10(-6) M) elicited a dose-dependent relaxation which changed with higher concentrations (1.0 x 10(-6) M -2.53 X 10(-5) M) to a contractile response. The maximum tension exerted was 50% less than that elicited by serotonin. The data indicate that the human umbilical artery is responsive to prostacyclin and may be involved in the regulation of fetal placenta blood flow.", "contents": "The effect of prostacyclin on the human umbilical artery. Prostacyclin was tested on human umbilical artery obtained after spontaneous delivery or by Cesarean section. Isometric and isotonic responses were measured on spiral preparations in Krebs-bicarbonate buffer at 37 degrees C equilibrated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Spiral artery strips, whether superfused or mounted in organ baths isometrically or isotonically, responded in a dose-dependent manner to both prostacyclin and serotonin; the PGI2 response was biphasic in that low doses (2.5 x 10(-8) M -1.0 x 10(-6) M) elicited a dose-dependent relaxation which changed with higher concentrations (1.0 x 10(-6) M -2.53 X 10(-5) M) to a contractile response. The maximum tension exerted was 50% less than that elicited by serotonin. The data indicate that the human umbilical artery is responsive to prostacyclin and may be involved in the regulation of fetal placenta blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:358294", "title": "Pharmacological activity of PGI2 and its metabolite 6-oxo-PGF1alpha on human uterus and fallopian tubes.", "content": "The actions of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its stable metabolite 6-OXO-PGF1alpha were investigated in strips of normal human uterus and in fallopian tubes. Both compounds were also compared with natural prostaglandins (PGE2, PGF2alpha and PGD2). PGI2 showed biphasic response both in uterus and fallopian tubes qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that induced by PGE2 and PGD2; prostacyclin was also able to inhibit the spasmus induced by PGF2alpha but not that induced by BaCl2 and vasopressin. 6-0XO-PGF1alpha on the other hand induced only small contractions on both tissues investigated. The authors discusse the possible implication of these findings in the physiology of the reproductive system.", "contents": "Pharmacological activity of PGI2 and its metabolite 6-oxo-PGF1alpha on human uterus and fallopian tubes. The actions of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its stable metabolite 6-OXO-PGF1alpha were investigated in strips of normal human uterus and in fallopian tubes. Both compounds were also compared with natural prostaglandins (PGE2, PGF2alpha and PGD2). PGI2 showed biphasic response both in uterus and fallopian tubes qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that induced by PGE2 and PGD2; prostacyclin was also able to inhibit the spasmus induced by PGF2alpha but not that induced by BaCl2 and vasopressin. 6-0XO-PGF1alpha on the other hand induced only small contractions on both tissues investigated. The authors discusse the possible implication of these findings in the physiology of the reproductive system."}
{"id": "PMID:358295", "title": "The effect of ibuprofen on the intrauterine pressure and menstrual pain of dysmenorrheic patients.", "content": "In 12 dysmenorrheic patients we examined the therapeutic action of the Prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor: Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal analgesic agent. Ibuprofen highly significantly reduced the resting pressure (P less than 0.001), active pressure (P less than 0.001) and frequency (P less than 0.05) of cyclic activity of the uterus, as well as menstrual pain (P less than 0.001). Since these effects occurred after a single oral dose of 800 mg Ibuprofen, without side effects or complications, extensive field trials are recommended with this and other PG-synthesis inhibitors, to assess their therapeutic benefits.", "contents": "The effect of ibuprofen on the intrauterine pressure and menstrual pain of dysmenorrheic patients. In 12 dysmenorrheic patients we examined the therapeutic action of the Prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor: Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal analgesic agent. Ibuprofen highly significantly reduced the resting pressure (P less than 0.001), active pressure (P less than 0.001) and frequency (P less than 0.05) of cyclic activity of the uterus, as well as menstrual pain (P less than 0.001). Since these effects occurred after a single oral dose of 800 mg Ibuprofen, without side effects or complications, extensive field trials are recommended with this and other PG-synthesis inhibitors, to assess their therapeutic benefits."}
{"id": "PMID:358296", "title": "Termination of second trimester pregnancy with intra-muscular administration of 16 phenoxy-omega-17,18,19,20 tetranor PGE2 methylsulfonylamide.", "content": "A new prostaglandin analogue, 16 phenoxy-omega-17,18,19,20 tetranor PGE2 methylsulfonylamide was used for the termination of second trimester pregnancy in 60 patients. The drug was injected intramuscularly in doses of 0.5 mg 4 hourly, 1 mg 8 hourly or 1 mg 6 hourly for a maximum of 36 hours. Fifty five patients aborted. The incidence of gastrointestinal side effects was low and there were no complications.", "contents": "Termination of second trimester pregnancy with intra-muscular administration of 16 phenoxy-omega-17,18,19,20 tetranor PGE2 methylsulfonylamide. A new prostaglandin analogue, 16 phenoxy-omega-17,18,19,20 tetranor PGE2 methylsulfonylamide was used for the termination of second trimester pregnancy in 60 patients. The drug was injected intramuscularly in doses of 0.5 mg 4 hourly, 1 mg 8 hourly or 1 mg 6 hourly for a maximum of 36 hours. Fifty five patients aborted. The incidence of gastrointestinal side effects was low and there were no complications."}
{"id": "PMID:358297", "title": "Actions of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its product, 6-oxo-PGF1alpha on the rat gastric mucosa in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its breakdown product 6-oxo-PGF1alpha on various aspects of gastric function were investigated in the rat. PGI2 increased mucosal blood flow when infused intravenously. PGI2 was a more potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion in vivo than PGE2. Like PGE2, PGI2 inhibited acid secretion from the rat stomach in vitro. PGI2 had comparable activity to PGE2 in inhibiting indomethacin-induced gastric erosions. Thus prostacyclin shares several of the activities of PGE2, and may be involved in the regulation of gastric mucosal function.", "contents": "Actions of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its product, 6-oxo-PGF1alpha on the rat gastric mucosa in vivo and in vitro. The effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its breakdown product 6-oxo-PGF1alpha on various aspects of gastric function were investigated in the rat. PGI2 increased mucosal blood flow when infused intravenously. PGI2 was a more potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion in vivo than PGE2. Like PGE2, PGI2 inhibited acid secretion from the rat stomach in vitro. PGI2 had comparable activity to PGE2 in inhibiting indomethacin-induced gastric erosions. Thus prostacyclin shares several of the activities of PGE2, and may be involved in the regulation of gastric mucosal function."}
{"id": "PMID:358298", "title": "Prostaglandin I2 has more potent hypotensive properties than prostaglandin E2 in the normal and spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "The blood pressure lowering effects on PGI2 in the normal and spontaneously hypertensive rat are described. Comparison of dose response curves for PGI2 and PGE2 indicate that PGI2 is twice as potent as PGE2 in the normal rat and 3--4 times more active in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Furthermore PGI2 is equiactive through intracarotid and intrajugular administration indicative of the complete lack of pulmonary inactivation. These findings supported by evidence of enhanced PGI2 synthesis in aorta during hypertension support the notion that PGI2 could participate in blood pressure control mechanisms.", "contents": "Prostaglandin I2 has more potent hypotensive properties than prostaglandin E2 in the normal and spontaneously hypertensive rat. The blood pressure lowering effects on PGI2 in the normal and spontaneously hypertensive rat are described. Comparison of dose response curves for PGI2 and PGE2 indicate that PGI2 is twice as potent as PGE2 in the normal rat and 3--4 times more active in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Furthermore PGI2 is equiactive through intracarotid and intrajugular administration indicative of the complete lack of pulmonary inactivation. These findings supported by evidence of enhanced PGI2 synthesis in aorta during hypertension support the notion that PGI2 could participate in blood pressure control mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:358312", "title": "[Plastic surgery of the thumb, using the epiploon. The problem of integrating mechanical hand prostheses into the body].", "content": "The techinque using epiloon tissue in hand surgery was introduced by the author in 1974. The efficiency of the method was checked in several cases of radionecrosis of the hand, deep burns with complete destruction of the tissues on the back of the hand, severe trauma with tearing of the teguments and uncovering of the bones. Epiploonoplasty of the hand achieves a massive transfer of thick epiplooic tissue which is well vascularized, rapidly integrated in the circulatory system of the hand. An extensive description of the surgical technique is presented. A case of severe trauma with amputation of the thumb and of three other fingers of the right hand is further described. The thumb was repaired with a fragment of rib covered with epiplooic tissue exteriorized from the abdominal cavity through laparotomy. The epiplooic pedicle was sectioned after 35 days, and grafting was continued with free dermo-epidermal flaps. The functional result obtained was excellent. The author also presents his experience with a hand prosthesis made of metal and acrylate, which, after being joined to the bones of the forearm and connected with flexor and extensor muscular groups, was completely covered with a thick layer of epiplooic tissue and grafted with skin. A mechanical hand can be achieved with the aid of epiploonoplasty.", "contents": "[Plastic surgery of the thumb, using the epiploon. The problem of integrating mechanical hand prostheses into the body]. The techinque using epiloon tissue in hand surgery was introduced by the author in 1974. The efficiency of the method was checked in several cases of radionecrosis of the hand, deep burns with complete destruction of the tissues on the back of the hand, severe trauma with tearing of the teguments and uncovering of the bones. Epiploonoplasty of the hand achieves a massive transfer of thick epiplooic tissue which is well vascularized, rapidly integrated in the circulatory system of the hand. An extensive description of the surgical technique is presented. A case of severe trauma with amputation of the thumb and of three other fingers of the right hand is further described. The thumb was repaired with a fragment of rib covered with epiplooic tissue exteriorized from the abdominal cavity through laparotomy. The epiplooic pedicle was sectioned after 35 days, and grafting was continued with free dermo-epidermal flaps. The functional result obtained was excellent. The author also presents his experience with a hand prosthesis made of metal and acrylate, which, after being joined to the bones of the forearm and connected with flexor and extensor muscular groups, was completely covered with a thick layer of epiplooic tissue and grafted with skin. A mechanical hand can be achieved with the aid of epiploonoplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:358322", "title": "[Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome].", "content": "An exhaustive study of the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome that was based on the review of 22 clinical records from the \"Manuel Ascunce Domenech\" Camag\u00fcey Provincial Teaching Hospital files is presented. The clinical presentation of the syndrome is pointed out, and results are compared with those from other authors.", "contents": "[Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome]. An exhaustive study of the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome that was based on the review of 22 clinical records from the \"Manuel Ascunce Domenech\" Camag\u00fcey Provincial Teaching Hospital files is presented. The clinical presentation of the syndrome is pointed out, and results are compared with those from other authors."}
{"id": "PMID:358323", "title": "[Results obtained in the parasitological exam of a group of students of different level in the city of Santa Clara].", "content": "Results of the parasitic study of 1920 stool samples from school children in different school levels of the Santa Clara city are presented and compared with those obtained in a recently performed national survey.", "contents": "[Results obtained in the parasitological exam of a group of students of different level in the city of Santa Clara]. Results of the parasitic study of 1920 stool samples from school children in different school levels of the Santa Clara city are presented and compared with those obtained in a recently performed national survey."}
{"id": "PMID:358324", "title": "[321 multiple myelomas (Kahler's syndrome) studied in relation to age, race and sex in Cuba].", "content": "Three hundred and twenty one patients with multiple myeloma were studied. The most frequent age at presentation was between 60--69 years both in males and females. A predominance in white patients as well as in males in comparison to females was found. These findings are compared with those reported in the reviewed world medical literature.", "contents": "[321 multiple myelomas (Kahler's syndrome) studied in relation to age, race and sex in Cuba]. Three hundred and twenty one patients with multiple myeloma were studied. The most frequent age at presentation was between 60--69 years both in males and females. A predominance in white patients as well as in males in comparison to females was found. These findings are compared with those reported in the reviewed world medical literature."}
{"id": "PMID:358325", "title": "[1st finding of the Ancylostoma braziliense nematode (G\u00f3mez de Faria, 1910) in Canis familiaris in Cuba].", "content": "According to the results obtained by investigators who have been devoted up to date to the study of dog helminthiases in Cuba dog ancylostomiasis is produced by Ancylostoma caninum. Now, Ancylostoma braziliense (G\u00f3mez de Faria, 1910) has been found in two dogs from the Havana province. The knowledge of the invasion extension as well as of the intensity of infestation should wait for the exhaustive study of the collected material.", "contents": "[1st finding of the Ancylostoma braziliense nematode (G\u00f3mez de Faria, 1910) in Canis familiaris in Cuba]. According to the results obtained by investigators who have been devoted up to date to the study of dog helminthiases in Cuba dog ancylostomiasis is produced by Ancylostoma caninum. Now, Ancylostoma braziliense (G\u00f3mez de Faria, 1910) has been found in two dogs from the Havana province. The knowledge of the invasion extension as well as of the intensity of infestation should wait for the exhaustive study of the collected material."}
{"id": "PMID:358326", "title": "[Acute appendicitis caused by Balantidium coli].", "content": "A patient who was surgically treated for acute appendicitis is presented. In the sections of cecal appendix many Balantidium coli trophozoites were found. The history, characteristics, habitat, location, biological aspects and reproduction of this parasite are commented.", "contents": "[Acute appendicitis caused by Balantidium coli]. A patient who was surgically treated for acute appendicitis is presented. In the sections of cecal appendix many Balantidium coli trophozoites were found. The history, characteristics, habitat, location, biological aspects and reproduction of this parasite are commented."}
{"id": "PMID:358335", "title": "[Effect of synthetic LH-RH and hypothalamic extracts on RNA synthesis by rat pituitaries in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "Incorporation of 14C-Uridine in pituitary RNA from adults or prepuberal female rats in vitro, incubated with synthetic LH-RH or hypothalamic extracts, was studied in this work. RNA synthesis was not increased by any of the assayed stimuli in adult female rat pituitaries. The 14C-Uridine incorporation in pituitary prepuberal female rats increased in presence of synthetic LH-RH or adult female hypothalamic extracts, but not in presence of prepuberal female hypothalamic extracts. The differences found in the in vitro behaviour between pituitaries from prepuberal and adult female rats, and between their respective hypothalamic extracts, are attributables to the evolution of these organs along the sexual maturing process.", "contents": "[Effect of synthetic LH-RH and hypothalamic extracts on RNA synthesis by rat pituitaries in vitro (author's transl)]. Incorporation of 14C-Uridine in pituitary RNA from adults or prepuberal female rats in vitro, incubated with synthetic LH-RH or hypothalamic extracts, was studied in this work. RNA synthesis was not increased by any of the assayed stimuli in adult female rat pituitaries. The 14C-Uridine incorporation in pituitary prepuberal female rats increased in presence of synthetic LH-RH or adult female hypothalamic extracts, but not in presence of prepuberal female hypothalamic extracts. The differences found in the in vitro behaviour between pituitaries from prepuberal and adult female rats, and between their respective hypothalamic extracts, are attributables to the evolution of these organs along the sexual maturing process."}
{"id": "PMID:358336", "title": "The action of inhibitors (histidine and AMP) on the ATP phosphoribosyltransferase of E. coli.", "content": "The inhibitors histidine and AMP cause the enzyme ATP phosphoribosyltransferase of E. coli to associate into a hexamer from its initial dimeric form. The behaviour of these inhibitors has been studied by three different methods. I) Equilibrium dialysis studies have shown that one mole of dimeric enzyme (67,000 g) binds one mole of histidine. II) By kinetic inhibition of the reaction studied at 21, 25 and 38 degrees C the enthalpy changes in the process of histidine and of AMP inhibition have been deduced. The inhibition has also been studied in function of enzyme concentration and temperature. The inhibition appears to be slightly negatively cooperative for histidine and positively cooperative for AMP. In neither case is it possible to obtain 100% maximal inhibition. III) By microcalorimetric analysis the values obtained for the enthalpies of histidine and of AMP interaction with the enzyme are similar.", "contents": "The action of inhibitors (histidine and AMP) on the ATP phosphoribosyltransferase of E. coli. The inhibitors histidine and AMP cause the enzyme ATP phosphoribosyltransferase of E. coli to associate into a hexamer from its initial dimeric form. The behaviour of these inhibitors has been studied by three different methods. I) Equilibrium dialysis studies have shown that one mole of dimeric enzyme (67,000 g) binds one mole of histidine. II) By kinetic inhibition of the reaction studied at 21, 25 and 38 degrees C the enthalpy changes in the process of histidine and of AMP inhibition have been deduced. The inhibition has also been studied in function of enzyme concentration and temperature. The inhibition appears to be slightly negatively cooperative for histidine and positively cooperative for AMP. In neither case is it possible to obtain 100% maximal inhibition. III) By microcalorimetric analysis the values obtained for the enthalpies of histidine and of AMP interaction with the enzyme are similar."}
{"id": "PMID:358340", "title": "Dopaminergic, GABA-ergic and cholinergic interaction in the regulation of striatal acetylcholine concentration.", "content": "Muscimol (2--5 mg/kg), amino-oxyacetic acid (50 mg/kg), and sodium di-n-propylacetate (400 mg/kg) significantly increased acetylcholine concentration in the stratium. These observations suggest that dopamiergic, GABA-ergic and cholinergic interaction regulate the concentration of acetylcholine in the stratium.", "contents": "Dopaminergic, GABA-ergic and cholinergic interaction in the regulation of striatal acetylcholine concentration. Muscimol (2--5 mg/kg), amino-oxyacetic acid (50 mg/kg), and sodium di-n-propylacetate (400 mg/kg) significantly increased acetylcholine concentration in the stratium. These observations suggest that dopamiergic, GABA-ergic and cholinergic interaction regulate the concentration of acetylcholine in the stratium."}
{"id": "PMID:358361", "title": "[German Roentgen museum Coulomb, Joule, Watt, Becquerel and Gray (author's transl)].", "content": "The contribution \"SI Units in Radiotherapy and Radioprotection\" (R\u00f6ntgen-B1. 30 (1977) 267-272) lists five units (electric charge, energy, efficiency, activity and energy dose) bearing a special name. The following article commemorates the research workers after whom these units were named.", "contents": "[German Roentgen museum Coulomb, Joule, Watt, Becquerel and Gray (author's transl)]. The contribution \"SI Units in Radiotherapy and Radioprotection\" (R\u00f6ntgen-B1. 30 (1977) 267-272) lists five units (electric charge, energy, efficiency, activity and energy dose) bearing a special name. The following article commemorates the research workers after whom these units were named."}
{"id": "PMID:358362", "title": "[Sonography for clarify complications after renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic value of the ultrasound method was studied via 170 individual examinations in 75 patients. The method is particularly well suited for an accurate determination of the location and size of the transplanted kidney and for demonstrating perirenal growing and displacing processes such as cystic lymphangiomas, haematomas and abscesses. In addition, ultrasound supplies information on the area covered by lacunae. However, the use of the method for diagnosing casting-off reactions is limited on account of the great variability of the dimensional parameters. It can be used without risk in followup studies of patients with transplanted kidneys, since it is a non-invasive method. It deserves preference among the possible methods of investigation, especially when growing and displacing processes have to be identified.", "contents": "[Sonography for clarify complications after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. The diagnostic value of the ultrasound method was studied via 170 individual examinations in 75 patients. The method is particularly well suited for an accurate determination of the location and size of the transplanted kidney and for demonstrating perirenal growing and displacing processes such as cystic lymphangiomas, haematomas and abscesses. In addition, ultrasound supplies information on the area covered by lacunae. However, the use of the method for diagnosing casting-off reactions is limited on account of the great variability of the dimensional parameters. It can be used without risk in followup studies of patients with transplanted kidneys, since it is a non-invasive method. It deserves preference among the possible methods of investigation, especially when growing and displacing processes have to be identified."}
{"id": "PMID:358366", "title": "Acute cholecystitis treated by early and delayed surgery. A controlled clinical trial.", "content": "100 patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) diagnosed by clinical, laboratory, and roentgenological examinations were randomly divided into 2 groups; early surgery (ES), operated within 7 days after the onset of acute symptoms, and delayed (DS), operated 2--3 months after the acute episode. Patients with elevated serum bilirubin and/or amylase were included in the trial. Two patients died during conservative treatment, and in 4 cases medical treatment was interrupted because of peritonitis, and in 3 cases because of increasing jaundice. Recurrence of AC was found in 24% of the patients in the DS group. There was no mortality in the ES group, but 2 patients died postoperatively in the DS group. Wound infection developed in 3 patients in the ES, and in 8 patients in the DS group. Retained stones remained in 3 cases of the DS and in 1 case of the ES group. The operative procedures were easier to perform in the ES group than in the DS, as estimated by the duration of operation. The operation time was 76.7 +/- 4.6 min (mean p S.E.) in the ES and 98.0 +/- 7.3 min in the DS group. There was a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (p less than 0.01). The results suggest that early surgery in the treatment of acute cholecystitis is recommended. The complications of failed medical treatment can be avoided by early operation without added risk of mortality or complications.", "contents": "Acute cholecystitis treated by early and delayed surgery. A controlled clinical trial. 100 patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) diagnosed by clinical, laboratory, and roentgenological examinations were randomly divided into 2 groups; early surgery (ES), operated within 7 days after the onset of acute symptoms, and delayed (DS), operated 2--3 months after the acute episode. Patients with elevated serum bilirubin and/or amylase were included in the trial. Two patients died during conservative treatment, and in 4 cases medical treatment was interrupted because of peritonitis, and in 3 cases because of increasing jaundice. Recurrence of AC was found in 24% of the patients in the DS group. There was no mortality in the ES group, but 2 patients died postoperatively in the DS group. Wound infection developed in 3 patients in the ES, and in 8 patients in the DS group. Retained stones remained in 3 cases of the DS and in 1 case of the ES group. The operative procedures were easier to perform in the ES group than in the DS, as estimated by the duration of operation. The operation time was 76.7 +/- 4.6 min (mean p S.E.) in the ES and 98.0 +/- 7.3 min in the DS group. There was a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (p less than 0.01). The results suggest that early surgery in the treatment of acute cholecystitis is recommended. The complications of failed medical treatment can be avoided by early operation without added risk of mortality or complications."}
{"id": "PMID:358367", "title": "Effect of cimetidine on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion before and after proximal gastric vagotomy for duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Nine patients with duodenal ulcer were studied before and 2--3 months after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV). Infustion or cimetidine, 1.2 mg.kg-1h-1, reduced mean gastric acid output, in response to infusion of 1.5 microgram.kg-1h-1 of pentagastrin, by, on an average, 79.4% before and 79.1% after vagotomy. The corresponding values for pepsin output were 66.5% before and 77.0% after the operation. The values were not statistically different. Thus, in terms of per cent inhibition, cimetidine was similarly effective before and after PGV. No correlation was found between per cent reduction of acic output by vagotomy and by cimetidine. The effect of the drug was added to that of the vagotomy. Patients with relapse ulcer after vagotomy are therefore interesting candidates for cimetidine treatment.", "contents": "Effect of cimetidine on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion before and after proximal gastric vagotomy for duodenal ulcer. Nine patients with duodenal ulcer were studied before and 2--3 months after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV). Infustion or cimetidine, 1.2 mg.kg-1h-1, reduced mean gastric acid output, in response to infusion of 1.5 microgram.kg-1h-1 of pentagastrin, by, on an average, 79.4% before and 79.1% after vagotomy. The corresponding values for pepsin output were 66.5% before and 77.0% after the operation. The values were not statistically different. Thus, in terms of per cent inhibition, cimetidine was similarly effective before and after PGV. No correlation was found between per cent reduction of acic output by vagotomy and by cimetidine. The effect of the drug was added to that of the vagotomy. Patients with relapse ulcer after vagotomy are therefore interesting candidates for cimetidine treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:358363", "title": "The effects of ultrafractionated X-ray therapy in malignant lymphomas.", "content": "To improve the therapeutic methods in malignant lymphomas a new irradiation schedule is suggested i.e., ultrafractionated radiotherapy in small daily doses spaced out over a long period of time until the tumor dose of 3,500 R is reached. This treatment was used in 26 patients with malignant lymphomas--most of whom in stages III and IV--as well as in patients with recurrences that no longer responded to chemotherapy. Total remissions were obtained as well as an improvement of survival : 18 of the 16 patients are still in life and 8 of these have already been followed up for more than 5 years. The tumor dose per field did not exceed 2,000 R in the patients under concomitant chemotherapy. Ultrafractionated X-ray was very well tolerated by patients with altered general condition and even by those with recurrences or previous irradiation sequelae.", "contents": "The effects of ultrafractionated X-ray therapy in malignant lymphomas. To improve the therapeutic methods in malignant lymphomas a new irradiation schedule is suggested i.e., ultrafractionated radiotherapy in small daily doses spaced out over a long period of time until the tumor dose of 3,500 R is reached. This treatment was used in 26 patients with malignant lymphomas--most of whom in stages III and IV--as well as in patients with recurrences that no longer responded to chemotherapy. Total remissions were obtained as well as an improvement of survival : 18 of the 16 patients are still in life and 8 of these have already been followed up for more than 5 years. The tumor dose per field did not exceed 2,000 R in the patients under concomitant chemotherapy. Ultrafractionated X-ray was very well tolerated by patients with altered general condition and even by those with recurrences or previous irradiation sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:358359", "title": "[Ontogeny of the immune response in mice. II. Direct hemolytic plaque forming cells and indirect hemolytic plaque forming cells in the spleen of mice antigenically stimulated at various ages].", "content": "Investigations were carried out by the direct and indirect haemolytic plaque (DHP and IHP) forming technique in order to determine the capacity of the lymphoid cells of A2G mice fetuses grafted on irradited adults and of mice of different ages, to react after antigenic stimulation with sheep red blood cells, by the synthesis of antibody belonging to the IgM and IgG class. Fetal lymphocytes build up again the lymphoid system of the animals irradiated with lethal doses and develop humoral mediated immune reactions. The sucklings coming in contact with the antigen within the first 20 hours after birth do not synthetize antibodies, and the sucklings stimulated up to the age of 5 days only synthetize antibodies in low amounts. In the spleen of the sucklings stimulated antigenically on day 0 and again on day 10, IgM and not IgG antibody forming cells are predominant. The secondary immune response in the sucklings up to the age of 5 days develops later necessitating a longer period than in the adults or older sucklings. The significance of these results is discussed with reference to the possible biological implications of alpha-proteins.", "contents": "[Ontogeny of the immune response in mice. II. Direct hemolytic plaque forming cells and indirect hemolytic plaque forming cells in the spleen of mice antigenically stimulated at various ages]. Investigations were carried out by the direct and indirect haemolytic plaque (DHP and IHP) forming technique in order to determine the capacity of the lymphoid cells of A2G mice fetuses grafted on irradited adults and of mice of different ages, to react after antigenic stimulation with sheep red blood cells, by the synthesis of antibody belonging to the IgM and IgG class. Fetal lymphocytes build up again the lymphoid system of the animals irradiated with lethal doses and develop humoral mediated immune reactions. The sucklings coming in contact with the antigen within the first 20 hours after birth do not synthetize antibodies, and the sucklings stimulated up to the age of 5 days only synthetize antibodies in low amounts. In the spleen of the sucklings stimulated antigenically on day 0 and again on day 10, IgM and not IgG antibody forming cells are predominant. The secondary immune response in the sucklings up to the age of 5 days develops later necessitating a longer period than in the adults or older sucklings. The significance of these results is discussed with reference to the possible biological implications of alpha-proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:358368", "title": "The effect of parietal cell vagotomy and selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty on gastric emptying of a solid meal. A prospective randomized study.", "content": "A new technique is described whereby gastric emptying of a 51Cr-labelled solid meal (hamburger, vegetables, potatoes) was measured by way of a movable NaJ(T1) detector. The technique allowed separate measurements over the proximal and the distal part of the stomach. Seven volunteers took part in a study which revealed good correlation between two individual consecutive tests. Eight patients who took part in a controlled randomized series of parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) versus total gastric selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty (SV+P) underwent the test preoperatively and 6 to 8 months postoperatively. Following both operations gastric emptying was retarded. The time taken for the amount of meal remaining in the stomach to be reduced to 75,50 and 25% respectively was significantly longer postoperatively than before surgery, but there were no differences in this respect between PCV and SV+P. The retardation of gastric emptying of solids was in contrast to the emptying of 10% glucose solution, which in the same series of patients was found to be accelerated. Following PCV there was a change in the distribution of the meal within the stomach immediately after the intake of the meal: a larger part of the meal was found in the proximal stomach post-operatively than before operation. There was no significant change in this intragastric distribution of the meal after SV+P.", "contents": "The effect of parietal cell vagotomy and selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty on gastric emptying of a solid meal. A prospective randomized study. A new technique is described whereby gastric emptying of a 51Cr-labelled solid meal (hamburger, vegetables, potatoes) was measured by way of a movable NaJ(T1) detector. The technique allowed separate measurements over the proximal and the distal part of the stomach. Seven volunteers took part in a study which revealed good correlation between two individual consecutive tests. Eight patients who took part in a controlled randomized series of parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) versus total gastric selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty (SV+P) underwent the test preoperatively and 6 to 8 months postoperatively. Following both operations gastric emptying was retarded. The time taken for the amount of meal remaining in the stomach to be reduced to 75,50 and 25% respectively was significantly longer postoperatively than before surgery, but there were no differences in this respect between PCV and SV+P. The retardation of gastric emptying of solids was in contrast to the emptying of 10% glucose solution, which in the same series of patients was found to be accelerated. Following PCV there was a change in the distribution of the meal within the stomach immediately after the intake of the meal: a larger part of the meal was found in the proximal stomach post-operatively than before operation. There was no significant change in this intragastric distribution of the meal after SV+P."}
{"id": "PMID:358364", "title": "Identification and study of the various leukocytes, particularly of the leukemic ones. (Principles and some technical details).", "content": "Based on the main data from the specialty literature and on their own experience in the field, the authors present the principles and some details of the classical and the modern techniques used to identify and study the various leukocytes and especially the leukemic ones. These different methods of investigation are included into the wide categories of histologic, cytomorphologic, cytochemical, cytoenzymatic, cytoimmunological, cytogenetic, cell culture and other complementary techniques. The great progress achieved in this domain was favoured by the development of light, contrast phase and fluorescent microscopy and of the new techniques of transmission and scanning electron microscopy--whose utility for the study of the white blood cells, and particularly of the leukemic ones, is demonstrated in this paper by numerous suggestive illustrations.", "contents": "Identification and study of the various leukocytes, particularly of the leukemic ones. (Principles and some technical details). Based on the main data from the specialty literature and on their own experience in the field, the authors present the principles and some details of the classical and the modern techniques used to identify and study the various leukocytes and especially the leukemic ones. These different methods of investigation are included into the wide categories of histologic, cytomorphologic, cytochemical, cytoenzymatic, cytoimmunological, cytogenetic, cell culture and other complementary techniques. The great progress achieved in this domain was favoured by the development of light, contrast phase and fluorescent microscopy and of the new techniques of transmission and scanning electron microscopy--whose utility for the study of the white blood cells, and particularly of the leukemic ones, is demonstrated in this paper by numerous suggestive illustrations."}
{"id": "PMID:358369", "title": "Clinical results of parietal cell vagotomy and selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. Two-year follow-up of a prospective randomized study.", "content": "Fifty patients were randomized in a consecutive series of parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) and selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty (SV +P) in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. There were no operative deaths, and the length of the hospital stay and time off from work were the same in both groups. The clinical results were evaluated at 1 and 2 years after operation. Within the first 3 years there were two recurrences after PCV and three after SV +P. The overall clinical result 2 years after surgery did not significantly differ between the two groups; 16/24 after PCV and 17/23 after SV +P classified as excellent results (Visick I). Significantly fewer patients had dumping after PCV (3/23) than after SV +P (13/22). No patient had diarrhoea postoperatively. It is concluded that parietal cell vagotomy gives less dumping than selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty. It is, however, too early to say whether the overall clinical result in a long-term follow-up favours PCV rather than SV +P.", "contents": "Clinical results of parietal cell vagotomy and selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. Two-year follow-up of a prospective randomized study. Fifty patients were randomized in a consecutive series of parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) and selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty (SV +P) in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. There were no operative deaths, and the length of the hospital stay and time off from work were the same in both groups. The clinical results were evaluated at 1 and 2 years after operation. Within the first 3 years there were two recurrences after PCV and three after SV +P. The overall clinical result 2 years after surgery did not significantly differ between the two groups; 16/24 after PCV and 17/23 after SV +P classified as excellent results (Visick I). Significantly fewer patients had dumping after PCV (3/23) than after SV +P (13/22). No patient had diarrhoea postoperatively. It is concluded that parietal cell vagotomy gives less dumping than selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty. It is, however, too early to say whether the overall clinical result in a long-term follow-up favours PCV rather than SV +P."}
{"id": "PMID:358370", "title": "Severe aplastic anaemia with complete autologous marrow reconstitution following treatment with antithymocyte globulin. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "In a patient with end-stage acquired aplastic anaemia, unsuccessful treatment with splenectomy, prednisone, pyridoxine and anabolic steroid was followed by administration of antithymocyte globulin (ATG). This therapy soon led to a gradual improvement and after 12 months, complete remission was obtained. The possible mechanism of action of ATG and the general principles of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Severe aplastic anaemia with complete autologous marrow reconstitution following treatment with antithymocyte globulin. Report of a case and review of the literature. In a patient with end-stage acquired aplastic anaemia, unsuccessful treatment with splenectomy, prednisone, pyridoxine and anabolic steroid was followed by administration of antithymocyte globulin (ATG). This therapy soon led to a gradual improvement and after 12 months, complete remission was obtained. The possible mechanism of action of ATG and the general principles of treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:358371", "title": "BCG therapy in acute non lymphoid leukaemias.", "content": "The survival of patients with acute non-lymphoid leukaemias (ANLL) receiving chemotherapy (32 patients) or chemotherapy plus BCG (31 patients) has been compared in a randomized trial which started in Nov 1974. Fresh BCG (Institut Pasteur, Paris) was administered by Heaf gun in the interval of chemotherapy cycles. The overall survival was better in the chemo-immunotherapy group (median duration of survival of 25 months compared to 16 months in the chemotherapy group). However, the first remission duration did not differ (median duration of the 15 and 12 months, respectively). Plateau survival curves were not obtained in either group. A second complete remission was obtained in 7 out of 12 patients with bone marrow relapses in the chemo-immunotherapy group, and only in 2 out of 15 in the chemotherapy group (P less than 0.05). BCG seemed more efficient in patients older than 40 years; no difference was observed according to sex.", "contents": "BCG therapy in acute non lymphoid leukaemias. The survival of patients with acute non-lymphoid leukaemias (ANLL) receiving chemotherapy (32 patients) or chemotherapy plus BCG (31 patients) has been compared in a randomized trial which started in Nov 1974. Fresh BCG (Institut Pasteur, Paris) was administered by Heaf gun in the interval of chemotherapy cycles. The overall survival was better in the chemo-immunotherapy group (median duration of survival of 25 months compared to 16 months in the chemotherapy group). However, the first remission duration did not differ (median duration of the 15 and 12 months, respectively). Plateau survival curves were not obtained in either group. A second complete remission was obtained in 7 out of 12 patients with bone marrow relapses in the chemo-immunotherapy group, and only in 2 out of 15 in the chemotherapy group (P less than 0.05). BCG seemed more efficient in patients older than 40 years; no difference was observed according to sex."}
{"id": "PMID:358372", "title": "Postirradiation erythropoietic recovery in splenectomized mice.", "content": "The influence of splenectomy on erythropoietic recovery of lethally X-irradiated mice injected with different doses of syngeneic bone marrow was studied. Splenectomized animals showed less activation than unoperated controls in the lower dose range; however, by increasing the number of injected cells the response obtained was similar in both groups. Providing an adequate number of stem cells is administered to the splenectomized recipients, an enhanced erythropoietic activity of the graft may compensate for the absence of the spleen, which is an important organ in postirradiation recovery. Suggested explanations for this observation are lack of an haematopoietic inhibitory effect of the irradiated spleen, or changes in the environment provided by the spleenless host.", "contents": "Postirradiation erythropoietic recovery in splenectomized mice. The influence of splenectomy on erythropoietic recovery of lethally X-irradiated mice injected with different doses of syngeneic bone marrow was studied. Splenectomized animals showed less activation than unoperated controls in the lower dose range; however, by increasing the number of injected cells the response obtained was similar in both groups. Providing an adequate number of stem cells is administered to the splenectomized recipients, an enhanced erythropoietic activity of the graft may compensate for the absence of the spleen, which is an important organ in postirradiation recovery. Suggested explanations for this observation are lack of an haematopoietic inhibitory effect of the irradiated spleen, or changes in the environment provided by the spleenless host."}
{"id": "PMID:358373", "title": "Adenosine deaminase activity in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: cytochemical, immunological and clinical correlations.", "content": "Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity has been assessed in lymphoid cells of 23 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in order to attempt a further characterization of ALL cells in addition to the well known cytochemical and immunological T and B lymphoid cell markers. ADA activity did not show any correlation with the immunological characterization of the patients investigated; in fact a wide range of ADA activity was observed with levels ranging from 0 to 32 U in T-ALL patients and nearly similar values (from 1.8 to 36 U) in the group of non T--non B ALL cases. Normal values ranged from 2 to 5 U (mean 2.9 U; s.d. +/- 0.8). Some cytochemical patterns (acid phosphatase and PAS) appeared well correlated with T markers of lymphoid cells, whereas they showed no significant relationship with ADA activity.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase activity in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: cytochemical, immunological and clinical correlations. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity has been assessed in lymphoid cells of 23 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in order to attempt a further characterization of ALL cells in addition to the well known cytochemical and immunological T and B lymphoid cell markers. ADA activity did not show any correlation with the immunological characterization of the patients investigated; in fact a wide range of ADA activity was observed with levels ranging from 0 to 32 U in T-ALL patients and nearly similar values (from 1.8 to 36 U) in the group of non T--non B ALL cases. Normal values ranged from 2 to 5 U (mean 2.9 U; s.d. +/- 0.8). Some cytochemical patterns (acid phosphatase and PAS) appeared well correlated with T markers of lymphoid cells, whereas they showed no significant relationship with ADA activity."}
{"id": "PMID:358374", "title": "Growth potential of cranial suture bone autografts. I. An experimental macrosopic investigation in young rabbits.", "content": "On 25 rabbit sucklings a coronal suture-bone graft was transplanted into an experimental unilateral premaxillo-maxillary bone and stuture defect. 21 animals survived the experimental period and were sacrificed fullgrown (6 months). The graft was found to be well incorporated into the recipient site in all cases, its structure being remodelled to a striking similarity with the unoperated side and the suture was still visible. Photographic measurement of the snout deviation revealed that the longitudinal growth of the grafted suture approximately followed the general growth of the facial skeleton. This indicates an up to 3-fold increase of the growth in comparison to its original cranial growth site.", "contents": "Growth potential of cranial suture bone autografts. I. An experimental macrosopic investigation in young rabbits. On 25 rabbit sucklings a coronal suture-bone graft was transplanted into an experimental unilateral premaxillo-maxillary bone and stuture defect. 21 animals survived the experimental period and were sacrificed fullgrown (6 months). The graft was found to be well incorporated into the recipient site in all cases, its structure being remodelled to a striking similarity with the unoperated side and the suture was still visible. Photographic measurement of the snout deviation revealed that the longitudinal growth of the grafted suture approximately followed the general growth of the facial skeleton. This indicates an up to 3-fold increase of the growth in comparison to its original cranial growth site."}
{"id": "PMID:358375", "title": "Growth potential of cranial suture bone autograft. II. An experimental microscopic investigation in young rabbits.", "content": "On rabbit sucklings a coronal suture-bone graft, covered by periosteum and dura, was transplanted into an experimental unilateral premaxillo-maxillary bone and suture defect. In 21 animals microscopical analysis was carried out using triple fluorochrome vital labelling over a period from the 3rd to the 36th postoperative day. In another 7 animals conventional histological methods were used. The grafts were readily incorporated and during the second postoperative week longitudinal sutural growth was fully restored as compared to the unoperated control side and growth far exceeded that of the original coronal suture.", "contents": "Growth potential of cranial suture bone autograft. II. An experimental microscopic investigation in young rabbits. On rabbit sucklings a coronal suture-bone graft, covered by periosteum and dura, was transplanted into an experimental unilateral premaxillo-maxillary bone and suture defect. In 21 animals microscopical analysis was carried out using triple fluorochrome vital labelling over a period from the 3rd to the 36th postoperative day. In another 7 animals conventional histological methods were used. The grafts were readily incorporated and during the second postoperative week longitudinal sutural growth was fully restored as compared to the unoperated control side and growth far exceeded that of the original coronal suture."}
{"id": "PMID:358376", "title": "Maxillary growth after palatal surgery. An experimental study on dogs.", "content": "Maxillary growth after unilateral closure of surgically induced defects in the hard palate in 6- to 8-week old Beagle puppies was studied. The hard palate except for a 4 mm wide strip of bone in the midline and with its overlaying oral mucoperiosteum was removed. On one side the nasal mucoperiosteum was covered with an autogenous full-thickness skin graft (side SGS) and, on the other side the raw surface (side RS) was left for secondary epithelialization. The animals were killed at 47 to 52 weeks of age. Measurements on the dried skulls of the experimental dogs showed no difference in total maxillary length between the two sides of the maxilla. However, the posterior half of the maxilla was longer in 8 dogs on side SGS and the anterior half of the maxilla was in 7 dogs long on side RS. The palatine suture was displaced towards side RS on all dogs, and the height of the nose was in all dogs greater on side SGS. There was a small consistent tendency that the overall growth was more pronounced on the side with the full-thickness skin graft. It is concluded that reducing the amount of scar tissue by covering raw surfaces with an autogenous full-thickness skin graft is one way to reduce maxillary growth impairment after palatal surgery.", "contents": "Maxillary growth after palatal surgery. An experimental study on dogs. Maxillary growth after unilateral closure of surgically induced defects in the hard palate in 6- to 8-week old Beagle puppies was studied. The hard palate except for a 4 mm wide strip of bone in the midline and with its overlaying oral mucoperiosteum was removed. On one side the nasal mucoperiosteum was covered with an autogenous full-thickness skin graft (side SGS) and, on the other side the raw surface (side RS) was left for secondary epithelialization. The animals were killed at 47 to 52 weeks of age. Measurements on the dried skulls of the experimental dogs showed no difference in total maxillary length between the two sides of the maxilla. However, the posterior half of the maxilla was longer in 8 dogs on side SGS and the anterior half of the maxilla was in 7 dogs long on side RS. The palatine suture was displaced towards side RS on all dogs, and the height of the nose was in all dogs greater on side SGS. There was a small consistent tendency that the overall growth was more pronounced on the side with the full-thickness skin graft. It is concluded that reducing the amount of scar tissue by covering raw surfaces with an autogenous full-thickness skin graft is one way to reduce maxillary growth impairment after palatal surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:358377", "title": "Effects of 60CO-gamma-irradiation on the early ingrowth of an autogenous bone inlay into an artificial defect in the rabbit mandibula.", "content": "The incorporation of an autogenous humeral bone inlay into a previously irradiated mandibula was studied in 23 adult rabbits. A single exposure of 1000, 2000 and 3000 rads was given 1 or 8 weeks before the grafting into an artificially created defect in the rabbit mandibula. The observation time was 30 days. The results were compared to those obtained in 6 non-irradiated rabbits operated in the same way and after the same observation period. The callus formation around the graft was reduced to less than half the amount measured with morphometry in rabbits irradiated greater than or equal to 2000 rads one week preoperatively as compared to that in the non-irradiated group. The periosteal callus formed by the host bone was reduced with increasing preoperative radiation doses and the longer interval between irradiation and bone grafting. Practically all callus was formed by the graft constituents (particularly the periosteum) after heavier preoperative radiation doses and the longer interval between irradiation and bone grafting. The new bone formation started some days later and was of an inferior quality with larger preoperative doses and the longer interval between irradiation and bone grafting.", "contents": "Effects of 60CO-gamma-irradiation on the early ingrowth of an autogenous bone inlay into an artificial defect in the rabbit mandibula. The incorporation of an autogenous humeral bone inlay into a previously irradiated mandibula was studied in 23 adult rabbits. A single exposure of 1000, 2000 and 3000 rads was given 1 or 8 weeks before the grafting into an artificially created defect in the rabbit mandibula. The observation time was 30 days. The results were compared to those obtained in 6 non-irradiated rabbits operated in the same way and after the same observation period. The callus formation around the graft was reduced to less than half the amount measured with morphometry in rabbits irradiated greater than or equal to 2000 rads one week preoperatively as compared to that in the non-irradiated group. The periosteal callus formed by the host bone was reduced with increasing preoperative radiation doses and the longer interval between irradiation and bone grafting. Practically all callus was formed by the graft constituents (particularly the periosteum) after heavier preoperative radiation doses and the longer interval between irradiation and bone grafting. The new bone formation started some days later and was of an inferior quality with larger preoperative doses and the longer interval between irradiation and bone grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:358378", "title": "Scintigraphy of human autologous rib transplants to a partially resected mandible.", "content": "The 99Tcm-DP accumulation in split ribs grafted to six cases of partially resected mandibles was examined by scintigraphy at different time intervals after operations and found to be higher than in normal facial bones. The accumulation was highest around one month after the grafting procedure, and later decreasing. Differences between bone chips, split ribs and unsplit ribs are described. Bone scintigraphy is assumed to be of value in following the metabolic state of bone grafts.", "contents": "Scintigraphy of human autologous rib transplants to a partially resected mandible. The 99Tcm-DP accumulation in split ribs grafted to six cases of partially resected mandibles was examined by scintigraphy at different time intervals after operations and found to be higher than in normal facial bones. The accumulation was highest around one month after the grafting procedure, and later decreasing. Differences between bone chips, split ribs and unsplit ribs are described. Bone scintigraphy is assumed to be of value in following the metabolic state of bone grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:358381", "title": "The effects of long-term treatment with norephedrine on stress incontinence and urethral closure pressure profile.", "content": "Twenty-five women with stress incontinence of urine were given an alpha-adrenoceptor stimulating agent (norephedrine) and a placebo during respective 14-day periods according to a double-blind cross-over schedule. The results were classified as the patient's own assessment of therapeutic effect and as change in urethral closure pressure profile measured by a microtransducer catheter. Norephedrine had a significant therapeutic effect on the symptom stress incontinence and produced significant increase in maximum urethral pressure and maximum urethral closure pressure in the lithotomy and the erect position. Reduction of incontinence was associated with increase in maximum urethral closure pressure. The sum therapeutic effect was of moderate degree.", "contents": "The effects of long-term treatment with norephedrine on stress incontinence and urethral closure pressure profile. Twenty-five women with stress incontinence of urine were given an alpha-adrenoceptor stimulating agent (norephedrine) and a placebo during respective 14-day periods according to a double-blind cross-over schedule. The results were classified as the patient's own assessment of therapeutic effect and as change in urethral closure pressure profile measured by a microtransducer catheter. Norephedrine had a significant therapeutic effect on the symptom stress incontinence and produced significant increase in maximum urethral pressure and maximum urethral closure pressure in the lithotomy and the erect position. Reduction of incontinence was associated with increase in maximum urethral closure pressure. The sum therapeutic effect was of moderate degree."}
{"id": "PMID:358382", "title": "The use of dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO) in the treatment of interstitial cystitis.", "content": "Dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO) was used in 17 patients with interstitial cystitis. The diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings and the characteristic picture with Hunner ulcera. The majority of the patients had responded poorly to other forms of conservative treatment. Subjective symptoms were controlled in 2/3 of the cases but repeated treatment was needed and 5 patients did not respond to the therapy. The DMSO treatment is an alternative worth to try and has in some cases a dramatic and lasting effect.", "contents": "The use of dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO) in the treatment of interstitial cystitis. Dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO) was used in 17 patients with interstitial cystitis. The diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings and the characteristic picture with Hunner ulcera. The majority of the patients had responded poorly to other forms of conservative treatment. Subjective symptoms were controlled in 2/3 of the cases but repeated treatment was needed and 5 patients did not respond to the therapy. The DMSO treatment is an alternative worth to try and has in some cases a dramatic and lasting effect."}
{"id": "PMID:358383", "title": "Experimental hydronephrosis. Influence of infection on the histological picture.", "content": "The present paper is concerned with a histological examination of 110 pairs of rat kidneys from an experimental investigation on unilateral hydronephrosis previously published. Urine sampled by puncture of the obstructed pelvis remained sterile in cultures from most of the cases, though in 22 of a total of 184 cases growth of bacteria occurred. Intravenous injection of E. coli resulted in substantial growth of the bacteria in similar samples. In 2 cases the untreated control kidney displayed histological evidence of infection. The histology indicated that damage to the renal parenchyma in hydronephrotic kidneys probably predisposes the kidney for hematogenous infection.", "contents": "Experimental hydronephrosis. Influence of infection on the histological picture. The present paper is concerned with a histological examination of 110 pairs of rat kidneys from an experimental investigation on unilateral hydronephrosis previously published. Urine sampled by puncture of the obstructed pelvis remained sterile in cultures from most of the cases, though in 22 of a total of 184 cases growth of bacteria occurred. Intravenous injection of E. coli resulted in substantial growth of the bacteria in similar samples. In 2 cases the untreated control kidney displayed histological evidence of infection. The histology indicated that damage to the renal parenchyma in hydronephrotic kidneys probably predisposes the kidney for hematogenous infection."}
{"id": "PMID:358384", "title": "Pyelorenal backflow during retrograde pyelography after renal transplantation.", "content": "Retrograde pyelography in 140 transplanted kidneys within 3 days of the operation showed a high frequency (29%) of pyelorenal backflow. Pyelotubular backflow, ordinarily a rare form of backflow, was seen in one-third of the patients whose transplants were removed within 60 days because of rejection, but in only 4% of the patients with surviving grafts. Pyelosinus backflow was found in 61% of the patients with signs of urinary obstruction, but in only 9% of the other patients. No relationship was found between pyelosinus backflow and graft rejection, or between pyelotubular backflow and urinary obstruction. Pyelotubular backflow may be an early radiographic sign of impending and serious rejection.", "contents": "Pyelorenal backflow during retrograde pyelography after renal transplantation. Retrograde pyelography in 140 transplanted kidneys within 3 days of the operation showed a high frequency (29%) of pyelorenal backflow. Pyelotubular backflow, ordinarily a rare form of backflow, was seen in one-third of the patients whose transplants were removed within 60 days because of rejection, but in only 4% of the patients with surviving grafts. Pyelosinus backflow was found in 61% of the patients with signs of urinary obstruction, but in only 9% of the other patients. No relationship was found between pyelosinus backflow and graft rejection, or between pyelotubular backflow and urinary obstruction. Pyelotubular backflow may be an early radiographic sign of impending and serious rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:358385", "title": "The effects of norephedrine and bethanechol on the human urethral closure pressure profile.", "content": "In twelve women with urinary stress incontinence simultaneous measurements were made of the intravesical and intra-urethral pressures, including the urethral closure pressure profile (UCPP), before and after oral administration of norephedrine or subcutaneous injection of bethanechol. The investigations were carried out at various bladder volumes in the supine position and at bladder volume 300 ml in erect position. Irrespective of bladder volume or body position, norephedrine caused a statistically significant rise in maximum urethral pressure (MUP) and in maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP). The intravesical pressure was not affected. After intravenous injection of phentolamine, MUP and MUCP fell to levels below the original readings, but here too the intravesical pressure was unaffected. Injection of bethanechol was followed by significant increase in the intravesical pressure, irrespective of bladder volume or body position. There were no consistent changes in the intra-urethral pressure. As a consequence of the rise in intravesical pressure, however, the MUCP fell slightly. The results of the study suggest that orally administered norephedrine causes an increase in the MUCP in women with stress incontinence of urine, an increase that may prove therapeutically useful. Bethanechol, in doses that significantly increased intravesical pressure, did not alter the intra-urethral pressure.", "contents": "The effects of norephedrine and bethanechol on the human urethral closure pressure profile. In twelve women with urinary stress incontinence simultaneous measurements were made of the intravesical and intra-urethral pressures, including the urethral closure pressure profile (UCPP), before and after oral administration of norephedrine or subcutaneous injection of bethanechol. The investigations were carried out at various bladder volumes in the supine position and at bladder volume 300 ml in erect position. Irrespective of bladder volume or body position, norephedrine caused a statistically significant rise in maximum urethral pressure (MUP) and in maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP). The intravesical pressure was not affected. After intravenous injection of phentolamine, MUP and MUCP fell to levels below the original readings, but here too the intravesical pressure was unaffected. Injection of bethanechol was followed by significant increase in the intravesical pressure, irrespective of bladder volume or body position. There were no consistent changes in the intra-urethral pressure. As a consequence of the rise in intravesical pressure, however, the MUCP fell slightly. The results of the study suggest that orally administered norephedrine causes an increase in the MUCP in women with stress incontinence of urine, an increase that may prove therapeutically useful. Bethanechol, in doses that significantly increased intravesical pressure, did not alter the intra-urethral pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:358386", "title": "[Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. 8 cases and review of the literature].", "content": "Eight cases of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy were recently diagnosed at the University Hospital of Geneva. The disease was characterized by generalized adenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, fever, and sometimes skin rash. Six patients had polyclonal dysproteinemia and two displayed autoimmune disorders, e.g. Coombs' positive hemolytic anemia. Lymph node biopsy was a decisive pointer for the diagnosis. Four patients died, two of them from immunoblastic lymphoma. Four other patients are in remission, the longest follow-up being 91 months. Analysis of 213 cases from the literature shows the following features:--Males and females are equally affected, with a predominance after the age of 50.--The onset is characterized by constitutional symptoms (75%) and fever (65%), sometimes following exposure to drugs.--The signs are generalized adenopathy (91%), splenomegaly (66%), hepatomeagly (65%), and skin rash (46).--Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia (76%) is found, together with anemia (78%) which is often autoimmune in origin (58%).--The course is often unfavourable and the mortality is over 55%, largely due to opportunistic infections and/or development of immunoblastic lymphoma.", "contents": "[Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. 8 cases and review of the literature]. Eight cases of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy were recently diagnosed at the University Hospital of Geneva. The disease was characterized by generalized adenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, fever, and sometimes skin rash. Six patients had polyclonal dysproteinemia and two displayed autoimmune disorders, e.g. Coombs' positive hemolytic anemia. Lymph node biopsy was a decisive pointer for the diagnosis. Four patients died, two of them from immunoblastic lymphoma. Four other patients are in remission, the longest follow-up being 91 months. Analysis of 213 cases from the literature shows the following features:--Males and females are equally affected, with a predominance after the age of 50.--The onset is characterized by constitutional symptoms (75%) and fever (65%), sometimes following exposure to drugs.--The signs are generalized adenopathy (91%), splenomegaly (66%), hepatomeagly (65%), and skin rash (46).--Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia (76%) is found, together with anemia (78%) which is often autoimmune in origin (58%).--The course is often unfavourable and the mortality is over 55%, largely due to opportunistic infections and/or development of immunoblastic lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:358387", "title": "Eosinophils as effector cells in disease.", "content": "The ability of eosinophils to express Fc and C3b receptors can alter in vivo and in vitro, and with these membrane receptors eosinophils can bind to IgG or C3b coated metazoan parasites and cells, some of which are killed. In addition, IgG and C3b coated particles can induce eosinophils to secrete their granule contents which include distinct basic (cationic) proteins and peroxidase. These may bind to surfaces or cell membranes where they could initiate complement activation, coagulation or kinin generation. The high incidence of thrombi and endocardial cell damage in patients with persistent eosinophilia (even when it is induced by malignant disease), supports this possibility. Endocardial damage which leads to L\u00f6ffler's cardiomyopathy may be induced by these products being secreted from circulating eosinophils which have a prolonged blood half-life in hypereosinophilic states. It is concluded that eosinophils have an active role in inducting inflammatory processes in tissues, and that they are important effector cells in some types of parasitic and allergic diseases. Analyses of the way in which these effects occur may show how eosinophils carry out their functions in tissues.", "contents": "Eosinophils as effector cells in disease. The ability of eosinophils to express Fc and C3b receptors can alter in vivo and in vitro, and with these membrane receptors eosinophils can bind to IgG or C3b coated metazoan parasites and cells, some of which are killed. In addition, IgG and C3b coated particles can induce eosinophils to secrete their granule contents which include distinct basic (cationic) proteins and peroxidase. These may bind to surfaces or cell membranes where they could initiate complement activation, coagulation or kinin generation. The high incidence of thrombi and endocardial cell damage in patients with persistent eosinophilia (even when it is induced by malignant disease), supports this possibility. Endocardial damage which leads to L\u00f6ffler's cardiomyopathy may be induced by these products being secreted from circulating eosinophils which have a prolonged blood half-life in hypereosinophilic states. It is concluded that eosinophils have an active role in inducting inflammatory processes in tissues, and that they are important effector cells in some types of parasitic and allergic diseases. Analyses of the way in which these effects occur may show how eosinophils carry out their functions in tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:358389", "title": "[Proliferative activity and bacteriostatic capacity of human alveolar macrophages (proceedings)].", "content": "Human alveolar macrophages were collected by bronchopulmonary lavage and their proliferation activity and bacteriostatic capacity determined in vitro. Compared with blood monocytes the alveolar macrophages show a higher degree of differentiation with a very high bacteriostatic capacity and no proliferation acitivity. There were no major differences between alveolar macrophages from healthy individuals, heavy smokers and patients with bronchogenic cancer.", "contents": "[Proliferative activity and bacteriostatic capacity of human alveolar macrophages (proceedings)]. Human alveolar macrophages were collected by bronchopulmonary lavage and their proliferation activity and bacteriostatic capacity determined in vitro. Compared with blood monocytes the alveolar macrophages show a higher degree of differentiation with a very high bacteriostatic capacity and no proliferation acitivity. There were no major differences between alveolar macrophages from healthy individuals, heavy smokers and patients with bronchogenic cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:358391", "title": "[Total prosthesis--a review of the literature].", "content": "A review of literature on full denture prosthetics is given with reference to the newest scientific results with clinical relevance. Presently, the accent seems to be on gerontological problems, on basic research of the denture bearing tissues and on the entire masticatory system after loss of teeth and under the influence of prosthetic rehabilitation. Finally research on dental materials and on microbiological problems are raised. An increasing number of investigations critically deals with existing and clinically proven methods and concepts of full denture construction. In the review of literature special fields like hybrid prosthetics and defect prosthetics have not been included, prosthetic materials only in special instances.", "contents": "[Total prosthesis--a review of the literature]. A review of literature on full denture prosthetics is given with reference to the newest scientific results with clinical relevance. Presently, the accent seems to be on gerontological problems, on basic research of the denture bearing tissues and on the entire masticatory system after loss of teeth and under the influence of prosthetic rehabilitation. Finally research on dental materials and on microbiological problems are raised. An increasing number of investigations critically deals with existing and clinically proven methods and concepts of full denture construction. In the review of literature special fields like hybrid prosthetics and defect prosthetics have not been included, prosthetic materials only in special instances."}
{"id": "PMID:358419", "title": "Haemophilia in the newborn. A case report and literature review.", "content": "Haemophilic bleeding in the newborn is rare. An infant who presented with a massive scalp haemorrhage on the second day of life is described and the relevant literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Haemophilia in the newborn. A case report and literature review. Haemophilic bleeding in the newborn is rare. An infant who presented with a massive scalp haemorrhage on the second day of life is described and the relevant literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:358420", "title": "Type I histiocytosis X presenting as biliary atresia. A case report.", "content": "Histiocytosis X may present in a variety of ways. We report a patient who presented with the unusual feature of infiltration of the hepatic duct with histiocytes, manifesting as biliary atresia.", "contents": "Type I histiocytosis X presenting as biliary atresia. A case report. Histiocytosis X may present in a variety of ways. We report a patient who presented with the unusual feature of infiltration of the hepatic duct with histiocytes, manifesting as biliary atresia."}
{"id": "PMID:358421", "title": "B- and T-cell markers in lymphoproliferative disorders with blood and bone marrow involvement.", "content": "B- and T-cell surface markers were determined in 26 adult patients with lymphoproliferative malignancies who had bone marrow and blood involvement. The patients in whom more than 60% of the abnormal cells were immunoglobulin-bearing cells were considered to have B-cell lymphoproliferative malignancy. The diagnosis of a T-cell disorder was made in those patients in whom more than 70% of the cells formed E rosettes (T cells). Those patients in whom 30% and more of the abnormal cells did not show B- and T-cell surface markers were regarded as suffering from \"null\" cell disorder. The B-cell type of lymphoproliferative malignancy was the most commonly encountered (63%) with an equal male to female ratio. In addition, 4 male patients with \"hairy-cell\" leukaemia were shown to have a B-cell disorder. T-cell disorders were found in 3 male patients; 1 patient had acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and in the other 2 the histopathological diagnosis was well-differentiated lymphoma and Sternberg sarcoma. Four patients with \"null\" cell lymphoma were found, the histopathological diagnoses in all were poorly-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, and 3 of the 4 patients were males. Further haematological investigations of the B-cell and the non-B-cell disorders showed that although the bone marrow was equally extensively infiltrated in both groups, the non-B-cell disroders were more commonly associated with complications of anemia and thrombocytopenia. It is therefore postulated that the abnormal lymphoid cell involved in B-cell disorders is an end-stage cell and not the haemopoietic stem cell.", "contents": "B- and T-cell markers in lymphoproliferative disorders with blood and bone marrow involvement. B- and T-cell surface markers were determined in 26 adult patients with lymphoproliferative malignancies who had bone marrow and blood involvement. The patients in whom more than 60% of the abnormal cells were immunoglobulin-bearing cells were considered to have B-cell lymphoproliferative malignancy. The diagnosis of a T-cell disorder was made in those patients in whom more than 70% of the cells formed E rosettes (T cells). Those patients in whom 30% and more of the abnormal cells did not show B- and T-cell surface markers were regarded as suffering from \"null\" cell disorder. The B-cell type of lymphoproliferative malignancy was the most commonly encountered (63%) with an equal male to female ratio. In addition, 4 male patients with \"hairy-cell\" leukaemia were shown to have a B-cell disorder. T-cell disorders were found in 3 male patients; 1 patient had acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and in the other 2 the histopathological diagnosis was well-differentiated lymphoma and Sternberg sarcoma. Four patients with \"null\" cell lymphoma were found, the histopathological diagnoses in all were poorly-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, and 3 of the 4 patients were males. Further haematological investigations of the B-cell and the non-B-cell disorders showed that although the bone marrow was equally extensively infiltrated in both groups, the non-B-cell disroders were more commonly associated with complications of anemia and thrombocytopenia. It is therefore postulated that the abnormal lymphoid cell involved in B-cell disorders is an end-stage cell and not the haemopoietic stem cell."}
{"id": "PMID:358422", "title": "The intra-uterine contraceptive device--contraceptive or abortifacient?", "content": "Further to the investigation of the possible mode of action of the intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCD), an assay for the beta-specific subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) has detected endogenous chorionic activity 21 days after menstruation. In 22 proven ovulatory cycles, 7 patients wearing an IUCD had demonstrable serum HCG levels in 45% of these cycles. Abnormal menstruation was associated with the majority of cycles in which there was HCG in the serum. Subsequent luteolysis occurred in all cases. The results of this study may support the hypothesis that IUCD exerts its effect on the fertilized, implanted blastocyst, thus causing possible 'micro-abortion'. Caution should be exercised in the interpretation of HCG values in the follow-up of patients with hydatidiform mole or choriocarcinoma who are bearing IUCDs, since positive HCG levels may be due to an early, fertilized and implanted blastocyst and not to invasive tissue.", "contents": "The intra-uterine contraceptive device--contraceptive or abortifacient? Further to the investigation of the possible mode of action of the intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCD), an assay for the beta-specific subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) has detected endogenous chorionic activity 21 days after menstruation. In 22 proven ovulatory cycles, 7 patients wearing an IUCD had demonstrable serum HCG levels in 45% of these cycles. Abnormal menstruation was associated with the majority of cycles in which there was HCG in the serum. Subsequent luteolysis occurred in all cases. The results of this study may support the hypothesis that IUCD exerts its effect on the fertilized, implanted blastocyst, thus causing possible 'micro-abortion'. Caution should be exercised in the interpretation of HCG values in the follow-up of patients with hydatidiform mole or choriocarcinoma who are bearing IUCDs, since positive HCG levels may be due to an early, fertilized and implanted blastocyst and not to invasive tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:358423", "title": "[Factors determining the rate of weight gain of the human fetus in utero].", "content": "A brief review is given of the factors determining the rate of weight gain of the human fetus in utero. A number of genetic, metabolic and environmental factors are outlined. Knowledge of these factors is important in modern obstetric care.", "contents": "[Factors determining the rate of weight gain of the human fetus in utero]. A brief review is given of the factors determining the rate of weight gain of the human fetus in utero. A number of genetic, metabolic and environmental factors are outlined. Knowledge of these factors is important in modern obstetric care."}
{"id": "PMID:358425", "title": "[The operation on and death of Lieutenant M.J. Nix].", "content": "One of the four Dutch military attaches who sided with the Republican forces in the Second Anglo-Boer War, Lieutenant M.J. Nix, was severely wounded during the battle at Sannaspost on 31 March 1900.  A British shrapnel bullet injured his spine, which left him almost completely paralysed.  He was transported in a British ambulance to the military hospital in Bloemfontein, where he was operated on on 10 April.  He died during the operation. Conan Doyle, who was a medical officer and War correspondent in the South African War, attended the operation and published a brief report of it in his well-known book The Great Boer War.  This report is quoted in full in this article. It is clear that the failure of the operation was due to the surgeon's lack of medical knowledge.", "contents": "[The operation on and death of Lieutenant M.J. Nix]. One of the four Dutch military attaches who sided with the Republican forces in the Second Anglo-Boer War, Lieutenant M.J. Nix, was severely wounded during the battle at Sannaspost on 31 March 1900.  A British shrapnel bullet injured his spine, which left him almost completely paralysed.  He was transported in a British ambulance to the military hospital in Bloemfontein, where he was operated on on 10 April.  He died during the operation. Conan Doyle, who was a medical officer and War correspondent in the South African War, attended the operation and published a brief report of it in his well-known book The Great Boer War.  This report is quoted in full in this article. It is clear that the failure of the operation was due to the surgeon's lack of medical knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:358427", "title": "A comparative assessment of carbuterol, fenoterol and hexoprenaline in allergic asthma.", "content": "Carbuterol tablets (2,0 mg) were compared with the tablets of fenoterol (2,5 mg) and hexoprenaline (1 mg). The three drugs were shown to be equally effective for a period of 4 hours, but carbuterol and fenoterol exerted a statistically significant bronchodilating action for 7 and 8 hours respectively, while the action of hexoprenaline lasted for 4 hours in the majority of patients. The aerosols of carbuterol (200 mg) and fenoterol (400 mg) appeared to be similar in inhibiting exercise-induced asthma, whereas hexoprenaline (200 mg) did not appear to be as effective.", "contents": "A comparative assessment of carbuterol, fenoterol and hexoprenaline in allergic asthma. Carbuterol tablets (2,0 mg) were compared with the tablets of fenoterol (2,5 mg) and hexoprenaline (1 mg). The three drugs were shown to be equally effective for a period of 4 hours, but carbuterol and fenoterol exerted a statistically significant bronchodilating action for 7 and 8 hours respectively, while the action of hexoprenaline lasted for 4 hours in the majority of patients. The aerosols of carbuterol (200 mg) and fenoterol (400 mg) appeared to be similar in inhibiting exercise-induced asthma, whereas hexoprenaline (200 mg) did not appear to be as effective."}
{"id": "PMID:358428", "title": "Dandy-Walker syndrome.", "content": "The problem of a patient with hydrocephalus, a posterior fossa 'cyst' and a cerebellar malformation is rather rare. Four cases of the syndrome are presented. The clinical manifestations, pathology, radiological investigations and management of the condition are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Dandy-Walker syndrome. The problem of a patient with hydrocephalus, a posterior fossa 'cyst' and a cerebellar malformation is rather rare. Four cases of the syndrome are presented. The clinical manifestations, pathology, radiological investigations and management of the condition are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:358429", "title": "Reflections on anatomy and physical anthropology.", "content": "The close and ineluctable links between anatomy and physical anthropology are explored. The relevance of many aspects of physical anthropology in the teaching of anatomy to medical and dental students is stressed. It is suggested that, since physical anthropology is one of the frontier fields in anatomical research today, it may help to attract personnel to anatomy departments which in most parts of the world are suffering from a serious shortage of suitably qualified people to teach gross anatomy.", "contents": "Reflections on anatomy and physical anthropology. The close and ineluctable links between anatomy and physical anthropology are explored. The relevance of many aspects of physical anthropology in the teaching of anatomy to medical and dental students is stressed. It is suggested that, since physical anthropology is one of the frontier fields in anatomical research today, it may help to attract personnel to anatomy departments which in most parts of the world are suffering from a serious shortage of suitably qualified people to teach gross anatomy."}
{"id": "PMID:358431", "title": "Group B streptococcal infections in neonates and infants. Report of 16 cases, with referrence to the fatal outcome in late-onset leucopenic cases.", "content": "Sixteen cases of group B streptococcal (GBS) infections in neonates and infants aged up to 3 months were detected from November 1973 to January 1977. Three patients presented with pneumonia, 10 with meningitis and 3 with both pneumonia and meningitis. All diagnoses were confirmed by positive blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid cultures. The serotypes involved were type Ia (2 cases), type II (4 cases) and type III (10 cases). Ten patients died (62.5%). Early antibiotic treatment did not appear to affect the outcome, but low peripheral leucocyte count indicated a uniformly fatal outcome in 6 cases where leucopenia was documented, and this appeared to be associated with late-onset disease. The current status of GBS disease is presented, with particular reference to the control measures at present available and the possibility of immunotherapy and vaccination.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal infections in neonates and infants. Report of 16 cases, with referrence to the fatal outcome in late-onset leucopenic cases. Sixteen cases of group B streptococcal (GBS) infections in neonates and infants aged up to 3 months were detected from November 1973 to January 1977. Three patients presented with pneumonia, 10 with meningitis and 3 with both pneumonia and meningitis. All diagnoses were confirmed by positive blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid cultures. The serotypes involved were type Ia (2 cases), type II (4 cases) and type III (10 cases). Ten patients died (62.5%). Early antibiotic treatment did not appear to affect the outcome, but low peripheral leucocyte count indicated a uniformly fatal outcome in 6 cases where leucopenia was documented, and this appeared to be associated with late-onset disease. The current status of GBS disease is presented, with particular reference to the control measures at present available and the possibility of immunotherapy and vaccination."}
{"id": "PMID:358432", "title": "Ultrastructural investigations of the formation of Candida albicans germ tubes and septa.", "content": "Germ tubes, blastospores and pseudomycelia of Candida albicans were studied under the electron microscope. Both germ tube and blastospore formation begin with comparable changes in the cell wall of the mother cell. The major part of the germ tube wall consists of the fourth of the five layers forming the C. albicans cell wall. Germ tubes are precursors of mycelia which can ramify. Septa and septal pores can be demonstrated in later phases. Pseudomycelia can be clearly discerned by means of transmission electron microscopy.", "contents": "Ultrastructural investigations of the formation of Candida albicans germ tubes and septa. Germ tubes, blastospores and pseudomycelia of Candida albicans were studied under the electron microscope. Both germ tube and blastospore formation begin with comparable changes in the cell wall of the mother cell. The major part of the germ tube wall consists of the fourth of the five layers forming the C. albicans cell wall. Germ tubes are precursors of mycelia which can ramify. Septa and septal pores can be demonstrated in later phases. Pseudomycelia can be clearly discerned by means of transmission electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:358440", "title": "Production of the interferon protein: hyporesponsiveness.", "content": "A number of mechanisms may be responsible for development of hyporeactivity in cells or animals infected with viruses or exposed to interferon inducers. Available evidence, however, has implicated a specific control protein in modulation of interferon production. The precise identity and mechanism by which the repressor molecule modulates interferon production is at present unknown. Development of hyporeactivity to interferon induction as a consequence of repeated doses of an inducer or that develops secondary to virus infection may represent a serious limitation to use of inducers as antiviral agents. However, judicious selection of treatment regimens and inducers may circumvent or limit the severity of hyporeactivity and consequently enhance the therapeutic activity of interferon inducers.", "contents": "Production of the interferon protein: hyporesponsiveness. A number of mechanisms may be responsible for development of hyporeactivity in cells or animals infected with viruses or exposed to interferon inducers. Available evidence, however, has implicated a specific control protein in modulation of interferon production. The precise identity and mechanism by which the repressor molecule modulates interferon production is at present unknown. Development of hyporeactivity to interferon induction as a consequence of repeated doses of an inducer or that develops secondary to virus infection may represent a serious limitation to use of inducers as antiviral agents. However, judicious selection of treatment regimens and inducers may circumvent or limit the severity of hyporeactivity and consequently enhance the therapeutic activity of interferon inducers."}
{"id": "PMID:358442", "title": "The precision and comparative sensitivity of interferon assays.", "content": "Any interferon assay essentially measures the potency of unknown samples relative to each other or to a standard. The reliability of such measurements of relative potency, i.e. the precision of the assay, is a key feature of any method. In contrast, sensitivity is seldom a characteristic of great importance in an assay. Nevertheless, relatively high sensitivity can often be achieved quite readily by a suitable choice of cells and challenge virus.", "contents": "The precision and comparative sensitivity of interferon assays. Any interferon assay essentially measures the potency of unknown samples relative to each other or to a standard. The reliability of such measurements of relative potency, i.e. the precision of the assay, is a key feature of any method. In contrast, sensitivity is seldom a characteristic of great importance in an assay. Nevertheless, relatively high sensitivity can often be achieved quite readily by a suitable choice of cells and challenge virus."}
{"id": "PMID:358443", "title": "Rapid assay of interferon.", "content": "The current state of interferon assays permits the performance of a moderate number of determinations within 20 to 24 hours. A few procedures permit a small number of assays to be made within 8-10 hours. The decision to routinely use a specific procedure must be based on a careful evaluation of many factors in addition to the need for rapid results. In genral, it is assumed that preference would be given to a 16 hour determination requiring 2 hours of actual technical time, as compared to an 8 hour determination requiring 6 hours of technical time.", "contents": "Rapid assay of interferon. The current state of interferon assays permits the performance of a moderate number of determinations within 20 to 24 hours. A few procedures permit a small number of assays to be made within 8-10 hours. The decision to routinely use a specific procedure must be based on a careful evaluation of many factors in addition to the need for rapid results. In genral, it is assumed that preference would be given to a 16 hour determination requiring 2 hours of actual technical time, as compared to an 8 hour determination requiring 6 hours of technical time."}
{"id": "PMID:358447", "title": "Purification of human interferons by antibody affinity chromatography.", "content": "Human Leukocyte Interferon, Human Fibroblast Interferon and Namalva-interferon was purified on an antibody affinity colomn up to 2-20 X 10 IFU/mg protein with recoveries in the 80-120% range. The colomn was made by coupling highly absorped anti-leukocyte interferon immunoglobulins to Sepharose 4B. The absorption was performed by means of crude human leukocyte interferon covalently bound to Sepharose 4B.", "contents": "Purification of human interferons by antibody affinity chromatography. Human Leukocyte Interferon, Human Fibroblast Interferon and Namalva-interferon was purified on an antibody affinity colomn up to 2-20 X 10 IFU/mg protein with recoveries in the 80-120% range. The colomn was made by coupling highly absorped anti-leukocyte interferon immunoglobulins to Sepharose 4B. The absorption was performed by means of crude human leukocyte interferon covalently bound to Sepharose 4B."}
{"id": "PMID:358448", "title": "Molecular alterations of interferons.", "content": "Interferons can be chemically and enzymatically altered to obtain molecular forms which differ in size, charge, and/or host-range from native interferons. These data suggest that small active cores of interferons can be obtained which may possess more desirable characteristics than native interferons, such as lack of \"species-specificity\"\" and increased stabilities. Studies for assessing alterations of interferons due to chemical or enzymatic treatments must monitor the treated interferons for changes in ratios of each of the various activities attributed to native interferons and must characterize the altered interferons in terms of each of the physical and biological markers.", "contents": "Molecular alterations of interferons. Interferons can be chemically and enzymatically altered to obtain molecular forms which differ in size, charge, and/or host-range from native interferons. These data suggest that small active cores of interferons can be obtained which may possess more desirable characteristics than native interferons, such as lack of \"species-specificity\"\" and increased stabilities. Studies for assessing alterations of interferons due to chemical or enzymatic treatments must monitor the treated interferons for changes in ratios of each of the various activities attributed to native interferons and must characterize the altered interferons in terms of each of the physical and biological markers."}
{"id": "PMID:358450", "title": "Messenger RNA methylation, translation and degradation in extracts of interferon-treated cells.", "content": "Extracts from interferon-treated, not virus infected EAT cells differ in several biochemical characteristics from extracts of untreated cells. Some of these differences are manifested only if the extracts are supplemented with ds RNA and ATP. Thus, in the extracts from interferon-treated cells these supplements activate a protein kinase and an endonuclease activity as well as an inhibitor of the translation of messenger RNA. The effect of the same supplements in extracts of untreated cells is much less pronounced. Other differences between the two types of extracts do not seem to depend on the addition of ds RNA and ATP. These include an impairment of mRNA cap methylation and an inhibition of peptide chain elongation that can be overcome by the addition of tRNA. The treatment of human (HeLa S3) cells with human interferon is manifested in the cell extract similarly to the treatment of EAT cells with mouse interferon. Studies are underway to isolate and characterize the ds RNA activated enzymes and the inhibitors and to establish how the presence of these in extracts from interferon-treated cells can account for the impairment of virus replication by interferon.", "contents": "Messenger RNA methylation, translation and degradation in extracts of interferon-treated cells. Extracts from interferon-treated, not virus infected EAT cells differ in several biochemical characteristics from extracts of untreated cells. Some of these differences are manifested only if the extracts are supplemented with ds RNA and ATP. Thus, in the extracts from interferon-treated cells these supplements activate a protein kinase and an endonuclease activity as well as an inhibitor of the translation of messenger RNA. The effect of the same supplements in extracts of untreated cells is much less pronounced. Other differences between the two types of extracts do not seem to depend on the addition of ds RNA and ATP. These include an impairment of mRNA cap methylation and an inhibition of peptide chain elongation that can be overcome by the addition of tRNA. The treatment of human (HeLa S3) cells with human interferon is manifested in the cell extract similarly to the treatment of EAT cells with mouse interferon. Studies are underway to isolate and characterize the ds RNA activated enzymes and the inhibitors and to establish how the presence of these in extracts from interferon-treated cells can account for the impairment of virus replication by interferon."}
{"id": "PMID:358451", "title": "Molecular mechanisms of the antiviral action of interferon: effects of interferon on the transcription of viral messenger RNA.", "content": "Evidence from a number of virus-cell systems, discussed above and in other papers in this section, shows that the resistance to virus infection induced by interferon is characterized by inhibition of both primary transcription and translation. This may be because interferon induces two (or more) distinct \"antiviral proteins\" which inhibit, respectively, the transcription and the translation of virus genetic information. Although both may be present in interferon treated cells, the one which is manifest in any given experimental system may depend on whether transcription or translation is the primary event in the replication of the particular virus, and upon the accessibility of the viral nucleic acid. Alternatively, inhibition of transcription and translation may be mediated by a single antiviral protein which is able to distinguish viral from cellular nucleotide sequences in both DNA and RNA. The interferon-induced ribosome-associated inhibitors of viral mRNA translation (see related papers in this section) are prime candidates for such an antiviral protein.", "contents": "Molecular mechanisms of the antiviral action of interferon: effects of interferon on the transcription of viral messenger RNA. Evidence from a number of virus-cell systems, discussed above and in other papers in this section, shows that the resistance to virus infection induced by interferon is characterized by inhibition of both primary transcription and translation. This may be because interferon induces two (or more) distinct \"antiviral proteins\" which inhibit, respectively, the transcription and the translation of virus genetic information. Although both may be present in interferon treated cells, the one which is manifest in any given experimental system may depend on whether transcription or translation is the primary event in the replication of the particular virus, and upon the accessibility of the viral nucleic acid. Alternatively, inhibition of transcription and translation may be mediated by a single antiviral protein which is able to distinguish viral from cellular nucleotide sequences in both DNA and RNA. The interferon-induced ribosome-associated inhibitors of viral mRNA translation (see related papers in this section) are prime candidates for such an antiviral protein."}
{"id": "PMID:358455", "title": "Membrane receptors for interferon.", "content": "Specific cell membrane receptors for interferon have been postulated based on a variety of different observations, such as the following: trypsin treatment of monkey-mouse hybrid cells preferentially destroys sensitivity to primate interferon (9); syngeneic mice immunized with human-mouse hybrid cells develop surface-directed antibodies, which only block antiviral action of human interferon (24); interferon covalently bound to Sepharose beads retains its antiviral activity despite the fact that diameters of the beads are several times those of the cells (1,10,19); cells challenged with polyl:C to produce interferon do not develop resistance to viral infection in the presence of interferon antiserum (30). Interferon has a strong and specific affinity for the carbohydrate side chain of cell membrane gangliosides. Preincubation of Sepharose-bound interferon with gangliosides inhibits antiviral activity in the following order of potency: GM2 greater than or equal to GTl greater than GMl greater than or equal to GDla (3). Derivatives of GM2 lacking either terminal N-acetyl-galactosamine or terminal N-acetyl-neuraminic acid are not (or very little) inhibitory; in addition, binding to gangliosides is reversed by N-acetyl-neuraminyl-lactose, the trisaccharide common to all gangliosides. These data clearly demonstrate interferon's specificity for the carbohydrate moiety of the ganglioside molecule (6). Phaeseolus vulgaris lectin, which blocks antiviral action of interferon (4), also prevents binding of interferon to ganglioside-Sepharose affinity columns (2). Many substances of known affinity for gangliosides likewise inhibit action of interferon. These include cholera (15) and tetanus toxins (2), thyrotropin (5,23) and human chorionic gonadotropin (5). Although a more general effect on the state of the membrane or on cellular metabolism by these substances cannot be ruled out, competition for interferon binding sites appears to be the most plausible explanation. Increased sensitivity of certain transformed cells to interferon upon uptake of exogenous gangliosides not only supports the concept that these glycolipids are involved in binding of interferon to the membrane, but furthermore points to the importance of interferon-ganglioside interaction for triggering of the antiviral response (29).", "contents": "Membrane receptors for interferon. Specific cell membrane receptors for interferon have been postulated based on a variety of different observations, such as the following: trypsin treatment of monkey-mouse hybrid cells preferentially destroys sensitivity to primate interferon (9); syngeneic mice immunized with human-mouse hybrid cells develop surface-directed antibodies, which only block antiviral action of human interferon (24); interferon covalently bound to Sepharose beads retains its antiviral activity despite the fact that diameters of the beads are several times those of the cells (1,10,19); cells challenged with polyl:C to produce interferon do not develop resistance to viral infection in the presence of interferon antiserum (30). Interferon has a strong and specific affinity for the carbohydrate side chain of cell membrane gangliosides. Preincubation of Sepharose-bound interferon with gangliosides inhibits antiviral activity in the following order of potency: GM2 greater than or equal to GTl greater than GMl greater than or equal to GDla (3). Derivatives of GM2 lacking either terminal N-acetyl-galactosamine or terminal N-acetyl-neuraminic acid are not (or very little) inhibitory; in addition, binding to gangliosides is reversed by N-acetyl-neuraminyl-lactose, the trisaccharide common to all gangliosides. These data clearly demonstrate interferon's specificity for the carbohydrate moiety of the ganglioside molecule (6). Phaeseolus vulgaris lectin, which blocks antiviral action of interferon (4), also prevents binding of interferon to ganglioside-Sepharose affinity columns (2). Many substances of known affinity for gangliosides likewise inhibit action of interferon. These include cholera (15) and tetanus toxins (2), thyrotropin (5,23) and human chorionic gonadotropin (5). Although a more general effect on the state of the membrane or on cellular metabolism by these substances cannot be ruled out, competition for interferon binding sites appears to be the most plausible explanation. Increased sensitivity of certain transformed cells to interferon upon uptake of exogenous gangliosides not only supports the concept that these glycolipids are involved in binding of interferon to the membrane, but furthermore points to the importance of interferon-ganglioside interaction for triggering of the antiviral response (29)."}
{"id": "PMID:358456", "title": "Interferon induction by polynucleotides: structure-function relationship.", "content": "In view of recent developments, the structural determinants of the interferon inducing activity of polynucleotides have been (re)evaluated. To induce interferon, the polynucleotide should be sufficiently large and double-stranded, although not necessarily double-stranded over its whole length. It should be sufficiently stable to both thermal denaturation and hydrolysis by nucleases. It should also contain a particular steric conformation. This conformation is most regularly ensured by the presence of 2'-hydroxyl in the ribose moieties and intact purine-pyrimidine base pairs in the interior of the double helix. Other biologic activities of polynucleotides, such as anti-complement activity and inhibition of reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) activity, depend on structural requirements which are rather antagonistic to those governing the interferon response.", "contents": "Interferon induction by polynucleotides: structure-function relationship. In view of recent developments, the structural determinants of the interferon inducing activity of polynucleotides have been (re)evaluated. To induce interferon, the polynucleotide should be sufficiently large and double-stranded, although not necessarily double-stranded over its whole length. It should be sufficiently stable to both thermal denaturation and hydrolysis by nucleases. It should also contain a particular steric conformation. This conformation is most regularly ensured by the presence of 2'-hydroxyl in the ribose moieties and intact purine-pyrimidine base pairs in the interior of the double helix. Other biologic activities of polynucleotides, such as anti-complement activity and inhibition of reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) activity, depend on structural requirements which are rather antagonistic to those governing the interferon response."}
{"id": "PMID:358458", "title": "The transfer of interferon-induced viral resistance between animal cells.", "content": "In summary we have shown that interferon treated mouse L cells can transfer their antiviral resistance to cocultured heterologous (human WISH or hamster BHK) cells which are insensitive to mouse interferon. Transfer of viral resistance seems to be initiated by interferon itself. Once transferred the viral resistance has the characteristics of the interferon-induced antiviral state. The transferred resistance occurs between several cell species. The transfer of resistance depends on the ratio of cells homologous (to interferon) to cells which are heterologous as well as to the absolute cell density at a given ratio. The transfer process is efficient in that it requires relatively small amounts of interferon. Finally, we propose that this phenomenon is a natural process for amplification of the interferon system and preliminary evidence indicates that it occurs by cell to cell transfer of an interferon-induced molecule.", "contents": "The transfer of interferon-induced viral resistance between animal cells. In summary we have shown that interferon treated mouse L cells can transfer their antiviral resistance to cocultured heterologous (human WISH or hamster BHK) cells which are insensitive to mouse interferon. Transfer of viral resistance seems to be initiated by interferon itself. Once transferred the viral resistance has the characteristics of the interferon-induced antiviral state. The transferred resistance occurs between several cell species. The transfer of resistance depends on the ratio of cells homologous (to interferon) to cells which are heterologous as well as to the absolute cell density at a given ratio. The transfer process is efficient in that it requires relatively small amounts of interferon. Finally, we propose that this phenomenon is a natural process for amplification of the interferon system and preliminary evidence indicates that it occurs by cell to cell transfer of an interferon-induced molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:358459", "title": "Role of the membrane-bound receptor system in the biological activity of interferon.", "content": "The model of the interferon receptor system initially proposed in 1973 is now supported by many independent observations and can be described with somewhat more precision. The cell membrane-bound receptor system consists of a nonspecific binding site made up of gangliosides (such as GM2). The activator site is probably formed by glycoproteins. It is likely that interferon has to interact with both sites at the surface of the cell membrane. The activator site carries probably the interferon species specific properties of the receptor, while all the other metabolic steps necessary for the development of antiviral activity are not species specific. The cooperation (resulting most likely in small aggregates) will change the conformational state of the membrane in a way compatible with the action of interferon. We postulate that many other cellular effects of interferon, such as priming, modification of antigenic properties, changes in membrane permeability, increase or decrease in sensitivity to toxins, repression of cellular DNA synthesis could be secondary effects related to cell membrane modulation. Experiments are now in progress to prove or disprove these postulates.", "contents": "Role of the membrane-bound receptor system in the biological activity of interferon. The model of the interferon receptor system initially proposed in 1973 is now supported by many independent observations and can be described with somewhat more precision. The cell membrane-bound receptor system consists of a nonspecific binding site made up of gangliosides (such as GM2). The activator site is probably formed by glycoproteins. It is likely that interferon has to interact with both sites at the surface of the cell membrane. The activator site carries probably the interferon species specific properties of the receptor, while all the other metabolic steps necessary for the development of antiviral activity are not species specific. The cooperation (resulting most likely in small aggregates) will change the conformational state of the membrane in a way compatible with the action of interferon. We postulate that many other cellular effects of interferon, such as priming, modification of antigenic properties, changes in membrane permeability, increase or decrease in sensitivity to toxins, repression of cellular DNA synthesis could be secondary effects related to cell membrane modulation. Experiments are now in progress to prove or disprove these postulates."}
{"id": "PMID:358461", "title": "Effect of interferon and lymphokines on lymphocytes.", "content": "We have reviewed some of the functions of lymphokines, the soluble mediators of the cellular immune response, which are produced by lymphoid cells. We have particularily emphasized those lymphokines which have functions similar to those reported for interferon. Interferon is capable of both amplifying and depressing cell mediated immunological reactions in a dose dependent fashion. The other lymphokines, whose functions are implicit in their names, are identified by their activities in various assay systems and thus there may be fewer actual molecular species than the list of factors implies. Obviously, there is much work to be done at both the cellular and molecular levels in order to elucidate the mechanism of lymphokine function.", "contents": "Effect of interferon and lymphokines on lymphocytes. We have reviewed some of the functions of lymphokines, the soluble mediators of the cellular immune response, which are produced by lymphoid cells. We have particularily emphasized those lymphokines which have functions similar to those reported for interferon. Interferon is capable of both amplifying and depressing cell mediated immunological reactions in a dose dependent fashion. The other lymphokines, whose functions are implicit in their names, are identified by their activities in various assay systems and thus there may be fewer actual molecular species than the list of factors implies. Obviously, there is much work to be done at both the cellular and molecular levels in order to elucidate the mechanism of lymphokine function."}
{"id": "PMID:358462", "title": "Differentiation between antiviral and anticellular effects of interferon.", "content": "The antiviral and anticellular activities can be differentiated by biological, genetical, biochemical, and physico-chemical methods. The investigations on physical separation of activities suggest the anticellular effects to reside in a low MW molecule firmly associated with the antiviral molecule. Whether all or just some of the anticellular effects reside in this molecule is still unsolved.", "contents": "Differentiation between antiviral and anticellular effects of interferon. The antiviral and anticellular activities can be differentiated by biological, genetical, biochemical, and physico-chemical methods. The investigations on physical separation of activities suggest the anticellular effects to reside in a low MW molecule firmly associated with the antiviral molecule. Whether all or just some of the anticellular effects reside in this molecule is still unsolved."}
{"id": "PMID:358464", "title": "On the mechanisms of the antitumor effects of interferon.", "content": "The effect of interferon in animals infected with some oncogenic viruses can be attributed to inhibition of viral replication or inhibition of the early events following viral infection. In those experimental systems in which continued administration of interferon proved effective after inoculation of oncogenic viruses, the effect may be due in part to an antiviral effect and in part to a direct action of interferon on the multiplication of precursor cells or tumor cells themselves. In animals bearing autochthonous tumors or grafted with transplantable tumors, the effects appear to be due in part to a a direct inhibition of the multiplication of the tumor cell (or an effect on the behavior of these tumor cells) and in part to an effect on the host - the nature of which remains to be defined. We must learn more of the interaction of interferon with host cells and understand how so many apparently different effects are triggered by this \"polypractic substance\" (6) before we can clarify the mechanism by which interferon can confer protection on animals infested with viruses, protozoa, or tumor cells.", "contents": "On the mechanisms of the antitumor effects of interferon. The effect of interferon in animals infected with some oncogenic viruses can be attributed to inhibition of viral replication or inhibition of the early events following viral infection. In those experimental systems in which continued administration of interferon proved effective after inoculation of oncogenic viruses, the effect may be due in part to an antiviral effect and in part to a direct action of interferon on the multiplication of precursor cells or tumor cells themselves. In animals bearing autochthonous tumors or grafted with transplantable tumors, the effects appear to be due in part to a a direct inhibition of the multiplication of the tumor cell (or an effect on the behavior of these tumor cells) and in part to an effect on the host - the nature of which remains to be defined. We must learn more of the interaction of interferon with host cells and understand how so many apparently different effects are triggered by this \"polypractic substance\" (6) before we can clarify the mechanism by which interferon can confer protection on animals infested with viruses, protozoa, or tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:358466", "title": "Anti-tumor effects of interferon and its possible use as an anti-neoplastic agent in man.", "content": "Interferon exerts anti-tumour effects in vitro and in vivo in animal experiments. It can also exert an anti-tumour effect on human neoplastic cells in vitro. This article summarizes the results obtained so far in the anti-tumour trials in man in Stockholm. The need for scaled-up production of human interferon is emphasized.", "contents": "Anti-tumor effects of interferon and its possible use as an anti-neoplastic agent in man. Interferon exerts anti-tumour effects in vitro and in vivo in animal experiments. It can also exert an anti-tumour effect on human neoplastic cells in vitro. This article summarizes the results obtained so far in the anti-tumour trials in man in Stockholm. The need for scaled-up production of human interferon is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:358468", "title": "Effect of interferon on systemic herpesvirus infections.", "content": "The studies reviewed here are encouraging in that HSV is moderately sensitive to the action of interferon and that infections in experimental animals clearly may be altered by exogenous interferon and interferon inducers. On the other hand it is apparent that the potential of this approach to treatment of herpesvirus infections is limited by the levels of interferon that can be passively administered or induced, the development of hyporeactivity which prevents maintaining high levels of interferon in infected animals after inoculation of inducers, and the failure to alter the course of HSV infection once the virus is established in target organs.", "contents": "Effect of interferon on systemic herpesvirus infections. The studies reviewed here are encouraging in that HSV is moderately sensitive to the action of interferon and that infections in experimental animals clearly may be altered by exogenous interferon and interferon inducers. On the other hand it is apparent that the potential of this approach to treatment of herpesvirus infections is limited by the levels of interferon that can be passively administered or induced, the development of hyporeactivity which prevents maintaining high levels of interferon in infected animals after inoculation of inducers, and the failure to alter the course of HSV infection once the virus is established in target organs."}
{"id": "PMID:358470", "title": "Trials of interferon in respiratory infections of man.", "content": "Human leucocyte interferon has been shown to prevent rhinovirus infection if given intranasally to human volunteers. This finding encourages further investigation, but it is too soon to say whether interferon is likely to be clinically useful in serious virus infections of the respiratory tract.", "contents": "Trials of interferon in respiratory infections of man. Human leucocyte interferon has been shown to prevent rhinovirus infection if given intranasally to human volunteers. This finding encourages further investigation, but it is too soon to say whether interferon is likely to be clinically useful in serious virus infections of the respiratory tract."}
{"id": "PMID:358472", "title": "Antiviral action of interferon in man: use of interferon in varicella - zoster infections in man.", "content": "The effect of human leukocyte interferon on varicella-zoster infections was compared in a placebo controlled study. Thirty-six patients were treated with interferon and 26 with placebo. In the interferon treated group the duration of pain was shortened, the development of crust formation was enhanced and the viral clearance from lesions was accelerated, compared with the control group.", "contents": "Antiviral action of interferon in man: use of interferon in varicella - zoster infections in man. The effect of human leukocyte interferon on varicella-zoster infections was compared in a placebo controlled study. Thirty-six patients were treated with interferon and 26 with placebo. In the interferon treated group the duration of pain was shortened, the development of crust formation was enhanced and the viral clearance from lesions was accelerated, compared with the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:358474", "title": "Use of bacteriophage nucleic acid inducers of interferon in man.", "content": "The interest in therapeutic exploration of phage ds-RNAs is motivated by their antiviral and immunoregulatory activities. Preliminary studies in man indicate that topical application of native ds-RNAs represents no health-hazard to patients and may be beneficial in the therapy of viral skin and eye diseases.", "contents": "Use of bacteriophage nucleic acid inducers of interferon in man. The interest in therapeutic exploration of phage ds-RNAs is motivated by their antiviral and immunoregulatory activities. Preliminary studies in man indicate that topical application of native ds-RNAs represents no health-hazard to patients and may be beneficial in the therapy of viral skin and eye diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:358489", "title": "[Veterinarians and computers (author's transl)].", "content": "Uses of the computer in veterinary medicine are reviewed. The fact that the constantly increasing volume of the literature continues to be accessible is mainly due to the use of computers. In scientific research, the results of measurements and studies are being increasingly recorded and processed automatically. Diagnosis and epidemiology are promoted by more adequate processing and analysis of centrally collected data, as are herd management and disease control programmes in farm animals. In veterinary education, the computer is used as an aid in instruction. Administrations of practices are eminently suited for automation. Future developments in these fields are also discussed.", "contents": "[Veterinarians and computers (author's transl)]. Uses of the computer in veterinary medicine are reviewed. The fact that the constantly increasing volume of the literature continues to be accessible is mainly due to the use of computers. In scientific research, the results of measurements and studies are being increasingly recorded and processed automatically. Diagnosis and epidemiology are promoted by more adequate processing and analysis of centrally collected data, as are herd management and disease control programmes in farm animals. In veterinary education, the computer is used as an aid in instruction. Administrations of practices are eminently suited for automation. Future developments in these fields are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:358490", "title": "[A semi-solid enrichment medium in the isolation of Salmonella from minced meat (author's transl)].", "content": "A semi-solid enrichment medium as described by Chau and Huang (4) was modified and tested for suitability to isolate Salmonella from minced meat. The technique was found to be more rapid (averaging one day) as well as more sensitive than the usual technique with tetrathionate brilliant green bile broth incubated at 43% C (2.2 per cent more isolations).", "contents": "[A semi-solid enrichment medium in the isolation of Salmonella from minced meat (author's transl)]. A semi-solid enrichment medium as described by Chau and Huang (4) was modified and tested for suitability to isolate Salmonella from minced meat. The technique was found to be more rapid (averaging one day) as well as more sensitive than the usual technique with tetrathionate brilliant green bile broth incubated at 43% C (2.2 per cent more isolations)."}
{"id": "PMID:358491", "title": "[Surgical treatment of the flail chest (author's transl)].", "content": "Six patients with traumatic flail chest underwent surgical stabilization using a procedure introduced by Brunner, Hoffmeister and Koncz (2). Compared with internal stabilization by intermittend positive pressure respiration (IPPR), there are some advantages: Time of artificial respiration is shortened, early mobilization is possible, nursing is easier. The procedure is simple to do and is indicated in those patients, in whom longterm artificial respiration is not necessary for other reasons.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of the flail chest (author's transl)]. Six patients with traumatic flail chest underwent surgical stabilization using a procedure introduced by Brunner, Hoffmeister and Koncz (2). Compared with internal stabilization by intermittend positive pressure respiration (IPPR), there are some advantages: Time of artificial respiration is shortened, early mobilization is possible, nursing is easier. The procedure is simple to do and is indicated in those patients, in whom longterm artificial respiration is not necessary for other reasons."}
{"id": "PMID:358492", "title": "[New aspects in operative flail chest management (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for stabilization of flail chest is described. A row of pericostal chromic catgut sutures is placed from the pleural surface using a probe as ligature carrier.", "contents": "[New aspects in operative flail chest management (author's transl)]. A method for stabilization of flail chest is described. A row of pericostal chromic catgut sutures is placed from the pleural surface using a probe as ligature carrier."}
{"id": "PMID:358493", "title": "Association of HLA antigens with glucose intolerance following renal transplantation.", "content": "Records of 109 renal transplant patients were reviewed to test the hypothesis that post transplant glucose intolerance would be associated with \"diabetic\", HLA antigens (HLA--B8, B18, Bw15 and Bw16). Of 42 patients with significant glucose intolerance, 23 had one or more of these antigens (RR=2.65, P=0.01). These findings suggest that stress or drug treatment associated with renal transplantation can induce glucose intolerance in patients with a \"diabetic\" gene associated with the HLA--B locus.", "contents": "Association of HLA antigens with glucose intolerance following renal transplantation. Records of 109 renal transplant patients were reviewed to test the hypothesis that post transplant glucose intolerance would be associated with \"diabetic\", HLA antigens (HLA--B8, B18, Bw15 and Bw16). Of 42 patients with significant glucose intolerance, 23 had one or more of these antigens (RR=2.65, P=0.01). These findings suggest that stress or drug treatment associated with renal transplantation can induce glucose intolerance in patients with a \"diabetic\" gene associated with the HLA--B locus."}
{"id": "PMID:358494", "title": "Islet morphometry in the diabetic pancreas of man.", "content": "Quantitative changes of the pancreatic islets in diabetes mellitus were analyzed by a stereological method. 26 maturity-onset and 5 growth-onset diabetics, and 37 nondiabetics including 9 hypertensives were selected from autopsy materials and the pancreases were subjected to histometry. The total islet volume Vi was 0.974 cm3 in the control, whereas it was only 0.596 and 0.255 cm3 in the maturity-onset and growth-onset diabetic groups, respectively. The hypertensive group gave almost the same value as the control. There was an obvious negative correlation between Vi and the maximum blood sugar level during glucose tolerance test, whether the case was diabetic or not. Moreover, in the diabetic group Vi diminished with descending age of onset. These findings indicate the importance of VI in the pathophysiology of diabetes and support the classical concept of insulin deficiency as the primary pathogenetic role. On the other hand, the total islet number Ni decreased with increasing mean radius r, and the diabetic and control cases shared a common regression of Ni on r. The diabetic pancreas was not characterized by Ni, r or by the distribution pattern of r.", "contents": "Islet morphometry in the diabetic pancreas of man. Quantitative changes of the pancreatic islets in diabetes mellitus were analyzed by a stereological method. 26 maturity-onset and 5 growth-onset diabetics, and 37 nondiabetics including 9 hypertensives were selected from autopsy materials and the pancreases were subjected to histometry. The total islet volume Vi was 0.974 cm3 in the control, whereas it was only 0.596 and 0.255 cm3 in the maturity-onset and growth-onset diabetic groups, respectively. The hypertensive group gave almost the same value as the control. There was an obvious negative correlation between Vi and the maximum blood sugar level during glucose tolerance test, whether the case was diabetic or not. Moreover, in the diabetic group Vi diminished with descending age of onset. These findings indicate the importance of VI in the pathophysiology of diabetes and support the classical concept of insulin deficiency as the primary pathogenetic role. On the other hand, the total islet number Ni decreased with increasing mean radius r, and the diabetic and control cases shared a common regression of Ni on r. The diabetic pancreas was not characterized by Ni, r or by the distribution pattern of r."}
{"id": "PMID:358495", "title": "Development of tissue factor activity in mononuclear cells cultured in vitro.", "content": "Tissue factor activity was detected in human mononuclear cells cultured with E. coli endotoxin in vitro. The effecient concentration of endotoxin inducing significant tissue factor development was in excess of 10(-3) microgram/ml, and a dose response type relationship was seen between them. The activity developed after culturing for 2 hr and increased up to 6 hr, and thereafter no significant increase was observed. Although the activity was detected both in cell extract and on cell surface, the main activity seemed to exist on the cell surface. No correlation was observed between the synthetic rate of nucleic acid and the rate of development of the activity. Although the activity was detected also in a granulocyte preparation, it was significantly less than that in mononuclear cells. The development of activity was observed when lymphocytes were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium, MEM, and in autologous serum. However, the activity was not observed when cultured in Hanks solution and PBS, in which the main difference from RPMI was the absence of amino acids, and in autologous serum containing sodium citrate which was added for elimination of Ca++ from serum. Moreover, actinomycin D suppressed the development of activity, and the same was noted at low culture temperature. These results suggest that some metabolic change of the cell membrane triggered by endotoxin may induce the development of tissue factor in cells.", "contents": "Development of tissue factor activity in mononuclear cells cultured in vitro. Tissue factor activity was detected in human mononuclear cells cultured with E. coli endotoxin in vitro. The effecient concentration of endotoxin inducing significant tissue factor development was in excess of 10(-3) microgram/ml, and a dose response type relationship was seen between them. The activity developed after culturing for 2 hr and increased up to 6 hr, and thereafter no significant increase was observed. Although the activity was detected both in cell extract and on cell surface, the main activity seemed to exist on the cell surface. No correlation was observed between the synthetic rate of nucleic acid and the rate of development of the activity. Although the activity was detected also in a granulocyte preparation, it was significantly less than that in mononuclear cells. The development of activity was observed when lymphocytes were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium, MEM, and in autologous serum. However, the activity was not observed when cultured in Hanks solution and PBS, in which the main difference from RPMI was the absence of amino acids, and in autologous serum containing sodium citrate which was added for elimination of Ca++ from serum. Moreover, actinomycin D suppressed the development of activity, and the same was noted at low culture temperature. These results suggest that some metabolic change of the cell membrane triggered by endotoxin may induce the development of tissue factor in cells."}
{"id": "PMID:358496", "title": "Antitumor activity of hot-water extract from delipidated BCG.", "content": "The antitumor activity of hot-water extract of delipidated BCG was investigated in mice inoculated with Sarcoma-180 cells and Ehrlich carcinoma cells, respectively. The hot-water extract was found to be effective when administered after and ineffective when administered before the inoculation of tumor cells. When this extract was given with anticancer drugs, such as Mitomycin C and cyclophosphamide, a combined effect was obtained in the treatment of Sarcoma-180 and of Ehrlich carcinoma.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of hot-water extract from delipidated BCG. The antitumor activity of hot-water extract of delipidated BCG was investigated in mice inoculated with Sarcoma-180 cells and Ehrlich carcinoma cells, respectively. The hot-water extract was found to be effective when administered after and ineffective when administered before the inoculation of tumor cells. When this extract was given with anticancer drugs, such as Mitomycin C and cyclophosphamide, a combined effect was obtained in the treatment of Sarcoma-180 and of Ehrlich carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:358499", "title": "Piccolyte investments for better section cutting.", "content": "Piccolyte 115 (beta-pinence polymers) added to Tissuemat, Paraplast or Peel-Away embedding media is recommended for investment of infiltrated tissues. Mixed with paraffin at 3% and 10% and used for double embedding of paraffin infiltrated tissues, Piccolyte 115 permits good, complete sections virtually free of folds or wrinkles in less time and with less effort than with paraffin embedding alone.", "contents": "Piccolyte investments for better section cutting. Piccolyte 115 (beta-pinence polymers) added to Tissuemat, Paraplast or Peel-Away embedding media is recommended for investment of infiltrated tissues. Mixed with paraffin at 3% and 10% and used for double embedding of paraffin infiltrated tissues, Piccolyte 115 permits good, complete sections virtually free of folds or wrinkles in less time and with less effort than with paraffin embedding alone."}
{"id": "PMID:358510", "title": "[Prosthetic treatment of patients with clefts. 2. The removable partial prosthesis].", "content": "In cleft patients it is especially recommendable to combine the cast partial prosthesis with the direct blocking of the teeth. Direct blocking by crown blocks, bridge prostheses, connecting bars and telescopes should include, as far as possible, all teeth. Apart from indirect blocking, the one piececast prosthesis permits to keep free the periodontium to the greatest possible extent and to protrude the teeth in the anterior region.", "contents": "[Prosthetic treatment of patients with clefts. 2. The removable partial prosthesis]. In cleft patients it is especially recommendable to combine the cast partial prosthesis with the direct blocking of the teeth. Direct blocking by crown blocks, bridge prostheses, connecting bars and telescopes should include, as far as possible, all teeth. Apart from indirect blocking, the one piececast prosthesis permits to keep free the periodontium to the greatest possible extent and to protrude the teeth in the anterior region."}
{"id": "PMID:358511", "title": "[The stability of complete dentures in the construction of functional movement patterns].", "content": "In a cross-sectional study involving 185 full denture wearers, the stability of upper and lower dentures was determined by means of active test movements according to Herbst. The percentages of instable dentures and their confidence intervals were calculated. It was found that all sections of upper full dentures can be regarded as equal with regard to stability, whereas the sections of lower full dentures showed considerable differences. Finally, practice-relevant conclusions are drawn from the results of the present study.", "contents": "[The stability of complete dentures in the construction of functional movement patterns]. In a cross-sectional study involving 185 full denture wearers, the stability of upper and lower dentures was determined by means of active test movements according to Herbst. The percentages of instable dentures and their confidence intervals were calculated. It was found that all sections of upper full dentures can be regarded as equal with regard to stability, whereas the sections of lower full dentures showed considerable differences. Finally, practice-relevant conclusions are drawn from the results of the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:358512", "title": "[Placement of the sensitivity tester in \"Probaset\" and \"Probamat D\"].", "content": "For ergonomical reasons the authors suggest, if a Probamat D unit and a fixed turbine are used, to place the turbine handpiece on the mount destined for the sensibility tester and to manufacture a new holder for the latter. The Probaset unit provides no place for the sensibility tester. Therefore, it is recommended to fit the bracket table with a suitable mount.", "contents": "[Placement of the sensitivity tester in \"Probaset\" and \"Probamat D\"]. For ergonomical reasons the authors suggest, if a Probamat D unit and a fixed turbine are used, to place the turbine handpiece on the mount destined for the sensibility tester and to manufacture a new holder for the latter. The Probaset unit provides no place for the sensibility tester. Therefore, it is recommended to fit the bracket table with a suitable mount."}
{"id": "PMID:358518", "title": "[Labeled mitosis curve in the presence of different states of cell proliferation kinetics. IV. Additional remarks on the method of a posteriori modeling].", "content": "Using the conditional probability density function of phase duration--h (a, t), defined for a cell just completing a given phase of the mitotic cycle at the moment t it is possible to construct a mathematical description of the fraction labeled mitoses curve. The function h (a, t) defined for any separate phase can be described by means of a certain mathematical expression which is applicable even in the presence of transient processes in cell kinetics and serves as an appropriate generalization of the same result from the theory of exponentially growing cell populations (the model of age-dependent branching process). When the sum of r successive phases with stochastically dependent durations is under consideration and the age of a cell is measured from the start of phase r, it is necessary to find out the expression for the function hr (ar, t). The derivation of such an expression is given.", "contents": "[Labeled mitosis curve in the presence of different states of cell proliferation kinetics. IV. Additional remarks on the method of a posteriori modeling]. Using the conditional probability density function of phase duration--h (a, t), defined for a cell just completing a given phase of the mitotic cycle at the moment t it is possible to construct a mathematical description of the fraction labeled mitoses curve. The function h (a, t) defined for any separate phase can be described by means of a certain mathematical expression which is applicable even in the presence of transient processes in cell kinetics and serves as an appropriate generalization of the same result from the theory of exponentially growing cell populations (the model of age-dependent branching process). When the sum of r successive phases with stochastically dependent durations is under consideration and the age of a cell is measured from the start of phase r, it is necessary to find out the expression for the function hr (ar, t). The derivation of such an expression is given."}
{"id": "PMID:358519", "title": "[Method of sedimentational-electrophoretic analysis of cell populations].", "content": "The described method of analysis of cell populations' heterogeneity involves two parameters simultaneously: the sedimentation velocity and the electrophoretic mobility of cells. The method is based on the photographic registrarion of resulting traces of cell velocity in the fields of gravition and electricity with consequence of the elements of these traces on the photographs. The experimental data on the distribution of these parameters in the ascitic tumor cell population are given.", "contents": "[Method of sedimentational-electrophoretic analysis of cell populations]. The described method of analysis of cell populations' heterogeneity involves two parameters simultaneously: the sedimentation velocity and the electrophoretic mobility of cells. The method is based on the photographic registrarion of resulting traces of cell velocity in the fields of gravition and electricity with consequence of the elements of these traces on the photographs. The experimental data on the distribution of these parameters in the ascitic tumor cell population are given."}
{"id": "PMID:358525", "title": "Complementary structures of membrane fracture faces obtained by ultrahigh vacuum freeze-fracturing at -196 degrees C and digital image processing.", "content": "Conventional freeze-etch replicas of the cytoplasmic fracture face (PF) of the yeast plasmalemma membrane show hexagonally ordered regions. Complementary features on the extraplasmic face (EF) could not be identified. Replicas with improved topographical resolution were obtained for both fracture faces by ultrahigh vacuum freeze-fracturing at -196 degrees C. The hexagonally ordered structure on the PF is seen to consist of volcano-like particles with a crater of 5 nm diameter. The lattice constant is 16.5 nm. On the EF, ring-like depressions corresponding to particles on the PF can occasionally be detected; the existence of ordered regions can be established by optical diffraction. Complementarity of periodic features on the PF and EF is demonstrated by digital image filtration. A main structure, coarse features of which appear on conventional PF replicas is shown to have perfect complementarity at a resolution level of 2 nm. On the EF an additional substructure, completely obscured on normal replicas, is revealed. Its complementarity remains tentative as shadows cast by the main structure impair identification of substructural features on the PF.", "contents": "Complementary structures of membrane fracture faces obtained by ultrahigh vacuum freeze-fracturing at -196 degrees C and digital image processing. Conventional freeze-etch replicas of the cytoplasmic fracture face (PF) of the yeast plasmalemma membrane show hexagonally ordered regions. Complementary features on the extraplasmic face (EF) could not be identified. Replicas with improved topographical resolution were obtained for both fracture faces by ultrahigh vacuum freeze-fracturing at -196 degrees C. The hexagonally ordered structure on the PF is seen to consist of volcano-like particles with a crater of 5 nm diameter. The lattice constant is 16.5 nm. On the EF, ring-like depressions corresponding to particles on the PF can occasionally be detected; the existence of ordered regions can be established by optical diffraction. Complementarity of periodic features on the PF and EF is demonstrated by digital image filtration. A main structure, coarse features of which appear on conventional PF replicas is shown to have perfect complementarity at a resolution level of 2 nm. On the EF an additional substructure, completely obscured on normal replicas, is revealed. Its complementarity remains tentative as shadows cast by the main structure impair identification of substructural features on the PF."}
{"id": "PMID:358526", "title": "The direct determination of magnetic domain wall profiles by differential phase contrast electron microscopy.", "content": "A new technique for the quantitative investigation of magnetic structures in ferromagnetic thin films is proposed. Unlike previous techniques the detected signal is simply related to the magnetic induction in the film, and as such the direct determination of domain wall profiles is possible. The technique utilizes a differential phase contrast mode of scanning transmission electron microscopy in which the normal bright field detector is replaced by a split-detector lying symmetrically about the optic axis of the system. The difference signal from the two halves of the detector provides the required magnetic information. Analysis of the image formation mechanism shows that, using a commercially available scanning transmission electron microscope equipped with a field emission gun, wall profiles should be obtainable directly from most structures of interest in Lorentz microscopy. Furthermore, signal-to-noise considerations indicate that these results can be obtained in acceptably short recording times. Finally, experimental results using both polycrystalline and single crystal specimens are presented, which confirm the theoretical predictions.", "contents": "The direct determination of magnetic domain wall profiles by differential phase contrast electron microscopy. A new technique for the quantitative investigation of magnetic structures in ferromagnetic thin films is proposed. Unlike previous techniques the detected signal is simply related to the magnetic induction in the film, and as such the direct determination of domain wall profiles is possible. The technique utilizes a differential phase contrast mode of scanning transmission electron microscopy in which the normal bright field detector is replaced by a split-detector lying symmetrically about the optic axis of the system. The difference signal from the two halves of the detector provides the required magnetic information. Analysis of the image formation mechanism shows that, using a commercially available scanning transmission electron microscope equipped with a field emission gun, wall profiles should be obtainable directly from most structures of interest in Lorentz microscopy. Furthermore, signal-to-noise considerations indicate that these results can be obtained in acceptably short recording times. Finally, experimental results using both polycrystalline and single crystal specimens are presented, which confirm the theoretical predictions."}
{"id": "PMID:358527", "title": "Effect of oxybutynin chloride on bladder spasm following transurethral surgery.", "content": "A double-blind study of the short-term effects of oxybutynin chloride versus placebo on bladder spasm after transurethral surgery was done in 106 male patients. No significant difference between the placebo and 10 mg. or 20 mg. of the drug was noted.", "contents": "Effect of oxybutynin chloride on bladder spasm following transurethral surgery. A double-blind study of the short-term effects of oxybutynin chloride versus placebo on bladder spasm after transurethral surgery was done in 106 male patients. No significant difference between the placebo and 10 mg. or 20 mg. of the drug was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:358532", "title": "[Effect of selective proximal vagotomy on pancreatic islet function in duodenal ulcer].", "content": "The tolerance to glucose and immunoreactive insulin blood level in duodenal ulcer cases before operation and following selective proximal vagotomy combined with stomach drainage and without the latter has been studied. These operations result in the normalization of the body tolerance to glucose disturbed in duodenal ulcer. The insular function of the pancreas does not get upset therewith.", "contents": "[Effect of selective proximal vagotomy on pancreatic islet function in duodenal ulcer]. The tolerance to glucose and immunoreactive insulin blood level in duodenal ulcer cases before operation and following selective proximal vagotomy combined with stomach drainage and without the latter has been studied. These operations result in the normalization of the body tolerance to glucose disturbed in duodenal ulcer. The insular function of the pancreas does not get upset therewith."}
{"id": "PMID:358534", "title": "[Clinical and laboratory evaluation of the results of treating trophic ulcers of the lower extremities with a catgut dressing].", "content": "To assess the effect of the catgut dressing in trophic ulcers of the lower extremities upon the dynamics of non-specific immunological reactivity the authors defined the complementary activity of the serum, concentration of the serumal lysozyme and contents of thermolabile inhibitors of the serum. The clinical and laboratory findings prove that the use of the cargut dressing in trophic ulcers of the lower extremities increases the level of non-specific immunological reactivity of an organism. The use of catgut for the therapeutic purposes stimulates the condition of natural immunity which constitutes one of the causes contributing to a favourable course of the healing processes.", "contents": "[Clinical and laboratory evaluation of the results of treating trophic ulcers of the lower extremities with a catgut dressing]. To assess the effect of the catgut dressing in trophic ulcers of the lower extremities upon the dynamics of non-specific immunological reactivity the authors defined the complementary activity of the serum, concentration of the serumal lysozyme and contents of thermolabile inhibitors of the serum. The clinical and laboratory findings prove that the use of the cargut dressing in trophic ulcers of the lower extremities increases the level of non-specific immunological reactivity of an organism. The use of catgut for the therapeutic purposes stimulates the condition of natural immunity which constitutes one of the causes contributing to a favourable course of the healing processes."}
{"id": "PMID:358535", "title": "[Clinical and experimental parallels in elaborating methods to increase the viability of the pedicle flap].", "content": "On the grounds of the correlation between experimental findings and experience with the use of biologically prepared tissues for the formation of the pedicle grafts in 30 patients, the indications for the clinical application of this method, some problems of surgical technic and immediate results of surgical interventions are discussed.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental parallels in elaborating methods to increase the viability of the pedicle flap]. On the grounds of the correlation between experimental findings and experience with the use of biologically prepared tissues for the formation of the pedicle grafts in 30 patients, the indications for the clinical application of this method, some problems of surgical technic and immediate results of surgical interventions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:358536", "title": "[Healing of peritonized and nonperitonized peritoneal defects in growing organisms].", "content": "Clinical data (110 observations over 106 cases) and experiments on animals proved the inexpediency of the peritonization of non-pertonized surfaces in children both in \"pure\" peritoneum and under the condition of a pronounced inflammation. Renouncement of peritonization of peritoneal defects has favoured the decrease of the incidence rate of the recurrence of ileum and the improvement of late results of the treatment. The authors believed that the peritonization is needed only when defects of the intestinal wall reach the submucous level and as this takes place a pronounced bleeding, which cannot be controlled without suturing, is noted. Intestinal perforation localized in the non-peritonized sites was never observed, even when the muscular layer of the intestinal wall was damaged.", "contents": "[Healing of peritonized and nonperitonized peritoneal defects in growing organisms]. Clinical data (110 observations over 106 cases) and experiments on animals proved the inexpediency of the peritonization of non-pertonized surfaces in children both in \"pure\" peritoneum and under the condition of a pronounced inflammation. Renouncement of peritonization of peritoneal defects has favoured the decrease of the incidence rate of the recurrence of ileum and the improvement of late results of the treatment. The authors believed that the peritonization is needed only when defects of the intestinal wall reach the submucous level and as this takes place a pronounced bleeding, which cannot be controlled without suturing, is noted. Intestinal perforation localized in the non-peritonized sites was never observed, even when the muscular layer of the intestinal wall was damaged."}
{"id": "PMID:358538", "title": "[Practical possibilities of omentoorgranopexy].", "content": "Anatomy of the greater omentum was studied in 129 human cadavers with a special regard to its size, shape and type of blood supply. The experiment on omentization of various parenchymal organs in 125 dogs has been run. On the grounds of the analysis of the findings some recommendations concerned with the use of various methods of the great omentum plasty, aimed at the omentization of organs situated both close to the omentum base and at some distance from it, are given.", "contents": "[Practical possibilities of omentoorgranopexy]. Anatomy of the greater omentum was studied in 129 human cadavers with a special regard to its size, shape and type of blood supply. The experiment on omentization of various parenchymal organs in 125 dogs has been run. On the grounds of the analysis of the findings some recommendations concerned with the use of various methods of the great omentum plasty, aimed at the omentization of organs situated both close to the omentum base and at some distance from it, are given."}
{"id": "PMID:358540", "title": "[Basic trends in the development of coronary surgery].", "content": "The author began using successfully mammary-coronary anastomosis in the clinic in 1964. He used both--suture technic of the creation of anastomosis and the vasosuturing apparatus. The author believes that the use of Favaloro and Effler autovenous aortocoronary shunting delayed the clinical use of mammary-coronary anastomosis without any reasonable scientific grounds. He also considers that an inexact historic information on the use of mammary-coronary anastomosis is presented in the literature, and physiological peculiarities of this operation are underestimated so far.", "contents": "[Basic trends in the development of coronary surgery]. The author began using successfully mammary-coronary anastomosis in the clinic in 1964. He used both--suture technic of the creation of anastomosis and the vasosuturing apparatus. The author believes that the use of Favaloro and Effler autovenous aortocoronary shunting delayed the clinical use of mammary-coronary anastomosis without any reasonable scientific grounds. He also considers that an inexact historic information on the use of mammary-coronary anastomosis is presented in the literature, and physiological peculiarities of this operation are underestimated so far."}
{"id": "PMID:358541", "title": "[Treatment of infected wounds using a powderlike mixture].", "content": "The use of I.D. Zhitnyuk powder is grounded on its absorbing and antiseptic properties. 211 patients with infected wounds were treated with this powder. According to the authors' data the powder mixture increases wound discharge, lessens inflammatory pheomena around the wound and hastens the rejection of necrotic tissues. The use of the powder results in the increase of phagocytosis and rapid disappearance of pathogenic microbes, as it has been proved through bacteriologic and cytologic studies.", "contents": "[Treatment of infected wounds using a powderlike mixture]. The use of I.D. Zhitnyuk powder is grounded on its absorbing and antiseptic properties. 211 patients with infected wounds were treated with this powder. According to the authors' data the powder mixture increases wound discharge, lessens inflammatory pheomena around the wound and hastens the rejection of necrotic tissues. The use of the powder results in the increase of phagocytosis and rapid disappearance of pathogenic microbes, as it has been proved through bacteriologic and cytologic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:358546", "title": "Eidemiological aspects of an outbreak of salmonellosis in sheep.", "content": "An outbreak of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella typhimurium occurred in a lambing flock where management factors and fostering movements were responsible for spread within the group and to farm personnel and their families. Possible sources of the infection are discussed.", "contents": "Eidemiological aspects of an outbreak of salmonellosis in sheep. An outbreak of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella typhimurium occurred in a lambing flock where management factors and fostering movements were responsible for spread within the group and to farm personnel and their families. Possible sources of the infection are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:358560", "title": "Diversity of the anti-HBc response and its correlations with other immunological parameters in asymptomatic HBsAg carriers.", "content": "The anti-HBc response was investigated by immunofluorescence in the sera of 109 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. The results suggest the presence of at least two antigenic HBcAg determinants, possibly correlated with the replication phase. The subjects with intensive anti-HBc response showed immunological alterations consistent with the presence of active liver lesions and of hepatocellular membrane injury.", "contents": "Diversity of the anti-HBc response and its correlations with other immunological parameters in asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. The anti-HBc response was investigated by immunofluorescence in the sera of 109 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. The results suggest the presence of at least two antigenic HBcAg determinants, possibly correlated with the replication phase. The subjects with intensive anti-HBc response showed immunological alterations consistent with the presence of active liver lesions and of hepatocellular membrane injury."}
{"id": "PMID:358559", "title": "Some pathogenic features of viral hepatitis.", "content": "Some pathogenic features of viral hepatitis (VH) are analysed on the ground of literature data and personal results. Correlations concerning blood group distribution in the case of apparently asymptomatic HBsAg carriage and of acute and chronic VH, as well as correlations with individual characteristics such as age and sex a.o., are presented. The possibility that other genetic and epigenetic factors may help to a better knowledge of VH pathogeny is discussed.", "contents": "Some pathogenic features of viral hepatitis. Some pathogenic features of viral hepatitis (VH) are analysed on the ground of literature data and personal results. Correlations concerning blood group distribution in the case of apparently asymptomatic HBsAg carriage and of acute and chronic VH, as well as correlations with individual characteristics such as age and sex a.o., are presented. The possibility that other genetic and epigenetic factors may help to a better knowledge of VH pathogeny is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:358561", "title": "The action of dyes on tumors.", "content": "The photodynamic and antimetabolic action of dyes on experimental tumors is reviewed. The author's personal experience concerning the action of toluidine blue on mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma is presented. Some considerations are made on the problems and prospects of the application of dyes in antitumoral therapy.", "contents": "The action of dyes on tumors. The photodynamic and antimetabolic action of dyes on experimental tumors is reviewed. The author's personal experience concerning the action of toluidine blue on mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma is presented. Some considerations are made on the problems and prospects of the application of dyes in antitumoral therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:358585", "title": "Sandwich enzymoimmunoassay of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).", "content": "A sandwich enzymoimmunoassay (EIA) procedure was developed for the detection of HBsAg using Fab' of anti-HBsAg conjugated with beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli with anti-HBsAg-coated silicone rubber discs as a solid phase. EIA could detect 1 ng/ml of HBsAg. It was as sensitive as radioimmunoassay (RIA, AusRia II) and about 30-fold more sensitive than reversed passive hemagglutination assay RPHA, ReverseCell). EIA and RIA could detect more HBsAg-positive sera than RPHA.", "contents": "Sandwich enzymoimmunoassay of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). A sandwich enzymoimmunoassay (EIA) procedure was developed for the detection of HBsAg using Fab' of anti-HBsAg conjugated with beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli with anti-HBsAg-coated silicone rubber discs as a solid phase. EIA could detect 1 ng/ml of HBsAg. It was as sensitive as radioimmunoassay (RIA, AusRia II) and about 30-fold more sensitive than reversed passive hemagglutination assay RPHA, ReverseCell). EIA and RIA could detect more HBsAg-positive sera than RPHA."}
{"id": "PMID:358586", "title": "Fetal human hemolytic plaque-forming cells. Evidence of reactivity to maternal and other erythrocytes.", "content": "Lymphoid tissues from 24 human fetuses were assayed for hemolytic plaque-forming cells (PFC) against a variety of erythrocyte targets. PFC against maternal and other erythrocyte antigens were commonly detected in human fetal liver, lymph nodes, spleen, or thymus as early as 16 weeks gestation and were usually more abundant in liver than in spleen after 16 weeks gestation. These data corroborate studies from other laboratories which indicate that human fetuses develop some forms of immunocompetence very early during gestation.", "contents": "Fetal human hemolytic plaque-forming cells. Evidence of reactivity to maternal and other erythrocytes. Lymphoid tissues from 24 human fetuses were assayed for hemolytic plaque-forming cells (PFC) against a variety of erythrocyte targets. PFC against maternal and other erythrocyte antigens were commonly detected in human fetal liver, lymph nodes, spleen, or thymus as early as 16 weeks gestation and were usually more abundant in liver than in spleen after 16 weeks gestation. These data corroborate studies from other laboratories which indicate that human fetuses develop some forms of immunocompetence very early during gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:358587", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in professional and voluntary blood donors.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was compared in professional and voluntary blood donors. Depressed CMI in professional donors was revealed by the presence of significantly lower numbers of positive delayed reactive hypersensitivity responses to Candida albicans, streptokinase and streptodornase, as well as a decrease in lymphoblast transformation response to phytohaemagglutinin. Furthermore, the serum protein and albumin levels in professional donors did not correlate with the depression in CMI. The blood of professional blood donors should be considered to be a poor source of therapeutic immune cell fractions.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in professional and voluntary blood donors. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was compared in professional and voluntary blood donors. Depressed CMI in professional donors was revealed by the presence of significantly lower numbers of positive delayed reactive hypersensitivity responses to Candida albicans, streptokinase and streptodornase, as well as a decrease in lymphoblast transformation response to phytohaemagglutinin. Furthermore, the serum protein and albumin levels in professional donors did not correlate with the depression in CMI. The blood of professional blood donors should be considered to be a poor source of therapeutic immune cell fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:358588", "title": "Micromethods in blood group serology.", "content": "A micromethod is described that can be used for typing red cells by saline, albumin and anti-human globulin techniques and that can also-be used for Gm and Inv typing. It has the advantage that very small amounts of sera can be used, 4 microliter for saline and albumin methods and 10 microliter for the anti-human globulin technique. The system enables one method to be applied to all techniques, and as the prepared plates with their antisera can be stored frozen it is ideal for large scale testing.", "contents": "Micromethods in blood group serology. A micromethod is described that can be used for typing red cells by saline, albumin and anti-human globulin techniques and that can also-be used for Gm and Inv typing. It has the advantage that very small amounts of sera can be used, 4 microliter for saline and albumin methods and 10 microliter for the anti-human globulin technique. The system enables one method to be applied to all techniques, and as the prepared plates with their antisera can be stored frozen it is ideal for large scale testing."}
{"id": "PMID:358597", "title": "[Dynamics of secretory and serum immunoglobulins in children in the course of vaccinations with live poliomyelitis monovaccines].", "content": "The influence of vaccination with live poliomyelitis monovaccines on the formation of immunoglobulins in the blood serum and the buccal secrets was studied in infants under 1 year. There was a correlation between rises in the levels of serum immunoglobulins (Ig) of the A, G, and M classes and titers of neutralizing antibody to the three poliomyelitis virus types. The highest level of secretory IgA  was observed after immunization with type I monovaccine. The level of secretory IgA correlated with the virus-neutralizing activity of the buccal cavity secretes for poliomyelitis virus types I, II, and III. After immunization with type II and III monovaccines there was an insignificant increase of the IgA content in the buccal cavity secretes. In contrast to poliovirus type I which was isolated from throat samples in 40% of the vaccinees, the other two types of poliomyelitis virus were not found in throat swabs. It is suggested that in the course of immunization with live poliovirus vaccine there are differences in the immunogenesis to poliovirus of different types.", "contents": "[Dynamics of secretory and serum immunoglobulins in children in the course of vaccinations with live poliomyelitis monovaccines]. The influence of vaccination with live poliomyelitis monovaccines on the formation of immunoglobulins in the blood serum and the buccal secrets was studied in infants under 1 year. There was a correlation between rises in the levels of serum immunoglobulins (Ig) of the A, G, and M classes and titers of neutralizing antibody to the three poliomyelitis virus types. The highest level of secretory IgA  was observed after immunization with type I monovaccine. The level of secretory IgA correlated with the virus-neutralizing activity of the buccal cavity secretes for poliomyelitis virus types I, II, and III. After immunization with type II and III monovaccines there was an insignificant increase of the IgA content in the buccal cavity secretes. In contrast to poliovirus type I which was isolated from throat samples in 40% of the vaccinees, the other two types of poliomyelitis virus were not found in throat swabs. It is suggested that in the course of immunization with live poliovirus vaccine there are differences in the immunogenesis to poliovirus of different types."}
{"id": "PMID:358598", "title": "[Cytologic and histochemical study of cell cultures chronically infected with fixed rabies virus].", "content": "Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies corresponding in their tinctorial properties to Negri bodies were detected in TEp-2/2 and BHK-21/13S cell cultures chronically infected with fixed rabies virus. The number of cells containing the inclusions was always than that of the cells producing virus-specific antigen. Histological examinations of chronically infected cultures revealed considerable inhibition of the acid phosphatase activity, some weakening of the reaction to alkaline phosphatase, and a marked decline in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase. The intensity of reaction to RNA in chronically infected cultures was increased, particularly in those zones of the cells where RNA-containing inclusions were detected. The activity of the respiratory enzyme HAD-H2 tetrasolium reductase in HEp-2/2 cells was reduced and in BHK-21/13S cells increased as compared to the control.", "contents": "[Cytologic and histochemical study of cell cultures chronically infected with fixed rabies virus]. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies corresponding in their tinctorial properties to Negri bodies were detected in TEp-2/2 and BHK-21/13S cell cultures chronically infected with fixed rabies virus. The number of cells containing the inclusions was always than that of the cells producing virus-specific antigen. Histological examinations of chronically infected cultures revealed considerable inhibition of the acid phosphatase activity, some weakening of the reaction to alkaline phosphatase, and a marked decline in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase. The intensity of reaction to RNA in chronically infected cultures was increased, particularly in those zones of the cells where RNA-containing inclusions were detected. The activity of the respiratory enzyme HAD-H2 tetrasolium reductase in HEp-2/2 cells was reduced and in BHK-21/13S cells increased as compared to the control."}
{"id": "PMID:358604", "title": "[Changes in myocardial contractile function and in the hemodynamic indices in patients with myocardial infarct before and after beta-blockader treatment].", "content": "The changes in the basic hemdynamic indices and in the phase structure of the cardiac cycle in patients with acute infarction prior to and post treatment with beta-blockers (Obsidan and Trasicor) were studied. Manifested changes in the hemodynamics were established, namly: pulse rate and cardiac flow decrease, the total peripheral resistance grows; veloqcilty of blood flow is slowed down. The preparations used have a negative effect upon the phase structure of left ventricle as well. The authors underline that beta-blockers administration in acute myocardial infarction should be evaluated very carefully and in the presence of clinical signs for cardiac insufficiency, it should be carried out on the background of cardiotonic treatment.", "contents": "[Changes in myocardial contractile function and in the hemodynamic indices in patients with myocardial infarct before and after beta-blockader treatment]. The changes in the basic hemdynamic indices and in the phase structure of the cardiac cycle in patients with acute infarction prior to and post treatment with beta-blockers (Obsidan and Trasicor) were studied. Manifested changes in the hemodynamics were established, namly: pulse rate and cardiac flow decrease, the total peripheral resistance grows; veloqcilty of blood flow is slowed down. The preparations used have a negative effect upon the phase structure of left ventricle as well. The authors underline that beta-blockers administration in acute myocardial infarction should be evaluated very carefully and in the presence of clinical signs for cardiac insufficiency, it should be carried out on the background of cardiotonic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:358600", "title": "[Production of antiserum for preparation of FITC-conjugated immunoglobulins intended for poxvirus detection].", "content": "The experience of using sheep as donors of hyperimmune smallpox antiserum produced by immunization with vaccinia virus grown in the homologous tissue is described. In the preparatory stage of immunization four intravenous or intramuscular injections of a low dose of the antigen were used. Subsequently, as the need in the serum arose (10--14 days before) the animals were given a \"hit\" dose of the antigen (20 ml) intravenously. With this immunization schedule it was possible to obtain smallpox antisera containing precipitins (in a titer of 1:32), hemagglutinins (1:1280), and antibody detectable by the indirect immunofluorescence technique (1:2560). Then, from these sera, using two precipitations of the immunoglobulin fraction with ammonium sulfare, antipox FITC-conjugates were prepared which were highly active and specific, and were as good as FITC-conjugates prepared from rabbit hyperimmune sera.", "contents": "[Production of antiserum for preparation of FITC-conjugated immunoglobulins intended for poxvirus detection]. The experience of using sheep as donors of hyperimmune smallpox antiserum produced by immunization with vaccinia virus grown in the homologous tissue is described. In the preparatory stage of immunization four intravenous or intramuscular injections of a low dose of the antigen were used. Subsequently, as the need in the serum arose (10--14 days before) the animals were given a \"hit\" dose of the antigen (20 ml) intravenously. With this immunization schedule it was possible to obtain smallpox antisera containing precipitins (in a titer of 1:32), hemagglutinins (1:1280), and antibody detectable by the indirect immunofluorescence technique (1:2560). Then, from these sera, using two precipitations of the immunoglobulin fraction with ammonium sulfare, antipox FITC-conjugates were prepared which were highly active and specific, and were as good as FITC-conjugates prepared from rabbit hyperimmune sera."}
{"id": "PMID:358606", "title": "Bedside diagnosis of urinary infection. A pilot study.", "content": "Early recognition of catheter-associated urinary infection is essential to proper management. Daily bacteriological monitoring of indwelling catheters by routine urine culture is expensive and time consuming. A pilot study using liquid media at room temperature incubation showed a sensitivity approximating 90 percent in detecting bacteriuria. A simplified screening test can be carried out daily at the bedside; a positive screen would be followed by standard bacteriological studies. Such a method permits earlier diagnosis, and results in great saving in cost as well.", "contents": "Bedside diagnosis of urinary infection. A pilot study. Early recognition of catheter-associated urinary infection is essential to proper management. Daily bacteriological monitoring of indwelling catheters by routine urine culture is expensive and time consuming. A pilot study using liquid media at room temperature incubation showed a sensitivity approximating 90 percent in detecting bacteriuria. A simplified screening test can be carried out daily at the bedside; a positive screen would be followed by standard bacteriological studies. Such a method permits earlier diagnosis, and results in great saving in cost as well."}
{"id": "PMID:358615", "title": "[Progress in the surgical treatment of biliary disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgical techniques in the treatment of diseases of the gallbladder and the common bile duct have hardly changed over the past 30 years, except in the case of operations on the papilla. On the other hand, the intraoperative diagnosis of stones in the common bile duct according to Mirizzi, combined with the introduction of pressure measurements, has achieved quite a measure of success. Moreover, preoperative diagnosis in patients with jaundice can be achieved simply and with greater accuracy nowadays by means of ERCP, with a consequent positive influence on the operative technique.", "contents": "[Progress in the surgical treatment of biliary disease (author's transl)]. Surgical techniques in the treatment of diseases of the gallbladder and the common bile duct have hardly changed over the past 30 years, except in the case of operations on the papilla. On the other hand, the intraoperative diagnosis of stones in the common bile duct according to Mirizzi, combined with the introduction of pressure measurements, has achieved quite a measure of success. Moreover, preoperative diagnosis in patients with jaundice can be achieved simply and with greater accuracy nowadays by means of ERCP, with a consequent positive influence on the operative technique."}
{"id": "PMID:358616", "title": "[Advances in the surgical treatment of congenital heart defects (author's transl)].", "content": "One-stage correction of operable congenital cardiac defects in infancy, the operative treatment of transposition of the great arteries and the operative management of intracardial stenosis or atresia with a conduit are examples of the progress achieved in the treatment of congenital heart disease. The improvement in preoperative diagnosis, supporting medication, the technique of extracorporeal circulation and in surgical technique are the reasons why nowadays only a few, rare congenital malformations of the heart are inoperable.", "contents": "[Advances in the surgical treatment of congenital heart defects (author's transl)]. One-stage correction of operable congenital cardiac defects in infancy, the operative treatment of transposition of the great arteries and the operative management of intracardial stenosis or atresia with a conduit are examples of the progress achieved in the treatment of congenital heart disease. The improvement in preoperative diagnosis, supporting medication, the technique of extracorporeal circulation and in surgical technique are the reasons why nowadays only a few, rare congenital malformations of the heart are inoperable."}
{"id": "PMID:358620", "title": "Reduction of trimethylamine N-oxide by Escherichia coli as anaerobic respiration.", "content": "E. coli was found to grow anaerobically on lactate in the presence of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMANO), reducing it to trimethylamine. Anaerobic growth on glucose was promoted in the presence of TMANO. When a culture grown in complex medium was transferred to defined medium, growth on glucose and ammonia took place in the presence of TMANO after consumption of complex nutrients introduced with the preculture, in contrast to growth in nitrate respiration. The amounts of ethanol, succinate, and lactate among the fermentation products were decreased and that of acetate was increased in the presence of TMANO. Formate generation was much reduced at pH 7.4, whereas stoichiometric formation of formate was observed in the absence of TMANO. Cells grown anaerobically in the presence of TMANO had a higher activity of amine N-oxide reductase than cells grown under other conditions. The content of cytochrome-558 was elevated in the presence of TMANO during growth in complex medium. Cytochrome c-552 found in cells grown in diluted complex medium or defined medium in the presence of TMANO was oxidized by TMANO in cell extracts. The molar growth yield on glucose was higher in the presence of TMANO than in its absence and lower than that in the presence of nitrate.", "contents": "Reduction of trimethylamine N-oxide by Escherichia coli as anaerobic respiration. E. coli was found to grow anaerobically on lactate in the presence of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMANO), reducing it to trimethylamine. Anaerobic growth on glucose was promoted in the presence of TMANO. When a culture grown in complex medium was transferred to defined medium, growth on glucose and ammonia took place in the presence of TMANO after consumption of complex nutrients introduced with the preculture, in contrast to growth in nitrate respiration. The amounts of ethanol, succinate, and lactate among the fermentation products were decreased and that of acetate was increased in the presence of TMANO. Formate generation was much reduced at pH 7.4, whereas stoichiometric formation of formate was observed in the absence of TMANO. Cells grown anaerobically in the presence of TMANO had a higher activity of amine N-oxide reductase than cells grown under other conditions. The content of cytochrome-558 was elevated in the presence of TMANO during growth in complex medium. Cytochrome c-552 found in cells grown in diluted complex medium or defined medium in the presence of TMANO was oxidized by TMANO in cell extracts. The molar growth yield on glucose was higher in the presence of TMANO than in its absence and lower than that in the presence of nitrate."}
{"id": "PMID:358621", "title": "Virus-like particles in yeast: isolation and infectivity.", "content": "Virus-like particles containing electron dense cores are seen in thin sections of intact and degenerated cells of a thermosensitive (ts) strain of Candida tropicalis. A particulate fraction not present in wild-type cells has been isolated from the ts cells disrupted by pressure. The particles are 80-120 nm in diameter. Empty particles with a central cavity are observed. The method of infecting mating pairs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by partially purified particles is described.", "contents": "Virus-like particles in yeast: isolation and infectivity. Virus-like particles containing electron dense cores are seen in thin sections of intact and degenerated cells of a thermosensitive (ts) strain of Candida tropicalis. A particulate fraction not present in wild-type cells has been isolated from the ts cells disrupted by pressure. The particles are 80-120 nm in diameter. Empty particles with a central cavity are observed. The method of infecting mating pairs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by partially purified particles is described."}
{"id": "PMID:358626", "title": "[Lung transplantations in the hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "Successful clinic lung transplantations are an urgent necessity. Till now published 37 transplantations were unsatisfactory in the result. They showed that today the lung transplantation is still an experimental method. This paper analyses the results with the mark to recognize emphasis of the experimental research.", "contents": "[Lung transplantations in the hospital (author's transl)]. Successful clinic lung transplantations are an urgent necessity. Till now published 37 transplantations were unsatisfactory in the result. They showed that today the lung transplantation is still an experimental method. This paper analyses the results with the mark to recognize emphasis of the experimental research."}
{"id": "PMID:358633", "title": "[The value of supportive therapy in the treatment of malignant tumors].", "content": "Supportive care are a strongly connected constituent of the curative and palliative treatment of cancer. They serve for prevention and early diagnosis, respectively, and treatment of complications during therapy and disturbances which may issue from the tumour disease itself. These are especially the results of the insufficiency of the bone marrow which in the last years increasingly moved into the centre of the therapeutic interest. A survey of the present state of the treatment of these and other general complications in patients with malignant neoplasms is given.", "contents": "[The value of supportive therapy in the treatment of malignant tumors]. Supportive care are a strongly connected constituent of the curative and palliative treatment of cancer. They serve for prevention and early diagnosis, respectively, and treatment of complications during therapy and disturbances which may issue from the tumour disease itself. These are especially the results of the insufficiency of the bone marrow which in the last years increasingly moved into the centre of the therapeutic interest. A survey of the present state of the treatment of these and other general complications in patients with malignant neoplasms is given."}
{"id": "PMID:358634", "title": "[Parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations in the serum of patients with kidney transplantations and their radiological correlation].", "content": "In 40 renal transplant patients the serum concentration of parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, calcium and inorganic phosphate were estimated. The results of these biochemical studies were compared to X-ray soft tissue and bone pathologic findings. The serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) was normal in 37 patients and increased in 3 cases. 19 (47.5%) renal transplant recipients showed decreased serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels. In 23 out of 40 patients (57.5%) serum phosphate was lower than 3.0 mg/100 ml. X-ray soft tissue changes were observed in 28 (70%) and bone changes in 18 (45%) patients; both frequencies were higher when compared to occurrence during regular dialysis treatment. Features of hyperparathyroid osteopathy were frequently observed in renal transplant recipients. Femoral head necroses were predominant in men, whereas osteomalacia with Looser's zones were found mainly in women. The pathogenesis of X-ray bone changes in patients with renal transplants seems to be multifactorial and related to the duration of secondary hyperparathyroidism before renal transplantation as well as to phosphate depletion and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol deficiency.", "contents": "[Parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations in the serum of patients with kidney transplantations and their radiological correlation]. In 40 renal transplant patients the serum concentration of parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, calcium and inorganic phosphate were estimated. The results of these biochemical studies were compared to X-ray soft tissue and bone pathologic findings. The serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) was normal in 37 patients and increased in 3 cases. 19 (47.5%) renal transplant recipients showed decreased serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels. In 23 out of 40 patients (57.5%) serum phosphate was lower than 3.0 mg/100 ml. X-ray soft tissue changes were observed in 28 (70%) and bone changes in 18 (45%) patients; both frequencies were higher when compared to occurrence during regular dialysis treatment. Features of hyperparathyroid osteopathy were frequently observed in renal transplant recipients. Femoral head necroses were predominant in men, whereas osteomalacia with Looser's zones were found mainly in women. The pathogenesis of X-ray bone changes in patients with renal transplants seems to be multifactorial and related to the duration of secondary hyperparathyroidism before renal transplantation as well as to phosphate depletion and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:358636", "title": "[Experimental studies on the therapeutic modification of intestinal adhesion formation].", "content": "One of the main problems encountered by the surgeon are visceral adhesions after abdominal surgery. This problem was studied in animal experiments by inducing peritoneal adhesions in 30 albino rats. The anti-inflammatory, resp. anti-adhesive effect of corticosteroids and antihistamines was tested by application of these drugs before, resp. after surgery. Anti-inflammatory proteolytic enzymes (Wobe-Mugos) were applied pre-, resp. postoperatively in two other groups. A fifth group served as controls. A modified cotton-pellet technique was used for the experiments. The best results were achieved when \"Wobe-Mugos\" was applied after surgery.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the therapeutic modification of intestinal adhesion formation]. One of the main problems encountered by the surgeon are visceral adhesions after abdominal surgery. This problem was studied in animal experiments by inducing peritoneal adhesions in 30 albino rats. The anti-inflammatory, resp. anti-adhesive effect of corticosteroids and antihistamines was tested by application of these drugs before, resp. after surgery. Anti-inflammatory proteolytic enzymes (Wobe-Mugos) were applied pre-, resp. postoperatively in two other groups. A fifth group served as controls. A modified cotton-pellet technique was used for the experiments. The best results were achieved when \"Wobe-Mugos\" was applied after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:358640", "title": "A comparative in vitro study of antibody binding to different stages of the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum.", "content": "The Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Technique (IFAT) and the Indirect Immuno Peroxidase Technique (IIPT) have been applied to cryostat sections and intact stages of the hookworm species Ancylostoma caninum with sera from infected dogs. Especially the role of the body surface (= cuticle (cortex, matrix, basal layer) and hypodermis) in immunity was studied. Using cryostat sections and dead intact stages as the antigen, specific antibody binding was demonstrated round the ovum membrane and the cuticle of all stages of this hookworm species. Cryostat sections of adult worms showed, that it probably is not the cuticle itself that is antigenic, but that the specific reaction that is observed consisted of a layer, covering the cortex of the cuticle. Infective and parasitic living stages, however, showed no antibody binding in contrast to the free-living stages in which specific antibody binding was demonstrated.", "contents": "A comparative in vitro study of antibody binding to different stages of the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. The Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Technique (IFAT) and the Indirect Immuno Peroxidase Technique (IIPT) have been applied to cryostat sections and intact stages of the hookworm species Ancylostoma caninum with sera from infected dogs. Especially the role of the body surface (= cuticle (cortex, matrix, basal layer) and hypodermis) in immunity was studied. Using cryostat sections and dead intact stages as the antigen, specific antibody binding was demonstrated round the ovum membrane and the cuticle of all stages of this hookworm species. Cryostat sections of adult worms showed, that it probably is not the cuticle itself that is antigenic, but that the specific reaction that is observed consisted of a layer, covering the cortex of the cuticle. Infective and parasitic living stages, however, showed no antibody binding in contrast to the free-living stages in which specific antibody binding was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:358655", "title": "The malaria burden and population growth in the Solomon Islands.", "content": "This paper outlines the result of the control of infectious diseases, and more especially malaria, on the growth of populations in the Solomon Islands since 1931, the year of the first census, to 1976, the year in which the fourth census revealed, that a population explosion had occurred, and was occurring unabated.", "contents": "The malaria burden and population growth in the Solomon Islands. This paper outlines the result of the control of infectious diseases, and more especially malaria, on the growth of populations in the Solomon Islands since 1931, the year of the first census, to 1976, the year in which the fourth census revealed, that a population explosion had occurred, and was occurring unabated."}
{"id": "PMID:358656", "title": "Malaria and pregnancy.", "content": "A review of current literature on the effects of malaria on pregnant women and the foetus is made and its effective control is discussed. The role of placenta as an exchange organ and as the first defence line for foetus is also described. Reduced resistance to malaria during pregnancy may be due to immunological and hormonal changes. In malarious areas, the effective control of malaria results in reduced maternal anaemia and in increased birth-weights. Prophylaxis, treatment and other antimalarial measures are more beneficial to the primiparous than multiparous women.", "contents": "Malaria and pregnancy. A review of current literature on the effects of malaria on pregnant women and the foetus is made and its effective control is discussed. The role of placenta as an exchange organ and as the first defence line for foetus is also described. Reduced resistance to malaria during pregnancy may be due to immunological and hormonal changes. In malarious areas, the effective control of malaria results in reduced maternal anaemia and in increased birth-weights. Prophylaxis, treatment and other antimalarial measures are more beneficial to the primiparous than multiparous women."}
{"id": "PMID:358648", "title": "Surgical treatment of lymphedema--a reappraisal.", "content": "The clinical picture of lymphedema and its classification have been briefly reviewed with a discussion of surgical treatment both historical and current. It has been pointed out that the primary mode of treatment of congenital or secondary lymphedema of the extremities is intensive medical therapy and that surgical intervention is warranted in only rare and unusual circumstances. The gamut of surgical procedures attempted have been reviewed and it is this author's contention that the only procedure of limited, worthwhile value is a combination of the Kondoleon and the Thompson procedures. The Kondoleon phase of the procedure debulks the extremity in stages and removes the deep fascia. The Thompson form of the procedure advances a deepithelialized dermal flap into the deep lymphatical venous system. It has not been conclusively proven whether this dermal flap is of significant physiologic benefit, but I feel it is worth adding this to the Kondoleon procedure so that in time, we will have an opportunity to evaluate the value of this phase of the procedure.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of lymphedema--a reappraisal. The clinical picture of lymphedema and its classification have been briefly reviewed with a discussion of surgical treatment both historical and current. It has been pointed out that the primary mode of treatment of congenital or secondary lymphedema of the extremities is intensive medical therapy and that surgical intervention is warranted in only rare and unusual circumstances. The gamut of surgical procedures attempted have been reviewed and it is this author's contention that the only procedure of limited, worthwhile value is a combination of the Kondoleon and the Thompson procedures. The Kondoleon phase of the procedure debulks the extremity in stages and removes the deep fascia. The Thompson form of the procedure advances a deepithelialized dermal flap into the deep lymphatical venous system. It has not been conclusively proven whether this dermal flap is of significant physiologic benefit, but I feel it is worth adding this to the Kondoleon procedure so that in time, we will have an opportunity to evaluate the value of this phase of the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:358660", "title": "[Variations in the use of microscopic instruments for the examination of urinary calculi in routine professional practice and in research].", "content": "Generalising considerations concerning the problem of the analysis of urinary calculi as well as a longer testing within own examination prove modern microscopic methods and devices to be a scientific and practical instrumentarium for the examination of urinary calculi which has a good future. Expensive special microscopes may above all remained reserved for research examinations on urinary calculi, if simple laboratory microscopes for routine analyses of urinary calculi are supplemented by cheap additional constructing elements.", "contents": "[Variations in the use of microscopic instruments for the examination of urinary calculi in routine professional practice and in research]. Generalising considerations concerning the problem of the analysis of urinary calculi as well as a longer testing within own examination prove modern microscopic methods and devices to be a scientific and practical instrumentarium for the examination of urinary calculi which has a good future. Expensive special microscopes may above all remained reserved for research examinations on urinary calculi, if simple laboratory microscopes for routine analyses of urinary calculi are supplemented by cheap additional constructing elements."}
{"id": "PMID:358658", "title": "[Action of the anti-inflammatory agent Lonazolac on experimentally-induced acute inflammation of human skin].", "content": "Using two experimental models of acute dermatitis in man, Lonazolac proved to possess dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects. No untoward side effects were seen even at the higher doses of the drug. The results are consistent with animal studies: In its effect on the acute experimental dermatitis, Lonazolac resembles indomethacin more closely than oxyphenbutazone. It is superior to the comparable anti-inflammatory drugs in its effect on the inflammatory erythema of the skin; in its effect on the inflammatory edema of the skin, it stands between oxyphenbutazone and indomethacin.", "contents": "[Action of the anti-inflammatory agent Lonazolac on experimentally-induced acute inflammation of human skin]. Using two experimental models of acute dermatitis in man, Lonazolac proved to possess dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects. No untoward side effects were seen even at the higher doses of the drug. The results are consistent with animal studies: In its effect on the acute experimental dermatitis, Lonazolac resembles indomethacin more closely than oxyphenbutazone. It is superior to the comparable anti-inflammatory drugs in its effect on the inflammatory erythema of the skin; in its effect on the inflammatory edema of the skin, it stands between oxyphenbutazone and indomethacin."}
{"id": "PMID:358659", "title": "[Religious experiences and psychotherapeutic methods].", "content": "Special similarities between religious practices and psychotherapeutic methods are described: Magic practices are related to psychotherapeutic methods, based on suggestion. Mystic contemplation or the training of relaxation in religious cults is close to all relaxation-methods in psychotherapy. Religious cults with ascetic practices cause halluzinatoric reactions. We find many psychotherapeutic methods, which try to make use of the effects of artificial deprivation. Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic treatment seems to be close to the jewish religion. Old talmudian wisdom asks the jew to make his best efforts in order to organize his own life well (man for himself). On the other hand the jewish religion asks all members of the religious group to be strictly obedient to the accepted laws and orders of God, otherwise the allience with God wil be lost. The patient in psychoanalysis is expected to do his best for his own wellbeing. On the other hand he is asked to accept special rules and laws of the therapy in order to keep the \"working-allience\" with his analyst. The psychoanalytic working-allience has some similarities with the allience with God which is important for the devoted jew.", "contents": "[Religious experiences and psychotherapeutic methods]. Special similarities between religious practices and psychotherapeutic methods are described: Magic practices are related to psychotherapeutic methods, based on suggestion. Mystic contemplation or the training of relaxation in religious cults is close to all relaxation-methods in psychotherapy. Religious cults with ascetic practices cause halluzinatoric reactions. We find many psychotherapeutic methods, which try to make use of the effects of artificial deprivation. Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic treatment seems to be close to the jewish religion. Old talmudian wisdom asks the jew to make his best efforts in order to organize his own life well (man for himself). On the other hand the jewish religion asks all members of the religious group to be strictly obedient to the accepted laws and orders of God, otherwise the allience with God wil be lost. The patient in psychoanalysis is expected to do his best for his own wellbeing. On the other hand he is asked to accept special rules and laws of the therapy in order to keep the \"working-allience\" with his analyst. The psychoanalytic working-allience has some similarities with the allience with God which is important for the devoted jew."}
{"id": "PMID:358672", "title": "[The problem of endotoxin shock after antibiotic therapy in surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "2 fatal cases of endotoxin shock after antibiotic therapy due to massive Escherichia coli infection after surgery are described to emphasize this rare possibility of complication. In cases of major infections with Gram-negative bacterais antibiotics should therefore prophylactically be given initially in low doses and only after observation in increasing amounts.", "contents": "[The problem of endotoxin shock after antibiotic therapy in surgery (author's transl)]. 2 fatal cases of endotoxin shock after antibiotic therapy due to massive Escherichia coli infection after surgery are described to emphasize this rare possibility of complication. In cases of major infections with Gram-negative bacterais antibiotics should therefore prophylactically be given initially in low doses and only after observation in increasing amounts."}
{"id": "PMID:358675", "title": "Electronmicroscopic finding of surface structure and capsular swelling reaction of a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "To investigate a capsular swelling reaction of the strain K-9 of Klebsiella pneumoniae, possessor of large capsule, ultra-thin sections of the organisms were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and were treated with rabbit antiserum. The ultra-thin sections of above stained organisms showed spike-like structure in outmost layer of the cell wall. When they were treated with rabbit antiserum, the outmost layers of the organisms was surrounded by a zone of oval to round polymorphous vesicular structure which covered the spike-like appendages. These findings were assumed being capsular swelling reaction of these organisms. However, when they were treated with rabbit antiserum which was previously absorbed with the polysaccharide surface antigen, polymorphous vesicular structures did not appear and sharp spiked structures issuing from the cell wall were exposed.", "contents": "Electronmicroscopic finding of surface structure and capsular swelling reaction of a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. To investigate a capsular swelling reaction of the strain K-9 of Klebsiella pneumoniae, possessor of large capsule, ultra-thin sections of the organisms were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and were treated with rabbit antiserum. The ultra-thin sections of above stained organisms showed spike-like structure in outmost layer of the cell wall. When they were treated with rabbit antiserum, the outmost layers of the organisms was surrounded by a zone of oval to round polymorphous vesicular structure which covered the spike-like appendages. These findings were assumed being capsular swelling reaction of these organisms. However, when they were treated with rabbit antiserum which was previously absorbed with the polysaccharide surface antigen, polymorphous vesicular structures did not appear and sharp spiked structures issuing from the cell wall were exposed."}
{"id": "PMID:358676", "title": "[The localization of the anodically-moving thermolabile antigen (ATA) of gram-negative bacteria with ferritin-labelled antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "In studies on the antigenic structure of shigellae, an anodically-moving thermolabile antigen (ATA) was found, which furthermore could be detected in many other enterobacteriae (9, 10). ATA is a glycoprotein with a high molecular heterogeneity, resulting from aggregates of a subunit with a molecular weight of about 22000 Daltons. In the present paper the antigen was localized on the cell surface of several species by means of the immunoferritin technique. Antibodies against the purified ATA were raised in rabbits and were coupled with ferritin using glutaraldehyde. The antigen was found focally distributed over the whole circumference of the cell. According to the location of the ferritin granules, the ATA is tightly attached to the outer membrane. Especially some rough forms of the bacteria were heavily labelled on their surface. From the results obtained we conclude that in the smooth form the polysaccharide side chains of the somatic antigen cover the ATA.", "contents": "[The localization of the anodically-moving thermolabile antigen (ATA) of gram-negative bacteria with ferritin-labelled antibodies (author's transl)]. In studies on the antigenic structure of shigellae, an anodically-moving thermolabile antigen (ATA) was found, which furthermore could be detected in many other enterobacteriae (9, 10). ATA is a glycoprotein with a high molecular heterogeneity, resulting from aggregates of a subunit with a molecular weight of about 22000 Daltons. In the present paper the antigen was localized on the cell surface of several species by means of the immunoferritin technique. Antibodies against the purified ATA were raised in rabbits and were coupled with ferritin using glutaraldehyde. The antigen was found focally distributed over the whole circumference of the cell. According to the location of the ferritin granules, the ATA is tightly attached to the outer membrane. Especially some rough forms of the bacteria were heavily labelled on their surface. From the results obtained we conclude that in the smooth form the polysaccharide side chains of the somatic antigen cover the ATA."}
{"id": "PMID:358678", "title": "[Imported diseases, the epidemiological challenge of communicable diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Imported infectious diseases being seen more often in consequence of intensive human contacts with developing countries through labourers and tourists, but also in consequence of immigration and of import of exotic diseases and of food, favoured by the quick air traffic, can be divided into 5 groups: 1. Imported diseases from the tropics (exotic diseases) 2. Imported agents from the tropics with human infection in the native country 3. Re-importation of diseases which were eliminated in the homelands 4. Diseases which are as well imported as also native 5. Single disease importations from neighboured countries. The imported infections are discussed systematically, caused by viruses, rickettsias, bacteries, protozoes, fungi, and followed by references to statistics, laboratory infection reports, questions of insurance. Imported diseases of the future are especially mentioned. Knowledge of the tropical infections as a main danger for our \"civilized\" world should be part of the medical training, since imported infectious diseases cause an epidemiologic challenge in the modern picture of communicable infections.", "contents": "[Imported diseases, the epidemiological challenge of communicable diseases (author's transl)]. Imported infectious diseases being seen more often in consequence of intensive human contacts with developing countries through labourers and tourists, but also in consequence of immigration and of import of exotic diseases and of food, favoured by the quick air traffic, can be divided into 5 groups: 1. Imported diseases from the tropics (exotic diseases) 2. Imported agents from the tropics with human infection in the native country 3. Re-importation of diseases which were eliminated in the homelands 4. Diseases which are as well imported as also native 5. Single disease importations from neighboured countries. The imported infections are discussed systematically, caused by viruses, rickettsias, bacteries, protozoes, fungi, and followed by references to statistics, laboratory infection reports, questions of insurance. Imported diseases of the future are especially mentioned. Knowledge of the tropical infections as a main danger for our \"civilized\" world should be part of the medical training, since imported infectious diseases cause an epidemiologic challenge in the modern picture of communicable infections."}
{"id": "PMID:358679", "title": "Studies on the mode of action of phenylmercuric borate on Escherichia coli. I. Structural localization and kinetics of incorporation.", "content": "Phenylmercuric borate (PHB) is very rapidly incorporated into the cells of Escherichia coli, and binds directly to its sites of fixation. The rapid incorporation of PHB probably results from the lipophilic character of the [phenylmercuric]+ cation. The distribution of PHB in the cell is fairly uniform if one compares with that of the proteins. This shows the low specificity of PHB with regard to proteins, all of which appear to be potential sites for fixation. However, from the structural point of view, PHB is more differentiated in its distribution. The cell wall of E. coli and the soluble cytoplasmic fraction do not constitute important sites of fixation. On the contrary, the cytoplasmic membrane appears to be a preferential site of fixation. Moreover, it is very probable that the distribution of PHB in vivo should be even more likely at the cytoplasmic membrane since the process of homogenization of the cells solubilizes a large part of the proteins associated to the membrane. On the membrane, an important part of PHB seems to be associated with the ribosomes and particularly to the ribosomal proteins.", "contents": "Studies on the mode of action of phenylmercuric borate on Escherichia coli. I. Structural localization and kinetics of incorporation. Phenylmercuric borate (PHB) is very rapidly incorporated into the cells of Escherichia coli, and binds directly to its sites of fixation. The rapid incorporation of PHB probably results from the lipophilic character of the [phenylmercuric]+ cation. The distribution of PHB in the cell is fairly uniform if one compares with that of the proteins. This shows the low specificity of PHB with regard to proteins, all of which appear to be potential sites for fixation. However, from the structural point of view, PHB is more differentiated in its distribution. The cell wall of E. coli and the soluble cytoplasmic fraction do not constitute important sites of fixation. On the contrary, the cytoplasmic membrane appears to be a preferential site of fixation. Moreover, it is very probable that the distribution of PHB in vivo should be even more likely at the cytoplasmic membrane since the process of homogenization of the cells solubilizes a large part of the proteins associated to the membrane. On the membrane, an important part of PHB seems to be associated with the ribosomes and particularly to the ribosomal proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:358680", "title": "Studies on the mode of action of phenylmercuric borate on Escherichia coli. II. Biochemical localization and inhibition of some metabolic activities.", "content": "The biochemical localization of phenylmercuric borate (PHB) on Escherichia coli shows that this disinfectant associates essentially with proteins. Protein electrophoresis demonstrates that each protein contains PHB, and that SH groups play a very important role in its fixation. The quantity of PHB able to associate with proteins is so large that many other electron donor groups must react with it. Moreover, it appears that concentration of PHB on cytoplasmic membrane results rather from the privileged position of this structure than from special physicochemical properties. The great reactivity of PHB towards proteins leads to numerous inhibitions and confers upon this antibacterial drug a very complex mode of action. Four important metabolic activities have been tested in the presence of PHB, namely: respiration, protein-synthesis, RNA synthesis and DNA synthesis. These four metabolic functions are rapidly and totally inhibited at low concentrations of PHB. The complexity of the mode of action of PHB makes the adaptation of bacteria to this disinfectant more difficult. In addition, in the case of plasmid dependent resistence, PHB, with its complexe mode of action, does not favour such a selection in opposition to the antibiotics which generally have a more specific mode of action.", "contents": "Studies on the mode of action of phenylmercuric borate on Escherichia coli. II. Biochemical localization and inhibition of some metabolic activities. The biochemical localization of phenylmercuric borate (PHB) on Escherichia coli shows that this disinfectant associates essentially with proteins. Protein electrophoresis demonstrates that each protein contains PHB, and that SH groups play a very important role in its fixation. The quantity of PHB able to associate with proteins is so large that many other electron donor groups must react with it. Moreover, it appears that concentration of PHB on cytoplasmic membrane results rather from the privileged position of this structure than from special physicochemical properties. The great reactivity of PHB towards proteins leads to numerous inhibitions and confers upon this antibacterial drug a very complex mode of action. Four important metabolic activities have been tested in the presence of PHB, namely: respiration, protein-synthesis, RNA synthesis and DNA synthesis. These four metabolic functions are rapidly and totally inhibited at low concentrations of PHB. The complexity of the mode of action of PHB makes the adaptation of bacteria to this disinfectant more difficult. In addition, in the case of plasmid dependent resistence, PHB, with its complexe mode of action, does not favour such a selection in opposition to the antibiotics which generally have a more specific mode of action."}
{"id": "PMID:358685", "title": "[Various aspects of competitive relationship between Shigella and Escherichia coli].", "content": "One of the aspects of antagonistic relations could be the competence of microorganisms for specific sites of attachement to the epithelium common for shigellae and some E. coli serological types; this was demonstrated on a model of shigella-induced keratoconjunctivitis and in experiments with the HEp-2 cells infected with H3-glucose-labeled Sh. flexneri 5a, with combined administration of the latter with E. coli 08 and 028. The data obtained emphasized the importance for the development of the infectious process of the primary stage of shigella attachment to the epithelium. It was also revealed that the presence of common pili in the strains or production of colicine by bacteria intensified the antagonistic activity of E. coli, irrespective of their serological type.", "contents": "[Various aspects of competitive relationship between Shigella and Escherichia coli]. One of the aspects of antagonistic relations could be the competence of microorganisms for specific sites of attachement to the epithelium common for shigellae and some E. coli serological types; this was demonstrated on a model of shigella-induced keratoconjunctivitis and in experiments with the HEp-2 cells infected with H3-glucose-labeled Sh. flexneri 5a, with combined administration of the latter with E. coli 08 and 028. The data obtained emphasized the importance for the development of the infectious process of the primary stage of shigella attachment to the epithelium. It was also revealed that the presence of common pili in the strains or production of colicine by bacteria intensified the antagonistic activity of E. coli, irrespective of their serological type."}
{"id": "PMID:358686", "title": "[Submicroscopic structure of the streptococcal L forms isolated from a living body].", "content": "The authors studied in the L-forms of streptococcus induced in the living organism. Submicroscopic structure of the L-forms under study was analogous to the L-forms of the museum streptococcus strain and to the L-forms of some other bacteria. As revealed on the ultra-thin sections of the protoplast-like cells the intracytoplasmic membrane structures were located close to the cytoplasmic membrane and also passed through the whole cell in the form of a band. The latter was in contact with the nucleotide. The elemental bodies were found in the vesicular and the protoplastic cells, and also in the space between the cells; sometimes they formed groups surrounded by a membrane.", "contents": "[Submicroscopic structure of the streptococcal L forms isolated from a living body]. The authors studied in the L-forms of streptococcus induced in the living organism. Submicroscopic structure of the L-forms under study was analogous to the L-forms of the museum streptococcus strain and to the L-forms of some other bacteria. As revealed on the ultra-thin sections of the protoplast-like cells the intracytoplasmic membrane structures were located close to the cytoplasmic membrane and also passed through the whole cell in the form of a band. The latter was in contact with the nucleotide. The elemental bodies were found in the vesicular and the protoplastic cells, and also in the space between the cells; sometimes they formed groups surrounded by a membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:358687", "title": "[Characteristics of spore formation in Clostridium botulinum type C].", "content": "Electron microscope study of C1. botulinum, tyep C, showed that microbial cells were surrounded with a five-layer wall. Structures characteristic of sporulating cells and phage particles whose intracellular development led to reduction and lysis of the cytoplasm were revelaed in the area of the cytoplasm. Mature spores were encountered rarely. Formation of prespore, cortex was observed, but the elements of the spore membrane were chaotically dispersed in the whole cytoplasm. Such disturbances could be connected with the presence of phage in the culture.", "contents": "[Characteristics of spore formation in Clostridium botulinum type C]. Electron microscope study of C1. botulinum, tyep C, showed that microbial cells were surrounded with a five-layer wall. Structures characteristic of sporulating cells and phage particles whose intracellular development led to reduction and lysis of the cytoplasm were revelaed in the area of the cytoplasm. Mature spores were encountered rarely. Formation of prespore, cortex was observed, but the elements of the spore membrane were chaotically dispersed in the whole cytoplasm. Such disturbances could be connected with the presence of phage in the culture."}
{"id": "PMID:358688", "title": "[Further study of the L forms of Streptococci in blood cultures from the patients with rheumatic fever depending on the course of the disease and the methods of cultivation].", "content": "Cultures of blood from patients with rheumatism during the active and inactive phases of the disease, treated and untreated with antibiotics were studied. The following results were obtained in blood cultures (on Klodnisky's medium with a 0.01% cystine) of 105 patients with rheumatism: L-forms of streptococcus were isolated in the 88 cases, irrespective of the severity of the disease or the treatment, streptococcus--in 8, and the result proved to be negative in 9 cases. Hemoculture on broth with a 1% glucose solution proved to be positive (streptococcus) in one patient only. The constancy with which the L-forms of streptococcus were isolated in hemocultures from the patients with rheumatism and also the peculiarity of their pathogenic properties modelling the rheumatism under experimental conditions pointed to their role in the pathogenesis of rheumatism. A method of isolation of hemocultures on Klodnitsky's medium with a 0.01% cystine can be recommended for the diagnosis of a septic condition caused by the L-forms of streptococcus in patients suffering from rheumatism.", "contents": "[Further study of the L forms of Streptococci in blood cultures from the patients with rheumatic fever depending on the course of the disease and the methods of cultivation]. Cultures of blood from patients with rheumatism during the active and inactive phases of the disease, treated and untreated with antibiotics were studied. The following results were obtained in blood cultures (on Klodnisky's medium with a 0.01% cystine) of 105 patients with rheumatism: L-forms of streptococcus were isolated in the 88 cases, irrespective of the severity of the disease or the treatment, streptococcus--in 8, and the result proved to be negative in 9 cases. Hemoculture on broth with a 1% glucose solution proved to be positive (streptococcus) in one patient only. The constancy with which the L-forms of streptococcus were isolated in hemocultures from the patients with rheumatism and also the peculiarity of their pathogenic properties modelling the rheumatism under experimental conditions pointed to their role in the pathogenesis of rheumatism. A method of isolation of hemocultures on Klodnitsky's medium with a 0.01% cystine can be recommended for the diagnosis of a septic condition caused by the L-forms of streptococcus in patients suffering from rheumatism."}
{"id": "PMID:358690", "title": "[Natural antibodies (isohemagglutinins, heterophilic, antierythrocytic and antibacterial) in children with congenital immunologic deficiency syndromes].", "content": "Examination of 30 patients with immunodeficient diseases showed that the system of natural antibodies was considerably changed depending on the form and the extent of deficiency of the immune system: in agammaglobuinemia the antibodies under study were almost completely absent, and in immunological insufficiency with ataxia-teleangiectasis the production of antibacterial antibodies proved to be sharply decreased. The data obtained can be used both for the diagnosis of immunodeficiencies and for control of the restoration of the immunological competence after a number of therapeutic measures, particularly after the transplantation of the thymus-sternum complex.", "contents": "[Natural antibodies (isohemagglutinins, heterophilic, antierythrocytic and antibacterial) in children with congenital immunologic deficiency syndromes]. Examination of 30 patients with immunodeficient diseases showed that the system of natural antibodies was considerably changed depending on the form and the extent of deficiency of the immune system: in agammaglobuinemia the antibodies under study were almost completely absent, and in immunological insufficiency with ataxia-teleangiectasis the production of antibacterial antibodies proved to be sharply decreased. The data obtained can be used both for the diagnosis of immunodeficiencies and for control of the restoration of the immunological competence after a number of therapeutic measures, particularly after the transplantation of the thymus-sternum complex."}
{"id": "PMID:358691", "title": "[Interaction of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes with specific O-antigens and Salmonella haptens].", "content": "A study was made of the neutralizing properties of antisalmonella antibodies belonging to different immunoglobulin classes in respect to specific O-antigen (Lipopolysaccharide S. anatum) and haptens of salmonellae. In comparison with IgM-antibodies, IgG-antibodies were more stable bound not only with the univalent trisaccharide determinant, but also with the polysaccharide. However, in regard to the lipopolysaccharide complex the neutralizing activity of IgM- and IgG-antibodies was about the same; IgA-antibodies possessed the greatest neutralizing activity with respect to all the antigenic preparations used. The minimal neutralizing dose of the antigen and haptens increased with the reduction of the size of their molecule. A marked heterogeneity of antibodies of each of the immunoglobulin classes by their antigen-neutralizing properties was revealed in individual sera.", "contents": "[Interaction of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes with specific O-antigens and Salmonella haptens]. A study was made of the neutralizing properties of antisalmonella antibodies belonging to different immunoglobulin classes in respect to specific O-antigen (Lipopolysaccharide S. anatum) and haptens of salmonellae. In comparison with IgM-antibodies, IgG-antibodies were more stable bound not only with the univalent trisaccharide determinant, but also with the polysaccharide. However, in regard to the lipopolysaccharide complex the neutralizing activity of IgM- and IgG-antibodies was about the same; IgA-antibodies possessed the greatest neutralizing activity with respect to all the antigenic preparations used. The minimal neutralizing dose of the antigen and haptens increased with the reduction of the size of their molecule. A marked heterogeneity of antibodies of each of the immunoglobulin classes by their antigen-neutralizing properties was revealed in individual sera."}
{"id": "PMID:358692", "title": "[Immunogenic properties of various forms of flagellin].", "content": "The authors obtained and studied immunologically flagellae of S. typhi and flagellins (monomeric and polymeric) obtained from them. Immunological activity of flagellin was the greater the higher the molecular weight of the preparation (the polymer molecules were the largest and the most immunogenic). There were revealed differences between the preparations according to the dependence of the immunizing effect on the dose and the capacity to induce synthesis of 19S- and 7S-antibodies. A sharp change of the immunogenicity of flagellin preparation following gel-filtration through sepharose 2B was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Immunogenic properties of various forms of flagellin]. The authors obtained and studied immunologically flagellae of S. typhi and flagellins (monomeric and polymeric) obtained from them. Immunological activity of flagellin was the greater the higher the molecular weight of the preparation (the polymer molecules were the largest and the most immunogenic). There were revealed differences between the preparations according to the dependence of the immunizing effect on the dose and the capacity to induce synthesis of 19S- and 7S-antibodies. A sharp change of the immunogenicity of flagellin preparation following gel-filtration through sepharose 2B was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:358693", "title": "[Detection of lymphokines in patients' blood serum].", "content": "A factor suppressing the migration of donor leukocytes and macrophages of guinea pigs in vitro was revealed in the blood serum of patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases (pneumonia, rheumatism, tuberculosis) and carcinoma. A factor stimulating the leukocyte migration was sometimes revealed in the blood sera of the patients. In chromatography of the blood sera on sephadex G-100 the activity of both factors proved to localize in fractions with the mol wt of 15000--45000 dalton. Depression of stimulation of leukocyte migration could be also caused by immunoglobulin fractions (mol wt--150000 dalton) of the blood sera of patients suffering from acute pneumonia, apparently on account of the presence in them of the antigen-antibody complex; however, these sera contained no migration suppression factor. The blood serum fractions with the mol wt of 15000--45000 dalton, including those containing the migration suppression factor inhibited the inhibited the spontaneous and induced by phytohemagglutinin blast transformation lymphocytes, and the immunoglobulin ones--the latter only. Apparently the migration suppression factor of the blood serum served as the product of activated lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Detection of lymphokines in patients' blood serum]. A factor suppressing the migration of donor leukocytes and macrophages of guinea pigs in vitro was revealed in the blood serum of patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases (pneumonia, rheumatism, tuberculosis) and carcinoma. A factor stimulating the leukocyte migration was sometimes revealed in the blood sera of the patients. In chromatography of the blood sera on sephadex G-100 the activity of both factors proved to localize in fractions with the mol wt of 15000--45000 dalton. Depression of stimulation of leukocyte migration could be also caused by immunoglobulin fractions (mol wt--150000 dalton) of the blood sera of patients suffering from acute pneumonia, apparently on account of the presence in them of the antigen-antibody complex; however, these sera contained no migration suppression factor. The blood serum fractions with the mol wt of 15000--45000 dalton, including those containing the migration suppression factor inhibited the inhibited the spontaneous and induced by phytohemagglutinin blast transformation lymphocytes, and the immunoglobulin ones--the latter only. Apparently the migration suppression factor of the blood serum served as the product of activated lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:358694", "title": "[Immunoglobulins and antibodies of various classes in children immunized with live oral Shigella sonnei vaccine from the spontaneous mutant].", "content": "The authors determined the immunoglobulin and specific antibodies level in the blood serum of 17 children aged from 7 to 10 years during the immunization with live dysentery Some vaccine. Mancini's test demonstrated the absence of any differences in the amount of IgA and IgG in children of the given age group and in adults before the immunization; in comparison with adults, IgM was increased in children. 14 to 20 days after the immunization in children there was a significant elevation of the IgG only, whereas in adults the immunoglobulin level of all the 3 classes increased significantly. The titres of specific antibodies of the IgA-, IgG-classes and of hemagglutinins before the immunization detected by Coombs' test failed to differ in children from the titres of antibodies of these classes in adults; the level of IgM antibodies was much greater in children than in adults. The changes and accumulation of antibodies of various classes in children and adults during the enteral immunization with live dysentery vaccine differed significantly: in children the vaccine stimulated the IgA- and the IgM-antibody synthesis, whereas adults responded to the immunization by increased production of all the 3 antibody classes. On the basis of the noted immunological shifts a conclusions was drawn on a marked local immunization activity of the live enteral Sonne dysentery vaccine from the spontaneous mutant in children.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulins and antibodies of various classes in children immunized with live oral Shigella sonnei vaccine from the spontaneous mutant]. The authors determined the immunoglobulin and specific antibodies level in the blood serum of 17 children aged from 7 to 10 years during the immunization with live dysentery Some vaccine. Mancini's test demonstrated the absence of any differences in the amount of IgA and IgG in children of the given age group and in adults before the immunization; in comparison with adults, IgM was increased in children. 14 to 20 days after the immunization in children there was a significant elevation of the IgG only, whereas in adults the immunoglobulin level of all the 3 classes increased significantly. The titres of specific antibodies of the IgA-, IgG-classes and of hemagglutinins before the immunization detected by Coombs' test failed to differ in children from the titres of antibodies of these classes in adults; the level of IgM antibodies was much greater in children than in adults. The changes and accumulation of antibodies of various classes in children and adults during the enteral immunization with live dysentery vaccine differed significantly: in children the vaccine stimulated the IgA- and the IgM-antibody synthesis, whereas adults responded to the immunization by increased production of all the 3 antibody classes. On the basis of the noted immunological shifts a conclusions was drawn on a marked local immunization activity of the live enteral Sonne dysentery vaccine from the spontaneous mutant in children."}
{"id": "PMID:358695", "title": "[Cellular immunologic reactions in mice tolerant to the transplantation antigens after immunization with the cross-reacting microbial antigens].", "content": "In combined administration of cyclophosphamide and lymphocytes of mice (CC57BR XX C3H) F1 to mice CC57BR there was observed a tolerance to alloantigens of mice C3H. Immunization of the tolerant mice with the vaccines of streptococcus, group A, and Candida albicans, containing antigens similar to the transplantation ones, led, to the partial destruction of the tolerance. This was expressed in the reduction in the CC57BR mice of the survival of skin allotransplants of mice C3H and the appearance in the lymphoid organs of lymphocytes with the cytotoxic activity against the allogenic target cells. In case of the tolerance destruction the amount of the recipient's lymphocytes forming rosettes with the erythrocytes of mice C3H remained unchanged, but the stem cell count fell in the spleen and the lymph nodes. The total amount of the T- and B-lymphocytes in the lymphoid organs was unchanged in destruction of the tolerance.", "contents": "[Cellular immunologic reactions in mice tolerant to the transplantation antigens after immunization with the cross-reacting microbial antigens]. In combined administration of cyclophosphamide and lymphocytes of mice (CC57BR XX C3H) F1 to mice CC57BR there was observed a tolerance to alloantigens of mice C3H. Immunization of the tolerant mice with the vaccines of streptococcus, group A, and Candida albicans, containing antigens similar to the transplantation ones, led, to the partial destruction of the tolerance. This was expressed in the reduction in the CC57BR mice of the survival of skin allotransplants of mice C3H and the appearance in the lymphoid organs of lymphocytes with the cytotoxic activity against the allogenic target cells. In case of the tolerance destruction the amount of the recipient's lymphocytes forming rosettes with the erythrocytes of mice C3H remained unchanged, but the stem cell count fell in the spleen and the lymph nodes. The total amount of the T- and B-lymphocytes in the lymphoid organs was unchanged in destruction of the tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:358696", "title": "[Relationship between bacteriocinogenic and non-bacteriocinogenic streptococcal cultures in experiments in vivo].", "content": "The data obtained pointed to a possible role of the phenomenon of bacteriocinogenia of streptococci, group A, in the formation of biocenoses in vivo, since in the present investigations it served as the principal and the leading factor determining the character and the result of interaction of the bacteriocinogenic and bacteriosensitive streptoccoci under conditions of combined infection of mice. Realization of the bacteriocinogenia phenomenon in vivo occurred as soon as the first hours of the infectious process development in the animals; for its manifestation definite quantitative correlations of bacteriocinogenic and bacteriocinosensitive strains were required.", "contents": "[Relationship between bacteriocinogenic and non-bacteriocinogenic streptococcal cultures in experiments in vivo]. The data obtained pointed to a possible role of the phenomenon of bacteriocinogenia of streptococci, group A, in the formation of biocenoses in vivo, since in the present investigations it served as the principal and the leading factor determining the character and the result of interaction of the bacteriocinogenic and bacteriosensitive streptoccoci under conditions of combined infection of mice. Realization of the bacteriocinogenia phenomenon in vivo occurred as soon as the first hours of the infectious process development in the animals; for its manifestation definite quantitative correlations of bacteriocinogenic and bacteriocinosensitive strains were required."}
{"id": "PMID:358697", "title": "[Erythrocyte antigen: isolation, biochemical and immunologic properties].", "content": "The authors suggest a simple method of obtaining erythrocytic antigen in considerable amounts. This antigen is of stromal origin, contains from 10 to 20% protein, and is relatively homogenous. With the concentration of from 1 to 50 microgram by protein the preparation represents a transparent solution; with greater concentrations the antigen is white, turbid, but is well dissolved and convenient for administration to the animals. In case of a single administration without any adjuvants the antigen is highly immunogenic in low doses by protein. To the optimal immunizing dose of erythrocytes (5 X 10(8)) correspond about 100 microgram of the antigen by protein. The primary response to the antigen is similar to the response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). It is exceedingly effective for the formation of immunological memory. The level of secondary responses in the adoptive transfer to all the EAG doses always exceeded the secondary response to SRBC. By adding EAG into agar during the local hemolysis in gel test determined the avidity of the antibodies synthesized at various periods of the immune response to SRBC.", "contents": "[Erythrocyte antigen: isolation, biochemical and immunologic properties]. The authors suggest a simple method of obtaining erythrocytic antigen in considerable amounts. This antigen is of stromal origin, contains from 10 to 20% protein, and is relatively homogenous. With the concentration of from 1 to 50 microgram by protein the preparation represents a transparent solution; with greater concentrations the antigen is white, turbid, but is well dissolved and convenient for administration to the animals. In case of a single administration without any adjuvants the antigen is highly immunogenic in low doses by protein. To the optimal immunizing dose of erythrocytes (5 X 10(8)) correspond about 100 microgram of the antigen by protein. The primary response to the antigen is similar to the response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). It is exceedingly effective for the formation of immunological memory. The level of secondary responses in the adoptive transfer to all the EAG doses always exceeded the secondary response to SRBC. By adding EAG into agar during the local hemolysis in gel test determined the avidity of the antibodies synthesized at various periods of the immune response to SRBC."}
{"id": "PMID:358698", "title": "[Dynamics of biologically active enterotoxin release by E. coli].", "content": "Accumulation of E. coli enterotoxin in the Finkelshtein's culture medium in growing the cells in a 30-litre reactor was studied. Accumulation of active highly molecular enterotoxin occurred in the course of a 6-hour cultivation of E. coli, strain P-99 (O141: K85ab; K88ab: H4) in the fluid medium under aeration. Oxygen utilization, synthesis and release into the nutrient medium of pyruvic acid, and protein accumulation were observed. The preparation obtained was stable to the lyophylic drying, contained thermolabile and thermostable toxins and marked edema of mouse limbs. The data obtained were of significance for the industrial production of active enterotoxin preparations.", "contents": "[Dynamics of biologically active enterotoxin release by E. coli]. Accumulation of E. coli enterotoxin in the Finkelshtein's culture medium in growing the cells in a 30-litre reactor was studied. Accumulation of active highly molecular enterotoxin occurred in the course of a 6-hour cultivation of E. coli, strain P-99 (O141: K85ab; K88ab: H4) in the fluid medium under aeration. Oxygen utilization, synthesis and release into the nutrient medium of pyruvic acid, and protein accumulation were observed. The preparation obtained was stable to the lyophylic drying, contained thermolabile and thermostable toxins and marked edema of mouse limbs. The data obtained were of significance for the industrial production of active enterotoxin preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:358701", "title": "[ Hoigne reaction and its modifications].", "content": "The author analyzes 114 works published lately dealing with methodical improvement of Hoigne's reaction and its application both in experimental studies and in clinical practice. The great majority of the works (over 90) were referred to the use of modification of this reaction suggested by Klemparskaya and Raeva for detection of autoantibodies to the lysate of autoerythrocytes and organ extracts. This reaction was found to be useful for studying the autosensitization process in man and animals; its prognostic significance at the clinic was of importance since its intensity corresponded to the severity of the process and promptly decreased with effective treatment.", "contents": "[ Hoigne reaction and its modifications]. The author analyzes 114 works published lately dealing with methodical improvement of Hoigne's reaction and its application both in experimental studies and in clinical practice. The great majority of the works (over 90) were referred to the use of modification of this reaction suggested by Klemparskaya and Raeva for detection of autoantibodies to the lysate of autoerythrocytes and organ extracts. This reaction was found to be useful for studying the autosensitization process in man and animals; its prognostic significance at the clinic was of importance since its intensity corresponded to the severity of the process and promptly decreased with effective treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:358702", "title": "[Ribosomal dysentery vaccine. II. Biological trials of active protection for guinea pigs and mice].", "content": "Ribosomal vaccine from Sh. sonnei injected subcutaneously once or twice in physiological saline or in Freund's complete adjuvant produces a marked protective effect against experimental keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs. Inhibition of the protective effect by high doses (above 100 microgram) of ribosomal vaccine is evident after a single, but not repeated injections. Protective effect in mice is achieved by immunization with very low doses of ribosomal vaccine: ED50 is 1.2 ng after challenge with 5.6 LD50. The nature of immunogenic factor responsible for the biological activity of the ribosome vaccine is still obscure. In contrast to Boivin's antigen, ribosomal preparations, even in high doses (1000--2000 microgram), have no toxic effect on mice and guinea pigs.", "contents": "[Ribosomal dysentery vaccine. II. Biological trials of active protection for guinea pigs and mice]. Ribosomal vaccine from Sh. sonnei injected subcutaneously once or twice in physiological saline or in Freund's complete adjuvant produces a marked protective effect against experimental keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs. Inhibition of the protective effect by high doses (above 100 microgram) of ribosomal vaccine is evident after a single, but not repeated injections. Protective effect in mice is achieved by immunization with very low doses of ribosomal vaccine: ED50 is 1.2 ng after challenge with 5.6 LD50. The nature of immunogenic factor responsible for the biological activity of the ribosome vaccine is still obscure. In contrast to Boivin's antigen, ribosomal preparations, even in high doses (1000--2000 microgram), have no toxic effect on mice and guinea pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:358704", "title": "[Role of antibodies in protection from pseudotuberculous infection and intoxication].", "content": "Lethal doses of virulent pseudotuberculosis bacilli and antipseudotuberculosis sera of different specificity were injected to albino mice simultaneously. A high neutralizing activity of antibodies against pseudotuberculosis intoxication was demonstrated. The type-specific antibodies proved to protect the mice from the toxins of the homologous types of the microbe only. Group antibodies of plaque antiserum and serum procured from the pseudoteburculosis convalescent produced a cross antitoxic action. The antiinfectious effect from the antibody administration was weak. Apparently in pseudotuberculosis the antibodies were the principal factor of the toxin neutralization and were of auxiliary significance in the protection from the developing infection. Neutralization of pseudotuberculosis toxins with plague antiserum served as an additional confirmation of cross immunity between plague and pseudotuberculosis.", "contents": "[Role of antibodies in protection from pseudotuberculous infection and intoxication]. Lethal doses of virulent pseudotuberculosis bacilli and antipseudotuberculosis sera of different specificity were injected to albino mice simultaneously. A high neutralizing activity of antibodies against pseudotuberculosis intoxication was demonstrated. The type-specific antibodies proved to protect the mice from the toxins of the homologous types of the microbe only. Group antibodies of plaque antiserum and serum procured from the pseudoteburculosis convalescent produced a cross antitoxic action. The antiinfectious effect from the antibody administration was weak. Apparently in pseudotuberculosis the antibodies were the principal factor of the toxin neutralization and were of auxiliary significance in the protection from the developing infection. Neutralization of pseudotuberculosis toxins with plague antiserum served as an additional confirmation of cross immunity between plague and pseudotuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:358705", "title": "[Effect of hormonal therapy on the level of antibiodies to antigens of thymus epithelial tissue in myasthenia].", "content": "With the aid of an indirect method of immunofluorenscence in the process of a study of 65 blood sera of patients with myasthenia, the authors, demonstrated significant prevalence of antibodies titres to myoid cells and to an epithelial thymus reticulum (especialey in patients with thymomas) in comparison with normals. These data my indicate an autoimmune character of myasthenia. A positive effect of hormonal therapy was accompanied by  a distinct drop in the level of antibodies in patients with myasthenia which permits to assume a certain connection between hormonotherapy and its influence on the autoimmune processes.", "contents": "[Effect of hormonal therapy on the level of antibiodies to antigens of thymus epithelial tissue in myasthenia]. With the aid of an indirect method of immunofluorenscence in the process of a study of 65 blood sera of patients with myasthenia, the authors, demonstrated significant prevalence of antibodies titres to myoid cells and to an epithelial thymus reticulum (especialey in patients with thymomas) in comparison with normals. These data my indicate an autoimmune character of myasthenia. A positive effect of hormonal therapy was accompanied by  a distinct drop in the level of antibodies in patients with myasthenia which permits to assume a certain connection between hormonotherapy and its influence on the autoimmune processes."}
{"id": "PMID:358707", "title": "Characterization and function of intracellular proteinases and proteinase inhibitors from yeast.", "content": "Data on the proteinase inhibitors IA, IB and IC from yeast and their possible intracellular interaction with the proteinases A and B and carboxypeptidase Y are presented. A role of proteolysis in \"catabolite inactivation\" is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization and function of intracellular proteinases and proteinase inhibitors from yeast. Data on the proteinase inhibitors IA, IB and IC from yeast and their possible intracellular interaction with the proteinases A and B and carboxypeptidase Y are presented. A role of proteolysis in \"catabolite inactivation\" is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:358708", "title": "Protein degradation during the differentiation of eukaryotic cells: studies on the sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and on the formation of the neuromuscular junction in the chick embryo.", "content": "The role of protein degradation in cell and tissue differentiation has been investigated during the sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and during endplate formation in developing avian muscle. The results suggest that a variety of proteolytic processes as enzyme inactivation, degradation of mitochondrial membrane constituents and removal of embryonic cell surface proteins exert stringent controls over the sequence of differentiation in eukaryotic cells.", "contents": "Protein degradation during the differentiation of eukaryotic cells: studies on the sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and on the formation of the neuromuscular junction in the chick embryo. The role of protein degradation in cell and tissue differentiation has been investigated during the sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and during endplate formation in developing avian muscle. The results suggest that a variety of proteolytic processes as enzyme inactivation, degradation of mitochondrial membrane constituents and removal of embryonic cell surface proteins exert stringent controls over the sequence of differentiation in eukaryotic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:358709", "title": "Proteolytic and transhydrogenolytic activities in isolated pancreatic islets of rats.", "content": "In homogenates and subcellular fractions of pancreatic islets of Wistar rats we could demonstrate three groups of protein degrading enzymes. The proteinases of group 1 are characterized by both trypsin-like and carboxypeptidase B-like specificities with slightly acid pH optima (pH 5.5-6.5) and seem to play important roles in the conversion of proinsulin into insulin. The properties suggest that these enzymes localized in the secretion granule/mitochondria fraction are related to the tissue cathepsins. Group 2 enzymes are thiol-depending proteinases with a pH optimum at 7.0 occuring mainly in the cytosol and to a lesser extent in the fraction of nuclei and cell debris. Group 3 represents the thiol protein oxidoreductase with a pH optimum of 7.0. This enzyme degrading disulfide bonds could also be important in the formation of the disulfide bonds during protein folding after synthesis.", "contents": "Proteolytic and transhydrogenolytic activities in isolated pancreatic islets of rats. In homogenates and subcellular fractions of pancreatic islets of Wistar rats we could demonstrate three groups of protein degrading enzymes. The proteinases of group 1 are characterized by both trypsin-like and carboxypeptidase B-like specificities with slightly acid pH optima (pH 5.5-6.5) and seem to play important roles in the conversion of proinsulin into insulin. The properties suggest that these enzymes localized in the secretion granule/mitochondria fraction are related to the tissue cathepsins. Group 2 enzymes are thiol-depending proteinases with a pH optimum at 7.0 occuring mainly in the cytosol and to a lesser extent in the fraction of nuclei and cell debris. Group 3 represents the thiol protein oxidoreductase with a pH optimum of 7.0. This enzyme degrading disulfide bonds could also be important in the formation of the disulfide bonds during protein folding after synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:358719", "title": "The effect of LH-RH infusion on serum LH, FSH and testosterone in boys with advanced puberty, delayed puberty and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism.", "content": "LH-RH injection and infusion studies were performed in advanced puberty, delayed puberty and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. No differential diagnosis could be made between delayed puberty and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism using LH-RH injection. In the LH-RH infusion studies evidence was obtained that stimulation of the pituitary during 4 h results in continuously rising LH levels in advanced puberty and in delayed puberty while in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism the secretory capacity of the pituitary is gradually exhausted. This phenomenon can be used in the differential diagnosis between delayed puberty and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Though the FSH data point in the same direction they are not useful in this connection as the overlap between the different categories was considerable.", "contents": "The effect of LH-RH infusion on serum LH, FSH and testosterone in boys with advanced puberty, delayed puberty and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. LH-RH injection and infusion studies were performed in advanced puberty, delayed puberty and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. No differential diagnosis could be made between delayed puberty and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism using LH-RH injection. In the LH-RH infusion studies evidence was obtained that stimulation of the pituitary during 4 h results in continuously rising LH levels in advanced puberty and in delayed puberty while in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism the secretory capacity of the pituitary is gradually exhausted. This phenomenon can be used in the differential diagnosis between delayed puberty and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Though the FSH data point in the same direction they are not useful in this connection as the overlap between the different categories was considerable."}
{"id": "PMID:358720", "title": "Effect of pyridoxine on plasma levels of HGH, PRL, and TSH in normal women.", "content": "The effect of chronic administration of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) on HGH, basal and TRH stimulated PRL and TSH levels was studied in seven healthy female volunteers. HGH and TSH basal levels remained unaffected. Basal PRL and TRH stimulated PRL and TSH levels were slightly reduced without statistical significance (P greater than 0.05). The results indicate, that stimulation of the hypothalamic dopaminergic pathway by pyridoxine is highly variable and unpredictable. Therefore it seems meaningless to recommend vitamin B6 for the treatment of hyperprolactinaemia.", "contents": "Effect of pyridoxine on plasma levels of HGH, PRL, and TSH in normal women. The effect of chronic administration of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) on HGH, basal and TRH stimulated PRL and TSH levels was studied in seven healthy female volunteers. HGH and TSH basal levels remained unaffected. Basal PRL and TRH stimulated PRL and TSH levels were slightly reduced without statistical significance (P greater than 0.05). The results indicate, that stimulation of the hypothalamic dopaminergic pathway by pyridoxine is highly variable and unpredictable. Therefore it seems meaningless to recommend vitamin B6 for the treatment of hyperprolactinaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:358722", "title": "Prostaglandin-stimulated gastric mucus secretion in man.", "content": "In 6 healthy volunteers, following intragastric instillation of a prostaglandin analogue pentagastrinstimulated gastric secretion of acid, pepsin, and glycoprotein N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) was assessed. There was only a slight and statistically insignificant inhibition of acid output while pepsin secretion remained entirely unaffected. On the other hand, gastric mucus (NANA) secretion was significantly increased dependent on the prostaglandin dose administered. It is concluded that prostaglandins in addition to their well-known gastric acid inhibitory action may exert mucus stimulating properties and thus may have a direct protective effect on the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-stimulated gastric mucus secretion in man. In 6 healthy volunteers, following intragastric instillation of a prostaglandin analogue pentagastrinstimulated gastric secretion of acid, pepsin, and glycoprotein N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) was assessed. There was only a slight and statistically insignificant inhibition of acid output while pepsin secretion remained entirely unaffected. On the other hand, gastric mucus (NANA) secretion was significantly increased dependent on the prostaglandin dose administered. It is concluded that prostaglandins in addition to their well-known gastric acid inhibitory action may exert mucus stimulating properties and thus may have a direct protective effect on the gastric mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:358724", "title": "In vivo vs in vitro response time of trancutaneous PO2 electrodes. A comparison of four devices in newborn infants.", "content": "Four devices for transcutaneous PO2 (tcPO2) monitoring have been applied simultaneously in 16 infants. Both during a maximal change in PaO2 and during physiological PO2 variations, the in vivo response time of the electrodes did not show the differences observed in vitro. We compared A, a prototype of the electrode by Huck, L\u00fcbbers and Huch (25 micrometer Telfon membrane) ; B, the commercial version of A by Hellige--Draeger (25 micrometer Telfon); C, the Radiometer TCM I oxygen monitor (25 micrometer polypropylene); and D, the Roche macrocathode electrode (6 micrometer Mylar), at 44 degree C. In vitro the 50% response times were 2.9 (A), 4.4 (B), 3.7 (C), and 7.4 (D) sec. The rates of tcPO2 changes at the midpoint of the response curves were 3.8(A) 2.0 (B), 3.0 (C), and 1.7 (D) kPa/sec. In vivo during a sudden change from hyperoxemia (FIO2 1.0) to normoxaemia the respective rates were 0.6 (A), 0.8 (B), 1.1 (C), and 1.0(D) kPa/sec. The in vivo 50% response times were 53.3 (A), 51.1 (B), 46.2 (C) and 45.3 (d) kPa/sec. The in vivo 50% response time were 53.3 (A), 51.1 (B), 46.2 (C), and 45.3 (d) kPa/sec. The in vivo 50% resonse time were 53.3 (A), 51.1 (B), 46.2 (C), and 45.3 (D) sec. The lag time between PaO2 and tcPO2 was about one third of this overall response time. The response to more physiological variations of PaO2 (periodic breathing) was not different among the tested electrodes in terms of damping and of delay of the tcPO2 deflections. In a steady state the correlation of tcPO2 44 degree C vs PaO2  was close (r = 0.98) with all devices up to 6.1 kPa (456 torr).", "contents": "In vivo vs in vitro response time of trancutaneous PO2 electrodes. A comparison of four devices in newborn infants. Four devices for transcutaneous PO2 (tcPO2) monitoring have been applied simultaneously in 16 infants. Both during a maximal change in PaO2 and during physiological PO2 variations, the in vivo response time of the electrodes did not show the differences observed in vitro. We compared A, a prototype of the electrode by Huck, L\u00fcbbers and Huch (25 micrometer Telfon membrane) ; B, the commercial version of A by Hellige--Draeger (25 micrometer Telfon); C, the Radiometer TCM I oxygen monitor (25 micrometer polypropylene); and D, the Roche macrocathode electrode (6 micrometer Mylar), at 44 degree C. In vitro the 50% response times were 2.9 (A), 4.4 (B), 3.7 (C), and 7.4 (D) sec. The rates of tcPO2 changes at the midpoint of the response curves were 3.8(A) 2.0 (B), 3.0 (C), and 1.7 (D) kPa/sec. In vivo during a sudden change from hyperoxemia (FIO2 1.0) to normoxaemia the respective rates were 0.6 (A), 0.8 (B), 1.1 (C), and 1.0(D) kPa/sec. The in vivo 50% response times were 53.3 (A), 51.1 (B), 46.2 (C) and 45.3 (d) kPa/sec. The in vivo 50% response time were 53.3 (A), 51.1 (B), 46.2 (C), and 45.3 (d) kPa/sec. The in vivo 50% resonse time were 53.3 (A), 51.1 (B), 46.2 (C), and 45.3 (D) sec. The lag time between PaO2 and tcPO2 was about one third of this overall response time. The response to more physiological variations of PaO2 (periodic breathing) was not different among the tested electrodes in terms of damping and of delay of the tcPO2 deflections. In a steady state the correlation of tcPO2 44 degree C vs PaO2  was close (r = 0.98) with all devices up to 6.1 kPa (456 torr)."}
{"id": "PMID:358723", "title": "Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on renal function.", "content": "The effects were studied positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on renal function in eight patients with acute respiratory failure, requiring mechanical ventilation. On application of PEEP + 10 cm H2O, central venous pressure increased, systolic blood pressure decreased, urine flow and PAH-clearance were reduced, while inulin clearance remained stable. There was a marked increase in fractional sodium reabsorption and a concurrent decrease in fractional osmolal excretion. Fractional free-water clearance and the ratio UOsm/POsm did change.", "contents": "Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on renal function. The effects were studied positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on renal function in eight patients with acute respiratory failure, requiring mechanical ventilation. On application of PEEP + 10 cm H2O, central venous pressure increased, systolic blood pressure decreased, urine flow and PAH-clearance were reduced, while inulin clearance remained stable. There was a marked increase in fractional sodium reabsorption and a concurrent decrease in fractional osmolal excretion. Fractional free-water clearance and the ratio UOsm/POsm did change."}
{"id": "PMID:358726", "title": "Ovarian follicular apparatus and hormonal parameters in patients with primary and secondary amenorrhea.", "content": "Correlation between ovarian follicular apparatus and hormonal parameters such as serum gonadotropin and urinary estrogen levels was investigated in patients with primary and secondary amenorrhea. Serum gonadotropin levels were elevated in amenorrheic patients without ovarian follicles or with follicles of low developmental stage and pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH in these patients were marked compared with patients with follicles of high developmental stage or normal ovulating women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The 24-hour urinary excretion of total estrogens was low in patients without follicles or with follicles of low developmental stage and ovarian responsiveness to exogenous gonadotropins was quite low in comparison with patients with highly developed follicles or normal control subjects. Thus, serum gonadotropin and urinary estrogen measurements and LH-RH and gonadotropin loading tests are diagnostic of the presence or absence and the state of development of ovarian follicles in the diagnosis and treatment of primary and secondary amenorrhea.", "contents": "Ovarian follicular apparatus and hormonal parameters in patients with primary and secondary amenorrhea. Correlation between ovarian follicular apparatus and hormonal parameters such as serum gonadotropin and urinary estrogen levels was investigated in patients with primary and secondary amenorrhea. Serum gonadotropin levels were elevated in amenorrheic patients without ovarian follicles or with follicles of low developmental stage and pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH in these patients were marked compared with patients with follicles of high developmental stage or normal ovulating women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The 24-hour urinary excretion of total estrogens was low in patients without follicles or with follicles of low developmental stage and ovarian responsiveness to exogenous gonadotropins was quite low in comparison with patients with highly developed follicles or normal control subjects. Thus, serum gonadotropin and urinary estrogen measurements and LH-RH and gonadotropin loading tests are diagnostic of the presence or absence and the state of development of ovarian follicles in the diagnosis and treatment of primary and secondary amenorrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:358727", "title": "The effects of longacting paracervical block anesthesia on the abortifacient efficacy of intra-amniotic PGF2alpha and hypertonic saline.", "content": "A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the effects of repeated, longacting paracervical blocks on the abortifacient efficacy of intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha)-40 mg initially and an additional 20 mg after 24 hours--and hypertonic saline augmented with intravenous oxytocin, for patients at 16 to 20 weeks' gestation. Patients were randomly assigned to the 2 abortion procedures, and one half (50) of the patients induced with each procedure received serial, longacting paracervical blocks. For those patients aborted with saline, the rates of complications, side effects, incomplete abortion, and cumulative abortion were similar for patients whether they did or did not receive paracervical blocks. Among the PGF2alpha-treated patients who were administered paracervical blocks, there was a significant reduction in the rates of gastrointestinal side effects and incomplete abortion and a significant differences in the cumulative abortion rates. Within 32 hours of the initial PGF2alpha, instillation, 98% of the patients who received paracervical blocks aborted compared to 70% of those who did not receive paracervical blocks. Although the cumulative abortion rates of PGF2alpha-treated patients with paracervical blocks and saline-treated patients were similar, the rate of incomplete abortion for the PGF2alpha-treated patients was significantly lower. Additional studies will be necessary to evaluate the safety and advantages of using paracervical block anesthesia as an adjunct to midtrimester abortion procedures.", "contents": "The effects of longacting paracervical block anesthesia on the abortifacient efficacy of intra-amniotic PGF2alpha and hypertonic saline. A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the effects of repeated, longacting paracervical blocks on the abortifacient efficacy of intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha)-40 mg initially and an additional 20 mg after 24 hours--and hypertonic saline augmented with intravenous oxytocin, for patients at 16 to 20 weeks' gestation. Patients were randomly assigned to the 2 abortion procedures, and one half (50) of the patients induced with each procedure received serial, longacting paracervical blocks. For those patients aborted with saline, the rates of complications, side effects, incomplete abortion, and cumulative abortion were similar for patients whether they did or did not receive paracervical blocks. Among the PGF2alpha-treated patients who were administered paracervical blocks, there was a significant reduction in the rates of gastrointestinal side effects and incomplete abortion and a significant differences in the cumulative abortion rates. Within 32 hours of the initial PGF2alpha, instillation, 98% of the patients who received paracervical blocks aborted compared to 70% of those who did not receive paracervical blocks. Although the cumulative abortion rates of PGF2alpha-treated patients with paracervical blocks and saline-treated patients were similar, the rate of incomplete abortion for the PGF2alpha-treated patients was significantly lower. Additional studies will be necessary to evaluate the safety and advantages of using paracervical block anesthesia as an adjunct to midtrimester abortion procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:358728", "title": "Comparison of extra-amniotic instillation of rivanol and PGF2alpha either separately or in combination followed by oxytocin for second trimester abortion.", "content": "Second trimester abortion was induced in 92 women by extra-amniotic instillation of Rivanol and/or PGF2alpha followed by intravenous oxytocin after 24 hours. All instillations were made via a catheter with a balloon filled with 30 ml and left in place until abortion, but never for more than 24 hours. Induction was started by Rivanol alone (n = 23), PGF2alpha alone (n = 23), Rivanol combined with PGF2alpha (n = 23), or Rivanol combined with half dose PGF2alpha (n = 23) and the patients were allotted to the different groups in a random manner. The Rivanol solution was instilled as a single dose but PGF2alpha was instilled every 2nd hour for 24 hours. The mean induction-abortion time was similar in all 4 groups but a number of patients given PGF2alpha alone or in combination with Rivanol aborted earlier than patients induced by Rivanol alone, during the period before intravenous oxytocin was administered. Gastrointestinal side effects were equally common after Rivanol as after PGF2alpha. With the methods and doses used in the present investigation PGF2alpha alone or combined with Rivanol with subsequent oxytocin had no over-all advantage over Rivanol.", "contents": "Comparison of extra-amniotic instillation of rivanol and PGF2alpha either separately or in combination followed by oxytocin for second trimester abortion. Second trimester abortion was induced in 92 women by extra-amniotic instillation of Rivanol and/or PGF2alpha followed by intravenous oxytocin after 24 hours. All instillations were made via a catheter with a balloon filled with 30 ml and left in place until abortion, but never for more than 24 hours. Induction was started by Rivanol alone (n = 23), PGF2alpha alone (n = 23), Rivanol combined with PGF2alpha (n = 23), or Rivanol combined with half dose PGF2alpha (n = 23) and the patients were allotted to the different groups in a random manner. The Rivanol solution was instilled as a single dose but PGF2alpha was instilled every 2nd hour for 24 hours. The mean induction-abortion time was similar in all 4 groups but a number of patients given PGF2alpha alone or in combination with Rivanol aborted earlier than patients induced by Rivanol alone, during the period before intravenous oxytocin was administered. Gastrointestinal side effects were equally common after Rivanol as after PGF2alpha. With the methods and doses used in the present investigation PGF2alpha alone or combined with Rivanol with subsequent oxytocin had no over-all advantage over Rivanol."}
{"id": "PMID:358729", "title": "HLA-B 12 and HLA-B 27 antigens and susceptibility to the corneal allograft reaction.", "content": "Our series comprised 100 penetrating corneal transplantations: 36 cases with HLA-B 12 and/or B 27 antigen in the recipient and, as controls, 64 cases without these antigens. The cornea was vascular in 44% of the HLA-B 12/B 27 group and in 40% of the controls. In the HLA-B 12/B 27 group AR developed in 13 of 36 cases, 36%; but in the control group only in one case (2%). In vascular and avascular cases the incidence of AR was equal. Among the high-risk cases of the HLA-B 12/B 27 group with definite mismatching of B 12 or B 27 antigens, 9 of the 14 recipients had developed AR. Six further recipients of this group had untyped grafts, and AR occurred in 4 of the 6, but in none of the 16 cases that were matched for B 12 or B 27 antigens. The value of a compatible graft, at least to the carriers of HLA-B 12 and/or B 27 antigens, is thus confirmed.", "contents": "HLA-B 12 and HLA-B 27 antigens and susceptibility to the corneal allograft reaction. Our series comprised 100 penetrating corneal transplantations: 36 cases with HLA-B 12 and/or B 27 antigen in the recipient and, as controls, 64 cases without these antigens. The cornea was vascular in 44% of the HLA-B 12/B 27 group and in 40% of the controls. In the HLA-B 12/B 27 group AR developed in 13 of 36 cases, 36%; but in the control group only in one case (2%). In vascular and avascular cases the incidence of AR was equal. Among the high-risk cases of the HLA-B 12/B 27 group with definite mismatching of B 12 or B 27 antigens, 9 of the 14 recipients had developed AR. Six further recipients of this group had untyped grafts, and AR occurred in 4 of the 6, but in none of the 16 cases that were matched for B 12 or B 27 antigens. The value of a compatible graft, at least to the carriers of HLA-B 12 and/or B 27 antigens, is thus confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:358730", "title": "Failure of an elbow endoprosthesis.", "content": "In a patient with a severely damaged elbow, the complication of gas gangrene could be controlled without amputating the arm. However, massive bony defects resulted in a flail elbow joint and an attempt to fit a specially designed endoprosthesis replacement failed. Four years post-injury, the flail joint was fused by three bone grafts on three separate occasions. These experiences are reported and discussed.", "contents": "Failure of an elbow endoprosthesis. In a patient with a severely damaged elbow, the complication of gas gangrene could be controlled without amputating the arm. However, massive bony defects resulted in a flail elbow joint and an attempt to fit a specially designed endoprosthesis replacement failed. Four years post-injury, the flail joint was fused by three bone grafts on three separate occasions. These experiences are reported and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:358736", "title": "Urinary tract infections caused by Proteus mirabilis in children. The antibody response to O and H antigens and Tamm-Horsfall protein and bacterial adherence to uro-epithelium.", "content": "Sera from seven girls with acute symptomatic pyelonephritis and nine children with acute symptomatic cystitis caused by Proteus mirabilis were analysed for antibodies against the bacterial O and H1 antigens and the Tamm-Horsfall protein. An increase in antibody levels against O antigen and Tamm-Horsfall protein was noted only in patients with acute pyelonephritis indicating that antibody determinations can be useful in differentiating between upper and lower urinary tract infection caused by Proteus in similarity to those caused by E. coli. In contrast no difference in adhesive ability was noted comparing Proteus strains causing acute pyelonephritis or cystitis.", "contents": "Urinary tract infections caused by Proteus mirabilis in children. The antibody response to O and H antigens and Tamm-Horsfall protein and bacterial adherence to uro-epithelium. Sera from seven girls with acute symptomatic pyelonephritis and nine children with acute symptomatic cystitis caused by Proteus mirabilis were analysed for antibodies against the bacterial O and H1 antigens and the Tamm-Horsfall protein. An increase in antibody levels against O antigen and Tamm-Horsfall protein was noted only in patients with acute pyelonephritis indicating that antibody determinations can be useful in differentiating between upper and lower urinary tract infection caused by Proteus in similarity to those caused by E. coli. In contrast no difference in adhesive ability was noted comparing Proteus strains causing acute pyelonephritis or cystitis."}
{"id": "PMID:358732", "title": "Bacteriology of the chronically discharging middle ear.", "content": "Suitable bacteriological techniques revealed anaerobic bacteria in 38 (33%) of 114 chronically discharging middle ears. The genus Bacteroides was cultured from 25 ears. Aerobic bacteriology showed the predominance of staphylococci, facultative enteric gramnegative rods, diphtheroid bacilli and Pseudomonas species. Anaerobic bacterial cultures were always mixed with aerobic bacteria. 12 ears were culture-negative, and 9 of the 108 Gram-stained smers revealed no bacteria. No significant difference in bacteriology was noted between ears with or without local antimicrobial treatment, or between profusely draining or only moist ears. The ears with postoperative recurrent infection or with clinical suspicion of cholesteatoma grew anaerobes significantly more often, and were seldom sterile. Because anaerobic bacteria are frequently associated with chronic otitis media, their characteristics with regard to susceptibility to antimicrobials and to air must be remembered in the choice of therapy.", "contents": "Bacteriology of the chronically discharging middle ear. Suitable bacteriological techniques revealed anaerobic bacteria in 38 (33%) of 114 chronically discharging middle ears. The genus Bacteroides was cultured from 25 ears. Aerobic bacteriology showed the predominance of staphylococci, facultative enteric gramnegative rods, diphtheroid bacilli and Pseudomonas species. Anaerobic bacterial cultures were always mixed with aerobic bacteria. 12 ears were culture-negative, and 9 of the 108 Gram-stained smers revealed no bacteria. No significant difference in bacteriology was noted between ears with or without local antimicrobial treatment, or between profusely draining or only moist ears. The ears with postoperative recurrent infection or with clinical suspicion of cholesteatoma grew anaerobes significantly more often, and were seldom sterile. Because anaerobic bacteria are frequently associated with chronic otitis media, their characteristics with regard to susceptibility to antimicrobials and to air must be remembered in the choice of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:358737", "title": "Long-term prophylaxis with methenamine hippurate in girls with recurrent urinary tract infections.", "content": "Twenty girls, aged 5-12 years, with recurrent urinary tract infections, were treated with methenamine hippurate, Hiprex, for a period of 12 months. The number of infections per patient per year was reduced from 3.1 to 0.7 (p less than 0.001). After prophylaxis was stopped this number increased to 1.4 which is a significantly higher incidence than occurred during treatment (p less than 0.05). A few girls complained of the taste but no side-effects were observed. Methenamine hippurate is a useful alternative in long-term prophylaxis against recurrent urinary tract infections in girls.", "contents": "Long-term prophylaxis with methenamine hippurate in girls with recurrent urinary tract infections. Twenty girls, aged 5-12 years, with recurrent urinary tract infections, were treated with methenamine hippurate, Hiprex, for a period of 12 months. The number of infections per patient per year was reduced from 3.1 to 0.7 (p less than 0.001). After prophylaxis was stopped this number increased to 1.4 which is a significantly higher incidence than occurred during treatment (p less than 0.05). A few girls complained of the taste but no side-effects were observed. Methenamine hippurate is a useful alternative in long-term prophylaxis against recurrent urinary tract infections in girls."}
{"id": "PMID:358738", "title": "Reliable diagnosis of the major type of cystic fibrosis with fibroblast cultures. A double blind study.", "content": "A double blind study has been carried out to demonstrate that the most common type of cystic fibrosis (CF) can be reliably diagnosed with skin-derived fibroblast cultures. Alkaline phosphatase (AIP) activity has been measured in 6 normal controls, 12 CF-heterozygotes and 6 CF-homozygotes before and after stimulation with Tamm-Horsfall-glycoprotein (THP), isoproterenol and theophyline (\"THP-induction test\"). The mean AIP-activities after THP-induction were 8.8, 12.7 and 34.6 for the three different genotypes respectively. There was no overlap between the values of CF-homozygotes on the one hand, and the values of CF-heterozygotes and normal controls on the other hand. All 24 specimens were correctly diagnosed in the present double blind study, indicating the very high degree of reliability of the THP-induction test in the detection of the predominant type of cystic fibrosis with fibroblast cultures. Normal controls and CF-heterozygotes could not be discriminated on an individual basis, but as a group the CF-heterozygotes displayed higher AIP-values.", "contents": "Reliable diagnosis of the major type of cystic fibrosis with fibroblast cultures. A double blind study. A double blind study has been carried out to demonstrate that the most common type of cystic fibrosis (CF) can be reliably diagnosed with skin-derived fibroblast cultures. Alkaline phosphatase (AIP) activity has been measured in 6 normal controls, 12 CF-heterozygotes and 6 CF-homozygotes before and after stimulation with Tamm-Horsfall-glycoprotein (THP), isoproterenol and theophyline (\"THP-induction test\"). The mean AIP-activities after THP-induction were 8.8, 12.7 and 34.6 for the three different genotypes respectively. There was no overlap between the values of CF-homozygotes on the one hand, and the values of CF-heterozygotes and normal controls on the other hand. All 24 specimens were correctly diagnosed in the present double blind study, indicating the very high degree of reliability of the THP-induction test in the detection of the predominant type of cystic fibrosis with fibroblast cultures. Normal controls and CF-heterozygotes could not be discriminated on an individual basis, but as a group the CF-heterozygotes displayed higher AIP-values."}
{"id": "PMID:358734", "title": "Fine morphology of the advancing front of cholesteatome--experimental and human.", "content": "The fine morphology of the advancing front of the cholesteatoma and the mucocutaneous juction of implanted skin in the feline bulla have been investigated. Inflammatory cell infiltration was frequently observed at the advancing front and the mucocutaneous junction. It is suggested that this frequent inflammation at this junction is due to the lack of a tight seal. In the advancing front, epidermal migrating cells appear to be lower spinous cells (or \"suprabasalar\" cells) rather than basal cells. It appears that the slender cell processes of the migrating cells make the initial attachment to the fibrin and/or basement membrane left behind by the degenerated epithelial cells as a result of inflammation and migrate along these structures, using them as a guide. Implanted skin in the cat's bulla failed to develop a pearl formation but frequently developed an epiboly, in which case the epidermis receded and was partly replaced by mucous membrane, and its stroma was heavily invaded by mucous epithelium, resembling tubular glands.", "contents": "Fine morphology of the advancing front of cholesteatome--experimental and human. The fine morphology of the advancing front of the cholesteatoma and the mucocutaneous juction of implanted skin in the feline bulla have been investigated. Inflammatory cell infiltration was frequently observed at the advancing front and the mucocutaneous junction. It is suggested that this frequent inflammation at this junction is due to the lack of a tight seal. In the advancing front, epidermal migrating cells appear to be lower spinous cells (or \"suprabasalar\" cells) rather than basal cells. It appears that the slender cell processes of the migrating cells make the initial attachment to the fibrin and/or basement membrane left behind by the degenerated epithelial cells as a result of inflammation and migrate along these structures, using them as a guide. Implanted skin in the cat's bulla failed to develop a pearl formation but frequently developed an epiboly, in which case the epidermis receded and was partly replaced by mucous membrane, and its stroma was heavily invaded by mucous epithelium, resembling tubular glands."}
{"id": "PMID:358739", "title": "Paradoxical enhancement of tolbutamide-induced insulin release by diazoxide in a patient with islet cell hyperplasia.", "content": "A case of islet cell hyperplasia in a ten year old black male with symptomatic fasting hypoglycemia was documented histopathologically. Provocative studies with glucose, tolbutamide, glucagon, and diazoxide were performed to test the insulin response of hyperplastic islets. The islets responded to glucose, glucagon, and tolbutamide. Diazoxide potentiated the tolbutamide-induced insulin response, and this effect of diazoxide was not blocked by propranolol. In the diagnostic work up of islet cell hyperplasia, dizoxide may paradoxically potentiate tolbutamide-induced insulin release, a finding which may falsely suggest progression of the disease.", "contents": "Paradoxical enhancement of tolbutamide-induced insulin release by diazoxide in a patient with islet cell hyperplasia. A case of islet cell hyperplasia in a ten year old black male with symptomatic fasting hypoglycemia was documented histopathologically. Provocative studies with glucose, tolbutamide, glucagon, and diazoxide were performed to test the insulin response of hyperplastic islets. The islets responded to glucose, glucagon, and tolbutamide. Diazoxide potentiated the tolbutamide-induced insulin response, and this effect of diazoxide was not blocked by propranolol. In the diagnostic work up of islet cell hyperplasia, dizoxide may paradoxically potentiate tolbutamide-induced insulin release, a finding which may falsely suggest progression of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:358740", "title": "Child abuse: a literature review.", "content": "The following is a summary of a recently published review of Swedish and international literature concerning children exposed to abuse and neglect or manifesting failure to thrive. The review is the first report appearing from the so-called PRU group in Uppsala--Psycho-social Risk Children in Uppsala. The group is a multidisciplinary team engaged in a research project about Uppsala children exposed to mental, social and physical risks in their homes. The project is financed by the Save the Children Fund, which has also contributed to the printing costs of the book. Various professions are represented in the research team, namely social work, family therapy, child psychiatry, child psychology, paediatrics, and sociology. The complete review was published in the autumn of 1977 under the following title: Dagmar Lagerberg/PRU-gruppen: F\u00f6r\u00e4ldrav\u00e5ld mot barn. En litteraturstudie (PRU group: Child abuse by parents. A literature review). A second main report, presenting the aims, material, methods, and results of the project, is planned for publication in 1979.", "contents": "Child abuse: a literature review. The following is a summary of a recently published review of Swedish and international literature concerning children exposed to abuse and neglect or manifesting failure to thrive. The review is the first report appearing from the so-called PRU group in Uppsala--Psycho-social Risk Children in Uppsala. The group is a multidisciplinary team engaged in a research project about Uppsala children exposed to mental, social and physical risks in their homes. The project is financed by the Save the Children Fund, which has also contributed to the printing costs of the book. Various professions are represented in the research team, namely social work, family therapy, child psychiatry, child psychology, paediatrics, and sociology. The complete review was published in the autumn of 1977 under the following title: Dagmar Lagerberg/PRU-gruppen: F\u00f6r\u00e4ldrav\u00e5ld mot barn. En litteraturstudie (PRU group: Child abuse by parents. A literature review). A second main report, presenting the aims, material, methods, and results of the project, is planned for publication in 1979."}
{"id": "PMID:358741", "title": "Rapid identification of group A, B, C and G beta-haemolytic Streptococci by a modification of the co-agglutination technique. Comparison of results obtained by co-agglutination, fluorescent antibody test, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and precipitin technique.", "content": "A rapid modification of the co-agglutination (COA) technique for grouping A, B, C and G beta-haemolytic streptococci was developed. The results are obtained within three hours after inoculation from primary plates of 0.5 ml broth. This method was compared to the fluorescent antibody test (FA) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), two other rapid methods available for serological grouping of streptococci. Of 71 recently isolated streptococcal strains from clinical sources, 70 were correctly grouped in COA, 63 in FA and 68 in CIE. With commercial reagents COA compared favourably in accuracy to the other methods and can be recommended for routine serological grouping of beta-haemolytic streptococci in the clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Rapid identification of group A, B, C and G beta-haemolytic Streptococci by a modification of the co-agglutination technique. Comparison of results obtained by co-agglutination, fluorescent antibody test, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and precipitin technique. A rapid modification of the co-agglutination (COA) technique for grouping A, B, C and G beta-haemolytic streptococci was developed. The results are obtained within three hours after inoculation from primary plates of 0.5 ml broth. This method was compared to the fluorescent antibody test (FA) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), two other rapid methods available for serological grouping of streptococci. Of 71 recently isolated streptococcal strains from clinical sources, 70 were correctly grouped in COA, 63 in FA and 68 in CIE. With commercial reagents COA compared favourably in accuracy to the other methods and can be recommended for routine serological grouping of beta-haemolytic streptococci in the clinical laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:358742", "title": "The effect of colostrum and colostral antibody SIgA on the physico-chemical properties and phagocytosis of Escherichia coli o86.", "content": "A hydrophilic effect of human colostrum and colostral antibody SIgA binding on Escherichia coli o86 has been demonstrated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Octyl-Sepharose and partition in a polymer two-phase system containing dextran, poly(ethyleneglycol) and poly(ethyleneglycol)-palmitate. Furthermore, antibody SIgA binding reduced the negative surface charge of the E. coli bacteria. The reaction between centrifuged but not further purified colostrum and bacteria yielded a complex which, compared to bacteria alone, showed decreased negative and increased positive surface charges, the latter being sensitive to pepsin. Binding of SIgA or colostrum to E. coli showed no definite effect on the attachment to and phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear cells in vitro. The effects observed are discussed in relation to the structure of SIgA.", "contents": "The effect of colostrum and colostral antibody SIgA on the physico-chemical properties and phagocytosis of Escherichia coli o86. A hydrophilic effect of human colostrum and colostral antibody SIgA binding on Escherichia coli o86 has been demonstrated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Octyl-Sepharose and partition in a polymer two-phase system containing dextran, poly(ethyleneglycol) and poly(ethyleneglycol)-palmitate. Furthermore, antibody SIgA binding reduced the negative surface charge of the E. coli bacteria. The reaction between centrifuged but not further purified colostrum and bacteria yielded a complex which, compared to bacteria alone, showed decreased negative and increased positive surface charges, the latter being sensitive to pepsin. Binding of SIgA or colostrum to E. coli showed no definite effect on the attachment to and phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear cells in vitro. The effects observed are discussed in relation to the structure of SIgA."}
{"id": "PMID:358743", "title": "Density gradient centrifugation in urografin of Moraxella and Kingella cells and appendages.", "content": "Purification of fimbriae (pili) by density gradient banding in Urografin medium was attempted. Moraxella nonliquefaciens and Kingella kingae fimbriae were of higher density than their cells of origin, but fimbrial fractions obtained by homogenization and differential centrifugation still banded together with presumed outer membrane fragments and some whole cells in Urografin gradients. The cellular density of genetic variants with different fimbriation/competence levels was also studied. For one strain of M. nonliquefaciens and two strains of K. kingae, cells harvested from agar plates tended to show several bands on isopycnic density gradient centrifugation, with slightly higher general density of fimbriated variants than non-fimbriated. A single density band could be observed with cells from log phase broth cultures of selected strains which showed no distinct difference between fimbriation or competence variants of each strain. Cells of M. nonliquefaciens and M. bovis showed comparable buoyant densities, whereas those of K. kingae had a higher density.", "contents": "Density gradient centrifugation in urografin of Moraxella and Kingella cells and appendages. Purification of fimbriae (pili) by density gradient banding in Urografin medium was attempted. Moraxella nonliquefaciens and Kingella kingae fimbriae were of higher density than their cells of origin, but fimbrial fractions obtained by homogenization and differential centrifugation still banded together with presumed outer membrane fragments and some whole cells in Urografin gradients. The cellular density of genetic variants with different fimbriation/competence levels was also studied. For one strain of M. nonliquefaciens and two strains of K. kingae, cells harvested from agar plates tended to show several bands on isopycnic density gradient centrifugation, with slightly higher general density of fimbriated variants than non-fimbriated. A single density band could be observed with cells from log phase broth cultures of selected strains which showed no distinct difference between fimbriation or competence variants of each strain. Cells of M. nonliquefaciens and M. bovis showed comparable buoyant densities, whereas those of K. kingae had a higher density."}
{"id": "PMID:358744", "title": "Acid-soluble nucleotides of Acholeplasma (Mycoplasma) laidlawii A.", "content": "A study was made of the acid-soluble nucleotides present in Acholeplasma (Mycoplasma) laidlawii A during growth. The nucleotide pool of this organism is meagre, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The main nucleotides are uridine mono- and diphosphates, and none of the more complex nucleotide compounds, such as uridine diphosphate (UDP) sugars or sugar peptides, required for cell wall formation, were detected. The nucleotide composition of A. laidlawii A is compared with that of the Streptococcus L-form.", "contents": "Acid-soluble nucleotides of Acholeplasma (Mycoplasma) laidlawii A. A study was made of the acid-soluble nucleotides present in Acholeplasma (Mycoplasma) laidlawii A during growth. The nucleotide pool of this organism is meagre, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The main nucleotides are uridine mono- and diphosphates, and none of the more complex nucleotide compounds, such as uridine diphosphate (UDP) sugars or sugar peptides, required for cell wall formation, were detected. The nucleotide composition of A. laidlawii A is compared with that of the Streptococcus L-form."}
{"id": "PMID:358745", "title": "Phagocytosis of 32P-labelled E. coli by human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). Adaptation of a method.", "content": "A system for the study of phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) is presented. The leucocytes are harvested from heparinized whole blood by the B\u00f8yum method and transferred to glass tubes to yield glass adherent monolayers of leucocytes, approximately 80% of which were PMN. A strain of E. coli labelled by 32P served as test organism.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of 32P-labelled E. coli by human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). Adaptation of a method. A system for the study of phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) is presented. The leucocytes are harvested from heparinized whole blood by the B\u00f8yum method and transferred to glass tubes to yield glass adherent monolayers of leucocytes, approximately 80% of which were PMN. A strain of E. coli labelled by 32P served as test organism."}
{"id": "PMID:358746", "title": "Analysis of amines and other bacterial products by head-space gas chromatography.", "content": "A gas chromatographic (GC) head-space technique is presented, which is suitable for the analysis of volatile products in bacterial broth cultures. This is exemplified by studies on Clostridium septicum, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. The media were acidified or made alkaline and after heating, samples of the gas phase above the media were directly injected into the gas chromatograph. A gas chromatograph equipped with dual columns and flame ionization detectors was used, employing Porapak Q and Chromosorb 103 as stationary phases. Analysis of acidified media, using Porapak Q, gave chromatograms representing acidic and neutral volatile products, while when analysing samples made alkaline, using Chromosorb 103, alkaline and neutral compounds could be detected. Interest was particularly concentrated on the analysis of bacterial amines. P. mirabilis was found to produce isobutylamine and isopentylamine, which were identified by mass spectrometry and GC retention times C. septicum produced ethylamine. The GC head-space technique described constitutes a means for rapid identification of microorganisms. It is adaptable for use on a routine basis in the clinical microbiological laboratory.", "contents": "Analysis of amines and other bacterial products by head-space gas chromatography. A gas chromatographic (GC) head-space technique is presented, which is suitable for the analysis of volatile products in bacterial broth cultures. This is exemplified by studies on Clostridium septicum, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. The media were acidified or made alkaline and after heating, samples of the gas phase above the media were directly injected into the gas chromatograph. A gas chromatograph equipped with dual columns and flame ionization detectors was used, employing Porapak Q and Chromosorb 103 as stationary phases. Analysis of acidified media, using Porapak Q, gave chromatograms representing acidic and neutral volatile products, while when analysing samples made alkaline, using Chromosorb 103, alkaline and neutral compounds could be detected. Interest was particularly concentrated on the analysis of bacterial amines. P. mirabilis was found to produce isobutylamine and isopentylamine, which were identified by mass spectrometry and GC retention times C. septicum produced ethylamine. The GC head-space technique described constitutes a means for rapid identification of microorganisms. It is adaptable for use on a routine basis in the clinical microbiological laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:358747", "title": "Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic factor generated in vivo by Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide. I. Isolation and physico-chemical characterization.", "content": "By chromatographic separation on Sephadex gels a peptide, termed the lipopolysaccharide-induced chemotactic factor (LPS-CF), has been isolated from inflammatory exudate. The exudate was obtained from Teflon chambers implanted subcutaneously in rabbits 3 h after LPS from Bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis had been injected. Three chemotactic peaks were eluted by fractionation of the exudate on Sephadex G-200 columns; one major peak with molecular weight of approximately 16,000 and two minor peaks with molecular weights of approximately 68,000 and 7,000. Refiltration of the major peak on G-75 showed the same elution profile as that found on G-200 columns. By addition of 8 M urea to the elution fluid only the major and the low molecular weight peaks appeared. The molecular weight of the major chemotactic peak was calculated to 16,000 on Sephadex gels, and also using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and equilibrium centrifugation. The chemotactic factor was quite heat-stable and was also non-dialyzable, and freezing and thawing as well as storage at 4 degrees C for several weeks did not impede its activity. This chemotactic factor is probably identical to the cytotaxic fragment split off from C5 upon interaction with LPS.", "contents": "Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic factor generated in vivo by Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide. I. Isolation and physico-chemical characterization. By chromatographic separation on Sephadex gels a peptide, termed the lipopolysaccharide-induced chemotactic factor (LPS-CF), has been isolated from inflammatory exudate. The exudate was obtained from Teflon chambers implanted subcutaneously in rabbits 3 h after LPS from Bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis had been injected. Three chemotactic peaks were eluted by fractionation of the exudate on Sephadex G-200 columns; one major peak with molecular weight of approximately 16,000 and two minor peaks with molecular weights of approximately 68,000 and 7,000. Refiltration of the major peak on G-75 showed the same elution profile as that found on G-200 columns. By addition of 8 M urea to the elution fluid only the major and the low molecular weight peaks appeared. The molecular weight of the major chemotactic peak was calculated to 16,000 on Sephadex gels, and also using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and equilibrium centrifugation. The chemotactic factor was quite heat-stable and was also non-dialyzable, and freezing and thawing as well as storage at 4 degrees C for several weeks did not impede its activity. This chemotactic factor is probably identical to the cytotaxic fragment split off from C5 upon interaction with LPS."}
{"id": "PMID:358749", "title": "Chlamydia trachomatis from men with non-gonococcal urethritis. Simplified procedure for cultivation and isolation in replicating McCoy cell culture.", "content": "Chlamydia trachromatis was cultivated on replicating McCoy cells without the addition of antimetabolites. A further technical modification was centrifugation of the specimens at room temperature at 4000 g, thus making it possible to use the method in any microbiological laboratory. C. trachomatis was isolated from 36 of 81 patients (44.4%) with non-gonococcal urethritis. This rate compares well with reported isolation rates using antireplicative agents and higher centrifugation temperatures.", "contents": "Chlamydia trachomatis from men with non-gonococcal urethritis. Simplified procedure for cultivation and isolation in replicating McCoy cell culture. Chlamydia trachromatis was cultivated on replicating McCoy cells without the addition of antimetabolites. A further technical modification was centrifugation of the specimens at room temperature at 4000 g, thus making it possible to use the method in any microbiological laboratory. C. trachomatis was isolated from 36 of 81 patients (44.4%) with non-gonococcal urethritis. This rate compares well with reported isolation rates using antireplicative agents and higher centrifugation temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:358750", "title": "Influence of phenylbutazone on leukocyte chemiluminescence and function.", "content": "The effect of phenylbutazone on human leukocyte chemiluminescence, phagocytosis and intracellular killing of bacteria has been examined. A marked reduction of chemiluminescence and intracellular killing of bacteria was observed. The effect on phagocytosis was less pronounced. High drug concentrations nearly abolished light emission, and concentrations equivalent to those obtained in plasma during therapy caused a 25--30% reduction. The effect occurred within less than 10 minutes. No permanent effect upon resting cells was observed. Phenylbutazone reduced the effect of sodium azide on leukocyte chemiluminescnece, indicating that the drug might also inhibit myeloperoxidase dependent chemiluminescnece. Whether these impairments of leukocyte function also take place in vivo resulting in enhanced susceptibility to infection remains unknown.", "contents": "Influence of phenylbutazone on leukocyte chemiluminescence and function. The effect of phenylbutazone on human leukocyte chemiluminescence, phagocytosis and intracellular killing of bacteria has been examined. A marked reduction of chemiluminescence and intracellular killing of bacteria was observed. The effect on phagocytosis was less pronounced. High drug concentrations nearly abolished light emission, and concentrations equivalent to those obtained in plasma during therapy caused a 25--30% reduction. The effect occurred within less than 10 minutes. No permanent effect upon resting cells was observed. Phenylbutazone reduced the effect of sodium azide on leukocyte chemiluminescnece, indicating that the drug might also inhibit myeloperoxidase dependent chemiluminescnece. Whether these impairments of leukocyte function also take place in vivo resulting in enhanced susceptibility to infection remains unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:358751", "title": "Immunosuppressive effect of human pregnancy zone protein on H-2 incompatible mouse heart allografts.", "content": "Human pregnancy zone protein (PZP) given intraveneously, significantly (p less than 0.001) prolonged the survival of heterotopic A/J heart transplants in A.CA recipients, compared to untreated control recipients, recipients treated with phosphate buffered saline and recipients treated with a control preparation from male serum. The results support the hypothesis that PZP protein exerts an unspecific immunosuppressive effect in vivo.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive effect of human pregnancy zone protein on H-2 incompatible mouse heart allografts. Human pregnancy zone protein (PZP) given intraveneously, significantly (p less than 0.001) prolonged the survival of heterotopic A/J heart transplants in A.CA recipients, compared to untreated control recipients, recipients treated with phosphate buffered saline and recipients treated with a control preparation from male serum. The results support the hypothesis that PZP protein exerts an unspecific immunosuppressive effect in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:358754", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of depressions. A double-blind clinical comparison of clomipramine (Anafranil) and amitriptyline.", "content": "The clinical efficacy of oral clomipramine and amitriptyline treatment (50--125 mg/day) was compared over a period of 2 months in 72 depressive patients visiting a psychiatric out-patient clinic. Both drugs were equally effective as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. According to a nurse's independent evaluation of 13 items the two drugs were equipotent in relieving depressive symptoms and no statistically significant differences between the treatment groups were found in the global evaluation by the investigator and the patient. A trend in favour of clomipramine was, however, seen in several parameters. The declines in the Hamilton Rating Scale scores and the nurse's evaluation scores were highly significant during the first 2 weeks of treatment (P less than 0.001) in both groups and the scores continued to decrease during the 2nd month of the study. The most common unwanted effects were dryness of the mouth and fatigue. The frequency of side effects was 51% in the clomipramine group and 43% in the amitriptyline group. The side effects were generally mild and transient and called for discontinuation of treatment in only one case in each group.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of depressions. A double-blind clinical comparison of clomipramine (Anafranil) and amitriptyline. The clinical efficacy of oral clomipramine and amitriptyline treatment (50--125 mg/day) was compared over a period of 2 months in 72 depressive patients visiting a psychiatric out-patient clinic. Both drugs were equally effective as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. According to a nurse's independent evaluation of 13 items the two drugs were equipotent in relieving depressive symptoms and no statistically significant differences between the treatment groups were found in the global evaluation by the investigator and the patient. A trend in favour of clomipramine was, however, seen in several parameters. The declines in the Hamilton Rating Scale scores and the nurse's evaluation scores were highly significant during the first 2 weeks of treatment (P less than 0.001) in both groups and the scores continued to decrease during the 2nd month of the study. The most common unwanted effects were dryness of the mouth and fatigue. The frequency of side effects was 51% in the clomipramine group and 43% in the amitriptyline group. The side effects were generally mild and transient and called for discontinuation of treatment in only one case in each group."}
{"id": "PMID:358755", "title": "Clinical effects and drug concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in psychotic patients treated with fixed doses of chlorpromazine.", "content": "The clinical effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) administered in accordance with a double-blind design in one of three doses (200, 400 or 600 mg) were examined in 44 psychotic patients. The relationships between the effects and the CPZ concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analyzed. The antipsychotic and side effects were rated according to the CPRS and the Simpson and Angus scale. CPZ concentrations were measured by a mass fragmentographic method. Treatment with CPZ resulted in a significant reduction of morbidity scores, without any clear dose relation. The final outcome was more favourable in women than in men. Extrapyramidal side effects but not somnolence were positively dose related. The antipsychotic effects tended to be positively related to the dose of CPZ in mg/kg as well as the CPZ concentrations in plasma and CSF. The greatest number of significant correlations between the CPZ concentration in CSF and the morbidity scores were seen after 2 weeks of treatment. The results indicated marked clinical improvement with CPZ concentrations above 1 ng/ml in CSF and 40 ng/ml in plasma. After 4 weeks of treatment the correlations between the CPZ concentrations and the clinical improvement were still positive but the coefficients were lower than at 2 weeks and only occasionaly significant. Extrapyramidal symptoms were significantly related to the CPZ concentrations in plasma and CSF. Somnolence was significantly related to the CPZ concentrations in CSF.", "contents": "Clinical effects and drug concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in psychotic patients treated with fixed doses of chlorpromazine. The clinical effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) administered in accordance with a double-blind design in one of three doses (200, 400 or 600 mg) were examined in 44 psychotic patients. The relationships between the effects and the CPZ concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analyzed. The antipsychotic and side effects were rated according to the CPRS and the Simpson and Angus scale. CPZ concentrations were measured by a mass fragmentographic method. Treatment with CPZ resulted in a significant reduction of morbidity scores, without any clear dose relation. The final outcome was more favourable in women than in men. Extrapyramidal side effects but not somnolence were positively dose related. The antipsychotic effects tended to be positively related to the dose of CPZ in mg/kg as well as the CPZ concentrations in plasma and CSF. The greatest number of significant correlations between the CPZ concentration in CSF and the morbidity scores were seen after 2 weeks of treatment. The results indicated marked clinical improvement with CPZ concentrations above 1 ng/ml in CSF and 40 ng/ml in plasma. After 4 weeks of treatment the correlations between the CPZ concentrations and the clinical improvement were still positive but the coefficients were lower than at 2 weeks and only occasionaly significant. Extrapyramidal symptoms were significantly related to the CPZ concentrations in plasma and CSF. Somnolence was significantly related to the CPZ concentrations in CSF."}
{"id": "PMID:358756", "title": "Delirium tremens: a double-blind comparison of diazepam and barbital treatment.", "content": "The effect of diazepam and barbital in the treatment of delirium tremens and other acute conditions related to alcohol abuse was evaluated in a double-blind trial. 91 patients participated in the study, 44 in the diazepam group, 47 in the barbital group. The choice of diazepam rather than chlordiazepoxide was motivated by its major anticonvulsive properties. Barbital was given by the oral route, diazepam as intramuscular injections. Different ways of drug administration to patients with delirium tremens are discussed. It is concluded that the two different ways used in the study probably did not have a noteworthy influence on the results. All patients were excluded who had taken psychoactive drugs before admission. Nevertheless a considerable part of the patients had diazepam, but not barbital, in the blood before treatment was initiated. This may give support to the use of barbital as a \"special purpose drug\" in the treatment of these conditions. The patients were divided into three diagnostic categories, according to the severity of the clinical condition. No difference between the two drugs tested was found in the milder conditions, but barbital was found superior to diazepam in the treatment of fully developed delirium tremens.", "contents": "Delirium tremens: a double-blind comparison of diazepam and barbital treatment. The effect of diazepam and barbital in the treatment of delirium tremens and other acute conditions related to alcohol abuse was evaluated in a double-blind trial. 91 patients participated in the study, 44 in the diazepam group, 47 in the barbital group. The choice of diazepam rather than chlordiazepoxide was motivated by its major anticonvulsive properties. Barbital was given by the oral route, diazepam as intramuscular injections. Different ways of drug administration to patients with delirium tremens are discussed. It is concluded that the two different ways used in the study probably did not have a noteworthy influence on the results. All patients were excluded who had taken psychoactive drugs before admission. Nevertheless a considerable part of the patients had diazepam, but not barbital, in the blood before treatment was initiated. This may give support to the use of barbital as a \"special purpose drug\" in the treatment of these conditions. The patients were divided into three diagnostic categories, according to the severity of the clinical condition. No difference between the two drugs tested was found in the milder conditions, but barbital was found superior to diazepam in the treatment of fully developed delirium tremens."}
{"id": "PMID:358757", "title": "Amipaque as contrast medium for intraosseous phlebography.", "content": "The degree of pain produced by Amipaque 260 and Isopaque 260 at intraosseous phlebography in patients with varicose ulcerations in the ankle region was compared. Amipaque produced less pain than Isopaque. No complications or side-effects occurred during the observation period of about one year.", "contents": "Amipaque as contrast medium for intraosseous phlebography. The degree of pain produced by Amipaque 260 and Isopaque 260 at intraosseous phlebography in patients with varicose ulcerations in the ankle region was compared. Amipaque produced less pain than Isopaque. No complications or side-effects occurred during the observation period of about one year."}
{"id": "PMID:358758", "title": "Stereotactic gamma irradiation of basilar artery in cat. Preliminary experiences.", "content": "Irradiation of the basilar artery of cats by stereotactic technique was performed with doses varying from 100 to 300 Gy in a gamma unit. Histologically, vascular lesions such as vacuolization, degeneration and desquamation of the endothelium and hyalinization and necrosis of the muscular coat predominated, whereas reparatory reactions were relatively sparse. Thrombosis was completely absent.", "contents": "Stereotactic gamma irradiation of basilar artery in cat. Preliminary experiences. Irradiation of the basilar artery of cats by stereotactic technique was performed with doses varying from 100 to 300 Gy in a gamma unit. Histologically, vascular lesions such as vacuolization, degeneration and desquamation of the endothelium and hyalinization and necrosis of the muscular coat predominated, whereas reparatory reactions were relatively sparse. Thrombosis was completely absent."}
{"id": "PMID:358759", "title": "The pathogenesis of Pott's paraplegia and the effect of surgical intervention in its course and prognosis.", "content": "14 cases of Pott's disease of the spinal column treated by surgery is described. The operation was performed by an anterior approach and evacuation of abscess, removal of granulation tissue, seguesterated bone and disc material achieved. Any mechanical compression by bony ridges, dense fibrotic tissue or fibrotic posterior longitudinal ligament was removed making it possible for anti TB treatment to have full effect. Stability of the spine was achieved by means of anterior bone grafts which accelerated bony fusion and eradication of the disease. It is stressed that this type of radical surgery in Pott's allows for histological diagnosis, corrects the deformity thus preventing future cardio-respiratory complications, prevents paraplegia of late onset, and shortens the duration of hospital stay allowing the patient to return to his previous occupation.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of Pott's paraplegia and the effect of surgical intervention in its course and prognosis. 14 cases of Pott's disease of the spinal column treated by surgery is described. The operation was performed by an anterior approach and evacuation of abscess, removal of granulation tissue, seguesterated bone and disc material achieved. Any mechanical compression by bony ridges, dense fibrotic tissue or fibrotic posterior longitudinal ligament was removed making it possible for anti TB treatment to have full effect. Stability of the spine was achieved by means of anterior bone grafts which accelerated bony fusion and eradication of the disease. It is stressed that this type of radical surgery in Pott's allows for histological diagnosis, corrects the deformity thus preventing future cardio-respiratory complications, prevents paraplegia of late onset, and shortens the duration of hospital stay allowing the patient to return to his previous occupation."}
{"id": "PMID:358760", "title": "Antihypertensive treatment with pindolol in one or two doses. A comparative trial.", "content": "A comparative trial was carried out in 21 patients on the antihypertensive effect of pindolol given once or twice a day. A change-over design was employed, with two treatment schedules and four treamtnet periods of six weeks each. No statistically significant difference was found in BP lowering effect between one and two daily doses. It is unlikely that a switch from pindolol twice daily to the same amount once daily will crease the BP by more than at most 1.0 mmHg systolic and 2.2 mmHg diastolic, or decrease it by more than 2.7 and 1.0 mmHg, respectively. It is concluded that pindolol given once daily can be recommended.", "contents": "Antihypertensive treatment with pindolol in one or two doses. A comparative trial. A comparative trial was carried out in 21 patients on the antihypertensive effect of pindolol given once or twice a day. A change-over design was employed, with two treatment schedules and four treamtnet periods of six weeks each. No statistically significant difference was found in BP lowering effect between one and two daily doses. It is unlikely that a switch from pindolol twice daily to the same amount once daily will crease the BP by more than at most 1.0 mmHg systolic and 2.2 mmHg diastolic, or decrease it by more than 2.7 and 1.0 mmHg, respectively. It is concluded that pindolol given once daily can be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:358762", "title": "Salmon calcitonin in the acute treatment of moderate and severe hypercalcemia in man.", "content": "The effect of i.v. infusions with salmon calcitonin was evaluated in the treatment of acute hypercalcemia in 12 patients. Clinical improvement and a less critical level of serum calcium were achieved within 24 hours for eight of the patients, for another two after treatment for 48 hours. In malignant conditions (six patients) calcitonin was less effective, which could be evaluated within 24 hours. In addition to rehydration, the rapid onset of action and the lack of side-effects make calcitonin a drug of first choice in the treatment of acute hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Salmon calcitonin in the acute treatment of moderate and severe hypercalcemia in man. The effect of i.v. infusions with salmon calcitonin was evaluated in the treatment of acute hypercalcemia in 12 patients. Clinical improvement and a less critical level of serum calcium were achieved within 24 hours for eight of the patients, for another two after treatment for 48 hours. In malignant conditions (six patients) calcitonin was less effective, which could be evaluated within 24 hours. In addition to rehydration, the rapid onset of action and the lack of side-effects make calcitonin a drug of first choice in the treatment of acute hypercalcemia."}
{"id": "PMID:358763", "title": "Effect of food on the bioavailability of bendroflumethiazide.", "content": "Bendroflumethiazide (BFT), 10 mg, was given orally to eight subjects after fasting overnight and together with a meal. Concentrations of the diuretic in plasma and urine were determined by GLC. As judged by AUC and urinary recovery of BFT, the bioavailability of the diuretic was not influenced by concomitant intake of a meal.", "contents": "Effect of food on the bioavailability of bendroflumethiazide. Bendroflumethiazide (BFT), 10 mg, was given orally to eight subjects after fasting overnight and together with a meal. Concentrations of the diuretic in plasma and urine were determined by GLC. As judged by AUC and urinary recovery of BFT, the bioavailability of the diuretic was not influenced by concomitant intake of a meal."}
{"id": "PMID:358764", "title": "Verapamil and pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "We report on the effect of verapamil in 12 patients suffering from pulmonary hypertension. The drug caused a slight, but statistically significant decrease in mean pulmonary artery pressure and in the work performance by the right ventricle. The mean pressure of the right atrium, the end-diastolic pressure of the right ventricle, the pulmonary arteriolar resistance, the cardiac index and the stroke volume were not significantly changed, however, and there was a wide spread of the values observed. In some patients the drug exerted a marked negative inotropic effect, with a concomitant increase in the pulmonary arteriolar resistance.", "contents": "Verapamil and pulmonary hypertension. We report on the effect of verapamil in 12 patients suffering from pulmonary hypertension. The drug caused a slight, but statistically significant decrease in mean pulmonary artery pressure and in the work performance by the right ventricle. The mean pressure of the right atrium, the end-diastolic pressure of the right ventricle, the pulmonary arteriolar resistance, the cardiac index and the stroke volume were not significantly changed, however, and there was a wide spread of the values observed. In some patients the drug exerted a marked negative inotropic effect, with a concomitant increase in the pulmonary arteriolar resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:358765", "title": "Absorption and side-effects after peroral administration of sustained release iron tablets. Ferro-Retard compared with Ferronicum and Duroferon Duretter.", "content": "Study I. In 13 iron deficient patients the absorption from 100 mg ferrous sulphate (Ferro-Retard) after 3 and 5 hours was comparable to the absorption from 176 mg ferrous gluconate in rapidly disintegrating tablets (Ferronicum). Study II. (a) The serum iron elevation in 14 blood donors with normal Hb after administration of ferrous sulphate (100 mg Fe2+) in Ferro-Retard or Duroferon Duretter seemed to be equal when tested on the 4th day after donation of 450 ml blood. (b) The iron absorption, measured by the elevation of serum iron 5 and 8 hours after administration of sustained release tablets, proved to be better on the 11th and especially on the 16th day than on the 4th day after donation. Study III (side-effects). In a study on 113 subjects the total number of complaints was unusually high both before and after administration of placebo, rapidly disintegrating and sustained release ferrous sulphate tablets. The selection of participants and other methodological factors have probably been of importance. Hence, comparisons between different studies of side-effects should always be carried out with caution.", "contents": "Absorption and side-effects after peroral administration of sustained release iron tablets. Ferro-Retard compared with Ferronicum and Duroferon Duretter. Study I. In 13 iron deficient patients the absorption from 100 mg ferrous sulphate (Ferro-Retard) after 3 and 5 hours was comparable to the absorption from 176 mg ferrous gluconate in rapidly disintegrating tablets (Ferronicum). Study II. (a) The serum iron elevation in 14 blood donors with normal Hb after administration of ferrous sulphate (100 mg Fe2+) in Ferro-Retard or Duroferon Duretter seemed to be equal when tested on the 4th day after donation of 450 ml blood. (b) The iron absorption, measured by the elevation of serum iron 5 and 8 hours after administration of sustained release tablets, proved to be better on the 11th and especially on the 16th day than on the 4th day after donation. Study III (side-effects). In a study on 113 subjects the total number of complaints was unusually high both before and after administration of placebo, rapidly disintegrating and sustained release ferrous sulphate tablets. The selection of participants and other methodological factors have probably been of importance. Hence, comparisons between different studies of side-effects should always be carried out with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:358766", "title": "Lidocaine and the quarternary ammonium compound QX-572 in acute myocardial infarction. A comparative study.", "content": "Patients with suspected or proven acute myocardial infarction complicated by ventricular arrhythmias not corrected by lidocaine therapy (bolus dose 100 mg followed by infusion 2 mg/min) were treated either with an increased dose of lidocaine (bolus dose 50 mg followed by infusion 3 mg/min) or with 600 mg N,N-bis dimethylammonium chloride (QX-572, Astra, Sweden) as an i.v. infusion during 30 min (3 patients) or 60 min (13 patients). In the lidocaine group the arrhythmias were controlled in 6 out of 15 patients, in the QZ-572 group in 12 out of 16, a difference that is not statistically significant. However, the frequency of side-effects was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in the QX-572 group (15 out of 16 patients). They were also more severe, including pronounced tachycardia and hypertension. It is concluded that despite the high antiarrhythmic effect of QX-572, an increase of the lidocaine dose would be safer and preferable in the clinical situation studied.", "contents": "Lidocaine and the quarternary ammonium compound QX-572 in acute myocardial infarction. A comparative study. Patients with suspected or proven acute myocardial infarction complicated by ventricular arrhythmias not corrected by lidocaine therapy (bolus dose 100 mg followed by infusion 2 mg/min) were treated either with an increased dose of lidocaine (bolus dose 50 mg followed by infusion 3 mg/min) or with 600 mg N,N-bis dimethylammonium chloride (QX-572, Astra, Sweden) as an i.v. infusion during 30 min (3 patients) or 60 min (13 patients). In the lidocaine group the arrhythmias were controlled in 6 out of 15 patients, in the QZ-572 group in 12 out of 16, a difference that is not statistically significant. However, the frequency of side-effects was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in the QX-572 group (15 out of 16 patients). They were also more severe, including pronounced tachycardia and hypertension. It is concluded that despite the high antiarrhythmic effect of QX-572, an increase of the lidocaine dose would be safer and preferable in the clinical situation studied."}
{"id": "PMID:358768", "title": "Haematologic effect and Shwartzman reactivity of radiodetoxified endotoxin.", "content": "Comparative experiments were made in rabbits with Escherichia coli O89 endotoxin and endotoxin detoxified by ionizing radiation (60Co-gamma, 5 Mrad). Radiation significantly weakened the leukopenia and thrombocytopenia provoking effect of endotoxin. Radiodetoxified endotoxin decreased the fibrinogen level only slightly and caused insignificant changes in reptilase time. The complement level was decreased less by the detoxified than by the parent endotoxin. Even the local Shwartzman phenomenon inducing capacity of radiodetoxified endotoxin decreased significantly, particularly when it was used for preparation and provocation, too.", "contents": "Haematologic effect and Shwartzman reactivity of radiodetoxified endotoxin. Comparative experiments were made in rabbits with Escherichia coli O89 endotoxin and endotoxin detoxified by ionizing radiation (60Co-gamma, 5 Mrad). Radiation significantly weakened the leukopenia and thrombocytopenia provoking effect of endotoxin. Radiodetoxified endotoxin decreased the fibrinogen level only slightly and caused insignificant changes in reptilase time. The complement level was decreased less by the detoxified than by the parent endotoxin. Even the local Shwartzman phenomenon inducing capacity of radiodetoxified endotoxin decreased significantly, particularly when it was used for preparation and provocation, too."}
{"id": "PMID:358769", "title": "Heat-stable enterotoxin produced by Shigella flexneri.", "content": "Filtrates and ultrasonics extracts of Shigella flexneri showed rapid permeability factor (PF) test and proved positive in suckling mice and ligated rabbit loop tests within 4 hr. Delayed PF was not detected and the rabbit loop dilatation test read after 18 to 24 hr, the mouse pad oedema reaction, the test for elongation effect of CHO cells were also negative. In the delayed PF test a strong \"blanching\" effect was observed. A filtrate of an Ent-Escherichia coli strain was positive only in the rapid PF test, while filtrate and ultrasonic extract prepared from the Ent+ E. coli strain showed a positive reaction in all tests for enterotoxins (ST and LT) including the rapid PF test. Ultrasonic extracts of a S. flexneri and an Ent- E. coli strain concentrated by freeze-drying were fractionated on Sephadex G-100 column. S. flexneri fractions of 60--70ml were positive for rapid PF, dilation capacity in suckling mice, and the blanching effect in the delayed PF test. No positive reaction was found in the delayed PF test and in CHO cell culture. Similar fractions of Ent- E. Coli carried substances responsible for the rapid PF and the blanching effect, but without suckling mice positivity.", "contents": "Heat-stable enterotoxin produced by Shigella flexneri. Filtrates and ultrasonics extracts of Shigella flexneri showed rapid permeability factor (PF) test and proved positive in suckling mice and ligated rabbit loop tests within 4 hr. Delayed PF was not detected and the rabbit loop dilatation test read after 18 to 24 hr, the mouse pad oedema reaction, the test for elongation effect of CHO cells were also negative. In the delayed PF test a strong \"blanching\" effect was observed. A filtrate of an Ent-Escherichia coli strain was positive only in the rapid PF test, while filtrate and ultrasonic extract prepared from the Ent+ E. coli strain showed a positive reaction in all tests for enterotoxins (ST and LT) including the rapid PF test. Ultrasonic extracts of a S. flexneri and an Ent- E. coli strain concentrated by freeze-drying were fractionated on Sephadex G-100 column. S. flexneri fractions of 60--70ml were positive for rapid PF, dilation capacity in suckling mice, and the blanching effect in the delayed PF test. No positive reaction was found in the delayed PF test and in CHO cell culture. Similar fractions of Ent- E. Coli carried substances responsible for the rapid PF and the blanching effect, but without suckling mice positivity."}
{"id": "PMID:358770", "title": "Diploid formation of Candida tropicalis via protoplast fusion.", "content": "Haploid auxotrophic mutants were produced from Candida tropicalis, and protoplast usion was induced by polyethylene glycol. The resulting nutritional complementation was due to heterokaryon formation and, at a much lower frequenty, to spontaneous diploidization. During cultivation, heterokaryotic clones regularly gave rise to heterozygous diploids from which, in turn, haploids could be isolated. The technique of protoplast fusion gives an opportunity for genetic analysis of this and similarly asexual fungal species.", "contents": "Diploid formation of Candida tropicalis via protoplast fusion. Haploid auxotrophic mutants were produced from Candida tropicalis, and protoplast usion was induced by polyethylene glycol. The resulting nutritional complementation was due to heterokaryon formation and, at a much lower frequenty, to spontaneous diploidization. During cultivation, heterokaryotic clones regularly gave rise to heterozygous diploids from which, in turn, haploids could be isolated. The technique of protoplast fusion gives an opportunity for genetic analysis of this and similarly asexual fungal species."}
{"id": "PMID:358771", "title": "Unique features of heat-stable enterotoxin of Shigella flexneri.", "content": "Sephadex G-100 fractions of ultrasonic lysate of Shigella felxneri were compared to the fractions of Escherichia coli lysates of Ent- , LT+ ST+, LT+ and ST+ strains. The range of molecular weight of S. flexneri ST fractions was the same as that of E. coli LT fractions. Rapid PF activity was associated with the ST peak in the case of S. flexneri, and followed the LT activity in the E. coli (LT+ ST+) fractions, and appeared in the same molecular weight range in the case of Ent- E. coli lysate. Cross neutralization could be demonstrated between S. flexneri ST and E. coli LT. Antigenic relationship between shigella ST and choleragen seemed to be less expressed and rather unilateral.", "contents": "Unique features of heat-stable enterotoxin of Shigella flexneri. Sephadex G-100 fractions of ultrasonic lysate of Shigella felxneri were compared to the fractions of Escherichia coli lysates of Ent- , LT+ ST+, LT+ and ST+ strains. The range of molecular weight of S. flexneri ST fractions was the same as that of E. coli LT fractions. Rapid PF activity was associated with the ST peak in the case of S. flexneri, and followed the LT activity in the E. coli (LT+ ST+) fractions, and appeared in the same molecular weight range in the case of Ent- E. coli lysate. Cross neutralization could be demonstrated between S. flexneri ST and E. coli LT. Antigenic relationship between shigella ST and choleragen seemed to be less expressed and rather unilateral."}
{"id": "PMID:358807", "title": "[Unequal breast-nourishment as pretended cause of differences of features at twin-brothers (author's transl)].", "content": "A theological polemical treatise of 1709, as a source for the general history and this history of civilization and especially of ethics, is exploited to declare some scientifical matters of fact. The conception, developed by the author by reason of the different behaviour of twins as adults, the nourishment assimilated in earliest youth would decide the future of man, is analyzed and compared with the modern state of knowledge of the twin-research. On the confrontation of the notions \"nature\" and \"nurture\", which can be traced back to Shakespeare, in Galton, the originator of the twin-research, is referred to.", "contents": "[Unequal breast-nourishment as pretended cause of differences of features at twin-brothers (author's transl)]. A theological polemical treatise of 1709, as a source for the general history and this history of civilization and especially of ethics, is exploited to declare some scientifical matters of fact. The conception, developed by the author by reason of the different behaviour of twins as adults, the nourishment assimilated in earliest youth would decide the future of man, is analyzed and compared with the modern state of knowledge of the twin-research. On the confrontation of the notions \"nature\" and \"nurture\", which can be traced back to Shakespeare, in Galton, the originator of the twin-research, is referred to."}
{"id": "PMID:358815", "title": "Dose-independent pharmacokinetics of digoxin in humans.", "content": "Nine healthy male volunteers received single 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg. doses of intravenous digoxin in a randomized three-way crossover study. Multiple venous blood samples were drawn during 35 hours after each dose, and all urine was collected for 6 consecutive days. Concentrations of digoxin in serum and urine were determined by radioimmunoassay. Over-all mean values for kinetic variables were: distribution half-life, 0.35 hours; elimination half-life, 27.9 hours; volume of distribution, 5.46 liters/Kg; total clearance, 2.51 ml./min./Kg. The mean projected cumulative urinary excretion of digoxin was 70.1% of the dose; mean renal clearance of digoxin was 1.71 ml./min./Kg., not significantly different from creatinine clearance (1.50 ml./min./Kg.). None of the identifiable pharmacokinetic variables was significantly influenced by dose, suggesting that digoxin disposition is dose-independent in healthy individuals.", "contents": "Dose-independent pharmacokinetics of digoxin in humans. Nine healthy male volunteers received single 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg. doses of intravenous digoxin in a randomized three-way crossover study. Multiple venous blood samples were drawn during 35 hours after each dose, and all urine was collected for 6 consecutive days. Concentrations of digoxin in serum and urine were determined by radioimmunoassay. Over-all mean values for kinetic variables were: distribution half-life, 0.35 hours; elimination half-life, 27.9 hours; volume of distribution, 5.46 liters/Kg; total clearance, 2.51 ml./min./Kg. The mean projected cumulative urinary excretion of digoxin was 70.1% of the dose; mean renal clearance of digoxin was 1.71 ml./min./Kg., not significantly different from creatinine clearance (1.50 ml./min./Kg.). None of the identifiable pharmacokinetic variables was significantly influenced by dose, suggesting that digoxin disposition is dose-independent in healthy individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:358820", "title": "Role of exercise stress testing in healthy subjects and patients with coronary heart disease. Controversies in cardiology--I.", "content": "The value of the exercise stress test in the evaluation of clinically healthy subjects and patients with coronary heart disease is not limited to the isolated interpretation of abnormalities of the S-T segment. Other measurable parameters which are of diagnostic and prognostic importance include: (1) a decrease in systolic blood pressure during exercise; (2) the appearance of complex ventricular arrhythmias of low exercise heart rates; (3) the appearance of inverted U waves during or after exercise; (4) the patient's maximal exercise capacity; and (5) new auscultatory findings postexercise. The reliability of the exercise test as a diagnostic tool is futher enhanced by proper patient selection and careful attention to exercise techniques. Subjects with labile ST-T wave changes during standing hyperventilation, fixed ST-T changes at rest, and intraventricular conduction defects are not ideal candidates for \"diagnostic\" stress testing and the examining physician must rely more heavily on nonelectrocardiographic findings. The criteria used to define an abnormal S-T response will vary according to the lead system used. However, in both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects the appearance of marked degrees of S-T depression at low exercise heart rates significantly increases the probability of finding advanced coronary disease, particularly if the S-T depression is seen in multiple monitoring leads and is of prolonged duration postexercise.", "contents": "Role of exercise stress testing in healthy subjects and patients with coronary heart disease. Controversies in cardiology--I. The value of the exercise stress test in the evaluation of clinically healthy subjects and patients with coronary heart disease is not limited to the isolated interpretation of abnormalities of the S-T segment. Other measurable parameters which are of diagnostic and prognostic importance include: (1) a decrease in systolic blood pressure during exercise; (2) the appearance of complex ventricular arrhythmias of low exercise heart rates; (3) the appearance of inverted U waves during or after exercise; (4) the patient's maximal exercise capacity; and (5) new auscultatory findings postexercise. The reliability of the exercise test as a diagnostic tool is futher enhanced by proper patient selection and careful attention to exercise techniques. Subjects with labile ST-T wave changes during standing hyperventilation, fixed ST-T changes at rest, and intraventricular conduction defects are not ideal candidates for \"diagnostic\" stress testing and the examining physician must rely more heavily on nonelectrocardiographic findings. The criteria used to define an abnormal S-T response will vary according to the lead system used. However, in both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects the appearance of marked degrees of S-T depression at low exercise heart rates significantly increases the probability of finding advanced coronary disease, particularly if the S-T depression is seen in multiple monitoring leads and is of prolonged duration postexercise."}
{"id": "PMID:358824", "title": "Hemagglutination tests for syphilis antibody.", "content": "In a study of serodiagnosis of syphilis, the authors compared the specificities and sensitivities of two hemagglutination tests, a sheep-erythrocyte test (MHA-TP) and a trukey-erythrocyte test (TPHA), with those of the Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption (FTA-ABS) test. In tests of sera from 935 patients without syphilis, the MHA-TP, TPHA, and FTA-ABS tests were reactive for 0.96, 0, and 1.3% respectively. The false-positive results were usually transient and not associated with underlying illness. For the 68 patients with syphilis, the MHA-TP test was as sensitive as the FTA-ABS test in all stages except untreated primary disease. The TPHA test appeared to be undersensitive, and testing of follow-up sera from persons with latent syphilis showed unexplained conversion of false-negative TPHA results to reactive results. Reproducibilities of the two hemagglutination tests were comparable. The MHA-TP test is a valuable confirmatory test for syphilis. Further study is needed before the use of the TPHA test can be recommended.", "contents": "Hemagglutination tests for syphilis antibody. In a study of serodiagnosis of syphilis, the authors compared the specificities and sensitivities of two hemagglutination tests, a sheep-erythrocyte test (MHA-TP) and a trukey-erythrocyte test (TPHA), with those of the Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption (FTA-ABS) test. In tests of sera from 935 patients without syphilis, the MHA-TP, TPHA, and FTA-ABS tests were reactive for 0.96, 0, and 1.3% respectively. The false-positive results were usually transient and not associated with underlying illness. For the 68 patients with syphilis, the MHA-TP test was as sensitive as the FTA-ABS test in all stages except untreated primary disease. The TPHA test appeared to be undersensitive, and testing of follow-up sera from persons with latent syphilis showed unexplained conversion of false-negative TPHA results to reactive results. Reproducibilities of the two hemagglutination tests were comparable. The MHA-TP test is a valuable confirmatory test for syphilis. Further study is needed before the use of the TPHA test can be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:358825", "title": "Alcoholism and women.", "content": "Alcoholism, the most prevalent form of drug dependence, has become a problem for large numbers of women. The research literature on alcoholism in women is reviewed, with suggestions for treatment and future research. The greater stigma placed upon female intoxication has made it difficult to obtain reliable data and has contributed to the tendency to ignore the problem altogether. Furthermore, the greater stigma has resulted in guilt because the woman alcoholic is likely to share society's opinion of herself, and this stigma/guilt/shame factor is viewed by the authors as one of the main difficulties in recovery. Certain recurring characteristics among alcoholic women are listed, and the impact on children is briefly discussed. Treatment suggestions include offering women alternatives during rehabilitation.", "contents": "Alcoholism and women. Alcoholism, the most prevalent form of drug dependence, has become a problem for large numbers of women. The research literature on alcoholism in women is reviewed, with suggestions for treatment and future research. The greater stigma placed upon female intoxication has made it difficult to obtain reliable data and has contributed to the tendency to ignore the problem altogether. Furthermore, the greater stigma has resulted in guilt because the woman alcoholic is likely to share society's opinion of herself, and this stigma/guilt/shame factor is viewed by the authors as one of the main difficulties in recovery. Certain recurring characteristics among alcoholic women are listed, and the impact on children is briefly discussed. Treatment suggestions include offering women alternatives during rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:358827", "title": "Comparison of basal gastric acid and pepsin output in controls vs. active peptic ulcer disease (PUD).", "content": "Quantitative basal and pentagastrin stimulated acid and pepsin outputs were determined in a group of 15 patients without peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and in 11 patients admitted to hospital with endoscopically proven PUD (two gastric and nine duodenal). While there were statistically significant differences in both acid and pepsin outputs in both the basal and maximally stimulated states, only the basal pepsin output clearly separated the groups in this small preliminary study. No patient produced more than 100,000 pU./hr. in the basal state unless an active peptic ulcer was present; no patient with an active ulcer produced less than 100,000 pU./hr.", "contents": "Comparison of basal gastric acid and pepsin output in controls vs. active peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Quantitative basal and pentagastrin stimulated acid and pepsin outputs were determined in a group of 15 patients without peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and in 11 patients admitted to hospital with endoscopically proven PUD (two gastric and nine duodenal). While there were statistically significant differences in both acid and pepsin outputs in both the basal and maximally stimulated states, only the basal pepsin output clearly separated the groups in this small preliminary study. No patient produced more than 100,000 pU./hr. in the basal state unless an active peptic ulcer was present; no patient with an active ulcer produced less than 100,000 pU./hr."}
{"id": "PMID:358828", "title": "Physicochemical determinants of incompatibility and instability in injectable drug solutions and admixtures.", "content": "Several physicochemical conditions or phenomena most commonly causing incompatibility, instability or related difficulties in parenteral drug solutions and admixtures are reviewed. The following factors involved in chemical incompatibilities are reviewed: concentration, pH, acid-base character, reduction-oxidation, photolysis, epimerization, temperature, dextrose catalysis and hydrolysis. The following factors involved in visual incompatibilities are discussed: pH, acid-base character, solvent system, color change, complexation, adsorption and adherence, dissolution rate, salting-out and leaching, and foaming. Pharmacists may recognize, predict and avoid parenteral imcompatibilities based on their experience, an understanding of physicochemical principles and reference to pertinent publications.", "contents": "Physicochemical determinants of incompatibility and instability in injectable drug solutions and admixtures. Several physicochemical conditions or phenomena most commonly causing incompatibility, instability or related difficulties in parenteral drug solutions and admixtures are reviewed. The following factors involved in chemical incompatibilities are reviewed: concentration, pH, acid-base character, reduction-oxidation, photolysis, epimerization, temperature, dextrose catalysis and hydrolysis. The following factors involved in visual incompatibilities are discussed: pH, acid-base character, solvent system, color change, complexation, adsorption and adherence, dissolution rate, salting-out and leaching, and foaming. Pharmacists may recognize, predict and avoid parenteral imcompatibilities based on their experience, an understanding of physicochemical principles and reference to pertinent publications."}
{"id": "PMID:358829", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: chronic hepatitis.", "content": "The classification, clinical course, etiology and treatment of chronic hepatitis are discussed. The clinical manifestations of chronic hepatitis are of limited diagnostic use. Diagnosis must be made by liver biopsy. The disease is classified as chronic persistent or chronic active hepatitis. The prognosis for chronic persistent hepatitis is excellent, and no treatment is required. Chronic active hepatitis may progress to cirrhosis and is associated with a poor prognosis if untreated. Recognized causes of chronic active hepatitis are hepatitis-B virus infection, post-transfusion hepatitis not associated with hepatitis-B virus, and certain drugs. For drug-induced hepatitis, discontinuation of the medication is indicated. For other types of chronic active hepatitis the recommended treatment is prednisone 10 mg and azathioprine 50 mg daily.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: chronic hepatitis. The classification, clinical course, etiology and treatment of chronic hepatitis are discussed. The clinical manifestations of chronic hepatitis are of limited diagnostic use. Diagnosis must be made by liver biopsy. The disease is classified as chronic persistent or chronic active hepatitis. The prognosis for chronic persistent hepatitis is excellent, and no treatment is required. Chronic active hepatitis may progress to cirrhosis and is associated with a poor prognosis if untreated. Recognized causes of chronic active hepatitis are hepatitis-B virus infection, post-transfusion hepatitis not associated with hepatitis-B virus, and certain drugs. For drug-induced hepatitis, discontinuation of the medication is indicated. For other types of chronic active hepatitis the recommended treatment is prednisone 10 mg and azathioprine 50 mg daily."}
{"id": "PMID:358830", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: clinical pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs.", "content": "The absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion and clinical pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs are reviewed. Six guidelines for the therapeutic use of these drugs are given: (1) when therapy with an antiepileptic drug is initiated or when dosage is raised or lowered, the new steady-state drug serum concentration and the full effect of the dosage change will not occur for five elimination half-lives; (2) a loading dose is usually necessary to immediately achieve a steady-state serum drug concentration equal to the usual maintenance steady-state serum drug concentration; (3) the choice of dosage intervals for antiepileptic drugs is determined in part by the range of fluctuation in drug concentration between doses that is acceptable; (4) addition of a drug to an existing antiepileptic regimen may raise or lower the serum concentration of prior drugs by inhibition or induction of their metabolism; (5) if possible, make only one change at a time in an antiepileptic drug regimen; and (6) antiepileptic drugs should not be given by the i.m. route in emergency situations.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: clinical pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs. The absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion and clinical pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs are reviewed. Six guidelines for the therapeutic use of these drugs are given: (1) when therapy with an antiepileptic drug is initiated or when dosage is raised or lowered, the new steady-state drug serum concentration and the full effect of the dosage change will not occur for five elimination half-lives; (2) a loading dose is usually necessary to immediately achieve a steady-state serum drug concentration equal to the usual maintenance steady-state serum drug concentration; (3) the choice of dosage intervals for antiepileptic drugs is determined in part by the range of fluctuation in drug concentration between doses that is acceptable; (4) addition of a drug to an existing antiepileptic regimen may raise or lower the serum concentration of prior drugs by inhibition or induction of their metabolism; (5) if possible, make only one change at a time in an antiepileptic drug regimen; and (6) antiepileptic drugs should not be given by the i.m. route in emergency situations."}
{"id": "PMID:358833", "title": "Computer-assisted eye examination. VII. Final evaluation of the refractor. III system for subjective examination after reducing software and hardware errors.", "content": "Eighty patient-volunteers were refracted by the computer-assisted Refractor III system and the results were compared with those obtained by the usual manual method. For the distance prescription 95% of the results were satisfactory. For the near add all were satisfactory. Relative validity of the system was also measured objectively by repeatability data. System test differences and test-retest manual-examination data were found comparable, indicating that the validity of the system is similar to that of the manual method. Further developments are expected to improve reliability, simplify maintenance, and extend testing so that the system will be an economical and useful instrument in eye clinics.", "contents": "Computer-assisted eye examination. VII. Final evaluation of the refractor. III system for subjective examination after reducing software and hardware errors. Eighty patient-volunteers were refracted by the computer-assisted Refractor III system and the results were compared with those obtained by the usual manual method. For the distance prescription 95% of the results were satisfactory. For the near add all were satisfactory. Relative validity of the system was also measured objectively by repeatability data. System test differences and test-retest manual-examination data were found comparable, indicating that the validity of the system is similar to that of the manual method. Further developments are expected to improve reliability, simplify maintenance, and extend testing so that the system will be an economical and useful instrument in eye clinics."}
{"id": "PMID:358838", "title": "Membrane potentials and the energetics of intestinal Na+-dependent transport systems.", "content": "The transmembrane chemical gradient for Na+ that most living cells maintain represents an energy source which is not sufficient to account for observed cellular sugar or amino acid gradients. This short review summarizes the literature pointing to the above conclusion, and described experimental evidence from a variety of model systems which indicates that the membrane potential can provide an additional driving force. Ordinarily, solute leak pathways compromise the full gradient forming capability of the Na+-dependent concentration systems and obscure the extent to which membrane potentials are important. When these \"leaks\" are experimentally controlled, solute gradients are established that identify the membrane potential as a quantitatively very important energy input. Furthermore, if the electrochemical gradient for Na+ is the sole source of energy, an extremely high efficiency of energy transduction must occur during gradient-coupled transport. An experimental approach is described here which can provide clues to the mechanistic role for membrane potentials in intestinal Na+-dependent sugar transport.", "contents": "Membrane potentials and the energetics of intestinal Na+-dependent transport systems. The transmembrane chemical gradient for Na+ that most living cells maintain represents an energy source which is not sufficient to account for observed cellular sugar or amino acid gradients. This short review summarizes the literature pointing to the above conclusion, and described experimental evidence from a variety of model systems which indicates that the membrane potential can provide an additional driving force. Ordinarily, solute leak pathways compromise the full gradient forming capability of the Na+-dependent concentration systems and obscure the extent to which membrane potentials are important. When these \"leaks\" are experimentally controlled, solute gradients are established that identify the membrane potential as a quantitatively very important energy input. Furthermore, if the electrochemical gradient for Na+ is the sole source of energy, an extremely high efficiency of energy transduction must occur during gradient-coupled transport. An experimental approach is described here which can provide clues to the mechanistic role for membrane potentials in intestinal Na+-dependent sugar transport."}
{"id": "PMID:358839", "title": "Effect of toxigenic Escherichia coli on myoelectric activity of small intestine.", "content": "When exposed to cholera toxin (CT), distal ileal loops of the rabbit small intestine showed an alteration in myoelectric activity. This alteration was defined as the migrating action potential complex (MAPC). The purpose of this study was to determine, using myoelectric recording techniques, the effects of live toxigenic Escherichia coli (TEC) on motility. Live TEC, live nontoxigenic E. coli (NTEC), and culture filtrates of these organisms were studied. Live TEC and its filtrate induced MAPC activity similar to that of CT. Live TEC induced a mean of 3.8 MAPCs/h, significantly greater than induced by live NTEC. TEC filtrate induced a mean of 14.2 MAPCs/h, significantly greater than NTEC filtrate. Heating the TEC filtrate to 100 degrees C before use resulted in a significant decrease of MAPC activity. This experiment demonstrated that live TEC and its culture filtrate altered ileal myoelectric activity. The effect may have been mediated by a heat-labile enterotoxin. This study suggests that alterations in small intestinal motility may be important in the pathogenesis of TEC diarrhea.", "contents": "Effect of toxigenic Escherichia coli on myoelectric activity of small intestine. When exposed to cholera toxin (CT), distal ileal loops of the rabbit small intestine showed an alteration in myoelectric activity. This alteration was defined as the migrating action potential complex (MAPC). The purpose of this study was to determine, using myoelectric recording techniques, the effects of live toxigenic Escherichia coli (TEC) on motility. Live TEC, live nontoxigenic E. coli (NTEC), and culture filtrates of these organisms were studied. Live TEC and its filtrate induced MAPC activity similar to that of CT. Live TEC induced a mean of 3.8 MAPCs/h, significantly greater than induced by live NTEC. TEC filtrate induced a mean of 14.2 MAPCs/h, significantly greater than NTEC filtrate. Heating the TEC filtrate to 100 degrees C before use resulted in a significant decrease of MAPC activity. This experiment demonstrated that live TEC and its culture filtrate altered ileal myoelectric activity. The effect may have been mediated by a heat-labile enterotoxin. This study suggests that alterations in small intestinal motility may be important in the pathogenesis of TEC diarrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:358840", "title": "The control of sodium excretion.", "content": "The kidneys of a normal man filter approximately 24,000 meq sodium/day, reabsorb about 23,900, and yet can make a 1--2 meq change in 24-h urinary sodium excretion. The control of urinary sodium excretion, therefore, depends, first, on ensuring that the bulk of the sodium is reabsorbed, a function which is carried out in the proximal tubule and ascending loop of Henle. Second, it depends on adjusting the reabsorption of the small quantity of sodium which is delivered into the collecting duct so that the amount excreted in the urine is that required to maintain sodium balance. The bulk reabsorptive mechanisms can be considered as buffers to prevent large fluctuations in the amount of sodium delivered to the collecting duct, thus facilitating the fine adjustments of reabsorption which are made at this site. In conditions other than extreme salt loading or deprivation, changes in sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle probably have little, if any, effect on urinary sodium excretion. Sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule and the collecting duct appears to be influenced by unidentified circulating substances.", "contents": "The control of sodium excretion. The kidneys of a normal man filter approximately 24,000 meq sodium/day, reabsorb about 23,900, and yet can make a 1--2 meq change in 24-h urinary sodium excretion. The control of urinary sodium excretion, therefore, depends, first, on ensuring that the bulk of the sodium is reabsorbed, a function which is carried out in the proximal tubule and ascending loop of Henle. Second, it depends on adjusting the reabsorption of the small quantity of sodium which is delivered into the collecting duct so that the amount excreted in the urine is that required to maintain sodium balance. The bulk reabsorptive mechanisms can be considered as buffers to prevent large fluctuations in the amount of sodium delivered to the collecting duct, thus facilitating the fine adjustments of reabsorption which are made at this site. In conditions other than extreme salt loading or deprivation, changes in sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle probably have little, if any, effect on urinary sodium excretion. Sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule and the collecting duct appears to be influenced by unidentified circulating substances."}
{"id": "PMID:358843", "title": "Choline acetyltransferase activity in rat heart after transplantation.", "content": "Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) catalyzes the biosynthesis of acetylcholine according to the chemical equation: Acetyl-CoA + Choline in equilibrium Acetylcholine + CoA. To demonstrate the neuronal relationship of this enzyme, CAT activity was measured in hearts to which the extrinsic innervation was completely interrupted by extirpation of the heart from a donor animal and transplantation in a heterotopic position into the recipient's abdominal cavity. After the animals were killed at 8 days, enzyme activity in the transplanted hearts was measured and compared with that of the recipient. Choline acetyltransferase activity decreased 98% in the right atrium of the transplanted denervated hearts, 94% in the SA node, 87% in the left atrium, 80% in the right ventricle, and about 50% in the interventricular septum and left ventricle. These data show that sectioning the extrinsic parasympathetic innervation to the heart results in variable decreases in CAT activity, a finding which confirms that CAT activity is related to the extrinsic cholinergic innervation. The extrinsic (preganglionic) component of the parasympathetic system is nonuniform and supplies predominantly the specialized regions of the heart with conduction tissue. The residual enzyme activity is related to intrinsic (postganglionic) parasympathetic neurons. The intrinsic component is uniformly distributed to both specialized and contractile regions of the heart.", "contents": "Choline acetyltransferase activity in rat heart after transplantation. Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) catalyzes the biosynthesis of acetylcholine according to the chemical equation: Acetyl-CoA + Choline in equilibrium Acetylcholine + CoA. To demonstrate the neuronal relationship of this enzyme, CAT activity was measured in hearts to which the extrinsic innervation was completely interrupted by extirpation of the heart from a donor animal and transplantation in a heterotopic position into the recipient's abdominal cavity. After the animals were killed at 8 days, enzyme activity in the transplanted hearts was measured and compared with that of the recipient. Choline acetyltransferase activity decreased 98% in the right atrium of the transplanted denervated hearts, 94% in the SA node, 87% in the left atrium, 80% in the right ventricle, and about 50% in the interventricular septum and left ventricle. These data show that sectioning the extrinsic parasympathetic innervation to the heart results in variable decreases in CAT activity, a finding which confirms that CAT activity is related to the extrinsic cholinergic innervation. The extrinsic (preganglionic) component of the parasympathetic system is nonuniform and supplies predominantly the specialized regions of the heart with conduction tissue. The residual enzyme activity is related to intrinsic (postganglionic) parasympathetic neurons. The intrinsic component is uniformly distributed to both specialized and contractile regions of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:358844", "title": "On editing the Journal: Ave atque vale.", "content": "Dr. Braceland discusses his 13-year tenure (1965-1978) as Editor of the American Journal of Psychiatry, noting that he took office during a period of social turmoil that in many ways resembled the decade of the Journal's founding 134 years ago. He describes the advantages and disadvantages of the peer review system he introduced to the Journal and states that this approach is essential in a time of ultraspecialization. He reviews the crafts of editing and writing for medical journals, both of which are brightened by clarity and brevity. As to the future of medical journals, he considers reports of their demise premature, while acknowledging the problems they face. Dr. Braceland briefly considered a \"rocking chair\" approach to his retirement from the Editorship, but the Editor Emeritus will instead continue to provide whatever assistance he can to his colleagues.", "contents": "On editing the Journal: Ave atque vale. Dr. Braceland discusses his 13-year tenure (1965-1978) as Editor of the American Journal of Psychiatry, noting that he took office during a period of social turmoil that in many ways resembled the decade of the Journal's founding 134 years ago. He describes the advantages and disadvantages of the peer review system he introduced to the Journal and states that this approach is essential in a time of ultraspecialization. He reviews the crafts of editing and writing for medical journals, both of which are brightened by clarity and brevity. As to the future of medical journals, he considers reports of their demise premature, while acknowledging the problems they face. Dr. Braceland briefly considered a \"rocking chair\" approach to his retirement from the Editorship, but the Editor Emeritus will instead continue to provide whatever assistance he can to his colleagues."}
{"id": "PMID:358845", "title": "Prediction of imipramine antidepressant response by a one-day dextro-amphetamine trial.", "content": "This study provides additional evidence that there is a moderate association between the acute activation, euphoria, and antidepressant responses to dextro-amphetamine and the antidepressant response to imipramine during a four-week trial. Comparison of the responses of 13 patients to dextro-amphetamine on two different days during a double blind trial indicated that differences in dextro-amphetamine response are consistent, replicable characteristics of individual depressed patients. The variables of sex, diagnosis, diurnal mood variation, platelet MAO activity, and MMPI scale scores were of minimal assistance in revealing factors that might be associated with activation or antidepressant responses to dextro-amphetamine in this small patient group. The authors suggest the need for larger-scale studies in this area.", "contents": "Prediction of imipramine antidepressant response by a one-day dextro-amphetamine trial. This study provides additional evidence that there is a moderate association between the acute activation, euphoria, and antidepressant responses to dextro-amphetamine and the antidepressant response to imipramine during a four-week trial. Comparison of the responses of 13 patients to dextro-amphetamine on two different days during a double blind trial indicated that differences in dextro-amphetamine response are consistent, replicable characteristics of individual depressed patients. The variables of sex, diagnosis, diurnal mood variation, platelet MAO activity, and MMPI scale scores were of minimal assistance in revealing factors that might be associated with activation or antidepressant responses to dextro-amphetamine in this small patient group. The authors suggest the need for larger-scale studies in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:358854", "title": "[Spontaneous delivery during respirator therapy. A case report (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a short presentation of the physiological changes in respiration of pregnant women, we report our own experience with the development and therapy of a case of pneumonia during the last month of pregnancy. In this case, the spontaneous birth of a healthy child occurred after four days of mechanical ventilation. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of waiting for spontaneous birth, taking under consideration the conditions previously described.", "contents": "[Spontaneous delivery during respirator therapy. A case report (author's transl)]. Following a short presentation of the physiological changes in respiration of pregnant women, we report our own experience with the development and therapy of a case of pneumonia during the last month of pregnancy. In this case, the spontaneous birth of a healthy child occurred after four days of mechanical ventilation. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of waiting for spontaneous birth, taking under consideration the conditions previously described."}
{"id": "PMID:358859", "title": "[Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies of the development of the joint surfaces (author's transl)].", "content": "The late embryonic and post partum development of the rat knee-joint has been studied by the transmission and scanning electron microscope. Undergoing a transformation in the sense of functional adaption to extrauterine life there is a final breakdown of the mesenchym cell layer (interzone) which separates in the embryo the anlagen of the bones. Its is followed by an accelerated growth of the collagen-containing intercellular substance which finally forms the surface.", "contents": "[Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies of the development of the joint surfaces (author's transl)]. The late embryonic and post partum development of the rat knee-joint has been studied by the transmission and scanning electron microscope. Undergoing a transformation in the sense of functional adaption to extrauterine life there is a final breakdown of the mesenchym cell layer (interzone) which separates in the embryo the anlagen of the bones. Its is followed by an accelerated growth of the collagen-containing intercellular substance which finally forms the surface."}
{"id": "PMID:358860", "title": "[Demonstration of intrastriatal types of synapses and axon-collaterals by experimental isolation of fundus striati from all extrastriatal connections (author's transl)].", "content": "After columnar isolation of the cat's fundus striati with a survival time of 2 days or 2 or 4 weeks all axospinous boutons (type I, III And iv) and most axo-dendritic (or axo-somatic) boutons (type II, VI and VII) undergo dark degeneration. All specimens of axo-somatic (or axodendritic) type IX bouton (containing large, round vesicles in a clear axoplasm) and most specimens of type V bouton (with pleomorphic and some dense core vesicles) are unaltered. Many type VIII boutons (dindritic terminals containing scattered, small, sphrical vesicles suspended between the filaments of many microtubules in clear dendroplasm) are almost preserved, in the fundus more than in the caudate nucleus. After 2 or 4 weeks, some perikarya and many dendrites have undergone an electron-dense retrograde degeneration resulting from interuption of the efferent axons of the large striatal cells. The type IX synapses are interpreted as intrinsic between the small spiny and the large efferent striatal neurons; the type V as intrastriatal axon-collaterals of the large efferent neurons and the type VIII as dendritic terminals of intrastriatal Golgi type II nerve cells (possibly dwarf cells).", "contents": "[Demonstration of intrastriatal types of synapses and axon-collaterals by experimental isolation of fundus striati from all extrastriatal connections (author's transl)]. After columnar isolation of the cat's fundus striati with a survival time of 2 days or 2 or 4 weeks all axospinous boutons (type I, III And iv) and most axo-dendritic (or axo-somatic) boutons (type II, VI and VII) undergo dark degeneration. All specimens of axo-somatic (or axodendritic) type IX bouton (containing large, round vesicles in a clear axoplasm) and most specimens of type V bouton (with pleomorphic and some dense core vesicles) are unaltered. Many type VIII boutons (dindritic terminals containing scattered, small, sphrical vesicles suspended between the filaments of many microtubules in clear dendroplasm) are almost preserved, in the fundus more than in the caudate nucleus. After 2 or 4 weeks, some perikarya and many dendrites have undergone an electron-dense retrograde degeneration resulting from interuption of the efferent axons of the large striatal cells. The type IX synapses are interpreted as intrinsic between the small spiny and the large efferent striatal neurons; the type V as intrastriatal axon-collaterals of the large efferent neurons and the type VIII as dendritic terminals of intrastriatal Golgi type II nerve cells (possibly dwarf cells)."}
{"id": "PMID:358861", "title": "[On a nerve in the foramen thyroideum (author's transl)].", "content": "On the right half of the larynx of a 35-year old man a branch of the ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris was described that entered the inner larynx without vessels through a foramen thyroideum. A foramen thyroideum that appears in adults in more than a quarter of the cases is considered on the one hand as a remaining cleft between the fused cartilagineous skeletal elements of the forth and fifth viszeral arch and on the other hand as a occasionally remaining opening on account of a vessel or nerve running through. In more than half the cases vessels and nerves together pass through a foramen thyroideum and in a further third vessels only. If, in the case described, a nerve only passes through the foramen, this nerve, in human beinges, cannot be the nerve of the fifth veszeral arch on account of phylo-and ontogenetic considerations.", "contents": "[On a nerve in the foramen thyroideum (author's transl)]. On the right half of the larynx of a 35-year old man a branch of the ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris was described that entered the inner larynx without vessels through a foramen thyroideum. A foramen thyroideum that appears in adults in more than a quarter of the cases is considered on the one hand as a remaining cleft between the fused cartilagineous skeletal elements of the forth and fifth viszeral arch and on the other hand as a occasionally remaining opening on account of a vessel or nerve running through. In more than half the cases vessels and nerves together pass through a foramen thyroideum and in a further third vessels only. If, in the case described, a nerve only passes through the foramen, this nerve, in human beinges, cannot be the nerve of the fifth veszeral arch on account of phylo-and ontogenetic considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:358865", "title": "[Intelligence : individual differences, genetic factors, environmental factors and interaction between the genotype and the environment (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors undertook a review of published work on the sources of variation in individual differences in intelligence. They should : 1) that methods of quantitative genetics concerning intelligence are not applicable to human populations ; 2) that the results of studies on adoptions and on twins do not permit one to estimate the respective roles of environment and heredity ; 3) that this division of variance had no heuristic value in the study of human intelligence.", "contents": "[Intelligence : individual differences, genetic factors, environmental factors and interaction between the genotype and the environment (author's transl)]. The authors undertook a review of published work on the sources of variation in individual differences in intelligence. They should : 1) that methods of quantitative genetics concerning intelligence are not applicable to human populations ; 2) that the results of studies on adoptions and on twins do not permit one to estimate the respective roles of environment and heredity ; 3) that this division of variance had no heuristic value in the study of human intelligence."}
{"id": "PMID:358866", "title": "[Sensitivity in vitro of opportunist yeasts (Candida albicans and Torulopsis glabrata) to flucytosine and concordance curves (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the results of a study with 100 strains of C. albicans and 50 strains of T. glabrata: the objectives of this experiment were to exhibit the primary and secondary resistance of the clinical isolates of fungi against flucytosine (5-FC) :another objective was to establish the concordance curves for 5-FC, by mean of MIC measurements and inhibition diameters by disk plates diffusion, determined simultaneously for the same strains. These curves make it possible subsequently to determine the MIC of 5-FC for the fungi strains by means of the inhibition zones. The last objective of this study was to compare the results achieved in different medium and growth conditions in order to choose the best possible technical conditions for MIC and antifungigramme determination.", "contents": "[Sensitivity in vitro of opportunist yeasts (Candida albicans and Torulopsis glabrata) to flucytosine and concordance curves (author's transl)]. The authors report the results of a study with 100 strains of C. albicans and 50 strains of T. glabrata: the objectives of this experiment were to exhibit the primary and secondary resistance of the clinical isolates of fungi against flucytosine (5-FC) :another objective was to establish the concordance curves for 5-FC, by mean of MIC measurements and inhibition diameters by disk plates diffusion, determined simultaneously for the same strains. These curves make it possible subsequently to determine the MIC of 5-FC for the fungi strains by means of the inhibition zones. The last objective of this study was to compare the results achieved in different medium and growth conditions in order to choose the best possible technical conditions for MIC and antifungigramme determination."}
{"id": "PMID:358867", "title": "Skin grafting and graft rejection in goats.", "content": "As part of a study to define the major histocompatibility complex of the goat and to show certain aspects of its biological function, a skin-grafting technique is described which might also be applicable for similar studies in other ruminant species.", "contents": "Skin grafting and graft rejection in goats. As part of a study to define the major histocompatibility complex of the goat and to show certain aspects of its biological function, a skin-grafting technique is described which might also be applicable for similar studies in other ruminant species."}
{"id": "PMID:358869", "title": "In vivo transfer of an Escherichia coli enterotoxin plasmid possessing genes for drug resistance.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to study transfer of an enterotoxin (Ent) plasmid from a porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to an E coli K12 strain in the intestine of newly weaned pigs. The Ent plasmid carried genes for resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides, thereby permitting a selection for tetracycline-resistant exconjugants in the feces of the pigs. In vivo transfer of the Ent plasmid was demonstrated to occur when the pigs were given large oral inocula of donor and recipient cultures, 1 hour apart. Differences in extent of transfer were not detected in pigs given antibiotic-free feed compared with littermates on feed containing oxytetracycline at 50 g/ton. In one experiment, tetracycline-resistant Ent- exconjugants were found which appeared to have received an R plasmid from an enteropathogenic type of E coli resident in the intestine.", "contents": "In vivo transfer of an Escherichia coli enterotoxin plasmid possessing genes for drug resistance. Experiments were conducted to study transfer of an enterotoxin (Ent) plasmid from a porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to an E coli K12 strain in the intestine of newly weaned pigs. The Ent plasmid carried genes for resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides, thereby permitting a selection for tetracycline-resistant exconjugants in the feces of the pigs. In vivo transfer of the Ent plasmid was demonstrated to occur when the pigs were given large oral inocula of donor and recipient cultures, 1 hour apart. Differences in extent of transfer were not detected in pigs given antibiotic-free feed compared with littermates on feed containing oxytetracycline at 50 g/ton. In one experiment, tetracycline-resistant Ent- exconjugants were found which appeared to have received an R plasmid from an enteropathogenic type of E coli resident in the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:358870", "title": "Morphologic evaluation of IgM cells of the canine small intestine by fluorescence microscopy.", "content": "Biopsies of small intestine from 7 dogs were examined by fluorescence microscopy to determine the number of IgM-containing cells in the lamina propria. Biopsies were taken from duodenum, jejunum, and ileium. (Cell counts were made by 2 persons to demonstrate reproducibility.) There were 452.24 +/- 60.09 cells per mm2 in the duodenum 572.68 +/- 62.13 cells per mm2 in the jejunum, and 107.47 +/- 59.57 cells per mm2 in the ileum. All sections were cut at 6 micrometer. The ileum had fewer cells than either duodenum or jejunum (P = 0.000038 and 0.00001, respectively), whereas duodenum and jejunum did not differ significantly in numbers of cells (P = 0.17528). Quantifying autofluorescent cells in the same sites showed no significant differences among the 3 tissues (P = 0.24697). The autofluorescent cells differed in intensity and morphology from the IgM cells. These two observations tend to support the contention that the autofluorescent cells did not bias the IgM cell counts at the 3 sites. Total autofluorescence (cells, collagen, and vessels) was higher in the ileum than in either the jejunum or the duodenum (P = 0.04967 and 0.03050, respectively). However, all 3 categories counted (IgM cells, autofluorescent cells, and autofluorescent structures) had significant dog-tissue interactions. This will necessitate determining normals for each age-sex-breed category of dog studied.", "contents": "Morphologic evaluation of IgM cells of the canine small intestine by fluorescence microscopy. Biopsies of small intestine from 7 dogs were examined by fluorescence microscopy to determine the number of IgM-containing cells in the lamina propria. Biopsies were taken from duodenum, jejunum, and ileium. (Cell counts were made by 2 persons to demonstrate reproducibility.) There were 452.24 +/- 60.09 cells per mm2 in the duodenum 572.68 +/- 62.13 cells per mm2 in the jejunum, and 107.47 +/- 59.57 cells per mm2 in the ileum. All sections were cut at 6 micrometer. The ileum had fewer cells than either duodenum or jejunum (P = 0.000038 and 0.00001, respectively), whereas duodenum and jejunum did not differ significantly in numbers of cells (P = 0.17528). Quantifying autofluorescent cells in the same sites showed no significant differences among the 3 tissues (P = 0.24697). The autofluorescent cells differed in intensity and morphology from the IgM cells. These two observations tend to support the contention that the autofluorescent cells did not bias the IgM cell counts at the 3 sites. Total autofluorescence (cells, collagen, and vessels) was higher in the ileum than in either the jejunum or the duodenum (P = 0.04967 and 0.03050, respectively). However, all 3 categories counted (IgM cells, autofluorescent cells, and autofluorescent structures) had significant dog-tissue interactions. This will necessitate determining normals for each age-sex-breed category of dog studied."}
{"id": "PMID:358871", "title": "Immunochemical study of canine intestinal, hepatic, and osseous alkaline phosphatases.", "content": "Partially purified alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from canine intestine, liver, and bone were injected into rabbits to elicit anti-canine intestinal, hepatic, and osseous ALP antibodies, respectively. The antibody formed a soluble enzyme-antienzyme complex when directly interacted with the ALP antigen. In order to form an insoluble complex, it was then necessary to interact the initial soluble complex with the goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulin antibody in the 2nd step. Antiintestinal ALP antibody was highly specific and did not cross react with canine hepatic, osseous, splenic, and renal ALP. Antiliver and antibone ALP antibodies, on the other hand, did cross react with hepatic, osseous, splenic, and renal ALP, but not with the intestinal ALP.", "contents": "Immunochemical study of canine intestinal, hepatic, and osseous alkaline phosphatases. Partially purified alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from canine intestine, liver, and bone were injected into rabbits to elicit anti-canine intestinal, hepatic, and osseous ALP antibodies, respectively. The antibody formed a soluble enzyme-antienzyme complex when directly interacted with the ALP antigen. In order to form an insoluble complex, it was then necessary to interact the initial soluble complex with the goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulin antibody in the 2nd step. Antiintestinal ALP antibody was highly specific and did not cross react with canine hepatic, osseous, splenic, and renal ALP. Antiliver and antibone ALP antibodies, on the other hand, did cross react with hepatic, osseous, splenic, and renal ALP, but not with the intestinal ALP."}
{"id": "PMID:358872", "title": "Origin of serum alkaline phosphatase in the dog.", "content": "The origin of canine serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was investigated by various means. On the basis of electrophoretic migration, neuraminidase treatment, thermal denaturation, and chromatographic fractionation, canine serum was found to contain ALP principally of hepatic origin. There was evidence of only a minor portion of ALP being of osseous origin. Intestinal ALP was not detected in canine serum when monitored by immunochemical technique, L-phenylalanine inhibition, and thermal denaturation.", "contents": "Origin of serum alkaline phosphatase in the dog. The origin of canine serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was investigated by various means. On the basis of electrophoretic migration, neuraminidase treatment, thermal denaturation, and chromatographic fractionation, canine serum was found to contain ALP principally of hepatic origin. There was evidence of only a minor portion of ALP being of osseous origin. Intestinal ALP was not detected in canine serum when monitored by immunochemical technique, L-phenylalanine inhibition, and thermal denaturation."}
{"id": "PMID:358873", "title": "Diagnostic evaluation of canine serum alkaline phosphatase by immunochemical means and interpretation of results.", "content": "Sera of several canine patients contained an isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) that resembled intestinal ALP with respect to heat inactivation, L-phenylalanine inhibition, and sensitivity to anti-canine intestinal ALP antibody, but differed with regard to the electrophoretic migration. The electrophoretic mobility of the isoenzyme was slightly cathodal than that of hepatic ALP, and its migration was reduced, similar to that of hepatic isoenzyme after neuraminidase treatment. This isoenzyme, which could be corticosteroid induced, was in the sera of numerous dogs with hepatobiliary disorders and was different from the hepatic isoenzyme that appeared in the sera of dogs with acute hepatitis, based on anti-canine intestinal ALP antibody interaction, heat inactivation, and electrophoretic migration.", "contents": "Diagnostic evaluation of canine serum alkaline phosphatase by immunochemical means and interpretation of results. Sera of several canine patients contained an isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) that resembled intestinal ALP with respect to heat inactivation, L-phenylalanine inhibition, and sensitivity to anti-canine intestinal ALP antibody, but differed with regard to the electrophoretic migration. The electrophoretic mobility of the isoenzyme was slightly cathodal than that of hepatic ALP, and its migration was reduced, similar to that of hepatic isoenzyme after neuraminidase treatment. This isoenzyme, which could be corticosteroid induced, was in the sera of numerous dogs with hepatobiliary disorders and was different from the hepatic isoenzyme that appeared in the sera of dogs with acute hepatitis, based on anti-canine intestinal ALP antibody interaction, heat inactivation, and electrophoretic migration."}
{"id": "PMID:358874", "title": "Comparisons of the complement-fixation, indirect fluorescent antibody, and card agglutination tests for the diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis.", "content": "Results of complement-fixation (CF), indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA), and card agglutination (CT) tests were statistically compared, using 380 serum samples obtained from 140 cattle which were disease-free or naturally or experimentally infected with Anaplasma marginale of Colombian origin. The IFA test was significantly the most sensitive for detection of amimals infected with anaplasmosis (97%); the CT test and the CF test were less so (84% and 79%, respectively). However, the most efficient test for identifying noninfected animals was the CF test (100%), and the CT and the IFA tests were less efficient (98% and 90%). A linear regression analysis performed on the average IFA and CF titers of 10 calves artificially infected with A marginale during a 20-week period showed significant regression coefficients for both tests. The regression line for the CF titers decreased below the sensitivity threshold at 14 weeks after calves were inoculated, whereas the regression line for the IFA titers continued above the sensitivity threshold 20 weeks after inoculation. The CT test also detected antibodies until the end of the observation period.", "contents": "Comparisons of the complement-fixation, indirect fluorescent antibody, and card agglutination tests for the diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis. Results of complement-fixation (CF), indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA), and card agglutination (CT) tests were statistically compared, using 380 serum samples obtained from 140 cattle which were disease-free or naturally or experimentally infected with Anaplasma marginale of Colombian origin. The IFA test was significantly the most sensitive for detection of amimals infected with anaplasmosis (97%); the CT test and the CF test were less so (84% and 79%, respectively). However, the most efficient test for identifying noninfected animals was the CF test (100%), and the CT and the IFA tests were less efficient (98% and 90%). A linear regression analysis performed on the average IFA and CF titers of 10 calves artificially infected with A marginale during a 20-week period showed significant regression coefficients for both tests. The regression line for the CF titers decreased below the sensitivity threshold at 14 weeks after calves were inoculated, whereas the regression line for the IFA titers continued above the sensitivity threshold 20 weeks after inoculation. The CT test also detected antibodies until the end of the observation period."}
{"id": "PMID:358877", "title": "Airway hyperreactivity and peripheral airway dysfunction in influenza A infection.", "content": "We studied 39 consecutive college students with documented nonpneumonitic influenza A/Victoria/3/75/H3N2 infection to examine alterations in pulmonary mechanics and airway reactivity to cholinergic challenge, and to assess the effect of the antiviral agent amantadine on these changes. Thirty-six of the 39 subjects (92 per cent) demonstrated diminished forced flow rates and decreased density-dependent forced flow rates while breathing a helium-O2 mixture as compared to an air mixture. On initial evaluation, there was no significant difference in forced flow rates or density dependence between a group of 18 subjects treated with amantadine and 21 subjects given a placebo. However, the placebo group demonstrated further decreases in density dependence 7 days after initial presentation, whereas the amantadine group demonstrated a significant increase in density dependence (P less than 0.05), which suggested an accelerated improvement in peripheral airway dysfunction in the treated group. After inhalation of carbachol aerosol, 25 subjects showed a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in total respiratory resistance that was prolonged and independent of hay fever history. Airway hyperreactivity gradually diminished during a 7-week period in both groups. There was no significant difference in the initial degree of hyperreactivity or in the rate of improvement between groups. These data suggest that nonpneumonitic influenza infection may be associated with both an inflammatory response predominantly in the peripheral airways and transient bronchial hyperreactivity. By means of its antiviral effect, amantadine may arrest the proliferation of virus and associated inflammatory response in peripheral airways, but airway hyperreactivity presumably related to initially damaged airway depithelium is not attenuated by inhibition of viral replication after infection has been established.", "contents": "Airway hyperreactivity and peripheral airway dysfunction in influenza A infection. We studied 39 consecutive college students with documented nonpneumonitic influenza A/Victoria/3/75/H3N2 infection to examine alterations in pulmonary mechanics and airway reactivity to cholinergic challenge, and to assess the effect of the antiviral agent amantadine on these changes. Thirty-six of the 39 subjects (92 per cent) demonstrated diminished forced flow rates and decreased density-dependent forced flow rates while breathing a helium-O2 mixture as compared to an air mixture. On initial evaluation, there was no significant difference in forced flow rates or density dependence between a group of 18 subjects treated with amantadine and 21 subjects given a placebo. However, the placebo group demonstrated further decreases in density dependence 7 days after initial presentation, whereas the amantadine group demonstrated a significant increase in density dependence (P less than 0.05), which suggested an accelerated improvement in peripheral airway dysfunction in the treated group. After inhalation of carbachol aerosol, 25 subjects showed a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in total respiratory resistance that was prolonged and independent of hay fever history. Airway hyperreactivity gradually diminished during a 7-week period in both groups. There was no significant difference in the initial degree of hyperreactivity or in the rate of improvement between groups. These data suggest that nonpneumonitic influenza infection may be associated with both an inflammatory response predominantly in the peripheral airways and transient bronchial hyperreactivity. By means of its antiviral effect, amantadine may arrest the proliferation of virus and associated inflammatory response in peripheral airways, but airway hyperreactivity presumably related to initially damaged airway depithelium is not attenuated by inhibition of viral replication after infection has been established."}
{"id": "PMID:358880", "title": "Acute pulmonary edema in Plasmodium falciparum malaria.", "content": "This report describes a patient who developed acute pulmonary edema as a complication of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Hemodynamic evaluation revealed a pulmonary artery wedge pressure of 3 mm Hg and a cardiac index of 4.6 liter per min per m2. The patient exhibited an acute decrease in serum colloid osmotic pressure from 25.1 mm Hg to 16.8 mm Hg. These findings suggest that pulmonary edema in this patient was the result of altered capillary membrane permeability.", "contents": "Acute pulmonary edema in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This report describes a patient who developed acute pulmonary edema as a complication of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Hemodynamic evaluation revealed a pulmonary artery wedge pressure of 3 mm Hg and a cardiac index of 4.6 liter per min per m2. The patient exhibited an acute decrease in serum colloid osmotic pressure from 25.1 mm Hg to 16.8 mm Hg. These findings suggest that pulmonary edema in this patient was the result of altered capillary membrane permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:358881", "title": "[Pediatric bibliometrics. III. World circulation of pediatric periodicals (author's transl)].", "content": "Circulation of pediatric journals through the main twenty international index on medical bibliography is analized.", "contents": "[Pediatric bibliometrics. III. World circulation of pediatric periodicals (author's transl)]. Circulation of pediatric journals through the main twenty international index on medical bibliography is analized."}
{"id": "PMID:358883", "title": "Hypothermia: pathophysiology, clinical settings, and management.", "content": "Hypothermia, defined as a core temperature less than 35 degrees C, is frequently not recognized, in part because of the inadequacy of standard thermometers. This entity has multiple causes and unique pathophysiologic consequences that complicate diagnosis and treatment. Understanding of the physiology of thermoregulation is important in light of recent advances in therapy using core rewarming. Pathophysiology, etiology and management of the hypothermia syndrome are reviewed.", "contents": "Hypothermia: pathophysiology, clinical settings, and management. Hypothermia, defined as a core temperature less than 35 degrees C, is frequently not recognized, in part because of the inadequacy of standard thermometers. This entity has multiple causes and unique pathophysiologic consequences that complicate diagnosis and treatment. Understanding of the physiology of thermoregulation is important in light of recent advances in therapy using core rewarming. Pathophysiology, etiology and management of the hypothermia syndrome are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:358884", "title": "Gentamicin in 1978.", "content": "For a decade gentamicin has been used extensively because of its antimicrobial efficacy and the relatively low prevalence of clinical toxicity. Recently the more frequent appearance of resistant organisms, reports of increased nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, and the development of newer aminoglycoside antibiotics have raised doubts about the continued use of this agent. This paper reassesses the role of gentamicin. It is clear that an appreciation of the pharmacokinetics and the clinical use of gentamicin as well as an understanding of the patterns of toxicity in animals and humans can lead to more efficient treatment with this antimicrobial agent. Despite ample competition from a number of newer aminoglycoside antibiotics, gentamicin will probably continue to be used widely in the near future.", "contents": "Gentamicin in 1978. For a decade gentamicin has been used extensively because of its antimicrobial efficacy and the relatively low prevalence of clinical toxicity. Recently the more frequent appearance of resistant organisms, reports of increased nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, and the development of newer aminoglycoside antibiotics have raised doubts about the continued use of this agent. This paper reassesses the role of gentamicin. It is clear that an appreciation of the pharmacokinetics and the clinical use of gentamicin as well as an understanding of the patterns of toxicity in animals and humans can lead to more efficient treatment with this antimicrobial agent. Despite ample competition from a number of newer aminoglycoside antibiotics, gentamicin will probably continue to be used widely in the near future."}
{"id": "PMID:358885", "title": "Cannabis, 1977.", "content": "Recent advances in development of immunoassay methods for marijuana constituents in body fluids provide a rapid means of detection for forensic purposes and a useful research tool for accurate quantitation of dose-response relation. Therapeutic possibilities of cannabis, such as reduction in intraocular pressure and bronchodilatation, may stimulate development of synthetic cannabinoid derivatives that meet acceptable standards of safety and effiicacy for treatment of glaucoma and asthma. Cannabis use may have harmful short- and long-term impacts on health. Potentially serious short-term effects include predisposition to angina during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. Even in healthy subjects, marijuana smoking decreases peak exercise performance, possibly because of its chronotropic effect with achievement of maximum heart rate at reduced work loads. Although no conclusive evidence exists for long-term biologic consequences of chronic cannabis use, preliminary evidence, suggesting impairment in pulmonary function and immune responses, requires further investigation with large-scale epidemiologic studies.", "contents": "Cannabis, 1977. Recent advances in development of immunoassay methods for marijuana constituents in body fluids provide a rapid means of detection for forensic purposes and a useful research tool for accurate quantitation of dose-response relation. Therapeutic possibilities of cannabis, such as reduction in intraocular pressure and bronchodilatation, may stimulate development of synthetic cannabinoid derivatives that meet acceptable standards of safety and effiicacy for treatment of glaucoma and asthma. Cannabis use may have harmful short- and long-term impacts on health. Potentially serious short-term effects include predisposition to angina during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. Even in healthy subjects, marijuana smoking decreases peak exercise performance, possibly because of its chronotropic effect with achievement of maximum heart rate at reduced work loads. Although no conclusive evidence exists for long-term biologic consequences of chronic cannabis use, preliminary evidence, suggesting impairment in pulmonary function and immune responses, requires further investigation with large-scale epidemiologic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:358882", "title": "[Intolerance to cow's milk protein. A complication of acute gastroenteritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight cases of acute gastroenteritis, two caused by enteropathogenic \"E. coli\", with secondary cow's milk protein intolerance were studied. Diagnosis was established clinically and by means of intestinal biopsy, before and after a milk challenge. The role of acute gastroenteritis as a trigger of cow's milk protein intolerance and other factors contributing to the appearance of that complication are discussed. The mechanisms leading to intractable diarrhoea in a situation of prolonged gastroenteritis are also commented.", "contents": "[Intolerance to cow's milk protein. A complication of acute gastroenteritis (author's transl)]. Eight cases of acute gastroenteritis, two caused by enteropathogenic \"E. coli\", with secondary cow's milk protein intolerance were studied. Diagnosis was established clinically and by means of intestinal biopsy, before and after a milk challenge. The role of acute gastroenteritis as a trigger of cow's milk protein intolerance and other factors contributing to the appearance of that complication are discussed. The mechanisms leading to intractable diarrhoea in a situation of prolonged gastroenteritis are also commented."}
{"id": "PMID:358887", "title": "[Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in immunosuppressed mice treated with gentamicin (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments have been established in order to study the antagonistic effect of cyclophosphamid treatment on the antibiotic activity of gentamicin in vivo. An immunodepressive state in mice (50 % reduction of neutrophil polymorphonuclear) was obtained with a 5 day treatment of cyclophosphamid, at the dose of 15 mg/kg. The mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 10 LD50 of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibiotherapy was applied in 2 ways differing with the dose of gentamicin given twice a day by subcutaneous route (either 2.5 or 25 mg/kg) and with the time at which treatment was started (either at 1 or at 2 h after bacterial challenge). The gentamicin activity decreases in immunosuppressed mice when antibiotic is applied with a low dose (2.5 mg/kg), 1 h after infection challenge. This effect disappears when gentamicin is given with high doses (20 mg/kg) or when antibiotherapy is delayed (2 h after infection challenge). In this case, mortality is important and close to non immunodepressed mice.", "contents": "[Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in immunosuppressed mice treated with gentamicin (author's transl)]. Experiments have been established in order to study the antagonistic effect of cyclophosphamid treatment on the antibiotic activity of gentamicin in vivo. An immunodepressive state in mice (50 % reduction of neutrophil polymorphonuclear) was obtained with a 5 day treatment of cyclophosphamid, at the dose of 15 mg/kg. The mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 10 LD50 of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibiotherapy was applied in 2 ways differing with the dose of gentamicin given twice a day by subcutaneous route (either 2.5 or 25 mg/kg) and with the time at which treatment was started (either at 1 or at 2 h after bacterial challenge). The gentamicin activity decreases in immunosuppressed mice when antibiotic is applied with a low dose (2.5 mg/kg), 1 h after infection challenge. This effect disappears when gentamicin is given with high doses (20 mg/kg) or when antibiotherapy is delayed (2 h after infection challenge). In this case, mortality is important and close to non immunodepressed mice."}
{"id": "PMID:358888", "title": "[Isolation of a cytolytic strain of hog cholera virus from IB-RS2 cells (author's transl)].", "content": "An infectious agent, able to induce a definite cytopathic effect in pig kidney cell monolayers, was isolated from the IB-RS2 cell line. Immunofluorescence, seroneutralization and ultracentrifugation studies have permitted to identify this agent as hog cholera virus (HCV). Representative HCV-strains being devoid of pathogenicity in tissue culture, the practical and theoretical interest of such an isolation is discussed.", "contents": "[Isolation of a cytolytic strain of hog cholera virus from IB-RS2 cells (author's transl)]. An infectious agent, able to induce a definite cytopathic effect in pig kidney cell monolayers, was isolated from the IB-RS2 cell line. Immunofluorescence, seroneutralization and ultracentrifugation studies have permitted to identify this agent as hog cholera virus (HCV). Representative HCV-strains being devoid of pathogenicity in tissue culture, the practical and theoretical interest of such an isolation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:358900", "title": "Changing patterns in paediatric surgical care.", "content": "The increased use of day facilities for children undergoing surgery and the provision of a paediatric home nursing team has resulted in a change in overall care of surgical children in hospital in Southampton. The ratio of day patients to inpatients has fallen from 1 : 2 in 1970 to 1 : 1 in 1976 and the early discharge of inpatients has resulted in a fall in the average inpatient stay of 6.6 days in 1970 to 5.7 days in 1976. I am sure that Alex Simpson Smith, who experienced a traumatic hospital admission at the age of 3 years and who always had the interests of children at heart, would have appreciated and actively encouraged these changes in hospital practice if he had been alive and with us today.", "contents": "Changing patterns in paediatric surgical care. The increased use of day facilities for children undergoing surgery and the provision of a paediatric home nursing team has resulted in a change in overall care of surgical children in hospital in Southampton. The ratio of day patients to inpatients has fallen from 1 : 2 in 1970 to 1 : 1 in 1976 and the early discharge of inpatients has resulted in a fall in the average inpatient stay of 6.6 days in 1970 to 5.7 days in 1976. I am sure that Alex Simpson Smith, who experienced a traumatic hospital admission at the age of 3 years and who always had the interests of children at heart, would have appreciated and actively encouraged these changes in hospital practice if he had been alive and with us today."}
{"id": "PMID:358899", "title": "[Sero-immunological research by immunofluorescence of rats bilharziosis in Guandeloupe. Epidemiological interest, comparative studies in various biotopes (author's transl)].", "content": "A sero-immunological survey by immunofluorescnece has been conducted on 94 rats (R. rattus and R. norvegicus) captured in Guadeloupe, in there different biotopes where the presence of S. mansoni carriers had been reported. These biotopes are those of the \"Grand Etang\" (Great Pond), the fresh-water mangrove and its back-mangrove area, and the Beaugendre valley. The post-mortem performed on the rats revealed that 92 % of those carrying. S. mansoni eggs of full-grown worms, had a rate of antibodies superior to 40. The rates of antibodies obtained, as well as the percentages of S. mansoni-parasited rats vary according to the biotopes. Two hypotheses can account for these variations: a smaller or greater adaptation of the S. mansoni stock to the rat; a change in the comportment of rats  which would thus be more or exposed to reinfestations.", "contents": "[Sero-immunological research by immunofluorescence of rats bilharziosis in Guandeloupe. Epidemiological interest, comparative studies in various biotopes (author's transl)]. A sero-immunological survey by immunofluorescnece has been conducted on 94 rats (R. rattus and R. norvegicus) captured in Guadeloupe, in there different biotopes where the presence of S. mansoni carriers had been reported. These biotopes are those of the \"Grand Etang\" (Great Pond), the fresh-water mangrove and its back-mangrove area, and the Beaugendre valley. The post-mortem performed on the rats revealed that 92 % of those carrying. S. mansoni eggs of full-grown worms, had a rate of antibodies superior to 40. The rates of antibodies obtained, as well as the percentages of S. mansoni-parasited rats vary according to the biotopes. Two hypotheses can account for these variations: a smaller or greater adaptation of the S. mansoni stock to the rat; a change in the comportment of rats  which would thus be more or exposed to reinfestations."}
{"id": "PMID:358909", "title": "[Density gradient ultracentrifugation method of studying sibiromycin interaction with linear and circular DNA].", "content": "Sibiromycin added to linear chromosomal E. coli DNA in vitro leads to the decrease of bouyant density in neutral CsCl density gradient. This decrease is a linear function of sibiromycin/DNA ratio and amounts to about 32 mg/ml at the ratio equal to 0.1. Binding sibiromycin does not change the degree of hydration of DNA as revealed by centrifugation in metrizamide density gradients. When added to the covalently closed or open circular DNA of PM-2 phage, sibiromycin decreased the bouyant density of these DNA species to a similiar extent. The antibiotic does not induce single-strand breaks in DNA in vitro as follows from the results of ethidium bromide-CsCl density gradient centrifugation of covalently closed PM-2 DNA.", "contents": "[Density gradient ultracentrifugation method of studying sibiromycin interaction with linear and circular DNA]. Sibiromycin added to linear chromosomal E. coli DNA in vitro leads to the decrease of bouyant density in neutral CsCl density gradient. This decrease is a linear function of sibiromycin/DNA ratio and amounts to about 32 mg/ml at the ratio equal to 0.1. Binding sibiromycin does not change the degree of hydration of DNA as revealed by centrifugation in metrizamide density gradients. When added to the covalently closed or open circular DNA of PM-2 phage, sibiromycin decreased the bouyant density of these DNA species to a similiar extent. The antibiotic does not induce single-strand breaks in DNA in vitro as follows from the results of ethidium bromide-CsCl density gradient centrifugation of covalently closed PM-2 DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:358910", "title": "[2 types of auxotrophic mutants occurring by insertion of the ampicillin transposon into the chromosome of E. coli K-12].", "content": "Insertion of transpozone TnI determining ampicillin resistance into the E. coli K-12 chromosome resulted in formation of auxothrophic mutants of 2 types. The mutants of the first type carried thermosensitive mutation resulting in auxotrophy with respect to isoleucine at a temperature of 43 degrees C. Such mutants occurred with high frequency (up to 14 per cent with respect to the number of the survived cells with the chromosomes carrying inserted TnI) and had capacity for reversion to the phenotype of the wild type. The mutants of the second type occurred with a frequency 20--180 times lower than that of the mutants of the first type and did not reverse to the phenotype of the parent bacteria. It was found that the chromosome of E. coli K-12 possessed at least 7 sites available for transpozone TnI insertion.", "contents": "[2 types of auxotrophic mutants occurring by insertion of the ampicillin transposon into the chromosome of E. coli K-12]. Insertion of transpozone TnI determining ampicillin resistance into the E. coli K-12 chromosome resulted in formation of auxothrophic mutants of 2 types. The mutants of the first type carried thermosensitive mutation resulting in auxotrophy with respect to isoleucine at a temperature of 43 degrees C. Such mutants occurred with high frequency (up to 14 per cent with respect to the number of the survived cells with the chromosomes carrying inserted TnI) and had capacity for reversion to the phenotype of the wild type. The mutants of the second type occurred with a frequency 20--180 times lower than that of the mutants of the first type and did not reverse to the phenotype of the parent bacteria. It was found that the chromosome of E. coli K-12 possessed at least 7 sites available for transpozone TnI insertion."}
{"id": "PMID:358911", "title": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of the H- and O-forms of bacteria in the genus Proteus].", "content": "Proteus strains isolated from the gastro-intestinal tract of children not older than 1 year were characterized by resistance to oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, benzylpenicillin and erythromycin. The strains were more sensitive to neomycin, monomycin and streptomycin. Antibiotic sensitivity of Pr. mirabilis and Pr. vulgaris strains increased on transfer from H- to O-form. Inverse dependence of the urease activity of the strains on their sensitivity to tetracyclines was noted.", "contents": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of the H- and O-forms of bacteria in the genus Proteus]. Proteus strains isolated from the gastro-intestinal tract of children not older than 1 year were characterized by resistance to oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, benzylpenicillin and erythromycin. The strains were more sensitive to neomycin, monomycin and streptomycin. Antibiotic sensitivity of Pr. mirabilis and Pr. vulgaris strains increased on transfer from H- to O-form. Inverse dependence of the urease activity of the strains on their sensitivity to tetracyclines was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:358912", "title": "[Effect of hydroacridine derivatives on the sensitivity of polyresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to antibiotics].", "content": "Sensitivity of 4 clinical strains of Staph. aureus and E. coli to 13 hydroacridine derivatives and their combinations with antibiotics, such as benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, semi-synthetic penicillins, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, monomycin, oleandomycin and erythromycin was studied. The highest bacteriostatic effect was observed on the use of perhydroactidine derivatives with benzylpenicillin or ampicillin with respect to polyresistant penicillinase-producing strains of Staph. aureus, resistance of which to these antibiotics was decreased 250--1000 times. Under the effect of the above compounds the staphylococcal resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oleandomycine and erythromycin decreased 2--66 times. The combinations of hydroacridine with the antibiotics, except 10-amino-trans-syn-trans-perhydroacridine had no effect on the resistance of the E. coli strains. The results of the combined effect of the above substances were associated with their chemical nature, the bacterial type and possibly the character of the strain resistance.", "contents": "[Effect of hydroacridine derivatives on the sensitivity of polyresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to antibiotics]. Sensitivity of 4 clinical strains of Staph. aureus and E. coli to 13 hydroacridine derivatives and their combinations with antibiotics, such as benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, semi-synthetic penicillins, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, monomycin, oleandomycin and erythromycin was studied. The highest bacteriostatic effect was observed on the use of perhydroactidine derivatives with benzylpenicillin or ampicillin with respect to polyresistant penicillinase-producing strains of Staph. aureus, resistance of which to these antibiotics was decreased 250--1000 times. Under the effect of the above compounds the staphylococcal resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oleandomycine and erythromycin decreased 2--66 times. The combinations of hydroacridine with the antibiotics, except 10-amino-trans-syn-trans-perhydroacridine had no effect on the resistance of the E. coli strains. The results of the combined effect of the above substances were associated with their chemical nature, the bacterial type and possibly the character of the strain resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:358907", "title": "Comparison of three techniques for the detection of antibodies to double-stranded DNA: immunofluorescence on Trypanosoma gambiense, immunofluorescence on Crithidia luciliae and radioimmunoassay using the Farr technique.", "content": "Three techniques for the detection of antibodies against double-stranded DNA were compared: two immunofluorescent (IF) techniques using either Trypanosoma gambiense or Crithidia luciliae as antigen and a radioimmunoassay (RIA) based on the Farr technique. The IF on T. gambiense or C. luciliae gives very similar results but the reaction on C. luciliae is easier to read and to interpret. The use of C. luciliae permits the swift elimination of the two main causes of errors: antibodies against the nucleus of Trypanosomidae and antibodies reacting with the base of the flagella. The RIA appears as a very sensitive test since six sera gave a positive reaction with the RIA and a negative reaction with the IF on C. luciliae. However, the RIA gives in nine cases false positive reactions and in four cases false negative results. Those last four sera contained specific antibodies with low avidity for double-stranded DNA.", "contents": "Comparison of three techniques for the detection of antibodies to double-stranded DNA: immunofluorescence on Trypanosoma gambiense, immunofluorescence on Crithidia luciliae and radioimmunoassay using the Farr technique. Three techniques for the detection of antibodies against double-stranded DNA were compared: two immunofluorescent (IF) techniques using either Trypanosoma gambiense or Crithidia luciliae as antigen and a radioimmunoassay (RIA) based on the Farr technique. The IF on T. gambiense or C. luciliae gives very similar results but the reaction on C. luciliae is easier to read and to interpret. The use of C. luciliae permits the swift elimination of the two main causes of errors: antibodies against the nucleus of Trypanosomidae and antibodies reacting with the base of the flagella. The RIA appears as a very sensitive test since six sera gave a positive reaction with the RIA and a negative reaction with the IF on C. luciliae. However, the RIA gives in nine cases false positive reactions and in four cases false negative results. Those last four sera contained specific antibodies with low avidity for double-stranded DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:358913", "title": "[Chemotherapy of experimental lactational mastitis in mice].", "content": "More severe mastitis on infection with Proteus was shown on a standardized model of experimental lactation mastitis of mice caused by Staphylococcus, Proteus and their mixture. Significant differences in the morphological pictures of the staphylococcal and Proteus mastitis were noted. A pronounced effect was observed with the use of kanamycin in combination with fuzidin in treatment of experimental mastitis of various etiology.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of experimental lactational mastitis in mice]. More severe mastitis on infection with Proteus was shown on a standardized model of experimental lactation mastitis of mice caused by Staphylococcus, Proteus and their mixture. Significant differences in the morphological pictures of the staphylococcal and Proteus mastitis were noted. A pronounced effect was observed with the use of kanamycin in combination with fuzidin in treatment of experimental mastitis of various etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:358908", "title": "[Delayed local reaction (DLR) after BCG vaccination in mice. I.--Description (author's transl].", "content": "Mice injected subcutaneously in the hind footpad with BCG vaccine subsequently develop a local reaction. This local reaction could be divided into three stages: a first characterized as an acute inflammatory reaction, a second as an active granulome formation, and a third as a chronic long lasting inflammatory reaction. The second stage is mainly formed by the appearance of a typical histiolymphocytic granuloma. The intensity of the delayed local reaction (DLR) is measured by the swelling of the injected footpad. This reaction does not occur after injection with irradiated (gamma or UV) BCG in normal mice, nor after injection of living BCG in Nude mice, indicating a T-cell immune response which develops during the in vivo multiplication of this intracellular bacteria. When the lymphoproliferation response in draining node was measured, a direct correlation was found with the intensity of the DLR, and the 125IUdR incorporation into DNA after injection of living BCG or after an irradiated BCG inoculation. The intensity and the rapidity of the onset of this DLR depend upon the dose of viable BCG inoculated in the mouse. When the DLR reached its peak, a linear dose relationship was observed in C57Bl/6 and in NCS mice.", "contents": "[Delayed local reaction (DLR) after BCG vaccination in mice. I.--Description (author's transl]. Mice injected subcutaneously in the hind footpad with BCG vaccine subsequently develop a local reaction. This local reaction could be divided into three stages: a first characterized as an acute inflammatory reaction, a second as an active granulome formation, and a third as a chronic long lasting inflammatory reaction. The second stage is mainly formed by the appearance of a typical histiolymphocytic granuloma. The intensity of the delayed local reaction (DLR) is measured by the swelling of the injected footpad. This reaction does not occur after injection with irradiated (gamma or UV) BCG in normal mice, nor after injection of living BCG in Nude mice, indicating a T-cell immune response which develops during the in vivo multiplication of this intracellular bacteria. When the lymphoproliferation response in draining node was measured, a direct correlation was found with the intensity of the DLR, and the 125IUdR incorporation into DNA after injection of living BCG or after an irradiated BCG inoculation. The intensity and the rapidity of the onset of this DLR depend upon the dose of viable BCG inoculated in the mouse. When the DLR reached its peak, a linear dose relationship was observed in C57Bl/6 and in NCS mice."}
{"id": "PMID:358914", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of semisynthetic cephalosporins for parenteral use on surgical patients].", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of 4 cephalosporanic antibiotics for parenteral use, i. e. cephaloridine, cephradine, cephazoline and cephacetryl was studied in surgical patients with normal function of the kidneys and liver. The first 3 drugs were well absorbed after intramuscular administration, their maximum serum levels being achieved during the first hour. High blood levels of cephacetryl were determined after its intravenous administration. When cephaloridine, cephradine and cephazoline were administered in equal doses, it was found that the first 2 drugs did not practically differ with respect to the values of the serum levels, the rate of elimination from the blood, the rate and level of excretion with the urine. Cephazoline was characterized by higher blood levels and slower elimination from the blood.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of semisynthetic cephalosporins for parenteral use on surgical patients]. Pharmacokinetics of 4 cephalosporanic antibiotics for parenteral use, i. e. cephaloridine, cephradine, cephazoline and cephacetryl was studied in surgical patients with normal function of the kidneys and liver. The first 3 drugs were well absorbed after intramuscular administration, their maximum serum levels being achieved during the first hour. High blood levels of cephacetryl were determined after its intravenous administration. When cephaloridine, cephradine and cephazoline were administered in equal doses, it was found that the first 2 drugs did not practically differ with respect to the values of the serum levels, the rate of elimination from the blood, the rate and level of excretion with the urine. Cephazoline was characterized by higher blood levels and slower elimination from the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:358915", "title": "[Possibilities of preventing cardiotoxic complications in chemotherapy with carminomycin].", "content": "Carminomycin chemotherapy of the patients with malignant tumors is often complicated with cardiopathy which is sometimes assymptomic and registered only electrocardiographycally. Chemotherapy on the background of reparative regeneration stimulators from the series of synthetic pyrrimidine derivatives, such as methyluracyl for oral use and a soluble salt of methyluracyl for parenteral administration significantly decreased the rate of the cardiotoxic complications and promoted a decrease in their level. The use of methyluracyl and its soluble salt did not decrease the therapeutic effect of carminomycin. Methyluracyl and its soluble salt may be recommended for prophylaxis of cardiotoxic complications in chemotherapy of malignant tumors with carminomycin.", "contents": "[Possibilities of preventing cardiotoxic complications in chemotherapy with carminomycin]. Carminomycin chemotherapy of the patients with malignant tumors is often complicated with cardiopathy which is sometimes assymptomic and registered only electrocardiographycally. Chemotherapy on the background of reparative regeneration stimulators from the series of synthetic pyrrimidine derivatives, such as methyluracyl for oral use and a soluble salt of methyluracyl for parenteral administration significantly decreased the rate of the cardiotoxic complications and promoted a decrease in their level. The use of methyluracyl and its soluble salt did not decrease the therapeutic effect of carminomycin. Methyluracyl and its soluble salt may be recommended for prophylaxis of cardiotoxic complications in chemotherapy of malignant tumors with carminomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:358916", "title": "Erythrocyte surface: novel determinant of drug susceptibility in rodent malaria.", "content": "To study the role of the erythrocyte membrane in the process of chloroquine accumulation, surface polypeptides were digested with a nonspecific protease from Streptomyces griseus. This treatment activated a saturable process of chloroquine accumulation with an affinity and a specificity similar to those of mouse erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei CS (chloroquine susceptible). Studies of competitive inhibitors of chloroquine accumulation yielded the following approximate values for K(i): amodiaquine, 2 x 10(-7) M; quinacrine, 5 x 10(-7) M; quinine, 2 x 10(-6) M; and mefloquine, 2 x 10(-5) M. Lack of a substrate requirement distinguished this process from the one used by P. berghei and permitted the protease to be used in studies of infected erythrocytes. Protease treatment of erythrocytes infected with P. berghei CR (chloroquine resistant) produced a dramatic transformation. Instead of describing a sigmoid curve, the process of chloroquine accumulation became saturable and substrate dependent, with a K(diss) of approximately 10(-8) M; i.e., protease-treated erythrocytes infected with P. berghei CR now behaved similarly to those infected with P. berghei CS. Coating the erythrocyte surface with albumin completely inhibited the protease-activated process of chloroquine accumulation. These findings are presented as evidence that erythrocyte surface components determine the affinity with which chloroquine is accumulated and thereby determine whether or not the malaria parasite will be susceptible to the drug.", "contents": "Erythrocyte surface: novel determinant of drug susceptibility in rodent malaria. To study the role of the erythrocyte membrane in the process of chloroquine accumulation, surface polypeptides were digested with a nonspecific protease from Streptomyces griseus. This treatment activated a saturable process of chloroquine accumulation with an affinity and a specificity similar to those of mouse erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei CS (chloroquine susceptible). Studies of competitive inhibitors of chloroquine accumulation yielded the following approximate values for K(i): amodiaquine, 2 x 10(-7) M; quinacrine, 5 x 10(-7) M; quinine, 2 x 10(-6) M; and mefloquine, 2 x 10(-5) M. Lack of a substrate requirement distinguished this process from the one used by P. berghei and permitted the protease to be used in studies of infected erythrocytes. Protease treatment of erythrocytes infected with P. berghei CR (chloroquine resistant) produced a dramatic transformation. Instead of describing a sigmoid curve, the process of chloroquine accumulation became saturable and substrate dependent, with a K(diss) of approximately 10(-8) M; i.e., protease-treated erythrocytes infected with P. berghei CR now behaved similarly to those infected with P. berghei CS. Coating the erythrocyte surface with albumin completely inhibited the protease-activated process of chloroquine accumulation. These findings are presented as evidence that erythrocyte surface components determine the affinity with which chloroquine is accumulated and thereby determine whether or not the malaria parasite will be susceptible to the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:358917", "title": "Two transport systems for tetracycline in sensitive Escherichia coli: critical role for an initial rapid uptake system insensitive to energy inhibitors.", "content": "Escherichia coli sensitivity to tetracycline involves transport and accumulation of the antibiotic within the cell by two different uptake systems: an initial rapid uptake, which occurs over the initial 6 min of contact of the cell with tetracycline, and a slower uptake system, which continues indefinitely and whose rate of uptake is 1/10 that of the rapid system. Only the slow uptake system is blocked by inhibitors of energy-driven systems; it appears to be particularly dependent upon energy from oxidative phosphorylation. Although both uptake systems lead to accumulation of intracellular tetracycline and contribute to the cell's sensitivity, the rapid uptake system appears to be the more important. While these studies confirm active transport of tetracycline into the cell, they demonstrate that a critical uptake system which appears insensitive to metabolic inhibitors occurs initially.", "contents": "Two transport systems for tetracycline in sensitive Escherichia coli: critical role for an initial rapid uptake system insensitive to energy inhibitors. Escherichia coli sensitivity to tetracycline involves transport and accumulation of the antibiotic within the cell by two different uptake systems: an initial rapid uptake, which occurs over the initial 6 min of contact of the cell with tetracycline, and a slower uptake system, which continues indefinitely and whose rate of uptake is 1/10 that of the rapid system. Only the slow uptake system is blocked by inhibitors of energy-driven systems; it appears to be particularly dependent upon energy from oxidative phosphorylation. Although both uptake systems lead to accumulation of intracellular tetracycline and contribute to the cell's sensitivity, the rapid uptake system appears to be the more important. While these studies confirm active transport of tetracycline into the cell, they demonstrate that a critical uptake system which appears insensitive to metabolic inhibitors occurs initially."}
{"id": "PMID:358918", "title": "Mode of incomplete cross-resistance among pipemidic, piromidic, and nalidixic acids.", "content": "Spontaneous mutants with various patterns of resistance to pipemidic acid (PPA), piromidic acid (PA), and nalidixic acid (NAL) were isolated from Escherichia coli K-12. Most mutants were less resistant to PPA than to PA and NAL, and some mutants resistant to PA and NAL were hypersusceptible to PPA. As for the mutants tested, resistance to the drugs was conferred by mutations at nalA and new nal genes designated as nalC and nalD, both of which were located at about 82 min on the recalibrated map. Resistance to PA and NAL was due to decreased sensitivity of the bacterial DNA synthesizing system to them and insufficient drug transport, whereas resistance to PPA was only due to the former.", "contents": "Mode of incomplete cross-resistance among pipemidic, piromidic, and nalidixic acids. Spontaneous mutants with various patterns of resistance to pipemidic acid (PPA), piromidic acid (PA), and nalidixic acid (NAL) were isolated from Escherichia coli K-12. Most mutants were less resistant to PPA than to PA and NAL, and some mutants resistant to PA and NAL were hypersusceptible to PPA. As for the mutants tested, resistance to the drugs was conferred by mutations at nalA and new nal genes designated as nalC and nalD, both of which were located at about 82 min on the recalibrated map. Resistance to PA and NAL was due to decreased sensitivity of the bacterial DNA synthesizing system to them and insufficient drug transport, whereas resistance to PPA was only due to the former."}
{"id": "PMID:358919", "title": "Inhibition of cell division of Escherichia coli by a new synthetic penicillin, piperacillin.", "content": "The mechanism of the action of piperacillin against Escherichia coli was investigated. This drug converted cells to filaments, but did not show lytic action in a range of concentrations below 25 mug/ml. In some of the filaments, stretched constrictions with various diameters were observed. Addition of piperacillin to a synchronous culture inhibited cell division immediately at any stage of the cell cycle. The results of morphological examination of synchronous cultures show that the percentage of filaments with a stretched constriction corresponds to that of normally septated cells before addition of the drug. Furthermore, peptidoglycan synthesis and cross-linking were not inhibited by this drug. It is likely that this drug inhibits only septum formation, but not the growth of wall, and that stretched constrictions are a result of longitudinal growth of septation caused by the drug. Examination of affinity of the drug to penicillin-binding proteins shows that protein 3 is the most sensitive, proteins 2 and 7 are moderately so, and protein 1 is sensitive only to high concentrations of the drug.", "contents": "Inhibition of cell division of Escherichia coli by a new synthetic penicillin, piperacillin. The mechanism of the action of piperacillin against Escherichia coli was investigated. This drug converted cells to filaments, but did not show lytic action in a range of concentrations below 25 mug/ml. In some of the filaments, stretched constrictions with various diameters were observed. Addition of piperacillin to a synchronous culture inhibited cell division immediately at any stage of the cell cycle. The results of morphological examination of synchronous cultures show that the percentage of filaments with a stretched constriction corresponds to that of normally septated cells before addition of the drug. Furthermore, peptidoglycan synthesis and cross-linking were not inhibited by this drug. It is likely that this drug inhibits only septum formation, but not the growth of wall, and that stretched constrictions are a result of longitudinal growth of septation caused by the drug. Examination of affinity of the drug to penicillin-binding proteins shows that protein 3 is the most sensitive, proteins 2 and 7 are moderately so, and protein 1 is sensitive only to high concentrations of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:358920", "title": "Isolation of Klebsielleae from within living wood.", "content": "Previous studies from this laboratory have documented the presence of coliform bacteria emanating from wooden reservoirs containing finished drinking water. Coliforms were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. In the present report, evidence is presented which suggests that the origin of these coliforms is from the wood used to construct the reservoirs. In liquid expressed from freshly cut redwood, total bacterial counts in the range of 10(5) to 10(6)/ml were commonly observed. When present, coliform counts were over 10(3)/ml of expressed liquid. E. agglomerans was the most prevalent coliform present, but Klebsiella was isolated from freshly cut logs. Citrobacter freundii was also occasionally isolated. No fecal coliform-positive Klebsiella were obtained from any of the samples. Highest total bacteria and coliform counts were observed in sapwood specimens. Coliforms were present throughout sapwood as evidenced by contact plating serial sections of freshly cut wood. Scanning electron micrographs illustrate the presence of bacterial colonies within sapwood tracheids. Other wood species also contained coliform bacteria but in numbers lower than found in redwood.", "contents": "Isolation of Klebsielleae from within living wood. Previous studies from this laboratory have documented the presence of coliform bacteria emanating from wooden reservoirs containing finished drinking water. Coliforms were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. In the present report, evidence is presented which suggests that the origin of these coliforms is from the wood used to construct the reservoirs. In liquid expressed from freshly cut redwood, total bacterial counts in the range of 10(5) to 10(6)/ml were commonly observed. When present, coliform counts were over 10(3)/ml of expressed liquid. E. agglomerans was the most prevalent coliform present, but Klebsiella was isolated from freshly cut logs. Citrobacter freundii was also occasionally isolated. No fecal coliform-positive Klebsiella were obtained from any of the samples. Highest total bacteria and coliform counts were observed in sapwood specimens. Coliforms were present throughout sapwood as evidenced by contact plating serial sections of freshly cut wood. Scanning electron micrographs illustrate the presence of bacterial colonies within sapwood tracheids. Other wood species also contained coliform bacteria but in numbers lower than found in redwood."}
{"id": "PMID:358921", "title": "Fumitoxins, new mycotoxins from Aspergillus fumigatus Fres.", "content": "Extracts of cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from silage were lethal to chicken embryos. Using this test and thin-layer chromatography, four UV-absorbing toxins, designated as fumitoxins A, B, C and D, were isolated. Analysis and mass spectrometry of crystallized fumitoxin A, the most abundant in the extract, established its molecular formula to be C31H42O8. Infrared, UV spectroscopy, and chemical reactions suggested that fumitoxin A is a steroid. Fumitoxins appear to be clearly different from the previously described toxins recognized in A. fumigatus.", "contents": "Fumitoxins, new mycotoxins from Aspergillus fumigatus Fres. Extracts of cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from silage were lethal to chicken embryos. Using this test and thin-layer chromatography, four UV-absorbing toxins, designated as fumitoxins A, B, C and D, were isolated. Analysis and mass spectrometry of crystallized fumitoxin A, the most abundant in the extract, established its molecular formula to be C31H42O8. Infrared, UV spectroscopy, and chemical reactions suggested that fumitoxin A is a steroid. Fumitoxins appear to be clearly different from the previously described toxins recognized in A. fumigatus."}
{"id": "PMID:358922", "title": "Modification of M-FC medium by eliminating rosolic acid.", "content": "Eliminating rosolic acid from M-FC medium improves the MFC procedure by allowing higher fecal coliform colony recoveries with greater ease in counting. Samples of unchlorinated and chlorinated domestic sewage, creek, lake, and river water were analyzed for fecal coliforms by standard procedures. Results of 200 comparisons of fecal coliform counts on M-FC medium without and with rosolic acid showed that higher counts were obtained 71% of the time when rosolic acid was excluded without an overgrowth of background colonies. Results from analyzing chlorinated sewage showed that eliminating rosolic acid improved the recovery of fecal coliform bacteria by 49%. A total of 1,675 blue colonies and 766 nonblue colonies were verified. Of the 1,675 blue colonies, 1,566 were confirmed as fecal coliform bacteria, for a verification of 93.5%. The percent verification of nonblue colonies as noncoliform bacteria was 84.2% (644/766).", "contents": "Modification of M-FC medium by eliminating rosolic acid. Eliminating rosolic acid from M-FC medium improves the MFC procedure by allowing higher fecal coliform colony recoveries with greater ease in counting. Samples of unchlorinated and chlorinated domestic sewage, creek, lake, and river water were analyzed for fecal coliforms by standard procedures. Results of 200 comparisons of fecal coliform counts on M-FC medium without and with rosolic acid showed that higher counts were obtained 71% of the time when rosolic acid was excluded without an overgrowth of background colonies. Results from analyzing chlorinated sewage showed that eliminating rosolic acid improved the recovery of fecal coliform bacteria by 49%. A total of 1,675 blue colonies and 766 nonblue colonies were verified. Of the 1,675 blue colonies, 1,566 were confirmed as fecal coliform bacteria, for a verification of 93.5%. The percent verification of nonblue colonies as noncoliform bacteria was 84.2% (644/766)."}
{"id": "PMID:358923", "title": "Isolation of citrate-positive variants of Escherichia coli from domestic pigeons, pigs, cattle, and horses.", "content": "Twenty-seven isolates of citrate-positive variants of Escherichia coli were obtained from domestic pigeons, pigs, cattle, and horses. With the exception of citrate utilization, all isolates closely resembled typical E. coli in their biochemical reactions. These isolates were multiply resistant to antibiotics in in vitro susceptibility tests. Transfer experiments of multiple-drug resistance to the E. coli K-12 strain showed that all citrate-positive isolates from domestic pigeons, pigs, and cattle, resistant to three or more drugs, carried R plasmids showing temperature-sensitive transfer.", "contents": "Isolation of citrate-positive variants of Escherichia coli from domestic pigeons, pigs, cattle, and horses. Twenty-seven isolates of citrate-positive variants of Escherichia coli were obtained from domestic pigeons, pigs, cattle, and horses. With the exception of citrate utilization, all isolates closely resembled typical E. coli in their biochemical reactions. These isolates were multiply resistant to antibiotics in in vitro susceptibility tests. Transfer experiments of multiple-drug resistance to the E. coli K-12 strain showed that all citrate-positive isolates from domestic pigeons, pigs, and cattle, resistant to three or more drugs, carried R plasmids showing temperature-sensitive transfer."}
{"id": "PMID:358924", "title": "Significance of the inactivation of transport in thermal death of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Cells of Escherichia coli ML308-225, harvested from the exponential phase, were heated in 50 mM potassium phosphate, and the loss in viability and inability to transport lactose, proline, and alpha-methylglucoside was compared. After cells were heated at 48 degrees C for 15 min, there was a 16% loss in viability and a similarly small reduction in the steady-state accumulation of lactose at 25 degrees C. The initial rates of lactose and proline transport were severely inhibited by heating at either 48 or 50 degrees C, but substantial recovery occurred within 5 to 7 min at 25 degrees C. Heating at 50 degrees C for 15 min caused an 86% loss in viability, but only a 53% decrease in the steady-state accumulation of lactose and only a 24% reduction in the initial rate of alpha-methylglucoside uptake. Twice as much alpha-methylglucoside was accumulated at 50 degrees C as at 25 degrees C. Although alpha-methylglucoside phosphate leaked from the cells at 50 degrees C, the concentration retained within the cells was about 500 times that externally, when only about 14% of the cells were viable. Overall, these results indicate that cells made nonviable by heating at 50 degrees C still have significant membrane integrity.", "contents": "Significance of the inactivation of transport in thermal death of Escherichia coli. Cells of Escherichia coli ML308-225, harvested from the exponential phase, were heated in 50 mM potassium phosphate, and the loss in viability and inability to transport lactose, proline, and alpha-methylglucoside was compared. After cells were heated at 48 degrees C for 15 min, there was a 16% loss in viability and a similarly small reduction in the steady-state accumulation of lactose at 25 degrees C. The initial rates of lactose and proline transport were severely inhibited by heating at either 48 or 50 degrees C, but substantial recovery occurred within 5 to 7 min at 25 degrees C. Heating at 50 degrees C for 15 min caused an 86% loss in viability, but only a 53% decrease in the steady-state accumulation of lactose and only a 24% reduction in the initial rate of alpha-methylglucoside uptake. Twice as much alpha-methylglucoside was accumulated at 50 degrees C as at 25 degrees C. Although alpha-methylglucoside phosphate leaked from the cells at 50 degrees C, the concentration retained within the cells was about 500 times that externally, when only about 14% of the cells were viable. Overall, these results indicate that cells made nonviable by heating at 50 degrees C still have significant membrane integrity."}
{"id": "PMID:358928", "title": "The dynamics of utilization review: a case study of 44 Massachusetts hospitals.", "content": "Utilization review programs have existed on a national basis for over a decade, but relatively little is known about the patients who are scrutinized and what actions are taken to correct unnecessary use. In the fall of 1976, 44 of the 122 Massachusetts hospitals participated in a two-week in depth study of their utilization review activities. Over 22,000 admission and extended stay reviews were performed during this time period, and of these, 2,120 patients' continued stays in the hospital were questioned. In five admission review cases and 79 extended stay review cases, the UR committee formally terminated continued health insurance benefits, and in 12 admission reviews and 74 extended stay reviews, questioning by the UR committee led the attending physician to discharge the patient earlier than would have otherwise occurred. Ninety-four percent of the terminations occurred in Medicare patients and the median age of these patients exceeded 80 years. For medical patients, a disproportionate share of all those cases questioned and of those terminated occurred in chronic illness categories, such as cancer, heart failure, and organic brain syndromes. A higher than expected percentage of surgical cases questioned by the UR committee were in neurosurgical, cardiovascular and orthopedic procedure groups. The frequency with which UR committees identified and acted upon cases suggests that effective self-policing is occurring. A large portion of the utilization problem, however, may be related to the unavailability of appropriate sub-acute care for patients with chronic medical illness or surgical procedures which require long postoperative rehabilitation and recuperation.", "contents": "The dynamics of utilization review: a case study of 44 Massachusetts hospitals. Utilization review programs have existed on a national basis for over a decade, but relatively little is known about the patients who are scrutinized and what actions are taken to correct unnecessary use. In the fall of 1976, 44 of the 122 Massachusetts hospitals participated in a two-week in depth study of their utilization review activities. Over 22,000 admission and extended stay reviews were performed during this time period, and of these, 2,120 patients' continued stays in the hospital were questioned. In five admission review cases and 79 extended stay review cases, the UR committee formally terminated continued health insurance benefits, and in 12 admission reviews and 74 extended stay reviews, questioning by the UR committee led the attending physician to discharge the patient earlier than would have otherwise occurred. Ninety-four percent of the terminations occurred in Medicare patients and the median age of these patients exceeded 80 years. For medical patients, a disproportionate share of all those cases questioned and of those terminated occurred in chronic illness categories, such as cancer, heart failure, and organic brain syndromes. A higher than expected percentage of surgical cases questioned by the UR committee were in neurosurgical, cardiovascular and orthopedic procedure groups. The frequency with which UR committees identified and acted upon cases suggests that effective self-policing is occurring. A large portion of the utilization problem, however, may be related to the unavailability of appropriate sub-acute care for patients with chronic medical illness or surgical procedures which require long postoperative rehabilitation and recuperation."}
{"id": "PMID:358930", "title": "Malumfashi Endemic Diseases Research Project. II. Malariometry in Malumfashi, Northern Nigeria.", "content": "Prior to longitudinal studies into the effects of malaria upon the immune response, nutritional status and haematological indices in young children in northern Nigeria, the degree of malarial endemicity in the area has been established. Field work was carried out in the wet seasons of 1976 and 1977 and the dry season of 1977 (April). Seasonal variation in transmission has been demonstrated. Age-specific parasite prevalence rates and splenic indices confirm previous studies that this northern part of the Guinea savannah belt of West Central Africa is an holoendemic area.", "contents": "Malumfashi Endemic Diseases Research Project. II. Malariometry in Malumfashi, Northern Nigeria. Prior to longitudinal studies into the effects of malaria upon the immune response, nutritional status and haematological indices in young children in northern Nigeria, the degree of malarial endemicity in the area has been established. Field work was carried out in the wet seasons of 1976 and 1977 and the dry season of 1977 (April). Seasonal variation in transmission has been demonstrated. Age-specific parasite prevalence rates and splenic indices confirm previous studies that this northern part of the Guinea savannah belt of West Central Africa is an holoendemic area."}
{"id": "PMID:358934", "title": "Serology of amebiasis using the FIAX-TM system.", "content": "A new fluorescent immunoassay system (FIAX TM) has permitted development of a promising serologic test for amebiasis. The test is similar but far superior to the soluble antigen fluorescent antibody test. The main differences are the unique StiQ TM sampler and the flourometer itself. Quantitative results can be obtained from a single standard dilution of serum. The procedure is simple to perform, gives objective readings, and uses the proven principle of immunofluorescence. It is possible to test for different immunoglobulin classes and to use purified antigen prepared from axenically  cultured Entamoeba histolytica. Conservation of reagents is comparable to microplate systems, and results are available in less than two hours. FIAX TM for amebiasis has demonstrated excellent discriminating power between amebic and nonamebic sera. Sensitivity is 100 percent for extra-intestinal amebiasis (33 sera), 90 percent for symptomatic intestinal amebiasis (20 sera), and 43 percent for asymptomatic amebiasis (seven sera). Specificity is 97 percent (158 sera).", "contents": "Serology of amebiasis using the FIAX-TM system. A new fluorescent immunoassay system (FIAX TM) has permitted development of a promising serologic test for amebiasis. The test is similar but far superior to the soluble antigen fluorescent antibody test. The main differences are the unique StiQ TM sampler and the flourometer itself. Quantitative results can be obtained from a single standard dilution of serum. The procedure is simple to perform, gives objective readings, and uses the proven principle of immunofluorescence. It is possible to test for different immunoglobulin classes and to use purified antigen prepared from axenically  cultured Entamoeba histolytica. Conservation of reagents is comparable to microplate systems, and results are available in less than two hours. FIAX TM for amebiasis has demonstrated excellent discriminating power between amebic and nonamebic sera. Sensitivity is 100 percent for extra-intestinal amebiasis (33 sera), 90 percent for symptomatic intestinal amebiasis (20 sera), and 43 percent for asymptomatic amebiasis (seven sera). Specificity is 97 percent (158 sera)."}
{"id": "PMID:358935", "title": "[Intestinal amebiasis in children. I. Etiological study of colonic lesions of the rectosigmoid colon].", "content": "A total of 253 children from two months to 12 years old, who had diarrheic or dysenteric syndromes, were studied from the rectosigmoidoscopic and parasitologic points of view. In addition, 112 and 20 of these patients were also studied bacteriologically and virologically, respectively. Only in 28 patients torphozoites of Entamoeba histolytica were found by means of direct microscopic examination, staining techniques and amoebal cultures. Enteropathogenic bacteria were isolated in 41 of the 112 cases examined. No viral particles were detected in the 20 cases studied. From the discussion of these results, the conclusion is reached that the rectosigmoidal mucusal alterations which have been currently considered as suggesting amoebal lessions are not characteristic of invasive intestinal amebiasis in children.", "contents": "[Intestinal amebiasis in children. I. Etiological study of colonic lesions of the rectosigmoid colon]. A total of 253 children from two months to 12 years old, who had diarrheic or dysenteric syndromes, were studied from the rectosigmoidoscopic and parasitologic points of view. In addition, 112 and 20 of these patients were also studied bacteriologically and virologically, respectively. Only in 28 patients torphozoites of Entamoeba histolytica were found by means of direct microscopic examination, staining techniques and amoebal cultures. Enteropathogenic bacteria were isolated in 41 of the 112 cases examined. No viral particles were detected in the 20 cases studied. From the discussion of these results, the conclusion is reached that the rectosigmoidal mucusal alterations which have been currently considered as suggesting amoebal lessions are not characteristic of invasive intestinal amebiasis in children."}
{"id": "PMID:358932", "title": "[Effect of alpha, beta blocker, labetol on the angiotensin renin system in arterial hypertension].", "content": "The effect of labetalol, a new alpha and beta adrenergic blocker, on blood pressure, heart rate, plasma renin activity (PRA), and urinary aldosterone excretion was assessed in 23 essential hypertensive patients, divided in 2 subgroups: 11 with normal electrocardiogram and 12 with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). In the first subgroup significant differences were found in the arithmethyc mean for sistolic blood pressure in sitting position (control: 166.1 +/- 17.2 mm of Hg treatment: 153.9 +/- 13.8, p less than or equal to 0.005) and in standing position (control: 165.3 +/- 17.3, treatment: 152.8 +/- 13.8, p less than or equal to 0.005) and for diastolic blood pressure (control: 102.7 +/- 12.6 to 89.9 +/- 10.1, p less than or equal to 0.001 and 103.2 +/- 11.8 to 91.2 +/- 10.8, p less than or equal to 0.001; in sitting and orthostatic positions, respectively.). No significant differences were found in the group with LVH. Heart rate decreased in the total population during treatment (- 6.0 +/- 7.5, p less than or equal to 0.05 and - 5.4 +/- 7.5 beats per minute, p less than or equal to 0.05 in sitting and orthostatic positions, respectively. PRA diminished in 12 of 15 cases studied (- 2.5 +/- 4.65 ng/ml/hr., p greater than 0.5). Correlation coefficient between decrements of diastolic blood pressure (sitting position) and ARP was 0.637. Aldosterone decreased in a non significant way during treatment. These data support the thesis of an important role of the adrenergic system in the pathogenesis of non complicated essential hypertension and, therefore, simultaneous alpha and beta receptor blockade in these cases has a better therapeutic effect. The good correlation between the decrements of ARP and blood pressure suggests an intervention of the inhibition of renin angiotensine system, brought about by the blocker property of labetalol, in the antihypertensive mechanism of the drug.", "contents": "[Effect of alpha, beta blocker, labetol on the angiotensin renin system in arterial hypertension]. The effect of labetalol, a new alpha and beta adrenergic blocker, on blood pressure, heart rate, plasma renin activity (PRA), and urinary aldosterone excretion was assessed in 23 essential hypertensive patients, divided in 2 subgroups: 11 with normal electrocardiogram and 12 with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). In the first subgroup significant differences were found in the arithmethyc mean for sistolic blood pressure in sitting position (control: 166.1 +/- 17.2 mm of Hg treatment: 153.9 +/- 13.8, p less than or equal to 0.005) and in standing position (control: 165.3 +/- 17.3, treatment: 152.8 +/- 13.8, p less than or equal to 0.005) and for diastolic blood pressure (control: 102.7 +/- 12.6 to 89.9 +/- 10.1, p less than or equal to 0.001 and 103.2 +/- 11.8 to 91.2 +/- 10.8, p less than or equal to 0.001; in sitting and orthostatic positions, respectively.). No significant differences were found in the group with LVH. Heart rate decreased in the total population during treatment (- 6.0 +/- 7.5, p less than or equal to 0.05 and - 5.4 +/- 7.5 beats per minute, p less than or equal to 0.05 in sitting and orthostatic positions, respectively. PRA diminished in 12 of 15 cases studied (- 2.5 +/- 4.65 ng/ml/hr., p greater than 0.5). Correlation coefficient between decrements of diastolic blood pressure (sitting position) and ARP was 0.637. Aldosterone decreased in a non significant way during treatment. These data support the thesis of an important role of the adrenergic system in the pathogenesis of non complicated essential hypertension and, therefore, simultaneous alpha and beta receptor blockade in these cases has a better therapeutic effect. The good correlation between the decrements of ARP and blood pressure suggests an intervention of the inhibition of renin angiotensine system, brought about by the blocker property of labetalol, in the antihypertensive mechanism of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:358933", "title": "[Arterial hypertension. Considerations on its current status in Mexico. In memory of Samuel Zajarias].", "content": "The present article summarises statistical information about the problem of hypertension in this country making reference to international and national epidemiological works, with the purpose of evaluating the problem in community. Includes information about the clino-pathologic experience acheived at the National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico. The data is analyzed and commented from the point of view of how worth might be to study hypertension in Mexico.", "contents": "[Arterial hypertension. Considerations on its current status in Mexico. In memory of Samuel Zajarias]. The present article summarises statistical information about the problem of hypertension in this country making reference to international and national epidemiological works, with the purpose of evaluating the problem in community. Includes information about the clino-pathologic experience acheived at the National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico. The data is analyzed and commented from the point of view of how worth might be to study hypertension in Mexico."}
{"id": "PMID:358937", "title": "Plasma-membrane lipid composition and ethanol tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Populations of cells suspended anaerobically in buffered (pH 4.5) M ethanol remained viable to a greater extent when their plasma membranes were enriched in linoleyl rather than oleyl residues irrespective of the nature of the sterol enrichment. However, populations with membranes enriched in ergosterol or stigmasterol and linoleyl residues were more resistant to ethanol than populations enriched in campesterol or cholesterol and linoleyl residues. Populations enriched in ergosterol and cetoleic acid lost viability at about the same rate as those enriched in oleyl residues, while populations grown in the presence of this sterol and palmitoleic acid were more resistant to ethanol. Suspending cells in buffered ethanol for up to 24 h did not lower the ethanol concentration.", "contents": "Plasma-membrane lipid composition and ethanol tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Populations of cells suspended anaerobically in buffered (pH 4.5) M ethanol remained viable to a greater extent when their plasma membranes were enriched in linoleyl rather than oleyl residues irrespective of the nature of the sterol enrichment. However, populations with membranes enriched in ergosterol or stigmasterol and linoleyl residues were more resistant to ethanol than populations enriched in campesterol or cholesterol and linoleyl residues. Populations enriched in ergosterol and cetoleic acid lost viability at about the same rate as those enriched in oleyl residues, while populations grown in the presence of this sterol and palmitoleic acid were more resistant to ethanol. Suspending cells in buffered ethanol for up to 24 h did not lower the ethanol concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:358938", "title": "Pole cap formation in Escherichia coli following induction of the maltose-binding protein.", "content": "After induction with maltose, 30--40% of the total protein in the osmotic shock fluid consist of maltose-binding protein while the induction ratio (maltose versus glycerol grown cells) for the amount of binding protein synthesized as well as for maltose transport is in the order of 10. Induction of maltose transport does not occur during all times of the cell cycle, but only shortly before cell division. Electronmicroscopic analysis of cells grown logarithmically on glycerol or maltose revealed in the latter the formation of large pole caps. These pole caps arise from an enlargement of the periplasmic space. Small cells contain one pole cap, large cells contain two. Pulse label studies with strain BUG-6, a mutant that is temperature sensitive for cell division reveal the following: Growth at the non-permissive temperature prevents maltose-binding protein synthesis and formation of new transport capacity. After shifting to the permissive temperature the cells regain both functions. Simultaneously, the newly formed cells exhibit pole caps. We conclude that the induction of maltose-binding protein is responsible for the formation of pole caps. In addition, beside the presence of inducer, cell cycle events occuring during division are necessary for the synthesis of maltose-binding protein.", "contents": "Pole cap formation in Escherichia coli following induction of the maltose-binding protein. After induction with maltose, 30--40% of the total protein in the osmotic shock fluid consist of maltose-binding protein while the induction ratio (maltose versus glycerol grown cells) for the amount of binding protein synthesized as well as for maltose transport is in the order of 10. Induction of maltose transport does not occur during all times of the cell cycle, but only shortly before cell division. Electronmicroscopic analysis of cells grown logarithmically on glycerol or maltose revealed in the latter the formation of large pole caps. These pole caps arise from an enlargement of the periplasmic space. Small cells contain one pole cap, large cells contain two. Pulse label studies with strain BUG-6, a mutant that is temperature sensitive for cell division reveal the following: Growth at the non-permissive temperature prevents maltose-binding protein synthesis and formation of new transport capacity. After shifting to the permissive temperature the cells regain both functions. Simultaneously, the newly formed cells exhibit pole caps. We conclude that the induction of maltose-binding protein is responsible for the formation of pole caps. In addition, beside the presence of inducer, cell cycle events occuring during division are necessary for the synthesis of maltose-binding protein."}
{"id": "PMID:358939", "title": "Protoplast-like structures formation from two species of Enterobacteriaceae by fosfomycin treatment.", "content": "A procedure for protoplasts formation from Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens by treatment with fosfomycin alone is described. This method gives high and low yields of stable protoplasts from E. coli and S. marcescens respectively. In the last case numerous spheroplasts were obtained. Electron micrographs of intact cells, protoplasts and spheroplasts are shown.", "contents": "Protoplast-like structures formation from two species of Enterobacteriaceae by fosfomycin treatment. A procedure for protoplasts formation from Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens by treatment with fosfomycin alone is described. This method gives high and low yields of stable protoplasts from E. coli and S. marcescens respectively. In the last case numerous spheroplasts were obtained. Electron micrographs of intact cells, protoplasts and spheroplasts are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:358945", "title": "[Test of 0,0-dimethyl (l-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-phosphonate (trichlorfon) for carcinogenic activity in mice by oral (oesophageal-gastric intubation), intraperitoneal and dermal application (author's transl)].", "content": "0,0-Dimethyl(1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-phosphonate (Trichlorfon; TCP) was tested for carcinogenic activity in male and female mice derived from strain AB/Jena by oral (oesophageal-gastric intubation), intraperitoneal and dermal administration. The maximum period of treatment was 73 (oral), 73 (intraperitoneal) or 75 (dermal) weeks. During this period the following maximum mean total doses of TCP per animal had been administered: 157.5 mg(male, oral), 154 mg (female, oral), 160.8 mg (male, intraperitoneal), 149.7 mg (female, intraperitoneal). The dermally treated male and female mice had received a maximum total dose of 375 mg per animal. The study was terminated at 80 weeks. There is no statistic significant difference when compared the total tumour incidence of TCP-treated animals and control mice or the incidence of the different corresponding groups of mice separated by the route of administration or the incidence of malignant and benign tumours separated for the different groups. These findings were independent from whether the groups of TCP-treated animals and solvent control animals were combined or divided by sex for comparison.", "contents": "[Test of 0,0-dimethyl (l-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-phosphonate (trichlorfon) for carcinogenic activity in mice by oral (oesophageal-gastric intubation), intraperitoneal and dermal application (author's transl)]. 0,0-Dimethyl(1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-phosphonate (Trichlorfon; TCP) was tested for carcinogenic activity in male and female mice derived from strain AB/Jena by oral (oesophageal-gastric intubation), intraperitoneal and dermal administration. The maximum period of treatment was 73 (oral), 73 (intraperitoneal) or 75 (dermal) weeks. During this period the following maximum mean total doses of TCP per animal had been administered: 157.5 mg(male, oral), 154 mg (female, oral), 160.8 mg (male, intraperitoneal), 149.7 mg (female, intraperitoneal). The dermally treated male and female mice had received a maximum total dose of 375 mg per animal. The study was terminated at 80 weeks. There is no statistic significant difference when compared the total tumour incidence of TCP-treated animals and control mice or the incidence of the different corresponding groups of mice separated by the route of administration or the incidence of malignant and benign tumours separated for the different groups. These findings were independent from whether the groups of TCP-treated animals and solvent control animals were combined or divided by sex for comparison."}
{"id": "PMID:358947", "title": "Clinical and toxicological investigations of a case of delayed neuropathy in man after acute poisoning by an organophosphorus pesticide.", "content": "Progressive neuropathy developed in a man during 2--8 weeks after acute poisoning by a pesticide said to contain trichlorphon. The neuropathy was typical of that caused by organophosphorus esters in the delay and in the maintenance of normal conduction velocity in surviving nerve fibres. A sample alleged to be typical of the ingested material was not more active against hen brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) than was pure trichlorphon. Delayed neuropathy has never been produced in hens by a single dose of trichlorphon. This incident and studies of human brain in vitro suggest that the ratio neurotoxicity/lethality for trichlorphon is higher in man than in the hen. Suggestion is made of laboratory tests to improve neurotoxicity screening.", "contents": "Clinical and toxicological investigations of a case of delayed neuropathy in man after acute poisoning by an organophosphorus pesticide. Progressive neuropathy developed in a man during 2--8 weeks after acute poisoning by a pesticide said to contain trichlorphon. The neuropathy was typical of that caused by organophosphorus esters in the delay and in the maintenance of normal conduction velocity in surviving nerve fibres. A sample alleged to be typical of the ingested material was not more active against hen brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) than was pure trichlorphon. Delayed neuropathy has never been produced in hens by a single dose of trichlorphon. This incident and studies of human brain in vitro suggest that the ratio neurotoxicity/lethality for trichlorphon is higher in man than in the hen. Suggestion is made of laboratory tests to improve neurotoxicity screening."}
{"id": "PMID:358949", "title": "[Electron-microscopic and autoradiographic study of giant cells of foreign bodies in the focus of aseptic inflammation].", "content": "Ultrastructure of sinuous proximal and straight distal tubules, as well as collecting tubules of the cortical layer in the rat kidney fixed with perfusion has been studied with electron microscopic morphometry 7--8 weeks after contralateral nephrectomy. The volume of mitochondria, the area of their crists, the area of the membranes in intracellular labyrinth and other morphometrical parameters have been calculated. Relative volume of mitochondria in the nephron areas studied does not change, while in the collecting tubules it is elevated. The area of crists in mitochondria and \"coefficient of morphological organization level\" of these organells in the proximal tubules are increased, in the distal do not change, in the collecting tubules increase again. Subcellular changes described are discussed mainly in terms of enhancement of concentrating function of the compensatory-hypertrophic kidney.", "contents": "[Electron-microscopic and autoradiographic study of giant cells of foreign bodies in the focus of aseptic inflammation]. Ultrastructure of sinuous proximal and straight distal tubules, as well as collecting tubules of the cortical layer in the rat kidney fixed with perfusion has been studied with electron microscopic morphometry 7--8 weeks after contralateral nephrectomy. The volume of mitochondria, the area of their crists, the area of the membranes in intracellular labyrinth and other morphometrical parameters have been calculated. Relative volume of mitochondria in the nephron areas studied does not change, while in the collecting tubules it is elevated. The area of crists in mitochondria and \"coefficient of morphological organization level\" of these organells in the proximal tubules are increased, in the distal do not change, in the collecting tubules increase again. Subcellular changes described are discussed mainly in terms of enhancement of concentrating function of the compensatory-hypertrophic kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:358950", "title": "[Methods of histological treatment of the labyrinth].", "content": "The otic labyrinth presents one of the most difficult objects for histological investigations as it is situated in the thick layer of the temporal bone and has a very complex structure. At the same time, a method for treating this object is not given in general hand-books on pathological techniques. The methods for histological treatment of the otic labyrinth elaborated by Wittmaack and later on modified are presented in the article. Methods for fixation, vital fixation including, decalcination, dehydratation and saturation of the objects prepared for histological investigation are described in details. Methods for the temporal bone orientation in order to obtain sections of the internal otic structures in the most advantageous plane depending on the purpose and aim of the investigation are recommended.", "contents": "[Methods of histological treatment of the labyrinth]. The otic labyrinth presents one of the most difficult objects for histological investigations as it is situated in the thick layer of the temporal bone and has a very complex structure. At the same time, a method for treating this object is not given in general hand-books on pathological techniques. The methods for histological treatment of the otic labyrinth elaborated by Wittmaack and later on modified are presented in the article. Methods for fixation, vital fixation including, decalcination, dehydratation and saturation of the objects prepared for histological investigation are described in details. Methods for the temporal bone orientation in order to obtain sections of the internal otic structures in the most advantageous plane depending on the purpose and aim of the investigation are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:358951", "title": "Evaluation of through-and-through corneal sutures.", "content": "Sutures placed at the level of Descemet's membrane were compared with sutures placed through and through the full corneal thickness in 42 rabbit corneas using cataract and corneal wounds. The rabbits were killed, and sutures were removed at various postoperative periods up to four weeks. Evaluation of the wounds demonstrated that although the through-and-through technique provided good wound closure in the immediate postoperative period, the technique produced more damage to Descemet's membrane and to the endothelial cells, both at the time of suturing and at the time of suture removal, and tended to produce greater retrocorneal membrane formation. In addition, the through-and-through suturing technique was technically more difficult. In this study performed in rabbits, the one advantage of the through-and-through suture, ie, immediate posterior wound closure, was outweighed by its many disadvantages.", "contents": "Evaluation of through-and-through corneal sutures. Sutures placed at the level of Descemet's membrane were compared with sutures placed through and through the full corneal thickness in 42 rabbit corneas using cataract and corneal wounds. The rabbits were killed, and sutures were removed at various postoperative periods up to four weeks. Evaluation of the wounds demonstrated that although the through-and-through technique provided good wound closure in the immediate postoperative period, the technique produced more damage to Descemet's membrane and to the endothelial cells, both at the time of suturing and at the time of suture removal, and tended to produce greater retrocorneal membrane formation. In addition, the through-and-through suturing technique was technically more difficult. In this study performed in rabbits, the one advantage of the through-and-through suture, ie, immediate posterior wound closure, was outweighed by its many disadvantages."}
{"id": "PMID:358960", "title": "Virus replication in the digestive tract of ducks exposed by aerosol to type-A influenza.", "content": "Enteric infection and cloacal shedding of influenza virus was demonstrated in ducks exposed experimentally to an aerosol of an avirulent type-A influenza virus. The fluorescent-antibldy technique was used to identify sites of virus replication in the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and the bursa.", "contents": "Virus replication in the digestive tract of ducks exposed by aerosol to type-A influenza. Enteric infection and cloacal shedding of influenza virus was demonstrated in ducks exposed experimentally to an aerosol of an avirulent type-A influenza virus. The fluorescent-antibldy technique was used to identify sites of virus replication in the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and the bursa."}
{"id": "PMID:358966", "title": "Resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotic neamine in Escherichia coli. A new mutant whose NeaR phenotype results from the cumulative effects of two distinct mutations.", "content": "A spontaneous mutant of Escherichia coli (strain AB2847), selected for resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotic neamine, shows severe restriction of amber suppressors in vivo. Ribosomes isolated from the mutant exhibit only low misreading in vitro in the presence of the antibiotic. Genetic and biochemical analyses indicate that the neamine-resistant phenotype is the result of two distinct mutations. The first, res3128, appears to affect the gene (strA) coding for the ribosomal protein S12. Although it leads to a restrictive phenotype it does not, however, confer resistance to streptomycin. The second mutation, X3128, is located between the sirA and AROB loci and is lethal when segregated from the res3128 mutation. It may affect the ribosome at the level of a post-translational modification.", "contents": "Resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotic neamine in Escherichia coli. A new mutant whose NeaR phenotype results from the cumulative effects of two distinct mutations. A spontaneous mutant of Escherichia coli (strain AB2847), selected for resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotic neamine, shows severe restriction of amber suppressors in vivo. Ribosomes isolated from the mutant exhibit only low misreading in vitro in the presence of the antibiotic. Genetic and biochemical analyses indicate that the neamine-resistant phenotype is the result of two distinct mutations. The first, res3128, appears to affect the gene (strA) coding for the ribosomal protein S12. Although it leads to a restrictive phenotype it does not, however, confer resistance to streptomycin. The second mutation, X3128, is located between the sirA and AROB loci and is lethal when segregated from the res3128 mutation. It may affect the ribosome at the level of a post-translational modification."}
{"id": "PMID:358994", "title": "[Manual lymph drainage].", "content": "The manual lymphdrainage is a special method of massage which is often used for cosmetical purposes. Methodology, mode of action and indications are presented and the results of treatment are reviewed.", "contents": "[Manual lymph drainage]. The manual lymphdrainage is a special method of massage which is often used for cosmetical purposes. Methodology, mode of action and indications are presented and the results of treatment are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:358995", "title": "[Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis--Sweet syndrome].", "content": "Since 1964 there are 65 women and 13 men with the typical features of Sweet syndrome reported. An additional case in a 40 year old man is the purpose of this review of the literature. The Sweet syndrome is mainly observed in the fourth and fifth decade of life and begins with typical symptoms of high temperatures, peripheral leucocytosis, with eminent red plaques showing bumpy surface. The histologic picture is not specific but characteristic. The onset of cutaneous eruption is preceded about 10 days by symptoms of influenza and infections of the upper respiratory tract. Sites of predilection are the surface of extremities, face, nape and superior trunk. Erythema nodosum like foci and acneiform lesions have been described. Histologically, there is a distinctive edema in the upper corium and perivascular infiltrates, consisting of polynuclear leucocytes with leucocytoclasia. The pathological process is interpreted as an immune complex disease, different from erythema exsudativum multiforme. There is reason to believe in an infectious allergic origin. During the acute state lesions may occur, provoked by unspecific trauma.", "contents": "[Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis--Sweet syndrome]. Since 1964 there are 65 women and 13 men with the typical features of Sweet syndrome reported. An additional case in a 40 year old man is the purpose of this review of the literature. The Sweet syndrome is mainly observed in the fourth and fifth decade of life and begins with typical symptoms of high temperatures, peripheral leucocytosis, with eminent red plaques showing bumpy surface. The histologic picture is not specific but characteristic. The onset of cutaneous eruption is preceded about 10 days by symptoms of influenza and infections of the upper respiratory tract. Sites of predilection are the surface of extremities, face, nape and superior trunk. Erythema nodosum like foci and acneiform lesions have been described. Histologically, there is a distinctive edema in the upper corium and perivascular infiltrates, consisting of polynuclear leucocytes with leucocytoclasia. The pathological process is interpreted as an immune complex disease, different from erythema exsudativum multiforme. There is reason to believe in an infectious allergic origin. During the acute state lesions may occur, provoked by unspecific trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:358992", "title": "Identification and characterization of two new soluble nuclear antigens reactive with sera of patients with connective tissue diseases.", "content": "Two antigens, temporarily referred to as MU and TM antigens after the original serum, that are closely related to the nucleolus have been identified in the nuclear soluble extract. Both antigens reacted with the sera of a small number of patients with various connective tissue diseases, and both were different from antigens described previously in these disorders. MU antigen was sensitive to the digestion with RNase and trypsin, and was shown to be equivalent to the nuclear ribosomal components in the nuclear extract. TM antigen was resistant to the digestion with RNase and trypsin, and was localized in the nucleolus and extranucleolar portion of nuclei, but the precise nature of TM has not been established.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of two new soluble nuclear antigens reactive with sera of patients with connective tissue diseases. Two antigens, temporarily referred to as MU and TM antigens after the original serum, that are closely related to the nucleolus have been identified in the nuclear soluble extract. Both antigens reacted with the sera of a small number of patients with various connective tissue diseases, and both were different from antigens described previously in these disorders. MU antigen was sensitive to the digestion with RNase and trypsin, and was shown to be equivalent to the nuclear ribosomal components in the nuclear extract. TM antigen was resistant to the digestion with RNase and trypsin, and was localized in the nucleolus and extranucleolar portion of nuclei, but the precise nature of TM has not been established."}
{"id": "PMID:358993", "title": "Relative reactivities of rheumatoid factors in serum and cells. Evidence for a selective deficiency in serum rheumatoid factor.", "content": "Investigations of rheumatoid factors by a hemolytic plaque forming cell assay of blood lymphocytes with sensitized sheep cells have suggested that the rheumatoid factors released from the cells have higher affinities for human IgG than do the rheumatoid factors measured in the patient's serum. This study reaffirms this observation and provides evidence that the reported differences are not artifacts of technique. The findings imply that rheumatoid factors of higher affinity for IgG than those of the serum are being released into the tissue fluids by lymphocytes and locally precipitated. Such rheumatoid factors may never reach the peripheral blood serum in detectable quantity or may do so only infrequently.", "contents": "Relative reactivities of rheumatoid factors in serum and cells. Evidence for a selective deficiency in serum rheumatoid factor. Investigations of rheumatoid factors by a hemolytic plaque forming cell assay of blood lymphocytes with sensitized sheep cells have suggested that the rheumatoid factors released from the cells have higher affinities for human IgG than do the rheumatoid factors measured in the patient's serum. This study reaffirms this observation and provides evidence that the reported differences are not artifacts of technique. The findings imply that rheumatoid factors of higher affinity for IgG than those of the serum are being released into the tissue fluids by lymphocytes and locally precipitated. Such rheumatoid factors may never reach the peripheral blood serum in detectable quantity or may do so only infrequently."}
{"id": "PMID:359015", "title": "Methods for the assessment of the effects of drugs on coronary blood flow in man.", "content": "The methods currently available for measurement of coronary blood flow in man are reviewed and their advantages and limitations discussed. Most of the techniques are invasive and involve cardiac catheterization. The least invasive isotope techniques are either not quantitative or involve expensive equipment not available in many centres. Two of the most suitable methods for assessing the effects of drugs on coronary flow are coronary sinus thermodilution and isotope washout curves using 133xenon or [125I]-iodo-antipyrine. The ideal technique for measuring coronary blood flow has yet to be developed.", "contents": "Methods for the assessment of the effects of drugs on coronary blood flow in man. The methods currently available for measurement of coronary blood flow in man are reviewed and their advantages and limitations discussed. Most of the techniques are invasive and involve cardiac catheterization. The least invasive isotope techniques are either not quantitative or involve expensive equipment not available in many centres. Two of the most suitable methods for assessing the effects of drugs on coronary flow are coronary sinus thermodilution and isotope washout curves using 133xenon or [125I]-iodo-antipyrine. The ideal technique for measuring coronary blood flow has yet to be developed."}
{"id": "PMID:359016", "title": "Plasma bromocriptine levels, clinical and growth hormone responses in Parkinsonism.", "content": "1. Plasma bromocriptine levels following separate oral doses of bromocriptine 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg have been determined in ten subjects with parkinsonism. 2. There was considerable variation between peak plasma bromocriptine levels in individual subjects after similar doses of bromocriptine. Peak levels occurred 30--210 min after dosage (mean 102 min). Peak clinical response, peak rise in plasma growth hormone level and fall in blood pressure followed shortly after peak bromocriptine levels occurred. 3. The shape of the plasma-time curve for bromocriptine was similar with all dosages. 4. There was no significant relationship between peak plasma bromocriptine levels, peak clinical response, peak increase in growth hormone and peak fall in blood pressure. However, the degree of improvement in the signs of parkinsonism was related to plasma bromocriptine levels was achieved. 5. Metoclopramide 60 mg pretreatment had no consistent effect upon plasma bromocriptine levels, the clinical or hormonal response.", "contents": "Plasma bromocriptine levels, clinical and growth hormone responses in Parkinsonism. 1. Plasma bromocriptine levels following separate oral doses of bromocriptine 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg have been determined in ten subjects with parkinsonism. 2. There was considerable variation between peak plasma bromocriptine levels in individual subjects after similar doses of bromocriptine. Peak levels occurred 30--210 min after dosage (mean 102 min). Peak clinical response, peak rise in plasma growth hormone level and fall in blood pressure followed shortly after peak bromocriptine levels occurred. 3. The shape of the plasma-time curve for bromocriptine was similar with all dosages. 4. There was no significant relationship between peak plasma bromocriptine levels, peak clinical response, peak increase in growth hormone and peak fall in blood pressure. However, the degree of improvement in the signs of parkinsonism was related to plasma bromocriptine levels was achieved. 5. Metoclopramide 60 mg pretreatment had no consistent effect upon plasma bromocriptine levels, the clinical or hormonal response."}
{"id": "PMID:359018", "title": "Acebutolol in hypertension--double-blind trial against placebo.", "content": "1. Eleven hypertensive patients were studied in a double-blind comparison of acebutolol, a beta-adrenoceptor blocker, and placebo. 2. Optimum dosage defined in an open assessment varied from 200--600 mg twice daily. 3. Blood pressure and pulse rate fell significantly while patients were lying, standing and after exercise. 4. Blood pressure remained as well controlled on each patient's optimum daily dose when taken once daily, and assessed 24 h post dose. 5. There was no correlation between blood pressure reduction and changes in heart rate. On once daily therapy while blood pressure remained unchanged at 24 h post dose there was a signficant reduction in beta-adrenoceptor blockade as measured by percentage reduction in exercise tachycardia. 6. There was no significant change in urinary catecholamine excretion or echocardiographically estimated cardiac output. 7. A correlation was found between the change in plasma renin activity (log transformed) and blood pressure reduction.", "contents": "Acebutolol in hypertension--double-blind trial against placebo. 1. Eleven hypertensive patients were studied in a double-blind comparison of acebutolol, a beta-adrenoceptor blocker, and placebo. 2. Optimum dosage defined in an open assessment varied from 200--600 mg twice daily. 3. Blood pressure and pulse rate fell significantly while patients were lying, standing and after exercise. 4. Blood pressure remained as well controlled on each patient's optimum daily dose when taken once daily, and assessed 24 h post dose. 5. There was no correlation between blood pressure reduction and changes in heart rate. On once daily therapy while blood pressure remained unchanged at 24 h post dose there was a signficant reduction in beta-adrenoceptor blockade as measured by percentage reduction in exercise tachycardia. 6. There was no significant change in urinary catecholamine excretion or echocardiographically estimated cardiac output. 7. A correlation was found between the change in plasma renin activity (log transformed) and blood pressure reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:359019", "title": "A double-blind comparison of the effects of hydrochlorothiazide and tienylic acid (a diuretic with uricosuric properties) in hypertension.", "content": "1. A double-blind comparison of the effect of tienylic acid and hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure was made in patients with moderate hypertension. 2. The antihypertensive effect of 500 mg tienylic acid was comparable to 100 mg hydrochlorothiazide; mean decrease in supine blood pressure after 6 weeks treatment was 20/12 mmHg with tienylic acid and 17/9 mmHg with hydrochlorothiazide. Onset of antihypertensive action was within 1 week and was associated with significant weight loss. 3. Tienylic acid caused a marked decrease in serum uric acid to a mean of 0.18 mmol/1 (n = 11, P less than 0.001), this persisted through the treatment period and returned to placebo values 1 week after treatment ceased. Some patients had uric acid crystaluria and some had post-treatment uric acid levels higher than on placebo. 4. Tineylic acid and hydrochlorothiazide caused mild hypokalemia and alkalosis with proportional decrease in plasma chloride. 5. Blood urea and serum creatinine rose with both drugs and there was an unimportant decline in plasma sodium. 6. Tienylic acid is an effective antihypertensive agent with powerful uricosuric action and appears relatively free of side effects. Further studies are necessary to determine optimal dosage regimes and long term safety.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of the effects of hydrochlorothiazide and tienylic acid (a diuretic with uricosuric properties) in hypertension. 1. A double-blind comparison of the effect of tienylic acid and hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure was made in patients with moderate hypertension. 2. The antihypertensive effect of 500 mg tienylic acid was comparable to 100 mg hydrochlorothiazide; mean decrease in supine blood pressure after 6 weeks treatment was 20/12 mmHg with tienylic acid and 17/9 mmHg with hydrochlorothiazide. Onset of antihypertensive action was within 1 week and was associated with significant weight loss. 3. Tienylic acid caused a marked decrease in serum uric acid to a mean of 0.18 mmol/1 (n = 11, P less than 0.001), this persisted through the treatment period and returned to placebo values 1 week after treatment ceased. Some patients had uric acid crystaluria and some had post-treatment uric acid levels higher than on placebo. 4. Tineylic acid and hydrochlorothiazide caused mild hypokalemia and alkalosis with proportional decrease in plasma chloride. 5. Blood urea and serum creatinine rose with both drugs and there was an unimportant decline in plasma sodium. 6. Tienylic acid is an effective antihypertensive agent with powerful uricosuric action and appears relatively free of side effects. Further studies are necessary to determine optimal dosage regimes and long term safety."}
{"id": "PMID:359020", "title": "Rat lymphocyte mitogenesis by aggregation factor from rat ascites hepatoma cell surface.", "content": "Two-tumour-cell-aggregation factors derived from rat ascites hepatoma cells had different antigenicity; one, with a strong potency, was not absorbed by immunoadsorbent chromatography with anti-rat serum antibody and the other, with a weak potency, was. The unabsorbed factor possessed mitogenic activity on lymphocytes from thymus, spleen and lymph node of rats; its effect was compared with that of lectins (including phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, lipopolysaccharide and soybean agglutinin) in the form of increased DNA and protein synthesis, blast transformation and mitosis. In the use of anti-thymocyte serum-resistant spleen cells and hydrocortisone-resistant thymocytes, the cells stimulated were assumed to be T-lymphocytes. DNA synthesis by this factor seemed to be characterized by a 2-step increase, suggesting the presence of 2 subpopulations of the cells activated, especially thymocytes. At high concentration this factor induced no depression of DNA synthesis. Favourable cell density for the response to this factor was 2-8 X 10(6) cells. Its effect was not influenced by treatment of the cells with neuraminidase.", "contents": "Rat lymphocyte mitogenesis by aggregation factor from rat ascites hepatoma cell surface. Two-tumour-cell-aggregation factors derived from rat ascites hepatoma cells had different antigenicity; one, with a strong potency, was not absorbed by immunoadsorbent chromatography with anti-rat serum antibody and the other, with a weak potency, was. The unabsorbed factor possessed mitogenic activity on lymphocytes from thymus, spleen and lymph node of rats; its effect was compared with that of lectins (including phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, lipopolysaccharide and soybean agglutinin) in the form of increased DNA and protein synthesis, blast transformation and mitosis. In the use of anti-thymocyte serum-resistant spleen cells and hydrocortisone-resistant thymocytes, the cells stimulated were assumed to be T-lymphocytes. DNA synthesis by this factor seemed to be characterized by a 2-step increase, suggesting the presence of 2 subpopulations of the cells activated, especially thymocytes. At high concentration this factor induced no depression of DNA synthesis. Favourable cell density for the response to this factor was 2-8 X 10(6) cells. Its effect was not influenced by treatment of the cells with neuraminidase."}
{"id": "PMID:359023", "title": "A comparison of salbutamol given by pressure-packed aerosol or nebulization via IPPB in acute asthma.", "content": "Salbutamol was given by pressure-packed aerosol or nebulizer via IPPB to patients with acute asthma to compare the effectiveness of these methods of inhalation. The results show that both methods produce significant bronchodilatation even in patients admitted with moderately severe asthma (FEV1 about 38% predicted) but a slightly greater improvement may be achieved by IPPB nebulization. Our findings indicate that supervised inhalation of a pressure-packed aerosol of salbutamol may be useful for the initial treatment of asthmatic attacks but confirm the marginal advantage of IPPB nebulization, which should be reserved for patients unable to inhale from a pressure-packed aerosol or failing to respond to its treatment.", "contents": "A comparison of salbutamol given by pressure-packed aerosol or nebulization via IPPB in acute asthma. Salbutamol was given by pressure-packed aerosol or nebulizer via IPPB to patients with acute asthma to compare the effectiveness of these methods of inhalation. The results show that both methods produce significant bronchodilatation even in patients admitted with moderately severe asthma (FEV1 about 38% predicted) but a slightly greater improvement may be achieved by IPPB nebulization. Our findings indicate that supervised inhalation of a pressure-packed aerosol of salbutamol may be useful for the initial treatment of asthmatic attacks but confirm the marginal advantage of IPPB nebulization, which should be reserved for patients unable to inhale from a pressure-packed aerosol or failing to respond to its treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:359024", "title": "Sulfametopyrazine prophylaxis in chronic bronchitis.", "content": "From a double-blind randomized controlled trial by 32 general practitioners on 218 patients with chronic bronchitis it appeared that sulfametopyrazine given once a week over one winter reduced the number of respiratory illnesses and the loss of time from work to about half that of a control group. It had no effect on time off work in individual spells of illness nor on the amount and purulence of sputum. Side-effects were few and mild.", "contents": "Sulfametopyrazine prophylaxis in chronic bronchitis. From a double-blind randomized controlled trial by 32 general practitioners on 218 patients with chronic bronchitis it appeared that sulfametopyrazine given once a week over one winter reduced the number of respiratory illnesses and the loss of time from work to about half that of a control group. It had no effect on time off work in individual spells of illness nor on the amount and purulence of sputum. Side-effects were few and mild."}
{"id": "PMID:359027", "title": "Oesophageal involvement in bullous pemphigoid. A possible cause of gastrointestinal haemorrhage.", "content": "An elderly patient with bullous pemphigoid who had extensive oesophageal bullae is described. The diagnosis was confirmed by routine histopathological examination and immunofluorescence studies. These large oesophageal bullae may have caused massive gastrointestinal haemorrhage in this patient.", "contents": "Oesophageal involvement in bullous pemphigoid. A possible cause of gastrointestinal haemorrhage. An elderly patient with bullous pemphigoid who had extensive oesophageal bullae is described. The diagnosis was confirmed by routine histopathological examination and immunofluorescence studies. These large oesophageal bullae may have caused massive gastrointestinal haemorrhage in this patient."}
{"id": "PMID:359031", "title": "Autoimmune granulocytopenia: the detection of granulocyte autoantibodies with the immunofluorescence test.", "content": "Neutropenia may be caused by neutrophil autoantibodies. The detection of such antibodies has always been difficult. Recently, we developed a sensitive indirect immunofluorescence technique applicable to granulocytes which proved to be of value in the detection of granulocyte alloantibodies. We have now used this method to investigate the serum and cells of 29 patients with idiopathic or secondary neutropenia. In four patients neutrophil-antigen-specific autoantibodies were detected in the serum and the patient's own granulocytes showed direct fluorescence. Furthermore, differences in the immunoglobulin composition and the temperature of optimal activity of the autoantibodies were found. Direct fluorescence was also demonstrated with the granulocytes from five other neutropenic patients and with the granulocytes from five non-neutropenic patients mainly with infectious disease. However, no granulocyte antibodies could be eluted or shown to be present in the serum. This indicates that a positive direct granulocyte fluorescence test may not be considered as proof that autoantibodies are present.", "contents": "Autoimmune granulocytopenia: the detection of granulocyte autoantibodies with the immunofluorescence test. Neutropenia may be caused by neutrophil autoantibodies. The detection of such antibodies has always been difficult. Recently, we developed a sensitive indirect immunofluorescence technique applicable to granulocytes which proved to be of value in the detection of granulocyte alloantibodies. We have now used this method to investigate the serum and cells of 29 patients with idiopathic or secondary neutropenia. In four patients neutrophil-antigen-specific autoantibodies were detected in the serum and the patient's own granulocytes showed direct fluorescence. Furthermore, differences in the immunoglobulin composition and the temperature of optimal activity of the autoantibodies were found. Direct fluorescence was also demonstrated with the granulocytes from five other neutropenic patients and with the granulocytes from five non-neutropenic patients mainly with infectious disease. However, no granulocyte antibodies could be eluted or shown to be present in the serum. This indicates that a positive direct granulocyte fluorescence test may not be considered as proof that autoantibodies are present."}
{"id": "PMID:359033", "title": "Lactoferrin content of peripheral blood cells.", "content": "The peripheral blood of 60 normal adults was separated into plasma, red cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets. Lactoferrin concentrations were measured in the plasma and cell extracts and compared to those of lysozyme. The neutrophil lactoferrin content in males and post-menopausal females was found to be significantly higher than in pre-menopausal females. A small amount of lactoferrin was found in association with monocytes, but not with lymphocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. Neutrophil lysozyme concentrations did not exhibit any variation with sex and age; but the level in monocytes was higher than that in neutrophils. No correlation was observed between individual neutrophil lactoferrin values and the plasma level. Immunofluorescent studies showed neutrophils to have a lobulated pattern suggestive of nuclear staining. Monocytes did not show direct staining, but exhibited a peripheral pattern after prior exposure to lactoferrin--confirming the existence of a surface receptor. Gel chromatography indicated that neutrophil lactoferrin is in a polymerized or complexed form which elutes with the void volume on Sephadex G-200; serum lactoferrin consists of two forms, one of which also elutes with the void volume on Sephadex G-200.", "contents": "Lactoferrin content of peripheral blood cells. The peripheral blood of 60 normal adults was separated into plasma, red cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets. Lactoferrin concentrations were measured in the plasma and cell extracts and compared to those of lysozyme. The neutrophil lactoferrin content in males and post-menopausal females was found to be significantly higher than in pre-menopausal females. A small amount of lactoferrin was found in association with monocytes, but not with lymphocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. Neutrophil lysozyme concentrations did not exhibit any variation with sex and age; but the level in monocytes was higher than that in neutrophils. No correlation was observed between individual neutrophil lactoferrin values and the plasma level. Immunofluorescent studies showed neutrophils to have a lobulated pattern suggestive of nuclear staining. Monocytes did not show direct staining, but exhibited a peripheral pattern after prior exposure to lactoferrin--confirming the existence of a surface receptor. Gel chromatography indicated that neutrophil lactoferrin is in a polymerized or complexed form which elutes with the void volume on Sephadex G-200; serum lactoferrin consists of two forms, one of which also elutes with the void volume on Sephadex G-200."}
{"id": "PMID:359034", "title": "Platelet-associated coagulation factors: immunological detection and the effect of calcium.", "content": "Normal platelets were examined by conventional coagulation methods and specific immunological techniques for the presence of platelet-associated coagulation factors. Platelets washed in buffer containing calcium chloride gave different results form those washed in the absence of calcium. Factor XI was not detected in washed platelets by any technique. Factor II and factor X were removed from platelets by washing in calcium-free buffer but not by calcium-containing buffer. Procoagulant factor VIII was readily removed or inactivated by washing in the presence or absence of calcium, but factor VIII related antigen was consistently demonstrated after multiple washes in either buffer. Factor V activity and antigen was detected in platelet suspensions after multiple washes although the presence of calcium in the washing buffer gave higher factor V assays and stronger immunological reactions than when calcium-free buffer was used. The results are consistent with the presence of calcium dependent binding sites in platelets which may have a role in the enhancement of factor V and phospholipid reactions.", "contents": "Platelet-associated coagulation factors: immunological detection and the effect of calcium. Normal platelets were examined by conventional coagulation methods and specific immunological techniques for the presence of platelet-associated coagulation factors. Platelets washed in buffer containing calcium chloride gave different results form those washed in the absence of calcium. Factor XI was not detected in washed platelets by any technique. Factor II and factor X were removed from platelets by washing in calcium-free buffer but not by calcium-containing buffer. Procoagulant factor VIII was readily removed or inactivated by washing in the presence or absence of calcium, but factor VIII related antigen was consistently demonstrated after multiple washes in either buffer. Factor V activity and antigen was detected in platelet suspensions after multiple washes although the presence of calcium in the washing buffer gave higher factor V assays and stronger immunological reactions than when calcium-free buffer was used. The results are consistent with the presence of calcium dependent binding sites in platelets which may have a role in the enhancement of factor V and phospholipid reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:359035", "title": "The surface morphology of mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "The changes occurring in surface morphology during the transformation of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) are described and the surface ultrastructure of the PHA-induced blasts is compared with that of pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-and rabbit anti-beta2-microglobulin antiserum-induced blasts. Both mitogen-specific and non-specific changes were observed and their possible relationship to the activation of lymphocyte subpopulations is discussed. Similar surface characteristics found in various tissue lymphoid cells are also described.", "contents": "The surface morphology of mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The changes occurring in surface morphology during the transformation of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) are described and the surface ultrastructure of the PHA-induced blasts is compared with that of pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-and rabbit anti-beta2-microglobulin antiserum-induced blasts. Both mitogen-specific and non-specific changes were observed and their possible relationship to the activation of lymphocyte subpopulations is discussed. Similar surface characteristics found in various tissue lymphoid cells are also described."}
{"id": "PMID:359036", "title": "Photochemical cross-linking studies on the interaction of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase with T7 DNA.", "content": "We have identified the subunits of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase which are in close contact with the T7 phage DNA template using photochemical cross-linking. In nonspecific T7 DNA-enzyme complexes which occur in all regions of the DNA, subunits sigma, beta, and beta' were cross-linked to the DNA. In contrast, in specific binary complexes which presumably occur at promoter sites, and in the initiation complex (holoenzyme + T7 DNA + initiator dinucleotides + three nucleoside triphosphates), only sigma and beta were cross-linked to DNA, while cross-linking of beta' could not be demonstrated. These results (1) do not support the idea that alpha subunits are involved in the enzyme-template interaction, (2) raise the possibility that sigma subunit participates directly in promoter recognition even though isolated sigma does not bind to DNA, and (3) indicate different modes of interaction between RNA polymerase and DNA in nonspecific and specific complexes. These findings are relevant to the mechanism by which RNA polymerase carries out selective transcription.", "contents": "Photochemical cross-linking studies on the interaction of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase with T7 DNA. We have identified the subunits of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase which are in close contact with the T7 phage DNA template using photochemical cross-linking. In nonspecific T7 DNA-enzyme complexes which occur in all regions of the DNA, subunits sigma, beta, and beta' were cross-linked to the DNA. In contrast, in specific binary complexes which presumably occur at promoter sites, and in the initiation complex (holoenzyme + T7 DNA + initiator dinucleotides + three nucleoside triphosphates), only sigma and beta were cross-linked to DNA, while cross-linking of beta' could not be demonstrated. These results (1) do not support the idea that alpha subunits are involved in the enzyme-template interaction, (2) raise the possibility that sigma subunit participates directly in promoter recognition even though isolated sigma does not bind to DNA, and (3) indicate different modes of interaction between RNA polymerase and DNA in nonspecific and specific complexes. These findings are relevant to the mechanism by which RNA polymerase carries out selective transcription."}
{"id": "PMID:359037", "title": "Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of lipid phase transitions in model and biological membranes.", "content": "Fluorinated fatty acids of the general formula CH3(CH2)13-mCF2(CH2)m-2COOH are informative spectroscopic probes of the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transitions in phospholipid dispersions and in biological membranes. We present theoretical considerations to suggest that the 19F nuclear magnetic resonance line shapes are very different for frozen and fluid lipid regions. Our studies confirm this expectation for mixed phospholipid multilamellar dispersions containing a trace of difluoromyristate. The method correctly measures the onset and completion temperatures of the transition in the well-studied dimyristoylphosphaditylcholine distearoylphosphatidylcholine system and also describes the motional behavior of the solid and fluid phases within the transition. Lipids extracted from Escherichia coli membranes show similar motional phenomena through the transition-temperature range according to 19F nuclear magnetic resonance studies of difluoromyristate biosynthetically incorporated into the K1060B5 strain, an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph. Intact cells or membrane vesicles show substantially different behavior from extracted lipids, indicating that membrane proteins significantly perturb the phase transition. Evidence presented in this paper also shows that the 19F resonance from Escherichia coli phospholipids is sensitive to various intramembrane interactions. There is a general decrease in restriction of motion due to neutral lipids and an opposite effect due to the architecture of the native membrane. Neither effect is temperature sensitive. However, there are interactions in the intact membrane, affecting the 19F resonance, that are temperature dependent both due to the phase-transition process and due to processes occurring at high temperatures.", "contents": "Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of lipid phase transitions in model and biological membranes. Fluorinated fatty acids of the general formula CH3(CH2)13-mCF2(CH2)m-2COOH are informative spectroscopic probes of the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transitions in phospholipid dispersions and in biological membranes. We present theoretical considerations to suggest that the 19F nuclear magnetic resonance line shapes are very different for frozen and fluid lipid regions. Our studies confirm this expectation for mixed phospholipid multilamellar dispersions containing a trace of difluoromyristate. The method correctly measures the onset and completion temperatures of the transition in the well-studied dimyristoylphosphaditylcholine distearoylphosphatidylcholine system and also describes the motional behavior of the solid and fluid phases within the transition. Lipids extracted from Escherichia coli membranes show similar motional phenomena through the transition-temperature range according to 19F nuclear magnetic resonance studies of difluoromyristate biosynthetically incorporated into the K1060B5 strain, an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph. Intact cells or membrane vesicles show substantially different behavior from extracted lipids, indicating that membrane proteins significantly perturb the phase transition. Evidence presented in this paper also shows that the 19F resonance from Escherichia coli phospholipids is sensitive to various intramembrane interactions. There is a general decrease in restriction of motion due to neutral lipids and an opposite effect due to the architecture of the native membrane. Neither effect is temperature sensitive. However, there are interactions in the intact membrane, affecting the 19F resonance, that are temperature dependent both due to the phase-transition process and due to processes occurring at high temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:359039", "title": "Raman spectra of ten aqueous transfer RNAs and 5S RNA. Conformational comparison with yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA.", "content": "Eleven native transfer RNAs have been prepared so as to maintain their Mg2+ content. Their aqueous Raman spectra show a high, relatively constant amount of order in the ribophosphate backbone, as indicated by the ratio 1.73 +/- 0.05 for I814/I1100 in all samples. Variation in the effectiveness of stacking of guanine and adenine bases is seen, though most of the transfer RNAs studied have a comparable degree of stacking to that found in phenylalanine transfer RNA from yeast, whose tertiary structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The spectrum of Escherichia coli 5S RNA indicates that the stacking efficiency of the guanine bases is much higher in 5S RNA than in yeast in phenylalanine transfer RNA, while that of the adenine bases is lower.", "contents": "Raman spectra of ten aqueous transfer RNAs and 5S RNA. Conformational comparison with yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA. Eleven native transfer RNAs have been prepared so as to maintain their Mg2+ content. Their aqueous Raman spectra show a high, relatively constant amount of order in the ribophosphate backbone, as indicated by the ratio 1.73 +/- 0.05 for I814/I1100 in all samples. Variation in the effectiveness of stacking of guanine and adenine bases is seen, though most of the transfer RNAs studied have a comparable degree of stacking to that found in phenylalanine transfer RNA from yeast, whose tertiary structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The spectrum of Escherichia coli 5S RNA indicates that the stacking efficiency of the guanine bases is much higher in 5S RNA than in yeast in phenylalanine transfer RNA, while that of the adenine bases is lower."}
{"id": "PMID:359042", "title": "Studies of the effects of ultraviolet radiation on the structural integrities of ribosomal RNA components of the Escherichia coli 50S ribosomal subunit.", "content": "The effects of 254-nm radiation on the structural integrities of free and 50S ribosome-bound 5S and 23S ribosomal ribonucleic acids (rRNA) have been elucidated. Irradiation of aqueous solutions of Escherichia coli 50S ribosomes with 253.7-nm radiation results in the formation of single-strand breaks in double-stranded regions of the 23S rRNA component, but not in rRNA chain scission, and destabilization of the secondary structure of the 23S rRNA toward denaturation. The minimum doses of 253.7-nm radiation required for the first detection of the two effects are 7 x 10(19) quanta for the production of single-strand breaks in double-stranded regions of the 23S rRNA, and less than 2.3 x 10(19) quanta for destabilization of the 23S rRNA secondary structure. Free 23S rRNA is resistant toward photoinduced chain breakage at doses of 253.7-nm radiation up to at least 2.3 x 10(20) and is much less sensitive toward destabilization of secondary structure than ribosome-bound 23S rRNA toward chain breakage, 50S ribosome-bound 5S rRNA is resistant toward chain breakage at doses of 253.7-nm radiation up to at least 2.3 x 10(20) quanta. Ribosome-bound 5S and 23S rRNA are also not photosensitive toward intermolecular 5S/23S rRNA crosslinkage.", "contents": "Studies of the effects of ultraviolet radiation on the structural integrities of ribosomal RNA components of the Escherichia coli 50S ribosomal subunit. The effects of 254-nm radiation on the structural integrities of free and 50S ribosome-bound 5S and 23S ribosomal ribonucleic acids (rRNA) have been elucidated. Irradiation of aqueous solutions of Escherichia coli 50S ribosomes with 253.7-nm radiation results in the formation of single-strand breaks in double-stranded regions of the 23S rRNA component, but not in rRNA chain scission, and destabilization of the secondary structure of the 23S rRNA toward denaturation. The minimum doses of 253.7-nm radiation required for the first detection of the two effects are 7 x 10(19) quanta for the production of single-strand breaks in double-stranded regions of the 23S rRNA, and less than 2.3 x 10(19) quanta for destabilization of the 23S rRNA secondary structure. Free 23S rRNA is resistant toward photoinduced chain breakage at doses of 253.7-nm radiation up to at least 2.3 x 10(20) and is much less sensitive toward destabilization of secondary structure than ribosome-bound 23S rRNA toward chain breakage, 50S ribosome-bound 5S rRNA is resistant toward chain breakage at doses of 253.7-nm radiation up to at least 2.3 x 10(20) quanta. Ribosome-bound 5S and 23S rRNA are also not photosensitive toward intermolecular 5S/23S rRNA crosslinkage."}
{"id": "PMID:359045", "title": "Yeast inner histones and the evolutionary conservation of histone-histone interactions.", "content": "The inner histones of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been isolated and identified by their amino acid compositions. H4 appears to be close to its calf and pea counterparts. H2a, H2b, and H3 have diverged. The isolation of the histones was accomplished by consecutive slab-gel fractionation, and a number of novel features of the method are described. These appear to be generally useful for preparing many types of protein. The binding pattern of the yeast inner histones is identical to the binding pattern for calf and for pea histones. Data on interspecies complexing indicate that the surfaces across which the histones interact are very highly conserved.", "contents": "Yeast inner histones and the evolutionary conservation of histone-histone interactions. The inner histones of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been isolated and identified by their amino acid compositions. H4 appears to be close to its calf and pea counterparts. H2a, H2b, and H3 have diverged. The isolation of the histones was accomplished by consecutive slab-gel fractionation, and a number of novel features of the method are described. These appear to be generally useful for preparing many types of protein. The binding pattern of the yeast inner histones is identical to the binding pattern for calf and for pea histones. Data on interspecies complexing indicate that the surfaces across which the histones interact are very highly conserved."}
{"id": "PMID:359046", "title": "Stable isotope studies on the biosynthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamin in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Deuterated and 13C-labeled sugars were fed to Escherichia coli growing on defined medium. The position and extent of incorporation of the label into the 4-methyl-5-beta-hydroxyethylthiazole portion of thiamin and other cellular components were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Based on the findings, it is concluded that the contiguous five-carbon unit of the 4-methyl-5-beta-hydroxyethylthiazole is biosynthetically derived from pyruvate and a triose phosphate.", "contents": "Stable isotope studies on the biosynthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamin in Escherichia coli. Deuterated and 13C-labeled sugars were fed to Escherichia coli growing on defined medium. The position and extent of incorporation of the label into the 4-methyl-5-beta-hydroxyethylthiazole portion of thiamin and other cellular components were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Based on the findings, it is concluded that the contiguous five-carbon unit of the 4-methyl-5-beta-hydroxyethylthiazole is biosynthetically derived from pyruvate and a triose phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:359047", "title": "Ionic strength perturbation kinetics of gene 32 protein dissociation from its complex with single-stranded DNA.", "content": "Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the interaction of gene 32 protein of T4 phage with single-stranded fd DNA were performed monitoring the changes in protein fluorescence. From the fluorescence titrations, it was estimated that a monomer of gene 32 protein covered six nucleotide bases on the DNA and the lower limit for the apparent association constant was 1.9 x 10(8) M-1 with a cooperative parameter of 10(3) in 0.1 M 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride (pH 7) at 25 degrees C. When an ionic strength jump was applied to the gene 32 protein-fd DNA complex using a stopped-flow apparatus, the complex underwent a dissociation into its individual components accompanied by an increase in protein fluorescence. The kinetics of the dissociation are not consistent with a single first-order process. The data, however, can be analyzed in terms of a model in which gene 32 protein molecules release cooperatively starting from either one or both ends of a cluster of proteins bound to fd DNA. This type of dissociation of gene 32 protein from single-stranded DNA is very efficient and has interesting implications: it could provide a way to facilitate a rapid \"zippering\" of the two complementary DNA strands during DNA replication and genetic recombination.", "contents": "Ionic strength perturbation kinetics of gene 32 protein dissociation from its complex with single-stranded DNA. Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the interaction of gene 32 protein of T4 phage with single-stranded fd DNA were performed monitoring the changes in protein fluorescence. From the fluorescence titrations, it was estimated that a monomer of gene 32 protein covered six nucleotide bases on the DNA and the lower limit for the apparent association constant was 1.9 x 10(8) M-1 with a cooperative parameter of 10(3) in 0.1 M 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride (pH 7) at 25 degrees C. When an ionic strength jump was applied to the gene 32 protein-fd DNA complex using a stopped-flow apparatus, the complex underwent a dissociation into its individual components accompanied by an increase in protein fluorescence. The kinetics of the dissociation are not consistent with a single first-order process. The data, however, can be analyzed in terms of a model in which gene 32 protein molecules release cooperatively starting from either one or both ends of a cluster of proteins bound to fd DNA. This type of dissociation of gene 32 protein from single-stranded DNA is very efficient and has interesting implications: it could provide a way to facilitate a rapid \"zippering\" of the two complementary DNA strands during DNA replication and genetic recombination."}
{"id": "PMID:359050", "title": "Yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. Properties of the histidyl residues.", "content": "Reactivity of the histidyl groups of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase was studied in the absence or presence of substrates. In the absence of substrates about 10 histidine residues were found to react with similar kinetic constants. Phenylalanine at 10(-3) M was found to protect two histidyl residues; increasing the amino acid concentration to 5 . 10(-3) M resulted in the protection of two more histidyl groups. tRNAPhe did not afford any protection to histidine residues, but acylated phenylalanyl-tRNA (Phe-tRNAPhe) protected two of the four histidyl groups already protected by phenylalanine. These results suggest the existence of two different sets of accepting sites for phenylalanine: one specific for the free amino acid, the other one specific for the amino acid linked to the tRNA, but being accessible to free phenylalanine, with a somewhat lower binding constant, ATP was found to mask around four histidyl residues against diethylpyrocarbonate modification. By photoirradiation of enzyme-phenylalanine complex in the presence of rose bengale, a significant amount of amino acid was bound to the alpha subunit (Mr = 73 000) of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, confirming that the amino acid binding site is located on this subunit, as previously suggested by modification of thiol groups. Upon irradiation of an enzyme-tRNA complex, almost no covalent binding of tRNA occurred during enzyme inactivation, suggesting that the histidyl residues involved in the enzymic activity are not required for tRNA binding.", "contents": "Yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. Properties of the histidyl residues. Reactivity of the histidyl groups of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase was studied in the absence or presence of substrates. In the absence of substrates about 10 histidine residues were found to react with similar kinetic constants. Phenylalanine at 10(-3) M was found to protect two histidyl residues; increasing the amino acid concentration to 5 . 10(-3) M resulted in the protection of two more histidyl groups. tRNAPhe did not afford any protection to histidine residues, but acylated phenylalanyl-tRNA (Phe-tRNAPhe) protected two of the four histidyl groups already protected by phenylalanine. These results suggest the existence of two different sets of accepting sites for phenylalanine: one specific for the free amino acid, the other one specific for the amino acid linked to the tRNA, but being accessible to free phenylalanine, with a somewhat lower binding constant, ATP was found to mask around four histidyl residues against diethylpyrocarbonate modification. By photoirradiation of enzyme-phenylalanine complex in the presence of rose bengale, a significant amount of amino acid was bound to the alpha subunit (Mr = 73 000) of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, confirming that the amino acid binding site is located on this subunit, as previously suggested by modification of thiol groups. Upon irradiation of an enzyme-tRNA complex, almost no covalent binding of tRNA occurred during enzyme inactivation, suggesting that the histidyl residues involved in the enzymic activity are not required for tRNA binding."}
{"id": "PMID:359051", "title": "Codon-specific interaction of uncharged transfer-RNA with eukaryotic ribosomes.", "content": "Rat liver ribosomes bound [32P]tRNAPhe in both a codon-dependent and codon-independent manner. The codon-dependent binding was studied further by utilising the ability of the unchanged tRNAPhe to inhibit the poly(U)-directed binding of [3H]Phe-tRNA to ribosomes. At least part of the codon-dependent binding of uncharged tRNA appears to be to the ribosomal A-site.", "contents": "Codon-specific interaction of uncharged transfer-RNA with eukaryotic ribosomes. Rat liver ribosomes bound [32P]tRNAPhe in both a codon-dependent and codon-independent manner. The codon-dependent binding was studied further by utilising the ability of the unchanged tRNAPhe to inhibit the poly(U)-directed binding of [3H]Phe-tRNA to ribosomes. At least part of the codon-dependent binding of uncharged tRNA appears to be to the ribosomal A-site."}
{"id": "PMID:359052", "title": "Study of a haploid yeast strain with an unusually high rDNA content. III. Unequal meiotic segregation of the gamma-DNA fraction.", "content": "DNA from different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been fractionated in preparative Ag+/Cs2-SO4 density gradients. The results show that there are real differences in amount of the nuclear satellite component, the gamma-DNA, from one strain to the other. The gamma-DNA forms a homogeneous dense band that contains all the rDNA, and the amount of gamma-DNA estimated from the gradients can be correlated to amount of rDNA derived from rRNA-DNA hybridizations. By various crossings and sporulations we have obtained diploid and haploid strains with gamma-DNA contents ranging from 7 to 20% of the nuclear DNA. During meiosis, the amount of gamma-DNA appears to segregate in a pattern that indicates unequal crossing over as a possible mechanism for differences in gamma-DNA contents.", "contents": "Study of a haploid yeast strain with an unusually high rDNA content. III. Unequal meiotic segregation of the gamma-DNA fraction. DNA from different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been fractionated in preparative Ag+/Cs2-SO4 density gradients. The results show that there are real differences in amount of the nuclear satellite component, the gamma-DNA, from one strain to the other. The gamma-DNA forms a homogeneous dense band that contains all the rDNA, and the amount of gamma-DNA estimated from the gradients can be correlated to amount of rDNA derived from rRNA-DNA hybridizations. By various crossings and sporulations we have obtained diploid and haploid strains with gamma-DNA contents ranging from 7 to 20% of the nuclear DNA. During meiosis, the amount of gamma-DNA appears to segregate in a pattern that indicates unequal crossing over as a possible mechanism for differences in gamma-DNA contents."}
{"id": "PMID:359053", "title": "Formation of 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate by matrix-free mitochondrial membrane-rich preparations of yeast.", "content": "It has been shown that a 10 000 x g matrix-free mitochondrial membrane-rich preparation from commercial bakers' yeast is able to synthesize 3-all-transhexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate from 4-hydroxybenzoate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. The synthesis is Mg2+ dependent and is stimulated markedly by the primer for polyprenylpyrophosphate synthesis of 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate from 4-hydroxybenzoate, isopentenyl pyrophosphate and 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate the priming function of 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate can be performed by either geranyl pyrophosphate (most efficient) or farnesyl pyrophosphate. At high Mg2+ concentrations, however, geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate act mainly as sources of preformed side chains and 3-diprenyl- and 3-tripenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, respectively, are produced. In the presence of a source of preformed polyprenyl pyrophosphates the membrane preparations catalysed the polyprenylation of methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzylalcohol and 4-hydroxycinnamate. No evidence was obtained for the involvement of either 4-hydroxybenzoyl CoA or 4-hydroxybenzoyl-S-protein in the formation of 3-polyprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoates.", "contents": "Formation of 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate by matrix-free mitochondrial membrane-rich preparations of yeast. It has been shown that a 10 000 x g matrix-free mitochondrial membrane-rich preparation from commercial bakers' yeast is able to synthesize 3-all-transhexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate from 4-hydroxybenzoate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. The synthesis is Mg2+ dependent and is stimulated markedly by the primer for polyprenylpyrophosphate synthesis of 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate from 4-hydroxybenzoate, isopentenyl pyrophosphate and 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate the priming function of 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate can be performed by either geranyl pyrophosphate (most efficient) or farnesyl pyrophosphate. At high Mg2+ concentrations, however, geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate act mainly as sources of preformed side chains and 3-diprenyl- and 3-tripenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, respectively, are produced. In the presence of a source of preformed polyprenyl pyrophosphates the membrane preparations catalysed the polyprenylation of methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzylalcohol and 4-hydroxycinnamate. No evidence was obtained for the involvement of either 4-hydroxybenzoyl CoA or 4-hydroxybenzoyl-S-protein in the formation of 3-polyprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoates."}
{"id": "PMID:359055", "title": "Role of chelation and water binding of calcium in dormancy and heat resistance of bacterial endospores.", "content": "The possible relationship between the water binding by bacterial endospores and their dormancy and heat resistances has been examined in terms of the coordination characteristics of the spore-bound calcium. Stabilities of the calcium complexes of typical cytoplasmic and structural spore components were determined by potentiometric equilibrium pH measurements in model systems consisting of DPA, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, alanyl-glutamic acid, triglycine, and tetraglycine. The Ca++-form and H+-form spores of Clostridium botulinum 33A were investigated in vivo with respect to their water sorption and heat-resistance characteristics. The results suggest that the complexing of calcium and Ca(II)-DPA may be biologically significant for spore resistance and dormancy at the following three levels: (1) complexing with spore cytoplasmic pool constituents consistent with the idea of a metal-chelate cross-linked cytoplasm or spore cement stabilizing the essential biological macromolecules, (2) complexing with structural components of the spore as indicated by the interaction with model peptides, and (3) coordination with water to produce an apparently dehydrated environment in the spore as evident from the much greater water-sorption capacity of the Ca++-form spores vs the much smaller water sorption of the H+-form spores. Interestingly enough, DPA itself, in the absence of metal ion, showed some interaction with di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides and a weak but detectable interaction with amino acids. Although the exact mode of the DPA-peptide interaction is not clear, it is attractive to speculate about its possible involvement in the control of spore dormancy and resistance.", "contents": "Role of chelation and water binding of calcium in dormancy and heat resistance of bacterial endospores. The possible relationship between the water binding by bacterial endospores and their dormancy and heat resistances has been examined in terms of the coordination characteristics of the spore-bound calcium. Stabilities of the calcium complexes of typical cytoplasmic and structural spore components were determined by potentiometric equilibrium pH measurements in model systems consisting of DPA, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, alanyl-glutamic acid, triglycine, and tetraglycine. The Ca++-form and H+-form spores of Clostridium botulinum 33A were investigated in vivo with respect to their water sorption and heat-resistance characteristics. The results suggest that the complexing of calcium and Ca(II)-DPA may be biologically significant for spore resistance and dormancy at the following three levels: (1) complexing with spore cytoplasmic pool constituents consistent with the idea of a metal-chelate cross-linked cytoplasm or spore cement stabilizing the essential biological macromolecules, (2) complexing with structural components of the spore as indicated by the interaction with model peptides, and (3) coordination with water to produce an apparently dehydrated environment in the spore as evident from the much greater water-sorption capacity of the Ca++-form spores vs the much smaller water sorption of the H+-form spores. Interestingly enough, DPA itself, in the absence of metal ion, showed some interaction with di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides and a weak but detectable interaction with amino acids. Although the exact mode of the DPA-peptide interaction is not clear, it is attractive to speculate about its possible involvement in the control of spore dormancy and resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:359056", "title": "[Study of the methylation process and DNA methylase specificity in Shigella].", "content": "The nature and content of minor bases in DNA of 3 Shigella strains are investigated. DNAs from Shigella stutzeri 2, Sh. sonnei 1188 and Sh. sonnei 311 are found to contain 0.43, 0.56 and 0.45 mol.% of N6-methyladenine respectively. 5-methylcytosine (0.16 mol.%) is discovered in Sh. sonnei 311. Substrate specificity of adenine methylase from Sh. sonnei 1188 with respect to phage DNAs of different host modification is investigated. Recognition sites for guanine methylase of DDVI phage and for adenine methylase of Sh. sonnei 1188 turned to be different. DNA of DDII phage grown in Sh. stutzeri 2 cells does not accept methyl groups under the treatment with Sh. sonnei 1188 extracts, but it is methylated by Escherichia coli extract. Adenine methylases of Sh. sonnei 1188 and Sh. stutzeri 2 are suggested to be either the same enzyme, or enzymes, which recognition sites are partially overlapped.", "contents": "[Study of the methylation process and DNA methylase specificity in Shigella]. The nature and content of minor bases in DNA of 3 Shigella strains are investigated. DNAs from Shigella stutzeri 2, Sh. sonnei 1188 and Sh. sonnei 311 are found to contain 0.43, 0.56 and 0.45 mol.% of N6-methyladenine respectively. 5-methylcytosine (0.16 mol.%) is discovered in Sh. sonnei 311. Substrate specificity of adenine methylase from Sh. sonnei 1188 with respect to phage DNAs of different host modification is investigated. Recognition sites for guanine methylase of DDVI phage and for adenine methylase of Sh. sonnei 1188 turned to be different. DNA of DDII phage grown in Sh. stutzeri 2 cells does not accept methyl groups under the treatment with Sh. sonnei 1188 extracts, but it is methylated by Escherichia coli extract. Adenine methylases of Sh. sonnei 1188 and Sh. stutzeri 2 are suggested to be either the same enzyme, or enzymes, which recognition sites are partially overlapped."}
{"id": "PMID:359057", "title": "Positive end expiratory pressure: effects on lung mechanics of premature lambs.", "content": "Pulmonary mechanics were determined at 0, 3, 6, and 10 cm H2O positive and expiratory pressure (PEEP) in premature lambs at a mean gestational age of 134 days. Functional residual capacity increased (p less than 0.005) by 7% (1.6 ml/kg) per cm H2O PEEP. Dynamic lung compliance and specific compliance significantly decreased by 10% (0.11 ml/cm H2O/kg) and 9% (0.0051 l/cm H2O) per cm H2O PEEP, respectively, for PEEP above 3 cm H2O level. Inspiratory lung resistance increased significantly (p less than 0.05) only between 0 and 6 cm H2O PEEP while expiratory lung resistance increased (p less than 0.05) between 0 cm H2O PEEP and all higher levels. The data suggest that PEEP in excess of 3 cm H2O produces undesirable effects on lung mechanics in premature lambs. These results may be important in predicting contraindications and potential complications of positive pressure breathing in the newborn.", "contents": "Positive end expiratory pressure: effects on lung mechanics of premature lambs. Pulmonary mechanics were determined at 0, 3, 6, and 10 cm H2O positive and expiratory pressure (PEEP) in premature lambs at a mean gestational age of 134 days. Functional residual capacity increased (p less than 0.005) by 7% (1.6 ml/kg) per cm H2O PEEP. Dynamic lung compliance and specific compliance significantly decreased by 10% (0.11 ml/cm H2O/kg) and 9% (0.0051 l/cm H2O) per cm H2O PEEP, respectively, for PEEP above 3 cm H2O level. Inspiratory lung resistance increased significantly (p less than 0.05) only between 0 and 6 cm H2O PEEP while expiratory lung resistance increased (p less than 0.05) between 0 cm H2O PEEP and all higher levels. The data suggest that PEEP in excess of 3 cm H2O produces undesirable effects on lung mechanics in premature lambs. These results may be important in predicting contraindications and potential complications of positive pressure breathing in the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:359058", "title": "Development of glucose-mediated insulin release response in organ cultured rat pancreas.", "content": "In the Sprague-Dawley rat, glucose concentration dependent insulin release first appears 2 days after birth. If pancreatic explants from 19-, 20- or 21-day fetal rats are organ cultured to a period corresponding to the 4th postnatal day, 120 min stimulus with glucose (100 or 300 mg/dl) fails to produce glucose-dependent insulin release. When explants from 20-day fetal pancreas are cultured, glucose-mediated insulin release develops after 12 h to 2 days of culture, and persists for up to 2 days. Explants from 3 day postnatal pancreas retain glucose-dependent insulin release for at least 2 days culture. High tissue insulin levels and continued release of immunoreactive insulin into culture medium are maintained throughout the culture period studied. Our data show that glucose-mediated insulin release can develop in organ culture, and suggest that this development, after the 19th fetal day, does not require extrapancreatic neural or endocrine factors.", "contents": "Development of glucose-mediated insulin release response in organ cultured rat pancreas. In the Sprague-Dawley rat, glucose concentration dependent insulin release first appears 2 days after birth. If pancreatic explants from 19-, 20- or 21-day fetal rats are organ cultured to a period corresponding to the 4th postnatal day, 120 min stimulus with glucose (100 or 300 mg/dl) fails to produce glucose-dependent insulin release. When explants from 20-day fetal pancreas are cultured, glucose-mediated insulin release develops after 12 h to 2 days of culture, and persists for up to 2 days. Explants from 3 day postnatal pancreas retain glucose-dependent insulin release for at least 2 days culture. High tissue insulin levels and continued release of immunoreactive insulin into culture medium are maintained throughout the culture period studied. Our data show that glucose-mediated insulin release can develop in organ culture, and suggest that this development, after the 19th fetal day, does not require extrapancreatic neural or endocrine factors."}
{"id": "PMID:359054", "title": "[Diffusion of water through the narrow pores of biomembranes].", "content": "The pulsed-gradient, nuclear magnetic resonance method has been used to study diffusion of water through the cell membranes. An analytical expression is derived for relative amplitude of nuclear spin-echo, describing the diffusion of water in membrane pores. The latter are so narrow, that their diameter is only a little greater than the water molecule diameter. The experimental data for consumed yeast with normal content of water agree well with the theoretical dependence.", "contents": "[Diffusion of water through the narrow pores of biomembranes]. The pulsed-gradient, nuclear magnetic resonance method has been used to study diffusion of water through the cell membranes. An analytical expression is derived for relative amplitude of nuclear spin-echo, describing the diffusion of water in membrane pores. The latter are so narrow, that their diameter is only a little greater than the water molecule diameter. The experimental data for consumed yeast with normal content of water agree well with the theoretical dependence."}
{"id": "PMID:359061", "title": "[Immunohistochemical study of cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol in mouse liver].", "content": "Localization of two phospholipid haptens--cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol--in mouse liver sections was studied by the indirect method of fluorescent antibodies. Two types of liver sections--paraffin and cryostat, and two type of fixation--in acetone, and in the acetone, buffer, and formalin mixture--were used. Antiphospholipid sera stain specifically the plasma membrane of hepatocytes and predominantly the membrane region overlooking the blood capillary. A possibility of detecting the specific phospholipid haptens depends on the method of obtaining the sections and their fixation. Two types of immunization give two types of antiphospholipid sera which differ by the stability, by the possibility of monospecific antibodies isolation from them on lipid immunosorbents, and by the types of liver section staining.", "contents": "[Immunohistochemical study of cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol in mouse liver]. Localization of two phospholipid haptens--cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol--in mouse liver sections was studied by the indirect method of fluorescent antibodies. Two types of liver sections--paraffin and cryostat, and two type of fixation--in acetone, and in the acetone, buffer, and formalin mixture--were used. Antiphospholipid sera stain specifically the plasma membrane of hepatocytes and predominantly the membrane region overlooking the blood capillary. A possibility of detecting the specific phospholipid haptens depends on the method of obtaining the sections and their fixation. Two types of immunization give two types of antiphospholipid sera which differ by the stability, by the possibility of monospecific antibodies isolation from them on lipid immunosorbents, and by the types of liver section staining."}
{"id": "PMID:359060", "title": "Conformational prediction and circular dichroism studies on ribosomal protein S4 from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The conformation of ribosomal protein S4 from Escherichia coli has been studied by circular dichroism (CD) and shown to possess unique conformation free in solution. The near ultraviolet spectrum suggests the existence of unique tertiary structural environment for the aromatic amino acid residues. The far ultraviolet spectrum gives an estimation of its secondary structure which is 32% alpha-helix and 14% beta-structure in reconstitution buffer at 25 degrees C. The conformation of S4 has been predicted from its sequence, and two models are presented here. An attempt is made to correlate these two molecular models with the available physicochemical data concerning the shape, conformation, and possible RNA binding site of protein S4.", "contents": "Conformational prediction and circular dichroism studies on ribosomal protein S4 from Escherichia coli. The conformation of ribosomal protein S4 from Escherichia coli has been studied by circular dichroism (CD) and shown to possess unique conformation free in solution. The near ultraviolet spectrum suggests the existence of unique tertiary structural environment for the aromatic amino acid residues. The far ultraviolet spectrum gives an estimation of its secondary structure which is 32% alpha-helix and 14% beta-structure in reconstitution buffer at 25 degrees C. The conformation of S4 has been predicted from its sequence, and two models are presented here. An attempt is made to correlate these two molecular models with the available physicochemical data concerning the shape, conformation, and possible RNA binding site of protein S4."}
{"id": "PMID:359062", "title": "[Nonspecific resistance in germ-free and E. coli monocontaminated miniature piglets].", "content": "Phagocytic activity of leukocytes, as well as the complement, properdin, and lysozyme levels in the blood serum of miniature piglets, germfree and monocontaminated with E. coli 055 and E. coli 083, were studied. E. coli 055 phagocytosis was decreased in the presence of autologous serum and complement and increased under the effect of specific opsonins (antibodies to E. coli 055). Complement, properdin, and lysozyme levels were decreased in the germfree, in comparison with conventional animals. In the E. coli contaminated piglets properdin and complement production was stimulated most, and lysozyme formation--less. No antibodies to E. coli 055 were revealed in monocontaminated piglets. The highest lysozyme levels were found in the ex-germfree animals, this indicating the participation of factors other than E. coli contamination in lysozyme stimulation. It is concluded that microbial contamination played an important role in the development of cellular and humoral factors of the organism resistance.", "contents": "[Nonspecific resistance in germ-free and E. coli monocontaminated miniature piglets]. Phagocytic activity of leukocytes, as well as the complement, properdin, and lysozyme levels in the blood serum of miniature piglets, germfree and monocontaminated with E. coli 055 and E. coli 083, were studied. E. coli 055 phagocytosis was decreased in the presence of autologous serum and complement and increased under the effect of specific opsonins (antibodies to E. coli 055). Complement, properdin, and lysozyme levels were decreased in the germfree, in comparison with conventional animals. In the E. coli contaminated piglets properdin and complement production was stimulated most, and lysozyme formation--less. No antibodies to E. coli 055 were revealed in monocontaminated piglets. The highest lysozyme levels were found in the ex-germfree animals, this indicating the participation of factors other than E. coli contamination in lysozyme stimulation. It is concluded that microbial contamination played an important role in the development of cellular and humoral factors of the organism resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:359063", "title": "[Effect of stem cell inhibition factor and macrophage inhibition factor on mouse spleen cell exocolonization and migration].", "content": "The migration activity of the spleen cells from intact mice is inhibited by the stem cell inhibitory factor (SCIF) released by lymphocytes treated with antilymphocytic globulin. The degree of the migration inhibition is proportional to the activity of SCIF in the colony-formation inhibition. The macrophage-migration inhibitory factor (MIF), obtained in the H-2 system exhibited a stimulating effect on the colony formation in mice when used in vitro for the treatment of bone marrow transplants. This activity of MIF corresponds to its migration-inhibitory effect on the spleen cells. Incubation of the bone marrow cells with MIF for 30 minutes is more effective than the 2-hour treatment. The observed effects are interpreted as an indication of non-identity of SCIF and MIF.", "contents": "[Effect of stem cell inhibition factor and macrophage inhibition factor on mouse spleen cell exocolonization and migration]. The migration activity of the spleen cells from intact mice is inhibited by the stem cell inhibitory factor (SCIF) released by lymphocytes treated with antilymphocytic globulin. The degree of the migration inhibition is proportional to the activity of SCIF in the colony-formation inhibition. The macrophage-migration inhibitory factor (MIF), obtained in the H-2 system exhibited a stimulating effect on the colony formation in mice when used in vitro for the treatment of bone marrow transplants. This activity of MIF corresponds to its migration-inhibitory effect on the spleen cells. Incubation of the bone marrow cells with MIF for 30 minutes is more effective than the 2-hour treatment. The observed effects are interpreted as an indication of non-identity of SCIF and MIF."}
{"id": "PMID:359064", "title": "Banding studies on chromosomes in diffuse \"histiocytic\" lymphomas: correlation of 14q+ marker chromosome with cytology.", "content": "Chromosomes were studied in cells from tissues primarily involved by diffuse \"histiocytic\" lymphoma in nine patients. Two of the patients had stage II disease; their tumors were fibrotic and had no mitotic cells. One patient was in stage III, and the remaining six patients had stage IV disease. The modal chromosome number of abnormal cells from these last seven patients was hypodiploid in two, hyperdiploid in four, and near-triploid in one. Complete banding studies of six cases and partial analysis of the seventh indicate that (1) every patient had a distinct cell line with common markers, with a few cells showing minor variants; (2) although certain chromosomes (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 9, 12, and 14) were structurally affected more often than others, no markers with the same banding pattern were noted among them; and (3) the cytologic type of lymphoma could be correlated with the karyotype in all seven patients. When the Lukes and Collins classification was used, three patients whose tumors were composed predominantly of large noncleaved cells showed a 14q translocation leading to the formation of a 14q+ marker chromosome. This marker was not observed in four patients whose tumors had a majority of large cleaved cells. These preliminary results, if confirmed in a larger series of patients, will provide additional evidence that there are consistent chromosome changes associated with specific subtypes of lymphoproliferative disorders analogous to the Ph1 chromosome in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "contents": "Banding studies on chromosomes in diffuse \"histiocytic\" lymphomas: correlation of 14q+ marker chromosome with cytology. Chromosomes were studied in cells from tissues primarily involved by diffuse \"histiocytic\" lymphoma in nine patients. Two of the patients had stage II disease; their tumors were fibrotic and had no mitotic cells. One patient was in stage III, and the remaining six patients had stage IV disease. The modal chromosome number of abnormal cells from these last seven patients was hypodiploid in two, hyperdiploid in four, and near-triploid in one. Complete banding studies of six cases and partial analysis of the seventh indicate that (1) every patient had a distinct cell line with common markers, with a few cells showing minor variants; (2) although certain chromosomes (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 9, 12, and 14) were structurally affected more often than others, no markers with the same banding pattern were noted among them; and (3) the cytologic type of lymphoma could be correlated with the karyotype in all seven patients. When the Lukes and Collins classification was used, three patients whose tumors were composed predominantly of large noncleaved cells showed a 14q translocation leading to the formation of a 14q+ marker chromosome. This marker was not observed in four patients whose tumors had a majority of large cleaved cells. These preliminary results, if confirmed in a larger series of patients, will provide additional evidence that there are consistent chromosome changes associated with specific subtypes of lymphoproliferative disorders analogous to the Ph1 chromosome in chronic myelogenous leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:359059", "title": "Carrageenan and the immune response.", "content": "Since the biological effects of carrageenan were reviewed in 1972 by Di Rosa it has become clear from a large number of reports that this algal polysaccharide markedly influences immune responses. Profound suppression of immunity evidenced by impaired antibody production, graft rejection, delayed hypersensitivity and anti-tumour immunity, has been observed in carrageenan-treated animals and the immunodepressive ability of carrageenan confirmed by in vitro studies. Efforts at analysis of carrageenan-induced immune suppression have focussed on the selective cytotoxic effect of this agent on mononuclear phagocytes. Faith in the ability of carrageenan to eliminate those cells has led to its use in examination of the role played by mononuclear phagocytes in various aspects of immune reactivity. This review documents and discusses the effects of carrageenan on immune responses and assesses the value of carrageenan as a useful tool in both current and future work aimed at broadening our knowledge of mechanisms underlying immune reactions.", "contents": "Carrageenan and the immune response. Since the biological effects of carrageenan were reviewed in 1972 by Di Rosa it has become clear from a large number of reports that this algal polysaccharide markedly influences immune responses. Profound suppression of immunity evidenced by impaired antibody production, graft rejection, delayed hypersensitivity and anti-tumour immunity, has been observed in carrageenan-treated animals and the immunodepressive ability of carrageenan confirmed by in vitro studies. Efforts at analysis of carrageenan-induced immune suppression have focussed on the selective cytotoxic effect of this agent on mononuclear phagocytes. Faith in the ability of carrageenan to eliminate those cells has led to its use in examination of the role played by mononuclear phagocytes in various aspects of immune reactivity. This review documents and discusses the effects of carrageenan on immune responses and assesses the value of carrageenan as a useful tool in both current and future work aimed at broadening our knowledge of mechanisms underlying immune reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:359066", "title": "Monocyte production in Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Monocytopoietic proliferation activity was investigated in patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease, Hodgkin's disease in long-term complete remission, and untreated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma type. Untreated Hodgkin's disease was found to be associated with a rise in medullary monocyte production which returned to normal during long-term complete remissions. In contrast, monocyte production was increased in only 5 out of 14 patients with lymphosarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma, normal in 3, and reduced in 6. In neither of these lymphomas was any relation between monocyte production and stage or histology of the disease detectable.", "contents": "Monocyte production in Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Monocytopoietic proliferation activity was investigated in patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease, Hodgkin's disease in long-term complete remission, and untreated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma type. Untreated Hodgkin's disease was found to be associated with a rise in medullary monocyte production which returned to normal during long-term complete remissions. In contrast, monocyte production was increased in only 5 out of 14 patients with lymphosarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma, normal in 3, and reduced in 6. In neither of these lymphomas was any relation between monocyte production and stage or histology of the disease detectable."}
{"id": "PMID:359067", "title": "[Chemotherapy of malignant melanoma. Results of a controlled clinical trial comparing vincristine + dacarbazin (DTIC) with and without duborimycin (author's transl)].", "content": "Adding duborimycin to the association of vincristine + DTIC in the treatment of malignant melanoma produces therapeutic results interesting but not statistically significant and not counter-balancing the toxic side effects. This study confirms the lack of positive results of polychemotherapy in melanoma as compared to treatment by an efficacious single drug therapy (DTIC); it also emphasizes the necessity of randomized studies so that valuable comparisons may be done.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of malignant melanoma. Results of a controlled clinical trial comparing vincristine + dacarbazin (DTIC) with and without duborimycin (author's transl)]. Adding duborimycin to the association of vincristine + DTIC in the treatment of malignant melanoma produces therapeutic results interesting but not statistically significant and not counter-balancing the toxic side effects. This study confirms the lack of positive results of polychemotherapy in melanoma as compared to treatment by an efficacious single drug therapy (DTIC); it also emphasizes the necessity of randomized studies so that valuable comparisons may be done."}
{"id": "PMID:359068", "title": "Role of diet and nutrition in cancer cause, prevention and treatment.", "content": "The roles of diet and nutrition as etiologic factors in cancer incidence is discussed. Diet and nutrition have recently been recognized as causative agents in other chronic diseases. Epidemiologic evidence supportive of the hypothesis that different diets rather than other environmental contaminants are important in the causation of certain forms of cancer is reviewed, including studies on several migrant populations and ethnic groups. Specific dietary components have been correlated with certain forms of cancer, such as bowel cancer and fat consumption, and a theory of the mechanism is set forth. The animal studies discussed strongly confirm the results of epidemiologic studies in man. Additionally, nutrition's important role in cancer therapy and rehabilitation is described. A variety of intervention techniques are available to maintain the nutrition status of the cancer patient. Finally, the research priorities and the Diet, Nutrition and Cancer Program (DNCP) of the National Cancer Institute are explained.", "contents": "Role of diet and nutrition in cancer cause, prevention and treatment. The roles of diet and nutrition as etiologic factors in cancer incidence is discussed. Diet and nutrition have recently been recognized as causative agents in other chronic diseases. Epidemiologic evidence supportive of the hypothesis that different diets rather than other environmental contaminants are important in the causation of certain forms of cancer is reviewed, including studies on several migrant populations and ethnic groups. Specific dietary components have been correlated with certain forms of cancer, such as bowel cancer and fat consumption, and a theory of the mechanism is set forth. The animal studies discussed strongly confirm the results of epidemiologic studies in man. Additionally, nutrition's important role in cancer therapy and rehabilitation is described. A variety of intervention techniques are available to maintain the nutrition status of the cancer patient. Finally, the research priorities and the Diet, Nutrition and Cancer Program (DNCP) of the National Cancer Institute are explained."}
{"id": "PMID:359069", "title": "[Genetic factors in the etiology of breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of literature shows that, at present, genetic factors are difficult to distinguish from environmental factors. A number of studies have put into light relationships between factors tranmetted genetically and an increased risk of breast cancer in some women. This might be a reflect of the transmission of a certain susceptibility. However, one of these factors alone cannot explain the increase of the risk. Most likely, as for many types of cancers, the development of breast cancer is due both to a multigenic transmission of a certain susceptibility and to the action of environmental factors. Though, epidemiological studies make possible to identify a high risk population. A regular follow-up of this population would permit early diagnosis and possibly prophylactic measures concerning the known environmental factors, and in particular hormonal factors.", "contents": "[Genetic factors in the etiology of breast cancer (author's transl)]. A review of literature shows that, at present, genetic factors are difficult to distinguish from environmental factors. A number of studies have put into light relationships between factors tranmetted genetically and an increased risk of breast cancer in some women. This might be a reflect of the transmission of a certain susceptibility. However, one of these factors alone cannot explain the increase of the risk. Most likely, as for many types of cancers, the development of breast cancer is due both to a multigenic transmission of a certain susceptibility and to the action of environmental factors. Though, epidemiological studies make possible to identify a high risk population. A regular follow-up of this population would permit early diagnosis and possibly prophylactic measures concerning the known environmental factors, and in particular hormonal factors."}
{"id": "PMID:359070", "title": "[Mendelian genetics and cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Two hundred different mendelian genes can have a cancerogenic effect in man, but it is difficult to make out between the genetic and the environmental part. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is an example that the actual cancerogenic factor can be environmental and not genetic. Genetically controlled tumors can result from two successive mutations, the first being in some cases prezygotic. The first genetic accident can be a birth defect or a chromosomic fragility syndrome. The histocompatibility major system can play a role in the frequence and in the evolutive type of some cancers. The most frequent hereditary syndromes which can be associated with cancers are quoted here.", "contents": "[Mendelian genetics and cancer (author's transl)]. Two hundred different mendelian genes can have a cancerogenic effect in man, but it is difficult to make out between the genetic and the environmental part. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is an example that the actual cancerogenic factor can be environmental and not genetic. Genetically controlled tumors can result from two successive mutations, the first being in some cases prezygotic. The first genetic accident can be a birth defect or a chromosomic fragility syndrome. The histocompatibility major system can play a role in the frequence and in the evolutive type of some cancers. The most frequent hereditary syndromes which can be associated with cancers are quoted here."}
{"id": "PMID:359079", "title": "Changes in blood flow and mediator content of rabbit skin grafts.", "content": "1. Blood flow changes have been measured in rabbit skin homografts and autografts and an attempt has been made to correlate these changes with the presence of vasoactive agents in homogenates of the grafts. 2. During the healing-in of both types of grafts the blood flow and histamine content increased. 3. If this histamine was responsible for the vasodilatation via an H2-receptor it must have been released in the form of \"nascent\" or intrinsic histamine since the vasodilatation was not antagonized by antihistamine. 4. A peak of histamine concentration occurred in homografts, more than three times that in autografts at the onset of rejection. At the same time the blood flow stopped completely. 5. This vasoconstriction might be mediated by histamine since treatment with mepyramine delayed the cessation of blood flow from 5 days up to 7 to 10 days. 6. Prostaglandins appeared to be involved only in the period of peak blood flow in homografts because indomethacin did not delay the onset of rejection, but reduced the peak blood flow in the homografts at a time when there was an increased content of prostaglandin E2 in the homograft tissue.", "contents": "Changes in blood flow and mediator content of rabbit skin grafts. 1. Blood flow changes have been measured in rabbit skin homografts and autografts and an attempt has been made to correlate these changes with the presence of vasoactive agents in homogenates of the grafts. 2. During the healing-in of both types of grafts the blood flow and histamine content increased. 3. If this histamine was responsible for the vasodilatation via an H2-receptor it must have been released in the form of \"nascent\" or intrinsic histamine since the vasodilatation was not antagonized by antihistamine. 4. A peak of histamine concentration occurred in homografts, more than three times that in autografts at the onset of rejection. At the same time the blood flow stopped completely. 5. This vasoconstriction might be mediated by histamine since treatment with mepyramine delayed the cessation of blood flow from 5 days up to 7 to 10 days. 6. Prostaglandins appeared to be involved only in the period of peak blood flow in homografts because indomethacin did not delay the onset of rejection, but reduced the peak blood flow in the homografts at a time when there was an increased content of prostaglandin E2 in the homograft tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:359080", "title": "Obsessive thoughts: the problem of therapy.", "content": "Eleven patients with obsessive thoughts were treated in two pilot studies. In the first of these patients were given thought-stopping, and this was contrasted with relaxation therapy. In the second study patients were treated by a technique described here as 'satiation', and this was followed by thought-stopping and finally a course of amitriptyline. The overall results were poor, but one type of obsessive thought responded well to satiation.", "contents": "Obsessive thoughts: the problem of therapy. Eleven patients with obsessive thoughts were treated in two pilot studies. In the first of these patients were given thought-stopping, and this was contrasted with relaxation therapy. In the second study patients were treated by a technique described here as 'satiation', and this was followed by thought-stopping and finally a course of amitriptyline. The overall results were poor, but one type of obsessive thought responded well to satiation."}
{"id": "PMID:359081", "title": "Mianserin and lithium in the prophylaxis of depression.", "content": "Forty-one out-patients with a history of at least three attacks of depressive illness were randomly allocated to treatment on a double-blind basis for one year with either mianserin 20 mg three times daily plus placebo lithium tablets, or to lithium tablets once daily plus placebo mianserin tablets. After one year, the dosage of mianserin was increased to 30 mg t.d.s. for a further six months. All but three of the patients had previously been stabilized on prophylactic lithium therapy. Lithium was found to be significantly superior to mianserin in avoiding admission to hospital or ECT. The overall affective morbidity index, calculated from global rating, showed no significant difference between drugs, but the index of the mianserin group was higher in the second six months than in the first. The lithium group showed no such change. Lithium remains the choice for the prophylaxis of unipolar recurrent depressive illness.", "contents": "Mianserin and lithium in the prophylaxis of depression. Forty-one out-patients with a history of at least three attacks of depressive illness were randomly allocated to treatment on a double-blind basis for one year with either mianserin 20 mg three times daily plus placebo lithium tablets, or to lithium tablets once daily plus placebo mianserin tablets. After one year, the dosage of mianserin was increased to 30 mg t.d.s. for a further six months. All but three of the patients had previously been stabilized on prophylactic lithium therapy. Lithium was found to be significantly superior to mianserin in avoiding admission to hospital or ECT. The overall affective morbidity index, calculated from global rating, showed no significant difference between drugs, but the index of the mianserin group was higher in the second six months than in the first. The lithium group showed no such change. Lithium remains the choice for the prophylaxis of unipolar recurrent depressive illness."}
{"id": "PMID:359083", "title": "Randomized multicentre trial of oral bowel preparation and antimicrobials for elective colorectal operations.", "content": "A study of 120 patients undergoing elective colorectal operations has investigated the effect of adding oral neomycin and metronidazole to bowel preparation in a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Comparisons have also been made between a standard mechanical preparation and the use of an elemental diet. The addition of neomycin and metronidazole to bowel preparation significantly reduced the rate of wound sepsis (P less than 0.01), septicaemia (P less than 0.02) and anastomotic dehiscence (P less than 0.02); anaerobic infections were abolished and there was a significant reduction in the incidence of aerobic Gram-negative infections. Elemental diets were shown to have no advantage over mechanical preparation.", "contents": "Randomized multicentre trial of oral bowel preparation and antimicrobials for elective colorectal operations. A study of 120 patients undergoing elective colorectal operations has investigated the effect of adding oral neomycin and metronidazole to bowel preparation in a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Comparisons have also been made between a standard mechanical preparation and the use of an elemental diet. The addition of neomycin and metronidazole to bowel preparation significantly reduced the rate of wound sepsis (P less than 0.01), septicaemia (P less than 0.02) and anastomotic dehiscence (P less than 0.02); anaerobic infections were abolished and there was a significant reduction in the incidence of aerobic Gram-negative infections. Elemental diets were shown to have no advantage over mechanical preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:359084", "title": "A comparison of noxythiolin and povidone-iodine in experimentally induced peritoneal infection in mice.", "content": "Noxythiolin (Noxyflex, Geistlich), given intraperitoneally as a 2.5 per cent solution, protected mice from the lethal effects of an intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli. Povidone-iodine (Pevidine, Berk), containing 0.075 per cent iodine, gave no protection.", "contents": "A comparison of noxythiolin and povidone-iodine in experimentally induced peritoneal infection in mice. Noxythiolin (Noxyflex, Geistlich), given intraperitoneally as a 2.5 per cent solution, protected mice from the lethal effects of an intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli. Povidone-iodine (Pevidine, Berk), containing 0.075 per cent iodine, gave no protection."}
{"id": "PMID:359085", "title": "Results of a controlled randomized trial of proximal gastric vagotomy with and without pyloroplasty.", "content": "The 1--5 year results of a prospective randomized trial of proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) with and without pyloroplasty in 64 men operated upon electively for chronic duodenal ulcer are reported. The effects of the operation on gastric secretion, as tested at 6 months with pentagastrin and isulin, were the same in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the clinical results between the two groups. The authors conclude that the addition of pyloroplasty makes little, if any, difference to the results of PGV. Pyloroplasty is thus better omitted as it adds nothing of value and may increase the risk of the procedure.", "contents": "Results of a controlled randomized trial of proximal gastric vagotomy with and without pyloroplasty. The 1--5 year results of a prospective randomized trial of proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) with and without pyloroplasty in 64 men operated upon electively for chronic duodenal ulcer are reported. The effects of the operation on gastric secretion, as tested at 6 months with pentagastrin and isulin, were the same in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the clinical results between the two groups. The authors conclude that the addition of pyloroplasty makes little, if any, difference to the results of PGV. Pyloroplasty is thus better omitted as it adds nothing of value and may increase the risk of the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:359086", "title": "Haemostatic defect in non-immune patients with falciparum malaria: no evidence of diffuse intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Nine non-immune patients with imported falciparum malaria were examined for signs of diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC). Although all had thrombocytopenia initially and some later had a decline in plasma fibrinogen concentrations, DIC was never detected, even in severely affected patients with coma and kidney damage. None of the patients were given heparin and all recovered without residual symptoms. Heparin administration should probably be considered only when clear-cut DIC, which possibly never occurs in falciparum malaria, has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Haemostatic defect in non-immune patients with falciparum malaria: no evidence of diffuse intravascular coagulation. Nine non-immune patients with imported falciparum malaria were examined for signs of diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC). Although all had thrombocytopenia initially and some later had a decline in plasma fibrinogen concentrations, DIC was never detected, even in severely affected patients with coma and kidney damage. None of the patients were given heparin and all recovered without residual symptoms. Heparin administration should probably be considered only when clear-cut DIC, which possibly never occurs in falciparum malaria, has been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:359091", "title": "Beclomethasone dipropionate dry-powder inhalation compared with conventional aerosol in chronic asthma.", "content": "In a double-blind study beclomethasone dipropionate inhaled as a dry powder in doses of 100 microgram four times daily and 150 microgram four times daily was compared with the conventional aerosol dose of 100 microgram four times daily in 20 outpatients with chronic asthma. Each of the three treatments was given for four weeks. The dry powder in a dose of 150 microgram four times daily had advantages over the other two treatments in terms of FEV1 and the number of exacerbations of asthma during the study. There were no adverse reactions to inhaling dry-powder beclomethasone. It was concluded that this new way of administering the drug was effective in chronic asthma, and should allow most patients with chronic asthma who cannot use conventional pressurised aerosols efficiently to benefit from inhaled corticosteroid treatment.", "contents": "Beclomethasone dipropionate dry-powder inhalation compared with conventional aerosol in chronic asthma. In a double-blind study beclomethasone dipropionate inhaled as a dry powder in doses of 100 microgram four times daily and 150 microgram four times daily was compared with the conventional aerosol dose of 100 microgram four times daily in 20 outpatients with chronic asthma. Each of the three treatments was given for four weeks. The dry powder in a dose of 150 microgram four times daily had advantages over the other two treatments in terms of FEV1 and the number of exacerbations of asthma during the study. There were no adverse reactions to inhaling dry-powder beclomethasone. It was concluded that this new way of administering the drug was effective in chronic asthma, and should allow most patients with chronic asthma who cannot use conventional pressurised aerosols efficiently to benefit from inhaled corticosteroid treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:359095", "title": "Two types of febrile seizure: anoxic (syncopal) and epileptic mechanisms differentiated by oculocardiac reflex.", "content": "The duration of cardiac asystole induced by ocular compression was measured in 100 consecutive children referred for electroencephalographic examination after one or more febrile convulsions (FC). The children were classified into three groups-namely, those with anoxic FCs, those with epileptic FCs, and \"others\"-according to the appearances of the FC and the electroencephalogram (EEG). In 14 children the description of the FC suggested non-epileptic anoxic cerebral seizures such as are seen after prolonged syncope or breath-holding. In 35 children the FCs were assumed to be epileptic in mechanism on the basis of unilateral (hemiclonic) twitching, known cerebral disease, a family history of epilepsy, or spikes on the EEG. In the 51 \"others\" the FCs could not be classified. Definitely abnormal asystole (four seconds or over) was induced by ocular compression in half the anoxic group, in 16% of the \"others,\" but in none of the epileptic group. The differences between the degree of asystole induced in each of the three groups was highly significant (P=0.005).These results support the hypothesis that vagal-mediated cerebral ischaemic anoxia is implicated in the genesis of FCs that resemble anoxic seizures and in a substantial number of those without an obvious epileptic mechanism. The significance, genetics, management, and prognosis of FCs must now be re-examined in this light.", "contents": "Two types of febrile seizure: anoxic (syncopal) and epileptic mechanisms differentiated by oculocardiac reflex. The duration of cardiac asystole induced by ocular compression was measured in 100 consecutive children referred for electroencephalographic examination after one or more febrile convulsions (FC). The children were classified into three groups-namely, those with anoxic FCs, those with epileptic FCs, and \"others\"-according to the appearances of the FC and the electroencephalogram (EEG). In 14 children the description of the FC suggested non-epileptic anoxic cerebral seizures such as are seen after prolonged syncope or breath-holding. In 35 children the FCs were assumed to be epileptic in mechanism on the basis of unilateral (hemiclonic) twitching, known cerebral disease, a family history of epilepsy, or spikes on the EEG. In the 51 \"others\" the FCs could not be classified. Definitely abnormal asystole (four seconds or over) was induced by ocular compression in half the anoxic group, in 16% of the \"others,\" but in none of the epileptic group. The differences between the degree of asystole induced in each of the three groups was highly significant (P=0.005).These results support the hypothesis that vagal-mediated cerebral ischaemic anoxia is implicated in the genesis of FCs that resemble anoxic seizures and in a substantial number of those without an obvious epileptic mechanism. The significance, genetics, management, and prognosis of FCs must now be re-examined in this light."}
{"id": "PMID:359098", "title": "Effects of varying radiation schedule, cyclophosphamide treatment, and duration of treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Report to the Medical Research Council by the Working Party on Leukaemia in Childhood.", "content": "In a multicentre trial of treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia the effects of three types of central nervous system prophylaxis, the inclusion of cyclophosphamide, and the total duration of chemotherapy were assessed. A schedule with a high dose of spinal irradiation (2400 rads) without intrathecal methotrexate was inferior to schedules with some (1000 rads) or no spinal irradiation but with intrathecal methotrexate. The addition of cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 given intravenously every 12 weeks was of no benefit and was possibly deleterious. There was no advantage in adding four 12-week courses of chemotherapy after eight courses (total duration two years) had been given. Girls fared significantly better than boys, the difference being only partly due to the occurrence of testicular relapse.", "contents": "Effects of varying radiation schedule, cyclophosphamide treatment, and duration of treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Report to the Medical Research Council by the Working Party on Leukaemia in Childhood. In a multicentre trial of treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia the effects of three types of central nervous system prophylaxis, the inclusion of cyclophosphamide, and the total duration of chemotherapy were assessed. A schedule with a high dose of spinal irradiation (2400 rads) without intrathecal methotrexate was inferior to schedules with some (1000 rads) or no spinal irradiation but with intrathecal methotrexate. The addition of cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 given intravenously every 12 weeks was of no benefit and was possibly deleterious. There was no advantage in adding four 12-week courses of chemotherapy after eight courses (total duration two years) had been given. Girls fared significantly better than boys, the difference being only partly due to the occurrence of testicular relapse."}
{"id": "PMID:359099", "title": "Respiratory syncytial virus infection: admissions to hospital in industrial, urban, and rural areas. Report to the Medical Research Council Subcommittee on Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines.", "content": "A collaborative study of 10 centres during the winters of 1973-4 and 1974-5 showed that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the major cause of admission to hospital for respiratory disease in children under 5 years of age in industrial, urban, and rural communities. In all areas the distribution of clinical symptoms and their severity was similar, but the rate of admission in relation to population was over twice as high in industrial as in other areas. The maximum yearly admission rate occurred among infants aged 1 to 3 months: 24.5 per 1000 of that age group were admitted to hospital. Two methods of diagnosing RSV infection--virus isolation and immunofluorescence from postnasal aspirates--were compared, and the two methods were found to agree in 91% of cases. The results of this study confirmed the importance of RSV as a respiratory pathogen in young children. Further studies are needed to determine how the virus produces its effects and to develop preventive measures.", "contents": "Respiratory syncytial virus infection: admissions to hospital in industrial, urban, and rural areas. Report to the Medical Research Council Subcommittee on Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines. A collaborative study of 10 centres during the winters of 1973-4 and 1974-5 showed that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the major cause of admission to hospital for respiratory disease in children under 5 years of age in industrial, urban, and rural communities. In all areas the distribution of clinical symptoms and their severity was similar, but the rate of admission in relation to population was over twice as high in industrial as in other areas. The maximum yearly admission rate occurred among infants aged 1 to 3 months: 24.5 per 1000 of that age group were admitted to hospital. Two methods of diagnosing RSV infection--virus isolation and immunofluorescence from postnasal aspirates--were compared, and the two methods were found to agree in 91% of cases. The results of this study confirmed the importance of RSV as a respiratory pathogen in young children. Further studies are needed to determine how the virus produces its effects and to develop preventive measures."}
{"id": "PMID:359108", "title": "A double-blind study on the effects of butorphanol compared with morphine in balanced anaesthesia.", "content": "In a randomized double-blind trial a total of 50 consenting patients scheduled for elective surgical operations were given multiple intravenous doses of butorphanol tartrate or morphine sulphate in combination with other agents to evaluate and compare the efficacy of these drugs in balanced anaesthesia. Equipotent doses of butorphanol tartrate (mean dose 2.0 mg) or morphine sulphate (10 mg) and thiopentone were employed as induction agents followed by the standardized use of muscle relaxants to facilitate tracheal intubation. Butorphanol tartrate or morphine sulphate were then employed during maintenance of anaesthesia in repeated intravenous doses, averaging butorphanol 4.6 mg and morphine 22.8 mg per patient. Evaluation of anaesthesia showed that induction and course were smooth in 96 per cent of the patients receiving butorphanol tartrate and in 84 per cent of patients receiving morphine sulphate. The analgesic action of butorphanol appeared in every respect to approximate that of morphine sulphate, with negligible side-effects. The data demonstrate that butorphanol is a useful analgesic for use in a balanced anaesthesia technique with a low side-effect incidence.", "contents": "A double-blind study on the effects of butorphanol compared with morphine in balanced anaesthesia. In a randomized double-blind trial a total of 50 consenting patients scheduled for elective surgical operations were given multiple intravenous doses of butorphanol tartrate or morphine sulphate in combination with other agents to evaluate and compare the efficacy of these drugs in balanced anaesthesia. Equipotent doses of butorphanol tartrate (mean dose 2.0 mg) or morphine sulphate (10 mg) and thiopentone were employed as induction agents followed by the standardized use of muscle relaxants to facilitate tracheal intubation. Butorphanol tartrate or morphine sulphate were then employed during maintenance of anaesthesia in repeated intravenous doses, averaging butorphanol 4.6 mg and morphine 22.8 mg per patient. Evaluation of anaesthesia showed that induction and course were smooth in 96 per cent of the patients receiving butorphanol tartrate and in 84 per cent of patients receiving morphine sulphate. The analgesic action of butorphanol appeared in every respect to approximate that of morphine sulphate, with negligible side-effects. The data demonstrate that butorphanol is a useful analgesic for use in a balanced anaesthesia technique with a low side-effect incidence."}
{"id": "PMID:359109", "title": "A double-blind comparison of butorphanol and meperidine in labour: maternal pain relief and effect on the newborn.", "content": "Butorphanol tartrate 1 mg and 2 mg were compared in 80 normal mothers at term in a double-blind study with meperidine hydrochloride 40 mg and 80 mg for the relief of pain in labour. Butorphanol was found to be as effective as meperidine in relieving pain in labour. The foetal condition, as measured by ECG monitoring, Apgar scores, time to sustained respiration, umbilical venous H+ (pH) and PCO2, and a general nursery survey were comparable for meperidine and butorphanol. No psychomimetic phenomena were seen. Assays indicated that both butorphanol and meperidine crossed the placenta. The mean concentration of butorphanol in neonatal serum was 0.84 times maternal serum at 1.5 to 3.5 hours after intramuscular administration of a single or two successive doses of butorphanol 1 mg or 2 mg to the mother. The mean concentrations for meperidine in neonatal serum was 0.89 times maternal serum at 0.85 to 3.6 hours after intramuscular administration of meperidine 40 mg or 80 mg to the mother. Neither analgesic caused severe depression of the infant except for one meperidine-treated case.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of butorphanol and meperidine in labour: maternal pain relief and effect on the newborn. Butorphanol tartrate 1 mg and 2 mg were compared in 80 normal mothers at term in a double-blind study with meperidine hydrochloride 40 mg and 80 mg for the relief of pain in labour. Butorphanol was found to be as effective as meperidine in relieving pain in labour. The foetal condition, as measured by ECG monitoring, Apgar scores, time to sustained respiration, umbilical venous H+ (pH) and PCO2, and a general nursery survey were comparable for meperidine and butorphanol. No psychomimetic phenomena were seen. Assays indicated that both butorphanol and meperidine crossed the placenta. The mean concentration of butorphanol in neonatal serum was 0.84 times maternal serum at 1.5 to 3.5 hours after intramuscular administration of a single or two successive doses of butorphanol 1 mg or 2 mg to the mother. The mean concentrations for meperidine in neonatal serum was 0.89 times maternal serum at 0.85 to 3.6 hours after intramuscular administration of meperidine 40 mg or 80 mg to the mother. Neither analgesic caused severe depression of the infant except for one meperidine-treated case."}
{"id": "PMID:359110", "title": "Double-blind comparison of the neurobehaviour of neonates following the administration of different doses of meperidine to the mother.", "content": "The Early Neonatal Neurobehavioural Scale (E.N.N.S.) tests, first described by Scanlon, et al.1 were administered to 920 neonates on the first and second days of life. Meperidine was not given to 389 mothers, 50 mg was given to 358 mothers and 75 to 150 mg to 173 mothers within four hours of delivery. The delivery was conducted under chloroprocaine epidural anaesthesia in 280, ketamine-nitrous oxide general anaesthesia in 180, thiopentone-nitrous oxide general anaesthesia in 180 and lidocaine pudendal block in 280. All babies were over 2500 grams in weight with an Apgar score of at least 8 at one minute and 10 at five minutes. All were delivered from healthy women 18 to 35 years of age following a normal labour. The evaluator was unaware of the anaesthetic management, the method of delivery or the perinatal risk factors. There was no significant difference between the mothers and babies in the three meperidine dosage groups for maternal parity, maternal age, birth weight, number of forceps deliveries or duration of labour. Administration of meperidine was associated with a broad spectrum depression of most items on the E.N.N.S. on both the first and second days of life. The depression was greatest with the highest dose of meperidine. The depression produced by anaesthetic agents and meperidine were additive and the highest scores on this scale were obtained in those babies delivered under chloroprocaine epidural anaesthesia without meperidine.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of the neurobehaviour of neonates following the administration of different doses of meperidine to the mother. The Early Neonatal Neurobehavioural Scale (E.N.N.S.) tests, first described by Scanlon, et al.1 were administered to 920 neonates on the first and second days of life. Meperidine was not given to 389 mothers, 50 mg was given to 358 mothers and 75 to 150 mg to 173 mothers within four hours of delivery. The delivery was conducted under chloroprocaine epidural anaesthesia in 280, ketamine-nitrous oxide general anaesthesia in 180, thiopentone-nitrous oxide general anaesthesia in 180 and lidocaine pudendal block in 280. All babies were over 2500 grams in weight with an Apgar score of at least 8 at one minute and 10 at five minutes. All were delivered from healthy women 18 to 35 years of age following a normal labour. The evaluator was unaware of the anaesthetic management, the method of delivery or the perinatal risk factors. There was no significant difference between the mothers and babies in the three meperidine dosage groups for maternal parity, maternal age, birth weight, number of forceps deliveries or duration of labour. Administration of meperidine was associated with a broad spectrum depression of most items on the E.N.N.S. on both the first and second days of life. The depression was greatest with the highest dose of meperidine. The depression produced by anaesthetic agents and meperidine were additive and the highest scores on this scale were obtained in those babies delivered under chloroprocaine epidural anaesthesia without meperidine."}
{"id": "PMID:359111", "title": "Balanced regional analgesia--an hypothesis.", "content": "An hypothesis is advanced, based upon observation of patients undergoing selected types of regional analgesic blocks, that total patient care during any regional analgesic technique consists of maintaining a balance of local analgesia, tranquillity and the use of a centrally acting analgesic. The latter is required to relieve non-specific distress unrelated to the operation which appears to be caused by a disturbance of sensory input to the cerebral cortex, possibly the proprioceptive input. A small group of patients will not respond to any sedation accompanying regional analgesia and need general anaesthesia. It is suggested that failure to appreciate all three parts of this triad may contribute to uncertainty of patient control during regional block.", "contents": "Balanced regional analgesia--an hypothesis. An hypothesis is advanced, based upon observation of patients undergoing selected types of regional analgesic blocks, that total patient care during any regional analgesic technique consists of maintaining a balance of local analgesia, tranquillity and the use of a centrally acting analgesic. The latter is required to relieve non-specific distress unrelated to the operation which appears to be caused by a disturbance of sensory input to the cerebral cortex, possibly the proprioceptive input. A small group of patients will not respond to any sedation accompanying regional analgesia and need general anaesthesia. It is suggested that failure to appreciate all three parts of this triad may contribute to uncertainty of patient control during regional block."}
{"id": "PMID:359112", "title": "Are serum antibody, complement or K-cell dependent cellular cytotoxicity involved in corneal graft rejection?", "content": "Having shown that complement independent cellular cytotoxicity (CICC) plays a part in destroying the donor cell we wished to see if serum antibody cytotoxicity (SAC), complement dependent cellular cytotoxicity (CDCC) or K-cell mediated cellular cytotoxicity (KCC) might not also be involved in the rejection of corneal grafts. Rabbits were grafted with allo- and xenogreneic corneas. At various times, lymphoid cells and sera were collected from a recipient and a control animal. The donor's corneal cells and those of the control animal were cultivated in vitro, and then labelled with 51chromium. The recipient and control lymphoid cells and sera and/or complement were mixed with the labelled cells. A 51chromium release assay was done after incubation. The test was negative for SAC, CDCC, and KCC and we feel that they have no major part in the rejection of corneal grafts.", "contents": "Are serum antibody, complement or K-cell dependent cellular cytotoxicity involved in corneal graft rejection? Having shown that complement independent cellular cytotoxicity (CICC) plays a part in destroying the donor cell we wished to see if serum antibody cytotoxicity (SAC), complement dependent cellular cytotoxicity (CDCC) or K-cell mediated cellular cytotoxicity (KCC) might not also be involved in the rejection of corneal grafts. Rabbits were grafted with allo- and xenogreneic corneas. At various times, lymphoid cells and sera were collected from a recipient and a control animal. The donor's corneal cells and those of the control animal were cultivated in vitro, and then labelled with 51chromium. The recipient and control lymphoid cells and sera and/or complement were mixed with the labelled cells. A 51chromium release assay was done after incubation. The test was negative for SAC, CDCC, and KCC and we feel that they have no major part in the rejection of corneal grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:359113", "title": "The predictive value of leucocyte migration inhibition test in human keratoplasty.", "content": "We compared the results of penetrating keratoplasty in 18 patients whose preoperative or immediate postoperative leucocyte migration inhibition (LMI) tests were positive (greater than 20% inhibition) with those in 15 patients whose LMI tests were negative. A negative LMI test indicated a greater chance of avoiding graft rejection (P less than 0.005), and of ending up with a clear graft (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "The predictive value of leucocyte migration inhibition test in human keratoplasty. We compared the results of penetrating keratoplasty in 18 patients whose preoperative or immediate postoperative leucocyte migration inhibition (LMI) tests were positive (greater than 20% inhibition) with those in 15 patients whose LMI tests were negative. A negative LMI test indicated a greater chance of avoiding graft rejection (P less than 0.005), and of ending up with a clear graft (P less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:359116", "title": "Evaluation of an automated method for analysing the electromyogram.", "content": "An automated system, incorporating the ANOPS-101 mini-computer, has been used to analyse the EMG. The vastus medialis (VM) and biceps brachii (BB) muscles were studied in 28 controls, 16 patients with myopathies, and in 26 patients with denervating disorders. For each muscle mean values were computed for the durations and numbers of phases of muscle action potentials; the mean density and amplitude of the deflections in the interference pattern were also measured. A higher incidence of abnormalities could be detected in myopathic than in neuropathic disorders; for both conditions the incidence was significantly greater in BB than in VM. For the diagnosis of denervation the most useful measurement was that of potential duration; for the detection of myopathies amplitude determinations were also very useful. The present results have been compared with those of other published studies in which automatic EMG analysis has been employed.", "contents": "Evaluation of an automated method for analysing the electromyogram. An automated system, incorporating the ANOPS-101 mini-computer, has been used to analyse the EMG. The vastus medialis (VM) and biceps brachii (BB) muscles were studied in 28 controls, 16 patients with myopathies, and in 26 patients with denervating disorders. For each muscle mean values were computed for the durations and numbers of phases of muscle action potentials; the mean density and amplitude of the deflections in the interference pattern were also measured. A higher incidence of abnormalities could be detected in myopathic than in neuropathic disorders; for both conditions the incidence was significantly greater in BB than in VM. For the diagnosis of denervation the most useful measurement was that of potential duration; for the detection of myopathies amplitude determinations were also very useful. The present results have been compared with those of other published studies in which automatic EMG analysis has been employed."}
{"id": "PMID:359117", "title": "Computerized assessment of memory performance in dementia.", "content": "Memory deficits in demented patients were studied by applying a computerized system to titrate individual memory performance. Two delayed matching to sample tasks were used. ABA1 involved random visual shapes used as a measure of visual memory. ABA2 involved nonsense syllable trigrams used as a measure of verbal memory. A Human Test System panel with a display screen was utilized. This screen was a rear view projection window divided into four independent 3 X 2 sections arranged in a 2 X 2 matrix. The sample stimulus appeared on the upper left window for one second. The delay interval between stimulus sample and choices varied by 7 seconds dependent upon patient performance per trial. Also utilized was a color distractor task. Task parameters, data acquisition, retrieval, and graphic print-outs were all computerized. Individual titration levels reflected the severity of neurological impairment. Computerized assessment enabled subtle changes in memory performance to be readily identified. Implications for use of the system as a screening device in the assessment of mental changes in the elderly are apparent.", "contents": "Computerized assessment of memory performance in dementia. Memory deficits in demented patients were studied by applying a computerized system to titrate individual memory performance. Two delayed matching to sample tasks were used. ABA1 involved random visual shapes used as a measure of visual memory. ABA2 involved nonsense syllable trigrams used as a measure of verbal memory. A Human Test System panel with a display screen was utilized. This screen was a rear view projection window divided into four independent 3 X 2 sections arranged in a 2 X 2 matrix. The sample stimulus appeared on the upper left window for one second. The delay interval between stimulus sample and choices varied by 7 seconds dependent upon patient performance per trial. Also utilized was a color distractor task. Task parameters, data acquisition, retrieval, and graphic print-outs were all computerized. Individual titration levels reflected the severity of neurological impairment. Computerized assessment enabled subtle changes in memory performance to be readily identified. Implications for use of the system as a screening device in the assessment of mental changes in the elderly are apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:359118", "title": "Internal carotid artery embolism by shotgun pellet.", "content": "Various examples of foreign body embolization of cerebral arteries, usually followed by serious consequences, have been reported (Lindberg et al., 1961; Chason et al., 1963; Steele et al., 1972; Wetli et al., 1972). However, a shotgun pellet entering the left atrium of the heart through a gunshot wound of the chest with subsequent embolic occlusion of one of the carotid arteries appears to be unique. It is the subject of this short communication.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery embolism by shotgun pellet. Various examples of foreign body embolization of cerebral arteries, usually followed by serious consequences, have been reported (Lindberg et al., 1961; Chason et al., 1963; Steele et al., 1972; Wetli et al., 1972). However, a shotgun pellet entering the left atrium of the heart through a gunshot wound of the chest with subsequent embolic occlusion of one of the carotid arteries appears to be unique. It is the subject of this short communication."}
{"id": "PMID:359120", "title": "Improvement of in vitro mitogen proliferative responses in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients exposed to fractionated total body irradiation.", "content": "Patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas who failed to respond to chemotherapy were treated with low dose fractionated total body irradiation (TBI). Prior to during and after scheduled therapy, their clinical status was evaluated and peripheral blood studies were performed to enumerate EAC and E rosetting cells and to measure proliferative responses to mitogens. Peripheral blood abnormalities were present prior to TBI using these in vitro assays. Patients who obtained clinical remissions following therapy had restoration of mitogen progressive disease had no change in their ability to proliferate in response to mitogens. Normalization of EAC and E rosetting profiles often occurred regardless of clinical response. These data indicate that low dose fractionated TBI produces clinical and in vitro detectable immunological changes. Furthermore, they show that improvement in mitogen responsiveness correlates best with good clinical responses.", "contents": "Improvement of in vitro mitogen proliferative responses in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients exposed to fractionated total body irradiation. Patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas who failed to respond to chemotherapy were treated with low dose fractionated total body irradiation (TBI). Prior to during and after scheduled therapy, their clinical status was evaluated and peripheral blood studies were performed to enumerate EAC and E rosetting cells and to measure proliferative responses to mitogens. Peripheral blood abnormalities were present prior to TBI using these in vitro assays. Patients who obtained clinical remissions following therapy had restoration of mitogen progressive disease had no change in their ability to proliferate in response to mitogens. Normalization of EAC and E rosetting profiles often occurred regardless of clinical response. These data indicate that low dose fractionated TBI produces clinical and in vitro detectable immunological changes. Furthermore, they show that improvement in mitogen responsiveness correlates best with good clinical responses."}
{"id": "PMID:359121", "title": "5FU infusion with mitomycin-C versus 5 FU infusion with methyl-CCNU in the treatment of advanced colon cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group Study.", "content": "The Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) in a randomized trial evaluated 5FU infusions in combination with either Mitomycin-C or Methyl-CCNU in patients with disseminated large bowel cancer. A response rate of 18% was noted on the 5FU-Mitomycin limb as compared to 16% on the Methyl-CCNU arm (p = .39). Median survival for all treated patients was 43 weeks on both arms. Myelosuppression was found to be more significant on the Mitomycin-C arm. Regression analysis demonstrated that performance status, sex, and primary site were significant pretreatment characteristics for predicting survival. The response rates associated with this burdensome method of 5FU administration in combination with either Mitomycin-C or Methyl-CCNU appear to offer little advantage over bolus 5FU alone.", "contents": "5FU infusion with mitomycin-C versus 5 FU infusion with methyl-CCNU in the treatment of advanced colon cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. The Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) in a randomized trial evaluated 5FU infusions in combination with either Mitomycin-C or Methyl-CCNU in patients with disseminated large bowel cancer. A response rate of 18% was noted on the 5FU-Mitomycin limb as compared to 16% on the Methyl-CCNU arm (p = .39). Median survival for all treated patients was 43 weeks on both arms. Myelosuppression was found to be more significant on the Mitomycin-C arm. Regression analysis demonstrated that performance status, sex, and primary site were significant pretreatment characteristics for predicting survival. The response rates associated with this burdensome method of 5FU administration in combination with either Mitomycin-C or Methyl-CCNU appear to offer little advantage over bolus 5FU alone."}
{"id": "PMID:359122", "title": "Pulmonary histopathologic changes associated with melphalan therapy.", "content": "A case of fatal pulmonary fibrosis and atypical epithelial proliferation (AEP) in a patient with multiple myeloma treated with melphalan is presented. Review of 10 other autopsied patients with myeloma treated with melphalan but no thoracic radiation, other cytotoxic agents, or highdose oxygen therapy revealed one other patient who died with extensive pulmonary fibrosis and AEP. Four other patients with AEP not associated with pneumonitis or fibrosis were also found, while no such changes were found in 11 autopsy controls or 11 patients with myeloma who did not receive cytotoxic agents. Melphalan should be added to the growing list of agents capable of causing severe fibrotic pulmonary reactions.", "contents": "Pulmonary histopathologic changes associated with melphalan therapy. A case of fatal pulmonary fibrosis and atypical epithelial proliferation (AEP) in a patient with multiple myeloma treated with melphalan is presented. Review of 10 other autopsied patients with myeloma treated with melphalan but no thoracic radiation, other cytotoxic agents, or highdose oxygen therapy revealed one other patient who died with extensive pulmonary fibrosis and AEP. Four other patients with AEP not associated with pneumonitis or fibrosis were also found, while no such changes were found in 11 autopsy controls or 11 patients with myeloma who did not receive cytotoxic agents. Melphalan should be added to the growing list of agents capable of causing severe fibrotic pulmonary reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:359125", "title": "Calcium dependence of ionophore A23187-induced lymphocyte cytotoxicity.", "content": "Concentrations of the divalent cation ionophore, A23187, optimal for the transformation of human and pig lymphocytes, were cytotoxic to lymphocytes from rats and mice. The biochemical effects associated with A23187-induced cytolysis in rat thymocytes included inhibition of [3H]uridine uptake and incorporation into macromolecules and stimulation of [14C]-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake. The biochemical effects, as well as the reduction in the number of viable cells, were dose dependent and were blocked by the omission of ionic calcium from the incubation medium. At a given ionophore concentration, the magnitude of lysis of thymocytes was proportional to the concentration of Ca2+ in the extracellular medium. Sr2+ was less effective than was Ca2+ in supporting A23187-induced thymocyte lysis. A comparison of the lytic response of lymphocytes of various origins showed that extracellular Ca2+ plays a role in ionophore-induced cytolysis in thymocytes and lymph node lymphocytes but not in mouse lymphosarcoma P1798 cells.", "contents": "Calcium dependence of ionophore A23187-induced lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Concentrations of the divalent cation ionophore, A23187, optimal for the transformation of human and pig lymphocytes, were cytotoxic to lymphocytes from rats and mice. The biochemical effects associated with A23187-induced cytolysis in rat thymocytes included inhibition of [3H]uridine uptake and incorporation into macromolecules and stimulation of [14C]-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake. The biochemical effects, as well as the reduction in the number of viable cells, were dose dependent and were blocked by the omission of ionic calcium from the incubation medium. At a given ionophore concentration, the magnitude of lysis of thymocytes was proportional to the concentration of Ca2+ in the extracellular medium. Sr2+ was less effective than was Ca2+ in supporting A23187-induced thymocyte lysis. A comparison of the lytic response of lymphocytes of various origins showed that extracellular Ca2+ plays a role in ionophore-induced cytolysis in thymocytes and lymph node lymphocytes but not in mouse lymphosarcoma P1798 cells."}
{"id": "PMID:359126", "title": "Heterogeneity in the membrane proteins of human lymphoid cell lines as seen in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis slab gels.", "content": "The proteins of [35S]methionine-labeled membranes of six human lymphoid cell lines were examined by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient slab gels in order to identify molecular differences among these tumors. The lymphoid cells were internally labeled with [35S]methionine, their membranes were isolated, and the reduced and alkylated membrane proteins were treated electrophoretically in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient slab gels. The gel patterns of over 100 membrane proteins per cell were highly complex but reproducible and, in that sense, constituted fingerprints of the individual tumors. Several proteins occurred uniquely on one or a few tumors. Some protein bands were identified to be serologically recognized membrane antigens by electrophoresis of immunopurified antigen in parallel to membrane samples. p44,12, a complex of proteins with molecular weights of 44,000 and 12,000 (HLA-A and -B antigens and beta2-microglobulin), and p29,34, (HLA-D antigen) were identified in this manner. High-resolution sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis can be used to catalog and describe lymphocyte membrane proteins and perhaps to identify subsets of lymphoid cancers.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in the membrane proteins of human lymphoid cell lines as seen in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis slab gels. The proteins of [35S]methionine-labeled membranes of six human lymphoid cell lines were examined by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient slab gels in order to identify molecular differences among these tumors. The lymphoid cells were internally labeled with [35S]methionine, their membranes were isolated, and the reduced and alkylated membrane proteins were treated electrophoretically in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient slab gels. The gel patterns of over 100 membrane proteins per cell were highly complex but reproducible and, in that sense, constituted fingerprints of the individual tumors. Several proteins occurred uniquely on one or a few tumors. Some protein bands were identified to be serologically recognized membrane antigens by electrophoresis of immunopurified antigen in parallel to membrane samples. p44,12, a complex of proteins with molecular weights of 44,000 and 12,000 (HLA-A and -B antigens and beta2-microglobulin), and p29,34, (HLA-D antigen) were identified in this manner. High-resolution sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis can be used to catalog and describe lymphocyte membrane proteins and perhaps to identify subsets of lymphoid cancers."}
{"id": "PMID:359128", "title": "Vinyl carbamate as a promutagen and a more carcinogenic analog of ethyl carbamate.", "content": "Vinyl carbamate was much more active (10 to 50 times) than ethyl carbamate for the initiation of skin tumors and for the induction of lung adenomas in mice. Vinyl carbamate was also mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535 and TA 100 in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-fortified rat or mouse liver mitochondrial supernatant fractions. This mutagenic activity was inhibited strongly by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. No mutagenic activity was observed for vinyl carbamate in the absence of added liver preparations or for ethyl carbamate in the presence or absence of liver fractions. Extensive tests with sensitive methods failed to detect vinyl carbamate as a metabolite of ethyl carbamate in the mouse in vivo. However, on administration of [ethyl-1-14C;1,2-3H]ethyl carbamate to adult mice the 3H/14C ratios of the hepatic DNA-, rRNA-, and protein-adducts were similar to each other and much lower than the ratio of the administered ethyl carbamate. These data are consistent with the presence of desaturated and/or oxidized ethyl groups in the macromolecular adducts. The qualitatively similar, but much stronger, carcinogenic activity of vinyl carbamate as compared to that of ethyl carbamate suggests that the metabolic pathways of these two carbamates may converge in the formation of similar or identical electrophilic reactants that bind covalently to macromolecules in vivo and initiate carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Vinyl carbamate as a promutagen and a more carcinogenic analog of ethyl carbamate. Vinyl carbamate was much more active (10 to 50 times) than ethyl carbamate for the initiation of skin tumors and for the induction of lung adenomas in mice. Vinyl carbamate was also mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535 and TA 100 in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-fortified rat or mouse liver mitochondrial supernatant fractions. This mutagenic activity was inhibited strongly by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. No mutagenic activity was observed for vinyl carbamate in the absence of added liver preparations or for ethyl carbamate in the presence or absence of liver fractions. Extensive tests with sensitive methods failed to detect vinyl carbamate as a metabolite of ethyl carbamate in the mouse in vivo. However, on administration of [ethyl-1-14C;1,2-3H]ethyl carbamate to adult mice the 3H/14C ratios of the hepatic DNA-, rRNA-, and protein-adducts were similar to each other and much lower than the ratio of the administered ethyl carbamate. These data are consistent with the presence of desaturated and/or oxidized ethyl groups in the macromolecular adducts. The qualitatively similar, but much stronger, carcinogenic activity of vinyl carbamate as compared to that of ethyl carbamate suggests that the metabolic pathways of these two carbamates may converge in the formation of similar or identical electrophilic reactants that bind covalently to macromolecules in vivo and initiate carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:359129", "title": "Population density as a factor in the evolution of neoplastic cell lines.", "content": "The influence of population density in the progression from the nonneoplastic to the neoplastic state has been reassessed. Two twice-cloned, nonneoplastic mouse lines, NCTC 7914 and 7915, were transferred each 3 to 4 days at inoculum sizes selected to minimize or maximize cell-cell contact, 1 X 10(5) or 4 X 10(5) cells/T-15, respectively. As tested by in vivo assay, the regime designed to minimize cell-cell contact did not reproducibly delay transformation, and tumor production was observed in all lines, irrespective of inoculum size. Also, results of tumorigenesis assays correlated with blind evaluation of morphological and cytological alterations, growth in agarose, and susceptibility to killing by activated macrophages. Generally higher saturation densities were seen as a function of period in culture, and no significant differences in glucose utilization or lactic acid production were observed between nonneoplastic and neoplastic cell populations.", "contents": "Population density as a factor in the evolution of neoplastic cell lines. The influence of population density in the progression from the nonneoplastic to the neoplastic state has been reassessed. Two twice-cloned, nonneoplastic mouse lines, NCTC 7914 and 7915, were transferred each 3 to 4 days at inoculum sizes selected to minimize or maximize cell-cell contact, 1 X 10(5) or 4 X 10(5) cells/T-15, respectively. As tested by in vivo assay, the regime designed to minimize cell-cell contact did not reproducibly delay transformation, and tumor production was observed in all lines, irrespective of inoculum size. Also, results of tumorigenesis assays correlated with blind evaluation of morphological and cytological alterations, growth in agarose, and susceptibility to killing by activated macrophages. Generally higher saturation densities were seen as a function of period in culture, and no significant differences in glucose utilization or lactic acid production were observed between nonneoplastic and neoplastic cell populations."}
{"id": "PMID:359130", "title": "Disposition and metabolism of 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (ftorafur) in humans.", "content": "The pharmacology of high-dose 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (FT) has been studied by radiochemical and chromatographic techniques in eight patients. Plasma disappearance of FT was exponential, with a half-life of 8.8 hr. Plasma concentrations of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) were sustained at 12.8 nmol/ml (1.7 microgram/ml) for at least 48 hr after FT administration. The concentrations of FUra derived from the administration of FT were considerably greater than were those achieved by constant infusion of FUra at the maximal tolerated dose of 1.1 g/sq m without causing unacceptable mucositis. The cumulative urinary excretion was 20% of the administered dose in 24 hr. FT underwent in vivo biotransformation to 2 hydroxytetrahydrofuranyl-5-fluorouracil derivatives in addition to anabolites and catabolites of FUra. High concentrations of FT and FUra were present in the cerebrospinal fluid, which could account for the severe central nervous system toxicity of FT at high doses. We conclude that the antitumor activity of FT is partially attributable to its slow release of FUra.", "contents": "Disposition and metabolism of 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (ftorafur) in humans. The pharmacology of high-dose 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (FT) has been studied by radiochemical and chromatographic techniques in eight patients. Plasma disappearance of FT was exponential, with a half-life of 8.8 hr. Plasma concentrations of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) were sustained at 12.8 nmol/ml (1.7 microgram/ml) for at least 48 hr after FT administration. The concentrations of FUra derived from the administration of FT were considerably greater than were those achieved by constant infusion of FUra at the maximal tolerated dose of 1.1 g/sq m without causing unacceptable mucositis. The cumulative urinary excretion was 20% of the administered dose in 24 hr. FT underwent in vivo biotransformation to 2 hydroxytetrahydrofuranyl-5-fluorouracil derivatives in addition to anabolites and catabolites of FUra. High concentrations of FT and FUra were present in the cerebrospinal fluid, which could account for the severe central nervous system toxicity of FT at high doses. We conclude that the antitumor activity of FT is partially attributable to its slow release of FUra."}
{"id": "PMID:359131", "title": "An overview of hormone-associated cancers.", "content": "Data on the etiology of hormone-associated cancers are reviewed. Although for breast cancer many risk factors point to the relevance of hormonal factors, findings are not uniform. Evidence points to the importance of dietary factors, and one study appears to confirm an association with high total fat intake. Dietary factors, although possibly mediated through a hormonal mechanism, may eventually be found to play a major role in the etiology of breast cancer. Studies of both endometrial and ovarian cancer also show the importance of hormonally associated factors, although not always in the same way as for breast cancer. In addition, both for these sites and for cancer of the prostate, dietary factors may also be relevant in their etiology. As yet, no direct assessment of the importance of diet has been attempted for these sites, but this could be rewarding.", "contents": "An overview of hormone-associated cancers. Data on the etiology of hormone-associated cancers are reviewed. Although for breast cancer many risk factors point to the relevance of hormonal factors, findings are not uniform. Evidence points to the importance of dietary factors, and one study appears to confirm an association with high total fat intake. Dietary factors, although possibly mediated through a hormonal mechanism, may eventually be found to play a major role in the etiology of breast cancer. Studies of both endometrial and ovarian cancer also show the importance of hormonally associated factors, although not always in the same way as for breast cancer. In addition, both for these sites and for cancer of the prostate, dietary factors may also be relevant in their etiology. As yet, no direct assessment of the importance of diet has been attempted for these sites, but this could be rewarding."}
{"id": "PMID:359132", "title": "Specificity of arrest, survival, and growth of selected metastatic variant cell lines.", "content": "Animal tumor models for blood-borne metastasis have been developed by in vitro cloning or in vivo selection of malignant tumor cell populations to obtain organ-preferring variant tumor cell lines with altered arrest, survival, invasion, and growth properties. Selection and some tumor cell characteristics of lung-, brain-, and ovary-colonizing metastatic B16 melanoma, liver-colonizing RAW114 lymphosarcoma, and lung-colonizing MSV3T3 vasoformative sarcoma variant lines will be discussed along with additional data, suggesting that tumor cells of varying malignant potential preeexist in the unselected tumor population.", "contents": "Specificity of arrest, survival, and growth of selected metastatic variant cell lines. Animal tumor models for blood-borne metastasis have been developed by in vitro cloning or in vivo selection of malignant tumor cell populations to obtain organ-preferring variant tumor cell lines with altered arrest, survival, invasion, and growth properties. Selection and some tumor cell characteristics of lung-, brain-, and ovary-colonizing metastatic B16 melanoma, liver-colonizing RAW114 lymphosarcoma, and lung-colonizing MSV3T3 vasoformative sarcoma variant lines will be discussed along with additional data, suggesting that tumor cells of varying malignant potential preeexist in the unselected tumor population."}
{"id": "PMID:359133", "title": "Determination of cellular shape by the extracellular matrix and its correlation with the control of cellular growth.", "content": "Although the problem of cellular proliferation may seem at first glance to be tremendously complex, the mechanisms which control it may be extremely simple. One of the primary factors which regulates the mitogenic response of a given cell type to a given class of mitogenic agents seems to be the cellular shape. We have found that corneal epithelial cells, for example, adopt a flattened configuration when maintained in vitro on plastic and are very sensitive to fibroblast growth factor, but not to epidermal growth factor. When maintained on collagen, on the other hand, they become tall and columnar and respond primarily to epidermal growth factor. The cellular shape is dictated in vivo by the extracellular material upon which the cells rest and in vitro by the substrate upon which the cells are maintained. The substrate itself may, in turn, induce the cells to manufacture their extracellular material and specific cell surface proteins which control the cellular shape.", "contents": "Determination of cellular shape by the extracellular matrix and its correlation with the control of cellular growth. Although the problem of cellular proliferation may seem at first glance to be tremendously complex, the mechanisms which control it may be extremely simple. One of the primary factors which regulates the mitogenic response of a given cell type to a given class of mitogenic agents seems to be the cellular shape. We have found that corneal epithelial cells, for example, adopt a flattened configuration when maintained in vitro on plastic and are very sensitive to fibroblast growth factor, but not to epidermal growth factor. When maintained on collagen, on the other hand, they become tall and columnar and respond primarily to epidermal growth factor. The cellular shape is dictated in vivo by the extracellular material upon which the cells rest and in vitro by the substrate upon which the cells are maintained. The substrate itself may, in turn, induce the cells to manufacture their extracellular material and specific cell surface proteins which control the cellular shape."}
{"id": "PMID:359134", "title": "Unique steroid congeners for receptor studies.", "content": "To determine the hormone-dependence of a tumor, it is preferable to use highly specific radiolabeled ligands when available, since often more than one class of steroid hormone receptor is present in the tissue specimen, and interference from classes other than the one under study cannot be readily eliminated. In this study, we describe a simple in vitro system used to define the molecular requirements for a highly specific interaction between a steroid and the receptor corresponding to a single class of hormone. It is based on the use of homogenate or crude 105,000 X g supernatant prepared from the target organs considered as end points in routine biological potency tests and on the use of available radioligands not bound by plasma proteins (tags) to single out the receptors. For each receptor singled out in the target organ cytoplasm, the ability of over 700 molecules to decrease bound radioactivity was compared to that of the natural hormone (relative binding affinity) with the use of a dextran-coated charcoal technique to separate bound from unbound steroid. On the basis of the results on 81 molecules, presented in this study, the effect of various substituents on the affinity and specificity of the natural hormones was determined. Molecules interacting markedly with several receptors were submitted to X-ray crystallography in order to establish whether overlap between the various conformations of the natural hormone and of the test molecule might not partly account for lack of specificity.", "contents": "Unique steroid congeners for receptor studies. To determine the hormone-dependence of a tumor, it is preferable to use highly specific radiolabeled ligands when available, since often more than one class of steroid hormone receptor is present in the tissue specimen, and interference from classes other than the one under study cannot be readily eliminated. In this study, we describe a simple in vitro system used to define the molecular requirements for a highly specific interaction between a steroid and the receptor corresponding to a single class of hormone. It is based on the use of homogenate or crude 105,000 X g supernatant prepared from the target organs considered as end points in routine biological potency tests and on the use of available radioligands not bound by plasma proteins (tags) to single out the receptors. For each receptor singled out in the target organ cytoplasm, the ability of over 700 molecules to decrease bound radioactivity was compared to that of the natural hormone (relative binding affinity) with the use of a dextran-coated charcoal technique to separate bound from unbound steroid. On the basis of the results on 81 molecules, presented in this study, the effect of various substituents on the affinity and specificity of the natural hormones was determined. Molecules interacting markedly with several receptors were submitted to X-ray crystallography in order to establish whether overlap between the various conformations of the natural hormone and of the test molecule might not partly account for lack of specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:359135", "title": "Prognostic value of steroid receptor determination in leukemia.", "content": "Determinations of steroid receptors have been used to predict steroid sensitivity in various neoplastic tumors. It appears, however, that simple steroid binding measurements are not sufficient for that purpose in lymphoid tumors. This conclusion is based on a literature survey showing, first, that numerous factors are capable of modulating cellular steroid receptor content; second, that the results of steroid receptor determinations are critically dependent on experimental procedures; and, third, that the correlation between steroid receptor content and sensitivity is not obligatory in animal or human leukemic cells.", "contents": "Prognostic value of steroid receptor determination in leukemia. Determinations of steroid receptors have been used to predict steroid sensitivity in various neoplastic tumors. It appears, however, that simple steroid binding measurements are not sufficient for that purpose in lymphoid tumors. This conclusion is based on a literature survey showing, first, that numerous factors are capable of modulating cellular steroid receptor content; second, that the results of steroid receptor determinations are critically dependent on experimental procedures; and, third, that the correlation between steroid receptor content and sensitivity is not obligatory in animal or human leukemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:359136", "title": "Steroid hormones and endometrial cancer.", "content": "The factors that increase the risk of development of endometrial cancer are reviewed. Many of these conditions are frequently associated with an elevated production of estrone in peripheral (nonendocrine) tissues from circulating androstenedione. Elevated estrone production may occur in young, anovulatory or postmenopausal women whose ovaries secrete higher than normal amounts of androstenedione. Alternatively, conditions such as obesity and liver disease are associated with higher than normal rates of conversion of androstenedione to estrone, resulting in high estrone levels. Neither the exact tissue site(s) of conversion nor the normal function of this process has yet been established. Much less information concerning steroid hormone receptor measurements in endometrial cancer than in breast cancer is available. However, it seems certain that measurement of progesterone receptors will provide a useful guide in the selection of progestational therapy.", "contents": "Steroid hormones and endometrial cancer. The factors that increase the risk of development of endometrial cancer are reviewed. Many of these conditions are frequently associated with an elevated production of estrone in peripheral (nonendocrine) tissues from circulating androstenedione. Elevated estrone production may occur in young, anovulatory or postmenopausal women whose ovaries secrete higher than normal amounts of androstenedione. Alternatively, conditions such as obesity and liver disease are associated with higher than normal rates of conversion of androstenedione to estrone, resulting in high estrone levels. Neither the exact tissue site(s) of conversion nor the normal function of this process has yet been established. Much less information concerning steroid hormone receptor measurements in endometrial cancer than in breast cancer is available. However, it seems certain that measurement of progesterone receptors will provide a useful guide in the selection of progestational therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:359138", "title": "Studies on some biologically active dextrans.", "content": "The relationship between the structures of six native dextrans and their effects on nonspecific resistance to infection (n.s.r.i.) in mice and also anticomplementary activity has been studied. The data obtained showed that the n.s.r.i. activity of dextrans generally increased with increase of extent of branching, but no direct correlation between these two factors was found. Data on exodextranase-catalyzed hydrolysis of dextrans suggest that the length of the outer chains may be important for the n.s.r.i. activity of the dextrans. Dextrans characterized by a significant extent of branching were anticomplementary, but no relationship between extent of branching and anticomplementary activity was observed.", "contents": "Studies on some biologically active dextrans. The relationship between the structures of six native dextrans and their effects on nonspecific resistance to infection (n.s.r.i.) in mice and also anticomplementary activity has been studied. The data obtained showed that the n.s.r.i. activity of dextrans generally increased with increase of extent of branching, but no direct correlation between these two factors was found. Data on exodextranase-catalyzed hydrolysis of dextrans suggest that the length of the outer chains may be important for the n.s.r.i. activity of the dextrans. Dextrans characterized by a significant extent of branching were anticomplementary, but no relationship between extent of branching and anticomplementary activity was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:359140", "title": "The National Exercise and Heart Disease Project. The pre-randomization exercise program. Report number 2.", "content": "The National Exercise and Heart Disease Project (NEHDP) was funded by the Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, to determine the effects of regular physical activity on the rehabilitation, morbidity and mortality of patients with healed myocardial infarctions. Planning and development lasted from June 1972 through September 1974. Since 1974, 932 subjects were referred for evaluation. At randomization, 651 subjects were assigned to exercise treatment (323) or control (328) groups. Those who qualified for randomization had to complete an initial evaluation, attend 14 of 18 consecutively scheduled, low-level physical activity sessions during a period of 6 weeks, and complete a second evaluation. This prerandomization phase was accompanied by significant alterations in work capacity, heart rate levels at rest and during three levels of physical stress, systolic blood pressure reductions during stress but not at rest, and by changes in the level of anxiety and depression. The subjects will be followed for a minimum of 2 years at regular intervals to determine if regularly performed physical activity is beneficial to the rehabilitation of myocardial infarction survivors.", "contents": "The National Exercise and Heart Disease Project. The pre-randomization exercise program. Report number 2. The National Exercise and Heart Disease Project (NEHDP) was funded by the Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, to determine the effects of regular physical activity on the rehabilitation, morbidity and mortality of patients with healed myocardial infarctions. Planning and development lasted from June 1972 through September 1974. Since 1974, 932 subjects were referred for evaluation. At randomization, 651 subjects were assigned to exercise treatment (323) or control (328) groups. Those who qualified for randomization had to complete an initial evaluation, attend 14 of 18 consecutively scheduled, low-level physical activity sessions during a period of 6 weeks, and complete a second evaluation. This prerandomization phase was accompanied by significant alterations in work capacity, heart rate levels at rest and during three levels of physical stress, systolic blood pressure reductions during stress but not at rest, and by changes in the level of anxiety and depression. The subjects will be followed for a minimum of 2 years at regular intervals to determine if regularly performed physical activity is beneficial to the rehabilitation of myocardial infarction survivors."}
{"id": "PMID:359142", "title": "Pitfalls in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion.", "content": "Echocardiography has proven to be a sensitive and reliable technique in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion. Care must be taken in recording to maintain proper angulation of the transducer, to scan adequate sites, and to maintain proper gain settings. The following entities may mimic pericardial effusion and must be excluded by careful analysis: left pleural effusion, mitral annulus calcification, anterior mediastinal space-occupying lesions, fibrinous pericardial reactions, and right heart catheters. Care must also be taken in the quantitation of pericardial fluid and in hemodynamic extrapolation.", "contents": "Pitfalls in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion. Echocardiography has proven to be a sensitive and reliable technique in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion. Care must be taken in recording to maintain proper angulation of the transducer, to scan adequate sites, and to maintain proper gain settings. The following entities may mimic pericardial effusion and must be excluded by careful analysis: left pleural effusion, mitral annulus calcification, anterior mediastinal space-occupying lesions, fibrinous pericardial reactions, and right heart catheters. Care must also be taken in the quantitation of pericardial fluid and in hemodynamic extrapolation."}
{"id": "PMID:359152", "title": "Clinical applications of real-time two-dimensional scanning in congenital heart disease.", "content": "Real-time two-dimensional visualization of cardiac anatomy has been a major advance in the noninvasive evaluation of congenital heart disease. Performed from precordial or suprasternal notch sites, the techniques allow noninvasive evaluation of the cardiac chambers, atrioventricular valves, and great arteries for the diagnosis of common and complex forms of congenital heart disease. Two-dimensional real-time echocardiography, therefore, can be expected to become an integral part of the noninvasive diagnosis and serial followup of children and infants with congenital heart disease.", "contents": "Clinical applications of real-time two-dimensional scanning in congenital heart disease. Real-time two-dimensional visualization of cardiac anatomy has been a major advance in the noninvasive evaluation of congenital heart disease. Performed from precordial or suprasternal notch sites, the techniques allow noninvasive evaluation of the cardiac chambers, atrioventricular valves, and great arteries for the diagnosis of common and complex forms of congenital heart disease. Two-dimensional real-time echocardiography, therefore, can be expected to become an integral part of the noninvasive diagnosis and serial followup of children and infants with congenital heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:359154", "title": "Echocardiography in current perspective.", "content": "Expensive cross-section echocardiographic recorders have been introduced only recently in a small number of medical centers in this country. More information is needed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of this technique for the diagnosis of various cardiac abnormalities. In contrast, M-mode echocardiography is an accepted and routine laboratory procedure. However, the clinician should be aware of the problems of technique and interpretation so that information obtained can be correctly utilized in relation to the clinical setting. The physician should assume a flexible attitude in this expanding field, and rigid dogmatic criteria should be avoided. Only in this way will echocardiography develop and be used to fullest advantage in clinical medicine.", "contents": "Echocardiography in current perspective. Expensive cross-section echocardiographic recorders have been introduced only recently in a small number of medical centers in this country. More information is needed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of this technique for the diagnosis of various cardiac abnormalities. In contrast, M-mode echocardiography is an accepted and routine laboratory procedure. However, the clinician should be aware of the problems of technique and interpretation so that information obtained can be correctly utilized in relation to the clinical setting. The physician should assume a flexible attitude in this expanding field, and rigid dogmatic criteria should be avoided. Only in this way will echocardiography develop and be used to fullest advantage in clinical medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:359161", "title": "The functional and structural border of the neurohemal region of the median eminence.", "content": "In stressed rats the tanycytes of the ventrolateral wall of the third ventricle exhibit by light microscopic immunohistochemistry a positive staining for neurohormones which is distinctly limited to the distal perivascular end of the tanycyte process. Since by electron microscopic immuncytochemistry the tanycyte cytoplasm does not show any reaction product, the light microscopic reaction most likely results from a labeling of the intercellular space in the direct vicinity of the subendothelial cleft. Whether this subendothelial space is permeable to neurohormones was tested by injection of HRP1. In the region of the arcuate nucleus 30 min after intravenous application, the marker is affixed to the membranes of the perivascular tanycyte processes in the subendothelial cleft of capillaries possessing non-fenestrated endothelia. Occasionally, HRP penetrates for a short distance between the tanycytes. Then the labeling of the intercellular cleft ends abruptly. Here, several parallel ridges of tight junctions between the perivascular distal tanycyte processes are found by the freeze-etching technique. Since HRP cannot reach the subendothelial clefts of this region by passing through capillary walls due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier, it is suggested that the marker penetrates from the median eminence this far via the subendothelial extracellular space. It is prevented from spreading further by the tight junctions of the perivascular tanycyte endings. The same way may be taken by the neurohormones. Hence, a border area exists adjacent to the dorsolateral aspect of the neurohemal region of the median eminence where the tanycytes isolate the neuropil from the cerebrospinal fluid not only by their apical tight junctions, but also by basal tight junctions from the subendothelial cleft. This communicates with the perivascular space of the portal vessels.", "contents": "The functional and structural border of the neurohemal region of the median eminence. In stressed rats the tanycytes of the ventrolateral wall of the third ventricle exhibit by light microscopic immunohistochemistry a positive staining for neurohormones which is distinctly limited to the distal perivascular end of the tanycyte process. Since by electron microscopic immuncytochemistry the tanycyte cytoplasm does not show any reaction product, the light microscopic reaction most likely results from a labeling of the intercellular space in the direct vicinity of the subendothelial cleft. Whether this subendothelial space is permeable to neurohormones was tested by injection of HRP1. In the region of the arcuate nucleus 30 min after intravenous application, the marker is affixed to the membranes of the perivascular tanycyte processes in the subendothelial cleft of capillaries possessing non-fenestrated endothelia. Occasionally, HRP penetrates for a short distance between the tanycytes. Then the labeling of the intercellular cleft ends abruptly. Here, several parallel ridges of tight junctions between the perivascular distal tanycyte processes are found by the freeze-etching technique. Since HRP cannot reach the subendothelial clefts of this region by passing through capillary walls due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier, it is suggested that the marker penetrates from the median eminence this far via the subendothelial extracellular space. It is prevented from spreading further by the tight junctions of the perivascular tanycyte endings. The same way may be taken by the neurohormones. Hence, a border area exists adjacent to the dorsolateral aspect of the neurohemal region of the median eminence where the tanycytes isolate the neuropil from the cerebrospinal fluid not only by their apical tight junctions, but also by basal tight junctions from the subendothelial cleft. This communicates with the perivascular space of the portal vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:359162", "title": "Paddle cilia and discocilia - genuine structures? Observations on cilia of sensory cells in marine turbellaria.", "content": "Kinocilia of epidermal sensory cells in fixed marine Turbellaria often terminate as flattened biconcave discs. The distal part of the ciliary axoneme curves back upon itself forming a 360 degree loop which is enveloped by the plasmalemma. In living animals this structure can be induced by the addition of sodium cacodylate, monobasic sodium phosphate, dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, calcium chloride, or formaldehyde to the sea water. Specimens treated with sodium chloride, glutaraldehyde, or osmium tetroxide do not show modified cilia. In animals prepared for EM at low temperature and with a buffered hypotonic fixative less kinocilia are modified than in animals treated with a buffered iso- or hypertonic fixative and at a higher temperature. It is assumed that the unusually shaped cilia, described as \"paddle cilia\" or \"discocilia\" in other invertebrates, do not represent a genuine but an artificial structure.", "contents": "Paddle cilia and discocilia - genuine structures? Observations on cilia of sensory cells in marine turbellaria. Kinocilia of epidermal sensory cells in fixed marine Turbellaria often terminate as flattened biconcave discs. The distal part of the ciliary axoneme curves back upon itself forming a 360 degree loop which is enveloped by the plasmalemma. In living animals this structure can be induced by the addition of sodium cacodylate, monobasic sodium phosphate, dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, calcium chloride, or formaldehyde to the sea water. Specimens treated with sodium chloride, glutaraldehyde, or osmium tetroxide do not show modified cilia. In animals prepared for EM at low temperature and with a buffered hypotonic fixative less kinocilia are modified than in animals treated with a buffered iso- or hypertonic fixative and at a higher temperature. It is assumed that the unusually shaped cilia, described as \"paddle cilia\" or \"discocilia\" in other invertebrates, do not represent a genuine but an artificial structure."}
{"id": "PMID:359163", "title": "Gastrin and the ultrastructure of G cells after stimulation with acetylcholine.", "content": "The effect of intragastric administration of acetylcholine on serum and antral gastrin concentrations of rats has been examined using a radioimmunoassay and quantitative electron microscopy. Exposure of the stomach of rats, previously fasted for 24h, to 2% acetylcholine for either 0.5 or 2h resulted in a significant 4--5 fold increase in serum gastrin concentrations to levels similar to those found in fed animals. Such treatment produced no detectable change in antral gastrin concentration or in the number or electron density of secretory granules in the G cells. This lack of detectable change in the G cells was not unexpected since our calculations suggest that less than 10% of the total gastrin stored in the antrum is released over 2h as a result of the stimulation with acetylcholine. The proportion of electron-lucent secretory granules was, however, markedly increased by prolonged fixation in aldehydes. The increase was similar in both ACh stimulated and control animals. These results indicate that the ultrastructural appearance of G cell secretory granules in influenced far more by the conditions of fixation than by the release of gastrin. They therefore cast considerable doubt on the hypothesis that gastrin is released by molecular dispersion from the granules.", "contents": "Gastrin and the ultrastructure of G cells after stimulation with acetylcholine. The effect of intragastric administration of acetylcholine on serum and antral gastrin concentrations of rats has been examined using a radioimmunoassay and quantitative electron microscopy. Exposure of the stomach of rats, previously fasted for 24h, to 2% acetylcholine for either 0.5 or 2h resulted in a significant 4--5 fold increase in serum gastrin concentrations to levels similar to those found in fed animals. Such treatment produced no detectable change in antral gastrin concentration or in the number or electron density of secretory granules in the G cells. This lack of detectable change in the G cells was not unexpected since our calculations suggest that less than 10% of the total gastrin stored in the antrum is released over 2h as a result of the stimulation with acetylcholine. The proportion of electron-lucent secretory granules was, however, markedly increased by prolonged fixation in aldehydes. The increase was similar in both ACh stimulated and control animals. These results indicate that the ultrastructural appearance of G cell secretory granules in influenced far more by the conditions of fixation than by the release of gastrin. They therefore cast considerable doubt on the hypothesis that gastrin is released by molecular dispersion from the granules."}
{"id": "PMID:359165", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a promoter mutant in the str ribosomal protein operon in E. coli.", "content": "The lambda fus3 transducing phage carries several operons for ribosomal proteins of E. coli, including the str operon. A mutant transducing phage with a promoter mutation in this operon has been isolated. This mutant shows reduced stimulation of synthesis of proteins encoded by the operon, S12, S7, and elongation factors G and Tu, in ultraviolet-irradiated cells. This mutation also abolishes in vitro transcription from the str promoter. The DNA sequence of the mutant promoter shows that it is a point mutation 6 bases upstream from the in vitro transcription start site, changing the \"Pribnow box\" sequence from TAAAATT to TAAAACT. These results indicate that the site altered by the mutation, which is in the region just preceding the transcription start site, is important for the expression of the str operon.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a promoter mutant in the str ribosomal protein operon in E. coli. The lambda fus3 transducing phage carries several operons for ribosomal proteins of E. coli, including the str operon. A mutant transducing phage with a promoter mutation in this operon has been isolated. This mutant shows reduced stimulation of synthesis of proteins encoded by the operon, S12, S7, and elongation factors G and Tu, in ultraviolet-irradiated cells. This mutation also abolishes in vitro transcription from the str promoter. The DNA sequence of the mutant promoter shows that it is a point mutation 6 bases upstream from the in vitro transcription start site, changing the \"Pribnow box\" sequence from TAAAATT to TAAAACT. These results indicate that the site altered by the mutation, which is in the region just preceding the transcription start site, is important for the expression of the str operon."}
{"id": "PMID:359167", "title": "Characterization of a xenogeneic antiserum raised against the fetal germ cells of the mouse: cross-reactivity with embryonal carcinoma cells.", "content": "A xenogeneic antiserum (PG-1) raised against the germ cells of the 13.5d p.c. mouse conceptus reacts with the fetal germ cells of both sexes and adult male germ cells, but not with any nongerminal tissue that has been tested. PG-1 can also react with the EC cells of four different teratocarcinoma cell lines. There are, however, marked differences in the absorptive capacity of the different EC cell lines. The antigen(s) recognized by the antiserum are confined to only a proportion of cells in some EC lines. This antiserum has a number of potential applications in studies of the origin and development of the mouse germ cell lineage.", "contents": "Characterization of a xenogeneic antiserum raised against the fetal germ cells of the mouse: cross-reactivity with embryonal carcinoma cells. A xenogeneic antiserum (PG-1) raised against the germ cells of the 13.5d p.c. mouse conceptus reacts with the fetal germ cells of both sexes and adult male germ cells, but not with any nongerminal tissue that has been tested. PG-1 can also react with the EC cells of four different teratocarcinoma cell lines. There are, however, marked differences in the absorptive capacity of the different EC cell lines. The antigen(s) recognized by the antiserum are confined to only a proportion of cells in some EC lines. This antiserum has a number of potential applications in studies of the origin and development of the mouse germ cell lineage."}
{"id": "PMID:359185", "title": "Biochemical significance of the hard and soft acids and bases principle.", "content": "The hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) principle, which states that hard acids bind preferentially to hard bases and soft acids to soft bases, may serve to assess specific chemico-biological interactions. As living systems are composed mainly of \"hard\" elements, molecular events taking place within the cell are dominated by \"hard-hard interactions\". On this premise, it becomes likely that extraneous \"soft\" agents are particularly injurious to life. In the HSAB context a selected number of variegated phenomena are briefly discussed qualitatively; these include biocidal actions, heavy metal poisoning, chemical carcinogenesis, some enzymic reactions, and nucleic acid complexations. Although the HSAB principle cannot be used as a tool for mechanistic explanations of biochemical processes, it may provide clues to likely target molecules and the loci of action.", "contents": "Biochemical significance of the hard and soft acids and bases principle. The hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) principle, which states that hard acids bind preferentially to hard bases and soft acids to soft bases, may serve to assess specific chemico-biological interactions. As living systems are composed mainly of \"hard\" elements, molecular events taking place within the cell are dominated by \"hard-hard interactions\". On this premise, it becomes likely that extraneous \"soft\" agents are particularly injurious to life. In the HSAB context a selected number of variegated phenomena are briefly discussed qualitatively; these include biocidal actions, heavy metal poisoning, chemical carcinogenesis, some enzymic reactions, and nucleic acid complexations. Although the HSAB principle cannot be used as a tool for mechanistic explanations of biochemical processes, it may provide clues to likely target molecules and the loci of action."}
{"id": "PMID:359187", "title": "Efficiency of bacterial filtration in various commercial air filters for hospital air conditioning.", "content": "Filtration efficiency of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters is said to be over 99.97% of removal rate against the mist of thermogenerating-type of dioctyl phthalate with average particles diameter of 0.3 micrometer, as tested by the U.S. Military Standard 282 (1956). Filtration of bacterial aerosols through commercial air filters was tested to examine the efficiency of bacterial filtration with eight kinds of air filters. Percentage of bacterial filtration efficiency (% BFE) of three kinds of HEPA filters showed 100% BFE, while NBS-95 and NBS-85 showed over 99% BFE. BFE of NBS-75 air filter was 91.75%.", "contents": "Efficiency of bacterial filtration in various commercial air filters for hospital air conditioning. Filtration efficiency of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters is said to be over 99.97% of removal rate against the mist of thermogenerating-type of dioctyl phthalate with average particles diameter of 0.3 micrometer, as tested by the U.S. Military Standard 282 (1956). Filtration of bacterial aerosols through commercial air filters was tested to examine the efficiency of bacterial filtration with eight kinds of air filters. Percentage of bacterial filtration efficiency (% BFE) of three kinds of HEPA filters showed 100% BFE, while NBS-95 and NBS-85 showed over 99% BFE. BFE of NBS-75 air filter was 91.75%."}
{"id": "PMID:359188", "title": "Marginal closure of non-gamma2 amalgam.", "content": "In order to investigate the effect of burnishing on the marginal closure of non-gamma2 amalgam restorations, a single-composition high-copper alloy (Indiloy), a conventional lathe-cut alloy (Lunargent Alloy), and a conventional spherical alloy (Shofu Spherical) were each mixed with mercury and filled in transparent plastic cavities. Half of the specimens were burnished along the cavity margins immediately after packing and again after carving. The remainder was unburnished. A dye was sprayed on their occlusal surfaces after 24 hr and leakage indicated by the dye penetration was observed through the plastic walls, and following facts were found: 1. Burnishing markedly decreased the leakage of all type alloy amalgams. 2. When burnished, the marginal leakage with the high-copper alloy was remarkably less than with the conventional spherical alloy but slightly more than that with the lathe-cut alloy. 3. The difference in the marginal leakage and in the effect of burnishing among the three amalgams was apparently related to their setting dimensional change curves.", "contents": "Marginal closure of non-gamma2 amalgam. In order to investigate the effect of burnishing on the marginal closure of non-gamma2 amalgam restorations, a single-composition high-copper alloy (Indiloy), a conventional lathe-cut alloy (Lunargent Alloy), and a conventional spherical alloy (Shofu Spherical) were each mixed with mercury and filled in transparent plastic cavities. Half of the specimens were burnished along the cavity margins immediately after packing and again after carving. The remainder was unburnished. A dye was sprayed on their occlusal surfaces after 24 hr and leakage indicated by the dye penetration was observed through the plastic walls, and following facts were found: 1. Burnishing markedly decreased the leakage of all type alloy amalgams. 2. When burnished, the marginal leakage with the high-copper alloy was remarkably less than with the conventional spherical alloy but slightly more than that with the lathe-cut alloy. 3. The difference in the marginal leakage and in the effect of burnishing among the three amalgams was apparently related to their setting dimensional change curves."}
{"id": "PMID:359193", "title": "Quantitative metabolic profiling based on gas chromatography.", "content": "The quantitative metabolic profiles of volatilizable components of human biological fluids, particularly urinary organic acids, is reviewed, with emphasis on the use of gas-chromatography/mass spectrometer/computer systems. Various definitions of metabolic profiling are considered and techniques for obtaining such profiles are discussed. The role of computer processing of such data is examined, and statistical techniques for treating quantitative metabolic profiles are suggested.", "contents": "Quantitative metabolic profiling based on gas chromatography. The quantitative metabolic profiles of volatilizable components of human biological fluids, particularly urinary organic acids, is reviewed, with emphasis on the use of gas-chromatography/mass spectrometer/computer systems. Various definitions of metabolic profiling are considered and techniques for obtaining such profiles are discussed. The role of computer processing of such data is examined, and statistical techniques for treating quantitative metabolic profiles are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:359194", "title": "Non-equilibrium enzyme immunoassay of gentamicin.", "content": "We describe a fast, accurate non-equilibrium enzyme immunoassay for serum gentamicin. With use of isokinetic conditions an assay takes a total of 12 min, including regeneration of the immunosorbent. The coefficient of correlation between the present method and conventional microbiological assays was 0.98.", "contents": "Non-equilibrium enzyme immunoassay of gentamicin. We describe a fast, accurate non-equilibrium enzyme immunoassay for serum gentamicin. With use of isokinetic conditions an assay takes a total of 12 min, including regeneration of the immunosorbent. The coefficient of correlation between the present method and conventional microbiological assays was 0.98."}
{"id": "PMID:359195", "title": "A sensitive manual enzyme immunoassay for thyroxine.", "content": "We describe an immunoassay for thyroxine in serum. In the assay specific antibody covalently bonded to latex particles is used, along with horseradish peroxidase as the label, and o-phenylenediamine as the chromogen. The flexible protocol is designed for manual execution. Performance is similar to that of the highest-sensitivity thyroxine radioimmunoassays. Results correlate well with radioimmunoassay (r = 0.99, slope = 0.93, y-intercept = 2.4 microgram/liter for 201 samples) and an automated enzyme immunoassay (r = 0.97, slope = 0.99, y-intercept = 4.7 coefficients of variation are less than 7.2% over the entire useful range of the assay (20--240 microgram/liter). The limit of detection is less than 94 pg/tube at 20 microgram/liter. Only D-thyroxine is known to interfere with serum assays. This assay has no discernible protein effect from 40 to 80 g of protein per liter, unlike many thyroxine radioimmunoassays. Serum preservatives known to be peroxidase inhibitors do not adversely affect assay performance because of the 56-fold dilution in the final assay mixture. Hemolyzed serum and EDTA-treated plasmas are unsuitable for this assay.", "contents": "A sensitive manual enzyme immunoassay for thyroxine. We describe an immunoassay for thyroxine in serum. In the assay specific antibody covalently bonded to latex particles is used, along with horseradish peroxidase as the label, and o-phenylenediamine as the chromogen. The flexible protocol is designed for manual execution. Performance is similar to that of the highest-sensitivity thyroxine radioimmunoassays. Results correlate well with radioimmunoassay (r = 0.99, slope = 0.93, y-intercept = 2.4 microgram/liter for 201 samples) and an automated enzyme immunoassay (r = 0.97, slope = 0.99, y-intercept = 4.7 coefficients of variation are less than 7.2% over the entire useful range of the assay (20--240 microgram/liter). The limit of detection is less than 94 pg/tube at 20 microgram/liter. Only D-thyroxine is known to interfere with serum assays. This assay has no discernible protein effect from 40 to 80 g of protein per liter, unlike many thyroxine radioimmunoassays. Serum preservatives known to be peroxidase inhibitors do not adversely affect assay performance because of the 56-fold dilution in the final assay mixture. Hemolyzed serum and EDTA-treated plasmas are unsuitable for this assay."}
{"id": "PMID:359196", "title": "Drug screening by enzyme immunoassay with the American Monitor KDA.", "content": "The methods for barbiturate, opiate, methadone, and amphetamine have been modified for use with the American Monitor KDA. The modification, which incorporates automatic correction for endogenous lysozyme activity, was evaluated by comparing results obtained with the KDA for human urine samples containing known amounts of drug(s) with results obtained with the procedure recommended by Syva for the Gilford 3500. There was 98% agreement bewteen the two systems. Six calibrators and 40 samples can be assayed for all four drugs in about 2.5 h. The procedure has proven to be reliable for screening urine samples obtained from clients at a methadone treatment center.", "contents": "Drug screening by enzyme immunoassay with the American Monitor KDA. The methods for barbiturate, opiate, methadone, and amphetamine have been modified for use with the American Monitor KDA. The modification, which incorporates automatic correction for endogenous lysozyme activity, was evaluated by comparing results obtained with the KDA for human urine samples containing known amounts of drug(s) with results obtained with the procedure recommended by Syva for the Gilford 3500. There was 98% agreement bewteen the two systems. Six calibrators and 40 samples can be assayed for all four drugs in about 2.5 h. The procedure has proven to be reliable for screening urine samples obtained from clients at a methadone treatment center."}
{"id": "PMID:359197", "title": "Simultaneous gas-chromatographic analysis for diazepam and its major metabolite, desmethyldiazepam, with use of double internal standardization.", "content": "Electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography was used for simultaneous quantitation of plasma diazepam (I) and its major metabolite, desmethyldiazepam(II). Because concentrations of I can greatly exceed those of II after single doses of I, two benzodiazepine-analog internal standards were added to all samples, thereby allowing reliable quantitation of high concentrations of I and low concentrations of II. After extraction at neutral pH with benzene (containing isoamyl alcohol), the organic extract is evaporated and the residue is reconstituted in a small volume of solvent and chromatographed on a 3% OV-17 column. The sensitivity limits are 2 to 3 ng of I or II per milliliter of original sample, with a CV for identical samples of less than 5%. The applicability of the method to single-dose pharmacokinetic studies of I in humans is illustrated.", "contents": "Simultaneous gas-chromatographic analysis for diazepam and its major metabolite, desmethyldiazepam, with use of double internal standardization. Electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography was used for simultaneous quantitation of plasma diazepam (I) and its major metabolite, desmethyldiazepam(II). Because concentrations of I can greatly exceed those of II after single doses of I, two benzodiazepine-analog internal standards were added to all samples, thereby allowing reliable quantitation of high concentrations of I and low concentrations of II. After extraction at neutral pH with benzene (containing isoamyl alcohol), the organic extract is evaporated and the residue is reconstituted in a small volume of solvent and chromatographed on a 3% OV-17 column. The sensitivity limits are 2 to 3 ng of I or II per milliliter of original sample, with a CV for identical samples of less than 5%. The applicability of the method to single-dose pharmacokinetic studies of I in humans is illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:359198", "title": "Ectopic insulin and Occam's razor: reappraisal of the riddle of tumour hypoglycaemia.", "content": "The concept of ectopic insulin production is challenged on the basis of a review of 120 cases from the literature on extrapancreatic tumours associated with hypoglycaemia in which insulin or insulin-like activity were measured. No case met two or more of five criteria of ectopic hormone production. The evidence indicates that hypoglycaemia of extrapancreatic tumours cannot be attributed to insulin. In those rare cases in which plasma insulin was reported as high, pancreatic beta-cells could not be excluded as the source of insulin. Interestingly, many of these dubious cases had carcinoid histology. The review also points out a close association between some spindle-cell tumours and carcinoid tumours which may be relevant to discussion on the disputed origin of some \"mesothelial\" tumours. Nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA) consists of a number of factors mimicking insulin activity which compete with insulin or proinsulin for membrane receptors and may crossreact in bioassays, immunoassays, and receptor assays. The question of whether one or several of these substances may be responsible for extrapancreatic hypoglycaemia remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Ectopic insulin and Occam's razor: reappraisal of the riddle of tumour hypoglycaemia. The concept of ectopic insulin production is challenged on the basis of a review of 120 cases from the literature on extrapancreatic tumours associated with hypoglycaemia in which insulin or insulin-like activity were measured. No case met two or more of five criteria of ectopic hormone production. The evidence indicates that hypoglycaemia of extrapancreatic tumours cannot be attributed to insulin. In those rare cases in which plasma insulin was reported as high, pancreatic beta-cells could not be excluded as the source of insulin. Interestingly, many of these dubious cases had carcinoid histology. The review also points out a close association between some spindle-cell tumours and carcinoid tumours which may be relevant to discussion on the disputed origin of some \"mesothelial\" tumours. Nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA) consists of a number of factors mimicking insulin activity which compete with insulin or proinsulin for membrane receptors and may crossreact in bioassays, immunoassays, and receptor assays. The question of whether one or several of these substances may be responsible for extrapancreatic hypoglycaemia remains to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:359199", "title": "Gonadotrophin, thyrotrophin and prolactin reserve in beta thalassaemia.", "content": "Gonadotrophin (Gn), thyrotrophin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) reserve was evaluated in patients (aged 12-26 years old) with beta thalassaemia. Abnormalities were detected in Gn reserve only. When compared with young adult controls, three of the four female patients and one of the two adult males had markedly impaired Gn responses to LH-releasing hormone (LHRH). Of the five prepubertal males, one had no Gn rise following LHRH, while responses in the other four patients were comparable to those in boys with delayed puberty. Only one adult male had an exaggerated LH response to LHRH. TSH and PRL dynamics were normal. No correlation could be found between the severity of the disturbance in the gonadal axis and the total number of blood transfusions. Our findings correlate best with the severity of the disease process itself.", "contents": "Gonadotrophin, thyrotrophin and prolactin reserve in beta thalassaemia. Gonadotrophin (Gn), thyrotrophin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) reserve was evaluated in patients (aged 12-26 years old) with beta thalassaemia. Abnormalities were detected in Gn reserve only. When compared with young adult controls, three of the four female patients and one of the two adult males had markedly impaired Gn responses to LH-releasing hormone (LHRH). Of the five prepubertal males, one had no Gn rise following LHRH, while responses in the other four patients were comparable to those in boys with delayed puberty. Only one adult male had an exaggerated LH response to LHRH. TSH and PRL dynamics were normal. No correlation could be found between the severity of the disturbance in the gonadal axis and the total number of blood transfusions. Our findings correlate best with the severity of the disease process itself."}
{"id": "PMID:359207", "title": "Anesthesia related muscle paralysis in renal failure.", "content": "We present 3 patients with chronic renal failure who had postoperative paralysis due to the administration muscle relaxants. One of them received gallamine, a non-depolarizing blocking agent that is mainly excreted by the kidney (70--90%). Two of them received pancuronium bromide, also a non-depolarizing blocking agent which is partially excreted by the kidneys (37--44%). All of them received succinylcholine. Succinylcholine is hydrolyzed by the serum cholinesterase into succinylmonocholine and choline. These active metabolites are excreted by the kidney. These patients serve as examples of the importance of considering the route of excretion of drugs and their metabolites in clinical situations involving the renal failure patient. The pharmacology of drugs administered relative to surgical procedures is reviewed.", "contents": "Anesthesia related muscle paralysis in renal failure. We present 3 patients with chronic renal failure who had postoperative paralysis due to the administration muscle relaxants. One of them received gallamine, a non-depolarizing blocking agent that is mainly excreted by the kidney (70--90%). Two of them received pancuronium bromide, also a non-depolarizing blocking agent which is partially excreted by the kidneys (37--44%). All of them received succinylcholine. Succinylcholine is hydrolyzed by the serum cholinesterase into succinylmonocholine and choline. These active metabolites are excreted by the kidney. These patients serve as examples of the importance of considering the route of excretion of drugs and their metabolites in clinical situations involving the renal failure patient. The pharmacology of drugs administered relative to surgical procedures is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:359208", "title": "An unusual variant of membranous nephropathy with abundant crescent formation and recurrence in the transplanted kidney.", "content": "A patient with what initially appeared to be a typical membranous nephropathy had a progressive course to renal failure, nephrectomy, and transplantation. The nephrectomy specimen revealed abundant glomerular crescents and capsular synechiae. Post-transplantation the patient again developed a membranous nephropathy with florid crescents. Radioimmunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence tests failed to reveal anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody in the serum or kidney. It appears that there is a form of membranous nephropathy with crescent formation, unrelated to anti-GBM antibody, which has the capacity to recur after transplantation.", "contents": "An unusual variant of membranous nephropathy with abundant crescent formation and recurrence in the transplanted kidney. A patient with what initially appeared to be a typical membranous nephropathy had a progressive course to renal failure, nephrectomy, and transplantation. The nephrectomy specimen revealed abundant glomerular crescents and capsular synechiae. Post-transplantation the patient again developed a membranous nephropathy with florid crescents. Radioimmunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence tests failed to reveal anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody in the serum or kidney. It appears that there is a form of membranous nephropathy with crescent formation, unrelated to anti-GBM antibody, which has the capacity to recur after transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:359209", "title": "Recurrence of the hemolytic uremic syndrome in a 3 1/2-year-old child, 4 months after second renal transplantation.", "content": "Terminal renal failure secondary to the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) developed 18 months after initial transplantation and 4 1/2 months after the child received his second cadaveric renal allograft. Recurrence of the syndrome was evidenced by gross hematuria and hypertension after a 'flu-like' illness, sudden decrease in platelet count and hemoglobin, and erythrocyte fragmentation. Renal biopsy findings were compatible with HUS. Evidence is presented that the HUS was a recurrence of the original disease.", "contents": "Recurrence of the hemolytic uremic syndrome in a 3 1/2-year-old child, 4 months after second renal transplantation. Terminal renal failure secondary to the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) developed 18 months after initial transplantation and 4 1/2 months after the child received his second cadaveric renal allograft. Recurrence of the syndrome was evidenced by gross hematuria and hypertension after a 'flu-like' illness, sudden decrease in platelet count and hemoglobin, and erythrocyte fragmentation. Renal biopsy findings were compatible with HUS. Evidence is presented that the HUS was a recurrence of the original disease."}
{"id": "PMID:359210", "title": "Successful immunosuppression of renal allograft recipients with alternate day steroid therapy.", "content": "Twenty-five renal transplant recipients have been treated long-term with immunosuppressive therapy with conversion from a daily dose to an every other day dose of steroids in conjunction with daily administration of Imuran. The patients were selected by having stable grafts for 6 to 9 months prior to conversion, not by the presence of steroid-induced complications. Alternate day steroid administration has continued to provide successful immunosuppression in that only of 25 patients (4%) has had any evidence of renewed rejection activity during a treatment interval of 7--95 months, median 22 months and mean 28 months. One graft was lost to an acute rejection reaction that occurred in association with a flu-like syndrome 8 months after the conversion was started. It is concluded that in the patient with documented stability of the graft, every other day steroid administration is a successful immunosuppressive regimen.", "contents": "Successful immunosuppression of renal allograft recipients with alternate day steroid therapy. Twenty-five renal transplant recipients have been treated long-term with immunosuppressive therapy with conversion from a daily dose to an every other day dose of steroids in conjunction with daily administration of Imuran. The patients were selected by having stable grafts for 6 to 9 months prior to conversion, not by the presence of steroid-induced complications. Alternate day steroid administration has continued to provide successful immunosuppression in that only of 25 patients (4%) has had any evidence of renewed rejection activity during a treatment interval of 7--95 months, median 22 months and mean 28 months. One graft was lost to an acute rejection reaction that occurred in association with a flu-like syndrome 8 months after the conversion was started. It is concluded that in the patient with documented stability of the graft, every other day steroid administration is a successful immunosuppressive regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:359215", "title": "Effect of trimazosin on hemodynamics in chronic heart failure.", "content": "The effect of the oral vasodilator trimazosin on hemodynamics in 16 patients with chronic left ventricular failure was compared with placebo in a double-blind, randomized study. Eight patients received trimazosin 100 to 300 mg, and 8 received placebo. Over the 6-hr period after medication trimazosin caused no significant change in heart rate, stroke work index, or pulmonary vascular resistance, but there were significant reductions in mean arterial pressure (p less than 0.05), mean right atrial pressure (p less than 0.01), mean pulmonary artery pressure (p less than 0.01), mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (p less than 0.01), and systemic vascular resistance (p less than 0.01), and significant increases in stroke index (p less than 0.05) and cardiac index (p less than 0.05). None of 8 patients improved after placebo, whereas 5 of 8 patients (63%) had a good or excellent hemodynamic response after trimazosin (p = 0.006). Four of 4 patients who received 300 mg of trimazosin had a good or excellent response. Trimazosin is a long-acting orally effective vasodilator which improves ventricular function in patients with left ventricular failure.", "contents": "Effect of trimazosin on hemodynamics in chronic heart failure. The effect of the oral vasodilator trimazosin on hemodynamics in 16 patients with chronic left ventricular failure was compared with placebo in a double-blind, randomized study. Eight patients received trimazosin 100 to 300 mg, and 8 received placebo. Over the 6-hr period after medication trimazosin caused no significant change in heart rate, stroke work index, or pulmonary vascular resistance, but there were significant reductions in mean arterial pressure (p less than 0.05), mean right atrial pressure (p less than 0.01), mean pulmonary artery pressure (p less than 0.01), mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (p less than 0.01), and systemic vascular resistance (p less than 0.01), and significant increases in stroke index (p less than 0.05) and cardiac index (p less than 0.05). None of 8 patients improved after placebo, whereas 5 of 8 patients (63%) had a good or excellent hemodynamic response after trimazosin (p = 0.006). Four of 4 patients who received 300 mg of trimazosin had a good or excellent response. Trimazosin is a long-acting orally effective vasodilator which improves ventricular function in patients with left ventricular failure."}
{"id": "PMID:359216", "title": "Oral nefopam and aspirin.", "content": "Analgesia through nefopam (30 mg, 60 mg, 90 mg), aspirin (325 mg, 650 mg), and placebo were compared in 122 hospitalized patients with moderate to severe postoperative, fracture, or other somatic pain. A double-blind noncrossover study design was used, and patients were evaluated for pain intensity and pain relief over a 6-hr period. Based on sum of pain intensity differences (SPID) scores, treatment effects were consistent and indicative of good dose response to both active medications. Pain relief scores were more variable but were generally in accordance with SPID values. Time-effect curves were similar. Estimated relative potency of nefopam to aspirin was 10.4 with a 95% confidence interval of 6.3 to 20.8 for SPID, indicating that the analgesic potency of nefopam, 60 mg, was equivalent to that of aspirin, 650 mg. Side effects were minimal.", "contents": "Oral nefopam and aspirin. Analgesia through nefopam (30 mg, 60 mg, 90 mg), aspirin (325 mg, 650 mg), and placebo were compared in 122 hospitalized patients with moderate to severe postoperative, fracture, or other somatic pain. A double-blind noncrossover study design was used, and patients were evaluated for pain intensity and pain relief over a 6-hr period. Based on sum of pain intensity differences (SPID) scores, treatment effects were consistent and indicative of good dose response to both active medications. Pain relief scores were more variable but were generally in accordance with SPID values. Time-effect curves were similar. Estimated relative potency of nefopam to aspirin was 10.4 with a 95% confidence interval of 6.3 to 20.8 for SPID, indicating that the analgesic potency of nefopam, 60 mg, was equivalent to that of aspirin, 650 mg. Side effects were minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:359212", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of pethidine.", "content": "Pethidine is commonly used in single doses as a preoperative medication or in multiple doses as an analgesic. The clinical consequences of altered disposition are more likely to result from its analgesic use. Correlations between plasma pethidine concentration, analgesia and side effects such as respiratory depression, have been established, but considerable overlap exists between concentrations producing therapeutic and non-therapeutic effects. The current practice of intermittent pethidine administration (intravenous, intramuscular and oral) for analgesia results in fluctuations in pethidine plasma concentrations which are associated with incomplete pain relief and side effects. Continuous intravenous infusion of pethidine may avoid these difficulties. Changes in pethidine disposition have been observed in patients with liver disease and in the elderly. Measurement of plasma pethidine concentrations may be helpful as an aid to the management of such patients. In renal disease, metabolites may accumulate and cause side effects.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of pethidine. Pethidine is commonly used in single doses as a preoperative medication or in multiple doses as an analgesic. The clinical consequences of altered disposition are more likely to result from its analgesic use. Correlations between plasma pethidine concentration, analgesia and side effects such as respiratory depression, have been established, but considerable overlap exists between concentrations producing therapeutic and non-therapeutic effects. The current practice of intermittent pethidine administration (intravenous, intramuscular and oral) for analgesia results in fluctuations in pethidine plasma concentrations which are associated with incomplete pain relief and side effects. Continuous intravenous infusion of pethidine may avoid these difficulties. Changes in pethidine disposition have been observed in patients with liver disease and in the elderly. Measurement of plasma pethidine concentrations may be helpful as an aid to the management of such patients. In renal disease, metabolites may accumulate and cause side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:359213", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone.", "content": "More than 25 years after phenylbutazone was introduced as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, basic knowledge is still accumulating on its pharmacokinetics in man. Phenylbutazone is almost completely absorbed after oral administration. A large fraction of the drug in plasma is bound to proteins, and the drug has a small volume of distribution. Phenylbutazone is eliminated by metabolism, only 1% being excreted unchanged in the urine. Approximately 10% of a single dose of phenylbutazone is excreted in bile as metabolites. About 60% of the urinary metabolites have been identified. A novel type of drug metabolite in man, the C-glucuronide, is formed by direct coupling of the pyrazolidine ring of phenylbutazone to glucuronic acid via a C-C bond. Phenylbutazone is oxidised in a phenyl ring or in the side chain to hydroxylated metabolites, which may undergo subsequent O-glucuronidation. After a single dose, C-glucuronidation seems to be the dominant reaction, while oxidation becomes increasingly important after repeated administration. Due to different pharmacokinetic properties of the metabolites, the C-glucuronides are detected in highest concentrations in the urine, while the pharmacologically active compounds oxyphenbutazone and gamma-hydroxyphenbutazone predominate in plasma. The biological (elimination) half-life of phenylbutazone in man is long, with a mean of about 70 hours, and exhibits large interindividual and intraindividual variation. The interindividual variation is largely due to genetic factors. The intraindividual variation is dose and time dependent. In an individual there may be several critical dose levels where a change in the elimination kinetics takes place. Since there is no correlation between the plasma level and the clinical or toxic effects of phenylbutazone, there is at present no need for routine monitoring of plasma concentrations of the drug.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone. More than 25 years after phenylbutazone was introduced as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, basic knowledge is still accumulating on its pharmacokinetics in man. Phenylbutazone is almost completely absorbed after oral administration. A large fraction of the drug in plasma is bound to proteins, and the drug has a small volume of distribution. Phenylbutazone is eliminated by metabolism, only 1% being excreted unchanged in the urine. Approximately 10% of a single dose of phenylbutazone is excreted in bile as metabolites. About 60% of the urinary metabolites have been identified. A novel type of drug metabolite in man, the C-glucuronide, is formed by direct coupling of the pyrazolidine ring of phenylbutazone to glucuronic acid via a C-C bond. Phenylbutazone is oxidised in a phenyl ring or in the side chain to hydroxylated metabolites, which may undergo subsequent O-glucuronidation. After a single dose, C-glucuronidation seems to be the dominant reaction, while oxidation becomes increasingly important after repeated administration. Due to different pharmacokinetic properties of the metabolites, the C-glucuronides are detected in highest concentrations in the urine, while the pharmacologically active compounds oxyphenbutazone and gamma-hydroxyphenbutazone predominate in plasma. The biological (elimination) half-life of phenylbutazone in man is long, with a mean of about 70 hours, and exhibits large interindividual and intraindividual variation. The interindividual variation is largely due to genetic factors. The intraindividual variation is dose and time dependent. In an individual there may be several critical dose levels where a change in the elimination kinetics takes place. Since there is no correlation between the plasma level and the clinical or toxic effects of phenylbutazone, there is at present no need for routine monitoring of plasma concentrations of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:359214", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of chlordiazepoxide.", "content": "Chlordiazepoxide was the first benzodiazepine derivative made available for clinical use. The metabolic pathway of chlordiazepoxide is complex, since the drug is biotransformed into a succession of pharmacologically active products: desmethylchlordiazepoxide, demoxepam, desmethyldiazepam, and oxazepam. The elimination half-life (tl/2beta) of chlordiazepoxide following single doses, in healthy individuals generally ranges from 5 to 30 hours, and the volume of distribution from 0.25 to 0.50 liters/kg. The hepatic extraction ratio is well under 5%. Elimination of the parent compound is mirrored by formation of the first active metabolite. Clearance of chlordiazepoxide is reduced and tl/2beta is prolonged in the elderly, in those with cirrhosis, and in those receiving concurrent disulfiram therapy. Oral chlordiazepoxide is rapidly and completely absorbed, but intramuscular injection is painful and results in slow and erratic absorption. Multiple-dose therapy with chlordiazepoxide results in accumulation of the parent compound, as well as two or more of its active metabolites. The rate and extent of accumulation varies considerably between individuals. A relation between plasma concentrations of chlordiazepoxide and its metabolites to clinical effects has been suggested in some studies and is currently under further investigation.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of chlordiazepoxide. Chlordiazepoxide was the first benzodiazepine derivative made available for clinical use. The metabolic pathway of chlordiazepoxide is complex, since the drug is biotransformed into a succession of pharmacologically active products: desmethylchlordiazepoxide, demoxepam, desmethyldiazepam, and oxazepam. The elimination half-life (tl/2beta) of chlordiazepoxide following single doses, in healthy individuals generally ranges from 5 to 30 hours, and the volume of distribution from 0.25 to 0.50 liters/kg. The hepatic extraction ratio is well under 5%. Elimination of the parent compound is mirrored by formation of the first active metabolite. Clearance of chlordiazepoxide is reduced and tl/2beta is prolonged in the elderly, in those with cirrhosis, and in those receiving concurrent disulfiram therapy. Oral chlordiazepoxide is rapidly and completely absorbed, but intramuscular injection is painful and results in slow and erratic absorption. Multiple-dose therapy with chlordiazepoxide results in accumulation of the parent compound, as well as two or more of its active metabolites. The rate and extent of accumulation varies considerably between individuals. A relation between plasma concentrations of chlordiazepoxide and its metabolites to clinical effects has been suggested in some studies and is currently under further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:359221", "title": "Salvage of the ear in acute trauma.", "content": "Salvage of the ear in major acute trauma has been refined over the years. When severed parts were merely discarded, patients had to accept the defect or seek correction by secondary reconstruction. As primary reconstruction improved, the severed parts were reattached minimizing late deformities. Even when severed parts were not available, primary reconstruction advanced to meet the need. In the future it appears that immediate microvascular reconstruction will surpass our present achievements.", "contents": "Salvage of the ear in acute trauma. Salvage of the ear in major acute trauma has been refined over the years. When severed parts were merely discarded, patients had to accept the defect or seek correction by secondary reconstruction. As primary reconstruction improved, the severed parts were reattached minimizing late deformities. Even when severed parts were not available, primary reconstruction advanced to meet the need. In the future it appears that immediate microvascular reconstruction will surpass our present achievements."}
{"id": "PMID:359222", "title": "Reconstruction of traumatic ear deformities.", "content": "Post-traumatic auricular deformity is a unique and varied problem that taxes the ingenuity of the plastic surgeon. Case individualization is repeatedly demanded and a systematic assessment of the residual tissue is requisite to planning an appropriate reconstruction. A basic guideline is presented to emphasize fundamental principles of plastic surgery and tissue transplantation as they are applied to this challenging area of our specialty.", "contents": "Reconstruction of traumatic ear deformities. Post-traumatic auricular deformity is a unique and varied problem that taxes the ingenuity of the plastic surgeon. Case individualization is repeatedly demanded and a systematic assessment of the residual tissue is requisite to planning an appropriate reconstruction. A basic guideline is presented to emphasize fundamental principles of plastic surgery and tissue transplantation as they are applied to this challenging area of our specialty."}
{"id": "PMID:359225", "title": "Correction of prominent ears with multiple sutures.", "content": "Mattress sutures from conchal cartilage to mastoid fascia, from scaphoid fossa to temporal fascia, from scapha to concha, and from the earlobe to the sternocleidomastoid muscle insertion give a satisfactory correction of most prominent ears.", "contents": "Correction of prominent ears with multiple sutures. Mattress sutures from conchal cartilage to mastoid fascia, from scaphoid fossa to temporal fascia, from scapha to concha, and from the earlobe to the sternocleidomastoid muscle insertion give a satisfactory correction of most prominent ears."}
{"id": "PMID:359235", "title": "Relation of tubular interstitial disease to renal function.", "content": "In vitro concentrative transport of PAH-3H was evaluated in human renal biopsies by section freeze-dry autoradiography. Renal cortical tissue obtained by biopsy was incubated in vitro in medium containing PAH-3H, and section freeze-dry autoradiographs prepared. The autoradiographs demonstrated that the number of proximal tubules which accumulate PAH-3H in vitro varies inversely with the amount of tubular interstitial disease and directly with glomerular filtration rate. In order to further examine the mechanisms of tubular-interstitial disease, we have developed a technique for simultaneous fluorescent microscopy and autoradiography in single freeze-dried sections. This technique permits evaluation of the relationship between concentrative transport and immunoglobulin deposition in individual tubules and should increase our knowledge of the biologic significance of immunoglobulin deposits in proximal tubules.", "contents": "Relation of tubular interstitial disease to renal function. In vitro concentrative transport of PAH-3H was evaluated in human renal biopsies by section freeze-dry autoradiography. Renal cortical tissue obtained by biopsy was incubated in vitro in medium containing PAH-3H, and section freeze-dry autoradiographs prepared. The autoradiographs demonstrated that the number of proximal tubules which accumulate PAH-3H in vitro varies inversely with the amount of tubular interstitial disease and directly with glomerular filtration rate. In order to further examine the mechanisms of tubular-interstitial disease, we have developed a technique for simultaneous fluorescent microscopy and autoradiography in single freeze-dried sections. This technique permits evaluation of the relationship between concentrative transport and immunoglobulin deposition in individual tubules and should increase our knowledge of the biologic significance of immunoglobulin deposits in proximal tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:359236", "title": "Clinical application of the kidney to aortic blood flow index (K/A ratio).", "content": "The kidney to aortic blood flow index (K/A ratio) is the ratio of the slopes of the upstrokes of renal and aortic histograms, derived from regions of interest applied to sequential gamma camera images of the first transit of a 99mTc bolus. This index proved in our previous dog studies to have a good correlation with renal artery blood flow. In the 190 clinical studies of renal allografts reported here, the K/A ratios correlate well with independently established retrospective clinical-pathologic assessment of renal functional status. Normal range for the K/A ratio was established in 50 patients with no demonstrable renal disease. Tests of inter-observer reproducibility show a mean relative standard deviation of 7% for independently performed analyses on the same data.", "contents": "Clinical application of the kidney to aortic blood flow index (K/A ratio). The kidney to aortic blood flow index (K/A ratio) is the ratio of the slopes of the upstrokes of renal and aortic histograms, derived from regions of interest applied to sequential gamma camera images of the first transit of a 99mTc bolus. This index proved in our previous dog studies to have a good correlation with renal artery blood flow. In the 190 clinical studies of renal allografts reported here, the K/A ratios correlate well with independently established retrospective clinical-pathologic assessment of renal functional status. Normal range for the K/A ratio was established in 50 patients with no demonstrable renal disease. Tests of inter-observer reproducibility show a mean relative standard deviation of 7% for independently performed analyses on the same data."}
{"id": "PMID:359237", "title": "Stimulation of the renal kallikrein-linin system by vasoactive substances and its relationship to the excretion of salt and water.", "content": "Large doses of angiotensin when infused intravenously or into the renal artery cause natriuresis. The initial effect is release of prostaglandin (probably PGE) and this leads to release of kallikrein. This latter step can be inhibited by noradrenaline. Activation of the kallikrein/kinin system is followed by release of a large molecular weight natriuretic hormone which is absent in glomerulonephritis. A small molecular weight hormone follows the large one and probably effects natriuresis by inhibition of renal Na/K ATPase. This inhibition is reversed by noradrenalint or renal nerve stimulation. Natriuresis is the result of a chain reaction and not a single specific natriuretic hormone.", "contents": "Stimulation of the renal kallikrein-linin system by vasoactive substances and its relationship to the excretion of salt and water. Large doses of angiotensin when infused intravenously or into the renal artery cause natriuresis. The initial effect is release of prostaglandin (probably PGE) and this leads to release of kallikrein. This latter step can be inhibited by noradrenaline. Activation of the kallikrein/kinin system is followed by release of a large molecular weight natriuretic hormone which is absent in glomerulonephritis. A small molecular weight hormone follows the large one and probably effects natriuresis by inhibition of renal Na/K ATPase. This inhibition is reversed by noradrenalint or renal nerve stimulation. Natriuresis is the result of a chain reaction and not a single specific natriuretic hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:359238", "title": "Intra-renal factors in renin release.", "content": "Renin release is believed to depend more on vasodilatation in the afferent arteriole than on any other factor. This allows for opposing effects of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation produced by sympathetic nerve stimulation by drugs or by autoregulation, to be interpreted in relation to the study of stretch of the afferent arteriole. This reduces but does not remove the necessity for alternate control through the macula densa. A final common pathway for all these stimuli is suggested through alterations in net calcium flux in the juxtaglomerular cell where increased intracellular calcium inhibits, and decreased intracellular calcium increases, renin release.", "contents": "Intra-renal factors in renin release. Renin release is believed to depend more on vasodilatation in the afferent arteriole than on any other factor. This allows for opposing effects of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation produced by sympathetic nerve stimulation by drugs or by autoregulation, to be interpreted in relation to the study of stretch of the afferent arteriole. This reduces but does not remove the necessity for alternate control through the macula densa. A final common pathway for all these stimuli is suggested through alterations in net calcium flux in the juxtaglomerular cell where increased intracellular calcium inhibits, and decreased intracellular calcium increases, renin release."}
{"id": "PMID:359239", "title": "Prostaglandins and high blood pressure.", "content": "Prostaglandins A1, B1, E2, Falpha and PRA have been measured by radioimmunoassay in peripheral or renal venous blood of different groups of hypertensive and control subjects. PGA1 and PGE2 were significantly increased in renal, renovascular, labile and essential hypertension. PGFalpha was significantly increased only in patients with unilateral renal atrophy and in some patients with renovascular and essential hypertension. There was a significant positive correlation between PRA and PGA1 or B1, but not with PGE2 or Falpha. The increase of PGA and PGE represents a secondary antihypertensive, diuretic and natriuretic mechanism, the increase of PGF a direct hypertensive mechanism.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and high blood pressure. Prostaglandins A1, B1, E2, Falpha and PRA have been measured by radioimmunoassay in peripheral or renal venous blood of different groups of hypertensive and control subjects. PGA1 and PGE2 were significantly increased in renal, renovascular, labile and essential hypertension. PGFalpha was significantly increased only in patients with unilateral renal atrophy and in some patients with renovascular and essential hypertension. There was a significant positive correlation between PRA and PGA1 or B1, but not with PGE2 or Falpha. The increase of PGA and PGE represents a secondary antihypertensive, diuretic and natriuretic mechanism, the increase of PGF a direct hypertensive mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:359240", "title": "Case for a renomedullary blood pressure lowering hormone.", "content": "Ablation of renal tissue makes the subject sensitive to hypertension-inducing mechanisms, especially those due to fluid expansion, either by Na-volume or whole blood. Such hypertensive mechanisms are prevented by deviation of urine flow into a vein. Ablation of the renal medulla, by acute hydronephrosis or chemically, also potentiates the hypertensive state. Transplantation of either the renal medulla or its interstitial cells (RIC) can prevent or reverse hypertension. Under the latter conditions, the protective mechanism appears to result from the secretion of an antihypertensive hormone by the RIC. Lipid extracts of renal medulla not only prevent and reverse the hypertensive state in the same manner as medullary transplants but, under certain conditions, exert an acute depressor effect. The RIC can undergo hyperplastic changes much in the manner of an endocrine structure. For these reasons, it is proposed that the RIC represent an antihypertensive endocrine organ whose putative hormone may be termed the renomedullary antihypertensive hormone (ARH). Additional data in support of these contentions are presented.", "contents": "Case for a renomedullary blood pressure lowering hormone. Ablation of renal tissue makes the subject sensitive to hypertension-inducing mechanisms, especially those due to fluid expansion, either by Na-volume or whole blood. Such hypertensive mechanisms are prevented by deviation of urine flow into a vein. Ablation of the renal medulla, by acute hydronephrosis or chemically, also potentiates the hypertensive state. Transplantation of either the renal medulla or its interstitial cells (RIC) can prevent or reverse hypertension. Under the latter conditions, the protective mechanism appears to result from the secretion of an antihypertensive hormone by the RIC. Lipid extracts of renal medulla not only prevent and reverse the hypertensive state in the same manner as medullary transplants but, under certain conditions, exert an acute depressor effect. The RIC can undergo hyperplastic changes much in the manner of an endocrine structure. For these reasons, it is proposed that the RIC represent an antihypertensive endocrine organ whose putative hormone may be termed the renomedullary antihypertensive hormone (ARH). Additional data in support of these contentions are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:359241", "title": "The renal prostaglandin system: localization and some biological effects.", "content": "The renal prostaglandins (PGs) are formed mainly in the endoplasmatic reticulum from locally available precursor, arachidonic acid (C20:4). Although the main PG formation occurs in the papilla, significant amounts of PGs are also formed in the cortex. PGs are not stored, but at once released to the cytosol and metabolized by soluble enzymes, 15-OH-PG-dehydrogenase (PGDA), delta13-PG-reductase and PGE-9-keto-reductase. PG metabolism by the PGDH pathway occurs predominantly in cortex. C20:4 can be used to study the biological effects of the renal PG system. C20:4 given to rabbits increases renal biosynthesis of PGs, renal blood flow, predominantly in the juxtamedullary cortex, and plasma renin activity. These effects are inhibited by PG synthesis inhibitors like indomethacin.", "contents": "The renal prostaglandin system: localization and some biological effects. The renal prostaglandins (PGs) are formed mainly in the endoplasmatic reticulum from locally available precursor, arachidonic acid (C20:4). Although the main PG formation occurs in the papilla, significant amounts of PGs are also formed in the cortex. PGs are not stored, but at once released to the cytosol and metabolized by soluble enzymes, 15-OH-PG-dehydrogenase (PGDA), delta13-PG-reductase and PGE-9-keto-reductase. PG metabolism by the PGDH pathway occurs predominantly in cortex. C20:4 can be used to study the biological effects of the renal PG system. C20:4 given to rabbits increases renal biosynthesis of PGs, renal blood flow, predominantly in the juxtamedullary cortex, and plasma renin activity. These effects are inhibited by PG synthesis inhibitors like indomethacin."}
{"id": "PMID:359244", "title": "The chemistry, pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of diflunisal.", "content": "Studies are reviewed on diflunisal, a new analgesic agent with an improved therapeutic index, compared with acetylsalicylic acid, in animals and humans. Pharmacokinetic data indicate that a twice-daily dosage regimen of diflunisal is adequate for therapeutic purposes. Diflunisal inhibits prostaglandin E synthesis, but in humans at clinically effective doses it does not alter bleeding time or platelet aggregation. Diflunisal is uricosuric at clinically effective doses. No clinically important drug interactions with diflunisal have been found to date, although some slight alterations in blood and urine drug levels have been noted. The slight increase in prothrombin time seen when diflunisal and acenocoumarol were co-administered is not considered to be of major clinical importance.", "contents": "The chemistry, pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of diflunisal. Studies are reviewed on diflunisal, a new analgesic agent with an improved therapeutic index, compared with acetylsalicylic acid, in animals and humans. Pharmacokinetic data indicate that a twice-daily dosage regimen of diflunisal is adequate for therapeutic purposes. Diflunisal inhibits prostaglandin E synthesis, but in humans at clinically effective doses it does not alter bleeding time or platelet aggregation. Diflunisal is uricosuric at clinically effective doses. No clinically important drug interactions with diflunisal have been found to date, although some slight alterations in blood and urine drug levels have been noted. The slight increase in prothrombin time seen when diflunisal and acenocoumarol were co-administered is not considered to be of major clinical importance."}
{"id": "PMID:359245", "title": "The analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of diflunisal and codeine after removal of impacted third molars.", "content": "A double-blind, randomized trial was carried out in 90 patients to compare the analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of 500 mg diflunisal twice daily with that of 25 mg codeine phosphate 4-times daily and placebo in relieving pain and swelling after surgical removal of impacted third molars. Diflunisal was found to be superior to codeine and placebo on the first post-operative day, but the difference in efficacy of the drugs had diminished by the third post-operative day. In the diflunisal group of 30 patients, 10 (33%) developed 'dry socket' or alveolitis sicca dolorosa. Only 2 patients in the codeine group and 1 patient in the placebo group developed this very painful condition. The possible explanation of 'dry socket' is discussed.", "contents": "The analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of diflunisal and codeine after removal of impacted third molars. A double-blind, randomized trial was carried out in 90 patients to compare the analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of 500 mg diflunisal twice daily with that of 25 mg codeine phosphate 4-times daily and placebo in relieving pain and swelling after surgical removal of impacted third molars. Diflunisal was found to be superior to codeine and placebo on the first post-operative day, but the difference in efficacy of the drugs had diminished by the third post-operative day. In the diflunisal group of 30 patients, 10 (33%) developed 'dry socket' or alveolitis sicca dolorosa. Only 2 patients in the codeine group and 1 patient in the placebo group developed this very painful condition. The possible explanation of 'dry socket' is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:359246", "title": "The use of diflunisal in post-operative pain: a report of double-blind comparative trials in patients after meniscectomy.", "content": "A series of double-blind randomized trials was carried out in patients suffering from moderate to severe pain after meniscectomy to assess the analgesic effectiveness of diflunisal. In a single-dose study, 150 patients received either diflunisal (125 mg, 250 mg or 500 mg), aspirin (600 mg), or placebo, and hourly assessments were made of pain severity over an 8-hour period. The results showed that 500 mg diflunisal produced comparable relief to aspirin within 3 to 4 hours, but the analgesic effect continued for longer and was still very marked after 8 hours. A multi-dose study in 120 patients receiving doses of diflunisal (375 mg or 500 mg) or placebo confirmed the overall effectiveness of twice daily treatment with diflunisal. In a comparative study against oxyphenbutazone (200 mg t.i.d.), hourly pain scores made on the first post-operative day showed that a single dose of 500 mg diflunisal produced comparable relief over a 12-hour period to that with 2 doses of 200 mg oxyphenbutazone. Overall response to multiple doses was assessed as excellent or good by all the patients receiving diflunisal. Preliminary results are reported on the use of diflunisal in other painful conditions.", "contents": "The use of diflunisal in post-operative pain: a report of double-blind comparative trials in patients after meniscectomy. A series of double-blind randomized trials was carried out in patients suffering from moderate to severe pain after meniscectomy to assess the analgesic effectiveness of diflunisal. In a single-dose study, 150 patients received either diflunisal (125 mg, 250 mg or 500 mg), aspirin (600 mg), or placebo, and hourly assessments were made of pain severity over an 8-hour period. The results showed that 500 mg diflunisal produced comparable relief to aspirin within 3 to 4 hours, but the analgesic effect continued for longer and was still very marked after 8 hours. A multi-dose study in 120 patients receiving doses of diflunisal (375 mg or 500 mg) or placebo confirmed the overall effectiveness of twice daily treatment with diflunisal. In a comparative study against oxyphenbutazone (200 mg t.i.d.), hourly pain scores made on the first post-operative day showed that a single dose of 500 mg diflunisal produced comparable relief over a 12-hour period to that with 2 doses of 200 mg oxyphenbutazone. Overall response to multiple doses was assessed as excellent or good by all the patients receiving diflunisal. Preliminary results are reported on the use of diflunisal in other painful conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:359247", "title": "A double-blind comparison of diflunisal and aspirin in the treatment of post-operative pain after episiotomy.", "content": "A double-blind randomized trial was carried out in 161 primiparous women suffering from moderate to severe post-episiotomy pain to compare the analgesic efficacy of single doses of diflunisal (125 mg, 250 mg, of 500 mg), aspirin (600 mg), and placebo. The results of pain rating assessments made before and at hourly intervals after drug administration showed that both the active drugs were more effective than placebo and produced similar pain relief over the first 4 hours. The analgesic efficacy of aspirin tailed off after 4 hours but pain relief with 500 mg diflunisal was still evident after 8 hours. Over 65% of patients in the diflunisal group had effective relief of pain at 8 hours whereas there was no significant difference between the aspirin and placebo-treated groups by the seventh and eighth hour.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of diflunisal and aspirin in the treatment of post-operative pain after episiotomy. A double-blind randomized trial was carried out in 161 primiparous women suffering from moderate to severe post-episiotomy pain to compare the analgesic efficacy of single doses of diflunisal (125 mg, 250 mg, of 500 mg), aspirin (600 mg), and placebo. The results of pain rating assessments made before and at hourly intervals after drug administration showed that both the active drugs were more effective than placebo and produced similar pain relief over the first 4 hours. The analgesic efficacy of aspirin tailed off after 4 hours but pain relief with 500 mg diflunisal was still evident after 8 hours. Over 65% of patients in the diflunisal group had effective relief of pain at 8 hours whereas there was no significant difference between the aspirin and placebo-treated groups by the seventh and eighth hour."}
{"id": "PMID:359248", "title": "Diflunisal in post-episiotomy pain: a preliminary report of a double-blind comparative study.", "content": "An on-going double-blind study was carried out in women requiring pain relief after episiotomy to compare the efficacy of 500 mg diflunisal twice daily, 65 mg dextropropoxyphene plus 650 mg paracetamol 3-times daily, and placebo. Fifty-seven patients, allocated at random to receive 2-days' treatment with one or other of the trial drugs, have been studied to date. The preliminary results, as assessed by descriptive rating scales, showed that all three treatments were equally effective in relieving spontaneous pain and pain at night. Patients' overall opinion showed no difference between treatments although the investigator assessed diflunisal to be better than the combined preparation and both to be better than placebo. A visual analogue scale of assessment is to be used for the remainder of the trial.", "contents": "Diflunisal in post-episiotomy pain: a preliminary report of a double-blind comparative study. An on-going double-blind study was carried out in women requiring pain relief after episiotomy to compare the efficacy of 500 mg diflunisal twice daily, 65 mg dextropropoxyphene plus 650 mg paracetamol 3-times daily, and placebo. Fifty-seven patients, allocated at random to receive 2-days' treatment with one or other of the trial drugs, have been studied to date. The preliminary results, as assessed by descriptive rating scales, showed that all three treatments were equally effective in relieving spontaneous pain and pain at night. Patients' overall opinion showed no difference between treatments although the investigator assessed diflunisal to be better than the combined preparation and both to be better than placebo. A visual analogue scale of assessment is to be used for the remainder of the trial."}
{"id": "PMID:359250", "title": "Diflunisal in the treatment of osteoarthrosis: a double-blind study comparing diflunisal with ibuprofen.", "content": "A double-blind trial was carried out in 37 patients with osteoarthrosis to compare the efficacy and tolerance of 250 mg diflunisal twice daily with that of 400 mg ibuprofen 3-times daily over an 8-week period. Rating scale assessments were made, at the end of a preceding 1-week, wash-out period on placebo and at regular fixed intervals, of weight-bearing pain, night pain, a specific functional activity, and of the duration of inactivity stiffness. Patients' and physician's overall evaluations of response, taking side-effects into account, were made on completion of the study. The data collected indicated that in 30 patients completing the trial both treatments produced similar overall results and, with the exception of weight-bearing pain which appeared to be improved more in the ibuprofen group, diflunisal provided equal therapeutic benefit with fewer side-effects.", "contents": "Diflunisal in the treatment of osteoarthrosis: a double-blind study comparing diflunisal with ibuprofen. A double-blind trial was carried out in 37 patients with osteoarthrosis to compare the efficacy and tolerance of 250 mg diflunisal twice daily with that of 400 mg ibuprofen 3-times daily over an 8-week period. Rating scale assessments were made, at the end of a preceding 1-week, wash-out period on placebo and at regular fixed intervals, of weight-bearing pain, night pain, a specific functional activity, and of the duration of inactivity stiffness. Patients' and physician's overall evaluations of response, taking side-effects into account, were made on completion of the study. The data collected indicated that in 30 patients completing the trial both treatments produced similar overall results and, with the exception of weight-bearing pain which appeared to be improved more in the ibuprofen group, diflunisal provided equal therapeutic benefit with fewer side-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:359251", "title": "Diflunisal compared with naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthrosis of hip or knee: a double-blind trial.", "content": "A randomized double-blind trial was carried out in 20 patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip or knee to compare the efficacy and tolerance of treatment with diflunisal or naproxen. During the first 4 weeks, patients received either 250 mg diflunisal or 250 mg naproxen twice daily and this was increased by 250 mg daily in 5 patients on diflunisal and in 3 on naproxen for the second 4 weeks of the trial. The results of subjective assessments made before and at the end of Week 8 showed a trend in favour of diflunisal for improvement of symptoms, except for weight-bearing pain which was improved in only 1 patient in each group. More of the patients receiving diflunisal than naproxen considered treatment to have been satisfactory, and rated their response as equally as good as or better than previous medication. Diflunisal produced significantly high incidence of gastro-intestinal upsets, leading to the withdrawal of 2 patients at Week 4.", "contents": "Diflunisal compared with naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthrosis of hip or knee: a double-blind trial. A randomized double-blind trial was carried out in 20 patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip or knee to compare the efficacy and tolerance of treatment with diflunisal or naproxen. During the first 4 weeks, patients received either 250 mg diflunisal or 250 mg naproxen twice daily and this was increased by 250 mg daily in 5 patients on diflunisal and in 3 on naproxen for the second 4 weeks of the trial. The results of subjective assessments made before and at the end of Week 8 showed a trend in favour of diflunisal for improvement of symptoms, except for weight-bearing pain which was improved in only 1 patient in each group. More of the patients receiving diflunisal than naproxen considered treatment to have been satisfactory, and rated their response as equally as good as or better than previous medication. Diflunisal produced significantly high incidence of gastro-intestinal upsets, leading to the withdrawal of 2 patients at Week 4."}
{"id": "PMID:359252", "title": "Two trials of diflunisal in osteoarthritis.", "content": "Two double-blind inter-group trials were carried out in which diflunisal was compared for 12 weeks against aspirin in 30 patients with osteoarthritis of knees or hips, and against naproxen for 8 weeks in 20 patients with osteoarthritic knees. Diflunisal appeared to be somewhat better than aspirin in terms of both effectiveness and tolerance, whilst it was similar in both repects to naproxen.", "contents": "Two trials of diflunisal in osteoarthritis. Two double-blind inter-group trials were carried out in which diflunisal was compared for 12 weeks against aspirin in 30 patients with osteoarthritis of knees or hips, and against naproxen for 8 weeks in 20 patients with osteoarthritic knees. Diflunisal appeared to be somewhat better than aspirin in terms of both effectiveness and tolerance, whilst it was similar in both repects to naproxen."}
{"id": "PMID:359253", "title": "Relationship of plasma salicylate levels to pain relief with two different salicylates.", "content": "In a preliminary open study of salsalate (3 g daily for 4 weeks) in 61 patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthrosis, it was found that although the drug produced satisfactory analgesia in 64% of patients, the incidence of side-effects was high (57% of patients): most were symptoms of salicylism and probably related to the high plasma salicylate levels achieved. In a second open study, 20 patients with osteoarthrosis were treated for 4 weeks with 250 mg diflunisal twice daily and then crossed over to salsalate (3 g daily) for a further 2 weeks. The results of subjective assessments of pain relief showed that both drugs produced satisfactory analgesia, and neither was associated with a significant level of gastro-intestinal bleeding. During the diflunisal treatment period there were no reports of salicylism, and plasma salicylate levels were very much lower than those measured after salsalate. The pain relieving effects of both drugs, assessed from patient preference for one or the other treatment, were unrelated to the plasma salicylate levels and it is suggested that plasma levels may have more relationship to the incidence of side-effects than with therapeutic effects.", "contents": "Relationship of plasma salicylate levels to pain relief with two different salicylates. In a preliminary open study of salsalate (3 g daily for 4 weeks) in 61 patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthrosis, it was found that although the drug produced satisfactory analgesia in 64% of patients, the incidence of side-effects was high (57% of patients): most were symptoms of salicylism and probably related to the high plasma salicylate levels achieved. In a second open study, 20 patients with osteoarthrosis were treated for 4 weeks with 250 mg diflunisal twice daily and then crossed over to salsalate (3 g daily) for a further 2 weeks. The results of subjective assessments of pain relief showed that both drugs produced satisfactory analgesia, and neither was associated with a significant level of gastro-intestinal bleeding. During the diflunisal treatment period there were no reports of salicylism, and plasma salicylate levels were very much lower than those measured after salsalate. The pain relieving effects of both drugs, assessed from patient preference for one or the other treatment, were unrelated to the plasma salicylate levels and it is suggested that plasma levels may have more relationship to the incidence of side-effects than with therapeutic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:359254", "title": "Diflunisal in the management of sprains.", "content": "A double-blind randomized trial was carried out in 31 patients suffering from acute, minor ligamentous injuries to compare the efficacy of diflunisal in the relief of pain with that of oxyphenbutazone. Patients received either 500 mg diflunisal twice daily or 200 mg oxyphenbutazone 3-times daily for 3 days. The results of subjective assessments showed tha by Day 3 spontaneous pain had either completely resolved or markedly improved in all patients, and that diflunisal was significantly better than oxyphenbutazone on Days 1 and 3 in relieving pain on movement of the joint.", "contents": "Diflunisal in the management of sprains. A double-blind randomized trial was carried out in 31 patients suffering from acute, minor ligamentous injuries to compare the efficacy of diflunisal in the relief of pain with that of oxyphenbutazone. Patients received either 500 mg diflunisal twice daily or 200 mg oxyphenbutazone 3-times daily for 3 days. The results of subjective assessments showed tha by Day 3 spontaneous pain had either completely resolved or markedly improved in all patients, and that diflunisal was significantly better than oxyphenbutazone on Days 1 and 3 in relieving pain on movement of the joint."}
{"id": "PMID:359255", "title": "Difunisal in general practice.", "content": "A large-scale, double-blind comparative study was carried out in general practice to assess the relative efficacy and tolerance of difunisal and aspirin in patients suffering from acute painful conditions such as sprains and trains, osteoarthritis, etc. Patients received either 250 mg or 500 mg difunisal twice daily, or 600 mg aspirin 4-times daily for 5 days. The results of subjective assessments of pain relief from the daily records of 1902 patients (967 on diflunisal, 935 on aspirin), and the overall assessment of response by both doctors and patients, showed that diflunisal was significantly better than aspirin. Gastric side-effects were more common and more severe in patients receiving aspirin, and more often led to withdrawal of treatment.", "contents": "Difunisal in general practice. A large-scale, double-blind comparative study was carried out in general practice to assess the relative efficacy and tolerance of difunisal and aspirin in patients suffering from acute painful conditions such as sprains and trains, osteoarthritis, etc. Patients received either 250 mg or 500 mg difunisal twice daily, or 600 mg aspirin 4-times daily for 5 days. The results of subjective assessments of pain relief from the daily records of 1902 patients (967 on diflunisal, 935 on aspirin), and the overall assessment of response by both doctors and patients, showed that diflunisal was significantly better than aspirin. Gastric side-effects were more common and more severe in patients receiving aspirin, and more often led to withdrawal of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:359257", "title": "Care of the burn wound.", "content": "The initial therapy of thermal injuries is directed at removal of loose debris and necrotic epidermis, alleviation of pain, and prevention of infection. Following initial wound debridement, bacterial growth in the wound itself is controlled primarily through the use of tropical antibiotic agents and daily hydrotherapy to clean the wounds and remove any loose eschar. Effectiveness of topical therapy is monitored by quantitative burn wound biopsy cultures; growth of greater than 10(4) micro-organisms per gram of tissue indicates invasive burn wound sepsis. Such bacterial invasion may be further controlled through the adjunctive use of antibiotics administered into the sub-eschar space. Once eschar separation has exposed healthy granulation tissue, the burn wound must be covered with suitable biologic dressings prior to autografting. All open wounds may then be autografted with sheet grafts to the face, neck, and areas exposed to trauma or by expansion mesh grafts to cover large areas from limited donor sites. Upon completion of autografting, a vigorous physical therapy program is necessary to rehabilitate victims of massive thermal injury to a functional existence.", "contents": "Care of the burn wound. The initial therapy of thermal injuries is directed at removal of loose debris and necrotic epidermis, alleviation of pain, and prevention of infection. Following initial wound debridement, bacterial growth in the wound itself is controlled primarily through the use of tropical antibiotic agents and daily hydrotherapy to clean the wounds and remove any loose eschar. Effectiveness of topical therapy is monitored by quantitative burn wound biopsy cultures; growth of greater than 10(4) micro-organisms per gram of tissue indicates invasive burn wound sepsis. Such bacterial invasion may be further controlled through the adjunctive use of antibiotics administered into the sub-eschar space. Once eschar separation has exposed healthy granulation tissue, the burn wound must be covered with suitable biologic dressings prior to autografting. All open wounds may then be autografted with sheet grafts to the face, neck, and areas exposed to trauma or by expansion mesh grafts to cover large areas from limited donor sites. Upon completion of autografting, a vigorous physical therapy program is necessary to rehabilitate victims of massive thermal injury to a functional existence."}
{"id": "PMID:359258", "title": "Rationale for topical antibiotics.", "content": "Topical antibiotics are under attack by critics who claim that no proof of efficacy exists and that systemic administration is far more effective. In this paper, we review the existing evidence and conclude that topical antibiotics have a place in the prevention and treatment of superficial skin infections. Our own experimental studies showed that topical antibiotics promptly reduce the density of Staphylococcus aureus in secondarily infected chronic dermatoses, associated with clinical improvement. In addition, topical antibiotics were shown to be highly effective in preventing and suppressing experimental S. aureus infections in human volunteers.", "contents": "Rationale for topical antibiotics. Topical antibiotics are under attack by critics who claim that no proof of efficacy exists and that systemic administration is far more effective. In this paper, we review the existing evidence and conclude that topical antibiotics have a place in the prevention and treatment of superficial skin infections. Our own experimental studies showed that topical antibiotics promptly reduce the density of Staphylococcus aureus in secondarily infected chronic dermatoses, associated with clinical improvement. In addition, topical antibiotics were shown to be highly effective in preventing and suppressing experimental S. aureus infections in human volunteers."}
{"id": "PMID:359266", "title": "Effects of drinking hot water, cold water, and chicken soup on nasal mucus velocity and nasal airflow resistance.", "content": "Nasal mucus velocity and nasal airflow resistance were measured in 15 healthy subjects before and at 5 and 30 minutes after drinking hot water by sip or straw, hot chicken soup by sip or straw, and cold water by sip. A sham drinking procedure with straw was also employed. Hot water by sip increased nasal mucus velocity from 6.2 to 8.4 mm per min, hot chicken soup by sip from 6.9 to 9.2 mm per min, and chicken soup by straw from 6.4 to 7.8 mm per min five minutes after administration. These increases were statistically significant compared to cold water, hot water by straw and sham. All values returned to their baseline at 30 minutes except cold water which significantly decreased the nasal mucus velocity from 7.3 to 4.5 mm per min. There were no significant changes from baseline in nasal airflow resistance 5 and 30 minutes following the above treatments. We conclude that drinking hot fluids transiently increases nasal mucus velocity in part or totally through the nasal inhalation of water vapor. Hot chicken soup, either through the aroma sensed at the posterior nares or through a mechanism related to taste, appears to possess an additional substance for increasing nasal mucus velocity. Finally, hot liquid might be superior to cold liquids in the management of fluids in upper respiratory tract infections.", "contents": "Effects of drinking hot water, cold water, and chicken soup on nasal mucus velocity and nasal airflow resistance. Nasal mucus velocity and nasal airflow resistance were measured in 15 healthy subjects before and at 5 and 30 minutes after drinking hot water by sip or straw, hot chicken soup by sip or straw, and cold water by sip. A sham drinking procedure with straw was also employed. Hot water by sip increased nasal mucus velocity from 6.2 to 8.4 mm per min, hot chicken soup by sip from 6.9 to 9.2 mm per min, and chicken soup by straw from 6.4 to 7.8 mm per min five minutes after administration. These increases were statistically significant compared to cold water, hot water by straw and sham. All values returned to their baseline at 30 minutes except cold water which significantly decreased the nasal mucus velocity from 7.3 to 4.5 mm per min. There were no significant changes from baseline in nasal airflow resistance 5 and 30 minutes following the above treatments. We conclude that drinking hot fluids transiently increases nasal mucus velocity in part or totally through the nasal inhalation of water vapor. Hot chicken soup, either through the aroma sensed at the posterior nares or through a mechanism related to taste, appears to possess an additional substance for increasing nasal mucus velocity. Finally, hot liquid might be superior to cold liquids in the management of fluids in upper respiratory tract infections."}
{"id": "PMID:359269", "title": "Lytic activity of a new cephalosporin, cefuroxime, against gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "Cefuroxime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, was inhibitory at low concentrations to several types of gram-negative bacteria. It was considerably more stable than cephaloridine or cephalothin to the beta-lactamases produced by Escherichia coli (RP1), Klebsiella aerogenes K1 and Enterobacter cloacae P99. Concentrations of cefuroxime much greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were usually necessary to induce lysis of beta-lactamase and non-beta-lactamase producers. In contrast, cephaloridine, cephalothin and ampicillin were rapidly bacteriolytic at, or near, the respective MIC against non-beta-lactamase producers, whereas the activity of these three antibiotics was considerably reduced against beta-lactamase-producing strains.", "contents": "Lytic activity of a new cephalosporin, cefuroxime, against gram-negative bacteria. Cefuroxime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, was inhibitory at low concentrations to several types of gram-negative bacteria. It was considerably more stable than cephaloridine or cephalothin to the beta-lactamases produced by Escherichia coli (RP1), Klebsiella aerogenes K1 and Enterobacter cloacae P99. Concentrations of cefuroxime much greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were usually necessary to induce lysis of beta-lactamase and non-beta-lactamase producers. In contrast, cephaloridine, cephalothin and ampicillin were rapidly bacteriolytic at, or near, the respective MIC against non-beta-lactamase producers, whereas the activity of these three antibiotics was considerably reduced against beta-lactamase-producing strains."}
{"id": "PMID:359270", "title": "Comparison between 5-fluorocytosine, amphotericin B and the combined administration of these agents in the therapeutic effectiveness for cryptococcal meningitis.", "content": "Therapeutic effectiveness of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), amphotericin B (Am B) and both in combined administration were retrospectively assessed and compared with one another in 28 patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Combined administration was significantly superior to Am B alone and to 5-FC alone, and these agents were suggested to afford a synergetic effect in combined administration. Adverse reactions associated with combined administration did not essentially differ from those with Am B or 5-FC alone. Combined administration was able to decrease the incidence and severity of adverse reactions by employing lower doses of Am B, and this combined administration reduced the duration of treatment. An appropriate dose for each agent in combined administration was deemed to be about 0.350 mg/kg/day Am B i.v. and 150 mg/kg/day 5-FC p. o. based on the results of this study.", "contents": "Comparison between 5-fluorocytosine, amphotericin B and the combined administration of these agents in the therapeutic effectiveness for cryptococcal meningitis. Therapeutic effectiveness of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), amphotericin B (Am B) and both in combined administration were retrospectively assessed and compared with one another in 28 patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Combined administration was significantly superior to Am B alone and to 5-FC alone, and these agents were suggested to afford a synergetic effect in combined administration. Adverse reactions associated with combined administration did not essentially differ from those with Am B or 5-FC alone. Combined administration was able to decrease the incidence and severity of adverse reactions by employing lower doses of Am B, and this combined administration reduced the duration of treatment. An appropriate dose for each agent in combined administration was deemed to be about 0.350 mg/kg/day Am B i.v. and 150 mg/kg/day 5-FC p. o. based on the results of this study."}
{"id": "PMID:359278", "title": "Folded chromosomes in non-cycling yeast cells: evidence for a characteristic g0 form.", "content": "Folded chromosomes from stationary phase or ammonia-starved yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells can be isolated as compact structures, distinct and separable by sedimentation from the folded chromosomes of pre-replicative (G1) and post-replicative (G2) nuclei. Such cells are in a dormant or non-cycling (G0) stage. The folded genome from such cells is referred to as the g0 form and has a sedimentation velocity of about 1700S. Sedimentation analysis of mixed G0 and G1 and G2 lysates indicates that the g0 structure is not an artifactual breakdown product of the g1 or g2 structures. A comparison of the proteins from g0 versus g1 and g2 structures by gel electrophoresis has revealed differences in about 10--11 non-histone and perhaps 2 histone proteins. Entry into the G0 stage, and emergence into G1 after G0 arrest, are accompanied by an ordered transition from g2 to g1 to g0, and from g0 to g1 to g2 forms, respectively. Hence, entry into G0 and re-emergence from G0 can be considered as differentiative processes, not normally part of the cell cycle, and accompanied by specific changes in the tertiary organization of the genome.", "contents": "Folded chromosomes in non-cycling yeast cells: evidence for a characteristic g0 form. Folded chromosomes from stationary phase or ammonia-starved yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells can be isolated as compact structures, distinct and separable by sedimentation from the folded chromosomes of pre-replicative (G1) and post-replicative (G2) nuclei. Such cells are in a dormant or non-cycling (G0) stage. The folded genome from such cells is referred to as the g0 form and has a sedimentation velocity of about 1700S. Sedimentation analysis of mixed G0 and G1 and G2 lysates indicates that the g0 structure is not an artifactual breakdown product of the g1 or g2 structures. A comparison of the proteins from g0 versus g1 and g2 structures by gel electrophoresis has revealed differences in about 10--11 non-histone and perhaps 2 histone proteins. Entry into the G0 stage, and emergence into G1 after G0 arrest, are accompanied by an ordered transition from g2 to g1 to g0, and from g0 to g1 to g2 forms, respectively. Hence, entry into G0 and re-emergence from G0 can be considered as differentiative processes, not normally part of the cell cycle, and accompanied by specific changes in the tertiary organization of the genome."}
{"id": "PMID:359279", "title": "A pepsin-revealed material possibly related to chromosomal banding.", "content": "The enzymes pepsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, trypsin, RNase and DNase were applied to preparations of human metaphase chromosomes before staining to study whether dissociable materials related to the formation of G-, Q- and C-bands would be seen. Treatment with active pepsin but not the other enzymes revealed material with ribonucleo-protein properties which dissociated from the chromosomes and formed a halo.--Lateral extensions from the chromatids stretched to the rim of the halo and appeared at positions corresponding to G-bands. A G-band may be defined as a ring of stable chromatid-matrix binding at positions where the chromatids coil to form lateral extensions.", "contents": "A pepsin-revealed material possibly related to chromosomal banding. The enzymes pepsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, trypsin, RNase and DNase were applied to preparations of human metaphase chromosomes before staining to study whether dissociable materials related to the formation of G-, Q- and C-bands would be seen. Treatment with active pepsin but not the other enzymes revealed material with ribonucleo-protein properties which dissociated from the chromosomes and formed a halo.--Lateral extensions from the chromatids stretched to the rim of the halo and appeared at positions corresponding to G-bands. A G-band may be defined as a ring of stable chromatid-matrix binding at positions where the chromatids coil to form lateral extensions."}
{"id": "PMID:359280", "title": "Optimal perfusion parameters in kidney preservation.", "content": "The optimal pressure in the renal artery during initial perfusion with Collins' solution by spontaneous pressure in canine kidneys is 40-50 cm H2O and in human kidneys 40-60 cm H2O. An average-sized human kidney can be perfused by a full current which is limited only by the lumen of the infusion set. In smaller than average-sized human kidneys the current must be reduced to diminish the pressure in the renal artery to the optimal value. In prolonged hypothermal perfusion by means of a Gambro apparatus it will be necessary to assess the optimal pressure by direct measurement in the renal artery in intact average-sized human kidneys because the pressure reading on the manometer is not identical with the optimal pressure in the renal artery.", "contents": "Optimal perfusion parameters in kidney preservation. The optimal pressure in the renal artery during initial perfusion with Collins' solution by spontaneous pressure in canine kidneys is 40-50 cm H2O and in human kidneys 40-60 cm H2O. An average-sized human kidney can be perfused by a full current which is limited only by the lumen of the infusion set. In smaller than average-sized human kidneys the current must be reduced to diminish the pressure in the renal artery to the optimal value. In prolonged hypothermal perfusion by means of a Gambro apparatus it will be necessary to assess the optimal pressure by direct measurement in the renal artery in intact average-sized human kidneys because the pressure reading on the manometer is not identical with the optimal pressure in the renal artery."}
{"id": "PMID:359281", "title": "Miliary tuberculosis in a patient after renal transplantation.", "content": "A report is presented on the first case of miliary tuberculosis in a group of 84 kidney transplant recipients treated in the Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, until March 1976. The specific process was verified by bacteriological investigations of the sputum and urine. Productive specific tuberculoid-type nodules with sporadically occurring acidoresistant rods were detected in a bioptic specimen of the transplanted kidney. Also discussed are therapeutical problems in progressive renal graft insufficiency and in simultaneous chronic hepatopathy.", "contents": "Miliary tuberculosis in a patient after renal transplantation. A report is presented on the first case of miliary tuberculosis in a group of 84 kidney transplant recipients treated in the Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, until March 1976. The specific process was verified by bacteriological investigations of the sputum and urine. Productive specific tuberculoid-type nodules with sporadically occurring acidoresistant rods were detected in a bioptic specimen of the transplanted kidney. Also discussed are therapeutical problems in progressive renal graft insufficiency and in simultaneous chronic hepatopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:359284", "title": "Renal transplantation and pregnancy.", "content": "Processing of data from 79 pregnancies (incl. 11 observed by the authors) in 64 women (incl. 6 of their own patients) after renal transplantation revealed that approximately in 20% of the pregnancies in chronological association with the pregnancy the function of the graft deteriorated or ceased and in four instances this participated indirectly in the mother's death within one year after delivery. The effect of immunosuppressive treatment of the pregnant mother on the development of the foetus and 57 evaluated infants resp. was manifested by a 50% incidence of prematurity, in seven neonates by clinical or post-mortem findings of adrenal hypofunction or hypoplasia resp. and by hypofunction or hypoplasia of the lymphatic apparatus. Only in one neonate and one foetus (observed by the authors) an inborn defect was revealed. In five neonates chromosomal aberrations were described. The above findings support our disapproval of pregnancy in women after renal transplantation with the exception of recipients of grafts from siblings with closely related tissue properties and with a renal function stabilized for a long period and with minimal immunosuppression.", "contents": "Renal transplantation and pregnancy. Processing of data from 79 pregnancies (incl. 11 observed by the authors) in 64 women (incl. 6 of their own patients) after renal transplantation revealed that approximately in 20% of the pregnancies in chronological association with the pregnancy the function of the graft deteriorated or ceased and in four instances this participated indirectly in the mother's death within one year after delivery. The effect of immunosuppressive treatment of the pregnant mother on the development of the foetus and 57 evaluated infants resp. was manifested by a 50% incidence of prematurity, in seven neonates by clinical or post-mortem findings of adrenal hypofunction or hypoplasia resp. and by hypofunction or hypoplasia of the lymphatic apparatus. Only in one neonate and one foetus (observed by the authors) an inborn defect was revealed. In five neonates chromosomal aberrations were described. The above findings support our disapproval of pregnancy in women after renal transplantation with the exception of recipients of grafts from siblings with closely related tissue properties and with a renal function stabilized for a long period and with minimal immunosuppression."}
{"id": "PMID:359285", "title": "Possibilities of dynamic scintigraphy in renal allografts.", "content": "Dynamic scintigraphy, a non-invasive method, is suitable due to its sparing procedure in particular in clinical conditions where more pretentious examination methods are contraindicated or risky. Very frequently it can serve as a guide for more aimed examination methods. Its diagnostic value is great in particular where pathological conditions of the efferent urinary pathways are concerned, i.e. above all fistulae. In parenchymatous lesions it provides information on focal processes of an inflammatory and non-inflammatory nature. Investigation of both functions, of perfusion and transport of hippuran is sometimes a supplement for the differentiation of ATN and rejection nephropathies. The distribution of perfusion after administration of technetate helps to detect occlusion of the afferent arteries and minor arterioles.", "contents": "Possibilities of dynamic scintigraphy in renal allografts. Dynamic scintigraphy, a non-invasive method, is suitable due to its sparing procedure in particular in clinical conditions where more pretentious examination methods are contraindicated or risky. Very frequently it can serve as a guide for more aimed examination methods. Its diagnostic value is great in particular where pathological conditions of the efferent urinary pathways are concerned, i.e. above all fistulae. In parenchymatous lesions it provides information on focal processes of an inflammatory and non-inflammatory nature. Investigation of both functions, of perfusion and transport of hippuran is sometimes a supplement for the differentiation of ATN and rejection nephropathies. The distribution of perfusion after administration of technetate helps to detect occlusion of the afferent arteries and minor arterioles."}
{"id": "PMID:359287", "title": "Urea and ammonia excretion into gastric juice in regularly dialyzed patients and patients after renal transplantation. I. Dialyzed patients.", "content": "In regularly dialyzed patients in basal gastric juice and after stimulation with pentagastrin the volume of titrable acidity, urea and ammonia were assessed. It was revealed that in relation to the plasma urea concentration in basal juice the mean urea and ammonia concentration is roughly half and in stimulation juice roughly one third. The urea concentration in gastric juice is negatively correlated to the ammonia concentration. Urea excretion into the stomach depends on the plasma urea level and on the secretory gastric activity. The decisive factor of gastric secretion is probably parietal cell secretion. From the results ensues that gastric juice of dialyzed patients contains a quantitatively significant amount of urea and ammonia. Ammonia due to its neutralizing action distorts the examination of gastric acidity assessed by titration. The findings call for a revision of hitherto known data concerning gastric secretion of uraemic patients.", "contents": "Urea and ammonia excretion into gastric juice in regularly dialyzed patients and patients after renal transplantation. I. Dialyzed patients. In regularly dialyzed patients in basal gastric juice and after stimulation with pentagastrin the volume of titrable acidity, urea and ammonia were assessed. It was revealed that in relation to the plasma urea concentration in basal juice the mean urea and ammonia concentration is roughly half and in stimulation juice roughly one third. The urea concentration in gastric juice is negatively correlated to the ammonia concentration. Urea excretion into the stomach depends on the plasma urea level and on the secretory gastric activity. The decisive factor of gastric secretion is probably parietal cell secretion. From the results ensues that gastric juice of dialyzed patients contains a quantitatively significant amount of urea and ammonia. Ammonia due to its neutralizing action distorts the examination of gastric acidity assessed by titration. The findings call for a revision of hitherto known data concerning gastric secretion of uraemic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:359292", "title": "[Nosocomial infection of hospitalised patients with chemotherapy-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 500-bed general hospital the incidence of highly resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumonia was examined. About 20% of examined patients in the surgical and medical departments were carriers. Spread of the organism was via the hands of personnel and patients as well as various objects. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, especially ampicillin and cefalotin is thought to be the chief cause of the high incidence of Klebsiella emergence. About 90% of carriers had previously received antibiotics.", "contents": "[Nosocomial infection of hospitalised patients with chemotherapy-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (author's transl)]. In a 500-bed general hospital the incidence of highly resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumonia was examined. About 20% of examined patients in the surgical and medical departments were carriers. Spread of the organism was via the hands of personnel and patients as well as various objects. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, especially ampicillin and cefalotin is thought to be the chief cause of the high incidence of Klebsiella emergence. About 90% of carriers had previously received antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:359293", "title": "[Demonstration of trichinella antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum samples of humans and animals with Trichinella infection of different duration and severity were analysed for Trichinella antibodies by four different serological methods. The indirect immunofluorescence test and the indirect haemagglutination test proved to be the most sensitive ones. Complement-fixation reaction gave the poorest results. In fresh Trichinella infections the heterologous antibody against cercaria of S. mansoni was more strongly developed than the homologous antibody which is effective in the microprecision test on Trichinella larvae. Although the animals deliberately infected also had, at the beginning of infection, a marked reaction to cercaria, this test became negative earlier than the microprecipitation test. Differentiation of Trichinella from Schistosoma infections is serologically possible without difficulty by means of adult schistosomes. The cross-reaction observed between T. spiralis and various Filaria types can be differentiated with adult O. volvulus as antigen.", "contents": "[Demonstration of trichinella antibodies (author's transl)]. Serum samples of humans and animals with Trichinella infection of different duration and severity were analysed for Trichinella antibodies by four different serological methods. The indirect immunofluorescence test and the indirect haemagglutination test proved to be the most sensitive ones. Complement-fixation reaction gave the poorest results. In fresh Trichinella infections the heterologous antibody against cercaria of S. mansoni was more strongly developed than the homologous antibody which is effective in the microprecision test on Trichinella larvae. Although the animals deliberately infected also had, at the beginning of infection, a marked reaction to cercaria, this test became negative earlier than the microprecipitation test. Differentiation of Trichinella from Schistosoma infections is serologically possible without difficulty by means of adult schistosomes. The cross-reaction observed between T. spiralis and various Filaria types can be differentiated with adult O. volvulus as antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:359311", "title": "Mianserin: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in depressive illness.", "content": "Mianserin is a tetracyclic compound advocated for the treatment of depressive illness and depression associated with anxiety. It combines antidepressant activity with a sedative effect and has an EEG and clinical activity profile similar to that of amitriptyline. It has an overall efficacy comparable with amitriptyline and imipramine in depressive illness, but at dosages which have achieved a similar overall clinical improvement, mianserin causes significantly fewer anticholinergic side effects than amitriptyline or imipramine and also appears less likely than these drugs to cause serious cardiotoxicity on overdosage. Mianserin also has anti-anxiety activity, but its role in treating patients with anxiety associated with primary depression has still to be clarified. Mianserin appears to be well tolerated by the elderly and by patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from a recent myocardial infarction, and does not appear to antagonise the action of adrenergic neurone blocking antihypertensive drugs or affect the anticoagulant action of phenprocoumon.", "contents": "Mianserin: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in depressive illness. Mianserin is a tetracyclic compound advocated for the treatment of depressive illness and depression associated with anxiety. It combines antidepressant activity with a sedative effect and has an EEG and clinical activity profile similar to that of amitriptyline. It has an overall efficacy comparable with amitriptyline and imipramine in depressive illness, but at dosages which have achieved a similar overall clinical improvement, mianserin causes significantly fewer anticholinergic side effects than amitriptyline or imipramine and also appears less likely than these drugs to cause serious cardiotoxicity on overdosage. Mianserin also has anti-anxiety activity, but its role in treating patients with anxiety associated with primary depression has still to be clarified. Mianserin appears to be well tolerated by the elderly and by patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from a recent myocardial infarction, and does not appear to antagonise the action of adrenergic neurone blocking antihypertensive drugs or affect the anticoagulant action of phenprocoumon."}
{"id": "PMID:359319", "title": "[Intra and extracellular acid spectrum of plaque incubated in vitro].", "content": "1. The different in the substance spectrum of incubated plaque produced by the change from glucose to sucrose is insignificant. 2. A variation in the buffer capacity, such as is typical for cariogenic plaque in vivo, markedly influences the proportional composition of the acids formed. 3. The product spectrum of a mixed bacteria population such as in plaque is time dependent. The reason for this dependence is probably the interaction of the individual types of bacteria with each other. 4. The spectrum of acid composition extracted from the plaque is different from that in the vicinity of the plaque.", "contents": "[Intra and extracellular acid spectrum of plaque incubated in vitro]. 1. The different in the substance spectrum of incubated plaque produced by the change from glucose to sucrose is insignificant. 2. A variation in the buffer capacity, such as is typical for cariogenic plaque in vivo, markedly influences the proportional composition of the acids formed. 3. The product spectrum of a mixed bacteria population such as in plaque is time dependent. The reason for this dependence is probably the interaction of the individual types of bacteria with each other. 4. The spectrum of acid composition extracted from the plaque is different from that in the vicinity of the plaque."}
{"id": "PMID:359320", "title": "[Effect of the alpha-fraction of human blood plasma on the cellular and humoral immune response in mice and rats].", "content": "Th author describes the influence of the fraction Con-I-A of human plasma on the survival of skin transplantant in mice and the influence of the same fraction as well as human ceruloplasmin (purity over 97%) on the production of hemagglutinins in rats. In the nontreated animals with alpha-fraction the transplanted skin from C57BI/10 on BIOCZH survived on the average 7,5 +/- 0,54, but in the treated animals--8,56 +/- 0,55. Titers of hemagglutinins in Wistar rats, immunized with 0, Rh--human erythrocytes was 11,6 +/- 3,5 in nontreated animals on the fifth day, but in the treated animals with alphafraction the titre was 9,5 +/- 1,35 and 5,3 +/- 1,78 in the treated animals with ceruloplasmin.", "contents": "[Effect of the alpha-fraction of human blood plasma on the cellular and humoral immune response in mice and rats]. Th author describes the influence of the fraction Con-I-A of human plasma on the survival of skin transplantant in mice and the influence of the same fraction as well as human ceruloplasmin (purity over 97%) on the production of hemagglutinins in rats. In the nontreated animals with alpha-fraction the transplanted skin from C57BI/10 on BIOCZH survived on the average 7,5 +/- 0,54, but in the treated animals--8,56 +/- 0,55. Titers of hemagglutinins in Wistar rats, immunized with 0, Rh--human erythrocytes was 11,6 +/- 3,5 in nontreated animals on the fifth day, but in the treated animals with alphafraction the titre was 9,5 +/- 1,35 and 5,3 +/- 1,78 in the treated animals with ceruloplasmin."}
{"id": "PMID:359325", "title": "Degradation of guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate in vitro by the spoT gene product of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) is rapidly degraded to guanosine 5'-diphosphate (ppG) and probably pyrophosphate by an enzyme present in the ribosomal fraction prepared from spoT+ strains of Escherichia coli. The ppGpp-degrading enzyme was released from the ribosomes during dissociation at low ionic strength. Ribosomes are not essential for degradation of ppGpp, and decay of ppGpp is strictly dependent on manganese ions. The reaction is sensitive to inhibition by tetracycline, which can be reversed by MnCl2, indicating that the inhibitory effect is due to the previously described chelating properties of the antibiotic. When the ppGpp-degrading enzyme was complemented with adenosine 5'-triphosphate (pppA) and a nucleoside diphosphate kinase, decay of ppGpp was accelerated yielding pppG and ppG as major products. In the absence of pppA we have been unable to detect the ppGpp-degrading enzyme in various spoT- mutant strains indicating that this enzyme is the spoT gene product.", "contents": "Degradation of guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate in vitro by the spoT gene product of Escherichia coli. Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) is rapidly degraded to guanosine 5'-diphosphate (ppG) and probably pyrophosphate by an enzyme present in the ribosomal fraction prepared from spoT+ strains of Escherichia coli. The ppGpp-degrading enzyme was released from the ribosomes during dissociation at low ionic strength. Ribosomes are not essential for degradation of ppGpp, and decay of ppGpp is strictly dependent on manganese ions. The reaction is sensitive to inhibition by tetracycline, which can be reversed by MnCl2, indicating that the inhibitory effect is due to the previously described chelating properties of the antibiotic. When the ppGpp-degrading enzyme was complemented with adenosine 5'-triphosphate (pppA) and a nucleoside diphosphate kinase, decay of ppGpp was accelerated yielding pppG and ppG as major products. In the absence of pppA we have been unable to detect the ppGpp-degrading enzyme in various spoT- mutant strains indicating that this enzyme is the spoT gene product."}
{"id": "PMID:359326", "title": "Anabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase of Escherichia coli and catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase of Pseudomonas putida. Steady-state kinetic analysis.", "content": "The anabolic and catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferases of Pseudomonas putida display an undirectional catalytic specialization: in citrulline synthesis for the anabolic enzyme, in citrulline phosphorolysis for the catabolic one. The irreversibility of the anabolic enzyme in vitro has been previously explained by its kinetic properties, whereas the irreversibility of the catabolic transferase in vivo was shown to be due to its allosteric behaviour. In this work a steady-state kinetic analysis has been carried out on the catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase at pH 6.8 in the presence of the allosteric activator, phosphate. The kinetic mechanism of Escherichia coli ornithine carbamoyltransferase serving as a reference was also determined. For the E. coli enzyme in the reverse direction, the initial velocity patterns converging on the abscissa were obtained with either citrulline or arsenate as variable substrate. The inhibition by the product ornithine was linear competitive with respect to citrulline and linear non-competitive with respect to arsenate. In the forward direction phosphate and its analogs induce an inhibition by ornithine which is partial and competitive with respect to carbamoylphosphate. Together with the results of thermo-inactivation studies in the presence of each reactant, this observation suggests a random kinetic mechanism, but with most of the reaction flux following the path where carbamoylphosphate adds before ornithine, when substrates are present at Km levels. The allosteric catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase of Pseudomonas displays qualitatively the same pattern as the E. coli enzyme.", "contents": "Anabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase of Escherichia coli and catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase of Pseudomonas putida. Steady-state kinetic analysis. The anabolic and catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferases of Pseudomonas putida display an undirectional catalytic specialization: in citrulline synthesis for the anabolic enzyme, in citrulline phosphorolysis for the catabolic one. The irreversibility of the anabolic enzyme in vitro has been previously explained by its kinetic properties, whereas the irreversibility of the catabolic transferase in vivo was shown to be due to its allosteric behaviour. In this work a steady-state kinetic analysis has been carried out on the catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase at pH 6.8 in the presence of the allosteric activator, phosphate. The kinetic mechanism of Escherichia coli ornithine carbamoyltransferase serving as a reference was also determined. For the E. coli enzyme in the reverse direction, the initial velocity patterns converging on the abscissa were obtained with either citrulline or arsenate as variable substrate. The inhibition by the product ornithine was linear competitive with respect to citrulline and linear non-competitive with respect to arsenate. In the forward direction phosphate and its analogs induce an inhibition by ornithine which is partial and competitive with respect to carbamoylphosphate. Together with the results of thermo-inactivation studies in the presence of each reactant, this observation suggests a random kinetic mechanism, but with most of the reaction flux following the path where carbamoylphosphate adds before ornithine, when substrates are present at Km levels. The allosteric catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase of Pseudomonas displays qualitatively the same pattern as the E. coli enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:359327", "title": "Initiation factor IF-3 and the binary complex between initiation factor IF-2 and formylmethionyl-tRNA are mutually exclusive on the 30-S ribosomal subunit.", "content": "The formation of 30-S initiation complexes depends strongly on initiation factor IF-3; at molar ratios of IF-3 to 30-S ribosomes up to one a stimulation is observed, whereas at ratios higher than one, initiation complex formation declines strongly. The target of the observed inhibition of fMet-tRNA binding at high concentrations of IF-3 is the 30-S initiation complex itself. On the one hand addition of IF-3 to preformed 30-S initiation complexes leads to a release of bound fMet-tRNA which is linear with the amount of factor added, whereas no effect on isolated 70-S initiation complexes is seen. The release of fMet-tRNA from preformed 30-S initiation complexes is accompanied by a release of IF-2 in a one-to-one molar ratio which is in agreement with our previous findings showing that binding of fMet-tRNA takes place via a binary complex: IF-2 . fMet-tRNA (Eur. J. Biochem. 66, 181--192 and 77, 69--75). On the other hand increasing amounts of both IF-2 and fMet-tRNA relieve the IF-3-induced inhibition of 30-S initiation complex formation. From these findings it is concluded that IF-3 and the IF-2 . fMet-tRNA complex are mutually exclusive on the 30-S ribosome. This implies that under our experimental conditions MS2 RNA binding precedes fMet-tRNA binding if one accepts that the presence of IF-3 on the 30-S subunit is obligatory for messenger binding.", "contents": "Initiation factor IF-3 and the binary complex between initiation factor IF-2 and formylmethionyl-tRNA are mutually exclusive on the 30-S ribosomal subunit. The formation of 30-S initiation complexes depends strongly on initiation factor IF-3; at molar ratios of IF-3 to 30-S ribosomes up to one a stimulation is observed, whereas at ratios higher than one, initiation complex formation declines strongly. The target of the observed inhibition of fMet-tRNA binding at high concentrations of IF-3 is the 30-S initiation complex itself. On the one hand addition of IF-3 to preformed 30-S initiation complexes leads to a release of bound fMet-tRNA which is linear with the amount of factor added, whereas no effect on isolated 70-S initiation complexes is seen. The release of fMet-tRNA from preformed 30-S initiation complexes is accompanied by a release of IF-2 in a one-to-one molar ratio which is in agreement with our previous findings showing that binding of fMet-tRNA takes place via a binary complex: IF-2 . fMet-tRNA (Eur. J. Biochem. 66, 181--192 and 77, 69--75). On the other hand increasing amounts of both IF-2 and fMet-tRNA relieve the IF-3-induced inhibition of 30-S initiation complex formation. From these findings it is concluded that IF-3 and the IF-2 . fMet-tRNA complex are mutually exclusive on the 30-S ribosome. This implies that under our experimental conditions MS2 RNA binding precedes fMet-tRNA binding if one accepts that the presence of IF-3 on the 30-S subunit is obligatory for messenger binding."}
{"id": "PMID:359328", "title": "Binding of labeled initiation factor IF-1 to ribosomal particles and the relationship to the mode of IF-1 action in ribosome dissociation.", "content": "The binding of labeled initiation factor IF-1 to ribosomal particles has been studied in relation to the mode of action of this factor in the dissociation of 70-S ribosomes. It is demonstrated that IF-1 interacts specifically with active 70-S tight couples and free 30-S subunits. The binding of IF-1 to both 70-S and 30-S particles is not influenced by the Mg2+ concentration and the affinity of the factor for both particles is about the same. The interaction of IF-1 with these particles is highest at low Tris-HCl concentrations. Under these conditions IF-1 shows a slight dissociating activity. Using 3H-labeled IF-1 and 14C-labeled IF-3 the formation of a 30-S-subunit.IF-1 . IF-3 complex from 70-S ribosomes is demonstrated. Our studies show that IF-3 enhances the binding of IF-1 to the 30-S subunit. In contrast to IF-1, which binds about equally well to 70-S and 30-S particles in the absence of IF-3, 14C-labeled IF-3 binds predominantly to the 30-S subunit. This finding confirms the view that IF-3 acts as an anti-association factor. On the other hand, IF-1 enhances the supply of 30-S subunits in the presence of IF-3 by acting on the 30-S moiety of the 70-S ribosome.", "contents": "Binding of labeled initiation factor IF-1 to ribosomal particles and the relationship to the mode of IF-1 action in ribosome dissociation. The binding of labeled initiation factor IF-1 to ribosomal particles has been studied in relation to the mode of action of this factor in the dissociation of 70-S ribosomes. It is demonstrated that IF-1 interacts specifically with active 70-S tight couples and free 30-S subunits. The binding of IF-1 to both 70-S and 30-S particles is not influenced by the Mg2+ concentration and the affinity of the factor for both particles is about the same. The interaction of IF-1 with these particles is highest at low Tris-HCl concentrations. Under these conditions IF-1 shows a slight dissociating activity. Using 3H-labeled IF-1 and 14C-labeled IF-3 the formation of a 30-S-subunit.IF-1 . IF-3 complex from 70-S ribosomes is demonstrated. Our studies show that IF-3 enhances the binding of IF-1 to the 30-S subunit. In contrast to IF-1, which binds about equally well to 70-S and 30-S particles in the absence of IF-3, 14C-labeled IF-3 binds predominantly to the 30-S subunit. This finding confirms the view that IF-3 acts as an anti-association factor. On the other hand, IF-1 enhances the supply of 30-S subunits in the presence of IF-3 by acting on the 30-S moiety of the 70-S ribosome."}
{"id": "PMID:359329", "title": "The mechanism of codon-anticodon interaction in ribosomes. Quantitative study of codon-dependent binding of tRNA to the 30-S ribosomal subunits of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The formation of a ternary complex 30-S-subunit . poly(U) . tRNAPhe is discussed and the conditions for its correct description by Langmuir's isotherm are deduced. The affinity constant of the binary complex 30-S-subunit . poly(U) is measured. The reversibility of binding of tRNAPhe to the complex 30-S-subunit . poly(U) is proved in a direct way. The main reason for the heterogeneity of ternary complexes was found to be due to the ability of high-molecular-weight poly(U) to form complicated aggregates with 30-S subunits. If a fraction of poly(U) of moderate molecular weight (30 000) is used, then the ternary complexes are homogeneous in stability and yield the same affinity constants for deacylated, aminoacylated and peptidyl-tRNAPhe (1 X 10(8) M-1 at 20 mM Mg2+, 200 mM NH+4 and 0 degrees C). Ribosomal protein S1 increases the binding constant of poly(U) with 30-S subunits but does not change the binding constant of tRNAPhe with the 30-S-subunit . poly(U) complex. All 30-S subunits, even partially stripped of S1 protein, are active in the binding of both poly(U) and tRNAPhe.", "contents": "The mechanism of codon-anticodon interaction in ribosomes. Quantitative study of codon-dependent binding of tRNA to the 30-S ribosomal subunits of Escherichia coli. The formation of a ternary complex 30-S-subunit . poly(U) . tRNAPhe is discussed and the conditions for its correct description by Langmuir's isotherm are deduced. The affinity constant of the binary complex 30-S-subunit . poly(U) is measured. The reversibility of binding of tRNAPhe to the complex 30-S-subunit . poly(U) is proved in a direct way. The main reason for the heterogeneity of ternary complexes was found to be due to the ability of high-molecular-weight poly(U) to form complicated aggregates with 30-S subunits. If a fraction of poly(U) of moderate molecular weight (30 000) is used, then the ternary complexes are homogeneous in stability and yield the same affinity constants for deacylated, aminoacylated and peptidyl-tRNAPhe (1 X 10(8) M-1 at 20 mM Mg2+, 200 mM NH+4 and 0 degrees C). Ribosomal protein S1 increases the binding constant of poly(U) with 30-S subunits but does not change the binding constant of tRNAPhe with the 30-S-subunit . poly(U) complex. All 30-S subunits, even partially stripped of S1 protein, are active in the binding of both poly(U) and tRNAPhe."}
{"id": "PMID:359333", "title": "History of precordial leads in electrocardiography.", "content": "Precordial leads were first used by Waller, whose capillary electroscope was too insensitive to detect the electric forces emanating from the human heart unless the electrode was placed over the precordium as near to the heart as possible. When Einthoven developed the elegant, reliable and sensitive string galvanometer, he could record the electric forces of the heart from the hands and feet of the subject without even undressing him. When Einthoven's great galvanometer became available, only the three standard limb leads were used. Thomas Lewis and others experimented with precordial direct leads and made many important discoveries in electrocardiography and cardiology. Wolferth and Wood, in 1932, introduced the first precordial lead in clinical, diagnostic cardiology. The recordings were 'upside-down', i.e. positive deflections were down and negative ones up. They called this the 4th lead (lead IV). The precordial electrode was placed on the chest over the apex of the heart, regardless of where the apex was located. This immediately opened new avenues of study in infarction, ventricular hypertrophy, bundle branch block, and all other cardiac states. Then CL, CR, CF, CB and V leads were introduced. The points considered best for placing the 'exploring' or precordial electrode became an issue, and much confusion prevailed until Wilson and his associates developed the central or isopotential terminal and until the American Heart Association and the Heart Society of Britain and Ireland met in London and published the standards for recording precordial leads in 1938. There followed, for obvious reasons, a slow settling of the confusion until the V1 through V6 precordial leads became standard procedure all over the world, as exists today. Goldberger introduced the augmented unipolar limb leads (aVR, aVL and aVF) which have resulted in the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram of routine use today. No one would consider an electrocardiographic evaluation adequate in a cardiac study at present unless the 12-lead ECG were recorded.", "contents": "History of precordial leads in electrocardiography. Precordial leads were first used by Waller, whose capillary electroscope was too insensitive to detect the electric forces emanating from the human heart unless the electrode was placed over the precordium as near to the heart as possible. When Einthoven developed the elegant, reliable and sensitive string galvanometer, he could record the electric forces of the heart from the hands and feet of the subject without even undressing him. When Einthoven's great galvanometer became available, only the three standard limb leads were used. Thomas Lewis and others experimented with precordial direct leads and made many important discoveries in electrocardiography and cardiology. Wolferth and Wood, in 1932, introduced the first precordial lead in clinical, diagnostic cardiology. The recordings were 'upside-down', i.e. positive deflections were down and negative ones up. They called this the 4th lead (lead IV). The precordial electrode was placed on the chest over the apex of the heart, regardless of where the apex was located. This immediately opened new avenues of study in infarction, ventricular hypertrophy, bundle branch block, and all other cardiac states. Then CL, CR, CF, CB and V leads were introduced. The points considered best for placing the 'exploring' or precordial electrode became an issue, and much confusion prevailed until Wilson and his associates developed the central or isopotential terminal and until the American Heart Association and the Heart Society of Britain and Ireland met in London and published the standards for recording precordial leads in 1938. There followed, for obvious reasons, a slow settling of the confusion until the V1 through V6 precordial leads became standard procedure all over the world, as exists today. Goldberger introduced the augmented unipolar limb leads (aVR, aVL and aVF) which have resulted in the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram of routine use today. No one would consider an electrocardiographic evaluation adequate in a cardiac study at present unless the 12-lead ECG were recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:359336", "title": "The macrophage, target cell of the synthetic adjuvant muramyl dipeptide.", "content": "The mechanism of adjuvant activity of the synthetic glycopeptide N-acetylmuramul-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine or muramyl dipeptide (MDP) was studied using in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Addition of MDP to DBA/2 mouse spleen cell cultures resulted regularly in a 2 to 3-fold increase of PFC numbers/10(6) recovered cells (p less than 0.01). Supernates (SPN) from MDP-stimulated cultures added to standard spleen cell + SRBC cultures brought about even more important increases of PFC numbers (p less than 0.01 to p less than 0.001). SPN from cultures supplemented with MDP alone (without SRBC) were more active than those of cell + MDP + SRBC cultures, and SPN removed on day 3 of culture were more active than those of day 5. This activity of SPN was maintained accross an H-2 histocompatibility barrier. Although pretreatment of spleen cells with anti-theta antigen serum entirely suppressed the anti-SRBC PFC response in spite of the presence of MDP, SPN from these cultures were as active as SPN from normal spleen cell MDP-stimulated cultures. In contrast, pretreatment of spleen cells with specific rabbit anti-mouse macrophage serum entirely suppressed both anti-SRBC response and SPN activity. It was concluded that the target cell for MDP is the macrophage which releases factors ultimately acting on B cells through T cell mediation.", "contents": "The macrophage, target cell of the synthetic adjuvant muramyl dipeptide. The mechanism of adjuvant activity of the synthetic glycopeptide N-acetylmuramul-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine or muramyl dipeptide (MDP) was studied using in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Addition of MDP to DBA/2 mouse spleen cell cultures resulted regularly in a 2 to 3-fold increase of PFC numbers/10(6) recovered cells (p less than 0.01). Supernates (SPN) from MDP-stimulated cultures added to standard spleen cell + SRBC cultures brought about even more important increases of PFC numbers (p less than 0.01 to p less than 0.001). SPN from cultures supplemented with MDP alone (without SRBC) were more active than those of cell + MDP + SRBC cultures, and SPN removed on day 3 of culture were more active than those of day 5. This activity of SPN was maintained accross an H-2 histocompatibility barrier. Although pretreatment of spleen cells with anti-theta antigen serum entirely suppressed the anti-SRBC PFC response in spite of the presence of MDP, SPN from these cultures were as active as SPN from normal spleen cell MDP-stimulated cultures. In contrast, pretreatment of spleen cells with specific rabbit anti-mouse macrophage serum entirely suppressed both anti-SRBC response and SPN activity. It was concluded that the target cell for MDP is the macrophage which releases factors ultimately acting on B cells through T cell mediation."}
{"id": "PMID:359337", "title": "Immune interferon. II. Different cellular site for the production of murine macrophage migration inhibitory factor and interferon.", "content": "The production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and immune interferon (IF) by concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated cultures of thymus, lymph node and spleen cells was investigated. It was found that all cultures produced MIF activity, whereas only spleen cells produced marked IF activity. The capacity to produce IF was found to be correlated with the macrophage content of a cell preparation as evidenced by staining for esterase-positive cells. Furthermore, column-purified spleen T cells produced MIF but no IF. Migration inhibition caused by residual mitogen could be ruled out. On the other hand, when macrophages grown from bone marrow cells were pre-exposed to supernatants of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, IF activity was released into freshly added medium while no significant MIF activity was found. IF was also found in supernatants of macrophage cultures after exposure to conventional inducers in vitro (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, Corynebacterium parvum) or in vivo (C. parvum), whereas no MIF was detected. An anti-Type I IF serum neutralized IF in supernatants from Con A-stimulated spleen cells but did not affect MIF in the same supernatants. This indicates that IF and MIF activity are associated with different molecules. It is, therefore, concluded that under the described conditions, IF and MIF are produced by different cells. T cells are the prime producers of MIF while IF is released by macrophages following induction by lymphokines.", "contents": "Immune interferon. II. Different cellular site for the production of murine macrophage migration inhibitory factor and interferon. The production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and immune interferon (IF) by concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated cultures of thymus, lymph node and spleen cells was investigated. It was found that all cultures produced MIF activity, whereas only spleen cells produced marked IF activity. The capacity to produce IF was found to be correlated with the macrophage content of a cell preparation as evidenced by staining for esterase-positive cells. Furthermore, column-purified spleen T cells produced MIF but no IF. Migration inhibition caused by residual mitogen could be ruled out. On the other hand, when macrophages grown from bone marrow cells were pre-exposed to supernatants of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, IF activity was released into freshly added medium while no significant MIF activity was found. IF was also found in supernatants of macrophage cultures after exposure to conventional inducers in vitro (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, Corynebacterium parvum) or in vivo (C. parvum), whereas no MIF was detected. An anti-Type I IF serum neutralized IF in supernatants from Con A-stimulated spleen cells but did not affect MIF in the same supernatants. This indicates that IF and MIF activity are associated with different molecules. It is, therefore, concluded that under the described conditions, IF and MIF are produced by different cells. T cells are the prime producers of MIF while IF is released by macrophages following induction by lymphokines."}
{"id": "PMID:359342", "title": "Nuclear pores. Can they expand and contrast to regulate nucleocytoplasmic exchange?", "content": "Recent evidence has revived the idea that translocations of macromolecules between nucleus and cytoplasm may be regulated via expansion and contraction of the entire diameter of the nuclear pore complex. The present investigation does not support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Nuclear pores. Can they expand and contrast to regulate nucleocytoplasmic exchange? Recent evidence has revived the idea that translocations of macromolecules between nucleus and cytoplasm may be regulated via expansion and contraction of the entire diameter of the nuclear pore complex. The present investigation does not support this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:359343", "title": "Erythrocytes within pancreatic B-cells of corticosteroid-treated mice.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of the endocrine pancreas of female ICR mice that received 21 daily injections of the synthetic glucocorticoid, Triamcinolone diacetate (8 mg/kg b.wt) revealed some examples of microhaemorrhage within islets of Langerhans, extravasation of erythrocytes, and the presence of erythrocytes within B-cells, where they undergo degradation to form myelin-like configurations.", "contents": "Erythrocytes within pancreatic B-cells of corticosteroid-treated mice. An ultrastructural study of the endocrine pancreas of female ICR mice that received 21 daily injections of the synthetic glucocorticoid, Triamcinolone diacetate (8 mg/kg b.wt) revealed some examples of microhaemorrhage within islets of Langerhans, extravasation of erythrocytes, and the presence of erythrocytes within B-cells, where they undergo degradation to form myelin-like configurations."}
{"id": "PMID:359344", "title": "Functional role of arginine residues in glutamic acid decarboxylase from brain and bacteria.", "content": "The arginine-specific reagent phenylglyoxal rapidly inactives glutamic decarboxylase from both mouse brain and E. coli when preincubated with the enzyme at concentrations of 3 mM to 40 mM. The rate of inactivation follows pseudo-first-order kinetics and is dependent upon the concentration of phenylglyoxal. These and other data presented support the idea that arginine residues play a key role in the mechanism of action of glutamic decarboxylase.", "contents": "Functional role of arginine residues in glutamic acid decarboxylase from brain and bacteria. The arginine-specific reagent phenylglyoxal rapidly inactives glutamic decarboxylase from both mouse brain and E. coli when preincubated with the enzyme at concentrations of 3 mM to 40 mM. The rate of inactivation follows pseudo-first-order kinetics and is dependent upon the concentration of phenylglyoxal. These and other data presented support the idea that arginine residues play a key role in the mechanism of action of glutamic decarboxylase."}
{"id": "PMID:359368", "title": "Metabolism of vitamin K and prothrombin synthesis: anticoagulants and the vitamin K--epoxide cycle.", "content": "Vitamin K is primarily located in hepatic microsomes, where the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation in prothrombin synthesis occurs. Recent evidence supports the idea that the carboxylation is linked to the metabolism of the vitamin--specifically the cyclic interconversion of vitamin K and vitamin K epoxide. The primary site of action of coumarin and indandione anticoagulants appears to be an inhibition of the epoxide-to-vitamin K conversion in this cycle. There is a correlation between the inhibition of prothrombin synthesis and the regeneration of vitamin K from the epoxide by anticoagulants. In hamsters and warfarin-resistant rats prothrombin synthesis and the epoxide-K conversion are less sensitive to warfarin than in the normal rat. The epoxide-K conversion is impaired in resistant rats, which may explain their high vitamin K requirement. There is also a correlation between vitamin K epoxidation and vitamin K-dependent carboxylation, but the apparent link may be because vitamin K hydroquinone is an intermediate in the formation of the epoxide and also the active form in carboxylation. The vitamin K-epoxide cycle is found in extrahepatic tissues such as kidney, spleen, and lung and is inhibited by warfarin.", "contents": "Metabolism of vitamin K and prothrombin synthesis: anticoagulants and the vitamin K--epoxide cycle. Vitamin K is primarily located in hepatic microsomes, where the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation in prothrombin synthesis occurs. Recent evidence supports the idea that the carboxylation is linked to the metabolism of the vitamin--specifically the cyclic interconversion of vitamin K and vitamin K epoxide. The primary site of action of coumarin and indandione anticoagulants appears to be an inhibition of the epoxide-to-vitamin K conversion in this cycle. There is a correlation between the inhibition of prothrombin synthesis and the regeneration of vitamin K from the epoxide by anticoagulants. In hamsters and warfarin-resistant rats prothrombin synthesis and the epoxide-K conversion are less sensitive to warfarin than in the normal rat. The epoxide-K conversion is impaired in resistant rats, which may explain their high vitamin K requirement. There is also a correlation between vitamin K epoxidation and vitamin K-dependent carboxylation, but the apparent link may be because vitamin K hydroquinone is an intermediate in the formation of the epoxide and also the active form in carboxylation. The vitamin K-epoxide cycle is found in extrahepatic tissues such as kidney, spleen, and lung and is inhibited by warfarin."}
{"id": "PMID:359377", "title": "Correction of crossbite.", "content": "The purpose of this article is to present to the dental practitioner a better insight and understanding into the recognition, etiology, timing of treatment, differential diagnosis, and methods of treatment for the anterior and posterior crossbite conditions as seen in the developing dentition of the child. It is important to realize that early diagnosis, correction, or referral to a specialist of these occlusal irregularities may prevent the possibility of any adverse effects upon the growth and development of the child's dental-skeletal-facial complex.", "contents": "Correction of crossbite. The purpose of this article is to present to the dental practitioner a better insight and understanding into the recognition, etiology, timing of treatment, differential diagnosis, and methods of treatment for the anterior and posterior crossbite conditions as seen in the developing dentition of the child. It is important to realize that early diagnosis, correction, or referral to a specialist of these occlusal irregularities may prevent the possibility of any adverse effects upon the growth and development of the child's dental-skeletal-facial complex."}
{"id": "PMID:359382", "title": "Double-blind comparison of butorphanol tartrate and meperidine hydrochloride in balanced anaesthesia.", "content": "Butorphanol tartrate, a synthetic morphinan which has analgesic agonist and antagonist properties, was compared with meperidine for balanced anaesthesia. The two agents were found to be comparable in efficacy, maintenance of cardiovascular stability, and incidence of side-effects. Butorphanol has the advantage of being non-narcotic and having a lower propensity for addiction. Because of its antagonist properties, there appears to be a limit to its depressant effects on respiration.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of butorphanol tartrate and meperidine hydrochloride in balanced anaesthesia. Butorphanol tartrate, a synthetic morphinan which has analgesic agonist and antagonist properties, was compared with meperidine for balanced anaesthesia. The two agents were found to be comparable in efficacy, maintenance of cardiovascular stability, and incidence of side-effects. Butorphanol has the advantage of being non-narcotic and having a lower propensity for addiction. Because of its antagonist properties, there appears to be a limit to its depressant effects on respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:359383", "title": "A comparative double-blind trial of the new antidepressant caroxazone and amitriptyline.", "content": "On the grounds of pharmacological properties and preliminary clinical trials the efficacy of the new antidepressant caroxazone was compared to amitriptyline in the management of depression. Forty patients mostly suffering from a neurotic or anxious-neurotic depression were admitted to a double-blind trial. All patients completed the study. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression was used for the clinical assessment at the beginning, during and at the end of treatment. The trial lasted three weeks. A significant improvement was seen for both drugs after seven days on most symptom scores and on total symptom score. No significant differences were found either at seven days of at the end of treatment between the two drugs. There were no significant differences in the incidence and severity of side-effects. In conclusion, caroxazone appears as an effective and well tolerated drug in the treatment of depression.", "contents": "A comparative double-blind trial of the new antidepressant caroxazone and amitriptyline. On the grounds of pharmacological properties and preliminary clinical trials the efficacy of the new antidepressant caroxazone was compared to amitriptyline in the management of depression. Forty patients mostly suffering from a neurotic or anxious-neurotic depression were admitted to a double-blind trial. All patients completed the study. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression was used for the clinical assessment at the beginning, during and at the end of treatment. The trial lasted three weeks. A significant improvement was seen for both drugs after seven days on most symptom scores and on total symptom score. No significant differences were found either at seven days of at the end of treatment between the two drugs. There were no significant differences in the incidence and severity of side-effects. In conclusion, caroxazone appears as an effective and well tolerated drug in the treatment of depression."}
{"id": "PMID:359384", "title": "Piracetam and chlormethiazole in acute alcohol withdrawal: a controlled clinical trial.", "content": "Sixty in-patient alcoholics, presenting with an alcohol withdrawal syndrome after at least one week's drinking bout, were randomly allocated to fixed dose regimens of either piracetam or chlormethiazole in a one-week double-blind trial. The patients were studied in respect to physical and biochemical parameters as well as symptom reduction and side-effects. The battery of rating scales demonstrated a good symptom reduction in both drug groups. On the whole a small tendency to more symptom items being reduced on piracetam in comparison with chlormethiazole was found. But the tree items, sleep disturbances, decreased libido at the initial phase, and the staff's assessment showed statistically significant differences in favour of chlormethiazole. This study demonstrated that piracetam was just as efficient as chlormethiazole in patients not requiring sedation.", "contents": "Piracetam and chlormethiazole in acute alcohol withdrawal: a controlled clinical trial. Sixty in-patient alcoholics, presenting with an alcohol withdrawal syndrome after at least one week's drinking bout, were randomly allocated to fixed dose regimens of either piracetam or chlormethiazole in a one-week double-blind trial. The patients were studied in respect to physical and biochemical parameters as well as symptom reduction and side-effects. The battery of rating scales demonstrated a good symptom reduction in both drug groups. On the whole a small tendency to more symptom items being reduced on piracetam in comparison with chlormethiazole was found. But the tree items, sleep disturbances, decreased libido at the initial phase, and the staff's assessment showed statistically significant differences in favour of chlormethiazole. This study demonstrated that piracetam was just as efficient as chlormethiazole in patients not requiring sedation."}
{"id": "PMID:359385", "title": "A comparison of the minimum inhibitory concentrations of sisomicin and of fourteen other antibiotics.", "content": "The activities of sisomicin and of fourteen other antibiotics have been compared for their inhibitory activity on all the different strains of bacteria isolated from a 3,000 bed hospital. The antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed in liquid medium and expressed as minimum inhibitory concentrations. The tests were performed over a period of four months. The results are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of the minimum inhibitory concentrations of sisomicin and of fourteen other antibiotics. The activities of sisomicin and of fourteen other antibiotics have been compared for their inhibitory activity on all the different strains of bacteria isolated from a 3,000 bed hospital. The antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed in liquid medium and expressed as minimum inhibitory concentrations. The tests were performed over a period of four months. The results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:359388", "title": "Syngeneic transplantation of fetal rat pancreas. I. Effect of insulin treatment of the reversal of alloxan diabetes.", "content": "Sixty-nine alloxan-diabetic male Fischer rats received syngeneic transplants of eight 18-days-postcoitum fetal pancreases at the renal subcapsular site. One half of the recipients were given 2 to 4 U. protamine-zinc insulin for seven days immediately after transplantation. This insulin-treatment regimen effectively normalized blood glucose rapidly. Forty-seven transplant recipients survived, and diabetes was reversed in all. Insulin treatment had no effect on recovery time or glucose tolerance. Those animals requiring longer periods to reach normoglycemia had impaired glucose tolerance. Some insulin-treated recipients returned to normoglycemia rapidly while others required an extended period. Those animals that showed rapid reversal exhibited elevated concentrations of plasma insulin both in the fasting state and during glucose tolerance tests. No pretransplant parameters could be identified as predictors of rapid reversal.", "contents": "Syngeneic transplantation of fetal rat pancreas. I. Effect of insulin treatment of the reversal of alloxan diabetes. Sixty-nine alloxan-diabetic male Fischer rats received syngeneic transplants of eight 18-days-postcoitum fetal pancreases at the renal subcapsular site. One half of the recipients were given 2 to 4 U. protamine-zinc insulin for seven days immediately after transplantation. This insulin-treatment regimen effectively normalized blood glucose rapidly. Forty-seven transplant recipients survived, and diabetes was reversed in all. Insulin treatment had no effect on recovery time or glucose tolerance. Those animals requiring longer periods to reach normoglycemia had impaired glucose tolerance. Some insulin-treated recipients returned to normoglycemia rapidly while others required an extended period. Those animals that showed rapid reversal exhibited elevated concentrations of plasma insulin both in the fasting state and during glucose tolerance tests. No pretransplant parameters could be identified as predictors of rapid reversal."}
{"id": "PMID:359389", "title": "Syngeneic transplantation of fetal rat pancreas. II. Effect of insulin treatment on the growth and differentiation of pancreatic implants fifteen days after transplantation.", "content": "Eight 18-days-postcoitum fetal pancreases were transplanted to isogenic alloxan-diabetic male rats. Some recipients were treated with insulin for seven days immediately after transplantation. Eight animals in both the insulin-treated group and control group were killed 15days after transplantation for morphologic and hormonal studies of the transplanted tissue. Using the morphometric technique of linear scanning, the insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin immunocytochemically positive, cell masses of the fetal pancreatic implants were quantitated. The beta cell mass of the implants from the control animals increased roughly eightfold from the time of transplant; insulin treatment resulted in a further two- to threefold increase. The insulin content of the implants increased more than did the beta cell mass, resulting in the fivefold increase in insulin per beta cell. The alpha cell and delta cell masses did not change during the transplant site, the mass of functional beta cells, and the cell-to-cell content of the implanted tissue. These results are discussed in relation to previous quantitative studies of pancreatic islet cell growth. The relationships of the transplant site, the mass of functional beta cell, and the cell-to-cell interaction within the islet to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis are also discussed.", "contents": "Syngeneic transplantation of fetal rat pancreas. II. Effect of insulin treatment on the growth and differentiation of pancreatic implants fifteen days after transplantation. Eight 18-days-postcoitum fetal pancreases were transplanted to isogenic alloxan-diabetic male rats. Some recipients were treated with insulin for seven days immediately after transplantation. Eight animals in both the insulin-treated group and control group were killed 15days after transplantation for morphologic and hormonal studies of the transplanted tissue. Using the morphometric technique of linear scanning, the insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin immunocytochemically positive, cell masses of the fetal pancreatic implants were quantitated. The beta cell mass of the implants from the control animals increased roughly eightfold from the time of transplant; insulin treatment resulted in a further two- to threefold increase. The insulin content of the implants increased more than did the beta cell mass, resulting in the fivefold increase in insulin per beta cell. The alpha cell and delta cell masses did not change during the transplant site, the mass of functional beta cells, and the cell-to-cell content of the implanted tissue. These results are discussed in relation to previous quantitative studies of pancreatic islet cell growth. The relationships of the transplant site, the mass of functional beta cell, and the cell-to-cell interaction within the islet to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:359390", "title": "The effect of E. coli L-asparaginase on oral glucose tolerance and insulin release in man.", "content": "To study the effect of E. Coli L-asparaginase on glucose tolerance and insulin release, 6 patients with neoplastic disease were subjected to 3 hour oral glucose tolerance tests with simultaneous measurement of serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels before and following the intravenous administration of 5000 I. U. L-asparaginase/day for 4 days. Five of the patients exhibited a significant deterioration in glucose tolerance; however, no change was noted in their fasting glucose and IRI levels. The deterioration in glucose tolerance was associated with a decrease in the amount of insulin secreted in the first 30 minutes after the oral glucose load. The total amount of insulin released during the 3 hour test remained unchanged. These studies suggest that L-asparaginase can cause a deterioration of glucose tolerance without accompanying fasting hyperglycaemia. This may be due, in part, to a decrease in glucose-induced insulin release during the first thirty minutes following oral glucose.", "contents": "The effect of E. coli L-asparaginase on oral glucose tolerance and insulin release in man. To study the effect of E. Coli L-asparaginase on glucose tolerance and insulin release, 6 patients with neoplastic disease were subjected to 3 hour oral glucose tolerance tests with simultaneous measurement of serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels before and following the intravenous administration of 5000 I. U. L-asparaginase/day for 4 days. Five of the patients exhibited a significant deterioration in glucose tolerance; however, no change was noted in their fasting glucose and IRI levels. The deterioration in glucose tolerance was associated with a decrease in the amount of insulin secreted in the first 30 minutes after the oral glucose load. The total amount of insulin released during the 3 hour test remained unchanged. These studies suggest that L-asparaginase can cause a deterioration of glucose tolerance without accompanying fasting hyperglycaemia. This may be due, in part, to a decrease in glucose-induced insulin release during the first thirty minutes following oral glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:359391", "title": "Insulin secretion from pancreatic islets: effect of growth hormone and related proteins.", "content": "Insulin responses to clinical grade human growth hormone (hGH), intact hGH, naturally occurring diabetogenic substance (NDS), and subtilisin cleaved forms of hGH (S1 and S3) were studied using hypophysectomized rat pancreatic islets. While clinical grade hGH (200 microgram/ml) elicited a prompt and sustained release of insulin, purified intact hGH (200 microgram/ml) did not. Naturally occurring diabetogenic substance, isolated from clinical grade hGH preparations, stimulated insulin release at 200 ng/ml. Upon repeat stimulation with NDS, a significantly greater insulin release than with initial stimulation was observed. Although S3 (200 microgram/ml) elicited significant insulin release, S1 (200 microgram/ml) did not. Direct stimulation of insulin release with clinical grade hGH is not due to intact hGH but another proteins(s) such as NDS. Enzymic modification of intact hGH appears to enhance insulin stimulatory capacity.", "contents": "Insulin secretion from pancreatic islets: effect of growth hormone and related proteins. Insulin responses to clinical grade human growth hormone (hGH), intact hGH, naturally occurring diabetogenic substance (NDS), and subtilisin cleaved forms of hGH (S1 and S3) were studied using hypophysectomized rat pancreatic islets. While clinical grade hGH (200 microgram/ml) elicited a prompt and sustained release of insulin, purified intact hGH (200 microgram/ml) did not. Naturally occurring diabetogenic substance, isolated from clinical grade hGH preparations, stimulated insulin release at 200 ng/ml. Upon repeat stimulation with NDS, a significantly greater insulin release than with initial stimulation was observed. Although S3 (200 microgram/ml) elicited significant insulin release, S1 (200 microgram/ml) did not. Direct stimulation of insulin release with clinical grade hGH is not due to intact hGH but another proteins(s) such as NDS. Enzymic modification of intact hGH appears to enhance insulin stimulatory capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:359394", "title": "Persistent insulin secretion, assessed by plasma C-peptide estimation in long-term juvenile diabetics with a low insulin requirement.", "content": "In order to investigate whether patients with long-standing juvenile diabetes mellitus (onset of diabetes before the age of 30) and a low daily insulin requirement (less than 0.50 units/kg body weight) still have functioning B-cells, plasma C-peptide was determined after stimulation (OGTT and glucagon/tolbutamide) in 64 patients with diabetes of more than 18 years' duration (mean 31 years). Measurable endogenous insulin production was found in 24% of the patients. The prevalence of severe retinopathy was lower in the secretors than in the non-secretor group. There was no difference in insulin antibody concentration between the two groups. Furthermore, the insulin requirement in the secretor group was relatively constant during the course of diabetes. Metabolic control was similar in both groups. It is concluded that a persisting but low activity of endogenous insulin production can be found in many long-term juvenile diabetics with a low insulin requirement, while others without any residual beta-cell function develop a low insulin requirement for unknown reasons.", "contents": "Persistent insulin secretion, assessed by plasma C-peptide estimation in long-term juvenile diabetics with a low insulin requirement. In order to investigate whether patients with long-standing juvenile diabetes mellitus (onset of diabetes before the age of 30) and a low daily insulin requirement (less than 0.50 units/kg body weight) still have functioning B-cells, plasma C-peptide was determined after stimulation (OGTT and glucagon/tolbutamide) in 64 patients with diabetes of more than 18 years' duration (mean 31 years). Measurable endogenous insulin production was found in 24% of the patients. The prevalence of severe retinopathy was lower in the secretors than in the non-secretor group. There was no difference in insulin antibody concentration between the two groups. Furthermore, the insulin requirement in the secretor group was relatively constant during the course of diabetes. Metabolic control was similar in both groups. It is concluded that a persisting but low activity of endogenous insulin production can be found in many long-term juvenile diabetics with a low insulin requirement, while others without any residual beta-cell function develop a low insulin requirement for unknown reasons."}
{"id": "PMID:359395", "title": "Metabolism of cold-stored pancreatic islets.", "content": "A previous study showed that the ability of glucose to stimulate insulin release was retained in islets stored at 8 degrees C for one week provided that glucose was present in a high concentration in the storage medium. The metabolic properties of islets stored in the cold have now been further explored in an attempt to clarify the protective effect of glucose. During storage in the cold the islet formation of 3H2O from (5--3H) glucose and oxygen consumption were only a few per cent of that of fresh islets whereas the putake of 86Rb+ was 20--48%. Rewarming the cold-stored islets to 37 degrees C after one week of cold-storage restored the 86Rb+ uptake, the formation of 3H2O and 14CO2 from labelled glucose and oxygen consumption to 75, 80, 60 and 40% respectively of fresh islet levels. The results emphasize the usefulness of cold-storage for preservation of functionally intact isolated islets.", "contents": "Metabolism of cold-stored pancreatic islets. A previous study showed that the ability of glucose to stimulate insulin release was retained in islets stored at 8 degrees C for one week provided that glucose was present in a high concentration in the storage medium. The metabolic properties of islets stored in the cold have now been further explored in an attempt to clarify the protective effect of glucose. During storage in the cold the islet formation of 3H2O from (5--3H) glucose and oxygen consumption were only a few per cent of that of fresh islets whereas the putake of 86Rb+ was 20--48%. Rewarming the cold-stored islets to 37 degrees C after one week of cold-storage restored the 86Rb+ uptake, the formation of 3H2O and 14CO2 from labelled glucose and oxygen consumption to 75, 80, 60 and 40% respectively of fresh islet levels. The results emphasize the usefulness of cold-storage for preservation of functionally intact isolated islets."}
{"id": "PMID:359396", "title": "Intracellular pancreatic B cell serotonin and the dynamics of insulin release.", "content": "The role of intracellular pancreatic B cell serotonin in the dynamics of insulin release was investigated in an in situ perfused rat pancreas preparation. Animals were pretreated with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) to increase the intracellular levels of serotonin (5-HT) as shown by fluorescence histochemistry. Despite a clear induction of intracellular 5-HT fluorescence in pancreatic islets neither the pattern nor the total amount of insulin released were significantly modified after perfusion with either glucose or tolbutamide. However, the L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, RO 4--4602, significantly decreased both phases of glucose-mediated insulin release in normal animals as well as in those receiving 5-HTP.", "contents": "Intracellular pancreatic B cell serotonin and the dynamics of insulin release. The role of intracellular pancreatic B cell serotonin in the dynamics of insulin release was investigated in an in situ perfused rat pancreas preparation. Animals were pretreated with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) to increase the intracellular levels of serotonin (5-HT) as shown by fluorescence histochemistry. Despite a clear induction of intracellular 5-HT fluorescence in pancreatic islets neither the pattern nor the total amount of insulin released were significantly modified after perfusion with either glucose or tolbutamide. However, the L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, RO 4--4602, significantly decreased both phases of glucose-mediated insulin release in normal animals as well as in those receiving 5-HTP."}
{"id": "PMID:359397", "title": "[Corrective surgery of double-outlet right ventricle and subaortic ventricular defect. Report of 12 cases surgically treated (author's transl)].", "content": "Experience with corrective surgery in 23 pts with double outlet right ventricle (DORV) and subaortic VSD is presented. The overall hospital mortality was 17%. Patients were divided into two groups: Group I includes seven cases without pulmonic stenosis and Group II sixteen cases with pulmonic stenosis. Six of Group II required a sistemic to pulmonary artery shunt earlier in life. Anatomic and clinical aspects in both groups are described as well as indication for surgery. The importance of angiocardiography for a precise diagnosis is emphasized. Problems related to management and complications are discussed; in particular how to avoid LVOTO in case of restrictive VSD and RVOTO in patients with pulmonic stenosis.", "contents": "[Corrective surgery of double-outlet right ventricle and subaortic ventricular defect. Report of 12 cases surgically treated (author's transl)]. Experience with corrective surgery in 23 pts with double outlet right ventricle (DORV) and subaortic VSD is presented. The overall hospital mortality was 17%. Patients were divided into two groups: Group I includes seven cases without pulmonic stenosis and Group II sixteen cases with pulmonic stenosis. Six of Group II required a sistemic to pulmonary artery shunt earlier in life. Anatomic and clinical aspects in both groups are described as well as indication for surgery. The importance of angiocardiography for a precise diagnosis is emphasized. Problems related to management and complications are discussed; in particular how to avoid LVOTO in case of restrictive VSD and RVOTO in patients with pulmonic stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:359398", "title": "[Efficacy and tolerability of a cardioselective beta-blocking drug (atenolol) in the treatment of essential hypertension. A double blind study (author's transl)].", "content": "The antihypertensive effect of atenolol, a new beta 1 receptor blocking agent, was studied in a double blind non cross-over trial in 40 patients (pts) affected by mild to moderately severe essential hypertension with normal plasma renin activity. After a run-in period (15 days) of placebo treatment pts were assigned to two groups. The first (group A) continued placebo treatment for 30 days, the second (Group B) were given atenolol (ICI 66082) 100 mg daily for 30 days also. Atenolol significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in recumbent and standing position and heart rate at rest. No significantly changes of the same parameters were observed in group A. Body weight and plasma renin activity was unchanged in both groups. Atenolol treatment never was discharged in order to side effects. These results seem to suggest that atenolol can be an useful drug in the treatment of systemic blood hypertension.", "contents": "[Efficacy and tolerability of a cardioselective beta-blocking drug (atenolol) in the treatment of essential hypertension. A double blind study (author's transl)]. The antihypertensive effect of atenolol, a new beta 1 receptor blocking agent, was studied in a double blind non cross-over trial in 40 patients (pts) affected by mild to moderately severe essential hypertension with normal plasma renin activity. After a run-in period (15 days) of placebo treatment pts were assigned to two groups. The first (group A) continued placebo treatment for 30 days, the second (Group B) were given atenolol (ICI 66082) 100 mg daily for 30 days also. Atenolol significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in recumbent and standing position and heart rate at rest. No significantly changes of the same parameters were observed in group A. Body weight and plasma renin activity was unchanged in both groups. Atenolol treatment never was discharged in order to side effects. These results seem to suggest that atenolol can be an useful drug in the treatment of systemic blood hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:359400", "title": "Pathogenesis of mucosal injury in the blind loop syndrome.", "content": "Bacterial extracts were prepared from cultures originating in chronic self-filling intestinal blind loops in rats. Their ability to remove active maltase molecules from isolated brush border membranes was studied in vitro. Twelve strains in 51 tested, belonging to one of three species, Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, and Streptococcus fecalis, possessed maltase-releasing activity. The ability to remove maltase correlated well with the ability to hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-l-alaninate (NBA), an ester substrate rapidly hydrolyzed by elastase, but not with substrated favored by tryhsin and chymotrypsin. Maltase-releasing activity from C. perfringens was strongly inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor and to a lesser extent by lima bean trypsin inhibitor. Of four chloromethylketone active-site directed inhibitors tested with specificities for elastase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, inhibition was maximal with elastase-specific inhibitors. In two species, activity was shown to be heat sensitive, and to be inhibited by concentration of the extract. In one species maltase-releasing activity was shown to be due to an enzyme of molecular weight at least 66,000 with the capacity to remove lactase, sucrase, and alkaline phosphatase, as well as maltase. The results indicate that anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic species, previously identified with the pathology of of the blind loop syndrome, contain proteases which are capable of removing components of the intestinal surface membrane. These proteases appear to have elastase-like substrate specificity and may be involved in the etiology of disaccharidase deficiency in bacterial overgrowth syndromes.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of mucosal injury in the blind loop syndrome. Bacterial extracts were prepared from cultures originating in chronic self-filling intestinal blind loops in rats. Their ability to remove active maltase molecules from isolated brush border membranes was studied in vitro. Twelve strains in 51 tested, belonging to one of three species, Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, and Streptococcus fecalis, possessed maltase-releasing activity. The ability to remove maltase correlated well with the ability to hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-l-alaninate (NBA), an ester substrate rapidly hydrolyzed by elastase, but not with substrated favored by tryhsin and chymotrypsin. Maltase-releasing activity from C. perfringens was strongly inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor and to a lesser extent by lima bean trypsin inhibitor. Of four chloromethylketone active-site directed inhibitors tested with specificities for elastase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, inhibition was maximal with elastase-specific inhibitors. In two species, activity was shown to be heat sensitive, and to be inhibited by concentration of the extract. In one species maltase-releasing activity was shown to be due to an enzyme of molecular weight at least 66,000 with the capacity to remove lactase, sucrase, and alkaline phosphatase, as well as maltase. The results indicate that anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic species, previously identified with the pathology of of the blind loop syndrome, contain proteases which are capable of removing components of the intestinal surface membrane. These proteases appear to have elastase-like substrate specificity and may be involved in the etiology of disaccharidase deficiency in bacterial overgrowth syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:359401", "title": "Failure of atropine to inhibit gastrin-17 stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter in man.", "content": "Heptadecapeptide gastrin I (G-17) contrast the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in man and animals. Previous studies in man found that atropine infusion (12 microgram kg-1hr-1) inhibited the effect of gastrin on the LES, suggesting that this effect of gastrin is mediated by a cholinergic mechanism. Studies in the opossum have not shown similar inhibition. To reevaluate the interaction of atropine and G-17 on the LES, 5 normal males were studied. Submaximal and maximal effective doses of G-17 were used with both atropine infusion (12 microgram kg-1hr-1) and rapid intravenous injection (1 mg). There was a small decrease in basal LES pressure with atropine infusion. However, neither atropine infusion nor rapid intravenous injection inhibited LES stimulation by submaximal and maximal doses of G-17. The results do not support the hypothesis that LES responses to gastrin are mediated by an atropine-sensitive cholinergic mechanism.", "contents": "Failure of atropine to inhibit gastrin-17 stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter in man. Heptadecapeptide gastrin I (G-17) contrast the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in man and animals. Previous studies in man found that atropine infusion (12 microgram kg-1hr-1) inhibited the effect of gastrin on the LES, suggesting that this effect of gastrin is mediated by a cholinergic mechanism. Studies in the opossum have not shown similar inhibition. To reevaluate the interaction of atropine and G-17 on the LES, 5 normal males were studied. Submaximal and maximal effective doses of G-17 were used with both atropine infusion (12 microgram kg-1hr-1) and rapid intravenous injection (1 mg). There was a small decrease in basal LES pressure with atropine infusion. However, neither atropine infusion nor rapid intravenous injection inhibited LES stimulation by submaximal and maximal doses of G-17. The results do not support the hypothesis that LES responses to gastrin are mediated by an atropine-sensitive cholinergic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:359402", "title": "Circadian rhythm and dietary response of disaccharidase activities in isolated rat jejunum.", "content": "Studies were made on the effects of intraluminal factors on the circadian rhythm and the adaptive change to diet of maltase and sucrase activities in rat small intestine. Rats given carbohydrate-free diet for 1 week showed lower specific activities of these enzymes than rats on the latter diet. Segments of jejunum, isolated as blind sacs with normal blood and nerve supplies, showed the same circadian rhythm as unligatured jejunum, but their enzyme activities were not increased by administration of carbohydrate-rich diet for 1 week. Thus it was concluded that the adaptive changes of disaccharidase activities caused by change in diet depend primarily on the presence of carbohydrate in the intestinal lumen, whereas the circadian rhythmic changes do not.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm and dietary response of disaccharidase activities in isolated rat jejunum. Studies were made on the effects of intraluminal factors on the circadian rhythm and the adaptive change to diet of maltase and sucrase activities in rat small intestine. Rats given carbohydrate-free diet for 1 week showed lower specific activities of these enzymes than rats on the latter diet. Segments of jejunum, isolated as blind sacs with normal blood and nerve supplies, showed the same circadian rhythm as unligatured jejunum, but their enzyme activities were not increased by administration of carbohydrate-rich diet for 1 week. Thus it was concluded that the adaptive changes of disaccharidase activities caused by change in diet depend primarily on the presence of carbohydrate in the intestinal lumen, whereas the circadian rhythmic changes do not."}
{"id": "PMID:359407", "title": "Epidermis is the site of action of tabby (Ta) in the mouse.", "content": "The site of action of the sex-linked tabby (Ta) locus was analyzed by the technique of dermal-epidermal recombination grafting. Skin components from normal and tabby 14-day embryos were separated, recombined and grown 21 days in testes of histocompatible mice. Grafts of the combinations normal epidermis-normal dermis and normal epidermis-tabby dermis produced predominantly zig-zag hairs. Grafts of the combination tabby epidermis-normal dermis and tabby epidermis-tabby dermis produced hairs with a morphology similar to hairs found in tabby mice. We conclude from these results that the tabby locus acts within the epidermis, and has no effect on the dermis.", "contents": "Epidermis is the site of action of tabby (Ta) in the mouse. The site of action of the sex-linked tabby (Ta) locus was analyzed by the technique of dermal-epidermal recombination grafting. Skin components from normal and tabby 14-day embryos were separated, recombined and grown 21 days in testes of histocompatible mice. Grafts of the combinations normal epidermis-normal dermis and normal epidermis-tabby dermis produced predominantly zig-zag hairs. Grafts of the combination tabby epidermis-normal dermis and tabby epidermis-tabby dermis produced hairs with a morphology similar to hairs found in tabby mice. We conclude from these results that the tabby locus acts within the epidermis, and has no effect on the dermis."}
{"id": "PMID:359408", "title": "Metabolism of ribosomal RNA in mutants of Escherichia coli doubly defective in ribonuclease III and the transcription termination factor rho.", "content": "To determine if proteins RNase III and rho, both of which can determine the 3' ends of RNA molecules, can complement each other, double mutants defective in these two factors were constructed. In all cases (four rho mutations tested) the double mutants were viable at lower temperatures, but were unable to grow at higher temperatures at which both of the parental strains grew. Genetic analyses suggested that the combinations of the rnc rho (RNase III-Rho-) mutations was necessary and probably sufficient to confer temperature sensitivity on carrier strains. Physiological studies showed that synthesis and maturation of rRNA, which is greatly affected by RNase III, as well as other RNAs, was indistinguishable in rnc rho strains as compared to rnc rho+ strains, thus suggesting that RNase III and rho do not complement one another in determining the 3' ends of RNA molecules. In rnc rho strains, however, the newly synthesized rRNA failed to accumulate. Thus, decay of rRNA could be the reason for the temperature sensitivity of the double mutant strains. These experiments suggest that RNase III and rho can both protect rRNA from degradation by cellular ribonucleases. They also point to the possibility that the nucleotide sequences involved in the determination of the 3' ends of RNA molecules by these two factors are not identical.", "contents": "Metabolism of ribosomal RNA in mutants of Escherichia coli doubly defective in ribonuclease III and the transcription termination factor rho. To determine if proteins RNase III and rho, both of which can determine the 3' ends of RNA molecules, can complement each other, double mutants defective in these two factors were constructed. In all cases (four rho mutations tested) the double mutants were viable at lower temperatures, but were unable to grow at higher temperatures at which both of the parental strains grew. Genetic analyses suggested that the combinations of the rnc rho (RNase III-Rho-) mutations was necessary and probably sufficient to confer temperature sensitivity on carrier strains. Physiological studies showed that synthesis and maturation of rRNA, which is greatly affected by RNase III, as well as other RNAs, was indistinguishable in rnc rho strains as compared to rnc rho+ strains, thus suggesting that RNase III and rho do not complement one another in determining the 3' ends of RNA molecules. In rnc rho strains, however, the newly synthesized rRNA failed to accumulate. Thus, decay of rRNA could be the reason for the temperature sensitivity of the double mutant strains. These experiments suggest that RNase III and rho can both protect rRNA from degradation by cellular ribonucleases. They also point to the possibility that the nucleotide sequences involved in the determination of the 3' ends of RNA molecules by these two factors are not identical."}
{"id": "PMID:359409", "title": "Meiotic recombination and DNA synthesis in a new cell cycle mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Vegetative cells carrying the new temperature-sensitive mutation cdc40 arrest at the restrictive temperature with a medial nuclear division phenotype. DNA replication is observed under these conditions, but most cells remain sensitive to hydroxyurea and do not complete the ongoing cell cycle if the drug is present during release from the temperature block. It is suggested that the cdc40 lesion affects an essential function in DNA synthesis. Normal meiosis is observed at the permissive temperature in cdc40 homozygotes. At the restrictive temperature, a full round of premeiotic DNA replication is observed, but neither commitment to recombination nor later meiotic events occur. Meiotic cells that are already committed to the recombination process at the permissive temperature do not complete it if transferred to the restrictive temperature before recombination is realized. These temperature shift-up experiments demonstrate that the CDC40 function is required for the completion of recombination events, as well as for the earlier stage of recombination commitment. Temperature shift-down experiments with cdc40 homozygotes suggest that meiotic segregation depends on the final events of recombination rather than on commitment to recombination.", "contents": "Meiotic recombination and DNA synthesis in a new cell cycle mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Vegetative cells carrying the new temperature-sensitive mutation cdc40 arrest at the restrictive temperature with a medial nuclear division phenotype. DNA replication is observed under these conditions, but most cells remain sensitive to hydroxyurea and do not complete the ongoing cell cycle if the drug is present during release from the temperature block. It is suggested that the cdc40 lesion affects an essential function in DNA synthesis. Normal meiosis is observed at the permissive temperature in cdc40 homozygotes. At the restrictive temperature, a full round of premeiotic DNA replication is observed, but neither commitment to recombination nor later meiotic events occur. Meiotic cells that are already committed to the recombination process at the permissive temperature do not complete it if transferred to the restrictive temperature before recombination is realized. These temperature shift-up experiments demonstrate that the CDC40 function is required for the completion of recombination events, as well as for the earlier stage of recombination commitment. Temperature shift-down experiments with cdc40 homozygotes suggest that meiotic segregation depends on the final events of recombination rather than on commitment to recombination."}
{"id": "PMID:359410", "title": "[Population frequency of neural tube defects in the population of the city of Moscow].", "content": "A sample investigation was carried out in 14 maternity homes of Moscow during 1970--1976 in order to determine the population incidence of defects of the neural tibe. Among 282336 newborns 220 probands with these anomalies were found including 11 with syndromes of non-multifactorial etiology. The total incidence of multifactorial forms was 0.74 +/- 0.10 per 1000 newborns, the incidence of the anencephaly was 0.33 +/- 0.07% and the frequency of the spina bifida was 0.41 +/- 0.07% respectively. The sex ratio 0.61 among probands was statistically significantly different from that normal among newborns. An insignificant increase of the incidence of the defects was observed during the autumn and winter seasons. No correlation was observed between the mother's age, the birth order and the incidence of the neural tube defects.", "contents": "[Population frequency of neural tube defects in the population of the city of Moscow]. A sample investigation was carried out in 14 maternity homes of Moscow during 1970--1976 in order to determine the population incidence of defects of the neural tibe. Among 282336 newborns 220 probands with these anomalies were found including 11 with syndromes of non-multifactorial etiology. The total incidence of multifactorial forms was 0.74 +/- 0.10 per 1000 newborns, the incidence of the anencephaly was 0.33 +/- 0.07% and the frequency of the spina bifida was 0.41 +/- 0.07% respectively. The sex ratio 0.61 among probands was statistically significantly different from that normal among newborns. An insignificant increase of the incidence of the defects was observed during the autumn and winter seasons. No correlation was observed between the mother's age, the birth order and the incidence of the neural tube defects."}
{"id": "PMID:359411", "title": "[Coding R.M.EcoR1-plasmids derived from R-factor].", "content": "Bacteriophages P1vir and Mu-1 have been used for transductional shortening of recombinant R factor coding for R.M.EcoR1 isolated by Yoshimori et al. P1 shortening made possible the isolation of transmissive isogenic plasmids coding R.M.EcoR1 and differing in antibiotic resistances, as well as isolation of plasmids differing only in R.M.EcoR1 genes. Mu-1 mediated shortening favoured the isolation of transmissive R plasmids having lost the resistance to chloramphenicol but having all other markers of recombinant R factor intact. The data are interpreted in support of Yoshimori et al. supposition concerning the existence of R.M.EcoR1 coding recombinant R factor of Escherichia coli.", "contents": "[Coding R.M.EcoR1-plasmids derived from R-factor]. Bacteriophages P1vir and Mu-1 have been used for transductional shortening of recombinant R factor coding for R.M.EcoR1 isolated by Yoshimori et al. P1 shortening made possible the isolation of transmissive isogenic plasmids coding R.M.EcoR1 and differing in antibiotic resistances, as well as isolation of plasmids differing only in R.M.EcoR1 genes. Mu-1 mediated shortening favoured the isolation of transmissive R plasmids having lost the resistance to chloramphenicol but having all other markers of recombinant R factor intact. The data are interpreted in support of Yoshimori et al. supposition concerning the existence of R.M.EcoR1 coding recombinant R factor of Escherichia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:359433", "title": "[Immunocytochemical technique--Application for identifying GABA neurons (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunocytochemical techniques locating neurotransmitter-synthsizing enzymes are currently being employed to determine the nature of transmitters associated with individual neurons. The use of peroxidase-anti-peroxidase Fab (PAP Fab) complex modified from Sternberger's PAP method, among several other immunocytochemical methods is recommended for the visualization of antigens in cerebral tissues. The enzyme fixed in nervous tissues is reacted with anti-enzyme produced in rabbits followed by incubation with goat-anti-rabbit serum. Subsequent application of PAP Fab complex prepared separately results in a formation of a complex composed of enzyme: anti-enzyme: goat-anti-rabbits: PAP-Fab. The enzymes can be visualized under light and electron microscope by the deposition produced by the action of peroxidase on 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. Thus, the antibody to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was employed to identify GABAergic neurons in central nervous system of rodents. Specific staining for GAD was highly localized in close association with synaptic vesicles in certain axon terminals including basket, Golgi and the Purkinje cell terminals in the cerebellum. The distribution of GAD observed in immunocytochemical preparations was consistent with indirect biochemical, physiological and morphological data dealing with the synaptic role of GABA neurons in the cerebellum. The correlation of the immunocytochemical distribution of GABA neurons in the spinal cord, substantia nigra, olfactory bulb, retina and Ammon's horn with physiological and biochemical results can also been obtained. The method has been successfully employed to visualize dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and substance P. DBH, as an indicative enzyme for noradrenergic (NA) neurons, was highly localized in the neuronal soma of the locus coeruleus and in synaptic varicosities in the stria terminalis associated with synaptic vesicles. Association of substance P in probable primary afferent terminals with large vesicles also supports the synaptic function of the compound in the spinal cord.", "contents": "[Immunocytochemical technique--Application for identifying GABA neurons (author's transl)]. Immunocytochemical techniques locating neurotransmitter-synthsizing enzymes are currently being employed to determine the nature of transmitters associated with individual neurons. The use of peroxidase-anti-peroxidase Fab (PAP Fab) complex modified from Sternberger's PAP method, among several other immunocytochemical methods is recommended for the visualization of antigens in cerebral tissues. The enzyme fixed in nervous tissues is reacted with anti-enzyme produced in rabbits followed by incubation with goat-anti-rabbit serum. Subsequent application of PAP Fab complex prepared separately results in a formation of a complex composed of enzyme: anti-enzyme: goat-anti-rabbits: PAP-Fab. The enzymes can be visualized under light and electron microscope by the deposition produced by the action of peroxidase on 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. Thus, the antibody to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was employed to identify GABAergic neurons in central nervous system of rodents. Specific staining for GAD was highly localized in close association with synaptic vesicles in certain axon terminals including basket, Golgi and the Purkinje cell terminals in the cerebellum. The distribution of GAD observed in immunocytochemical preparations was consistent with indirect biochemical, physiological and morphological data dealing with the synaptic role of GABA neurons in the cerebellum. The correlation of the immunocytochemical distribution of GABA neurons in the spinal cord, substantia nigra, olfactory bulb, retina and Ammon's horn with physiological and biochemical results can also been obtained. The method has been successfully employed to visualize dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and substance P. DBH, as an indicative enzyme for noradrenergic (NA) neurons, was highly localized in the neuronal soma of the locus coeruleus and in synaptic varicosities in the stria terminalis associated with synaptic vesicles. Association of substance P in probable primary afferent terminals with large vesicles also supports the synaptic function of the compound in the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:359434", "title": "[Effect of alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine (alpha-MPG) and sodium dipropylacetate (DPA) on antibody formation (I) (author's transl)].", "content": "The humoral immuno-response: A study was carried out to determine the effect of alpha-MPG and DPA on humoral antibody formation. The following results were obtained: The 1st and 2nd immuno-responses in rabbits to bacterial alpha-amylase were potentiated by treatment with both alpha-MPG and DPA given i.p. for 10 days after the 1st immunization, but the treatment after the 2nd immunization did not affect the 2nd immuno-response. Formation of hemolytic plaque forming cells (HPFC) in the spleen of mice immunized with 5 X 10(8) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was potentiated by the administration of the both drugs given i.p. for 5 days before or after the immunization. No appreciable formation of HPFC was observed by immunization with 5 X 10(6) SRBC, and here alpha-MPG or DPA were without effects. Immunization with more than 5 X 10(7) SRBC resulted in an increase of HPFC in a dose-dependent fashion. Such an increase was further reinforced by treatment with both drugs. HPFC increased with a single dose of alpha-MPG at 48 hr before or 24 approximately 72 hr after the immunization and also increased with that of DPA at 24 hr before or immediately after the SRBC treatment.", "contents": "[Effect of alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine (alpha-MPG) and sodium dipropylacetate (DPA) on antibody formation (I) (author's transl)]. The humoral immuno-response: A study was carried out to determine the effect of alpha-MPG and DPA on humoral antibody formation. The following results were obtained: The 1st and 2nd immuno-responses in rabbits to bacterial alpha-amylase were potentiated by treatment with both alpha-MPG and DPA given i.p. for 10 days after the 1st immunization, but the treatment after the 2nd immunization did not affect the 2nd immuno-response. Formation of hemolytic plaque forming cells (HPFC) in the spleen of mice immunized with 5 X 10(8) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was potentiated by the administration of the both drugs given i.p. for 5 days before or after the immunization. No appreciable formation of HPFC was observed by immunization with 5 X 10(6) SRBC, and here alpha-MPG or DPA were without effects. Immunization with more than 5 X 10(7) SRBC resulted in an increase of HPFC in a dose-dependent fashion. Such an increase was further reinforced by treatment with both drugs. HPFC increased with a single dose of alpha-MPG at 48 hr before or 24 approximately 72 hr after the immunization and also increased with that of DPA at 24 hr before or immediately after the SRBC treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:359436", "title": "Incompatible reactions between some plants and pathogenic bacteria.", "content": "Incompatible combinations of plant and plant bacteria produce an incompatible reaction at different rates, producing, besides the typical hypersensitive reaction, also darkening, yellowing, and fading. Plants differ in their responsiveness to plant bacteria in terms of reaction rate. Study of incompatible reactions may differentiate the species and strains of plant bacteria if properly explored.", "contents": "Incompatible reactions between some plants and pathogenic bacteria. Incompatible combinations of plant and plant bacteria produce an incompatible reaction at different rates, producing, besides the typical hypersensitive reaction, also darkening, yellowing, and fading. Plants differ in their responsiveness to plant bacteria in terms of reaction rate. Study of incompatible reactions may differentiate the species and strains of plant bacteria if properly explored."}
{"id": "PMID:359435", "title": "Changes in the lipid content during cell division of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Changes in the concentration of lipids were followed in synchronously dividing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell division was found to induce a pronounced increase in the concentration of sterols and changes in the concentrations of other types of lipids. The changes associated with the division process are only transient.", "contents": "Changes in the lipid content during cell division of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Changes in the concentration of lipids were followed in synchronously dividing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell division was found to induce a pronounced increase in the concentration of sterols and changes in the concentrations of other types of lipids. The changes associated with the division process are only transient."}
{"id": "PMID:359437", "title": "Reliable technique of preparation of ultrathin sections of tissue infected with mycobacteria.", "content": "A technique of preparation of ultrathin sections of liver tissue infected with mycobacteria, concretely of Kupffer cells containing Mycobacterium avium, was described. Satisfactory preservation of the ultrastructure of both liver and mycobacteria was achieved by a modification of sampling, dehydration and Vestopal-embedding procedures.", "contents": "Reliable technique of preparation of ultrathin sections of tissue infected with mycobacteria. A technique of preparation of ultrathin sections of liver tissue infected with mycobacteria, concretely of Kupffer cells containing Mycobacterium avium, was described. Satisfactory preservation of the ultrastructure of both liver and mycobacteria was achieved by a modification of sampling, dehydration and Vestopal-embedding procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:359441", "title": "[What are the dangers of splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease?].", "content": "Splenectomy is a surgical procedure of medium severity, the mean lethality rate is 1%, the complication rate 10 to 20%. The surgical risk is dependent upon age and general condition of the patient, the severity of the disease, and the experience of the surgeon. The risk of late complications due to surgery is determined mainly by infections as well as ileus, requiring relaparatomy. The risk of infections is higher in children than in adults: one has to be aware of miningitis and sepsis in about 10% of the patients; half of those cases end lethal. An analysis of advantages versus risks of splenectomy must be made for each patient individually. For optimal treatment it is necessary to know the stage of the disease. Concerning M. Hodgkin, explorative laparatomy combined with splenectomy should be performed in stage I to III A. If, however, the surgical risk is rather high primarily and if there are no therapeutical consequences to be expected, splenectomy should not be performed because of the known risks and disadvantages.", "contents": "[What are the dangers of splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease?]. Splenectomy is a surgical procedure of medium severity, the mean lethality rate is 1%, the complication rate 10 to 20%. The surgical risk is dependent upon age and general condition of the patient, the severity of the disease, and the experience of the surgeon. The risk of late complications due to surgery is determined mainly by infections as well as ileus, requiring relaparatomy. The risk of infections is higher in children than in adults: one has to be aware of miningitis and sepsis in about 10% of the patients; half of those cases end lethal. An analysis of advantages versus risks of splenectomy must be made for each patient individually. For optimal treatment it is necessary to know the stage of the disease. Concerning M. Hodgkin, explorative laparatomy combined with splenectomy should be performed in stage I to III A. If, however, the surgical risk is rather high primarily and if there are no therapeutical consequences to be expected, splenectomy should not be performed because of the known risks and disadvantages."}
{"id": "PMID:359442", "title": "[New aspects of the value of endotoxins in various gastrointestinal diseases].", "content": "Recent investigations of several authors on portal venous and systemic endotoxemia in healthy adults have shown that endotoxins absorbed from the intestinal mucosa are found in portal venous blood, cleared by the RES of the liver and usually cannot be determined in peripheral blood. In patients with liver disease, however, there was often a reduced endotoxin clearance with spillover of endotoxin resulting in systemic endotoxemia. Among the complications of systemic endotoxemia, hepatocytotoxicity, pyrogen reaction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, impaired renal function, and endotoxic shock are most hazardous. In addition, O-antibody titers and lipid-A-antibody titers were found to be higher in patients with liver disease and in patients with Crohn's disease than in control groups. The investigations indicate that intestinal endotoxins are of importance in the pathogenesis of liver disease and of Crohn's disease and that reduction of intestinal endotoxins by antibiotics may be of value in the therapy of these diseases.", "contents": "[New aspects of the value of endotoxins in various gastrointestinal diseases]. Recent investigations of several authors on portal venous and systemic endotoxemia in healthy adults have shown that endotoxins absorbed from the intestinal mucosa are found in portal venous blood, cleared by the RES of the liver and usually cannot be determined in peripheral blood. In patients with liver disease, however, there was often a reduced endotoxin clearance with spillover of endotoxin resulting in systemic endotoxemia. Among the complications of systemic endotoxemia, hepatocytotoxicity, pyrogen reaction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, impaired renal function, and endotoxic shock are most hazardous. In addition, O-antibody titers and lipid-A-antibody titers were found to be higher in patients with liver disease and in patients with Crohn's disease than in control groups. The investigations indicate that intestinal endotoxins are of importance in the pathogenesis of liver disease and of Crohn's disease and that reduction of intestinal endotoxins by antibiotics may be of value in the therapy of these diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:359455", "title": "[Influence of different components of stored blood on the infectivity of Treponema pallidum (Nichols Strain) (author's transl)].", "content": "A factor with killing effect at 35 degrees C on Treponema pallidum is shown to be in normal human serum. The activity of this factor is increased by the stabiliser of stored blood.--In the presence of the stabiliser T. pallidum loses its infectivity in human serum at 4 degrees C within 10 hours. The mechanism of the reaction is explained.--Finally it is discussed whether these observations may be helpful in the prevention of transfusion syphilis.", "contents": "[Influence of different components of stored blood on the infectivity of Treponema pallidum (Nichols Strain) (author's transl)]. A factor with killing effect at 35 degrees C on Treponema pallidum is shown to be in normal human serum. The activity of this factor is increased by the stabiliser of stored blood.--In the presence of the stabiliser T. pallidum loses its infectivity in human serum at 4 degrees C within 10 hours. The mechanism of the reaction is explained.--Finally it is discussed whether these observations may be helpful in the prevention of transfusion syphilis."}
{"id": "PMID:359456", "title": "[Toxoplasma infection of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "Two months after a severe febrile attack a liver biopsy was performed in a 23 years old female patient with strongly elevated serological antibody levels of toxoplasma infection. The immunohistological investigation of the liver specimen showed the typical demonstration of Toxoplasma gondii in the liver parenchyma. Except a slightly elevated gamma-GT no signs of a \"hepatitis\" could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Toxoplasma infection of the liver (author's transl)]. Two months after a severe febrile attack a liver biopsy was performed in a 23 years old female patient with strongly elevated serological antibody levels of toxoplasma infection. The immunohistological investigation of the liver specimen showed the typical demonstration of Toxoplasma gondii in the liver parenchyma. Except a slightly elevated gamma-GT no signs of a \"hepatitis\" could be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:359459", "title": "Influence of calcium, magnesium, lanthanum and A23187 on the aggregation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils.", "content": "Chemotactic factors transiently aggregate human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. We have found that the aggregation induced by the chemotactic tripeptide, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, depends on the extracellular calcium and magnesium concentrations and is inhibited by 1 and 10 M lanthanum chloride. The ionophore A23187 and 1 and 0.1 mM lanthanum chloride aggregate the cells. A23187-induced aggregation is dependent on extracellular calcium and magnesium whereas lanthanum-induced aggregation is not.", "contents": "Influence of calcium, magnesium, lanthanum and A23187 on the aggregation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Chemotactic factors transiently aggregate human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. We have found that the aggregation induced by the chemotactic tripeptide, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, depends on the extracellular calcium and magnesium concentrations and is inhibited by 1 and 10 M lanthanum chloride. The ionophore A23187 and 1 and 0.1 mM lanthanum chloride aggregate the cells. A23187-induced aggregation is dependent on extracellular calcium and magnesium whereas lanthanum-induced aggregation is not."}
{"id": "PMID:359460", "title": "Effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on in vitro sensitization of mouse splenic lymphocytes.", "content": "The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) on the immune response of murine cells sensitized in vitro was determined using a plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay. Splenic lymphocytes from mice injected with delta9-THC showed a depressed immunologic response when compared with cells from control animals which were identically sensitized in vitro with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). The direct addition of delta9-THC to the culture media altered the immunological response as demonstrated by a reduction in the number of PFC.", "contents": "Effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on in vitro sensitization of mouse splenic lymphocytes. The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) on the immune response of murine cells sensitized in vitro was determined using a plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay. Splenic lymphocytes from mice injected with delta9-THC showed a depressed immunologic response when compared with cells from control animals which were identically sensitized in vitro with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). The direct addition of delta9-THC to the culture media altered the immunological response as demonstrated by a reduction in the number of PFC."}
{"id": "PMID:359461", "title": "Study of human T and B lymphocytes with heterologous antisera. III. Immunofluorescence studies on tonsil sections.", "content": "Lymphoid cells from human palatine tonsils were identified on tissue sections by membrane or intracellular immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Used in an indirect technique, an anti-IgM and an anti-HTLA (human T lymphocyte antigen) antiserum gave complementary patterns of membrane IF, characteristic of the follicular organization. When serial sections were stained for each of the five classes, immunoglobulin-containing cells from all classes were found. Their relative frequencies were, in decreasing order: IgG: 61.6%; IgA: 17.3%; IgM: 12%; IgE: 7.5%; IgD: 1.6%. These differed from those of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (IgA greater than IgG greater than IgM) and of the peripheral lymph nodes (IgG greater than IgM greater than IgA), but were close to those of mesenteric nodes. The absence of secretory component in tonsil was an additional difference from gut-associated lymphoid tissue and the relatively high proportion of IgE-containing cells, in the absence of recognized atopy, is another feature in common with mesenteric lymph nodes. Finally, slight differences between these results and those obtained on tonsil cell suspensions suggest that some degree of selection probably occurs during the isolation procedure.", "contents": "Study of human T and B lymphocytes with heterologous antisera. III. Immunofluorescence studies on tonsil sections. Lymphoid cells from human palatine tonsils were identified on tissue sections by membrane or intracellular immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Used in an indirect technique, an anti-IgM and an anti-HTLA (human T lymphocyte antigen) antiserum gave complementary patterns of membrane IF, characteristic of the follicular organization. When serial sections were stained for each of the five classes, immunoglobulin-containing cells from all classes were found. Their relative frequencies were, in decreasing order: IgG: 61.6%; IgA: 17.3%; IgM: 12%; IgE: 7.5%; IgD: 1.6%. These differed from those of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (IgA greater than IgG greater than IgM) and of the peripheral lymph nodes (IgG greater than IgM greater than IgA), but were close to those of mesenteric nodes. The absence of secretory component in tonsil was an additional difference from gut-associated lymphoid tissue and the relatively high proportion of IgE-containing cells, in the absence of recognized atopy, is another feature in common with mesenteric lymph nodes. Finally, slight differences between these results and those obtained on tonsil cell suspensions suggest that some degree of selection probably occurs during the isolation procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:359462", "title": "Spleen cell changes during fatal and self-limiting malarial infections of mice.", "content": "Changes in the proportions and total numbers of splenic Thy-1.2+ cells, Ig+ cells and normoblasts were analysed during fatal Plasmodium berghei and non-fatal P. yoelii infections in mice. Thy-1.2+ and Ig+ cells were identified by rosetting techniques, and normoblasts by morphological criteria. The splenomegaly observed during these infections was found to be caused mainly by proliferation of normoblasts. An early increase in the numbers of Thy-1.2+ and Ig+ cells was detected in both infections, but in P. berghei infections these responses were subsequently suppressed. In P. yoelii infections Thy-1.2+ and Ig+ cell numbers were maintained at four to five-fold above normal levels until the mice had completely recovered. During the acute phase of P. yoelii infection it appeared that most splenic T-cells expressed surface immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Spleen cell changes during fatal and self-limiting malarial infections of mice. Changes in the proportions and total numbers of splenic Thy-1.2+ cells, Ig+ cells and normoblasts were analysed during fatal Plasmodium berghei and non-fatal P. yoelii infections in mice. Thy-1.2+ and Ig+ cells were identified by rosetting techniques, and normoblasts by morphological criteria. The splenomegaly observed during these infections was found to be caused mainly by proliferation of normoblasts. An early increase in the numbers of Thy-1.2+ and Ig+ cells was detected in both infections, but in P. berghei infections these responses were subsequently suppressed. In P. yoelii infections Thy-1.2+ and Ig+ cell numbers were maintained at four to five-fold above normal levels until the mice had completely recovered. During the acute phase of P. yoelii infection it appeared that most splenic T-cells expressed surface immunoglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:359463", "title": "Competition of the actions of antigen and polyclonal B-cell activator in the induction and amplification of B-memory cell function.", "content": "Using the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS-K) as a polyclonal B-cell activator (PBA) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as a T-dependent antigen, the correlation of the actions of PBA and T-dependent antigen on B cells in induction and amplification of immunological memory was studied. B-memory cell function, as judged by anti-SRBC responsiveness in vitro of spleen cells of CPS-K, was amplified by the secondary injection of SRBC into SRBC-primed mice, whereas it was decreased markedly by injection of CPS-K. When CPS-K was injected simultaneously with, or 1 or 2 days before the secondary injection of SRBC, B-memory cell function was also decreased markedly. On the other hand, CPS-K did not inhibit induction of B-memory cell function when injected simultaneouly with the primary injection of SRBC. However, CPS-K inhibited induction of B-memory cell function when injected 3 days before the primary injection of SRBC. The inhibition by CPS-K of amplification of B-memory cell function in response to SRBC when CPS-K was injected simultaneously with the secondary injection of SRBC occurred markedly in mice primed with SRBC 8 days or longer before the secondary injection, whereas it was not detectable in mice primed 3 days before. It is concluded that the CPS-K-mediated signal and the SRBC-mediated signal act competitively on the same subpopulations of B cells in induction and amplification of memory, and that the susceptibility of B cells to the CPS-K-mediated negative signal changes correspondingly with their maturation stage.", "contents": "Competition of the actions of antigen and polyclonal B-cell activator in the induction and amplification of B-memory cell function. Using the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS-K) as a polyclonal B-cell activator (PBA) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as a T-dependent antigen, the correlation of the actions of PBA and T-dependent antigen on B cells in induction and amplification of immunological memory was studied. B-memory cell function, as judged by anti-SRBC responsiveness in vitro of spleen cells of CPS-K, was amplified by the secondary injection of SRBC into SRBC-primed mice, whereas it was decreased markedly by injection of CPS-K. When CPS-K was injected simultaneously with, or 1 or 2 days before the secondary injection of SRBC, B-memory cell function was also decreased markedly. On the other hand, CPS-K did not inhibit induction of B-memory cell function when injected simultaneouly with the primary injection of SRBC. However, CPS-K inhibited induction of B-memory cell function when injected 3 days before the primary injection of SRBC. The inhibition by CPS-K of amplification of B-memory cell function in response to SRBC when CPS-K was injected simultaneously with the secondary injection of SRBC occurred markedly in mice primed with SRBC 8 days or longer before the secondary injection, whereas it was not detectable in mice primed 3 days before. It is concluded that the CPS-K-mediated signal and the SRBC-mediated signal act competitively on the same subpopulations of B cells in induction and amplification of memory, and that the susceptibility of B cells to the CPS-K-mediated negative signal changes correspondingly with their maturation stage."}
{"id": "PMID:359464", "title": "The elevation of adoptive responses to sheep erythrocytes in protein-deficient mice.", "content": "Plaque-forming cell responses and antibody titres to sheep red cells (SRC) were elevated in normally-fed irradiated adult mice reconstituted with spleen cells from young mice which had received a 4% albumin diet, compared with those given cells from normally-fed littermates. This was independent of the dose of cells transferred (5 x 10(6)--4 x 10(7)), the day of assay (3--10) and the duration of protein-deficiency (1 or 3 weeks). It suggests that the depressed responses produced by protein-deficient (donor) mice reported in earlier papers resulted from an impairment of reticuloendothelial function or a shortage of protein reserves, not directly associated with the spleen. As protein-deficiency (of the donor) accelerated the initiation of the adoptive response and increased the cell yields of the recipients it is considered likely that an enhancement of cell proliferation during the first 3--5 days after transfer was responsible for the elevated responses.", "contents": "The elevation of adoptive responses to sheep erythrocytes in protein-deficient mice. Plaque-forming cell responses and antibody titres to sheep red cells (SRC) were elevated in normally-fed irradiated adult mice reconstituted with spleen cells from young mice which had received a 4% albumin diet, compared with those given cells from normally-fed littermates. This was independent of the dose of cells transferred (5 x 10(6)--4 x 10(7)), the day of assay (3--10) and the duration of protein-deficiency (1 or 3 weeks). It suggests that the depressed responses produced by protein-deficient (donor) mice reported in earlier papers resulted from an impairment of reticuloendothelial function or a shortage of protein reserves, not directly associated with the spleen. As protein-deficiency (of the donor) accelerated the initiation of the adoptive response and increased the cell yields of the recipients it is considered likely that an enhancement of cell proliferation during the first 3--5 days after transfer was responsible for the elevated responses."}
{"id": "PMID:359465", "title": "Use of leucocyte migration under agarose to study spontaneous and directed locomotion of leucocytes.", "content": "Three different cell attractants, together with the parallel use of the leucocyte migration agarose test (LMAT) and the leading front modification (LFM) of the Boyden chamber technique, were employed in studying whether the maximal migration of normal human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) is higher toward an attractant (chemotaxis) than in the same attractant incorporated in the culture media (chemokinesis). Using LMAT, the maximal migration distance toward zymosan activated serum (ZAS) was found to be significantly longer than that under agarose mixed with ZAS, thus indicating a chemotactic effect exerted by ZAS. When bacterial culture filtrate (BCF) and casein were used as attractants, the corresponding difference was not significant, implying that the stimulatory effect of these substances on cell migration could be explained by increased random locomotion (chemokinesis) alone. In LFM, the migration rate was significantly higher along a casein gradient than without a gradient. Using ZAS, however, only chemokinesis could be demonstrated. BCF was found to attract PMNs into membrane filters only in the presence of human serum albumin. These observations give credence to the view that both LMAT and LFM are applicable to the in vitro assessment of chemotaxis and chemokinesis but the attractant of choice for this is different in each of the two methods.", "contents": "Use of leucocyte migration under agarose to study spontaneous and directed locomotion of leucocytes. Three different cell attractants, together with the parallel use of the leucocyte migration agarose test (LMAT) and the leading front modification (LFM) of the Boyden chamber technique, were employed in studying whether the maximal migration of normal human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) is higher toward an attractant (chemotaxis) than in the same attractant incorporated in the culture media (chemokinesis). Using LMAT, the maximal migration distance toward zymosan activated serum (ZAS) was found to be significantly longer than that under agarose mixed with ZAS, thus indicating a chemotactic effect exerted by ZAS. When bacterial culture filtrate (BCF) and casein were used as attractants, the corresponding difference was not significant, implying that the stimulatory effect of these substances on cell migration could be explained by increased random locomotion (chemokinesis) alone. In LFM, the migration rate was significantly higher along a casein gradient than without a gradient. Using ZAS, however, only chemokinesis could be demonstrated. BCF was found to attract PMNs into membrane filters only in the presence of human serum albumin. These observations give credence to the view that both LMAT and LFM are applicable to the in vitro assessment of chemotaxis and chemokinesis but the attractant of choice for this is different in each of the two methods."}
{"id": "PMID:359486", "title": "A prospective evaluation of the leukocyte adherence inhibition test in colorectal cancer and its correlation with carcinoembryonic antigen levels.", "content": "Fifty-four patients from the surgical gastroenterology service and 22 healthy controls have been prospectively evaluated in a single-blind protocol by the LAI tube method. The LAI correctly identified 25 of 33 early colorectal patients staged as Dukes' B and C at surgery but none of the Dukes' D patients. An inverse relationship was seen between the results of the non-adherence index (NAI) and CEA levels which was most pronounced in those with advanced colorectal cancer. The majority of Dukes' B and C patients having a \"false negative\" LAI had a CEA level greater than 2.5 ng/ml, suggesting that more advanced disease than that seen at surgery may be present. Two of 22 normal controls gave a borderline positive NAI. Some technical problems, including the relatively short life of the tumor extracts, are discussed.", "contents": "A prospective evaluation of the leukocyte adherence inhibition test in colorectal cancer and its correlation with carcinoembryonic antigen levels. Fifty-four patients from the surgical gastroenterology service and 22 healthy controls have been prospectively evaluated in a single-blind protocol by the LAI tube method. The LAI correctly identified 25 of 33 early colorectal patients staged as Dukes' B and C at surgery but none of the Dukes' D patients. An inverse relationship was seen between the results of the non-adherence index (NAI) and CEA levels which was most pronounced in those with advanced colorectal cancer. The majority of Dukes' B and C patients having a \"false negative\" LAI had a CEA level greater than 2.5 ng/ml, suggesting that more advanced disease than that seen at surgery may be present. Two of 22 normal controls gave a borderline positive NAI. Some technical problems, including the relatively short life of the tumor extracts, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:359487", "title": "Antibody production by spleen cells of mice bearing MCA-induced tumours: search for suppressor cells.", "content": "The antibody response to sheep red blood cells of spleen cells from mice bearing a methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced tumour was measured with the local hemolysis technique, after in vivo or in vitro immunization. The in vivo data varied according to the stage of tumour growth and were related to the splenomegaly developing during the tumour growth process. During the first 10--15 days after tumour grafting, the total number of plaque-forming cells in the spleen increase in proportion to the spleen growth and thereafter remained relatively constant although the splenomegaly still progressed. Experiments performed in vitro were used to test the antibody response of mixtures of cells from normal mice and syngeneic tumour-bearing animals. In most cases, no suppression of antibody production, due to cells from tumour-bearing hosts, could be detected. The results suggest that those cells, which suppress cell-mediated immune reactions, previously found in the spleen of animals bearing the MCA-induced tumour, do not suppress antibody production.", "contents": "Antibody production by spleen cells of mice bearing MCA-induced tumours: search for suppressor cells. The antibody response to sheep red blood cells of spleen cells from mice bearing a methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced tumour was measured with the local hemolysis technique, after in vivo or in vitro immunization. The in vivo data varied according to the stage of tumour growth and were related to the splenomegaly developing during the tumour growth process. During the first 10--15 days after tumour grafting, the total number of plaque-forming cells in the spleen increase in proportion to the spleen growth and thereafter remained relatively constant although the splenomegaly still progressed. Experiments performed in vitro were used to test the antibody response of mixtures of cells from normal mice and syngeneic tumour-bearing animals. In most cases, no suppression of antibody production, due to cells from tumour-bearing hosts, could be detected. The results suggest that those cells, which suppress cell-mediated immune reactions, previously found in the spleen of animals bearing the MCA-induced tumour, do not suppress antibody production."}
{"id": "PMID:359488", "title": "Longitudinal studies of chromosomal abnormalities and reticulum cell proliferation in New Zealand Black mice.", "content": "A longitudinal study of 40 New Zealand Black (NZB) mice and 20 BALB/c control animals was performed. A significant association was observed between the presence of acquired spleen-cell aneuploidy at some time during life and development of histological evidence of reticulum-cell neoplasia in individual animals. This finding is compatible with the hypothesis that aneuploid clones which arise in the spleens of aging NZBs are at least potentially neoplastic. However, no relationship between histologically neoplastic reticulum cell proliferation and aneuploidy was apparent in single splenic specimens obtained from NZB mice of various ages. This lack of association indicates that failure to detect chromosomal abnormalities on direct study of cells from a tumor cannot be taken as evidence that the neoplastic cells themselves lack such abnormalities.", "contents": "Longitudinal studies of chromosomal abnormalities and reticulum cell proliferation in New Zealand Black mice. A longitudinal study of 40 New Zealand Black (NZB) mice and 20 BALB/c control animals was performed. A significant association was observed between the presence of acquired spleen-cell aneuploidy at some time during life and development of histological evidence of reticulum-cell neoplasia in individual animals. This finding is compatible with the hypothesis that aneuploid clones which arise in the spleens of aging NZBs are at least potentially neoplastic. However, no relationship between histologically neoplastic reticulum cell proliferation and aneuploidy was apparent in single splenic specimens obtained from NZB mice of various ages. This lack of association indicates that failure to detect chromosomal abnormalities on direct study of cells from a tumor cannot be taken as evidence that the neoplastic cells themselves lack such abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:359489", "title": "Neoplastic behavior of chromosomally abnormal clones in New Zealand Black mice.", "content": "Old New Zealand Black (NZB) mice frequently develop reticulum-cell sarcoma and clones of aneuploid cells in their spleens. In order to define the relationship between neoplasms and chromosomal abnormalities, the pattern of distribution of aneuploid cells was studied to see if it corresponds to that expected of the malignancy, and chromosomally aberrant or normal spleen cells were transplanted into syngeneic newborn recipients. The results indicate that aneuploid cells arise focally but may disseminate widely in an affected mouse. A strong association was found between spleen-cell aneuploidy in a transplantation donor and both aneuploidy and histological evidence of reticulum-cell sarcoma in young recipients. Chromosomal aberrations in young recipients were always of donor origin. On the basis of these data, it seems likely that aneuploid clones which arise in the spleens of old NZB mice usually are at least potentially neoplastic.", "contents": "Neoplastic behavior of chromosomally abnormal clones in New Zealand Black mice. Old New Zealand Black (NZB) mice frequently develop reticulum-cell sarcoma and clones of aneuploid cells in their spleens. In order to define the relationship between neoplasms and chromosomal abnormalities, the pattern of distribution of aneuploid cells was studied to see if it corresponds to that expected of the malignancy, and chromosomally aberrant or normal spleen cells were transplanted into syngeneic newborn recipients. The results indicate that aneuploid cells arise focally but may disseminate widely in an affected mouse. A strong association was found between spleen-cell aneuploidy in a transplantation donor and both aneuploidy and histological evidence of reticulum-cell sarcoma in young recipients. Chromosomal aberrations in young recipients were always of donor origin. On the basis of these data, it seems likely that aneuploid clones which arise in the spleens of old NZB mice usually are at least potentially neoplastic."}
{"id": "PMID:359490", "title": "An immunoregulatory factor associated with spleen cells from tumor-bearing animals. I. Effect on tumor growth and antibody production.", "content": "An immunopotentiating factor associated with spleen cells of C57BL/6J mice bearing the 3LL tumor is described. Supernatants of cultured spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice (TBM) augmented the generation of both 19S and 7S antibody-producing cells, when injected with sheep erythrocytes into syngeneic C57BL/6J mice. The enhancing supernatant acted both as a polyclonal activator, when injected in the absence of antigen, and as a potentiator of specific antigen-dependent humoral immune responses, when injected in the presence of antigen. It was found to augment induction of specific memory, but not memory expression. Concomitantly with their influence on humoral immune responses, TBM spleen cell supernatants enhanced tumor growth when injected, mixed with 3LL tumor cells, into syngeneic recipients. The secretion of a factor which augments antibody production was not confined to the 3LL tumor system. Spleen supernatants of C47BL mice carrying the B16 melanoma and those of C3H mice carrying the KHT sarcoma had a similar effect on antibody production. These findings suggest that an immunoregulatory factor(s) appears in spleen cells of TBM as a result of their interaction with the neoplastic tissue. This factor can potentiate production of antibodies, possibly also against tumor-associated antigens. The relevance of the immunopotentiating effects of such factor(s) to tumor growth is discussed.", "contents": "An immunoregulatory factor associated with spleen cells from tumor-bearing animals. I. Effect on tumor growth and antibody production. An immunopotentiating factor associated with spleen cells of C57BL/6J mice bearing the 3LL tumor is described. Supernatants of cultured spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice (TBM) augmented the generation of both 19S and 7S antibody-producing cells, when injected with sheep erythrocytes into syngeneic C57BL/6J mice. The enhancing supernatant acted both as a polyclonal activator, when injected in the absence of antigen, and as a potentiator of specific antigen-dependent humoral immune responses, when injected in the presence of antigen. It was found to augment induction of specific memory, but not memory expression. Concomitantly with their influence on humoral immune responses, TBM spleen cell supernatants enhanced tumor growth when injected, mixed with 3LL tumor cells, into syngeneic recipients. The secretion of a factor which augments antibody production was not confined to the 3LL tumor system. Spleen supernatants of C47BL mice carrying the B16 melanoma and those of C3H mice carrying the KHT sarcoma had a similar effect on antibody production. These findings suggest that an immunoregulatory factor(s) appears in spleen cells of TBM as a result of their interaction with the neoplastic tissue. This factor can potentiate production of antibodies, possibly also against tumor-associated antigens. The relevance of the immunopotentiating effects of such factor(s) to tumor growth is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:359492", "title": "Effects of oxyfedrine on left ventricular function in patients several months after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Left ventricular (LV) function was investigated by left heart catheterization at rest and during exercise in 15 men 3--5 months after acute myocardial infarction. The effect of 8 mg oxyfedrine i.v. in 10 patients was compared to placebo in 5. The administration of oxyfedrine led to a significant decrease of LV end-diastolic pressure; an increase of LV dp/dt max, heart rate, LV ejection fraction and LV stroke work; and a shift of LV function curve indicating its improvement. These results give evidence for a positive inotropic effect of this drug which could have therapeutic implications in patients with impaired LV function after myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Effects of oxyfedrine on left ventricular function in patients several months after myocardial infarction. Left ventricular (LV) function was investigated by left heart catheterization at rest and during exercise in 15 men 3--5 months after acute myocardial infarction. The effect of 8 mg oxyfedrine i.v. in 10 patients was compared to placebo in 5. The administration of oxyfedrine led to a significant decrease of LV end-diastolic pressure; an increase of LV dp/dt max, heart rate, LV ejection fraction and LV stroke work; and a shift of LV function curve indicating its improvement. These results give evidence for a positive inotropic effect of this drug which could have therapeutic implications in patients with impaired LV function after myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:359493", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of antimalarials and proposals for dosage regimens.", "content": "Blood level data for the antimalarials amodiaquine, chloroguanide, chloroquine, pyrimethamine, quinine and sulphadoxine have been retrieved from the literature and pharmacokinetically analyzed. Minimum, average and maximum blood level concentrations at steady state in suppressive treatment and peak concentrations in therapeutic treatment were predicted and blood level-time curves simulated. Based on the computer-predicted data, changes in dosage regimens are proposed to reduce the fluctuations between maximum and minimum levels in suppressive treatment, and for obtaining maximum peak levels in therapeutic treatment already with the loading dose.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of antimalarials and proposals for dosage regimens. Blood level data for the antimalarials amodiaquine, chloroguanide, chloroquine, pyrimethamine, quinine and sulphadoxine have been retrieved from the literature and pharmacokinetically analyzed. Minimum, average and maximum blood level concentrations at steady state in suppressive treatment and peak concentrations in therapeutic treatment were predicted and blood level-time curves simulated. Based on the computer-predicted data, changes in dosage regimens are proposed to reduce the fluctuations between maximum and minimum levels in suppressive treatment, and for obtaining maximum peak levels in therapeutic treatment already with the loading dose."}
{"id": "PMID:359494", "title": "Comparative bronchodilatory activity of cetiedil citrate monohydrate, theophylline, orciprenaline and placebo in adult asthmatics.", "content": "In 40 patients, a seven day observation period in which oral bronchodilators and corticosteroids were eliminated, cetiedil (100 mg, t.i.d.), theophylline (200 mg, t.i.d.) or orciprenaline (20 mg, t.i.d.) and placebo (100 mg Lactose, t.i.d.) were given for one week each, according to a double blind, crossover randomized code. Wheezing scores were improved by all three active drugs. Twenty five of these patients undertook a moderate degree of exercise. Cetiedil was the most effective drug in blocking exercise-induced bronchospasm of the drugs studied. At rest, FEV1/VC was improved by theophylline, while PEFR improved after orciprenaline. Cetiedil improved both parameters, significantly. In another 21 patients, cetiedil (100 mg, t.i.d.) was given, according to the 'patient blinded' method for two weeks. PEFR and Asthma Disability Scores steadily improved. Clinical effectiveness was observed as early as the 3rd or 4th day of cetiedil therapy, with maximum improvement detected on the 14th day. No major side effects or abnormalities in clinical laboratory tests were noted. Cetiedil also had a 'liquidifying effect' on bronchial mucous in these asthmatics.", "contents": "Comparative bronchodilatory activity of cetiedil citrate monohydrate, theophylline, orciprenaline and placebo in adult asthmatics. In 40 patients, a seven day observation period in which oral bronchodilators and corticosteroids were eliminated, cetiedil (100 mg, t.i.d.), theophylline (200 mg, t.i.d.) or orciprenaline (20 mg, t.i.d.) and placebo (100 mg Lactose, t.i.d.) were given for one week each, according to a double blind, crossover randomized code. Wheezing scores were improved by all three active drugs. Twenty five of these patients undertook a moderate degree of exercise. Cetiedil was the most effective drug in blocking exercise-induced bronchospasm of the drugs studied. At rest, FEV1/VC was improved by theophylline, while PEFR improved after orciprenaline. Cetiedil improved both parameters, significantly. In another 21 patients, cetiedil (100 mg, t.i.d.) was given, according to the 'patient blinded' method for two weeks. PEFR and Asthma Disability Scores steadily improved. Clinical effectiveness was observed as early as the 3rd or 4th day of cetiedil therapy, with maximum improvement detected on the 14th day. No major side effects or abnormalities in clinical laboratory tests were noted. Cetiedil also had a 'liquidifying effect' on bronchial mucous in these asthmatics."}
{"id": "PMID:359500", "title": "A method for preparing a viable corneal endothelial layer, completely denuded of overlying stroma.", "content": "A method for denuding Descemet's membrane by dissection of all overlying stroma, while preserving the corneal endothelial layer, was developed and evaluated. The technique consists in treating the stroma with trypsin and surgically removing the softened stromal layers. With an automated thickness-measuring technique, the endothelium-Descemet preparation was found to range from 23 to 42 micron in thickness. Endothelial cell morphology was normal under specular and light-transmission microscopic examinations. Under electron microscopy, the endothelial cells appeared intact, except for an increase in the number of intracellular vacuoles. Occasionally, small portions of an intercellular space were found to be mildly dilated, but the over-all integrity of the junctional complex was intact. In vitro, the viability of the preparation was comparable with that of a cornea with all layers intact. Endothelial resting membrane potentials, measured with intracellular microelectrodes, were found to be within the normal (33 +/- 2 mV) range. It is thus possible to obtain a viable endothelial layer, completely stripped of stroma.", "contents": "A method for preparing a viable corneal endothelial layer, completely denuded of overlying stroma. A method for denuding Descemet's membrane by dissection of all overlying stroma, while preserving the corneal endothelial layer, was developed and evaluated. The technique consists in treating the stroma with trypsin and surgically removing the softened stromal layers. With an automated thickness-measuring technique, the endothelium-Descemet preparation was found to range from 23 to 42 micron in thickness. Endothelial cell morphology was normal under specular and light-transmission microscopic examinations. Under electron microscopy, the endothelial cells appeared intact, except for an increase in the number of intracellular vacuoles. Occasionally, small portions of an intercellular space were found to be mildly dilated, but the over-all integrity of the junctional complex was intact. In vitro, the viability of the preparation was comparable with that of a cornea with all layers intact. Endothelial resting membrane potentials, measured with intracellular microelectrodes, were found to be within the normal (33 +/- 2 mV) range. It is thus possible to obtain a viable endothelial layer, completely stripped of stroma."}
{"id": "PMID:359504", "title": "Experimental nephropathy induced in the rabbit by immunization with a lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Twenty rabbits were each injected with 100 microgram of lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 055 at weekly intervals for up to 15 months. The antisera showed an immunologic cross-reactivity with rabbit kidney glycoprotein. A macroscopic nephropathy was present in 14 of the 17 rabbits in which the kidneys were examined. All the rabbits showed extensive histologic lesions involving all the structures of the kidney: organized thrombosis of the arteries, extensive areas of infarction, glomerular atrophy, tubular necrosis and proliferation of young connective tissue. A marked infiltration with lymphoid cells and some plasmacytes was present. The immunologic character of this nephropathy and the immunopathogenic mechanism involved in its pathogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Experimental nephropathy induced in the rabbit by immunization with a lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli. Twenty rabbits were each injected with 100 microgram of lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 055 at weekly intervals for up to 15 months. The antisera showed an immunologic cross-reactivity with rabbit kidney glycoprotein. A macroscopic nephropathy was present in 14 of the 17 rabbits in which the kidneys were examined. All the rabbits showed extensive histologic lesions involving all the structures of the kidney: organized thrombosis of the arteries, extensive areas of infarction, glomerular atrophy, tubular necrosis and proliferation of young connective tissue. A marked infiltration with lymphoid cells and some plasmacytes was present. The immunologic character of this nephropathy and the immunopathogenic mechanism involved in its pathogenesis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:359505", "title": "An indirect fluorescent antibody technique for Haemophilus ducreyi.", "content": "An indirect fluorescent antibody technique which allows the detection of antibody against or the recognition of Haemophilus ducreyi has been developed. Heat inactivated antiserum was reacted uith prepared smears of Haimophilus species and selected organisms commonly associated with penile ulcerations. In serum absorbed with Haemophilus sp no fluorescence was observed with 156 heterologous organisms, but all six strains of bacteriologically confirmed H. ducreyi gave significant reactions with the absorbed anti-WD-68 serum.", "contents": "An indirect fluorescent antibody technique for Haemophilus ducreyi. An indirect fluorescent antibody technique which allows the detection of antibody against or the recognition of Haemophilus ducreyi has been developed. Heat inactivated antiserum was reacted uith prepared smears of Haimophilus species and selected organisms commonly associated with penile ulcerations. In serum absorbed with Haemophilus sp no fluorescence was observed with 156 heterologous organisms, but all six strains of bacteriologically confirmed H. ducreyi gave significant reactions with the absorbed anti-WD-68 serum."}
{"id": "PMID:359506", "title": "Endemic Serratia marcescens in the Veterans Administration Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pa., 1971--1976.", "content": "The incidence of infections due to Serratia marcescens increased steadily at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1970 to mid 1975 followed by a decline extending into 1977. One hundred eighty-four Serratia marcescens isolates were collected from 123 patients over a 4-month period in 1975 and were characterized by stereotype and antibiotic sensitivity. Three-fourths of the isolates were clinically significant. Among 24 stereotypes O-:H2 predominated in the urinary tract and O-H12 in respiratory secretions. Clusters of serotypes were on occasion identified in the GU Surgery Ward and the Intensive Care Unit. Uninary isolates showed remarkable resistance to antibiotics; only two thirds were susceptible to amikacin, the most effective agent in vitro. The patients from whom Serratia was isolated were older than the general hospital population (60 vs. 53.6 years of age), were hospitalized longer than the age-corrected controls (62 vs. 34.5 days) and two-thirds of thirds of them acquired the infection in the hospital. Uninary catheterization and prior antibiotic therapy were significant risk factors for urinary infections, and prior surgery contributed to recovery of Serratia from the respiratory tract. Serotype and antibiotype differences between isolates from the urinary and those from the respiratory tract suggest that strains evolved a site specificity.", "contents": "Endemic Serratia marcescens in the Veterans Administration Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pa., 1971--1976. The incidence of infections due to Serratia marcescens increased steadily at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1970 to mid 1975 followed by a decline extending into 1977. One hundred eighty-four Serratia marcescens isolates were collected from 123 patients over a 4-month period in 1975 and were characterized by stereotype and antibiotic sensitivity. Three-fourths of the isolates were clinically significant. Among 24 stereotypes O-:H2 predominated in the urinary tract and O-H12 in respiratory secretions. Clusters of serotypes were on occasion identified in the GU Surgery Ward and the Intensive Care Unit. Uninary isolates showed remarkable resistance to antibiotics; only two thirds were susceptible to amikacin, the most effective agent in vitro. The patients from whom Serratia was isolated were older than the general hospital population (60 vs. 53.6 years of age), were hospitalized longer than the age-corrected controls (62 vs. 34.5 days) and two-thirds of thirds of them acquired the infection in the hospital. Uninary catheterization and prior antibiotic therapy were significant risk factors for urinary infections, and prior surgery contributed to recovery of Serratia from the respiratory tract. Serotype and antibiotype differences between isolates from the urinary and those from the respiratory tract suggest that strains evolved a site specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:359509", "title": "[The chemotherapy of urologic neoplasms].", "content": "The newest aspects for the use of cytostatic agents in the treatment of bladder, prostatic and testicular carcinomas are presented. Especially the two new drugs diaminodichlor cisplatinum and adriamycin are discussed as to their potential use in these diseases.", "contents": "[The chemotherapy of urologic neoplasms]. The newest aspects for the use of cytostatic agents in the treatment of bladder, prostatic and testicular carcinomas are presented. Especially the two new drugs diaminodichlor cisplatinum and adriamycin are discussed as to their potential use in these diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:359510", "title": "[Urologic findings in patients with kidney transplantations. Evaluation of a technic for uretero-cysto-neostomy].", "content": "74 consecutive human kidney transplants are reported. In 72 cases uretero-cysto-neostomies with an antireflux procedure were performed in a typical way. The technique, a modification of Leadbetter's uretero-sigmoido-neostomy, has been used by the author for years. The only urological complications were one proximal and one distal ureteral fistula. In 25% out of 20 reexamined patients a vesico-ureteral reflux was demonstrated by micturition cysto-urethrography. There was no correlation between urinary tract infections (25%) and vesico-ureteral reflux. The results are compared with the data given in literature.", "contents": "[Urologic findings in patients with kidney transplantations. Evaluation of a technic for uretero-cysto-neostomy]. 74 consecutive human kidney transplants are reported. In 72 cases uretero-cysto-neostomies with an antireflux procedure were performed in a typical way. The technique, a modification of Leadbetter's uretero-sigmoido-neostomy, has been used by the author for years. The only urological complications were one proximal and one distal ureteral fistula. In 25% out of 20 reexamined patients a vesico-ureteral reflux was demonstrated by micturition cysto-urethrography. There was no correlation between urinary tract infections (25%) and vesico-ureteral reflux. The results are compared with the data given in literature."}
{"id": "PMID:359511", "title": "[Vesicorenal reflux and kidney transplantation].", "content": "25 (30%) out of 85 adult patients with endstage renal disease were found to have vesicoureteral reflux. In group I with 15 patients renal insufficiency was caused by kidney disease alone. In a second group 8 patients had the diagnosis chronic pyelonephritis with well documented history of urinary tract infection. In a third group 2 patients have megaloureter-megalocystis syndrome. There was no case of uncomplicated, sterile reflux in the second and third groups, which seems to be a rare cause of renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Vesicorenal reflux and kidney transplantation]. 25 (30%) out of 85 adult patients with endstage renal disease were found to have vesicoureteral reflux. In group I with 15 patients renal insufficiency was caused by kidney disease alone. In a second group 8 patients had the diagnosis chronic pyelonephritis with well documented history of urinary tract infection. In a third group 2 patients have megaloureter-megalocystis syndrome. There was no case of uncomplicated, sterile reflux in the second and third groups, which seems to be a rare cause of renal insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:359514", "title": "Pulmonary and systemic vasodilator effects of the newly discovered prostaglandin, PGI2.", "content": "The effects of the newly discovered bicyclic prostaglandin, prostacyclin (PGI2), on the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds were investigated in the anesthetized dog. PGI2 decreased systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures in a dose-related manner when injected into the vena cava in doses of 1--30 microgram. Since left ventricular end-diastolic, left atrial, and right atrial pressures were unchanged, and since cardiac output was increased or unchanged, pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances were decreased. PGI2 was 10 times more potent than prostaglandins E1 or E2 in decreasing aortic pressure when injected intravenously, and the effects of PGI2 on the systemic vascular bed were similar when injected into the vena cava or the left atrium. These data indicate that inactivation of PGI2 is minimal in the lung. The stable prostacyclin metabolite, 6-keto-PGF1alpha, had little hemodynamic effects, suggesting that responses to PGI2 were not due to formation of this metabolite. PGI2 produced dose-dependent increases in blood flow in the mesenteric and renal vascular beds. These data demonstrate that PGI2 has marked vasodilator activity in the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds and suggest that prostacyclin is the only known metabolite of arachidonic acid that dilates the pulmonary and systemic circulations.", "contents": "Pulmonary and systemic vasodilator effects of the newly discovered prostaglandin, PGI2. The effects of the newly discovered bicyclic prostaglandin, prostacyclin (PGI2), on the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds were investigated in the anesthetized dog. PGI2 decreased systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures in a dose-related manner when injected into the vena cava in doses of 1--30 microgram. Since left ventricular end-diastolic, left atrial, and right atrial pressures were unchanged, and since cardiac output was increased or unchanged, pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances were decreased. PGI2 was 10 times more potent than prostaglandins E1 or E2 in decreasing aortic pressure when injected intravenously, and the effects of PGI2 on the systemic vascular bed were similar when injected into the vena cava or the left atrium. These data indicate that inactivation of PGI2 is minimal in the lung. The stable prostacyclin metabolite, 6-keto-PGF1alpha, had little hemodynamic effects, suggesting that responses to PGI2 were not due to formation of this metabolite. PGI2 produced dose-dependent increases in blood flow in the mesenteric and renal vascular beds. These data demonstrate that PGI2 has marked vasodilator activity in the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds and suggest that prostacyclin is the only known metabolite of arachidonic acid that dilates the pulmonary and systemic circulations."}
{"id": "PMID:359515", "title": "Importance of local immunity in enteric infection.", "content": "Evidence suggests that protection against intestinal infections is mediated by an immune system that is unique in many ways. The predominant intestinal immunoglobulin differs in structure, function, and site of origin from those immunoglobulins found in the blood-stream. Cell-mediated intestinal immune responses also may arise separately from those of the rest of the body. Further studies are necessary to characterize the local immune response to many human bacterial, viral, and protozoal pathogens, and to clarify the mechanism of \"homing\" of immunocompetent cells to the large and small intestine, mammary glands, and other external mucosal surfaces.", "contents": "Importance of local immunity in enteric infection. Evidence suggests that protection against intestinal infections is mediated by an immune system that is unique in many ways. The predominant intestinal immunoglobulin differs in structure, function, and site of origin from those immunoglobulins found in the blood-stream. Cell-mediated intestinal immune responses also may arise separately from those of the rest of the body. Further studies are necessary to characterize the local immune response to many human bacterial, viral, and protozoal pathogens, and to clarify the mechanism of \"homing\" of immunocompetent cells to the large and small intestine, mammary glands, and other external mucosal surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:359516", "title": "Comparative pathologic findings of Escherichia coli infection in birds.", "content": "Of the 3 respiratory tract disease syndromes that occur in birds associated with Escherichia coli infection, acute colisepticemia, characterized by hyperemic and swollen viscera, tended to occur in young birds. Subacute fibrinopurulent serositis involving air sacs and pericardium was more common in older birds. Chronic granulomatous pneumonitis was not seen as flock epornitics but as chronic disease in birds dying in small numbers some time after one of the previously mentioned forms of the disease. Serotypes of 100 E coli isolates from turkey colibacillosis revealed most to be O1, O2, O36, or O78. Virulence of the isolates, as conducted by IV inoculation of 6-week-old turkeys, showed O78 strains to be highly virulent and O36 strains to vary in virulence.", "contents": "Comparative pathologic findings of Escherichia coli infection in birds. Of the 3 respiratory tract disease syndromes that occur in birds associated with Escherichia coli infection, acute colisepticemia, characterized by hyperemic and swollen viscera, tended to occur in young birds. Subacute fibrinopurulent serositis involving air sacs and pericardium was more common in older birds. Chronic granulomatous pneumonitis was not seen as flock epornitics but as chronic disease in birds dying in small numbers some time after one of the previously mentioned forms of the disease. Serotypes of 100 E coli isolates from turkey colibacillosis revealed most to be O1, O2, O36, or O78. Virulence of the isolates, as conducted by IV inoculation of 6-week-old turkeys, showed O78 strains to be highly virulent and O36 strains to vary in virulence."}
{"id": "PMID:359522", "title": "Immunization of calves against salmonellosis.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium bacterins, containing adequate antigenic mass, protected calves against clinical signs of salmonellosis and death. Protection against salmonellosis was correspondingly reduced when the bacterin was diluted 1:10 and 1:100. A mouse protection test revealed that 17 of 18 (94%) of the S typhimurium-containing bacterin serials produced in 1977 stimulated adequate immunity.", "contents": "Immunization of calves against salmonellosis. Salmonella typhimurium bacterins, containing adequate antigenic mass, protected calves against clinical signs of salmonellosis and death. Protection against salmonellosis was correspondingly reduced when the bacterin was diluted 1:10 and 1:100. A mouse protection test revealed that 17 of 18 (94%) of the S typhimurium-containing bacterin serials produced in 1977 stimulated adequate immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:359524", "title": "Interventions in diarrheas of infants and young children.", "content": "To prevent diarrhea, efforts must be directed toward decreasing environmental contamination of enteropathogens, altering exposure of persons to naturally occurring agents, or to increasing host tolerance to prevalent enteropathogens. A vaccine is feasible in the control of certain enteric infections among high risk groups: typhoid fever and cholera, in areas of hyperendemicity or during an epidemic, shigellosis in institutionalized populations that are at risk to develop illness due to known prevalent serotypes, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli for US travelers to Latin America, and perhaps rotavirus for all children under 3 years of age. In diarrhea, the most useful form of treatment is an oral glucose/electrolyte solution, which in most cases will prevent dehydration. Lactose containing foods should be removed from the diet early in the course of diarrhea. Antimicrobial agents are necessary in the treatment of typhoid fever, are useful in the treatment of shigellosis, giardiasis, and amebiasis, and are contraindicated in intestinal salmonellosis.", "contents": "Interventions in diarrheas of infants and young children. To prevent diarrhea, efforts must be directed toward decreasing environmental contamination of enteropathogens, altering exposure of persons to naturally occurring agents, or to increasing host tolerance to prevalent enteropathogens. A vaccine is feasible in the control of certain enteric infections among high risk groups: typhoid fever and cholera, in areas of hyperendemicity or during an epidemic, shigellosis in institutionalized populations that are at risk to develop illness due to known prevalent serotypes, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli for US travelers to Latin America, and perhaps rotavirus for all children under 3 years of age. In diarrhea, the most useful form of treatment is an oral glucose/electrolyte solution, which in most cases will prevent dehydration. Lactose containing foods should be removed from the diet early in the course of diarrhea. Antimicrobial agents are necessary in the treatment of typhoid fever, are useful in the treatment of shigellosis, giardiasis, and amebiasis, and are contraindicated in intestinal salmonellosis."}
{"id": "PMID:359527", "title": "Keratoplasty for bullous keratopathy with intraocular lens.", "content": "The presence of a pseudophakos does not appear to introduce any greater hazard when keratoplasty is required because of corneal edema. This, together with the histories obtained from patients requiring such keratoplasty, strongly suggests that the insult to the corneal endothelium takes place at the time of placement of the intraocular lens in the great majority of cases. Of possible further significance is the fact that five of the sixteen patients who underwent keratoplasty had had secondary procedures to stabilize or to reposition the lens following the original lens implantation. The increased trauma inherent in the intraocular lens operation has been pointed out by many authorities. The fact that twelve of the sixteen patients requiring keratoplasty had been operated by experienced, nationally known intraocular lens surgeons further emphasizes this. The immediate problem appears to be the development and refinement of surgical techniques to avoid some of the complications which have been described. The prognosis for keratoplasty in cases of bullous keratopathy with an intraocular lens has been found to be at least as good as in cases without an intraocular lens.", "contents": "Keratoplasty for bullous keratopathy with intraocular lens. The presence of a pseudophakos does not appear to introduce any greater hazard when keratoplasty is required because of corneal edema. This, together with the histories obtained from patients requiring such keratoplasty, strongly suggests that the insult to the corneal endothelium takes place at the time of placement of the intraocular lens in the great majority of cases. Of possible further significance is the fact that five of the sixteen patients who underwent keratoplasty had had secondary procedures to stabilize or to reposition the lens following the original lens implantation. The increased trauma inherent in the intraocular lens operation has been pointed out by many authorities. The fact that twelve of the sixteen patients requiring keratoplasty had been operated by experienced, nationally known intraocular lens surgeons further emphasizes this. The immediate problem appears to be the development and refinement of surgical techniques to avoid some of the complications which have been described. The prognosis for keratoplasty in cases of bullous keratopathy with an intraocular lens has been found to be at least as good as in cases without an intraocular lens."}
{"id": "PMID:359528", "title": "Barrier Deprivation Syndrome. A case report.", "content": "A case has been presented where uncomplicated intracapsular cataract extraction and smooth implantation of a Copeland lens was followed by CME, later by CED. The process was stopped by performing a penetrating corneal graft and replacing the offending lens with a Medallion two-loop Medical Workshop lens. The case seems to support Binkhorst's theory of Membrane Deprivation Syndrome and Worst's findings of Decompartmentalization of the Eye.", "contents": "Barrier Deprivation Syndrome. A case report. A case has been presented where uncomplicated intracapsular cataract extraction and smooth implantation of a Copeland lens was followed by CME, later by CED. The process was stopped by performing a penetrating corneal graft and replacing the offending lens with a Medallion two-loop Medical Workshop lens. The case seems to support Binkhorst's theory of Membrane Deprivation Syndrome and Worst's findings of Decompartmentalization of the Eye."}
{"id": "PMID:359529", "title": "Combined keratoplasty, cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "In summary, corneal surgery with or without simultaneous cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation, or in the presence of an intraocular lens, is justified in view of possible good, clear grafts (80% of our cases) and vision better than 20/50 (60% of our cases).", "contents": "Combined keratoplasty, cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. In summary, corneal surgery with or without simultaneous cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation, or in the presence of an intraocular lens, is justified in view of possible good, clear grafts (80% of our cases) and vision better than 20/50 (60% of our cases)."}
{"id": "PMID:359539", "title": "Removal by bovine serum albumin of fatty acids from membrane vesicles and its effect on proline transport activity in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Bovine serum albumin appreciably stimulated the initial rate and the steady-state level of proline uptake in membrane vesicles, while it had no effect on the oxidase activity for ascorbate-phenazine methosulfate, on which the transport activity depends. Bovine serum albumin showed the strongest stimulatory effect on the transport system among the proteins tested. Three other proteins did not show any effect, while beta-lactoglobulin showed a weaker but appreciable effect on the transport activity. The incubation of membrane vesicles with bovine serum albumin resulted in extensive removal of fatty acids, while none of the other membrane components, including proteins and phospholipids, was removed by this treatment. Fatty acids inhibited the proline transport activity, while the inhibited activity was appreciably restored by incubation with the albumin. An experiment with radioactive fatty acids showed that exogenously-added fatty acids bound firmly to the membrane vesicles and were removed by subsequent incubation with the albumin. The incubation of membrane vesicles for several hours resulted in an increase of fatty acids with a concomitant loss of the transport activity. Subsequent incubation with the albumin resulted in the removal of fatty acids and the partial restoration of the transport activity. Based on these results, it is concluded that bovine serum albumin specifically removed fatty acids from membrane vesicles, resulting in activation of the proline transport system.", "contents": "Removal by bovine serum albumin of fatty acids from membrane vesicles and its effect on proline transport activity in Escherichia coli. Bovine serum albumin appreciably stimulated the initial rate and the steady-state level of proline uptake in membrane vesicles, while it had no effect on the oxidase activity for ascorbate-phenazine methosulfate, on which the transport activity depends. Bovine serum albumin showed the strongest stimulatory effect on the transport system among the proteins tested. Three other proteins did not show any effect, while beta-lactoglobulin showed a weaker but appreciable effect on the transport activity. The incubation of membrane vesicles with bovine serum albumin resulted in extensive removal of fatty acids, while none of the other membrane components, including proteins and phospholipids, was removed by this treatment. Fatty acids inhibited the proline transport activity, while the inhibited activity was appreciably restored by incubation with the albumin. An experiment with radioactive fatty acids showed that exogenously-added fatty acids bound firmly to the membrane vesicles and were removed by subsequent incubation with the albumin. The incubation of membrane vesicles for several hours resulted in an increase of fatty acids with a concomitant loss of the transport activity. Subsequent incubation with the albumin resulted in the removal of fatty acids and the partial restoration of the transport activity. Based on these results, it is concluded that bovine serum albumin specifically removed fatty acids from membrane vesicles, resulting in activation of the proline transport system."}
{"id": "PMID:359540", "title": "Crystallization of arginine-, formylmethionine-tyrosine-, and glycine-transfer RNAs from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Crystals as large as 0.5 X 0.3 X 0.2 mm of purified arginine-transfer RNA from Escherichia coli have been prepared by a vapour diffusion method. X-ray diffraction photographs showed that the crystals gave reflections up to 3.7 A spacing. They have a trigonal space group P31 2 1 (OR P32 2 1) and cell-dimensions a=97.2, b=97.2, c=94.8A. Crystals of a mercury derivative of this transfer RNA have also been obtained, and an X-ray diffusion photography of one of them is presented. Formylmethionine-transfer RNA from E. coli was crystallized in various forms, and the appearance of the polymorphs was found to depend upon the amount of spermine in the solution from which the crystallization took place. Crystals of tyrosine-transfer RNA and glycine-transfer RNA have also been obtained.", "contents": "Crystallization of arginine-, formylmethionine-tyrosine-, and glycine-transfer RNAs from Escherichia coli. Crystals as large as 0.5 X 0.3 X 0.2 mm of purified arginine-transfer RNA from Escherichia coli have been prepared by a vapour diffusion method. X-ray diffraction photographs showed that the crystals gave reflections up to 3.7 A spacing. They have a trigonal space group P31 2 1 (OR P32 2 1) and cell-dimensions a=97.2, b=97.2, c=94.8A. Crystals of a mercury derivative of this transfer RNA have also been obtained, and an X-ray diffusion photography of one of them is presented. Formylmethionine-transfer RNA from E. coli was crystallized in various forms, and the appearance of the polymorphs was found to depend upon the amount of spermine in the solution from which the crystallization took place. Crystals of tyrosine-transfer RNA and glycine-transfer RNA have also been obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:359541", "title": "Formation of biologically active protein from the subunits of islets-activating protein (IAP), a new protein isolated from Bordetella pertussis.", "content": "Based on the finding reported in the preceding paper (Kanbayashi, et al.: J. Biochem) that subunits of islets-activating protein (IAP), a new protein purified from the culture media of Bordetella pertussis, were inactive as such, but regained the original biological activities when recombined, the conditions required for recovery of the biological activities were studied. Essentially the same biological activities as the native IAP were recovered when the smallest subunit, F-3, was incubated with one of the other subunits, F-1 and F-2, at a pH of around 7, at temperatures below 30 degrees C and for longer than 12 h. During the incubation, association products were formed which were isolated by gel filtration as homogenous proteins that consisted of two subunits probably in a molar ratio of 1 : 1. The native IAP (consisting of two IAP subunits including F-3) were equipotent in enhancing insulin secretory responses, in inhibiting epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia, in inducing leukocytosis and in increasing histamine sensitivity in experimental animals.", "contents": "Formation of biologically active protein from the subunits of islets-activating protein (IAP), a new protein isolated from Bordetella pertussis. Based on the finding reported in the preceding paper (Kanbayashi, et al.: J. Biochem) that subunits of islets-activating protein (IAP), a new protein purified from the culture media of Bordetella pertussis, were inactive as such, but regained the original biological activities when recombined, the conditions required for recovery of the biological activities were studied. Essentially the same biological activities as the native IAP were recovered when the smallest subunit, F-3, was incubated with one of the other subunits, F-1 and F-2, at a pH of around 7, at temperatures below 30 degrees C and for longer than 12 h. During the incubation, association products were formed which were isolated by gel filtration as homogenous proteins that consisted of two subunits probably in a molar ratio of 1 : 1. The native IAP (consisting of two IAP subunits including F-3) were equipotent in enhancing insulin secretory responses, in inhibiting epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia, in inducing leukocytosis and in increasing histamine sensitivity in experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:359542", "title": "A new method for preparation of an antiserum to penicillin and its application for novel enzyme immunoassay of penicillin.", "content": "A new method for the preparation of ampicillin-BSA conjugate by a three step procedure was developed. The first step is the introduction of a maleimide residue to ampicillin by a cross-linking reagent, MBS. The second step is reductive cleavage of disulfide bonds in BSA. The third step is thioether formation between the introduced maleimide residues and the reduced thiol groups. The obtained ampicillin-BSA conjugated raised an anti-ampicillin serum in rabbits. A new reagent, MPGS, was used for enzyme labelling of ampicillin to avoid immunological cross reaction. Using the enzyme labelled ampicillin and anti-ampicillin serum, enzyme immunoassay of ampicillin was successful in detecting 4 ng to 1 mug. Cross reactivities of anti-ampicillin to ampicillin analogs were studied by the enzyme immunoassay to find that the antiserum is specific to penicillin especially to ampicillin but hardly reacts with cephalosporins or the penicilloic acid derivative of ampicillin.", "contents": "A new method for preparation of an antiserum to penicillin and its application for novel enzyme immunoassay of penicillin. A new method for the preparation of ampicillin-BSA conjugate by a three step procedure was developed. The first step is the introduction of a maleimide residue to ampicillin by a cross-linking reagent, MBS. The second step is reductive cleavage of disulfide bonds in BSA. The third step is thioether formation between the introduced maleimide residues and the reduced thiol groups. The obtained ampicillin-BSA conjugated raised an anti-ampicillin serum in rabbits. A new reagent, MPGS, was used for enzyme labelling of ampicillin to avoid immunological cross reaction. Using the enzyme labelled ampicillin and anti-ampicillin serum, enzyme immunoassay of ampicillin was successful in detecting 4 ng to 1 mug. Cross reactivities of anti-ampicillin to ampicillin analogs were studied by the enzyme immunoassay to find that the antiserum is specific to penicillin especially to ampicillin but hardly reacts with cephalosporins or the penicilloic acid derivative of ampicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:359544", "title": "The bacteriophage lambda int gene product. A filter assay for genetic recombination, purification of int, and specific binding to DNA.", "content": "Bacteriophage lambda int gene is required for the integration of viral DNA into the chromosome of Escherichia coli. We have extensively purified the product of the int gene (Int) from a lysogen of E. coli that constitutively expresses this gene. Int was assayed by its ability to promote integrative recombination of supertwisted substrate DNA in vitro using a new method based on filter trapping of a recombinant product DNA. In order to catalyze integrative recombination, Int must be supplemented by other factors that can be extracted from bacterial host cells. By itself, purified Int does not demonstrate detectable endonuclease, exonuclease, or nicking-closing activities. However, Int does make stable complexes with double-stranded lambda-DNA containing an attachment site, the region at which recombination takes place. No stable complexes are observed between Int and lambda-DNA without an attachment site or between Int and DNA containing the bacterial site of integration. Int, therefore, appears to be a specificity element that relies on additional factor(s) to provide or activate the catalytic functions required for recombination.", "contents": "The bacteriophage lambda int gene product. A filter assay for genetic recombination, purification of int, and specific binding to DNA. Bacteriophage lambda int gene is required for the integration of viral DNA into the chromosome of Escherichia coli. We have extensively purified the product of the int gene (Int) from a lysogen of E. coli that constitutively expresses this gene. Int was assayed by its ability to promote integrative recombination of supertwisted substrate DNA in vitro using a new method based on filter trapping of a recombinant product DNA. In order to catalyze integrative recombination, Int must be supplemented by other factors that can be extracted from bacterial host cells. By itself, purified Int does not demonstrate detectable endonuclease, exonuclease, or nicking-closing activities. However, Int does make stable complexes with double-stranded lambda-DNA containing an attachment site, the region at which recombination takes place. No stable complexes are observed between Int and lambda-DNA without an attachment site or between Int and DNA containing the bacterial site of integration. Int, therefore, appears to be a specificity element that relies on additional factor(s) to provide or activate the catalytic functions required for recombination."}
{"id": "PMID:359547", "title": "Purification, separation, and characterization of two molecular forms of D-1-amino-2-propanol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity from extracts of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "D-1-Amino-2-propanol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity, which catalyzes the second step in a pathway wherein L-threonine is converted to D-1-amino-2-propanol via the intermediate formation of aminoacetone, has been purified 500-fold from Escherichia coli K-12. Although the enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of certain diols as well as 1-amino-2-propanol, it is completely specific for the D-isomer of the amino alcohol and for NAD+. Two molecular forms (designated Form L and Form S) of the oxidoreductase, both of which are catalytically active, have been separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200; apparently, Form L is converted to Form S by dissociation (Form L leads to Form S). Molecular weight determinations indicate that the two forms of the enzyme are different not only in size but also in shape; Form L apparently is an asymmetric tetramer of Form S. The two molecular species have similar catalytic properties. Both exhibit the same pH optimum of 8.6, have nearly identical apparent Km values for substrate and cosubstrate, are equally sensitive to inhibition by p-mercuribenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide, and show the same specificity for cosubstrate. Neither form of the enzyme has an absolute requirement for added thiol compounds or divalent metal ions.", "contents": "Purification, separation, and characterization of two molecular forms of D-1-amino-2-propanol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity from extracts of Escherichia coli K-12. D-1-Amino-2-propanol:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity, which catalyzes the second step in a pathway wherein L-threonine is converted to D-1-amino-2-propanol via the intermediate formation of aminoacetone, has been purified 500-fold from Escherichia coli K-12. Although the enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of certain diols as well as 1-amino-2-propanol, it is completely specific for the D-isomer of the amino alcohol and for NAD+. Two molecular forms (designated Form L and Form S) of the oxidoreductase, both of which are catalytically active, have been separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200; apparently, Form L is converted to Form S by dissociation (Form L leads to Form S). Molecular weight determinations indicate that the two forms of the enzyme are different not only in size but also in shape; Form L apparently is an asymmetric tetramer of Form S. The two molecular species have similar catalytic properties. Both exhibit the same pH optimum of 8.6, have nearly identical apparent Km values for substrate and cosubstrate, are equally sensitive to inhibition by p-mercuribenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide, and show the same specificity for cosubstrate. Neither form of the enzyme has an absolute requirement for added thiol compounds or divalent metal ions."}
{"id": "PMID:359550", "title": "Kinetic analyses of the sugar phosphate:sugar transphosphorylation reaction catalyzed by the glucose enzyme II complex of the bacterial phosphotransferase system.", "content": "The sugar phosphate:sugar transphosphorylation reaction catalyzed by the glucose Enzyme II complex of the phosphotransferase system has been analyzed kinetically. Initial rates of phosphoryl transfer from glucose-6-P to methyl alpha-glucopyranoside were determined with butanol/urea-extracted membranes from Salmonella typhimurium strains. The kinetic mechanism was shown to be Bi-Bi Sequential, indicating that the Enzyme II possesses nonoverlapping binding sites for sugar and sugar phosphate. Binding of the two substrates appears to occur in a positively cooperative fashion. A mutant with a defective glucose Enzyme II was isolated which transported methyl alpha-glucoside and glucose with reduced maximal velocities and higher Km values. In vitro kinetic studies of the transphosphorylation reaction catalyzed by the mutant enzyme showed a decrease in maximal velocity and increases in the Km values for both the sugar and sugar phosphate substrates. These results are consistent with the conclusion that a single Enzyme II complex catalyzes both transport and transphosphorylation of its sugar substrates.", "contents": "Kinetic analyses of the sugar phosphate:sugar transphosphorylation reaction catalyzed by the glucose enzyme II complex of the bacterial phosphotransferase system. The sugar phosphate:sugar transphosphorylation reaction catalyzed by the glucose Enzyme II complex of the phosphotransferase system has been analyzed kinetically. Initial rates of phosphoryl transfer from glucose-6-P to methyl alpha-glucopyranoside were determined with butanol/urea-extracted membranes from Salmonella typhimurium strains. The kinetic mechanism was shown to be Bi-Bi Sequential, indicating that the Enzyme II possesses nonoverlapping binding sites for sugar and sugar phosphate. Binding of the two substrates appears to occur in a positively cooperative fashion. A mutant with a defective glucose Enzyme II was isolated which transported methyl alpha-glucoside and glucose with reduced maximal velocities and higher Km values. In vitro kinetic studies of the transphosphorylation reaction catalyzed by the mutant enzyme showed a decrease in maximal velocity and increases in the Km values for both the sugar and sugar phosphate substrates. These results are consistent with the conclusion that a single Enzyme II complex catalyzes both transport and transphosphorylation of its sugar substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:359551", "title": "Evidence for protein kinase activities in the prokaryote Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Evidence for phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases has been found in Salmonella typhimurium despite previous indications that protein kinase action is absent in prokaryotes. At least four proteins have been found to be phosphorylated. Serine and threonine phosphates have been isolated from acid hydrolysates of these proteins after in vivo and in vitro labeling. The kinases do not phosphorylate histones, casein, or phosvitin. It would appear that phosphorylation as a regulatory control exists in prokaryotes.", "contents": "Evidence for protein kinase activities in the prokaryote Salmonella typhimurium. Evidence for phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases has been found in Salmonella typhimurium despite previous indications that protein kinase action is absent in prokaryotes. At least four proteins have been found to be phosphorylated. Serine and threonine phosphates have been isolated from acid hydrolysates of these proteins after in vivo and in vitro labeling. The kinases do not phosphorylate histones, casein, or phosvitin. It would appear that phosphorylation as a regulatory control exists in prokaryotes."}
{"id": "PMID:359553", "title": "In vitro depolarization of Escherichia coli membrane vesicles by colicin Ia.", "content": "Conditions are reported under which membrane vesicles prepared from Escherichia coli K12 are depolarized by colicin Ia. Although incubation of membrane vesicles with active colicin Ia affects neither transport activity nor the ability of such vesicles to generate a deltapH or deltapsi, a single freeze-thaw cycle of such vesicles in the presence of colicin Ia leads to 1) retention of the colicin by the vesicles, 2) inactivation of transport activity, and 3) membrane depolarization, with a concomitant increase in the transmembrane deltapH. These effects are dependent upon the presence of active colicin Ia during the freeze-thaw cycle. These findings are consistent with our previous results showing that Ia-treated whole cells or membrane vesicles prepared from such cells are defective in their ability to generate a deltapsi, yet generate an increased deltapH (Tokuda, H., and Konisky, J. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 75, 2579--2583). In addition to its effect on vesicles prepared from sensitive cells, we show that vesicles prepared from both colicin Ia-resistant and -tolerant cells are depolarized by colicin treatment with a concomitant increase in deltapH. It is concluded that the final target of colicin Ia is the cytoplasmic membrane. A model for the mechanism of colicin Ia action is presented in which colicin Ia binds to the specific colicin Ia outer membrane receptor and is subsequently translocated to the cytoplasmic membrane where its integration leads to the formation of ion channels.", "contents": "In vitro depolarization of Escherichia coli membrane vesicles by colicin Ia. Conditions are reported under which membrane vesicles prepared from Escherichia coli K12 are depolarized by colicin Ia. Although incubation of membrane vesicles with active colicin Ia affects neither transport activity nor the ability of such vesicles to generate a deltapH or deltapsi, a single freeze-thaw cycle of such vesicles in the presence of colicin Ia leads to 1) retention of the colicin by the vesicles, 2) inactivation of transport activity, and 3) membrane depolarization, with a concomitant increase in the transmembrane deltapH. These effects are dependent upon the presence of active colicin Ia during the freeze-thaw cycle. These findings are consistent with our previous results showing that Ia-treated whole cells or membrane vesicles prepared from such cells are defective in their ability to generate a deltapsi, yet generate an increased deltapH (Tokuda, H., and Konisky, J. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 75, 2579--2583). In addition to its effect on vesicles prepared from sensitive cells, we show that vesicles prepared from both colicin Ia-resistant and -tolerant cells are depolarized by colicin treatment with a concomitant increase in deltapH. It is concluded that the final target of colicin Ia is the cytoplasmic membrane. A model for the mechanism of colicin Ia action is presented in which colicin Ia binds to the specific colicin Ia outer membrane receptor and is subsequently translocated to the cytoplasmic membrane where its integration leads to the formation of ion channels."}
{"id": "PMID:359552", "title": "Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen. Isolation and characterization of the pyridoxal-P allosteric activator site and the ADP-glucose-protected pyridoxal-P binding site of Escherichia coli B ADP-glucose synthase.", "content": "[3H]Pyridoxal-P can be covalently incorporated into Escherichia coli B mutant strain AC70R1 ADP-glucose synthase by reduction with NaBH4. Two distinct lysine residues can be modified by the allosteric activator pyridoxal-P. Incorporation of [3H]pyridoxal-P in the presence of substrate ADP-glucose + MgCl2 prevents pyridoxylation of an ADP-glucose-protected site and allows modification of the allosteric activator site. Incorporation of [3H]pyridoxal-P in the presence of the allosteric effector, 1,6-hexanediol-P2, protects against pyridoxylation of the allosteric activator site and allows modification of the ADP-glucose-protected site. The activator site CNBr [3H]pyridoxyl-P peptide was purified to homogeneity in the presence of urea by Sephadex G-50 and CM-cellulose chromatography. The peptide consists of 59 residues, with a molecular weight of 6750. The NH2-terminal of the peptide has a 16-residue sequence overlap with the previously determined NH2-terminal sequence of the native enzyme. The activator site pyridoxyl-P lysine is identified as residue 38 of the native enzyme's NH2 terminus. The ADP-glucose-protected site CNBr [3H]pyridoxyl peptide was purified to homogeneity by Sephadex G-50 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The peptide consists of 21 residues, with a molecular weight of 2460. The sequence of this peptide has been elucidated.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen. Isolation and characterization of the pyridoxal-P allosteric activator site and the ADP-glucose-protected pyridoxal-P binding site of Escherichia coli B ADP-glucose synthase. [3H]Pyridoxal-P can be covalently incorporated into Escherichia coli B mutant strain AC70R1 ADP-glucose synthase by reduction with NaBH4. Two distinct lysine residues can be modified by the allosteric activator pyridoxal-P. Incorporation of [3H]pyridoxal-P in the presence of substrate ADP-glucose + MgCl2 prevents pyridoxylation of an ADP-glucose-protected site and allows modification of the allosteric activator site. Incorporation of [3H]pyridoxal-P in the presence of the allosteric effector, 1,6-hexanediol-P2, protects against pyridoxylation of the allosteric activator site and allows modification of the ADP-glucose-protected site. The activator site CNBr [3H]pyridoxyl-P peptide was purified to homogeneity in the presence of urea by Sephadex G-50 and CM-cellulose chromatography. The peptide consists of 59 residues, with a molecular weight of 6750. The NH2-terminal of the peptide has a 16-residue sequence overlap with the previously determined NH2-terminal sequence of the native enzyme. The activator site pyridoxyl-P lysine is identified as residue 38 of the native enzyme's NH2 terminus. The ADP-glucose-protected site CNBr [3H]pyridoxyl peptide was purified to homogeneity by Sephadex G-50 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The peptide consists of 21 residues, with a molecular weight of 2460. The sequence of this peptide has been elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:359554", "title": "Rapid solid phase isolation of 20 specific tRNAs from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A solid phase procedure has been developed for the rapid isolation of all 20 species of tRNA from Escherichia coli. The overall yields for a single preparation cycle ranged from 62 to 96%, the average being 80%. The values for the amino acid acceptor activities of the tRNA species equaled those reported in the literature for highly purified tRNAs. Starting from crude tRNA, a given tRNA species can easily be isolated in less than 2 h. One milliliter of the resin, which is reusable, is sufficient for the isolation of 200 mg of a specific tRNA. The procedure requires a bifunctional reagent, one moiety of which (--SO2Cl) reacts with the amino acid on the aminoacylated tRNA, the other, with the --SH group on the resin. Thus, only the desired tRNA species is bound to the resin; any of the other tRNAs in the filtrate can be isolated in another cycle. Raising the pH results in deacylation and release from the resin of the desired tRNA species. For tRNA Cys, it is necessary to block the --SH of cysteine prior to reaction with the bifunctional reagent. Side reactions involving the bifunctional reagent. Side reactions involving the bifunctional reagent and tRNA are either easily reversible or negligible (less than 0.01%).", "contents": "Rapid solid phase isolation of 20 specific tRNAs from Escherichia coli. A solid phase procedure has been developed for the rapid isolation of all 20 species of tRNA from Escherichia coli. The overall yields for a single preparation cycle ranged from 62 to 96%, the average being 80%. The values for the amino acid acceptor activities of the tRNA species equaled those reported in the literature for highly purified tRNAs. Starting from crude tRNA, a given tRNA species can easily be isolated in less than 2 h. One milliliter of the resin, which is reusable, is sufficient for the isolation of 200 mg of a specific tRNA. The procedure requires a bifunctional reagent, one moiety of which (--SO2Cl) reacts with the amino acid on the aminoacylated tRNA, the other, with the --SH group on the resin. Thus, only the desired tRNA species is bound to the resin; any of the other tRNAs in the filtrate can be isolated in another cycle. Raising the pH results in deacylation and release from the resin of the desired tRNA species. For tRNA Cys, it is necessary to block the --SH of cysteine prior to reaction with the bifunctional reagent. Side reactions involving the bifunctional reagent. Side reactions involving the bifunctional reagent and tRNA are either easily reversible or negligible (less than 0.01%)."}
{"id": "PMID:359555", "title": "The molecular mechanisms of dicarboxylic acid transport in Escherichia coli K12. The role and orientation of the two membrane-bound dicarboxylate binding proteins.", "content": "Previous communications from this laboratory have indicated that dicarboxylic acid transport in Escherichia coli is an active process, and that at least three genes are responsible for this transport system. In attempts to identify the transport components, one periplasmic binding protein and two membrane integral proteins (SBP 1 and SBP 2) were implicated to participate in the transport system in vivo. In the present communication, we demonstrate, through biochemical analysis of the transport mutants, that the two membrane transport genes, dctA and dctB, are responsible for the two membrane-bound dicarboxylate binding proteins, SBP 2 and SBP 1, respectively. We also find that the substrate recognition sites of SBP 1 and SBP 2 are exposed to the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane, respectively. This may have important implications for the role of SBP 1 and SBP 2 in the translocation process.", "contents": "The molecular mechanisms of dicarboxylic acid transport in Escherichia coli K12. The role and orientation of the two membrane-bound dicarboxylate binding proteins. Previous communications from this laboratory have indicated that dicarboxylic acid transport in Escherichia coli is an active process, and that at least three genes are responsible for this transport system. In attempts to identify the transport components, one periplasmic binding protein and two membrane integral proteins (SBP 1 and SBP 2) were implicated to participate in the transport system in vivo. In the present communication, we demonstrate, through biochemical analysis of the transport mutants, that the two membrane transport genes, dctA and dctB, are responsible for the two membrane-bound dicarboxylate binding proteins, SBP 2 and SBP 1, respectively. We also find that the substrate recognition sites of SBP 1 and SBP 2 are exposed to the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane, respectively. This may have important implications for the role of SBP 1 and SBP 2 in the translocation process."}
{"id": "PMID:359558", "title": "Multiple forms of carboxypeptidase Y from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Kinetic demonstration of effects of carbohydrate residues on the catalytic mechanism of a glycoenzyme.", "content": "In the course of our further investigation of the active site titration of carboxypeptidase Y, using 4-nitrophenyl trimethylacetate, we have found that carboxypeptidase Y can be isolated in different molecular forms. Carboxypeptidase Y obtained from Fleischmann baker's yeast has a molecular weight of 53,000, as compared to 64,000 for an enzyme species isolated from Anheuser-Busch baker's yeast. The amino acid analyses of both enzymes were essentially identical and very similar to those reported by others. However, we have found that the molecular weight difference is due to a variation in carbohydrate content as determined by gas chromatography. When carboxypeptidase Y was isolated from a single source, Anheuser-Busch baker's yeast, we observed a smaller variation in carbohydrate content. In all cases, sugar analyses revealed only mannose and N-acetylglucosamine to be present. The effect of the enzyme's carbohydrate content on the \"burst kinetics\" of the 4-nitrophenyl trimethylacetate reaction has been examined. In general, the Anheuser-Busch enzyme, containing more carbohydrate than the Fleischmann enzyme, reacts with a larger apparent bimolecular rate constant, kcat/Km. On the other hand, the deacylation rate constant, k3, is affected only slightly.", "contents": "Multiple forms of carboxypeptidase Y from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Kinetic demonstration of effects of carbohydrate residues on the catalytic mechanism of a glycoenzyme. In the course of our further investigation of the active site titration of carboxypeptidase Y, using 4-nitrophenyl trimethylacetate, we have found that carboxypeptidase Y can be isolated in different molecular forms. Carboxypeptidase Y obtained from Fleischmann baker's yeast has a molecular weight of 53,000, as compared to 64,000 for an enzyme species isolated from Anheuser-Busch baker's yeast. The amino acid analyses of both enzymes were essentially identical and very similar to those reported by others. However, we have found that the molecular weight difference is due to a variation in carbohydrate content as determined by gas chromatography. When carboxypeptidase Y was isolated from a single source, Anheuser-Busch baker's yeast, we observed a smaller variation in carbohydrate content. In all cases, sugar analyses revealed only mannose and N-acetylglucosamine to be present. The effect of the enzyme's carbohydrate content on the \"burst kinetics\" of the 4-nitrophenyl trimethylacetate reaction has been examined. In general, the Anheuser-Busch enzyme, containing more carbohydrate than the Fleischmann enzyme, reacts with a larger apparent bimolecular rate constant, kcat/Km. On the other hand, the deacylation rate constant, k3, is affected only slightly."}
{"id": "PMID:359560", "title": "The rate of adhesion of melanoma cells onto nonionic polymer surfaces.", "content": "The rates of adhesion of melanoma cells (carcinogenic) onto nonionic polymer surfaces were studied by using radioactively labeled cells and measuring the fraction of cells which adhered to the surface in a given time. Glow discharge (plasma) polymerization of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane and of nitrogen-acetylene-water (mole ratio 0.4:1.0:0.2) was used to modify the surface energy of the substrate. The cell adhesion rate was found to be given by Y = 1 - exp [-k0(gammas - gamma0)t], where Y is the fraction of cells adhered, -k0 is a characteristic rate constant, gammas is the total surface energy of the substrate, gamma0 is the threshold surface energy of cell adhesion, and t is time.", "contents": "The rate of adhesion of melanoma cells onto nonionic polymer surfaces. The rates of adhesion of melanoma cells (carcinogenic) onto nonionic polymer surfaces were studied by using radioactively labeled cells and measuring the fraction of cells which adhered to the surface in a given time. Glow discharge (plasma) polymerization of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane and of nitrogen-acetylene-water (mole ratio 0.4:1.0:0.2) was used to modify the surface energy of the substrate. The cell adhesion rate was found to be given by Y = 1 - exp [-k0(gammas - gamma0)t], where Y is the fraction of cells adhered, -k0 is a characteristic rate constant, gammas is the total surface energy of the substrate, gamma0 is the threshold surface energy of cell adhesion, and t is time."}
{"id": "PMID:359561", "title": "The effect of methylmethacrylate on bacterial phagocytosis and killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The phagocytic and bactericidal activities of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the presence of methylmethacrylate were determined by in vitro techniques. It was found that methylmethacrylate in concentrations as low as 0.156 per cent significantly decreased the ability of leukocytes to phagocytose and kill strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The evidence indicates that methylmethacrylate impairs the killing more than the phagocytosis by the leukocytes.", "contents": "The effect of methylmethacrylate on bacterial phagocytosis and killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The phagocytic and bactericidal activities of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the presence of methylmethacrylate were determined by in vitro techniques. It was found that methylmethacrylate in concentrations as low as 0.156 per cent significantly decreased the ability of leukocytes to phagocytose and kill strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The evidence indicates that methylmethacrylate impairs the killing more than the phagocytosis by the leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:359562", "title": "Controlled trial of low-dose heparin and sulfinpyrazone to prevent venous thromboembolism after operation on the hip.", "content": "A randomized, double-blind controlled trial of low-dose heparin combined with sulfinpyrazone to prevent deep-vein thrombosis after operation on the hip was carried out. In a group of seventy-three patients after arthroplasty, postoperative thrombosis of the veins of the lower limbs occurred in 51 per cent of the control patients and in 36 per cent of the treated patients. In a fracture group of thirty patients, thrombosis occurred in 75 per cent of the control patients and in 36 per cent of the treated patients. These differences are of borderline statistical significance in the fracture group and are of no statistical significance in the arthroplasty group. However, a 36 per cent incidence of venous thrombosis in the drug-treated patients is too high to justify recommendation of the regimen tested without careful monitoring of patients by tests designed to detect thrombosis. Then, appropriate anticoagulant therapy can be instituted if necessary.", "contents": "Controlled trial of low-dose heparin and sulfinpyrazone to prevent venous thromboembolism after operation on the hip. A randomized, double-blind controlled trial of low-dose heparin combined with sulfinpyrazone to prevent deep-vein thrombosis after operation on the hip was carried out. In a group of seventy-three patients after arthroplasty, postoperative thrombosis of the veins of the lower limbs occurred in 51 per cent of the control patients and in 36 per cent of the treated patients. In a fracture group of thirty patients, thrombosis occurred in 75 per cent of the control patients and in 36 per cent of the treated patients. These differences are of borderline statistical significance in the fracture group and are of no statistical significance in the arthroplasty group. However, a 36 per cent incidence of venous thrombosis in the drug-treated patients is too high to justify recommendation of the regimen tested without careful monitoring of patients by tests designed to detect thrombosis. Then, appropriate anticoagulant therapy can be instituted if necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:359564", "title": "The acute effect of position of immobilization on capital femoral epiphyseal blood flow. A quantitative study using the hydrogen washout technique.", "content": "Quantitative studies of femoral head blood flow by the hydrogen washout technique with the hips in various positions of immobilization were determined. Immobilization in flexion consistently resulted in the highest rate of femoral head blood flow. A position of relaxed abduction seemed to slightly, but significantly, decrease the rate of blood flow. The position of forced frog-leg abduction and forced internal rotation obliterated or drastically reduced circulation in the femoral head. We think that the ischemia of forced acute immobilization is secondary to compression of the immature cartilaginous femoral head. These experimental data further indicate the importance of the selected position of immobilization in the treatment of congenital dislocated hips as a cause of iatrogenic avascular necrosis.", "contents": "The acute effect of position of immobilization on capital femoral epiphyseal blood flow. A quantitative study using the hydrogen washout technique. Quantitative studies of femoral head blood flow by the hydrogen washout technique with the hips in various positions of immobilization were determined. Immobilization in flexion consistently resulted in the highest rate of femoral head blood flow. A position of relaxed abduction seemed to slightly, but significantly, decrease the rate of blood flow. The position of forced frog-leg abduction and forced internal rotation obliterated or drastically reduced circulation in the femoral head. We think that the ischemia of forced acute immobilization is secondary to compression of the immature cartilaginous femoral head. These experimental data further indicate the importance of the selected position of immobilization in the treatment of congenital dislocated hips as a cause of iatrogenic avascular necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:359565", "title": "Subchondral route for nutrition to articular cartilage in the rabbit. Measurement of diffusion with hydrogen gas in vivo.", "content": "The route of nutrients going to articular cartilage was studied by determining the diffusion of hydrogen molecules from the subchondral circulation to the articular cartilage in rabbits. In all immature animals there was diffusion of hydrogen from subchondral bone into articular cartilage, while in the older immature animals the results were variable. None of the mature animals showed any diffusion of hydrogen into articular cartilage. The rate of diffusion of hydrogen was significantly lower in the articular cartilage than in the subchondral bone in the immature animals while the concentrations of hydrogen in the articular cartilage were only fractions of those in the subchondral bone at the same instant. Histologically, the deep layers of immature cartilage are penetrated extensively by vascular buds from the ossified portion of the epiphysis, while in adults the articular cartilage is separated from subchondral vascular spaces by an end-plate of bone. Blood vessels penetrating into the basilar layer of articular cartilage in immature animals appear to play an important role in the nutrition of articular cartilage coming from the subchondral region.", "contents": "Subchondral route for nutrition to articular cartilage in the rabbit. Measurement of diffusion with hydrogen gas in vivo. The route of nutrients going to articular cartilage was studied by determining the diffusion of hydrogen molecules from the subchondral circulation to the articular cartilage in rabbits. In all immature animals there was diffusion of hydrogen from subchondral bone into articular cartilage, while in the older immature animals the results were variable. None of the mature animals showed any diffusion of hydrogen into articular cartilage. The rate of diffusion of hydrogen was significantly lower in the articular cartilage than in the subchondral bone in the immature animals while the concentrations of hydrogen in the articular cartilage were only fractions of those in the subchondral bone at the same instant. Histologically, the deep layers of immature cartilage are penetrated extensively by vascular buds from the ossified portion of the epiphysis, while in adults the articular cartilage is separated from subchondral vascular spaces by an end-plate of bone. Blood vessels penetrating into the basilar layer of articular cartilage in immature animals appear to play an important role in the nutrition of articular cartilage coming from the subchondral region."}
{"id": "PMID:359566", "title": "Antibiotic-acrylic bone cement composites. Studies of gentamicin and Palacos.", "content": "Palacos bone cement with and without contained gentamicin was tested for antibacterial efficacy using a rabbit model of a knee hemiarthroplasty and a challenge with intra-articular Escherichia coli. The gentamicin-containing cement prevented infection from challenge with Escherichia coli and protected against inadvertent operative infection as well. Antibiotic concentrations in synovial fluid and urine remained in the therapeutic range for three days, whereas levels in serum were always quite low. Eight per cent of the gentamicin had leached out of the bone cement by eight days, most of it during the first day. Thereafter, extremely small amounts of gentamicin left the cement on a daily basis. The amount of antibiotic leaching out in vitro was proportional to the surface area of the cement. More eluted into serum than into saline.", "contents": "Antibiotic-acrylic bone cement composites. Studies of gentamicin and Palacos. Palacos bone cement with and without contained gentamicin was tested for antibacterial efficacy using a rabbit model of a knee hemiarthroplasty and a challenge with intra-articular Escherichia coli. The gentamicin-containing cement prevented infection from challenge with Escherichia coli and protected against inadvertent operative infection as well. Antibiotic concentrations in synovial fluid and urine remained in the therapeutic range for three days, whereas levels in serum were always quite low. Eight per cent of the gentamicin had leached out of the bone cement by eight days, most of it during the first day. Thereafter, extremely small amounts of gentamicin left the cement on a daily basis. The amount of antibiotic leaching out in vitro was proportional to the surface area of the cement. More eluted into serum than into saline."}
{"id": "PMID:359569", "title": "Heavy meromyosin labeling of intermediate filaments in cultured connective tissue cells.", "content": "Mild treatment with trypsin causes a radical change in the heavy meromyosin (HMM) binding properties of intermediate filaments in glycerinated, myosin-extracted cultured chick embryo connective tissue cells. In non-trypsin-treated cells, HMM labeling of filaments was often indistinct and variable in its distribution. By contrast, in cells treated with trypsin (under conditions which allowed most intermediate filaments to survive), virtually all filaments, including those of intermediate size, decorated with HMM to give distinct arrowhead patterns. We suggest that most intermediate filaments in such cells contain a core of F-actin masked by trypsin-labile accessory proteins.", "contents": "Heavy meromyosin labeling of intermediate filaments in cultured connective tissue cells. Mild treatment with trypsin causes a radical change in the heavy meromyosin (HMM) binding properties of intermediate filaments in glycerinated, myosin-extracted cultured chick embryo connective tissue cells. In non-trypsin-treated cells, HMM labeling of filaments was often indistinct and variable in its distribution. By contrast, in cells treated with trypsin (under conditions which allowed most intermediate filaments to survive), virtually all filaments, including those of intermediate size, decorated with HMM to give distinct arrowhead patterns. We suggest that most intermediate filaments in such cells contain a core of F-actin masked by trypsin-labile accessory proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:359570", "title": "Microfilaments and microtubules in calcium ionophore-induced secretion of lysosomal enzymes from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Human peripheral blood leukocytes (PMN) are induced to release lysosomal enzymes by the calcium ionophore A23187 in the presence but not the absence of extracellular Ca++. Whereas secretion induced by particulate or immune stimuli is accompanied by an increase in visible microtubules and is inhibitable by colchicine, secretion induced by A23187 and Ca++ was not accompanied by an increase in microtubule numbers and was not inhibited by colchicine. Ca++ did not appear to regulate microtubule assembly in these cells since resting PMN had a mean of 22.3 +/- 2.0 microtubules in the centriolar region as compared to 22.3 +/- 1.1 in ionophore-treated cells and 24.9 +/- 1.5 in cells exposed to ionophore and 1 mM Ca++. Bipolar filaments, 10 nm thick and 300--400 nm long, were numerous in the pericortical cytoplasm of cells exposed to both reagents. Microtubules in these cells were decorated with an electron-opaque fibrillar material. PMN exposed to A23187 and Ca++ were contracted in two directions at right angles to each other: (a) Contractions parallel to the plasma membrane resulted in extensive plication of the cell membrane. The cytoplasm subjacent to the plicae contained dense filamentous webs. Plication was prevented by cytochalasin B or reversed by subsequent exposure to an endocytic stimulus such as zymosan. (b) Contractions perpendicular to the plasma membrane, toward the cytocenter, resulted in the formation of vacuoles in normal PMN and of membrane invaginations in cytochalasin B-treated PMN. Whereas contractions parallel to the plasma membrane could occur in the absence of enzyme release (ionophore alone) and enzyme release could occur in the absence of such contractions (ionophore plus calcium plus cytochalasin B), contraction toward the cytocenter occurred in all experimental conditions in which significant enzyme release was obtained. Thus, lysosomal enzyme secretion in PMN involves contractile movements in the plasma membrane toward the lysosomes rather than the reverse. These calcium-mediated contractile events are mediated by cytochalasin B-insensitive microfilaments but not by microtubule assembly.", "contents": "Microfilaments and microtubules in calcium ionophore-induced secretion of lysosomal enzymes from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Human peripheral blood leukocytes (PMN) are induced to release lysosomal enzymes by the calcium ionophore A23187 in the presence but not the absence of extracellular Ca++. Whereas secretion induced by particulate or immune stimuli is accompanied by an increase in visible microtubules and is inhibitable by colchicine, secretion induced by A23187 and Ca++ was not accompanied by an increase in microtubule numbers and was not inhibited by colchicine. Ca++ did not appear to regulate microtubule assembly in these cells since resting PMN had a mean of 22.3 +/- 2.0 microtubules in the centriolar region as compared to 22.3 +/- 1.1 in ionophore-treated cells and 24.9 +/- 1.5 in cells exposed to ionophore and 1 mM Ca++. Bipolar filaments, 10 nm thick and 300--400 nm long, were numerous in the pericortical cytoplasm of cells exposed to both reagents. Microtubules in these cells were decorated with an electron-opaque fibrillar material. PMN exposed to A23187 and Ca++ were contracted in two directions at right angles to each other: (a) Contractions parallel to the plasma membrane resulted in extensive plication of the cell membrane. The cytoplasm subjacent to the plicae contained dense filamentous webs. Plication was prevented by cytochalasin B or reversed by subsequent exposure to an endocytic stimulus such as zymosan. (b) Contractions perpendicular to the plasma membrane, toward the cytocenter, resulted in the formation of vacuoles in normal PMN and of membrane invaginations in cytochalasin B-treated PMN. Whereas contractions parallel to the plasma membrane could occur in the absence of enzyme release (ionophore alone) and enzyme release could occur in the absence of such contractions (ionophore plus calcium plus cytochalasin B), contraction toward the cytocenter occurred in all experimental conditions in which significant enzyme release was obtained. Thus, lysosomal enzyme secretion in PMN involves contractile movements in the plasma membrane toward the lysosomes rather than the reverse. These calcium-mediated contractile events are mediated by cytochalasin B-insensitive microfilaments but not by microtubule assembly."}
{"id": "PMID:359571", "title": "Histone localization in polytene chromosomes by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Polytene chromosomes of Chironomus thummi were treated with antisera elicited by purified calf thymus histone fractions, and the location of each histone type was visualized by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Each of the antisera produced specific and distinct patterns of fluorescence, suggesting that it is possible to use the indirect immunofluorescence technique to study the in situ organization of each histone in the various regions of the chromosomes. H1 and H2A antisera produced diffuse fluorescence patterns in acetic acid-fixed chromosomes which become more defined in formaldehyde-fixed preparations. Antisera to H2B, H3 and H4, when reacted with either formaldehyde- or acetic acid-fixed chromosomes, produce distinct banding patterns closely resembling the banding of acetoorcein-stained or phase-contrast-differentiated chromosomal preparations. These antisera produce corresponding patterns of fluorescence for each chromosome, suggesting that the overall organization of the histones is similar in the various bands. Because the dense band regions stain more brightly with antihistone sera than the less compacted interband areas, we believe that the number of antigenic sites of chromosome-bound histones is related to the amount of DNA present, and that the accessibility of histone determinants does not differ between the bands and interbands.", "contents": "Histone localization in polytene chromosomes by immunofluorescence. Polytene chromosomes of Chironomus thummi were treated with antisera elicited by purified calf thymus histone fractions, and the location of each histone type was visualized by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Each of the antisera produced specific and distinct patterns of fluorescence, suggesting that it is possible to use the indirect immunofluorescence technique to study the in situ organization of each histone in the various regions of the chromosomes. H1 and H2A antisera produced diffuse fluorescence patterns in acetic acid-fixed chromosomes which become more defined in formaldehyde-fixed preparations. Antisera to H2B, H3 and H4, when reacted with either formaldehyde- or acetic acid-fixed chromosomes, produce distinct banding patterns closely resembling the banding of acetoorcein-stained or phase-contrast-differentiated chromosomal preparations. These antisera produce corresponding patterns of fluorescence for each chromosome, suggesting that the overall organization of the histones is similar in the various bands. Because the dense band regions stain more brightly with antihistone sera than the less compacted interband areas, we believe that the number of antigenic sites of chromosome-bound histones is related to the amount of DNA present, and that the accessibility of histone determinants does not differ between the bands and interbands."}
{"id": "PMID:359572", "title": "Localization of vicilin peptidohydrolase in the cotyledons of mung bean seedlings by immunofluorescence microscopy.", "content": "Vicilin peptidohydrolase, the protease that hydrolyzes the reserve proteins in the cotyledons of mung bean (Vigna radiata) seedlings, has been localized intracellularly by immunofluorescence microscopy using monospecific antibodies against the enzyme and rhodamine-coupled goat-anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G's. The enzyme can first be visualized after 3 days of seedling growth and is associated with small foci within the cytoplasm of the storage parenchyma cells farthest from the vascular bundles. On the 4th day of growth, the protease is also present in the numerous large protein bodies within these cells. Vicilin peptidohydrolase is known to be synthesized de novo starting on the 3rd day of growth. Our observations are therefore consistent with the interpretation that the enzyme is synthesized in the cytoplasm and subsequently transported to the protein bodies.", "contents": "Localization of vicilin peptidohydrolase in the cotyledons of mung bean seedlings by immunofluorescence microscopy. Vicilin peptidohydrolase, the protease that hydrolyzes the reserve proteins in the cotyledons of mung bean (Vigna radiata) seedlings, has been localized intracellularly by immunofluorescence microscopy using monospecific antibodies against the enzyme and rhodamine-coupled goat-anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G's. The enzyme can first be visualized after 3 days of seedling growth and is associated with small foci within the cytoplasm of the storage parenchyma cells farthest from the vascular bundles. On the 4th day of growth, the protease is also present in the numerous large protein bodies within these cells. Vicilin peptidohydrolase is known to be synthesized de novo starting on the 3rd day of growth. Our observations are therefore consistent with the interpretation that the enzyme is synthesized in the cytoplasm and subsequently transported to the protein bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:359573", "title": "Calcium control of ciliary arrest in mussel gill cells.", "content": "After several hours in 20 mM sodium phosphate and 40 mM KCI (pH 7.4) or similar simple solutions, ciliated cells exfoliate en masse from stripped gill epithelium of freshwater mussels, e.g., Elliptio complanatus. Three types of ciliated cells--lateral (L), laterofrontal (LF), and frontal (F)--can be distiniguished and counted separately in the suspensions. About one-half of the cells of each type remain motile. Motility is unaffected by addition of 10(-5) M A23187 or 10(-2) M Ca+2 added separately, but when ionophore and Ca+2 are added together, ciliary beat is largely arrested. Treatment of the cells with Triton X-100 (Rohm & Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa.) results in a total loss of motility as the ciliary membrane becomes disrupted. Such models can be reactivated by addition of ATP and Mg+2. All ciliated cell types are reactivated to about the same extent. At least 80% of the activity of the untreated preparation returns. Ca+2-EGTA buffers added to the reactivating solutions permit titration of free Ca+2 concentration vs. percent motility. Activity is unchanged for all cell types at Ca+2 less than 10(-7) M; at 10(-6) Ca+2, L cilia of all cell types are arrested differentially, whereas at Ca+2 greater than 10(-4) M most cilia of all cell types are arrested. We conclude: (a) that increasing cytoplasmic Ca+2 is directly responsible for ciliary arrest, (b) that the readily reversible physiological arrest response of the L cilia in the intact gill is caused by a rise in free Ca+2 in narrow limits from ca. 5 x 10(-7) M to ca. 8 x 10(-7) M, and (c) that the site which is sensitive to Ca+2 is part of the ciliary axoneme or the basal apparatus.", "contents": "Calcium control of ciliary arrest in mussel gill cells. After several hours in 20 mM sodium phosphate and 40 mM KCI (pH 7.4) or similar simple solutions, ciliated cells exfoliate en masse from stripped gill epithelium of freshwater mussels, e.g., Elliptio complanatus. Three types of ciliated cells--lateral (L), laterofrontal (LF), and frontal (F)--can be distiniguished and counted separately in the suspensions. About one-half of the cells of each type remain motile. Motility is unaffected by addition of 10(-5) M A23187 or 10(-2) M Ca+2 added separately, but when ionophore and Ca+2 are added together, ciliary beat is largely arrested. Treatment of the cells with Triton X-100 (Rohm & Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa.) results in a total loss of motility as the ciliary membrane becomes disrupted. Such models can be reactivated by addition of ATP and Mg+2. All ciliated cell types are reactivated to about the same extent. At least 80% of the activity of the untreated preparation returns. Ca+2-EGTA buffers added to the reactivating solutions permit titration of free Ca+2 concentration vs. percent motility. Activity is unchanged for all cell types at Ca+2 less than 10(-7) M; at 10(-6) Ca+2, L cilia of all cell types are arrested differentially, whereas at Ca+2 greater than 10(-4) M most cilia of all cell types are arrested. We conclude: (a) that increasing cytoplasmic Ca+2 is directly responsible for ciliary arrest, (b) that the readily reversible physiological arrest response of the L cilia in the intact gill is caused by a rise in free Ca+2 in narrow limits from ca. 5 x 10(-7) M to ca. 8 x 10(-7) M, and (c) that the site which is sensitive to Ca+2 is part of the ciliary axoneme or the basal apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:359574", "title": "Alpha-actinin localization in the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis.", "content": "We used antibodies against alpha-actinin and myosin labeled directly with contrasting fluorochromes to localize these contractile proteins simultaneously in dividing chick embryo cells. During mitosis anti-alpha-actinin stains diffusely the entire cytoplasm including the mitotic spindle, while in the same cells intense antimyosin staining delineates the spindle. During cytokinesis both antibodies stain the cleavage furrow intensely, and until the midbody forms the two staining patterns in the same cell are identical at the resolution of the light microscope. Thereafter the anti-alpha-actinin staining of the furrow remains strong, but the antimyosin staining diminishes. These observations suggest that alpha-actinin participates along with actin and myosin in the membrane movements associated with cytokinesis.", "contents": "Alpha-actinin localization in the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. We used antibodies against alpha-actinin and myosin labeled directly with contrasting fluorochromes to localize these contractile proteins simultaneously in dividing chick embryo cells. During mitosis anti-alpha-actinin stains diffusely the entire cytoplasm including the mitotic spindle, while in the same cells intense antimyosin staining delineates the spindle. During cytokinesis both antibodies stain the cleavage furrow intensely, and until the midbody forms the two staining patterns in the same cell are identical at the resolution of the light microscope. Thereafter the anti-alpha-actinin staining of the furrow remains strong, but the antimyosin staining diminishes. These observations suggest that alpha-actinin participates along with actin and myosin in the membrane movements associated with cytokinesis."}
{"id": "PMID:359575", "title": "Freeze-fracturing in normal vacuum reveals ringlike yeast plasmalemma structures.", "content": "The fine structure of the regular arrays of subunits seen on both plasmalemma fracture faces in resting and starved Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) has been compared using different freeze-fracture replication methods. Freeze-cleaving was carried out at 173 degrees, 133 degrees, and 108 degrees K under a vacuum of 2 X 10(-7) torr (2.6 X 10(- 7)mbar) or under liquid nitrogen at atmosphereic pressure. Independent of the preparation conditions (fracturing temperature, and whether cleaved under vacuum or liquid nitrogen), resting and starved yeast show a significant difference in the morphology of the subunits forming the regular arrays. The regularly arranged particles of the P face of the plasmalemma of starved yeast have a clear craterlike structure which has previously been reported to be demonstrated only by freeze-etching at very low temperatures in ultrahigh vacuum. A complementary structure is seen on the plasmalemma E face. Prolonged exposures of fracture faces under the protection of liquid nitrogen-cooled shrouds have shown that, because of the consequent drastic reduction of condensable gases in the specimen area, no detectable condensation contamination of exposed fracture faces occurs within 15 min at a specimen temperature of 108 degrees K. This shows that a complicated ultrahigh vacuum technology is not required for high resolution freeze- etching.", "contents": "Freeze-fracturing in normal vacuum reveals ringlike yeast plasmalemma structures. The fine structure of the regular arrays of subunits seen on both plasmalemma fracture faces in resting and starved Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) has been compared using different freeze-fracture replication methods. Freeze-cleaving was carried out at 173 degrees, 133 degrees, and 108 degrees K under a vacuum of 2 X 10(-7) torr (2.6 X 10(- 7)mbar) or under liquid nitrogen at atmosphereic pressure. Independent of the preparation conditions (fracturing temperature, and whether cleaved under vacuum or liquid nitrogen), resting and starved yeast show a significant difference in the morphology of the subunits forming the regular arrays. The regularly arranged particles of the P face of the plasmalemma of starved yeast have a clear craterlike structure which has previously been reported to be demonstrated only by freeze-etching at very low temperatures in ultrahigh vacuum. A complementary structure is seen on the plasmalemma E face. Prolonged exposures of fracture faces under the protection of liquid nitrogen-cooled shrouds have shown that, because of the consequent drastic reduction of condensable gases in the specimen area, no detectable condensation contamination of exposed fracture faces occurs within 15 min at a specimen temperature of 108 degrees K. This shows that a complicated ultrahigh vacuum technology is not required for high resolution freeze- etching."}
{"id": "PMID:359577", "title": "The induction of the acrosome reaction in guinea-pig sperm by the divalent metal cation ionophore A23187.", "content": "The divalent metal cation ionophore A23187 induces an acrosome reaction in guinea-pig sperm which is dependent on external calcium. Examination of this acrosome reaction by electron microscopy shows that it is morphologically normal. The known properties of A23187 and the morphological similarity between the acrosome reaction and the secretory discharges of other secretory cells suggests that the immediate cause of the acrosome reaction is an increase in the cytoplasmic free calcium concentration.", "contents": "The induction of the acrosome reaction in guinea-pig sperm by the divalent metal cation ionophore A23187. The divalent metal cation ionophore A23187 induces an acrosome reaction in guinea-pig sperm which is dependent on external calcium. Examination of this acrosome reaction by electron microscopy shows that it is morphologically normal. The known properties of A23187 and the morphological similarity between the acrosome reaction and the secretory discharges of other secretory cells suggests that the immediate cause of the acrosome reaction is an increase in the cytoplasmic free calcium concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:359578", "title": "The activation of proteolysis in the acrosome reaction of guinea-pig sperm.", "content": "The divalent metal cation ionophore A23187 rapidly induces a normal acrosome reaction in a population of guinea-pig sperm suspended in calcium medium. In the course of the acrosome reaction, proacrosin, the zymogen precursor of the protease acrosin, is activated. Although the acrosome reaction causes exocytosis of the acrosomal contents, 'soluble' acrosin is not released in significant amounts until well after the sperm population as a whole has undergone an acrosome reaction. This suggests that proacrosin is stored within the acrosome in an insoluble form and that exocytosis of the acrosomal contents in the acrosome reaction is insufficient, by itself, to cause its immediate dissolution. Electron micrographs of sperm undergoing an A23187-induced acrosome reaction in the presence of the acrosin inhibitors benzamidine, p-amino-benzamidine and phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride show that the acrosome reaction proceeds normally but that dispersal of the acrosomal contents is inhibited. These morphological changes are, for the most part, below the limit of resolution of the light microscope and using light microscopy to assess whether an acrosome reaction has taken place, it can be mistakenly inferred that the reaction itself is inhibited by the acrosin inhibitors. The inhibition of the dispersal of the acrosomal contents by acrosin inhibitors suggests that acrosin activity is important in solubilizing acrosin. These experimental observations, taken with the evidence that the acrosome reaction is a response to an increase in intracellular free calcium, have been taken as the basis of a proposal for the mechanism of proacrosin activation in the acrosome reaction.", "contents": "The activation of proteolysis in the acrosome reaction of guinea-pig sperm. The divalent metal cation ionophore A23187 rapidly induces a normal acrosome reaction in a population of guinea-pig sperm suspended in calcium medium. In the course of the acrosome reaction, proacrosin, the zymogen precursor of the protease acrosin, is activated. Although the acrosome reaction causes exocytosis of the acrosomal contents, 'soluble' acrosin is not released in significant amounts until well after the sperm population as a whole has undergone an acrosome reaction. This suggests that proacrosin is stored within the acrosome in an insoluble form and that exocytosis of the acrosomal contents in the acrosome reaction is insufficient, by itself, to cause its immediate dissolution. Electron micrographs of sperm undergoing an A23187-induced acrosome reaction in the presence of the acrosin inhibitors benzamidine, p-amino-benzamidine and phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride show that the acrosome reaction proceeds normally but that dispersal of the acrosomal contents is inhibited. These morphological changes are, for the most part, below the limit of resolution of the light microscope and using light microscopy to assess whether an acrosome reaction has taken place, it can be mistakenly inferred that the reaction itself is inhibited by the acrosin inhibitors. The inhibition of the dispersal of the acrosomal contents by acrosin inhibitors suggests that acrosin activity is important in solubilizing acrosin. These experimental observations, taken with the evidence that the acrosome reaction is a response to an increase in intracellular free calcium, have been taken as the basis of a proposal for the mechanism of proacrosin activation in the acrosome reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:359579", "title": "The histochemical localization of acrosin in guinea-pig sperm after the acrosome reaction.", "content": "The protease acrosin is widely considered to be an essential component of a zona lysin which enables sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida of the egg. Sperm form a characteristic penetration slit little wider than the sperm head itself and this has long suggested that any zona lysin is attached to the sperm surface after an acrosome reaction. This paper provides the first ultrastructural evidence that this is the case. The protein acrosin inhibitor, Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor, has been covalently attached to the electron-dense marker, ferritin, and the conjugate incubated with guinea-pig sperm which have undergone an A23187-induced acrosome reaction. Electron microscopy shows that ferritin is distributed unevenly over the outer surface of the newly exposed inner acrosomal membrane but does not extend to the equatorial segment. This is further evidence that acrosin can be considered as a candidate for the role of zona lysin. The mechanism of sperm penetration of the zona is discussed in the light of these observations.", "contents": "The histochemical localization of acrosin in guinea-pig sperm after the acrosome reaction. The protease acrosin is widely considered to be an essential component of a zona lysin which enables sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida of the egg. Sperm form a characteristic penetration slit little wider than the sperm head itself and this has long suggested that any zona lysin is attached to the sperm surface after an acrosome reaction. This paper provides the first ultrastructural evidence that this is the case. The protein acrosin inhibitor, Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor, has been covalently attached to the electron-dense marker, ferritin, and the conjugate incubated with guinea-pig sperm which have undergone an A23187-induced acrosome reaction. Electron microscopy shows that ferritin is distributed unevenly over the outer surface of the newly exposed inner acrosomal membrane but does not extend to the equatorial segment. This is further evidence that acrosin can be considered as a candidate for the role of zona lysin. The mechanism of sperm penetration of the zona is discussed in the light of these observations."}
{"id": "PMID:359580", "title": "Respiratory tract epithelium in primary culture: concurrent growth and differentiation during establishment.", "content": "Studies of cellular function in the respiratory tract lining have traditionally been limited by the small tissue mass and functional diversity of the epithelium. Recent improvements in culture conditions have permitted long-term maintenance of epithelial cells derived from the upper respiratory tract of rats. The present study determined the extent to which proliferation and differentiation took place in such epithelial cell cultures. The labelling index obtained after 3H-dThd administration was approximately 100-fold higher than that of the quiescent epithelium in vivo; therefore, a large proportion of the cells were probably in the cycling population. Ultrastructural studies showed that features unique to the specialized mucous secretory cells and ciliated cells were lost rapidly with entry of these cells into the in vitro environment. With long-term maintenance, the cultures were reorganized into a stratified epithelium containing large, squamous, apical cells and small basal cells. The ultrastructural appearance of basal cells in vitro was nearly identical to that of basal cells in vivo. Squamous cells were frequently joined by tight junctions. Because hemicysts originated by detachment of squamous cells from the basal layers but not from adjacent squamous cells, they were considered to indicate stratification in the cultures. The proliferative and differentiative status of the mucociliary epithelium was altered by in vitro conditions, and came to resemble that of early squamous metaplasia in the respiratory tract epithelium.", "contents": "Respiratory tract epithelium in primary culture: concurrent growth and differentiation during establishment. Studies of cellular function in the respiratory tract lining have traditionally been limited by the small tissue mass and functional diversity of the epithelium. Recent improvements in culture conditions have permitted long-term maintenance of epithelial cells derived from the upper respiratory tract of rats. The present study determined the extent to which proliferation and differentiation took place in such epithelial cell cultures. The labelling index obtained after 3H-dThd administration was approximately 100-fold higher than that of the quiescent epithelium in vivo; therefore, a large proportion of the cells were probably in the cycling population. Ultrastructural studies showed that features unique to the specialized mucous secretory cells and ciliated cells were lost rapidly with entry of these cells into the in vitro environment. With long-term maintenance, the cultures were reorganized into a stratified epithelium containing large, squamous, apical cells and small basal cells. The ultrastructural appearance of basal cells in vitro was nearly identical to that of basal cells in vivo. Squamous cells were frequently joined by tight junctions. Because hemicysts originated by detachment of squamous cells from the basal layers but not from adjacent squamous cells, they were considered to indicate stratification in the cultures. The proliferative and differentiative status of the mucociliary epithelium was altered by in vitro conditions, and came to resemble that of early squamous metaplasia in the respiratory tract epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:359581", "title": "The distribution of actin cables and microtubules in hybrids between malignant and non-malignant cells, and in tumours derived from them.", "content": "Cell fusion provides a genetic test for linkage between cellular phenotypic markers and malignancy. We have examined hybrid cells in which malignancy is suppressed and malignant segregants derived from them, to test whether the reappearance of malignancy is regularly associated with loss or abnormality of actin cables or microtubules. Immunofluorescence studies did not reveal any difference between the malignant and non-malignant hybrids in the number and distribution of microtubules that they contained. All the hybrids, whether tumorigenic or not, contained elaborate patterns of cytoplasmic microtubules. Furthermore, no consistent relationship was observed between the absence of actin cables and malignancy.", "contents": "The distribution of actin cables and microtubules in hybrids between malignant and non-malignant cells, and in tumours derived from them. Cell fusion provides a genetic test for linkage between cellular phenotypic markers and malignancy. We have examined hybrid cells in which malignancy is suppressed and malignant segregants derived from them, to test whether the reappearance of malignancy is regularly associated with loss or abnormality of actin cables or microtubules. Immunofluorescence studies did not reveal any difference between the malignant and non-malignant hybrids in the number and distribution of microtubules that they contained. All the hybrids, whether tumorigenic or not, contained elaborate patterns of cytoplasmic microtubules. Furthermore, no consistent relationship was observed between the absence of actin cables and malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:359583", "title": "Determination of valproic acid (dipropylacetic acid) in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A specific and sensitive procedure for the determination of valproic acid at therapeutic concentrations in human plasma has been developed. The method involves a microscale extraction of the drug from acidified plasma into chloroform. Caproic acid is added as internal standard. The extract is subsequently analysed on a gas chromatography fitted with a flame ionisation detector, and quantitation achieved by the relative-peak-height technique.", "contents": "Determination of valproic acid (dipropylacetic acid) in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography. A specific and sensitive procedure for the determination of valproic acid at therapeutic concentrations in human plasma has been developed. The method involves a microscale extraction of the drug from acidified plasma into chloroform. Caproic acid is added as internal standard. The extract is subsequently analysed on a gas chromatography fitted with a flame ionisation detector, and quantitation achieved by the relative-peak-height technique."}
{"id": "PMID:359585", "title": "Single-antigen immunofluorescence test for chlamydial antibodies.", "content": "A simple method is presented for producing large numbers of inclusions of Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L2 in cell cultures on slides for immunofluorescence antibody staining. Preliminary results with a total of 1,241 human sera from different groups were consistent with findings by earlier methods: 82% of chlamydia-positive men with nongonococcal urethritis had antibodies at titers of greater than or equal to 8, with a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 44.9; 68.5% of chlamydia-negative men with nongonococcal urethritis had titers of greater than or equal to 8, with a GMT of 38.6; 27% of male blood donors had titers of greater than or equal to 8, with a GMT of 19.6; 95.0% of chlamydia-positive women had titers of greater than or equal to 8, with a GMT of 80.3; 67.0% of chlamydia-negative partners of men with nongonococcal urethritis had titers of greater than or equal to 8, with a GMT of 47.0; 50.2% of control women had titers of greater than or equal to 8, with a GMT of 27.7% and 8.1% of children (aged 1 to 15 years) had titers of greater than or equal to 8, with a GMT of 17.8.", "contents": "Single-antigen immunofluorescence test for chlamydial antibodies. A simple method is presented for producing large numbers of inclusions of Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L2 in cell cultures on slides for immunofluorescence antibody staining. Preliminary results with a total of 1,241 human sera from different groups were consistent with findings by earlier methods: 82% of chlamydia-positive men with nongonococcal urethritis had antibodies at titers of greater than or equal to 8, with a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 44.9; 68.5% of chlamydia-negative men with nongonococcal urethritis had titers of greater than or equal to 8, with a GMT of 38.6; 27% of male blood donors had titers of greater than or equal to 8, with a GMT of 19.6; 95.0% of chlamydia-positive women had titers of greater than or equal to 8, with a GMT of 80.3; 67.0% of chlamydia-negative partners of men with nongonococcal urethritis had titers of greater than or equal to 8, with a GMT of 47.0; 50.2% of control women had titers of greater than or equal to 8, with a GMT of 27.7% and 8.1% of children (aged 1 to 15 years) had titers of greater than or equal to 8, with a GMT of 17.8."}
{"id": "PMID:359586", "title": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis of Reiter Treponeme Axial filaments as a diagnostic test for syphilis.", "content": "Purified axial filaments from the cultivable Reiter treponeme, previously shown to share an antigenic component with pathogenic Treponemia pallidum, were evaluated as antigen in a diagnostic test for syphilis. Antibody to the filaments was revealed by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Conditions that produced optimal results in the test were established. A total of 343 sera from normal individuals, biological false-positive reactors, and from patients in the different stages of syphilis were subjected to the test. The results indicate the test to be sensitive and highly specific for detecting treponemal antibodies in human syphilis.", "contents": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis of Reiter Treponeme Axial filaments as a diagnostic test for syphilis. Purified axial filaments from the cultivable Reiter treponeme, previously shown to share an antigenic component with pathogenic Treponemia pallidum, were evaluated as antigen in a diagnostic test for syphilis. Antibody to the filaments was revealed by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Conditions that produced optimal results in the test were established. A total of 343 sera from normal individuals, biological false-positive reactors, and from patients in the different stages of syphilis were subjected to the test. The results indicate the test to be sensitive and highly specific for detecting treponemal antibodies in human syphilis."}
{"id": "PMID:359587", "title": "Rapid presumptive identification of Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "Carbohydrate-containing extracts were prepared from mature yeast colonies grown on Sabouraud dextrose agar by mixing a 0.001-ml loopful of yeast cells for 30 s in phenolized saline and removing the cells by centrifugation. Extracts were prepared from 54 Cryptococcus neoformans isolates, 29 isolates of other Cryptococcus species, 16 isolates of Candida species, 2 Rhodotorula, 2 Torulopsis, and 1 Saccharomyces species. Initially the carbohydrate content of each extract was estimated (Molisch method) and adjusted to 1, 5, and 10 microgram/ml. Twofold dilutions of each extract were tested for reactivity with the cryptococcal latex agglutination reagent of Bloomfield et al. (N. Bloomfield, M.A. Gordon, and D.F. Elmendorf, Jr., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 114:64-67, 1963). All 54 C. neoformans extracts gave strong agglutinations (3+ to 4+) in dilutions of 1:4 or greater. None of the other yeasts produced any agglutination, except for 1 of 15 C. laurentii isolates, which showed a 1+ reaction that disappeared at a dilution of 1:4 and above. Subsequent testing established that a single extract made from 0.001 ml of yeast cells in 6 ml of phenolized saline contained less than 5 microgram of carbohydrate per ml, was suitable for a single rapid screening dilution, and eliminated any cross-reaction from the C. laurentii isolates. In our hands this method has provided a reliable differentiation of C. neoformans from other unknown yeast colonies in less than 20 min exclusive of a Molisch determination.", "contents": "Rapid presumptive identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. Carbohydrate-containing extracts were prepared from mature yeast colonies grown on Sabouraud dextrose agar by mixing a 0.001-ml loopful of yeast cells for 30 s in phenolized saline and removing the cells by centrifugation. Extracts were prepared from 54 Cryptococcus neoformans isolates, 29 isolates of other Cryptococcus species, 16 isolates of Candida species, 2 Rhodotorula, 2 Torulopsis, and 1 Saccharomyces species. Initially the carbohydrate content of each extract was estimated (Molisch method) and adjusted to 1, 5, and 10 microgram/ml. Twofold dilutions of each extract were tested for reactivity with the cryptococcal latex agglutination reagent of Bloomfield et al. (N. Bloomfield, M.A. Gordon, and D.F. Elmendorf, Jr., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 114:64-67, 1963). All 54 C. neoformans extracts gave strong agglutinations (3+ to 4+) in dilutions of 1:4 or greater. None of the other yeasts produced any agglutination, except for 1 of 15 C. laurentii isolates, which showed a 1+ reaction that disappeared at a dilution of 1:4 and above. Subsequent testing established that a single extract made from 0.001 ml of yeast cells in 6 ml of phenolized saline contained less than 5 microgram of carbohydrate per ml, was suitable for a single rapid screening dilution, and eliminated any cross-reaction from the C. laurentii isolates. In our hands this method has provided a reliable differentiation of C. neoformans from other unknown yeast colonies in less than 20 min exclusive of a Molisch determination."}
{"id": "PMID:359588", "title": "Time- and media-saving testing and identification of microorganisms by multipoint inoculation on undivided agar plates.", "content": "Motility and various biochemical activities of isolates of bacteria and yeasts were tested on undivided agar plates by using a simple, manually operated multipoint inoculation apparatus that allowed the analysis of 25 isolates per 9-cm-diameter petri plate. Fermentation of all 17 carbohydrates tested as well as 13 other biochemical activities commonly used for identification of bacteria were readily demonstrated by the multipoint inoculation plate method, and the results agreed very well with those of conventional tube tests. In addition to speedy inoculation and low cost of materials, the multipoint inoculation plate method offers several other advantages when compared with conventional tube tests or with some of the manufactured test kits currently available for recognizing members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Time- and media-saving testing and identification of microorganisms by multipoint inoculation on undivided agar plates. Motility and various biochemical activities of isolates of bacteria and yeasts were tested on undivided agar plates by using a simple, manually operated multipoint inoculation apparatus that allowed the analysis of 25 isolates per 9-cm-diameter petri plate. Fermentation of all 17 carbohydrates tested as well as 13 other biochemical activities commonly used for identification of bacteria were readily demonstrated by the multipoint inoculation plate method, and the results agreed very well with those of conventional tube tests. In addition to speedy inoculation and low cost of materials, the multipoint inoculation plate method offers several other advantages when compared with conventional tube tests or with some of the manufactured test kits currently available for recognizing members of the family Enterobacteriaceae."}
{"id": "PMID:359589", "title": "Immune reactions in human filariasis.", "content": "Sera from cases of elephantiasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti infection promoted an intense adhesion of peripheral blood leukocytes to W. bancrofti microfilariae in vitro. A similar adhesion was also seen using sera from some normal persons living for several years in areas where filariasis is endemic. No such adhesion was evident with sera from microfilaria carriers or from normal subjects from nonendemic areas. The adhesion was complement independent and was associated with the immunoglobulin G fraction of serum. 51Cr release studies suggested the occurrence of cell-mediated cytotoxicity to W. bancrofti microfilariae in the presence of elephantiasis serum. Microfilariae of Litomosoides carinii could be isolated free of blood cells, from the blood of infected rats. In the presence of serum, or its immunoglobulin G fraction, from patients with elephantiasis, L. carinii microfilariae adhered to human peripheral blood leukocytes or rat spleen cells.", "contents": "Immune reactions in human filariasis. Sera from cases of elephantiasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti infection promoted an intense adhesion of peripheral blood leukocytes to W. bancrofti microfilariae in vitro. A similar adhesion was also seen using sera from some normal persons living for several years in areas where filariasis is endemic. No such adhesion was evident with sera from microfilaria carriers or from normal subjects from nonendemic areas. The adhesion was complement independent and was associated with the immunoglobulin G fraction of serum. 51Cr release studies suggested the occurrence of cell-mediated cytotoxicity to W. bancrofti microfilariae in the presence of elephantiasis serum. Microfilariae of Litomosoides carinii could be isolated free of blood cells, from the blood of infected rats. In the presence of serum, or its immunoglobulin G fraction, from patients with elephantiasis, L. carinii microfilariae adhered to human peripheral blood leukocytes or rat spleen cells."}
{"id": "PMID:359590", "title": "Radial passive immune hemolysis assay for detection of heat-labile enterotoxin produced by individual colonies of Escherichia coli or Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "A rapid screening test has been developed to detect heat-labile enterotoxin produced by individual colonies of Escherichia coli or Vibrio cholerae growing on media solidified with agar. The applicability of this method for isolating tox mutants of E. coli and V. cholerae has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Radial passive immune hemolysis assay for detection of heat-labile enterotoxin produced by individual colonies of Escherichia coli or Vibrio cholerae. A rapid screening test has been developed to detect heat-labile enterotoxin produced by individual colonies of Escherichia coli or Vibrio cholerae growing on media solidified with agar. The applicability of this method for isolating tox mutants of E. coli and V. cholerae has been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:359591", "title": "Simple device for indicating atmospheric status of anaerobic chamber entry locks.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive device is described that indicates which door of an anerobic chamber entry lock was last opened.", "contents": "Simple device for indicating atmospheric status of anaerobic chamber entry locks. A simple, inexpensive device is described that indicates which door of an anerobic chamber entry lock was last opened."}
{"id": "PMID:359592", "title": "New hemolytic method for determination of antistreptolysin O in whole blood.", "content": "A new method is proposed for the determination of antistreptolysin O, based on the properties of streptolysin O. The reduced form of the toxin is hemolytic, whereas the oxidized form is not; this activity can be restored, however, by a reducing agent. Both forms maintain the capacity to bind specific antibodies. Unlike the classical method, the assay is performed on whole blood, using the patient's own erythrocytes as revealing agents. A procedure is proposed which limits the operation to a single dilution of a microvolume of blood (0.05 ml brought to 2 ml) and to the distribution of constant quantities in test tubes prefilled with different amounts of oxidized streptolysin O. After a few minutes, a reducing agent is added, and the reading is performed as in the classical technique after sedimentation of the erythrocytes. Correlation with the traditional method (r = 0.987) is evaluated on the basis of the results of samples from hospitalized patients.", "contents": "New hemolytic method for determination of antistreptolysin O in whole blood. A new method is proposed for the determination of antistreptolysin O, based on the properties of streptolysin O. The reduced form of the toxin is hemolytic, whereas the oxidized form is not; this activity can be restored, however, by a reducing agent. Both forms maintain the capacity to bind specific antibodies. Unlike the classical method, the assay is performed on whole blood, using the patient's own erythrocytes as revealing agents. A procedure is proposed which limits the operation to a single dilution of a microvolume of blood (0.05 ml brought to 2 ml) and to the distribution of constant quantities in test tubes prefilled with different amounts of oxidized streptolysin O. After a few minutes, a reducing agent is added, and the reading is performed as in the classical technique after sedimentation of the erythrocytes. Correlation with the traditional method (r = 0.987) is evaluated on the basis of the results of samples from hospitalized patients."}
{"id": "PMID:359593", "title": "Rapid grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci by latex agglutination.", "content": "Latex agglutination was compared with fluorescent-antibody staining with group A conjugate and Lancefield precipitation for grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci. Latex agglutination correctly grouped 98.8% of 82 group A streptococci and more than 95% of 187 group B, C, or G streptococci. Occasional cross-reactions occurred between groups A and C and groups B and G.", "contents": "Rapid grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci by latex agglutination. Latex agglutination was compared with fluorescent-antibody staining with group A conjugate and Lancefield precipitation for grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci. Latex agglutination correctly grouped 98.8% of 82 group A streptococci and more than 95% of 187 group B, C, or G streptococci. Occasional cross-reactions occurred between groups A and C and groups B and G."}
{"id": "PMID:359594", "title": "Detection of Legionnaires disease bacteria by direct immunofluorescent staining.", "content": "Antisera and fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugates prepared for five strains of the Legionnaires bacteria were tested in both homologous and heterologous staining reactions with 10 isolates of the organism from patients in seven geographic areas. The strains were related but not identical as judged by the results of direct immunofluorescence staining. The conjugates were successfully used to detect Legionnaires disease bacteria in Formalin-fixed lung scrapings, in histological sections, and in fresh lung tissue obtained at biopsy or autopsy. In addition, the labeled antibodies are valuable for staining suspected cultures of the bacterium and for searching for the source of these organisms in soil, water, and other environmental niches.  The reagents are highly specific for detecting the Legionnaires organism in clinical specimens.", "contents": "Detection of Legionnaires disease bacteria by direct immunofluorescent staining. Antisera and fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugates prepared for five strains of the Legionnaires bacteria were tested in both homologous and heterologous staining reactions with 10 isolates of the organism from patients in seven geographic areas. The strains were related but not identical as judged by the results of direct immunofluorescence staining. The conjugates were successfully used to detect Legionnaires disease bacteria in Formalin-fixed lung scrapings, in histological sections, and in fresh lung tissue obtained at biopsy or autopsy. In addition, the labeled antibodies are valuable for staining suspected cultures of the bacterium and for searching for the source of these organisms in soil, water, and other environmental niches.  The reagents are highly specific for detecting the Legionnaires organism in clinical specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:359595", "title": "Mass spectral measurement of residual oxygen in the atmosphere of an anaerobic culture chamber.", "content": "A simple and reproducible procedure has been devised for sampling gases and for analysis of the residual oxygen in the atmosphere of the anaerobic culture chamber by mass spectrometer.", "contents": "Mass spectral measurement of residual oxygen in the atmosphere of an anaerobic culture chamber. A simple and reproducible procedure has been devised for sampling gases and for analysis of the residual oxygen in the atmosphere of the anaerobic culture chamber by mass spectrometer."}
{"id": "PMID:359596", "title": "Urease production from clinical isolates of beta-hemolytic Escherichia coli.", "content": "Twenty-four lactose-fermenting, urease-producing strains of beta-hemolytic Escherichia coli were isolated from a variety of clinical material. All isolates were indole positive, citrate negative, and produced the characteristic green metallic sheen on eosin-methylene blue agar.", "contents": "Urease production from clinical isolates of beta-hemolytic Escherichia coli. Twenty-four lactose-fermenting, urease-producing strains of beta-hemolytic Escherichia coli were isolated from a variety of clinical material. All isolates were indole positive, citrate negative, and produced the characteristic green metallic sheen on eosin-methylene blue agar."}
{"id": "PMID:359597", "title": "Characterization of proinsulin-insulin intermediates in human plasma.", "content": "This work addressed the problem of heterogeneity of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in human plasma. Subjects with normal glucose tolerance were given 75g of an oral glucose solution, followed in 30 min by an intravenous infusion of 30g of arginine over 30 min. At the end of the infusion blood was withdrawn for analysis. IRI was extracted from plasma of individual subject by immunosorbent columns and was fractionated by gel filtration, disc gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Human IRI components were identified by molecular size, immunoreactivity with a human proinsulin antibody, sensitivity to trypsin, and by comparison of electrophoretic mobility and isoelectric point with porcine pancreatic products, after suitable correction for electric charge and molecular weight differences. The pattern of IRI heterogeneity was the same among six healthy subjects. Heterogeneity of proinsulin-size IRI in circulation was more marked than that of insulin-size material. Proinsulin and desdipeptide proinsulin were present in approximately equal amounts accompanied by minor amounts of split proinsulin and monodesamido-desdipeptide proinsulin. Insulin-size IRI contained over 80% insulin. Minor amounts of monodesamidoinsulin and diarginylinsulin were observed in some cases. The types of IRI components observed in plasma are evidence in support of a physiologic role of trypsin-and carboxypeptidase B-like enzymes in the conversion of proinsulin to insulin. Moreover, this study provides a base line for investigation of abnormalities in proinsulin-to-insulin conversion that may be associated with certain pathologic states.", "contents": "Characterization of proinsulin-insulin intermediates in human plasma. This work addressed the problem of heterogeneity of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in human plasma. Subjects with normal glucose tolerance were given 75g of an oral glucose solution, followed in 30 min by an intravenous infusion of 30g of arginine over 30 min. At the end of the infusion blood was withdrawn for analysis. IRI was extracted from plasma of individual subject by immunosorbent columns and was fractionated by gel filtration, disc gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Human IRI components were identified by molecular size, immunoreactivity with a human proinsulin antibody, sensitivity to trypsin, and by comparison of electrophoretic mobility and isoelectric point with porcine pancreatic products, after suitable correction for electric charge and molecular weight differences. The pattern of IRI heterogeneity was the same among six healthy subjects. Heterogeneity of proinsulin-size IRI in circulation was more marked than that of insulin-size material. Proinsulin and desdipeptide proinsulin were present in approximately equal amounts accompanied by minor amounts of split proinsulin and monodesamido-desdipeptide proinsulin. Insulin-size IRI contained over 80% insulin. Minor amounts of monodesamidoinsulin and diarginylinsulin were observed in some cases. The types of IRI components observed in plasma are evidence in support of a physiologic role of trypsin-and carboxypeptidase B-like enzymes in the conversion of proinsulin to insulin. Moreover, this study provides a base line for investigation of abnormalities in proinsulin-to-insulin conversion that may be associated with certain pathologic states."}
{"id": "PMID:359598", "title": "Thrombogenic effect of high-dose aspirin in rabbits. Relationship to inhibition of vessel wall synthesis of prostaglandin I2-like activity.", "content": "Aspirin is a promising antithrombogenic agent. It inhibits the generation of thromboxane A(2) by acetylating platelet cyclo-oxygenase. Aspirin also inhibits vessel wall production of PGI(2) which is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, and therefore is potentially thrombotic. To investigate these two opposing effects we studied the effects of aspirin upon fibrin accretion onto experimentally induced venous thrombi in rabbits and on the PGI(2)-like activity of vessel wall using the thrombin-induced [(14)C]serotonin release assay. A 200-mg/kg dose of aspirin significantly augmented thrombus size when compared to (a) sodium salicylate administered in equal doses, (b) aspirin in a 10-mg/kg dose or (c) controls (P < 0.001). A 200-mg/kg dose of aspirin totally inhibited vessel wall PGI(2)-like activity whereas aspirin in a 10-mg/kg dose produced less inhibition, and 200 mg/kg sodium salicylate had no effect. Local instillation of tranylcypromine, an inhibitor of PGI(2) formation, also significantly augmented thrombus size compared to saline-treated controls and totally inhibited the production of PGI(2)-like activity. The thrombogenic effect of high dose aspirin was lost if an interval of 2.5 h or longer elapsed between vessel damage and drug administration, indicating that in contrast to the platelet, the effect of aspirin on vessel wall prostaglandin synthesis is relatively short-lived. It is concluded that aspirin, in doses higher than those used clinically, can augment experimental thrombosis, presumably by inhibiting the synthesis of vessel wall PGI(2).", "contents": "Thrombogenic effect of high-dose aspirin in rabbits. Relationship to inhibition of vessel wall synthesis of prostaglandin I2-like activity. Aspirin is a promising antithrombogenic agent. It inhibits the generation of thromboxane A(2) by acetylating platelet cyclo-oxygenase. Aspirin also inhibits vessel wall production of PGI(2) which is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, and therefore is potentially thrombotic. To investigate these two opposing effects we studied the effects of aspirin upon fibrin accretion onto experimentally induced venous thrombi in rabbits and on the PGI(2)-like activity of vessel wall using the thrombin-induced [(14)C]serotonin release assay. A 200-mg/kg dose of aspirin significantly augmented thrombus size when compared to (a) sodium salicylate administered in equal doses, (b) aspirin in a 10-mg/kg dose or (c) controls (P < 0.001). A 200-mg/kg dose of aspirin totally inhibited vessel wall PGI(2)-like activity whereas aspirin in a 10-mg/kg dose produced less inhibition, and 200 mg/kg sodium salicylate had no effect. Local instillation of tranylcypromine, an inhibitor of PGI(2) formation, also significantly augmented thrombus size compared to saline-treated controls and totally inhibited the production of PGI(2)-like activity. The thrombogenic effect of high dose aspirin was lost if an interval of 2.5 h or longer elapsed between vessel damage and drug administration, indicating that in contrast to the platelet, the effect of aspirin on vessel wall prostaglandin synthesis is relatively short-lived. It is concluded that aspirin, in doses higher than those used clinically, can augment experimental thrombosis, presumably by inhibiting the synthesis of vessel wall PGI(2)."}
{"id": "PMID:359599", "title": "Application of a dehydrated test strip, HEMASTIX, for the assessment of gingivitis.", "content": "In order to develop a rapid and simple method based on chemical alterations in gingival pockets during inflammation, the HEMASTIX strips were used to record the degree of gingivitis. This dehydrated test strip records the presence of both hemoglobin derived from erythrocytes and myeloperoxidase from PMN-leukocytes. The intensity of the blue color that appeared and the amount of adsorbed fluid were recorded. The correlation of the Strip Index with Gingival Index was highly significant (P is less than 0.001) and with Gingival Bleeding Index significant (P is less than 0.01). When determined both from the left side of the upper jaw and from the Ramfjord teeth, the correlation between these two areas was highly significant (P is less than 0.001) in the case of Strip Index but only slightly significant (P is less than 0.05) with Gingival Index. According to the present results the Strip Index can be used for the assessment of biochemical changes in gingival pockets resulting from the development of gingivitis.", "contents": "Application of a dehydrated test strip, HEMASTIX, for the assessment of gingivitis. In order to develop a rapid and simple method based on chemical alterations in gingival pockets during inflammation, the HEMASTIX strips were used to record the degree of gingivitis. This dehydrated test strip records the presence of both hemoglobin derived from erythrocytes and myeloperoxidase from PMN-leukocytes. The intensity of the blue color that appeared and the amount of adsorbed fluid were recorded. The correlation of the Strip Index with Gingival Index was highly significant (P is less than 0.001) and with Gingival Bleeding Index significant (P is less than 0.01). When determined both from the left side of the upper jaw and from the Ramfjord teeth, the correlation between these two areas was highly significant (P is less than 0.001) in the case of Strip Index but only slightly significant (P is less than 0.05) with Gingival Index. According to the present results the Strip Index can be used for the assessment of biochemical changes in gingival pockets resulting from the development of gingivitis."}
{"id": "PMID:359601", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of enkephalin in rat brain and spinal cord.", "content": "The distribution of immunoreactive enkephalin in rat brain and spinal cord was studied by immunoperoxidase staining using antiserum to leucine-enkephalin ([Leu5]-enkephalin) or methionine-enkephalin ([Met5]-enkephalin). Immunoreactive staining for both enkephalins was similarly observed in nerve fibers, terminals and cell bodies in many regions of the central nervous system. Staining of perikarya was detected in hypophysectomized rats or colchicine pretreated rats. The regions of localization for enkephalin fibers and terminals include in the forebrain: lateral septum, central nucleus of the amygdala, area CA2 of the hippocampus, certain regions of the cortex, corpus striatum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, hypothalamus including median eminence, thalamus and subthalamus; in the midbrain: nucleus interpeduncularis, periaqueductal gray and reticular formation; in the hind brain: nucleus parabrachialis, locus ceruleus, nuclei raphes, nucleus cochlearis, nucleus tractus solitarii, nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini, motor nuclei of certain cranial nerves, nucleus commissuralis and formatio reticularis; and in the spinal cord the substantia gelatinosa. In contrast enkephalin cell bodies appear sparsely distributed in the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. The results of the histochemical staining show that certain structures which positively stain for enkephalin closely correspond to the distribution of opiate receptors in the brain and thus support the concept that the endogenous opiate peptides are involved in the perception of pain and analgesia. The localization of enkephalin in the preoptic-hypothalamic region together with the presence of enkephalin perikarya in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei suggest a role of enkephalin in the regulation of neuroendocrine functions.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of enkephalin in rat brain and spinal cord. The distribution of immunoreactive enkephalin in rat brain and spinal cord was studied by immunoperoxidase staining using antiserum to leucine-enkephalin ([Leu5]-enkephalin) or methionine-enkephalin ([Met5]-enkephalin). Immunoreactive staining for both enkephalins was similarly observed in nerve fibers, terminals and cell bodies in many regions of the central nervous system. Staining of perikarya was detected in hypophysectomized rats or colchicine pretreated rats. The regions of localization for enkephalin fibers and terminals include in the forebrain: lateral septum, central nucleus of the amygdala, area CA2 of the hippocampus, certain regions of the cortex, corpus striatum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, hypothalamus including median eminence, thalamus and subthalamus; in the midbrain: nucleus interpeduncularis, periaqueductal gray and reticular formation; in the hind brain: nucleus parabrachialis, locus ceruleus, nuclei raphes, nucleus cochlearis, nucleus tractus solitarii, nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini, motor nuclei of certain cranial nerves, nucleus commissuralis and formatio reticularis; and in the spinal cord the substantia gelatinosa. In contrast enkephalin cell bodies appear sparsely distributed in the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. The results of the histochemical staining show that certain structures which positively stain for enkephalin closely correspond to the distribution of opiate receptors in the brain and thus support the concept that the endogenous opiate peptides are involved in the perception of pain and analgesia. The localization of enkephalin in the preoptic-hypothalamic region together with the presence of enkephalin perikarya in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei suggest a role of enkephalin in the regulation of neuroendocrine functions."}
{"id": "PMID:359602", "title": "Case report: subependymal and leptomeningeal spread of systemic malignant lymphoma demonstrated by cranial computed tomography.", "content": "Secondary involvement of the central nervous system by systemic malignant lymphoma is uncommon, although increasingly recognized. Histologically perivascular, leptomeningeal, and subependymal infiltration by tumor cells is characteristic. Less frequently, single or multiple macroscopic masses resembling other metastatic deposits are found. A patient is presented in whom periventricular and leptomeningeal involvement by systemic histiocytic lymphoma produced prominent symmetric surface oriented enhancement on computed tomography following intravenous infusion of contrast medium. Differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Case report: subependymal and leptomeningeal spread of systemic malignant lymphoma demonstrated by cranial computed tomography. Secondary involvement of the central nervous system by systemic malignant lymphoma is uncommon, although increasingly recognized. Histologically perivascular, leptomeningeal, and subependymal infiltration by tumor cells is characteristic. Less frequently, single or multiple macroscopic masses resembling other metastatic deposits are found. A patient is presented in whom periventricular and leptomeningeal involvement by systemic histiocytic lymphoma produced prominent symmetric surface oriented enhancement on computed tomography following intravenous infusion of contrast medium. Differential diagnosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:359603", "title": "Mixed lichen planus-lupus erythematosus disease.", "content": "Two patients are reported with clinical symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with centrally ulcerated hypertrophic plaques and lip lesions. Histological findings from various sites were features of both lupus erythematosus and lichen planus. An increase in acid mucopolysaccharides and a thickened basement membrane which were present in some biopsies were interpreted as lupus erythematosus. The deposition of immunoglobulins and fibrinogen seemed to favor lupus erythematosus but these findings may also be seen in lichen planus. Four possible interpretations of the findings are discussed. The term \"mixed lichen planus--lupus erythematosus disease\" may be appropriate for these patients.", "contents": "Mixed lichen planus-lupus erythematosus disease. Two patients are reported with clinical symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with centrally ulcerated hypertrophic plaques and lip lesions. Histological findings from various sites were features of both lupus erythematosus and lichen planus. An increase in acid mucopolysaccharides and a thickened basement membrane which were present in some biopsies were interpreted as lupus erythematosus. The deposition of immunoglobulins and fibrinogen seemed to favor lupus erythematosus but these findings may also be seen in lichen planus. Four possible interpretations of the findings are discussed. The term \"mixed lichen planus--lupus erythematosus disease\" may be appropriate for these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:359604", "title": "The dairy goat as a model in lactation studies.", "content": "The dairy goat has been used widely in lactation research due in large part to availability, convenience in size and handling, economic considerations, and similarity to the cow as a ruminant species in general and metabolic processes. Considerable basic knowledge of lactation relating to all species has been derived from studies with goats. Although the gross composition of goat and cow milk is similar, significant differences reflect differing synthetic functions. Caution is necessary in using the goat as a model for the dairy cow where differences occur. Some are obvious such as the gross structure of the mammary gland and differing milk constituents. Others are more subtle, such as the susceptibility to metabolic diseases associated with lactation and differing rates of metabolism affecting transfer of dietary and administered materials into milk.", "contents": "The dairy goat as a model in lactation studies. The dairy goat has been used widely in lactation research due in large part to availability, convenience in size and handling, economic considerations, and similarity to the cow as a ruminant species in general and metabolic processes. Considerable basic knowledge of lactation relating to all species has been derived from studies with goats. Although the gross composition of goat and cow milk is similar, significant differences reflect differing synthetic functions. Caution is necessary in using the goat as a model for the dairy cow where differences occur. Some are obvious such as the gross structure of the mammary gland and differing milk constituents. Others are more subtle, such as the susceptibility to metabolic diseases associated with lactation and differing rates of metabolism affecting transfer of dietary and administered materials into milk."}
{"id": "PMID:359605", "title": "Hygiene in the prevention of udder infections. V. Efficacy of teat dips under experimental exposure to mastitis pathogens.", "content": "Efficacy (reduction of new intramammary infections) was determined against Staphylococcus aureus in 14 trials and against Streptococcus agalactiae in 5 trials. Against Staphylococcus aureus seven 1% iodophor products had an average efficacy of 89.9% while three .5% iodophor products averaged 76.4%. A solution of sodium dichloro-s-triazenetrione reduced infections 79.0% and 2% dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid was 50.4% effective. Efficacies of two quaternary ammonium products at .18 and .5% were 84.8 and 60.9%. A placebo vehicle and .15 M saline as teat dips reduced infections 8.9 and 9.2%. Infection rates with Streptococcus agalactiae were low; efficacy ranged from 50.5 to 100.0%, average 65.6%. The model of experimental exposure provided a better estimate of effectiveness of a teat dip than would be possible under conditions of most commercial dairying.", "contents": "Hygiene in the prevention of udder infections. V. Efficacy of teat dips under experimental exposure to mastitis pathogens. Efficacy (reduction of new intramammary infections) was determined against Staphylococcus aureus in 14 trials and against Streptococcus agalactiae in 5 trials. Against Staphylococcus aureus seven 1% iodophor products had an average efficacy of 89.9% while three .5% iodophor products averaged 76.4%. A solution of sodium dichloro-s-triazenetrione reduced infections 79.0% and 2% dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid was 50.4% effective. Efficacies of two quaternary ammonium products at .18 and .5% were 84.8 and 60.9%. A placebo vehicle and .15 M saline as teat dips reduced infections 8.9 and 9.2%. Infection rates with Streptococcus agalactiae were low; efficacy ranged from 50.5 to 100.0%, average 65.6%. The model of experimental exposure provided a better estimate of effectiveness of a teat dip than would be possible under conditions of most commercial dairying."}
{"id": "PMID:359606", "title": "Hygiene in the prevention of udder infections. VI. Comparative efficacy of a teat dip under experimental and natural exposure to mastitis pathogens.", "content": "Efficacies (reduction of new intramammary infections) of a bronopol teat dip under experimental exposure to Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus were 41.7 and 54.4%. Under natural exposure, efficacy was 35.0% (P greater than .05) against Streptococcus species and 50.0% against Staphylococcus aureus during the first 9 mo of a 12-mo trial when favorable milking equipment and labor conditions prevailed. Corresponding figures were 20.0 and 13.0% during the last 3 mo following onset of malfunctioning equipment and deterioration of labor services.", "contents": "Hygiene in the prevention of udder infections. VI. Comparative efficacy of a teat dip under experimental and natural exposure to mastitis pathogens. Efficacies (reduction of new intramammary infections) of a bronopol teat dip under experimental exposure to Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus were 41.7 and 54.4%. Under natural exposure, efficacy was 35.0% (P greater than .05) against Streptococcus species and 50.0% against Staphylococcus aureus during the first 9 mo of a 12-mo trial when favorable milking equipment and labor conditions prevailed. Corresponding figures were 20.0 and 13.0% during the last 3 mo following onset of malfunctioning equipment and deterioration of labor services."}
{"id": "PMID:359616", "title": "Split-thickness skin grafts: an experimental study of factors related to ease or difficulty of procuring satisfactory grafts of skin from man and some common laboratory animals.", "content": "Split-thickness grafts of skin of satisfactory quality were found to be more difficult to obtain from rabbits than from animals of other genera. An explanation for this was sought in the histology of the skins of the various experimental animals. Density of hair was judged to be the factor most critical for ease or difficulty in procuring satisfactory split-thickness grafts of skin, and a cluster of histologic characteristics of skin seemed to have meaning for taxonomic classification. Silver's dermatome was found to be the test instrument for taking grafts from all subjects.", "contents": "Split-thickness skin grafts: an experimental study of factors related to ease or difficulty of procuring satisfactory grafts of skin from man and some common laboratory animals. Split-thickness grafts of skin of satisfactory quality were found to be more difficult to obtain from rabbits than from animals of other genera. An explanation for this was sought in the histology of the skins of the various experimental animals. Density of hair was judged to be the factor most critical for ease or difficulty in procuring satisfactory split-thickness grafts of skin, and a cluster of histologic characteristics of skin seemed to have meaning for taxonomic classification. Silver's dermatome was found to be the test instrument for taking grafts from all subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:359618", "title": "Surgical management of ulcers on the lower limbs.", "content": "Ulcers on legs may result from venous hypertension or arterial insufficiency. Ulcers of either type require skin cover. Methods of achieving such cover are explored.", "contents": "Surgical management of ulcers on the lower limbs. Ulcers on legs may result from venous hypertension or arterial insufficiency. Ulcers of either type require skin cover. Methods of achieving such cover are explored."}
{"id": "PMID:359613", "title": "Effect of cooling techniques on temperature control and cutting rate for high-speed dental drills.", "content": "This paper describes a series of tests conducted to determine the effectiveness of various cooling techniques used while preparing teeth for restoration. Comparisons are presented for four cooling techniques: air stream, air-water spray, water stream from a separate hand-held syringe, and water applied through a hollow bur. The comparisons were made in two ways, temperature control and influence on cutting rate. It was demonstrated that wet cooling techniques provided better temperature control than cooling with air and also improved the rate of material removal.", "contents": "Effect of cooling techniques on temperature control and cutting rate for high-speed dental drills. This paper describes a series of tests conducted to determine the effectiveness of various cooling techniques used while preparing teeth for restoration. Comparisons are presented for four cooling techniques: air stream, air-water spray, water stream from a separate hand-held syringe, and water applied through a hollow bur. The comparisons were made in two ways, temperature control and influence on cutting rate. It was demonstrated that wet cooling techniques provided better temperature control than cooling with air and also improved the rate of material removal."}
{"id": "PMID:359614", "title": "An in vitro investigation of the penetrating efficacy of BIS-GMA resin pit and fissure coatings.", "content": "The frequency of complete penetration of two commercial BIS-GMA resin pit and fissure coating materials into wide and constricted fissures was assessed from photomicrographs. It was found that 334 of the 390 wide fissures examined were completely filled by the coating materials. However, in contrast, only 28 of the 650 constricted fissures examined were completely filled by these resins.", "contents": "An in vitro investigation of the penetrating efficacy of BIS-GMA resin pit and fissure coatings. The frequency of complete penetration of two commercial BIS-GMA resin pit and fissure coating materials into wide and constricted fissures was assessed from photomicrographs. It was found that 334 of the 390 wide fissures examined were completely filled by the coating materials. However, in contrast, only 28 of the 650 constricted fissures examined were completely filled by these resins."}
{"id": "PMID:359615", "title": "Acetylcholine and cholinesterase in submandibular glands of rats given armin and obidoxime.", "content": "The effects of obidoxime, a pyridinium oxime, on the cholinesterase activity and acetylcholine content of the submandibular glands of rats poisoned with armin, an organophosphorus anticholinesterase agent, were studied. The results indicate that obidoxime-induced reactivation of phosphorylated cholinesterase can suppress completely the increase in the concentration of acetylcholine that develops within the submandibular gland after administration of armin alone.", "contents": "Acetylcholine and cholinesterase in submandibular glands of rats given armin and obidoxime. The effects of obidoxime, a pyridinium oxime, on the cholinesterase activity and acetylcholine content of the submandibular glands of rats poisoned with armin, an organophosphorus anticholinesterase agent, were studied. The results indicate that obidoxime-induced reactivation of phosphorylated cholinesterase can suppress completely the increase in the concentration of acetylcholine that develops within the submandibular gland after administration of armin alone."}
{"id": "PMID:359623", "title": "High-speed drill noise and hearing: audiometric survey of 70 dentists.", "content": "Many dentists believe that noise generated from high-speed drills results in a significant loss of hearing. Audiological evaluations, consisting of hearing thresholds at eight frequencies (500 to 800 Hz) and impedance audiometry, were done of 70 dentists from eight specialties. No statistical decrease in hearing thresholds appeared in either the speech or high frequencies when the dentists were compared with a normal, age-adjusted population.", "contents": "High-speed drill noise and hearing: audiometric survey of 70 dentists. Many dentists believe that noise generated from high-speed drills results in a significant loss of hearing. Audiological evaluations, consisting of hearing thresholds at eight frequencies (500 to 800 Hz) and impedance audiometry, were done of 70 dentists from eight specialties. No statistical decrease in hearing thresholds appeared in either the speech or high frequencies when the dentists were compared with a normal, age-adjusted population."}
{"id": "PMID:359624", "title": "Status report on acid etching procedures. Council on Dental Materials and Devices.", "content": "The introduction of acid etching techniques into many dental disciplines has resulted in safe, simple, conservative, and sometimes more economic methods of treatment. Further, in some instances, it has extended greater opportunities for treating such groups as those physically and emotionally handicapped in whom preventive and restorative procedures are often difficult. It is a significant departure from conventional, established techniques and may supersede some and may share with other established techniques an adjunctive relationship. By many, acid etching techniques are viewed with cautious optimism. It is deceptively simple. Strict adherence to the basic principles of application is important to its success.", "contents": "Status report on acid etching procedures. Council on Dental Materials and Devices. The introduction of acid etching techniques into many dental disciplines has resulted in safe, simple, conservative, and sometimes more economic methods of treatment. Further, in some instances, it has extended greater opportunities for treating such groups as those physically and emotionally handicapped in whom preventive and restorative procedures are often difficult. It is a significant departure from conventional, established techniques and may supersede some and may share with other established techniques an adjunctive relationship. By many, acid etching techniques are viewed with cautious optimism. It is deceptively simple. Strict adherence to the basic principles of application is important to its success."}
{"id": "PMID:359625", "title": "Terbutaline's effects on the allergy skin test.", "content": "Beta adrenergic agents are known to inhibit mediator release from skin and lung mast cells in vitro and isoproterenol and epinephrine are known to impair the immediate allergic skin test reaction. We undertook to investigate the effects of aqueous and oral terbutaline on the allergy skin tests. We particularly wished to analyze the impact of terbutaline on the late allergic reaction, but we found that terbutaline mixed with ragweed antigen does not affect either the immediate or late skin test reaction. Furthermore, 5 mg of oral terbutaline does not inhibit the immediate allergic skin test.", "contents": "Terbutaline's effects on the allergy skin test. Beta adrenergic agents are known to inhibit mediator release from skin and lung mast cells in vitro and isoproterenol and epinephrine are known to impair the immediate allergic skin test reaction. We undertook to investigate the effects of aqueous and oral terbutaline on the allergy skin tests. We particularly wished to analyze the impact of terbutaline on the late allergic reaction, but we found that terbutaline mixed with ragweed antigen does not affect either the immediate or late skin test reaction. Furthermore, 5 mg of oral terbutaline does not inhibit the immediate allergic skin test."}
{"id": "PMID:359627", "title": "Use of fructose, sorbitol, or xylitol as a sweetener in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Non-nutritive sweeteners have been utilized in the diet of diabetic patients as agents to replace glucose and sucrose. Since saccharin might be removed from the market place, the nutritive sweeteners, fructose, xylitol, and sorbitol, are being considered as possible atlernatives. This review considers the effects of these nutritive sweeteners on the main dietary concerns in the diabetic diet, i.e., control of blood glucose levels, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. The potential side effects of these agents are also reviewed.", "contents": "Use of fructose, sorbitol, or xylitol as a sweetener in diabetes mellitus. Non-nutritive sweeteners have been utilized in the diet of diabetic patients as agents to replace glucose and sucrose. Since saccharin might be removed from the market place, the nutritive sweeteners, fructose, xylitol, and sorbitol, are being considered as possible atlernatives. This review considers the effects of these nutritive sweeteners on the main dietary concerns in the diabetic diet, i.e., control of blood glucose levels, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. The potential side effects of these agents are also reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:359628", "title": "Appraisal of codeine as an analgesic in older patients.", "content": "In an investigation of a new oral analgesic agent, codeine was chosen as the reference drug because of its established reputation as an effective agent for the relief of pain. Thirty-five patients with cancer pain were studied. Their average age was 58 years, During a 5-day hospital stay they received, on each of three days, either codeine (120 mg or 60 mg) or placebo. At hourly intervals after ingestion the nurse observer collected data on pain intensity and the degree of pain relief, and the patients independently charted the hourly intensity. Statistical analysis failed to show any significant superiority of either dose of codeine over placebo. Moreover, codeine is known to have a constipating effect. Re-appraisal of the value of codeine as an analgesic agent in elderly patients seems justified.", "contents": "Appraisal of codeine as an analgesic in older patients. In an investigation of a new oral analgesic agent, codeine was chosen as the reference drug because of its established reputation as an effective agent for the relief of pain. Thirty-five patients with cancer pain were studied. Their average age was 58 years, During a 5-day hospital stay they received, on each of three days, either codeine (120 mg or 60 mg) or placebo. At hourly intervals after ingestion the nurse observer collected data on pain intensity and the degree of pain relief, and the patients independently charted the hourly intensity. Statistical analysis failed to show any significant superiority of either dose of codeine over placebo. Moreover, codeine is known to have a constipating effect. Re-appraisal of the value of codeine as an analgesic agent in elderly patients seems justified."}
{"id": "PMID:359629", "title": "Prentice in Lahr and Karlsruhe.", "content": "Charles F. Prentice's father was born in England and his mother in Germany. Charles' boyhood days were spent chiefly on Staten Island, New York. At age 16 he attended \"Gymnasium\" in Lahr, Germany. his mother's ancestral hometonw. During the three subsequent years he studied mechanical engineering at the institute now known as the University of Karlsruhe, West Germany. Illustrations include scenes in Karlsruhe and Lahr and transcripts of his academic records.", "contents": "Prentice in Lahr and Karlsruhe. Charles F. Prentice's father was born in England and his mother in Germany. Charles' boyhood days were spent chiefly on Staten Island, New York. At age 16 he attended \"Gymnasium\" in Lahr, Germany. his mother's ancestral hometonw. During the three subsequent years he studied mechanical engineering at the institute now known as the University of Karlsruhe, West Germany. Illustrations include scenes in Karlsruhe and Lahr and transcripts of his academic records."}
{"id": "PMID:359634", "title": "Infections following clenched-fist injury: a new perspective.", "content": "Fifteen cases of clenched-fist injury were studied by aerobic, anaerobic, and 10% CO2 cultures. Anaerobic bacteria and Eikenella corrodens were prominent pathogens, being recovered in 60% and 20% of cases, respectively. These organisms are more susceptible to penicillin than to penicillinase-resistant penicillins or cephalosporins. All clenched-fist injuries should be cultured in aerobic, anaerobic, and 10% CO2 atmospheres. We recommend the use of both penicillin and a penicillinase-resistant penicillin as initial empiric therapy.", "contents": "Infections following clenched-fist injury: a new perspective. Fifteen cases of clenched-fist injury were studied by aerobic, anaerobic, and 10% CO2 cultures. Anaerobic bacteria and Eikenella corrodens were prominent pathogens, being recovered in 60% and 20% of cases, respectively. These organisms are more susceptible to penicillin than to penicillinase-resistant penicillins or cephalosporins. All clenched-fist injuries should be cultured in aerobic, anaerobic, and 10% CO2 atmospheres. We recommend the use of both penicillin and a penicillinase-resistant penicillin as initial empiric therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:359703", "title": "Correlation of phaga type, biotype and source in strains of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A series of 2092 cultures of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from human, animal and other sources in 57 countries were differentiated into 204 phage types and 19 primary and 147 full biotypes. Different biotypes belonged to the same phage type and different phage types to the same biotype, so the combination of typing methods differentiated strains more finely than either method alone: 574 different ;phage type/biotypes' were distinguished in 1937 cultures belonging to the 204 recognized phage types.The combination of biotyping with phage-typing was valuable in studying the phylogeny and spread of epidemic strains by distinguishing clones of different biotype within the same phage type and by confirming the relationship between cultures isolated from widely dispersed clones and that between cultures isolated before and after a clone had undergone variation in phage type, biotype, colicin type or antibiotic-sensitivity pattern.A widespread outbreak of infection with S. typhimurium phage type 141 in Scotland comprised independent dissemination of three clones of different biotypes, 1f, 9f and 31bd. During its epidemic spread in cattle in Britain between 1962 and 1969, another strain underwent variations in phage type (type 44 to type 29), biotype (type 26a to types 26d, 26bd, 26dgi, 26dz and 26i) and antibiotic sensitivity. A group of 275 non-fimbriate, non-inositol-fermenting and non-rhamnose fermenting (FIRN) strains, particularly associated with avian infections and thought to be clonal in origin, contained 27 phage types and 22 full biotypes in the primary biotypes 29-32.", "contents": "Correlation of phaga type, biotype and source in strains of Salmonella typhimurium. A series of 2092 cultures of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from human, animal and other sources in 57 countries were differentiated into 204 phage types and 19 primary and 147 full biotypes. Different biotypes belonged to the same phage type and different phage types to the same biotype, so the combination of typing methods differentiated strains more finely than either method alone: 574 different ;phage type/biotypes' were distinguished in 1937 cultures belonging to the 204 recognized phage types.The combination of biotyping with phage-typing was valuable in studying the phylogeny and spread of epidemic strains by distinguishing clones of different biotype within the same phage type and by confirming the relationship between cultures isolated from widely dispersed clones and that between cultures isolated before and after a clone had undergone variation in phage type, biotype, colicin type or antibiotic-sensitivity pattern.A widespread outbreak of infection with S. typhimurium phage type 141 in Scotland comprised independent dissemination of three clones of different biotypes, 1f, 9f and 31bd. During its epidemic spread in cattle in Britain between 1962 and 1969, another strain underwent variations in phage type (type 44 to type 29), biotype (type 26a to types 26d, 26bd, 26dgi, 26dz and 26i) and antibiotic sensitivity. A group of 275 non-fimbriate, non-inositol-fermenting and non-rhamnose fermenting (FIRN) strains, particularly associated with avian infections and thought to be clonal in origin, contained 27 phage types and 22 full biotypes in the primary biotypes 29-32."}
{"id": "PMID:359704", "title": "Refractoriness to migration inhibitory factor of macrophages of LPS nonresponder mouse strains.", "content": "The responsiveness to macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from the LPS unresponsive C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCR mice was assessed by the indirect agarose microdroplet macrophage migration inhibition assay. No migration inhibition with PEC from C3H/HeJ nor C57BL/10ScCR mice was detected, whereas PEC from both C3H/HeN and C57BL/10Sn mice were significantly inhibited by even a 1/32 dilution of MIF-containing supernatants. Responsiveness to MIF of C3H/HeJ PEC could, however, be induced. In vivo inoculations of Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG, 7 days before in vitro assay rendered C3H/HeJ PEC responsive to MIF. The lack of responsiveness to MIF by C3H/HeJ PEC appeared related to some form of suppression, since a mixture of PEC from C3H/HeN mice with 10 to 15% PEC from C3H/HeJ mice resulted in undetectable migration inhibition at any MIF dilution. In contrast to the usual lack of responsiveness of their macrophage to MIF, C3H/HeJ mice were able to produce MIK in response to PPD as well as their counterpart C3H/HeN mice after BCG sensitization. These results demonstrate that macrophages from C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCR mice are unable to be inhibited in their in vitro migration of MIF (possibly being directly or indirectly influenced by a suppressor cell), whereas lymphoid cells from at least one of these strains, the C3H/HeJ mice, can produce MIF in response to antigenic stimulation.", "contents": "Refractoriness to migration inhibitory factor of macrophages of LPS nonresponder mouse strains. The responsiveness to macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from the LPS unresponsive C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCR mice was assessed by the indirect agarose microdroplet macrophage migration inhibition assay. No migration inhibition with PEC from C3H/HeJ nor C57BL/10ScCR mice was detected, whereas PEC from both C3H/HeN and C57BL/10Sn mice were significantly inhibited by even a 1/32 dilution of MIF-containing supernatants. Responsiveness to MIF of C3H/HeJ PEC could, however, be induced. In vivo inoculations of Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG, 7 days before in vitro assay rendered C3H/HeJ PEC responsive to MIF. The lack of responsiveness to MIF by C3H/HeJ PEC appeared related to some form of suppression, since a mixture of PEC from C3H/HeN mice with 10 to 15% PEC from C3H/HeJ mice resulted in undetectable migration inhibition at any MIF dilution. In contrast to the usual lack of responsiveness of their macrophage to MIF, C3H/HeJ mice were able to produce MIK in response to PPD as well as their counterpart C3H/HeN mice after BCG sensitization. These results demonstrate that macrophages from C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCR mice are unable to be inhibited in their in vitro migration of MIF (possibly being directly or indirectly influenced by a suppressor cell), whereas lymphoid cells from at least one of these strains, the C3H/HeJ mice, can produce MIF in response to antigenic stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:359706", "title": "Guinea pig macrophage agglutination factor is antigenically distinct from migration inhibition factor and immunoglobulin.", "content": "Lymph node cells from guinea pigs with specific delayed hypersensitivity release macrophage agglutination (MAggF) and migration inhibition factors (MIF) upon exposure to antigen or concanavalin A in serum-free medium. MAggF in culture supernatants was absorbed neither by immunoabsorbents made with a rabbit anti-guinea pig lymphokine serum that removed MIF, nor by immunoabsorbents made with rabbit anti-guinea pig Ig. These results suggest that MAggF is antigenically distinct from MIF and Ig.", "contents": "Guinea pig macrophage agglutination factor is antigenically distinct from migration inhibition factor and immunoglobulin. Lymph node cells from guinea pigs with specific delayed hypersensitivity release macrophage agglutination (MAggF) and migration inhibition factors (MIF) upon exposure to antigen or concanavalin A in serum-free medium. MAggF in culture supernatants was absorbed neither by immunoabsorbents made with a rabbit anti-guinea pig lymphokine serum that removed MIF, nor by immunoabsorbents made with rabbit anti-guinea pig Ig. These results suggest that MAggF is antigenically distinct from MIF and Ig."}
{"id": "PMID:359707", "title": "Induction of B cell priming by neonatal injection of mice with thymic-independent (type 2) antigens.", "content": "Mice injected at birth with the thymus-independent type 2 antigen TNP-AECM-Ficoll have augmented anti-TNP antibody responses when their spleen cells subsequently are challenged in vitro with TNP-coupled thymic independent or thymic dependent antigens. This neonatal priming effect was shown to occur in neonatal nu/nu mice and thus does not appear to require T lymphocytes. The primary explanation for the priming effect seems to be an increase of approximately 10-fold in the numbers of TNP-specific precursors of antibody-forming cells. The neonatal injection of TNP-AECM-Ficoll induces little or no antibody formation directly. It appears, therefore, that some thymic independent antigens can deliver a signal to immature B cells, which causes clonal expansion, but is unable to induce differentiation into antibody-forming cells.", "contents": "Induction of B cell priming by neonatal injection of mice with thymic-independent (type 2) antigens. Mice injected at birth with the thymus-independent type 2 antigen TNP-AECM-Ficoll have augmented anti-TNP antibody responses when their spleen cells subsequently are challenged in vitro with TNP-coupled thymic independent or thymic dependent antigens. This neonatal priming effect was shown to occur in neonatal nu/nu mice and thus does not appear to require T lymphocytes. The primary explanation for the priming effect seems to be an increase of approximately 10-fold in the numbers of TNP-specific precursors of antibody-forming cells. The neonatal injection of TNP-AECM-Ficoll induces little or no antibody formation directly. It appears, therefore, that some thymic independent antigens can deliver a signal to immature B cells, which causes clonal expansion, but is unable to induce differentiation into antibody-forming cells."}
{"id": "PMID:359711", "title": "A sensitive haemolytic assay of mouse complement.", "content": "Under appropriate conditions the haemolytic activity of mouse complement can be measured in a 51Cr release assay. Modifications that increase the sensitivity are the following: (a) mouse 7 S anti-SRBC antibodies as amboceptor; (b) low amount of target cells; (c) ionic strength of 0.13 M NaCl in the test medium; (d) incubation temperature of 30 degrees C; (e) incubation time of 90 min; (f) total reaction volume of 1 ml.", "contents": "A sensitive haemolytic assay of mouse complement. Under appropriate conditions the haemolytic activity of mouse complement can be measured in a 51Cr release assay. Modifications that increase the sensitivity are the following: (a) mouse 7 S anti-SRBC antibodies as amboceptor; (b) low amount of target cells; (c) ionic strength of 0.13 M NaCl in the test medium; (d) incubation temperature of 30 degrees C; (e) incubation time of 90 min; (f) total reaction volume of 1 ml."}
{"id": "PMID:359712", "title": "Detection of antisalivary duct antibody from Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome by an autoradiographic method.", "content": "A new technique to detect anti-salivary duct antibody (ASDA) has been developed by using autoradiographic, rather than immunofluorescent methods. The antibody activity detected by autoradiography is probably classic ASDA. Both techniques may be consecutively performed on the same tissue section without attenuation of either. Some of the potential advantages of the radiolabelling of ASDA are pointed out, and a few preliminary experiments using the labelled antibody as a marker are presented.", "contents": "Detection of antisalivary duct antibody from Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome by an autoradiographic method. A new technique to detect anti-salivary duct antibody (ASDA) has been developed by using autoradiographic, rather than immunofluorescent methods. The antibody activity detected by autoradiography is probably classic ASDA. Both techniques may be consecutively performed on the same tissue section without attenuation of either. Some of the potential advantages of the radiolabelling of ASDA are pointed out, and a few preliminary experiments using the labelled antibody as a marker are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:359713", "title": "A fluorescent immunoassay for the quantification of C-reactive protein.", "content": "A sensitive fluorescent binding immunoassay (FBIA) was developed for measuring C-reactive protein (CRP), at a level of 20 ng/ml, in human and mouse sera. The advantages of the FBIA over radioimmunoassays are the long shelf-life of the FITC-labelled antibody, the re-use of the antibody bound microbeads, the short assay time and the use of inexpensive instruments.", "contents": "A fluorescent immunoassay for the quantification of C-reactive protein. A sensitive fluorescent binding immunoassay (FBIA) was developed for measuring C-reactive protein (CRP), at a level of 20 ng/ml, in human and mouse sera. The advantages of the FBIA over radioimmunoassays are the long shelf-life of the FITC-labelled antibody, the re-use of the antibody bound microbeads, the short assay time and the use of inexpensive instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:359714", "title": "Quantitative immunofixation of proteins following zone electrophoresis in agarose gel: application to the determination of the stoichiometry of the alpha1-antitrypsin-elastase interaction.", "content": "A method for the quantitative determination of proteins by immunofixation-agarose gel electrophoresis is described. The proteins are separated electrophoretically and the resulting circular zone overlaid with specific antibody-impregnated filter paper (10.2 microliter/cm2). Following incubation for 20 h at room temperature the plates were processed, stained and the areas of the precipitin zones determined by planimetry. Intra-plate variation (coefficient of variation) for alpha1-antitrypsin (30 samples) and elastase (30 samples) at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml was 2.2--5.8% and inter-plate variation ranged from 2.9% to 5.2%. Overall, the analyses showed that the method is the statistical equivalent of rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The lowest concentration used was 0.25 mg/ml which corresponds to a sensitivity of 1.25 microgram (5 microliter per sample well). It is conceivable that lower amounts could be successfully determined. Application of the method to the determination of stoichiometry of the alpha1-antitrypsin--elastase interaction permitted the simultaneous quantitative determination of inactivated alpha1-antitrypsin (an acidic protein) and excess elastase (a basic protein) in alpha1-antitrypsin--elastase reaction mixtures (molar ratio elastase/alpha1-antitrypsin = 1.3) and thus by difference, the amount of elastase and and alpha1-antitrypsin in the alpha-antitrypsin--elastase complex. The results showed that the molar combining ratio of inhibitor to enzyme was 1.086 : 1 or 1 : 1. Conventional inhibition experiments (residual elastase activity as a function of increasing amounts of alpha 1-antitrypsin) showed this ratio to be 1.79 : 1 but 1.03 : 1 when the inactivation reaction, as determined by quantitative immunofixation, was taken into account. The quantitative immunofixation method should be applicable to interacting systems which, like elastase and alpha1-antitrypsin, result in complexes with electrophoretic mobilities intermediate to the parent proteins.", "contents": "Quantitative immunofixation of proteins following zone electrophoresis in agarose gel: application to the determination of the stoichiometry of the alpha1-antitrypsin-elastase interaction. A method for the quantitative determination of proteins by immunofixation-agarose gel electrophoresis is described. The proteins are separated electrophoretically and the resulting circular zone overlaid with specific antibody-impregnated filter paper (10.2 microliter/cm2). Following incubation for 20 h at room temperature the plates were processed, stained and the areas of the precipitin zones determined by planimetry. Intra-plate variation (coefficient of variation) for alpha1-antitrypsin (30 samples) and elastase (30 samples) at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml was 2.2--5.8% and inter-plate variation ranged from 2.9% to 5.2%. Overall, the analyses showed that the method is the statistical equivalent of rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The lowest concentration used was 0.25 mg/ml which corresponds to a sensitivity of 1.25 microgram (5 microliter per sample well). It is conceivable that lower amounts could be successfully determined. Application of the method to the determination of stoichiometry of the alpha1-antitrypsin--elastase interaction permitted the simultaneous quantitative determination of inactivated alpha1-antitrypsin (an acidic protein) and excess elastase (a basic protein) in alpha1-antitrypsin--elastase reaction mixtures (molar ratio elastase/alpha1-antitrypsin = 1.3) and thus by difference, the amount of elastase and and alpha1-antitrypsin in the alpha-antitrypsin--elastase complex. The results showed that the molar combining ratio of inhibitor to enzyme was 1.086 : 1 or 1 : 1. Conventional inhibition experiments (residual elastase activity as a function of increasing amounts of alpha 1-antitrypsin) showed this ratio to be 1.79 : 1 but 1.03 : 1 when the inactivation reaction, as determined by quantitative immunofixation, was taken into account. The quantitative immunofixation method should be applicable to interacting systems which, like elastase and alpha1-antitrypsin, result in complexes with electrophoretic mobilities intermediate to the parent proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:359721", "title": "Reactive hyperemia in cutaneous tissue in generalized scleroderma.", "content": "Reactive hyperemia following ischemia in cutaneous tissue of human fingers was studied in 6 normal persons and 9 patients suffering from generalized scleroderma. Ischemia lasting 6 or 12 min was induced by inflating a cuff placed around the proximal phalanx to 300 mm Hg. Blood flow was measured by the local atraumatic 133Xenon wash-out technique. The following parameters were calculated: (1) Maximum blood flow was calculated from the steepest part of the wash-out curve following release of the cuff. (2) Excess cumulative blood flow, i.e., the integrated blood flow from release of cuff until preischemic blood flow values were obtained, minus preischemic blood flow times duration of ischemia. (3) Repayment, i.e., excess cumulative blood flow in percent of preischemic blood flow times duration of ischemia. Maximum blood flow, excess cumulative blood flow and repayment was decreased in the patients compared to normals. This might be due to structural changes of the blood vessel walls and/or functional changes of the vascular smooth muscle cells in scleroderma.", "contents": "Reactive hyperemia in cutaneous tissue in generalized scleroderma. Reactive hyperemia following ischemia in cutaneous tissue of human fingers was studied in 6 normal persons and 9 patients suffering from generalized scleroderma. Ischemia lasting 6 or 12 min was induced by inflating a cuff placed around the proximal phalanx to 300 mm Hg. Blood flow was measured by the local atraumatic 133Xenon wash-out technique. The following parameters were calculated: (1) Maximum blood flow was calculated from the steepest part of the wash-out curve following release of the cuff. (2) Excess cumulative blood flow, i.e., the integrated blood flow from release of cuff until preischemic blood flow values were obtained, minus preischemic blood flow times duration of ischemia. (3) Repayment, i.e., excess cumulative blood flow in percent of preischemic blood flow times duration of ischemia. Maximum blood flow, excess cumulative blood flow and repayment was decreased in the patients compared to normals. This might be due to structural changes of the blood vessel walls and/or functional changes of the vascular smooth muscle cells in scleroderma."}
{"id": "PMID:359722", "title": "Transfer of erythromycin resistance from clinically isolated lysogenic strains of Streptococcus pyogenes via their endogenous phage.", "content": "Endogenous bacteriophage from clinically isolated, erythromycin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, upon induction by treatment with mitomycin C, were demonstrated to cause transduction of antibiotic resistance yielding transductants resistant to relatively high concentrations of erythromycin. Transduction of resistance to erythromycin via endogenous phage may play a significant role in the emergence of streptococci with multiple resistance in the clinical environment.", "contents": "Transfer of erythromycin resistance from clinically isolated lysogenic strains of Streptococcus pyogenes via their endogenous phage. Endogenous bacteriophage from clinically isolated, erythromycin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, upon induction by treatment with mitomycin C, were demonstrated to cause transduction of antibiotic resistance yielding transductants resistant to relatively high concentrations of erythromycin. Transduction of resistance to erythromycin via endogenous phage may play a significant role in the emergence of streptococci with multiple resistance in the clinical environment."}
{"id": "PMID:359723", "title": "Wound infections due to group A streptococcus traced to a vaginal carrier.", "content": "An epidemic of surgical wound infections caused by group A Streptococcus affecting 18 patients in a community hospital was studied. Onset of symptoms shortly after surgery (median time, 16 hr) in 17 patients suggested acquisition of infection in the operating room, and a case-control investigation linked the presence during surgery of one particular nurse with postoperative streptococcal infection. During the first month of the epidemic, the nurse had streptococcal cellulitis of the finger and may thus have directly contaminated wounds or dressings. However, the last six wound infections occurred after her skin lesions had resolved and after nasopharyngeal and skin cultures were repeatedly negative for group A streptococci. Subsequent investigation showed that the nurse was colonized vaginally with group A streptococci of the same M and T types found in the infected patients and that this organism was disseminated into her immediate environment by airborne or droplet spread. Vaginal as well as rectal carriers of streptococci should be sought whenever outbreaks of streptococcal wound infection in which a cutaneous or nasopharyngeal carrier cannot be readily identified.", "contents": "Wound infections due to group A streptococcus traced to a vaginal carrier. An epidemic of surgical wound infections caused by group A Streptococcus affecting 18 patients in a community hospital was studied. Onset of symptoms shortly after surgery (median time, 16 hr) in 17 patients suggested acquisition of infection in the operating room, and a case-control investigation linked the presence during surgery of one particular nurse with postoperative streptococcal infection. During the first month of the epidemic, the nurse had streptococcal cellulitis of the finger and may thus have directly contaminated wounds or dressings. However, the last six wound infections occurred after her skin lesions had resolved and after nasopharyngeal and skin cultures were repeatedly negative for group A streptococci. Subsequent investigation showed that the nurse was colonized vaginally with group A streptococci of the same M and T types found in the infected patients and that this organism was disseminated into her immediate environment by airborne or droplet spread. Vaginal as well as rectal carriers of streptococci should be sought whenever outbreaks of streptococcal wound infection in which a cutaneous or nasopharyngeal carrier cannot be readily identified."}
{"id": "PMID:359724", "title": "Analysis of increasing antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae relative to changes in chemotherapy.", "content": "Three antibiotic-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae responsible for outbreaks of systemic infection in a hospital nursery were analyzed. Each organism emerged after prolonged use of a drug to which it was resistant. The first strain (RO16) produced neomycin phosphotransferase and contained three plasmids with molecular weights of 24, 25, and 30 X 10(6) daltons, respectively. Resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, neomycin, and kanamycin was transferred by conjugation at a frequency of 10(-6). The second strain of K. pneumoniae (RO106) produced gentamicin adenyltransferase and maintained aminoglycoside resistance only when propagated in antibiotic-containing medium. DNA analyses revealed eight species of plasmid DNA: one species with a molecular weight of 70 X 10(6) daltons apparently accounted for conjugal transfer of resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin. The third strain (RO180) was resistant primarily to colistin and lacked plasmids. Control of the outbreak due to this strain was achieved by aminoglycoside therapy.", "contents": "Analysis of increasing antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae relative to changes in chemotherapy. Three antibiotic-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae responsible for outbreaks of systemic infection in a hospital nursery were analyzed. Each organism emerged after prolonged use of a drug to which it was resistant. The first strain (RO16) produced neomycin phosphotransferase and contained three plasmids with molecular weights of 24, 25, and 30 X 10(6) daltons, respectively. Resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, neomycin, and kanamycin was transferred by conjugation at a frequency of 10(-6). The second strain of K. pneumoniae (RO106) produced gentamicin adenyltransferase and maintained aminoglycoside resistance only when propagated in antibiotic-containing medium. DNA analyses revealed eight species of plasmid DNA: one species with a molecular weight of 70 X 10(6) daltons apparently accounted for conjugal transfer of resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin. The third strain (RO180) was resistant primarily to colistin and lacked plasmids. Control of the outbreak due to this strain was achieved by aminoglycoside therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:359725", "title": "Reovirus-like agent and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in pediatric diarrhea in the Philippines.", "content": "Of 82 children hospitalized with diarrhea in the Philippines during January-June 1976, 14 (17%) had infections due to a reovirus-like agent as determined by detection of viral particles in stools by electron microscopy (12 [15%] of 82) and/or by a rise in titer of antibody to the serologically related Nebraska calf diarrhea virus (eight [20%] of 39). Escherichia coli producing heat-labile enterotoxin were found in six (7%) of 82 ill children and two (4%) of 49 healthy control children, while E. coli producing heat-stable enterotoxin were isolated from three children with diarrhea and two without gastroenteritis. Thirty-eight percent of enterotoxigenic E. coli isolated from children with diarrhea, but only 6% of isolates from healthy control, were of serotypes similar to those of enterotoxigenic E. coli isolated in previous studies of these pathogens by other investigators in geographically diverse areas (serotypes O6:H16, O8:H9, and O78:H12) (P less than 0.05). Eight (10%) of the children had infections with multiple enteric pathogens.", "contents": "Reovirus-like agent and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in pediatric diarrhea in the Philippines. Of 82 children hospitalized with diarrhea in the Philippines during January-June 1976, 14 (17%) had infections due to a reovirus-like agent as determined by detection of viral particles in stools by electron microscopy (12 [15%] of 82) and/or by a rise in titer of antibody to the serologically related Nebraska calf diarrhea virus (eight [20%] of 39). Escherichia coli producing heat-labile enterotoxin were found in six (7%) of 82 ill children and two (4%) of 49 healthy control children, while E. coli producing heat-stable enterotoxin were isolated from three children with diarrhea and two without gastroenteritis. Thirty-eight percent of enterotoxigenic E. coli isolated from children with diarrhea, but only 6% of isolates from healthy control, were of serotypes similar to those of enterotoxigenic E. coli isolated in previous studies of these pathogens by other investigators in geographically diverse areas (serotypes O6:H16, O8:H9, and O78:H12) (P less than 0.05). Eight (10%) of the children had infections with multiple enteric pathogens."}
{"id": "PMID:359738", "title": "The nasal: paranasal block technique. Preparation and uses.", "content": "A new technique for removing nasal: paranasal blocks at autopsy is described. The technique allows the removal of these cavities without disfigurement of the head after the brain has been removed. The importance of the technique in relation to training on endo-nasal micro-surgery, and histopathological study of nasal and paranasal disorders is emphasized.", "contents": "The nasal: paranasal block technique. Preparation and uses. A new technique for removing nasal: paranasal blocks at autopsy is described. The technique allows the removal of these cavities without disfigurement of the head after the brain has been removed. The importance of the technique in relation to training on endo-nasal micro-surgery, and histopathological study of nasal and paranasal disorders is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:359739", "title": "A fatal denture in the oesophagus.", "content": "An unusual case is described of a denture in the oesophagus which caused a fatal haemorrhage from the aorta. The post-mortem examination confirmed that a projection from the denture had impinged upon the aortic wall, after perforating the oesophagus, with subsequent erosion of the aorta.", "contents": "A fatal denture in the oesophagus. An unusual case is described of a denture in the oesophagus which caused a fatal haemorrhage from the aorta. The post-mortem examination confirmed that a projection from the denture had impinged upon the aortic wall, after perforating the oesophagus, with subsequent erosion of the aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:359741", "title": "Inhibin from cultures of rat seminiferous tubules.", "content": "Medium from cultures of mature rat seminiferous tubules contained a substance which suppressed, in a dose-related manner, the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH)-stimulated secretion of FSH by cultured rat pituitary cells. The secretion of LH was suppressed to a lesser extent and the basal secretion of both LH and FSH was inconsistently affected. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 did not fractionate the activity. The active material did not inhibit the secretion of TSH or destroy LH-RH and the activity was not due to testosterone or oestradiol in the medium. Control media from liver cultures were inactive. It is concluded that inhibin is present in media from cultures of rat seminiferous tubules.", "contents": "Inhibin from cultures of rat seminiferous tubules. Medium from cultures of mature rat seminiferous tubules contained a substance which suppressed, in a dose-related manner, the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH)-stimulated secretion of FSH by cultured rat pituitary cells. The secretion of LH was suppressed to a lesser extent and the basal secretion of both LH and FSH was inconsistently affected. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 did not fractionate the activity. The active material did not inhibit the secretion of TSH or destroy LH-RH and the activity was not due to testosterone or oestradiol in the medium. Control media from liver cultures were inactive. It is concluded that inhibin is present in media from cultures of rat seminiferous tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:359742", "title": "Association between 5-hydroxytryptamine release and insulin secretion.", "content": "The efflux of radioactivity after loading with trace amounts of tritiated 5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT) or 5-hydroxytryptophan ([3H]5-HTP) was studied in perifused beta-cell-rich pancreatic islets from ob/ob mice. Analysis of the effluent revealed that more than 90% of the radioactivity was released as [3H]5-HT after loading with [3H]5-HTP. Increasing the concentration of glucose in the perifusion medium from 3 to 20 mmol/l enhanced the efflux when islets from fed mice were used and this effect was potentiated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Whereas 20 mM-glucose alone did not stimulate the efflux of 5-HT from islets isolated from mice starved for 3 days, a stimulatory effect was observed in the presence of IBMX. Stimulation of the efflux of radioactivity by glucose was inhibited if calcium was omitted from or adrenaline added to the medium. The results are consistent with the concept of exocytotic release of 5-HT occurring in response to stimulation of insulin secretion, although basal non-exocytotic transport must also be occurring across the beta-cell membrane.", "contents": "Association between 5-hydroxytryptamine release and insulin secretion. The efflux of radioactivity after loading with trace amounts of tritiated 5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT) or 5-hydroxytryptophan ([3H]5-HTP) was studied in perifused beta-cell-rich pancreatic islets from ob/ob mice. Analysis of the effluent revealed that more than 90% of the radioactivity was released as [3H]5-HT after loading with [3H]5-HTP. Increasing the concentration of glucose in the perifusion medium from 3 to 20 mmol/l enhanced the efflux when islets from fed mice were used and this effect was potentiated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Whereas 20 mM-glucose alone did not stimulate the efflux of 5-HT from islets isolated from mice starved for 3 days, a stimulatory effect was observed in the presence of IBMX. Stimulation of the efflux of radioactivity by glucose was inhibited if calcium was omitted from or adrenaline added to the medium. The results are consistent with the concept of exocytotic release of 5-HT occurring in response to stimulation of insulin secretion, although basal non-exocytotic transport must also be occurring across the beta-cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:359745", "title": "Ontogeny of lens crystallins in marine cephalopods.", "content": "The ontogeny of the lens crystallin antigens throughout development of three marine cephalopod embryos, Loligo vulgaris, Sepia officinalis and Octopus vulgaris has been investigated using the indirect immuno-cytochemical staining against respective homologous anti-total lens protein antiserum. The cellular mechanism of lens development appears to be the same in all species investigated and so does the ontogeny of the lens crystallins. The first positive immuno-fluorescence reaction appears simultaneously and in equal intensities over the lens and lentigenic area confirming the relationship between the two.", "contents": "Ontogeny of lens crystallins in marine cephalopods. The ontogeny of the lens crystallin antigens throughout development of three marine cephalopod embryos, Loligo vulgaris, Sepia officinalis and Octopus vulgaris has been investigated using the indirect immuno-cytochemical staining against respective homologous anti-total lens protein antiserum. The cellular mechanism of lens development appears to be the same in all species investigated and so does the ontogeny of the lens crystallins. The first positive immuno-fluorescence reaction appears simultaneously and in equal intensities over the lens and lentigenic area confirming the relationship between the two."}
{"id": "PMID:359746", "title": "Antigenic drift in influenza A viruses. I. Selection and characterization of antigenic variants of A/PR/8/34 (HON1) influenza virus with monoclonal antibodies.", "content": "Antigenic variants of A/PR/8/34 [HON1] influenza virus were selected after a single passage of the parent virus in embryonated chicken eggs in the presence of monoclonal antibodies to this virus. The monoclonal antibodies were produced by a hybridoma and were specific for an antigenic determinant on the HA molecule of the parent virus. Seven antigenic variants were analyzed with 95 monoclonal anti-HA antibodies prepared in vitro in the splenic fragment culture system. Three subgroups of antigenic variants were distinguished. The antigenic changes were primarily recognized by monoclonal antibodies to the strain- specific determinants of the parental hemagglutinin (HA) molecule. Monoclonal antibodies to HA determinants shared (in an identical or cross-reactive form) by parental virus and more than three heterologous viruses of the HON1 and H1N1 subtypes were unable to recognize the antigenic change on the variants. Similarly, heterogeneous antibody preparations could not differentiate between parental and variant viruses. The results are compatible with the idea that the HA of PR8 has available a large repertoire of antigenic modifications that may result from single amino acid substitutions, and that antigenic changes can occur in the strain- specific determinants on the HA molecule in the absence of concomitant changes in the cross-reactive HA determinants. The findings suggest that antigenic drift, in order to be epidemiologically significant, probably requires a series of amino acid substitutions in, or close to, the antigenic area on the HA molecule.", "contents": "Antigenic drift in influenza A viruses. I. Selection and characterization of antigenic variants of A/PR/8/34 (HON1) influenza virus with monoclonal antibodies. Antigenic variants of A/PR/8/34 [HON1] influenza virus were selected after a single passage of the parent virus in embryonated chicken eggs in the presence of monoclonal antibodies to this virus. The monoclonal antibodies were produced by a hybridoma and were specific for an antigenic determinant on the HA molecule of the parent virus. Seven antigenic variants were analyzed with 95 monoclonal anti-HA antibodies prepared in vitro in the splenic fragment culture system. Three subgroups of antigenic variants were distinguished. The antigenic changes were primarily recognized by monoclonal antibodies to the strain- specific determinants of the parental hemagglutinin (HA) molecule. Monoclonal antibodies to HA determinants shared (in an identical or cross-reactive form) by parental virus and more than three heterologous viruses of the HON1 and H1N1 subtypes were unable to recognize the antigenic change on the variants. Similarly, heterogeneous antibody preparations could not differentiate between parental and variant viruses. The results are compatible with the idea that the HA of PR8 has available a large repertoire of antigenic modifications that may result from single amino acid substitutions, and that antigenic changes can occur in the strain- specific determinants on the HA molecule in the absence of concomitant changes in the cross-reactive HA determinants. The findings suggest that antigenic drift, in order to be epidemiologically significant, probably requires a series of amino acid substitutions in, or close to, the antigenic area on the HA molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:359747", "title": "Macrophage stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. II. Evidence for differentiation signals delivered by lipid A and by a protein rich fraction of lipopolysaccharides.", "content": "Stimulation of macrophages to lyse tumor cells is a property common to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from a variety of smooth and rough bacterial strains by several different preparative procedures. The relationship between macrophage stimulation and the structural characteristics of LPS is defined. In protein-free LPS, lipid A bears the stimulatory signal which results in the differentiation of elicited macrophages into killer cells. The polysaccharide moiety is neither stimulatory itself nor does it block the activity of complete LPS on macrophages. Extraction of LPS by the butanol or Boivin procedures produces preparations in which LPS is complexed through its lipid A moiety to a protein rich component, LAP. Isolated LAP delivers a macrophage differentiation signal which is independent of lipid A. The presence of these two structurally distinct constituents in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria broadens the biological environments in which they can stimulate macrophages in vivo.", "contents": "Macrophage stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. II. Evidence for differentiation signals delivered by lipid A and by a protein rich fraction of lipopolysaccharides. Stimulation of macrophages to lyse tumor cells is a property common to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from a variety of smooth and rough bacterial strains by several different preparative procedures. The relationship between macrophage stimulation and the structural characteristics of LPS is defined. In protein-free LPS, lipid A bears the stimulatory signal which results in the differentiation of elicited macrophages into killer cells. The polysaccharide moiety is neither stimulatory itself nor does it block the activity of complete LPS on macrophages. Extraction of LPS by the butanol or Boivin procedures produces preparations in which LPS is complexed through its lipid A moiety to a protein rich component, LAP. Isolated LAP delivers a macrophage differentiation signal which is independent of lipid A. The presence of these two structurally distinct constituents in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria broadens the biological environments in which they can stimulate macrophages in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:359748", "title": "Alteration of some functional and metabolic characteristics of resident mouse peritoneal macrophages by lymphocyte mediators.", "content": "Resident mouse peritoneal macrophages were incubated in Sephadex G-100 fractions of supernates from concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes. A significant effect of the lymphocyte supernatant fractions containing mediators on macrophage 5'-nucleotidase, glucose-1 14C oxidation, cell maintenance, and migration is reported. The 5'-nucleotidase was depressed to an extent similar to that seen in activated macrophages obtained from Listeria-infected mice. On the other hand, glucose-1-14C oxidation was enhanced, but not to the same degree as seen in the counterparts in vivo. Whereas migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and cell adherence-augmenting activity were found in a number of adjacent fractions, the metabolic effects were found predominantly in a single fraction. Resident peritoneal macrophages or those elicited by the injection of a lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor were more responsive with respect to the biochemical changes than caseinate-elicited macrophages. On the other hand, caseinate-elicited macrophages appeared to be more sensitive with respect to the effects of mediator(s) on cell retention. A possible dissociation between MIF and cell-adherence augmenting activity, on the one hand, and the entities that stimulate glucose-1-14C oxidation is reported, based on fractionation studies, and loss of the latter activity upon storage of lymphocyte supernates.", "contents": "Alteration of some functional and metabolic characteristics of resident mouse peritoneal macrophages by lymphocyte mediators. Resident mouse peritoneal macrophages were incubated in Sephadex G-100 fractions of supernates from concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes. A significant effect of the lymphocyte supernatant fractions containing mediators on macrophage 5'-nucleotidase, glucose-1 14C oxidation, cell maintenance, and migration is reported. The 5'-nucleotidase was depressed to an extent similar to that seen in activated macrophages obtained from Listeria-infected mice. On the other hand, glucose-1-14C oxidation was enhanced, but not to the same degree as seen in the counterparts in vivo. Whereas migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and cell adherence-augmenting activity were found in a number of adjacent fractions, the metabolic effects were found predominantly in a single fraction. Resident peritoneal macrophages or those elicited by the injection of a lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor were more responsive with respect to the biochemical changes than caseinate-elicited macrophages. On the other hand, caseinate-elicited macrophages appeared to be more sensitive with respect to the effects of mediator(s) on cell retention. A possible dissociation between MIF and cell-adherence augmenting activity, on the one hand, and the entities that stimulate glucose-1-14C oxidation is reported, based on fractionation studies, and loss of the latter activity upon storage of lymphocyte supernates."}
{"id": "PMID:359749", "title": "Antigen-specific helper factor in man.", "content": "Supernates of tetanus toxoid (TT) antigen-stimulated human T cells were studied for the presence of an antigen-specific T-cell helper factor (ASF). Supernates were circulated over an immunosorbent column consisting of insolubilized TT antigen. The material which bound to the column was eluted with 3 M NaCNS and was shown to contain a factor which in the presence of TT-induced specific IgG anti-TT antibody synthesis in autologous B cells without causing readily detectable proliferation. ASF activity was partially inhibited by antisera directed against the B-cell alloantigens of the ASF donor. Immunosorbent columns containing such antisera removed ASF activity. Immunosorbent columns containing antisera to human immunoglobulin heavy chain determinants did not remove ASF activity; whereas immunosorbent columns containing rabbit idiotypic antiserum directed against anti-TT antibodies completely removed ASF activity. ASF was destroyed by treatment with proteolytic enzymes; its molecular weight was estimated by Sephadex G-100 gel column chromatography to be between 25,000 and 75,000 daltons.", "contents": "Antigen-specific helper factor in man. Supernates of tetanus toxoid (TT) antigen-stimulated human T cells were studied for the presence of an antigen-specific T-cell helper factor (ASF). Supernates were circulated over an immunosorbent column consisting of insolubilized TT antigen. The material which bound to the column was eluted with 3 M NaCNS and was shown to contain a factor which in the presence of TT-induced specific IgG anti-TT antibody synthesis in autologous B cells without causing readily detectable proliferation. ASF activity was partially inhibited by antisera directed against the B-cell alloantigens of the ASF donor. Immunosorbent columns containing such antisera removed ASF activity. Immunosorbent columns containing antisera to human immunoglobulin heavy chain determinants did not remove ASF activity; whereas immunosorbent columns containing rabbit idiotypic antiserum directed against anti-TT antibodies completely removed ASF activity. ASF was destroyed by treatment with proteolytic enzymes; its molecular weight was estimated by Sephadex G-100 gel column chromatography to be between 25,000 and 75,000 daltons."}
{"id": "PMID:359750", "title": "The cellular basis of allograft rejection in vivo. I. The cellular requirements for first-set rejection of heart grafts.", "content": "The nature of the cells required for first-set graft rejection in vivo was examined by using an adoptive transfer system to restore heart-graft rejection in irradiated rats. Highly purified inocula of peripheral T lymphocytes were shown to quantitatively account for the restorative ability of adoptively transferred cells. These T cells were shown to be long-lived small lymphocytes which are not recently derived from the thymus during adult life. They belong to the pool of T cells which constantly recirculate from blood to lymph as shown by their rapid appearance in the lymph of iradiated syngeneic rats after intravenous injection. Neither B lymphocytes nor antibodies in the circulation or in the graft itself are required for first-set graft rejection.", "contents": "The cellular basis of allograft rejection in vivo. I. The cellular requirements for first-set rejection of heart grafts. The nature of the cells required for first-set graft rejection in vivo was examined by using an adoptive transfer system to restore heart-graft rejection in irradiated rats. Highly purified inocula of peripheral T lymphocytes were shown to quantitatively account for the restorative ability of adoptively transferred cells. These T cells were shown to be long-lived small lymphocytes which are not recently derived from the thymus during adult life. They belong to the pool of T cells which constantly recirculate from blood to lymph as shown by their rapid appearance in the lymph of iradiated syngeneic rats after intravenous injection. Neither B lymphocytes nor antibodies in the circulation or in the graft itself are required for first-set graft rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:359751", "title": "The cellular basis of allograft rejection in vivo. II. The nature of memory cells mediating second set heart graft rejection.", "content": "An adoptive transfer system was used to study the cellular basis of memory in animals immunized by grafting with major histocompatibility complex incompatible tissue. Memory was characterised by a large (greater than 100 fold) increase in the potency of lymphocytes to precure graft rejection. This increase in potency endured for at least 1 yr after sensitization. The memory cells were shown to be Ig-- small lymphocytes which were long lived and which did not recirculate from blood to lymph in normal recipients although they did home to lymphoid tissue from which they could be recovered several months later. The thymus was not required either for the generation of memory cells or their maintenance. Cells carrying memory for alloantibody synthesis did recirculate normally but alloantibody synthesis was shown not to be required for rejection.", "contents": "The cellular basis of allograft rejection in vivo. II. The nature of memory cells mediating second set heart graft rejection. An adoptive transfer system was used to study the cellular basis of memory in animals immunized by grafting with major histocompatibility complex incompatible tissue. Memory was characterised by a large (greater than 100 fold) increase in the potency of lymphocytes to precure graft rejection. This increase in potency endured for at least 1 yr after sensitization. The memory cells were shown to be Ig-- small lymphocytes which were long lived and which did not recirculate from blood to lymph in normal recipients although they did home to lymphoid tissue from which they could be recovered several months later. The thymus was not required either for the generation of memory cells or their maintenance. Cells carrying memory for alloantibody synthesis did recirculate normally but alloantibody synthesis was shown not to be required for rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:359752", "title": "Treatment of impetigo and ecthyma.", "content": "A comparison of the treatment of superficial skin infections using intramuscular benzathine penicillin G alone or combined with hexachlorophene scrubbing was conducted in 127 children. Of 72 children treated with benzathine penicillin alone, 94.4 percent had a good result. Of the 55 children receiving hexachlorophene scrubbing in addition to penicillin, 85.5 percent had a good result. The healing rate was higher (93 percent) in those children whose skin cultures grew Group A beta hemolytic streptococci. When staphylococcus aureus was the only pathogen isolated, the healing rate was 86 percent. Regardless of the pathogens isolated, the healing rate was not increased with scrubbing. Since scrubbing with hexachlorophene offered no improvement in the healing rate and since it adds to the expense and discomfort of treatment, it should be eliminated as part of the treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of impetigo and ecthyma. A comparison of the treatment of superficial skin infections using intramuscular benzathine penicillin G alone or combined with hexachlorophene scrubbing was conducted in 127 children. Of 72 children treated with benzathine penicillin alone, 94.4 percent had a good result. Of the 55 children receiving hexachlorophene scrubbing in addition to penicillin, 85.5 percent had a good result. The healing rate was higher (93 percent) in those children whose skin cultures grew Group A beta hemolytic streptococci. When staphylococcus aureus was the only pathogen isolated, the healing rate was 86 percent. Regardless of the pathogens isolated, the healing rate was not increased with scrubbing. Since scrubbing with hexachlorophene offered no improvement in the healing rate and since it adds to the expense and discomfort of treatment, it should be eliminated as part of the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:359758", "title": "Calcium buffering in presynaptic nerve terminals. I. Evidence for involvement of a nonmitochondrial ATP-dependent sequestration mechanism.", "content": "A latent ATP-dependent Ca storage system is enriched in preparations of pinched-off presynaptic nerve terminals (synaptosomes), and is exposed when the terminals are disrupted by osmotic shock or saponin treatment. The data indicate that a fraction of the Ca uptake (measured with 45Ca) is associated with the intraterminal mitochondria; it is blocked by ruthenium red, by FCCP, and by azide + dinitrophenol + oligomycin. There is, however, a residual ATP-dependent Ca uptake that is insensitive to the aforementioned poisons; this (nonmitochondrial) Ca uptake is blocked by tetracaine, mersalyl and A-23187. Moreover, A-23187 rapidly releases previously accumulated Ca from these (nonmitochondrial) storage sites, whereas the Ca chelator, EGTA, does not. The proteolytic enzyme, trypsin, spares the mitochondria but inactivates the nonmitochondrial Ca uptake mechanism. Chemical measurements of total Ca indicate that the ATP-dependent Ca uptake at the nonmitochondrial sites involves the net transfer of Ca from medium to tissue fragments. This system can sequester Ca when the ambient-ionized Ca2+ concentration (buffered with EGTA) is less than 0.3 micrometer; brain mitochondria take up little Ca when the ionized Ca2+ level is this low. Preliminary subfractionation studies indicate that the nonmitochondrial Ca storage system does not sediment with synaptic vesicles. We propose that this Ca storage system, which has many properties comparable to those of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, may be associated with intraterminal smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This Ca-sequestering organelle may help to buffer intracellular Ca.", "contents": "Calcium buffering in presynaptic nerve terminals. I. Evidence for involvement of a nonmitochondrial ATP-dependent sequestration mechanism. A latent ATP-dependent Ca storage system is enriched in preparations of pinched-off presynaptic nerve terminals (synaptosomes), and is exposed when the terminals are disrupted by osmotic shock or saponin treatment. The data indicate that a fraction of the Ca uptake (measured with 45Ca) is associated with the intraterminal mitochondria; it is blocked by ruthenium red, by FCCP, and by azide + dinitrophenol + oligomycin. There is, however, a residual ATP-dependent Ca uptake that is insensitive to the aforementioned poisons; this (nonmitochondrial) Ca uptake is blocked by tetracaine, mersalyl and A-23187. Moreover, A-23187 rapidly releases previously accumulated Ca from these (nonmitochondrial) storage sites, whereas the Ca chelator, EGTA, does not. The proteolytic enzyme, trypsin, spares the mitochondria but inactivates the nonmitochondrial Ca uptake mechanism. Chemical measurements of total Ca indicate that the ATP-dependent Ca uptake at the nonmitochondrial sites involves the net transfer of Ca from medium to tissue fragments. This system can sequester Ca when the ambient-ionized Ca2+ concentration (buffered with EGTA) is less than 0.3 micrometer; brain mitochondria take up little Ca when the ionized Ca2+ level is this low. Preliminary subfractionation studies indicate that the nonmitochondrial Ca storage system does not sediment with synaptic vesicles. We propose that this Ca storage system, which has many properties comparable to those of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, may be associated with intraterminal smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This Ca-sequestering organelle may help to buffer intracellular Ca."}
{"id": "PMID:359759", "title": "Cation transport in Escherichia coli. IX. Regulation of K transport.", "content": "Kinetics of K exchange in the steady state and of net K uptake after osmotic upshock are reported for the four K transport systems of Escherichia coli: Kdp, TrkA,  TrkD, and TrkF. Energy requirements for K exchange are reported for the Kdp and TrkA systems. For each system, kinetics of these two modes of K transport differ from those for net K uptake by K-depleted cells (Rhoads, D. B. F.B. Walters, and W. Epstein. 1976. J. Gen. Physiol. 67:325-341). The TrkA and TrkD systems are inhibited by high intracellular K, the TrkF system is stimulated by intracellular K, whereas the Kdp system is inhibited by external K when intracellular K is high. All four systems mediate net K uptake in response to osmotic upshock. Exchange by the Kdp and TrkA systems requires ATP but is not dependent on the protonmotive force. Energy requirements for the Kdp system are thus identical whether measured as net K uptake or K exchange, whereas the TrkA system differs in that it is dependent on the protonmotive force only for net K uptake. We suggest that in both the Kpd and TrkA systems formation of a phosphorylated intermediate is necessary for all K transport, although exchange transport may not consume energy. The protonmotive-force dependence of the TrkA system is interpreted as a regulatory influence, limiting this system to exchange except when the protonmotive force is high.", "contents": "Cation transport in Escherichia coli. IX. Regulation of K transport. Kinetics of K exchange in the steady state and of net K uptake after osmotic upshock are reported for the four K transport systems of Escherichia coli: Kdp, TrkA,  TrkD, and TrkF. Energy requirements for K exchange are reported for the Kdp and TrkA systems. For each system, kinetics of these two modes of K transport differ from those for net K uptake by K-depleted cells (Rhoads, D. B. F.B. Walters, and W. Epstein. 1976. J. Gen. Physiol. 67:325-341). The TrkA and TrkD systems are inhibited by high intracellular K, the TrkF system is stimulated by intracellular K, whereas the Kdp system is inhibited by external K when intracellular K is high. All four systems mediate net K uptake in response to osmotic upshock. Exchange by the Kdp and TrkA systems requires ATP but is not dependent on the protonmotive force. Energy requirements for the Kdp system are thus identical whether measured as net K uptake or K exchange, whereas the TrkA system differs in that it is dependent on the protonmotive force only for net K uptake. We suggest that in both the Kpd and TrkA systems formation of a phosphorylated intermediate is necessary for all K transport, although exchange transport may not consume energy. The protonmotive-force dependence of the TrkA system is interpreted as a regulatory influence, limiting this system to exchange except when the protonmotive force is high."}
{"id": "PMID:359760", "title": "Quantification of cell fusion by twenty-one strains of Newcastle disease virus using flow microfluorometry.", "content": "The cell-fusing ability of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was quantified using flow microfluorometry (FMF). The rate of polykaryocyte formation, fusion dependence on multiplicity of infection, and cell fusion differences for 21 NDV strains were measured using this technique. No correlation was found between the virulence of a virus strain and its cell fusion index calculated from the FMF data.", "contents": "Quantification of cell fusion by twenty-one strains of Newcastle disease virus using flow microfluorometry. The cell-fusing ability of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was quantified using flow microfluorometry (FMF). The rate of polykaryocyte formation, fusion dependence on multiplicity of infection, and cell fusion differences for 21 NDV strains were measured using this technique. No correlation was found between the virulence of a virus strain and its cell fusion index calculated from the FMF data."}
{"id": "PMID:359768", "title": "A survey of partial denture design in general dental practice.", "content": "The objects of this investigation were to discover the methods by which general dental practitioners communicated partial denture designs to dental laboratories and to ascertain the extent to which certain design criteria were being followed. The results of the survey showed that the responsibility for design appeared to be largely delegated to the technician. In most instances cobalt-chromium dentures were produced which would assist in maintaining oral health; however, this was not the case with acrylic dentures.", "contents": "A survey of partial denture design in general dental practice. The objects of this investigation were to discover the methods by which general dental practitioners communicated partial denture designs to dental laboratories and to ascertain the extent to which certain design criteria were being followed. The results of the survey showed that the responsibility for design appeared to be largely delegated to the technician. In most instances cobalt-chromium dentures were produced which would assist in maintaining oral health; however, this was not the case with acrylic dentures."}
{"id": "PMID:359771", "title": "An etiologic shift in infantile osteomyelitis: the emergence of the group B streptococcus.", "content": "Twenty-one infants from six to 52 days of age (mean 23.3 days) with osteomyelitis were studied between 1965 and 1977. The etiologic agents were group B streptococcus (8), staphylococcus aureus (6), gramnegative bacilli (4), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1), and unknown (2). Patients with group B streptococcal osteomyelitis were characterized by an uncomplicated neonatal course, single bone involvement with a predilection for involvement of the proximal humerus, and lack of inflammatory signs. In contrast, patients with osteomyelitis due to other organisms frequently had had manipulative procedures predisposing to infection and were more likely to have multiple bone involvement, fever, and leukocytosis at the time of diagnosis. Functional impairment was detected in only one of 17 patients evaluated a mean of 36 months after diagnosis.", "contents": "An etiologic shift in infantile osteomyelitis: the emergence of the group B streptococcus. Twenty-one infants from six to 52 days of age (mean 23.3 days) with osteomyelitis were studied between 1965 and 1977. The etiologic agents were group B streptococcus (8), staphylococcus aureus (6), gramnegative bacilli (4), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1), and unknown (2). Patients with group B streptococcal osteomyelitis were characterized by an uncomplicated neonatal course, single bone involvement with a predilection for involvement of the proximal humerus, and lack of inflammatory signs. In contrast, patients with osteomyelitis due to other organisms frequently had had manipulative procedures predisposing to infection and were more likely to have multiple bone involvement, fever, and leukocytosis at the time of diagnosis. Functional impairment was detected in only one of 17 patients evaluated a mean of 36 months after diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:359772", "title": "Lithium carbonate treatment of select behavior disorders in children suggesting manic-depressive illness.", "content": "Twelve children with severe chronic behavior disorders who benefited from treated with lithium carbonate over an extended period of time (6 to 33 months) are described. Behavioral features common to all included hostility, aggressiveness, and distractibility. Nine had cyclic mood swings, with periods of withdrawal and periods of manic excitement; six of these had neurovegetative disorders. These nine children may have manic-depressive disease of childhood. Three children had no cyclic symptoms, though their hostile and aggressive behavior was similar to that of the cyclic group; they responded similarly to lithium. Family histories were strongly positive for manic-depressive disease, depression, and alcoholism. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study in four patients supported the specific behavioral effect of lithium.", "contents": "Lithium carbonate treatment of select behavior disorders in children suggesting manic-depressive illness. Twelve children with severe chronic behavior disorders who benefited from treated with lithium carbonate over an extended period of time (6 to 33 months) are described. Behavioral features common to all included hostility, aggressiveness, and distractibility. Nine had cyclic mood swings, with periods of withdrawal and periods of manic excitement; six of these had neurovegetative disorders. These nine children may have manic-depressive disease of childhood. Three children had no cyclic symptoms, though their hostile and aggressive behavior was similar to that of the cyclic group; they responded similarly to lithium. Family histories were strongly positive for manic-depressive disease, depression, and alcoholism. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study in four patients supported the specific behavioral effect of lithium."}
{"id": "PMID:359773", "title": "An immunologic investigation of atypical gingivostomatitis.", "content": "A fluorescent antibody investigation was conducted to determine first the difference, if any, in the presence of tissue-bound antibodies in normal gingiva and atypical gingivostomatitis gingiva, and second to determine if the serum of atypical gingivostomatitis patients had auto-antibodies directed against any specific structures of normal gingiva. The immunofluorescent tests produced two signficant results: 1. Most of the mononuclear inflammatory cells present in AGS gingiva had an antibody halo on the cell membrane surface. This could indicate that AGS is the result of hypersensitivity reaction. 2. The serum of AGS patients did not contain detectable auto-antibodies for normal gingiva which would be one indication that AGS is not an autoimmune disease.", "contents": "An immunologic investigation of atypical gingivostomatitis. A fluorescent antibody investigation was conducted to determine first the difference, if any, in the presence of tissue-bound antibodies in normal gingiva and atypical gingivostomatitis gingiva, and second to determine if the serum of atypical gingivostomatitis patients had auto-antibodies directed against any specific structures of normal gingiva. The immunofluorescent tests produced two signficant results: 1. Most of the mononuclear inflammatory cells present in AGS gingiva had an antibody halo on the cell membrane surface. This could indicate that AGS is the result of hypersensitivity reaction. 2. The serum of AGS patients did not contain detectable auto-antibodies for normal gingiva which would be one indication that AGS is not an autoimmune disease."}
{"id": "PMID:359774", "title": "A clinical study of gingival inflammation in renal transplant recipients taking immunosuppressive drugs.", "content": "The relationship between the gingival inflammation and plaque scores of patients who had received kidney transplants and were taking immunosuppressive drugs to combat rejection pheomena was compared with data from a control group. Equivalent plaque scores were associated with less gingival inflammation in the patients taking the immunosuppressive drugs. While there was no signficant difference between the plaque scores of the two groups the control group displayed signficantly more gingival inflammation. The implications of these results with respect to possible etiological mechanisms operating in periodontal disease are discussed.", "contents": "A clinical study of gingival inflammation in renal transplant recipients taking immunosuppressive drugs. The relationship between the gingival inflammation and plaque scores of patients who had received kidney transplants and were taking immunosuppressive drugs to combat rejection pheomena was compared with data from a control group. Equivalent plaque scores were associated with less gingival inflammation in the patients taking the immunosuppressive drugs. While there was no signficant difference between the plaque scores of the two groups the control group displayed signficantly more gingival inflammation. The implications of these results with respect to possible etiological mechanisms operating in periodontal disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:359776", "title": "Fluorescence--TLC densitometric determination of diazepam and other 1,4-benzodiazepines in serum.", "content": "A sensitive fluorescence--TLC densitometric procedure was developed for the specific determination of diazepam (I) and its two metabolites, desmethyldiazepam (II) and oxazepam (III), in serum. After extraction from serum with benzene, the compounds were separated by TLC and converted with a sulfuric acid spray to greenish-yellow fluorescence spots with Rf values of 0.72, 0.43, and 0.17, respectively. Quantitation of the TLC plate was accomplished by scanning with a densitometer at 380 nm. The sensitivities of the assay were 18 (I), 6 (II), and 5 (III) ng/ml of serum. This procedure was also was applicable to other 1,4-benzodiazepines in biological fluids.", "contents": "Fluorescence--TLC densitometric determination of diazepam and other 1,4-benzodiazepines in serum. A sensitive fluorescence--TLC densitometric procedure was developed for the specific determination of diazepam (I) and its two metabolites, desmethyldiazepam (II) and oxazepam (III), in serum. After extraction from serum with benzene, the compounds were separated by TLC and converted with a sulfuric acid spray to greenish-yellow fluorescence spots with Rf values of 0.72, 0.43, and 0.17, respectively. Quantitation of the TLC plate was accomplished by scanning with a densitometer at 380 nm. The sensitivities of the assay were 18 (I), 6 (II), and 5 (III) ng/ml of serum. This procedure was also was applicable to other 1,4-benzodiazepines in biological fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:359777", "title": "Endotoxic shock in the rabbit: the effects of prostaglandin and arachidonic acid administration.", "content": "A rabbit model was used to determine the effects of prostaglandins and arachidonic acid on cellular integrity and survival during endotoxic shock. Prostaglandins A2, E1 and F2alpha were infused intravenously at a rate of 1.0 microgram/kg/min for 105 min beginning 15 min after the administration of an LD60 dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin. While each of the prostaglandins tested significantly attenuated the accumulation of lactic acid dehydrogenase in the plasma of shocked animals, none were able to protect against the increase in the plasma activities of glutamic pyruvic transaminase or cathepsin D during the shock state. Prostaglandins A2, E1 and F2alpha did not significantly enhance the survival of the treated animals as compared to vehicle-treated controls. In contrast, arachidonic acid 15 microgram/kg/min i.v.) significantly prevented the accumulation of lactic acid dehydrogenase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities in the plasma of shocked animals, and also significantly increased the number of survivors in this group 48 hours after the endotoxin administration. In summary, while the treatment of endotoxic rabbits with prostaglandins of the A, E and F series was of no survival value, the treatment of these animals with a substrate of the prostaglandin synthetase complex resulted in a dramatic increase in the survival rate. The mechanism of action of arachidonic acid in this regard is not clear.", "contents": "Endotoxic shock in the rabbit: the effects of prostaglandin and arachidonic acid administration. A rabbit model was used to determine the effects of prostaglandins and arachidonic acid on cellular integrity and survival during endotoxic shock. Prostaglandins A2, E1 and F2alpha were infused intravenously at a rate of 1.0 microgram/kg/min for 105 min beginning 15 min after the administration of an LD60 dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin. While each of the prostaglandins tested significantly attenuated the accumulation of lactic acid dehydrogenase in the plasma of shocked animals, none were able to protect against the increase in the plasma activities of glutamic pyruvic transaminase or cathepsin D during the shock state. Prostaglandins A2, E1 and F2alpha did not significantly enhance the survival of the treated animals as compared to vehicle-treated controls. In contrast, arachidonic acid 15 microgram/kg/min i.v.) significantly prevented the accumulation of lactic acid dehydrogenase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities in the plasma of shocked animals, and also significantly increased the number of survivors in this group 48 hours after the endotoxin administration. In summary, while the treatment of endotoxic rabbits with prostaglandins of the A, E and F series was of no survival value, the treatment of these animals with a substrate of the prostaglandin synthetase complex resulted in a dramatic increase in the survival rate. The mechanism of action of arachidonic acid in this regard is not clear."}
{"id": "PMID:359778", "title": "Analgesic studies of codeine and oxycodone in patients with cancer. II. Comparisons of intramuscular oxycodone with intramuscular morphine and codeine.", "content": "The relative analgesic potency of single graded intramuscular doses of oxycodone and morphine was evaluated in a double-blind study in patients with chronic pain due to cancer. When both intensity and duration of analgesia are considered (total analgesic effect), oxycodone was 2/3 to 3/4 as potent as morphine, while in terms of peak analgesia, it was 8/10 to equipotent. In doses producing equivalent peak effect, oxycodone had a shorter duration of action than morphine. Intramuscular oxycodone was also compared to intramuscular codeine in a similar patient group. In terms of total analgesic effect, oxycodone was 10 times as potent as codeine, while in terms of peak analgesia it was 12 times as potent. These relative potency relationships of oxycodone, taken in conjunction with the oral/parenteral potency ratios of codeine and oxycodone established in the previous paper and several previous relative potency assays involving morphine, oxymorphone and codeine, demonstrate a highly consistent pattern of analgesic structure-activity relationships encompassing morphine, oxymorphone, codeine and oxycodone. The results of these studies do not appear to support the hypothesis that, in man, the analgesic activity of codeine is due to its O-demethylation to morphine.", "contents": "Analgesic studies of codeine and oxycodone in patients with cancer. II. Comparisons of intramuscular oxycodone with intramuscular morphine and codeine. The relative analgesic potency of single graded intramuscular doses of oxycodone and morphine was evaluated in a double-blind study in patients with chronic pain due to cancer. When both intensity and duration of analgesia are considered (total analgesic effect), oxycodone was 2/3 to 3/4 as potent as morphine, while in terms of peak analgesia, it was 8/10 to equipotent. In doses producing equivalent peak effect, oxycodone had a shorter duration of action than morphine. Intramuscular oxycodone was also compared to intramuscular codeine in a similar patient group. In terms of total analgesic effect, oxycodone was 10 times as potent as codeine, while in terms of peak analgesia it was 12 times as potent. These relative potency relationships of oxycodone, taken in conjunction with the oral/parenteral potency ratios of codeine and oxycodone established in the previous paper and several previous relative potency assays involving morphine, oxymorphone and codeine, demonstrate a highly consistent pattern of analgesic structure-activity relationships encompassing morphine, oxymorphone, codeine and oxycodone. The results of these studies do not appear to support the hypothesis that, in man, the analgesic activity of codeine is due to its O-demethylation to morphine."}
{"id": "PMID:359779", "title": "Analgesic studies of codeine and oxycodone in patients with cancer. I. Comparisons of oral with intramuscular codeine and of oral with intramuscular oxycodone.", "content": "The relative analgesic potency of oral and intramuscular codeine was evaluated in a double-blind crossover comparison of graded single doses in patients with chronic pain due to cancer. When both duration and intensity of analgesia are considered (total effect), oral codeine was 6/10 as potent as the intramuscular form. This is a high oral/parenteral analgesic relative potency ratio compared with morphine, metopon and oxymorphone and correlates well with the results of recent studies which have determined the oral vs. intramuscular bioavailability of codeine in man. Oral and intramuscular oxycodone were also compared in a similar patient group. Like codeine, oxycodone retained at least 1/2 of its analgesic activity when administered orally. We hypothesize that the high oral/parenteral relative potency ratios of codeine and oxycodone relative to morphine and its congeners are not due to more efficient absorption after oral administration, but rather that methylation at position 3 in codeine and oxycodone protects these drugs from rapid first-pass metabolism.", "contents": "Analgesic studies of codeine and oxycodone in patients with cancer. I. Comparisons of oral with intramuscular codeine and of oral with intramuscular oxycodone. The relative analgesic potency of oral and intramuscular codeine was evaluated in a double-blind crossover comparison of graded single doses in patients with chronic pain due to cancer. When both duration and intensity of analgesia are considered (total effect), oral codeine was 6/10 as potent as the intramuscular form. This is a high oral/parenteral analgesic relative potency ratio compared with morphine, metopon and oxymorphone and correlates well with the results of recent studies which have determined the oral vs. intramuscular bioavailability of codeine in man. Oral and intramuscular oxycodone were also compared in a similar patient group. Like codeine, oxycodone retained at least 1/2 of its analgesic activity when administered orally. We hypothesize that the high oral/parenteral relative potency ratios of codeine and oxycodone relative to morphine and its congeners are not due to more efficient absorption after oral administration, but rather that methylation at position 3 in codeine and oxycodone protects these drugs from rapid first-pass metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:359780", "title": "Properties of the calcium-extruding mechanism of liver cells.", "content": "1. The movements of Ca2+ between liver slices and the suspending medium have been followed with a Ca2+-specific electrode and with measurements of the efflux of 45Ca. 2. A net entry of Ca2+ into the tissue occurred during anaerobiosis. Reoxygenation of the medium resulted in a net extrusion of Ca2+ which was reversed by the addition of a respiratory inhibitor (Amytal), an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation (pentachlorophenol) or the divalent-cation-specific ionophore, A23187. 3. The net extrusion of Ca2+ was dependent on the presence of Mg2+ in the medium, but was not prevented by ouabain or by incubation in a Na+-free medium. Extrusion was not prevented by cytochalasin B or colchicine. 4. The undirectional efflux of 45Ca required Mg2+ to attain its maximal rate, and the magnitude was not affected by the presence of ouabain or the absence of Na+ from the medium. 5. It is concluded that extrusion of Ca2+ from liver cells is a metabolically dependent transport process that occurs independently of the exchange of Na+ between tissue and medium.", "contents": "Properties of the calcium-extruding mechanism of liver cells. 1. The movements of Ca2+ between liver slices and the suspending medium have been followed with a Ca2+-specific electrode and with measurements of the efflux of 45Ca. 2. A net entry of Ca2+ into the tissue occurred during anaerobiosis. Reoxygenation of the medium resulted in a net extrusion of Ca2+ which was reversed by the addition of a respiratory inhibitor (Amytal), an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation (pentachlorophenol) or the divalent-cation-specific ionophore, A23187. 3. The net extrusion of Ca2+ was dependent on the presence of Mg2+ in the medium, but was not prevented by ouabain or by incubation in a Na+-free medium. Extrusion was not prevented by cytochalasin B or colchicine. 4. The undirectional efflux of 45Ca required Mg2+ to attain its maximal rate, and the magnitude was not affected by the presence of ouabain or the absence of Na+ from the medium. 5. It is concluded that extrusion of Ca2+ from liver cells is a metabolically dependent transport process that occurs independently of the exchange of Na+ between tissue and medium."}
{"id": "PMID:359782", "title": "The swing-lock partial denture: an alternative approach to conventional removable partial denture service.", "content": "There are many common problems associated with the use of conventional clasp removable partial dentures. An alternative modality in many instances is the swing-lock removable partial denture. Its advantages, disadvantages, indications, and contraindications are discussed. The procedures of fabrication, placement, and adjustments are described.", "contents": "The swing-lock partial denture: an alternative approach to conventional removable partial denture service. There are many common problems associated with the use of conventional clasp removable partial dentures. An alternative modality in many instances is the swing-lock removable partial denture. Its advantages, disadvantages, indications, and contraindications are discussed. The procedures of fabrication, placement, and adjustments are described."}
{"id": "PMID:359783", "title": "A new metal-ceramic crown.", "content": "A new method of attaching porcelain to precious metals using tin oxide coatings is described. Platinum foil is bonded to aluminous porcelain and forms an inner protective skin, thereby reducing the formation of microcracks and increasing the strength of the crown. An improvement in translucency of the crown is obtained by using thick layers of porcelain, and the technique still allows the use of a porcelain butt fit at the critical labiocervical margin.", "contents": "A new metal-ceramic crown. A new method of attaching porcelain to precious metals using tin oxide coatings is described. Platinum foil is bonded to aluminous porcelain and forms an inner protective skin, thereby reducing the formation of microcracks and increasing the strength of the crown. An improvement in translucency of the crown is obtained by using thick layers of porcelain, and the technique still allows the use of a porcelain butt fit at the critical labiocervical margin."}
{"id": "PMID:359784", "title": "Bond strength of three cements determined by centrifugal testing.", "content": "1. Each tooth preparation and crown should be used to test only one cement, since recementation will alter the bond strength associated with the second trial. 2. Recementation of a restoration should include a thorough cleaning of the preparation and the restoration. 3. Although zinc polycarboxylate cement possessed the highest bond strength, there were no statistically significant differences among the cements tested. 4. No correlation was found between bond strength and any individual property of compressive strength, tensile strength, or film thickness. 5. Values of ADA film thickness predicted the order of values of film thickness determined by a simulated clinical method.", "contents": "Bond strength of three cements determined by centrifugal testing. 1. Each tooth preparation and crown should be used to test only one cement, since recementation will alter the bond strength associated with the second trial. 2. Recementation of a restoration should include a thorough cleaning of the preparation and the restoration. 3. Although zinc polycarboxylate cement possessed the highest bond strength, there were no statistically significant differences among the cements tested. 4. No correlation was found between bond strength and any individual property of compressive strength, tensile strength, or film thickness. 5. Values of ADA film thickness predicted the order of values of film thickness determined by a simulated clinical method."}
{"id": "PMID:359785", "title": "Basic wax contouring for complete dentures.", "content": "The form and contour of the polished surface of the denture base is an important factor in the appearance and function of complete dentures. It is the responsibility of the dentist to insure that the dental laboratory technician reproduces the proper anatomic contour of the denture base. With attention to details in the final wax-up, the finishing procedures will be minimal. The use of high shine is all that is needed to polish. If anatomy is lost in the investing procedure, and it is necessary to recarve it with acrylic resin burs, then it will be necessary to use both coarse and fine pumice and high shine to complete the dentures (Figs. 15 to 17). When one applies these basic principles, a denture surface is produced that will be both refreshing and natural in appearance and aid in the stability of the dentures in function. To our patients who are contemplating prosthodontic replacements, it should remove the fear of having to submit to accepting an unnatural restoration.", "contents": "Basic wax contouring for complete dentures. The form and contour of the polished surface of the denture base is an important factor in the appearance and function of complete dentures. It is the responsibility of the dentist to insure that the dental laboratory technician reproduces the proper anatomic contour of the denture base. With attention to details in the final wax-up, the finishing procedures will be minimal. The use of high shine is all that is needed to polish. If anatomy is lost in the investing procedure, and it is necessary to recarve it with acrylic resin burs, then it will be necessary to use both coarse and fine pumice and high shine to complete the dentures (Figs. 15 to 17). When one applies these basic principles, a denture surface is produced that will be both refreshing and natural in appearance and aid in the stability of the dentures in function. To our patients who are contemplating prosthodontic replacements, it should remove the fear of having to submit to accepting an unnatural restoration."}
{"id": "PMID:359786", "title": "Layered silicone rubber technique for flasking removable partial dentures.", "content": "A method for flasking removable partial dentures using a layered silicone rubber technique has been described. The silicone investment protects the stone teeth from fracture during removal of the removable partial denture from the investment. Then the occlusal changes can be accurately corrected following processing.", "contents": "Layered silicone rubber technique for flasking removable partial dentures. A method for flasking removable partial dentures using a layered silicone rubber technique has been described. The silicone investment protects the stone teeth from fracture during removal of the removable partial denture from the investment. Then the occlusal changes can be accurately corrected following processing."}
{"id": "PMID:359787", "title": "Vertical displacement of distal-extension ridges by different impression techniques.", "content": "A study was conducted to compare tissue displacement resulting from different techniques and impression materials for distal-extension ridges. Impression techniques used were Applegate's functional fluid wax and a single-impression technique with mercaptan rubber. A mucostatic impression technique using irreversible hydrocolloid served as control. The results showed a statistically significant difference in tissue displacement between the casts made from the functional fluid wax technique and the single-impression technique with mercaptan rubber and the casts in the control group.", "contents": "Vertical displacement of distal-extension ridges by different impression techniques. A study was conducted to compare tissue displacement resulting from different techniques and impression materials for distal-extension ridges. Impression techniques used were Applegate's functional fluid wax and a single-impression technique with mercaptan rubber. A mucostatic impression technique using irreversible hydrocolloid served as control. The results showed a statistically significant difference in tissue displacement between the casts made from the functional fluid wax technique and the single-impression technique with mercaptan rubber and the casts in the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:359789", "title": "Direct pattern technique for posts and cores.", "content": "The technique described results in a well adapted cast post and core with good retention (Figs. 18 and 19). The chances of perforation of the root and trauma to the patient are reduced, and the expense of the procedure is minimal. This system is adaptable to single- or multirooted teeth and continually produces good results with minimal problems.", "contents": "Direct pattern technique for posts and cores. The technique described results in a well adapted cast post and core with good retention (Figs. 18 and 19). The chances of perforation of the root and trauma to the patient are reduced, and the expense of the procedure is minimal. This system is adaptable to single- or multirooted teeth and continually produces good results with minimal problems."}
{"id": "PMID:359790", "title": "A technique for restoring abutments for removable partial dentures.", "content": "A technique was presented to restore a removable partial denture abutment so that the removable denture can continue to be used. The technique uses cold-curing acrylic resin in a rubber base impression form. The technique can be adapted to both direct and indirect procedures.", "contents": "A technique for restoring abutments for removable partial dentures. A technique was presented to restore a removable partial denture abutment so that the removable denture can continue to be used. The technique uses cold-curing acrylic resin in a rubber base impression form. The technique can be adapted to both direct and indirect procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:359792", "title": "Technique for attaching the master cast to its split mounting index.", "content": "A technique that allows the master cast to be easily removed and attached to its split mounting index has been described. The cast is attached to its split mounting index by means of a machine screw and a disposable mounting stud.", "contents": "Technique for attaching the master cast to its split mounting index. A technique that allows the master cast to be easily removed and attached to its split mounting index has been described. The cast is attached to its split mounting index by means of a machine screw and a disposable mounting stud."}
{"id": "PMID:359793", "title": "Acrylic resin blockout for interim removable partial dentures.", "content": "A technique using autopolymerizing acrylic resin as a blockout material has been described. This technique greatly simplifies the laboratory construction and insertion phases of the complex interim removable partial denture. It is not suggested that the acrylic blockout replace the wax blockout if a heat-cured denture base is not indicated. Wax should be used if a \"sprinkle-on\" autopolymerizing acrylic resin is used for the denture base.", "contents": "Acrylic resin blockout for interim removable partial dentures. A technique using autopolymerizing acrylic resin as a blockout material has been described. This technique greatly simplifies the laboratory construction and insertion phases of the complex interim removable partial denture. It is not suggested that the acrylic blockout replace the wax blockout if a heat-cured denture base is not indicated. Wax should be used if a \"sprinkle-on\" autopolymerizing acrylic resin is used for the denture base."}
{"id": "PMID:359795", "title": "Balint reassessed: the doctor, his patient, and the illness: a reappraisal.", "content": "Psychoanalytical theories seek to explain human behaviour. I believe that they are not scientific, whereas it appears that Balint thought they were. I suggest instead that they are better regarded as myths and part of an artistic discipline. Whereas most of the problems brought by patients to general practitioners can be understood in scientific terms, others can be understood only in artistic terms.These two terms reflect fundamentally different kinds of problems, and different language must be used to discuss them. Neither the two sets of terms nor the two kinds of problem can be confused without giving rise to error. I argue that Michael Balint came to a false conclusion about the nature of the general practitioner's task, about the way the problems posed by his difficult patients may be identified, and about some of the training doctors should receive.Balint's main contribution remains. He showed us that scientific skills alone are not enough if we are to understand our patients fully. He also showed us how a descriptive science of human behaviour in the consulting room was possible.To these insights must be added new understanding. Popper (1963) has provided us with a clear line of demarcation between science and the rest of our knowledge. This idea suggests that general practitioners should reaffirm the importance to them of the intellectual discipline of science. If they wish their understanding and practice to be comprehensive they must also affirm the importance of the arts. What they must not do is to confuse one with the other.", "contents": "Balint reassessed: the doctor, his patient, and the illness: a reappraisal. Psychoanalytical theories seek to explain human behaviour. I believe that they are not scientific, whereas it appears that Balint thought they were. I suggest instead that they are better regarded as myths and part of an artistic discipline. Whereas most of the problems brought by patients to general practitioners can be understood in scientific terms, others can be understood only in artistic terms.These two terms reflect fundamentally different kinds of problems, and different language must be used to discuss them. Neither the two sets of terms nor the two kinds of problem can be confused without giving rise to error. I argue that Michael Balint came to a false conclusion about the nature of the general practitioner's task, about the way the problems posed by his difficult patients may be identified, and about some of the training doctors should receive.Balint's main contribution remains. He showed us that scientific skills alone are not enough if we are to understand our patients fully. He also showed us how a descriptive science of human behaviour in the consulting room was possible.To these insights must be added new understanding. Popper (1963) has provided us with a clear line of demarcation between science and the rest of our knowledge. This idea suggests that general practitioners should reaffirm the importance to them of the intellectual discipline of science. If they wish their understanding and practice to be comprehensive they must also affirm the importance of the arts. What they must not do is to confuse one with the other."}
{"id": "PMID:359798", "title": "Richard Quiller Couch--an outstanding nineteenth century general practitioner.", "content": "The boom in metal mining in the mid-nineteenth century produced a fearful mortality among miners. The history of this problem is described by the life and work of Mr R. Quiller Couch, a Cornish mine surgeon and general practitioner. He was a remarkable man and an outstanding general practitioner.", "contents": "Richard Quiller Couch--an outstanding nineteenth century general practitioner. The boom in metal mining in the mid-nineteenth century produced a fearful mortality among miners. The history of this problem is described by the life and work of Mr R. Quiller Couch, a Cornish mine surgeon and general practitioner. He was a remarkable man and an outstanding general practitioner."}
{"id": "PMID:359800", "title": "The rise of the general practitioner in the nineteenth century.", "content": "It was the Apothecaries Act of 1815 which led to the emergence of general practice as we know it today and it was this one Act which produced a flood of changes on the medical scene that are without parallel in our history. Students were soon to undergo new forms of training in new medical schools and hospitals, and many medical associations and journals were founded. The term ;general practitioner' was soon in use. The driving force behind all these changes was the Society of Apothecaries and the new general practitioners, and all too often they were opposed by the two Royal Colleges. It was only at the beginning of the twentieth century that these new practitioners were allowed to call themselves ;doctors'.", "contents": "The rise of the general practitioner in the nineteenth century. It was the Apothecaries Act of 1815 which led to the emergence of general practice as we know it today and it was this one Act which produced a flood of changes on the medical scene that are without parallel in our history. Students were soon to undergo new forms of training in new medical schools and hospitals, and many medical associations and journals were founded. The term ;general practitioner' was soon in use. The driving force behind all these changes was the Society of Apothecaries and the new general practitioners, and all too often they were opposed by the two Royal Colleges. It was only at the beginning of the twentieth century that these new practitioners were allowed to call themselves ;doctors'."}
{"id": "PMID:359811", "title": "Some aspects of the pathogenesis and comparative pathology of toxoplasmosis.", "content": "Some aspects of the pathogenesis and comparative pathology of toxoplasmosis are described. The general pattern of infection, with or without necrosis, and tissue cyst formation as it occurs in all species is dealt with. The wide pathological manifestations of toxoplasmosis as seen in sheep, cattle, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, chinchillas and man are reviewed.", "contents": "Some aspects of the pathogenesis and comparative pathology of toxoplasmosis. Some aspects of the pathogenesis and comparative pathology of toxoplasmosis are described. The general pattern of infection, with or without necrosis, and tissue cyst formation as it occurs in all species is dealt with. The wide pathological manifestations of toxoplasmosis as seen in sheep, cattle, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, chinchillas and man are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:359812", "title": "Comparison of ion current noise predicted from different models of the sodium channel gating mechanism in nerve membrane.", "content": "The theoretical power density spectrum S(f) of ion current noise is calculated from several models of the sodium channel gating mechanism in nerve membrane. Sodium ion noise experimental data from the frog node of Ranvier [Conti, F., et al. (1976), J. Physiol. (London) 262:699] is used as a test of the theoretical results. The motivation for recent modeling has been evidence for a coupling between sodium activation and inactivation from voltage clamp data. The two processes are independent of one another in the Hodgkin and Huxley (HH) model [Hodgkin A.L., Huxley, A.F. (1952), J. Physiol. (London) 117:500]. The noise data is consistent with HH, as noted by Conti et al. (1976). The theoretical results given here appear to indicate that only one case of coupling models is also consistent with the noise data.", "contents": "Comparison of ion current noise predicted from different models of the sodium channel gating mechanism in nerve membrane. The theoretical power density spectrum S(f) of ion current noise is calculated from several models of the sodium channel gating mechanism in nerve membrane. Sodium ion noise experimental data from the frog node of Ranvier [Conti, F., et al. (1976), J. Physiol. (London) 262:699] is used as a test of the theoretical results. The motivation for recent modeling has been evidence for a coupling between sodium activation and inactivation from voltage clamp data. The two processes are independent of one another in the Hodgkin and Huxley (HH) model [Hodgkin A.L., Huxley, A.F. (1952), J. Physiol. (London) 117:500]. The noise data is consistent with HH, as noted by Conti et al. (1976). The theoretical results given here appear to indicate that only one case of coupling models is also consistent with the noise data."}
{"id": "PMID:359813", "title": "Intracellular chloride activities in rabbit gallbladder: direct evidence for the role of the sodium-gradient in energizing \"uphill\" chloride transport.", "content": "Intracellular chloride activities, (Cl)c, in rabbit gallbladder were determined by using conventional (Kcl-filled) microelectrodes and Cl-selective, liquid ion-exchanger, microelectrodes. The results indicated that in the presence of a normal Ringer's solution, (Cl)c averages 35mM; this value is 2.3 times that predicted for an equilibrium distribution across the mucosal and baso-lateral membranes. On the other hand, when the tissue is bathed by Na-free solutions, (Cl)c declines to a value that does not differ significantly from that predicted for an equilibrium distribution. These results, together with those of Frizzell et al. (J. Gen. Physiol. 65:769, 1975) provide, for the first time, compelling evidence that (i) the movement of Cl from the mucosal solution into the cell is directed against an electrochemical potential difference (23mV); and (ii) this movement is energized by coupling to the entry of Na down a steep electrochemical potential difference. Finally, our data suggest that (i) Cl exit from the cell across the basolateral membrane may be coupled to the co-transport of a cation or the countertransport of an anion; and (ii) the mechanism responsible for active Na extrusion from the cell across the baso-lateral membrane is rheogenic (electrogenic), and is not the result of a neutral Na-K exchange.", "contents": "Intracellular chloride activities in rabbit gallbladder: direct evidence for the role of the sodium-gradient in energizing \"uphill\" chloride transport. Intracellular chloride activities, (Cl)c, in rabbit gallbladder were determined by using conventional (Kcl-filled) microelectrodes and Cl-selective, liquid ion-exchanger, microelectrodes. The results indicated that in the presence of a normal Ringer's solution, (Cl)c averages 35mM; this value is 2.3 times that predicted for an equilibrium distribution across the mucosal and baso-lateral membranes. On the other hand, when the tissue is bathed by Na-free solutions, (Cl)c declines to a value that does not differ significantly from that predicted for an equilibrium distribution. These results, together with those of Frizzell et al. (J. Gen. Physiol. 65:769, 1975) provide, for the first time, compelling evidence that (i) the movement of Cl from the mucosal solution into the cell is directed against an electrochemical potential difference (23mV); and (ii) this movement is energized by coupling to the entry of Na down a steep electrochemical potential difference. Finally, our data suggest that (i) Cl exit from the cell across the basolateral membrane may be coupled to the co-transport of a cation or the countertransport of an anion; and (ii) the mechanism responsible for active Na extrusion from the cell across the baso-lateral membrane is rheogenic (electrogenic), and is not the result of a neutral Na-K exchange."}
{"id": "PMID:359814", "title": "Structures of membrane proteins.", "content": "The possible conformations of integral membrane proteins are restricted by the nature of their environment. In order to satisfy the requirement of maximum hydrogen bonding, those portions of the polypeptide chain which are in contact with lipid hydrocarbon must be organized into regions of regular secondary structure. As possible models of the intramembranous regions of integral membrane proteins, three types of regular structures are discussed. Two, the alpha helix and the beta-pleated sheet, are regularly occurring structural features of soluble proteins. The third is a newly proposed class of conformations called beta helices. These helices have unique features which make them particularly well-suited to the lipid bilayer environment. The central segment of the membrane-spanning protein glycophorin can be arranged into a beta helix with a hydrophobic exterior and a polar interior containing charged amino-acid side chains. Such structures could function as transmembrane ion channels. A model of the activation process based on a hypothetical equilibrium between alpha and beta helical forms of a transmembrane protein is presented. The model can accurately reproduce the kinetics and voltage dependence of the channels in nerve.", "contents": "Structures of membrane proteins. The possible conformations of integral membrane proteins are restricted by the nature of their environment. In order to satisfy the requirement of maximum hydrogen bonding, those portions of the polypeptide chain which are in contact with lipid hydrocarbon must be organized into regions of regular secondary structure. As possible models of the intramembranous regions of integral membrane proteins, three types of regular structures are discussed. Two, the alpha helix and the beta-pleated sheet, are regularly occurring structural features of soluble proteins. The third is a newly proposed class of conformations called beta helices. These helices have unique features which make them particularly well-suited to the lipid bilayer environment. The central segment of the membrane-spanning protein glycophorin can be arranged into a beta helix with a hydrophobic exterior and a polar interior containing charged amino-acid side chains. Such structures could function as transmembrane ion channels. A model of the activation process based on a hypothetical equilibrium between alpha and beta helical forms of a transmembrane protein is presented. The model can accurately reproduce the kinetics and voltage dependence of the channels in nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:359816", "title": "Dose-incidence variations of reticulum cell sarcoma in mice with irradiated bone marrow.", "content": "The average final incidence of reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) in untreated control (C57BL/Cnefemale X C3H/Cnemale)F1 male mice was 57% and was not significantly changed by single acute whole-body doses of X-rays up to 400 rads. Higher doses sharply decreased this incidence to very low levels. In a syngeneic chimera system, however, irradiation (400 rads) of bone marrow prior to transplantation significantly increased the frequency and rate of RCS relative to transplantation of unirradiated marrow. An endogenous repopulating system was tested; marrow was irradiated in situ by a limb-shielding technique. The results indicated a biphasic dose-incidence curve with a peak at 500 rads. The rising part of the curve was in agreement with and extended the conclusion from the exogenous system, whereas the descending portion at higher doses paralleled the trend observed in the whole-body X-irradiated animals. Finally, the irradiation of two hind legs resulted in a higher frequency of RCS than did irradiation of only one leg at the same dose levels.", "contents": "Dose-incidence variations of reticulum cell sarcoma in mice with irradiated bone marrow. The average final incidence of reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) in untreated control (C57BL/Cnefemale X C3H/Cnemale)F1 male mice was 57% and was not significantly changed by single acute whole-body doses of X-rays up to 400 rads. Higher doses sharply decreased this incidence to very low levels. In a syngeneic chimera system, however, irradiation (400 rads) of bone marrow prior to transplantation significantly increased the frequency and rate of RCS relative to transplantation of unirradiated marrow. An endogenous repopulating system was tested; marrow was irradiated in situ by a limb-shielding technique. The results indicated a biphasic dose-incidence curve with a peak at 500 rads. The rising part of the curve was in agreement with and extended the conclusion from the exogenous system, whereas the descending portion at higher doses paralleled the trend observed in the whole-body X-irradiated animals. Finally, the irradiation of two hind legs resulted in a higher frequency of RCS than did irradiation of only one leg at the same dose levels."}
{"id": "PMID:359818", "title": "Malaria infection in transplant recipient.", "content": "A case of P. malariae infection occurring in a kidney transplant recipient is reported. The diagnosis was delayed because of atypical clinical presentation secondary to altered immune response. Serologic tests for antimalarial antibody are not reliable and diagnosis is established by visualization of the parasites in the peripheral blood smear. We can only guess what role this infection played in rejection of the transplant and whether earlier diagnosis and treatment would have saved it.", "contents": "Malaria infection in transplant recipient. A case of P. malariae infection occurring in a kidney transplant recipient is reported. The diagnosis was delayed because of atypical clinical presentation secondary to altered immune response. Serologic tests for antimalarial antibody are not reliable and diagnosis is established by visualization of the parasites in the peripheral blood smear. We can only guess what role this infection played in rejection of the transplant and whether earlier diagnosis and treatment would have saved it."}
{"id": "PMID:359820", "title": "Emergency approach to fingertip injuries.", "content": "An efficient, reliable, and immediate method of treating full-thickness skin avulsions of fingertips in an Emergency Room is presented. A series of patients are discussed.", "contents": "Emergency approach to fingertip injuries. An efficient, reliable, and immediate method of treating full-thickness skin avulsions of fingertips in an Emergency Room is presented. A series of patients are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:359822", "title": "Management of flexor tendon lacerations in the hand.", "content": "Flexor tendon injuries in the hand present a real challenge in treatment. Poorly chosen or poorly executed treatment may lead to a functionless finger at best, impairing total hand function. A variety of approaches to treatment of flexor tendon injuries is available to the specially trained surgeon and a particular method is selected based on the merits of the case in question. Primary tendon repair is a viable choice under the proper conditions, while delayed primary repair allows a somewhat broader application of this technique. Flexor tendon grafting remains a very useful operation for the surgeon caring for tendon injuries of the hand.", "contents": "Management of flexor tendon lacerations in the hand. Flexor tendon injuries in the hand present a real challenge in treatment. Poorly chosen or poorly executed treatment may lead to a functionless finger at best, impairing total hand function. A variety of approaches to treatment of flexor tendon injuries is available to the specially trained surgeon and a particular method is selected based on the merits of the case in question. Primary tendon repair is a viable choice under the proper conditions, while delayed primary repair allows a somewhat broader application of this technique. Flexor tendon grafting remains a very useful operation for the surgeon caring for tendon injuries of the hand."}
{"id": "PMID:359825", "title": "Clinical skin banking: a simplified system for processing, storage, and retrieval of human allografts.", "content": "A simplified procedure for the harvest and preservation of human allograft skin for burn treatment is outlined. In establishing a skin bank to serve the San Diego County Regional Burn Treatment Center, our primary goals were to deliver a low-cost product, monitored to be free of significant bacterial contamination. Our own innovations include the use of Falcon 2070 tubes as packaging material, and the use of microwave energy for the safe, rapid thawing of liquid nitrogen stored tissue.", "contents": "Clinical skin banking: a simplified system for processing, storage, and retrieval of human allografts. A simplified procedure for the harvest and preservation of human allograft skin for burn treatment is outlined. In establishing a skin bank to serve the San Diego County Regional Burn Treatment Center, our primary goals were to deliver a low-cost product, monitored to be free of significant bacterial contamination. Our own innovations include the use of Falcon 2070 tubes as packaging material, and the use of microwave energy for the safe, rapid thawing of liquid nitrogen stored tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:359826", "title": "Evaluation of the effect of a single dose of tinidazole (Fasigyn) in giardiasis.", "content": "The effect of tinidazole in a single dose in the treatment of giardiasis has been evaluated in 165 cases, found in 5 villages in Kazeroon, Southern Iran. A reduction of 94.5 per cent in the positive stool tests in treated cases was obtained, while this reduction was only 10 per cent in 30 control cases. No side-effect has been observed in 87 per cent of treated cases and side reactions in the remaining cases were mild and transient.", "contents": "Evaluation of the effect of a single dose of tinidazole (Fasigyn) in giardiasis. The effect of tinidazole in a single dose in the treatment of giardiasis has been evaluated in 165 cases, found in 5 villages in Kazeroon, Southern Iran. A reduction of 94.5 per cent in the positive stool tests in treated cases was obtained, while this reduction was only 10 per cent in 30 control cases. No side-effect has been observed in 87 per cent of treated cases and side reactions in the remaining cases were mild and transient."}
{"id": "PMID:359827", "title": "Bacteriophage P22-mediated specialized transduction in Salmonella typhimurium: high frequency of aberrant prophage excision.", "content": "The temperate bacteriophage P22 mediates both generalized and specialized transduction in Salmonella typhimurium. Specialized transduction by phage P22 is different from, and less restricted than, the well characterized specialized transduction by phage lambda, due to differences in the phage DNA packaging mechanisms. Based on the properties of the DNA packaging mechanism of phage P22 a model for the generation of various types of specialized transducing particles is presented that suggests generation of substantial numbers of specialized transducing genomes which are heterogeneous but only some of which have terminally redundant ends. The primary attachment site, ataA, for phage P22 in S. typhimurium is located between the genes proA,B and supQ newD. (The newD gene is a substitute gene for the leuD gene, restoring leucine prototrophy of leuD mutant strains.) The proA,B and supQ newD genes are very closely linked and thus cotransducible by generalized transducing particles. Specialized transducing particles can carry either proA,B or supQ newD but not both simultaneously, and thus cannot give rise to cotransduction of the proA,B and supQ newD genes. This difference is used to calculate the frequency of generalized and specialized transducing particles from the observed cotransduction frequency in phage lysates. By this method, very high frequencies of supQ newD (10(-2)/PFU)- and proA,B (10(-3)/PFU)-specialized transducing particles were detected in lysates produced by induction of lysogenic strains. These transducing particles most of which would have been produced by independent aberrant excision events (which include in situ packaging), were of various types.", "contents": "Bacteriophage P22-mediated specialized transduction in Salmonella typhimurium: high frequency of aberrant prophage excision. The temperate bacteriophage P22 mediates both generalized and specialized transduction in Salmonella typhimurium. Specialized transduction by phage P22 is different from, and less restricted than, the well characterized specialized transduction by phage lambda, due to differences in the phage DNA packaging mechanisms. Based on the properties of the DNA packaging mechanism of phage P22 a model for the generation of various types of specialized transducing particles is presented that suggests generation of substantial numbers of specialized transducing genomes which are heterogeneous but only some of which have terminally redundant ends. The primary attachment site, ataA, for phage P22 in S. typhimurium is located between the genes proA,B and supQ newD. (The newD gene is a substitute gene for the leuD gene, restoring leucine prototrophy of leuD mutant strains.) The proA,B and supQ newD genes are very closely linked and thus cotransducible by generalized transducing particles. Specialized transducing particles can carry either proA,B or supQ newD but not both simultaneously, and thus cannot give rise to cotransduction of the proA,B and supQ newD genes. This difference is used to calculate the frequency of generalized and specialized transducing particles from the observed cotransduction frequency in phage lysates. By this method, very high frequencies of supQ newD (10(-2)/PFU)- and proA,B (10(-3)/PFU)-specialized transducing particles were detected in lysates produced by induction of lysogenic strains. These transducing particles most of which would have been produced by independent aberrant excision events (which include in situ packaging), were of various types."}
{"id": "PMID:359828", "title": "Bacteriophage P22-mediated specialized transduction in Salmonella typhimurium: identification of different types of specialized transducing particles.", "content": "The temperate bacteriophage P22 mediates both generalized and specialized transduction in Salmonella typhimurium. Specialized transduction by phage P22 is different from, and less restricted than, the well characterized specialized transduction by phage lambda, due to differences in the phage DNA packaging mechanism. Phage lysates produced by induction of lysogenic strains contain very high frequencies of supQ newD- and proA,B-specialized transducing particles (10(-2)/PFU and 10(-3)/PFU, respectively), most of which are produced by independent aberrant excision events of various types. In a model, 12 different modes of transduction mechanisms were characterized by: (i) the structure of the specialized transducing genomes after injection into a new host cell, i.e., linear or circular, and (ii) the requirements for the transduction process, i.e., host recombination functions, phage integration functions, or presence of a prophage. By using different recipient strains and phage helper strains, it was possible to show that most specialized transducing particles (ca. 99%) contain linear genomes that cannot circularize upon injection into a new host cell and that require the presence of an integrated prophage as a site for a recombinational event to give rise to a transductant. Only 0.1% of all specialized transducing particles were shown to transduce by integration, suggesting that transducing genomes containing terminally redundant ends represent only a minor fraction of all transducing particles that are produced. However, it should be pointed out that the frequency (approximately 10(-5)/PFU) of these specialized transducing genomes that can circularize upon injection into a new host cell is as high as or even higher than the frequency of specialized transducing particles of phage lambda. The remaining approximately 1% of all specialized transducing particles can transduce by any one of the other mechanisms described.", "contents": "Bacteriophage P22-mediated specialized transduction in Salmonella typhimurium: identification of different types of specialized transducing particles. The temperate bacteriophage P22 mediates both generalized and specialized transduction in Salmonella typhimurium. Specialized transduction by phage P22 is different from, and less restricted than, the well characterized specialized transduction by phage lambda, due to differences in the phage DNA packaging mechanism. Phage lysates produced by induction of lysogenic strains contain very high frequencies of supQ newD- and proA,B-specialized transducing particles (10(-2)/PFU and 10(-3)/PFU, respectively), most of which are produced by independent aberrant excision events of various types. In a model, 12 different modes of transduction mechanisms were characterized by: (i) the structure of the specialized transducing genomes after injection into a new host cell, i.e., linear or circular, and (ii) the requirements for the transduction process, i.e., host recombination functions, phage integration functions, or presence of a prophage. By using different recipient strains and phage helper strains, it was possible to show that most specialized transducing particles (ca. 99%) contain linear genomes that cannot circularize upon injection into a new host cell and that require the presence of an integrated prophage as a site for a recombinational event to give rise to a transductant. Only 0.1% of all specialized transducing particles were shown to transduce by integration, suggesting that transducing genomes containing terminally redundant ends represent only a minor fraction of all transducing particles that are produced. However, it should be pointed out that the frequency (approximately 10(-5)/PFU) of these specialized transducing genomes that can circularize upon injection into a new host cell is as high as or even higher than the frequency of specialized transducing particles of phage lambda. The remaining approximately 1% of all specialized transducing particles can transduce by any one of the other mechanisms described."}
{"id": "PMID:359829", "title": "Early events in the replication of Mu prophage DNA.", "content": "To determine whether the early replication of Mu prophage DNA proceeds beyond the termini of the prophage into hose DNA, the amounts of both Mu DNA and the prophage-adjacent host DNA sequences were measured using a DNA-DNA annealing assay after induction of the Mu vegetative cycle. Whereas Mu-specific DNA synthesis began 6 to 8 min after induction, no amplification of the adjacent DNA sequences was observed. These data suggest that early Mu-induced DNA synthesis is constrained within the boundaries of the Mu prophage. Since prophage Mu DNA does not undergo a prophage lambda-like excision from its original site after induction (E. Ljungquist and A. I. Bukhari, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:3143--3147, 1977), we propose the existence of a control mechanism which excludes prophage-adjacent sequences from the initial mu prophage replication. The frequencies of the Mu prophage-adjacent DNA sequences, relative to other Escherichia coli genes, were not observed to change after the onset of Mu-specific DNA replication. This suggests that these regions remain associated with the host chromosome and continue to be replicated by the chromosomal replication fork. Therefore, we conclude that both the Mu prophage and adjacent host sequences are maintained in the host chromosome, rather than on an extrachromosomal form containing Mu and host DNA.", "contents": "Early events in the replication of Mu prophage DNA. To determine whether the early replication of Mu prophage DNA proceeds beyond the termini of the prophage into hose DNA, the amounts of both Mu DNA and the prophage-adjacent host DNA sequences were measured using a DNA-DNA annealing assay after induction of the Mu vegetative cycle. Whereas Mu-specific DNA synthesis began 6 to 8 min after induction, no amplification of the adjacent DNA sequences was observed. These data suggest that early Mu-induced DNA synthesis is constrained within the boundaries of the Mu prophage. Since prophage Mu DNA does not undergo a prophage lambda-like excision from its original site after induction (E. Ljungquist and A. I. Bukhari, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:3143--3147, 1977), we propose the existence of a control mechanism which excludes prophage-adjacent sequences from the initial mu prophage replication. The frequencies of the Mu prophage-adjacent DNA sequences, relative to other Escherichia coli genes, were not observed to change after the onset of Mu-specific DNA replication. This suggests that these regions remain associated with the host chromosome and continue to be replicated by the chromosomal replication fork. Therefore, we conclude that both the Mu prophage and adjacent host sequences are maintained in the host chromosome, rather than on an extrachromosomal form containing Mu and host DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:359831", "title": "Isolation of genotypic variants of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus.", "content": "A nuclear polyhedrosis virus (MNPV) isolated from a lepidopteran (Noctuidae) insect, Autographa californica, was cloned by successive plaque purification using virions containing only one nucleocapsid per envelope as inoculum. The ability to clone the virus by this method was demonstrated by the isolation of nondefective, genotypic variants of the virus with similar but not identical restriction endonuclease fragment patterns. Five distinct variants were identified by genotypic analysis with HindIII, EcoRI, SalI, and Bam HI restriction endonucleases. The characteristic genotype of each variant was maintained upon passage in insect larvae. The isolation of these virus variants demonstrates (i) the heterogeneity of the uncloned virus preparation and (ii) the ability to clone MNPVs by plaque purification of media-derived nonoccluded virions. The A. californica MNPV is being considered for commercial use as a pesticide in the United States, and the cloning of the virus, in view of the heterogeneity detected, may be advisable. The cloning and genotype analyses are also significant with regard to understanding the genetic nature of multiply embedded NPVs (those NPVs containing more than one nucleocapsid per envelope in the occluded form of the virus) and indicate that further genetic analysis of these viruses is possible.", "contents": "Isolation of genotypic variants of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. A nuclear polyhedrosis virus (MNPV) isolated from a lepidopteran (Noctuidae) insect, Autographa californica, was cloned by successive plaque purification using virions containing only one nucleocapsid per envelope as inoculum. The ability to clone the virus by this method was demonstrated by the isolation of nondefective, genotypic variants of the virus with similar but not identical restriction endonuclease fragment patterns. Five distinct variants were identified by genotypic analysis with HindIII, EcoRI, SalI, and Bam HI restriction endonucleases. The characteristic genotype of each variant was maintained upon passage in insect larvae. The isolation of these virus variants demonstrates (i) the heterogeneity of the uncloned virus preparation and (ii) the ability to clone MNPVs by plaque purification of media-derived nonoccluded virions. The A. californica MNPV is being considered for commercial use as a pesticide in the United States, and the cloning of the virus, in view of the heterogeneity detected, may be advisable. The cloning and genotype analyses are also significant with regard to understanding the genetic nature of multiply embedded NPVs (those NPVs containing more than one nucleocapsid per envelope in the occluded form of the virus) and indicate that further genetic analysis of these viruses is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:359830", "title": "Localization of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase binding sites on bacteriophage S13 and phiX174 DNA: alignment with restriction enzyme maps.", "content": "Escherichia coli RNA polymerase has been shown to bind to a limited number of Hind and Hae III restriction enzyme fragments. On S13 replicative form DNA there are three major binding sites, and the locations correlate with promoter sites at the beginning of genes a and B and a site overlapping gene D and the beginning of gene E. Two less definite binding sites have been localized, one in gene F and one at the gene G-H junction. In phiX174 replicative form DNA, five sites, each with apparently similar binding properties, have been located, four of which correspond exactly to binding sites in S13. One site, at the beginning of the B gene, could not be assigned to exactly the same location found in S13. This was due in part to differences in the restriction cleavage maps in the area of the DNA and possibly to the higher background of nonspecific binding in the phiX174 experiments. The location of two of the phiX174 sites at the beginning of genes A and D-E corresponds very well with transcription data, but the site at the start of the B gene indicates the promoter site is closer to the initiation sequence of the B protein than was previously suggested on the basis of transcription data.", "contents": "Localization of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase binding sites on bacteriophage S13 and phiX174 DNA: alignment with restriction enzyme maps. Escherichia coli RNA polymerase has been shown to bind to a limited number of Hind and Hae III restriction enzyme fragments. On S13 replicative form DNA there are three major binding sites, and the locations correlate with promoter sites at the beginning of genes a and B and a site overlapping gene D and the beginning of gene E. Two less definite binding sites have been localized, one in gene F and one at the gene G-H junction. In phiX174 replicative form DNA, five sites, each with apparently similar binding properties, have been located, four of which correspond exactly to binding sites in S13. One site, at the beginning of the B gene, could not be assigned to exactly the same location found in S13. This was due in part to differences in the restriction cleavage maps in the area of the DNA and possibly to the higher background of nonspecific binding in the phiX174 experiments. The location of two of the phiX174 sites at the beginning of genes A and D-E corresponds very well with transcription data, but the site at the start of the B gene indicates the promoter site is closer to the initiation sequence of the B protein than was previously suggested on the basis of transcription data."}
{"id": "PMID:359832", "title": "Isolation of a bacterial host selective for bacteriophage T4 containing cytosine in its DNA.", "content": "An Escherichia coli B strain, B834 galU56, has been isolated which supports growth of bacteriophage T4 with cytosine in its DNA while restricting growth of T4 with hydroxymethylcytosine. This host is partially deficient in uridine diphosphoglucose as determined by the ability of DNA isolated from T4 grown on it to accept glucose in an in vitro assay. In this mutant an intact rgl restriction system recognizes unglucosylated hydroxymethylcytosine residues in phage DNA, while the absence of a functional rB restriction function prevents degradation of unmodified DNA containing cytosine.", "contents": "Isolation of a bacterial host selective for bacteriophage T4 containing cytosine in its DNA. An Escherichia coli B strain, B834 galU56, has been isolated which supports growth of bacteriophage T4 with cytosine in its DNA while restricting growth of T4 with hydroxymethylcytosine. This host is partially deficient in uridine diphosphoglucose as determined by the ability of DNA isolated from T4 grown on it to accept glucose in an in vitro assay. In this mutant an intact rgl restriction system recognizes unglucosylated hydroxymethylcytosine residues in phage DNA, while the absence of a functional rB restriction function prevents degradation of unmodified DNA containing cytosine."}
{"id": "PMID:359834", "title": "Single stage urethroplasty as treatment for stricture disease.", "content": "The use of a full thickness free skin graft for a single stage urethroplasty in stricture disease has been popularized recently by Devine and Horton. From 1973 to 1977, 40 patients at our hospitals have been treated with single stage urethroplasty using this technique. Excellent results have been noted on followup evaluation.", "contents": "Single stage urethroplasty as treatment for stricture disease. The use of a full thickness free skin graft for a single stage urethroplasty in stricture disease has been popularized recently by Devine and Horton. From 1973 to 1977, 40 patients at our hospitals have been treated with single stage urethroplasty using this technique. Excellent results have been noted on followup evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:359835", "title": "Simplified correction of female stress incontinence.", "content": "A simplified operation for female stress incontinence, using a pair of double-prong needles, is described. A 90.4 per cent cure was achieved in 62 patients followed for a mean of 11.2 months. Merits of this procedure include operative simplicity and brevity, short hospitalization and a high rate of cure.", "contents": "Simplified correction of female stress incontinence. A simplified operation for female stress incontinence, using a pair of double-prong needles, is described. A 90.4 per cent cure was achieved in 62 patients followed for a mean of 11.2 months. Merits of this procedure include operative simplicity and brevity, short hospitalization and a high rate of cure."}
{"id": "PMID:359836", "title": "Evaluation of the dermal graft inlay technique for the surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease.", "content": "The results of treatment with the dermal graft inlay technique for 7 patients with Peyronie's disease and the inability to achieve intercourse are discussed. All 7 patients were unable to attain tumescence postoperatively. We believe that patients who require surgical therapy for Peyronie's disease and who have functional impotence should be treated with silicone penile implants.", "contents": "Evaluation of the dermal graft inlay technique for the surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease. The results of treatment with the dermal graft inlay technique for 7 patients with Peyronie's disease and the inability to achieve intercourse are discussed. All 7 patients were unable to attain tumescence postoperatively. We believe that patients who require surgical therapy for Peyronie's disease and who have functional impotence should be treated with silicone penile implants."}
{"id": "PMID:359837", "title": "Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms), introital bacteriology and recurrent urinary tract infection in children.", "content": "The relationship between pinworm infectation and introital cultures was investigated in 2 groups of girls. Those children with recurrent urinary tract infections were compared to agematched controls who had never had a urinary tract infection. We found a higher incidence of enteric organisms on the introital area and pinworm ova on the perianal skin in the group of girls with recurrent infection.", "contents": "Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms), introital bacteriology and recurrent urinary tract infection in children. The relationship between pinworm infectation and introital cultures was investigated in 2 groups of girls. Those children with recurrent urinary tract infections were compared to agematched controls who had never had a urinary tract infection. We found a higher incidence of enteric organisms on the introital area and pinworm ova on the perianal skin in the group of girls with recurrent infection."}
{"id": "PMID:359844", "title": "Hypocupremia induced by zinc therapy in adults.", "content": "Hypocupremia occurred in an adult with sickle cell anemia who received zinc as an antisickling agent for two years. The hypocupremia was associated with microcytosis and relative neutropenia. Administration of copper resulted in an increase in RBC size and leukocyte counts. We have since observed hypoceruloplasminemia of varying degrees in several other sickle cell anemia patients who were receiving oral zinc therapy. This complication was easily corrected by copper supplementation.", "contents": "Hypocupremia induced by zinc therapy in adults. Hypocupremia occurred in an adult with sickle cell anemia who received zinc as an antisickling agent for two years. The hypocupremia was associated with microcytosis and relative neutropenia. Administration of copper resulted in an increase in RBC size and leukocyte counts. We have since observed hypoceruloplasminemia of varying degrees in several other sickle cell anemia patients who were receiving oral zinc therapy. This complication was easily corrected by copper supplementation."}
{"id": "PMID:359845", "title": "Differences in etiology of pneumonias in nursing home and community patients.", "content": "Comparison of 35 elderly patients hospitalized with pneumonia acquired in nursing homes and 35 elderly patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia showed that 16 (47.1%) of the nursing home patients had received previous antibiotic therapy compared with two (5.9%) of the community patients. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in 14 (40%) of the nursing home patients, but in only three (8.6%) of the community patients. Staphylococcus aureus was also more frequent in nursing home patients (nine, 25.7%) compared with community patients (five, 14.3%). Persons hospitalized with nursing home-acquired pneumonia should be treated initially with antimicrobial agents active against K pneumoniae and S aureus unless the clinical picture strongly suggests otherwise.", "contents": "Differences in etiology of pneumonias in nursing home and community patients. Comparison of 35 elderly patients hospitalized with pneumonia acquired in nursing homes and 35 elderly patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia showed that 16 (47.1%) of the nursing home patients had received previous antibiotic therapy compared with two (5.9%) of the community patients. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in 14 (40%) of the nursing home patients, but in only three (8.6%) of the community patients. Staphylococcus aureus was also more frequent in nursing home patients (nine, 25.7%) compared with community patients (five, 14.3%). Persons hospitalized with nursing home-acquired pneumonia should be treated initially with antimicrobial agents active against K pneumoniae and S aureus unless the clinical picture strongly suggests otherwise."}
{"id": "PMID:359847", "title": "Septic bursitis.", "content": "In 12 cases of septic bursitis seen during 11 years, 11 patients were men and one patient was a woman, with a mean age of 51.3 years. The olecranon bursa was involved in nine cases. Staphylococcus aureus was grown from nine of ten culture-positive fluids. Bursal fluid WBC counts ranged from 1,550/cu mm to 165,000/cu mm, associated with low glucose levels in two cases, but not in three. Treatment with antibiotics and needle aspiration or surgical drainage was successful.", "contents": "Septic bursitis. In 12 cases of septic bursitis seen during 11 years, 11 patients were men and one patient was a woman, with a mean age of 51.3 years. The olecranon bursa was involved in nine cases. Staphylococcus aureus was grown from nine of ten culture-positive fluids. Bursal fluid WBC counts ranged from 1,550/cu mm to 165,000/cu mm, associated with low glucose levels in two cases, but not in three. Treatment with antibiotics and needle aspiration or surgical drainage was successful."}
{"id": "PMID:359849", "title": "Carl Jung.", "content": "Physicians should be prepared to provide prophylactic medications for travelers to malarious areas and to treat patients with malaria. Chloroquine hydrochloride is the suppressive agent of choice for treatment of mild infections due to all species of malaria except for those due to chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. For treatment of severe infections with P falciparum and for treatment of all infections due to chloroquine-resistant strains of P falciparum quinine is the suppressive agent of choice. Chloroquine is also the prophylactic agent of choice for most travelers. To prevent infection with P vivax or P ovale, primaquine must also be given. A RBC glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase level should be obtained before administration of primaquine. For prophylaxis of chloroquine-resistant strains of P falciparum, no completely satisfactory regime is presently available in the United States.", "contents": "Carl Jung. Physicians should be prepared to provide prophylactic medications for travelers to malarious areas and to treat patients with malaria. Chloroquine hydrochloride is the suppressive agent of choice for treatment of mild infections due to all species of malaria except for those due to chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. For treatment of severe infections with P falciparum and for treatment of all infections due to chloroquine-resistant strains of P falciparum quinine is the suppressive agent of choice. Chloroquine is also the prophylactic agent of choice for most travelers. To prevent infection with P vivax or P ovale, primaquine must also be given. A RBC glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase level should be obtained before administration of primaquine. For prophylaxis of chloroquine-resistant strains of P falciparum, no completely satisfactory regime is presently available in the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:359850", "title": "Therapy and prophylaxis of malaria.", "content": "Physicians should be prepared to provide prophylactic medications for travelers to malarious areas and to treat patients with malaria. Chloroquine hydrochloride is the suppressive agent of choice for treatment of mild infections due to all species of malaria except for those due to chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. For treatment of severe infections with P falficparum, quinine is the suppressive agent of choice. Chloroquine is also the prophylactic agent of choice for most travelers. To prevent infection with  P vivax or P ovale, primaquine must also be given. A RBC glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase level should be obtained before administration of primaquine. For prophylaxis of chloroquine-resistant strains of P falciparum, no completely satisfactory regimen is presently available in the United States.", "contents": "Therapy and prophylaxis of malaria. Physicians should be prepared to provide prophylactic medications for travelers to malarious areas and to treat patients with malaria. Chloroquine hydrochloride is the suppressive agent of choice for treatment of mild infections due to all species of malaria except for those due to chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. For treatment of severe infections with P falficparum, quinine is the suppressive agent of choice. Chloroquine is also the prophylactic agent of choice for most travelers. To prevent infection with  P vivax or P ovale, primaquine must also be given. A RBC glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase level should be obtained before administration of primaquine. For prophylaxis of chloroquine-resistant strains of P falciparum, no completely satisfactory regimen is presently available in the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:359887", "title": "Medical treatment of Serratia arthritis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.", "content": "A patient with moderately severe rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus receiving steroids developed septic arthritis due to Serratia marcescens. Treatment with a new cephalosporin analogue, intra-articular and intramuscular gentamicin, and chloramphenicol alone and in combination proved ineffective. Finally, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy, given for a protracted period, eradicated the infection without the need for surgical drainage.", "contents": "Medical treatment of Serratia arthritis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. A patient with moderately severe rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus receiving steroids developed septic arthritis due to Serratia marcescens. Treatment with a new cephalosporin analogue, intra-articular and intramuscular gentamicin, and chloramphenicol alone and in combination proved ineffective. Finally, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy, given for a protracted period, eradicated the infection without the need for surgical drainage."}
{"id": "PMID:359890", "title": "[Effect of apressin and its combination with obzidan on central hemodynamic indices in the treatment of hypertension].", "content": "Apressine, obsidan and a combination of these two drugs were used for treating 44 patients suffering from hypertension, mainly stage IIB. When apressine was used to treat patients with the hypodynamic type of circulation, arterial pressure decreased due to considerable diminution of the arterial tone. Tachycardia developed simultaneously and the cardiac output increased, which restrained the hypotensive effect of apressine. The addition of the beta-blocking agent obsidan corrected, while its preliminary prescription prevented the development of the noted reflex stimulation of cardiac activity. This made it possible for the main valuable properties of apressine to become manifest, namely those which reduced the tone of the arteries and produced the hypotensive effect. Small doses of apressine and of the beta-blocking agent may be used and prolonged treatment applied with no side-effects.", "contents": "[Effect of apressin and its combination with obzidan on central hemodynamic indices in the treatment of hypertension]. Apressine, obsidan and a combination of these two drugs were used for treating 44 patients suffering from hypertension, mainly stage IIB. When apressine was used to treat patients with the hypodynamic type of circulation, arterial pressure decreased due to considerable diminution of the arterial tone. Tachycardia developed simultaneously and the cardiac output increased, which restrained the hypotensive effect of apressine. The addition of the beta-blocking agent obsidan corrected, while its preliminary prescription prevented the development of the noted reflex stimulation of cardiac activity. This made it possible for the main valuable properties of apressine to become manifest, namely those which reduced the tone of the arteries and produced the hypotensive effect. Small doses of apressine and of the beta-blocking agent may be used and prolonged treatment applied with no side-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:359891", "title": "[Effect of adaptation to physical loads on the contractile function and mass of the left ventricle of the heart].", "content": "Echocardiography was used to examine 20 highly trained athletes and 12 untrained persons at rest and during increasing physical load. It was established that in untrained persons the stroke volume in moderate and large physical loads increases mainly due to an increase in the diastolic output with the systolic output unchanged. In highly trained athletes the stroke volume with an equal load increases due both to growth in the diastolic output and to considerable decrease in the systolic output, i.e., due to the more complete ejection of blood from the cavity of the ventricle. As a result in trained patients a sufficient minute output in physical exertion is attained with less external work of the left ventricle and myocardial tension.", "contents": "[Effect of adaptation to physical loads on the contractile function and mass of the left ventricle of the heart]. Echocardiography was used to examine 20 highly trained athletes and 12 untrained persons at rest and during increasing physical load. It was established that in untrained persons the stroke volume in moderate and large physical loads increases mainly due to an increase in the diastolic output with the systolic output unchanged. In highly trained athletes the stroke volume with an equal load increases due both to growth in the diastolic output and to considerable decrease in the systolic output, i.e., due to the more complete ejection of blood from the cavity of the ventricle. As a result in trained patients a sufficient minute output in physical exertion is attained with less external work of the left ventricle and myocardial tension."}
{"id": "PMID:359892", "title": "[Role of computer technology and mathematical modelling in the treatment of patients after operations on the heart].", "content": "On the basis of ten-year experience in theoretical studies and experimental tests mathematical models of hemodynamics were built for the follow-up of parameters of the cardiovascular system which cannot be determined by means of any other modern methods. Three years of clinical studies of the Hewlett-Pachard monitoring computer system and its modification helped to elaborate the mathematical backing, a bank of mathematical models, original automatic programs for measuring the cardiac index, the index of myocardial viability, etc. The automatic system provides for an individual approach in assessing the patient's condition in actual time and for control of the treatment.", "contents": "[Role of computer technology and mathematical modelling in the treatment of patients after operations on the heart]. On the basis of ten-year experience in theoretical studies and experimental tests mathematical models of hemodynamics were built for the follow-up of parameters of the cardiovascular system which cannot be determined by means of any other modern methods. Three years of clinical studies of the Hewlett-Pachard monitoring computer system and its modification helped to elaborate the mathematical backing, a bank of mathematical models, original automatic programs for measuring the cardiac index, the index of myocardial viability, etc. The automatic system provides for an individual approach in assessing the patient's condition in actual time and for control of the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:359903", "title": "[On keratoplasty indicated in progressive infection of the cornea (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given about 9 patients with acute inflammatory process of the cornea. In all cases a penetrating keratoplasty was performed. This procedure is indicated in progressive infections of the cornea, mostly caused by bacteria. Some aspects of this proceeding are discussed.", "contents": "[On keratoplasty indicated in progressive infection of the cornea (author's transl)]. A report is given about 9 patients with acute inflammatory process of the cornea. In all cases a penetrating keratoplasty was performed. This procedure is indicated in progressive infections of the cornea, mostly caused by bacteria. Some aspects of this proceeding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:359904", "title": "[Experiences with timolol in treatment of glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Timolol is a beta-adrenergic blocking agent that produces a significant decrease in intraocular pressure. Timolol ophthalmic solution 0,25% and 0,5% was compared to pilocarpine 1%, 2% and 4% in a randomized, double-masked study involving 40 patients with primary open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Each patient was followed for 6 months. Timolol lowered the 1OP 30% compared to the pretreatment pressure, Pilocarpine 20%. Timolol was well tolerated in general, but 3 patients showed a superficial keratopathy. 30 other glaucoma patients with previously unsufficient pressure control received Timolol alone or in combination with a topical cholinergic agent or/and a systematic carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. The results are presented in detail.", "contents": "[Experiences with timolol in treatment of glaucoma (author's transl)]. Timolol is a beta-adrenergic blocking agent that produces a significant decrease in intraocular pressure. Timolol ophthalmic solution 0,25% and 0,5% was compared to pilocarpine 1%, 2% and 4% in a randomized, double-masked study involving 40 patients with primary open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Each patient was followed for 6 months. Timolol lowered the 1OP 30% compared to the pretreatment pressure, Pilocarpine 20%. Timolol was well tolerated in general, but 3 patients showed a superficial keratopathy. 30 other glaucoma patients with previously unsufficient pressure control received Timolol alone or in combination with a topical cholinergic agent or/and a systematic carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. The results are presented in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:359905", "title": "On the rejection reaction against corneal grafts and first trails with tissue-typed and HLA-adapted donor material (author's transl).", "content": "Rejection is a very important, in fact the most important cause of corneal graft failure since the improvements in the surgical grafting techniques. The percentage of rejections is especially high with regrafts and grafts in highly vascularised eyes. Therefore we tried to improve the prognosis of these particular groups by using tissue typed donor material matched as well as possible.", "contents": "On the rejection reaction against corneal grafts and first trails with tissue-typed and HLA-adapted donor material (author's transl). Rejection is a very important, in fact the most important cause of corneal graft failure since the improvements in the surgical grafting techniques. The percentage of rejections is especially high with regrafts and grafts in highly vascularised eyes. Therefore we tried to improve the prognosis of these particular groups by using tissue typed donor material matched as well as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:359906", "title": "[Corneal covering of cornea in ulcerative keratitis: clinical and histological observations (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical and histological findings are demonstrated in 4 cases with ulcerative keratitis treated by covering with full-thickness cornea. In only two cases the initial keratitis healed with scarring and a keratoplasty could be performed. The donor cornea is resorbed very slowly, remnants of Descemet-membrane of the graft are seen even after 20 months. Immunological reactions could not be observed.", "contents": "[Corneal covering of cornea in ulcerative keratitis: clinical and histological observations (author's transl)]. Clinical and histological findings are demonstrated in 4 cases with ulcerative keratitis treated by covering with full-thickness cornea. In only two cases the initial keratitis healed with scarring and a keratoplasty could be performed. The donor cornea is resorbed very slowly, remnants of Descemet-membrane of the graft are seen even after 20 months. Immunological reactions could not be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:359912", "title": "[Immunological aspects of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The prognostic significance of the immunological classification of ALL in children is described. While the prognosis of patients with the most frequent O- or common-ALL (frequency 70-85%) is comparatively good, prognosis of patients with T-ALL, which is most probably identical with acid phosphatase positive ALL,and with the rare B-ALL is worse. The therapeutic implications of the immunological classification is discussed.", "contents": "[Immunological aspects of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children (author's transl)]. The prognostic significance of the immunological classification of ALL in children is described. While the prognosis of patients with the most frequent O- or common-ALL (frequency 70-85%) is comparatively good, prognosis of patients with T-ALL, which is most probably identical with acid phosphatase positive ALL,and with the rare B-ALL is worse. The therapeutic implications of the immunological classification is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:359923", "title": "The early cellular response to M. leprae. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes that develop in mouse peritoneal macrophages from 10 minutes up to 14 weeks after exposure to Mycobacterium leprae are presented. Phagocytosis occurred by a process of engulfment by cytoplasmic processes and incorporation into a phagosome, into which lysosomal enzymes were subsequently introduced. Electron transparent zones (E.T.Z.) were not observed around phagocytosed bacilli in this study, however discrete droplets of lipid-like material appeared in the cytoplasm of macrophages, between 2 and 4 weeks after ingestion of the micro-organisms. Phagosomes with double limiting membranes were observed in macrophages harvested as early as 40 minutes after exposure to M. leprae, contrary to the observations of Evans and Levy (1972).", "contents": "The early cellular response to M. leprae. An ultrastructural study. The ultrastructural changes that develop in mouse peritoneal macrophages from 10 minutes up to 14 weeks after exposure to Mycobacterium leprae are presented. Phagocytosis occurred by a process of engulfment by cytoplasmic processes and incorporation into a phagosome, into which lysosomal enzymes were subsequently introduced. Electron transparent zones (E.T.Z.) were not observed around phagocytosed bacilli in this study, however discrete droplets of lipid-like material appeared in the cytoplasm of macrophages, between 2 and 4 weeks after ingestion of the micro-organisms. Phagosomes with double limiting membranes were observed in macrophages harvested as early as 40 minutes after exposure to M. leprae, contrary to the observations of Evans and Levy (1972)."}
{"id": "PMID:359924", "title": "Primary sulphone resistance. A preliminary report.", "content": "A case of lepromatous leprosy proven to be a primary sulphone resistant one, has been reported. Bacilli from the case were found to be resistant as checked by their continued growth in the foot pads of mice receiving diet containing 0.001% D.D.S. A study to identify such cases is being systematically persued.", "contents": "Primary sulphone resistance. A preliminary report. A case of lepromatous leprosy proven to be a primary sulphone resistant one, has been reported. Bacilli from the case were found to be resistant as checked by their continued growth in the foot pads of mice receiving diet containing 0.001% D.D.S. A study to identify such cases is being systematically persued."}
{"id": "PMID:359925", "title": "Introductory rifampicin therapy in lepromatous leprosy: a six month follow-up study.", "content": "A double-blind comparative trial of 300 mg of Rifampicin given daily as against 50 mg D.D.S. administered likewise for an initial period of 3 months has been undertaken on 24 untreated cases of lepromatous leprosy. All the patients have been followed up for 6 months. The results revealed that patients in the former group became non-infective, as concluded from M.I. and mouse foot-pad results, within 3-4 weeks and their nasal ulcers healed faster. Clinical improvement was slightly better in the former group while no bacteriological differences were noticed in the two groups. E.N.L. was milder and slightly less common in the Rifampicin group.", "contents": "Introductory rifampicin therapy in lepromatous leprosy: a six month follow-up study. A double-blind comparative trial of 300 mg of Rifampicin given daily as against 50 mg D.D.S. administered likewise for an initial period of 3 months has been undertaken on 24 untreated cases of lepromatous leprosy. All the patients have been followed up for 6 months. The results revealed that patients in the former group became non-infective, as concluded from M.I. and mouse foot-pad results, within 3-4 weeks and their nasal ulcers healed faster. Clinical improvement was slightly better in the former group while no bacteriological differences were noticed in the two groups. E.N.L. was milder and slightly less common in the Rifampicin group."}
{"id": "PMID:359926", "title": "Mycobacterium leprae in the striated muscle of tuberculoid leprosy patients.", "content": "Striated muscle specimens from 24 untreated proved cases of tuberculoid leprosy and five healthy normal individuals were studied histopathologically for the evidence of leprous pathology. Atrophy or damage to the muscle fibre was not observed in any patient. Nineteen (79.16%) cases showed evidence of leprosy in striated muscles. Seventeen (70.83%) cases showed scanty histiocytic infiltrate between the muscle fibres. Thirteen (54.16%) cases had acid fast bacilli mostly inside the muscle. There was no correlation between the location of the bacilli and that of the histiocytes; in two cases, acid fast bacilli were seen without the histocyte. The bacilli were solidly staining and were lying singly in the undamaged muscle. There was no evidence of tuberculosis and, in the Control group, none showed any AFB or infiltrate. The presence of lepra bacilli did not depend upon the location of the muscle. Two of the muscle specimens not underneath the cutaneous lesions also had acid fast bacilli. 21.05% of these cases also showed simultaneous involvement of liver and lymph nodes. These are strong evidences of systemic nature of disease in tuberculoid leprosy as well.", "contents": "Mycobacterium leprae in the striated muscle of tuberculoid leprosy patients. Striated muscle specimens from 24 untreated proved cases of tuberculoid leprosy and five healthy normal individuals were studied histopathologically for the evidence of leprous pathology. Atrophy or damage to the muscle fibre was not observed in any patient. Nineteen (79.16%) cases showed evidence of leprosy in striated muscles. Seventeen (70.83%) cases showed scanty histiocytic infiltrate between the muscle fibres. Thirteen (54.16%) cases had acid fast bacilli mostly inside the muscle. There was no correlation between the location of the bacilli and that of the histiocytes; in two cases, acid fast bacilli were seen without the histocyte. The bacilli were solidly staining and were lying singly in the undamaged muscle. There was no evidence of tuberculosis and, in the Control group, none showed any AFB or infiltrate. The presence of lepra bacilli did not depend upon the location of the muscle. Two of the muscle specimens not underneath the cutaneous lesions also had acid fast bacilli. 21.05% of these cases also showed simultaneous involvement of liver and lymph nodes. These are strong evidences of systemic nature of disease in tuberculoid leprosy as well."}
{"id": "PMID:359927", "title": "Evaluation of bacteraemia in leprosy patients.", "content": "Thirty five patients of leprosy have been screened for bacteraemia by haemolysis (HL), leucocyte adherence (LA) and buffy coat (BC) methods and the results have been compared. The HL method has yielded not only higher number of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) but also has detected more frequently AFB in blood of leprosy patients as compared to other methods. Further, it has been established that the skin over the cubital fossa does not play any significant role in contaminating blood samples while sampling blood by venepuncture.", "contents": "Evaluation of bacteraemia in leprosy patients. Thirty five patients of leprosy have been screened for bacteraemia by haemolysis (HL), leucocyte adherence (LA) and buffy coat (BC) methods and the results have been compared. The HL method has yielded not only higher number of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) but also has detected more frequently AFB in blood of leprosy patients as compared to other methods. Further, it has been established that the skin over the cubital fossa does not play any significant role in contaminating blood samples while sampling blood by venepuncture."}
{"id": "PMID:359938", "title": "Double-blind comparison of cefazolin and cephalothin in open-heart surgery.", "content": "Ninety-nine patients undergoing cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to treatment with cefazolin and cephalothin to compare the effectiveness of these cephalosporins in the prevention of postoperative infections. The incidence of infections was low with both antibiotics (cefazolin 2.1 percent, cephalothin 4.6 percent). Intraoperative serum cefazolin levels were more evenly distributed, whereas a wide dispersion of cephalothin levels was observed. There was no measurable antibiotic detected in cardiac tissue samples in the majority of the cases. Adverse reactions (skin rashes) occurred only in three patients, all receiving cephalothin. It is concluded that cefazolin is as safe and effective as cephalothin in the prevention of postoperative infection in patients undergoing open-heart surgery.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of cefazolin and cephalothin in open-heart surgery. Ninety-nine patients undergoing cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to treatment with cefazolin and cephalothin to compare the effectiveness of these cephalosporins in the prevention of postoperative infections. The incidence of infections was low with both antibiotics (cefazolin 2.1 percent, cephalothin 4.6 percent). Intraoperative serum cefazolin levels were more evenly distributed, whereas a wide dispersion of cephalothin levels was observed. There was no measurable antibiotic detected in cardiac tissue samples in the majority of the cases. Adverse reactions (skin rashes) occurred only in three patients, all receiving cephalothin. It is concluded that cefazolin is as safe and effective as cephalothin in the prevention of postoperative infection in patients undergoing open-heart surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:359943", "title": "The adenoma-carcinoma sequence.", "content": "Evidence has been presented to show that most carcinomas of the large bowel develop in an adenoma, and that the life history of this sequence, although variable, probably takes on average 10 to 15 years. However, when the absolute numbers of adenomas and carcinomas are compared, it is apparent that the transition is uncommon. On a statistical analysis the malignant potential of adenomas is related to their size, growth pattern, and degree of epithelial atypia. If the adenoma-carcinoma sequence is the norm, then a study of these criteria in adenomas at different sites in the colon and rectum would resolve the disparity in published series between the distribution of adenomas and carcinomas.", "contents": "The adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Evidence has been presented to show that most carcinomas of the large bowel develop in an adenoma, and that the life history of this sequence, although variable, probably takes on average 10 to 15 years. However, when the absolute numbers of adenomas and carcinomas are compared, it is apparent that the transition is uncommon. On a statistical analysis the malignant potential of adenomas is related to their size, growth pattern, and degree of epithelial atypia. If the adenoma-carcinoma sequence is the norm, then a study of these criteria in adenomas at different sites in the colon and rectum would resolve the disparity in published series between the distribution of adenomas and carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:359949", "title": "Increase in the ratio of 18S RNA to 28S RNA in the cytoplasm of mouse tissues during aging.", "content": "The possibility of alterations in cytoplasmic RNA in mouse liver, kidney and brain during aging was investigated. The cytoplasmic RNAs in these organs gave similar profiles of optical density at 260 nm with three major peaks at 28S, 18S and 4S on sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, the ratio of the amounts of 18S and 28S RNA increased significantly with age in the brain and liver. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of extracts of the three tissues under both native and denaturing conditions were nearly identical regardless of the age of the animals. Since most of the minor components separated on gels were probably in vivo degradation products of ribosomal RNA, these results suggest that the extent of apparent and hidden breaks in ribosomal RNA does not change during aging.", "contents": "Increase in the ratio of 18S RNA to 28S RNA in the cytoplasm of mouse tissues during aging. The possibility of alterations in cytoplasmic RNA in mouse liver, kidney and brain during aging was investigated. The cytoplasmic RNAs in these organs gave similar profiles of optical density at 260 nm with three major peaks at 28S, 18S and 4S on sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, the ratio of the amounts of 18S and 28S RNA increased significantly with age in the brain and liver. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of extracts of the three tissues under both native and denaturing conditions were nearly identical regardless of the age of the animals. Since most of the minor components separated on gels were probably in vivo degradation products of ribosomal RNA, these results suggest that the extent of apparent and hidden breaks in ribosomal RNA does not change during aging."}
{"id": "PMID:359950", "title": "Properties of human malignant glioma cells in vitro.", "content": "The properties of human glia and glioma cells in culture are reviewed. Glia-like cells from non-neoplastic brain show all accepted hallmarks of normalcy: limited life span, low terminal cell density, strong density dependent inhibition of proliferation, diploidy and contact inhibition of membrane mobility. Twenty five glioma lines have been studied. They all showed infinite life span, increased terminal cell density, relaxed density dependent inhibition of proliferation, aneuploidy and deficient contact inhibition of membrane mobility. So far all attempts to explain these departures from normal on the basis of a single metabolic defect have failed. Instead, all tested lines have shown an individual mosaic of structural and/or metabolic abnormalities characteristic for each line. This was particulary well demonstrated in studies of the glycosaminoglykans. The possibility is discussed that a malignant phenotype can a rise and exist in an almost infinite number of ways. The essential feature may be the acquisition of infinite growth potential which will set the stage for multiplication of genetic variants with an ever increasing fitness for proliferation and spread.", "contents": "Properties of human malignant glioma cells in vitro. The properties of human glia and glioma cells in culture are reviewed. Glia-like cells from non-neoplastic brain show all accepted hallmarks of normalcy: limited life span, low terminal cell density, strong density dependent inhibition of proliferation, diploidy and contact inhibition of membrane mobility. Twenty five glioma lines have been studied. They all showed infinite life span, increased terminal cell density, relaxed density dependent inhibition of proliferation, aneuploidy and deficient contact inhibition of membrane mobility. So far all attempts to explain these departures from normal on the basis of a single metabolic defect have failed. Instead, all tested lines have shown an individual mosaic of structural and/or metabolic abnormalities characteristic for each line. This was particulary well demonstrated in studies of the glycosaminoglykans. The possibility is discussed that a malignant phenotype can a rise and exist in an almost infinite number of ways. The essential feature may be the acquisition of infinite growth potential which will set the stage for multiplication of genetic variants with an ever increasing fitness for proliferation and spread."}
{"id": "PMID:359953", "title": "Training and continuing education for on-line searching.", "content": "Training of searchers of the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) computer system has evolved from an intensive eight-month programme on batch retrieval through a highly compressed three-week course on interactive searching to the current five-level programme. The five-level curriculum consists, in order, of a computer-assisted instruction program (*MEDLEARN*), the Initial Training course, a three to six month in-service practicum, the Advanced Training course, and continuing education. Each stage in the programme is intended for the more sophisticated user and deals with increasingly complex and refined searching techniques. Various types of media are incorporated into the instruction which seeks to tie together theoretical and rote material through an extensive amount of practical experience at the terminal. This modularized curriculum provides the flexibility required to teach the use of a dynamic system to a diverse student population. At the present time, approximately 400 students per year are availing themselves of NLM on-line training.", "contents": "Training and continuing education for on-line searching. Training of searchers of the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) computer system has evolved from an intensive eight-month programme on batch retrieval through a highly compressed three-week course on interactive searching to the current five-level programme. The five-level curriculum consists, in order, of a computer-assisted instruction program (*MEDLEARN*), the Initial Training course, a three to six month in-service practicum, the Advanced Training course, and continuing education. Each stage in the programme is intended for the more sophisticated user and deals with increasingly complex and refined searching techniques. Various types of media are incorporated into the instruction which seeks to tie together theoretical and rote material through an extensive amount of practical experience at the terminal. This modularized curriculum provides the flexibility required to teach the use of a dynamic system to a diverse student population. At the present time, approximately 400 students per year are availing themselves of NLM on-line training."}
{"id": "PMID:359954", "title": "MEDLINE users, usage and economics.", "content": "The on-line services of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) have grown in terms of both numbers of institutions using the service and in terms of total service provided. About 10 billed institutions are added per month with a total of 675 such institutions at the end of 1977. Total searches have now reached 900 000 per year. NLM services account for about 45% of all the bibliographic searching in the US. The effect of prices has been significant.", "contents": "MEDLINE users, usage and economics. The on-line services of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) have grown in terms of both numbers of institutions using the service and in terms of total service provided. About 10 billed institutions are added per month with a total of 675 such institutions at the end of 1977. Total searches have now reached 900 000 per year. NLM services account for about 45% of all the bibliographic searching in the US. The effect of prices has been significant."}
{"id": "PMID:359955", "title": "MEDLINE data communications.", "content": "A primary objective of the Data Communication Component (MEDLINE) of the Biomedical Communications Network (BCN) is to provide low-cost, reliable, nationwide and international access to the NLM on-line services. The network has evolved over several years and continues to change as new technologies and user requirements emerge. Today, TELENET and TYMNET form the backbone of the network complemented by a variety of other communication resources. This paper discusses the evolution of the network, and the domestic and international communication services.", "contents": "MEDLINE data communications. A primary objective of the Data Communication Component (MEDLINE) of the Biomedical Communications Network (BCN) is to provide low-cost, reliable, nationwide and international access to the NLM on-line services. The network has evolved over several years and continues to change as new technologies and user requirements emerge. Today, TELENET and TYMNET form the backbone of the network complemented by a variety of other communication resources. This paper discusses the evolution of the network, and the domestic and international communication services."}
{"id": "PMID:359956", "title": "The MEDLINE hardware and software.", "content": "The National Library of Medicine's computer system has developed from a second generation computer to the large IBM multiprocessor system that is now used to maintain the MEDLINE file, provide retrieval services, and produce the computer photocomposed products of the NLM. On-line maintenance facilities have been developed for the final steps in the input and file maintenance processes. The retrieval program, ELHILL, and its supporting programs now provide more bibliographic searches than any other system in the world. The photocomposed products, including Index Medicus, are produced through the use of flexible publication programmes which have allowed NIH to use several different photocomposers.", "contents": "The MEDLINE hardware and software. The National Library of Medicine's computer system has developed from a second generation computer to the large IBM multiprocessor system that is now used to maintain the MEDLINE file, provide retrieval services, and produce the computer photocomposed products of the NLM. On-line maintenance facilities have been developed for the final steps in the input and file maintenance processes. The retrieval program, ELHILL, and its supporting programs now provide more bibliographic searches than any other system in the world. The photocomposed products, including Index Medicus, are produced through the use of flexible publication programmes which have allowed NIH to use several different photocomposers."}
{"id": "PMID:359957", "title": "The on-line user network: organization and working procedures.", "content": "The National Library of Medicine's on-line user community has grown from a small group of 25 institutions in October 1971 to more than 900 in January 1978. Management of the MEDLINE User Network, co-ordination of on-line data-bases, and provision of user support services are an important function of the MEDLARS Management Section (MMS). MMS is the point of contact for on-line users; a service desk is maintained to provide immediate assistance; and technical materials describing the various data-bases are prepared including the monthly NLM Technical Bulletin and the On-Line Services Reference Manual. Other management and support activities include the preparation of statistical reports; handling of on-line centre applications received from the Regional Medical Libraries; co-ordination of codes and passwords for users; and the distribution of off-line prints, off-searches, and tape copies of the data-bases. A monthly current awareness service is also provided. The working procedures for these support activities are described.", "contents": "The on-line user network: organization and working procedures. The National Library of Medicine's on-line user community has grown from a small group of 25 institutions in October 1971 to more than 900 in January 1978. Management of the MEDLINE User Network, co-ordination of on-line data-bases, and provision of user support services are an important function of the MEDLARS Management Section (MMS). MMS is the point of contact for on-line users; a service desk is maintained to provide immediate assistance; and technical materials describing the various data-bases are prepared including the monthly NLM Technical Bulletin and the On-Line Services Reference Manual. Other management and support activities include the preparation of statistical reports; handling of on-line centre applications received from the Regional Medical Libraries; co-ordination of codes and passwords for users; and the distribution of off-line prints, off-searches, and tape copies of the data-bases. A monthly current awareness service is also provided. The working procedures for these support activities are described."}
{"id": "PMID:359958", "title": "MEDLINE searching and retrieval.", "content": "The development of MEDLINE searching philosophy and methodology is described. Searcher requirements and capabilities in moving from a batch-mode linear operation to the iterative searching and retrieval provided by the random access mode of MEDLARS II are discussed. A detailed tutorial on searching methodology for individual queries is covered. Elements of search formulation include requestor interview, query analysis, presearching, technics of selecting terminology, formulation logic, adapting indexing protocol in the search, on-line man-machine interface, and retrieval analysis. Similar searching technics are utilized in producing the two basic types of MEDLINE publications, recurring bibliographies (RBs) and literature searches (LSs). RBs are co-operative ventures between the NLM and professional organizations or other government agencies. LSs are NLM sponsored non-recurring bibliographies on a topic of current but also general interest to the medical community. All publications are produced through the retrieval and publication systems of MEDLARS II and graphic arts composing equipment. At the beginning of the 1978 publication year there were 27 RBs in routine production including Index Medicus. Through 1977, over 375 LSs had been produced.", "contents": "MEDLINE searching and retrieval. The development of MEDLINE searching philosophy and methodology is described. Searcher requirements and capabilities in moving from a batch-mode linear operation to the iterative searching and retrieval provided by the random access mode of MEDLARS II are discussed. A detailed tutorial on searching methodology for individual queries is covered. Elements of search formulation include requestor interview, query analysis, presearching, technics of selecting terminology, formulation logic, adapting indexing protocol in the search, on-line man-machine interface, and retrieval analysis. Similar searching technics are utilized in producing the two basic types of MEDLINE publications, recurring bibliographies (RBs) and literature searches (LSs). RBs are co-operative ventures between the NLM and professional organizations or other government agencies. LSs are NLM sponsored non-recurring bibliographies on a topic of current but also general interest to the medical community. All publications are produced through the retrieval and publication systems of MEDLARS II and graphic arts composing equipment. At the beginning of the 1978 publication year there were 27 RBs in routine production including Index Medicus. Through 1977, over 375 LSs had been produced."}
{"id": "PMID:359959", "title": "Selection of MEDLINE contents, the development of its thesaurus, and the indexing process.", "content": "The operation of MEDLINE requires three ongoing activities by persons having subject matter knowledge. These are literature selection, thesaurus maintenance and indexing. MEDLINE is intended to give access to the most generally useful biomedical literature rather than to provide indiscriminate comprehensive coverage. Literature is selected with the guidance of a group of health-science educators, editors and librarians who review periodicals under consideration for inclusion and re-evaluate those that are already regularly indexed. The MeSH thesaurus provides the descriptors that are used for subject indexing. Its hierarchical structure facilitates both general and specific searching. The appearance of new concepts and terminology in the literature requires a dynamic MeSH, but MeSH changes may complicate the process of searching backward in time. Maintaining MeSH requires finding a balance between the need for adaptability and the need for stability. Quality indexing requires accuracy and consistency in the assignment of subject headings. To this end, indexers receive didactic training plus practice under supervision. Precedents for indexers are detailed in an extensive Indexer's Manual and in MeSH annotations. Work of all indexers is reviewed on at least a sampling basis, and special sessions are held each year to familiarize indexers with MeSH changes.", "contents": "Selection of MEDLINE contents, the development of its thesaurus, and the indexing process. The operation of MEDLINE requires three ongoing activities by persons having subject matter knowledge. These are literature selection, thesaurus maintenance and indexing. MEDLINE is intended to give access to the most generally useful biomedical literature rather than to provide indiscriminate comprehensive coverage. Literature is selected with the guidance of a group of health-science educators, editors and librarians who review periodicals under consideration for inclusion and re-evaluate those that are already regularly indexed. The MeSH thesaurus provides the descriptors that are used for subject indexing. Its hierarchical structure facilitates both general and specific searching. The appearance of new concepts and terminology in the literature requires a dynamic MeSH, but MeSH changes may complicate the process of searching backward in time. Maintaining MeSH requires finding a balance between the need for adaptability and the need for stability. Quality indexing requires accuracy and consistency in the assignment of subject headings. To this end, indexers receive didactic training plus practice under supervision. Precedents for indexers are detailed in an extensive Indexer's Manual and in MeSH annotations. Work of all indexers is reviewed on at least a sampling basis, and special sessions are held each year to familiarize indexers with MeSH changes."}
{"id": "PMID:359964", "title": "[Alcohol induced changes of protein metabolism (author's transl].", "content": "An early manifestation of alcoholic liver injury is the accumulation of protein, as well as fat, in the liver. The increase in soluble proteins is associated with retention of water and swelling of the hepatocyte, resulting in hepatomegaly. Though \"in vitro\" ethanol inhibits hepatic protein synthesis, no consistent effects have been found after acute alcohol administration \"in vivo\". Moreover, after chronic alcohol consumption, the synthesis of liver protein is increased rather than decreased. Alcohol consumption, however, delays the secretion of proteins from the liver into the plasma, promoting accumulation in the liver of proteins which are primarily destined for export. The altered secretion is associated with decreased hepatic content of polymerized tubulin and visible disruption of microtubules, an organelle which may maintain the architectural organization required for transport of macromolecules. The alteration of microtubules has been linked to consequences of ethanol oxidation in the liver.", "contents": "[Alcohol induced changes of protein metabolism (author's transl]. An early manifestation of alcoholic liver injury is the accumulation of protein, as well as fat, in the liver. The increase in soluble proteins is associated with retention of water and swelling of the hepatocyte, resulting in hepatomegaly. Though \"in vitro\" ethanol inhibits hepatic protein synthesis, no consistent effects have been found after acute alcohol administration \"in vivo\". Moreover, after chronic alcohol consumption, the synthesis of liver protein is increased rather than decreased. Alcohol consumption, however, delays the secretion of proteins from the liver into the plasma, promoting accumulation in the liver of proteins which are primarily destined for export. The altered secretion is associated with decreased hepatic content of polymerized tubulin and visible disruption of microtubules, an organelle which may maintain the architectural organization required for transport of macromolecules. The alteration of microtubules has been linked to consequences of ethanol oxidation in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:359965", "title": "[Alcohol-induced changes of porphyrin metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Alcohol is a agenrphyrinogenic agent which may cause disturbances in porphyrin metabolism in healthy persons as well as biochemical and clinical manifestations of acute and chronic hepatic porphyrias. After excessive alcohol infestion in man a secondary hepatic coproporphyrinuria develops transiently, which persists in alcoholic liver disease. The alcohol-liver-porphyrinuria syndrome ranges first among the secondary hepatic disturbances of porphyrin metabolism. In acute hepatic porphyrias (acute intermittent porphyria, porphyria varigata and hereditary coproporphyria) alcohol induces delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase because in these porphyrias the control mechanisms of porphyrinogen and heme synthesis in liver are disturbed (\"molecular regulatory diseases\"). On the contrary, in chronic hepatic porphyrias, which are already associated with liver damage (\"membrane diseases\"), alcohol potentiates the disturbance of the decarboxylation of uro- and heptacarboxyporphyrinogen, which is followed by a hepatic accumulation of uro- and heptacarboxyporphyrin and their sometimes extreme urinary excretion. Alcohol may transform a symptomatic coproporphyrinuria into chronic hepatic porphyria. One can deduct from experimental and clinical studies that in liver alcohol inhibits the enzymes coproporphyrinogen oxidase, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase and induces delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase. Abstinence from alcohol is an important measure in the therapy and prophylaxis of all hepatic porphyrias.", "contents": "[Alcohol-induced changes of porphyrin metabolism (author's transl)]. Alcohol is a agenrphyrinogenic agent which may cause disturbances in porphyrin metabolism in healthy persons as well as biochemical and clinical manifestations of acute and chronic hepatic porphyrias. After excessive alcohol infestion in man a secondary hepatic coproporphyrinuria develops transiently, which persists in alcoholic liver disease. The alcohol-liver-porphyrinuria syndrome ranges first among the secondary hepatic disturbances of porphyrin metabolism. In acute hepatic porphyrias (acute intermittent porphyria, porphyria varigata and hereditary coproporphyria) alcohol induces delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase because in these porphyrias the control mechanisms of porphyrinogen and heme synthesis in liver are disturbed (\"molecular regulatory diseases\"). On the contrary, in chronic hepatic porphyrias, which are already associated with liver damage (\"membrane diseases\"), alcohol potentiates the disturbance of the decarboxylation of uro- and heptacarboxyporphyrinogen, which is followed by a hepatic accumulation of uro- and heptacarboxyporphyrin and their sometimes extreme urinary excretion. Alcohol may transform a symptomatic coproporphyrinuria into chronic hepatic porphyria. One can deduct from experimental and clinical studies that in liver alcohol inhibits the enzymes coproporphyrinogen oxidase, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase and induces delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase. Abstinence from alcohol is an important measure in the therapy and prophylaxis of all hepatic porphyrias."}
{"id": "PMID:359966", "title": "[Interaction between alcohol consumption and drug metobolism in the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "Alcohol interacts with a number of drugs in a paradoxical way; when alcohol and drugs are coingested, effect of drug on the body appears to be prolonged and enhanced, not only by additive process at the target organ but also by means of impaired absorption and metabolism of drug (= drug tolerance). By contrast, chronic alcoholics, who have proliferated endoplasmic reticulum and adaptively induced drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver, when sober, require larger doses of drug than usually in order to produce a proper effect (= drug tolerance). The induction of drug-detoxifying enzymes by alcohol, however, could result in the enhancement of the hepatotoxic effect of some chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride. Clinical importance of alcohol-drug interactions is such that physician must be cautious about the ingestion of alcohol by his patients taking other medications and that he should rely heavily on careful patient observation to determine efficacy or toxicity of drug prescribed for alcoholic patients.", "contents": "[Interaction between alcohol consumption and drug metobolism in the liver (author's transl)]. Alcohol interacts with a number of drugs in a paradoxical way; when alcohol and drugs are coingested, effect of drug on the body appears to be prolonged and enhanced, not only by additive process at the target organ but also by means of impaired absorption and metabolism of drug (= drug tolerance). By contrast, chronic alcoholics, who have proliferated endoplasmic reticulum and adaptively induced drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver, when sober, require larger doses of drug than usually in order to produce a proper effect (= drug tolerance). The induction of drug-detoxifying enzymes by alcohol, however, could result in the enhancement of the hepatotoxic effect of some chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride. Clinical importance of alcohol-drug interactions is such that physician must be cautious about the ingestion of alcohol by his patients taking other medications and that he should rely heavily on careful patient observation to determine efficacy or toxicity of drug prescribed for alcoholic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:359967", "title": "[Clinical aspects of alcohol induced liver injury (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronic alcohol consumption results in early biochemical and ultrastructural alterations of the hepatocyte which in turn may lead to alcoholic fatty liver as well as alcoholic hepatitis and via the central hyaline sclerosis to fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver. Already at the stage of the alcoholic fatty liver an isolated increase of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity can often be observed; it results from hepatic microsomal enzyme induction and may facilitate early recognition of alcoholic liver injury. To establish the diagnosis, however, a histological examination of the liver is necessary. The therapy of alcohol-induced liver injury is based upon an absolute alcohol abstinence since alcohol itself or one of its metabolites are hepatotoxic.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of alcohol induced liver injury (author's transl)]. Chronic alcohol consumption results in early biochemical and ultrastructural alterations of the hepatocyte which in turn may lead to alcoholic fatty liver as well as alcoholic hepatitis and via the central hyaline sclerosis to fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver. Already at the stage of the alcoholic fatty liver an isolated increase of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity can often be observed; it results from hepatic microsomal enzyme induction and may facilitate early recognition of alcoholic liver injury. To establish the diagnosis, however, a histological examination of the liver is necessary. The therapy of alcohol-induced liver injury is based upon an absolute alcohol abstinence since alcohol itself or one of its metabolites are hepatotoxic."}
{"id": "PMID:359968", "title": "[Effect of alcohol on the human and animal pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "In Germany alcohol is responsible for 40--60 per cent of cases with chronic or chronic relapsing pancreatitis. The histologic lesions for a long time remain clinically asymptomatic. Their degree depends on the duration and the total amount of alcohol which is ingested. Promoters of alcoholic damage to the pancraes are a high intake of fat and protein and a genetic disposition. Acute application of alcohol leads to an inhibition of pancreatic secretion when the entrance of gastric acid into the duodenum is prevented. Otherwise a weak stimulation occurs with release of secretin. Chronic application of alcohol after a few months abolishes the initially seen inhibition and leads to an increase of enzyme secretion of the gland. The raised concentration of protein in the pancreatic juice is the cause of precipitation of protein plugs, and thus probably leads to the alterations which are typical for chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Effect of alcohol on the human and animal pancreas (author's transl)]. In Germany alcohol is responsible for 40--60 per cent of cases with chronic or chronic relapsing pancreatitis. The histologic lesions for a long time remain clinically asymptomatic. Their degree depends on the duration and the total amount of alcohol which is ingested. Promoters of alcoholic damage to the pancraes are a high intake of fat and protein and a genetic disposition. Acute application of alcohol leads to an inhibition of pancreatic secretion when the entrance of gastric acid into the duodenum is prevented. Otherwise a weak stimulation occurs with release of secretin. Chronic application of alcohol after a few months abolishes the initially seen inhibition and leads to an increase of enzyme secretion of the gland. The raised concentration of protein in the pancreatic juice is the cause of precipitation of protein plugs, and thus probably leads to the alterations which are typical for chronic pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:360006", "title": "[Legal and organizational bases of health care in the textile industry of the Congress Kingdom of Poland in the 19th and beginning of 20th cent. (forms of insurance, work safety and sanitary regulations)].", "content": "The origins of state interventionism in the field of health care in the textile industry of the Congress Kingdom of Poland go back to the first half of the XIX-th century. It could not, however, be developed earlier than in the last quarter of this century, at which time it resulted from the class struggle of textile workers, mainly in L\u00f3d\u017a and Zyra\u0155d\u00f3w. Legal and organizational patterns of health care were of foreign origin, but soon they were modified and adapted to the local conditions of the Congress Kingdom of Poland. It has to be underlined that it was the textile industry that stimulated legal and organizational changes in the field of industrial health care, not only in the Congress Kingdom of Poland but also in the whole contemporary Europe.", "contents": "[Legal and organizational bases of health care in the textile industry of the Congress Kingdom of Poland in the 19th and beginning of 20th cent. (forms of insurance, work safety and sanitary regulations)]. The origins of state interventionism in the field of health care in the textile industry of the Congress Kingdom of Poland go back to the first half of the XIX-th century. It could not, however, be developed earlier than in the last quarter of this century, at which time it resulted from the class struggle of textile workers, mainly in L\u00f3d\u017a and Zyra\u0155d\u00f3w. Legal and organizational patterns of health care were of foreign origin, but soon they were modified and adapted to the local conditions of the Congress Kingdom of Poland. It has to be underlined that it was the textile industry that stimulated legal and organizational changes in the field of industrial health care, not only in the Congress Kingdom of Poland but also in the whole contemporary Europe."}
{"id": "PMID:360007", "title": "Role of glucagon in the pathogenesis of diabetes: the status of the controversy.", "content": "The current controversy concerning the role of glucagon in the pathogenesis of diabetes is reviewed. The traditional \"unihormonal abnormality concept,\" namely, that all of the metabolic derangements of diabetes are the direct consequence of deficient insulin secretion or activity, and the newer so-called bihormonal abnormality hypothesis, proposing that the fullblown diabetic syndrome requires, in addition to the insulin abnormality, a relative glucagon excess, are scrutinized. The relationship of insulin deficiency to the A-cell malfunction of diabetes, the conflicting evidence concerning the essential role of glucagon in mediating the marked overproduction of glucose and ketones in severe insulin deficiency and the contribution of glucagon to the endogenous hyperglycemia of diabetics without insulin deficiency are examined. Finally, the possibility that therapeutic suppression of diabetic hyperglucagonemia may make possible better control of hyperglycemia than is presently attainable by conventional therapeutic methods is considered. It is concluded that (1) although insulin lowers glucagon levels, restoration to normal of the A-cell dysfunction of diabetes requires that plasma insulin levels vary appropriately with glycemic change; (2) that glucagon mediates the severe endogenous hyperglycemia and hyperketonemia observed in the absence of insulin; (3) that in diabetics in whom insulin is present but relatively fixed an increase in glucagon causes hyperglycemia and glycosuria; and (4) that glucagon suppression could be a potentially useful adjunct to conventional antihyperglycemic treatment of diabetics.", "contents": "Role of glucagon in the pathogenesis of diabetes: the status of the controversy. The current controversy concerning the role of glucagon in the pathogenesis of diabetes is reviewed. The traditional \"unihormonal abnormality concept,\" namely, that all of the metabolic derangements of diabetes are the direct consequence of deficient insulin secretion or activity, and the newer so-called bihormonal abnormality hypothesis, proposing that the fullblown diabetic syndrome requires, in addition to the insulin abnormality, a relative glucagon excess, are scrutinized. The relationship of insulin deficiency to the A-cell malfunction of diabetes, the conflicting evidence concerning the essential role of glucagon in mediating the marked overproduction of glucose and ketones in severe insulin deficiency and the contribution of glucagon to the endogenous hyperglycemia of diabetics without insulin deficiency are examined. Finally, the possibility that therapeutic suppression of diabetic hyperglucagonemia may make possible better control of hyperglycemia than is presently attainable by conventional therapeutic methods is considered. It is concluded that (1) although insulin lowers glucagon levels, restoration to normal of the A-cell dysfunction of diabetes requires that plasma insulin levels vary appropriately with glycemic change; (2) that glucagon mediates the severe endogenous hyperglycemia and hyperketonemia observed in the absence of insulin; (3) that in diabetics in whom insulin is present but relatively fixed an increase in glucagon causes hyperglycemia and glycosuria; and (4) that glucagon suppression could be a potentially useful adjunct to conventional antihyperglycemic treatment of diabetics."}
{"id": "PMID:360015", "title": "[Distribution and spatial ordering of biopolymer molecules in resting bacterial spores].", "content": "The presence, distribution and spatial arrangement of biopolymers in situ were studied in both a total intact spore and in a certain cellular layer using a spectroscopic technique of attenuated total refraction (ATR-IR) in the IR region. In contrast to vegetative cells, intact spores were characterized by isotropic distribution of protein components. This feature can be regarded as an index of the cryptobiotic state of spores. However, the distribution of protein components among individual layers of a spore was anisotropic. Bonds characterized by amide I and amide II bands were most often ordered in a layer which comprised cellular structures from the exosporium to the inner spore membrane.", "contents": "[Distribution and spatial ordering of biopolymer molecules in resting bacterial spores]. The presence, distribution and spatial arrangement of biopolymers in situ were studied in both a total intact spore and in a certain cellular layer using a spectroscopic technique of attenuated total refraction (ATR-IR) in the IR region. In contrast to vegetative cells, intact spores were characterized by isotropic distribution of protein components. This feature can be regarded as an index of the cryptobiotic state of spores. However, the distribution of protein components among individual layers of a spore was anisotropic. Bonds characterized by amide I and amide II bands were most often ordered in a layer which comprised cellular structures from the exosporium to the inner spore membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:360014", "title": "[Comparative study of the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the varying ploidy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in the process of their growth].", "content": "The growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains having different ploidy was compared in the conditions of periodic cultivation, and was found to consist of two stages: (1) at the account of glucose utilization and (2) due to assimilation of cellular metabolites following a period of adaptation. The secondary growth was linear. The haploid, diploid and triploid strains differed in the character of growth, substrate utilization, the rate of respiration and the economic coefficient. Their qualitative protein composition was the same though certain changes were detected in the content of individual amino acids. The amount of essential amino acids (their sum) in proteins increased when the yeast started to oxidize cellular metabolites instead of glucose utilization.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the varying ploidy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in the process of their growth]. The growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains having different ploidy was compared in the conditions of periodic cultivation, and was found to consist of two stages: (1) at the account of glucose utilization and (2) due to assimilation of cellular metabolites following a period of adaptation. The secondary growth was linear. The haploid, diploid and triploid strains differed in the character of growth, substrate utilization, the rate of respiration and the economic coefficient. Their qualitative protein composition was the same though certain changes were detected in the content of individual amino acids. The amount of essential amino acids (their sum) in proteins increased when the yeast started to oxidize cellular metabolites instead of glucose utilization."}
{"id": "PMID:360016", "title": "[Development cycle of the yeastlike fungus, Endomycopsis fibuligera, and its accumulation of glucoamylase activity].", "content": "The growth cycle and the accumulation of glucoamylase by the yeast-like fungus Endomycopsis fibuligera 20-9 were studied in the conditions of submerged cultivation. The enzyme was accumulated by the end of the logarithmic phase and particularly at the stationary phase of the cultural growth. A correlation has been established between the accumulation of the glucoamylase in the cultural broth and the production of blastospores. Possible systems involved in the control of the enzyme accumulation are discussed.", "contents": "[Development cycle of the yeastlike fungus, Endomycopsis fibuligera, and its accumulation of glucoamylase activity]. The growth cycle and the accumulation of glucoamylase by the yeast-like fungus Endomycopsis fibuligera 20-9 were studied in the conditions of submerged cultivation. The enzyme was accumulated by the end of the logarithmic phase and particularly at the stationary phase of the cultural growth. A correlation has been established between the accumulation of the glucoamylase in the cultural broth and the production of blastospores. Possible systems involved in the control of the enzyme accumulation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:360017", "title": "A pill electrode for the study of cardiac arrhythmia.", "content": "A swallowable electrode has been developed which permits accurate P wave detection without patient risk or discomfort. This esophageal lead, together with a simultaneous surface ECG, is the basis for a new two-channel computer system for arrhythmia detection and analysis.", "contents": "A pill electrode for the study of cardiac arrhythmia. A swallowable electrode has been developed which permits accurate P wave detection without patient risk or discomfort. This esophageal lead, together with a simultaneous surface ECG, is the basis for a new two-channel computer system for arrhythmia detection and analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:360019", "title": "Atrial electrogram monitoring in a cardiac care unit.", "content": "Routine monitoring of a bipolar atrial electrogram (AEG) simultaneously with the electrocardiogram is a useful and safe clinical technique for the diagnosis of complex cardiac dysrhythmias. The large-amplitude A waves of the AEG can be more reliably identified than the corresponding low-amplitude p waves of the electrocardiogram. Epicardial wires placed during cardiac surgery, catheter-mounted endocardial electrodes, and esophageal electrodes can all be used for routine AEG monitoring. A multipurpose pulmonary arterial catheter with a pair of electrodes, and esophageal electrodes can all be used for routine AEG monitoring. A multipurpose pulmonary arterial catheter with a pair of electrodes mounted on the proximal shaft can be used for combined AEG and hemodynamic monitoring. The equipment needed for AEG monitoring and recording consists of an additional bedside amplifier with 12- to 100-Hz band-pass filter, a dual-channel display scope, and a dual-channel strip chart recorder. Care must be used to keep the atrial electrodes electrically isolated for patient safety. In addition to enhancing the diagnosis and management of dysrhythmias, recording an AEG provides a signal that is suitable for automatic processing.", "contents": "Atrial electrogram monitoring in a cardiac care unit. Routine monitoring of a bipolar atrial electrogram (AEG) simultaneously with the electrocardiogram is a useful and safe clinical technique for the diagnosis of complex cardiac dysrhythmias. The large-amplitude A waves of the AEG can be more reliably identified than the corresponding low-amplitude p waves of the electrocardiogram. Epicardial wires placed during cardiac surgery, catheter-mounted endocardial electrodes, and esophageal electrodes can all be used for routine AEG monitoring. A multipurpose pulmonary arterial catheter with a pair of electrodes, and esophageal electrodes can all be used for routine AEG monitoring. A multipurpose pulmonary arterial catheter with a pair of electrodes mounted on the proximal shaft can be used for combined AEG and hemodynamic monitoring. The equipment needed for AEG monitoring and recording consists of an additional bedside amplifier with 12- to 100-Hz band-pass filter, a dual-channel display scope, and a dual-channel strip chart recorder. Care must be used to keep the atrial electrodes electrically isolated for patient safety. In addition to enhancing the diagnosis and management of dysrhythmias, recording an AEG provides a signal that is suitable for automatic processing."}
{"id": "PMID:360018", "title": "Noninvasive external recording of cardiac conduction system (His bundle) activity.", "content": "Successful and adequate external recording of the cardiac conduction system from the body's surface can be accomplished in 80 to 90 percent of subjects studied. High-gain amplification, signal averaging, and triggering with a conditioned QRS signal results in good recording reproducibility. Averaging of 128 consecutive cycles is adequate, but on occasion averaging of 256 cycles may yield better results. The patients's QRS signal triggers the transfer of signals, which are digitized and stored during the preceding P-R interval. Comparison of external recordings with direct invasive recordings in animals and patients shows good correlation between the major His bundle deflections. The advantages of the system developed include its mobility, triggering the QRS with pretrigger data processing, and instantaneous display on Polaroid photograph. Future research should concentrate on further miniaturization and simplification of the instrumentation, detailed experimental comparison between direct and external recordings for identification of deflections and their origin, further study of the recording lead system, and the most appropriate method of information display.", "contents": "Noninvasive external recording of cardiac conduction system (His bundle) activity. Successful and adequate external recording of the cardiac conduction system from the body's surface can be accomplished in 80 to 90 percent of subjects studied. High-gain amplification, signal averaging, and triggering with a conditioned QRS signal results in good recording reproducibility. Averaging of 128 consecutive cycles is adequate, but on occasion averaging of 256 cycles may yield better results. The patients's QRS signal triggers the transfer of signals, which are digitized and stored during the preceding P-R interval. Comparison of external recordings with direct invasive recordings in animals and patients shows good correlation between the major His bundle deflections. The advantages of the system developed include its mobility, triggering the QRS with pretrigger data processing, and instantaneous display on Polaroid photograph. Future research should concentrate on further miniaturization and simplification of the instrumentation, detailed experimental comparison between direct and external recordings for identification of deflections and their origin, further study of the recording lead system, and the most appropriate method of information display."}
{"id": "PMID:360020", "title": "Comparison of R-R interval prediction models.", "content": "Changes in the sequence or pattern of R-R intervals is an integral part of electrocardiogram detection of most clinically important arrhythmias. Moreover, there is inherent interest in these patterns and their method of study as basic physiological phenomena. Prediction of R-R interval changes based on past history and detection of departure from an established pattern have been utilized in automated monitoring strategies and algorithms. The studies described her further clarify the usefulness of Markov processes for this purpose, compare the accuracy of linear and nonlinear regression models, and indicate some advantages of both.", "contents": "Comparison of R-R interval prediction models. Changes in the sequence or pattern of R-R intervals is an integral part of electrocardiogram detection of most clinically important arrhythmias. Moreover, there is inherent interest in these patterns and their method of study as basic physiological phenomena. Prediction of R-R interval changes based on past history and detection of departure from an established pattern have been utilized in automated monitoring strategies and algorithms. The studies described her further clarify the usefulness of Markov processes for this purpose, compare the accuracy of linear and nonlinear regression models, and indicate some advantages of both."}
{"id": "PMID:360036", "title": "Organization and expression of the dnaJ and dnaK genes of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutation in the dnaJ gene of Escherichia coli K12 is described which affects replication of the bacterial DNA. The gene is located adjacent to the dnaK gene described previously (Saito and Uchida, 1977). The physical and functional organization of the dnaJ-dnaK region was studied in detail by analyzing the heteroduplexes and functions of various deletion mutants of  lambdadnaJdnaK,  a transducing phage carrying both of the dna genes. The sizes of dnaJ and dnaK cistrons were estimated to be at most 1.2 +/- 0.5 and 2.1 +/- 0.4 kilobases, respectively. In vivo expression of the dnaJ function by various deletion phages indicated that the dnaK and dnaJ cistrons were transcribed from a promoter located at the head of the dnaK cistron, dnaJ being downstream to dnaK. Presence of a weak promoter which reads only the dnaJ cistron was also suggested. A simple method for isolating independent deletion mutants of phage lambda was described.", "contents": "Organization and expression of the dnaJ and dnaK genes of Escherichia coli K12. A temperature-sensitive mutation in the dnaJ gene of Escherichia coli K12 is described which affects replication of the bacterial DNA. The gene is located adjacent to the dnaK gene described previously (Saito and Uchida, 1977). The physical and functional organization of the dnaJ-dnaK region was studied in detail by analyzing the heteroduplexes and functions of various deletion mutants of  lambdadnaJdnaK,  a transducing phage carrying both of the dna genes. The sizes of dnaJ and dnaK cistrons were estimated to be at most 1.2 +/- 0.5 and 2.1 +/- 0.4 kilobases, respectively. In vivo expression of the dnaJ function by various deletion phages indicated that the dnaK and dnaJ cistrons were transcribed from a promoter located at the head of the dnaK cistron, dnaJ being downstream to dnaK. Presence of a weak promoter which reads only the dnaJ cistron was also suggested. A simple method for isolating independent deletion mutants of phage lambda was described."}
{"id": "PMID:360037", "title": "Mu-1 directed inhibition of DNA breakdown in Escherichia coli, recA cells.", "content": "The spontaneous DNA breakdown exhibited by recA strains, is reduced after heat induction of a thermoinducible Mu-1 prophage. This inhibition is dependent upon RNA synthesis, suggesting that Mu-1 directs synthesis of a recBC nuclease inhibitor, analogous to the product of the lambda gam gene. The genetic evidence presented here shows that Mu-1 enables a lambda red gam phage to grow on a recA host. The in vitro assay for ATP-dependent exonuclease activity reveals a complete inhibition of this activity 30 min after induction of the Mu-1 prophage.", "contents": "Mu-1 directed inhibition of DNA breakdown in Escherichia coli, recA cells. The spontaneous DNA breakdown exhibited by recA strains, is reduced after heat induction of a thermoinducible Mu-1 prophage. This inhibition is dependent upon RNA synthesis, suggesting that Mu-1 directs synthesis of a recBC nuclease inhibitor, analogous to the product of the lambda gam gene. The genetic evidence presented here shows that Mu-1 enables a lambda red gam phage to grow on a recA host. The in vitro assay for ATP-dependent exonuclease activity reveals a complete inhibition of this activity 30 min after induction of the Mu-1 prophage."}
{"id": "PMID:360038", "title": "Isolation of a small DNA fragment carrying the gene for a dihydrofolate reductase from a trimethoprim resistance factor.", "content": "DNA fragments of the R factor R388 which renders E. coli resistant to trimethoprim by inducing a trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase (Amyes and Smith, 1974) were inserted into plasmids and screened for the expression of the trimethoprim resistance gene. By means of a two step deletion procedure a 1770 bp EcoRI/BamH1 fragment was isolated which conferred drug resistance and which was found to induce the synthesis of the same dihydrofolate reductase as the parental R factor. Gene dosage experiments indicated that the induction was due to the presence of a dihydrofolate reductase structural gene on the 1770 bp fragment. The gene could be assigned to a segment which was less than 1200 bp long. The 1770 bp fragment and a recombinant plasmid consisting of pSF2124 and part of R388 were mapped with several restriction nucleases. The R factor induced enzyme was partially purified from a strain carrying a multicopy recombinant plasmid into which the 1770 bp fragment was inserted and which induced high levels of dihydrofolate  reductase. The enzyme was found to be stable at 100 degrees. Some aspects of the synthesis of dihydrofolate reductase are discussed.", "contents": "Isolation of a small DNA fragment carrying the gene for a dihydrofolate reductase from a trimethoprim resistance factor. DNA fragments of the R factor R388 which renders E. coli resistant to trimethoprim by inducing a trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase (Amyes and Smith, 1974) were inserted into plasmids and screened for the expression of the trimethoprim resistance gene. By means of a two step deletion procedure a 1770 bp EcoRI/BamH1 fragment was isolated which conferred drug resistance and which was found to induce the synthesis of the same dihydrofolate reductase as the parental R factor. Gene dosage experiments indicated that the induction was due to the presence of a dihydrofolate reductase structural gene on the 1770 bp fragment. The gene could be assigned to a segment which was less than 1200 bp long. The 1770 bp fragment and a recombinant plasmid consisting of pSF2124 and part of R388 were mapped with several restriction nucleases. The R factor induced enzyme was partially purified from a strain carrying a multicopy recombinant plasmid into which the 1770 bp fragment was inserted and which induced high levels of dihydrofolate  reductase. The enzyme was found to be stable at 100 degrees. Some aspects of the synthesis of dihydrofolate reductase are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:360039", "title": "Control of ribosomal RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. IV. Frequency of transcription of ribosomal RNA genes as a function of growth rate.", "content": "Nucleoids were isolated from Escherichia coli B/r cells in steady-stage growth at different rates. The number of RNA chains growing on each nucleoid was estimated from the amount and size of RNAs synthesized by endogenous RNA polymerase. This figure represents the number of RNA polymerase molecules that are functioning in transcription and thus serves to indicate the frequency of transcription in the cells. With an increase in the growth rate from 0.27 to 1.73 (h-1), (a) the number of total RNA chains per genome increases from about 252 to 838, (b) the number of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) chains per genome increases as a function of the second power of the growth rate from about 19 to 255, and (c) the number of non-rRNA chains per genome increases linearly from about 233 to 538.", "contents": "Control of ribosomal RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. IV. Frequency of transcription of ribosomal RNA genes as a function of growth rate. Nucleoids were isolated from Escherichia coli B/r cells in steady-stage growth at different rates. The number of RNA chains growing on each nucleoid was estimated from the amount and size of RNAs synthesized by endogenous RNA polymerase. This figure represents the number of RNA polymerase molecules that are functioning in transcription and thus serves to indicate the frequency of transcription in the cells. With an increase in the growth rate from 0.27 to 1.73 (h-1), (a) the number of total RNA chains per genome increases from about 252 to 838, (b) the number of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) chains per genome increases as a function of the second power of the growth rate from about 19 to 255, and (c) the number of non-rRNA chains per genome increases linearly from about 233 to 538."}
{"id": "PMID:360040", "title": "Acylaminoacid esterase mutants of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium contains three electrophoretically separable enzyme activities that hydrolyze N-acetyl phenylalanine beta-naphthyl ester (NAPNE). One of these enzymes is an endoprotease, protease I. Mutations at a locus apeA near purE lead to loss of this enzyme. We have found that N-acetyl leucine alpha-naphthyl ester (NALNE) is not hydrolyzed by protease I but is a good substrate for the other two activities. Using NALNE as a chromogenic substrate to screen colonies growing on agar, we have isolated mutants (apeB) that simultaneously lose both of the two other esterase activities. The chromosomal positions of apeB and nearby markers in the proC-purE region have been determined using both phage P1 and phage P22 mediated transduction. The observed order is proC thiC apeB apt apeA purE. Strains lacking all three activities (apeA apeB double mutants) have been constructed and have growth rates similar to wild-type strains.", "contents": "Acylaminoacid esterase mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella typhimurium contains three electrophoretically separable enzyme activities that hydrolyze N-acetyl phenylalanine beta-naphthyl ester (NAPNE). One of these enzymes is an endoprotease, protease I. Mutations at a locus apeA near purE lead to loss of this enzyme. We have found that N-acetyl leucine alpha-naphthyl ester (NALNE) is not hydrolyzed by protease I but is a good substrate for the other two activities. Using NALNE as a chromogenic substrate to screen colonies growing on agar, we have isolated mutants (apeB) that simultaneously lose both of the two other esterase activities. The chromosomal positions of apeB and nearby markers in the proC-purE region have been determined using both phage P1 and phage P22 mediated transduction. The observed order is proC thiC apeB apt apeA purE. Strains lacking all three activities (apeA apeB double mutants) have been constructed and have growth rates similar to wild-type strains."}
{"id": "PMID:360041", "title": "Genetic analysis of two genes, dnaJ and dnaK, necessary for Escherichia coli and bacteriophage lambda DNA replication.", "content": "We show that a collection of 93 E. coli mutations which map between thr and leu and which block phage lambda DNA replication define two closely linked cistrons. Work published in the accompanying paper shows that these mutations also affect host DNA replication, so we designate them dnaJ and dnaK; the gene order is thr--dnaK--dnaJ--leu. Demonstration of two cistrons was possible with the isolation of lambda transducing phages carrying one or the other or both of the dna genes. These phages were employed in phage vs bacterial complementation studies which unambiguously show that dnaK and dnaJ are different cistrons.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of two genes, dnaJ and dnaK, necessary for Escherichia coli and bacteriophage lambda DNA replication. We show that a collection of 93 E. coli mutations which map between thr and leu and which block phage lambda DNA replication define two closely linked cistrons. Work published in the accompanying paper shows that these mutations also affect host DNA replication, so we designate them dnaJ and dnaK; the gene order is thr--dnaK--dnaJ--leu. Demonstration of two cistrons was possible with the isolation of lambda transducing phages carrying one or the other or both of the dna genes. These phages were employed in phage vs bacterial complementation studies which unambiguously show that dnaK and dnaJ are different cistrons."}
{"id": "PMID:360042", "title": "Major outer membrane proteins of E. coli K12 serve as receptors for the phages T2 (protein Ia) and 434 (protein Ib).", "content": "Mutants of E. coli resistant to bacteriophage T2 have lowered amounts of protein Ia in their outer membrane. Bacteriophage T2 was inactivated by a mixture of protein Ia-lipopolysaccharide. Protein Ia or lipopolysaccharide alone had no neutralizing activity. However, only protein Ia was required to inactivate a T2 host range mutant. In the presence of polymyxin B T2 receptor activity of protein Ia--lipopolysaccharide mixtures could not be restored. E. coli strains missing protein Ib were resistant against the lambdoid phage 434. Purified protein Ib inactivated 434 and lambdavirh434. Addition of lipopolysaccharide did not enhance the neutralizing activity of protein Ib, indicating that lipopolysaccharide may not be necessary for the inactivation of the phage.", "contents": "Major outer membrane proteins of E. coli K12 serve as receptors for the phages T2 (protein Ia) and 434 (protein Ib). Mutants of E. coli resistant to bacteriophage T2 have lowered amounts of protein Ia in their outer membrane. Bacteriophage T2 was inactivated by a mixture of protein Ia-lipopolysaccharide. Protein Ia or lipopolysaccharide alone had no neutralizing activity. However, only protein Ia was required to inactivate a T2 host range mutant. In the presence of polymyxin B T2 receptor activity of protein Ia--lipopolysaccharide mixtures could not be restored. E. coli strains missing protein Ib were resistant against the lambdoid phage 434. Purified protein Ib inactivated 434 and lambdavirh434. Addition of lipopolysaccharide did not enhance the neutralizing activity of protein Ib, indicating that lipopolysaccharide may not be necessary for the inactivation of the phage."}
{"id": "PMID:360044", "title": "Analysis of the regulatory mechanisms controlling the synthesis of the hexitol transport systems in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The synthesis of the transport systems (enzymeII-complexes) coded for in the mtl and in the gut (srl) operon was found to be induced by unphosphorylated D-mannitol and D-glucitol respectively. Induction from the outside however is only possible if these polyols are taken up into the cells. Induction of the D-mannitol system is immediate, resistant against catabolite repression, relatively insensitive towards transient repression and starts from a high uninduced level (5--30%). By contrast, the induction of the D-glucitol system starts at a low basal level (0.5--2.5%), does show a pronounced lag from 25 to 90 min, and is hypersensitive towards catabolite and transient repression. These differences apparently reflect primarely differences in the corresponding operator-promotor genes mtl (P,O) and gut (P,O) as well as differences in the uptake of the first, inducing hexitol molecules. For each operon additional regulatory genes exist, called mtlR and gutR respectively, in which transrecessive, temperature sensitive mutations leading to a constitutive expression of the corresponding operon can be found. The influence of these regulatory mechanisms in diauxie experiments and their importance for the differentiation of the three operons during evolution from apparently one common ancestor operon will be discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of the regulatory mechanisms controlling the synthesis of the hexitol transport systems in Escherichia coli K12. The synthesis of the transport systems (enzymeII-complexes) coded for in the mtl and in the gut (srl) operon was found to be induced by unphosphorylated D-mannitol and D-glucitol respectively. Induction from the outside however is only possible if these polyols are taken up into the cells. Induction of the D-mannitol system is immediate, resistant against catabolite repression, relatively insensitive towards transient repression and starts from a high uninduced level (5--30%). By contrast, the induction of the D-glucitol system starts at a low basal level (0.5--2.5%), does show a pronounced lag from 25 to 90 min, and is hypersensitive towards catabolite and transient repression. These differences apparently reflect primarely differences in the corresponding operator-promotor genes mtl (P,O) and gut (P,O) as well as differences in the uptake of the first, inducing hexitol molecules. For each operon additional regulatory genes exist, called mtlR and gutR respectively, in which transrecessive, temperature sensitive mutations leading to a constitutive expression of the corresponding operon can be found. The influence of these regulatory mechanisms in diauxie experiments and their importance for the differentiation of the three operons during evolution from apparently one common ancestor operon will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:360045", "title": "An alkaline sucrose gradient analysis of the mechanism of nuclear DNA synthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Using alkaline sucrose gradients the mechanism of DNA synthesis has been investigated in both log-phase and synchronised cultures of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA synthesis proceeds via a heterogeneous population of single-stranded intermediates between 7 and 60 x 10(6) daltons in size. The size of these molecules and a comparison of their behaviour in log-phase and synchronised cultures suggests they are nascent or completed replicons. The progressive increase in molecular weight of these intermediates during S in synchronous cultures was used as a measure of the rate of DNA synthesis per single strand. During the first half of the period of DNA synthesis in the culture, the observed rate of elongation was 0.82 x 10(6) daltons/min. Later in S, an apparent increase in rate was detected, but this may have reflected the joining of completed replicons. In our gradients the pattern of DNA synthesis in the cell cycle mutants cdc2 and 6, thought to make incomplete or faulty DNA at the restrictive temperature (Hartwell, 1974), closely resembled that of the wild-type.", "contents": "An alkaline sucrose gradient analysis of the mechanism of nuclear DNA synthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using alkaline sucrose gradients the mechanism of DNA synthesis has been investigated in both log-phase and synchronised cultures of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA synthesis proceeds via a heterogeneous population of single-stranded intermediates between 7 and 60 x 10(6) daltons in size. The size of these molecules and a comparison of their behaviour in log-phase and synchronised cultures suggests they are nascent or completed replicons. The progressive increase in molecular weight of these intermediates during S in synchronous cultures was used as a measure of the rate of DNA synthesis per single strand. During the first half of the period of DNA synthesis in the culture, the observed rate of elongation was 0.82 x 10(6) daltons/min. Later in S, an apparent increase in rate was detected, but this may have reflected the joining of completed replicons. In our gradients the pattern of DNA synthesis in the cell cycle mutants cdc2 and 6, thought to make incomplete or faulty DNA at the restrictive temperature (Hartwell, 1974), closely resembled that of the wild-type."}
{"id": "PMID:360046", "title": "Basis for slow growth on the non-fermentable substrates by a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant UV-sensitive for rho- production.", "content": "The mutant uvsrho 72 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae UV-sensitive for rho- production displays slower growth on media containing non-fermentable carbon sources such as glycerol or lactate. The slower growth on glycerol is not due to any deficiency in glycerol catabolism or mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. No modifications of the sensitivity to ethidium bromide of the mitochondrial ATPase activity could be detected. A mathematical model is presented which accounts for slower growth of uvsrho 72 on the sole basis of the continuous and elevated rho- production in the mutant strain. This model, which estimates the rate of mutation from the rate of growth and vice versa, has been verified experimentally in the case of of usvrho 72. The model has been generalised, so that it can be used for any microbial population subject to constant and high rates of any type of mutation providing that the mutant is stable, and either unable to grow or able to grow at this own rate different from that of the parental strain.", "contents": "Basis for slow growth on the non-fermentable substrates by a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant UV-sensitive for rho- production. The mutant uvsrho 72 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae UV-sensitive for rho- production displays slower growth on media containing non-fermentable carbon sources such as glycerol or lactate. The slower growth on glycerol is not due to any deficiency in glycerol catabolism or mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. No modifications of the sensitivity to ethidium bromide of the mitochondrial ATPase activity could be detected. A mathematical model is presented which accounts for slower growth of uvsrho 72 on the sole basis of the continuous and elevated rho- production in the mutant strain. This model, which estimates the rate of mutation from the rate of growth and vice versa, has been verified experimentally in the case of of usvrho 72. The model has been generalised, so that it can be used for any microbial population subject to constant and high rates of any type of mutation providing that the mutant is stable, and either unable to grow or able to grow at this own rate different from that of the parental strain."}
{"id": "PMID:360047", "title": "H2B nucleohistone-phospholipid interactions. Thermal denaturation and ultrastructural analysis.", "content": "Sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, bovine lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine modify the thermal stabilization of H2B-DNA complexes, by inducing stabilization at 0.3 and 0.6 H2B : DNA weight ratios and destabilify the arrangement of nucleohistone is confirmed by ultrastructural analysis which indicates a competitive action of these molecules during the nucleoprotein assembly. A possible regulatory role of phospholipids on native chromatin is proposed.", "contents": "H2B nucleohistone-phospholipid interactions. Thermal denaturation and ultrastructural analysis. Sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, bovine lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine modify the thermal stabilization of H2B-DNA complexes, by inducing stabilization at 0.3 and 0.6 H2B : DNA weight ratios and destabilify the arrangement of nucleohistone is confirmed by ultrastructural analysis which indicates a competitive action of these molecules during the nucleoprotein assembly. A possible regulatory role of phospholipids on native chromatin is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:360048", "title": "Characterization of the amino acids of bovine fibrinogen involved in the fibrinogen-thrombin interaction of the blood clotting process. Comparison with the milk clotting process.", "content": "Bovine fibrinogen and the Aalpha and Bbeta chains of bovine fibrinogen have been subjected to chemical modification by a number of reagents and the effects of these procedures on the susceptibility of the proteins to thrombin hydrolysis is described. The reagents used were rose bengal (for photo-oxidation), 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide, N-acetylimidazole, iodoacetic acid and diethyl pyrocarbonate. Evidence is presented which indicates that the tryptophan and tyrosine residues of fibrinogen are not involved to any great extent in the interaction of this protein with thrombin. Modification with iodoacetic acid suggests that methionine residues play a major role in such interactions, but the fibrinogen chains on which the important residues reside remain uncertain. The use of diethyl pyrocarbonate indicates the participation also of histidine in fibrinogen-thrombin interactions and that, whereas the histidine residues of the Bbeta chain are involved to a great extent, it appears that those of the Aalpha chain are not. The similarities which exist between the fibrinogen-thrombin and the kappa-casein-chymosin systems are discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of the amino acids of bovine fibrinogen involved in the fibrinogen-thrombin interaction of the blood clotting process. Comparison with the milk clotting process. Bovine fibrinogen and the Aalpha and Bbeta chains of bovine fibrinogen have been subjected to chemical modification by a number of reagents and the effects of these procedures on the susceptibility of the proteins to thrombin hydrolysis is described. The reagents used were rose bengal (for photo-oxidation), 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide, N-acetylimidazole, iodoacetic acid and diethyl pyrocarbonate. Evidence is presented which indicates that the tryptophan and tyrosine residues of fibrinogen are not involved to any great extent in the interaction of this protein with thrombin. Modification with iodoacetic acid suggests that methionine residues play a major role in such interactions, but the fibrinogen chains on which the important residues reside remain uncertain. The use of diethyl pyrocarbonate indicates the participation also of histidine in fibrinogen-thrombin interactions and that, whereas the histidine residues of the Bbeta chain are involved to a great extent, it appears that those of the Aalpha chain are not. The similarities which exist between the fibrinogen-thrombin and the kappa-casein-chymosin systems are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:360050", "title": "[Efficiency of diagnostic procedures in clinical pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnostic procedures were evaluated in a prospective study including 1099 unselected children seen at a children's hospital. The predominant importance of a detailed case history (88,3%) and of the clinical examination could be demonstrated. On the other hand, apparative routine examinations were of very limited value, mostly to exclude particular diagnoses. The efficiency of apparative diagnostic procedures could be improved by allowing for a more differentiated indication of their use.", "contents": "[Efficiency of diagnostic procedures in clinical pediatrics (author's transl)]. Diagnostic procedures were evaluated in a prospective study including 1099 unselected children seen at a children's hospital. The predominant importance of a detailed case history (88,3%) and of the clinical examination could be demonstrated. On the other hand, apparative routine examinations were of very limited value, mostly to exclude particular diagnoses. The efficiency of apparative diagnostic procedures could be improved by allowing for a more differentiated indication of their use."}
{"id": "PMID:360051", "title": "[Diagnosis of hemorrhagic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Bleeding symptoms require in many instances immediate professional care. In order to avoid unnecessary treatment, an exact diagnosis is mandatory. In most cases a differentiation between primary humoral and thrombocytogenic bleeding disorders and a secondary bleeding diathesis due to consumption coagulopathy is possible by means of anamnestic, clinical and laboratory parameters. As a single test, the bleeding time gives the best information, followed by the heparin-tolerance-time, the PTT and the platelet count. Withe Quick-test alone, only 5% of children with severe bleeding diathesis are detected. For preoperative laboratory evaluation we recommend a combination of PTT, Quick-test, platelet count and bleeding-time. For the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation, anamnestic criteria (procoagulant triggers) and clinical evaluation [thrombohemorrhagic syndrome of organ(s)] are as important als laboratory parameters (platelet count, plasminogenproactivator, splits, PTT, Quick-test).", "contents": "[Diagnosis of hemorrhagic diseases (author's transl)]. Bleeding symptoms require in many instances immediate professional care. In order to avoid unnecessary treatment, an exact diagnosis is mandatory. In most cases a differentiation between primary humoral and thrombocytogenic bleeding disorders and a secondary bleeding diathesis due to consumption coagulopathy is possible by means of anamnestic, clinical and laboratory parameters. As a single test, the bleeding time gives the best information, followed by the heparin-tolerance-time, the PTT and the platelet count. Withe Quick-test alone, only 5% of children with severe bleeding diathesis are detected. For preoperative laboratory evaluation we recommend a combination of PTT, Quick-test, platelet count and bleeding-time. For the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation, anamnestic criteria (procoagulant triggers) and clinical evaluation [thrombohemorrhagic syndrome of organ(s)] are as important als laboratory parameters (platelet count, plasminogenproactivator, splits, PTT, Quick-test)."}
{"id": "PMID:360052", "title": "[Osteogenesis imperfecta. Classification with new aspects for pathogenesis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The current state of knowledge about osteogenesis imperfecta (O. i.) is reported. According to the course of the disease and the time of onset of first sym8ptoms two types of O. i may be recognized: O. i congenita (O. i. c.) and tarda (O. i. t.). O. i. c. is associated with a more severe course which may lead to extreme skeletal deformities. O. i. t. is characterized by a much milder course. It may exist almost unrecognized. Recent biochemical investigations of collagen revealed that in O. i. quantitative and qualitative abnormalities exist in the synthesis of collagen. Abnormally synthesized collagen is produced in total amounts less than normal. This fact leeds to changes of the physical properties of the connective tissue in cases of O. i. The letest attemp to treat O. i. is the application of calcitonin. This is expected to improve the mineralisation of the skeleton and to decrease the fragility of bones. So far, only reports about shortterm follow-ups during this treatment have been reported. Therefore, a conclusive statement about the validity of therapy with calcitonin can as yet not be given.", "contents": "[Osteogenesis imperfecta. Classification with new aspects for pathogenesis and therapy (author's transl)]. The current state of knowledge about osteogenesis imperfecta (O. i.) is reported. According to the course of the disease and the time of onset of first sym8ptoms two types of O. i may be recognized: O. i congenita (O. i. c.) and tarda (O. i. t.). O. i. c. is associated with a more severe course which may lead to extreme skeletal deformities. O. i. t. is characterized by a much milder course. It may exist almost unrecognized. Recent biochemical investigations of collagen revealed that in O. i. quantitative and qualitative abnormalities exist in the synthesis of collagen. Abnormally synthesized collagen is produced in total amounts less than normal. This fact leeds to changes of the physical properties of the connective tissue in cases of O. i. The letest attemp to treat O. i. is the application of calcitonin. This is expected to improve the mineralisation of the skeleton and to decrease the fragility of bones. So far, only reports about shortterm follow-ups during this treatment have been reported. Therefore, a conclusive statement about the validity of therapy with calcitonin can as yet not be given."}
{"id": "PMID:360062", "title": "Insulin binding and insulin sensitivity in isolated growth hormone deficiency.", "content": "125I-insulin binding to monocytes was examined in five children and one adult with isolated growth hormone deficiency before and after three to 12 weeks of growth hormone treatment, and in eight controls. Before treatment, mean plasma glucose was 15 mg per deciliter below controls, and plasma insulin was reduced by 40 per cent. Insulin binding to monocytes was 70 per cent greater than controls (P less than 0.005). Insulin-mediated glucose uptake (determined in the adult patient) was 25 per cent greater than mean control levels. After treatment, plasma glucose rose to control levels, plasma insulin increased to 75 per cent above controls (P less than 0.01), and insulin binding fell to 50 per cent below controls (P less than 0.01). Insulin-mediated glucose uptake fell to 30 per cent below the mean control rate. Insulin binding increases in growth hormone deficiency and falls after treatment. These changes may contribute to alterations in insulin sensitivity accompanying altered growth hormone availability.", "contents": "Insulin binding and insulin sensitivity in isolated growth hormone deficiency. 125I-insulin binding to monocytes was examined in five children and one adult with isolated growth hormone deficiency before and after three to 12 weeks of growth hormone treatment, and in eight controls. Before treatment, mean plasma glucose was 15 mg per deciliter below controls, and plasma insulin was reduced by 40 per cent. Insulin binding to monocytes was 70 per cent greater than controls (P less than 0.005). Insulin-mediated glucose uptake (determined in the adult patient) was 25 per cent greater than mean control levels. After treatment, plasma glucose rose to control levels, plasma insulin increased to 75 per cent above controls (P less than 0.01), and insulin binding fell to 50 per cent below controls (P less than 0.01). Insulin-mediated glucose uptake fell to 30 per cent below the mean control rate. Insulin binding increases in growth hormone deficiency and falls after treatment. These changes may contribute to alterations in insulin sensitivity accompanying altered growth hormone availability."}
{"id": "PMID:360073", "title": "DNA sequence of the mini-insertion IS2--6 and its relation to the sequence of IS2.", "content": "In polar IS2 abolishes galactose operon expression. Operon activity is restored by a 108 base pair mini-insertion within IS2 called IS2--6. The DNA sequences of the gal operon-IS2 junction, the parental IS2 region undergoing sequence rearrangements and IS2--6 itself are reported. IS2--6 is composed of sequence intervals present in both strands of IS2.", "contents": "DNA sequence of the mini-insertion IS2--6 and its relation to the sequence of IS2. In polar IS2 abolishes galactose operon expression. Operon activity is restored by a 108 base pair mini-insertion within IS2 called IS2--6. The DNA sequences of the gal operon-IS2 junction, the parental IS2 region undergoing sequence rearrangements and IS2--6 itself are reported. IS2--6 is composed of sequence intervals present in both strands of IS2."}
{"id": "PMID:360074", "title": "Phenotypic expression in E. coli of a DNA sequence coding for mouse dihydrofolate reductase.", "content": "The construction and analysis of bacterial plasmids that contain and phenotypically express a mammalian genetic sequence are described. Such plasmids specify a protein that has enzymatic properties, immunological reactivity and molecular size characteristic of the mouse dihydrofolate reductase, and render host cells resistant to the antimetabolic drug trimethoprim.", "contents": "Phenotypic expression in E. coli of a DNA sequence coding for mouse dihydrofolate reductase. The construction and analysis of bacterial plasmids that contain and phenotypically express a mammalian genetic sequence are described. Such plasmids specify a protein that has enzymatic properties, immunological reactivity and molecular size characteristic of the mouse dihydrofolate reductase, and render host cells resistant to the antimetabolic drug trimethoprim."}
{"id": "PMID:360091", "title": "[Freud and neurology].", "content": "The author describes sequentially the neurological work of Sigmund Freud, emphasizing this little known phase of \"the researcher of laboratory and microscope\". It seems that Freud's writings on psychoanalysis left behind other very important scientific research, such as descriptions about protoplasmic movements of carb's neurons, giving the bases for Waldeyer's neural theory. He described cocaine's influence of the psyche, its possible use in the treatment of melancholy and as a substitute for morphine. Freud studies polyneuritis, the brain effects of scurvy and syringomyelia. His description of aphasias follow Hughlings Jackson. He became interested in the study of cerebral palsy in children and assumed that the convulsive crises were manifestations and not its etiology; he classified them, emphasizing that Friedreich's syndrome has to do with heredity and asphyxia of the newborn is acquired. In 1895 he wrote his classic: \"A project for a scientific psychology for neurologists\" where he writes about the cathexis concept, related to local neuronal charges and graded excitability of the CNS, upon which modern neurophysiology concentrates great attention. After this time, he went on to work on psychopatology.", "contents": "[Freud and neurology]. The author describes sequentially the neurological work of Sigmund Freud, emphasizing this little known phase of \"the researcher of laboratory and microscope\". It seems that Freud's writings on psychoanalysis left behind other very important scientific research, such as descriptions about protoplasmic movements of carb's neurons, giving the bases for Waldeyer's neural theory. He described cocaine's influence of the psyche, its possible use in the treatment of melancholy and as a substitute for morphine. Freud studies polyneuritis, the brain effects of scurvy and syringomyelia. His description of aphasias follow Hughlings Jackson. He became interested in the study of cerebral palsy in children and assumed that the convulsive crises were manifestations and not its etiology; he classified them, emphasizing that Friedreich's syndrome has to do with heredity and asphyxia of the newborn is acquired. In 1895 he wrote his classic: \"A project for a scientific psychology for neurologists\" where he writes about the cathexis concept, related to local neuronal charges and graded excitability of the CNS, upon which modern neurophysiology concentrates great attention. After this time, he went on to work on psychopatology."}
{"id": "PMID:360092", "title": "[Pre-Columbian indigenous psychopharmacology].", "content": "A careful review has been carried out on texts concerning Mexican medicine plants, especially on texts obtained directly from the XVI century Indian reports. The plants utilized for psychiatric purposes have been separated from the huge group of 1 500 medicine plants used by the prehispanic Indians, and have been found about 150 plants which have been classified in the modern way of antipsychotic, antidepressant, minor tranquilizer, hallucinogens, sedatives, hypnotics, brain tonics, stimulants and anticonvulsants. The intention in making this research is to awake the interest of the people in the experimenting field; as experiments have been effected only on hallucinogen up to now, and if these have proved to possess the effects caused to the Indians, supposedly large part of the other plants have the effects according to the indications they have mentioned.", "contents": "[Pre-Columbian indigenous psychopharmacology]. A careful review has been carried out on texts concerning Mexican medicine plants, especially on texts obtained directly from the XVI century Indian reports. The plants utilized for psychiatric purposes have been separated from the huge group of 1 500 medicine plants used by the prehispanic Indians, and have been found about 150 plants which have been classified in the modern way of antipsychotic, antidepressant, minor tranquilizer, hallucinogens, sedatives, hypnotics, brain tonics, stimulants and anticonvulsants. The intention in making this research is to awake the interest of the people in the experimenting field; as experiments have been effected only on hallucinogen up to now, and if these have proved to possess the effects caused to the Indians, supposedly large part of the other plants have the effects according to the indications they have mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:360094", "title": "The Schwann cell: a reappraisal of its role in the peripheral nervous system.", "content": "The Schwann cell is clearly essential for the maintenance of axonal integrity--yet we know little of the regulatory mechanisms governing its behaviour at any point in its life cycle, or of the nature of its interaction with the axons with which each Schwann cell is associated. In this article, the involvement of the Schwann cell in myelinogenesis, aspects of Schwann cell-axon recognition, the experimentally-demonstrable 'bipotentiality' of the Schwann cell and the possible functional significance of the proliferative response of the Schwann cell that occurs after injury are discussed. The isolation and preparation of pure populations of Schwann cells which can be injected or implanted into a damaged nerve, coupled possibly with the localized application of drugs to manipulate the cellular responses to injury within the nerve, represent interesting areas of recent research which may be applied in planning methods of therapeutic intervention in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.", "contents": "The Schwann cell: a reappraisal of its role in the peripheral nervous system. The Schwann cell is clearly essential for the maintenance of axonal integrity--yet we know little of the regulatory mechanisms governing its behaviour at any point in its life cycle, or of the nature of its interaction with the axons with which each Schwann cell is associated. In this article, the involvement of the Schwann cell in myelinogenesis, aspects of Schwann cell-axon recognition, the experimentally-demonstrable 'bipotentiality' of the Schwann cell and the possible functional significance of the proliferative response of the Schwann cell that occurs after injury are discussed. The isolation and preparation of pure populations of Schwann cells which can be injected or implanted into a damaged nerve, coupled possibly with the localized application of drugs to manipulate the cellular responses to injury within the nerve, represent interesting areas of recent research which may be applied in planning methods of therapeutic intervention in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury."}
{"id": "PMID:360096", "title": "Stereotactic surgery with image processing of computerized tomographic scans.", "content": "The three-dimensional information from computerized tomographic scans has been transformed by image processing for use in stereotactic surgery. A lateral image of the target and calvarium can be superimposed on the lateral x-ray film taken at operation. Computer processing also eliminates extraneous data on the scan and gives the precise distance of the target from the midline. Testing the technique on a phantom shows it to be accurate to better than 0.5 cm. Application of the method for the stereotactic biopsy of a deep tumor is illustrated.", "contents": "Stereotactic surgery with image processing of computerized tomographic scans. The three-dimensional information from computerized tomographic scans has been transformed by image processing for use in stereotactic surgery. A lateral image of the target and calvarium can be superimposed on the lateral x-ray film taken at operation. Computer processing also eliminates extraneous data on the scan and gives the precise distance of the target from the midline. Testing the technique on a phantom shows it to be accurate to better than 0.5 cm. Application of the method for the stereotactic biopsy of a deep tumor is illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:360102", "title": "Prevention of low birth weight and pre-term birth: literature review and suggestions for research policy.", "content": "Mortality during the first week of life has greatly decreased in developed countries, but the gains have been unevenly distributed across socioeconomic groups and geographic areas. Among many explanations for these differences, low birth weight is shown to be significant in the United States, Sweden, and Finland. An imbalance between potential benefits to be gained and the paucity of experiments reporting on this is noted.", "contents": "Prevention of low birth weight and pre-term birth: literature review and suggestions for research policy. Mortality during the first week of life has greatly decreased in developed countries, but the gains have been unevenly distributed across socioeconomic groups and geographic areas. Among many explanations for these differences, low birth weight is shown to be significant in the United States, Sweden, and Finland. An imbalance between potential benefits to be gained and the paucity of experiments reporting on this is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:360097", "title": "Meningiomas: an update.", "content": "The author has reviewed the topic of meningiomas. He has discussed especially the clinical presentations of such tumors according to location and has summarized their pathological nature and biological behavior.", "contents": "Meningiomas: an update. The author has reviewed the topic of meningiomas. He has discussed especially the clinical presentations of such tumors according to location and has summarized their pathological nature and biological behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:360099", "title": "Microsurgical treatment of neurovascular disease. Part I. Personnel, equipment, extracranial-intracranial anastomosis.", "content": "This study was prepared with the objective of directing the attention of the medical community to advances during the last decade in the operative treatment of cerebral ischemia, intracranial aneurysms, and cerebral and spinal vascular malformations. The requirements for specialized personnel, facilities, and instrumentation are detailed for those who are unfamiliar with the complexities of microneurosurgery. The importance of adequate training in the intricacies of extracranial-intracranial anastomotic procedures is stressed. Reported results of this operation are discussed. It is anticipated that a recently organized cooperative study will provide the data necessary for evaluation of long term benefits. Attention is given to grading the clinical status of patients with intracranial aneurysms in advance of surgery and the importance of operating upon good risk patients. How to manage the relatively large numbers of poor risk patients with aneurysms unsuitable for immediate operation is discussed. Sophisticated radiological procedures utilized in the diagnosis, management, and evaluation of therapy are described. The role and significance of properly administered anesthesia are discussed in relation to the performance of complicated and time-consuming microsurgery on the brain and spinal cord. The study group has tried to present this material objectively and to urge those individuals working in this difficult field to acquire the special skills and instrumentation of microneurosurgery, to implement the \"team-of-experts\" concept in the operating room, and to enlist the support of related disciplines.", "contents": "Microsurgical treatment of neurovascular disease. Part I. Personnel, equipment, extracranial-intracranial anastomosis. This study was prepared with the objective of directing the attention of the medical community to advances during the last decade in the operative treatment of cerebral ischemia, intracranial aneurysms, and cerebral and spinal vascular malformations. The requirements for specialized personnel, facilities, and instrumentation are detailed for those who are unfamiliar with the complexities of microneurosurgery. The importance of adequate training in the intricacies of extracranial-intracranial anastomotic procedures is stressed. Reported results of this operation are discussed. It is anticipated that a recently organized cooperative study will provide the data necessary for evaluation of long term benefits. Attention is given to grading the clinical status of patients with intracranial aneurysms in advance of surgery and the importance of operating upon good risk patients. How to manage the relatively large numbers of poor risk patients with aneurysms unsuitable for immediate operation is discussed. Sophisticated radiological procedures utilized in the diagnosis, management, and evaluation of therapy are described. The role and significance of properly administered anesthesia are discussed in relation to the performance of complicated and time-consuming microsurgery on the brain and spinal cord. The study group has tried to present this material objectively and to urge those individuals working in this difficult field to acquire the special skills and instrumentation of microneurosurgery, to implement the \"team-of-experts\" concept in the operating room, and to enlist the support of related disciplines."}
{"id": "PMID:360095", "title": "Intracellular serum proteins in cerebral gliomas and metastatic tumours: an immunoperoxidase study.", "content": "An immunoperoxidase technique was used to compare the presence of serum proteins in tumour cells in twenty cerebral gliomas and four intracerebral metastatic carcinomas, with the serum protein content of reactive astrocytes around four cerebral infarcts. Rabbit antiserum to human immunoglobulins and albumen was applied to paraffin sections of tumour biopsies and of infarcts from postmortem brains. All the reactive astrocytes surrounding infarcts stained positively for immunoglobulins and albumen. In the gliomas, a continuous range of staining was observed in plump astrocytic tumour cells varying from strongly positive to unstained. Very few poorly-differentiated glioma cells stained for serum proteins; metastatic tumour cells, areas of capillary endothelial proliferation, and spindle cells in gliosarcomas remained unstained. These results suggest that the astrocytic function of serum protein uptake from the extracellular fluid is often lost in poorly-differentiated glioma cells, but is retained to a variable degree by those tumour cells which histologically resemble reactive astrocytes.", "contents": "Intracellular serum proteins in cerebral gliomas and metastatic tumours: an immunoperoxidase study. An immunoperoxidase technique was used to compare the presence of serum proteins in tumour cells in twenty cerebral gliomas and four intracerebral metastatic carcinomas, with the serum protein content of reactive astrocytes around four cerebral infarcts. Rabbit antiserum to human immunoglobulins and albumen was applied to paraffin sections of tumour biopsies and of infarcts from postmortem brains. All the reactive astrocytes surrounding infarcts stained positively for immunoglobulins and albumen. In the gliomas, a continuous range of staining was observed in plump astrocytic tumour cells varying from strongly positive to unstained. Very few poorly-differentiated glioma cells stained for serum proteins; metastatic tumour cells, areas of capillary endothelial proliferation, and spindle cells in gliosarcomas remained unstained. These results suggest that the astrocytic function of serum protein uptake from the extracellular fluid is often lost in poorly-differentiated glioma cells, but is retained to a variable degree by those tumour cells which histologically resemble reactive astrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:360115", "title": "Causes of death in colonial doctors.", "content": "The causes of death in 910 New Zealand doctors, 1840-1910, are given . Natural causes were the most frequent reason for death with pulmonary tuberculosis being important. Other leading causes of death were accident or violence, alcoholism, drug taking and suicide.", "contents": "Causes of death in colonial doctors. The causes of death in 910 New Zealand doctors, 1840-1910, are given . Natural causes were the most frequent reason for death with pulmonary tuberculosis being important. Other leading causes of death were accident or violence, alcoholism, drug taking and suicide."}
{"id": "PMID:360116", "title": "Nuclei of cultured synovial fibroblasts studied by immunofluorescence and microdensitometry.", "content": "Two techniques which might be expected to detect alterations in DNA have been used in a comparison of cultured non-rheumatoid and rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Microdensitometry showed no alteration in staining affinity for methyl green when two pairs of cultures were compared. There was, however, a minor difference in the predominant staining pattern to a fluorescein conjugated anti-IgM serum when five rheumatoid cultures were compared with five non-rheumatoid cultures after exposure to a serum containing anti-nuclear antibodies.", "contents": "Nuclei of cultured synovial fibroblasts studied by immunofluorescence and microdensitometry. Two techniques which might be expected to detect alterations in DNA have been used in a comparison of cultured non-rheumatoid and rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Microdensitometry showed no alteration in staining affinity for methyl green when two pairs of cultures were compared. There was, however, a minor difference in the predominant staining pattern to a fluorescein conjugated anti-IgM serum when five rheumatoid cultures were compared with five non-rheumatoid cultures after exposure to a serum containing anti-nuclear antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:360117", "title": "Delayed skin hypersensitivity reaction in normal children.", "content": "The delayed skin hypersensitivity reaction was assessed in normal children using candida, PPD and sterptokinase/streptodornase antigens. There was an increase in reactivity from 20 percent in children under three years to 90 percent in the 12--16 age group which approximates adult levels. The conclusion is that this test of cell-mediated immunity is unsatisfactory in young children.", "contents": "Delayed skin hypersensitivity reaction in normal children. The delayed skin hypersensitivity reaction was assessed in normal children using candida, PPD and sterptokinase/streptodornase antigens. There was an increase in reactivity from 20 percent in children under three years to 90 percent in the 12--16 age group which approximates adult levels. The conclusion is that this test of cell-mediated immunity is unsatisfactory in young children."}
{"id": "PMID:360120", "title": "Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis is cesarean section.", "content": "The effect of an 8-hour, 3-dose perioperative regimen of cefazolin or placebo was evaluated in 97 patients. Postoperative morbidity occurred in 13 patients (27.1%) in the cefazolin group and in 17 patients (34.7%) who received placebo. The clinical sites of infection were similar in both groups except that wound infections (2) and sepsis (2) were found only in patients receiving placebo. Aerobic organisms diminished and anaerobes increased in patients who received antibiotics. Aerobic isolates were essentially unchanged and fewer anaerobes were recovered from patients given placebo. Antibiotic levels observed at cesarean section were in the therapeutic range. The only risk factor which correlated with morbidity was the presence of ruptured membranes. This short course, single drug regimen did not significantly reduce morbidity although it was bacteriologically effective.", "contents": "Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis is cesarean section. The effect of an 8-hour, 3-dose perioperative regimen of cefazolin or placebo was evaluated in 97 patients. Postoperative morbidity occurred in 13 patients (27.1%) in the cefazolin group and in 17 patients (34.7%) who received placebo. The clinical sites of infection were similar in both groups except that wound infections (2) and sepsis (2) were found only in patients receiving placebo. Aerobic organisms diminished and anaerobes increased in patients who received antibiotics. Aerobic isolates were essentially unchanged and fewer anaerobes were recovered from patients given placebo. Antibiotic levels observed at cesarean section were in the therapeutic range. The only risk factor which correlated with morbidity was the presence of ruptured membranes. This short course, single drug regimen did not significantly reduce morbidity although it was bacteriologically effective."}
{"id": "PMID:360121", "title": "An evaluation of cytogenetic analysis as a primary tool in the assessment of recurrent pregnancy wastage.", "content": "Cytogenetic evaluation of couples with recurrent pregnancy wastage is frequently performed only after other possible etiologic factors have been excluded. Previous reports of studies using conventional and G-banding chromosome techniques in these couples have shown a higher frequency of translocations than that found in the general population. In the study reported here, both conventional and G-banded chromosome analyses were performed as a primary method of evaluation in 34 couples with recurrent fetal loss not ascertained by the birth of a child with a diagnosed chromosome disorder. Balanced translocations were found in 5 partners of the 34 couples studied. In only 2 of these cases was the translocation detected by conventional chromosome analysis. These results suggest that G-banded chromosome analysis should be a useful tool in the initial evaluation of couples with recurrent fetal wastage, rather than being recommended only after extensive investigation of other factors is unrewarding. The reproductive counseling of couples with a translocation detected on this basis is discussed.", "contents": "An evaluation of cytogenetic analysis as a primary tool in the assessment of recurrent pregnancy wastage. Cytogenetic evaluation of couples with recurrent pregnancy wastage is frequently performed only after other possible etiologic factors have been excluded. Previous reports of studies using conventional and G-banding chromosome techniques in these couples have shown a higher frequency of translocations than that found in the general population. In the study reported here, both conventional and G-banded chromosome analyses were performed as a primary method of evaluation in 34 couples with recurrent fetal loss not ascertained by the birth of a child with a diagnosed chromosome disorder. Balanced translocations were found in 5 partners of the 34 couples studied. In only 2 of these cases was the translocation detected by conventional chromosome analysis. These results suggest that G-banded chromosome analysis should be a useful tool in the initial evaluation of couples with recurrent fetal wastage, rather than being recommended only after extensive investigation of other factors is unrewarding. The reproductive counseling of couples with a translocation detected on this basis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:360122", "title": "Natural childbirth. A review and analysis.", "content": "A review and critique of the literature relating to the effectiveness of psychoprophylaxis (natural childbirth) is made. Based on this review, it is concluded that a variety of methodologic errors have confounded the measurement of treatment effects. An outline of these issues is presented, and it is pointed out that an elucidation of the relationship between treatment and outcome cannot occur until researchers become aware of certain factors that are essential to the validity of their experiments. These factors include the following: 1) the use of a random assignment of subjects to treatment and control groups; 2) the inclusion of a group of controls that receive an attention-placebo treatment; 3) the utilization of obstetricians who are unaware of the type of preparation their patients have received; 4) a careful specification of the details of each treatment procedure; and 5) the utilization of psychologic tests that are appropriate for the purpose of measuring pain and anxiety reduction.", "contents": "Natural childbirth. A review and analysis. A review and critique of the literature relating to the effectiveness of psychoprophylaxis (natural childbirth) is made. Based on this review, it is concluded that a variety of methodologic errors have confounded the measurement of treatment effects. An outline of these issues is presented, and it is pointed out that an elucidation of the relationship between treatment and outcome cannot occur until researchers become aware of certain factors that are essential to the validity of their experiments. These factors include the following: 1) the use of a random assignment of subjects to treatment and control groups; 2) the inclusion of a group of controls that receive an attention-placebo treatment; 3) the utilization of obstetricians who are unaware of the type of preparation their patients have received; 4) a careful specification of the details of each treatment procedure; and 5) the utilization of psychologic tests that are appropriate for the purpose of measuring pain and anxiety reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:360128", "title": "Californium Cf-252 for pelvic radiotherapy.", "content": "Clinical data about therapy concerning tumors of the female gynecological cancers of the cervix, vagina and uterus are reviewed. Dosimetric, laboratory and radiobiological research data form the basis for an approach to such tumors using Cf-252 as a form of boost brachytherapy. Extreme personnel hazards are a real and important consideration and indicate that maximal containment and isolation procedures should be exercised in its use. But it is anticipated that new possibilities for successful radiotherapy of an important cagegory of tumor will be realised by its clinical evaluation and application.", "contents": "Californium Cf-252 for pelvic radiotherapy. Clinical data about therapy concerning tumors of the female gynecological cancers of the cervix, vagina and uterus are reviewed. Dosimetric, laboratory and radiobiological research data form the basis for an approach to such tumors using Cf-252 as a form of boost brachytherapy. Extreme personnel hazards are a real and important consideration and indicate that maximal containment and isolation procedures should be exercised in its use. But it is anticipated that new possibilities for successful radiotherapy of an important cagegory of tumor will be realised by its clinical evaluation and application."}
{"id": "PMID:360151", "title": "Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of two hydatid fluid antigens (antigen 5 and antigen B) in the brood capsules and protoscoleces of ovine and equine Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis.", "content": "The unlabelled antibody method was used in the ultrastructural localization of two hydatid fluid antigens, antigen 5 and antigen B, in brood capsules and protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis. Antigen 5 was found in the parenchyma cells of the protoscolex and brood capsule wall and to a lesser extent in the walls of the flame cells and collecting ducts of the excretory system and in the surrounding interstitial material. It is suggested that, while some excretion of this antigen may occur from the protoscolex, it could also be liberated into the cystic cavity by degeneration of protoscoleces and parenchymal cells of the brood capsule wall. Antigen B was found mainly in the distal cytoplasm and perinuclear cytoplasm of the tegument anterior to the suckers. It is apparently secreted to the outside and was present in the brood capsule contents; it adheres to the anterior surface and the posterior periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive glycocalyx of the protoscolex and to the inner surface of the brood capsule wall. The protoscolex tegument posterior to the suckers was negative. The parenchyma cells of the protoscolex and brood capsule wall were also positive although the intensity of the reaction product was variable.", "contents": "Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of two hydatid fluid antigens (antigen 5 and antigen B) in the brood capsules and protoscoleces of ovine and equine Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis. The unlabelled antibody method was used in the ultrastructural localization of two hydatid fluid antigens, antigen 5 and antigen B, in brood capsules and protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis. Antigen 5 was found in the parenchyma cells of the protoscolex and brood capsule wall and to a lesser extent in the walls of the flame cells and collecting ducts of the excretory system and in the surrounding interstitial material. It is suggested that, while some excretion of this antigen may occur from the protoscolex, it could also be liberated into the cystic cavity by degeneration of protoscoleces and parenchymal cells of the brood capsule wall. Antigen B was found mainly in the distal cytoplasm and perinuclear cytoplasm of the tegument anterior to the suckers. It is apparently secreted to the outside and was present in the brood capsule contents; it adheres to the anterior surface and the posterior periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive glycocalyx of the protoscolex and to the inner surface of the brood capsule wall. The protoscolex tegument posterior to the suckers was negative. The parenchyma cells of the protoscolex and brood capsule wall were also positive although the intensity of the reaction product was variable."}
{"id": "PMID:360160", "title": "A new test of pain reactivity.", "content": "The Melbourne Pain Apperception Film is described. Scores correlated significantly with both ischaemic pain threshold and tolerance.", "contents": "A new test of pain reactivity. The Melbourne Pain Apperception Film is described. Scores correlated significantly with both ischaemic pain threshold and tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:360161", "title": "Inside-of-the-Body test drawings performed by patients with neuromuscular diseases: a preliminary report.", "content": "Inside-of-the-Body test drawings were obtained from 50 individuals with various neuromuscular diseases. A mean of 18.0 +/- 5.1 body parts were identified in the drawings. Diseased body structures were emphasized by most patients; for example, thymus was only drawn by individuals with myasthenia gravis, while muscle was only identified by individuals with polymyositis. In contrast, drawings by individuals with neuropathic atrophy omitted the atrophic extremities.", "contents": "Inside-of-the-Body test drawings performed by patients with neuromuscular diseases: a preliminary report. Inside-of-the-Body test drawings were obtained from 50 individuals with various neuromuscular diseases. A mean of 18.0 +/- 5.1 body parts were identified in the drawings. Diseased body structures were emphasized by most patients; for example, thymus was only drawn by individuals with myasthenia gravis, while muscle was only identified by individuals with polymyositis. In contrast, drawings by individuals with neuropathic atrophy omitted the atrophic extremities."}
{"id": "PMID:360162", "title": "[Amylase-creatinine clearance ratios in burned patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The amylase/creatinine clearance ratio (ACCR) has been examined every 3 days, in 34 burned patients during the 20 days following the accident. This ratio was often abnormal since it was found increased at least on one occasion, in 75% of these patients, to be compared with 23 and 13% for amylase in serum and urine respectively. In another group of 9 burned patients, the ACCR was monitored for time-period between 10 to 52 days. It was observed that a high frequency in increased ACCR was associated with a fatal outcome. Finally simultaneous measurements of ACCR and of the beta2 microglobulin/creatinine clearance ratio (MCCR) showed that increased ACCR were statistically associated with increased MCCR suggesting a decreased renal tubular reabsorption of low molecular weight proteins in these burned patients.", "contents": "[Amylase-creatinine clearance ratios in burned patients (author's transl)]. The amylase/creatinine clearance ratio (ACCR) has been examined every 3 days, in 34 burned patients during the 20 days following the accident. This ratio was often abnormal since it was found increased at least on one occasion, in 75% of these patients, to be compared with 23 and 13% for amylase in serum and urine respectively. In another group of 9 burned patients, the ACCR was monitored for time-period between 10 to 52 days. It was observed that a high frequency in increased ACCR was associated with a fatal outcome. Finally simultaneous measurements of ACCR and of the beta2 microglobulin/creatinine clearance ratio (MCCR) showed that increased ACCR were statistically associated with increased MCCR suggesting a decreased renal tubular reabsorption of low molecular weight proteins in these burned patients."}
{"id": "PMID:360163", "title": "[Rhabdomyolysis in acute intoxications (author's transl)].", "content": "During acute intoxications rhabdomyolysis appear with a great clinical polymorphism. The muscular involvement is not always evident because of its shortness and latence. Practically the problem is one of localised muscle damage, hyperkaliema or acute renal insufficiency. The serum isoenzymes of CPK levels, the presence of myoglobinuria are necessary for the diagnosis. The most serious rhabdomyolysis depend on the added injury of respiratory muscles and myocardium. Many toxic substances can involve rhabdomyolysis but the most frequent ones are sedatives, carbonic oxyde, ethanol. Only the complications are treated.", "contents": "[Rhabdomyolysis in acute intoxications (author's transl)]. During acute intoxications rhabdomyolysis appear with a great clinical polymorphism. The muscular involvement is not always evident because of its shortness and latence. Practically the problem is one of localised muscle damage, hyperkaliema or acute renal insufficiency. The serum isoenzymes of CPK levels, the presence of myoglobinuria are necessary for the diagnosis. The most serious rhabdomyolysis depend on the added injury of respiratory muscles and myocardium. Many toxic substances can involve rhabdomyolysis but the most frequent ones are sedatives, carbonic oxyde, ethanol. Only the complications are treated."}
{"id": "PMID:360164", "title": "[Haemostatic circling suture during conisation of the uterine cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "The insertion of a cervical circling suture before conisation, with tightening around an endo-uterine sound after excision of the specimen, ensures effective haemostasis of the cervical remnant. In addition, this circling suture may be used to apply the necessary traction to the cervix away from the pathological zone, without causing any lesion of the epithelium to be studied.", "contents": "[Haemostatic circling suture during conisation of the uterine cervix (author's transl)]. The insertion of a cervical circling suture before conisation, with tightening around an endo-uterine sound after excision of the specimen, ensures effective haemostasis of the cervical remnant. In addition, this circling suture may be used to apply the necessary traction to the cervix away from the pathological zone, without causing any lesion of the epithelium to be studied."}
{"id": "PMID:360165", "title": "[Automation in hematology (author's transl)].", "content": "A special meeting of the French Hematological Society, held on October 4 and 5, 1976, was devoted to automation in hematology. Six topics were discussed: description of the apparatus and discussion of the results of hemostasis (ELECTRA 600 D, COAGULOMETER, COAG A PET, THROMBOLAB and AUTO FI DADE); automation in blood group determination (Technicon auto-analyzer, Groupamatic MG 50, and picture analysis by the QTM 720); automatic differential white cell counts with presentation of and results obtained with the HEMA-LOG D, CORNING LARC, GEOMETRIC DATA, HEMATRAK and PERKIN ELMER DIFF 3 systems; the value of cell volume analysis in the study of red blood cells, platelets, normal lymphocytes, lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and blast cells; contribution of new picture analysis apparatus in the study of fibrosis and bone marrow insufficiency; the place of automation in laboratory management.", "contents": "[Automation in hematology (author's transl)]. A special meeting of the French Hematological Society, held on October 4 and 5, 1976, was devoted to automation in hematology. Six topics were discussed: description of the apparatus and discussion of the results of hemostasis (ELECTRA 600 D, COAGULOMETER, COAG A PET, THROMBOLAB and AUTO FI DADE); automation in blood group determination (Technicon auto-analyzer, Groupamatic MG 50, and picture analysis by the QTM 720); automatic differential white cell counts with presentation of and results obtained with the HEMA-LOG D, CORNING LARC, GEOMETRIC DATA, HEMATRAK and PERKIN ELMER DIFF 3 systems; the value of cell volume analysis in the study of red blood cells, platelets, normal lymphocytes, lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and blast cells; contribution of new picture analysis apparatus in the study of fibrosis and bone marrow insufficiency; the place of automation in laboratory management."}
{"id": "PMID:360168", "title": "3'End labelling of RNA with 32P suitable for rapid gel sequencing.", "content": "A new general method of labelling the 2',3'-diol end of RNA with 32P has been devised suitable for gel sequencing. Poly(A) polymerase (E. coli) is incubated with the RNA and limiting amounts of alpha-32P-ATP. The mono-addition product is then cleaved with periodate and beta-eliminated with aniline, leaving the RNA terminally labelled with 3' 32P-phosphate. When applied to a model compound, tRNAPhe from E. coli, over 28 residues could be read from the 3' end.", "contents": "3'End labelling of RNA with 32P suitable for rapid gel sequencing. A new general method of labelling the 2',3'-diol end of RNA with 32P has been devised suitable for gel sequencing. Poly(A) polymerase (E. coli) is incubated with the RNA and limiting amounts of alpha-32P-ATP. The mono-addition product is then cleaved with periodate and beta-eliminated with aniline, leaving the RNA terminally labelled with 3' 32P-phosphate. When applied to a model compound, tRNAPhe from E. coli, over 28 residues could be read from the 3' end."}
{"id": "PMID:360169", "title": "Physiochemical studies on interactions between DNA and RNA polymerase. Ultraviolet absorption measurements.", "content": "The interaction between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and a restriction fragment of coliphage T7 DNA containing four promoter sites for the coli enzyme has been studied by difference uv absorption spectroscopy in a low ionic strength buffer containing 10 mm MgCl2 and 50 mM KCl. The binding of the enzyme to the DNA is accompanied by a hyperchromic shift which shows a maximum around 260 nm, and increases with increasing temperature in the temperature range studied (4-40 degrees C). Measurements were also carried out with whole T7 DNA and a restriction fragment containing no promoter site. A comparison of the results obtained with the various DNAs suggests that the binding of an RNA polymerase to a promoter site in the low ionic strength medium causes the disruption of a short segment of the DNA helix, of the order of ten pairs; the binding of an enzyme molecule to a promotor site appears to have a cooperative effect on the binding of the enzyme molecules to adjacent non-promoter sites with concomitant disruption of DNA base pairs.", "contents": "Physiochemical studies on interactions between DNA and RNA polymerase. Ultraviolet absorption measurements. The interaction between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and a restriction fragment of coliphage T7 DNA containing four promoter sites for the coli enzyme has been studied by difference uv absorption spectroscopy in a low ionic strength buffer containing 10 mm MgCl2 and 50 mM KCl. The binding of the enzyme to the DNA is accompanied by a hyperchromic shift which shows a maximum around 260 nm, and increases with increasing temperature in the temperature range studied (4-40 degrees C). Measurements were also carried out with whole T7 DNA and a restriction fragment containing no promoter site. A comparison of the results obtained with the various DNAs suggests that the binding of an RNA polymerase to a promoter site in the low ionic strength medium causes the disruption of a short segment of the DNA helix, of the order of ten pairs; the binding of an enzyme molecule to a promotor site appears to have a cooperative effect on the binding of the enzyme molecules to adjacent non-promoter sites with concomitant disruption of DNA base pairs."}
{"id": "PMID:360170", "title": "Apurinic endonucleases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Three endonuclease activities have been partially purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the basis of their activity against x-irradiated closed-circular supercoiled bacteriophage PM2 DNA. These endonucleases also nick apurinic DNA and two out of the three activities incise DNA UV-irradiated with high doses. The endonuclease activities have also been distinguished on the basis of their magnesium requirement and sensitivity to EDTA.", "contents": "Apurinic endonucleases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Three endonuclease activities have been partially purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the basis of their activity against x-irradiated closed-circular supercoiled bacteriophage PM2 DNA. These endonucleases also nick apurinic DNA and two out of the three activities incise DNA UV-irradiated with high doses. The endonuclease activities have also been distinguished on the basis of their magnesium requirement and sensitivity to EDTA."}
{"id": "PMID:360171", "title": "A photoaffinity labelling study of the messenger RNA-binding region of Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "A photoaffinity labelling study of the messenger RNA-binding region of E. coli ribosomes has been made, using oligoadenylic acids as mRNA analogs. The oligonucleotides, of chain length 6 to 8 and thus several nucleotides longer than oligonucleotides previously employed for this purpose, carried a radioactive photolabile aromatic azide reagent bound covalently to the 3'-terminal ribose moiety. The synthesis of the reagent, p-azidobenzoyl-(3H)-glycylhydrazide, is described. The derivatized oligonucleotides were shown to be functional messengers. They stimulated the binding of the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA, lysyl-tRNA: their binding was reciprocally stimulated by lysyl-tRNA; and they competed with underivatized oligoadenylates for ribosomal binding sites. When the 70 S ribosomal binding complex was irradiated, the photolabile reagent reacted covalently with both RNA and proteins of the 30 S subunit and with tRNA, but not with the 50 S subunit. The 16 S RNA appeared to be labelled at more than one site. Of the proteins, S3 and S5 reacted with the reagent with high specificity; and the possibility was not eliminated that S4 may have been labelled to a minor degree. Functional studies in other laboratories have implicated S3 and S5 in the decoding process, but these proteins were not labelled by any of the previously reported mRNA affinity labelling analogs. The results reported here therefore indicate that S3 and S5 not only affect the decoding process, but are located in the mRNA-binding region of the ribosome, presumably to the 3' side of the decoding site.", "contents": "A photoaffinity labelling study of the messenger RNA-binding region of Escherichia coli ribosomes. A photoaffinity labelling study of the messenger RNA-binding region of E. coli ribosomes has been made, using oligoadenylic acids as mRNA analogs. The oligonucleotides, of chain length 6 to 8 and thus several nucleotides longer than oligonucleotides previously employed for this purpose, carried a radioactive photolabile aromatic azide reagent bound covalently to the 3'-terminal ribose moiety. The synthesis of the reagent, p-azidobenzoyl-(3H)-glycylhydrazide, is described. The derivatized oligonucleotides were shown to be functional messengers. They stimulated the binding of the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA, lysyl-tRNA: their binding was reciprocally stimulated by lysyl-tRNA; and they competed with underivatized oligoadenylates for ribosomal binding sites. When the 70 S ribosomal binding complex was irradiated, the photolabile reagent reacted covalently with both RNA and proteins of the 30 S subunit and with tRNA, but not with the 50 S subunit. The 16 S RNA appeared to be labelled at more than one site. Of the proteins, S3 and S5 reacted with the reagent with high specificity; and the possibility was not eliminated that S4 may have been labelled to a minor degree. Functional studies in other laboratories have implicated S3 and S5 in the decoding process, but these proteins were not labelled by any of the previously reported mRNA affinity labelling analogs. The results reported here therefore indicate that S3 and S5 not only affect the decoding process, but are located in the mRNA-binding region of the ribosome, presumably to the 3' side of the decoding site."}
{"id": "PMID:360172", "title": "Gamma variate analysis of pulmonary dilution curves for quantitation of left-to-right cardiac shunts.", "content": "Left-to-right shunts were quantified in patients with atrial septal defect using a gamma variate least square fit to radionuclide pulmonary dilution curves. All patients were studied with cardiac catheterization. There was a close correlation between the Fp/Fs ratios obtained by oximetry in cardiac catheterization and by gamma variate analysis. The results suggest that the radionuclide dilution method is sufficiently reliable to be used as a screening tests for the detection and quantitation of left-to-right cardiac shunts.", "contents": "Gamma variate analysis of pulmonary dilution curves for quantitation of left-to-right cardiac shunts. Left-to-right shunts were quantified in patients with atrial septal defect using a gamma variate least square fit to radionuclide pulmonary dilution curves. All patients were studied with cardiac catheterization. There was a close correlation between the Fp/Fs ratios obtained by oximetry in cardiac catheterization and by gamma variate analysis. The results suggest that the radionuclide dilution method is sufficiently reliable to be used as a screening tests for the detection and quantitation of left-to-right cardiac shunts."}
{"id": "PMID:360196", "title": "Bacterial culture specimens. Categories, collection, and interpretation.", "content": "An approach to the collection and interpretation of bacterial cultures based on specimen category is presented. The sensitivity and specificity of cultures of material taken from deep closed body areas (category 1), deep communicating body areas (category 2), and superficial body surfaces (category 3) are considered.", "contents": "Bacterial culture specimens. Categories, collection, and interpretation. An approach to the collection and interpretation of bacterial cultures based on specimen category is presented. The sensitivity and specificity of cultures of material taken from deep closed body areas (category 1), deep communicating body areas (category 2), and superficial body surfaces (category 3) are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:360197", "title": "Treatment of congestive cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Although the majority of patients with cardiomyopathy are in the category of primary or idiopathic cardiomyopathy, for which therapy is symptomatic and non-specific, there are a number of secondary forms of cardiomyopathy for which specific therapy is available, thus giving impetus to prompt and accurate diagnosis. Among inflammatory lesions, brucellosis, psittacosis and toxoplasmosis are examples. Treatable metabolic causes include thyrotoxicosis and thiamine deficiency, the latter as well as calorie-protein malnutrition are also preventable. There is presumptive evidence that the cardiomyopathy of haemochromatosis is benefited by repeated phlebotomies. Symptomatic relief of obstructive cardiomyopathy is achieved by beta-adrenergic blockade, although resection of obstructing myocardium still has a place. The therapeutic approach to the vast majority of cases of congestive cardiomyopathy is non-specific, comprising controlled activity, sodium restriction, digitalis and diuretics. Vasodilators and, occasionally, beta-adrenergic blockade may be beneficial. Pacemakers may be life-saving, whereas the place of anti-arrhythmics remains uncertain. Transplantation warrants further application. Valve replacement has little to offer. Primary prevention, comprising balanced nutrition, vaccines and genetic counselling, merits wider application. In individuals at risk or already afflicted, programmes of secondary prevention should include good nutrition, abstinence from alcohol and protection from drugs and toxins.", "contents": "Treatment of congestive cardiomyopathy. Although the majority of patients with cardiomyopathy are in the category of primary or idiopathic cardiomyopathy, for which therapy is symptomatic and non-specific, there are a number of secondary forms of cardiomyopathy for which specific therapy is available, thus giving impetus to prompt and accurate diagnosis. Among inflammatory lesions, brucellosis, psittacosis and toxoplasmosis are examples. Treatable metabolic causes include thyrotoxicosis and thiamine deficiency, the latter as well as calorie-protein malnutrition are also preventable. There is presumptive evidence that the cardiomyopathy of haemochromatosis is benefited by repeated phlebotomies. Symptomatic relief of obstructive cardiomyopathy is achieved by beta-adrenergic blockade, although resection of obstructing myocardium still has a place. The therapeutic approach to the vast majority of cases of congestive cardiomyopathy is non-specific, comprising controlled activity, sodium restriction, digitalis and diuretics. Vasodilators and, occasionally, beta-adrenergic blockade may be beneficial. Pacemakers may be life-saving, whereas the place of anti-arrhythmics remains uncertain. Transplantation warrants further application. Valve replacement has little to offer. Primary prevention, comprising balanced nutrition, vaccines and genetic counselling, merits wider application. In individuals at risk or already afflicted, programmes of secondary prevention should include good nutrition, abstinence from alcohol and protection from drugs and toxins."}
{"id": "PMID:360202", "title": "[Assessment of the effect of obsidan on the contractile function of the heart in toxic goiter].", "content": "A method of acceleration kinetocardiography was applied to the study of the effect of obsidan on the contractile funciton of the heart in 153 patients suffering from toxic goiter with the visceropathic stage of the disease. Results of single and prolonged (up to 30-day) use of obsidan, and also effects in case of its combined with mercazolil corglycon or prednisolone prescription were assessed. The results obtained indicated that chronotropic action alone was expressed in case of oral single administration of obsidan, whereas its intravenous injection could cause suppression of the contractile function of the myocardium. Prolonged oral use of obsidan or of its combination with mercazolil was accompanied by a negative inotropic action on the myocardium. This could be prevented by a simultaneous prescription of corglycon or prednisolone. In prolonged use of obsidan one should take into consideration the initial condition of the intracardiac hemodynamics, since the latter is normalized in the presence of the hyperdynamia syndrome, but in case of the initial hypodynamic the treatment aggravates the hypodynamia syndrome.", "contents": "[Assessment of the effect of obsidan on the contractile function of the heart in toxic goiter]. A method of acceleration kinetocardiography was applied to the study of the effect of obsidan on the contractile funciton of the heart in 153 patients suffering from toxic goiter with the visceropathic stage of the disease. Results of single and prolonged (up to 30-day) use of obsidan, and also effects in case of its combined with mercazolil corglycon or prednisolone prescription were assessed. The results obtained indicated that chronotropic action alone was expressed in case of oral single administration of obsidan, whereas its intravenous injection could cause suppression of the contractile function of the myocardium. Prolonged oral use of obsidan or of its combination with mercazolil was accompanied by a negative inotropic action on the myocardium. This could be prevented by a simultaneous prescription of corglycon or prednisolone. In prolonged use of obsidan one should take into consideration the initial condition of the intracardiac hemodynamics, since the latter is normalized in the presence of the hyperdynamia syndrome, but in case of the initial hypodynamic the treatment aggravates the hypodynamia syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:360203", "title": "[LH-RH content in different parts of the hypothalamus and blood of rats with an altered level of thyroid hormones].", "content": "Luliberin (LH-RH) in the preioptic region of the hypothalamus, the region of the arcuate nuclei, and of the medial eminence, the region of the dorsomedial nuclei and in the blood serum was studied in intact female rats with a stable 4-day cycle, and also in thyroidectomized female animals. LH-RH content rose significantly during the morning hours of the proestrus both in the cyclic and in the tonic centres of the hypothalamus. At the same time there was an increase of this hormone secretion. Thyroidectomy blocked the LH-RH synthesis and secretion elevation in both areas at the proestrus stage. In the region of the dorsomedial nuclei LH-RH content remained at the same level in the both groups of the animals. During the day at the proestrus stage, intact animals displayed definite regularities in the LH-RH synthesis in both the hypothalamic centres, and also in its secretion (absent in thyroidectomized animals). The data obtained indicated disturbance of cyclic discharge of LH-RH after thyroidectomy to be largely connected with reduciton of the hormone level in the cyclic centre localized in the preoptic region of the hypothalamus.", "contents": "[LH-RH content in different parts of the hypothalamus and blood of rats with an altered level of thyroid hormones]. Luliberin (LH-RH) in the preioptic region of the hypothalamus, the region of the arcuate nuclei, and of the medial eminence, the region of the dorsomedial nuclei and in the blood serum was studied in intact female rats with a stable 4-day cycle, and also in thyroidectomized female animals. LH-RH content rose significantly during the morning hours of the proestrus both in the cyclic and in the tonic centres of the hypothalamus. At the same time there was an increase of this hormone secretion. Thyroidectomy blocked the LH-RH synthesis and secretion elevation in both areas at the proestrus stage. In the region of the dorsomedial nuclei LH-RH content remained at the same level in the both groups of the animals. During the day at the proestrus stage, intact animals displayed definite regularities in the LH-RH synthesis in both the hypothalamic centres, and also in its secretion (absent in thyroidectomized animals). The data obtained indicated disturbance of cyclic discharge of LH-RH after thyroidectomy to be largely connected with reduciton of the hormone level in the cyclic centre localized in the preoptic region of the hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:360210", "title": "Inversion of a behavioral response in bacterial chemotaxis: explanation at the molecular level.", "content": "Certain cheU mutants of Salmonella show inverted chemotactic behavior, being repelled by attractants and attracted by repellents. Such a dramatic change in behavioral pattern would seem at first glance to require drastic and complex alterations in the sensory processing system. In fact, the behavior can be explained by a simple shift in the level of a response regulator and the subtle effects of this shift on flagellar function. Flagella can exist in either a left-handed or a right-handed structure depending on applied torsion. Wild-type cells swim smoothly by counterclockwise rotation of a left-handed helical bundle and tumble when the motors briefly reverse to clockwise rotation (normal random motility). The cheU mutation causes a shift in response regulator level relative to the critical threshold value, resulting in extended clockwise operation so that the flagella are fully converted to the right-handed helical form. These cells therefore swim smoothly by clockwise rotation of a right-handed bundle and tumble when the motor briefly reverses to counterclockwise rotation (inverse random motility). Thus, tumbling is associated with brief reversals and not with a particular sense of rotation. A wild-type cell, with its steady-state response regulator level placing it initially in normal random motility, will swim smoothly on addition of attractant, whereas a cheU mutant with inverse random motility will tumble given the same stimulus. The phenomenon illustrates the profound behavioral consequences that can result from a single mutation in a key gene.", "contents": "Inversion of a behavioral response in bacterial chemotaxis: explanation at the molecular level. Certain cheU mutants of Salmonella show inverted chemotactic behavior, being repelled by attractants and attracted by repellents. Such a dramatic change in behavioral pattern would seem at first glance to require drastic and complex alterations in the sensory processing system. In fact, the behavior can be explained by a simple shift in the level of a response regulator and the subtle effects of this shift on flagellar function. Flagella can exist in either a left-handed or a right-handed structure depending on applied torsion. Wild-type cells swim smoothly by counterclockwise rotation of a left-handed helical bundle and tumble when the motors briefly reverse to clockwise rotation (normal random motility). The cheU mutation causes a shift in response regulator level relative to the critical threshold value, resulting in extended clockwise operation so that the flagella are fully converted to the right-handed helical form. These cells therefore swim smoothly by clockwise rotation of a right-handed bundle and tumble when the motor briefly reverses to counterclockwise rotation (inverse random motility). Thus, tumbling is associated with brief reversals and not with a particular sense of rotation. A wild-type cell, with its steady-state response regulator level placing it initially in normal random motility, will swim smoothly on addition of attractant, whereas a cheU mutant with inverse random motility will tumble given the same stimulus. The phenomenon illustrates the profound behavioral consequences that can result from a single mutation in a key gene."}
{"id": "PMID:360211", "title": "Electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis of \"killer\" double-stranded RNA species from yeast.", "content": "Wild-type and mutant double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) species from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied by electron microscopic heteroduplex mapping to determine the sequence relationships among the different RNA molecules. Three mutant dsRNAs, 1.5, 1.4, and 0.73 kilobase, were found to be derived by the same internal deletion of the wild-type (I83 kilobases) molecule. This deletion includes a wild-type (1.83 kilobases) molecule. This deletion includes a segment of about 200 base pairs that was estimated to be nearly 100% A+U. In addition, the sequences of the two larger mutant RNA species are tandem, direct duplications. One of the duplicated molecules appears to have a second internal deletion that occurred after the duplication. The mutant dsRNAs are functionally similar to the defective interfering virus particles of animal viruses--all of the mutant species prevent the propagation of the wild-type dsRNA when both are present in the same cell. The four dsRNAs share the same sequences at their termini, a finding that may suggest that these sequences are important for the replication of the dsRNAs.", "contents": "Electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis of \"killer\" double-stranded RNA species from yeast. Wild-type and mutant double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) species from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied by electron microscopic heteroduplex mapping to determine the sequence relationships among the different RNA molecules. Three mutant dsRNAs, 1.5, 1.4, and 0.73 kilobase, were found to be derived by the same internal deletion of the wild-type (I83 kilobases) molecule. This deletion includes a wild-type (1.83 kilobases) molecule. This deletion includes a segment of about 200 base pairs that was estimated to be nearly 100% A+U. In addition, the sequences of the two larger mutant RNA species are tandem, direct duplications. One of the duplicated molecules appears to have a second internal deletion that occurred after the duplication. The mutant dsRNAs are functionally similar to the defective interfering virus particles of animal viruses--all of the mutant species prevent the propagation of the wild-type dsRNA when both are present in the same cell. The four dsRNAs share the same sequences at their termini, a finding that may suggest that these sequences are important for the replication of the dsRNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:360212", "title": "Cosmids: a type of plasmid gene-cloning vector that is packageable in vitro in bacteriophage lambda heads.", "content": "Evidence is presented that ColE1 hybrid plasmids carrying the cohesive-end site (cos) of lambda can be used as gene cloning vectors in conjunction with the lambda in vitro packaging system of Hohn and Murray [(1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3259--3263]. Due to the requirement for a large DNA molecule for efficient packaging, there is a direct selection for hybrids carrying large sections of foreign DNA. The small vector plasmids do not contribute a large background in the transduced population, which is therefore markedly enriched for large hybrid plasmids (over 90%). The efficiency of the in vitro packaging system is on the order of 10(5) hybrid clones per microgram of foreign DNA for hybrids in the 20--30 million dalton range.", "contents": "Cosmids: a type of plasmid gene-cloning vector that is packageable in vitro in bacteriophage lambda heads. Evidence is presented that ColE1 hybrid plasmids carrying the cohesive-end site (cos) of lambda can be used as gene cloning vectors in conjunction with the lambda in vitro packaging system of Hohn and Murray [(1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3259--3263]. Due to the requirement for a large DNA molecule for efficient packaging, there is a direct selection for hybrids carrying large sections of foreign DNA. The small vector plasmids do not contribute a large background in the transduced population, which is therefore markedly enriched for large hybrid plasmids (over 90%). The efficiency of the in vitro packaging system is on the order of 10(5) hybrid clones per microgram of foreign DNA for hybrids in the 20--30 million dalton range."}
{"id": "PMID:360213", "title": "Detection of unique tRNA species in tumor tissues by Escherichia coli guanine insertion enzyme.", "content": "The guanine insertion enzyme from Escherichia coli catalyzes exchange of guanine located at the first position of the anticodon of tRNA with radioactive guanine (N. Okada and S. Nishimura, unpublished data). tRNA isolated from various tumors, including slowly growing Morris hepatoma 7794A, incorporated considerable guanine with E. coli guanine insertion enzyme, whereas tRNA isolated from all normal tissues so far tested, except regenerating rat liver, incorporated scarcely any. In the rat ascites hepatoma AH7974, the guanine was mostly incorporated into minor isoaccepting species of tRNAAsp that contained the guanine residue instead of Q base in the first position of the anticodon. This is a sensitive and easy method for identifying unique tRNA species in tumor tissues.", "contents": "Detection of unique tRNA species in tumor tissues by Escherichia coli guanine insertion enzyme. The guanine insertion enzyme from Escherichia coli catalyzes exchange of guanine located at the first position of the anticodon of tRNA with radioactive guanine (N. Okada and S. Nishimura, unpublished data). tRNA isolated from various tumors, including slowly growing Morris hepatoma 7794A, incorporated considerable guanine with E. coli guanine insertion enzyme, whereas tRNA isolated from all normal tissues so far tested, except regenerating rat liver, incorporated scarcely any. In the rat ascites hepatoma AH7974, the guanine was mostly incorporated into minor isoaccepting species of tRNAAsp that contained the guanine residue instead of Q base in the first position of the anticodon. This is a sensitive and easy method for identifying unique tRNA species in tumor tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:360214", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the leader region of the phenylalanine operon of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The pheA structural gene of the phenylalanine operon of Escherichia coli is preceded by a transcribed leader region of about 170 nucleotide pairs. In vitro transcription of plasmids and restriction fragments containing the phe promoter and leader region yields a major RNA transcript about 140 nucleotides in length. This transcript, pheA leader RNA, has the following features: (i) a potential ribosome binding site and AUG translation start codon about 20 nucleotides from its 5' end; (ii) 14 additional in phase amino acid codons and a UGA stop codon after the AUG; 7 of these 14 are Phe codons; (iii) a 3'-OH terminus about 140 nucleotides from the 5' end (transcription termination occurs in an A.T-rich region which is subsequent to a G.C-rich region; just beyond the site of transcription termination there is a sequence corresponding to a ribosome binding site and the AUG translation start codon of the pheA structural gene); (iv) a sequence which would permit extensive intrastrand stable hydrogen bonding. In addition to G.C-rich stem structures, highly analogous to those proposed for the leader RNAs of the tryptophan operons of E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium [Lee, F. & Yanofsky, C. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 4365-4369], there is also extensive base-pairing possible between the phe codon region and a more distal region of the leader transcript. The roles of synthesis of the Phe-rich leader peptide and secondary structure of the leader transcript in the regulation of transcription termination at the attenuator of the phe operon are discussed.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the leader region of the phenylalanine operon of Escherichia coli. The pheA structural gene of the phenylalanine operon of Escherichia coli is preceded by a transcribed leader region of about 170 nucleotide pairs. In vitro transcription of plasmids and restriction fragments containing the phe promoter and leader region yields a major RNA transcript about 140 nucleotides in length. This transcript, pheA leader RNA, has the following features: (i) a potential ribosome binding site and AUG translation start codon about 20 nucleotides from its 5' end; (ii) 14 additional in phase amino acid codons and a UGA stop codon after the AUG; 7 of these 14 are Phe codons; (iii) a 3'-OH terminus about 140 nucleotides from the 5' end (transcription termination occurs in an A.T-rich region which is subsequent to a G.C-rich region; just beyond the site of transcription termination there is a sequence corresponding to a ribosome binding site and the AUG translation start codon of the pheA structural gene); (iv) a sequence which would permit extensive intrastrand stable hydrogen bonding. In addition to G.C-rich stem structures, highly analogous to those proposed for the leader RNAs of the tryptophan operons of E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium [Lee, F. & Yanofsky, C. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 4365-4369], there is also extensive base-pairing possible between the phe codon region and a more distal region of the leader transcript. The roles of synthesis of the Phe-rich leader peptide and secondary structure of the leader transcript in the regulation of transcription termination at the attenuator of the phe operon are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:360215", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the attenuator region of the histidine operon of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The attenuator region of the histidine operon of Escherichia coli K-12 has a potential coding capacity for two peptides, one of 16 amino acids and another of 30 amino acids. This region is followed by a perfect palindrome of 14 base pairs separated by five nucleotides. A G+C-rich region precedes and follows a possible transcription termination sequence. These features are compatible with a model in which active translation of a leader mRNA interferes with transcription termination, thus causing derepression of the histidine operon. The sequence of the region coding for the hypothetical 16-amino acid peptide is of particular relevance because it indicates the site and a possible mechanism of action of histidyl-tRNAhis in regulating histidine gene expression. Seven contiguous histidine codons are present within this sequence: : formula: (see text)", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the attenuator region of the histidine operon of Escherichia coli K-12. The attenuator region of the histidine operon of Escherichia coli K-12 has a potential coding capacity for two peptides, one of 16 amino acids and another of 30 amino acids. This region is followed by a perfect palindrome of 14 base pairs separated by five nucleotides. A G+C-rich region precedes and follows a possible transcription termination sequence. These features are compatible with a model in which active translation of a leader mRNA interferes with transcription termination, thus causing derepression of the histidine operon. The sequence of the region coding for the hypothetical 16-amino acid peptide is of particular relevance because it indicates the site and a possible mechanism of action of histidyl-tRNAhis in regulating histidine gene expression. Seven contiguous histidine codons are present within this sequence: : formula: (see text)"}
{"id": "PMID:360216", "title": "DNA sequence from the histidine operon control region: seven histidine codons in a row.", "content": "The DNA sequence of 250 base pairs preceding the first structural gene of the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium was determined by the dideoxy chain-termination method. Single-stranded DNA template was provided by an M13-histidine transducing phage constructed for the purpose by in vitro recombination. The termination site for the histidine leader RNA is identified by analogy with the trp operon leader termination sequence, and is 47 nucleotides before the start codon of the first structural gene G. Beginning 150 nucleotides before the end of the presumed leader RNA is a possible short protein-coding region with seven histidine codons in a row. It is proposed that the major mechanism of histodine operon control must involve a ribosome arrested at this run of histidine codons when histidine is limiting.", "contents": "DNA sequence from the histidine operon control region: seven histidine codons in a row. The DNA sequence of 250 base pairs preceding the first structural gene of the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium was determined by the dideoxy chain-termination method. Single-stranded DNA template was provided by an M13-histidine transducing phage constructed for the purpose by in vitro recombination. The termination site for the histidine leader RNA is identified by analogy with the trp operon leader termination sequence, and is 47 nucleotides before the start codon of the first structural gene G. Beginning 150 nucleotides before the end of the presumed leader RNA is a possible short protein-coding region with seven histidine codons in a row. It is proposed that the major mechanism of histodine operon control must involve a ribosome arrested at this run of histidine codons when histidine is limiting."}
{"id": "PMID:360217", "title": "Monovalent antibodies against MM-creatine kinase remove the M line from myofibrils.", "content": "Column-purified antibodies against creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) from chicken skeletal muscle (the homodimeric isoenzyme designated MM-CK) bind specifically to the M lines of chicken pectoral muscle myofibrils. Incubation of myofibrils with monovalent Fab' fragments of these antibodies solubilizes most of the myofibril-bound creatine kinase, concomitantly removing most of the electron-dense material from the M lines. This strongly indicates that MM-CK is an integral part of the M-line structure and is consistent with the suggestion that MM-CK molecules form the M bridges that are responsible for the principle M-line substriations.", "contents": "Monovalent antibodies against MM-creatine kinase remove the M line from myofibrils. Column-purified antibodies against creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) from chicken skeletal muscle (the homodimeric isoenzyme designated MM-CK) bind specifically to the M lines of chicken pectoral muscle myofibrils. Incubation of myofibrils with monovalent Fab' fragments of these antibodies solubilizes most of the myofibril-bound creatine kinase, concomitantly removing most of the electron-dense material from the M lines. This strongly indicates that MM-CK is an integral part of the M-line structure and is consistent with the suggestion that MM-CK molecules form the M bridges that are responsible for the principle M-line substriations."}
{"id": "PMID:360218", "title": "Differences among 100-A filamentilament subunits from different cell types.", "content": "The protein subunit of 100-A filaments constitutes approximately 50% of the cytoskeleton protein of chick fibroblasts. In addition to the 43,000-dalton protein (constitutive actin) common to all cell types, fibroblast cytoskeletons contain a 58,000-dalton protein likely to be the 100-A filament subunit, whereas smooth muscle contains, instead, a 55,000-dalton protein. Additional differences among 100-A filaments are shown by immunofluorescence using antibodies angainst chick fibroblast 58,000-dalton component (anti-F58K) and against chick brain 100-A filament subunits (anti-BF). Anti-F58K binds to 100-A filaments in chick fibroblasts, presumptive myoblasts, chondroblasts, pigment cells, and neurons, but not to 100-A filaments in mouse or human fibroblasts. This antibody stains cables of 100-A filaments induced by sequentially treating cells with cytochalasin B and Colcemid. Anti-BF binds only to neurofilaments and not to 100-A filaments of other cell types studied. Absorption or antibodies with purified subunits from gizzard 100-A filaments eliminates binding of anti-F58K to the filaments of all cell types but does not diminish binding of anti-BF to neurofilaments. Various IgGs also bind nonspecifically to induced cables of 100-A filaments. The problem of nonspecific binding of labeled antibodies, as well as the problem of cell and species specificity of the 100-A filaments, is discussed.", "contents": "Differences among 100-A filamentilament subunits from different cell types. The protein subunit of 100-A filaments constitutes approximately 50% of the cytoskeleton protein of chick fibroblasts. In addition to the 43,000-dalton protein (constitutive actin) common to all cell types, fibroblast cytoskeletons contain a 58,000-dalton protein likely to be the 100-A filament subunit, whereas smooth muscle contains, instead, a 55,000-dalton protein. Additional differences among 100-A filaments are shown by immunofluorescence using antibodies angainst chick fibroblast 58,000-dalton component (anti-F58K) and against chick brain 100-A filament subunits (anti-BF). Anti-F58K binds to 100-A filaments in chick fibroblasts, presumptive myoblasts, chondroblasts, pigment cells, and neurons, but not to 100-A filaments in mouse or human fibroblasts. This antibody stains cables of 100-A filaments induced by sequentially treating cells with cytochalasin B and Colcemid. Anti-BF binds only to neurofilaments and not to 100-A filaments of other cell types studied. Absorption or antibodies with purified subunits from gizzard 100-A filaments eliminates binding of anti-F58K to the filaments of all cell types but does not diminish binding of anti-BF to neurofilaments. Various IgGs also bind nonspecifically to induced cables of 100-A filaments. The problem of nonspecific binding of labeled antibodies, as well as the problem of cell and species specificity of the 100-A filaments, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:360219", "title": "Rate of macromolecular synthesis through the cell cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Centrifugal elutriation was used to separate cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in balanced exponential growth according to position in the cell cycle. Macromolecular synthesis was examined. DNA synthesis was found to be periodic, but RNA and protein synthesis showed an exponential increase in rate. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to determine the rate of synthesis of individual proteins, with 111 of the more abundant cellular proteins selected for analysis from among the more than 1000 proteins that migrate in the system. All the examined proteins showed an exponentially increasing rate of synthesis.", "contents": "Rate of macromolecular synthesis through the cell cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Centrifugal elutriation was used to separate cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in balanced exponential growth according to position in the cell cycle. Macromolecular synthesis was examined. DNA synthesis was found to be periodic, but RNA and protein synthesis showed an exponential increase in rate. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to determine the rate of synthesis of individual proteins, with 111 of the more abundant cellular proteins selected for analysis from among the more than 1000 proteins that migrate in the system. All the examined proteins showed an exponentially increasing rate of synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:360220", "title": "Evidence that spontaneous mitotic recombination occurs at the two-strand stage.", "content": "Spontaneous reciprocal mitotic recombination in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, associated with heteroallelic recombination, occurs almost exclusively at the two-strand stage and involves recombination of unduplicated chromosomes (i.e., during G1) or the unduplicated regions of chromosomes during the S phase of mitosis. The associated heteroallelic recombination frequently reflects the formation of symmetric Holliday structures, is not strongly polarized with respect to conversion at the heteroallelic trp5 sites studied, occasionally results in simultaneous conversion of widely separated genetic markers, and is positively correlated with recombination of flanking markers.", "contents": "Evidence that spontaneous mitotic recombination occurs at the two-strand stage. Spontaneous reciprocal mitotic recombination in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, associated with heteroallelic recombination, occurs almost exclusively at the two-strand stage and involves recombination of unduplicated chromosomes (i.e., during G1) or the unduplicated regions of chromosomes during the S phase of mitosis. The associated heteroallelic recombination frequently reflects the formation of symmetric Holliday structures, is not strongly polarized with respect to conversion at the heteroallelic trp5 sites studied, occasionally results in simultaneous conversion of widely separated genetic markers, and is positively correlated with recombination of flanking markers."}
{"id": "PMID:360221", "title": "Relative sensitivities of forward and reverse mutation assays in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Forward mutation to 8-azaguanine resistance and reverse mutation to histidine prototrophy were measured in Salmonella typhimurium after treatment with 16 mutagens of both base-substitution and frameshift classes. The two approaches were found to be equisensitive for all 16 mutagens--i.e., induction of significant mutation occurred at similar concentrations in the forward mutation assay and in the most sensitive of the five Ames tester strains.", "contents": "Relative sensitivities of forward and reverse mutation assays in Salmonella typhimurium. Forward mutation to 8-azaguanine resistance and reverse mutation to histidine prototrophy were measured in Salmonella typhimurium after treatment with 16 mutagens of both base-substitution and frameshift classes. The two approaches were found to be equisensitive for all 16 mutagens--i.e., induction of significant mutation occurred at similar concentrations in the forward mutation assay and in the most sensitive of the five Ames tester strains."}
{"id": "PMID:360222", "title": "Mutants of Escherichia coli altered in both genes coding for the elongation factor Tu.", "content": "Genetic analysis of a mutant of Escherichia coli resistant to the antibiotic mocimycin is presented. This resistance is due to alterations in both tuf genes coding for the elongation factor Tu. Mocimycin resistance is recessive. Bacteria carryong only one tuf gene from the resistant mutant are still mocimycin sensitive. If the mutant gene is the tufA gene, the seisitive cells can be made resistant through inactivation of the tufB gene by insertion of the bacteriophage milliunits genome. Conditional mocimycin-resistant mutants ban also be isolated when the tufB gene is altered by an amber or a temperature-sensitive mutation. When only the tufB allele from the original mocimycin-resistant mutant is present, inactivation of the wild-type tufA gene fails to give viable mocimycin-resistant progeny. We conclude that the tufA mutant allele codes for a functional mocimycin-resistant EF-Tu, whereas the mutant tufB gene does not code for a functional product.", "contents": "Mutants of Escherichia coli altered in both genes coding for the elongation factor Tu. Genetic analysis of a mutant of Escherichia coli resistant to the antibiotic mocimycin is presented. This resistance is due to alterations in both tuf genes coding for the elongation factor Tu. Mocimycin resistance is recessive. Bacteria carryong only one tuf gene from the resistant mutant are still mocimycin sensitive. If the mutant gene is the tufA gene, the seisitive cells can be made resistant through inactivation of the tufB gene by insertion of the bacteriophage milliunits genome. Conditional mocimycin-resistant mutants ban also be isolated when the tufB gene is altered by an amber or a temperature-sensitive mutation. When only the tufB allele from the original mocimycin-resistant mutant is present, inactivation of the wild-type tufA gene fails to give viable mocimycin-resistant progeny. We conclude that the tufA mutant allele codes for a functional mocimycin-resistant EF-Tu, whereas the mutant tufB gene does not code for a functional product."}
{"id": "PMID:360223", "title": "Isolation and characterization of colonic tissue-bound antibodies from patients with idiopathic ulcerative colitis.", "content": "To determine if specific anticolon antibodies bound to colonic mucosa occur in ulcerative colitis, we obtained surgical specimens of colon from five patients with ulcerative colitis, one patient with diverticulitis, and three control subjects with carcinoma. Two specimens of ileum and cecum were also obtained from patients with Crohn ileocolitis. Tissue was homogenized and washed and bound Ig was eluted by citrate buffer, pH 3.2. Concentrated eluates of all specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis reacted with antisera to kappa and gamma and not with antisera to alpha and mu chains. Corresponding eluates from all other specimens did not react with these antisera, but did react with antialbumin. The presence of IgG in ulcerative colitis eluates was also determined by immunoelectrophoresis, immunocoprecipitation, and affinity chromatography with antisera against human IgG. Indirect immunofluorescence and uptake of radiolabeled antibody demonstrated antigenic sites in diseased colonic epithelium of biopsy specimens obtained from six additional patients with ulcerative colitis and three patients with idiopathic proctitis, but not in patients with Crohn disease, nonspecific diarrhea, and bacillary dysentery and control subjects. Although the role of colitis colon-bound antibody in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis is unclear, local antibody-antigen complexes may initiate colonic epithelial cytolysis by various immunologically mediated mechanisms.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of colonic tissue-bound antibodies from patients with idiopathic ulcerative colitis. To determine if specific anticolon antibodies bound to colonic mucosa occur in ulcerative colitis, we obtained surgical specimens of colon from five patients with ulcerative colitis, one patient with diverticulitis, and three control subjects with carcinoma. Two specimens of ileum and cecum were also obtained from patients with Crohn ileocolitis. Tissue was homogenized and washed and bound Ig was eluted by citrate buffer, pH 3.2. Concentrated eluates of all specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis reacted with antisera to kappa and gamma and not with antisera to alpha and mu chains. Corresponding eluates from all other specimens did not react with these antisera, but did react with antialbumin. The presence of IgG in ulcerative colitis eluates was also determined by immunoelectrophoresis, immunocoprecipitation, and affinity chromatography with antisera against human IgG. Indirect immunofluorescence and uptake of radiolabeled antibody demonstrated antigenic sites in diseased colonic epithelium of biopsy specimens obtained from six additional patients with ulcerative colitis and three patients with idiopathic proctitis, but not in patients with Crohn disease, nonspecific diarrhea, and bacillary dysentery and control subjects. Although the role of colitis colon-bound antibody in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis is unclear, local antibody-antigen complexes may initiate colonic epithelial cytolysis by various immunologically mediated mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:360229", "title": "Association of altered brain norephinephrine and serotonin with the obesity induced by goldthioglucose in mice.", "content": "Two experiments examined the possibility that mice rendered obese by systemic injection of goldthioglucose (GTG) possess altered endogenous levels of brain norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5HT) and/or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA). In the first experiment, single-housed GTG-obese mice were found to have normal brain DA and 5HIAA but 14% less NE and 6% less 5HT than controls. This neurochemical profile was strikingly similar to that previously reported for rats rendered obese by ventromedial hypothalamic lesions (i.e., normal DA and 5HIAA, 19% less NE, 7% less 5HT). However, in the second experiment, equally obese GTG mice pair-housed with non-obese controls showed normal DA, 5HIAA, and NE but 9% more 5HT than controls. In other words, absolute levels of these brain substances were inconsistent with respect to obesity across experiments. On the other hand, when ratios of all possible combinations of these compounds were compared across experiments, only 5HT/NE ratios were consistently different (higher) in GTG mice. In addition, reliable inverse correlations were obtained between weight gain parameters and brain 5HT/NE or 5HIAA/NE ratios for GTG mice. These findings suggest that interactions between brain 5HT and NE neurons may contribute to the overeating and obesity which occur in mice after GTG administration.", "contents": "Association of altered brain norephinephrine and serotonin with the obesity induced by goldthioglucose in mice. Two experiments examined the possibility that mice rendered obese by systemic injection of goldthioglucose (GTG) possess altered endogenous levels of brain norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5HT) and/or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA). In the first experiment, single-housed GTG-obese mice were found to have normal brain DA and 5HIAA but 14% less NE and 6% less 5HT than controls. This neurochemical profile was strikingly similar to that previously reported for rats rendered obese by ventromedial hypothalamic lesions (i.e., normal DA and 5HIAA, 19% less NE, 7% less 5HT). However, in the second experiment, equally obese GTG mice pair-housed with non-obese controls showed normal DA, 5HIAA, and NE but 9% more 5HT than controls. In other words, absolute levels of these brain substances were inconsistent with respect to obesity across experiments. On the other hand, when ratios of all possible combinations of these compounds were compared across experiments, only 5HT/NE ratios were consistently different (higher) in GTG mice. In addition, reliable inverse correlations were obtained between weight gain parameters and brain 5HT/NE or 5HIAA/NE ratios for GTG mice. These findings suggest that interactions between brain 5HT and NE neurons may contribute to the overeating and obesity which occur in mice after GTG administration."}
{"id": "PMID:360230", "title": "Influence of the 2'-chloro substitution on central activity of desmethyldiazepam.", "content": "Two diazepam derivatives, the N-desmethyl and the 2'-chlor-N-desmethyldiazepam, were compared in rats using behavioral and EEG techniques. Both drugs had depressant effects upon locomotor activity, facilitated behavior suppressed by punishment, increased the number of shocks received by rats in a Sidman avoidance procedure and caused a synchronization of EEG pattern lasting more than 7 h at the highest doses. The 2'-chlor-substituted compound was much more active than desmethyldiazepam potency ratio ranking between 3.67 and 20.78 according to the test employed.", "contents": "Influence of the 2'-chloro substitution on central activity of desmethyldiazepam. Two diazepam derivatives, the N-desmethyl and the 2'-chlor-N-desmethyldiazepam, were compared in rats using behavioral and EEG techniques. Both drugs had depressant effects upon locomotor activity, facilitated behavior suppressed by punishment, increased the number of shocks received by rats in a Sidman avoidance procedure and caused a synchronization of EEG pattern lasting more than 7 h at the highest doses. The 2'-chlor-substituted compound was much more active than desmethyldiazepam potency ratio ranking between 3.67 and 20.78 according to the test employed."}
{"id": "PMID:360231", "title": "Three double-blind comparative trials of mianserine (ORG GB 94) and amitriptyline in the treatment of depressive illness.", "content": "The results of double-blind comparative trials carried out simultaneously in three Finnish hospitals are presented. The antidepressant activity and side-effects of mianserine (ORG GB 94) and amitriptyline were compared. No statistically significant differences were found between the two treatments. It was found, however, that mianserine had clearly less anticholinergic side-effects than amitriptyline.", "contents": "Three double-blind comparative trials of mianserine (ORG GB 94) and amitriptyline in the treatment of depressive illness. The results of double-blind comparative trials carried out simultaneously in three Finnish hospitals are presented. The antidepressant activity and side-effects of mianserine (ORG GB 94) and amitriptyline were compared. No statistically significant differences were found between the two treatments. It was found, however, that mianserine had clearly less anticholinergic side-effects than amitriptyline."}
{"id": "PMID:360232", "title": "A double blind investigation of piracetam (Nootropil) vs placebo in geriatric memory.", "content": "Fifty-six hospitalized geriatric patients between the ages of 65 and 80 were given piracetam (Nootropil) 2400 mg/day or placebo on a double blind basis over a two month period. Every patient submitted to a battery of psychological tests before and after the two month trial. These tests included the Similarities, Vocabulary, Digit Symbol, and Block Design subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; Graham Kendall Memory for Design; Benton Visual Retention; Hooper Visual Organization; Raven Colored Progressive Matrices A, AB, and B; Wechsler Memory Scale A and B; Porteus Maze and Finger Tapping. Patients who were unable to complete this battery were not included in this investigation. In addition, at pretreatment, 4 and 8 weeks, the patient completed a Profiles of Mood States, a Clinical Global Evaluation was done by the investigator, and laboratory determinations were performed. Fifty Patients completed the investigation (25 piracetam, 25 placebo). There were no significant statistical differences between the two groups of patients on all measures utilized except for the Clinical Global Evaluation, where 52% of the patients on piracetam showed minimal improvement versus 25% of the placebo group (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "A double blind investigation of piracetam (Nootropil) vs placebo in geriatric memory. Fifty-six hospitalized geriatric patients between the ages of 65 and 80 were given piracetam (Nootropil) 2400 mg/day or placebo on a double blind basis over a two month period. Every patient submitted to a battery of psychological tests before and after the two month trial. These tests included the Similarities, Vocabulary, Digit Symbol, and Block Design subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; Graham Kendall Memory for Design; Benton Visual Retention; Hooper Visual Organization; Raven Colored Progressive Matrices A, AB, and B; Wechsler Memory Scale A and B; Porteus Maze and Finger Tapping. Patients who were unable to complete this battery were not included in this investigation. In addition, at pretreatment, 4 and 8 weeks, the patient completed a Profiles of Mood States, a Clinical Global Evaluation was done by the investigator, and laboratory determinations were performed. Fifty Patients completed the investigation (25 piracetam, 25 placebo). There were no significant statistical differences between the two groups of patients on all measures utilized except for the Clinical Global Evaluation, where 52% of the patients on piracetam showed minimal improvement versus 25% of the placebo group (P less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:360233", "title": "Behavior of rats given lithium salts. A review.", "content": "Studies on the effects of lithium on drinking, food intake, locomotor activity and aggression in rats are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the dosage, concentration, route and schedule of lithium treatments. The effects of lithium on behavior are found to depend on the experimental methods. The main effects of lithium treatments on rat behavior are found to be prevention of the reoccurrence of certain behaviors, enhancement of intake of water and sodium chloride solutions, suppression of some types of spontaneous and drug-induced activity, production of hyperactivity when given together with MAO inhibitors, reduction of some types of aggressive behavior, enhancement of morphine analygesia and reduction of morphine intake. The relationship between the outcome of studies on behavior in rats given lithium and the use of lithium salts to treat human disorders is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Behavior of rats given lithium salts. A review. Studies on the effects of lithium on drinking, food intake, locomotor activity and aggression in rats are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the dosage, concentration, route and schedule of lithium treatments. The effects of lithium on behavior are found to depend on the experimental methods. The main effects of lithium treatments on rat behavior are found to be prevention of the reoccurrence of certain behaviors, enhancement of intake of water and sodium chloride solutions, suppression of some types of spontaneous and drug-induced activity, production of hyperactivity when given together with MAO inhibitors, reduction of some types of aggressive behavior, enhancement of morphine analygesia and reduction of morphine intake. The relationship between the outcome of studies on behavior in rats given lithium and the use of lithium salts to treat human disorders is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:360234", "title": "Baclofen in the treatment of schizophrenia: a pilot study.", "content": "10 chronic schizophrenics were treated with baclofen for 30 days in addition to the neuroleptic maintenance medication. The psychopathological findings were documented in intervals of 5 days using a global rating and the BPRS scale. 3 patients showed a definite slight improvement of their clinical condition, 2 patients showed a questionable improvement, whereas 5 patients did not change. The statistical analysis of the BPRS scale revealed a significant improvement of one higher order factor. Our pilot study suggests that baclofen may have positive effects on some schizophrenics.", "contents": "Baclofen in the treatment of schizophrenia: a pilot study. 10 chronic schizophrenics were treated with baclofen for 30 days in addition to the neuroleptic maintenance medication. The psychopathological findings were documented in intervals of 5 days using a global rating and the BPRS scale. 3 patients showed a definite slight improvement of their clinical condition, 2 patients showed a questionable improvement, whereas 5 patients did not change. The statistical analysis of the BPRS scale revealed a significant improvement of one higher order factor. Our pilot study suggests that baclofen may have positive effects on some schizophrenics."}
{"id": "PMID:360235", "title": "[Methodological and theoretical aspects of the evaluation of psychotropic drugs in normal healthy volunteers (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper points out that the current theories about the effects of psychiatric drugs in healthy human individuals is primarily a function of the methodological approaches applied in psychopharmacological research. Three approaches are distinguished: the diagnostic, the differential-psychological and the experimental-psychological approach. Within the diagnostic approach psychological-diagnostic instruments (e.g. tests) are considered to be able to measure specific effects of drugs (e.g. concentration). The differential-psychological approach takes into account inter- and intraindividual differences in psychological and psychophysiological variables (e.g. personality traits, actual state variables), which are responsible for the kind of drug effect on certain variables. The experimental-psychological approach typically studies drugs from the viewpoint of psychological theories concerning those psychological variables supposed to be affected by the drug (e.g. anxiety, attention). For each of these approaches the theoretical concept, the data gathering procedure, the kind of data interpretation, and the empirical adequacy are discussed. Meaning and usefulness of such terms as \"Eigenwirkung\", primary and secondary effect, main and side effect, and paradoxical effect are considered.", "contents": "[Methodological and theoretical aspects of the evaluation of psychotropic drugs in normal healthy volunteers (author's transl)]. The paper points out that the current theories about the effects of psychiatric drugs in healthy human individuals is primarily a function of the methodological approaches applied in psychopharmacological research. Three approaches are distinguished: the diagnostic, the differential-psychological and the experimental-psychological approach. Within the diagnostic approach psychological-diagnostic instruments (e.g. tests) are considered to be able to measure specific effects of drugs (e.g. concentration). The differential-psychological approach takes into account inter- and intraindividual differences in psychological and psychophysiological variables (e.g. personality traits, actual state variables), which are responsible for the kind of drug effect on certain variables. The experimental-psychological approach typically studies drugs from the viewpoint of psychological theories concerning those psychological variables supposed to be affected by the drug (e.g. anxiety, attention). For each of these approaches the theoretical concept, the data gathering procedure, the kind of data interpretation, and the empirical adequacy are discussed. Meaning and usefulness of such terms as \"Eigenwirkung\", primary and secondary effect, main and side effect, and paradoxical effect are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:360236", "title": "[General methodological problems of psychotropic drug trials (author's transl)].", "content": "The difference between the methodological approach of the basic neuro-sciences and the descriptive clinical methods consists in the possibility of isolating the object studied in the former, and in the complexity of relevant clinical terms in the latter which can only be quantified secondarily. Psychopathological symptoms, even operationalized and quantified as items in rating scales, remain complex, whereas the values taken from the substratum, i.e. physiological or biochemical can clearly be evaluated. The complexity of measuring psychopathological symptoms is illustrated in a study in which the scores of different scales of depressive patients are correlated before and after treatment, and the step from the physiological to the psychological level is discussed by means of the results of a psychophysiological study with normal subjects who were given a sedative. These results suggest a heterogeneity of samples of psychiatric patients selected for therapeutic studies according only to clinical criteria. This heterogeneity is discussed on five levels of psychopathological states in depressive, schizophrenic and nonpsychotic anxiety syndromes. Particular interest is put on to the psychophysiological level. From this heterogeneity of samples of psychopharmacological studies, two conclusions can be drawn: 1) Double blind studies are of limited value, since so far only the general effects of whole categories of psychotropic drugs could be determined, whereas it was not possible to determine specific indications for an individual drug. 2) The object of research must be to embody psychopathological states in psychophysiological and clinical-biochemical data, in order to find more homogeneous subgroups of psychiatric patients and to optimize therapeutic procedures; in other words, to find out which patients respond best to a given drug. This strategy, however, limits the generalisation of therapeutic use of a given drug, but it permits to find more specific indications. This is, of course, a general principle in the development of psychiatric therapy.", "contents": "[General methodological problems of psychotropic drug trials (author's transl)]. The difference between the methodological approach of the basic neuro-sciences and the descriptive clinical methods consists in the possibility of isolating the object studied in the former, and in the complexity of relevant clinical terms in the latter which can only be quantified secondarily. Psychopathological symptoms, even operationalized and quantified as items in rating scales, remain complex, whereas the values taken from the substratum, i.e. physiological or biochemical can clearly be evaluated. The complexity of measuring psychopathological symptoms is illustrated in a study in which the scores of different scales of depressive patients are correlated before and after treatment, and the step from the physiological to the psychological level is discussed by means of the results of a psychophysiological study with normal subjects who were given a sedative. These results suggest a heterogeneity of samples of psychiatric patients selected for therapeutic studies according only to clinical criteria. This heterogeneity is discussed on five levels of psychopathological states in depressive, schizophrenic and nonpsychotic anxiety syndromes. Particular interest is put on to the psychophysiological level. From this heterogeneity of samples of psychopharmacological studies, two conclusions can be drawn: 1) Double blind studies are of limited value, since so far only the general effects of whole categories of psychotropic drugs could be determined, whereas it was not possible to determine specific indications for an individual drug. 2) The object of research must be to embody psychopathological states in psychophysiological and clinical-biochemical data, in order to find more homogeneous subgroups of psychiatric patients and to optimize therapeutic procedures; in other words, to find out which patients respond best to a given drug. This strategy, however, limits the generalisation of therapeutic use of a given drug, but it permits to find more specific indications. This is, of course, a general principle in the development of psychiatric therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:360237", "title": "[Statistical aspects in planning psychotropic drug trials (author's transl)].", "content": "It has become virtually unthinkable to objectively judge trials of comparisons without statistical inference. For studies involving psychopharmaceuticals the requirements have especially grown, since variations of efficacy are difficult to differentiate and objectivate. The basic principles of statistical planning must be applied to studies with psychopharmaceuticals. On the basis of these general principles the relevant points of the clinical and statistical models and their relationship to one another are discussed. Special aspects of the study objectives, the clinical model, the medical trial plan, the statistical model and design, the execution of the trials, statistical evaluation and its interpretation are presented. The setting up of hypotheses, balancing and maintenance of factors of disturbances, sample sizes, randomizing techniques and the confrontation of clinical relevance with statistical significance are some of the important points discussed.", "contents": "[Statistical aspects in planning psychotropic drug trials (author's transl)]. It has become virtually unthinkable to objectively judge trials of comparisons without statistical inference. For studies involving psychopharmaceuticals the requirements have especially grown, since variations of efficacy are difficult to differentiate and objectivate. The basic principles of statistical planning must be applied to studies with psychopharmaceuticals. On the basis of these general principles the relevant points of the clinical and statistical models and their relationship to one another are discussed. Special aspects of the study objectives, the clinical model, the medical trial plan, the statistical model and design, the execution of the trials, statistical evaluation and its interpretation are presented. The setting up of hypotheses, balancing and maintenance of factors of disturbances, sample sizes, randomizing techniques and the confrontation of clinical relevance with statistical significance are some of the important points discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:360238", "title": "[Difficulties of a clinician in planning psychopharmacological trials (author's transl)].", "content": "From the clinical examinators point of view, we present a few problems in planning psychopharmacological trials. Our main topic is not answering the questions but formulating them in a more precise manner. The following problems are discussed: formulation of hypotheses, choice of experimental designs (open, double-blind, placebo-controlled), effects of placebo, choice of reference substances, duration of trials, pharmacopsychiatric acute trials, frequence and interval of assessments, size and kind of patient sample, fixed or flexible dosage schedule, pretreatment, wash-out, additional medication, choice of the assessement instrument and double assessment of the initial values.", "contents": "[Difficulties of a clinician in planning psychopharmacological trials (author's transl)]. From the clinical examinators point of view, we present a few problems in planning psychopharmacological trials. Our main topic is not answering the questions but formulating them in a more precise manner. The following problems are discussed: formulation of hypotheses, choice of experimental designs (open, double-blind, placebo-controlled), effects of placebo, choice of reference substances, duration of trials, pharmacopsychiatric acute trials, frequence and interval of assessments, size and kind of patient sample, fixed or flexible dosage schedule, pretreatment, wash-out, additional medication, choice of the assessement instrument and double assessment of the initial values."}
{"id": "PMID:360239", "title": "[Planning of psychotropic drug trials. Control of interfering factors].", "content": "There are many non-specific factors affecting drug therapy outcome: Rickels classifies them as coming from: \"a) the patient b) the physician c) the treatment milieu d) the nontreatment milieu\". They exert most influence in the drug treatment of neurotic patients, less, but still some influence in depressed patients, and almost none in schizophrenic patients. In double-blind studies, control of the non-specific factors is achieved when their influence is the same in both groups of treatment, that means that possible non-specific factors should be rated for every patient, and after the end of the study, we should test for equal distribution in both groups. Other possibilities of control are discussed by Mr. Ferner in his paper. In pilot studies, the question is more difficult--we should be able to distinguish the influence of the drug from the influence of the non-specific factors. Two possibilities are discussed: 1. to look at differences in rated non-specific factors for the improved and the non-improved group, 2. to use the time-course of the global improvement (with a daily rating): the influence of the drug should manifest itself as a steady trend, whereas influences of non-specific factors would manifest themselves either as a trend too early in treatment or as abrupt changes in the improvement rating, possibly in connection with some external events.", "contents": "[Planning of psychotropic drug trials. Control of interfering factors]. There are many non-specific factors affecting drug therapy outcome: Rickels classifies them as coming from: \"a) the patient b) the physician c) the treatment milieu d) the nontreatment milieu\". They exert most influence in the drug treatment of neurotic patients, less, but still some influence in depressed patients, and almost none in schizophrenic patients. In double-blind studies, control of the non-specific factors is achieved when their influence is the same in both groups of treatment, that means that possible non-specific factors should be rated for every patient, and after the end of the study, we should test for equal distribution in both groups. Other possibilities of control are discussed by Mr. Ferner in his paper. In pilot studies, the question is more difficult--we should be able to distinguish the influence of the drug from the influence of the non-specific factors. Two possibilities are discussed: 1. to look at differences in rated non-specific factors for the improved and the non-improved group, 2. to use the time-course of the global improvement (with a daily rating): the influence of the drug should manifest itself as a steady trend, whereas influences of non-specific factors would manifest themselves either as a trend too early in treatment or as abrupt changes in the improvement rating, possibly in connection with some external events."}
{"id": "PMID:360241", "title": "[Taxonomy and assessment of psychological investigation methods in psychotropic drug trials (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychological tests are bound with specific goals. Four goal aspects are differentiated: status vs. processdiagnostics, normoriented vs. criterionoriented diagnostic, testing vs. inventarization, measurement of true scores vs. decision oriented diagnostic. Every diagnostic procedure is characterized by a specific personality theory and theory of measurement (classical vs. probabilistic test model). The diagnostic procedures traditionally used for evaluating drugs prefer status diagnostic, normoriented diagnostic, testing and measurement of true scores. Similar one-sidedness in personality theory and theory of measurement restrict validity and usefulness of psychological tests. In clinical practice we find a theoretically and empirically unjustified restriction in the selection of measurement devices on ratings and questionnaires. If we suppose multidimensionality of drug induced changes, we must apply a multimethod approach in outcome studies and use beside ratings and questionnaires behavior observations, objective tests, psychophysiological and neurophysiological measures. We propose a descriptive taxonomy of methods for planning multimethod outcome and process studies. From this taxonomy the methods of measurement for effects and side effects of drugs may be derived. The necessity of the multimethod approach is confirmed by empirical research. With this concept, the following neglected research questions become more obvious: concordance and discordance, synchrony and desynchrony of methods of measurement. We conclude with recommendations for clinical practice and research of outcome and process effects in drug therapy.", "contents": "[Taxonomy and assessment of psychological investigation methods in psychotropic drug trials (author's transl)]. Psychological tests are bound with specific goals. Four goal aspects are differentiated: status vs. processdiagnostics, normoriented vs. criterionoriented diagnostic, testing vs. inventarization, measurement of true scores vs. decision oriented diagnostic. Every diagnostic procedure is characterized by a specific personality theory and theory of measurement (classical vs. probabilistic test model). The diagnostic procedures traditionally used for evaluating drugs prefer status diagnostic, normoriented diagnostic, testing and measurement of true scores. Similar one-sidedness in personality theory and theory of measurement restrict validity and usefulness of psychological tests. In clinical practice we find a theoretically and empirically unjustified restriction in the selection of measurement devices on ratings and questionnaires. If we suppose multidimensionality of drug induced changes, we must apply a multimethod approach in outcome studies and use beside ratings and questionnaires behavior observations, objective tests, psychophysiological and neurophysiological measures. We propose a descriptive taxonomy of methods for planning multimethod outcome and process studies. From this taxonomy the methods of measurement for effects and side effects of drugs may be derived. The necessity of the multimethod approach is confirmed by empirical research. With this concept, the following neglected research questions become more obvious: concordance and discordance, synchrony and desynchrony of methods of measurement. We conclude with recommendations for clinical practice and research of outcome and process effects in drug therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:360243", "title": "[Interaction between antihypertensive agents and psychotropic drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "The present review paper is dealing with the interaction between antihypertensive agents and various psychotropic drugs. Various psychotropic drugs enhance certain-side-effects of the antihypertensive substances, like sedation, extrapyramidal disorders and orthostatic hypotension. On the other hand, the blood-pressure lowering effect of clonidine, guanethidine and related drugs, and possibly also that of alpha-methy-dopa is reduced by phenothiazine-neuroleptics and tricyclic antidepressants (thymoleptics), but not by benzodiazepine tranquilizers or by butyrophenone-like neuroleptics. The pharmacological background and the clinical relevance of these interaction phenomena are discussed.", "contents": "[Interaction between antihypertensive agents and psychotropic drugs (author's transl)]. The present review paper is dealing with the interaction between antihypertensive agents and various psychotropic drugs. Various psychotropic drugs enhance certain-side-effects of the antihypertensive substances, like sedation, extrapyramidal disorders and orthostatic hypotension. On the other hand, the blood-pressure lowering effect of clonidine, guanethidine and related drugs, and possibly also that of alpha-methy-dopa is reduced by phenothiazine-neuroleptics and tricyclic antidepressants (thymoleptics), but not by benzodiazepine tranquilizers or by butyrophenone-like neuroleptics. The pharmacological background and the clinical relevance of these interaction phenomena are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:360245", "title": "A comparison of the cardiac effects of mianserin and amitriptyline in man.", "content": "In the course of a double-blind comparative trial of mianserin versus amitriptyline in the treatment of depressive illness,  E.C.G. was recorded before and after three weeks of treatment in 27 female patients. Mianserin had no consistent effect on heart rate, PR interval, QRS width, or T wave amplitude. This is consistent with other data suggesting that mianserin lacks cardiotoxic effects. In contrast, amitriptyline treatment was associated with increases in heart rate and PR interval, and these effects were statistically significant in comparison to the mianserin group. This finding is consistent with the known cardiotoxicity of amitriptyline.", "contents": "A comparison of the cardiac effects of mianserin and amitriptyline in man. In the course of a double-blind comparative trial of mianserin versus amitriptyline in the treatment of depressive illness,  E.C.G. was recorded before and after three weeks of treatment in 27 female patients. Mianserin had no consistent effect on heart rate, PR interval, QRS width, or T wave amplitude. This is consistent with other data suggesting that mianserin lacks cardiotoxic effects. In contrast, amitriptyline treatment was associated with increases in heart rate and PR interval, and these effects were statistically significant in comparison to the mianserin group. This finding is consistent with the known cardiotoxicity of amitriptyline."}
{"id": "PMID:360246", "title": "[ECG changes under acute and chronic lithium application (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrocardiograms before and during lithium treatment were evaluated. In both 12 healthy volunteers who were given lithium for 7 days as well as in 20 out-patients, who had received lithium treatment for many years similar results were found: 1. Disturbances of the cardiac rhythm or heart failure did not occur. 2. Unspecific variations of the repolarisation were indicated in 75% of the long-term patients and 50% of the healthy volunteers during lithium treatment; these changes were dose-related. 3. The potassium concentrations in the serum remained within normal limits and showed no significant variations. 4. During therapy the long-term patients experienced a significant drop in the pulse-rate. This effect was apparently not dose-related, byt seemed to be conditioned by an incipient tachycardia caused by an additional psychotropic medication administered before the lithium application. In the healthy volunteers the pulse-rate remained stable during the experiment. These results are discussed in the context of the current literature of the subject.", "contents": "[ECG changes under acute and chronic lithium application (author's transl)]. Electrocardiograms before and during lithium treatment were evaluated. In both 12 healthy volunteers who were given lithium for 7 days as well as in 20 out-patients, who had received lithium treatment for many years similar results were found: 1. Disturbances of the cardiac rhythm or heart failure did not occur. 2. Unspecific variations of the repolarisation were indicated in 75% of the long-term patients and 50% of the healthy volunteers during lithium treatment; these changes were dose-related. 3. The potassium concentrations in the serum remained within normal limits and showed no significant variations. 4. During therapy the long-term patients experienced a significant drop in the pulse-rate. This effect was apparently not dose-related, byt seemed to be conditioned by an incipient tachycardia caused by an additional psychotropic medication administered before the lithium application. In the healthy volunteers the pulse-rate remained stable during the experiment. These results are discussed in the context of the current literature of the subject."}
{"id": "PMID:360247", "title": "Prediction of response to chlordiazepoxide and placebo in anxious outpatients: an attempt at replication.", "content": "The present study seeks to determine the extent to which a set of non-specific factors can stably predict response to either chlordiazepoxide (CDZ) or placebo (PBO) and the extent to which such prediction is specific to or distinctive for each treatment agent. For this purpose data were assembled for 447 primarily anxious neurotic outpatients treated with either CDZ or PBO in 4 week double blind drug trials performed over the past ten years and divided into two comparable subsamples for each treatment agent. A series of analyses revealed modest replicability but considerable drug specificity for a Global improvement measure. Replicability was considerable higher for a patient measure of Symptom Change, but its specificity to treatment agent was considerably less.", "contents": "Prediction of response to chlordiazepoxide and placebo in anxious outpatients: an attempt at replication. The present study seeks to determine the extent to which a set of non-specific factors can stably predict response to either chlordiazepoxide (CDZ) or placebo (PBO) and the extent to which such prediction is specific to or distinctive for each treatment agent. For this purpose data were assembled for 447 primarily anxious neurotic outpatients treated with either CDZ or PBO in 4 week double blind drug trials performed over the past ten years and divided into two comparable subsamples for each treatment agent. A series of analyses revealed modest replicability but considerable drug specificity for a Global improvement measure. Replicability was considerable higher for a patient measure of Symptom Change, but its specificity to treatment agent was considerably less."}
{"id": "PMID:360248", "title": "Chronobiology and its implications for pharmacotherapy of endogenous depression.", "content": "An open pilot study on 30 in-patients with endogenous depression showed a clear-cut circadian fluctuation of the therapeutical effect of single doses of lofepramine administered at three different times of the day (8 a.m., and 12 p.m.). A single-dose drug schedule with 210 mg lofepramine at 12 p.m. also proved superior (p less than .05) to the conventional divided-dose drug schedule with 70 mg lofepramine at three times of the day. The chronobiological background and the therapeutical consequences of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Chronobiology and its implications for pharmacotherapy of endogenous depression. An open pilot study on 30 in-patients with endogenous depression showed a clear-cut circadian fluctuation of the therapeutical effect of single doses of lofepramine administered at three different times of the day (8 a.m., and 12 p.m.). A single-dose drug schedule with 210 mg lofepramine at 12 p.m. also proved superior (p less than .05) to the conventional divided-dose drug schedule with 70 mg lofepramine at three times of the day. The chronobiological background and the therapeutical consequences of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:360249", "title": "Effect of carbamazepine in polyuria associated with lithium therapy.", "content": "Ten patients, suffering from affective disorders, were treated with carbamazepine for polyuria and polydipsia associated with long-term lithium therapy. Oral carbamazepine (300--600 mg daily for six weeks) was observed to have no beneficial effect in alleviating these symptoms when compared with placebo tablets in a double blind crossover study. Plasma and urinary osmolality were observed to be within normal range in these patients and there was no antidiuretic response following subcutaneous Pitressin injection. There was 50% drop-out due to severe side-effects like ataxia, dizziness, restlessness and confusional states. It appears that lithium exacerbates carbamazepine induced CNS side-effects or vice versa, the mechanism of which is not very clear. It may be due to their mutual effect on sodium metabolism or on nervous conduction velocity. Hence, simultaneous administration of these two drugs should preferably be avoided.", "contents": "Effect of carbamazepine in polyuria associated with lithium therapy. Ten patients, suffering from affective disorders, were treated with carbamazepine for polyuria and polydipsia associated with long-term lithium therapy. Oral carbamazepine (300--600 mg daily for six weeks) was observed to have no beneficial effect in alleviating these symptoms when compared with placebo tablets in a double blind crossover study. Plasma and urinary osmolality were observed to be within normal range in these patients and there was no antidiuretic response following subcutaneous Pitressin injection. There was 50% drop-out due to severe side-effects like ataxia, dizziness, restlessness and confusional states. It appears that lithium exacerbates carbamazepine induced CNS side-effects or vice versa, the mechanism of which is not very clear. It may be due to their mutual effect on sodium metabolism or on nervous conduction velocity. Hence, simultaneous administration of these two drugs should preferably be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:360258", "title": "Professionalization and narcotics: the medical and pharmaceutical professions and British narcotic use 1868-1926.", "content": "This paper analyses the influence of medical professional organization on the formation of attitudes and policies toward narcotics in England. Restrictions on sale were one corollary, and the extension of medical control helped delineate a hypodermic morphine problem  and disease theories of 'inebriety'. In the period 1916-26 the Home Office attempted to impose a penal and non-professional policy. The 1926 Rolleston Report marked a compromise between medical professionalism and public policy.", "contents": "Professionalization and narcotics: the medical and pharmaceutical professions and British narcotic use 1868-1926. This paper analyses the influence of medical professional organization on the formation of attitudes and policies toward narcotics in England. Restrictions on sale were one corollary, and the extension of medical control helped delineate a hypodermic morphine problem  and disease theories of 'inebriety'. In the period 1916-26 the Home Office attempted to impose a penal and non-professional policy. The 1926 Rolleston Report marked a compromise between medical professionalism and public policy."}
{"id": "PMID:360271", "title": "Oncologic research and computerized data retrieval.", "content": "A computer-based data retrieval system for clinical research in oncology is described. The system has been designed to enable busy clinicians to retrieve and analyze data directly without major involvement of a computer specialist. The system uses texts similar to those in daily practice. In most situations no code is printed. The other important feature of the system is its ability to analyze clinical data in the form of tables, frequency distribution, etc. It may also furnish actuarial characteristics of the total population or subpopulations. Mathematical functions are calculated easily. Amendments and updating are simple enabling follow-up data to be incorporated. The system is under use for about 2 years and appears to be a versatile tool in the field of clinical research.", "contents": "Oncologic research and computerized data retrieval. A computer-based data retrieval system for clinical research in oncology is described. The system has been designed to enable busy clinicians to retrieve and analyze data directly without major involvement of a computer specialist. The system uses texts similar to those in daily practice. In most situations no code is printed. The other important feature of the system is its ability to analyze clinical data in the form of tables, frequency distribution, etc. It may also furnish actuarial characteristics of the total population or subpopulations. Mathematical functions are calculated easily. Amendments and updating are simple enabling follow-up data to be incorporated. The system is under use for about 2 years and appears to be a versatile tool in the field of clinical research."}
{"id": "PMID:360272", "title": "Adjuvant intra-arterial lidocaine in aortofemoral arteriography: some further observations.", "content": "It has been shown that lidocaine administered as a bolus intra-arterially immediately prior to contrast media injections significantly decreased the pain experienced from aortofemoral arteriography. Some researchers have advocated mixing 2 mgm of lidocaine with each ml of contrast agent rather than giving it as a bolus prior to the contrast agent. In a randomized study of 30 patients, the authors demonstrated that both methods are equally effective in decreasing the pain from aortofemoral arterography and that mixing the lidocaine with the contrast agent is the easier method.", "contents": "Adjuvant intra-arterial lidocaine in aortofemoral arteriography: some further observations. It has been shown that lidocaine administered as a bolus intra-arterially immediately prior to contrast media injections significantly decreased the pain experienced from aortofemoral arteriography. Some researchers have advocated mixing 2 mgm of lidocaine with each ml of contrast agent rather than giving it as a bolus prior to the contrast agent. In a randomized study of 30 patients, the authors demonstrated that both methods are equally effective in decreasing the pain from aortofemoral arterography and that mixing the lidocaine with the contrast agent is the easier method."}
{"id": "PMID:360298", "title": "PGI2 production by rat blood vessels: diminished prostacyclin formation in veins compared to arteries.", "content": "Homogenates of eleven different blood vessels from normal Sprague-Dawley rats varied in their ability to produce PGI2 (i.e., 6-keto-PGF1 alpha) from [1-14C]PGH2. The most notable difference was seen between arteries and veins. Arterial tissues produced more 6-keto-PGF1alpha from exogenous PGH2 than veins at all enzyme (i.e., protein) concentrations tested. Similar results were obtained utilizing different homogenization techniques or arterial and venous rings, indicating this difference was real and not due to homogenization artifacts. In addition, the thoracic segment of the inferior vena cava was more active in converting added [1-14C-A1PGH2 to 6-keto-PGF1alpha than the abdominal segment of the inferior vena cava suggestive of a possible segmental distribution of the enzyme activity in blood vessels. These results may be interpreted as indicating that PGI2 may have a vasomotor function for blood vessels in addition to its proposed antithrombotic role.", "contents": "PGI2 production by rat blood vessels: diminished prostacyclin formation in veins compared to arteries. Homogenates of eleven different blood vessels from normal Sprague-Dawley rats varied in their ability to produce PGI2 (i.e., 6-keto-PGF1 alpha) from [1-14C]PGH2. The most notable difference was seen between arteries and veins. Arterial tissues produced more 6-keto-PGF1alpha from exogenous PGH2 than veins at all enzyme (i.e., protein) concentrations tested. Similar results were obtained utilizing different homogenization techniques or arterial and venous rings, indicating this difference was real and not due to homogenization artifacts. In addition, the thoracic segment of the inferior vena cava was more active in converting added [1-14C-A1PGH2 to 6-keto-PGF1alpha than the abdominal segment of the inferior vena cava suggestive of a possible segmental distribution of the enzyme activity in blood vessels. These results may be interpreted as indicating that PGI2 may have a vasomotor function for blood vessels in addition to its proposed antithrombotic role."}
{"id": "PMID:360299", "title": "Effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) on platelet adhesion to rabbit arterial subendothelium.", "content": "The effect of prostacyclin on platelet aggregation and adhesion was investigated in everted pieces of rabbit abdominal aorta, from which the endothelium had previously been removed. Citrated human blood, to which different, concentrations of prostacyclin (0.1-100 ng/ml) were added, was perfused through the vessels, after which sections were examined and evaluated by light microscopy. Prostacyclin inhibited thrombus formation at concentrations greater than 0.1 ng/ml, whereas 20 ng/ml were required to reduce the amount of adhesion to the subendothelial surface. Thus prostacyclin prevents thrombus formation at much lower concentrations than are needed to inhibit platelet-vessel wall interaction.", "contents": "Effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) on platelet adhesion to rabbit arterial subendothelium. The effect of prostacyclin on platelet aggregation and adhesion was investigated in everted pieces of rabbit abdominal aorta, from which the endothelium had previously been removed. Citrated human blood, to which different, concentrations of prostacyclin (0.1-100 ng/ml) were added, was perfused through the vessels, after which sections were examined and evaluated by light microscopy. Prostacyclin inhibited thrombus formation at concentrations greater than 0.1 ng/ml, whereas 20 ng/ml were required to reduce the amount of adhesion to the subendothelial surface. Thus prostacyclin prevents thrombus formation at much lower concentrations than are needed to inhibit platelet-vessel wall interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:360300", "title": "The hyperalgesic effects of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2.", "content": "Hyperalgesia induced in rat paws or dog knee joints by prostacyclin (PGI2) and prostaglandin E2 was measured by a modification of the Randall-Selitto method (1) or by the degree of incapacitation (2). In both species PGI2 induced an immediate hyperalgesic effect but the effect of PGE2 had a longer latency. Low doses of PGI2 caused a short lasting effect but PGE2, large doses of PGI2 or successive administration of small doses of PGI2 caused a long lasting effect. It is suggested that prostacyclin mediates rat paw hyperalgesia induced by carrageenin. The long lasting hyperalgesic effect of PGE2 and high doses of PGI2 is possibly an indirect effect caused by stimulation of a sensory nerve sensitising mechanism.", "contents": "The hyperalgesic effects of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2. Hyperalgesia induced in rat paws or dog knee joints by prostacyclin (PGI2) and prostaglandin E2 was measured by a modification of the Randall-Selitto method (1) or by the degree of incapacitation (2). In both species PGI2 induced an immediate hyperalgesic effect but the effect of PGE2 had a longer latency. Low doses of PGI2 caused a short lasting effect but PGE2, large doses of PGI2 or successive administration of small doses of PGI2 caused a long lasting effect. It is suggested that prostacyclin mediates rat paw hyperalgesia induced by carrageenin. The long lasting hyperalgesic effect of PGE2 and high doses of PGI2 is possibly an indirect effect caused by stimulation of a sensory nerve sensitising mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:360301", "title": "Contractile responses to prostacyclin (PGI2) of isolated human saphenous and rat venous tissue.", "content": "Prostacyclin (PGI2), in a wide concentration range, produced neither contraction nor relaxation of isolated human saphenous vein. Isolated portal veins and vena cava from normal and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) responded only with an increase in contractile tension when exposed to PGI2. This constrictor effect was absent in a calcium-free buffer. PGI2 failed to relax KCI contracted vena cava. The constrictor effect of PGI2 on portal vein was attenuated in a glucose-free, oxygen deficient buffer. No tachyphylaxis or tolerance to the constrictor effect of PGI2 was noted. Results emphasize that PGI2 may produce differing effects on vascular smooth muscle tension depending on species and type of blood vessel studied.", "contents": "Contractile responses to prostacyclin (PGI2) of isolated human saphenous and rat venous tissue. Prostacyclin (PGI2), in a wide concentration range, produced neither contraction nor relaxation of isolated human saphenous vein. Isolated portal veins and vena cava from normal and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) responded only with an increase in contractile tension when exposed to PGI2. This constrictor effect was absent in a calcium-free buffer. PGI2 failed to relax KCI contracted vena cava. The constrictor effect of PGI2 on portal vein was attenuated in a glucose-free, oxygen deficient buffer. No tachyphylaxis or tolerance to the constrictor effect of PGI2 was noted. Results emphasize that PGI2 may produce differing effects on vascular smooth muscle tension depending on species and type of blood vessel studied."}
{"id": "PMID:360302", "title": "Inflammatory effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) and 6-oxo-PGF1alpha in the rat paw.", "content": "In the rat paw prostacyclin was 5--10 times less potent than PGE2 in causing oedema, and 5 times less potent in potentiating carrageenin-induced oedema, which it did in a dose-related manner. Prostacyclin was 5 times more potent than PGE2 in producing hyperalgesia and as potent as PGE2 in restoring carrageenin-induced hyperalgesia. The effects on oedema were longer lasting than those on hyperalgesia. 6-oxo-PGF1alpha was 500 times less potent than PGE2 in causing oedema by itself and in potentiating carrageenin-induced oedema. It had no hyperalgesic activity in this test.", "contents": "Inflammatory effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) and 6-oxo-PGF1alpha in the rat paw. In the rat paw prostacyclin was 5--10 times less potent than PGE2 in causing oedema, and 5 times less potent in potentiating carrageenin-induced oedema, which it did in a dose-related manner. Prostacyclin was 5 times more potent than PGE2 in producing hyperalgesia and as potent as PGE2 in restoring carrageenin-induced hyperalgesia. The effects on oedema were longer lasting than those on hyperalgesia. 6-oxo-PGF1alpha was 500 times less potent than PGE2 in causing oedema by itself and in potentiating carrageenin-induced oedema. It had no hyperalgesic activity in this test."}
{"id": "PMID:360303", "title": "PGI2: a potential mediator of inflammation.", "content": "PGI2, but not its metabolite 6oxoPGF1alpha, is equivalent in potency to PGE1 as a potentiator of carrageenan, histamine and bradykinin-induced rat paw oedemas. PGI2 must, therefore, be considered as a potential mediator of inflammatory processes.", "contents": "PGI2: a potential mediator of inflammation. PGI2, but not its metabolite 6oxoPGF1alpha, is equivalent in potency to PGE1 as a potentiator of carrageenan, histamine and bradykinin-induced rat paw oedemas. PGI2 must, therefore, be considered as a potential mediator of inflammatory processes."}
{"id": "PMID:360304", "title": "PGE2 is a more potent vasodilator of the lamb ductus arteriosus than is either PGI2 or 6 keto PGF1alpha.", "content": "It has been shown in vitro that the lamb ductus arteriosus forms prostaglandins PGE2, PGF2alpha, 6 keto PGF1alpha (and its unstable precursor PGI2). In this study the relative potencies of these endogenous prostaglandins were investigated on isolated lamb ductus arteriosus preparations contracted by exposure to elevated PO2 and indomethacin. All the prostaglandins (except PGF2alpha) relaxed the vessel. This is consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous prostaglandins inhibit the tendency of the vessel to contract in response to oxygen. Only PGE2, however, relaxed the vessel at concentrations below 10(-8)M. PGI2 and 6 keto PGF1alpha had approximately 0.001 and 0.0001 times the activity of PGE2. Although PGE2 has been observed to be a minor product of prostaglandin production in the lamb ductus arteriosus, the tissue's marked sensitivity to PGE2 might make it the most significant prostaglandin in regulating the patency of the vessel.", "contents": "PGE2 is a more potent vasodilator of the lamb ductus arteriosus than is either PGI2 or 6 keto PGF1alpha. It has been shown in vitro that the lamb ductus arteriosus forms prostaglandins PGE2, PGF2alpha, 6 keto PGF1alpha (and its unstable precursor PGI2). In this study the relative potencies of these endogenous prostaglandins were investigated on isolated lamb ductus arteriosus preparations contracted by exposure to elevated PO2 and indomethacin. All the prostaglandins (except PGF2alpha) relaxed the vessel. This is consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous prostaglandins inhibit the tendency of the vessel to contract in response to oxygen. Only PGE2, however, relaxed the vessel at concentrations below 10(-8)M. PGI2 and 6 keto PGF1alpha had approximately 0.001 and 0.0001 times the activity of PGE2. Although PGE2 has been observed to be a minor product of prostaglandin production in the lamb ductus arteriosus, the tissue's marked sensitivity to PGE2 might make it the most significant prostaglandin in regulating the patency of the vessel."}
{"id": "PMID:360329", "title": "Summary of clinical data on antitumor antibiotics in Japan.", "content": "In breast cancer, mitomycin C may be a useful drug as an adjuvent to surgery and radiotherapy. The results indicate how difficult it is to obtain statistically significant results and that new ideas are necessary to advance the chemotherapy on solid tumors.", "contents": "Summary of clinical data on antitumor antibiotics in Japan. In breast cancer, mitomycin C may be a useful drug as an adjuvent to surgery and radiotherapy. The results indicate how difficult it is to obtain statistically significant results and that new ideas are necessary to advance the chemotherapy on solid tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:360330", "title": "Adriamycin and other anthracycline antibiotics under study in the United States.", "content": "Adriamycin is now firmly established as a drug with a very broad spectrum of antitumor activity. It has had a major impact on the therapy of sarcomas. The dose response effect in this tumor is steep and combinations which compromise the dose of adriamycin too greatly are showing inferior results. In lung and breast cancer combinations with adriamycin have been extensively tried. The FAC Regimen in breast cancer has given excellent results at the M.D. Anderson Hospital. The inclusion of adriamycin in combinations has had an impact in the poor prognosis histologies of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The CHOP regimen is one of the best developed to date for diffuse histiocytic lymphomas. In the leukemias adriamycin is probably equivalent to daunorubicin which has been more extensively used in this country. A new analog called Rubidazone has shown good activity in AML with a smooth induction and its incorporation into combination with Ara-C, vincristine and prednisone in a regimen called ROAP is being investigated. Adriamycin in complex with DNA has been clinically evaluated, but at this time, no advantage for this approach can be demonstrated.", "contents": "Adriamycin and other anthracycline antibiotics under study in the United States. Adriamycin is now firmly established as a drug with a very broad spectrum of antitumor activity. It has had a major impact on the therapy of sarcomas. The dose response effect in this tumor is steep and combinations which compromise the dose of adriamycin too greatly are showing inferior results. In lung and breast cancer combinations with adriamycin have been extensively tried. The FAC Regimen in breast cancer has given excellent results at the M.D. Anderson Hospital. The inclusion of adriamycin in combinations has had an impact in the poor prognosis histologies of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The CHOP regimen is one of the best developed to date for diffuse histiocytic lymphomas. In the leukemias adriamycin is probably equivalent to daunorubicin which has been more extensively used in this country. A new analog called Rubidazone has shown good activity in AML with a smooth induction and its incorporation into combination with Ara-C, vincristine and prednisone in a regimen called ROAP is being investigated. Adriamycin in complex with DNA has been clinically evaluated, but at this time, no advantage for this approach can be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:360331", "title": "Clinical experiences with aclacinomycin-A.", "content": "Aclacinomycin is a new anthracycline analog of adriamycin and daunomycin. Aclacinomycin contains three sugars. The drug has been studied in 22 cases in a phase 1 type of trial on a schedule 20 mg i.v. every other day up to a total of 300 mg. Toxicity has consisted of myelosuppression, nausea and vomiting, and transient hepatic disturbances. Evidence of clinical activity was observed in several cases including a case of breast cancer and gastric cancer. Although no full patial remissions were recorded, further study is continuing.", "contents": "Clinical experiences with aclacinomycin-A. Aclacinomycin is a new anthracycline analog of adriamycin and daunomycin. Aclacinomycin contains three sugars. The drug has been studied in 22 cases in a phase 1 type of trial on a schedule 20 mg i.v. every other day up to a total of 300 mg. Toxicity has consisted of myelosuppression, nausea and vomiting, and transient hepatic disturbances. Evidence of clinical activity was observed in several cases including a case of breast cancer and gastric cancer. Although no full patial remissions were recorded, further study is continuing."}
{"id": "PMID:360332", "title": "Historical overview of the National Cancer Institute Fermentation Program.", "content": "The background of the National Cancer Institute fermentation program is placed into the historical perspective of the entire NCI drug development program, which began as the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center and metamorphosed into the Chemotherapy Program and ultimately into the Division of Cancer Treatment.", "contents": "Historical overview of the National Cancer Institute Fermentation Program. The background of the National Cancer Institute fermentation program is placed into the historical perspective of the entire NCI drug development program, which began as the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center and metamorphosed into the Chemotherapy Program and ultimately into the Division of Cancer Treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:360335", "title": "The effect of oral immunisation with heat stable Escherichia coli antigens on the sensitivity of pigs to enterotoxins.", "content": "It was found that oral immunisation of pigs with heat stable Escherichia coli antigens resulted in a decrease in the sensitivity of the porcine intestine to both the heat stable (ST) and the heat labile (LT) and the heat labile (LT) form of the enterotoxin produced by enterotoxigenic strains. Antitoxic factors capable of neutralising LT, but not ST, could be passively transferred in the intestinal secretions of the immunised animals.", "contents": "The effect of oral immunisation with heat stable Escherichia coli antigens on the sensitivity of pigs to enterotoxins. It was found that oral immunisation of pigs with heat stable Escherichia coli antigens resulted in a decrease in the sensitivity of the porcine intestine to both the heat stable (ST) and the heat labile (LT) and the heat labile (LT) form of the enterotoxin produced by enterotoxigenic strains. Antitoxic factors capable of neutralising LT, but not ST, could be passively transferred in the intestinal secretions of the immunised animals."}
{"id": "PMID:360336", "title": "Ontogeny of circulating B lymphocytes in neonatal calves.", "content": "The ontogeny of lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulin (B lymphocytes) in the peripheral blood of neonatal and young calves was determined by fluorescent antibody techniques in calves from one day to 140 days old. The percentage of B lymphocytes in neonatal calves (less than one week) was approximately 5% of the total mononuclear cell population. B lymphocytes increased steadily in the peripheral blood of calves until 20 weeks of age when values stabilised (approximately 19%) and were similar to adult levels.", "contents": "Ontogeny of circulating B lymphocytes in neonatal calves. The ontogeny of lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulin (B lymphocytes) in the peripheral blood of neonatal and young calves was determined by fluorescent antibody techniques in calves from one day to 140 days old. The percentage of B lymphocytes in neonatal calves (less than one week) was approximately 5% of the total mononuclear cell population. B lymphocytes increased steadily in the peripheral blood of calves until 20 weeks of age when values stabilised (approximately 19%) and were similar to adult levels."}
{"id": "PMID:360337", "title": "The elimination of serum-resistant Escherichia coli from experimentally infected single mammary glands of healthy cows.", "content": "Neutrophils isolated from mammary glands stimulated with a staphylococcal culture filtrate efficiently killed serum-resistant strains of Escherichia coli. This study was extended and it was shown that an infusion of wide ranging numbers (5 X 10(1) to 5 X 10(6)) of the same strains of E coli into a single mammary gland resulted in bacterial growth, which was eliminated following neutrophil infiltration. This elimination occurred before the appearance of any clinical signs. Once bacterial kill had started in the gland, it continued in the milk after withdrawal from the gland. These results offer an explanation of why causative microbial agents cannot be isolated from some cases of clinical mastitis.", "contents": "The elimination of serum-resistant Escherichia coli from experimentally infected single mammary glands of healthy cows. Neutrophils isolated from mammary glands stimulated with a staphylococcal culture filtrate efficiently killed serum-resistant strains of Escherichia coli. This study was extended and it was shown that an infusion of wide ranging numbers (5 X 10(1) to 5 X 10(6)) of the same strains of E coli into a single mammary gland resulted in bacterial growth, which was eliminated following neutrophil infiltration. This elimination occurred before the appearance of any clinical signs. Once bacterial kill had started in the gland, it continued in the milk after withdrawal from the gland. These results offer an explanation of why causative microbial agents cannot be isolated from some cases of clinical mastitis."}
{"id": "PMID:360338", "title": "\"La Pression barom\u00e9trique\": Paul Bert's hypoxia theory and its critics.", "content": "Just one hundred years ago, Paul Bert published his most famous book, La Pression Barom\u00e9trique..., summarizing his work on the physiological effects of altering barometric pressure. After a summary of Bert's life and contributions, this paper focuses on his experimental demonstration of the hypoxic etiology of altitude sickness. Bert showed that functional impairment or death occurred in each of a variety of species at a certain inspired oxygen pressure regardless of what combination of barometric pressure and oxygen percentage was used to achieve it. He further showed that the oxygen pressures impairing function were those producing arterial hypoxemia, and that raising the inspired oxygen percentage protected against the effects of altitudes that would otherwise endanger life. For the next several decades some other physiologists were unable to confirm these points. The criticisms of Setschenow, of Cyon, of Fraenkel and Geppert, of Mosso, and of Kronecker are analyzed in the light of modern knowledge.", "contents": "\"La Pression barom\u00e9trique\": Paul Bert's hypoxia theory and its critics. Just one hundred years ago, Paul Bert published his most famous book, La Pression Barom\u00e9trique..., summarizing his work on the physiological effects of altering barometric pressure. After a summary of Bert's life and contributions, this paper focuses on his experimental demonstration of the hypoxic etiology of altitude sickness. Bert showed that functional impairment or death occurred in each of a variety of species at a certain inspired oxygen pressure regardless of what combination of barometric pressure and oxygen percentage was used to achieve it. He further showed that the oxygen pressures impairing function were those producing arterial hypoxemia, and that raising the inspired oxygen percentage protected against the effects of altitudes that would otherwise endanger life. For the next several decades some other physiologists were unable to confirm these points. The criticisms of Setschenow, of Cyon, of Fraenkel and Geppert, of Mosso, and of Kronecker are analyzed in the light of modern knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:360354", "title": "[A case of Jakob-Creutzfeldt's disease (form of Heidenhain) electrophysiological, clinical and anatomical correlations (author's transl)].", "content": "We report a case of Jakob-Creutzfeldt's disease (amaurotic form of Heidenmain's disease) showing typical clinical, anatomical, microscopic and electrophysiologic (E.E.G, polygraph sleep recordings, Evoked Potential) signs. Changes in visual Evoked Potentials were quite specific whereas Auditory and Somesthesic E.P'. were not modified. Early elements (O, I, II, and III having a latency of less than 100 ms) were strongly developed, while later elements of the associative type were absent. The precociousness and specificity of the E.P. abnormalities are stressed in the differential diagnosis of J.-C's disease from other insanities, or from cortical blindness of other aetiology. The physiopathologic implications of electrophysiological data is discussed to illustrate the possibility of using Evoked Potentials to help resolve the problems of functional cerebral stratigraphy in man.", "contents": "[A case of Jakob-Creutzfeldt's disease (form of Heidenhain) electrophysiological, clinical and anatomical correlations (author's transl)]. We report a case of Jakob-Creutzfeldt's disease (amaurotic form of Heidenmain's disease) showing typical clinical, anatomical, microscopic and electrophysiologic (E.E.G, polygraph sleep recordings, Evoked Potential) signs. Changes in visual Evoked Potentials were quite specific whereas Auditory and Somesthesic E.P'. were not modified. Early elements (O, I, II, and III having a latency of less than 100 ms) were strongly developed, while later elements of the associative type were absent. The precociousness and specificity of the E.P. abnormalities are stressed in the differential diagnosis of J.-C's disease from other insanities, or from cortical blindness of other aetiology. The physiopathologic implications of electrophysiological data is discussed to illustrate the possibility of using Evoked Potentials to help resolve the problems of functional cerebral stratigraphy in man."}
{"id": "PMID:360363", "title": "[Facial noma and modified deltopectoral flap (author's transl)].", "content": "A commonly fatal condition, by virtue of the malignant infectious syndrome which it causes initially, facial noma leaves sequellary mutilitations which may be treated surgically using a panoply of technical procedures from maxillofacial surgery (skin flap, skin and mucosal graft, oestotomy, bone graft, plasty, mechanotherapy by mobilisers, facial massage etc.).", "contents": "[Facial noma and modified deltopectoral flap (author's transl)]. A commonly fatal condition, by virtue of the malignant infectious syndrome which it causes initially, facial noma leaves sequellary mutilitations which may be treated surgically using a panoply of technical procedures from maxillofacial surgery (skin flap, skin and mucosal graft, oestotomy, bone graft, plasty, mechanotherapy by mobilisers, facial massage etc.)."}
{"id": "PMID:360364", "title": "[Cervical and cervicodorsal flaps. Vascularisation. Surgical applications (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors used injected anatomical specimens to analyse the cutaneous vascular distribution of the cervical and cervicodorsal regions. The arrangement of the arterial network does not make it possible to define flaps with a vascular pedicle. Only the jugular vein may be used as the axis for such a flap. The most valuable flaps, in everyday practice, are transverse flaps, a vertical flap pediculated on the external jugular and the cervicodorsal flap used without autonomisation. The combined musculocutaneous flap, including the sternocleidomastoid, is used in the treatment of extensive loss of laterofacial substance.", "contents": "[Cervical and cervicodorsal flaps. Vascularisation. Surgical applications (author's transl)]. The authors used injected anatomical specimens to analyse the cutaneous vascular distribution of the cervical and cervicodorsal regions. The arrangement of the arterial network does not make it possible to define flaps with a vascular pedicle. Only the jugular vein may be used as the axis for such a flap. The most valuable flaps, in everyday practice, are transverse flaps, a vertical flap pediculated on the external jugular and the cervicodorsal flap used without autonomisation. The combined musculocutaneous flap, including the sternocleidomastoid, is used in the treatment of extensive loss of laterofacial substance."}
{"id": "PMID:360365", "title": "[The correction of traumatic loss of substance from the auricle of the ear (author's transl)].", "content": "Simple and reliable repair techniques are described, selected for their simplicity, rapidity and the quality of the results obtained. For losses of substance of the helix, reduction of the pavillion (Antia) or a flat retro-auricular flap suffice for a limited loss, whilst miniature tubular flaps give a good result in cases of total loss. For the concha and the lobule, flat mastoid flaps (Rao-Preaux) are very simple to carry out. Following amputation, a broad, long Crikelair mastoid flap and Converse's tunnelisation procedure may be used to reconstruct the upper 2/3 and mastoid flaps (Preaux-Brent) the lower 1/3.", "contents": "[The correction of traumatic loss of substance from the auricle of the ear (author's transl)]. Simple and reliable repair techniques are described, selected for their simplicity, rapidity and the quality of the results obtained. For losses of substance of the helix, reduction of the pavillion (Antia) or a flat retro-auricular flap suffice for a limited loss, whilst miniature tubular flaps give a good result in cases of total loss. For the concha and the lobule, flat mastoid flaps (Rao-Preaux) are very simple to carry out. Following amputation, a broad, long Crikelair mastoid flap and Converse's tunnelisation procedure may be used to reconstruct the upper 2/3 and mastoid flaps (Preaux-Brent) the lower 1/3."}
{"id": "PMID:360361", "title": "Clinical applications and technical aspects of parathyroid hormone measurements.", "content": "A review of human parathyroid hormone measurements is presented. Although parathyroid hormone was among the first hormones to be measured with the radioimmunoassay technique in 1963, there are even now still many pitfalls in both the technical aspects and clinical applicability of this assay. The main reasons for these difficulties are presented: firstly the complex intra- and extraglandular metabolism of parathyroid hormone results in the heterogeneity of the hormone in serum; secondly, the scarceness of pure human parathyroid hormone delays the development of a complete homologous human assay. The existing assays however have, despite their limitations, enormously contributed to our knowledge of parathyroid hormone secretion in both the normal state and in disease. The clinical applicability of these assays is reviewed and future technical improvements are suggested.", "contents": "Clinical applications and technical aspects of parathyroid hormone measurements. A review of human parathyroid hormone measurements is presented. Although parathyroid hormone was among the first hormones to be measured with the radioimmunoassay technique in 1963, there are even now still many pitfalls in both the technical aspects and clinical applicability of this assay. The main reasons for these difficulties are presented: firstly the complex intra- and extraglandular metabolism of parathyroid hormone results in the heterogeneity of the hormone in serum; secondly, the scarceness of pure human parathyroid hormone delays the development of a complete homologous human assay. The existing assays however have, despite their limitations, enormously contributed to our knowledge of parathyroid hormone secretion in both the normal state and in disease. The clinical applicability of these assays is reviewed and future technical improvements are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:360366", "title": "Treatment of severe foot ischaemia by defibrination with ancrod: a randomized blind study.", "content": "Forty-two patients, mean age 68 years, with severe leg ischaemia were randomly treated with placebo or by controlled defibrination with ancrod for 3 weeks. Plasma fibrinogen concentration was kept at about 20% of normal in the ancrod treated group. The two groups proved to be well matched regarding factors which could affect the degree of ischaemia. Objective measurements showed a significant rise in ankle and toe systolic blood pressure in the ancrod group lasting for 3 months. There was no rise in distal blood pressure in the control group. In the ancrod treated group the toe and ankle systolic pressures rose about 8 mmHg, but this was not accompanied by an improvement in the clinical course.", "contents": "Treatment of severe foot ischaemia by defibrination with ancrod: a randomized blind study. Forty-two patients, mean age 68 years, with severe leg ischaemia were randomly treated with placebo or by controlled defibrination with ancrod for 3 weeks. Plasma fibrinogen concentration was kept at about 20% of normal in the ancrod treated group. The two groups proved to be well matched regarding factors which could affect the degree of ischaemia. Objective measurements showed a significant rise in ankle and toe systolic blood pressure in the ancrod group lasting for 3 months. There was no rise in distal blood pressure in the control group. In the ancrod treated group the toe and ankle systolic pressures rose about 8 mmHg, but this was not accompanied by an improvement in the clinical course."}
{"id": "PMID:360369", "title": "Immune response to haptenated syngeneic and allogeneic lymphocytes. I. Restrictions for B cell activation by haptenated lymphocytes and specificity of the antibodies generated.", "content": "The B cell immune response to altered self was studied using fluoresceinated syngeneic and allogeneic lymphocytes as antigens. Antibody synthesis could be induced in mice injected with syngeneic or allogeneic haptenated lymphocytes as well as heterologous labelled red cells using one particular hapten density. The response to haptenated syngeneic lymphocytes was thymus-independent since nude mice gave a strong response even when the immunogen was FITC-labelled nude cells. The antibodies induced reacted with a complex between a self structure and the hapten, since the best response was detected using FITC-labelled mouse erythrocytes as targets in the plaque assay. These results indicate that a clear distinction must be made between recognition and activation of the responding B cells. The nature of the structures on the modified lymphocyte required to perform these two functions is discussed. It is pointed out that in a dual recognition model of altered self, the duality involved may concern recognition and activation events, rather than two recognition receptors.", "contents": "Immune response to haptenated syngeneic and allogeneic lymphocytes. I. Restrictions for B cell activation by haptenated lymphocytes and specificity of the antibodies generated. The B cell immune response to altered self was studied using fluoresceinated syngeneic and allogeneic lymphocytes as antigens. Antibody synthesis could be induced in mice injected with syngeneic or allogeneic haptenated lymphocytes as well as heterologous labelled red cells using one particular hapten density. The response to haptenated syngeneic lymphocytes was thymus-independent since nude mice gave a strong response even when the immunogen was FITC-labelled nude cells. The antibodies induced reacted with a complex between a self structure and the hapten, since the best response was detected using FITC-labelled mouse erythrocytes as targets in the plaque assay. These results indicate that a clear distinction must be made between recognition and activation of the responding B cells. The nature of the structures on the modified lymphocyte required to perform these two functions is discussed. It is pointed out that in a dual recognition model of altered self, the duality involved may concern recognition and activation events, rather than two recognition receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:360370", "title": "Lymphocyte multiplication in vitro induced by mitogens and antigens.", "content": "A simple technique requiring only 0.2 ml whole blood for measuring the response of lymphocytes in cultures to each of various mitogens and antigens has been elaborated. The response is quantified by comparing the number of lymphocytes with and without a stimulating agent. The increment of cell numbers is given by a cell multiplication index. In healthy subjects PHA induced almost a doubling of the cell numbers in 3 days, i.e. an index of 1.90 +/- 0.38. After 7 days the indexes for PHA, PWM and Con A were 7.25 +/- 4.12, 2.72 +/- 0.65 and 1.81 +/- 0.31, respectively. PPD and Candida-extract induced cell multiplication in skin positive individuals, with indexes ranging from 1.12 to 3.05. In contrast, patients with various severe immune deficiencies showed decreased responses to at least one mitogen, depending on the type of the deficiency. Likewise, skin test negative individuals had no or faint in vitro response to the antigens. The method, which correlated well with the response by a conventional method for incorporation of tritiated thymidine, has a high degree of precision and sensitivity, and should be applicable for routine use.", "contents": "Lymphocyte multiplication in vitro induced by mitogens and antigens. A simple technique requiring only 0.2 ml whole blood for measuring the response of lymphocytes in cultures to each of various mitogens and antigens has been elaborated. The response is quantified by comparing the number of lymphocytes with and without a stimulating agent. The increment of cell numbers is given by a cell multiplication index. In healthy subjects PHA induced almost a doubling of the cell numbers in 3 days, i.e. an index of 1.90 +/- 0.38. After 7 days the indexes for PHA, PWM and Con A were 7.25 +/- 4.12, 2.72 +/- 0.65 and 1.81 +/- 0.31, respectively. PPD and Candida-extract induced cell multiplication in skin positive individuals, with indexes ranging from 1.12 to 3.05. In contrast, patients with various severe immune deficiencies showed decreased responses to at least one mitogen, depending on the type of the deficiency. Likewise, skin test negative individuals had no or faint in vitro response to the antigens. The method, which correlated well with the response by a conventional method for incorporation of tritiated thymidine, has a high degree of precision and sensitivity, and should be applicable for routine use."}
{"id": "PMID:360372", "title": "Penetration of antibiotics into bile.", "content": "In experimental cholecystitis in dogs, the eradication of E. coli with ampicillin, chloramphenical and kanamycin, all of which showed nearly the same MICs for this bacterial species, varied according to the differences in the penetration of the antibiotics through the liver into the bile. Antibiotics such as cephalothin and rifampicin, which are partially metabolized in the liver to inactive forms, showed higher biliary levels in CCl4-damaged animals than in the normal ones. The results were considered to be due to a reduction in the inactivating effect of esterases in the liver cells. These esterases were mainly found in the cytosol fraction and their intracellular distribution differed from that of esterases for aspirin and/or phenyl acetate.", "contents": "Penetration of antibiotics into bile. In experimental cholecystitis in dogs, the eradication of E. coli with ampicillin, chloramphenical and kanamycin, all of which showed nearly the same MICs for this bacterial species, varied according to the differences in the penetration of the antibiotics through the liver into the bile. Antibiotics such as cephalothin and rifampicin, which are partially metabolized in the liver to inactive forms, showed higher biliary levels in CCl4-damaged animals than in the normal ones. The results were considered to be due to a reduction in the inactivating effect of esterases in the liver cells. These esterases were mainly found in the cytosol fraction and their intracellular distribution differed from that of esterases for aspirin and/or phenyl acetate."}
{"id": "PMID:360373", "title": "A review of experimental models for studying the tissue penetration of antibiotics in man.", "content": "Measurement of tissue antibiotic levels is of great importance in developing rational treatment for infection, particularly in patients whose host defense systems are compromised. This review outlines some of the main approaches to this problem, giving examples of the application of the new techniques in different clinical situations.", "contents": "A review of experimental models for studying the tissue penetration of antibiotics in man. Measurement of tissue antibiotic levels is of great importance in developing rational treatment for infection, particularly in patients whose host defense systems are compromised. This review outlines some of the main approaches to this problem, giving examples of the application of the new techniques in different clinical situations."}
{"id": "PMID:360374", "title": "Protection of phagocytosed bacteria against antimicrobial agents.", "content": "Antibiotic sensitive Staphylococcus aureus phagocytosed by human neutrophil granulocytes were exposed to penicillin G (benzyl penicillin), gentamicin or rifampicin in concentrations from 2.5 U/ml, 2.5 microgram/ml and 0.2 microgram/ml to 250 U/ml, 250 microgram/ml and 20 microgram/ml, respectively. The bacteria were protected from the antibacterial effects of penicillin G and gentamicin. Considerable numbers of phagocytosed bacteria remained viable after 24 hours exposure to antibiotic concentrations that killed more than 99% of extracellular bacteria in less than one hour. Killing of intracellular bacteria was more pronounced with rifampicin, indicating that the penetration of this drug into the phagocytic vacuole is superior to penicillin G and gentamicin.", "contents": "Protection of phagocytosed bacteria against antimicrobial agents. Antibiotic sensitive Staphylococcus aureus phagocytosed by human neutrophil granulocytes were exposed to penicillin G (benzyl penicillin), gentamicin or rifampicin in concentrations from 2.5 U/ml, 2.5 microgram/ml and 0.2 microgram/ml to 250 U/ml, 250 microgram/ml and 20 microgram/ml, respectively. The bacteria were protected from the antibacterial effects of penicillin G and gentamicin. Considerable numbers of phagocytosed bacteria remained viable after 24 hours exposure to antibiotic concentrations that killed more than 99% of extracellular bacteria in less than one hour. Killing of intracellular bacteria was more pronounced with rifampicin, indicating that the penetration of this drug into the phagocytic vacuole is superior to penicillin G and gentamicin."}
{"id": "PMID:360375", "title": "Penetration of antimicrobials into tissue culture cells and leucocytes.", "content": "When exposed to HeLa cells in tissue culture for 72 hr., antimicrobials could be categorised into three groups characterised by cell associated concentrations much lower (ampicillin, cephalexin, cloxacillin, flucloxacillin, streptomycin and trimethoprim, all 14% or less), much higher (tetracycline and polymyxins) or approximating to those extracellularly (erythromycin, lincomycin, fusidic acid and gentamicin). For kanamycin, neomycin and sulphonamides, cell associated levels were between 24 and 47% and for penicillin G and cephaloridine were 66% of those extracellularly. With mouse peritoneal macrophages and human peripheral blood leucocytes cell associated levels for representative antibiotics were all lower after 3 hr. exposure than in the tissue culture cells. However, studies on the rate of release of cell associated antibiotic and of the effects of surface active agents indicated that the differences between cell types were due to loss of cell association during washing procedures to remove extracellular antibiotic. The effects of bactericidal antibiotics on survival of bacteria phagocytosed by mouse macrophages suggested that the cell association observed in tissue culture cells represented true intracellular penetration rather than mere binding to the cell surface. Within families of antibiotics, alterations to the molecule change cell penetration and the variations observed can not be explained merely in terms of simple diffusion, molecular size, dissociation constants, lipid solubility or protein binding.", "contents": "Penetration of antimicrobials into tissue culture cells and leucocytes. When exposed to HeLa cells in tissue culture for 72 hr., antimicrobials could be categorised into three groups characterised by cell associated concentrations much lower (ampicillin, cephalexin, cloxacillin, flucloxacillin, streptomycin and trimethoprim, all 14% or less), much higher (tetracycline and polymyxins) or approximating to those extracellularly (erythromycin, lincomycin, fusidic acid and gentamicin). For kanamycin, neomycin and sulphonamides, cell associated levels were between 24 and 47% and for penicillin G and cephaloridine were 66% of those extracellularly. With mouse peritoneal macrophages and human peripheral blood leucocytes cell associated levels for representative antibiotics were all lower after 3 hr. exposure than in the tissue culture cells. However, studies on the rate of release of cell associated antibiotic and of the effects of surface active agents indicated that the differences between cell types were due to loss of cell association during washing procedures to remove extracellular antibiotic. The effects of bactericidal antibiotics on survival of bacteria phagocytosed by mouse macrophages suggested that the cell association observed in tissue culture cells represented true intracellular penetration rather than mere binding to the cell surface. Within families of antibiotics, alterations to the molecule change cell penetration and the variations observed can not be explained merely in terms of simple diffusion, molecular size, dissociation constants, lipid solubility or protein binding."}
{"id": "PMID:360377", "title": "Bacterial persistence in vivo: resistance or tolerance to antibiotics.", "content": "The in vivo persistence of bacteria in spite of \"adequate\" therapy may be due to a variety of causes or factors. The most \"obvious\" cause is the presence of drug resistant strains, missed in conventional testing because of heterogeneity of resistance, special test requirements or emergence during treatment. A second large group of causes is due to atypical forms, whereas a third cause is due to tolerance. A fourth group of causes may be termed invironmental factors, and this includes drug inactivation, bioconversion or antagonism, often a result of the infection itself.", "contents": "Bacterial persistence in vivo: resistance or tolerance to antibiotics. The in vivo persistence of bacteria in spite of \"adequate\" therapy may be due to a variety of causes or factors. The most \"obvious\" cause is the presence of drug resistant strains, missed in conventional testing because of heterogeneity of resistance, special test requirements or emergence during treatment. A second large group of causes is due to atypical forms, whereas a third cause is due to tolerance. A fourth group of causes may be termed invironmental factors, and this includes drug inactivation, bioconversion or antagonism, often a result of the infection itself."}
{"id": "PMID:360380", "title": "[Malaria introduced into Switzerland from 1974-1976].", "content": "In recent years there has been an increase in imported tropical diseases in Switzerland. Travellers to the tropics are often inadequately or not at all informed about the dangers and possible prophylaxis of infection. This is true for malaria, of which 207 cases covering the years 1974 to 1976 are studied. Most involved were people between 21 and 30 years old. The main infections (71%) come from African countries. Plasmodium falciparum was found somewhat more frequently than P. vivax. Only a seventh of those infected took chemoprophylaxis regularly. Very many took irregular prophylaxis, while scarcely a third ever took an antimalarial drug. All the severe cases were in this group. A review is conducted of aspects of malaria in Switzerland, a country where the disease is not endemic. However, as it can be brought in at any time from tropical areas, it must be considered in the diagnosis of various clinical pictures. As the characteristic course of the fever is rare and onset of the disease often follows later than a month after the return from the infection area, malaria is only recognized late. The diagnosis is nevertheless relatively easy if the possibility of malaria is borne in mind.", "contents": "[Malaria introduced into Switzerland from 1974-1976]. In recent years there has been an increase in imported tropical diseases in Switzerland. Travellers to the tropics are often inadequately or not at all informed about the dangers and possible prophylaxis of infection. This is true for malaria, of which 207 cases covering the years 1974 to 1976 are studied. Most involved were people between 21 and 30 years old. The main infections (71%) come from African countries. Plasmodium falciparum was found somewhat more frequently than P. vivax. Only a seventh of those infected took chemoprophylaxis regularly. Very many took irregular prophylaxis, while scarcely a third ever took an antimalarial drug. All the severe cases were in this group. A review is conducted of aspects of malaria in Switzerland, a country where the disease is not endemic. However, as it can be brought in at any time from tropical areas, it must be considered in the diagnosis of various clinical pictures. As the characteristic course of the fever is rare and onset of the disease often follows later than a month after the return from the infection area, malaria is only recognized late. The diagnosis is nevertheless relatively easy if the possibility of malaria is borne in mind."}
{"id": "PMID:360381", "title": "[Transitory bacteremia in rectoscopy].", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken to determine the frequency of transient bacteremia on recto-sigmoidoscopy. Blood specimens were drawn for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture immediately before, and 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min after the beginning of recto-sigmoidoscopy. 19 blood cultures were supposed to be contaminated. In 3 patients (6%) a positive blood culture was found with the following types of organisms: enterococci, Escherichia coli and nonhemolytic streptococci. The need for antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with valvular heart diseases or prosthetic valves is discussed. In such cases the authors propose prophylaxis with 1 g streptomycin i.m. and 3 g ampicillin by mouth 30 min before recto-sigmoidoscopy.", "contents": "[Transitory bacteremia in rectoscopy]. A prospective study was undertaken to determine the frequency of transient bacteremia on recto-sigmoidoscopy. Blood specimens were drawn for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture immediately before, and 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min after the beginning of recto-sigmoidoscopy. 19 blood cultures were supposed to be contaminated. In 3 patients (6%) a positive blood culture was found with the following types of organisms: enterococci, Escherichia coli and nonhemolytic streptococci. The need for antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with valvular heart diseases or prosthetic valves is discussed. In such cases the authors propose prophylaxis with 1 g streptomycin i.m. and 3 g ampicillin by mouth 30 min before recto-sigmoidoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:360382", "title": "[Strongyloidiasis following kidney transplantation].", "content": "A 50-year-old Swiss male died from strongyloidiasis 8 weeks after renal allotransplantation. Past history revealed malaria at age 20 years, when the patient had stayed in tropical and subtropical areas, as well as pulmonary tuberculosis. Hypertension, erythrocyturia, proteinuria and unexplained episodes of blood eosinophilia were first noticed age 45, and 4 years later dialysis was started. A mild acute rejection crisis was successfully treated 4 weeks after transplantation. 2 weeks later, however, bilateral pneumonia developed. Despite vigorous antibiotic and tuberculostatic therapy the patient died in septic shock. Autopsy revealed strongyloidiasis with adult females, eggs and rhabditiform larvae of Strongloides stercoralis in the small intestine. Numerous filariform larvae were detected in the lungs, in the walls of bronchi and trachea, in the brain, in the walls of arteries, and in lymphnodes. Massive granulomatous inflammatory reaction and extensive pulmonary hemorrhage were the main pathological findings.", "contents": "[Strongyloidiasis following kidney transplantation]. A 50-year-old Swiss male died from strongyloidiasis 8 weeks after renal allotransplantation. Past history revealed malaria at age 20 years, when the patient had stayed in tropical and subtropical areas, as well as pulmonary tuberculosis. Hypertension, erythrocyturia, proteinuria and unexplained episodes of blood eosinophilia were first noticed age 45, and 4 years later dialysis was started. A mild acute rejection crisis was successfully treated 4 weeks after transplantation. 2 weeks later, however, bilateral pneumonia developed. Despite vigorous antibiotic and tuberculostatic therapy the patient died in septic shock. Autopsy revealed strongyloidiasis with adult females, eggs and rhabditiform larvae of Strongloides stercoralis in the small intestine. Numerous filariform larvae were detected in the lungs, in the walls of bronchi and trachea, in the brain, in the walls of arteries, and in lymphnodes. Massive granulomatous inflammatory reaction and extensive pulmonary hemorrhage were the main pathological findings."}
{"id": "PMID:360384", "title": "[Transitory early rejection of transplanted kidneys; course and prognosis].", "content": "Early acute rejection with oligo-anuria was observed in 9 cases among 103 cadaver kidney allografts transplanted between January 1969 and May 1977. According to our experience this type of rejection crisis occurs between the 6th and 9th day after transplantation. It is characterized by a typical clinical course. The beginning is acute with high fever and swelling of the graft, followed by oligo-anuria demanding treatment with hemodialysis. In all cases except one there was total restoration of graft function after an oligo-anuric period of 4--16 days. The late prognosis was good in 5 cases. The other 4 patients lost their grafts during the first 4 months after transplantation as a consequence of a second irreversible rejection reaction. The pathogenesis of this early acute and reversible failure of the transplant is discussed, together with the histologic findings in one case.", "contents": "[Transitory early rejection of transplanted kidneys; course and prognosis]. Early acute rejection with oligo-anuria was observed in 9 cases among 103 cadaver kidney allografts transplanted between January 1969 and May 1977. According to our experience this type of rejection crisis occurs between the 6th and 9th day after transplantation. It is characterized by a typical clinical course. The beginning is acute with high fever and swelling of the graft, followed by oligo-anuria demanding treatment with hemodialysis. In all cases except one there was total restoration of graft function after an oligo-anuric period of 4--16 days. The late prognosis was good in 5 cases. The other 4 patients lost their grafts during the first 4 months after transplantation as a consequence of a second irreversible rejection reaction. The pathogenesis of this early acute and reversible failure of the transplant is discussed, together with the histologic findings in one case."}
{"id": "PMID:360388", "title": "[Principles and indications for prosthetic restorations].", "content": "Once it has been explained and defined what a prosthesis and what the masticatory apparatus and its function are, the author defines the three principles of a prosthetic restauration: --Any prosthetic restauration should be conceived and realized only after a complete study of the odontostomatognathic system. --Any prosthetic restauration must reestablish the health of the masticatory apparatus. --Any prosthetic restauration must assist in the conservation of the remaining teeth. Six corollaries are deduced from those principles and are equally defined and analysed. The indication of a prosthetic restauration comes from those principles and their corollaries. A possible fixed restauration is to be studied first, then comes the possibility of a semifixed construction. When both those solutions are impossible, the planning of a removable prosthesis, even simple, must be studied with method. This prosthesis must be composed of a cast metallic framework. If the planned prosthetic restauration can not be beneficial to the whole masticatory apparatus, it is better to renounce to do it.", "contents": "[Principles and indications for prosthetic restorations]. Once it has been explained and defined what a prosthesis and what the masticatory apparatus and its function are, the author defines the three principles of a prosthetic restauration: --Any prosthetic restauration should be conceived and realized only after a complete study of the odontostomatognathic system. --Any prosthetic restauration must reestablish the health of the masticatory apparatus. --Any prosthetic restauration must assist in the conservation of the remaining teeth. Six corollaries are deduced from those principles and are equally defined and analysed. The indication of a prosthetic restauration comes from those principles and their corollaries. A possible fixed restauration is to be studied first, then comes the possibility of a semifixed construction. When both those solutions are impossible, the planning of a removable prosthesis, even simple, must be studied with method. This prosthesis must be composed of a cast metallic framework. If the planned prosthetic restauration can not be beneficial to the whole masticatory apparatus, it is better to renounce to do it."}
{"id": "PMID:360387", "title": "[Possibilities of orthodontic pretreatment].", "content": "Five practical cases are shown where orthodontic pretreatment preceded the rehabilitation. Most important for the success of such a mixed treatment is the teamwork between the 2 dentists and their understanding of the other's problems and limitations. A clear priority list is indispensable. As a general rule, the role of the orthodontist is subordinate to the prosthetic problems. The 5 cases are: a light and a severe anodontia, a distal bite with spaced protrusion of the upper anteriors, and a distal bite with circular and total nonocclusion, finally a lip, jaw and palatal cleft case. All patients are adult. In 3 cases an instrumental functional analysis was made.", "contents": "[Possibilities of orthodontic pretreatment]. Five practical cases are shown where orthodontic pretreatment preceded the rehabilitation. Most important for the success of such a mixed treatment is the teamwork between the 2 dentists and their understanding of the other's problems and limitations. A clear priority list is indispensable. As a general rule, the role of the orthodontist is subordinate to the prosthetic problems. The 5 cases are: a light and a severe anodontia, a distal bite with spaced protrusion of the upper anteriors, and a distal bite with circular and total nonocclusion, finally a lip, jaw and palatal cleft case. All patients are adult. In 3 cases an instrumental functional analysis was made."}
{"id": "PMID:360389", "title": "[Preparation and impression in crown and bridge prostheses].", "content": "The dental profession is asked to increase its efficiency in fighting oral disease. The means to this end are: Improve working quality in every sector and with many small improvements over the minimal effort. Furthermore the service practice, which means an office which offers thorough prophylaxis, teaches oral hygiene to the patients. This is the other efficient means to reduce disease at its root.", "contents": "[Preparation and impression in crown and bridge prostheses]. The dental profession is asked to increase its efficiency in fighting oral disease. The means to this end are: Improve working quality in every sector and with many small improvements over the minimal effort. Furthermore the service practice, which means an office which offers thorough prophylaxis, teaches oral hygiene to the patients. This is the other efficient means to reduce disease at its root."}
{"id": "PMID:360390", "title": "[The selection of a concept of occlusion].", "content": "The choice of a functionally and morphologically faultless concept of occlusion is of primary importance in crown and bridge prosthodontics. Generally speaking we can choose between two concepts:--the concept of harmonious occlusion--the gnathological concept of organic occlusion. A case study was used to illustrate in depth the range of application of these two concepts.", "contents": "[The selection of a concept of occlusion]. The choice of a functionally and morphologically faultless concept of occlusion is of primary importance in crown and bridge prosthodontics. Generally speaking we can choose between two concepts:--the concept of harmonious occlusion--the gnathological concept of organic occlusion. A case study was used to illustrate in depth the range of application of these two concepts."}
{"id": "PMID:360391", "title": "[Clinical cases casuistic of oral rehabilitation].", "content": "To rehabilitate means to give back to the patient the former and initial function of his teeth. Various clinical cases are shown, different in age, sex, health and financial status of the patient. They illustrate the method to apply to each case definite constructive principles dictated by biomechanics. The solutions are diversified, but the principles underlying the decision are identical. Before starting work, 3 questions must be asked: What do to? How to do it? At what fee? Thus we can fulfil the patient's wish to eat with pleasure, to talk agreeably and to smile without inhibitions.", "contents": "[Clinical cases casuistic of oral rehabilitation]. To rehabilitate means to give back to the patient the former and initial function of his teeth. Various clinical cases are shown, different in age, sex, health and financial status of the patient. They illustrate the method to apply to each case definite constructive principles dictated by biomechanics. The solutions are diversified, but the principles underlying the decision are identical. Before starting work, 3 questions must be asked: What do to? How to do it? At what fee? Thus we can fulfil the patient's wish to eat with pleasure, to talk agreeably and to smile without inhibitions."}
{"id": "PMID:360396", "title": "Sickling rates of human AS red cells infected in vitro with Plasmodium falciparum malaria.", "content": "The kinetics of sickling of malaria-infected red cells from humans with sickle cell trait were studied in vitro in an attempt to obtain direct experimental evidence for a selective advantage of the hemoglobin S heterozygote in a malarious region. The sickling rates of cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum and of non-infected cells were studied both in the total absence of oxygen (by dithionite addition) and at several different concentrations of oxyhemoglobin which might obtain in vivo. In all cases, red cells containing small plasmodium parasite forms (ring forms) sickled approximately eight times as readily as uninfected cells. Cells containing large parasitic forms (trophozoites and schizonts) appeared to sickle less readily than uninfected cells, by light microscopy criteria, but electron micrographs demonstrated the presence of polymerized deoxyhemoglobin S with a high frequency. It is concluded that enhanced sickling of plasmodium-infected AS cells may be one mechanism whereby the hemoglobin S polymorphism is balanced in favor of the heterozygote.", "contents": "Sickling rates of human AS red cells infected in vitro with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The kinetics of sickling of malaria-infected red cells from humans with sickle cell trait were studied in vitro in an attempt to obtain direct experimental evidence for a selective advantage of the hemoglobin S heterozygote in a malarious region. The sickling rates of cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum and of non-infected cells were studied both in the total absence of oxygen (by dithionite addition) and at several different concentrations of oxyhemoglobin which might obtain in vivo. In all cases, red cells containing small plasmodium parasite forms (ring forms) sickled approximately eight times as readily as uninfected cells. Cells containing large parasitic forms (trophozoites and schizonts) appeared to sickle less readily than uninfected cells, by light microscopy criteria, but electron micrographs demonstrated the presence of polymerized deoxyhemoglobin S with a high frequency. It is concluded that enhanced sickling of plasmodium-infected AS cells may be one mechanism whereby the hemoglobin S polymorphism is balanced in favor of the heterozygote."}
{"id": "PMID:360399", "title": "Childhood enuresis: a psychologic perspective.", "content": "Childhood enuresis has long been an enigmatic clinical entity. The purpose of this paper is to focus current psychologic thinking as it applies to etiology, diagnostic work-up, treatment, and follow-up. A large number of etiologic formulations are briefly mentioned, but our primary thrust is to emphasize the psychologic liabilities of urologic instrumentation and to encourage the early application of nonsurgical therapeutic approaches consisting of behavior modification and imipramine. Follow-up evaluation is suggested for children requiring diagnostic or therapeutic genitourinary instrumentation.", "contents": "Childhood enuresis: a psychologic perspective. Childhood enuresis has long been an enigmatic clinical entity. The purpose of this paper is to focus current psychologic thinking as it applies to etiology, diagnostic work-up, treatment, and follow-up. A large number of etiologic formulations are briefly mentioned, but our primary thrust is to emphasize the psychologic liabilities of urologic instrumentation and to encourage the early application of nonsurgical therapeutic approaches consisting of behavior modification and imipramine. Follow-up evaluation is suggested for children requiring diagnostic or therapeutic genitourinary instrumentation."}
{"id": "PMID:360400", "title": "Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicating diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "Retinal detachment complicating proliferative diabetic retinopathy is being recognized with increasing frequency. Although one type of detachment is tractional and requires vitrectomy for hopeful repair, the other variety of detachment is rhegmatogenous. The rhegmatogenous form of retinal detachment does not generally require the radical surgical approach of vitrectomy. However, because of the unusual nature of the retinal detachment , a standard encircling scleral buckling procedure does not suffice to correct the problem. The unusual characteristics of this form of retinal detachment are discussed, and the criteria for types of surgical repair are considered. A modification of scleral buckling procedure which has been successful in anatomically reattaching most rhegmatogenous retinal detachments is described. The complications resulting from surgery are reviewed along with methods to avoid complications.", "contents": "Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicating diabetic retinopathy. Retinal detachment complicating proliferative diabetic retinopathy is being recognized with increasing frequency. Although one type of detachment is tractional and requires vitrectomy for hopeful repair, the other variety of detachment is rhegmatogenous. The rhegmatogenous form of retinal detachment does not generally require the radical surgical approach of vitrectomy. However, because of the unusual nature of the retinal detachment , a standard encircling scleral buckling procedure does not suffice to correct the problem. The unusual characteristics of this form of retinal detachment are discussed, and the criteria for types of surgical repair are considered. A modification of scleral buckling procedure which has been successful in anatomically reattaching most rhegmatogenous retinal detachments is described. The complications resulting from surgery are reviewed along with methods to avoid complications."}
{"id": "PMID:360401", "title": "Amnesia.", "content": "Amnesia is a common clinical problem characterized by four features: (1) normal immediate recall, (2) impaired ability to learn, (3) relatively spared ability to retrieve previously learned material, and (4) preserved cognitive and personality characteristics. Amnesia occurs as a distinct mental disorder, and nine variations seen clinically are described here: Korsakoff's psychosis, posttraumatic amnesia, amnesia stroke, postoperative amnesia, postinfectious amnesia, anoxic amnesia, transient global amnesia following ECT, and psychogenic amnesia. The clinical findings which characterize and differentiate these disorders are presented, along with suggestions for management and a discussion of the the outcome of amnesia.", "contents": "Amnesia. Amnesia is a common clinical problem characterized by four features: (1) normal immediate recall, (2) impaired ability to learn, (3) relatively spared ability to retrieve previously learned material, and (4) preserved cognitive and personality characteristics. Amnesia occurs as a distinct mental disorder, and nine variations seen clinically are described here: Korsakoff's psychosis, posttraumatic amnesia, amnesia stroke, postoperative amnesia, postinfectious amnesia, anoxic amnesia, transient global amnesia following ECT, and psychogenic amnesia. The clinical findings which characterize and differentiate these disorders are presented, along with suggestions for management and a discussion of the the outcome of amnesia."}
{"id": "PMID:360402", "title": "Primary and membranous dysmenorrhea.", "content": "Organic, physiologic, and psychologic causes of dysmenorrhea are presented. Signs and symptoms include pelvic fullness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urinary frequency, nervousness, and headaches. Primary dysmenorrhea has been treated with analgesics, diuretics, and antispasmodics. Androgen therapy was also found to be effective, but it cannot be used for women who have acne or hirsutism. Surgery is rarely indicated for primary dysmenorrhea.", "contents": "Primary and membranous dysmenorrhea. Organic, physiologic, and psychologic causes of dysmenorrhea are presented. Signs and symptoms include pelvic fullness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urinary frequency, nervousness, and headaches. Primary dysmenorrhea has been treated with analgesics, diuretics, and antispasmodics. Androgen therapy was also found to be effective, but it cannot be used for women who have acne or hirsutism. Surgery is rarely indicated for primary dysmenorrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:360403", "title": "Frustrations in renal donation.", "content": "Extensive evaluation of a small series of potential renal donors has revealed an alarming rate of previously unsuspected disease precluding acceptability for renal donation. Of 19 patients considered for donation at the Medical University of South Carolina, 15 were unsuitable for medical reasons (diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, sickle cell trait, hypertension, polycystic kidneys, duodenal ulcer, pulmonary disease), psychologic reasons, or changes on renal arteriography consistent with nephrosclerosis. The importance of a thorough donor evaluation including total patient awareness of the risks involved for both himself and the recipient and extensive psychologic testing is stressed. Even with strict criteria for renal donation, this high rejection rate is surprising.", "contents": "Frustrations in renal donation. Extensive evaluation of a small series of potential renal donors has revealed an alarming rate of previously unsuspected disease precluding acceptability for renal donation. Of 19 patients considered for donation at the Medical University of South Carolina, 15 were unsuitable for medical reasons (diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, sickle cell trait, hypertension, polycystic kidneys, duodenal ulcer, pulmonary disease), psychologic reasons, or changes on renal arteriography consistent with nephrosclerosis. The importance of a thorough donor evaluation including total patient awareness of the risks involved for both himself and the recipient and extensive psychologic testing is stressed. Even with strict criteria for renal donation, this high rejection rate is surprising."}
{"id": "PMID:360404", "title": "Saturday conference: non-hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas represent an area of rapid medical progress. Recent studies of staging have suggested that with respect to therapy disease is either limited (stage I or II) or advanced (stage III or IV). Bone marrow biopsy is important as an initial staging tool, and retroperitoneal evaluation (lymphangiography, ultrasound) is important when marrow involvement is not present and also as a means of establishing a baseline for clinical evaluation. For patients with nodular lymphoma, combination chemotherapy can produce high rates of complete remission, but relapses occur and survival has not been shown to be improved as compared to patients receiving single-agent therapy; the value of therapy is asymptomatic patients is not established. In contrast, advanced histiocytic lymphoma, which is rapidly fatal when single-agent therapy is used, is cured in half of patients receiving new combination chemotherapy regimens. While clinical discussions must use the Rappaport system of pathologic classification, because most data have been expressed using this terminology, it should be recognized that immunologic approaches to the classification of lymphoma exist, and that their clinical utility is undergoing evaluation.", "contents": "Saturday conference: non-hodgkin's lymphoma. The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas represent an area of rapid medical progress. Recent studies of staging have suggested that with respect to therapy disease is either limited (stage I or II) or advanced (stage III or IV). Bone marrow biopsy is important as an initial staging tool, and retroperitoneal evaluation (lymphangiography, ultrasound) is important when marrow involvement is not present and also as a means of establishing a baseline for clinical evaluation. For patients with nodular lymphoma, combination chemotherapy can produce high rates of complete remission, but relapses occur and survival has not been shown to be improved as compared to patients receiving single-agent therapy; the value of therapy is asymptomatic patients is not established. In contrast, advanced histiocytic lymphoma, which is rapidly fatal when single-agent therapy is used, is cured in half of patients receiving new combination chemotherapy regimens. While clinical discussions must use the Rappaport system of pathologic classification, because most data have been expressed using this terminology, it should be recognized that immunologic approaches to the classification of lymphoma exist, and that their clinical utility is undergoing evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:360410", "title": "Human filariae in Indonesia.", "content": "The distribution of human filariae in Indonesia has not changed significantly since initial reports of the disease were made in 1928. Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi are widely distributed but the newly described Brugia timori appears to be restricted to the Lesser Sunda Islands. W. bancrofti and B. timori in Indonesia are nocturnally periodic and B. malayi has nocturnally periodic and B. malayi has nocturnally periodic and nocturnally subperiodic strains.", "contents": "Human filariae in Indonesia. The distribution of human filariae in Indonesia has not changed significantly since initial reports of the disease were made in 1928. Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi are widely distributed but the newly described Brugia timori appears to be restricted to the Lesser Sunda Islands. W. bancrofti and B. timori in Indonesia are nocturnally periodic and B. malayi has nocturnally periodic and B. malayi has nocturnally periodic and nocturnally subperiodic strains."}
{"id": "PMID:360438", "title": "Nocardiosis. Case report and review of the diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Purulent draining skin sinuses are a striking clinical finding when Nocardia organisms infect skin or deeper tissues and the lesion is often mistakenly ascribed to actinomycotic infection. This distinction is important because in contrast to actinomycosis, nocardiosis does not respond to treatment with penicillin or most antibiotics, and a fulminating systemic infection may occur. Smears made from purulent discharges do not always show the organism and microbiological culture may likewise prove fruitless. This article reports a patient suffering from nocardiosis and the pitfalls in diagnosis are illustrated. Successful culture of the organism was obtained by inoculating media with fresh biopsy material and a plea is made for routine use of this method. The need to use sulphadiazine in high doses initially, followed by maintenance treatment for considerable time, is emphasized.", "contents": "Nocardiosis. Case report and review of the diagnosis and treatment. Purulent draining skin sinuses are a striking clinical finding when Nocardia organisms infect skin or deeper tissues and the lesion is often mistakenly ascribed to actinomycotic infection. This distinction is important because in contrast to actinomycosis, nocardiosis does not respond to treatment with penicillin or most antibiotics, and a fulminating systemic infection may occur. Smears made from purulent discharges do not always show the organism and microbiological culture may likewise prove fruitless. This article reports a patient suffering from nocardiosis and the pitfalls in diagnosis are illustrated. Successful culture of the organism was obtained by inoculating media with fresh biopsy material and a plea is made for routine use of this method. The need to use sulphadiazine in high doses initially, followed by maintenance treatment for considerable time, is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:360439", "title": "The manifestations, aetiology and assessment of ethanol-induced hangover.", "content": "The well-known phenomenon of hangover after ingestion of alcoholic beverages is reviewed; it appears to be due to both ethanol and congeners. Detailed studies must be preceded by the development of a system for measurement of hangover symptoms. Hangover scales are described for measurement of intensity in studies of its drug treatment. Attention is drawn to the changes in hormone levels, notably of aldosterone, renin, cortisol and testosterone in males during hangover.", "contents": "The manifestations, aetiology and assessment of ethanol-induced hangover. The well-known phenomenon of hangover after ingestion of alcoholic beverages is reviewed; it appears to be due to both ethanol and congeners. Detailed studies must be preceded by the development of a system for measurement of hangover symptoms. Hangover scales are described for measurement of intensity in studies of its drug treatment. Attention is drawn to the changes in hormone levels, notably of aldosterone, renin, cortisol and testosterone in males during hangover."}
{"id": "PMID:360440", "title": "Biochemical differences between serotypes of Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "Prior studies have shown that C. neoformans isolates belonging to serotypes B and C differed from serotype A and D isolates in respect to the morphology of the perfect state, geographic distribution within the U.S.A. and frequency of isolation from avian droppings. The current study found that uptake of radiolabeled l-malic acid was approximately tenfold greater in serotype B and C than in A and D isolates. Assimilation of l-malic, fumaric and succinic acids also distinguished serotypes B and C from A and D. Greening of Guizotia seed agar occurred with 18 of 32 serotype B and C but in none of 91 serotype A or D isolates. The one property not following the same line of division was relatively slow creatinine assimilation, which distinguished type A alone.", "contents": "Biochemical differences between serotypes of Cryptococcus neoformans. Prior studies have shown that C. neoformans isolates belonging to serotypes B and C differed from serotype A and D isolates in respect to the morphology of the perfect state, geographic distribution within the U.S.A. and frequency of isolation from avian droppings. The current study found that uptake of radiolabeled l-malic acid was approximately tenfold greater in serotype B and C than in A and D isolates. Assimilation of l-malic, fumaric and succinic acids also distinguished serotypes B and C from A and D. Greening of Guizotia seed agar occurred with 18 of 32 serotype B and C but in none of 91 serotype A or D isolates. The one property not following the same line of division was relatively slow creatinine assimilation, which distinguished type A alone."}
{"id": "PMID:360441", "title": "[An endemic area of sporotrichosis in Guatemala].", "content": "An endemic area of sporotrichosis is described in the Lake of Ayarza District, South Guatemala, where 53 patients have been observed within 3 years. In 45.3% of the cases, the infection appeared after handling fish. The disease was more frequently observed in man (83%) and in patients less than 30 years of age. The most frequent clinical type was the ascending lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis of the limbs. Some cases of ulcerative or verrucous lesions were seen. Almost all the patients cured rapidly either by potassium iodide (46 patients) or spontaneously, or after application of local heat (4 patients). Intradermal tests were performed in healthy population in the endemic area and, for comparison, in Guatemala City. Whole yeast cell antigens of Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras were used in these tests. Skin tests to both antigens were more frequently positive in the endemic area; the highest frequency was obtained with the antigen of C. stenoceras. A serological study was performed in 26 patients. The fluorescent antibody staining technique was more sensitive than yeast cell and latex particles agglutinations. C. stenoceras was isolated from bark of some trees, especially Eucalyptus, in the environment, but not S. schenckii.", "contents": "[An endemic area of sporotrichosis in Guatemala]. An endemic area of sporotrichosis is described in the Lake of Ayarza District, South Guatemala, where 53 patients have been observed within 3 years. In 45.3% of the cases, the infection appeared after handling fish. The disease was more frequently observed in man (83%) and in patients less than 30 years of age. The most frequent clinical type was the ascending lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis of the limbs. Some cases of ulcerative or verrucous lesions were seen. Almost all the patients cured rapidly either by potassium iodide (46 patients) or spontaneously, or after application of local heat (4 patients). Intradermal tests were performed in healthy population in the endemic area and, for comparison, in Guatemala City. Whole yeast cell antigens of Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras were used in these tests. Skin tests to both antigens were more frequently positive in the endemic area; the highest frequency was obtained with the antigen of C. stenoceras. A serological study was performed in 26 patients. The fluorescent antibody staining technique was more sensitive than yeast cell and latex particles agglutinations. C. stenoceras was isolated from bark of some trees, especially Eucalyptus, in the environment, but not S. schenckii."}
{"id": "PMID:360442", "title": "Rapid germination of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia in mouse kidneys and a kidney extract.", "content": "Intravenously injected conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus germinated rapidly in the kidneys of untreated and cortisone-treated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice and in the livers of cortisone-treated SPF mice. Extracts of kidneys from untreated and cortisone-treated mice stimulated germination of A. fumigatus conidia in vitro. The possible roles of a germination stimulant and host defences in the kidney localisation of A. fumigatus infection are discussed.", "contents": "Rapid germination of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia in mouse kidneys and a kidney extract. Intravenously injected conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus germinated rapidly in the kidneys of untreated and cortisone-treated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice and in the livers of cortisone-treated SPF mice. Extracts of kidneys from untreated and cortisone-treated mice stimulated germination of A. fumigatus conidia in vitro. The possible roles of a germination stimulant and host defences in the kidney localisation of A. fumigatus infection are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:360443", "title": "Preliminary investigation of the use of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the serodiagnosis of mycetoma.", "content": "Antibody levels in a small group of Sudanese patients with clinically diagnosed mycetoma, and control groups were measured by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antigens were prepared from the following organisms: Streptomyces somaliensis, Actinomadura madurae, A. pelletieri, Nocardia brasiliensis and Madurella mycetomi. Positive reactions were obtained in clinical cases against the homologous antigens in both CIE and ELISA; all heterologous and control sera negative in CIE but produced some reaction particularly against N. brasiliensis and M. mycetomi antigens in ELISA.", "contents": "Preliminary investigation of the use of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the serodiagnosis of mycetoma. Antibody levels in a small group of Sudanese patients with clinically diagnosed mycetoma, and control groups were measured by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antigens were prepared from the following organisms: Streptomyces somaliensis, Actinomadura madurae, A. pelletieri, Nocardia brasiliensis and Madurella mycetomi. Positive reactions were obtained in clinical cases against the homologous antigens in both CIE and ELISA; all heterologous and control sera negative in CIE but produced some reaction particularly against N. brasiliensis and M. mycetomi antigens in ELISA."}
{"id": "PMID:360447", "title": "The beneficial and harmful effects of positive end expiratory pressure.", "content": "The effects of increasing levels of positive end expiratory pressure on gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics were determined utilizing an ex vivo ventilated perfused canine pulmonary lobe. When zero positive end expiratory pressure was used, shunting, weight gain and a decrease in compliance occurred over the four and one-half hour experiment. Shunting was eliminated when 5, 10 or 15 centimeters of water of positive end expiratory pressure were used. However, increasing extravascular fluid sequestration and decreasing pulmonary compliance occurred progressively with increasing levels of positive end expiratory pressure above 5 centimeters of water. Pulmonary artery pressure increased immediately along with end inspiratory pressure, an amount approximately equal to the increase in positive end expiratory pressure, and this is thought to be the primary cause of the increased rate of fluid sequestration. These experiments suggest that an optimal level of positive end expiratory pressure exists when the shunt can be reduced and oxygenation improved without increasing the rate of extravascular fluid accumulation to the point where long time deleterious effects could outweigh immediate benefits.", "contents": "The beneficial and harmful effects of positive end expiratory pressure. The effects of increasing levels of positive end expiratory pressure on gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics were determined utilizing an ex vivo ventilated perfused canine pulmonary lobe. When zero positive end expiratory pressure was used, shunting, weight gain and a decrease in compliance occurred over the four and one-half hour experiment. Shunting was eliminated when 5, 10 or 15 centimeters of water of positive end expiratory pressure were used. However, increasing extravascular fluid sequestration and decreasing pulmonary compliance occurred progressively with increasing levels of positive end expiratory pressure above 5 centimeters of water. Pulmonary artery pressure increased immediately along with end inspiratory pressure, an amount approximately equal to the increase in positive end expiratory pressure, and this is thought to be the primary cause of the increased rate of fluid sequestration. These experiments suggest that an optimal level of positive end expiratory pressure exists when the shunt can be reduced and oxygenation improved without increasing the rate of extravascular fluid accumulation to the point where long time deleterious effects could outweigh immediate benefits."}
{"id": "PMID:360448", "title": "Effect of pretreatment with norepinephrine on survival of cardiac allotransplants in dogs.", "content": "Two groups of puppies were studied regarding survival of the heart and the animal after epinephrine induced shock. All puppies in the control study died. In each of the eight puppies in the experimental group, the heart was removed and transplanted orthotopically into a healthy recipient. Six of the eight recipients died within hours, and the two which survived 14 days exhibited extensive cardiac structural changes at autopsy. The failure of recipients of hearts from these spinephrine-shock puppies to survive was in sharp contrast to the almost uniform survival of animals receiving orthotopic heart transplants from dogs subjected to irreversible hemorrhagic or endotoxin shock. This diference was due to the fact that the high levels of epinephrine infused were found to have produced extensive structural damage in the donor heart.", "contents": "Effect of pretreatment with norepinephrine on survival of cardiac allotransplants in dogs. Two groups of puppies were studied regarding survival of the heart and the animal after epinephrine induced shock. All puppies in the control study died. In each of the eight puppies in the experimental group, the heart was removed and transplanted orthotopically into a healthy recipient. Six of the eight recipients died within hours, and the two which survived 14 days exhibited extensive cardiac structural changes at autopsy. The failure of recipients of hearts from these spinephrine-shock puppies to survive was in sharp contrast to the almost uniform survival of animals receiving orthotopic heart transplants from dogs subjected to irreversible hemorrhagic or endotoxin shock. This diference was due to the fact that the high levels of epinephrine infused were found to have produced extensive structural damage in the donor heart."}
{"id": "PMID:360450", "title": "Fulminant pulmonary infections in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Opportunistic pulmonary infections often appear in patients requiring immunosuppressive therapy following renal transplantation. Fungal protozoal, viral and bacterial infections demand an immediate definitive diagnosis, since the outcome is related to the rapidity in establishing a diagnosis and the institution of appropriate therapy. Of 200 consecutive renal transplants during a seven year period, severe pulmonary infections developed in 21 patients. In 17 patients, a specific infectious agent was identified, using the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Pathogenic specimens were obtained by bronchial washing, brushing or transbronchoscopic biopsy of the lung through the inner channel of the flexible bronchoscope. Bronchoscopy for localized lesions of the lung was aided by fluoroscopic guidance; for diffuse lesions, a roentgenogram of the chest was used to obtain bronchoscopic specimens from areas of maximum infiltration. Specimens were immediately dispatched and processed by the pathology laboratory. Except for one patient, all the others with fungal, protozoal and viral infections survived with functioning kidneys. Three deaths resulted from bacterial infections. Antemortem diagnoses were confirmed in all four patients who died.", "contents": "Fulminant pulmonary infections in renal transplant recipients. Opportunistic pulmonary infections often appear in patients requiring immunosuppressive therapy following renal transplantation. Fungal protozoal, viral and bacterial infections demand an immediate definitive diagnosis, since the outcome is related to the rapidity in establishing a diagnosis and the institution of appropriate therapy. Of 200 consecutive renal transplants during a seven year period, severe pulmonary infections developed in 21 patients. In 17 patients, a specific infectious agent was identified, using the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Pathogenic specimens were obtained by bronchial washing, brushing or transbronchoscopic biopsy of the lung through the inner channel of the flexible bronchoscope. Bronchoscopy for localized lesions of the lung was aided by fluoroscopic guidance; for diffuse lesions, a roentgenogram of the chest was used to obtain bronchoscopic specimens from areas of maximum infiltration. Specimens were immediately dispatched and processed by the pathology laboratory. Except for one patient, all the others with fungal, protozoal and viral infections survived with functioning kidneys. Three deaths resulted from bacterial infections. Antemortem diagnoses were confirmed in all four patients who died."}
{"id": "PMID:360452", "title": "Pulmonary sequestration.", "content": "Pulmonary sequestration is an uncommon congenital abnormality in which nonfunctioning lung tissue is supplied by an anomalous systemic artery. Both the extralobar and intralobar forms probably develop from an accessory lung bud from the primitive foregut. Both forms are situated on the left side in about two-thirds of patients. The anomalous arterial supply usually originates from the descending thoracic aorta, and there may be a large left-to-left or left-to-right shunt through the sequestration. The sequestration may have a fistulous communication with the upper gastrointestinal tract. Congenital anomalies, particularly diaphragmatic hernia, are frequently associated with the extralobar form. Intralobar sequestration occasionally is an incidental finding on roentgenograms of the chest in an asymptomatic patient; however, the disorder is usually symptomatic and the most common presentation is recurrent pulmonary infection. Presentation may be characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms, congestive heart failure, hemoptysis or hemothorax. Extralobar sequestration is usually an incidental finding on routine roentgenograms of the chest or during the management of some other congenital anomaly. Infrequently, extralobar sequestration presents with symptoms similar to those seen with the intralobar form. Roentgenograms of the chest, upper gastrointestinal series and arteriography are the most helpful diagnostic aids. The usual treatment is resection of the sequestration by removal of only the sequestration in patients with the extralobar form and by lobectomy or segmental resection in patients with the intralobar form. The reported results of operation have generally been excellent.", "contents": "Pulmonary sequestration. Pulmonary sequestration is an uncommon congenital abnormality in which nonfunctioning lung tissue is supplied by an anomalous systemic artery. Both the extralobar and intralobar forms probably develop from an accessory lung bud from the primitive foregut. Both forms are situated on the left side in about two-thirds of patients. The anomalous arterial supply usually originates from the descending thoracic aorta, and there may be a large left-to-left or left-to-right shunt through the sequestration. The sequestration may have a fistulous communication with the upper gastrointestinal tract. Congenital anomalies, particularly diaphragmatic hernia, are frequently associated with the extralobar form. Intralobar sequestration occasionally is an incidental finding on roentgenograms of the chest in an asymptomatic patient; however, the disorder is usually symptomatic and the most common presentation is recurrent pulmonary infection. Presentation may be characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms, congestive heart failure, hemoptysis or hemothorax. Extralobar sequestration is usually an incidental finding on routine roentgenograms of the chest or during the management of some other congenital anomaly. Infrequently, extralobar sequestration presents with symptoms similar to those seen with the intralobar form. Roentgenograms of the chest, upper gastrointestinal series and arteriography are the most helpful diagnostic aids. The usual treatment is resection of the sequestration by removal of only the sequestration in patients with the extralobar form and by lobectomy or segmental resection in patients with the intralobar form. The reported results of operation have generally been excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:360456", "title": "Corneal dystrophies. I. Dystrophies of the epithelium, Bowman's layer and stroma.", "content": "Most corneal dystrophies are autosomal dominant, bilateral disorders that primarily affect one layer of an otherwise normal cornea, progress slowly after their appearance in the first or second decade, and are not associated with a systemic disease. Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy and Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy are seen commonly by the general ophthalmologist; fleck, posterior polymorphous, granular or lattice dystrophies are seen more rarely, and others may never be seen in general office practice. While the distinctive clinical appearance of most corneal dystrophies allows accurate diagnosis, the integration of slitlamp findings with histopathologic and biochemical findings aids in the understanding of the clinical observations and provides a more rational basis for therapy. Transmission electtron microscopy is the most accurate method of histopathologic diagnosis. Epithelial dystrophies usually manifest intraepithelial cysts and abnormal basement membrane. In stromal dystrophies, an abnormal substance accumulates within the keratocytes or among the collagen fibrils; it may be an excess normal metabolite (like glycosaminoglycans in macular dystrophy), a material not usually present (like amyloid in lattice dystrophy), or a substance of unknown composition (like hyaline in granular dystrophy). Each dystrophy is illustrated with a composite drawing. Endothelial dystrophies will be reviewed separately in a second article.", "contents": "Corneal dystrophies. I. Dystrophies of the epithelium, Bowman's layer and stroma. Most corneal dystrophies are autosomal dominant, bilateral disorders that primarily affect one layer of an otherwise normal cornea, progress slowly after their appearance in the first or second decade, and are not associated with a systemic disease. Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy and Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy are seen commonly by the general ophthalmologist; fleck, posterior polymorphous, granular or lattice dystrophies are seen more rarely, and others may never be seen in general office practice. While the distinctive clinical appearance of most corneal dystrophies allows accurate diagnosis, the integration of slitlamp findings with histopathologic and biochemical findings aids in the understanding of the clinical observations and provides a more rational basis for therapy. Transmission electtron microscopy is the most accurate method of histopathologic diagnosis. Epithelial dystrophies usually manifest intraepithelial cysts and abnormal basement membrane. In stromal dystrophies, an abnormal substance accumulates within the keratocytes or among the collagen fibrils; it may be an excess normal metabolite (like glycosaminoglycans in macular dystrophy), a material not usually present (like amyloid in lattice dystrophy), or a substance of unknown composition (like hyaline in granular dystrophy). Each dystrophy is illustrated with a composite drawing. Endothelial dystrophies will be reviewed separately in a second article."}
{"id": "PMID:360483", "title": "[Counting colonies of micro-organisms on solid media (author's transl)].", "content": "The base of the system consists in a stainless steel cup with a shallow recess into which about 3 ml. of fluid agar medium may be poured, which produces a flat rectangular surface of about 8.65 sq. cm. after solidification. In the majority of cases, inoculation was performed by flooding the medium with a diluted suspension of micro-organisms. The cups were then put upright and carried over into a centrifuge tube which was closed with a rubber stopper. After the required incubation period, the colonies were counted, if necessary, using a specially developed colony counter connected to an electromechanical counting relay. Dilutions were prepared in screw capped bottles of various sizes. Pipettes were used only with connected \"Volac\" pipette holders. Cleaning and sterilisation could be done in an efficient and reliable way. In addition to the above method, the cups containing media may also be used for: impression counts, examination of fluids by immersion, inoculation by swabs or wire loops, studying air pollution. the system requires a rather large investment, but the daily cost and quantities of material used are small. The underlying study of the literature and the discussion of statistical methods used are available to the interested reader.", "contents": "[Counting colonies of micro-organisms on solid media (author's transl)]. The base of the system consists in a stainless steel cup with a shallow recess into which about 3 ml. of fluid agar medium may be poured, which produces a flat rectangular surface of about 8.65 sq. cm. after solidification. In the majority of cases, inoculation was performed by flooding the medium with a diluted suspension of micro-organisms. The cups were then put upright and carried over into a centrifuge tube which was closed with a rubber stopper. After the required incubation period, the colonies were counted, if necessary, using a specially developed colony counter connected to an electromechanical counting relay. Dilutions were prepared in screw capped bottles of various sizes. Pipettes were used only with connected \"Volac\" pipette holders. Cleaning and sterilisation could be done in an efficient and reliable way. In addition to the above method, the cups containing media may also be used for: impression counts, examination of fluids by immersion, inoculation by swabs or wire loops, studying air pollution. the system requires a rather large investment, but the daily cost and quantities of material used are small. The underlying study of the literature and the discussion of statistical methods used are available to the interested reader."}
{"id": "PMID:360488", "title": "Mutagenicity of acrylonitrile.", "content": "Incubation of Salmonella typhimurium strains in an atmosphere of 0.2% gaseous acrylonitrile increased the numbers of his+ revertants/plate only in the presence of a fortified S9 liver fraction. The mutagenic effect was particularly pronounced with strains TA1530, TA1535 and TA1950 and much weaker with strains TA100, TA98 and TA1978. The results of bacterial fluctuation tests confirmed the necessity of the presence of S9 mix and showed the particular sensitivity of TA1530. The reversion rate varied with the S9 mix composition, the animal species utilized and the type of pretreatments applied to the animals. The mutagenicity of acrylonitrile in S. typhimurium is therefore microsome-mediated and is particularly discernable with strains sensitive to base-substitution mutagens.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of acrylonitrile. Incubation of Salmonella typhimurium strains in an atmosphere of 0.2% gaseous acrylonitrile increased the numbers of his+ revertants/plate only in the presence of a fortified S9 liver fraction. The mutagenic effect was particularly pronounced with strains TA1530, TA1535 and TA1950 and much weaker with strains TA100, TA98 and TA1978. The results of bacterial fluctuation tests confirmed the necessity of the presence of S9 mix and showed the particular sensitivity of TA1530. The reversion rate varied with the S9 mix composition, the animal species utilized and the type of pretreatments applied to the animals. The mutagenicity of acrylonitrile in S. typhimurium is therefore microsome-mediated and is particularly discernable with strains sensitive to base-substitution mutagens."}
{"id": "PMID:360491", "title": "[Use of synthetic saliva in dryness of the mouth in prosthetic stomatology].", "content": "A model experiment has been performed to investigate the possibilities of improving the adhesion of dentures. The best results were obtained with a synthetic saliva which, due to its medicamentous side-effect, might be indicated in case of hyposalivation.", "contents": "[Use of synthetic saliva in dryness of the mouth in prosthetic stomatology]. A model experiment has been performed to investigate the possibilities of improving the adhesion of dentures. The best results were obtained with a synthetic saliva which, due to its medicamentous side-effect, might be indicated in case of hyposalivation."}
{"id": "PMID:360492", "title": "[Gagging as a symptom of induced anxiety reactions].", "content": "In the light of personal studies and relevant reports in the literature, the authors deal with gagging during dental treatment and after denture insertion. In this connection, aetiopathologic and therapeutic aspects of the gagging syndrome are analysed. It is postulated that the gagging reaction is a conditioned anxiety reaction.", "contents": "[Gagging as a symptom of induced anxiety reactions]. In the light of personal studies and relevant reports in the literature, the authors deal with gagging during dental treatment and after denture insertion. In this connection, aetiopathologic and therapeutic aspects of the gagging syndrome are analysed. It is postulated that the gagging reaction is a conditioned anxiety reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:360493", "title": "[Prosthetic treatment of patients with clefts. 3. The edentulous cleft patient].", "content": "Whereas the prosthetic treatment of an edentulous cleft patient with timely closure of the cleft promises to yield good results, the rehabilitation of an edentulous cleft patient with open cleft makes special demands on the prosthetist. Separate impressions for the denture and the obturator have proved a success at the Rostock University Clinic. On the basis of personal experience and results from re-examinations, the authors emphasize the value of regular ambulatory supervision.", "contents": "[Prosthetic treatment of patients with clefts. 3. The edentulous cleft patient]. Whereas the prosthetic treatment of an edentulous cleft patient with timely closure of the cleft promises to yield good results, the rehabilitation of an edentulous cleft patient with open cleft makes special demands on the prosthetist. Separate impressions for the denture and the obturator have proved a success at the Rostock University Clinic. On the basis of personal experience and results from re-examinations, the authors emphasize the value of regular ambulatory supervision."}
{"id": "PMID:360494", "title": "[Aspects of prosthetic therapy in deep bite].", "content": "The authors deal with the peculiar aspects of prosthetic treatment in case of deep bite. The possibilities of bite-raising depend upon the functional conditions. The necessity is determined by secondary changes in jaw relation and by the kind of treatment. Any correction of the occlusal position must consider the relationships of the anterior teeth.", "contents": "[Aspects of prosthetic therapy in deep bite]. The authors deal with the peculiar aspects of prosthetic treatment in case of deep bite. The possibilities of bite-raising depend upon the functional conditions. The necessity is determined by secondary changes in jaw relation and by the kind of treatment. Any correction of the occlusal position must consider the relationships of the anterior teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:360490", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay for cortisol in serum using cortisol 21-amine.", "content": "Cortisol 21-amine (21-amino-11beta,17-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione) was prepared and an enzyme immunoassay for cortisol in serum was established using cortisol 21-amine conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. The minimal amount of cortisol detected was 1ng/tube and the measurable range was from 1 to 80 microgram/d1, using 10 mu 1 of serum sample. This enzyme immunoassay satisfied the standard criteria of dilution, accuracy and precision. The values correlated well with those obtained by radioimmunoassay. This enzyme immunoassay is applicable to the routine determination of serum cortisol in any clinical laboratory. Cortisol 21-amine was found to be a useful derivative for preparing cortisol-enzyme conjugate in enzyme immunoassay.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay for cortisol in serum using cortisol 21-amine. Cortisol 21-amine (21-amino-11beta,17-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione) was prepared and an enzyme immunoassay for cortisol in serum was established using cortisol 21-amine conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. The minimal amount of cortisol detected was 1ng/tube and the measurable range was from 1 to 80 microgram/d1, using 10 mu 1 of serum sample. This enzyme immunoassay satisfied the standard criteria of dilution, accuracy and precision. The values correlated well with those obtained by radioimmunoassay. This enzyme immunoassay is applicable to the routine determination of serum cortisol in any clinical laboratory. Cortisol 21-amine was found to be a useful derivative for preparing cortisol-enzyme conjugate in enzyme immunoassay."}
{"id": "PMID:360496", "title": "Susceptibility to vivax malaria in Ethiopia.", "content": "Plasmodium vivax prevalence rates for Nilotic and Hamitic-Semitic residents of an Ethiopian town were compared. Over a ten-year period, 8,316 blood films from Nilotes were examined and 59 P. vivax infections (0.7%) were diagnosed. In 1,630 films from Hamito-Semites, 75 probable P. vivax infections (4.6%) were found. The problem of morphological differentiation between P. vivax and P. ovale was evaded by combining the two diagnoses. P. vivax/ovale infection rates for Hamitic-Semitic subjects were higher than for Nilotic subjects in all age groups. It was concluded that the two populations are inately different in susceptibility to patient infection with vivax malaria.", "contents": "Susceptibility to vivax malaria in Ethiopia. Plasmodium vivax prevalence rates for Nilotic and Hamitic-Semitic residents of an Ethiopian town were compared. Over a ten-year period, 8,316 blood films from Nilotes were examined and 59 P. vivax infections (0.7%) were diagnosed. In 1,630 films from Hamito-Semites, 75 probable P. vivax infections (4.6%) were found. The problem of morphological differentiation between P. vivax and P. ovale was evaded by combining the two diagnoses. P. vivax/ovale infection rates for Hamitic-Semitic subjects were higher than for Nilotic subjects in all age groups. It was concluded that the two populations are inately different in susceptibility to patient infection with vivax malaria."}
{"id": "PMID:360498", "title": "Serological survey of toxoplasmosis in the northern part of Iran, using indirect fluorescent antibody technique.", "content": "A total of 1,779 persons from the Caspian Sea area, Iran, were serologically examined by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique for Toxoplasma antibodies. 55.7% were positive with titres of 1:20 or higher. No significant difference was demonstrated between the sexes. The highest antibody level as well as a high geometric mean of reciprocal titres were observed in the population between the ages of two and 19 years.", "contents": "Serological survey of toxoplasmosis in the northern part of Iran, using indirect fluorescent antibody technique. A total of 1,779 persons from the Caspian Sea area, Iran, were serologically examined by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique for Toxoplasma antibodies. 55.7% were positive with titres of 1:20 or higher. No significant difference was demonstrated between the sexes. The highest antibody level as well as a high geometric mean of reciprocal titres were observed in the population between the ages of two and 19 years."}
{"id": "PMID:360499", "title": "A study of the role of immunological factors in the pathogenesis of the anaemia of acute malaria.", "content": "Children with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria and anemia were investigated to see if immunological factors could be implicated in the pathogenesis of their anaemia. Direct Coombs tests using an anti-whole immunoglobulin antiserum were negative in all 12 children tested but two had positive tests with antisera to C3b and C3d. Low plasma levels of C3 and C4 were found but these were not significantly different from values found in a group of children with acute malaria who were not anaemic. Serum levels of immune complexes were normal at the time of their presentation at hospital with anaemia but were elevated one month later. Incubation of group O rhesus-negative red cells in a serum pool obtained from children with acute malaria and anaemia did not cause enhanced haemolysis or reduce their survival time on injection into mice. Splenic uptake of red cells was, however, significantly enhanced. We conclude that the anaemia of acute malaria is due mainly to destruction of red cells by malaria parasites and to enhanced erythrophagocytosis of normal cells.", "contents": "A study of the role of immunological factors in the pathogenesis of the anaemia of acute malaria. Children with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria and anemia were investigated to see if immunological factors could be implicated in the pathogenesis of their anaemia. Direct Coombs tests using an anti-whole immunoglobulin antiserum were negative in all 12 children tested but two had positive tests with antisera to C3b and C3d. Low plasma levels of C3 and C4 were found but these were not significantly different from values found in a group of children with acute malaria who were not anaemic. Serum levels of immune complexes were normal at the time of their presentation at hospital with anaemia but were elevated one month later. Incubation of group O rhesus-negative red cells in a serum pool obtained from children with acute malaria and anaemia did not cause enhanced haemolysis or reduce their survival time on injection into mice. Splenic uptake of red cells was, however, significantly enhanced. We conclude that the anaemia of acute malaria is due mainly to destruction of red cells by malaria parasites and to enhanced erythrophagocytosis of normal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:360495", "title": "Intravenous glycerol in cerebral infarction: a controlled 4-month trial.", "content": "A double-blind, randomized trial was performed with 51 patients suffering from focal ischemic lesions in the territory of the middle cerebral artery. Intravenous infusions of 10% glycerol in 0.9% NaCl--5% glucose solutions were administered twice daily for 6 days to 26 patients, and the same amount of NaCl--glucose solutions to 25 controls. Glycerol did not reduce mortality (9 deaths in each group). The functional recovery was assessed by repeated neurological examinations during the 4 month trial. Glycerol significantly improved global performances and motor and sensory functions in patients with moderate disability, but its effect on global performances was transient. The patients with severe disability were not improved at all.", "contents": "Intravenous glycerol in cerebral infarction: a controlled 4-month trial. A double-blind, randomized trial was performed with 51 patients suffering from focal ischemic lesions in the territory of the middle cerebral artery. Intravenous infusions of 10% glycerol in 0.9% NaCl--5% glucose solutions were administered twice daily for 6 days to 26 patients, and the same amount of NaCl--glucose solutions to 25 controls. Glycerol did not reduce mortality (9 deaths in each group). The functional recovery was assessed by repeated neurological examinations during the 4 month trial. Glycerol significantly improved global performances and motor and sensory functions in patients with moderate disability, but its effect on global performances was transient. The patients with severe disability were not improved at all."}
{"id": "PMID:360505", "title": "Rapid testing of ficinized cells in capillary tubes.", "content": "A technique is described for capillary tube testing using small amounts with cell rapidly treated with a 4% ficin solution. This test aids antibody identification and cell screening.", "contents": "Rapid testing of ficinized cells in capillary tubes. A technique is described for capillary tube testing using small amounts with cell rapidly treated with a 4% ficin solution. This test aids antibody identification and cell screening."}
{"id": "PMID:360512", "title": "Stimuli for the production and control of IgE in rats.", "content": "In Hooded Lister rats IgE responses may be induced by administration of antigen together with one of a number of adjuvants. The primary IgE response may subsequently be enhanced either specifically by a further exposure to antigen (booster response) or non-specifically by infection with helminth parasites (potentiated response). In the latter case the enhanced response is associated with a great increase in total serum IgE. The primary response itself is not significantly influenced by variations in the general theme of conventional immunization, including dose or route of administration of antigen, or the nature of the adjuvant employed. The booster response however is inhibited, a) in rats primed with a 'large' (e.g. greater than 100 microgram EA) dose of antigen and B. pertussis, and b) rats primed with any dose of antigen given in Al(OH)3 or CFA, and c) following repeated booster doses of soluble (i.e. unadjuvanted antigen even at a dosage of a few picogrammes. It is thought that each of the stimuli generate antigen specific suppressor T cells. Live worm parasites selectively, but non-specifically, stimulate heterologous antigen primed IgE responses. The evidence suggests that it may be this non-specific IgE stimulating effect rather than the parasite specific IgE response per se which leads to the great elevation of total serum IgE. Other immunoglobulin classes are not elevated in the same way. The potentiated IgE response is not susceptible to the suppressive influence generated by previous administration of large or repeated doses of the heterologous antigen. On the other hand, a parasite specific regulatory mechanism acts to prevent repotentiation of the heterologous (but not the parasite specific or total IgE) responses following reinfection. These results are discussed in relation to the work of others in rats and other species.", "contents": "Stimuli for the production and control of IgE in rats. In Hooded Lister rats IgE responses may be induced by administration of antigen together with one of a number of adjuvants. The primary IgE response may subsequently be enhanced either specifically by a further exposure to antigen (booster response) or non-specifically by infection with helminth parasites (potentiated response). In the latter case the enhanced response is associated with a great increase in total serum IgE. The primary response itself is not significantly influenced by variations in the general theme of conventional immunization, including dose or route of administration of antigen, or the nature of the adjuvant employed. The booster response however is inhibited, a) in rats primed with a 'large' (e.g. greater than 100 microgram EA) dose of antigen and B. pertussis, and b) rats primed with any dose of antigen given in Al(OH)3 or CFA, and c) following repeated booster doses of soluble (i.e. unadjuvanted antigen even at a dosage of a few picogrammes. It is thought that each of the stimuli generate antigen specific suppressor T cells. Live worm parasites selectively, but non-specifically, stimulate heterologous antigen primed IgE responses. The evidence suggests that it may be this non-specific IgE stimulating effect rather than the parasite specific IgE response per se which leads to the great elevation of total serum IgE. Other immunoglobulin classes are not elevated in the same way. The potentiated IgE response is not susceptible to the suppressive influence generated by previous administration of large or repeated doses of the heterologous antigen. On the other hand, a parasite specific regulatory mechanism acts to prevent repotentiation of the heterologous (but not the parasite specific or total IgE) responses following reinfection. These results are discussed in relation to the work of others in rats and other species."}
{"id": "PMID:360515", "title": "Autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with adult acute leukemia in relapse.", "content": "Nine patients with adult acute leukemia were treated in relapse with piperazinedione plus supralethal total body irradiation in conjunction with autologous marrow infusion. Bone marrow cells were collected and stored in first remission. Storage time varied from 3 to 23 months. Before storage, marrow cells were separated using density albumin gradients in order to reduce the number of leukemic cells in the graft. Three patients died before day 14 after transplantation because of complications already present at the time of transplantation. In six patients, hemopoietic recovery started to occur within 14 days after transplantation. In four patients leukemia-free periods were obtained, lasting 60+ days. The three patients with the longest leukemia-free period after transplantation (range 75 to 220+ days) are reported in more detail. One patient is still alive without evidence of leukemia, with full hematological recovery 220+ days after transplantation.", "contents": "Autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with adult acute leukemia in relapse. Nine patients with adult acute leukemia were treated in relapse with piperazinedione plus supralethal total body irradiation in conjunction with autologous marrow infusion. Bone marrow cells were collected and stored in first remission. Storage time varied from 3 to 23 months. Before storage, marrow cells were separated using density albumin gradients in order to reduce the number of leukemic cells in the graft. Three patients died before day 14 after transplantation because of complications already present at the time of transplantation. In six patients, hemopoietic recovery started to occur within 14 days after transplantation. In four patients leukemia-free periods were obtained, lasting 60+ days. The three patients with the longest leukemia-free period after transplantation (range 75 to 220+ days) are reported in more detail. One patient is still alive without evidence of leukemia, with full hematological recovery 220+ days after transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:360516", "title": "Renal transplantation in a patient with lipoatrophic diabetes. A case report.", "content": "A patient with congenital generalized lipodystrophy developed nephrotic syndrome with progressive renal glomerulosclerosis attributed to diabetic nephropathy. Renal transplantation was performed and the patient was discharged with normal renal function. Marked hyperlipidemia (17,500 mg/dl) persisted. One month later renal malfunction developed, and an open renal biopsy was performed when there was no response to antirejection therapy. Massive lipid deposition in renal tubular cells with tubular necrosis and hemorrhage was present but only minimal evidence of graft rejection. Rejection therapy was tapered and renal function stabilized. Death occurred 2 months later because of pulmonary sepsis. Patients with generalized lipodystrophy and severe hyperlipidemia may be at an unusually high risk for renal homograft destruction.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in a patient with lipoatrophic diabetes. A case report. A patient with congenital generalized lipodystrophy developed nephrotic syndrome with progressive renal glomerulosclerosis attributed to diabetic nephropathy. Renal transplantation was performed and the patient was discharged with normal renal function. Marked hyperlipidemia (17,500 mg/dl) persisted. One month later renal malfunction developed, and an open renal biopsy was performed when there was no response to antirejection therapy. Massive lipid deposition in renal tubular cells with tubular necrosis and hemorrhage was present but only minimal evidence of graft rejection. Rejection therapy was tapered and renal function stabilized. Death occurred 2 months later because of pulmonary sepsis. Patients with generalized lipodystrophy and severe hyperlipidemia may be at an unusually high risk for renal homograft destruction."}
{"id": "PMID:360517", "title": "A heterophile system in human renal transplantation. VII. The antigen is an intrinsic component of several human tissues.", "content": "The presence or absence of the heterophile transplantation antigen was sought in renal tissue from stillborn infants, primary cell cultures, and several organs from adult human cadavers. The heterophile transplantation antigen was found in renal tissue at birth, was retained in human renal cell culture, and was present in human organs other than kidney. The most likely explanation for these results is that the heterophile transplantation antigen is an intrinsic component of many human tissues.", "contents": "A heterophile system in human renal transplantation. VII. The antigen is an intrinsic component of several human tissues. The presence or absence of the heterophile transplantation antigen was sought in renal tissue from stillborn infants, primary cell cultures, and several organs from adult human cadavers. The heterophile transplantation antigen was found in renal tissue at birth, was retained in human renal cell culture, and was present in human organs other than kidney. The most likely explanation for these results is that the heterophile transplantation antigen is an intrinsic component of many human tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:360518", "title": "Factors which have a significant effect on the survival of human skin grafts.", "content": "Survival of 436 ABO-compatible skin grafts exchanged in 97 Caucasian families was prolonged if donor and recipient were genotypically, as compared with phenotypically, HLA identical. Among skin grafts between haploidentical family members, a mismatch at the A locus was equivalent to a mismatch at the B locus. Skin grafted from child to mother survived longer than did skin grafted between other family members, other variables being equivalent. A highly significant positive correlation was found between the age of recipient and skin graft survival. In addition, a significant interaction was found between the relationship of donor and recipient and degree of antigen match.", "contents": "Factors which have a significant effect on the survival of human skin grafts. Survival of 436 ABO-compatible skin grafts exchanged in 97 Caucasian families was prolonged if donor and recipient were genotypically, as compared with phenotypically, HLA identical. Among skin grafts between haploidentical family members, a mismatch at the A locus was equivalent to a mismatch at the B locus. Skin grafted from child to mother survived longer than did skin grafted between other family members, other variables being equivalent. A highly significant positive correlation was found between the age of recipient and skin graft survival. In addition, a significant interaction was found between the relationship of donor and recipient and degree of antigen match."}
{"id": "PMID:360522", "title": "Immunological donor pretreatment in combination with pulsatile preservation in cadaveric renal transplantation.", "content": "The extended experience on the efficacy of pretreating the cadaveric renal allograft donor by means of large doses of cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone (group A, 36 kidneys) was compared with the experience regarding untreated renal allografts (group B, 32 kidneys). Kidneys in both groups were perfused by pulsatile means using cryoprecipitated plasma. There was a significant difference in allograft survival (72% in group A versus 36% in group B at 3 years by actuarial means). Also, large doses of cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone as pretreatment did not cause any detrimental effect to the allograft kidney when used in combination with cryoprecipitated plasma and pulsatile perfusion.", "contents": "Immunological donor pretreatment in combination with pulsatile preservation in cadaveric renal transplantation. The extended experience on the efficacy of pretreating the cadaveric renal allograft donor by means of large doses of cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone (group A, 36 kidneys) was compared with the experience regarding untreated renal allografts (group B, 32 kidneys). Kidneys in both groups were perfused by pulsatile means using cryoprecipitated plasma. There was a significant difference in allograft survival (72% in group A versus 36% in group B at 3 years by actuarial means). Also, large doses of cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone as pretreatment did not cause any detrimental effect to the allograft kidney when used in combination with cryoprecipitated plasma and pulsatile perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:360523", "title": "Function of autotransplanted kidneys after 24-hour preservation by hypothermic pulsatile perfusion or simple cord storage.", "content": "Canine kidneys, flushed with either Collins solution or autologous cryoprecipitated plasma, were then stored for 24 hr by either simple cold storage (submersion) in the flushing solution, or by continuous hypothermic pulsatile perfusion with cryoprecipitated plasma. After autotransplantation without contralateral nephrectomy, detailed split renal function studies were carried out immediately as well as 2 and 7 days later. Measurements were made of inulin clearance, maximal transport of p-aminohippurate, reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and glucose, and the reabsorption of free water. Contralateral nephrectomy was performed 7 days after transplantation, following measurement of renal functions on that day, and plasma urea nitrogen and creatinine were measured periodically over the ensuing 3 weeks. Renal function after transplantation was affected very little by the choice of flushing solution, and the course of azotemia that developed following contralateral nephrectomy was the same in all groups. However, the detailed functional measurements showed that during the 7-day period after transplantation, renal function was depressed to a much greater extent in kidneys treated by simple cold storage than in those that had been perfused.", "contents": "Function of autotransplanted kidneys after 24-hour preservation by hypothermic pulsatile perfusion or simple cord storage. Canine kidneys, flushed with either Collins solution or autologous cryoprecipitated plasma, were then stored for 24 hr by either simple cold storage (submersion) in the flushing solution, or by continuous hypothermic pulsatile perfusion with cryoprecipitated plasma. After autotransplantation without contralateral nephrectomy, detailed split renal function studies were carried out immediately as well as 2 and 7 days later. Measurements were made of inulin clearance, maximal transport of p-aminohippurate, reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and glucose, and the reabsorption of free water. Contralateral nephrectomy was performed 7 days after transplantation, following measurement of renal functions on that day, and plasma urea nitrogen and creatinine were measured periodically over the ensuing 3 weeks. Renal function after transplantation was affected very little by the choice of flushing solution, and the course of azotemia that developed following contralateral nephrectomy was the same in all groups. However, the detailed functional measurements showed that during the 7-day period after transplantation, renal function was depressed to a much greater extent in kidneys treated by simple cold storage than in those that had been perfused."}
{"id": "PMID:360524", "title": "Studies on skin-reacting transplantation antibodies.", "content": "Evidence is presented that skin-reacting transplantation antibodies (SRTA) can be elicited not only by skin allografts, but also by injection of dispersed allogeneic lymphoid cells. Two mechanisms of action of SRTA, which are not mutually exclusive, are compatible with the experimental results. (1) SRTA may act as homocytotropic antibodies, producing skin reactions by fixing to the skin of the test animal and combining with circulating antigens brought to the test site. (2) SRTA may produce skin reactions by combining directly with \"sessile\" antigens in the skin. Genetic studies showed that the antigens combining with SRTA are inherited as simple Mendelian traits. Furthermore, it was shown that these antigens are not related to the major rat histocompatibility antigens, Ag-B, nor are they related to any other described rat alloantigen system. Thus, the antigens responsible for SRTA belong to a new antigenic system.", "contents": "Studies on skin-reacting transplantation antibodies. Evidence is presented that skin-reacting transplantation antibodies (SRTA) can be elicited not only by skin allografts, but also by injection of dispersed allogeneic lymphoid cells. Two mechanisms of action of SRTA, which are not mutually exclusive, are compatible with the experimental results. (1) SRTA may act as homocytotropic antibodies, producing skin reactions by fixing to the skin of the test animal and combining with circulating antigens brought to the test site. (2) SRTA may produce skin reactions by combining directly with \"sessile\" antigens in the skin. Genetic studies showed that the antigens combining with SRTA are inherited as simple Mendelian traits. Furthermore, it was shown that these antigens are not related to the major rat histocompatibility antigens, Ag-B, nor are they related to any other described rat alloantigen system. Thus, the antigens responsible for SRTA belong to a new antigenic system."}
{"id": "PMID:360526", "title": "Effect of prior third-party blood transfusions on canine renal allograft survival.", "content": "The relationships between immune reactivity after blood transfusions, subsequent kidney allograft survival, and donor selection were studied in dogs. Animals with a high as well as low serological immune reactivity toward antigens contained in blood transfusion were observed. Genetic control of this reactivity or a linkage of this property to DLA, sex, or red blood cell markers inheritance was not apparent in the four beagle families studied. The two recipients with the lowest immune reactivity scores were also found to be the longest survivors after a DLA-mismatched kidney graft. Seven other recipients with higher scores rejected their DLA-mismatched kidneys as rapidly as did untransfused animals. Kidney graft survival was decreased in some recipients of DLA-identical kidneys (n = 5), presumably through sensitization for minor histocompatibility antigens. A normal or an increased survival time of DLA-identical kidneys was found in the remaining animals (n = 6). The majority of these recipients appeared to have a higher than average reactivity in two-stage microcytotoxicity testing. This might have been attributable to the presence of enhancing antibodies. Further studies in preclinical animal models are needed to define the optimal transfusion policy for human patients awaiting a kidney graft.", "contents": "Effect of prior third-party blood transfusions on canine renal allograft survival. The relationships between immune reactivity after blood transfusions, subsequent kidney allograft survival, and donor selection were studied in dogs. Animals with a high as well as low serological immune reactivity toward antigens contained in blood transfusion were observed. Genetic control of this reactivity or a linkage of this property to DLA, sex, or red blood cell markers inheritance was not apparent in the four beagle families studied. The two recipients with the lowest immune reactivity scores were also found to be the longest survivors after a DLA-mismatched kidney graft. Seven other recipients with higher scores rejected their DLA-mismatched kidneys as rapidly as did untransfused animals. Kidney graft survival was decreased in some recipients of DLA-identical kidneys (n = 5), presumably through sensitization for minor histocompatibility antigens. A normal or an increased survival time of DLA-identical kidneys was found in the remaining animals (n = 6). The majority of these recipients appeared to have a higher than average reactivity in two-stage microcytotoxicity testing. This might have been attributable to the presence of enhancing antibodies. Further studies in preclinical animal models are needed to define the optimal transfusion policy for human patients awaiting a kidney graft."}
{"id": "PMID:360527", "title": "Prolongation of renal allograft survival in DLA tissue-typed beagles after third-party blood transfusions and immunosuppressive treatment.", "content": "Significant prolongation of survival of nonrelated DLA-mismatched renal allografts has been obtained in beagle recipients receiving three blood transfusions from nonrelated donors prior to kidney transplantation and immunosuppression after transplantation. Nontransfused DLA-identical or DLA 1 haplotype-different littermates of the transfused dogs were used as controls. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were formed after the blood transfusions. A quantitative immune reactivity score correlated with graft survival. Low scores prior to transplantation were found in five transfused dogs that did not reject their allografts. High scores prior to transplantation were found in four animals rejecting their graft and in one dog that survived after an abortive rejection episode. The great similarities between the results obtained in this animal model and the observations made in human transplant patients indicate that this model can be utilized for a further analysis of the possibilities of blood transfusions in protecting subsequent renal allografts from immunological rejection.", "contents": "Prolongation of renal allograft survival in DLA tissue-typed beagles after third-party blood transfusions and immunosuppressive treatment. Significant prolongation of survival of nonrelated DLA-mismatched renal allografts has been obtained in beagle recipients receiving three blood transfusions from nonrelated donors prior to kidney transplantation and immunosuppression after transplantation. Nontransfused DLA-identical or DLA 1 haplotype-different littermates of the transfused dogs were used as controls. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were formed after the blood transfusions. A quantitative immune reactivity score correlated with graft survival. Low scores prior to transplantation were found in five transfused dogs that did not reject their allografts. High scores prior to transplantation were found in four animals rejecting their graft and in one dog that survived after an abortive rejection episode. The great similarities between the results obtained in this animal model and the observations made in human transplant patients indicate that this model can be utilized for a further analysis of the possibilities of blood transfusions in protecting subsequent renal allografts from immunological rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:360528", "title": "Reversal of diabetes in rats using fetal pancreases stored at -196 C.", "content": "Fetal rat pancreases frozen to and stored at -196 C were used for transplantation into streptozotocin-induced diabetic syngeneic adult recipients. Transplantation was carried out either directly after thawing from -196 C, or after a 21-day growth period in a syngeneic, normoglycemic adult carrier. All transplants were placed under the kidney capsule. A single, frozen fetal rudiment was sufficient to restore blood glucose, urine volume, and urine glucose to normal, provided it had first been grown for 21 days in a normal carrier. It vitro perfusion studies showed that fetal pancreases stored at -196 C were equivalent to fresh rudiments in their responses to a glucose stimulus.", "contents": "Reversal of diabetes in rats using fetal pancreases stored at -196 C. Fetal rat pancreases frozen to and stored at -196 C were used for transplantation into streptozotocin-induced diabetic syngeneic adult recipients. Transplantation was carried out either directly after thawing from -196 C, or after a 21-day growth period in a syngeneic, normoglycemic adult carrier. All transplants were placed under the kidney capsule. A single, frozen fetal rudiment was sufficient to restore blood glucose, urine volume, and urine glucose to normal, provided it had first been grown for 21 days in a normal carrier. It vitro perfusion studies showed that fetal pancreases stored at -196 C were equivalent to fresh rudiments in their responses to a glucose stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:360532", "title": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies and bone marrow grafts from HLA-identical siblings. I. HLA antibodies.", "content": "In a series of 30 bone marrow grafts (in 29 recipients) from HLA-identical siblings for aplastic anemia, no correlation was demonstrated between rejection and pregraft HLA antibodies (P greater than 0.50). However, after grafting, HLA antibodies persisted in nine cases and graft rejection occurred, whereas in all but one of the remaining eight cases the HLA antibodies disappeared and a permanent engraftment was observed (P = 0.0008). These results suggest a relationship between engraftment and persistence or disappearance of HLA antibodies as an indication of the level of immunosuppression obtained with the conditioning regimen.", "contents": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies and bone marrow grafts from HLA-identical siblings. I. HLA antibodies. In a series of 30 bone marrow grafts (in 29 recipients) from HLA-identical siblings for aplastic anemia, no correlation was demonstrated between rejection and pregraft HLA antibodies (P greater than 0.50). However, after grafting, HLA antibodies persisted in nine cases and graft rejection occurred, whereas in all but one of the remaining eight cases the HLA antibodies disappeared and a permanent engraftment was observed (P = 0.0008). These results suggest a relationship between engraftment and persistence or disappearance of HLA antibodies as an indication of the level of immunosuppression obtained with the conditioning regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:360539", "title": "Evaluation of an indirect fluorescent antibody test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantification of immunoglobulins in the diagnosis of bovine trypanosomiasis.", "content": "An indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), a microscale version of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (microELISA) and determination of IgM levels in serum were assessed for their comparative diagnostic value in the detection of bovine trypanosomiasis. Serum samples from drug-treated N'dama cattle and untreated N'dama and Zebu cattle from Liberia were examined for the presence fo antibodies to trypanosomes. In the untreated Zebu cattle, infections with T. vivax predominated and the prevalence of infection was higher than that found in untreated N'damas in which infections with T. congolense predominated. The proportion of animals which showed serological evidence of trypanosomiasis in the untreated Zebus was slightly higher than that found in the untreated N'damas. The prevalence of infection was low in N'dama cattle which had been treated with diminazene aceturate and homidium chloride but 50% of the animals showed serological evidence of trypanosomiasis. More serologically positive animals were detected by microELISA than IFAT, but both tests were equally sensitive in detecting antibodies in cattle in which trypanosomes were demonstrated by examination of peripheral blood. With both IFAT and microELISA it was necessary to carry out tests using antigens prepared from T. brucei, T. vivax and T. congolense in order to detect all serologically positive animals. Increases in serum IgM occurred in both N'dama and Zebu cattle but the levels were raised in only approximately half of the known infected animals. Overall, more animals gave positive reactions with IFAT and microELISA than showed raised IgM levels.", "contents": "Evaluation of an indirect fluorescent antibody test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantification of immunoglobulins in the diagnosis of bovine trypanosomiasis. An indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), a microscale version of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (microELISA) and determination of IgM levels in serum were assessed for their comparative diagnostic value in the detection of bovine trypanosomiasis. Serum samples from drug-treated N'dama cattle and untreated N'dama and Zebu cattle from Liberia were examined for the presence fo antibodies to trypanosomes. In the untreated Zebu cattle, infections with T. vivax predominated and the prevalence of infection was higher than that found in untreated N'damas in which infections with T. congolense predominated. The proportion of animals which showed serological evidence of trypanosomiasis in the untreated Zebus was slightly higher than that found in the untreated N'damas. The prevalence of infection was low in N'dama cattle which had been treated with diminazene aceturate and homidium chloride but 50% of the animals showed serological evidence of trypanosomiasis. More serologically positive animals were detected by microELISA than IFAT, but both tests were equally sensitive in detecting antibodies in cattle in which trypanosomes were demonstrated by examination of peripheral blood. With both IFAT and microELISA it was necessary to carry out tests using antigens prepared from T. brucei, T. vivax and T. congolense in order to detect all serologically positive animals. Increases in serum IgM occurred in both N'dama and Zebu cattle but the levels were raised in only approximately half of the known infected animals. Overall, more animals gave positive reactions with IFAT and microELISA than showed raised IgM levels."}
{"id": "PMID:360538", "title": "[Mutagenic activity of antitubercular preparations: isonicotinic acid hydrazide and its derivatives].", "content": "Mutagenic activity of anti-tuberculosis drugs: isoniazide, phtivazide, metazide, larusan and saluzide soluble was studied using the semiquantitative plate technique of S. typhimurium tester strains TA 1950 and TA 1538 (after B. N. Ames) within the system of metabolic activation in vitro. No ability to induce gene mutations was found using this modification of the technique. A study of mutagenic activity of isoniazide and saluzide soluble in the experiments with a mammal as intermediate and using the tester strain TA 1950 showed a mutagenic effect of isoniazide and no such effect of saluzide soluble.", "contents": "[Mutagenic activity of antitubercular preparations: isonicotinic acid hydrazide and its derivatives]. Mutagenic activity of anti-tuberculosis drugs: isoniazide, phtivazide, metazide, larusan and saluzide soluble was studied using the semiquantitative plate technique of S. typhimurium tester strains TA 1950 and TA 1538 (after B. N. Ames) within the system of metabolic activation in vitro. No ability to induce gene mutations was found using this modification of the technique. A study of mutagenic activity of isoniazide and saluzide soluble in the experiments with a mammal as intermediate and using the tester strain TA 1950 showed a mutagenic effect of isoniazide and no such effect of saluzide soluble."}
{"id": "PMID:360547", "title": "The usefulness of 125I-sodium lothalamate as a GFR-indicator in single intravenous injection tests.", "content": "Clearance of sodium iothalamate was estimated from plasma elimination curves obtained from 90 patients having varying renal function, after a single intravenous injection of 125I-sodium iothalamate. The usefulness of sodium iothalamate as a GFR-indicator with this technique was tested by a strict statistical comparison with conventional inulin clearance as a reference. The regression line, covering the clearance range 2-163 ml min-1, Clinulin = 1.08.Clsodiumiothalamate-3.7, (n = 84, r = 0.85, SEE = 2.3 ml.min-1) was not significantly different from the identity line, which means (i) that extrarenal elimination could not be detected, and (ii) that I125-sodium iothalamate should be regarded as a useful glomerular marker for single intravenous injection studies. An open two-compartment model of mamillary type was found to give an adequate representation of the plasma disappearance curve. The results are not critically dependent on the choice of approximating function. The method by Sapirstein et al., the method by Nosslin and a power-law method were used for comparison and were found to give the same results. However, the present type of curve fitting analyses requires frequent blood sampling or external counting over a long period in order to give reliable estimates of GFR. This circumstance makes these methods less attractive for clinical use.", "contents": "The usefulness of 125I-sodium lothalamate as a GFR-indicator in single intravenous injection tests. Clearance of sodium iothalamate was estimated from plasma elimination curves obtained from 90 patients having varying renal function, after a single intravenous injection of 125I-sodium iothalamate. The usefulness of sodium iothalamate as a GFR-indicator with this technique was tested by a strict statistical comparison with conventional inulin clearance as a reference. The regression line, covering the clearance range 2-163 ml min-1, Clinulin = 1.08.Clsodiumiothalamate-3.7, (n = 84, r = 0.85, SEE = 2.3 ml.min-1) was not significantly different from the identity line, which means (i) that extrarenal elimination could not be detected, and (ii) that I125-sodium iothalamate should be regarded as a useful glomerular marker for single intravenous injection studies. An open two-compartment model of mamillary type was found to give an adequate representation of the plasma disappearance curve. The results are not critically dependent on the choice of approximating function. The method by Sapirstein et al., the method by Nosslin and a power-law method were used for comparison and were found to give the same results. However, the present type of curve fitting analyses requires frequent blood sampling or external counting over a long period in order to give reliable estimates of GFR. This circumstance makes these methods less attractive for clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:360548", "title": "[Cell cultures as vitality test for preservation of kidneys by deep freezing (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytologic examinations of kidneys, which were frozen for preservation in a nitrogen atmosphere below 3 ata, show a considerable damage of the cells. This does not only occur by significant reduction in the amount of isolated cells, but also in the loss of the ability to form cell colonies. DNA measurements show, however, that after 3--4 days the DNA amounts in surviving cells are intact. In one of the cultures we even found DNA values, which stand for a DNA synthesis. Experiments with mechanical perfusion alone show that this procedure results in a severe damage of the cells, only about one-third of these cells being able to form colonies.", "contents": "[Cell cultures as vitality test for preservation of kidneys by deep freezing (author's transl)]. Cytologic examinations of kidneys, which were frozen for preservation in a nitrogen atmosphere below 3 ata, show a considerable damage of the cells. This does not only occur by significant reduction in the amount of isolated cells, but also in the loss of the ability to form cell colonies. DNA measurements show, however, that after 3--4 days the DNA amounts in surviving cells are intact. In one of the cultures we even found DNA values, which stand for a DNA synthesis. Experiments with mechanical perfusion alone show that this procedure results in a severe damage of the cells, only about one-third of these cells being able to form colonies."}
{"id": "PMID:360549", "title": "[Biochemical parameters for determination of graft viability during the early postoperative period (author's transl)].", "content": "In 54 patients with graft failure the changes of urine sodium concentration and of urinary enzyme activities (alanine aminopeptidase, AAP) were investigated. It was found that: (1) the kidneys with irreversible acute tubular necrosis are characterised by high urine sodium level, and low AAP activities. These changes correspond to the end stage of renal insufficiency. (2) Low concentration of sodium and extremely high AAP excretion are characteristic in grafts with severe rejection episodes. (3) If kidneys lost their function due to irreversible rejection, the biochemical variables showed the same changes as in the first group. We concluded that by continuous determination of sodium levels and enzyme activities in urine and by their correlation it is possible to detect the non-functioning grafts in the early posttransplantation period.", "contents": "[Biochemical parameters for determination of graft viability during the early postoperative period (author's transl)]. In 54 patients with graft failure the changes of urine sodium concentration and of urinary enzyme activities (alanine aminopeptidase, AAP) were investigated. It was found that: (1) the kidneys with irreversible acute tubular necrosis are characterised by high urine sodium level, and low AAP activities. These changes correspond to the end stage of renal insufficiency. (2) Low concentration of sodium and extremely high AAP excretion are characteristic in grafts with severe rejection episodes. (3) If kidneys lost their function due to irreversible rejection, the biochemical variables showed the same changes as in the first group. We concluded that by continuous determination of sodium levels and enzyme activities in urine and by their correlation it is possible to detect the non-functioning grafts in the early posttransplantation period."}
{"id": "PMID:360550", "title": "Relation between the vaginal introital and perianal flora in recurrent cystitis in women.", "content": "15 patients with urinary infection were selected and analyzed in relation to infection in the vaginal and perianal areas. After treatment, 12 patients with urinary infection were cured, but bacterial organisms persisted in their vaginal and perianal areas. In spite of the persistence of the vaginal and perianal infection, those patients remained free of urinary infection. We can conclude that other factors, besides the persistency of bacterial organisms in the vaginal introitus and perianal regions, may be important in the development of ascending urinary infection.", "contents": "Relation between the vaginal introital and perianal flora in recurrent cystitis in women. 15 patients with urinary infection were selected and analyzed in relation to infection in the vaginal and perianal areas. After treatment, 12 patients with urinary infection were cured, but bacterial organisms persisted in their vaginal and perianal areas. In spite of the persistence of the vaginal and perianal infection, those patients remained free of urinary infection. We can conclude that other factors, besides the persistency of bacterial organisms in the vaginal introitus and perianal regions, may be important in the development of ascending urinary infection."}
{"id": "PMID:360551", "title": "Experiences and critical comments on the temporary intravesical electrostimulation of the neurogenic bladder in spina bifida children.", "content": "This is a report of a special method of a temporary intravesical electrostimulation of the bladder for the treatment of the urinary incontinence of spina bifida children. The technique with presentation of apparatus and catheter is described in detail. The criterias for the selection of the patients are explained, the most important of which is the response of the detrusor muscle during the stimulation recorded by uromanometry. 26 spina bifida children were treated. There is at least a success in 50% of the patients, if the criteria are fulfilled.", "contents": "Experiences and critical comments on the temporary intravesical electrostimulation of the neurogenic bladder in spina bifida children. This is a report of a special method of a temporary intravesical electrostimulation of the bladder for the treatment of the urinary incontinence of spina bifida children. The technique with presentation of apparatus and catheter is described in detail. The criterias for the selection of the patients are explained, the most important of which is the response of the detrusor muscle during the stimulation recorded by uromanometry. 26 spina bifida children were treated. There is at least a success in 50% of the patients, if the criteria are fulfilled."}
{"id": "PMID:360555", "title": "Evaluation of urodynamic studies by computer.", "content": "In an attempt to simplify urodynamic evaluation, the data obtained from cystometry, urethral profile and flowmetry were analysed using the ICS recommendations for standardization and terminology. All studies were compiled from check lists feasible for computation. The aim was to establish standards and \"typical\" changes for the normal bladder and pathological states to enable automatic readout of computed data. The results did, in fact, show \"typical\" changes but failed to establish standard measurements suitable for completely computed diagnoses.", "contents": "Evaluation of urodynamic studies by computer. In an attempt to simplify urodynamic evaluation, the data obtained from cystometry, urethral profile and flowmetry were analysed using the ICS recommendations for standardization and terminology. All studies were compiled from check lists feasible for computation. The aim was to establish standards and \"typical\" changes for the normal bladder and pathological states to enable automatic readout of computed data. The results did, in fact, show \"typical\" changes but failed to establish standard measurements suitable for completely computed diagnoses."}
{"id": "PMID:360556", "title": "[Experiences with temporary intravesical electro-stimulation of the neurogenic bladder in spina bifida children (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report of a special method of a temporary intravesical electrostimulation of the bladder for the treatment of urinary incontinence of spina bifida children. The technique with presentation of apparatus and catheter is described in details. The criterias for the selection of the patients are explained, the most important of which is the response of the detrusor muscle during the stimulation recorded by uromanometry. 28 spina bifida-children were treated. There is success in 70% of the patients, if the criteria are fulfilled.", "contents": "[Experiences with temporary intravesical electro-stimulation of the neurogenic bladder in spina bifida children (author's transl)]. This is a report of a special method of a temporary intravesical electrostimulation of the bladder for the treatment of urinary incontinence of spina bifida children. The technique with presentation of apparatus and catheter is described in details. The criterias for the selection of the patients are explained, the most important of which is the response of the detrusor muscle during the stimulation recorded by uromanometry. 28 spina bifida-children were treated. There is success in 70% of the patients, if the criteria are fulfilled."}
{"id": "PMID:360560", "title": "Infertility and genitourinary infection.", "content": "There is a vast amount of evidence linking the presence of genitourinary infection with infertility. Infection in either partner can result in specific effects on sperm function, accessory sexual gland dysfunction, and the induction of immunologic responses in either partner. Careful investigation for infection should be undertaken in every couple with the complaint of infertility. Treatment needs to be individualized in each instance.", "contents": "Infertility and genitourinary infection. There is a vast amount of evidence linking the presence of genitourinary infection with infertility. Infection in either partner can result in specific effects on sperm function, accessory sexual gland dysfunction, and the induction of immunologic responses in either partner. Careful investigation for infection should be undertaken in every couple with the complaint of infertility. Treatment needs to be individualized in each instance."}
{"id": "PMID:360561", "title": "Clinical comparison of cefadroxil, new oral cephalosporin, and cephalexin in uncomplicated urinary tract infection.", "content": "Efficacy and safety of cefadroxil, a new oral cephalosporin, were compared with that of cephalexin in the treatment of 28 women with acute urinary tract infections. According to a randomized double-blind design, each patient received cefadroxil 1,000 mg. twice daily or cephalexin 500 mg. four times a day for ten days. Cures based on urine culture five to nine days post-treatment were obtained for all but 1 patient receiving cefadroxil; reinfection after eradication of the original pathogen was recorded for only 1 patient in each treatment group. No drug-related side effects or significant clinical laboratory abnormalities were observed during the study. Cefadroxil 1,000 mg. given twice daily was as effective and as well tolerated as cephalexin 500 mg. given four times daily. The significance of this dosage schedule advantage is discussed.", "contents": "Clinical comparison of cefadroxil, new oral cephalosporin, and cephalexin in uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Efficacy and safety of cefadroxil, a new oral cephalosporin, were compared with that of cephalexin in the treatment of 28 women with acute urinary tract infections. According to a randomized double-blind design, each patient received cefadroxil 1,000 mg. twice daily or cephalexin 500 mg. four times a day for ten days. Cures based on urine culture five to nine days post-treatment were obtained for all but 1 patient receiving cefadroxil; reinfection after eradication of the original pathogen was recorded for only 1 patient in each treatment group. No drug-related side effects or significant clinical laboratory abnormalities were observed during the study. Cefadroxil 1,000 mg. given twice daily was as effective and as well tolerated as cephalexin 500 mg. given four times daily. The significance of this dosage schedule advantage is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:360591", "title": "[Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and dimexide in the overall treatment of osteomyelitis in children].", "content": "In the complex treatment of 25 children with acute osteomyelitis and 7 children with aggravation of chronic osteomyelitis HBO-therapy and dimexide wwere used. This treatment produced a favourable therapeutic effect in all the patients. X-ray investigation proved the decrease of bony destructions and acceleration of reparative process in the bones.", "contents": "[Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and dimexide in the overall treatment of osteomyelitis in children]. In the complex treatment of 25 children with acute osteomyelitis and 7 children with aggravation of chronic osteomyelitis HBO-therapy and dimexide wwere used. This treatment produced a favourable therapeutic effect in all the patients. X-ray investigation proved the decrease of bony destructions and acceleration of reparative process in the bones."}
{"id": "PMID:360592", "title": "[New suture material for intestinal sutures in children].", "content": "In the experiments on puppies the authors studied the possibility for the use of ophthalmologic tendinous threads as a suture material for interintestinal anastomoses after intestinal resection. Ophthalmologic tendinous thread was used in a neonate with atresia of the small bowel. Six months' follow-up revealed a good result.", "contents": "[New suture material for intestinal sutures in children]. In the experiments on puppies the authors studied the possibility for the use of ophthalmologic tendinous threads as a suture material for interintestinal anastomoses after intestinal resection. Ophthalmologic tendinous thread was used in a neonate with atresia of the small bowel. Six months' follow-up revealed a good result."}
{"id": "PMID:360593", "title": "[Autodermoplasty in the treatment of wound emaciation].", "content": "Different types of dermoplasty aimed at the closure of reactive wounds were applied in the treatment of 26 cases with protracted non-healing wounds (up to 30 years) following burns, frostbites, open fractures, outcomes of acute suppurative diseases with sepsis phenomena. The treatment failed only in one patient. The transplantation of free stamp-like skin grafts proved to be the most effective one. Biostimulating effect of the single grafts which fuse has been noted.", "contents": "[Autodermoplasty in the treatment of wound emaciation]. Different types of dermoplasty aimed at the closure of reactive wounds were applied in the treatment of 26 cases with protracted non-healing wounds (up to 30 years) following burns, frostbites, open fractures, outcomes of acute suppurative diseases with sepsis phenomena. The treatment failed only in one patient. The transplantation of free stamp-like skin grafts proved to be the most effective one. Biostimulating effect of the single grafts which fuse has been noted."}
{"id": "PMID:360596", "title": "[Toxicity of oximes and their effect on acetylcholinesterase activity in the blood and myoneural synapses of animals].", "content": "The effect was followed up of 2-PAM and Toxogonin (T), reactivators of choline esterase, at a single muscular application on the activity of acetylcholine esterase (ES 3.1.1.7) (ACE) of whole blood (WB) and the myoneural synapses (MS) of an interrib muscle. It was found that a species-specific effect was produced by T and 2-PAM on ACE of WB and MS in lambs and sheep. Optimal doses of 50 and 80 mg/kg led to a slight drop in the activity of ACE at the 2nd hour following injection, after which it rose gradually up to values that were higher than the initial ones for more than ten days. 100 and 200 mg/kg led to a more sensitive and long-term drop in the activity of ACE (up to 48h--72nd hour), after which it likewise rose above the initial value, and came back to normal on the 13th day. With lambs the reaction was analogous, though weaker. In rats and rabbits there was no change in the activity of ACE of WB and MS following the use of oximes. The optimal nontoxic and inductoenzyme rates of the two oximes for lambs and sheep proved to be about 50 mg/kg. It was established that both for rats and for sheep and lambs T was almost twice as toxic as 2-PAM. Intoxication with T was characterized by severe hemorrhagic and necrotic nephroso-nephritis, acute toxic dystrophy of the liver, and ulcerous, necrotic enteritis. 2-PAM was found to potentiate the toxic effect of T.", "contents": "[Toxicity of oximes and their effect on acetylcholinesterase activity in the blood and myoneural synapses of animals]. The effect was followed up of 2-PAM and Toxogonin (T), reactivators of choline esterase, at a single muscular application on the activity of acetylcholine esterase (ES 3.1.1.7) (ACE) of whole blood (WB) and the myoneural synapses (MS) of an interrib muscle. It was found that a species-specific effect was produced by T and 2-PAM on ACE of WB and MS in lambs and sheep. Optimal doses of 50 and 80 mg/kg led to a slight drop in the activity of ACE at the 2nd hour following injection, after which it rose gradually up to values that were higher than the initial ones for more than ten days. 100 and 200 mg/kg led to a more sensitive and long-term drop in the activity of ACE (up to 48h--72nd hour), after which it likewise rose above the initial value, and came back to normal on the 13th day. With lambs the reaction was analogous, though weaker. In rats and rabbits there was no change in the activity of ACE of WB and MS following the use of oximes. The optimal nontoxic and inductoenzyme rates of the two oximes for lambs and sheep proved to be about 50 mg/kg. It was established that both for rats and for sheep and lambs T was almost twice as toxic as 2-PAM. Intoxication with T was characterized by severe hemorrhagic and necrotic nephroso-nephritis, acute toxic dystrophy of the liver, and ulcerous, necrotic enteritis. 2-PAM was found to potentiate the toxic effect of T."}
{"id": "PMID:360610", "title": "[Fractionation and purification of DNA methylation enzymes from Escherichia coli CK cells on phosphocellulose P-11].", "content": "Conditions for purification and fractionation of the methylases from E. coli CK cells using phosphocellulose P-11 were studied. A fraction, obtained after ammonium sulphate precipitation, was used as a starting preparation for column chromatography. Elution was carried out with linear gradient of NaCl concentration from O to 0.8 M. The methylase activity was found in effluent fractions, in rinsing solutions and in the gradient zone (G). The fractions, unadsorbed on P-11, contained methylases of adenine and cytosine. In the experiments with the gradient elution the methylase activity was observed in fractions, corresponding to NaCl concentration of 0.12, 0.18, 0.26, 0.33 and 0.68 M. The specific activity was increased 10-4O-fold in the fraftions during the purification. The G1, G2, and G5 fractions contained only the adenine methylase and did not possess the cytosine-methylating activity. A mixture of enzymes, methylating adenine and cytosine, was found in G3 and G4 fractions. The data obtained suggest that several methylases are present in E. coli CK cells; these enzymes exist apparently as isoenzymes.", "contents": "[Fractionation and purification of DNA methylation enzymes from Escherichia coli CK cells on phosphocellulose P-11]. Conditions for purification and fractionation of the methylases from E. coli CK cells using phosphocellulose P-11 were studied. A fraction, obtained after ammonium sulphate precipitation, was used as a starting preparation for column chromatography. Elution was carried out with linear gradient of NaCl concentration from O to 0.8 M. The methylase activity was found in effluent fractions, in rinsing solutions and in the gradient zone (G). The fractions, unadsorbed on P-11, contained methylases of adenine and cytosine. In the experiments with the gradient elution the methylase activity was observed in fractions, corresponding to NaCl concentration of 0.12, 0.18, 0.26, 0.33 and 0.68 M. The specific activity was increased 10-4O-fold in the fraftions during the purification. The G1, G2, and G5 fractions contained only the adenine methylase and did not possess the cytosine-methylating activity. A mixture of enzymes, methylating adenine and cytosine, was found in G3 and G4 fractions. The data obtained suggest that several methylases are present in E. coli CK cells; these enzymes exist apparently as isoenzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:360611", "title": "[Quantitative determination of immunoglobulin A in human serum by an immunoenzyme technic].", "content": "A complex of immunoglobulin A (IgA) with peroxidase was obtained as a result of interaction of IgA with the enzyme, modified with sodium periodate. The molar ratio of IgA/peroxidase was equal to 1 in the complex, as shown by gelfiltration and sedimentation analysis. Peroxidase maintained 75% of the initial activity in the complex. The antigenic and enzymatic properties of the complex were retained completely within 5 months, if the preparation was kept at 4 degrees in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. The complex isolated was used for quantitative estimation of IgA in human blood serum. The method is based on the reaction of competitive binding between free and labelled with peroxidase IgA molecules and antibodies, immobilized on inorganic porous carrier--sylochome. The method enables to estimate quantitatively IgA concentration within the limits of 102=105 ng/ml.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of immunoglobulin A in human serum by an immunoenzyme technic]. A complex of immunoglobulin A (IgA) with peroxidase was obtained as a result of interaction of IgA with the enzyme, modified with sodium periodate. The molar ratio of IgA/peroxidase was equal to 1 in the complex, as shown by gelfiltration and sedimentation analysis. Peroxidase maintained 75% of the initial activity in the complex. The antigenic and enzymatic properties of the complex were retained completely within 5 months, if the preparation was kept at 4 degrees in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. The complex isolated was used for quantitative estimation of IgA in human blood serum. The method is based on the reaction of competitive binding between free and labelled with peroxidase IgA molecules and antibodies, immobilized on inorganic porous carrier--sylochome. The method enables to estimate quantitatively IgA concentration within the limits of 102=105 ng/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:360621", "title": "Emergencies in oncology. Current management.", "content": "Malignant neoplasms may cause life-threatening complications requiring prompt diagnosis and emergency therapy. Whether or not the underlying neoplasm is potentially curable, the physician can often provide worthwhile prolongation of life and dramatic symptomatic relief. Among the serious complications of neoplasia are superior vena cava obstruction, airway obstruction, pericardial tamponade, spinal cord compression, brain metastasis, meningeal involvement by cancer, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia.", "contents": "Emergencies in oncology. Current management. Malignant neoplasms may cause life-threatening complications requiring prompt diagnosis and emergency therapy. Whether or not the underlying neoplasm is potentially curable, the physician can often provide worthwhile prolongation of life and dramatic symptomatic relief. Among the serious complications of neoplasia are superior vena cava obstruction, airway obstruction, pericardial tamponade, spinal cord compression, brain metastasis, meningeal involvement by cancer, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia."}
{"id": "PMID:360622", "title": "The case for control in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In all diabetic animal models studied to date, microangiopathic complications develop which can be prevented by tight control and reversed by either islet cell transplantation or transplanting the diabetic kidney into a nondiabetic environment. In humans the prevalence of these complications in secondary diabetes mellitus is similar to the prevalence in genetic diabetes. Furthermore, mesangial basement membrane thickness is normal at the onset of the disease and increases shortly thereafter. These two facts strongly suggest that the microangiopathic complications are not an independent genetic component but rather are secondary to the metabolic derangements of uncontrolled diabetes. Normal kidneys transplanted into diabetic recipients developed the vascular lesions of diabetes. Conversely, two diabetic kidneys inadvertently transplanted into nondiabetic recipients showed clearing of the vascular lesions.Most retrospective studies support the conclusion that control is associated with lessened complications. The three prospective studies published to date also support this hypothesis. Because glucose concentrations cannot be brought to normal levels by present methods, the critical question is whether a major emphasis on restoring metabolism to as nearly normal as possible will help ameliorate the microangiopathic complications in our patients. The accumulated evidence would strongly favor an affirmative answer. Two daily injections of intermediate-acting insulin supplemented with small amounts of short-acting insulin as needed is one method to approach this goal.", "contents": "The case for control in diabetes mellitus. In all diabetic animal models studied to date, microangiopathic complications develop which can be prevented by tight control and reversed by either islet cell transplantation or transplanting the diabetic kidney into a nondiabetic environment. In humans the prevalence of these complications in secondary diabetes mellitus is similar to the prevalence in genetic diabetes. Furthermore, mesangial basement membrane thickness is normal at the onset of the disease and increases shortly thereafter. These two facts strongly suggest that the microangiopathic complications are not an independent genetic component but rather are secondary to the metabolic derangements of uncontrolled diabetes. Normal kidneys transplanted into diabetic recipients developed the vascular lesions of diabetes. Conversely, two diabetic kidneys inadvertently transplanted into nondiabetic recipients showed clearing of the vascular lesions.Most retrospective studies support the conclusion that control is associated with lessened complications. The three prospective studies published to date also support this hypothesis. Because glucose concentrations cannot be brought to normal levels by present methods, the critical question is whether a major emphasis on restoring metabolism to as nearly normal as possible will help ameliorate the microangiopathic complications in our patients. The accumulated evidence would strongly favor an affirmative answer. Two daily injections of intermediate-acting insulin supplemented with small amounts of short-acting insulin as needed is one method to approach this goal."}
{"id": "PMID:360642", "title": "[The activated modified smooth muscle cell: morphology, metabolism, distribution and transitory forms].", "content": "On human as well as on animal vascular material a characteristic distribution of activated smooth muscle cells is observed which is characteristic for the course of a lesion. In early stages these cells are above all found below the tunica elastica as well as in the marginal parts of the plaques, whereas later on the distribution is increasingly balanced. These cells are metabolically active and also show a higher division rate. The morphological characteristics of the activated smooth muscle cells are a reference to the metabolic and synthetic activity of the cells. Independent on this a characteristic content of activated smooth muscle cells is revealed during ageing. It is still unclarified in as far prognostic conclusions may be derived from the distribution of this cell form on the human vascular material.", "contents": "[The activated modified smooth muscle cell: morphology, metabolism, distribution and transitory forms]. On human as well as on animal vascular material a characteristic distribution of activated smooth muscle cells is observed which is characteristic for the course of a lesion. In early stages these cells are above all found below the tunica elastica as well as in the marginal parts of the plaques, whereas later on the distribution is increasingly balanced. These cells are metabolically active and also show a higher division rate. The morphological characteristics of the activated smooth muscle cells are a reference to the metabolic and synthetic activity of the cells. Independent on this a characteristic content of activated smooth muscle cells is revealed during ageing. It is still unclarified in as far prognostic conclusions may be derived from the distribution of this cell form on the human vascular material."}
{"id": "PMID:360644", "title": "[The carotid sinus pressure test--a screening method for the demonstration of latent bradycardial arrhythmias].", "content": "100 patients with peripheral arteriosclerotic obstructive disease were examined for latent bradycardic disturbances of the rhythm by means of the pressure experiment on the carotid sinus under screening conditions. 57% of the arteriosclerotics had sinus-auricular or atrioventricular blockings, 67% of them an asystole over 3 s. In 84% of the cases this asystole was conditioned by a sinus-auricular block. In a comparative group of the same age only a retardation of the sinus rhythm was found. An asystole over 3 s in a pressure experiment on the carotid sinus refers to an endangering by Morgagni-Adams-Stokes-attacks, since the substitution pacemaker in form of the secondary stimulation formation system insufficiency compensatorily steps into the breach. Particularly endangered seem to be patients with additionally bradycardizing medicaments (glycosides, antihypertensive drugs, beta-receptor blockers, antiarrhythmic drugs) which frequently and combined are prescribed in arteriosclerotics with hypertensive cardiac disease. In synopsis with anamnesis, findings of the examinations and the ECG-analysis with and without pressure experiment on the carotid sinus can be decided on the actual therapy up to the pacemaker implantation. The method proved to be suitable as screening and preliminary examination before the prescription of the medicaments mentioned above when performed correctly and the contraindication was taken into consideration. It is to be discussed whether before recommendation of the broad application of the pressure on the carotid sinus without possibility of reanimation a phase of another testing should precede.", "contents": "[The carotid sinus pressure test--a screening method for the demonstration of latent bradycardial arrhythmias]. 100 patients with peripheral arteriosclerotic obstructive disease were examined for latent bradycardic disturbances of the rhythm by means of the pressure experiment on the carotid sinus under screening conditions. 57% of the arteriosclerotics had sinus-auricular or atrioventricular blockings, 67% of them an asystole over 3 s. In 84% of the cases this asystole was conditioned by a sinus-auricular block. In a comparative group of the same age only a retardation of the sinus rhythm was found. An asystole over 3 s in a pressure experiment on the carotid sinus refers to an endangering by Morgagni-Adams-Stokes-attacks, since the substitution pacemaker in form of the secondary stimulation formation system insufficiency compensatorily steps into the breach. Particularly endangered seem to be patients with additionally bradycardizing medicaments (glycosides, antihypertensive drugs, beta-receptor blockers, antiarrhythmic drugs) which frequently and combined are prescribed in arteriosclerotics with hypertensive cardiac disease. In synopsis with anamnesis, findings of the examinations and the ECG-analysis with and without pressure experiment on the carotid sinus can be decided on the actual therapy up to the pacemaker implantation. The method proved to be suitable as screening and preliminary examination before the prescription of the medicaments mentioned above when performed correctly and the contraindication was taken into consideration. It is to be discussed whether before recommendation of the broad application of the pressure on the carotid sinus without possibility of reanimation a phase of another testing should precede."}
{"id": "PMID:360645", "title": "[Improvement of healing of pedicled skin flaps and free skin grafts (animal experiments)].", "content": "A combined therapy in order to improve the healing of dermatoplasties is presented. Epicutaneous application of oxygen is combined with injection of a vasodilating drug. The results from experiments on 25 rabbits showed accelerated healing, smaller necroting areas, and improved circulation in pedicled skin flaps of well as in free cutaneous grafts. All results are statistically secured and are confirmed by histologic examinations. The method is uncomplicated and very effective.", "contents": "[Improvement of healing of pedicled skin flaps and free skin grafts (animal experiments)]. A combined therapy in order to improve the healing of dermatoplasties is presented. Epicutaneous application of oxygen is combined with injection of a vasodilating drug. The results from experiments on 25 rabbits showed accelerated healing, smaller necroting areas, and improved circulation in pedicled skin flaps of well as in free cutaneous grafts. All results are statistically secured and are confirmed by histologic examinations. The method is uncomplicated and very effective."}
{"id": "PMID:360646", "title": "[Free skin-adipose tissue flap transplantation in rats].", "content": "An important precondition for the clinical application of the free flap transplantation with microvascular anastomoses is the training in the animal experiment. With some fundamental anatomical observations concerning the vessels of the skin and types of flaps the suitability of different laboratory animals is demonstrated. The technique of the free composite flap transplantation utilizing the abdominal flap of the rat is described. This flap model is not only suitable for test the success of the microvascular suture, but is also useful in cases of special pharmacological, pathological and physiological problems of the free flap transplantation.", "contents": "[Free skin-adipose tissue flap transplantation in rats]. An important precondition for the clinical application of the free flap transplantation with microvascular anastomoses is the training in the animal experiment. With some fundamental anatomical observations concerning the vessels of the skin and types of flaps the suitability of different laboratory animals is demonstrated. The technique of the free composite flap transplantation utilizing the abdominal flap of the rat is described. This flap model is not only suitable for test the success of the microvascular suture, but is also useful in cases of special pharmacological, pathological and physiological problems of the free flap transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:360647", "title": "[Effect of portocaval shunt and arterialization of the liver on antibodies to Escherichia coli in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of a portocaval shunt with and without portal arterialization of the liver on serum immunoglobulin concentrations and on the incidence of antibodies to 8 different serotypes of Escherichia coli was studied in 29 patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Compared with healthy controls, the serum concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM were significantly elevated in cirrhotic patients. No difference in immunoglobulin concentrations could be observed between shunted and arterialized cirrhotics. The incidence of E. coli antibodies was significantly higher in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, showing a further increase in patients with portocaval shunt operations. Portal arterialization of the liver after portocaval shunting did prevent this additional increase, presumably by restoring the antigen clearing capacity of the cirrhotic liver, thus avoiding an additional stimulation of the antigen response after the portocaval shunt. The quantitative contribution of E. coli antibodies to the hyperimmunoglobulinemia of patients with cirrhosis of the liver seems to be of little significance. The results of this study underline the significance of the portal hepatic blood flow for the function of the reticulo-endothelial system of the liver.", "contents": "[Effect of portocaval shunt and arterialization of the liver on antibodies to Escherichia coli in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)]. The effect of a portocaval shunt with and without portal arterialization of the liver on serum immunoglobulin concentrations and on the incidence of antibodies to 8 different serotypes of Escherichia coli was studied in 29 patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Compared with healthy controls, the serum concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM were significantly elevated in cirrhotic patients. No difference in immunoglobulin concentrations could be observed between shunted and arterialized cirrhotics. The incidence of E. coli antibodies was significantly higher in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, showing a further increase in patients with portocaval shunt operations. Portal arterialization of the liver after portocaval shunting did prevent this additional increase, presumably by restoring the antigen clearing capacity of the cirrhotic liver, thus avoiding an additional stimulation of the antigen response after the portocaval shunt. The quantitative contribution of E. coli antibodies to the hyperimmunoglobulinemia of patients with cirrhosis of the liver seems to be of little significance. The results of this study underline the significance of the portal hepatic blood flow for the function of the reticulo-endothelial system of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:360649", "title": "Extra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha in gel for prelabor cervical ripening.", "content": "In 22 normal term gravidas with unfavorable cervix, 5 mg PGF2alpha in Tylose gel was instilled into the extra-amniotic space. The treatment improved the cervical state so much that the women could be successfully induced by conventional methods. The procedure was well tolerated by the mother and it appeared to be perinatally safe.", "contents": "Extra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha in gel for prelabor cervical ripening. In 22 normal term gravidas with unfavorable cervix, 5 mg PGF2alpha in Tylose gel was instilled into the extra-amniotic space. The treatment improved the cervical state so much that the women could be successfully induced by conventional methods. The procedure was well tolerated by the mother and it appeared to be perinatally safe."}
{"id": "PMID:360723", "title": "[In vitro examinations - a basis of additional cancer therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The necessity of additional cancer therapy by cytostatic agents and hormones tested on human malignant tumour cell cultures is stressed. Randomized correlative findings of in vivo and in vitro tests are reported. Surgical procedures, irradiation, cytostatic treatment, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy should be used successively in efficient combination.", "contents": "[In vitro examinations - a basis of additional cancer therapy (author's transl)]. The necessity of additional cancer therapy by cytostatic agents and hormones tested on human malignant tumour cell cultures is stressed. Randomized correlative findings of in vivo and in vitro tests are reported. Surgical procedures, irradiation, cytostatic treatment, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy should be used successively in efficient combination."}
{"id": "PMID:360728", "title": "[In vitro lysis of schizophrenic patients' erythrocytes in an autologous system].", "content": "Using the Erne method in N.N. Klemparskaya's modification the author studied peripheral blood of 59 schizophrenic patients with different types of the course and 23 normals. It is shown that in the peripheral blood preparations of schizophrenic patients there is a reliably greater number of zones of local hemolysis of erythrocytes. This phenomenon is associated with a general immunological status of the body.", "contents": "[In vitro lysis of schizophrenic patients' erythrocytes in an autologous system]. Using the Erne method in N.N. Klemparskaya's modification the author studied peripheral blood of 59 schizophrenic patients with different types of the course and 23 normals. It is shown that in the peripheral blood preparations of schizophrenic patients there is a reliably greater number of zones of local hemolysis of erythrocytes. This phenomenon is associated with a general immunological status of the body."}
{"id": "PMID:360734", "title": "The interaction of uranyl ions with inorganic pyrophosphatase from baker's yeast.", "content": "The interaction of uranyl ions with inorganic pyrophosphatase from baker's yeast was investigated by measurement of their effect on the protein fluorescence. Fluorescence titrations of the native enzyme with uranyl nitrate show that there is a specific binding of uranyl ions to the enzyme. It was deduced that each subunit of the enzyme binds one uranyl ion. The binding constant was estimated to be in the order of 10(7) M-1. The enzyme which contains a small number of chemically modified carboxyl groups was not able to bind uranyl ions specifically. The modification of carboxyl groups was carried out by use of a water soluble carbodiimide and the nucleophilic reagent N-(2,4-dinitro-phenyl)-hexamethylenediamine. The substrate analogue calcium pyrophosphate displaced the uranyl ions from their binding sites at the enzyme. From the results it is concluded that carboxyl groups of the active site are the ligands for the binding of uranyl ions.", "contents": "The interaction of uranyl ions with inorganic pyrophosphatase from baker's yeast. The interaction of uranyl ions with inorganic pyrophosphatase from baker's yeast was investigated by measurement of their effect on the protein fluorescence. Fluorescence titrations of the native enzyme with uranyl nitrate show that there is a specific binding of uranyl ions to the enzyme. It was deduced that each subunit of the enzyme binds one uranyl ion. The binding constant was estimated to be in the order of 10(7) M-1. The enzyme which contains a small number of chemically modified carboxyl groups was not able to bind uranyl ions specifically. The modification of carboxyl groups was carried out by use of a water soluble carbodiimide and the nucleophilic reagent N-(2,4-dinitro-phenyl)-hexamethylenediamine. The substrate analogue calcium pyrophosphate displaced the uranyl ions from their binding sites at the enzyme. From the results it is concluded that carboxyl groups of the active site are the ligands for the binding of uranyl ions."}
{"id": "PMID:360735", "title": "[Absorption of anti-placenta serum by means of immunosorbents].", "content": "An anti-placenta serum was absorbed by means of immunosorbents to remove antibodies against human serum proteins. The absorption met with some difficulties, because the anti-placenta serum contained antibodies against several human serum proteins. 12 different methods were compared for their suitability to adsorb these antibodies against human serum proteins. Most suitable is human serum cross-linked by glutardialdehyde. Good results were obtained too with human serum linked to Enzacryl, Polyaminostyrene or CNBr-activated Sephadex.", "contents": "[Absorption of anti-placenta serum by means of immunosorbents]. An anti-placenta serum was absorbed by means of immunosorbents to remove antibodies against human serum proteins. The absorption met with some difficulties, because the anti-placenta serum contained antibodies against several human serum proteins. 12 different methods were compared for their suitability to adsorb these antibodies against human serum proteins. Most suitable is human serum cross-linked by glutardialdehyde. Good results were obtained too with human serum linked to Enzacryl, Polyaminostyrene or CNBr-activated Sephadex."}
{"id": "PMID:360736", "title": "On the properties of alpha-glucosidase and the binding of glucose to the enzyme.", "content": "An alpha-glucosidase was purified from baker's yeast. The molecular weight was approximately 44 000 daltons. SDS-disc gel electrophoresis suggested that the enzyme consisted of four subunits. The isoelectric point was at pH 5.4. The Km values for p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside and maltose were 2.9 X 10(-4) and 2.5 X 10(-2) M, respectively. Binding of 2-(p-toluidino)naphthalene-6-sulfonate to the alpha-glucosidase was associated with a strong increase in fluorescence. The dissociation constant of the enzyme-TNS complex was 8 X 10(-5) M. The fluorescent probe did not interfere with the binding of glucose to the enzyme although the alpha-glucosidase was inhibited by high concentrations of TNS. The formation of an enzyme-glucose complex was indicated by an increase of fluorescence and by a shift in the wavelength for maximal emission which suggests that the binding process is associated with a change in conformation. The dissociation constant of the glucose--alpha-glucosidase complex KD = 0.57 X 10(-3) M, was calculated from the increase in fluorescence as a function of glucose concentration.", "contents": "On the properties of alpha-glucosidase and the binding of glucose to the enzyme. An alpha-glucosidase was purified from baker's yeast. The molecular weight was approximately 44 000 daltons. SDS-disc gel electrophoresis suggested that the enzyme consisted of four subunits. The isoelectric point was at pH 5.4. The Km values for p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside and maltose were 2.9 X 10(-4) and 2.5 X 10(-2) M, respectively. Binding of 2-(p-toluidino)naphthalene-6-sulfonate to the alpha-glucosidase was associated with a strong increase in fluorescence. The dissociation constant of the enzyme-TNS complex was 8 X 10(-5) M. The fluorescent probe did not interfere with the binding of glucose to the enzyme although the alpha-glucosidase was inhibited by high concentrations of TNS. The formation of an enzyme-glucose complex was indicated by an increase of fluorescence and by a shift in the wavelength for maximal emission which suggests that the binding process is associated with a change in conformation. The dissociation constant of the glucose--alpha-glucosidase complex KD = 0.57 X 10(-3) M, was calculated from the increase in fluorescence as a function of glucose concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:360737", "title": "Implantation of pacemaker electrode from parasternal mediastinotomy.", "content": "A review of the literature on the possibilities of myocardial pacemaker electrode implantation is presented. The field of indication of myocardial electrode implantation is restricted to cases of repeated intracardial electrode dislocation and multiple suppuration. In the authors' experience parasternal mediastinotomy offers an appropriate surgical approach for myocardial electrode implantation and has several advantages over other methods of penetration.", "contents": "Implantation of pacemaker electrode from parasternal mediastinotomy. A review of the literature on the possibilities of myocardial pacemaker electrode implantation is presented. The field of indication of myocardial electrode implantation is restricted to cases of repeated intracardial electrode dislocation and multiple suppuration. In the authors' experience parasternal mediastinotomy offers an appropriate surgical approach for myocardial electrode implantation and has several advantages over other methods of penetration."}
{"id": "PMID:360738", "title": "Circular crural ulcer; its surgical therapy.", "content": "Experience with the surgical therapy of two serious cases of crural ulcer is described. The ulcers were widely and deeply excised together with the fascia and covered three weeks later by a split free skin graft. As a technical innovation, a mesh graft was applied in one case and in the other the ulcer was removed in two steps to avoid secondary shrinking. The functional result was in both cases unobjectionable even two years after the operation. In similar, apparently hopeless, cases the method will help to avoid amputation and to achieve complete freedom from symptoms for years.", "contents": "Circular crural ulcer; its surgical therapy. Experience with the surgical therapy of two serious cases of crural ulcer is described. The ulcers were widely and deeply excised together with the fascia and covered three weeks later by a split free skin graft. As a technical innovation, a mesh graft was applied in one case and in the other the ulcer was removed in two steps to avoid secondary shrinking. The functional result was in both cases unobjectionable even two years after the operation. In similar, apparently hopeless, cases the method will help to avoid amputation and to achieve complete freedom from symptoms for years."}
{"id": "PMID:360739", "title": "[Suturing of the resected renal parenchyma].", "content": "A historical and technical survey of the indication and application of people resection is presented. A new method is described to ensure rapid haemostasis, reduced parenchymal loss and early mobilization of the patient. The records of 29 patients operated upon in this way are reported.", "contents": "[Suturing of the resected renal parenchyma]. A historical and technical survey of the indication and application of people resection is presented. A new method is described to ensure rapid haemostasis, reduced parenchymal loss and early mobilization of the patient. The records of 29 patients operated upon in this way are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:360740", "title": "Experimental heterotopic pancreas segment transplantation.", "content": "Autologous and allogenic transplantations of the caudal part of the pancreas into the omentum and the spleen were performed in 18 dogs. The fate of the transplants was followed histologically. In the grafts the Langerhans-islands preserved their integrity longer than in the other parts of the organ, but in 4 to 6 weeks they, too, necrotised.", "contents": "Experimental heterotopic pancreas segment transplantation. Autologous and allogenic transplantations of the caudal part of the pancreas into the omentum and the spleen were performed in 18 dogs. The fate of the transplants was followed histologically. In the grafts the Langerhans-islands preserved their integrity longer than in the other parts of the organ, but in 4 to 6 weeks they, too, necrotised."}
{"id": "PMID:360741", "title": "[Reliability of sutures in gastroenterologic surgery].", "content": "Four methods have been worked out to improve the reliability of sutures, the seromuscular cuff, the technique of \"sterile\" closed and semi-closed mechanical anastomoses, the intraoperative emptying of the congested intestine and the transanal (lower) bridging over of the operated area. During three decades of gastrointestinal surgical practice these techniques have ensured satisfactory results and their application can be recommended. The results achieved with the application of these techniques in gastric surgery and in primary colon resection in the presence of ileal-subileal symptoms are discussed.", "contents": "[Reliability of sutures in gastroenterologic surgery]. Four methods have been worked out to improve the reliability of sutures, the seromuscular cuff, the technique of \"sterile\" closed and semi-closed mechanical anastomoses, the intraoperative emptying of the congested intestine and the transanal (lower) bridging over of the operated area. During three decades of gastrointestinal surgical practice these techniques have ensured satisfactory results and their application can be recommended. The results achieved with the application of these techniques in gastric surgery and in primary colon resection in the presence of ileal-subileal symptoms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:360742", "title": "Influence of digitalis on cardiac function before and after autonomic blockade.", "content": "The influence of Deslanoside C (D), 1.2 mg intravenously on the systolic time intervals (STI) was assessed in 15 individuals with right ventricular pacemakers, who were studied on two occasions, ten days apart. In the first case D was given under basal conditions, and in the second after autonomic blockade (with practolol 20 mg intravenously and atropine 1.5 and 1.0 mg intravenously) at 1 hour's interval. There were similar changes of the STI with digitalis administration both before and after automic blockade. Autonomic blockade is not necessary for full expression of digitalis action on the human heart, as advocated by some authors to be the case in experimental animals.", "contents": "Influence of digitalis on cardiac function before and after autonomic blockade. The influence of Deslanoside C (D), 1.2 mg intravenously on the systolic time intervals (STI) was assessed in 15 individuals with right ventricular pacemakers, who were studied on two occasions, ten days apart. In the first case D was given under basal conditions, and in the second after autonomic blockade (with practolol 20 mg intravenously and atropine 1.5 and 1.0 mg intravenously) at 1 hour's interval. There were similar changes of the STI with digitalis administration both before and after automic blockade. Autonomic blockade is not necessary for full expression of digitalis action on the human heart, as advocated by some authors to be the case in experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:360743", "title": "Radioactive isotopes in the diagnosis of heart disease.", "content": "Since the first application of radionuclides in cardiology, fifty years ago, a lot of invasive and noninvasive techniques have been developed. Invasive methods, performed in the catheterization room, have increased our comprehension of physiopathological mechanisms in congestive heart failure and coronary insuffiency. Noninvasive methods have allowed assessment of regional left ventricular wall motion and ejection fraction, of myocardial perfusion at rest and after exercise and of intracardiac shunts, in ambulatory patients. Most of these methods have been developed in the last two decades, and particularly in the last few years. Technical improvements, like scintillation cameras, computers and shortlived tracers, have considerably improved their possibilities. New techniques, like positron imaging with three-dimensional reconstruction, current use of ultra-short life indicators and further refinements in radio-immunoassays, will undoubtly increase our fundamental and clinical knowledge of congenital and acquired heart diseases.", "contents": "Radioactive isotopes in the diagnosis of heart disease. Since the first application of radionuclides in cardiology, fifty years ago, a lot of invasive and noninvasive techniques have been developed. Invasive methods, performed in the catheterization room, have increased our comprehension of physiopathological mechanisms in congestive heart failure and coronary insuffiency. Noninvasive methods have allowed assessment of regional left ventricular wall motion and ejection fraction, of myocardial perfusion at rest and after exercise and of intracardiac shunts, in ambulatory patients. Most of these methods have been developed in the last two decades, and particularly in the last few years. Technical improvements, like scintillation cameras, computers and shortlived tracers, have considerably improved their possibilities. New techniques, like positron imaging with three-dimensional reconstruction, current use of ultra-short life indicators and further refinements in radio-immunoassays, will undoubtly increase our fundamental and clinical knowledge of congenital and acquired heart diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:360744", "title": "Radioisotopic diagnosis and quantitation of left to right shunts in childhood and adolescence.", "content": "In 187 patients (141 adults and 46 children) left to right shunts were assessed using quantitative radionuclide angiography. After injection of 99mTc into the femoral vein time activity curves were registered over both lungs and the heart (Ohio Nuclear Camera, ON SIGMA 400, 110, HP 5407 computer). Using a modified gamma function area ratio technique the shunt sizes were calculated. The radioisotopic method allows a precise quantitation of left to right shunts ranging from 15--80%. There was a good agreement between the shunt sizes calculated by the radioisotopic method and oximetry or dye-dilution at cardiac catheterization (adults r = 0,87, children r = 0,85). The shunts sizes assessed with this nontraumatic method appear sufficiently reliable to be a real alternative to conventional techniques in screening for shunts.", "contents": "Radioisotopic diagnosis and quantitation of left to right shunts in childhood and adolescence. In 187 patients (141 adults and 46 children) left to right shunts were assessed using quantitative radionuclide angiography. After injection of 99mTc into the femoral vein time activity curves were registered over both lungs and the heart (Ohio Nuclear Camera, ON SIGMA 400, 110, HP 5407 computer). Using a modified gamma function area ratio technique the shunt sizes were calculated. The radioisotopic method allows a precise quantitation of left to right shunts ranging from 15--80%. There was a good agreement between the shunt sizes calculated by the radioisotopic method and oximetry or dye-dilution at cardiac catheterization (adults r = 0,87, children r = 0,85). The shunts sizes assessed with this nontraumatic method appear sufficiently reliable to be a real alternative to conventional techniques in screening for shunts."}
{"id": "PMID:360747", "title": "Collagen types in early phases of wound healing in children.", "content": "Small silicone rubber tubes containing a standard size viscose cellulose sponge (Cellstic) were implanted in wounds of ten children at the end of surgery. The Cellstics were drawn out of the wound 24--120 hours after implantation and the cellulose sponges were sectioned and studied for collagen types. Immunologically detectable Type III collagen and procollagen was detected in the sponges 24--48 hours after implantation whereas Type I collagen was not found at that time. From hour 72 onwards a substantial increase in Type I collagen was noted, while the relatively low levels of Type I procollagen remained unchanged. The levels of Type III collagen and procollagen increased only slightly. Primary cultures from 9-day-old granulation tissue synthesized preferentially Type I collagen, on the basis of chromatographic analysis. We conclude that Type III collagen is produced at the earliest phases of wound healing by primitive mesenchymal cells followed by the production of Type I collagen after the appearance of mature wound fibroblasts.", "contents": "Collagen types in early phases of wound healing in children. Small silicone rubber tubes containing a standard size viscose cellulose sponge (Cellstic) were implanted in wounds of ten children at the end of surgery. The Cellstics were drawn out of the wound 24--120 hours after implantation and the cellulose sponges were sectioned and studied for collagen types. Immunologically detectable Type III collagen and procollagen was detected in the sponges 24--48 hours after implantation whereas Type I collagen was not found at that time. From hour 72 onwards a substantial increase in Type I collagen was noted, while the relatively low levels of Type I procollagen remained unchanged. The levels of Type III collagen and procollagen increased only slightly. Primary cultures from 9-day-old granulation tissue synthesized preferentially Type I collagen, on the basis of chromatographic analysis. We conclude that Type III collagen is produced at the earliest phases of wound healing by primitive mesenchymal cells followed by the production of Type I collagen after the appearance of mature wound fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:360745", "title": "[Surgical treatment of lungcancer five-year survival. Major surgical complications (author's transl)].", "content": "In the period 1961--1971, 41 patients with a squamous-cell carcinoma were operated upon. The absolute 5-year survival is 47.6% for the lobectomy and 20% for the pneumonectomy. In the period 1971--1976 (6 years), 211 resections for carcinoma (all types) were performed including 19 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, operated in 1971 and also studied in the first part of the work. They represent only 15.2% of all the hospitalized lungcancer patients. The lobectomy/pneumonectomy ratio is 60/40. The postoperative mortality is respectively 4% and 9.5% and the major surgical complications (bleeding, broncho-pleural fistula, empyema) are 0.8% and 3.6%. The causes of postoperative death are examined. Remarkable is the low incidence of bronchial fistulisation: 1 in 211 resections for malignant tumors, i.e. 0.47%. These results are discussed and compared with the literature.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of lungcancer five-year survival. Major surgical complications (author's transl)]. In the period 1961--1971, 41 patients with a squamous-cell carcinoma were operated upon. The absolute 5-year survival is 47.6% for the lobectomy and 20% for the pneumonectomy. In the period 1971--1976 (6 years), 211 resections for carcinoma (all types) were performed including 19 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, operated in 1971 and also studied in the first part of the work. They represent only 15.2% of all the hospitalized lungcancer patients. The lobectomy/pneumonectomy ratio is 60/40. The postoperative mortality is respectively 4% and 9.5% and the major surgical complications (bleeding, broncho-pleural fistula, empyema) are 0.8% and 3.6%. The causes of postoperative death are examined. Remarkable is the low incidence of bronchial fistulisation: 1 in 211 resections for malignant tumors, i.e. 0.47%. These results are discussed and compared with the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:360752", "title": "Response of acromegaly to long term bromocriptine therapy: a biochemical and clinical assessment.", "content": "The long term effects of bromocriptine in 12 acromegalics treated for a mean duration of 10.2 months are reported. Seven showed a significant (P less than 0.05) and sustained fall in serum immunoreactive growth hormone (GH) levels throughout 24 h, 6 of whom had a 50% or greater reduction in mean circulating GH during glucose tolerance testing. Only one patient had mean serum GH levels throughout the day suppressed to normal (less than 5 mIU/l) but 3 had suppression of mean serum GH during GTT to normal or very near normal (less than 10 mIU/l). The effective dose was 20 mg daily. Only 4 patients reported any improvement in soft tissue swelling and acral features, which was unrelated to the GH response. Possible reasons for the discrepancy between clinical and biochemical responses are discussed. In 9 of the 12 patients bromocriptine was discontinued and pituitary ablative therapy offered. Three out of 4 patients who underwent trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy had mean GH levels during GTT reduced to less than 7 mIU/l. In the three who continued bromocriptine treatment GH suppression was maintained at less than 10 mIU/l for up to 3 years but with little change in acral features. Although bromocriptine is safe and was well tolerated it is not as effective as existing forms of pituitary ablative therapy and should be reserved for those cases where ablation is contraindicated or unsuccessful.", "contents": "Response of acromegaly to long term bromocriptine therapy: a biochemical and clinical assessment. The long term effects of bromocriptine in 12 acromegalics treated for a mean duration of 10.2 months are reported. Seven showed a significant (P less than 0.05) and sustained fall in serum immunoreactive growth hormone (GH) levels throughout 24 h, 6 of whom had a 50% or greater reduction in mean circulating GH during glucose tolerance testing. Only one patient had mean serum GH levels throughout the day suppressed to normal (less than 5 mIU/l) but 3 had suppression of mean serum GH during GTT to normal or very near normal (less than 10 mIU/l). The effective dose was 20 mg daily. Only 4 patients reported any improvement in soft tissue swelling and acral features, which was unrelated to the GH response. Possible reasons for the discrepancy between clinical and biochemical responses are discussed. In 9 of the 12 patients bromocriptine was discontinued and pituitary ablative therapy offered. Three out of 4 patients who underwent trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy had mean GH levels during GTT reduced to less than 7 mIU/l. In the three who continued bromocriptine treatment GH suppression was maintained at less than 10 mIU/l for up to 3 years but with little change in acral features. Although bromocriptine is safe and was well tolerated it is not as effective as existing forms of pituitary ablative therapy and should be reserved for those cases where ablation is contraindicated or unsuccessful."}
{"id": "PMID:360748", "title": "Glucagon and insulin secretion in potential diabetes.", "content": "Insulin and glucagon have been studied in 20 subjects (both of the subjects' parents were diabetic or in case of only one diabetic parent, the other showed a first degree familiarity of diabetes): 10 showed normal glucose tolerance ('true prediabetics') and 10 impaired glucose tolerance ('genetic chemical diabetes'). Mean insulin response to oral (100 g) and i.v. glucose load (200 mg/kg followed by 20 mg/kg/min for 60 min) and to arginine infusion (25 g in 30 min) was normal in the prediabetics and delayed and higher in the subjects with chemical diabetes as compared to the control group. Glucagon response to arginine was higher, but not significantly, in prediabetics and in subjects with chemical diabetes. In both of these groups glucagon suppression by glucose was not observed. The insulin/glucagon molar ratio was significantly reduced after glucose infusion in these two groups. No correlation was found between insulin and glucagon secretion after arginine or glucose. A possible alteration in the mechanism controlling glucagon secretion even in the earliest phases of diabetes is suggested.", "contents": "Glucagon and insulin secretion in potential diabetes. Insulin and glucagon have been studied in 20 subjects (both of the subjects' parents were diabetic or in case of only one diabetic parent, the other showed a first degree familiarity of diabetes): 10 showed normal glucose tolerance ('true prediabetics') and 10 impaired glucose tolerance ('genetic chemical diabetes'). Mean insulin response to oral (100 g) and i.v. glucose load (200 mg/kg followed by 20 mg/kg/min for 60 min) and to arginine infusion (25 g in 30 min) was normal in the prediabetics and delayed and higher in the subjects with chemical diabetes as compared to the control group. Glucagon response to arginine was higher, but not significantly, in prediabetics and in subjects with chemical diabetes. In both of these groups glucagon suppression by glucose was not observed. The insulin/glucagon molar ratio was significantly reduced after glucose infusion in these two groups. No correlation was found between insulin and glucagon secretion after arginine or glucose. A possible alteration in the mechanism controlling glucagon secretion even in the earliest phases of diabetes is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:360753", "title": "Influence of the purity of the iodinated tracer on the specificity of the radioimmunoassay of human luteinizing hormone.", "content": "Human luteinizing hormone (HLH) iodinated with 125I by the use of a lactoperoxidase method, was fractionated by either cellulose adsorption, gel filtration or by the combination of these methods. The products of iodination were characterized by their in vitro biological LH activity and by their binding profiles with antisera to HLH, HLHalpha and HLHbeta subunits. Several radioactive components were obtained after gel filtration with or without an initial cellulose adsorption step. One of these fractions was identified as biologically active HLH and another as the HLHalpha subunit. Radioimmunoassay studies were conducted with different iodinated fractions as tracers, using three well defined and widely available antisera to HLH. The standard used was the HLH International Reference Preparation for immunoassay (68/40). Cross-reactivity was examined with several purified pituitary preparations, such as HFSH, HTSH, HLHalpha and HLHbeta subunit. A significantly higher cross-reactivity with HLHalpha, HFSH and HTSH was obtained with the [125I]HLHalpha fraction as tracer than with biologically active [125I]HLH. Furthermore, in the radioimmunoassay of HLH preparations of varying purity, significantly higher estimates of immunological activity were obtained with the [125I]HLHalpha tracer than with the biologically active [125I]HLH. It is concluded that the presence of [125I]HLHalpha in the [125I]HLH tracer can result in serious overestimates of the immunological activity in the measurement of LH. Therefore [125I]HLHalpha should be separated from [125I]HLH prior to radioimmunoassay. Many of the fractionation methods commonly used (cellulose adsorption and short column gel filtration systems) are inadequate for this purpose. However, an adequate separation can be achieved by the use of high resolution gel filtration systems.", "contents": "Influence of the purity of the iodinated tracer on the specificity of the radioimmunoassay of human luteinizing hormone. Human luteinizing hormone (HLH) iodinated with 125I by the use of a lactoperoxidase method, was fractionated by either cellulose adsorption, gel filtration or by the combination of these methods. The products of iodination were characterized by their in vitro biological LH activity and by their binding profiles with antisera to HLH, HLHalpha and HLHbeta subunits. Several radioactive components were obtained after gel filtration with or without an initial cellulose adsorption step. One of these fractions was identified as biologically active HLH and another as the HLHalpha subunit. Radioimmunoassay studies were conducted with different iodinated fractions as tracers, using three well defined and widely available antisera to HLH. The standard used was the HLH International Reference Preparation for immunoassay (68/40). Cross-reactivity was examined with several purified pituitary preparations, such as HFSH, HTSH, HLHalpha and HLHbeta subunit. A significantly higher cross-reactivity with HLHalpha, HFSH and HTSH was obtained with the [125I]HLHalpha fraction as tracer than with biologically active [125I]HLH. Furthermore, in the radioimmunoassay of HLH preparations of varying purity, significantly higher estimates of immunological activity were obtained with the [125I]HLHalpha tracer than with the biologically active [125I]HLH. It is concluded that the presence of [125I]HLHalpha in the [125I]HLH tracer can result in serious overestimates of the immunological activity in the measurement of LH. Therefore [125I]HLHalpha should be separated from [125I]HLH prior to radioimmunoassay. Many of the fractionation methods commonly used (cellulose adsorption and short column gel filtration systems) are inadequate for this purpose. However, an adequate separation can be achieved by the use of high resolution gel filtration systems."}
{"id": "PMID:360749", "title": "Insulin secretion in patients with myotonic dystrophy and their relatives.", "content": "Oral glucose, i.v. tolbutamide and i.v. arginine tolerance tests were performed in 11 patients with myotonic dystrophy and 9 of their clinically unaffected relatives. Five of the myotonic patients had glucose intolerance; 7 had exaggerated immunoreactive insulin (IRI) response to glucose. One of the 9 relatives demonstrated glucose intolerance and none had exaggerated insulin response to glucose. Three relatives, all obese, hyperresponded to arginine and one of them also responded excessively to tolbutamide. The results indicate that an exaggerated IRI response to glucose is common in myotonic dystrophy. Enhanced responses to other stimuli are less frequent. Although glucose intolerance occurred in half of the patients, the fact that the highest IRI levels were seen in non-diabetic patients suggests that this excessive response may protect against glucose intolerance. Our studies in relatives do not support the potential usefulness of testing for hyperinsulinemia in the early detection of myotonic dystrophy.", "contents": "Insulin secretion in patients with myotonic dystrophy and their relatives. Oral glucose, i.v. tolbutamide and i.v. arginine tolerance tests were performed in 11 patients with myotonic dystrophy and 9 of their clinically unaffected relatives. Five of the myotonic patients had glucose intolerance; 7 had exaggerated immunoreactive insulin (IRI) response to glucose. One of the 9 relatives demonstrated glucose intolerance and none had exaggerated insulin response to glucose. Three relatives, all obese, hyperresponded to arginine and one of them also responded excessively to tolbutamide. The results indicate that an exaggerated IRI response to glucose is common in myotonic dystrophy. Enhanced responses to other stimuli are less frequent. Although glucose intolerance occurred in half of the patients, the fact that the highest IRI levels were seen in non-diabetic patients suggests that this excessive response may protect against glucose intolerance. Our studies in relatives do not support the potential usefulness of testing for hyperinsulinemia in the early detection of myotonic dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:360754", "title": "Immunodeficiency in hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "The response of hypophysectomized, sham-operated and non-operated female Fischer 344 and Wistar-Furth rats was compared to various antigenic stimuli. Antibody production against sheep red blood cells, skin response to dinitrochlorobenzene and the development of adjuvant arthritis after treatment with Freund's complete adjuvant were all markedly suppressed in hypophysectomized animals. Sham-operated rats responded as well as did non-operated controls. Skin graft survival was also prolonged in hypophysectomized rats when compared to controls. These results indicate that the pituitary gland plays an important role in immune reactions.", "contents": "Immunodeficiency in hypophysectomized rats. The response of hypophysectomized, sham-operated and non-operated female Fischer 344 and Wistar-Furth rats was compared to various antigenic stimuli. Antibody production against sheep red blood cells, skin response to dinitrochlorobenzene and the development of adjuvant arthritis after treatment with Freund's complete adjuvant were all markedly suppressed in hypophysectomized animals. Sham-operated rats responded as well as did non-operated controls. Skin graft survival was also prolonged in hypophysectomized rats when compared to controls. These results indicate that the pituitary gland plays an important role in immune reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:360750", "title": "Relationship between carbohydrate tolerance, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity of isolated fat cells from obese protodiabetics.", "content": "Six normal weight subjects without any heredity of diabetes (group 1), 3 obese subjects with normal (group 2) and 9 with pathological carbohydrate tolerance (group 3) were characterized by a 2-h glucose infusion test. Adipose tissue fragments were obtained from the abdominal wall by surgical biopsy under intracutaneous anesthesia. Adipocytes were isolated by collagenase digestion and incubated in buffer containing [1-14C] glucose and different concentrations of insulin. The metabolic effect of insulin was expressed as percent increase above control 14CO2 production. Maximal CO2 raised to 207 +/- 25% and 154 +/- 9% in groups 1 and 2, respectively. These values were significantly higher than in obese subjects displaying a pathological carbohydrate tolerance (group 3; 119 +/- 6%). A negative correlation was found between blood glucose levels and biological activity of insulin on adipocytes. The results suggest that insulin sensitivity of target tissue seems to play an important role in development of carbohydrate intolerance.", "contents": "Relationship between carbohydrate tolerance, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity of isolated fat cells from obese protodiabetics. Six normal weight subjects without any heredity of diabetes (group 1), 3 obese subjects with normal (group 2) and 9 with pathological carbohydrate tolerance (group 3) were characterized by a 2-h glucose infusion test. Adipose tissue fragments were obtained from the abdominal wall by surgical biopsy under intracutaneous anesthesia. Adipocytes were isolated by collagenase digestion and incubated in buffer containing [1-14C] glucose and different concentrations of insulin. The metabolic effect of insulin was expressed as percent increase above control 14CO2 production. Maximal CO2 raised to 207 +/- 25% and 154 +/- 9% in groups 1 and 2, respectively. These values were significantly higher than in obese subjects displaying a pathological carbohydrate tolerance (group 3; 119 +/- 6%). A negative correlation was found between blood glucose levels and biological activity of insulin on adipocytes. The results suggest that insulin sensitivity of target tissue seems to play an important role in development of carbohydrate intolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:360758", "title": "Tremor in XYY and XXY men.", "content": "In a double-blind, double-matched population survey, the tremor of 12 XYY, 14 XXY, and 52 XY men were studied clinically and by a special tremor recording equipment. XYY men were found to have a more pronounced tremor than XY normals, while XXY men were not found to differ in any definite way from normal XY men.", "contents": "Tremor in XYY and XXY men. In a double-blind, double-matched population survey, the tremor of 12 XYY, 14 XXY, and 52 XY men were studied clinically and by a special tremor recording equipment. XYY men were found to have a more pronounced tremor than XY normals, while XXY men were not found to differ in any definite way from normal XY men."}
{"id": "PMID:360759", "title": "Dopaminergic agonist Ro 8-4650 in Parkinson's disease. I. Patients treated with dopa.", "content": "An isoquinoline derivative Ro 8-4650 (rac-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-methoxy-2-methylisoquinoline hydrochloride) with dopaminergic properties was studied in a randomized crossover trial. The group studied comprised 37 patients with idiopathic parkinsonism and persistent symptoms, despite levodopa treatment. Median Webster rating before allocation was 11.5. The trial drug did not differ significantly from placebo as regards effect and involuntary movements. It led to more frequent minor side effects.", "contents": "Dopaminergic agonist Ro 8-4650 in Parkinson's disease. I. Patients treated with dopa. An isoquinoline derivative Ro 8-4650 (rac-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-methoxy-2-methylisoquinoline hydrochloride) with dopaminergic properties was studied in a randomized crossover trial. The group studied comprised 37 patients with idiopathic parkinsonism and persistent symptoms, despite levodopa treatment. Median Webster rating before allocation was 11.5. The trial drug did not differ significantly from placebo as regards effect and involuntary movements. It led to more frequent minor side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:360760", "title": "Dopaminergic agonist Ro 8-4650 in Parkinson's disease. II. Patients not treated with dopa.", "content": "An isoquinolone derivative Ro 8-4650 (rac-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-methoxy-2-methylisoquinoline hydrochloride) with dopaminergic properties was studied in a randomized crossover trial. The group studied comprised 37 patients with idiopathic parkinsonism, not previously treated with levodopa or dopamin agonists. The trial drug was significantly more effectve than placebo, but the clinical improvement, according to the Webster rating scale, was small. No significant difference was observed as regards involuntary movements, but the trial drug led to more frequent minor side effects. It can be concluded that the trial drug, despite its proven effect in Parkinson's disease, has only limited clinical value.", "contents": "Dopaminergic agonist Ro 8-4650 in Parkinson's disease. II. Patients not treated with dopa. An isoquinolone derivative Ro 8-4650 (rac-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-methoxy-2-methylisoquinoline hydrochloride) with dopaminergic properties was studied in a randomized crossover trial. The group studied comprised 37 patients with idiopathic parkinsonism, not previously treated with levodopa or dopamin agonists. The trial drug was significantly more effectve than placebo, but the clinical improvement, according to the Webster rating scale, was small. No significant difference was observed as regards involuntary movements, but the trial drug led to more frequent minor side effects. It can be concluded that the trial drug, despite its proven effect in Parkinson's disease, has only limited clinical value."}
{"id": "PMID:360761", "title": "Deanol and physostigmine in the treatment of L-dopa-induced dyskinesias.", "content": "Deanol and placebo were administered to 10 parkinsonian patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesias in a double-blind, crossover fashion. Deanol and placebo did not differ significantly in their effects on dyskinesias. The reported properties of deanol seem to be attributable to a placebo effect. There was no correlation with the results of the physostigmine test. Despite these disappointing results deanol remains intriguing, because in individual cases remarkable improvements on dyskinesias are reported.", "contents": "Deanol and physostigmine in the treatment of L-dopa-induced dyskinesias. Deanol and placebo were administered to 10 parkinsonian patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesias in a double-blind, crossover fashion. Deanol and placebo did not differ significantly in their effects on dyskinesias. The reported properties of deanol seem to be attributable to a placebo effect. There was no correlation with the results of the physostigmine test. Despite these disappointing results deanol remains intriguing, because in individual cases remarkable improvements on dyskinesias are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:360762", "title": "Plaque-inhibiting effect of dentifrices containing stannous fluoride.", "content": "The present study showed that the plaque inhibiting effect of aqueous solutions of stannous fluoride can be maintained in toothpastes. A commercial toothpaste containing 0.4 per cent of water soluble tin was effective whereas one containing 0.03 per cent showed no effect. The plaque inhibiting effect was shown in one study where the toothpastes were applied in cap splints and the plaque was scored after four days by the Plaque Index of L\u00f6e, and in another where the effect of locally applied pastes was monitored 24 hours later by the Gingival margin Plaque Index of Harrap. The present investigation supports the view that the stannous ion is essential in the plaque inhibition caused by stannous fluoride preparation. The exact mechanism is unknown but it is speculated that a change in the surface potential of oral bacteria through interaction with the stannous ion may be important.", "contents": "Plaque-inhibiting effect of dentifrices containing stannous fluoride. The present study showed that the plaque inhibiting effect of aqueous solutions of stannous fluoride can be maintained in toothpastes. A commercial toothpaste containing 0.4 per cent of water soluble tin was effective whereas one containing 0.03 per cent showed no effect. The plaque inhibiting effect was shown in one study where the toothpastes were applied in cap splints and the plaque was scored after four days by the Plaque Index of L\u00f6e, and in another where the effect of locally applied pastes was monitored 24 hours later by the Gingival margin Plaque Index of Harrap. The present investigation supports the view that the stannous ion is essential in the plaque inhibition caused by stannous fluoride preparation. The exact mechanism is unknown but it is speculated that a change in the surface potential of oral bacteria through interaction with the stannous ion may be important."}
{"id": "PMID:360763", "title": "Sacrococcygeal agenesis. A report of four new cases.", "content": "A total of 188 cases of sacral agenesis reported in the English literature are reviewed, and four new cases added. In 112 cases where the sex was given 60 were males, (53 per cent) and 52 were females (47 per cent). In 163 cases where clinical details were available, 47 children (26 per cent) had unilateral or bilateral dislocation of the hips, 77 (49 per cent) had unilateral or bilateral club-feet and 23 children (17 per cent) had spina bifida deformities. Comments are made on the aetiology, the clinical picture and the management.", "contents": "Sacrococcygeal agenesis. A report of four new cases. A total of 188 cases of sacral agenesis reported in the English literature are reviewed, and four new cases added. In 112 cases where the sex was given 60 were males, (53 per cent) and 52 were females (47 per cent). In 163 cases where clinical details were available, 47 children (26 per cent) had unilateral or bilateral dislocation of the hips, 77 (49 per cent) had unilateral or bilateral club-feet and 23 children (17 per cent) had spina bifida deformities. Comments are made on the aetiology, the clinical picture and the management."}
{"id": "PMID:360766", "title": "Comparative investigation between thiethylperazine and meclizine in vertigo of different genesis.", "content": "Forty patients suffering from vertigo of different genesis received thiethylperazine 6.5 mg or meclizine 25 mg, 2 capsules a day for 5 days, according to double-blind, cross-over methodology in randomized order. It appeared that the effect on the symptoms vertigo, gait disturbance and nausea does not differ significantly for the two preparations. On the other hand, an almost significant effect on vertigo, and, to a smaller degree, on gait disturbances, was obtained during the second period of treatment, independent of administered preparation. Side-effects in the form of fatigue and headache occur to the same extent after both preparations. Meclizine should be an alternative to thiethylperazine in the treatment of vertigo, especially in patients who might risk chronic dyskinesia in long-term treatment.", "contents": "Comparative investigation between thiethylperazine and meclizine in vertigo of different genesis. Forty patients suffering from vertigo of different genesis received thiethylperazine 6.5 mg or meclizine 25 mg, 2 capsules a day for 5 days, according to double-blind, cross-over methodology in randomized order. It appeared that the effect on the symptoms vertigo, gait disturbance and nausea does not differ significantly for the two preparations. On the other hand, an almost significant effect on vertigo, and, to a smaller degree, on gait disturbances, was obtained during the second period of treatment, independent of administered preparation. Side-effects in the form of fatigue and headache occur to the same extent after both preparations. Meclizine should be an alternative to thiethylperazine in the treatment of vertigo, especially in patients who might risk chronic dyskinesia in long-term treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:360764", "title": "Oral norephedrine in the treatment of acute otitis media. Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.", "content": "One hundred patients with acute otitis media were treated with oral norephedrine or with placebo for one to two weeks. Symptom cards, otoscopy and tympanometry were used for evaluation of the results. There were no differences between the two groups with regard to acute symptoms or healing of the disease. It is concluded that oral decongestants are of no value in the management of acute otitis media.", "contents": "Oral norephedrine in the treatment of acute otitis media. Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. One hundred patients with acute otitis media were treated with oral norephedrine or with placebo for one to two weeks. Symptom cards, otoscopy and tympanometry were used for evaluation of the results. There were no differences between the two groups with regard to acute symptoms or healing of the disease. It is concluded that oral decongestants are of no value in the management of acute otitis media."}
{"id": "PMID:360776", "title": "An indirect immunofluorescent antibody test for determination of Rubella virus specific IgM antibodies. Elimination of secondary IgM rheumatoid factor staining after absorption of serum IgG with Staphylococcal protein A.", "content": "Absorption of sera with protein A rich staphylococci eliminated unwanted secondary IgM staining caused by rheumatoid factors in the indirect immunofluorescence test for rubella virus antibodies. The absorption did not lower the sensitivity for IgM rubella antibodies as compared with the haemagglutination inhibition test on the IgM serum fractions obtained by ultracentrifugation.", "contents": "An indirect immunofluorescent antibody test for determination of Rubella virus specific IgM antibodies. Elimination of secondary IgM rheumatoid factor staining after absorption of serum IgG with Staphylococcal protein A. Absorption of sera with protein A rich staphylococci eliminated unwanted secondary IgM staining caused by rheumatoid factors in the indirect immunofluorescence test for rubella virus antibodies. The absorption did not lower the sensitivity for IgM rubella antibodies as compared with the haemagglutination inhibition test on the IgM serum fractions obtained by ultracentrifugation."}
{"id": "PMID:360779", "title": "Comparative trial of amitriptyline-N-oxide and amitriptyline in the treatment of out-patients with depressive syndromes.", "content": "Amitriptyline-N-oxide and amitriptyline were compared double-blind in a material of out-patients with depressive syndromes, 21 and 22 patients respectively. Both drugs had a good antidepressant effect. The globally rated effect was equal. The effect upon the various depressive symptoms was equal. Definite reversal of depression occurred somewhat earlier on amitriptyline-N-oxide on which side effects were also less marked, but those of an anticholinergic and of a sedative nature. No orthostatic reaction, nor any effect upon blood status or liver function was observed. Amitriptyline-N-oxide appears to show a tendency to a somewhat more rapid onset of effect and less side effects.", "contents": "Comparative trial of amitriptyline-N-oxide and amitriptyline in the treatment of out-patients with depressive syndromes. Amitriptyline-N-oxide and amitriptyline were compared double-blind in a material of out-patients with depressive syndromes, 21 and 22 patients respectively. Both drugs had a good antidepressant effect. The globally rated effect was equal. The effect upon the various depressive symptoms was equal. Definite reversal of depression occurred somewhat earlier on amitriptyline-N-oxide on which side effects were also less marked, but those of an anticholinergic and of a sedative nature. No orthostatic reaction, nor any effect upon blood status or liver function was observed. Amitriptyline-N-oxide appears to show a tendency to a somewhat more rapid onset of effect and less side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:360780", "title": "The definition of \"Cheyne-Stokes rhythms\".", "content": "The review of the literature on Cheyne-Stokes respiratory periods reveals enormous variation of the opinions expressed. The original description concerned periodicity characterized by rhythmic changes of respiratory phases and respiratory pauses in a relation of 60 : 15 seconds. In the respiratory phase there were 30 respirations of increasing depths and frequency at the beginning of the phase and decreasing depths and frequency at the end of the phase. Literature data about Cheyne-Stokes respiration comprise a multiplicity of all rhythymic forms. The duration of respiratory cycles varies between 12 and 130 seconds. The relation of the respiratory phase and respiratory pause between 6 : 4 or 75 : 70 seconds, and the number of breaths between 3 and 30 during one respiratory phase. Cheyne-Stokes periods were observed in health subjects as well as in patients with neurological, neurosurgical, cardiac, pulmonary and paediatric diseases. Cheyne-Stokes periods were explained as sequel of prolongation of circulation time between pulmonary alveoli and respiratory centre, through increased sensitivity of the respiratory centre to CO2, diminished sensitivity of the respiratory centre to CO2 and O2-deficit, local blood flow disturbances, section of pathways in the brain stem with disinhibition of basic rhythms, brain immaturity, alterations of consciousness, and respiratory obstructions. Rhythmic changes of the heart beat, of excitability of the heart muscle, of blood pressure, of EEG and of neurological and mental signs were observed. In spite of numerous observations detailed analysis of the respiratory cycle was performed in only a few cases. Major studies are lacking.", "contents": "The definition of \"Cheyne-Stokes rhythms\". The review of the literature on Cheyne-Stokes respiratory periods reveals enormous variation of the opinions expressed. The original description concerned periodicity characterized by rhythmic changes of respiratory phases and respiratory pauses in a relation of 60 : 15 seconds. In the respiratory phase there were 30 respirations of increasing depths and frequency at the beginning of the phase and decreasing depths and frequency at the end of the phase. Literature data about Cheyne-Stokes respiration comprise a multiplicity of all rhythymic forms. The duration of respiratory cycles varies between 12 and 130 seconds. The relation of the respiratory phase and respiratory pause between 6 : 4 or 75 : 70 seconds, and the number of breaths between 3 and 30 during one respiratory phase. Cheyne-Stokes periods were observed in health subjects as well as in patients with neurological, neurosurgical, cardiac, pulmonary and paediatric diseases. Cheyne-Stokes periods were explained as sequel of prolongation of circulation time between pulmonary alveoli and respiratory centre, through increased sensitivity of the respiratory centre to CO2, diminished sensitivity of the respiratory centre to CO2 and O2-deficit, local blood flow disturbances, section of pathways in the brain stem with disinhibition of basic rhythms, brain immaturity, alterations of consciousness, and respiratory obstructions. Rhythmic changes of the heart beat, of excitability of the heart muscle, of blood pressure, of EEG and of neurological and mental signs were observed. In spite of numerous observations detailed analysis of the respiratory cycle was performed in only a few cases. Major studies are lacking."}
{"id": "PMID:360777", "title": "Effects of site and size of septum lesions on feeding and drinking behavior in the cat.", "content": "Lesions involving most of the septum caused in cats a reduction in drinking milk and eating cereal. Only the lesions involving a part of the posterior one-third of the septum increased consumption of milk and solid food. Changes of drinking behavior were usually more pronounced and permanent. In some cases the normal ratio of drunk fluids to solid food eaten was disturbed, that is either the amount of the consumed milk or cereal changed; in some animals these changes were more or less parallel. Increase or abolition of effects caused by lesions involving areas playing a similar or an opposite role in these functions were observed very often. This indicates how important it is in such investigations to produce precise lesions of strictly determined site and size.", "contents": "Effects of site and size of septum lesions on feeding and drinking behavior in the cat. Lesions involving most of the septum caused in cats a reduction in drinking milk and eating cereal. Only the lesions involving a part of the posterior one-third of the septum increased consumption of milk and solid food. Changes of drinking behavior were usually more pronounced and permanent. In some cases the normal ratio of drunk fluids to solid food eaten was disturbed, that is either the amount of the consumed milk or cereal changed; in some animals these changes were more or less parallel. Increase or abolition of effects caused by lesions involving areas playing a similar or an opposite role in these functions were observed very often. This indicates how important it is in such investigations to produce precise lesions of strictly determined site and size."}
{"id": "PMID:360782", "title": "The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation in neurogenic pulmonary oedema. Report of a case.", "content": "The effect of positive end-expired pressure ventilation (PEEP) on mean systemic arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, mean pulmonary wedge pressure, mean intracranial pressure (ICP), and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), in a case of neurogenic pulmonary oedema (NPO) is presented. PEEP improved oxygenation, reduced, and finally stopped clinical pulmonary oedema. In this patient PEEP produced severe systemic hypotension. As a consequence of this, CPP was impaired.", "contents": "The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation in neurogenic pulmonary oedema. Report of a case. The effect of positive end-expired pressure ventilation (PEEP) on mean systemic arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, mean pulmonary wedge pressure, mean intracranial pressure (ICP), and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), in a case of neurogenic pulmonary oedema (NPO) is presented. PEEP improved oxygenation, reduced, and finally stopped clinical pulmonary oedema. In this patient PEEP produced severe systemic hypotension. As a consequence of this, CPP was impaired."}
{"id": "PMID:360798", "title": "Keratoconus and the operating microscope.", "content": "The slit lamp microscope is widely used in assessing patients pre-operatively and post-operatively with conical cornea which is a less sophisticated form of operating microscope. It is operative in terms of being used constantly in the surgeon's consulting rooms for the assessment of the patients pre- and post-operatively and therefore occupies a large proportion of the time involved in the treatment of these people. The management of these patients involves not only their local corneal disease but often more important the management of their emotional and medical problems particularly when there are associated atopic problems of eczema and asthma. Unfortunately there is no microscope or easy method in the control of these problems.", "contents": "Keratoconus and the operating microscope. The slit lamp microscope is widely used in assessing patients pre-operatively and post-operatively with conical cornea which is a less sophisticated form of operating microscope. It is operative in terms of being used constantly in the surgeon's consulting rooms for the assessment of the patients pre- and post-operatively and therefore occupies a large proportion of the time involved in the treatment of these people. The management of these patients involves not only their local corneal disease but often more important the management of their emotional and medical problems particularly when there are associated atopic problems of eczema and asthma. Unfortunately there is no microscope or easy method in the control of these problems."}
{"id": "PMID:360803", "title": "Combined simultaneous cataract glaucoma surgery.", "content": "This relatively small series supports the accumulating evidence that a combined cataract extraction and trabeculectomy procedure gives satisfactory results in both respects.", "contents": "Combined simultaneous cataract glaucoma surgery. This relatively small series supports the accumulating evidence that a combined cataract extraction and trabeculectomy procedure gives satisfactory results in both respects."}
{"id": "PMID:360810", "title": "Long-term use of the major anticonvulsant drugs.", "content": "The specific type of epilepsy must be identified. The history and the EEG provide the evidence. Drug selection is then based on the classification of the patient's epilepsy. Major drugs used in the management of epilepsy are phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, carbamazepine, ethosuximide and valproic acid. The physician should know their kinetics, interactions and side effects, and the value of monitoring blood levels of these anticonvulsant agents.", "contents": "Long-term use of the major anticonvulsant drugs. The specific type of epilepsy must be identified. The history and the EEG provide the evidence. Drug selection is then based on the classification of the patient's epilepsy. Major drugs used in the management of epilepsy are phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, carbamazepine, ethosuximide and valproic acid. The physician should know their kinetics, interactions and side effects, and the value of monitoring blood levels of these anticonvulsant agents."}
{"id": "PMID:360811", "title": "Centenary of the first correct antemortem diagnosis of coronary thrombosis by Adam Hammer (1818--1878): English translation of the original report.", "content": "William Heberden (1710--1801), in 1768, described angina pectoris, the classic symptom of ischemic heart disease, 150 years after the discovery of the coronary circulation by William Harvey (1578-1657). Another 110 years had elapsed before the first antemortem diagnosis (confirmed at autopsy) of coronary thrombosis was reported by Adam Hammer in 1878. The patient was a 34 year old man who died some 19 hours after a sudden collapse. Although the patient's clinical features were atypical (such as the absence of angina and the presence of complete heart block) and the autopsy showed vegetative aortic endocarditis that appeared to be causally related to the thrombotic coronary occlusion, Hammer's astute and carefully reasoned bedside diagnosis was history-making and deserves to be so recognized.", "contents": "Centenary of the first correct antemortem diagnosis of coronary thrombosis by Adam Hammer (1818--1878): English translation of the original report. William Heberden (1710--1801), in 1768, described angina pectoris, the classic symptom of ischemic heart disease, 150 years after the discovery of the coronary circulation by William Harvey (1578-1657). Another 110 years had elapsed before the first antemortem diagnosis (confirmed at autopsy) of coronary thrombosis was reported by Adam Hammer in 1878. The patient was a 34 year old man who died some 19 hours after a sudden collapse. Although the patient's clinical features were atypical (such as the absence of angina and the presence of complete heart block) and the autopsy showed vegetative aortic endocarditis that appeared to be causally related to the thrombotic coronary occlusion, Hammer's astute and carefully reasoned bedside diagnosis was history-making and deserves to be so recognized."}
{"id": "PMID:360813", "title": "Cytology and distribution of secretory cell types in the mouse hypophysis as demonstrated with immunocytochemistry.", "content": "Since differential chemical staining has been unsatisfactory for demonstration of specific secretory cell types in the hypophyseal pars distalis of the mouse, the objective of this study was to determine whether the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical procedure might be more effective. Accordingly, representative sections from the hypophyses of 17 female and 15 male adult mice of the Swiss-Webster strain were immunostained, 16 antisera to 5 pituitary hormones or their subunits being utilized. Five secretory cell types were demonstrated. Somatotropes were ovoid to spheroidal and distributed quite generally in the gland except for the \"sex zone\" where they were scarce. Somatotropes were larger and more numerous in the male than in the female. Mammotropes were polyhedral and also generally distributed in the gland except for the \"sex zone\" where few were observed. Mammotropes were larger and more numerous in the female than in the male. Corticotropes were small, stellate and few. They were most common near the ventral surface of the gland and formed bilateral centromedial groups in the lateral wings. Thyrotropes were usually large and polyhedral. They were restricted almost solely to the ventral region of the pars distalis. Gonadotropes were polyhedral, and generally distributed, except for aggregation in the cephalomedian \"sex zone.\" Most gonadotropes appeared to contain both luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Thus, all secretory cell types recognized in other species can be demonstrated readily in the mouse hypophysis with immunocytochemistry.", "contents": "Cytology and distribution of secretory cell types in the mouse hypophysis as demonstrated with immunocytochemistry. Since differential chemical staining has been unsatisfactory for demonstration of specific secretory cell types in the hypophyseal pars distalis of the mouse, the objective of this study was to determine whether the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical procedure might be more effective. Accordingly, representative sections from the hypophyses of 17 female and 15 male adult mice of the Swiss-Webster strain were immunostained, 16 antisera to 5 pituitary hormones or their subunits being utilized. Five secretory cell types were demonstrated. Somatotropes were ovoid to spheroidal and distributed quite generally in the gland except for the \"sex zone\" where they were scarce. Somatotropes were larger and more numerous in the male than in the female. Mammotropes were polyhedral and also generally distributed in the gland except for the \"sex zone\" where few were observed. Mammotropes were larger and more numerous in the female than in the male. Corticotropes were small, stellate and few. They were most common near the ventral surface of the gland and formed bilateral centromedial groups in the lateral wings. Thyrotropes were usually large and polyhedral. They were restricted almost solely to the ventral region of the pars distalis. Gonadotropes were polyhedral, and generally distributed, except for aggregation in the cephalomedian \"sex zone.\" Most gonadotropes appeared to contain both luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Thus, all secretory cell types recognized in other species can be demonstrated readily in the mouse hypophysis with immunocytochemistry."}
{"id": "PMID:360815", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of renin in the submandibular gland of the mouse during postnatal development.", "content": "The localization of renin in the developing mouse submandibular gland was studied immunocytochemically using the unlabelled antibody-enzyme method of Sternberger ('74). Bouin-fixed submandibular glands of mice of both sexes were examined at 5-day-intervals from birth (day 0) to 50 days of age. At all stages studied, only granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells stained immunocytochemically for renin; such cells were first seen in glands of 30-day-old males and of 30-day-old females. The size and number of renin-containing GCT cells increased rapidly in males, attaining adult status by 50 days of age. In females, differentiation of GCT cells immunoreactive for renin was slower and less regular than in males, and at 50 days of age the GCT segment had not yet reached adult conditions with respect to the distribution of renin. Renin appears in GCT cells at later ages than other GCT cell products (e.g., EGF and amylase), suggesting the existence of independent developmental control for the expression of various biologically active substances in the GCTs.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of renin in the submandibular gland of the mouse during postnatal development. The localization of renin in the developing mouse submandibular gland was studied immunocytochemically using the unlabelled antibody-enzyme method of Sternberger ('74). Bouin-fixed submandibular glands of mice of both sexes were examined at 5-day-intervals from birth (day 0) to 50 days of age. At all stages studied, only granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells stained immunocytochemically for renin; such cells were first seen in glands of 30-day-old males and of 30-day-old females. The size and number of renin-containing GCT cells increased rapidly in males, attaining adult status by 50 days of age. In females, differentiation of GCT cells immunoreactive for renin was slower and less regular than in males, and at 50 days of age the GCT segment had not yet reached adult conditions with respect to the distribution of renin. Renin appears in GCT cells at later ages than other GCT cell products (e.g., EGF and amylase), suggesting the existence of independent developmental control for the expression of various biologically active substances in the GCTs."}
{"id": "PMID:360816", "title": "Selective binding of antibody against gizzard 10-nm filaments to different cell types in myogenic cultures.", "content": "Antibody against the intermediate-sized filaments from gizzard smooth muscle was used to determine the presence or absence of reacting 10-nm filaments in different cell types. The antibody against gizzard 10-nm filaments reacted with filaments in cultured smooth muscle cells, skeletal myotubes and postmitotic skeletal myoblasts. It did not bind to the 10-nm filaments present in replicating presumptive myoblasts and fibroblasts, or the 10-nm filaments in spinal ganglion cells.", "contents": "Selective binding of antibody against gizzard 10-nm filaments to different cell types in myogenic cultures. Antibody against the intermediate-sized filaments from gizzard smooth muscle was used to determine the presence or absence of reacting 10-nm filaments in different cell types. The antibody against gizzard 10-nm filaments reacted with filaments in cultured smooth muscle cells, skeletal myotubes and postmitotic skeletal myoblasts. It did not bind to the 10-nm filaments present in replicating presumptive myoblasts and fibroblasts, or the 10-nm filaments in spinal ganglion cells."}
{"id": "PMID:360817", "title": "Cerebral localization of insulin by immunofluorescence.", "content": "An immunohistochemical procedure was used to detect cells which appear to bind insulin in the mouse brain. Strong fluorescence was observed in the cell bodies and processes of tanycytes lining the third ventricle and in the choroid plexi. These findings suggest that insulin enters the central nervous system, and indicate a route for its possible transport. This adds credence to earlier observations that the hypothalamic ependymal cells and processes form a highly organized and functional system, with different cells selectively absorbing (or sensing) particular substances from the systemic and ventricular circulations and transporting them (or information about them) to specific neuron receptors in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Cerebral localization of insulin by immunofluorescence. An immunohistochemical procedure was used to detect cells which appear to bind insulin in the mouse brain. Strong fluorescence was observed in the cell bodies and processes of tanycytes lining the third ventricle and in the choroid plexi. These findings suggest that insulin enters the central nervous system, and indicate a route for its possible transport. This adds credence to earlier observations that the hypothalamic ependymal cells and processes form a highly organized and functional system, with different cells selectively absorbing (or sensing) particular substances from the systemic and ventricular circulations and transporting them (or information about them) to specific neuron receptors in the hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:360818", "title": "Somatostatin-containing neurons in the rat brain: widespread distribution revealed by immunocytochemistry after pretreatment with pronase.", "content": "Immunocytochemical staining after controlled proteolytic treatment of the sections with pronase revealed widespread distribution of neuronal cell bodies with somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the rat forebrain. SLI-positive neurons were found in regions of the neocortex, the pyriform cortex, the cingulate cortex, the striatum, the olfactory tract and tubercle, the nucleus accumbens, the septum, and the hypothalamus. These results are consistent with previous radioimmunoassay findings and suggest the presence of large somatostatin-like (possibly precursor) molecules in the neurons stained for SLI after pronase treatment.", "contents": "Somatostatin-containing neurons in the rat brain: widespread distribution revealed by immunocytochemistry after pretreatment with pronase. Immunocytochemical staining after controlled proteolytic treatment of the sections with pronase revealed widespread distribution of neuronal cell bodies with somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the rat forebrain. SLI-positive neurons were found in regions of the neocortex, the pyriform cortex, the cingulate cortex, the striatum, the olfactory tract and tubercle, the nucleus accumbens, the septum, and the hypothalamus. These results are consistent with previous radioimmunoassay findings and suggest the presence of large somatostatin-like (possibly precursor) molecules in the neurons stained for SLI after pronase treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:360819", "title": "Treatment with essential amino acids in patients on chronic hemodialysis: a double blind cross-over study.", "content": "Patients on chronic hemodialysis may suffer from a latent protein deficiency, and therapy with essential amino acids has been recommended. In a double blind cross-over study, 13 hemodialysis patients received orally 15.7 g of essential amino acids daily over a 3-month period. Patients were on a liberal diet, containing 1 g of protein per kilogram of body weight per day. Hemodialysis was adequate. Therapy resulted in an increase in urea, uric acid, C3 c complement factor and a fall in C4. Lysine levels increased and phenylalanine fell. Malnutrition could not account for the observed metabolic changes, which are more likely due to uremic metabolic disturbances. A liberal diet of 1 g of protein per kilogram of body weight appears sufficient for patients on hemodialysis. Treatment with essential amino acids offers no advantage.", "contents": "Treatment with essential amino acids in patients on chronic hemodialysis: a double blind cross-over study. Patients on chronic hemodialysis may suffer from a latent protein deficiency, and therapy with essential amino acids has been recommended. In a double blind cross-over study, 13 hemodialysis patients received orally 15.7 g of essential amino acids daily over a 3-month period. Patients were on a liberal diet, containing 1 g of protein per kilogram of body weight per day. Hemodialysis was adequate. Therapy resulted in an increase in urea, uric acid, C3 c complement factor and a fall in C4. Lysine levels increased and phenylalanine fell. Malnutrition could not account for the observed metabolic changes, which are more likely due to uremic metabolic disturbances. A liberal diet of 1 g of protein per kilogram of body weight appears sufficient for patients on hemodialysis. Treatment with essential amino acids offers no advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:360820", "title": "The defined antigen substrate sphere system with direct immunohistoperoxidase for detection of soluble dengue antigen in sera of patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever.", "content": "The defined antigen substrate sphere system is a simple method for detecting antigen or antibody in the circulation. The technic is based on the coupling of antigen or antibody with Sepharose 4B beads that have been activated by cyanogen bromide. In this study the activated beads were exposed to dengue antigen in the serum from a patient with dengue hemorrhagic fever and then stained with antidengue antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. The positive reaction showed brown beads by light microscopy, whereas the negative reaction gave colorless beads. The authors examined 134 specimens from 91 cases. The results were positive in 53.85%. The dengue antigen appeared in the sera on the day before shock or subsidence of fever. The percentages of sera containing soluble dengue antigen were greatest on the day of shock or subsidence of fever (33.33%) and on the fifth day of fever (28.07%). The highest titers of soluble dengue antigen (1:40 to 1:80) appeared in the sera of patients who had Grade III disease on the day of shock. The dengue antigen appeared most often in sera that had high titers of dengue antibody. It is postulated that this detected dengue antigen may be a part of soluble immune complexes formed during the hyperimmune stage of the immune response, and plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome.", "contents": "The defined antigen substrate sphere system with direct immunohistoperoxidase for detection of soluble dengue antigen in sera of patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever. The defined antigen substrate sphere system is a simple method for detecting antigen or antibody in the circulation. The technic is based on the coupling of antigen or antibody with Sepharose 4B beads that have been activated by cyanogen bromide. In this study the activated beads were exposed to dengue antigen in the serum from a patient with dengue hemorrhagic fever and then stained with antidengue antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. The positive reaction showed brown beads by light microscopy, whereas the negative reaction gave colorless beads. The authors examined 134 specimens from 91 cases. The results were positive in 53.85%. The dengue antigen appeared in the sera on the day before shock or subsidence of fever. The percentages of sera containing soluble dengue antigen were greatest on the day of shock or subsidence of fever (33.33%) and on the fifth day of fever (28.07%). The highest titers of soluble dengue antigen (1:40 to 1:80) appeared in the sera of patients who had Grade III disease on the day of shock. The dengue antigen appeared most often in sera that had high titers of dengue antibody. It is postulated that this detected dengue antigen may be a part of soluble immune complexes formed during the hyperimmune stage of the immune response, and plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:360821", "title": "Coexistence of two lymphomas with distinctive histologic, ultrastructural, and immunologic features.", "content": "The unusual coexistence of two distinct lymphomas in 44-year-old woman is described. Nodular, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma were present in separate sites and were readily distinguished both histologically and ultrastructurally. In addition, the lymphocytic lymphoma was shown to be derived from complement receptor B lymphocytes of follicular center cell type, whereas the histiocytic lymphoma cells were devoid of complement receptors, receptors for IgG (Fc receptors), and surface immunoglobulin. Despite intensive chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the patient died within eight months of the initial diagnosis. Although histiocytic lymphoma was widely disseminated at autopsy, lymphocytic lymphoma was not found. Presumably the histiocytic lymphoma was refractory to therapy, in contrast to the lymphocytic lymphoma, which was selectively eradicated.", "contents": "Coexistence of two lymphomas with distinctive histologic, ultrastructural, and immunologic features. The unusual coexistence of two distinct lymphomas in 44-year-old woman is described. Nodular, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma were present in separate sites and were readily distinguished both histologically and ultrastructurally. In addition, the lymphocytic lymphoma was shown to be derived from complement receptor B lymphocytes of follicular center cell type, whereas the histiocytic lymphoma cells were devoid of complement receptors, receptors for IgG (Fc receptors), and surface immunoglobulin. Despite intensive chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the patient died within eight months of the initial diagnosis. Although histiocytic lymphoma was widely disseminated at autopsy, lymphocytic lymphoma was not found. Presumably the histiocytic lymphoma was refractory to therapy, in contrast to the lymphocytic lymphoma, which was selectively eradicated."}
{"id": "PMID:360822", "title": "Coccidioidomycosis in a patient with lymphoma. Spherulation in human pleural fluid medium.", "content": "In a Caucasian woman who had had a giant follicular lymphoma for 21 months a small lesion developed in the upper lobe of the left lung. Excision, histologic study, and culture of the lesion were performed. Of the many stained sections, only one revealed endospore-containing spherules within the caseous necrosis of a granuloma, and only four spherules were identified. On agar medium the same tissue yielded a fast-growing fungus that produced arthrospores alternating with empty cells, typical of Coccidioides immitis. The arthrospore suspension was inoculated intraperitoneally into a mouse and into a medium of human pleural fluid at 40 C. Spherules containing endospores developed in the internal organs of the mouse and in the pleural fluid medium. The phylogeny of C. immitis is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Coccidioidomycosis in a patient with lymphoma. Spherulation in human pleural fluid medium. In a Caucasian woman who had had a giant follicular lymphoma for 21 months a small lesion developed in the upper lobe of the left lung. Excision, histologic study, and culture of the lesion were performed. Of the many stained sections, only one revealed endospore-containing spherules within the caseous necrosis of a granuloma, and only four spherules were identified. On agar medium the same tissue yielded a fast-growing fungus that produced arthrospores alternating with empty cells, typical of Coccidioides immitis. The arthrospore suspension was inoculated intraperitoneally into a mouse and into a medium of human pleural fluid at 40 C. Spherules containing endospores developed in the internal organs of the mouse and in the pleural fluid medium. The phylogeny of C. immitis is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:360823", "title": "Performance of enterobacteriaceae identification systems. An analysis of College of American Pathologists Survey data.", "content": "Commercial systems designed and marketed for evaluation of Enterobacteriaceae are used in many clinical microbiology laboratories. Evaluations of these systems have been reported from several large laboratories. Identifications with one or more of these systems were compared with those obtained by conventional methods with many strains of organisms. The Microbiology Resource Committee of the College of American Pathologists designed two surveys to evaluate the performances of commercial systems with identical strains of organisms submitted to a large number of participants. The surveys used were the Special Bacteriology Survey D-D and the Comprehensive Microbiology Survey B-D submitted during 1975--1976. Single strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens in pure culture were submitted in the Comprehensive Survey and the same strains of these organisms plus one strain each of Pseudomonas stuartii and Citrobacter freundii in the Special Survey. The data obtained from participants permitted comparisons to be made between the API-20E, Enterotube, and r/b systems. These comparisons included individual biochemical test results shared by at least two systems as well as the ability of each to identify the unknown organisms to genus alone and to both genus and species. The results are presented and subjected to statistical analysis.", "contents": "Performance of enterobacteriaceae identification systems. An analysis of College of American Pathologists Survey data. Commercial systems designed and marketed for evaluation of Enterobacteriaceae are used in many clinical microbiology laboratories. Evaluations of these systems have been reported from several large laboratories. Identifications with one or more of these systems were compared with those obtained by conventional methods with many strains of organisms. The Microbiology Resource Committee of the College of American Pathologists designed two surveys to evaluate the performances of commercial systems with identical strains of organisms submitted to a large number of participants. The surveys used were the Special Bacteriology Survey D-D and the Comprehensive Microbiology Survey B-D submitted during 1975--1976. Single strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens in pure culture were submitted in the Comprehensive Survey and the same strains of these organisms plus one strain each of Pseudomonas stuartii and Citrobacter freundii in the Special Survey. The data obtained from participants permitted comparisons to be made between the API-20E, Enterotube, and r/b systems. These comparisons included individual biochemical test results shared by at least two systems as well as the ability of each to identify the unknown organisms to genus alone and to both genus and species. The results are presented and subjected to statistical analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:360825", "title": "Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung.", "content": "Ten cases of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung are presented, together with a review of the literature. Two infants were stillborn; the others died shortly after birth. Eight had hydrops, and in eight the pregnancy was complicated by hydramnios. Grossly, one or two lobes of the lung were affected, the remaining lobe(s) and the opposite lung being hypoplastic. The lesions were solid, or cystic. Apart from a solitary cutaneous hamartoma, there was no associated anomaly. Microscopically, two patterns were seen--solid and mixed. \"Mucigenic epithelium\" was seen in six cases. The pathogenesis of this lesion, together with that of the hydrops and hydramnios, is discussed. It is concluded that congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung is a distinct pathological entity; its prompt recognition and surgical correction should result in normal survival.", "contents": "Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. Ten cases of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung are presented, together with a review of the literature. Two infants were stillborn; the others died shortly after birth. Eight had hydrops, and in eight the pregnancy was complicated by hydramnios. Grossly, one or two lobes of the lung were affected, the remaining lobe(s) and the opposite lung being hypoplastic. The lesions were solid, or cystic. Apart from a solitary cutaneous hamartoma, there was no associated anomaly. Microscopically, two patterns were seen--solid and mixed. \"Mucigenic epithelium\" was seen in six cases. The pathogenesis of this lesion, together with that of the hydrops and hydramnios, is discussed. It is concluded that congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung is a distinct pathological entity; its prompt recognition and surgical correction should result in normal survival."}
{"id": "PMID:360826", "title": "Clinical trial of a new bleeding-time device.", "content": "The authors report a clinical trial comparing a new bleeding time device (Simplate II) with the Mielke Template. Bleeding times were determined at the same time on the same arm using the two devices. Subjects of the study were 24 healthy volunteers, before and two hours after ingestion of 975 mg aspirin, and 28 patients. For the normal subjects the mean pre-aspirin bleeding times were 4.75 +/- 1.42 minutes (1 SD) with the Simplate II and 3.65 +/- 1.22 minutes with the Mielke Template. The mean bleeding times two hours after ingestion of aspirin were 7.86 +/- 2.76 minutes with the Simplate II and 7.84 +/- 2.94 minutes with the Template. The pre- and the post-aspirin values with the two devices were not significantly different from each other, nor were the bleeding times obtained in the patients with the two devices. The extents of scarring were similar with the two devices. The results were highly reproducible by both methods. The new device was simpler and more rapid to use.", "contents": "Clinical trial of a new bleeding-time device. The authors report a clinical trial comparing a new bleeding time device (Simplate II) with the Mielke Template. Bleeding times were determined at the same time on the same arm using the two devices. Subjects of the study were 24 healthy volunteers, before and two hours after ingestion of 975 mg aspirin, and 28 patients. For the normal subjects the mean pre-aspirin bleeding times were 4.75 +/- 1.42 minutes (1 SD) with the Simplate II and 3.65 +/- 1.22 minutes with the Mielke Template. The mean bleeding times two hours after ingestion of aspirin were 7.86 +/- 2.76 minutes with the Simplate II and 7.84 +/- 2.94 minutes with the Template. The pre- and the post-aspirin values with the two devices were not significantly different from each other, nor were the bleeding times obtained in the patients with the two devices. The extents of scarring were similar with the two devices. The results were highly reproducible by both methods. The new device was simpler and more rapid to use."}
{"id": "PMID:360827", "title": "Multivariate approach to predictive diagnosis of bone-marrow iron stores.", "content": "The authors constructed a computer-assisted multivariate data analysis system that finds the subset of a group of laboratory tests (i.e., experimental variables) best able to discriminate between previously identified subpopulations. A Bayesian decision-analysis algorithm was devised for predictive diagnosis by the use of sample means and standard deviations of those identified tests. This approach was used on a set of nine hematologic laboratory tests to find a subset capable of efficiently predicting the presence or absence of bone-marrow iron stores. This identified subset proved to have a diagnostic efficiency of 0.90. The success of this system suggests the feasibility of such an approach in finding a \"best\" subset of loosely related variables.", "contents": "Multivariate approach to predictive diagnosis of bone-marrow iron stores. The authors constructed a computer-assisted multivariate data analysis system that finds the subset of a group of laboratory tests (i.e., experimental variables) best able to discriminate between previously identified subpopulations. A Bayesian decision-analysis algorithm was devised for predictive diagnosis by the use of sample means and standard deviations of those identified tests. This approach was used on a set of nine hematologic laboratory tests to find a subset capable of efficiently predicting the presence or absence of bone-marrow iron stores. This identified subset proved to have a diagnostic efficiency of 0.90. The success of this system suggests the feasibility of such an approach in finding a \"best\" subset of loosely related variables."}
{"id": "PMID:360828", "title": "Pyridoxine inhibition of a symbiotic streptococcus.", "content": "A symbiotic, alpha-hemolytic streptococcus that showed satellitism about a Staphylococcus aureus was recovered from blood cultures of a patient with endocarditis. Previously reported as being required for growth of symbiotic streptococci, pyridoxine hydrochloride was found to inhibit the growth of this organism.", "contents": "Pyridoxine inhibition of a symbiotic streptococcus. A symbiotic, alpha-hemolytic streptococcus that showed satellitism about a Staphylococcus aureus was recovered from blood cultures of a patient with endocarditis. Previously reported as being required for growth of symbiotic streptococci, pyridoxine hydrochloride was found to inhibit the growth of this organism."}
{"id": "PMID:360829", "title": "A reliable method for electron microscopic examination of specific areas from paraffin-embedded tissue mounted on glass slides.", "content": "A reliable method for electron microscopic examination of specific areas from paraffin-embedded tissue mounted on glass slides. Am J Clin Pathol 70: 697--699, 1978. A method to embed and cut tissue mounted on ordinary glass histologic preparations for electron microscopic observations is described. The cover slip is removed by immersing the slide in xylene for a few minutes to several hours. After the cover slip is removed, the tissue is fixed in osmium tetroxide, dehydrated, and embedded in epoxy resins by inverting a BEEM capsule filled with the resin on a selected area of the slide. After polymerization, thin sections are obtained and observed with the electron microscope with good results.", "contents": "A reliable method for electron microscopic examination of specific areas from paraffin-embedded tissue mounted on glass slides. A reliable method for electron microscopic examination of specific areas from paraffin-embedded tissue mounted on glass slides. Am J Clin Pathol 70: 697--699, 1978. A method to embed and cut tissue mounted on ordinary glass histologic preparations for electron microscopic observations is described. The cover slip is removed by immersing the slide in xylene for a few minutes to several hours. After the cover slip is removed, the tissue is fixed in osmium tetroxide, dehydrated, and embedded in epoxy resins by inverting a BEEM capsule filled with the resin on a selected area of the slide. After polymerization, thin sections are obtained and observed with the electron microscope with good results."}
{"id": "PMID:360830", "title": "Community-acquired bacteremic Achromobacter xylosoxidans type IIIa pneumonia in a patient with idiopathic IgM deficiency.", "content": "A man was hospitalized with bacteremic Achromobacter xylosoxidans type IIIa pneumonia. The authors are aware of no previously reported similar infections caused by this bacterium. A clinical cure was achieved with a combination of carbenicillin and kanamycin therapy. Microtiter susceptibility testing revealed that carbenicillin was the antibiotic to which A. xylosoxidans IIIa was most sensitive (minimal inhibitory concentration, 1.6 microgram/ml) and that synergy between carbenicillin and kanamycin existed. During the patient's hospitalization, deficiency of IgM (21 mg/dl) was found. Specific serum activity against A. xylosoxidans IIIa was detected by the agglutination method. Specific anti-A. xylosoxidans IIIa IgG, but not IgM, was detected by indirect immunofluorescence. It appears that a defect in immunologic recognition of A. xylosoxidans IIIa as an invasive bacterium, a defect in synthesis of specific IgM, or both, contributed to this patient's infection.", "contents": "Community-acquired bacteremic Achromobacter xylosoxidans type IIIa pneumonia in a patient with idiopathic IgM deficiency. A man was hospitalized with bacteremic Achromobacter xylosoxidans type IIIa pneumonia. The authors are aware of no previously reported similar infections caused by this bacterium. A clinical cure was achieved with a combination of carbenicillin and kanamycin therapy. Microtiter susceptibility testing revealed that carbenicillin was the antibiotic to which A. xylosoxidans IIIa was most sensitive (minimal inhibitory concentration, 1.6 microgram/ml) and that synergy between carbenicillin and kanamycin existed. During the patient's hospitalization, deficiency of IgM (21 mg/dl) was found. Specific serum activity against A. xylosoxidans IIIa was detected by the agglutination method. Specific anti-A. xylosoxidans IIIa IgG, but not IgM, was detected by indirect immunofluorescence. It appears that a defect in immunologic recognition of A. xylosoxidans IIIa as an invasive bacterium, a defect in synthesis of specific IgM, or both, contributed to this patient's infection."}
{"id": "PMID:360832", "title": "Phencyclidine intoxication: a literature review.", "content": "The history, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP) intoxication and the pharmacology of PCP are reviewed. Intoxication with low to moderate doses of PCP (5-20 mg) resembles an acute, confusional state generally lasting four to six hours. High doses (greater than 20 mg) may cause serious neurologic and cardiovascular complications and the patient is often comatose for several days. Treatment involves supportive psychological and medical measures. Evacuation of the stomach with activated charcoal and a saline cathartic may be indicated and succinylcholine chloride may ease intubation. Diazepam and chlorpromazine may be used to control the combative patient and the \"PCP psychosis\" patient, respectively. Antihypertensive agents are not usually needed, but diazoxide and hydralazine hydrochloride have been used to treat hypertensive crises. Diazepam and phenytoin have been used to treat seizures. Ion-trapping by continuous gastric suctioning and by urine acidification with ammonium chloride may increase clearance of PCP. Forced diuresis with furosemide in conjunction with acidification may further increase PCP clearance. Use of physostigmine is based on conjecture.", "contents": "Phencyclidine intoxication: a literature review. The history, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP) intoxication and the pharmacology of PCP are reviewed. Intoxication with low to moderate doses of PCP (5-20 mg) resembles an acute, confusional state generally lasting four to six hours. High doses (greater than 20 mg) may cause serious neurologic and cardiovascular complications and the patient is often comatose for several days. Treatment involves supportive psychological and medical measures. Evacuation of the stomach with activated charcoal and a saline cathartic may be indicated and succinylcholine chloride may ease intubation. Diazepam and chlorpromazine may be used to control the combative patient and the \"PCP psychosis\" patient, respectively. Antihypertensive agents are not usually needed, but diazoxide and hydralazine hydrochloride have been used to treat hypertensive crises. Diazepam and phenytoin have been used to treat seizures. Ion-trapping by continuous gastric suctioning and by urine acidification with ammonium chloride may increase clearance of PCP. Forced diuresis with furosemide in conjunction with acidification may further increase PCP clearance. Use of physostigmine is based on conjecture."}
{"id": "PMID:360833", "title": "Paraquat poisoning: a review.", "content": "The pathophysiology, symptoms and treatment of paraquat intoxication, primarily from oral ingestion, and the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of paraquat are reviewed. Toxicity has occurred after topical application, oral ingestion or inhalation of paraquat. Systemic toxicity has not been reported from smoking of paraquat-contaminated marijuana but heavy abusers of contaminated marijuana may experience coughing, hemoptysis and mouth irritation. Following ingestion of 30 mg/kg or 50 ml of a 21% (w/w) solution of paraquat (as the base), hepatic, cardiac or renal failure or death may occur. Smaller doses (greater than or equal to 4 mg/kg of paraquat base) may cause respiratory distress, renal dysfunction or, occasionally, jaundice or adrenal cortical necrosis. When paraquat ingestion is suspected, the drug should be removed immediately from the gastrointestinal tract by gastric lavage or by whole-gut irrigation. Adsorbents such as Fuller's earth, bentonite or activated charcoal may be used during gastric lavage. Combined use of forced diuresis (with furosemide, mannitol and i.v. dextrose in water or normal saline), hemodialysis or hemoperfusion is recommended until the compound cannot be detected in body fluids or the dialysate. Immediate and effective treatment is necessary to prevent systemic toxicity or death from paraquat intoxication.", "contents": "Paraquat poisoning: a review. The pathophysiology, symptoms and treatment of paraquat intoxication, primarily from oral ingestion, and the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of paraquat are reviewed. Toxicity has occurred after topical application, oral ingestion or inhalation of paraquat. Systemic toxicity has not been reported from smoking of paraquat-contaminated marijuana but heavy abusers of contaminated marijuana may experience coughing, hemoptysis and mouth irritation. Following ingestion of 30 mg/kg or 50 ml of a 21% (w/w) solution of paraquat (as the base), hepatic, cardiac or renal failure or death may occur. Smaller doses (greater than or equal to 4 mg/kg of paraquat base) may cause respiratory distress, renal dysfunction or, occasionally, jaundice or adrenal cortical necrosis. When paraquat ingestion is suspected, the drug should be removed immediately from the gastrointestinal tract by gastric lavage or by whole-gut irrigation. Adsorbents such as Fuller's earth, bentonite or activated charcoal may be used during gastric lavage. Combined use of forced diuresis (with furosemide, mannitol and i.v. dextrose in water or normal saline), hemodialysis or hemoperfusion is recommended until the compound cannot be detected in body fluids or the dialysate. Immediate and effective treatment is necessary to prevent systemic toxicity or death from paraquat intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:360835", "title": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia. A review of literature.", "content": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia is a form of acute myeloblastic leukemia characterized by hemorrhagic episodes, severe thrombocytopenia and infiltration of the marrow with \"hypergranular\" promyelocytes, often with multiple Auer bodies. Ultrastructurally. the promyelocytes show many splinter granules and Auer bodies with characteristic hexagonal arrangement of tubules with a periodicity of 250 A. Serum vitamin B12 and B12-binding proteins, in particular, transcobalamin I, are abnormally high. Karyotypic abnormalities include pseudodiploidy and partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 17. Coagulation profile during bleeding episodes is usually consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Greatly improved prognosis in recent years as a result of aggressive chemotherapy and anticoagulation emphasizes the need of early recognition of this clinical entity.", "contents": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia. A review of literature. Acute promyelocytic leukemia is a form of acute myeloblastic leukemia characterized by hemorrhagic episodes, severe thrombocytopenia and infiltration of the marrow with \"hypergranular\" promyelocytes, often with multiple Auer bodies. Ultrastructurally. the promyelocytes show many splinter granules and Auer bodies with characteristic hexagonal arrangement of tubules with a periodicity of 250 A. Serum vitamin B12 and B12-binding proteins, in particular, transcobalamin I, are abnormally high. Karyotypic abnormalities include pseudodiploidy and partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 17. Coagulation profile during bleeding episodes is usually consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Greatly improved prognosis in recent years as a result of aggressive chemotherapy and anticoagulation emphasizes the need of early recognition of this clinical entity."}
{"id": "PMID:360836", "title": "Evidence for a prostaglandin-independent defect in chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle as a proximal cause of Bartter's syncrome.", "content": "Maximal free-water clearance was measured in five patients with Bartter's syndrome and in five patients with the hypokalemic alkalosis of persistent psychogenic vomiting. Hypokalemic alkalosis, hyperreninemia, hyperaldosteronism and excessive renal production of prostaglandin E2 were present in the patients with both disorders. Maximal free water clearance was abnormally low, in association with a high clearance of chloride, in all the patients with Bartter's syndrome; it was normal in all the patients with psychogenic vomiting. In the patients with Bartter's syndrome, apparent distal delivery of proximal tubular fluid was inversely related to glomerular filtration rate and was excessive only in those patients with a low glomerular filtration rate. Patients with psychogenic vomiting showed mean distal fractional chloride reabsorption of 0.92 +/- 0.04 (standard error [SE]). In the patients with Bartter's syndrome, distal fractional reabsorption of chloride was 0.49 +/- 0.08 and was the same (0.46  +/- 0.06) during inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin therapy. Thus, a prostaglandin-independent defect in chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle is the most proximal cause for the abnormalities in Bartter's syndrome thus far identified.", "contents": "Evidence for a prostaglandin-independent defect in chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle as a proximal cause of Bartter's syncrome. Maximal free-water clearance was measured in five patients with Bartter's syndrome and in five patients with the hypokalemic alkalosis of persistent psychogenic vomiting. Hypokalemic alkalosis, hyperreninemia, hyperaldosteronism and excessive renal production of prostaglandin E2 were present in the patients with both disorders. Maximal free water clearance was abnormally low, in association with a high clearance of chloride, in all the patients with Bartter's syndrome; it was normal in all the patients with psychogenic vomiting. In the patients with Bartter's syndrome, apparent distal delivery of proximal tubular fluid was inversely related to glomerular filtration rate and was excessive only in those patients with a low glomerular filtration rate. Patients with psychogenic vomiting showed mean distal fractional chloride reabsorption of 0.92 +/- 0.04 (standard error [SE]). In the patients with Bartter's syndrome, distal fractional reabsorption of chloride was 0.49 +/- 0.08 and was the same (0.46  +/- 0.06) during inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin therapy. Thus, a prostaglandin-independent defect in chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle is the most proximal cause for the abnormalities in Bartter's syndrome thus far identified."}
{"id": "PMID:360837", "title": "Natural history of asymptomatic coronary arteriographic lesions in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease.", "content": "Arteriosclerotic heart disease is a major cause of death in insulin-requiring juvenile diabetic patients treated for end-stage renal disease. Eleven consecutive diabetic patients without clinical evidence of coronary artery disease underwent complete cardiac evaluations, including coronary arteriography, as part of transplant recipient work-ups. Seven were women and four were men; their mean age was 32 (21 to 50 years). Angiographically, every patient had multifocal atherosclerotic coronary disease. Four of seven patients tested had positive-stress electrocardiograms. In this group of patients followed for a mean of 19.8 months, eight died. Of these deaths, six were due to coronary heart disease and another due to a stroke. In two patients who became clinically symptomatic, serial angiograms revealed progressive disease of the coronary circulation; in one case, despite normal renal allograft function and serum lipid levels. The mode of end-stage renal disease treatment, serum lipids or blood pressure control could not be linked to mortality. It is concluded that arteriosclerotic heart disease is common in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease even when angina is absent. The natural history in this high risk population is an important consideration in the selection of patients for end-stage renal disease treatment.", "contents": "Natural history of asymptomatic coronary arteriographic lesions in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease. Arteriosclerotic heart disease is a major cause of death in insulin-requiring juvenile diabetic patients treated for end-stage renal disease. Eleven consecutive diabetic patients without clinical evidence of coronary artery disease underwent complete cardiac evaluations, including coronary arteriography, as part of transplant recipient work-ups. Seven were women and four were men; their mean age was 32 (21 to 50 years). Angiographically, every patient had multifocal atherosclerotic coronary disease. Four of seven patients tested had positive-stress electrocardiograms. In this group of patients followed for a mean of 19.8 months, eight died. Of these deaths, six were due to coronary heart disease and another due to a stroke. In two patients who became clinically symptomatic, serial angiograms revealed progressive disease of the coronary circulation; in one case, despite normal renal allograft function and serum lipid levels. The mode of end-stage renal disease treatment, serum lipids or blood pressure control could not be linked to mortality. It is concluded that arteriosclerotic heart disease is common in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease even when angina is absent. The natural history in this high risk population is an important consideration in the selection of patients for end-stage renal disease treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:360841", "title": "Drug prescribing during pregnancy. A controlled study of Tennessee Medicaid recipients.", "content": "The effect of pregnancy on prescribing was assessed in a population of pregnant Medicaid recipients and two matched groups of control women. Of the 2,528 gravidas, 62 per cent received systemic legend drugs (excluding dietary supplements) during their pregnancies. White women and women 30 years of age and older were most likely to receive these medications. Systemic anti-infectives were the most frequently prescribed category of drugs (excluding dietary supplements). One fourth of the women received a narcotic-containing drug and 13 percent of the women received psychotropic drugs, most frequently diazepam. Barbiturates and narcotic-containing drugs were often \"hidden\" a fixed combination medication. In general, prescribing did not decrease as a result of pregnancy. This study and other studies reviewed here emphasize the need for comprehensive drug-use guidelines for physicians who care for pregnant women.", "contents": "Drug prescribing during pregnancy. A controlled study of Tennessee Medicaid recipients. The effect of pregnancy on prescribing was assessed in a population of pregnant Medicaid recipients and two matched groups of control women. Of the 2,528 gravidas, 62 per cent received systemic legend drugs (excluding dietary supplements) during their pregnancies. White women and women 30 years of age and older were most likely to receive these medications. Systemic anti-infectives were the most frequently prescribed category of drugs (excluding dietary supplements). One fourth of the women received a narcotic-containing drug and 13 percent of the women received psychotropic drugs, most frequently diazepam. Barbiturates and narcotic-containing drugs were often \"hidden\" a fixed combination medication. In general, prescribing did not decrease as a result of pregnancy. This study and other studies reviewed here emphasize the need for comprehensive drug-use guidelines for physicians who care for pregnant women."}
{"id": "PMID:360842", "title": "Vulvovaginal candidiasis treated with clotrimazole cream in seven days compared with fourteen-day treatment with miconazole cream.", "content": "Clotrimazole 1 per cent vaginal cream administered daily over a seven-day period was compared with miconazole nitrate 2 per cent vaginal cream administered daily over a 14 day period for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in a double-blind study of 65 women with clinical symptoms of this condition,, for whom treatment was randomly allocated. When efficacy of treatment was evaluated in 44 of these patients, a success rate, based on both clinical and mycologic criteria, of 75 per cent was found in the 20 patients treated with clotrimazole for seven days as compared with a 63 per cent success rate in the 24 patients treated with miconazole for 14 days. Of the 65 women enrolled in the study, two of the miconazole-treated patients experienced burning sensations, whereas the clotrimazole-treated patients experienced no adverse reactions. Thus, in this group of patients clotrimazole 1 per cent vaginal cream was shown to have a slightly, but not significantly, better efficacy than the miconazole nitrate 2 per cent vaginal cream, with no adverse reactions and in half the treatment time.", "contents": "Vulvovaginal candidiasis treated with clotrimazole cream in seven days compared with fourteen-day treatment with miconazole cream. Clotrimazole 1 per cent vaginal cream administered daily over a seven-day period was compared with miconazole nitrate 2 per cent vaginal cream administered daily over a 14 day period for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in a double-blind study of 65 women with clinical symptoms of this condition,, for whom treatment was randomly allocated. When efficacy of treatment was evaluated in 44 of these patients, a success rate, based on both clinical and mycologic criteria, of 75 per cent was found in the 20 patients treated with clotrimazole for seven days as compared with a 63 per cent success rate in the 24 patients treated with miconazole for 14 days. Of the 65 women enrolled in the study, two of the miconazole-treated patients experienced burning sensations, whereas the clotrimazole-treated patients experienced no adverse reactions. Thus, in this group of patients clotrimazole 1 per cent vaginal cream was shown to have a slightly, but not significantly, better efficacy than the miconazole nitrate 2 per cent vaginal cream, with no adverse reactions and in half the treatment time."}
{"id": "PMID:360846", "title": "A comparison of the effects of timolol and epinephrine on intraocular pressure.", "content": "We conducted a double-masked, six-week crossover study comparing bilateral twice-a-day therapy with timolol maleate (0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5%) and epinephrine hydrochloride (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%) in 36 otherwise untreated patients. Increasing concentrations of each drug were administered until an arbitrary level of control was achieved before each of the six-week follow-up periods. Seventeen patients were controlled by both drugs and four patients were controlled by neither drug. Timolol, but not epinephrine, was effective in ten patients, whereas epinephrine, but not timolol, was effective in two patients. Three patients did not complete the study. The mean decrease in intraocular pressure from baseline was significantly greater with timolol than with epinephrine both before crossover and overall at both the lowest and highest concentrations of drug used. Significantly toxicity was produced in four patients during treatment with epinephrine, but in no patients during treatment with timolol.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of timolol and epinephrine on intraocular pressure. We conducted a double-masked, six-week crossover study comparing bilateral twice-a-day therapy with timolol maleate (0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5%) and epinephrine hydrochloride (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%) in 36 otherwise untreated patients. Increasing concentrations of each drug were administered until an arbitrary level of control was achieved before each of the six-week follow-up periods. Seventeen patients were controlled by both drugs and four patients were controlled by neither drug. Timolol, but not epinephrine, was effective in ten patients, whereas epinephrine, but not timolol, was effective in two patients. Three patients did not complete the study. The mean decrease in intraocular pressure from baseline was significantly greater with timolol than with epinephrine both before crossover and overall at both the lowest and highest concentrations of drug used. Significantly toxicity was produced in four patients during treatment with epinephrine, but in no patients during treatment with timolol."}
{"id": "PMID:360847", "title": "The incidence of HLA antigens in black primary open-angle glaucoma patients.", "content": "We compared the HLA antigen frequencies in black primary open-angle glaucoma patients to those in black non-glaucomatous patients; normal, nondiseased black persons; and nondiseased North American blacks. We found no statistically significant alteration in HLA antigen frequencies in black open-angle glaucoma patients as compared to a control population.", "contents": "The incidence of HLA antigens in black primary open-angle glaucoma patients. We compared the HLA antigen frequencies in black primary open-angle glaucoma patients to those in black non-glaucomatous patients; normal, nondiseased black persons; and nondiseased North American blacks. We found no statistically significant alteration in HLA antigen frequencies in black open-angle glaucoma patients as compared to a control population."}
{"id": "PMID:360848", "title": "Prognostic factors of intraocular pressure after aphakic keratoplasty.", "content": "In 68 consecutive patients who had undergone aphakic keratoplasty and keratoplasty combined with cataract extraction, patients with pressure problems during the first postoperative week were likely to have chronic pressure problems whether glaucoma was suspected preoperatively or not. Furthermore, those with preoperative glaucoma, even though pressures during the first week were relatively normal, were likely to have reoccurrence of their glaucoma. The preoperative pressures did not indicate which patients would develop persistently increased postoperative pressures. The only patients spared pressure problems were those who had no evidence of glaucoma preoperatively and who also had normal intraocular pressure during the first postoperative week.", "contents": "Prognostic factors of intraocular pressure after aphakic keratoplasty. In 68 consecutive patients who had undergone aphakic keratoplasty and keratoplasty combined with cataract extraction, patients with pressure problems during the first postoperative week were likely to have chronic pressure problems whether glaucoma was suspected preoperatively or not. Furthermore, those with preoperative glaucoma, even though pressures during the first week were relatively normal, were likely to have reoccurrence of their glaucoma. The preoperative pressures did not indicate which patients would develop persistently increased postoperative pressures. The only patients spared pressure problems were those who had no evidence of glaucoma preoperatively and who also had normal intraocular pressure during the first postoperative week."}
{"id": "PMID:360850", "title": "Stapling technic for esophagogastrostomy after esophagogastric resection.", "content": "A technic of esophagogastrostomy is described for constructing an end-to-side, back-to-front anastomosis using stapling devices. Twelve consecutive cases are reported with no deaths and no anastomotic leaks.", "contents": "Stapling technic for esophagogastrostomy after esophagogastric resection. A technic of esophagogastrostomy is described for constructing an end-to-side, back-to-front anastomosis using stapling devices. Twelve consecutive cases are reported with no deaths and no anastomotic leaks."}
{"id": "PMID:360852", "title": "Immediate reconstruction of oral cavity and oropharyngeal defects using microvascular free flaps.", "content": "Eighteen patients underwent immediate reconstruction of defects involving the oral cavity and oropharynx with free groin and dorsalis pedis flaps. One partial and four complete failures occurred. In the successfully reconstructed patients, the functional results were equal to conventional flaps while the cosmetic improvements were dramatic.", "contents": "Immediate reconstruction of oral cavity and oropharyngeal defects using microvascular free flaps. Eighteen patients underwent immediate reconstruction of defects involving the oral cavity and oropharynx with free groin and dorsalis pedis flaps. One partial and four complete failures occurred. In the successfully reconstructed patients, the functional results were equal to conventional flaps while the cosmetic improvements were dramatic."}
{"id": "PMID:360853", "title": "A randomized trial of preoperative radiotherapy in cancer of the oropharynx and hypopharynx.", "content": "One hundred patients with stage II and stage III cancer of the oropharynx and hypopharynx were treated under a protocol in which they were randomly selected for treatment by surgery alone or by combined preoperative radiotherapy and surgery. The schedule of preoperative radiation therapy chosen was 2,000 rads from a cobalt 60 machine delivered in five days. Eighty-six of the patients were evaluable at three years; there was no difference in the outcome of the treatment of the two groups. A similar study is urgently needed to determine the value of postoperative radiotherapy in the management of similar cancers.", "contents": "A randomized trial of preoperative radiotherapy in cancer of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. One hundred patients with stage II and stage III cancer of the oropharynx and hypopharynx were treated under a protocol in which they were randomly selected for treatment by surgery alone or by combined preoperative radiotherapy and surgery. The schedule of preoperative radiation therapy chosen was 2,000 rads from a cobalt 60 machine delivered in five days. Eighty-six of the patients were evaluable at three years; there was no difference in the outcome of the treatment of the two groups. A similar study is urgently needed to determine the value of postoperative radiotherapy in the management of similar cancers."}
{"id": "PMID:360854", "title": "Platysma myocutaneous flap for intraoral reconstruction.", "content": "Fourteen patients were treated for intraoral epidermoid carcinoma with a single stage reconstructive technic employing a myocutaneous flap based upon the platysma muscle. This flap carries on its distal tip a portion of isolated cervical skin to be used for intraoral replacement of the resected tissue. The flap has proved to be highly reliable and has significant benefits over many other technics commonly employed for head and neck reconstruction.", "contents": "Platysma myocutaneous flap for intraoral reconstruction. Fourteen patients were treated for intraoral epidermoid carcinoma with a single stage reconstructive technic employing a myocutaneous flap based upon the platysma muscle. This flap carries on its distal tip a portion of isolated cervical skin to be used for intraoral replacement of the resected tissue. The flap has proved to be highly reliable and has significant benefits over many other technics commonly employed for head and neck reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:360856", "title": "The development of cholecystography: the first fifty years.", "content": "Visualization of the gallbladder by x-ray was first achieved in 1923 by the intravenous introduction into the body of a halogenated compound which was excreted by the liver into the bile ducts and gallbladder [1--4]. This was the first time that visualization of an organ had been accomplished by introducing a substance into the body and obtaining a roentgenogram after the substance had been metabolized and localized primarily in one organ. Previously, visualization of an organ had been achieved only by introducing a substance opaque to the x-ray directly into the lumen and obtaining a roentgenogram to outline its inner wall. By 1925 visualization of the gallbladder had also been accomplished by the oral administration of halogenated compounds [5,6]. The drugs employed for intravenous and oral cholecystography had been synthesized specifically for that purpose based on earlier experimental work of other investigators. The following account describes in detail the experimental background of cholecystography, its origin, and its development and use during the ensuing fifty years.", "contents": "The development of cholecystography: the first fifty years. Visualization of the gallbladder by x-ray was first achieved in 1923 by the intravenous introduction into the body of a halogenated compound which was excreted by the liver into the bile ducts and gallbladder [1--4]. This was the first time that visualization of an organ had been accomplished by introducing a substance into the body and obtaining a roentgenogram after the substance had been metabolized and localized primarily in one organ. Previously, visualization of an organ had been achieved only by introducing a substance opaque to the x-ray directly into the lumen and obtaining a roentgenogram to outline its inner wall. By 1925 visualization of the gallbladder had also been accomplished by the oral administration of halogenated compounds [5,6]. The drugs employed for intravenous and oral cholecystography had been synthesized specifically for that purpose based on earlier experimental work of other investigators. The following account describes in detail the experimental background of cholecystography, its origin, and its development and use during the ensuing fifty years."}
{"id": "PMID:360859", "title": "Administration of beta-aminopropionitrile to human beings with urethral strictures: A prelimary report.", "content": "(1) No toxic signs or symptoms and no unusual laboratory determinations were observed in five patients with posterior urethral strictures treated by dilatation of the urethra and administration of 1 gm per day of beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) for twenty-one days. (2) Patients treated with 1 gm daily of BAPN for twenty-one days showed an increase in cold saline-extractable and acid-extractable collagen in proplast sponge-collected and dermal scar tissue comparable with that reported previously after doses of 3 to 5 gm of BAPN daily. (3) Significant reduction in the breaking strength of newly synthesized connective tissue was observed in patients treated with BAPN. (4) None of the patients in this study showed abnormalities in net collagen synthesis or in synthesis of noncollagenous protein. (5) The difference in the results of this study and two previous trials of BAPN in human beings which were discontinued because of toxic and or hypersensitivity signs and symptoms is hypothesized to be the result of development of highly purified BAPN fumarate.", "contents": "Administration of beta-aminopropionitrile to human beings with urethral strictures: A prelimary report. (1) No toxic signs or symptoms and no unusual laboratory determinations were observed in five patients with posterior urethral strictures treated by dilatation of the urethra and administration of 1 gm per day of beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) for twenty-one days. (2) Patients treated with 1 gm daily of BAPN for twenty-one days showed an increase in cold saline-extractable and acid-extractable collagen in proplast sponge-collected and dermal scar tissue comparable with that reported previously after doses of 3 to 5 gm of BAPN daily. (3) Significant reduction in the breaking strength of newly synthesized connective tissue was observed in patients treated with BAPN. (4) None of the patients in this study showed abnormalities in net collagen synthesis or in synthesis of noncollagenous protein. (5) The difference in the results of this study and two previous trials of BAPN in human beings which were discontinued because of toxic and or hypersensitivity signs and symptoms is hypothesized to be the result of development of highly purified BAPN fumarate."}
{"id": "PMID:360861", "title": "Rehabilitation profile of kidney transplant patients.", "content": "The rehabilitation of 132 patients with functioning grafts six months to ten years post transplantation was examined by review of self-report questionnaires. The patients were divided into three groups according to when they underwent transplantation. Results showed 62 per cent of patients in group A (transplant received between July 1, 1973 and December 31, 1973), 69 per cent in group B (transplant received between January 1, 1971 and June 30, 1973), and 90 per cent in group C (transplant received between January 1, 1964 and December 31, 1970) were productively active in July 1974. Nearly all attained productively active rehabilitation scores by twelve months, but one-third reported they were functioning at a lower level than before their illness, and a significant number of patients with physically strenuous jobs before illness acquired sedentary jobs post transplantation.", "contents": "Rehabilitation profile of kidney transplant patients. The rehabilitation of 132 patients with functioning grafts six months to ten years post transplantation was examined by review of self-report questionnaires. The patients were divided into three groups according to when they underwent transplantation. Results showed 62 per cent of patients in group A (transplant received between July 1, 1973 and December 31, 1973), 69 per cent in group B (transplant received between January 1, 1971 and June 30, 1973), and 90 per cent in group C (transplant received between January 1, 1964 and December 31, 1970) were productively active in July 1974. Nearly all attained productively active rehabilitation scores by twelve months, but one-third reported they were functioning at a lower level than before their illness, and a significant number of patients with physically strenuous jobs before illness acquired sedentary jobs post transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:360862", "title": "\"Paratransplant\" hernia. Three patients with a new variant of internal hernia.", "content": "Three cases of bowel obstruction due to internal hernia caused by entrapment of bowel or omentum through a defect in the peritoneum covering the transplanted kidney are described. All three patients survived due to early surgical intervention and reduction of the hernia and/or resection of necrotic bowel or omentum. In view of the high mortality of peritonitis in transplant patients, early surgical treatment is indicated in all cases of intestinal obstruction to avoid the sequelae of bowel infarction. This \"paratransplant\" hernia represents the newest type of internal hernia described.", "contents": "\"Paratransplant\" hernia. Three patients with a new variant of internal hernia. Three cases of bowel obstruction due to internal hernia caused by entrapment of bowel or omentum through a defect in the peritoneum covering the transplanted kidney are described. All three patients survived due to early surgical intervention and reduction of the hernia and/or resection of necrotic bowel or omentum. In view of the high mortality of peritonitis in transplant patients, early surgical treatment is indicated in all cases of intestinal obstruction to avoid the sequelae of bowel infarction. This \"paratransplant\" hernia represents the newest type of internal hernia described."}
{"id": "PMID:360863", "title": "Outpatient excision and primary closure of pilonidal cysts and sinuses.", "content": "A procedure for outpatient excision and closure of pilonidal cysts and sinuses under local anesthesia is described. The operation is designed to reduce hospital expenses and loss of work time. It utilizes the low tissue friction properties of polypropylene sutures to effect full dead space obliteration and a home care regimen to minimize the incisional tension produced by sitting. Of thirty-two procedures performed, follow-up data were available for twenty-eight, with a mean postoperative time of twenty-four months. Full primary healing was obtained in all cases with a single early wound disruption. There have been no late recurrences.", "contents": "Outpatient excision and primary closure of pilonidal cysts and sinuses. A procedure for outpatient excision and closure of pilonidal cysts and sinuses under local anesthesia is described. The operation is designed to reduce hospital expenses and loss of work time. It utilizes the low tissue friction properties of polypropylene sutures to effect full dead space obliteration and a home care regimen to minimize the incisional tension produced by sitting. Of thirty-two procedures performed, follow-up data were available for twenty-eight, with a mean postoperative time of twenty-four months. Full primary healing was obtained in all cases with a single early wound disruption. There have been no late recurrences."}
{"id": "PMID:360877", "title": "The hepatoprotective effect of oxygen during halothane anesthesia.", "content": "The effects of halothane anesthesia on liver function, as reflected by postanesthetic changes in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels, were evaluated in 2 groups of 40 patients. All patients had 2 halothane anesthetics. In 1 group, both anesthetics were administered at 1 atmosphere pressure with 30% O2 in the inspired air. In the 2nd group, both anesthetics were administered at 2 to 3 atmospheres (absolute) of pressure with 97 to 98% O2 in the inspired air. While the SGPT levels remained within the normal range in all cases, there was a significant rise in SGPT levels in patients undergoing surgery under 1 atmospheric pressure. Patients undergoing surgery at 2 to 3 atmospheres pressure (absolute) had SGPT levels which remained at low normal values. The difference in response of SGPT in the 2 groups was statistically significant. We conclude that increased O2 tensions alter the normal response of SGPT to halothane anesthesia and that increased O2 tensions appear to protect the liver from possible adverse responses to halothane or its metabolites.", "contents": "The hepatoprotective effect of oxygen during halothane anesthesia. The effects of halothane anesthesia on liver function, as reflected by postanesthetic changes in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels, were evaluated in 2 groups of 40 patients. All patients had 2 halothane anesthetics. In 1 group, both anesthetics were administered at 1 atmosphere pressure with 30% O2 in the inspired air. In the 2nd group, both anesthetics were administered at 2 to 3 atmospheres (absolute) of pressure with 97 to 98% O2 in the inspired air. While the SGPT levels remained within the normal range in all cases, there was a significant rise in SGPT levels in patients undergoing surgery under 1 atmospheric pressure. Patients undergoing surgery at 2 to 3 atmospheres pressure (absolute) had SGPT levels which remained at low normal values. The difference in response of SGPT in the 2 groups was statistically significant. We conclude that increased O2 tensions alter the normal response of SGPT to halothane anesthesia and that increased O2 tensions appear to protect the liver from possible adverse responses to halothane or its metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:360884", "title": "Bacterial studies of leg ulcers.", "content": "--Bacteriologic studies of 30 chronic leg ulcers were studied in 18 adult patients before and after treatment with a local cleansing agent, Debrisan.--Results show that all ulcers, whether clinically inflamed or not, are secondarily infected.--The majority of ulcers grew more than 1 type of organism, up to 6 different types in 1 single ulcer.--The use of Debrisan reduces the types of organisms and colony counts in ulcers, allowing healthy granulation and epithelialization to proceed normally.--Control of infection reduces surrounding local edema and erythema.--By reducing types of organisms and colony counts in chronic leg ulcers successful skin grafting was readily achieved.", "contents": "Bacterial studies of leg ulcers. --Bacteriologic studies of 30 chronic leg ulcers were studied in 18 adult patients before and after treatment with a local cleansing agent, Debrisan.--Results show that all ulcers, whether clinically inflamed or not, are secondarily infected.--The majority of ulcers grew more than 1 type of organism, up to 6 different types in 1 single ulcer.--The use of Debrisan reduces the types of organisms and colony counts in ulcers, allowing healthy granulation and epithelialization to proceed normally.--Control of infection reduces surrounding local edema and erythema.--By reducing types of organisms and colony counts in chronic leg ulcers successful skin grafting was readily achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:360885", "title": "The therapy of peripheral vascular ulcers--surgical management.", "content": "Venous ulcers are a common malady of the civilized world. The etiology and its pathogenesis has been presented for a better understanding of its appropriate therapy. A conservative and surgical approach is necessary for effective treatment, of which the final goal is to reduce ambulatory venous hypertension and the prevention of venous ulcer formation. An effective regime of elastic support, periodic leg elevation and surgery for incompetent perforators is highly rewarding. The good results in the use of dextranomer for highly exudative ulcers have also been presented as another adjunct in the local care of venous ulcers.", "contents": "The therapy of peripheral vascular ulcers--surgical management. Venous ulcers are a common malady of the civilized world. The etiology and its pathogenesis has been presented for a better understanding of its appropriate therapy. A conservative and surgical approach is necessary for effective treatment, of which the final goal is to reduce ambulatory venous hypertension and the prevention of venous ulcer formation. An effective regime of elastic support, periodic leg elevation and surgery for incompetent perforators is highly rewarding. The good results in the use of dextranomer for highly exudative ulcers have also been presented as another adjunct in the local care of venous ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:360886", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of arteriovenous fistula.", "content": "Noninvasive diagnostic techniques permit objective assessment of the presence, location, and hemodynamic alterations associated with congenital or acquired arteriovenous fistulas. Doppler ultrasound may be used to assess abnormal velocity signals and directional blood flow in afferent and efferent limbs of the fistula, as well as abnormal pressure gradients in the involved extremity. Plethysmography permits graphic qualitative assessment of pulse wave form alterations before and after compression of the fistula. In addition, venous occlusion plethysmography permits quantitation of limb or digit blood flow before and after fistula. In addition, venous occlusion plethysmography permits quantitation of limb or digit blood flow before and after fistula compression. Illustrative cases of congenital and acquired arteriovenous fistulas demonstrate the utility of these noninvasive techniques in the objective assessment of patients.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of arteriovenous fistula. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques permit objective assessment of the presence, location, and hemodynamic alterations associated with congenital or acquired arteriovenous fistulas. Doppler ultrasound may be used to assess abnormal velocity signals and directional blood flow in afferent and efferent limbs of the fistula, as well as abnormal pressure gradients in the involved extremity. Plethysmography permits graphic qualitative assessment of pulse wave form alterations before and after compression of the fistula. In addition, venous occlusion plethysmography permits quantitation of limb or digit blood flow before and after fistula. In addition, venous occlusion plethysmography permits quantitation of limb or digit blood flow before and after fistula compression. Illustrative cases of congenital and acquired arteriovenous fistulas demonstrate the utility of these noninvasive techniques in the objective assessment of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:360892", "title": "The relationship between frequency of ventilator circuit changes and infectious hazard.", "content": "The relationship between frequency of ventilator circuit changes and risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia was studied using 2 independent approaches. The first was an in-use aerosol contamination study with patients on 8-hour, 16-hour, or 24-hour ventilator changing schedules. The second approach was a study comparing the incidence of pneumonia in patients on ventilators for 2 one-year periods when the ventilator circuit changing time differed. In-use aerosol sampling of 513 ventilator treatment periods showed bacterial contamination greater than 100 organisms per aerosol in 1.8 per cent of 8-hour cycles, in 2.5 per cent of 16-hour cycles, and in 5.4 per cent of 24-hour cycles. These differences were not significant. The incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia was the same for one-year periods when ventilator circuits were changed either every 8 or every 24 hours. It was concluded that changing ventilator circuits every 24 hours provides adequate protection from ventilator-associated pneumonia.", "contents": "The relationship between frequency of ventilator circuit changes and infectious hazard. The relationship between frequency of ventilator circuit changes and risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia was studied using 2 independent approaches. The first was an in-use aerosol contamination study with patients on 8-hour, 16-hour, or 24-hour ventilator changing schedules. The second approach was a study comparing the incidence of pneumonia in patients on ventilators for 2 one-year periods when the ventilator circuit changing time differed. In-use aerosol sampling of 513 ventilator treatment periods showed bacterial contamination greater than 100 organisms per aerosol in 1.8 per cent of 8-hour cycles, in 2.5 per cent of 16-hour cycles, and in 5.4 per cent of 24-hour cycles. These differences were not significant. The incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia was the same for one-year periods when ventilator circuits were changed either every 8 or every 24 hours. It was concluded that changing ventilator circuits every 24 hours provides adequate protection from ventilator-associated pneumonia."}
{"id": "PMID:360901", "title": "Clinical evaluation of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin) in a double-blind study during an outbreak of influenza.", "content": "1-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin) at a dosage of 300 mg/day, or disguised placebo was administered to patients in a closed population during an epidemic outbreak of influenza in Mexico City. Treatment consisted of capsules given three times daily for 5 days beginning with first signs of disease. The study was conducted in a double-blind fashion. Clinical manifestations of the disease, as well as in titer of recoverable virus and in specific serum antibody titer were significantly reduced in the ribavirin-treated group. None of the individuals in the study had any sign of toxic effects attributable to the drug. In the study, 21 patients received the drug and 24 received placebo.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin) in a double-blind study during an outbreak of influenza. 1-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin) at a dosage of 300 mg/day, or disguised placebo was administered to patients in a closed population during an epidemic outbreak of influenza in Mexico City. Treatment consisted of capsules given three times daily for 5 days beginning with first signs of disease. The study was conducted in a double-blind fashion. Clinical manifestations of the disease, as well as in titer of recoverable virus and in specific serum antibody titer were significantly reduced in the ribavirin-treated group. None of the individuals in the study had any sign of toxic effects attributable to the drug. In the study, 21 patients received the drug and 24 received placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:360902", "title": "The effect of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide on acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "We studied the effect of 1-beta-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-traizole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin) on 66 patients with acute viral hepatitis, by a double-blind study. Thirty-three of these patients received the active drug and the other 33 received a placebo. The effect of ribavirin was evaluated by the clinical picture and by the changes in both direct and total serum bilirubin and in the activity of serum glutamic-pyruvic and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminases. There was a significant decrease in serum bilirubin, SGOT, and SGPT from the 5th to 10th day of treatment in the ribavirin group. In the placebo group such a decrease was observed but was not statistically significant.", "contents": "The effect of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide on acute viral hepatitis. We studied the effect of 1-beta-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-traizole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin) on 66 patients with acute viral hepatitis, by a double-blind study. Thirty-three of these patients received the active drug and the other 33 received a placebo. The effect of ribavirin was evaluated by the clinical picture and by the changes in both direct and total serum bilirubin and in the activity of serum glutamic-pyruvic and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminases. There was a significant decrease in serum bilirubin, SGOT, and SGPT from the 5th to 10th day of treatment in the ribavirin group. In the placebo group such a decrease was observed but was not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:360903", "title": "Clinical experiences using the antiviral 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin) in Mexico.", "content": "Follow-up of the use of ribavirin in 390 human patients in Mexico indicates the drug has been used to treat a variety of virus infections. No toxic manifestations of the drug were reported, and the subjective results suggest possible antiviral efficacy. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study using topically applied 5% ribavirin in ointment base against herpes zoster in cancer patients indicates definite efficacy against this specific disease.", "contents": "Clinical experiences using the antiviral 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin) in Mexico. Follow-up of the use of ribavirin in 390 human patients in Mexico indicates the drug has been used to treat a variety of virus infections. No toxic manifestations of the drug were reported, and the subjective results suggest possible antiviral efficacy. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study using topically applied 5% ribavirin in ointment base against herpes zoster in cancer patients indicates definite efficacy against this specific disease."}
{"id": "PMID:360905", "title": "Effects of microbial activity on aquatic pollutants.", "content": "Bacteria and fungi present in estuarine and marine water and sediment accomplish significant degradation of crude oil, refined oils, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organomercurials, with the rate and extent of degradation varying with species, geographic source, temperature, and other biologic and environmental parameters. Our biodegradation studies have been extended to determine if physical weathering and/or microbial degradation of oil by microorganisms present in Chesapeake Bay water and sediment produces potentially carcinogenic substances. Water and sediment from an area in Chesapeake Bay that receives heavy input of oil and from a relatively nonpolluted site have been assayed for mutagenic ability by use of the Ames method, which is a bacterial assay and is highly sensitive. Preliminary findings indicate the presence of mutagenic substances in samples collected from the polluted site. Extracts of oil subjected to microbial degradation under controlled laboratory conditions did not yield detectable mutagenic activity. In situ studies are in progress.", "contents": "Effects of microbial activity on aquatic pollutants. Bacteria and fungi present in estuarine and marine water and sediment accomplish significant degradation of crude oil, refined oils, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organomercurials, with the rate and extent of degradation varying with species, geographic source, temperature, and other biologic and environmental parameters. Our biodegradation studies have been extended to determine if physical weathering and/or microbial degradation of oil by microorganisms present in Chesapeake Bay water and sediment produces potentially carcinogenic substances. Water and sediment from an area in Chesapeake Bay that receives heavy input of oil and from a relatively nonpolluted site have been assayed for mutagenic ability by use of the Ames method, which is a bacterial assay and is highly sensitive. Preliminary findings indicate the presence of mutagenic substances in samples collected from the polluted site. Extracts of oil subjected to microbial degradation under controlled laboratory conditions did not yield detectable mutagenic activity. In situ studies are in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:360910", "title": "Occurrence and fate of organic and inorganic contaminants in marine animals.", "content": "Most chemical contaminants occur in highest concentrations in coastal waters, often maximized in very localized areas. In general, this situation represents the exposure pattern for marine animals. However, the availability of contaminant to an organism depends not only on its concentration but also on its chemical nature, its physical state, and whether the source of exposure is the surrounding seawater or the diet. Depending on the type of exposure, uptake occurs across absorptive surfaces, such as those of the respiratory apparatus or gastrointestinal tract, where selectivity may occur, even among neighboring homologs. Deposition in tissues, accumulation, degradation, or depuration depends on tissue type, metabolic processes, detoxification mechanisms, and the adaptive status of a particular animal. This hypothesis is examined briefly for hydrocarbons, pesticides, other miscellaneous organic contaminants, heavy metals, and radionuclides. It is concluded that most data relate to occurrence and distribution. Considerably less information is available on the underlying biochemical processes.", "contents": "Occurrence and fate of organic and inorganic contaminants in marine animals. Most chemical contaminants occur in highest concentrations in coastal waters, often maximized in very localized areas. In general, this situation represents the exposure pattern for marine animals. However, the availability of contaminant to an organism depends not only on its concentration but also on its chemical nature, its physical state, and whether the source of exposure is the surrounding seawater or the diet. Depending on the type of exposure, uptake occurs across absorptive surfaces, such as those of the respiratory apparatus or gastrointestinal tract, where selectivity may occur, even among neighboring homologs. Deposition in tissues, accumulation, degradation, or depuration depends on tissue type, metabolic processes, detoxification mechanisms, and the adaptive status of a particular animal. This hypothesis is examined briefly for hydrocarbons, pesticides, other miscellaneous organic contaminants, heavy metals, and radionuclides. It is concluded that most data relate to occurrence and distribution. Considerably less information is available on the underlying biochemical processes."}
{"id": "PMID:360921", "title": "Evaluation of drug treatment in mild hypertension: VA-NHLBI feasibility trial. Plan and preliminary results of a two-year feasibility trial for a multicenter intervention study to evaluate the benefits versus the disadvantages of treating mild hypertension. Prepared for the Veterans Administration-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Study Group for Evaluating Treatment in Mild Hypertension.", "content": "A feasibility trial to investigate the practicality of determining the advantages and disadvantages of prompt pharmacologic treatment for mild hypertension was jointly funded by the Veterans Administration and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Its clinical phase has been completed, and it demonstrated 1. that the required relatively young asymptomatic population could be enrolled in the study and 2. that it could be persuaded to adhere to the protocol for 2 years; however, it was evident that intensive efforts would be required in both areas. The feasibility trial screened almost 120,000 potential subjects over a period of 16 months to randomize about 1,000 subjects at four clinical centers. These men and women were 21 to 50 years old, had diastolic pressures from 85 to 105 mm Hg as outpatients, and had no evidence of cardiovascular renal abnormalities. They were randomized in double-blind fashion into active drug therapy and placebo groups. Stepped care therapy involved 50 mg chlorthalidone (Step 1), 100 mg chlorthalidone (Step 2) and 100 chlorthalidone plus 0.25 mg reserpine (Step 3). Death, myocardial infarction, stroke, angina pectoris, and congestive heart failure were the \"major\" morbid events that were looked for; also recorded were \"minor\" morbid events consisting primarily of electrocardiographic arrhythmias. The development of significant hypertension was considered a treatment failure. Side effects were carefully tabulated in both active drug and placebo groups. The study revealed an average drop in diastolic pressure of almost 12 mm Hg for active drug group and less than half of that for the placebo group; once established 6 months after randomization, the new pressure levels persisted almost without change throughout the study. Although the feasibility trial was not designed to answer the primary question regarding the benefits of treatment, the events were tabulated for each group. A total of 12 placebo-treated subjects developed significant hypertension and were put on active drug. There was not a significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of \"major\" morbid events; a total of eight active and five placebo patients developed myocardial infarction or died suddenly. There, however, was an excess of arrhythmias among the active drug subjects (17 in the active group versus 8 in the placebo group on the basis of preliminary data). Finally, there were twice as many side effects and 20 times as many chemical abnormalities among the active as among the placebo subjects. A protocol for a full scale study of the benefits of pharmacologic therapy in mild hypertensives has been prepared and is ready for implementation as needed; it involves relatively minor modifications of the protocol tested in the feasibility trial.", "contents": "Evaluation of drug treatment in mild hypertension: VA-NHLBI feasibility trial. Plan and preliminary results of a two-year feasibility trial for a multicenter intervention study to evaluate the benefits versus the disadvantages of treating mild hypertension. Prepared for the Veterans Administration-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Study Group for Evaluating Treatment in Mild Hypertension. A feasibility trial to investigate the practicality of determining the advantages and disadvantages of prompt pharmacologic treatment for mild hypertension was jointly funded by the Veterans Administration and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Its clinical phase has been completed, and it demonstrated 1. that the required relatively young asymptomatic population could be enrolled in the study and 2. that it could be persuaded to adhere to the protocol for 2 years; however, it was evident that intensive efforts would be required in both areas. The feasibility trial screened almost 120,000 potential subjects over a period of 16 months to randomize about 1,000 subjects at four clinical centers. These men and women were 21 to 50 years old, had diastolic pressures from 85 to 105 mm Hg as outpatients, and had no evidence of cardiovascular renal abnormalities. They were randomized in double-blind fashion into active drug therapy and placebo groups. Stepped care therapy involved 50 mg chlorthalidone (Step 1), 100 mg chlorthalidone (Step 2) and 100 chlorthalidone plus 0.25 mg reserpine (Step 3). Death, myocardial infarction, stroke, angina pectoris, and congestive heart failure were the \"major\" morbid events that were looked for; also recorded were \"minor\" morbid events consisting primarily of electrocardiographic arrhythmias. The development of significant hypertension was considered a treatment failure. Side effects were carefully tabulated in both active drug and placebo groups. The study revealed an average drop in diastolic pressure of almost 12 mm Hg for active drug group and less than half of that for the placebo group; once established 6 months after randomization, the new pressure levels persisted almost without change throughout the study. Although the feasibility trial was not designed to answer the primary question regarding the benefits of treatment, the events were tabulated for each group. A total of 12 placebo-treated subjects developed significant hypertension and were put on active drug. There was not a significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of \"major\" morbid events; a total of eight active and five placebo patients developed myocardial infarction or died suddenly. There, however, was an excess of arrhythmias among the active drug subjects (17 in the active group versus 8 in the placebo group on the basis of preliminary data). Finally, there were twice as many side effects and 20 times as many chemical abnormalities among the active as among the placebo subjects. A protocol for a full scale study of the benefits of pharmacologic therapy in mild hypertensives has been prepared and is ready for implementation as needed; it involves relatively minor modifications of the protocol tested in the feasibility trial."}
{"id": "PMID:360931", "title": "Complications of mild hypertension.", "content": "The complications of mild hypertension especially involve progression to moderate or severe hypertension, coronary events, strokes, and congestive heart failure. Less often, other complications such as rupture of a dissecting aneurysm, retinal hemorrhages, hypertensive encephalopathy, and renal failure may occur. Total mortality clearly rises with progressive increases in systolic or diastolic blood pressures even in ranges previously considered acceptable. It should not however be overlooked that some complications may be iatrogenic.", "contents": "Complications of mild hypertension. The complications of mild hypertension especially involve progression to moderate or severe hypertension, coronary events, strokes, and congestive heart failure. Less often, other complications such as rupture of a dissecting aneurysm, retinal hemorrhages, hypertensive encephalopathy, and renal failure may occur. Total mortality clearly rises with progressive increases in systolic or diastolic blood pressures even in ranges previously considered acceptable. It should not however be overlooked that some complications may be iatrogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:360951", "title": "Nutritional improvement of food proteins by enzymatic modification, especially by plastein synthesis reaction.", "content": "The present paper reviews our recents studies on the plastein reaction applied to improve nutritional quality of conventional and unconventional proteins, with special emphasis on the papaincatalyzed incorporation of essential amino acids (used in ethyl ester form) into the proteins : L-methionine into soybean protein, L-lysine into wheat gluten and L-tyrosine into fish protein (after removal of phenylalanine). The paper deals also with an attempt to improve proteins extracted from the photosynthetic microorganisms, Spirulina maxima (a blue-green alga), Rhodopseudomonas capsulatus (a non-sulfur purple bacterium) and Trifolium repens L. (a type of white clover) by way of incorporating simultaneously the three amino acids, L-methionine, L-lysine and L-tryptophan. This process, when properly carried out, can produce plasteins whose essential amino acid patterns have approximated the FAO/WHO suggested pattern (1973). Besides the plastein reaction, its novel modification has been developed, which will be more conveniently applied to a larger-scale process for the amino acid incorporation. A brief discussion is added in this regard.", "contents": "Nutritional improvement of food proteins by enzymatic modification, especially by plastein synthesis reaction. The present paper reviews our recents studies on the plastein reaction applied to improve nutritional quality of conventional and unconventional proteins, with special emphasis on the papaincatalyzed incorporation of essential amino acids (used in ethyl ester form) into the proteins : L-methionine into soybean protein, L-lysine into wheat gluten and L-tyrosine into fish protein (after removal of phenylalanine). The paper deals also with an attempt to improve proteins extracted from the photosynthetic microorganisms, Spirulina maxima (a blue-green alga), Rhodopseudomonas capsulatus (a non-sulfur purple bacterium) and Trifolium repens L. (a type of white clover) by way of incorporating simultaneously the three amino acids, L-methionine, L-lysine and L-tryptophan. This process, when properly carried out, can produce plasteins whose essential amino acid patterns have approximated the FAO/WHO suggested pattern (1973). Besides the plastein reaction, its novel modification has been developed, which will be more conveniently applied to a larger-scale process for the amino acid incorporation. A brief discussion is added in this regard."}
{"id": "PMID:360952", "title": "[Ultra-flash sterilization of fluid food by friction].", "content": "The ATAD process without heat exchange nor steam mixing allows the sterilization in a very short time. With milk, the sterility has been attained regularly at 140 degrees C/0,54 seconds. Only small changes occurred in nitrogen distribution. An homogeneizing effect upon fat emulsion is noticeable. The amino-acid composition of isoelectric fraction is not that of casein owing to the coprecipitation of a part of whey protein at pH 4,6, but they do not reveal any degradation. The enzymatic digestion of proteins (pepsin + Pancreatin) is a little improved by this treatment; the availability of lysine, measured by dinitrophenylation or guanidination, is hardly modified. All the blocked forms of lysine (Maillard reaction, lysino-alanine reaction, peptido\u00efd boundings) occurs only under more drastic conditions. The beta-lactoglobulin-kappa-casein complex formation slightly hampers the enzymatic clotting of sterilized milk. The forms of calcium are not seriously disturbed and such a milk is suitable for cheesemaking; we can obtain cheese with very few non-lactic bacteria.", "contents": "[Ultra-flash sterilization of fluid food by friction]. The ATAD process without heat exchange nor steam mixing allows the sterilization in a very short time. With milk, the sterility has been attained regularly at 140 degrees C/0,54 seconds. Only small changes occurred in nitrogen distribution. An homogeneizing effect upon fat emulsion is noticeable. The amino-acid composition of isoelectric fraction is not that of casein owing to the coprecipitation of a part of whey protein at pH 4,6, but they do not reveal any degradation. The enzymatic digestion of proteins (pepsin + Pancreatin) is a little improved by this treatment; the availability of lysine, measured by dinitrophenylation or guanidination, is hardly modified. All the blocked forms of lysine (Maillard reaction, lysino-alanine reaction, peptido\u00efd boundings) occurs only under more drastic conditions. The beta-lactoglobulin-kappa-casein complex formation slightly hampers the enzymatic clotting of sterilized milk. The forms of calcium are not seriously disturbed and such a milk is suitable for cheesemaking; we can obtain cheese with very few non-lactic bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:360953", "title": "[Oral treatment of great ichthyotic disorders by ethylester retinoid (author's transl)].", "content": "Observations of 3 different great ichthyotic disorders, no longer responding to local keratolytics and to oral vitamin A are reported: a case of erythrokeratoderma variabilis, one of ichthyosiform erythroderma, and one of bullous ichthyosiform hyperkeratosis. After a week of oral treatment by the ethylester retinoid (Ro 10-9359), the hyperkeratotic component of each disease already improved dramatically. A maintenance treatment had to be continued. With equal or superior keratolytic effects, the retinoid has lower toxicity and less important side-effects than retinoic acid itself. The ethylester retinoid is nowadays the choice oral treatment in these great hyperkeratotic disorders.", "contents": "[Oral treatment of great ichthyotic disorders by ethylester retinoid (author's transl)]. Observations of 3 different great ichthyotic disorders, no longer responding to local keratolytics and to oral vitamin A are reported: a case of erythrokeratoderma variabilis, one of ichthyosiform erythroderma, and one of bullous ichthyosiform hyperkeratosis. After a week of oral treatment by the ethylester retinoid (Ro 10-9359), the hyperkeratotic component of each disease already improved dramatically. A maintenance treatment had to be continued. With equal or superior keratolytic effects, the retinoid has lower toxicity and less important side-effects than retinoic acid itself. The ethylester retinoid is nowadays the choice oral treatment in these great hyperkeratotic disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:360954", "title": "[Herpes gestationis. Ultrastructural and immunologic data, about two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Herpes gestationis, a rare vesiculobullous dermatitis of pregnancy and the postpartal period, can be more easily identified today thanks to recent immunologic and ultrastructural researches. Comparing two new case reports with the data provided by the literature, underlines the individuality of the disease, in spite of the analogies it shows with bullous pemphigoid. Clinically, the illness only appears during pregnancy or the postpartal period and generally responds well to vitamin B6. Histologically the bullae at the dermal-epidermal junction are accompanied by extra- and intra-cellular epidermal edema and vacuolation of the basal cells. Ultrastructural examination shows that the initial alteration affects the plasmatic membrane of the basal cells. The immunologic mechanism of the disease is specific as the usual indirect in vitro immunofluorescent methods cannot reveal factor B.", "contents": "[Herpes gestationis. Ultrastructural and immunologic data, about two cases (author's transl)]. Herpes gestationis, a rare vesiculobullous dermatitis of pregnancy and the postpartal period, can be more easily identified today thanks to recent immunologic and ultrastructural researches. Comparing two new case reports with the data provided by the literature, underlines the individuality of the disease, in spite of the analogies it shows with bullous pemphigoid. Clinically, the illness only appears during pregnancy or the postpartal period and generally responds well to vitamin B6. Histologically the bullae at the dermal-epidermal junction are accompanied by extra- and intra-cellular epidermal edema and vacuolation of the basal cells. Ultrastructural examination shows that the initial alteration affects the plasmatic membrane of the basal cells. The immunologic mechanism of the disease is specific as the usual indirect in vitro immunofluorescent methods cannot reveal factor B."}
{"id": "PMID:360956", "title": "[Effectiveness of antibiotics in bovine staphylococcal and streptococcal mastitis].", "content": "The present knowledge of the efficiency of antibiotics against bovine mastitis has been reviewed. Criteria for the choice of papers are given, together with tabulated results of treatments with one antibiotic or two. Results are discussed in relation to the time of treatment and the pathogenic agent involved, and a classification of the antibiotics into three groups is proposed: recommended; not advised; not sufficiently studied.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of antibiotics in bovine staphylococcal and streptococcal mastitis]. The present knowledge of the efficiency of antibiotics against bovine mastitis has been reviewed. Criteria for the choice of papers are given, together with tabulated results of treatments with one antibiotic or two. Results are discussed in relation to the time of treatment and the pathogenic agent involved, and a classification of the antibiotics into three groups is proposed: recommended; not advised; not sufficiently studied."}
{"id": "PMID:360957", "title": "A comparison of carticaine and lidocaine in spinal anaesthesia.", "content": "The effects of Lidocaine and the new local anaesthetic carticaine in spinal anaesthesia were compared in a double blind study in 120 elderly male patients scheduled for small urological procedures. The variables investigated were: analgesia examined by pin prick method, loss of tactile sensation, motor block, and skin temperature on the big toe. Both local anaesthetics seem to act similarly, but the loss of tactile sensation and motor block began somewhat earlier with carticaine. The differences have hardly any clinical significance. The incidence of hypotension and postanaesthetic headache was similar in each group.", "contents": "A comparison of carticaine and lidocaine in spinal anaesthesia. The effects of Lidocaine and the new local anaesthetic carticaine in spinal anaesthesia were compared in a double blind study in 120 elderly male patients scheduled for small urological procedures. The variables investigated were: analgesia examined by pin prick method, loss of tactile sensation, motor block, and skin temperature on the big toe. Both local anaesthetics seem to act similarly, but the loss of tactile sensation and motor block began somewhat earlier with carticaine. The differences have hardly any clinical significance. The incidence of hypotension and postanaesthetic headache was similar in each group."}
{"id": "PMID:360958", "title": "Coronary bypass surgery. An overview.", "content": "During the ten year history of coronary bypass surgery the initially unacceptable high operative mortality has dropped to 1--2%. Of the twin targets of the procedure, alleviation of disabling angina and improvement in the prognosis, the former seems to have been achieved and is universally accepted. Several series with repeated exercise tests show that about 70% of the patients gain definite benefit; a high proportion of these patients become entirely asymptomatic. Reestablishment of effective coronary perfusion via the grafts seems to be the key factor in this response. However, several other factors, such as perioperative infarction, psychogenic effects, cardiac denervation, and changes in left ventricular function, are also involved. There is still disagreement about the effect of bypass surgery on life expectancy. It is not, in fact, known with certainty whether prognosis is improved, although coronary bypass surgery does not appear to be inferior to medical management in terms of prolonging life span. It has also been established that there is an improvement in prognosis after bypass surgery for patients with obstruction of the left main coronary artery, while the fairy favourable prognosis of patients with single vessel disease can hardly be improved. Available data from randomized series consisting of the whole range of patients with coronary heart disease are either quantitatively or qualitatively insufficient by present standards. Accordingly, new data will eventually afford the evidence needed for drawing firm conclusions about the final value of coronary bypass surgery in improving the prognosis of coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Coronary bypass surgery. An overview. During the ten year history of coronary bypass surgery the initially unacceptable high operative mortality has dropped to 1--2%. Of the twin targets of the procedure, alleviation of disabling angina and improvement in the prognosis, the former seems to have been achieved and is universally accepted. Several series with repeated exercise tests show that about 70% of the patients gain definite benefit; a high proportion of these patients become entirely asymptomatic. Reestablishment of effective coronary perfusion via the grafts seems to be the key factor in this response. However, several other factors, such as perioperative infarction, psychogenic effects, cardiac denervation, and changes in left ventricular function, are also involved. There is still disagreement about the effect of bypass surgery on life expectancy. It is not, in fact, known with certainty whether prognosis is improved, although coronary bypass surgery does not appear to be inferior to medical management in terms of prolonging life span. It has also been established that there is an improvement in prognosis after bypass surgery for patients with obstruction of the left main coronary artery, while the fairy favourable prognosis of patients with single vessel disease can hardly be improved. Available data from randomized series consisting of the whole range of patients with coronary heart disease are either quantitatively or qualitatively insufficient by present standards. Accordingly, new data will eventually afford the evidence needed for drawing firm conclusions about the final value of coronary bypass surgery in improving the prognosis of coronary heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:360959", "title": "Ultrastructural analysis of renal arteriolopathies in glomerular and tubulointerstitial diseases.", "content": "This communication describes the electron microscopy (EM) study of the small arterial vessels in renal biopsies from 32 patients with a variety of glomerular and tubulointerstitial diseases. With the possible exception of lipoid nephrosis, all types of glomerular and tubulointerstitial diseases were associated with abnormal arterial vessels. The vascular abnormalities included variable thickening and irregularity of the basement membranes (sclerosis), excessive elastic tissue and collagen fibers, atrophic or necrotic smooth muscle cells, and electron-dense deposits. The EM of glomeruli and tubules from the same biopsy specimens often revealed similar features, i.e., sclerosis, necrotic changes and electron-dense deposits. The pathogenesis of the arteriolopathies, like that in many glomerular and tubulointerstitial diseases, remains unclear. Hypertension was considered a factor, but only 15 percent of the patients were hypertensive. Furthermore, vascular lesions in patients with hypertension were no worse than those without it. Whatever may be the pathogenesis of these arteriolopathies, the similarities between the renal arteriolar and glomerular abnormalities and between arteriolar and tubular lesions suggest a common mechanism of inducement of the lesions.", "contents": "Ultrastructural analysis of renal arteriolopathies in glomerular and tubulointerstitial diseases. This communication describes the electron microscopy (EM) study of the small arterial vessels in renal biopsies from 32 patients with a variety of glomerular and tubulointerstitial diseases. With the possible exception of lipoid nephrosis, all types of glomerular and tubulointerstitial diseases were associated with abnormal arterial vessels. The vascular abnormalities included variable thickening and irregularity of the basement membranes (sclerosis), excessive elastic tissue and collagen fibers, atrophic or necrotic smooth muscle cells, and electron-dense deposits. The EM of glomeruli and tubules from the same biopsy specimens often revealed similar features, i.e., sclerosis, necrotic changes and electron-dense deposits. The pathogenesis of the arteriolopathies, like that in many glomerular and tubulointerstitial diseases, remains unclear. Hypertension was considered a factor, but only 15 percent of the patients were hypertensive. Furthermore, vascular lesions in patients with hypertension were no worse than those without it. Whatever may be the pathogenesis of these arteriolopathies, the similarities between the renal arteriolar and glomerular abnormalities and between arteriolar and tubular lesions suggest a common mechanism of inducement of the lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:360980", "title": "[Lysis of the cellular walls of Streptococcus group A by enzymes produced by actinomycetes].", "content": "More than 80 cultures of actinomycetes belonging to different taxanomic groups were studied with a purpose of screening actinomycetes actively producing enzymes lyzing the cell walls of group A streptococci. 31 strains of the actinomycetes producing enzymes which lyzed the cell walls by 20-50 and 60-80 per cent within 1 and 4 hours respectively were selected. The proteolytic activity of the enzymes produced by these strains was also studied. It was shown that 4 cultures, i.e. Actinomyces albus, strains 6 and 9, Actinomyces levoris, strain 29 and Actinomyces gibsonii, strain 42 were of interest as organisms producing enzymes which lyzed the streptococcal cell wall without impairing its antigenic components.", "contents": "[Lysis of the cellular walls of Streptococcus group A by enzymes produced by actinomycetes]. More than 80 cultures of actinomycetes belonging to different taxanomic groups were studied with a purpose of screening actinomycetes actively producing enzymes lyzing the cell walls of group A streptococci. 31 strains of the actinomycetes producing enzymes which lyzed the cell walls by 20-50 and 60-80 per cent within 1 and 4 hours respectively were selected. The proteolytic activity of the enzymes produced by these strains was also studied. It was shown that 4 cultures, i.e. Actinomyces albus, strains 6 and 9, Actinomyces levoris, strain 29 and Actinomyces gibsonii, strain 42 were of interest as organisms producing enzymes which lyzed the streptococcal cell wall without impairing its antigenic components."}
{"id": "PMID:360981", "title": "[In vitro diagnosis of penicillin and streptomycin allergy. The specific leukocyte alteration reaction using luminescence microscopy].", "content": "The method of fluorescent microscopy was used for studying the diagnostic value of the reaction of the leucocyte specific alteration (LSA) in patients with different syndromes of hypersensitivity, allergy in the anamnesis and without hypersensitivity to penicillin and streptomycin. It was found that only markedly positive results of the LSA reaction (independent of the sensibilization type) were of diagnostic value, the results of the reaction being stated in half of the patient with hypersensitivity in the anamnesis and in 3/5 of the patients with allergy. Simultaneous use of other tube immunological or skin tests was recommended for the other patients with lower levels of the positive results of the LSA reaction with a purpose of etiological diagnostics or revealing latent sensibilization before treatment with the antibiotics. The LSA reaction is recommended for practical use in complex with other methods of allergological examination.", "contents": "[In vitro diagnosis of penicillin and streptomycin allergy. The specific leukocyte alteration reaction using luminescence microscopy]. The method of fluorescent microscopy was used for studying the diagnostic value of the reaction of the leucocyte specific alteration (LSA) in patients with different syndromes of hypersensitivity, allergy in the anamnesis and without hypersensitivity to penicillin and streptomycin. It was found that only markedly positive results of the LSA reaction (independent of the sensibilization type) were of diagnostic value, the results of the reaction being stated in half of the patient with hypersensitivity in the anamnesis and in 3/5 of the patients with allergy. Simultaneous use of other tube immunological or skin tests was recommended for the other patients with lower levels of the positive results of the LSA reaction with a purpose of etiological diagnostics or revealing latent sensibilization before treatment with the antibiotics. The LSA reaction is recommended for practical use in complex with other methods of allergological examination."}
{"id": "PMID:360984", "title": "Nonvalue of neomycin instillation after intermittent urinary catheterization.", "content": "This study evaluated weekly urine cultures of patients with neurogenic bladder disease who underwent intermittent urinary catheterization for bladder retraining. One group of 53 patients in 1974 received regular instillations of 0.1% neomycin after each catheterization. A similar group of 55 patients in 1975 did not receive neomycin and constituted a control group. Distribution of age, sex, diagnosis, and duration of bladder retraining was comparable in both groups. Quantitative bacterial colony counts of 10(4) to 10(5) or greater per ml of urine were considered significant. There was no difference in the incidence of bacteriuria between the neomycin-treated group and the control group (53 versus 49%, respectively), and most patients in each group had colony counts >10(5)/ml. Escherichia coli was seen less frequently in neomycin-treated patients (43.4 versus 62.5%), but a greater percentage of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, group D streptococci, and yeasts was noted in the neomycin-treated group than in the control group (41.5 versus 22.5%).", "contents": "Nonvalue of neomycin instillation after intermittent urinary catheterization. This study evaluated weekly urine cultures of patients with neurogenic bladder disease who underwent intermittent urinary catheterization for bladder retraining. One group of 53 patients in 1974 received regular instillations of 0.1% neomycin after each catheterization. A similar group of 55 patients in 1975 did not receive neomycin and constituted a control group. Distribution of age, sex, diagnosis, and duration of bladder retraining was comparable in both groups. Quantitative bacterial colony counts of 10(4) to 10(5) or greater per ml of urine were considered significant. There was no difference in the incidence of bacteriuria between the neomycin-treated group and the control group (53 versus 49%, respectively), and most patients in each group had colony counts >10(5)/ml. Escherichia coli was seen less frequently in neomycin-treated patients (43.4 versus 62.5%), but a greater percentage of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, group D streptococci, and yeasts was noted in the neomycin-treated group than in the control group (41.5 versus 22.5%)."}
{"id": "PMID:360985", "title": "Effects of radiopharmaceuticals on radioenzymatic assays of aminoglycoside antibiotics: interference by gallium-67 and its elimination.", "content": "Radionuclides currently used in clinical medicine were evaluated for their possible interference with radioenzymatic assays of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Of the radiopharmaceuticals tested, only (67)Ga citrate interfered with the radioenzymatic assay of gentamicin. Radioenzymatic assay of serum samples obtained from patients receiving (67)Ga yielded gentamicin concentrations falsely elevated by more than 1 mug/ml for approximately 1 week after (67)Ga administration. A procedure was developed to eliminate (67)Ga interference with radioenzymatic assays of aminoglycoside antibiotics. After (67)Ga citrate was spotted onto phosphocellulose filter disks, the filters were immersed in 7.2 N HCl, and radioactivity was removed by successive extractions of the acid phase with diisopropyl ether. After three extractions, less than 0.1% of the original radioactivity remained. Similar extraction of disks containing (14)C-adenylylated gentamicin or tobramycin or (14)C-acetylated amikacin had no effect on (14)C radioactivity. The concentrations of aminoglycosides in serum standards supplemented with (67)Ga citrate were determined accurately by radioenzymatic assays followed by extraction with diisopropyl ether. Concentrations of gentamicin in six serum samples from patients injected with (67)Ga during gentamicin therapy, as determined by radioenzymatic assay and extraction, were within 9% of the results obtained by reassay of the same samples after the decay of (67)Ga.", "contents": "Effects of radiopharmaceuticals on radioenzymatic assays of aminoglycoside antibiotics: interference by gallium-67 and its elimination. Radionuclides currently used in clinical medicine were evaluated for their possible interference with radioenzymatic assays of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Of the radiopharmaceuticals tested, only (67)Ga citrate interfered with the radioenzymatic assay of gentamicin. Radioenzymatic assay of serum samples obtained from patients receiving (67)Ga yielded gentamicin concentrations falsely elevated by more than 1 mug/ml for approximately 1 week after (67)Ga administration. A procedure was developed to eliminate (67)Ga interference with radioenzymatic assays of aminoglycoside antibiotics. After (67)Ga citrate was spotted onto phosphocellulose filter disks, the filters were immersed in 7.2 N HCl, and radioactivity was removed by successive extractions of the acid phase with diisopropyl ether. After three extractions, less than 0.1% of the original radioactivity remained. Similar extraction of disks containing (14)C-adenylylated gentamicin or tobramycin or (14)C-acetylated amikacin had no effect on (14)C radioactivity. The concentrations of aminoglycosides in serum standards supplemented with (67)Ga citrate were determined accurately by radioenzymatic assays followed by extraction with diisopropyl ether. Concentrations of gentamicin in six serum samples from patients injected with (67)Ga during gentamicin therapy, as determined by radioenzymatic assay and extraction, were within 9% of the results obtained by reassay of the same samples after the decay of (67)Ga."}
{"id": "PMID:360986", "title": "Purification and the ultrastructure of a bacteriocin produced from Shigella sonnei strain 100052.", "content": "A bacteriocin produced by strain 100052 of Shigella sonnei (shigellacin 52) was purified about 80-fold from a mitomycin C-induced culture supernatant. The purified preparation gave a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis with an approximate molecular weight of 10,000. The negatively stained electron micrograph of the purified bacteriocin preparation revealed the existence of three different particles. They were a small cylindrical tube (4.2 by 6.0 nm), a ring-shaped particle and a filamentous structure. The molecular weight calculated from the shape of the small tube was approximately 50,000. The latter two particles appeared to be constructed from subunits which were morphologically similar to the cylindrical tube. These results suggested that the morphological subunit of shigellacin 52 consisted of five chemical subunits with molecular weights of 10,000 each, and it assembled into two types of polymers, a ring-shaped particle and a filamentous structure, which seemed to be the main components of the purified shigellacin 52 preparation.", "contents": "Purification and the ultrastructure of a bacteriocin produced from Shigella sonnei strain 100052. A bacteriocin produced by strain 100052 of Shigella sonnei (shigellacin 52) was purified about 80-fold from a mitomycin C-induced culture supernatant. The purified preparation gave a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis with an approximate molecular weight of 10,000. The negatively stained electron micrograph of the purified bacteriocin preparation revealed the existence of three different particles. They were a small cylindrical tube (4.2 by 6.0 nm), a ring-shaped particle and a filamentous structure. The molecular weight calculated from the shape of the small tube was approximately 50,000. The latter two particles appeared to be constructed from subunits which were morphologically similar to the cylindrical tube. These results suggested that the morphological subunit of shigellacin 52 consisted of five chemical subunits with molecular weights of 10,000 each, and it assembled into two types of polymers, a ring-shaped particle and a filamentous structure, which seemed to be the main components of the purified shigellacin 52 preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:360988", "title": "Flow microfluorometry study of diauxic batch growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Flow microfluorometry reveals complex changes in types and relative numbers of different Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell forms during glucose-limited diauxic batch growth.", "contents": "Flow microfluorometry study of diauxic batch growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Flow microfluorometry reveals complex changes in types and relative numbers of different Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell forms during glucose-limited diauxic batch growth."}
{"id": "PMID:360989", "title": "Disappearance of patulin during alcoholic fermentation of apple juice.", "content": "Eight yeast strains were used in three typical American processes to ferment apple juice containing 15 mg of added patulin per liter. Patulin was reduced to less than the minimum detectable level of 50 microgram/liter in all but two cases; in all cases, the level of patulin was reduced by over 99% during alcoholic fermentation. In unfermented samples of apple juice, the concentration of added patulin declined by only 10% when the juice was held for 2 weeks, a period equivalent to the time required for fermentation.", "contents": "Disappearance of patulin during alcoholic fermentation of apple juice. Eight yeast strains were used in three typical American processes to ferment apple juice containing 15 mg of added patulin per liter. Patulin was reduced to less than the minimum detectable level of 50 microgram/liter in all but two cases; in all cases, the level of patulin was reduced by over 99% during alcoholic fermentation. In unfermented samples of apple juice, the concentration of added patulin declined by only 10% when the juice was held for 2 weeks, a period equivalent to the time required for fermentation."}
{"id": "PMID:360990", "title": "Toxicological model for a two-acid system.", "content": "Lactic and acetic acids were determined to be slightly synergistic in their inhibitory interrelationship against Salmonella typhimurium with the use of a modified toxicological model.", "contents": "Toxicological model for a two-acid system. Lactic and acetic acids were determined to be slightly synergistic in their inhibitory interrelationship against Salmonella typhimurium with the use of a modified toxicological model."}
{"id": "PMID:360987", "title": "Technique and technical problems associated with implantation of neuroaugmentive devices.", "content": "The effectiveness of implantation of depth electrodes for pain control in (a) the primary thalamic relay nuclei, and (b) the periventricular gray matter or periaqueductal gray matter is reviewed. In a series of 39 patients, 14 achieved relief with no further need for medication, 16 were able to reduce their drug intake and 9 experienced no relief. These results are compared to those for a series of 76 patients reported on by an international study group of neurological surgeons. 61 patients in this series were considered to have had a successful result immediately after implantation of the electrode, but at the time of follow-up only 42 were still in this category. The implantation of depth electrodes requires a technique that fulfills the following criteria: (1) the procedure must be performed in a fully awake, cooperative patient; (2) a precise stereotactic technique must be employed, and (3) the effects of stimulation must be evaluated before the implant is made permanent. The most common complication was infection at the implantation site; this can be reduced by the use of Teflon-insulated percutaneous leads. Other complications include erosion of the hardware through the scalp and internal migration of the electrodes.", "contents": "Technique and technical problems associated with implantation of neuroaugmentive devices. The effectiveness of implantation of depth electrodes for pain control in (a) the primary thalamic relay nuclei, and (b) the periventricular gray matter or periaqueductal gray matter is reviewed. In a series of 39 patients, 14 achieved relief with no further need for medication, 16 were able to reduce their drug intake and 9 experienced no relief. These results are compared to those for a series of 76 patients reported on by an international study group of neurological surgeons. 61 patients in this series were considered to have had a successful result immediately after implantation of the electrode, but at the time of follow-up only 42 were still in this category. The implantation of depth electrodes requires a technique that fulfills the following criteria: (1) the procedure must be performed in a fully awake, cooperative patient; (2) a precise stereotactic technique must be employed, and (3) the effects of stimulation must be evaluated before the implant is made permanent. The most common complication was infection at the implantation site; this can be reduced by the use of Teflon-insulated percutaneous leads. Other complications include erosion of the hardware through the scalp and internal migration of the electrodes."}
{"id": "PMID:361000", "title": "Prophylactic diazepam or phenobarbitone in febrile convulsions: a prospective, controlled study.", "content": "After their first episode of febrile convulsions, 195 previously healthy children, aged 6--30 months, were given either diazepam or phenobarbitone for a year. Each child was assigned at random to one of the two medications: children admitted on even days were given a suppository containing 5 mg diazepam every 8 hours when the rectal temperature was greater than or equal to 38.5 degree C. Children admitted on odd days were given treatment with phenobarbitone, 3.5 +/- 1 mg/kg per day. 156 children completed treatment and outpatient control for a year, 83 in the diazepam and 73 in the phenobarbitone group. The rate of recurrence was independent of the prophylactic and 15--16 % of the children in both groups had new febrile convulsions within a year. The recurrence rate after 6 months was also similar, 11% in the diazepam group and 9%  in the phenobarbitone group. New convulsions were of similar duration and severity in both groups. In both groups 6% of all febrile episodes led to new convulsions. Long-term treatment with phenobarbitone thus offered no advantage over intermittent diazepam.", "contents": "Prophylactic diazepam or phenobarbitone in febrile convulsions: a prospective, controlled study. After their first episode of febrile convulsions, 195 previously healthy children, aged 6--30 months, were given either diazepam or phenobarbitone for a year. Each child was assigned at random to one of the two medications: children admitted on even days were given a suppository containing 5 mg diazepam every 8 hours when the rectal temperature was greater than or equal to 38.5 degree C. Children admitted on odd days were given treatment with phenobarbitone, 3.5 +/- 1 mg/kg per day. 156 children completed treatment and outpatient control for a year, 83 in the diazepam and 73 in the phenobarbitone group. The rate of recurrence was independent of the prophylactic and 15--16 % of the children in both groups had new febrile convulsions within a year. The recurrence rate after 6 months was also similar, 11% in the diazepam group and 9%  in the phenobarbitone group. New convulsions were of similar duration and severity in both groups. In both groups 6% of all febrile episodes led to new convulsions. Long-term treatment with phenobarbitone thus offered no advantage over intermittent diazepam."}
{"id": "PMID:360998", "title": "[Tumors of the soft parts of the radix of the thigh].", "content": "A case of complex structured mesenchymal neoplasia of the root of the thigh is reported. After a review of the literature and discussion of the anatomo-clinical aspects of the case in point, a common identity between tumours of the root of the thigh and mesenchymal tumours of the retroperitoneum is suggested, on the basis of anatomo-histogenetics.", "contents": "[Tumors of the soft parts of the radix of the thigh]. A case of complex structured mesenchymal neoplasia of the root of the thigh is reported. After a review of the literature and discussion of the anatomo-clinical aspects of the case in point, a common identity between tumours of the root of the thigh and mesenchymal tumours of the retroperitoneum is suggested, on the basis of anatomo-histogenetics."}
{"id": "PMID:361008", "title": "Treatment of end-stage renal failure in a defined geographic area.", "content": "The treatment of end-stage renal failure was studied in southern Connecticut from 1967 to 1975 by (1) calculating survival rates for center and home dialysis patients and cadaver and living related donor transplant recipients and (2) assessing the quality of life with structured interviews and psychological tests. While the survival rate for our home dialysis and transplant recipients were similar to previously reported data, mortality for our center dialysis patients was slightly higher than previously reported. Quality-of-life testing, disclosed that dialysis patients had a substantial impairment in all parameters. Transplant recipients achieved a better degree of rehabilitation. Physicians and patients should be aware of the problems that they are likely to face; otherwise, expectations and goals may be raised to unreachable and ultimately frustrating levels.", "contents": "Treatment of end-stage renal failure in a defined geographic area. The treatment of end-stage renal failure was studied in southern Connecticut from 1967 to 1975 by (1) calculating survival rates for center and home dialysis patients and cadaver and living related donor transplant recipients and (2) assessing the quality of life with structured interviews and psychological tests. While the survival rate for our home dialysis and transplant recipients were similar to previously reported data, mortality for our center dialysis patients was slightly higher than previously reported. Quality-of-life testing, disclosed that dialysis patients had a substantial impairment in all parameters. Transplant recipients achieved a better degree of rehabilitation. Physicians and patients should be aware of the problems that they are likely to face; otherwise, expectations and goals may be raised to unreachable and ultimately frustrating levels."}
{"id": "PMID:361009", "title": "Detection of urinary fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products in kidney transplantation.", "content": "Several techniques are used to detect rejection episodes in renal transplants; complexity renders these tests impractical for clinical use in most cases. This paper reports the results obtained in the study of urinary FDP, by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, in 50 healthy subjects and in 360 consecutive samples from 18 renal transplant recipients; urine specimens were examined daily for periods of time of up to 60 days post transplant. Endogenous creatinine clearance levels were also quantified. Our findings show that while in normal subjects negative tests were always obtained in kidney transplant patients, increased FDP excretion was found, with peak levels observed at least 24 hours before the decrease of glomerular filtration rates and clinical manifestations of acute rejection which subside with immunosuppression. Finally, urinary FDP excretion in the oliguric phase of post transplant acute renal failure was similar to that of patients where kidney transplants functioned without any evidence of rejection.", "contents": "Detection of urinary fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products in kidney transplantation. Several techniques are used to detect rejection episodes in renal transplants; complexity renders these tests impractical for clinical use in most cases. This paper reports the results obtained in the study of urinary FDP, by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, in 50 healthy subjects and in 360 consecutive samples from 18 renal transplant recipients; urine specimens were examined daily for periods of time of up to 60 days post transplant. Endogenous creatinine clearance levels were also quantified. Our findings show that while in normal subjects negative tests were always obtained in kidney transplant patients, increased FDP excretion was found, with peak levels observed at least 24 hours before the decrease of glomerular filtration rates and clinical manifestations of acute rejection which subside with immunosuppression. Finally, urinary FDP excretion in the oliguric phase of post transplant acute renal failure was similar to that of patients where kidney transplants functioned without any evidence of rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:361017", "title": "Hepatic ultrastructure in congenital syphilis.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes in the liver in a case of congenital syphilis were studied. Treponema organisms were easily demonstrated in 1-micrometer sections stained by toluidine blue, as well as in electron micrographs. Most organisms were extracellular, but some were identified within hepatocytes.", "contents": "Hepatic ultrastructure in congenital syphilis. The ultrastructural changes in the liver in a case of congenital syphilis were studied. Treponema organisms were easily demonstrated in 1-micrometer sections stained by toluidine blue, as well as in electron micrographs. Most organisms were extracellular, but some were identified within hepatocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:361018", "title": "Leukocytic function in malakoplakia.", "content": "Leukocytic functions were studied in a patient with malakoplakia that involved the urinary tract and retroperitoneum in whom recalcitrant infections due to Escherichia coli developed. Polymorphonuclear leukocytic functions and monocytic chemotaxis were normal. Killing of E coli and Staphylococcus aureus by the patient's monocytes was impaired. This defect persisted after the infections were successfully treated and the treatment with antimicrobial agents was discontinued. Stimulated nitro blue tetrazolium reduction by the patient's monocytes was normal, suggesting that the microbicidal defect was not in the oxygen-dependent microbicidal system. Total lysozymal content of patient's monocytes was normal. Thus, the basis for this microbicidal defect is still undefined.", "contents": "Leukocytic function in malakoplakia. Leukocytic functions were studied in a patient with malakoplakia that involved the urinary tract and retroperitoneum in whom recalcitrant infections due to Escherichia coli developed. Polymorphonuclear leukocytic functions and monocytic chemotaxis were normal. Killing of E coli and Staphylococcus aureus by the patient's monocytes was impaired. This defect persisted after the infections were successfully treated and the treatment with antimicrobial agents was discontinued. Stimulated nitro blue tetrazolium reduction by the patient's monocytes was normal, suggesting that the microbicidal defect was not in the oxygen-dependent microbicidal system. Total lysozymal content of patient's monocytes was normal. Thus, the basis for this microbicidal defect is still undefined."}
{"id": "PMID:361020", "title": "Side-to-end colorectal anastomosis with monofilament stainless steel wire.", "content": "Anastomotic separation after anterior resection of the rectum remains a major problem, although the frequency of anastomotic dehiscence after anterior resection varies. Monofilament stainless steel wire suture is an inert suture, has excellent holding power, and is associated with a low probability of wound infection. Side-to-end coloproctostomy for anastomotic reconstruction after anterior resection has proved to be a satisfactory alternative to the usual end-to-end anastomosis. A combination of wire suture with side-to-end coloproctostomy was performed in 60 consecutive anterior resections in which there were two clinical anastomotic leaks and no deaths attributable to anastomotic dehiscence. Simultaneous loop transverse colostomy was performed in 13 cases (22%), and all colostomies were subsequently closed without difficulty. This technique is recommended for reconstruction of bowel continuity after anterior resection of the rectum.", "contents": "Side-to-end colorectal anastomosis with monofilament stainless steel wire. Anastomotic separation after anterior resection of the rectum remains a major problem, although the frequency of anastomotic dehiscence after anterior resection varies. Monofilament stainless steel wire suture is an inert suture, has excellent holding power, and is associated with a low probability of wound infection. Side-to-end coloproctostomy for anastomotic reconstruction after anterior resection has proved to be a satisfactory alternative to the usual end-to-end anastomosis. A combination of wire suture with side-to-end coloproctostomy was performed in 60 consecutive anterior resections in which there were two clinical anastomotic leaks and no deaths attributable to anastomotic dehiscence. Simultaneous loop transverse colostomy was performed in 13 cases (22%), and all colostomies were subsequently closed without difficulty. This technique is recommended for reconstruction of bowel continuity after anterior resection of the rectum."}
{"id": "PMID:361021", "title": "[Urgent problems in the study of pyelonephritis in children].", "content": "The literature data and own observations concerning the features of patho- and morphogenesis of pyelonephritis in children are presented. Particular attention is given to the importance of renal tissue and intrarenal blood vessels dysplasia in the genesis and development of pyelonephritis as well as to the pathogenetic role of inflammatory processes in urinary tract wall in obstructive uropathies. The importance of morphological studies in diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of pyelonephritis in children is emphasized.", "contents": "[Urgent problems in the study of pyelonephritis in children]. The literature data and own observations concerning the features of patho- and morphogenesis of pyelonephritis in children are presented. Particular attention is given to the importance of renal tissue and intrarenal blood vessels dysplasia in the genesis and development of pyelonephritis as well as to the pathogenetic role of inflammatory processes in urinary tract wall in obstructive uropathies. The importance of morphological studies in diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of pyelonephritis in children is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:361026", "title": "A clinical evaluation of benzydamine hydrochloride.", "content": "A double-blind clinical trial of the effects of the use of benzydamine hydrochloride for patients undergoing the surgical removal of impacted lower third molar teeth showed no significant effects on swelling and trismus between control and experimental groups, although a significant reduction in the post-operative consumption of analgesics was noted.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of benzydamine hydrochloride. A double-blind clinical trial of the effects of the use of benzydamine hydrochloride for patients undergoing the surgical removal of impacted lower third molar teeth showed no significant effects on swelling and trismus between control and experimental groups, although a significant reduction in the post-operative consumption of analgesics was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:361027", "title": "The prevalence of the maxillo-septal syndrome in Anglo-Saxon and Romano-British skulls and foetal specimens.", "content": "Seventy-three pre-medieval British skulls were examined and the maxillo-septal syndrome was found in 42. Ten foetal specimens of crown rump length greater than 40 mm were also examined and the syndrome was found in three specimens. Deflection of the nasal septum was present in 56 specimens.", "contents": "The prevalence of the maxillo-septal syndrome in Anglo-Saxon and Romano-British skulls and foetal specimens. Seventy-three pre-medieval British skulls were examined and the maxillo-septal syndrome was found in 42. Ten foetal specimens of crown rump length greater than 40 mm were also examined and the syndrome was found in three specimens. Deflection of the nasal septum was present in 56 specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:361028", "title": "A review of modern impression materials.", "content": "A number of new elastic impression materials have been developed over the past few years. The working time, setting time, elasticity at set, permanent deformation, dimensional change on setting and long-term stability were determined for several of these impression materials. The new addition type silicone impression materials proved superior to the other materials tested, but all materials were capable of giving good clinical results.", "contents": "A review of modern impression materials. A number of new elastic impression materials have been developed over the past few years. The working time, setting time, elasticity at set, permanent deformation, dimensional change on setting and long-term stability were determined for several of these impression materials. The new addition type silicone impression materials proved superior to the other materials tested, but all materials were capable of giving good clinical results."}
{"id": "PMID:361029", "title": "Burs, teeth and hand instruments.", "content": "Scanning electron microscope studies demonstrate deficiencies in the surfaces of cavity preparations made with conventional cutting instruments. Better surface preparation can be achieved by using appropriate shaped tungsten rotary instruments, and by sharp hand instruments used with a scraping action. The direction of rotation of the cutting alters the quality of the enamel margin. The SEM image should not be interpreted as the sole criterion of clinical success.", "contents": "Burs, teeth and hand instruments. Scanning electron microscope studies demonstrate deficiencies in the surfaces of cavity preparations made with conventional cutting instruments. Better surface preparation can be achieved by using appropriate shaped tungsten rotary instruments, and by sharp hand instruments used with a scraping action. The direction of rotation of the cutting alters the quality of the enamel margin. The SEM image should not be interpreted as the sole criterion of clinical success."}
{"id": "PMID:361030", "title": "The influence of design and production on the structural integrity of tensile test specimens and stated values for mechanical properties.", "content": "Two sizes of tensile test specimens were produced, the smaller of them by several techniques each incorporating a particular casting variable. All castings were subsequently subjected to radiographic evaluation and mechanical testing. An attempt has been made to relate the application of each variable to the degree of metal integrity produced in the specimens and ultimately to mechanical behaviour.", "contents": "The influence of design and production on the structural integrity of tensile test specimens and stated values for mechanical properties. Two sizes of tensile test specimens were produced, the smaller of them by several techniques each incorporating a particular casting variable. All castings were subsequently subjected to radiographic evaluation and mechanical testing. An attempt has been made to relate the application of each variable to the degree of metal integrity produced in the specimens and ultimately to mechanical behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:361031", "title": "The temporomandibular joint: some biological considerations.", "content": "The physiological mechanisms operating through the temporomandibular joint in the perception of changes in the position of the mandible can determine extremely small discrepancies in the final occlusal position. Some observations on the pathways of neural control and reflexes are discussed and their importance in clinical situations noted.", "contents": "The temporomandibular joint: some biological considerations. The physiological mechanisms operating through the temporomandibular joint in the perception of changes in the position of the mandible can determine extremely small discrepancies in the final occlusal position. Some observations on the pathways of neural control and reflexes are discussed and their importance in clinical situations noted."}
{"id": "PMID:361032", "title": "Control of concanavalin A receptor mobility by cytoplasmic actin in human tumour cells.", "content": "Tissue culture monolayers of seven human intracranial tumours comprising 2 astrocytomas, 3 meningiomas, 1 secondary squamous cell carcinoma and 1 secondary adenocarcinoma were examined by a double immunofluorescent staining technique to demonstrate Concanavalin A (Con A) surface receptors and cytoplasmic actin in the same cell. Tumour cells, treated with fluoresceinisothiocyanate-labelled Con A (FITC-Con A) showed staining in cell margins or in a random distribution over the cell surface. Incubating the cells with FITC-Con A at 37 degrees for increasing periods of time resulted first in staining of clusters and later of perinuclear globules. Cells, pretreated with 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 degrees for 10 min or with cytochalasin B at 37 degrees for 30 min showed staining restricted to cell margins. In the cytochalasin B-treated cells, the peripheral staining was in the form of coarse clusters. Double fluorochrome studies showed that the anti-actin antibody (AAA) staining occurred in sites closely related to those stained by FITC-Con A both in untreated as well as in cytochalasin B-treated cells. The findings suggest that Con A receptors, as an example of a stable cell membrane determinant in human tumour cells, are associated with actin and that their mobility on the cell surface is dependent on an intact cytoplasmic actin system.", "contents": "Control of concanavalin A receptor mobility by cytoplasmic actin in human tumour cells. Tissue culture monolayers of seven human intracranial tumours comprising 2 astrocytomas, 3 meningiomas, 1 secondary squamous cell carcinoma and 1 secondary adenocarcinoma were examined by a double immunofluorescent staining technique to demonstrate Concanavalin A (Con A) surface receptors and cytoplasmic actin in the same cell. Tumour cells, treated with fluoresceinisothiocyanate-labelled Con A (FITC-Con A) showed staining in cell margins or in a random distribution over the cell surface. Incubating the cells with FITC-Con A at 37 degrees for increasing periods of time resulted first in staining of clusters and later of perinuclear globules. Cells, pretreated with 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 degrees for 10 min or with cytochalasin B at 37 degrees for 30 min showed staining restricted to cell margins. In the cytochalasin B-treated cells, the peripheral staining was in the form of coarse clusters. Double fluorochrome studies showed that the anti-actin antibody (AAA) staining occurred in sites closely related to those stained by FITC-Con A both in untreated as well as in cytochalasin B-treated cells. The findings suggest that Con A receptors, as an example of a stable cell membrane determinant in human tumour cells, are associated with actin and that their mobility on the cell surface is dependent on an intact cytoplasmic actin system."}
{"id": "PMID:361033", "title": "The scintigraphic diagnosis of splenic cysts.", "content": "In four patients, each of whom had a different type of splenic cyst, 99mTc-sulphur colloid images revealed non-specific, intrasplenic \"cold\" lesions. The rim of splenic tissue surrounding the cyst was incomplete in three out of four patients and caused appearances similar to those of splenic infarction. Repeat spleen imaging with 99mTc-RBC revealed an additional cyst in one out of four patients. 113m indium blood pool images provided preoperative information on lesion vascularity. The scintigraphic diagnosis of splenic cysts should ideally combine 99mTc-sulphur colloid imaging, 99mTc-RBC imaging, and 113m Indium blood pool imaging.", "contents": "The scintigraphic diagnosis of splenic cysts. In four patients, each of whom had a different type of splenic cyst, 99mTc-sulphur colloid images revealed non-specific, intrasplenic \"cold\" lesions. The rim of splenic tissue surrounding the cyst was incomplete in three out of four patients and caused appearances similar to those of splenic infarction. Repeat spleen imaging with 99mTc-RBC revealed an additional cyst in one out of four patients. 113m indium blood pool images provided preoperative information on lesion vascularity. The scintigraphic diagnosis of splenic cysts should ideally combine 99mTc-sulphur colloid imaging, 99mTc-RBC imaging, and 113m Indium blood pool imaging."}
{"id": "PMID:361035", "title": "Characterization of pepsin-solubilized bovine heart-valve collagen.", "content": "Collagens extracted from heart valves by using limited pepsin digestion were fractionated by differential salt precipitation. Collagen types were identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis and cleavage with CNBr. Heart-valve collagen was heterogeneous in nature, consisting of a mixture of type-I and type-III collagens. The identity of type-III collagen was established on the basis of (a) insolubility in 1.7 M-NaC1 at neutral pH, (b) behaviour of this collagen fraction on gel electrophoresis under reducing and non-reducing conditions, (c) amino acid analysis showing a hydroxyproline/proline ratio greater than 1, and (d) profile of CNBr peptides on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis showing a peak characteristic for type-III collagen containing peptides alpha1(III)CB8 and alpha1(III)CB3. In addition to types-I and -III collagen, a collagen polypeptide not previously described in heart valves was identified. This polypeptide represented approx. 30% of the collagen fraction precipitated at 4.0 M-NaCl, it migrated between beta- and alpha1-collagen chains on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and its electrophoretic behaviour was not affected by disulphide-bond reduction. All collagen fractions from the heart valves contained increased amounts of hydroxylysine when compared with type-I and -III collagens from other tissues. The presence of beta- and gamma-chains and higher aggregates in pepsin-solubilized collagen indicated that these collagens were highly cross-linked and suggested that some of these cross-links involved the triple-helical regions of the molecule. It is likely that the higher hydroxylysine content of heart-valve collagen is responsible for the high degree of intermolecular cross-linking and may be the result of an adaptive mechanism for the specialized function of these tissues.", "contents": "Characterization of pepsin-solubilized bovine heart-valve collagen. Collagens extracted from heart valves by using limited pepsin digestion were fractionated by differential salt precipitation. Collagen types were identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis and cleavage with CNBr. Heart-valve collagen was heterogeneous in nature, consisting of a mixture of type-I and type-III collagens. The identity of type-III collagen was established on the basis of (a) insolubility in 1.7 M-NaC1 at neutral pH, (b) behaviour of this collagen fraction on gel electrophoresis under reducing and non-reducing conditions, (c) amino acid analysis showing a hydroxyproline/proline ratio greater than 1, and (d) profile of CNBr peptides on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis showing a peak characteristic for type-III collagen containing peptides alpha1(III)CB8 and alpha1(III)CB3. In addition to types-I and -III collagen, a collagen polypeptide not previously described in heart valves was identified. This polypeptide represented approx. 30% of the collagen fraction precipitated at 4.0 M-NaCl, it migrated between beta- and alpha1-collagen chains on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and its electrophoretic behaviour was not affected by disulphide-bond reduction. All collagen fractions from the heart valves contained increased amounts of hydroxylysine when compared with type-I and -III collagens from other tissues. The presence of beta- and gamma-chains and higher aggregates in pepsin-solubilized collagen indicated that these collagens were highly cross-linked and suggested that some of these cross-links involved the triple-helical regions of the molecule. It is likely that the higher hydroxylysine content of heart-valve collagen is responsible for the high degree of intermolecular cross-linking and may be the result of an adaptive mechanism for the specialized function of these tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:361036", "title": "The effect of sugars on (pro)insulin biosynthesis.", "content": "Rates of incorporation of [4,5-(3)H]leucine into insulin plus proinsulin, designated ;(pro)insulin', and total protein in rat pancreatic islets were measured. Glucose stimulates rates of total protein and (pro)insulin biosynthesis, but (pro)insulin biosynthesis is stimulated preferentially. Mannose and N-acetylglucosamine also stimulate (pro)insulin and total protein biosynthesis; inosine and dihydroxyacetone stimulate (pro)insulin biosynthesis specifically. Fructose does not stimulate (pro)insulin biosynthesis when tested alone, but does so in the presence of low concentrations of glucose, mannose or N-acetylglucosamine. Many glucose analogues do not stimulate (pro)insulin biosynthesis. Mannoheptulose inhibits synthesis of (pro)insulin and total protein stimulated by glucose or mannose but not by dihydroxyacetone, inosine or N-acetylglucosamine; phloretin (9mum) inhibits N-acetylglucosamine-stimulated (pro)insulin biosynthesis preferentially. The data are in agreement with the view that the same glucose-sensor mechanism may control both insulin release and biosynthesis, and ;substrate-site' model is suggested. The threshold for stimulation of biosynthesis of (pro)insulin and total protein is lower than that found for glucose-stimulated insulin release; moreover the biosynthetic response to an elevation of glucose concentration is slower than that found for insulin release. The physiological implication of these findings is discussed. Caffeine and isobutylmethylxanthine, at concentrations known to increase islet 3':5'-cyclic AMP and potentiate glucose-induced insulin release, were without effect on rates of glucose-stimulated (pro)insulin biosynthesis.", "contents": "The effect of sugars on (pro)insulin biosynthesis. Rates of incorporation of [4,5-(3)H]leucine into insulin plus proinsulin, designated ;(pro)insulin', and total protein in rat pancreatic islets were measured. Glucose stimulates rates of total protein and (pro)insulin biosynthesis, but (pro)insulin biosynthesis is stimulated preferentially. Mannose and N-acetylglucosamine also stimulate (pro)insulin and total protein biosynthesis; inosine and dihydroxyacetone stimulate (pro)insulin biosynthesis specifically. Fructose does not stimulate (pro)insulin biosynthesis when tested alone, but does so in the presence of low concentrations of glucose, mannose or N-acetylglucosamine. Many glucose analogues do not stimulate (pro)insulin biosynthesis. Mannoheptulose inhibits synthesis of (pro)insulin and total protein stimulated by glucose or mannose but not by dihydroxyacetone, inosine or N-acetylglucosamine; phloretin (9mum) inhibits N-acetylglucosamine-stimulated (pro)insulin biosynthesis preferentially. The data are in agreement with the view that the same glucose-sensor mechanism may control both insulin release and biosynthesis, and ;substrate-site' model is suggested. The threshold for stimulation of biosynthesis of (pro)insulin and total protein is lower than that found for glucose-stimulated insulin release; moreover the biosynthetic response to an elevation of glucose concentration is slower than that found for insulin release. The physiological implication of these findings is discussed. Caffeine and isobutylmethylxanthine, at concentrations known to increase islet 3':5'-cyclic AMP and potentiate glucose-induced insulin release, were without effect on rates of glucose-stimulated (pro)insulin biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:361056", "title": "Use of doxapram as an arousal agent in outpatient general anaesthesia.", "content": "In a double-blind study of 100 outpatients receiving an anaesthetic sequence of methohexitone, nitrous oxide and halothane, significant shortening of recovery time was produced by the i.v. administration of doxapram hydrochloride at the end of anaesthesia. Comparable recovery times were obtained following the administration of 80 mg to female patients and 95 mg to male patients. There was no evidence that the administration of doxapram caused cardiac arrhythmia.", "contents": "Use of doxapram as an arousal agent in outpatient general anaesthesia. In a double-blind study of 100 outpatients receiving an anaesthetic sequence of methohexitone, nitrous oxide and halothane, significant shortening of recovery time was produced by the i.v. administration of doxapram hydrochloride at the end of anaesthesia. Comparable recovery times were obtained following the administration of 80 mg to female patients and 95 mg to male patients. There was no evidence that the administration of doxapram caused cardiac arrhythmia."}
{"id": "PMID:361057", "title": "Comparative assessment of fenoprofen and paracetamol given in combination for pain after surgery.", "content": "In a double-blind study of patients suffering from pain after surgery, fenoprofen 200 mg and paracetamol 500 mg was compared with each drug given separately and with a placebo. There was a significant difference between the combination and the placebo, whereas, separately, the drugs were only marginally better than the placebo in relieving pain. There was a significant linear trend indicating a better clinical result as the number of active components in the regimen was increased.", "contents": "Comparative assessment of fenoprofen and paracetamol given in combination for pain after surgery. In a double-blind study of patients suffering from pain after surgery, fenoprofen 200 mg and paracetamol 500 mg was compared with each drug given separately and with a placebo. There was a significant difference between the combination and the placebo, whereas, separately, the drugs were only marginally better than the placebo in relieving pain. There was a significant linear trend indicating a better clinical result as the number of active components in the regimen was increased."}
{"id": "PMID:361059", "title": "A study of the comparative efficacy of diflucortolone valerate 0.3% ointment and clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment.", "content": "Three hundred and fifty-four patients with symmetrical dermatoses took part in a multicentre, doubleblind, half-side study in order to compare the efficacy of a new topical steroid, diflucortolone valerate 0.3% (Nerisone Forte) against that of an established, potent topical steroid, clobetasol propionate 0.05% (Dermovate). The assessment of overall response, as judged by the physicians' preference for one side or another, showed no difference between the two compounds. However, when the results were examined by separate diagnostic category, the number of preferences was greater for diflucortolone valerate 0.3% in eczema, and for clobetasol propionate 0.05% in psoriasis, although neither of these differences reached levels of statistical significance. The graded assessments of response indicated that both compounds were highly effective, potent, topical steroids. Eighty-one percent of all patients showed marked improvement or healing with diflucortolone valerate 0.3%, and 84% showed marked improvement or healing with clobetasol propionate 0.05%. This difference was not statistically significant. Analysis of response, either by diagnosis or grade of severity, showed no statistically significant differences between the two compounds. No significant differences in the incidence of severity of side-effects were observed. It was concluded that the two compounds were of equal clinical efficacy.", "contents": "A study of the comparative efficacy of diflucortolone valerate 0.3% ointment and clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment. Three hundred and fifty-four patients with symmetrical dermatoses took part in a multicentre, doubleblind, half-side study in order to compare the efficacy of a new topical steroid, diflucortolone valerate 0.3% (Nerisone Forte) against that of an established, potent topical steroid, clobetasol propionate 0.05% (Dermovate). The assessment of overall response, as judged by the physicians' preference for one side or another, showed no difference between the two compounds. However, when the results were examined by separate diagnostic category, the number of preferences was greater for diflucortolone valerate 0.3% in eczema, and for clobetasol propionate 0.05% in psoriasis, although neither of these differences reached levels of statistical significance. The graded assessments of response indicated that both compounds were highly effective, potent, topical steroids. Eighty-one percent of all patients showed marked improvement or healing with diflucortolone valerate 0.3%, and 84% showed marked improvement or healing with clobetasol propionate 0.05%. This difference was not statistically significant. Analysis of response, either by diagnosis or grade of severity, showed no statistically significant differences between the two compounds. No significant differences in the incidence of severity of side-effects were observed. It was concluded that the two compounds were of equal clinical efficacy."}
{"id": "PMID:361060", "title": "Plasma cortisol values after topical application of diflucortolone valerate (0.3%) or clobetasol propionate (0.05%) in psoriatic patients.", "content": "A double-blind randomized study to compare the plasma cortisol values at both 9.00 a.m. and 12 midnight following topical application fo 10 g daily for 7 days of either diflucortolone valerate 0.3% (Nerisone Forte) ointment or clobetasol propionate 0.05% (Dermovate) ointment in 20 hospital inpatients suffering from severe psoriasis, showed that clinically both compounds behaved as potent, highly active topical preparations and caused rapid clinical improvement. Diflucortolone valerate 0.3% caused only slight and non-significant depression of mean plasma cortisols. On the other hand, clobetasol caused an immediate, persistent and statistically significant depression of the 9.00 a.m. coritsol values, which appeared to recover towards normality only on the third day after therapy had been withdrawn. the difference between these 2 compounds was found to be statistically significant (P less than 0.05). From these observations, it is concluded that diflucortolone valerate 0.3% ointment suppresses adreno-cortical function to a significantly lesser extent than clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment.", "contents": "Plasma cortisol values after topical application of diflucortolone valerate (0.3%) or clobetasol propionate (0.05%) in psoriatic patients. A double-blind randomized study to compare the plasma cortisol values at both 9.00 a.m. and 12 midnight following topical application fo 10 g daily for 7 days of either diflucortolone valerate 0.3% (Nerisone Forte) ointment or clobetasol propionate 0.05% (Dermovate) ointment in 20 hospital inpatients suffering from severe psoriasis, showed that clinically both compounds behaved as potent, highly active topical preparations and caused rapid clinical improvement. Diflucortolone valerate 0.3% caused only slight and non-significant depression of mean plasma cortisols. On the other hand, clobetasol caused an immediate, persistent and statistically significant depression of the 9.00 a.m. coritsol values, which appeared to recover towards normality only on the third day after therapy had been withdrawn. the difference between these 2 compounds was found to be statistically significant (P less than 0.05). From these observations, it is concluded that diflucortolone valerate 0.3% ointment suppresses adreno-cortical function to a significantly lesser extent than clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment."}
{"id": "PMID:361061", "title": "Bullous pemphigoid and primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "The occurrence of multiple autoimmune conditions in an individual and in families is well known. We wish to report the simultaneous occurrence of bullous pemphigoid and primary biliary cirrhosis in an individual who also suffered from vitiligo. The association adds to the documentation of bullous pemphigoid co-existing with other autoimmune disorders.", "contents": "Bullous pemphigoid and primary biliary cirrhosis. The occurrence of multiple autoimmune conditions in an individual and in families is well known. We wish to report the simultaneous occurrence of bullous pemphigoid and primary biliary cirrhosis in an individual who also suffered from vitiligo. The association adds to the documentation of bullous pemphigoid co-existing with other autoimmune disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:361062", "title": "An immunofluorescence study of pityriasis lichenoides.", "content": "In a study of 27 patients with pityriasis lichenoides IgM and C3 have been observed on direct immunofluorescence of fresh lesions. Other immunoglobulins and complement components were not observed. Immunofluorescence was seen in 31 (72%) of 43 fresh lesions. It occurred in the walls of superficial dermal vessels and along the dermal-epidermal junction. This pattern of immunofluorescence appears to be characteristic of the disease. Uninvolved skin showed the immunofluorescence less frequently and old scaly lesions none. The concept that pityriasis lichenoides is an immune complex disorder is discussed.", "contents": "An immunofluorescence study of pityriasis lichenoides. In a study of 27 patients with pityriasis lichenoides IgM and C3 have been observed on direct immunofluorescence of fresh lesions. Other immunoglobulins and complement components were not observed. Immunofluorescence was seen in 31 (72%) of 43 fresh lesions. It occurred in the walls of superficial dermal vessels and along the dermal-epidermal junction. This pattern of immunofluorescence appears to be characteristic of the disease. Uninvolved skin showed the immunofluorescence less frequently and old scaly lesions none. The concept that pityriasis lichenoides is an immune complex disorder is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:361063", "title": "Complement and immunoglobulin deposits in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis.", "content": "The immunofluorescent patterns of uninvolved and involved skin biopsies from eight patients with atopic dermatitis were studied, using direct immunofluorescence techniques to identify deposits of the immunoglobulins G, A and M as well as the complement factors C1q, C3, C4, C5, factor B and properdin. Immunoglobulin deposits (mainly IgG) were found in five patients, complement deposits in three patients in the basement membrane zone. In three patients the immunofluorescence was positive for C3, in two patients for C1q, C4 and C5. Regarding the factors of the alternative pathway of the complement system, two patients showed deposits of properdin, one of factor B. The changes were not confined to the eczematous lesions, but were found in uninvolved skin too. The most prominent changes were observed in patients with severe disease.", "contents": "Complement and immunoglobulin deposits in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. The immunofluorescent patterns of uninvolved and involved skin biopsies from eight patients with atopic dermatitis were studied, using direct immunofluorescence techniques to identify deposits of the immunoglobulins G, A and M as well as the complement factors C1q, C3, C4, C5, factor B and properdin. Immunoglobulin deposits (mainly IgG) were found in five patients, complement deposits in three patients in the basement membrane zone. In three patients the immunofluorescence was positive for C3, in two patients for C1q, C4 and C5. Regarding the factors of the alternative pathway of the complement system, two patients showed deposits of properdin, one of factor B. The changes were not confined to the eczematous lesions, but were found in uninvolved skin too. The most prominent changes were observed in patients with severe disease."}
{"id": "PMID:361065", "title": "Hodgkin's disease: ultrastructural localization of intra-cytoplasmic immunoglobulins within malignant cells.", "content": "An immunoperoxidase technique has been applied to the detection of intracellular immunoglobulins at the light and ultrastructural levels in three untreated cases of Hodgkin's disease. The results are compared with those obtained in three treated cases. In both groups, 20-90% of malignant cells had intra-cytoplasmic immunoglobulins. There was no correlation between the percentage of immunoglobulin-containing cells and the histological type or the stage of the disease. At the ultrastructural level, immunoglobulins were constantly localized on cytoplasmic ribosomes, the later being either free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum and to the external envelope of the perinuclear space. In addition, a very few malignant cells exhibited immunoglobulins within their perinuclear space and their endoplasmic reticulum. These results demonstrate that immunoglobulins in Hodgkin's malignant cells are present on the cellular sites of protein synthesis. They appear to be retained in their cytoplasm, and to be secreted only very occasionally. The significance of these findings as to the cellular origin of malignant cells in Hodgkin's disease is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease: ultrastructural localization of intra-cytoplasmic immunoglobulins within malignant cells. An immunoperoxidase technique has been applied to the detection of intracellular immunoglobulins at the light and ultrastructural levels in three untreated cases of Hodgkin's disease. The results are compared with those obtained in three treated cases. In both groups, 20-90% of malignant cells had intra-cytoplasmic immunoglobulins. There was no correlation between the percentage of immunoglobulin-containing cells and the histological type or the stage of the disease. At the ultrastructural level, immunoglobulins were constantly localized on cytoplasmic ribosomes, the later being either free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum and to the external envelope of the perinuclear space. In addition, a very few malignant cells exhibited immunoglobulins within their perinuclear space and their endoplasmic reticulum. These results demonstrate that immunoglobulins in Hodgkin's malignant cells are present on the cellular sites of protein synthesis. They appear to be retained in their cytoplasm, and to be secreted only very occasionally. The significance of these findings as to the cellular origin of malignant cells in Hodgkin's disease is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:361067", "title": "A comparison of salbutamol and ethanol in the treatment of preterm labour.", "content": "Intravenous salbutamol and ethanol were compared as treatments for preterm labour, 42 patients being assigned randomly to salbutamol and 46 to ethanol. There was no statistically significant difference in outcome between patients in the two groups, the mean delay in delivery achieved being 15 days with salbutamol and 20 days with ethanol. Neither treatment was very effective since only 10 patients given salbutamol and 14 given ethanol had their delivery postponed to 37 weeks or later. Salbutamol was more rapidly acting than ethanol but produced more cardiovascular side effects.", "contents": "A comparison of salbutamol and ethanol in the treatment of preterm labour. Intravenous salbutamol and ethanol were compared as treatments for preterm labour, 42 patients being assigned randomly to salbutamol and 46 to ethanol. There was no statistically significant difference in outcome between patients in the two groups, the mean delay in delivery achieved being 15 days with salbutamol and 20 days with ethanol. Neither treatment was very effective since only 10 patients given salbutamol and 14 given ethanol had their delivery postponed to 37 weeks or later. Salbutamol was more rapidly acting than ethanol but produced more cardiovascular side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:361068", "title": "Comparison of placebo and bromocriptine in the treatment of patients with normoprolactinaemic amenorrhoea.", "content": "Fourteen women with normoprolactinaemic amenorrhoea were treated with bromocriptine (2.5 mg twice daily) for a period ranging from 4 to 17 weeks, while a matched group fo 19 amenorrhoeic women were treated with a placebo (one tablet twice daily) for 4 to 12 weeks. About half of the patients in both groups had at least one episode of vaginal bleeding during treatment. There was no clear difference in the menstrual and ovulatory pattern between placebo and bromocriptine groups.", "contents": "Comparison of placebo and bromocriptine in the treatment of patients with normoprolactinaemic amenorrhoea. Fourteen women with normoprolactinaemic amenorrhoea were treated with bromocriptine (2.5 mg twice daily) for a period ranging from 4 to 17 weeks, while a matched group fo 19 amenorrhoeic women were treated with a placebo (one tablet twice daily) for 4 to 12 weeks. About half of the patients in both groups had at least one episode of vaginal bleeding during treatment. There was no clear difference in the menstrual and ovulatory pattern between placebo and bromocriptine groups."}
{"id": "PMID:361069", "title": "Group B beta haemolytic streptococci in the female genital tract: a study of four clinic populations.", "content": "The carrier rate of group B beta-haemolytic streptococci (GBS) was assessed in pregnant and non-pregnant women attending four clinics. Multiple sites were sampled and standard methods were used to isolate GBS. Colonization rates were highest in patients attending a venereal disease clinic but were not associated with other sexually transmitted diseases. Higher colonization rates were detected when multiple sites were sampled. Serotypes II and III occurred most frequently.", "contents": "Group B beta haemolytic streptococci in the female genital tract: a study of four clinic populations. The carrier rate of group B beta-haemolytic streptococci (GBS) was assessed in pregnant and non-pregnant women attending four clinics. Multiple sites were sampled and standard methods were used to isolate GBS. Colonization rates were highest in patients attending a venereal disease clinic but were not associated with other sexually transmitted diseases. Higher colonization rates were detected when multiple sites were sampled. Serotypes II and III occurred most frequently."}
{"id": "PMID:361070", "title": "Contractile proteins in retinal endothelium and other non-muscle tissues of the eye.", "content": "The present study is the first investigation to demonstrate, by employing the combined approach of immunologically and electron microscope methods, the presence of actin-like contractile proteins in the mammalian retina, the corneal epithelium and endothelium, the iris, and the ciliary body, and to confirm their presence in lens epithelium. This is also the first report to demonstrate by these methods the presence of microfilaments and intermediate filaments in retinal vascular endothelium. Since we have shown that actin filaments are especially abundant in immature retinal endothelial cells, the question of their function arises, and we have discussed their possible relevance to the closure of immature retinal vessels when exposed to hyperoxia.", "contents": "Contractile proteins in retinal endothelium and other non-muscle tissues of the eye. The present study is the first investigation to demonstrate, by employing the combined approach of immunologically and electron microscope methods, the presence of actin-like contractile proteins in the mammalian retina, the corneal epithelium and endothelium, the iris, and the ciliary body, and to confirm their presence in lens epithelium. This is also the first report to demonstrate by these methods the presence of microfilaments and intermediate filaments in retinal vascular endothelium. Since we have shown that actin filaments are especially abundant in immature retinal endothelial cells, the question of their function arises, and we have discussed their possible relevance to the closure of immature retinal vessels when exposed to hyperoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:361074", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of inorganic phosphate binding to yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase.", "content": "Yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase is a dimer of identical subunits. Previous work (Rapoport, T.A., et al. (1973) Eur. J. Biochem. 33, 341) indicated the presence of two different Mn2+ binding sites per subunit. In the present work, the binding of inorganic phosphate to the Mn2+-inorganic pyrophosphatase complex has been studied by 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. Two distinct phosphate sites have been found, having dissociation constants of 0.24 mM and 18 mM. The Mn2+-31P distance from tightly bound Mn2+ to phosphate bound in the low affinity site (6.2 A) is consistent with outer sphere binding. Binding to both phosphate sites can be simultaneously inhibited by the pyrophosphate analogue, hydroxymethanebisphosphonate, providing evidence for the physical proximity of these two sites. The weaker Mn2+ site is apparently far from both phosphate sites. From the magnitudes of the dissociation constants found for both phosphate and analogue binding and the recent work of P.D. Boyer and his co-workers (private communication) on enzyme-catalyzed phosphate-water exchange, it appears unlikely that the hydrolysis of enzyme-bound pyrophosphate is the rate-determining step in the overall enzymatic catalysis of pyrophosphate hydrolysis, at least when Mn2+ is the required divalent metal ion cofactor.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of inorganic phosphate binding to yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase. Yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase is a dimer of identical subunits. Previous work (Rapoport, T.A., et al. (1973) Eur. J. Biochem. 33, 341) indicated the presence of two different Mn2+ binding sites per subunit. In the present work, the binding of inorganic phosphate to the Mn2+-inorganic pyrophosphatase complex has been studied by 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. Two distinct phosphate sites have been found, having dissociation constants of 0.24 mM and 18 mM. The Mn2+-31P distance from tightly bound Mn2+ to phosphate bound in the low affinity site (6.2 A) is consistent with outer sphere binding. Binding to both phosphate sites can be simultaneously inhibited by the pyrophosphate analogue, hydroxymethanebisphosphonate, providing evidence for the physical proximity of these two sites. The weaker Mn2+ site is apparently far from both phosphate sites. From the magnitudes of the dissociation constants found for both phosphate and analogue binding and the recent work of P.D. Boyer and his co-workers (private communication) on enzyme-catalyzed phosphate-water exchange, it appears unlikely that the hydrolysis of enzyme-bound pyrophosphate is the rate-determining step in the overall enzymatic catalysis of pyrophosphate hydrolysis, at least when Mn2+ is the required divalent metal ion cofactor."}
{"id": "PMID:361075", "title": "Metabolism of prostacyclin in rat.", "content": "Following a single intravenous administration of [11-3H]prostacyclin in rat, 77% of the administered dose was excreted within 3 days with 33% in urine and 44% in feces. Urinary metabolites were accumulated by chronic intravenous infusions of [11-3H]prostacyclin for 14 days. The drug was extensively metabolized and the structures of seven metabolites were elucidated by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The urinary products include the dinor and 19-hydroxy dinor derivatives of 6-keto-PGF1alpha and 13,14-dihydro-6,15-diketo-PGF1alpha, omega-hydroxy and omega-carboxyl dinor derivates of dihydro-6,15-diketo-PGF1alpha, and a dihydrodiketotetranordicarboxylic acid. The metabolic pathways of PGI2 in rat are similar to that of PGF2alpha.", "contents": "Metabolism of prostacyclin in rat. Following a single intravenous administration of [11-3H]prostacyclin in rat, 77% of the administered dose was excreted within 3 days with 33% in urine and 44% in feces. Urinary metabolites were accumulated by chronic intravenous infusions of [11-3H]prostacyclin for 14 days. The drug was extensively metabolized and the structures of seven metabolites were elucidated by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The urinary products include the dinor and 19-hydroxy dinor derivatives of 6-keto-PGF1alpha and 13,14-dihydro-6,15-diketo-PGF1alpha, omega-hydroxy and omega-carboxyl dinor derivates of dihydro-6,15-diketo-PGF1alpha, and a dihydrodiketotetranordicarboxylic acid. The metabolic pathways of PGI2 in rat are similar to that of PGF2alpha."}
{"id": "PMID:361076", "title": "Physical properties of Artemia salina ribosomes.", "content": "Eukaryotic ribosomes were isolated from the cryptobiotic embryos and from the further-developed free-swimming nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Analytical boundary sedimentation and photon correlation spectroscopy yielded, respectively, the standard sedimentation and diffusion coefficients at infinite dilution, s degrees 20,w = 81 +/- 1 S and D degrees 20,w = (1.41 +/- 0.02) x 10(-7) cm2/s, for the unfixed and formaldehyde-fixed ribosomes from different developmental stages and for ribosomes attached to a messenger RNA fragment. Also, the density increment was determined, from which the partial specific volume was derived (0.63 +/- 0.01 cm3/g). Combination of the different measured parameters gives accurate values for the molecular weight (3.8 +/- 0.1) x 106 and for size and solvation parameters. These results are compared with their counterparts for the smaller ribosomes from the prokaryote Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Physical properties of Artemia salina ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes were isolated from the cryptobiotic embryos and from the further-developed free-swimming nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Analytical boundary sedimentation and photon correlation spectroscopy yielded, respectively, the standard sedimentation and diffusion coefficients at infinite dilution, s degrees 20,w = 81 +/- 1 S and D degrees 20,w = (1.41 +/- 0.02) x 10(-7) cm2/s, for the unfixed and formaldehyde-fixed ribosomes from different developmental stages and for ribosomes attached to a messenger RNA fragment. Also, the density increment was determined, from which the partial specific volume was derived (0.63 +/- 0.01 cm3/g). Combination of the different measured parameters gives accurate values for the molecular weight (3.8 +/- 0.1) x 106 and for size and solvation parameters. These results are compared with their counterparts for the smaller ribosomes from the prokaryote Escherichia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:361077", "title": "Detection of the homology among proteins by immunochemical cross-reactivity between denatured antigens. Application to the threonine and methionine regulated aspartokinases-homoserine dehydrogenases from Escherichia coli K 12.", "content": "The two isofunctional enzymes aspartokinases-homoserine dehydrogenases I and II from Escherichia coli K 12 are compared using immunochemical techniques. The antibodies raised against one of these two proteins when in its native state can only recognize the homologous antigen, whether it is native or denatured. Contrarily, the antibodies raised against one of these two proteins when in its denatured state can recognize both the homologous and heterologous denatured antigens. The existence of this cross-reaction only between the two denatured aspartokinases-homoserine dehydrogenases suggests that these two enzymes have some similarity since such a reaction is not detected with several other denatured proteins. The regions involved in this similarity are buried inside the native proteins, and become exposed only upon denaturation. The same results, the existence of a cross-reaction between denatured species and none between the native ones, is obtained with proteolytic fragments derived from these two proteins and endowed with homoserine dehydrogenase activity. This resemblance between the two aspartokinases-homoserine dehydrogenases suggests that these proteins derive from a common ancestor. It is also proposed that such a cross-reaction between two denatured proteins is evidence for an homology between their amino acid sequences, and that the use of denatured proteins as both immunogens and antigens could be useful in detecting sequence homologies.", "contents": "Detection of the homology among proteins by immunochemical cross-reactivity between denatured antigens. Application to the threonine and methionine regulated aspartokinases-homoserine dehydrogenases from Escherichia coli K 12. The two isofunctional enzymes aspartokinases-homoserine dehydrogenases I and II from Escherichia coli K 12 are compared using immunochemical techniques. The antibodies raised against one of these two proteins when in its native state can only recognize the homologous antigen, whether it is native or denatured. Contrarily, the antibodies raised against one of these two proteins when in its denatured state can recognize both the homologous and heterologous denatured antigens. The existence of this cross-reaction only between the two denatured aspartokinases-homoserine dehydrogenases suggests that these two enzymes have some similarity since such a reaction is not detected with several other denatured proteins. The regions involved in this similarity are buried inside the native proteins, and become exposed only upon denaturation. The same results, the existence of a cross-reaction between denatured species and none between the native ones, is obtained with proteolytic fragments derived from these two proteins and endowed with homoserine dehydrogenase activity. This resemblance between the two aspartokinases-homoserine dehydrogenases suggests that these proteins derive from a common ancestor. It is also proposed that such a cross-reaction between two denatured proteins is evidence for an homology between their amino acid sequences, and that the use of denatured proteins as both immunogens and antigens could be useful in detecting sequence homologies."}
{"id": "PMID:361079", "title": "Insertion of newly synthesized proteins into the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The insertion of newly synthesized proteins into the outer membrane of Escherichia coli has been examined. The results show that there is no precurser pool of outer membrane proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane because first, the incorporation of a [35S]methionine pulse into outer membrane proteins completely parallels its incorporation into cytoplasmic membrane proteins, and second, under optimal isolation conditions, no outer membrane proteins are found in the cytoplasmic membrane, even when the membranes are analysed after being labeled for only 15 s. The [35S]methionine present in the outer membrane after a pulse of 15 s was found in protein fragments of varying sizes rather than in specific outer membrane proteins. This label could however be chased into specific proteins within 30--120 s, depending on the size of the protein, indicating that although unfinished protein fragments were present in the outer membrane, they were completed by subsequent chain elongation. Thus, outer membrane proteins are inserted into the outer membrane while still attached to ribosomes. Since ribosomes which are linked to the cell envelope by nascent polypeptide chains are stationary, the mRNA which is being translated by these ribosomes moves along the inner cell surface.", "contents": "Insertion of newly synthesized proteins into the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. The insertion of newly synthesized proteins into the outer membrane of Escherichia coli has been examined. The results show that there is no precurser pool of outer membrane proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane because first, the incorporation of a [35S]methionine pulse into outer membrane proteins completely parallels its incorporation into cytoplasmic membrane proteins, and second, under optimal isolation conditions, no outer membrane proteins are found in the cytoplasmic membrane, even when the membranes are analysed after being labeled for only 15 s. The [35S]methionine present in the outer membrane after a pulse of 15 s was found in protein fragments of varying sizes rather than in specific outer membrane proteins. This label could however be chased into specific proteins within 30--120 s, depending on the size of the protein, indicating that although unfinished protein fragments were present in the outer membrane, they were completed by subsequent chain elongation. Thus, outer membrane proteins are inserted into the outer membrane while still attached to ribosomes. Since ribosomes which are linked to the cell envelope by nascent polypeptide chains are stationary, the mRNA which is being translated by these ribosomes moves along the inner cell surface."}
{"id": "PMID:361080", "title": "An estimate of the minimum amount of fluid lipid required for the growth of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The lipid phase transition of Escherichia coli was studied by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. A temperature sensitive unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph was used to obtain lipids with subnormal unsaturated fatty acid contents. From these studies it was concluded that E. coli can grow nromally with as much as 20% of its membrane lipids in the ordered state but that if more than 55% of the lipids are ordered, growth ceases. Studies with wild-type cells show that the phase transition ends more than 10 degrees C below the growth temperature when the growth temperature is either 25 degrees C or 37 degrees C.", "contents": "An estimate of the minimum amount of fluid lipid required for the growth of Escherichia coli. The lipid phase transition of Escherichia coli was studied by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. A temperature sensitive unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph was used to obtain lipids with subnormal unsaturated fatty acid contents. From these studies it was concluded that E. coli can grow nromally with as much as 20% of its membrane lipids in the ordered state but that if more than 55% of the lipids are ordered, growth ceases. Studies with wild-type cells show that the phase transition ends more than 10 degrees C below the growth temperature when the growth temperature is either 25 degrees C or 37 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:361081", "title": "High molecular weight, cell surface-associated glycoprotein (fibronectin) lost in malignant transformation.", "content": "Fibronectin is a polymorphic glycoprotein found in blood and tissues of vertebrates and in cultures of adherent vertebrate cells. There are several forms of fibronectin is composed of two high molecular weight subunits held together by forms found in tissues and on and around the surfaces of cultured cells. Soluble fibronectin is composed of two high molecular weight subunits held together by disulfide bonds. Insoluble fibronectin may be covalently cross-linked in larger complexes. Fibronectin has affinities for collagen, fibrin, heparin, and cell surfaces. In culture, fibronectin in growth medium may mediate attachment of cells to substratum, and fibronectin synthesized by cells may mediate adhesion to substratum. The widespread occurrence of fibronectin in basal lamina indicates that may different cell types in vivo abut against a fibronectin-containing matrix. Cultured transformed cells usually lack cell-surface fibronectin, also called large, external transformation-sensitive (LETS) protein. The failure of transformed cells to synthesize or bind fibronectin is paralleled (at least in some systems) by failures to synthesize or bind collagen and proteoglycans. Abnormal synthesis of fibronectin and other matrix components and abnormal interactions with the tissue matrix may account for several phenotypic characteristics of transformed cultured cells and for some of the malignant behavior of neoplastic cells in vivo.", "contents": "High molecular weight, cell surface-associated glycoprotein (fibronectin) lost in malignant transformation. Fibronectin is a polymorphic glycoprotein found in blood and tissues of vertebrates and in cultures of adherent vertebrate cells. There are several forms of fibronectin is composed of two high molecular weight subunits held together by forms found in tissues and on and around the surfaces of cultured cells. Soluble fibronectin is composed of two high molecular weight subunits held together by disulfide bonds. Insoluble fibronectin may be covalently cross-linked in larger complexes. Fibronectin has affinities for collagen, fibrin, heparin, and cell surfaces. In culture, fibronectin in growth medium may mediate attachment of cells to substratum, and fibronectin synthesized by cells may mediate adhesion to substratum. The widespread occurrence of fibronectin in basal lamina indicates that may different cell types in vivo abut against a fibronectin-containing matrix. Cultured transformed cells usually lack cell-surface fibronectin, also called large, external transformation-sensitive (LETS) protein. The failure of transformed cells to synthesize or bind fibronectin is paralleled (at least in some systems) by failures to synthesize or bind collagen and proteoglycans. Abnormal synthesis of fibronectin and other matrix components and abnormal interactions with the tissue matrix may account for several phenotypic characteristics of transformed cultured cells and for some of the malignant behavior of neoplastic cells in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:361087", "title": "Effect of DNA denaturants on the lac repressor-operator interaction.", "content": "The nitrocellulose filter assay was used to study the effect of the DNA denaturants glycerol and dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO) on the lac repressor-operator interaction. Both glycerol and Me2SO decrease the rate of dissociation (kb) of the repressor-operator complex but do not significantly alter the rate of association of repressor and operator. In the presence of 10% Me2SO an almost 10-fold increase of affinity of repressor for operator is observed. A small increase in affinity of repressor for Escherichia coli DNA, chicken blood DNA, and poly(dA-dT) is also found. The results lead to the conclusion that lac repressor when interacting with the operator causes local destabilization of the DNA.", "contents": "Effect of DNA denaturants on the lac repressor-operator interaction. The nitrocellulose filter assay was used to study the effect of the DNA denaturants glycerol and dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO) on the lac repressor-operator interaction. Both glycerol and Me2SO decrease the rate of dissociation (kb) of the repressor-operator complex but do not significantly alter the rate of association of repressor and operator. In the presence of 10% Me2SO an almost 10-fold increase of affinity of repressor for operator is observed. A small increase in affinity of repressor for Escherichia coli DNA, chicken blood DNA, and poly(dA-dT) is also found. The results lead to the conclusion that lac repressor when interacting with the operator causes local destabilization of the DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:361088", "title": "Influence of polyamines on the activity of DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The influence of polyamines on the various activities of DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli (EC 2.7.7.7) has been investigated. For all high molecular weight DNAs spermine and spermidine caused up to 80% inhibition when present in high concentrations, i.e. above 1 mM for spermine and 2 mM for spermidine. In the presence of low concentrations of polyamines a small activation was seen for some DNAs. The diamines cadaverine and putrescine had little influence on the rate of synthesis with natural occurring DNAs. In the case of d(A--T)n the activation/inhibition was found to be markedly dependent on the molecular weight of the samples used. With a low molecular weight DNA, 5.6 S, addition of spermidine resulted in up to 3-fold stimulation of activity. The activation was dependent on the concentration of MgCl2 and ionic strength; increasing concentration of these gave a decrease in the degree of activation. Polyamines also had a dramatic effect on the rate of synthesis using the homopolymers (dA)n . (dT)10 and (rA)n . (dT)10 . (20:1) as primers. Putrescine, in particular, increased the activity up to 10-fold with (rA)n . (dT)10 and somewhat less for (dA)n . (dT)10. The apparent Km for the primer (rA)n . (dT)10 decreased approx. 35-fold in the presence of 6.6 mM putrescine. There was no influence on the apparent Km for dTTP. The influence of polyamines on both the 5' leads to 3' and 3' leads to 5' nuclease activity was also investigated. Inhibition of nuclease activity was observed in the presence of polyamines, particularly with spermine. Thus with d(A--T)n and T7 DNA as substrates addition of 0.7 mM spermine resulted in almost complete inhibition of the activity. The dramatic inhibition observed with high concentrations of spermine (spermidine) both in the case of polymerizing and nuclease activity is thought to be due to polyamine-induced aggregation of DNA molecules.", "contents": "Influence of polyamines on the activity of DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli. The influence of polyamines on the various activities of DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli (EC 2.7.7.7) has been investigated. For all high molecular weight DNAs spermine and spermidine caused up to 80% inhibition when present in high concentrations, i.e. above 1 mM for spermine and 2 mM for spermidine. In the presence of low concentrations of polyamines a small activation was seen for some DNAs. The diamines cadaverine and putrescine had little influence on the rate of synthesis with natural occurring DNAs. In the case of d(A--T)n the activation/inhibition was found to be markedly dependent on the molecular weight of the samples used. With a low molecular weight DNA, 5.6 S, addition of spermidine resulted in up to 3-fold stimulation of activity. The activation was dependent on the concentration of MgCl2 and ionic strength; increasing concentration of these gave a decrease in the degree of activation. Polyamines also had a dramatic effect on the rate of synthesis using the homopolymers (dA)n . (dT)10 and (rA)n . (dT)10 . (20:1) as primers. Putrescine, in particular, increased the activity up to 10-fold with (rA)n . (dT)10 and somewhat less for (dA)n . (dT)10. The apparent Km for the primer (rA)n . (dT)10 decreased approx. 35-fold in the presence of 6.6 mM putrescine. There was no influence on the apparent Km for dTTP. The influence of polyamines on both the 5' leads to 3' and 3' leads to 5' nuclease activity was also investigated. Inhibition of nuclease activity was observed in the presence of polyamines, particularly with spermine. Thus with d(A--T)n and T7 DNA as substrates addition of 0.7 mM spermine resulted in almost complete inhibition of the activity. The dramatic inhibition observed with high concentrations of spermine (spermidine) both in the case of polymerizing and nuclease activity is thought to be due to polyamine-induced aggregation of DNA molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:361089", "title": "Two novel growth cycle-reflecting proteins associated with Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "The isolation and characterization of two low molecular weight, growth cycle-reflecting proteins which are associated with Escherichia coli ribosomes is described. These proteins which show greatly enhanced stoichiometry in ribosomes derived from post-exponential cells, exhibit molecular weights of 16 600, and 11 700 on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. Both proteins are highly acidic, the larger being the most acidic protein associated with the ribosome. Their amino acid compositions are unique and distinguish them from all other ribosomal proteins. Neither of the proteins showed crossreaction with either anti-L7 or anti-S6 sera although their electrophoretic behavior resembles that of L7 and S6. During the purification we have also isolated small amounts of three low molecular weight proteins showing some immunological homology with L7/L12. The isolated proteins were found to be without effect on the in vitro translation of f2-RNA, indicating that these adaptive modifications of the ribosome do not seriously affect its intrinsic activity.", "contents": "Two novel growth cycle-reflecting proteins associated with Escherichia coli ribosomes. The isolation and characterization of two low molecular weight, growth cycle-reflecting proteins which are associated with Escherichia coli ribosomes is described. These proteins which show greatly enhanced stoichiometry in ribosomes derived from post-exponential cells, exhibit molecular weights of 16 600, and 11 700 on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. Both proteins are highly acidic, the larger being the most acidic protein associated with the ribosome. Their amino acid compositions are unique and distinguish them from all other ribosomal proteins. Neither of the proteins showed crossreaction with either anti-L7 or anti-S6 sera although their electrophoretic behavior resembles that of L7 and S6. During the purification we have also isolated small amounts of three low molecular weight proteins showing some immunological homology with L7/L12. The isolated proteins were found to be without effect on the in vitro translation of f2-RNA, indicating that these adaptive modifications of the ribosome do not seriously affect its intrinsic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:361090", "title": "In vitro methylation of tobacco mosaic virus RNA with ribothymidine-forming tRNA methyltransferase. Characterization and specificity of the reaction.", "content": "A novel method has been developed for the detection and study of tRNA-like moieties in viral RNAs. Tobacco mosaic virus RNA is an acceptable substrate for crude Escherichia coli ribothymidine-forming tRNA methyltransferase. Under optimum reaction conditions at least 85% of the methylation product is ribothymidine (rT). The reaction is essentially quantitative, 1 mol of rT being formed per mol of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. The optimum reaction conditions include the presence of 6.6 micrometers S-adenosyl-L-[Me-3H]methionine, 25 micrometers spermine, 25 mM ammonium acetate, and 50 mM HEPES, pH 8.0. Sequence analysis of (Me-3H)-labeled tobacco mosaic virus RNA shows that all of the methylation occurs at a single site and strongly suggests that this site is the 32nd residue from the 3'-end of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. This site closely resembles the normal position of rT in transfer RNA.", "contents": "In vitro methylation of tobacco mosaic virus RNA with ribothymidine-forming tRNA methyltransferase. Characterization and specificity of the reaction. A novel method has been developed for the detection and study of tRNA-like moieties in viral RNAs. Tobacco mosaic virus RNA is an acceptable substrate for crude Escherichia coli ribothymidine-forming tRNA methyltransferase. Under optimum reaction conditions at least 85% of the methylation product is ribothymidine (rT). The reaction is essentially quantitative, 1 mol of rT being formed per mol of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. The optimum reaction conditions include the presence of 6.6 micrometers S-adenosyl-L-[Me-3H]methionine, 25 micrometers spermine, 25 mM ammonium acetate, and 50 mM HEPES, pH 8.0. Sequence analysis of (Me-3H)-labeled tobacco mosaic virus RNA shows that all of the methylation occurs at a single site and strongly suggests that this site is the 32nd residue from the 3'-end of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. This site closely resembles the normal position of rT in transfer RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:361091", "title": "Polynucleotides. XLIV. Synthesis and properties of poly (2-azaadenylic acid) and poly(2-azainosinic acid).", "content": "Chemically synthesized 2-azaadenosine 5'-diphosphate (n2ADP) and 2-azainosine 5'-diphosphate (n2IDP) were polymerized to yield poly(2-azaadenylic acid), poly(n2A), and poly(2-azainosinic acid), poly(n2I), using Escherichia coli polynucleotide phosphorylase. In neutral solution, poly(n2A) and poly(n2I) had hypochromicities of 32 and 5.5%, respectively. Poly(n2A) formed an ordered structure, which had a melting temperature (Rm) of 20 degrees C at 0.15 M salt concentration. Upon mixing with poly(U), poly(n2A) formed a 1 : 2 complex with Tm of 41 degrees C at 0.15 M salt concentration. Poly(n2A) and poly(n2I) formed three-stranded complexes with poly(I), and poly(A), respectively. Poly(n2A) . 2poly(I), poly(A) . 2poly(n2I), and poly(n2A) . 2poly(n2I) complexes had Tm values of 23, 48, and 31 degrees C at 0.15 M salt concentration, respectively. Poly(n2I) formed a double-stranded complex with poly(C), but its Tm was very low.", "contents": "Polynucleotides. XLIV. Synthesis and properties of poly (2-azaadenylic acid) and poly(2-azainosinic acid). Chemically synthesized 2-azaadenosine 5'-diphosphate (n2ADP) and 2-azainosine 5'-diphosphate (n2IDP) were polymerized to yield poly(2-azaadenylic acid), poly(n2A), and poly(2-azainosinic acid), poly(n2I), using Escherichia coli polynucleotide phosphorylase. In neutral solution, poly(n2A) and poly(n2I) had hypochromicities of 32 and 5.5%, respectively. Poly(n2A) formed an ordered structure, which had a melting temperature (Rm) of 20 degrees C at 0.15 M salt concentration. Upon mixing with poly(U), poly(n2A) formed a 1 : 2 complex with Tm of 41 degrees C at 0.15 M salt concentration. Poly(n2A) and poly(n2I) formed three-stranded complexes with poly(I), and poly(A), respectively. Poly(n2A) . 2poly(I), poly(A) . 2poly(n2I), and poly(n2A) . 2poly(n2I) complexes had Tm values of 23, 48, and 31 degrees C at 0.15 M salt concentration, respectively. Poly(n2I) formed a double-stranded complex with poly(C), but its Tm was very low."}
{"id": "PMID:361092", "title": "The effects of divalent cations on the rotational mobility of myosin, heavy meromyosin and myosin subfragment-1 and on the binding of heavy meromyosin to actin.", "content": "The effects of the divalent cations Mg2+, Mn2+ and Ca2+ on the Brownian rotational motion of fluorescently labeled myosin, heavy meromyosin and myosin subfragment-1 were measured by the method of time-resolved fluorescence depolarization. When Mg2+ was added to solutions of myosin or heavy meromyosin and EDTA, their rotational mobility increased. Ca2+ had no effect. Mn2+ increased the mobility of heavy meromyosin but decreased that of myosin. None of these divalent cations effected the mobility of subfragment-1. The binding of heavy meromyosin to actin was affected very little by Mg2+ or EDTA over a wide range of conditions. Divalent cations appear to change the swivel about which the heads of myosin rotate, presumably by binding to light chain 2 (also called DTNB light chain). However, the heads are still able to bind actin in nearly the same way whether Mg2+ is present or not. The concentration of free Mg2+ for the mid-point of the change in heavy meromyosin mobility is in good agreement with that for EDTA activation of ATPase activity. This suggests that EDTA activation is due to removal of Mg2+ bound to myosin itself.", "contents": "The effects of divalent cations on the rotational mobility of myosin, heavy meromyosin and myosin subfragment-1 and on the binding of heavy meromyosin to actin. The effects of the divalent cations Mg2+, Mn2+ and Ca2+ on the Brownian rotational motion of fluorescently labeled myosin, heavy meromyosin and myosin subfragment-1 were measured by the method of time-resolved fluorescence depolarization. When Mg2+ was added to solutions of myosin or heavy meromyosin and EDTA, their rotational mobility increased. Ca2+ had no effect. Mn2+ increased the mobility of heavy meromyosin but decreased that of myosin. None of these divalent cations effected the mobility of subfragment-1. The binding of heavy meromyosin to actin was affected very little by Mg2+ or EDTA over a wide range of conditions. Divalent cations appear to change the swivel about which the heads of myosin rotate, presumably by binding to light chain 2 (also called DTNB light chain). However, the heads are still able to bind actin in nearly the same way whether Mg2+ is present or not. The concentration of free Mg2+ for the mid-point of the change in heavy meromyosin mobility is in good agreement with that for EDTA activation of ATPase activity. This suggests that EDTA activation is due to removal of Mg2+ bound to myosin itself."}
{"id": "PMID:361093", "title": "Interaction of thiabendazole with fungal tubulin.", "content": "Thiabendazole, 2-(4'-thiazolyl)benzimidazole, at 80 micrometer completely inhibits mitosis in hyphae of Aspergillus nidulans, growing in liquid culture. DNA and RNA synthesis and mycelial growth are only partially inhibited at this concentration. Binding studies with cell-free mycelial extracts from Penicillium expansum showed that thiabendazole competitively inhibits [14C]carbendazim binding to tubulin, which suggests that the antimitotic activity of thiabendazole is based on interference with microtubule assembly. Tubulin from a thiabendazole-resistant and carbendazim-highly sensitive mutant of P. expansum has a lower affinity to thiabendazole and a higher affinity to carbendazim than tubulin from a wide-type strain. This indicates that in this mutant the structure of the binding site is affected. The data presented suggest that several sites of both the tubulin and ligand molecule are involved in the binding of benzimidazole compounds to fungal tubulin.", "contents": "Interaction of thiabendazole with fungal tubulin. Thiabendazole, 2-(4'-thiazolyl)benzimidazole, at 80 micrometer completely inhibits mitosis in hyphae of Aspergillus nidulans, growing in liquid culture. DNA and RNA synthesis and mycelial growth are only partially inhibited at this concentration. Binding studies with cell-free mycelial extracts from Penicillium expansum showed that thiabendazole competitively inhibits [14C]carbendazim binding to tubulin, which suggests that the antimitotic activity of thiabendazole is based on interference with microtubule assembly. Tubulin from a thiabendazole-resistant and carbendazim-highly sensitive mutant of P. expansum has a lower affinity to thiabendazole and a higher affinity to carbendazim than tubulin from a wide-type strain. This indicates that in this mutant the structure of the binding site is affected. The data presented suggest that several sites of both the tubulin and ligand molecule are involved in the binding of benzimidazole compounds to fungal tubulin."}
{"id": "PMID:361099", "title": "Testosterone and cellular response.", "content": "With the possible exception of male germ cells, the androgen responsiveness of all the target cell types in the mammalian body appears to be mediated by a single species of nuclear-cytosol androgen-receptor protein which is apparently specified by the X-linked Tfm locus. Although this receptor has the highest binding affinity to DHT, it can in the absence of DHT function with TES, albeit less efficiently. For the testosterone-dependent differentiation of embryonic organs, the androgen responsiveness of underlying mesenchymal cells appears to be more important than that of epithelial elements. Some of the androgen effects on apparent target cell types are through the indirect route involving the hypothalamopituitary axis.", "contents": "Testosterone and cellular response. With the possible exception of male germ cells, the androgen responsiveness of all the target cell types in the mammalian body appears to be mediated by a single species of nuclear-cytosol androgen-receptor protein which is apparently specified by the X-linked Tfm locus. Although this receptor has the highest binding affinity to DHT, it can in the absence of DHT function with TES, albeit less efficiently. For the testosterone-dependent differentiation of embryonic organs, the androgen responsiveness of underlying mesenchymal cells appears to be more important than that of epithelial elements. Some of the androgen effects on apparent target cell types are through the indirect route involving the hypothalamopituitary axis."}
{"id": "PMID:361100", "title": "[Characteristics of heterologous antisera against stromal fibroblasts].", "content": "As shown with the use of heterologous rabbit antifibroblast sera (AFS) to stromal mechanocytes of guinea pig, the media from the cultured bone marrow, spleen, and thymus stromal fibroblasts contained specific trypsinoresistant fibroblast protein (AG-1), which was also present in the normal blood serum and on the surface of stromal fibroblasts. AG-1 was insensitive to collagenase effect and apparently differed from the chief surface protein of fibroblasts (CSP). AG-1 is referred to gamma1-globulin, and is probably a new specific surface fibroblast protein. AFS contained also antibodies to the nonspecific protein of fibroblasts (AG-2), alpha1,-globulin related to AG1.", "contents": "[Characteristics of heterologous antisera against stromal fibroblasts]. As shown with the use of heterologous rabbit antifibroblast sera (AFS) to stromal mechanocytes of guinea pig, the media from the cultured bone marrow, spleen, and thymus stromal fibroblasts contained specific trypsinoresistant fibroblast protein (AG-1), which was also present in the normal blood serum and on the surface of stromal fibroblasts. AG-1 was insensitive to collagenase effect and apparently differed from the chief surface protein of fibroblasts (CSP). AG-1 is referred to gamma1-globulin, and is probably a new specific surface fibroblast protein. AFS contained also antibodies to the nonspecific protein of fibroblasts (AG-2), alpha1,-globulin related to AG1."}
{"id": "PMID:361101", "title": "[Immunoglobulin-positive cells in mouse bone marrow].", "content": "The content of Ig-bearing lymphocytes and their precursors in the mouse bone marrow was investigated 6 and 36 hours after the hydroxyurea treatment. Some increase of the B-cell content takes place in the trated bone marrow. Dividing and non-dividing B-cell precursors, except the stem cells, were practically absent.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulin-positive cells in mouse bone marrow]. The content of Ig-bearing lymphocytes and their precursors in the mouse bone marrow was investigated 6 and 36 hours after the hydroxyurea treatment. Some increase of the B-cell content takes place in the trated bone marrow. Dividing and non-dividing B-cell precursors, except the stem cells, were practically absent."}
{"id": "PMID:361102", "title": "[Effect of purine derivatives on regeneration and the immunologic reactivity of animals].", "content": "The effect of azathioprine and of KI-7 (the new purine derivative) on the immunogenesis and regeneration in mammals was studied comparatively, KI-7 with a lesser toxicity than azathioprine proved to suppress the synthesis of antibodies to the SRBC in mice in case of administration of the preparation one day before or on the day of immunization; it also considerably prolonged the survival of skin allografts in rabbits in comparison with control. At the same time it was shown that under conditions of suppression of the immunogenesis system hepatic regeneration did occur in rats, but the correlation of the proliferation processes and cellular hypertrophy differed from that under ordinary restoration conditions, depending on the immunodepressor used. Thus, in difference from azathioprine, KI-7 not only inhibited the mitotic activity of the regenerating liver, but even stimulated it somewhat.", "contents": "[Effect of purine derivatives on regeneration and the immunologic reactivity of animals]. The effect of azathioprine and of KI-7 (the new purine derivative) on the immunogenesis and regeneration in mammals was studied comparatively, KI-7 with a lesser toxicity than azathioprine proved to suppress the synthesis of antibodies to the SRBC in mice in case of administration of the preparation one day before or on the day of immunization; it also considerably prolonged the survival of skin allografts in rabbits in comparison with control. At the same time it was shown that under conditions of suppression of the immunogenesis system hepatic regeneration did occur in rats, but the correlation of the proliferation processes and cellular hypertrophy differed from that under ordinary restoration conditions, depending on the immunodepressor used. Thus, in difference from azathioprine, KI-7 not only inhibited the mitotic activity of the regenerating liver, but even stimulated it somewhat."}
{"id": "PMID:361103", "title": "[Nonspecific suppressive effect of Ehrlich tumor ascitic fluid on transplantation immunity].", "content": "The influence of syngeneic Ehrlich ascites tumour fluid on the survival of allogeneic skin allografts was investigated on CC57BR mice. A 3--4-day delay of the allograft rejection in mice injected with ascitic fluid was revealed. Preliminary transplantation of such allograft to mice with Ehrlich tumour produced no intensification of the immunodepressive action of the ascites fluid obtained from them. The data obtained indicated the preferential significance of the antigen-independent immunosuppressive factors of ascites tumour fluid in the suppression of the transplantation immunity in vivo.", "contents": "[Nonspecific suppressive effect of Ehrlich tumor ascitic fluid on transplantation immunity]. The influence of syngeneic Ehrlich ascites tumour fluid on the survival of allogeneic skin allografts was investigated on CC57BR mice. A 3--4-day delay of the allograft rejection in mice injected with ascitic fluid was revealed. Preliminary transplantation of such allograft to mice with Ehrlich tumour produced no intensification of the immunodepressive action of the ascites fluid obtained from them. The data obtained indicated the preferential significance of the antigen-independent immunosuppressive factors of ascites tumour fluid in the suppression of the transplantation immunity in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:361105", "title": "Identification of young megakaryocytes by immunofluorescence and cytophotometry.", "content": "The DNA-content of fluoresceine-labeled platelet antigen containing cells of mouse bone marrow was measured. For immunofluorescence highly specific anti-mouse-platelet-serum and fluoresceine-conjugated antigammaglobuline was used, applying the \"sandwich\" technique. Three hundred panoptically identifable megakaryocytes served as control group. The DNA-polyploidization pattern of megakaryocytes and immunofluorescence positive cells was almost identical. However, among the immunofluorescence positive cells a considerable amount of cells showed DNA-values lower than 4c, whereas the megakaryocytes of the Pappenheim stained smears revealed no DNA-values lower than 4c. The percentages of diploid and tetraploid cells, respectively, was 6 and 7% compared with 0 and 1% of panoptically identifiable megakaryoctyes. The results suggest that young megakaryocytic cells with diploid and tetraploid DNA-values can be detected by immunofluorescence technique, indicating that the flow from the uncommited to the committed megakaryocytic precursor cell appears at this early stage of megakaryocyte production.", "contents": "Identification of young megakaryocytes by immunofluorescence and cytophotometry. The DNA-content of fluoresceine-labeled platelet antigen containing cells of mouse bone marrow was measured. For immunofluorescence highly specific anti-mouse-platelet-serum and fluoresceine-conjugated antigammaglobuline was used, applying the \"sandwich\" technique. Three hundred panoptically identifable megakaryocytes served as control group. The DNA-polyploidization pattern of megakaryocytes and immunofluorescence positive cells was almost identical. However, among the immunofluorescence positive cells a considerable amount of cells showed DNA-values lower than 4c, whereas the megakaryocytes of the Pappenheim stained smears revealed no DNA-values lower than 4c. The percentages of diploid and tetraploid cells, respectively, was 6 and 7% compared with 0 and 1% of panoptically identifiable megakaryoctyes. The results suggest that young megakaryocytic cells with diploid and tetraploid DNA-values can be detected by immunofluorescence technique, indicating that the flow from the uncommited to the committed megakaryocytic precursor cell appears at this early stage of megakaryocyte production."}
{"id": "PMID:361116", "title": "Discussion of the indications for decompressive laminectomy in epidural spinal metastases.", "content": "The authors have recently reviewed the results of their consecutive cases of decompressive thoracic or lumbar laminectomy for spinal cord compression from epidural metastatic neoplasia at the City of Hope National Medical Center over the 15-year period, 1960-1974. This limited series tends to demonstrate the effect of case selection on results, as well as contrast the type of patient with paraparesis seen at a cancer treatment center with that seen at a community or county hospital.", "contents": "Discussion of the indications for decompressive laminectomy in epidural spinal metastases. The authors have recently reviewed the results of their consecutive cases of decompressive thoracic or lumbar laminectomy for spinal cord compression from epidural metastatic neoplasia at the City of Hope National Medical Center over the 15-year period, 1960-1974. This limited series tends to demonstrate the effect of case selection on results, as well as contrast the type of patient with paraparesis seen at a cancer treatment center with that seen at a community or county hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:361117", "title": "Health sciences librarians and mental health laws.", "content": "Two U.S. Supreme Court decisions, O'Connor v. Donaldson and Bounds v. Smith, hold important implications for health sciences librarians serving in mental health facilities. The first, O'Connor, with its many ancillary holdings, puts mental health personnel on notice that patients have certain basic rights, which courts all over the country will now be required to enforce. In Bounds the court has ruled that prison authorities must assist prison inmates in preparing and filing legal papers. The ruling will most likely benefit all mentally disabled prisoners, and future litigation may expand this category to include: (1) persons committed under the criminal code, (2) persons under involuntary commitment not related to the criminal code, and (3) persons voluntarily committed. A selective annotated bibliography, consisting of background readings in mental health and the law, basic rights, law library materials, and mental health legal services, has been compiled to help librarians establish and develop legal collections in anticipation of court decisions that will expand the conditions of Bounds to include all mentally disabled patients.", "contents": "Health sciences librarians and mental health laws. Two U.S. Supreme Court decisions, O'Connor v. Donaldson and Bounds v. Smith, hold important implications for health sciences librarians serving in mental health facilities. The first, O'Connor, with its many ancillary holdings, puts mental health personnel on notice that patients have certain basic rights, which courts all over the country will now be required to enforce. In Bounds the court has ruled that prison authorities must assist prison inmates in preparing and filing legal papers. The ruling will most likely benefit all mentally disabled prisoners, and future litigation may expand this category to include: (1) persons committed under the criminal code, (2) persons under involuntary commitment not related to the criminal code, and (3) persons voluntarily committed. A selective annotated bibliography, consisting of background readings in mental health and the law, basic rights, law library materials, and mental health legal services, has been compiled to help librarians establish and develop legal collections in anticipation of court decisions that will expand the conditions of Bounds to include all mentally disabled patients."}
{"id": "PMID:361130", "title": "How soon may the axial vessels of a surviving free flap be safely ligated: a study in pigs.", "content": "The supplying vessels of microvascular free flaps in pigs were ligated at various intervals after transfer in order to study the revascularisation from the recipient bed. At 8 days of later survival occurred. Earlier, although necrosis was not inevitable, the results were unpredictable.", "contents": "How soon may the axial vessels of a surviving free flap be safely ligated: a study in pigs. The supplying vessels of microvascular free flaps in pigs were ligated at various intervals after transfer in order to study the revascularisation from the recipient bed. At 8 days of later survival occurred. Earlier, although necrosis was not inevitable, the results were unpredictable."}
{"id": "PMID:361132", "title": "A clinical trial of BCG immunotherapy as an adjunct to surgery in the treatment of primary malignant melanoma.", "content": "A preliminary analysis of a controlled trial of BCG immunotherapy as an adjunct to surgery in the treatment of primary malignant melanoma has been carried out. The length of follow-up varied from 5 years to 6 months. No obvious benefit from BCG immunotherapy has been found so far. On the other hand the treatment is painful with an appreciable morbidity. Skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity have shown no recognisable differences in patients treated with surgery and those who also had BCG, or in the pattern of responses in those who developed recurrences and those who did not. In view of these early findings trial entry has been closed.", "contents": "A clinical trial of BCG immunotherapy as an adjunct to surgery in the treatment of primary malignant melanoma. A preliminary analysis of a controlled trial of BCG immunotherapy as an adjunct to surgery in the treatment of primary malignant melanoma has been carried out. The length of follow-up varied from 5 years to 6 months. No obvious benefit from BCG immunotherapy has been found so far. On the other hand the treatment is painful with an appreciable morbidity. Skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity have shown no recognisable differences in patients treated with surgery and those who also had BCG, or in the pattern of responses in those who developed recurrences and those who did not. In view of these early findings trial entry has been closed."}
{"id": "PMID:361133", "title": "Nasal reconstruction and lengthening with local flaps.", "content": "A technique for nasal lengthening is described in 3 cases using nasolabial flaps for lining and an island forehead flap for skin reconstruction. It is basically a 2-stage procedure with short hospitalisation.", "contents": "Nasal reconstruction and lengthening with local flaps. A technique for nasal lengthening is described in 3 cases using nasolabial flaps for lining and an island forehead flap for skin reconstruction. It is basically a 2-stage procedure with short hospitalisation."}
{"id": "PMID:361135", "title": "E. coli endotoxin shock in the dog; treatment with lidocaine or indomethacin.", "content": "1 Dogs treated with lidocaine (1 mg kg-1 h-1) or indomethacin (1.5 mg/kg) before and after an LD60 dose (1 mg/kg) of E. coli endotoxin survived for at least 72 h. 2 Although all dogs in both treated groups survived, only those treated with indomethacin were significantly protected against the fall in the arterial blood pressure 1 to 2 min following endotoxin administration. 3 Endotoxin increased the plasma prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) concentration in the control and lidocaine-treated groups, however, no increase was observed with indomethacin treatment. 4 Neither lidocaine nor indomethacin alone had any significant effect on the parameters measured in this model. 5 Following the administration of endotoxin, lidocaine-treated animals had significantly decreased plasma fibrinogen concentrations when compared to the other groups. 6 This study suggests that lidocaine, a local anaesthetic and a drug widely used for cardiac arrhythmias, might offer protection in endotoxin shock.", "contents": "E. coli endotoxin shock in the dog; treatment with lidocaine or indomethacin. 1 Dogs treated with lidocaine (1 mg kg-1 h-1) or indomethacin (1.5 mg/kg) before and after an LD60 dose (1 mg/kg) of E. coli endotoxin survived for at least 72 h. 2 Although all dogs in both treated groups survived, only those treated with indomethacin were significantly protected against the fall in the arterial blood pressure 1 to 2 min following endotoxin administration. 3 Endotoxin increased the plasma prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) concentration in the control and lidocaine-treated groups, however, no increase was observed with indomethacin treatment. 4 Neither lidocaine nor indomethacin alone had any significant effect on the parameters measured in this model. 5 Following the administration of endotoxin, lidocaine-treated animals had significantly decreased plasma fibrinogen concentrations when compared to the other groups. 6 This study suggests that lidocaine, a local anaesthetic and a drug widely used for cardiac arrhythmias, might offer protection in endotoxin shock."}
{"id": "PMID:361136", "title": "Recirculation of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the dog.", "content": "1 The inactivation of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the circulation of anaesthetized dogs has been studied by the blood-bathed organ bioassay technique. 2 Spiral strips of bovine coronary and rabbit coeliac or mesenteric artery detected concentrations of PGI2 of 2 to 5 ng/ml. These tissues were insensitive to concentrations at least 200 fold higher of 15-oxo-PGI2 and 6-oxo-PGF1alpha. 3 PGI2 assayed on bovine coronary artery, rabbit coeliac artery or rat stomach strip, had a half life in blood of 3.0 +/- 0.3 min, indicating non-enzymatic degradation. 4 No disappearance could be detected by bovine coronary artery when PGI2 was infused across the lungs (0.1 to 0.5 microgram kg-1 min-1). However, PGI2 was partially inactivated in passage through vascular beds of hindquarters and liver. 5 Of PGI2 infused into the aorta 35 to 65% escaped inactivation in one complete circulation. Therefore, endogenous PGI2 released from the lungs may function as a circulating hormone.", "contents": "Recirculation of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the dog. 1 The inactivation of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the circulation of anaesthetized dogs has been studied by the blood-bathed organ bioassay technique. 2 Spiral strips of bovine coronary and rabbit coeliac or mesenteric artery detected concentrations of PGI2 of 2 to 5 ng/ml. These tissues were insensitive to concentrations at least 200 fold higher of 15-oxo-PGI2 and 6-oxo-PGF1alpha. 3 PGI2 assayed on bovine coronary artery, rabbit coeliac artery or rat stomach strip, had a half life in blood of 3.0 +/- 0.3 min, indicating non-enzymatic degradation. 4 No disappearance could be detected by bovine coronary artery when PGI2 was infused across the lungs (0.1 to 0.5 microgram kg-1 min-1). However, PGI2 was partially inactivated in passage through vascular beds of hindquarters and liver. 5 Of PGI2 infused into the aorta 35 to 65% escaped inactivation in one complete circulation. Therefore, endogenous PGI2 released from the lungs may function as a circulating hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:361139", "title": "The current role of cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "Cancer chemotherapy has developed rapidly over the last twenty years. The majority of patients with cancer die from metastatic disease, so the major therapeutic advance now must be better systemic therapy. From its early beginning in the 1940's with oestrogen therapy for prostatic cancer, nitrogen mustards in the lymphomas, and folic acid antagonists in childhood leukaemia, there are now between thirty and forty active anti-cancer agents in clinical use. The main clinical pharmacological points of the major agents are briefly reviewed, together with their main dose-limiting toxic effects and their activity as single agents. Clinical chemotherapy has developed by the introduction of newer agents from the drug screening programmes and a better understanding of the scheduling to avoid serious toxicity. Although drug-resistance is still a major problem, by combining different active agents there has been a dramatic improvement in survival of patients with selected tumours. More recently, treatment of patients early, before they have gross clinical recurrence, has already shown some benefit in pre-menopausal patients with carcinoma of the breast and in patients with osteosarcoma. The limitations of clinical measurements in monitoring therapy are clear, and a major improvement could well be realised if therapy could be monitored on the basis of quantitative markers. The clinical impact of cancer chemotherapy has already been dramatic in drug-sensitive tumours, but these only contribute a small proportion of the total. Some of the common tumours fall into the group that are relatively drug sensitive where the lives of patients can be prolonged, but there is still a significant fraction of tumours which are insensitive to existing drugs and which will probably require the development of newer agents before chemotherapy can make any impact on the survival of patients with these tumours.", "contents": "The current role of cancer chemotherapy. Cancer chemotherapy has developed rapidly over the last twenty years. The majority of patients with cancer die from metastatic disease, so the major therapeutic advance now must be better systemic therapy. From its early beginning in the 1940's with oestrogen therapy for prostatic cancer, nitrogen mustards in the lymphomas, and folic acid antagonists in childhood leukaemia, there are now between thirty and forty active anti-cancer agents in clinical use. The main clinical pharmacological points of the major agents are briefly reviewed, together with their main dose-limiting toxic effects and their activity as single agents. Clinical chemotherapy has developed by the introduction of newer agents from the drug screening programmes and a better understanding of the scheduling to avoid serious toxicity. Although drug-resistance is still a major problem, by combining different active agents there has been a dramatic improvement in survival of patients with selected tumours. More recently, treatment of patients early, before they have gross clinical recurrence, has already shown some benefit in pre-menopausal patients with carcinoma of the breast and in patients with osteosarcoma. The limitations of clinical measurements in monitoring therapy are clear, and a major improvement could well be realised if therapy could be monitored on the basis of quantitative markers. The clinical impact of cancer chemotherapy has already been dramatic in drug-sensitive tumours, but these only contribute a small proportion of the total. Some of the common tumours fall into the group that are relatively drug sensitive where the lives of patients can be prolonged, but there is still a significant fraction of tumours which are insensitive to existing drugs and which will probably require the development of newer agents before chemotherapy can make any impact on the survival of patients with these tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:361140", "title": "Isotope renography and long term follow-up of renal transplant patients.", "content": "Isotope renography was carried out in 64 kidney transplant patients attending a follow-up clinic. Graft survival in these patients ranged from two months to ten years. Forty-one patients had normal renograms and 98% of these had satisfactory function (creatinine clearance greater than 50 ml/min). Eighteen patients showed a major renogram abnormality and 50% of these had impaired function. Five of these 18 have been explored and found to have graft complications (obstructive disease in four, chronic pyelonephritis in one). Exploration has not been undertaken in the remaining 13 but nine show evidence suggestive of graft pathology (proteinuria, impaired creatinine clearance, elevated urinary enzymes, calyceal distortion on IVP). A successful kidney transplant should result in a normal isotope renogram, and a major abnormality of the renogram suggests the presence of a graft complication, even when the creatinine clearance is unimpaired. We feel renography is useful for identification of renal transplant patients who require further investigation or closer follow-up.", "contents": "Isotope renography and long term follow-up of renal transplant patients. Isotope renography was carried out in 64 kidney transplant patients attending a follow-up clinic. Graft survival in these patients ranged from two months to ten years. Forty-one patients had normal renograms and 98% of these had satisfactory function (creatinine clearance greater than 50 ml/min). Eighteen patients showed a major renogram abnormality and 50% of these had impaired function. Five of these 18 have been explored and found to have graft complications (obstructive disease in four, chronic pyelonephritis in one). Exploration has not been undertaken in the remaining 13 but nine show evidence suggestive of graft pathology (proteinuria, impaired creatinine clearance, elevated urinary enzymes, calyceal distortion on IVP). A successful kidney transplant should result in a normal isotope renogram, and a major abnormality of the renogram suggests the presence of a graft complication, even when the creatinine clearance is unimpaired. We feel renography is useful for identification of renal transplant patients who require further investigation or closer follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:361141", "title": "Hepatobiliary imaging: a comparison of 99Tcm-dihydrothioctic acid and 99Tcm-pyridoxylidene glutamate in the non-jaundiced patient.", "content": "A comparison of two hepatobiliary imaging agents, 99Tcm-dihydrothioctic acid (99Tcm-DHT) and (99Tcm-pyridoxylidene glutamate (99Tcm-PG) has been carried out in 44 non-jaundiced patients. Thirty-one patients were admitted for investigation of upper abdominal pain and 13 patients were volunteers who were undergoing treatment for unrelated conditions. Satisfactory liver images were obtained with both agents in patients without liver disease, but they were inferior to those seen after 99Tcm-sulphur colloid. 99Tcm-PG produced clearer images of the gall-bladder and bile ducts than 99Tcm-DHT. Non-visualization of the gall-bladder was interpreted as gall-bladder disease; in patients with inflammatory gall-bladder disease no gall-bladder image was seen (nine 99Tcm-DHT, nine 99Tcm-PG). The gall-bladder was also not demonstrated in two of the volunteers' group (one 99Tcm-DHT, one 99Tcm-PG), nor was a gall-bladder seen in five patients whose abdominal pain was not due to acute cholecystitis. Despite this, there was agreement between the results of imaging and oral cholecystography in 21 out of 22 subjects. 99Tcm-PG is non-toxic, cheap and rapidly excreted by the liver into the bile. A 99Tcm-PG scan would be useful when rapid diagnosis is required in suspected acute cholecystitis when conventional contrast radiology is unlikely to be of value.", "contents": "Hepatobiliary imaging: a comparison of 99Tcm-dihydrothioctic acid and 99Tcm-pyridoxylidene glutamate in the non-jaundiced patient. A comparison of two hepatobiliary imaging agents, 99Tcm-dihydrothioctic acid (99Tcm-DHT) and (99Tcm-pyridoxylidene glutamate (99Tcm-PG) has been carried out in 44 non-jaundiced patients. Thirty-one patients were admitted for investigation of upper abdominal pain and 13 patients were volunteers who were undergoing treatment for unrelated conditions. Satisfactory liver images were obtained with both agents in patients without liver disease, but they were inferior to those seen after 99Tcm-sulphur colloid. 99Tcm-PG produced clearer images of the gall-bladder and bile ducts than 99Tcm-DHT. Non-visualization of the gall-bladder was interpreted as gall-bladder disease; in patients with inflammatory gall-bladder disease no gall-bladder image was seen (nine 99Tcm-DHT, nine 99Tcm-PG). The gall-bladder was also not demonstrated in two of the volunteers' group (one 99Tcm-DHT, one 99Tcm-PG), nor was a gall-bladder seen in five patients whose abdominal pain was not due to acute cholecystitis. Despite this, there was agreement between the results of imaging and oral cholecystography in 21 out of 22 subjects. 99Tcm-PG is non-toxic, cheap and rapidly excreted by the liver into the bile. A 99Tcm-PG scan would be useful when rapid diagnosis is required in suspected acute cholecystitis when conventional contrast radiology is unlikely to be of value."}
{"id": "PMID:361143", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen and radiotherapy: a Medical Research Council trial in carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "In a randomized controlled clinical trial of hyperbaric oxygen in the radiotherapy of carcinoma of the bladder a total of 241 cases were contributed by four radiotherapy centres in the United Kingdom. In this trial where in each centre identical radiotherapy was employed for both oxygen and air cases, no benefit was shown with the use of hyperbaric oxygen.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen and radiotherapy: a Medical Research Council trial in carcinoma of the bladder. In a randomized controlled clinical trial of hyperbaric oxygen in the radiotherapy of carcinoma of the bladder a total of 241 cases were contributed by four radiotherapy centres in the United Kingdom. In this trial where in each centre identical radiotherapy was employed for both oxygen and air cases, no benefit was shown with the use of hyperbaric oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:361144", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen and radiotherapy: a Medical Research Council trial in carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "In a randomized controlled clinical trial of hyperbaric oxygen in the radiotherapy of advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix a total of 320 cases were contributed by four radiotherapy centres in the United Kingdom. The use of hyperbaric oxygen resulted in improved local control and survival. The benefit was greatest in patients under the age of 55 who presented with stage III disease. There was a slight increase in radiation morbidity but it seemed that the benefit of hyperbaric oxygen outweighed this increase in morbidity and that there was a true improvement in the therapeutic ratio.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen and radiotherapy: a Medical Research Council trial in carcinoma of the cervix. In a randomized controlled clinical trial of hyperbaric oxygen in the radiotherapy of advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix a total of 320 cases were contributed by four radiotherapy centres in the United Kingdom. The use of hyperbaric oxygen resulted in improved local control and survival. The benefit was greatest in patients under the age of 55 who presented with stage III disease. There was a slight increase in radiation morbidity but it seemed that the benefit of hyperbaric oxygen outweighed this increase in morbidity and that there was a true improvement in the therapeutic ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:361145", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen: the Medical Research Council trials and their clinical significance.", "content": "The clinical trials of the use of hyperbaric oxygen in radiotherapy conducted by the Medical Research Council's working party have shown that local cure and survival can be improved in head and neck and cervical cancer. Evidence for benefit has been presented in carcinoma of bronchus, but none has so far been found in carcinoma of the bladder. Although hyperbaric oxygen has produced increased effect upon normal tissues as well as upon tumour, a real improvement in therapeutic ratio appears to be present. The future use of hyperbaric oxygen in radiotherapy will depend upon a comparison of effectiveness with other methods now being tested to improve radiotherapy. The trials have yielded much fundamental and clinical data of general relevance in the radiotherapy of malignant disease.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen: the Medical Research Council trials and their clinical significance. The clinical trials of the use of hyperbaric oxygen in radiotherapy conducted by the Medical Research Council's working party have shown that local cure and survival can be improved in head and neck and cervical cancer. Evidence for benefit has been presented in carcinoma of bronchus, but none has so far been found in carcinoma of the bladder. Although hyperbaric oxygen has produced increased effect upon normal tissues as well as upon tumour, a real improvement in therapeutic ratio appears to be present. The future use of hyperbaric oxygen in radiotherapy will depend upon a comparison of effectiveness with other methods now being tested to improve radiotherapy. The trials have yielded much fundamental and clinical data of general relevance in the radiotherapy of malignant disease."}
{"id": "PMID:361147", "title": "Uretero-neo-cystostomy in renal transplantation. Is an antireflux mechanism mandatory?", "content": "We report a retrospective analysis of 120 kidney transplantations in which a simple end-to-end ureteric implantation in the bladder without antireflux mechanism was made. From this study no greater incidence of vesico-ureteric reflux could be demonstrated and, even when present, reflux neither interfered with graft function nor caused an increased incidence of recurrent urinary tract infections. The incidence of other urological complications (leakage, obstruction) being equal, this very simple technique yielded in our hands the best results and we recommend its use in kidney transplantation.", "contents": "Uretero-neo-cystostomy in renal transplantation. Is an antireflux mechanism mandatory? We report a retrospective analysis of 120 kidney transplantations in which a simple end-to-end ureteric implantation in the bladder without antireflux mechanism was made. From this study no greater incidence of vesico-ureteric reflux could be demonstrated and, even when present, reflux neither interfered with graft function nor caused an increased incidence of recurrent urinary tract infections. The incidence of other urological complications (leakage, obstruction) being equal, this very simple technique yielded in our hands the best results and we recommend its use in kidney transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:361148", "title": "The indications for simple closure of perforated duodenal ulcers.", "content": "One hundred and sixty-one patients undergoing simple suture of a perforated duodenal ulcer are reviewed retrospectively. Nine patients (6 per cent) suffered a complication of their ulcer during the postoperative period and 3 (2 per cent) of them died. The mean length of follow-up was 26 months and during this period a total of 14 complications was seen in 12 patients. Five of these patients died after a complication of their ulcer. Analysis of the data from patients who had complications of their ulcers indicates that the operation of simple suture of a duodenal ulcer is indicated only in young and middle-aged women.", "contents": "The indications for simple closure of perforated duodenal ulcers. One hundred and sixty-one patients undergoing simple suture of a perforated duodenal ulcer are reviewed retrospectively. Nine patients (6 per cent) suffered a complication of their ulcer during the postoperative period and 3 (2 per cent) of them died. The mean length of follow-up was 26 months and during this period a total of 14 complications was seen in 12 patients. Five of these patients died after a complication of their ulcer. Analysis of the data from patients who had complications of their ulcers indicates that the operation of simple suture of a duodenal ulcer is indicated only in young and middle-aged women."}
{"id": "PMID:361149", "title": "A double blind trial of the prolactin inhibitor bromocriptine in painful benign breast disease.", "content": "A double blind crossover trial of the prolactin inhibitor bromocriptine in painful benign breast disease is reported. Twenty-nine women with cyclical mastalgia and 11 with non-cyclical pain were treated with bromocriptine, 5 mg daily, and placebo over six menstrual cycels. Assessment of response to treatment was made by a linear analogue system and clinical examination together with plasma prolactin estimations. Bromocriptine produced a significant improvement in breast symptoms and a significant fall in prolactin levels in the cyclical pain group, but had no effect in the non-cyclical group. These results suggest that bromocriptine offers a new and effective approach in the management of cyclical breast pain.", "contents": "A double blind trial of the prolactin inhibitor bromocriptine in painful benign breast disease. A double blind crossover trial of the prolactin inhibitor bromocriptine in painful benign breast disease is reported. Twenty-nine women with cyclical mastalgia and 11 with non-cyclical pain were treated with bromocriptine, 5 mg daily, and placebo over six menstrual cycels. Assessment of response to treatment was made by a linear analogue system and clinical examination together with plasma prolactin estimations. Bromocriptine produced a significant improvement in breast symptoms and a significant fall in prolactin levels in the cyclical pain group, but had no effect in the non-cyclical group. These results suggest that bromocriptine offers a new and effective approach in the management of cyclical breast pain."}
{"id": "PMID:361151", "title": "Preventing deaths from malaria.", "content": "To reduce the number of avoidable deaths from malaria in Britain the following five points are recommended. Parliament should pass a Malaria Prevention Act that compels travel agents and airlines to give written and verbal advice on prevention and diagnosis of malaria to people travelling to countries where the disease occurs. To improve diagnostic and therapeutic efficiency for all diseases the Department of Health and Social Security should prepare a procedure manual for the NHS that gives guidance for doctors and other medical staff. Avoidable deaths from all diseases should be the subject of open inquiries at district medical committees, with recorded evidence. Failure to perform diagnostic tests such as blood films for malaria in cases of sickness in people returning from the tropics should automatically be considered negligent. Compensation should be offered by the State to the next of kin of people who have died because of medical negligence from malaria or other diseases.", "contents": "Preventing deaths from malaria. To reduce the number of avoidable deaths from malaria in Britain the following five points are recommended. Parliament should pass a Malaria Prevention Act that compels travel agents and airlines to give written and verbal advice on prevention and diagnosis of malaria to people travelling to countries where the disease occurs. To improve diagnostic and therapeutic efficiency for all diseases the Department of Health and Social Security should prepare a procedure manual for the NHS that gives guidance for doctors and other medical staff. Avoidable deaths from all diseases should be the subject of open inquiries at district medical committees, with recorded evidence. Failure to perform diagnostic tests such as blood films for malaria in cases of sickness in people returning from the tropics should automatically be considered negligent. Compensation should be offered by the State to the next of kin of people who have died because of medical negligence from malaria or other diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:361152", "title": "Treating heartburn in pregnancy: comparison of acid and alkali mixtures.", "content": "A randomised crossover trial was performed in 55 pregnant women who complained of heartburn to see whether alkali or acid treatment alleviated it. Each woman was given a week's treatment with an acid mixture, an alkali mixture, and a placebo in randomised order. Both acid and alkali mixtures were better than placebo, but there was no significant difference between the acid and alkali treatments. Together with the inconsistent reports of some patients, these findings suggest that both acid reflux and bile regurgitation may cause heartburn in pregnant women and that other factors may also play a part. Because the cause of heartburn may be difficult to determine, treatment should be empirical. If the patient does not respond to seven days' acid treatment an alkali mixture should be prescribed; there is a 98% chance that one of these treatments will relieve symptoms.", "contents": "Treating heartburn in pregnancy: comparison of acid and alkali mixtures. A randomised crossover trial was performed in 55 pregnant women who complained of heartburn to see whether alkali or acid treatment alleviated it. Each woman was given a week's treatment with an acid mixture, an alkali mixture, and a placebo in randomised order. Both acid and alkali mixtures were better than placebo, but there was no significant difference between the acid and alkali treatments. Together with the inconsistent reports of some patients, these findings suggest that both acid reflux and bile regurgitation may cause heartburn in pregnant women and that other factors may also play a part. Because the cause of heartburn may be difficult to determine, treatment should be empirical. If the patient does not respond to seven days' acid treatment an alkali mixture should be prescribed; there is a 98% chance that one of these treatments will relieve symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:361155", "title": "Effect of propranolol and phentolamine on myocardial necrosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage.", "content": "A study was set up to assess the effect on the clinical course of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) of giving propranolol 80 mg eight-hourly plus phentolamine 20 mg three-hourly by mouth for three weeks. Out of the 90 patients studied, 14 died. Two of the deaths occurred in an open pilot study of 10 patients, the remaining 12 deaths occurring in patients in a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Postmortem examination was carried out on 12 of the patients, six of whom had been receiving placebo and six propranolol plus phentolamine. Necrotic myocardial lesions were present in the hearts of all six patients (age range 30-59 years) who died while taking placebo (all had had abnormal electrocardiograms (ECGs). In contrast, no necrotic lesions were found in the hearts of the six patients (age range 28-59) who died while receiving the drugs (all had previously had normal ECGs). We conclude that the necrotic myocardial lesions were induced by catecholamines and that propranolol had a cardioprotective effect. While death from a further haemorrhage in cases of SAH is not affected by propranolol and phentolamine, propranolol may have a beneficial effect in other potentially lethal stresses.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol and phentolamine on myocardial necrosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage. A study was set up to assess the effect on the clinical course of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) of giving propranolol 80 mg eight-hourly plus phentolamine 20 mg three-hourly by mouth for three weeks. Out of the 90 patients studied, 14 died. Two of the deaths occurred in an open pilot study of 10 patients, the remaining 12 deaths occurring in patients in a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Postmortem examination was carried out on 12 of the patients, six of whom had been receiving placebo and six propranolol plus phentolamine. Necrotic myocardial lesions were present in the hearts of all six patients (age range 30-59 years) who died while taking placebo (all had had abnormal electrocardiograms (ECGs). In contrast, no necrotic lesions were found in the hearts of the six patients (age range 28-59) who died while receiving the drugs (all had previously had normal ECGs). We conclude that the necrotic myocardial lesions were induced by catecholamines and that propranolol had a cardioprotective effect. While death from a further haemorrhage in cases of SAH is not affected by propranolol and phentolamine, propranolol may have a beneficial effect in other potentially lethal stresses."}
{"id": "PMID:361156", "title": "Dexamethasone in acute stroke.", "content": "Over 13 months 118 patients admitted to hospital with acute stroke were allocated at random to treatment with either dexamethasone or placebo. At one year there was no significant difference in the numbers of survivors or in the quality of life between the two groups. The results suggest that there is no indication for the routine administration of dexamethasone to a heterogeneous group of patients with stroke.", "contents": "Dexamethasone in acute stroke. Over 13 months 118 patients admitted to hospital with acute stroke were allocated at random to treatment with either dexamethasone or placebo. At one year there was no significant difference in the numbers of survivors or in the quality of life between the two groups. The results suggest that there is no indication for the routine administration of dexamethasone to a heterogeneous group of patients with stroke."}
{"id": "PMID:361162", "title": "The adverse effect of iron repletion on the course of certain infections.", "content": "The incidence of infections was studied in 137 iron-deficient Somali nomads, 67 of whom were treated with placebo and 71 with iron. Seven episodes of infection occurred in the placebo group and 36 in the group treated with iron; these 36 episodes included activation of pre-existing malaria, brucellosis, and tuberculosis. This difference suggested that host defence against these infections was better during iron deficiency than during iron repletion. Iron deficiency among Somali nomads may be part of an ecological compromise, permitting optimum co-survival of host and infecting agent.", "contents": "The adverse effect of iron repletion on the course of certain infections. The incidence of infections was studied in 137 iron-deficient Somali nomads, 67 of whom were treated with placebo and 71 with iron. Seven episodes of infection occurred in the placebo group and 36 in the group treated with iron; these 36 episodes included activation of pre-existing malaria, brucellosis, and tuberculosis. This difference suggested that host defence against these infections was better during iron deficiency than during iron repletion. Iron deficiency among Somali nomads may be part of an ecological compromise, permitting optimum co-survival of host and infecting agent."}
{"id": "PMID:361163", "title": "Evidence for a primary autoimmune type of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients with longstanding diabetes and persistent islet-cell antibody and 35 with coexistent diabetes and Graves's disease or primary myxoedema were studied with particular reference to the HLA system and autoantibody patterns. A higher incidence of HLA-B8 than normal was observed in the two groups. An additive relative risk exists when type I diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease coexist, indicating that different HLA-linked genes may confer susceptibility to the pancreatic and thyroid disorders. Other characteristics, including female predominance, a later onset of diabetes, and a strong family history of autoimmune endocrinopathy, provide further evidence that this form of diabetes is aetiologically distinct from that generally seen in children. These results support the hypothesis of a primary autoimmune type of diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Evidence for a primary autoimmune type of diabetes mellitus. Sixty-eight patients with longstanding diabetes and persistent islet-cell antibody and 35 with coexistent diabetes and Graves's disease or primary myxoedema were studied with particular reference to the HLA system and autoantibody patterns. A higher incidence of HLA-B8 than normal was observed in the two groups. An additive relative risk exists when type I diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease coexist, indicating that different HLA-linked genes may confer susceptibility to the pancreatic and thyroid disorders. Other characteristics, including female predominance, a later onset of diabetes, and a strong family history of autoimmune endocrinopathy, provide further evidence that this form of diabetes is aetiologically distinct from that generally seen in children. These results support the hypothesis of a primary autoimmune type of diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:361166", "title": "Specificity of the FTA-ABS and TPHA tests during pregnancy.", "content": "In order to determine whether pregnancy influences the specificity of the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) and Treponema palidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) tests, these tests, together with the quantitative fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA) and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) tests, were carried out simultaneously on 2000 pregnant women who attended for compulsory prenatal screening. In only one patient (0.05% of the total investigated) was a positive result to the TPHA test obtained, the specificity of which it was impossibile to confirm. The FTA-ABS test gave a weakly reactive result of the borderline type but this was found to be non-specific in only four (0.2%) patients. The results of our investigations showed that the specificity of the FTA-ABS and the TPHA tests performed on pregnant women did not differ from the specificity of these tests when carried out on other population groups.", "contents": "Specificity of the FTA-ABS and TPHA tests during pregnancy. In order to determine whether pregnancy influences the specificity of the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) and Treponema palidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) tests, these tests, together with the quantitative fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA) and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) tests, were carried out simultaneously on 2000 pregnant women who attended for compulsory prenatal screening. In only one patient (0.05% of the total investigated) was a positive result to the TPHA test obtained, the specificity of which it was impossibile to confirm. The FTA-ABS test gave a weakly reactive result of the borderline type but this was found to be non-specific in only four (0.2%) patients. The results of our investigations showed that the specificity of the FTA-ABS and the TPHA tests performed on pregnant women did not differ from the specificity of these tests when carried out on other population groups."}
{"id": "PMID:361167", "title": "Influence of genital herpes on results of fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test.", "content": "Both the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTS-ABS) test and Venereal Disease Laboratory (VDRL) test for syphilis were performed routinely on 113 men with histories of genital ulcerations. The difference in negative VDRL and borderline FTS-ABS results between patients with and without herpes simplex virus in their genital ulcers and no evidence of previous or untreated syphilis was not statistically significant. Furthermore, use of the FTA-ABS test as a confirmatory rather than a screening test eliminates false-positive, borderline, or reactive results in patients with non-syphilitic ulcers.", "contents": "Influence of genital herpes on results of fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test. Both the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTS-ABS) test and Venereal Disease Laboratory (VDRL) test for syphilis were performed routinely on 113 men with histories of genital ulcerations. The difference in negative VDRL and borderline FTS-ABS results between patients with and without herpes simplex virus in their genital ulcers and no evidence of previous or untreated syphilis was not statistically significant. Furthermore, use of the FTA-ABS test as a confirmatory rather than a screening test eliminates false-positive, borderline, or reactive results in patients with non-syphilitic ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:361168", "title": "Study of fluorescent treponemal antibody test on cerebrospinal fluid using monospecific anti-immunoglobulin conjugates IgG, IgM, and IgA.", "content": "The fluorescent treponemal antibody test for cerebrospinal fluid (FTA-CSF) using monospecific conjugates anti-IgG, IgM, and IgA was used to determine the presence of anti-treponemal antibodies in the spinal fluid of 335 patients with primary, secondary, and latent syphilis and symptomatic and asymptomatic neurosyphilis and of patients with certain neurological disorders. Of these, 230 (68\u00b765%) patients had non-reactive results to this test. Of the remaining 105 patients, 78, 63, and 10 had reactive results with anti-IgG, IgM, and IgA conjugates respectively. Of the 129 cases of known syphilis, 11 were diagnosed as primary, 32 as secondary, and 50 as latent, and 36 patients had neurosyphilis. None of the specimens from the patients with primary syphilis gave reactive results to the test. Specimens from 21 (65\u00b762%) of the 32 patients with secondary syphilis, 30 (60%) of the 50 patients with latent syphilis, and all (97\u00b722%), except one, of the 36 patients with neurosyphilis gave reactive results to one at least of the IgG, IgM, or IgA FTA-CSF tests. Among the specimens from patients with secondary syphilis twice as many gave reactive results with anti-IgG conjugate than with anti-IgM conjugate. However, with specimens from patients with latent syphilis and neurosyphilis this ratio was diminished to 1\u00b75:1. The Kolmer complement-fixation test, although superior in sensitivity and specificity to the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, in patients with secondary and latent syphilis and neurosyphilis, was greatly inferior to the FTA-CSF test. Data indicate that anti-treponemal antibodies can be detected in the spinal fluid even in patients with no neurological symptoms in cases of secondary syphilis and that the FTA-CSF test can be a valuable tool in the early detection of an immunological response to treponemal infection in the spinal fluid.", "contents": "Study of fluorescent treponemal antibody test on cerebrospinal fluid using monospecific anti-immunoglobulin conjugates IgG, IgM, and IgA. The fluorescent treponemal antibody test for cerebrospinal fluid (FTA-CSF) using monospecific conjugates anti-IgG, IgM, and IgA was used to determine the presence of anti-treponemal antibodies in the spinal fluid of 335 patients with primary, secondary, and latent syphilis and symptomatic and asymptomatic neurosyphilis and of patients with certain neurological disorders. Of these, 230 (68\u00b765%) patients had non-reactive results to this test. Of the remaining 105 patients, 78, 63, and 10 had reactive results with anti-IgG, IgM, and IgA conjugates respectively. Of the 129 cases of known syphilis, 11 were diagnosed as primary, 32 as secondary, and 50 as latent, and 36 patients had neurosyphilis. None of the specimens from the patients with primary syphilis gave reactive results to the test. Specimens from 21 (65\u00b762%) of the 32 patients with secondary syphilis, 30 (60%) of the 50 patients with latent syphilis, and all (97\u00b722%), except one, of the 36 patients with neurosyphilis gave reactive results to one at least of the IgG, IgM, or IgA FTA-CSF tests. Among the specimens from patients with secondary syphilis twice as many gave reactive results with anti-IgG conjugate than with anti-IgM conjugate. However, with specimens from patients with latent syphilis and neurosyphilis this ratio was diminished to 1\u00b75:1. The Kolmer complement-fixation test, although superior in sensitivity and specificity to the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, in patients with secondary and latent syphilis and neurosyphilis, was greatly inferior to the FTA-CSF test. Data indicate that anti-treponemal antibodies can be detected in the spinal fluid even in patients with no neurological symptoms in cases of secondary syphilis and that the FTA-CSF test can be a valuable tool in the early detection of an immunological response to treponemal infection in the spinal fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:361169", "title": "Some problems in microscopy encountered in clinics for sexually transmitted disease.", "content": "The actual field diameter of 24 microscopes used in clinics for sexually transmitted diseases has been measured by means of a stage micrometer. The variation in findings is given, and the difficulties in producing accurate measurements are discussed.", "contents": "Some problems in microscopy encountered in clinics for sexually transmitted disease. The actual field diameter of 24 microscopes used in clinics for sexually transmitted diseases has been measured by means of a stage micrometer. The variation in findings is given, and the difficulties in producing accurate measurements are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:361171", "title": "In vitro growth of glial cell-enriched and depleted populations from mouse cerebellum.", "content": "Glial cell-enriched and -depleted populations isolated from 10-day-old mouse cerebella have been grown in vitro. There are marked differences in the cellular morphology between these two populations. The glial cell-enriched populations are very heterogeneous with respect to cell size, morphology and processes, whereas the glial cell-depleted populations are very homogeneous, containing a cell type with a small cell body and predominantly bipolar processes. Further characterization of the cell types has been affected using antiserum prepared against GFA protein and tubulin. The immunocytochemical localization of these proteins clearly identifies astrocytes and neurons. The glial cell enriched populations contain several types of astrocytes and neurons in addition to cells of non-ectodermal origin, whereas the glial cell-depleted populations contain predominantly a single neuronal cell type, the granule cells.", "contents": "In vitro growth of glial cell-enriched and depleted populations from mouse cerebellum. Glial cell-enriched and -depleted populations isolated from 10-day-old mouse cerebella have been grown in vitro. There are marked differences in the cellular morphology between these two populations. The glial cell-enriched populations are very heterogeneous with respect to cell size, morphology and processes, whereas the glial cell-depleted populations are very homogeneous, containing a cell type with a small cell body and predominantly bipolar processes. Further characterization of the cell types has been affected using antiserum prepared against GFA protein and tubulin. The immunocytochemical localization of these proteins clearly identifies astrocytes and neurons. The glial cell enriched populations contain several types of astrocytes and neurons in addition to cells of non-ectodermal origin, whereas the glial cell-depleted populations contain predominantly a single neuronal cell type, the granule cells."}
{"id": "PMID:361172", "title": "Effects of estrogen upon hypothalamic vulnerability to goldthioglucose in mice.", "content": "Two groups of ovariectomized albino mice were given subcutaneous injections of either seasame oil or increasing doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) for 8 days. Mice were housed in groups of three; food intake (FI) and body weight (Bwt) were measured daily during this period. After 8 days, all mice were injected IP with 0.3 mg/g of goldthioglucose (GTG) and sacrificed 2 days later. The extent of hypothalamic damage after GTG was assessed histologically. Although EB did not depress FI or Bwt, perhaps because of some behavioral interaction within the groups of mice, the extent of hypothalamic damage after GTG was significnatly increased in EB-treated mice relative to that of oil-injected controls. These data support the view that estrogen may enhance the uptake and/or storage of glucose by the ventromedial hypothalamus.", "contents": "Effects of estrogen upon hypothalamic vulnerability to goldthioglucose in mice. Two groups of ovariectomized albino mice were given subcutaneous injections of either seasame oil or increasing doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) for 8 days. Mice were housed in groups of three; food intake (FI) and body weight (Bwt) were measured daily during this period. After 8 days, all mice were injected IP with 0.3 mg/g of goldthioglucose (GTG) and sacrificed 2 days later. The extent of hypothalamic damage after GTG was assessed histologically. Although EB did not depress FI or Bwt, perhaps because of some behavioral interaction within the groups of mice, the extent of hypothalamic damage after GTG was significnatly increased in EB-treated mice relative to that of oil-injected controls. These data support the view that estrogen may enhance the uptake and/or storage of glucose by the ventromedial hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:361173", "title": "A head holder and stereotaxic device for the rattlesnake.", "content": "We describe an apparatus for immobilization of the rattlesnake head for brain experimentation. Its design also allows its use as a stereotaxic instrument for electrophysiological studies employing microelectrodes. Attachment of the head is at the two orbital ridges and the hard palate. The bregma provides a zero reference for the frontal, lateral, and depth coordinates.", "contents": "A head holder and stereotaxic device for the rattlesnake. We describe an apparatus for immobilization of the rattlesnake head for brain experimentation. Its design also allows its use as a stereotaxic instrument for electrophysiological studies employing microelectrodes. Attachment of the head is at the two orbital ridges and the hard palate. The bregma provides a zero reference for the frontal, lateral, and depth coordinates."}
{"id": "PMID:361174", "title": "A microwire technique for recording single neurons in unrestrained animals.", "content": "A technique is described in which bundles of 25 mu dia. insulated wires can be stereotaxically implanted for single unit recording in the brain. With this method extremely stable recordings can be obtained lasting many hours and sometimes days. The unit activity recorded with these electrodes has been found comparable with that recorded from rigid etched microelectrodes in conscious animals. The fine wire electrodes have also been found to be durable for at least a month when chronically implanted in cats. The electrode assembly is easy to construct and the electrodes are easily implanted in any region of the brain.", "contents": "A microwire technique for recording single neurons in unrestrained animals. A technique is described in which bundles of 25 mu dia. insulated wires can be stereotaxically implanted for single unit recording in the brain. With this method extremely stable recordings can be obtained lasting many hours and sometimes days. The unit activity recorded with these electrodes has been found comparable with that recorded from rigid etched microelectrodes in conscious animals. The fine wire electrodes have also been found to be durable for at least a month when chronically implanted in cats. The electrode assembly is easy to construct and the electrodes are easily implanted in any region of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:361188", "title": "Role of creatine phosphokinase in cellular function and metabolism.", "content": "This paper summarizes the data concerning the role of the creatine phosphokinase system in muscle cells with main attention to the cardiac muscle. Creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes play a key role in the intracellular energy transport from mitochondria to myofibrils and other sites of energy utilization. Due to the existence of the creatine phosphate pathway for energy transport, intracellular creatine phosphate concentration is apparently an important regulatory factor for muscle contraction which influences the contractile force by determining the rate of regeneration of ATP directly available for myosin ATPase, and at the same time controls the activator calcium entry into the myoplasm across the surface membrane of the cells.", "contents": "Role of creatine phosphokinase in cellular function and metabolism. This paper summarizes the data concerning the role of the creatine phosphokinase system in muscle cells with main attention to the cardiac muscle. Creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes play a key role in the intracellular energy transport from mitochondria to myofibrils and other sites of energy utilization. Due to the existence of the creatine phosphate pathway for energy transport, intracellular creatine phosphate concentration is apparently an important regulatory factor for muscle contraction which influences the contractile force by determining the rate of regeneration of ATP directly available for myosin ATPase, and at the same time controls the activator calcium entry into the myoplasm across the surface membrane of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:361189", "title": "Use of a single infusion bottle to culture and prepare potentially hazardous microorganisms for biochemical analysis.", "content": "A procedure is described to culture, harvest, kill, wash, freeze-dry, and store microorganisms for biochemical analysis. This method using a single infusion bottle is far less laborious than conventional procedures and reduces the risk of contamination.", "contents": "Use of a single infusion bottle to culture and prepare potentially hazardous microorganisms for biochemical analysis. A procedure is described to culture, harvest, kill, wash, freeze-dry, and store microorganisms for biochemical analysis. This method using a single infusion bottle is far less laborious than conventional procedures and reduces the risk of contamination."}
{"id": "PMID:361191", "title": "Behavioural prevention of ischemic heart disease.", "content": "Heart disease continues to be a major cause of disablement and death in Canada. Elevated serum cholesterol concentrations, hypertension and cigarette smoking are among the standard risk factors associated with ischemic heart disease. Research attention has also been directed at the role of behavioural factors in the development of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Experimental findings support a conceptual approach to the interplay of psychologic stress, the type A \"coronary\"-prone behaviour pattern and pathophysiologic mechanisms that have been implicated in the development of coronary artery disease. It is concluded that type A behaviour and stress contribute substantially to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. However, assessment of the manner in which these two variables influence the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease requires further research, with systematic examination of physiologic and biochemical processes. Potential strategies for modifying type A behaviour are reviewed. However, unequivocal support for the preventive efficacy of behavioural approaches must await future research.", "contents": "Behavioural prevention of ischemic heart disease. Heart disease continues to be a major cause of disablement and death in Canada. Elevated serum cholesterol concentrations, hypertension and cigarette smoking are among the standard risk factors associated with ischemic heart disease. Research attention has also been directed at the role of behavioural factors in the development of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Experimental findings support a conceptual approach to the interplay of psychologic stress, the type A \"coronary\"-prone behaviour pattern and pathophysiologic mechanisms that have been implicated in the development of coronary artery disease. It is concluded that type A behaviour and stress contribute substantially to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. However, assessment of the manner in which these two variables influence the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease requires further research, with systematic examination of physiologic and biochemical processes. Potential strategies for modifying type A behaviour are reviewed. However, unequivocal support for the preventive efficacy of behavioural approaches must await future research."}
{"id": "PMID:361197", "title": "Louis Riel: a case study in involuntary psychiatric confinement.", "content": "Louis Riel was confined against his will in insane asylums from March 6, 1876 to January 23, 1878. Psychiatrists and historians have generally interpreted his certification as an act of benevolence to Riel at a time when he was non compos mentis. However, detailed study of surviving records and manuscript sources shows that the commitment was legally suspect in a number of ways: proper signatures were lacking, pseudonyms were used, records were falsified, and so on. Moreover, while Riel was clearly a religious enthusiast with eccentric ideas, there was no proof that he was dangerous to himself or others at this time. We may thus wish to revise our interpretation of Riel's certification. It was not an act of benevolence but an illegal and unjustifiable deprivation of liberty.", "contents": "Louis Riel: a case study in involuntary psychiatric confinement. Louis Riel was confined against his will in insane asylums from March 6, 1876 to January 23, 1878. Psychiatrists and historians have generally interpreted his certification as an act of benevolence to Riel at a time when he was non compos mentis. However, detailed study of surviving records and manuscript sources shows that the commitment was legally suspect in a number of ways: proper signatures were lacking, pseudonyms were used, records were falsified, and so on. Moreover, while Riel was clearly a religious enthusiast with eccentric ideas, there was no proof that he was dangerous to himself or others at this time. We may thus wish to revise our interpretation of Riel's certification. It was not an act of benevolence but an illegal and unjustifiable deprivation of liberty."}
{"id": "PMID:361198", "title": "William Henry Jackson (1861--1952): Riel's secretary: another case of involuntary commitment?", "content": "Although there have been many studies of the trial of Louis Riel, following the 1885 rebellion, much less attention has been paid to the fate of his secretary William Henry Jackson, who was charged with \"treason-felony\" and found not guilty, reason of insanity. In an effort to throw some new light on this neglected aspect of midico-legal history, this paper describes the intense political and religious relationship between Riel and his secretary which culminated in the onset of Jackson's mental illness. After a trial lasting less than half an hour, Jackson was committed to the \"Selkirk Asylum\" under a warrant of the then Lieutenant-Governor. Two weeks before Riel was executed, Jackson escaped from hospital and made his way into the U.S.A. No attempt was made to capture him. Jackson, having changed his name to Honor\u00e9 Jaxon, became a labour organizer. He died in the psychopathic ward of Bellevue Hospital in New York on 10th January, 1952 at the age of ninety.", "contents": "William Henry Jackson (1861--1952): Riel's secretary: another case of involuntary commitment? Although there have been many studies of the trial of Louis Riel, following the 1885 rebellion, much less attention has been paid to the fate of his secretary William Henry Jackson, who was charged with \"treason-felony\" and found not guilty, reason of insanity. In an effort to throw some new light on this neglected aspect of midico-legal history, this paper describes the intense political and religious relationship between Riel and his secretary which culminated in the onset of Jackson's mental illness. After a trial lasting less than half an hour, Jackson was committed to the \"Selkirk Asylum\" under a warrant of the then Lieutenant-Governor. Two weeks before Riel was executed, Jackson escaped from hospital and made his way into the U.S.A. No attempt was made to capture him. Jackson, having changed his name to Honor\u00e9 Jaxon, became a labour organizer. He died in the psychopathic ward of Bellevue Hospital in New York on 10th January, 1952 at the age of ninety."}
{"id": "PMID:361200", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in benign gastrointestinal disease states.", "content": "Elevated circulating CEA levels occur in patients with benign gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders. These are usually less than 10 ng/ml. Of clinical importance is the influence of liver disease on the interpretation of CEA. At least 50% of patients with severe benign hepatic disease have elevated CEA levels, most often active alcoholic cirrhosis, and also chronic active and viral hepatitis, and cryptogenic and biliary cirrhosis. Patients with benign extrahepatic biliary obstruction may have increased plasma CEA, the highest in patients with co-existent cholangitis and especially liver abscess. The liver appears to be essential for the metabolism and/or excretion of CEA. Hence, liver work-up is needed to assess any patient with an elevated CEA. A damaged liver may further augment elevated CEA levels due to cancer. The increased circulating CEA observed in some patients with active ulcerative colitis tends to correlate with severity and extent of disease and usually returns to normal with remission. CEA levels also may be mildly elevated in patients with pancreatitis and in adults with colonic polyps. Smoking may contribute to the increased CEA levels seen in patients with alcoholic liver disease and pancreatitis. Therefore, in interpreting mildy elevated circulating CEA levels in patients with GI tract diseases, one must consider benign as well as malignant etiologies.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in benign gastrointestinal disease states. Elevated circulating CEA levels occur in patients with benign gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders. These are usually less than 10 ng/ml. Of clinical importance is the influence of liver disease on the interpretation of CEA. At least 50% of patients with severe benign hepatic disease have elevated CEA levels, most often active alcoholic cirrhosis, and also chronic active and viral hepatitis, and cryptogenic and biliary cirrhosis. Patients with benign extrahepatic biliary obstruction may have increased plasma CEA, the highest in patients with co-existent cholangitis and especially liver abscess. The liver appears to be essential for the metabolism and/or excretion of CEA. Hence, liver work-up is needed to assess any patient with an elevated CEA. A damaged liver may further augment elevated CEA levels due to cancer. The increased circulating CEA observed in some patients with active ulcerative colitis tends to correlate with severity and extent of disease and usually returns to normal with remission. CEA levels also may be mildly elevated in patients with pancreatitis and in adults with colonic polyps. Smoking may contribute to the increased CEA levels seen in patients with alcoholic liver disease and pancreatitis. Therefore, in interpreting mildy elevated circulating CEA levels in patients with GI tract diseases, one must consider benign as well as malignant etiologies."}
{"id": "PMID:361201", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen assay: an adjunct to liver scanning in hepatic metastases detection.", "content": "The radionuclide liver scan is a valuable study for detection of hepatic metastases; however, it has a false-negative rate of between 10 and 30%. In a double-blind study involving 377 patients, we assessed the value of CEA assay as an adjunct to liver scanning for detection of hepatic metastases. Fifty-seven patients studied by both methods were ultimately proven to have liver metastases. All patients with CEA levels above 9 ng/ml and focal defects on liver scan had hepatic tumor involvement, while only 4 of 291 patients with CEA values less than 9 ng/ml and negative scans were later shown to have liver metastases. CEA and liver scan results were discordant for 29 patients with proven hepatic metastases: the radionuclide study was positive in 21 cases with false-negative CEA results, while the CEA assay suggested the presence of metastatic disease in eight of the 12 patients with false-negative liver scans.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen assay: an adjunct to liver scanning in hepatic metastases detection. The radionuclide liver scan is a valuable study for detection of hepatic metastases; however, it has a false-negative rate of between 10 and 30%. In a double-blind study involving 377 patients, we assessed the value of CEA assay as an adjunct to liver scanning for detection of hepatic metastases. Fifty-seven patients studied by both methods were ultimately proven to have liver metastases. All patients with CEA levels above 9 ng/ml and focal defects on liver scan had hepatic tumor involvement, while only 4 of 291 patients with CEA values less than 9 ng/ml and negative scans were later shown to have liver metastases. CEA and liver scan results were discordant for 29 patients with proven hepatic metastases: the radionuclide study was positive in 21 cases with false-negative CEA results, while the CEA assay suggested the presence of metastatic disease in eight of the 12 patients with false-negative liver scans."}
{"id": "PMID:361202", "title": "Cellular content of carcinoembryonic antigen in urothelial carcinoma.", "content": "CEA containing cells can be demonstrated in 25--60% of urothelial carcinomas. No staining was seen with benign urothelial cells. Using microfluorometry of single cells, mean fluorescence intensity with anti-CEA antisera was 3--6 times that of preparations stained in parallel with nonimmune sera. A comparison of the IF results with RIA implies a possibility to detect less than 1 pg CEA/cell in unfixed specimens. The cells which stained with anti-CEA antisera did not have any apparent morphologic properties differentiating them from neighboring nonstained cells but it was mainly in the cell populations from well- and moderately well-differentiated tumors that CEA containing cells were seen. Therefore quantitative measurements of CEA amount/cell may be a parameter, in addition to morphologic differentiation, to study new properties of tumor cell populations.", "contents": "Cellular content of carcinoembryonic antigen in urothelial carcinoma. CEA containing cells can be demonstrated in 25--60% of urothelial carcinomas. No staining was seen with benign urothelial cells. Using microfluorometry of single cells, mean fluorescence intensity with anti-CEA antisera was 3--6 times that of preparations stained in parallel with nonimmune sera. A comparison of the IF results with RIA implies a possibility to detect less than 1 pg CEA/cell in unfixed specimens. The cells which stained with anti-CEA antisera did not have any apparent morphologic properties differentiating them from neighboring nonstained cells but it was mainly in the cell populations from well- and moderately well-differentiated tumors that CEA containing cells were seen. Therefore quantitative measurements of CEA amount/cell may be a parameter, in addition to morphologic differentiation, to study new properties of tumor cell populations."}
{"id": "PMID:361203", "title": "Immunoperoxidase detection of carcinoembryonic antigen: an overview.", "content": "The advent of immunoperoxidase histochemistry techniques has allowed the more convenient visualization by light microscopy of antigenic cellular constituents. Application of the unlabeled and labeled antibody enzyme methods to the localization of carcinoembryonic antigen in conventionally prepared tissue specimens has revealed the feasibility of using immunoperoxidase techniques in routine diagnostic pathology. The methods involved are well defined and once antibody specificity and antigen stability are determined, they are adaptable to the identification of other immunological markers that may appear in malignant tissue specimens.", "contents": "Immunoperoxidase detection of carcinoembryonic antigen: an overview. The advent of immunoperoxidase histochemistry techniques has allowed the more convenient visualization by light microscopy of antigenic cellular constituents. Application of the unlabeled and labeled antibody enzyme methods to the localization of carcinoembryonic antigen in conventionally prepared tissue specimens has revealed the feasibility of using immunoperoxidase techniques in routine diagnostic pathology. The methods involved are well defined and once antibody specificity and antigen stability are determined, they are adaptable to the identification of other immunological markers that may appear in malignant tissue specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:361205", "title": "Immunohistochemistry of carcinoembryonic antigen in the small intestine.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was demonstrated in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded sections of normal small intestine using an immunoperoxidase method. In all the sections studied the antigen was present over the surface of the villi, within goblet cells and lining the crypt lumens. At the electron microscopic level CEA was identified in mucin granules of goblet cells and in the glycocalyx but not intracytoplasmically. During the study cross-reactivity of antiCEA with Paneth cell granules, red blood cells and endothelium was observed. The shared antigenic determinants responsible for these immunological cross-reactions between CEA and other tissue glycoproteins were found to be carbohydrate in nature. Even when well controlled, misleading immunohistochemical results may be caused by immunological cross-reactions.", "contents": "Immunohistochemistry of carcinoembryonic antigen in the small intestine. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was demonstrated in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded sections of normal small intestine using an immunoperoxidase method. In all the sections studied the antigen was present over the surface of the villi, within goblet cells and lining the crypt lumens. At the electron microscopic level CEA was identified in mucin granules of goblet cells and in the glycocalyx but not intracytoplasmically. During the study cross-reactivity of antiCEA with Paneth cell granules, red blood cells and endothelium was observed. The shared antigenic determinants responsible for these immunological cross-reactions between CEA and other tissue glycoproteins were found to be carbohydrate in nature. Even when well controlled, misleading immunohistochemical results may be caused by immunological cross-reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:361206", "title": "Overview on new immunologic markers for diagnosis of cancer.", "content": "There is a large and increasing number of tumor-associated markers which can be detected immunologically and which may be useful for detection, diagnosis and monitoring of cancer. These include cell surface antigens and other components specifically associated with tumor cells, ectopic hormones, and normal materials which are produced in increased amounts by or in response to the tumors. Some of these markers are only antigenic in heterologous species, whereas others are reacted to by the tumor-bearing host. The major current problem is to determine which of these markers may be applied to practical problems of immunodiagnosis.", "contents": "Overview on new immunologic markers for diagnosis of cancer. There is a large and increasing number of tumor-associated markers which can be detected immunologically and which may be useful for detection, diagnosis and monitoring of cancer. These include cell surface antigens and other components specifically associated with tumor cells, ectopic hormones, and normal materials which are produced in increased amounts by or in response to the tumors. Some of these markers are only antigenic in heterologous species, whereas others are reacted to by the tumor-bearing host. The major current problem is to determine which of these markers may be applied to practical problems of immunodiagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:361207", "title": "Combined cytotoxic and progestogen therapy for advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Sixty-nine patients with advanced breast cancer treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy were randomized to receive concomitantly either norethisterone acetate (progestogen group) or a placebo (placebo group). Objective responses were seen in 53% of patients in the progestogen group and 61% of patients in the placebo group. The median duration of response was the same for both groups (38 weeks). Three out of ten patients in the placebo group, who received subsequently the progestogen on relapse, had a further objective regression. The overall survival in the two groups was similar, although in a sub-group of patients who had operable tumors, but a subsequent short disease-free interval, survival was significantly better in the placebo group. There was less myelosuppression in the progestogen group, who were able to receive higher doses of cytotoxic drugs. Less nausea and vomiting occurred in the progestogen group, but subjective side effects were similar. It is concluded that there is no advantage therapeutically in combining cytotoxic chemotherapy and progestogen therapy and, in some patients, better results are obtained using the two treatments sequentially.", "contents": "Combined cytotoxic and progestogen therapy for advanced breast cancer. Sixty-nine patients with advanced breast cancer treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy were randomized to receive concomitantly either norethisterone acetate (progestogen group) or a placebo (placebo group). Objective responses were seen in 53% of patients in the progestogen group and 61% of patients in the placebo group. The median duration of response was the same for both groups (38 weeks). Three out of ten patients in the placebo group, who received subsequently the progestogen on relapse, had a further objective regression. The overall survival in the two groups was similar, although in a sub-group of patients who had operable tumors, but a subsequent short disease-free interval, survival was significantly better in the placebo group. There was less myelosuppression in the progestogen group, who were able to receive higher doses of cytotoxic drugs. Less nausea and vomiting occurred in the progestogen group, but subjective side effects were similar. It is concluded that there is no advantage therapeutically in combining cytotoxic chemotherapy and progestogen therapy and, in some patients, better results are obtained using the two treatments sequentially."}
{"id": "PMID:361208", "title": "Combined modality therapy for advanced, diffuse lymphocytic and histiocytic lymphomas.", "content": "Forty-six previously untreated patients with advanced aggressive non-Hodgkin's (34 poorly differentiated and mixed diffuse, 8 histiocytic and 4 undifferentiated) were treated with a 3 phase combined modality program employing cyclophosphamide (C), hydroxyl-daunomycin (H), vincristine (O), prednisone (P), procarbazine (P) [CHOP(P)] combination chemotherapy in an initial induction phase, radiotherapy and nonmarrow toxic chemotherapy as a second consolidation phase, followed by a third phase of CHOP(P) chemotherapy for four more cycles. Long-term maintenance therapy was not given. High dose involved field radiation in phase II was limited to volumes encompasing less than 50% of the marrow bearing skeleton. The large majority of patients (82%) had such widespread involvement that this limitation precluded the use of local radiation and were treated instead with a mean of 132 rad of fractionated total body irradiation (TBI). Thirty-eight patients (83%) achieved complete remission. Twenty-nine (66%) of the 44 patients evaluable for follow-up, and 22 (61%) of the 36 patients receiving TBI, remain alive in complete remission for observation periods of up to 26 months.", "contents": "Combined modality therapy for advanced, diffuse lymphocytic and histiocytic lymphomas. Forty-six previously untreated patients with advanced aggressive non-Hodgkin's (34 poorly differentiated and mixed diffuse, 8 histiocytic and 4 undifferentiated) were treated with a 3 phase combined modality program employing cyclophosphamide (C), hydroxyl-daunomycin (H), vincristine (O), prednisone (P), procarbazine (P) [CHOP(P)] combination chemotherapy in an initial induction phase, radiotherapy and nonmarrow toxic chemotherapy as a second consolidation phase, followed by a third phase of CHOP(P) chemotherapy for four more cycles. Long-term maintenance therapy was not given. High dose involved field radiation in phase II was limited to volumes encompasing less than 50% of the marrow bearing skeleton. The large majority of patients (82%) had such widespread involvement that this limitation precluded the use of local radiation and were treated instead with a mean of 132 rad of fractionated total body irradiation (TBI). Thirty-eight patients (83%) achieved complete remission. Twenty-nine (66%) of the 44 patients evaluable for follow-up, and 22 (61%) of the 36 patients receiving TBI, remain alive in complete remission for observation periods of up to 26 months."}
{"id": "PMID:361209", "title": "Combination chemotherapy of diffuse histiocytic lymphoma with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP).", "content": "Twenty-three patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma who had not had prior chemotherapy were treated with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone). Sixteen of these patients had previously been treated with radiation therapy. Nine of these 23 patients had a pathologically documented complete response at the conclusion of CHOP with an overall complete response rate of 39%. In patients whose disease was confined to lymph nodes, the complete response rate was 7 of 8 or 88%, while in patients with stage IV disease, only 2 of 15 or 13% had complete responses. Although prior radiation therapy could not be demonstrated to be an adverse prognostic factor in this small series, it could have accounted for the low overall complete response rate noted. Complete response in this series was well sustained with an actuarial relapse-free survival of 75% and an actuarial survival of 89% at two years. No complete responses occurred in five patients who had received prior chemotherapy.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy of diffuse histiocytic lymphoma with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP). Twenty-three patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma who had not had prior chemotherapy were treated with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone). Sixteen of these patients had previously been treated with radiation therapy. Nine of these 23 patients had a pathologically documented complete response at the conclusion of CHOP with an overall complete response rate of 39%. In patients whose disease was confined to lymph nodes, the complete response rate was 7 of 8 or 88%, while in patients with stage IV disease, only 2 of 15 or 13% had complete responses. Although prior radiation therapy could not be demonstrated to be an adverse prognostic factor in this small series, it could have accounted for the low overall complete response rate noted. Complete response in this series was well sustained with an actuarial relapse-free survival of 75% and an actuarial survival of 89% at two years. No complete responses occurred in five patients who had received prior chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:361210", "title": "Effect of chemotherapeutic agents on metabolic and bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Blood was obtained on 36 occasions from 12 healthy adult volunteers and the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) were separated. PMNL hexose monophosphate shunt activity of whole blood and ability of separated cells to phagocytize and kill E. coli were evaluated when the PMNL were incubated with normal pooled sera and sera containing therapeutic concentrations of either 15 cancer chemotherapeutic drugs singly and in combination or 9 antibiotics. Resting and stimulated HMPS activity was significantly (p less than 0.025 to p less than 0.001) decreased by cyclophosphamide, carmustine (BCNU), high dose prednisone (pred), vinblastine (vinbl) and vincristine (vinc) and significantly (p less than 0.025 to p less than 0.01) increased by combinations of vinc-pred, vinc-predasparaginase, 6-mercaptopurine (6MP)-methotrexate (Mtx) and 6MP-Mtx-pred when compared to controls. No significant differences in HMPS activity of PMNL were found when exposed to various antimicrobial agents singly or in combination. The killing of E. coli by PMNL was significantly (p less than 0.001) decreased when exposed to BCNU, high concentration pred or combinations of 6MP-Mtx-pred, 6MP-Mtx and vinc-vinbl-pred but not when exposed to other chemotherapeutic agents. This study shows a disparity in results obtained when evaluating PMNL function by HMPS activity and bactericidal assay. In addition, a functional impairment in PMNL exposed to various antimetabolites occurred at a time when they exhibited normal morphology.", "contents": "Effect of chemotherapeutic agents on metabolic and bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Blood was obtained on 36 occasions from 12 healthy adult volunteers and the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) were separated. PMNL hexose monophosphate shunt activity of whole blood and ability of separated cells to phagocytize and kill E. coli were evaluated when the PMNL were incubated with normal pooled sera and sera containing therapeutic concentrations of either 15 cancer chemotherapeutic drugs singly and in combination or 9 antibiotics. Resting and stimulated HMPS activity was significantly (p less than 0.025 to p less than 0.001) decreased by cyclophosphamide, carmustine (BCNU), high dose prednisone (pred), vinblastine (vinbl) and vincristine (vinc) and significantly (p less than 0.025 to p less than 0.01) increased by combinations of vinc-pred, vinc-predasparaginase, 6-mercaptopurine (6MP)-methotrexate (Mtx) and 6MP-Mtx-pred when compared to controls. No significant differences in HMPS activity of PMNL were found when exposed to various antimicrobial agents singly or in combination. The killing of E. coli by PMNL was significantly (p less than 0.001) decreased when exposed to BCNU, high concentration pred or combinations of 6MP-Mtx-pred, 6MP-Mtx and vinc-vinbl-pred but not when exposed to other chemotherapeutic agents. This study shows a disparity in results obtained when evaluating PMNL function by HMPS activity and bactericidal assay. In addition, a functional impairment in PMNL exposed to various antimetabolites occurred at a time when they exhibited normal morphology."}
{"id": "PMID:361211", "title": "An immunohistological study of steroid localization in Sertoli-Leydig tumors of the ovary and testis.", "content": "Nine ovarian Sertoli-Leydig tumors, showing varying degrees of differentiation, one pure ovarian Sertoli cell tumor, and one poorly differentiated stromal tumor of the testis, were examined for the presence of testosterone, estradiol and progesterone with an indirect immunoperoxidase method on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue. Clinically all nine patients with Sertoli-Leydig tumors had evidence of increased androgen production, manifested by either hirsutism or virilization; elevated serum testosterone was found in all four patients in whom it was measured. The patients with the pure ovarian Sertoli cell and testicular tumors were asymptomatic except for the presence of a mass. Testosterone was identified in Leydig cells in nine instances, in Sertoli cells in six, and in poorly differentiated spindle cells resembling the mesenchyme of the embryonic gonad in two. Cells with vacuolated cytoplasm, both Sertoli and Leydig cells, though positive for lipid were consistently negative for testosterone. Estradiol was present in Leydig cells in nine instances, in Sertoli cells in five, and in primitive gonadal stomal cells in two. The pattern of distribution was similar to that of testosterone but the intensity of the reaction for estradiol was generally less than that for testosterone. Progesterone was identified in Sertoli cells in one instance and was weakly positive in Leydig cells in three instances. The presence of testosterone and estradiol in both Sertoli and Leydig cells as well as in primitive spindle cells resembling those found in the embryonic gonad suggests that the latter cell is the precursor for both Sertoli and Leydig cells.", "contents": "An immunohistological study of steroid localization in Sertoli-Leydig tumors of the ovary and testis. Nine ovarian Sertoli-Leydig tumors, showing varying degrees of differentiation, one pure ovarian Sertoli cell tumor, and one poorly differentiated stromal tumor of the testis, were examined for the presence of testosterone, estradiol and progesterone with an indirect immunoperoxidase method on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue. Clinically all nine patients with Sertoli-Leydig tumors had evidence of increased androgen production, manifested by either hirsutism or virilization; elevated serum testosterone was found in all four patients in whom it was measured. The patients with the pure ovarian Sertoli cell and testicular tumors were asymptomatic except for the presence of a mass. Testosterone was identified in Leydig cells in nine instances, in Sertoli cells in six, and in poorly differentiated spindle cells resembling the mesenchyme of the embryonic gonad in two. Cells with vacuolated cytoplasm, both Sertoli and Leydig cells, though positive for lipid were consistently negative for testosterone. Estradiol was present in Leydig cells in nine instances, in Sertoli cells in five, and in primitive gonadal stomal cells in two. The pattern of distribution was similar to that of testosterone but the intensity of the reaction for estradiol was generally less than that for testosterone. Progesterone was identified in Sertoli cells in one instance and was weakly positive in Leydig cells in three instances. The presence of testosterone and estradiol in both Sertoli and Leydig cells as well as in primitive spindle cells resembling those found in the embryonic gonad suggests that the latter cell is the precursor for both Sertoli and Leydig cells."}
{"id": "PMID:361212", "title": "Ultrastructure of cerebellar hemangioblastoma.", "content": "Light and ultrastructural features of a cerebellar hemangioblastoma in a 56-year-old man are described in detail. The neoplasm was composed of three major cell types: endothelial cells, pericytes, and stromal cells. The endothelial cells lined the fenestrated vascular channels. The pericytes were ensheathed by their own basal lamina which separated them from the basal lamina covering the endothelium. The stromal cells contained, in addition to the conventional organelles, numerous membrane-bound lipid inclusions, annulate lamellae, and nuclear bodies. There were also present transitional cells which shared the fine structure of all the three major cell types. Histogenetically, the tumor was considered to be of vascular origin. The stromal cells represented the stem cells which, under the neoplastic influence, continued to proliferate and differentiate into \"vasoformative\" elements (pericytes and endothelium) which formed new blood vessels. The transitional forms between the stromal cells and the \"vasoformative\" elements suggested that the cellular components of a hemangioblastoma shared a common ancestry, most likely of an angioblastic lineage.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of cerebellar hemangioblastoma. Light and ultrastructural features of a cerebellar hemangioblastoma in a 56-year-old man are described in detail. The neoplasm was composed of three major cell types: endothelial cells, pericytes, and stromal cells. The endothelial cells lined the fenestrated vascular channels. The pericytes were ensheathed by their own basal lamina which separated them from the basal lamina covering the endothelium. The stromal cells contained, in addition to the conventional organelles, numerous membrane-bound lipid inclusions, annulate lamellae, and nuclear bodies. There were also present transitional cells which shared the fine structure of all the three major cell types. Histogenetically, the tumor was considered to be of vascular origin. The stromal cells represented the stem cells which, under the neoplastic influence, continued to proliferate and differentiate into \"vasoformative\" elements (pericytes and endothelium) which formed new blood vessels. The transitional forms between the stromal cells and the \"vasoformative\" elements suggested that the cellular components of a hemangioblastoma shared a common ancestry, most likely of an angioblastic lineage."}
{"id": "PMID:361213", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen and other tumor markers in tissue and serum or plasma of patients with primary mammary carcinoma.", "content": "50 patients with primary breast cancer were studied to determine the CEA and HCG contents in their tumor cells before any treatment was initiated. Tumor cells were obtained by needle biopsy and each tumor cell population was stained by immunofluorescence. In 21 of the 50 patients, CEA containing cells were found in a frequency ranging from 5 to 80% of the tumor cell population. The results were confirmed by radioimmunoassay of tumor extracts. No apparent relation was seen to cytologic type or grade of differentiation. HCG was detected by IF in 4 tumors with an apocrine cytologic cell type. The level of CEA in plasma was determined before treatment and followed for 2-6 months in 72 patients. CEA was the only measured serum parameter that correlated initially with size and extent of the localized tumor. It was too low to be of use for monitoring primary disease, but should be of value in early detection of metastasis. Posttreatment a low or decreased plasma CEA was seen more often in patients who had had curative treatment than in those given palliative radiation. No raised serum HCG levels were found. Raised serum liver enzymes did not predict the extent of the primary tumor but may be an indication of distant spread. Tumor CEA content and CEA plasma concentration were correlated, although not very strongly. This means that CEA, although present in the tumor, is not always released in measurable amounts.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen and other tumor markers in tissue and serum or plasma of patients with primary mammary carcinoma. 50 patients with primary breast cancer were studied to determine the CEA and HCG contents in their tumor cells before any treatment was initiated. Tumor cells were obtained by needle biopsy and each tumor cell population was stained by immunofluorescence. In 21 of the 50 patients, CEA containing cells were found in a frequency ranging from 5 to 80% of the tumor cell population. The results were confirmed by radioimmunoassay of tumor extracts. No apparent relation was seen to cytologic type or grade of differentiation. HCG was detected by IF in 4 tumors with an apocrine cytologic cell type. The level of CEA in plasma was determined before treatment and followed for 2-6 months in 72 patients. CEA was the only measured serum parameter that correlated initially with size and extent of the localized tumor. It was too low to be of use for monitoring primary disease, but should be of value in early detection of metastasis. Posttreatment a low or decreased plasma CEA was seen more often in patients who had had curative treatment than in those given palliative radiation. No raised serum HCG levels were found. Raised serum liver enzymes did not predict the extent of the primary tumor but may be an indication of distant spread. Tumor CEA content and CEA plasma concentration were correlated, although not very strongly. This means that CEA, although present in the tumor, is not always released in measurable amounts."}
{"id": "PMID:361214", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the cecum: a case report.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the colon is a distinctly rare entity. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenoacanthoma occur in the colon and upper rectum 0.05% as frequently as adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma of the cecum is an even rarer entity, this case appearing to be the seventh recorded case. A review of the literature concerning this topic is included in this report.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the cecum: a case report. Squamous cell carcinoma of the colon is a distinctly rare entity. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenoacanthoma occur in the colon and upper rectum 0.05% as frequently as adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma of the cecum is an even rarer entity, this case appearing to be the seventh recorded case. A review of the literature concerning this topic is included in this report."}
{"id": "PMID:361215", "title": "Bowenoid papulosis of the penis.", "content": "During the past 18 months we have studied 36 biopsy specimens taken from 11 young men ranging in age from 21 to 36, each of whom had multiple, reddish to violaceous papules, some distinctly verrucoid or velvety on either or both the shaft and glans of the penis. The clinical diagnoses accompanying the biopsy specimens were lichen planus, psoriasis and condyloma acuminatum. In no instance was carcinomia in situ suggested in the differential diagnosis. Histologically, however, all specimens submitted showed indubitable changes of squamous cell carcinoma in situ.", "contents": "Bowenoid papulosis of the penis. During the past 18 months we have studied 36 biopsy specimens taken from 11 young men ranging in age from 21 to 36, each of whom had multiple, reddish to violaceous papules, some distinctly verrucoid or velvety on either or both the shaft and glans of the penis. The clinical diagnoses accompanying the biopsy specimens were lichen planus, psoriasis and condyloma acuminatum. In no instance was carcinomia in situ suggested in the differential diagnosis. Histologically, however, all specimens submitted showed indubitable changes of squamous cell carcinoma in situ."}
{"id": "PMID:361216", "title": "Inverted papilloma and papillary transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder: report of four cases of inverted papilloma, one showing papillary malignant transformation and review of the literature.", "content": "Four new cases of inverted urothelial papillomas are described and added to the 47 cases previously reported in the literature. Three papillomas present benign gross and microscopic characteristics. The fourth case, however, demonstrates inverted papilloma and papillary transitional cell carcinoma in a single polypoid lesion. This papillary malignant transformation, not previously observed in inverted papillomas, cautions against overconfidence in benign nature of inverted papilloma.", "contents": "Inverted papilloma and papillary transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder: report of four cases of inverted papilloma, one showing papillary malignant transformation and review of the literature. Four new cases of inverted urothelial papillomas are described and added to the 47 cases previously reported in the literature. Three papillomas present benign gross and microscopic characteristics. The fourth case, however, demonstrates inverted papilloma and papillary transitional cell carcinoma in a single polypoid lesion. This papillary malignant transformation, not previously observed in inverted papillomas, cautions against overconfidence in benign nature of inverted papilloma."}
{"id": "PMID:361217", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Although hypercalcemia is a frequent event during the course of many malignancies it has only rarely been described with patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Review of the literature revealed only eleven such case reports. The mechanism of the hypercalcemia in these patients was generally unclear although one patient was found to have a parathyroid adenoma and in another patient tested the level of osteoclast activating factor was high. Two additional chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with hypercalcemia are described in this report and in each a parathyroid adenoma was found. The patient in whom the diagnosis was made ante mortem had an excellent response to parathyroidectomy. Osteoclast activating factor level was measured in one patient and found to be within normal limits. Since three of the thirteen reported cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with hypercalcemia have demonstrated parathyroid adenomas, it is suggested that consideration be given to that possibility in such patients so that appropriate surgery may be done.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Although hypercalcemia is a frequent event during the course of many malignancies it has only rarely been described with patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Review of the literature revealed only eleven such case reports. The mechanism of the hypercalcemia in these patients was generally unclear although one patient was found to have a parathyroid adenoma and in another patient tested the level of osteoclast activating factor was high. Two additional chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with hypercalcemia are described in this report and in each a parathyroid adenoma was found. The patient in whom the diagnosis was made ante mortem had an excellent response to parathyroidectomy. Osteoclast activating factor level was measured in one patient and found to be within normal limits. Since three of the thirteen reported cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with hypercalcemia have demonstrated parathyroid adenomas, it is suggested that consideration be given to that possibility in such patients so that appropriate surgery may be done."}
{"id": "PMID:361218", "title": "Acute cardiac toxicity of antineoplastic agents as the first manifestation of pheochromocytoma.", "content": "A 47-year-old male with histiocytic lymphoma and no previous history of heart disease developed significant fluctuations of blood pressure, electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia, and life-threatening arrhythmia after the first dose of BACOP (bleomycin, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, and prednisone) chemotherapy. The presence of pheochromocytoma was suspected, and it was demonstrated by elevated urinary metanephrines, catecholamines, and vanillylmandelic acid, and finally confirmed on autopsy. The possible role of chemotherapeutic agents in stimulating excessive catecholamine release, thus causing transient cardiac injury, is suggested.", "contents": "Acute cardiac toxicity of antineoplastic agents as the first manifestation of pheochromocytoma. A 47-year-old male with histiocytic lymphoma and no previous history of heart disease developed significant fluctuations of blood pressure, electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia, and life-threatening arrhythmia after the first dose of BACOP (bleomycin, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, and prednisone) chemotherapy. The presence of pheochromocytoma was suspected, and it was demonstrated by elevated urinary metanephrines, catecholamines, and vanillylmandelic acid, and finally confirmed on autopsy. The possible role of chemotherapeutic agents in stimulating excessive catecholamine release, thus causing transient cardiac injury, is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:361219", "title": "Subdural hematoma secondary to metastatic neoplasm: report of two cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Subdural hematoma secondary to dural metastases is a rare event. Vascular obstruction due to invasion of dural vessels is an important etiological factor. When this is associated with a clotting defect, the subdural hematoma can cause significant clinical symptoms and death. Two cases are presented with a review of the literature.", "contents": "Subdural hematoma secondary to metastatic neoplasm: report of two cases and a review of the literature. Subdural hematoma secondary to dural metastases is a rare event. Vascular obstruction due to invasion of dural vessels is an important etiological factor. When this is associated with a clotting defect, the subdural hematoma can cause significant clinical symptoms and death. Two cases are presented with a review of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:361221", "title": "Primary gastric malignant lymphoma followed by gastric adenocarcinoma: report of 4 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Four cases of primary gastric malignant lymphoma followed years later by adenocarcinoma of the stomach are described. Review of the literature revealed eleven other cases of these two lesions occurring in the same patient. In our four cases gastric adenocarcinoma developed many years after successful treatment of primary gastric lymphoma by partial gastrectomy. In three patients gastrectomy had been followed by radiation treatment to the upper abdomen. The relationship between the two tumors is discussed, including the possible role of treatment of the lymphoma in the development later of gastric adenocarcinoma. It is important to consider the possibility of the later development of a second primary gastric cancer in a patient who develops gastric symptoms, after successful treatment for primary gastric neoplasm.", "contents": "Primary gastric malignant lymphoma followed by gastric adenocarcinoma: report of 4 cases and review of the literature. Four cases of primary gastric malignant lymphoma followed years later by adenocarcinoma of the stomach are described. Review of the literature revealed eleven other cases of these two lesions occurring in the same patient. In our four cases gastric adenocarcinoma developed many years after successful treatment of primary gastric lymphoma by partial gastrectomy. In three patients gastrectomy had been followed by radiation treatment to the upper abdomen. The relationship between the two tumors is discussed, including the possible role of treatment of the lymphoma in the development later of gastric adenocarcinoma. It is important to consider the possibility of the later development of a second primary gastric cancer in a patient who develops gastric symptoms, after successful treatment for primary gastric neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:361222", "title": "Phase I study of methanesulfonamide, N-[4-(9-acridinylamino)-3-methoxyphenyl]-(m-AMSA) using a single-dose schedule.", "content": "Methanesulfonamide, N-[4-(9-acridinylamino)-30methoxyphenyl]-(NSC-249992), an acridine derivative with significant antitumor activity in animal tumor systems, was administered to 29 patients in a phase I clinical trial. The dose ranged from 10 to 160 mg/m2 with a single dose given every 28 days. The toxic effects included moderate to severe leukopenia and mild thrombocytopenia. Myelosuppression was more severe in patients with prior whole abdominal or pelvic radiotherapy. Superficial phlebitis occurred when the drug was diluted in a volume of less than 500 ml of 5% dextrose in water. Antitumor activity was detected in one patient with ovarian carcinoma. Phase II studies are indicated with this compound since it has reproducible and reversible toxicity with some evidence of antitumor activity. The starting dose of the drug for phase II trials should be 120 mg/m2 as a single iv dose repeated at 4-week intervals.", "contents": "Phase I study of methanesulfonamide, N-[4-(9-acridinylamino)-3-methoxyphenyl]-(m-AMSA) using a single-dose schedule. Methanesulfonamide, N-[4-(9-acridinylamino)-30methoxyphenyl]-(NSC-249992), an acridine derivative with significant antitumor activity in animal tumor systems, was administered to 29 patients in a phase I clinical trial. The dose ranged from 10 to 160 mg/m2 with a single dose given every 28 days. The toxic effects included moderate to severe leukopenia and mild thrombocytopenia. Myelosuppression was more severe in patients with prior whole abdominal or pelvic radiotherapy. Superficial phlebitis occurred when the drug was diluted in a volume of less than 500 ml of 5% dextrose in water. Antitumor activity was detected in one patient with ovarian carcinoma. Phase II studies are indicated with this compound since it has reproducible and reversible toxicity with some evidence of antitumor activity. The starting dose of the drug for phase II trials should be 120 mg/m2 as a single iv dose repeated at 4-week intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:361225", "title": "An enzymatic technique for measuring N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartic acid in tissues.", "content": "An enzymatic technique is presented for measuring N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartic acid (PALA; NSC-224131) in biologic specimens. Tightly bound PALA is quantitatively detached from its target enzyme, L-aspartic acid transcarbamylase (ATCase), by heating at 95 degrees C for 5 minutes. Denatured proteins are removed by centrifugation. PALA in the supernatant fluid is quantitated by exposing intact splenic ATCase to representative aliquots or subdilutions of the resultant supernatant in the presence of L-[4-14C]aspartic acid and carbamyl phosphate. After 30 minutes' incubation at 37 degrees C, unreacted L-[4-14 C]aspartic acid is dissipated enzymatically and newly formed [4-14C]carbamyl-L-aspartic acid is quantitated by scintillation spectrometry. The percentage inhibition of ATCase responds in a linear way to the logarithm of the concentration of PALA between 0.10 and 1.00 micrometer. The PALA concentration of an unknown is determined indirectly by matching the percentage inhibition caused by the unknown to the inhibition caused by a known series of standard concentrations of PALA over the linear range. This assay is sensitive, adequately reproducible despite the use of an unpurified enzyme, and notably facile. It can be used to measure PALA in plasma, urine, tissues, and tumors of subjects treated with this new oncolytic drug.", "contents": "An enzymatic technique for measuring N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartic acid in tissues. An enzymatic technique is presented for measuring N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartic acid (PALA; NSC-224131) in biologic specimens. Tightly bound PALA is quantitatively detached from its target enzyme, L-aspartic acid transcarbamylase (ATCase), by heating at 95 degrees C for 5 minutes. Denatured proteins are removed by centrifugation. PALA in the supernatant fluid is quantitated by exposing intact splenic ATCase to representative aliquots or subdilutions of the resultant supernatant in the presence of L-[4-14C]aspartic acid and carbamyl phosphate. After 30 minutes' incubation at 37 degrees C, unreacted L-[4-14 C]aspartic acid is dissipated enzymatically and newly formed [4-14C]carbamyl-L-aspartic acid is quantitated by scintillation spectrometry. The percentage inhibition of ATCase responds in a linear way to the logarithm of the concentration of PALA between 0.10 and 1.00 micrometer. The PALA concentration of an unknown is determined indirectly by matching the percentage inhibition caused by the unknown to the inhibition caused by a known series of standard concentrations of PALA over the linear range. This assay is sensitive, adequately reproducible despite the use of an unpurified enzyme, and notably facile. It can be used to measure PALA in plasma, urine, tissues, and tumors of subjects treated with this new oncolytic drug."}
{"id": "PMID:361226", "title": "Phase I clinical study of quelamycin.", "content": "A phase I clinical study was done with quelamycin, a recently synthesized triferric derivative of adriamycin. Twenty-one good-risk patients were studied: 19 patients with non-small cell carcinoma of the lung and two patients with metastatic sarcoma. Acute toxicity occurred in all patients and consisted of high fever, flushing, hypertension, generalized body aches, tremors, and confusion, which lasted 3-6 hours. Potentially dangerous cardiotoxicity occurred in eight patients who had previous minor rhythm disturbances, and was characterized by tachycardia, atrial extrasystoles, atrial fibrillation, and branch block which lasted 6-14 hours. The dose-limiting hematologic toxicity was found to occur at 125 mg/m2 iv single-dose. Objective responses were observed in three of 19 patients with lung cancer and in one patient with metastatic osteogenic sarcoma resistant to adriamycin therapy. In conclusion, quelamycin is a new derivative of adriamycin with potential interest. However, the acute generalized toxicity and the immediate cardiotoxicity found in the presently used schedule are excessive. Further studies directed to suppress these side effects are in progress.", "contents": "Phase I clinical study of quelamycin. A phase I clinical study was done with quelamycin, a recently synthesized triferric derivative of adriamycin. Twenty-one good-risk patients were studied: 19 patients with non-small cell carcinoma of the lung and two patients with metastatic sarcoma. Acute toxicity occurred in all patients and consisted of high fever, flushing, hypertension, generalized body aches, tremors, and confusion, which lasted 3-6 hours. Potentially dangerous cardiotoxicity occurred in eight patients who had previous minor rhythm disturbances, and was characterized by tachycardia, atrial extrasystoles, atrial fibrillation, and branch block which lasted 6-14 hours. The dose-limiting hematologic toxicity was found to occur at 125 mg/m2 iv single-dose. Objective responses were observed in three of 19 patients with lung cancer and in one patient with metastatic osteogenic sarcoma resistant to adriamycin therapy. In conclusion, quelamycin is a new derivative of adriamycin with potential interest. However, the acute generalized toxicity and the immediate cardiotoxicity found in the presently used schedule are excessive. Further studies directed to suppress these side effects are in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:361227", "title": "Clinical phase I-II study of cis-dichloro-diammineplatinum(II) given by continuous lv infusion.", "content": "To determine the efficacy and toxicity of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP) by a continuous iv infusion (CIVI) schedule, 34 patients with a variety of solid tumors were studied. All patients were refractory to prior chemotherapy and received a loading dose of 5 mg/m2 of DDP iv followed by 20 mg/m2 by CIVI daily for 5 days. In 25 evaluable patients, there were four (16%) complete or partial responders, nine (25%) with stable disease, and 12 (48%) with tumor progression. One complete and one partial remission were seen in two patients with disseminated basal cell carcinoma, with partial responses also seen in cervical and head and neck squamous cancer. Patients experienced renal damage (21%) and audiotoxicity (10%). Nausea and vomiting was severe in only 6%. DDP by CIVI appears to have comparable toxicity to DDP administered by other schedules; however, the diminished gastrointestinal toxicity makes the drug better tolerated by patients for whom the inconvenience of a 5-day hospitalization is less than that caused by the nausea and vomiting of rapid infusion programs.", "contents": "Clinical phase I-II study of cis-dichloro-diammineplatinum(II) given by continuous lv infusion. To determine the efficacy and toxicity of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP) by a continuous iv infusion (CIVI) schedule, 34 patients with a variety of solid tumors were studied. All patients were refractory to prior chemotherapy and received a loading dose of 5 mg/m2 of DDP iv followed by 20 mg/m2 by CIVI daily for 5 days. In 25 evaluable patients, there were four (16%) complete or partial responders, nine (25%) with stable disease, and 12 (48%) with tumor progression. One complete and one partial remission were seen in two patients with disseminated basal cell carcinoma, with partial responses also seen in cervical and head and neck squamous cancer. Patients experienced renal damage (21%) and audiotoxicity (10%). Nausea and vomiting was severe in only 6%. DDP by CIVI appears to have comparable toxicity to DDP administered by other schedules; however, the diminished gastrointestinal toxicity makes the drug better tolerated by patients for whom the inconvenience of a 5-day hospitalization is less than that caused by the nausea and vomiting of rapid infusion programs."}
{"id": "PMID:361229", "title": "Clinical trial of rubidazone in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and adenocarcinoma of the large intestine.", "content": "Sixteen patients with disseminated squamous cell carcinoma of the lung  and 26 patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum were given rubidazone. Only one partial remission was observed in a previously untreated patient who had local recurrence of a rectal adenocarcinoma. The main toxic effects observed in previously treated patients consisted of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Also observed were anorexia, nausea, vomiting, alopecia, fever, and chills. Cardiotoxicity was observed in one patient after a total dose of 720 mg/m2 of rubidazone. It is concluded that rubidazone is a relatively inactive compound in the management of these two diseases.", "contents": "Clinical trial of rubidazone in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and adenocarcinoma of the large intestine. Sixteen patients with disseminated squamous cell carcinoma of the lung  and 26 patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum were given rubidazone. Only one partial remission was observed in a previously untreated patient who had local recurrence of a rectal adenocarcinoma. The main toxic effects observed in previously treated patients consisted of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Also observed were anorexia, nausea, vomiting, alopecia, fever, and chills. Cardiotoxicity was observed in one patient after a total dose of 720 mg/m2 of rubidazone. It is concluded that rubidazone is a relatively inactive compound in the management of these two diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:361230", "title": "Chemotherapy for colorectal cancer with 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and CCNU: comparison of oral and continuous iv administration of 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "Forty-six adult patients with colorectal cancer were treated with cyclophosphamide and CCNU administered orally and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) administered either orally or by continuous iv infusion (FCC-CIF), depending on the availability of hospital beds. The overall response rate in 37 patients with measurable disease was 25%. The response was greater in patients who had had no prior treatment (seven of 20 versus two of 17) and in patients treated with FCC-CIF (six of 19 versus three of 18). Among patients receiving FCC-CIF,  response was also greater in those who had received no prior therapy (five of nine versus one of ten). The overall median survival was 7.5 months, regardless of the route of administration of 5-FU. Further investigations are indicated to study the efficacy of 5-FU administered by continuous iv infusion in combination with other agents in patients who have had no prior treatment.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for colorectal cancer with 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and CCNU: comparison of oral and continuous iv administration of 5-fluorouracil. Forty-six adult patients with colorectal cancer were treated with cyclophosphamide and CCNU administered orally and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) administered either orally or by continuous iv infusion (FCC-CIF), depending on the availability of hospital beds. The overall response rate in 37 patients with measurable disease was 25%. The response was greater in patients who had had no prior treatment (seven of 20 versus two of 17) and in patients treated with FCC-CIF (six of 19 versus three of 18). Among patients receiving FCC-CIF,  response was also greater in those who had received no prior therapy (five of nine versus one of ten). The overall median survival was 7.5 months, regardless of the route of administration of 5-FU. Further investigations are indicated to study the efficacy of 5-FU administered by continuous iv infusion in combination with other agents in patients who have had no prior treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:361232", "title": "The physiologic basis for early ambulation after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Early ambulation is a recommended component of care for appropriately selected patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction, which is feasible, safe, and cost-effective. Benefits of this approach include the prevention of cardiovascular \"deconditioning\" and other complications of prolonged bed rest, the prevention or reduction of anxiety and depression, the enhancement of physical work capacity and of self-image and self-confidence at the time of hospital discharge, and the lessening of total disability as assessed at followup examination. Economic advantages to be derived are those of permitting a shorter hospitalization, a more effective hospital bed utilization, and an earlier and more complete return to work.", "contents": "The physiologic basis for early ambulation after myocardial infarction. Early ambulation is a recommended component of care for appropriately selected patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction, which is feasible, safe, and cost-effective. Benefits of this approach include the prevention of cardiovascular \"deconditioning\" and other complications of prolonged bed rest, the prevention or reduction of anxiety and depression, the enhancement of physical work capacity and of self-image and self-confidence at the time of hospital discharge, and the lessening of total disability as assessed at followup examination. Economic advantages to be derived are those of permitting a shorter hospitalization, a more effective hospital bed utilization, and an earlier and more complete return to work."}
{"id": "PMID:361257", "title": "Demonstration of the display of components of the endoplasmic reticulum system by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against cytochrome b(5) from rat liver microsomes.", "content": "Antibodies against the purified fragment of cytochrome b(5) released by trypsin treatment from rat liver microsomes were raised in rabbits and used for the demonstration of membranes rich in cytochrome b(5), in particular the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) system, by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. The method allowed the demonstration of ER not only in frozen sections of various tissues, including liver and lactating mammary gland from different species, but also in cultured cells of a diversity of species and cell types. In the cultured cells the structures most prominently decorated with the antibodies against cytochrome b(5) were the nuclear envelope and the ER system which in many cells could be recognized as a system of smoothly bending, branching threads, extending from the perinuclear cytoplasm toward the cell periphery. Changes in the display of such elements during mitosis and cell plating and possible influences of the specific fixations used are discussed.", "contents": "Demonstration of the display of components of the endoplasmic reticulum system by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against cytochrome b(5) from rat liver microsomes. Antibodies against the purified fragment of cytochrome b(5) released by trypsin treatment from rat liver microsomes were raised in rabbits and used for the demonstration of membranes rich in cytochrome b(5), in particular the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) system, by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. The method allowed the demonstration of ER not only in frozen sections of various tissues, including liver and lactating mammary gland from different species, but also in cultured cells of a diversity of species and cell types. In the cultured cells the structures most prominently decorated with the antibodies against cytochrome b(5) were the nuclear envelope and the ER system which in many cells could be recognized as a system of smoothly bending, branching threads, extending from the perinuclear cytoplasm toward the cell periphery. Changes in the display of such elements during mitosis and cell plating and possible influences of the specific fixations used are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:361274", "title": "In vitro effects of methyprednisolone sodium succinate and E coli organisms on neutrophils in baboon blood.", "content": "The corticosteroid methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MP) has been observed to prevent hypoglycemia in experimental septic shock; however, detrimental actions of various corticosteroids on polymorphonuclear leukocyte function have been reported. The present study was designed to determine if MP depresses glucose metabolism of leukocytes or adversely affects neutrophil survival, or whether it modifies the mortality rate of live E coli in baboon blood in vitro. Results show that therapeutically effective concentrations (13 micrograms/ml blood) and high doses (130 micrograms/ml blood) of MP exert no detrimental influences on glucose utilization or survival of neutrophils in the absence or presence of E coli organisms in concentrations of 4.2 x 10(7) and 2.3 x 10(8) organisms per milliliter blood. However, E coli organisms increase neutrophil mortality rate and glucose uptake of the blood. These findings support the view that MP does not adversely influence leukocyte metabolism and survival, nor does it modify the mortality rate of live E coli.", "contents": "In vitro effects of methyprednisolone sodium succinate and E coli organisms on neutrophils in baboon blood. The corticosteroid methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MP) has been observed to prevent hypoglycemia in experimental septic shock; however, detrimental actions of various corticosteroids on polymorphonuclear leukocyte function have been reported. The present study was designed to determine if MP depresses glucose metabolism of leukocytes or adversely affects neutrophil survival, or whether it modifies the mortality rate of live E coli in baboon blood in vitro. Results show that therapeutically effective concentrations (13 micrograms/ml blood) and high doses (130 micrograms/ml blood) of MP exert no detrimental influences on glucose utilization or survival of neutrophils in the absence or presence of E coli organisms in concentrations of 4.2 x 10(7) and 2.3 x 10(8) organisms per milliliter blood. However, E coli organisms increase neutrophil mortality rate and glucose uptake of the blood. These findings support the view that MP does not adversely influence leukocyte metabolism and survival, nor does it modify the mortality rate of live E coli."}
{"id": "PMID:361277", "title": "Asymptomatic coronary artery disease: angiographic assessment of diabetics evaluated for renal transplantation.", "content": "Twenty-one insulin-dependent diabetics with azotemic nephropathy were evaluated for renal transplantation by selective coronary angiography and cine left ventriculography. All had hypertension, retinopathy, neuropathy, and required salt restriction plus diuretics for volume overload. There was no clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of ischemic coronary artery disease in twenty. Ten patients (five males, five females, mean age 29.3 years; mean duration of diabetes 21.9 years; mean serum cholesterol 239 mg%) had significant coronary artery disease, seven demonstrating focal abnormalities in left ventricular wall motion. Two patients (one male, one female; mean age 36.5 years; mean duration of diabetes 28.5 years; mean serum cholesterol 250 mg%) had no significant coronary artery disease, but demonstrated diffusely abnormal left ventricular wall motion with diminished ejection fraction. Thirty-eight percent had significant coronary artery disease unpredictable by electrocardiographic or clinical data. The finding of no significant coronary artery disease in 52% of a group with severe renal-hypertensive complications of diabetes is surprising. Two patients may have a demonstrated cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Asymptomatic coronary artery disease: angiographic assessment of diabetics evaluated for renal transplantation. Twenty-one insulin-dependent diabetics with azotemic nephropathy were evaluated for renal transplantation by selective coronary angiography and cine left ventriculography. All had hypertension, retinopathy, neuropathy, and required salt restriction plus diuretics for volume overload. There was no clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of ischemic coronary artery disease in twenty. Ten patients (five males, five females, mean age 29.3 years; mean duration of diabetes 21.9 years; mean serum cholesterol 239 mg%) had significant coronary artery disease, seven demonstrating focal abnormalities in left ventricular wall motion. Two patients (one male, one female; mean age 36.5 years; mean duration of diabetes 28.5 years; mean serum cholesterol 250 mg%) had no significant coronary artery disease, but demonstrated diffusely abnormal left ventricular wall motion with diminished ejection fraction. Thirty-eight percent had significant coronary artery disease unpredictable by electrocardiographic or clinical data. The finding of no significant coronary artery disease in 52% of a group with severe renal-hypertensive complications of diabetes is surprising. Two patients may have a demonstrated cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:361280", "title": "Cardiac effects of acute ethanol ingestion unmasked by autonomic blockade.", "content": "We assessed the effects of ethanol and autonomic blockade on left ventricular function in nine normal subjects, age 20--35 years, using M-mode echocardiography and systolic time intervals. On day 1, measurements were made of heart rate, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, and left ventricular pre-ejection period and left ventricular ejection time ratio (PEP/LVET), during a control period and after autonomic blockade. Autonomic blockade was produced with intravenous propranolol (0.2 mg/kg body weight) and atropine (0.04 mg/kg body weight). On day two, measurements were again made during a control period, then with ethanol alone, followed by addition of autonomic blockade to ethanol. One hundred eighty milliliters of ethanol were ingested over 60 minutes, resulting in a mean blood ethanol level of 110 mg/dl (range 77--135 mg/dl) at 60 minutes post-ingestion. There were no significant differences between the control data on days 1 and 2. Blood pressure was unchanged throughout the study. study. On day 1, autonomic blockade alone resulted in the expected increase in heart rate (p less than 0.001), with a proportional increase in mean velocity of circumferential fibr shortening (p less than 0.01), and an increase in PEP/LVET (p less than 0.01). On day 2, ethanol alone resulted in no significant changes except for a slight increase in PEP/LVET (p less than 0.02). Ethanol plus autonomic blockade, (day 2), compared with autonomic blockade alone (day 1), revealed a decrease in mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (p less than 0.05), and an increase in PEP/LVET (p less than 0.01), with a decrease in intrinsic heart rate (p less than 0.001). We conclude that in normal subjects: 1) autonomic blockade does not directly affect contractility; 2) acute ethanol ingestion alone does not produce important changes in cardiac function; and, 3) ethanol in the autonomic blockaded heart causes a significant decrease in contractility. Thus, we infer that ethanol has a negative inotropic effect which is masked by catecholamines and/or autonomic nervous system discharge.", "contents": "Cardiac effects of acute ethanol ingestion unmasked by autonomic blockade. We assessed the effects of ethanol and autonomic blockade on left ventricular function in nine normal subjects, age 20--35 years, using M-mode echocardiography and systolic time intervals. On day 1, measurements were made of heart rate, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, and left ventricular pre-ejection period and left ventricular ejection time ratio (PEP/LVET), during a control period and after autonomic blockade. Autonomic blockade was produced with intravenous propranolol (0.2 mg/kg body weight) and atropine (0.04 mg/kg body weight). On day two, measurements were again made during a control period, then with ethanol alone, followed by addition of autonomic blockade to ethanol. One hundred eighty milliliters of ethanol were ingested over 60 minutes, resulting in a mean blood ethanol level of 110 mg/dl (range 77--135 mg/dl) at 60 minutes post-ingestion. There were no significant differences between the control data on days 1 and 2. Blood pressure was unchanged throughout the study. study. On day 1, autonomic blockade alone resulted in the expected increase in heart rate (p less than 0.001), with a proportional increase in mean velocity of circumferential fibr shortening (p less than 0.01), and an increase in PEP/LVET (p less than 0.01). On day 2, ethanol alone resulted in no significant changes except for a slight increase in PEP/LVET (p less than 0.02). Ethanol plus autonomic blockade, (day 2), compared with autonomic blockade alone (day 1), revealed a decrease in mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (p less than 0.05), and an increase in PEP/LVET (p less than 0.01), with a decrease in intrinsic heart rate (p less than 0.001). We conclude that in normal subjects: 1) autonomic blockade does not directly affect contractility; 2) acute ethanol ingestion alone does not produce important changes in cardiac function; and, 3) ethanol in the autonomic blockaded heart causes a significant decrease in contractility. Thus, we infer that ethanol has a negative inotropic effect which is masked by catecholamines and/or autonomic nervous system discharge."}
{"id": "PMID:361281", "title": "Double-blind trial comparing flunisolide and placebo for the treatment of perennial rhinitis.", "content": "The effectiveness of a new topical steroid, flunisolide, was evaluated for the treatment of patients with perennial rhinitis. The sixty-nine patients in this 8 week double-blind parallel trial received either 300 microgram/day of flunisolide or placebo. The flunisolide group showed statistically greater improvement than the placebo group in such symptoms as the duration of sneezing, stuffy nose, runny nose and nose blowing. 63% of the flunisolide group compared with 39% of the placebo group felt the test spray had provided substantial or total control of their nasal symptoms (P = 0.0026). When those patients who were skin test-positive (allergic) were considered separately from those who were skin test-negative (non-allergic), differences in responsiveness were noted. While those patients who had negative skin tests received greater relief of their symptoms with flunisolide than with placebo, patients who had positive skin tests showed a greater responsiveness to flunisolide and reported a higher incidence of significant or total control of their symptoms. Careful monitoring of plasma cortisol levels revealed no evidence of adrenal suppression in any of the patients in this trial. This lack of suppression may be due to two factors: (a) flunisolide is rapidly metabolized into a metabolite with a low degree of activity and (b) a very low dose of corticosteroid is administered.", "contents": "Double-blind trial comparing flunisolide and placebo for the treatment of perennial rhinitis. The effectiveness of a new topical steroid, flunisolide, was evaluated for the treatment of patients with perennial rhinitis. The sixty-nine patients in this 8 week double-blind parallel trial received either 300 microgram/day of flunisolide or placebo. The flunisolide group showed statistically greater improvement than the placebo group in such symptoms as the duration of sneezing, stuffy nose, runny nose and nose blowing. 63% of the flunisolide group compared with 39% of the placebo group felt the test spray had provided substantial or total control of their nasal symptoms (P = 0.0026). When those patients who were skin test-positive (allergic) were considered separately from those who were skin test-negative (non-allergic), differences in responsiveness were noted. While those patients who had negative skin tests received greater relief of their symptoms with flunisolide than with placebo, patients who had positive skin tests showed a greater responsiveness to flunisolide and reported a higher incidence of significant or total control of their symptoms. Careful monitoring of plasma cortisol levels revealed no evidence of adrenal suppression in any of the patients in this trial. This lack of suppression may be due to two factors: (a) flunisolide is rapidly metabolized into a metabolite with a low degree of activity and (b) a very low dose of corticosteroid is administered."}
{"id": "PMID:361282", "title": "A clinical environmental study of the aeroallergens of the islands of Bermuda.", "content": "The major allergen responsible for allergic respiratory disease in the islands of Bermuda has been shown to be derived from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. 73% of the atopic group included in the survey gave weal and erythema reactions to extracts of this mite, whereas only 30% reacted to mixed pollen extracts and 10% to mould extracts. D. pteronyssinus was isolated from all house dust samples and it represented nature, with only a modest seasonal influence, and pollen counts were low throughout the year.", "contents": "A clinical environmental study of the aeroallergens of the islands of Bermuda. The major allergen responsible for allergic respiratory disease in the islands of Bermuda has been shown to be derived from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. 73% of the atopic group included in the survey gave weal and erythema reactions to extracts of this mite, whereas only 30% reacted to mixed pollen extracts and 10% to mould extracts. D. pteronyssinus was isolated from all house dust samples and it represented nature, with only a modest seasonal influence, and pollen counts were low throughout the year."}
{"id": "PMID:361283", "title": "Fungal spores in lung and sputum.", "content": "A survey of fungal aerospora over a 2-year period was combined with an investigation of the fungi cultured from 295 samples of peripheral human lung and 2466 samples of sputum over the same period. 83% of lung and 88% of sputum samples contained culturable fungi, although in 16% of lung and 31% of sputum samples Candida albicans was the only one. Those fungi of small spore size tended to be found in lung tissue while those with larger spores were more likely to be found in the sputum. While their presence in the respiratory tract was related to their occurrence in the air, differences in their frequencies in the air and lung suggested that the lung had a selective inhibitory effect on the development of different spores. In particular, Aspergillus fumigatus was cultured more frequently than would have been anticipated from its profusion in the air.", "contents": "Fungal spores in lung and sputum. A survey of fungal aerospora over a 2-year period was combined with an investigation of the fungi cultured from 295 samples of peripheral human lung and 2466 samples of sputum over the same period. 83% of lung and 88% of sputum samples contained culturable fungi, although in 16% of lung and 31% of sputum samples Candida albicans was the only one. Those fungi of small spore size tended to be found in lung tissue while those with larger spores were more likely to be found in the sputum. While their presence in the respiratory tract was related to their occurrence in the air, differences in their frequencies in the air and lung suggested that the lung had a selective inhibitory effect on the development of different spores. In particular, Aspergillus fumigatus was cultured more frequently than would have been anticipated from its profusion in the air."}
{"id": "PMID:361284", "title": "The diagnostic value of antibodies to the traditional antigens of farmer's lung in Finland.", "content": "Precipitating antibodies towards antigens associated with farmer's lung disease were studied in Finnish dairy farming and non-farming rural populations and the results were compared to those of serum samples of patients suspected of having a fungal allergy. The antigen panel consisted of Aspergillus fumigatus, Micropolyspora faeni and Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. All three microbes seemed to be important environmental inducers of antibody formation. The prevalence of antibodies towards all of them was higher in the patient group. The presence of A. fumigatus and T. vulgaris antibodies correlated best with the occurrence of respiratory disease. The difference in M. faeni antibody prevalence between patients and the control group was less significant. The results suggest that in Finland the relative importance of those microorganisms associated with farmer's lung disease may be different from that reported from other countries.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of antibodies to the traditional antigens of farmer's lung in Finland. Precipitating antibodies towards antigens associated with farmer's lung disease were studied in Finnish dairy farming and non-farming rural populations and the results were compared to those of serum samples of patients suspected of having a fungal allergy. The antigen panel consisted of Aspergillus fumigatus, Micropolyspora faeni and Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. All three microbes seemed to be important environmental inducers of antibody formation. The prevalence of antibodies towards all of them was higher in the patient group. The presence of A. fumigatus and T. vulgaris antibodies correlated best with the occurrence of respiratory disease. The difference in M. faeni antibody prevalence between patients and the control group was less significant. The results suggest that in Finland the relative importance of those microorganisms associated with farmer's lung disease may be different from that reported from other countries."}
{"id": "PMID:361285", "title": "Evaluation of EMIT methods for the determination of the five major antiepileptic drugs on an automated kinetic analyser.", "content": "We have evaluated the performance of enzyme-multipled immunoassay methods for the five major antiepileptic drugs on an automated system, the Perkin-Elmer Model KA-150 Kinetic Analyzer. The precision in the normal duplicate mode was found to be in the range of 6% to 10% for all five tests over a typical working day. All EMIT methods were compared to gas-liquid chromatographic procedures and, in addition, the phenytoin and phenobarbital assays were compared to a liquid-chromatographic method. The phenytoin assay was also compared to RIA and to a manual spectroscopic method. In general, most of the comparison studies resulted in acceptable correlation, although one gas chromatographic method did not correlate very well with the phenytoin and phenobarbital immunoassays.", "contents": "Evaluation of EMIT methods for the determination of the five major antiepileptic drugs on an automated kinetic analyser. We have evaluated the performance of enzyme-multipled immunoassay methods for the five major antiepileptic drugs on an automated system, the Perkin-Elmer Model KA-150 Kinetic Analyzer. The precision in the normal duplicate mode was found to be in the range of 6% to 10% for all five tests over a typical working day. All EMIT methods were compared to gas-liquid chromatographic procedures and, in addition, the phenytoin and phenobarbital assays were compared to a liquid-chromatographic method. The phenytoin assay was also compared to RIA and to a manual spectroscopic method. In general, most of the comparison studies resulted in acceptable correlation, although one gas chromatographic method did not correlate very well with the phenytoin and phenobarbital immunoassays."}
{"id": "PMID:361286", "title": "A comparison of the \"EMIT\" assay with two iodinated radioimmunoassays for diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "In the treatment of epilepsy, it is important for the laboratory to provide blood diphenylhydantoin levels accurately and quickly. However, physicians have often obtained laboratory results which have been inconsistent with the patient's clinical condition. We examined the \"Enzyme Multiplied Immuno Technique\" (EMIT) and two iodinated radioimmunoassay procedures for their suitability to provide quick and accurate blood diphenylhydantoin levels in laboratories that perform relatively few assays. The results indicated that all three procedures can be used with reasonable success. We found that the simplicity and the long shelf-life of the EMIT procedure made it very desirable for institutions that have a small volume of diphenylhydantoin assays.", "contents": "A comparison of the \"EMIT\" assay with two iodinated radioimmunoassays for diphenylhydantoin. In the treatment of epilepsy, it is important for the laboratory to provide blood diphenylhydantoin levels accurately and quickly. However, physicians have often obtained laboratory results which have been inconsistent with the patient's clinical condition. We examined the \"Enzyme Multiplied Immuno Technique\" (EMIT) and two iodinated radioimmunoassay procedures for their suitability to provide quick and accurate blood diphenylhydantoin levels in laboratories that perform relatively few assays. The results indicated that all three procedures can be used with reasonable success. We found that the simplicity and the long shelf-life of the EMIT procedure made it very desirable for institutions that have a small volume of diphenylhydantoin assays."}
{"id": "PMID:361288", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay for gentamicin.", "content": "We describe a gentamicin assay in which a peroxidase-gentamicin conjugate competes with gentamicin for binding to a gentamicin antibody adsorbed to a polystyrene solid phase. The assay can be completed in 30 min and requires 50 microliter of diluted serum. The precision and accuracy are equivalent to that of a radioimmunoassay technique and the reagents are stable for several months.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay for gentamicin. We describe a gentamicin assay in which a peroxidase-gentamicin conjugate competes with gentamicin for binding to a gentamicin antibody adsorbed to a polystyrene solid phase. The assay can be completed in 30 min and requires 50 microliter of diluted serum. The precision and accuracy are equivalent to that of a radioimmunoassay technique and the reagents are stable for several months."}
{"id": "PMID:361289", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay and gas--liquid chromatography compared for determination of lidocaine in serum.", "content": "Lidocaine, an anti-arrhythmic drug, was quantitated in serum by a commercially supplied enzyme immunoassay procedure. Replicate analyses of serum controls resulted in a within-assay coefficient of variation of less than 5.0 and a  between-assay coefficient of variation of less than 6.5. Regression analysis of 87 serum samples analyzed by this technique (y) and by gas-liquid chromatography (x) gave the equation y = 0.96x - 0.03 (r = 0.99). Clinical evaluation of the results indicates the enzyme immunoassay technique to be highly specific and sensitive for lidocaine.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay and gas--liquid chromatography compared for determination of lidocaine in serum. Lidocaine, an anti-arrhythmic drug, was quantitated in serum by a commercially supplied enzyme immunoassay procedure. Replicate analyses of serum controls resulted in a within-assay coefficient of variation of less than 5.0 and a  between-assay coefficient of variation of less than 6.5. Regression analysis of 87 serum samples analyzed by this technique (y) and by gas-liquid chromatography (x) gave the equation y = 0.96x - 0.03 (r = 0.99). Clinical evaluation of the results indicates the enzyme immunoassay technique to be highly specific and sensitive for lidocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:361293", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay for total oestrogens in pregnancy plasma or serum.", "content": "We have developed an enzyme immunoassay for total oestrogens in pregnancy serum of plasma, using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as the marker enzyme. A test combination consisting of an antiserum against oestriol-16/17-monosuccinyl-albumin and oestriol-16/17-monosuccinyl-HRP yielded a sensitive system, which reacted to approximately the same extent with oestrone, oestradiol, oestriol and their 16- and 17-conjugates. Samples had to be diluted 1 to 10 to avoid interference of plasma factors with the immune reaction. Bound/free separation was achieved with the double antibody solid phase (DASP) method. The HRP activity of the bound fraction was measured, after washing, to eliminate plasma factors disturbing the HRP reaction. The detection limit of the assay system was approx. 0.1 pmol/tube, while the index of precision lambda ranged from 0.02 to 0.06. To measure total oestrogens, including the 3-conjugated ones, we used an enzymatic hydrolysis with an extract of Helix pomatia. Hydrolysis was found to be optimal after 1 h at 50 degrees C and pH 5.0. The method was used on serum samples from normal pregnancies. The results showed a very good correlation (r=0.98) with those obtained by radioimmunoassay. Normal values for total oestrogens during pregnancy were determined in a multicentre clinical trial.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay for total oestrogens in pregnancy plasma or serum. We have developed an enzyme immunoassay for total oestrogens in pregnancy serum of plasma, using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as the marker enzyme. A test combination consisting of an antiserum against oestriol-16/17-monosuccinyl-albumin and oestriol-16/17-monosuccinyl-HRP yielded a sensitive system, which reacted to approximately the same extent with oestrone, oestradiol, oestriol and their 16- and 17-conjugates. Samples had to be diluted 1 to 10 to avoid interference of plasma factors with the immune reaction. Bound/free separation was achieved with the double antibody solid phase (DASP) method. The HRP activity of the bound fraction was measured, after washing, to eliminate plasma factors disturbing the HRP reaction. The detection limit of the assay system was approx. 0.1 pmol/tube, while the index of precision lambda ranged from 0.02 to 0.06. To measure total oestrogens, including the 3-conjugated ones, we used an enzymatic hydrolysis with an extract of Helix pomatia. Hydrolysis was found to be optimal after 1 h at 50 degrees C and pH 5.0. The method was used on serum samples from normal pregnancies. The results showed a very good correlation (r=0.98) with those obtained by radioimmunoassay. Normal values for total oestrogens during pregnancy were determined in a multicentre clinical trial."}
{"id": "PMID:361294", "title": "alpha-glucosidase activity in human leucocytes: choice of lymphocytes for the diagnosis of Pompe's disease and the carrier state.", "content": "alpha-Glucosidase activity was assayed in polymorphonuclear cells and lymphocytes from human peripheral blood with 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as substrate in the presence of sodium taurocholate. The pH vs. activity curve of the alpha-glucosidase indicated that differential estimation between acid and neutral alpha-glucosidases was difficult to perform with polymorphonuclear cells, but easily accessible with lymphocytes. The use of peripheral blood lymphocytes for the enzymatic diagnosis of Pompe's disease seemed to be more reliable than the use of whole leucocytes; this also the case with a classical Pompe's patient. The lymphocytes from the parents had normal or low normal activity of acid alpha-glucosidase in the freshly isolated state, but when cultured with phytohaemagglutinin for 72 h, the stimulated lymphocytes of both parents showed about half the enzyme activity of the cultured controls. It was deemed possible in all probability to identify the carrier state by assay of the enzyme activity in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes.", "contents": "alpha-glucosidase activity in human leucocytes: choice of lymphocytes for the diagnosis of Pompe's disease and the carrier state. alpha-Glucosidase activity was assayed in polymorphonuclear cells and lymphocytes from human peripheral blood with 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as substrate in the presence of sodium taurocholate. The pH vs. activity curve of the alpha-glucosidase indicated that differential estimation between acid and neutral alpha-glucosidases was difficult to perform with polymorphonuclear cells, but easily accessible with lymphocytes. The use of peripheral blood lymphocytes for the enzymatic diagnosis of Pompe's disease seemed to be more reliable than the use of whole leucocytes; this also the case with a classical Pompe's patient. The lymphocytes from the parents had normal or low normal activity of acid alpha-glucosidase in the freshly isolated state, but when cultured with phytohaemagglutinin for 72 h, the stimulated lymphocytes of both parents showed about half the enzyme activity of the cultured controls. It was deemed possible in all probability to identify the carrier state by assay of the enzyme activity in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:361295", "title": "A micromethod for simultaneous estimation of blood levels of some commonly used antiepileptic drugs.", "content": "The analysis of serum samples for the antiepileptic drugs carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin by a simple extraction technique and chromatographic analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography is described. The method is a micro one which correlates well with gas-liquid chromatographic procedures. Coefficients of variation are smaller than 3%.", "contents": "A micromethod for simultaneous estimation of blood levels of some commonly used antiepileptic drugs. The analysis of serum samples for the antiepileptic drugs carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin by a simple extraction technique and chromatographic analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography is described. The method is a micro one which correlates well with gas-liquid chromatographic procedures. Coefficients of variation are smaller than 3%."}
{"id": "PMID:361296", "title": "Immunochemical studies on gastrins in the urine.", "content": "The concentration and molecular form of gastrin in urine were determined radioimmunochemically. Urine from hypergastrinaemic patients (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and pernicious anaemia) contained gastrins corresponding to the serum components I and II. The excretion of gastrin increased with increasing gastrin concentrations in serum. Urine from six subjects with normal concentrations of gastrin in serum contained \"apparent\" gastrin immunoreactivity which could not be removed by specific immunoabsorption. No gastrin was detectable by gel filtration of desalted and concentrated urine from normal subjects. The apparent immunoreactivity was due partly to interference by sodium chloride. The results indicate that hypergastrinaemic patients, in contrast to normal subjects, excrete gastrins in the urine.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on gastrins in the urine. The concentration and molecular form of gastrin in urine were determined radioimmunochemically. Urine from hypergastrinaemic patients (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and pernicious anaemia) contained gastrins corresponding to the serum components I and II. The excretion of gastrin increased with increasing gastrin concentrations in serum. Urine from six subjects with normal concentrations of gastrin in serum contained \"apparent\" gastrin immunoreactivity which could not be removed by specific immunoabsorption. No gastrin was detectable by gel filtration of desalted and concentrated urine from normal subjects. The apparent immunoreactivity was due partly to interference by sodium chloride. The results indicate that hypergastrinaemic patients, in contrast to normal subjects, excrete gastrins in the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:361297", "title": "Separation of acid and neutral alpha-glucosidase isoenzymes from fetal and adult tissues, cultivated fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells by DEAE-cellulose and sephadex G-100 column chromatography.", "content": "Isoenzymes of alpha-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.20) from various human organs and body fluids from fetuses and adults were separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and gel filtration using Sephadex G-100. A minicolumn (0.35 X 2.5 cm) was used for the DEAE-cellulose column chromatography of extracts from tissues as well as cultivated cells of skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid. The enzyme activity in the eluates was measured by the use of a methylumbelliferyl derivative as substrate and a very sensitive Microscope fluorimeter. In most tissue samples alpha-glucosidase was eluted mainly as a single peak when monitored at acid pH and as two peaks when the activity was measured at neutral pH in both columns. Another small peak representing alpha-glucosidase was found in fresh extracts of cultured cells on DEAE-cellulose columns. Neutral alpha-glucosidase especially in fibroblasts was extremely sensitive to storage at -20 degrees C. DEAE-cellulose column chromatography of plasma and amniotic fluid showed similar elution patterns of alpha-glucosidase. Differences were noticed in the elution pattern of urine from infants and adults. The tissue distribution and the different characteristics of the enzyme in samples of various origins and ages were discussed.", "contents": "Separation of acid and neutral alpha-glucosidase isoenzymes from fetal and adult tissues, cultivated fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells by DEAE-cellulose and sephadex G-100 column chromatography. Isoenzymes of alpha-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.20) from various human organs and body fluids from fetuses and adults were separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and gel filtration using Sephadex G-100. A minicolumn (0.35 X 2.5 cm) was used for the DEAE-cellulose column chromatography of extracts from tissues as well as cultivated cells of skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid. The enzyme activity in the eluates was measured by the use of a methylumbelliferyl derivative as substrate and a very sensitive Microscope fluorimeter. In most tissue samples alpha-glucosidase was eluted mainly as a single peak when monitored at acid pH and as two peaks when the activity was measured at neutral pH in both columns. Another small peak representing alpha-glucosidase was found in fresh extracts of cultured cells on DEAE-cellulose columns. Neutral alpha-glucosidase especially in fibroblasts was extremely sensitive to storage at -20 degrees C. DEAE-cellulose column chromatography of plasma and amniotic fluid showed similar elution patterns of alpha-glucosidase. Differences were noticed in the elution pattern of urine from infants and adults. The tissue distribution and the different characteristics of the enzyme in samples of various origins and ages were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:361298", "title": "Solid-phase fluoroimmunoassay of human albumin in biological fluids.", "content": "A simple fluoroimmunoassay for the determination of albumin levels in serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid is described. It employs magnetisable particles to which antibodies to human serum albumin are covalently linked, and albumin labelled with fluorescein. Equilibrium is reached within 30 min, when separation of the bound and free fractions of the labelled albumin is performed by precipitation of the particles either with a magnet or by centrifugation. Measurement of the fluorescence in the supernatant (the free fraction) reflects the albumin concentration of the standards or samples. Correlation studies with an automated immunoprecipitation technique show good agreement.", "contents": "Solid-phase fluoroimmunoassay of human albumin in biological fluids. A simple fluoroimmunoassay for the determination of albumin levels in serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid is described. It employs magnetisable particles to which antibodies to human serum albumin are covalently linked, and albumin labelled with fluorescein. Equilibrium is reached within 30 min, when separation of the bound and free fractions of the labelled albumin is performed by precipitation of the particles either with a magnet or by centrifugation. Measurement of the fluorescence in the supernatant (the free fraction) reflects the albumin concentration of the standards or samples. Correlation studies with an automated immunoprecipitation technique show good agreement."}
{"id": "PMID:361299", "title": "Non-separation fluoroimmunoassay of human albumin in biological fluids.", "content": "Determination of albumin levels in biological fluids by a simple, rapid, non-separation fluoroimmunoassay is described. The method (\"indirect quenching\" fluoroimmunoassay) employs albumin labelled with fluorescein and antibodies against both albumin and fluorescein. Anti-fluorescein serum is added to the conventional immunoassay mixture of sample (or standard), labelled albumin and anti-albumin serum. The fluorescein groups of the free fraction of the labelled albumin become bound by anti-fluorescein antibody and their fluorescence is quenched, whereas the bound fraction is sterically protected from similar quenching. The extent of quenching thus reflects the relative amounts of the free and bound fractions in the unseparated assay mixture. Correlation studies with an automated immunoprecipitation technique show good agreement.", "contents": "Non-separation fluoroimmunoassay of human albumin in biological fluids. Determination of albumin levels in biological fluids by a simple, rapid, non-separation fluoroimmunoassay is described. The method (\"indirect quenching\" fluoroimmunoassay) employs albumin labelled with fluorescein and antibodies against both albumin and fluorescein. Anti-fluorescein serum is added to the conventional immunoassay mixture of sample (or standard), labelled albumin and anti-albumin serum. The fluorescein groups of the free fraction of the labelled albumin become bound by anti-fluorescein antibody and their fluorescence is quenched, whereas the bound fraction is sterically protected from similar quenching. The extent of quenching thus reflects the relative amounts of the free and bound fractions in the unseparated assay mixture. Correlation studies with an automated immunoprecipitation technique show good agreement."}
{"id": "PMID:361300", "title": "Effect of surgical stress on pituitary-testicular function.", "content": "The effect of surgical stress on the secretions of LH, FSH, testosterone (T) and oestradiol (E2) were studied in twelve male patients. During surgery LH rose significantly; post-operatively, LH fell but remained persistently elevated a week after operation. However, T and E2 fell progressively to a nadir on the second and fifth post-operative day respectively and remained suppressed. Serum FSH showed no significant change. Despite a post-operative decrease in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) binding capacity, non-SHBG bound T showed a decrease parallel to T. Multiple sampling studies showed that the secretions of LH were increased and that of T were decreased post-operatively. Following surgery, LH responses to LHRH were magnified, FSH and T responses showed no significant change when compared with the pre-operative responses. These data suggest that secretions of LH were increased during surgery. Following surgical stress, T and E2 concentrations were suppressed resulting in a compensatory elevation of LH concentrations.", "contents": "Effect of surgical stress on pituitary-testicular function. The effect of surgical stress on the secretions of LH, FSH, testosterone (T) and oestradiol (E2) were studied in twelve male patients. During surgery LH rose significantly; post-operatively, LH fell but remained persistently elevated a week after operation. However, T and E2 fell progressively to a nadir on the second and fifth post-operative day respectively and remained suppressed. Serum FSH showed no significant change. Despite a post-operative decrease in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) binding capacity, non-SHBG bound T showed a decrease parallel to T. Multiple sampling studies showed that the secretions of LH were increased and that of T were decreased post-operatively. Following surgery, LH responses to LHRH were magnified, FSH and T responses showed no significant change when compared with the pre-operative responses. These data suggest that secretions of LH were increased during surgery. Following surgical stress, T and E2 concentrations were suppressed resulting in a compensatory elevation of LH concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:361302", "title": "Peptic ulceration and its correlation with symptoms.", "content": "Studies in which the numbers of healed or unhealed ulcers and their correlation with symptoms are availabel are summarized in Table 1. A review of the data and inspection of the Table show that the correlation of GU or DU healing with symptomatic remission is generally poor. The reasons for this are unknown and reflect the very incomplete understanding of the mechanism of ulcer pain and of the pathways through which the pain is mediated. The pathogenesis of pain in GU or DU may be due to the action of acid and pepsin, or of bile, on the tissues exposed in the ulcer crater, to abnormal motility, to normal motility acting on inflamed tissue, to areas of inflammation surrounding the ulcer crater, or to a combination of these factors. The relative importance of each of these variables in DU or GU, or in individual patients (because the mechanism of pain may not be the same in each patient) is not known. Nor is it known how much the pathogenesis of ulcer pain is the result of local release of histamine, kinins, and prostaglandins. These biogenic factors are known to be associated with inflammation and produce, or enhance, somatic pain. Their importance in peptic ulcer in man needs to be studied. Relief of pain after neutralization or buffering of gastric contents with alkali or food suggests strongly that acid must play an important part in the pathogenesis of the ulcer symptoms. The rapidity with which relief of symptoms occurs points towards the direct involvement of hydrogen ions in at least one type of ulcer symptom. Lowering of intragastric acidity by histamine H2- receptor antagonists or high-dose alkali may contribute to the observed discrepancies between ulcer healing and the remission of pain, by creating an environment in the gastroduodenal lumen which favours symptomatic improvement, even in the presence of an unhealed crater. This idea, however, does not explain why there is a discordance between healing and symptoms in patients receiving placebo, or in those treated with other drugs, such as carbenoxolone sodium. In the absence of endoscopic evidence, the presence or absence of symptoms cannot be assumed to indicate with certainty the presence or the absence of a peptic ulcer.", "contents": "Peptic ulceration and its correlation with symptoms. Studies in which the numbers of healed or unhealed ulcers and their correlation with symptoms are availabel are summarized in Table 1. A review of the data and inspection of the Table show that the correlation of GU or DU healing with symptomatic remission is generally poor. The reasons for this are unknown and reflect the very incomplete understanding of the mechanism of ulcer pain and of the pathways through which the pain is mediated. The pathogenesis of pain in GU or DU may be due to the action of acid and pepsin, or of bile, on the tissues exposed in the ulcer crater, to abnormal motility, to normal motility acting on inflamed tissue, to areas of inflammation surrounding the ulcer crater, or to a combination of these factors. The relative importance of each of these variables in DU or GU, or in individual patients (because the mechanism of pain may not be the same in each patient) is not known. Nor is it known how much the pathogenesis of ulcer pain is the result of local release of histamine, kinins, and prostaglandins. These biogenic factors are known to be associated with inflammation and produce, or enhance, somatic pain. Their importance in peptic ulcer in man needs to be studied. Relief of pain after neutralization or buffering of gastric contents with alkali or food suggests strongly that acid must play an important part in the pathogenesis of the ulcer symptoms. The rapidity with which relief of symptoms occurs points towards the direct involvement of hydrogen ions in at least one type of ulcer symptom. Lowering of intragastric acidity by histamine H2- receptor antagonists or high-dose alkali may contribute to the observed discrepancies between ulcer healing and the remission of pain, by creating an environment in the gastroduodenal lumen which favours symptomatic improvement, even in the presence of an unhealed crater. This idea, however, does not explain why there is a discordance between healing and symptoms in patients receiving placebo, or in those treated with other drugs, such as carbenoxolone sodium. In the absence of endoscopic evidence, the presence or absence of symptoms cannot be assumed to indicate with certainty the presence or the absence of a peptic ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:361306", "title": "Duodenitis.", "content": "Many questions regarding duodenitis remain unanswered. However, the evidence suggests that duodenitis is a clinical entity which can give rise to dyspepsia and, on rare occasions, gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Conventional and double contrast radiology has only a small part to play in the diagnosis of duodenitis but is important in helping to exclude other lesions such as duodenal ulcer. Provided care is taken during the fibre-optic visualization of the duodenal bulb, the endoscopic appearances of moderately severe duodenitis correlate well with the histological changes seen. A diagnosis of apparent duodenitis should be confirmed by the histological criteria described. Treatment at present is similar to that of peptic ulcer, with the withdrawal of any predisposing and precipitating factors such as aspirin, alcohol and smoking. Antacids may relieve the symptoms. It is not yet known what effect these measures may have on the duodenitis as opposed to the symptoms of dyspepsia. The H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, should be effective in treating duodenitis but double blind clinical and endoscopic studies are required to confirm this. The place of surgery is as yet undefined. With the data at present available, it appears that duodenitis is part of the pathophysiological spectrum of the duodenal ulcer diathesis rather than a separate disease. It may represent both the production and healing phases of duodenal ulceration. In some patients the duodenal mucosa may proceed from normal to duodenitis and then to normal again without the development of frank duodenal ulceration (Figure 4). Prospective studies are required which should include a long-term clinical follow-up of a large number of patients with duodenitis accurately and specifically diagnosed by endoscopy and histopathology.", "contents": "Duodenitis. Many questions regarding duodenitis remain unanswered. However, the evidence suggests that duodenitis is a clinical entity which can give rise to dyspepsia and, on rare occasions, gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Conventional and double contrast radiology has only a small part to play in the diagnosis of duodenitis but is important in helping to exclude other lesions such as duodenal ulcer. Provided care is taken during the fibre-optic visualization of the duodenal bulb, the endoscopic appearances of moderately severe duodenitis correlate well with the histological changes seen. A diagnosis of apparent duodenitis should be confirmed by the histological criteria described. Treatment at present is similar to that of peptic ulcer, with the withdrawal of any predisposing and precipitating factors such as aspirin, alcohol and smoking. Antacids may relieve the symptoms. It is not yet known what effect these measures may have on the duodenitis as opposed to the symptoms of dyspepsia. The H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, should be effective in treating duodenitis but double blind clinical and endoscopic studies are required to confirm this. The place of surgery is as yet undefined. With the data at present available, it appears that duodenitis is part of the pathophysiological spectrum of the duodenal ulcer diathesis rather than a separate disease. It may represent both the production and healing phases of duodenal ulceration. In some patients the duodenal mucosa may proceed from normal to duodenitis and then to normal again without the development of frank duodenal ulceration (Figure 4). Prospective studies are required which should include a long-term clinical follow-up of a large number of patients with duodenitis accurately and specifically diagnosed by endoscopy and histopathology."}
{"id": "PMID:361312", "title": "Laser photocoagulation for gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Endoscopic laser photocoagulation is one of the exciting developments in the field of gastrointestinal endoscopic therapy. However, much work needs to be done before these techniques should be allowed to proliferate into widespread use. There are few controlled randomized clinical studies evaluating any endoscopic treatment of bleeding, including argon laser and Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation. Despite this, uncontrolled clinical trials of both argon and Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation have begun. Laser photocoagulation of bleeding upper gastrointestinal lesions should be considered a procedure in an experimental stage of development, to be performed only under protocol studies at endoscopic research centres. Only after this or any other haemostatic technique has been proven effective and safe in thorough animal trials and then in controlled clinical trial should it be considered ready for general clinical use.", "contents": "Laser photocoagulation for gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopic laser photocoagulation is one of the exciting developments in the field of gastrointestinal endoscopic therapy. However, much work needs to be done before these techniques should be allowed to proliferate into widespread use. There are few controlled randomized clinical studies evaluating any endoscopic treatment of bleeding, including argon laser and Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation. Despite this, uncontrolled clinical trials of both argon and Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation have begun. Laser photocoagulation of bleeding upper gastrointestinal lesions should be considered a procedure in an experimental stage of development, to be performed only under protocol studies at endoscopic research centres. Only after this or any other haemostatic technique has been proven effective and safe in thorough animal trials and then in controlled clinical trial should it be considered ready for general clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:361313", "title": "A double-blind trial of transfer factor vs placebo in multiple sclerosis patients.", "content": "A double-blind trial of the effect of transfer factor on multiple sclerosis patients was carried out. In a series of fifty-six multiple sclerosis patients treated with monthly injections of either transfer factor or placebo for 1 year, no beneficial effect of transfer factor was noted. In addition, none of the immunological and serological parameters studied (measles migration inhibition, measles HI titre or CSF immunoglobulin) changed as a result of transfer factor therapy. Histocompatibility typing and CSF IgG/TP ratios were correlated with the disease activity. Of interest was the finding that the presence of the DW2 antigen, when unassociated with HLA-B7 antigen, appeared to correlate with the mildest form of disease activity.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of transfer factor vs placebo in multiple sclerosis patients. A double-blind trial of the effect of transfer factor on multiple sclerosis patients was carried out. In a series of fifty-six multiple sclerosis patients treated with monthly injections of either transfer factor or placebo for 1 year, no beneficial effect of transfer factor was noted. In addition, none of the immunological and serological parameters studied (measles migration inhibition, measles HI titre or CSF immunoglobulin) changed as a result of transfer factor therapy. Histocompatibility typing and CSF IgG/TP ratios were correlated with the disease activity. Of interest was the finding that the presence of the DW2 antigen, when unassociated with HLA-B7 antigen, appeared to correlate with the mildest form of disease activity."}
{"id": "PMID:361314", "title": "Complement-mediated immune mechanisms in renal infection. II. Effect of decomplementation.", "content": "Animals were depleted of complement using cobra venom factor and the influence of complement depletion on the course of renal infection was studied. Complement depletion markedly increased the susceptibility of renal tissue to a challenge with an E. coli strain sensitive to the bactericidal activity of normal serum, but did not influence the outcome of a challenge with a serum-resistant strain of E. coli. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that complement-mediated host immune mechanisms do play a role in the biology of renal infection and are an important component of the host's immune response in pyelonephritis.", "contents": "Complement-mediated immune mechanisms in renal infection. II. Effect of decomplementation. Animals were depleted of complement using cobra venom factor and the influence of complement depletion on the course of renal infection was studied. Complement depletion markedly increased the susceptibility of renal tissue to a challenge with an E. coli strain sensitive to the bactericidal activity of normal serum, but did not influence the outcome of a challenge with a serum-resistant strain of E. coli. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that complement-mediated host immune mechanisms do play a role in the biology of renal infection and are an important component of the host's immune response in pyelonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:361315", "title": "Induction of canine autoantibody to prostatic neoantigen.", "content": "Electrodesiccation surgery of the prostate glands was completed on a total of seventy-one dogs. Disc electrophoresis, thin layer gel electrofocus and agar double diffusion studies demonstrated unique changes in the extracts of convalescent prostatic tissue that had persisted for at least 6 months when compared with pre-treatment extracts from seventeen of these dogs. The length of the period following electrodesiccation did not appear to affect the quality of the changes observed. Rabbit antisera to extracts of desiccated prostatic tissue contained antibody specific only for the autologous extract; however, cross-reactivity with altered antigen in homologous extracts could not be verified. In all dogs, generalized adverse effects were not detectable up to 16 months post-surgery.", "contents": "Induction of canine autoantibody to prostatic neoantigen. Electrodesiccation surgery of the prostate glands was completed on a total of seventy-one dogs. Disc electrophoresis, thin layer gel electrofocus and agar double diffusion studies demonstrated unique changes in the extracts of convalescent prostatic tissue that had persisted for at least 6 months when compared with pre-treatment extracts from seventeen of these dogs. The length of the period following electrodesiccation did not appear to affect the quality of the changes observed. Rabbit antisera to extracts of desiccated prostatic tissue contained antibody specific only for the autologous extract; however, cross-reactivity with altered antigen in homologous extracts could not be verified. In all dogs, generalized adverse effects were not detectable up to 16 months post-surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:361316", "title": "New concepts in the pathogenesis of primary and secondary amyloid disease.", "content": "Despite the marked progress obtained in the structural and amino acid sequencing data of amyloid proteins our understanding of the cellular mechanisms causing the deposition of amyloid fibrils is still poor. Some of the questions about the cellular events leading to the synthesis of amyloid fibrils can be approached by evaluating the immune reactivity of animals that develop amyloid after repeated daily casein injections. Recent studies carried out in a mouse model indicate that macrophage activation associated with T-cell suppression and followed by B-cell proliferation appear to be responsible for the immunopathological abnormalities in both primary and secondary amyloid disease.", "contents": "New concepts in the pathogenesis of primary and secondary amyloid disease. Despite the marked progress obtained in the structural and amino acid sequencing data of amyloid proteins our understanding of the cellular mechanisms causing the deposition of amyloid fibrils is still poor. Some of the questions about the cellular events leading to the synthesis of amyloid fibrils can be approached by evaluating the immune reactivity of animals that develop amyloid after repeated daily casein injections. Recent studies carried out in a mouse model indicate that macrophage activation associated with T-cell suppression and followed by B-cell proliferation appear to be responsible for the immunopathological abnormalities in both primary and secondary amyloid disease."}
{"id": "PMID:361317", "title": "Plasmodium berghei adoptive transfer and immunosuppression of immunity in allogenic neonates.", "content": "Outbred female rats were hyperimmunized with Plasmodium berghei and mated to produce progeny. Spleen cells from the immunized rats and from normal control mothers were adoptively transferred to their 48 hr old neonates. Some neonates from immune mothers were fostered to normal mothers and vice versa. Weanling rats were challenged 35 days after birth with Plasmodium berghei; immune and normal litters which had not received cells were also challenged at the same time. Rats which had received immune spleen cells from their mothers but were fostered on to non-immune mothers showed significantly lower parasitaemias and higher fluorescent antibody titres than any other combination of cell transfer and maternal milk. GVH reaction was minimal. These results suggest that the immune response to P. berghei was suppressed in the presence of passively transferred maternal antibody.", "contents": "Plasmodium berghei adoptive transfer and immunosuppression of immunity in allogenic neonates. Outbred female rats were hyperimmunized with Plasmodium berghei and mated to produce progeny. Spleen cells from the immunized rats and from normal control mothers were adoptively transferred to their 48 hr old neonates. Some neonates from immune mothers were fostered to normal mothers and vice versa. Weanling rats were challenged 35 days after birth with Plasmodium berghei; immune and normal litters which had not received cells were also challenged at the same time. Rats which had received immune spleen cells from their mothers but were fostered on to non-immune mothers showed significantly lower parasitaemias and higher fluorescent antibody titres than any other combination of cell transfer and maternal milk. GVH reaction was minimal. These results suggest that the immune response to P. berghei was suppressed in the presence of passively transferred maternal antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:361318", "title": "Sex steroid hormones and antibodies to Candida albicans.", "content": "The effect of changes in progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) on titres of antibodies to Candida albicans was studied by measurement of these three parameters in the following endocrinologically diverse human groups: normal females, gonadal dysgenetics, users of a sequential oral contraceptive (Oracon) and normal males. In females, C. albicans titres (mean +/- s.e.m.) were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the luteal (74 +/- 14) than in the follicular phase (34 +/- 19) of the cycle, and there were similar significant increases in P and E2. In the gonadal dysgenetic group (n = 29), with E2 levels comparable with males, the antibody titres were also equivalent to those in normal males (40 +/- 0.5), but were significantly lower than those of normal females in the follicular phase (P less than 0.05). In contrast, Oracon users, with high blood progestin levels, had C. albicans titres (118 +/- 15) significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than those of control subjects during the follicular phase. A significant correlation (P less than 0.05) was observed between P and C. albicans titres (mainly IgA) in randomly selected samples (n = 112) from normal females during the follicular and luteal phases, and in two subjects from whom blood samples were drawn daily for the entire cycle. In the latter, an increase in E2 but not P in the late follicular phase was accompanied by a marked decrease in C. albicans titres. No changes were observed in total immunoglobulin levels or antibodies to SRBC or Herpes virus in response to the marked changes in hormones. These results indicate that the production of antibodies to C. albicans may be specifically influenced by sex steroid hormones, being enhanced by P and E2 at low levels but depressed by E2 at high levels.", "contents": "Sex steroid hormones and antibodies to Candida albicans. The effect of changes in progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) on titres of antibodies to Candida albicans was studied by measurement of these three parameters in the following endocrinologically diverse human groups: normal females, gonadal dysgenetics, users of a sequential oral contraceptive (Oracon) and normal males. In females, C. albicans titres (mean +/- s.e.m.) were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the luteal (74 +/- 14) than in the follicular phase (34 +/- 19) of the cycle, and there were similar significant increases in P and E2. In the gonadal dysgenetic group (n = 29), with E2 levels comparable with males, the antibody titres were also equivalent to those in normal males (40 +/- 0.5), but were significantly lower than those of normal females in the follicular phase (P less than 0.05). In contrast, Oracon users, with high blood progestin levels, had C. albicans titres (118 +/- 15) significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than those of control subjects during the follicular phase. A significant correlation (P less than 0.05) was observed between P and C. albicans titres (mainly IgA) in randomly selected samples (n = 112) from normal females during the follicular and luteal phases, and in two subjects from whom blood samples were drawn daily for the entire cycle. In the latter, an increase in E2 but not P in the late follicular phase was accompanied by a marked decrease in C. albicans titres. No changes were observed in total immunoglobulin levels or antibodies to SRBC or Herpes virus in response to the marked changes in hormones. These results indicate that the production of antibodies to C. albicans may be specifically influenced by sex steroid hormones, being enhanced by P and E2 at low levels but depressed by E2 at high levels."}
{"id": "PMID:361332", "title": "Potential anticoagulant drug interactions in ambulatory patients.", "content": "Computer-generated prescription drug purchase records for ambulatory patients receiving oral anticoagulants (OAC) were studied for concomitant use of other drugs which have been reported to induce clinically significant interactions. One third of 479 patients taking OAC were exposed to a potentially interacting drug at some time during this 6-month period. The percentage of patients with drug interaction exposure correlated directly with total drug use (p less than 0.0005). There were no significant differences when interaction exposure rates were compared in the cases of single : multiple pharmacy and single : multiple physician-patient groups. Warfarin was the most common anticoagulant (greater than 95%) and barbiturates the most common interacting drug.", "contents": "Potential anticoagulant drug interactions in ambulatory patients. Computer-generated prescription drug purchase records for ambulatory patients receiving oral anticoagulants (OAC) were studied for concomitant use of other drugs which have been reported to induce clinically significant interactions. One third of 479 patients taking OAC were exposed to a potentially interacting drug at some time during this 6-month period. The percentage of patients with drug interaction exposure correlated directly with total drug use (p less than 0.0005). There were no significant differences when interaction exposure rates were compared in the cases of single : multiple pharmacy and single : multiple physician-patient groups. Warfarin was the most common anticoagulant (greater than 95%) and barbiturates the most common interacting drug."}
{"id": "PMID:361333", "title": "Effects of oxprenolol and propranolol on systolic time intervals.", "content": "Twenty patients with coronary heart disease participated in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study on three study mornings to evaluate the effect of oral oxprenolol 80 mg, oral propranolol 80 mg, and placebo on left ventricular contractility. Systolic time intervals were performed in the control period and at 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 300, and 360 min after medication. None of 20 patients developed adverse effects. The 80-mg doses of oxprenolol and propranolol had a negative chronotropic effect, with the resting heart rate slightly but consistently decreased more after propranolol, attaining statistical significance at 90, 150, and 300 min. That the 80-mg doses of oral oxprenolol and propranolol also induced a negative inotropic effect was indicated by a similar prolongation of the external isovolumic contraction time and pre-ejection period intervals. This equipotent dose of oxprenolol in producing a negative inotropic effect induces less resting bradycardia than propranolol.", "contents": "Effects of oxprenolol and propranolol on systolic time intervals. Twenty patients with coronary heart disease participated in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study on three study mornings to evaluate the effect of oral oxprenolol 80 mg, oral propranolol 80 mg, and placebo on left ventricular contractility. Systolic time intervals were performed in the control period and at 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 300, and 360 min after medication. None of 20 patients developed adverse effects. The 80-mg doses of oxprenolol and propranolol had a negative chronotropic effect, with the resting heart rate slightly but consistently decreased more after propranolol, attaining statistical significance at 90, 150, and 300 min. That the 80-mg doses of oral oxprenolol and propranolol also induced a negative inotropic effect was indicated by a similar prolongation of the external isovolumic contraction time and pre-ejection period intervals. This equipotent dose of oxprenolol in producing a negative inotropic effect induces less resting bradycardia than propranolol."}
{"id": "PMID:361340", "title": "Vitamin D and the syndromes of azotaemic osteodystrophy.", "content": "Intestinal malabsorption of calcium and the development of osteomalacia in conservatively treated renal failure is explained by a quantitative deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, which also contributes to the development of hypocalcaemia. Excess of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol can substitute for this deficiency. The presence and healing of azotaemic osteomalacia is unrelated to the prevailing plasma [Ca] x [P] product. The data suggest that \"vitamin D\" acts directly on bone mineralisation, but the claim that this apparent effect is normally due to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is considered unproven. Most of the phenomena of azotaemic osteodystrophy are encountered in simple vitamin D deficiency; as in that condition, deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol may be of primary significance in causing secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal failure.", "contents": "Vitamin D and the syndromes of azotaemic osteodystrophy. Intestinal malabsorption of calcium and the development of osteomalacia in conservatively treated renal failure is explained by a quantitative deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, which also contributes to the development of hypocalcaemia. Excess of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol can substitute for this deficiency. The presence and healing of azotaemic osteomalacia is unrelated to the prevailing plasma [Ca] x [P] product. The data suggest that \"vitamin D\" acts directly on bone mineralisation, but the claim that this apparent effect is normally due to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is considered unproven. Most of the phenomena of azotaemic osteodystrophy are encountered in simple vitamin D deficiency; as in that condition, deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol may be of primary significance in causing secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:361341", "title": "The anatomy and physiology of the bovine respiratory system relating to pulmonary disease.", "content": "Bovine respiratory anatomy and physiology were reviewed and considered in relationship to the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease. Factors which may predispose cattle to respiratory disease included a small physiological gaseous exchange capacity, greater basal ventilatory activity, and greater anatomical compartmentalization of the lung as compared with other mammals, a low level and atypical bioactivity of bovine lysozyme, and low numbers of macrophages within the alveolar lumen.", "contents": "The anatomy and physiology of the bovine respiratory system relating to pulmonary disease. Bovine respiratory anatomy and physiology were reviewed and considered in relationship to the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease. Factors which may predispose cattle to respiratory disease included a small physiological gaseous exchange capacity, greater basal ventilatory activity, and greater anatomical compartmentalization of the lung as compared with other mammals, a low level and atypical bioactivity of bovine lysozyme, and low numbers of macrophages within the alveolar lumen."}
{"id": "PMID:361345", "title": "Loxapine versus perphenazine in psychotic patients. A double-blind, randomized, multicentre trial.", "content": "A double-blind, randomized, multicentre trial was carried out in 47 psychotic patients to evaluate the efficacy of oral treatment with loxapine compared with perphenazine. In total, 22 patients were included in diagnostic Group I (cases of acute schizophrenia and psychogenic (reactive) psychoses). The average maximum daily dose was 60.0 mg in the loxapine group and 36.8 mg in the perphenazine group. After 3-weeks' treatment, no significant differences were found between the two treatment groups according to the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Scale or side-effect records. Twenty-five patients were included in diagnostic Group II (cases of chronic schizophrenia). The average daily dosage was 81.1 mg in the loxapine group and 90.1 mg in the perphenazine group. After 10 to 12-weeks' treatment, no significant differences between the two treatment groups could be found according to BPRS, CGI scale, Nurses' Observation Scale for In-patient Evaluation (NOSIE) or side-effect records. The diastolic blood pressure (lying and standing) tended to increase slightly in both treatment groups. In conclusion, it was found that loxapine and perphenazine seemed to be equally effective and, based on experience with parenteral loxapine treatment, it is suggested that further investigation of oral loxapine should be carried out in psychotic patients in whom agitation is a feature.", "contents": "Loxapine versus perphenazine in psychotic patients. A double-blind, randomized, multicentre trial. A double-blind, randomized, multicentre trial was carried out in 47 psychotic patients to evaluate the efficacy of oral treatment with loxapine compared with perphenazine. In total, 22 patients were included in diagnostic Group I (cases of acute schizophrenia and psychogenic (reactive) psychoses). The average maximum daily dose was 60.0 mg in the loxapine group and 36.8 mg in the perphenazine group. After 3-weeks' treatment, no significant differences were found between the two treatment groups according to the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Scale or side-effect records. Twenty-five patients were included in diagnostic Group II (cases of chronic schizophrenia). The average daily dosage was 81.1 mg in the loxapine group and 90.1 mg in the perphenazine group. After 10 to 12-weeks' treatment, no significant differences between the two treatment groups could be found according to BPRS, CGI scale, Nurses' Observation Scale for In-patient Evaluation (NOSIE) or side-effect records. The diastolic blood pressure (lying and standing) tended to increase slightly in both treatment groups. In conclusion, it was found that loxapine and perphenazine seemed to be equally effective and, based on experience with parenteral loxapine treatment, it is suggested that further investigation of oral loxapine should be carried out in psychotic patients in whom agitation is a feature."}
{"id": "PMID:361346", "title": "A double-blind comparison of nefopam and placebo in post-operative pain.", "content": "Nefopam (90 mg), an analgesic, was compared with placebo in a double-blind trial in patients who had undergone total abdominal hysterectomy operations. Analgesic activity was assessed by patients rating their pain before and 1 hour after administration of each treatment, by sequential analysis of patient and observer preference for treatment, and by calculation of the time interval between doses of the two treatments. Nefopam was found by observer preference to be significantly better than placebo in relieving post-operative pain. In patients with severe initial pain, the time between doses after nefopam was significantly longer than after placebo.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of nefopam and placebo in post-operative pain. Nefopam (90 mg), an analgesic, was compared with placebo in a double-blind trial in patients who had undergone total abdominal hysterectomy operations. Analgesic activity was assessed by patients rating their pain before and 1 hour after administration of each treatment, by sequential analysis of patient and observer preference for treatment, and by calculation of the time interval between doses of the two treatments. Nefopam was found by observer preference to be significantly better than placebo in relieving post-operative pain. In patients with severe initial pain, the time between doses after nefopam was significantly longer than after placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:361347", "title": "Effect on platelet adhesiveness in diabetics after long-term treatment with a new oral hypoglycaemic agent, gliclazide.", "content": "Gliclazide is an oral hypoglycaemic agent which has been shown in animal models to reduce platelet adhesiveness. In this study, 50 patients with maturity onset diabetes treated with gliclazide (80 mg/day) were followed up for 6 months to 1 year to assess the effect on platelet adhesiveness and control of blood sugar. A significant fall in mean platelet adhesiveness from 29% before treatment to 19.5% after 1 year (p less than 0.001) was achieved without any deleterious effect on normal haemostasis. The drug was well tolerated and achieved a satisfactory control of blood sugar levels at the dosages used.", "contents": "Effect on platelet adhesiveness in diabetics after long-term treatment with a new oral hypoglycaemic agent, gliclazide. Gliclazide is an oral hypoglycaemic agent which has been shown in animal models to reduce platelet adhesiveness. In this study, 50 patients with maturity onset diabetes treated with gliclazide (80 mg/day) were followed up for 6 months to 1 year to assess the effect on platelet adhesiveness and control of blood sugar. A significant fall in mean platelet adhesiveness from 29% before treatment to 19.5% after 1 year (p less than 0.001) was achieved without any deleterious effect on normal haemostasis. The drug was well tolerated and achieved a satisfactory control of blood sugar levels at the dosages used."}
{"id": "PMID:361348", "title": "Controlled trial of a carbenoxolone/alginate antacid combination in reflux oesophagitis.", "content": "A double-blind controlled trial was carried out in 37 patients with oesophagitis, confirmed endoscopically and histologically, to compare the efficacy of treatment with a carbenoxolone/alginate antaacid combination with that of the alginate antacid compound used alone. The total daily dosage of carbenoxolone was 100 mg. During the 8-week-period of the trial patients were seen every 2 weeks and endoscoped at 4 and 8 weeks. Response to treatment was assessed symptomatically and endoscopically using 6-point grading scales, and multiple oesophageal biopsies were taken at each endoscopy. The addition of carbenoxolone to the alginate antacid compound was shown to enhance symptomatic relief and to increase healing of oesophagitis and oesophageal ulceration significantly. No serious side-effects were reported in either group. Although there were a number of biochemical or clinical abnormalities recorded, none required any alteration in treatment.", "contents": "Controlled trial of a carbenoxolone/alginate antacid combination in reflux oesophagitis. A double-blind controlled trial was carried out in 37 patients with oesophagitis, confirmed endoscopically and histologically, to compare the efficacy of treatment with a carbenoxolone/alginate antaacid combination with that of the alginate antacid compound used alone. The total daily dosage of carbenoxolone was 100 mg. During the 8-week-period of the trial patients were seen every 2 weeks and endoscoped at 4 and 8 weeks. Response to treatment was assessed symptomatically and endoscopically using 6-point grading scales, and multiple oesophageal biopsies were taken at each endoscopy. The addition of carbenoxolone to the alginate antacid compound was shown to enhance symptomatic relief and to increase healing of oesophagitis and oesophageal ulceration significantly. No serious side-effects were reported in either group. Although there were a number of biochemical or clinical abnormalities recorded, none required any alteration in treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:361349", "title": "Endoscopic study of the gastro-intestinal tolerance of glucamethacin.", "content": "A gastroscopic study was carried out in patients with rheumatic disorders to investigate the gastric tolerance of glucamethacin, a new, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. The first stage was a double-blind crossover comparison of the effects of glucamethacin (420 mg/day) and indomethacin (100 mg/day), each given for 15 days in random order to 30 patients. In the second, open stage, 70 such patients, most of whom also had gastrointestinal pathology, received glucamethacin (420 mg/day) for 25 days. The results of endoscopic findings showed that significantly fewer (p less than 0.05) gastric lesions were produced after treatment with glucamethacin than after indomethacin. In the patients with gastro-duodenal pathology treated only with glucamethacin there was no change in endoscopy findings in 74% of the patients and only slight changes in the others.", "contents": "Endoscopic study of the gastro-intestinal tolerance of glucamethacin. A gastroscopic study was carried out in patients with rheumatic disorders to investigate the gastric tolerance of glucamethacin, a new, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. The first stage was a double-blind crossover comparison of the effects of glucamethacin (420 mg/day) and indomethacin (100 mg/day), each given for 15 days in random order to 30 patients. In the second, open stage, 70 such patients, most of whom also had gastrointestinal pathology, received glucamethacin (420 mg/day) for 25 days. The results of endoscopic findings showed that significantly fewer (p less than 0.05) gastric lesions were produced after treatment with glucamethacin than after indomethacin. In the patients with gastro-duodenal pathology treated only with glucamethacin there was no change in endoscopy findings in 74% of the patients and only slight changes in the others."}
{"id": "PMID:361362", "title": "[Photochemotherapy of psoriasis: increasing its effectiveness with an oral aromatic retinoid (clinical results in 134 patients) (author's transl)].", "content": "The effectiveness of photochemotherapy can be substantially increased by the concomitant administration of an oral aromatic retinoid. 134 patients with severe plaque-type or palmoplantar psoriasis were given various combined treatment schedules. In the initial (clearing) phase a significant synergistic effect was achieved if retinoid administration was started before photochemotherapy, and if the dose was 1.0 mg/kg body-weight. This shortened by half the time required in a control group given photochemotherapy alone (7.7 +/- 4.5 irradiation sessions within 14.1 +/- 8.6 days), and reduction of the total UVA energy necessary for complete clearing to one third (32.4 +/- 40.0 J/cm2). After clearing the patients received standard photochemotherapy maintanance treatment. The incidence of relapses observed during a 10-month follow-up was the same as that in patients cleared and maintained with photochemotherapy alone. Short courses of retinoid treatment in addition to photochemotherapy were highly effective in clearing patients who had failed to do so or had not been maintained in a cleared state on standard photochemotherapy.", "contents": "[Photochemotherapy of psoriasis: increasing its effectiveness with an oral aromatic retinoid (clinical results in 134 patients) (author's transl)]. The effectiveness of photochemotherapy can be substantially increased by the concomitant administration of an oral aromatic retinoid. 134 patients with severe plaque-type or palmoplantar psoriasis were given various combined treatment schedules. In the initial (clearing) phase a significant synergistic effect was achieved if retinoid administration was started before photochemotherapy, and if the dose was 1.0 mg/kg body-weight. This shortened by half the time required in a control group given photochemotherapy alone (7.7 +/- 4.5 irradiation sessions within 14.1 +/- 8.6 days), and reduction of the total UVA energy necessary for complete clearing to one third (32.4 +/- 40.0 J/cm2). After clearing the patients received standard photochemotherapy maintanance treatment. The incidence of relapses observed during a 10-month follow-up was the same as that in patients cleared and maintained with photochemotherapy alone. Short courses of retinoid treatment in addition to photochemotherapy were highly effective in clearing patients who had failed to do so or had not been maintained in a cleared state on standard photochemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:361366", "title": "[Demonstration of antibodies against HBs antigen with the modified MICROELISA-hepanostika-test (author's transl)].", "content": "Among various modifications of the Hepanostika test a simple, sensitive and reproducible one is described as being the best. Of 689 sera from patients in a haemodialysis unit 110 had antibodies against HBs antigen in the Hepanostika test and 150 in the Ausab test. Those antibodies which were not demonstrated in the Hepanostika test had a relatively low concentration (mean impulses per minutes 4.3 X NCx). Those sera which were positive in both the Hepanostika and Ausab test contained antibodies in higher concentrations (mean impulse/min 29.5 X NCx). Only 11 of the 689 sera were positive in the migration-electrophoresis test. A particularly advantage of the modified Hepanostika test is that both HBs antigen and antibodies against HBs antigen can be demonstrated simultaneously on the same plate. Using this method 200 sera were examined. The same sera were tested in the Austria-II-125 test for HBs antigen and the Ausab test for antibodies against HBs antigen. The Hepanostika test was positive in five, the Austria test in four sera. According to the Hepanostika test 43 sera contained antibodies against HBs antigen, while 45 did according to the Ausab test. The two that were positive only in the Ausab test were only weakly positive.", "contents": "[Demonstration of antibodies against HBs antigen with the modified MICROELISA-hepanostika-test (author's transl)]. Among various modifications of the Hepanostika test a simple, sensitive and reproducible one is described as being the best. Of 689 sera from patients in a haemodialysis unit 110 had antibodies against HBs antigen in the Hepanostika test and 150 in the Ausab test. Those antibodies which were not demonstrated in the Hepanostika test had a relatively low concentration (mean impulses per minutes 4.3 X NCx). Those sera which were positive in both the Hepanostika and Ausab test contained antibodies in higher concentrations (mean impulse/min 29.5 X NCx). Only 11 of the 689 sera were positive in the migration-electrophoresis test. A particularly advantage of the modified Hepanostika test is that both HBs antigen and antibodies against HBs antigen can be demonstrated simultaneously on the same plate. Using this method 200 sera were examined. The same sera were tested in the Austria-II-125 test for HBs antigen and the Ausab test for antibodies against HBs antigen. The Hepanostika test was positive in five, the Austria test in four sera. According to the Hepanostika test 43 sera contained antibodies against HBs antigen, while 45 did according to the Ausab test. The two that were positive only in the Ausab test were only weakly positive."}
{"id": "PMID:361369", "title": "Chlorinated benzenes in the environment.", "content": "Chlorinated benzenes are composed of twelve chemical species: one mono-, three di-, three tri-, three tetra-, one penta-, and one hexachlorobenzene. Most of these are not only important intermediates for various kinds of chemicals but are also extensively employed for various applications singly or in combination. For example, 1,4-dichlorobenzene is used chiefly against termites in soil; trichlorobenzenes are used as solvents for pesticides and also as heat transfer agents with PCBs; the mixture of trichlorobenzene and tetrachlorobenzene is applied in controlling shellfish predators; and hexachlorobenzene is applied to wheat as a fungicide in some countries and as an additive to rubber products. The annual production (1973) of monochlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene in Japan was about 23,000, 9000, and 20,000, tons, respectively. Production volumes of other chlorinated benzenes are not well known but are assumed to be smaller than those of the above three compounds. The total annual production of chlorinated benzenes far surpasses the peak production of PCBs (7000 tons/year) which are known as a ubiquitous pollutant in this country. Since chlorinated benzenes have a chemical structure and properties similar to those of PCBs and PCTs, it seemed necessary to direct our attention to environmental contamination by these materials. The present paper describes only the occurrence and the fate of these materials. Toxicity and biological impact are not referred to here.", "contents": "Chlorinated benzenes in the environment. Chlorinated benzenes are composed of twelve chemical species: one mono-, three di-, three tri-, three tetra-, one penta-, and one hexachlorobenzene. Most of these are not only important intermediates for various kinds of chemicals but are also extensively employed for various applications singly or in combination. For example, 1,4-dichlorobenzene is used chiefly against termites in soil; trichlorobenzenes are used as solvents for pesticides and also as heat transfer agents with PCBs; the mixture of trichlorobenzene and tetrachlorobenzene is applied in controlling shellfish predators; and hexachlorobenzene is applied to wheat as a fungicide in some countries and as an additive to rubber products. The annual production (1973) of monochlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene in Japan was about 23,000, 9000, and 20,000, tons, respectively. Production volumes of other chlorinated benzenes are not well known but are assumed to be smaller than those of the above three compounds. The total annual production of chlorinated benzenes far surpasses the peak production of PCBs (7000 tons/year) which are known as a ubiquitous pollutant in this country. Since chlorinated benzenes have a chemical structure and properties similar to those of PCBs and PCTs, it seemed necessary to direct our attention to environmental contamination by these materials. The present paper describes only the occurrence and the fate of these materials. Toxicity and biological impact are not referred to here."}
{"id": "PMID:361370", "title": "Biological interactions of N-nitroso compounds: a review.", "content": "There have been efforts to acquire information on the carcinogenic hazards of environmental materials to which humans are exposed since the earliest indications that chemicals can induce cancer in man. N-Nitroso compounds represent a major class of important chemical carcinogens and mutagens that have been implicated as hazardous substances in the environment. This review discusses the relevant chemistry and biotransformation of N-nitroso compounds. It also considers the interaction of these compounds with biological material. Nitrosamines and nitrosamides have been shown to be versatile tools for the study of mutagenic and carcinogenic processes and also lend themselves to structure/activity studies. Attention is drawn to recent developments concerning the relationship between mammalian metabolism of N-nitroso compounds and the relative susceptibility to carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. The usefulness of nitrosamines and nitrosamides in mutagenicity and carcinogenicity studies has been amply demonstrated, and continued work with these substances can lead to a better understanding and evaluation of the potential risks of chemicals in the environment.", "contents": "Biological interactions of N-nitroso compounds: a review. There have been efforts to acquire information on the carcinogenic hazards of environmental materials to which humans are exposed since the earliest indications that chemicals can induce cancer in man. N-Nitroso compounds represent a major class of important chemical carcinogens and mutagens that have been implicated as hazardous substances in the environment. This review discusses the relevant chemistry and biotransformation of N-nitroso compounds. It also considers the interaction of these compounds with biological material. Nitrosamines and nitrosamides have been shown to be versatile tools for the study of mutagenic and carcinogenic processes and also lend themselves to structure/activity studies. Attention is drawn to recent developments concerning the relationship between mammalian metabolism of N-nitroso compounds and the relative susceptibility to carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. The usefulness of nitrosamines and nitrosamides in mutagenicity and carcinogenicity studies has been amply demonstrated, and continued work with these substances can lead to a better understanding and evaluation of the potential risks of chemicals in the environment."}
{"id": "PMID:361371", "title": "Human experience with dieldrin in perspective.", "content": "In this paper, the follow-up results of a long-term study of industrial workers are presented. In themselves, these results may be of interest. It is, however, in the context of all the known facts, in its synthesis with other studies that this human experience in pesticide manufacturing assumes its proper significance. Therefore, related animal and other studies are briefly mentioned before the results of our clinical--epidemiological human study. Thus, the latter can be placed in context, and conclusions can be based on all the established facts rather than on the opinions on isolated aspects.", "contents": "Human experience with dieldrin in perspective. In this paper, the follow-up results of a long-term study of industrial workers are presented. In themselves, these results may be of interest. It is, however, in the context of all the known facts, in its synthesis with other studies that this human experience in pesticide manufacturing assumes its proper significance. Therefore, related animal and other studies are briefly mentioned before the results of our clinical--epidemiological human study. Thus, the latter can be placed in context, and conclusions can be based on all the established facts rather than on the opinions on isolated aspects."}
{"id": "PMID:361372", "title": "Color chemistry and the environment.", "content": "Dyes, and by extension the various organic compounds used for coloration, including organic pigments and fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), are among the organic chemicals which we encounter as technological and functional necessities in nearly every sphere of our daily lives. They also greatly influence our mood and thus contribute enormously to the very quality of the lives we lead. At the same time we have come to realize that our achievements and continuing technological progress are only worthwhile provided they pose no hazard to the environment. Tremendous efforts have been undertaken on a worldwide scale to identify, measure, evaluate, and eliminate the undesirable effects of chemicals and, hence, dyes on man and the environment. The present paper deals in particular with the environmental problems associated with the manufacture and use of dyes, problems so complex and so varied in impact that only a discerning appraisal can put them into proper perspective. An attempt is made to define and evaluate these problems and to show, with reference to selected examples, what measures have been and are being implemented to overcome them. Various aspects of the relevant legal regulations, the obligation on manufacturers to take due care in their operations, and product liability are touched upon. This much is certain: A good deal of creative, interdisciplinary effort and meticulous attention to minor detail will be necessary to master existing and future environmental problems in this area. That is the challenge facing all scientists engaged in color chemistry.", "contents": "Color chemistry and the environment. Dyes, and by extension the various organic compounds used for coloration, including organic pigments and fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), are among the organic chemicals which we encounter as technological and functional necessities in nearly every sphere of our daily lives. They also greatly influence our mood and thus contribute enormously to the very quality of the lives we lead. At the same time we have come to realize that our achievements and continuing technological progress are only worthwhile provided they pose no hazard to the environment. Tremendous efforts have been undertaken on a worldwide scale to identify, measure, evaluate, and eliminate the undesirable effects of chemicals and, hence, dyes on man and the environment. The present paper deals in particular with the environmental problems associated with the manufacture and use of dyes, problems so complex and so varied in impact that only a discerning appraisal can put them into proper perspective. An attempt is made to define and evaluate these problems and to show, with reference to selected examples, what measures have been and are being implemented to overcome them. Various aspects of the relevant legal regulations, the obligation on manufacturers to take due care in their operations, and product liability are touched upon. This much is certain: A good deal of creative, interdisciplinary effort and meticulous attention to minor detail will be necessary to master existing and future environmental problems in this area. That is the challenge facing all scientists engaged in color chemistry."}
{"id": "PMID:361377", "title": "[Risk of psychotropic drug potentiation by dipropylacetamide (16 cases)].", "content": "We report 16 cases in which there is a dangerous potentialization of psychotropic drugs with dipropylacetamide, and compare them with 19 cases possible to control, that dipropylacetamide used alone, or in another association, was well tolerated. We pointed out the importance of a depressive evolution, and of dangerous associations, mainly with tricyclic compounds, lorazepam and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Clinical signs are described; they consist in a fast evolutive syndrome, which is the same that \"syndrome malin of psychotrops\" with neurovegetative signs and central fever, or ingravescent wakefulness disorders and spasmodic cerebellar signs. The importance for the diagnosis and the prognosis of E.E.G. data is pointed out; plasma levels determination does not seem to give important data. Drugs interactions studies are very important in the clinical evaluation of psychotrops. Several drugs may interact with dipropylacetamide. This fact sustains some hypothesises about the action site of the drug.", "contents": "[Risk of psychotropic drug potentiation by dipropylacetamide (16 cases)]. We report 16 cases in which there is a dangerous potentialization of psychotropic drugs with dipropylacetamide, and compare them with 19 cases possible to control, that dipropylacetamide used alone, or in another association, was well tolerated. We pointed out the importance of a depressive evolution, and of dangerous associations, mainly with tricyclic compounds, lorazepam and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Clinical signs are described; they consist in a fast evolutive syndrome, which is the same that \"syndrome malin of psychotrops\" with neurovegetative signs and central fever, or ingravescent wakefulness disorders and spasmodic cerebellar signs. The importance for the diagnosis and the prognosis of E.E.G. data is pointed out; plasma levels determination does not seem to give important data. Drugs interactions studies are very important in the clinical evaluation of psychotrops. Several drugs may interact with dipropylacetamide. This fact sustains some hypothesises about the action site of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:361378", "title": "In vitro effect of LH-RH on RNA content and synthesis in isolated anterior pituitary cells from intact and castrated female rats.", "content": "The in vitro effect of LH-RH on isolated anterior pituitary cells from intact and castrated female rats has been examined. The cells isolated by trypsin maintained their viability and the ability to response to LH-RH by the release of LH. During the incubation period LH-RH significantly reduced the uridine incorporation into RNA in anterior pituitary cells from both intact and castrated females. There was a time- and dose-dependent response correlation. The RNA content was not affected by LH-RH after 2 h incubation. The administration of the LH-RH with estradiol showed a similar effect.", "contents": "In vitro effect of LH-RH on RNA content and synthesis in isolated anterior pituitary cells from intact and castrated female rats. The in vitro effect of LH-RH on isolated anterior pituitary cells from intact and castrated female rats has been examined. The cells isolated by trypsin maintained their viability and the ability to response to LH-RH by the release of LH. During the incubation period LH-RH significantly reduced the uridine incorporation into RNA in anterior pituitary cells from both intact and castrated females. There was a time- and dose-dependent response correlation. The RNA content was not affected by LH-RH after 2 h incubation. The administration of the LH-RH with estradiol showed a similar effect."}
{"id": "PMID:361379", "title": "The effect of prednisolone and metyrapone on FSH release induced by the administration of LRH.", "content": "The response of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to a single injection of synthetic LRH was established in 7 and 6 women following an intramuscular dose of 0.2 mg and 0.1 mg. The secretion of FSH was greater in the group injected with 0.2 mg LRH than in the group injected with 0.1 mg. On the other hand, the response of FSH to a single injection of LRH (0.1 mg/subject) was established in 7 men before and after the pretreatment with metyrapone for one dat (4.5 g/subject). Pretreatment with metyrapone provoked a hypersecretion of FSH following a single injection of synthetic LRH. Seven women, 21--48 years of age who were treated with prednisolone for at least 1.5 months were examined for the responsiveness of the anterior pituitary to a single injection of synthetic LRH (0.2 MG). The secretion of FSH was not suppressed and the maximal serum level of FSH was observed 60 min after LRH injection.", "contents": "The effect of prednisolone and metyrapone on FSH release induced by the administration of LRH. The response of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to a single injection of synthetic LRH was established in 7 and 6 women following an intramuscular dose of 0.2 mg and 0.1 mg. The secretion of FSH was greater in the group injected with 0.2 mg LRH than in the group injected with 0.1 mg. On the other hand, the response of FSH to a single injection of LRH (0.1 mg/subject) was established in 7 men before and after the pretreatment with metyrapone for one dat (4.5 g/subject). Pretreatment with metyrapone provoked a hypersecretion of FSH following a single injection of synthetic LRH. Seven women, 21--48 years of age who were treated with prednisolone for at least 1.5 months were examined for the responsiveness of the anterior pituitary to a single injection of synthetic LRH (0.2 MG). The secretion of FSH was not suppressed and the maximal serum level of FSH was observed 60 min after LRH injection."}
{"id": "PMID:361380", "title": "Effect of steroids in combination with LH-RH on the release of LH and FSH in LH-RH-primed immature male rat.", "content": "LH and FSH release of immature male rats was remarkedably enhanced by LH-RH if primed with LH-RH one hour before. The effect of exogenous steroids on the action of the second LH-RH was investigated. C-18, C-19 and C-21 steroids in different doses were tested. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein immediately before and 30 min after the second LH-RH injection. Serum LH and FSH were determined by respective radioimmunoassays. The concomitant increase of LH and FSH was not induced by all the steroids administered iv. Estrone or 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone suppressed LH and FSH release. Estradiol-17beta preferentially suppressed LH release. Cortisone, progesterone or dehydroepiandrosterone significantly facilitated FSH release, whiel 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone or 20beta-dihydroprogesterone selectively promoted LH release. The sc injection of most steroids dissolved in oil tended to augment the acute release of LH but not FSH. 20alpha-Dihydroprogesterone was particularly potent in this concern. Dehydroepiandrosterone or androstenedione was effective in maintaining FSH release for a longer period. These data revealed that potentiated LH and FSH release induced by the second LH-RH was readily modified by steroids administered simultaneously.", "contents": "Effect of steroids in combination with LH-RH on the release of LH and FSH in LH-RH-primed immature male rat. LH and FSH release of immature male rats was remarkedably enhanced by LH-RH if primed with LH-RH one hour before. The effect of exogenous steroids on the action of the second LH-RH was investigated. C-18, C-19 and C-21 steroids in different doses were tested. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein immediately before and 30 min after the second LH-RH injection. Serum LH and FSH were determined by respective radioimmunoassays. The concomitant increase of LH and FSH was not induced by all the steroids administered iv. Estrone or 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone suppressed LH and FSH release. Estradiol-17beta preferentially suppressed LH release. Cortisone, progesterone or dehydroepiandrosterone significantly facilitated FSH release, whiel 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone or 20beta-dihydroprogesterone selectively promoted LH release. The sc injection of most steroids dissolved in oil tended to augment the acute release of LH but not FSH. 20alpha-Dihydroprogesterone was particularly potent in this concern. Dehydroepiandrosterone or androstenedione was effective in maintaining FSH release for a longer period. These data revealed that potentiated LH and FSH release induced by the second LH-RH was readily modified by steroids administered simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:361392", "title": "RNA-protein neighbourhoods of the ribosome obtained by crosslinking.", "content": "It is possible to crosslink protein to nucleic acid with diepoxybutane which reacts mainly with the N-7 of guanine as well as the thiol and aminogroups in protein; the resulting crosslinked complexes are cleavable. When this reagent is applied to ribosomes, even under conditions that minimize the extent of reaction, at least half of the ribosomal proteins can be recovered crosslinked to one or other of the major ribosomal RNA species. In addition, one fourth of the proteins can be recovered crosslinked to the RNA of the heterologous ribosomal subunit. Some of the remaining proteins may also be crosslinkable to the RNA, but additional experiments are required to confirm this.", "contents": "RNA-protein neighbourhoods of the ribosome obtained by crosslinking. It is possible to crosslink protein to nucleic acid with diepoxybutane which reacts mainly with the N-7 of guanine as well as the thiol and aminogroups in protein; the resulting crosslinked complexes are cleavable. When this reagent is applied to ribosomes, even under conditions that minimize the extent of reaction, at least half of the ribosomal proteins can be recovered crosslinked to one or other of the major ribosomal RNA species. In addition, one fourth of the proteins can be recovered crosslinked to the RNA of the heterologous ribosomal subunit. Some of the remaining proteins may also be crosslinkable to the RNA, but additional experiments are required to confirm this."}
{"id": "PMID:361393", "title": "A study of the thermal unfolding of Escherichia coli phenylalanine transfer RNA by chemical modification at elevated temperatures.", "content": "Escherichia coli tRNAPhe was modified by 3 M sodium bisulphite pH 6.0 for 24 h in the temperature range 25 degrees C (x 5 degrees C) to 55 degrees C and in the absence of added magnesium ions. The sites and extents of conversion of cytidines to uridine occurring at each temperature were determined by fingerprinting. The new sites of cytidine modification found at higher reaction temperatures were assumed to arise from breakage of secondary and tertiary structure hydrogen bonds involving cytidine residues. From these data, we conclude that hydrogen bonds within the 'complex core' of the tRNA (including the base pairs G-10 . C-25, C-11 . G-24 and C-13 . G-21 within the dihydrouridine stem and the tertiary structure base pair G-15 . C-48 melt at a lower temperature than the tertiary structure hydrogen bonds between G-19 in the dihydrouridine loop and C-56 in the TpsiC loop.", "contents": "A study of the thermal unfolding of Escherichia coli phenylalanine transfer RNA by chemical modification at elevated temperatures. Escherichia coli tRNAPhe was modified by 3 M sodium bisulphite pH 6.0 for 24 h in the temperature range 25 degrees C (x 5 degrees C) to 55 degrees C and in the absence of added magnesium ions. The sites and extents of conversion of cytidines to uridine occurring at each temperature were determined by fingerprinting. The new sites of cytidine modification found at higher reaction temperatures were assumed to arise from breakage of secondary and tertiary structure hydrogen bonds involving cytidine residues. From these data, we conclude that hydrogen bonds within the 'complex core' of the tRNA (including the base pairs G-10 . C-25, C-11 . G-24 and C-13 . G-21 within the dihydrouridine stem and the tertiary structure base pair G-15 . C-48 melt at a lower temperature than the tertiary structure hydrogen bonds between G-19 in the dihydrouridine loop and C-56 in the TpsiC loop."}
{"id": "PMID:361395", "title": "Dioxygen and temperature dependence of ubiquinone formation in Escherichia coli: studies of cells charged with 2-octaprenyl phenol.", "content": "The multiple aromatic auxotroph Escherichia coli K-12 strain AB 2847 (aroB-) was conditioned for efficient ubiquinone-8 formation. Resting cells readily convert 4-hydroxy[U-14C]benzoate into ubiquinone-8 (60 nmol per g wet weight). Under argon this processing stops at the stage of 2-octaprenyl phenol. Only upon admission of air is the pool of 2-octaprenyl phenol converted to ubiquinone-8. This reaction occurs in the cytoplasmic membrane and is significantly inhibited by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. The rate for 2-octaprenyl phenol conversion is strongly dependent on temperature. The Arrhenius plot shows inflection points at 32 degrees C and 16 degrees C. Enzymes for ubiquinone-8 synthesis are absent from anaerobically grown E. coli. Processing of 4-hydroxy[U-14C]benzoate by these cells starts only when protein synthesis is permitted under aerobic conditions.", "contents": "Dioxygen and temperature dependence of ubiquinone formation in Escherichia coli: studies of cells charged with 2-octaprenyl phenol. The multiple aromatic auxotroph Escherichia coli K-12 strain AB 2847 (aroB-) was conditioned for efficient ubiquinone-8 formation. Resting cells readily convert 4-hydroxy[U-14C]benzoate into ubiquinone-8 (60 nmol per g wet weight). Under argon this processing stops at the stage of 2-octaprenyl phenol. Only upon admission of air is the pool of 2-octaprenyl phenol converted to ubiquinone-8. This reaction occurs in the cytoplasmic membrane and is significantly inhibited by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. The rate for 2-octaprenyl phenol conversion is strongly dependent on temperature. The Arrhenius plot shows inflection points at 32 degrees C and 16 degrees C. Enzymes for ubiquinone-8 synthesis are absent from anaerobically grown E. coli. Processing of 4-hydroxy[U-14C]benzoate by these cells starts only when protein synthesis is permitted under aerobic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:361396", "title": "Polynucleotide-protein interactions in the translation system. Detection of contacts between some ribosomal split proteins and 16-S RNA in 30-S subunits of Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "Direct contacts between 16-S RNA and split proteins S2, S3, S5, S14 and S21 inside the 30-S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes were evidenced by the formation of ultraviolet-induced (lambda = 254 nm) RNA-protein cross-links. 30-S subunits were reassembled from core particles and a mixture of split proteins containing in each case a single 125I-labelled protein. All the proteins tested are cross-linked as a result of a single-hit process; proteins S3 and S21 were cross-linked at the highest rate.", "contents": "Polynucleotide-protein interactions in the translation system. Detection of contacts between some ribosomal split proteins and 16-S RNA in 30-S subunits of Escherichia coli ribosomes. Direct contacts between 16-S RNA and split proteins S2, S3, S5, S14 and S21 inside the 30-S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes were evidenced by the formation of ultraviolet-induced (lambda = 254 nm) RNA-protein cross-links. 30-S subunits were reassembled from core particles and a mixture of split proteins containing in each case a single 125I-labelled protein. All the proteins tested are cross-linked as a result of a single-hit process; proteins S3 and S21 were cross-linked at the highest rate."}
{"id": "PMID:361397", "title": "On the mechanism of assembly of the aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The mechanism of subunit assembly of aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli was studied by following the kinetics of reassociation. The isolated trimetric catalytic subunit (c3) and dimeric regulatory subunit (r2) were mixed together and formation of the dodecameric native enzyme (c6r6) was monitored by measuring changes in activity. Under appropriate conditions the reassociation was second order with respect to the c3 concentration and the effects of varying r2 concentration on the second-order rate constant were examined. An optimum R2 concentration of about 0.07 micrometer was observed. A scheme of the assembly pathways is proposed and is based on the reversible formation of c3r2n (n = 0, 1, 2 or 3) as intermediates. Various combinations of two such c3r2n species are considered as possible rate-limiting steps. This model yields an expression which relates the experimentally determined (overall) second-order rate constant to the equilibrium constant (Kd) governing the formation of c3r2n, the r2 concentration, and four coefficients which reflect the contribution of different types of assembly processes. Using previously determined values of Kd, the above expression for each r2 concentration reduces to a linear equation with four unknowns. The experimental data were subjected to multiple linear-regression analysis and values for the four coefficients were found which gave an excellent fit. Our results show that reassociation of the subunits is a fast bimolecular reaction with rate constants in excess of 10(6) M-1 s-1. Our analysis also suggests that interactions involving a total of more than three r2 subunits (e.g. the combination of c3r2 with c3r6) might contribute significantly to the overall assembly. The influence of various ligands on the reassociation rate profile was also studied. All ligands examined were partially inhibitory to the formation of native enzyme. The effects of substrates were similar to those of CTP whereas the effects of ATP were substantially different. These observations can be readily interpreted by postulating different conformational changes induced by the ligands. These changes should alter the relative orientation of the subunit contacts which must be formed in the reassociation process. The interpretation is consistent with our previous model of the allosteric mechanism.", "contents": "On the mechanism of assembly of the aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli. The mechanism of subunit assembly of aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli was studied by following the kinetics of reassociation. The isolated trimetric catalytic subunit (c3) and dimeric regulatory subunit (r2) were mixed together and formation of the dodecameric native enzyme (c6r6) was monitored by measuring changes in activity. Under appropriate conditions the reassociation was second order with respect to the c3 concentration and the effects of varying r2 concentration on the second-order rate constant were examined. An optimum R2 concentration of about 0.07 micrometer was observed. A scheme of the assembly pathways is proposed and is based on the reversible formation of c3r2n (n = 0, 1, 2 or 3) as intermediates. Various combinations of two such c3r2n species are considered as possible rate-limiting steps. This model yields an expression which relates the experimentally determined (overall) second-order rate constant to the equilibrium constant (Kd) governing the formation of c3r2n, the r2 concentration, and four coefficients which reflect the contribution of different types of assembly processes. Using previously determined values of Kd, the above expression for each r2 concentration reduces to a linear equation with four unknowns. The experimental data were subjected to multiple linear-regression analysis and values for the four coefficients were found which gave an excellent fit. Our results show that reassociation of the subunits is a fast bimolecular reaction with rate constants in excess of 10(6) M-1 s-1. Our analysis also suggests that interactions involving a total of more than three r2 subunits (e.g. the combination of c3r2 with c3r6) might contribute significantly to the overall assembly. The influence of various ligands on the reassociation rate profile was also studied. All ligands examined were partially inhibitory to the formation of native enzyme. The effects of substrates were similar to those of CTP whereas the effects of ATP were substantially different. These observations can be readily interpreted by postulating different conformational changes induced by the ligands. These changes should alter the relative orientation of the subunit contacts which must be formed in the reassociation process. The interpretation is consistent with our previous model of the allosteric mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:361398", "title": "Enzymic and chemical synthesis of epilson-N-(L-propionyl-2)-L-lysine.", "content": "Pyruvate was shown to act as an oxo acid substrate in the reverse direction of saccharopine dehydrogenase [epsilon N-(L-glutaryl-2)-L-lysine: NAD oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)] reaction. The enzymic condensation product of lysine and pyruvate was isolated and identified as epsilon-N-(L-propionyl-2)-L-lysine by comparison with the synthetic compound. A method for the chemical preparation of diastereoisomers of epsilon-N-(propionyl-2)-L-lysine is also described.", "contents": "Enzymic and chemical synthesis of epilson-N-(L-propionyl-2)-L-lysine. Pyruvate was shown to act as an oxo acid substrate in the reverse direction of saccharopine dehydrogenase [epsilon N-(L-glutaryl-2)-L-lysine: NAD oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)] reaction. The enzymic condensation product of lysine and pyruvate was isolated and identified as epsilon-N-(L-propionyl-2)-L-lysine by comparison with the synthetic compound. A method for the chemical preparation of diastereoisomers of epsilon-N-(propionyl-2)-L-lysine is also described."}
{"id": "PMID:361399", "title": "The N-terminal sequence protein of L7/L 12 is responsible for its dimerization.", "content": "Ultracentrifuge studies of intact protein L7/L12, of its fragments  27--120, 1--74 and 74--120 and of protein L7/L12 with oxidized methionine residues, indicate that the N-terminal sequence of the protein L7/L12 is responsible for its dimerization. The symmetry model of the dimer is discussed.", "contents": "The N-terminal sequence protein of L7/L 12 is responsible for its dimerization. Ultracentrifuge studies of intact protein L7/L12, of its fragments  27--120, 1--74 and 74--120 and of protein L7/L12 with oxidized methionine residues, indicate that the N-terminal sequence of the protein L7/L12 is responsible for its dimerization. The symmetry model of the dimer is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:361400", "title": "Studies on the structure of protein L7/L12 from Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "Circular dichroism, infrared and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as microcalorimetry methods were used to investigate the intact proteins L7/L12 in solution and their different derivatives (L7 with oxidized residues of methionine, fragments 27--120, 1--73 and 74--120)- On the basis of the data obtained the following conclusions have been drawn: (a) there is no beta structure in the protein L7, (B) the N-terminal region of L7 forms a long alpha helix (c) the Phe-30 residue within the N-terminal region of L7 takes part in the dimerization, (d) the C-terminal of L7 is globular and (e) the Phe-54 residue is included in the hydrophobic core of the globular C-terminal region.", "contents": "Studies on the structure of protein L7/L12 from Escherichia coli ribosomes. Circular dichroism, infrared and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as microcalorimetry methods were used to investigate the intact proteins L7/L12 in solution and their different derivatives (L7 with oxidized residues of methionine, fragments 27--120, 1--73 and 74--120)- On the basis of the data obtained the following conclusions have been drawn: (a) there is no beta structure in the protein L7, (B) the N-terminal region of L7 forms a long alpha helix (c) the Phe-30 residue within the N-terminal region of L7 takes part in the dimerization, (d) the C-terminal of L7 is globular and (e) the Phe-54 residue is included in the hydrophobic core of the globular C-terminal region."}
{"id": "PMID:361401", "title": "Dimer state of protein L7/L12 and EF-G-dependent reactions of ribosomes.", "content": "A number of different monomer and dimer derivatives of protein L7/L12 has been studied in EF-G-dependent reactions on the ribosome. It has been shown that only dimer derivatives of protein L7/L12 are able to interact with the ribosome. This means that it is the dimer forms of protein L7/L12 that are present in the functionally active ribosome. It is likely that the N-terminal sequence of protein L7/L12 is responsible for dimerization of the protein in solution and at the same time contributes mainly to the interaction of the protein L7/L12 dimer with the ribosome. The results obtained suggest that there are four copies of protein L7/L12 in the translating ribosome.", "contents": "Dimer state of protein L7/L12 and EF-G-dependent reactions of ribosomes. A number of different monomer and dimer derivatives of protein L7/L12 has been studied in EF-G-dependent reactions on the ribosome. It has been shown that only dimer derivatives of protein L7/L12 are able to interact with the ribosome. This means that it is the dimer forms of protein L7/L12 that are present in the functionally active ribosome. It is likely that the N-terminal sequence of protein L7/L12 is responsible for dimerization of the protein in solution and at the same time contributes mainly to the interaction of the protein L7/L12 dimer with the ribosome. The results obtained suggest that there are four copies of protein L7/L12 in the translating ribosome."}
{"id": "PMID:361403", "title": "Response of the pyrimidine pathway of Escherichia coli K 12 to exogenous adenine and uracil.", "content": "The effect of exogenous adenine or uracil upon the de novo pathway for synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides in Escherichia coli K12 was investigated. Parameters studied were levels of the enzymes carbamoyl phosphate synthase (EC 2.7.2.9), aspartate carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.2) and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.10) and the intermediates carbamoyl phosphate, aspartate and orotate, together with the contributions of exogenous uracil and aspartate to intracellular pyrimidine nucleotide. Taken with earlier data [Bagnara, A.S. & Finch, L. R. (1974) Eur. J. Biochem- 41, 421--430] on contents of UTP, CTP and 5-phosphoribosyl 1-diphosphate in cultures of this strain after the addition of adenine or uracil, the results obtained provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms operating on the pathway in vivo. These insights enable evaluation of the contributions of such factors as limitation for a substrate, feed-back allosteric control by end products and enzyme repression/depression mechanisms. The evidence presented indicates that depressed levels of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase in E. coli K12 result in the wasteful ultilization of asparatate for excess synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotide precursors during balanced growth of the strain in minimal medium. Exogenous adenine increases the excessive accumulation of these precursors by lowering the intracellular content of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-diphosphate (Bagnara and Finch, 1974). This causes a decrease in the conversion of orotate to orotidine 5'-monophosphate, thus lowering the utilization or orotate and its precursors for synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Further, since the contents of these nucleotide end products are thereby decreased (Bagnara nad Finch, 1974), theri feed-back on the early steps in the pathway is diminished and the production of the precursors is increased. It is postulated that growth of E. coli K12 under these conditions is limited by a compound that is metabolically related to precursors to aspartate.", "contents": "Response of the pyrimidine pathway of Escherichia coli K 12 to exogenous adenine and uracil. The effect of exogenous adenine or uracil upon the de novo pathway for synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides in Escherichia coli K12 was investigated. Parameters studied were levels of the enzymes carbamoyl phosphate synthase (EC 2.7.2.9), aspartate carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.2) and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.10) and the intermediates carbamoyl phosphate, aspartate and orotate, together with the contributions of exogenous uracil and aspartate to intracellular pyrimidine nucleotide. Taken with earlier data [Bagnara, A.S. & Finch, L. R. (1974) Eur. J. Biochem- 41, 421--430] on contents of UTP, CTP and 5-phosphoribosyl 1-diphosphate in cultures of this strain after the addition of adenine or uracil, the results obtained provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms operating on the pathway in vivo. These insights enable evaluation of the contributions of such factors as limitation for a substrate, feed-back allosteric control by end products and enzyme repression/depression mechanisms. The evidence presented indicates that depressed levels of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase in E. coli K12 result in the wasteful ultilization of asparatate for excess synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotide precursors during balanced growth of the strain in minimal medium. Exogenous adenine increases the excessive accumulation of these precursors by lowering the intracellular content of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-diphosphate (Bagnara and Finch, 1974). This causes a decrease in the conversion of orotate to orotidine 5'-monophosphate, thus lowering the utilization or orotate and its precursors for synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Further, since the contents of these nucleotide end products are thereby decreased (Bagnara nad Finch, 1974), theri feed-back on the early steps in the pathway is diminished and the production of the precursors is increased. It is postulated that growth of E. coli K12 under these conditions is limited by a compound that is metabolically related to precursors to aspartate."}
{"id": "PMID:361405", "title": "Evidences for the existence of two steps in DNA replication obtained in toluene-treated Escherichia coli.", "content": "Toluene-treated Escherichia coli can synthesize DNA in the presence of precursors and ATP [Moses, R.E. & Richardson, C.C. (1970) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 67, 674--681]. The replacement of ATP by another NTP or dNTP leads to the premature arrest of the reaction. Residual synthesis in the presence of an NTP or dNTP other than ATP differs from the complete reaction in the presence of ATP because it is less sensitive to nalidixic acid and novobiocin and because its maximal activity can be obtained with lower concentrations of dNTP or shorter times of toluene treatment. However, like the complete reaction, residual synthesis occurs at the replication fork pre-existing in vivo at the time of toluenization, produces short and long pieces of DNA, is inhibited by arabinosyl-adenine triphosphate, azide or mitomycin C, and is dependent on the dnaE, DNAB and dnaG gene products. We conclude from these data that ATP is specifically required for a step in DNA replication which involves the activity of DNA gyrase, the target of nalidixic acid and novobiocin [Higgins, N.P., Peebles, C.L., Sugino, A. & Cozzarelli, N.R. (1978) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 1773-1777]. In the absence of DNA gyrase activity, short DNA pieces are formed and sealed but only a limited amount of the chromosome can be replicated (residual synthesis). In the presence of DNA gyrase activity, DNA synthesis can occur on a longer portion of the chromosome (complete synthesis).", "contents": "Evidences for the existence of two steps in DNA replication obtained in toluene-treated Escherichia coli. Toluene-treated Escherichia coli can synthesize DNA in the presence of precursors and ATP [Moses, R.E. & Richardson, C.C. (1970) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 67, 674--681]. The replacement of ATP by another NTP or dNTP leads to the premature arrest of the reaction. Residual synthesis in the presence of an NTP or dNTP other than ATP differs from the complete reaction in the presence of ATP because it is less sensitive to nalidixic acid and novobiocin and because its maximal activity can be obtained with lower concentrations of dNTP or shorter times of toluene treatment. However, like the complete reaction, residual synthesis occurs at the replication fork pre-existing in vivo at the time of toluenization, produces short and long pieces of DNA, is inhibited by arabinosyl-adenine triphosphate, azide or mitomycin C, and is dependent on the dnaE, DNAB and dnaG gene products. We conclude from these data that ATP is specifically required for a step in DNA replication which involves the activity of DNA gyrase, the target of nalidixic acid and novobiocin [Higgins, N.P., Peebles, C.L., Sugino, A. & Cozzarelli, N.R. (1978) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 1773-1777]. In the absence of DNA gyrase activity, short DNA pieces are formed and sealed but only a limited amount of the chromosome can be replicated (residual synthesis). In the presence of DNA gyrase activity, DNA synthesis can occur on a longer portion of the chromosome (complete synthesis)."}
{"id": "PMID:361406", "title": "Binding of Cibacron Blue F3GA to flavocytochrome b2 from baker's yeast.", "content": "1. Flavin-free cytochrome b2 has been prepared by rapid Sephadex filtration at acid pH. The method, which yields an apo-enzyme with high reconstitution potential and has several advantages over previously used procedures, is described in detail. 2. Flavin-free cytochrome b2 thus prepared is retained by blue-dextran-bound Sepharose. It can be eluted by an increase in ionic strength, by dilute ethylene glycol and specifically by low concentrations of FMN. The holoenzyme is not retarded at all. 3. Both flavin-free and holocytochrome b2 bind Cibacron blue F3GA with appearance of distinct difference spectra. Cibacron blue is an inhibitor for the holoenzyme, it shows mixed type inhibition with respect to lactate. 4. It is concluded that there are two types of binding sites for Cibacron blue F3GA on flavocytochrome b2. Both possess ionic and hydrophobic character; one of them, which is the flavin binding site, is only available in the absence of the cofactor. Taken together these results may mean that the enzyme possesses a local flavin-binding structure similar to the 'dinucleotide fold'.", "contents": "Binding of Cibacron Blue F3GA to flavocytochrome b2 from baker's yeast. 1. Flavin-free cytochrome b2 has been prepared by rapid Sephadex filtration at acid pH. The method, which yields an apo-enzyme with high reconstitution potential and has several advantages over previously used procedures, is described in detail. 2. Flavin-free cytochrome b2 thus prepared is retained by blue-dextran-bound Sepharose. It can be eluted by an increase in ionic strength, by dilute ethylene glycol and specifically by low concentrations of FMN. The holoenzyme is not retarded at all. 3. Both flavin-free and holocytochrome b2 bind Cibacron blue F3GA with appearance of distinct difference spectra. Cibacron blue is an inhibitor for the holoenzyme, it shows mixed type inhibition with respect to lactate. 4. It is concluded that there are two types of binding sites for Cibacron blue F3GA on flavocytochrome b2. Both possess ionic and hydrophobic character; one of them, which is the flavin binding site, is only available in the absence of the cofactor. Taken together these results may mean that the enzyme possesses a local flavin-binding structure similar to the 'dinucleotide fold'."}
{"id": "PMID:361407", "title": "Involvement of ribosomal protein S1 in the assembly of the initiation complex.", "content": "Antibodies against ribosomal protein S1 (anti-S1) have been used to determine the function of S1 in the partial reactions involved in the translation of MS2 RNA in vitro. Vacant ribosomes are fully sensitive to the antibodies, whereas elongating ribosomes are resistant. We have determined at which stage of translation the resistance to anti-S1 is acquired. We find that insensitivity to anti-S1 already arises upon mixing 30-S subunits with MS2 RNA. Apparently the two particles form a complex in which S1 is functionally protected against its antibody. Complex formation depends on elevated temperature, a suitable ionic environment and it is stimulated by the initiation factor IF-3. It does not depend on IF-1, IF-2 or fMet-tRNA. Thus ribosomes have the potential to recognize the messenger in the absence of fMet-tRNA. Protein S1 appears directly involved in this primary recognition reaction.", "contents": "Involvement of ribosomal protein S1 in the assembly of the initiation complex. Antibodies against ribosomal protein S1 (anti-S1) have been used to determine the function of S1 in the partial reactions involved in the translation of MS2 RNA in vitro. Vacant ribosomes are fully sensitive to the antibodies, whereas elongating ribosomes are resistant. We have determined at which stage of translation the resistance to anti-S1 is acquired. We find that insensitivity to anti-S1 already arises upon mixing 30-S subunits with MS2 RNA. Apparently the two particles form a complex in which S1 is functionally protected against its antibody. Complex formation depends on elevated temperature, a suitable ionic environment and it is stimulated by the initiation factor IF-3. It does not depend on IF-1, IF-2 or fMet-tRNA. Thus ribosomes have the potential to recognize the messenger in the absence of fMet-tRNA. Protein S1 appears directly involved in this primary recognition reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:361408", "title": "Treatment of disturbances of consciousness caused by measles encephalitis with levodopa.", "content": "Results are reported of a double-blind trial with L-dopa in 39 patients with measles encephalitis. In this treatment series, L-dopa improved the state of awareness and the diffuse disturbances in the EEG. There was a significant difference too, regarding the outcome between patients treated with L-dopa and placebo. The death rate in the L-dopa-treated group was lower and there were fewer mental sequelae. It is suggested, that L-dopa should be used in patients with measles encephalitis.", "contents": "Treatment of disturbances of consciousness caused by measles encephalitis with levodopa. Results are reported of a double-blind trial with L-dopa in 39 patients with measles encephalitis. In this treatment series, L-dopa improved the state of awareness and the diffuse disturbances in the EEG. There was a significant difference too, regarding the outcome between patients treated with L-dopa and placebo. The death rate in the L-dopa-treated group was lower and there were fewer mental sequelae. It is suggested, that L-dopa should be used in patients with measles encephalitis."}
{"id": "PMID:361409", "title": "An improved method in rabbit intubation and thymectomy.", "content": "A procedure is developed for endotracheal intubation followed by positive pressure ventilation anaesthesia, allowing major thoracic surgery, including thymectomy, to be performed in the young and adult rabbit. A method is described to bring the animal in a position favourable for thymectomy. A detailed description is given of a thymus ablation technique in which the thoracic wall is left intact.", "contents": "An improved method in rabbit intubation and thymectomy. A procedure is developed for endotracheal intubation followed by positive pressure ventilation anaesthesia, allowing major thoracic surgery, including thymectomy, to be performed in the young and adult rabbit. A method is described to bring the animal in a position favourable for thymectomy. A detailed description is given of a thymus ablation technique in which the thoracic wall is left intact."}
{"id": "PMID:361410", "title": "Further experiences with the specific red cell adherence test (SRCA) in bladder cancer. a histological and cytological study.", "content": "The red cell adherence test allows the disclosure of the blood group antigens incorporated on the surface of the urothelium. In the course of dedifferentiation the urothelium will lose its antigenicity. We applied this test on superfical bladder tumours (T1), carcinoma in situ and cytological specimens and observed a close correlation between the test results and the course of the disease, e.g. if the test was positive the recurrent tumour would be superficial and vice versa. As a rule the negative results revealed atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ as areas of potentially malignant and invasive tumours. With the application of the red cell adherence test to cytological preparations we can probably improve the accuracy of the cytological examination in cases of transitional cancer of low malignancy.", "contents": "Further experiences with the specific red cell adherence test (SRCA) in bladder cancer. a histological and cytological study. The red cell adherence test allows the disclosure of the blood group antigens incorporated on the surface of the urothelium. In the course of dedifferentiation the urothelium will lose its antigenicity. We applied this test on superfical bladder tumours (T1), carcinoma in situ and cytological specimens and observed a close correlation between the test results and the course of the disease, e.g. if the test was positive the recurrent tumour would be superficial and vice versa. As a rule the negative results revealed atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ as areas of potentially malignant and invasive tumours. With the application of the red cell adherence test to cytological preparations we can probably improve the accuracy of the cytological examination in cases of transitional cancer of low malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:361417", "title": "Evidence for the presence of Thy-1 on cultured thymic epithelial cells of mice and rats.", "content": "Thymic tissue of C57BL/6 mice and DA rats was cultured. After 6--8 weeks, cultures were analyzed for their capacity to absorb anti-Thy-1 serum, and for the expression of Thy-1 on the surface of different cell types by means of the indirect peroxidase labeling method. Three main cell types were identified: epithelium-like cells, fibrocyte-like cells and macrophages, but no lymphocytes were found. The presence of Thy-1 on cultured nonlymphocytic thymus-derived cells was demonstrated by their ability to absorb the cytotoxic activity of the appropriate anti-Thy-1 sera. Electron microscopical analyses of labeling experiments revealed that Thy-1 was predominantly expressed on epithelium-like cells with preference for their cell protrusions. The possible role of Thy-1 expression, both on thymocytes and thymus epithelium for cellular interaction, is discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of Thy-1 on cultured thymic epithelial cells of mice and rats. Thymic tissue of C57BL/6 mice and DA rats was cultured. After 6--8 weeks, cultures were analyzed for their capacity to absorb anti-Thy-1 serum, and for the expression of Thy-1 on the surface of different cell types by means of the indirect peroxidase labeling method. Three main cell types were identified: epithelium-like cells, fibrocyte-like cells and macrophages, but no lymphocytes were found. The presence of Thy-1 on cultured nonlymphocytic thymus-derived cells was demonstrated by their ability to absorb the cytotoxic activity of the appropriate anti-Thy-1 sera. Electron microscopical analyses of labeling experiments revealed that Thy-1 was predominantly expressed on epithelium-like cells with preference for their cell protrusions. The possible role of Thy-1 expression, both on thymocytes and thymus epithelium for cellular interaction, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:361418", "title": "Chemiluminescence and immune cell activation. I. Early activation of rat thymocytes can be monitored by chemiluminescence measurements.", "content": "Immediately after the addition of concanavalin A, rat thymocytes respond, in the presence of luminol, with a burst of chemiluminescence (CL) that can be conveniently monitored in an ordinary liquid scintillation spectrometer. Peak CL is reached after 50 sec. Addition of catalase suppresses 65% of the CL, suggesting that H2O2 generation may be its major source. CL with different kinetic characteristics can also be generated by the calcium ionophore A23187. Our rat thymocytes contain approximately 0.1% endogenous macrophages. Bone marrow-derived rat macrophages also respond to concanavalin A or A23187 stimulation with a burst of CL. However, the kinetic properties of CL as well as the inhibition of CL by catalase in these cells differ markedly from those of thymocyte preparations, suggesting that the major portion of the CL in rat thymocytes actually originates in T lymphocytes. Because CL measurements allow the monitoring of very early events in cell activation and because of the simplicity of the technique, CL measurements may become a useful method for the study of lymphocyte activation, of macrophage-lymphocyte interactions, as well as for the rapid screening for specificity and reactivity of T lymphocyte populations.", "contents": "Chemiluminescence and immune cell activation. I. Early activation of rat thymocytes can be monitored by chemiluminescence measurements. Immediately after the addition of concanavalin A, rat thymocytes respond, in the presence of luminol, with a burst of chemiluminescence (CL) that can be conveniently monitored in an ordinary liquid scintillation spectrometer. Peak CL is reached after 50 sec. Addition of catalase suppresses 65% of the CL, suggesting that H2O2 generation may be its major source. CL with different kinetic characteristics can also be generated by the calcium ionophore A23187. Our rat thymocytes contain approximately 0.1% endogenous macrophages. Bone marrow-derived rat macrophages also respond to concanavalin A or A23187 stimulation with a burst of CL. However, the kinetic properties of CL as well as the inhibition of CL by catalase in these cells differ markedly from those of thymocyte preparations, suggesting that the major portion of the CL in rat thymocytes actually originates in T lymphocytes. Because CL measurements allow the monitoring of very early events in cell activation and because of the simplicity of the technique, CL measurements may become a useful method for the study of lymphocyte activation, of macrophage-lymphocyte interactions, as well as for the rapid screening for specificity and reactivity of T lymphocyte populations."}
{"id": "PMID:361419", "title": "Incorporation of rat histocompatibility (AgB) antigens into liposomes, and their susceptibility to immune lysis.", "content": "The purification of detergent-solubilized rat histocompatibility antigens is described. The antigen may readily be incorporated into synthetic vesicles (liposomes) which appear to be unilamellar and between 0.1 microbeter and 0.2 micrometer in diameter. The addition of specific antibody leads to the agglutination and precipitation of the liposomes. An enzyme, horseradish peroxidase, may be incorporated into the trapped aqueous phase of the liposome, and its release by antibody and complement can be detected.", "contents": "Incorporation of rat histocompatibility (AgB) antigens into liposomes, and their susceptibility to immune lysis. The purification of detergent-solubilized rat histocompatibility antigens is described. The antigen may readily be incorporated into synthetic vesicles (liposomes) which appear to be unilamellar and between 0.1 microbeter and 0.2 micrometer in diameter. The addition of specific antibody leads to the agglutination and precipitation of the liposomes. An enzyme, horseradish peroxidase, may be incorporated into the trapped aqueous phase of the liposome, and its release by antibody and complement can be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:361420", "title": "Vasodilation produced by prostacyclin (PGI2) and 9(O)-thiaprostacyclin (PGI2-S) in the canine femoral circulation.", "content": "The action of 9(0)-thiaprostacyclin (PGI2-S) was compared with that of prostacyclin (PGI2) and papaverine in the femoral circulation of dogs. PGI2-S, injected into the dog femoral artery in a dose of 0.1 microgram or higher, produced marked vasodilation in the femoral artery without any change in blood pressure. The potentcy of PGI2-S was one tenth that of PGI2, and was a hundred times that of papaverine. The stability of PGI2-S in neutral solution was forty times that of PGI2.", "contents": "Vasodilation produced by prostacyclin (PGI2) and 9(O)-thiaprostacyclin (PGI2-S) in the canine femoral circulation. The action of 9(0)-thiaprostacyclin (PGI2-S) was compared with that of prostacyclin (PGI2) and papaverine in the femoral circulation of dogs. PGI2-S, injected into the dog femoral artery in a dose of 0.1 microgram or higher, produced marked vasodilation in the femoral artery without any change in blood pressure. The potentcy of PGI2-S was one tenth that of PGI2, and was a hundred times that of papaverine. The stability of PGI2-S in neutral solution was forty times that of PGI2."}
{"id": "PMID:361421", "title": "[Bibliography of technology for germfree animal research--1977 supplement (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty-two references were added to the Bibliography of Technology for Germfree Animal Research which was published in this journal; Experimental Animals 24 (4), 229--253, 1975 and 25 (3), 223--225, 1976. The literature consists of useful technical reports concerning germfree mammalian and avian research classified as follows; 1: Isolator, 2: Diets, 3: Sterilization, 4: Obtaining germfree infants and hand rearing, 5: Animal care, management and transportation, 6: Experimental methods, 7: Sterility tests and contamination, and 8: Operating and patient isolators. Abstracts and brief description with no data have been excluded.", "contents": "[Bibliography of technology for germfree animal research--1977 supplement (author's transl)]. Thirty-two references were added to the Bibliography of Technology for Germfree Animal Research which was published in this journal; Experimental Animals 24 (4), 229--253, 1975 and 25 (3), 223--225, 1976. The literature consists of useful technical reports concerning germfree mammalian and avian research classified as follows; 1: Isolator, 2: Diets, 3: Sterilization, 4: Obtaining germfree infants and hand rearing, 5: Animal care, management and transportation, 6: Experimental methods, 7: Sterility tests and contamination, and 8: Operating and patient isolators. Abstracts and brief description with no data have been excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:361426", "title": "Studies by radioiodination of normal adult, fetal and leukemic cell membranes.", "content": "A comparison was made between cord blood lymphocytes, normal adult lymphocytes and leukemic cells after membrane iodination with lactoperoxidase. A double-labeling technique using lactoperoxidase iodination with 125I and 131I followed by analysis on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a number of membrane differences between leukemic, normal and fetal cells. There was a reduction in the 70,000 molecular weight component in cord blood cells compared to adult lymphocytes, and an increase in membrane peptides with molecular weights of 35,000, 20,000, 9,000 and 4,000. Although smaller molecular weight peptides were also present in chronic lymphatic leukemia as well as acute myeloid leukemia, these were shown to be distinct from fetal type membrane components.", "contents": "Studies by radioiodination of normal adult, fetal and leukemic cell membranes. A comparison was made between cord blood lymphocytes, normal adult lymphocytes and leukemic cells after membrane iodination with lactoperoxidase. A double-labeling technique using lactoperoxidase iodination with 125I and 131I followed by analysis on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a number of membrane differences between leukemic, normal and fetal cells. There was a reduction in the 70,000 molecular weight component in cord blood cells compared to adult lymphocytes, and an increase in membrane peptides with molecular weights of 35,000, 20,000, 9,000 and 4,000. Although smaller molecular weight peptides were also present in chronic lymphatic leukemia as well as acute myeloid leukemia, these were shown to be distinct from fetal type membrane components."}
{"id": "PMID:361427", "title": "The marrow colony forming cell and serum colony stimulating factor of the chicken.", "content": "Marrow cells of the chicken produced colonies in semisolid media. Developing colonies consisted of granulocytes, macrophages or a mixture of these two cell types. The granulocyte-macrophage CFC was nonadherent. An adherent 'CFC' was also present and it differed in several ways from the nonadherent CFC: (a) clones contained only macrophages, (b) they contained a core of nonrefractile cells, (c) their appearance was delayed 1-2 weeks, (d) they were unaffected by the presence of erythrocytes and (e) the efficiency of cloning was increased but the percentage of clones able to produce 50 or more cells was markedly decreased, i.e., the cluster/colony ratio was increased. The growth of both colony types was strictly dependent on the presence of CSF. Data obtained from dose-response studies on unfractionated marrow indicated that clusters and colonies were derived from single cells. The CSF of chicken serum yielded sigmoid dose-response curves when tested on marrow cells. Calf serum could not support cluster or colony formation when tested alone but it did have an enhancing effect on the CSF of chicken serum. Levels of serum CSF were increased by injecting chickens with bacterial endotoxin. This phenomenon occurred with five chicken lines tested, but certain chickens of the Kimber line did not respond to endotoxin with elevated levels of CSF.", "contents": "The marrow colony forming cell and serum colony stimulating factor of the chicken. Marrow cells of the chicken produced colonies in semisolid media. Developing colonies consisted of granulocytes, macrophages or a mixture of these two cell types. The granulocyte-macrophage CFC was nonadherent. An adherent 'CFC' was also present and it differed in several ways from the nonadherent CFC: (a) clones contained only macrophages, (b) they contained a core of nonrefractile cells, (c) their appearance was delayed 1-2 weeks, (d) they were unaffected by the presence of erythrocytes and (e) the efficiency of cloning was increased but the percentage of clones able to produce 50 or more cells was markedly decreased, i.e., the cluster/colony ratio was increased. The growth of both colony types was strictly dependent on the presence of CSF. Data obtained from dose-response studies on unfractionated marrow indicated that clusters and colonies were derived from single cells. The CSF of chicken serum yielded sigmoid dose-response curves when tested on marrow cells. Calf serum could not support cluster or colony formation when tested alone but it did have an enhancing effect on the CSF of chicken serum. Levels of serum CSF were increased by injecting chickens with bacterial endotoxin. This phenomenon occurred with five chicken lines tested, but certain chickens of the Kimber line did not respond to endotoxin with elevated levels of CSF."}
{"id": "PMID:361428", "title": "Treatment of severe aplastic anemia with antilymphocyte globulin and androgens.", "content": "The etiology of aplastic anemia is unknown. A stem cell lesion caused by a toxin, virus or microenvironment defect is the main hypothesis. An autoimmune origin has been recently suspected. In an attempt to demonstrate the autoimmune origin of the disease, 17 patients with severe aplastic anemia were treated with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG). Nine patients showed no improvement, developed infectious or hemorrhagic complications and died within 1 to 7 months. In contrast, eight patients had a prompt rise of granulocyte and reticulocyte counts. Although the hematological reconstitution is not complete, these eight patients are still alive between 11 months and 24 months after treatment. This study shows that ALG may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of patients with severe aplastic anemia.", "contents": "Treatment of severe aplastic anemia with antilymphocyte globulin and androgens. The etiology of aplastic anemia is unknown. A stem cell lesion caused by a toxin, virus or microenvironment defect is the main hypothesis. An autoimmune origin has been recently suspected. In an attempt to demonstrate the autoimmune origin of the disease, 17 patients with severe aplastic anemia were treated with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG). Nine patients showed no improvement, developed infectious or hemorrhagic complications and died within 1 to 7 months. In contrast, eight patients had a prompt rise of granulocyte and reticulocyte counts. Although the hematological reconstitution is not complete, these eight patients are still alive between 11 months and 24 months after treatment. This study shows that ALG may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of patients with severe aplastic anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:361429", "title": "Transfer of immunity by transfer of bone marrow cells: a requirement for T lymphocytes and sensitivity to cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Thymectomized, lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells (TIR mice) from normal donors succumbed after i.p. challenge with xenogeneic (rat) Yoshida ascites sarcoma (YAS) given 1 month after irradiation and reconstitution. YAS rejection and production of YAS-antibodies was induced in TIR mice by a single i.v. injection of normal syngeneic spleen cells given 1 day after the tumor. Purified splenic T lymphocytes also induced YAS rejection in TIR mice, but splenic B lymphocytes did not affect progressive tumor growth. Tumor was also rejected in TIR mice that had been reconstituted with bone marrow cells from YAS-immune donors. The sera of these TIR mice did not contain tumor antibodies between reconstitution and YAS challenge, but a high YAS-antibody titer was present after YAS challenge and rejection. Immunofluorescence did not reveal any dramatic differences in the spleen and bone marrow content of T and B lymphocytes of TIR mice reconstituted with cells from normal donors and those reconstituted with cells from the YAS-immunized donors. Transfer of YAS-resistance was abolished when the bone marrow cells from immunized donors were treated with Thy 1.2 antiserum and complement, or when bone marrow donors were injected with cyclophosphamide 1 day after immunization. Cyclophosphamide was also shown to induce strong and specific suppression of YAS-antibody production in normal mice.", "contents": "Transfer of immunity by transfer of bone marrow cells: a requirement for T lymphocytes and sensitivity to cyclophosphamide. Thymectomized, lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells (TIR mice) from normal donors succumbed after i.p. challenge with xenogeneic (rat) Yoshida ascites sarcoma (YAS) given 1 month after irradiation and reconstitution. YAS rejection and production of YAS-antibodies was induced in TIR mice by a single i.v. injection of normal syngeneic spleen cells given 1 day after the tumor. Purified splenic T lymphocytes also induced YAS rejection in TIR mice, but splenic B lymphocytes did not affect progressive tumor growth. Tumor was also rejected in TIR mice that had been reconstituted with bone marrow cells from YAS-immune donors. The sera of these TIR mice did not contain tumor antibodies between reconstitution and YAS challenge, but a high YAS-antibody titer was present after YAS challenge and rejection. Immunofluorescence did not reveal any dramatic differences in the spleen and bone marrow content of T and B lymphocytes of TIR mice reconstituted with cells from normal donors and those reconstituted with cells from the YAS-immunized donors. Transfer of YAS-resistance was abolished when the bone marrow cells from immunized donors were treated with Thy 1.2 antiserum and complement, or when bone marrow donors were injected with cyclophosphamide 1 day after immunization. Cyclophosphamide was also shown to induce strong and specific suppression of YAS-antibody production in normal mice."}
{"id": "PMID:361430", "title": "Treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia by chemotherapy, total body irradiation and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "Fourteen patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia received bone marrow grafts from HLA identical siblings. Ten patients were in blast crisis prior to grafting, three were in an accelerated phase of their disease, and one was aplastic secondary to chemotherapy. Prior to transplant all patients were conditioned with chemotherapy including cyclophosphamide plus 1,000 rad of total body irradiation. Ten patients achieved engraftment while four died 1 to 26 days after marrow infusion without functioning grafts. Two patients received a second infusion of donor marrow because of delayed engraftment. Neither marrow cell dose nor presence of myelofibrosis correlated with successful engraftment. Three out of ten engrafted patients developed graft-versus-host disease. Interstitial pneumonia occurred in seven patients. The immediate cause of death was bacterial septicemia in six patients. All evidence of leukemia disappeared in nine out of ten evaluable patients. The median survival was 43 days. One patient had a complete remission of 16 months duration.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia by chemotherapy, total body irradiation and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Fourteen patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia received bone marrow grafts from HLA identical siblings. Ten patients were in blast crisis prior to grafting, three were in an accelerated phase of their disease, and one was aplastic secondary to chemotherapy. Prior to transplant all patients were conditioned with chemotherapy including cyclophosphamide plus 1,000 rad of total body irradiation. Ten patients achieved engraftment while four died 1 to 26 days after marrow infusion without functioning grafts. Two patients received a second infusion of donor marrow because of delayed engraftment. Neither marrow cell dose nor presence of myelofibrosis correlated with successful engraftment. Three out of ten engrafted patients developed graft-versus-host disease. Interstitial pneumonia occurred in seven patients. The immediate cause of death was bacterial septicemia in six patients. All evidence of leukemia disappeared in nine out of ten evaluable patients. The median survival was 43 days. One patient had a complete remission of 16 months duration."}
{"id": "PMID:361437", "title": "Properties of cardioinhibitory factors produced in shock.", "content": "The widespread occurrence of circulating cardioinhibitory factors in many types of circulatory shock and in a variety of mammalian species is impressive. This review summarizes the properties of the nine best-known factors with regard to their occurrence, chemical properties, sites of origin, biological actions, and pharmacological modification. Cardioinhibitory factors appear to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of circulatory shock. There now are pharmacological means available with which to prevent the formation of such factors. With knowledge on the chemistry of cardioinhibitory factors rapidly accumulating, it is anticipated that specific antagonists to the action of these factors will become available in the near future.", "contents": "Properties of cardioinhibitory factors produced in shock. The widespread occurrence of circulating cardioinhibitory factors in many types of circulatory shock and in a variety of mammalian species is impressive. This review summarizes the properties of the nine best-known factors with regard to their occurrence, chemical properties, sites of origin, biological actions, and pharmacological modification. Cardioinhibitory factors appear to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of circulatory shock. There now are pharmacological means available with which to prevent the formation of such factors. With knowledge on the chemistry of cardioinhibitory factors rapidly accumulating, it is anticipated that specific antagonists to the action of these factors will become available in the near future."}
{"id": "PMID:361441", "title": "The effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor on human chorionic gonadotropin secretion.", "content": "The effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) on secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by the human placenta in culture was studied. A specific stimulation of hCG secretion was observed. The stimulation of hCG production correlated with the LRF dose in the culture medium. On the other hand, the secretion of human chorionic somatomammotropin was not affected. These data demonstrate a specific action of LRF on placental production of hCG in vitro.", "contents": "The effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor on human chorionic gonadotropin secretion. The effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) on secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by the human placenta in culture was studied. A specific stimulation of hCG secretion was observed. The stimulation of hCG production correlated with the LRF dose in the culture medium. On the other hand, the secretion of human chorionic somatomammotropin was not affected. These data demonstrate a specific action of LRF on placental production of hCG in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:361442", "title": "Clinical studies with d-TRP6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.", "content": "Three male patients, diagnosed to have hypogonadotopic hypogonadism, were treated with intramuscular injections of 10 microgram of D-Trp6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (D-Trp6-LH-RH) every 8 hours for more than 90 days (13 to 17 weeks). The gonadotropin and testosterone concentrations reached levels twice as great during the treatment as those measured previously and on one occasion increased 5-fold. Before treatment, the patients were clinically in grade 1 on Tanner's scale (Growth at Adolescence, Second Edition. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1962) but after treatment they advanced to grades 2 to 4. Testicular sizes before treatment were between 2 and 2 according to the scales of Waaler et al. (Acta Paediatr Scand [Suppl]249:1, 1974) and afterwards between 4 and 10. The penis of one of the patients grew 3 cm. The testicular biopsy after treatment showed significant increases in the number of Leydig and Sertoli cells. After treatment, spermatogonia were present in increased number, together with a much higher population of cells corresponding to additional stages of development (spermatids). We are of the opinion that therapy with D-Trp6-LH-RH may be beneficial for such patients.", "contents": "Clinical studies with d-TRP6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Three male patients, diagnosed to have hypogonadotopic hypogonadism, were treated with intramuscular injections of 10 microgram of D-Trp6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (D-Trp6-LH-RH) every 8 hours for more than 90 days (13 to 17 weeks). The gonadotropin and testosterone concentrations reached levels twice as great during the treatment as those measured previously and on one occasion increased 5-fold. Before treatment, the patients were clinically in grade 1 on Tanner's scale (Growth at Adolescence, Second Edition. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1962) but after treatment they advanced to grades 2 to 4. Testicular sizes before treatment were between 2 and 2 according to the scales of Waaler et al. (Acta Paediatr Scand [Suppl]249:1, 1974) and afterwards between 4 and 10. The penis of one of the patients grew 3 cm. The testicular biopsy after treatment showed significant increases in the number of Leydig and Sertoli cells. After treatment, spermatogonia were present in increased number, together with a much higher population of cells corresponding to additional stages of development (spermatids). We are of the opinion that therapy with D-Trp6-LH-RH may be beneficial for such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:361444", "title": "[Interrelationships between the enzymatic functions of the pancreas and small intestine during adaptive processes].", "content": "In rats fed for 4, 15, and 30 days with increased amount of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, considerable shifts occurred in activity of enzymes of the pancreas (amylase, protease, and lipase) and small intestine (gamma--amylase, maltase group, invertase, peptidhydrolase, monoglyceriflipase). Mathematical analysis suggested a close connection between the adaptive shifts in the enzyme systems maintaining the lumen and the membrane types of digestion. The protein diet augments the proteolytic enzyme chain the lipid diet--the lipolytic chain, and the carbohydrate diet--the carbohydrate chain. The shifts should be regarded as an integrative adaptive response of the enzyme spectrum of the pancreas and small intestine to alterations in the food composition.", "contents": "[Interrelationships between the enzymatic functions of the pancreas and small intestine during adaptive processes]. In rats fed for 4, 15, and 30 days with increased amount of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, considerable shifts occurred in activity of enzymes of the pancreas (amylase, protease, and lipase) and small intestine (gamma--amylase, maltase group, invertase, peptidhydrolase, monoglyceriflipase). Mathematical analysis suggested a close connection between the adaptive shifts in the enzyme systems maintaining the lumen and the membrane types of digestion. The protein diet augments the proteolytic enzyme chain the lipid diet--the lipolytic chain, and the carbohydrate diet--the carbohydrate chain. The shifts should be regarded as an integrative adaptive response of the enzyme spectrum of the pancreas and small intestine to alterations in the food composition."}
{"id": "PMID:361445", "title": "[Role of substrates in providing energy for the secretory function of the stomach].", "content": "Glycogen, general lipids and free fatty acids (FFA) contents in mucosa of the dog stomach were studied at rest, in latency period, and at peak secretion induced by histamine or carbocholine. Histamine increased the glycogen and FFA contents in mucosa and decreased that of general lipids. Carbocholine reduced the glycogen content at peak secretion as compared with the latency period. The decrease in general lipids content was less obvious than that induced by histamine. The data obtained suggest that energy supply for acid and pepsin formation in the gastric mucosa depends on the substances applied; lipids are mainly used for HCl formation, and glycogen - for pepsinogen formation.", "contents": "[Role of substrates in providing energy for the secretory function of the stomach]. Glycogen, general lipids and free fatty acids (FFA) contents in mucosa of the dog stomach were studied at rest, in latency period, and at peak secretion induced by histamine or carbocholine. Histamine increased the glycogen and FFA contents in mucosa and decreased that of general lipids. Carbocholine reduced the glycogen content at peak secretion as compared with the latency period. The decrease in general lipids content was less obvious than that induced by histamine. The data obtained suggest that energy supply for acid and pepsin formation in the gastric mucosa depends on the substances applied; lipids are mainly used for HCl formation, and glycogen - for pepsinogen formation."}
{"id": "PMID:361446", "title": "[Histological study of pancreatic islets in hypothalamic obese rats (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been considered that hyperinsulinemia is one of the important factors in the development of obesity. With the purpose of investigating the mechanisms of hyperinsulinemia in obese rats induced by hypothalamic lesions (HTL), the time-caused changes in body weight, blood glucose and plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels in addition to histological changes in the pancreatic islet were studied. The following results were obtained. 1. The development of obesity, a rise of plasma IRI level and an enlargement of pancreatic islets were found in HTL rats. The enlargement of pancreatic islets was directly proportional to body weight, index of obesity and plasma IRI level. 2. The B cells of the pancreatic islets of HTL rats revealed well-developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous degranulated and pale secretory granules. 3. A number of mixed cells were shown in the periphery of the pancreatic islets of HTL rats. 4. Emiocytotic phenomena of the granular discharge were encountered frequently in the B cells of the pancreatic islets of HTL rats. These histological findings of the B cells in HTL rats well reflected hypersecretion of insulin in this type of obesity.", "contents": "[Histological study of pancreatic islets in hypothalamic obese rats (author's transl)]. It has been considered that hyperinsulinemia is one of the important factors in the development of obesity. With the purpose of investigating the mechanisms of hyperinsulinemia in obese rats induced by hypothalamic lesions (HTL), the time-caused changes in body weight, blood glucose and plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels in addition to histological changes in the pancreatic islet were studied. The following results were obtained. 1. The development of obesity, a rise of plasma IRI level and an enlargement of pancreatic islets were found in HTL rats. The enlargement of pancreatic islets was directly proportional to body weight, index of obesity and plasma IRI level. 2. The B cells of the pancreatic islets of HTL rats revealed well-developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous degranulated and pale secretory granules. 3. A number of mixed cells were shown in the periphery of the pancreatic islets of HTL rats. 4. Emiocytotic phenomena of the granular discharge were encountered frequently in the B cells of the pancreatic islets of HTL rats. These histological findings of the B cells in HTL rats well reflected hypersecretion of insulin in this type of obesity."}
{"id": "PMID:361462", "title": "Localization of a nuclear envelope-associated protein by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against a major polypeptide from rat liver fractions enriched in nuclear envelope-associated material.", "content": "The location of a specific major polypeptide present in nuclear pore complex-enriched fractions from rat liver was examined by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using chicken antibodies against this polypeptide. In both whole cell preparations of cultured cells grown on cover slips (mouse 3 T 3, rat kangaroo PtK2) and in frozen sections through liver and mammary gland tissue a strongly preferential, if not exclusive, binding to the nuclear periphery of interphase cells was observed. The specificity of this localization was demonstrated in these cells by the decoration of chromatin with antibodies against histones and of elements of the endoplasmic reticulum--outer mitochondrial membrane--system with antibodies to cytochrome b5. In addition, the localization was examined by electron microscopy using frozen sections and \"immunoperoxidase\" techniques. The results suggest that this polypeptide is contained in a protein specific for the nuclear periphery, probably closely associated with the peripheral chromatin.", "contents": "Localization of a nuclear envelope-associated protein by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against a major polypeptide from rat liver fractions enriched in nuclear envelope-associated material. The location of a specific major polypeptide present in nuclear pore complex-enriched fractions from rat liver was examined by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using chicken antibodies against this polypeptide. In both whole cell preparations of cultured cells grown on cover slips (mouse 3 T 3, rat kangaroo PtK2) and in frozen sections through liver and mammary gland tissue a strongly preferential, if not exclusive, binding to the nuclear periphery of interphase cells was observed. The specificity of this localization was demonstrated in these cells by the decoration of chromatin with antibodies against histones and of elements of the endoplasmic reticulum--outer mitochondrial membrane--system with antibodies to cytochrome b5. In addition, the localization was examined by electron microscopy using frozen sections and \"immunoperoxidase\" techniques. The results suggest that this polypeptide is contained in a protein specific for the nuclear periphery, probably closely associated with the peripheral chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:361463", "title": "Double blind clinical trial of mazindol on weight loss blood glucose, plasma insulin and serum lipids in overweight diabetic patients.", "content": "Mazindol, a drug with tricyclic structure unrelated to amphetamine and other anorectic drugs, has been used as an anorectic agent in a double blind clinical trial at a dose of 2 mg/day for 12 week (mazindol v. s. placebo), associated with a 1000 calorie diet on 46 obese diabetic patients. Thirty seven patients completed the trial with no significant difference between the two groups in the drop-out population; mazindol was well tolerated. In the mazindol-treated group the mean weight loss was 13.5 kg (22.3%) which was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than in the placebo treated group where the mean weight loss was 4.2 kg (9.8%). Comparing the two groups after the 12 week trial, decrease in fasting blood glucose, serum insulin and triglycerides was not significant. In the mazindol-treated group a significant decrease of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and of the mean area under the curve of insulinemia during the OGTT has been observed. In the placebo treated group only serum triglycerides decreased significantly. The variations of plasma insulin and serum cholesterol were found to be correlated to the magnitude of weight loss. In conclusion mazindol is an effective drug for weight loss on the whole well tolerated but without specific properties on metabolism.", "contents": "Double blind clinical trial of mazindol on weight loss blood glucose, plasma insulin and serum lipids in overweight diabetic patients. Mazindol, a drug with tricyclic structure unrelated to amphetamine and other anorectic drugs, has been used as an anorectic agent in a double blind clinical trial at a dose of 2 mg/day for 12 week (mazindol v. s. placebo), associated with a 1000 calorie diet on 46 obese diabetic patients. Thirty seven patients completed the trial with no significant difference between the two groups in the drop-out population; mazindol was well tolerated. In the mazindol-treated group the mean weight loss was 13.5 kg (22.3%) which was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than in the placebo treated group where the mean weight loss was 4.2 kg (9.8%). Comparing the two groups after the 12 week trial, decrease in fasting blood glucose, serum insulin and triglycerides was not significant. In the mazindol-treated group a significant decrease of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and of the mean area under the curve of insulinemia during the OGTT has been observed. In the placebo treated group only serum triglycerides decreased significantly. The variations of plasma insulin and serum cholesterol were found to be correlated to the magnitude of weight loss. In conclusion mazindol is an effective drug for weight loss on the whole well tolerated but without specific properties on metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:361464", "title": "[Diagnosis and management of the aminoacidopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "Since its description by Garrod, the concept of the \"inborn errors of metabolism\" has become a clinical reality that the physician cannot ignore. The aminoacidopathies represent a group historically notable in that they represent the first diseases recognized as metabolic in origin (alcaptonuria, albinism) and for which some measure of therapeutic success can be claimed. Dietary prophylaxis of the encephalopathy of phenylketonuria is a prominent example. Much progress has been made in the understanding of the aminoacidopathies that touch upon aspects as diverse as semiological study and prevention by pre- and neo-natal diagnosis. This brief overview presents the basic clinical, biochemical, genetic, physiopathological and therapeutic principles of these diseases. It provides representative examples of the diagnostic approach and draws particular attention to the need and the role of cross-disciplinary teamwork in the diagnosis and continuing care of the patient. While we wait for new methods of genetic correction, the main goal must be to prevent the clinical consequences of the metabolic defect.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and management of the aminoacidopathies (author's transl)]. Since its description by Garrod, the concept of the \"inborn errors of metabolism\" has become a clinical reality that the physician cannot ignore. The aminoacidopathies represent a group historically notable in that they represent the first diseases recognized as metabolic in origin (alcaptonuria, albinism) and for which some measure of therapeutic success can be claimed. Dietary prophylaxis of the encephalopathy of phenylketonuria is a prominent example. Much progress has been made in the understanding of the aminoacidopathies that touch upon aspects as diverse as semiological study and prevention by pre- and neo-natal diagnosis. This brief overview presents the basic clinical, biochemical, genetic, physiopathological and therapeutic principles of these diseases. It provides representative examples of the diagnostic approach and draws particular attention to the need and the role of cross-disciplinary teamwork in the diagnosis and continuing care of the patient. While we wait for new methods of genetic correction, the main goal must be to prevent the clinical consequences of the metabolic defect."}
{"id": "PMID:361472", "title": "Parietal cell vagotomy in dogs. A comparative study of the effects on gastric secretion and antral muscle contraction.", "content": "The aim of this work was to further investigate whether it is possible, through parietal cell vagotomy (PCV), to obtain both a complete suppression of the gastric secretory response to vagal impulses and to retain a normal contractile response of the antral muscle. Acid and peptic secretions, the electrical activity and the force of circular antral contractions were simultaneously studied in dogs, before and after PCV, under 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and pentagastrin (PG) stimulation. After PCV, the response to 200 mg/kg 2DG was reduced by about 70% for acid and 80% for pepsin; the slopes of the dose-response curves were significantly reduced after PCV. The slope of the regression line pepsin/acid after 2DG was decreased following PCV. The mean acid response to PG was reduced about 50% after PCV. Plasma immunoreactive gastrin increased following 2DG, and the variations were identical before and after PCV. The gastric control electrical activity in basal conditions (fasted dogs) and following 2DG was similar before and after PCV. The antral contractile response to 2DG was reduced by about 40% after PCV. In conclusion, when PCV induced an 80% reduction in the gastric secretory response to maximal vagal stimulation by 2DG, the contractile antral response was not entirely normal. This effect might be due either to a partial antral denervation or to some intrinsic influence of the denervated gastric body upon the strength of antral contractions.", "contents": "Parietal cell vagotomy in dogs. A comparative study of the effects on gastric secretion and antral muscle contraction. The aim of this work was to further investigate whether it is possible, through parietal cell vagotomy (PCV), to obtain both a complete suppression of the gastric secretory response to vagal impulses and to retain a normal contractile response of the antral muscle. Acid and peptic secretions, the electrical activity and the force of circular antral contractions were simultaneously studied in dogs, before and after PCV, under 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and pentagastrin (PG) stimulation. After PCV, the response to 200 mg/kg 2DG was reduced by about 70% for acid and 80% for pepsin; the slopes of the dose-response curves were significantly reduced after PCV. The slope of the regression line pepsin/acid after 2DG was decreased following PCV. The mean acid response to PG was reduced about 50% after PCV. Plasma immunoreactive gastrin increased following 2DG, and the variations were identical before and after PCV. The gastric control electrical activity in basal conditions (fasted dogs) and following 2DG was similar before and after PCV. The antral contractile response to 2DG was reduced by about 40% after PCV. In conclusion, when PCV induced an 80% reduction in the gastric secretory response to maximal vagal stimulation by 2DG, the contractile antral response was not entirely normal. This effect might be due either to a partial antral denervation or to some intrinsic influence of the denervated gastric body upon the strength of antral contractions."}
{"id": "PMID:361485", "title": "Esophageal tamponade for bleeding varices. Controlled trial between the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube and the Linton-Nachlas tube.", "content": "To investigate the effectiveness and safety of the Sengstaken-Blakemore (SB) tube compared with the Linton-Nachlas (LN) tube, a randomized clinical trial was carried out between both types of balloon. Seventy-nine patients suffering from gastrointestinal bleeding attributed to esophagogastric varices were included in the study. Both types of esophageal tamponade showed great effectiveness in obtaining primary hemostasis (86%), but when the bleeding was from esophageal varices, the SB tube achieved permanent hemostasis more frequently (52%) than did the LN tube (30%). In bleeding gastric varices the SB tube failed in all of the cases, but primary hemostasis was obtained with the LN tube in 50% of them. Better tolerance and greater effectiveness were obtained when the SB tube was applied without external traction. The usefulness of esophageal tamponade for bleeding varices was higher when performed within 6 hr of the onset of hemorrhage.", "contents": "Esophageal tamponade for bleeding varices. Controlled trial between the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube and the Linton-Nachlas tube. To investigate the effectiveness and safety of the Sengstaken-Blakemore (SB) tube compared with the Linton-Nachlas (LN) tube, a randomized clinical trial was carried out between both types of balloon. Seventy-nine patients suffering from gastrointestinal bleeding attributed to esophagogastric varices were included in the study. Both types of esophageal tamponade showed great effectiveness in obtaining primary hemostasis (86%), but when the bleeding was from esophageal varices, the SB tube achieved permanent hemostasis more frequently (52%) than did the LN tube (30%). In bleeding gastric varices the SB tube failed in all of the cases, but primary hemostasis was obtained with the LN tube in 50% of them. Better tolerance and greater effectiveness were obtained when the SB tube was applied without external traction. The usefulness of esophageal tamponade for bleeding varices was higher when performed within 6 hr of the onset of hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:361486", "title": "Gastrin-producing cells in ectopic gastric mucosa of developmental and metaplastic origins.", "content": "Immunocytochemical techniques using antigastrin antibody were employed to localize G cells in ectopic gastric mucosa of metaplastic and congenital origins and to compare their distribution with that in normal gastric mucosa. Five examples of Barrett's esophagus, 8 Meckel's diverticula, and 2 small bowel duplications were studied. Although G cells were absent in the gastric mucosa from all cases of Barett's esophagus, four Meckel's diverticula and one small bowel duplication contained G cells. In all instances of congenitally derived ectopic gastric mucosa where G cells were demonstrable, the gastric mucosa showed areas of antropyloric differentiation, whereas in the remaining cases the ectopic gastric mucosa was exclusively of the body-fundic type. It is concluded that the presence of G cells within ectopic gastric mucosa of Meckel's diverticula and small bowel duplications in foci of antropyloric differentiation reflects their developmental origin, whereas the absence of G cells in Barrett's esophagus is in keeping with its metaplastic derivation.", "contents": "Gastrin-producing cells in ectopic gastric mucosa of developmental and metaplastic origins. Immunocytochemical techniques using antigastrin antibody were employed to localize G cells in ectopic gastric mucosa of metaplastic and congenital origins and to compare their distribution with that in normal gastric mucosa. Five examples of Barrett's esophagus, 8 Meckel's diverticula, and 2 small bowel duplications were studied. Although G cells were absent in the gastric mucosa from all cases of Barett's esophagus, four Meckel's diverticula and one small bowel duplication contained G cells. In all instances of congenitally derived ectopic gastric mucosa where G cells were demonstrable, the gastric mucosa showed areas of antropyloric differentiation, whereas in the remaining cases the ectopic gastric mucosa was exclusively of the body-fundic type. It is concluded that the presence of G cells within ectopic gastric mucosa of Meckel's diverticula and small bowel duplications in foci of antropyloric differentiation reflects their developmental origin, whereas the absence of G cells in Barrett's esophagus is in keeping with its metaplastic derivation."}
{"id": "PMID:361487", "title": "Apoprotein synthesis by human duodenojejunal mucosa.", "content": "We tested whether human duodenojejunal mucosa is able to synthesize apoproteins from amino acid precursors because lipoprotein-like particles are visualized by electron microscopy in human absorptive cells and because apoproteins are synthesized by the perfused rat intestine. Duodenojejunal biopsies from 21 normal fasting volunteers were incubated with L-[U-14C]leucine; 15.6 +/- 3.3 nmoles of the [14C]leucine was incorporated into protein by 100 mg wet weight of biopsies during an incubation of 2 hr. No [14C]leucine was incorporated by boiled biopsies. Homogenates of incubated biopsies were fractionated by ultracentrifugation: 43 +/- 2% of the incorporated 14C as found in the d less than 1.006 fraction; 3.2 +/- 0.6%, 8.1 +/- 1.0% and 48 +/- 2% were found to be associated with the d = 1.006 to 1.063, d = 1.063 to 1.25, and d greater than 1.25 fractions, respectively. The specific activity in the d less than 1.006 fraction was 5.6 times greater than that in the other fractions. Of the 14C incorporated into the d less than 1.006 fraction, 10.8, 7.2, and 7.1% were specifically precipitated by rabbit antihuman apoproteins A-I, A-II, and B, respectively. Of the 14C incorporated into the d = 1.006 to 1.063 fraction, 11.3 4.1, and 8.5% were specifically precipitated by rabbit antihuman apoprotein A-I, A-II, and B,  respectively. Approximately 5% of the 14C incorporated by the d = 1.063 to 1.25 fractions were precipitated by rabbit antihuman apoprotein A-I or A-II. None of the d less than 1.25 fractions precipitated a significant amount of radioactivity with rabit antihuman apoprotein C-II, or antiarginine-rich apoprotein. None of the antibodies precipitated radioactivity from the d greater than 1.25 fraction. These experiments suggest that human duodenojejunal mucosa is able to synthesize in vitro apoproteins A-I, A-II, and B from amino acid precursors. The specificity of the immunoprecipitates was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Apoprotein synthesis by human duodenojejunal mucosa. We tested whether human duodenojejunal mucosa is able to synthesize apoproteins from amino acid precursors because lipoprotein-like particles are visualized by electron microscopy in human absorptive cells and because apoproteins are synthesized by the perfused rat intestine. Duodenojejunal biopsies from 21 normal fasting volunteers were incubated with L-[U-14C]leucine; 15.6 +/- 3.3 nmoles of the [14C]leucine was incorporated into protein by 100 mg wet weight of biopsies during an incubation of 2 hr. No [14C]leucine was incorporated by boiled biopsies. Homogenates of incubated biopsies were fractionated by ultracentrifugation: 43 +/- 2% of the incorporated 14C as found in the d less than 1.006 fraction; 3.2 +/- 0.6%, 8.1 +/- 1.0% and 48 +/- 2% were found to be associated with the d = 1.006 to 1.063, d = 1.063 to 1.25, and d greater than 1.25 fractions, respectively. The specific activity in the d less than 1.006 fraction was 5.6 times greater than that in the other fractions. Of the 14C incorporated into the d less than 1.006 fraction, 10.8, 7.2, and 7.1% were specifically precipitated by rabbit antihuman apoproteins A-I, A-II, and B, respectively. Of the 14C incorporated into the d = 1.006 to 1.063 fraction, 11.3 4.1, and 8.5% were specifically precipitated by rabbit antihuman apoprotein A-I, A-II, and B,  respectively. Approximately 5% of the 14C incorporated by the d = 1.063 to 1.25 fractions were precipitated by rabbit antihuman apoprotein A-I or A-II. None of the d less than 1.25 fractions precipitated a significant amount of radioactivity with rabit antihuman apoprotein C-II, or antiarginine-rich apoprotein. None of the antibodies precipitated radioactivity from the d greater than 1.25 fraction. These experiments suggest that human duodenojejunal mucosa is able to synthesize in vitro apoproteins A-I, A-II, and B from amino acid precursors. The specificity of the immunoprecipitates was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:361490", "title": "Prostaglandin and cimetidine inhibit the formation of ulcers produced by parenteral salicylates.", "content": "Antral ulcers were produced in unanesthetized rats in 3 hr by simultaneous intravenous administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and gastric perfusion with 0.15 M HCl. Intravenous infusion of ASA alone or gastric perfusion with HCl alone produced no antral ulcers. Plasma salicylate levels ranged from 250 to 350 microgram ml-1. 16-16 Dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (DMPGE2) (0.04, 0.40, 4.0 microgram kg-1 hr-1) and cimetidine (10, 50 mg kg-1 hr-1) significantly decreased the severity of antral ulcers in a dose-dependent fashion. In a separate group of unanesthetized rats prepared with gastric fistula and pylorus ligation, pepsin output during administration of parenteral ASA and gastric perfusion of HCl was reduced by the highest doses of 16-16 DMPGE2 and cimetidine. However, addition of exogenous pepsin to the HCl perfusate had no effect on the inhibition of ulceration afforded by 16-16 DMPGE2 and cimetidine. We conclude that both 16-16 DMPGE2 and cimetidine protect antral mucosa against injury by parenteral ASA plus topical HCl by some means other than their effect on acid and pepsin output.", "contents": "Prostaglandin and cimetidine inhibit the formation of ulcers produced by parenteral salicylates. Antral ulcers were produced in unanesthetized rats in 3 hr by simultaneous intravenous administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and gastric perfusion with 0.15 M HCl. Intravenous infusion of ASA alone or gastric perfusion with HCl alone produced no antral ulcers. Plasma salicylate levels ranged from 250 to 350 microgram ml-1. 16-16 Dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (DMPGE2) (0.04, 0.40, 4.0 microgram kg-1 hr-1) and cimetidine (10, 50 mg kg-1 hr-1) significantly decreased the severity of antral ulcers in a dose-dependent fashion. In a separate group of unanesthetized rats prepared with gastric fistula and pylorus ligation, pepsin output during administration of parenteral ASA and gastric perfusion of HCl was reduced by the highest doses of 16-16 DMPGE2 and cimetidine. However, addition of exogenous pepsin to the HCl perfusate had no effect on the inhibition of ulceration afforded by 16-16 DMPGE2 and cimetidine. We conclude that both 16-16 DMPGE2 and cimetidine protect antral mucosa against injury by parenteral ASA plus topical HCl by some means other than their effect on acid and pepsin output."}
{"id": "PMID:361492", "title": "K-cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in chronic active liver disease.", "content": "These studies were designed to determine the ability of antihepatocyte antibodies from patients with chronic active liver disease to induce killing of rabbit hepatocytes by normal lymphocytes. Normal subjects and patients with chronic persistent hepatitis or chronic active liver disease served as sources of sera, and normal human peripheral lymphocytes and their subsets (T-enriched, K-enriched, and B) served as effectors. Only sera from patients with chronic active liver disease possessed membrane-reactive IgG directed against the surface of rabbit or human hepatocytes. After pretreatment of rabbit hepatocytes with sera from patients with chronic active liver disease, marked cytotoxicity mediated by normal lymphocytes was observed. K-enriched cells mediated the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, whereas T-enriched cells and B-cells did not. Heat-aggregated human IgG blocked the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. These data suggest that sera from patients with chronic active liver disease contain IgG antihepatocyte antibodies, which are capable of inducing normal K-cells to kill rabbit hepatocytes in vitro.", "contents": "K-cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in chronic active liver disease. These studies were designed to determine the ability of antihepatocyte antibodies from patients with chronic active liver disease to induce killing of rabbit hepatocytes by normal lymphocytes. Normal subjects and patients with chronic persistent hepatitis or chronic active liver disease served as sources of sera, and normal human peripheral lymphocytes and their subsets (T-enriched, K-enriched, and B) served as effectors. Only sera from patients with chronic active liver disease possessed membrane-reactive IgG directed against the surface of rabbit or human hepatocytes. After pretreatment of rabbit hepatocytes with sera from patients with chronic active liver disease, marked cytotoxicity mediated by normal lymphocytes was observed. K-enriched cells mediated the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, whereas T-enriched cells and B-cells did not. Heat-aggregated human IgG blocked the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. These data suggest that sera from patients with chronic active liver disease contain IgG antihepatocyte antibodies, which are capable of inducing normal K-cells to kill rabbit hepatocytes in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:361495", "title": "Topical aspirin plus HCl gastric lesions in the rat. Cytoprotective effect of prostaglandin, cimetidine, and probanthine.", "content": "The effect of representative agents of three classes of antisecretory compounds; prostaglandins, histamine H2-receptor antagonist, and anticholinergic agents, on acute gastric mucosal lesions produced by topical aspirin (200 mg/kg) plus HCl (150 mM) in the pylorus-ligated rat was studied. Acid was given exogenously so as to negate any antisecretory effect of the drugs studied. Both nonantisecretory and antisecretory doses of each agent as determined by preliminary secretory studies were employed. The postaglandin analogue 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2, the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine, and the anticholinergic agent probanthine, in both doses studied, all significantly reduced lesion formation. The H1-receptor antagonist mepyramine neither protected by itself nor enhanced the protective effect of cimetidine. Pepsin release into the gastric content increased with increasing mucosal damage. However, addition of pepsin to the gastric instillate had no effect on severity lesions in any group, which indicates that the increased pepsin was the result of, and not the cause of, the mucosal damage. The findings indicate that all three classes of antisecretory agents studied are also cytoprotective, i.e., they can protect against gastric mucosal injury by topical aspirin plus HCl by some mechanism other than inhibition of acid and pepsin secretion.", "contents": "Topical aspirin plus HCl gastric lesions in the rat. Cytoprotective effect of prostaglandin, cimetidine, and probanthine. The effect of representative agents of three classes of antisecretory compounds; prostaglandins, histamine H2-receptor antagonist, and anticholinergic agents, on acute gastric mucosal lesions produced by topical aspirin (200 mg/kg) plus HCl (150 mM) in the pylorus-ligated rat was studied. Acid was given exogenously so as to negate any antisecretory effect of the drugs studied. Both nonantisecretory and antisecretory doses of each agent as determined by preliminary secretory studies were employed. The postaglandin analogue 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2, the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine, and the anticholinergic agent probanthine, in both doses studied, all significantly reduced lesion formation. The H1-receptor antagonist mepyramine neither protected by itself nor enhanced the protective effect of cimetidine. Pepsin release into the gastric content increased with increasing mucosal damage. However, addition of pepsin to the gastric instillate had no effect on severity lesions in any group, which indicates that the increased pepsin was the result of, and not the cause of, the mucosal damage. The findings indicate that all three classes of antisecretory agents studied are also cytoprotective, i.e., they can protect against gastric mucosal injury by topical aspirin plus HCl by some mechanism other than inhibition of acid and pepsin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:361509", "title": "Comparison of intraduodenal and intravenous administration of amino acids on gastric secretion in healthy subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "The ability of an amino acid mixture given intraduodenally or intravenously to stimulate gastric secretion is compared in healthy subjects and in duodenal ulcer patients. Graded amounts of amino acids by both routes produced a similar increase in acid output in healthy subjects, reaching about 30% of the maximal response to pentagastrin. Serum gastrin concentrations remained virtually unchanged but serum alpha amino acid nitrogen levels were about twice as high with intravenous as with intraduodenal administration. Intravenously administered amino acids produced a significantly higher acid output in patients with duodenal ulcer than in healthy subjects, but did not produce a significant increase in gastric acid or pepsin secretion when combined with a pentagastrin infusion as compared with pentagastrin alone. Cimetidine (2 mg/kg/h) added to intravenous amino acid infusions caused almost complete suppression of acid secretion. This study indicates that amino acids are capable of stimulating gastric secretion after intraduodenal and after intravenous administration. The response to the latter is significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcer than in healthy subjects, does not appear to involve gastrin release, is not affected by pentagastrin, and is strongly suppressed by histamine H2-blocker.", "contents": "Comparison of intraduodenal and intravenous administration of amino acids on gastric secretion in healthy subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer. The ability of an amino acid mixture given intraduodenally or intravenously to stimulate gastric secretion is compared in healthy subjects and in duodenal ulcer patients. Graded amounts of amino acids by both routes produced a similar increase in acid output in healthy subjects, reaching about 30% of the maximal response to pentagastrin. Serum gastrin concentrations remained virtually unchanged but serum alpha amino acid nitrogen levels were about twice as high with intravenous as with intraduodenal administration. Intravenously administered amino acids produced a significantly higher acid output in patients with duodenal ulcer than in healthy subjects, but did not produce a significant increase in gastric acid or pepsin secretion when combined with a pentagastrin infusion as compared with pentagastrin alone. Cimetidine (2 mg/kg/h) added to intravenous amino acid infusions caused almost complete suppression of acid secretion. This study indicates that amino acids are capable of stimulating gastric secretion after intraduodenal and after intravenous administration. The response to the latter is significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcer than in healthy subjects, does not appear to involve gastrin release, is not affected by pentagastrin, and is strongly suppressed by histamine H2-blocker."}
{"id": "PMID:361510", "title": "Preparation of lymphoid cells from small specimens of human gastrointestinal mucosa.", "content": "Several methods for the preparation of cell suspensions from human gastrointestinal mucosa were investigated. Satisfactory suspensions were obtained by incubating tissue fragments in a solution of collagenase and hyaluronidase overnight at 4 degrees C followed by 30 minutes at 37 degrees C. The resulting suspension contained large numbers of intact lymphoid cells; in addition, variable amounts of epithelial cells and cell debris were present. A high proportion of the lymphoid cells were shown by immunofluorescence to contain immunoglobulin (mainly IgA). Viability of these cells was demonstrated by dye exclusion, their ability to survive in short-term culture, and their ability to incorporate radio-labelled amino acid into immunoglobulin in vitro.", "contents": "Preparation of lymphoid cells from small specimens of human gastrointestinal mucosa. Several methods for the preparation of cell suspensions from human gastrointestinal mucosa were investigated. Satisfactory suspensions were obtained by incubating tissue fragments in a solution of collagenase and hyaluronidase overnight at 4 degrees C followed by 30 minutes at 37 degrees C. The resulting suspension contained large numbers of intact lymphoid cells; in addition, variable amounts of epithelial cells and cell debris were present. A high proportion of the lymphoid cells were shown by immunofluorescence to contain immunoglobulin (mainly IgA). Viability of these cells was demonstrated by dye exclusion, their ability to survive in short-term culture, and their ability to incorporate radio-labelled amino acid into immunoglobulin in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:361511", "title": "A gastrin releasing peptide from the porcine nonantral gastric tissue.", "content": "This paper presents evidence for the existence in extracts from porcine non-antral gastric tissue of a peptide capable of causing substantial rises of plasma immunoreactive gastrin levels in a dose dependent manner and of stimulation of gastric acid and pepsin secretion. Obtained data show that the peptide is basic and that its gastrin releasing properties are at least partially resistant to atropinisation and beta-receptor blockade. Antrectomy almost eliminates the rise in plasma IRGa when the peptide is administered. The possible relationship of this peptide to amphibian bombesin is discussed.", "contents": "A gastrin releasing peptide from the porcine nonantral gastric tissue. This paper presents evidence for the existence in extracts from porcine non-antral gastric tissue of a peptide capable of causing substantial rises of plasma immunoreactive gastrin levels in a dose dependent manner and of stimulation of gastric acid and pepsin secretion. Obtained data show that the peptide is basic and that its gastrin releasing properties are at least partially resistant to atropinisation and beta-receptor blockade. Antrectomy almost eliminates the rise in plasma IRGa when the peptide is administered. The possible relationship of this peptide to amphibian bombesin is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:361512", "title": "Clinical trial of deglycyrrhizinised liquorice in gastric ulcer.", "content": "Ninety-six patients with gastric ulcer were randomly allocated to treatment either with deglycyrrhizinised liquorice or placebo. After four weeks no differences were found between the treatment groups in the proportions with complete healing, whether assessed by gastroscopy or radiology, or in the percentage reduction in ulcer area, or in clinical improvement.", "contents": "Clinical trial of deglycyrrhizinised liquorice in gastric ulcer. Ninety-six patients with gastric ulcer were randomly allocated to treatment either with deglycyrrhizinised liquorice or placebo. After four weeks no differences were found between the treatment groups in the proportions with complete healing, whether assessed by gastroscopy or radiology, or in the percentage reduction in ulcer area, or in clinical improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:361514", "title": "Experiments on prevention of the endotoxin-abortifacient effect by radiodetoxified endotoxin pretreatment in rats.", "content": "Endotoxemia has been induced in pregnant rats by intravenous injection of 1 mg Escherichia coli endotoxin which resulted in intrauterine death and abortion of fetuses in 24 h. The abortifacient effect of endotoxin was prevented in 90% by 200 microgram radiodetoxified endotoxin, injected intravenously 24 h earlier. The authors suppose that the radiodetoxified endotoxin can be a good tool also in the prevention of human septic (endotoxin) shock in pregnancy.", "contents": "Experiments on prevention of the endotoxin-abortifacient effect by radiodetoxified endotoxin pretreatment in rats. Endotoxemia has been induced in pregnant rats by intravenous injection of 1 mg Escherichia coli endotoxin which resulted in intrauterine death and abortion of fetuses in 24 h. The abortifacient effect of endotoxin was prevented in 90% by 200 microgram radiodetoxified endotoxin, injected intravenously 24 h earlier. The authors suppose that the radiodetoxified endotoxin can be a good tool also in the prevention of human septic (endotoxin) shock in pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:361515", "title": "Management of lost finger tips in children.", "content": "A trial was run in the Hand Unit of the Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, involving sixty consecutive children who has sustained finger tip injuries with tissue loss over a period of three years. The three forms of treatment used in different groups of children were split skin grafting, local flap repair, and a conservative method, with twenty children in each group. The results are compared from both functional and cosmetic points of view and the results analysed.", "contents": "Management of lost finger tips in children. A trial was run in the Hand Unit of the Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, involving sixty consecutive children who has sustained finger tip injuries with tissue loss over a period of three years. The three forms of treatment used in different groups of children were split skin grafting, local flap repair, and a conservative method, with twenty children in each group. The results are compared from both functional and cosmetic points of view and the results analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:361516", "title": "Three-dimensional observations of microvasculature of human finger skin.", "content": "Resin casts of the fine vasculature of human digits in normal and some abnormal states were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The palmar skin contained terminal loops aligned with the finger-print, while the dorsal skin vasculature consisted of a coarse meshwork. Fine vessels in the nail bed had a parallel orientation as far as the lunula in adults, but were straight right up to the nail roots in young children. A deeper meshwork of capillaries (corresponding to the rete subpapillare and the rete cutaneum), vessels of the glomus bodies, and the dense meshwork of sweat glands were visible on the sagittal cut surface of the samples. A severely scarred index finger showed a coarse meshwork of surface capillaries. A skin-grafted index finger showed repaired terminal loops resembling normal skin in the area of grafted skin. The fine architecture of the digital vessels observed was discussed in terms of the physiology of blood circulation to the skin.", "contents": "Three-dimensional observations of microvasculature of human finger skin. Resin casts of the fine vasculature of human digits in normal and some abnormal states were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The palmar skin contained terminal loops aligned with the finger-print, while the dorsal skin vasculature consisted of a coarse meshwork. Fine vessels in the nail bed had a parallel orientation as far as the lunula in adults, but were straight right up to the nail roots in young children. A deeper meshwork of capillaries (corresponding to the rete subpapillare and the rete cutaneum), vessels of the glomus bodies, and the dense meshwork of sweat glands were visible on the sagittal cut surface of the samples. A severely scarred index finger showed a coarse meshwork of surface capillaries. A skin-grafted index finger showed repaired terminal loops resembling normal skin in the area of grafted skin. The fine architecture of the digital vessels observed was discussed in terms of the physiology of blood circulation to the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:361519", "title": "[Effect of alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine (alpha-MPG) and sodium dipropylacetate (DPA) on antibody formation (II). Immunosuppression induced by carcinostatic agents and glucocorticoid (author's transl)].", "content": "Previously, we reported that alpha-MPG and DPA stimulated humoral immuno-responses. In the present work, we investigated the effect of alpha-MPG and DPA on immunosuppression induced by carcinostatic agents including cyclophosphamide (CP), azathioprine (AP), methotrexate (MTX), actinomycin D (AcD) and mitomycin C(MMC) as well as prednisolone (Pred). The formation of hemolytic plaque forming cell (HPFC) in spleen of mice was clearly inhibited by treatment with immunosuppressive agents given s.c. for 5 days from the immunization. When alpha-MPG and DPA were given i.p. concomitantly with immunosuppressive agents, HPFC formation was not inhibited except when the combination of MTX and alpha-MPG was injected. With alpha-MPG, there was a tendency toward disappearance of the leucopenia induced by AP, MMC and Pred.", "contents": "[Effect of alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine (alpha-MPG) and sodium dipropylacetate (DPA) on antibody formation (II). Immunosuppression induced by carcinostatic agents and glucocorticoid (author's transl)]. Previously, we reported that alpha-MPG and DPA stimulated humoral immuno-responses. In the present work, we investigated the effect of alpha-MPG and DPA on immunosuppression induced by carcinostatic agents including cyclophosphamide (CP), azathioprine (AP), methotrexate (MTX), actinomycin D (AcD) and mitomycin C(MMC) as well as prednisolone (Pred). The formation of hemolytic plaque forming cell (HPFC) in spleen of mice was clearly inhibited by treatment with immunosuppressive agents given s.c. for 5 days from the immunization. When alpha-MPG and DPA were given i.p. concomitantly with immunosuppressive agents, HPFC formation was not inhibited except when the combination of MTX and alpha-MPG was injected. With alpha-MPG, there was a tendency toward disappearance of the leucopenia induced by AP, MMC and Pred."}
{"id": "PMID:361525", "title": "[Male sex hormones and their derivatives. Pathophysiology and therapy].", "content": "After a short review of the chemistry, biosynthesis and physiology (regulation of production and secretion, effects) of the male sex hormones, the possible disturbances of the male sex hormones, the possible disturbances of the male sex function are pathophysiologically listed and some instructive diseases, as castration, testicular feminization, Kallmann syndrome, prolactinoma and flour-bag-drawfs, are discussed. Regarding the main topic, influence of general diseases on sex hormones, the implications of the cirrhosis of the liver and the dialysis in kidney disease are listed as examples. Indications and particularly the contraindications and dangers of testosterone and anabolic steroid therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Male sex hormones and their derivatives. Pathophysiology and therapy]. After a short review of the chemistry, biosynthesis and physiology (regulation of production and secretion, effects) of the male sex hormones, the possible disturbances of the male sex hormones, the possible disturbances of the male sex function are pathophysiologically listed and some instructive diseases, as castration, testicular feminization, Kallmann syndrome, prolactinoma and flour-bag-drawfs, are discussed. Regarding the main topic, influence of general diseases on sex hormones, the implications of the cirrhosis of the liver and the dialysis in kidney disease are listed as examples. Indications and particularly the contraindications and dangers of testosterone and anabolic steroid therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:361526", "title": "[Practical significance of syphilis serodiagnosis].", "content": "Recent developments in syphilis serology are set down. The new specific tests for treponema pallidum are described. Reactivity in different stages of the disease including congenital and neurosyphilis is discussed. An outline is given of the possibilities of the IgM-FTA-ABS and 19 S IgM-FTA-ABS tests. Syphilis serology today requires only 3 tests: a screening procedure, where the specific AMHA-TP is the method of choice, FTA-ABS test should be used for confirmation, and the quantitative VDRL in order to follow up the effectiveness of treatment.", "contents": "[Practical significance of syphilis serodiagnosis]. Recent developments in syphilis serology are set down. The new specific tests for treponema pallidum are described. Reactivity in different stages of the disease including congenital and neurosyphilis is discussed. An outline is given of the possibilities of the IgM-FTA-ABS and 19 S IgM-FTA-ABS tests. Syphilis serology today requires only 3 tests: a screening procedure, where the specific AMHA-TP is the method of choice, FTA-ABS test should be used for confirmation, and the quantitative VDRL in order to follow up the effectiveness of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:361528", "title": "[Predisposing factors in candidiasis. Animal experimental studies and clinical findings with special regard to immunity].", "content": "In the presence of predisposing factors which are considered as a local or general impairment of the host's defence mechanisms, the opportunistically pathogenic character of Candida albicans transforms into a parasitic one thus favoring the development of candidosis. The clinically reporting part of the paper deals with the predisposing factors and clinical features of candidosis. In animal experiments, we attempted to find out to what extent and whether exclusively the cellular immune system protects the host from Candida albicans infection. Our findings suggest that the cell-mediated immunity and phagocytosis are of fundamental importance in overcoming a candidosis and in resistance to Candida albicans. The humoral immune system plays a minor role, which may be limited to the stimulation of macrophages.", "contents": "[Predisposing factors in candidiasis. Animal experimental studies and clinical findings with special regard to immunity]. In the presence of predisposing factors which are considered as a local or general impairment of the host's defence mechanisms, the opportunistically pathogenic character of Candida albicans transforms into a parasitic one thus favoring the development of candidosis. The clinically reporting part of the paper deals with the predisposing factors and clinical features of candidosis. In animal experiments, we attempted to find out to what extent and whether exclusively the cellular immune system protects the host from Candida albicans infection. Our findings suggest that the cell-mediated immunity and phagocytosis are of fundamental importance in overcoming a candidosis and in resistance to Candida albicans. The humoral immune system plays a minor role, which may be limited to the stimulation of macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:361529", "title": "[New aspects of anastomoses of severed peripheral nerves].", "content": "Nerve anastomoses glued with Fibrinkleber are stabilized against the plasminogen-activators of the tissue by natural and synthetical inhibitors of fibrinolysis administered locally and systemically. So the early lysis of the clots is inhibited. The glued nerve anastomoses do not reach the bond strength of sutured nerves, but foreign body reactions are avoided by this method. Glueing nerves with Fibrinkleber combined with inhibition of fibrinolysis seems to be a good method reuniting severed nerves, especially in nerve transplantation, provided too much tension is avoided.", "contents": "[New aspects of anastomoses of severed peripheral nerves]. Nerve anastomoses glued with Fibrinkleber are stabilized against the plasminogen-activators of the tissue by natural and synthetical inhibitors of fibrinolysis administered locally and systemically. So the early lysis of the clots is inhibited. The glued nerve anastomoses do not reach the bond strength of sutured nerves, but foreign body reactions are avoided by this method. Glueing nerves with Fibrinkleber combined with inhibition of fibrinolysis seems to be a good method reuniting severed nerves, especially in nerve transplantation, provided too much tension is avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:361531", "title": "Catecholamine-induced changes in plasma glucose, glucagon and insulin in rabbits: effects of somatostatin.", "content": "The present study was conducted to determine if glucagon release is involved in the hyperglycemic response to epinephrine and isoproterenol in the fasted and fed, unanesthetized rabbit. Epinephrine produced dose-related increases in plasma glucose and glucagon levels in fed and fasted rabbits whereas isoprotereol produced modest hyperglycemia without hyperglucagonemia. Infusion of somatostatin suppressed epinephrine-induced glucagon release and this was correlated with a 50% reduction in the hyperglycemic response. These data suggest that epinephrine-induced glucagon release is the primary reason for the difference in hyperglycemic activity between epinephrine and isoproterenol in the unanesthetized rabbit.", "contents": "Catecholamine-induced changes in plasma glucose, glucagon and insulin in rabbits: effects of somatostatin. The present study was conducted to determine if glucagon release is involved in the hyperglycemic response to epinephrine and isoproterenol in the fasted and fed, unanesthetized rabbit. Epinephrine produced dose-related increases in plasma glucose and glucagon levels in fed and fasted rabbits whereas isoprotereol produced modest hyperglycemia without hyperglucagonemia. Infusion of somatostatin suppressed epinephrine-induced glucagon release and this was correlated with a 50% reduction in the hyperglycemic response. These data suggest that epinephrine-induced glucagon release is the primary reason for the difference in hyperglycemic activity between epinephrine and isoproterenol in the unanesthetized rabbit."}
{"id": "PMID:361534", "title": "Secretion and immunochemical properties of the trypsin inhibitor from bovine colostrum.", "content": "A trypsin inhibitor was isolated from bovine colostrum by affinity chromatography. Immunoelectrophoresis detected two immunogenic components in the isolated inhibitor, but only one of these was specific for the inhibitor; the other one was identical with an antigen present in liver, kidney, spleen, adrenal, thyroid, thymus, brain, ovarian, testicular and udder tissue and in bull seminal plasma. Using immunoabsorption and immunofluorescence it was shown that the antigens specific for the trypsin inhibitor of colostrum could be demonstrated only in the tissue of an udder that is secreting colostrum. The inhibitor is secreted by the secretory epithelium of the milk alveoli of the udder, during the period when the latter secretes colostrum. This inhibitor was not detected in the milk. Cross-reaction between antisera to colostral inhibitor and basic pancreatic inhibitor or seminal plasma inhibitors yielded negative results. Antiserum to bovine colostral inhibitor showed a positive reaction with inhibitor isolated from porcine colostrum.", "contents": "Secretion and immunochemical properties of the trypsin inhibitor from bovine colostrum. A trypsin inhibitor was isolated from bovine colostrum by affinity chromatography. Immunoelectrophoresis detected two immunogenic components in the isolated inhibitor, but only one of these was specific for the inhibitor; the other one was identical with an antigen present in liver, kidney, spleen, adrenal, thyroid, thymus, brain, ovarian, testicular and udder tissue and in bull seminal plasma. Using immunoabsorption and immunofluorescence it was shown that the antigens specific for the trypsin inhibitor of colostrum could be demonstrated only in the tissue of an udder that is secreting colostrum. The inhibitor is secreted by the secretory epithelium of the milk alveoli of the udder, during the period when the latter secretes colostrum. This inhibitor was not detected in the milk. Cross-reaction between antisera to colostral inhibitor and basic pancreatic inhibitor or seminal plasma inhibitors yielded negative results. Antiserum to bovine colostral inhibitor showed a positive reaction with inhibitor isolated from porcine colostrum."}
{"id": "PMID:361535", "title": "Molecular weight and hydrodynamic properties of a proteinase A inhibitor from baker's yeast.", "content": "The molecular weight of the proteinase A inhibitor IA3 from baker's yeast was determined by different methods. From gel-filtration experiments, a molecular weight of 19 000 was calculated for the native inhibitor, while under denaturing conditions a molecular weight of 7400 was found. From electrophoretic experiments with the native protein, a molecular weight of 9000 was calculated. A similar value was obtained from the analytical ultracentrifuge, even at a protein concentration of 12 mg/ml. The diffusion coefficient and the partial specific volume were measured and from these data the frictional ratio and the Stokes radius were calculated. These parameters indicate that the relatively high apparent molecular weight calculated from the gel-filtration experiments is caused by the assymetric shape of the inhibitor molecule rather than by an aggregation of subunits.", "contents": "Molecular weight and hydrodynamic properties of a proteinase A inhibitor from baker's yeast. The molecular weight of the proteinase A inhibitor IA3 from baker's yeast was determined by different methods. From gel-filtration experiments, a molecular weight of 19 000 was calculated for the native inhibitor, while under denaturing conditions a molecular weight of 7400 was found. From electrophoretic experiments with the native protein, a molecular weight of 9000 was calculated. A similar value was obtained from the analytical ultracentrifuge, even at a protein concentration of 12 mg/ml. The diffusion coefficient and the partial specific volume were measured and from these data the frictional ratio and the Stokes radius were calculated. These parameters indicate that the relatively high apparent molecular weight calculated from the gel-filtration experiments is caused by the assymetric shape of the inhibitor molecule rather than by an aggregation of subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:361536", "title": "A new inhibitor protein from rat uterus against yeast proteinase B.", "content": "An inhibitor of yeast proteinase B has been enriched from uterine smooth muscle (myometrium) of the rat. This inhibitor behaves like a glycoprotein and has a molecular weight of 90 000. It activity can be clearly distinguished from the proteinase inhibitory activity of serum. Proteinase B inhibitory activity has also been demonstrated in liver, lung, heart, skeletal muscle, spleen and brain and these activities, too, are clearly distinguishable from the serum inhibitory activity. The activity in rat uterus decreases during the postpartal period.", "contents": "A new inhibitor protein from rat uterus against yeast proteinase B. An inhibitor of yeast proteinase B has been enriched from uterine smooth muscle (myometrium) of the rat. This inhibitor behaves like a glycoprotein and has a molecular weight of 90 000. It activity can be clearly distinguished from the proteinase inhibitory activity of serum. Proteinase B inhibitory activity has also been demonstrated in liver, lung, heart, skeletal muscle, spleen and brain and these activities, too, are clearly distinguishable from the serum inhibitory activity. The activity in rat uterus decreases during the postpartal period."}
{"id": "PMID:361537", "title": "Synopsis'78--NHI: a matter of degree.", "content": "Every year around this time, health care oracles ask the same questions about national health insurance: Will we get it? What kind? How much? When? We already have NHI, the author says. The question now is whether or not we should have more.", "contents": "Synopsis'78--NHI: a matter of degree. Every year around this time, health care oracles ask the same questions about national health insurance: Will we get it? What kind? How much? When? We already have NHI, the author says. The question now is whether or not we should have more."}
{"id": "PMID:361539", "title": "A simple technique for the utilization of postmortem tracheal and bronchial tissues for ultrastructural studies.", "content": "Human tracheal and bronchial tissues were taken from autopsy cases within five hours of death. The tissue was placed in a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution at either 37 degrees C. or 7 degrees C. A combination of 95 per cent oxygen and 5 per cent carbon dioxide was bubbled through the Krebs-Henseleit solution. Two hours after equilibration of the tissue in the bath at 37 degrees C. and electrical field stimulation was applied to the tissue and, if the tissue was physiologically active, it was utilized for further studies. At the termination of these studies the tissue was processed for electron microscopy. Control tissue was taken directly from the same area as the test tissue and was processed for electron microscopy without immersion in the Krebs-Henseleit solution. The tissue, after immersion in the Krebs-Henseleit solution for at least three hours, showed evidence of substantial recovery from the period of anoxia.", "contents": "A simple technique for the utilization of postmortem tracheal and bronchial tissues for ultrastructural studies. Human tracheal and bronchial tissues were taken from autopsy cases within five hours of death. The tissue was placed in a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution at either 37 degrees C. or 7 degrees C. A combination of 95 per cent oxygen and 5 per cent carbon dioxide was bubbled through the Krebs-Henseleit solution. Two hours after equilibration of the tissue in the bath at 37 degrees C. and electrical field stimulation was applied to the tissue and, if the tissue was physiologically active, it was utilized for further studies. At the termination of these studies the tissue was processed for electron microscopy. Control tissue was taken directly from the same area as the test tissue and was processed for electron microscopy without immersion in the Krebs-Henseleit solution. The tissue, after immersion in the Krebs-Henseleit solution for at least three hours, showed evidence of substantial recovery from the period of anoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:361541", "title": "Thymic hyperplasia and neoplasia: a review of current concepts.", "content": "Although the term thymic hyperplasia is used most commonly to indicate the occurrence of germinal centers in the thymus, cognizance must be taken of the fact that such centers may occur in apparently normal thymuses in both children and adults. A concept of thymic compartmentalization is proposed with origin of germinal centers in the perivascular space (extraparenchymal compartment) of the thymus. These germinal centers contain a high percentage of B lymphocytes in contrast to the true thymic parenchyma. Although the significance of germinal centers in the thymus parenchyma. Although the significance of germinal centers in the thymus in myasthenia gravis remains controversial, removal of nonneoplastic thymus in this condition is of proven therapeutic value. A variety of neoplasms originating in the thymus have previously been lumped together under the single term \"thymoma.\" It is apparent, however, that thymoma, thymic carcinoid, various lymphomas, and germ cell tumors that arise in the thymus differ not only pathologically but also in their clinical behavior. Thymoma is regarded as an epithelial neoplasm and ultrastucturally is characterized by many desmosomes and tonofilaments. The lymphocytes do not behave in a malignant manner, and lymphomas of the thymus should be sharply separated from true thymoma. Poorly differentiated thymic carcinoma and histiocytic lymphoma may be distinguishable only by the electron microscopic demonstration of desmosomes and filaments in the thymic carcinoma. The evidence that Hodgkin's disease of the thymus (\"granulomatous thymoma\") is not a variant of thymoma appears overwhelming. Lymphoblastic lymphoma of the thymus is a distinctive neoplasm that is especially prevalent in teenage males. High levels of terminal transferase characterize the lymphoblasts and there is a striking tendency for leukemia to occur. Thymic carcinoid is usually nonfunctional, although one-third of the reported cases are associated with Cushing's syndrome. On light microscopy a ribbon pattern and punctate necroses are characteristic of thymic carcinoids. Electron microscopic demonstration of many dense core granules is invaluable in establishing this diagnosis. An important clue to the diagnosis of thymic seminoma (a neoplasm that shows the same radiosensitivity as its testicular counterpart) is the frequent presence of epithelioid and giant cell granulomas and germinal centers. Separation of the various thymic neoplasms described not only is justifiable on pathologic grounds but is often essential for appropriate patient investigation and treatment.", "contents": "Thymic hyperplasia and neoplasia: a review of current concepts. Although the term thymic hyperplasia is used most commonly to indicate the occurrence of germinal centers in the thymus, cognizance must be taken of the fact that such centers may occur in apparently normal thymuses in both children and adults. A concept of thymic compartmentalization is proposed with origin of germinal centers in the perivascular space (extraparenchymal compartment) of the thymus. These germinal centers contain a high percentage of B lymphocytes in contrast to the true thymic parenchyma. Although the significance of germinal centers in the thymus parenchyma. Although the significance of germinal centers in the thymus in myasthenia gravis remains controversial, removal of nonneoplastic thymus in this condition is of proven therapeutic value. A variety of neoplasms originating in the thymus have previously been lumped together under the single term \"thymoma.\" It is apparent, however, that thymoma, thymic carcinoid, various lymphomas, and germ cell tumors that arise in the thymus differ not only pathologically but also in their clinical behavior. Thymoma is regarded as an epithelial neoplasm and ultrastucturally is characterized by many desmosomes and tonofilaments. The lymphocytes do not behave in a malignant manner, and lymphomas of the thymus should be sharply separated from true thymoma. Poorly differentiated thymic carcinoma and histiocytic lymphoma may be distinguishable only by the electron microscopic demonstration of desmosomes and filaments in the thymic carcinoma. The evidence that Hodgkin's disease of the thymus (\"granulomatous thymoma\") is not a variant of thymoma appears overwhelming. Lymphoblastic lymphoma of the thymus is a distinctive neoplasm that is especially prevalent in teenage males. High levels of terminal transferase characterize the lymphoblasts and there is a striking tendency for leukemia to occur. Thymic carcinoid is usually nonfunctional, although one-third of the reported cases are associated with Cushing's syndrome. On light microscopy a ribbon pattern and punctate necroses are characteristic of thymic carcinoids. Electron microscopic demonstration of many dense core granules is invaluable in establishing this diagnosis. An important clue to the diagnosis of thymic seminoma (a neoplasm that shows the same radiosensitivity as its testicular counterpart) is the frequent presence of epithelioid and giant cell granulomas and germinal centers. Separation of the various thymic neoplasms described not only is justifiable on pathologic grounds but is often essential for appropriate patient investigation and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:361542", "title": "Electron microscopic X-ray microanalysis of localized element concentrations in human cardiomyopathies: a pilot study.", "content": "The elemental content in localized cellular regions of human myocardial biopsy specimens was studied by electron microscopic x-ray microanalysis. The elements detected were phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, calcium, and zinc and occasionally tracrs of iron and copper. Nucleoli and heterochromatin contained the highest concentrations of phosphorus and calcium, whereas sulfur was prominent in sarcomeres, dark mitochondria, and secondary lysosomes. Dark mitochondria often had more phosphorus, sulfur, and calcium than swollen, paler ones.", "contents": "Electron microscopic X-ray microanalysis of localized element concentrations in human cardiomyopathies: a pilot study. The elemental content in localized cellular regions of human myocardial biopsy specimens was studied by electron microscopic x-ray microanalysis. The elements detected were phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, calcium, and zinc and occasionally tracrs of iron and copper. Nucleoli and heterochromatin contained the highest concentrations of phosphorus and calcium, whereas sulfur was prominent in sarcomeres, dark mitochondria, and secondary lysosomes. Dark mitochondria often had more phosphorus, sulfur, and calcium than swollen, paler ones."}
{"id": "PMID:361545", "title": "Age-dependent variations of antibody avidity.", "content": "Age-dependent variations of antibody avidity were studied in the C3HeB/FeJ mouse. Spleen cells from donors of different ages (10--720 days) were transferred and stimulated with TNP-HRBC in lethally irradiated syngenic recipients. The anti-TNP antibody response of the donor cells was estimated from the number of direct PFC per recipient spleen by the Jerne technique with TNP-SRBC. Avidity of the antibodies secreted by PFC was evaluated from the amount of added TNP-BSA that inhibited 50% of the anti-TNP PFC. Under these experimental conditions allowing the exclusion of any influence of the donor milieu during the immune response, age-dependent variations of the antibody response and avidity could be attributed to changes in the donor spleen cell population. Avidity was found to increase with the response and to vary parabolically with age. After appropriate correction of the number of PFC to make it independent from age, avidity values were fitted by a multiple curvilinear regression in which the independent variables playing a significant role were the corrected number of PFC in its linear term and the age in its linear and quadratic terms. From comparison of the standard coefficients of this regression, the observed variations of avidity could be attributed in part (82%) to the response and in part (18%) to the age. For any value of response, avidity increased 15-fold from day 10 to reach a maximum at day 110 and then declined 5-fold at the age of 720 days. Heterogeneity of avidity also changed parabolically with age as high avidity classes were present in adulthood and absent at 10 and 720 days.", "contents": "Age-dependent variations of antibody avidity. Age-dependent variations of antibody avidity were studied in the C3HeB/FeJ mouse. Spleen cells from donors of different ages (10--720 days) were transferred and stimulated with TNP-HRBC in lethally irradiated syngenic recipients. The anti-TNP antibody response of the donor cells was estimated from the number of direct PFC per recipient spleen by the Jerne technique with TNP-SRBC. Avidity of the antibodies secreted by PFC was evaluated from the amount of added TNP-BSA that inhibited 50% of the anti-TNP PFC. Under these experimental conditions allowing the exclusion of any influence of the donor milieu during the immune response, age-dependent variations of the antibody response and avidity could be attributed to changes in the donor spleen cell population. Avidity was found to increase with the response and to vary parabolically with age. After appropriate correction of the number of PFC to make it independent from age, avidity values were fitted by a multiple curvilinear regression in which the independent variables playing a significant role were the corrected number of PFC in its linear term and the age in its linear and quadratic terms. From comparison of the standard coefficients of this regression, the observed variations of avidity could be attributed in part (82%) to the response and in part (18%) to the age. For any value of response, avidity increased 15-fold from day 10 to reach a maximum at day 110 and then declined 5-fold at the age of 720 days. Heterogeneity of avidity also changed parabolically with age as high avidity classes were present in adulthood and absent at 10 and 720 days."}
{"id": "PMID:361549", "title": "Induction and modification of anti-TNP reaginic and IgG antibody responses by reactive trinitrophenyl derivatives.", "content": "The anti-TNP antibody response of mice exposed to picryl chloride is a response where IgE antibody can be preferentially produced. Skin-painting with picryl chloride induces IgM, IgG and IgE antibody. After repeated painting the titre and persistence of the IgE but not IgG antibody is increased. Feeding picryl chloride does not induce antibody but it does produce unresponsiveness for IgG without affecting responsiveness for IgE. Injection of picryl sulphonic acid produces unresponsiveness for both classes. The unresponsiveness (induced by feeding or injection) is found for responses to picryl chloride but responses to TNP-KLH are barely affected. Both the IgE and IgG responses to picryl chloride are initiated in the lymph nodes and then develop in the spleen. IgE and IgG antibody production are both T-cell dependent but not influenced by adult thymectomy.", "contents": "Induction and modification of anti-TNP reaginic and IgG antibody responses by reactive trinitrophenyl derivatives. The anti-TNP antibody response of mice exposed to picryl chloride is a response where IgE antibody can be preferentially produced. Skin-painting with picryl chloride induces IgM, IgG and IgE antibody. After repeated painting the titre and persistence of the IgE but not IgG antibody is increased. Feeding picryl chloride does not induce antibody but it does produce unresponsiveness for IgG without affecting responsiveness for IgE. Injection of picryl sulphonic acid produces unresponsiveness for both classes. The unresponsiveness (induced by feeding or injection) is found for responses to picryl chloride but responses to TNP-KLH are barely affected. Both the IgE and IgG responses to picryl chloride are initiated in the lymph nodes and then develop in the spleen. IgE and IgG antibody production are both T-cell dependent but not influenced by adult thymectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:361561", "title": "Microassay for immunoglobulin G antibodies to Treponema pallidum with radioiodinated protein A from staphylococcus aureus: immunoglobulin G response in experimental syphilis in rabbits.", "content": "Radioiodinated staphylococcal protein A (SpA) was used to detect the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response to Treponema pallidum in experimental syphilis. This solid-phase assay is based on the principle that SpA binds avidly to the Fc portion of mammalian IgG. The optimal number of organisms for detection of antibody was 10(5) per microwell. Of eight fixatives, 10% ethanol gave an optimum immune binding ratio of infected to normal rabbit serus at a 1:100 serum dilution. Kinetic studies demonstrated maximum binding and the highest immune binding ratio (15:1) with a 60-min incubation each for antibody and (125)I-SpA, respectively. The IgG response in rabbits intratesticularly infected with live T. pallidum and bled at -1, 9, 30, 90, 180, and 480 days was detected first at 9 days, reached a peak at 30 days, and remained elevated for 480 days. Absorption studies with an extract of T. phagedenis biotype reiterii demonstrated that 65 to 85% of the total antitreponemal IgG response was specific for T. pallidum throughout the course of infection. The microassay was quantitative and detected less than 2 ng of antibody.", "contents": "Microassay for immunoglobulin G antibodies to Treponema pallidum with radioiodinated protein A from staphylococcus aureus: immunoglobulin G response in experimental syphilis in rabbits. Radioiodinated staphylococcal protein A (SpA) was used to detect the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response to Treponema pallidum in experimental syphilis. This solid-phase assay is based on the principle that SpA binds avidly to the Fc portion of mammalian IgG. The optimal number of organisms for detection of antibody was 10(5) per microwell. Of eight fixatives, 10% ethanol gave an optimum immune binding ratio of infected to normal rabbit serus at a 1:100 serum dilution. Kinetic studies demonstrated maximum binding and the highest immune binding ratio (15:1) with a 60-min incubation each for antibody and (125)I-SpA, respectively. The IgG response in rabbits intratesticularly infected with live T. pallidum and bled at -1, 9, 30, 90, 180, and 480 days was detected first at 9 days, reached a peak at 30 days, and remained elevated for 480 days. Absorption studies with an extract of T. phagedenis biotype reiterii demonstrated that 65 to 85% of the total antitreponemal IgG response was specific for T. pallidum throughout the course of infection. The microassay was quantitative and detected less than 2 ng of antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:361562", "title": "Enterotoxigenicity of enteropathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli isolated from infants with epidemic diarrhea.", "content": "Enteropathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli which have been incriminated by epidemiological evidence as responsible for epidemics of acute diarrhea in infants are often found to be nontoxigenic when tested by conventional systems such as Y1-adrenal, Chinese hamster ovary, and suckling mouse assays. Twelve such strains, representing four different enteropathogenic serotypes, were examined for their capacity to elaborate toxic materials which alter water transport. Ultrafiltration fractions prepared to contain either a high-molecular-weight, heatlabile or a low-molecular-weight, heat-stable form of toxin from each strain were perfused through rat jejuna in graded concentrations ranging from 100 mug to 0.1 ng/ml. Ten of the twelve enteropathogenic strains produced one or both toxin forms that induced water secretion at concentrations of 1 to 10 ng/ml. Values in this range are considered indicative of clinically significant enterotoxigenicity in this assay system, and toxins from well-documented toxigenic strains examined in this study were active at these same concentrations. Similar preparations from ten control strains from healthy persons were either inactive or evoked water secretion only at concentrations of 10 to 100 mug/ml. These observations suggest that enteropathogenic serotypes of E. coli isolated from epidemics of infantile diarrhea produce diarrhea by elaborating potent heat-labile and heat-stable toxin forms which alter water transport but which are inactive in conventional assay systems. The manner in which these toxins differ either quantitatively or qualitatively from those which stimulate the conventional test systems is unknown.", "contents": "Enterotoxigenicity of enteropathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli isolated from infants with epidemic diarrhea. Enteropathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli which have been incriminated by epidemiological evidence as responsible for epidemics of acute diarrhea in infants are often found to be nontoxigenic when tested by conventional systems such as Y1-adrenal, Chinese hamster ovary, and suckling mouse assays. Twelve such strains, representing four different enteropathogenic serotypes, were examined for their capacity to elaborate toxic materials which alter water transport. Ultrafiltration fractions prepared to contain either a high-molecular-weight, heatlabile or a low-molecular-weight, heat-stable form of toxin from each strain were perfused through rat jejuna in graded concentrations ranging from 100 mug to 0.1 ng/ml. Ten of the twelve enteropathogenic strains produced one or both toxin forms that induced water secretion at concentrations of 1 to 10 ng/ml. Values in this range are considered indicative of clinically significant enterotoxigenicity in this assay system, and toxins from well-documented toxigenic strains examined in this study were active at these same concentrations. Similar preparations from ten control strains from healthy persons were either inactive or evoked water secretion only at concentrations of 10 to 100 mug/ml. These observations suggest that enteropathogenic serotypes of E. coli isolated from epidemics of infantile diarrhea produce diarrhea by elaborating potent heat-labile and heat-stable toxin forms which alter water transport but which are inactive in conventional assay systems. The manner in which these toxins differ either quantitatively or qualitatively from those which stimulate the conventional test systems is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:361563", "title": "Biological and physicochemical characteristics of four serotypes of Salmonella enteritidis.", "content": "Four serotypes of Salmonella enteritidis, Anatum ATCC 9270, Newbrunswick ATCC 1608, Oranienburg 200 E, and Pullorum RM, were studied to determine biological, chemical, or physical differences which might explain variations in Salmonella virulence as previously reported by McCullough and Eisele (J. Infect. Dis. 88:278-289, 1951; 89:259-265, 1951). These investigators found that serotype Pullorum was significantly less virulent than serotypes Newport, Derby, Barielly, Meleagridis and Anatum when fed to healthy humans. Results of our own experiments showed that serotype Pullorum RM had a generation time approximately twice that of serotype Anatum 9270. The volume of serotype Pullorum was approximately one-half the volume of the other serotypes used (Anatum 9270, Newbrunswick 1608, Oranienburg 200 E, Cubana 12007, and Meleagridis DR). The number of cells required to yield 1 g dry weight was substantially higher for serotype Pullorum RM than for serotypes Anatum 9270, Newbrunswick 1608, and Oranienburg 200 E. The yield of endotoxin per gram dry weight for serotype Pullorum RM averaged 22 mg/g, whereas yields of endotoxin for serotypes Anatum 9270, Newbrunswick 1608, and Oranienburg 200 E averaged 32 to 35 mg/g. The relative abundance of the four major fatty acids (measured by gas chromatography) also showed distinct differences among the serotypes. Pullorum RM contained less lauric and 3-hydroxymyristic acids and more myristic and palmitic acids than the other three serotypes. The identity of 3-hydroxymyristate was confirmed by mass spectroscopy. Serotype Pullorum RM required 10 times more lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin) to obtain a 50% lethal dose in mice than the other three serotypes. When the lipid part was separated from the polysaccharide and solubilized with bovine serum, the 50% lethal dose of serotype Pullorum RM was equal to that of the other three.", "contents": "Biological and physicochemical characteristics of four serotypes of Salmonella enteritidis. Four serotypes of Salmonella enteritidis, Anatum ATCC 9270, Newbrunswick ATCC 1608, Oranienburg 200 E, and Pullorum RM, were studied to determine biological, chemical, or physical differences which might explain variations in Salmonella virulence as previously reported by McCullough and Eisele (J. Infect. Dis. 88:278-289, 1951; 89:259-265, 1951). These investigators found that serotype Pullorum was significantly less virulent than serotypes Newport, Derby, Barielly, Meleagridis and Anatum when fed to healthy humans. Results of our own experiments showed that serotype Pullorum RM had a generation time approximately twice that of serotype Anatum 9270. The volume of serotype Pullorum was approximately one-half the volume of the other serotypes used (Anatum 9270, Newbrunswick 1608, Oranienburg 200 E, Cubana 12007, and Meleagridis DR). The number of cells required to yield 1 g dry weight was substantially higher for serotype Pullorum RM than for serotypes Anatum 9270, Newbrunswick 1608, and Oranienburg 200 E. The yield of endotoxin per gram dry weight for serotype Pullorum RM averaged 22 mg/g, whereas yields of endotoxin for serotypes Anatum 9270, Newbrunswick 1608, and Oranienburg 200 E averaged 32 to 35 mg/g. The relative abundance of the four major fatty acids (measured by gas chromatography) also showed distinct differences among the serotypes. Pullorum RM contained less lauric and 3-hydroxymyristic acids and more myristic and palmitic acids than the other three serotypes. The identity of 3-hydroxymyristate was confirmed by mass spectroscopy. Serotype Pullorum RM required 10 times more lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin) to obtain a 50% lethal dose in mice than the other three serotypes. When the lipid part was separated from the polysaccharide and solubilized with bovine serum, the 50% lethal dose of serotype Pullorum RM was equal to that of the other three."}
{"id": "PMID:361564", "title": "Binding of glucosyltransferase and glucan synthesis by Streptococcus mutans and other bacteria.", "content": "Lyophilized and heat-treated cells from the seven serotypes of Streptococcus mutans were examined for their ability to bind added insoluble-product glucosyl-transferase (GTase) and to synthesize cell-associated glucan from [(14)C]sucrose. Lyophilized cells of serotypes a and g did not synthesize any more additional glucan than did the controls after exposure to GTase. These cells, however, synthesized four- to eightfold-greater quantities of glucan than did the cells of the remaining serotypes. Lyophilized cells of serotypes b, c, d, e, and f synthesized two- to threefold-greater quantities of glucan after exposure to GTase than did the controls without added enzyme. Lyophilized cells of serotypes a and g synthesized 6- to 10-fold-greater quantities of glucan than did heat-treated cells of the same strain after binding of GTase. Lyophilized cells of the remaining serotypes synthesized only 1.6- to 3.3-fold-greater quantities of glucan than did the heat-treated cells. These results demonstrate that heat treatment to inactivate cell-associated GTase does not create additional GTase binding sites in S. mutans and that serotypes a and g are considerably more active in cell-associated glucan synthesis than cells of the other five serotypes. Ten species of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria from five genera which do not produce in vitro plaque synthesized 10- to 100-fold-less glucan than did the S. mutans strains after exposure to GTase. Of these species, S. sanguis, Actinomyces viscosus, and A. naeslundii synthesized the largest quantities of glucan. Three mutant strains of S. mutans which possess a reduced ability for in vitro adherence but do agglutinate with glucan or dextran synthesized only one-third as much glucan after binding of GTase as the control. These results are discussed in relation to in vitro and in vivo plaque development and the agglutination of S. mutans. The results support earlier findings which indicate that the presence of bacterial species other than S. mutans in smooth-surface dental plaque is due in part to contact of the cells with glucan in the developing plaque and not to the binding of cell-free GTase and the in situ synthesis of glucan. The results obtained with these representative strains of the seven serotypes of S. mutans may not apply to the same extent to other strains within the serotypes.", "contents": "Binding of glucosyltransferase and glucan synthesis by Streptococcus mutans and other bacteria. Lyophilized and heat-treated cells from the seven serotypes of Streptococcus mutans were examined for their ability to bind added insoluble-product glucosyl-transferase (GTase) and to synthesize cell-associated glucan from [(14)C]sucrose. Lyophilized cells of serotypes a and g did not synthesize any more additional glucan than did the controls after exposure to GTase. These cells, however, synthesized four- to eightfold-greater quantities of glucan than did the cells of the remaining serotypes. Lyophilized cells of serotypes b, c, d, e, and f synthesized two- to threefold-greater quantities of glucan after exposure to GTase than did the controls without added enzyme. Lyophilized cells of serotypes a and g synthesized 6- to 10-fold-greater quantities of glucan than did heat-treated cells of the same strain after binding of GTase. Lyophilized cells of the remaining serotypes synthesized only 1.6- to 3.3-fold-greater quantities of glucan than did the heat-treated cells. These results demonstrate that heat treatment to inactivate cell-associated GTase does not create additional GTase binding sites in S. mutans and that serotypes a and g are considerably more active in cell-associated glucan synthesis than cells of the other five serotypes. Ten species of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria from five genera which do not produce in vitro plaque synthesized 10- to 100-fold-less glucan than did the S. mutans strains after exposure to GTase. Of these species, S. sanguis, Actinomyces viscosus, and A. naeslundii synthesized the largest quantities of glucan. Three mutant strains of S. mutans which possess a reduced ability for in vitro adherence but do agglutinate with glucan or dextran synthesized only one-third as much glucan after binding of GTase as the control. These results are discussed in relation to in vitro and in vivo plaque development and the agglutination of S. mutans. The results support earlier findings which indicate that the presence of bacterial species other than S. mutans in smooth-surface dental plaque is due in part to contact of the cells with glucan in the developing plaque and not to the binding of cell-free GTase and the in situ synthesis of glucan. The results obtained with these representative strains of the seven serotypes of S. mutans may not apply to the same extent to other strains within the serotypes."}
{"id": "PMID:361565", "title": "Escherichia coli pili as possible mediators of attachment to human urinary tract epithelial cells.", "content": "Presence of pili of fimbriae on Escherichia coli bacteria isolated from the urine of patients with urinary tract infection was related to the ability of the bacteria to attach to human uroepithelial cells. Piliated E. coli strains agglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes. D-Mannose and alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside inhibited this agglutination with all but one of the 12 strains tested. D-Mannose, D-galactose, alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside, and L-fucose did not afect attachment of piliated strains to uroepithelial cells. Heating as well as washing of piliated strains caused a parallel decrease of piliation and adhesive ability. Growth in glucose-enriched medium increased capsule formation but decreased piliation and adhesion. Capsulated strains retained their adhesive ability provided that pili extended outside the capsule.", "contents": "Escherichia coli pili as possible mediators of attachment to human urinary tract epithelial cells. Presence of pili of fimbriae on Escherichia coli bacteria isolated from the urine of patients with urinary tract infection was related to the ability of the bacteria to attach to human uroepithelial cells. Piliated E. coli strains agglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes. D-Mannose and alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside inhibited this agglutination with all but one of the 12 strains tested. D-Mannose, D-galactose, alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside, and L-fucose did not afect attachment of piliated strains to uroepithelial cells. Heating as well as washing of piliated strains caused a parallel decrease of piliation and adhesive ability. Growth in glucose-enriched medium increased capsule formation but decreased piliation and adhesion. Capsulated strains retained their adhesive ability provided that pili extended outside the capsule."}
{"id": "PMID:361566", "title": "Immunization of suckling pigs against enteric enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection by vaccinating dams with purified pili.", "content": "Pregnant swine (gilts) were vaccinated parenterally with a suspension of purified pili from the porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain 987 (09:K103::NM). Gilts injected with placebo served as controls. Suckling pigs born to gilts in both groups were challenged intragastrically with virulent strain 987. The percentage of deaths, incidence and duration of diarrhea, numbers of E. coli in the ilea, and E. coli attachment to the villous epithelia were significantly less in suckling pigs of vaccinated gilts than in those of controls. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that pili of some enterotoxigenic E. coli facilitate adhesion to intestinal epithelia. Vaccination of dams with pili appears to be a means of immunizing against diarrheal disease caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli in suckling neonates. This work confirms the role of somatic pili as colonization and virulence factors and provides another example of safe and effective purified pilus vaccines.", "contents": "Immunization of suckling pigs against enteric enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection by vaccinating dams with purified pili. Pregnant swine (gilts) were vaccinated parenterally with a suspension of purified pili from the porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain 987 (09:K103::NM). Gilts injected with placebo served as controls. Suckling pigs born to gilts in both groups were challenged intragastrically with virulent strain 987. The percentage of deaths, incidence and duration of diarrhea, numbers of E. coli in the ilea, and E. coli attachment to the villous epithelia were significantly less in suckling pigs of vaccinated gilts than in those of controls. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that pili of some enterotoxigenic E. coli facilitate adhesion to intestinal epithelia. Vaccination of dams with pili appears to be a means of immunizing against diarrheal disease caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli in suckling neonates. This work confirms the role of somatic pili as colonization and virulence factors and provides another example of safe and effective purified pilus vaccines."}
{"id": "PMID:361567", "title": "Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy of the attachment of Mycoplasma synoviae to chicken embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "The techniques of immunofluorescence and of transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to demonstrate the attachment of Mycoplasma synoviae to chicken embryo fibroblasts. Although the organisms colonized the surface of many of the cells, there was marked variation in the number of organisms associated with individual cells.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy of the attachment of Mycoplasma synoviae to chicken embryo fibroblasts. The techniques of immunofluorescence and of transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to demonstrate the attachment of Mycoplasma synoviae to chicken embryo fibroblasts. Although the organisms colonized the surface of many of the cells, there was marked variation in the number of organisms associated with individual cells."}
{"id": "PMID:361568", "title": "Growth of salmonellae in orally infected germfree mice.", "content": "Germfree mice were infected intragastrically, intravenously, or intraperitoneally with 10(3) to 10(9) viable Salmonella typhi Ty2, S. gallinarum 9240, or S. enteritidis 5694. The 50% lethal doses were compared with those for conventionally raised mice. Substantial growth of the salmonellae occurred in the intestinal tract of the germfree mice but, despite the presence of more than 10(9) viable S. typhi or S. gallinarum in the lumen, the liver and spleen cultures remained Salmonella-free, and all of the mice survived the oral challenge. The ileal and cecal Peyer's patches and the mesenteric lymph nodes of these mice contained 10(3) to 10(4) viable salmonellae within 24 h of introduction of the inoculum into the stomach. Despite this local involvement, the infection did not spread systemically even when host resistance was reduced by means of sublethal, whole-body gamma irradiation before oral challenge. Germfree mice infected orally with as few as 10 mouse-virulent S. enteritidis quickly developed severe diarrhea and died within 5 to 8 days as a result of a spreading systemic disease.", "contents": "Growth of salmonellae in orally infected germfree mice. Germfree mice were infected intragastrically, intravenously, or intraperitoneally with 10(3) to 10(9) viable Salmonella typhi Ty2, S. gallinarum 9240, or S. enteritidis 5694. The 50% lethal doses were compared with those for conventionally raised mice. Substantial growth of the salmonellae occurred in the intestinal tract of the germfree mice but, despite the presence of more than 10(9) viable S. typhi or S. gallinarum in the lumen, the liver and spleen cultures remained Salmonella-free, and all of the mice survived the oral challenge. The ileal and cecal Peyer's patches and the mesenteric lymph nodes of these mice contained 10(3) to 10(4) viable salmonellae within 24 h of introduction of the inoculum into the stomach. Despite this local involvement, the infection did not spread systemically even when host resistance was reduced by means of sublethal, whole-body gamma irradiation before oral challenge. Germfree mice infected orally with as few as 10 mouse-virulent S. enteritidis quickly developed severe diarrhea and died within 5 to 8 days as a result of a spreading systemic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:361569", "title": "Immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and defined toxoplasmosis serological patterns.", "content": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for toxoplasmosis was evaluated in serum samples presenting defined toxoplasmosis serological patterns, as determined by results in immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM immunofluorescence (IgG-IF, IgM-IF), hemagglutination, and complement fixation tests. ELISA was carried out with alkaline phosphatase-labeled anti-IgG and anti-IgM antibodies. Serum titer was expressed as the serum dilution end point determined by mere observation of color development in the test. A straight agreement was found between IgG-ELISA and IgG-IF titers, both in group A sera of ancient infections (patterns II and III) and group B sera of recent infections (pattern I). A similar agreement was found between IgG-ELISA and hemagglutination titers in group A sera, for which coincident IgG-IF and hemagglutination titers are also frequent. However, in group B sera, in spite of the same toxoplasma extract being used to sensitize both plastic surfaces and erythrocytes, IgG-ELISA titers were much higher than hemagglutination titers, in a way similar to that observed for IgG-IF titers. IgM-ELISA was positive in every group B serum, with higher titers than corresponding IgM-IF titers. Occasional low-titered positive IgM-ELISA results were seen for group A sera, sometimes due to IgM-antiglobulin antibodies. An easy test to perform, ELISA seems to be an adequate substitute for toxoplasmosis IF tests for routine purposes.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and defined toxoplasmosis serological patterns. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for toxoplasmosis was evaluated in serum samples presenting defined toxoplasmosis serological patterns, as determined by results in immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM immunofluorescence (IgG-IF, IgM-IF), hemagglutination, and complement fixation tests. ELISA was carried out with alkaline phosphatase-labeled anti-IgG and anti-IgM antibodies. Serum titer was expressed as the serum dilution end point determined by mere observation of color development in the test. A straight agreement was found between IgG-ELISA and IgG-IF titers, both in group A sera of ancient infections (patterns II and III) and group B sera of recent infections (pattern I). A similar agreement was found between IgG-ELISA and hemagglutination titers in group A sera, for which coincident IgG-IF and hemagglutination titers are also frequent. However, in group B sera, in spite of the same toxoplasma extract being used to sensitize both plastic surfaces and erythrocytes, IgG-ELISA titers were much higher than hemagglutination titers, in a way similar to that observed for IgG-IF titers. IgM-ELISA was positive in every group B serum, with higher titers than corresponding IgM-IF titers. Occasional low-titered positive IgM-ELISA results were seen for group A sera, sometimes due to IgM-antiglobulin antibodies. An easy test to perform, ELISA seems to be an adequate substitute for toxoplasmosis IF tests for routine purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:361570", "title": "Intraintestinal toxin in infant mice challenged intragastrically with Clostridium botulinum spores.", "content": "Conventionally raised suckling mice were injected intragastrically with 10(5) spores of a Clostridium botulinum type A culture. Botulism was not observed, but 80% or more of mice challenged when 8 to 11 days old had botulinum toxin in the large intestine 3 days later. Mice younger than 7 days or older than 15 days were resistant to the challenge. When in vivo toxin production was started by spores given to 9-day-old mice, toxin was present in the intestine at 1 through 7 days postchallenge but with greatest consistency between 1 and 4 days. Total toxin in an intestine ranged up to 1,920 50% lethal doses as titrated intraperitoneally in adult mice. The dose infecting 50% of a group of 9-day-old mice was 700 (95% confidence limits of 170 to 3,000) spores per animal. Toxin was formed in the lumen of the large intestine; it was not associated with the ileum. Injection of 10(5) spores intraperitoneally into 9-day-old mice resulted in toxin production in the large intestines of 30% of the test animals.", "contents": "Intraintestinal toxin in infant mice challenged intragastrically with Clostridium botulinum spores. Conventionally raised suckling mice were injected intragastrically with 10(5) spores of a Clostridium botulinum type A culture. Botulism was not observed, but 80% or more of mice challenged when 8 to 11 days old had botulinum toxin in the large intestine 3 days later. Mice younger than 7 days or older than 15 days were resistant to the challenge. When in vivo toxin production was started by spores given to 9-day-old mice, toxin was present in the intestine at 1 through 7 days postchallenge but with greatest consistency between 1 and 4 days. Total toxin in an intestine ranged up to 1,920 50% lethal doses as titrated intraperitoneally in adult mice. The dose infecting 50% of a group of 9-day-old mice was 700 (95% confidence limits of 170 to 3,000) spores per animal. Toxin was formed in the lumen of the large intestine; it was not associated with the ileum. Injection of 10(5) spores intraperitoneally into 9-day-old mice resulted in toxin production in the large intestines of 30% of the test animals."}
{"id": "PMID:361571", "title": "Adherence of Candida albicans to human buccal epithelial cells.", "content": "The adherence of Candida albicans to human buccal epithelial cells after 2 h at 37 degrees C was significantly greater in human saliva than in phosphate-buffered saline. in saliva, viable fungi adhered much better than did nonviable fungi, and this adherence was greater at 37 than at 25 degrees C. Viable yeasts, preincubated in saliva for 90 min at 37 degrees C before being washed and mixed with epithelial cells in phosphate-buffered saline, adhered better than nonviable yeasts or yeasts preincubated in phosphate-buffered saline. Enhanced adherence in saliva appeared to be associated with germination of the yeast cells. Conditions permitting germination (growth in tissue culture medium 199 at 37 degrees C but not at 25 degrees C) also supported enhanced adherence. After germination had occurred, the fungi could be killed with Formalin without interfering with their rapid and efficient adherence to epithelial cells. These data indicate that the enhanced adherence of C. albicans observed after incubation in saliva is related to changes in the fungi, rather than to a requirement for prolonged interaction between fungi and epithelial cells.", "contents": "Adherence of Candida albicans to human buccal epithelial cells. The adherence of Candida albicans to human buccal epithelial cells after 2 h at 37 degrees C was significantly greater in human saliva than in phosphate-buffered saline. in saliva, viable fungi adhered much better than did nonviable fungi, and this adherence was greater at 37 than at 25 degrees C. Viable yeasts, preincubated in saliva for 90 min at 37 degrees C before being washed and mixed with epithelial cells in phosphate-buffered saline, adhered better than nonviable yeasts or yeasts preincubated in phosphate-buffered saline. Enhanced adherence in saliva appeared to be associated with germination of the yeast cells. Conditions permitting germination (growth in tissue culture medium 199 at 37 degrees C but not at 25 degrees C) also supported enhanced adherence. After germination had occurred, the fungi could be killed with Formalin without interfering with their rapid and efficient adherence to epithelial cells. These data indicate that the enhanced adherence of C. albicans observed after incubation in saliva is related to changes in the fungi, rather than to a requirement for prolonged interaction between fungi and epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:361572", "title": "Immunotherapy of a guinea pig hepatoma with mycobacterial vaccines: comparison of BCG cell walls and cell wall skeletons.", "content": "BCG cell wall skeletons (SK) derived from BCG cell walls (CW) by treatment with proteolytic enzymes and organic solvents were tested for their potency to cause regression of a transplanted guinea pig hepatoma. On a weight basic, SK were as effective as CW in causing tumor regression, and they, as well as purified protein derivative of mycobacteria, provoked delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in animals immunized with CW or with SK. On a weight basis, CW were more active than SK in eliciting delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in sensitized guinea pigs whether the animals were immunized with CW or with SK. In unimmunized animals the inflammatory response to intradermally administered CW was greater than that evoked by SK. CW and SK provoked delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions of similar strength in animals immunized with living BCG. This study provided no compelling reasons for using SK instead of CW in clinical trials of cancer treatment by mycobacterial vaccines.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of a guinea pig hepatoma with mycobacterial vaccines: comparison of BCG cell walls and cell wall skeletons. BCG cell wall skeletons (SK) derived from BCG cell walls (CW) by treatment with proteolytic enzymes and organic solvents were tested for their potency to cause regression of a transplanted guinea pig hepatoma. On a weight basic, SK were as effective as CW in causing tumor regression, and they, as well as purified protein derivative of mycobacteria, provoked delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in animals immunized with CW or with SK. On a weight basis, CW were more active than SK in eliciting delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in sensitized guinea pigs whether the animals were immunized with CW or with SK. In unimmunized animals the inflammatory response to intradermally administered CW was greater than that evoked by SK. CW and SK provoked delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions of similar strength in animals immunized with living BCG. This study provided no compelling reasons for using SK instead of CW in clinical trials of cancer treatment by mycobacterial vaccines."}
{"id": "PMID:361573", "title": "Immunological cross-reactivity between a heat-labile enterotoxin(s) of Escherichia coli and subunits of Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin.", "content": "Heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli is immunologically related to both subunits, A and B, of cholera enterotoxin as demonstrated by neutralization and immunodiffusion.", "contents": "Immunological cross-reactivity between a heat-labile enterotoxin(s) of Escherichia coli and subunits of Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin. Heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli is immunologically related to both subunits, A and B, of cholera enterotoxin as demonstrated by neutralization and immunodiffusion."}
{"id": "PMID:361574", "title": "Opposite effects of BCG on spleen and lymph node cells: lymphocyte proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis.", "content": "C57BL/6 mice were immunized intravenously (i.v.), intraperitoneally (i.p.), or subcutaneously with one dose of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG). At various time intervals after injection, the lymphocyte response, as measured by thymidine incorporation into DNA, and the number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells were determined in vitro before and after mitogenic stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, or lipopolysaccharide. In unstimulated cultures, the spontaneous thymidine incorporation and immunoglobulin synthesis of spleen cells were increased to some extent in mice infected i.p. or i.v. with BCG, as compared with noninfected mice. In contrast, after mitogenic stimulation, a marked depression of the proliferative response of spleen cells to both T- and B-cell mitogens and a marked inhibition of LPS-induced immunoglobulin secretion were observed in mice infected i.v. and to a lesser extent in those infected i.p. The depression of lymphoblastogenesis in spleens was fully established 15 days after infection and persisted for a long period of time. When unfractionated or plastic-adherent spleen cells from BCG-infected mice were cultured with normal spleen cells, a strong depression of their reactivity to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and lipopolysaccharide was observed. After the removal of cells adherent to plastic, the response was partially restored in the nonadherent population from mice infected i.p., but not in that from mice infected i.v. After mitogenic stimulation, lymph node cells of mice inoculated subcutaneously showed a response to mitogen higher than that of normal cells. These results thus demonstrate that, depending on the route of administration, BCG exerts very different effects.", "contents": "Opposite effects of BCG on spleen and lymph node cells: lymphocyte proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis. C57BL/6 mice were immunized intravenously (i.v.), intraperitoneally (i.p.), or subcutaneously with one dose of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG). At various time intervals after injection, the lymphocyte response, as measured by thymidine incorporation into DNA, and the number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells were determined in vitro before and after mitogenic stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, or lipopolysaccharide. In unstimulated cultures, the spontaneous thymidine incorporation and immunoglobulin synthesis of spleen cells were increased to some extent in mice infected i.p. or i.v. with BCG, as compared with noninfected mice. In contrast, after mitogenic stimulation, a marked depression of the proliferative response of spleen cells to both T- and B-cell mitogens and a marked inhibition of LPS-induced immunoglobulin secretion were observed in mice infected i.v. and to a lesser extent in those infected i.p. The depression of lymphoblastogenesis in spleens was fully established 15 days after infection and persisted for a long period of time. When unfractionated or plastic-adherent spleen cells from BCG-infected mice were cultured with normal spleen cells, a strong depression of their reactivity to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and lipopolysaccharide was observed. After the removal of cells adherent to plastic, the response was partially restored in the nonadherent population from mice infected i.p., but not in that from mice infected i.v. After mitogenic stimulation, lymph node cells of mice inoculated subcutaneously showed a response to mitogen higher than that of normal cells. These results thus demonstrate that, depending on the route of administration, BCG exerts very different effects."}
{"id": "PMID:361575", "title": "Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by normal and thioglycolate-activated macrophages.", "content": "Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by normal and thioglycolate-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages was studied. Thioglycolate-activated macrophages exhibited a lower percent phagocytosis than did normal macrophages. Differences in phagocytosis could not be attributed to differences in macrophage viability, minor variations in the concentration of adherent macrophages, or a general depression in activated macrophage phagocytosis. Thioglycolate-activated macrophages required heat-labile opsonins for optimal phagocytosis of non-encapsulated cryptococci, whereas nonactivated macrophages did not require heat-labile opsonins for phagocytosis of the yeast. Both types of macrophages exhibited similar sensitivity to the phagocytosis-inhibiting properties of cryptococcal polysaccharide. The results show that depletion of heat-labile opsonins from serum or inactivation of yeast-bound, heat-labile opsonins by polysaccharide cannot account for the phagocytosis-inhibiting properties of cryptococcal polysaccharide.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by normal and thioglycolate-activated macrophages. Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by normal and thioglycolate-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages was studied. Thioglycolate-activated macrophages exhibited a lower percent phagocytosis than did normal macrophages. Differences in phagocytosis could not be attributed to differences in macrophage viability, minor variations in the concentration of adherent macrophages, or a general depression in activated macrophage phagocytosis. Thioglycolate-activated macrophages required heat-labile opsonins for optimal phagocytosis of non-encapsulated cryptococci, whereas nonactivated macrophages did not require heat-labile opsonins for phagocytosis of the yeast. Both types of macrophages exhibited similar sensitivity to the phagocytosis-inhibiting properties of cryptococcal polysaccharide. The results show that depletion of heat-labile opsonins from serum or inactivation of yeast-bound, heat-labile opsonins by polysaccharide cannot account for the phagocytosis-inhibiting properties of cryptococcal polysaccharide."}
{"id": "PMID:361576", "title": "Association of elevated levels of extracellular neuraminidase with clinical isolates of type III group B streptococci.", "content": "The level of total extracellular neuraminidase produced by 74 clinical isolates of group B streptococci isolated from diseased or asymptomatically colonized infants was assayed. Extracellular neuraminidase was obtained from concentrated filtrates of exponentially growing cultures of group B streptococci grown in a chemically defined medium (FMC) containing supplemental protein. The total activity of extracellular enzyme produced by these clinical isolates ranged from less than 10 to 360 nmol of sialic acid released per min per mg of cell dry weight. Strains were arbitrarily classified as either nonproducers (less than 10 nmol/min per mg of cell dry weight), low producers (greater than 10 to less than or equal 140 nmol/min per mg of cell dry weight), or high producers (greater than 140 to 360 nmol/min per mg of cell dry weight). Type III isolates from diseased infants were significantly more often classified as high producers than strains of group B streptococci of other serotypes from diseased infants (P less than  0.001). Furthermore, the serotype III strains isolated from neonatal infections were more often high producers than those of the same serotype from asymptomatically colonized infants (P less than 0.025). These results suggest that the ability to produce elevated levels of neuraminidase may be related to the frequent association of type III strains with disease among neonates.", "contents": "Association of elevated levels of extracellular neuraminidase with clinical isolates of type III group B streptococci. The level of total extracellular neuraminidase produced by 74 clinical isolates of group B streptococci isolated from diseased or asymptomatically colonized infants was assayed. Extracellular neuraminidase was obtained from concentrated filtrates of exponentially growing cultures of group B streptococci grown in a chemically defined medium (FMC) containing supplemental protein. The total activity of extracellular enzyme produced by these clinical isolates ranged from less than 10 to 360 nmol of sialic acid released per min per mg of cell dry weight. Strains were arbitrarily classified as either nonproducers (less than 10 nmol/min per mg of cell dry weight), low producers (greater than 10 to less than or equal 140 nmol/min per mg of cell dry weight), or high producers (greater than 140 to 360 nmol/min per mg of cell dry weight). Type III isolates from diseased infants were significantly more often classified as high producers than strains of group B streptococci of other serotypes from diseased infants (P less than  0.001). Furthermore, the serotype III strains isolated from neonatal infections were more often high producers than those of the same serotype from asymptomatically colonized infants (P less than 0.025). These results suggest that the ability to produce elevated levels of neuraminidase may be related to the frequent association of type III strains with disease among neonates."}
{"id": "PMID:361577", "title": "Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin: pyrogenicity, alteration of blood-brain barrier, and separation of sites for pyrogenicity and enhancement of lethal endotoxin shock.", "content": "Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C (SPE C) was shown to produce fever by crossing the blood-brain barrier. The toxin directly stimulated the hypothalamic fever response control center, thus bypassing a requirement for endogenous pyrogen release. SPE C was detected in the cerebrospinal fluids of toxin-treated rabbits by pyrogen tests and a hemagglutination inhibition assay. The toxin altered the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to endotoxin, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae as well as to itself. SPE C did not alter the in vivo differential and total counts of peripheral blood leukocytes and did not elicit endogenous pyrogen release from leukocytes in vitro. In vivo, peripheral blood platelet counts remained unchanged after SPE treatment. Cycloheximide pretreatment of rabbits did not inhibit fever production by SP C. In contrast to the hypothermia observed in mice treated with endotoxin intravenously susceptibility to lethal endotoxin shock. The abilities of SPE C to produce fever and enhance lethal shock were shown to be separate functions of the molecule; fever results from stimulation of the hypothalamus, and enhancement appears not to involve the central nervous system.", "contents": "Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin: pyrogenicity, alteration of blood-brain barrier, and separation of sites for pyrogenicity and enhancement of lethal endotoxin shock. Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C (SPE C) was shown to produce fever by crossing the blood-brain barrier. The toxin directly stimulated the hypothalamic fever response control center, thus bypassing a requirement for endogenous pyrogen release. SPE C was detected in the cerebrospinal fluids of toxin-treated rabbits by pyrogen tests and a hemagglutination inhibition assay. The toxin altered the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to endotoxin, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae as well as to itself. SPE C did not alter the in vivo differential and total counts of peripheral blood leukocytes and did not elicit endogenous pyrogen release from leukocytes in vitro. In vivo, peripheral blood platelet counts remained unchanged after SPE treatment. Cycloheximide pretreatment of rabbits did not inhibit fever production by SP C. In contrast to the hypothermia observed in mice treated with endotoxin intravenously susceptibility to lethal endotoxin shock. The abilities of SPE C to produce fever and enhance lethal shock were shown to be separate functions of the molecule; fever results from stimulation of the hypothalamus, and enhancement appears not to involve the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:361578", "title": "Immunological relationship of different preparations of coliform enterotoxins.", "content": "Antisera raised in rabbits to ultrafiltrate toxin preparations containing either the heat-labile (LT) toxin form obtained from whole cell lysates or broth filtrates or the heat-stable (ST) toxin form prepared from broth filtrates from nontoxigenic and toxigenic strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella were examined for their ability to neutralize the secretory effect on water transport of these toxins in the rat jejunum as determined by the in vivo marker perfusion technique. Antisera to the heat-labile toxin derived from whole cell lysate preparations from nontoxigenic strains had no neutralizing effect. Antisera to both types of LT preparation from both toxigenic strains neutralized, with several exceptions, all of the homologous and heterologous LT toxins as well as a heat-labile toxin preparation derived from sequential ultrafiltration of cell-free whole cell lysates which had a defined molecular weight of between 30,000 and 100,000. These antisera also neutralized homologous and heterologous ST preparations obtained from broth filtrates, but they had no neutralizing effect on low-molecular-weight, ST toxin material obtained during the sequential ultrafiltration of cell lysates. Antisera to ST prepared from broth filtrates had no neutralizing capacity against either LT or ST toxin preparations. These observations (i) indicate that the immunological relationship of E. coli and Klebsiella LT and ST toxins extends to antisera raised against LT prepared by several different methods, (ii) raise the possibility that, based on the response to antisera to LT, there may be several immunologically heterogeneous forms of low-molecular-weight ST toxin, and (c) confirm the lack of immunogenicity of ST.", "contents": "Immunological relationship of different preparations of coliform enterotoxins. Antisera raised in rabbits to ultrafiltrate toxin preparations containing either the heat-labile (LT) toxin form obtained from whole cell lysates or broth filtrates or the heat-stable (ST) toxin form prepared from broth filtrates from nontoxigenic and toxigenic strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella were examined for their ability to neutralize the secretory effect on water transport of these toxins in the rat jejunum as determined by the in vivo marker perfusion technique. Antisera to the heat-labile toxin derived from whole cell lysate preparations from nontoxigenic strains had no neutralizing effect. Antisera to both types of LT preparation from both toxigenic strains neutralized, with several exceptions, all of the homologous and heterologous LT toxins as well as a heat-labile toxin preparation derived from sequential ultrafiltration of cell-free whole cell lysates which had a defined molecular weight of between 30,000 and 100,000. These antisera also neutralized homologous and heterologous ST preparations obtained from broth filtrates, but they had no neutralizing effect on low-molecular-weight, ST toxin material obtained during the sequential ultrafiltration of cell lysates. Antisera to ST prepared from broth filtrates had no neutralizing capacity against either LT or ST toxin preparations. These observations (i) indicate that the immunological relationship of E. coli and Klebsiella LT and ST toxins extends to antisera raised against LT prepared by several different methods, (ii) raise the possibility that, based on the response to antisera to LT, there may be several immunologically heterogeneous forms of low-molecular-weight ST toxin, and (c) confirm the lack of immunogenicity of ST."}
{"id": "PMID:361579", "title": "Surface structures of Escherichia coli that produce diarrhea by a variety of enteropathic mechanisms.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli, mostly of human origin, were obtained from several different investigators who had isolated them from patients with diarrhea from many different parts of the world. The mechanisms by which these E. coli were thought to have caused diarrhea included: (i) synthesis of labile, stable, or Shigella dysenteriae-like enterotoxins; (ii) invasion of the intestinal mucosa; and (iii) unknown. Each strain was carefully examined for pili or flagella to correlate the presence or absence of such surface structures with a particular mechanism of diarrhea. The presence of pili was determined by colony morphology on minimal media, pellicle formation in static broth culture, and transmission electron microscopy. The pili were categorized as type 1 if the bacteria fermented rhamnose and if pellicle formation was inhibited by alpha-methyl-d-mannoside. The presence of flagella was confirmed in motility media and by transmission electron microscopy. Six invasive E. coli strains lacked pili and flagella. Ten E. coli strains that synthesized enterotoxins or produced diarrhea by an unknown mechanism were piliated (seven with type 1 pili), and all but one had flagella. Pili and flagella seem to be associated with strains of E. coli that produce diarrhea by enterotoxin synthesis or unknown mechanisms. Strains that produce diarrhea by mucosal invasion lack both types of surface structures.", "contents": "Surface structures of Escherichia coli that produce diarrhea by a variety of enteropathic mechanisms. Strains of Escherichia coli, mostly of human origin, were obtained from several different investigators who had isolated them from patients with diarrhea from many different parts of the world. The mechanisms by which these E. coli were thought to have caused diarrhea included: (i) synthesis of labile, stable, or Shigella dysenteriae-like enterotoxins; (ii) invasion of the intestinal mucosa; and (iii) unknown. Each strain was carefully examined for pili or flagella to correlate the presence or absence of such surface structures with a particular mechanism of diarrhea. The presence of pili was determined by colony morphology on minimal media, pellicle formation in static broth culture, and transmission electron microscopy. The pili were categorized as type 1 if the bacteria fermented rhamnose and if pellicle formation was inhibited by alpha-methyl-d-mannoside. The presence of flagella was confirmed in motility media and by transmission electron microscopy. Six invasive E. coli strains lacked pili and flagella. Ten E. coli strains that synthesized enterotoxins or produced diarrhea by an unknown mechanism were piliated (seven with type 1 pili), and all but one had flagella. Pili and flagella seem to be associated with strains of E. coli that produce diarrhea by enterotoxin synthesis or unknown mechanisms. Strains that produce diarrhea by mucosal invasion lack both types of surface structures."}
{"id": "PMID:361580", "title": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity to rabies virus in mice: assay of active or passive sensitization by the footpad test.", "content": "With a purified beta-propiolactone-inactivated rabies virus, a significant increase in footpad swelling was elicited in normal or in BCG-pretreated mice after immunization with varying doses of rabies vaccine. These footpad reactions were shown to peak at 24 h and to be associated with an infiltration of newly formed blood monocytes demonstrated by histology and [125I]deoxyuridine labeling. A relationship between the lymphoproliferation and the degree of sensitization is described, and the susceptibility to cyclophosphamide treatment is also examined. Adoptive transfer of specific reactivity to normal recipient mice with immune lymphoid cells, but not with immune serum, was demonstrated, and the results represent another argument for a cell-mediated immunological mechanism.", "contents": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity to rabies virus in mice: assay of active or passive sensitization by the footpad test. With a purified beta-propiolactone-inactivated rabies virus, a significant increase in footpad swelling was elicited in normal or in BCG-pretreated mice after immunization with varying doses of rabies vaccine. These footpad reactions were shown to peak at 24 h and to be associated with an infiltration of newly formed blood monocytes demonstrated by histology and [125I]deoxyuridine labeling. A relationship between the lymphoproliferation and the degree of sensitization is described, and the susceptibility to cyclophosphamide treatment is also examined. Adoptive transfer of specific reactivity to normal recipient mice with immune lymphoid cells, but not with immune serum, was demonstrated, and the results represent another argument for a cell-mediated immunological mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:361581", "title": "Characterization of group A streptococcal T-12 protein purified by ion-exchange column chromatography.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to describe the physicochemical characteristics of streptococcal T antigen. T protein isolated from Streptococcus pyogenes type 12 (R53/1077, Colindale) and purified by ion-exchange column chromatography resulted in a preparation that was homogeneous when tested electrophoretically (in two systems, in presence and in absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate) and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The purified T antigen was resistant to enzymatic degradation by trypsin and pepsin. It formed a single precipitin line with standard T-12 antiserum and was not contaminated with group A carbohydrate and M protein. The molecular weight of protein T, determined by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and calculated from its amino acid composition, was about 39,000. The molecular weight of this protein, determined by means of high-speed sedimentation equilibrium, ranged between 80,000 and 120,000. Glutamic and asparatic acids, lysine, alanine, and leucine were the predominant amino acids.", "contents": "Characterization of group A streptococcal T-12 protein purified by ion-exchange column chromatography. The aim of the present study was to describe the physicochemical characteristics of streptococcal T antigen. T protein isolated from Streptococcus pyogenes type 12 (R53/1077, Colindale) and purified by ion-exchange column chromatography resulted in a preparation that was homogeneous when tested electrophoretically (in two systems, in presence and in absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate) and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The purified T antigen was resistant to enzymatic degradation by trypsin and pepsin. It formed a single precipitin line with standard T-12 antiserum and was not contaminated with group A carbohydrate and M protein. The molecular weight of protein T, determined by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and calculated from its amino acid composition, was about 39,000. The molecular weight of this protein, determined by means of high-speed sedimentation equilibrium, ranged between 80,000 and 120,000. Glutamic and asparatic acids, lysine, alanine, and leucine were the predominant amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:361583", "title": "Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues--solubility of dentinal smear layer in dilute acid buffers.", "content": "While the acid etch technique has largely solved the problem of bonding restorative materials to enamel, attempts to improve adhesive bonding to dentin have so far had only limited success. One aspect to which insufficient attention has been paid is the presence of a smear layer on cut surfaces and of pellicle on surfaces exposed to saliva, both of which would reduce or prevent durable adhesive bonds. The present study attempts to evaluate the usefulness of various acidic solutions in removing these surface layers while causing minimal damage to the vital contents of the dentinal tubules. A series of twelve 0.16 M buffer solutions were applied to cut dentin surfaces which were then washed, dried and sputter-coated with gold/palladium in preparation for examination by scanning electron microscopy. It is concluded that the smear layer on cut dentin surfaces can be substantially removed in vitro by a 30 second exposure to an isotonic solution of buffered monobasic acids having pKa values between 3.8 and 2.5. Since these solutions did not always remove material from grooves in the prepared surface clinical techniques should aim at producing a smooth cut surface. The response of the vital pulp to this treatment still awaits investigation.", "contents": "Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues--solubility of dentinal smear layer in dilute acid buffers. While the acid etch technique has largely solved the problem of bonding restorative materials to enamel, attempts to improve adhesive bonding to dentin have so far had only limited success. One aspect to which insufficient attention has been paid is the presence of a smear layer on cut surfaces and of pellicle on surfaces exposed to saliva, both of which would reduce or prevent durable adhesive bonds. The present study attempts to evaluate the usefulness of various acidic solutions in removing these surface layers while causing minimal damage to the vital contents of the dentinal tubules. A series of twelve 0.16 M buffer solutions were applied to cut dentin surfaces which were then washed, dried and sputter-coated with gold/palladium in preparation for examination by scanning electron microscopy. It is concluded that the smear layer on cut dentin surfaces can be substantially removed in vitro by a 30 second exposure to an isotonic solution of buffered monobasic acids having pKa values between 3.8 and 2.5. Since these solutions did not always remove material from grooves in the prepared surface clinical techniques should aim at producing a smooth cut surface. The response of the vital pulp to this treatment still awaits investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:361584", "title": "Is there a role for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in feeding?", "content": "A review of evidence indicates that experimentally induced changes in the activity of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) systems are associated with pronounced changes in feeding behaviour. In general, treatments and procedures believed to lead to an increased availability of 5-HT in the synaptic cleft or which directly activate 5-HT receptors reduce food consumption, while procedures which either directly or indirectly decrease 5-HT receptor activation bring about the opposite effect. Interpretation of findings is hindered by methodological difficulties involved in the experimental manipulation of serotonin metabolism, by the lack of precise behavioural measures of feeding, and by the presence of large stores of serotonin outside the brain. However, available data favour the idea that serotonin systems play an inhibitory role in feeding, possibly in the mediation of satiety. This proposal has implications for further experimental investigations of the control of food intake, and for the aetiology and treatment of obesity.", "contents": "Is there a role for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in feeding? A review of evidence indicates that experimentally induced changes in the activity of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) systems are associated with pronounced changes in feeding behaviour. In general, treatments and procedures believed to lead to an increased availability of 5-HT in the synaptic cleft or which directly activate 5-HT receptors reduce food consumption, while procedures which either directly or indirectly decrease 5-HT receptor activation bring about the opposite effect. Interpretation of findings is hindered by methodological difficulties involved in the experimental manipulation of serotonin metabolism, by the lack of precise behavioural measures of feeding, and by the presence of large stores of serotonin outside the brain. However, available data favour the idea that serotonin systems play an inhibitory role in feeding, possibly in the mediation of satiety. This proposal has implications for further experimental investigations of the control of food intake, and for the aetiology and treatment of obesity."}
{"id": "PMID:361587", "title": "Distribution of fenfluramine in normal and obese mice.", "content": "Concentrations of fenfluramine and its metabolite, norfenfluramine, were measured in blood, brain and parametrial adipose tissues 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of fenfluramine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) to normal and gold-thioglucose obese mice. Concentrations of fenfluramine were higher in the brain of obese mice than in normal mice, while there was no difference in norfenfluramine levels in the two groups. This difference may be related to higher blood levels of fenfluramine but not of norfenfluramine in obese animals. The drug was presented in about the same concentrations in the adipose tissue of the two groups. These results may explain previous findings that fenfluramine was more effective as an anorectic agent in obese than in lean mice.", "contents": "Distribution of fenfluramine in normal and obese mice. Concentrations of fenfluramine and its metabolite, norfenfluramine, were measured in blood, brain and parametrial adipose tissues 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of fenfluramine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) to normal and gold-thioglucose obese mice. Concentrations of fenfluramine were higher in the brain of obese mice than in normal mice, while there was no difference in norfenfluramine levels in the two groups. This difference may be related to higher blood levels of fenfluramine but not of norfenfluramine in obese animals. The drug was presented in about the same concentrations in the adipose tissue of the two groups. These results may explain previous findings that fenfluramine was more effective as an anorectic agent in obese than in lean mice."}
{"id": "PMID:361588", "title": "Conformation of disulfide bridges in peptides with pepsin partial sequences.", "content": "On the basis of Raman spectra investigation of two model heterodetic cyclic peptides, containing partial sequences of pepsin fragments 45--50 and 206--210 of the chain, it was concluded that the disulfide bridge conformation in pepsin is determined not only by the size and conformation of the peptide loops created by disulfide bridges, but also by the peptide fragments located outside these loops.", "contents": "Conformation of disulfide bridges in peptides with pepsin partial sequences. On the basis of Raman spectra investigation of two model heterodetic cyclic peptides, containing partial sequences of pepsin fragments 45--50 and 206--210 of the chain, it was concluded that the disulfide bridge conformation in pepsin is determined not only by the size and conformation of the peptide loops created by disulfide bridges, but also by the peptide fragments located outside these loops."}
{"id": "PMID:361589", "title": "On the nature of damage involved in liquid-holding recovery in diploid yeast after gamma- and alpha-irradiation.", "content": "Cells surviving after liquid-holding recovery following gamma- and alpha-irradiations are found to be slightly more sensitive to a second series of radiation doses. Further, the shoulder on the gamma survival curve of the pre-irradiated and liquid-held cells disappears. The shoulder and sensitivity are restored only when these cells are grown in broth before the second series of doses. In addition to this, liquid-holding recovery reduces progressively if the cells after irradiation are incubated in broth for different periods of time before holding. These observations suggest that: (1) the so-called potentially lethal damage may consitute that part of the sub-lethal damage which interact with one another to form lethal damage; (2) during liquid-holding, the interaction among sub-lethal damage transforming them to the status of lethal damage is inhibited; (3) the 'recovered' cells are saturated with sub-lethal damage, the repair of which will be completed only when the cells are placed in a nutrient medium. The inhibitory process is not a passive one, but requires energy metabolism.", "contents": "On the nature of damage involved in liquid-holding recovery in diploid yeast after gamma- and alpha-irradiation. Cells surviving after liquid-holding recovery following gamma- and alpha-irradiations are found to be slightly more sensitive to a second series of radiation doses. Further, the shoulder on the gamma survival curve of the pre-irradiated and liquid-held cells disappears. The shoulder and sensitivity are restored only when these cells are grown in broth before the second series of doses. In addition to this, liquid-holding recovery reduces progressively if the cells after irradiation are incubated in broth for different periods of time before holding. These observations suggest that: (1) the so-called potentially lethal damage may consitute that part of the sub-lethal damage which interact with one another to form lethal damage; (2) during liquid-holding, the interaction among sub-lethal damage transforming them to the status of lethal damage is inhibited; (3) the 'recovered' cells are saturated with sub-lethal damage, the repair of which will be completed only when the cells are placed in a nutrient medium. The inhibitory process is not a passive one, but requires energy metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:361595", "title": "Medical and surgical treatment of the dry eye.", "content": "An overview of the dry eye syndrome and its medical and surgical management has been presented. It is apparent that any single treatment is generally ineffective and that a combination of therapeutic modalities is required for success. The Experimental Slow Release Artificial Tear Insert (Ocusert) shows the most promise for a future solution.", "contents": "Medical and surgical treatment of the dry eye. An overview of the dry eye syndrome and its medical and surgical management has been presented. It is apparent that any single treatment is generally ineffective and that a combination of therapeutic modalities is required for success. The Experimental Slow Release Artificial Tear Insert (Ocusert) shows the most promise for a future solution."}
{"id": "PMID:361603", "title": "Reflex control of the circulation by afferents from skeletal muscle.", "content": "Functionally, the pressor reflex, rather than the depressor reflex, appears to be the normal physiologic response to exercise. Available data indicate that chemoreceptors, probably in the form of free nerve endings, are stimulated by local factors, e.g., hypoxia or hyperkalemia. Impulses from these receptors are mediated by group IV afferent nerves to the central nervous system. Then, through efferent sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, systemic blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, and myocardial contractility all increase. The baroreceptors tend to modify the reflex increase in heart rate. The potential significance of local control of the systemic circulation by neural reflexes from skeletal muscle is apparent when one considers that during exercise local control allows both rapid and precise control of the circulation from the metabolically active region of the body. However, the exact role of neural reflexes from skeletal muscle during voluntary exercise still remains to be defined. Clearly, more studies are necessary to elucidate fully their function in the overall control of the circulation in conscious animals and man.", "contents": "Reflex control of the circulation by afferents from skeletal muscle. Functionally, the pressor reflex, rather than the depressor reflex, appears to be the normal physiologic response to exercise. Available data indicate that chemoreceptors, probably in the form of free nerve endings, are stimulated by local factors, e.g., hypoxia or hyperkalemia. Impulses from these receptors are mediated by group IV afferent nerves to the central nervous system. Then, through efferent sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, systemic blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, and myocardial contractility all increase. The baroreceptors tend to modify the reflex increase in heart rate. The potential significance of local control of the systemic circulation by neural reflexes from skeletal muscle is apparent when one considers that during exercise local control allows both rapid and precise control of the circulation from the metabolically active region of the body. However, the exact role of neural reflexes from skeletal muscle during voluntary exercise still remains to be defined. Clearly, more studies are necessary to elucidate fully their function in the overall control of the circulation in conscious animals and man."}
{"id": "PMID:361626", "title": "The effect of intramural injection of immunotherapeutic agents on bladder histology and systemic humoral response.", "content": "Bacillus Calmette-Guer\u00edn (BCG), Corynebacterium parvum, and various mycobacterium fragments were injected intramurally into mouse bladders and the resulting systemic humoral stimulation and local histologic reactions were evaluated. C. parvum and methanol extracted residue of BCG elicited significant immunostimulation without producing irreversible bladder damage. The severe histologic disruption caused by BCG could be reduced by the antituberculus drug isoniazed without abrogating the humoral stimulation. Intramural bladder injection of BCG produced greater humoral stimulation than subcutaneous administration.", "contents": "The effect of intramural injection of immunotherapeutic agents on bladder histology and systemic humoral response. Bacillus Calmette-Guer\u00edn (BCG), Corynebacterium parvum, and various mycobacterium fragments were injected intramurally into mouse bladders and the resulting systemic humoral stimulation and local histologic reactions were evaluated. C. parvum and methanol extracted residue of BCG elicited significant immunostimulation without producing irreversible bladder damage. The severe histologic disruption caused by BCG could be reduced by the antituberculus drug isoniazed without abrogating the humoral stimulation. Intramural bladder injection of BCG produced greater humoral stimulation than subcutaneous administration."}
{"id": "PMID:361627", "title": "Autoantibodies to acrosomal antigens of spermatozoa in vasectomized mice.", "content": "A total of 102 mice from seven different inbred strains were vasectomized or sham vasectomized. Sera from these animals were collected before vasectomy and at 7 and 10 months after the operation. Indirect immunofluorescence on sperm smears showed that 26 per cent of vasectomized mice had antibodies to arosomal antigens of spermatozoa. This response was restricted to three of seven strains. None of the sera obtained from animals before vasectomy or from sham-vasectomized control mice contained similar antibodies.", "contents": "Autoantibodies to acrosomal antigens of spermatozoa in vasectomized mice. A total of 102 mice from seven different inbred strains were vasectomized or sham vasectomized. Sera from these animals were collected before vasectomy and at 7 and 10 months after the operation. Indirect immunofluorescence on sperm smears showed that 26 per cent of vasectomized mice had antibodies to arosomal antigens of spermatozoa. This response was restricted to three of seven strains. None of the sera obtained from animals before vasectomy or from sham-vasectomized control mice contained similar antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:361628", "title": "Effect of immunization of bacterial adherence to urothelium.", "content": "In order for a urinary tract infection to begin, the pathogenic bacteria must first adhere to the urothelial surface. An in vivo method for quantitation of bacterial adherence to urothelium has been developed. Immunization by instillation of bacterial antigens into the rat bladder decreased bacterial adherence. Bladder immunization was more effective than subcutaneous immunization. Preinfection by Escherichia coli decreased subsequent adherence of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Increasing antiadherence factors may offer a new approach to the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Effect of immunization of bacterial adherence to urothelium. In order for a urinary tract infection to begin, the pathogenic bacteria must first adhere to the urothelial surface. An in vivo method for quantitation of bacterial adherence to urothelium has been developed. Immunization by instillation of bacterial antigens into the rat bladder decreased bacterial adherence. Bladder immunization was more effective than subcutaneous immunization. Preinfection by Escherichia coli decreased subsequent adherence of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Increasing antiadherence factors may offer a new approach to the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections."}
{"id": "PMID:361629", "title": "Chronic pyelonephritis. Electron microscopic study. II. Persistence of variant bacterial forms.", "content": "Ascending nonobstructive pyelonephritis was produced in nonhuman primates by ureteral catheterization which delivered Escherichia coli (04:H1) to the renal pelvis while creating intrarenal reflux. Female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were immunosuppressed by cyclophosphamide before infection and weekly thereafter and compared to those with infection only. Kidney tissue was examined by electron microscopy in an effort to compare the development of the infection in the two groups of monkeys, i.e., immunocompetent and immunosuppressed. Reorganization of bacterial cytoplasm into small dense bodies (averaging 250 A in diameter) was seen in two of the suppressed animals. These particles were within bacteria that were either free in the medullary interstitium or in macrophages. Clusters of electron-dense bodies of the same size and morphology were also seen within subendothelial spaces of glomerular capillaries. Protoplast-like forms were observed within the medullary interstitium. One cell wall-less form contained particles (as previously described) within a large peripheral vesical. Gross pyelonephritic scarring occurred in all immunosuppressed animals. This study has shown morphologically that classical bacterial organisms placed into the intact kidneys of partially immunoincompetent nonhuman primates will cause pyelonephritis and continue to exist for 18 days. These observations of the futile efforts by suppressed populations of leukocytes to clear intrarenal bacteria raise interesting questions about the host-paradise relationship in chronic renal infection.", "contents": "Chronic pyelonephritis. Electron microscopic study. II. Persistence of variant bacterial forms. Ascending nonobstructive pyelonephritis was produced in nonhuman primates by ureteral catheterization which delivered Escherichia coli (04:H1) to the renal pelvis while creating intrarenal reflux. Female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were immunosuppressed by cyclophosphamide before infection and weekly thereafter and compared to those with infection only. Kidney tissue was examined by electron microscopy in an effort to compare the development of the infection in the two groups of monkeys, i.e., immunocompetent and immunosuppressed. Reorganization of bacterial cytoplasm into small dense bodies (averaging 250 A in diameter) was seen in two of the suppressed animals. These particles were within bacteria that were either free in the medullary interstitium or in macrophages. Clusters of electron-dense bodies of the same size and morphology were also seen within subendothelial spaces of glomerular capillaries. Protoplast-like forms were observed within the medullary interstitium. One cell wall-less form contained particles (as previously described) within a large peripheral vesical. Gross pyelonephritic scarring occurred in all immunosuppressed animals. This study has shown morphologically that classical bacterial organisms placed into the intact kidneys of partially immunoincompetent nonhuman primates will cause pyelonephritis and continue to exist for 18 days. These observations of the futile efforts by suppressed populations of leukocytes to clear intrarenal bacteria raise interesting questions about the host-paradise relationship in chronic renal infection."}
{"id": "PMID:361633", "title": "Quantitative determination of prostatic epithelial and stromal hyperplasia by a new technique. Biomorphometrics.", "content": "Recent studies of neonatal and pathologic growth of the prostate have postulated the possible importance of stromal-epithelial interaction in the control of prostatic growth. To allow further analysis of the possible importance of this interaction, a new technique has been developed that permits quantification of the total number of stromal and epithelial cells in the prostate gland. This technique has been termed biomorphometrics and is a combination of standard morphometric and biochemical methodology. This method has been applied to analyze the hormonal response of the stromal and epithelial cells of the rat ventral prostate.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of prostatic epithelial and stromal hyperplasia by a new technique. Biomorphometrics. Recent studies of neonatal and pathologic growth of the prostate have postulated the possible importance of stromal-epithelial interaction in the control of prostatic growth. To allow further analysis of the possible importance of this interaction, a new technique has been developed that permits quantification of the total number of stromal and epithelial cells in the prostate gland. This technique has been termed biomorphometrics and is a combination of standard morphometric and biochemical methodology. This method has been applied to analyze the hormonal response of the stromal and epithelial cells of the rat ventral prostate."}
{"id": "PMID:361635", "title": "The multicomponent genome of a different cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus isolated from Heliothis armigera.", "content": "The genome of a new cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) isolated from Heliothis armigera has been shown to consist of 10 double-stranded RNA segments, as in other CPVs, but the genome profile on PAGE bears no resemblance to previously described CPVs isolated from H.armigera.", "contents": "The multicomponent genome of a different cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus isolated from Heliothis armigera. The genome of a new cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) isolated from Heliothis armigera has been shown to consist of 10 double-stranded RNA segments, as in other CPVs, but the genome profile on PAGE bears no resemblance to previously described CPVs isolated from H.armigera."}
{"id": "PMID:361637", "title": "[Skin incisions in inguinal lymph-node excision].", "content": "Wound complications in the postoperative period of the inguinal lymph node dissection are frequent events. The main factor in wound complications is due to dissection of the vascular architecture. In most of the cases the impaired wound healing occurs distal to Poupart's ligament. Suggestion for its prevention is the use of an oblique, subinquinal, wide spindle-S-shaped skin excision crossing over Scarpa's triangle with an extension to the anterior superior iliac spine from its lateral and a vertical prolongation onto the thigh from its medial end. The wide spindle-S-shaped excision minimizes the later devascularisation of skin flaps. The anatomic outline of the inguinal lymphatic basin to be removed can easily be reached by the extend of these two incision lines. Besides an undisturbed healing the technique offers two further possibilities. If malignant skin tumors are in anatomical positions which lend themselves to incontinuity dissection, removing primary tumor, intervening lymphatics and regional lymph nodes en bloc can be combined with the incision lines. Furthermore the excised groin skin can be used for a free flap to cover the excision wound of the primary tumor. The method is described in ten cases.", "contents": "[Skin incisions in inguinal lymph-node excision]. Wound complications in the postoperative period of the inguinal lymph node dissection are frequent events. The main factor in wound complications is due to dissection of the vascular architecture. In most of the cases the impaired wound healing occurs distal to Poupart's ligament. Suggestion for its prevention is the use of an oblique, subinquinal, wide spindle-S-shaped skin excision crossing over Scarpa's triangle with an extension to the anterior superior iliac spine from its lateral and a vertical prolongation onto the thigh from its medial end. The wide spindle-S-shaped excision minimizes the later devascularisation of skin flaps. The anatomic outline of the inguinal lymphatic basin to be removed can easily be reached by the extend of these two incision lines. Besides an undisturbed healing the technique offers two further possibilities. If malignant skin tumors are in anatomical positions which lend themselves to incontinuity dissection, removing primary tumor, intervening lymphatics and regional lymph nodes en bloc can be combined with the incision lines. Furthermore the excised groin skin can be used for a free flap to cover the excision wound of the primary tumor. The method is described in ten cases."}
{"id": "PMID:361643", "title": "[Reconstructive surgery of the thorax and breast].", "content": "Various possibilities of breast plasty after tumor surgery or for the correction of combined anomalies of the thorax and the breasts are discussed. In the augmentive procedures either local flaps or mammary prostheses as well as silicone rubber were used. The authors show a personal method where the remaining healthy breast is used for reconstruction.", "contents": "[Reconstructive surgery of the thorax and breast]. Various possibilities of breast plasty after tumor surgery or for the correction of combined anomalies of the thorax and the breasts are discussed. In the augmentive procedures either local flaps or mammary prostheses as well as silicone rubber were used. The authors show a personal method where the remaining healthy breast is used for reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:361645", "title": "[Mediastinoscopy or thoracotomy? A prospective randomized study].", "content": "A prospective, controlled, randomized trial on the value of mediastinoscopy was performed during a 12-month period (1969-1970) on 130 patients with a bronchogenic carcinoma. Patients to be admitted to the study had to meet the criteria of being clinically operable. 126 patients could be followed up for the following 5 years. Of these patients 62 had a mediastinoscopy previous to the thoracotomy (Group A) and 64 had directly a thoracotomy (Group B). A curable resection was possible in Group A in 56.4% and in 73.5% in Group B. The perioperative mortality (30 days) is 8% for Group A and 16% for Group B. The mean survival rate is for patients with a positive mediastinoscopy which did not underwent thoracotomy with 6.8 months better than for patients which underwent directly an exploratory thoracotomy (2.7 months). The 5-year survival rate is despite the high perioperative mortality for Group B (16%)higher than for Group A(10%). Mediastinoscopy is with its low mortality and its better short surviving rate of great value for high risk patients and inoperable patients with bronchogenic carcinomas, but reduces the overall resectability and the 5-year survival rate.", "contents": "[Mediastinoscopy or thoracotomy? A prospective randomized study]. A prospective, controlled, randomized trial on the value of mediastinoscopy was performed during a 12-month period (1969-1970) on 130 patients with a bronchogenic carcinoma. Patients to be admitted to the study had to meet the criteria of being clinically operable. 126 patients could be followed up for the following 5 years. Of these patients 62 had a mediastinoscopy previous to the thoracotomy (Group A) and 64 had directly a thoracotomy (Group B). A curable resection was possible in Group A in 56.4% and in 73.5% in Group B. The perioperative mortality (30 days) is 8% for Group A and 16% for Group B. The mean survival rate is for patients with a positive mediastinoscopy which did not underwent thoracotomy with 6.8 months better than for patients which underwent directly an exploratory thoracotomy (2.7 months). The 5-year survival rate is despite the high perioperative mortality for Group B (16%)higher than for Group A(10%). Mediastinoscopy is with its low mortality and its better short surviving rate of great value for high risk patients and inoperable patients with bronchogenic carcinomas, but reduces the overall resectability and the 5-year survival rate."}
{"id": "PMID:361646", "title": "[Breast wound reconstruction with plastic mesh].", "content": "A combined network plasty is presented which allows covering of thoracic wall defects without difficulties. The technique consists in closing the defect with a nylon netting in order to reestablish stability, and in air-tight covering of this netting with the greater omentum. This wound is covered after 10 to 14 days with split skin grafts. The method was applied to 7 patients with local recurrences of a breast cancer, two of them infected. The follow-up after 4 to 13 months reveals well-healed wounds in every case. The stomach is not altered, neither clinicallly nor in X-ray controls.", "contents": "[Breast wound reconstruction with plastic mesh]. A combined network plasty is presented which allows covering of thoracic wall defects without difficulties. The technique consists in closing the defect with a nylon netting in order to reestablish stability, and in air-tight covering of this netting with the greater omentum. This wound is covered after 10 to 14 days with split skin grafts. The method was applied to 7 patients with local recurrences of a breast cancer, two of them infected. The follow-up after 4 to 13 months reveals well-healed wounds in every case. The stomach is not altered, neither clinicallly nor in X-ray controls."}
{"id": "PMID:361647", "title": "[Swiss physicians and their contribution to surgery of the hand].", "content": "The origins of five important Swiss contributions to plastic and hand surgery since the last third of the 19th century are described: free grafting of the epidermis (J.L. Reverdin), a pollicization (C. Roux), de Quervains's stenosing tendovaginitis, Secr\u00e9tan's oedema and the first voluntary movable artificial hand (S. Stodola and F. Sauerbruch). These contributions are related to the development of general surgery. Their history illustrates the advantages which may result from prolonged contact and exchange between members of different cultures.", "contents": "[Swiss physicians and their contribution to surgery of the hand]. The origins of five important Swiss contributions to plastic and hand surgery since the last third of the 19th century are described: free grafting of the epidermis (J.L. Reverdin), a pollicization (C. Roux), de Quervains's stenosing tendovaginitis, Secr\u00e9tan's oedema and the first voluntary movable artificial hand (S. Stodola and F. Sauerbruch). These contributions are related to the development of general surgery. Their history illustrates the advantages which may result from prolonged contact and exchange between members of different cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:361648", "title": "[Surgical and apparative treatment of patients with meningomyelocele with special reference to their hip problems].", "content": "Children with thoracic lesions should have hip surgery done only if this is necessary for the child to be able to walk with braces. In lumbar lesions hip surgery and especially SHARRARD'S procedure of iliopsoas transfer is done to establish muscular balance. The amount of braces for walking can thus be reduced. In sacral lesions there is no place for hip surgery, as functional gain would not be expected.", "contents": "[Surgical and apparative treatment of patients with meningomyelocele with special reference to their hip problems]. Children with thoracic lesions should have hip surgery done only if this is necessary for the child to be able to walk with braces. In lumbar lesions hip surgery and especially SHARRARD'S procedure of iliopsoas transfer is done to establish muscular balance. The amount of braces for walking can thus be reduced. In sacral lesions there is no place for hip surgery, as functional gain would not be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:361649", "title": "[Treatment of knee joint deformities in spina bifida].", "content": "182 cases of surgical treatment of knee deformities in children with spina bifida between 1968 and 1977 are reviewed. The most number of cases had very good or good success. 138 supracondylar osteotomies produced very good results in 18 cases; reosteotomy was necessary in 10 cases. EGGERs procedure in 26 cases made very good results and good results in 6 cases. Quadriceps-Z-plasty with anterior capsulotomy produced very good results in 11 cases, only one bad result here was produced by skin-breakdown.", "contents": "[Treatment of knee joint deformities in spina bifida]. 182 cases of surgical treatment of knee deformities in children with spina bifida between 1968 and 1977 are reviewed. The most number of cases had very good or good success. 138 supracondylar osteotomies produced very good results in 18 cases; reosteotomy was necessary in 10 cases. EGGERs procedure in 26 cases made very good results and good results in 6 cases. Quadriceps-Z-plasty with anterior capsulotomy produced very good results in 11 cases, only one bad result here was produced by skin-breakdown."}
{"id": "PMID:361651", "title": "[Effect of n-dipropyl-acetate on the elimination of urinary amino acids].", "content": "N-dipropyl-acetate (Depakine) induces a hyperglycinuria and simultaneously an increase of urinary excretion of alanine and a decrease of serine, glutamate and/or glutamine, histidine and/or ornithine. The mechanism of this side effect of n-dipropyl-acetate is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of n-dipropyl-acetate on the elimination of urinary amino acids]. N-dipropyl-acetate (Depakine) induces a hyperglycinuria and simultaneously an increase of urinary excretion of alanine and a decrease of serine, glutamate and/or glutamine, histidine and/or ornithine. The mechanism of this side effect of n-dipropyl-acetate is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:361652", "title": "Light and electron microscopic studies of intramitochondrial bodies in bovine adrenocortical cells by proteolytic digestion.", "content": "The nature of the intramitochondrial bodies in bovine adrenocortical cells was investigated both light and electron microscopically, by applying enzymatic digestion on paraffin and epon sections. The result that these bodies were extracted completely either by pepsin or by trypsin strengthened the validity of the previous conclusion that their nature is proteinaceous.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic studies of intramitochondrial bodies in bovine adrenocortical cells by proteolytic digestion. The nature of the intramitochondrial bodies in bovine adrenocortical cells was investigated both light and electron microscopically, by applying enzymatic digestion on paraffin and epon sections. The result that these bodies were extracted completely either by pepsin or by trypsin strengthened the validity of the previous conclusion that their nature is proteinaceous."}
{"id": "PMID:361653", "title": "The size of the fibre populations in rabbit skeletal muscles as revealed by indirect immunofluorescence with anti-myosin sera.", "content": "Antibodies against myosin of the fast long. Dorsi and the slow soleus muscle of rabbits were induced in guinea pigs. With the aid of a new technique, the gel-electrophoresis-derived-enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (GEDELISA) it could be shown that they are directed against the heavy and the light chains of fast (M. long. dorsi) and slow (M. soleus) myosin. In the indirect immunofluorescence test each antiserum only stained one population of fibres in five different muscles tested. The single fibres were observed to react only with one of the two types of antisera. The following percentage of fibres showed a positive reaction with the anti-fast myosin serum: M. long. dorsi, 95%; M. psoa maior, 95%, M. psoa minor, 92%; M. tibialis ant., 90%; M. soleus, 15%.", "contents": "The size of the fibre populations in rabbit skeletal muscles as revealed by indirect immunofluorescence with anti-myosin sera. Antibodies against myosin of the fast long. Dorsi and the slow soleus muscle of rabbits were induced in guinea pigs. With the aid of a new technique, the gel-electrophoresis-derived-enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (GEDELISA) it could be shown that they are directed against the heavy and the light chains of fast (M. long. dorsi) and slow (M. soleus) myosin. In the indirect immunofluorescence test each antiserum only stained one population of fibres in five different muscles tested. The single fibres were observed to react only with one of the two types of antisera. The following percentage of fibres showed a positive reaction with the anti-fast myosin serum: M. long. dorsi, 95%; M. psoa maior, 95%, M. psoa minor, 92%; M. tibialis ant., 90%; M. soleus, 15%."}
{"id": "PMID:361654", "title": "The histochemical demonstration of sialic acid residues in pancreatic islets.", "content": "Using a modified colloidal iron reaction in connection with neuraminidase extraction test 3 different sialic acid-containing components have been demonstrated in pancreatic islets comprising golgi region and glycocalyx layer of islet cells and intrainsular capillary walls. The colloidal iron positive cationophilia increased markedly after treatment with alkali; an effect which might be due to deesterification, thus exposing additional free carbonyl groups of sialic acid residues.", "contents": "The histochemical demonstration of sialic acid residues in pancreatic islets. Using a modified colloidal iron reaction in connection with neuraminidase extraction test 3 different sialic acid-containing components have been demonstrated in pancreatic islets comprising golgi region and glycocalyx layer of islet cells and intrainsular capillary walls. The colloidal iron positive cationophilia increased markedly after treatment with alkali; an effect which might be due to deesterification, thus exposing additional free carbonyl groups of sialic acid residues."}
{"id": "PMID:361655", "title": "Action of heparin on protein fractions of isolated nuclei and on their DNA content.", "content": "Isolated nuclei of rat hepatocytes were incubated with 0.05% sodium heparinate for 2 to 10 min. Alterations in the nuclei were controlled biochemically, determining the amounts of DNA and histones, and by cytophotometric methods determining the amounts of total and nonhistone proteins and DNA. Under the selected experimental conditions 95% of histones are bound already after 5-min incubation with heparin; nonhistone proteins of cell nuclei remain unchanged. The blockade of histones is followed by DNA diffusion into the incubation medium. Experiments with nuclear staining with alcian blue proved the specificity of heparin binding with histones and showed that heparin-histone complex remains in the nuclei, and its histones lose their extractability with 0.25 n HCl.", "contents": "Action of heparin on protein fractions of isolated nuclei and on their DNA content. Isolated nuclei of rat hepatocytes were incubated with 0.05% sodium heparinate for 2 to 10 min. Alterations in the nuclei were controlled biochemically, determining the amounts of DNA and histones, and by cytophotometric methods determining the amounts of total and nonhistone proteins and DNA. Under the selected experimental conditions 95% of histones are bound already after 5-min incubation with heparin; nonhistone proteins of cell nuclei remain unchanged. The blockade of histones is followed by DNA diffusion into the incubation medium. Experiments with nuclear staining with alcian blue proved the specificity of heparin binding with histones and showed that heparin-histone complex remains in the nuclei, and its histones lose their extractability with 0.25 n HCl."}
{"id": "PMID:361664", "title": "Volume, flow, and timing of each breath during positive-pressure breathing in man.", "content": "This study is a breath-by-breath analysis of the effects of 5, 10, and 15 cmH2O positive-pressure breathing (PPB) on man's steady-state breathing pattern. Inspiratory (TI), expiratory (TE), and cycle (TT) durations, tidal volumes (VT), minute ventilation (VE), mean inspiratory flow rate (VT/TI), and mean expiratory flow rate (VT/TE) were determined from pneumotachograph and Wedge spirometer recordings before and during steady states on PPB. End-tidal CO2 was continuously recorded. Seventeen adults, seated in a full body-box, breathed quietly for 8 min through a mouthpiece on a bag-in-box. Pressure in the body-box was lowered to the desired level prior to 4 min of stress. On all pressure levels, end-expiratory volume, VT, VE, VT/TI, and VT/TE increased; end-tidal CO2, TE, and TT decreased with no consistent change in TI. Calculated alveolar ventilations indicated that the increases in VE were true hyperventilations. Each individual increased VE by using a unique combination of VT, TI, and TE. End-expiratory volume increased less and expiratory flow increased more than would occur passively. Hence, it is concluded that active reflexes account for the resistance of the systems to the passive distention, the facilitation of expiratory flow, and the shortening of TE.", "contents": "Volume, flow, and timing of each breath during positive-pressure breathing in man. This study is a breath-by-breath analysis of the effects of 5, 10, and 15 cmH2O positive-pressure breathing (PPB) on man's steady-state breathing pattern. Inspiratory (TI), expiratory (TE), and cycle (TT) durations, tidal volumes (VT), minute ventilation (VE), mean inspiratory flow rate (VT/TI), and mean expiratory flow rate (VT/TE) were determined from pneumotachograph and Wedge spirometer recordings before and during steady states on PPB. End-tidal CO2 was continuously recorded. Seventeen adults, seated in a full body-box, breathed quietly for 8 min through a mouthpiece on a bag-in-box. Pressure in the body-box was lowered to the desired level prior to 4 min of stress. On all pressure levels, end-expiratory volume, VT, VE, VT/TI, and VT/TE increased; end-tidal CO2, TE, and TT decreased with no consistent change in TI. Calculated alveolar ventilations indicated that the increases in VE were true hyperventilations. Each individual increased VE by using a unique combination of VT, TI, and TE. End-expiratory volume increased less and expiratory flow increased more than would occur passively. Hence, it is concluded that active reflexes account for the resistance of the systems to the passive distention, the facilitation of expiratory flow, and the shortening of TE."}
{"id": "PMID:361665", "title": "The inactivation of gentamicin and netilmicin by carbenicillin: its effect on Serratia marcescens.", "content": "Ten clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens were tested on Mueller-Hinton agar containing gentamicin or netilmicin with carbenicillin. The isolates grew on plates where inactivation occurred, at higher antibiotic concentrations, but failed at lower concentrations. This growth response was individualistic and not closely related to the minimum inhibitory concentrations.", "contents": "The inactivation of gentamicin and netilmicin by carbenicillin: its effect on Serratia marcescens. Ten clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens were tested on Mueller-Hinton agar containing gentamicin or netilmicin with carbenicillin. The isolates grew on plates where inactivation occurred, at higher antibiotic concentrations, but failed at lower concentrations. This growth response was individualistic and not closely related to the minimum inhibitory concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:361681", "title": "Role of the Escherichia coli aromatic amino acid aminotransferase in leucine biosynthesis.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli that lack the branched-chain amino acid amino-transferase because of mutations in the ilvE gene had no growth requirement for leucine when the cells contained the aromatic amino acid aminotransferase that is the product of the tyrB gene. The presence of leucine increased the generation time of these cells and decreased the specific activity of the aromatic amino acid aminotransferase. It is concluded that this enzyme functions efficiently in leucine biosynthesis and can be repressed by leucine as well as by tyrosine.", "contents": "Role of the Escherichia coli aromatic amino acid aminotransferase in leucine biosynthesis. Strains of Escherichia coli that lack the branched-chain amino acid amino-transferase because of mutations in the ilvE gene had no growth requirement for leucine when the cells contained the aromatic amino acid aminotransferase that is the product of the tyrB gene. The presence of leucine increased the generation time of these cells and decreased the specific activity of the aromatic amino acid aminotransferase. It is concluded that this enzyme functions efficiently in leucine biosynthesis and can be repressed by leucine as well as by tyrosine."}
{"id": "PMID:361682", "title": "Suppressors of a genetic regulatory mutation affecting isoleucine-valine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Escherichia coli K-12 mutant PS187 carries a mutation, ilvA538, in the structural gene for the biosynthetic L-threonine deaminase that leads to a leucine-sensitive growth phenotype, an isoleucine- and leucine-hypersensitive L-threonine deaminase, and pleiotropic effects resulting in abnormally low and invariant expression of some of the isoleucine-valine biosynthetic enzymes. Fifty-eight derivatives of strain PS187 were isolated as resistant to growth inhibition by leucine, by valine, or by valine plus glycly-valine and were biochemically, genetically, and physiologically characterized. All of these derivatives produced the feedback-hypersensitive L-threonine deaminase, and thus presumably possess the ilvA538 allele of the parent strain. Elevated synthesis of L-threonine deaminase was observed in 41 of the 58 isolates. Among 18 strains analyzed genetically, only those with mutations linked to the ilv gene clusters at 83 min produced elevated levels of L-threonine deaminase. One of the strains, MSR91, isolated as resistant to valine plus glycyl-valine, was chosen for more detailed study. The locus in strain MSR91 conferring resistance was located in four factor crosses between ilvE and rbs, and is in or near the ilvO gene postulated to be a site controlling the expression of the ilvEDA genes. Synthesis of the ilvEDA gene products in strain MSR91 is constitutive and derepressed approximately 200-fold relative to the parent strain, indicating that the genetic regulatory effects of the ilvA538 allele have been suppressed. Strain MSR91 should be suitable for use in purification of the ilvA538 gene product, since enzyme synthesis is fully derepressed and the suppressor mutation is clearly not located within the ilvA gene.", "contents": "Suppressors of a genetic regulatory mutation affecting isoleucine-valine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K-12. Escherichia coli K-12 mutant PS187 carries a mutation, ilvA538, in the structural gene for the biosynthetic L-threonine deaminase that leads to a leucine-sensitive growth phenotype, an isoleucine- and leucine-hypersensitive L-threonine deaminase, and pleiotropic effects resulting in abnormally low and invariant expression of some of the isoleucine-valine biosynthetic enzymes. Fifty-eight derivatives of strain PS187 were isolated as resistant to growth inhibition by leucine, by valine, or by valine plus glycly-valine and were biochemically, genetically, and physiologically characterized. All of these derivatives produced the feedback-hypersensitive L-threonine deaminase, and thus presumably possess the ilvA538 allele of the parent strain. Elevated synthesis of L-threonine deaminase was observed in 41 of the 58 isolates. Among 18 strains analyzed genetically, only those with mutations linked to the ilv gene clusters at 83 min produced elevated levels of L-threonine deaminase. One of the strains, MSR91, isolated as resistant to valine plus glycyl-valine, was chosen for more detailed study. The locus in strain MSR91 conferring resistance was located in four factor crosses between ilvE and rbs, and is in or near the ilvO gene postulated to be a site controlling the expression of the ilvEDA genes. Synthesis of the ilvEDA gene products in strain MSR91 is constitutive and derepressed approximately 200-fold relative to the parent strain, indicating that the genetic regulatory effects of the ilvA538 allele have been suppressed. Strain MSR91 should be suitable for use in purification of the ilvA538 gene product, since enzyme synthesis is fully derepressed and the suppressor mutation is clearly not located within the ilvA gene."}
{"id": "PMID:361683", "title": "Reduction of postreplication DNA repair in two Escherichia coli mutants with temperature-sensitive polymerase III activity: implications for the postreplication repair pathway.", "content": "Daughter strand gaps are secondary lesions caused by interrupted DNA synthesis in the proximity of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers. The relative roles of DNA recombination and de novo DNA synthesis in filling such gaps have not been clarified, although both are required for complete closure. In this study, the Escherichia coli E486 and E511 dnaE(Ts) mutants, in which DNA polymerase I but not DNA polymerase III is active at 43 degrees C, were examined. Both mutants demonstrated reduced gap closure in comparison with the progenitor strain at the nonpermissive temperature. These results and those of previous studies support the hypothesis that both DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III contribute to gap closure, suggesting a cooperative effort in the repair of each gap. Benzoylated, naphthoylated diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography analysis for persistence of single-strand DNA in the absence of DNA polymerase III activity suggested that de novo DNA synthesis initiates the filling of daughter strand gaps.", "contents": "Reduction of postreplication DNA repair in two Escherichia coli mutants with temperature-sensitive polymerase III activity: implications for the postreplication repair pathway. Daughter strand gaps are secondary lesions caused by interrupted DNA synthesis in the proximity of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers. The relative roles of DNA recombination and de novo DNA synthesis in filling such gaps have not been clarified, although both are required for complete closure. In this study, the Escherichia coli E486 and E511 dnaE(Ts) mutants, in which DNA polymerase I but not DNA polymerase III is active at 43 degrees C, were examined. Both mutants demonstrated reduced gap closure in comparison with the progenitor strain at the nonpermissive temperature. These results and those of previous studies support the hypothesis that both DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III contribute to gap closure, suggesting a cooperative effort in the repair of each gap. Benzoylated, naphthoylated diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography analysis for persistence of single-strand DNA in the absence of DNA polymerase III activity suggested that de novo DNA synthesis initiates the filling of daughter strand gaps."}
{"id": "PMID:361684", "title": "Evidence for an intermediate in quinolinate biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Evidence for the formation of an unstable intermediate in the synthesis of quinolinate from aspartate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate by Escherichia coli was obtained using toluenized cells of nadA and nadB mutants of this organism and partially purified A and B proteins in dialysis and membrane cone experiments. The results of these experiments indicate that the nadB gene product forms an unstable compound from aspartate in the presence of flavine adenine dinucleotide, and that this compound is then condensed with dihydroxyacetone phosphate to form quinolinate in a reaction catalyzed by the nadA gene product.", "contents": "Evidence for an intermediate in quinolinate biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Evidence for the formation of an unstable intermediate in the synthesis of quinolinate from aspartate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate by Escherichia coli was obtained using toluenized cells of nadA and nadB mutants of this organism and partially purified A and B proteins in dialysis and membrane cone experiments. The results of these experiments indicate that the nadB gene product forms an unstable compound from aspartate in the presence of flavine adenine dinucleotide, and that this compound is then condensed with dihydroxyacetone phosphate to form quinolinate in a reaction catalyzed by the nadA gene product."}
{"id": "PMID:361685", "title": "Isolation and characterization of an actinomycin D-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A single mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae conferred sensitivity to low concentrations of actinomycin D. Treatment with actinomycin D preferentially inhibited synthesis of rRNA's. Residual rRNA synthesized was processed normally. Total protein synthesis and inducibility of the enzyme maltase were relatively unaffected at concentrations of actinomycin D which severely inhibited rRNA synthesis.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of an actinomycin D-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A single mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae conferred sensitivity to low concentrations of actinomycin D. Treatment with actinomycin D preferentially inhibited synthesis of rRNA's. Residual rRNA synthesized was processed normally. Total protein synthesis and inducibility of the enzyme maltase were relatively unaffected at concentrations of actinomycin D which severely inhibited rRNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:361686", "title": "Genetic separation of high- and low-affinity transport systems for branched-chain amino acids in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The Escherichia coli K-12 mutant strain AE4107 (livH::Mu) is defective in the high-affinity binding protein-mediated uptake system for L-leucine, L-valine, and L-isoleucine (LIV-I). We have used this strain to produce mutations in the residual LIV-II membrane-bound branched-chain amino acid uptake system. Mutants selected for their inability to utilize exogenous L-leucine were found to be defective in the LIV-II system and fell into two classes. One class, represented by strain AE410709 (livP9), showed a complete loss of saturable uptake for L-leucine, L-valine, and L-isoleucine up to 50 muM, and a second class, represented by strain AE4017012 (liv-12), showed a residual component of saturable leucine uptake with increased Km. These mutations, livP9 and liv-12, were closely linked and mapped in the 74 to 78 min region of the E. coli genetic map. Strains constructed so that they lacked both LIV-I and LIV-II transport systems excreted leucine. Strains of the genotype livH+ livP were found to have normal high-affinity binding protein-mediated transport (LIV-I and leucine specific), whereas the low-affinity (LIV-II) transport was completely missing. We concluded from these studies that the high-affinity binding protein-mediated transport systems (LIV-I and leucine specific) can operate independently of the membrane-bound LIV-II system.", "contents": "Genetic separation of high- and low-affinity transport systems for branched-chain amino acids in Escherichia coli K-12. The Escherichia coli K-12 mutant strain AE4107 (livH::Mu) is defective in the high-affinity binding protein-mediated uptake system for L-leucine, L-valine, and L-isoleucine (LIV-I). We have used this strain to produce mutations in the residual LIV-II membrane-bound branched-chain amino acid uptake system. Mutants selected for their inability to utilize exogenous L-leucine were found to be defective in the LIV-II system and fell into two classes. One class, represented by strain AE410709 (livP9), showed a complete loss of saturable uptake for L-leucine, L-valine, and L-isoleucine up to 50 muM, and a second class, represented by strain AE4017012 (liv-12), showed a residual component of saturable leucine uptake with increased Km. These mutations, livP9 and liv-12, were closely linked and mapped in the 74 to 78 min region of the E. coli genetic map. Strains constructed so that they lacked both LIV-I and LIV-II transport systems excreted leucine. Strains of the genotype livH+ livP were found to have normal high-affinity binding protein-mediated transport (LIV-I and leucine specific), whereas the low-affinity (LIV-II) transport was completely missing. We concluded from these studies that the high-affinity binding protein-mediated transport systems (LIV-I and leucine specific) can operate independently of the membrane-bound LIV-II system."}
{"id": "PMID:361687", "title": "Chromosome replication during the division cycle in slowly growing, steady-state cultures of three Escherichia coli B/r strains.", "content": "The period of DNA synthesis C during the cell cycle was determined over a broad range of generation times in slowly growing, steady-state batch cultures in the exponential phase and in chemostat cultures of three strains of Escherichia coli, strains B/r A, B/r K, and B/r TT, utilizing measurements of average amounts of DNA per cell and cell survival after radioactive decay of 125I incorporated into the DNA of synthesizing cells. At each growth rate, values for cell survival and for C periods were the same within experimental errors for the three strains. The length of the DNA synthesis period increased linearly with generation (doubling) time T of the culture and approached a limiting value of C = 0.36T at very long generation times. In very slowly growing cultures, DNA replication was limited almost entirely to the final third of the cell cycle. D periods, between termination of DNA replication and cell division, were found to be relatively short at all growth rates for each strain. Average amounts of DNA per cell measured in slowly growing cultures of strains B/r A and B/r TT were indistinguishable from results for strain B/r K at the same growth rates. Amounts of DNA per cell calculated from the cell survival values alone are completely consistent with the measured DNA per cell.", "contents": "Chromosome replication during the division cycle in slowly growing, steady-state cultures of three Escherichia coli B/r strains. The period of DNA synthesis C during the cell cycle was determined over a broad range of generation times in slowly growing, steady-state batch cultures in the exponential phase and in chemostat cultures of three strains of Escherichia coli, strains B/r A, B/r K, and B/r TT, utilizing measurements of average amounts of DNA per cell and cell survival after radioactive decay of 125I incorporated into the DNA of synthesizing cells. At each growth rate, values for cell survival and for C periods were the same within experimental errors for the three strains. The length of the DNA synthesis period increased linearly with generation (doubling) time T of the culture and approached a limiting value of C = 0.36T at very long generation times. In very slowly growing cultures, DNA replication was limited almost entirely to the final third of the cell cycle. D periods, between termination of DNA replication and cell division, were found to be relatively short at all growth rates for each strain. Average amounts of DNA per cell measured in slowly growing cultures of strains B/r A and B/r TT were indistinguishable from results for strain B/r K at the same growth rates. Amounts of DNA per cell calculated from the cell survival values alone are completely consistent with the measured DNA per cell."}
{"id": "PMID:361688", "title": "Purification and characterization of a tRNA methylase from Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A tRNA methylase, in which supK strains of Salmonella typhimurium are deficient, was purified from strain LT2 and characterized. Column chromatography of protein extracts from wild-type cells on phosphocellulose, diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-50, and hydroxlapatite resulted in an enzyme that was estimated to be about 50% pure. tRNA from S. typhimurium which had been incubated at pH 9.0 served as a substrate for this methylase. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 50,000 as estimated by gel chromatography and by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The optimal assay conditions, as well as the kinetics and stability of the enzyme, were studied. As with other tRNA-methylating enzymes, S-adenosylhomocysteine is a potent inhibitor.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a tRNA methylase from Salmonella typhimurium. A tRNA methylase, in which supK strains of Salmonella typhimurium are deficient, was purified from strain LT2 and characterized. Column chromatography of protein extracts from wild-type cells on phosphocellulose, diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-50, and hydroxlapatite resulted in an enzyme that was estimated to be about 50% pure. tRNA from S. typhimurium which had been incubated at pH 9.0 served as a substrate for this methylase. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 50,000 as estimated by gel chromatography and by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The optimal assay conditions, as well as the kinetics and stability of the enzyme, were studied. As with other tRNA-methylating enzymes, S-adenosylhomocysteine is a potent inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:361689", "title": "Effect of tryptophan analogs on derepression of the Escherichia coli tryptophan operon by indole-3-propionic acid.", "content": "The abilities of 14 tryptophan analogs to repress the tryptophan (trp) operon have been studied in Escherichia coli cells derepressed by incubation with 0.25 mM indole-3-propionic acid (IPA). trp operon expression was monitored by measuring the specific activities of anthranilate synthase (EC 4.1.3.27) and the tryptophan synthase (EC 4.2.1.20) beta subunit. Analogs characterized by modification or removal of the alpha-amino group or the alpha-carboxyl group did not repress the trp operon. The only analogs among this group that appeared to interact with the trp aporepressor were IPA, which derepressed the trp operon, and d-tryptophan. Analogs with modifications of the indole ring repressed the trp operon to various degrees. 7-Methyl-tryptophan inhibited anthranilate synthase activity and consequently derepressed the trp operon. Additionally, 7-methyltryptophan prevented IPA-mediated derepression but, unlike tryptophan, did so in a non-coordinate manner, with the later enzymes of the operon being relatively more repressed than the early enzymes. The effect of 7-methyltryptophan on IPA-mediated derepression was likely not due to the interaction of IPA with the allosteric site of anthranilate synthase, even though feedback-resistant mutants of anthranilate synthase were partially resistant to derepression by IPA. The effect of 7-methyltryptophan on derepression by IPA was probably due to the effect of the analog-aporepressor complex on trp operon expression.", "contents": "Effect of tryptophan analogs on derepression of the Escherichia coli tryptophan operon by indole-3-propionic acid. The abilities of 14 tryptophan analogs to repress the tryptophan (trp) operon have been studied in Escherichia coli cells derepressed by incubation with 0.25 mM indole-3-propionic acid (IPA). trp operon expression was monitored by measuring the specific activities of anthranilate synthase (EC 4.1.3.27) and the tryptophan synthase (EC 4.2.1.20) beta subunit. Analogs characterized by modification or removal of the alpha-amino group or the alpha-carboxyl group did not repress the trp operon. The only analogs among this group that appeared to interact with the trp aporepressor were IPA, which derepressed the trp operon, and d-tryptophan. Analogs with modifications of the indole ring repressed the trp operon to various degrees. 7-Methyl-tryptophan inhibited anthranilate synthase activity and consequently derepressed the trp operon. Additionally, 7-methyltryptophan prevented IPA-mediated derepression but, unlike tryptophan, did so in a non-coordinate manner, with the later enzymes of the operon being relatively more repressed than the early enzymes. The effect of 7-methyltryptophan on IPA-mediated derepression was likely not due to the interaction of IPA with the allosteric site of anthranilate synthase, even though feedback-resistant mutants of anthranilate synthase were partially resistant to derepression by IPA. The effect of 7-methyltryptophan on derepression by IPA was probably due to the effect of the analog-aporepressor complex on trp operon expression."}
{"id": "PMID:361690", "title": "Biosynthesis of uridine diphosphate N-acetylmannosaminuronic acid in rff mutants of Salmonella tryphimurium.", "content": "In Salmonella typhimurium, three groups of genes located in rfb, rfe, and rff clusters are known to be involved in the biosynthesis of the enterobacterial common antigen. We found that enzymatic synthesis of uridine diphosphate N-acetylmannosaminouric acid, the activated form of a constituent sugar of the common antigen, followed the pathway previously described in Escherichia coli (N. Ichihara, N. Ishimoto, and E. Ito, FEBS Lett. 39:46--48, 1974). All of the six rff mutants tested, which fail to synthesize the common antigen, were deficient in one or both of the two enzymes needed for the synthesis of this sugar nucleotide from uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine; these results established the physiological role of the pathway studied for the biosynthesis of N-acetylmannosaminuronic acid residues. The levels of these enzymes were not reduced in rfe mutants or rfb deletion mutants, although they produced no or only traces of the common antigen.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of uridine diphosphate N-acetylmannosaminuronic acid in rff mutants of Salmonella tryphimurium. In Salmonella typhimurium, three groups of genes located in rfb, rfe, and rff clusters are known to be involved in the biosynthesis of the enterobacterial common antigen. We found that enzymatic synthesis of uridine diphosphate N-acetylmannosaminouric acid, the activated form of a constituent sugar of the common antigen, followed the pathway previously described in Escherichia coli (N. Ichihara, N. Ishimoto, and E. Ito, FEBS Lett. 39:46--48, 1974). All of the six rff mutants tested, which fail to synthesize the common antigen, were deficient in one or both of the two enzymes needed for the synthesis of this sugar nucleotide from uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine; these results established the physiological role of the pathway studied for the biosynthesis of N-acetylmannosaminuronic acid residues. The levels of these enzymes were not reduced in rfe mutants or rfb deletion mutants, although they produced no or only traces of the common antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:361691", "title": "Control of vacuole permeability and protein degradation by the cell cycle arrest signal in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae responds to deperivation of nutrients by arresting cell division at the unbudded G1 stage. Cells situated outside of G1 at the time of deperivation complete the cell cycle before arresting. This prompted an investigation of the source of nutrients used by these cells to complete division and the mechanisms controlling their availability. We found a close correlation between accumulation of unbudded cells and loss of previously formed allophanate hydrolase activity after nutrient starvation. These losses were not specific to the allantoin, system since they have been observed for a number of other enzymes and also when cellular protein levels were monitored with [3H]leucine. Loss of hydrolase activity was also observed when protein synthesis was inhibited either by addition of inhibitors or loss of the prtl gene product. We found that onset of nutrient starvation brought about release of large quantities of arginine and allantoin normally sequestered in the cell vacuole. Treatment of a cells with alpha-factor resulted in both the release of allantoin and arginine from the cell vacuole and the onset of intracellular protein degradation. These effects were not observed when either alpha cells or a/alpha diploid strains were treated with alpha-factor. These data suggest that release of vacuolar constitutents and protein turnover may be regulated by the G1 arrest signal.", "contents": "Control of vacuole permeability and protein degradation by the cell cycle arrest signal in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces cerevisiae responds to deperivation of nutrients by arresting cell division at the unbudded G1 stage. Cells situated outside of G1 at the time of deperivation complete the cell cycle before arresting. This prompted an investigation of the source of nutrients used by these cells to complete division and the mechanisms controlling their availability. We found a close correlation between accumulation of unbudded cells and loss of previously formed allophanate hydrolase activity after nutrient starvation. These losses were not specific to the allantoin, system since they have been observed for a number of other enzymes and also when cellular protein levels were monitored with [3H]leucine. Loss of hydrolase activity was also observed when protein synthesis was inhibited either by addition of inhibitors or loss of the prtl gene product. We found that onset of nutrient starvation brought about release of large quantities of arginine and allantoin normally sequestered in the cell vacuole. Treatment of a cells with alpha-factor resulted in both the release of allantoin and arginine from the cell vacuole and the onset of intracellular protein degradation. These effects were not observed when either alpha cells or a/alpha diploid strains were treated with alpha-factor. These data suggest that release of vacuolar constitutents and protein turnover may be regulated by the G1 arrest signal."}
{"id": "PMID:361692", "title": "6-cyanopurine, a color indicator useful for isolating mutations in the nif (nitrogen fixation) genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "6-Cyanopurine (6-CP) can be used as a color indicator for certain classes of nif (N2 fixation) mutations in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Under N2-fixing conditions, Nif+ colonies and most Nif- colonies are purple on media containing 6-CP. Twenty-two Nif- mutants with altered color on medium containing 6-CP were isolated. All white mutants contained mutations in the regulatory genes, nifAA-nifL. Mutants which were more darkly colored than the wild type had mutations distributed among six nif genes. Medium with 6-CP was used to isolate Nif- mutants with deletions internal to the nif genes, and 6-CP was used to identify strains depressed for nitrogenase synthesis in the presence of NH4+.", "contents": "6-cyanopurine, a color indicator useful for isolating mutations in the nif (nitrogen fixation) genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 6-Cyanopurine (6-CP) can be used as a color indicator for certain classes of nif (N2 fixation) mutations in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Under N2-fixing conditions, Nif+ colonies and most Nif- colonies are purple on media containing 6-CP. Twenty-two Nif- mutants with altered color on medium containing 6-CP were isolated. All white mutants contained mutations in the regulatory genes, nifAA-nifL. Mutants which were more darkly colored than the wild type had mutations distributed among six nif genes. Medium with 6-CP was used to isolate Nif- mutants with deletions internal to the nif genes, and 6-CP was used to identify strains depressed for nitrogenase synthesis in the presence of NH4+."}
{"id": "PMID:361693", "title": "Fine-structure mapping and complementation analysis of nif (nitrogen fixation) genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "Four hundred and eighty-nine independent Nif- strains containing 260 point, 130 millimicron-induced, and 99 deletion mutations in nif in the Klebsiella pneumoniae chromosome were isolated. Three hundred and ninety insertion and point mutations were mapped with millimicron-induced deletions carried on 44 plasmids derived from pTM4010, a recombinant R factor containing the his-nif region of K. pneumoniae. The 99 chromosomal deletions in the nif region were mapped with 69 derivatives of pTM4010 carrying insertion and point mutations in nif. Complementation analysis between 84 derivatives of pTM4010 carrying nif mutations and Rec- derivatives of the 390 Nif- mutants identified 14 genes. The nif mutations were ordered into 49 deletion groups with a gene order of his...nifQBALFMVSNEKDHJ. Complementation analysis of millimicron-induced, amber, frameshift, and deletion mutations indicates there are five polycistronic and two monocistronic operons: nifQ nifB, nifA nifL, nifF, nifM nifV nifS, nifN nifE, nifK nifD nifH, and nifJ. Transcription is from right to left in all polycistronic operons.", "contents": "Fine-structure mapping and complementation analysis of nif (nitrogen fixation) genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Four hundred and eighty-nine independent Nif- strains containing 260 point, 130 millimicron-induced, and 99 deletion mutations in nif in the Klebsiella pneumoniae chromosome were isolated. Three hundred and ninety insertion and point mutations were mapped with millimicron-induced deletions carried on 44 plasmids derived from pTM4010, a recombinant R factor containing the his-nif region of K. pneumoniae. The 99 chromosomal deletions in the nif region were mapped with 69 derivatives of pTM4010 carrying insertion and point mutations in nif. Complementation analysis between 84 derivatives of pTM4010 carrying nif mutations and Rec- derivatives of the 390 Nif- mutants identified 14 genes. The nif mutations were ordered into 49 deletion groups with a gene order of his...nifQBALFMVSNEKDHJ. Complementation analysis of millimicron-induced, amber, frameshift, and deletion mutations indicates there are five polycistronic and two monocistronic operons: nifQ nifB, nifA nifL, nifF, nifM nifV nifS, nifN nifE, nifK nifD nifH, and nifJ. Transcription is from right to left in all polycistronic operons."}
{"id": "PMID:361694", "title": "Regulation and characterization of protein products coded by the nif (nitrogen fixation) genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty-five Nif- strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were characterized by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Forty-two of these strains were tested further by in vitro acetylene reduction assays. By these techniques, nine nif-coded polypeptides were identified, and eight of these were assigned to specific nif genes. Nitrogenase component I required nifK and nifD, which coded for the beta and alpha subunits, and nifB, -E, and -N were required for the iron-molybdenum cofactor, which is a part of the active site of nitrogenase. nifH coded for the structural protein of component II, and nifM and nifS products seemed to be necessary for the synthesis of an active component II. There were two genes, nifF and nifJ, that were required for N2 fixation in vivo but not for N2 fixation in vitro. There were at least two cases (nifE and nifN, nifK and nifD) of two proteins that seemed to require each other for stability in vivo. Regulation of N2 fixation is apparently complex, and this is reflected by the assignment of regulatory functions to the gene products of nifA, nifL, nifK, nifD, nifH, and NIFJ.", "contents": "Regulation and characterization of protein products coded by the nif (nitrogen fixation) genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Two hundred and thirty-five Nif- strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were characterized by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Forty-two of these strains were tested further by in vitro acetylene reduction assays. By these techniques, nine nif-coded polypeptides were identified, and eight of these were assigned to specific nif genes. Nitrogenase component I required nifK and nifD, which coded for the beta and alpha subunits, and nifB, -E, and -N were required for the iron-molybdenum cofactor, which is a part of the active site of nitrogenase. nifH coded for the structural protein of component II, and nifM and nifS products seemed to be necessary for the synthesis of an active component II. There were two genes, nifF and nifJ, that were required for N2 fixation in vivo but not for N2 fixation in vitro. There were at least two cases (nifE and nifN, nifK and nifD) of two proteins that seemed to require each other for stability in vivo. Regulation of N2 fixation is apparently complex, and this is reflected by the assignment of regulatory functions to the gene products of nifA, nifL, nifK, nifD, nifH, and NIFJ."}
{"id": "PMID:361695", "title": "Cell envelope and shape of Escherichia coli: multiple mutants missing the outer membrane lipoprotein and other major outer membrane proteins.", "content": "Starting with an Escherichia coli strain missing the outer membrane lipoprotein, multiple mutants were constructed than in addition to this defect miss the outer membrane proteins II, Ia and Ib, or Ia, Ib, and II. In contrast to all single mutants or strains missing the lipoprotein and polypeptides Ia and Ib, drastic influences on the integrity of the outer membrane and cell morphology were observed in mutants without lipoprotein and protein II. Such strains exhibited spherical morphology. They required increased concentrations of electrolytes for optimal growth, and Mg2+ or Ca2+ were the most efficient. These mutants were sensitive to hydrophobic antibiotics and detergents. Electron microscopy revealed abundant blebbing of the outer membrane, and it could clearly be seen that the murein layer was no longer associated with the outer membrane.", "contents": "Cell envelope and shape of Escherichia coli: multiple mutants missing the outer membrane lipoprotein and other major outer membrane proteins. Starting with an Escherichia coli strain missing the outer membrane lipoprotein, multiple mutants were constructed than in addition to this defect miss the outer membrane proteins II, Ia and Ib, or Ia, Ib, and II. In contrast to all single mutants or strains missing the lipoprotein and polypeptides Ia and Ib, drastic influences on the integrity of the outer membrane and cell morphology were observed in mutants without lipoprotein and protein II. Such strains exhibited spherical morphology. They required increased concentrations of electrolytes for optimal growth, and Mg2+ or Ca2+ were the most efficient. These mutants were sensitive to hydrophobic antibiotics and detergents. Electron microscopy revealed abundant blebbing of the outer membrane, and it could clearly be seen that the murein layer was no longer associated with the outer membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:361696", "title": "Major outer membrane protein in Salmonella typhimurium induced by maltose.", "content": "A maltose-induced major outer membrane protein (the 44K protein) is demonstrated in Salmonella typhimurium. This protein resembles the lambda receptor of Escherichia coli in its location, induction properties, apparent molecular weight, and association with the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall. The 44K protein is missing in certain Salmonella Mal- mutants, which are also missing a protein analogous to the maltose-binding protein of E. coli. Thus, these mutants may be defective in the control of maltose genese in Salmonella. The proteins appear to be closely related, as indicated by cross-reaction of the Salmonella protein with the antiserum raised against the lambda receptor; however, they are not identical, since the peptide patterns obtained after limited proteolysis are completely different. Bacteriophage lambda does not use the 44K protein as a receptor.", "contents": "Major outer membrane protein in Salmonella typhimurium induced by maltose. A maltose-induced major outer membrane protein (the 44K protein) is demonstrated in Salmonella typhimurium. This protein resembles the lambda receptor of Escherichia coli in its location, induction properties, apparent molecular weight, and association with the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall. The 44K protein is missing in certain Salmonella Mal- mutants, which are also missing a protein analogous to the maltose-binding protein of E. coli. Thus, these mutants may be defective in the control of maltose genese in Salmonella. The proteins appear to be closely related, as indicated by cross-reaction of the Salmonella protein with the antiserum raised against the lambda receptor; however, they are not identical, since the peptide patterns obtained after limited proteolysis are completely different. Bacteriophage lambda does not use the 44K protein as a receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:361697", "title": "Altered nuclear pore diameters in G1-arrested cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Nuclear pores in cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined by using the freeze-fracture technique. Nuclear pore diameters in actively growing cells appear to be exclusively of the normal diameter (75 to 115 nm), whereas some pore diameters in abnormally small G1-arrested cells produced by nitrogen starvation are unusually wide (120 to 160 nm). There may be a correlation between nuclear pore size and nuclear envelope size, the larger pores tending to occur in the smaller envelopes. The finding suggests that nuclear pore diameter may not function in regulating the flow of informational molecules from nucleus to cytoplasm, but may be implicated in regulating the flow of substrates into the nucleus.", "contents": "Altered nuclear pore diameters in G1-arrested cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nuclear pores in cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined by using the freeze-fracture technique. Nuclear pore diameters in actively growing cells appear to be exclusively of the normal diameter (75 to 115 nm), whereas some pore diameters in abnormally small G1-arrested cells produced by nitrogen starvation are unusually wide (120 to 160 nm). There may be a correlation between nuclear pore size and nuclear envelope size, the larger pores tending to occur in the smaller envelopes. The finding suggests that nuclear pore diameter may not function in regulating the flow of informational molecules from nucleus to cytoplasm, but may be implicated in regulating the flow of substrates into the nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:361698", "title": "Cloned DNA fragment specifying major outer membrane protein a in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Plasmid pMC44 is a recombinant plasmid that contains a 2-megadalton EcoRI fragment of Escherichia coli K-12 DNA joined to the cloning vehicle, pSC101. The polypeptides specified by plasmid pMC44 were identified and compared with those specified by pSC101 to determine those that are unique to pMC44. Three polypeptides specified by plasmid pMC44 were localized in the cell envelope fraction of minicells: a Sarkosyl-insoluble outer membrane polypeptide (designated M2), specified by the cloned 2-megadalton DNA fragment, and two Sarkosyl-soluble membrane polypeptides specified by the cloning plasmid pSC101. Bacteria containing plasmid pMC44 synthesized quantities of M2 approximately equal to the most abundant E. coli K-12 outer membrane protein. Evidence is presented that outer membrane polypeptide M2, specified by the recombinant plasmid pMC44, is the normal E. coli outer membrane protein designated protein a by Lugtenberg and 3b by Schnaitman.", "contents": "Cloned DNA fragment specifying major outer membrane protein a in Escherichia coli K-12. Plasmid pMC44 is a recombinant plasmid that contains a 2-megadalton EcoRI fragment of Escherichia coli K-12 DNA joined to the cloning vehicle, pSC101. The polypeptides specified by plasmid pMC44 were identified and compared with those specified by pSC101 to determine those that are unique to pMC44. Three polypeptides specified by plasmid pMC44 were localized in the cell envelope fraction of minicells: a Sarkosyl-insoluble outer membrane polypeptide (designated M2), specified by the cloned 2-megadalton DNA fragment, and two Sarkosyl-soluble membrane polypeptides specified by the cloning plasmid pSC101. Bacteria containing plasmid pMC44 synthesized quantities of M2 approximately equal to the most abundant E. coli K-12 outer membrane protein. Evidence is presented that outer membrane polypeptide M2, specified by the recombinant plasmid pMC44, is the normal E. coli outer membrane protein designated protein a by Lugtenberg and 3b by Schnaitman."}
{"id": "PMID:361699", "title": "Absence of DNA sequences homologous to transposable element Tn5 (Kan) in the chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The DNA hybridization procedure of Southern has been used to search for homology between the transposable kanamycin resistance determinant Tn5 and sequences in the chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12. No homology was detected under conditions in which a segment homologous to 5% or more of the 5,300-base pair Tn5 element would have been seen.", "contents": "Absence of DNA sequences homologous to transposable element Tn5 (Kan) in the chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12. The DNA hybridization procedure of Southern has been used to search for homology between the transposable kanamycin resistance determinant Tn5 and sequences in the chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12. No homology was detected under conditions in which a segment homologous to 5% or more of the 5,300-base pair Tn5 element would have been seen."}
{"id": "PMID:361700", "title": "Bacteriophage Mu-induced modification of DNA is dependent upon a host function.", "content": "The DNA of bacteriophage Mu, extracted from induced lysates, is partially resistant to digestion by the endonuclease BalI. This modification of DNA is controlled by the Mu modification function (mom), which acts in conjunction with the dam (DNA-adenine methylation) function of Escherichia coli. Since the BalI recognition site is apparently different from the dam recognition site, these results imply that either the specificity of the dam function is changed by the mom function or the mom function requires the dam function for its activity.", "contents": "Bacteriophage Mu-induced modification of DNA is dependent upon a host function. The DNA of bacteriophage Mu, extracted from induced lysates, is partially resistant to digestion by the endonuclease BalI. This modification of DNA is controlled by the Mu modification function (mom), which acts in conjunction with the dam (DNA-adenine methylation) function of Escherichia coli. Since the BalI recognition site is apparently different from the dam recognition site, these results imply that either the specificity of the dam function is changed by the mom function or the mom function requires the dam function for its activity."}
{"id": "PMID:361701", "title": "Comparison of ribosomes from Coxiella burnetii and Escherichia coli by gel electrophoresis, protein synthesis, and immunological techniques.", "content": "Ribosomes and postribiosomal supernatant fluid (S-100) were isolated from Coxiella burnetii. The ribosomes functioned in polyuridylic acid-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis in the presence of S-100 from either C. burnetii or Escherichia coli. C. burnetii S-100 promoted translation with E. coli ribosomes. Antisera against E. coli elongation factor G and ribosomal proteins L7/L12 cross-reacted with rickettsial S-100 and ribosomes, respectively. Ribosomal proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Comparison of ribosomes from Coxiella burnetii and Escherichia coli by gel electrophoresis, protein synthesis, and immunological techniques. Ribosomes and postribiosomal supernatant fluid (S-100) were isolated from Coxiella burnetii. The ribosomes functioned in polyuridylic acid-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis in the presence of S-100 from either C. burnetii or Escherichia coli. C. burnetii S-100 promoted translation with E. coli ribosomes. Antisera against E. coli elongation factor G and ribosomal proteins L7/L12 cross-reacted with rickettsial S-100 and ribosomes, respectively. Ribosomal proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:361702", "title": "Interactions between uv radiation of different energies in the inactivation of bacteria.", "content": "A strong lethal interaction was observed between various monochromatic wavelengths (254, 334, 365, and 405 nm) in the repair-proficient E. coli K-12 strain AB 1157, except in the case of preexposure to 405-nm radiation which resulted in a protection against the inactivation resulting from subsequent exposure to 365-or 254-nm radiations. The results may be tentatively explained by assuming two classes of DNA lesions and two classes of damage to repair (reversible and inrreversible) whose proportions vary according to wavelength.", "contents": "Interactions between uv radiation of different energies in the inactivation of bacteria. A strong lethal interaction was observed between various monochromatic wavelengths (254, 334, 365, and 405 nm) in the repair-proficient E. coli K-12 strain AB 1157, except in the case of preexposure to 405-nm radiation which resulted in a protection against the inactivation resulting from subsequent exposure to 365-or 254-nm radiations. The results may be tentatively explained by assuming two classes of DNA lesions and two classes of damage to repair (reversible and inrreversible) whose proportions vary according to wavelength."}
{"id": "PMID:361703", "title": "Dimer excision and repair replication patch size in recL152 mutant of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Dimers are excised slowly in a recL152 mutant. This observation is not an artifact of altered DNA degradation because degradation is the same in recL+ and recL strains. The repair patch size was measured by the bromodeoxyuridine-313 nm radiation photolysis technique. In the recL+ strain, the average patch size was found to be about 30 nucleotides in length, but in the recL mutant, it was about 360.", "contents": "Dimer excision and repair replication patch size in recL152 mutant of Escherichia coli K-12. Dimers are excised slowly in a recL152 mutant. This observation is not an artifact of altered DNA degradation because degradation is the same in recL+ and recL strains. The repair patch size was measured by the bromodeoxyuridine-313 nm radiation photolysis technique. In the recL+ strain, the average patch size was found to be about 30 nucleotides in length, but in the recL mutant, it was about 360."}
{"id": "PMID:361704", "title": "The F plasmid may cosegregrate with either DNA strand of the Escherichia coli chromosome.", "content": "A stable association exists between the plasmid Flac and one of the polynucleotide strands of the bacterial chromosome. This polynucleotide strand was isolated and tested for uniqueness by DNA-DNA hybridization analysis. The association was found to involve either bacterial DNA strand.", "contents": "The F plasmid may cosegregrate with either DNA strand of the Escherichia coli chromosome. A stable association exists between the plasmid Flac and one of the polynucleotide strands of the bacterial chromosome. This polynucleotide strand was isolated and tested for uniqueness by DNA-DNA hybridization analysis. The association was found to involve either bacterial DNA strand."}
{"id": "PMID:361705", "title": "Enchancement of nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis by chloramphenicol in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced mutagenesis in E. coli K-12 can be enchanced up to 50-fold by the addition of chloramphenicol with minimal effect on survival. Chloramphenicol does not produce the expected proportionate increase in closely linked double mutations.", "contents": "Enchancement of nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis by chloramphenicol in Escherichia coli K-12. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced mutagenesis in E. coli K-12 can be enchanced up to 50-fold by the addition of chloramphenicol with minimal effect on survival. Chloramphenicol does not produce the expected proportionate increase in closely linked double mutations."}
{"id": "PMID:361706", "title": "Membrane damage associated with inositol-less death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The effect of inositol deficiency was studied on fermentation, respiration, and sugar and amino acid transport. It was found that the loss of fermetnation and respiration and sugar transport activity parallel the loss of cell viability. The loss of sugar transport activity is associated with the development of cell membrane damage. It is concluded that the ultimate cause of cell death is cell membrane leakiness.", "contents": "Membrane damage associated with inositol-less death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The effect of inositol deficiency was studied on fermentation, respiration, and sugar and amino acid transport. It was found that the loss of fermetnation and respiration and sugar transport activity parallel the loss of cell viability. The loss of sugar transport activity is associated with the development of cell membrane damage. It is concluded that the ultimate cause of cell death is cell membrane leakiness."}
{"id": "PMID:361707", "title": "Proline transport carrier-defective mutants of Escherichia coli K-12: properties and mapping.", "content": "A series of mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 requiring a high concentration of L-proline for growth were isolated from a proline auxotroph strain, JE2133. Genetic studies of the mutants, PT19, PT21, and PT22, showed that all the mutations (proT) were point mutations, and these were mapped at 82 min on the E. coli genetic map. Intact cells and cytoplasmic membrane vesicles of these mutants were specifically defective in L-proline transport activity. Strain PT21 had no detectable activity of the L-proline transport carrier at all, and strains PT19 and PT22 had only 1/35 and 1/70, respectively, of the transport activity of the parental strain. The mutants were also shown to have a defect in proline-binding function of the carrier by measuring specific binding of proline to sonically disrupted membranes. These results indicate that the gene proT determines the function of proline carrier in the cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "Proline transport carrier-defective mutants of Escherichia coli K-12: properties and mapping. A series of mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 requiring a high concentration of L-proline for growth were isolated from a proline auxotroph strain, JE2133. Genetic studies of the mutants, PT19, PT21, and PT22, showed that all the mutations (proT) were point mutations, and these were mapped at 82 min on the E. coli genetic map. Intact cells and cytoplasmic membrane vesicles of these mutants were specifically defective in L-proline transport activity. Strain PT21 had no detectable activity of the L-proline transport carrier at all, and strains PT19 and PT22 had only 1/35 and 1/70, respectively, of the transport activity of the parental strain. The mutants were also shown to have a defect in proline-binding function of the carrier by measuring specific binding of proline to sonically disrupted membranes. These results indicate that the gene proT determines the function of proline carrier in the cytoplasmic membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:361708", "title": "Effect of mutation in the aromatic amino acid pathway on sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Mutations in ARO1 and ARO2 genes coding for enzymes involved in the common part of the aromatic amino acid pathway completely block the sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae when in a homozygous state, whereas mutations in all the other genes of the same pathway do not. This effect is not due to the lack of any intermediate metabolite but rather to the accumulation of a metabolite preceding chorismic acid. Shikimic acid or one of its precursors was identified as the possible inhibitor. The presence of the three aromatic amino acids in the sporulation medium restores the ability to undergo meiosis. This seems not to be due to a feedback inhibition of the first enzymes of the pathway but rather to a competition between aromatic amino acids and the inhibitor on a site specific for the meiotic process. The inhibition of sporulation seems to occur at a very early step in meiosis, as indicated by the lack of premeiotic DNA synthesis in aro1 and aro2 mutants.", "contents": "Effect of mutation in the aromatic amino acid pathway on sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutations in ARO1 and ARO2 genes coding for enzymes involved in the common part of the aromatic amino acid pathway completely block the sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae when in a homozygous state, whereas mutations in all the other genes of the same pathway do not. This effect is not due to the lack of any intermediate metabolite but rather to the accumulation of a metabolite preceding chorismic acid. Shikimic acid or one of its precursors was identified as the possible inhibitor. The presence of the three aromatic amino acids in the sporulation medium restores the ability to undergo meiosis. This seems not to be due to a feedback inhibition of the first enzymes of the pathway but rather to a competition between aromatic amino acids and the inhibitor on a site specific for the meiotic process. The inhibition of sporulation seems to occur at a very early step in meiosis, as indicated by the lack of premeiotic DNA synthesis in aro1 and aro2 mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:361709", "title": "Relationship between phosphate content and immunochemical properties of subfractions of bakers' yeast mannan.", "content": "The mannan of bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was fractionated on a column of diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex into five subfractions. Phosphate content of these mannan subfractions was proportional to the concentration of NaCl solutions used in the chromatographic separation. Quantitative precipitin reactions showed that the serological reactivities of the subfractions were proportional to the content of phosphate. The result of acetolysis study showed that the amounts of mannotetraose and phosphate-containing oligosaccharide fractions increased proportionally to the acidity, whereas the amount of mannose decreased inversely. The results from quantitative precipitin reaction tests and acetolysis study demonstrated that both phosphate contents and multiplicity of branching moieties of mannan subfractions increased proportionally, i.e., micro-heterogeneity concerning the acidity comprised in the parent bulk mannan is not attributable merely to the coexistence of molecular species containing different amounts of phosphate but also to the presence of more of the branching moieties.", "contents": "Relationship between phosphate content and immunochemical properties of subfractions of bakers' yeast mannan. The mannan of bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was fractionated on a column of diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex into five subfractions. Phosphate content of these mannan subfractions was proportional to the concentration of NaCl solutions used in the chromatographic separation. Quantitative precipitin reactions showed that the serological reactivities of the subfractions were proportional to the content of phosphate. The result of acetolysis study showed that the amounts of mannotetraose and phosphate-containing oligosaccharide fractions increased proportionally to the acidity, whereas the amount of mannose decreased inversely. The results from quantitative precipitin reaction tests and acetolysis study demonstrated that both phosphate contents and multiplicity of branching moieties of mannan subfractions increased proportionally, i.e., micro-heterogeneity concerning the acidity comprised in the parent bulk mannan is not attributable merely to the coexistence of molecular species containing different amounts of phosphate but also to the presence of more of the branching moieties."}
{"id": "PMID:361710", "title": "Stimulation of deletions in the Escherichia coli chromosome by partially induced Mucts62 prophages.", "content": "Deletion of bacterial DNA fragments is stimulated in induced Mucts62 lysogens. The host genes located proximally to the prophage are more frequently lost than those which are unlinked to the Mu genome. Genes located on either side of a Mu genome are deleted in the same manner. Like the other Mu-induced rearrangements, this process is recA independent and requires the participation of Mu DNA, as indicated by the fact that a phage genome always replaces the deleted genes. Data are presented which strongly suggest that both ends of the Mu genome are involved in deletion formation.", "contents": "Stimulation of deletions in the Escherichia coli chromosome by partially induced Mucts62 prophages. Deletion of bacterial DNA fragments is stimulated in induced Mucts62 lysogens. The host genes located proximally to the prophage are more frequently lost than those which are unlinked to the Mu genome. Genes located on either side of a Mu genome are deleted in the same manner. Like the other Mu-induced rearrangements, this process is recA independent and requires the participation of Mu DNA, as indicated by the fact that a phage genome always replaces the deleted genes. Data are presented which strongly suggest that both ends of the Mu genome are involved in deletion formation."}
{"id": "PMID:361711", "title": "Chromosomal location of a gene (nmpA) involved in expression of a major outer membrane protein in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The phenotypic expression of protein E, a recently described major outer membrane protein, is associated with a mutation at a locus on the Escherichia coli chromosome that we call nmpA. nmpA is located between rbsK and uncA at 82.7 min on the E. coli linkage map. The nmpA locus is also the site of the mutations which lead to the formation of major outer membrane proteins Ic or e. It is likely proteins E, Ic, and e are closely related or identical. The mutant nmpA allele is dominant.", "contents": "Chromosomal location of a gene (nmpA) involved in expression of a major outer membrane protein in Escherichia coli. The phenotypic expression of protein E, a recently described major outer membrane protein, is associated with a mutation at a locus on the Escherichia coli chromosome that we call nmpA. nmpA is located between rbsK and uncA at 82.7 min on the E. coli linkage map. The nmpA locus is also the site of the mutations which lead to the formation of major outer membrane proteins Ic or e. It is likely proteins E, Ic, and e are closely related or identical. The mutant nmpA allele is dominant."}
{"id": "PMID:361712", "title": "Evolution of propanediol utilization in Escherichia coli: mutant with improved substrate-scavenging power.", "content": "Wild-type strains of Escherichia coli are unable to use L-1,2-propanediol as a carbon and energy source. A series of mutants, able to grow on this compound at progressively faster rates, had been isolated by repeated transfers to a medium containing 20 mM L-1,2-propanediol. These strains synthesize at high constitutive levels a propanediolmicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidoreductase, an enzyme serving as a lactaldehyde during L-fucose fermentation by wild type cells. In this study, a mutant that can grow rapidly on the novel carbon source was subjected to further selection in a medium containing L-1,2-propanediol never exceeding 0.5 mM to obtain a derivative that has an increased power to extract the substrate from the medium. The emerging mutant exhibited four changes at the enzymatic level: (i) fuculose 1-phosphate aldolase activity is lost; (ii) the constitutive propanediol oxidoreductase activity is increased in its level; (iii) lactaldehyde dehydrogenase becomes constitutive and shows an elevated specific activity in crude extracts; and (iv) at low concentrations of propanediol, the facilitated diffusion across the cell membrane is enhanced. Changes two to four seem to act in concert in the trapping of propanediol by hastening its rate of entry and conversion to an ionized metabolite, lactate.", "contents": "Evolution of propanediol utilization in Escherichia coli: mutant with improved substrate-scavenging power. Wild-type strains of Escherichia coli are unable to use L-1,2-propanediol as a carbon and energy source. A series of mutants, able to grow on this compound at progressively faster rates, had been isolated by repeated transfers to a medium containing 20 mM L-1,2-propanediol. These strains synthesize at high constitutive levels a propanediolmicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidoreductase, an enzyme serving as a lactaldehyde during L-fucose fermentation by wild type cells. In this study, a mutant that can grow rapidly on the novel carbon source was subjected to further selection in a medium containing L-1,2-propanediol never exceeding 0.5 mM to obtain a derivative that has an increased power to extract the substrate from the medium. The emerging mutant exhibited four changes at the enzymatic level: (i) fuculose 1-phosphate aldolase activity is lost; (ii) the constitutive propanediol oxidoreductase activity is increased in its level; (iii) lactaldehyde dehydrogenase becomes constitutive and shows an elevated specific activity in crude extracts; and (iv) at low concentrations of propanediol, the facilitated diffusion across the cell membrane is enhanced. Changes two to four seem to act in concert in the trapping of propanediol by hastening its rate of entry and conversion to an ionized metabolite, lactate."}
{"id": "PMID:361713", "title": "Metabolic interconversion of free sterols and steryl esters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The interconversion of free and esterified sterols was followed radioisotopically with [U-14C]acetate and [methyl-14C]methionine. In pulse-chase experiments, radioactivity first appeared mainly in unesterified sterols in exponential-phase cells. Within one generation time, the label equilibrated between the free and esterified sterol pools and subsequently accumulated in steryl esters in stationary-phase cells. When the sterol pools were prelabeled by growing cells aerobically to the stationary phase and the cells were diluted into unlabeled medium, the prelabeled steryl esters returned to the free sterol form under several conditions. (i) During aerobic growth, the prelabeled sterols decreased from 80% to 45% esters in the early exponential phase and then returned to 80% esters as the culture reached the stationary phase. (ii) Under anaerobic conditions, the percentage of prelabeled steryl esters declined continuously. When growth stopped, only 15% of the sterols remained esterified. (iii) In the presence of an inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis, which causes accumulation of a precursor to ergosterol, prelabeled sterols decreased to 40% steryl esters while the precursor was found preferentially in the esterified form. These results indicate that the bulk of the free sterol and steryl ester pools are freely interconvertible, with the steryl esters serving as a supply of free sterols. Furthermore, there is an active cellular control over what types of sterol are found in the free and esterified sterol pools.", "contents": "Metabolic interconversion of free sterols and steryl esters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The interconversion of free and esterified sterols was followed radioisotopically with [U-14C]acetate and [methyl-14C]methionine. In pulse-chase experiments, radioactivity first appeared mainly in unesterified sterols in exponential-phase cells. Within one generation time, the label equilibrated between the free and esterified sterol pools and subsequently accumulated in steryl esters in stationary-phase cells. When the sterol pools were prelabeled by growing cells aerobically to the stationary phase and the cells were diluted into unlabeled medium, the prelabeled steryl esters returned to the free sterol form under several conditions. (i) During aerobic growth, the prelabeled sterols decreased from 80% to 45% esters in the early exponential phase and then returned to 80% esters as the culture reached the stationary phase. (ii) Under anaerobic conditions, the percentage of prelabeled steryl esters declined continuously. When growth stopped, only 15% of the sterols remained esterified. (iii) In the presence of an inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis, which causes accumulation of a precursor to ergosterol, prelabeled sterols decreased to 40% steryl esters while the precursor was found preferentially in the esterified form. These results indicate that the bulk of the free sterol and steryl ester pools are freely interconvertible, with the steryl esters serving as a supply of free sterols. Furthermore, there is an active cellular control over what types of sterol are found in the free and esterified sterol pools."}
{"id": "PMID:361714", "title": "Repair of cross-linked DNA and survival of Escherichia coli treated with psoralen and light: effects of mutations influencing genetic recombination and DNA metabolism.", "content": "Repair of cross-linked DNA was studied in Escherichia coli strains carrying mutations affecting DNA metabolism. In wild-type cells, DNA strands cut during cross-link removal were rejoined during a subsequent incubation into high-molecular-weight molecules. This rejoining was dependent on gene products involved in genetic recombination. A close correlation was found relating recombination proficiency, the rate of strand rejoining, and formation of viable progeny after DNA cross-linking by treatment with psoralen and light. Wild-type cells and other mutants which were Rec+ (sbcB, recL, recL sbcB, recB recC sbcA, recB recC sbcB, xthA1, and xthA11) rejoined cut DNA strands at a rate of 0.8 +/- 0.1 min -1 at 37 degrees C and survived 53 to 71 cross-links per chromosome. recB, recC, recB recC, recF, or polA strains showed reduced rates of strand rejoining and survived 4 to 13 cross-links per chromosome. Recombination-deficient strains (recA, recB recC sbcB recF, recB recL) and lexA failed to rejoin DNA strands after crosslink removal and were unable to form colonies after treatments producing as few as one to two cross-links per chromosome. Strand rejoining occurred normally in cells with mutations affecting DNA replication (dnaA, danB, dnaG, and dnaE) under both permissive and nonpermissive conditions for chromosome replication. In a polA polB dnaE strain strand rejoining occurred at 32 degree C but not at 42 degree C, indicating that some DNA synthesis was required for formation of intact recombinant molecules.", "contents": "Repair of cross-linked DNA and survival of Escherichia coli treated with psoralen and light: effects of mutations influencing genetic recombination and DNA metabolism. Repair of cross-linked DNA was studied in Escherichia coli strains carrying mutations affecting DNA metabolism. In wild-type cells, DNA strands cut during cross-link removal were rejoined during a subsequent incubation into high-molecular-weight molecules. This rejoining was dependent on gene products involved in genetic recombination. A close correlation was found relating recombination proficiency, the rate of strand rejoining, and formation of viable progeny after DNA cross-linking by treatment with psoralen and light. Wild-type cells and other mutants which were Rec+ (sbcB, recL, recL sbcB, recB recC sbcA, recB recC sbcB, xthA1, and xthA11) rejoined cut DNA strands at a rate of 0.8 +/- 0.1 min -1 at 37 degrees C and survived 53 to 71 cross-links per chromosome. recB, recC, recB recC, recF, or polA strains showed reduced rates of strand rejoining and survived 4 to 13 cross-links per chromosome. Recombination-deficient strains (recA, recB recC sbcB recF, recB recL) and lexA failed to rejoin DNA strands after crosslink removal and were unable to form colonies after treatments producing as few as one to two cross-links per chromosome. Strand rejoining occurred normally in cells with mutations affecting DNA replication (dnaA, danB, dnaG, and dnaE) under both permissive and nonpermissive conditions for chromosome replication. In a polA polB dnaE strain strand rejoining occurred at 32 degree C but not at 42 degree C, indicating that some DNA synthesis was required for formation of intact recombinant molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:361715", "title": "Cell division during nutritional upshifts of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Nutritional shifts of Escherichia coli B/r to richer media have been analyzed is synchronously growing and exponential-hase populations. Early perturbations in the timing of cell division were observed. At the slow growth, division progressed at a rate equal to or less than the preshift rate for about 1 h. At intermediate growth, both delays and acceleration in division were observed. The extent of the perturbation depended upon the age of the cells at the time of the shift and the composition of the preshift and postshift media. The perturbation was different in the two substrains of E. coli B/r used in this study.", "contents": "Cell division during nutritional upshifts of Escherichia coli. Nutritional shifts of Escherichia coli B/r to richer media have been analyzed is synchronously growing and exponential-hase populations. Early perturbations in the timing of cell division were observed. At the slow growth, division progressed at a rate equal to or less than the preshift rate for about 1 h. At intermediate growth, both delays and acceleration in division were observed. The extent of the perturbation depended upon the age of the cells at the time of the shift and the composition of the preshift and postshift media. The perturbation was different in the two substrains of E. coli B/r used in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:361716", "title": "Insertion of bacteriophage lambda into the deo operon of Escherichia coli K-12 and isolation of plaque-forming lambdadeo+ transducing bacteriophages.", "content": "A procedure has been devised to isolate plaque-forming lambda cI857S7 transducing bacteriophage which carry the internal promoter, P3, of the deo operon of Escherichia coli and the deoB and deoD genes, while lacking the deoP and cytP promoters of the same operon, in order to study, specifically, regulation at the P3 site. This has been accomplished by selecting for the insertion of bacteriophage lambda into the deoA gene in a strain deleted for the normal lambda attachment site (delta att lambda) and isolating from this lysogen lambda spi- and lambda EDTAr phage. Among these, lambda pdeoB+D+ phage were identified by their transducing abilities. From in vivo enzyme induction experiments performed on a delta deo strain lysogenized with such phage, they were shown to carry the P3 promoter while lacking the deoP and cytP promoters. A lambdapdeo B+D+ phage phage was used to lysogenize a deo+ delta att lambda strain, integration of lambda occurring within the region of homology, and, from a heat-induced lysate of this strain, a plaque-forming lambda+ phage carrying the complete deo operon was obtained. Phage lambda was also inserted into the deoB and deoD genes and into the tdk gene. By isolating lambdaspi- and lambdaEDTAr phage from the deo::(lambda) mutants and determining which bacterial genes they carried and whether they retained the int gene of lambda, it was found that lambda had inserted into deoD with the same orientation as lambda inserted into attlambda, whereas lambda inserted into deoA and deoB had the opposite orientation. Deletions extending from the site of lambda insertion into the bacterial chromosome were isolated by selecting for heat-resistant revertants. These confirmed the order of markers to be deo-serB-trpR-thr and also placed a locus, msp, determining sensitivity or resistance of male strains to male-specific phages, between trpR and thr. For some reason unknown, but which may be related to the orientation of the lambda prophages, short deletions rendering the bacterium Ser- Thr+ were of much lower frequency from the deoD::(lambda) lysogen than from the other two lysogens. From an examination of the residual deoD enzyme levels in deoB::(lambda) mutants, it was deduced that there may be two promoter sites within the deoB::(lambda) mutants, it was deduced that there may be two promoter sites within the deoB gene, transcription from one of these being sufficient to account for the noncoordinate nature of the induction of deoB and deoD gene products.", "contents": "Insertion of bacteriophage lambda into the deo operon of Escherichia coli K-12 and isolation of plaque-forming lambdadeo+ transducing bacteriophages. A procedure has been devised to isolate plaque-forming lambda cI857S7 transducing bacteriophage which carry the internal promoter, P3, of the deo operon of Escherichia coli and the deoB and deoD genes, while lacking the deoP and cytP promoters of the same operon, in order to study, specifically, regulation at the P3 site. This has been accomplished by selecting for the insertion of bacteriophage lambda into the deoA gene in a strain deleted for the normal lambda attachment site (delta att lambda) and isolating from this lysogen lambda spi- and lambda EDTAr phage. Among these, lambda pdeoB+D+ phage were identified by their transducing abilities. From in vivo enzyme induction experiments performed on a delta deo strain lysogenized with such phage, they were shown to carry the P3 promoter while lacking the deoP and cytP promoters. A lambdapdeo B+D+ phage phage was used to lysogenize a deo+ delta att lambda strain, integration of lambda occurring within the region of homology, and, from a heat-induced lysate of this strain, a plaque-forming lambda+ phage carrying the complete deo operon was obtained. Phage lambda was also inserted into the deoB and deoD genes and into the tdk gene. By isolating lambdaspi- and lambdaEDTAr phage from the deo::(lambda) mutants and determining which bacterial genes they carried and whether they retained the int gene of lambda, it was found that lambda had inserted into deoD with the same orientation as lambda inserted into attlambda, whereas lambda inserted into deoA and deoB had the opposite orientation. Deletions extending from the site of lambda insertion into the bacterial chromosome were isolated by selecting for heat-resistant revertants. These confirmed the order of markers to be deo-serB-trpR-thr and also placed a locus, msp, determining sensitivity or resistance of male strains to male-specific phages, between trpR and thr. For some reason unknown, but which may be related to the orientation of the lambda prophages, short deletions rendering the bacterium Ser- Thr+ were of much lower frequency from the deoD::(lambda) lysogen than from the other two lysogens. From an examination of the residual deoD enzyme levels in deoB::(lambda) mutants, it was deduced that there may be two promoter sites within the deoB::(lambda) mutants, it was deduced that there may be two promoter sites within the deoB gene, transcription from one of these being sufficient to account for the noncoordinate nature of the induction of deoB and deoD gene products."}
{"id": "PMID:361717", "title": "Role of lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli K-12 in the receptor activity for bacteriophage T4.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 did not inactivate phage T4, although the cell envelopes with 1% sodium deoxycholate resulted in the release of cytoplasmic membrane proteins, 70% of the lipopolysaccharide, and almost all of the phospholipid. The reconstitution of phage receptor activity was achieved from deoxycholate-soluble and -insoluble fractions by dialysis against a solution of magnesium chloride. Lipopolysaccharide was the only essential component in the deoxycholate-soluble fraction. PhageT4-resistant mutants YA21-6 and YA21-82, having defects in the deoxycholate-soluble and -insoluble fractions, respectively, were isolated. The deoxycholate-soluble fraction of YA21-6 possessed heptoseless lipopolysaccharide, and this defect was responsible for the phage resistance. The deoxycholate-insoluble fraction of YA21-82 lacked outer membrane protein O-8. The addition of O-8 to this fraction together with the wild-type lipopolysaccharide resulted in the appearance of the receptor activity. Furthermore, the reconstitution was successfully achieved with only O-8 and the wild-type lipopolysaccharide, indicating that O-8 was an essential component in the deoxycholate-insoluble fraction.", "contents": "Role of lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli K-12 in the receptor activity for bacteriophage T4. Lipopolysaccharide isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 did not inactivate phage T4, although the cell envelopes with 1% sodium deoxycholate resulted in the release of cytoplasmic membrane proteins, 70% of the lipopolysaccharide, and almost all of the phospholipid. The reconstitution of phage receptor activity was achieved from deoxycholate-soluble and -insoluble fractions by dialysis against a solution of magnesium chloride. Lipopolysaccharide was the only essential component in the deoxycholate-soluble fraction. PhageT4-resistant mutants YA21-6 and YA21-82, having defects in the deoxycholate-soluble and -insoluble fractions, respectively, were isolated. The deoxycholate-soluble fraction of YA21-6 possessed heptoseless lipopolysaccharide, and this defect was responsible for the phage resistance. The deoxycholate-insoluble fraction of YA21-82 lacked outer membrane protein O-8. The addition of O-8 to this fraction together with the wild-type lipopolysaccharide resulted in the appearance of the receptor activity. Furthermore, the reconstitution was successfully achieved with only O-8 and the wild-type lipopolysaccharide, indicating that O-8 was an essential component in the deoxycholate-insoluble fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:361718", "title": "Mechanism of colicin E3 production in strains harboring wild-type or mutant plasmids.", "content": "As previously reported by others, more than 90% of the colicin E3 synthesized soon after induction of colicinogenic bacteria was found to be cell bound, about half of it being in a salt-extractable state at the cell surface. Evidence is presented that the colicin molecules remain preferentially bound to the cell which produced them, rather than being secreted and randomly distributed in the cell population. Secretion of colicin E3 may in fact never occur, all or most of the colicin found free in the medium perhaps being released during lysis of the producing cells long after induction. Among 19 mutant plasmids selected on the basis of their inability to produce an active colicin, only 3 were found to code for a protein which although it lacked any bactericidal activity, had the same molecular weight as wild-type colicin E3 and displayed a reaction of immunological identity with it. These three inactive colicins fail to be exported to the cell surface and seem to be blocked at some intermediate stage in the export process.", "contents": "Mechanism of colicin E3 production in strains harboring wild-type or mutant plasmids. As previously reported by others, more than 90% of the colicin E3 synthesized soon after induction of colicinogenic bacteria was found to be cell bound, about half of it being in a salt-extractable state at the cell surface. Evidence is presented that the colicin molecules remain preferentially bound to the cell which produced them, rather than being secreted and randomly distributed in the cell population. Secretion of colicin E3 may in fact never occur, all or most of the colicin found free in the medium perhaps being released during lysis of the producing cells long after induction. Among 19 mutant plasmids selected on the basis of their inability to produce an active colicin, only 3 were found to code for a protein which although it lacked any bactericidal activity, had the same molecular weight as wild-type colicin E3 and displayed a reaction of immunological identity with it. These three inactive colicins fail to be exported to the cell surface and seem to be blocked at some intermediate stage in the export process."}
{"id": "PMID:361719", "title": "Genetic mapping of tyramine oxidase and arylsulfatase genes and their regulation in intergeneric hybrids of enteric bacteria.", "content": "The genes for arylsulfatase (atsA) and tyramine oxidase (tynA) have been mapped in Klebsiella aerogenes by P1 transduction. They are linked to gdhD and trp in the order atsA-tynA-gdhD-trp-pyrF. Complementation analysis using F' episomes from Escherichia coli suggested an analogous location of these genes in E. coli, although arylsulfatase activity was not detected in E. coli. P1 phage and F' episomes were used to create intergeneric hybrid strains of enteric bacteria by transfer of the ats and tyn genes between K. aerogenes, E. coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Intergeneric transduction of the tynK gene from K. aerogenes to an E. coli restrictionless strain was one to two orders less frequent than that of the leuK gene. The tyramine oxidase of E. coli and S. typhimurium in regulatory activity resemble very closely the enzyme of K. aerogenes. The atsE gene from E. coli was expressed, and latent arylsulfatase protein was formed in K. aerogenes and S typhimurium. The results of tyramine oxidase and arylsulfatase synthesis in intergeneric hybrids of enteric bacteria suggest that the system for regulation of enzyme synthesis is conserved more than the structure or function of enzyme protein during evolution.", "contents": "Genetic mapping of tyramine oxidase and arylsulfatase genes and their regulation in intergeneric hybrids of enteric bacteria. The genes for arylsulfatase (atsA) and tyramine oxidase (tynA) have been mapped in Klebsiella aerogenes by P1 transduction. They are linked to gdhD and trp in the order atsA-tynA-gdhD-trp-pyrF. Complementation analysis using F' episomes from Escherichia coli suggested an analogous location of these genes in E. coli, although arylsulfatase activity was not detected in E. coli. P1 phage and F' episomes were used to create intergeneric hybrid strains of enteric bacteria by transfer of the ats and tyn genes between K. aerogenes, E. coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Intergeneric transduction of the tynK gene from K. aerogenes to an E. coli restrictionless strain was one to two orders less frequent than that of the leuK gene. The tyramine oxidase of E. coli and S. typhimurium in regulatory activity resemble very closely the enzyme of K. aerogenes. The atsE gene from E. coli was expressed, and latent arylsulfatase protein was formed in K. aerogenes and S typhimurium. The results of tyramine oxidase and arylsulfatase synthesis in intergeneric hybrids of enteric bacteria suggest that the system for regulation of enzyme synthesis is conserved more than the structure or function of enzyme protein during evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:361720", "title": "Arrangement of glycan chains in the sacculus of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A novel of Escherichia coli endopeptidase was used for a selective partial hydrolysis of the peptide bridges which interlink the glycan chains in E. coli sacculi. The loosening of the murein network revealed, in the electron microscope, a preferential orientation of the glycan chains, more or less perpendicular to the length axis of the cell. Control incubations with E. coli transglycosylase or egg-white lysozyme did not leave ordered structures behind.", "contents": "Arrangement of glycan chains in the sacculus of Escherichia coli. A novel of Escherichia coli endopeptidase was used for a selective partial hydrolysis of the peptide bridges which interlink the glycan chains in E. coli sacculi. The loosening of the murein network revealed, in the electron microscope, a preferential orientation of the glycan chains, more or less perpendicular to the length axis of the cell. Control incubations with E. coli transglycosylase or egg-white lysozyme did not leave ordered structures behind."}
{"id": "PMID:361721", "title": "Analysis of sequences transposed by complementation of two classes of transposition-deficient mutants of Tn3.", "content": "The Tn1 and Tn3 elements are closely related transposons which carry the structural gene for ampicillin resistance. Two classes of deletion mutants of the plasmid pMB8::Tn3 (RSF1050) are unable to transpose ampicillin resistance but can be complemented in trans by a coresident Tn1 or Tn3 element. The analysis of the sequences transposed upon complementation of one class of mutants (type I) showed that the mutant element had undergone bona fide transposition. Complementation of the type II mutants led to the transposition of a sequence analogous to bacteriophage mu-promoted integration of non-mu DNA. The transposed sequence consisted of two Tn3 elements which flanked a single copy of the pMB8 portion of the RSF1050 genome. Complementation data indicated that the type II mutants are defective in at least one trans-acting function which must be supplied for transposition to occur. The nature of sequence transposed from the type II mutant is the consequence of a defective cis-acting function (or site). In addition, the type II mutants were defective in a trans-acting function which regulated the frequency of transposition.", "contents": "Analysis of sequences transposed by complementation of two classes of transposition-deficient mutants of Tn3. The Tn1 and Tn3 elements are closely related transposons which carry the structural gene for ampicillin resistance. Two classes of deletion mutants of the plasmid pMB8::Tn3 (RSF1050) are unable to transpose ampicillin resistance but can be complemented in trans by a coresident Tn1 or Tn3 element. The analysis of the sequences transposed upon complementation of one class of mutants (type I) showed that the mutant element had undergone bona fide transposition. Complementation of the type II mutants led to the transposition of a sequence analogous to bacteriophage mu-promoted integration of non-mu DNA. The transposed sequence consisted of two Tn3 elements which flanked a single copy of the pMB8 portion of the RSF1050 genome. Complementation data indicated that the type II mutants are defective in at least one trans-acting function which must be supplied for transposition to occur. The nature of sequence transposed from the type II mutant is the consequence of a defective cis-acting function (or site). In addition, the type II mutants were defective in a trans-acting function which regulated the frequency of transposition."}
{"id": "PMID:361722", "title": "Pesticin-dependent generation of somotically stable spheroplast-like structures.", "content": "Homogenous pesticin, a bacteriocin produced by Yersinia pestis, promoted rapid dose-dependent killing of Escherichia coli phi but permitted residual generation of cell mass. Both growing cells and those blocked in net synthesis of nucleic acids or protein were converted by pesticin to osmotically stable spheroplast-like forms. Morphology and viability of cells starved for fermentable carbohydrate were not affected by pesticin. Similar spheroplast-like structures were formed from sensitive cells of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Y. pestis.", "contents": "Pesticin-dependent generation of somotically stable spheroplast-like structures. Homogenous pesticin, a bacteriocin produced by Yersinia pestis, promoted rapid dose-dependent killing of Escherichia coli phi but permitted residual generation of cell mass. Both growing cells and those blocked in net synthesis of nucleic acids or protein were converted by pesticin to osmotically stable spheroplast-like forms. Morphology and viability of cells starved for fermentable carbohydrate were not affected by pesticin. Similar spheroplast-like structures were formed from sensitive cells of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Y. pestis."}
{"id": "PMID:361723", "title": "Trypsin peptide patterns of tryptophan synthase beta2 protein among four species of the Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The tryptophan synthase beta 2 protein (EC 4.2.1.20) of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, and Erwinia carotovora was purified and compared. Two-dimensional total peptide patterns for each of the four beta2 proteins obtained after digestion with trypsin showed that approximately three quarters of the total peptides are common to all four peptides. Examination of only arginine-containing peptides showed that approximately half of these peptides are common. From a comparative standpoint, the data provide evidence that the primary structure of beta 2 proteins is relatively similar, indicating that the trpB cistron is evolutionarily conserved in the enteric bacteria group.", "contents": "Trypsin peptide patterns of tryptophan synthase beta2 protein among four species of the Enterobacteriaceae. The tryptophan synthase beta 2 protein (EC 4.2.1.20) of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, and Erwinia carotovora was purified and compared. Two-dimensional total peptide patterns for each of the four beta2 proteins obtained after digestion with trypsin showed that approximately three quarters of the total peptides are common to all four peptides. Examination of only arginine-containing peptides showed that approximately half of these peptides are common. From a comparative standpoint, the data provide evidence that the primary structure of beta 2 proteins is relatively similar, indicating that the trpB cistron is evolutionarily conserved in the enteric bacteria group."}
{"id": "PMID:361724", "title": "Plasmids of incompatibility group P code for the capacity to propagate bacteriophage IKe.", "content": "Seven of eight plasmids of incompatibility group P were found to code for the capacity to propagate bacteriophage IKe in Escherichia coli. Six of the seven plasmids allowed propagation of IKe by one bacterial host (RG172) but not by another (RG176); the other plasmid allowed IKe propagation by both hosts. IKe propagation by a number of E. coli K-12 strains was quite variable. IKeh, an extended host range mutant of IKe, was found to plaque specifically on N+ and P+ strains.", "contents": "Plasmids of incompatibility group P code for the capacity to propagate bacteriophage IKe. Seven of eight plasmids of incompatibility group P were found to code for the capacity to propagate bacteriophage IKe in Escherichia coli. Six of the seven plasmids allowed propagation of IKe by one bacterial host (RG172) but not by another (RG176); the other plasmid allowed IKe propagation by both hosts. IKe propagation by a number of E. coli K-12 strains was quite variable. IKeh, an extended host range mutant of IKe, was found to plaque specifically on N+ and P+ strains."}
{"id": "PMID:361725", "title": "Orotic acid excretion in some wild-type strains of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "During rapid growth,  the excretion of pyrimidines, predominantly uracil, is a common phenomenon in procaryotes and eucaryotes. In Escherichia coli, some K-12 strains excrete orotic acid and not uracil. This is caused by a mutation in the pyrF gene.", "contents": "Orotic acid excretion in some wild-type strains of Escherichia coli K-12. During rapid growth,  the excretion of pyrimidines, predominantly uracil, is a common phenomenon in procaryotes and eucaryotes. In Escherichia coli, some K-12 strains excrete orotic acid and not uracil. This is caused by a mutation in the pyrF gene."}
{"id": "PMID:361728", "title": "A guide to the use of psychotropic medication in children and adolescents.", "content": "There are a number of clinical entities in which medication can be a useful adjunct to the overall therapeutic approach to a child or adolescent. This guide will outline the most common medications used and some of the important problems encountered with the medication.", "contents": "A guide to the use of psychotropic medication in children and adolescents. There are a number of clinical entities in which medication can be a useful adjunct to the overall therapeutic approach to a child or adolescent. This guide will outline the most common medications used and some of the important problems encountered with the medication."}
{"id": "PMID:361732", "title": "Construction of an L-arginine-producing mutant in Serratia marcescens. Use of the wide substrate specificity of acetylornithinase.", "content": "L-Arginine biosynthesis in Serratia marcescens Sr41 was found to be controlled by (a) feedback inhibition of N-acetylglutamate synthetase and (b) repression of some L-arginine biosynthetic enzymes, and an L-arginine-degrading system was found to exist. Accordingly, an L-arginine-producing mutant (aru argR argA) of S. marcescens Sr41 was constructed as follows. A mutant incapable of L-arginine utilization (aru) was obtained from the wild strain. Subsequently, from the lysine auxotroph (lysA) of aru mutant, a mutant having derepressed L-arginine biosynthetic enzymes (argR) was isolated by screening for colonies that could utilize Nalpha-acetyl-L-lysine in the presence of L-arginine. This selection was based on the finding that acetylornithinase of S. marcescens hydrolyzed Nalpha-acetyl-L-lysine. On the other hand, to obtain a mutant with feedback-resistant N-acetylglutamate synthetase (argA), the proAB argD argR triple mutant was isolated from the indirectly suppressed revertant (proAB argD) of the proline auxotroph (proAB). Next, the argA mutant was isolated from the triple mutant by selection for resistance to 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline in the presence of L-arginine. The argA mutation was introduced into the aru lysA argR strain by PS20-mediated cotransduction with lysA+. The aru argR argA lysA+ transductant produced 25 mg/ml of L-arginine in the medium.", "contents": "Construction of an L-arginine-producing mutant in Serratia marcescens. Use of the wide substrate specificity of acetylornithinase. L-Arginine biosynthesis in Serratia marcescens Sr41 was found to be controlled by (a) feedback inhibition of N-acetylglutamate synthetase and (b) repression of some L-arginine biosynthetic enzymes, and an L-arginine-degrading system was found to exist. Accordingly, an L-arginine-producing mutant (aru argR argA) of S. marcescens Sr41 was constructed as follows. A mutant incapable of L-arginine utilization (aru) was obtained from the wild strain. Subsequently, from the lysine auxotroph (lysA) of aru mutant, a mutant having derepressed L-arginine biosynthetic enzymes (argR) was isolated by screening for colonies that could utilize Nalpha-acetyl-L-lysine in the presence of L-arginine. This selection was based on the finding that acetylornithinase of S. marcescens hydrolyzed Nalpha-acetyl-L-lysine. On the other hand, to obtain a mutant with feedback-resistant N-acetylglutamate synthetase (argA), the proAB argD argR triple mutant was isolated from the indirectly suppressed revertant (proAB argD) of the proline auxotroph (proAB). Next, the argA mutant was isolated from the triple mutant by selection for resistance to 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline in the presence of L-arginine. The argA mutation was introduced into the aru lysA argR strain by PS20-mediated cotransduction with lysA+. The aru argR argA lysA+ transductant produced 25 mg/ml of L-arginine in the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:361733", "title": "Local migration of myosin in F-actin plus ATP solution on the boundary of a diffusion cell.", "content": "The diffusion phenomena of myosin (myosin A, H-meromyosin or subfragment-1) in F-actin plus ATP solutions were investigated. The upper part of the diffusion cell was filled with F-actin plus ATP, and the lower part was filled with F-actin, ATP, and myosin, then both parts were brought into contact so that a boundary of the two solutions was formed and the diffusion of myosin in F-actin plus ATP solutions started. The diffusion pattern was observed with a schlieren lens system. When almost all the ATP in the lower part of the cell had been consumed by actomyosin, a hyper-sharp schlieren pattern appeared near the boundary. On analyzing this pattern, it was found that a local fast migration of proteins was occurring. Simple Brownian motion of myosin molecules could not explain the hyper-sharp phenomenon. This phenomenon occurred in ther pesence of Mg2+ or Ca2+, but very little in the presence of EDTA. Although it is well known that the superprecipitation of myosin B suspension occurs only at physiological ionic strength, this phenomenon occurred over a relatively wide range of ionic strengths. The molecular mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed in relation to the basic mechanism of the interaction between myosin and F-actin.", "contents": "Local migration of myosin in F-actin plus ATP solution on the boundary of a diffusion cell. The diffusion phenomena of myosin (myosin A, H-meromyosin or subfragment-1) in F-actin plus ATP solutions were investigated. The upper part of the diffusion cell was filled with F-actin plus ATP, and the lower part was filled with F-actin, ATP, and myosin, then both parts were brought into contact so that a boundary of the two solutions was formed and the diffusion of myosin in F-actin plus ATP solutions started. The diffusion pattern was observed with a schlieren lens system. When almost all the ATP in the lower part of the cell had been consumed by actomyosin, a hyper-sharp schlieren pattern appeared near the boundary. On analyzing this pattern, it was found that a local fast migration of proteins was occurring. Simple Brownian motion of myosin molecules could not explain the hyper-sharp phenomenon. This phenomenon occurred in ther pesence of Mg2+ or Ca2+, but very little in the presence of EDTA. Although it is well known that the superprecipitation of myosin B suspension occurs only at physiological ionic strength, this phenomenon occurred over a relatively wide range of ionic strengths. The molecular mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed in relation to the basic mechanism of the interaction between myosin and F-actin."}
{"id": "PMID:361735", "title": "Proteolysis of the major capsid protein T4 bacteriophage polyheads limited by quaternary structure.", "content": "Bacteriophage T4 carrying an amber mutation in gene 22 plus an amber mutation in gene 21 form aberrant, tubular structures termed rough polyheads, instead of complete phage when they infect Escherichia coli B. These rough polyheads consist almost entirely of the major capsid protein in its uncleaved form (gp23). When rough polyheads are treated under mild conditions with any of the five proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin, pronase, or the protease from Staphylococcus aureus V8, the gp23 is rapidly hydrolyzed at a limited number of peptide bonds. In contrast, cleaved capsid protein (gp23) in mature phage capsids is completely resistant to proteolysis under the same conditions. A major project in this laboratory requires determining the primary structure of gp23, a large protein (Mr = 58,000) quite rich in those amino acids at which cleavages are achieved by conventional means. Recovery of peptides from the complex mixtures resulting from such cleavages proved to be extremely difficult. The limited proteolysis of gp23 in rough polyheads had yielded a set of large, easily purified fragments which are greatly simplifying the task of determining the primary structure of this protein.", "contents": "Proteolysis of the major capsid protein T4 bacteriophage polyheads limited by quaternary structure. Bacteriophage T4 carrying an amber mutation in gene 22 plus an amber mutation in gene 21 form aberrant, tubular structures termed rough polyheads, instead of complete phage when they infect Escherichia coli B. These rough polyheads consist almost entirely of the major capsid protein in its uncleaved form (gp23). When rough polyheads are treated under mild conditions with any of the five proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin, pronase, or the protease from Staphylococcus aureus V8, the gp23 is rapidly hydrolyzed at a limited number of peptide bonds. In contrast, cleaved capsid protein (gp23) in mature phage capsids is completely resistant to proteolysis under the same conditions. A major project in this laboratory requires determining the primary structure of gp23, a large protein (Mr = 58,000) quite rich in those amino acids at which cleavages are achieved by conventional means. Recovery of peptides from the complex mixtures resulting from such cleavages proved to be extremely difficult. The limited proteolysis of gp23 in rough polyheads had yielded a set of large, easily purified fragments which are greatly simplifying the task of determining the primary structure of this protein."}
{"id": "PMID:361737", "title": "Phospholipid composition and membrane function in phosphatidylserine decarboxylase mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive conditional lethal mutants in phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (psd) accumulate large amounts of phosphatidylserine under nonpermissive conditions (42 degrees C) prior to cell death. In addition, the ratio of cardiolipin to phosphatidylglycerol is increased. At an intermediate temperature (37 degrees C), high levels of phosphatidylserine can be maintained with little effect on cell growth or viability. Under these conditions, both the rate of induction and the function of the lactose transport system are normal. At 42 degrees C addition of Mg2+ or Ca2+ to mutant cultures produces a partial phenotypic suppression. Growth is prolonged and the filaments normally present at 42 degrees C do not form. Upon transfer to the nonpermissive temperature, there is a considerable lag before accumulation of phosphatidylserine begins and the growth rate is affected. Based on the kinetics of heat inactivation of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity in extracts, in intact nongrowing cells, and in growing cells, it appears that the enzyme newly synthesized at 42 degrees C is more thermolabile in vivo than enzyme molecules previously inserted into the membrane at the lower temperature. Thus, the older, stable enzymatic activity must be diluted during growth before physiological effects are observed.", "contents": "Phospholipid composition and membrane function in phosphatidylserine decarboxylase mutants of Escherichia coli. Temperature-sensitive conditional lethal mutants in phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (psd) accumulate large amounts of phosphatidylserine under nonpermissive conditions (42 degrees C) prior to cell death. In addition, the ratio of cardiolipin to phosphatidylglycerol is increased. At an intermediate temperature (37 degrees C), high levels of phosphatidylserine can be maintained with little effect on cell growth or viability. Under these conditions, both the rate of induction and the function of the lactose transport system are normal. At 42 degrees C addition of Mg2+ or Ca2+ to mutant cultures produces a partial phenotypic suppression. Growth is prolonged and the filaments normally present at 42 degrees C do not form. Upon transfer to the nonpermissive temperature, there is a considerable lag before accumulation of phosphatidylserine begins and the growth rate is affected. Based on the kinetics of heat inactivation of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity in extracts, in intact nongrowing cells, and in growing cells, it appears that the enzyme newly synthesized at 42 degrees C is more thermolabile in vivo than enzyme molecules previously inserted into the membrane at the lower temperature. Thus, the older, stable enzymatic activity must be diluted during growth before physiological effects are observed."}
{"id": "PMID:361740", "title": "The peptide chain elongation factor genes tufA and fus of Escherichia coli are intimately related physically.", "content": "Recent work from several laboratories has established the following points about the synthesis of the polypeptide chain elongation factors Tu and G in Escherichia coli. (i) Elongation factor Tu is the product of duplicate, highly conserved genes, tufA and tufB, which are widely separate parts of the chromosome. (ii) The molar  concentration of this factor is considerably higher than that of elongation factor G which is encoded by the fus gene. (iii) Although the tufA and fus genes are close together and can be co-transcribed in the direction from fus to tufA, the tufA gene product is synthesized at several times the rate of the fus gene product. In an attempt to understand what mechanism(s) could account for the differential expression of the tufA and fus genes, we sought to obtain more precise information on the physical relationship of these genes. By examining heteroduplexes between restriction endonuclease-generated fragments of DNA containing the tufA, fus, and tufB genes, we have demonstrated that the fus and tufA genes are intimately related physically in one of two possible arrangements. Either the NH2-terminal region of the tufA gene is contiguous with the COOH-terminal region of the fus gene or the beginning of the tufA gene overlaps part of the fus gene. These results mean that if the tufA gene is always co-transcribed with the fus gene, then some mechanism must allow the tufA portion of the transcript to be translated more often than the fus gene portion of the transcript.", "contents": "The peptide chain elongation factor genes tufA and fus of Escherichia coli are intimately related physically. Recent work from several laboratories has established the following points about the synthesis of the polypeptide chain elongation factors Tu and G in Escherichia coli. (i) Elongation factor Tu is the product of duplicate, highly conserved genes, tufA and tufB, which are widely separate parts of the chromosome. (ii) The molar  concentration of this factor is considerably higher than that of elongation factor G which is encoded by the fus gene. (iii) Although the tufA and fus genes are close together and can be co-transcribed in the direction from fus to tufA, the tufA gene product is synthesized at several times the rate of the fus gene product. In an attempt to understand what mechanism(s) could account for the differential expression of the tufA and fus genes, we sought to obtain more precise information on the physical relationship of these genes. By examining heteroduplexes between restriction endonuclease-generated fragments of DNA containing the tufA, fus, and tufB genes, we have demonstrated that the fus and tufA genes are intimately related physically in one of two possible arrangements. Either the NH2-terminal region of the tufA gene is contiguous with the COOH-terminal region of the fus gene or the beginning of the tufA gene overlaps part of the fus gene. These results mean that if the tufA gene is always co-transcribed with the fus gene, then some mechanism must allow the tufA portion of the transcript to be translated more often than the fus gene portion of the transcript."}
{"id": "PMID:361741", "title": "Determination of the first half of the coat protein cistron of bacteriophage Qbeta as an application of a mapping procedure for RNA fragments.", "content": "A method is described to classify, in regard to their location within the genome, fragments obtained by partial cleavage of 32P-labeled bacteriophage Qbeta RNA. The location of many fragments suitable for sequence analysis could be established using as markers 29 large RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides with known map positions. Applying this method four fragments originating from the coat protein cistron were isolated and analyzed. The sequence of a segment of 239 nucleotides located immediately adjacent to the initiation triplet was determined to be G-C-A-A-A-A-U-U-A-G-A-G-A-C-U-G-U-U-A-C-U-U-U-A-G-G-U-A-A-C-A-U-C-G-G-G-A-A-A-G-A-U-G-G-A-A-A-A-C-A-A-A-C-U-C-U-G-G-U-C-C-U-C-A-A-U-C-C-G-C-G-U-G-G-G-G-U-A-A-A-U-C-C-C-A-C-U-A-A-C-G-G-C-G-U-U-G-C-C-U-C-G-C-U-U-U-C-A-C-A-A-G-C-G-G-G-U-G-C-A-G-U-U-C-C-U-G-C-G-C-U-G-G-A-G-A-A-G-C-G-U-G-U-U-A-C-C-G-U-U-U-C-G-G-U-A-U-C-U-C-A-G-C-C-U-U-C-U-C-G-C-A-A-U-C-G-U-A-A-G-A-A-C-U-A-C-A-A-G-G-U-C-C-A-G-G-U-U-A-A-G-A-U-C-C-A-G-A-A-C-C-C-G-A-C-C-G-C-U-U-G-C-A-C-U-G-C-A-A-A-C-G-G-U-U-C-U-U-Gp. The primary structure and the secondary structure model derived from it did not provide any evidence of homology with the corresponding RNA region of bacteriophage MS2.", "contents": "Determination of the first half of the coat protein cistron of bacteriophage Qbeta as an application of a mapping procedure for RNA fragments. A method is described to classify, in regard to their location within the genome, fragments obtained by partial cleavage of 32P-labeled bacteriophage Qbeta RNA. The location of many fragments suitable for sequence analysis could be established using as markers 29 large RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides with known map positions. Applying this method four fragments originating from the coat protein cistron were isolated and analyzed. The sequence of a segment of 239 nucleotides located immediately adjacent to the initiation triplet was determined to be G-C-A-A-A-A-U-U-A-G-A-G-A-C-U-G-U-U-A-C-U-U-U-A-G-G-U-A-A-C-A-U-C-G-G-G-A-A-A-G-A-U-G-G-A-A-A-A-C-A-A-A-C-U-C-U-G-G-U-C-C-U-C-A-A-U-C-C-G-C-G-U-G-G-G-G-U-A-A-A-U-C-C-C-A-C-U-A-A-C-G-G-C-G-U-U-G-C-C-U-C-G-C-U-U-U-C-A-C-A-A-G-C-G-G-G-U-G-C-A-G-U-U-C-C-U-G-C-G-C-U-G-G-A-G-A-A-G-C-G-U-G-U-U-A-C-C-G-U-U-U-C-G-G-U-A-U-C-U-C-A-G-C-C-U-U-C-U-C-G-C-A-A-U-C-G-U-A-A-G-A-A-C-U-A-C-A-A-G-G-U-C-C-A-G-G-U-U-A-A-G-A-U-C-C-A-G-A-A-C-C-C-G-A-C-C-G-C-U-U-G-C-A-C-U-G-C-A-A-A-C-G-G-U-U-C-U-U-Gp. The primary structure and the secondary structure model derived from it did not provide any evidence of homology with the corresponding RNA region of bacteriophage MS2."}
{"id": "PMID:361742", "title": "Subunit conformation of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase.", "content": "The primary structure of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase has been compared to the known tertiary structure of the corresponding horse liver enzyme after proper alignment of the two proteins. Possible influences on the subunit conformations of all amino acid exchanges, which affect 75% of the positions, were examined from interactions in the x-ray model of the horse enzyme. In spite of the differences, 90 of 93 strictly internal residues are similar, 18 space-restricted glycine residues are conserved, 16 structurally compensated exchanges occur, all functionally essential residues are similar or identical, and 41 gaps in either sequence may be accommodated in the model. These results show that the general subunit conformations and enzymatic mechanisms of the two enzymes are largely identical. Four surface areas are changed, affecting a region with differing charges, a noncommon loop, a structure around the second zinc atom, and residues at the main dimer interface. Although the subunit interactions in the yeast enzyme cannot be determined, the surface changes probably correlate with differences in quaternary structure between the proteins.", "contents": "Subunit conformation of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase. The primary structure of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase has been compared to the known tertiary structure of the corresponding horse liver enzyme after proper alignment of the two proteins. Possible influences on the subunit conformations of all amino acid exchanges, which affect 75% of the positions, were examined from interactions in the x-ray model of the horse enzyme. In spite of the differences, 90 of 93 strictly internal residues are similar, 18 space-restricted glycine residues are conserved, 16 structurally compensated exchanges occur, all functionally essential residues are similar or identical, and 41 gaps in either sequence may be accommodated in the model. These results show that the general subunit conformations and enzymatic mechanisms of the two enzymes are largely identical. Four surface areas are changed, affecting a region with differing charges, a noncommon loop, a structure around the second zinc atom, and residues at the main dimer interface. Although the subunit interactions in the yeast enzyme cannot be determined, the surface changes probably correlate with differences in quaternary structure between the proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:361743", "title": "Differential scanning calorimetry of asparate transcarbamoylase and its isolate subunits.", "content": "The thermal denaturation of aspartate transcarbamoylas of Escherichia coli was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. Isolated regulatory and catalytic subunits were heat denatured at 55 and 80 degrees C, respectively. In contrast, the intact enzyme was denatured in two steps. A small endotherm near 73 degrees C was assoicated with denaturation of the regulatory subunits and the major endotherm at 82 degrees C with denaturation of the catalytic subunits. Thus regulatory subunits are stabilized against heat denaturation by more than 17 degrees C when incorporated in the enzyme. Similar conclusions were obtained from measurements of the enthalpy of heat denaturation. Regulatory subunits yielded a much lower value of the enthalpy of denaturation, 1.91 cal/g, than that found for the catalytic subunit, 3.94 cal/g, or typical globular proteins (4 to 6 cal/g). When the regulatory subunits were incorporated into aspartate transcarbamoylase their enthalpy of denaturation was increased 125% (to 4.3 cal/g). The enthalpy of the catalytic subunits in the intact enzyme was increased 38% (enthalpy of denaturation of 5.43 cal/g). Stabilization of the isolated catalytic subunit as well as the intact enzyme was achieved by the addition of the bisubstrate analog N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate. Similarly the allosteric effectors, CTP and ATP, stabilized the isolated regulatory subunits or those subunits within the intact enzyme. However, the addition of the bisubstrate analog caused a decrease in the enthalpy of denaturation of the regulatory subunits within the enzyme. These results are consistent with other studies of the ligand-promoted conformational changes in the native enzyme.", "contents": "Differential scanning calorimetry of asparate transcarbamoylase and its isolate subunits. The thermal denaturation of aspartate transcarbamoylas of Escherichia coli was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. Isolated regulatory and catalytic subunits were heat denatured at 55 and 80 degrees C, respectively. In contrast, the intact enzyme was denatured in two steps. A small endotherm near 73 degrees C was assoicated with denaturation of the regulatory subunits and the major endotherm at 82 degrees C with denaturation of the catalytic subunits. Thus regulatory subunits are stabilized against heat denaturation by more than 17 degrees C when incorporated in the enzyme. Similar conclusions were obtained from measurements of the enthalpy of heat denaturation. Regulatory subunits yielded a much lower value of the enthalpy of denaturation, 1.91 cal/g, than that found for the catalytic subunit, 3.94 cal/g, or typical globular proteins (4 to 6 cal/g). When the regulatory subunits were incorporated into aspartate transcarbamoylase their enthalpy of denaturation was increased 125% (to 4.3 cal/g). The enthalpy of the catalytic subunits in the intact enzyme was increased 38% (enthalpy of denaturation of 5.43 cal/g). Stabilization of the isolated catalytic subunit as well as the intact enzyme was achieved by the addition of the bisubstrate analog N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate. Similarly the allosteric effectors, CTP and ATP, stabilized the isolated regulatory subunits or those subunits within the intact enzyme. However, the addition of the bisubstrate analog caused a decrease in the enthalpy of denaturation of the regulatory subunits within the enzyme. These results are consistent with other studies of the ligand-promoted conformational changes in the native enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:361744", "title": "Spondylolysis. A skeletal investigation of two population groups.", "content": "The lumbar spines of 485 skeletons of adult South African \"Whites\" and \"Blacks\" of both sexes were examined to determine the incidence and morphology of defects in the pars interarticularis. The overall incidence was 3.5%, without significant variation between races and sexes. The incidence of lumbar spina bifida in the whole sample was 1.9%, but was 11.8% in those skeletons with spondylolysis. Some instances of unilateral spondylolysis demonstrated obvious callus formation, suggesting a capability for normal repair. It is possible that the defects in bilateral cases represent established non-union of fractures of the pars interarticularis resulting from excessive mobility, and are not due to dysplasia of bone. It is noted, for the first time, that the superior facets of affected vertebrae are abnormally enlarged, and that the inferior facets of the separate neural arch are characteristically elliptical.", "contents": "Spondylolysis. A skeletal investigation of two population groups. The lumbar spines of 485 skeletons of adult South African \"Whites\" and \"Blacks\" of both sexes were examined to determine the incidence and morphology of defects in the pars interarticularis. The overall incidence was 3.5%, without significant variation between races and sexes. The incidence of lumbar spina bifida in the whole sample was 1.9%, but was 11.8% in those skeletons with spondylolysis. Some instances of unilateral spondylolysis demonstrated obvious callus formation, suggesting a capability for normal repair. It is possible that the defects in bilateral cases represent established non-union of fractures of the pars interarticularis resulting from excessive mobility, and are not due to dysplasia of bone. It is noted, for the first time, that the superior facets of affected vertebrae are abnormally enlarged, and that the inferior facets of the separate neural arch are characteristically elliptical."}
{"id": "PMID:361745", "title": "The site dependence of the articular cartilage transplant reaction.", "content": "Allografts of immature joint cartilage from the knees of lambs were transferred heterotopically into an intramuscular site in animals which had been presensitised by two sets of skin grafts from the same donors. All of these grafts were found to be largely destroyed by the immune response as early as four weeks after transfer. Similar grafts transferred orthotopically into the knees of the recipients, on the other hand, were found to be thriving even after twelve weeks and evoked a minimal response. Heterotopic autografts also provoked a mild though non-specific inflammatory reaction which the orthotopic grafts did not. It is concluded that cartilage matrix is capable of protecting grafts to a remarkable degree even from a severe immunological assault but only when the nutrition is adequate. It is suggested that the conflicting results of similar previous experiments may be explained by variations in the nutritional state of the graft which may be affected by the technique of transplantation used.", "contents": "The site dependence of the articular cartilage transplant reaction. Allografts of immature joint cartilage from the knees of lambs were transferred heterotopically into an intramuscular site in animals which had been presensitised by two sets of skin grafts from the same donors. All of these grafts were found to be largely destroyed by the immune response as early as four weeks after transfer. Similar grafts transferred orthotopically into the knees of the recipients, on the other hand, were found to be thriving even after twelve weeks and evoked a minimal response. Heterotopic autografts also provoked a mild though non-specific inflammatory reaction which the orthotopic grafts did not. It is concluded that cartilage matrix is capable of protecting grafts to a remarkable degree even from a severe immunological assault but only when the nutrition is adequate. It is suggested that the conflicting results of similar previous experiments may be explained by variations in the nutritional state of the graft which may be affected by the technique of transplantation used."}
{"id": "PMID:361751", "title": "Insulin binding sites on rat liver nuclear membranes: biochemical and immunofluorescent studies.", "content": "Preliminary investigations (Horvat et al., '75) indicated the nucleus of rat liver as a site for specific binding of insulin. In this report these observations are confirmed. Nuclei from rat liver were isolated in a highly purified state as verified by interference contrast and electron microscopy and by chemical analysis. Extensive scanning of the preparations did not reveal the presence of structures resembling plasma membranes. The nuclear envelope was isolated by a modification of the method of Kay et al. ('72). Electron micrographs showed the presence of nuclear \"ghosts\" and few other recognizable nuclear elements, but no plasma membranes (60--80 A thick) were detected. The preparation was found to contain specific insulin binding activity. Specificity of the binding sites for insulin was demonstrated in competition studies with other polypeptide hormones and a synthetic insulin analog. Scatchard analysis of the binding data indicates the presence of a single class of high affinity receptors. In contrast to findings with plasma membranes the hormone-receptor complex is very stable and the kinetics of the dissociation of bound [125I]-insulin do not indicate negative cooperativity of the binding sites. Immunofluorescent labeling of intact, unfixed nuclei showed a specific fluorescent halo only around those nuclei that have been preincubated with insulin. All other controls were negative.", "contents": "Insulin binding sites on rat liver nuclear membranes: biochemical and immunofluorescent studies. Preliminary investigations (Horvat et al., '75) indicated the nucleus of rat liver as a site for specific binding of insulin. In this report these observations are confirmed. Nuclei from rat liver were isolated in a highly purified state as verified by interference contrast and electron microscopy and by chemical analysis. Extensive scanning of the preparations did not reveal the presence of structures resembling plasma membranes. The nuclear envelope was isolated by a modification of the method of Kay et al. ('72). Electron micrographs showed the presence of nuclear \"ghosts\" and few other recognizable nuclear elements, but no plasma membranes (60--80 A thick) were detected. The preparation was found to contain specific insulin binding activity. Specificity of the binding sites for insulin was demonstrated in competition studies with other polypeptide hormones and a synthetic insulin analog. Scatchard analysis of the binding data indicates the presence of a single class of high affinity receptors. In contrast to findings with plasma membranes the hormone-receptor complex is very stable and the kinetics of the dissociation of bound [125I]-insulin do not indicate negative cooperativity of the binding sites. Immunofluorescent labeling of intact, unfixed nuclei showed a specific fluorescent halo only around those nuclei that have been preincubated with insulin. All other controls were negative."}
{"id": "PMID:361754", "title": "Specific inhibition of in vitro Candida-induced lymphocyte proliferation by polysaccharidic antigens present in the serum of patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.", "content": "A specific inhibitory activity of in vitro proliferative responses of normal human lymphocytes to Candida metabolic antigen was found in the serum of 6 out of 23 children with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. In each of the six patients, the presence of an inhibitory activity was associated with Candida-specific cellular defects, characterized by a negative-skin test and a lack of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation. The presence of a circulating inhibitor was detected during relapses of the disease and disappeared under antifungal therapy. This inhibitory effect was not associated with any toxicity on tested lymphocytes. The factor was shown to be nondialysable, thermostable, nonprecipitable with ammonium sulfate and absorbable on anti-Candida antibodies or concanavalin A-coupled agarose columns. Altogether, these results suggest that the inhibitory factor is not an immunoglobulin, but rather a polysaccharidic antigen of Candida albicans. An inhibition of Candida-induced proliferative response of normal human lymphocytes was also obtained by addition of polysacharide antigens or purified mannans from C. albicans to cultures. Candida polysaccharidic antigens appeared, therefore, to be involved in specific depression of cellular functions observed in chronic candidiasis.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of in vitro Candida-induced lymphocyte proliferation by polysaccharidic antigens present in the serum of patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. A specific inhibitory activity of in vitro proliferative responses of normal human lymphocytes to Candida metabolic antigen was found in the serum of 6 out of 23 children with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. In each of the six patients, the presence of an inhibitory activity was associated with Candida-specific cellular defects, characterized by a negative-skin test and a lack of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation. The presence of a circulating inhibitor was detected during relapses of the disease and disappeared under antifungal therapy. This inhibitory effect was not associated with any toxicity on tested lymphocytes. The factor was shown to be nondialysable, thermostable, nonprecipitable with ammonium sulfate and absorbable on anti-Candida antibodies or concanavalin A-coupled agarose columns. Altogether, these results suggest that the inhibitory factor is not an immunoglobulin, but rather a polysaccharidic antigen of Candida albicans. An inhibition of Candida-induced proliferative response of normal human lymphocytes was also obtained by addition of polysacharide antigens or purified mannans from C. albicans to cultures. Candida polysaccharidic antigens appeared, therefore, to be involved in specific depression of cellular functions observed in chronic candidiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:361755", "title": "Reversal by methysergide of inhibition of insulin secretion by prostaglandin E in the dog.", "content": "These studies were designed to examine whether interrelationships exist between serotonin and prostaglandin E (PGE) during regulation of insulin secretion in dogs in vivo. In our studies serotonin was found to inhibit insulin responses to intravenous glucose. This inhibition was not reversed by complete adrenergic blockade provided through combined phentolamine and propranolol pretreatment. This property of serotonin is similar to that of PGE which also inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion in  vivo independently of adrenergic activity. To investigate whether these effects of serotonin and PGE are related, studies with methysergide (a serotonin antagonist) and indomethacin (a PGE synthesis inhibitor) were performed. Methysergide reversed the effects of both PGE and serotonin. In contrast, indomethacin did not diminish the inhibitory effect of serotonin upon insulin secretion. It is hypothesized that endogenous serotonin may play a role in the inhibitory effect of PGE upon insulin secretion in dogs in vivo.", "contents": "Reversal by methysergide of inhibition of insulin secretion by prostaglandin E in the dog. These studies were designed to examine whether interrelationships exist between serotonin and prostaglandin E (PGE) during regulation of insulin secretion in dogs in vivo. In our studies serotonin was found to inhibit insulin responses to intravenous glucose. This inhibition was not reversed by complete adrenergic blockade provided through combined phentolamine and propranolol pretreatment. This property of serotonin is similar to that of PGE which also inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion in  vivo independently of adrenergic activity. To investigate whether these effects of serotonin and PGE are related, studies with methysergide (a serotonin antagonist) and indomethacin (a PGE synthesis inhibitor) were performed. Methysergide reversed the effects of both PGE and serotonin. In contrast, indomethacin did not diminish the inhibitory effect of serotonin upon insulin secretion. It is hypothesized that endogenous serotonin may play a role in the inhibitory effect of PGE upon insulin secretion in dogs in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:361756", "title": "Stimulation of endothelial cell prostacyclin production by thrombin, trypsin, and the ionophore A 23187.", "content": "Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) is an unstable prostaglandin which inhibits platelet aggregation and serotonin release and causes vasodilation. The PGI(2) activity produced by monolayers of cultured human endothelial cells and fibroblasts was measured by the ability of their supernates to inhibit platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma, or to inhibit thrombin-induced [(14)C]serotonin release from aspirin-treated, washed platelet suspensions. Monolayers of cultured human endothelial cells, stimulated with sodium arachidonate, thrombin, the ionophore A 23187, or trypsin, secreted PGI(2) into the supernatant medium. Monolayers of fibroblasts produced PGI(2) activity only when stimulated by arachidonate. \"Resting,\" intact monolayers did not produce detectable PGI(2), nor did monolayers treated with ADP or epinephrine. Production of PGI(2) activity was abolished by treatment of the monolayers with indomethacin, tranylcypromine, or 15-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid. The PGI(2) activity of the supernates was destroyed by boiling or acidification. Inhibition of thrombin with diisopropylfluoro-phosphate, and of trypsin with soybean trypsin inhibitor, abolished the stimulation of PGI(2) production by these enzymes. Production of thrombin at a site of vascular injury could, by stimulating PGI(2) synthesis by endothelial cells adjacent to the injured area, limit the number of platelets involved in the primary hemostatic response and help to localize thrombus formation.", "contents": "Stimulation of endothelial cell prostacyclin production by thrombin, trypsin, and the ionophore A 23187. Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) is an unstable prostaglandin which inhibits platelet aggregation and serotonin release and causes vasodilation. The PGI(2) activity produced by monolayers of cultured human endothelial cells and fibroblasts was measured by the ability of their supernates to inhibit platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma, or to inhibit thrombin-induced [(14)C]serotonin release from aspirin-treated, washed platelet suspensions. Monolayers of cultured human endothelial cells, stimulated with sodium arachidonate, thrombin, the ionophore A 23187, or trypsin, secreted PGI(2) into the supernatant medium. Monolayers of fibroblasts produced PGI(2) activity only when stimulated by arachidonate. \"Resting,\" intact monolayers did not produce detectable PGI(2), nor did monolayers treated with ADP or epinephrine. Production of PGI(2) activity was abolished by treatment of the monolayers with indomethacin, tranylcypromine, or 15-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid. The PGI(2) activity of the supernates was destroyed by boiling or acidification. Inhibition of thrombin with diisopropylfluoro-phosphate, and of trypsin with soybean trypsin inhibitor, abolished the stimulation of PGI(2) production by these enzymes. Production of thrombin at a site of vascular injury could, by stimulating PGI(2) synthesis by endothelial cells adjacent to the injured area, limit the number of platelets involved in the primary hemostatic response and help to localize thrombus formation."}
{"id": "PMID:361758", "title": "Transient skin flora: their removal by cleansing or disinfection in relation to their mode of deposition.", "content": "A suspension of Staphylococcus aureus deposited on the skin was much more effectively removed by soap-and-water washing when it had been spread and allowed to dry (mean survival 2%) than when it had been rubbed on to the skin (mean survival 29.9%); when antiseptics (70% ethyl alcohol, Hibiscrub without added water) were used, there was no difference between their action against bacteria dried on and bacteria rubbed on to the skin; both of these methods, and especially alcohol, were more effective than soap and water. When a detergent-disinfectant method (washing with Hibiscrub and water) was used, there was a significantly greater effect against rubbed-on than against dried-on bacteria; soap and water was slightly more effective than Hibiscrub and water against the latter. The need to reappraise methods of reducing transient skin flora in 'hygienic' hand cleansing and the tests used for this purpose are discussed.", "contents": "Transient skin flora: their removal by cleansing or disinfection in relation to their mode of deposition. A suspension of Staphylococcus aureus deposited on the skin was much more effectively removed by soap-and-water washing when it had been spread and allowed to dry (mean survival 2%) than when it had been rubbed on to the skin (mean survival 29.9%); when antiseptics (70% ethyl alcohol, Hibiscrub without added water) were used, there was no difference between their action against bacteria dried on and bacteria rubbed on to the skin; both of these methods, and especially alcohol, were more effective than soap and water. When a detergent-disinfectant method (washing with Hibiscrub and water) was used, there was a significantly greater effect against rubbed-on than against dried-on bacteria; soap and water was slightly more effective than Hibiscrub and water against the latter. The need to reappraise methods of reducing transient skin flora in 'hygienic' hand cleansing and the tests used for this purpose are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:361759", "title": "Demonstration of immunoglobulin in cryostat and paraffin sections of human tonsil by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. Effects of processing on immunohistochemical performance of tissues and on the use of proteolytic enzymes to unmask antigens in sections.", "content": "A fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) technique and one based on peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) were used to study the distribution of immunoglobulin (Ig) in cryostat and paraffin sections of human tonsil. Trypsin and other proteolytic enzymes were used to 'unmask' the antigen in paraffin sections. The effects of processing, and particularly of fixation, on the immunohistochemical response of tissues were studied. The FITC and PAP methods detected Ig in paraffin and cryostat sections equally well. The distribution of the antigen was the same with both methods but the PAP method was the more informative. Formaldehyde-sucrose solution proved more suitable for fixing tissues for immunohistochemistry than glutaraldehyde. Trypsin revealed antigen in parraffin sections more efficiently than pepsin, papain, or pronase. Surface Ig (s-Ig) could be demonstrated in trypsinised paraffin sections but less effectively than in cryostat sections. Trypsinised paraffin sections were, however, more suitable for intracellular Ig (c-Ig) than cryostat sections although the performance of cryostat sections could be improved by prior fixation with a coagulative fixative.", "contents": "Demonstration of immunoglobulin in cryostat and paraffin sections of human tonsil by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. Effects of processing on immunohistochemical performance of tissues and on the use of proteolytic enzymes to unmask antigens in sections. A fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) technique and one based on peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) were used to study the distribution of immunoglobulin (Ig) in cryostat and paraffin sections of human tonsil. Trypsin and other proteolytic enzymes were used to 'unmask' the antigen in paraffin sections. The effects of processing, and particularly of fixation, on the immunohistochemical response of tissues were studied. The FITC and PAP methods detected Ig in paraffin and cryostat sections equally well. The distribution of the antigen was the same with both methods but the PAP method was the more informative. Formaldehyde-sucrose solution proved more suitable for fixing tissues for immunohistochemistry than glutaraldehyde. Trypsin revealed antigen in parraffin sections more efficiently than pepsin, papain, or pronase. Surface Ig (s-Ig) could be demonstrated in trypsinised paraffin sections but less effectively than in cryostat sections. Trypsinised paraffin sections were, however, more suitable for intracellular Ig (c-Ig) than cryostat sections although the performance of cryostat sections could be improved by prior fixation with a coagulative fixative."}
{"id": "PMID:361761", "title": "Assessment of a tissue transport-medium in preservation of tissue-fixed immunoglobulins and complement demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence. A pilot study with skin from SLE patients.", "content": "The present work was undertaken in order to test the value of a tissue transport-medium (Histocon) for direct immunofluorescence studies. For this purpose one skin biopsy was performed on each forearm of 26 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. One of the specimens was left in ice-cold Histocon solution for 4, 8, or 20 hours, and the other was immediately quick-frozen. The results of the immunofluorescence tests with the two methods yielded similar results. It is concluded that the solution allows the preservation of tissue-fixed immunoglobulins and complement during short periods of transport.", "contents": "Assessment of a tissue transport-medium in preservation of tissue-fixed immunoglobulins and complement demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence. A pilot study with skin from SLE patients. The present work was undertaken in order to test the value of a tissue transport-medium (Histocon) for direct immunofluorescence studies. For this purpose one skin biopsy was performed on each forearm of 26 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. One of the specimens was left in ice-cold Histocon solution for 4, 8, or 20 hours, and the other was immediately quick-frozen. The results of the immunofluorescence tests with the two methods yielded similar results. It is concluded that the solution allows the preservation of tissue-fixed immunoglobulins and complement during short periods of transport."}
{"id": "PMID:361764", "title": "Long-term clinical effects, bioavailability, and kinetics of minoxidil in relation to renal function.", "content": "Minoxidil was used to treat 26 patients (17 to 67 years old) with severe hypertension and varying degrees of renal function. Our object was to assess long-term clinical efficacy, kinetics (acute and chronic), and bioavailability of minoxidil in chronic renal insufficiency. Minoxidil, 27 to 30 mg per day, decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the first three months of therapy. Between the third and 24th months (30 months in one patient) there was no further change. Propranolol or clonidine was needed to control heart rate, and furosemide or dialysis was needed to control edema induced by minoxidil. Renal function improved in some of the mildy azotemic patients. Minoxidil kinetics after the customary dose did not differ whether the drug was taken as tablet or solution. Kinetic parameters during chronic administration of minoxidil did not differ from those after acute administration. The kinetics in chronic renal insufficiency do not differ from these in subjects with normal renal function.", "contents": "Long-term clinical effects, bioavailability, and kinetics of minoxidil in relation to renal function. Minoxidil was used to treat 26 patients (17 to 67 years old) with severe hypertension and varying degrees of renal function. Our object was to assess long-term clinical efficacy, kinetics (acute and chronic), and bioavailability of minoxidil in chronic renal insufficiency. Minoxidil, 27 to 30 mg per day, decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the first three months of therapy. Between the third and 24th months (30 months in one patient) there was no further change. Propranolol or clonidine was needed to control heart rate, and furosemide or dialysis was needed to control edema induced by minoxidil. Renal function improved in some of the mildy azotemic patients. Minoxidil kinetics after the customary dose did not differ whether the drug was taken as tablet or solution. Kinetic parameters during chronic administration of minoxidil did not differ from those after acute administration. The kinetics in chronic renal insufficiency do not differ from these in subjects with normal renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:361768", "title": "Insulin secretion in lactating cows: responses to glucose infused intravenously in normal, ketonemic, and starved animals.", "content": "Changes in insulin concentrations of blood plasma were studied in lactating cows during and after a 1-h intravenous glucose infusion in 5 spontaneously ketonemic, 10 nonketonemic (normal), and 4 starved cows. A biphasic increase in insulin with a maximum 10 to 20 min after the start of the glucose infusion was followed by a sustained (1 to 2 h) elevation in the normal and ketonemic animals. In starved cows only the later phase was detectable. Insulin was higher in normal than in starved and ketonemic cows during both phases of the insulin secretion in spite of approximately identical glucose. Differences between starved and ketonemic cows were not major. Average rates of decline in sugar concentrations after the end of the infusion were higher in normal and ketonemic [half times 143 +/- 23 (standard deviation) and 166 +/- 22 min] than in starved cows (281 +/- 47 min). The low basal insulin of plasma and poor responses of insulin secretion following glucose infusions indicate sluggish beta-cell function in ketonemic cows.", "contents": "Insulin secretion in lactating cows: responses to glucose infused intravenously in normal, ketonemic, and starved animals. Changes in insulin concentrations of blood plasma were studied in lactating cows during and after a 1-h intravenous glucose infusion in 5 spontaneously ketonemic, 10 nonketonemic (normal), and 4 starved cows. A biphasic increase in insulin with a maximum 10 to 20 min after the start of the glucose infusion was followed by a sustained (1 to 2 h) elevation in the normal and ketonemic animals. In starved cows only the later phase was detectable. Insulin was higher in normal than in starved and ketonemic cows during both phases of the insulin secretion in spite of approximately identical glucose. Differences between starved and ketonemic cows were not major. Average rates of decline in sugar concentrations after the end of the infusion were higher in normal and ketonemic [half times 143 +/- 23 (standard deviation) and 166 +/- 22 min] than in starved cows (281 +/- 47 min). The low basal insulin of plasma and poor responses of insulin secretion following glucose infusions indicate sluggish beta-cell function in ketonemic cows."}
{"id": "PMID:361769", "title": "Distribution of enterobacteriaceae in recycled manure bedding on California dairies.", "content": "The distribution of coliform organisms on three California dairies which use a system of automatic flushing of alley ways and composted, recycled manure solids as free stall bedding for utilization of waste was studied. There was a wide distribution of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter and to less extent Citrobacter organisms. Klebsiella were not commonly in bovine feces. Composting manure solids effectively reduced coliform counts to few or to zero. However, if given proper conditions of moisture and temperature, coliforms could multiply to large numbers again in composted solids whether from survivors or from external contamination. Dried composted manure was satisfactory material for bedding of free stalls provided it was dried properly before application.", "contents": "Distribution of enterobacteriaceae in recycled manure bedding on California dairies. The distribution of coliform organisms on three California dairies which use a system of automatic flushing of alley ways and composted, recycled manure solids as free stall bedding for utilization of waste was studied. There was a wide distribution of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter and to less extent Citrobacter organisms. Klebsiella were not commonly in bovine feces. Composting manure solids effectively reduced coliform counts to few or to zero. However, if given proper conditions of moisture and temperature, coliforms could multiply to large numbers again in composted solids whether from survivors or from external contamination. Dried composted manure was satisfactory material for bedding of free stalls provided it was dried properly before application."}
{"id": "PMID:361772", "title": "Micromorphologic features of cervical erosion after acid conditioning and its relation with composite resin.", "content": "The dentin surface in cervical erosion appears relatively smooth with evidence of intratubular deposits. After acid conditioning, the tubules are made patent though some still contain relatively less soluble intratubular contents. Resin applied to acid-conditioned, eroded dentin penetrated approximately 30 micrometers compared to more than 100 micrometers into the tubules of similarly treated normal dentin.", "contents": "Micromorphologic features of cervical erosion after acid conditioning and its relation with composite resin. The dentin surface in cervical erosion appears relatively smooth with evidence of intratubular deposits. After acid conditioning, the tubules are made patent though some still contain relatively less soluble intratubular contents. Resin applied to acid-conditioned, eroded dentin penetrated approximately 30 micrometers compared to more than 100 micrometers into the tubules of similarly treated normal dentin."}
{"id": "PMID:361773", "title": "Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues. XIV. Enamel mordant selection assisted by ESCA (XPS).", "content": "Surface analysis by XPS (X-ray photoelection spectroscopy), also called ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis), indicates that only certain cations are appreciably sorbed by enamel from an acid etching solution containing phosphoric acid and equimolar concentrations of candidate mordant salts.", "contents": "Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues. XIV. Enamel mordant selection assisted by ESCA (XPS). Surface analysis by XPS (X-ray photoelection spectroscopy), also called ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis), indicates that only certain cations are appreciably sorbed by enamel from an acid etching solution containing phosphoric acid and equimolar concentrations of candidate mordant salts."}
{"id": "PMID:361774", "title": "Dental porcelain/Ni alloy interface reactions and their effective prevention.", "content": "In a Be-bearing Ni alloy porcelainized without preoxidation, Be diffuses to the interface, oxidizes, and oxygen is supplied by the atmosphere at the porcelain surface and by reduction of SiO2 at the porcelain-alloy interface. On the alloy side of the interface, pits develop locally and near them Ni and Cr oxidize. In the oxide, Ni and Si are reduced to form nickel silicides. Preoxidation of the alloy prevents Be oxidation and Si reduction for several hours of porcelainization.", "contents": "Dental porcelain/Ni alloy interface reactions and their effective prevention. In a Be-bearing Ni alloy porcelainized without preoxidation, Be diffuses to the interface, oxidizes, and oxygen is supplied by the atmosphere at the porcelain surface and by reduction of SiO2 at the porcelain-alloy interface. On the alloy side of the interface, pits develop locally and near them Ni and Cr oxidize. In the oxide, Ni and Si are reduced to form nickel silicides. Preoxidation of the alloy prevents Be oxidation and Si reduction for several hours of porcelainization."}
{"id": "PMID:361775", "title": "Properties of sealants containing bis-GMA and various diluents.", "content": "Properties of commercial and a series of experimental pit and fissure sealants, based on Bis-GMA were determined using rapid test procedures. By proper selection of monomeric diluent and addition of a photocrosslinking agent, the characteristics of sealant formulations can be varied widely.", "contents": "Properties of sealants containing bis-GMA and various diluents. Properties of commercial and a series of experimental pit and fissure sealants, based on Bis-GMA were determined using rapid test procedures. By proper selection of monomeric diluent and addition of a photocrosslinking agent, the characteristics of sealant formulations can be varied widely."}
{"id": "PMID:361792", "title": "Synthesis of social surveys on noise annoyance.", "content": "Since noise was first recognized as a serious environmental pollutant, a number of social surveys have been conducted in order to assess the magnitude of the problem and to develop suitable noise ratings, such that, from a measurement of certain physical characteristics of community noise, one could reliably predict the community's subjective response to the noise. Recently, the author has reviewed the data from social surveys concerning the noise of aircraft, street traffic, expressway traffic, and railroads. Going back to the original published data, the various survey noise ratings were translated to day-night average sound level, and an independent judgment was make, where choice was possible, as to which respondents should  be counted as \"highly annoyed.\" The results of 11 of these surveys show a remarkable consistency. It is proposed that the average of these curves is the best currently available relationship for predicting community annoyance due to transportation noise of all kinds.", "contents": "Synthesis of social surveys on noise annoyance. Since noise was first recognized as a serious environmental pollutant, a number of social surveys have been conducted in order to assess the magnitude of the problem and to develop suitable noise ratings, such that, from a measurement of certain physical characteristics of community noise, one could reliably predict the community's subjective response to the noise. Recently, the author has reviewed the data from social surveys concerning the noise of aircraft, street traffic, expressway traffic, and railroads. Going back to the original published data, the various survey noise ratings were translated to day-night average sound level, and an independent judgment was make, where choice was possible, as to which respondents should  be counted as \"highly annoyed.\" The results of 11 of these surveys show a remarkable consistency. It is proposed that the average of these curves is the best currently available relationship for predicting community annoyance due to transportation noise of all kinds."}
{"id": "PMID:361793", "title": "Comprehensive compilation of empirical ultrasonic properties of mammalian tissues.", "content": "A detailed review of the literature on ultrasonic propagation properties of mammalian tissues and organs has revealed 144 papers containing compilable data. Over 1300 lines of parametric data are listed, including the tissue, species, age, specimen preparation, anatomical structure, pathology, temperature, measurement method, frequency, velocity, attenuation, acoustic impedance, and density.", "contents": "Comprehensive compilation of empirical ultrasonic properties of mammalian tissues. A detailed review of the literature on ultrasonic propagation properties of mammalian tissues and organs has revealed 144 papers containing compilable data. Over 1300 lines of parametric data are listed, including the tissue, species, age, specimen preparation, anatomical structure, pathology, temperature, measurement method, frequency, velocity, attenuation, acoustic impedance, and density."}
{"id": "PMID:361794", "title": "Response to corticosteroids in chronic bronchitis.", "content": "Corticosteroid drugs are often employed in the treatment of patients with chronic bronchitis. Although some patients respond favorably to such therapy, the characteristics of such patients are not known. Twenty-four patients with chronic bronchitis were treated with prednisone 30 mg daily or placebo for one week each in a double-blind crossover study. The following were monitored before and after each treatment period: physical examination, symptoms, peripheral blood eosinophil count, sputum cell exmination, forced vital capacity (FVC), before and after isoproterenol aerosol. Seven of 24 patients had an FEV1 increase greater than 30% of the control value on prednisone but not on placebo. Blood eosinophil count was elevated  (greater than or equal to 350/mm(3)) in 7 patients; 2 of these 7 improved on steroid. Sputum cell examination revealed preponderance of eosinophils in 1, and occasional clumps of eosinophils in 8. Seven of these 9 responded to steroid. Sputum but not blood eosinophilia is a good predictor of a favorable response to steroid therapy.", "contents": "Response to corticosteroids in chronic bronchitis. Corticosteroid drugs are often employed in the treatment of patients with chronic bronchitis. Although some patients respond favorably to such therapy, the characteristics of such patients are not known. Twenty-four patients with chronic bronchitis were treated with prednisone 30 mg daily or placebo for one week each in a double-blind crossover study. The following were monitored before and after each treatment period: physical examination, symptoms, peripheral blood eosinophil count, sputum cell exmination, forced vital capacity (FVC), before and after isoproterenol aerosol. Seven of 24 patients had an FEV1 increase greater than 30% of the control value on prednisone but not on placebo. Blood eosinophil count was elevated  (greater than or equal to 350/mm(3)) in 7 patients; 2 of these 7 improved on steroid. Sputum cell examination revealed preponderance of eosinophils in 1, and occasional clumps of eosinophils in 8. Seven of these 9 responded to steroid. Sputum but not blood eosinophilia is a good predictor of a favorable response to steroid therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:361797", "title": "[The effects of heparin in underdevelopment of the fetus due to maternal vascular conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of heparin to interfere with the appearance of fetal maldevelopment (or to correct it) is logical but the results are difficult to prove because it is difficult to be certain of early diagnosis at the time when therapy has the best chances of being efficacious. The authors compare two groups of pregnant women in whom the muscular vascular tone of the cervix is abolished. The second group was treated with heparin. The results are statistically significant and prove that treatment with heparin is well based in cases of underdevelopment of the fetus when it is due to abnormalities in the maternal microscopic circulation (acute atherosis). They confirm that the enzyme, hormone and ultrasound parameters return to normal from the beginning of treatment with heparin.", "contents": "[The effects of heparin in underdevelopment of the fetus due to maternal vascular conditions (author's transl)]. The use of heparin to interfere with the appearance of fetal maldevelopment (or to correct it) is logical but the results are difficult to prove because it is difficult to be certain of early diagnosis at the time when therapy has the best chances of being efficacious. The authors compare two groups of pregnant women in whom the muscular vascular tone of the cervix is abolished. The second group was treated with heparin. The results are statistically significant and prove that treatment with heparin is well based in cases of underdevelopment of the fetus when it is due to abnormalities in the maternal microscopic circulation (acute atherosis). They confirm that the enzyme, hormone and ultrasound parameters return to normal from the beginning of treatment with heparin."}
{"id": "PMID:361798", "title": "[Technique for bringing about haemostasis in surgery of extra-uterine pregnancy with conservation of the tube (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a technique for haemostasis in the tubal ampulla after conservative surgery in ectopic pregnancy in the tube. This technique uses compression by a small balloon which is blown up inside the tube. It is placed there using a stilette which is introduced through the abdominal opening.", "contents": "[Technique for bringing about haemostasis in surgery of extra-uterine pregnancy with conservation of the tube (author's transl)]. The authors describe a technique for haemostasis in the tubal ampulla after conservative surgery in ectopic pregnancy in the tube. This technique uses compression by a small balloon which is blown up inside the tube. It is placed there using a stilette which is introduced through the abdominal opening."}
{"id": "PMID:361799", "title": "[The chemotherapy of advanced breast cancer. A report on the first 600 cases in a cooperative programme to carry out a systematic study (1974-1977) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors explain the objectives and the structure of a programme evolved for the methodic study of advanced breast cancers which they have worked out and carried out in cooperation with the departments of medicine in eight French anticancer centres. They analyse the initial phases, which correspond to the three first years of work. They give the state of the results that have been obtained in 603 patients using three protocols for treatment. These consisted of the administration in interrupted doses of chemotherapy which consisted of vincristine associated for the one part with cyclophosphamide and 5-fluoro-uracil and on the other hand with doxorubicine or/and with methotrexate. From this study there emerged the value of combined therapy using doxorubicine as much because of the frequency with which results better than 50% were obtained (in a randomised trial) as by their quality, which was made clear in an important series of 240 cases. They point out the conditions required to initiate the place of such a scheme in all complex therapy which aims as much at palliation as at cure, and point out how important it is to be methodical in the application of chemotherapy in order to ensure its development as an anticancer therapy.", "contents": "[The chemotherapy of advanced breast cancer. A report on the first 600 cases in a cooperative programme to carry out a systematic study (1974-1977) (author's transl)]. The authors explain the objectives and the structure of a programme evolved for the methodic study of advanced breast cancers which they have worked out and carried out in cooperation with the departments of medicine in eight French anticancer centres. They analyse the initial phases, which correspond to the three first years of work. They give the state of the results that have been obtained in 603 patients using three protocols for treatment. These consisted of the administration in interrupted doses of chemotherapy which consisted of vincristine associated for the one part with cyclophosphamide and 5-fluoro-uracil and on the other hand with doxorubicine or/and with methotrexate. From this study there emerged the value of combined therapy using doxorubicine as much because of the frequency with which results better than 50% were obtained (in a randomised trial) as by their quality, which was made clear in an important series of 240 cases. They point out the conditions required to initiate the place of such a scheme in all complex therapy which aims as much at palliation as at cure, and point out how important it is to be methodical in the application of chemotherapy in order to ensure its development as an anticancer therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:361883", "title": "Quantation by flow microfluorometry of total cellular DNA in Acanthamoeba.", "content": "The DNA content of five species of Acanthamoeba was determined by flow microfluorometry. Acanthamoeba castellanii (AC-30), acanthamoeba polyphaga (APG and P-23), acanthamoeba rhysodes, acanthamoeba culbertsoni (A-1), and acanthamoeba royreba were grown in a casitone based medium 24-48 HR. The trophozoites were harvested, and evaluated for DNA-bound fluorescence. All species tested has DNA values between 2.0-5.0 pg/cell. These results placed DNA/cell values of Acanthamoeba slightly lower than DNA/cell values of other eucaryotic cells and much lower than Amoeba proteus values. These results indicate that FMF may be a useful adjunct in distinguishing Acanthamoeba cells from either eucaryotic cells or some other amoeba. However, differences in DNA/cell between species of Acanthamoeba are small and would not be useful in identification of species.", "contents": "Quantation by flow microfluorometry of total cellular DNA in Acanthamoeba. The DNA content of five species of Acanthamoeba was determined by flow microfluorometry. Acanthamoeba castellanii (AC-30), acanthamoeba polyphaga (APG and P-23), acanthamoeba rhysodes, acanthamoeba culbertsoni (A-1), and acanthamoeba royreba were grown in a casitone based medium 24-48 HR. The trophozoites were harvested, and evaluated for DNA-bound fluorescence. All species tested has DNA values between 2.0-5.0 pg/cell. These results placed DNA/cell values of Acanthamoeba slightly lower than DNA/cell values of other eucaryotic cells and much lower than Amoeba proteus values. These results indicate that FMF may be a useful adjunct in distinguishing Acanthamoeba cells from either eucaryotic cells or some other amoeba. However, differences in DNA/cell between species of Acanthamoeba are small and would not be useful in identification of species."}
{"id": "PMID:361884", "title": "Binding of deoxyribonuclease I to actin: a new way to visualize microfilament bundles in nonmuscle cells.", "content": "Intracellular actin-containing fibers can be visualized by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy when they are stained with antibody directed against DNase I. The location of actin-containing fibers in cells appears to be similar to the staining pattern of antibody to actin. Actin fibers were also visualized by direct fluorescent microscopy with rhodamine-conjugated DNase I.", "contents": "Binding of deoxyribonuclease I to actin: a new way to visualize microfilament bundles in nonmuscle cells. Intracellular actin-containing fibers can be visualized by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy when they are stained with antibody directed against DNase I. The location of actin-containing fibers in cells appears to be similar to the staining pattern of antibody to actin. Actin fibers were also visualized by direct fluorescent microscopy with rhodamine-conjugated DNase I."}
{"id": "PMID:361887", "title": "The accessory optic system and the retino-hypothalamic system. A review.", "content": "The introduction of new techniques in neuroanatomy has helped to clarify a number of important issues on the nature of the accessory optic and retino-hypothalamic system. In this study, an effort was made, to collect all data obtainable, and to arrange them on the basis of some common parameter, so that the various results may be directly compared. These data were then interpreted on specific issues, although only limited coverage has been given to functional aspects, as described in older publications. The absence of a universally accepted concept of the function of both systems to date suggests the need for a thorough analysis of both contemporary and older literature dealing with a characterization of the structural components of the accessory optic and the retino-hypothalamic systems. On the basis of these anatomical studies it is concluded that the accessory optic system (AOS) is much more complex than formerly believed. Its development in various vertebrae classes is quite different. Among the mammals, the AOS is very well established in rodents but in primates and man its anatomical and functional role seems markedly reduced. In the rodents it consists of both superficially and deeply arranged axons which are in close topical relation to the cerebral peduncles. The axons not only supply the classic accessory otpic terminal nuclei but also the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. The secondary projections have not yet been established. The retino-hypothalamic system (RHS) mainly but not exclusively supplies the suprachismatic nucleus (sc). Crossed as well as uncrossed retinal fibres project to the ventro-lateral and to the posterior part of this nucleus. The cells within the sc combine both secretory and neuronal properties. The possible functions exerted are discussed. Both, the AOS and the RHS, are so closely related within the suprachiasmatic area that most methods fail in correlating experimental results with either system. The numerous problems which still remain to be clarified are also discussed.", "contents": "The accessory optic system and the retino-hypothalamic system. A review. The introduction of new techniques in neuroanatomy has helped to clarify a number of important issues on the nature of the accessory optic and retino-hypothalamic system. In this study, an effort was made, to collect all data obtainable, and to arrange them on the basis of some common parameter, so that the various results may be directly compared. These data were then interpreted on specific issues, although only limited coverage has been given to functional aspects, as described in older publications. The absence of a universally accepted concept of the function of both systems to date suggests the need for a thorough analysis of both contemporary and older literature dealing with a characterization of the structural components of the accessory optic and the retino-hypothalamic systems. On the basis of these anatomical studies it is concluded that the accessory optic system (AOS) is much more complex than formerly believed. Its development in various vertebrae classes is quite different. Among the mammals, the AOS is very well established in rodents but in primates and man its anatomical and functional role seems markedly reduced. In the rodents it consists of both superficially and deeply arranged axons which are in close topical relation to the cerebral peduncles. The axons not only supply the classic accessory otpic terminal nuclei but also the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. The secondary projections have not yet been established. The retino-hypothalamic system (RHS) mainly but not exclusively supplies the suprachismatic nucleus (sc). Crossed as well as uncrossed retinal fibres project to the ventro-lateral and to the posterior part of this nucleus. The cells within the sc combine both secretory and neuronal properties. The possible functions exerted are discussed. Both, the AOS and the RHS, are so closely related within the suprachiasmatic area that most methods fail in correlating experimental results with either system. The numerous problems which still remain to be clarified are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:361889", "title": "Inhibition of the immune response by membrane-bound antibody.", "content": "Cells from the spleens of \"normal\" swine, which were pretreated with pronase to remove surface membrane-bound immunoglobulin, gave an enhanced hemolytic plaque-forming cell response to sheep red blood cells in vitro in comparison with untreated controls. The enhancement could be abrogated by preincubating pronase-treated spleeen cells in preparations containing antibody to sheep red blood cells. This effect was demonstrated by autologous sera, immune sera, and all three known classes of porcine serum immunoglobulins, including IgM, IgA, and IgG and could be removed by absorption with sheep red blood cells. Surface membrane-bound antibody exerted its effect by binding to the nonadherent cell population. The response of normal spleen cells was unaffected by antibody treatment. Pronase-treatment was not mitogenic, did not function as a polyclonal B cell activator, and did not selectively eliminate T or B cells. The results indicate that removal of antibody from the surface of lymphoid cells enhanced the humoral immune response invitro and confirm that membrane-bound antibody can inhibit response to antigen.", "contents": "Inhibition of the immune response by membrane-bound antibody. Cells from the spleens of \"normal\" swine, which were pretreated with pronase to remove surface membrane-bound immunoglobulin, gave an enhanced hemolytic plaque-forming cell response to sheep red blood cells in vitro in comparison with untreated controls. The enhancement could be abrogated by preincubating pronase-treated spleeen cells in preparations containing antibody to sheep red blood cells. This effect was demonstrated by autologous sera, immune sera, and all three known classes of porcine serum immunoglobulins, including IgM, IgA, and IgG and could be removed by absorption with sheep red blood cells. Surface membrane-bound antibody exerted its effect by binding to the nonadherent cell population. The response of normal spleen cells was unaffected by antibody treatment. Pronase-treatment was not mitogenic, did not function as a polyclonal B cell activator, and did not selectively eliminate T or B cells. The results indicate that removal of antibody from the surface of lymphoid cells enhanced the humoral immune response invitro and confirm that membrane-bound antibody can inhibit response to antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:361890", "title": "Null cells in the mouse possess membrane immunoglobulins.", "content": "Null cells lacking typical T and B cell surface markers were isolated from the spleens of congenitally athymic mice by using either nylon wool or Sepharose macrobeads conjugated with rabbit antibody to mouse IgM to remove B lymphocytes. Although these null cells were negative for surface immunoglobulin by the criterion of immunofluorescence by using rabbit antisera to mouse heavy or light immunoglobulin chains, surface immunoglobulins were readily demonstrable by two alternative and independent techniques. First, by using chicken antibody to the (Fab')2 fragment of mouse IgG, nearly all null cells were positive for immunofluorescence. Second, immunoglobulins could be detected in lysates of null cells radioiodinated by the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed reaction. Analysis of the surface immunoglobulins of null cells by radioimmunoassay and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate suggested that they are 1) qualitatively similar to those of B cells and 2) present in amounts between 10 and 30% of those of B cells.", "contents": "Null cells in the mouse possess membrane immunoglobulins. Null cells lacking typical T and B cell surface markers were isolated from the spleens of congenitally athymic mice by using either nylon wool or Sepharose macrobeads conjugated with rabbit antibody to mouse IgM to remove B lymphocytes. Although these null cells were negative for surface immunoglobulin by the criterion of immunofluorescence by using rabbit antisera to mouse heavy or light immunoglobulin chains, surface immunoglobulins were readily demonstrable by two alternative and independent techniques. First, by using chicken antibody to the (Fab')2 fragment of mouse IgG, nearly all null cells were positive for immunofluorescence. Second, immunoglobulins could be detected in lysates of null cells radioiodinated by the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed reaction. Analysis of the surface immunoglobulins of null cells by radioimmunoassay and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate suggested that they are 1) qualitatively similar to those of B cells and 2) present in amounts between 10 and 30% of those of B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:361892", "title": "Immunologic suppression after oral administration of antigen. I. Specific suppressor cells formed in rat Peyer's patches after oral administration of sheep erythrocytes and their systemic migration.", "content": "Rats given 10(10) sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) orally were found to contain specific suppressor cells to SRBC in their Peyer's patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) after 2 days of feeding. After 4 days of feeding, similar suppressor cells were found in the thymus and spleen, but they were missing in the PP or MLN. These suppressor cells effectively blocked IgM and IgG plaque-forming cell responses to SRBC in Mishell-Dutton cultures and delayed-type-hypersensitivity responses to SRBC when transferred to syngeneic recipients, but they did not affect responses to horse erythrocytes. The orally induced specific suppressor cells appeared to be T2 cells since their activity was eliminated by in vivo treatment of SRBC-fed rats with anti-rat lymphocyte serum but not by adult thymectomy. Because carrageenan partially relieved the suppression observed in culture, the actual suppressive mechanism may also involve a macrophage.", "contents": "Immunologic suppression after oral administration of antigen. I. Specific suppressor cells formed in rat Peyer's patches after oral administration of sheep erythrocytes and their systemic migration. Rats given 10(10) sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) orally were found to contain specific suppressor cells to SRBC in their Peyer's patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) after 2 days of feeding. After 4 days of feeding, similar suppressor cells were found in the thymus and spleen, but they were missing in the PP or MLN. These suppressor cells effectively blocked IgM and IgG plaque-forming cell responses to SRBC in Mishell-Dutton cultures and delayed-type-hypersensitivity responses to SRBC when transferred to syngeneic recipients, but they did not affect responses to horse erythrocytes. The orally induced specific suppressor cells appeared to be T2 cells since their activity was eliminated by in vivo treatment of SRBC-fed rats with anti-rat lymphocyte serum but not by adult thymectomy. Because carrageenan partially relieved the suppression observed in culture, the actual suppressive mechanism may also involve a macrophage."}
{"id": "PMID:361893", "title": "Demonstration of the in vitro phagocytosis of Treponema pallidum by rabbit peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Evidence has been provided for the in vitro phagocytosis of virulent Treponema pallidum by stimulant-induced peritoneal macrophages. After the 4-hr incubation of macrophages with T. pallidum, treponemal antigens associated with the macrophages are specifically stained using indirect immunofluorescent techniques. Phagocytized treponemes appear within the cytoplasm of macrophages as round, brightly fluorescent \"bodies\" observable in increasing numbers as the duration of the treponeme-phagocyte interaction increases. Their presence is significantly reduced in the cytoplasm of macrophages that have been treated with cytochalasin B, a known inhibitor of phagocytosis, and in nonphagocytic fibroblasts. Additionally, supportive evidence for T. pallidum phagocytosis in vitro has been provided by electron microscopic examination in which treponemes have been demonstrated within typical phagocytic vacuoles. This study also provides evidence that immune serum factor(s) significantly promote the phagocytosis of T. pallidum, although a contribution by heat-labile serum factors has not been demonstrated. The possible mechanisms of immune serum contribution and the implications of the demonstration of T. pallidum phagocytosis are discussed.", "contents": "Demonstration of the in vitro phagocytosis of Treponema pallidum by rabbit peritoneal macrophages. Evidence has been provided for the in vitro phagocytosis of virulent Treponema pallidum by stimulant-induced peritoneal macrophages. After the 4-hr incubation of macrophages with T. pallidum, treponemal antigens associated with the macrophages are specifically stained using indirect immunofluorescent techniques. Phagocytized treponemes appear within the cytoplasm of macrophages as round, brightly fluorescent \"bodies\" observable in increasing numbers as the duration of the treponeme-phagocyte interaction increases. Their presence is significantly reduced in the cytoplasm of macrophages that have been treated with cytochalasin B, a known inhibitor of phagocytosis, and in nonphagocytic fibroblasts. Additionally, supportive evidence for T. pallidum phagocytosis in vitro has been provided by electron microscopic examination in which treponemes have been demonstrated within typical phagocytic vacuoles. This study also provides evidence that immune serum factor(s) significantly promote the phagocytosis of T. pallidum, although a contribution by heat-labile serum factors has not been demonstrated. The possible mechanisms of immune serum contribution and the implications of the demonstration of T. pallidum phagocytosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:361895", "title": "Rat skin main neutral protease: immunohistochemical localization.", "content": "Specific antiserum against the purified rat skin main neutral protease was used in double layer immunofluorescent method to localize the enzyme in normal rat skin. The specific immunofluorescence was seen in dermal cells that were identified as mast cells on basis of their metachromatic granules. Enzyme histochemical staining with naphthol AS-D chloroacetate localized to the same cells that exhibited specific immunofluorescence. The granules of isolated rat mast cells also gave a specific reaction with the immunohistochemical technique. The results provide further evidence for the suggestion that rat skin main neutral protease is identical with the rat mast cell \"chymase.\"", "contents": "Rat skin main neutral protease: immunohistochemical localization. Specific antiserum against the purified rat skin main neutral protease was used in double layer immunofluorescent method to localize the enzyme in normal rat skin. The specific immunofluorescence was seen in dermal cells that were identified as mast cells on basis of their metachromatic granules. Enzyme histochemical staining with naphthol AS-D chloroacetate localized to the same cells that exhibited specific immunofluorescence. The granules of isolated rat mast cells also gave a specific reaction with the immunohistochemical technique. The results provide further evidence for the suggestion that rat skin main neutral protease is identical with the rat mast cell \"chymase.\""}
{"id": "PMID:361896", "title": "Filtration and immunoprecipitation in the elimination of DNA polymerase activity associated with bacterial contamination of sera positive for hepatitis B e antigen and its corresponding antibody.", "content": "Samples of serum inoculated with Escherichia coli and serum that became contaminated with bacteria after exposure to a laboratory atmosphere demonstrated elevated DNA polymerase activity. The levels of activity were well within the range of values found in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive samples. The bacterial polymerase activity was markedly reduced by a single passage of serum samples through a 0.22-micron Millipore filter prior to analysis. Repeated filtration did not result in a substantial further decrease in polymerase activity. In sera that were heavily contamined with E. coli, however, filtration was not successful in reducing bacteria-associated polymerase activity to a base-line uncontaminated level. In such instances double antibody immunoprecipitation proved effective in elimination of bacterial activity. When bacterial contamination of serum samples is a possibility, specimens should be subjected to either Millipore filtration or immunoprecipitation prior to analysis, particularly when correlation of DNA polymerase activity with HBeAg and its corresponding antibody is attempted.", "contents": "Filtration and immunoprecipitation in the elimination of DNA polymerase activity associated with bacterial contamination of sera positive for hepatitis B e antigen and its corresponding antibody. Samples of serum inoculated with Escherichia coli and serum that became contaminated with bacteria after exposure to a laboratory atmosphere demonstrated elevated DNA polymerase activity. The levels of activity were well within the range of values found in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive samples. The bacterial polymerase activity was markedly reduced by a single passage of serum samples through a 0.22-micron Millipore filter prior to analysis. Repeated filtration did not result in a substantial further decrease in polymerase activity. In sera that were heavily contamined with E. coli, however, filtration was not successful in reducing bacteria-associated polymerase activity to a base-line uncontaminated level. In such instances double antibody immunoprecipitation proved effective in elimination of bacterial activity. When bacterial contamination of serum samples is a possibility, specimens should be subjected to either Millipore filtration or immunoprecipitation prior to analysis, particularly when correlation of DNA polymerase activity with HBeAg and its corresponding antibody is attempted."}
{"id": "PMID:361897", "title": "An outbreak in 1965 of severe respiratory illness caused by the Legionnaires' disease bacterium.", "content": "In January 1977 an unsolved outbreak of infection at St. Elizabeth's Hospital (Washington, D.C.) that occurred in 1965 was linked with Legionnaires' disease. The link was made by fluorescent antibody testing with the bacterium isolated from tissues of persons with Legionnaires' disease in the 1976 outbreak in Philadelphia. In July and August 1965, an epidemic of severe respiratory disease characterized by abrupt onset of high fever, weakness, malaise, and nonproductive cough, frequently accompanied by radiographic evidence of pneumonia, affected at least 81 patients at St. Elizabeth's Hospital, a general psychiatric hospital. Fourteen (17%) of the affected patients died. Intensive epidemiologic and laboratory investigations in 1965 did not determine the etiology. The etiologic organism may have become airborne from sites of soil excavation.", "contents": "An outbreak in 1965 of severe respiratory illness caused by the Legionnaires' disease bacterium. In January 1977 an unsolved outbreak of infection at St. Elizabeth's Hospital (Washington, D.C.) that occurred in 1965 was linked with Legionnaires' disease. The link was made by fluorescent antibody testing with the bacterium isolated from tissues of persons with Legionnaires' disease in the 1976 outbreak in Philadelphia. In July and August 1965, an epidemic of severe respiratory disease characterized by abrupt onset of high fever, weakness, malaise, and nonproductive cough, frequently accompanied by radiographic evidence of pneumonia, affected at least 81 patients at St. Elizabeth's Hospital, a general psychiatric hospital. Fourteen (17%) of the affected patients died. Intensive epidemiologic and laboratory investigations in 1965 did not determine the etiology. The etiologic organism may have become airborne from sites of soil excavation."}
{"id": "PMID:361900", "title": "Influence of pili on the virulence of Proteus mirabilis in experimental hematogenous pyelonephritis.", "content": "The ability of heavily and lightly piliated Proteus mirabilis to infect the renal parenchyma was compared in a model of hematogenous pyelonephritis. Cortical abscesses occurred in 13 of 24 rats injected with lightly piliated P. mirabilis but in none of 24 rats challenged with heavily piliated organisms (P less than 0.001). Lightly and heavily piliated organisms were cleared from the vasculature equally rapidly and were also delivered to the kidney in equal numbers. During the first 24 hr, however, titers of the lightly piliated organisms in the kidney increased by 4 logs, whereas the heavily piliated P. mirabilis were virtually all eliminated. Pili are believed to mediate attachment to cell surfaces, and heavy piliation has been correlated with enhanced virulence when P. mirabilis invades the kidney across the pelvic mucosa. The results in this study suggest, however, that pili may adversely affect bacterial survival within the renal parenchyma.", "contents": "Influence of pili on the virulence of Proteus mirabilis in experimental hematogenous pyelonephritis. The ability of heavily and lightly piliated Proteus mirabilis to infect the renal parenchyma was compared in a model of hematogenous pyelonephritis. Cortical abscesses occurred in 13 of 24 rats injected with lightly piliated P. mirabilis but in none of 24 rats challenged with heavily piliated organisms (P less than 0.001). Lightly and heavily piliated organisms were cleared from the vasculature equally rapidly and were also delivered to the kidney in equal numbers. During the first 24 hr, however, titers of the lightly piliated organisms in the kidney increased by 4 logs, whereas the heavily piliated P. mirabilis were virtually all eliminated. Pili are believed to mediate attachment to cell surfaces, and heavy piliation has been correlated with enhanced virulence when P. mirabilis invades the kidney across the pelvic mucosa. The results in this study suggest, however, that pili may adversely affect bacterial survival within the renal parenchyma."}
{"id": "PMID:361901", "title": "In vitro studies of amphotericin B in combination with the imidazole antifungal compounds clotrimazole and miconazole.", "content": "The clinically important polyene antibiotic amphotericin B, in combination with two antifungal imidazole compounds, clotrimazole and miconazole, was studied in vitro. With use of results of cytoplasmic leakage, metabolic heat output, and minimal inhibitory concentration studies, a definite antagonistic response was demonstrated. It is suggested that, if combined antifungal drug therapy is clinically indicated, the drug combination be tested against the isolate by the simple technique of measuring cytoplasmic leakage or by the more elaborate method of flow microcalorimetry.", "contents": "In vitro studies of amphotericin B in combination with the imidazole antifungal compounds clotrimazole and miconazole. The clinically important polyene antibiotic amphotericin B, in combination with two antifungal imidazole compounds, clotrimazole and miconazole, was studied in vitro. With use of results of cytoplasmic leakage, metabolic heat output, and minimal inhibitory concentration studies, a definite antagonistic response was demonstrated. It is suggested that, if combined antifungal drug therapy is clinically indicated, the drug combination be tested against the isolate by the simple technique of measuring cytoplasmic leakage or by the more elaborate method of flow microcalorimetry."}
{"id": "PMID:361913", "title": "Localization of an adenosine deaminase-binding protein in human kidney.", "content": "A protein which specifically complexes with adenosine deaminase (complexing protein) has been localized in human kidney. Thin sections of renal tissue were treated with rabbit anti-complexing protein serum followed by fluorescein-labeled goat anti-rabbit gamma globulin serum. Complexing protein was detected in the proximal tubules of four normal kidneys. The glomeruli in sections from one of the four normal kidneys were also positive. Lung, liver, spleen, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and kidney medulla were negative by this technique. The glomeruli as well as the proximal renal tubules of two patients with combined immunodeficiency disease-adenosine deaminase deficiency and three of seven patients with kidney disease contained easily detectable levels of complexing protein.", "contents": "Localization of an adenosine deaminase-binding protein in human kidney. A protein which specifically complexes with adenosine deaminase (complexing protein) has been localized in human kidney. Thin sections of renal tissue were treated with rabbit anti-complexing protein serum followed by fluorescein-labeled goat anti-rabbit gamma globulin serum. Complexing protein was detected in the proximal tubules of four normal kidneys. The glomeruli in sections from one of the four normal kidneys were also positive. Lung, liver, spleen, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and kidney medulla were negative by this technique. The glomeruli as well as the proximal renal tubules of two patients with combined immunodeficiency disease-adenosine deaminase deficiency and three of seven patients with kidney disease contained easily detectable levels of complexing protein."}
{"id": "PMID:361915", "title": "Reconstruction of the ossicular chain with an autologous bone cylinder, produced with a hollow drill. Technique and application: a preliminary report.", "content": "An autologous bone cylinder is produced with a hollow drill. After modelling this bone cylinder, it is easy to reconstruct a stable ossicular chain in the middle ear.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the ossicular chain with an autologous bone cylinder, produced with a hollow drill. Technique and application: a preliminary report. An autologous bone cylinder is produced with a hollow drill. After modelling this bone cylinder, it is easy to reconstruct a stable ossicular chain in the middle ear."}
{"id": "PMID:361920", "title": "Changing electrocardiographic recording technology and diagnostic accuracy of myocardial infarction criteria. Improved standards for evaluation of ECG measurement precision.", "content": "An analytical study was performed to estimate the magnitude of the visual Q wave duration bias produced by pressurized ink round stylus electrocardiographic (ECG) recorders. With a paper speed of 25 mm/sec and the ECG tracing width of 0.25 mm, the visually measured Q waves are on the average 8 msec too short. The corresponding error with the older type flat stylus recorder is less than 2 msec. Considerable differences can thus be anticipated in the frequency of observed ECG abnormalities in studies which use different types of electrocardiographs. The effect of the visual Q wave duration measurement bias on the diagnostic ECG classification was investigated in a group of 237 patients with old myocardial infarction and 299 subjects with no clinical evidence of infarction. An 8 msec measurement bias toward too short Q wave duration was observed to result in a potential loss of diagnostic accuracy of about 25% in some ECG coding categories. As a corrective procedure, it is recommended that the baseline width produced by a round recording stylus of uniform thickness irrespective of the vertical deflection velocity should be less.", "contents": "Changing electrocardiographic recording technology and diagnostic accuracy of myocardial infarction criteria. Improved standards for evaluation of ECG measurement precision. An analytical study was performed to estimate the magnitude of the visual Q wave duration bias produced by pressurized ink round stylus electrocardiographic (ECG) recorders. With a paper speed of 25 mm/sec and the ECG tracing width of 0.25 mm, the visually measured Q waves are on the average 8 msec too short. The corresponding error with the older type flat stylus recorder is less than 2 msec. Considerable differences can thus be anticipated in the frequency of observed ECG abnormalities in studies which use different types of electrocardiographs. The effect of the visual Q wave duration measurement bias on the diagnostic ECG classification was investigated in a group of 237 patients with old myocardial infarction and 299 subjects with no clinical evidence of infarction. An 8 msec measurement bias toward too short Q wave duration was observed to result in a potential loss of diagnostic accuracy of about 25% in some ECG coding categories. As a corrective procedure, it is recommended that the baseline width produced by a round recording stylus of uniform thickness irrespective of the vertical deflection velocity should be less."}
{"id": "PMID:361925", "title": "A terminating reagent for the peroxidase-labelled enzyme immunoassay.", "content": "Addition of a low concentration of sodium azide completely stops colour development in a peroxidase-labelled enzyme immunoassay using 2,2'-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonic acid-6) as substrate. Whereas high concentrations of azide cause a decrease in the colour intensity, the low concentrations used here have no significant affect on the colour.", "contents": "A terminating reagent for the peroxidase-labelled enzyme immunoassay. Addition of a low concentration of sodium azide completely stops colour development in a peroxidase-labelled enzyme immunoassay using 2,2'-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonic acid-6) as substrate. Whereas high concentrations of azide cause a decrease in the colour intensity, the low concentrations used here have no significant affect on the colour."}
{"id": "PMID:361927", "title": "Tissue cultures from cerebrospinal fluid specimens in the study of human brain tumors.", "content": "The authors report a study in which 109 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from patients with varying neurological disorders were incubated in tissue culture medium for 1, 3, and sometimes 7 days. Strict criteria for malignancy were applied to cells found at these intervals. In 35 patients with verified central nervous system neoplasms, eight cases had malignant cells and 11 others had \"doubtful\" cells by tissue-culture analysis. Thirty-three of these cases were also examined with standard millipore cytological techniques: six had malignant cells and four had \"doubtful\" cells. Of 50 cases with inflammatory or other non-neoplastic conditions, cells were cultured in 13. None was considered malignant by our criteria. Tissue culture of CSF has several potential benefits. Even with stringent criteria, it is possible to demonstrate the presence of unequivocally malignant cells in CSF by tissue culture. The systemic application of such criteria may eventually increase the positive identification of malignancies. Further, since these cells are growing, the degree of malignancy may be more accurately determined by a study of growth in culture. Such a study could not be done by conventional methods. Finally, tissue culture can help to guide therapy in certain instances in which a surgical biopsy cannot be obtained.", "contents": "Tissue cultures from cerebrospinal fluid specimens in the study of human brain tumors. The authors report a study in which 109 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from patients with varying neurological disorders were incubated in tissue culture medium for 1, 3, and sometimes 7 days. Strict criteria for malignancy were applied to cells found at these intervals. In 35 patients with verified central nervous system neoplasms, eight cases had malignant cells and 11 others had \"doubtful\" cells by tissue-culture analysis. Thirty-three of these cases were also examined with standard millipore cytological techniques: six had malignant cells and four had \"doubtful\" cells. Of 50 cases with inflammatory or other non-neoplastic conditions, cells were cultured in 13. None was considered malignant by our criteria. Tissue culture of CSF has several potential benefits. Even with stringent criteria, it is possible to demonstrate the presence of unequivocally malignant cells in CSF by tissue culture. The systemic application of such criteria may eventually increase the positive identification of malignancies. Further, since these cells are growing, the degree of malignancy may be more accurately determined by a study of growth in culture. Such a study could not be done by conventional methods. Finally, tissue culture can help to guide therapy in certain instances in which a surgical biopsy cannot be obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:361928", "title": "Experimental dysraphism in the rat.", "content": "An experimental treatment that results in dysraphic lesions in rat embryos was studied to gain insight into the origin of such lesions. Pregnant rats given 100,000 units of vitamin A by gavage tube on gestational Days 8, 9, and 10 produced abnormal litters, and 50% of the embryos had exencephaly and/or spina bifida. Study of these embryonic lesions revealed hyperplesia of neural tube tissue that extended laterally to the edge of an epidermal defect. The epidermal defect consisted of the absence of fetal epidermis over the hyperplastic neural tissue. At no stage in development was embryonic hydrocephalus noted. In fact, the central canals of the embryos with malformations were poorly developed and smaller than those of control embryos. Results with this model indicate that the malformations arise through a process of overgrowth and hyperplasia and not from embryonic hydrocephalus. Continued work with this and other models is required to delineate new mechanisms and to offer alternative postulates for the origin of dysraphic lesions.", "contents": "Experimental dysraphism in the rat. An experimental treatment that results in dysraphic lesions in rat embryos was studied to gain insight into the origin of such lesions. Pregnant rats given 100,000 units of vitamin A by gavage tube on gestational Days 8, 9, and 10 produced abnormal litters, and 50% of the embryos had exencephaly and/or spina bifida. Study of these embryonic lesions revealed hyperplesia of neural tube tissue that extended laterally to the edge of an epidermal defect. The epidermal defect consisted of the absence of fetal epidermis over the hyperplastic neural tissue. At no stage in development was embryonic hydrocephalus noted. In fact, the central canals of the embryos with malformations were poorly developed and smaller than those of control embryos. Results with this model indicate that the malformations arise through a process of overgrowth and hyperplasia and not from embryonic hydrocephalus. Continued work with this and other models is required to delineate new mechanisms and to offer alternative postulates for the origin of dysraphic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:361929", "title": "Pyridoxine and its relation to lipids. Studies with pyridoxineless mutants of Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "The effect of pyridoxine deficiency on fat metabolism was studied using mutant strains of Aspergillus nidulans requiring pyridoxine for growth. Under pyridoxine deficiency the mutants exhibited increased levels of total lipid, sterols, phospholipids, and triacylglycerols. Total fatty acids were found to decrease with pyridoxine deficiency. An increase in saturated fatty acids and decrease in unsaturated fatty acids were seen with deficiency. Pyridoxine deficiency also increased lower carbon chain fatty acids. A possible involvement of pyridoxine in the elongation of fatty acid chain and in the desaturation of fatty acids in Aspergillus nidulans is suggested.", "contents": "Pyridoxine and its relation to lipids. Studies with pyridoxineless mutants of Aspergillus nidulans. The effect of pyridoxine deficiency on fat metabolism was studied using mutant strains of Aspergillus nidulans requiring pyridoxine for growth. Under pyridoxine deficiency the mutants exhibited increased levels of total lipid, sterols, phospholipids, and triacylglycerols. Total fatty acids were found to decrease with pyridoxine deficiency. An increase in saturated fatty acids and decrease in unsaturated fatty acids were seen with deficiency. Pyridoxine deficiency also increased lower carbon chain fatty acids. A possible involvement of pyridoxine in the elongation of fatty acid chain and in the desaturation of fatty acids in Aspergillus nidulans is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:361930", "title": "Long term preventive aspects in oral rehabilitation of adults and elderly. I. Maintenance of balanced functional jaw interaction.", "content": "Prevention should be regarded as more important for the health than the cure. In adult and geriatric patients prevention is directed towards limiting disability rather than preventing the onset of the disease, since treatment is undertaken after pathological changes have taken place and some degree of invalidity is already present. Oral rehabilitation, if successfully performed, will limit the spread and further deterioration of oral conditions at any developmental stage of a functional pathology. The objective of the rehabilitation should not be the integrity of a single dental arch and certainly not the replacement of the lost teeth. Rather, the principle guiding guiding the treatment should be the achievement of a harmonious functional relation between the maxillary and mandibular jaws, so as to enable them to function in well balanced co-operation and force distribution. This objective may be best achieved by sensible planning and faultless execution, when the patient is younger, and most of his teeth and their supporting structures are still preserved.", "contents": "Long term preventive aspects in oral rehabilitation of adults and elderly. I. Maintenance of balanced functional jaw interaction. Prevention should be regarded as more important for the health than the cure. In adult and geriatric patients prevention is directed towards limiting disability rather than preventing the onset of the disease, since treatment is undertaken after pathological changes have taken place and some degree of invalidity is already present. Oral rehabilitation, if successfully performed, will limit the spread and further deterioration of oral conditions at any developmental stage of a functional pathology. The objective of the rehabilitation should not be the integrity of a single dental arch and certainly not the replacement of the lost teeth. Rather, the principle guiding guiding the treatment should be the achievement of a harmonious functional relation between the maxillary and mandibular jaws, so as to enable them to function in well balanced co-operation and force distribution. This objective may be best achieved by sensible planning and faultless execution, when the patient is younger, and most of his teeth and their supporting structures are still preserved."}
{"id": "PMID:361931", "title": "The in vitro fungicidal properties of Visco-gel, alone and combined with nystatin and amphotericin B.", "content": "The in vitro effect of the tissue conditioner Visco-gel, with or without the inclusion of nystatin and amphotericin B, upon Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis, has been studied. Visco-gel alone was completely inert and would therefore not be used without nystatin in the treatment of a denture stomatitis where a yeast infection was present. Amphotericin B became completely ineffective when mixed with Visco-gel, but in control tests remained very active.", "contents": "The in vitro fungicidal properties of Visco-gel, alone and combined with nystatin and amphotericin B. The in vitro effect of the tissue conditioner Visco-gel, with or without the inclusion of nystatin and amphotericin B, upon Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis, has been studied. Visco-gel alone was completely inert and would therefore not be used without nystatin in the treatment of a denture stomatitis where a yeast infection was present. Amphotericin B became completely ineffective when mixed with Visco-gel, but in control tests remained very active."}
{"id": "PMID:361932", "title": "The adaptation of composite materials to etched enamel surfaces.", "content": "The adaptation of three composite materials and one unfilled bis-GMA resin to etched enamel surfaces was investigated by examining under optical and scanning electron microscopy the adhesive-enamel junction of replicas. The length of the tags and the density of tagging observed on the replicas showed that the three composite materials, Adaptic, Concise and Delphic, adapted to the etched enamel surface equally as well as the unfilled resin Nuva Seal. The results of this study together with available results of mechanical testing and clinical studies allow the conclusion that the successful retention of the composite filling materials to an etched enamel surface is not dependent on the use of an intermediate unfilled resin or bonding agent.", "contents": "The adaptation of composite materials to etched enamel surfaces. The adaptation of three composite materials and one unfilled bis-GMA resin to etched enamel surfaces was investigated by examining under optical and scanning electron microscopy the adhesive-enamel junction of replicas. The length of the tags and the density of tagging observed on the replicas showed that the three composite materials, Adaptic, Concise and Delphic, adapted to the etched enamel surface equally as well as the unfilled resin Nuva Seal. The results of this study together with available results of mechanical testing and clinical studies allow the conclusion that the successful retention of the composite filling materials to an etched enamel surface is not dependent on the use of an intermediate unfilled resin or bonding agent."}
{"id": "PMID:361933", "title": "The influence of surface roughness on the retentive ability of two dental luting cements.", "content": "Two series of brass cones and two series of dentine posts with varying surface roughness were produced. Maximum roughness value and arithmetical mean roughness were recorded for each cone. Brass crowns were cemented either with zinc phosphate cement (De Trey's zinc Cenment Improved) or with polycarboxylate cement (Durelon). A tensile stress was applied until the crown and the cone separated. The retentive force in relation to retention area was measured. The results showed that the retentive ability of both cements increased with increasing surface roughness. The increase in retention was greater for brass than for dentine. Differences were also found between the two cements; on smooth surfaces the zinc phosphate cement had a lower retentive ability than the polycarboxylate cement, but on rough surfaces the opposite relationship was observed.", "contents": "The influence of surface roughness on the retentive ability of two dental luting cements. Two series of brass cones and two series of dentine posts with varying surface roughness were produced. Maximum roughness value and arithmetical mean roughness were recorded for each cone. Brass crowns were cemented either with zinc phosphate cement (De Trey's zinc Cenment Improved) or with polycarboxylate cement (Durelon). A tensile stress was applied until the crown and the cone separated. The retentive force in relation to retention area was measured. The results showed that the retentive ability of both cements increased with increasing surface roughness. The increase in retention was greater for brass than for dentine. Differences were also found between the two cements; on smooth surfaces the zinc phosphate cement had a lower retentive ability than the polycarboxylate cement, but on rough surfaces the opposite relationship was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:361935", "title": "Review of bone grafting for reconstruction of discontinuity defects of the mandible.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with discontinuity defects of the mandible were hospitalized at Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry during the 12-year period from 1965 to 1976. Treatment consisted of grafting autogenous ilium and rib in 35 patients and isologous ilium and Kiel bone in three patients. No bony union was noted in four of 28 cases involving benign tumors, three of eight cases involving malignant tumors, and one of two cases involving old fractures. Postoperative infection was the main cause for lack of union.", "contents": "Review of bone grafting for reconstruction of discontinuity defects of the mandible. Thirty-eight patients with discontinuity defects of the mandible were hospitalized at Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry during the 12-year period from 1965 to 1976. Treatment consisted of grafting autogenous ilium and rib in 35 patients and isologous ilium and Kiel bone in three patients. No bony union was noted in four of 28 cases involving benign tumors, three of eight cases involving malignant tumors, and one of two cases involving old fractures. Postoperative infection was the main cause for lack of union."}
{"id": "PMID:361937", "title": "Total maxillary advancement with and without bone grafting.", "content": "Computer morphometrics was used to analyze 21 adult patients who underwent total maxillary advancement; ten had bone grafting behind the tuberosity and 11 did not. Each group was subclassified as those with idiopathic maxillary deficiency and those with cleft lip and cleft palate; all patients were treated by the same basic operative technique. The results of the study indicate that those patients who had bone grafts had optimum stability. However, individuals with maxillary deficiency who undergo minimal advancements (less than 0.5 mm) can have overcorrections at surgery and, therefore, do not require bone grafts for good stability.", "contents": "Total maxillary advancement with and without bone grafting. Computer morphometrics was used to analyze 21 adult patients who underwent total maxillary advancement; ten had bone grafting behind the tuberosity and 11 did not. Each group was subclassified as those with idiopathic maxillary deficiency and those with cleft lip and cleft palate; all patients were treated by the same basic operative technique. The results of the study indicate that those patients who had bone grafts had optimum stability. However, individuals with maxillary deficiency who undergo minimal advancements (less than 0.5 mm) can have overcorrections at surgery and, therefore, do not require bone grafts for good stability."}
{"id": "PMID:361943", "title": "Overwhelming postoperative streptococcal infection.", "content": "Fulminant postoperative group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections present a serious and potentially lethal threat to children. Three children with severe postoperative streptococcal wound infections are presented. Each child developed high fever within the first 24 hr after surgery, followed shortly by signs of septic shock. In all patients, the clinical appreciation of wound infection became apparent late in the course of the illness. All three children had white blood cell counts below 6000/cu mm. One child developed crepitus in the incision; another showed radiographic evidence of free air in the soft tissues. The only survivor received antibiotics immediately following the initial fever along with re-exploration and drainage of the operative wound.", "contents": "Overwhelming postoperative streptococcal infection. Fulminant postoperative group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections present a serious and potentially lethal threat to children. Three children with severe postoperative streptococcal wound infections are presented. Each child developed high fever within the first 24 hr after surgery, followed shortly by signs of septic shock. In all patients, the clinical appreciation of wound infection became apparent late in the course of the illness. All three children had white blood cell counts below 6000/cu mm. One child developed crepitus in the incision; another showed radiographic evidence of free air in the soft tissues. The only survivor received antibiotics immediately following the initial fever along with re-exploration and drainage of the operative wound."}
{"id": "PMID:361946", "title": "Modification of pulmonary vascular responses to arachidonic acid by alterations in physiologic state.", "content": "The effects of bolus injections of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins (PG) E2 and F2a on the pulmonary vascular bed were compared under resting conditions and after alteration in the physiologic state of the lung. Studies were carried out in the vascularly isolated lung lobe of the intact, anesthetized dog under conditions of controlled blood flow. Arachidonic acid, PGE2 and PGF2a increased pulmonary vascular resistance by constricting intrapulmonary veins and arteries in a dose-related manner, as did an analog of the endoperoxide, PGH2, whereas PGI2 dilated the pulmonary vascular bed. The response to arachidonate was associated with a 2- to 3-fold increase in levels of PGE- and PGF-like substances in pulmonary venous blood and was blocked by indomethacin. The effects of arachidonic acid, but not the PGs, were greatly enhanced during perfusion with either dextran or saline and the enhanced response in saline was associated with a 15 to 20-fold increase in levels of PG-like substances in the pulmonary effluent. Responses to arachidonate were not dependent upon the presence of formed elements in blood but were related to perfusate protein concentration. Alveolar hypoxia decreased responses to the precursor while those to PGE2 and PGF2a were enhanced. Responses to the PGs, but not those to arachidonate, were affected by changes in blood pH. Sublethal doses of Escherichic coli endotoxin increased the response to arachidonic acid, but not those to PGE2 and PGF2a. Results of the present study indicate that the effects of bolus injection of arachidonic acid on the pulmonary vascular bed are due mainly to formation of constrictor metabolites which may overshadow the actions of any dilator (PGI2) formed and suggest that metabolism of the precursor is altered by changes in physiologic state.", "contents": "Modification of pulmonary vascular responses to arachidonic acid by alterations in physiologic state. The effects of bolus injections of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins (PG) E2 and F2a on the pulmonary vascular bed were compared under resting conditions and after alteration in the physiologic state of the lung. Studies were carried out in the vascularly isolated lung lobe of the intact, anesthetized dog under conditions of controlled blood flow. Arachidonic acid, PGE2 and PGF2a increased pulmonary vascular resistance by constricting intrapulmonary veins and arteries in a dose-related manner, as did an analog of the endoperoxide, PGH2, whereas PGI2 dilated the pulmonary vascular bed. The response to arachidonate was associated with a 2- to 3-fold increase in levels of PGE- and PGF-like substances in pulmonary venous blood and was blocked by indomethacin. The effects of arachidonic acid, but not the PGs, were greatly enhanced during perfusion with either dextran or saline and the enhanced response in saline was associated with a 15 to 20-fold increase in levels of PG-like substances in the pulmonary effluent. Responses to arachidonate were not dependent upon the presence of formed elements in blood but were related to perfusate protein concentration. Alveolar hypoxia decreased responses to the precursor while those to PGE2 and PGF2a were enhanced. Responses to the PGs, but not those to arachidonate, were affected by changes in blood pH. Sublethal doses of Escherichic coli endotoxin increased the response to arachidonic acid, but not those to PGE2 and PGF2a. Results of the present study indicate that the effects of bolus injection of arachidonic acid on the pulmonary vascular bed are due mainly to formation of constrictor metabolites which may overshadow the actions of any dilator (PGI2) formed and suggest that metabolism of the precursor is altered by changes in physiologic state."}
{"id": "PMID:361947", "title": "Plasma LH concentrations after single or double injections of synthetic LH-RH in dairy cows.", "content": "Milked Friesian dairy cows were given 1 or 2 i.v. injections of synthetic LH-RH. The second of 2 injections of LH-RH given 1.5 h apart induced a significantly greater release of LH than did the first. The response to this injection was also significantly greater than that caused by injections given 6 h apart. There was no significant difference between the LH responses to the two injections given 6 h apart. The total LH release produced by the two injections of 100 microgram synthetic LH-RH given 1.5 h apart was significantly greater than that produced by single injection of 200 microgram synthetic LH-RH. It is concluded that there is a short-term increase in the responsiveness of the bovine pituitary gland to LH-RH after an initial LH-RH stimulus.", "contents": "Plasma LH concentrations after single or double injections of synthetic LH-RH in dairy cows. Milked Friesian dairy cows were given 1 or 2 i.v. injections of synthetic LH-RH. The second of 2 injections of LH-RH given 1.5 h apart induced a significantly greater release of LH than did the first. The response to this injection was also significantly greater than that caused by injections given 6 h apart. There was no significant difference between the LH responses to the two injections given 6 h apart. The total LH release produced by the two injections of 100 microgram synthetic LH-RH given 1.5 h apart was significantly greater than that produced by single injection of 200 microgram synthetic LH-RH. It is concluded that there is a short-term increase in the responsiveness of the bovine pituitary gland to LH-RH after an initial LH-RH stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:361948", "title": "Effect of removal of the zona pellucida on subsequent development of mouse blastocysts in vitro.", "content": "Removal of the zona pellucida allowed mouse blastocysts incapable of hatching in vitro to develop in culture. Blastocysts denuded by pronase always developed further than those of identical age that had hatched spontaneously. More blastocysts mechanically denuded and treated with pronase developed egg cylinder-like structures than did blastocysts mechanically denuded and not treated with pronase. Plastic support gave better development of blastocysts than did glass.", "contents": "Effect of removal of the zona pellucida on subsequent development of mouse blastocysts in vitro. Removal of the zona pellucida allowed mouse blastocysts incapable of hatching in vitro to develop in culture. Blastocysts denuded by pronase always developed further than those of identical age that had hatched spontaneously. More blastocysts mechanically denuded and treated with pronase developed egg cylinder-like structures than did blastocysts mechanically denuded and not treated with pronase. Plastic support gave better development of blastocysts than did glass."}
{"id": "PMID:361949", "title": "Non-specific effects of passive immunization on implantation in the rabbit.", "content": "Passive immunization with goat anti-rabbit uteroglobin antiserum prevents implantation in the rabbit. The dose of antiserum was too low to neutralize all of the uteroglobin present on Day 5 of pregnancy, however, and the effect could not be shown to be specific, because 'control' treatments with goat antiserum to chick avidin or normal goat serum also prevented implantation. Non-specific antisera raised in rabbits had little or no effect on implantation. Partial purification of antibodies from the non-specific goat antisera reversed their effect, while anti-uteroglobin gamma globulin still reduced implantation. Fluorescein-labelled gamma globulin fractions of anti-avidin and anti-uteroglobin both bound to blastocysts, but pure FITC-IgG showed binding only of anti-uteroglobin. Both anti-avidin and anti-uteroglobin IgG prevented implantation. It is concluded that the effect on implantation is not necessarily achieved via a specific antigen.", "contents": "Non-specific effects of passive immunization on implantation in the rabbit. Passive immunization with goat anti-rabbit uteroglobin antiserum prevents implantation in the rabbit. The dose of antiserum was too low to neutralize all of the uteroglobin present on Day 5 of pregnancy, however, and the effect could not be shown to be specific, because 'control' treatments with goat antiserum to chick avidin or normal goat serum also prevented implantation. Non-specific antisera raised in rabbits had little or no effect on implantation. Partial purification of antibodies from the non-specific goat antisera reversed their effect, while anti-uteroglobin gamma globulin still reduced implantation. Fluorescein-labelled gamma globulin fractions of anti-avidin and anti-uteroglobin both bound to blastocysts, but pure FITC-IgG showed binding only of anti-uteroglobin. Both anti-avidin and anti-uteroglobin IgG prevented implantation. It is concluded that the effect on implantation is not necessarily achieved via a specific antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:361950", "title": "Evidence of a uteroglobin-like protein in epithelial cells of reproductive and non-reproductive tissues of the rabbit.", "content": "An antiserum raised in a goat to a uteroglobin-like protein isolated from uterine fluid of oestrous rabbits was used in an immune fluorescence test to localize an antigen present in the reproductive tract of oestrous and pseudopregnant rabbits and mammary gland tissue. The antigen was also present in the vas deferens and seminal vesicle, but not in testis. Non-reproductive tissues, such as lung, small intestine, bladder and thyroid showed specific fluorescent staining which was eliminated or significantly reduced by absorption of the antiserum with a purified uteroglobin preparation.", "contents": "Evidence of a uteroglobin-like protein in epithelial cells of reproductive and non-reproductive tissues of the rabbit. An antiserum raised in a goat to a uteroglobin-like protein isolated from uterine fluid of oestrous rabbits was used in an immune fluorescence test to localize an antigen present in the reproductive tract of oestrous and pseudopregnant rabbits and mammary gland tissue. The antigen was also present in the vas deferens and seminal vesicle, but not in testis. Non-reproductive tissues, such as lung, small intestine, bladder and thyroid showed specific fluorescent staining which was eliminated or significantly reduced by absorption of the antiserum with a purified uteroglobin preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:361951", "title": "Endotoxin-induced interruption of early pregnancy in the rabbit.", "content": "Endotoxin derived from Salmonella enteritidis (Boivin) completely interrupted pregnancy in the rabbit when given as a single dose (10 or 20 microgram/kg) intravenously on Day 4 or Day 8 of pregnancy. Indomethacin (2 or 10 mg/kg) was unable to prevent this effect.", "contents": "Endotoxin-induced interruption of early pregnancy in the rabbit. Endotoxin derived from Salmonella enteritidis (Boivin) completely interrupted pregnancy in the rabbit when given as a single dose (10 or 20 microgram/kg) intravenously on Day 4 or Day 8 of pregnancy. Indomethacin (2 or 10 mg/kg) was unable to prevent this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:361952", "title": "A histochemical study on the effects of photoperiod on gonadal and adrenal function in the male bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus).", "content": "NADH- and NADPH-diaphorases, 3alpha-, delta5-3beta-, 11beta- and 17beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenases (HSD) and lipids were studied histochemically in the testes and adrenals of male bank voles kept in a long (16L:8D) or a short (8L:16D) photoperiod (Groups L and S, respectively). At 67 days of age the Group L males were heavier and had active and significantly larger testes than Group S males. The testes of Group S males were regressed and were also significantly smaller than those of 18-day-old animals born and reared in a 18L:6D photoperiod. Lipid droplets were detected in the Leydig cells and intratubular spaces in the testes of Group L animals, but were absent from those of Group S voles. The adrenal cortex of the Group L animals was virtually devoid of lipids, but large lipid inclusions were present in the basal zona fasciculata of the Group S voles. In the Group L testes the diaphorase activities were more intense and the difference in enzymic activity between the seminiferous epithelium and the Leydig cells was more pronounced (especially for NADH-diaphorase) than that in the testes of Group S animals. Moreover, the 3alpha-- and delta5-3beta-HSD activities were much stronger in the testes of sexually active animals; 17beta-HSD activity was present in the Leydig cells of the active testes, and absent in the regressed testes. There was no marked difference between the two groups of animals with regard to the distribution or intensity of diaphorases, 3alpha-, delta5-3beta-, 11beta- or 17beta-HSD in the adrenal cortex. It is concluded that a decline in steroid synthesis occurs in the testes of voles kept in a short photoperiod. The large lipid inclusions observed in the adrenal cortex of such animals suggest decreased corticosteroid synthesis and/or secretion.", "contents": "A histochemical study on the effects of photoperiod on gonadal and adrenal function in the male bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). NADH- and NADPH-diaphorases, 3alpha-, delta5-3beta-, 11beta- and 17beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenases (HSD) and lipids were studied histochemically in the testes and adrenals of male bank voles kept in a long (16L:8D) or a short (8L:16D) photoperiod (Groups L and S, respectively). At 67 days of age the Group L males were heavier and had active and significantly larger testes than Group S males. The testes of Group S males were regressed and were also significantly smaller than those of 18-day-old animals born and reared in a 18L:6D photoperiod. Lipid droplets were detected in the Leydig cells and intratubular spaces in the testes of Group L animals, but were absent from those of Group S voles. The adrenal cortex of the Group L animals was virtually devoid of lipids, but large lipid inclusions were present in the basal zona fasciculata of the Group S voles. In the Group L testes the diaphorase activities were more intense and the difference in enzymic activity between the seminiferous epithelium and the Leydig cells was more pronounced (especially for NADH-diaphorase) than that in the testes of Group S animals. Moreover, the 3alpha-- and delta5-3beta-HSD activities were much stronger in the testes of sexually active animals; 17beta-HSD activity was present in the Leydig cells of the active testes, and absent in the regressed testes. There was no marked difference between the two groups of animals with regard to the distribution or intensity of diaphorases, 3alpha-, delta5-3beta-, 11beta- or 17beta-HSD in the adrenal cortex. It is concluded that a decline in steroid synthesis occurs in the testes of voles kept in a short photoperiod. The large lipid inclusions observed in the adrenal cortex of such animals suggest decreased corticosteroid synthesis and/or secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:361955", "title": "Medical service plans in academic medical centers.", "content": "Medical service plans are of major importance to academic medical centers and are becoming increasingly so each year as evidenced by growing dependence of medical schools on resulting funds. How these funds are generated and used varies among schools. The procedures may affect the governance of the institution, modifying the authority of the central administration or the clinical departments. Recent developments in federal legislation, such as health maintenance organizations and amendments (Section 227) to the Social Security Act, and the future development of national health insurance will certainly have an effect on how academic medical centers organize their clinical activities. How successfully various medical schools deal with the dynamic problem may well determine their future survival.", "contents": "Medical service plans in academic medical centers. Medical service plans are of major importance to academic medical centers and are becoming increasingly so each year as evidenced by growing dependence of medical schools on resulting funds. How these funds are generated and used varies among schools. The procedures may affect the governance of the institution, modifying the authority of the central administration or the clinical departments. Recent developments in federal legislation, such as health maintenance organizations and amendments (Section 227) to the Social Security Act, and the future development of national health insurance will certainly have an effect on how academic medical centers organize their clinical activities. How successfully various medical schools deal with the dynamic problem may well determine their future survival."}
{"id": "PMID:361957", "title": "Application of statistical methods in quantitative microscopy.", "content": "The purpose of the paper is twofold: first, to describe the aspects of quantitative microscopy where statistical ideas are being applied today; and second, to describe some ways in which more complete use of statistics could improve quantitative microscopy. The typical estimation problem in quantitative microscopy is described with emphasis on the modelling of variability in estimation. A Poisson field model for imbedded particulates is used to illustrate the value of theoretical treatments of variability. Sampling, estimation and multivariate analysis are cited as areas of statistics presently used by quantitative microscopists. The potential role of statistics in quantitative microscopy is discussed. Examples from particle sizing and characterization of alveolar lung structure illustrate the value of statistical ideas. Automatic image analysers, while making the collection of large amounts of data feasible, have complicated statistical estimation. An investigation of the size distribution of random chord lengths through alveolar chambers illustrates how statistical methodology must be modified for valid inference.", "contents": "Application of statistical methods in quantitative microscopy. The purpose of the paper is twofold: first, to describe the aspects of quantitative microscopy where statistical ideas are being applied today; and second, to describe some ways in which more complete use of statistics could improve quantitative microscopy. The typical estimation problem in quantitative microscopy is described with emphasis on the modelling of variability in estimation. A Poisson field model for imbedded particulates is used to illustrate the value of theoretical treatments of variability. Sampling, estimation and multivariate analysis are cited as areas of statistics presently used by quantitative microscopists. The potential role of statistics in quantitative microscopy is discussed. Examples from particle sizing and characterization of alveolar lung structure illustrate the value of statistical ideas. Automatic image analysers, while making the collection of large amounts of data feasible, have complicated statistical estimation. An investigation of the size distribution of random chord lengths through alveolar chambers illustrates how statistical methodology must be modified for valid inference."}
{"id": "PMID:361958", "title": "Special specimen preparation methods for image processing in transmission electron microscopy: a review.", "content": "One of the important developments in quantitative electron microscopy has been the application of optical and computer imaging methods to electron micrographs. In general these techniques of image analysis have been applied to electron micrographs from isolated biological structures prepared in the presence of various negative stains. To make full use of image processing techniques there are obvious advantages in preparing suitable specimens containing large areas of repeating features. However, the number of naturally occurring biological specimens exhibiting crystalline or paracrystalline features suitable for high resolution electron microscopy and subsequent image analysis is relatively small.Some recent experiments on the in vitro formation of crystalline and paracrystalline arrays from highly concentrated and purified isometric, filamentous and rod-like viruses is reviewed. The problems associated with the preparative procedures for producing two-dimensional and three-dimensional crystalline arrays are discussed together with the possibility of extending the negative staining-carbon film method for studying the gradual dissociation or assembly of viral components.", "contents": "Special specimen preparation methods for image processing in transmission electron microscopy: a review. One of the important developments in quantitative electron microscopy has been the application of optical and computer imaging methods to electron micrographs. In general these techniques of image analysis have been applied to electron micrographs from isolated biological structures prepared in the presence of various negative stains. To make full use of image processing techniques there are obvious advantages in preparing suitable specimens containing large areas of repeating features. However, the number of naturally occurring biological specimens exhibiting crystalline or paracrystalline features suitable for high resolution electron microscopy and subsequent image analysis is relatively small.Some recent experiments on the in vitro formation of crystalline and paracrystalline arrays from highly concentrated and purified isometric, filamentous and rod-like viruses is reviewed. The problems associated with the preparative procedures for producing two-dimensional and three-dimensional crystalline arrays are discussed together with the possibility of extending the negative staining-carbon film method for studying the gradual dissociation or assembly of viral components."}
{"id": "PMID:361959", "title": "Critical point drying for scanning electron microscopy: a semi-automatic method of preparing biological specimens.", "content": "Slow, controlled, rates of critical point bomb heating and of gas venting have been shown to improve the preservation of biological specimens in critical point drying. A procedure that represents a balance between avoidance of specimen damage and speed of operation has been developed for use with CO2 as the transitional fluid. Bomb heating is automated and controlled electronically, and manual venting of the gaseous CO2 is monitored using a gas flow meter.", "contents": "Critical point drying for scanning electron microscopy: a semi-automatic method of preparing biological specimens. Slow, controlled, rates of critical point bomb heating and of gas venting have been shown to improve the preservation of biological specimens in critical point drying. A procedure that represents a balance between avoidance of specimen damage and speed of operation has been developed for use with CO2 as the transitional fluid. Bomb heating is automated and controlled electronically, and manual venting of the gaseous CO2 is monitored using a gas flow meter."}
{"id": "PMID:361960", "title": "Extraction of glycoproteins during tissue preparation for electron microscopy.", "content": "The extraction of glycoproteins labelled with 3H or 14C precursors: fucose and glucosamine, has been compared during processing of rat liver for transmission electron microscopy. Using 14C labelled fucose, approximately 6% of labelled macromolecules were extracted during processing including 3% during glutaraldehyde fixation, 1% during post-fixation and 2% during dehydration. Greater extraction (8%) occurs with glucosamine as a precursor, which may be attributed to hydrolysis of the more labile sialic acid residues of the glycoprotein molecules. Tritium labelled glycoproteins were more susceptible to extraction than 14C-labelled glycoproteins. The extraction of 3H-labelled glycoproteins as measured by liquid scintillation counting may prove difficult to interpret owing to the quenching from processing solutions.", "contents": "Extraction of glycoproteins during tissue preparation for electron microscopy. The extraction of glycoproteins labelled with 3H or 14C precursors: fucose and glucosamine, has been compared during processing of rat liver for transmission electron microscopy. Using 14C labelled fucose, approximately 6% of labelled macromolecules were extracted during processing including 3% during glutaraldehyde fixation, 1% during post-fixation and 2% during dehydration. Greater extraction (8%) occurs with glucosamine as a precursor, which may be attributed to hydrolysis of the more labile sialic acid residues of the glycoprotein molecules. Tritium labelled glycoproteins were more susceptible to extraction than 14C-labelled glycoproteins. The extraction of 3H-labelled glycoproteins as measured by liquid scintillation counting may prove difficult to interpret owing to the quenching from processing solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:361961", "title": "A simple method for maintaining relative positions of separate tissue elements during processing for electron microscopy.", "content": "Molten (328 K) 20% gelatin is used as a 'glue' to hold together separate tissue elements or tissue elements that may be separated when cutting small blocks of tissue for plastic embedding. Standard aldehyde and osmium fixation, dehydration and epoxy embedding are compatible with this as is semi-thin sectioning for light microscopy or thin sectioning for electron microscopy.", "contents": "A simple method for maintaining relative positions of separate tissue elements during processing for electron microscopy. Molten (328 K) 20% gelatin is used as a 'glue' to hold together separate tissue elements or tissue elements that may be separated when cutting small blocks of tissue for plastic embedding. Standard aldehyde and osmium fixation, dehydration and epoxy embedding are compatible with this as is semi-thin sectioning for light microscopy or thin sectioning for electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:361962", "title": "Estimation of the mean caliper diameter of cell nuclei. I. Serial section reconstriction method and endothelial nuclei from human lung.", "content": "In morphometric studies of lung tissue, accurate determination of the total number of any specific type of cell, such as the endothelial cell, requires knowledge of the shape of the cell nucleus. This knowledge of shape is necessary to calculate the mean caliper diameter, which, in turn, is an indispensible element of the equation for the number of nuclei (therefore cells) per unit volume (NV). Nine human hung endothelial cell nuclei were therfore reconstructed in dental wax from serial sections and were found to be pleomorphic triaxial ellipsoids. Five of these approached an oblate shape. The axes of these nine nuclear models were directly measured and a computer program using numerical integration was written to determine the mean caliper diameters of these ellipsoids. The estimated mean semi-axes of the nine nuclei were (+/-SD) 5.98+/-1.61, 3.61+/-0.70, 1.36+/-0.34; and the estimated overall mean caliper diameter for the total population of human lung endothelial nuclei was 7.97+/-1.27 micrometers.", "contents": "Estimation of the mean caliper diameter of cell nuclei. I. Serial section reconstriction method and endothelial nuclei from human lung. In morphometric studies of lung tissue, accurate determination of the total number of any specific type of cell, such as the endothelial cell, requires knowledge of the shape of the cell nucleus. This knowledge of shape is necessary to calculate the mean caliper diameter, which, in turn, is an indispensible element of the equation for the number of nuclei (therefore cells) per unit volume (NV). Nine human hung endothelial cell nuclei were therfore reconstructed in dental wax from serial sections and were found to be pleomorphic triaxial ellipsoids. Five of these approached an oblate shape. The axes of these nine nuclear models were directly measured and a computer program using numerical integration was written to determine the mean caliper diameters of these ellipsoids. The estimated mean semi-axes of the nine nuclei were (+/-SD) 5.98+/-1.61, 3.61+/-0.70, 1.36+/-0.34; and the estimated overall mean caliper diameter for the total population of human lung endothelial nuclei was 7.97+/-1.27 micrometers."}
{"id": "PMID:361963", "title": "Estimation of the mean caliper diameter of cell nuclei. II. Various cell types in rat lung.", "content": "Morphometric studies of lung tissue in which the number of cell nuclei (therefore cells) are determined require the determination of the mean caliper diameter for each type of cell nucleus studied. We determined the mean caliper diameter for the five most common classes of cells found in the gas exchange portion of rat lung. This was done by serially sectioning through ten nuclei from each class of cells and then constructing wax models of the nuclei. Most of the nuclei were found to be triaxial ellipsoids and direct measurements taken from the models were used to calculate the following estimated overall mean caliper diameters (+/-SE): alveolar type I nuclei, 7.97+/-0.2 micrometers, alveolar type II nuceli, 6.77 +/-0.19 micrometers, interstitial cell nuclei, 7.64+/-0.35 micrometers, endothelial cell nuclei, 7.22+/-0.19 micrometers, and alveolar macrophage nuclei, 7.65+/-0.17 micrometers.", "contents": "Estimation of the mean caliper diameter of cell nuclei. II. Various cell types in rat lung. Morphometric studies of lung tissue in which the number of cell nuclei (therefore cells) are determined require the determination of the mean caliper diameter for each type of cell nucleus studied. We determined the mean caliper diameter for the five most common classes of cells found in the gas exchange portion of rat lung. This was done by serially sectioning through ten nuclei from each class of cells and then constructing wax models of the nuclei. Most of the nuclei were found to be triaxial ellipsoids and direct measurements taken from the models were used to calculate the following estimated overall mean caliper diameters (+/-SE): alveolar type I nuclei, 7.97+/-0.2 micrometers, alveolar type II nuceli, 6.77 +/-0.19 micrometers, interstitial cell nuclei, 7.64+/-0.35 micrometers, endothelial cell nuclei, 7.22+/-0.19 micrometers, and alveolar macrophage nuclei, 7.65+/-0.17 micrometers."}
{"id": "PMID:361964", "title": "Area changes in slices of rat brain during preparation for histology or electron microscopy.", "content": "Cerebral slices cut from rat brain, either 2-3 mm or 0.27 mm thick, were used to study the effect of embedding and freezing. Paraffin wax sections 6 micrometer thick were mounted and stained with haematoxylin and eosin or Marsland et al.'s (1954) silver stain, and their areas were examined at each step. Embedding in paraffin wax of slices 2-3 mm thick, or in Epon of slices 0.27 mm thick, caused a diminution of their areas by 20-30%. Staining of paraffin wax sections did not alter their areas. Glycerol alone at 15% concentration had no effect on the areas, but at 30% concentration they were diminished by approximately 20%. Diminution of the areas of glycerol treated slices 0.27 mm thick also occurred when they were transferred to liquid N2 or to isopentane, but the areas increased after glycerol was replaced by Freon 12. It was concluded that embedding or freezing cerebral slices caused changes in their areas, but that staining of sections after they had been embedded, sectioned and mounted did not.", "contents": "Area changes in slices of rat brain during preparation for histology or electron microscopy. Cerebral slices cut from rat brain, either 2-3 mm or 0.27 mm thick, were used to study the effect of embedding and freezing. Paraffin wax sections 6 micrometer thick were mounted and stained with haematoxylin and eosin or Marsland et al.'s (1954) silver stain, and their areas were examined at each step. Embedding in paraffin wax of slices 2-3 mm thick, or in Epon of slices 0.27 mm thick, caused a diminution of their areas by 20-30%. Staining of paraffin wax sections did not alter their areas. Glycerol alone at 15% concentration had no effect on the areas, but at 30% concentration they were diminished by approximately 20%. Diminution of the areas of glycerol treated slices 0.27 mm thick also occurred when they were transferred to liquid N2 or to isopentane, but the areas increased after glycerol was replaced by Freon 12. It was concluded that embedding or freezing cerebral slices caused changes in their areas, but that staining of sections after they had been embedded, sectioned and mounted did not."}
{"id": "PMID:361965", "title": "The use of simple image analysers in lung morphometry.", "content": "We have used several commercially available image analysers to measure the inter-alveolar wall distance on histologic sections of animal and human lungs. Inter- and intra-observer variations using these machines are small, and very similar results are obtained using different machines. The recorded result depends on the magnification used since higher resolution produces more intercepts. The plane in which the measurement is made affects the result, representing the difference in shrinkage from fixed tissue to stained slides in the horizontal and vertical planes. Machine-measured inter-alveolar wall distances are smaller than those measured by humans because of the spurious intercepts made by the image analysers. However, the measurements are highly correlated and human-measured inter-alveolar wall distances can be closely predicted from the machine-measured ones. The number of alveoli per unit volume is less well predicted from the average inter-alveolar wall distance. Image analysers may possibly play a useful role in making similar simple measurements in other organs.", "contents": "The use of simple image analysers in lung morphometry. We have used several commercially available image analysers to measure the inter-alveolar wall distance on histologic sections of animal and human lungs. Inter- and intra-observer variations using these machines are small, and very similar results are obtained using different machines. The recorded result depends on the magnification used since higher resolution produces more intercepts. The plane in which the measurement is made affects the result, representing the difference in shrinkage from fixed tissue to stained slides in the horizontal and vertical planes. Machine-measured inter-alveolar wall distances are smaller than those measured by humans because of the spurious intercepts made by the image analysers. However, the measurements are highly correlated and human-measured inter-alveolar wall distances can be closely predicted from the machine-measured ones. The number of alveoli per unit volume is less well predicted from the average inter-alveolar wall distance. Image analysers may possibly play a useful role in making similar simple measurements in other organs."}
{"id": "PMID:361966", "title": "A new microwave device for rapid thermal fixation of the murine brain.", "content": "A microwave applicator was developed to provide rapid thermal fixation of enzymes in the murine brain. Although the power output of the device is only 1.3 kW, whole-brain levels of acetyicholine after microwave fixation are comparable to those observed at a power output of 5 kW, and are markedly higher than those obtained by a conventional method (freezing) of fixation.", "contents": "A new microwave device for rapid thermal fixation of the murine brain. A microwave applicator was developed to provide rapid thermal fixation of enzymes in the murine brain. Although the power output of the device is only 1.3 kW, whole-brain levels of acetyicholine after microwave fixation are comparable to those observed at a power output of 5 kW, and are markedly higher than those obtained by a conventional method (freezing) of fixation."}
{"id": "PMID:361978", "title": "Effect of unblocking therapy and levamisole on primary gastrointestinal tumors in rats: immunologic and histologic correlation.", "content": "The effect of multimodal immunotherapy was studied in WF rats bearing primary gastrointestinal (GI) tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride. The alterations induced in antitumor immune responses of the treated rats were studied in vitro and were correlated with tumor status in vivo. Multimodal immunotherapy consisted of unblocking serum, unblocked lymphoid cells, and levamisole. Such immunologic intervention resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth, inhibition of metastases, and prolonged survival of the host. Serum blocking activity could be completely counteracted in 6 rats, all of which showed complete tumor regression. Of 20 rats, 8 showed inadequate counteraction of serum blocking activity and transient appearance of cytotoxic antibodies. All 8 rats showed marked tumor inhibition and prolonged survival. Six remaining rats succumbed from either GI or extra-GI tumors, although they survived significantly longer than untreated rats; these 6 rats had only transient counteraction of their serum blocking activity. All 20 tumors in 14 rats of the therapy group showed histologic evidence of tumor rejection. Our studies suggested that a complete counteraction of blocking activity in conjunction with methods capable of improving the specific and nonspecific immune competence of the host may be important to achieve optimal antitumor effects.", "contents": "Effect of unblocking therapy and levamisole on primary gastrointestinal tumors in rats: immunologic and histologic correlation. The effect of multimodal immunotherapy was studied in WF rats bearing primary gastrointestinal (GI) tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride. The alterations induced in antitumor immune responses of the treated rats were studied in vitro and were correlated with tumor status in vivo. Multimodal immunotherapy consisted of unblocking serum, unblocked lymphoid cells, and levamisole. Such immunologic intervention resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth, inhibition of metastases, and prolonged survival of the host. Serum blocking activity could be completely counteracted in 6 rats, all of which showed complete tumor regression. Of 20 rats, 8 showed inadequate counteraction of serum blocking activity and transient appearance of cytotoxic antibodies. All 8 rats showed marked tumor inhibition and prolonged survival. Six remaining rats succumbed from either GI or extra-GI tumors, although they survived significantly longer than untreated rats; these 6 rats had only transient counteraction of their serum blocking activity. All 20 tumors in 14 rats of the therapy group showed histologic evidence of tumor rejection. Our studies suggested that a complete counteraction of blocking activity in conjunction with methods capable of improving the specific and nonspecific immune competence of the host may be important to achieve optimal antitumor effects."}
{"id": "PMID:361982", "title": "The use of pedicled grafts of omentum in the repair of transplant-related urinary tract problems.", "content": "Urologic complications related to renal transplantation may be difficult to treat and can be serious threats to life or to function of the transplanted kidney. Successful experience with omentrum for non-transplant and transplant-related reconstructive procedures recommends its further use. Herein are reported 4 patients in whom pedicled flaps of omentum were used to treat transplant-related urologic problems.", "contents": "The use of pedicled grafts of omentum in the repair of transplant-related urinary tract problems. Urologic complications related to renal transplantation may be difficult to treat and can be serious threats to life or to function of the transplanted kidney. Successful experience with omentrum for non-transplant and transplant-related reconstructive procedures recommends its further use. Herein are reported 4 patients in whom pedicled flaps of omentum were used to treat transplant-related urologic problems."}
{"id": "PMID:361983", "title": "Autosuture ileal conduit construction: experience in 110 cases.", "content": "Our experience with 110 cases of ileal conduit construction with autosuture stapling devices is discussed. The technique is described briefly and the results are compared to results with ileal conduits constructed with the conventional suture technique. Analysis of our data revealed a significant reduction in operating time and postoperative morbidity.", "contents": "Autosuture ileal conduit construction: experience in 110 cases. Our experience with 110 cases of ileal conduit construction with autosuture stapling devices is discussed. The technique is described briefly and the results are compared to results with ileal conduits constructed with the conventional suture technique. Analysis of our data revealed a significant reduction in operating time and postoperative morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:361988", "title": "Prazosin and clonidine for moderately severe hypertension.", "content": "In a single-blind comparative study of the cases of 30 moderately hypertensive patients, clonidine hydrochloride and prazosin hydrochloride had similar effectiveness in lowering blood pressure. Neither agent had significant effects on the renin-aldosterone axis. Addition of polythiazide to prazosin and chlorthalidone to clonidine notably increased the antihypertensive effect of both drugs. Serum cholesterol levels were observed to decrease when prazosin and clonidine were given and to rise when the diuretics were added to the regimen. The patients treated with clonidine were troubled by side effects, particularly drowsiness and dry mouth. Prazosin was better tolerated, with side effects tending to diminish with time. The \"first-dose\" effect was seen in two patients given prazosin, but it did not limit treatment. Both diuretics induced notable hypokalemia.", "contents": "Prazosin and clonidine for moderately severe hypertension. In a single-blind comparative study of the cases of 30 moderately hypertensive patients, clonidine hydrochloride and prazosin hydrochloride had similar effectiveness in lowering blood pressure. Neither agent had significant effects on the renin-aldosterone axis. Addition of polythiazide to prazosin and chlorthalidone to clonidine notably increased the antihypertensive effect of both drugs. Serum cholesterol levels were observed to decrease when prazosin and clonidine were given and to rise when the diuretics were added to the regimen. The patients treated with clonidine were troubled by side effects, particularly drowsiness and dry mouth. Prazosin was better tolerated, with side effects tending to diminish with time. The \"first-dose\" effect was seen in two patients given prazosin, but it did not limit treatment. Both diuretics induced notable hypokalemia."}
{"id": "PMID:362022", "title": "Chorio-meningo-encephalitis due to Listeria monocytogenes after renal transplantation.", "content": "A 35-year-old man, who underwent renal transplantation, died of meningo-encephalitis with symptoms of meningitis for only 8 days. The autopsy revealed marked chorio-meningo-encephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes. This report on listeriosis in renal transplant patients is the second in our country, where adult cases of listeriosis are rare. Recent knowledge about listeriosis in renal transplants is reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Chorio-meningo-encephalitis due to Listeria monocytogenes after renal transplantation. A 35-year-old man, who underwent renal transplantation, died of meningo-encephalitis with symptoms of meningitis for only 8 days. The autopsy revealed marked chorio-meningo-encephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes. This report on listeriosis in renal transplant patients is the second in our country, where adult cases of listeriosis are rare. Recent knowledge about listeriosis in renal transplants is reviewed and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362023", "title": "Gangliosides and thermal adaptation in vertebrates.", "content": "Gangliosides, which are highly enriched in synaptic membranes, show great differences in concentration and pattern constellation as well during early ontogenetical development as on interspecies level in vertebrates. As, up to now, there is no reasonable explanation for these findings, and as it is assumed the synapse to be the primary site of thermal adaptation, the attempt was made to investigate whether there are any correlations between brain gangliosides and the thermal adaptation phenomenon. 1. While in the brains of adult homeothermic vertebrates (with thermo-regulation: mammals, birds) the di-sialoganglioside GD1a predominates, in the brain of poikilotherms (without thermo-regulation: e.g. amphibia, teleost fishes) more polar polysialogangliosides are present. 2. In homeotherms during their early perinatal phase (heterothermic phase: thermor-regulation being not yet developed) a temporary poly-sialisation of brain-gangliosides occurs. 3. In poikilotherms, during the process of thermal adaptation to lowered environmental temperatures, a poly-sialisation of brain gangliosides can be observed, as well during the phase of acclimatization (adaptation to seasonal changes in temperature) as also to acclimation (experimentally induced changes in the environmental temperature). 4. The phenomenon of poly-sialisation of brain gangliosides during adaptation to lowered environmental temperatures can be correlated with changes in some behavioral (e.g. motorical activity) and electrophysiological parameters. 5. On the background of a general hypothesis on the involvement of gangliosides in the process of transmission [23, 24], a functional model on the participation of gangliosides in the process of thermal adaptation is discussed with special regard to the formation of Ca++-ganglioside-complexes, which are highly sensitive to temperature changes.", "contents": "Gangliosides and thermal adaptation in vertebrates. Gangliosides, which are highly enriched in synaptic membranes, show great differences in concentration and pattern constellation as well during early ontogenetical development as on interspecies level in vertebrates. As, up to now, there is no reasonable explanation for these findings, and as it is assumed the synapse to be the primary site of thermal adaptation, the attempt was made to investigate whether there are any correlations between brain gangliosides and the thermal adaptation phenomenon. 1. While in the brains of adult homeothermic vertebrates (with thermo-regulation: mammals, birds) the di-sialoganglioside GD1a predominates, in the brain of poikilotherms (without thermo-regulation: e.g. amphibia, teleost fishes) more polar polysialogangliosides are present. 2. In homeotherms during their early perinatal phase (heterothermic phase: thermor-regulation being not yet developed) a temporary poly-sialisation of brain-gangliosides occurs. 3. In poikilotherms, during the process of thermal adaptation to lowered environmental temperatures, a poly-sialisation of brain gangliosides can be observed, as well during the phase of acclimatization (adaptation to seasonal changes in temperature) as also to acclimation (experimentally induced changes in the environmental temperature). 4. The phenomenon of poly-sialisation of brain gangliosides during adaptation to lowered environmental temperatures can be correlated with changes in some behavioral (e.g. motorical activity) and electrophysiological parameters. 5. On the background of a general hypothesis on the involvement of gangliosides in the process of transmission [23, 24], a functional model on the participation of gangliosides in the process of thermal adaptation is discussed with special regard to the formation of Ca++-ganglioside-complexes, which are highly sensitive to temperature changes."}
{"id": "PMID:362025", "title": "Mode of immunopotentiating action of BCG: persistence and spread of BCG infection.", "content": "The mode of action of BCG, strain Japan was investigated using the immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as an indicator system. When SRBC were injected into the BCG-primed foot pad, the direct plaque forming cells (PFC) and the effector cells responsible for delayed type hypersensitivity (PTH) were produced in various lymphoid organs widely distributed. Furthermore, bacterial counts in the draining popliteal lymph node and the spleen in the mice inoculated with BCG into the hind foot pad suggested that a local infection with BCG has spread to a generalized systemic infection of lymphoid tissues with time. Enhancement of DTH response to SRBC was induced when the mice previously infected with BCG were inmunized with SRBC mixed with purified protein derivative (PPD). These findings suggested that nonspecific augmentation of immune response with BCG was due to a generalized systemic activation of lymphoid system by BCG infection and the long lasting effect of immunopotentiation with BCG was due to persisting BCG infection in the lymphoid tissues.", "contents": "Mode of immunopotentiating action of BCG: persistence and spread of BCG infection. The mode of action of BCG, strain Japan was investigated using the immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as an indicator system. When SRBC were injected into the BCG-primed foot pad, the direct plaque forming cells (PFC) and the effector cells responsible for delayed type hypersensitivity (PTH) were produced in various lymphoid organs widely distributed. Furthermore, bacterial counts in the draining popliteal lymph node and the spleen in the mice inoculated with BCG into the hind foot pad suggested that a local infection with BCG has spread to a generalized systemic infection of lymphoid tissues with time. Enhancement of DTH response to SRBC was induced when the mice previously infected with BCG were inmunized with SRBC mixed with purified protein derivative (PPD). These findings suggested that nonspecific augmentation of immune response with BCG was due to a generalized systemic activation of lymphoid system by BCG infection and the long lasting effect of immunopotentiation with BCG was due to persisting BCG infection in the lymphoid tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:362026", "title": "Experimental Pseudomonas infection in mice: acquired resistance against Pseudomonas septicemia and altered susceptibility in BCG infected mice.", "content": "Pseudomonas septicemia in mice caused the early death in the first three days of infection without any localized lesions. Localized lesions such as abscess are observed in the kidney and liver after the third day of infection. The early death increased in the BCG infected mice showing an increased level of macrophage activation. It seemed that such early death is due to endotoxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, the BCG infected mice showing an enhanced antibody formation were more resistant to pseudomonas septicemia. Immune serum protected such death, but immune spleen cells did not. Furthermore immune serum also protected the increased death in BCG infected mice.", "contents": "Experimental Pseudomonas infection in mice: acquired resistance against Pseudomonas septicemia and altered susceptibility in BCG infected mice. Pseudomonas septicemia in mice caused the early death in the first three days of infection without any localized lesions. Localized lesions such as abscess are observed in the kidney and liver after the third day of infection. The early death increased in the BCG infected mice showing an increased level of macrophage activation. It seemed that such early death is due to endotoxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, the BCG infected mice showing an enhanced antibody formation were more resistant to pseudomonas septicemia. Immune serum protected such death, but immune spleen cells did not. Furthermore immune serum also protected the increased death in BCG infected mice."}
{"id": "PMID:362028", "title": "Drug resistance of Escherichia coli isolated in Nepal.", "content": "We collected Escherichia coli strains from 59 Nepalese porters in 1971 and surveyed for their drug resistance. Drug-resistant E. coli strains were isolated from four porters. (TC. CM. SM. SA. APC.)-resistant strains were isolated from two porters and SA- or APC-resistant strains were isolated from each of the others. The R factors were demonstrated from the multiple-resistant E. coli strains.", "contents": "Drug resistance of Escherichia coli isolated in Nepal. We collected Escherichia coli strains from 59 Nepalese porters in 1971 and surveyed for their drug resistance. Drug-resistant E. coli strains were isolated from four porters. (TC. CM. SM. SA. APC.)-resistant strains were isolated from two porters and SA- or APC-resistant strains were isolated from each of the others. The R factors were demonstrated from the multiple-resistant E. coli strains."}
{"id": "PMID:362033", "title": "[Method of surgical treatment of aneurysms of the peripheral vessels].", "content": "The author advocates active surgical tactics in aneurysm both in the stage of pulsatile hematoma and in immature aneurysm since only operation may prevent the development of such complications as hemorrhage, suppuration of the aneurysm, thrombosis of a major vessel, bacterial endarteritis, and bacterial endocarditis. The development of specialized medical service makes it possible to conduct a skilled operation, which greatly reduces the term of the patient's disability.", "contents": "[Method of surgical treatment of aneurysms of the peripheral vessels]. The author advocates active surgical tactics in aneurysm both in the stage of pulsatile hematoma and in immature aneurysm since only operation may prevent the development of such complications as hemorrhage, suppuration of the aneurysm, thrombosis of a major vessel, bacterial endarteritis, and bacterial endocarditis. The development of specialized medical service makes it possible to conduct a skilled operation, which greatly reduces the term of the patient's disability."}
{"id": "PMID:362034", "title": "Analgesic nephropathy: etiology, clinical syndrome, and clinicopathologic correlations in Australia.", "content": "Analgesic abuse is a major public health hazard in Australia, and analgesic nephropathy with consequent terminal renal failure is the underlying cause in 20% of the patients requiring dialysis and transplantation. Analgesics are invariably taken in the form of compounds and mixtures. In the aspirin-phenacetin-caffeine (APC) mixture, aspirin appears to be the major nephrotoxic agent and phenacetin appears to play a secondary and synergistic role. The renal disease associated with abuse of analgesics is characteristic and is part of a much wider clinical syndrome, the analgesic syndrome, which includes peptic ulcer disease (35%), anemia (60 to 90%), hypertension (15 to 70%), ischemic heart disease (35%), psychological and psychiatric manifestations, pigmentation, and possible gonadal- and pregnancy-related effects. The primary lesion in analgesic nephropathy is renal papillary necrosis (RPN), and this is a nephrotoxic effect common to all nonsteroid antiinflammatory agents. The most important factor in the management of patients with analgesic nephropathy is the cessation of analgesic abuse, and this leads to improvement and stabilization of renal function. A small proportion of patients will, however, deteriorate in relation to accelerated hypertension, persistent proteinuria, ischemic heart disease, and complications leading to nephrectomy. Patients with analgesic nephropathy are poor risk patients and have a poor prognosis, even after dialysis and transplantation.", "contents": "Analgesic nephropathy: etiology, clinical syndrome, and clinicopathologic correlations in Australia. Analgesic abuse is a major public health hazard in Australia, and analgesic nephropathy with consequent terminal renal failure is the underlying cause in 20% of the patients requiring dialysis and transplantation. Analgesics are invariably taken in the form of compounds and mixtures. In the aspirin-phenacetin-caffeine (APC) mixture, aspirin appears to be the major nephrotoxic agent and phenacetin appears to play a secondary and synergistic role. The renal disease associated with abuse of analgesics is characteristic and is part of a much wider clinical syndrome, the analgesic syndrome, which includes peptic ulcer disease (35%), anemia (60 to 90%), hypertension (15 to 70%), ischemic heart disease (35%), psychological and psychiatric manifestations, pigmentation, and possible gonadal- and pregnancy-related effects. The primary lesion in analgesic nephropathy is renal papillary necrosis (RPN), and this is a nephrotoxic effect common to all nonsteroid antiinflammatory agents. The most important factor in the management of patients with analgesic nephropathy is the cessation of analgesic abuse, and this leads to improvement and stabilization of renal function. A small proportion of patients will, however, deteriorate in relation to accelerated hypertension, persistent proteinuria, ischemic heart disease, and complications leading to nephrectomy. Patients with analgesic nephropathy are poor risk patients and have a poor prognosis, even after dialysis and transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:362035", "title": "Shape of cells and intercellular channels in rabbit thick ascending limb of Henle.", "content": "Electron micrographs of cortical thick ascending limb of Henle (TALH) were studied using morphometric techniques. The apical cell surface and the tubule basement membrane have identical areas of 0.8 x 10(5) mu2/mm of tubule length in a typical tubule (I.D. = 15 mu, O.D. = 25 mu). The total area of lateral cell walls bordering intercellular channels in 7.9 x 10(5) mu2/mm of typical tubule, and the ratio of apical cell surface to lateral surface in 0.10 +/- 0.01. When the photographed tubule mass was divided into five concentric zones of equal thickness, the lateral wall areas per zone were found to increase more rapidly than exponential, from 0.63 x 10(5) mu2/mm in that zone nearest the lumen to 3.6 c 10(5) mu2/mm in that zone adjacent to basement membrane. From these data and the estimated number of cells per mm of tubule length (764 cells), the circumferences of individual cells could be calculated for each zone, and quantative three-dimensional cell model could be constructed. The shape of intercellular channels is similar to that of the space between concentric, truncated, and plated horns. TALH cells are compared to previously described cells of rabbit proximal convoluted and straight tubules.", "contents": "Shape of cells and intercellular channels in rabbit thick ascending limb of Henle. Electron micrographs of cortical thick ascending limb of Henle (TALH) were studied using morphometric techniques. The apical cell surface and the tubule basement membrane have identical areas of 0.8 x 10(5) mu2/mm of tubule length in a typical tubule (I.D. = 15 mu, O.D. = 25 mu). The total area of lateral cell walls bordering intercellular channels in 7.9 x 10(5) mu2/mm of typical tubule, and the ratio of apical cell surface to lateral surface in 0.10 +/- 0.01. When the photographed tubule mass was divided into five concentric zones of equal thickness, the lateral wall areas per zone were found to increase more rapidly than exponential, from 0.63 x 10(5) mu2/mm in that zone nearest the lumen to 3.6 c 10(5) mu2/mm in that zone adjacent to basement membrane. From these data and the estimated number of cells per mm of tubule length (764 cells), the circumferences of individual cells could be calculated for each zone, and quantative three-dimensional cell model could be constructed. The shape of intercellular channels is similar to that of the space between concentric, truncated, and plated horns. TALH cells are compared to previously described cells of rabbit proximal convoluted and straight tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:362036", "title": "Histology of human tubulo-interstitial nephritis associated with antibodies to renal basement membranes.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with diffuse \"crescentic\" glomerulonephritis (CSGN) were identified in 1,174 renal biopsies from nephritic patients. Patients were assigned to three groups on the basis of the immunofluorescent study of renal biopsy specimens and serologic findings. Group I included eight patients with antibodies to glomerular (anti-GBM) and tubular (anti-TBM) basement membranes; group II had eight patients with only anti-GBM antibodies; and group III had eleven patients with CSGN unassociated with antibodies to either GBM or TBM. Patients with anti-GBM/anti-TBM antibodies (group I) had severe tubulointerstitial (TI) nephritis, as characterized by the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages along the TBM and peritubular vessels. In some patients, focal proliferation of epithelial cells of proximal convoluted tubules (PCT), gaps or extensive destruction of TBM, lesions in the walls of small peritubular vessels, and interstitial giant cells were also observed. Patients with anti-GBM antibodies (group II) had mild to moderate interstitial cellular infiltration and mild tubular changes. Five patients with CSGN not associated with antibodies to renal basement membranes (group III) had mild to moderate interstitial cellular infiltration and tubular changes. A sixth patient, with Wegener's disease had severe granulomatous TI lesions. The results of this study show that TI nephritis is most frequent and severe with anti-TBM antibodies are demonstrable and suggest that anti-TBM antibodies contribute to the development of TI lesions.", "contents": "Histology of human tubulo-interstitial nephritis associated with antibodies to renal basement membranes. Twenty-seven patients with diffuse \"crescentic\" glomerulonephritis (CSGN) were identified in 1,174 renal biopsies from nephritic patients. Patients were assigned to three groups on the basis of the immunofluorescent study of renal biopsy specimens and serologic findings. Group I included eight patients with antibodies to glomerular (anti-GBM) and tubular (anti-TBM) basement membranes; group II had eight patients with only anti-GBM antibodies; and group III had eleven patients with CSGN unassociated with antibodies to either GBM or TBM. Patients with anti-GBM/anti-TBM antibodies (group I) had severe tubulointerstitial (TI) nephritis, as characterized by the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages along the TBM and peritubular vessels. In some patients, focal proliferation of epithelial cells of proximal convoluted tubules (PCT), gaps or extensive destruction of TBM, lesions in the walls of small peritubular vessels, and interstitial giant cells were also observed. Patients with anti-GBM antibodies (group II) had mild to moderate interstitial cellular infiltration and mild tubular changes. Five patients with CSGN not associated with antibodies to renal basement membranes (group III) had mild to moderate interstitial cellular infiltration and tubular changes. A sixth patient, with Wegener's disease had severe granulomatous TI lesions. The results of this study show that TI nephritis is most frequent and severe with anti-TBM antibodies are demonstrable and suggest that anti-TBM antibodies contribute to the development of TI lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:362037", "title": "Goodpasture's syndrome: an analysis of 29 cases.", "content": "The pathologic features of 29 cases of Goodpasture's syndrome occurring during a 13-yr period in Auckland have been reviewed and correlated with clinical findings. There were 20 males and nine females in the series; two of the males and three of the females were Maoris. Age at the time of onset of symptoms ranged from 17 to 75 yr, with about 76% of the patients being from 17 to 27 yr of age. Sixteen (55%) of the patients died from less than a week up to about two years following the onset of symptoms, and the remaining 13 are live from 30 weeks to 14 yr after initial presentation. Underlying renal disease varied from mild focal glomerulitis to end-stage glomerulonephritis by light microscopy, but characteristic glomerular changes were seen in all specimens examined by electron and immunofluorescent microscopy. The lungs of 13 of the patients examined at autopsy showed typical abnormalities. The syndrome pursues a notably variable clinical course, affects a considerable proportion of females, occurs over a wide age range, and appears to be disporportionately common among Maoris.", "contents": "Goodpasture's syndrome: an analysis of 29 cases. The pathologic features of 29 cases of Goodpasture's syndrome occurring during a 13-yr period in Auckland have been reviewed and correlated with clinical findings. There were 20 males and nine females in the series; two of the males and three of the females were Maoris. Age at the time of onset of symptoms ranged from 17 to 75 yr, with about 76% of the patients being from 17 to 27 yr of age. Sixteen (55%) of the patients died from less than a week up to about two years following the onset of symptoms, and the remaining 13 are live from 30 weeks to 14 yr after initial presentation. Underlying renal disease varied from mild focal glomerulitis to end-stage glomerulonephritis by light microscopy, but characteristic glomerular changes were seen in all specimens examined by electron and immunofluorescent microscopy. The lungs of 13 of the patients examined at autopsy showed typical abnormalities. The syndrome pursues a notably variable clinical course, affects a considerable proportion of females, occurs over a wide age range, and appears to be disporportionately common among Maoris."}
{"id": "PMID:362038", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for urinary renal tubular antigen: a potential marker of tubular injury.", "content": "A human proximal renal tubular epithelial antigen (designated HRTE-1) was isolated and purified from a crude tubular preparation (Fx1A) by a process of salt fractionation, DEAE anion-exchange chromatography, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Utilizing 125I-HRTE-1 and a rabbit antiserum specific for the proximal tubular brush border, as determined by immunofluorescent microscopy, a radioimmunoassay by competitive protein-binding was developed. HRTE-1 was demonstrated in serum and urine and in extracts of a variety of body organs. A range of concentrations for normal random urine samples and 24-hr urine excretion rates were determined. Random urine samples from 36 patients with a variety of functional and pathologic renal disorders were assayed for the HRTE-1 antigen. Twenty-three of 24 patients with either chronic nephropathy or pre-renal azotemia had normal urinary antigen concentrations, despite wide differences in urine flow rates, the degree of existing renal function, and the amount of proteinuria. Ten of 12 patients with acute tubular necrosis, however, had statistically abnormal HRTE-1 concentrations (high in eight patients, undetectable in two). These findings suggest that HRTE-1 antigen can be detected in both normal and pathologic urines, that altered antigen concentrations can be documented in at least one renal disorder, and that quantitation of HRTE-1 in urine may have clinical value as a marker of acute rubular injury.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for urinary renal tubular antigen: a potential marker of tubular injury. A human proximal renal tubular epithelial antigen (designated HRTE-1) was isolated and purified from a crude tubular preparation (Fx1A) by a process of salt fractionation, DEAE anion-exchange chromatography, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Utilizing 125I-HRTE-1 and a rabbit antiserum specific for the proximal tubular brush border, as determined by immunofluorescent microscopy, a radioimmunoassay by competitive protein-binding was developed. HRTE-1 was demonstrated in serum and urine and in extracts of a variety of body organs. A range of concentrations for normal random urine samples and 24-hr urine excretion rates were determined. Random urine samples from 36 patients with a variety of functional and pathologic renal disorders were assayed for the HRTE-1 antigen. Twenty-three of 24 patients with either chronic nephropathy or pre-renal azotemia had normal urinary antigen concentrations, despite wide differences in urine flow rates, the degree of existing renal function, and the amount of proteinuria. Ten of 12 patients with acute tubular necrosis, however, had statistically abnormal HRTE-1 concentrations (high in eight patients, undetectable in two). These findings suggest that HRTE-1 antigen can be detected in both normal and pathologic urines, that altered antigen concentrations can be documented in at least one renal disorder, and that quantitation of HRTE-1 in urine may have clinical value as a marker of acute rubular injury."}
{"id": "PMID:362050", "title": "[Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy: problems, early diagnosis, early treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The aetiology and pathogenesis of the Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy (pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy) are still largely unknown. The possibilities of treating the disease are rather limited. Treatment is the more successful, the earlier diagnosis was possible, and the earlier treatment is initiated. The CK-Screening Test is an important aid for early diagnosis. The CK-Screening Test is also valuable for genetic consultation and advice, because it helps to identify women who are conductors or carriers of the disease. Current hypotheses on aetiology and pathogenesis are mentioned. Progress made in the fields of biochemistry, including enzyme histochemistry, and electron microscopy, raise hopes of finding more efficient therapeutic possibilities in the future. The many interests of patients with muscular diseases are being looked after by the European Alliance of Muscular Dystrophy Associations (EAMDA). Thirteen European associations are members of this organisation, including the German association \"Bek\u00e4mpfung der Muskelkrankheiten e.V.\" The number of sponsoring members of the EAMDA is at present about 300,000. 3 international congresses have already been held on the problems of muscular diseases. The fourth congress is scheduled to take place in Montreal in 1978.", "contents": "[Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy: problems, early diagnosis, early treatment (author's transl)]. The aetiology and pathogenesis of the Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy (pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy) are still largely unknown. The possibilities of treating the disease are rather limited. Treatment is the more successful, the earlier diagnosis was possible, and the earlier treatment is initiated. The CK-Screening Test is an important aid for early diagnosis. The CK-Screening Test is also valuable for genetic consultation and advice, because it helps to identify women who are conductors or carriers of the disease. Current hypotheses on aetiology and pathogenesis are mentioned. Progress made in the fields of biochemistry, including enzyme histochemistry, and electron microscopy, raise hopes of finding more efficient therapeutic possibilities in the future. The many interests of patients with muscular diseases are being looked after by the European Alliance of Muscular Dystrophy Associations (EAMDA). Thirteen European associations are members of this organisation, including the German association \"Bek\u00e4mpfung der Muskelkrankheiten e.V.\" The number of sponsoring members of the EAMDA is at present about 300,000. 3 international congresses have already been held on the problems of muscular diseases. The fourth congress is scheduled to take place in Montreal in 1978."}
{"id": "PMID:362051", "title": "[Clinical pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its biologically active metabolites (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its biologically active metabolites desmethyldiazepam and oxazepam is critically evaluated from a clinically relevant point of view. The slow elimination of diazepam is dependent on the degree of plasma protein binding, the duration of the medication, the age and the liver function of the patient. While the normal half-life (T1/2(beta)) varies between 1 and 2 days, it can be increased to up to 80--100 h in subjects over 60 years of age. In patients with liver disease T1/2(beta) is about doubled, which is caused by a reduction (factor 2) of the normal hepatic clearance of 26 ml/min. After subchronic treatment with diazepam the elimination rate is reduced about 20--70% in healthy subjects, but liver patients exhibit only a slightly further prolongation in T1/2(beta). The major metabolite desmethyldiazepam has a T1/2(beta) of 51 h and a Cl of 11 ml/min and accumulates after multiple doses of diazepam since its elimination is much slower than that of its parent compound. The elimination of this drug is also impaired (factor 2) in patients with liver disease. In contrast to these findings oxazepam is excreted as glucuronide in the urine relatively fast and independently of the liver function with a T1/2(beta) of 5.5 h and a Cl of 130 ml/min.", "contents": "[Clinical pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its biologically active metabolites (author's transl)]. The pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its biologically active metabolites desmethyldiazepam and oxazepam is critically evaluated from a clinically relevant point of view. The slow elimination of diazepam is dependent on the degree of plasma protein binding, the duration of the medication, the age and the liver function of the patient. While the normal half-life (T1/2(beta)) varies between 1 and 2 days, it can be increased to up to 80--100 h in subjects over 60 years of age. In patients with liver disease T1/2(beta) is about doubled, which is caused by a reduction (factor 2) of the normal hepatic clearance of 26 ml/min. After subchronic treatment with diazepam the elimination rate is reduced about 20--70% in healthy subjects, but liver patients exhibit only a slightly further prolongation in T1/2(beta). The major metabolite desmethyldiazepam has a T1/2(beta) of 51 h and a Cl of 11 ml/min and accumulates after multiple doses of diazepam since its elimination is much slower than that of its parent compound. The elimination of this drug is also impaired (factor 2) in patients with liver disease. In contrast to these findings oxazepam is excreted as glucuronide in the urine relatively fast and independently of the liver function with a T1/2(beta) of 5.5 h and a Cl of 130 ml/min."}
{"id": "PMID:362052", "title": "[The agar culture of the leucopoietic stem cell (CFU-C) and its stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "This review summarizes the different in vitro culture techniques of the leukopoietic stem cell. Mainly the results obtained by the system of Pluznik and Sachs and Bradley and Metcalf are described apply with semisolid agar and its modification by Iscove using methylcellulose. Furthermore, recently published modifications of culture technique are listed. The principal results obtained with mouse and human bone marrow cells are summarized with respect to the origin of the colony-stimulating factor acting in different species, its biochemical characteristics, as well as with regard to the colony forming cell and its different subclasses.", "contents": "[The agar culture of the leucopoietic stem cell (CFU-C) and its stimulation (author's transl)]. This review summarizes the different in vitro culture techniques of the leukopoietic stem cell. Mainly the results obtained by the system of Pluznik and Sachs and Bradley and Metcalf are described apply with semisolid agar and its modification by Iscove using methylcellulose. Furthermore, recently published modifications of culture technique are listed. The principal results obtained with mouse and human bone marrow cells are summarized with respect to the origin of the colony-stimulating factor acting in different species, its biochemical characteristics, as well as with regard to the colony forming cell and its different subclasses."}
{"id": "PMID:362053", "title": "[Phagocytosis--a central mechanism in inflammatory reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "It is attempted to describe the complex pathogenesis of the inflammatory reaction by analysing the mechanisms of several reactions involved. Phagocytosis is a central phenomenon of host defense mechanisms responding to an invasion of foreign bodies. The induction of secondary reactions following phagocytosis is looked at. Several pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for a switch from acute to chronic inflammation are suggested. Known principles of the autonomous regulation of cell effector functions are discussed in relation to their participation in inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "[Phagocytosis--a central mechanism in inflammatory reaction (author's transl)]. It is attempted to describe the complex pathogenesis of the inflammatory reaction by analysing the mechanisms of several reactions involved. Phagocytosis is a central phenomenon of host defense mechanisms responding to an invasion of foreign bodies. The induction of secondary reactions following phagocytosis is looked at. Several pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for a switch from acute to chronic inflammation are suggested. Known principles of the autonomous regulation of cell effector functions are discussed in relation to their participation in inflammatory reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:362054", "title": "On the terms \"reticulosis\" and \"reticulum cell sarcoma\" with regard to the modern concept of the monocyte macrophage system.", "content": "The terms \"reticulosis\" and \"reticulum cell sarcoma\" (=malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type) are discussed regarding the modern concept of the monocyte macrophage system which today has replaced the ancient theory of the reticuloendothelial system. The monocyte macrophage system which today has replaced the ancient theory of the reticuloendothelial system. The monocyte macrophage system is not independent, but closely related to the myeloid system. Thus, a third blood forming system as was believed in the case of RES does not exist. Phagocytic reticulum cells of the various henatopoietic organs are highly activated monocyte-derived macrophages. All those conditions formerly termed \"reticulosses\" have been found to belong either to the myeloid or to the lymphatic system. Considering the reticulum cell sarcomas or malignant histiocytic lymphomas, most of them seem to be of lymphatic rather than of macrophage origin, representing highgrade malignant lymphomas, possibly immunoblastic sarcomas. No relationship between these tumours and the monocyte macrophage system has been established, so far. Therefore, the terms \"reticulosis\" and \"reticulum cell sarcoma\" should be no longer used in order to avoid confusion, in order to stimulate sufficient diagnostic efforts which will really clarify such cases, and in order to give full credit to modern results of hematopathology.", "contents": "On the terms \"reticulosis\" and \"reticulum cell sarcoma\" with regard to the modern concept of the monocyte macrophage system. The terms \"reticulosis\" and \"reticulum cell sarcoma\" (=malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type) are discussed regarding the modern concept of the monocyte macrophage system which today has replaced the ancient theory of the reticuloendothelial system. The monocyte macrophage system which today has replaced the ancient theory of the reticuloendothelial system. The monocyte macrophage system is not independent, but closely related to the myeloid system. Thus, a third blood forming system as was believed in the case of RES does not exist. Phagocytic reticulum cells of the various henatopoietic organs are highly activated monocyte-derived macrophages. All those conditions formerly termed \"reticulosses\" have been found to belong either to the myeloid or to the lymphatic system. Considering the reticulum cell sarcomas or malignant histiocytic lymphomas, most of them seem to be of lymphatic rather than of macrophage origin, representing highgrade malignant lymphomas, possibly immunoblastic sarcomas. No relationship between these tumours and the monocyte macrophage system has been established, so far. Therefore, the terms \"reticulosis\" and \"reticulum cell sarcoma\" should be no longer used in order to avoid confusion, in order to stimulate sufficient diagnostic efforts which will really clarify such cases, and in order to give full credit to modern results of hematopathology."}
{"id": "PMID:362055", "title": "Thyroid disease in relation to breast cancer.", "content": "A controversy exists in regard to thyroid function and breast cancer. Hypothyroidism has been suggested as being either protective from breast cancer or predisposing to the disease. It has been hypothesized that a deficiency in circulating thyroid hormones may hypersensitize the mammary glandular epithelium toward prolactin and estrogens, thus aiding the development of breast neoplasia. On the other hand, thyroid hormone replacement therapy has been connected with an increased risk of breast cancer, but this has been contested. At this time the American Thyroid Association recommends that, if indicated, hypothyroid patients should take their thyroid hormone medication. Hyperthyroidism has been associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. Also, in hyperthyroid patients with inoperable breast cancer, the malignant growth is thought to be slowed. However, this, too has been disputed. Moreover, hyperthyroidism has been connected with the development of breast cancer in premenopausal women. At present no role of thyroid hormone in the pathobiology of breast cancer can be defined. It seems that the \"thyroid-breast cancer controversy\" can only be resolved by a prospective study preferably on postmenopausal women correlating thyroid (T3, T4, PBI), pituitary (TSH, TRH, Prolactin), and adrenocortical (androgens) function tests with the clinical examination of thyroid, breast, and genital apparatus and determination of the estrogen status (vaginal smear, plasma estrogens) as well.", "contents": "Thyroid disease in relation to breast cancer. A controversy exists in regard to thyroid function and breast cancer. Hypothyroidism has been suggested as being either protective from breast cancer or predisposing to the disease. It has been hypothesized that a deficiency in circulating thyroid hormones may hypersensitize the mammary glandular epithelium toward prolactin and estrogens, thus aiding the development of breast neoplasia. On the other hand, thyroid hormone replacement therapy has been connected with an increased risk of breast cancer, but this has been contested. At this time the American Thyroid Association recommends that, if indicated, hypothyroid patients should take their thyroid hormone medication. Hyperthyroidism has been associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. Also, in hyperthyroid patients with inoperable breast cancer, the malignant growth is thought to be slowed. However, this, too has been disputed. Moreover, hyperthyroidism has been connected with the development of breast cancer in premenopausal women. At present no role of thyroid hormone in the pathobiology of breast cancer can be defined. It seems that the \"thyroid-breast cancer controversy\" can only be resolved by a prospective study preferably on postmenopausal women correlating thyroid (T3, T4, PBI), pituitary (TSH, TRH, Prolactin), and adrenocortical (androgens) function tests with the clinical examination of thyroid, breast, and genital apparatus and determination of the estrogen status (vaginal smear, plasma estrogens) as well."}
{"id": "PMID:362066", "title": "Morphology of the early hemostasis in human skin wounds: influence of acetylsalicylic acid.", "content": "The in vivo formation of hemostatic plugs was studied in humans in skin wounds made using the template bleeding procedure of Mielke (34). The wounds were excised by punch biopsy 10 seconds, 30 seconds, 2 minutes, and 3 minutes after they were made. The wounds were V-shaped and approximately 0.4 mm. deep. Within 30 seconds small hemostatic plugs were observed at the end of transected vessels. The plugs grew in size in the subsequent minutes and became impermeable. The platelets degranulated and formed pseudopods which became strongly interdigitated. The platelets at the periphery of the plugs showed discontinuities of the membranes. Cytoplasmic matrix and cell organelles had disappeared in many of these peripheral cells. Small fibrin fibers were already found at 30 seconds, mostly along the margins of the wounds and also at the periphery of the hemostatic plugs. Fibrin was absent from the center of the plugs and from the lumen of transected vessels. When part of a plug was extending into the vessel lumen, the platelets inside the vessel were less degranulated and less interdigitated than the rest of the plug. The effect of acetysalicylic acid (ASA) was studied in wounds before and 2.5 hours after ingestion of 2 gm. of ASA. Wounds were excised by punch biopsy 3 or 10 minutes after they had been made. Platelets in ASA were less degranulated, had fewer pseudopods, and showed less interdigitation than platelets in control plugs. Ballooning and fibrin deposition were similar in control and ASA plugs. Pronounced differences between control and ASA plugs were observed in a subject who exhibited a considerably prolonged bleeding time after ASA. The ASA plugs were very large; many plugs had fused and in addition numerous small platelet clumps, most likely fragments from the plugs, were found in the superficial scab of the wound. It is postulated that ASA plugs are less stable due to decreased interdigitation. This allows more disruption of the plugs and rebleeding. Consequently, more platelets are needed and longer time is required for hemostasis to occur.", "contents": "Morphology of the early hemostasis in human skin wounds: influence of acetylsalicylic acid. The in vivo formation of hemostatic plugs was studied in humans in skin wounds made using the template bleeding procedure of Mielke (34). The wounds were excised by punch biopsy 10 seconds, 30 seconds, 2 minutes, and 3 minutes after they were made. The wounds were V-shaped and approximately 0.4 mm. deep. Within 30 seconds small hemostatic plugs were observed at the end of transected vessels. The plugs grew in size in the subsequent minutes and became impermeable. The platelets degranulated and formed pseudopods which became strongly interdigitated. The platelets at the periphery of the plugs showed discontinuities of the membranes. Cytoplasmic matrix and cell organelles had disappeared in many of these peripheral cells. Small fibrin fibers were already found at 30 seconds, mostly along the margins of the wounds and also at the periphery of the hemostatic plugs. Fibrin was absent from the center of the plugs and from the lumen of transected vessels. When part of a plug was extending into the vessel lumen, the platelets inside the vessel were less degranulated and less interdigitated than the rest of the plug. The effect of acetysalicylic acid (ASA) was studied in wounds before and 2.5 hours after ingestion of 2 gm. of ASA. Wounds were excised by punch biopsy 3 or 10 minutes after they had been made. Platelets in ASA were less degranulated, had fewer pseudopods, and showed less interdigitation than platelets in control plugs. Ballooning and fibrin deposition were similar in control and ASA plugs. Pronounced differences between control and ASA plugs were observed in a subject who exhibited a considerably prolonged bleeding time after ASA. The ASA plugs were very large; many plugs had fused and in addition numerous small platelet clumps, most likely fragments from the plugs, were found in the superficial scab of the wound. It is postulated that ASA plugs are less stable due to decreased interdigitation. This allows more disruption of the plugs and rebleeding. Consequently, more platelets are needed and longer time is required for hemostasis to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:362074", "title": "Techniques and results of ventricular aneurysmectomy with emphasis on anteroseptal repair.", "content": "We have reviewed an 8 year experience with ventricular aneurysmectomy in 170 patients. Ninety percent had anterior aneurysms and underwent \"anteroseptal repair\" with exclusion of nonfunctioning septal myocardium. Preoperative left ventriculograms and coronary arteriograms were studied and \"scored,\" and the hospital mortality and long-term survival rates for various subsets of the group were correlated with their radiographic data. A postoperative score for the coronary arteries was developed according to the preoperative anatomy and the vessels bypassed. Both the ventriculogram score and the postoperative coronary score had significant effects on both hospital mortality and long-term survival rates. The severity of preoperative coronary disease had minimal predictive value. Recent myocardial infarction did not preclude a good result. The value of an aggressive surgical approach to patients with ventricular aneurysm was confirmed even for certain subsets with indicators suggestive of poor prognosis. Anteroseptal repair appears to give optimal results for the typical \"anterior\" aneurysm. All suitable coronary arteries should be bypassed. Attention to the details of preoperative anatomy and function allows the most accurate prediction of prognosis and dictates the optimal therapeutic approach.", "contents": "Techniques and results of ventricular aneurysmectomy with emphasis on anteroseptal repair. We have reviewed an 8 year experience with ventricular aneurysmectomy in 170 patients. Ninety percent had anterior aneurysms and underwent \"anteroseptal repair\" with exclusion of nonfunctioning septal myocardium. Preoperative left ventriculograms and coronary arteriograms were studied and \"scored,\" and the hospital mortality and long-term survival rates for various subsets of the group were correlated with their radiographic data. A postoperative score for the coronary arteries was developed according to the preoperative anatomy and the vessels bypassed. Both the ventriculogram score and the postoperative coronary score had significant effects on both hospital mortality and long-term survival rates. The severity of preoperative coronary disease had minimal predictive value. Recent myocardial infarction did not preclude a good result. The value of an aggressive surgical approach to patients with ventricular aneurysm was confirmed even for certain subsets with indicators suggestive of poor prognosis. Anteroseptal repair appears to give optimal results for the typical \"anterior\" aneurysm. All suitable coronary arteries should be bypassed. Attention to the details of preoperative anatomy and function allows the most accurate prediction of prognosis and dictates the optimal therapeutic approach."}
{"id": "PMID:362075", "title": "A twenty-year analysis of the results of sleeve resection for primary bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Ninety-six patients with primary bronchogenic carcinoma were treated by lobectomy with sleeve resection of the bronchus, over a 20 year period (1958 through 1977). In 80 resections undertaken prior to 1973, a 5 year survival rate of 34 percent was realized, with an operative mortality rate of 7.5 percent. Survival at 10 and 15 years has been assessed. A review of factors influencing survival has been undertaken and the biologic behavior of these pulmonary neoplasms, modified by sleeve resection, has been outlined. Of interest is the high rate of local recurrence accounting for death within 5 years postoperatively and the late incidence in the survivors of second malignancies and other diseases of surgical interest. Sleeve resection represents a surgical alternative in selected cases of bronchogenic carcinoma in which wider resection may be hazardous, and the indications should be extended to include some lesions commonly managed by pneumonectomy.", "contents": "A twenty-year analysis of the results of sleeve resection for primary bronchogenic carcinoma. Ninety-six patients with primary bronchogenic carcinoma were treated by lobectomy with sleeve resection of the bronchus, over a 20 year period (1958 through 1977). In 80 resections undertaken prior to 1973, a 5 year survival rate of 34 percent was realized, with an operative mortality rate of 7.5 percent. Survival at 10 and 15 years has been assessed. A review of factors influencing survival has been undertaken and the biologic behavior of these pulmonary neoplasms, modified by sleeve resection, has been outlined. Of interest is the high rate of local recurrence accounting for death within 5 years postoperatively and the late incidence in the survivors of second malignancies and other diseases of surgical interest. Sleeve resection represents a surgical alternative in selected cases of bronchogenic carcinoma in which wider resection may be hazardous, and the indications should be extended to include some lesions commonly managed by pneumonectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:362076", "title": "Lung transplantation. Hypothermic storage for 24 hours in a colloid hyperosmolar solution.", "content": "We studied the effects of a colloid hypersomolar solution in perservation of lungs for transplantation in dogs. Fresh allografts were compared to lungs stored (4 to 7 degrees C), in Ringer's lactate for 3 hours and in modified silica gel function (MSGF) for 8, 16, and 24 hours before transplantation. Lungs preserved in Ringer's lactate for 3 hours were significantly damaged, and there were no long-term survivors in recipient dogs (1.2 +/- 0.4) (mean +/- S.E.). In contrast, the recipients of lungs preserved in MSGF for periods of up to 24 hours stored MSGF grafts = 10.5 +/- 3.1 days, survival, mean +/- S.E. Fresh Ringer's lactate grafts = 8.5 +/- 2.3 days, mean +/- S.E.; Fresh MSGF grafts = 13.6 +/- 3.8 days, mean +/- S.E.). Arterial blood gas measurements and chest roentgenograms were good methods of assessting the condition of preserved lung allografts. No significant differences were observed between the fresh and MSGF-preserved grafts. Pneumonia and rejection were the most frequent causes of death for both the fresh and MSGF-preserved allograft recipients. We demonstrate that a calloid hyperosmolar solution (MGSF) is a good method for 24 hours hypothermic storage of lung allografts for transplantation.", "contents": "Lung transplantation. Hypothermic storage for 24 hours in a colloid hyperosmolar solution. We studied the effects of a colloid hypersomolar solution in perservation of lungs for transplantation in dogs. Fresh allografts were compared to lungs stored (4 to 7 degrees C), in Ringer's lactate for 3 hours and in modified silica gel function (MSGF) for 8, 16, and 24 hours before transplantation. Lungs preserved in Ringer's lactate for 3 hours were significantly damaged, and there were no long-term survivors in recipient dogs (1.2 +/- 0.4) (mean +/- S.E.). In contrast, the recipients of lungs preserved in MSGF for periods of up to 24 hours stored MSGF grafts = 10.5 +/- 3.1 days, survival, mean +/- S.E. Fresh Ringer's lactate grafts = 8.5 +/- 2.3 days, mean +/- S.E.; Fresh MSGF grafts = 13.6 +/- 3.8 days, mean +/- S.E.). Arterial blood gas measurements and chest roentgenograms were good methods of assessting the condition of preserved lung allografts. No significant differences were observed between the fresh and MSGF-preserved grafts. Pneumonia and rejection were the most frequent causes of death for both the fresh and MSGF-preserved allograft recipients. We demonstrate that a calloid hyperosmolar solution (MGSF) is a good method for 24 hours hypothermic storage of lung allografts for transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:362079", "title": "Guidelines for the management of transient ischemic attacks.", "content": "On the basis of a review of the literature on anticoagulant, antiplatelet, and surgical treatment, supplemented by our personal experience, we have developed guidelines for the management of patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA). 1. The majority of patients with vertebral-basilar TIA are treated medically. 2. If a skilled surgeon and an experienced angiographer are available, patients with typical carotid TIA who are suitable medical risks should have angiography followed by carotid endarterectomy if an appropriate lesion is found. 3. Nonoperated patients with TIA of less than 2 months' duration are treated with 3 months of warfarin therapy (unless contraindicated) before treatment with aspirin is begun. 4. Nonoperated patients with continuing TIA of 2 or more months' duration are treated with aspirin unless there has been a recent increase in the frequency, duration, or severity of TIA. Under these circumstances, warfarin therapy is advised for 3 months before aspirin is started. Aspirin therapy should be continued until the patient has been free of TIA for 1 year. 5. No treatment is advised for nonoperated patients whose last episode of TIA was longer than 12 months ago.", "contents": "Guidelines for the management of transient ischemic attacks. On the basis of a review of the literature on anticoagulant, antiplatelet, and surgical treatment, supplemented by our personal experience, we have developed guidelines for the management of patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA). 1. The majority of patients with vertebral-basilar TIA are treated medically. 2. If a skilled surgeon and an experienced angiographer are available, patients with typical carotid TIA who are suitable medical risks should have angiography followed by carotid endarterectomy if an appropriate lesion is found. 3. Nonoperated patients with TIA of less than 2 months' duration are treated with 3 months of warfarin therapy (unless contraindicated) before treatment with aspirin is begun. 4. Nonoperated patients with continuing TIA of 2 or more months' duration are treated with aspirin unless there has been a recent increase in the frequency, duration, or severity of TIA. Under these circumstances, warfarin therapy is advised for 3 months before aspirin is started. Aspirin therapy should be continued until the patient has been free of TIA for 1 year. 5. No treatment is advised for nonoperated patients whose last episode of TIA was longer than 12 months ago."}
{"id": "PMID:362081", "title": "Some aspects of maternal behaviour in mammals.", "content": "Lactation is the one common factor in the behaviour patterns of maternal care in mammals. A series of behaviour patterns is elicited by the different stages of the developing young and these are related to the way of life of the animals concerned. Infants which are born naked, blind and helpless elicit retrieving and nest building and are cleaned and cared for by the female. Older animals or those born with fur, but with poor locomotion, are still carried and cleaned. When the young can move well other behaviour patterns which keep the young and mother together are important, so signals for communication and recognition of individuals develop. At the end of lactation various behaviour patterns bring about weaning. Sometimes this is the result of dispersal by the young, and sometimes the young are actively rejected or deliberately abandoned. Several examples of maternal behaviour are given in relation to the classes of mammals and some related problems are discussed.", "contents": "Some aspects of maternal behaviour in mammals. Lactation is the one common factor in the behaviour patterns of maternal care in mammals. A series of behaviour patterns is elicited by the different stages of the developing young and these are related to the way of life of the animals concerned. Infants which are born naked, blind and helpless elicit retrieving and nest building and are cleaned and cared for by the female. Older animals or those born with fur, but with poor locomotion, are still carried and cleaned. When the young can move well other behaviour patterns which keep the young and mother together are important, so signals for communication and recognition of individuals develop. At the end of lactation various behaviour patterns bring about weaning. Sometimes this is the result of dispersal by the young, and sometimes the young are actively rejected or deliberately abandoned. Several examples of maternal behaviour are given in relation to the classes of mammals and some related problems are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362082", "title": "Studies of process--outcome correlations in medical care evaluations: a critique.", "content": "The validity of process evaluations of medical care has been challenged by a number of studies which purport to show that process and outcome measures are unrelated. However, each of the studies had numerous methodological flaws which biased their results against finding a relationship: either their outcome measures had questionable validity, their research designs were inappropriate, or the statistical analyses were poorly conceived. Better studies have found significant, although modest, correlations between process and outcome measures. Since the  validity of outcome measures has never been determined, there is little reason at present for believing that outcome measures are more valid than process measures.", "contents": "Studies of process--outcome correlations in medical care evaluations: a critique. The validity of process evaluations of medical care has been challenged by a number of studies which purport to show that process and outcome measures are unrelated. However, each of the studies had numerous methodological flaws which biased their results against finding a relationship: either their outcome measures had questionable validity, their research designs were inappropriate, or the statistical analyses were poorly conceived. Better studies have found significant, although modest, correlations between process and outcome measures. Since the  validity of outcome measures has never been determined, there is little reason at present for believing that outcome measures are more valid than process measures."}
{"id": "PMID:362083", "title": "Reliability of information abstracted from patients' medical records.", "content": "Two recent studies by the Institute of Medicine on the reliability of hospital discharge data abstracted from patients' medical records raise serious questions about the adequacy of information on diagnoses and procedures. The findings are particularly timely, since increasingly important decisions about the content of medical care and levels of reimbursement may be based on such information. A series of recommendations are offered to guide the use and improvement of abstracted medical record information.", "contents": "Reliability of information abstracted from patients' medical records. Two recent studies by the Institute of Medicine on the reliability of hospital discharge data abstracted from patients' medical records raise serious questions about the adequacy of information on diagnoses and procedures. The findings are particularly timely, since increasingly important decisions about the content of medical care and levels of reimbursement may be based on such information. A series of recommendations are offered to guide the use and improvement of abstracted medical record information."}
{"id": "PMID:362094", "title": "The Frey syndrome: a review and double blind evaluation of the topical use of a new anticholinergic agent.", "content": "The symptom complex of localized facial gustatory sweating and flushing during mastication (The Frey syndrome) is a common sequela of parotidectomy with facial nerve dissection. A thorough review of the literature concerning the Frey syndrome is reported. The procedure of tympanic neurectomy has received special emphasis with a review of 73 cases of tympanic neurectomy. The treatment modalities available, if tympanic neurectomy fails, are discussed. Important guidelines for the safe use of topical therapy to control gustatory sweating are presented as an alternative to surgical therapy. The author studied 129 post parotidectomy patients in whom 60% noted symptomatic gustatory sweating, and approximately one-fourth fo these symptomatic patients requested topical anticholinergic therapy, with one patient electing tympanic neurectomy. The only form of medical treatment presently available utilizes the topical application of scopolamine, a drug having potentially significant central nervous system side effects if systemically absorbed. In an effort to find an effective drug for topical application with a more favorable therapeutic index than scopolamine, glycopyrrolate was investigated. Glycopyrrolate was compared in varying concentrations to topical scopolamine in a personally conducted double blind clinical trial involving 16 patients. Initial results of this investigation suggest that topical glycopyrrolate in concentrations 0f 0.5% and 1.0% provide complete effective control of gustatory sweating for at least several days duration after a single application. There have been no significant side effects with the use of topical glycopyrrolate to date. Commercial topical antiperspirants were also investigated and found to be of limited benefit.", "contents": "The Frey syndrome: a review and double blind evaluation of the topical use of a new anticholinergic agent. The symptom complex of localized facial gustatory sweating and flushing during mastication (The Frey syndrome) is a common sequela of parotidectomy with facial nerve dissection. A thorough review of the literature concerning the Frey syndrome is reported. The procedure of tympanic neurectomy has received special emphasis with a review of 73 cases of tympanic neurectomy. The treatment modalities available, if tympanic neurectomy fails, are discussed. Important guidelines for the safe use of topical therapy to control gustatory sweating are presented as an alternative to surgical therapy. The author studied 129 post parotidectomy patients in whom 60% noted symptomatic gustatory sweating, and approximately one-fourth fo these symptomatic patients requested topical anticholinergic therapy, with one patient electing tympanic neurectomy. The only form of medical treatment presently available utilizes the topical application of scopolamine, a drug having potentially significant central nervous system side effects if systemically absorbed. In an effort to find an effective drug for topical application with a more favorable therapeutic index than scopolamine, glycopyrrolate was investigated. Glycopyrrolate was compared in varying concentrations to topical scopolamine in a personally conducted double blind clinical trial involving 16 patients. Initial results of this investigation suggest that topical glycopyrrolate in concentrations 0f 0.5% and 1.0% provide complete effective control of gustatory sweating for at least several days duration after a single application. There have been no significant side effects with the use of topical glycopyrrolate to date. Commercial topical antiperspirants were also investigated and found to be of limited benefit."}
{"id": "PMID:362105", "title": "Alkaloid N-oxides. A review of recent developments.", "content": "The preparation, characterization and chemistry of alkaloid N-oxides is reviewed. Because the literature on amine N-oxides is more extensive for animals than for plants, a brief resum\u00e9 of the pharmacology, metabolism, and toxicity of N-oxides is given. Some 64 naturally occuring N-oxides representing pyrrolidine-piperidine-, pyrrolizidine-, quinolizidine-, tropane-, isoquinoline-, morphinane-, indole- and miscellaneous-type alkaloids are reviewed. These alkaloid N-oxides are additional to and, in the main, have been isolated since those described in a 1971 review. The earlier review dealt with some 56 naturally occurring N-oxides which represented mainly pyrrolizidine and indole types. The role of N-oxides in plants is discussed.", "contents": "Alkaloid N-oxides. A review of recent developments. The preparation, characterization and chemistry of alkaloid N-oxides is reviewed. Because the literature on amine N-oxides is more extensive for animals than for plants, a brief resum\u00e9 of the pharmacology, metabolism, and toxicity of N-oxides is given. Some 64 naturally occuring N-oxides representing pyrrolidine-piperidine-, pyrrolizidine-, quinolizidine-, tropane-, isoquinoline-, morphinane-, indole- and miscellaneous-type alkaloids are reviewed. These alkaloid N-oxides are additional to and, in the main, have been isolated since those described in a 1971 review. The earlier review dealt with some 56 naturally occurring N-oxides which represented mainly pyrrolizidine and indole types. The role of N-oxides in plants is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362106", "title": "Shikimic acid and quinic acid are not mutagenic in the Ames assay.", "content": "Shikimic acid, reported to cause tumors in mice, and its close structural analog, quinic acid, both ubiquitous constituents of higher plants, were found not be be mutagenic in the Ames assay when tested with and without the rat liver microsomal activation system.", "contents": "Shikimic acid and quinic acid are not mutagenic in the Ames assay. Shikimic acid, reported to cause tumors in mice, and its close structural analog, quinic acid, both ubiquitous constituents of higher plants, were found not be be mutagenic in the Ames assay when tested with and without the rat liver microsomal activation system."}
{"id": "PMID:362110", "title": "[Device and method for neuro-psychic relaxation].", "content": "A pattern model of a device for tranquilization a relaxation--a photo-acoustic relaxator--was constructed and procedures for its application elaborated. Unlike psychotherapy, hypnosis, autogenic training and pharmacological agents in this method natural factors of actions, such as light and sound are used. The relaxation achieved by rhythmic photoacoustic effects with the help of the device pre-supposes the regulation of the patient's respiration. The effect produced by the relaxation sittings is shown to depend on the temperament of the examined. The use of the device is particularly effective in persons displaying a high degree of suggestibility and emotional susceptibility.", "contents": "[Device and method for neuro-psychic relaxation]. A pattern model of a device for tranquilization a relaxation--a photo-acoustic relaxator--was constructed and procedures for its application elaborated. Unlike psychotherapy, hypnosis, autogenic training and pharmacological agents in this method natural factors of actions, such as light and sound are used. The relaxation achieved by rhythmic photoacoustic effects with the help of the device pre-supposes the regulation of the patient's respiration. The effect produced by the relaxation sittings is shown to depend on the temperament of the examined. The use of the device is particularly effective in persons displaying a high degree of suggestibility and emotional susceptibility."}
{"id": "PMID:362121", "title": "Lidocaine prophylaxis in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Primary ventricular fibrillation (PVF) occurs in approximately 3--10% of uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. The major reason for this variability in incidence appears to be population diferences in the time from symptom onset to admission. Other risk factors have not been consistently shown to influence the risk of PVF. Warning arrhythmias do not warn of impending PVF in from 20--80% of AMI patients; thus, antiarrhythmic therapy reserved for those with warning arrhythmias may fail to prevent PVF in a significant number of patients. Although a review of 13 controlled trials of lidocaine prophylaxis shows only two suggesting a protective effect from this drug, only one study was free of major defects in trial design. This trial showed a striking decrease in PVF incidence when lidocaine was employed. Lidocaine should probably be administered to all uncomplicated AMI patients during the first 48 hours after infarction. Its utility in preventing ventricular fibrillation in complicated AMI patients and in the very early AMI period is unclear.", "contents": "Lidocaine prophylaxis in acute myocardial infarction. Primary ventricular fibrillation (PVF) occurs in approximately 3--10% of uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. The major reason for this variability in incidence appears to be population diferences in the time from symptom onset to admission. Other risk factors have not been consistently shown to influence the risk of PVF. Warning arrhythmias do not warn of impending PVF in from 20--80% of AMI patients; thus, antiarrhythmic therapy reserved for those with warning arrhythmias may fail to prevent PVF in a significant number of patients. Although a review of 13 controlled trials of lidocaine prophylaxis shows only two suggesting a protective effect from this drug, only one study was free of major defects in trial design. This trial showed a striking decrease in PVF incidence when lidocaine was employed. Lidocaine should probably be administered to all uncomplicated AMI patients during the first 48 hours after infarction. Its utility in preventing ventricular fibrillation in complicated AMI patients and in the very early AMI period is unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:362122", "title": "Overwhelming strongyloidiasis: an unappreciated opportunistic infection.", "content": "Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode which infects a large portion of the world's population. Individuals with infection confined to the intestinal tract are often asymptomatic but may have abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and other nonspecific complaints. Enhanced proliferation of the parasite in compromised hosts causes an augmentation of the normal life-cycle. Resultant massive invasion of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs is termed the hyperinfection syndrome. If the worm burden is excessive, parasitic invasion of other tissues occurs and is termed disseminated strongyloidiasis. A variety of underlying conditions appear to predispose to severe infections. These are primarily diseases characterized by immunodeficiency due to defective T-lymphocyte function (Table 1). Individuals with less severe disorders become compromised hosts because of therapeutic regimens consisting of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medication. The debilitation of chronic illness or malnutrition also predisposes to systemic stronglyloidiasis. The diagnosis of strongyloidiasis can be readily made by microscopic examination of concentrates of upper small bowel fluid, stool, or sputum. Important clues suggesting this infection include unexplained gram-negative bacillary bacteremia in a compromised host who may have vague abdominal complaints, an ileus pattern on X-ray, and pulmonary infiltrates. Eosinophilia is helpful, if present, but should not be relied upon to exclude the diagnosis. The treatment of systemic infection due to Strongyloides stercoralis with either thiabensazole 25 mg/kg orally twice daily is satisfactory if the diagnosis is made early. Because of several unusual features of this illness in compromised hosts, the standard recommendation for 2 days of therapy should be abandoned in such patients. Immunodeficiency, corticosteroids, and bowel ileus reduce drug efficacy. Thus a longer treatment period of at leuch as blind loops or diverticula necessitate longer treatment. Stool specimens and upper small bowel aspirates should be monitored regularly and treatment continued several days beyond the last evidence of the parasite. In particularly difficult situations where either worm eradication is impossible or reinfection is probable, short monthly courses of antihelminthic therapy seem to be effective in averting recurrent systemic illness. Finally, prevention of hyperinfection or dissemination due to Strongyloides stercoralis can be accomplished by screening immunocompromised hosts with stool and upper small bowel aspirate examinations. These would be especially important prior to initiating chemotherapy, or before giving immunosuppressive medications or corticosteroids to patients with nonneoplastic conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus, nephrotic syndrome, or renal allografts.", "contents": "Overwhelming strongyloidiasis: an unappreciated opportunistic infection. Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode which infects a large portion of the world's population. Individuals with infection confined to the intestinal tract are often asymptomatic but may have abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and other nonspecific complaints. Enhanced proliferation of the parasite in compromised hosts causes an augmentation of the normal life-cycle. Resultant massive invasion of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs is termed the hyperinfection syndrome. If the worm burden is excessive, parasitic invasion of other tissues occurs and is termed disseminated strongyloidiasis. A variety of underlying conditions appear to predispose to severe infections. These are primarily diseases characterized by immunodeficiency due to defective T-lymphocyte function (Table 1). Individuals with less severe disorders become compromised hosts because of therapeutic regimens consisting of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medication. The debilitation of chronic illness or malnutrition also predisposes to systemic stronglyloidiasis. The diagnosis of strongyloidiasis can be readily made by microscopic examination of concentrates of upper small bowel fluid, stool, or sputum. Important clues suggesting this infection include unexplained gram-negative bacillary bacteremia in a compromised host who may have vague abdominal complaints, an ileus pattern on X-ray, and pulmonary infiltrates. Eosinophilia is helpful, if present, but should not be relied upon to exclude the diagnosis. The treatment of systemic infection due to Strongyloides stercoralis with either thiabensazole 25 mg/kg orally twice daily is satisfactory if the diagnosis is made early. Because of several unusual features of this illness in compromised hosts, the standard recommendation for 2 days of therapy should be abandoned in such patients. Immunodeficiency, corticosteroids, and bowel ileus reduce drug efficacy. Thus a longer treatment period of at leuch as blind loops or diverticula necessitate longer treatment. Stool specimens and upper small bowel aspirates should be monitored regularly and treatment continued several days beyond the last evidence of the parasite. In particularly difficult situations where either worm eradication is impossible or reinfection is probable, short monthly courses of antihelminthic therapy seem to be effective in averting recurrent systemic illness. Finally, prevention of hyperinfection or dissemination due to Strongyloides stercoralis can be accomplished by screening immunocompromised hosts with stool and upper small bowel aspirate examinations. These would be especially important prior to initiating chemotherapy, or before giving immunosuppressive medications or corticosteroids to patients with nonneoplastic conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus, nephrotic syndrome, or renal allografts."}
{"id": "PMID:362123", "title": "Pulmonary hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The clinicopathological features of four patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and pulmonary hemorrhage are described. Our study confirms that pulmonary hemorrhage may be a dominant clinical expression of lung involvement in this disease. Its clinical manifestations are usually quite characteristic. However, hemoptysis may be absent. Radiographically, bilateral alveolar infiltrates resembling pulmonary edema or infection may be seen. Pulmonary hemorrhage was a major contributing factor to the death of three of our patients. The possible pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for pulmonary hemorrhage in our patients and other patients previously recorded in the literature are reviewed. Evidence supporting an immune complex pathogenesis is presented. Our immunopathological and ultrastructural studies demonstrate deposition of immune aggregates in the lungs in the alveolar septa, large blood vessels, and bronchioles in a manner similar to that which has been observed in the experimental serum sickness model of immune complex mediated pulmonary injury. The histological abnormalities, although nonspecific, are consistent with this interpretation, and collectively show diffuse alveolar lining cell and endothelial cell injury. However, an immune complex pathogenesis may not completely explain the occurrence of pulmonary hemorrhage in SLE. Other factors, including bleeding disorders, pulmonary infection, oxygen toxicity, and the \"shock lung\" syndrome, may also have contributed to lung hemorrhage in some of these patients.", "contents": "Pulmonary hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus. The clinicopathological features of four patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and pulmonary hemorrhage are described. Our study confirms that pulmonary hemorrhage may be a dominant clinical expression of lung involvement in this disease. Its clinical manifestations are usually quite characteristic. However, hemoptysis may be absent. Radiographically, bilateral alveolar infiltrates resembling pulmonary edema or infection may be seen. Pulmonary hemorrhage was a major contributing factor to the death of three of our patients. The possible pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for pulmonary hemorrhage in our patients and other patients previously recorded in the literature are reviewed. Evidence supporting an immune complex pathogenesis is presented. Our immunopathological and ultrastructural studies demonstrate deposition of immune aggregates in the lungs in the alveolar septa, large blood vessels, and bronchioles in a manner similar to that which has been observed in the experimental serum sickness model of immune complex mediated pulmonary injury. The histological abnormalities, although nonspecific, are consistent with this interpretation, and collectively show diffuse alveolar lining cell and endothelial cell injury. However, an immune complex pathogenesis may not completely explain the occurrence of pulmonary hemorrhage in SLE. Other factors, including bleeding disorders, pulmonary infection, oxygen toxicity, and the \"shock lung\" syndrome, may also have contributed to lung hemorrhage in some of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:362130", "title": "Studies on the modes of action of azaserine in Escherichia coli. Mechanism of resistance to azaserine.", "content": "Growth of wildtype Escherichia coli was inhibited by azaserine. There was an inverse relationship between the initial rate of uptake of phenylalanine and the azaserine concentration. Moderately azaserine-resistant mutants exhibited an initial rate that was similar to that of an aroP mutant, but highly azaserine-resistant mutants exhibited little, if any, uptake of phenylalanine. All of the azaserine-resistant organisms tested harboured a mutation in the aroP+ gene. However, resistance to the antibiotic was not due solely to this lesion.", "contents": "Studies on the modes of action of azaserine in Escherichia coli. Mechanism of resistance to azaserine. Growth of wildtype Escherichia coli was inhibited by azaserine. There was an inverse relationship between the initial rate of uptake of phenylalanine and the azaserine concentration. Moderately azaserine-resistant mutants exhibited an initial rate that was similar to that of an aroP mutant, but highly azaserine-resistant mutants exhibited little, if any, uptake of phenylalanine. All of the azaserine-resistant organisms tested harboured a mutation in the aroP+ gene. However, resistance to the antibiotic was not due solely to this lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:362131", "title": "Inhibition of some respiration and dehydrogenase enzyme systems in Escherichia coli NCTC 5933 by phenoxyethanol.", "content": "Low concentrations (less than 0.2% w/v) of phenoxyethanol stimulated both the rate of respiration and total oxygen uptakes of Escherichia coli NCTC 5933 suspensions with glucose and other substrates, whilst higher concentrations (0.2--0.6% w/v) although still below those showing significant bactericidal activity, produced progressive levels of inhibition. The degree of respiratory inhibition varied with different substrates in the order malate less than succinate less than pyruvate less than or equal to glucose less than lactate, and suggested appreciable inhibition at a point after malate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This suggestion was supported by the use of tetrazolium salts as alternative electron acceptors, and by cytochrome difference spectra, which together implicated malate dehydrogenase as the most likely site of action. Isolated dehydrogenase enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in cell-free preparations were unaffected by high concentrations of phenoxyethanol (0.8% w/v) with the exception of malate dehydrogenase which was inhibited in extracts to extents similar to those of malate oxidation by intact bacteria. Lineweaver-Burke plots for malate dehydrogenase activity in the presence of phenoxyethanol suggested a competitive inhibition of the oxaloacetic acid-limited reaction and a non-competitive inhibition of the NADH-limited reaction. Accordingly, Ki values were found to be low when the rate of reaction was limited by oxaloacetic acid concentration yet relatively high when NADH was rate limiting.", "contents": "Inhibition of some respiration and dehydrogenase enzyme systems in Escherichia coli NCTC 5933 by phenoxyethanol. Low concentrations (less than 0.2% w/v) of phenoxyethanol stimulated both the rate of respiration and total oxygen uptakes of Escherichia coli NCTC 5933 suspensions with glucose and other substrates, whilst higher concentrations (0.2--0.6% w/v) although still below those showing significant bactericidal activity, produced progressive levels of inhibition. The degree of respiratory inhibition varied with different substrates in the order malate less than succinate less than pyruvate less than or equal to glucose less than lactate, and suggested appreciable inhibition at a point after malate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This suggestion was supported by the use of tetrazolium salts as alternative electron acceptors, and by cytochrome difference spectra, which together implicated malate dehydrogenase as the most likely site of action. Isolated dehydrogenase enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in cell-free preparations were unaffected by high concentrations of phenoxyethanol (0.8% w/v) with the exception of malate dehydrogenase which was inhibited in extracts to extents similar to those of malate oxidation by intact bacteria. Lineweaver-Burke plots for malate dehydrogenase activity in the presence of phenoxyethanol suggested a competitive inhibition of the oxaloacetic acid-limited reaction and a non-competitive inhibition of the NADH-limited reaction. Accordingly, Ki values were found to be low when the rate of reaction was limited by oxaloacetic acid concentration yet relatively high when NADH was rate limiting."}
{"id": "PMID:362132", "title": "Investigations on the outer membrane proteins of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The number, nature and organization of the outer membrane proteins of Salmonella typhimurium have not yet been resolved. Therefore these proteins were isolated using a concentrated solution of guanidine hydrochloride and studied using different analytical techniques. Upon chromatography on Sephadex G-200 four fractions were obtained. Only the fraction containing a protein of molecular weight 13,000 produced immunoprecipitation reactions with the antisera raised against the whole bacteria. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, 7 major proteins were found, with molecular weights between 13,000 and 43,000. Isoelectric focusing on 4.6% polyacrylamide gels resolved the outer membrane proteins into 10 bands with apparent isoelectric points between 5.0 and 8.4. Finally these proteins could be further resolved into as many as 50 spots where a two-dimensional electrophoresis was carried out with isoelectric focusing in the first dimension, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate in the second dimension. These results demonstrated that the outer membrane proteins of S. typhimurium are extremely heterogeneous. To investigate the mode of organization of lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane, the membrane proteins were separated by the liquid isoelectric focusing technique. Lipopolysaccharides were primarily found to be associated with a protein of isoelectric point 7.8.", "contents": "Investigations on the outer membrane proteins of Salmonella typhimurium. The number, nature and organization of the outer membrane proteins of Salmonella typhimurium have not yet been resolved. Therefore these proteins were isolated using a concentrated solution of guanidine hydrochloride and studied using different analytical techniques. Upon chromatography on Sephadex G-200 four fractions were obtained. Only the fraction containing a protein of molecular weight 13,000 produced immunoprecipitation reactions with the antisera raised against the whole bacteria. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, 7 major proteins were found, with molecular weights between 13,000 and 43,000. Isoelectric focusing on 4.6% polyacrylamide gels resolved the outer membrane proteins into 10 bands with apparent isoelectric points between 5.0 and 8.4. Finally these proteins could be further resolved into as many as 50 spots where a two-dimensional electrophoresis was carried out with isoelectric focusing in the first dimension, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate in the second dimension. These results demonstrated that the outer membrane proteins of S. typhimurium are extremely heterogeneous. To investigate the mode of organization of lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane, the membrane proteins were separated by the liquid isoelectric focusing technique. Lipopolysaccharides were primarily found to be associated with a protein of isoelectric point 7.8."}
{"id": "PMID:362133", "title": "A histochemical method for the detection of metals in tissues, with reference to the use of surgical implants.", "content": "This report describes a method for the detection of metals in tissues that is suitable for a routine pathology laboratory. The method has been developed specifically for the examination of soft tissues taken at biopsy from the site of surgical implants. It involves the mineralization of organic matter in sections by sodium metasilicate and the conversion of the metals to sulphates by sulphuric acid, which are then stained by appropriate solutions. The method is described with particular reference to titanium and cobalt.", "contents": "A histochemical method for the detection of metals in tissues, with reference to the use of surgical implants. This report describes a method for the detection of metals in tissues that is suitable for a routine pathology laboratory. The method has been developed specifically for the examination of soft tissues taken at biopsy from the site of surgical implants. It involves the mineralization of organic matter in sections by sodium metasilicate and the conversion of the metals to sulphates by sulphuric acid, which are then stained by appropriate solutions. The method is described with particular reference to titanium and cobalt."}
{"id": "PMID:362134", "title": "A procedure for obtaining thin sections of undercalcified bone biopsies embedded in methyl methacrylate.", "content": "A complex of techniques is described, including a specially designed mould and a method for flat mounting of the sections, enabling to obtain well-stretched and undamaged thin sections of undecalcified bone biopsies. Apart from a gain in polymerisation time, a clear advantage of the special mould is a more favorable temperature course in and around the tissue during the polymerisation process.", "contents": "A procedure for obtaining thin sections of undercalcified bone biopsies embedded in methyl methacrylate. A complex of techniques is described, including a specially designed mould and a method for flat mounting of the sections, enabling to obtain well-stretched and undamaged thin sections of undecalcified bone biopsies. Apart from a gain in polymerisation time, a clear advantage of the special mould is a more favorable temperature course in and around the tissue during the polymerisation process."}
{"id": "PMID:362139", "title": "The 1976 influenza epidemic in Melbourne.", "content": "Some aspects of the 1976 influenza epidemic are described and compared with findings in previous years. Rapid diagnostic techniques gave encouraging results, but were less sensitive than conventional techniques. A higher rate of virus isolation was obtained from nasopharyngeal aspirates than from pooled nose and throat swabs.", "contents": "The 1976 influenza epidemic in Melbourne. Some aspects of the 1976 influenza epidemic are described and compared with findings in previous years. Rapid diagnostic techniques gave encouraging results, but were less sensitive than conventional techniques. A higher rate of virus isolation was obtained from nasopharyngeal aspirates than from pooled nose and throat swabs."}
{"id": "PMID:362141", "title": "Rubella vaccination in Australia: 2. Experience with the RA27/3 rubella vaccine and results of a double-blind trial in schoolgirls.", "content": "RA27/3 rubella vaccine (Almevax) was used for the first time in Australia. The seroconversion rate was similar to that seen with Cendehill vaccine (Cedevax), but there were fewer subjects with low antibody titres after Almevax vaccine. Although Almevax vaccine was associated with a significantly higher incidence of sore throat, rash and joint involvement in seronegative adults, the incidence of side effects in a double-blind trial in schoolgirls was similar for the two vaccines, and the morbidity was low in both groups. Almevax vaccination successfully boosted low antibody titres in 11 of 14 women who had previously responded poorly to Cendevax vaccination. It would be difficult to differentiate the better vaccine for the schoolgirl programme. In some clinical situations, however, one vaccine has advantages over the other.", "contents": "Rubella vaccination in Australia: 2. Experience with the RA27/3 rubella vaccine and results of a double-blind trial in schoolgirls. RA27/3 rubella vaccine (Almevax) was used for the first time in Australia. The seroconversion rate was similar to that seen with Cendehill vaccine (Cedevax), but there were fewer subjects with low antibody titres after Almevax vaccine. Although Almevax vaccine was associated with a significantly higher incidence of sore throat, rash and joint involvement in seronegative adults, the incidence of side effects in a double-blind trial in schoolgirls was similar for the two vaccines, and the morbidity was low in both groups. Almevax vaccination successfully boosted low antibody titres in 11 of 14 women who had previously responded poorly to Cendevax vaccination. It would be difficult to differentiate the better vaccine for the schoolgirl programme. In some clinical situations, however, one vaccine has advantages over the other."}
{"id": "PMID:362137", "title": "Measurement of critical properties of muslin and nonwoven sterile-wraps.", "content": "Empirical evaluations closely simulating actual use conditions were employed to compare critical property levels of commonly used muslin (140-thread) and nonwoven sterile-wraps. Critical properties and experimental methods used to measure these properties are: (a) ease of steam penetration determined by time-temperature measurements in large, double-wrapped packs subjected to steam sterilization, (b) bacterial barrierness measured by microbiological assay of initially sterile double- and single-wrapped packs contents after pack storage in hospitals, (c) compatibility with ethylene oxide sterilization measured by inactivation of spore strips and by quantities of ethylene oxide residuals after aeration of packs and (d) generation of lint by counting particles generated by flexing wrap materials. It was concluded that the nonwoven steril-wrap was superior in ease of steam penetration, bacterial barrierness, and linting. No differnece was detected between materials in ethylene oxide sterilization.", "contents": "Measurement of critical properties of muslin and nonwoven sterile-wraps. Empirical evaluations closely simulating actual use conditions were employed to compare critical property levels of commonly used muslin (140-thread) and nonwoven sterile-wraps. Critical properties and experimental methods used to measure these properties are: (a) ease of steam penetration determined by time-temperature measurements in large, double-wrapped packs subjected to steam sterilization, (b) bacterial barrierness measured by microbiological assay of initially sterile double- and single-wrapped packs contents after pack storage in hospitals, (c) compatibility with ethylene oxide sterilization measured by inactivation of spore strips and by quantities of ethylene oxide residuals after aeration of packs and (d) generation of lint by counting particles generated by flexing wrap materials. It was concluded that the nonwoven steril-wrap was superior in ease of steam penetration, bacterial barrierness, and linting. No differnece was detected between materials in ethylene oxide sterilization."}
{"id": "PMID:362154", "title": "Reversion in variants from a duplication strain of Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Strains of Aspergillus nidulans with a chromosome segment in duplicate, one in normal position and one translocated to another chromosome, are unstable at mitosis. In addition to variants which result from deletions in either of the duplicate segments, which usually have improved morphology, they produce variants with deteriorated morphology. Three deteriorated variants reverted frequently to parental type morphology, both spontaneously and after ultra-violet treatment. Of six reversions analysed genetically, five were due to suppressors and one was probably due to back mutation. The suppressors segregated as single genes and were not linked to the mutation which they suppress. The instability of these so-called \"deteriorate\"variants is discussed in relation to mitotic instability phenomena in A. nidulans.", "contents": "Reversion in variants from a duplication strain of Aspergillus nidulans. Strains of Aspergillus nidulans with a chromosome segment in duplicate, one in normal position and one translocated to another chromosome, are unstable at mitosis. In addition to variants which result from deletions in either of the duplicate segments, which usually have improved morphology, they produce variants with deteriorated morphology. Three deteriorated variants reverted frequently to parental type morphology, both spontaneously and after ultra-violet treatment. Of six reversions analysed genetically, five were due to suppressors and one was probably due to back mutation. The suppressors segregated as single genes and were not linked to the mutation which they suppress. The instability of these so-called \"deteriorate\"variants is discussed in relation to mitotic instability phenomena in A. nidulans."}
{"id": "PMID:362155", "title": "A DNA segment within the colicin E1 structural gene on ColE1 affecting immunity to colicin.", "content": "Insertion of DNA at the EcoRI site of ColE1 results in increase of immunity to colicin killing in E. coli harboring such recombinant ColE1 plasmid as compared to E. coli (ColE1). This effect is neither due to cis or trans interactions originating from the inserted foreign DNA fragment, nor to changes in plasmid copy number. This defect in the immunity mechanism is not trans complemented for by wild type ColE1. Increase in immunity can also be obtained by deleting a DNA segment from the ColE1 genome. This segment is approximately 120 bp left to the EcoRI site within the colicin structural gene. It is concluded that the structure of DNA per se, around the EcoRI site, within colcin structural gene, is the structure which affects immunity expression.", "contents": "A DNA segment within the colicin E1 structural gene on ColE1 affecting immunity to colicin. Insertion of DNA at the EcoRI site of ColE1 results in increase of immunity to colicin killing in E. coli harboring such recombinant ColE1 plasmid as compared to E. coli (ColE1). This effect is neither due to cis or trans interactions originating from the inserted foreign DNA fragment, nor to changes in plasmid copy number. This defect in the immunity mechanism is not trans complemented for by wild type ColE1. Increase in immunity can also be obtained by deleting a DNA segment from the ColE1 genome. This segment is approximately 120 bp left to the EcoRI site within the colicin structural gene. It is concluded that the structure of DNA per se, around the EcoRI site, within colcin structural gene, is the structure which affects immunity expression."}
{"id": "PMID:362156", "title": "Catabolic synergism: a cooperation between the availability of substrate and the need for nitrogen in the regulation of arginine catabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The simultaneity of the presence of substrate (inducer) and the absence of a better nitrogen nutrient causes a strong cooperative effect (catabolic synergism) on arginase production. This effect is shown to operate by a specific mechanism. carg A+ 0h mutation (Dubois et al., 1978) identifies an element of this process located near the arginase structural gene and acting in cis. This mutation produces constitutivity for synergism in addition to constitutivity for induction (this last effect is produced alone by cargA +0- operator constitutive mutation). The receptor of the signal for the presence of substrate is the same as for induction. cargA + 0h mutation allows to make further distinction between the promotion of arginase synthesis caused by nitrogen limitation and nitrogen starvation.", "contents": "Catabolic synergism: a cooperation between the availability of substrate and the need for nitrogen in the regulation of arginine catabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The simultaneity of the presence of substrate (inducer) and the absence of a better nitrogen nutrient causes a strong cooperative effect (catabolic synergism) on arginase production. This effect is shown to operate by a specific mechanism. carg A+ 0h mutation (Dubois et al., 1978) identifies an element of this process located near the arginase structural gene and acting in cis. This mutation produces constitutivity for synergism in addition to constitutivity for induction (this last effect is produced alone by cargA +0- operator constitutive mutation). The receptor of the signal for the presence of substrate is the same as for induction. cargA + 0h mutation allows to make further distinction between the promotion of arginase synthesis caused by nitrogen limitation and nitrogen starvation."}
{"id": "PMID:362157", "title": "Genetic control of invertase formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Isolation and characterization of mutants conferring invertase hyperproduction in strain EK-6B carrying the SUC3 gene.", "content": "Invertase formation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is subject to repression by hexoses in the growth medium. Mutagen-induced (ethyl methanesulfonate or N-methyl-N-nitro-nitrosoguanidine) invertase hyperproducer mutants have been derived from the SUC3 MAL3 strain EK-6B by selecting for their ability to grow on media containing the sugar raffinose plus 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG). Raffinose like sucrose is a betta-fructoside which can be hydrolyzed by yeast invertase (beta-fructoside which can be hydrolyzed by yeast invertase (beta-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase). These mutants, designated dgr, produce higher levels of invertase (pi-glucosidase levels are also elevated but to a lesser extent) under conditions normally repressing invertase biosynthesis in the parent. Invertases of mutants dgr2 and dgr3 are indistinguishable from that of EK-6B with respect to their Km's for sucrose and thermal labilities. Genetic studies revealed that dgr2 and dgr3 are recessive and unlinked to the SUC3 gene.", "contents": "Genetic control of invertase formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Isolation and characterization of mutants conferring invertase hyperproduction in strain EK-6B carrying the SUC3 gene. Invertase formation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is subject to repression by hexoses in the growth medium. Mutagen-induced (ethyl methanesulfonate or N-methyl-N-nitro-nitrosoguanidine) invertase hyperproducer mutants have been derived from the SUC3 MAL3 strain EK-6B by selecting for their ability to grow on media containing the sugar raffinose plus 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG). Raffinose like sucrose is a betta-fructoside which can be hydrolyzed by yeast invertase (beta-fructoside which can be hydrolyzed by yeast invertase (beta-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase). These mutants, designated dgr, produce higher levels of invertase (pi-glucosidase levels are also elevated but to a lesser extent) under conditions normally repressing invertase biosynthesis in the parent. Invertases of mutants dgr2 and dgr3 are indistinguishable from that of EK-6B with respect to their Km's for sucrose and thermal labilities. Genetic studies revealed that dgr2 and dgr3 are recessive and unlinked to the SUC3 gene."}
{"id": "PMID:362158", "title": "A mutation defective in the xanthine alternative pathway of Aspergillus nidulans: its use to investigate the specificity of uaY mediated induction.", "content": "In Aspergillus nidulans uric acid can be produced from xanthine via purine hydroxylase I (xanthine dehydrogenase) or via the xanthine alternative pathway (Darlington and Scazzocchio, Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 166, 569--571; 1968). A mutation defective in the xanthine alternative pathway of Aspergillus nidulans is described. By combining this mutation with hxB-20 which results in complete loss of purine hydroxylase I and II activities, but which conserves cross-reacting material, it is possible to block completely uric acid production and thus investigate which are the effective in vivo inducers of three enzymes under the control of the positive regulatory gene uaY: adenine deaminase, purine hydroxylase I (measured as cross-reacting material) and urate oxidase. It is concluded that uric acid is the only effective physiological inducer, while its 2 and 8 thio-analogues serve as gratuitous inducers.", "contents": "A mutation defective in the xanthine alternative pathway of Aspergillus nidulans: its use to investigate the specificity of uaY mediated induction. In Aspergillus nidulans uric acid can be produced from xanthine via purine hydroxylase I (xanthine dehydrogenase) or via the xanthine alternative pathway (Darlington and Scazzocchio, Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 166, 569--571; 1968). A mutation defective in the xanthine alternative pathway of Aspergillus nidulans is described. By combining this mutation with hxB-20 which results in complete loss of purine hydroxylase I and II activities, but which conserves cross-reacting material, it is possible to block completely uric acid production and thus investigate which are the effective in vivo inducers of three enzymes under the control of the positive regulatory gene uaY: adenine deaminase, purine hydroxylase I (measured as cross-reacting material) and urate oxidase. It is concluded that uric acid is the only effective physiological inducer, while its 2 and 8 thio-analogues serve as gratuitous inducers."}
{"id": "PMID:362159", "title": "RNA polymerase mutant with altered sigma factor in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A structural gene for sigma factor (rpoD) of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase; nucleoside-triphosphate: RNA nucleotidyltransferase, E.C. 2.7.7.6) was mapped precisely by a set of F' factors including those already published (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74, 1831-1835 (1977)). Based on the result that rpoD is located at the dnaG-uxaAC region, a number of mutants containing a temperature-sensitive mutation at or near the uxaA gene were isolated by localized mutagenesis. One of these mutants was found to produce RNA polymerase altered in both thermostability and optimum salt concentration as a result of structural alteration of sigma factor. This mutation, U303, maps at 66 min on the genetic map of E. coli, near the dnaG locus, and affects normal growth of cells.", "contents": "RNA polymerase mutant with altered sigma factor in Escherichia coli. A structural gene for sigma factor (rpoD) of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase; nucleoside-triphosphate: RNA nucleotidyltransferase, E.C. 2.7.7.6) was mapped precisely by a set of F' factors including those already published (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74, 1831-1835 (1977)). Based on the result that rpoD is located at the dnaG-uxaAC region, a number of mutants containing a temperature-sensitive mutation at or near the uxaA gene were isolated by localized mutagenesis. One of these mutants was found to produce RNA polymerase altered in both thermostability and optimum salt concentration as a result of structural alteration of sigma factor. This mutation, U303, maps at 66 min on the genetic map of E. coli, near the dnaG locus, and affects normal growth of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:362160", "title": "Polarity of mutations induced by insertion of transposons Tn5, Tn7 and Tn10 into the nif gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "Three new genes nifM, nifI and nifN have been mapped in the nif gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae and a fourth gene nifJ has been confirmed as being a separate cistron. Polar nif mutations were obtained by transposition of Tn7 to plasmid pRD1, and of Tn5 and Tn10 to plasmid pMF100, a derivative of pRD1. Complementation analysis of the nif::Tn mutants led to the identification of at least six transcriptional units: nifB; nifA; nifJ; nifH, nifD and nifK; nifE and nifI; nifN, nifM and nifF. Biochemical and genetic evidence suggest that the three genes nifH, nifD and nifK, which are probably the structural genes for nitrogenase, belong to the same operon and are transcribed from nifH to nifK. A polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 is presumed to be the nifJ product.", "contents": "Polarity of mutations induced by insertion of transposons Tn5, Tn7 and Tn10 into the nif gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Three new genes nifM, nifI and nifN have been mapped in the nif gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae and a fourth gene nifJ has been confirmed as being a separate cistron. Polar nif mutations were obtained by transposition of Tn7 to plasmid pRD1, and of Tn5 and Tn10 to plasmid pMF100, a derivative of pRD1. Complementation analysis of the nif::Tn mutants led to the identification of at least six transcriptional units: nifB; nifA; nifJ; nifH, nifD and nifK; nifE and nifI; nifN, nifM and nifF. Biochemical and genetic evidence suggest that the three genes nifH, nifD and nifK, which are probably the structural genes for nitrogenase, belong to the same operon and are transcribed from nifH to nifK. A polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 is presumed to be the nifJ product."}
{"id": "PMID:362161", "title": "Inhibition of yeast sporulation by ethidium bromide.", "content": "Ethidium bromide blocks ascus formation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This may mean that the presence of the mitochondrial genome is required for sporulation in this organism.", "contents": "Inhibition of yeast sporulation by ethidium bromide. Ethidium bromide blocks ascus formation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This may mean that the presence of the mitochondrial genome is required for sporulation in this organism."}
{"id": "PMID:362162", "title": "Mutations affecting the structural genes and the genes coding for modifying enzymes for ribosomal proteins in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of an Escherichia coli K-12 strain PA3092 have been isolated following mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine, and their ribosomal proteins analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This method was found to be very efficient in obtaining mutants with various structural alterations in ribosomal proteins. Thus a total of some 160 mutants with alterations in 41 different ribosomal proteins have so far been isolated. By characterizing these mutants, we could isolate not only those mutants with alterations in the structural genes for various ribosomal proteins, but also those with impairments in the modification of proteins S5, S18 and L12. Furthermore, a mutant has been obtained which apparently lacks the protein S20 (L26) with a concomitant reduction to a great extent of the polypeptide synthetic activity of the small subunit. The usefulness of these mutants in establishing the genetic architecture of the genes coding for the ribosomal proteins and their modifiers is discussed.", "contents": "Mutations affecting the structural genes and the genes coding for modifying enzymes for ribosomal proteins in Escherichia coli. Temperature-sensitive mutants of an Escherichia coli K-12 strain PA3092 have been isolated following mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine, and their ribosomal proteins analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This method was found to be very efficient in obtaining mutants with various structural alterations in ribosomal proteins. Thus a total of some 160 mutants with alterations in 41 different ribosomal proteins have so far been isolated. By characterizing these mutants, we could isolate not only those mutants with alterations in the structural genes for various ribosomal proteins, but also those with impairments in the modification of proteins S5, S18 and L12. Furthermore, a mutant has been obtained which apparently lacks the protein S20 (L26) with a concomitant reduction to a great extent of the polypeptide synthetic activity of the small subunit. The usefulness of these mutants in establishing the genetic architecture of the genes coding for the ribosomal proteins and their modifiers is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362163", "title": "Correlation between the serine sensitivity and the derepressibility of the ilv genes in Escherichia coli relA- mutants.", "content": "Upon addition of excess one carbon metabolites (including serine)bacteria stop growing because of isoleucine starvation. After such treatment stringent bacteria rapidly resume normal growth whereas relaxed mutants remain unable for some time to grow. We show here that this is due to a lack of derepressibility of ilv genes after the starvation period. Results are also presented which show that RNA polymerase structural mutants may be selected among the clones resistant to a mixture of serine, methionine and glycine, in relA- strains. Finally circumstancial evidence suggests that the one carbon metabolism may be involved in a process controlling isoleucine metabolism.", "contents": "Correlation between the serine sensitivity and the derepressibility of the ilv genes in Escherichia coli relA- mutants. Upon addition of excess one carbon metabolites (including serine)bacteria stop growing because of isoleucine starvation. After such treatment stringent bacteria rapidly resume normal growth whereas relaxed mutants remain unable for some time to grow. We show here that this is due to a lack of derepressibility of ilv genes after the starvation period. Results are also presented which show that RNA polymerase structural mutants may be selected among the clones resistant to a mixture of serine, methionine and glycine, in relA- strains. Finally circumstancial evidence suggests that the one carbon metabolism may be involved in a process controlling isoleucine metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:362165", "title": "Regulation of the int gene of bacteriophage lambda: activation by the cII and cIII gene products and the role of the Pi and Pl promoters.", "content": "The activation of the int gene by the cII and cIII gene products was studied by analysing int expression following infection of UV-irradiated cells by various phage mutants. Residual expression of int, probably from Pl, takes place in the absence of cII/cIII activation. Activation of the int gene, like that of the cI repressor gene, is poor at low multiplicities of infection. The mutation intC, which allows constitutive int expression in the lysogenic state, partially relieves the requirement for cII and cIII activation. The kinetics of Int synthesis after addition of the inhibitor rifampicin suggest that the activation occurs at the transcriptional level.", "contents": "Regulation of the int gene of bacteriophage lambda: activation by the cII and cIII gene products and the role of the Pi and Pl promoters. The activation of the int gene by the cII and cIII gene products was studied by analysing int expression following infection of UV-irradiated cells by various phage mutants. Residual expression of int, probably from Pl, takes place in the absence of cII/cIII activation. Activation of the int gene, like that of the cI repressor gene, is poor at low multiplicities of infection. The mutation intC, which allows constitutive int expression in the lysogenic state, partially relieves the requirement for cII and cIII activation. The kinetics of Int synthesis after addition of the inhibitor rifampicin suggest that the activation occurs at the transcriptional level."}
{"id": "PMID:362167", "title": "Mutational alterations in 50 proteins of the Escherichia coli ribosome.", "content": "A strain of Escherichia coli, VT, which spontaneously gives rise to mutations in many ribosomal proteins, has been used in conjunction with chemical mutagenesis and varying the subsequent incubation temperature to select mutants which have alterations in every ribosomal protein amenable to analysis of 70 S proteins on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels under standard conditions. Alterations have been detected in 50 ribosomal proteins, namely in 20 from the small and in 30 from the large subunit. This is the most complete set of mutants with altered ribosomal proteins described so far. The difficulty until recently in obtaining mutations in most ribosomal proteins arises not because they are lethal, as has often been supposed, but because of the lack of a suitable selection heretofore.", "contents": "Mutational alterations in 50 proteins of the Escherichia coli ribosome. A strain of Escherichia coli, VT, which spontaneously gives rise to mutations in many ribosomal proteins, has been used in conjunction with chemical mutagenesis and varying the subsequent incubation temperature to select mutants which have alterations in every ribosomal protein amenable to analysis of 70 S proteins on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels under standard conditions. Alterations have been detected in 50 ribosomal proteins, namely in 20 from the small and in 30 from the large subunit. This is the most complete set of mutants with altered ribosomal proteins described so far. The difficulty until recently in obtaining mutations in most ribosomal proteins arises not because they are lethal, as has often been supposed, but because of the lack of a suitable selection heretofore."}
{"id": "PMID:362168", "title": "Gene expression in Escherichia coli B/r during partial rifampicin-mediated restrictions of transcription initiation.", "content": "The antibiotic rifampicin inhibits transcription initiation, but not the elongation and completion of nascent RNA transcripts. Addition of low concentrations of rifampicin only partially blocks initiation but at the same time specifically alters the general pattern of transcription in the culture. The transcription of genes specifying the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase, and to a lesser extent of the genes specifying the RNA and protein components of the ribosome, was specifically stimulated relative to total transcription. In contrast, the transcription of the lactose operon was selectively reduced. These results are consistent with the ideas that the level of expression of the genes specifying the beta and beta' subunits is sensitive to the general rate of RNA synthesis in the culture, and that the expression of the beta and beta' RNA polymerase genes is related to the expression of ribosome component genes.", "contents": "Gene expression in Escherichia coli B/r during partial rifampicin-mediated restrictions of transcription initiation. The antibiotic rifampicin inhibits transcription initiation, but not the elongation and completion of nascent RNA transcripts. Addition of low concentrations of rifampicin only partially blocks initiation but at the same time specifically alters the general pattern of transcription in the culture. The transcription of genes specifying the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase, and to a lesser extent of the genes specifying the RNA and protein components of the ribosome, was specifically stimulated relative to total transcription. In contrast, the transcription of the lactose operon was selectively reduced. These results are consistent with the ideas that the level of expression of the genes specifying the beta and beta' subunits is sensitive to the general rate of RNA synthesis in the culture, and that the expression of the beta and beta' RNA polymerase genes is related to the expression of ribosome component genes."}
{"id": "PMID:362169", "title": "Uvm mutants of Escherichia coli K12 deficient in UV mutagenesis. I. Isolation of uvm mutants and their phenotypical characterization in DNA repair and mutagenesis.", "content": "Selection for defective reversion induction, after UV treatment of E. coli K 12, yielded uvm mutants. These mutants exhibited highly reduced or no UV mutability for all loci tested although they were moderately and normally mutable by X-rays and EMS, respectively. Uvm mutations confer only a slight sensitivity to killing by UV and X-rays and no clear sensitivity to the lethal effect of HN2, EMS or MMS. Growth and viability of untreated uvm cells were normal. The properties of uvm mutants are discussed in relation to those of other relevant  mutant types and to some actual problems of induced mutagenesis.", "contents": "Uvm mutants of Escherichia coli K12 deficient in UV mutagenesis. I. Isolation of uvm mutants and their phenotypical characterization in DNA repair and mutagenesis. Selection for defective reversion induction, after UV treatment of E. coli K 12, yielded uvm mutants. These mutants exhibited highly reduced or no UV mutability for all loci tested although they were moderately and normally mutable by X-rays and EMS, respectively. Uvm mutations confer only a slight sensitivity to killing by UV and X-rays and no clear sensitivity to the lethal effect of HN2, EMS or MMS. Growth and viability of untreated uvm cells were normal. The properties of uvm mutants are discussed in relation to those of other relevant  mutant types and to some actual problems of induced mutagenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:362170", "title": "Synthesis of tryptophanase in Escherichia coli: isolation and characterization of a structural-gene mutant and two regulatory mutants.", "content": "A mutant of E. coli has been isolated that is temperature-sensitive in respect of tryptophanase. When incubated at 60 degrees C, cell-free extracts of the mutant suffer inactivation of enzyme activity much more rapidly than similar extracts of the wild type. After lysogeny with a specialized transducing phage carrying the wild-type tryptophanase gene, the mutant is able to synthesize tryptophanase that is wild-type in its response to treatment at 60 degrees C. It is concluded that the mutation lies in the structural gene for the enzyme. Two further mutants have been isolated that synthesize tryptophanase constitutively. One mutation renders synthesis of the enzyme indifferent to the presence of inducer; the other mutation allows synthesis of the enzyme in the absence of inducer at about 35% of the fully induced wild-type rate. Neither mutation alleviates catabolite repression. Genetic mapping shows that the constitutive mutations lie very close to the structural-gene mutation, on the side of the structural gene distant from bglR.", "contents": "Synthesis of tryptophanase in Escherichia coli: isolation and characterization of a structural-gene mutant and two regulatory mutants. A mutant of E. coli has been isolated that is temperature-sensitive in respect of tryptophanase. When incubated at 60 degrees C, cell-free extracts of the mutant suffer inactivation of enzyme activity much more rapidly than similar extracts of the wild type. After lysogeny with a specialized transducing phage carrying the wild-type tryptophanase gene, the mutant is able to synthesize tryptophanase that is wild-type in its response to treatment at 60 degrees C. It is concluded that the mutation lies in the structural gene for the enzyme. Two further mutants have been isolated that synthesize tryptophanase constitutively. One mutation renders synthesis of the enzyme indifferent to the presence of inducer; the other mutation allows synthesis of the enzyme in the absence of inducer at about 35% of the fully induced wild-type rate. Neither mutation alleviates catabolite repression. Genetic mapping shows that the constitutive mutations lie very close to the structural-gene mutation, on the side of the structural gene distant from bglR."}
{"id": "PMID:362174", "title": "[Methods for the demonstration of the basal membrane of the glomerular capillaries].", "content": "Author for the demonstration of the basal membrane of the glomerular capillaries recommends oxidation with periodic-acid followed by treatment with potassium-metabisulfite and staining with resorcin-fuchsin, or impregnation with silver-nitrate solution in sodium borat.", "contents": "[Methods for the demonstration of the basal membrane of the glomerular capillaries]. Author for the demonstration of the basal membrane of the glomerular capillaries recommends oxidation with periodic-acid followed by treatment with potassium-metabisulfite and staining with resorcin-fuchsin, or impregnation with silver-nitrate solution in sodium borat."}
{"id": "PMID:362176", "title": "The relationship between carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of some polynuclear hydrocarbons.", "content": "25 polynuclear hydrocarbons were tested for mutagenicity using the Ames Assay and the results were compared with existing carcinogenicity data. The assessment of the predictive value of this particular short-term test showed a 58% positive and a 41% negative correlation.", "contents": "The relationship between carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of some polynuclear hydrocarbons. 25 polynuclear hydrocarbons were tested for mutagenicity using the Ames Assay and the results were compared with existing carcinogenicity data. The assessment of the predictive value of this particular short-term test showed a 58% positive and a 41% negative correlation."}
{"id": "PMID:362177", "title": "The relationship between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of some nitrosamines.", "content": "The carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of 26 nitrosamines were compared to help validate the predictability of a short-term in vitro test. 80% of the compounds showed agreement between the two characteristics, while 20% did not. Of the latter group, 8% were false positives and 12% were false negatives.", "contents": "The relationship between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of some nitrosamines. The carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of 26 nitrosamines were compared to help validate the predictability of a short-term in vitro test. 80% of the compounds showed agreement between the two characteristics, while 20% did not. Of the latter group, 8% were false positives and 12% were false negatives."}
{"id": "PMID:362178", "title": "Cell-cycle variation in the induction of lethality and mitotic recombination after treatment with UV and nitrous acid in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Exponentially growing yeast cultures separated into discrete periods of the cell cycle by zonal rotor centrifugation show cyclic variation in both UV and nitrous acid induced cell lethality, mitotic gene conversion and mitotic crossing-over. Maximum cell survival after UV treatment was observed in the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle at a time when UV induction of both types of mitotic recombination was at a minimum. In contrast, cell inactivation by the chemical mutagen nitrous acid showed a single discrete period of sensitivity which occurred in S phase cells which are undergoing DNA synthesis. Mitotic gene conversion and mitotic crossing-over were induced by nitrous acid in cells at all stages of the cell cycle with a peak of induction of both events occurring at the time of maximum cell lethality. The lack of correlation observed between maximum cell and the maximum induction of mitotic intragenic recombination suggest that other DNA-repair mechanisms besides DNA-recombination repair are involved in the recovery of inactivated yeast cells during the cell cycle.", "contents": "Cell-cycle variation in the induction of lethality and mitotic recombination after treatment with UV and nitrous acid in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Exponentially growing yeast cultures separated into discrete periods of the cell cycle by zonal rotor centrifugation show cyclic variation in both UV and nitrous acid induced cell lethality, mitotic gene conversion and mitotic crossing-over. Maximum cell survival after UV treatment was observed in the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle at a time when UV induction of both types of mitotic recombination was at a minimum. In contrast, cell inactivation by the chemical mutagen nitrous acid showed a single discrete period of sensitivity which occurred in S phase cells which are undergoing DNA synthesis. Mitotic gene conversion and mitotic crossing-over were induced by nitrous acid in cells at all stages of the cell cycle with a peak of induction of both events occurring at the time of maximum cell lethality. The lack of correlation observed between maximum cell and the maximum induction of mitotic intragenic recombination suggest that other DNA-repair mechanisms besides DNA-recombination repair are involved in the recovery of inactivated yeast cells during the cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:362179", "title": "Use of human-liver microsomes from kidney-transplant donors for the induction of chromatid aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges by means of pre-carcinogens in Chinese hamster cells in vitro.", "content": "Samples of two human livers taken during operation of kidney donor patients were processed for microsome fractions and used for metabolization of cyclophosphamide (CP) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in combination with the NADPH-generating system. Rat-liver microsomes were checked for comparison. Induction of chromatid aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in a newly isolated clone of Chinese hamster fibroblasts served as indicators of activity. Human S-9 fractions standardized on protein content showed strong variations of CP and DMN activation. Whereas liver microsomes of one patient (who also suffered from Gaucher's disease) were highly active for both pre-carcinogens and metabolized DMN at the same level as the uninduced rat-liver microsomes, the S-9 fraction from the second patient failed to activate CP, but was distinctly positive for DMN. It is suggested that samples of liver and other organs of renal transplant donors might be a practicable source of freshly prepared human microsome fractions usable in biochemical, genetic and carcinogenetic studies. Problems concerning the extrapolation of results are discussed.", "contents": "Use of human-liver microsomes from kidney-transplant donors for the induction of chromatid aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges by means of pre-carcinogens in Chinese hamster cells in vitro. Samples of two human livers taken during operation of kidney donor patients were processed for microsome fractions and used for metabolization of cyclophosphamide (CP) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in combination with the NADPH-generating system. Rat-liver microsomes were checked for comparison. Induction of chromatid aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in a newly isolated clone of Chinese hamster fibroblasts served as indicators of activity. Human S-9 fractions standardized on protein content showed strong variations of CP and DMN activation. Whereas liver microsomes of one patient (who also suffered from Gaucher's disease) were highly active for both pre-carcinogens and metabolized DMN at the same level as the uninduced rat-liver microsomes, the S-9 fraction from the second patient failed to activate CP, but was distinctly positive for DMN. It is suggested that samples of liver and other organs of renal transplant donors might be a practicable source of freshly prepared human microsome fractions usable in biochemical, genetic and carcinogenetic studies. Problems concerning the extrapolation of results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362180", "title": "Factors influencing the frequency of mitomycin C-induced sister-chromatid exchanges in 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted human lymphocytes in culture.", "content": "Newly developed techniques for the detection of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) require the substitution of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for thymidine in DNA. We investigated the possibility of interactions between BrdU and one mutagen--carcinogen, mitomycin C (MMC) for the induction of both chromosomal aberrations and SCE in human peripheral lymphocytes in culture. No effect on aberration yield was found. Neither comparisons between the yields of SCE by BrdU substitution and differential staining and those detected by tritiated thymidine incorporation and autoradiography nor between the yields of SCE for different levels of BrdU incorporation provided any evidence of synergism. It was found, however, that MMC persists in cultures and continues to increase SCE frequencies for about 30 h. It was also observed that some MMC-induced DNA lesions persist long enough so that some of those present prior to S phase of the first cell cycle cause additional SCE in the third cycle.", "contents": "Factors influencing the frequency of mitomycin C-induced sister-chromatid exchanges in 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted human lymphocytes in culture. Newly developed techniques for the detection of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) require the substitution of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for thymidine in DNA. We investigated the possibility of interactions between BrdU and one mutagen--carcinogen, mitomycin C (MMC) for the induction of both chromosomal aberrations and SCE in human peripheral lymphocytes in culture. No effect on aberration yield was found. Neither comparisons between the yields of SCE by BrdU substitution and differential staining and those detected by tritiated thymidine incorporation and autoradiography nor between the yields of SCE for different levels of BrdU incorporation provided any evidence of synergism. It was found, however, that MMC persists in cultures and continues to increase SCE frequencies for about 30 h. It was also observed that some MMC-induced DNA lesions persist long enough so that some of those present prior to S phase of the first cell cycle cause additional SCE in the third cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:362183", "title": "A mutagen assay detecting forward mutations in an arabinose-sensitive strain of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Strain SV3 of Salmonella typhimurium is sensitive to arabinose, that is, unable to grow in a medium containing arabinose plus glycerol as carbon source. Arabinose resistance is the consequence of the mutational inactivation of one of at least three different genes. The selection of arabinose-resistant mutants provides a simple and sensitive assay for the detection of weak mutagens and for refined quantitative studies of strong ones. The assay is not influenced by experimental artifacts derived from physiological or lethal effects or from differences in plating density. Such artifacts are common with other bacterial mutagen assays, including those using strains analogous to SV3. As practical examples, the assay was used with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and the fungicide captafol.", "contents": "A mutagen assay detecting forward mutations in an arabinose-sensitive strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Strain SV3 of Salmonella typhimurium is sensitive to arabinose, that is, unable to grow in a medium containing arabinose plus glycerol as carbon source. Arabinose resistance is the consequence of the mutational inactivation of one of at least three different genes. The selection of arabinose-resistant mutants provides a simple and sensitive assay for the detection of weak mutagens and for refined quantitative studies of strong ones. The assay is not influenced by experimental artifacts derived from physiological or lethal effects or from differences in plating density. Such artifacts are common with other bacterial mutagen assays, including those using strains analogous to SV3. As practical examples, the assay was used with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and the fungicide captafol."}
{"id": "PMID:362184", "title": "A quick method for testing recessive lethal damage with a diploid strain of Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "A simple method capable of detecting recessive lethal damage in a diploid strain of Aspergillus nidulans is described. The method scores the recessive lethals on the 1st, the 3rd and the 5th chromosomes, which represent about 40% of the total map of A. nidulans. Two examples of induced lethals, with ultraviolet irradiation and methyl methanesulfonate are shown. The frequency of lethals may reach 36% of the total population with UV irradiation.", "contents": "A quick method for testing recessive lethal damage with a diploid strain of Aspergillus nidulans. A simple method capable of detecting recessive lethal damage in a diploid strain of Aspergillus nidulans is described. The method scores the recessive lethals on the 1st, the 3rd and the 5th chromosomes, which represent about 40% of the total map of A. nidulans. Two examples of induced lethals, with ultraviolet irradiation and methyl methanesulfonate are shown. The frequency of lethals may reach 36% of the total population with UV irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:362186", "title": "Dominant lethal effects of triethylenemelamine in the guppy Poecilia reticulata.", "content": "The need to screen potential chemical pollutants for mutagenicity has increased with the increasing volume of such materials being introduced into natural water. The present study demonstrates the utility of a fish, the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), as a model test system in which water-borne chemical mutagens may be assayed for dominant lethal effects. Mature male guppies were injected with three doses of triethylenemelamine (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) in addition to a control sham treatment. Each male was subsequently mated to virgin females. In an alternative test, male fish were allowed to swim in triethylenemelamine solutions of known concentration for a period of 24 h prior to being mated to virgin female guppies. 10 days following matings, females were dissected, and numbers of live and dead embryos were recorded. Significant dose effects were demonstrated by analysis of variance techniques in both the injection and the emersion tests with the results showing higher percentages of dead embryos and lower total number of embryos with increasing doses of TEM.", "contents": "Dominant lethal effects of triethylenemelamine in the guppy Poecilia reticulata. The need to screen potential chemical pollutants for mutagenicity has increased with the increasing volume of such materials being introduced into natural water. The present study demonstrates the utility of a fish, the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), as a model test system in which water-borne chemical mutagens may be assayed for dominant lethal effects. Mature male guppies were injected with three doses of triethylenemelamine (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) in addition to a control sham treatment. Each male was subsequently mated to virgin females. In an alternative test, male fish were allowed to swim in triethylenemelamine solutions of known concentration for a period of 24 h prior to being mated to virgin female guppies. 10 days following matings, females were dissected, and numbers of live and dead embryos were recorded. Significant dose effects were demonstrated by analysis of variance techniques in both the injection and the emersion tests with the results showing higher percentages of dead embryos and lower total number of embryos with increasing doses of TEM."}
{"id": "PMID:362187", "title": "Granuloma pouch assay. I. Induction of ouabain resistance by MNNG in vivo.", "content": "Growth of granulation tissue was induced in rats inside a subcutaneous air pouch by injection of croton oil. Granulation tissue, isolated and cultured in vitro, gave satisfactory and reproducible cloning efficiency of fibroblast-like cells. This experimental model system was used to study the induction of autosomal point mutations in vivo leading to ouabain resistance. For this purpose the mutagen MNNG was administered in the granuloma pouch, and the formation of ouabain-resistant clones was determined in vitro. Various application schedules, expression times in vivo and selective conditions in vitro were evaluated. The highest frequencies of ouabain-resistant clones were found when MNNG was injected into the pouch 24--48 h after induction of granulation tissue, followed by an expression time in vivo of 24--48 h. No ouabain-resistant clones were formed by cells isolated from untreated rats or from animals receiving the highest tolerated doses of MNNG per os or by intraperitoneal injection. The potential usefulness of the granuloma pouch assay for the evaluation of mutagenic and carcinogenic substances in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "Granuloma pouch assay. I. Induction of ouabain resistance by MNNG in vivo. Growth of granulation tissue was induced in rats inside a subcutaneous air pouch by injection of croton oil. Granulation tissue, isolated and cultured in vitro, gave satisfactory and reproducible cloning efficiency of fibroblast-like cells. This experimental model system was used to study the induction of autosomal point mutations in vivo leading to ouabain resistance. For this purpose the mutagen MNNG was administered in the granuloma pouch, and the formation of ouabain-resistant clones was determined in vitro. Various application schedules, expression times in vivo and selective conditions in vitro were evaluated. The highest frequencies of ouabain-resistant clones were found when MNNG was injected into the pouch 24--48 h after induction of granulation tissue, followed by an expression time in vivo of 24--48 h. No ouabain-resistant clones were formed by cells isolated from untreated rats or from animals receiving the highest tolerated doses of MNNG per os or by intraperitoneal injection. The potential usefulness of the granuloma pouch assay for the evaluation of mutagenic and carcinogenic substances in vivo is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362188", "title": "Mutagenic properties of ethylidene gyromitrin and its metabolites in microsomal activation tests and in the host-mediated assay.", "content": "Ethylidene gyromitrin (acetaldehyde-N-methyl-N-formylhydrazone) is the main poisonous hydrazine derivative in the edible mushroom false morel (Gyromitra esculenta Pers. Fr.). The mutagenic properties of this compound, and of its metabolites N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine and N-methylhydrazine, were tested by microsomal activation and host-mediated assay. Histidine auxotroph strains of Salmonella typhimurium were used as indicator organisms. Microsomal preparations had no detectable effect on the biological activity of the compounds tested, but the results of host-mediated assay experiments suggested that a bacteriocidic metabolite is formed from ethylidene gyromitrin.", "contents": "Mutagenic properties of ethylidene gyromitrin and its metabolites in microsomal activation tests and in the host-mediated assay. Ethylidene gyromitrin (acetaldehyde-N-methyl-N-formylhydrazone) is the main poisonous hydrazine derivative in the edible mushroom false morel (Gyromitra esculenta Pers. Fr.). The mutagenic properties of this compound, and of its metabolites N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine and N-methylhydrazine, were tested by microsomal activation and host-mediated assay. Histidine auxotroph strains of Salmonella typhimurium were used as indicator organisms. Microsomal preparations had no detectable effect on the biological activity of the compounds tested, but the results of host-mediated assay experiments suggested that a bacteriocidic metabolite is formed from ethylidene gyromitrin."}
{"id": "PMID:362189", "title": "A sequential screening of the cytogenetic damage induced by triaziquone.", "content": "A sequence is described of test procedures for a screening in vivo of the clastogenic potential of the alkylating agent triaziquone (Trenimon). Two intraperitoneal injections of 0.125 mg/kg body weight caused a considerable increase in the number of aberrations in both the micronucleus test and the bone-marrow metaphase test, but not in the spermatocyte translocation test or the spermatogonial metaphase test. With the latter test a severe cell-killing effect was detected. An analysis of whole mounts of seminiferous tubules showed that 0.125 mg/kg was a lethal dose for all B- and intermediate-type spermatogonia and partly killed A-type spermatogonia. A single administration of the same dose caused stable chromosomal rearrangements in spermatids that could be demonstrated with the F1 translocation test, and gave rise to dominant lethality of fetuses originating from post-meiotic sperm. The comparative triaziquone study has provided arguments in favor of the micronucleus test as a reliable screening method for chromosomal aberrations. The analysis of seminiferous tubules is a recommendable method for studying lethal effects of a compound on germ cells, whereas the F1 translocation test gives important information about viable aberrations and their effect on the fertility of the progeny.", "contents": "A sequential screening of the cytogenetic damage induced by triaziquone. A sequence is described of test procedures for a screening in vivo of the clastogenic potential of the alkylating agent triaziquone (Trenimon). Two intraperitoneal injections of 0.125 mg/kg body weight caused a considerable increase in the number of aberrations in both the micronucleus test and the bone-marrow metaphase test, but not in the spermatocyte translocation test or the spermatogonial metaphase test. With the latter test a severe cell-killing effect was detected. An analysis of whole mounts of seminiferous tubules showed that 0.125 mg/kg was a lethal dose for all B- and intermediate-type spermatogonia and partly killed A-type spermatogonia. A single administration of the same dose caused stable chromosomal rearrangements in spermatids that could be demonstrated with the F1 translocation test, and gave rise to dominant lethality of fetuses originating from post-meiotic sperm. The comparative triaziquone study has provided arguments in favor of the micronucleus test as a reliable screening method for chromosomal aberrations. The analysis of seminiferous tubules is a recommendable method for studying lethal effects of a compound on germ cells, whereas the F1 translocation test gives important information about viable aberrations and their effect on the fertility of the progeny."}
{"id": "PMID:362190", "title": "Screening for the mutagenicity of nitro-group containing hypoxic cell radiosensitizers using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100 and TA98.", "content": "A series of sixteen 2-, 4- and 5-nitroimidazoles, four nitrobenzenes, five nitrofurans, and a nitropyrrole, most of which have been studied previously as hypoxic cell specific radiosensitizers, have been screened for their mutagenicity using the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100 and TA 98 developed by Ames and co-workers. Most of these compounds were mutagenic and had a one to two order of magnitude greater mutagenicity towards TA 100 (base-pair substitution sensitive) than TA 98 (frame-shift sensitive). The spectrum of mutagenic efficiencies for the drugs which was observed could be correlated to some extent with the electron affinity of these compounds. Exceptions to this correlation may indicate drugs of interest for further studies both as mutagens and hypoxic cell radiosensitizers.", "contents": "Screening for the mutagenicity of nitro-group containing hypoxic cell radiosensitizers using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100 and TA98. A series of sixteen 2-, 4- and 5-nitroimidazoles, four nitrobenzenes, five nitrofurans, and a nitropyrrole, most of which have been studied previously as hypoxic cell specific radiosensitizers, have been screened for their mutagenicity using the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100 and TA 98 developed by Ames and co-workers. Most of these compounds were mutagenic and had a one to two order of magnitude greater mutagenicity towards TA 100 (base-pair substitution sensitive) than TA 98 (frame-shift sensitive). The spectrum of mutagenic efficiencies for the drugs which was observed could be correlated to some extent with the electron affinity of these compounds. Exceptions to this correlation may indicate drugs of interest for further studies both as mutagens and hypoxic cell radiosensitizers."}
{"id": "PMID:362191", "title": "Mutagenicity of some commercially available nitro compounds for Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Benzoyl chloride and 53 commercially available aromatic heterocyclic and aliphatic nitro compounds were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. 34 of 53 nitro compounds (64%) were mutagenic, 4 in TA100 only, 15 in TA98 only, and 15 in both strains. 13 of the heterocyclic derivatives of pyridine, indole, indazole, quinoline, and benzimidazole were mutagenic. 21 of 34 mutagenic nitro compounds were bactericidal. Nitromethane was the only aliphatic tested and was not mutagenic. Benzoyl chloride, a human carcinogen, was mutagenic for TA98.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of some commercially available nitro compounds for Salmonella typhimurium. Benzoyl chloride and 53 commercially available aromatic heterocyclic and aliphatic nitro compounds were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. 34 of 53 nitro compounds (64%) were mutagenic, 4 in TA100 only, 15 in TA98 only, and 15 in both strains. 13 of the heterocyclic derivatives of pyridine, indole, indazole, quinoline, and benzimidazole were mutagenic. 21 of 34 mutagenic nitro compounds were bactericidal. Nitromethane was the only aliphatic tested and was not mutagenic. Benzoyl chloride, a human carcinogen, was mutagenic for TA98."}
{"id": "PMID:362192", "title": "Frameshift mutations in bacteria produced in the dark by several furocoumarins; absence of activity of 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen.", "content": "4 furocoumarins, namely psoralen (P), 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (TMP) and angelicin (A) were tested for dark mutagenesis in E. coli lac-. Three compounds; P, 8-MOP and A were shown to be weak frame-shift mutagens. TMP, surprisingly in view of its very active photosensitizing action, was found to be non-mutagenic. These results are discussed in relation to the photosensitizing action of the furocoumarins.", "contents": "Frameshift mutations in bacteria produced in the dark by several furocoumarins; absence of activity of 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen. 4 furocoumarins, namely psoralen (P), 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (TMP) and angelicin (A) were tested for dark mutagenesis in E. coli lac-. Three compounds; P, 8-MOP and A were shown to be weak frame-shift mutagens. TMP, surprisingly in view of its very active photosensitizing action, was found to be non-mutagenic. These results are discussed in relation to the photosensitizing action of the furocoumarins."}
{"id": "PMID:362193", "title": "Suppression of mutation induction and failure to detect mutagenic activity with athabasca tar sand fractions.", "content": "5 different histidine-requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium were used to test the mutagenic activity of 7 different fractions of Athabasca tar-sand. None of the 7 fractions (bitumen, maltenes, asphaltenes, saturated, monoaromatic, diaromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons), showed positive mutagenic response in any of the Salmonella typhimurium strains. We have tested a wide range of concentrations. The results obtained so far are consistent with the lack of mutagenic activity of all investigated fractions in the absence and in the presence of metabolic activation. Assuming that there might be an association between the absence of mutagenic activity and the complexity of the tar-sand fractions, we investigated the effect of the polyaromatic hydrocaron fraction on the mutagenicity of the carcinogenic agent 2-aminoanthracene. The data obtained indicate clearly that the polyaromatic hydrocarbon fraction suppresses the mutagenic activity of 2-aminoanthracene.", "contents": "Suppression of mutation induction and failure to detect mutagenic activity with athabasca tar sand fractions. 5 different histidine-requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium were used to test the mutagenic activity of 7 different fractions of Athabasca tar-sand. None of the 7 fractions (bitumen, maltenes, asphaltenes, saturated, monoaromatic, diaromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons), showed positive mutagenic response in any of the Salmonella typhimurium strains. We have tested a wide range of concentrations. The results obtained so far are consistent with the lack of mutagenic activity of all investigated fractions in the absence and in the presence of metabolic activation. Assuming that there might be an association between the absence of mutagenic activity and the complexity of the tar-sand fractions, we investigated the effect of the polyaromatic hydrocaron fraction on the mutagenicity of the carcinogenic agent 2-aminoanthracene. The data obtained indicate clearly that the polyaromatic hydrocarbon fraction suppresses the mutagenic activity of 2-aminoanthracene."}
{"id": "PMID:362194", "title": "Changes in mutagenicity of protein pyrolyzates by reaction with nitrite.", "content": "Pyrolyzates of protein and related materials were treated with nitrite under acidic conditions, and the mutagenic activity toward Salmonella tester strains was determined. After treatment with nitrite in acidic solution, casein pyrolyzate, an extract of roasted chicken meat, tobacco-smoke condensate and some aromatic amines showed appreciable decreases in their mutagenic activities toward Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. Aromatic amines in the pyrolyzates may be changed by nitrite treatment to other forms having no or lower mutagenic activity toward Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The contribution by aromatic amines to the total mutagenic activity of the pyrolyzates was as high as 80% in both casein pyrolyzate and extract of roasted chicken meat and 50% in tobacco-smoke condensate. Pyrolyzates of protein and related materials did not show a decrease in the mutagenic activity toward Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 with the same treatment.", "contents": "Changes in mutagenicity of protein pyrolyzates by reaction with nitrite. Pyrolyzates of protein and related materials were treated with nitrite under acidic conditions, and the mutagenic activity toward Salmonella tester strains was determined. After treatment with nitrite in acidic solution, casein pyrolyzate, an extract of roasted chicken meat, tobacco-smoke condensate and some aromatic amines showed appreciable decreases in their mutagenic activities toward Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. Aromatic amines in the pyrolyzates may be changed by nitrite treatment to other forms having no or lower mutagenic activity toward Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The contribution by aromatic amines to the total mutagenic activity of the pyrolyzates was as high as 80% in both casein pyrolyzate and extract of roasted chicken meat and 50% in tobacco-smoke condensate. Pyrolyzates of protein and related materials did not show a decrease in the mutagenic activity toward Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 with the same treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:362195", "title": "The evaluation of sixteen carcinogens in the rat using the micronucleus test.", "content": "Sixteen carcinogens were evaluated in rats for their ability to induce micronuclei. The direct acting agent, ethyl methanesulfonate and the procarcinogens/promutagens, cyclophosphamide and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, induced dose-related increases in micronucleated polychromatophilic erythrocytes. Aflatoxin B1 also significantly increased the number of micronucleated polychromatophillic erythrocytes for 2 doses although no dose-response could be detected. Dimethylnitrosamine produced variable results. The remaining 11 compounds, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine, diethylnitrosamine, dimethylbenzanthracene, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, ethionine, ethyl carbamate, hexametapol, metronidazole, and beta-naphthylamine, failed to induce significantly increased numbers of micronuclei. The large number of false negative results obtained in the present investigations using the micronucleus test suggests that in vivo cytogenetic assays utilizing bone marrow may also lack the sensitivity needed to detect clastogenic effects of procarcinogens/promutagens which require tissue specific metabolic activation.", "contents": "The evaluation of sixteen carcinogens in the rat using the micronucleus test. Sixteen carcinogens were evaluated in rats for their ability to induce micronuclei. The direct acting agent, ethyl methanesulfonate and the procarcinogens/promutagens, cyclophosphamide and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, induced dose-related increases in micronucleated polychromatophilic erythrocytes. Aflatoxin B1 also significantly increased the number of micronucleated polychromatophillic erythrocytes for 2 doses although no dose-response could be detected. Dimethylnitrosamine produced variable results. The remaining 11 compounds, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine, diethylnitrosamine, dimethylbenzanthracene, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, ethionine, ethyl carbamate, hexametapol, metronidazole, and beta-naphthylamine, failed to induce significantly increased numbers of micronuclei. The large number of false negative results obtained in the present investigations using the micronucleus test suggests that in vivo cytogenetic assays utilizing bone marrow may also lack the sensitivity needed to detect clastogenic effects of procarcinogens/promutagens which require tissue specific metabolic activation."}
{"id": "PMID:362196", "title": "Induction of gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the nitrofuran derivative furylfuramide (AF-2).", "content": "The nitrofuran derivative furylfuramide (AF-2) is known to be both mutagenic and carcinogenic in a number of test systems. In this report we show that AF-2 can also induce gene conversion in diploid yeast in a manner dependent on both duration and concentration of treatment.", "contents": "Induction of gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the nitrofuran derivative furylfuramide (AF-2). The nitrofuran derivative furylfuramide (AF-2) is known to be both mutagenic and carcinogenic in a number of test systems. In this report we show that AF-2 can also induce gene conversion in diploid yeast in a manner dependent on both duration and concentration of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:362197", "title": "Treatment of chronic oral candidiasis with clotrimazole troches. A controlled clinical trial.", "content": "Twenty patients with chronic oral candidiasis were assigned by random allocation to a two-week course of either 10-mg clotrimazole buccal troches or placebo taken five times daily in a double-blind clinical trial. Each of the 10 recipients of clotrimazole had marked regression of symptoms and mucosal lesions, and in nine patients potassium hydroxide preparations and cultures of mucosal scrapings gave no evidence of candidiasis. In contrast, only one of the 10 patients receiving placebo showed any improvement. The clinical outcome in the clotrimazole-treated group was significantly more favorable (P less than 0.001) than in the group receiving placebo. No adverse reactions to the drug were observed. After the blind phase of their trial, 15 patients were treated with clotrimazole troches in an open trial. One to three troches per day were found adequate to sustain remissions. We conclude that clotrimazole is highly effective treatment for chronic oral candidiasis.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic oral candidiasis with clotrimazole troches. A controlled clinical trial. Twenty patients with chronic oral candidiasis were assigned by random allocation to a two-week course of either 10-mg clotrimazole buccal troches or placebo taken five times daily in a double-blind clinical trial. Each of the 10 recipients of clotrimazole had marked regression of symptoms and mucosal lesions, and in nine patients potassium hydroxide preparations and cultures of mucosal scrapings gave no evidence of candidiasis. In contrast, only one of the 10 patients receiving placebo showed any improvement. The clinical outcome in the clotrimazole-treated group was significantly more favorable (P less than 0.001) than in the group receiving placebo. No adverse reactions to the drug were observed. After the blind phase of their trial, 15 patients were treated with clotrimazole troches in an open trial. One to three troches per day were found adequate to sustain remissions. We conclude that clotrimazole is highly effective treatment for chronic oral candidiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:362206", "title": "Clinical relevance of the histopathological subclassification of diffuse \"histiocytic\" lymphoma.", "content": "Because diffuse \"histiocytic\" lymphoma, which is an immunologically heterogeneous disease, responds well to chemotherapy in some but not all patients, we attempted to identify the morphologic features that might correlate with its behavior and prognosis. We identified five histopathological categories in 66 patients: one with an excellent prognosis (large, cleaved cell, six of eight patients surviving for two years); two with an intermediate prognosis (large, noncleaved and mixed follicular-center cell, nine of 18 and eight of 17, respectively, surviving for two years); and two with a poor prognosis (blastic and pleomorphic pyroninophilic, one of 10 and two of 13, respectively, surviving for two years). The differences among categories were significant (P less than 0.02) and not dependent on stage (P greater than 0.20). Tumors of follicular-center origin had a better prognosis than tumors of nonfollicular-center origin (P less than 0.01). Differences in survival were due to differences in complete response rate. Morphologic subclassification of diffuse \"histiocytic\" lymphoma may be useful in predicting response to chemotherapy and survival.", "contents": "Clinical relevance of the histopathological subclassification of diffuse \"histiocytic\" lymphoma. Because diffuse \"histiocytic\" lymphoma, which is an immunologically heterogeneous disease, responds well to chemotherapy in some but not all patients, we attempted to identify the morphologic features that might correlate with its behavior and prognosis. We identified five histopathological categories in 66 patients: one with an excellent prognosis (large, cleaved cell, six of eight patients surviving for two years); two with an intermediate prognosis (large, noncleaved and mixed follicular-center cell, nine of 18 and eight of 17, respectively, surviving for two years); and two with a poor prognosis (blastic and pleomorphic pyroninophilic, one of 10 and two of 13, respectively, surviving for two years). The differences among categories were significant (P less than 0.02) and not dependent on stage (P greater than 0.20). Tumors of follicular-center origin had a better prognosis than tumors of nonfollicular-center origin (P less than 0.01). Differences in survival were due to differences in complete response rate. Morphologic subclassification of diffuse \"histiocytic\" lymphoma may be useful in predicting response to chemotherapy and survival."}
{"id": "PMID:362207", "title": "Effects of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and alternate-day prednisone on pituitary-adrenal function in children with chronic asthma.", "content": "Two corticosteroid regimens, alternate-day prednisone and inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate, have been more acceptable than daily oral corticosteroids for treatment of chronic asthma. To compare the effect of these regimens on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function, 20 children with asthma were evaluated while receiving 20 to 40 mg of prednisone on alternate mornings or 400 to 800 microgram per day of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate in divided daily doses; seven children requiring only non-corticosteroid medication served as controls. Early-morning serum cortisol concentration, urinary free-cortisol excretion and the 11-desoxycortisol response to metyrapone were decreased to a similar degree among children receiving both corticosteroid regimens in comparison with the control patients and were lowest when alternate-day prednisone and inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate were given together. Thus, inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate appears similar to alternate-day prednisone in its effect on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function when used alone; the effect is additive when the two are used together.", "contents": "Effects of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and alternate-day prednisone on pituitary-adrenal function in children with chronic asthma. Two corticosteroid regimens, alternate-day prednisone and inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate, have been more acceptable than daily oral corticosteroids for treatment of chronic asthma. To compare the effect of these regimens on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function, 20 children with asthma were evaluated while receiving 20 to 40 mg of prednisone on alternate mornings or 400 to 800 microgram per day of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate in divided daily doses; seven children requiring only non-corticosteroid medication served as controls. Early-morning serum cortisol concentration, urinary free-cortisol excretion and the 11-desoxycortisol response to metyrapone were decreased to a similar degree among children receiving both corticosteroid regimens in comparison with the control patients and were lowest when alternate-day prednisone and inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate were given together. Thus, inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate appears similar to alternate-day prednisone in its effect on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function when used alone; the effect is additive when the two are used together."}
{"id": "PMID:362213", "title": "Insulin to inhibit protein catabolism after injury.", "content": "Using patients with varying degrees of trauma as their own controls we compared three isocaloric regimens in three-day crossover studies; 9.4 g of nitrogen as l-amino acids was also given daily. The urea production rate was used as an index of protein breakdown. We found that in catabolic patients, insulin and glucose produced a strikingly greater inhibition of protein breakdown that glucose alone, and that glucose alone was marginally more protein sparing than a regimen containing mainly fat (intralipid and sorbitol). These differences were not seen in noncatabolic patients (urea production rate less than 15 g daily). In the catabolic patients (urea production rate greater than 15 g daily) the protein-sparing effect of insulin was proportional to the initial urea production rate. We therefore concluded that insulin has important protein-sparing effects in severely ill traumatized patients, but little effect when there is no increased catabolic rate.", "contents": "Insulin to inhibit protein catabolism after injury. Using patients with varying degrees of trauma as their own controls we compared three isocaloric regimens in three-day crossover studies; 9.4 g of nitrogen as l-amino acids was also given daily. The urea production rate was used as an index of protein breakdown. We found that in catabolic patients, insulin and glucose produced a strikingly greater inhibition of protein breakdown that glucose alone, and that glucose alone was marginally more protein sparing than a regimen containing mainly fat (intralipid and sorbitol). These differences were not seen in noncatabolic patients (urea production rate less than 15 g daily). In the catabolic patients (urea production rate greater than 15 g daily) the protein-sparing effect of insulin was proportional to the initial urea production rate. We therefore concluded that insulin has important protein-sparing effects in severely ill traumatized patients, but little effect when there is no increased catabolic rate."}
{"id": "PMID:362217", "title": "Migration inhibition factor study in Histoplasma capsulatum.", "content": "Mice sublethally infected with viable Histoplasma capsulatum or immunized with merthiolate-killed yeast phase cells showed decreased mortality on subsequent challenge infection as compared to controls. Migration inhibition (MI) assays using peritoneal and spleen cells from immunized but unchallenged mice showed no parallel correlation with percent mortality. MI assay indices fluctuated without concomitant changes in resistance to challenge injection with live yeast phase cells. Viable vaccines induced greater resistance to challenge infection than killed cells, although both were comparable in sensitizing ability as measured by MI assay techniques with this mouse model.", "contents": "Migration inhibition factor study in Histoplasma capsulatum. Mice sublethally infected with viable Histoplasma capsulatum or immunized with merthiolate-killed yeast phase cells showed decreased mortality on subsequent challenge infection as compared to controls. Migration inhibition (MI) assays using peritoneal and spleen cells from immunized but unchallenged mice showed no parallel correlation with percent mortality. MI assay indices fluctuated without concomitant changes in resistance to challenge injection with live yeast phase cells. Viable vaccines induced greater resistance to challenge infection than killed cells, although both were comparable in sensitizing ability as measured by MI assay techniques with this mouse model."}
{"id": "PMID:362218", "title": "Candida albicans dimorphism and virulence: role of copper.", "content": "Previously reported observations that Candida albicans grows in the yeast phase at 30C and the mycelial phase at 37 degrees C and that the former phase is more virulent than the latter were confirmed. A novel factor, copper, was discovered to suppress filamentation. Injection of copper into mice permitted the filamentous phase to be as virulent as the yeast phase. In subsequent studies on candidosis, copper assays should be performed on relevant body fluids to determine if there might be a correlation between elevated copper and heightened susceptibility to the fungus.", "contents": "Candida albicans dimorphism and virulence: role of copper. Previously reported observations that Candida albicans grows in the yeast phase at 30C and the mycelial phase at 37 degrees C and that the former phase is more virulent than the latter were confirmed. A novel factor, copper, was discovered to suppress filamentation. Injection of copper into mice permitted the filamentous phase to be as virulent as the yeast phase. In subsequent studies on candidosis, copper assays should be performed on relevant body fluids to determine if there might be a correlation between elevated copper and heightened susceptibility to the fungus."}
{"id": "PMID:362220", "title": "[Lactate dehydrogenase. An example of the development of modern enzymology].", "content": "Lactate dehydrogenase is the prototype of an oligomeric, intracellular enzyme. Its primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures are now well known. This fact, especially with regard to the occurrence of isoenzymes, has effected a great progress in the understanding of the structure-function relationship of enzymes. The historical development of modern enzymology is described, together with discussions of the various methods and problems of enzymology.", "contents": "[Lactate dehydrogenase. An example of the development of modern enzymology]. Lactate dehydrogenase is the prototype of an oligomeric, intracellular enzyme. Its primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures are now well known. This fact, especially with regard to the occurrence of isoenzymes, has effected a great progress in the understanding of the structure-function relationship of enzymes. The historical development of modern enzymology is described, together with discussions of the various methods and problems of enzymology."}
{"id": "PMID:362234", "title": "Baclofen for spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Double-blind crossover and three-year study.", "content": "Baclofen is a safe and effective means for treating spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis. We found no toxic effects on hepatologic, hematopoietic, or renal function, acutely or for over 3 years of follow-up. A statistically significant reduction was noted in frequency of spasms, and clonus, and there was improved range of joint movement, which enabled patients to maintain functional status for prolonged periods. For the more disabled patients, treatment with baclofen gave symptomatic relief of painful spasms and made immobility more tolerable. Optimum effect was achieved when baclofen was administered in the early stages of disease, before major disabilities became permanent.", "contents": "Baclofen for spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Double-blind crossover and three-year study. Baclofen is a safe and effective means for treating spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis. We found no toxic effects on hepatologic, hematopoietic, or renal function, acutely or for over 3 years of follow-up. A statistically significant reduction was noted in frequency of spasms, and clonus, and there was improved range of joint movement, which enabled patients to maintain functional status for prolonged periods. For the more disabled patients, treatment with baclofen gave symptomatic relief of painful spasms and made immobility more tolerable. Optimum effect was achieved when baclofen was administered in the early stages of disease, before major disabilities became permanent."}
{"id": "PMID:362236", "title": "Some factors influencing the proliferation and differentiation of myelin-forming cells.", "content": "Fundamental questions arising from study of the multiple sclerosis lesion are: (1) why the myelin-forming oligodendrocyte is adversely affected; and (2) what factors might induce the proliferation and differentiation of replacement oligodendrocytes. This paper discusses factors that influence the number and differentiative capacity of myelin-forming cells both in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). New experiments utilizing cultures of fetal rat sensory and autonomic ganglia are also herein reported. It has been found that in cultures free of fibroblasts, normal Schwann cell proliferation and ensheathment of axons require contact with a collagen substrate and may be facilitated by a medium containing chick embryo extract. This demonstration of a connective tissue requirement for normal Schwann cell function raises the question of whether additional factors are necessary for normal oligodendrocyte activity.", "contents": "Some factors influencing the proliferation and differentiation of myelin-forming cells. Fundamental questions arising from study of the multiple sclerosis lesion are: (1) why the myelin-forming oligodendrocyte is adversely affected; and (2) what factors might induce the proliferation and differentiation of replacement oligodendrocytes. This paper discusses factors that influence the number and differentiative capacity of myelin-forming cells both in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). New experiments utilizing cultures of fetal rat sensory and autonomic ganglia are also herein reported. It has been found that in cultures free of fibroblasts, normal Schwann cell proliferation and ensheathment of axons require contact with a collagen substrate and may be facilitated by a medium containing chick embryo extract. This demonstration of a connective tissue requirement for normal Schwann cell function raises the question of whether additional factors are necessary for normal oligodendrocyte activity."}
{"id": "PMID:362238", "title": "Syndrome of primary transtentorial cerebellar displacement--\"inverse Chiari type II syndrome\".", "content": "Transtentorial upward displacement of parts of the cerebellum and the brain stem into the supratentorial space, a condition which has occasionally been described in the literature since 1958 in children with hydrocephalus and spina bifida, is demonstrated in one case together with a discussion of its pathogenesis. A former hypothesis regarding the condition as a result of long standing shunt treatment of the hydrocephalus with supratentorial decompression is opposed. Different findings in the present and in two formerly recorded observations point out that the cerebellar upward displacement must be a prenatally originated malformation complex associated with hydrocephalus. The main criteria of the syndrome, which seems to be very much related to the Arnold-Chiari malformation, are summarized.", "contents": "Syndrome of primary transtentorial cerebellar displacement--\"inverse Chiari type II syndrome\". Transtentorial upward displacement of parts of the cerebellum and the brain stem into the supratentorial space, a condition which has occasionally been described in the literature since 1958 in children with hydrocephalus and spina bifida, is demonstrated in one case together with a discussion of its pathogenesis. A former hypothesis regarding the condition as a result of long standing shunt treatment of the hydrocephalus with supratentorial decompression is opposed. Different findings in the present and in two formerly recorded observations point out that the cerebellar upward displacement must be a prenatally originated malformation complex associated with hydrocephalus. The main criteria of the syndrome, which seems to be very much related to the Arnold-Chiari malformation, are summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:362243", "title": "[Acupuncture, \"vital\" drugs and psychotropic agents in psychiatric patients. 50 cases].", "content": "A therapeutical trial by means of acupuncture and \"vital\" drugs (1-glutamine and N-dipropylacetic acid) in 23 out of 50 psychiatric chronic patients basically depressive, and by means of acupuncture, vital drugs and psychodrugs in the remaining 27 similar patients, is carefully reported. 49 of this patients got improvement, 41 of them in a middle degree. The different neurochemical curcuits (GABA-ergic, glutamergic, adrenergic, noradrenergic, serotoninergic and dopaminergic) put in balance by such therapeutical association have been discussed.", "contents": "[Acupuncture, \"vital\" drugs and psychotropic agents in psychiatric patients. 50 cases]. A therapeutical trial by means of acupuncture and \"vital\" drugs (1-glutamine and N-dipropylacetic acid) in 23 out of 50 psychiatric chronic patients basically depressive, and by means of acupuncture, vital drugs and psychodrugs in the remaining 27 similar patients, is carefully reported. 49 of this patients got improvement, 41 of them in a middle degree. The different neurochemical curcuits (GABA-ergic, glutamergic, adrenergic, noradrenergic, serotoninergic and dopaminergic) put in balance by such therapeutical association have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362277", "title": "[Inhibition of tumor growth and metastases in mice with Lewis lung tumors by vitamin A and BCG].", "content": "The anti-tumor effect of vitamin A and/or BCG was investigated in Lewis lung tumor system. Tumor growth and lung metastases were significantly suppressed, when tumor cells were mixed with BCG and inoculated subcutaneously into vitamin A-treated animals. Survival time was also prolonged by the same treatment. Vitamin A alone, without BCG, showed no effect on tumor growth, lung metastases or survival time.", "contents": "[Inhibition of tumor growth and metastases in mice with Lewis lung tumors by vitamin A and BCG]. The anti-tumor effect of vitamin A and/or BCG was investigated in Lewis lung tumor system. Tumor growth and lung metastases were significantly suppressed, when tumor cells were mixed with BCG and inoculated subcutaneously into vitamin A-treated animals. Survival time was also prolonged by the same treatment. Vitamin A alone, without BCG, showed no effect on tumor growth, lung metastases or survival time."}
{"id": "PMID:362278", "title": "[Localization of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma by means of 67 gallium subtraction scintigraphy].", "content": "67Ga-subtraction scan was found to be useful and a promising new method for the pre-treatment evaluation of the patient with Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The scan appeared to be most accurate in the neck, chest, and axillary regions. It appears to offer a means of increasing the accuracy of evaluating the abdomen, the paraaortic and pelvic regions. It may be a useful method for follow-up to detect recurrences. It was an easily performed, safe, non-invasive test, well tolerated and accepted by patients.", "contents": "[Localization of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma by means of 67 gallium subtraction scintigraphy]. 67Ga-subtraction scan was found to be useful and a promising new method for the pre-treatment evaluation of the patient with Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The scan appeared to be most accurate in the neck, chest, and axillary regions. It appears to offer a means of increasing the accuracy of evaluating the abdomen, the paraaortic and pelvic regions. It may be a useful method for follow-up to detect recurrences. It was an easily performed, safe, non-invasive test, well tolerated and accepted by patients."}
{"id": "PMID:362279", "title": "[Treatment of relapses in juvenile acute lymphoblastic leukemia].", "content": "Recurrence of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurs in about 30-50% and indicates irresistable progression of the disease. While systemic (= hematologic) relapse is due to drug resistance of leukemic cells, pharmacologic barriers may be responsible for local relapses as meningeal involvement, leukemic ophthalmopathy or testicular infiltration. L-asparginase seems to be an important component of drug combinations for re-induction therapy for systemic relapse. Following reinduction therapy modification of continuation therapy is necessary. Local relapses require local treatment, i.e. radiotherapy and e.g. intrathecal drug application. Local relapse is almost always followed by hematologic relapse. Therefore, intensification of systemic therapy is also recommended. Prevention of these relapses is much more important and probably more successful than treatment. Therefore, initial therapy should include preventive measures for pharmacologic sanctuaries.", "contents": "[Treatment of relapses in juvenile acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. Recurrence of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurs in about 30-50% and indicates irresistable progression of the disease. While systemic (= hematologic) relapse is due to drug resistance of leukemic cells, pharmacologic barriers may be responsible for local relapses as meningeal involvement, leukemic ophthalmopathy or testicular infiltration. L-asparginase seems to be an important component of drug combinations for re-induction therapy for systemic relapse. Following reinduction therapy modification of continuation therapy is necessary. Local relapses require local treatment, i.e. radiotherapy and e.g. intrathecal drug application. Local relapse is almost always followed by hematologic relapse. Therefore, intensification of systemic therapy is also recommended. Prevention of these relapses is much more important and probably more successful than treatment. Therefore, initial therapy should include preventive measures for pharmacologic sanctuaries."}
{"id": "PMID:362280", "title": "[Clinical aspects of the excretion of alkylating cyclophosphamide metabolites in the urine of tumor bearing patients].", "content": "The urinary excretion of alkylating CP metabolites was measured in 33 tumor patients by using NPB-test under consideration of different doses, routes of administration (i.v. and i.m.) and function of the liver and the kidney. There was no limit in activation capacity with increased doses of CP. The estimation of the upper activation limit was hindered by the host's subjective toxicity. CP was activated in a comparable manner after i.v. or i.m. administration. It is of interest that liver involvement by the disease or functionally compensated post-nephrectomy state of patients investigated so far did not diminish the excretion of alkylating CP metabolites.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of the excretion of alkylating cyclophosphamide metabolites in the urine of tumor bearing patients]. The urinary excretion of alkylating CP metabolites was measured in 33 tumor patients by using NPB-test under consideration of different doses, routes of administration (i.v. and i.m.) and function of the liver and the kidney. There was no limit in activation capacity with increased doses of CP. The estimation of the upper activation limit was hindered by the host's subjective toxicity. CP was activated in a comparable manner after i.v. or i.m. administration. It is of interest that liver involvement by the disease or functionally compensated post-nephrectomy state of patients investigated so far did not diminish the excretion of alkylating CP metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:362281", "title": "[Optimal care of the oncologic patient: a question of organization].", "content": "The rapid development of oncology as a subspecialty in internal medicine presents a dilemma for the specialist and the private practitioner. How can one offer the best technical and scientific care which often requires an institutional setting for its delivery and at the same time maintain a continuous meaningful relationship with a primary care physician? The outpatient clinic of the oncology center of the Basle University clinics as a paragon for the patient care in these changing times may represent one of several possible solutions to this contemporary dilemma.", "contents": "[Optimal care of the oncologic patient: a question of organization]. The rapid development of oncology as a subspecialty in internal medicine presents a dilemma for the specialist and the private practitioner. How can one offer the best technical and scientific care which often requires an institutional setting for its delivery and at the same time maintain a continuous meaningful relationship with a primary care physician? The outpatient clinic of the oncology center of the Basle University clinics as a paragon for the patient care in these changing times may represent one of several possible solutions to this contemporary dilemma."}
{"id": "PMID:362282", "title": "[Immune stimulation with vitamin A therapy in patients with pulmonary neoplasms].", "content": "Based on a clinical trial, in which patients with unresectable bronchogenic cancer were treated with a combination of vitamin A plus chemotherapy, or vitamin A plus radiotherapy, a study was initiated in which vitamin A alone was given for tumor treatment. 9 male patients with metastatic unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the lung were treated with vitamin A palmitate or 13-cis vitamin A acid. Up to seven treatment courses were given during a period of 60 weeks. Through weekly evaluation of the patients' immune status, an immune potentiating effect of the vitamin A therapy could be demonstrated. An increase of lymphocyte blastogenesis response to PHA which is significant (p less than 0.001) compared with the pretreatment values, was found in all patients at the end of one vitamin A treatment course. Increased delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were observed also in all patients. The immune potentiating effects of vitamin A therapy, as well as the demonstrated direct effect on the tumor, introduces a wide range of combination therapies.", "contents": "[Immune stimulation with vitamin A therapy in patients with pulmonary neoplasms]. Based on a clinical trial, in which patients with unresectable bronchogenic cancer were treated with a combination of vitamin A plus chemotherapy, or vitamin A plus radiotherapy, a study was initiated in which vitamin A alone was given for tumor treatment. 9 male patients with metastatic unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the lung were treated with vitamin A palmitate or 13-cis vitamin A acid. Up to seven treatment courses were given during a period of 60 weeks. Through weekly evaluation of the patients' immune status, an immune potentiating effect of the vitamin A therapy could be demonstrated. An increase of lymphocyte blastogenesis response to PHA which is significant (p less than 0.001) compared with the pretreatment values, was found in all patients at the end of one vitamin A treatment course. Increased delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were observed also in all patients. The immune potentiating effects of vitamin A therapy, as well as the demonstrated direct effect on the tumor, introduces a wide range of combination therapies."}
{"id": "PMID:362283", "title": "[HL-A antigens in bronchogenic carcinoma].", "content": "A decrease in the frequency of HLA-A2 was noticed in 37 bronchogenic carcinoma patients studied. HLA-B8 was found to be increased in the prolonged survivors of bronchogenic carcinoma.", "contents": "[HL-A antigens in bronchogenic carcinoma]. A decrease in the frequency of HLA-A2 was noticed in 37 bronchogenic carcinoma patients studied. HLA-B8 was found to be increased in the prolonged survivors of bronchogenic carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:362284", "title": "[Diagnostic measures in various manifestations of bronchial carcinoma].", "content": "The mortality of bronchogenic carcinoma is still rising. In the etiology cigarette smoking is the main cause. High risk groups are persons between 45 and 65 years exposed permanently to inhalative noxae. These groups should be observed carefully for early cancer detection. With radiological, endoscopial, cytological methods the possibility for early diagnosis is given. Careful preoperative staging is necessary for differential therapy and prognosis of the cancer patient.", "contents": "[Diagnostic measures in various manifestations of bronchial carcinoma]. The mortality of bronchogenic carcinoma is still rising. In the etiology cigarette smoking is the main cause. High risk groups are persons between 45 and 65 years exposed permanently to inhalative noxae. These groups should be observed carefully for early cancer detection. With radiological, endoscopial, cytological methods the possibility for early diagnosis is given. Careful preoperative staging is necessary for differential therapy and prognosis of the cancer patient."}
{"id": "PMID:362285", "title": "[Efficacy of diagnostic measures in colonic carcinoma].", "content": "It has been tried to ascertain the comparative value of the different diagnostic measures with regard to colorectal cancer. On the basis of the results achieved, the addition of the H\u00e4moccult test (if this has not yet been done), of the rectoscopy and of endoscopic polypectomy to the programme of preventive medicine is indicated. Also measures for an early diagnosis of the post-operative recurrence of tumors are advisable.", "contents": "[Efficacy of diagnostic measures in colonic carcinoma]. It has been tried to ascertain the comparative value of the different diagnostic measures with regard to colorectal cancer. On the basis of the results achieved, the addition of the H\u00e4moccult test (if this has not yet been done), of the rectoscopy and of endoscopic polypectomy to the programme of preventive medicine is indicated. Also measures for an early diagnosis of the post-operative recurrence of tumors are advisable."}
{"id": "PMID:362286", "title": "[Tissue antigens in ovarian carcinoma].", "content": "Five tissue antigens have been identified which appear in carcinoma arising in the ovary. Antisera to a variety of human tissues were absorbed with a saline extract of normal ovary as well as plasma; five distinct antigens (A1-A4, TA) were detected in ovarian tumor extracts as well as in normal tissues. A1, A2, and A3 were widely distributed in normal tissues while A4 was found principally in buffy coat blood cells and spleen, and TA was mainly associated with normal cervix but was variably detected in liver and lung. Heating the tumor extract to 56 degrees resulted in inactivation of A1, A2, and A3. A4 was inactivated at 80 degrees, whereas TA was stable at 100 degrees. Pronase treatment readily abolished A3 activity, more slowly inactivated A1, A2, and A4, and only very slowly destroyed TA. Partial separation of the antigens was obtained by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. TA from individual benign and malignant tumors as well as normal cervix appears to be the same molecule by criteria of immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and gel filtration. The potential use of these antigens as tracers of ovarian carcinoma is indicated.", "contents": "[Tissue antigens in ovarian carcinoma]. Five tissue antigens have been identified which appear in carcinoma arising in the ovary. Antisera to a variety of human tissues were absorbed with a saline extract of normal ovary as well as plasma; five distinct antigens (A1-A4, TA) were detected in ovarian tumor extracts as well as in normal tissues. A1, A2, and A3 were widely distributed in normal tissues while A4 was found principally in buffy coat blood cells and spleen, and TA was mainly associated with normal cervix but was variably detected in liver and lung. Heating the tumor extract to 56 degrees resulted in inactivation of A1, A2, and A3. A4 was inactivated at 80 degrees, whereas TA was stable at 100 degrees. Pronase treatment readily abolished A3 activity, more slowly inactivated A1, A2, and A4, and only very slowly destroyed TA. Partial separation of the antigens was obtained by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. TA from individual benign and malignant tumors as well as normal cervix appears to be the same molecule by criteria of immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and gel filtration. The potential use of these antigens as tracers of ovarian carcinoma is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:362287", "title": "[Clinical and immunological studies with OK-432 (Streptococcus pyogenes) on immunotherapy in cancer patients].", "content": "In a phase I study, the bacterial vaccine OK-432 (streptococcus pyogenes) was investigated in eight patients with advanced malignant tumors. Besides a fever reaction after i.v. application no toxic side effects were observed. Additionally, its therapeutic effectiveness could be demonstrated by i.v. and local therapy. There was also observed an increase of lymphocyte blastogenesis response in patients under treatment with OK-432.", "contents": "[Clinical and immunological studies with OK-432 (Streptococcus pyogenes) on immunotherapy in cancer patients]. In a phase I study, the bacterial vaccine OK-432 (streptococcus pyogenes) was investigated in eight patients with advanced malignant tumors. Besides a fever reaction after i.v. application no toxic side effects were observed. Additionally, its therapeutic effectiveness could be demonstrated by i.v. and local therapy. There was also observed an increase of lymphocyte blastogenesis response in patients under treatment with OK-432."}
{"id": "PMID:362288", "title": "[The prognostic value of lymphocyte transformation by phytohemagglutinin in children with acute lymphatic leukemia].", "content": "The response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) of lymphocytes from 62 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was tested before and during cytostatic therapy. Nineteen patients were tested as well for reactivity in autologous mixed lymphocyte-blast cell cultures. The prognostic value of the results obtained has been assessed. Children remained longer in their first complete remission 1) if the response to PHA before therapy was normal or only slightly diminished, or 2) if it returned to normal as soon as complete remission was attained, and 3) if periodic intensification therapy was followed by a rebound in spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation. The stimulatory response to PHA during maintenance therapy and the reactivity in mixed lymphocyte- blast cell cultures were not helpful prognostic criteria. In conclusion, determination of the PHA responsiveness at specific times, i.e. before therapy, after remission induction and after periodic intensification therapy, could help identify poor risk patients in ALL.", "contents": "[The prognostic value of lymphocyte transformation by phytohemagglutinin in children with acute lymphatic leukemia]. The response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) of lymphocytes from 62 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was tested before and during cytostatic therapy. Nineteen patients were tested as well for reactivity in autologous mixed lymphocyte-blast cell cultures. The prognostic value of the results obtained has been assessed. Children remained longer in their first complete remission 1) if the response to PHA before therapy was normal or only slightly diminished, or 2) if it returned to normal as soon as complete remission was attained, and 3) if periodic intensification therapy was followed by a rebound in spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation. The stimulatory response to PHA during maintenance therapy and the reactivity in mixed lymphocyte- blast cell cultures were not helpful prognostic criteria. In conclusion, determination of the PHA responsiveness at specific times, i.e. before therapy, after remission induction and after periodic intensification therapy, could help identify poor risk patients in ALL."}
{"id": "PMID:362289", "title": "[Immunologic potency of pregnancy associated alpha 2-glycoprotein (alpha 2-PAG)].", "content": "The suggestion that the pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein could depress the immune response was investigated using the modified electrophoretic mobility test. The presence of the glycoprotein, at physiological levels, significantly reduced the inhibition of the migration velocity of indicator cells in the electric field caused by the MSF. In the contrary alpha2-PAG-free serum had no effect in the test system. Therefore, it can be supposed that alpha2-PAG may have an immunoregulatory function within the immunological mechanism which protects the conceptus and malignant tumor.", "contents": "[Immunologic potency of pregnancy associated alpha 2-glycoprotein (alpha 2-PAG)]. The suggestion that the pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein could depress the immune response was investigated using the modified electrophoretic mobility test. The presence of the glycoprotein, at physiological levels, significantly reduced the inhibition of the migration velocity of indicator cells in the electric field caused by the MSF. In the contrary alpha2-PAG-free serum had no effect in the test system. Therefore, it can be supposed that alpha2-PAG may have an immunoregulatory function within the immunological mechanism which protects the conceptus and malignant tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:362290", "title": "[Risk of lung cancer and \"smoker's prophylaxis\" in Austria].", "content": "The smoking habits of the Austrian population and their significance for the development of effective smoking control programmes are reported. An increasing trend in the consumption of cigarettes with a lower content of tar and nicotine can be observed as well as a slight reduction of lung cancer death-rates in Austria. An analysis shows that, at present, only the younger male age groups show a decrease of lung cancer risk. Possible relations of these findings to the improvement in the quality of cigarettes are discussed, namely the reduction in the amount of carcinogens.", "contents": "[Risk of lung cancer and \"smoker's prophylaxis\" in Austria]. The smoking habits of the Austrian population and their significance for the development of effective smoking control programmes are reported. An increasing trend in the consumption of cigarettes with a lower content of tar and nicotine can be observed as well as a slight reduction of lung cancer death-rates in Austria. An analysis shows that, at present, only the younger male age groups show a decrease of lung cancer risk. Possible relations of these findings to the improvement in the quality of cigarettes are discussed, namely the reduction in the amount of carcinogens."}
{"id": "PMID:362291", "title": "[The extent of neoplastic involvement of the regional lymph nodes in cervical neoplasms and its effect on the rate of cures. (A report on 103 cured cases)].", "content": "At the 1st University Clinic for Gynaecology in Vienna (Austria) nearly every other woman suffering from cervical carcinoma suitable for operation was cured by abdominal radical hysterectomy with obligatory lymphonodectomy and routine postoperative irradiation between 1951 and 1972 in spite of carcinomatous involvement of their lymph nodes. Cases of the histological stage Ia were excluded of this study. Although the survival rate of the cases with minimal lymph node involvement (61%) exceeds the one of cases with extended involvement (35%) further radicalization of obligatory lymphonodectomy seems to be promising. At the above mentioned Clinic this is aspired by the use of radioisotopes for intraoperative exposition of the lymph nodes.", "contents": "[The extent of neoplastic involvement of the regional lymph nodes in cervical neoplasms and its effect on the rate of cures. (A report on 103 cured cases)]. At the 1st University Clinic for Gynaecology in Vienna (Austria) nearly every other woman suffering from cervical carcinoma suitable for operation was cured by abdominal radical hysterectomy with obligatory lymphonodectomy and routine postoperative irradiation between 1951 and 1972 in spite of carcinomatous involvement of their lymph nodes. Cases of the histological stage Ia were excluded of this study. Although the survival rate of the cases with minimal lymph node involvement (61%) exceeds the one of cases with extended involvement (35%) further radicalization of obligatory lymphonodectomy seems to be promising. At the above mentioned Clinic this is aspired by the use of radioisotopes for intraoperative exposition of the lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:362292", "title": "[Progress in the therapy of medulloblastoma].", "content": "The nearly exclusive metastatic spread of the radiosensitive medulloblastoma into the fluid spaces of the liquor system allows a curative therapeutic attempt by a systemic radiation. The actual 5-years survival rate is about 40%. It should be possible to improve it to up to 50% by consequently applicating radiotherapy. A prospective study concerning the possibilities of chemotherapy presently underway, does not yet permit a definite statement. The most essential complication after radiotherapy of children concerns the symmetric reduction of growth.", "contents": "[Progress in the therapy of medulloblastoma]. The nearly exclusive metastatic spread of the radiosensitive medulloblastoma into the fluid spaces of the liquor system allows a curative therapeutic attempt by a systemic radiation. The actual 5-years survival rate is about 40%. It should be possible to improve it to up to 50% by consequently applicating radiotherapy. A prospective study concerning the possibilities of chemotherapy presently underway, does not yet permit a definite statement. The most essential complication after radiotherapy of children concerns the symmetric reduction of growth."}
{"id": "PMID:362293", "title": "[Immuno-chemotherapy in patients with disseminated metastasizing stage III melanoma. Randomized study with methyl-CCNU versus C. parvum plus methyl-CCNU].", "content": "34 patients with disseminated malignant melanoma (stage III) were randomized to the following therapy groups: Chemotherapy (MeCCNU, NSC 99441; 200 mg/m2, given orally every 8 weeks), or immuno-chemotherapy (1 mg Corynebacterium parvum i.v., on days 1-4 + MeCCNU 200 mg/m2 on day 8, repeated every 7 weeks). Total therapy response rate was 33%; total and partial remissions were achieved in 26% of the patients receiving chemotherapy, and in 40% under immuno-chemotherapy. Interim life table analysis shows that in the group receiving C. parvum + MeCCNU 50% of the patients survived more than 12 months, whereas in the group with MeCCNU survival of 50% was 6 months. Pretreatment with C. parvum did not only potentiate the therapeutic effect, but also reduce the myelosuppression of MeCCNU.", "contents": "[Immuno-chemotherapy in patients with disseminated metastasizing stage III melanoma. Randomized study with methyl-CCNU versus C. parvum plus methyl-CCNU]. 34 patients with disseminated malignant melanoma (stage III) were randomized to the following therapy groups: Chemotherapy (MeCCNU, NSC 99441; 200 mg/m2, given orally every 8 weeks), or immuno-chemotherapy (1 mg Corynebacterium parvum i.v., on days 1-4 + MeCCNU 200 mg/m2 on day 8, repeated every 7 weeks). Total therapy response rate was 33%; total and partial remissions were achieved in 26% of the patients receiving chemotherapy, and in 40% under immuno-chemotherapy. Interim life table analysis shows that in the group receiving C. parvum + MeCCNU 50% of the patients survived more than 12 months, whereas in the group with MeCCNU survival of 50% was 6 months. Pretreatment with C. parvum did not only potentiate the therapeutic effect, but also reduce the myelosuppression of MeCCNU."}
{"id": "PMID:362294", "title": "[The cellular immune status in normal subjects, patients with and without neoplasms].", "content": "The distribution of lymphatic subpopulations in the peripheral blood of patients with malignant solid tumors has been studied in two steps. Firstly, it was investigated whether there are changes in the distribution of blood lymphoid cell populations in tumor patients (n = 101) compared to normal individuals (n = 39) and whether there is a correlation between the distribution pattern and the clinical stage of the disease. There was found a significant reduction of T-lymphocytes in patients with cancer, which was marked in the advanced tumor disease (n = 34). In a further step the influence of curative tumor-resection on the lymphatic subpopulations was studied, when 26 operated tumor patients were compared with 23 operated patients without neoplasia. In the group with non-malignant diseases there could not be found a significant pre- and postoperative difference concerning the T- and B-lymphocyte counts. Tumor patients showed after resection of the tumor a significant increase of the absolute and relative number of preoperatively reduced T-lymphocytes. The pathophysiological possibilities for the phenomena of a reversible reduction of T-lymphocytes by the curative resection of the tumor are discussed.", "contents": "[The cellular immune status in normal subjects, patients with and without neoplasms]. The distribution of lymphatic subpopulations in the peripheral blood of patients with malignant solid tumors has been studied in two steps. Firstly, it was investigated whether there are changes in the distribution of blood lymphoid cell populations in tumor patients (n = 101) compared to normal individuals (n = 39) and whether there is a correlation between the distribution pattern and the clinical stage of the disease. There was found a significant reduction of T-lymphocytes in patients with cancer, which was marked in the advanced tumor disease (n = 34). In a further step the influence of curative tumor-resection on the lymphatic subpopulations was studied, when 26 operated tumor patients were compared with 23 operated patients without neoplasia. In the group with non-malignant diseases there could not be found a significant pre- and postoperative difference concerning the T- and B-lymphocyte counts. Tumor patients showed after resection of the tumor a significant increase of the absolute and relative number of preoperatively reduced T-lymphocytes. The pathophysiological possibilities for the phenomena of a reversible reduction of T-lymphocytes by the curative resection of the tumor are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362295", "title": "[Premonitory blood count changes in the relapse of juvenile acute lymphatic leukemia].", "content": "Investigation was done in 80 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) with respect to premonitory changes of peripheral blood cell counts before a hematologica relapse. 38 patients suffered from one or more relapses. Evaluation was done by t-test and Friedmann test. 9 weeks before a relapse there was a significant decrease in thrombocytes numbers demonstrable. Granulocytes numbers and monocytes numbers declined 6 and 3 weeks before the relapse, respectively. The lymphocytes counts had already increased 6 weeks before a relapse. The blood cell counts during intercurrent infections did not interfere with the typical pattern of blood cell counts before a relapse. Also the changes in blood cells found are different from those seen in untreated cases of ALL.", "contents": "[Premonitory blood count changes in the relapse of juvenile acute lymphatic leukemia]. Investigation was done in 80 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) with respect to premonitory changes of peripheral blood cell counts before a hematologica relapse. 38 patients suffered from one or more relapses. Evaluation was done by t-test and Friedmann test. 9 weeks before a relapse there was a significant decrease in thrombocytes numbers demonstrable. Granulocytes numbers and monocytes numbers declined 6 and 3 weeks before the relapse, respectively. The lymphocytes counts had already increased 6 weeks before a relapse. The blood cell counts during intercurrent infections did not interfere with the typical pattern of blood cell counts before a relapse. Also the changes in blood cells found are different from those seen in untreated cases of ALL."}
{"id": "PMID:362296", "title": "[Juvenile rhabdomyosarcoma. Diagnosis and new therapeutic possibilities].", "content": "Seventeen children with rhabdomyosarcoma stage I to III diagnosed since 1973 are presented. The coordinated management utilizing surgical excision, irradiation (5000 rad) and systemic adjuvant multiagent chemotherapy is described. The favorable sites were head and neck sites and genitourinary region. The mean survival is at present 19 months. 14 children are alive and well. 13 children had no tumor recidivation, 1 child had 8 months after beginning of the therapy lung metastases which after irradiation with 2000 rad disappeared. 3 children (stage III) died 9, 14 and 20 months after diagnosis during therapy by metastases. Acute and late effects on normal tissues from radiation and chemotherapy were noted in 12 cases. A review of the literature and therapeutic alternatives in the future are indicated.", "contents": "[Juvenile rhabdomyosarcoma. Diagnosis and new therapeutic possibilities]. Seventeen children with rhabdomyosarcoma stage I to III diagnosed since 1973 are presented. The coordinated management utilizing surgical excision, irradiation (5000 rad) and systemic adjuvant multiagent chemotherapy is described. The favorable sites were head and neck sites and genitourinary region. The mean survival is at present 19 months. 14 children are alive and well. 13 children had no tumor recidivation, 1 child had 8 months after beginning of the therapy lung metastases which after irradiation with 2000 rad disappeared. 3 children (stage III) died 9, 14 and 20 months after diagnosis during therapy by metastases. Acute and late effects on normal tissues from radiation and chemotherapy were noted in 12 cases. A review of the literature and therapeutic alternatives in the future are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:362297", "title": "[Androgen therapy of incurable breast neoplasms. Controlled clinical study: nandrolone-testololactone-drostanolone].", "content": "In 91 patients with advanced breast cancer testololactone, drostanolone, and nandrolone were compared in a controlled clinical trial. Remissions were registered after 4 weeks and after another 12 week period; during this second interval the patients received an additional treatment with cyclophosphamide. There was no difference in the effectivity between the three drugs. Remission rate was in average after 4 weeks 24% and after 16 weeks 46%.", "contents": "[Androgen therapy of incurable breast neoplasms. Controlled clinical study: nandrolone-testololactone-drostanolone]. In 91 patients with advanced breast cancer testololactone, drostanolone, and nandrolone were compared in a controlled clinical trial. Remissions were registered after 4 weeks and after another 12 week period; during this second interval the patients received an additional treatment with cyclophosphamide. There was no difference in the effectivity between the three drugs. Remission rate was in average after 4 weeks 24% and after 16 weeks 46%."}
{"id": "PMID:362298", "title": "[Immunochemical markers of embryonic lens differentiation in Rana temporaria. I. Composition and properties of water-soluble lens antigens].", "content": "Antisera were obtained to the total extract and individual electrophoretic fractions of lens proteins: alpha-, beta-, gamma1- and gamma2-crystallins. The crystallins under study are immunochemically heterogenous: each class of lens proteins contains 2--4 antigens. Using the indirect method of fluorescent antibodies, it was established that the appearance of crystallins during development coincided with the onset of formation of the presumptive lens fibers. No crystallins were found in the lens placode and early lens vesicle. gamma-Crystallins appear later than the other lens proteins and are characteristic, mainly, for the lens fibers; at the advanced stages of organogenesis gamma-crystallins are regularly found in the epithelial cells of the developing lens as well.", "contents": "[Immunochemical markers of embryonic lens differentiation in Rana temporaria. I. Composition and properties of water-soluble lens antigens]. Antisera were obtained to the total extract and individual electrophoretic fractions of lens proteins: alpha-, beta-, gamma1- and gamma2-crystallins. The crystallins under study are immunochemically heterogenous: each class of lens proteins contains 2--4 antigens. Using the indirect method of fluorescent antibodies, it was established that the appearance of crystallins during development coincided with the onset of formation of the presumptive lens fibers. No crystallins were found in the lens placode and early lens vesicle. gamma-Crystallins appear later than the other lens proteins and are characteristic, mainly, for the lens fibers; at the advanced stages of organogenesis gamma-crystallins are regularly found in the epithelial cells of the developing lens as well."}
{"id": "PMID:362299", "title": "[Immunochemical markers of embryonic lens differentiation in Rana temporaria. II. Immunohistochemical analysis of the manifestation and localization of individual classes of lens proteins].", "content": "Individual lens proteins were studied during development of Rana temporaria. Antisera to alpha-, beta-crystallins of chicks and gamma-crystallins of Rana ridibunda were used as immunochemical markers. Besides the main crystallins, a new antigen was found in the R. temporaria lens tentatively called alphabeta-crystallin. It appears to be characteristic only for the amphibian lens. Using the indirect method of fluorescent antibodies, it was shown that all the antigens under study appeared in the lens of the R. temporaria tadpoles within 1--2 days (at 20 degrees). The crystallins are found initially only in the developing lens fibers and later in the lens epithelium. It was established that the lens epithelium contained gamma-crystallins which appeared somewhat earlier than alpha- and beta-crystallins, but simultaneously with alphabeta-crystallin.", "contents": "[Immunochemical markers of embryonic lens differentiation in Rana temporaria. II. Immunohistochemical analysis of the manifestation and localization of individual classes of lens proteins]. Individual lens proteins were studied during development of Rana temporaria. Antisera to alpha-, beta-crystallins of chicks and gamma-crystallins of Rana ridibunda were used as immunochemical markers. Besides the main crystallins, a new antigen was found in the R. temporaria lens tentatively called alphabeta-crystallin. It appears to be characteristic only for the amphibian lens. Using the indirect method of fluorescent antibodies, it was shown that all the antigens under study appeared in the lens of the R. temporaria tadpoles within 1--2 days (at 20 degrees). The crystallins are found initially only in the developing lens fibers and later in the lens epithelium. It was established that the lens epithelium contained gamma-crystallins which appeared somewhat earlier than alpha- and beta-crystallins, but simultaneously with alphabeta-crystallin."}
{"id": "PMID:362300", "title": "[Tectonic keratoplasty in the case of infected Elliot's trephination].", "content": "A case is reported with respect to the method concerning the treatment of late infection of the filtering blebs after anti-glaucoma surgical procedures. The infected conjunctival flap and the adjoining scleral tissue was excised with the help of a tectonic keratoplasty and the defect was made watertight in the region of the cornea with a running suture and in the region of the sclera with single sutures. In the case reported the tectonic keratoplasty healed up without any complications. The intraocular pressure remained normal. The indication leading to this operation after a late infection of glaucoma filtering blebs is especially reserved for cases in which the conjunctival flap is unmoveable.", "contents": "[Tectonic keratoplasty in the case of infected Elliot's trephination]. A case is reported with respect to the method concerning the treatment of late infection of the filtering blebs after anti-glaucoma surgical procedures. The infected conjunctival flap and the adjoining scleral tissue was excised with the help of a tectonic keratoplasty and the defect was made watertight in the region of the cornea with a running suture and in the region of the sclera with single sutures. In the case reported the tectonic keratoplasty healed up without any complications. The intraocular pressure remained normal. The indication leading to this operation after a late infection of glaucoma filtering blebs is especially reserved for cases in which the conjunctival flap is unmoveable."}
{"id": "PMID:362301", "title": "[Keratoplasty in children and juveniles].", "content": "The morphological and functional results of 42 penetrating keratoplasties performed on 38 eyes of 36 children are reported on. Surgical indications, contraindications and postoperative complications are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the close cooperation between the clinic, the practitioner responsible for the aftercare, and the parents of the child.", "contents": "[Keratoplasty in children and juveniles]. The morphological and functional results of 42 penetrating keratoplasties performed on 38 eyes of 36 children are reported on. Surgical indications, contraindications and postoperative complications are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the close cooperation between the clinic, the practitioner responsible for the aftercare, and the parents of the child."}
{"id": "PMID:362302", "title": "Histology of the epithelium of the normal and cataractous lens.", "content": "Compared with the normal lens, the cataractous lens is characterized by morphological and distribution anomalies of the epithelial cells. At the electron microscope an enlargement of the intercellular spaces and large intercellular, as well as intracellular, vacuoles are seen. An important development of the lysosomal system and of the endoplasmic reticulum is also observed.", "contents": "Histology of the epithelium of the normal and cataractous lens. Compared with the normal lens, the cataractous lens is characterized by morphological and distribution anomalies of the epithelial cells. At the electron microscope an enlargement of the intercellular spaces and large intercellular, as well as intracellular, vacuoles are seen. An important development of the lysosomal system and of the endoplasmic reticulum is also observed."}
{"id": "PMID:362303", "title": "Tissue culture of the epithelium of the normal and cataractous adult lens.", "content": "Tissue culture of cataractous lens epithelium shows deterioration of cellular tropism, anisomorphism, anisometry, and formation of large intracytoplasmic vacuoles with deterioration of the lysosomal system, the vacuolated cells showing no tendency to form fibers.", "contents": "Tissue culture of the epithelium of the normal and cataractous adult lens. Tissue culture of cataractous lens epithelium shows deterioration of cellular tropism, anisomorphism, anisometry, and formation of large intracytoplasmic vacuoles with deterioration of the lysosomal system, the vacuolated cells showing no tendency to form fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:362304", "title": "Autoimmune phenomena of the external eye.", "content": "The immunologic status of patients with ocular pemphigoid, Mooren's ulcer, chronic herpetic keratitis, and staphylococcal peripheral corneal ulcers was studied. Although tissue-fixed and circulating antibodies to the conjunctival epithelium were found in all groups, patients with Mooren's ulcer demonstrated these findings most consistently. Immunoglobulins bound to the conjunctival basement membrane were found not only in ocular pemphigoid but also in patients with Mooren's and staphylococcal ulcers. Approximately one half of the patients with ocular pemphigoid and Mooren's ulcer demonstrated elevations in serum IgA levels. An increased prevalence of HLA-B12 was found in ocular pemphigoid.", "contents": "Autoimmune phenomena of the external eye. The immunologic status of patients with ocular pemphigoid, Mooren's ulcer, chronic herpetic keratitis, and staphylococcal peripheral corneal ulcers was studied. Although tissue-fixed and circulating antibodies to the conjunctival epithelium were found in all groups, patients with Mooren's ulcer demonstrated these findings most consistently. Immunoglobulins bound to the conjunctival basement membrane were found not only in ocular pemphigoid but also in patients with Mooren's and staphylococcal ulcers. Approximately one half of the patients with ocular pemphigoid and Mooren's ulcer demonstrated elevations in serum IgA levels. An increased prevalence of HLA-B12 was found in ocular pemphigoid."}
{"id": "PMID:362309", "title": "The surgical-orthodontic correction of maxillary deficiency.", "content": "To date surgeons have primarily emphasized advancement of the retrusive or retodisplaced maxilla. There has been no emphasis on combined surgical-orthodontic treatment sequencing in this deformity. Moreover, the maxilla may be deficient not only anteroposteriorly but also vertically and/or transversely. Frequently, when the maxilla is deficient, two or three of these spatial components of the deformities coexist to various degrees. Thus, the term maxillary deficiency is used here to describe the general nature of the skeletal deformity.", "contents": "The surgical-orthodontic correction of maxillary deficiency. To date surgeons have primarily emphasized advancement of the retrusive or retodisplaced maxilla. There has been no emphasis on combined surgical-orthodontic treatment sequencing in this deformity. Moreover, the maxilla may be deficient not only anteroposteriorly but also vertically and/or transversely. Frequently, when the maxilla is deficient, two or three of these spatial components of the deformities coexist to various degrees. Thus, the term maxillary deficiency is used here to describe the general nature of the skeletal deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:362311", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a prototype intraoral source x-ray system.", "content": "A prototype dental roentgenographic system which incorporates a tightly collimated intraoral x-ray source and an extraoral Polaroid film screen cassette was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Findings indicate that the detectability of artificially induced incipient enamel lesions was significantly less than that demonstrable for conventional roentgenograms produced with an extraoral source, long-cone geometry, and Kodak Ultra Speed D film. Larger lesions were found to be reliably detected by either technique. The new intraoral approach reduces the dose to the patient by possibly as much as 98 per cent and yields positive dry prints in 15 seconds. This system was clinically tested and found to be useful in endodontics and presurgical evaluation. Modifications are discussed which could reduce some of the technical problems and many of the shortcomings encountered.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a prototype intraoral source x-ray system. A prototype dental roentgenographic system which incorporates a tightly collimated intraoral x-ray source and an extraoral Polaroid film screen cassette was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Findings indicate that the detectability of artificially induced incipient enamel lesions was significantly less than that demonstrable for conventional roentgenograms produced with an extraoral source, long-cone geometry, and Kodak Ultra Speed D film. Larger lesions were found to be reliably detected by either technique. The new intraoral approach reduces the dose to the patient by possibly as much as 98 per cent and yields positive dry prints in 15 seconds. This system was clinically tested and found to be useful in endodontics and presurgical evaluation. Modifications are discussed which could reduce some of the technical problems and many of the shortcomings encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:362318", "title": "Early detection of pemphigus vulgaris.", "content": "Two cases of pemphigus vulgaris are described. These cases showed that, using the direct method of immunofluorescence, early detection of the disease was possible when repeated blood investigations had failed to show circulating antibodies to the intercellular cement by the indirect method.", "contents": "Early detection of pemphigus vulgaris. Two cases of pemphigus vulgaris are described. These cases showed that, using the direct method of immunofluorescence, early detection of the disease was possible when repeated blood investigations had failed to show circulating antibodies to the intercellular cement by the indirect method."}
{"id": "PMID:362319", "title": "Immunopathogenesis of chronic periapical lesions. A review.", "content": "The pathogenesis of periapical lesions has not been fully elucidated. Currently, the possibility of its being an immunologic phenomenon is receiving much attention. This article presents a review of the literature concerning immunologic reactions which may involve periapical lesions. It appears that antigen-antibody complexes and IgE-mediated reactions can initiate preliminary changes in periapical tissues. It is also likely that delayed hypersensitivity participates in the perpetuation and progression of periapical disease.", "contents": "Immunopathogenesis of chronic periapical lesions. A review. The pathogenesis of periapical lesions has not been fully elucidated. Currently, the possibility of its being an immunologic phenomenon is receiving much attention. This article presents a review of the literature concerning immunologic reactions which may involve periapical lesions. It appears that antigen-antibody complexes and IgE-mediated reactions can initiate preliminary changes in periapical tissues. It is also likely that delayed hypersensitivity participates in the perpetuation and progression of periapical disease."}
{"id": "PMID:362350", "title": "[B-streptococci infection in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe their experiences with the treatment of 3 newborns with meningitis due to B-streptococci,, and give a review of the problems of etiology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis and therapy of infections with B-streptococci in newborns. Furthermore, the article deals withthe frequency of the ocurrence of these bacteria in mothers, children and in the medical personal staff as well as with the possible ways of transmission. The relations between infections with B-streptococci and respiratory distress syndrome in newborns are discussed with the problems of differential diagnosis and therapy.", "contents": "[B-streptococci infection in the newborn (author's transl)]. The authors describe their experiences with the treatment of 3 newborns with meningitis due to B-streptococci,, and give a review of the problems of etiology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis and therapy of infections with B-streptococci in newborns. Furthermore, the article deals withthe frequency of the ocurrence of these bacteria in mothers, children and in the medical personal staff as well as with the possible ways of transmission. The relations between infections with B-streptococci and respiratory distress syndrome in newborns are discussed with the problems of differential diagnosis and therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:362351", "title": "[Fosfomycin, a new antibiotic drug (author's transl)].", "content": "After i.v. injection of 25 mg/kh/BW and 50 mg/kg/BW to children age 5--6, no difference in the pharmakokinetic action can be found. The pattern of the plasma concentration allows the assumption of a 2 compartment model. There is a decrease of the plasma concentration in the steady state with a half life of 1,6 and 1,7 hours resp. The total volume of distribution is 30% of the body weight. Fosfomycin is eliminated by glomerular filtration only. The drug is not metabolished, as 98% and 95% of the dosage are recovered in active form in the urine. In premature and newborn babies there was a 1 compartment model assumed after i.v. administration of 25 mg/kg/BW. The distribution volumes with 41% of the body weight considerably greater then in older children. Elimination is again by glomerular filtration only. Plasma levels are decreasing considerably slower so that less of the drug is excreted in the 24-hour-urine. There is a sufficient penetration of the drug into the CSF. Bactericidal levels are reached within 48 hours by cumulation of the drug.", "contents": "[Fosfomycin, a new antibiotic drug (author's transl)]. After i.v. injection of 25 mg/kh/BW and 50 mg/kg/BW to children age 5--6, no difference in the pharmakokinetic action can be found. The pattern of the plasma concentration allows the assumption of a 2 compartment model. There is a decrease of the plasma concentration in the steady state with a half life of 1,6 and 1,7 hours resp. The total volume of distribution is 30% of the body weight. Fosfomycin is eliminated by glomerular filtration only. The drug is not metabolished, as 98% and 95% of the dosage are recovered in active form in the urine. In premature and newborn babies there was a 1 compartment model assumed after i.v. administration of 25 mg/kg/BW. The distribution volumes with 41% of the body weight considerably greater then in older children. Elimination is again by glomerular filtration only. Plasma levels are decreasing considerably slower so that less of the drug is excreted in the 24-hour-urine. There is a sufficient penetration of the drug into the CSF. Bactericidal levels are reached within 48 hours by cumulation of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:362357", "title": "Accessory diaphragm in the left side.", "content": "A case with accessory diaphragm is presented. She was diagnosed primarily by X-ray and bronchography. The patient also had spina bifida at the T 1-2 level. The accessory diaphragm was on the left side in our patient, contrary to most of the reported cases. Since our patient was clinically in good condition surgical intervention was not considered. Previously reported cases are also reviewed especially in the respect of associated congenital malformations.", "contents": "Accessory diaphragm in the left side. A case with accessory diaphragm is presented. She was diagnosed primarily by X-ray and bronchography. The patient also had spina bifida at the T 1-2 level. The accessory diaphragm was on the left side in our patient, contrary to most of the reported cases. Since our patient was clinically in good condition surgical intervention was not considered. Previously reported cases are also reviewed especially in the respect of associated congenital malformations."}
{"id": "PMID:362358", "title": "Searching for molecular abnormalities in genetic diseases by the use of a double labeling technique. II. Deficiency of a basic protein in fibroblasts of patients with Pompe's disease.", "content": "We used a double labeling technique to search for molecular defects in two fibroblast strains obtained from patients with Pompe's disease. Analysis of the double labeled subcellular fractions by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrophoresis did not reveal any abnormalities except in the \"mitochondrial-lysosomal\" fraction. In this fraction ratio deviations indicated that in Pompe's disease there was a significant decrease in counts of a protein with molecular weight of about 29,000. After solubilization by freeze-thawing this protein was shown to have an isoelectric point of 7.9 in contrast to the alpha-glucosidase which focused at about pH 4.7. Two-stage gel studies demonstrated an estimated 90% reduction of this protein in Pompe's disease. Two-stage studies of acid alpha-glucosidase did not show any abnormal ratios of leucine incorporation. Similar although quantitatively less pronounced results were obtained in the study of skin fibroblasts from a patient with adult glycogen storage disease type II.", "contents": "Searching for molecular abnormalities in genetic diseases by the use of a double labeling technique. II. Deficiency of a basic protein in fibroblasts of patients with Pompe's disease. We used a double labeling technique to search for molecular defects in two fibroblast strains obtained from patients with Pompe's disease. Analysis of the double labeled subcellular fractions by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrophoresis did not reveal any abnormalities except in the \"mitochondrial-lysosomal\" fraction. In this fraction ratio deviations indicated that in Pompe's disease there was a significant decrease in counts of a protein with molecular weight of about 29,000. After solubilization by freeze-thawing this protein was shown to have an isoelectric point of 7.9 in contrast to the alpha-glucosidase which focused at about pH 4.7. Two-stage gel studies demonstrated an estimated 90% reduction of this protein in Pompe's disease. Two-stage studies of acid alpha-glucosidase did not show any abnormal ratios of leucine incorporation. Similar although quantitatively less pronounced results were obtained in the study of skin fibroblasts from a patient with adult glycogen storage disease type II."}
{"id": "PMID:362359", "title": "Effects of continuous positive airway pressure after oleic acid-induced lung injury in dogs.", "content": "The physiologic effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) of 5,10,15, and 20 cm H2O during spontaneous ventilation were studied in six anesthetized dogs with simulated respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) induced by iv infusion of oleic acid and in three normal controls. After oleic acid, mean PaO2 dropped to 63.6 +/- 3.1 mm Hg while breathing 100% oxygen and mean shunt fraction was 48.3 +/- 3.0%. PaO2 and shunt fraction improved significantly at the two highest levels of CPAP (e.g.,PaO2 271.3 +/- 41.3 mm Hg and shunt fraction 17.8 +/-2.2% at 20 cm H2O CPAP). Mean mixed venous PO2 rose from 37.4 +/- 1.5 mm Hg with no CPAP TO 60.8 +/- 3.1 mm Hg at 20 cm H2O CPAP. Tissue oxygenation appeared to improve during CPAP, since cardiac output, oxygen delivery, and serum lactate were not significantly affected and mixed venous PO2 rose significantly. However, significant hypoventilation occurred at all but the lowest level of CPAP, mean PaCO2 rising from 44.1 +/- 1.8 mm Hg with no CPAP to 77.6 +/-6.8 mm Hg at 20 cm H2O CPAP. The hypoventilation during CPAP is consistent with increased work of breathing due to a combination of decreased lung compliance and increased dead space ventilation due to rapid, shallow breathing.", "contents": "Effects of continuous positive airway pressure after oleic acid-induced lung injury in dogs. The physiologic effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) of 5,10,15, and 20 cm H2O during spontaneous ventilation were studied in six anesthetized dogs with simulated respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) induced by iv infusion of oleic acid and in three normal controls. After oleic acid, mean PaO2 dropped to 63.6 +/- 3.1 mm Hg while breathing 100% oxygen and mean shunt fraction was 48.3 +/- 3.0%. PaO2 and shunt fraction improved significantly at the two highest levels of CPAP (e.g.,PaO2 271.3 +/- 41.3 mm Hg and shunt fraction 17.8 +/-2.2% at 20 cm H2O CPAP). Mean mixed venous PO2 rose from 37.4 +/- 1.5 mm Hg with no CPAP TO 60.8 +/- 3.1 mm Hg at 20 cm H2O CPAP. Tissue oxygenation appeared to improve during CPAP, since cardiac output, oxygen delivery, and serum lactate were not significantly affected and mixed venous PO2 rose significantly. However, significant hypoventilation occurred at all but the lowest level of CPAP, mean PaCO2 rising from 44.1 +/- 1.8 mm Hg with no CPAP to 77.6 +/-6.8 mm Hg at 20 cm H2O CPAP. The hypoventilation during CPAP is consistent with increased work of breathing due to a combination of decreased lung compliance and increased dead space ventilation due to rapid, shallow breathing."}
{"id": "PMID:362365", "title": "Maternal ABO blood group type B: a risk factor in the developement of neonatal group B streptococcal disease.", "content": "In a prospective study of maternal genital colonization with group B streptococci (GBS) at the time of delivery, epidemiological data, including blood type (ABO group), were recorded for the 1,062 patients studied. Blood type B was found in a statistically significant higher proportion of patients colonized with GBS (28%) compared with the total population (16.4%) (P less than .005, X2 = 8.43). Women with blood type B were twice as likely to be colonized as those with types O or A. Hypotheses to explain this observation include the possibilities that GBS possess a B-like antigen, rendering parturients who lack anti-B antibody at increased risk for GBS colonization, or that GBS possess a receptor site for B surface antigens. One may speculate that a mutation toward an affinity for the human ABO blood group type B accounts for the advent of the group B Streptococcus as a significant perinatal pathogen.", "contents": "Maternal ABO blood group type B: a risk factor in the developement of neonatal group B streptococcal disease. In a prospective study of maternal genital colonization with group B streptococci (GBS) at the time of delivery, epidemiological data, including blood type (ABO group), were recorded for the 1,062 patients studied. Blood type B was found in a statistically significant higher proportion of patients colonized with GBS (28%) compared with the total population (16.4%) (P less than .005, X2 = 8.43). Women with blood type B were twice as likely to be colonized as those with types O or A. Hypotheses to explain this observation include the possibilities that GBS possess a B-like antigen, rendering parturients who lack anti-B antibody at increased risk for GBS colonization, or that GBS possess a receptor site for B surface antigens. One may speculate that a mutation toward an affinity for the human ABO blood group type B accounts for the advent of the group B Streptococcus as a significant perinatal pathogen."}
{"id": "PMID:362366", "title": "Urinary tract infection presenting with jaundice.", "content": "Jaundice was the presenting feature in an 8-year-old girl suffering from urinary tract infection (UTI) due to Escherichia coli. The jaundice cleared with the cure of the infection. The mechanisms of jaundice complicating UTI are discussed, and the importance of urine culture in infants and children with jaundice is stressed.", "contents": "Urinary tract infection presenting with jaundice. Jaundice was the presenting feature in an 8-year-old girl suffering from urinary tract infection (UTI) due to Escherichia coli. The jaundice cleared with the cure of the infection. The mechanisms of jaundice complicating UTI are discussed, and the importance of urine culture in infants and children with jaundice is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:362367", "title": "Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in a neonate associated with a large placental chorioangioma.", "content": "The case of an infant born in association with a large chorioangioma of the placenta is presented. The maternal complications of polyhydramnios, preeclampsia, and premature labor are those described in the \"syndrome\" of a chorioangioma. The immediate neonatal course was unusually complicated by severe microangiopathic anemia with persistent thrombocytopenia and hemolysis which required three exchange blood transfusions. The relationship between the neonatal complications and the placental tumor is discussed in terms of possible pathophysiologic mechanisms.", "contents": "Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in a neonate associated with a large placental chorioangioma. The case of an infant born in association with a large chorioangioma of the placenta is presented. The maternal complications of polyhydramnios, preeclampsia, and premature labor are those described in the \"syndrome\" of a chorioangioma. The immediate neonatal course was unusually complicated by severe microangiopathic anemia with persistent thrombocytopenia and hemolysis which required three exchange blood transfusions. The relationship between the neonatal complications and the placental tumor is discussed in terms of possible pathophysiologic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:362368", "title": "American Academy of Pediatrics. Nutrition Committee of the Canadian Paediatric Society and the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Breast-feeding. A commentary in celebration of the International Year of the Child, 1979.", "content": "1. Full-term newborn infants should be breastfed, except if there are specific contraindications or when breast-feeding is unsuccessful. 2. Education about breast-feeding should be provided in schools for all children, and better education about breast-feeding and infant nutrition should be provided in the curriculum of physicians and nurses. Information about breast-feeding should also be presented in public communications media. 3. Prenatal instruction should include both theoretical and practical information about breast-feeding. 4. Attitudes and practices in prenatal clinics and in maternity wards should encourage a climate which favors breast-feeding. The staff should include nurses and other personnel who are not only favorably disposed toward breast-feeding but also knowledgeable and skilled in the art. 5. Consultation between maternity services and agencies committed to breast-feeding should be strengthened. 6. Studies should be conducted on the feasibility of breast-feeding infants at day nurseries adjacent to places of work subsequent to an appropriate leave of absence following the birth of an infant.", "contents": "American Academy of Pediatrics. Nutrition Committee of the Canadian Paediatric Society and the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Breast-feeding. A commentary in celebration of the International Year of the Child, 1979. 1. Full-term newborn infants should be breastfed, except if there are specific contraindications or when breast-feeding is unsuccessful. 2. Education about breast-feeding should be provided in schools for all children, and better education about breast-feeding and infant nutrition should be provided in the curriculum of physicians and nurses. Information about breast-feeding should also be presented in public communications media. 3. Prenatal instruction should include both theoretical and practical information about breast-feeding. 4. Attitudes and practices in prenatal clinics and in maternity wards should encourage a climate which favors breast-feeding. The staff should include nurses and other personnel who are not only favorably disposed toward breast-feeding but also knowledgeable and skilled in the art. 5. Consultation between maternity services and agencies committed to breast-feeding should be strengthened. 6. Studies should be conducted on the feasibility of breast-feeding infants at day nurseries adjacent to places of work subsequent to an appropriate leave of absence following the birth of an infant."}
{"id": "PMID:362376", "title": "[Generalised cortical hyperostosis. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "Generalised cortical hyperostosis, a case of which is reported here, was distinguished from other condensing osteopathies by Van Buchem in 1955. It is characterised by a fairly special facial dysmorphia, associated with osteocondensation of the skull, spine, flat bones and the cortex of the long bones of the limbs. There is a form with recessive transmission, which is usually associated with cranial nerve involvement by compression, and alkaline hyperphosphatasemia, whilst in the form with dominant transmission these abnormalities are not usually present. By contrast, there is often a palatal torus. A case appeared to share features of both forms. The prognosis is usually favourable, in contrast to that of osteopetrosis, a condition with which it is often confused.", "contents": "[Generalised cortical hyperostosis. One case (author's transl)]. Generalised cortical hyperostosis, a case of which is reported here, was distinguished from other condensing osteopathies by Van Buchem in 1955. It is characterised by a fairly special facial dysmorphia, associated with osteocondensation of the skull, spine, flat bones and the cortex of the long bones of the limbs. There is a form with recessive transmission, which is usually associated with cranial nerve involvement by compression, and alkaline hyperphosphatasemia, whilst in the form with dominant transmission these abnormalities are not usually present. By contrast, there is often a palatal torus. A case appeared to share features of both forms. The prognosis is usually favourable, in contrast to that of osteopetrosis, a condition with which it is often confused."}
{"id": "PMID:362379", "title": "Relaxation technique to increase comfort level of postoperative patients: a preliminary study.", "content": "Effectiveness of a relaxation technique to increase the comfort level of patients in their first postoperative attempt at getting out of bed was tested on 42 patients, aged 18 to 65, who were hospitalized for elective surgery. Study group patients were taught the relaxing technique; control group patients were not taught the technique. Each group had an equal distribution of cholecystectomy, herniorrhaphy, and hemorrhoidectomy patients. Blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rates of subjects in both groups were compared prior to surgery and after the postoperative attempt to get out of bed. Subjects' reports of incisional pain and bodily distress were measured via a pain and distress scale after their attempt at getting out of bed. Amount of analgesics used in the first 24 hours following surgery was examined. Mean differences in report of incisional pain and body distress, analgesic consumption, and respiratory rate changes were statistically significant, supporting the hypothesis that use of a relaxation technique to reduce muscular tension will lead to an increased comfort level of postoperative patients.", "contents": "Relaxation technique to increase comfort level of postoperative patients: a preliminary study. Effectiveness of a relaxation technique to increase the comfort level of patients in their first postoperative attempt at getting out of bed was tested on 42 patients, aged 18 to 65, who were hospitalized for elective surgery. Study group patients were taught the relaxing technique; control group patients were not taught the technique. Each group had an equal distribution of cholecystectomy, herniorrhaphy, and hemorrhoidectomy patients. Blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rates of subjects in both groups were compared prior to surgery and after the postoperative attempt to get out of bed. Subjects' reports of incisional pain and bodily distress were measured via a pain and distress scale after their attempt at getting out of bed. Amount of analgesics used in the first 24 hours following surgery was examined. Mean differences in report of incisional pain and body distress, analgesic consumption, and respiratory rate changes were statistically significant, supporting the hypothesis that use of a relaxation technique to reduce muscular tension will lead to an increased comfort level of postoperative patients."}
{"id": "PMID:362399", "title": "Dialysis therapy and transplantation in uremia: which to use when.", "content": "In the United States, 10,000 to 18,000 new patients require therapy for end-stage renal disease each year. A combination of medical and psychosocial criteria can be used to predict whether renal transplantation or maintenance hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may be the most efficacious treatment. In most cases, dialysis therapy should be initiated when signs and symptoms of uremia are only subtle, usually when creatinine clearance is between 3 and 6 ml/min. One mode of therapy can be exchanged for another to suit changing needs, and vascular access should be created even in patients who ultimately will undergo peritoneal dialysis or receive a transplant.", "contents": "Dialysis therapy and transplantation in uremia: which to use when. In the United States, 10,000 to 18,000 new patients require therapy for end-stage renal disease each year. A combination of medical and psychosocial criteria can be used to predict whether renal transplantation or maintenance hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may be the most efficacious treatment. In most cases, dialysis therapy should be initiated when signs and symptoms of uremia are only subtle, usually when creatinine clearance is between 3 and 6 ml/min. One mode of therapy can be exchanged for another to suit changing needs, and vascular access should be created even in patients who ultimately will undergo peritoneal dialysis or receive a transplant."}
{"id": "PMID:362401", "title": "[Anaesthesia and immunology (author's transl)].", "content": "There is evidence of immunosuppressive influence of trauma/operation and anesthesia. The human immunological system is outlined as a complex functioning apparatus with humoral and cellular factors. The influence of operation and/or anesthesia on immunocompetence has been demonstrated by animal studies, in vitro examinations and clinical investigations. The analysis of these results and their significance for an impairment of the immunological surveillance of the patient is tried to be elucidated. There should be payed attention to the clinical consequences, especially in patients on high risk.", "contents": "[Anaesthesia and immunology (author's transl)]. There is evidence of immunosuppressive influence of trauma/operation and anesthesia. The human immunological system is outlined as a complex functioning apparatus with humoral and cellular factors. The influence of operation and/or anesthesia on immunocompetence has been demonstrated by animal studies, in vitro examinations and clinical investigations. The analysis of these results and their significance for an impairment of the immunological surveillance of the patient is tried to be elucidated. There should be payed attention to the clinical consequences, especially in patients on high risk."}
{"id": "PMID:362402", "title": "[Comparison of cardiac and vascular effects of sulfentanil (R 30730), a new analgetic, and fentanyl (author's transl)].", "content": "In 31 patients with congenital or acquired heart disease, functional class III NYHAC, effects of Sulfentanil (R 30730)--a new analgetic--on hemodynamics, inotropic state and myocardial oxygen consumption have been investigated intraoperatively, during extracorporeal circulation and postoperatively. Results are compared to a fentanyl-group and control-group. There was almost no change in cardiac index and stroke index. In comparison to fentanyl (dose relation fentanyl: sulfentanil = 10:1) there was a more pronounced decrease in aterial pressure, left ventricular pressure, peak dp/dt and myocardial oxygen consumption (-20%) in the sulfentanil-group. In contrast to the fentanyl-group there was, however, no increase in total pulmonary resistance with sulfentanil.", "contents": "[Comparison of cardiac and vascular effects of sulfentanil (R 30730), a new analgetic, and fentanyl (author's transl)]. In 31 patients with congenital or acquired heart disease, functional class III NYHAC, effects of Sulfentanil (R 30730)--a new analgetic--on hemodynamics, inotropic state and myocardial oxygen consumption have been investigated intraoperatively, during extracorporeal circulation and postoperatively. Results are compared to a fentanyl-group and control-group. There was almost no change in cardiac index and stroke index. In comparison to fentanyl (dose relation fentanyl: sulfentanil = 10:1) there was a more pronounced decrease in aterial pressure, left ventricular pressure, peak dp/dt and myocardial oxygen consumption (-20%) in the sulfentanil-group. In contrast to the fentanyl-group there was, however, no increase in total pulmonary resistance with sulfentanil."}
{"id": "PMID:362403", "title": "[Cardio-circulatory effects of aminophylline (Euphyllin) (author's transl)].", "content": "In 24 patients with congenital or acquired heart disease, functional class II--IV New York Heart Association Classification, effects of aminophylline on hemodynamics have been investigated intraoperatively, during extracorporeal circulation and postoperatively. Aminophylline caused a decrease in arterial pressure, left ventricular pressure, right and left atrial pressure, total systemic resistance and total pulmonary resistance. At the same time there was an increase in heart peak, peak dp/dt, cardiac index and stroke index. Our results demonstrate beneficial cardiac and extracardiac effects of aminophylline in man.", "contents": "[Cardio-circulatory effects of aminophylline (Euphyllin) (author's transl)]. In 24 patients with congenital or acquired heart disease, functional class II--IV New York Heart Association Classification, effects of aminophylline on hemodynamics have been investigated intraoperatively, during extracorporeal circulation and postoperatively. Aminophylline caused a decrease in arterial pressure, left ventricular pressure, right and left atrial pressure, total systemic resistance and total pulmonary resistance. At the same time there was an increase in heart peak, peak dp/dt, cardiac index and stroke index. Our results demonstrate beneficial cardiac and extracardiac effects of aminophylline in man."}
{"id": "PMID:362431", "title": "Effect of n-dipropylacetate on the consolidation of a brightness discrimination.", "content": "The posttraining intrahippocampal injection of the GABA level enhancing substance n-dipropylacetate revealed an improvement of the retention performance in a brightness discrimination task in rats.", "contents": "Effect of n-dipropylacetate on the consolidation of a brightness discrimination. The posttraining intrahippocampal injection of the GABA level enhancing substance n-dipropylacetate revealed an improvement of the retention performance in a brightness discrimination task in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:362436", "title": "Factitious (self-inflicted) skin wounds.", "content": "We represent 4 of our recent cases of factitious skin wounds. The general aspects of these wounds--including etiology, diagnosis, detection, and treatment--are discussed.", "contents": "Factitious (self-inflicted) skin wounds. We represent 4 of our recent cases of factitious skin wounds. The general aspects of these wounds--including etiology, diagnosis, detection, and treatment--are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362437", "title": "Uses of the rectus femoris myocutaneous flap.", "content": "The rectus femoris myocutaneous flap is quite useful for definitive immediate coverage of complex wounds within its territorial arc. We describe 4 cases to illustrate the capabilities of this flap. The indications for, the anatomy of, and the surgical technique for transfer, as well as the functional sequelae in two nonparaplegic patients are discussed.", "contents": "Uses of the rectus femoris myocutaneous flap. The rectus femoris myocutaneous flap is quite useful for definitive immediate coverage of complex wounds within its territorial arc. We describe 4 cases to illustrate the capabilities of this flap. The indications for, the anatomy of, and the surgical technique for transfer, as well as the functional sequelae in two nonparaplegic patients are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362438", "title": "Treatment of total loss of the Achilles tendon by skin flap cover without tendon repair.", "content": "We present two cases of conservative treatment of total loss of the Achilles tendon. In our opinion the functional result is acceptable, without tendon grafting. The action of the sural muscles is transmitted through scar underlying the pedicled flaps used to resurface the wounds.", "contents": "Treatment of total loss of the Achilles tendon by skin flap cover without tendon repair. We present two cases of conservative treatment of total loss of the Achilles tendon. In our opinion the functional result is acceptable, without tendon grafting. The action of the sural muscles is transmitted through scar underlying the pedicled flaps used to resurface the wounds."}
{"id": "PMID:362439", "title": "A method for repair of cryptotia.", "content": "The key points in our method of repair of cryptotia are (1) to cover the skin defect on the posterior aspect of the ear after it is dissected from the head, and (2) to repair the cartilaginous deformity. We describe the use of a temporal skin flap for the former. For the latter, we make parallel incisions on the back of the superior crus and transfer a small graft of conchal cartilage there. The conchal cartilage graft \"splints\" the repaired crus against cicatricial contracture.", "contents": "A method for repair of cryptotia. The key points in our method of repair of cryptotia are (1) to cover the skin defect on the posterior aspect of the ear after it is dissected from the head, and (2) to repair the cartilaginous deformity. We describe the use of a temporal skin flap for the former. For the latter, we make parallel incisions on the back of the superior crus and transfer a small graft of conchal cartilage there. The conchal cartilage graft \"splints\" the repaired crus against cicatricial contracture."}
{"id": "PMID:362440", "title": "The effect of total maxillary advancement on facial growth.", "content": "The effect of total maxillary advancement on the growing skull was examined in 25 pigs, subjected to facial operations of varied severity at the age of 5 weeks (elevation of periosteum, simple osteotomy, and osteotomy immobilized by wire fixation, with or without bone grafts) and in controls. When the animals were killed 8 months later, the body weight had increased tenfold and the skull size had doubled. In 5 pigs whose maxillae were advanced 10 mm by bone grafts, the relative increase in length was not maintained. The overall skull length showed no difference from the control measurements. The extent of the growth in the area adjacent to the osteotomy was less than in the controls, but the same as in pigs subjected to periosteal elevation only. Scattered areas of bone damage were seen with no consistent pattern. Incision of the periosteum over the frontal bone decreased the local blood supply, increased the adherence of the periosteum to the bone, and affected bone growth locally.", "contents": "The effect of total maxillary advancement on facial growth. The effect of total maxillary advancement on the growing skull was examined in 25 pigs, subjected to facial operations of varied severity at the age of 5 weeks (elevation of periosteum, simple osteotomy, and osteotomy immobilized by wire fixation, with or without bone grafts) and in controls. When the animals were killed 8 months later, the body weight had increased tenfold and the skull size had doubled. In 5 pigs whose maxillae were advanced 10 mm by bone grafts, the relative increase in length was not maintained. The overall skull length showed no difference from the control measurements. The extent of the growth in the area adjacent to the osteotomy was less than in the controls, but the same as in pigs subjected to periosteal elevation only. Scattered areas of bone damage were seen with no consistent pattern. Incision of the periosteum over the frontal bone decreased the local blood supply, increased the adherence of the periosteum to the bone, and affected bone growth locally."}
{"id": "PMID:362441", "title": "Measurement of skin blood flow in delayed deltopectoral flaps, using local clearance of 133Xenon.", "content": "A study was made to determine the skin blood flow at the deltoid region in 89 cases, and the regional blood flow of delayed deltopectoral flaps, using the local clearance of 133Xe. The change in the skin blood flow, before and after a delay procedure of the deltopectoral flap, was measured in 27 patients--and the following results were obtained. (1) There was a linear tendency to a decreasing flow, one found to be statistically significant, with increasing age of the patient. (2) A significant correlation was found between the skin blood flow and the blood flow of the subcutaneous tissue. (3) The blood flow after we raised one side of a deltopectoral flap and lined it with a split-skin graft was higher than that found after a U-shaped undermining and not lining a flap. (4) The rate of successful transfer of a deltopectoral flap was found to be low when the 133Xe clearance rate was less than 0.07.", "contents": "Measurement of skin blood flow in delayed deltopectoral flaps, using local clearance of 133Xenon. A study was made to determine the skin blood flow at the deltoid region in 89 cases, and the regional blood flow of delayed deltopectoral flaps, using the local clearance of 133Xe. The change in the skin blood flow, before and after a delay procedure of the deltopectoral flap, was measured in 27 patients--and the following results were obtained. (1) There was a linear tendency to a decreasing flow, one found to be statistically significant, with increasing age of the patient. (2) A significant correlation was found between the skin blood flow and the blood flow of the subcutaneous tissue. (3) The blood flow after we raised one side of a deltopectoral flap and lined it with a split-skin graft was higher than that found after a U-shaped undermining and not lining a flap. (4) The rate of successful transfer of a deltopectoral flap was found to be low when the 133Xe clearance rate was less than 0.07."}
{"id": "PMID:362442", "title": "Radical excision of huge angioma of face, with reconstruction: case report.", "content": "We present a case of a massive angioma of the face treated by radical excision and subsequent reconstruction. At present the patient feeds normally, she speaks well, and she is taking a post-graduate course in mining engineering.", "contents": "Radical excision of huge angioma of face, with reconstruction: case report. We present a case of a massive angioma of the face treated by radical excision and subsequent reconstruction. At present the patient feeds normally, she speaks well, and she is taking a post-graduate course in mining engineering."}
{"id": "PMID:362445", "title": "Surgical correction of burn deformities of the nose.", "content": "We present a method for reconstruction of the everted nostrils of the burned nose. Through a \"ram's horn\" incision, the everted vestibular lining and lower lateral cartilages are mobilized and repositioned, and the resultant defect is covered with a full-thickness skin graft. The linear scar is created as part of a circle, so that the postoperative contracture will improve the alar contour.", "contents": "Surgical correction of burn deformities of the nose. We present a method for reconstruction of the everted nostrils of the burned nose. Through a \"ram's horn\" incision, the everted vestibular lining and lower lateral cartilages are mobilized and repositioned, and the resultant defect is covered with a full-thickness skin graft. The linear scar is created as part of a circle, so that the postoperative contracture will improve the alar contour."}
{"id": "PMID:362446", "title": "Use of thin, mobile skin flaps in pollicization of the index finger.", "content": "A method for pollicization of the index, using very thin skin flaps, is described.", "contents": "Use of thin, mobile skin flaps in pollicization of the index finger. A method for pollicization of the index, using very thin skin flaps, is described."}
{"id": "PMID:362447", "title": "Experimental effects on surrounding fibrous capsule formation from placing steroid in a silicone bag-gel prosthesis before implantation.", "content": "Soft-gel miniprostheses of silicone were implanted subcutaneously into 75 male rats. Groups of prostheses were preinjected with saline, a commercial form of triamcinolone acetonide, or a suspension of crystalline triamcinolone acetonide. The softness of the prosthesis mound later was measured objectively, and the capsules surrounding the implants were analyzed by histology, SEM, and chemistry, at various intervals up to 120 days after implantation. The control implants developed a normal laminar capsule. With an incidence increasing up to 100 percent at 120 days, the steroid-treated implants were surrounded by capsules lacking an inner membrane. The inner membrane of the laminar capsule had a high protein content (relative to normal tissue) and a relatively reduced collagen content, while the diffuse capsule resulting from the TA treatment had a high protein content and a high collagen content (about the same as normal tissue). No differences were found in the softness of the mounds of the implanted prostheses. The effect of the TA treatment was explained on the basis of its collagenolytic effect, which could gradually erode the normal capsule membrane. Capsule firmness could not be related to the architecture or the protein or collagen content in our findings. We hypothesize that normal capsule firmness may be related to the amount and kind of interconnection between the loose outer zone of connective tissue and the surrounding tissue.", "contents": "Experimental effects on surrounding fibrous capsule formation from placing steroid in a silicone bag-gel prosthesis before implantation. Soft-gel miniprostheses of silicone were implanted subcutaneously into 75 male rats. Groups of prostheses were preinjected with saline, a commercial form of triamcinolone acetonide, or a suspension of crystalline triamcinolone acetonide. The softness of the prosthesis mound later was measured objectively, and the capsules surrounding the implants were analyzed by histology, SEM, and chemistry, at various intervals up to 120 days after implantation. The control implants developed a normal laminar capsule. With an incidence increasing up to 100 percent at 120 days, the steroid-treated implants were surrounded by capsules lacking an inner membrane. The inner membrane of the laminar capsule had a high protein content (relative to normal tissue) and a relatively reduced collagen content, while the diffuse capsule resulting from the TA treatment had a high protein content and a high collagen content (about the same as normal tissue). No differences were found in the softness of the mounds of the implanted prostheses. The effect of the TA treatment was explained on the basis of its collagenolytic effect, which could gradually erode the normal capsule membrane. Capsule firmness could not be related to the architecture or the protein or collagen content in our findings. We hypothesize that normal capsule firmness may be related to the amount and kind of interconnection between the loose outer zone of connective tissue and the surrounding tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:362450", "title": "High-pressure injection of silicone gel into an axilla--a complication of closed compression capsulotomy of the breast. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported in which a closed compression capsulotomy for fibrous capsular contracture was followed by rupture of the implant bag with the immediate appearance of silicone gel in the axilla. A possible mechanism, analogous to that of high-pressure injection injuries of the hands, is hypothesized.", "contents": "High-pressure injection of silicone gel into an axilla--a complication of closed compression capsulotomy of the breast. Case report. A case is reported in which a closed compression capsulotomy for fibrous capsular contracture was followed by rupture of the implant bag with the immediate appearance of silicone gel in the axilla. A possible mechanism, analogous to that of high-pressure injection injuries of the hands, is hypothesized."}
{"id": "PMID:362451", "title": "Treatment of a large hemangioma by dermal overgrafting. Case report.", "content": "A large capillary hemangioma was treated by cutaneous dermal overgrafting, with control of the ulceration, infection, and bleeding for 10 years to date. The patient has been successfully rehabilitated.", "contents": "Treatment of a large hemangioma by dermal overgrafting. Case report. A large capillary hemangioma was treated by cutaneous dermal overgrafting, with control of the ulceration, infection, and bleeding for 10 years to date. The patient has been successfully rehabilitated."}
{"id": "PMID:362453", "title": "Prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of noradrenaline release: V. A comparison of the neuroinhibitory effect of three prostaglandins: E2, I2, and 6-keto-PGF1alpha.", "content": "The effect of PGE2, PGI2, and 6-keto-PGF1alpha respectively on the contractile response of the isolated, field-stimulated guinea pig vas deferens was investigated. All three PGs were capable of inhibiting the contractile responses of the vas deferens, but the concentrations required varied considerably: PGE2 was about 700 times more active than PGI2 and about 4600 times more active than 6-keto-PGF1alpha in this respect. It is suggested that PGI2, although formed in tissues with sympathetic innervation, does not play a physiological role as inhibitor of sympathetic transmitter release.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of noradrenaline release: V. A comparison of the neuroinhibitory effect of three prostaglandins: E2, I2, and 6-keto-PGF1alpha. The effect of PGE2, PGI2, and 6-keto-PGF1alpha respectively on the contractile response of the isolated, field-stimulated guinea pig vas deferens was investigated. All three PGs were capable of inhibiting the contractile responses of the vas deferens, but the concentrations required varied considerably: PGE2 was about 700 times more active than PGI2 and about 4600 times more active than 6-keto-PGF1alpha in this respect. It is suggested that PGI2, although formed in tissues with sympathetic innervation, does not play a physiological role as inhibitor of sympathetic transmitter release."}
{"id": "PMID:362455", "title": "The high yield of prostacyclin biosynthesis by the iris and its effects on the intraocular muscles.", "content": "Iris, and to a lesser extent ciliary body, from cat and rabbit produce considerable amounts of prostacyclin (PGI2) after incubation of the tissue with 1-14C arachidonic acid. These tissues also generate PGI2-like material after gentle squeezing. It is likely that major metabolites found previously in iris and aqueous humor actually were 6-keto-PGF1alpha. It is concluded that PGH2 and PGI2 are synthetized at the same location. PGI2 induces a contraction of the sphincter and dilator and a relaxation of the ciliary muscle if the tissues had been previously exposed to indomethacin. Thromboxane A2 (TxA2) has either no effect or may cause a slight relaxation of the sphincter.", "contents": "The high yield of prostacyclin biosynthesis by the iris and its effects on the intraocular muscles. Iris, and to a lesser extent ciliary body, from cat and rabbit produce considerable amounts of prostacyclin (PGI2) after incubation of the tissue with 1-14C arachidonic acid. These tissues also generate PGI2-like material after gentle squeezing. It is likely that major metabolites found previously in iris and aqueous humor actually were 6-keto-PGF1alpha. It is concluded that PGH2 and PGI2 are synthetized at the same location. PGI2 induces a contraction of the sphincter and dilator and a relaxation of the ciliary muscle if the tissues had been previously exposed to indomethacin. Thromboxane A2 (TxA2) has either no effect or may cause a slight relaxation of the sphincter."}
{"id": "PMID:362458", "title": "The conception of man in Mao Tse-tung thought.", "content": "In 1940, long before the People's Republic of China came into being, Mao Tse-tung declared: The aim of all our efforts is the building of a new society and new nation of the Chinese people. In such a new society and new nation, there will be not only a new political organization and new economy, but a new culture as well. Twenty-six years later, the world witnessed the Great Cultural Revolution (GCR), in which Mao himself took an active leading role. The very idea of a cultural revolution is revolutionary enough. Never before in history has there been such an ambitious attempt to create a new man, with a new culture, in a new society. Unparalleled in both its scope and intensity, the GCR is a unique social experiment that has directly involved a fifth of mankind, and has profound implications for mankind as a whole. What are the philosophic  assumptions about man embodied in Mao Tse-tung Thought, the guide to action in the Chinese revolution? How are these assumptions linked to Mao's political ideology? What is the relevance that Mao's conception of man has for contemporary psychology? The present essay is an attempt to answer these questions.", "contents": "The conception of man in Mao Tse-tung thought. In 1940, long before the People's Republic of China came into being, Mao Tse-tung declared: The aim of all our efforts is the building of a new society and new nation of the Chinese people. In such a new society and new nation, there will be not only a new political organization and new economy, but a new culture as well. Twenty-six years later, the world witnessed the Great Cultural Revolution (GCR), in which Mao himself took an active leading role. The very idea of a cultural revolution is revolutionary enough. Never before in history has there been such an ambitious attempt to create a new man, with a new culture, in a new society. Unparalleled in both its scope and intensity, the GCR is a unique social experiment that has directly involved a fifth of mankind, and has profound implications for mankind as a whole. What are the philosophic  assumptions about man embodied in Mao Tse-tung Thought, the guide to action in the Chinese revolution? How are these assumptions linked to Mao's political ideology? What is the relevance that Mao's conception of man has for contemporary psychology? The present essay is an attempt to answer these questions."}
{"id": "PMID:362466", "title": "Anxiety and plasma cortisol at the crest of the circadian cycle:reappraisal of a classical hypothesis.", "content": "Near-maximal anxiety by subjective and behavioral criteria was evoked and terminated in phobic patients by initiation and termination of rapid live confrontation (\"flooding in vivo\") with the specific stimulus that each avoided, at a time approximating the crest of the circadian cycle of adrenal cortical function. The procedure was associated with moderate, but not marked, elevations of plasma cortisol above control levels in some, but not all, subjects. Differences in anxiety levels as self-rated by the patients did not account for differences in cortisol response. The findings should stimulate further reevaluation of the hypothesis that affective arousal is the key psychological determinant of adrenal cortical function. Dissociation between subjective-behavioral arousal and plasma cortisol during flooding may be a manifestation of what behavior therapists call \"desynchrony of fear.\"", "contents": "Anxiety and plasma cortisol at the crest of the circadian cycle:reappraisal of a classical hypothesis. Near-maximal anxiety by subjective and behavioral criteria was evoked and terminated in phobic patients by initiation and termination of rapid live confrontation (\"flooding in vivo\") with the specific stimulus that each avoided, at a time approximating the crest of the circadian cycle of adrenal cortical function. The procedure was associated with moderate, but not marked, elevations of plasma cortisol above control levels in some, but not all, subjects. Differences in anxiety levels as self-rated by the patients did not account for differences in cortisol response. The findings should stimulate further reevaluation of the hypothesis that affective arousal is the key psychological determinant of adrenal cortical function. Dissociation between subjective-behavioral arousal and plasma cortisol during flooding may be a manifestation of what behavior therapists call \"desynchrony of fear.\""}
{"id": "PMID:362470", "title": "Environmental carcinogenesis: an integrative model.", "content": "An integrative theory is proposed in which environmental carcinogenesis is viewed as a process by which the genetic control of cell division and differentiation is altered by carcinogens. In this theory, carcinogens include physical, chemical, and viral \"mutagens,\" as well as chemical and viral gene modulators. Existing explanations of carcinogenesis can be considered either as somatic mutation theories or as epigenetic theories. Evidence seems to support the hypothesis that both mutations and epigenetic processes are components of carcinogenesis. The mutational basis of cancer is supported by the clonal nature of tumors, the mutagenicity of most carcinogens, high mutation frequencies in cells of cancer-prone human fibroblasts lacking DNA repair enzymes, the correlation of in vitro DNA damage and in vitro mutation and transformation frequencies with in vivo tumorigenesis, age-related incidences of various hereditary tumors, and the correlation between photoreactivation of DNA damage and the biological amelioration of UV-induced neoplasms. Since both mutagens and gene modulators can be carcinogenic it may be that carcinogens affect genes which control cell division. An integration of the mutation and epigenetic theories of cancer with the \"two-stage\" theory and Comings's general theory of carcinogenesis is proposed. This integrative theory postulates that carcinogens can affect regulatory genes which control a series of \"transforming genes.\" A general hypothesis is advanced that involves a common mechanism of somatic mutagenesis via error-prone repair of DNA damage which links carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, atherosclerosis and aging. Various concepts are presented to provide a framework for evaluating the scientific, medical, and social implications of cancer.", "contents": "Environmental carcinogenesis: an integrative model. An integrative theory is proposed in which environmental carcinogenesis is viewed as a process by which the genetic control of cell division and differentiation is altered by carcinogens. In this theory, carcinogens include physical, chemical, and viral \"mutagens,\" as well as chemical and viral gene modulators. Existing explanations of carcinogenesis can be considered either as somatic mutation theories or as epigenetic theories. Evidence seems to support the hypothesis that both mutations and epigenetic processes are components of carcinogenesis. The mutational basis of cancer is supported by the clonal nature of tumors, the mutagenicity of most carcinogens, high mutation frequencies in cells of cancer-prone human fibroblasts lacking DNA repair enzymes, the correlation of in vitro DNA damage and in vitro mutation and transformation frequencies with in vivo tumorigenesis, age-related incidences of various hereditary tumors, and the correlation between photoreactivation of DNA damage and the biological amelioration of UV-induced neoplasms. Since both mutagens and gene modulators can be carcinogenic it may be that carcinogens affect genes which control cell division. An integration of the mutation and epigenetic theories of cancer with the \"two-stage\" theory and Comings's general theory of carcinogenesis is proposed. This integrative theory postulates that carcinogens can affect regulatory genes which control a series of \"transforming genes.\" A general hypothesis is advanced that involves a common mechanism of somatic mutagenesis via error-prone repair of DNA damage which links carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, atherosclerosis and aging. Various concepts are presented to provide a framework for evaluating the scientific, medical, and social implications of cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:362511", "title": "The influence of age, sex, and the use of oral contraceptives on the inhibitory effects of endothelial cells and PGI2 (prostacyclin) on platelet function.", "content": "The inhibitory effects of human endothelial cells (ECM) and PGI2 (prostacyclin) on platelet function have been examined in 60 healthy subjects. 5 groups were studied. I. 10 women (19-33 yrs.); II. 10 women (21-31 yrs.) using combined oral contraceptives; III. 10 postmenopausal women (45-66 yrs.); IV. 20 men (24-48 yrs.) and V. 10 men (48-71 yrs.). Spontaneous platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was commonly observed in groups II, III, and V. This was prevented when PRP was incubated with ECM, aspirin (ASA), or PGI2. ADP-induced platelet aggregation (PA) was always reduced by ECM, but significantly less in groups II and III. Collagen-induced PA was inhibited by ECM, but less in groups I, II, III and V than in young men (IV). ECM significantly reduced collagen-induced prostaglandin (MDA) production in platelets. Again, the inhibitory effect was significantly reduced in groups II and III. Platelet factor 3 activity, measured after exposure of PRP to ADP, was significantly reduced by ECM, but was significantly less in groups II, III, and V than in group I. Less of an inhibitory, effect of PGI2 upon ADP-induced PA was shown by all groups of females than by the two groups of males.", "contents": "The influence of age, sex, and the use of oral contraceptives on the inhibitory effects of endothelial cells and PGI2 (prostacyclin) on platelet function. The inhibitory effects of human endothelial cells (ECM) and PGI2 (prostacyclin) on platelet function have been examined in 60 healthy subjects. 5 groups were studied. I. 10 women (19-33 yrs.); II. 10 women (21-31 yrs.) using combined oral contraceptives; III. 10 postmenopausal women (45-66 yrs.); IV. 20 men (24-48 yrs.) and V. 10 men (48-71 yrs.). Spontaneous platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was commonly observed in groups II, III, and V. This was prevented when PRP was incubated with ECM, aspirin (ASA), or PGI2. ADP-induced platelet aggregation (PA) was always reduced by ECM, but significantly less in groups II and III. Collagen-induced PA was inhibited by ECM, but less in groups I, II, III and V than in young men (IV). ECM significantly reduced collagen-induced prostaglandin (MDA) production in platelets. Again, the inhibitory effect was significantly reduced in groups II and III. Platelet factor 3 activity, measured after exposure of PRP to ADP, was significantly reduced by ECM, but was significantly less in groups II, III, and V than in group I. Less of an inhibitory, effect of PGI2 upon ADP-induced PA was shown by all groups of females than by the two groups of males."}
{"id": "PMID:362512", "title": "A chemical approach to the mechanism of B-lymphocyte activation. I. The pure presentation of haptens does not activate B lymphocytes.", "content": "In an attempt to definitively determine whether the pure presentation of haptens (on repetitive, non-metabolizable carriers) to B lymphocytes triggers differentiation to antibody-producing cells, dinitrophenyl and trinitrophenyl groups have been covalently coupled to potentially inert carriers (polymethylmethacrylate, chlorinated polyethylene and cellulose). The resulting conjugates (with three different degrees of hapten substitution) are not immunogenic. It is therefore concluded that the pure presentation of haptens to B lymphocytes does not trigger antibody formation.", "contents": "A chemical approach to the mechanism of B-lymphocyte activation. I. The pure presentation of haptens does not activate B lymphocytes. In an attempt to definitively determine whether the pure presentation of haptens (on repetitive, non-metabolizable carriers) to B lymphocytes triggers differentiation to antibody-producing cells, dinitrophenyl and trinitrophenyl groups have been covalently coupled to potentially inert carriers (polymethylmethacrylate, chlorinated polyethylene and cellulose). The resulting conjugates (with three different degrees of hapten substitution) are not immunogenic. It is therefore concluded that the pure presentation of haptens to B lymphocytes does not trigger antibody formation."}
{"id": "PMID:362513", "title": "The effects of pre-admission antibiotics on the bacteriological diagnosis of pyogenic meningitis.", "content": "To assess the effects of pre-admission antibiotics on the accuracy of bacterial diagnosis in pyogenic meningitis, the case records of 154 patients admitted to an infectious diseases unit during a 10-year period (1966-1975) were reviewed. The causative organism was identified in 140 patients (91%). Although 63 patients had received antibiotics before admission, a bacteriological diagnosis was still possible in 57 of these (90%).", "contents": "The effects of pre-admission antibiotics on the bacteriological diagnosis of pyogenic meningitis. To assess the effects of pre-admission antibiotics on the accuracy of bacterial diagnosis in pyogenic meningitis, the case records of 154 patients admitted to an infectious diseases unit during a 10-year period (1966-1975) were reviewed. The causative organism was identified in 140 patients (91%). Although 63 patients had received antibiotics before admission, a bacteriological diagnosis was still possible in 57 of these (90%)."}
{"id": "PMID:362514", "title": "The significance of serum-sensitive bacilli in gram-negative bacteremia.", "content": "Clinical findings from 76 patients (median age 67 years) with gram-negative bacteremia were analysed and related to the sensitivity of the blood isolates to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum. 28 strains (37%) were resistant, an equal number intermediately sensitive and 20 markedly sensitive (26%). No correlation was found between serum sensitivity and origin of the bacteremia, presence of fever or blood granulocyte count. The frequency of shock in immunocompromised patients with serum-resistant strains was 60% (6/10); in those with intermediately or markedly sensitive strains it was 44% (8/18). In the non-immunocompromised patients with resistant strains the frequency of shock was 33 (6/18) versus 10% (3/30) in those without such strains. Thus the risk of developing shock with gram-negative bacteremia seems to depend on both parasite and host factors, although in this study only the latter were statistically significant. We conclude that serum-sensitive strains can invade the blood stream in spite of the serum bactericidal activity and cause severe disease in some patients.", "contents": "The significance of serum-sensitive bacilli in gram-negative bacteremia. Clinical findings from 76 patients (median age 67 years) with gram-negative bacteremia were analysed and related to the sensitivity of the blood isolates to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum. 28 strains (37%) were resistant, an equal number intermediately sensitive and 20 markedly sensitive (26%). No correlation was found between serum sensitivity and origin of the bacteremia, presence of fever or blood granulocyte count. The frequency of shock in immunocompromised patients with serum-resistant strains was 60% (6/10); in those with intermediately or markedly sensitive strains it was 44% (8/18). In the non-immunocompromised patients with resistant strains the frequency of shock was 33 (6/18) versus 10% (3/30) in those without such strains. Thus the risk of developing shock with gram-negative bacteremia seems to depend on both parasite and host factors, although in this study only the latter were statistically significant. We conclude that serum-sensitive strains can invade the blood stream in spite of the serum bactericidal activity and cause severe disease in some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:362515", "title": "Typing of group B streptococci from the throat and urogenital tract of females.", "content": "Group B streptococci were isolated from the urogenital tract of 54 of 168 patients (32%) examined at a gynecological outpatient department. 11 (7%) of the patients were group B throat carriers. In contrast to the frequency of type III group B steptococci in the urogenital tract (41% of group B streptococcal carriers) only 1 of 11 strains isolated from the throat belonged to type III. Apart from 1 patient who carried type III streptococci in the urogenital tract, all patients who were both throat and urogenital tract carriers harboured the same type in both sites. Significantly more patients who were only throat carriers of group B streptococci or harboured another type in the throat than in the urogenital tract, harboured lactose-fermenting group B streptococci as compared to patients who were only carriers of group B streptococci in the urogenital tract. These results pointed out the possible existence of \"throat-preferring\" and \"urogenital-preferring\" group B streptococci.", "contents": "Typing of group B streptococci from the throat and urogenital tract of females. Group B streptococci were isolated from the urogenital tract of 54 of 168 patients (32%) examined at a gynecological outpatient department. 11 (7%) of the patients were group B throat carriers. In contrast to the frequency of type III group B steptococci in the urogenital tract (41% of group B streptococcal carriers) only 1 of 11 strains isolated from the throat belonged to type III. Apart from 1 patient who carried type III streptococci in the urogenital tract, all patients who were both throat and urogenital tract carriers harboured the same type in both sites. Significantly more patients who were only throat carriers of group B streptococci or harboured another type in the throat than in the urogenital tract, harboured lactose-fermenting group B streptococci as compared to patients who were only carriers of group B streptococci in the urogenital tract. These results pointed out the possible existence of \"throat-preferring\" and \"urogenital-preferring\" group B streptococci."}
{"id": "PMID:362516", "title": "Antibody response in thirteen patients with Bacteroides fragilis infections.", "content": "13 patients with Bacteroides fragilis infections were studied for antibody response against the infecting strain using indirect immunofluorescence (IFL), passive hemagglutination (HA) and tube agglutination (TA). With indirect IFL significant titre changes in IgG were found in 12/13 cases, in IgA in 8/13 and in IgM in 4/13 cases. With passive HA significant titre changes were found in 11/13 cases and with TA in 6/11 cases. The rise in antibody titre was fast and persisted for a long time in most cases. Of the methods used the indirect IFL was the most convenient for clinical use.", "contents": "Antibody response in thirteen patients with Bacteroides fragilis infections. 13 patients with Bacteroides fragilis infections were studied for antibody response against the infecting strain using indirect immunofluorescence (IFL), passive hemagglutination (HA) and tube agglutination (TA). With indirect IFL significant titre changes in IgG were found in 12/13 cases, in IgA in 8/13 and in IgM in 4/13 cases. With passive HA significant titre changes were found in 11/13 cases and with TA in 6/11 cases. The rise in antibody titre was fast and persisted for a long time in most cases. Of the methods used the indirect IFL was the most convenient for clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:362517", "title": "Tobramycin in patients with various infections: a clinical evaluation.", "content": "22 patients with various gram-negative infections were treated with tobramycin at a dose of approximately 3 mh/kg body weight/24 h for 7 to 53 (mean 16) days. Therapy was monitored with determinations of drug serum concentrations and renal and audio-vestibular function tests. In 16 patients either cure of clinical improvement were achieved. Two patients did not improve. In another 4 patients the effect of tobramycin therapy could nto be evaluated. One patient exhibited a subclinical vestibular dysfunction and one patient experienced transient tinnitus. In one patient, slight but clinically significant renal impairment occurred.", "contents": "Tobramycin in patients with various infections: a clinical evaluation. 22 patients with various gram-negative infections were treated with tobramycin at a dose of approximately 3 mh/kg body weight/24 h for 7 to 53 (mean 16) days. Therapy was monitored with determinations of drug serum concentrations and renal and audio-vestibular function tests. In 16 patients either cure of clinical improvement were achieved. Two patients did not improve. In another 4 patients the effect of tobramycin therapy could nto be evaluated. One patient exhibited a subclinical vestibular dysfunction and one patient experienced transient tinnitus. In one patient, slight but clinically significant renal impairment occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:362518", "title": "Bacteriological and clinical studies of sulbenicillin.", "content": "A new semi-synthetic penicillin, sulbenicillin, was evaluated with regard to clinical effect on infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria, serum concentrations obtained after intravenous administration and antibacterial spectrum, in comparison with the closely related antibiotic carbenicillin. The antibacterial spectra of sulbenicillin and carbenicillin were similar but the MIC values were lower for sulbenicillin against most of the bacterial strains tested. The serum concentrations obtained after administration of 5 g sulbenicillin were significantly higher than those obtained after 5 g carbenicillin although no significant differences in serum half-lives were observed. The clinical effect of sulbenicillin--alone or alternating with carbenicillin--on pseudomonas infections with varying localisation was found to be good in 11 and fair in 3 of 16 treated patients. Two treatment failures were cases of chronic wound infection. In addition to the pseudomonas infections, 9 of the patients also had concurrent infections with other bacteria, e.g. pencillinase-producing staphylococci and Klebsiella, and in all these cases bacterial growth was eliminated during therapy. No serious side effects were observed during sulbenicillin treatment but some of the patients developed massive growth of fungi in the urine, which disappeared after the treatment was stopped.", "contents": "Bacteriological and clinical studies of sulbenicillin. A new semi-synthetic penicillin, sulbenicillin, was evaluated with regard to clinical effect on infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria, serum concentrations obtained after intravenous administration and antibacterial spectrum, in comparison with the closely related antibiotic carbenicillin. The antibacterial spectra of sulbenicillin and carbenicillin were similar but the MIC values were lower for sulbenicillin against most of the bacterial strains tested. The serum concentrations obtained after administration of 5 g sulbenicillin were significantly higher than those obtained after 5 g carbenicillin although no significant differences in serum half-lives were observed. The clinical effect of sulbenicillin--alone or alternating with carbenicillin--on pseudomonas infections with varying localisation was found to be good in 11 and fair in 3 of 16 treated patients. Two treatment failures were cases of chronic wound infection. In addition to the pseudomonas infections, 9 of the patients also had concurrent infections with other bacteria, e.g. pencillinase-producing staphylococci and Klebsiella, and in all these cases bacterial growth was eliminated during therapy. No serious side effects were observed during sulbenicillin treatment but some of the patients developed massive growth of fungi in the urine, which disappeared after the treatment was stopped."}
{"id": "PMID:362519", "title": "Single dose treatment with Tiberal of Giardia lamblia infection in children.", "content": "A new metronidazole derivative, Tiberal (Ro-07-0207, Roche Laboratories), was evaluated in 22 children with Giardia lamblia infection. Seven patients received an oral dose of 1 g twice daily for one day; the remaining 15 patients received a single dose of 50 mg/kg. Parasitological cure was noted in all 22 patients. Significant side effects were observed only in those children who received the drug at the higher dosage regime. The present study also confirms the findings of other authors that a mucosal imprint method is more reliable than examination of stools, duodenal juice or jejunal biopsy material for the detection of G. lamblia infection.", "contents": "Single dose treatment with Tiberal of Giardia lamblia infection in children. A new metronidazole derivative, Tiberal (Ro-07-0207, Roche Laboratories), was evaluated in 22 children with Giardia lamblia infection. Seven patients received an oral dose of 1 g twice daily for one day; the remaining 15 patients received a single dose of 50 mg/kg. Parasitological cure was noted in all 22 patients. Significant side effects were observed only in those children who received the drug at the higher dosage regime. The present study also confirms the findings of other authors that a mucosal imprint method is more reliable than examination of stools, duodenal juice or jejunal biopsy material for the detection of G. lamblia infection."}
{"id": "PMID:362524", "title": "Complications with permanent endocardial electrode systems. A comparison between two types of electrodes.", "content": "The study comprises 375 patients who had received an endocardial pacemaker electrode primarily. A stylet electrode of the Medtronic type was used in 165 patients and of the Elema type in 79 patients. Elema's flexible electrode model 588 EMT was used in 131 patients. The total number of electrode complications was surprisingly high. In 92 out of the 375 patients, 141 serious episodes of pacing failure occurred during the observation period of from 6 to 42 months. The complication rate increased with pacemaker function time. The stylet electrodes gave the highest complication rate. The choice of vein for introducing the electrode into the heart seems not to affect the complication rate significantly. Nor did the initial threshold value of stimulation influence the complication rate to any marked degree. The pacemaker manufacturers have devoted much effort to producing long-life impulse generators but there is also a great need for well-functioning long-life electrodes.", "contents": "Complications with permanent endocardial electrode systems. A comparison between two types of electrodes. The study comprises 375 patients who had received an endocardial pacemaker electrode primarily. A stylet electrode of the Medtronic type was used in 165 patients and of the Elema type in 79 patients. Elema's flexible electrode model 588 EMT was used in 131 patients. The total number of electrode complications was surprisingly high. In 92 out of the 375 patients, 141 serious episodes of pacing failure occurred during the observation period of from 6 to 42 months. The complication rate increased with pacemaker function time. The stylet electrodes gave the highest complication rate. The choice of vein for introducing the electrode into the heart seems not to affect the complication rate significantly. Nor did the initial threshold value of stimulation influence the complication rate to any marked degree. The pacemaker manufacturers have devoted much effort to producing long-life impulse generators but there is also a great need for well-functioning long-life electrodes."}
{"id": "PMID:362526", "title": "[Epidemiology and clinical aspects of malaria in Switzerland].", "content": "Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant plasmodium species in Africa south of the Sahara to a proportion of 80% and more. Two thirds of all cases of malaria in Switzerland are imported from Africa. Accordingly, malignant malaria is more frequently diagnosed in Switzerland than tertian malaria. Malignant malaria usually presents atypically, e.g. as acute gastrointestinal disease or as shock. The lethality is high. The majority of Swiss travellers are not protected effectively against malaria. A group particularly at risk are tourists of 20--30 years of age. It is suggested that travel agencies, official bodies and the medical profession should intensify public information regarding the dangers and prevention of malaria.", "contents": "[Epidemiology and clinical aspects of malaria in Switzerland]. Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant plasmodium species in Africa south of the Sahara to a proportion of 80% and more. Two thirds of all cases of malaria in Switzerland are imported from Africa. Accordingly, malignant malaria is more frequently diagnosed in Switzerland than tertian malaria. Malignant malaria usually presents atypically, e.g. as acute gastrointestinal disease or as shock. The lethality is high. The majority of Swiss travellers are not protected effectively against malaria. A group particularly at risk are tourists of 20--30 years of age. It is suggested that travel agencies, official bodies and the medical profession should intensify public information regarding the dangers and prevention of malaria."}
{"id": "PMID:362527", "title": "[Serum ferritin in renal insufficiency, hemodialysis and kidney transplantation].", "content": "87 patients with end-stage renal failure on long-term hemodialysis, 25 not on dialysis and 37 with renal transplants have been studied. Serum ferritin was measured by immunoradiometric and radioimmuno-assay. The correlation between the two methods was excellent (p less than 0.001). In 25 patients on long-term hemodialysis a good correlation was found between serum ferritin levels and stainable iron (p less than 0.001). All patients with adequate iron stores had serum ferritin levels above 60 ng/ml, whereas only one out of 10 with decreased or absent iron stores had a higher leve (118 ng/ml). According to these criteria the iron stores were decreased in 59% of our patients on long-term hemodialysis, decreased or adequate in 14% and adequate or increased in 27%. There was no correlation between serum ferritin levels and serum iron and total iron binding capacity. The distribution pattern of the serum ferritin levels was log normal and did not significantly differ in the three groups studied, although the patients with renal transplants had nearly normal hemoglobin and creatinine levels. Elevated serum ferritin levels in patients (21%) on hemodialysis could only partly be explained by repeated transfusions or chronic infections.", "contents": "[Serum ferritin in renal insufficiency, hemodialysis and kidney transplantation]. 87 patients with end-stage renal failure on long-term hemodialysis, 25 not on dialysis and 37 with renal transplants have been studied. Serum ferritin was measured by immunoradiometric and radioimmuno-assay. The correlation between the two methods was excellent (p less than 0.001). In 25 patients on long-term hemodialysis a good correlation was found between serum ferritin levels and stainable iron (p less than 0.001). All patients with adequate iron stores had serum ferritin levels above 60 ng/ml, whereas only one out of 10 with decreased or absent iron stores had a higher leve (118 ng/ml). According to these criteria the iron stores were decreased in 59% of our patients on long-term hemodialysis, decreased or adequate in 14% and adequate or increased in 27%. There was no correlation between serum ferritin levels and serum iron and total iron binding capacity. The distribution pattern of the serum ferritin levels was log normal and did not significantly differ in the three groups studied, although the patients with renal transplants had nearly normal hemoglobin and creatinine levels. Elevated serum ferritin levels in patients (21%) on hemodialysis could only partly be explained by repeated transfusions or chronic infections."}
{"id": "PMID:362528", "title": "Antiserum treatment of gram-negative bacteremia.", "content": "In order to lower the mortality rate from gram-negative bacteremia, 136 patients were treated with human antiserum against core glycolipid, or with control nonimmune human serum, in a double-blind clinical trial. The antiserum was prepared by immunizing healthy young men with a vaccine composed of heat killed cells of the J5 mutant of E. coli 0111 B4. Since the core glycolipid in this mutant is not encumbered with \"O\" side chains, it can stimulate antibody against the core glycolipid possessed in common by the different species of gram-negative bacteria responsible for lethal bacteremia in patients. No serious reactions occurred in over 300 men receiving this vaccine, and the J5 antiserum gave striking broad-spectrum protection against experimental gram-negative bacteremia and endotoxemia. When human J5 antiserum was administered to seriously ill bacteremic patients, the mortality rate was virtually cut in half, as compared to controls. The death rate from gram-negative bacteremia was 14% in patients treated with J5 antiserum, and 26% in those given nonimmune control human serum. Among patients in profound gram-negative bacteremic shock, the recovery rate rose from 29% in controls to 82% in those treated with J5 antiserum (p = 0.02). On the basis of these encouraging results we propose to treat more bacteremic patients with J5 antiserum, because larger groups are needed to establish the full significance of the initial findings.", "contents": "Antiserum treatment of gram-negative bacteremia. In order to lower the mortality rate from gram-negative bacteremia, 136 patients were treated with human antiserum against core glycolipid, or with control nonimmune human serum, in a double-blind clinical trial. The antiserum was prepared by immunizing healthy young men with a vaccine composed of heat killed cells of the J5 mutant of E. coli 0111 B4. Since the core glycolipid in this mutant is not encumbered with \"O\" side chains, it can stimulate antibody against the core glycolipid possessed in common by the different species of gram-negative bacteria responsible for lethal bacteremia in patients. No serious reactions occurred in over 300 men receiving this vaccine, and the J5 antiserum gave striking broad-spectrum protection against experimental gram-negative bacteremia and endotoxemia. When human J5 antiserum was administered to seriously ill bacteremic patients, the mortality rate was virtually cut in half, as compared to controls. The death rate from gram-negative bacteremia was 14% in patients treated with J5 antiserum, and 26% in those given nonimmune control human serum. Among patients in profound gram-negative bacteremic shock, the recovery rate rose from 29% in controls to 82% in those treated with J5 antiserum (p = 0.02). On the basis of these encouraging results we propose to treat more bacteremic patients with J5 antiserum, because larger groups are needed to establish the full significance of the initial findings."}
{"id": "PMID:362530", "title": "Low repetitive DNA content in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "DNA-DNA reassociation experiments show that the genome of Aspergillus nidulans consists of approximately 97 to 98 percent unique and 2 to 3 percent reiterated sequences. The reiterated DNA sequences have a complexity of about 11,000 base pairs and are repeated approximately 60 times per haploid genome. Ribosomal RNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicate that most of the repetitive DNA codes for ribosomal RNA.", "contents": "Low repetitive DNA content in Aspergillus nidulans. DNA-DNA reassociation experiments show that the genome of Aspergillus nidulans consists of approximately 97 to 98 percent unique and 2 to 3 percent reiterated sequences. The reiterated DNA sequences have a complexity of about 11,000 base pairs and are repeated approximately 60 times per haploid genome. Ribosomal RNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicate that most of the repetitive DNA codes for ribosomal RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:362531", "title": "Conformational changes in 16S ribosomal RNA induced by 30S ribosomal subunit proteins from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Laser light scattering has been used to evaluate conformational differences between free 16S RNA and several specific protein-16S RNA complexes. Proteins that interact strongly with the 16S RNA early in subunit assembly stabilize the RNA chain against unfolding in 1 mM Mg2+ and actually promote the formation of a more compact teriary structure in 20 mM Mg2+. A vital function of these proteins may therfore consist in altering the configuration of the RNA so that further assembly reactions can take place.", "contents": "Conformational changes in 16S ribosomal RNA induced by 30S ribosomal subunit proteins from Escherichia coli. Laser light scattering has been used to evaluate conformational differences between free 16S RNA and several specific protein-16S RNA complexes. Proteins that interact strongly with the 16S RNA early in subunit assembly stabilize the RNA chain against unfolding in 1 mM Mg2+ and actually promote the formation of a more compact teriary structure in 20 mM Mg2+. A vital function of these proteins may therfore consist in altering the configuration of the RNA so that further assembly reactions can take place."}
{"id": "PMID:362533", "title": "The medical use of gallium radionuclides: a brief history with some comments.", "content": "The use of gallium radionuclides in nuclear medicine dates back to the late 1940s, following the observation in toxicologic studies that gallium tended to localize to a high degree at sites of osteogenic activity. Initial attempts in the early 1950s to use 72Ga for clinical diagnosis and therapy of malignant bone lesions were unproductive. However, the basic information gained then in the preclinical and clinical investigations was quite instrumental in generating the present-day use of gallium radionuclides as effective radiopharmaceutical agents. Although initial clinical trials of 72Ga were unproductive, subsequent studies with 68Ga and 67Ga, together with advances in nuclear medical instrumentation, resulted in the identification of gallium radionuclides as effective tumor- and abscess-localizing agents. A major factor in the recognition of the peculiar biologic properties of gallium radionuclides was the existence of a carrier (stable isotope) effect. Also, it appears from basic studies of the mechanism(s) of the uptake of gallium in tumor tissue that the biodistribution of gallium involves many essential biologic processes. The future use of gallium radionuclides may, therefore, actually very well fall more into the field of basic biologic investigations rather than into the field of nuclear medical diagnosis.", "contents": "The medical use of gallium radionuclides: a brief history with some comments. The use of gallium radionuclides in nuclear medicine dates back to the late 1940s, following the observation in toxicologic studies that gallium tended to localize to a high degree at sites of osteogenic activity. Initial attempts in the early 1950s to use 72Ga for clinical diagnosis and therapy of malignant bone lesions were unproductive. However, the basic information gained then in the preclinical and clinical investigations was quite instrumental in generating the present-day use of gallium radionuclides as effective radiopharmaceutical agents. Although initial clinical trials of 72Ga were unproductive, subsequent studies with 68Ga and 67Ga, together with advances in nuclear medical instrumentation, resulted in the identification of gallium radionuclides as effective tumor- and abscess-localizing agents. A major factor in the recognition of the peculiar biologic properties of gallium radionuclides was the existence of a carrier (stable isotope) effect. Also, it appears from basic studies of the mechanism(s) of the uptake of gallium in tumor tissue that the biodistribution of gallium involves many essential biologic processes. The future use of gallium radionuclides may, therefore, actually very well fall more into the field of basic biologic investigations rather than into the field of nuclear medical diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:362534", "title": "Gallium-67 imaging in abdominal disease.", "content": "Gallium-67 imaging is useful for detecting sites of intra-abdominal inflammation, including subphrenic abscesses, postoperative infection, pyelonephritis or perinephric abscesses, and peritonitis. Positive images may be obtained within several hours of injection, but are more reliable at 24 hr. The results may be used to guide ultrasound or computed tomography studies, which give a detailed anatomic picture of the abscess. Gallium-67 imaging has also been used to detect abdominal neoplasms, but results are less impressive. Abdominal lymphoma is detected in just over 50% of sites. Gastrointestinal, renal, and gynecologic neoplasms are detected even less frequently. However, 67Ga is useful for detecting recurrence of 67Ga-avid neoplasms, and has been reliable in detecting hepatomas and nodal spread of seminoma. When used selectively in patients with neoplastic disease and suspected abscesses, 67Ga is an effective method for diagnosing abdominal disease.", "contents": "Gallium-67 imaging in abdominal disease. Gallium-67 imaging is useful for detecting sites of intra-abdominal inflammation, including subphrenic abscesses, postoperative infection, pyelonephritis or perinephric abscesses, and peritonitis. Positive images may be obtained within several hours of injection, but are more reliable at 24 hr. The results may be used to guide ultrasound or computed tomography studies, which give a detailed anatomic picture of the abscess. Gallium-67 imaging has also been used to detect abdominal neoplasms, but results are less impressive. Abdominal lymphoma is detected in just over 50% of sites. Gastrointestinal, renal, and gynecologic neoplasms are detected even less frequently. However, 67Ga is useful for detecting recurrence of 67Ga-avid neoplasms, and has been reliable in detecting hepatomas and nodal spread of seminoma. When used selectively in patients with neoplastic disease and suspected abscesses, 67Ga is an effective method for diagnosing abdominal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:362535", "title": "Massive skin necrosis in Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "content": "The occurrence of massive skin necrosis of approximately 50% of the body surface area in an 8-year-old girl with Rocky Mountain spotted fever is reported. Although the surgeon will not often be confronted with the management of Rocky Mountain spotted fever or its complications, certain therapeutic corollaries can be outlined, based upon the observed similarity between this particular complication of severe skin loss and the syndrome of purpura fulminans: (1) heparinization for the consumptive coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular clotting; (2) correction of hypovolemia and hypoproteinemia; (3) decompression by escharotomy and/or fasciotomy if indicated; (4) topical chemotherapeutic coverage of necrotic skin; (5) full-thickness eschar excision combined with biologic dressings directed toward autograft wound closure; and (6) appropriate extremity splinting and physiotherapy.", "contents": "Massive skin necrosis in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The occurrence of massive skin necrosis of approximately 50% of the body surface area in an 8-year-old girl with Rocky Mountain spotted fever is reported. Although the surgeon will not often be confronted with the management of Rocky Mountain spotted fever or its complications, certain therapeutic corollaries can be outlined, based upon the observed similarity between this particular complication of severe skin loss and the syndrome of purpura fulminans: (1) heparinization for the consumptive coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular clotting; (2) correction of hypovolemia and hypoproteinemia; (3) decompression by escharotomy and/or fasciotomy if indicated; (4) topical chemotherapeutic coverage of necrotic skin; (5) full-thickness eschar excision combined with biologic dressings directed toward autograft wound closure; and (6) appropriate extremity splinting and physiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:362536", "title": "Treatment of psoriasis with 8-methoxypsoralen and sunlight.", "content": "Photochemotherapy with 8-methoxypsoralen and sunlight (PUVA-SOL), administered three times weekly, proved effective in the treatment of psoriasis. Weekend photochemotherapy (modified PUVA-SOL) also appeared useful as an adjunct to standard topical corticosteroid therapy. Careful measurement of ambient long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA) in the treatment locale and respect for the phototoxic potential of PUVA-SOL are necessary for success. The long-range toxicity of psoralen photochemotherapy remains undetermined.", "contents": "Treatment of psoriasis with 8-methoxypsoralen and sunlight. Photochemotherapy with 8-methoxypsoralen and sunlight (PUVA-SOL), administered three times weekly, proved effective in the treatment of psoriasis. Weekend photochemotherapy (modified PUVA-SOL) also appeared useful as an adjunct to standard topical corticosteroid therapy. Careful measurement of ambient long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA) in the treatment locale and respect for the phototoxic potential of PUVA-SOL are necessary for success. The long-range toxicity of psoralen photochemotherapy remains undetermined."}
{"id": "PMID:362537", "title": "Respirator paradox.", "content": "Massumi, in 1973, presented three distinct clinical conditions in which he described a reversal of the expected variations of blood pressure relative to respiratory activity. He termed this phenomenon reverse pulsus paradoxus. One of his cases was a patient with congestive heart failure receiving intermitten positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). The same phenomenon has been documented in many of our intensive care patients who were receiving IPPV, with or without PEEP. A variety of underlying clinical conditions were included. We have called this response of blood pressure respirator paradox. A theoretic mechanism related to changes in afterload is offered as one possible explanation of these findings. Occurrence of respirator paradox after open heart surgery may complicate the problem of early diagnosis of cardiac tamponade.", "contents": "Respirator paradox. Massumi, in 1973, presented three distinct clinical conditions in which he described a reversal of the expected variations of blood pressure relative to respiratory activity. He termed this phenomenon reverse pulsus paradoxus. One of his cases was a patient with congestive heart failure receiving intermitten positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). The same phenomenon has been documented in many of our intensive care patients who were receiving IPPV, with or without PEEP. A variety of underlying clinical conditions were included. We have called this response of blood pressure respirator paradox. A theoretic mechanism related to changes in afterload is offered as one possible explanation of these findings. Occurrence of respirator paradox after open heart surgery may complicate the problem of early diagnosis of cardiac tamponade."}
{"id": "PMID:362539", "title": "Tumor immunology and interferon.", "content": "Host defense mechanisms against cancer depend on an intact cellular immunity system. Immunosurveillance depends on thymus lymphocytes which, when sensitized, form lymphokines. One of the important lymphokines produced by  T-lymphocytes is called interferon, well known for its antiviral effects. Recent experimental evidence points also to the potential effectiveness of interferon against malignancies. Interferon and interferon-inducers have been found to alter the course of solid tumors, leukemia, sarcomas and lymphomas in experimental animals, possibly by stimulating the reticuloendothelial system to produce tumor rejection or by altering the surface of cells to change tumor and host reactions.", "contents": "Tumor immunology and interferon. Host defense mechanisms against cancer depend on an intact cellular immunity system. Immunosurveillance depends on thymus lymphocytes which, when sensitized, form lymphokines. One of the important lymphokines produced by  T-lymphocytes is called interferon, well known for its antiviral effects. Recent experimental evidence points also to the potential effectiveness of interferon against malignancies. Interferon and interferon-inducers have been found to alter the course of solid tumors, leukemia, sarcomas and lymphomas in experimental animals, possibly by stimulating the reticuloendothelial system to produce tumor rejection or by altering the surface of cells to change tumor and host reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:362540", "title": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Treatment of the adult respiratory distress syndrome requires an understanding of the current concepts of the pathogenesis of this syndrome. The clinical features and pathophysiology are briefly discussed. Differential diagnosis requires the exclusion of pulmonary infection and left heart failure. Therapy is aimed at correction of the associated initiating disease process and the maintenance of tissue oxygenation. The latter requires increased inspired oxygen concentration, maintenance of an adequate cardiac output, and maintenance of a normal hematocrit level and body temperature. The therapeutic role of intravenous albumin, diuretics, and steroids in this syndrome is still controversial. Currently accepted modalities for improving oxygenation, when oxygen by face mask proves inadequate, include intubation and ventilation with postiive end-expiratory pressure. Other promising technics for improving oxygenation which do not require intubation are continuous positive airway pressure applied by face mask, continuous negative chest wall pressure, and alterations in posture. The long-term prognosis in survivors appears to be good, with only mild residual pulmonary functional abnormalities.", "contents": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome. Treatment of the adult respiratory distress syndrome requires an understanding of the current concepts of the pathogenesis of this syndrome. The clinical features and pathophysiology are briefly discussed. Differential diagnosis requires the exclusion of pulmonary infection and left heart failure. Therapy is aimed at correction of the associated initiating disease process and the maintenance of tissue oxygenation. The latter requires increased inspired oxygen concentration, maintenance of an adequate cardiac output, and maintenance of a normal hematocrit level and body temperature. The therapeutic role of intravenous albumin, diuretics, and steroids in this syndrome is still controversial. Currently accepted modalities for improving oxygenation, when oxygen by face mask proves inadequate, include intubation and ventilation with postiive end-expiratory pressure. Other promising technics for improving oxygenation which do not require intubation are continuous positive airway pressure applied by face mask, continuous negative chest wall pressure, and alterations in posture. The long-term prognosis in survivors appears to be good, with only mild residual pulmonary functional abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:362541", "title": "An unusual cutaneous manifestation of group A streptococcal bacteremia.", "content": "A case of streptococcal bacteremia presenting with disseminated nodular lesions is presented. Although the incidence of group A streptococcal bacteremia has declined, the disease may affect both normal and immunologically compromised children. Early recognition and prompt antibiotic therapy are required to ensure a favorable outcome.", "contents": "An unusual cutaneous manifestation of group A streptococcal bacteremia. A case of streptococcal bacteremia presenting with disseminated nodular lesions is presented. Although the incidence of group A streptococcal bacteremia has declined, the disease may affect both normal and immunologically compromised children. Early recognition and prompt antibiotic therapy are required to ensure a favorable outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:362543", "title": "Bullet embolus: heart to right femoral artery.", "content": "Our case report of survival from a cardiac gunshot wound with subsequent embolization to the right femoral artery has included plain films and arteriographic confirmation, a review of the mechanics of intracardiac bullet embolization, its incidence, survival rates, and management, and review of the literature.", "contents": "Bullet embolus: heart to right femoral artery. Our case report of survival from a cardiac gunshot wound with subsequent embolization to the right femoral artery has included plain films and arteriographic confirmation, a review of the mechanics of intracardiac bullet embolization, its incidence, survival rates, and management, and review of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:362544", "title": "Group B streptococcal osteomyelitis in adults.", "content": "Osteomyelitis due to group B Streptococcus occurred in two adult male patients. Both patients responded to parenteral penicillin G. A review of the literature verifies that group B Streptococcus has been an exceedingly rare cause of osteomyelitis in adults.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal osteomyelitis in adults. Osteomyelitis due to group B Streptococcus occurred in two adult male patients. Both patients responded to parenteral penicillin G. A review of the literature verifies that group B Streptococcus has been an exceedingly rare cause of osteomyelitis in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:362569", "title": "William Harvey, physician and scientist.", "content": "William Harvey was born in 1578 and died in 1657. He studied arts at the University of Cambridge and medicine at the University of Padua. He was a Fellow of the College of Physicians of London and physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital and to King James I and King Charles I. His discovery of the circulation of the blood was announced in his Lumleian Lectures to the College of Physicians and later published in his book, De Motu Cordis. His other major work was on embryology, published under the title De Generatione Animalium. Harvey was distinguished in many fields of medicine and medical science and is widely regarded as the founder of modern physiology.", "contents": "William Harvey, physician and scientist. William Harvey was born in 1578 and died in 1657. He studied arts at the University of Cambridge and medicine at the University of Padua. He was a Fellow of the College of Physicians of London and physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital and to King James I and King Charles I. His discovery of the circulation of the blood was announced in his Lumleian Lectures to the College of Physicians and later published in his book, De Motu Cordis. His other major work was on embryology, published under the title De Generatione Animalium. Harvey was distinguished in many fields of medicine and medical science and is widely regarded as the founder of modern physiology."}
{"id": "PMID:362568", "title": "Plasma cortisol levels in normal volunteers receiving either betamethasone valerate or desoximetasone by topical application.", "content": "Desoximetasone (Topisolon; Hoechst), a new topical steroid, and betamethasone 17-valerate were compared with respect to their effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function as evidenced by plasma cortisol concentrations. Three grams of each test preparation were applied daily for 21 days to intact skin of the ventral aspects of alternate forearms of 15 normal volunteers. Five received betamethasone 17-valerate 0.1%, 5 desoximetasone 0.05%, and 5 desoximetasone 0.25%. Plasma cortisol levels were determined before and after the initial applications on days 1, 3, 10, 17, 22, 24 and 28. These values were compared with the mean control values by analysis of covariance. There was no significant difference in plasma cortisol levels. The value of performing similar studies on larger skin areas and with larger doses is discussed.", "contents": "Plasma cortisol levels in normal volunteers receiving either betamethasone valerate or desoximetasone by topical application. Desoximetasone (Topisolon; Hoechst), a new topical steroid, and betamethasone 17-valerate were compared with respect to their effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function as evidenced by plasma cortisol concentrations. Three grams of each test preparation were applied daily for 21 days to intact skin of the ventral aspects of alternate forearms of 15 normal volunteers. Five received betamethasone 17-valerate 0.1%, 5 desoximetasone 0.05%, and 5 desoximetasone 0.25%. Plasma cortisol levels were determined before and after the initial applications on days 1, 3, 10, 17, 22, 24 and 28. These values were compared with the mean control values by analysis of covariance. There was no significant difference in plasma cortisol levels. The value of performing similar studies on larger skin areas and with larger doses is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362571", "title": "Double-blind study of ketoprofen and indomethacin in juvenile chronic arthritis.", "content": "Ketoprofen (Orudis; Maybaker), whose use has not previously been reported in choldren, was compared with indomethacin in a double-blind crossover trial in 30 children with juvenile chronic arthritis. Both drugs proved to be safe and effective analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents although indomethacin emerged as the preferred drug. Perhaps higher doses of ketoprofen would be safe and more effective. Side-effects were few and mild. The problems of patient compliance and the assessment of pain in children are discussed.", "contents": "Double-blind study of ketoprofen and indomethacin in juvenile chronic arthritis. Ketoprofen (Orudis; Maybaker), whose use has not previously been reported in choldren, was compared with indomethacin in a double-blind crossover trial in 30 children with juvenile chronic arthritis. Both drugs proved to be safe and effective analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents although indomethacin emerged as the preferred drug. Perhaps higher doses of ketoprofen would be safe and more effective. Side-effects were few and mild. The problems of patient compliance and the assessment of pain in children are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362572", "title": "A job well done--a short history of Dr James Moroka.", "content": "James Moroka was one of the first Black South Africans and definitely the first Tswana national to obtain a medical degree. After graduating from Edinburgh University he practised for 58 years as a general practitioner in Thaba 'Nchu. He also played a leading role in the sociopolitical history of his people.", "contents": "A job well done--a short history of Dr James Moroka. James Moroka was one of the first Black South Africans and definitely the first Tswana national to obtain a medical degree. After graduating from Edinburgh University he practised for 58 years as a general practitioner in Thaba 'Nchu. He also played a leading role in the sociopolitical history of his people."}
{"id": "PMID:362575", "title": "Progress in the use of elemental diets in infants and children.", "content": "The clinical use of elemental diets to provide adequate nutrition in the infant or child in a catabolic state will, undoubtedly, increase as experience confirms the effectiveness and safety of this technique. The value of total parenteral nutrition and nutrition given through the peripheral vein should, in no way, be underestimated, since many infants and children will still require this form of nutrition during periods when the intestine is not available for alimentation. The use of elemental diets in the transitional period between total parenteral nutrition and more conventional feedings as well as in providing nutritional support when the intestine is totally or partially available provides a method of earlier discontinuance of parenteral nutrition and, hence, decreases the incidence of mechanical, metabolic and septic complications associated with intravenously administered nutrition. Each patient should be considered individually and a decision made as to whether or not enteral hyperalimentation can be used in place of, or in conjunction with, parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Progress in the use of elemental diets in infants and children. The clinical use of elemental diets to provide adequate nutrition in the infant or child in a catabolic state will, undoubtedly, increase as experience confirms the effectiveness and safety of this technique. The value of total parenteral nutrition and nutrition given through the peripheral vein should, in no way, be underestimated, since many infants and children will still require this form of nutrition during periods when the intestine is not available for alimentation. The use of elemental diets in the transitional period between total parenteral nutrition and more conventional feedings as well as in providing nutritional support when the intestine is totally or partially available provides a method of earlier discontinuance of parenteral nutrition and, hence, decreases the incidence of mechanical, metabolic and septic complications associated with intravenously administered nutrition. Each patient should be considered individually and a decision made as to whether or not enteral hyperalimentation can be used in place of, or in conjunction with, parenteral nutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:362576", "title": "Immunotherapy for cancer.", "content": "It seems nonetheless reasonable to take a skeptical view of immunotherapy for cancer. If the immunologic response can be brought to bear meaningfully and effectively upon the tumorhost relationship so that the host is spared, then let it be proved by appropriate clinical trials. Without unrealistic expectations, it may be easier to tolerance the gradual realization that immunotherapy may be only peripherally important in the control of malignant disease.", "contents": "Immunotherapy for cancer. It seems nonetheless reasonable to take a skeptical view of immunotherapy for cancer. If the immunologic response can be brought to bear meaningfully and effectively upon the tumorhost relationship so that the host is spared, then let it be proved by appropriate clinical trials. Without unrealistic expectations, it may be easier to tolerance the gradual realization that immunotherapy may be only peripherally important in the control of malignant disease."}
{"id": "PMID:362580", "title": "Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder.", "content": "Data from 6,222 patients with primary carcinoma of the gallbladder reported upon in the past 15 years have been analyzed. The disease occurs predominately in elderly females who often present with extremes of clinical symptoms, suggesting, on one hand, benign calculous disease or, on the other, advanced incurable malignant disease. Laboratory and x-ray data tend to confirm the clinical diagnosis of incurable disease, but do not aid in determining those patients with early, potentially curable lesions. The biologic nature of the tumor makes most carcinomas unsuspected findings at the time of operation and limits those patients presenting with resectable disease to about 25 per cent. The over-all five year survival of patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder is only 4.1 per cent. Furthermore, virtually the only survivors are those with lesions resected early that were not apparent to the operating surgeon and of the papillary cell type without significant invasion of the wall of the gallbladder. If the tumor is recognized and believed to be resected, survival is only 2.9 per cent, with failures caused by locally recurrent tumor. Despite the obvious failure of management of carcinoma of the gallbladder, therapeutic advantage has not been taken of the tumor's propensity to remain locally invasive by extending the scope of the traditional cholecystectomy to include en bloc hepatic wedge resection and regional lymphadenectomy in treating patients with recognized malignant tumors. Reoperation for delayed hepatic resection and lymph node dissection should be considered in selected patients with carcinoma unsuspected at operation but noted in the resected specimen. Selected application of this approach might offer the chance of cure to a small, but definite, group of patients who are currently being undertreated.", "contents": "Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder. Data from 6,222 patients with primary carcinoma of the gallbladder reported upon in the past 15 years have been analyzed. The disease occurs predominately in elderly females who often present with extremes of clinical symptoms, suggesting, on one hand, benign calculous disease or, on the other, advanced incurable malignant disease. Laboratory and x-ray data tend to confirm the clinical diagnosis of incurable disease, but do not aid in determining those patients with early, potentially curable lesions. The biologic nature of the tumor makes most carcinomas unsuspected findings at the time of operation and limits those patients presenting with resectable disease to about 25 per cent. The over-all five year survival of patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder is only 4.1 per cent. Furthermore, virtually the only survivors are those with lesions resected early that were not apparent to the operating surgeon and of the papillary cell type without significant invasion of the wall of the gallbladder. If the tumor is recognized and believed to be resected, survival is only 2.9 per cent, with failures caused by locally recurrent tumor. Despite the obvious failure of management of carcinoma of the gallbladder, therapeutic advantage has not been taken of the tumor's propensity to remain locally invasive by extending the scope of the traditional cholecystectomy to include en bloc hepatic wedge resection and regional lymphadenectomy in treating patients with recognized malignant tumors. Reoperation for delayed hepatic resection and lymph node dissection should be considered in selected patients with carcinoma unsuspected at operation but noted in the resected specimen. Selected application of this approach might offer the chance of cure to a small, but definite, group of patients who are currently being undertreated."}
{"id": "PMID:362581", "title": "Compartmental syndromes.", "content": "Because the compartmental syndrome occurs under such a wide variety of circumstances and because early diagnosis is vital, it is essential that all physicians be familiar with this condition. Results of relatively simple clinical tests permit the diagnosis in most instances. Ancillary diagnostic techniques may prove helpful in questionable instances. Prompt, complete decompression of the affected compartments can preserve function and minimize complications.", "contents": "Compartmental syndromes. Because the compartmental syndrome occurs under such a wide variety of circumstances and because early diagnosis is vital, it is essential that all physicians be familiar with this condition. Results of relatively simple clinical tests permit the diagnosis in most instances. Ancillary diagnostic techniques may prove helpful in questionable instances. Prompt, complete decompression of the affected compartments can preserve function and minimize complications."}
{"id": "PMID:362582", "title": "Protein and fat utilization in shock.", "content": "A previous study demonstrated that in the dog, shock, regardless of its etiology, resulted in increased  oxidative utilization of substrates which form lactate and pyruvate as intermediary metabolites. The study implied a concomitant decrease in free fatty acid oxidation, as the oxidative pathway of the latter does not involve the lactate-pyruvate step. To test this hypothesis, free fatty acid metabolism was investigated by infusing carbon-14 labelled fatty acid in 12 normal dogs, in nine animals in shock due to controlled cardiac tamponade, and in six animals with endotoxin shock. The shock state was characterized by significant (p less than 0.05) decrease both in arterial fatty acid concentration and in free fatty acid turnover. In addition, both the rate of free fatty acid oxidation and the percentage of the total CO2 derived from free fatty acid oxidation were significantly (p less than 0.05) diminished. In contrast, urea production rates were higher in shock, and the calculated maximum contribution of protein oxidation to total CO2 production rose from 23% in the control animals to 50% in the test groups.", "contents": "Protein and fat utilization in shock. A previous study demonstrated that in the dog, shock, regardless of its etiology, resulted in increased  oxidative utilization of substrates which form lactate and pyruvate as intermediary metabolites. The study implied a concomitant decrease in free fatty acid oxidation, as the oxidative pathway of the latter does not involve the lactate-pyruvate step. To test this hypothesis, free fatty acid metabolism was investigated by infusing carbon-14 labelled fatty acid in 12 normal dogs, in nine animals in shock due to controlled cardiac tamponade, and in six animals with endotoxin shock. The shock state was characterized by significant (p less than 0.05) decrease both in arterial fatty acid concentration and in free fatty acid turnover. In addition, both the rate of free fatty acid oxidation and the percentage of the total CO2 derived from free fatty acid oxidation were significantly (p less than 0.05) diminished. In contrast, urea production rates were higher in shock, and the calculated maximum contribution of protein oxidation to total CO2 production rose from 23% in the control animals to 50% in the test groups."}
{"id": "PMID:362584", "title": "Renal autotransplantation in dissecting aortic aneurysm with renal artery involvement.", "content": "A dissecting aortic aneurysm in a 60-year-old woman resulted in renal artery insufficiency and medically uncontrollable hypertension. Following a nephrectomy and renal autotransplantation, the patient's renal insufficiency improved dramatically and her hypertension became easily manageable with antihypertensives. Nephrectomy with renal autotransplantation is discussed as an alternative to conventional renal artery reconstruction in cases where reconstruction is either too hazardous or impossible to perform.", "contents": "Renal autotransplantation in dissecting aortic aneurysm with renal artery involvement. A dissecting aortic aneurysm in a 60-year-old woman resulted in renal artery insufficiency and medically uncontrollable hypertension. Following a nephrectomy and renal autotransplantation, the patient's renal insufficiency improved dramatically and her hypertension became easily manageable with antihypertensives. Nephrectomy with renal autotransplantation is discussed as an alternative to conventional renal artery reconstruction in cases where reconstruction is either too hazardous or impossible to perform."}
{"id": "PMID:362596", "title": "[Recombinant DNA studies, a controversial subject which is also promising from the point of view of veterinary medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "The hereditary characters of organisms are bound up in the DNA of their genomes. Genetic information is expressed by a complicated mechanism. The process by which this occurs and the control of the degree of expression in bacteria and a number of the other lower organisms are known only in broad outline. There usually is no exchange of DNA between organisms of unrelated species in nature. \"Foreign\" DNA can be linked to bacterial plasmid DNA and multiplied in the laboratory as a recombinant DNA molecule in bacteria using the recently discovered so-called restriction enzymes. Expression of bacterial DNA can thus be accomplished in a different, unrelated bacterium. In principle, this means that the natural barriers between unrealated species of organisms may be passed by. Human and animal DNA can also be multiplied in bacteria by this method. Previous recombinant DNA studies showed that the mode of expression of genetic information in the higher organisms differs markedly from that in bacteria. The initially sanguine expectations regarding the practical use of recombinant DNA research, for instance in the production of biologically important substances by bacteria, will therefore possibly not be realized at short notice. On the other hand this technique has added considerably to the knowledge of expression of genes within a short space of time. This is particularly true of the mechanisms of pathogenicity of E. coli, the bacterium which plays such an important role in veterinary medicine. The recombinant DNA technique is briefly reviewed in the present paper. The uses are broadly outlined, and one of these, which could be of importance in veterinary medicine, is described in greater detail. International discussions of potential hazards, and therefore also of the admissibility of this type of experiment, are griefly summarized.", "contents": "[Recombinant DNA studies, a controversial subject which is also promising from the point of view of veterinary medicine (author's transl)]. The hereditary characters of organisms are bound up in the DNA of their genomes. Genetic information is expressed by a complicated mechanism. The process by which this occurs and the control of the degree of expression in bacteria and a number of the other lower organisms are known only in broad outline. There usually is no exchange of DNA between organisms of unrelated species in nature. \"Foreign\" DNA can be linked to bacterial plasmid DNA and multiplied in the laboratory as a recombinant DNA molecule in bacteria using the recently discovered so-called restriction enzymes. Expression of bacterial DNA can thus be accomplished in a different, unrelated bacterium. In principle, this means that the natural barriers between unrealated species of organisms may be passed by. Human and animal DNA can also be multiplied in bacteria by this method. Previous recombinant DNA studies showed that the mode of expression of genetic information in the higher organisms differs markedly from that in bacteria. The initially sanguine expectations regarding the practical use of recombinant DNA research, for instance in the production of biologically important substances by bacteria, will therefore possibly not be realized at short notice. On the other hand this technique has added considerably to the knowledge of expression of genes within a short space of time. This is particularly true of the mechanisms of pathogenicity of E. coli, the bacterium which plays such an important role in veterinary medicine. The recombinant DNA technique is briefly reviewed in the present paper. The uses are broadly outlined, and one of these, which could be of importance in veterinary medicine, is described in greater detail. International discussions of potential hazards, and therefore also of the admissibility of this type of experiment, are griefly summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:362597", "title": "Dependency of transcoronary circulatory transport function on coronary perfusion pressure and flow.", "content": "Transcoronary circulatory transport function was computed from the dye-dilution curves recorded simultaneously at the entrance (aortic root) and exit (coronary sinus) of the coronary circulation after the injection of dye bolus into the femoral vein in open-chest dog. The effect of coronary perfusion pressure and flow on the first (delta-t) and second (deltapi2) moments of the transport function was examined before and during intra-aortic angiotensin infusion. It was observed that the relative dispersion (deltapi2 1/2/delta-t) in the canine coronary circulation is the largest among the organ-circulations that have been examined by the investigators, suggesting that cardiac wall is highly heterogeneously perfused, and that the relative dispersion was variable depending on the coronary perfusion pressure and flow. It is concluded that sole measurement of the moment of transcoronary transport function such as -t cannot be a reliable indicator of the coronary circulatory disturbances. The underlying mechanisms for the dependency of the relative dispersion on the perfusion was discussed.", "contents": "Dependency of transcoronary circulatory transport function on coronary perfusion pressure and flow. Transcoronary circulatory transport function was computed from the dye-dilution curves recorded simultaneously at the entrance (aortic root) and exit (coronary sinus) of the coronary circulation after the injection of dye bolus into the femoral vein in open-chest dog. The effect of coronary perfusion pressure and flow on the first (delta-t) and second (deltapi2) moments of the transport function was examined before and during intra-aortic angiotensin infusion. It was observed that the relative dispersion (deltapi2 1/2/delta-t) in the canine coronary circulation is the largest among the organ-circulations that have been examined by the investigators, suggesting that cardiac wall is highly heterogeneously perfused, and that the relative dispersion was variable depending on the coronary perfusion pressure and flow. It is concluded that sole measurement of the moment of transcoronary transport function such as -t cannot be a reliable indicator of the coronary circulatory disturbances. The underlying mechanisms for the dependency of the relative dispersion on the perfusion was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362598", "title": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of somatostatin-containing cells in the human placenta.", "content": "Present study using immunohistochemical methods clearly demonstrated the presence of somatostatin-containing cells in the human placenta. These cells were located in the cytotrophoblastic layer, while the layer of syncytiotrophoblasts showed no positive reaction. With the progress of gestation, these immunoreactive somatostatin-containing cells disappeared. It was suggested that somatostatin or somatostatin-like substances play an important role in the maintenance of gestation.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of somatostatin-containing cells in the human placenta. Present study using immunohistochemical methods clearly demonstrated the presence of somatostatin-containing cells in the human placenta. These cells were located in the cytotrophoblastic layer, while the layer of syncytiotrophoblasts showed no positive reaction. With the progress of gestation, these immunoreactive somatostatin-containing cells disappeared. It was suggested that somatostatin or somatostatin-like substances play an important role in the maintenance of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:362669", "title": "Urinary tract calculous disease after renal transplantation.", "content": "We report 3 cases of a series of 372 (0.8 per cent) renal transplant recipients in whom urinary tract calculi developed as a complication of the procedure. In each patient symptoms were minimal and not classic of calculous disease. We disagree with the contention that all such patients have either hypercalcemia, infection, or tubular acidosis, although thorough evaluation is indicated. We believe this entity should be considered in problematic renal transplantation patients. Conservative therapy is advocated when the situation permits.", "contents": "Urinary tract calculous disease after renal transplantation. We report 3 cases of a series of 372 (0.8 per cent) renal transplant recipients in whom urinary tract calculi developed as a complication of the procedure. In each patient symptoms were minimal and not classic of calculous disease. We disagree with the contention that all such patients have either hypercalcemia, infection, or tubular acidosis, although thorough evaluation is indicated. We believe this entity should be considered in problematic renal transplantation patients. Conservative therapy is advocated when the situation permits."}
{"id": "PMID:362670", "title": "Heparin as antibacterial agent in rabbit bladder.", "content": "Previous studies performed in our laboratory indicated that the primary antibacterial defense mechanism of the rabbit bladder is the antiadsorptive action of the surface mucopolysaccharide. The increased bacterial adsorption that occurs when the bladder is denuded of this layer was prevented by the instillation of heparin. Additional studies showed that the protective effect of heparin is inhibited by protamine, a further indication that the bladder's \"antiadherence factor\" is a mucopolysaccharide. Small amounts of heparin, applied directly to the mucoprotein-deficient bladder or to the surface of the inoculated bacteria, produced a statistically significant reduction in bacterial adsorption.", "contents": "Heparin as antibacterial agent in rabbit bladder. Previous studies performed in our laboratory indicated that the primary antibacterial defense mechanism of the rabbit bladder is the antiadsorptive action of the surface mucopolysaccharide. The increased bacterial adsorption that occurs when the bladder is denuded of this layer was prevented by the instillation of heparin. Additional studies showed that the protective effect of heparin is inhibited by protamine, a further indication that the bladder's \"antiadherence factor\" is a mucopolysaccharide. Small amounts of heparin, applied directly to the mucoprotein-deficient bladder or to the surface of the inoculated bacteria, produced a statistically significant reduction in bacterial adsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:362674", "title": "Primary cadaver kidney transplantation in older patients: survival equal to dialysis.", "content": "In our experience, primary cadaver kidney transplantation is a reasonable alternative to dialysis in the older patient with ESRD. The probability for a transplant success is no different from that of other age groups receiving their first grafts from cadaver donors and the quality of life after transplantation is equal to or exceeds that obtained with chronic dialysis.", "contents": "Primary cadaver kidney transplantation in older patients: survival equal to dialysis. In our experience, primary cadaver kidney transplantation is a reasonable alternative to dialysis in the older patient with ESRD. The probability for a transplant success is no different from that of other age groups receiving their first grafts from cadaver donors and the quality of life after transplantation is equal to or exceeds that obtained with chronic dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:362675", "title": "Determining arterial pressure, left atrial pressure and cardiac output from the left pneumatic drive line of the total artificial heart.", "content": "These data presented here demonstrate how careful analysis of mock loop testing can lead to useful measurements for long-term calf experiments. The accuracy of the data rae primarily dependent upon a valid circulatory system analog and good experimental technique. These methods of determining arterial pressure, left atrial pressure and cardiac output have allowed us to obtain recordds of these important parameters for periods as long as 100 days in calves with total artificial heart implantation. These methods have also enabled us to automatically control the artifical heart under conditions of rest, exercise and pharmacologic treatment with the use of only one external pneumatic drive line pressure transducer.", "contents": "Determining arterial pressure, left atrial pressure and cardiac output from the left pneumatic drive line of the total artificial heart. These data presented here demonstrate how careful analysis of mock loop testing can lead to useful measurements for long-term calf experiments. The accuracy of the data rae primarily dependent upon a valid circulatory system analog and good experimental technique. These methods of determining arterial pressure, left atrial pressure and cardiac output have allowed us to obtain recordds of these important parameters for periods as long as 100 days in calves with total artificial heart implantation. These methods have also enabled us to automatically control the artifical heart under conditions of rest, exercise and pharmacologic treatment with the use of only one external pneumatic drive line pressure transducer."}
{"id": "PMID:362685", "title": "[Indications for the use and the procedure of transverse gastric resection with preservation of the pyloric sphincter].", "content": "On the grounds of experimental and topographo-anatomic findings and surgical experience with 62 patients the authors present the indications for and technic of transverse resection of the stomach with the preservation of the pyloric constrictor. Three modifications of this operation developed by the authors are described. These modifications were used for the treatment of peptic and duodenal ulcer, polyposis and benign tumor of the stomach. The peculiarities and nerves, maximal vascularization and innervation of the pyloric constrictor, natural passage of the food from the stomach.", "contents": "[Indications for the use and the procedure of transverse gastric resection with preservation of the pyloric sphincter]. On the grounds of experimental and topographo-anatomic findings and surgical experience with 62 patients the authors present the indications for and technic of transverse resection of the stomach with the preservation of the pyloric constrictor. Three modifications of this operation developed by the authors are described. These modifications were used for the treatment of peptic and duodenal ulcer, polyposis and benign tumor of the stomach. The peculiarities and nerves, maximal vascularization and innervation of the pyloric constrictor, natural passage of the food from the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:362686", "title": "[Surgical aspects of a temporary heterotopic transplantation of the liver].", "content": "The ways of settling some surgical aspects of a temporary heterotopic transplantation of the liver are analysed in the article. According to the obtained data the placement of the graft into the iliac zone of the abdominal cavity is the most convenient for a temporary heterotopic transplantation of an additional liver. An adequate vascularization of the additional organ can be effected via hepatic artery, which simplifies considerably the removal and replacement of this organ. For a free placement of the graft the weight of the donor should be 2 or 3 times less than that of the recipient.", "contents": "[Surgical aspects of a temporary heterotopic transplantation of the liver]. The ways of settling some surgical aspects of a temporary heterotopic transplantation of the liver are analysed in the article. According to the obtained data the placement of the graft into the iliac zone of the abdominal cavity is the most convenient for a temporary heterotopic transplantation of an additional liver. An adequate vascularization of the additional organ can be effected via hepatic artery, which simplifies considerably the removal and replacement of this organ. For a free placement of the graft the weight of the donor should be 2 or 3 times less than that of the recipient."}
{"id": "PMID:362687", "title": "[Treatment of acute pancreatitis with 5-fluorouracil].", "content": "The authors developed an outline for the treatment of acute pancreatitis with 5-fluorouracil which consists in a single or double injection of 250 mg of the drug. The method was used in 54 acute pancreatitis cases. A single intravenous injection of 250 mg of the drug proved to be sufficient for arresting the acute process in edematous and edemo-hemorrhagic pancreatitis. This method helps to shorten the treatment period. Clinical data were confirmed by experimental findings in 12 dogs.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute pancreatitis with 5-fluorouracil]. The authors developed an outline for the treatment of acute pancreatitis with 5-fluorouracil which consists in a single or double injection of 250 mg of the drug. The method was used in 54 acute pancreatitis cases. A single intravenous injection of 250 mg of the drug proved to be sufficient for arresting the acute process in edematous and edemo-hemorrhagic pancreatitis. This method helps to shorten the treatment period. Clinical data were confirmed by experimental findings in 12 dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:362689", "title": "[Life cycle of Frenkelia. IV. Pathomorphological findings in the organs of experimentally infected bank voles].", "content": "In 1975 the buzzard (Buteo buteo) was found to be the final host of Frenkelia clethrionomyobuteonis. After this discovery it became possible to investigate systematically the pathomorphology of the infection in the intermediate host, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). Fifty bank voles were infected orally with a suspension of sporocysts recovered from the faeces of experimentally infected buzzards. Each rodent receive 7000 sporocysts. Six controls each were given a faecal suspension from a non-infected buzzard. The voles were killed between 1 and 140 days after infection and examined histologically. Between the 5th and 8th day of the infection during the schizogonic multiplication of the parasite a focal necrosis of liver cells and of the liver parenchyma is observed followed by a reversible resorptive inflammation associated with siderophagia and the occurrence of giant cells. The spleen was spodogenously enlarged up to twice its normal size. There also was haemosiderosis of the bone marrow, the liver and the spleen up to 25 days after infection. At the same time the erythropoiesis in the bone morrow, the spleen and in the lymph nodes increased; there also was a lymphoid hyperplasia in spleen and lymph nodes. About 10 days after infection a reversible infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells developed in the liver, heart and brain. This infiltration was again detectable as perivascular and meningeal reactions in the brain after the 49th day after infection. The second asexual multiplication of the parasite was seen histologically in the grey and white matter of the central nervous system after the 18th day of infection. The developing cysts increased in size continuously thereby compressing the surrounding nervous tissue. Disseminated focal necrosis with resorptive inflammatory components was prominent in the parenchyma of the brain after the 49th day of infection. It was possible to differentiate between damage in single organs and systemic pathological lesions. The lesions in single organs were directly connected with the development of parasitic stages in the liver (schizonts) and in the brain (cysts). The generalized lesions occurred in the haemopoietic system after an impairment of the blood during the first asexual multiplication. They also occurred in the immunocytic systems after the first and during the second asexual multiplication and during the relatively late cystic phase of the parasite in the brain. The pathogenesis of the disintegration of blood cells is not clear. The immunocytic reaction can be considered an immunological response of the host against the parasite. The effect of the development of the cysts on the function and structure of the central nervous system is expected to lead to an increasing impairment of the motility of the intermediate host.", "contents": "[Life cycle of Frenkelia. IV. Pathomorphological findings in the organs of experimentally infected bank voles]. In 1975 the buzzard (Buteo buteo) was found to be the final host of Frenkelia clethrionomyobuteonis. After this discovery it became possible to investigate systematically the pathomorphology of the infection in the intermediate host, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). Fifty bank voles were infected orally with a suspension of sporocysts recovered from the faeces of experimentally infected buzzards. Each rodent receive 7000 sporocysts. Six controls each were given a faecal suspension from a non-infected buzzard. The voles were killed between 1 and 140 days after infection and examined histologically. Between the 5th and 8th day of the infection during the schizogonic multiplication of the parasite a focal necrosis of liver cells and of the liver parenchyma is observed followed by a reversible resorptive inflammation associated with siderophagia and the occurrence of giant cells. The spleen was spodogenously enlarged up to twice its normal size. There also was haemosiderosis of the bone marrow, the liver and the spleen up to 25 days after infection. At the same time the erythropoiesis in the bone morrow, the spleen and in the lymph nodes increased; there also was a lymphoid hyperplasia in spleen and lymph nodes. About 10 days after infection a reversible infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells developed in the liver, heart and brain. This infiltration was again detectable as perivascular and meningeal reactions in the brain after the 49th day after infection. The second asexual multiplication of the parasite was seen histologically in the grey and white matter of the central nervous system after the 18th day of infection. The developing cysts increased in size continuously thereby compressing the surrounding nervous tissue. Disseminated focal necrosis with resorptive inflammatory components was prominent in the parenchyma of the brain after the 49th day of infection. It was possible to differentiate between damage in single organs and systemic pathological lesions. The lesions in single organs were directly connected with the development of parasitic stages in the liver (schizonts) and in the brain (cysts). The generalized lesions occurred in the haemopoietic system after an impairment of the blood during the first asexual multiplication. They also occurred in the immunocytic systems after the first and during the second asexual multiplication and during the relatively late cystic phase of the parasite in the brain. The pathogenesis of the disintegration of blood cells is not clear. The immunocytic reaction can be considered an immunological response of the host against the parasite. The effect of the development of the cysts on the function and structure of the central nervous system is expected to lead to an increasing impairment of the motility of the intermediate host."}
{"id": "PMID:362690", "title": "A freeze-etching study on experimental murine mastitis.", "content": "Streptococcal mastitis was produced experimentally in mice inoculated by the intramammary route; freeze-etched preparations from the affected mammary glands were studied by electron microscopy. The inoculated cocci were seen free in the acinar lumen, within luminal phagocytes and within cells of the epithelium. No significant pathological changes were noted in the junctional complexes between secretory epithelial cells. The results were comparable to those obtained by ultrathin sectioning and indicated that, while cocci can transfer from the acinar lumen into the substance of the epithelium and towards a subepithelial location, the junctional complexes between epithelial cells present a potential barrier to movement through the intercellular spaces.", "contents": "A freeze-etching study on experimental murine mastitis. Streptococcal mastitis was produced experimentally in mice inoculated by the intramammary route; freeze-etched preparations from the affected mammary glands were studied by electron microscopy. The inoculated cocci were seen free in the acinar lumen, within luminal phagocytes and within cells of the epithelium. No significant pathological changes were noted in the junctional complexes between secretory epithelial cells. The results were comparable to those obtained by ultrathin sectioning and indicated that, while cocci can transfer from the acinar lumen into the substance of the epithelium and towards a subepithelial location, the junctional complexes between epithelial cells present a potential barrier to movement through the intercellular spaces."}
{"id": "PMID:362705", "title": "[Bone tumor macroelements].", "content": "Neutron-activation method was employed to determine the concentration of magnium, sodium, chlorine, phosphorus and calcium in different bone tumors. In relation to normal skeletal tissue in tumor tissues higher concentrations of chlorine and sodium but lower concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were found. The greatest changes in the macromolecular content were noted in sarcoma tissues. Bone tumors differ reliably one from the other by concentrations or ratios of macroelements concentrations, this fact may be used for the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Bone tumor macroelements]. Neutron-activation method was employed to determine the concentration of magnium, sodium, chlorine, phosphorus and calcium in different bone tumors. In relation to normal skeletal tissue in tumor tissues higher concentrations of chlorine and sodium but lower concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were found. The greatest changes in the macromolecular content were noted in sarcoma tissues. Bone tumors differ reliably one from the other by concentrations or ratios of macroelements concentrations, this fact may be used for the differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:362708", "title": "[Effect of diets with a varying protein content on fibrinolysis in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "A comparative influence of an antiatherosclerotic diet with a reduced proportion of protein (65--70 g) and of a diet with an amount of protein in line with the physiological standard (100--110 g) on the fibrinolysis and lipids spectrum of the blood was studied in 60 patients with ischemic heart disease. The antiatherosclerotic diet is shown to have most favourable effect both on the fibrinolytic system and on the lipids metabolism with the protein proportion of 100--110 g, i.e. in keeping with the physiological standards. A reduction of the protein content in the diet of patients with ischemic heart disease lowers the effect of treatment and does not have any positive influence on the function of the fibrinolytic system.", "contents": "[Effect of diets with a varying protein content on fibrinolysis in ischemic heart disease]. A comparative influence of an antiatherosclerotic diet with a reduced proportion of protein (65--70 g) and of a diet with an amount of protein in line with the physiological standard (100--110 g) on the fibrinolysis and lipids spectrum of the blood was studied in 60 patients with ischemic heart disease. The antiatherosclerotic diet is shown to have most favourable effect both on the fibrinolytic system and on the lipids metabolism with the protein proportion of 100--110 g, i.e. in keeping with the physiological standards. A reduction of the protein content in the diet of patients with ischemic heart disease lowers the effect of treatment and does not have any positive influence on the function of the fibrinolytic system."}
{"id": "PMID:362709", "title": "[Utilization of clinical biochemical examination methods with obese children for establishing the use and assessment of the effectiveness of comprehensive therapy].", "content": "A broadened procedure to be used in examining abese children are described. These include an analysis of the history data according to specially worked out schemes, the determination of the basal metabolism and energy expenditures of the naturt of fat deposition, characteristics of the lipids metabolism and the coefficient of the effectiveness of the alimentary fatty acids metabolization.", "contents": "[Utilization of clinical biochemical examination methods with obese children for establishing the use and assessment of the effectiveness of comprehensive therapy]. A broadened procedure to be used in examining abese children are described. These include an analysis of the history data according to specially worked out schemes, the determination of the basal metabolism and energy expenditures of the naturt of fat deposition, characteristics of the lipids metabolism and the coefficient of the effectiveness of the alimentary fatty acids metabolization."}
{"id": "PMID:362729", "title": "[The influence of surgery upon leucocyte function (author's transl)].", "content": "14 patients who underwent a standardized total hip joint replacement were investigated in order to detect postoperative impairment of chemotactic or phagocytic function of their polymorphonuclear leucocytes. A chemotaxis assay in modified Boyden [3] chambers and the nitroblue-tetrazolium assay were used. 25 healthy control persons served for the assessment of normal values and the reproducibility of the respective test. Patients were investigated preoperatively and on the first, third and sixth postoperative day. While phagocytosis remained unchanged throughout the period of investigation, chemotactic leucocyte function was regularly significantly depressed on the first postoperative day. The defect in postoperative chemotaxis might, despite of an unimpaired phagocytic capacity, contribute towards an increased risk of postoperative infections.", "contents": "[The influence of surgery upon leucocyte function (author's transl)]. 14 patients who underwent a standardized total hip joint replacement were investigated in order to detect postoperative impairment of chemotactic or phagocytic function of their polymorphonuclear leucocytes. A chemotaxis assay in modified Boyden [3] chambers and the nitroblue-tetrazolium assay were used. 25 healthy control persons served for the assessment of normal values and the reproducibility of the respective test. Patients were investigated preoperatively and on the first, third and sixth postoperative day. While phagocytosis remained unchanged throughout the period of investigation, chemotactic leucocyte function was regularly significantly depressed on the first postoperative day. The defect in postoperative chemotaxis might, despite of an unimpaired phagocytic capacity, contribute towards an increased risk of postoperative infections."}
{"id": "PMID:362731", "title": "[Aphasia and neurolinguistics].", "content": "General dominance is a basis of human language. Neurolinguistics deal with this phenomenon and with central language disturbances. Collaboration with general linguistics and neuropsychology is necessary. The most important symptoms of aphasia and the problems of classification and of speech therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Aphasia and neurolinguistics]. General dominance is a basis of human language. Neurolinguistics deal with this phenomenon and with central language disturbances. Collaboration with general linguistics and neuropsychology is necessary. The most important symptoms of aphasia and the problems of classification and of speech therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362734", "title": "[Isoenzymes, methodology and clinical significance (author's transl)].", "content": "In recent years the determination of serum enzyme activities has played an increasing role in clinical chemical diagnosis. Because the enzyme composition of single organs is qualitatively and, to a certain extent, quantitatively similar, the diagnostic value of enzyme activity determinations is often diminished. Each serum enzyme can be separated into isoenzymes which stem from different organs and make specific organ diagnoses possible. This separation is possible through chemico-physical and immunological methods. Electrophoretic, chromatographic and immunological methods for the determination of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes the immunological method is superior to the electrophoretic method in precision and accuracy. Artefacts through storage do not occur in the immunological method. New aspects of the clinical value of the determination of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (AP, E.C. 3.1.3.1), creatine phosphokinase (CK, E.C. 2.7.3.2) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, E.C. 1.1.1.27) were studied in the following 8 patient groups: 1. The value of AP isoenzymes for determining liver damage due to chronic alcoholism. 2. The distribution of AP isoenzymes in dialysis patients with special regard to the intestinal isoenzyme. 3. The immunological demonstration of carcino-placental antigen of AP in tumours of the lung. 4. The demonstration of intestinal isoenzymes of AP in chylous effusions. 5. The profile of LDH isoenzymes in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in serum and in lung lavage-fluid. 6. The usefulness of CK-MB isoenzyme as proff of cardiotoxicity of pharmaceuticals. 7. The profile of CK isoenzymes in central and peripheral nervous system diseases, especially the appearance of CK-BB in serum and the behaviour of CK at the blood spinal fluid barrier. 8. The appearance of unusual isoenzyme patterns in newborn infants and in pregnant women in comparison with normal adults. The determination of isoenzymes is of great clinical importance, even if the total serum activity of the particular enzyme is not elevated.", "contents": "[Isoenzymes, methodology and clinical significance (author's transl)]. In recent years the determination of serum enzyme activities has played an increasing role in clinical chemical diagnosis. Because the enzyme composition of single organs is qualitatively and, to a certain extent, quantitatively similar, the diagnostic value of enzyme activity determinations is often diminished. Each serum enzyme can be separated into isoenzymes which stem from different organs and make specific organ diagnoses possible. This separation is possible through chemico-physical and immunological methods. Electrophoretic, chromatographic and immunological methods for the determination of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes the immunological method is superior to the electrophoretic method in precision and accuracy. Artefacts through storage do not occur in the immunological method. New aspects of the clinical value of the determination of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (AP, E.C. 3.1.3.1), creatine phosphokinase (CK, E.C. 2.7.3.2) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, E.C. 1.1.1.27) were studied in the following 8 patient groups: 1. The value of AP isoenzymes for determining liver damage due to chronic alcoholism. 2. The distribution of AP isoenzymes in dialysis patients with special regard to the intestinal isoenzyme. 3. The immunological demonstration of carcino-placental antigen of AP in tumours of the lung. 4. The demonstration of intestinal isoenzymes of AP in chylous effusions. 5. The profile of LDH isoenzymes in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in serum and in lung lavage-fluid. 6. The usefulness of CK-MB isoenzyme as proff of cardiotoxicity of pharmaceuticals. 7. The profile of CK isoenzymes in central and peripheral nervous system diseases, especially the appearance of CK-BB in serum and the behaviour of CK at the blood spinal fluid barrier. 8. The appearance of unusual isoenzyme patterns in newborn infants and in pregnant women in comparison with normal adults. The determination of isoenzymes is of great clinical importance, even if the total serum activity of the particular enzyme is not elevated."}
{"id": "PMID:362738", "title": "Fermentation, isolation, and biological activity of maduramycin: a new antibiotic from Actinomadura rubra.", "content": "In a continuing search for new antibiotics, the species Actinomadura rubra (Sveshnikova et al.) J. Meyer et M. Sveshnikova 1974 (strain IMET 13001) was found to produce a red pigment with indicator properties, designated maduramycin. The pigment (C28H22O10; m.w. 518 m/e-; m.p. 305--310 degrees C (dec.); UVmax 225.307 nm) possesses a strong antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, including strains which produce inactivating enzymes for some commercial antibiotics. Maduramycin forms a complex with serum albumin, but no complex formation with DNA was observed using absorption spectroscopic and polarographic methods. Maduramycin additionally inhibits the action of some enzymes. The LC50 of maduramycin in mice was greater than 250 mg/kg on intraperitoneal administration. Fermentation, isolation, and some of the chemical and biological properties of this new antibiotic are described.", "contents": "Fermentation, isolation, and biological activity of maduramycin: a new antibiotic from Actinomadura rubra. In a continuing search for new antibiotics, the species Actinomadura rubra (Sveshnikova et al.) J. Meyer et M. Sveshnikova 1974 (strain IMET 13001) was found to produce a red pigment with indicator properties, designated maduramycin. The pigment (C28H22O10; m.w. 518 m/e-; m.p. 305--310 degrees C (dec.); UVmax 225.307 nm) possesses a strong antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, including strains which produce inactivating enzymes for some commercial antibiotics. Maduramycin forms a complex with serum albumin, but no complex formation with DNA was observed using absorption spectroscopic and polarographic methods. Maduramycin additionally inhibits the action of some enzymes. The LC50 of maduramycin in mice was greater than 250 mg/kg on intraperitoneal administration. Fermentation, isolation, and some of the chemical and biological properties of this new antibiotic are described."}
{"id": "PMID:362739", "title": "Kinetics of growth and substrate consumption of Escherichia coli ML 30 on two carbon sources.", "content": "When E. coli ML 30 is grown in batch culture on a mineral salt medium containing a mixed carbon source of glucose and pyruvate, there is no sequential utilization of the carbon sources. The consumption of glucose and pyruvate takes place simultaneously with reciprocal influence (inhibition) on rates of substrate uptake. The specific growth rate is greater than mupmax for pyruvate but smaller than musmax for glucose. In the paper three cases of kinetics of growth and of substrate consumption at several combinations of initial substrate concentrations are considered. A mathematical model is proposed and investigated. The model allows to describe the growth on glucose or on pyruvate not only as singular carbon sources, but also as a mixed carbon source with reciprocal inhibition on rates of substrate uptake. By data fitting parameters of growth and substrate consumption were found.", "contents": "Kinetics of growth and substrate consumption of Escherichia coli ML 30 on two carbon sources. When E. coli ML 30 is grown in batch culture on a mineral salt medium containing a mixed carbon source of glucose and pyruvate, there is no sequential utilization of the carbon sources. The consumption of glucose and pyruvate takes place simultaneously with reciprocal influence (inhibition) on rates of substrate uptake. The specific growth rate is greater than mupmax for pyruvate but smaller than musmax for glucose. In the paper three cases of kinetics of growth and of substrate consumption at several combinations of initial substrate concentrations are considered. A mathematical model is proposed and investigated. The model allows to describe the growth on glucose or on pyruvate not only as singular carbon sources, but also as a mixed carbon source with reciprocal inhibition on rates of substrate uptake. By data fitting parameters of growth and substrate consumption were found."}
{"id": "PMID:362722", "title": "The pathophysiology and clinical aspects of hypercalcemic disorders.", "content": "FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS REVIEW, THE VAST AND INCREASINGLY COMPLEX SUBJECT OF HYPERCALCEMIC DISORDERS CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES: (1) Physiochemical state of calcium in circulation. (2) Pathophysiological basis of hypercalcemia. (3) Causes of hypercalcemia encountered in clinical practice: causes indicated by experience at the University of California, Los Angeles; neoplasia; hyperparathyroidism; nonparathyroid endocrinopathies; pharmacological agents; possible increased sensitivity to vitamin D; miscellaneous causes. (4) Clinical manifestations and diagnostic considerations of hypercalcemic disorders. (5) The management of hypercalcemic disorders: general measures; measures for lowering serum calcium concentration; measures for correcting primary causes-the management of asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "The pathophysiology and clinical aspects of hypercalcemic disorders. FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS REVIEW, THE VAST AND INCREASINGLY COMPLEX SUBJECT OF HYPERCALCEMIC DISORDERS CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES: (1) Physiochemical state of calcium in circulation. (2) Pathophysiological basis of hypercalcemia. (3) Causes of hypercalcemia encountered in clinical practice: causes indicated by experience at the University of California, Los Angeles; neoplasia; hyperparathyroidism; nonparathyroid endocrinopathies; pharmacological agents; possible increased sensitivity to vitamin D; miscellaneous causes. (4) Clinical manifestations and diagnostic considerations of hypercalcemic disorders. (5) The management of hypercalcemic disorders: general measures; measures for lowering serum calcium concentration; measures for correcting primary causes-the management of asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:362746", "title": "[Balzac and the limits of psychology].", "content": "In contradiction to the general meaning that Balzac belongs to one of the first representative authors, who described their figures according to the assumptions of motivational psychology--including psychoanalytic, i. e. subconscious motivation--the Ref. gives proof, that Balzac has overcome these limited premises of actual psychology. Balzac saw human existence under the aspects of passions, the pathetic, the tragic, the apriori of psychology in general, which is the possible itself, the dependence further of any individual identity on situative variabilitis--all aspects transcend motivational psychology and show its limits. Balzac should be considered as a predecessor of an anthropological-existencialistic psychology, his biography can not be understood by the application of psychoanalytic \"Klischees\", it is rooted in the contradictions of human nature, that are antilogical in them selfes.", "contents": "[Balzac and the limits of psychology]. In contradiction to the general meaning that Balzac belongs to one of the first representative authors, who described their figures according to the assumptions of motivational psychology--including psychoanalytic, i. e. subconscious motivation--the Ref. gives proof, that Balzac has overcome these limited premises of actual psychology. Balzac saw human existence under the aspects of passions, the pathetic, the tragic, the apriori of psychology in general, which is the possible itself, the dependence further of any individual identity on situative variabilitis--all aspects transcend motivational psychology and show its limits. Balzac should be considered as a predecessor of an anthropological-existencialistic psychology, his biography can not be understood by the application of psychoanalytic \"Klischees\", it is rooted in the contradictions of human nature, that are antilogical in them selfes."}
{"id": "PMID:362747", "title": "[Critical discussion of Paul Watzlawick's, John Weakland's and Richard Fisch's therapy model].", "content": "The analysis of the treatment-model, that Watzlawick et al. developed in reference to his \"pragmatic communication theory\" shows in addition to many theoretical inadequacies that despite the \"easy-to-imitate\"-impression the reproducibility of the described therapeutic techniques is definitely insufficient.", "contents": "[Critical discussion of Paul Watzlawick's, John Weakland's and Richard Fisch's therapy model]. The analysis of the treatment-model, that Watzlawick et al. developed in reference to his \"pragmatic communication theory\" shows in addition to many theoretical inadequacies that despite the \"easy-to-imitate\"-impression the reproducibility of the described therapeutic techniques is definitely insufficient."}
{"id": "PMID:362748", "title": "[Determination of the severity of mitral stenosis by hemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters].", "content": "M-Mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic examinations were performed in 70 patients with pure or prevailing mitral stenosis. Mitral valve excursion, mitral valve opening area (MVOAe) and diastolic E-F slope were determined and compared with the gradient across the valve and the opening area obtained during cardiac catheterization. Mitral valve excursion and E-F slope showed mean values of 1.71 cm and 1.98 cm/sec. respectively and were indicative of a stenosed mitral valve. Correlation between E-F slope and gradient with MVOAe was poor. The correlation coefficient was r = +0.56 and r = 0.34 resp. MVOAe compared favorably to the mitral valve area determined at cardiac catheterization (r = + 0.96) and the gradient across the mitral valve (r = 0.90)9 We conclude: 1. Determination of the mitral valve opening area by means of two-dimensional echocardiography represents a valuable addition in the assessment of the severity of mitral stenosis. 2. M Mode echocardiography indicates the presence, but not the severity of mitral stenosis. 3. Computerized planimetry is superior to the manually planimetered opening area and represents a reproducible, exact and time-saving procedure.", "contents": "[Determination of the severity of mitral stenosis by hemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters]. M-Mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic examinations were performed in 70 patients with pure or prevailing mitral stenosis. Mitral valve excursion, mitral valve opening area (MVOAe) and diastolic E-F slope were determined and compared with the gradient across the valve and the opening area obtained during cardiac catheterization. Mitral valve excursion and E-F slope showed mean values of 1.71 cm and 1.98 cm/sec. respectively and were indicative of a stenosed mitral valve. Correlation between E-F slope and gradient with MVOAe was poor. The correlation coefficient was r = +0.56 and r = 0.34 resp. MVOAe compared favorably to the mitral valve area determined at cardiac catheterization (r = + 0.96) and the gradient across the mitral valve (r = 0.90)9 We conclude: 1. Determination of the mitral valve opening area by means of two-dimensional echocardiography represents a valuable addition in the assessment of the severity of mitral stenosis. 2. M Mode echocardiography indicates the presence, but not the severity of mitral stenosis. 3. Computerized planimetry is superior to the manually planimetered opening area and represents a reproducible, exact and time-saving procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:362752", "title": "[On the usefulness of bone scintigraphy for detecting loosening of articular prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important complication of articular substitution is the loosening of the prostheses as a result of permanent overstraining, trauma, chemical or infectious noxae. The value of bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of loosening of the endoprothesis was examined in 53 articular prostheses (49 hip joints and 4 knee joints). A pathological scan was evident in all cases where the prosthesis had become loose (18 cases), whereas a normal scan was found in 34 firmly positioned prostheses. A false positive scan occurred in one case of periarthritis. Bone scintigraphy can be employed as a means of diagnosing loosening of prostheses after a period of nine months following the operation; up to that time, enhancement can be due to the operation. A positive scan in case of loosening of the prosthesis is manifested earlier than radiological signs. For this reason, scintigraphy can be recommended as a routine examination method in pain after articular substitution surgery.", "contents": "[On the usefulness of bone scintigraphy for detecting loosening of articular prostheses (author's transl)]. The most important complication of articular substitution is the loosening of the prostheses as a result of permanent overstraining, trauma, chemical or infectious noxae. The value of bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of loosening of the endoprothesis was examined in 53 articular prostheses (49 hip joints and 4 knee joints). A pathological scan was evident in all cases where the prosthesis had become loose (18 cases), whereas a normal scan was found in 34 firmly positioned prostheses. A false positive scan occurred in one case of periarthritis. Bone scintigraphy can be employed as a means of diagnosing loosening of prostheses after a period of nine months following the operation; up to that time, enhancement can be due to the operation. A positive scan in case of loosening of the prosthesis is manifested earlier than radiological signs. For this reason, scintigraphy can be recommended as a routine examination method in pain after articular substitution surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:362762", "title": "[The Hak-Hagir skin conduit].", "content": "By a still broader side to side anastomosis of the ureter with a pedicle flap of the abdominal skin in form of a conduit and its hitherto satisfying results this seems to develop as a suitable methode for the suprapubic passage of the urine.", "contents": "[The Hak-Hagir skin conduit]. By a still broader side to side anastomosis of the ureter with a pedicle flap of the abdominal skin in form of a conduit and its hitherto satisfying results this seems to develop as a suitable methode for the suprapubic passage of the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:362757", "title": "A \"pull-out\" technique for \"cut down\" operations.", "content": "It is a common experience that some patients continue to attend outpatient departments with their cut-down wounds long after their primary disease is cured. This is so because a cut-down is done usually in an emergency situation with poor aseptic rituals. More often than not the patient is in shock and in urgent need of fluids but his peripheral veins are collapsed. It is often found that the ligature used to tie off the vein is responsible for the persistence of infection. When it is removed and an associated abscess(if any) drained cure results. A new simple technique has been devised and described here for cut-down operations which overcomes the problem.", "contents": "A \"pull-out\" technique for \"cut down\" operations. It is a common experience that some patients continue to attend outpatient departments with their cut-down wounds long after their primary disease is cured. This is so because a cut-down is done usually in an emergency situation with poor aseptic rituals. More often than not the patient is in shock and in urgent need of fluids but his peripheral veins are collapsed. It is often found that the ligature used to tie off the vein is responsible for the persistence of infection. When it is removed and an associated abscess(if any) drained cure results. A new simple technique has been devised and described here for cut-down operations which overcomes the problem."}
{"id": "PMID:362763", "title": "[A swallowed needle found in the kidney pelvis].", "content": "The case of a young female patient is discussed. The authors removed out of the renal hollow system of this patient a needle. The foreign body passed perorally into the renal pelvis after perforation of the duodenum. There the thicker end of the needle was encrusted; a pyelonephrosis, then a septic condition developed. After removal of the needle the kidney operated on showed a good function.", "contents": "[A swallowed needle found in the kidney pelvis]. The case of a young female patient is discussed. The authors removed out of the renal hollow system of this patient a needle. The foreign body passed perorally into the renal pelvis after perforation of the duodenum. There the thicker end of the needle was encrusted; a pyelonephrosis, then a septic condition developed. After removal of the needle the kidney operated on showed a good function."}
{"id": "PMID:362764", "title": "[Allogenic transplantation of sterilised bones and halfjoints (author's transl)].", "content": "The bones and halfjoints were gained under non-sterile conditions. They were sterilised using 1% formaldehyde solution and preserved with 2% formaldehyde--sugar solution or 50% honey solution. 102 allogenic transplants were performed in 100 patients. The results are very satisfying. The method described is effective, of universal practicability and guarentees constant available high class bone material for transplantation.", "contents": "[Allogenic transplantation of sterilised bones and halfjoints (author's transl)]. The bones and halfjoints were gained under non-sterile conditions. They were sterilised using 1% formaldehyde solution and preserved with 2% formaldehyde--sugar solution or 50% honey solution. 102 allogenic transplants were performed in 100 patients. The results are very satisfying. The method described is effective, of universal practicability and guarentees constant available high class bone material for transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:362765", "title": "[Acute arterial obstructions and emergencies in vascular surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute arterial obstruction due to embolism or thrombosis require surgery within 6 hours in case of complete ischaemia. The removing of the occluding material can be done in every hospital under local anaesthesia using a Fogarty-catheter. Reconstruction of injured arteries must be accomplished immediately after preliminary haemostasis by local compression in a surgical department with a special equipment for vascular diagnosis and surgery. The rupture of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta signifies a poor risk for the patient. To obtain a chance quick diagnosis, shock-therapy and an immediate transport into a specialized hospital for surgery are indispensable.", "contents": "[Acute arterial obstructions and emergencies in vascular surgery (author's transl)]. Acute arterial obstruction due to embolism or thrombosis require surgery within 6 hours in case of complete ischaemia. The removing of the occluding material can be done in every hospital under local anaesthesia using a Fogarty-catheter. Reconstruction of injured arteries must be accomplished immediately after preliminary haemostasis by local compression in a surgical department with a special equipment for vascular diagnosis and surgery. The rupture of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta signifies a poor risk for the patient. To obtain a chance quick diagnosis, shock-therapy and an immediate transport into a specialized hospital for surgery are indispensable."}
{"id": "PMID:362766", "title": "[Results of 289 cadaver kidney transplantations at the Berlin-Friedrichshain centre (author's transl)].", "content": "Developement and organization of kidney transplantation in the GDR was studied, with data of 289 patients who underwent transplantation at the Kidney Transplant Centre, Berlin-Friedrichshain being analyzed. The five years graft survival was 42% and the patients survival 62%. In case of combined treatment of transplantation and dialysis it was 70%. The main cause of transplant failure was rejection with a frequency of 12,1%. On the basis of an improved immunosuppression regime the mortality rate decreased from 37,6% to 12,3%. The introduction of a new method of ureteroneocystostomy resulted in a lower rate of urological complications. The importance of the preparation of the recipients, of the HLA-tissue typing as well as the influence of blood transfusion on the late prognosis of grafts will be discussed.", "contents": "[Results of 289 cadaver kidney transplantations at the Berlin-Friedrichshain centre (author's transl)]. Developement and organization of kidney transplantation in the GDR was studied, with data of 289 patients who underwent transplantation at the Kidney Transplant Centre, Berlin-Friedrichshain being analyzed. The five years graft survival was 42% and the patients survival 62%. In case of combined treatment of transplantation and dialysis it was 70%. The main cause of transplant failure was rejection with a frequency of 12,1%. On the basis of an improved immunosuppression regime the mortality rate decreased from 37,6% to 12,3%. The introduction of a new method of ureteroneocystostomy resulted in a lower rate of urological complications. The importance of the preparation of the recipients, of the HLA-tissue typing as well as the influence of blood transfusion on the late prognosis of grafts will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362767", "title": "[Postoperative anastomotic stenosis after anterior resection of the sigmoid colon and rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "149 patients underwent anterior resection of the sigmoid colon and the rectum with decompression-transverse colostomy. In 10 cases stenosis of the anastomosis was observed. The development of the stenosis is believed to have been caused by a small leak in the anastomosis, leading to secondary bacterial infection and hence scar formation. It is suggested that a one layer through and through silk suture promotes the eventual stenosis.", "contents": "[Postoperative anastomotic stenosis after anterior resection of the sigmoid colon and rectum (author's transl)]. 149 patients underwent anterior resection of the sigmoid colon and the rectum with decompression-transverse colostomy. In 10 cases stenosis of the anastomosis was observed. The development of the stenosis is believed to have been caused by a small leak in the anastomosis, leading to secondary bacterial infection and hence scar formation. It is suggested that a one layer through and through silk suture promotes the eventual stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:362769", "title": "[Computer evaluation of tocograms following administration of Spasmalgan (denaverin)].", "content": "Computer analysis of tocograms after administration of Spasmalgan (Denaverin). The influence of spasmolyant Spasmalgan on 5 parameters of labour has been examined in 50 intraamniotic derived tocograms by on line fetal monitoring. Only a little increase of the basal tone has been shown after administration of Spasmalgan. The method is recommended for testing the uterotropic influence of pharmacons in labour.", "contents": "[Computer evaluation of tocograms following administration of Spasmalgan (denaverin)]. Computer analysis of tocograms after administration of Spasmalgan (Denaverin). The influence of spasmolyant Spasmalgan on 5 parameters of labour has been examined in 50 intraamniotic derived tocograms by on line fetal monitoring. Only a little increase of the basal tone has been shown after administration of Spasmalgan. The method is recommended for testing the uterotropic influence of pharmacons in labour."}
{"id": "PMID:362771", "title": "[Development of intensive monitoring in obstetrics].", "content": "As early as about the turn of the century the causes for the discharge of the meconium under labour were studied and the attempt was made to record alterations of the cardiac sound under the influence of labour pain as well as the behaviour of the fetal heart by means of the electrocardiogram. In the development of obstetrics certain stages can be observed which in the past few decades entailed a great many changes, such as changing from delivery at home to delivery at hospital, parasitological clarification of intrauterine infections and the revelation of the pathogenesis of the Mhn. Studies of the physiology of intrauterine respiration, direct measurements of the oxygene pressure in the fetal blood represent the base for the future development of perinatal medicine. An essential improvement of the fetal supervision has come about ever since amnioscopy, cardiotocography, supersonic diagnostics, hormono- and enzyme analyses were introduced. Problems of organization and the future tasks of perinatal medicine are shown on the basis of maternal mortality at district level and perinatal mortality of the hospital.", "contents": "[Development of intensive monitoring in obstetrics]. As early as about the turn of the century the causes for the discharge of the meconium under labour were studied and the attempt was made to record alterations of the cardiac sound under the influence of labour pain as well as the behaviour of the fetal heart by means of the electrocardiogram. In the development of obstetrics certain stages can be observed which in the past few decades entailed a great many changes, such as changing from delivery at home to delivery at hospital, parasitological clarification of intrauterine infections and the revelation of the pathogenesis of the Mhn. Studies of the physiology of intrauterine respiration, direct measurements of the oxygene pressure in the fetal blood represent the base for the future development of perinatal medicine. An essential improvement of the fetal supervision has come about ever since amnioscopy, cardiotocography, supersonic diagnostics, hormono- and enzyme analyses were introduced. Problems of organization and the future tasks of perinatal medicine are shown on the basis of maternal mortality at district level and perinatal mortality of the hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:362772", "title": "[A method for automatically analysis of antenatal cardio-tocograms (author's transl)].", "content": "An off-line computer analysis of antenatal cardiotocograms has been developed. The fetal heart period (interbeat interval), the signals from uterine contractions and fetal movements, the maternal heart period and the continuous time are recorded on magnetic tape. A marking of single steps and of special events during this investigation is possible. For data processing the sequence of measuring values must be divided in shorter intervals (as a rule with a length of 30 seconds).--After this the mean value of FHR and of MHR is calculated for each interval. By computation of the standard deviation (S), the index of instantaneous arrhythmia (IAI), and the number of macrofluctuations of these intervals a quantification of the heart rate short-time-variability and long-time-variability can be performed.", "contents": "[A method for automatically analysis of antenatal cardio-tocograms (author's transl)]. An off-line computer analysis of antenatal cardiotocograms has been developed. The fetal heart period (interbeat interval), the signals from uterine contractions and fetal movements, the maternal heart period and the continuous time are recorded on magnetic tape. A marking of single steps and of special events during this investigation is possible. For data processing the sequence of measuring values must be divided in shorter intervals (as a rule with a length of 30 seconds).--After this the mean value of FHR and of MHR is calculated for each interval. By computation of the standard deviation (S), the index of instantaneous arrhythmia (IAI), and the number of macrofluctuations of these intervals a quantification of the heart rate short-time-variability and long-time-variability can be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:362774", "title": "Comparative studies on the isolation of salmonella from minced meat.", "content": "Comparative studies carried out in four laboratories revealed that in the examination of frozen or fresh minced meat samples tryptone soya broth and glucose mineral salts medium used for pre-enrichment gave the same results as buffered peptone water. The three tetrathionate media (Cardiff formula, Difco and Oxoid) used for enrichment after pre-enrichment, yielded approximately the same number of positive samples and about the same number of frozen and cooled samples was found positive when data of all four laboratories were considered. Between laboratories a considerable variation in results was found. This indicates the necessity to conduct comparative trials in more than one laboratory to validate the use of a specific method for regulatory purposes.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the isolation of salmonella from minced meat. Comparative studies carried out in four laboratories revealed that in the examination of frozen or fresh minced meat samples tryptone soya broth and glucose mineral salts medium used for pre-enrichment gave the same results as buffered peptone water. The three tetrathionate media (Cardiff formula, Difco and Oxoid) used for enrichment after pre-enrichment, yielded approximately the same number of positive samples and about the same number of frozen and cooled samples was found positive when data of all four laboratories were considered. Between laboratories a considerable variation in results was found. This indicates the necessity to conduct comparative trials in more than one laboratory to validate the use of a specific method for regulatory purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:362775", "title": "[Evaluation of procedures for hygienic disinfection of hands: comparison of two methods, for artificially contaminating hands and use of an automatic colony-counter (author's transl)].", "content": "Testing procedures for the Hygienic Disinfection of hands, two kinds of artificial contamination have been compared: Application of one drop of bacterial suspension onto each fingertip as described in the DGHM-\"Richtlinien\" and immersion of hands as described in our previous papers. When using our method, fingertips released higher numbers of testbacteria. Since pre- as well as post-values were elevated, disinfection-tests applying one of each contamination method resulted in log10 reductions which did not differ significantly. Using an automated scanning colony counter we were able to save 2/3 of time otherwise required for manual counts. Up to 10(2) colonies per plate manual counts were practically identical with the counters results, whereas with higher colony-numbers the counter showed an increasing tendency to under-estimate the numbers of colonies. Since colonies of skin-staphylococci are not recognised by the automated counter, we cultured our rinsing-fluids on nutrient agar containing 0.05% of sodium-desoxycholate in order to inhibit the autochthonous skin flora. This supplement influenced the colony counts of our test-bacterium to a very minor degree only, the reduction factors were not at all altered.", "contents": "[Evaluation of procedures for hygienic disinfection of hands: comparison of two methods, for artificially contaminating hands and use of an automatic colony-counter (author's transl)]. Testing procedures for the Hygienic Disinfection of hands, two kinds of artificial contamination have been compared: Application of one drop of bacterial suspension onto each fingertip as described in the DGHM-\"Richtlinien\" and immersion of hands as described in our previous papers. When using our method, fingertips released higher numbers of testbacteria. Since pre- as well as post-values were elevated, disinfection-tests applying one of each contamination method resulted in log10 reductions which did not differ significantly. Using an automated scanning colony counter we were able to save 2/3 of time otherwise required for manual counts. Up to 10(2) colonies per plate manual counts were practically identical with the counters results, whereas with higher colony-numbers the counter showed an increasing tendency to under-estimate the numbers of colonies. Since colonies of skin-staphylococci are not recognised by the automated counter, we cultured our rinsing-fluids on nutrient agar containing 0.05% of sodium-desoxycholate in order to inhibit the autochthonous skin flora. This supplement influenced the colony counts of our test-bacterium to a very minor degree only, the reduction factors were not at all altered."}
{"id": "PMID:362776", "title": "[Application of a new method for the calculation and description of the resistance of microbiological indicators. I. Testing of several common microbiological sterilization indicators (author's transl)].", "content": "The method described by SPICHER and PETERS (1975) for the calculation and description of the resistance of microbiological indicators was tested. As test objects served spore-containing earth according to DIN 58946, Attest indicators (3 M Company, Minnesota) and Oxoid Spore Strips (Oxoid Ltd., London). The tests were performed not only for different batches of indicators but also for preparations of different age. After application of steam (120 degrees C), the indicators were examined for the presence of surviving germs capable of multiplication. When plotting the frequency of indicators with surviving germs (q) against the duration of steam action, S-shaped curves were obtained as expected. By altering the scale of the ordinate (y = lg (-ln(1 - q))), the S-shaped curves could be transformed into straight lines. Thus, the experimentally established paired values could be used for a calculation of regression. This method of calculation proved to be suitable in all cases studied. By indicating the position and the slope of these straight regression lines, the resistance of microbiological indicators can be exactly described (cf. Table 2). This method is applicable not only to indicators containing culture spores but also for native spore-containing earth. The indicators examined differed in their resistance and stability. Seven out of eight batches of Attest indicators (cf Figs. 1 and 2 and Table 1) fulfilled the requirements of DIN 58946, Part 4, for the resistance of bio-indicators for steam sterilization. One of the batches had a slightly higher resistance. The Attest indicators tested were of good stability (see Fig. 1 and Table 1). Where surviving germs were present on the indicators after treatment by steam, their growth was recognizable, in 99% of cases, already after incubation of the cultures for 24 hours. Only two batches of Oxoid Spore Strips were available for testing. One batch was of a higher resistance than required by DIN 58946. The second batch was slightly above the lower limit of the permissible range (see Fig. 3). During storage for 12 months, the resistance of both batches was reduced by 3--4 min. Where the indicators exhibited surviving germs after treatment by steam, growth was recognizable in 87% of the cases after incubation for 24 hours, while for the other indicators, incubation for 48 hours was necessary. The experiments confirmed the good stability of native spore-containing earth (see Fig. 5). Within 4--5 years, the steam resistance of the preparations decreased only by 3--4 min.", "contents": "[Application of a new method for the calculation and description of the resistance of microbiological indicators. I. Testing of several common microbiological sterilization indicators (author's transl)]. The method described by SPICHER and PETERS (1975) for the calculation and description of the resistance of microbiological indicators was tested. As test objects served spore-containing earth according to DIN 58946, Attest indicators (3 M Company, Minnesota) and Oxoid Spore Strips (Oxoid Ltd., London). The tests were performed not only for different batches of indicators but also for preparations of different age. After application of steam (120 degrees C), the indicators were examined for the presence of surviving germs capable of multiplication. When plotting the frequency of indicators with surviving germs (q) against the duration of steam action, S-shaped curves were obtained as expected. By altering the scale of the ordinate (y = lg (-ln(1 - q))), the S-shaped curves could be transformed into straight lines. Thus, the experimentally established paired values could be used for a calculation of regression. This method of calculation proved to be suitable in all cases studied. By indicating the position and the slope of these straight regression lines, the resistance of microbiological indicators can be exactly described (cf. Table 2). This method is applicable not only to indicators containing culture spores but also for native spore-containing earth. The indicators examined differed in their resistance and stability. Seven out of eight batches of Attest indicators (cf Figs. 1 and 2 and Table 1) fulfilled the requirements of DIN 58946, Part 4, for the resistance of bio-indicators for steam sterilization. One of the batches had a slightly higher resistance. The Attest indicators tested were of good stability (see Fig. 1 and Table 1). Where surviving germs were present on the indicators after treatment by steam, their growth was recognizable, in 99% of cases, already after incubation of the cultures for 24 hours. Only two batches of Oxoid Spore Strips were available for testing. One batch was of a higher resistance than required by DIN 58946. The second batch was slightly above the lower limit of the permissible range (see Fig. 3). During storage for 12 months, the resistance of both batches was reduced by 3--4 min. Where the indicators exhibited surviving germs after treatment by steam, growth was recognizable in 87% of the cases after incubation for 24 hours, while for the other indicators, incubation for 48 hours was necessary. The experiments confirmed the good stability of native spore-containing earth (see Fig. 5). Within 4--5 years, the steam resistance of the preparations decreased only by 3--4 min."}
{"id": "PMID:362784", "title": "Gonadotrophin release during chronic administration of D-ser (TBU)6 LH-RH-EA in functional amenorrhoea.", "content": "Six women with long-standing functional amenorrhoea were treated with 5 microgram of D-Ser (TBU)6 LH-RH-EA twice daily for 14 days. The functional states of the gonadostats, as assessed by a 25 microgram LH-RH test dose, varied widely before the treatment was started whereas at the end of it they were uniformly low. In all patients D-Ser (TBU)6 LH-RH-EA induced gonadotrophin release, the peak values occuring between day 1 and 3 of therapy. Despite further injections mean gonadotrophin levels declined rapidly therafter and remained in the basal range for the rest of the study. Release of oestradiol was very uncharacteristic. No consistent ovarian response pattern was observed during the analogue administration. It is obvious that chronic stimulation with D-Ser (TBU)6 LH-RH-EA leads to a decreased responsiveness of the pituitary gland.", "contents": "Gonadotrophin release during chronic administration of D-ser (TBU)6 LH-RH-EA in functional amenorrhoea. Six women with long-standing functional amenorrhoea were treated with 5 microgram of D-Ser (TBU)6 LH-RH-EA twice daily for 14 days. The functional states of the gonadostats, as assessed by a 25 microgram LH-RH test dose, varied widely before the treatment was started whereas at the end of it they were uniformly low. In all patients D-Ser (TBU)6 LH-RH-EA induced gonadotrophin release, the peak values occuring between day 1 and 3 of therapy. Despite further injections mean gonadotrophin levels declined rapidly therafter and remained in the basal range for the rest of the study. Release of oestradiol was very uncharacteristic. No consistent ovarian response pattern was observed during the analogue administration. It is obvious that chronic stimulation with D-Ser (TBU)6 LH-RH-EA leads to a decreased responsiveness of the pituitary gland."}
{"id": "PMID:362785", "title": "Maintenance of spermatogenesis induced by HMG treatment by means of continuous HCG treatment in hypogonadotrophic men.", "content": "In a long-term hypophysectomized male HCG treatment was unable to initiate spermatogenesis. However, a spermatogenesis induced by HMG/HCG treatment could be maintained by HCG alone for 7 years with clinical fertility. In another hypogonadotrophic male HCG was also unable to initiate spermatogenesis. But a spermatogenesis once induced by HMG/HCG treatment could be maintained for more than one year with HCG alone. It is suggested that gonadotrophin treatment of the hypogonadotrophic male should consist of HMG + HCG until complete spermatogenesis is induced followed by maintenance treatment with HCG.", "contents": "Maintenance of spermatogenesis induced by HMG treatment by means of continuous HCG treatment in hypogonadotrophic men. In a long-term hypophysectomized male HCG treatment was unable to initiate spermatogenesis. However, a spermatogenesis induced by HMG/HCG treatment could be maintained by HCG alone for 7 years with clinical fertility. In another hypogonadotrophic male HCG was also unable to initiate spermatogenesis. But a spermatogenesis once induced by HMG/HCG treatment could be maintained for more than one year with HCG alone. It is suggested that gonadotrophin treatment of the hypogonadotrophic male should consist of HMG + HCG until complete spermatogenesis is induced followed by maintenance treatment with HCG."}
{"id": "PMID:362786", "title": "Kidney function in normal man during short-term growth hormone infusion.", "content": "Kidney function was studied in 9 normal males before and during a 2 h growth hormone (GH) infusion of 50 ng/kg/min. The following variables were measured during each 20 min clearance period: glomerular filtration rate, GFR, effective renal plasma flow, RPF (steady state infusion technique with urinary collections using [125I]iothalamate and [131I]iodohippurate), and urinary albumin and beta2-microglobulin excretion rates (radioimmunoassays). The GH infusion resulted in a 10-fold increase in plasma GH concentration. All the above mentioned variables remained practically unchanged during the infusion except for a small (-5%) but significant decrease in renal plasma flow (P less than 0.01). Our negative results contrast to the findings of increased GFR and RPF during prolonged GH administration and suggest that GH requires several hours or days for its renal effects to become manifest.", "contents": "Kidney function in normal man during short-term growth hormone infusion. Kidney function was studied in 9 normal males before and during a 2 h growth hormone (GH) infusion of 50 ng/kg/min. The following variables were measured during each 20 min clearance period: glomerular filtration rate, GFR, effective renal plasma flow, RPF (steady state infusion technique with urinary collections using [125I]iothalamate and [131I]iodohippurate), and urinary albumin and beta2-microglobulin excretion rates (radioimmunoassays). The GH infusion resulted in a 10-fold increase in plasma GH concentration. All the above mentioned variables remained practically unchanged during the infusion except for a small (-5%) but significant decrease in renal plasma flow (P less than 0.01). Our negative results contrast to the findings of increased GFR and RPF during prolonged GH administration and suggest that GH requires several hours or days for its renal effects to become manifest."}
{"id": "PMID:362791", "title": "Myoinositol and function of peripheral nerves in human diabetics. A controlled clinical trial.", "content": "Fifty-nine diabetic patients participated in a double-blind study in order to evaluate the efficiency of myoinositol to improve the function of peripheral nerves. Myoinositol in the amounts given was not able to change motor conduction velocity or vibratory perception threshold. No change in retinopathy and several biochemical parameters was observed.", "contents": "Myoinositol and function of peripheral nerves in human diabetics. A controlled clinical trial. Fifty-nine diabetic patients participated in a double-blind study in order to evaluate the efficiency of myoinositol to improve the function of peripheral nerves. Myoinositol in the amounts given was not able to change motor conduction velocity or vibratory perception threshold. No change in retinopathy and several biochemical parameters was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:362792", "title": "Current research in neuro-epidemiology. Some main trends.", "content": "Recent epidemiological research has contributed to the understanding of the nature of common neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis, Parkinsonism, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Viral etiology constitutes the most probable environmental factor in multiple sclerosis, but host-related genetic factors are also involved and determine susceptibility. In disorders like Parkinsonism, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and epilepsy, heredity seems to play a more important role than earlier believed, and segregation analyses indicate polygenic inheritance patterns. The subacute spongiform encephalopathies fit into a similar concept, and here the hunt for infectious agents has succeeded. Polygenic traits and dominantly inherited disorders seem to aggregate in genetic isolates, as shown through studies from different parts of the world. The reason for this is not quite clear, but selection through assortative matings or other mechanisms may be operating in these populations.", "contents": "Current research in neuro-epidemiology. Some main trends. Recent epidemiological research has contributed to the understanding of the nature of common neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis, Parkinsonism, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Viral etiology constitutes the most probable environmental factor in multiple sclerosis, but host-related genetic factors are also involved and determine susceptibility. In disorders like Parkinsonism, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and epilepsy, heredity seems to play a more important role than earlier believed, and segregation analyses indicate polygenic inheritance patterns. The subacute spongiform encephalopathies fit into a similar concept, and here the hunt for infectious agents has succeeded. Polygenic traits and dominantly inherited disorders seem to aggregate in genetic isolates, as shown through studies from different parts of the world. The reason for this is not quite clear, but selection through assortative matings or other mechanisms may be operating in these populations."}
{"id": "PMID:362782", "title": "Quantitative electron-microscopic studies of langerhans islets in normoglycemic chinese hamsters of a diabetic strain.", "content": "On the basis of previous studies of the retina and the pituitary, normoglycemic Chinese hamsters from a diabetic strain were divided into two groups, depending on the thickness of their capillary basement membrane and on the number of somatotrophs. Both values were significantly lower in group I than in group II. Quantitative electron microscopy of the islets of Langerhans showed in group II a tendency to a volume increase for A-cells, to a decrease for D- and B-cells. Also the number of B-granules and the surface area of electron dense material deposited in B-cells appeared to be increased in group II. Hypotheses are offered to explain the islet changes in correlation to previous findings in the retina and pituitary.", "contents": "Quantitative electron-microscopic studies of langerhans islets in normoglycemic chinese hamsters of a diabetic strain. On the basis of previous studies of the retina and the pituitary, normoglycemic Chinese hamsters from a diabetic strain were divided into two groups, depending on the thickness of their capillary basement membrane and on the number of somatotrophs. Both values were significantly lower in group I than in group II. Quantitative electron microscopy of the islets of Langerhans showed in group II a tendency to a volume increase for A-cells, to a decrease for D- and B-cells. Also the number of B-granules and the surface area of electron dense material deposited in B-cells appeared to be increased in group II. Hypotheses are offered to explain the islet changes in correlation to previous findings in the retina and pituitary."}
{"id": "PMID:362796", "title": "Immunoelectron microscopic localization of s-100 protein in cultured rat glioma cells.", "content": "Immunoelectron microscopic localization of the nervous system specific protein S-100 in the cultured rat glioma cells was successfully conducted by an unique immunocytochemical technique using peroxidase-labeled antigen binding Fab' fragments. The intensely electron dense reaction product for S-100 protein was localized mainly at ribosome granules associated with endoplasmic reticulum membranes and at free ribosome granules. S-100 protein was also associated to some extent with the cytoplasmic and nuclear membranes. A positive reaction was localized at the nuclear pores as if it were being prevented from entering into the nucleus. No activity was found in the nucleoplasm except for a slightly positive reaction product associated with nucleolus. The possible role for S-100 protein in neural cells was discussed in relation to the nuclear acidic proteins involved in genomic regulation.", "contents": "Immunoelectron microscopic localization of s-100 protein in cultured rat glioma cells. Immunoelectron microscopic localization of the nervous system specific protein S-100 in the cultured rat glioma cells was successfully conducted by an unique immunocytochemical technique using peroxidase-labeled antigen binding Fab' fragments. The intensely electron dense reaction product for S-100 protein was localized mainly at ribosome granules associated with endoplasmic reticulum membranes and at free ribosome granules. S-100 protein was also associated to some extent with the cytoplasmic and nuclear membranes. A positive reaction was localized at the nuclear pores as if it were being prevented from entering into the nucleus. No activity was found in the nucleoplasm except for a slightly positive reaction product associated with nucleolus. The possible role for S-100 protein in neural cells was discussed in relation to the nuclear acidic proteins involved in genomic regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:362798", "title": "Adhesive bonding of dental luting cements; influence of surface treatment.", "content": "Tensile bond strength of four different luting cements to smooth dentin surfaces was measured. A chisel edged, stainless steel ring was cemented to the butt end of a dentin cylinder. The dentin was polished to a plane and smooth surface before cementation. The cements were also applied to dentin surfaces that were treated with a pumice slurry, etched with different acid solutions, or covered with different liners. The results showed that the polycarboxylate cement had a tensile bond strength to smooth, untreated dentin of approximately 4 MN/m2. The zinc phosphate and EBA cements had a bond strength of 0,6 MN/m2 and the composite resin cement had no measurable bond to untreated dentin. All dentin treatments showed in general a decreasing effect on the bond strength of zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate and EBA cements, whereas that of composite resin cement showed a slight increase.", "contents": "Adhesive bonding of dental luting cements; influence of surface treatment. Tensile bond strength of four different luting cements to smooth dentin surfaces was measured. A chisel edged, stainless steel ring was cemented to the butt end of a dentin cylinder. The dentin was polished to a plane and smooth surface before cementation. The cements were also applied to dentin surfaces that were treated with a pumice slurry, etched with different acid solutions, or covered with different liners. The results showed that the polycarboxylate cement had a tensile bond strength to smooth, untreated dentin of approximately 4 MN/m2. The zinc phosphate and EBA cements had a bond strength of 0,6 MN/m2 and the composite resin cement had no measurable bond to untreated dentin. All dentin treatments showed in general a decreasing effect on the bond strength of zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate and EBA cements, whereas that of composite resin cement showed a slight increase."}
{"id": "PMID:362801", "title": "Plasma concentrations of diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in newborn infants after intravenous, intramuscular, rectal and oral administration.", "content": "Five newborn infants (birth weight 2900--3600 g) were given diazepam (Valium, LaRoche) for convulsive disorders in 4 equal doses intravenously, intramuscularly, rectally and orally with at least 24 hours intervals. Three infants were given doses of 1 mg diazepam/kg body weight, and 2 0.5 mg/kg. The parenteral solution of the drug was given intravenously, intramuscularly and rectally. Powder of tablets was given orally. After intravenous administration very high peak values of plasma-diazepam concentration were obtained (5775--10800 ng/ml after 1 mg/kg, 2750 and 6450 ng/ml after 0.5 mg/kg). Next to intravenous administration rectal administration caused the most rapid increase in plasma-diazepam concentration. Presumed anticonsulsive concentrations (150--300 ng/ml) were obtained within 5 min with 1 mg/kg as well as 0.5 mg/kg rectally. Rectal administration therefore could be a suitable treatment for seizures in the newborn infant. Accumulation of the main depressive metabolite N-desmethyldiazepam occurred in all infants. This phenomenon must be taken into account when repeated doses of diazepam are administered.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in newborn infants after intravenous, intramuscular, rectal and oral administration. Five newborn infants (birth weight 2900--3600 g) were given diazepam (Valium, LaRoche) for convulsive disorders in 4 equal doses intravenously, intramuscularly, rectally and orally with at least 24 hours intervals. Three infants were given doses of 1 mg diazepam/kg body weight, and 2 0.5 mg/kg. The parenteral solution of the drug was given intravenously, intramuscularly and rectally. Powder of tablets was given orally. After intravenous administration very high peak values of plasma-diazepam concentration were obtained (5775--10800 ng/ml after 1 mg/kg, 2750 and 6450 ng/ml after 0.5 mg/kg). Next to intravenous administration rectal administration caused the most rapid increase in plasma-diazepam concentration. Presumed anticonsulsive concentrations (150--300 ng/ml) were obtained within 5 min with 1 mg/kg as well as 0.5 mg/kg rectally. Rectal administration therefore could be a suitable treatment for seizures in the newborn infant. Accumulation of the main depressive metabolite N-desmethyldiazepam occurred in all infants. This phenomenon must be taken into account when repeated doses of diazepam are administered."}
{"id": "PMID:362802", "title": "Pubertal development in the Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome.", "content": "The sexual maturation in the Prader-Labhart-Willi (PLW) syndrome was investigated in 14 patients, 10 females and 4 males. A wide variability in the pattern of pubertal development was found including delayed puberty in 5 patients and normal puberty in 4 patients; sexual precocity was also observed in 5 patients, true precocious puberty in one patient and incomplete sexual precocity in the form of precocious pubarche in 4 patients. In 5 patients, 3 of them with precocious pubarche, the appearance of the pubertal signs was followed by a delay or arrest in their future development. An LH-RH stimulation test was performed in 11 patients. In the 6 patients who eventually developed normal puberty, the basal levels and the peak responses of both LH and FSH were within the range of those observed in normal controls of the same pubertal stage. In 4 patients showing marked delay or arrest of puberty, the basal levels were normal or low and the responses of LH and FSH to LH-RH were blunted. Priming with repeated LH-RH stimulation in one of the male patients led to an augmented LH response, suggesting a hypothalamic hypogonadotrophism. It is concluded that the lack of uniformity in the pattern of sexual maturation in the PLW syndrome is due to a variability in the location and extent of a hypothalamic lesion, which may comprise an active process continuing beyond the perinatal period.", "contents": "Pubertal development in the Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome. The sexual maturation in the Prader-Labhart-Willi (PLW) syndrome was investigated in 14 patients, 10 females and 4 males. A wide variability in the pattern of pubertal development was found including delayed puberty in 5 patients and normal puberty in 4 patients; sexual precocity was also observed in 5 patients, true precocious puberty in one patient and incomplete sexual precocity in the form of precocious pubarche in 4 patients. In 5 patients, 3 of them with precocious pubarche, the appearance of the pubertal signs was followed by a delay or arrest in their future development. An LH-RH stimulation test was performed in 11 patients. In the 6 patients who eventually developed normal puberty, the basal levels and the peak responses of both LH and FSH were within the range of those observed in normal controls of the same pubertal stage. In 4 patients showing marked delay or arrest of puberty, the basal levels were normal or low and the responses of LH and FSH to LH-RH were blunted. Priming with repeated LH-RH stimulation in one of the male patients led to an augmented LH response, suggesting a hypothalamic hypogonadotrophism. It is concluded that the lack of uniformity in the pattern of sexual maturation in the PLW syndrome is due to a variability in the location and extent of a hypothalamic lesion, which may comprise an active process continuing beyond the perinatal period."}
{"id": "PMID:362803", "title": "Longterm follow-up of neonatal septicemia.", "content": "The longterm prognosis of neonatal septicemia during the first four weeks of life has been estimated. Of 90 infants with the diagnosis of neonatal septicemia during a five-year period, 1969--1973, 65 infants survived the initial treatment. Another two infants died with complications of their main disease, intestinal atresia, at the age of two months. Thus the total mortality in neonatal septicemia in this series was 30%. The remaining 63 children have been investigated between ages of 2 1/2 and 6 1/2 years. Of these 63 children we have found 14 children (22% of the surviving) with handicaps where the septicemia can be regarded as a possible cause of the handicap. Of these 14 children only six had an \"uncomplicated\" septicemia while four of them had meningitis and four had osteomyelitis. Furthermore, of the 14 handicapped children nine were delivered preterm (28--36 weeks) and all of them had one or more additional neonatal diagnoses than septicemia. The prognosis, both immediate and longterm, of neonatal septicemia in the present series compares favourably to most international studies. The importance of early detection together with an aggresive treatment of the septicemia is stressed and is considered as the main reason for the good prognosis.", "contents": "Longterm follow-up of neonatal septicemia. The longterm prognosis of neonatal septicemia during the first four weeks of life has been estimated. Of 90 infants with the diagnosis of neonatal septicemia during a five-year period, 1969--1973, 65 infants survived the initial treatment. Another two infants died with complications of their main disease, intestinal atresia, at the age of two months. Thus the total mortality in neonatal septicemia in this series was 30%. The remaining 63 children have been investigated between ages of 2 1/2 and 6 1/2 years. Of these 63 children we have found 14 children (22% of the surviving) with handicaps where the septicemia can be regarded as a possible cause of the handicap. Of these 14 children only six had an \"uncomplicated\" septicemia while four of them had meningitis and four had osteomyelitis. Furthermore, of the 14 handicapped children nine were delivered preterm (28--36 weeks) and all of them had one or more additional neonatal diagnoses than septicemia. The prognosis, both immediate and longterm, of neonatal septicemia in the present series compares favourably to most international studies. The importance of early detection together with an aggresive treatment of the septicemia is stressed and is considered as the main reason for the good prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:362804", "title": "Pancreatic B-cell sensitivity to alloxan in vivo. A study of antagonizing compounds, serum inorganic phosphate and acid-base balance.", "content": "Serum glucose, inorganic phosphate, acid-base balance and islet morphology were studied in mice subjected to different kinds of treatment before alloxan administration. In preceding studies, pretreatment with D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, sodium lactate and NaHCO3, but not with D-galactose, was found to protect against alloxan toxicity. In this study alloxan antagonism was found by pre-treatment with L-leucine, but not with L-arginine or NaH2PO4. Blood analyses, carried out 10 minutes after injection of the test compounds, disclosed that the serum inorganic phosphate concentration was decreased in mice given D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, sodium lactate, NaHCO3, L-leucine, and L-arginine, but was not affected in those treated with D-galactose, and was increased in those receiving NaH2PO4. With the exception of L-arginine, blood pH was increased in the groups which exhibited decreased serum inorganic phosphate concentration; pH was not affected in mice treated with D-galactose, L-arginine and NaH2PO4. Alterations in inorganic phosphate and hydrogen ion concentration may affect the B-cell sensitivity to alloxan (\"Pi-pH hypothesis\").", "contents": "Pancreatic B-cell sensitivity to alloxan in vivo. A study of antagonizing compounds, serum inorganic phosphate and acid-base balance. Serum glucose, inorganic phosphate, acid-base balance and islet morphology were studied in mice subjected to different kinds of treatment before alloxan administration. In preceding studies, pretreatment with D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, sodium lactate and NaHCO3, but not with D-galactose, was found to protect against alloxan toxicity. In this study alloxan antagonism was found by pre-treatment with L-leucine, but not with L-arginine or NaH2PO4. Blood analyses, carried out 10 minutes after injection of the test compounds, disclosed that the serum inorganic phosphate concentration was decreased in mice given D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, sodium lactate, NaHCO3, L-leucine, and L-arginine, but was not affected in those treated with D-galactose, and was increased in those receiving NaH2PO4. With the exception of L-arginine, blood pH was increased in the groups which exhibited decreased serum inorganic phosphate concentration; pH was not affected in mice treated with D-galactose, L-arginine and NaH2PO4. Alterations in inorganic phosphate and hydrogen ion concentration may affect the B-cell sensitivity to alloxan (\"Pi-pH hypothesis\")."}
{"id": "PMID:362805", "title": "Periodic acid Schiff-positive non-glycogenic globules in hepatocytes. Differential diagnostic aspects in screening for alpha-1-antitrypsin globules in an autopsy material.", "content": "Thirty-eight subjects with diastase-resistant PAS-positive cytoplasmic globules in hepatocytes were found among 238 autopsies. In 15 of the 38 subjects the globules were antigenically alpha-1-antitrypsin, in 23 subjects they were not. The latter globules were found in centrilobular regions, the alpha-1-antitrypsin globules mainly in periportal regions. The non-alpha-1-antitrypsin globules showed less differences in size (6-10 mu) and a smaller number per hepatocyte (1-7) than the alpha-1-antitrypsin globules (1-40 mu and 1-30 per cell). The non-alpha-1-antitrypsin globules were only demonstrated in livers with centrilobular sinusoidal dilatation having, in all cases but one, also centrilobular, confluent necrosis. This type of globules can be assumed to be of differential diagnostic importance mainly in an autopsy material. The nature of these globules is discussed.", "contents": "Periodic acid Schiff-positive non-glycogenic globules in hepatocytes. Differential diagnostic aspects in screening for alpha-1-antitrypsin globules in an autopsy material. Thirty-eight subjects with diastase-resistant PAS-positive cytoplasmic globules in hepatocytes were found among 238 autopsies. In 15 of the 38 subjects the globules were antigenically alpha-1-antitrypsin, in 23 subjects they were not. The latter globules were found in centrilobular regions, the alpha-1-antitrypsin globules mainly in periportal regions. The non-alpha-1-antitrypsin globules showed less differences in size (6-10 mu) and a smaller number per hepatocyte (1-7) than the alpha-1-antitrypsin globules (1-40 mu and 1-30 per cell). The non-alpha-1-antitrypsin globules were only demonstrated in livers with centrilobular sinusoidal dilatation having, in all cases but one, also centrilobular, confluent necrosis. This type of globules can be assumed to be of differential diagnostic importance mainly in an autopsy material. The nature of these globules is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:362800", "title": "Occurrence and distribution of VIP nerves in the nasal mucosa and tracheobronchial wall.", "content": "Nerves displaying vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity were detected in the upper respiratory tract of guinea pigs, rabbits and cats. VIP nerves were numerous in the cat, less numerous in the rabbit and rare in the guinea pig. In the nasal mucosa, fine varicose VIP nerves were found to surround nasal glands and small blood vessels. In the tracheobronchial wall VIP nerves were observed around seromucous glands, blood vessels and smooth muscle. Ganglia located in the walls of the trachea and main bronchi contained clusters of VIP immunoreactive nerve cell bodies, conceivably representing the origin of the VIP fibres found in this region.", "contents": "Occurrence and distribution of VIP nerves in the nasal mucosa and tracheobronchial wall. Nerves displaying vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity were detected in the upper respiratory tract of guinea pigs, rabbits and cats. VIP nerves were numerous in the cat, less numerous in the rabbit and rare in the guinea pig. In the nasal mucosa, fine varicose VIP nerves were found to surround nasal glands and small blood vessels. In the tracheobronchial wall VIP nerves were observed around seromucous glands, blood vessels and smooth muscle. Ganglia located in the walls of the trachea and main bronchi contained clusters of VIP immunoreactive nerve cell bodies, conceivably representing the origin of the VIP fibres found in this region."}
{"id": "PMID:362806", "title": "Structural changes in kidneys of patients with oliguric extracapillary glomerulonephritis during immunosuppressive therapy.", "content": "Structural changes in kidney biopsies were investigated from five patients with primary oliguric extracapillary glomerulonephritis in whom the renal function was adequately maintained during extended combined immunosuppressive treatment. The most important structural change was a pronounced decrease in the number of crescents. Reduction in numbers of crescents in the late biopsies was significantly greater than the increase in the number of hyalinized glomeruli. Tubular parenchyma showed only slight diffuse atrophy, and a moderate interstitial fibrosis was always present during the latter stages of treatment. Disappearance of crescents in the glomeruli was not accompanied by disappearance of immunoglobulins. Successfull immunosuppressive treatment of extracapillary glomerulonephritis causes the disappearance of structural characteristics of the kidney that are diagnostic for this disease.", "contents": "Structural changes in kidneys of patients with oliguric extracapillary glomerulonephritis during immunosuppressive therapy. Structural changes in kidney biopsies were investigated from five patients with primary oliguric extracapillary glomerulonephritis in whom the renal function was adequately maintained during extended combined immunosuppressive treatment. The most important structural change was a pronounced decrease in the number of crescents. Reduction in numbers of crescents in the late biopsies was significantly greater than the increase in the number of hyalinized glomeruli. Tubular parenchyma showed only slight diffuse atrophy, and a moderate interstitial fibrosis was always present during the latter stages of treatment. Disappearance of crescents in the glomeruli was not accompanied by disappearance of immunoglobulins. Successfull immunosuppressive treatment of extracapillary glomerulonephritis causes the disappearance of structural characteristics of the kidney that are diagnostic for this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:362808", "title": "Clinical relevance of histological grading of cancer of the larynx.", "content": "Primary biopsies from 52 patients with cancer of the larynx were examined by two pathologists working independently. The malignancy of each case was graded twice with an interval of 1--1 1/2 month according to a histological scoring system elaborated by Jacobsson. The reproducibility of the system was found poor for individual prognostic purposes and no connection between histological grade and clinical course was demonstrated.", "contents": "Clinical relevance of histological grading of cancer of the larynx. Primary biopsies from 52 patients with cancer of the larynx were examined by two pathologists working independently. The malignancy of each case was graded twice with an interval of 1--1 1/2 month according to a histological scoring system elaborated by Jacobsson. The reproducibility of the system was found poor for individual prognostic purposes and no connection between histological grade and clinical course was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:362811", "title": "Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by bacteria employed for rapid determination of antibiotic concentrations in serum.", "content": "The ability of bacteria to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to formazan, and the inhibition of this process by antibiotics, have been utilized in a method to determine antibiotic concentrations in serum. Escherichia coli, growing in the presence of increasing but subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, produces diminished amounts of formazan. This is photometrically quantified and the optical density obtained with the sample is compared with those obtained with know concentrations. Levels of aminoglycosides below 1 microgram/ml can be measured in the presence of other antibiotics also, and the assay can be carried out in three hours. Good correlation was obtained when 49 serum samples containing varying concentrations of sisomicin were tested simultaneously by the NBT assay and a disc diffusion method.", "contents": "Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by bacteria employed for rapid determination of antibiotic concentrations in serum. The ability of bacteria to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to formazan, and the inhibition of this process by antibiotics, have been utilized in a method to determine antibiotic concentrations in serum. Escherichia coli, growing in the presence of increasing but subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, produces diminished amounts of formazan. This is photometrically quantified and the optical density obtained with the sample is compared with those obtained with know concentrations. Levels of aminoglycosides below 1 microgram/ml can be measured in the presence of other antibiotics also, and the assay can be carried out in three hours. Good correlation was obtained when 49 serum samples containing varying concentrations of sisomicin were tested simultaneously by the NBT assay and a disc diffusion method."}
{"id": "PMID:362812", "title": "Identification of Salmonella bacteria by co-agglutination, using antibodies against synthetic disaccharide-protein antigens O2, O4 and O9, adsorbed to protein A-containing staphylococci.", "content": "Protein A-containing staphylococci sensitized with antisera against synthetic Salmonella O-antigens 2, 4 and 9, representative of serogroups A, B and D, respectively, were used for identification of Salmonella bacteria by co-agglutination. Out of 416 Salmonella bacteria tested the reagents correctly identified all 24 serogroup A strains, 119 serogroup B strains and 39 serogroup D strains. Unexpected agglutination was registered with two of 144 strains belonging to serogroup C 2 with reagent containing antiserum against synthetic O antigen 4. No agglutination occurred when 24 non-Salmonella bacterial strains were tested. Approximately 10(8)bacteria were required for positive co-agglutination. As compared to standard slide agglutination with conventional anti-Salmonella O factor sera, the co-agglutination metod was favourable in that the reactions were stronger, although the concentration of antiserum used was from 20 to 200 times lower. The co-agglutination method could also be used for detection of soluble antigens in the form of lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella bacteria in concentrations of 1 microgram/ml. When the sensitivity of the co-agglutination technique was compared with indirect immunofluorescence (IFL), the IFL method was shown to be at least 1000 times more sensitive.", "contents": "Identification of Salmonella bacteria by co-agglutination, using antibodies against synthetic disaccharide-protein antigens O2, O4 and O9, adsorbed to protein A-containing staphylococci. Protein A-containing staphylococci sensitized with antisera against synthetic Salmonella O-antigens 2, 4 and 9, representative of serogroups A, B and D, respectively, were used for identification of Salmonella bacteria by co-agglutination. Out of 416 Salmonella bacteria tested the reagents correctly identified all 24 serogroup A strains, 119 serogroup B strains and 39 serogroup D strains. Unexpected agglutination was registered with two of 144 strains belonging to serogroup C 2 with reagent containing antiserum against synthetic O antigen 4. No agglutination occurred when 24 non-Salmonella bacterial strains were tested. Approximately 10(8)bacteria were required for positive co-agglutination. As compared to standard slide agglutination with conventional anti-Salmonella O factor sera, the co-agglutination metod was favourable in that the reactions were stronger, although the concentration of antiserum used was from 20 to 200 times lower. The co-agglutination method could also be used for detection of soluble antigens in the form of lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella bacteria in concentrations of 1 microgram/ml. When the sensitivity of the co-agglutination technique was compared with indirect immunofluorescence (IFL), the IFL method was shown to be at least 1000 times more sensitive."}
{"id": "PMID:362813", "title": "In vitro locomotion of human leukocytes. Photographically determined distribution in millipore filters at different incubation times.", "content": "The distribution of leukocytes in Boyden millipore filters after stimulation with casein was determined after 30 and 180 min by the use of a photographic method. After 30 min the distribution was characterized by a second degree curve with a falling slope and after 180 min by a linear curve with a rising slope. The results showed that with most of the modifications of the Boyden method in use at present, the choice of incubation time is crucial for the evaluation of counting results.", "contents": "In vitro locomotion of human leukocytes. Photographically determined distribution in millipore filters at different incubation times. The distribution of leukocytes in Boyden millipore filters after stimulation with casein was determined after 30 and 180 min by the use of a photographic method. After 30 min the distribution was characterized by a second degree curve with a falling slope and after 180 min by a linear curve with a rising slope. The results showed that with most of the modifications of the Boyden method in use at present, the choice of incubation time is crucial for the evaluation of counting results."}
{"id": "PMID:362814", "title": "Uraemic toxins of high molecular weight inhibiting human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro.", "content": "Uraemic plasma and normal serum were separated into fractions of different molecular sizes by means of molecular filtration through Pellicon filters and liquid chromatography on Sephadex G-15. The amount of substance was considerably higher in uraemic fractions than in comparable normal fractions. When normal human mononuclear phagocytes were cultured in the presence of the uraemic fraction containing the largest molecules, detachment of phagocytes from the glass coverslips was significantly increased. The digestion capacity of the remaining cells was decreased. The results indicate that substances in uraemic plasma responsible for the impaired function of human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro consist of molecules of a molecular weight higher than 10 000.", "contents": "Uraemic toxins of high molecular weight inhibiting human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro. Uraemic plasma and normal serum were separated into fractions of different molecular sizes by means of molecular filtration through Pellicon filters and liquid chromatography on Sephadex G-15. The amount of substance was considerably higher in uraemic fractions than in comparable normal fractions. When normal human mononuclear phagocytes were cultured in the presence of the uraemic fraction containing the largest molecules, detachment of phagocytes from the glass coverslips was significantly increased. The digestion capacity of the remaining cells was decreased. The results indicate that substances in uraemic plasma responsible for the impaired function of human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro consist of molecules of a molecular weight higher than 10 000."}
{"id": "PMID:362815", "title": "Immunochemistry of Salmonella O-antigens: characterization of the antibody response to Tyvelose 1 leads to 3 alpha mannose 1 leads to bovine serum albumin representative of Salmonella 0-antigen 9.", "content": "Immunization of rabbits with the synthetic disaccharide-protein conjugate, tyvelose 1 leads to alpha 3 mannose 1 leads to bovine serum albumin (TM-BSA) in Freund's complete adjuvant, gave rise to antibodies directed against both the disaccharide hapten and the carrier protein. The hapten antibodies were specific for O-antigen 9 of Salmonella and were superior in terms of specificity to conventional O factor 9 antibodies, as judged by passive haemagglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A complement dependent bactericidal assay demonstrated that the TM-BSA antibodies had bacteriolytic activity also directed against the O-antigen 9 Salmonella. The high specificity was evident in both the IgG and IgM antibody classes. In the bactericidal assay the IgM antibodies were more active than antibodies of the IgG class. The results suggested that IgG antibodies in hyperimmune serum blocked the complement dependent bactericidal activity of IgM antibodies.", "contents": "Immunochemistry of Salmonella O-antigens: characterization of the antibody response to Tyvelose 1 leads to 3 alpha mannose 1 leads to bovine serum albumin representative of Salmonella 0-antigen 9. Immunization of rabbits with the synthetic disaccharide-protein conjugate, tyvelose 1 leads to alpha 3 mannose 1 leads to bovine serum albumin (TM-BSA) in Freund's complete adjuvant, gave rise to antibodies directed against both the disaccharide hapten and the carrier protein. The hapten antibodies were specific for O-antigen 9 of Salmonella and were superior in terms of specificity to conventional O factor 9 antibodies, as judged by passive haemagglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A complement dependent bactericidal assay demonstrated that the TM-BSA antibodies had bacteriolytic activity also directed against the O-antigen 9 Salmonella. The high specificity was evident in both the IgG and IgM antibody classes. In the bactericidal assay the IgM antibodies were more active than antibodies of the IgG class. The results suggested that IgG antibodies in hyperimmune serum blocked the complement dependent bactericidal activity of IgM antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:362816", "title": "Evidence for non-specifically bound IgG in human tumours.", "content": "Heat eluates of homogenized human malignant and normal tissues were prepared using the continuous flow elution technique. IgG antibodies to rabbit erythrocytes served as marker antibodies for non-specifically bound IgG. Eluates of all of the 13 malignant tumours tested contained IgG. Most were eluted at 56C, but considerable amounts also at 37C and 45C. Marker antibodies were present in eluates of 4 of the tumours, indicating that at least parts of the IgG associated with malignant human tumours are non-specifically bound. Eight tumours contained too little IgG to detect marker antibodies, and one contained high amounts of IgG without marker antibodies. Eluates of normal organs contained either no or only small amounts of IgG, although apparently normal kidneys from older individuals contained some more IgG. Marker antibodies were detected in some of the eluates indicating non-specific binding.", "contents": "Evidence for non-specifically bound IgG in human tumours. Heat eluates of homogenized human malignant and normal tissues were prepared using the continuous flow elution technique. IgG antibodies to rabbit erythrocytes served as marker antibodies for non-specifically bound IgG. Eluates of all of the 13 malignant tumours tested contained IgG. Most were eluted at 56C, but considerable amounts also at 37C and 45C. Marker antibodies were present in eluates of 4 of the tumours, indicating that at least parts of the IgG associated with malignant human tumours are non-specifically bound. Eight tumours contained too little IgG to detect marker antibodies, and one contained high amounts of IgG without marker antibodies. Eluates of normal organs contained either no or only small amounts of IgG, although apparently normal kidneys from older individuals contained some more IgG. Marker antibodies were detected in some of the eluates indicating non-specific binding."}
{"id": "PMID:362818", "title": "alpha-Adrenolytic treatment in patients with autonomous bladders.", "content": "The effect of alpha-adrenolytic treatment (phenoxybenzamine) was studied in 8 patients with lower motor neuron lesions (autonomous bladders). In the cystometrograms, the bladders were more hypotonic and the \"autononous waves\" appeared at a higher level of filling or were totally extinguished after this pharmacological treatment. With an isotonic volume registration method, a bladder volume increase was recorded after alpha-adrenergic blockage. Using spincterometry or urethral pressure profile studies, a decrease in the urethral resistance was observed after alpha-adrenolytic treatment, resulting in a decrease in residual urine. This decrease in bladder wall tension and in residual urine effected an increased functional bladder capacity in patients with autonomous bladders.", "contents": "alpha-Adrenolytic treatment in patients with autonomous bladders. The effect of alpha-adrenolytic treatment (phenoxybenzamine) was studied in 8 patients with lower motor neuron lesions (autonomous bladders). In the cystometrograms, the bladders were more hypotonic and the \"autononous waves\" appeared at a higher level of filling or were totally extinguished after this pharmacological treatment. With an isotonic volume registration method, a bladder volume increase was recorded after alpha-adrenergic blockage. Using spincterometry or urethral pressure profile studies, a decrease in the urethral resistance was observed after alpha-adrenolytic treatment, resulting in a decrease in residual urine. This decrease in bladder wall tension and in residual urine effected an increased functional bladder capacity in patients with autonomous bladders."}
{"id": "PMID:362819", "title": "Peptide neurons in peripheral tissues including the urinary tract: immunohistochemical studies.", "content": "Using the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators, neurons containing substance P-, enkephalin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)--and somatostatin-like immuno-reactivity have been identified in the peripheral nervous system. They have a widespread distribution, particularly in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. Whereas part of these peptide containing fibres may belong to sensory neurons, the majority seem to have their origin in peripheral autonomic ganglia, indicating a complex built up of the autonomic nervous system. There is evidence that some noradrenergic neurons contain somatostatin, which may suggest that one neuron can synthesize and store two transmitters. The significance of such neurons, as well as of peripheral peptide neurons in general, remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Peptide neurons in peripheral tissues including the urinary tract: immunohistochemical studies. Using the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators, neurons containing substance P-, enkephalin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)--and somatostatin-like immuno-reactivity have been identified in the peripheral nervous system. They have a widespread distribution, particularly in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. Whereas part of these peptide containing fibres may belong to sensory neurons, the majority seem to have their origin in peripheral autonomic ganglia, indicating a complex built up of the autonomic nervous system. There is evidence that some noradrenergic neurons contain somatostatin, which may suggest that one neuron can synthesize and store two transmitters. The significance of such neurons, as well as of peripheral peptide neurons in general, remains to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:362820", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins on the smooth muscle of the urinary tract.", "content": "A short review is given of the effects of prostaglandins on the smooth muscle of the bladder, urethra and ureter. In several animal species and in man, prostaglandins of the E and F types contract the detrusor. The contractions develop slowly and are not affected by tetrodotoxin, phenoxybenzamine, or atropine, suggesting a direct effect on the smooth muscle cell. However, evidence is also available suggesting a role of the prostaglandins as modulators of transmitter release in the bladder. In animals as well as in man, urethral smooth muscle is contracted by prostaglandin F2alpha, but relaxed by prostaglandins E1 and E2. The smooth muscle of the ureter seems to react similarly, but published results vary. The detailed mode of action, and the role of prostaglandins in the control of activity in urinary tract smooth muscle remain to be established.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins on the smooth muscle of the urinary tract. A short review is given of the effects of prostaglandins on the smooth muscle of the bladder, urethra and ureter. In several animal species and in man, prostaglandins of the E and F types contract the detrusor. The contractions develop slowly and are not affected by tetrodotoxin, phenoxybenzamine, or atropine, suggesting a direct effect on the smooth muscle cell. However, evidence is also available suggesting a role of the prostaglandins as modulators of transmitter release in the bladder. In animals as well as in man, urethral smooth muscle is contracted by prostaglandin F2alpha, but relaxed by prostaglandins E1 and E2. The smooth muscle of the ureter seems to react similarly, but published results vary. The detailed mode of action, and the role of prostaglandins in the control of activity in urinary tract smooth muscle remain to be established."}
{"id": "PMID:362821", "title": "Bioavailability of four different pharmaceutical preparations of carbamazepine.", "content": "The bioavailabilities of two tablet brands carbamazepine (CBZ) (Tegretol, A; Neurotol, B) were compared with two new experimental preparations (C,D). Formulation A showed a more sustained release nature than did the other formulations. The AUCs0 leads to infinity gave no significant differences between treatment A and three other treatments. However, if AUC0 leads to 72 was calculated instead of AUC0 leads to infinity, the preparation A gave the significantly lower bioavailability than the other compounds. Formulations A and B are marketed as generically equivalent preparations in Finland. However, their pharmacokinetic parameters after a single dose were different.", "contents": "Bioavailability of four different pharmaceutical preparations of carbamazepine. The bioavailabilities of two tablet brands carbamazepine (CBZ) (Tegretol, A; Neurotol, B) were compared with two new experimental preparations (C,D). Formulation A showed a more sustained release nature than did the other formulations. The AUCs0 leads to infinity gave no significant differences between treatment A and three other treatments. However, if AUC0 leads to 72 was calculated instead of AUC0 leads to infinity, the preparation A gave the significantly lower bioavailability than the other compounds. Formulations A and B are marketed as generically equivalent preparations in Finland. However, their pharmacokinetic parameters after a single dose were different."}
{"id": "PMID:362823", "title": "Different effects of the ionophore A-23187 and D-glucose on 45Ca2+ fluxes in isolated islets of ob/ob-mice.", "content": "Fluxes of 45Ca2+ were studied in beta-cell rich islets of non-inbred ob/ob-mice, using LaCl3 to wash out extra-cellular and superficially bound 45Ca2+. The ionophore A-23187 (10 microM) increased the 45Ca2+ uptake in islets both at 3 and 20 mM D-glucose, the effect being more pronounced after 10 min than after 120 min of incubation. In incubations for 120 min, 20 mM D-glucose induced a higher uptake of 45Ca2+ than did A-23187. The ionophore enhanced the unidirectional efflux of 45Ca2+ from preloaded islets. Pretreatment of islets with 20 mM D-glucose in non-radioactive medium inhibited the subsequent D-glucose-induced 45Ca2+ uptake. Similar pretreatment with A-23187 increased the subsequent ionophore-induced 45Ca2+ uptake. The results suggest that A-23187 acts by catalyzing Ca2+ fluxes across the beta-cell plasma membrane. The different effects of D-glucose and A-23187 on 45Ca2+ fluxes suggest that the two agents act through different mechanisms in the beta-cells.", "contents": "Different effects of the ionophore A-23187 and D-glucose on 45Ca2+ fluxes in isolated islets of ob/ob-mice. Fluxes of 45Ca2+ were studied in beta-cell rich islets of non-inbred ob/ob-mice, using LaCl3 to wash out extra-cellular and superficially bound 45Ca2+. The ionophore A-23187 (10 microM) increased the 45Ca2+ uptake in islets both at 3 and 20 mM D-glucose, the effect being more pronounced after 10 min than after 120 min of incubation. In incubations for 120 min, 20 mM D-glucose induced a higher uptake of 45Ca2+ than did A-23187. The ionophore enhanced the unidirectional efflux of 45Ca2+ from preloaded islets. Pretreatment of islets with 20 mM D-glucose in non-radioactive medium inhibited the subsequent D-glucose-induced 45Ca2+ uptake. Similar pretreatment with A-23187 increased the subsequent ionophore-induced 45Ca2+ uptake. The results suggest that A-23187 acts by catalyzing Ca2+ fluxes across the beta-cell plasma membrane. The different effects of D-glucose and A-23187 on 45Ca2+ fluxes suggest that the two agents act through different mechanisms in the beta-cells."}
{"id": "PMID:362824", "title": "Localization of kallikrein and its relation to other trypsin-like esterases in the rat pancreas. A comparison with the submandibular gland.", "content": "Kallikrein was located by the direct immunofluorescence technique to the granule-containing luminal portion of pancreatic acinar cells. For the demonstration of the intracellular distribution of pancreas kallikrein, in vivo fixation of the gland was necessary. No kallikrein was found in the duct cells or in the islets of Langerhans. Quantitation by single radial immunodiffusion showed that the concentration of kallikrein in the presence was 1.32 +/- 51 microgram/g wet weight, i.e. 1/91 that of the rat submandibular gland. Bz-Arg-OEt-esterases were in the pancreas found as pro-enzyme but as active enzyme in the submandibular gland. Trypsin-like esterases, hydrolyzing epsilon-amino caproic acid naphtol-AS-D.HBr (ACA), were found in the active form in both submandibular gland and pancreatic homogenates. The submandibular gland contained per g wet weight 6 times as much ACA-esterase activity as the pancreas. In the submandibular gland, kallikrein and ACA-esterase activity were found together in practically all granular tubular cells. Thus, the granular tubular cell contains kallikrein as well as other trypsin-like enzymes like the ACA-esterase, and is in this way comparable to the pancreatic acinar cell. An extraglandular function of kallikrein is suggested for the pancreas in contrast to other kallikrein-containing exocrine organs.", "contents": "Localization of kallikrein and its relation to other trypsin-like esterases in the rat pancreas. A comparison with the submandibular gland. Kallikrein was located by the direct immunofluorescence technique to the granule-containing luminal portion of pancreatic acinar cells. For the demonstration of the intracellular distribution of pancreas kallikrein, in vivo fixation of the gland was necessary. No kallikrein was found in the duct cells or in the islets of Langerhans. Quantitation by single radial immunodiffusion showed that the concentration of kallikrein in the presence was 1.32 +/- 51 microgram/g wet weight, i.e. 1/91 that of the rat submandibular gland. Bz-Arg-OEt-esterases were in the pancreas found as pro-enzyme but as active enzyme in the submandibular gland. Trypsin-like esterases, hydrolyzing epsilon-amino caproic acid naphtol-AS-D.HBr (ACA), were found in the active form in both submandibular gland and pancreatic homogenates. The submandibular gland contained per g wet weight 6 times as much ACA-esterase activity as the pancreas. In the submandibular gland, kallikrein and ACA-esterase activity were found together in practically all granular tubular cells. Thus, the granular tubular cell contains kallikrein as well as other trypsin-like enzymes like the ACA-esterase, and is in this way comparable to the pancreatic acinar cell. An extraglandular function of kallikrein is suggested for the pancreas in contrast to other kallikrein-containing exocrine organs."}
{"id": "PMID:362826", "title": "Suppresion of autonomic postganglionic discharges by pentobarbital in dogs, with or without endotoxemia.", "content": "Initial effects of pentobarbital (8 mg/kg) on autonomic efferent and afferent discharge rates were studied in 26 dogs under morphine-chloralose anesthesia. Half of the dogs were given endotoxin E. coli (1 mg/kg) before pentobarbital. The postganglionic cervical vagal efferentation of all the dogs decreased as did the postganglionic cardiac sympathetic efferentation. The heart rate of the dogs given endotoxin decreased, while an increase in heart rate with abolition of respiratory arrhythmia, was observed in dogs without endotoxin. The aortic pressure of the former dogs dropped while it fell only slightly in the latter ones. The aortic arch baroreceptor activity decreased while the changes of left atrial B-type receptor activity were not significant. The changes of the left atrial and central venous pressures were slight but those of the pulmonary arterial pressure generally paralleled the changes  in the aortic pressure. Pentobarbital, accordingly, seems to exert both sympatholytic and vagolytic effects. These explain the heart rate changes, as well as the impaired cardiac contractility it evokes. The obvious impairment of cardiovascular control mechanisms by pentobarbital should be seriously considered in investigations into the cardiovascular control.", "contents": "Suppresion of autonomic postganglionic discharges by pentobarbital in dogs, with or without endotoxemia. Initial effects of pentobarbital (8 mg/kg) on autonomic efferent and afferent discharge rates were studied in 26 dogs under morphine-chloralose anesthesia. Half of the dogs were given endotoxin E. coli (1 mg/kg) before pentobarbital. The postganglionic cervical vagal efferentation of all the dogs decreased as did the postganglionic cardiac sympathetic efferentation. The heart rate of the dogs given endotoxin decreased, while an increase in heart rate with abolition of respiratory arrhythmia, was observed in dogs without endotoxin. The aortic pressure of the former dogs dropped while it fell only slightly in the latter ones. The aortic arch baroreceptor activity decreased while the changes of left atrial B-type receptor activity were not significant. The changes of the left atrial and central venous pressures were slight but those of the pulmonary arterial pressure generally paralleled the changes  in the aortic pressure. Pentobarbital, accordingly, seems to exert both sympatholytic and vagolytic effects. These explain the heart rate changes, as well as the impaired cardiac contractility it evokes. The obvious impairment of cardiovascular control mechanisms by pentobarbital should be seriously considered in investigations into the cardiovascular control."}
{"id": "PMID:362827", "title": "Plasma vasopressin in ethanol intoxication and hangover.", "content": "The effect of ethanol intoxication and hangover on immunoreactive plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentration was studied in 7 healthy supine men in controlled clinical conditions. In 6 subjects plasma AVP increased above control values at the time of maximal blood ethanol concentration. The highest AVP values were observed in the subjects having nausea and vomiting and the worst hangover symptoms. During hangover plasma AVP values were higher than the controls and the response of plasma AVP to upright posture was exaggerated. The dissociation of plasma AVP concentration and ethanol diuresis suggested that the suppression of AVP release is not the sole determinant of ethanol diuresis. The study may indicate that the toxic effects of ethanol and the severity of hangover symptoms are associated with the state of hydration and individual sensitivity of AVP triggering mechanisms.", "contents": "Plasma vasopressin in ethanol intoxication and hangover. The effect of ethanol intoxication and hangover on immunoreactive plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentration was studied in 7 healthy supine men in controlled clinical conditions. In 6 subjects plasma AVP increased above control values at the time of maximal blood ethanol concentration. The highest AVP values were observed in the subjects having nausea and vomiting and the worst hangover symptoms. During hangover plasma AVP values were higher than the controls and the response of plasma AVP to upright posture was exaggerated. The dissociation of plasma AVP concentration and ethanol diuresis suggested that the suppression of AVP release is not the sole determinant of ethanol diuresis. The study may indicate that the toxic effects of ethanol and the severity of hangover symptoms are associated with the state of hydration and individual sensitivity of AVP triggering mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:362828", "title": "Reflex adrenergic control of endocrine pancreas evoked by unloading of carotid baroreceptors in cats.", "content": "The effects of unloading of the carotid baroreceptors on arterial plasma glucose concentration as well as on portal plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) and insulin (IRI) concentrations were studied in anestethized, vagotomized cats either by sectioning the sinus nerves or by lowering the pressure in the isolated carotid sinuses. Complete elimination of the carotid baroreceptor discharge by cutting the sinus nerves caused an increase in the arterial plasma glucose concentration by 100% and an increase in the portal IRG level by about 200%, whereas the portal IRI concentration decreased to 50% of its basal value. These baroreceptor-induced changes of the plasma IRG and IRI levels seemed to be graded in relation to the drop in carotid blood pressure and they were clearly detectable when the pressure was lowered from 120 to 90 mmHg in the isolated carotid sinus preparation. The described reflex hyperglycemia, hyperglucagonemia and hypoinsulinemia were mediated to the pancreas and liver mainly by the sympatho-adrenal system, since cutting the splanchnic nerves above the adrenal glands abolished the hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemic responses and markedly depressed the magnitude of the hyperglucagonemic response. In adrenalectomized cats, complete unloading of the baroreceptors evoked both hyperglucagonemia and hypoinsulinemia although the magnitude of the hormonal responses was diminished. In animals where the pancreas and liver were sympathectomized but the adrenal glands left intact, cutting the sinus nerves evoked a doubling of the IRG level and a slight increase in plasma glucose, but no significant change of the IRI level. I.v. infusion of adrenaline (1 microgram/kg X min) or noradrenaline (5 microgram/kg X min) caused pronounced increases in IRG and plasma glucose and a clear-cut reduction of IRI. We conclude that the function of the endocrine pancreas in the cat can be influenced by variations in the blood pressure by means of a reflex control which originates from arterial baroreceptors. This reflex adjustment of the endocrine pancreas is mediated chiefly by two links of the sympatho-adrenal system, namely by catecholamine-release from the adrenal medulla and, more importantly, by a direct adrenergic nerve fibre influence on the alpha- and beta- cells.", "contents": "Reflex adrenergic control of endocrine pancreas evoked by unloading of carotid baroreceptors in cats. The effects of unloading of the carotid baroreceptors on arterial plasma glucose concentration as well as on portal plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) and insulin (IRI) concentrations were studied in anestethized, vagotomized cats either by sectioning the sinus nerves or by lowering the pressure in the isolated carotid sinuses. Complete elimination of the carotid baroreceptor discharge by cutting the sinus nerves caused an increase in the arterial plasma glucose concentration by 100% and an increase in the portal IRG level by about 200%, whereas the portal IRI concentration decreased to 50% of its basal value. These baroreceptor-induced changes of the plasma IRG and IRI levels seemed to be graded in relation to the drop in carotid blood pressure and they were clearly detectable when the pressure was lowered from 120 to 90 mmHg in the isolated carotid sinus preparation. The described reflex hyperglycemia, hyperglucagonemia and hypoinsulinemia were mediated to the pancreas and liver mainly by the sympatho-adrenal system, since cutting the splanchnic nerves above the adrenal glands abolished the hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemic responses and markedly depressed the magnitude of the hyperglucagonemic response. In adrenalectomized cats, complete unloading of the baroreceptors evoked both hyperglucagonemia and hypoinsulinemia although the magnitude of the hormonal responses was diminished. In animals where the pancreas and liver were sympathectomized but the adrenal glands left intact, cutting the sinus nerves evoked a doubling of the IRG level and a slight increase in plasma glucose, but no significant change of the IRI level. I.v. infusion of adrenaline (1 microgram/kg X min) or noradrenaline (5 microgram/kg X min) caused pronounced increases in IRG and plasma glucose and a clear-cut reduction of IRI. We conclude that the function of the endocrine pancreas in the cat can be influenced by variations in the blood pressure by means of a reflex control which originates from arterial baroreceptors. This reflex adjustment of the endocrine pancreas is mediated chiefly by two links of the sympatho-adrenal system, namely by catecholamine-release from the adrenal medulla and, more importantly, by a direct adrenergic nerve fibre influence on the alpha- and beta- cells."}
{"id": "PMID:362830", "title": "Cis(Z)-clopenthixol and clopenthixol (Sordinol) in chronic psychotic patients. A double-blind clinical investigation.", "content": "The clinical effect of cis(Z)-clopenthixol has been compared with that of clopenthixol, which is a mixture of the pharmacologically active cis(Z)-isomer and the inactive trans(E)-isomer. In the 2-month double-blind trial were included 57 psychotic patients, mainly schizophrenics. Ratings evaluating severity of illness, therapeutic effect, possible interference of side effects with the patient's functioning, as well as any individual side effects were done at months 0, 1, and 2. The antipsychotic effect of cis(Z)-clopenthixol was found equal to that of clopenthixol whereas the cis(Z)-isomer on a mg/mg basis was twice as active as clopenthixol. Apart from the finding that the unspecific sedative effect appeared to be less marked with cis(Z)-clopenthixol, the type, degree, and frequency of side effects were the same in the two groups of patients. More than half of the patients experienced no side effects.", "contents": "Cis(Z)-clopenthixol and clopenthixol (Sordinol) in chronic psychotic patients. A double-blind clinical investigation. The clinical effect of cis(Z)-clopenthixol has been compared with that of clopenthixol, which is a mixture of the pharmacologically active cis(Z)-isomer and the inactive trans(E)-isomer. In the 2-month double-blind trial were included 57 psychotic patients, mainly schizophrenics. Ratings evaluating severity of illness, therapeutic effect, possible interference of side effects with the patient's functioning, as well as any individual side effects were done at months 0, 1, and 2. The antipsychotic effect of cis(Z)-clopenthixol was found equal to that of clopenthixol whereas the cis(Z)-isomer on a mg/mg basis was twice as active as clopenthixol. Apart from the finding that the unspecific sedative effect appeared to be less marked with cis(Z)-clopenthixol, the type, degree, and frequency of side effects were the same in the two groups of patients. More than half of the patients experienced no side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:362831", "title": "Addition of L-tryptophan to electroconvulsive treatment in endogenous depression. A double-blind study.", "content": "The combination of electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) and i.v. L-tryptophan (T) was compared with ECT and saline in double-blind study comprising 20 patients with endogenous depression. No significant difference was found with regard to the number of ECT given nor in the rate of reduction of depressive symptoms. Except for a slight decrease of plasma total tryptophan in the palcepo group, no difference were found in plasma total and free tryptophan nor in the concentration of total tryptophan in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Addition of L-tryptophan to electroconvulsive treatment in endogenous depression. A double-blind study. The combination of electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) and i.v. L-tryptophan (T) was compared with ECT and saline in double-blind study comprising 20 patients with endogenous depression. No significant difference was found with regard to the number of ECT given nor in the rate of reduction of depressive symptoms. Except for a slight decrease of plasma total tryptophan in the palcepo group, no difference were found in plasma total and free tryptophan nor in the concentration of total tryptophan in the cerebrospinal fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:362832", "title": "Cisternal changes produced by experimental balloon tumours in the posterior cranial fossa. A post-mortem investigation.", "content": "Post-mortem cisternography before and after stereotactic introduction of balloon tumours to predetermined positions in the posterior fossa was carried out. Radiography in situ as well as radiography and inspection of plastic casts of the cisterns were used for the systematic analysis of the appearances of the cisterns.", "contents": "Cisternal changes produced by experimental balloon tumours in the posterior cranial fossa. A post-mortem investigation. Post-mortem cisternography before and after stereotactic introduction of balloon tumours to predetermined positions in the posterior fossa was carried out. Radiography in situ as well as radiography and inspection of plastic casts of the cisterns were used for the systematic analysis of the appearances of the cisterns."}
{"id": "PMID:362833", "title": "Radiologic appearance of complete gastric erosions.", "content": "At gastroscopy of 656 patients, complete gastric erosions were found in 58 (11%). Radiography performed in 46 of these demonstrated erosions in 21 of 33 with a time span less than one month between radiography and gastroscopy but in only 4 of 13 with a time span of one to 3 months. Double contrast technique supplemented with films of compressed barium-filled antrum demonstrate the lesions best. Complete erosions have often appearances simulating gastric polyps or large mucosal folds and are often found together with ulcers.", "contents": "Radiologic appearance of complete gastric erosions. At gastroscopy of 656 patients, complete gastric erosions were found in 58 (11%). Radiography performed in 46 of these demonstrated erosions in 21 of 33 with a time span less than one month between radiography and gastroscopy but in only 4 of 13 with a time span of one to 3 months. Double contrast technique supplemented with films of compressed barium-filled antrum demonstrate the lesions best. Complete erosions have often appearances simulating gastric polyps or large mucosal folds and are often found together with ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:362829", "title": "Time-blind evaluation of psychopathology in drug research.", "content": "Before the development of audiovisual techniques, it was impossible to avoid two time-related biases in drug evaluation: rating on different occasions, i.e. in different mood states as regards the rater (the so-called time-gap); knowledge by the rater of the sequence of his ratings. In order to make a time-blind evaluation possible, the author has worked out the following steps: tape-recording of the interviews, standardization of the interview, elimination of questions endangering a time-blind analysis, evaluation of the different interviews of the same patient on different rating sessions. The author summarizes his first three drug trials analyzed according to the time-blind procedure, and concludes that this procedure is a definite progress regarding the validity of drug research.", "contents": "Time-blind evaluation of psychopathology in drug research. Before the development of audiovisual techniques, it was impossible to avoid two time-related biases in drug evaluation: rating on different occasions, i.e. in different mood states as regards the rater (the so-called time-gap); knowledge by the rater of the sequence of his ratings. In order to make a time-blind evaluation possible, the author has worked out the following steps: tape-recording of the interviews, standardization of the interview, elimination of questions endangering a time-blind analysis, evaluation of the different interviews of the same patient on different rating sessions. The author summarizes his first three drug trials analyzed according to the time-blind procedure, and concludes that this procedure is a definite progress regarding the validity of drug research."}
{"id": "PMID:362845", "title": "Disturbances in acid-base balance during hypophosphatemia and phosphate depletion.", "content": "Phosphate depletion leads to bone resorption, resulting in the accession of alkali to the blood and urine. There may also be a release of lactic acid from liver, resulting from ATP depletion and intracellular alkalosis. In general, the net result of these tissue effects is an alkali load discharged into the extracellular fluid. In the kidneys, phosphate depletion causes impaired proximal tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate, and perhaps other substrates, owing in all likelihood to both intracellular alkalosis and depletion of ATP. This impaired proximal capacity to reclaim bicarbonate results in hyperchloremic acidosis. The distal nephron may contribute to acidosis by virtue of inability to produce titratable acid (phosphate-free urine) and perhaps impaired ammonia production. Severe phosphate depletion, therefore, tends to produce hyperchloremic acidosis as a result of a diminished capacity for bicarbonate reclamation in the proximal tubule and probably some impairment of bicarbonate regeneration in the distal nephron. These effects, when marked, ultimately outweigh the contribution of alkali coming from bone breakdown. In the liver, phosphate depletion may stimulate lactic acid production by reducing hepatic ATP stores (Pasteur effect) and producing intracellular alkalosis. ATP depletion may also limit hepatic uptake of lactate. Finally, in muscle cells ATP depletion, resulting from either profound hypophosphatemia or the metabolism of massive fructose loads, may eventuate in frank rhabdomyolysis.", "contents": "Disturbances in acid-base balance during hypophosphatemia and phosphate depletion. Phosphate depletion leads to bone resorption, resulting in the accession of alkali to the blood and urine. There may also be a release of lactic acid from liver, resulting from ATP depletion and intracellular alkalosis. In general, the net result of these tissue effects is an alkali load discharged into the extracellular fluid. In the kidneys, phosphate depletion causes impaired proximal tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate, and perhaps other substrates, owing in all likelihood to both intracellular alkalosis and depletion of ATP. This impaired proximal capacity to reclaim bicarbonate results in hyperchloremic acidosis. The distal nephron may contribute to acidosis by virtue of inability to produce titratable acid (phosphate-free urine) and perhaps impaired ammonia production. Severe phosphate depletion, therefore, tends to produce hyperchloremic acidosis as a result of a diminished capacity for bicarbonate reclamation in the proximal tubule and probably some impairment of bicarbonate regeneration in the distal nephron. These effects, when marked, ultimately outweigh the contribution of alkali coming from bone breakdown. In the liver, phosphate depletion may stimulate lactic acid production by reducing hepatic ATP stores (Pasteur effect) and producing intracellular alkalosis. ATP depletion may also limit hepatic uptake of lactate. Finally, in muscle cells ATP depletion, resulting from either profound hypophosphatemia or the metabolism of massive fructose loads, may eventuate in frank rhabdomyolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:362853", "title": "Physiological and pharmacological aspects of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in man.", "content": "The present study describes the response to small oral doses (1--10 microgram/day) of 24,25-DHCC in man. Contrary to expectation, 24,25-DHCC was as potent as 1,25-DHCC in increasing intestinal absorption of calcium both in normal persons and in patients with a variety of disorders of calcium metabolism. Despite this increase in intestinal absorption, plasma and urine calcium did not increase after 24,25-DHCC as they did after 1,25-DHCC. Metabolic balance studies showed calcium balances to increase by 1.6 to 11.5 mmoles/day in 5 of the 6 patients studied. 24,25-DHCC increased intestinal absorption of calcium equally well in anephric patients, suggesting that conversion of 24,25-DHCC to 1,24,25-trihydroxycholecalciferol by the kidney cannot be the sole mechanism by which 24,25-DHCC expresses biological activity, even though in vitamin D deficient rats nephrectomy does abolish the ability of large doses of 24,25-DHCC to increase calcium absorption. It is concluded that 24,25-DHCC may be a calcium-regulating hormone in man. In view of the effects demonstrated here and its relatively high concentration in plasma and slow turnover rate, 24,25-DHCC has the properties that might be ideal for a long-acting stimulator of bone mineralisation. Further work is needed to explain why 24,25-DHCC has effects in man which are not readily seen in other species.", "contents": "Physiological and pharmacological aspects of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in man. The present study describes the response to small oral doses (1--10 microgram/day) of 24,25-DHCC in man. Contrary to expectation, 24,25-DHCC was as potent as 1,25-DHCC in increasing intestinal absorption of calcium both in normal persons and in patients with a variety of disorders of calcium metabolism. Despite this increase in intestinal absorption, plasma and urine calcium did not increase after 24,25-DHCC as they did after 1,25-DHCC. Metabolic balance studies showed calcium balances to increase by 1.6 to 11.5 mmoles/day in 5 of the 6 patients studied. 24,25-DHCC increased intestinal absorption of calcium equally well in anephric patients, suggesting that conversion of 24,25-DHCC to 1,24,25-trihydroxycholecalciferol by the kidney cannot be the sole mechanism by which 24,25-DHCC expresses biological activity, even though in vitamin D deficient rats nephrectomy does abolish the ability of large doses of 24,25-DHCC to increase calcium absorption. It is concluded that 24,25-DHCC may be a calcium-regulating hormone in man. In view of the effects demonstrated here and its relatively high concentration in plasma and slow turnover rate, 24,25-DHCC has the properties that might be ideal for a long-acting stimulator of bone mineralisation. Further work is needed to explain why 24,25-DHCC has effects in man which are not readily seen in other species."}
{"id": "PMID:362854", "title": "Renal handling of magnesium.", "content": "In summary, magnesium reabsorption occurs throughout the proximal and distal segments of the nephron. The proximal tubule is less permeable to magnesium than calcium and sodium with most of the filtered load being reclaimed in the ascending loop of Henle. In contrast to calcium and sodium a tubular reabsorptive maximum has been demonstrated for magnesium and under certain circumstances secretion has been demonstrated in the terminal nephron segments. Although many factors are known to affect magnesium reabsorption the mechanism of the renal homeostasis remains to be determined.", "contents": "Renal handling of magnesium. In summary, magnesium reabsorption occurs throughout the proximal and distal segments of the nephron. The proximal tubule is less permeable to magnesium than calcium and sodium with most of the filtered load being reclaimed in the ascending loop of Henle. In contrast to calcium and sodium a tubular reabsorptive maximum has been demonstrated for magnesium and under certain circumstances secretion has been demonstrated in the terminal nephron segments. Although many factors are known to affect magnesium reabsorption the mechanism of the renal homeostasis remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:362874", "title": "Clinical correlants of changes in nasal flow/resistance (Rn) measurements.", "content": "It has been suggested that changes in nasal airways flow/resistance imply clinical betterment and increased nasal patency, and that patients with congestion sense relief when treatment improves their Rn values by 20% or more, speculations supported by inferences from lower airways dynamics. This hypothesis was tested in a double-blind study of the nasal decongestant potency of phenylpropanolamine/aromatic oil, phenilpropanolamine, aromatic oil and placebo syrups given to 80 patients with common colds who were followed for 6 hours. Rn was determined by electronic posterior rhinometry; patients estimated their degree of nasal congestion with a 6-ranked subjective scale. Statistical techniques included paired and unpaired t-tests, chi-square analysis, analysis of covariance to determine comparisons of within-group differences, differences between drug and placebo groups, and determination of the number in each group improving 20% or more from control Rn. Correlation coefficients relating Rn values to subjective responses were determined by pairing these for each patient and applying standard regression analysis. Despite a strong placebo effect, mean Rn changes ranked the efficacy of the 4 test mixtures, with the 20% improvement criterion allowing the sharpest separation of active mixtures from inactive. In regression analysis the correlation coefficient of 0.56 and the regression slope of 0.66 were both significant (p = 0.01 or better); the latter figure implied that a 1 unit difference on the subjective scale corresponded to a 0.66 unit difference on the Rn scale. With an average objective reading of 3.77 a 1 unit change n the subjective rating perceptible to the subject as a difference in the state of his nasal congestion was equivalent to a mean Rn change of 17.5%. This supports our prior assumption, indicating that a 17.5% to 20% improvement in Rn is experienced as clinical relief. Further, subjective rating scales appear to be statistically sound as a means of assessment of the status of the nasal airways.", "contents": "Clinical correlants of changes in nasal flow/resistance (Rn) measurements. It has been suggested that changes in nasal airways flow/resistance imply clinical betterment and increased nasal patency, and that patients with congestion sense relief when treatment improves their Rn values by 20% or more, speculations supported by inferences from lower airways dynamics. This hypothesis was tested in a double-blind study of the nasal decongestant potency of phenylpropanolamine/aromatic oil, phenilpropanolamine, aromatic oil and placebo syrups given to 80 patients with common colds who were followed for 6 hours. Rn was determined by electronic posterior rhinometry; patients estimated their degree of nasal congestion with a 6-ranked subjective scale. Statistical techniques included paired and unpaired t-tests, chi-square analysis, analysis of covariance to determine comparisons of within-group differences, differences between drug and placebo groups, and determination of the number in each group improving 20% or more from control Rn. Correlation coefficients relating Rn values to subjective responses were determined by pairing these for each patient and applying standard regression analysis. Despite a strong placebo effect, mean Rn changes ranked the efficacy of the 4 test mixtures, with the 20% improvement criterion allowing the sharpest separation of active mixtures from inactive. In regression analysis the correlation coefficient of 0.56 and the regression slope of 0.66 were both significant (p = 0.01 or better); the latter figure implied that a 1 unit difference on the subjective scale corresponded to a 0.66 unit difference on the Rn scale. With an average objective reading of 3.77 a 1 unit change n the subjective rating perceptible to the subject as a difference in the state of his nasal congestion was equivalent to a mean Rn change of 17.5%. This supports our prior assumption, indicating that a 17.5% to 20% improvement in Rn is experienced as clinical relief. Further, subjective rating scales appear to be statistically sound as a means of assessment of the status of the nasal airways."}
{"id": "PMID:362875", "title": "Results of a clinical trial with a Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus tyrosine adsorbed vaccine.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients were included in a double-blind placebo-controlled study of a vaccine containing tyrosine-adsorbed Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen (Migen(R)). The aim of the trial was to show the efficacy and safety of Migen as a 6-injection course, with or without a follow-up course of 6 maintenance doses, for the treatment of bronchial asthma. The patients selected had suffered from perennial asthma for at least 2 years and gave a strong skin reaction to house dust mite. The subjects in the study were divided into two groups: one of twelve patients receiving only a standard course of six graded injections at weekly intervals and the other of sixteen patients receiving the same course followed by a maintenance course comprising six injections of the highest strength (400 N.U.). Approximately half the patients in each of these groups were on placebo. Assessment was based on the patient's and doctor's impression of the response to the treatment using a daily symptom record card and clinical observation of the patient at regular intervals. The overall assessment was graded in accordance with the following four point scale: very good, good, same and worse. Results showed that the pa tients receiving Migen as a 6-injection course responded better than patients receiving placebo; moreover, patients who received 6 maintenance injections of Migen gave a very good or good response compared to those who were submitted to 12 injections of placebo and also compared to those receiving the standard course. Particular notice was taken of the side effects of the vaccine. Migen proved to be a good and and safe method of treating bronchial asthma due to house dust mite (D. pteronyssinus).", "contents": "Results of a clinical trial with a Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus tyrosine adsorbed vaccine. Twenty-eight patients were included in a double-blind placebo-controlled study of a vaccine containing tyrosine-adsorbed Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen (Migen(R)). The aim of the trial was to show the efficacy and safety of Migen as a 6-injection course, with or without a follow-up course of 6 maintenance doses, for the treatment of bronchial asthma. The patients selected had suffered from perennial asthma for at least 2 years and gave a strong skin reaction to house dust mite. The subjects in the study were divided into two groups: one of twelve patients receiving only a standard course of six graded injections at weekly intervals and the other of sixteen patients receiving the same course followed by a maintenance course comprising six injections of the highest strength (400 N.U.). Approximately half the patients in each of these groups were on placebo. Assessment was based on the patient's and doctor's impression of the response to the treatment using a daily symptom record card and clinical observation of the patient at regular intervals. The overall assessment was graded in accordance with the following four point scale: very good, good, same and worse. Results showed that the pa tients receiving Migen as a 6-injection course responded better than patients receiving placebo; moreover, patients who received 6 maintenance injections of Migen gave a very good or good response compared to those who were submitted to 12 injections of placebo and also compared to those receiving the standard course. Particular notice was taken of the side effects of the vaccine. Migen proved to be a good and and safe method of treating bronchial asthma due to house dust mite (D. pteronyssinus)."}
{"id": "PMID:362882", "title": "Diet and breast cancer: a review.", "content": "Diet may promote or inhibit human breast cancer through its effects on hormonal systems. In this paper, risk factors with potential dietary components, geographic variations related to diet, experimental studies on diet and mammary tumors, and hormonal hypotheses are reviewed. The associations of early menarche with higher risk, and of early first pregnancy with lower risk suggest that events during teenage years may be determinants of breast cancer. Although data on the association between obesity and mammary cancer are not entirely consistent, it does seem clear that body fatness at menarche and during postmenopausal years may influence hormonal synthesis and metabolism. Published reports based on the Food and Agricultural Organization's food availability data or frequencies of individual foods are inadequate for associating diet with breast cancer incidence or mortality. Also, diets and susceptibility to breast cancer vary among species, and therefore results from rodent experiments should not be extrapolated to humans. Circumstantial evidence suggests that patterns of hormone metabolism in early years of life may be determinants of breast cancer risk. Research concerning the relationship of androgens, prolactin, estrogens, and possibly other hormones to risk factors should be continued. Further, there is a need for data relating dietary factors to hormone synthesis and metabolism. Epidemiological studies among young women in low- and high-risk countries are recommended. Comparisons of diet, body fatness, and hormonal levels could provide further insight about the relationship of diet to breast cancer risk. These same factors should be measured in case-controls studies, along with qualitative estimates of previous diet and possibly weight and height during adolescence. Dietary indices associated with early menarche may be the same as those related to breast cancer. Results of these investigations may provide valuable leads for preventive health programs.", "contents": "Diet and breast cancer: a review. Diet may promote or inhibit human breast cancer through its effects on hormonal systems. In this paper, risk factors with potential dietary components, geographic variations related to diet, experimental studies on diet and mammary tumors, and hormonal hypotheses are reviewed. The associations of early menarche with higher risk, and of early first pregnancy with lower risk suggest that events during teenage years may be determinants of breast cancer. Although data on the association between obesity and mammary cancer are not entirely consistent, it does seem clear that body fatness at menarche and during postmenopausal years may influence hormonal synthesis and metabolism. Published reports based on the Food and Agricultural Organization's food availability data or frequencies of individual foods are inadequate for associating diet with breast cancer incidence or mortality. Also, diets and susceptibility to breast cancer vary among species, and therefore results from rodent experiments should not be extrapolated to humans. Circumstantial evidence suggests that patterns of hormone metabolism in early years of life may be determinants of breast cancer risk. Research concerning the relationship of androgens, prolactin, estrogens, and possibly other hormones to risk factors should be continued. Further, there is a need for data relating dietary factors to hormone synthesis and metabolism. Epidemiological studies among young women in low- and high-risk countries are recommended. Comparisons of diet, body fatness, and hormonal levels could provide further insight about the relationship of diet to breast cancer risk. These same factors should be measured in case-controls studies, along with qualitative estimates of previous diet and possibly weight and height during adolescence. Dietary indices associated with early menarche may be the same as those related to breast cancer. Results of these investigations may provide valuable leads for preventive health programs."}
{"id": "PMID:362883", "title": "Breast-feeding: main promoter of infant health.", "content": "Unique immunological factors in breast milk are responsible for the protection it affords infants against pathogenic agents. This protection is particularly effective against the infectious agents which invade or colonize the small and large intestine. Factors interfering with enterotoxigenic and enteroinvasive bacteria, and with entero- and rotaviruses, have already been detected in colostrum and mature human milk. Moreover, the biochemical composition of human milk makes it the best infant food during the first 6 months of life, and with supplementation, for months thereafter. At the same time, optimal maternal-infant interactions are effected during breast-feeding which strengthen infant care in health, in illness and during convalescence. The low cost of breast-feeding when compared to other types of alimentation, coupled with its unparalleled nutritive, anti-infectious, and behavior stimulating properties makes it the main promoter of infant health. There remains a need for investigation of the factors that have brought about a reduction in breast-feeding throughout the world. New methodologies to increase the incidence of breast-feeding, particularly in the developing nations, are critical. The availability of such methodologies could facilitate delivery of other health interventions ideally delivered by the mother, the most important agent for improving the health of infants and children.", "contents": "Breast-feeding: main promoter of infant health. Unique immunological factors in breast milk are responsible for the protection it affords infants against pathogenic agents. This protection is particularly effective against the infectious agents which invade or colonize the small and large intestine. Factors interfering with enterotoxigenic and enteroinvasive bacteria, and with entero- and rotaviruses, have already been detected in colostrum and mature human milk. Moreover, the biochemical composition of human milk makes it the best infant food during the first 6 months of life, and with supplementation, for months thereafter. At the same time, optimal maternal-infant interactions are effected during breast-feeding which strengthen infant care in health, in illness and during convalescence. The low cost of breast-feeding when compared to other types of alimentation, coupled with its unparalleled nutritive, anti-infectious, and behavior stimulating properties makes it the main promoter of infant health. There remains a need for investigation of the factors that have brought about a reduction in breast-feeding throughout the world. New methodologies to increase the incidence of breast-feeding, particularly in the developing nations, are critical. The availability of such methodologies could facilitate delivery of other health interventions ideally delivered by the mother, the most important agent for improving the health of infants and children."}
{"id": "PMID:362888", "title": "Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy. An approach to a thorough study.", "content": "Recent advances in the treatment of hematologic malignancies have been paralleled by renewed interest on the part of pathologists and hematologists in methods of obtaining and preparing bone marrow for diagnostic studies. A thorough bone marrow morphologic study involves examination of peripheral blood smears, direct, particle, and buffy coat bone marrow smears, trephine biopsy imprints, particle and trephine biopsy sections, and marrow volumetric data. The information obtained from the study of these various specimens is complementary. Frequently it is a combination of clues gathered from examination of several different preparations that leads to a correct diagnosis. Utilization of biopsy material by the methods described provides complete, accurate and reproducible information and minimizes the necessity for repeating a biopsy for morphologic diagnosis or ancillary studies.", "contents": "Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy. An approach to a thorough study. Recent advances in the treatment of hematologic malignancies have been paralleled by renewed interest on the part of pathologists and hematologists in methods of obtaining and preparing bone marrow for diagnostic studies. A thorough bone marrow morphologic study involves examination of peripheral blood smears, direct, particle, and buffy coat bone marrow smears, trephine biopsy imprints, particle and trephine biopsy sections, and marrow volumetric data. The information obtained from the study of these various specimens is complementary. Frequently it is a combination of clues gathered from examination of several different preparations that leads to a correct diagnosis. Utilization of biopsy material by the methods described provides complete, accurate and reproducible information and minimizes the necessity for repeating a biopsy for morphologic diagnosis or ancillary studies."}
{"id": "PMID:362889", "title": "Preparation and light-microscopic examination of fixed hematopoietic cells in soft agar.", "content": "Hematopoietic cells from the blood or bone marrow (of leukemic and nonleukemic patients) grown in vitro using soft agar tissue-culture technics may be fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and mounted on glass slides. Light microscopic examination of these sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin and with other histologic stains provides information useful in investigative and diagnostic hematology. Morphologic interpretation of the characteristics of cultured cells is within the capability of pathologists and clinical hematologists. The slides provide a permanent record of growth in vitro.", "contents": "Preparation and light-microscopic examination of fixed hematopoietic cells in soft agar. Hematopoietic cells from the blood or bone marrow (of leukemic and nonleukemic patients) grown in vitro using soft agar tissue-culture technics may be fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and mounted on glass slides. Light microscopic examination of these sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin and with other histologic stains provides information useful in investigative and diagnostic hematology. Morphologic interpretation of the characteristics of cultured cells is within the capability of pathologists and clinical hematologists. The slides provide a permanent record of growth in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:362890", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of Staphylococcos aureus antigen in acute bacterial endocarditis nephritis.", "content": "A 75-year-old man with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in whom acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis developed is described. The light- and electron-microscopic changes of the glomeruli in this case were identical to those of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Immunofluorescence revealed deposition of immunoglobulins and complement in the glomeruli. In addition, bacterial antigenic material was demonstrated in the glomeruli by indirect immunofluorescence. These observations further support the hypothesis of an immune-complex pathogenesis in this form of glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of Staphylococcos aureus antigen in acute bacterial endocarditis nephritis. A 75-year-old man with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in whom acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis developed is described. The light- and electron-microscopic changes of the glomeruli in this case were identical to those of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Immunofluorescence revealed deposition of immunoglobulins and complement in the glomeruli. In addition, bacterial antigenic material was demonstrated in the glomeruli by indirect immunofluorescence. These observations further support the hypothesis of an immune-complex pathogenesis in this form of glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:362892", "title": "Pediatric clinical pharmacology. A practical review.", "content": "Significant differences exist between children and adults in their handling of a large number of therapeutic agents. The relative immaturity of the pediatric patient and the continuous state of development of body and organ functions influence both drug effects and drug disposition. Daily dosage requirements vary with age. For many drugs, children require and tolerate much more of a drug, relative to their size, for the same effect. Newborns may need more or less of a drug for a comparable effect. A conceptual framework is provided to aid in understanding the individuality of the pediatric patient's drug disposition processes based on differences in physiologic functions affecting drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Additional data are needed on drug disposition in children of all ages to maximize therapeutic drug usage with avoidance of toxicity.", "contents": "Pediatric clinical pharmacology. A practical review. Significant differences exist between children and adults in their handling of a large number of therapeutic agents. The relative immaturity of the pediatric patient and the continuous state of development of body and organ functions influence both drug effects and drug disposition. Daily dosage requirements vary with age. For many drugs, children require and tolerate much more of a drug, relative to their size, for the same effect. Newborns may need more or less of a drug for a comparable effect. A conceptual framework is provided to aid in understanding the individuality of the pediatric patient's drug disposition processes based on differences in physiologic functions affecting drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Additional data are needed on drug disposition in children of all ages to maximize therapeutic drug usage with avoidance of toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:362893", "title": "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole vs sulfamethoxazole for acute urinary tract infections in children.", "content": "A total of 118 children between 6 months and 10 years of age with acute urinary tract infection were treated in a random; double-blind manner with 12 mg/kg/day of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (61 patients) or 50 mg/kg/day of sulfamethoxazole (57 patients) for ten days. Mean trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole susceptibilities of Escherichia coli isolated from these patients were 1.2 and 0.6 microgram/ml, respectively. Mean serum concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were 1.8 and 62 microgram/ml, respectively, one hour after the dose. Of the children who completed the ten days of prescribed medication, clinical and bacteriological cure was confirmed immediately after treatment for all but one patient in each group. Most patients in each treatment group with recurrent infections had underlying urological abnormalities. Severe hematological, renal, or hepatic toxicity requiring interruption of treatment was not encountered. No advantage of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole over sulfamethoxazole alone for acute urinary tract infection was demonstrated.", "contents": "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole vs sulfamethoxazole for acute urinary tract infections in children. A total of 118 children between 6 months and 10 years of age with acute urinary tract infection were treated in a random; double-blind manner with 12 mg/kg/day of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (61 patients) or 50 mg/kg/day of sulfamethoxazole (57 patients) for ten days. Mean trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole susceptibilities of Escherichia coli isolated from these patients were 1.2 and 0.6 microgram/ml, respectively. Mean serum concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were 1.8 and 62 microgram/ml, respectively, one hour after the dose. Of the children who completed the ten days of prescribed medication, clinical and bacteriological cure was confirmed immediately after treatment for all but one patient in each group. Most patients in each treatment group with recurrent infections had underlying urological abnormalities. Severe hematological, renal, or hepatic toxicity requiring interruption of treatment was not encountered. No advantage of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole over sulfamethoxazole alone for acute urinary tract infection was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:362894", "title": "Respiratory syncytial virus infection. Rapid diagnosis in children by use of indirect immunofluorescence.", "content": "Specimens of 387 nasopharyngeal suction smears obtained from 354 children hospitalized with acute respiratory infections during an eight-month period were examined for the presence of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody technique (IFAT) and by conventional tissue culture infectivity techniques. Respiratory syncytial virus was identified in nasopharyngeal suction smear specimens from 123 of these specimens (32%) with the use of both techniques. Of the specimens positive on tissue culture 92% were also positive for RS virus by IFAT. However, eight specimens positive for RS virus by tissue culture were negative by IFAT, although three of the specimens were technically unsuitable. Six percent of the specimens negative for RS virus by tissue culture were positive for RS virus antigen when tested by IFAT. Using IFAT, identification of RS virus could be accomplished within four to six hours, whereas isolation by tissue culture took an average period of ten days. These data suggest that IFAT is a reliable means for the rapid diagnosis of RS virus infection in infants and children.", "contents": "Respiratory syncytial virus infection. Rapid diagnosis in children by use of indirect immunofluorescence. Specimens of 387 nasopharyngeal suction smears obtained from 354 children hospitalized with acute respiratory infections during an eight-month period were examined for the presence of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody technique (IFAT) and by conventional tissue culture infectivity techniques. Respiratory syncytial virus was identified in nasopharyngeal suction smear specimens from 123 of these specimens (32%) with the use of both techniques. Of the specimens positive on tissue culture 92% were also positive for RS virus by IFAT. However, eight specimens positive for RS virus by tissue culture were negative by IFAT, although three of the specimens were technically unsuitable. Six percent of the specimens negative for RS virus by tissue culture were positive for RS virus antigen when tested by IFAT. Using IFAT, identification of RS virus could be accomplished within four to six hours, whereas isolation by tissue culture took an average period of ten days. These data suggest that IFAT is a reliable means for the rapid diagnosis of RS virus infection in infants and children."}
{"id": "PMID:362895", "title": "Urolithiasis in adolescents.", "content": "The characteristics of 31 adolescent patients aged 11 to 20 years with urolithiasis were examined by means of a ten-year retrospective chart review. The majority of stones were found to be secondary to preexisting conditions, with the most common being bladder dysfunction (neurogenic or exstrophy). Exogenous corticosteroid therapy appeared to play a role in lithogenesis in five patients and was the only apparent contributing factor in an 11 1/2-year-old girl. Childhood inborn errors of metabolism accounted for the stones in four of the teenagers. An additional four adolescents did not have any definable biochemical, genetic, or anatomic abnormalities and, therefore, no obvious etiology.", "contents": "Urolithiasis in adolescents. The characteristics of 31 adolescent patients aged 11 to 20 years with urolithiasis were examined by means of a ten-year retrospective chart review. The majority of stones were found to be secondary to preexisting conditions, with the most common being bladder dysfunction (neurogenic or exstrophy). Exogenous corticosteroid therapy appeared to play a role in lithogenesis in five patients and was the only apparent contributing factor in an 11 1/2-year-old girl. Childhood inborn errors of metabolism accounted for the stones in four of the teenagers. An additional four adolescents did not have any definable biochemical, genetic, or anatomic abnormalities and, therefore, no obvious etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:362896", "title": "Avascular necrosis of bone after renal transplantation.", "content": "Avascular necrosis (AN) of bone developed in 11 of 100 children who received renal transplants from 1964 to 1977. Bones involved were femoral heads, 14; femoral condyles, 12; tall, two; and carpal naviculars, two. Seven children with symptomatic AN of the femoral heads were treated with limited weight bearing; three subsequently required arthroplasty, and degenerative joint disease developed in one. The AN at other joints healed clinically but not roentgenographically. Although the prevalence of AN decreased after 1967 coincident with a decrease in prednisone dose, children with AN received the same cumulative prednisone dose as children in a control group. Serum phosphorus levels were different in the AN and control groups, but other indexes of hyperparathyroidism were similar. The relative contributions of prednisone therapy and hyperparathyroidism to the development of AN could not be delineated.", "contents": "Avascular necrosis of bone after renal transplantation. Avascular necrosis (AN) of bone developed in 11 of 100 children who received renal transplants from 1964 to 1977. Bones involved were femoral heads, 14; femoral condyles, 12; tall, two; and carpal naviculars, two. Seven children with symptomatic AN of the femoral heads were treated with limited weight bearing; three subsequently required arthroplasty, and degenerative joint disease developed in one. The AN at other joints healed clinically but not roentgenographically. Although the prevalence of AN decreased after 1967 coincident with a decrease in prednisone dose, children with AN received the same cumulative prednisone dose as children in a control group. Serum phosphorus levels were different in the AN and control groups, but other indexes of hyperparathyroidism were similar. The relative contributions of prednisone therapy and hyperparathyroidism to the development of AN could not be delineated."}
{"id": "PMID:362897", "title": "Strongyloidiasis in childhood.", "content": "Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode of man that is still regularly encountered in many parts of the United States. Strongyloidiasis should be considered in any child with unexplained eosinophilia, steatorrhea, protein-losing enteropathy, or chronic diarrhea, especially if associated with weight loss, growth failure, or recurrent upper abdominal pain. This parasite should be ruled out in any patient from an endemic region who is to be treated with corticosteroids of immunosuppressive agents. Microscopical examination of duodenal fluid, Baermann's fecal extraction technique, or the Haradi-Mori stool culture method may be required to make a diagnosis because the organism is not routinely found in concentrated feces even after multiple examinations in some infected individuals. A diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is important because the disease is curable.", "contents": "Strongyloidiasis in childhood. Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode of man that is still regularly encountered in many parts of the United States. Strongyloidiasis should be considered in any child with unexplained eosinophilia, steatorrhea, protein-losing enteropathy, or chronic diarrhea, especially if associated with weight loss, growth failure, or recurrent upper abdominal pain. This parasite should be ruled out in any patient from an endemic region who is to be treated with corticosteroids of immunosuppressive agents. Microscopical examination of duodenal fluid, Baermann's fecal extraction technique, or the Haradi-Mori stool culture method may be required to make a diagnosis because the organism is not routinely found in concentrated feces even after multiple examinations in some infected individuals. A diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is important because the disease is curable."}
{"id": "PMID:362900", "title": "Oral gentamicin therapy in the prevention of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. A controlled double-blind trial.", "content": "The value of prophylactic oral gentamicin sulfate therapy in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) was evaluated in a group of 42 high-risk neonates over a four-month period in a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Twenty babies in the treatment group received 2.5 mg/kg of gentamicin sulfate every six hours for one week after birth, and 22 babies received dextrose-and-water placebo in an equivalently small volume. None of the 20 gentamicin-treated babies developed NEC. Four of the control babies did. Two of these babies died, and their diagnosis was pathologically confirmed. This difference in the incidence of NEC between the treatment and control group was significant at the .05 level. These results support the prophylactic use of orally given gentamicin for selected babies at high risk for NEC, particularly those born prematurely and those who have a history of perinatal asphyxia or umbilical artery catheterization or both. Continued surveillance for changes in antimicrobial sensitivity patterns is recommended.", "contents": "Oral gentamicin therapy in the prevention of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. A controlled double-blind trial. The value of prophylactic oral gentamicin sulfate therapy in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) was evaluated in a group of 42 high-risk neonates over a four-month period in a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Twenty babies in the treatment group received 2.5 mg/kg of gentamicin sulfate every six hours for one week after birth, and 22 babies received dextrose-and-water placebo in an equivalently small volume. None of the 20 gentamicin-treated babies developed NEC. Four of the control babies did. Two of these babies died, and their diagnosis was pathologically confirmed. This difference in the incidence of NEC between the treatment and control group was significant at the .05 level. These results support the prophylactic use of orally given gentamicin for selected babies at high risk for NEC, particularly those born prematurely and those who have a history of perinatal asphyxia or umbilical artery catheterization or both. Continued surveillance for changes in antimicrobial sensitivity patterns is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:362901", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to acetaldehyde in alcoholic liver disease demonstrated by leukocyte migration test.", "content": "To determine whether a sensitization to ethanol metabolites occurs in alcoholic liver disease, reactivity of lymphocytes to nontoxic amounts of acetaldehyde was studied by direct elaboration of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production. Eighteen alcoholics with various degrees of biopsy-proven liver damage showed increased MIF production in response to acetaldehyde; the mean value of the group differed significantly from 15 healthy controls, 15 subjects with nonalcoholic liver disease, and 15 alcoholics without liver involvement (P less than 0.001, P less than 0.001, P less than 0.02, respectively). Among the alcoholics with liver disease, none individuals (50%) with histological signs of advanced alcoholic hepatitis showed the highest percentage of inhibition of migration; the value differed significantly from the remaining patients with lesser degrees of hyaline necrosis in liver biopsies (P less than 0.005). These results indicate that acetaldehyde is involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic hepatitis. Clinically, this test might facilitate the selection of patients with alcoholic hyaline necrosis.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to acetaldehyde in alcoholic liver disease demonstrated by leukocyte migration test. To determine whether a sensitization to ethanol metabolites occurs in alcoholic liver disease, reactivity of lymphocytes to nontoxic amounts of acetaldehyde was studied by direct elaboration of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production. Eighteen alcoholics with various degrees of biopsy-proven liver damage showed increased MIF production in response to acetaldehyde; the mean value of the group differed significantly from 15 healthy controls, 15 subjects with nonalcoholic liver disease, and 15 alcoholics without liver involvement (P less than 0.001, P less than 0.001, P less than 0.02, respectively). Among the alcoholics with liver disease, none individuals (50%) with histological signs of advanced alcoholic hepatitis showed the highest percentage of inhibition of migration; the value differed significantly from the remaining patients with lesser degrees of hyaline necrosis in liver biopsies (P less than 0.005). These results indicate that acetaldehyde is involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic hepatitis. Clinically, this test might facilitate the selection of patients with alcoholic hyaline necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:362902", "title": "Failure of cyanoacrylate tissue glue (Flucrylate, MBR4197) to stop bleeding from experimental canine gastric ulcers.", "content": "A plastic tissue adhesive, trifluoroisopropyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Flucrylate (TM), MBR4197), was tested for hemostatic efficacy in acute laparotomy experiments using a canine model of acute bleeding gastric ulcer. An improved delivery system suitable for endoscopic use was developed. Hemostatic efficacy of the adhesive was tested in both briskly bleeding ulcers and in oozing ulcers after partial treatment with a heater probe. In pilot studies at laparotomy, primary and adjunctive cyanoacrylate therapy of 81 bleeding ulcers were evaluated in seven unheparinized foxhounds. Hemostasis was produced in 11% of ulcers treated with cyanoacrylate alone and in 31% of ulcers treated with cyanoacylate as an adjunctive after partial heater-probe treatment; no sham-treated control ulcers stopped bleeding under the conditions of the experiment. To evaluate Flucrylate (TM) using out standard heparinized ulcer model, a randomized study was performed in six heparinized foxhounds at laparotomy. Ulcers were randomized to treatment with cyanoacrylate alone, adjuctive cyanoacrylate, heater probe alone or untreated control. Sham-treated control ulcers or ulcers treated with cyanoacrylate alone did not stop bleeding; 42% of ulcers treated with cyanoacrylate as an adjunctive stopped bleeding; all ulcers treated with a heater probe stopped bleeding. In this experimental model of acute bleeding gastric ulcer, trifluoroisopropyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Flucrylate(TM),MBR4197) did not stop severe bleeding and was unpredictable as an adjunctive treatment.", "contents": "Failure of cyanoacrylate tissue glue (Flucrylate, MBR4197) to stop bleeding from experimental canine gastric ulcers. A plastic tissue adhesive, trifluoroisopropyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Flucrylate (TM), MBR4197), was tested for hemostatic efficacy in acute laparotomy experiments using a canine model of acute bleeding gastric ulcer. An improved delivery system suitable for endoscopic use was developed. Hemostatic efficacy of the adhesive was tested in both briskly bleeding ulcers and in oozing ulcers after partial treatment with a heater probe. In pilot studies at laparotomy, primary and adjunctive cyanoacrylate therapy of 81 bleeding ulcers were evaluated in seven unheparinized foxhounds. Hemostasis was produced in 11% of ulcers treated with cyanoacrylate alone and in 31% of ulcers treated with cyanoacylate as an adjunctive after partial heater-probe treatment; no sham-treated control ulcers stopped bleeding under the conditions of the experiment. To evaluate Flucrylate (TM) using out standard heparinized ulcer model, a randomized study was performed in six heparinized foxhounds at laparotomy. Ulcers were randomized to treatment with cyanoacrylate alone, adjuctive cyanoacrylate, heater probe alone or untreated control. Sham-treated control ulcers or ulcers treated with cyanoacrylate alone did not stop bleeding; 42% of ulcers treated with cyanoacrylate as an adjunctive stopped bleeding; all ulcers treated with a heater probe stopped bleeding. In this experimental model of acute bleeding gastric ulcer, trifluoroisopropyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Flucrylate(TM),MBR4197) did not stop severe bleeding and was unpredictable as an adjunctive treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:362903", "title": "Detection of cellular immunity derangements in chronic gastritis by a skin window test.", "content": "An autologous \"skin window test,\" used lately for the study of cellular immunity in cancer, was applied here successfully to 54 patients with upper-gastrointestinal ailments, 48 of whom had a coexistent fundic and/or antral chronic gastritis of varying severity. The diagnoses of gastritis were made by multiple fiber-gastroscopic biopsies. The ether-alcohol-fixed cryostat sections of fundic and antral biopsies were mounted on cover slides and placed on small cutaneous abrasions of the forearm of the same patients for 24--28 hr. The exudates on cover slides and on imprints of the abrasions were read blindly for the mononuclear cell response according to criteria set for this test by Black and Leis (10). A positive reaction was obtained in 8 of the 54 patients using autologous fundic mucosal biopsy. An autologous antral mucosal biopsy gave positive reaction in only 2 of the 26 of the patients in whom it was used. The positive yield of this autologous skin window test in chronic advanced fundic gastritis was somewhat higher than that obtained by other authors using lymphocytes blast transformation or macrophages migration inhibition test in vitro. It was much higher than the yield obtained by others who used skin tests in vivo, with homologous or heterologous gastric mucosal extracts as antigens. The autologous skin window is safe in regard to possible transmission of hepatitis. Its applicability for detection of cellular immunity derangement in chronic gastritis carries promise.", "contents": "Detection of cellular immunity derangements in chronic gastritis by a skin window test. An autologous \"skin window test,\" used lately for the study of cellular immunity in cancer, was applied here successfully to 54 patients with upper-gastrointestinal ailments, 48 of whom had a coexistent fundic and/or antral chronic gastritis of varying severity. The diagnoses of gastritis were made by multiple fiber-gastroscopic biopsies. The ether-alcohol-fixed cryostat sections of fundic and antral biopsies were mounted on cover slides and placed on small cutaneous abrasions of the forearm of the same patients for 24--28 hr. The exudates on cover slides and on imprints of the abrasions were read blindly for the mononuclear cell response according to criteria set for this test by Black and Leis (10). A positive reaction was obtained in 8 of the 54 patients using autologous fundic mucosal biopsy. An autologous antral mucosal biopsy gave positive reaction in only 2 of the 26 of the patients in whom it was used. The positive yield of this autologous skin window test in chronic advanced fundic gastritis was somewhat higher than that obtained by other authors using lymphocytes blast transformation or macrophages migration inhibition test in vitro. It was much higher than the yield obtained by others who used skin tests in vivo, with homologous or heterologous gastric mucosal extracts as antigens. The autologous skin window is safe in regard to possible transmission of hepatitis. Its applicability for detection of cellular immunity derangement in chronic gastritis carries promise."}
{"id": "PMID:362905", "title": "The effect of glucagon on the exocrine pancreas. A review.", "content": "Glucagon can depress normal animal and human pancreatic exocrine secretions and modify experimentally-induced pancreatitis in animals. It has yet to be demonstrated that glucagon has any efficacy in the treatment of the diseased pancreas in man. Glucagon might act on the exocrine pancreas by 1. reducing pancreatic blood flow, 2. decreasing gastric secretion, 3. lowering serum calcium levels by the release of calcitonin, 4. acting to inhibit the secretin mechanism, 5. causing a hyperglycemia and 6. degranulating pancreatic acinar cells. While a reduction in pancreatic blood flow, an inhibition of the secretin mechanism and a hyperglycemia seemed to have been ruled out as possible mechanisms of action, there is too little available data to effectively speculate on the mechanism(s) of action of glucagon on the exocrine pancreas.", "contents": "The effect of glucagon on the exocrine pancreas. A review. Glucagon can depress normal animal and human pancreatic exocrine secretions and modify experimentally-induced pancreatitis in animals. It has yet to be demonstrated that glucagon has any efficacy in the treatment of the diseased pancreas in man. Glucagon might act on the exocrine pancreas by 1. reducing pancreatic blood flow, 2. decreasing gastric secretion, 3. lowering serum calcium levels by the release of calcitonin, 4. acting to inhibit the secretin mechanism, 5. causing a hyperglycemia and 6. degranulating pancreatic acinar cells. While a reduction in pancreatic blood flow, an inhibition of the secretin mechanism and a hyperglycemia seemed to have been ruled out as possible mechanisms of action, there is too little available data to effectively speculate on the mechanism(s) of action of glucagon on the exocrine pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:362904", "title": "The geographic hypothesis and lactose malabsorption. A weighing of the evidence.", "content": "Reviewed in this article is evidence bearing on the geographic hypothesis advanced eight years ago to explain the striking ethnic or racial differences in prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption that are found around the world. Most evidence is found to support the hypothesis and the likelihood that some human groups came to have low prevalences of such lactose malabsorption because of selective pressures over a long historical period that favored the adult lactose absorber under particular ecological conditions.", "contents": "The geographic hypothesis and lactose malabsorption. A weighing of the evidence. Reviewed in this article is evidence bearing on the geographic hypothesis advanced eight years ago to explain the striking ethnic or racial differences in prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption that are found around the world. Most evidence is found to support the hypothesis and the likelihood that some human groups came to have low prevalences of such lactose malabsorption because of selective pressures over a long historical period that favored the adult lactose absorber under particular ecological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:362907", "title": "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "In summary, LAP is an intriguing enzyme and its control is related to pituitary-adrenal function. A review of the changes in LAP activity which occur in some physiological conditions and in disease states has been presented. The function of LAP, however, is unknown. Table I summarizes those conditions in which the LAP is consistently altered enough so to help in the diagnosis of the disorder. Of prime importance is the differentiation of CML from a leukemoid reaction or agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with a leukocytosis. However, in no instance is the LAP value alone diagnostic of any disease. It remains a laboratory test to be utilized in conjunction with all other available clinical data.", "contents": "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase. In summary, LAP is an intriguing enzyme and its control is related to pituitary-adrenal function. A review of the changes in LAP activity which occur in some physiological conditions and in disease states has been presented. The function of LAP, however, is unknown. Table I summarizes those conditions in which the LAP is consistently altered enough so to help in the diagnosis of the disorder. Of prime importance is the differentiation of CML from a leukemoid reaction or agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with a leukocytosis. However, in no instance is the LAP value alone diagnostic of any disease. It remains a laboratory test to be utilized in conjunction with all other available clinical data."}
{"id": "PMID:362908", "title": "Lactic acidosis and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL).", "content": "Four patients with advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma who developed lactic acidosis are described. All four patients demonstrated disturbed liver function tests. In two of the patients, the lactic acidosis was unresponsive to treatment. The third patient responded successfully to the early initiation of combination chemotherapy with achievement of a clinical remission and correction of the lactic acidosis. The fourth patient responded to the initiation of chemotherapy with abatement of his lactic acidosis, but expired probably as the result of a pulmonary embolus. It seems likely that extensive hepatic infiltration may be one of the factors contributing to lactic acidosis in patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. The early initiation of antineoplastic therapy may be important in the management of patients with histiocytic lymphoma and lactic acidosis.", "contents": "Lactic acidosis and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL). Four patients with advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma who developed lactic acidosis are described. All four patients demonstrated disturbed liver function tests. In two of the patients, the lactic acidosis was unresponsive to treatment. The third patient responded successfully to the early initiation of combination chemotherapy with achievement of a clinical remission and correction of the lactic acidosis. The fourth patient responded to the initiation of chemotherapy with abatement of his lactic acidosis, but expired probably as the result of a pulmonary embolus. It seems likely that extensive hepatic infiltration may be one of the factors contributing to lactic acidosis in patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. The early initiation of antineoplastic therapy may be important in the management of patients with histiocytic lymphoma and lactic acidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:362909", "title": "Methods for establishing a working immunoradiometric assay for serum ferritin.", "content": "The two-site immunoradiometric assay for measurement of serum ferritin requires purified human ferritin and an avid high-titer antihuman ferritin antibody. Some of the antibody is radioiodinated following purification by immunoadsorption. All methods for preparation of these materials for the assay are described in minute detail. Performance of the assay itself and calculation of results are also described, and attention is drawn to several potential pitfalls. Adherence to these detailed descriptions will help to eliminate difficulties experienced by centers wishing to establish their own working serum ferritin assay.", "contents": "Methods for establishing a working immunoradiometric assay for serum ferritin. The two-site immunoradiometric assay for measurement of serum ferritin requires purified human ferritin and an avid high-titer antihuman ferritin antibody. Some of the antibody is radioiodinated following purification by immunoadsorption. All methods for preparation of these materials for the assay are described in minute detail. Performance of the assay itself and calculation of results are also described, and attention is drawn to several potential pitfalls. Adherence to these detailed descriptions will help to eliminate difficulties experienced by centers wishing to establish their own working serum ferritin assay."}
{"id": "PMID:362910", "title": "The \"Hageman\" connection: interrelationships of blood coagulation, fibrino(geno)lysis, kinin generation, and complement activation.", "content": "The activation pathways for the generation of enzymes involved in blood clotting, clot lysis, complement activation, and kinin generation are briefly reviewed. The interrelationship of the four systems is illustrated by the multiple functions of four key enzymes: Factor XIIa, kallikrein, plasmin, and C1 esterase. The pivotal role of Factor XIIa in establishing this connection is elucidated.", "contents": "The \"Hageman\" connection: interrelationships of blood coagulation, fibrino(geno)lysis, kinin generation, and complement activation. The activation pathways for the generation of enzymes involved in blood clotting, clot lysis, complement activation, and kinin generation are briefly reviewed. The interrelationship of the four systems is illustrated by the multiple functions of four key enzymes: Factor XIIa, kallikrein, plasmin, and C1 esterase. The pivotal role of Factor XIIa in establishing this connection is elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:362911", "title": "Inbreeding as measured by isonymy, pedigrees, and population size in T\u00f6rbel, Switzerland.", "content": "T\u00f6rbel provides an interesting test case for the study of the relationship between inbreeding measured by pedigrees and inbreeding measured by isonymy. At the start of this investigation, we were aware that isonymy could introduce biases into the calculation of the inbreeding coefficient in either direction. However, it was expected that in Switzerland, inbreeding from isonymy would be an overestimate due to patrilocal residence and polyphyletic names. One way of dealing with this problem [13] was not to be concerned with the absolute value of inbreeding but only in the difference between estimates. Any bias introduced in the estimate itself disappears in such comparisons, so that a trend of inbreeding can be ascertained correctly. However, it was considered equally important to subject several populations to both a complete pedigree analysis and an isonymic analysis to determine the relationship between estimates of inbreeding. Despite the fact that several authors (Swedlund [18], for example) warned users of isonymy to exercise caution, the careless application of isonymy still persists. In the present study, estimates of inbreeding from isonymy were brought into line with other methods based on pedigree analysis and population size. However, it was possible to do this only in T\u00f6rbel where pedigree depth was extensive and relatively complete. Similar corrections are possible only when the distribution of mono- and polyphyletic names is known and when migration data are reliable. If the trouble is taken to make these corrections, the same time and effort might as well be spent in pedigree analysis (when fairly complete ascertainment is possible) to achieve the same end result.", "contents": "Inbreeding as measured by isonymy, pedigrees, and population size in T\u00f6rbel, Switzerland. T\u00f6rbel provides an interesting test case for the study of the relationship between inbreeding measured by pedigrees and inbreeding measured by isonymy. At the start of this investigation, we were aware that isonymy could introduce biases into the calculation of the inbreeding coefficient in either direction. However, it was expected that in Switzerland, inbreeding from isonymy would be an overestimate due to patrilocal residence and polyphyletic names. One way of dealing with this problem [13] was not to be concerned with the absolute value of inbreeding but only in the difference between estimates. Any bias introduced in the estimate itself disappears in such comparisons, so that a trend of inbreeding can be ascertained correctly. However, it was considered equally important to subject several populations to both a complete pedigree analysis and an isonymic analysis to determine the relationship between estimates of inbreeding. Despite the fact that several authors (Swedlund [18], for example) warned users of isonymy to exercise caution, the careless application of isonymy still persists. In the present study, estimates of inbreeding from isonymy were brought into line with other methods based on pedigree analysis and population size. However, it was possible to do this only in T\u00f6rbel where pedigree depth was extensive and relatively complete. Similar corrections are possible only when the distribution of mono- and polyphyletic names is known and when migration data are reliable. If the trouble is taken to make these corrections, the same time and effort might as well be spent in pedigree analysis (when fairly complete ascertainment is possible) to achieve the same end result."}
{"id": "PMID:362913", "title": "Current drug therapy: cardiac glycosides.", "content": "The following aspects of the cardiac glycosides are reviewed: chemistry; pharmacology; absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion; uses; toxicity; cautions; drug interactions and laboratory test interferences; and dosage.", "contents": "Current drug therapy: cardiac glycosides. The following aspects of the cardiac glycosides are reviewed: chemistry; pharmacology; absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion; uses; toxicity; cautions; drug interactions and laboratory test interferences; and dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:362914", "title": "Antiplatelet drugs in arterial thrombosis: a review.", "content": "The thrombotic process, basic mechanisms of action of antiplatelet drugs, and clinical trials with platelet inhibitors are reviewed. The role of prostaglandins in platelet reactions and the mechanisms of aspirin's, dipyridamole's and sulfinpyrazone's inhibition of platelet function are discussed. Clinical studies of the use of these three drugs, alone or in combination with each other or with anticoagulants, for the treatment of thrombotic disorders associated with valvular heart disease, prosthetic heart valves, cerebral vascular disease (e.g., transient ischemic attacks), coronary artery diseases (including myocardial infarction), peripheral vascular disease, renal disease and renal allograft rejection are reviewed and evaluated. Clinical evidence suggests that antiplatelet drugs are useful in preventing thromboembolism associated with coronary and cerebral vascular disorders. In peripheral vascular and renal diseases and in renal allografts, their benefits have not been proved. Further controlled clinical studies of the preventive use of these drugs for arterial thrombosis are needed.", "contents": "Antiplatelet drugs in arterial thrombosis: a review. The thrombotic process, basic mechanisms of action of antiplatelet drugs, and clinical trials with platelet inhibitors are reviewed. The role of prostaglandins in platelet reactions and the mechanisms of aspirin's, dipyridamole's and sulfinpyrazone's inhibition of platelet function are discussed. Clinical studies of the use of these three drugs, alone or in combination with each other or with anticoagulants, for the treatment of thrombotic disorders associated with valvular heart disease, prosthetic heart valves, cerebral vascular disease (e.g., transient ischemic attacks), coronary artery diseases (including myocardial infarction), peripheral vascular disease, renal disease and renal allograft rejection are reviewed and evaluated. Clinical evidence suggests that antiplatelet drugs are useful in preventing thromboembolism associated with coronary and cerebral vascular disorders. In peripheral vascular and renal diseases and in renal allografts, their benefits have not been proved. Further controlled clinical studies of the preventive use of these drugs for arterial thrombosis are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:362918", "title": "Nosocomial respiratory tract infection and colonization with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Epidemiologic characteristics.", "content": "Nosocomial respiratory tract infection with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus occurs frequently in many hospitals. An outbreak of respiratory tract infections in an intensive care unit provided an opportunity to study clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of such infections. Retrospective studies demonstrated that A. calcoaceticus in sputum was significantly associated with endotracheal intubation (p = 0.03) and continuous positive pressure ventilation (p less than 0.02). After control measures had interrupted the outbreak, a prospective microbiologic investigation demonstrated that one third of the hospital personnel had transient hand colonization with multiple strains of A. calcoaceticus. Pharyngeal, vaginal and rectal carriage was rare. A pulmonary therapist with chronic dermatitis had persistent hand colonization with the epidemic strain, and he contaminated respiratory therapy equipment. Cross contamination of respiratory therapy equipment occurred while in use, but no other inanimate reservoir was demonstrated. Although previous studies have implied that the inanimate hospital environment has unique reservoirs of A. calcoaceticus, these reservoirs were not implicated in this outbreak. Human skin must be considered an important reservoir of A. calcoaceticus.", "contents": "Nosocomial respiratory tract infection and colonization with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Epidemiologic characteristics. Nosocomial respiratory tract infection with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus occurs frequently in many hospitals. An outbreak of respiratory tract infections in an intensive care unit provided an opportunity to study clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of such infections. Retrospective studies demonstrated that A. calcoaceticus in sputum was significantly associated with endotracheal intubation (p = 0.03) and continuous positive pressure ventilation (p less than 0.02). After control measures had interrupted the outbreak, a prospective microbiologic investigation demonstrated that one third of the hospital personnel had transient hand colonization with multiple strains of A. calcoaceticus. Pharyngeal, vaginal and rectal carriage was rare. A pulmonary therapist with chronic dermatitis had persistent hand colonization with the epidemic strain, and he contaminated respiratory therapy equipment. Cross contamination of respiratory therapy equipment occurred while in use, but no other inanimate reservoir was demonstrated. Although previous studies have implied that the inanimate hospital environment has unique reservoirs of A. calcoaceticus, these reservoirs were not implicated in this outbreak. Human skin must be considered an important reservoir of A. calcoaceticus."}
{"id": "PMID:362924", "title": "Genital mycoplasma infections.", "content": "Three different species of mycoplasmas--M. hominis, M. fermentans, and Ureaplasma urealyticum--have been found to infect human genitalia. In the man, mycoplasmas appear to play a role in the etiology of nonspecific urethritis and prostatis. Mycoplasmas repeatedly have been cultured from the tubes of patients with acute salpingitis and a significant antibody response to the organisms during recovery has been reported. Obstetric infections and puerperal sepsis occasionally seem to be caused by mycoplasmas. These organisms also appear to induce spontaneous abortion as well as cause infertility in a small proportion of couples.", "contents": "Genital mycoplasma infections. Three different species of mycoplasmas--M. hominis, M. fermentans, and Ureaplasma urealyticum--have been found to infect human genitalia. In the man, mycoplasmas appear to play a role in the etiology of nonspecific urethritis and prostatis. Mycoplasmas repeatedly have been cultured from the tubes of patients with acute salpingitis and a significant antibody response to the organisms during recovery has been reported. Obstetric infections and puerperal sepsis occasionally seem to be caused by mycoplasmas. These organisms also appear to induce spontaneous abortion as well as cause infertility in a small proportion of couples."}
{"id": "PMID:362926", "title": "Pituitary tumors and pregnancy.", "content": "This paper contains a review of the natural history of pituitary tumors in nonpregnant and pregnant patients. Data were drawn from previously published reports and from responses to a questionnaire and were analyzed by life-table techniques. Follow-up of 62 nonpregnant patients with untreated pituitary tumors with and without visual field changes revealed a median time to treatment of 15 1/2 years and similar, relatively constant hazard functions. In 91 pregnancies occurring in 73 women with previously untreated pituitary tumors, ovulation had occurred spontaneously in 9 per cent, headache occurred in 23 per cent, and visual disturbances in 25 per cent with 61 per cent remaining asymptomatic. In those patients who developed symptoms, median time to headache was 10 weeks and to visual disturbance, 14 weeks. The hazard functions were relatively constant and similar. The relative risk of developing symptoms is independent of whether or not the first or second pregnancy occurred in the presence of the pituitary tumor. Of the pregnant patients with previously untreated pituitary tumors, 30 per cent required surgery or radiation therapy. Median time to treatment was 19 weeks. None of the 69 pregnant women without pituitary therapy had permanent sequelae. Only four patients who underwent surgery or received radiation treatment developed permanent symptoms and none was serious. In 78 pregnancies occurring in 73 women with previously treated pituitary tumors, headache occurred in 4 per cent and visual disturbances in 5 per cent. Only one patient required therapy. Treatment during pregnancy results in significantly increased prematurity rates but unchanged abortion and perinatal mortality rates. Small pituitary tumors do not constitute a contraindication to either induction of ovulation or pregnancy.", "contents": "Pituitary tumors and pregnancy. This paper contains a review of the natural history of pituitary tumors in nonpregnant and pregnant patients. Data were drawn from previously published reports and from responses to a questionnaire and were analyzed by life-table techniques. Follow-up of 62 nonpregnant patients with untreated pituitary tumors with and without visual field changes revealed a median time to treatment of 15 1/2 years and similar, relatively constant hazard functions. In 91 pregnancies occurring in 73 women with previously untreated pituitary tumors, ovulation had occurred spontaneously in 9 per cent, headache occurred in 23 per cent, and visual disturbances in 25 per cent with 61 per cent remaining asymptomatic. In those patients who developed symptoms, median time to headache was 10 weeks and to visual disturbance, 14 weeks. The hazard functions were relatively constant and similar. The relative risk of developing symptoms is independent of whether or not the first or second pregnancy occurred in the presence of the pituitary tumor. Of the pregnant patients with previously untreated pituitary tumors, 30 per cent required surgery or radiation therapy. Median time to treatment was 19 weeks. None of the 69 pregnant women without pituitary therapy had permanent sequelae. Only four patients who underwent surgery or received radiation treatment developed permanent symptoms and none was serious. In 78 pregnancies occurring in 73 women with previously treated pituitary tumors, headache occurred in 4 per cent and visual disturbances in 5 per cent. Only one patient required therapy. Treatment during pregnancy results in significantly increased prematurity rates but unchanged abortion and perinatal mortality rates. Small pituitary tumors do not constitute a contraindication to either induction of ovulation or pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:362928", "title": "Endogenous intraocular Nocardia asteroides in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A 60-year-old man receiving antituberculous and corticosteroid therapy for a granulomatous disease of uncertain etiology was found to have a chorioretinal mass in his right eye. Fluorescein angiography showed blockage of fluorescence by the mass and late leakage. Autopsy findings were compatible with Hodgkin's disease with disseminated nocardiosis caused by Nocardia asteroides. Organisms typical of Nocardia were found in the choroid and subretinal space. The patient's history, ophthalmic examination, and fluorescein angiographic findings suggested a type of chorioretinal involvement.", "contents": "Endogenous intraocular Nocardia asteroides in Hodgkin's disease. A 60-year-old man receiving antituberculous and corticosteroid therapy for a granulomatous disease of uncertain etiology was found to have a chorioretinal mass in his right eye. Fluorescein angiography showed blockage of fluorescence by the mass and late leakage. Autopsy findings were compatible with Hodgkin's disease with disseminated nocardiosis caused by Nocardia asteroides. Organisms typical of Nocardia were found in the choroid and subretinal space. The patient's history, ophthalmic examination, and fluorescein angiographic findings suggested a type of chorioretinal involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:362930", "title": "Histocompatibility (HLA) antigens and keratoplasty.", "content": "In 84 cases of keratoplasty, all patients had densely vascularized corneas and a history of prior exposure to HLA antigens by pregnancy, blood transfusion, or previous transplantation. Donors were selected on the basis of a negative crossmatch to avoid donor antigens to which the recipient was preimmunized. The overall rate of graft failure from rejection was 15%. A retrospective analysis of donor-recipient HLA matching in 103 high-risk cases showed no consistent correlation between the number of antigens shared and graft outcome. These findings indicated negative cross-match to be important in donor selection for keratoplasty in high-risk cases.", "contents": "Histocompatibility (HLA) antigens and keratoplasty. In 84 cases of keratoplasty, all patients had densely vascularized corneas and a history of prior exposure to HLA antigens by pregnancy, blood transfusion, or previous transplantation. Donors were selected on the basis of a negative crossmatch to avoid donor antigens to which the recipient was preimmunized. The overall rate of graft failure from rejection was 15%. A retrospective analysis of donor-recipient HLA matching in 103 high-risk cases showed no consistent correlation between the number of antigens shared and graft outcome. These findings indicated negative cross-match to be important in donor selection for keratoplasty in high-risk cases."}
{"id": "PMID:362931", "title": "Midpalatal suture opening during functional posterior cross-bite correction.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether opening of the midpalatal suture occurs during treatment of posterior cross-bites by means of a Porter or W appliance. In eight of the ten cases treated there was radiographic evidence of midpalatal suture opening. Posterior cross-bite correction with a Porter of W appliance may occur either by a combination of midpalatal suture opening and buccal tipping of posterior teeth or by buccal tipping alone.", "contents": "Midpalatal suture opening during functional posterior cross-bite correction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether opening of the midpalatal suture occurs during treatment of posterior cross-bites by means of a Porter or W appliance. In eight of the ten cases treated there was radiographic evidence of midpalatal suture opening. Posterior cross-bite correction with a Porter of W appliance may occur either by a combination of midpalatal suture opening and buccal tipping of posterior teeth or by buccal tipping alone."}
{"id": "PMID:362939", "title": "Pituitary siderosis. A histologic, immunocytologic, and ultrastructural study.", "content": "Pituitaries of 6 patients with various iron overload states have been studied by morphologic techniques, including immunostaining and electron microscopy. The immunoperoxidase technique combined with the prussian blue reaction revealed iron deposition in all five adenohypophysial cell types, indicating the iron uptake per se does not entirely block hormone storage. Iron distribution was uneven; more iron was demonstrated in PAS-positive cells than in orangeophils, and a preferential localization was disclosed in the gonadotrophs. In 2 cases of hemochromatosis, reduction of pituitary gonadotrophs was implicated in the genesis of hypogonadism. By electron microscopy, iron particles were noted in the cytoplasm of various adenohypophysiocytes, partly incorporated into lysosomes. Some adenohypophysiocytes with iron accumulation showed degranulation by light and electron microscopy and decreased hormone storage by the immunoperoxidase technique. Although these changes may be causally related to iron deposition, more work is required to prove that iron has a direct toxic effect on adenohypophysial cells.", "contents": "Pituitary siderosis. A histologic, immunocytologic, and ultrastructural study. Pituitaries of 6 patients with various iron overload states have been studied by morphologic techniques, including immunostaining and electron microscopy. The immunoperoxidase technique combined with the prussian blue reaction revealed iron deposition in all five adenohypophysial cell types, indicating the iron uptake per se does not entirely block hormone storage. Iron distribution was uneven; more iron was demonstrated in PAS-positive cells than in orangeophils, and a preferential localization was disclosed in the gonadotrophs. In 2 cases of hemochromatosis, reduction of pituitary gonadotrophs was implicated in the genesis of hypogonadism. By electron microscopy, iron particles were noted in the cytoplasm of various adenohypophysiocytes, partly incorporated into lysosomes. Some adenohypophysiocytes with iron accumulation showed degranulation by light and electron microscopy and decreased hormone storage by the immunoperoxidase technique. Although these changes may be causally related to iron deposition, more work is required to prove that iron has a direct toxic effect on adenohypophysial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:362941", "title": "Bladder surface mucin. Its antibacterial effect against various bacterial species.", "content": "We previously reported the results of quantitative and histochemical studies implicating the surface mucin of the bladder mucosa as an important antibacterial defense mechanism, which functions by preventing bacteria from adhering to the bladder wall. We call the mucin \"anti-adherence factor\" and we feel this is a previously undocumented role for mucin as a type of host antibacterial defense. These experiments were conduced with Escherichia coli. In an effort to determine whether the anti-adherence ability of the vesical mucin was a generalized phenomenon, we repeated these studies using unrelated bacterial species, including E coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. The ability of the vesical mucosa to resist bacterial adherence to its surface was found to be independent of the bacterial species that was investigated.", "contents": "Bladder surface mucin. Its antibacterial effect against various bacterial species. We previously reported the results of quantitative and histochemical studies implicating the surface mucin of the bladder mucosa as an important antibacterial defense mechanism, which functions by preventing bacteria from adhering to the bladder wall. We call the mucin \"anti-adherence factor\" and we feel this is a previously undocumented role for mucin as a type of host antibacterial defense. These experiments were conduced with Escherichia coli. In an effort to determine whether the anti-adherence ability of the vesical mucin was a generalized phenomenon, we repeated these studies using unrelated bacterial species, including E coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. The ability of the vesical mucosa to resist bacterial adherence to its surface was found to be independent of the bacterial species that was investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:362942", "title": "Natural killer cells. In vitro and in vivo.", "content": "A nonadherent, nonphagocytic mouse cell found in lymphoid organelles, but lacking characteristic surface markers of mature lymphocytes, is capable of lysing a wide spectrum of tumor cells but shows little cytolytic activity toward normal cells. This cytotoxic cell, termed a \"natural killer\" (NK) cell, shows a marked capacity to lyse lymphomas (syngeneic, allogeneic, or even xenogeneic) to the effector cell source. Its activity is inhibited by a variety of pharmacologic agents, eg, cytochalasins, cAMP-\"active\" drugs, and colchicine, over the same dose range at which these drugs inhibit other cytotoxic cells. We have no evidence that NK cell \"specificities\" are clonally distributed. Two sets of evidence are presented which suggest that the same NK cell population is responsible for lysing a variety of tumor target cells. Preliminary evidence suggests that modulation of NK cell levels in vivo is correlated with resistance to challenge with a syngeneic tumor, inferring that NK cells may play a salient role in host defenses against neoplasia.", "contents": "Natural killer cells. In vitro and in vivo. A nonadherent, nonphagocytic mouse cell found in lymphoid organelles, but lacking characteristic surface markers of mature lymphocytes, is capable of lysing a wide spectrum of tumor cells but shows little cytolytic activity toward normal cells. This cytotoxic cell, termed a \"natural killer\" (NK) cell, shows a marked capacity to lyse lymphomas (syngeneic, allogeneic, or even xenogeneic) to the effector cell source. Its activity is inhibited by a variety of pharmacologic agents, eg, cytochalasins, cAMP-\"active\" drugs, and colchicine, over the same dose range at which these drugs inhibit other cytotoxic cells. We have no evidence that NK cell \"specificities\" are clonally distributed. Two sets of evidence are presented which suggest that the same NK cell population is responsible for lysing a variety of tumor target cells. Preliminary evidence suggests that modulation of NK cell levels in vivo is correlated with resistance to challenge with a syngeneic tumor, inferring that NK cells may play a salient role in host defenses against neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:362944", "title": "Composite epithelial and endothelial basal laminas in human lungs. A structural basis for their separation and apposition in reaction to injury.", "content": "A new method for electron microscopic identification of endothelial basal lamina has been developed by treating fresh human lung tissues with 5 M guanidine HCl, pH 7.2, at 20 C for 24 hours. The guanidine treatment causes significant differential swelling and substantial decrease in electron density of the endothelial basal lamina and makes the latter readily distinguishable from the epithelial basal lamina. In the thin part of alveolar septums, the unit basal lamina shared by the epithelium on one side and the endothelium on the other is found to be composed of discrete epithelial and endothelial layers in close apposition. There is no structural modification at the site of apposition. The epithelial and endothelial basal laminas in alveolar septums seem to be two independent scaffold systems with distinct structural identities despite frequent close physical contact. The findings provide a structural basis for considering separation and apposition of epithelial and endothelial basal laminas in lung reaction to injury and in the pathogenesis of alveolocapillary block.", "contents": "Composite epithelial and endothelial basal laminas in human lungs. A structural basis for their separation and apposition in reaction to injury. A new method for electron microscopic identification of endothelial basal lamina has been developed by treating fresh human lung tissues with 5 M guanidine HCl, pH 7.2, at 20 C for 24 hours. The guanidine treatment causes significant differential swelling and substantial decrease in electron density of the endothelial basal lamina and makes the latter readily distinguishable from the epithelial basal lamina. In the thin part of alveolar septums, the unit basal lamina shared by the epithelium on one side and the endothelium on the other is found to be composed of discrete epithelial and endothelial layers in close apposition. There is no structural modification at the site of apposition. The epithelial and endothelial basal laminas in alveolar septums seem to be two independent scaffold systems with distinct structural identities despite frequent close physical contact. The findings provide a structural basis for considering separation and apposition of epithelial and endothelial basal laminas in lung reaction to injury and in the pathogenesis of alveolocapillary block."}
{"id": "PMID:362945", "title": "Macrophage fusion factor elicited from BGG-sensitized lymphocytes.", "content": "Lymphocytes obtained from rabbit lymph nodes sensitized to bovine gamma globulin produce in vitro the lymphokine macrophage fusion factor (MFF) which mediates the fusion of approximately 100% of normal alveolar and oil-induced peritoneal macrophages. Giant cells (GC) of Langhans and foreign body type form large syncytia containing as many as several hundred nuclei per cell. Nuclei of GC appear more spherical and larger than those of the normal mononucleated macrophages, and they possess several prominent nucleoli. Giant cells of peritoneal macrophage origin show enhanced intracytoplasmic vacuolization. Normal macrophages cultured as a monolayer in MFF-rich supernatants form cell clusters which progressively fuse during the 24-hour incubation period. A signoid dose-response curve was obtained for cell fusion with MFF-rich supernatants possessing high titers, ie, the latter supernatants undiluted partially inhibited macrophage fusion. MIF-like activity was detected in MFF-rich supernatants as well as a factor(s) which inhibited 3H-thymidine uptake by giant cells.", "contents": "Macrophage fusion factor elicited from BGG-sensitized lymphocytes. Lymphocytes obtained from rabbit lymph nodes sensitized to bovine gamma globulin produce in vitro the lymphokine macrophage fusion factor (MFF) which mediates the fusion of approximately 100% of normal alveolar and oil-induced peritoneal macrophages. Giant cells (GC) of Langhans and foreign body type form large syncytia containing as many as several hundred nuclei per cell. Nuclei of GC appear more spherical and larger than those of the normal mononucleated macrophages, and they possess several prominent nucleoli. Giant cells of peritoneal macrophage origin show enhanced intracytoplasmic vacuolization. Normal macrophages cultured as a monolayer in MFF-rich supernatants form cell clusters which progressively fuse during the 24-hour incubation period. A signoid dose-response curve was obtained for cell fusion with MFF-rich supernatants possessing high titers, ie, the latter supernatants undiluted partially inhibited macrophage fusion. MIF-like activity was detected in MFF-rich supernatants as well as a factor(s) which inhibited 3H-thymidine uptake by giant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:362946", "title": "The pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats.", "content": "The cotton rat is susceptible to respiratory synctial virus infection in both the upper and lower portions of the respiratory tract. Virus replicates to high titer in the nose and lungs and to relatively low titer in the trachea. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated viral antigen in the nasal epithelium and the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium but not in the trachea or the alveolar cells of the lungs. Histopathologic changes included a desquamative, exudative rhinitis of moderate severity and a mild proliferative bronchiolitis. Serum neutralizing antibody developed in all animals by the ninth day after infection, reaching extremely high titer in several instances. Unlike the previously described response of experimentally infected infant ferrets, cotton rats are uniformly susceptible to pulmonary infection throughout life, thereby offering a model for long-term pulmonary studies heretofore not available.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats. The cotton rat is susceptible to respiratory synctial virus infection in both the upper and lower portions of the respiratory tract. Virus replicates to high titer in the nose and lungs and to relatively low titer in the trachea. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated viral antigen in the nasal epithelium and the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium but not in the trachea or the alveolar cells of the lungs. Histopathologic changes included a desquamative, exudative rhinitis of moderate severity and a mild proliferative bronchiolitis. Serum neutralizing antibody developed in all animals by the ninth day after infection, reaching extremely high titer in several instances. Unlike the previously described response of experimentally infected infant ferrets, cotton rats are uniformly susceptible to pulmonary infection throughout life, thereby offering a model for long-term pulmonary studies heretofore not available."}
{"id": "PMID:362949", "title": "Smoking and life expectancy among U.S. veterans.", "content": "Life expectancies were estimated for selected groups of smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers based on the results of a 16-year mortality follow-up of 198,820 U.S. veterans. Life expectancy varied inversely with number of cigarettes smoked per day. The most pronounced differences were between nonsmokers and heavy cigarette smokers (40+ per day). These differences in life expectancy were greatest at the younger ages--nearly 9 years at ages 35 and 40. Life expectancies for cigarette smokers varied directly with age began smoking. For all ages, differences in life expectancy between nonsmokers and ex-cigarette smokers who stopped for other than doctor's orders were less than those between nonsmokers and current cigarette smokers. Results in the present study clearly confirmed Hammond's earlier findings.", "contents": "Smoking and life expectancy among U.S. veterans. Life expectancies were estimated for selected groups of smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers based on the results of a 16-year mortality follow-up of 198,820 U.S. veterans. Life expectancy varied inversely with number of cigarettes smoked per day. The most pronounced differences were between nonsmokers and heavy cigarette smokers (40+ per day). These differences in life expectancy were greatest at the younger ages--nearly 9 years at ages 35 and 40. Life expectancies for cigarette smokers varied directly with age began smoking. For all ages, differences in life expectancy between nonsmokers and ex-cigarette smokers who stopped for other than doctor's orders were less than those between nonsmokers and current cigarette smokers. Results in the present study clearly confirmed Hammond's earlier findings."}
{"id": "PMID:362951", "title": "A statistical analysis of two chemotherapy trials in lepromatous leprosy. II. Interactions among patient variables.", "content": "Interrelationships among six patient characteristics recorded upon entry into the trial were analyzed for 67 patients with lepromatous and near-lepromatous leprosy admitted into two chemotherapy trials. Sex was found to be significantly associated with age and with the histopathologic classification; disproportionately large numbers of older patients and of patients classified as borderline-lepromatous (BL) were males. Classifications of the disease process by clinical and histopathologic criteria were closely associated, but many patients classified BL on histopathological grounds were classified fully lepromatous by the clinical criteria. Measurements of the number of Mycobacterium leprae in the patients made by three methods were also significantly correlated. No significant correlations were found between either classification of the disease process on the one hand, and any of the measurements of the numbers of organisms on the other.", "contents": "A statistical analysis of two chemotherapy trials in lepromatous leprosy. II. Interactions among patient variables. Interrelationships among six patient characteristics recorded upon entry into the trial were analyzed for 67 patients with lepromatous and near-lepromatous leprosy admitted into two chemotherapy trials. Sex was found to be significantly associated with age and with the histopathologic classification; disproportionately large numbers of older patients and of patients classified as borderline-lepromatous (BL) were males. Classifications of the disease process by clinical and histopathologic criteria were closely associated, but many patients classified BL on histopathological grounds were classified fully lepromatous by the clinical criteria. Measurements of the number of Mycobacterium leprae in the patients made by three methods were also significantly correlated. No significant correlations were found between either classification of the disease process on the one hand, and any of the measurements of the numbers of organisms on the other."}
{"id": "PMID:362952", "title": "Electron microscopy of peroxidase and acid phosphatase in leprous and uninfected armadillo macrophages: a macrophage subpopulation contains peroxisomes and lacks bacilli.", "content": "Lepromatous tissue from armadillos inoculated 24--36 months earlier with Mycobacterium leprae was obtained for electron microscopic studies. Cytochemically stained lepromas revealed a subpopulation of macrophages containing peroxisomes. These peroxidase reactive macrophages were not infected with bacilli. Acid phosphatase was present in macrophages and many of these were infected with bacilli and contained vacuoles and lipid globules. Within the membrane-bound vacuoles, acid phosphatase surrounded bacilli. However, the reaction product ended abruptly at a 15--40 millimicron thick zone of low electron density surrounding intact bacilli. Acid phosphatase was more intensely reactive and localized less precisely in heavily infected and vacuolated macrophages than in lightly and non-infected cells. The effectiveness of this bacillary barrier and the numerous infected macrophages with substantial acid phosphatase argue against the ability of acid phosphatase to protect host cells from leprosy bacilli. Evidence suggests a protective action of peroxidase or the rapid turnover of macrophages within lepromas. Granular and membranous debris were commonly seen within vacuoles of infected macrophages. A portion of the debris was ultrastructurally similar to bacillary matrix and was nonreactive for peroxidase and acid phosphatase. Following homogenization and centrifugation, similar materials banded with bacilli above 60% sucrose. Another portion of the debris was ultrastructurally similar to host lysosomal matrix and was reactive for acid phosphatase. Results support the concept of dual host and parasitic origins of the debris found in phagolysosomes of infected macrophages. Transparent, oval Epon defects remained eccentric to the majority of intact bacilli in centrifuged fractions. Apparently, an intrinsic property of leprosy produced these Epon defects.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of peroxidase and acid phosphatase in leprous and uninfected armadillo macrophages: a macrophage subpopulation contains peroxisomes and lacks bacilli. Lepromatous tissue from armadillos inoculated 24--36 months earlier with Mycobacterium leprae was obtained for electron microscopic studies. Cytochemically stained lepromas revealed a subpopulation of macrophages containing peroxisomes. These peroxidase reactive macrophages were not infected with bacilli. Acid phosphatase was present in macrophages and many of these were infected with bacilli and contained vacuoles and lipid globules. Within the membrane-bound vacuoles, acid phosphatase surrounded bacilli. However, the reaction product ended abruptly at a 15--40 millimicron thick zone of low electron density surrounding intact bacilli. Acid phosphatase was more intensely reactive and localized less precisely in heavily infected and vacuolated macrophages than in lightly and non-infected cells. The effectiveness of this bacillary barrier and the numerous infected macrophages with substantial acid phosphatase argue against the ability of acid phosphatase to protect host cells from leprosy bacilli. Evidence suggests a protective action of peroxidase or the rapid turnover of macrophages within lepromas. Granular and membranous debris were commonly seen within vacuoles of infected macrophages. A portion of the debris was ultrastructurally similar to bacillary matrix and was nonreactive for peroxidase and acid phosphatase. Following homogenization and centrifugation, similar materials banded with bacilli above 60% sucrose. Another portion of the debris was ultrastructurally similar to host lysosomal matrix and was reactive for acid phosphatase. Results support the concept of dual host and parasitic origins of the debris found in phagolysosomes of infected macrophages. Transparent, oval Epon defects remained eccentric to the majority of intact bacilli in centrifuged fractions. Apparently, an intrinsic property of leprosy produced these Epon defects."}
{"id": "PMID:362953", "title": "Response of Plasmodium falciparum in Sudan to oral chloroquine.", "content": "The chloroquine sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum was studied in two areas of Sudan. In the Gezira, 99.2% of the patients tested responded completely to the drug. Two patients (0.4%) and one patient (0.2%) showed, respectively, RI and RII responses. However, in those showing RI response reinfection could not be excluded. In an area of southern Sudan patients could only be followed-up for 7 days; nevertheless, this was sufficient to exclude the presence of RII and RIII responses there. This study also showed that malaria is a common cause of fever in Sudan, as over 90% of fever cases tested in the Gezira were positive for malaria and P. falciparum was the predominant species in these cases.", "contents": "Response of Plasmodium falciparum in Sudan to oral chloroquine. The chloroquine sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum was studied in two areas of Sudan. In the Gezira, 99.2% of the patients tested responded completely to the drug. Two patients (0.4%) and one patient (0.2%) showed, respectively, RI and RII responses. However, in those showing RI response reinfection could not be excluded. In an area of southern Sudan patients could only be followed-up for 7 days; nevertheless, this was sufficient to exclude the presence of RII and RIII responses there. This study also showed that malaria is a common cause of fever in Sudan, as over 90% of fever cases tested in the Gezira were positive for malaria and P. falciparum was the predominant species in these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:362954", "title": "Species prevalence of malaria in northern and southern Sudan, and control by mass chemoprophylaxis.", "content": "A survey in northern and southern Sudan showed that Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant species in malaria cases, occurring in 91% and 87%, respectively of the positive cases in these two regions. P. ovale was extremely rare in southern Sudan and was absent in the north. The survey, which was carried out during the transmission season in  northern Sudan, showed that malaria is common, occurring in 62% of those tested in some villages. A trial of mass chemoprophylaxis resulted in a marked decline in prevalence after 1 year, demonstrating the importance of chloroquine and establishing that malarial parasites in Sudan are highly sensitive to the drug.", "contents": "Species prevalence of malaria in northern and southern Sudan, and control by mass chemoprophylaxis. A survey in northern and southern Sudan showed that Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant species in malaria cases, occurring in 91% and 87%, respectively of the positive cases in these two regions. P. ovale was extremely rare in southern Sudan and was absent in the north. The survey, which was carried out during the transmission season in  northern Sudan, showed that malaria is common, occurring in 62% of those tested in some villages. A trial of mass chemoprophylaxis resulted in a marked decline in prevalence after 1 year, demonstrating the importance of chloroquine and establishing that malarial parasites in Sudan are highly sensitive to the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:362955", "title": "Levamisole in ascariasis. A multicenter controlled evaluation.", "content": "An analysis is presented of 10 clinical studies from various countries where levamisole 50--150 mg was compared to pyrantel, piperazine, and placebo in a total of 1,734 patients, mostly children (levamisole: 830, controls: 904), suffering from ascariasis either as a single infection or usually mixed with other nematode infections. Degree of infection and efficacy of treatment were determined by quantitative coproparasitological methods. Levamisole produced higher cure rates (91%) and egg reduction rates (98%) than pyrantel, piperazine, or placebo. The efficacy of levamisole was unrelated to the patients' sex and age, the severity of infection, the presence of another worm infection, the type of associated worm infections, or the egg-counting technique. The overall incidence of reported adverse reactions was lower after levamisole than after piperazine, pyrantel or placebo; abdominal pain and headache, the most frequent complaints after levamisole, were related to the initial severity of ascariasis. Follow-up examinations 6 months after treatment suggested that levamisole might delay reinfection.", "contents": "Levamisole in ascariasis. A multicenter controlled evaluation. An analysis is presented of 10 clinical studies from various countries where levamisole 50--150 mg was compared to pyrantel, piperazine, and placebo in a total of 1,734 patients, mostly children (levamisole: 830, controls: 904), suffering from ascariasis either as a single infection or usually mixed with other nematode infections. Degree of infection and efficacy of treatment were determined by quantitative coproparasitological methods. Levamisole produced higher cure rates (91%) and egg reduction rates (98%) than pyrantel, piperazine, or placebo. The efficacy of levamisole was unrelated to the patients' sex and age, the severity of infection, the presence of another worm infection, the type of associated worm infections, or the egg-counting technique. The overall incidence of reported adverse reactions was lower after levamisole than after piperazine, pyrantel or placebo; abdominal pain and headache, the most frequent complaints after levamisole, were related to the initial severity of ascariasis. Follow-up examinations 6 months after treatment suggested that levamisole might delay reinfection."}
{"id": "PMID:362956", "title": "Bacteriuria in urinary schistosomiasis in Egypt a prevalence survey.", "content": "An epidemiologic survey to assess the prevalence of bacteriuria in urinary schistosomiasis was carried out in a region endemic for urinary schistosomiasis in Egypt. Twenty of 390 (5.1%) school boys aged 5--16 years were bacteriuric. This prevalence rate is more than 10 times greater than that found in comparable surveys in areas non-endemic for urinary schistosomiasis. In this endemic population bacteriuria was found in 6.5% of active egg excreters and 2.3% of non-egg excreters.", "contents": "Bacteriuria in urinary schistosomiasis in Egypt a prevalence survey. An epidemiologic survey to assess the prevalence of bacteriuria in urinary schistosomiasis was carried out in a region endemic for urinary schistosomiasis in Egypt. Twenty of 390 (5.1%) school boys aged 5--16 years were bacteriuric. This prevalence rate is more than 10 times greater than that found in comparable surveys in areas non-endemic for urinary schistosomiasis. In this endemic population bacteriuria was found in 6.5% of active egg excreters and 2.3% of non-egg excreters."}
{"id": "PMID:362957", "title": "Antibody response to a polysaccharide antigen present in the schistosome gut. I. Sensitivity and specificity.", "content": "By using paraffin sections of adult schistosomes fixed in Rossman's fixative, specific human IgM and IgG antibodies to a polysaccharide present in the epithelial cells of the schistosome were measured by using indirect immunofluorescent techniques. Of the 49 patients, mostly infected with S. mansoni but a few infected with S. haematobium or S. japonicum, all had antibody present at a 1:8 dilution of serum. Specific IgM antibody was more sensitive than IgG, yielding 100% and 86% positivity respectively. The false positive rate was 3% in a panel of sera obtained from patients most of whom were infected with other parasites. Antibodies were detected by the 3rd week in experimentally infected animals. Unisexual infections also induced antibody production. As a diagnostic test, the measurement of antibody to the polysaccharide is an easily performed reliable test with high sensitivity and specificity.", "contents": "Antibody response to a polysaccharide antigen present in the schistosome gut. I. Sensitivity and specificity. By using paraffin sections of adult schistosomes fixed in Rossman's fixative, specific human IgM and IgG antibodies to a polysaccharide present in the epithelial cells of the schistosome were measured by using indirect immunofluorescent techniques. Of the 49 patients, mostly infected with S. mansoni but a few infected with S. haematobium or S. japonicum, all had antibody present at a 1:8 dilution of serum. Specific IgM antibody was more sensitive than IgG, yielding 100% and 86% positivity respectively. The false positive rate was 3% in a panel of sera obtained from patients most of whom were infected with other parasites. Antibodies were detected by the 3rd week in experimentally infected animals. Unisexual infections also induced antibody production. As a diagnostic test, the measurement of antibody to the polysaccharide is an easily performed reliable test with high sensitivity and specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:362958", "title": "Antibody response to a polysaccharide antigen present in the schistosome gut. II. Modulation of antibody response.", "content": "Specific IgM and IgG antibody to a polysaccharide present in the epithelial cells of the gut of adult schistosomes was measured in four groups of infected patients: I) patients with documented acute schistosomiasis; II) Americans exposed to schistosomiasis within the preceding 0--4 years; III) chronically and heavily infected patients, mostly from Puerto Rico, without hepatomegaly or hepatosplenomegaly; and IV) heavily infected Brazilian children with hepatic or hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Specific IgM and IgG titers were both highest in the acute Group I patients and lowest in the chronically infected Groups III and IV. Total IgG and IgM levels  were compared to specific antibody titers. Immunoglobulin levels tended to follow specific antibody titers except in the chronically infected Groups III and IV in which total IgG rose to high levels. The decrease in specific antigen titers over the course of time occurred despite continued antigenic stimulation and suggests a modulation of the humoral response. The mechanism remains obscure.", "contents": "Antibody response to a polysaccharide antigen present in the schistosome gut. II. Modulation of antibody response. Specific IgM and IgG antibody to a polysaccharide present in the epithelial cells of the gut of adult schistosomes was measured in four groups of infected patients: I) patients with documented acute schistosomiasis; II) Americans exposed to schistosomiasis within the preceding 0--4 years; III) chronically and heavily infected patients, mostly from Puerto Rico, without hepatomegaly or hepatosplenomegaly; and IV) heavily infected Brazilian children with hepatic or hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Specific IgM and IgG titers were both highest in the acute Group I patients and lowest in the chronically infected Groups III and IV. Total IgG and IgM levels  were compared to specific antibody titers. Immunoglobulin levels tended to follow specific antibody titers except in the chronically infected Groups III and IV in which total IgG rose to high levels. The decrease in specific antigen titers over the course of time occurred despite continued antigenic stimulation and suggests a modulation of the humoral response. The mechanism remains obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:362959", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni infection in intact and B cell deficient mice: the effect of pretreatment with BCG in these experimental models.", "content": "The course of infection with Schistosoma mansoni was determined in B cell deficient mice by means of a schistosomule lung recovery assay 6 days after infection or by determination of the adult worm burden 7 weeks after infection. The intensity of infection was not significantly different from that in age- and sex-matched intact controls. B cell deficiency was demonstrated by absence of surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells in the spleen and by absence of B cell areas in the lymphoid follicles of the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. In addition, B cell deficient mice infected for 7 weeks with S. Mansoni were unable to form anti-schistosome antibodies detectable by the Cercarienh\u00fcllenreaktion. A normal granulomatous response, however, was observed around schistosome eggs. Pretreatment with BCG suppressed infection with S. mansoni comparably in intact and B cell deficient mice. A marked depletion of eosinophils occurred in the schistosome egg granuloma of all BCG treated mice.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni infection in intact and B cell deficient mice: the effect of pretreatment with BCG in these experimental models. The course of infection with Schistosoma mansoni was determined in B cell deficient mice by means of a schistosomule lung recovery assay 6 days after infection or by determination of the adult worm burden 7 weeks after infection. The intensity of infection was not significantly different from that in age- and sex-matched intact controls. B cell deficiency was demonstrated by absence of surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells in the spleen and by absence of B cell areas in the lymphoid follicles of the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. In addition, B cell deficient mice infected for 7 weeks with S. Mansoni were unable to form anti-schistosome antibodies detectable by the Cercarienh\u00fcllenreaktion. A normal granulomatous response, however, was observed around schistosome eggs. Pretreatment with BCG suppressed infection with S. mansoni comparably in intact and B cell deficient mice. A marked depletion of eosinophils occurred in the schistosome egg granuloma of all BCG treated mice."}
{"id": "PMID:362972", "title": "The organization of tissues of the eye by different collagen types.", "content": "Bovine cornea, sclera, iris, ciliary body, choroid, zonular fibers, lens capsule, lens nucleus, vitreous body, and retina were investigated for collagen content and type. Cornea, sclera, iris, ciliary body, choroid, lens capsule, and vitreous body contain hydroxyproline, whereas in zonular fibers, lens nucleus, and retina no hydroxyproline was detectable. Preparative isolation of collagen was achieved by digestion of the different eye tissues with pepsin. The pepsin-solubilized collagen was separated by differential salt precipitation into different collagen types. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the pepsin-solubilized collagens revealed type I collagen in cornea, sclera, iris, ciliary body, and choroid. As well as type I collagen, type III collagen was isolated from cornea, sclera, and uveal tissues. The identification of types I and III collagen was supported by the CNBr-derived peptides of these collagens. Lens capsule collagen consisted mainly of type IV collagen. Zonular fibers contained no hydroxyproline but when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a band migrating in the alpha-position of collagen was observed. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of both the pepsin-solubilized component and the CNBr-derived peptides of vitreous body protein showed no relation to any of the four common collagen types.", "contents": "The organization of tissues of the eye by different collagen types. Bovine cornea, sclera, iris, ciliary body, choroid, zonular fibers, lens capsule, lens nucleus, vitreous body, and retina were investigated for collagen content and type. Cornea, sclera, iris, ciliary body, choroid, lens capsule, and vitreous body contain hydroxyproline, whereas in zonular fibers, lens nucleus, and retina no hydroxyproline was detectable. Preparative isolation of collagen was achieved by digestion of the different eye tissues with pepsin. The pepsin-solubilized collagen was separated by differential salt precipitation into different collagen types. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the pepsin-solubilized collagens revealed type I collagen in cornea, sclera, iris, ciliary body, and choroid. As well as type I collagen, type III collagen was isolated from cornea, sclera, and uveal tissues. The identification of types I and III collagen was supported by the CNBr-derived peptides of these collagens. Lens capsule collagen consisted mainly of type IV collagen. Zonular fibers contained no hydroxyproline but when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a band migrating in the alpha-position of collagen was observed. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of both the pepsin-solubilized component and the CNBr-derived peptides of vitreous body protein showed no relation to any of the four common collagen types."}
{"id": "PMID:362974", "title": "Identification and prevalence of culturable mesophilic microfungi in house dust from 100 Danish homes. Comparison between airborne and dust-bound fungi.", "content": "In order to encircle possible allergen sources, fungi from house dust were cultivated and identified. Dust from vacuum cleaners was inoculated on Petri dishes containing V-8 agar with addition of penicillin and streptomycin to eliminate the bacterial flora. The number of genera identified were for the most part consistent with the genera trapped from the air. However, presumably owing to their dispersal biology it was demonstrated that members of Mucorales were much more frequently represented in the samples obtained by this method compared with gravimetric and volumetric measurements. The method is recommended as a simple way to demonstrate and identify the mould contents in house dust and as a tool for the identification of some of the real allergenic sources in house dust.", "contents": "Identification and prevalence of culturable mesophilic microfungi in house dust from 100 Danish homes. Comparison between airborne and dust-bound fungi. In order to encircle possible allergen sources, fungi from house dust were cultivated and identified. Dust from vacuum cleaners was inoculated on Petri dishes containing V-8 agar with addition of penicillin and streptomycin to eliminate the bacterial flora. The number of genera identified were for the most part consistent with the genera trapped from the air. However, presumably owing to their dispersal biology it was demonstrated that members of Mucorales were much more frequently represented in the samples obtained by this method compared with gravimetric and volumetric measurements. The method is recommended as a simple way to demonstrate and identify the mould contents in house dust and as a tool for the identification of some of the real allergenic sources in house dust."}
{"id": "PMID:362975", "title": "An analysis of the role of IgE in intolerance to aspirin and tartrazine.", "content": "Total serum IgE and eosinophil count were determined for 30 patients with intolerance to aspirin. Total IgE levels in the aspirin intolerant patients were similar to those expected in a non-atopic population. In contrast, total eosinophil count (TEC) tended to be elevated in the aspirin intolerant group. Elevated TEC was observed both in bronchospastic (57%) and in urticarial (25%) aspirin intolerance. Specific anti-aspiryl and anti-tartrazyl antibodies of the IgE class were assayed by the galactosidase immunosorbent test (GIST). IgE anti-aspiryl antibodies were possibly detected in one patient, but did not correlate with clinical intolerance to aspirin. It is unlikely that the clinical symptoms and the eosinophilia of intolerance to aspirin and tartrazine are mediated by antibodies of the IgE class.", "contents": "An analysis of the role of IgE in intolerance to aspirin and tartrazine. Total serum IgE and eosinophil count were determined for 30 patients with intolerance to aspirin. Total IgE levels in the aspirin intolerant patients were similar to those expected in a non-atopic population. In contrast, total eosinophil count (TEC) tended to be elevated in the aspirin intolerant group. Elevated TEC was observed both in bronchospastic (57%) and in urticarial (25%) aspirin intolerance. Specific anti-aspiryl and anti-tartrazyl antibodies of the IgE class were assayed by the galactosidase immunosorbent test (GIST). IgE anti-aspiryl antibodies were possibly detected in one patient, but did not correlate with clinical intolerance to aspirin. It is unlikely that the clinical symptoms and the eosinophilia of intolerance to aspirin and tartrazine are mediated by antibodies of the IgE class."}
{"id": "PMID:362976", "title": "The immediate care of potential donors for cadaveric organ transplantation.", "content": "The selection and management of potential donors for kidney and liver transplantation has been discussed and the procedures necessary for successful transplantation are outlined.", "contents": "The immediate care of potential donors for cadaveric organ transplantation. The selection and management of potential donors for kidney and liver transplantation has been discussed and the procedures necessary for successful transplantation are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:362977", "title": "Claude Bernard (1813-1878).", "content": "The life and works of Claude Bernard (1813-1878) have been discussed with special reference to the importance of his researches in relation to modern anaesthesia and in commemoration of the centenary of his death.", "contents": "Claude Bernard (1813-1878). The life and works of Claude Bernard (1813-1878) have been discussed with special reference to the importance of his researches in relation to modern anaesthesia and in commemoration of the centenary of his death."}
{"id": "PMID:362978", "title": "Efficiency of manual ventilation using the original EMO system.", "content": "The efficiency of the Oxford Inflating Bellows for intermittent positive pressure ventilation using a partially closed Heidbrink expiratory valve has been assessed by measuring the arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) after various intervals of IPPV on eight patients. It was found that satisfactory alveolar ventilation was achieved if a degree of hyperventilation was employed.", "contents": "Efficiency of manual ventilation using the original EMO system. The efficiency of the Oxford Inflating Bellows for intermittent positive pressure ventilation using a partially closed Heidbrink expiratory valve has been assessed by measuring the arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) after various intervals of IPPV on eight patients. It was found that satisfactory alveolar ventilation was achieved if a degree of hyperventilation was employed."}
{"id": "PMID:362980", "title": "[Orthotopic liver transplantation in man from the anaesthesiological point of view (author's transl)].", "content": "We report our experience of anaesthesia for orthotopic liver transplantation in seven patients. Pre-, intra- and postoperative management requires highly cooperative team-work. Advantages of neuroleptanalgesia are pointed out for this operative procedure. Intraoperative problems such as mass transfusion, clotting disturbances, changes in haemodynamic parameters, metabolic acidosis, hypovolaemia, hypoglycaemia and hypothermia are discussed and adequate therapeutic measures proposed. The value of an extensive perioperative monitoring is demonstrated. Controlled ventilation has been performed during the immediate postoperative period in all patients.", "contents": "[Orthotopic liver transplantation in man from the anaesthesiological point of view (author's transl)]. We report our experience of anaesthesia for orthotopic liver transplantation in seven patients. Pre-, intra- and postoperative management requires highly cooperative team-work. Advantages of neuroleptanalgesia are pointed out for this operative procedure. Intraoperative problems such as mass transfusion, clotting disturbances, changes in haemodynamic parameters, metabolic acidosis, hypovolaemia, hypoglycaemia and hypothermia are discussed and adequate therapeutic measures proposed. The value of an extensive perioperative monitoring is demonstrated. Controlled ventilation has been performed during the immediate postoperative period in all patients."}
{"id": "PMID:362981", "title": "[The effect of domperidone and metoclopramide on antral motility (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of domperidone and metoclopramide on antral motility was studied by measuring the intraluminal pressure in the antrum of 10 normal persons and of 8 patients suffering from duodenal ulcer. Both drugs stimulated the rhythmic activity of the antrum. The antiemetic effect and the therapeutic effect of domperidone on complaints by gastrointestinal retention was the result of the influence on gastrointestinal motility, which is similar to that of metoclopramide.", "contents": "[The effect of domperidone and metoclopramide on antral motility (author's transl)]. The effect of domperidone and metoclopramide on antral motility was studied by measuring the intraluminal pressure in the antrum of 10 normal persons and of 8 patients suffering from duodenal ulcer. Both drugs stimulated the rhythmic activity of the antrum. The antiemetic effect and the therapeutic effect of domperidone on complaints by gastrointestinal retention was the result of the influence on gastrointestinal motility, which is similar to that of metoclopramide."}
{"id": "PMID:362982", "title": "[Anaesthetic problems during resection of the carina (author's transl)].", "content": "Benigne tracheo-bronchial constriction is an infrequent indications for resection of the bifurcation of the trachea. In former times resection and reconstruction of the bifurcation have been performed using extracorporal oxygenation. Nowadays, the method of separate ventilation of both lungs is used more frequently. Pathophysiological variations should be taken into consideration, which may occur during interruption of the ventilation of one side of lung caused by operating procedures. Rapidly developing atelectasis of the non-ventilated but perfused lung endangers the patient, as a result of an increased intrapulmonary right-to-left-shunt. Hypoxaemia can be prevented by temporary occlusion of the pulmonary artery of the nonventilated lung. This procedure is to be recommended in view of the fact that there is no prompt constriction of the vessels. Investigations with dogs show that a slightly developing accommodation of the perfusion can be disturbed by variations of cardiac output or mean pressure of ventilation.", "contents": "[Anaesthetic problems during resection of the carina (author's transl)]. Benigne tracheo-bronchial constriction is an infrequent indications for resection of the bifurcation of the trachea. In former times resection and reconstruction of the bifurcation have been performed using extracorporal oxygenation. Nowadays, the method of separate ventilation of both lungs is used more frequently. Pathophysiological variations should be taken into consideration, which may occur during interruption of the ventilation of one side of lung caused by operating procedures. Rapidly developing atelectasis of the non-ventilated but perfused lung endangers the patient, as a result of an increased intrapulmonary right-to-left-shunt. Hypoxaemia can be prevented by temporary occlusion of the pulmonary artery of the nonventilated lung. This procedure is to be recommended in view of the fact that there is no prompt constriction of the vessels. Investigations with dogs show that a slightly developing accommodation of the perfusion can be disturbed by variations of cardiac output or mean pressure of ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:362983", "title": "[Increasing incidence of Serratia marcescens bacteraemia in intensive care patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of serratia marcescens in an intensive care unit was investigated in course of several years. After a trial of Cephalosporin-Gentamycin prophylaxis, infection and death due to serratia rose dramatically. The significance of decreased resistance to infection, hygiene regimes as well as mode of administration of antibiotics is related to selection of this rare microorganism causing septicemia.", "contents": "[Increasing incidence of Serratia marcescens bacteraemia in intensive care patients (author's transl)]. The incidence of serratia marcescens in an intensive care unit was investigated in course of several years. After a trial of Cephalosporin-Gentamycin prophylaxis, infection and death due to serratia rose dramatically. The significance of decreased resistance to infection, hygiene regimes as well as mode of administration of antibiotics is related to selection of this rare microorganism causing septicemia."}
{"id": "PMID:362984", "title": "Bacterial contamination of telephones in an intensive care unit.", "content": "Pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria were found on telephones of an intensive care unit. Direct contamination by microorganisms from throats, hands, and noses of the staff members is real although airborne contamination would also play a role. The awareness of environmental risk in intensive care units is underlined.", "contents": "Bacterial contamination of telephones in an intensive care unit. Pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria were found on telephones of an intensive care unit. Direct contamination by microorganisms from throats, hands, and noses of the staff members is real although airborne contamination would also play a role. The awareness of environmental risk in intensive care units is underlined."}
{"id": "PMID:362985", "title": "The Stocks suction bullet.", "content": "The Stocks suction bullet is a device allowing maintenance of positive pressure ventilation, continuous distending pressure and high inspired oxygen concentrations during tracheal toilet in intubated patients. The effectiveness of this device was studied using an experimental apparatus and a dummy lung to represent neonates being treated with either C.P.A.P. or I.P.P.V. and P.E.E.P. By using appropriate combinations of suction catheter type and size, bullet lumen size, ventilator settings and suction pressure limit, it was possible to maintain during suctioning ventilation peak pressures between 50% and 100% of presuction levels and continuous distending pressures (P.E.E.P. or C.P.A.P.) at or in excess of 80% of presuction levels.", "contents": "The Stocks suction bullet. The Stocks suction bullet is a device allowing maintenance of positive pressure ventilation, continuous distending pressure and high inspired oxygen concentrations during tracheal toilet in intubated patients. The effectiveness of this device was studied using an experimental apparatus and a dummy lung to represent neonates being treated with either C.P.A.P. or I.P.P.V. and P.E.E.P. By using appropriate combinations of suction catheter type and size, bullet lumen size, ventilator settings and suction pressure limit, it was possible to maintain during suctioning ventilation peak pressures between 50% and 100% of presuction levels and continuous distending pressures (P.E.E.P. or C.P.A.P.) at or in excess of 80% of presuction levels."}
{"id": "PMID:362990", "title": "Whither allergy or wither allergy.", "content": "The specialty of allergy appears to be at a scientific and economic crossroad. With a significant number of scientific papers questioning the value of immunotherapy, the movement of the country towards prepaid care and the necessity for demonstrating cost/benefit ratio for all therapeutic procedures, the specialty of allergy can present an enigma.", "contents": "Whither allergy or wither allergy. The specialty of allergy appears to be at a scientific and economic crossroad. With a significant number of scientific papers questioning the value of immunotherapy, the movement of the country towards prepaid care and the necessity for demonstrating cost/benefit ratio for all therapeutic procedures, the specialty of allergy can present an enigma."}
{"id": "PMID:362991", "title": "Steroid-dependent asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate in children.", "content": "The efficacy of beclomethasone diproprionate aerosal (BDA) was studied in 27 steroid-dependent asthmatic children. In the double-blind portion of the study BDA was found to be superior to placebo. The benefits of BDA therapy were sustained through the two-year, open-label portion of the study. Adverse effects were few and minor. Transfer from oral corticosteroid therapy to BDA was carried out uneventfully and was not associated with untoward effects.", "contents": "Steroid-dependent asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate in children. The efficacy of beclomethasone diproprionate aerosal (BDA) was studied in 27 steroid-dependent asthmatic children. In the double-blind portion of the study BDA was found to be superior to placebo. The benefits of BDA therapy were sustained through the two-year, open-label portion of the study. Adverse effects were few and minor. Transfer from oral corticosteroid therapy to BDA was carried out uneventfully and was not associated with untoward effects."}
{"id": "PMID:362992", "title": "Pulmonary clearance of Serratia marcescens in calves.", "content": "The pulmonary clearance rate of Serratia marcescens was determined in 17 calves exposed to an aerosol from a modified Hendersen apparatus. The mean bovine pulmonary clearance was 50.2 +/- 4.1% at postaerosolization hour (PAH) 1, 72.5 +/- 7.0% at 2 hours, 88.6 +/- 5.2% at 4 hours, 97.3 +/- 2.8% at 8 hours, and 99.9% at PAH 24 and 48. Regional pulmonary mean percent retention (MPR) of S marcescens in 10 calves was determined in dorsal or ventral and in cranial or caudal regions. Dorsal MPR was less than ventral MPR for PAH 1, 2, and 4, whereas cranial MPR was greater than caudal MPR for PAH 1, 2, 4, and 8. Difference in regional airway oxygen tensions was suggested as the most probable reason for differing regional MPR values.", "contents": "Pulmonary clearance of Serratia marcescens in calves. The pulmonary clearance rate of Serratia marcescens was determined in 17 calves exposed to an aerosol from a modified Hendersen apparatus. The mean bovine pulmonary clearance was 50.2 +/- 4.1% at postaerosolization hour (PAH) 1, 72.5 +/- 7.0% at 2 hours, 88.6 +/- 5.2% at 4 hours, 97.3 +/- 2.8% at 8 hours, and 99.9% at PAH 24 and 48. Regional pulmonary mean percent retention (MPR) of S marcescens in 10 calves was determined in dorsal or ventral and in cranial or caudal regions. Dorsal MPR was less than ventral MPR for PAH 1, 2, and 4, whereas cranial MPR was greater than caudal MPR for PAH 1, 2, 4, and 8. Difference in regional airway oxygen tensions was suggested as the most probable reason for differing regional MPR values."}
{"id": "PMID:362988", "title": "[Evaluation of hydric compartments in 83 normal subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of plasmatic volume, extra-cellular liquids and total body water was performed on 83 healthy subjects. This study was realised by dilution of three isotopic tracers. The results are expressed as a function of lean body mass determined by anthropometric method (skin folds). The results obtained for three water compartments studied are given and compared with valours found in literature.", "contents": "[Evaluation of hydric compartments in 83 normal subjects (author's transl)]. A study of plasmatic volume, extra-cellular liquids and total body water was performed on 83 healthy subjects. This study was realised by dilution of three isotopic tracers. The results are expressed as a function of lean body mass determined by anthropometric method (skin folds). The results obtained for three water compartments studied are given and compared with valours found in literature."}
{"id": "PMID:362995", "title": "Comparison of effects of dietary T-2 toxin on growth, immunogenic organs, antibody formation, and pathologic changes in turkeys and chickens.", "content": "The effect of T-2 toxin (trichothecene mycotoxin) consumption on Broad-Breasted White turkey poults and White Leghorn chicks was studied. Groups of ten 8-day-old poults were fed rations containing T-2 at 10 ppm, 2ppm, or 0 ppm (controls) for a period of 4 weeks; a 4th group (inanition control) was fed control rations equal to the amount consumed by the group fed rations containing T-2 at 10 ppm during the previous 24 hours. A similar experimental design was used to study the effect of the toxin on 1-day-old chicks. The thymus glands of the poults given the feed containing 10 ppm were markedly decreased in size compared with thymus glands from poults in the control group, 0.182 vs 0.331 (percentage of body weight). There was no significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) decrease in thymus gland size in poults given 2 ppm or in the inanition controls. Dietary treatment did not appear to affect the size of the bursa or spleen of the poults. Histopathologic examination of thymus glands from poults given 10 ppm of T-2 revealed a depletion of cortical lymphocytes. Chicks appeared less sensitive to T-2 toxin than did the poults. There was no effect by any dietary treatment on the size of the thymus gland, bursa, or spleen of chicks. Reductions were noticed in feed efficiency and weight gain. There was no effect of T-2 toxin on agglutinating antibody formation to Pasteurella multocida bacterin.", "contents": "Comparison of effects of dietary T-2 toxin on growth, immunogenic organs, antibody formation, and pathologic changes in turkeys and chickens. The effect of T-2 toxin (trichothecene mycotoxin) consumption on Broad-Breasted White turkey poults and White Leghorn chicks was studied. Groups of ten 8-day-old poults were fed rations containing T-2 at 10 ppm, 2ppm, or 0 ppm (controls) for a period of 4 weeks; a 4th group (inanition control) was fed control rations equal to the amount consumed by the group fed rations containing T-2 at 10 ppm during the previous 24 hours. A similar experimental design was used to study the effect of the toxin on 1-day-old chicks. The thymus glands of the poults given the feed containing 10 ppm were markedly decreased in size compared with thymus glands from poults in the control group, 0.182 vs 0.331 (percentage of body weight). There was no significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) decrease in thymus gland size in poults given 2 ppm or in the inanition controls. Dietary treatment did not appear to affect the size of the bursa or spleen of the poults. Histopathologic examination of thymus glands from poults given 10 ppm of T-2 revealed a depletion of cortical lymphocytes. Chicks appeared less sensitive to T-2 toxin than did the poults. There was no effect by any dietary treatment on the size of the thymus gland, bursa, or spleen of chicks. Reductions were noticed in feed efficiency and weight gain. There was no effect of T-2 toxin on agglutinating antibody formation to Pasteurella multocida bacterin."}
{"id": "PMID:362996", "title": "Immunologic studies in Holstein-Friesian cattle: an immunocompetence profile.", "content": "An immunocompetence profile has been developed for Holstein-Friesian cattle. In vitro and in vivo immunoassays were used to determine (1) the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) subpopulations bearing surface-membrane receptors for sheep erythrocytes, complement, or surface immunoglobulin; (2) the PBL blastogenic response to leukoagglutinin, concanavalin A, or pokeweed mitogen, (3) the serum immunoglobulin concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgA, (4) the humoral antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and (5) the in vitro blastogenic response and in vivo delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to purified protein derivative in cattle immunized with BCG.", "contents": "Immunologic studies in Holstein-Friesian cattle: an immunocompetence profile. An immunocompetence profile has been developed for Holstein-Friesian cattle. In vitro and in vivo immunoassays were used to determine (1) the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) subpopulations bearing surface-membrane receptors for sheep erythrocytes, complement, or surface immunoglobulin; (2) the PBL blastogenic response to leukoagglutinin, concanavalin A, or pokeweed mitogen, (3) the serum immunoglobulin concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgA, (4) the humoral antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and (5) the in vitro blastogenic response and in vivo delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to purified protein derivative in cattle immunized with BCG."}
{"id": "PMID:362997", "title": "Comparison of full- and partial-thickness autogenous skin transplantation in dogs: a pilot study.", "content": "Thin partial-thickness (0.063 cm), medium (0.127 cm) partial-thickness, and full-thickness skin autografts were transplanted to surgically created granulating foreleg wounds of dogs. Thin partial-thickness grafts had an 89% survival, medium partial-thickness grafts had 47% survival, and full-thickness grafts had a 58% survival. Of the successful grafts, only the thin partial-thickness grafts did not grow adequate hair after transplantation.", "contents": "Comparison of full- and partial-thickness autogenous skin transplantation in dogs: a pilot study. Thin partial-thickness (0.063 cm), medium (0.127 cm) partial-thickness, and full-thickness skin autografts were transplanted to surgically created granulating foreleg wounds of dogs. Thin partial-thickness grafts had an 89% survival, medium partial-thickness grafts had 47% survival, and full-thickness grafts had a 58% survival. Of the successful grafts, only the thin partial-thickness grafts did not grow adequate hair after transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:362999", "title": "Cefazolin.", "content": "After 5 years of use, cefazolin can be considered similar to cephalothin as a therapeutic agent and in its potential for adverse reactions. When cefazolin and cephalothin are compared by appropriately designed clinical trials, neither cefazolin's slightly greater in-vitro susceptibility to staphylococcal beta-lactamase inactivation, nor its slightly greater microbiologic activity for some enterobacteraciae has been shown to result in any readily apparent therapeutic differences. The important differences between cefazolin and cephalothin--and this is also probably true with respect to cephapirin and cephradine--are not in therapeutic effectiveness, microbiologic activity, or toxicity but rather in pharmacokinetics and cost-effectiveness.", "contents": "Cefazolin. After 5 years of use, cefazolin can be considered similar to cephalothin as a therapeutic agent and in its potential for adverse reactions. When cefazolin and cephalothin are compared by appropriately designed clinical trials, neither cefazolin's slightly greater in-vitro susceptibility to staphylococcal beta-lactamase inactivation, nor its slightly greater microbiologic activity for some enterobacteraciae has been shown to result in any readily apparent therapeutic differences. The important differences between cefazolin and cephalothin--and this is also probably true with respect to cephapirin and cephradine--are not in therapeutic effectiveness, microbiologic activity, or toxicity but rather in pharmacokinetics and cost-effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:363001", "title": "Standards for practice: effectiveness and acceptance.", "content": "Carefully designed and highly specific standards for medical practice can improve the pattern of practice when applied by interested and committed physicians or by other similarly motivated health care providers. However, this is not popular with the physician, and the improved pattern of practice is dependent on continued feedback. The standards must be designed with a specific population and setting in mind; therefore it is unlikely that an effective operational plan can be devised and implemented that will achieve improved practice patterns in the immediate future. Meanwhile, more general standards might be used to identify a smaller number of cases, which can then be reviewed by other physicians, using professionally accepted but subjective practice criteria.", "contents": "Standards for practice: effectiveness and acceptance. Carefully designed and highly specific standards for medical practice can improve the pattern of practice when applied by interested and committed physicians or by other similarly motivated health care providers. However, this is not popular with the physician, and the improved pattern of practice is dependent on continued feedback. The standards must be designed with a specific population and setting in mind; therefore it is unlikely that an effective operational plan can be devised and implemented that will achieve improved practice patterns in the immediate future. Meanwhile, more general standards might be used to identify a smaller number of cases, which can then be reviewed by other physicians, using professionally accepted but subjective practice criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:363002", "title": "Guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration for study of new drugs in human subjects.", "content": "The Food and Drug Administration recently has published general guidelines for the clinical evaluation of drugs used in adults and in infants and children. Specific guidelines for a number of drug classes, including anti-infective drugs, are also available. Marketing approval of a new drug requires that its benefits be judged to exceed its risks, that it be accurately and truthfully labeled, and that it be manufactured properly. Foreign studies are commonly accepted in support of new drugs, but approval requires at least one domestic trial unless the disease does not occur in the United States (for examply, tropical diseases).", "contents": "Guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration for study of new drugs in human subjects. The Food and Drug Administration recently has published general guidelines for the clinical evaluation of drugs used in adults and in infants and children. Specific guidelines for a number of drug classes, including anti-infective drugs, are also available. Marketing approval of a new drug requires that its benefits be judged to exceed its risks, that it be accurately and truthfully labeled, and that it be manufactured properly. Foreign studies are commonly accepted in support of new drugs, but approval requires at least one domestic trial unless the disease does not occur in the United States (for examply, tropical diseases)."}
{"id": "PMID:363003", "title": "Federal regulation: philosophy and practice.", "content": "The philosophy of drug regulation as expressed by Congress has progressively embraced concepts of misbranding and adulteration, safety, efficacy, and, most recently, control of the investigational process. The intent of Congress has been implemented by a series of regulations intended to protect the public health and to assure that available drugs are safe and effective. This has resulted in more centralized, standardized, uniform government control, with a slowdown in the development and approval of new drugs, an increase in the cost of developing and marketing new drugs, and costly control procedures. It is time to ask whether the benefit of more centralized government control is being exceeded by its cost.", "contents": "Federal regulation: philosophy and practice. The philosophy of drug regulation as expressed by Congress has progressively embraced concepts of misbranding and adulteration, safety, efficacy, and, most recently, control of the investigational process. The intent of Congress has been implemented by a series of regulations intended to protect the public health and to assure that available drugs are safe and effective. This has resulted in more centralized, standardized, uniform government control, with a slowdown in the development and approval of new drugs, an increase in the cost of developing and marketing new drugs, and costly control procedures. It is time to ask whether the benefit of more centralized government control is being exceeded by its cost."}
{"id": "PMID:363004", "title": "Process of developing a new antimicrobial drug.", "content": "The network for development of a new antimicrobial drug, from discovery of the compound to submission of the New Drug Application, is reviewed. The key problems encountered during this process, as elucidated through a survey of 62 American pharmaceutical companies, include difficulties in discovering new and significant antimicrobial drugs, the unpredictability of in-vitro and animal studies, lack of specific criteria for the bacteriologic response to therapy, difficulties in setting up well-controlled clinical studies, and difficulty with the timely enrollment of suitable patients with precise microbiologic diagnosis before treatment.", "contents": "Process of developing a new antimicrobial drug. The network for development of a new antimicrobial drug, from discovery of the compound to submission of the New Drug Application, is reviewed. The key problems encountered during this process, as elucidated through a survey of 62 American pharmaceutical companies, include difficulties in discovering new and significant antimicrobial drugs, the unpredictability of in-vitro and animal studies, lack of specific criteria for the bacteriologic response to therapy, difficulties in setting up well-controlled clinical studies, and difficulty with the timely enrollment of suitable patients with precise microbiologic diagnosis before treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:363005", "title": "The need for controlled clinical studies in antimicrobial therapy.", "content": "In recent years in-vitro and in-vivo studies have greatly advanced our understanding of the action of antimicrobial agents and have opened new potential avenues for treatment of infectious diseases. Unfortunately, little interest or financial support has been available to test these observations in rigid, controlled clinical studies. New regimens have thus been used without proof of increased efficacy of reduced toxicity over old regimens. Carefully controlled clinical trials are particularly needed to evaluate the efficacy, toxicity, and cost of newly developed regimens in the therapy of chronic bacterial and fungal infections.", "contents": "The need for controlled clinical studies in antimicrobial therapy. In recent years in-vitro and in-vivo studies have greatly advanced our understanding of the action of antimicrobial agents and have opened new potential avenues for treatment of infectious diseases. Unfortunately, little interest or financial support has been available to test these observations in rigid, controlled clinical studies. New regimens have thus been used without proof of increased efficacy of reduced toxicity over old regimens. Carefully controlled clinical trials are particularly needed to evaluate the efficacy, toxicity, and cost of newly developed regimens in the therapy of chronic bacterial and fungal infections."}
{"id": "PMID:363007", "title": "Reversible severe congestive cardiomyopathy in three cases of hypophosphatemia.", "content": "Three patients presented with severe congestive cardiomyopathy of unknown cause. All three had a profound depression of serum phosphorus levels resulting from the chronic ingestion of large quantities of a phosphorus-binding antacid. Results of physical examination and echocardiograms were consistent with cardiomegaly and severe myocardial dysfunction, and chest films showed enlargement of the cardiac silhouette with interstitial pulmonary edema. Serum phosphorus was restored to normal levels, and within 2 to 5 weeks the results of physical examination and echocardiogram of each patient returned to normal. We conclude that these patients had reversible hypophosphatemic cardiomyopathy and show the importance of inorganic phosphorus in myocardial metabolism and function. Serum phosphorus measurements should be a part of the routine evaluation of patients with congestive cardiomyopathy because, at least in some patients, hypophosphatemia appears to be a reversible cause of this disorder.", "contents": "Reversible severe congestive cardiomyopathy in three cases of hypophosphatemia. Three patients presented with severe congestive cardiomyopathy of unknown cause. All three had a profound depression of serum phosphorus levels resulting from the chronic ingestion of large quantities of a phosphorus-binding antacid. Results of physical examination and echocardiograms were consistent with cardiomegaly and severe myocardial dysfunction, and chest films showed enlargement of the cardiac silhouette with interstitial pulmonary edema. Serum phosphorus was restored to normal levels, and within 2 to 5 weeks the results of physical examination and echocardiogram of each patient returned to normal. We conclude that these patients had reversible hypophosphatemic cardiomyopathy and show the importance of inorganic phosphorus in myocardial metabolism and function. Serum phosphorus measurements should be a part of the routine evaluation of patients with congestive cardiomyopathy because, at least in some patients, hypophosphatemia appears to be a reversible cause of this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:363009", "title": "UCLA Conference. Pancreas transplantation for diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Despite the best efforts of physicians and diabetic patients in the use of insulin for control of juvenile-onset (insulin-deficient) diabetes, vascular complications occur in most patients. The many advantages of the whole fetal pancreas as a donor organ make transplantation of the pancreas a promising improvement in therapy. A rat model has been developed for future application to human beings. After transplantation of one fetal rat pancreas into a diabetic recipient, maturation and growth of the transplant is adequate for complete reversal of the diabetic state of the recipient. Because of the atrophy of exocrine elements after transplantation of the fetal organ, many of the technical problems inherent in adult pancreas transplants are avoided. The small size of the fetal pancreas permits cryopreservation and permanent storage without apparent loss of function. Cryopreservation provides time for typing, matching, and preparation of the recipient to receive the donor organ and thus may alleviate rejection problems.", "contents": "UCLA Conference. Pancreas transplantation for diabetes mellitus. Despite the best efforts of physicians and diabetic patients in the use of insulin for control of juvenile-onset (insulin-deficient) diabetes, vascular complications occur in most patients. The many advantages of the whole fetal pancreas as a donor organ make transplantation of the pancreas a promising improvement in therapy. A rat model has been developed for future application to human beings. After transplantation of one fetal rat pancreas into a diabetic recipient, maturation and growth of the transplant is adequate for complete reversal of the diabetic state of the recipient. Because of the atrophy of exocrine elements after transplantation of the fetal organ, many of the technical problems inherent in adult pancreas transplants are avoided. The small size of the fetal pancreas permits cryopreservation and permanent storage without apparent loss of function. Cryopreservation provides time for typing, matching, and preparation of the recipient to receive the donor organ and thus may alleviate rejection problems."}
{"id": "PMID:363010", "title": "Osteomalacia: current concepts.", "content": "Recently acquired knowledge about vitamin D metabolism has improved our understanding in different varieties of osteomalacia. Many new causes of osteomalacia continue to be found. Radiologic and biochemical changes are not always characteristic and may occasionally be misleading. Bone biopsy after a double tetracycline label is helpful in differentiating osteomalacia from high bone turnover conditions and is recommended in most patients with a generalized rarefying skeletal disorder. Even if the underlying disease state cannot be corrected, effective therapy is available in most varieties of osteomalacia. The newer metabolites of vitamin D should soon be generally available to the medical profession. Their use will make treatment of osteomalacia more individualized and specific.", "contents": "Osteomalacia: current concepts. Recently acquired knowledge about vitamin D metabolism has improved our understanding in different varieties of osteomalacia. Many new causes of osteomalacia continue to be found. Radiologic and biochemical changes are not always characteristic and may occasionally be misleading. Bone biopsy after a double tetracycline label is helpful in differentiating osteomalacia from high bone turnover conditions and is recommended in most patients with a generalized rarefying skeletal disorder. Even if the underlying disease state cannot be corrected, effective therapy is available in most varieties of osteomalacia. The newer metabolites of vitamin D should soon be generally available to the medical profession. Their use will make treatment of osteomalacia more individualized and specific."}
{"id": "PMID:363011", "title": "William B. Castle and intrinsic factor.", "content": "Fifty years ago, William B. Castle described the properties of intrinsic factor. By so doing, he advanced the first acceptable theory of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pernicious anemia. Enveloping Castle's discovery were prevalent ideas in the medical community of the time, such as the importance of nutritional factors in the pathogenesis of disease, and the intriguing possibility that many disorders could be ameliorated or even cured by administration of a \"missing\" substance. When viewed in a contemporary perspective, Castle's observations of a half century ago are remarkable examples of ingenuity and single-minded dedication to uncovering the pathogenetic mechanism of a previously fatal disorder.", "contents": "William B. Castle and intrinsic factor. Fifty years ago, William B. Castle described the properties of intrinsic factor. By so doing, he advanced the first acceptable theory of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pernicious anemia. Enveloping Castle's discovery were prevalent ideas in the medical community of the time, such as the importance of nutritional factors in the pathogenesis of disease, and the intriguing possibility that many disorders could be ameliorated or even cured by administration of a \"missing\" substance. When viewed in a contemporary perspective, Castle's observations of a half century ago are remarkable examples of ingenuity and single-minded dedication to uncovering the pathogenetic mechanism of a previously fatal disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:363012", "title": "[Ubiquity of plasmids belonging to incompatibility group B (author's transl)].", "content": "An Algerian strain of Salmonella typhi (56/75), resistant to tetracyclines and minocycline has been studied in our laboratory. Conjugation, transduction and spontaneous loss experiments suggest that these resistance characters are mediated by one R plasmid, referred to as pPA4. This \"Tb\" plasmid is incompatible with plasmids from groups incB (Grindley), com10 (Scavizzi) and inc0 (Datta). These results suggest that incompatibility group B is world-wide distributed.", "contents": "[Ubiquity of plasmids belonging to incompatibility group B (author's transl)]. An Algerian strain of Salmonella typhi (56/75), resistant to tetracyclines and minocycline has been studied in our laboratory. Conjugation, transduction and spontaneous loss experiments suggest that these resistance characters are mediated by one R plasmid, referred to as pPA4. This \"Tb\" plasmid is incompatible with plasmids from groups incB (Grindley), com10 (Scavizzi) and inc0 (Datta). These results suggest that incompatibility group B is world-wide distributed."}
{"id": "PMID:363014", "title": "[Occurrence of R plasmids belonging to incompatibility group incC in Aeromonas hydrophila strains isolated from sewage water (author's transl)].", "content": "The susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of 321 strains of Aeromonas hydrophila was studied: 319 strains were found to be resistant to one or several antibiotics. Transfer of resistance markers was obtained from 24 strains. Five plasmids from these strains were classified into incompatibility group incC. Epidemiological consequences of R plasmid diffusion in water bacteria are discussed.", "contents": "[Occurrence of R plasmids belonging to incompatibility group incC in Aeromonas hydrophila strains isolated from sewage water (author's transl)]. The susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of 321 strains of Aeromonas hydrophila was studied: 319 strains were found to be resistant to one or several antibiotics. Transfer of resistance markers was obtained from 24 strains. Five plasmids from these strains were classified into incompatibility group incC. Epidemiological consequences of R plasmid diffusion in water bacteria are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363020", "title": "Induction of oocytic maturation and differentiation: mode of progesterone action.", "content": "Full-grown amphibian oocytes, arrested in prophase I or meiosis, respond in vitro to progesterone and certain other steroids. They undergo an apparently normal sequence of nuclear maturation and cytoplasmic differentiation, which are necessary precedents for fertilization and embryogenesis. Individual oocytes or populations of these cells thus provide a model system for investigations concerning the nature and mechanism of hormone-cellular interactions. In this system, previous studies have shown that certain aspects of hormonal (progesterone, DOCA) induction of morphologic and biochemical differentiation in the nucleus can be induced in part, as a result of the formation of secondary cytoplasmic factors, some of which do not require the presence of the nucleus for their formation. In addition to initiating nuclear events, progesterone or DOCA alters the functional activity of the plasma membrane and establishes the conditions necessary for fertilization and activation. Uptake of radioactive vitellogenin, a yolk protein precursor, was inhibited by progesterone and DOCA. Maximum inhibition was dependent on induction of nuclear breakdown, the dose of steroid used, and was correlated with morphologic alterations at the oocytic surface. Estrone neither stimulated nor inhibited vitellogenin incorporation and had no effect on nuclear breakdown. Oocytic capacity to exhibit activation responses (vitelline membrane elevation) was dependent on oocytic exposure to progesterone or DOCA and development subsequent to the initiation of nuclear breakdown. Onset of the activation response after steroid treatment varied with the type of activation stimulus utilized (pricking or divalent ionophore A-23187). The results suggest that hormones cause ionic alterations in oocytes and that ions are directly involved in the activation response. To study steroid interaction with the cell surface, a method was developed for culturing oocytes that permits localized application of steroids to portions of the oocytic or follicular surface. The results obtained suggest that oocytes exposed to steroid over part of their surface do not respond, with regard to nuclear breakdown, in the same manner as do oocytes exposed over their entire surface to similar concentrations of steroid. Studies of isotopic distribution within the oocyte after local application of steroid indicate that hormone does not readily diffuse through the oocyte. Evidence for the role of cytoplasmic factors in the mediation of nuclear and cytoplasmic events is discussed.", "contents": "Induction of oocytic maturation and differentiation: mode of progesterone action. Full-grown amphibian oocytes, arrested in prophase I or meiosis, respond in vitro to progesterone and certain other steroids. They undergo an apparently normal sequence of nuclear maturation and cytoplasmic differentiation, which are necessary precedents for fertilization and embryogenesis. Individual oocytes or populations of these cells thus provide a model system for investigations concerning the nature and mechanism of hormone-cellular interactions. In this system, previous studies have shown that certain aspects of hormonal (progesterone, DOCA) induction of morphologic and biochemical differentiation in the nucleus can be induced in part, as a result of the formation of secondary cytoplasmic factors, some of which do not require the presence of the nucleus for their formation. In addition to initiating nuclear events, progesterone or DOCA alters the functional activity of the plasma membrane and establishes the conditions necessary for fertilization and activation. Uptake of radioactive vitellogenin, a yolk protein precursor, was inhibited by progesterone and DOCA. Maximum inhibition was dependent on induction of nuclear breakdown, the dose of steroid used, and was correlated with morphologic alterations at the oocytic surface. Estrone neither stimulated nor inhibited vitellogenin incorporation and had no effect on nuclear breakdown. Oocytic capacity to exhibit activation responses (vitelline membrane elevation) was dependent on oocytic exposure to progesterone or DOCA and development subsequent to the initiation of nuclear breakdown. Onset of the activation response after steroid treatment varied with the type of activation stimulus utilized (pricking or divalent ionophore A-23187). The results suggest that hormones cause ionic alterations in oocytes and that ions are directly involved in the activation response. To study steroid interaction with the cell surface, a method was developed for culturing oocytes that permits localized application of steroids to portions of the oocytic or follicular surface. The results obtained suggest that oocytes exposed to steroid over part of their surface do not respond, with regard to nuclear breakdown, in the same manner as do oocytes exposed over their entire surface to similar concentrations of steroid. Studies of isotopic distribution within the oocyte after local application of steroid indicate that hormone does not readily diffuse through the oocyte. Evidence for the role of cytoplasmic factors in the mediation of nuclear and cytoplasmic events is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363015", "title": "[Presence of plasmids belonging to group incP and conferring chloramphenicol resistance in \"Escherichia coli\" strains of avian origin (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasmids pCG76, pCG83, pCG110 and pCG111 were transferred from multiresistant Escherichia coli strains of avian intestinal origin to E. coli K12. They were found to be compatible with reference plasmids of several incompatibility groups, except RP4. This incompatibility with RP4 is a proof that they belong to group incP. Other plasmids of this group were found in E. coli strains isolated from the feces of hens in two different breeding flocks. The incidence and the importance of this plasmid group in the intestinal bacteria of animals are presently investigated.", "contents": "[Presence of plasmids belonging to group incP and conferring chloramphenicol resistance in \"Escherichia coli\" strains of avian origin (author's transl)]. Plasmids pCG76, pCG83, pCG110 and pCG111 were transferred from multiresistant Escherichia coli strains of avian intestinal origin to E. coli K12. They were found to be compatible with reference plasmids of several incompatibility groups, except RP4. This incompatibility with RP4 is a proof that they belong to group incP. Other plasmids of this group were found in E. coli strains isolated from the feces of hens in two different breeding flocks. The incidence and the importance of this plasmid group in the intestinal bacteria of animals are presently investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:363016", "title": "[Correlation between beta-glucuronidase activity and serotype in the genus \"Salmonella\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 4,114 cultures of Salmonella belonging to various serotypes, 1,241 (30,1%) hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucuronide, the chromogenic substrate of beta-glucuronidase. Serotypes are found to be homogenous with respect to beta-glucuronidase activity. The qualitative test, as simple as the ONPG test, may be of diagnostic value to assign a strain to a serotype in case of a monophasic or not motile variant of a normally diphasic serotype. Phage conversion does not influence beta-glucuronidase activity.", "contents": "[Correlation between beta-glucuronidase activity and serotype in the genus \"Salmonella\" (author's transl)]. Out of 4,114 cultures of Salmonella belonging to various serotypes, 1,241 (30,1%) hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucuronide, the chromogenic substrate of beta-glucuronidase. Serotypes are found to be homogenous with respect to beta-glucuronidase activity. The qualitative test, as simple as the ONPG test, may be of diagnostic value to assign a strain to a serotype in case of a monophasic or not motile variant of a normally diphasic serotype. Phage conversion does not influence beta-glucuronidase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:363017", "title": "[Chlamydosporulation in \"Candida albicans\": influence of sowing density and glucose, nitrogen, biotin and mineral salts concentration in rice-cream decoction (author's transl)].", "content": "Chlamydospore production by Candida albicans was investigated in rice cream decoction inoculated with a blastospore suspension. Effects of glucose, KH2PO4, (NH4)2SO4 and biotin addition were estimated using a \"chlamydospore index\" i.e. the mean-number of mature chlamydospores produced from a single blastospore development. If no other component was added, it appeared that better sporulation was obtained with both glucose concentration and inoculum size optimum (0.5 g/l and 7.8 X 10(3) blastospores/ml respectively). In glucose-KH2PO4 enriched medium, chlamydosporulation was the best with 0.5 g/l glucose and 0.5 g/l KH2PO4. The addition of biotin reduced the chlamydospore index at the concentrations tested (0.6 to 20 microgram/l). When glucose and (NH4)2SO4 were added together, it seemed that one of the C or N component had to be in low concentration for a good sporulation. The action of salts was also investigated; and finally a synthetic medium is proposed. The improvement of this medium is now in progress.", "contents": "[Chlamydosporulation in \"Candida albicans\": influence of sowing density and glucose, nitrogen, biotin and mineral salts concentration in rice-cream decoction (author's transl)]. Chlamydospore production by Candida albicans was investigated in rice cream decoction inoculated with a blastospore suspension. Effects of glucose, KH2PO4, (NH4)2SO4 and biotin addition were estimated using a \"chlamydospore index\" i.e. the mean-number of mature chlamydospores produced from a single blastospore development. If no other component was added, it appeared that better sporulation was obtained with both glucose concentration and inoculum size optimum (0.5 g/l and 7.8 X 10(3) blastospores/ml respectively). In glucose-KH2PO4 enriched medium, chlamydosporulation was the best with 0.5 g/l glucose and 0.5 g/l KH2PO4. The addition of biotin reduced the chlamydospore index at the concentrations tested (0.6 to 20 microgram/l). When glucose and (NH4)2SO4 were added together, it seemed that one of the C or N component had to be in low concentration for a good sporulation. The action of salts was also investigated; and finally a synthetic medium is proposed. The improvement of this medium is now in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:363025", "title": "Acute laryngeal obstruction in children. A fifty-year review.", "content": "When dealing with acute laryngeal obstruction, the first important consideration is the differential diagnosis of the cause. The author considers the following six types: acute laryngotracheobronchitis, acute epiglottitis, diphtheria, supraglottic allergic edema (angioedema), subglottic allergic edema (spasmodic croup) and foreign body in the larynx or trachea. He traces the development of the treatments that have in 50 years lowered the mortality rate from 70% to practically zero. High humidity, best supplied by an ultrasonic nebulizer, antibiotics, and corticosteroids in very high dose have been the prime effective measures. There still is controversy about the choice between tracheostomy and nasotracheal intubation if medical therapy is delayed or ineffective. The primary physician must know when and where to send these children in order to prevent the fatalities so frequent in previous years.", "contents": "Acute laryngeal obstruction in children. A fifty-year review. When dealing with acute laryngeal obstruction, the first important consideration is the differential diagnosis of the cause. The author considers the following six types: acute laryngotracheobronchitis, acute epiglottitis, diphtheria, supraglottic allergic edema (angioedema), subglottic allergic edema (spasmodic croup) and foreign body in the larynx or trachea. He traces the development of the treatments that have in 50 years lowered the mortality rate from 70% to practically zero. High humidity, best supplied by an ultrasonic nebulizer, antibiotics, and corticosteroids in very high dose have been the prime effective measures. There still is controversy about the choice between tracheostomy and nasotracheal intubation if medical therapy is delayed or ineffective. The primary physician must know when and where to send these children in order to prevent the fatalities so frequent in previous years."}
{"id": "PMID:363026", "title": "Surgical treatment of acute blunt laryngeal injuries.", "content": "The best management of acute laryngeal fractures is an approach which promotes healing by primary intention and does not require the use of a lumen keeper or core mold. This presenentation outlines the theoretical considerations and practical steps which make it possible to achieve these goals. The basic emphasis is on proper diagnosis, good surgical exposure and proper wound management. Also included are some ideas about the special anatomical and physiological characteristics of the larynx which make it difficult to obtain primary healing. The material presented is a synthesis of pertinent basic laryngologic research, wound healing theory and clinical experience.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of acute blunt laryngeal injuries. The best management of acute laryngeal fractures is an approach which promotes healing by primary intention and does not require the use of a lumen keeper or core mold. This presenentation outlines the theoretical considerations and practical steps which make it possible to achieve these goals. The basic emphasis is on proper diagnosis, good surgical exposure and proper wound management. Also included are some ideas about the special anatomical and physiological characteristics of the larynx which make it difficult to obtain primary healing. The material presented is a synthesis of pertinent basic laryngologic research, wound healing theory and clinical experience."}
{"id": "PMID:363032", "title": "Urinary excretion of lysozyme and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in the diagnosis of renal allograft rejection.", "content": "The urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) has been claimed to be of high diagnostic value in indicating acute renal graft rejection. Similar claims have been made for the significance of urinary lysozyme excretion. Serial measurements of urinary lysozyme and NAG have been made in 35 patients after renal transplantation, and during 52 suspected rejection episodes. A close correlation has been found between these two parameters although they did not consistently change in parallel. The use of both assays may give a better indication of impending rejection than either assay alone.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of lysozyme and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in the diagnosis of renal allograft rejection. The urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) has been claimed to be of high diagnostic value in indicating acute renal graft rejection. Similar claims have been made for the significance of urinary lysozyme excretion. Serial measurements of urinary lysozyme and NAG have been made in 35 patients after renal transplantation, and during 52 suspected rejection episodes. A close correlation has been found between these two parameters although they did not consistently change in parallel. The use of both assays may give a better indication of impending rejection than either assay alone."}
{"id": "PMID:363038", "title": "Extrahypophyseal effects of somatostatin.", "content": "The tetradecapeptide somatostatin is widely distributed in the body in endocrine-like calls and in nervous tissues. When produced in endocrine cells, it seems to inhibit the secretion of hormones at the site of production, for example, it inhibits the secretion of growth hormone in the pituitary gland, insulin and glucagon in the pancreas, and the local hormones in the gastrointestinal tract. Its role in the nervous system is not clear, but it may act as an inhibitory transmitter substance or modulator. As for its mode of action, the data suggest that interference with the levels of cyclic nucleotides, within the cells as well as with Ca++ fluxes may be important. The clinical uses of somatostatin have been explored, especially in diseases characterized by hypersecretion of hormones known to be inhibited by somatostatin. But the wide distribution and multipotent inhibitory action calls for attention. Analogues to somatostatin with specific actions have already been produced and await clinical evaluation.", "contents": "Extrahypophyseal effects of somatostatin. The tetradecapeptide somatostatin is widely distributed in the body in endocrine-like calls and in nervous tissues. When produced in endocrine cells, it seems to inhibit the secretion of hormones at the site of production, for example, it inhibits the secretion of growth hormone in the pituitary gland, insulin and glucagon in the pancreas, and the local hormones in the gastrointestinal tract. Its role in the nervous system is not clear, but it may act as an inhibitory transmitter substance or modulator. As for its mode of action, the data suggest that interference with the levels of cyclic nucleotides, within the cells as well as with Ca++ fluxes may be important. The clinical uses of somatostatin have been explored, especially in diseases characterized by hypersecretion of hormones known to be inhibited by somatostatin. But the wide distribution and multipotent inhibitory action calls for attention. Analogues to somatostatin with specific actions have already been produced and await clinical evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:363039", "title": "[12 cases of polycystic ovary type 1 (Stein-Leventhal syndrome): complete hormonal study (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve patients with clinic and anatomic features of polycystic ovary syndrome type 1 were investigated for gonadotropic and androgenic functions. Basal LH level was 3 times higher than in normal women in the beginning of follicular phase (16,2 +/- 3,0 mUI/ml). After LH-RH stimulation (100 microgram), peak LH level was excessively high (70 +/- 10 mUI/ml) whereas FSH was normal. Clomiphen citrate (100 mg X 5 days) was followed in all cases by temperature ascension and biologic evidence of luteinisation. Four pregnancies were obtained. Plasma androstenedione was elevated in most cases (320 +/- 30 ng/ml) with elevated urinary androstanediol (80 +/- 20 microgram/24 h.) These elevated levels were strikingly reduced in all cases after ethinyl-estradiol, 50 microgram X 20 days. Physiopathologic hypothesis consistent with these results are discussed.", "contents": "[12 cases of polycystic ovary type 1 (Stein-Leventhal syndrome): complete hormonal study (author's transl)]. Twelve patients with clinic and anatomic features of polycystic ovary syndrome type 1 were investigated for gonadotropic and androgenic functions. Basal LH level was 3 times higher than in normal women in the beginning of follicular phase (16,2 +/- 3,0 mUI/ml). After LH-RH stimulation (100 microgram), peak LH level was excessively high (70 +/- 10 mUI/ml) whereas FSH was normal. Clomiphen citrate (100 mg X 5 days) was followed in all cases by temperature ascension and biologic evidence of luteinisation. Four pregnancies were obtained. Plasma androstenedione was elevated in most cases (320 +/- 30 ng/ml) with elevated urinary androstanediol (80 +/- 20 microgram/24 h.) These elevated levels were strikingly reduced in all cases after ethinyl-estradiol, 50 microgram X 20 days. Physiopathologic hypothesis consistent with these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363043", "title": "Postganglionic cholinergic dysautonomia.", "content": "A 9-year-old boy presented with symptoms and signs of marked postganglionic cholinergic autonomic dysfunction manifested by bilateral internal ophthalmoplegia, impaired secretion of tears and saliva, lack of gastrointestinal motility, atony of the bladder, generalized absence of sweating, and hypertension. Clinical and pharmacological studies confirmed that the abnormalities were restricted mainly to the postganglionic cholinergic autonomic system and showed evidence of postdenervation supersensitivity to parasympathomimetic drugs. The patient was treated in the early phase of his illness by the administration of carbachol, and eventually he made a slow and partial spontaneous recovery. Histoimmunofluorescent studies on a skin biopsy specimen suggested an autoimmune origin for his disease, with IgG antibodies being produced against postganglionic cholinergic autonomic fibers.", "contents": "Postganglionic cholinergic dysautonomia. A 9-year-old boy presented with symptoms and signs of marked postganglionic cholinergic autonomic dysfunction manifested by bilateral internal ophthalmoplegia, impaired secretion of tears and saliva, lack of gastrointestinal motility, atony of the bladder, generalized absence of sweating, and hypertension. Clinical and pharmacological studies confirmed that the abnormalities were restricted mainly to the postganglionic cholinergic autonomic system and showed evidence of postdenervation supersensitivity to parasympathomimetic drugs. The patient was treated in the early phase of his illness by the administration of carbachol, and eventually he made a slow and partial spontaneous recovery. Histoimmunofluorescent studies on a skin biopsy specimen suggested an autoimmune origin for his disease, with IgG antibodies being produced against postganglionic cholinergic autonomic fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:363044", "title": "Ultrastructural lesions of muscle and immunofluorescent deposits in vessels in Reye's syndrome: a preliminary report of serial muscle biopsies.", "content": "Thirteen sequential percutaneous skeletal muscle biopsy specimens from 4 patients with Reye's syndrome were studied ultrastructurally and by direct immunofluorescence. Prominent generalized intermyofibrillar edema, mitochondrial disruption, and swelling of vascular endothelium were demonstrated in 2 patients. In all 4 patients there were granular deposits of immunoglobulins G and M in intramuscular vessels, presumably representing antigen-antibody complexes. We postulate that these changes may be pathogenetically important in this syndrome and suggest that muscle biopsy tissue be utilized for further investigation of Reye's syndrome.", "contents": "Ultrastructural lesions of muscle and immunofluorescent deposits in vessels in Reye's syndrome: a preliminary report of serial muscle biopsies. Thirteen sequential percutaneous skeletal muscle biopsy specimens from 4 patients with Reye's syndrome were studied ultrastructurally and by direct immunofluorescence. Prominent generalized intermyofibrillar edema, mitochondrial disruption, and swelling of vascular endothelium were demonstrated in 2 patients. In all 4 patients there were granular deposits of immunoglobulins G and M in intramuscular vessels, presumably representing antigen-antibody complexes. We postulate that these changes may be pathogenetically important in this syndrome and suggest that muscle biopsy tissue be utilized for further investigation of Reye's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:363045", "title": "Importance of Holter monitoring in patients with periodic cerebral symptoms.", "content": "Holter monitoring was used in 358 patients with symptoms of intermittent dizziness, blackout, or both. The neurological findings in all patients were normal. None manifested evidence of a pertinent arrhythmia on the one-minute resting ECG; 8.9% of the patients demonstrated arrhythmias known to correlate with cerebral symptoms; and 11.2% demonstrated \"predisposing\" arrhythmias, ie. rhythms that in and of themselves may not precipitate symptoms but predispose to arrhythmias that do. The latter category included short bursts of ectopic tachycardia and intermittent short-duration asystole. High-frequency ectopic beats were observed in 24.6%. In almost every patient in whom intermittent arrhythmias precipitated symptoms there were many \"predisposing\" arrhythmias of short duration that occurred during the asymptomatic period. A comparison of 12- and 24-hour recordings demonstrated an increase in pertinent arrhythmias from 13.8 to 22.7%.", "contents": "Importance of Holter monitoring in patients with periodic cerebral symptoms. Holter monitoring was used in 358 patients with symptoms of intermittent dizziness, blackout, or both. The neurological findings in all patients were normal. None manifested evidence of a pertinent arrhythmia on the one-minute resting ECG; 8.9% of the patients demonstrated arrhythmias known to correlate with cerebral symptoms; and 11.2% demonstrated \"predisposing\" arrhythmias, ie. rhythms that in and of themselves may not precipitate symptoms but predispose to arrhythmias that do. The latter category included short bursts of ectopic tachycardia and intermittent short-duration asystole. High-frequency ectopic beats were observed in 24.6%. In almost every patient in whom intermittent arrhythmias precipitated symptoms there were many \"predisposing\" arrhythmias of short duration that occurred during the asymptomatic period. A comparison of 12- and 24-hour recordings demonstrated an increase in pertinent arrhythmias from 13.8 to 22.7%."}
{"id": "PMID:363046", "title": "Cysticercosis of the nervous system: diagnosis by means of specific radioimmunoscan.", "content": "A new method for diagnosing cerebral cysticercosis by means of specific radioimmunoscan is described. The method has been evaluated in 24 patients with encouraging results. The technique involves a single intravenous injection followed by brain scanning and thus far has been entirely nontoxic. The accuracy of the scan was confirmed in 6 patients by surgical removal of lesions that coincided in location and number with the diagnostic scan of the parasites.", "contents": "Cysticercosis of the nervous system: diagnosis by means of specific radioimmunoscan. A new method for diagnosing cerebral cysticercosis by means of specific radioimmunoscan is described. The method has been evaluated in 24 patients with encouraging results. The technique involves a single intravenous injection followed by brain scanning and thus far has been entirely nontoxic. The accuracy of the scan was confirmed in 6 patients by surgical removal of lesions that coincided in location and number with the diagnostic scan of the parasites."}
{"id": "PMID:363047", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic characteristics and the effectiveness of using carbenicillin on newborn premature infants with infectious and inflammatory diseases].", "content": "The results of the study on the pharmacokinetics peculiar properties of carbenicillin premature infants treated with the drug administered intravenously or intramuscularly are presented. The maximum antibiotic blood levels after intravenous administration exceeded the MIC for most of the causative agents isolated from the children. The schemes for the antibiotic use in treatment of purulent septic processes of children are recommended.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic characteristics and the effectiveness of using carbenicillin on newborn premature infants with infectious and inflammatory diseases]. The results of the study on the pharmacokinetics peculiar properties of carbenicillin premature infants treated with the drug administered intravenously or intramuscularly are presented. The maximum antibiotic blood levels after intravenous administration exceeded the MIC for most of the causative agents isolated from the children. The schemes for the antibiotic use in treatment of purulent septic processes of children are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:363050", "title": "[Effect of lipid preparations isolated from protozoa on experimental leishmaniasis in golden hamsters].", "content": "The effect of lipid preparations Nos. 59 and 60 isolated from Protozoa on experimental leishmaniosis of golden hamsters was studied. Preparations Nos. 59 and 60 are water-soluble derivatives of fatty acids isolated from Trypanosoma lewisi and Astasia longa respectively. It was found that both preparations administered to the animals simultaneously with the causative agent or after formation of the leishmaniosis infiltrates inhibited the development of the disease clinical signs. Such an effect of the preparations was observed only during the period of the animals exposure to them. After discontinuation of the treatment the development of the clinical process proceeded the same as in the control animals. The lipid preparation No. 60 differing from preparation No. 59 by high content of C20-poly-unsaturated fatty acids was more active and induced a significant decrease in the size of the leishmaniosis infiltrates formed. Preparation No. 60 was more effective in the treatment of the animals infected with L. tropica major than in the animals infected with L. tropica minor. Preparation No. 59 had no significant effect on multiplication and morphology of the parazites.", "contents": "[Effect of lipid preparations isolated from protozoa on experimental leishmaniasis in golden hamsters]. The effect of lipid preparations Nos. 59 and 60 isolated from Protozoa on experimental leishmaniosis of golden hamsters was studied. Preparations Nos. 59 and 60 are water-soluble derivatives of fatty acids isolated from Trypanosoma lewisi and Astasia longa respectively. It was found that both preparations administered to the animals simultaneously with the causative agent or after formation of the leishmaniosis infiltrates inhibited the development of the disease clinical signs. Such an effect of the preparations was observed only during the period of the animals exposure to them. After discontinuation of the treatment the development of the clinical process proceeded the same as in the control animals. The lipid preparation No. 60 differing from preparation No. 59 by high content of C20-poly-unsaturated fatty acids was more active and induced a significant decrease in the size of the leishmaniosis infiltrates formed. Preparation No. 60 was more effective in the treatment of the animals infected with L. tropica major than in the animals infected with L. tropica minor. Preparation No. 59 had no significant effect on multiplication and morphology of the parazites."}
{"id": "PMID:363051", "title": "[Experimental study of the antimicrobial effect of lysozyme in combination with antibiotics].", "content": "A synergistic effect of the antibacterial action of the lysozyme combination with various antibiotics against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms was found. The intensifying effect of lysozyme on its combination with antibiotics was more evident with respect to gram-positive microbes and less evident with respect to gram-negative organisms. The combinations os lysozyme with methicillin, lincomycin, oleandomycin or erythromycin proved to be most active against staphylococci. A high synergistic effect against streptococci was observed with the use of the lysozyme combination with benzylpenicillin, morphocycline, oleandomycin, ceporin or monomycin. The combination of lysozyme with macrolides had a maximum inhibitory effect on Coli bacteria.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the antimicrobial effect of lysozyme in combination with antibiotics]. A synergistic effect of the antibacterial action of the lysozyme combination with various antibiotics against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms was found. The intensifying effect of lysozyme on its combination with antibiotics was more evident with respect to gram-positive microbes and less evident with respect to gram-negative organisms. The combinations os lysozyme with methicillin, lincomycin, oleandomycin or erythromycin proved to be most active against staphylococci. A high synergistic effect against streptococci was observed with the use of the lysozyme combination with benzylpenicillin, morphocycline, oleandomycin, ceporin or monomycin. The combination of lysozyme with macrolides had a maximum inhibitory effect on Coli bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:363052", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin and ampicillin: crossover study of the effect of food.", "content": "The effect of food on the absorption of amoxicillin and ampicillin was studied in 16 normal subjects in a double-blind crossover study after each subject was given a single oral 500-mg dose. Serum drug levels were analyzed, assuming a one-compartment linear model with first-order absorption and absorption delay, area under the curve, and urinary recovery. Variations in kinetic parameters were examined by using analysis of variance. The results showed little or no effect of fasting versus nonfasting on amoxicillin absorption, as evidenced by peak serum levels (8.9 mug/ml, fasting, 8.8 mug/ml, nonfasting), area under the curve (26.9 mug/ml per 70 kg, fasting, 22.2 mug/ml per 70 kg, nonfasting), and urinary recovery (47%, fasting; 44%, nonfasting). Ampicillin absorption was significantly decreased in the nonfasted group by the same parameters (peak level: 5.4 mug/ml, fasting, 4.0 mug/ml, nonfasting; area under the curve, 17.4 h.mug/ml, fasting, 12.0 h.mug/ml, nonfasting; urinary recovery, 37%, fasting, 29%, nonfasting). These results confirm the reliable absorption of orally administered amoxicillin in the fed as well as the fasted state.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin and ampicillin: crossover study of the effect of food. The effect of food on the absorption of amoxicillin and ampicillin was studied in 16 normal subjects in a double-blind crossover study after each subject was given a single oral 500-mg dose. Serum drug levels were analyzed, assuming a one-compartment linear model with first-order absorption and absorption delay, area under the curve, and urinary recovery. Variations in kinetic parameters were examined by using analysis of variance. The results showed little or no effect of fasting versus nonfasting on amoxicillin absorption, as evidenced by peak serum levels (8.9 mug/ml, fasting, 8.8 mug/ml, nonfasting), area under the curve (26.9 mug/ml per 70 kg, fasting, 22.2 mug/ml per 70 kg, nonfasting), and urinary recovery (47%, fasting; 44%, nonfasting). Ampicillin absorption was significantly decreased in the nonfasted group by the same parameters (peak level: 5.4 mug/ml, fasting, 4.0 mug/ml, nonfasting; area under the curve, 17.4 h.mug/ml, fasting, 12.0 h.mug/ml, nonfasting; urinary recovery, 37%, fasting, 29%, nonfasting). These results confirm the reliable absorption of orally administered amoxicillin in the fed as well as the fasted state."}
{"id": "PMID:363053", "title": "Comparison of netilmicin and amikacin in treatment of complicated urinary tract infections.", "content": "Netilmicin and amikacin, two recently developed aminoglycosides, were compared in a prospective, randomized study of 57 male patients with complicated urinary tract infections. Both drugs were administered intramuscularly every 12 h for 7 to 10 days, netilmicin at 2 mg/kg and amikacin at 7.5 mg/kg. The two groups were comparable as to infecting bacteria and underlying pathology of the urinary tract. No patients had indwelling catheters. All microorganisms isolated were sensitive to both antibiotics. A total of 69% of the patients treated with netilmicin and 57% of the patients treated with amikacin were cured of the infection, as defined by a negative culture at 7 days after discontinuation of treatment. No major side effects were recorded, and no significant changes were noted in parameters of renal function. Of the patients treated with amikacin, 21% experienced temporary local pain at the injection site; no such effect was noted in the netilmicin-treated group. Therefore, netilmicin appeared to be as effective and better tolerated than did amikacin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infection.", "contents": "Comparison of netilmicin and amikacin in treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. Netilmicin and amikacin, two recently developed aminoglycosides, were compared in a prospective, randomized study of 57 male patients with complicated urinary tract infections. Both drugs were administered intramuscularly every 12 h for 7 to 10 days, netilmicin at 2 mg/kg and amikacin at 7.5 mg/kg. The two groups were comparable as to infecting bacteria and underlying pathology of the urinary tract. No patients had indwelling catheters. All microorganisms isolated were sensitive to both antibiotics. A total of 69% of the patients treated with netilmicin and 57% of the patients treated with amikacin were cured of the infection, as defined by a negative culture at 7 days after discontinuation of treatment. No major side effects were recorded, and no significant changes were noted in parameters of renal function. Of the patients treated with amikacin, 21% experienced temporary local pain at the injection site; no such effect was noted in the netilmicin-treated group. Therefore, netilmicin appeared to be as effective and better tolerated than did amikacin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infection."}
{"id": "PMID:363054", "title": "Susceptibility of Eikenella corrodens to ten cephalosporins.", "content": "The susceptibility of 24 strains of Eikenella corrodens was determined, by the agar dilution technique, to 10 cephalosporins, as well as to clindamycin, penicillin and dicloxacillin. All strains were uniformly very susceptible to penicillin G and cefoxitin and resistant to clindamycin and dicloxacillin. Cefazolin showed good activity. Cephalexin, cephradine, and cefadroxil showed poor activity, and cefamandole's activity was relatively poor. Cephalothin, cephapirin, cefaclor, and cephaloridine showed moderate activity, with some strains relatively resistant.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Eikenella corrodens to ten cephalosporins. The susceptibility of 24 strains of Eikenella corrodens was determined, by the agar dilution technique, to 10 cephalosporins, as well as to clindamycin, penicillin and dicloxacillin. All strains were uniformly very susceptible to penicillin G and cefoxitin and resistant to clindamycin and dicloxacillin. Cefazolin showed good activity. Cephalexin, cephradine, and cefadroxil showed poor activity, and cefamandole's activity was relatively poor. Cephalothin, cephapirin, cefaclor, and cephaloridine showed moderate activity, with some strains relatively resistant."}
{"id": "PMID:363059", "title": "Photosensitivity due to a fluorouracil derivative.", "content": "A photosensitive lichen planus-like eruption developed in a 63-year-old man during postoperative chemotherapy with 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil. The action spectrum for the photosensitivity was in the long-wave ultraviolet light (UV-A). The reaction was reproducible on readministration of the drug and exposure to UV-A. At the time of this test, a flare-up phenomenon was observed at previously involved sites. The photopatch test was negative with the drug. Patients taking the drug who had no dermatitis were not sensitive to UV-A. These observations suggest that the photosensitivity that occurred in the patient was possibly photoallergic.", "contents": "Photosensitivity due to a fluorouracil derivative. A photosensitive lichen planus-like eruption developed in a 63-year-old man during postoperative chemotherapy with 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil. The action spectrum for the photosensitivity was in the long-wave ultraviolet light (UV-A). The reaction was reproducible on readministration of the drug and exposure to UV-A. At the time of this test, a flare-up phenomenon was observed at previously involved sites. The photopatch test was negative with the drug. Patients taking the drug who had no dermatitis were not sensitive to UV-A. These observations suggest that the photosensitivity that occurred in the patient was possibly photoallergic."}
{"id": "PMID:363060", "title": "Bullous pemphigoid:therapy in patients with and without diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Retrospective analysis of 34 patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) showed 24 (70.6%) with widespread disease and 10 (29.4%) with localized disease. Initial prednisone therapy was significantly lower for patients with localized BP, mean dose of 38 mg vs 58 mg, compared with widespread disease. Fifteen of 24 (62%) patients responded; however, 9 (38%) failed to respond to moderate-dose prednisone therapy and ultimately required daily doses of 100 mg or more and/or an immunosuppressive agent. Adult-onset diabetes mellitus was present in 14 of 34 (41%) patients. Initial prednisone dose for diabetic patients with widespread BP was significantly greater, 70 mg vs 54 mg, compared with nondiabetic patients. Addition of methotrexate, 2.5 to 15 mg, every other day or twice-weekly oral administration, was effective when moderate-dose prednisone therapy failed. It is possible that insulin-dependent diabetic patients with BP should be preferentially started on immunosuppressive drugs.", "contents": "Bullous pemphigoid:therapy in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Retrospective analysis of 34 patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) showed 24 (70.6%) with widespread disease and 10 (29.4%) with localized disease. Initial prednisone therapy was significantly lower for patients with localized BP, mean dose of 38 mg vs 58 mg, compared with widespread disease. Fifteen of 24 (62%) patients responded; however, 9 (38%) failed to respond to moderate-dose prednisone therapy and ultimately required daily doses of 100 mg or more and/or an immunosuppressive agent. Adult-onset diabetes mellitus was present in 14 of 34 (41%) patients. Initial prednisone dose for diabetic patients with widespread BP was significantly greater, 70 mg vs 54 mg, compared with nondiabetic patients. Addition of methotrexate, 2.5 to 15 mg, every other day or twice-weekly oral administration, was effective when moderate-dose prednisone therapy failed. It is possible that insulin-dependent diabetic patients with BP should be preferentially started on immunosuppressive drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:363061", "title": "Coexistent psoriasis and bullous pemphigoid: a report of six cases.", "content": "Vesicles and bullae developed in six patients with psoriasis while they were undergoing therapy for their psoriasis. Skin biopsy specimens were taken from their lesions and studied for regular histopathologic findings and direct immunofluorescence. These studies confirmed that they had coexistent psoriasis and bullous pemphigoid. A review of the therapy that the patients were given incriminates anthralin, crude coal tar, ultraviolet light, and salicylic acid in the possible cause of the development of their bullous pemphigoid lesions.", "contents": "Coexistent psoriasis and bullous pemphigoid: a report of six cases. Vesicles and bullae developed in six patients with psoriasis while they were undergoing therapy for their psoriasis. Skin biopsy specimens were taken from their lesions and studied for regular histopathologic findings and direct immunofluorescence. These studies confirmed that they had coexistent psoriasis and bullous pemphigoid. A review of the therapy that the patients were given incriminates anthralin, crude coal tar, ultraviolet light, and salicylic acid in the possible cause of the development of their bullous pemphigoid lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:363064", "title": "Neonatal tetanus treated with high dosage diazepam.", "content": "The combination of continuous intravenous infusion of diazepam (20--40 mg/kg per day) and intragastric phenobarbitone (10--15 mg/kg per day in 4 divided doses) was used to treat 19 cases of neonatal tetanus. Mortality was 2/19 (11%). This regimen was considered to have reduced the mortality and the need for artificial ventilation. The main side effects encountered were severe drowsiness, coma, and apnoeic episodes which were reversible when the level of diazepam was reduced.", "contents": "Neonatal tetanus treated with high dosage diazepam. The combination of continuous intravenous infusion of diazepam (20--40 mg/kg per day) and intragastric phenobarbitone (10--15 mg/kg per day in 4 divided doses) was used to treat 19 cases of neonatal tetanus. Mortality was 2/19 (11%). This regimen was considered to have reduced the mortality and the need for artificial ventilation. The main side effects encountered were severe drowsiness, coma, and apnoeic episodes which were reversible when the level of diazepam was reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:363065", "title": "Impairment of chemotactic activity of microphages in chronic mucocutaneous candidosis.", "content": "The chemotactic microphage function in combating and eliminating microorganisms is one of the most important features of the cellular immune system. Using a modified Boyden method we studied in vitro the chemotactic activity of the granulocytes in 5 patients suffering from chronic muco-cutaneous candidosis (CMCC), 3 of the familial and 2 of the non-familial type. To obtain quantitative results comparable to those of a control group, we investigated the granulocytes of 55 clinically and immunologically healthy persons by the same way. So we found, in comparison with the results of the controls, a striking reduction of the chemotactic granulocyte activity in all CMCC patients. This impairment of chemotaxis is apparently due to an inborn defect of the microphages. It is pointed out, however, that a non-specific stimulation of the immune system might be a promising way in the treatment of patients affected by CMCC.", "contents": "Impairment of chemotactic activity of microphages in chronic mucocutaneous candidosis. The chemotactic microphage function in combating and eliminating microorganisms is one of the most important features of the cellular immune system. Using a modified Boyden method we studied in vitro the chemotactic activity of the granulocytes in 5 patients suffering from chronic muco-cutaneous candidosis (CMCC), 3 of the familial and 2 of the non-familial type. To obtain quantitative results comparable to those of a control group, we investigated the granulocytes of 55 clinically and immunologically healthy persons by the same way. So we found, in comparison with the results of the controls, a striking reduction of the chemotactic granulocyte activity in all CMCC patients. This impairment of chemotaxis is apparently due to an inborn defect of the microphages. It is pointed out, however, that a non-specific stimulation of the immune system might be a promising way in the treatment of patients affected by CMCC."}
{"id": "PMID:363066", "title": "Allotransplantation of cultured human skin.", "content": "Human skin allografts cultured for approximately 6 weeks on a solid medium were transplanted to non-related human recipients with skin defects of various etiology. Although based on this study no answer could be given to the question whether these grafts survived or were replaced by cells of the recipient, it was observed that in most cases the grafts were not rejected and remained in situ several months up to over a year.", "contents": "Allotransplantation of cultured human skin. Human skin allografts cultured for approximately 6 weeks on a solid medium were transplanted to non-related human recipients with skin defects of various etiology. Although based on this study no answer could be given to the question whether these grafts survived or were replaced by cells of the recipient, it was observed that in most cases the grafts were not rejected and remained in situ several months up to over a year."}
{"id": "PMID:363067", "title": "Are Langhans giant cells precursors of foreign-body giant cells?", "content": "Granulomas were induced in rats by subcutaneous implantation of pieces of Melinex plastic into the dorsum. The pieces of Melinex were removed at intervals varying from 16h to 14 days, and the adherent cells were studied morphologically and quantitatively. Giant cell formation started about 32h after implantation. The first giant cells to appear were of the Langerhans type. Two days after implantation, most of the giant cells are still Langhans-type cells. A few giant cells of the foreign-body type and transition forms between the Langhans and foreign-body types are also present. From the third day on, the foreign-body type gradually becomes predominant. Independent of the duration of implantation, giant cells with 3, 4, or 5 nuclei are virtually without exception of the Langhans type. The higher the number of nuclei between 6 and 30, the more cells are of the foreign-body type. Giant cells with 30 or more nuclei are all foreign-body type. The findings are discussed in the light of current knowledge concerning giant cell formation. It is concluded that under the present experimental conditions, Langhans-type giant cells are the precursors of foreign-body-type giant cells.", "contents": "Are Langhans giant cells precursors of foreign-body giant cells? Granulomas were induced in rats by subcutaneous implantation of pieces of Melinex plastic into the dorsum. The pieces of Melinex were removed at intervals varying from 16h to 14 days, and the adherent cells were studied morphologically and quantitatively. Giant cell formation started about 32h after implantation. The first giant cells to appear were of the Langerhans type. Two days after implantation, most of the giant cells are still Langhans-type cells. A few giant cells of the foreign-body type and transition forms between the Langhans and foreign-body types are also present. From the third day on, the foreign-body type gradually becomes predominant. Independent of the duration of implantation, giant cells with 3, 4, or 5 nuclei are virtually without exception of the Langhans type. The higher the number of nuclei between 6 and 30, the more cells are of the foreign-body type. Giant cells with 30 or more nuclei are all foreign-body type. The findings are discussed in the light of current knowledge concerning giant cell formation. It is concluded that under the present experimental conditions, Langhans-type giant cells are the precursors of foreign-body-type giant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:363068", "title": "Effects of 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365 nm UVA light on Candida albicans cells. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Candida (C) albicans cells were exposed to 8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) concentrations of 1.0 microgram/ml and 10.0 microgram/ml medium and irradiated with 365 nm light. The amount of energy emitted was 4.8 J/cm2. Two divergent types of cell damage occured concerning yeast cell cytoplasm and cell wall. Two hours after exposure cytoplasmic changes involving mitochondria, which showed irregularities in shape, blurred appearance or loss of mitochondrial cristae and outer membrane were seen. The number of vacuoles was increased. The cytoplasm showed large electron transparent areas, the cytoplasmic membrane disappeared in some areas completely. Nucleus and nuclear envelope usually remained intact in early stages. 24h after exposure conspicuous cell wall alterations were observed in addition to cytoplasmic changes. Newly produced cell wall material formed ball-like protrusions or was adherent sickle-shaped to the cell wall. The investigations strongly suggest that the results found after 8-MOP-UVA treatment of C. albicans cells can not be interpreted in the sense of a general cytotoxic effect. Apparently it takes the form of a combination of events involving regressive and progressive alterations.", "contents": "Effects of 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365 nm UVA light on Candida albicans cells. An electron microscopic study. Candida (C) albicans cells were exposed to 8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) concentrations of 1.0 microgram/ml and 10.0 microgram/ml medium and irradiated with 365 nm light. The amount of energy emitted was 4.8 J/cm2. Two divergent types of cell damage occured concerning yeast cell cytoplasm and cell wall. Two hours after exposure cytoplasmic changes involving mitochondria, which showed irregularities in shape, blurred appearance or loss of mitochondrial cristae and outer membrane were seen. The number of vacuoles was increased. The cytoplasm showed large electron transparent areas, the cytoplasmic membrane disappeared in some areas completely. Nucleus and nuclear envelope usually remained intact in early stages. 24h after exposure conspicuous cell wall alterations were observed in addition to cytoplasmic changes. Newly produced cell wall material formed ball-like protrusions or was adherent sickle-shaped to the cell wall. The investigations strongly suggest that the results found after 8-MOP-UVA treatment of C. albicans cells can not be interpreted in the sense of a general cytotoxic effect. Apparently it takes the form of a combination of events involving regressive and progressive alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:363069", "title": "[Physical forces in blister formation. II. Examination of total osmolality in blister fluid of suction blisters, \"naturally\" developed blisters and in serum (author's transl)].", "content": "Total osmotic pressure does not differ significantly in suction blister fluid or in serum of healthy persons from blister fluid, suction blister fluid or serum of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous contact dermatitis and pemphigus vulgaris. The average values reach about 293 mOsmol/kg. This results from direct measurement of total osmolality with an electronic semimicroosmometer based on the principle of freezing point reduction. In opposite to colloid osmotic pressure the total osmotic pressure does not take part in blister formation of human skin in spite of the different concentrations of the single electrolytes in the fluids of various blisters.", "contents": "[Physical forces in blister formation. II. Examination of total osmolality in blister fluid of suction blisters, \"naturally\" developed blisters and in serum (author's transl)]. Total osmotic pressure does not differ significantly in suction blister fluid or in serum of healthy persons from blister fluid, suction blister fluid or serum of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous contact dermatitis and pemphigus vulgaris. The average values reach about 293 mOsmol/kg. This results from direct measurement of total osmolality with an electronic semimicroosmometer based on the principle of freezing point reduction. In opposite to colloid osmotic pressure the total osmotic pressure does not take part in blister formation of human skin in spite of the different concentrations of the single electrolytes in the fluids of various blisters."}
{"id": "PMID:363070", "title": "In vitro studies on microphage functions in chronic pyoderma vegetans.", "content": "The function of microphages has been studied in two patients with chronic pyoderma vegetans by in vitro determination of phagocytosis as well as chemotaxis. The results showed a striking decrease in the chemotactic activity of the neutrophil granulocytes, a reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, and a weakness of the intracellular killing of these microorganisms. However, the NADH-dependent oxidase activity appeared to be intact. No defect was found in the specific cellular or humoral immune system in either patient.", "contents": "In vitro studies on microphage functions in chronic pyoderma vegetans. The function of microphages has been studied in two patients with chronic pyoderma vegetans by in vitro determination of phagocytosis as well as chemotaxis. The results showed a striking decrease in the chemotactic activity of the neutrophil granulocytes, a reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, and a weakness of the intracellular killing of these microorganisms. However, the NADH-dependent oxidase activity appeared to be intact. No defect was found in the specific cellular or humoral immune system in either patient."}
{"id": "PMID:363071", "title": "A comparative study of Butacote and Naprosyn in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "A double-blind, cross-over comparison of Naprosyn (naproxen) 750 mg daily and Butacote (enteric-coated phenylbutazone) 300 mg daily was carried out in a multi-centre trial. Twenty-five patients, mostly male and under 40 years of age, were entered. After a 2-week period in which any existing anti-inflammatory drugs were tailed off, patients were entered into the trial and treated for 1 month with each drug. Patients were assessed at 4-weekly intervals. Both drugs significantly reduced morning stiffness. Morning pain and discomfort and wall-tragus distance were also significantly reduced by both drugs during the trial. Results of the Schober test showed improvement during both treatment periods. There were no overall statistically significant differences between the effects of the 2 drugs on objective parameters. However, overall subjective assessment of symptoms showed a greater improvement on Butacote. Treatment preferences by physician and subjective assessment by the patient both favoured Butacote but the difference between the 2 drugs was not statistically significant. Side effects were mostly of a minor nature. One patient had to discontinue the trial, due to indigestion while taking Butacote.", "contents": "A comparative study of Butacote and Naprosyn in ankylosing spondylitis. A double-blind, cross-over comparison of Naprosyn (naproxen) 750 mg daily and Butacote (enteric-coated phenylbutazone) 300 mg daily was carried out in a multi-centre trial. Twenty-five patients, mostly male and under 40 years of age, were entered. After a 2-week period in which any existing anti-inflammatory drugs were tailed off, patients were entered into the trial and treated for 1 month with each drug. Patients were assessed at 4-weekly intervals. Both drugs significantly reduced morning stiffness. Morning pain and discomfort and wall-tragus distance were also significantly reduced by both drugs during the trial. Results of the Schober test showed improvement during both treatment periods. There were no overall statistically significant differences between the effects of the 2 drugs on objective parameters. However, overall subjective assessment of symptoms showed a greater improvement on Butacote. Treatment preferences by physician and subjective assessment by the patient both favoured Butacote but the difference between the 2 drugs was not statistically significant. Side effects were mostly of a minor nature. One patient had to discontinue the trial, due to indigestion while taking Butacote."}
{"id": "PMID:363072", "title": "Fungal infections in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Infection continues to be a major source of morbidity and the major source of mortality in renal transplant recipients who are susceptible to opportunistic infections. We recently reviewed all renal transplant recipients who had fungi cultured during a three year period. C. albicans and T. glabrata were cultured most frequently. Deep fungal infections occurred in many patients and were frequently observed late in the course of bacterial and viral infections. Ten patients had fungemia, and primary fungal pneumonia occurred in eight patients. Three patients had fungal infection of the central nervous system. Three of eight patients with fungal pneumonia and eight of ten patients with fungemia died as a result of their fungus infections. These patients frequently had poor renal function and were receiving high steroid doses or had recently been treated for kidney rejection. One patient with fungal pneumonia and six patients with fungemia had the fungus cultured from a superficial site. Several patients developed fungal infections late in the course of viral or bacterial infections. Amphotericin-B and 5-fluorocytosine remain the mainstays of antifungal therapy.", "contents": "Fungal infections in renal transplant recipients. Infection continues to be a major source of morbidity and the major source of mortality in renal transplant recipients who are susceptible to opportunistic infections. We recently reviewed all renal transplant recipients who had fungi cultured during a three year period. C. albicans and T. glabrata were cultured most frequently. Deep fungal infections occurred in many patients and were frequently observed late in the course of bacterial and viral infections. Ten patients had fungemia, and primary fungal pneumonia occurred in eight patients. Three patients had fungal infection of the central nervous system. Three of eight patients with fungal pneumonia and eight of ten patients with fungemia died as a result of their fungus infections. These patients frequently had poor renal function and were receiving high steroid doses or had recently been treated for kidney rejection. One patient with fungal pneumonia and six patients with fungemia had the fungus cultured from a superficial site. Several patients developed fungal infections late in the course of viral or bacterial infections. Amphotericin-B and 5-fluorocytosine remain the mainstays of antifungal therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:363073", "title": "William Halsted and Theodor Kocher: \"an exquisite friendship\".", "content": "William Halsted and Theodor Kocher were friends on both a professional and personal level. They greatly admired each other's surgical skills and judgment, and Halsted was a frequent visitor to Kocher in Switzerland. This is of interest in that both men have been described as introverted personalities with very few intimate acquaintances. An analysis of their personal correspondence, which has not been previously published, clearly demonstrates this unique relationship between the two reknowned surgeons.", "contents": "William Halsted and Theodor Kocher: \"an exquisite friendship\". William Halsted and Theodor Kocher were friends on both a professional and personal level. They greatly admired each other's surgical skills and judgment, and Halsted was a frequent visitor to Kocher in Switzerland. This is of interest in that both men have been described as introverted personalities with very few intimate acquaintances. An analysis of their personal correspondence, which has not been previously published, clearly demonstrates this unique relationship between the two reknowned surgeons."}
{"id": "PMID:363074", "title": "Combination chemotherapy followed by skin grafts in the management of locally advanced breast cancer.", "content": "A combined modality approach to the treatment of locally advanced, ulcerating carcinoma of the breast is discussed. The beneficial effects of combination chemotherapy have been amplified by split thickness skin grafts at the site of a large skin deficit, resulting in successful wound palliation. Criteria for assessing likelihood of graft acceptance by an ulcerating wound in the presence of local neoplastic disease are emphasized.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy followed by skin grafts in the management of locally advanced breast cancer. A combined modality approach to the treatment of locally advanced, ulcerating carcinoma of the breast is discussed. The beneficial effects of combination chemotherapy have been amplified by split thickness skin grafts at the site of a large skin deficit, resulting in successful wound palliation. Criteria for assessing likelihood of graft acceptance by an ulcerating wound in the presence of local neoplastic disease are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:363084", "title": "A model for planning health care in patients with end-stage renal disease.", "content": "Treatment modalities of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients include in-center dialysis, home dialysis, and kidney transplant. We present a model to account for all aspects of modality use to aid in planning regional facilities. Five years of data for 979 patients on dialysis in Wisconsin between 1970 and 1975 are used. The model shows movement (transit probabilities) from one modality to another, eg, transition from in-center dialysis to transplantation, and data were used to derive all transitional probabilities characterizing patient movement from one modality to another. Model and probabilities were used to predict number of patients in each modality in 1976, and the model was used to predict number of patients in each treatment modality through 1990. These figures may be used for planning regional facilities. Extrapolation of this model and derived probabilities for nationwide projections may be possible.", "contents": "A model for planning health care in patients with end-stage renal disease. Treatment modalities of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients include in-center dialysis, home dialysis, and kidney transplant. We present a model to account for all aspects of modality use to aid in planning regional facilities. Five years of data for 979 patients on dialysis in Wisconsin between 1970 and 1975 are used. The model shows movement (transit probabilities) from one modality to another, eg, transition from in-center dialysis to transplantation, and data were used to derive all transitional probabilities characterizing patient movement from one modality to another. Model and probabilities were used to predict number of patients in each modality in 1976, and the model was used to predict number of patients in each treatment modality through 1990. These figures may be used for planning regional facilities. Extrapolation of this model and derived probabilities for nationwide projections may be possible."}
{"id": "PMID:363085", "title": "Home hemodialysis review in Iowa: 1970--1977.", "content": "One hundred fifty-two patients were accepted for home hemodialysis training from 1970 to 1976. Duration of training varied from 4 to 22 weeks. The primary reason for discontinuing home dialysis was patient and assistant psychological adjustment problems. Patient medical and technical problems were not related to the distance from the home dialysis training unit. Cumulative probability of survival was .948 at one year and .637 at five years. Cardiovascular disease accounted for 80% of the patients who died while receiving long-term hemodialysis. Fifty-three percent of the deaths in patients after renal transplantation were secondary to infectious causes.", "contents": "Home hemodialysis review in Iowa: 1970--1977. One hundred fifty-two patients were accepted for home hemodialysis training from 1970 to 1976. Duration of training varied from 4 to 22 weeks. The primary reason for discontinuing home dialysis was patient and assistant psychological adjustment problems. Patient medical and technical problems were not related to the distance from the home dialysis training unit. Cumulative probability of survival was .948 at one year and .637 at five years. Cardiovascular disease accounted for 80% of the patients who died while receiving long-term hemodialysis. Fifty-three percent of the deaths in patients after renal transplantation were secondary to infectious causes."}
{"id": "PMID:363086", "title": "Pharyngeal flora in ambulatory alcoholic patients: prevalence of gram-negative bacilli.", "content": "The pharyngeal flora of a group of ambulatory alcoholic patients was studied and compared with the pharyngeal flora of a control group. Sixty-eight patients were studied, 34 alcoholics and 28 controls. Of the alcoholic patients, 59% had Gram-negative bacilli in their pharyngeal flora, while 14% of the control group had the same organisms. There were no differences in Gram-positive cocci colonization between the groups. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequent isolate (40%) and the Klebsiella-Enterobacter group accounted for 76% of the isolates. Colonization rates of greater than 10 colony forming units/ml were found in 43% of the alcoholic patients. The high prevalence and higher colonization rates of Gram-negative bacilli in alcoholic patients might explain the higher incidence of Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia among alcoholics.", "contents": "Pharyngeal flora in ambulatory alcoholic patients: prevalence of gram-negative bacilli. The pharyngeal flora of a group of ambulatory alcoholic patients was studied and compared with the pharyngeal flora of a control group. Sixty-eight patients were studied, 34 alcoholics and 28 controls. Of the alcoholic patients, 59% had Gram-negative bacilli in their pharyngeal flora, while 14% of the control group had the same organisms. There were no differences in Gram-positive cocci colonization between the groups. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequent isolate (40%) and the Klebsiella-Enterobacter group accounted for 76% of the isolates. Colonization rates of greater than 10 colony forming units/ml were found in 43% of the alcoholic patients. The high prevalence and higher colonization rates of Gram-negative bacilli in alcoholic patients might explain the higher incidence of Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia among alcoholics."}
{"id": "PMID:363087", "title": "Minoxidil-induced bullous eruption.", "content": "A previously unreported side effect--serosanguineous bullae--was found in one patient receiving minoxidil. The eruption disappeared with cessation of the drug and reappeared on rechallenge. The question arises whether continuation of minoxidil treatment could have led to vasculitis.", "contents": "Minoxidil-induced bullous eruption. A previously unreported side effect--serosanguineous bullae--was found in one patient receiving minoxidil. The eruption disappeared with cessation of the drug and reappeared on rechallenge. The question arises whether continuation of minoxidil treatment could have led to vasculitis."}
{"id": "PMID:363089", "title": "Detection of small cryptic plasmids in Salmonella typhimurium strain LT2.", "content": "Small cryptic plasmids of molecular weights ranging from 1 to 3 Mdal were detected by electron microscopy in Salmonella typhimurium strain LT2 (ColIb). They were divided into different size classes. Two of the cryptic plasmids were transferred simultaneously with ColIb to Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Detection of small cryptic plasmids in Salmonella typhimurium strain LT2. Small cryptic plasmids of molecular weights ranging from 1 to 3 Mdal were detected by electron microscopy in Salmonella typhimurium strain LT2 (ColIb). They were divided into different size classes. Two of the cryptic plasmids were transferred simultaneously with ColIb to Escherichia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:363090", "title": "Structure and function of small airways in health and disease.", "content": "During the last two decades, great strides have been made in our understanding of the functional aspects of airflow in the periphery of the lung. It seems that the small airways are the important site of obstruction in a variety of chronic respiratory disorders associated with airflow obstruction. This review deals with the anatomic and functional aspects of small airways in normal and diseased lungs. In particular, the basis of obstruction or narrowing that is not dependent on intrinsic airway lesion is reviewed. The variety of pathologic changes in small airways observed in these diseases are outlined along with physiologic tests that are currently used to detect dysfunction at a stage long before they produce symptoms or alter standard tests of lung function.", "contents": "Structure and function of small airways in health and disease. During the last two decades, great strides have been made in our understanding of the functional aspects of airflow in the periphery of the lung. It seems that the small airways are the important site of obstruction in a variety of chronic respiratory disorders associated with airflow obstruction. This review deals with the anatomic and functional aspects of small airways in normal and diseased lungs. In particular, the basis of obstruction or narrowing that is not dependent on intrinsic airway lesion is reviewed. The variety of pathologic changes in small airways observed in these diseases are outlined along with physiologic tests that are currently used to detect dysfunction at a stage long before they produce symptoms or alter standard tests of lung function."}
{"id": "PMID:363093", "title": "ICLH cemented douple cup hip replacement.", "content": "The ICLH (Imperial College-London Hospital) double cup hip replacement as it exists today consists of a metal femoral component which caps the femur and a polyethylene acetabular component which resurfaces the acetabulum. Both components are cemented in place. The first prosthesis was inserted in 1972 and during the following two years complications emerged which necessitated changes in the prosthesis and the operative technique. Since November 1974 there have been no changes in the prosthetic design or operative procedure and complications have been infrequent. An approach has been developed whereby trochanteric osteotomy is not necessary. Up to December 1977 159 hips were replaced in 154 patients. Clinically, the results of a successful double cup arthroplasty are similar to those obtained by conventional hip replacement. No deterioration in the quality of the results is suggested when early results are compared with those of patients who are now two years and longer since surgery. Technical errors to be avoided are varus placement of the femoral component and excessive vertical placement of the acetabular component. Conclusions drawn are tentative due to the fact that to date the follow-up period is inadequate.", "contents": "ICLH cemented douple cup hip replacement. The ICLH (Imperial College-London Hospital) double cup hip replacement as it exists today consists of a metal femoral component which caps the femur and a polyethylene acetabular component which resurfaces the acetabulum. Both components are cemented in place. The first prosthesis was inserted in 1972 and during the following two years complications emerged which necessitated changes in the prosthesis and the operative technique. Since November 1974 there have been no changes in the prosthetic design or operative procedure and complications have been infrequent. An approach has been developed whereby trochanteric osteotomy is not necessary. Up to December 1977 159 hips were replaced in 154 patients. Clinically, the results of a successful double cup arthroplasty are similar to those obtained by conventional hip replacement. No deterioration in the quality of the results is suggested when early results are compared with those of patients who are now two years and longer since surgery. Technical errors to be avoided are varus placement of the femoral component and excessive vertical placement of the acetabular component. Conclusions drawn are tentative due to the fact that to date the follow-up period is inadequate."}
{"id": "PMID:363094", "title": "Temperatures in human thighs after hot pack treatment followed by ultrasound.", "content": "Temperature distributions were measured in the anterior thigh of human volunteers after preheating with a hot pack followed by ultrasound, a frequently used therapeutic procedure. The skin surface temperature is elevated by this procedure but the highest temperature is still produced at the bone-muscle interface at the end of the treatment session.", "contents": "Temperatures in human thighs after hot pack treatment followed by ultrasound. Temperature distributions were measured in the anterior thigh of human volunteers after preheating with a hot pack followed by ultrasound, a frequently used therapeutic procedure. The skin surface temperature is elevated by this procedure but the highest temperature is still produced at the bone-muscle interface at the end of the treatment session."}
{"id": "PMID:363095", "title": "Metrifonate. Summary of toxicological and pharmacological information available.", "content": "The organophosphorus compound 0,0-dimethyl-(1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-phosphonate was introduced as an insecticide, trichlorfon, in 1952 (Lorenz et al., 1955) and as a drug, metrifonate, in the treatment of schistosomiasis in 1960 (Lebrun and Cerf, 1960). This organophosphorus compound is unique in that it has been claimed not to be a direct acting cholinesterase inhibitor but being transformed nonenzymatically into an active component dichlorvos, 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP). The evidence for this transformation has mostly been indirect. Recently it has been proved chemically and quantitatively that this transformation occurs in the animal body (Nordgren et al., 1978). Metrifonate is the sole organophosphorus compound currently studied clinically in schistosomiasis. A substantial therapeutic effect is obtained only in Schistosoma haematobium infections. In this review on available data of metrifonate it is suggested that further more detailed studies of both S. haematobium and S. mansoni are necessary. This should include studies of the enzymic properties of the worms and the reaction of their esterases towards both metrifonate and DDVP as well as the pharmacokinetics of these compounds in man. In addition there are still unsolved discrepancies reported regarding organ toxicity of the compound which may, however, be due to different grades of parity of the test material.", "contents": "Metrifonate. Summary of toxicological and pharmacological information available. The organophosphorus compound 0,0-dimethyl-(1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-phosphonate was introduced as an insecticide, trichlorfon, in 1952 (Lorenz et al., 1955) and as a drug, metrifonate, in the treatment of schistosomiasis in 1960 (Lebrun and Cerf, 1960). This organophosphorus compound is unique in that it has been claimed not to be a direct acting cholinesterase inhibitor but being transformed nonenzymatically into an active component dichlorvos, 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP). The evidence for this transformation has mostly been indirect. Recently it has been proved chemically and quantitatively that this transformation occurs in the animal body (Nordgren et al., 1978). Metrifonate is the sole organophosphorus compound currently studied clinically in schistosomiasis. A substantial therapeutic effect is obtained only in Schistosoma haematobium infections. In this review on available data of metrifonate it is suggested that further more detailed studies of both S. haematobium and S. mansoni are necessary. This should include studies of the enzymic properties of the worms and the reaction of their esterases towards both metrifonate and DDVP as well as the pharmacokinetics of these compounds in man. In addition there are still unsolved discrepancies reported regarding organ toxicity of the compound which may, however, be due to different grades of parity of the test material."}
{"id": "PMID:363100", "title": "[Mechanisms of development of histological and cytochemical changes in mammals (rats) during orbital flights].", "content": "The review surveys the publications on morphological and cytological changes in different functional systems of mammals (rats) flown on board the biological satellites of the Cosmos series. The paper gives an evidence that major changes in rats during orbital flights are induced by motor deprivation resulting in distinct metabolic disorders which histologically are represented as osteoporosis of the spongy segments of the long tubular skeletal bones, their periosteocytic osteolysis and atrophic developments in skeletal muscles. The paper discusses neurotrophic nature of these changes and emphasizes the contribution of stress reactions at different flight stages, especially on return to 1 g.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of development of histological and cytochemical changes in mammals (rats) during orbital flights]. The review surveys the publications on morphological and cytological changes in different functional systems of mammals (rats) flown on board the biological satellites of the Cosmos series. The paper gives an evidence that major changes in rats during orbital flights are induced by motor deprivation resulting in distinct metabolic disorders which histologically are represented as osteoporosis of the spongy segments of the long tubular skeletal bones, their periosteocytic osteolysis and atrophic developments in skeletal muscles. The paper discusses neurotrophic nature of these changes and emphasizes the contribution of stress reactions at different flight stages, especially on return to 1 g."}
{"id": "PMID:363103", "title": "Precautions in familial transmissible dementia: including familial Alzheimer's disease.", "content": "Recent studies suggest that some cases of familial Alzheimer's disease may be associated with a transmissible dementia. Animal experiments show that presymptomatic carriers of \"slow virus\" agents can transmit disease. Because of these findings, we have extended the precautions previously delineated to include those at risk of acquiring transmissible dementia, specifically, to the descendants of those affected with familial Alzheimer's disease or familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease. Blood donation from such persons may pose a danger, because transmissible spongioform encephalopathy has been passed from animal to animal by blood serum and by the WBC layer of frozen whole blood.", "contents": "Precautions in familial transmissible dementia: including familial Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies suggest that some cases of familial Alzheimer's disease may be associated with a transmissible dementia. Animal experiments show that presymptomatic carriers of \"slow virus\" agents can transmit disease. Because of these findings, we have extended the precautions previously delineated to include those at risk of acquiring transmissible dementia, specifically, to the descendants of those affected with familial Alzheimer's disease or familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease. Blood donation from such persons may pose a danger, because transmissible spongioform encephalopathy has been passed from animal to animal by blood serum and by the WBC layer of frozen whole blood."}
{"id": "PMID:363104", "title": "Treatment of parkinsonism with N-n-propyl norapomorphine and levodopa (with or without carbidopa).", "content": "The effects of the concomitant administration of N-n-propyl norapomorphine (NPA) and levodopa, with and without carbidopa, were studied in 12 patients with unsatisfactory symptom control. Double-blind evaluation of the effects of NPA with suboptimal doses of levodopa or levodopa plus carbidopa (Sinemet) showed a mean overall improvement of 44% (20% to 74%) in nine patients and improvement of the \"on-off\" effect in five. Dyskinesia diminished in some patients after diminution of basal medication. In three patients, plasma dopa and growth hormone patterns did not differ substantially with and without NPA. The magnitude and timing of the therapeutic and side effects did not correlate with the pattern of growth hormone secretion, which suggests that this hormone might not be instrumental in the induction of these effects. N-n-propyl norapomorphine is a useful adjunct in the long-term management of patients with unsatisfactory response to levodopa.", "contents": "Treatment of parkinsonism with N-n-propyl norapomorphine and levodopa (with or without carbidopa). The effects of the concomitant administration of N-n-propyl norapomorphine (NPA) and levodopa, with and without carbidopa, were studied in 12 patients with unsatisfactory symptom control. Double-blind evaluation of the effects of NPA with suboptimal doses of levodopa or levodopa plus carbidopa (Sinemet) showed a mean overall improvement of 44% (20% to 74%) in nine patients and improvement of the \"on-off\" effect in five. Dyskinesia diminished in some patients after diminution of basal medication. In three patients, plasma dopa and growth hormone patterns did not differ substantially with and without NPA. The magnitude and timing of the therapeutic and side effects did not correlate with the pattern of growth hormone secretion, which suggests that this hormone might not be instrumental in the induction of these effects. N-n-propyl norapomorphine is a useful adjunct in the long-term management of patients with unsatisfactory response to levodopa."}
{"id": "PMID:363105", "title": "The mechanism of timolol in lowering intraocular pressure. In the normal eye.", "content": "A single-drop, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the mechanism of the ocular-pressure lowering property of timolol maleate, a beta-adrenergic blocker, was carried out in 23 normal subjects, using fluorophotometry. Timolol suppressed aqueous formation in all subjects. The range of suppression was 13% to 48%, with a mean +/- SD of 34% +/- 9%. The drug had no effect on anterior chamber volume or endothelial permeability to fluorescein and, apparently, had no effect on outflow resistance. No differences were observed between its effect on men and women or between eyes with light and dark irides.", "contents": "The mechanism of timolol in lowering intraocular pressure. In the normal eye. A single-drop, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the mechanism of the ocular-pressure lowering property of timolol maleate, a beta-adrenergic blocker, was carried out in 23 normal subjects, using fluorophotometry. Timolol suppressed aqueous formation in all subjects. The range of suppression was 13% to 48%, with a mean +/- SD of 34% +/- 9%. The drug had no effect on anterior chamber volume or endothelial permeability to fluorescein and, apparently, had no effect on outflow resistance. No differences were observed between its effect on men and women or between eyes with light and dark irides."}
{"id": "PMID:363106", "title": "The removal of scleral buckles.", "content": "Six hundred consecutive retinal detachments were operated on with silicone scleral buckles. Twenty-three implants, or 3.8%, were removed. There was one solid silicone implant and 22 silicone sponges. Removal was required because of infection (seven eyes), foreign-body sensation without infection (seven eyes), recurrent subconjunctival hemorrhages (four eyes), impingement on the optic nerve (one eye), and distortion of the macula (four eyes). The postoperative infection rate was 1.8% for silicone sponges, and there were no infections in eyes buckled with solid silicone. Only one retina redetached after buckle removal, yielding a recurrence rate of 4%. The one recurrence was successfully managed by a second scleral buckle.", "contents": "The removal of scleral buckles. Six hundred consecutive retinal detachments were operated on with silicone scleral buckles. Twenty-three implants, or 3.8%, were removed. There was one solid silicone implant and 22 silicone sponges. Removal was required because of infection (seven eyes), foreign-body sensation without infection (seven eyes), recurrent subconjunctival hemorrhages (four eyes), impingement on the optic nerve (one eye), and distortion of the macula (four eyes). The postoperative infection rate was 1.8% for silicone sponges, and there were no infections in eyes buckled with solid silicone. Only one retina redetached after buckle removal, yielding a recurrence rate of 4%. The one recurrence was successfully managed by a second scleral buckle."}
{"id": "PMID:363108", "title": "Transplant size and elevated intraocular pressure. Postkeratoplasty.", "content": "Elevated intraocular pressure after keratoplasty is a well-recognized phenomenon both in aphakia and in combined lens extraction and penetrating keratoplasty. Ninety-two consecutive cases of penetrating keratoplasty procedures were studied. These were randomly assigned to group A or B. Group A received a donor transplant 0.5 mm larger than the recipient bed. Group B received donor buttons equal in size to the recipient bed. Intraocular pressure was measured preoperatively and daily until the patients were discharged. Group A, which had aphakic penetrating keratoplasty or the combined procedure (0.5-mm larger button), also had significantly lower intraocular pressures (P less than .001) than group B (same size button). There was no difference in postoperative intraocular pressure between groups A and B for those who had phakic penetrating keratoplasties. A larger donor size can alleviate induced \"aphakic keratoplasty glaucoma.\"", "contents": "Transplant size and elevated intraocular pressure. Postkeratoplasty. Elevated intraocular pressure after keratoplasty is a well-recognized phenomenon both in aphakia and in combined lens extraction and penetrating keratoplasty. Ninety-two consecutive cases of penetrating keratoplasty procedures were studied. These were randomly assigned to group A or B. Group A received a donor transplant 0.5 mm larger than the recipient bed. Group B received donor buttons equal in size to the recipient bed. Intraocular pressure was measured preoperatively and daily until the patients were discharged. Group A, which had aphakic penetrating keratoplasty or the combined procedure (0.5-mm larger button), also had significantly lower intraocular pressures (P less than .001) than group B (same size button). There was no difference in postoperative intraocular pressure between groups A and B for those who had phakic penetrating keratoplasties. A larger donor size can alleviate induced \"aphakic keratoplasty glaucoma.\""}
{"id": "PMID:363109", "title": "Subepithelial infiltrates: a probable sign of corneal transplant rejection.", "content": "A previously undescribed slit-lamp manifestation of a probable corneal transplant rejection reaction was found in 22 patients among 145 who underwent penetrating keratoplasty during a two-year period. The reaction consisted of subepithelial infiltrates that were located only in the donor tissue; were without associated conjunctivitis; and that occurred six weeks to 21 months postoperatively, either alone or in association with epithelial and/or endothelial rejection; and that responded well to topical corticosteroid treatment. In one case, the subepithelial infiltrates preceded a severe endothelial rejection by only a few days. The lesions are a warning that all is not well and that corticosteroid therapy should be instituted or increased.", "contents": "Subepithelial infiltrates: a probable sign of corneal transplant rejection. A previously undescribed slit-lamp manifestation of a probable corneal transplant rejection reaction was found in 22 patients among 145 who underwent penetrating keratoplasty during a two-year period. The reaction consisted of subepithelial infiltrates that were located only in the donor tissue; were without associated conjunctivitis; and that occurred six weeks to 21 months postoperatively, either alone or in association with epithelial and/or endothelial rejection; and that responded well to topical corticosteroid treatment. In one case, the subepithelial infiltrates preceded a severe endothelial rejection by only a few days. The lesions are a warning that all is not well and that corticosteroid therapy should be instituted or increased."}
{"id": "PMID:363110", "title": "Orbital mass as a complication of contact lens wear.", "content": "A 26-year-old woman, who was a hard contact lens wearer, had a cystic mass in the right orbit that was increasing in size. Although initial ultrasound evaluation was negative for a foreign body, a history of trauma to the right orbit, two years prior to examination, and clinical findings suggested a retained migrated contact lens with a secondary orbital cyst. Surgical exploration revealed the contact lens embedded in the supratarsal space with an associated sterile, inflammatory intraorbital cyst.", "contents": "Orbital mass as a complication of contact lens wear. A 26-year-old woman, who was a hard contact lens wearer, had a cystic mass in the right orbit that was increasing in size. Although initial ultrasound evaluation was negative for a foreign body, a history of trauma to the right orbit, two years prior to examination, and clinical findings suggested a retained migrated contact lens with a secondary orbital cyst. Surgical exploration revealed the contact lens embedded in the supratarsal space with an associated sterile, inflammatory intraorbital cyst."}
{"id": "PMID:363118", "title": "A comparison of 4 serological tests in the detection of humoral antibodies to anaplasmosis in cattle.", "content": "A capillary agglutination (CA), a complement fixation (CF), a plate agglutination (PT) and an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test to detect humoral antibodies to Anaplasma marginale are described. Serums from 3, 4 or 5 groups of cattle were used to examine the efficiency of the tests. Agreement between all 4 tests was 86.6%. Agreement between pairs of tests was greater. The CF test was the most sensitive while the PT test was the least sensitive. However the PT could be carried out very rapidly and was suggested as the best screening test, providing improved antigen preparation techniques could increase sensitivity. The CA, CF and IFA tests all showed a stronger homologous antibody reaction when A. marginale antigen was tested against serums obtained from cattle infected with either A. marginale or A. centrale. Antibodies in the A. marginale serums were first detected by day 7 post-inoculation, rose to peak around day 29 and were still present on day 200. Antibodies in the A. centrale serums were first detected by day 29 rose to a peak around day 50 and had disappeared by day 150.", "contents": "A comparison of 4 serological tests in the detection of humoral antibodies to anaplasmosis in cattle. A capillary agglutination (CA), a complement fixation (CF), a plate agglutination (PT) and an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test to detect humoral antibodies to Anaplasma marginale are described. Serums from 3, 4 or 5 groups of cattle were used to examine the efficiency of the tests. Agreement between all 4 tests was 86.6%. Agreement between pairs of tests was greater. The CF test was the most sensitive while the PT test was the least sensitive. However the PT could be carried out very rapidly and was suggested as the best screening test, providing improved antigen preparation techniques could increase sensitivity. The CA, CF and IFA tests all showed a stronger homologous antibody reaction when A. marginale antigen was tested against serums obtained from cattle infected with either A. marginale or A. centrale. Antibodies in the A. marginale serums were first detected by day 7 post-inoculation, rose to peak around day 29 and were still present on day 200. Antibodies in the A. centrale serums were first detected by day 29 rose to a peak around day 50 and had disappeared by day 150."}
{"id": "PMID:363135", "title": "A morphological study of the endocrine pancreas in human pregnancy.", "content": "During human pregnancy an enlargement of the islets of Langerhans and hyperplasia of the beta cells is present. These morphological changes indicate that the endocrine pancreas is able to adapt to the metabolic changes of pregnancy.", "contents": "A morphological study of the endocrine pancreas in human pregnancy. During human pregnancy an enlargement of the islets of Langerhans and hyperplasia of the beta cells is present. These morphological changes indicate that the endocrine pancreas is able to adapt to the metabolic changes of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:363132", "title": "[Institutional epidemic gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella enteritis Worthington type in 1976].", "content": "An outbreak of gastroenteritis that occurred in a boarding school in Mexico is described. The attack rate was 100% since all of 151 pupils were involved. Salmonella enteritidis serotype Worthington was identified as the only etiologic agent. This microorganism was isolated from 60% of the samples studied. Due to the delay in notification the food ingested during the outbreak could not be analyzed.", "contents": "[Institutional epidemic gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella enteritis Worthington type in 1976]. An outbreak of gastroenteritis that occurred in a boarding school in Mexico is described. The attack rate was 100% since all of 151 pupils were involved. Salmonella enteritidis serotype Worthington was identified as the only etiologic agent. This microorganism was isolated from 60% of the samples studied. Due to the delay in notification the food ingested during the outbreak could not be analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:363136", "title": "Menopausal hot flushes: a double blind comparison of placebo, ethinyl oestradiol and norgestrel.", "content": "A double blind crossover study was planned in order to compare the effects of oestrogen, progestogen and placebo on hot flushes. The 49 women studied had previously undergone hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy. The drug regimen consisted of three months each of ethinyl oestradiol 50 microgram/day, d norgestrel 250 microgram/day, a combination of these two substance (\"Nordiol\") and a placebo. The predominant reason for requesting a change of medication was intolerable hot flushes associated with placebo use. All hormonal preparations were found to be significantly more effective than placebo in reducing hot flush frequency and intensity. Oestrogen containing medications were more effective than the progestogen (norgestrel).", "contents": "Menopausal hot flushes: a double blind comparison of placebo, ethinyl oestradiol and norgestrel. A double blind crossover study was planned in order to compare the effects of oestrogen, progestogen and placebo on hot flushes. The 49 women studied had previously undergone hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy. The drug regimen consisted of three months each of ethinyl oestradiol 50 microgram/day, d norgestrel 250 microgram/day, a combination of these two substance (\"Nordiol\") and a placebo. The predominant reason for requesting a change of medication was intolerable hot flushes associated with placebo use. All hormonal preparations were found to be significantly more effective than placebo in reducing hot flush frequency and intensity. Oestrogen containing medications were more effective than the progestogen (norgestrel)."}
{"id": "PMID:363133", "title": "[Recurrent bacteriuria in children].", "content": "Fifty-four children admitted to the Children's Hospital of Cordoba City with recurrent bacteriuria were followed for 12 to 97 months. Most of them were females and Escherichia coli was the most frequent microorganism isolated in recurrent attacks of bacteriuria. Ninety percent of the patients showed urological abnormalities. Vesicoureteral reflux was the most frequent. Residual urine was considered the main cause of recurrent bacteriuria. After antibioticotherapy and surgical treatment, over one half of the patients persisted with relapses. Recurrent bacteriuria appeared more frequently in male infants with severe urologic abnormalities. Finally, three groups of patients in relation to uropathy and functional renal impairment are described and a different prognosis for each one is proposed. For this reason, each patient must have a complete urologic examination done at the onset and a carefull follow-up, carried out.", "contents": "[Recurrent bacteriuria in children]. Fifty-four children admitted to the Children's Hospital of Cordoba City with recurrent bacteriuria were followed for 12 to 97 months. Most of them were females and Escherichia coli was the most frequent microorganism isolated in recurrent attacks of bacteriuria. Ninety percent of the patients showed urological abnormalities. Vesicoureteral reflux was the most frequent. Residual urine was considered the main cause of recurrent bacteriuria. After antibioticotherapy and surgical treatment, over one half of the patients persisted with relapses. Recurrent bacteriuria appeared more frequently in male infants with severe urologic abnormalities. Finally, three groups of patients in relation to uropathy and functional renal impairment are described and a different prognosis for each one is proposed. For this reason, each patient must have a complete urologic examination done at the onset and a carefull follow-up, carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:363141", "title": "Binding of recrystallized and chromatographically purified 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate to Escherichia coli lac repressor.", "content": "8-Anilion-1-naphthalenesulfonate (Ans), recrystallized from water as the magnesium salt, contains a fluorescent impurity representing 0.3% of the absorbance at 351 nm. This impurity can be removed by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. The chromatographic and spectral properties of this impurity suggest that it is bis(Ans), a dimer of Ans. This bis(Ans) impurity makes a significant contribution to the fluorescence increment observed when lac repressor is added to recrystallized Ans. This occurs because bis(Ans) binds much more tightly to this protein than does Ans. The dissociation constant divided by the number of binding sites per subunit is 3.1 X 10(-6) M for bis(Ans); the corresponding value for Ans is greater than 1 X 10(-4) M. Because of their differing absorption spectra, the impact of this bis(Ans) impurity is especially large with excitation wavelengths above 400 nm. Users of recrystallized Ans should consider the potential consequences of this impurity whenever working with a protein to which Ans binds weakly.", "contents": "Binding of recrystallized and chromatographically purified 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate to Escherichia coli lac repressor. 8-Anilion-1-naphthalenesulfonate (Ans), recrystallized from water as the magnesium salt, contains a fluorescent impurity representing 0.3% of the absorbance at 351 nm. This impurity can be removed by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. The chromatographic and spectral properties of this impurity suggest that it is bis(Ans), a dimer of Ans. This bis(Ans) impurity makes a significant contribution to the fluorescence increment observed when lac repressor is added to recrystallized Ans. This occurs because bis(Ans) binds much more tightly to this protein than does Ans. The dissociation constant divided by the number of binding sites per subunit is 3.1 X 10(-6) M for bis(Ans); the corresponding value for Ans is greater than 1 X 10(-4) M. Because of their differing absorption spectra, the impact of this bis(Ans) impurity is especially large with excitation wavelengths above 400 nm. Users of recrystallized Ans should consider the potential consequences of this impurity whenever working with a protein to which Ans binds weakly."}
{"id": "PMID:363142", "title": "Association of Escherichia coli lac repressor with poly[d(A-T)] monitored with 8-anilino-1-napthalenesulfonate.", "content": "The association of lac repressor with poly[d(A-T)] was monitored with the fluorescent prob 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (Ans). Excess poly[d(A-T)] decreased the emission intensity of the repressor--Ans complex by 30%. Fluorescence titrations indicated that 33 +/- 4 base pairs were required to bind all of the repressor. Sedimentation studies indicated, however, that all of the repressor sedimented as a protein--DNA complex with as few as 10 to 15 base pairs per tetramer, even in the presence of Ans. These data are interpreted with two models: one where repressors bind to both sides of the DNA (Butler, A. P., et al. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 4757: Zingsheim, H.P., et al. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 115, 565), the other where a double layer of repressors bind to a single side of the DNA. Removal of the amino-terminal regions from the repressor decreased the fluorescence from bound Ans by 77%. The amino-terminal fragments alone did not enhance Ans fluorescence.", "contents": "Association of Escherichia coli lac repressor with poly[d(A-T)] monitored with 8-anilino-1-napthalenesulfonate. The association of lac repressor with poly[d(A-T)] was monitored with the fluorescent prob 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (Ans). Excess poly[d(A-T)] decreased the emission intensity of the repressor--Ans complex by 30%. Fluorescence titrations indicated that 33 +/- 4 base pairs were required to bind all of the repressor. Sedimentation studies indicated, however, that all of the repressor sedimented as a protein--DNA complex with as few as 10 to 15 base pairs per tetramer, even in the presence of Ans. These data are interpreted with two models: one where repressors bind to both sides of the DNA (Butler, A. P., et al. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 4757: Zingsheim, H.P., et al. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 115, 565), the other where a double layer of repressors bind to a single side of the DNA. Removal of the amino-terminal regions from the repressor decreased the fluorescence from bound Ans by 77%. The amino-terminal fragments alone did not enhance Ans fluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:363145", "title": "Joining of 3'-modified oligonucleotides by T4 RNA ligase. Synthesis of a heptadecanucleotide corresponding to the bases 61--77 from Escherichia coli tRNAfMet.", "content": "Chemically synthesized fragments corresponding to the 3' end of tRNAfMet from Escherichia coli were joined by T4-induced RNA ligase to yield a heptadecanucleotide (bases 61--77). The 3' terminus of C-C-A was modified by introduction of the ethoxymethylidene group to prevent intra- and intermolecular self-joining reactions at the 3' end. The terminal trimer was phosphorylated using polynucleotide kinase and joined to C-A-A with RNA ligase. The hexamer [C-A-A-C-C-A(ethoxymethylidene)] corresponding to bases 72--77 was obtained in a yield of 60%. An undecanucleotide (bases 61--71) which had been synthesized in a yield of 34% by similar enzymatic joining of U-C-C-G-G to pC-C-C-C-C-G was allowed to react with the 5'-phosphorylated hexamer (bases 72--77) using an excess of RNA ligase to yield the heptadecanucleotide U-C-C-G-G-C-C-C-C-C-G-C-A-A-C-C-A (bases 61--77). The product was identified by homochromatography and nearest neighbor analysis.", "contents": "Joining of 3'-modified oligonucleotides by T4 RNA ligase. Synthesis of a heptadecanucleotide corresponding to the bases 61--77 from Escherichia coli tRNAfMet. Chemically synthesized fragments corresponding to the 3' end of tRNAfMet from Escherichia coli were joined by T4-induced RNA ligase to yield a heptadecanucleotide (bases 61--77). The 3' terminus of C-C-A was modified by introduction of the ethoxymethylidene group to prevent intra- and intermolecular self-joining reactions at the 3' end. The terminal trimer was phosphorylated using polynucleotide kinase and joined to C-A-A with RNA ligase. The hexamer [C-A-A-C-C-A(ethoxymethylidene)] corresponding to bases 72--77 was obtained in a yield of 60%. An undecanucleotide (bases 61--71) which had been synthesized in a yield of 34% by similar enzymatic joining of U-C-C-G-G to pC-C-C-C-C-G was allowed to react with the 5'-phosphorylated hexamer (bases 72--77) using an excess of RNA ligase to yield the heptadecanucleotide U-C-C-G-G-C-C-C-C-C-G-C-A-A-C-C-A (bases 61--77). The product was identified by homochromatography and nearest neighbor analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:363146", "title": "Isolation and identification of yeast messenger ribonucleic acids coding for enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglycerate kinase.", "content": "Yeast poly(adenylic acid)-containing messenger ribonucleic acid isolated from two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was fractionated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of formamide. Three messenger ribonucleic acids, present at high intracellular concentration, were electrophoretically eluted from the polyacrylamide gels and translated in a wheat germ cell-free extract. The in vitro synthesized polypeptides were identified by tryptic peptide analysis. Messenger ribonucleic acids coding for enolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were isolated from commercially grown baker's yeast (strain F1), and messenger ribonucleic acid coding for phosphoglycerate kinase was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24657). Significant differences in the spectrum of abundant messenger ribonucleic acids isolated from commercially grown baker's yeast (strain F1) and strain 24657 were observed. When both strains were grown under identical conditions, however, the spectrum of messenger ribonucleic acid isolated from the cells is indistinguishable.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of yeast messenger ribonucleic acids coding for enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglycerate kinase. Yeast poly(adenylic acid)-containing messenger ribonucleic acid isolated from two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was fractionated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of formamide. Three messenger ribonucleic acids, present at high intracellular concentration, were electrophoretically eluted from the polyacrylamide gels and translated in a wheat germ cell-free extract. The in vitro synthesized polypeptides were identified by tryptic peptide analysis. Messenger ribonucleic acids coding for enolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were isolated from commercially grown baker's yeast (strain F1), and messenger ribonucleic acid coding for phosphoglycerate kinase was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24657). Significant differences in the spectrum of abundant messenger ribonucleic acids isolated from commercially grown baker's yeast (strain F1) and strain 24657 were observed. When both strains were grown under identical conditions, however, the spectrum of messenger ribonucleic acid isolated from the cells is indistinguishable."}
{"id": "PMID:363149", "title": "Release of a special fraction of the outer membrane from both growing and phage T4-infected Escherichia coli B.", "content": "Growing Escherichia coli release envelope material into the medium. Upon infection with T4 phage increased amounts of this material are released and at a greater rate. In order to determine whether both inner and outer membranes are present in this material, and whether the material released by growing cells differs from that released by infected cells, we have examined the protein composition of envelope released by growing and T4-infected E. coli B. Our results show: (a) the protein composition of envelope released from growing or infected cells is similar, (b) the proteins present are representative of the outer membrane, (c) the major outer membrane protein of E. coli B, protein II, is deficient in the released material. We therefore conclude that the envelope material released from growing or infected E. coli represents a special fraction of the outer membrane. This finding is discussed in relation to outer membrane structure and function. In addition, data are presented on the differing outer membrane protein composition of substrains of E. coli B obtained from different laboratories.", "contents": "Release of a special fraction of the outer membrane from both growing and phage T4-infected Escherichia coli B. Growing Escherichia coli release envelope material into the medium. Upon infection with T4 phage increased amounts of this material are released and at a greater rate. In order to determine whether both inner and outer membranes are present in this material, and whether the material released by growing cells differs from that released by infected cells, we have examined the protein composition of envelope released by growing and T4-infected E. coli B. Our results show: (a) the protein composition of envelope released from growing or infected cells is similar, (b) the proteins present are representative of the outer membrane, (c) the major outer membrane protein of E. coli B, protein II, is deficient in the released material. We therefore conclude that the envelope material released from growing or infected E. coli represents a special fraction of the outer membrane. This finding is discussed in relation to outer membrane structure and function. In addition, data are presented on the differing outer membrane protein composition of substrains of E. coli B obtained from different laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:363150", "title": "Effect of membrane cholesterol on potassium transport in Mycoplasma mycoides var. Capri (PG3).", "content": "Relationships between membrane lipid composition and physiological properties, particularly intracellular potassium levels, have been studied at 37 degrees C in Mycoplasma mycoides var. Capri (PG3). Native organisms grown on medium supplemented with either oleic acid plus palmitic acid or elaidic acid have identical growth characteristics, acidification properties and intracellular K content. On the other hand, when the cholesterol normally present in the membrane (20--25% of total lipids) is reduced to less than 2%, we observe: (1) the intracellular K content decreases (20 microgram K/mg cell protein instead of 40) and is independent of the phase of growth; (2) K passive permeability is drastically increased but K distribution remains in equilibrium with the transmembrane potential (delta psi); (3) organisms stop growing at pH 6.5 (instead of 5.2) and acidification is reduced by 40%, suggesting a large increase in H+ permeability, and (4) intracellular Na contents rise from 3 to 9 microgram Na/mg cell protein. Replenishing cholesterol in membranes of depleted cells results in a recovery of the high intracellular K level (35--40 microgram K/mg cell protein) and acidification properties. It is suggested that cholesterol affects the cation content via the increase in proton permeability which in turn controls the value of the delta psi responsible for the value of intracellular K equilibrium. Changes in K passive permeability, although related to the amount of cholesterol present in the plasma membrane, are probably not involved in the control of the intracellular K level.", "contents": "Effect of membrane cholesterol on potassium transport in Mycoplasma mycoides var. Capri (PG3). Relationships between membrane lipid composition and physiological properties, particularly intracellular potassium levels, have been studied at 37 degrees C in Mycoplasma mycoides var. Capri (PG3). Native organisms grown on medium supplemented with either oleic acid plus palmitic acid or elaidic acid have identical growth characteristics, acidification properties and intracellular K content. On the other hand, when the cholesterol normally present in the membrane (20--25% of total lipids) is reduced to less than 2%, we observe: (1) the intracellular K content decreases (20 microgram K/mg cell protein instead of 40) and is independent of the phase of growth; (2) K passive permeability is drastically increased but K distribution remains in equilibrium with the transmembrane potential (delta psi); (3) organisms stop growing at pH 6.5 (instead of 5.2) and acidification is reduced by 40%, suggesting a large increase in H+ permeability, and (4) intracellular Na contents rise from 3 to 9 microgram Na/mg cell protein. Replenishing cholesterol in membranes of depleted cells results in a recovery of the high intracellular K level (35--40 microgram K/mg cell protein) and acidification properties. It is suggested that cholesterol affects the cation content via the increase in proton permeability which in turn controls the value of the delta psi responsible for the value of intracellular K equilibrium. Changes in K passive permeability, although related to the amount of cholesterol present in the plasma membrane, are probably not involved in the control of the intracellular K level."}
{"id": "PMID:363151", "title": "Interactions between lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidylethanolamine in molecular monolayers.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidylethanolamine are the two major lipid constituents of the membrane of Salmonella typhimurium. Interactions between the purified lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidylethanolamine were studied in molecular monolayers at air-water interfaces. The equilibrium surface pressures of mixed films of lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidylethanolamine were determined as a function of the film composition. The plot of the equilibrium surface pressrue vs. the area occupied by phosphatidylethanolamine molecules exhibited two distinct regions. Below a phosphatidylethanolamine surface concentration at which 55% of the surface was occupied by phosphatidylethanolamine molecules, the equilibrium pressure was invariant and had the value of a pure lipopolysaccharide monolayer at maximum compression. At phosphatidylethanolamine surface concentrations in excess of 55% surface area occupation (phosphatidylethanolamine/lipopolysaccharide (mol/mol) greater than 16), the equilibrium surface pressure was a function of the surface concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine. The results suggest a simple model in which lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidylethanolamine form a complex in which each lipopolysaccharide molecule is surrounded (\"lipidated\") by a shell of approx. 16 phosphatidylethanolamine molecules.", "contents": "Interactions between lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidylethanolamine in molecular monolayers. Lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidylethanolamine are the two major lipid constituents of the membrane of Salmonella typhimurium. Interactions between the purified lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidylethanolamine were studied in molecular monolayers at air-water interfaces. The equilibrium surface pressures of mixed films of lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidylethanolamine were determined as a function of the film composition. The plot of the equilibrium surface pressrue vs. the area occupied by phosphatidylethanolamine molecules exhibited two distinct regions. Below a phosphatidylethanolamine surface concentration at which 55% of the surface was occupied by phosphatidylethanolamine molecules, the equilibrium pressure was invariant and had the value of a pure lipopolysaccharide monolayer at maximum compression. At phosphatidylethanolamine surface concentrations in excess of 55% surface area occupation (phosphatidylethanolamine/lipopolysaccharide (mol/mol) greater than 16), the equilibrium surface pressure was a function of the surface concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine. The results suggest a simple model in which lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidylethanolamine form a complex in which each lipopolysaccharide molecule is surrounded (\"lipidated\") by a shell of approx. 16 phosphatidylethanolamine molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:363152", "title": "Replication of bacteriophage G13 DNA in dna mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Host functions required for replication of microvirid phage G13 DNA were investigated in vivo, using thermosensitive dna mutants of Escherichia coli. In dna+ bacteria, conversion of viral single-stranded DNA into double-stranded replicative form (stage I synthesis) was resistant to 150 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol or 200 microgram/ml of rifampicin. Although multiplication of G13 phage was severely inhibited at 42--43 degrees C even in dna+ host, considerable amount of parental replicative form was synthesized at 43 degrees C in dna+, dnaA or dnaE bacteria. In dnaB and dnaG mutants, however, synthesis of parental replicative form was severely inhibited at the restrictive temperature. Interestingly enough, stage I replication of G13 DNA was, unlike that of phiX174, dependent on host dnaC(D) function. Moreover, the stage I synthesis of G13 DNA in dnaZ was thermosensitive in nutrient broth but not in Tris/casamino acids/glucose medium. In contrast with the stage I replication, synthesis of G13 progeny replicative form was remarkably thermosensitive even in dna+ or dnA cells.", "contents": "Replication of bacteriophage G13 DNA in dna mutants of Escherichia coli. Host functions required for replication of microvirid phage G13 DNA were investigated in vivo, using thermosensitive dna mutants of Escherichia coli. In dna+ bacteria, conversion of viral single-stranded DNA into double-stranded replicative form (stage I synthesis) was resistant to 150 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol or 200 microgram/ml of rifampicin. Although multiplication of G13 phage was severely inhibited at 42--43 degrees C even in dna+ host, considerable amount of parental replicative form was synthesized at 43 degrees C in dna+, dnaA or dnaE bacteria. In dnaB and dnaG mutants, however, synthesis of parental replicative form was severely inhibited at the restrictive temperature. Interestingly enough, stage I replication of G13 DNA was, unlike that of phiX174, dependent on host dnaC(D) function. Moreover, the stage I synthesis of G13 DNA in dnaZ was thermosensitive in nutrient broth but not in Tris/casamino acids/glucose medium. In contrast with the stage I replication, synthesis of G13 progeny replicative form was remarkably thermosensitive even in dna+ or dnA cells."}
{"id": "PMID:363154", "title": "Rifampicin and chloramphenicol effects on DNA replication in thymine-prestarved Escherichia coli B/r WP2 thy trp.", "content": "When cultures of Escherichia coli B/r WP2 thy trp were prestarved for thymine for 30 min, DNA replication after readdition of thymine was limited to an increase of about 100% in the presence of rifampicin, an antibiotic which inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. However, chloramphenicol, an antibiotic which blocks protein but not RNA synthesis, did not limit replication. After prolonged thymine prestarvation (55 min) DNA increased only about 50% in the presence of rifampicin, but no such limitation occurred in the presence of chloramphenicol. The ability of a high concentration of rifampicin to limit DNA replication was eliminated by addition of either high or low concentrations of chloramphenicol, indicating that stoichiometric interaction of the antibiotics is not responsible for this effect.", "contents": "Rifampicin and chloramphenicol effects on DNA replication in thymine-prestarved Escherichia coli B/r WP2 thy trp. When cultures of Escherichia coli B/r WP2 thy trp were prestarved for thymine for 30 min, DNA replication after readdition of thymine was limited to an increase of about 100% in the presence of rifampicin, an antibiotic which inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. However, chloramphenicol, an antibiotic which blocks protein but not RNA synthesis, did not limit replication. After prolonged thymine prestarvation (55 min) DNA increased only about 50% in the presence of rifampicin, but no such limitation occurred in the presence of chloramphenicol. The ability of a high concentration of rifampicin to limit DNA replication was eliminated by addition of either high or low concentrations of chloramphenicol, indicating that stoichiometric interaction of the antibiotics is not responsible for this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:363153", "title": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis by griseolutein in Escherichia coli through a possible interaction at the cell surface.", "content": "Griseolutein acts as a bactericidal agent, its toxicity decreasing with increase in cell density. There is no evidence that griseolutein acts at a specific stage of cell cycle. Inhibition of incorporation of radioactive thymidine into acid-insoluble fraction of cells is marked and rapid, while inhibition of incorporation of uridine also takes place. Incorporation of 32Pi into the acid-insoluble fraction of cells is inhibited while the incorporation into the nucleotide pool is not. Concentration of any of the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in griseolutein-treated cells are similar to or higher than those in untreated cells. No extensive degradation of cellualr DNA is caused by griseolutein. DNA synthesis in plasmolyzed cells in not inhibited by griseolutein.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis by griseolutein in Escherichia coli through a possible interaction at the cell surface. Griseolutein acts as a bactericidal agent, its toxicity decreasing with increase in cell density. There is no evidence that griseolutein acts at a specific stage of cell cycle. Inhibition of incorporation of radioactive thymidine into acid-insoluble fraction of cells is marked and rapid, while inhibition of incorporation of uridine also takes place. Incorporation of 32Pi into the acid-insoluble fraction of cells is inhibited while the incorporation into the nucleotide pool is not. Concentration of any of the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in griseolutein-treated cells are similar to or higher than those in untreated cells. No extensive degradation of cellualr DNA is caused by griseolutein. DNA synthesis in plasmolyzed cells in not inhibited by griseolutein."}
{"id": "PMID:363155", "title": "Specific interaction between mouse liver non-histone chromosomal proteins and mouse DNA demonstrated by a sequential DNA-protein binding procedure.", "content": "The binding of mouse liver chromosomal proteins to DNA has been investigated using the nitrocellulose filter binding technique. Careful purification of the DNA involving nuclease S1 digestion and prefiltration through a nitrocellulose filter is used to reduce background binding in the absence of protein to less than 1%. Procedures involving direct binding of protein to labeled DNA, competition of binding of labeled DNA by unlabeled DNA, and dissociation of DNA . protein complexes with time do not indicate significant preference for binding to mouse DNA relative to Escherichia coli DNA. This specificity is demonstrated much more clearly by a novel type of procedure, which we call a sequential binding procedure. In this procedure non-specific binding proteins are sequestered by incubation with an excess of unlabeled E. coli DNA prior to addition of labeled DNA. Under these conditions, labeled mouse DNA is bound to filters to a 3- to 4-fold greater extent than labeled E. coli DNA.", "contents": "Specific interaction between mouse liver non-histone chromosomal proteins and mouse DNA demonstrated by a sequential DNA-protein binding procedure. The binding of mouse liver chromosomal proteins to DNA has been investigated using the nitrocellulose filter binding technique. Careful purification of the DNA involving nuclease S1 digestion and prefiltration through a nitrocellulose filter is used to reduce background binding in the absence of protein to less than 1%. Procedures involving direct binding of protein to labeled DNA, competition of binding of labeled DNA by unlabeled DNA, and dissociation of DNA . protein complexes with time do not indicate significant preference for binding to mouse DNA relative to Escherichia coli DNA. This specificity is demonstrated much more clearly by a novel type of procedure, which we call a sequential binding procedure. In this procedure non-specific binding proteins are sequestered by incubation with an excess of unlabeled E. coli DNA prior to addition of labeled DNA. Under these conditions, labeled mouse DNA is bound to filters to a 3- to 4-fold greater extent than labeled E. coli DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:363156", "title": "A calorimetric investigation of melting of tRNAAsp from brewer's yeast.", "content": "The thermodynamics of tRNAAsp unfolding was studied using a precision scanning microcalorimeter. The overall heat of melting was found to be about 55 J/g irrespective of the ionic strength and magnesium activity. The analysis of complex melting curves obtained in the absence of Mg2+ reveals four successive two-state transitions. The first was identified as the cooperative melting of the tertiary structure and the D region and the others as the melting of individual helical arms.", "contents": "A calorimetric investigation of melting of tRNAAsp from brewer's yeast. The thermodynamics of tRNAAsp unfolding was studied using a precision scanning microcalorimeter. The overall heat of melting was found to be about 55 J/g irrespective of the ionic strength and magnesium activity. The analysis of complex melting curves obtained in the absence of Mg2+ reveals four successive two-state transitions. The first was identified as the cooperative melting of the tertiary structure and the D region and the others as the melting of individual helical arms."}
{"id": "PMID:363157", "title": "Structure of the yeast ribosomes. Proteins associated with the rRNA.", "content": "Polyamines have been shown to bind to doubled stranded regions of rRNA [3]. Therefore, ribosomal proteins that can be cross linked to these molecules in the ribosomes structure must be bound to or located in the vicinity of the RNA. This technique is the first to yield results on the proteins associated with the rRNA in the eukaryotic ribosome where the lack of purified ribosomal proteins does not allow the use of direct binding studies as in bacterial systems. Proteins S7, S10, S13, S21, S22 and S27 in the small subunit and L2/3, L5, L10/12, L19/20, L22, L23, L36/37, L42 and L43' in the large subunit are labelled when cross linked to [14C]spermidine using 1,5-difluoro 2,4-dinitrobenzene and are good candidates to be RNA-binding proteins in ribosomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "contents": "Structure of the yeast ribosomes. Proteins associated with the rRNA. Polyamines have been shown to bind to doubled stranded regions of rRNA [3]. Therefore, ribosomal proteins that can be cross linked to these molecules in the ribosomes structure must be bound to or located in the vicinity of the RNA. This technique is the first to yield results on the proteins associated with the rRNA in the eukaryotic ribosome where the lack of purified ribosomal proteins does not allow the use of direct binding studies as in bacterial systems. Proteins S7, S10, S13, S21, S22 and S27 in the small subunit and L2/3, L5, L10/12, L19/20, L22, L23, L36/37, L42 and L43' in the large subunit are labelled when cross linked to [14C]spermidine using 1,5-difluoro 2,4-dinitrobenzene and are good candidates to be RNA-binding proteins in ribosomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae."}
{"id": "PMID:363158", "title": "Expression of bacteriophage M13 dna in vivo. I. Synthesis of phage-specific RNA and protein in minicells.", "content": "It is demonstrated that after infection of the appropriate minicell-producing strain of Escherichia coli with the filamentous bacteriophage M13, its replicative form DNA is segregated into minicells. Consequently these minicells have acquired the capability to direct the synthesis of phage-specific RNA and protein. Comparision of the electrophoretic mobilities of phage-specific RNA species made in vitro with those made in M13 replicative form DNA harbouring minicells, have indicated that almost all in vitro synthesized G-start RNAs have an equivalent among the in vivo synthesized RNA products. Furthermore it could be demonstrated that in M13 replicative form DNA harbouring minicells the phage-specific proteins encoded by genes III, IV, V and VIII are made. In addition the synthesis of a phage-specific polypeptide (molecular weight approx. 3000) co-migrating with the recently discovered capsid protein (designated C-protein) could be demonstrated. The meaning of these results for the resolution of the regulatory mechanisms operative during the life cycle of this phage will be discussed.", "contents": "Expression of bacteriophage M13 dna in vivo. I. Synthesis of phage-specific RNA and protein in minicells. It is demonstrated that after infection of the appropriate minicell-producing strain of Escherichia coli with the filamentous bacteriophage M13, its replicative form DNA is segregated into minicells. Consequently these minicells have acquired the capability to direct the synthesis of phage-specific RNA and protein. Comparision of the electrophoretic mobilities of phage-specific RNA species made in vitro with those made in M13 replicative form DNA harbouring minicells, have indicated that almost all in vitro synthesized G-start RNAs have an equivalent among the in vivo synthesized RNA products. Furthermore it could be demonstrated that in M13 replicative form DNA harbouring minicells the phage-specific proteins encoded by genes III, IV, V and VIII are made. In addition the synthesis of a phage-specific polypeptide (molecular weight approx. 3000) co-migrating with the recently discovered capsid protein (designated C-protein) could be demonstrated. The meaning of these results for the resolution of the regulatory mechanisms operative during the life cycle of this phage will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363159", "title": "An enhanced thermostability in thermophilic 5-S ribonucleic acids under physiological salt conditions.", "content": "The secondary structure of 5-S rRNAs of Thermus aquaticus (an extreme thermophile), Bacillus stearothermophilus (a moderate thermophile) and Escherichia coli (a mesophile) was compared using thermal denaturation techniques under varying ionic conditions. At a low ionic strength (10 mM K+), the Tm of T. aquaticus 5-S RNA differed by only 1 degrees C from that of E. coli RNA and the molecule was fully denatured well below the optimum growth temperature of the thermophile. The internal Na+, K+ and Mg2+ concentrations of T. aquaticus cells were determined to be 91 mM, 130 mM and 59 mM, respectively. Under these salt conditions, T. aquaticus 5-S RNA was significantly more stable than E. coli RNA and the 5-S RNA from B. stearothermophilus was intermediate as is its optimum growth temperature. The results suggest that the thermostability of macromolecules from thermophilic organisms may be specially dependent on the internal salt concentration. Furthermore, under these salt conditions, most of the secondary structure of the RNA remained stable at the optimum growth temperatures suggesting that ribosomal RNAs of thermophilic organisms contribute more to the thermostability of the ribosome than previously thought.", "contents": "An enhanced thermostability in thermophilic 5-S ribonucleic acids under physiological salt conditions. The secondary structure of 5-S rRNAs of Thermus aquaticus (an extreme thermophile), Bacillus stearothermophilus (a moderate thermophile) and Escherichia coli (a mesophile) was compared using thermal denaturation techniques under varying ionic conditions. At a low ionic strength (10 mM K+), the Tm of T. aquaticus 5-S RNA differed by only 1 degrees C from that of E. coli RNA and the molecule was fully denatured well below the optimum growth temperature of the thermophile. The internal Na+, K+ and Mg2+ concentrations of T. aquaticus cells were determined to be 91 mM, 130 mM and 59 mM, respectively. Under these salt conditions, T. aquaticus 5-S RNA was significantly more stable than E. coli RNA and the 5-S RNA from B. stearothermophilus was intermediate as is its optimum growth temperature. The results suggest that the thermostability of macromolecules from thermophilic organisms may be specially dependent on the internal salt concentration. Furthermore, under these salt conditions, most of the secondary structure of the RNA remained stable at the optimum growth temperatures suggesting that ribosomal RNAs of thermophilic organisms contribute more to the thermostability of the ribosome than previously thought."}
{"id": "PMID:363160", "title": "A large nucleoprotein fragment of the 50-S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A large nucleoprotein fragment was isolated from a nuclease digest of Escherichia coli 50-S ribosomes and purified to gel electrophoretic homogeneity. Conditions were employed under which the fragmentation pattern was reproducible and the various fragment fractions were stable and maintained their sedimentation and electrophoretic properties throughout the several preparative and analytical procedures used. Fractions that appeared homogeneous in sucrose gradient centrifugation were found to be heterogeneous by gel electrophoresis. The large fragment was purified to homogeneity by preparative gel electrophoresis. It contained 21 proteins, the 5-S RNA, and two large oligonucleotides which together total about two thirds the molecular weight of the 23-S RNA. Because it can be prepared reproducibly in large quantities and because of its size and stability, the fragment appears suitable for functional and structural studies and as the starting material for further fractionation. An important contributing factor to the observed stability and reproducibility was the maintenance of an unchanging ionic environment. A single buffer was employed throughout all the procedures, and the fragments produced by nuclease digestion were dissociated from each other by heat rather than by changing the medium.", "contents": "A large nucleoprotein fragment of the 50-S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli. A large nucleoprotein fragment was isolated from a nuclease digest of Escherichia coli 50-S ribosomes and purified to gel electrophoretic homogeneity. Conditions were employed under which the fragmentation pattern was reproducible and the various fragment fractions were stable and maintained their sedimentation and electrophoretic properties throughout the several preparative and analytical procedures used. Fractions that appeared homogeneous in sucrose gradient centrifugation were found to be heterogeneous by gel electrophoresis. The large fragment was purified to homogeneity by preparative gel electrophoresis. It contained 21 proteins, the 5-S RNA, and two large oligonucleotides which together total about two thirds the molecular weight of the 23-S RNA. Because it can be prepared reproducibly in large quantities and because of its size and stability, the fragment appears suitable for functional and structural studies and as the starting material for further fractionation. An important contributing factor to the observed stability and reproducibility was the maintenance of an unchanging ionic environment. A single buffer was employed throughout all the procedures, and the fragments produced by nuclease digestion were dissociated from each other by heat rather than by changing the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:363161", "title": "Regulation of acid phosphatase synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "In Saccharomyces cerevisiae-136ts (Hutchison, H.T., Hartwell, L.H. and McLaughlin, C.S. (1969) J. Bacteriol. 99, 807--814) derepressed acid phosphatase was almost exclusively located outside the permeability barrier. Only a minor part of the activity was associated with the protoplasts; about half of it (48%) in the soluble fraction, the rest bound to the internal (45%) and plasma (7%) membranes. The activity found in the membranes of derepressed cells decreased by 30--40% after addition of inorganic phosphate or cycloheximide suggesting that this activity is the precursor of the external enzyme. The alkaline phosphatase activity level could not be modified by changes in the concentration of inorganic phosphate. Acid phosphatase was not synthesized if the cells were transferred to a low phosphate medium at the moment of incubation at 37 degrees C or in the presence of cycloheximide at 23 degrees C. The data suggested that enzyme formation is the result of the transcription and translation of a specific gene(s) and not the activation of a proenzyme. Inorganic phosphate did not inhibit the translation of mRNA though it may act at the level of the transcription.", "contents": "Regulation of acid phosphatase synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae-136ts (Hutchison, H.T., Hartwell, L.H. and McLaughlin, C.S. (1969) J. Bacteriol. 99, 807--814) derepressed acid phosphatase was almost exclusively located outside the permeability barrier. Only a minor part of the activity was associated with the protoplasts; about half of it (48%) in the soluble fraction, the rest bound to the internal (45%) and plasma (7%) membranes. The activity found in the membranes of derepressed cells decreased by 30--40% after addition of inorganic phosphate or cycloheximide suggesting that this activity is the precursor of the external enzyme. The alkaline phosphatase activity level could not be modified by changes in the concentration of inorganic phosphate. Acid phosphatase was not synthesized if the cells were transferred to a low phosphate medium at the moment of incubation at 37 degrees C or in the presence of cycloheximide at 23 degrees C. The data suggested that enzyme formation is the result of the transcription and translation of a specific gene(s) and not the activation of a proenzyme. Inorganic phosphate did not inhibit the translation of mRNA though it may act at the level of the transcription."}
{"id": "PMID:363162", "title": "The kinetic complexity of Acetabularia chloroplast DNA.", "content": "The kinetic complexity of Acetabularia cliftonii chloroplast DNA is 1.52 +/- 0.26 . 10(9) daltons, compared to 0.2 .10(9) daltons for Chlamydomonas chloroplast DNA. There is an average of three genomes per chloroplast. The unusually large size of the Acetabularia genome may reflect the ancient evolutionary history of this organism.", "contents": "The kinetic complexity of Acetabularia chloroplast DNA. The kinetic complexity of Acetabularia cliftonii chloroplast DNA is 1.52 +/- 0.26 . 10(9) daltons, compared to 0.2 .10(9) daltons for Chlamydomonas chloroplast DNA. There is an average of three genomes per chloroplast. The unusually large size of the Acetabularia genome may reflect the ancient evolutionary history of this organism."}
{"id": "PMID:363163", "title": "[Kinetics of beta-lactamase inhibition by clavulanic acid].", "content": "The mechanisms of action of 3 R-factors on beta-lactamases (penicillin amido-beta-lactamhydrolase, EC 3.5.2.6) (TEM-1 pI = 5.4, TEM-2 pI = 5.6 and Pitton's type 2 pI = 7.7) have been kinetically analyzed for clavulanic acid inactivation. Clavulanic acid appears as a competitive and irreversible inhibitor (Kcat inhibitor) reacting in two steps: a, formation of a reversible enzyme . inhibitor complex (characterized by a Ki); b, evolution of the reversible complex into a new derivative (covalent, stable and inactive) by monomolecular kinetics characterized by a k6 (or Kcat) related to half-life. The kinetic constants are: TEM-1: Ki = 0.8 micrometer, k6 = 0.027 s-1; TEM-2: Ki = 0.7 micrometer, k6 = 0.03 s-1; type 2: Ki = 0.6 micrometer, k6 = 0.046 s-1. These results justify the 'progressive irreversible' character of the inhibition generally described.", "contents": "[Kinetics of beta-lactamase inhibition by clavulanic acid]. The mechanisms of action of 3 R-factors on beta-lactamases (penicillin amido-beta-lactamhydrolase, EC 3.5.2.6) (TEM-1 pI = 5.4, TEM-2 pI = 5.6 and Pitton's type 2 pI = 7.7) have been kinetically analyzed for clavulanic acid inactivation. Clavulanic acid appears as a competitive and irreversible inhibitor (Kcat inhibitor) reacting in two steps: a, formation of a reversible enzyme . inhibitor complex (characterized by a Ki); b, evolution of the reversible complex into a new derivative (covalent, stable and inactive) by monomolecular kinetics characterized by a k6 (or Kcat) related to half-life. The kinetic constants are: TEM-1: Ki = 0.8 micrometer, k6 = 0.027 s-1; TEM-2: Ki = 0.7 micrometer, k6 = 0.03 s-1; type 2: Ki = 0.6 micrometer, k6 = 0.046 s-1. These results justify the 'progressive irreversible' character of the inhibition generally described."}
{"id": "PMID:363164", "title": "The affinity chromatography of transketolase.", "content": "A number of possible affinity adsorbents for transketolase (sedoheptulose-7-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphateglycolaldehydetransferase, EC 2.2.1.1) were prepared. The behaviour of the enzyme from Candida utilis and from Baker's yeast on columns of these and of Blue Sepharose CL-6B was examined, together with the behaviour of the contaminating enzyme, ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.1). A procedure for removing bound thiamine pyrophosphate by dialysis against EDTA was developed. The competitive inhibition of transketolase by oxythiamine and neopyrithiamine was measured and the Ki values obtained of 1.4 and 4.3 mM, respectively, were compared with the affinity of adsorbents prepared from these two inhibitors. Adsorbents containing bound thiamine pyrophosphate were relatively ineffective but those containing epoxy-linked neopyrithiamine and D-ribose 5-phosphate adsorbed the enzyme at pH 7.4 and it could be eluted in a specific manner.", "contents": "The affinity chromatography of transketolase. A number of possible affinity adsorbents for transketolase (sedoheptulose-7-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphateglycolaldehydetransferase, EC 2.2.1.1) were prepared. The behaviour of the enzyme from Candida utilis and from Baker's yeast on columns of these and of Blue Sepharose CL-6B was examined, together with the behaviour of the contaminating enzyme, ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.1). A procedure for removing bound thiamine pyrophosphate by dialysis against EDTA was developed. The competitive inhibition of transketolase by oxythiamine and neopyrithiamine was measured and the Ki values obtained of 1.4 and 4.3 mM, respectively, were compared with the affinity of adsorbents prepared from these two inhibitors. Adsorbents containing bound thiamine pyrophosphate were relatively ineffective but those containing epoxy-linked neopyrithiamine and D-ribose 5-phosphate adsorbed the enzyme at pH 7.4 and it could be eluted in a specific manner."}
{"id": "PMID:363165", "title": "Subcellular localization and levels of aminopeptidases and dipeptidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Three aminopeptidases (L-aminoacyl L-peptide hydrolases, EC 3.4.11) and a single dipeptidase (L-aminoacyl L-amino acid hydrolase, EC 3.4.13) are present in homogenates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bassed on differences in substrate specificity and the sensitivity to Zn2+ activation, methods were developed that allow the selective assay of these enzymes in crude cell extracts. Experiments with isolated vacuoles showed that aminopeptidase I is the only yeast peptidase located in the vacuolar compartment. Aminopeptidase II (the other major aminopeptidase of yeast) seems to be an external enzyme, located mainly outside the plasmalemma. The synthesis of aminopeptidase I is repressed in media containing more than 1% glucose. In the presence of ammonia as the sole nitrogen source its activity is enhanced 3--10-fold when compared to that in cells grown on peptone. In contrast, the levels of aminopeptidase II and dipeptidase are less markedly dependent on growth medium composition. It is concluded that aminopeptidase II facilitates amino acid uptake by degrading peptides extracellularly, whereas aminopeptidase I is involved in intracellular protein degradation.", "contents": "Subcellular localization and levels of aminopeptidases and dipeptidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Three aminopeptidases (L-aminoacyl L-peptide hydrolases, EC 3.4.11) and a single dipeptidase (L-aminoacyl L-amino acid hydrolase, EC 3.4.13) are present in homogenates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bassed on differences in substrate specificity and the sensitivity to Zn2+ activation, methods were developed that allow the selective assay of these enzymes in crude cell extracts. Experiments with isolated vacuoles showed that aminopeptidase I is the only yeast peptidase located in the vacuolar compartment. Aminopeptidase II (the other major aminopeptidase of yeast) seems to be an external enzyme, located mainly outside the plasmalemma. The synthesis of aminopeptidase I is repressed in media containing more than 1% glucose. In the presence of ammonia as the sole nitrogen source its activity is enhanced 3--10-fold when compared to that in cells grown on peptone. In contrast, the levels of aminopeptidase II and dipeptidase are less markedly dependent on growth medium composition. It is concluded that aminopeptidase II facilitates amino acid uptake by degrading peptides extracellularly, whereas aminopeptidase I is involved in intracellular protein degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:363166", "title": "Studies on the carboxypeptidase Y-inhibitor complex of yeast.", "content": "We report in vitro studies on the interaction of several substrates with the carboxypeptidase Y-inhibitor complex of yeast. Inhibition of carboxypeptidase Y cleavage of two peptides by carboxypeptidase Y-inhibitor is shown to be competitive. The experiments show a wide variation in the degree of cleavage of a variety of peptide substrates by carboxypeptidase Y, despite the presence of the inhibitor protein. The most likely explanation for this behaviour is a different capacity for the peptides to dissociate the inhibitor protein from the substrate-binding site of carboxypeptidase Y. While the carboxypeptidase Y-inhibitor is insensitive to proteolytic inactivation when complexed with carboxypeptidase Y, it is sensitive when in the free state. Addition of the substrate, N-Cbz-Phe-Leu, to the carboxypeptidase Y-inhibitor complex, however, allows proteolytic inactivation of the inhibitor protein. We suggest that the proteinase-inhibitor may play a crucial role in the regulation of proteinase activity. The inhibitor protein generally protects proteins from unwanted proteinase action. However, it will allow cleavage of proteins which, by some signal triggered metabolically, become substrates due to the exposure of amino acid sequences normally buried, and exhibiting a high affinity for the proteinase.", "contents": "Studies on the carboxypeptidase Y-inhibitor complex of yeast. We report in vitro studies on the interaction of several substrates with the carboxypeptidase Y-inhibitor complex of yeast. Inhibition of carboxypeptidase Y cleavage of two peptides by carboxypeptidase Y-inhibitor is shown to be competitive. The experiments show a wide variation in the degree of cleavage of a variety of peptide substrates by carboxypeptidase Y, despite the presence of the inhibitor protein. The most likely explanation for this behaviour is a different capacity for the peptides to dissociate the inhibitor protein from the substrate-binding site of carboxypeptidase Y. While the carboxypeptidase Y-inhibitor is insensitive to proteolytic inactivation when complexed with carboxypeptidase Y, it is sensitive when in the free state. Addition of the substrate, N-Cbz-Phe-Leu, to the carboxypeptidase Y-inhibitor complex, however, allows proteolytic inactivation of the inhibitor protein. We suggest that the proteinase-inhibitor may play a crucial role in the regulation of proteinase activity. The inhibitor protein generally protects proteins from unwanted proteinase action. However, it will allow cleavage of proteins which, by some signal triggered metabolically, become substrates due to the exposure of amino acid sequences normally buried, and exhibiting a high affinity for the proteinase."}
{"id": "PMID:363168", "title": "Properties of the activation by pepsin of inactive renin in human amniotic fluid.", "content": "1. The renin present in human amniotic fluid was found to have an apparent Mr of 58 000 by gel filtration and is thus bigger than renin in untreated kidney extracts and plasma (Mr approximately 40 000). 2. Treatment with pepsin (40 microgram/ml pH 4.8, 2 h, 22 degrees C) caused a 6-fold increase in activity of this renin species, although Mr was not very different (57 000). 3. Unlike renal renin, renin in human amniotic fluid was not a glycoprotein and behaved similarly on concanavalin A-Sepharose before and after activation by pepsin. 4. Ion-exchange chromatography demonstrated a small change in the ionization properties of human amniotic fluid renin after activation by pepsin. 5. Pepsin-mediated activation resulted in a five-fold increase in V, but only a small decrease in the Km of renin to 39% of normal, so that the increase in activity observed was not due to an increase in the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate. The kinetic data were consistent with the theory of noncompetitive inhibition. 6. The activation of human amniotic fluid renin by pepsin may be caused by a change in the tertiary structure of the molecule subsequent to a proteolytic action that does not remove detectable polypeptide components.", "contents": "Properties of the activation by pepsin of inactive renin in human amniotic fluid. 1. The renin present in human amniotic fluid was found to have an apparent Mr of 58 000 by gel filtration and is thus bigger than renin in untreated kidney extracts and plasma (Mr approximately 40 000). 2. Treatment with pepsin (40 microgram/ml pH 4.8, 2 h, 22 degrees C) caused a 6-fold increase in activity of this renin species, although Mr was not very different (57 000). 3. Unlike renal renin, renin in human amniotic fluid was not a glycoprotein and behaved similarly on concanavalin A-Sepharose before and after activation by pepsin. 4. Ion-exchange chromatography demonstrated a small change in the ionization properties of human amniotic fluid renin after activation by pepsin. 5. Pepsin-mediated activation resulted in a five-fold increase in V, but only a small decrease in the Km of renin to 39% of normal, so that the increase in activity observed was not due to an increase in the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate. The kinetic data were consistent with the theory of noncompetitive inhibition. 6. The activation of human amniotic fluid renin by pepsin may be caused by a change in the tertiary structure of the molecule subsequent to a proteolytic action that does not remove detectable polypeptide components."}
{"id": "PMID:363169", "title": "Modulation of 32Pi incorporation into phospholipids of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by ionophore A23187.", "content": "The effects of ionophore A23187 on the incorporation of 32Pi into phospholipids and on 45Ca2+ uptake and release by polymorphonuclear leukocytes were examined. A23187 increased 32Pi incorporation into phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and the phosphoinositides. It also promoted a rapid burst uptake and release of 45Ca2+ by leukocytes. External Ca2+, but not Mg2+, was required for full stimulation of 32Pi incorporation into phosphatidic acid and the phosphoinositides. In the absence of external Ca2+, the increased radiophosphorus activity of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine and the phosphoinositides was grossly reduced but not eliminated, and the decreased radiophosphorus activity of phosphatidylcholine became pronounced. In addition, the ionophore effect on 32Pi incorporation into leukocyte phospholipids was not abolished by ethyleneglycol bis(beta-amino-ethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid. ATP radiophosphorus activity was also enhanced by the presence of A23187, but the enhancement was much less than that of the acidic phospholipids. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the increased 32Pi incorporation into the acidic phospholipids of leukocytes induced by A23187 was not solely derived from the higher radioactivity of ATP, increased Ca2+ fluxes and perturbation of cellular Ca2+ distribution of leukocytes exposed to A 23187 may trigger part of the altered 32Pi incorporation into phospholipids.", "contents": "Modulation of 32Pi incorporation into phospholipids of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by ionophore A23187. The effects of ionophore A23187 on the incorporation of 32Pi into phospholipids and on 45Ca2+ uptake and release by polymorphonuclear leukocytes were examined. A23187 increased 32Pi incorporation into phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and the phosphoinositides. It also promoted a rapid burst uptake and release of 45Ca2+ by leukocytes. External Ca2+, but not Mg2+, was required for full stimulation of 32Pi incorporation into phosphatidic acid and the phosphoinositides. In the absence of external Ca2+, the increased radiophosphorus activity of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine and the phosphoinositides was grossly reduced but not eliminated, and the decreased radiophosphorus activity of phosphatidylcholine became pronounced. In addition, the ionophore effect on 32Pi incorporation into leukocyte phospholipids was not abolished by ethyleneglycol bis(beta-amino-ethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid. ATP radiophosphorus activity was also enhanced by the presence of A23187, but the enhancement was much less than that of the acidic phospholipids. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the increased 32Pi incorporation into the acidic phospholipids of leukocytes induced by A23187 was not solely derived from the higher radioactivity of ATP, increased Ca2+ fluxes and perturbation of cellular Ca2+ distribution of leukocytes exposed to A 23187 may trigger part of the altered 32Pi incorporation into phospholipids."}
{"id": "PMID:363172", "title": "Some aspects of protein folding.", "content": "The mechanisms by which a polypeptide chain reaches the three dimensional structure which generates its functional properties are not yet totally understood. The great amount of data now available in the field of protein structure and the data already obtained on protein folding by in vitro experiments allow some schematic representation as, at least, a working hypothesis. In this respect the emphasis is put on the hierarchy in protein structure and the possibility of a folding by stages, some elements or \"building blocks\" being able to reach independently a native structure and to refine this structure by interacting with each other in the whole molecule.", "contents": "Some aspects of protein folding. The mechanisms by which a polypeptide chain reaches the three dimensional structure which generates its functional properties are not yet totally understood. The great amount of data now available in the field of protein structure and the data already obtained on protein folding by in vitro experiments allow some schematic representation as, at least, a working hypothesis. In this respect the emphasis is put on the hierarchy in protein structure and the possibility of a folding by stages, some elements or \"building blocks\" being able to reach independently a native structure and to refine this structure by interacting with each other in the whole molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:363173", "title": "[Study of the lipopolysaccharide from a thermosensitive mutant CR-34 T 83 of Escherichia coli K 12].", "content": "The structure of the core of the lipopolysaccharide from T 83 mutant of Escherichia coli K 12 CR 34 was partially determined. Using dephosphorylation, enzymic hydrolysis, Smith degradation, methylations and analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry an oligosaccharide sequence was determined with D-glucose, D-galactose and L-glycero-D-mannoheptose as sugar components. The structure which was demonstrated could be that of the characteristic core fragment of the K 12 type lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli.", "contents": "[Study of the lipopolysaccharide from a thermosensitive mutant CR-34 T 83 of Escherichia coli K 12]. The structure of the core of the lipopolysaccharide from T 83 mutant of Escherichia coli K 12 CR 34 was partially determined. Using dephosphorylation, enzymic hydrolysis, Smith degradation, methylations and analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry an oligosaccharide sequence was determined with D-glucose, D-galactose and L-glycero-D-mannoheptose as sugar components. The structure which was demonstrated could be that of the characteristic core fragment of the K 12 type lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:363174", "title": "[Extraction of acid alpha-glucosidase from human spleen].", "content": "An efficient method for isolation of acid alpha-glucosidase from human spleen is developed. The method involves chromatography of the enzyme on rho-aminophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside covalently bound to CH-Sepharose 4B, with subsequent gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The enzyme was homogeneous by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis data; it was purified about 1500-fold, as compared with the crude extract (the total yield 12.5%). Besides acid alpha-glucosidase, the preparations of alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-D-galactosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were isolated and purified 200-, 130- and 280-fold, respectively. The nature of interaction between acid alpha-glucosidase and immobilized rho-aminophenyl-alpha-glucopyranoside is discussed.", "contents": "[Extraction of acid alpha-glucosidase from human spleen]. An efficient method for isolation of acid alpha-glucosidase from human spleen is developed. The method involves chromatography of the enzyme on rho-aminophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside covalently bound to CH-Sepharose 4B, with subsequent gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The enzyme was homogeneous by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis data; it was purified about 1500-fold, as compared with the crude extract (the total yield 12.5%). Besides acid alpha-glucosidase, the preparations of alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-D-galactosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were isolated and purified 200-, 130- and 280-fold, respectively. The nature of interaction between acid alpha-glucosidase and immobilized rho-aminophenyl-alpha-glucopyranoside is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363175", "title": "[Interrelationship between metabolic and genetic regulation of alkaline and acid phosphatases in E. coli cells].", "content": "The effect of exogenous orthophosphate and mutations in regulatory genes of alkaline phosphatase on the level of nonspecific acid phosphatase was studied. The level of this enzyme as well as the level of alkaline phosphatase were shown to be regulated by exogenous orthophosphate being derepressed under phosphate starvation. The derepression of acid phosphatase is accompanied by more rapid secretion of enzyme from membranes to soluble fraction. Mutations in all the four regulatory genes decrease the level of enzyme in cells. Genes phoR and phoS, participating in regulation of alkaline phosphatase, are required for the derepression of acid phosphatase under the conditions of phosphate starvation.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between metabolic and genetic regulation of alkaline and acid phosphatases in E. coli cells]. The effect of exogenous orthophosphate and mutations in regulatory genes of alkaline phosphatase on the level of nonspecific acid phosphatase was studied. The level of this enzyme as well as the level of alkaline phosphatase were shown to be regulated by exogenous orthophosphate being derepressed under phosphate starvation. The derepression of acid phosphatase is accompanied by more rapid secretion of enzyme from membranes to soluble fraction. Mutations in all the four regulatory genes decrease the level of enzyme in cells. Genes phoR and phoS, participating in regulation of alkaline phosphatase, are required for the derepression of acid phosphatase under the conditions of phosphate starvation."}
{"id": "PMID:363176", "title": "[Induction of E. coli alkaline phosphatase synthesis in cells preincubated at low temperatures].", "content": "Cell preincubation at lowered t degrees was found to result in increased alcaline phosphatase synthesis. The ability of cells for increased alcaline phosphatase synthesis correlates with increased content of cis-vaccinic acid and higher liquidity of lipids. It has been ascertained that modifications caused by cell preincubation at lowered t degrees favour the greater stability of mRNA coding the alcaline phosphatase.", "contents": "[Induction of E. coli alkaline phosphatase synthesis in cells preincubated at low temperatures]. Cell preincubation at lowered t degrees was found to result in increased alcaline phosphatase synthesis. The ability of cells for increased alcaline phosphatase synthesis correlates with increased content of cis-vaccinic acid and higher liquidity of lipids. It has been ascertained that modifications caused by cell preincubation at lowered t degrees favour the greater stability of mRNA coding the alcaline phosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:363177", "title": "[Sensitivity of chromosomal and plasmid E. coli DNA to restriction endonuclease Eco RII].", "content": "It was shown that E. coli C, E. coli MRE 600 DNA, and also plasmid DNA of Col E1, RSF 2124 from E. coli K-12, and plasmid DNA from E. coli  MRE 600 were completely resistant against restriction endonuclease R. Eco RII. Plasmid DNAs of Col E1, RSF 2124 amplificated for 4 hours in the presence of chloramphenicol are sensitive to R. Eco RII but after 16-hour amplification in the presence of chloramphenicol these DNAs acquire complete resistance against R. Eco RII. These data point to the slower rate of modification of DNA in vivo by DC-methylases of Eco RII type in comparison with DNA methylase Eco RII.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of chromosomal and plasmid E. coli DNA to restriction endonuclease Eco RII]. It was shown that E. coli C, E. coli MRE 600 DNA, and also plasmid DNA of Col E1, RSF 2124 from E. coli K-12, and plasmid DNA from E. coli  MRE 600 were completely resistant against restriction endonuclease R. Eco RII. Plasmid DNAs of Col E1, RSF 2124 amplificated for 4 hours in the presence of chloramphenicol are sensitive to R. Eco RII but after 16-hour amplification in the presence of chloramphenicol these DNAs acquire complete resistance against R. Eco RII. These data point to the slower rate of modification of DNA in vivo by DC-methylases of Eco RII type in comparison with DNA methylase Eco RII."}
{"id": "PMID:363187", "title": "A statistical procedure useful in evaluating time of onset and termination of response in clinical trials.", "content": "A statistical model jointly characterizing the onset and termination of treatment response of a subject over a fixed observed time period is presented. The model requires that the observations for each subject are made at a set of pre-selected time points during the observed time period. A useful index characterizing the probability of being in response is developed along with maximum likelihood estimates and variances. A likelihood ratio test is developed to simultaneously compare two treatment groups with respect to this index for all times. The proposed procedure is applied to a set of data from a clinical trial of two bronchodilator drugs from which our procedure is motivated.", "contents": "A statistical procedure useful in evaluating time of onset and termination of response in clinical trials. A statistical model jointly characterizing the onset and termination of treatment response of a subject over a fixed observed time period is presented. The model requires that the observations for each subject are made at a set of pre-selected time points during the observed time period. A useful index characterizing the probability of being in response is developed along with maximum likelihood estimates and variances. A likelihood ratio test is developed to simultaneously compare two treatment groups with respect to this index for all times. The proposed procedure is applied to a set of data from a clinical trial of two bronchodilator drugs from which our procedure is motivated."}
{"id": "PMID:363202", "title": "[Effect of sodium thiosulfate on the pancreas in experimental pancreatitis].", "content": "Histological and histochemical study of the pancreas of albino rats and experimental pancreatitis showed the use of sodium thiosulfate to considerably inhibit the progress of necrotic changes and circulatory disturbance. The preparation prevented recidivation of pancreatitis and inhibited sclerotic changes in the gland. Sodium thiosulfate stimulated the regenerative process including regenerative hypertrophy and expressed epimorphosis.", "contents": "[Effect of sodium thiosulfate on the pancreas in experimental pancreatitis]. Histological and histochemical study of the pancreas of albino rats and experimental pancreatitis showed the use of sodium thiosulfate to considerably inhibit the progress of necrotic changes and circulatory disturbance. The preparation prevented recidivation of pancreatitis and inhibited sclerotic changes in the gland. Sodium thiosulfate stimulated the regenerative process including regenerative hypertrophy and expressed epimorphosis."}
{"id": "PMID:363203", "title": "[Effect of serum fractions from cancer patients on leukocyte migration out of capillary tubes].", "content": "Blood serum of patients suffering from cancer of the stomach and urinary bladder inhibited in vitro migration of autologous leukocytes, leukocytes of donors and control patients, and also guinea pig macrophages in over half of cases. In chromatography of these sera on Sephadex G-100 the activity inhibiting the leukocyte migration was revealed in fraction I (Mol. wt. over 100000) and in fractions IV and V (Mol. wt under 30 000). The blood serum and its fractions from cancer patients failed to eliminate the leukocyte migration inhibition caused by the tumour antigens in comparison with the leukocyte migration in the medium with control serum without any antigens. As suggested, the activity of fraction I inhibiting the leukocyte migration was due to the antigen-antibody complex, and of fraction IV and V--to a factor similar by its properties to the factor produced in vitro by lymphocytes stimulated by the antigens or mitogens.", "contents": "[Effect of serum fractions from cancer patients on leukocyte migration out of capillary tubes]. Blood serum of patients suffering from cancer of the stomach and urinary bladder inhibited in vitro migration of autologous leukocytes, leukocytes of donors and control patients, and also guinea pig macrophages in over half of cases. In chromatography of these sera on Sephadex G-100 the activity inhibiting the leukocyte migration was revealed in fraction I (Mol. wt. over 100000) and in fractions IV and V (Mol. wt under 30 000). The blood serum and its fractions from cancer patients failed to eliminate the leukocyte migration inhibition caused by the tumour antigens in comparison with the leukocyte migration in the medium with control serum without any antigens. As suggested, the activity of fraction I inhibiting the leukocyte migration was due to the antigen-antibody complex, and of fraction IV and V--to a factor similar by its properties to the factor produced in vitro by lymphocytes stimulated by the antigens or mitogens."}
{"id": "PMID:363204", "title": "Successful use of multiagent immunosuppression in the bone marrow transplantation of sensitized patients.", "content": "Of 23 patients with severe aplastic anemia, 17 were sensitized to histocompatibility antigens of HLA-A, -B, and -D loci-identical potential sibling donors as determined by cell-mediated lysis (CML) assays in vitro. Antibody-dependent sensitization was detected in 3 patients, antibody-independent cellular sensitization in 11, and both in 3. Fourteen sensitized patients were transplanted after initial multiagent immunosuppression consisting of rabbit anti-human thymocyte serum, procarbazine, and cyclophosphamide, eleven with a CML-positive donor and three with a CML-negative donor. Engraftment was achieved in each of 13 patients who were evaluable, and only 2 ultimately rejected their marrow grafts, 1 with subsequent return of his own marrow function. Five patients without evidence in vitro of sensitization were transplanted after immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide alone; none of these rejected their grafts. These studies show that sensitized bone marrow transplant recipients can be successfully transplanted after optimal donor selection and multiagent immunosuppression.", "contents": "Successful use of multiagent immunosuppression in the bone marrow transplantation of sensitized patients. Of 23 patients with severe aplastic anemia, 17 were sensitized to histocompatibility antigens of HLA-A, -B, and -D loci-identical potential sibling donors as determined by cell-mediated lysis (CML) assays in vitro. Antibody-dependent sensitization was detected in 3 patients, antibody-independent cellular sensitization in 11, and both in 3. Fourteen sensitized patients were transplanted after initial multiagent immunosuppression consisting of rabbit anti-human thymocyte serum, procarbazine, and cyclophosphamide, eleven with a CML-positive donor and three with a CML-negative donor. Engraftment was achieved in each of 13 patients who were evaluable, and only 2 ultimately rejected their marrow grafts, 1 with subsequent return of his own marrow function. Five patients without evidence in vitro of sensitization were transplanted after immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide alone; none of these rejected their grafts. These studies show that sensitized bone marrow transplant recipients can be successfully transplanted after optimal donor selection and multiagent immunosuppression."}
{"id": "PMID:363205", "title": "Alterations of the antibody response following in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol.", "content": "The antibody response to SRBC and E. coli 0127 lipopolysaccharide were determined in offspring from mice exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. The antibody response to SRBC, a T-cell dependent antigen, was similar in control and exposed animals. In contrast, the LPS antibody response was suppressed in treated females and enhanced in treated males. These studies indicated that in utero exposure to DES alters the humoral immune system to T-independent antigens.", "contents": "Alterations of the antibody response following in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol. The antibody response to SRBC and E. coli 0127 lipopolysaccharide were determined in offspring from mice exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. The antibody response to SRBC, a T-cell dependent antigen, was similar in control and exposed animals. In contrast, the LPS antibody response was suppressed in treated females and enhanced in treated males. These studies indicated that in utero exposure to DES alters the humoral immune system to T-independent antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:363215", "title": "Highly selective vagotomy or truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty for chronic duodenal ulceration: a randomized, prospective clinical study.", "content": "The results of a randomized, prospective clinical trial of highly selective vagotomy (HSV) versus truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (TVP) in 126 male patients undergoing elective surgery for chronic duodenal ulceration are presented. The operations were performed by surgeons of all grades of experience. At a mean follow-up time of just over 3 years a satisfactory result was obtained in 93 per cent of patients following HSV and 78 per cent of patients following TVP, the difference being probably statistically significant (P less than 0.05). The incidence of early and late dumping, bile vomiting, flatulence, post-prandial epigastric discomfort and wound infection was statistically significantly less after HSV than after TVP. Three patients have developed a recurrent duodenal ulcer after each type of operation (5.4 per cent). At this early stage HSV has advantages over TVP; it will be interesting to see if these are maintained with the passage of time.", "contents": "Highly selective vagotomy or truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty for chronic duodenal ulceration: a randomized, prospective clinical study. The results of a randomized, prospective clinical trial of highly selective vagotomy (HSV) versus truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (TVP) in 126 male patients undergoing elective surgery for chronic duodenal ulceration are presented. The operations were performed by surgeons of all grades of experience. At a mean follow-up time of just over 3 years a satisfactory result was obtained in 93 per cent of patients following HSV and 78 per cent of patients following TVP, the difference being probably statistically significant (P less than 0.05). The incidence of early and late dumping, bile vomiting, flatulence, post-prandial epigastric discomfort and wound infection was statistically significantly less after HSV than after TVP. Three patients have developed a recurrent duodenal ulcer after each type of operation (5.4 per cent). At this early stage HSV has advantages over TVP; it will be interesting to see if these are maintained with the passage of time."}
{"id": "PMID:363216", "title": "Fasting and postprandial serum gastrin levels before and after highly selective gastric vagotomy, truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty and truncal vagotomy with antrectomy: is there a cholinergic antral gastrin inhibitory and releasing mechanism?", "content": "Fasting serum gastrin levels and postprandial gastrin response were measured before and 1 month after highly selective vagotomy, truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty and truncal vagotomy with antrectomy. The three groups of patients, 12 in each group, were closely matched for age, sex, maximum acid output and completeness of vagotomy. After highly selective and truncal vagotomy an identical and significant increase in fasting gastrin was observed, whereas after truncal vagotomy with antrectomy the pre- and postoperative fasting gastrin levels were not different. The net postprandial gastrin output over basal value was significantly increased after highly selective vagotomy, unchanged after truncal vagotomy and significantly lowered after truncal vagotomy with antrectomy. These results suggest the presence in the intact subject of a cholinergic inhibitory mechanism in the gastric body and fundus for the release of antral gastrin in the fasting and postprandial states and a possible cholinergic facilitatory mechanism for the release of antral gastrin after meals.", "contents": "Fasting and postprandial serum gastrin levels before and after highly selective gastric vagotomy, truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty and truncal vagotomy with antrectomy: is there a cholinergic antral gastrin inhibitory and releasing mechanism? Fasting serum gastrin levels and postprandial gastrin response were measured before and 1 month after highly selective vagotomy, truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty and truncal vagotomy with antrectomy. The three groups of patients, 12 in each group, were closely matched for age, sex, maximum acid output and completeness of vagotomy. After highly selective and truncal vagotomy an identical and significant increase in fasting gastrin was observed, whereas after truncal vagotomy with antrectomy the pre- and postoperative fasting gastrin levels were not different. The net postprandial gastrin output over basal value was significantly increased after highly selective vagotomy, unchanged after truncal vagotomy and significantly lowered after truncal vagotomy with antrectomy. These results suggest the presence in the intact subject of a cholinergic inhibitory mechanism in the gastric body and fundus for the release of antral gastrin in the fasting and postprandial states and a possible cholinergic facilitatory mechanism for the release of antral gastrin after meals."}
{"id": "PMID:363217", "title": "Metronidazole prophylaxis for elective large bowel surgery in children: a prospective trial.", "content": "In a controlled trial in children aged 2 days to 16 years undergoing large bowel surgery a group of 15 patients had preoperative mechanical bowel preparation and oral neomycin while a second group of 15 patients was similarly prepared but also had preoperative and postoperative metronidazole medication. Five of the 9 postoperative infections in the first group involved Bacteroides spp. but no anaerobe was found in the 3 wound infections in the metronidazole group.", "contents": "Metronidazole prophylaxis for elective large bowel surgery in children: a prospective trial. In a controlled trial in children aged 2 days to 16 years undergoing large bowel surgery a group of 15 patients had preoperative mechanical bowel preparation and oral neomycin while a second group of 15 patients was similarly prepared but also had preoperative and postoperative metronidazole medication. Five of the 9 postoperative infections in the first group involved Bacteroides spp. but no anaerobe was found in the 3 wound infections in the metronidazole group."}
{"id": "PMID:363229", "title": "Azathioprine plus prednisone in treatment of pemphigoid.", "content": "Twenty-five patients taking part in a controlled trial to compare azathioprine plus prednisone with prednisone alone in the treatment of pemphigoid were followed up for three years. Results showed that the addition of azathioprine 2.5 mg/kg body weight daily reduced the total maintenance dose of prednisone needed by about 45%, with no increase in serious side effects or mortality. The suggestion that azathioprine might increase the risk of disseminated malignancy in elderly patients was not supported. We conclude that in future trials the combination of azathioprine with prednisone should be used as the standard treatment for comparison.", "contents": "Azathioprine plus prednisone in treatment of pemphigoid. Twenty-five patients taking part in a controlled trial to compare azathioprine plus prednisone with prednisone alone in the treatment of pemphigoid were followed up for three years. Results showed that the addition of azathioprine 2.5 mg/kg body weight daily reduced the total maintenance dose of prednisone needed by about 45%, with no increase in serious side effects or mortality. The suggestion that azathioprine might increase the risk of disseminated malignancy in elderly patients was not supported. We conclude that in future trials the combination of azathioprine with prednisone should be used as the standard treatment for comparison."}
{"id": "PMID:363232", "title": "Cimetidine: an advance in gastric ulcer treatment?", "content": "Sixty patients with endoscopically confirmed gastric ulceration took part in a single-blind trial of cimetidine 1 g daily compared with conventional treatment--namely, carbenoxolone in patients aged under 60 and Caved-(S) in those over 60. Twenty-nine patients received cimetidine: in 12 (41%) ulcer healing was complete after one month, in 26 (90%) healing was complete after two months, and all ulcers were healed after three months of treatment. In the under-60s, ulcers were healed in a greater proportion of patients given cimetidine than in those given carbenoxolone. The difference, however, was significant only at the 5% level, which owing to small numbers was of doubtful clinical validity. In the over-60s cimetidine and Caved-(S) were of similar efficacy. The 54 patients with healed ulcers are being followed up for two years; so far there have been 16 recurrences (30%). Further trials are needed, which should include maintenance treatment aimed at lowering the unacceptably high recurrence rate.", "contents": "Cimetidine: an advance in gastric ulcer treatment? Sixty patients with endoscopically confirmed gastric ulceration took part in a single-blind trial of cimetidine 1 g daily compared with conventional treatment--namely, carbenoxolone in patients aged under 60 and Caved-(S) in those over 60. Twenty-nine patients received cimetidine: in 12 (41%) ulcer healing was complete after one month, in 26 (90%) healing was complete after two months, and all ulcers were healed after three months of treatment. In the under-60s, ulcers were healed in a greater proportion of patients given cimetidine than in those given carbenoxolone. The difference, however, was significant only at the 5% level, which owing to small numbers was of doubtful clinical validity. In the over-60s cimetidine and Caved-(S) were of similar efficacy. The 54 patients with healed ulcers are being followed up for two years; so far there have been 16 recurrences (30%). Further trials are needed, which should include maintenance treatment aimed at lowering the unacceptably high recurrence rate."}
{"id": "PMID:363233", "title": "Trial of high-titre human rubella immunoglobulin.", "content": "To test the efficacy of passive antibody for protecting susceptible pregnant women who have been exposed to rubella high-titre human rubella immunoglobulin (HRI) was given to 20 seronegative male adult volunteers simultaneously with rubella vaccine. After receiving the intramuscular injections of HRI (750 mg of IgG) and vaccine (10(3 . 92) median tissue culture dose, Wistar RA27/3 subcutaneously) eight of the 20 volunteers failed to show seroconversion. Antibody responses--and thus presumably viraemia--in the remaining 12 volunteers were delayed and reduced when compared with those in 19 volunteers given the vaccine alone. No significant responses occurred in volunteers given only HRI. We conclude that HRI may be of value for seronegative pregnant women who come into contact with clinical rubella, particularly when termination is likely to be refused.", "contents": "Trial of high-titre human rubella immunoglobulin. To test the efficacy of passive antibody for protecting susceptible pregnant women who have been exposed to rubella high-titre human rubella immunoglobulin (HRI) was given to 20 seronegative male adult volunteers simultaneously with rubella vaccine. After receiving the intramuscular injections of HRI (750 mg of IgG) and vaccine (10(3 . 92) median tissue culture dose, Wistar RA27/3 subcutaneously) eight of the 20 volunteers failed to show seroconversion. Antibody responses--and thus presumably viraemia--in the remaining 12 volunteers were delayed and reduced when compared with those in 19 volunteers given the vaccine alone. No significant responses occurred in volunteers given only HRI. We conclude that HRI may be of value for seronegative pregnant women who come into contact with clinical rubella, particularly when termination is likely to be refused."}
{"id": "PMID:363236", "title": "Polyunsaturated fatty acids in treatment of acute remitting multiple sclerosis.", "content": "One hundred and sixteen patients with acute remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) took part in a double-blind controlled trial of treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acids and were randomly allocated to one of four groups. Two groups received linoleic acid, one alone as a spread and one with gamma-linolenic acid in capsules (Naudicelle); and two control groups received oleic acid, one as a spread and one in capsules. Rates of clinical deterioration and frequencies of attacks were not significantly different between treated and control groups. Exacerbations were shorter and less severe in patients receiving a high dose of linoleic acid than in controls, but those receiving a lower dose--that is, Naudicelle--showed no such difference. Thus supplementing the diet with 20 g linoleic acid marginally affected the duration and severity of relapses of MS but had no effect on overall disability. The dose of Naudicelle used provided insufficient supplementation.", "contents": "Polyunsaturated fatty acids in treatment of acute remitting multiple sclerosis. One hundred and sixteen patients with acute remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) took part in a double-blind controlled trial of treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acids and were randomly allocated to one of four groups. Two groups received linoleic acid, one alone as a spread and one with gamma-linolenic acid in capsules (Naudicelle); and two control groups received oleic acid, one as a spread and one in capsules. Rates of clinical deterioration and frequencies of attacks were not significantly different between treated and control groups. Exacerbations were shorter and less severe in patients receiving a high dose of linoleic acid than in controls, but those receiving a lower dose--that is, Naudicelle--showed no such difference. Thus supplementing the diet with 20 g linoleic acid marginally affected the duration and severity of relapses of MS but had no effect on overall disability. The dose of Naudicelle used provided insufficient supplementation."}
{"id": "PMID:363242", "title": "The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) neuronal networks of the guinea pig brain. II. The regulation on gonadotropin secretion and the origin of terminals in the median eminence.", "content": "Cell bodies synthesizing LH-RH are located throughout the central nervous system including the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, the medial preoptic area and medial septal nucleus. The contribution of each of these cell groups to the LH-RH terminals in the median eminence was assessed by immunocytochemistry following placement of radiofrequency lesions in male guinea pigs. Lesions in the arcuate nucleus resulted in an almost complete absence of LH-RH fibers in the median eminence. Lesions in the medial preoptic area or suprachiasmatic nucleus produced a decrease in the amount of immunoreactivity throughout the median eminence; but there was only a small decrease in the numbers of labeled fibers, which was localized to the internal zone of the median eminence and the external zone on the ventral and lateral surfaces of the infundibular stalk. Lesions of the mammillary bodies, medial amygdaloid nucleus, septal nucleus and fornix had no effect. The effects of these lesions on pituitary gonadotropin secretion was also assessed. Only lesions in the arcuate nucleus diminished plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in the male guinea pigs. Similary only arcuate lesions prevented the postcastration rise in plasma LH in ovariectomized female guinea pigs. These data strongly suggest that the arcuate nucleus is the major but not the sole source of LH-RH terminals in the median eminence, and these are responsible for the neural regulation of tonic gonadotropin secretion.", "contents": "The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) neuronal networks of the guinea pig brain. II. The regulation on gonadotropin secretion and the origin of terminals in the median eminence. Cell bodies synthesizing LH-RH are located throughout the central nervous system including the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, the medial preoptic area and medial septal nucleus. The contribution of each of these cell groups to the LH-RH terminals in the median eminence was assessed by immunocytochemistry following placement of radiofrequency lesions in male guinea pigs. Lesions in the arcuate nucleus resulted in an almost complete absence of LH-RH fibers in the median eminence. Lesions in the medial preoptic area or suprachiasmatic nucleus produced a decrease in the amount of immunoreactivity throughout the median eminence; but there was only a small decrease in the numbers of labeled fibers, which was localized to the internal zone of the median eminence and the external zone on the ventral and lateral surfaces of the infundibular stalk. Lesions of the mammillary bodies, medial amygdaloid nucleus, septal nucleus and fornix had no effect. The effects of these lesions on pituitary gonadotropin secretion was also assessed. Only lesions in the arcuate nucleus diminished plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in the male guinea pigs. Similary only arcuate lesions prevented the postcastration rise in plasma LH in ovariectomized female guinea pigs. These data strongly suggest that the arcuate nucleus is the major but not the sole source of LH-RH terminals in the median eminence, and these are responsible for the neural regulation of tonic gonadotropin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:363250", "title": "Multimodal immunotherapy of primary gastrointestinal tumors in rats. 1. Histologic correlation.", "content": "The effect of multimodal immunotherapy was studied in rats bearing primary gastrointestinal tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride. Multimodal immune manipulation consisted of combinations of splenectomy, C. parvum, unblocking serum, unblocked lymphoid cells, and levamisole. Such immunologic intervention resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth, and their metastasis. Ten of 10 untreated rats, 8 of 8 rats treated with splenectomy alone and 10 of 10 rats treated with normal rabbit serum died of progressive tumor growth. None of the rats treated with combinations of splenectomy, unblocking serum, unblocked lymphoid cells, C. parvum and levamisole succumbed to progressive tumor growth during the observation period. The histologic evidence of tumor destruction was obtained in 18 of 22 tumors in rats of groups receiving multimodal immunotherapy.", "contents": "Multimodal immunotherapy of primary gastrointestinal tumors in rats. 1. Histologic correlation. The effect of multimodal immunotherapy was studied in rats bearing primary gastrointestinal tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride. Multimodal immune manipulation consisted of combinations of splenectomy, C. parvum, unblocking serum, unblocked lymphoid cells, and levamisole. Such immunologic intervention resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth, and their metastasis. Ten of 10 untreated rats, 8 of 8 rats treated with splenectomy alone and 10 of 10 rats treated with normal rabbit serum died of progressive tumor growth. None of the rats treated with combinations of splenectomy, unblocking serum, unblocked lymphoid cells, C. parvum and levamisole succumbed to progressive tumor growth during the observation period. The histologic evidence of tumor destruction was obtained in 18 of 22 tumors in rats of groups receiving multimodal immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:363251", "title": "Variation of macrophage migration by a factor from regional lymph node cells of breast cancer patients.", "content": "Using a standard heterologous assay in which lymphokines alter guinea pig peritoneal macrophage migration, it was found that regional lymph node cells (RLNCs) from patients with primary breast cancer elaborate soluble factors which variably affect such migration. Variation of migration resulted when soluble factors employed were obtained from different nodes in the same patient as well as from nodes from different patients. Some nodes from a patient elaborated migration inhibition factors (MIF) and other migration enhancing factors (MEF). The findings are in keeping with others obtained by us relative to the variation in lymphocyte transformation and thymidine uptake by RLNCs and further emphasize that all RLNs in patients with breast cancer are not biologically similar. They lend support to our previous hypothesis that the reason why some RLNs contain metastases and others do not is more likely due to biological differences than because of anatomical happenstance, i.e., transport of tumor cells to some nodes and not to others.", "contents": "Variation of macrophage migration by a factor from regional lymph node cells of breast cancer patients. Using a standard heterologous assay in which lymphokines alter guinea pig peritoneal macrophage migration, it was found that regional lymph node cells (RLNCs) from patients with primary breast cancer elaborate soluble factors which variably affect such migration. Variation of migration resulted when soluble factors employed were obtained from different nodes in the same patient as well as from nodes from different patients. Some nodes from a patient elaborated migration inhibition factors (MIF) and other migration enhancing factors (MEF). The findings are in keeping with others obtained by us relative to the variation in lymphocyte transformation and thymidine uptake by RLNCs and further emphasize that all RLNs in patients with breast cancer are not biologically similar. They lend support to our previous hypothesis that the reason why some RLNs contain metastases and others do not is more likely due to biological differences than because of anatomical happenstance, i.e., transport of tumor cells to some nodes and not to others."}
{"id": "PMID:363252", "title": "Childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia: study VIII.", "content": "This controlled study of children with ALL was designed to test the efficacy and toxicity of one-, two-, three- and four-drug therapy during remission and whether more aggressive therapy in the first eight weeks prolongs remission in patients with features associated with a particularly poor prognosis. After inducing remission with prednisone, vincristine and asparaginase, patients received cranial irradiation and IT methotrexate and were randomized to receive: 1--methotrexate alone; 2--methotrexate plus mercaptopurine; 3--same as in group 2 plus cyclophosphamide; and 4--same as in group 3 plus arabinosyl cytosine. Patients with CNS leukemia at diagnosis received IT methotrexate weekly during the induction period and a higher dose of CNS irradiation. Patients with anterior mediastinal enlargement at diagnosis received radiotherapy to the mass during the induction period. Patients who failed to attain bone marrow remission after four weeks of therapy were given daunorubicin and prednisone for 2--4 additional weeks. Of the 282 patients entering this study between January 1972 and November 1975, 268 (95%) attained complete remission and 228 (85%) were randomized to receive continuation chemotherapy with 1, 2, 3 or 4 drugs. In Group 1 (methotrexate alone), 14 of 20 patients relapsed and 9 developed leukoencephalopathy without antecedent CNS leukemia apparently due to higher doses of intravenous methotrexate; in Groups 2, 3 and 4 the results were equivalent, but without leukoencephalopathy in initial CR. The addition of cyclophosphamide and arabinosyl cytosine increased toxicity and complications without demonstrably increasing the leukemocidal effect. In the 40 patients given additional early therapy, the modalties employed in this study did not prolong remission.", "contents": "Childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia: study VIII. This controlled study of children with ALL was designed to test the efficacy and toxicity of one-, two-, three- and four-drug therapy during remission and whether more aggressive therapy in the first eight weeks prolongs remission in patients with features associated with a particularly poor prognosis. After inducing remission with prednisone, vincristine and asparaginase, patients received cranial irradiation and IT methotrexate and were randomized to receive: 1--methotrexate alone; 2--methotrexate plus mercaptopurine; 3--same as in group 2 plus cyclophosphamide; and 4--same as in group 3 plus arabinosyl cytosine. Patients with CNS leukemia at diagnosis received IT methotrexate weekly during the induction period and a higher dose of CNS irradiation. Patients with anterior mediastinal enlargement at diagnosis received radiotherapy to the mass during the induction period. Patients who failed to attain bone marrow remission after four weeks of therapy were given daunorubicin and prednisone for 2--4 additional weeks. Of the 282 patients entering this study between January 1972 and November 1975, 268 (95%) attained complete remission and 228 (85%) were randomized to receive continuation chemotherapy with 1, 2, 3 or 4 drugs. In Group 1 (methotrexate alone), 14 of 20 patients relapsed and 9 developed leukoencephalopathy without antecedent CNS leukemia apparently due to higher doses of intravenous methotrexate; in Groups 2, 3 and 4 the results were equivalent, but without leukoencephalopathy in initial CR. The addition of cyclophosphamide and arabinosyl cytosine increased toxicity and complications without demonstrably increasing the leukemocidal effect. In the 40 patients given additional early therapy, the modalties employed in this study did not prolong remission."}
{"id": "PMID:363253", "title": "Adriamycin versus methotrexate in five-drug combination chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer: a randomized trial.", "content": "Adriamycin is of noteworthy efficacy in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Its role in combination regimens is under investigation. One hundred seventy-five women with advanced breast cancer were entered into a prospectively randomized trial comparing two five-drug regimens. Regimen CMFVP consisted of cyclophosphamide (C), methotrexate (M), 5-fluorouracil (F), vincristine (V), and prednisone (P). Regimen CAFVP was identical but substituted Adriamycin (A) for methotrexate. Twenty-seven patients were disqualified; 148 were evaluable. With CMFVP the complete response rate (CR) was 11%, and the partial response rate (PR) was 46%; with CAFVP, CR was 13% and PR was 45%. Duration of response tended to be slightly longer for patients on the Adriamycin arm. The median survival for CR and PR patients with CMFVP was 20.2 months, which was shorter (p = .07) than the 33 month median survival with CAFVP. Although statistical significance was not reached at the 5% level, the increased survival of responders on the Adriamycin regimen supports the data of other studies which suggest that first line combination chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer should include Adriamycin.", "contents": "Adriamycin versus methotrexate in five-drug combination chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer: a randomized trial. Adriamycin is of noteworthy efficacy in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Its role in combination regimens is under investigation. One hundred seventy-five women with advanced breast cancer were entered into a prospectively randomized trial comparing two five-drug regimens. Regimen CMFVP consisted of cyclophosphamide (C), methotrexate (M), 5-fluorouracil (F), vincristine (V), and prednisone (P). Regimen CAFVP was identical but substituted Adriamycin (A) for methotrexate. Twenty-seven patients were disqualified; 148 were evaluable. With CMFVP the complete response rate (CR) was 11%, and the partial response rate (PR) was 46%; with CAFVP, CR was 13% and PR was 45%. Duration of response tended to be slightly longer for patients on the Adriamycin arm. The median survival for CR and PR patients with CMFVP was 20.2 months, which was shorter (p = .07) than the 33 month median survival with CAFVP. Although statistical significance was not reached at the 5% level, the increased survival of responders on the Adriamycin regimen supports the data of other studies which suggest that first line combination chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer should include Adriamycin."}
{"id": "PMID:363254", "title": "Sequential chemoimmunotherapy of colorectal cancer: evaluation of methotrexate, Baker's Antifol and levamisole.", "content": "Fifty-two untreated patients with colorectal cancer were randomized to receive 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) alternating either with methotrexate (MTX) or Baker's Antifol (BAF) with or without the immunostimulant, levamisole (Program I). Fifty-five patients who had received prior treatment were randomized to receive methyl-CCNU (Me) with MTX or BAF (Program II). Fifteen of these patients had failed to respond to initial therapy with 5-FU plus MTX or BAF and subsequently received Me plus the alternate antifol. Overall response rate for each of programs I and II was 10%. The responses were 1/11 with 5-FU-MTX plus levamisole, 2/12 with 5-FU-MTX, 1/8 with 5-FU-BAF plus levamisole, 0/8 with 5-FU-BAF, 2/20 with Me-MTX and 2/21 with Me-BAF. The median survival times (MST) for patients receiving Programs I and II were 10 and 5 months, respectively. The MST for all patients receiving MTX was significantly longer than that of patients receiving BAF Survival was not influenced by levamisole administration. Both chemotherapy programs were well tolerated. The sequential administration of 4 active agents failed to improve the results of treatment of colorectal cancer.", "contents": "Sequential chemoimmunotherapy of colorectal cancer: evaluation of methotrexate, Baker's Antifol and levamisole. Fifty-two untreated patients with colorectal cancer were randomized to receive 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) alternating either with methotrexate (MTX) or Baker's Antifol (BAF) with or without the immunostimulant, levamisole (Program I). Fifty-five patients who had received prior treatment were randomized to receive methyl-CCNU (Me) with MTX or BAF (Program II). Fifteen of these patients had failed to respond to initial therapy with 5-FU plus MTX or BAF and subsequently received Me plus the alternate antifol. Overall response rate for each of programs I and II was 10%. The responses were 1/11 with 5-FU-MTX plus levamisole, 2/12 with 5-FU-MTX, 1/8 with 5-FU-BAF plus levamisole, 0/8 with 5-FU-BAF, 2/20 with Me-MTX and 2/21 with Me-BAF. The median survival times (MST) for patients receiving Programs I and II were 10 and 5 months, respectively. The MST for all patients receiving MTX was significantly longer than that of patients receiving BAF Survival was not influenced by levamisole administration. Both chemotherapy programs were well tolerated. The sequential administration of 4 active agents failed to improve the results of treatment of colorectal cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:363255", "title": "Adjuvant radiation therapy for regional nodal metastases from malignant melanoma: a randomized, prospective study.", "content": "After nodal metastasis from malignant melanoma, approximately 80% of patients die from disseminated disease. To clarify the role of radiation therapy (XRT) following node dissection. 56 patients with biopsy-proven nodal metastasis participated in a randomized, prospective clinical trial which compares radiation therapy to the regional lymph node area following lymphadenectomy (27 patients) with lymphadenectomy alone (29 patients). Interesting differences in the survival curves (p = 0.09) and in the disease-free interval curves (p = 0.08) for the two treatment groups proved to be attributable to imbalances in the age and nodal distributions in the treatment groups. Covariate analysis identified age and sex as the factors having the most significant (p less than 0.04) effect on survival and identified the number of positive nodes as the covariate having the most significant (p less than 0.02) effect on disease-free interval. Treatment did not have a significant effect upon survival or disease-free interval.", "contents": "Adjuvant radiation therapy for regional nodal metastases from malignant melanoma: a randomized, prospective study. After nodal metastasis from malignant melanoma, approximately 80% of patients die from disseminated disease. To clarify the role of radiation therapy (XRT) following node dissection. 56 patients with biopsy-proven nodal metastasis participated in a randomized, prospective clinical trial which compares radiation therapy to the regional lymph node area following lymphadenectomy (27 patients) with lymphadenectomy alone (29 patients). Interesting differences in the survival curves (p = 0.09) and in the disease-free interval curves (p = 0.08) for the two treatment groups proved to be attributable to imbalances in the age and nodal distributions in the treatment groups. Covariate analysis identified age and sex as the factors having the most significant (p less than 0.04) effect on survival and identified the number of positive nodes as the covariate having the most significant (p less than 0.02) effect on disease-free interval. Treatment did not have a significant effect upon survival or disease-free interval."}
{"id": "PMID:363256", "title": "Clinical trials of immunotherapy: present status.", "content": "This brief review of the more promising clinical trials suggests that immunotherapy is indeed beneficial for selected cancer patients. Because of its limited potency, it should not be used as primary treatment for malignant disease except as local immunotherapy for certain accessible tumors. It is effective for eradication of primary neoplasms of the skin as well as cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma and breast carcinoma. The most important role for immunotherapy is in combination with other modalities. It may help control occult micrometastases that cause recurrence and death following surgical procedures or irradiation. Results of adjuvant immunotherapy appear promising for malignant melanoma, for carcinoma of the lung, breast, and colon, and for soft-tissue sarcomas. In combination with chemotherapy, immunotherapy appears to prolong remission and survival in acute myelogenous leukemia and in disseminated tumors of the lung and breast. Clearly, immunotherapy is not a panacea for malignant disease, but it could become an important arm in a multimodality attack on cancer.", "contents": "Clinical trials of immunotherapy: present status. This brief review of the more promising clinical trials suggests that immunotherapy is indeed beneficial for selected cancer patients. Because of its limited potency, it should not be used as primary treatment for malignant disease except as local immunotherapy for certain accessible tumors. It is effective for eradication of primary neoplasms of the skin as well as cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma and breast carcinoma. The most important role for immunotherapy is in combination with other modalities. It may help control occult micrometastases that cause recurrence and death following surgical procedures or irradiation. Results of adjuvant immunotherapy appear promising for malignant melanoma, for carcinoma of the lung, breast, and colon, and for soft-tissue sarcomas. In combination with chemotherapy, immunotherapy appears to prolong remission and survival in acute myelogenous leukemia and in disseminated tumors of the lung and breast. Clearly, immunotherapy is not a panacea for malignant disease, but it could become an important arm in a multimodality attack on cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:363257", "title": "Immunotherapy with BCG administered by scarification: standardization of reactions and management of side effects.", "content": "The method of administering BCG by scarification is described in detail. A system of classifying the intensity of local reactions is proposed to standardize administration. The experience of the M.D. Anderson Hospital involving over 2700 patients is reviewed. Administration of BCG by scarification has been accomplished with safety and has been well tolerated and accepted. The most commonly observed side effects are discussed as well as their management.", "contents": "Immunotherapy with BCG administered by scarification: standardization of reactions and management of side effects. The method of administering BCG by scarification is described in detail. A system of classifying the intensity of local reactions is proposed to standardize administration. The experience of the M.D. Anderson Hospital involving over 2700 patients is reviewed. Administration of BCG by scarification has been accomplished with safety and has been well tolerated and accepted. The most commonly observed side effects are discussed as well as their management."}
{"id": "PMID:363258", "title": "Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver in infants.", "content": "Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver is a rare benign tumor of childhood which has been confused with various other benign liver lesions, particularly vascular hamartomas which are mesodermal but not mesenchymal. The mass, frequently cystic, is characterized by an admixture of epithelial structures in a loose connective tissue stroma with fluid accumulation suggestive of lymphangiomatous channels. Four patients are presented and reviewed with 25 previously reported cases. The patients, usually asymptomatic, present during the first two years of life with progressive abdominal distention, which may be rapid because of increasing fluid content in the connective tissue stroma and cysts. Exploration and biopsy may be necessary before definitive excision. The present cases include a newborn, the youngest known, and a case in which radiation resulted in hyalinization of the mesenchyme, decrease in fluid content, and easlier resection. Respiratory distress and signs of vena caval obstruction due to intra-abdominal pressure were noted. Prognosis after extirpation is very good.", "contents": "Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver in infants. Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver is a rare benign tumor of childhood which has been confused with various other benign liver lesions, particularly vascular hamartomas which are mesodermal but not mesenchymal. The mass, frequently cystic, is characterized by an admixture of epithelial structures in a loose connective tissue stroma with fluid accumulation suggestive of lymphangiomatous channels. Four patients are presented and reviewed with 25 previously reported cases. The patients, usually asymptomatic, present during the first two years of life with progressive abdominal distention, which may be rapid because of increasing fluid content in the connective tissue stroma and cysts. Exploration and biopsy may be necessary before definitive excision. The present cases include a newborn, the youngest known, and a case in which radiation resulted in hyalinization of the mesenchyme, decrease in fluid content, and easlier resection. Respiratory distress and signs of vena caval obstruction due to intra-abdominal pressure were noted. Prognosis after extirpation is very good."}
{"id": "PMID:363259", "title": "Cancer of the pancreas: diagnostic accuracy and survival statistics.", "content": "We have reviewed the natural history, reliability of diagnosis, and survivorship of 100 patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, in the context of a thorough review of the literature on survival after therapy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. There is 40--62.5% error in the histologic confirmation of the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. The error by inspection and palpation alone at the time of surgery may be as great as 25%. The absolute 5 year survival rate calculated from 61 clinical studies representing approximately 15,000 patients is 0.4%. The best series in the current literature has only 3% 5 year rate based upon the total population of pancreatic cancer patients. 12.3% of 5 year survivors from the world literature did not have curative surgery. This study shows the necessity for standardization of reporting methods. The same patients and survivors should not be used repeatedly in different reports. Some authors who claim the most effective palliation by pancreatic resection have the highest mortality rates.", "contents": "Cancer of the pancreas: diagnostic accuracy and survival statistics. We have reviewed the natural history, reliability of diagnosis, and survivorship of 100 patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, in the context of a thorough review of the literature on survival after therapy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. There is 40--62.5% error in the histologic confirmation of the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. The error by inspection and palpation alone at the time of surgery may be as great as 25%. The absolute 5 year survival rate calculated from 61 clinical studies representing approximately 15,000 patients is 0.4%. The best series in the current literature has only 3% 5 year rate based upon the total population of pancreatic cancer patients. 12.3% of 5 year survivors from the world literature did not have curative surgery. This study shows the necessity for standardization of reporting methods. The same patients and survivors should not be used repeatedly in different reports. Some authors who claim the most effective palliation by pancreatic resection have the highest mortality rates."}
{"id": "PMID:363260", "title": "Selective toxicity of anticancer drugs: Presidential Address.", "content": "In the chemotherapy of infectious diseases, selective toxicity has been achieved by designing curative regimens based on pharmacokinetic data. Selective toxicity of antitumor drugs has been demonstrated for rapidly growing large growth fraction tumors occurring in patients under age 30. In these tumors curative schedules have been achieved by application of animal data relating to cellular and drug kinetics. The attempts to improve chemotherapy of large and small growth fraction tumors by kinetic observations in vivo in humans have been disappointing. Recent evidence suggests that the heterogeneity of cells within tumors has prevented precise observations on the relation of cellular and drug kinetics to improved selective toxicity. The availability of xenografts, flow cytometry, and tumor markers presents an opportunity to isolate subpopulations of tumor cells; to characterize their cellular and drug kinetics; and to correlate these with values obtained in vivo in humans. It should then be possible at long last to examine the potential role of cellular and drug kinetics in devising drug schedules with greater selective toxicity for human cancer.", "contents": "Selective toxicity of anticancer drugs: Presidential Address. In the chemotherapy of infectious diseases, selective toxicity has been achieved by designing curative regimens based on pharmacokinetic data. Selective toxicity of antitumor drugs has been demonstrated for rapidly growing large growth fraction tumors occurring in patients under age 30. In these tumors curative schedules have been achieved by application of animal data relating to cellular and drug kinetics. The attempts to improve chemotherapy of large and small growth fraction tumors by kinetic observations in vivo in humans have been disappointing. Recent evidence suggests that the heterogeneity of cells within tumors has prevented precise observations on the relation of cellular and drug kinetics to improved selective toxicity. The availability of xenografts, flow cytometry, and tumor markers presents an opportunity to isolate subpopulations of tumor cells; to characterize their cellular and drug kinetics; and to correlate these with values obtained in vivo in humans. It should then be possible at long last to examine the potential role of cellular and drug kinetics in devising drug schedules with greater selective toxicity for human cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:363261", "title": "Antimutagenic effects of 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and of antimicrobial agents.", "content": "Administration of the antioxidants 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) and ethoxyquin (1,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline) with the diet resulted in a marked decrease in the levels of mutagens present in mice treated with benzo(a)pyrene. This was reflected in the results of the host-mediated assay and determinations of the mutagenic activities of the urine, with the use of the sensitive tester strains TA100 and TA98 of Salmonella typhimurium his- developed by Ames and coworkers. Treatment with BHA was effective also in reducing the mutagenic activities in vivo of hycanthone, three other antischistosomal compounds, metronidazole, diazepam, and mebendazole. These effects were accompanied by increases in the thiol levels of some tissues. The production of mutagenic metabolites of two other antischistosomal drugs, 4-isothiocyano-4'-nitrodiphenylamine and oxamniquine, was not reduced by BHA treatment. However, such reductions in mutagenicity could be achieved by the administration of enteric antibacterial agents, implicating the role of intestinal microorganisms in the mutagenic activation of certain chemical agents. Combined treatment of mice with BHA and enteric antimicrobial agents reduced the levels of mutagens derived from metronidazole by more than 90%, and the combined treatments were more effective than was either treatment alone.", "contents": "Antimutagenic effects of 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and of antimicrobial agents. Administration of the antioxidants 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) and ethoxyquin (1,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline) with the diet resulted in a marked decrease in the levels of mutagens present in mice treated with benzo(a)pyrene. This was reflected in the results of the host-mediated assay and determinations of the mutagenic activities of the urine, with the use of the sensitive tester strains TA100 and TA98 of Salmonella typhimurium his- developed by Ames and coworkers. Treatment with BHA was effective also in reducing the mutagenic activities in vivo of hycanthone, three other antischistosomal compounds, metronidazole, diazepam, and mebendazole. These effects were accompanied by increases in the thiol levels of some tissues. The production of mutagenic metabolites of two other antischistosomal drugs, 4-isothiocyano-4'-nitrodiphenylamine and oxamniquine, was not reduced by BHA treatment. However, such reductions in mutagenicity could be achieved by the administration of enteric antibacterial agents, implicating the role of intestinal microorganisms in the mutagenic activation of certain chemical agents. Combined treatment of mice with BHA and enteric antimicrobial agents reduced the levels of mutagens derived from metronidazole by more than 90%, and the combined treatments were more effective than was either treatment alone."}
{"id": "PMID:363263", "title": "Mode of mutagenic action of methylnitrosocyanamide, a potent carcinogen.", "content": "A potent carcinogen, methylnitrosocyanamide was used to induce revertants in a strain of Escherichia coli carrying an amber mutation in a gene for tryptophan (trp) biosynthesis and an ochre mutation in a gene for alkaline phosphatase biosynthesis. Trp+ revertants were purified and classified into seven categories based on their ability to support the growth of particular nonsense mutants of phage lambda and on their content of alkaline phosphatase. About 90% of the Trp+ revertants induced by methylnitrosocyanamide were due to mutations in suppressor genes, and 85% of the suppressor mutations occurred in gene supE. Intragenic reversion cannot occur by a GC leads to AT base substitution mutation, whereas this is the obligate mode of mutation in gene supE. We conclude that methylnitrosocyanamide preferentially induces GC leads to AT transition mutations but that other base substitution mutations are also induced at about 10% of this frequency. N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea and, particularly, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine also preferentially induce GC leads to AT transition mutations.", "contents": "Mode of mutagenic action of methylnitrosocyanamide, a potent carcinogen. A potent carcinogen, methylnitrosocyanamide was used to induce revertants in a strain of Escherichia coli carrying an amber mutation in a gene for tryptophan (trp) biosynthesis and an ochre mutation in a gene for alkaline phosphatase biosynthesis. Trp+ revertants were purified and classified into seven categories based on their ability to support the growth of particular nonsense mutants of phage lambda and on their content of alkaline phosphatase. About 90% of the Trp+ revertants induced by methylnitrosocyanamide were due to mutations in suppressor genes, and 85% of the suppressor mutations occurred in gene supE. Intragenic reversion cannot occur by a GC leads to AT base substitution mutation, whereas this is the obligate mode of mutation in gene supE. We conclude that methylnitrosocyanamide preferentially induces GC leads to AT transition mutations but that other base substitution mutations are also induced at about 10% of this frequency. N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea and, particularly, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine also preferentially induce GC leads to AT transition mutations."}
{"id": "PMID:363267", "title": "Contribution to the understanding of the mechanism of cytokinesis in plant cells: the action of deoxyguanosine on the kinetics of a root meristem cell population.", "content": "The kinetics of binucleate cells, formed by the action of deoxyguanosine, are studied using three methods: in a population synchronized with hydroxyurea, by autoradiography after pulse-labelling, and in a sample of a cell population morphologically located at the M--G1 limit. Deoxyguanosine induces a slowing down in S and G2, independent of the inhibition of cytokinesis. It is only when it takes effect during the G2 stage that deoxyguanosine brings about the formation of binucleate cells.", "contents": "Contribution to the understanding of the mechanism of cytokinesis in plant cells: the action of deoxyguanosine on the kinetics of a root meristem cell population. The kinetics of binucleate cells, formed by the action of deoxyguanosine, are studied using three methods: in a population synchronized with hydroxyurea, by autoradiography after pulse-labelling, and in a sample of a cell population morphologically located at the M--G1 limit. Deoxyguanosine induces a slowing down in S and G2, independent of the inhibition of cytokinesis. It is only when it takes effect during the G2 stage that deoxyguanosine brings about the formation of binucleate cells."}
{"id": "PMID:363268", "title": "The measurement of cell turnover rates using stable isotope-labelled thymidine: experiments on the small intestine and on a transplantable lymphatic tumour of the mouse.", "content": "Multilabelled, non-radioactive thymidine and tritiated thymidine were incorporated simultaneously into the DNA of a rapidly-growing, transplantable mouse lymphoma and the DNA of mouse small intestine by a single intraperitoneal injection of both labelled nucleosides. Mice were killed at selected times during the next 7 days, and the specific activities of the tissues and extracted DNA and the 132/126 mass ratio of thymine isolated from the DNA were determined by scintillation counting and by field ionization mass spectrometry respectively. The rates of decrease of the concentrations of tritiated and stable isotope-labelled thymine in the DNA of the tumour or of the intestine were essentially identical. These results indicate the feasibility of using thymidine multilabelled with stable isotopes for measurement of cell turnover rates in conjunction with cancer therapy.", "contents": "The measurement of cell turnover rates using stable isotope-labelled thymidine: experiments on the small intestine and on a transplantable lymphatic tumour of the mouse. Multilabelled, non-radioactive thymidine and tritiated thymidine were incorporated simultaneously into the DNA of a rapidly-growing, transplantable mouse lymphoma and the DNA of mouse small intestine by a single intraperitoneal injection of both labelled nucleosides. Mice were killed at selected times during the next 7 days, and the specific activities of the tissues and extracted DNA and the 132/126 mass ratio of thymine isolated from the DNA were determined by scintillation counting and by field ionization mass spectrometry respectively. The rates of decrease of the concentrations of tritiated and stable isotope-labelled thymine in the DNA of the tumour or of the intestine were essentially identical. These results indicate the feasibility of using thymidine multilabelled with stable isotopes for measurement of cell turnover rates in conjunction with cancer therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:363270", "title": "beta-Adrenergic insulin release and adrenergic innervation of mouse pancreatic islets.", "content": "An investigation of the stereospecificity of beta-adrenergic insulin release, its relation to alpha-adrenergic blockade and the adrenergic innervation of the pancreatic islets was performed in the mouse. It was observed that in vivo beta-adrenergic stimulation of insulin release by isopropylnoradrenaline was stereospecific for the L-stereoisomer and selectively blocked by the L-isomer of the beta-adrenergic antagonist L-propranolol. D-propranolol had no effect. Pretreatment of mice with a dose of D-isopropylnoradrenaline devoid of insulin releasing activity, slightly increased the subsequent insulin response to a half-maximal dose of L-isopropylnoradrenaline. Basal insulin secretion was blocked by L-propranolol (beta-adrenergic blockade) and increased by phentolamine (alpha-adrenergic blockade). A beta-blocked insulin response to L-isopropyl-noradrenaline could be overcome by alpha-adrenergic blockade depending on the dose of the beta-agonist, suggesting a close association between the adrenergic receptors. The adrenergic innervation of the islet cells was studied by electron microscopic autoradiography after injection of 3H-L-noradrenaline. It was observed that labelled adrenergic nerve terminals were associated with both A1- (D-), A2- and B-cells. The nerves were mainly distributed in the periphery of the islets either as single axons or as bundles. The majority of the terminals were associated with A2-cells, the most frequent cell type in the islet periphery. However, in all islets examined terminals were found close to B-cells. Adrenergic terminals often caused indentations in the contour of an islet cell and were separated from the islet cell membrane only by a narrow intercellular space, about 20 nm in width. It is concluded that the islet cells of the mouse are equipped with the morphological substrate for direct adrenergic regulation. Further it is suggested that the B-cell is supplied with L-stereospecific beta-adrenergic receptors and that the alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors are at least partially interrelated.", "contents": "beta-Adrenergic insulin release and adrenergic innervation of mouse pancreatic islets. An investigation of the stereospecificity of beta-adrenergic insulin release, its relation to alpha-adrenergic blockade and the adrenergic innervation of the pancreatic islets was performed in the mouse. It was observed that in vivo beta-adrenergic stimulation of insulin release by isopropylnoradrenaline was stereospecific for the L-stereoisomer and selectively blocked by the L-isomer of the beta-adrenergic antagonist L-propranolol. D-propranolol had no effect. Pretreatment of mice with a dose of D-isopropylnoradrenaline devoid of insulin releasing activity, slightly increased the subsequent insulin response to a half-maximal dose of L-isopropylnoradrenaline. Basal insulin secretion was blocked by L-propranolol (beta-adrenergic blockade) and increased by phentolamine (alpha-adrenergic blockade). A beta-blocked insulin response to L-isopropyl-noradrenaline could be overcome by alpha-adrenergic blockade depending on the dose of the beta-agonist, suggesting a close association between the adrenergic receptors. The adrenergic innervation of the islet cells was studied by electron microscopic autoradiography after injection of 3H-L-noradrenaline. It was observed that labelled adrenergic nerve terminals were associated with both A1- (D-), A2- and B-cells. The nerves were mainly distributed in the periphery of the islets either as single axons or as bundles. The majority of the terminals were associated with A2-cells, the most frequent cell type in the islet periphery. However, in all islets examined terminals were found close to B-cells. Adrenergic terminals often caused indentations in the contour of an islet cell and were separated from the islet cell membrane only by a narrow intercellular space, about 20 nm in width. It is concluded that the islet cells of the mouse are equipped with the morphological substrate for direct adrenergic regulation. Further it is suggested that the B-cell is supplied with L-stereospecific beta-adrenergic receptors and that the alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors are at least partially interrelated."}
{"id": "PMID:363272", "title": "Changes at the ecto-mesodermal interface during development of the duck preen gland.", "content": "An ultrastructural investigation of the organogenesis of the duck preen gland showed variations at the ecto-mesodermal interface in the course of development. During the period of invagination, ectoderm and mesoderm were separated by a continuous basal lamina. Morphogenesis of the tubules is characterized by a preferential deposition of non-oriented collagen fibres localized at the branching sites. Direct contacts between ectodermal extensions and mesodermal cells, through gaps in the basal lamina, appeared at the end-buds after the morphogenetic pattern was established and before the onset of the glandular secretory activity. The correlation between the modification of the ecto-mesodermal interface and the differentiation of uropygial ectoderm is discussed.", "contents": "Changes at the ecto-mesodermal interface during development of the duck preen gland. An ultrastructural investigation of the organogenesis of the duck preen gland showed variations at the ecto-mesodermal interface in the course of development. During the period of invagination, ectoderm and mesoderm were separated by a continuous basal lamina. Morphogenesis of the tubules is characterized by a preferential deposition of non-oriented collagen fibres localized at the branching sites. Direct contacts between ectodermal extensions and mesodermal cells, through gaps in the basal lamina, appeared at the end-buds after the morphogenetic pattern was established and before the onset of the glandular secretory activity. The correlation between the modification of the ecto-mesodermal interface and the differentiation of uropygial ectoderm is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363273", "title": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on the cytodifferentiation of duodenal endocrine cells.", "content": "The development of cytodifferentiation of endocrine cells that produce the gastrointestinal hormones gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin have been studied by a combined fluorescence-cytochemical, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural approach. The results show that, during development, several ultrastructurally distinct cell types exhibit COOH-terminal gastrin and cholecystokinin immunoreactivity. Furthermore, some cells simultaneously contain both gastrin- and cholecystokinin-specific antigenic determinants. Studies on the time course of development of gastrin and cholecystokinin cells, together with the above-mentioned data, suggest that gastrin cells may be converted into cholecystokinin cells in development. During this period, gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin cells store the biogenic monoamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine a feature not displayed by the adult counter-parts of these cells. In the adult duodenum, characteristic enterochromaffin (EC) cells store 5-hydroxytryptamin for which, evidence for a possible hormonal role has been presented. Taken together, our data indicate that the differentiation of duodenal endocrine cells occurs in distinct steps, each involving a restriction in the biosynthetic repertoire of the cell.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on the cytodifferentiation of duodenal endocrine cells. The development of cytodifferentiation of endocrine cells that produce the gastrointestinal hormones gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin have been studied by a combined fluorescence-cytochemical, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural approach. The results show that, during development, several ultrastructurally distinct cell types exhibit COOH-terminal gastrin and cholecystokinin immunoreactivity. Furthermore, some cells simultaneously contain both gastrin- and cholecystokinin-specific antigenic determinants. Studies on the time course of development of gastrin and cholecystokinin cells, together with the above-mentioned data, suggest that gastrin cells may be converted into cholecystokinin cells in development. During this period, gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin cells store the biogenic monoamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine a feature not displayed by the adult counter-parts of these cells. In the adult duodenum, characteristic enterochromaffin (EC) cells store 5-hydroxytryptamin for which, evidence for a possible hormonal role has been presented. Taken together, our data indicate that the differentiation of duodenal endocrine cells occurs in distinct steps, each involving a restriction in the biosynthetic repertoire of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:363277", "title": "Processing of rRNA by RNAase P: spacer tRNAs are linked to 16S rRNA in an RNAase P RNAase III mutant strain of E. coli.", "content": "To determine which enzymes are responsible for the processing cleavages of ribosomal RNA transcripts in Escherichia coli, we constructed a mutant strain lacking RNAase III and containing a thermolabile RNAase P. At the nonpermissive temperature, this strain accumulates a novel \"19S\" RNA species which contains 17S precursor rRNA sequences covalently linked to tRNA sequences transcribed from the ribosomal RNA spacer region between the 16S and the 23S rRNA cistrons. In vitro treatment of 19S RNA with cell extracts releases tRNA2Glu and other tRNA species. These \"spacer\" tRNA sequences are apparently not contained with the 18S RNA species found in an RNAase III- RNAase P+ cell. RNAase P-deficient extracts are incapable of cleaving space tRNA from 19S RNA, indicating that RNAase P is required for the release of spacer tRNAs from rRNA transcripts of E. coli cells.", "contents": "Processing of rRNA by RNAase P: spacer tRNAs are linked to 16S rRNA in an RNAase P RNAase III mutant strain of E. coli. To determine which enzymes are responsible for the processing cleavages of ribosomal RNA transcripts in Escherichia coli, we constructed a mutant strain lacking RNAase III and containing a thermolabile RNAase P. At the nonpermissive temperature, this strain accumulates a novel \"19S\" RNA species which contains 17S precursor rRNA sequences covalently linked to tRNA sequences transcribed from the ribosomal RNA spacer region between the 16S and the 23S rRNA cistrons. In vitro treatment of 19S RNA with cell extracts releases tRNA2Glu and other tRNA species. These \"spacer\" tRNA sequences are apparently not contained with the 18S RNA species found in an RNAase III- RNAase P+ cell. RNAase P-deficient extracts are incapable of cleaving space tRNA from 19S RNA, indicating that RNAase P is required for the release of spacer tRNAs from rRNA transcripts of E. coli cells."}
{"id": "PMID:363289", "title": "Translation of tobacco mosaic virus RNA In Acetabularia cell cytoplasm.", "content": "Isolated Acetabularia nuclei were microinjected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus RNA and then implanted into an anucleate posterior fragment of an Acetabularia cell. Injected RNA was translated in the Acetabularia cytoplasm from the first to twelfth day after implantation of the nuclei. The production of specific virus proteins was detected and localized in the Acetabularia cytoplasm by an immunofluorescence precipitation technique.", "contents": "Translation of tobacco mosaic virus RNA In Acetabularia cell cytoplasm. Isolated Acetabularia nuclei were microinjected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus RNA and then implanted into an anucleate posterior fragment of an Acetabularia cell. Injected RNA was translated in the Acetabularia cytoplasm from the first to twelfth day after implantation of the nuclei. The production of specific virus proteins was detected and localized in the Acetabularia cytoplasm by an immunofluorescence precipitation technique."}
{"id": "PMID:363290", "title": "Compartmentalizing the S period.", "content": "In order to increase the resolution of interphase analysis we have developed a method which is an alternative to cytofluometric techniques for tissues where cell flow is not applicable. The method combines the estimation of cell frequency in G1, S, G2 and mitosis after a 3H-thymidine pulse with the grouping of interphase cells according to their DNA content, as estimated by cytophotometry in Feulgen stained nuclei. By superimposing both sets of data we get three different artificial compartments within the S period. As a biological test of the resolution reached, the method readily confirmed that hydroxyurea, after one cycle time, accumulates cycling cells of Allium cepa L. root meristems in early S.", "contents": "Compartmentalizing the S period. In order to increase the resolution of interphase analysis we have developed a method which is an alternative to cytofluometric techniques for tissues where cell flow is not applicable. The method combines the estimation of cell frequency in G1, S, G2 and mitosis after a 3H-thymidine pulse with the grouping of interphase cells according to their DNA content, as estimated by cytophotometry in Feulgen stained nuclei. By superimposing both sets of data we get three different artificial compartments within the S period. As a biological test of the resolution reached, the method readily confirmed that hydroxyurea, after one cycle time, accumulates cycling cells of Allium cepa L. root meristems in early S."}
{"id": "PMID:363301", "title": "The [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization in man.", "content": "A method has been developed to measure local glucose consumption in the various structures of the brain in man with three-dimensional resolution. [18F]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose is used as a tracer for the exchange of glucose between plasma and brain and its phosphorylation by hexokinase in the tissue. A mathematical model and derived operational equation are used which enable local cerebral glucose consumption to be calculated in terms of the following measurable variables. An intravenous bolus of [18F]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose is given and the arterial specific activity monitored for a predetermined period of from 30 to 120 minutes. Starting at 30 minutes, the activity in a series of sections through the brain is determined with three-dimensional resolution by an emission tomographic scanner. The method was used to measure local cerebral glucose consumption in two normal volunteers. The values in gray matter structures range from 5.79 mg/100 g per minute in the cerebellar cortex to 10.27 in the visual cortex, whereas, in white matter structures, the values range from 3.64 mg/100 g per minute in the corpus callosum to 4.22 in the occipital lobe. Average values for gray matter, white matter, and whole brain metabolic rates, calculated as a weighted average based on the approximate volume of each structure, are 8.05, 3.80, and 5.90 mg/100 g per minute, respectively. The value of 5.9 mg/100 g per minute compares favorably with values previously reported.", "contents": "The [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization in man. A method has been developed to measure local glucose consumption in the various structures of the brain in man with three-dimensional resolution. [18F]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose is used as a tracer for the exchange of glucose between plasma and brain and its phosphorylation by hexokinase in the tissue. A mathematical model and derived operational equation are used which enable local cerebral glucose consumption to be calculated in terms of the following measurable variables. An intravenous bolus of [18F]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose is given and the arterial specific activity monitored for a predetermined period of from 30 to 120 minutes. Starting at 30 minutes, the activity in a series of sections through the brain is determined with three-dimensional resolution by an emission tomographic scanner. The method was used to measure local cerebral glucose consumption in two normal volunteers. The values in gray matter structures range from 5.79 mg/100 g per minute in the cerebellar cortex to 10.27 in the visual cortex, whereas, in white matter structures, the values range from 3.64 mg/100 g per minute in the corpus callosum to 4.22 in the occipital lobe. Average values for gray matter, white matter, and whole brain metabolic rates, calculated as a weighted average based on the approximate volume of each structure, are 8.05, 3.80, and 5.90 mg/100 g per minute, respectively. The value of 5.9 mg/100 g per minute compares favorably with values previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:363302", "title": "Contribution of prostaglandins to muscle blood flow in anesthetized dogs at rest, during exercise, and following inflow occlusion.", "content": "The role of locally formed cyclo-oxygenase products (endoperoxide intermediates, prostaglandins, or prostacyclins) in resistance to blood flow was studied in the hindlimbs of anesthetized dogs during rest, during exercise, and following release of inflow occlusion. Meclofenamic acid, indomethacin, or sodium meclofenamate reduced mean resting blood flows of 86, 113, and 118 ml/min to 54, 82, and 67 ml/min, respectively. Inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis reduced the vasodilator response to arachidonic acid by 81%. In addition, prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors attenuated the hyperemic responses following inflow occlusions in the resting hindlimb. The attenuation was most marked following a 1-second occlusion (74%) and progressively less following a 10-second (44%) and a 300-second (24%) occlusion. However, the portion of the total postocclusive hyperemic response attributable to prostaglandins was constant and independent of occlusion duration. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis did not affect the hyperemia of exercise, but reduced significantly the postocclusion hyperemia that followed the release of a 1-second (63%) and a 2-second (43%) period of inflow occlusion in the exercising hindlimb; attenuation was minor following a 10-second occlusion (10%). In three of four exercising hindlimbs, the portion of the postocclusion hyperemia attributable to prostaglandins was inversely related to the duration of the occlusion. These data indicate that locally synthesized cyclo-oxygenase products, possibly prostaglandins, are important in the maintenance of blood flow in resting but not exercising muscle, contribute significantly to postocclusive hyperemia in resting and exercising hindlimbs, and mediate the hyperemia that follows occlusions of 5 seconds or less in resting and 2 seconds or less in exercising hindlimbs.", "contents": "Contribution of prostaglandins to muscle blood flow in anesthetized dogs at rest, during exercise, and following inflow occlusion. The role of locally formed cyclo-oxygenase products (endoperoxide intermediates, prostaglandins, or prostacyclins) in resistance to blood flow was studied in the hindlimbs of anesthetized dogs during rest, during exercise, and following release of inflow occlusion. Meclofenamic acid, indomethacin, or sodium meclofenamate reduced mean resting blood flows of 86, 113, and 118 ml/min to 54, 82, and 67 ml/min, respectively. Inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis reduced the vasodilator response to arachidonic acid by 81%. In addition, prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors attenuated the hyperemic responses following inflow occlusions in the resting hindlimb. The attenuation was most marked following a 1-second occlusion (74%) and progressively less following a 10-second (44%) and a 300-second (24%) occlusion. However, the portion of the total postocclusive hyperemic response attributable to prostaglandins was constant and independent of occlusion duration. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis did not affect the hyperemia of exercise, but reduced significantly the postocclusion hyperemia that followed the release of a 1-second (63%) and a 2-second (43%) period of inflow occlusion in the exercising hindlimb; attenuation was minor following a 10-second occlusion (10%). In three of four exercising hindlimbs, the portion of the postocclusion hyperemia attributable to prostaglandins was inversely related to the duration of the occlusion. These data indicate that locally synthesized cyclo-oxygenase products, possibly prostaglandins, are important in the maintenance of blood flow in resting but not exercising muscle, contribute significantly to postocclusive hyperemia in resting and exercising hindlimbs, and mediate the hyperemia that follows occlusions of 5 seconds or less in resting and 2 seconds or less in exercising hindlimbs."}
{"id": "PMID:363304", "title": "An improved enzyme immunoassay for progesterone in human plasma.", "content": "We describe an enzyme immunoassay for progesterone in which we use a progesterone-11alpha-hemisuccinyl-horseradish peroxidase conjugate as the \"label\" and an antiserum raised in rabbits to a progesterone-11alpha-hemisuccinyl-bovine serum albumin conjugate. In this assay, antibody-bound and free steroid are separated by using a second antibody precipitation procedure. The assay has a lower limit of sensitivity of 10 pg/assay tube and satisfies the usual criteria of specificity, precision, and accuracy. Results obtained with a comparison radioimmunoassay and our procedure agreed well (r = 0.98). Eighty samples can be assayed per day. It is not only well suited for surveys where accurate determination of progesterone concentrations in small plasma aliquots is required, but also for monitoring ovulation induction in patients attending infertility clinics.", "contents": "An improved enzyme immunoassay for progesterone in human plasma. We describe an enzyme immunoassay for progesterone in which we use a progesterone-11alpha-hemisuccinyl-horseradish peroxidase conjugate as the \"label\" and an antiserum raised in rabbits to a progesterone-11alpha-hemisuccinyl-bovine serum albumin conjugate. In this assay, antibody-bound and free steroid are separated by using a second antibody precipitation procedure. The assay has a lower limit of sensitivity of 10 pg/assay tube and satisfies the usual criteria of specificity, precision, and accuracy. Results obtained with a comparison radioimmunoassay and our procedure agreed well (r = 0.98). Eighty samples can be assayed per day. It is not only well suited for surveys where accurate determination of progesterone concentrations in small plasma aliquots is required, but also for monitoring ovulation induction in patients attending infertility clinics."}
{"id": "PMID:363300", "title": "Differences in reading achievement between spina bifida children attending normal schools and those attending special schools.", "content": "This paper reports the reading scores measured on Neale's Analysis of Reading Ability of a series of 55 spina bifida children, some of whom attended normal schools and the remainder attended special schools and matched controls. A multiple regression equation was used to compare observed scores with the expected scores. The children receiving a normal school education were reading up to the level expected from their intelligence test scores, but the children in special schools had significant differences between observed and expected scores. The discrepancies may be accounted for by more profound physical handicap among the special school children but teachers' expectations may also be important in influencing reading achievement.", "contents": "Differences in reading achievement between spina bifida children attending normal schools and those attending special schools. This paper reports the reading scores measured on Neale's Analysis of Reading Ability of a series of 55 spina bifida children, some of whom attended normal schools and the remainder attended special schools and matched controls. A multiple regression equation was used to compare observed scores with the expected scores. The children receiving a normal school education were reading up to the level expected from their intelligence test scores, but the children in special schools had significant differences between observed and expected scores. The discrepancies may be accounted for by more profound physical handicap among the special school children but teachers' expectations may also be important in influencing reading achievement."}
{"id": "PMID:363305", "title": "The vomero-premaxillary suture--a neglected growth site in mid-facial development of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients.", "content": "The growth capacity of the vomero-premaxillary suture (VPS) was analysed as this growth site, sometimes exposed during cleft surgery, is usually unrecognized in the patient's mid-facial development. Metallic implants were inserted on both sides of the suture in eight infants with unilateral cleft lip and palate at the time of the first surgery. The patients were followed roentgencephalometrically to the age of three years. Growth between the vomer and premaxilla was recorded in every case, with growth being especially marked during the first year of life. The horizontal increment of growth between the pins was greater than the vertical increment. On the basis of these findings, it was proposed that surgery which seriously impedes or stops growth in the VPS is likely to be an important factor in the etiology of the mid-facial retrusion that is sometimes seen in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate.", "contents": "The vomero-premaxillary suture--a neglected growth site in mid-facial development of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. The growth capacity of the vomero-premaxillary suture (VPS) was analysed as this growth site, sometimes exposed during cleft surgery, is usually unrecognized in the patient's mid-facial development. Metallic implants were inserted on both sides of the suture in eight infants with unilateral cleft lip and palate at the time of the first surgery. The patients were followed roentgencephalometrically to the age of three years. Growth between the vomer and premaxilla was recorded in every case, with growth being especially marked during the first year of life. The horizontal increment of growth between the pins was greater than the vertical increment. On the basis of these findings, it was proposed that surgery which seriously impedes or stops growth in the VPS is likely to be an important factor in the etiology of the mid-facial retrusion that is sometimes seen in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate."}
{"id": "PMID:363307", "title": "Measurement of gonadotrophins, testosterone, delta4 androstenedione and dihydrotesterone in idiopathic oligospermia.", "content": "Basal concentrations of FSH, LH, testosterone, delta4 androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone, together with FSH and LH responses to single injections of LHRH were determined in eighty-four patients with oligospermia and in twenty-seven normal men. LHRH responses were heterogeneous and indicate that various disorders might cause this syndrome. In six cases there appeared to be an isolated deficiency in spermatogenesis, as indicated by an increased FSH response, whilst the LH response was normal as were the concentrations of the testicular hormones. In twenty cases a concomitant disorder of Leydig cell function and spermatogenesis is suggested as indicated by increased FSH and LH responses and decreased concentrations of testosterone and delta4 androstenedione (six) or concentrations at the lower limit of normal (fourteen). Furthermore, in five cases a hypothalamic and/or pituitary disturbance may be accepted on the basis of normal or decreased basal concentrations decreased and responses to LHRH with decreased concentrations of testosterone and delta4 androstenedione. Finally, in thirty-seven cases, oligospermia was not associated with any modification basal gonadotrophin concentrations or response to LHRH when compared with normal subjects.", "contents": "Measurement of gonadotrophins, testosterone, delta4 androstenedione and dihydrotesterone in idiopathic oligospermia. Basal concentrations of FSH, LH, testosterone, delta4 androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone, together with FSH and LH responses to single injections of LHRH were determined in eighty-four patients with oligospermia and in twenty-seven normal men. LHRH responses were heterogeneous and indicate that various disorders might cause this syndrome. In six cases there appeared to be an isolated deficiency in spermatogenesis, as indicated by an increased FSH response, whilst the LH response was normal as were the concentrations of the testicular hormones. In twenty cases a concomitant disorder of Leydig cell function and spermatogenesis is suggested as indicated by increased FSH and LH responses and decreased concentrations of testosterone and delta4 androstenedione (six) or concentrations at the lower limit of normal (fourteen). Furthermore, in five cases a hypothalamic and/or pituitary disturbance may be accepted on the basis of normal or decreased basal concentrations decreased and responses to LHRH with decreased concentrations of testosterone and delta4 androstenedione. Finally, in thirty-seven cases, oligospermia was not associated with any modification basal gonadotrophin concentrations or response to LHRH when compared with normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:363308", "title": "Oestrogen amplification of LH-RH response in the polycystic ovary syndrome and response to clomiphene.", "content": "An LH-RH test was performed before and 44 and 92 h after treatment with 2.5 mg oestradiol benzoate in 17 patients with a diagnosis of polycystic ovarian (PCO) disease. The responses were compared with the same tests performed on ten normal subjects during the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycles (days 4--6). Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of their LH responses to LH-RH. In Group A (seven patients) the response at 92 h was greater than at 44 h as in the normal subjects, but in Group B (ten patients) the response at 44 h was greater than at 92 h. Basal serum hormone values were similar in the two groups except for androgens and oestrone, which were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in Group B patients. There was a negative correlation between the basal androgen and oestrone concentrations and the LH and FSH amplifications at 92 h in all PCO patients. The ratios of the basal concentrations of LH to FSH and the ratios of the highest levels of each achieved during the basal LH-RH test, were significantly higher in the two groups of patients when compared to controls (P less than 0.01). The test is of value in predicting the subsequent responsiveness to clomiphene. All patients in Group A showed evidence of ovulation following treatment with 100 mg clomiphene for 5 days, but only one of Group B responded in this way.", "contents": "Oestrogen amplification of LH-RH response in the polycystic ovary syndrome and response to clomiphene. An LH-RH test was performed before and 44 and 92 h after treatment with 2.5 mg oestradiol benzoate in 17 patients with a diagnosis of polycystic ovarian (PCO) disease. The responses were compared with the same tests performed on ten normal subjects during the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycles (days 4--6). Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of their LH responses to LH-RH. In Group A (seven patients) the response at 92 h was greater than at 44 h as in the normal subjects, but in Group B (ten patients) the response at 44 h was greater than at 92 h. Basal serum hormone values were similar in the two groups except for androgens and oestrone, which were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in Group B patients. There was a negative correlation between the basal androgen and oestrone concentrations and the LH and FSH amplifications at 92 h in all PCO patients. The ratios of the basal concentrations of LH to FSH and the ratios of the highest levels of each achieved during the basal LH-RH test, were significantly higher in the two groups of patients when compared to controls (P less than 0.01). The test is of value in predicting the subsequent responsiveness to clomiphene. All patients in Group A showed evidence of ovulation following treatment with 100 mg clomiphene for 5 days, but only one of Group B responded in this way."}
{"id": "PMID:363314", "title": "The immunosuppressive and mitogenic effects of Trypanosoma musculi.", "content": "In CD-1 mice infected with Trypanosoma musculi, the production of IgM and IgG antibodies in response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was significantly suppressed when mice were immunized with SRBC once high parasitaemias had developed. In infected mice which were not immunized with SRBC, background plaque-forming responses of spleen cells to SRBC were significantly higher than in uninfected, unimmunized mice. Factors derived from T. musculi were found to be mitogenic in vitro for spleen cells taken from CD-1 mice. The mitogenic response to these factors by spleen cells from athymic mice was highly significant, whereas the response of spleen cells taken from CD-1 mice which had been pre-treated with cyclophosphamide was much less, suggesting that the B cell was the major target of the trypanosome-derived mitogen. In this paper we discuss the possible relationship of T. musculi-induced mitogenesis to the immunosuppression and non-specific antibody formation associated with T. musculi infections.", "contents": "The immunosuppressive and mitogenic effects of Trypanosoma musculi. In CD-1 mice infected with Trypanosoma musculi, the production of IgM and IgG antibodies in response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was significantly suppressed when mice were immunized with SRBC once high parasitaemias had developed. In infected mice which were not immunized with SRBC, background plaque-forming responses of spleen cells to SRBC were significantly higher than in uninfected, unimmunized mice. Factors derived from T. musculi were found to be mitogenic in vitro for spleen cells taken from CD-1 mice. The mitogenic response to these factors by spleen cells from athymic mice was highly significant, whereas the response of spleen cells taken from CD-1 mice which had been pre-treated with cyclophosphamide was much less, suggesting that the B cell was the major target of the trypanosome-derived mitogen. In this paper we discuss the possible relationship of T. musculi-induced mitogenesis to the immunosuppression and non-specific antibody formation associated with T. musculi infections."}
{"id": "PMID:363315", "title": "Identification of I/i, Pr1-3 and Gd antigens in the human kidney: possible relevance to hyperacute graft rejection induced by cold agglutinins.", "content": "Human cold agglutinins (CA) with I/i, Pr1--3 and Gd specificities were tested for reactivity against kidney tissue by immunofluorescent techniques. I/i antigens were found on the epithelia of the Henle's loops and distal tubules. Pr1--3 antigens were demonstrated on the glomerular capillaries. Gd antigens were localized on the endothelia of the glomerular and peritubular capillaries as well as in the kidney interstitium. From these results, it is suggested that hyperacute rejection of renal transplants in recipients with high-titre CA may not only be caused by intravascular erythrocyte agglutination but also by direct cytotoxic damage of the transplant. Since CA occur frequently in potential kidney recipients, pre-operative determinations of CA in these patients should be recommended.", "contents": "Identification of I/i, Pr1-3 and Gd antigens in the human kidney: possible relevance to hyperacute graft rejection induced by cold agglutinins. Human cold agglutinins (CA) with I/i, Pr1--3 and Gd specificities were tested for reactivity against kidney tissue by immunofluorescent techniques. I/i antigens were found on the epithelia of the Henle's loops and distal tubules. Pr1--3 antigens were demonstrated on the glomerular capillaries. Gd antigens were localized on the endothelia of the glomerular and peritubular capillaries as well as in the kidney interstitium. From these results, it is suggested that hyperacute rejection of renal transplants in recipients with high-titre CA may not only be caused by intravascular erythrocyte agglutination but also by direct cytotoxic damage of the transplant. Since CA occur frequently in potential kidney recipients, pre-operative determinations of CA in these patients should be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:363316", "title": "Distribution of IgA 1 and IgA 2 plasma cells in various normal human tissues and in the jejunum of plasma IgA-deficient patients.", "content": "The distribution of IgA 1 and IgA 2 plasma cells was studied in normal human tissues. IgA 2 is a minor constituent in peripheral lymph nodes as well as in serum and in bone marrow plasma cells. An increased proportion of IgA 2 plasma cells was observed in gastric and intestinal mucosa, as well as in bronchial mucosa and salivary and mammary glands. Tonsils and mesenteric lymph nodes exhibit values intermediate between those of central and peripheral lymphoid systems. In patients with plasma IgA-deficiency, IgA 2 is the predominant intestinal IgA plasma cells. This may explain the frequent association of an asymptomatic condition and plasma IgA deficiency.", "contents": "Distribution of IgA 1 and IgA 2 plasma cells in various normal human tissues and in the jejunum of plasma IgA-deficient patients. The distribution of IgA 1 and IgA 2 plasma cells was studied in normal human tissues. IgA 2 is a minor constituent in peripheral lymph nodes as well as in serum and in bone marrow plasma cells. An increased proportion of IgA 2 plasma cells was observed in gastric and intestinal mucosa, as well as in bronchial mucosa and salivary and mammary glands. Tonsils and mesenteric lymph nodes exhibit values intermediate between those of central and peripheral lymphoid systems. In patients with plasma IgA-deficiency, IgA 2 is the predominant intestinal IgA plasma cells. This may explain the frequent association of an asymptomatic condition and plasma IgA deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:363317", "title": "Human peripheral lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulin do not have readily detectable Fc receptors.", "content": "The question of whether human peripheral B lymphocytes have Fc receptors was examined directly by double-label immunofluorescent techniques utilizing assays for detection of Fc receptors, surface immunoglobulin, and complement receptors. Fc receptors were detected by indirect immunofluorescence after incubation with soluble antigen-antibody complexes. Complement receptors were detected by the binding of fluoresceinated bacteria coated with complement. It was demonstrated that most surface immunoglobulin-bearing, complement-receptor positive lymphocytes did not bind soluble antigen-antibody complexes. Conversely, most cells which readily bound soluble complexes did not have surface immunoglobulin or complement receptors. Therefore, most peripheral B lymphocytes do not have easily detectable Fc receptors and most Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes do not have B cell markers.", "contents": "Human peripheral lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulin do not have readily detectable Fc receptors. The question of whether human peripheral B lymphocytes have Fc receptors was examined directly by double-label immunofluorescent techniques utilizing assays for detection of Fc receptors, surface immunoglobulin, and complement receptors. Fc receptors were detected by indirect immunofluorescence after incubation with soluble antigen-antibody complexes. Complement receptors were detected by the binding of fluoresceinated bacteria coated with complement. It was demonstrated that most surface immunoglobulin-bearing, complement-receptor positive lymphocytes did not bind soluble antigen-antibody complexes. Conversely, most cells which readily bound soluble complexes did not have surface immunoglobulin or complement receptors. Therefore, most peripheral B lymphocytes do not have easily detectable Fc receptors and most Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes do not have B cell markers."}
{"id": "PMID:363318", "title": "A comparison of hemodialysis and transplantation in reversing the uremic disturbance of male reproductive function.", "content": "A comparative study of the capacity of maintenance hemodialysis and renal transplantation to reverse the uremic damage to testicular function in 27 men with chronic renal failure was performed over a two year period. Despite two years of stable hemodialysis there was only minor improvement in sexual activity. Testosterone levels failed to improve and luteinising hormone (LH) levels remained high. Elevation of serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) together with severe spermatogenic damage persisted. Transplant patients showed a significant improvement in sexual activity, a return of testosterone to normal, and a significant fall in LH levels. Fertility, as assessed by sperm count, was improved in 50% of transplant patients. Thus while renal transplantation may restore reproductive function in men with chronic renal failure maintenance hemodialysis has no effect.", "contents": "A comparison of hemodialysis and transplantation in reversing the uremic disturbance of male reproductive function. A comparative study of the capacity of maintenance hemodialysis and renal transplantation to reverse the uremic damage to testicular function in 27 men with chronic renal failure was performed over a two year period. Despite two years of stable hemodialysis there was only minor improvement in sexual activity. Testosterone levels failed to improve and luteinising hormone (LH) levels remained high. Elevation of serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) together with severe spermatogenic damage persisted. Transplant patients showed a significant improvement in sexual activity, a return of testosterone to normal, and a significant fall in LH levels. Fertility, as assessed by sperm count, was improved in 50% of transplant patients. Thus while renal transplantation may restore reproductive function in men with chronic renal failure maintenance hemodialysis has no effect."}
{"id": "PMID:363319", "title": "Membranous glomerulonephritis associated with anti-tubular and anti-alveolar basement membrane antibodies.", "content": "The renal biopsy of a 3-year old boy with complete Fanconi syndrome showed the association of a membranous glomerulonephritis with severe tubulointerstial changes. Immunofluorescence microscopy disclosed linear and granular deposits of Ig along tubular basement membranes. The presence of anti-tubular basement membrane antibodies in the patient's serum was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay. The child also developed pulmonary involvement associated with episodes of acute anemia. Anti-alveolar basement membrane antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence. The present case is the first reported example of auto-immune disease characterized by the presence of anti-tubular and alveolar basement membrane antibodies associated with an immune complex glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Membranous glomerulonephritis associated with anti-tubular and anti-alveolar basement membrane antibodies. The renal biopsy of a 3-year old boy with complete Fanconi syndrome showed the association of a membranous glomerulonephritis with severe tubulointerstial changes. Immunofluorescence microscopy disclosed linear and granular deposits of Ig along tubular basement membranes. The presence of anti-tubular basement membrane antibodies in the patient's serum was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay. The child also developed pulmonary involvement associated with episodes of acute anemia. Anti-alveolar basement membrane antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence. The present case is the first reported example of auto-immune disease characterized by the presence of anti-tubular and alveolar basement membrane antibodies associated with an immune complex glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:363320", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens in urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux: a preliminary communication.", "content": "Various factors may predispose urinary tract infection (UTI) due to E. coliin pediatric patients. Our observations on HLA typing of three families and 36 unrelated patients with recurrent UTI suggest that reflux is inherited through factors(s) loacated on the sixth pair of human chromosome in a close linkage with the Major Histocompatibility Complex. Thus, HLA haplotyping may be used as a marker for vesicoureteral reflux within a family. HLA specificity AW32 may be in linkage disequilibrium with factor(s) responsible for reflux. Furthermore, HLA typing of UTI patients revealed that certain HLA specificities (A2, A10 and BW16) may be assoicated with the susceptibility to UTI due to E. coli regardless of the presence of a reflux. The incidence of blood group A was found to be elevated in patients with recurrent TUI but only in the group which had no detectable reflux.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens in urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux: a preliminary communication. Various factors may predispose urinary tract infection (UTI) due to E. coliin pediatric patients. Our observations on HLA typing of three families and 36 unrelated patients with recurrent UTI suggest that reflux is inherited through factors(s) loacated on the sixth pair of human chromosome in a close linkage with the Major Histocompatibility Complex. Thus, HLA haplotyping may be used as a marker for vesicoureteral reflux within a family. HLA specificity AW32 may be in linkage disequilibrium with factor(s) responsible for reflux. Furthermore, HLA typing of UTI patients revealed that certain HLA specificities (A2, A10 and BW16) may be assoicated with the susceptibility to UTI due to E. coli regardless of the presence of a reflux. The incidence of blood group A was found to be elevated in patients with recurrent TUI but only in the group which had no detectable reflux."}
{"id": "PMID:363324", "title": "In vitro marrow culture techniques in aplastic anaemia and related disorders.", "content": "In vitro studies of marrow growth from patients with AA have generally confirmed the hypothesis that the disease is due to stem cell injury. By studies of marrow growth from AA patients (when possible) and their relatives to detect altered sensitivity of marrow stem cells to drugs or toxins, it may be possible better to identify suspected aetiological agents, and study genetic susceptibility to toxic AA. Lack of adequate stimulation has not been shown to be aetiological in AA as both ESF and CSF levels are generally higher than normal. Serum from AA patients has not been shown to be toxic to marrow and recent data suggesting that lymphocytes mediate some cases of AA have been questioned. Further studies of committed stem cell growth and the interaction between lymphocytes and stem cells are indicated in attempting to understand the complex of diseases that result in marrow aplasia.", "contents": "In vitro marrow culture techniques in aplastic anaemia and related disorders. In vitro studies of marrow growth from patients with AA have generally confirmed the hypothesis that the disease is due to stem cell injury. By studies of marrow growth from AA patients (when possible) and their relatives to detect altered sensitivity of marrow stem cells to drugs or toxins, it may be possible better to identify suspected aetiological agents, and study genetic susceptibility to toxic AA. Lack of adequate stimulation has not been shown to be aetiological in AA as both ESF and CSF levels are generally higher than normal. Serum from AA patients has not been shown to be toxic to marrow and recent data suggesting that lymphocytes mediate some cases of AA have been questioned. Further studies of committed stem cell growth and the interaction between lymphocytes and stem cells are indicated in attempting to understand the complex of diseases that result in marrow aplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:363327", "title": "Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria in aplastic anaemia.", "content": "The syndrome of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria is a stem cell disorder characterized by the production of abnormal cells in all three lines of the peripheral blood. These cells react abnormally with the activated components of complement, resulting in the clinical symptoms. The clone of stem cells characteristic of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria may arise spontaneously without demonstrable abnormalities of the other stem cells of the bone marrow. On the other hand, the abnormal stem cells of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria may arise as part of a prior stem cell disorder. This is especially true for aplastic anaemia. The paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria stem cell may arise at any time during the evolution from aplasia through recovery and may disappear during full recovery of the bone marrow. The paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria stem cell may arise less commonly in other disorders of the stem cell, such as refractory anaemia with excess blasts, erythroleukaemia and myelofibrosis. As with all disorders of the stem cells, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and aplastic anaemia may eventuate into acute leukaemia.", "contents": "Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria in aplastic anaemia. The syndrome of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria is a stem cell disorder characterized by the production of abnormal cells in all three lines of the peripheral blood. These cells react abnormally with the activated components of complement, resulting in the clinical symptoms. The clone of stem cells characteristic of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria may arise spontaneously without demonstrable abnormalities of the other stem cells of the bone marrow. On the other hand, the abnormal stem cells of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria may arise as part of a prior stem cell disorder. This is especially true for aplastic anaemia. The paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria stem cell may arise at any time during the evolution from aplasia through recovery and may disappear during full recovery of the bone marrow. The paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria stem cell may arise less commonly in other disorders of the stem cell, such as refractory anaemia with excess blasts, erythroleukaemia and myelofibrosis. As with all disorders of the stem cells, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and aplastic anaemia may eventuate into acute leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:363328", "title": "Pharmacological stimulation of marrow function.", "content": "Studies of the pharmacological stimulation of marrow function have provided insight into mechanisms which might possibly affect cell proliferation in vivo. However, the most dramatic and clear-cut effects have come with studies employing normal marrow or populations of cells recovering in a predictable manner from suppression. Even with this, a wide number of agents appear to be active and capable of influencing the growth or cycle activity of more than one class of progenitor, including both committed and pluripotent stem cells. Perhaps the most useful clinical insight from these studies is that they provide a rationale for 'rescuing' deliberately damaged marrow (as with high dose chemotherapy) and suggest that it may be possible to reduce the period of severe hypoplasia under controlled circumstances. In cases of idiopathic marrow failure, the situation is less hopeful. The studies do not indicate that we are at a stage where we may hope to enhance marrow function significantly in the severely aplastic patient. Initial suggestions that in vitro culturing of marrow cells with various agents might lead to a programme of specifically designed therapy have resulted in limited, but negative, experiments. It is not likely that this is going to be fruitful. It seems clear, however, that the phenotypic expression of marrow failure in man masks a number of pathogenetic mechanisms, and that further attempts to characterize marrow growth in such patients are warranted. Perhaps by identifying patients with normal growth patterns it will be possible to select individuals for rational pharmacological therapy with some expectation of success.", "contents": "Pharmacological stimulation of marrow function. Studies of the pharmacological stimulation of marrow function have provided insight into mechanisms which might possibly affect cell proliferation in vivo. However, the most dramatic and clear-cut effects have come with studies employing normal marrow or populations of cells recovering in a predictable manner from suppression. Even with this, a wide number of agents appear to be active and capable of influencing the growth or cycle activity of more than one class of progenitor, including both committed and pluripotent stem cells. Perhaps the most useful clinical insight from these studies is that they provide a rationale for 'rescuing' deliberately damaged marrow (as with high dose chemotherapy) and suggest that it may be possible to reduce the period of severe hypoplasia under controlled circumstances. In cases of idiopathic marrow failure, the situation is less hopeful. The studies do not indicate that we are at a stage where we may hope to enhance marrow function significantly in the severely aplastic patient. Initial suggestions that in vitro culturing of marrow cells with various agents might lead to a programme of specifically designed therapy have resulted in limited, but negative, experiments. It is not likely that this is going to be fruitful. It seems clear, however, that the phenotypic expression of marrow failure in man masks a number of pathogenetic mechanisms, and that further attempts to characterize marrow growth in such patients are warranted. Perhaps by identifying patients with normal growth patterns it will be possible to select individuals for rational pharmacological therapy with some expectation of success."}
{"id": "PMID:363329", "title": "Androgen therapy of aplastic anaemia.", "content": "The current published reports have indicated that the young patient with aplastic anaemia who has a compatible marrow donor can obtain a successful marrow graft, especially if sex matched and with a past record of little or no transfusion therapy. Despite these encouraging results, only a small number of patients will have such donors available. Immunosuppressive therapy has been considered as an alternative, but this treatment has high risk in older patients. Past studies with androgen therapy have reported a response rate at one year similar to the current recovery rates with bone marrow transplantation. However, contemporary reports have indicated a marked decrease in the recovery rate following androgens, and some of these comparisons may be related to differences in supportive transfusion therapy. In part, the decreased rates may be related to an inadequate evaluation of residual marrow function in the aplastic patient. Patients to be treated with androgens always should have a physiological evaluation of residual erythropoietic committed bone marrow cells. In the absence of such an erythropoietic nidus, one may anticipate a poor response to any steroid therapy. Supportive blood component transfusions should be provided, especially in the initial three months of androgen treatment. In past studies the majority of patients have received only oral androgens, predominantly oxymetholone. Other androgens may be more effective in a particular patient, and there is an urgent need to develop procedures that define stem cell receptors for specific testosterone preparations. Current investigations have indicated that the 5 beta steroid metabolites of testosterone are haematopoietic without the complication of virilization. It is anticipated that a variety of these metabolites can be prepared for evaluation in the patient with aplasia. While there is continuing evaluation of the immune responses and suppressive therapies the clinician should continue to treat the aplastic patient with vigorous supportive transfusion therapy and different androgens for comparative evaluation.", "contents": "Androgen therapy of aplastic anaemia. The current published reports have indicated that the young patient with aplastic anaemia who has a compatible marrow donor can obtain a successful marrow graft, especially if sex matched and with a past record of little or no transfusion therapy. Despite these encouraging results, only a small number of patients will have such donors available. Immunosuppressive therapy has been considered as an alternative, but this treatment has high risk in older patients. Past studies with androgen therapy have reported a response rate at one year similar to the current recovery rates with bone marrow transplantation. However, contemporary reports have indicated a marked decrease in the recovery rate following androgens, and some of these comparisons may be related to differences in supportive transfusion therapy. In part, the decreased rates may be related to an inadequate evaluation of residual marrow function in the aplastic patient. Patients to be treated with androgens always should have a physiological evaluation of residual erythropoietic committed bone marrow cells. In the absence of such an erythropoietic nidus, one may anticipate a poor response to any steroid therapy. Supportive blood component transfusions should be provided, especially in the initial three months of androgen treatment. In past studies the majority of patients have received only oral androgens, predominantly oxymetholone. Other androgens may be more effective in a particular patient, and there is an urgent need to develop procedures that define stem cell receptors for specific testosterone preparations. Current investigations have indicated that the 5 beta steroid metabolites of testosterone are haematopoietic without the complication of virilization. It is anticipated that a variety of these metabolites can be prepared for evaluation in the patient with aplasia. While there is continuing evaluation of the immune responses and suppressive therapies the clinician should continue to treat the aplastic patient with vigorous supportive transfusion therapy and different androgens for comparative evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:363330", "title": "Severe aplastic anaemia: a prospective study of the effect of androgens or transplantation on haematological recovery and survival.", "content": "A prospective study was performed (1) to evaluate the role of androgens in treatment of severe aplastic anaemia, and (2) to compare the efficacy of early bone marrow transplantation with more conventional therapy for severe marrow aplasia. Results fail to support a beneficial effect of androgens on the course of patients with severe aplastic anaemia. In contrast, histocompatible bone marrow transplantation significantly improves survival and haematological recovery. Alternative therapies should be carefully evaluated for non-transplantable patients with severe marrow aplasia.", "contents": "Severe aplastic anaemia: a prospective study of the effect of androgens or transplantation on haematological recovery and survival. A prospective study was performed (1) to evaluate the role of androgens in treatment of severe aplastic anaemia, and (2) to compare the efficacy of early bone marrow transplantation with more conventional therapy for severe marrow aplasia. Results fail to support a beneficial effect of androgens on the course of patients with severe aplastic anaemia. In contrast, histocompatible bone marrow transplantation significantly improves survival and haematological recovery. Alternative therapies should be carefully evaluated for non-transplantable patients with severe marrow aplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:363333", "title": "Metoprolol with and without chlorthalidone in hypertension.", "content": "After a control period on a placebo, 45 patients with mild to moderate hypertension were treated with metoprolol, 100 mg twice daily alone and in free combination with chlorthalidone 50 mg daily using a double-blind crossover technique. The beta-blocker alone induced a significant fall in blood pressure; the diastolic pressure was reduced to 100 mg Hg or less in 37 of the 45 patients and to 95 mm Hg or less in 19 patients. The addition of chlorthalidone enhanced the antihypertensive effect so that in 33 patients diastolic pressure fell to 95 mm Hg or less. The drugs were well tolerated even by a small number of patients with chronic bronchitis and diabetes mellitus. None of the patients developed cardiac failure. Adding a diuretic caused a small reduction in serum potassium concentrations, and the relevance of this observation is discussed.", "contents": "Metoprolol with and without chlorthalidone in hypertension. After a control period on a placebo, 45 patients with mild to moderate hypertension were treated with metoprolol, 100 mg twice daily alone and in free combination with chlorthalidone 50 mg daily using a double-blind crossover technique. The beta-blocker alone induced a significant fall in blood pressure; the diastolic pressure was reduced to 100 mg Hg or less in 37 of the 45 patients and to 95 mm Hg or less in 19 patients. The addition of chlorthalidone enhanced the antihypertensive effect so that in 33 patients diastolic pressure fell to 95 mm Hg or less. The drugs were well tolerated even by a small number of patients with chronic bronchitis and diabetes mellitus. None of the patients developed cardiac failure. Adding a diuretic caused a small reduction in serum potassium concentrations, and the relevance of this observation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363334", "title": "Hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone in hypertension.", "content": "A double-blind study of hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone, alone and in combination, was conducted in 49 patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension after a 4-wk placebo washout period. In the whole group mean arterial blood pressure fell to levels of less than or equal to 107 mm Hg or declined by more than 15 mm Hg in 78% of the patients after twelve weeks of treatment. Sixty-nine percent of patients receiving hydrochlorothiazide alone developed serum potassium levels lower than 3.5 mEq/L; serum potassium levels were above 5.5 mEq/L in 2 patients (5.5%) receiving spironolactone 400 mg/day. Uric acid levels rose in all patients, more in those on hydrochlorothiazide, but clinical gout did not develop in any subject. Hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone, and the combination of the two are effective antihypertensives. Spironolactone in doses of 200 and 400 mg/day was associated with side effects but did not induce a greater antihypertensive effect than doses of 100 mg/day. Our data suggest that when hydrochlorothiazide is associated with potassium loss, when gout or elevated uric acid levels are of concern, or when carbohydrate tolerance is abnormal, supplementation or replacement with spironolactone (up to 100 mg/day) may be useful in controlling blood pressure while reducing side effects.", "contents": "Hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone in hypertension. A double-blind study of hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone, alone and in combination, was conducted in 49 patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension after a 4-wk placebo washout period. In the whole group mean arterial blood pressure fell to levels of less than or equal to 107 mm Hg or declined by more than 15 mm Hg in 78% of the patients after twelve weeks of treatment. Sixty-nine percent of patients receiving hydrochlorothiazide alone developed serum potassium levels lower than 3.5 mEq/L; serum potassium levels were above 5.5 mEq/L in 2 patients (5.5%) receiving spironolactone 400 mg/day. Uric acid levels rose in all patients, more in those on hydrochlorothiazide, but clinical gout did not develop in any subject. Hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone, and the combination of the two are effective antihypertensives. Spironolactone in doses of 200 and 400 mg/day was associated with side effects but did not induce a greater antihypertensive effect than doses of 100 mg/day. Our data suggest that when hydrochlorothiazide is associated with potassium loss, when gout or elevated uric acid levels are of concern, or when carbohydrate tolerance is abnormal, supplementation or replacement with spironolactone (up to 100 mg/day) may be useful in controlling blood pressure while reducing side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:363336", "title": "Proposals for standardization of terms in clinical trials of caries preventive agents and procedures.", "content": "The purpose of this paper was to comment on FDI's terminology for clinical trials of caries preventive agents and procedures. It is recommended that terms used to describe the score transitions observed in clinical trials, or checks of caries diagnostic reproducibility of examiners, should not contain words which imply qualitative judgments on the observed changes. It is suggested that caries increment should be used instead of \"positive reversal\", caries decrement instead of \"negative reversal\"; and scoring inconsistencies for score changes occurring in the results of checks on the diagnostic reproducibility of examiners. These recommendations would avoid the contradictions in terms which complicate the understanding of FDI's terminology.", "contents": "Proposals for standardization of terms in clinical trials of caries preventive agents and procedures. The purpose of this paper was to comment on FDI's terminology for clinical trials of caries preventive agents and procedures. It is recommended that terms used to describe the score transitions observed in clinical trials, or checks of caries diagnostic reproducibility of examiners, should not contain words which imply qualitative judgments on the observed changes. It is suggested that caries increment should be used instead of \"positive reversal\", caries decrement instead of \"negative reversal\"; and scoring inconsistencies for score changes occurring in the results of checks on the diagnostic reproducibility of examiners. These recommendations would avoid the contradictions in terms which complicate the understanding of FDI's terminology."}
{"id": "PMID:363337", "title": "Variability of gingival bleeding in experimental gingivitis trials.", "content": "Gingival bleeding is a difficult parameter to assess in experimental trials. The Confirmed Bleeding Day was recently developed as a measurement for this purpose. It was observed that considerable variations existed between the measurements made in a pilot study and an experimental trial, and these variations were subjected to a statistical analysis. The reasons for the variations are discussed, and recommendations made for the design of experimental trials involving gingival bleeding.", "contents": "Variability of gingival bleeding in experimental gingivitis trials. Gingival bleeding is a difficult parameter to assess in experimental trials. The Confirmed Bleeding Day was recently developed as a measurement for this purpose. It was observed that considerable variations existed between the measurements made in a pilot study and an experimental trial, and these variations were subjected to a statistical analysis. The reasons for the variations are discussed, and recommendations made for the design of experimental trials involving gingival bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:363344", "title": "Inhibition of ovulation in women by chronic treatment with a stimulatory LRH analogue - a new approach to birth control?", "content": "A stimulatory luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) analogue D-Ser (TBU)6-EA10-LRH was administered subcutaneously once daily in a dose of 5/microgram to four regularly menstruating women. Treatment was instituted within the first three days of the menstrual bleeding and continued for 22--30 days. Ovulation was inhibited in all the women during the treatment cycle. The treatment resulted in disturbances in the pituitary gonadotropin secretion which presumably led to disordered follicular maturation and anovulation. The maximum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to the LRH analogue were obtained during the first few days of treatment. The gonadotropin responses then rapidly decreased during the prolonged treatment. This change in the pituitary responsiveness probably prevented the release of a normal preovulatory LH surge. After the treatment, all the women resumed normal ovulatory menstrual cycles. The results suggest that it might be possible to use stimulatory LRH analogues for birth control.", "contents": "Inhibition of ovulation in women by chronic treatment with a stimulatory LRH analogue - a new approach to birth control? A stimulatory luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) analogue D-Ser (TBU)6-EA10-LRH was administered subcutaneously once daily in a dose of 5/microgram to four regularly menstruating women. Treatment was instituted within the first three days of the menstrual bleeding and continued for 22--30 days. Ovulation was inhibited in all the women during the treatment cycle. The treatment resulted in disturbances in the pituitary gonadotropin secretion which presumably led to disordered follicular maturation and anovulation. The maximum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to the LRH analogue were obtained during the first few days of treatment. The gonadotropin responses then rapidly decreased during the prolonged treatment. This change in the pituitary responsiveness probably prevented the release of a normal preovulatory LH surge. After the treatment, all the women resumed normal ovulatory menstrual cycles. The results suggest that it might be possible to use stimulatory LRH analogues for birth control."}
{"id": "PMID:363345", "title": "Contraception with long acting subdermal implants: I. An effective and acceptable modality in international clinical trials.", "content": "This paper presents results of a double blind, multi-centered and multi-national study of two progestin only subdermal implants used for contraception. A regimen of six capsules of levonorgestrel (Ng) used by 492 women had a net cumulative 12-month pregnancy rate of 0.6 percent and a continuation rate of 74.6 percent. 498 women used six capsules of norgestrienone (R2010) and experienced a net cumulative 12-month pregnancy rate of 3.5 percent and a continuation rate of 79.4 percent. The difference in the pregnancy rate was significant at P less than 0.01, while there was no significant difference in the continuation rates. Menstrual problems were the principal reason for termination of the levonorgestrel regimen, accounting for approximately half of all terminations. There were significantly fewer menstrual problems among users of the norgestrienone (R2010) capsules; the net cumulative 12-month termination rate for this reason was 4.3 percent. Results are compared with continuation and termination rates for acceptors of the Copper T 200 at the same clinics. The low pregnancy rate and reasonably high continuation rate of the norgestrel implants coupled with the fact that the expected effective lifetime of a set of capsules is of the order of 3-5 years appears to warrant further development of this contraceptive regimen.", "contents": "Contraception with long acting subdermal implants: I. An effective and acceptable modality in international clinical trials. This paper presents results of a double blind, multi-centered and multi-national study of two progestin only subdermal implants used for contraception. A regimen of six capsules of levonorgestrel (Ng) used by 492 women had a net cumulative 12-month pregnancy rate of 0.6 percent and a continuation rate of 74.6 percent. 498 women used six capsules of norgestrienone (R2010) and experienced a net cumulative 12-month pregnancy rate of 3.5 percent and a continuation rate of 79.4 percent. The difference in the pregnancy rate was significant at P less than 0.01, while there was no significant difference in the continuation rates. Menstrual problems were the principal reason for termination of the levonorgestrel regimen, accounting for approximately half of all terminations. There were significantly fewer menstrual problems among users of the norgestrienone (R2010) capsules; the net cumulative 12-month termination rate for this reason was 4.3 percent. Results are compared with continuation and termination rates for acceptors of the Copper T 200 at the same clinics. The low pregnancy rate and reasonably high continuation rate of the norgestrel implants coupled with the fact that the expected effective lifetime of a set of capsules is of the order of 3-5 years appears to warrant further development of this contraceptive regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:363347", "title": "Long acting contraceptive implants. An analysis of menstrual bleeding patterns.", "content": "The menstrual patterns of women using subdermal implants of levonorgestrel and norgestrienone included in a double-blind clinical trial was evaluated by the method developed by the International Committee on Contraception Research. Women using Copper T200 randomly selected in the same clinics were used as controls. Both implant regimens were associated with a high frequency of reduced bleeding and norgestrel patients had also a high proportion of increased and irregular bleeding. Termination of use was associated to increased bleeding but not so much to reduced bleeding.", "contents": "Long acting contraceptive implants. An analysis of menstrual bleeding patterns. The menstrual patterns of women using subdermal implants of levonorgestrel and norgestrienone included in a double-blind clinical trial was evaluated by the method developed by the International Committee on Contraception Research. Women using Copper T200 randomly selected in the same clinics were used as controls. Both implant regimens were associated with a high frequency of reduced bleeding and norgestrel patients had also a high proportion of increased and irregular bleeding. Termination of use was associated to increased bleeding but not so much to reduced bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:363352", "title": "Amatoxins, phallotoxins, phallolysin, and antamanide: the biologically active components of poisonous Amanita mushrooms.", "content": "This review gives a comprehensive account of the molecular toxicology of the bicyclic peptides obtained from the poisonous mushrooms of the genus Amanita. The discussion of the biochemical events will be preceded by a consideration of the chemistry of the toxic peptides. The structural features essential for biological activities of both the amatoxins and the phallotoxins will be discussed, also including the most important analytical data. Similar consideration will be given to antamanide, a cyclic peptide, which counteracts phalloidin. In addition, the phallolysins, three cytolytic proteins from Amanita phalloides will be discussed. The report on the biological activity of the amatoxins will deal with the sensitivity of the different RNA-polymerases towards the toxins and with their action on various cell types. Consideration will also be given to systems in which alpha-amanitin was used and can be used as a molecular tool; in the past, many investigators used the inhibitor in molecular biology, genetics, and even in physiological research. As for the phallotoxins, discussion of the affinity of these toxins for actin is provied. Further discussion attempts to understand the course of intoxication by filling in the gap between the first molecular event, formation of microfilaments, and the various lesions in hepatocytes during the intoxication.", "contents": "Amatoxins, phallotoxins, phallolysin, and antamanide: the biologically active components of poisonous Amanita mushrooms. This review gives a comprehensive account of the molecular toxicology of the bicyclic peptides obtained from the poisonous mushrooms of the genus Amanita. The discussion of the biochemical events will be preceded by a consideration of the chemistry of the toxic peptides. The structural features essential for biological activities of both the amatoxins and the phallotoxins will be discussed, also including the most important analytical data. Similar consideration will be given to antamanide, a cyclic peptide, which counteracts phalloidin. In addition, the phallolysins, three cytolytic proteins from Amanita phalloides will be discussed. The report on the biological activity of the amatoxins will deal with the sensitivity of the different RNA-polymerases towards the toxins and with their action on various cell types. Consideration will also be given to systems in which alpha-amanitin was used and can be used as a molecular tool; in the past, many investigators used the inhibitor in molecular biology, genetics, and even in physiological research. As for the phallotoxins, discussion of the affinity of these toxins for actin is provied. Further discussion attempts to understand the course of intoxication by filling in the gap between the first molecular event, formation of microfilaments, and the various lesions in hepatocytes during the intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:363356", "title": "Long-term infusion of sodium thiopental: hemodynamic and respiratory effects.", "content": "To establish the possible advantages of ultrashort acting barbiturates administered in continuous infusion as the only sedative agent for mechanically ventilated patients, sodium thiopental was given to 30 subjects for periods ranging from 2--14 days. Plasma levels were maintained at approximately 15 microgram/ml, using both laboratory determinations and clinical judgment. This technique proved effective for patients requiring either controlled ventilation or intermittent mandatory ventilation. None of the hemodynamic and respiratory variables studied was significantly altered during the infusion, with the exception of decreased heart rates. In view of these results, the technique is considered both expedient and safe for prolonged sedation of patients requiring ventilatory support.", "contents": "Long-term infusion of sodium thiopental: hemodynamic and respiratory effects. To establish the possible advantages of ultrashort acting barbiturates administered in continuous infusion as the only sedative agent for mechanically ventilated patients, sodium thiopental was given to 30 subjects for periods ranging from 2--14 days. Plasma levels were maintained at approximately 15 microgram/ml, using both laboratory determinations and clinical judgment. This technique proved effective for patients requiring either controlled ventilation or intermittent mandatory ventilation. None of the hemodynamic and respiratory variables studied was significantly altered during the infusion, with the exception of decreased heart rates. In view of these results, the technique is considered both expedient and safe for prolonged sedation of patients requiring ventilatory support."}
{"id": "PMID:363355", "title": "Optimal flow pattern for mechanical ventilation of the lungs. 2. The effect of a sine versus square wave flow pattern with and without an end-inspiratory pause on patients.", "content": "In four series of patients, the efficiency of ventilation of a sine wave without an end-inspiratory pause was compared to a square wave without a pause, a sine wave with a pause to a square wave with a pause, a sine wave to a sine wave with a pause, and a sine wave with a long pause to one with a short pause.  The primary mode of evaluation was through simultaneous airway and arterial argon washout curves. Additional cardiopulmonary measurements were made. Results indicate: (1) a statistically significant improvement in ventilation with a sine wave with a pause; (2) a statistically significant improvement with the longer pause as compared to the short pause.", "contents": "Optimal flow pattern for mechanical ventilation of the lungs. 2. The effect of a sine versus square wave flow pattern with and without an end-inspiratory pause on patients. In four series of patients, the efficiency of ventilation of a sine wave without an end-inspiratory pause was compared to a square wave without a pause, a sine wave with a pause to a square wave with a pause, a sine wave to a sine wave with a pause, and a sine wave with a long pause to one with a short pause.  The primary mode of evaluation was through simultaneous airway and arterial argon washout curves. Additional cardiopulmonary measurements were made. Results indicate: (1) a statistically significant improvement in ventilation with a sine wave with a pause; (2) a statistically significant improvement with the longer pause as compared to the short pause."}
{"id": "PMID:363362", "title": "Historical overview of the cinnamon industry.", "content": "Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Nees in Wall) is one of the world's oldest spices. Sri Lanka is the main provider of cinnamon, mainly exported as \"cinnamon quills.\" From a phytochemical viewpoint, cinnamon is q uniquely interesting plant. The volatile oils obtained from the bark, leaf, and root bark vary significantly in chemical composition. Each oil has a different primary constituent: cinnamaldehyde (in the bark oil), eugenol (in the leaf oil), and camphor (in the root-bark oil). Recent studies based on techniques such as gas-liquid chromatography and infrared spectrometry have revealed that the three oils possess the same array of monoterpene hydrocarbons in different proportions. Both gas-liquid chromatography and quantitative infrared spectrometry have recently been used to study changes in the chemical composition in the volatiles of cultivated and wild-growing cinnamons. As a result, some interesting biosynthetic speculations have evolved, and reliable methods of analytical assessment of quality have been developed. The technology of production of cinnamon oils has varied little from the methods introduced by the early Dutch settlers. They are based on variations on the general theme of steam distillation. Recently, new still designs have greatly enhanced the technological capability in Sri Lanka. Cinnamon bark and leaf oils form the basis of a variety of synthetically derived chemicals used in the food and cosmetic industries.", "contents": "Historical overview of the cinnamon industry. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Nees in Wall) is one of the world's oldest spices. Sri Lanka is the main provider of cinnamon, mainly exported as \"cinnamon quills.\" From a phytochemical viewpoint, cinnamon is q uniquely interesting plant. The volatile oils obtained from the bark, leaf, and root bark vary significantly in chemical composition. Each oil has a different primary constituent: cinnamaldehyde (in the bark oil), eugenol (in the leaf oil), and camphor (in the root-bark oil). Recent studies based on techniques such as gas-liquid chromatography and infrared spectrometry have revealed that the three oils possess the same array of monoterpene hydrocarbons in different proportions. Both gas-liquid chromatography and quantitative infrared spectrometry have recently been used to study changes in the chemical composition in the volatiles of cultivated and wild-growing cinnamons. As a result, some interesting biosynthetic speculations have evolved, and reliable methods of analytical assessment of quality have been developed. The technology of production of cinnamon oils has varied little from the methods introduced by the early Dutch settlers. They are based on variations on the general theme of steam distillation. Recently, new still designs have greatly enhanced the technological capability in Sri Lanka. Cinnamon bark and leaf oils form the basis of a variety of synthetically derived chemicals used in the food and cosmetic industries."}
{"id": "PMID:363357", "title": "The effects of expiratory positive airway pressure on functional residual capacity in normal subjects.", "content": "Functional residual capacity (FRC) was determined by constant volume, whole body plethysmography in seven normal subjects under resting conditions and following the addition of increasing levels of expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP). There was a significant increase in FRC in six of the seven subjects studied. Grouped data showed a progressive increase in FRC with increasing EPAP (p less than 0.01). The highest level of EPAP (15 cm H2O) was associated with a 20% increase in FRC. We have been able to confirm that EPAP provides a simple and effective method of increasing FRC which could be applied to the treatment of conditions characterized by temporary and reversible reduction in lung volume.", "contents": "The effects of expiratory positive airway pressure on functional residual capacity in normal subjects. Functional residual capacity (FRC) was determined by constant volume, whole body plethysmography in seven normal subjects under resting conditions and following the addition of increasing levels of expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP). There was a significant increase in FRC in six of the seven subjects studied. Grouped data showed a progressive increase in FRC with increasing EPAP (p less than 0.01). The highest level of EPAP (15 cm H2O) was associated with a 20% increase in FRC. We have been able to confirm that EPAP provides a simple and effective method of increasing FRC which could be applied to the treatment of conditions characterized by temporary and reversible reduction in lung volume."}
{"id": "PMID:363358", "title": "Terminology update: optimal PEEP.", "content": "The term, optimal PEEP, requires redefinition in the light of new clinical data. With the onset of acute respiratory failure heralded by blood gas evidence of decreased oxygenation, PEEP is supplied in quantities sufficient to restore intrapulmonary shunt (Qsp/Qt) to a preselected goal of 15%. This is compatible with published criteria defining adequate blood gas exchange. Now rather than permitting reduction of cardiac output to be the end point of PEEP application, selective cardiovascular interventions to support preload, contractility, or afterload are made as appropriate so that cardiac function may be maintained until the preselected endpoint of shunt reduction of 15% can be made.", "contents": "Terminology update: optimal PEEP. The term, optimal PEEP, requires redefinition in the light of new clinical data. With the onset of acute respiratory failure heralded by blood gas evidence of decreased oxygenation, PEEP is supplied in quantities sufficient to restore intrapulmonary shunt (Qsp/Qt) to a preselected goal of 15%. This is compatible with published criteria defining adequate blood gas exchange. Now rather than permitting reduction of cardiac output to be the end point of PEEP application, selective cardiovascular interventions to support preload, contractility, or afterload are made as appropriate so that cardiac function may be maintained until the preselected endpoint of shunt reduction of 15% can be made."}
{"id": "PMID:363363", "title": "Recent progress in dietary fiber (plantix) in human nutrition.", "content": "Dietary fiber was extensively discussed in an article by G.A. Spiller and R.J. Amen in this journal in 1975 (Volume 7 Issue 1). The progress in this field has been tremendous in the past 2 years. What was an uncertain field in 1975 and what at that time to some investigators still appeared as a hypothesis or fad without much proof has turned into a much more respected part of nutritional sciences. The scientific quality of recent studies on dietary fiber in human nutrition shows a great deal of sophistication and care. Improved analytical methodologies are being used more extensively. Many nutritionists and clinicians have accepted the fact that a reasonable increase in the dietary fiber intake in the U.S. and U.K would be advisable. In this article, the possible beneficial effects of dietary fiber on health, the possible harmful side effects, and the food science aspects are carefully discussed after an update on chemistry, analytical procedures, and nomenclature. Undoubtedly, dietary fiber has found a new niche in the sciences of nutrition, medicine, epidemiology, and foods.", "contents": "Recent progress in dietary fiber (plantix) in human nutrition. Dietary fiber was extensively discussed in an article by G.A. Spiller and R.J. Amen in this journal in 1975 (Volume 7 Issue 1). The progress in this field has been tremendous in the past 2 years. What was an uncertain field in 1975 and what at that time to some investigators still appeared as a hypothesis or fad without much proof has turned into a much more respected part of nutritional sciences. The scientific quality of recent studies on dietary fiber in human nutrition shows a great deal of sophistication and care. Improved analytical methodologies are being used more extensively. Many nutritionists and clinicians have accepted the fact that a reasonable increase in the dietary fiber intake in the U.S. and U.K would be advisable. In this article, the possible beneficial effects of dietary fiber on health, the possible harmful side effects, and the food science aspects are carefully discussed after an update on chemistry, analytical procedures, and nomenclature. Undoubtedly, dietary fiber has found a new niche in the sciences of nutrition, medicine, epidemiology, and foods."}
{"id": "PMID:363366", "title": "Lysosomal enzyme release from guinea pig alveolar cells: biochemical and morphologic observations.", "content": "Cells lavaged from guinea pig lungs selectively release the lysosomal enzymes beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme during the process of phagocytosis. The total enzymatic activity of beta-glucuronidase was elevated in zymosan-exposed compared with non-exposed cells. The divalent cation carrying ionophore A23187 did not stimulate lysosomal enzyme release. Transmission and scanning electron micrographs demonstrate particle uptake and are consistent with enzyme release.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzyme release from guinea pig alveolar cells: biochemical and morphologic observations. Cells lavaged from guinea pig lungs selectively release the lysosomal enzymes beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme during the process of phagocytosis. The total enzymatic activity of beta-glucuronidase was elevated in zymosan-exposed compared with non-exposed cells. The divalent cation carrying ionophore A23187 did not stimulate lysosomal enzyme release. Transmission and scanning electron micrographs demonstrate particle uptake and are consistent with enzyme release."}
{"id": "PMID:363368", "title": "Floorplans and cartoon strips--diagnostic techniques in working with children.", "content": "Two useful techniques in assessing and treating children ages 7-15 are described. Children are asked to draw a floorplan of their home. Drawing the floorplan reveals the child's ability to approach a task; some of the preferred activities in the home; the sleeping arrangements; and, most importantly, other significant people. With some children, constructing a comic strip can reveal their core conflicts and establish rapport. The comic strip is particularly useful with children who are very inhibited in their verbal utterances.", "contents": "Floorplans and cartoon strips--diagnostic techniques in working with children. Two useful techniques in assessing and treating children ages 7-15 are described. Children are asked to draw a floorplan of their home. Drawing the floorplan reveals the child's ability to approach a task; some of the preferred activities in the home; the sleeping arrangements; and, most importantly, other significant people. With some children, constructing a comic strip can reveal their core conflicts and establish rapport. The comic strip is particularly useful with children who are very inhibited in their verbal utterances."}
{"id": "PMID:363369", "title": "[The topographic-anatomical starting point in reconstructive surgery on the choledochus].", "content": "Operative tactics in reconstructive surgery of the common bile duct depend on localization of the lesions or strictures and special topography of this region. At first, it must be decided whether a direct suture seems to be practicable or a biliodigestive anastomosis has to be constructed. There is a better chance to succeed in performing an end-to-end anastomosis the farther away the occlusion is situated from the liver hilus. The main advantage of this procedure can be seen in the restoration of physiological bile discharge. Frequently, however, it shows a tendency to shrink even years later. Often--for establishing a choledochocholedochostomy without tension--it is an important fact that the terminal common bile duct can be partially removed from the pancreas and thereby lengthened for 1--2 cm at the most. From this point of view, the topographic details particularly concerning reconstructive surgery of the common bile duct are described, based on post mortem studies of 48 human cadavers.", "contents": "[The topographic-anatomical starting point in reconstructive surgery on the choledochus]. Operative tactics in reconstructive surgery of the common bile duct depend on localization of the lesions or strictures and special topography of this region. At first, it must be decided whether a direct suture seems to be practicable or a biliodigestive anastomosis has to be constructed. There is a better chance to succeed in performing an end-to-end anastomosis the farther away the occlusion is situated from the liver hilus. The main advantage of this procedure can be seen in the restoration of physiological bile discharge. Frequently, however, it shows a tendency to shrink even years later. Often--for establishing a choledochocholedochostomy without tension--it is an important fact that the terminal common bile duct can be partially removed from the pancreas and thereby lengthened for 1--2 cm at the most. From this point of view, the topographic details particularly concerning reconstructive surgery of the common bile duct are described, based on post mortem studies of 48 human cadavers."}
{"id": "PMID:363399", "title": "Metronidazole in anaerobic infections: a review of its activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic use.", "content": "Metronidazole which has been widely used for many years in the treatment of trichomoniasis, amoebiasis and giardiasis, has recently been shown to be active against anaerobic bacteria. Serum, cerebrospinal fluid and tissue concentrations bactericidal for Bacteroides species are attained after usual dosages given orally or intravenously or higher dosages given rectally (suppository). Prospective studies have demonstrated that the addition of metronidazole to regimens for pre-operative bowel preparation, decreases the frequency of postoperative infection and eliminates anaerobic infection. Similarly, anaerobic infection after acute appendicectomy or hysterectomy has been virtually eliminated by metronidazole given before and up to 1 week after surgery. Metronidazole has been successfully used in the treatment of anaerobic infections of the chest, head, gastrointestinal and female genitourinary tract, and of anaerobic septicaemia and bacteraemia. Metronidazole is the most active agent available against obligate anaerobes and is likely to be of major value in the treatment of serious infections due to these organisms. Although the absence of formal comparative trials in many areas of use makes it difficult to clearly state the relative therapeutic efficacy of metronidazole, compared with other drugs such as clindamycin, chloramphenicol or penicillin, it is nevertheless a very effective agent in the treatment and prevention of anaerobic infections.", "contents": "Metronidazole in anaerobic infections: a review of its activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic use. Metronidazole which has been widely used for many years in the treatment of trichomoniasis, amoebiasis and giardiasis, has recently been shown to be active against anaerobic bacteria. Serum, cerebrospinal fluid and tissue concentrations bactericidal for Bacteroides species are attained after usual dosages given orally or intravenously or higher dosages given rectally (suppository). Prospective studies have demonstrated that the addition of metronidazole to regimens for pre-operative bowel preparation, decreases the frequency of postoperative infection and eliminates anaerobic infection. Similarly, anaerobic infection after acute appendicectomy or hysterectomy has been virtually eliminated by metronidazole given before and up to 1 week after surgery. Metronidazole has been successfully used in the treatment of anaerobic infections of the chest, head, gastrointestinal and female genitourinary tract, and of anaerobic septicaemia and bacteraemia. Metronidazole is the most active agent available against obligate anaerobes and is likely to be of major value in the treatment of serious infections due to these organisms. Although the absence of formal comparative trials in many areas of use makes it difficult to clearly state the relative therapeutic efficacy of metronidazole, compared with other drugs such as clindamycin, chloramphenicol or penicillin, it is nevertheless a very effective agent in the treatment and prevention of anaerobic infections."}
{"id": "PMID:363402", "title": "Drip breast milk: it's composition, collection and pasteurization.", "content": "\"Drip breast milk\" is that milk which spontaneously drips from the contralateral breask during the suckling of an infant. Biochemically and immunologically, pooled drip milk resembled pooled mature expressed breast milk, although it has a lower fat concentration. About 15% of lactating women are capable of producing drip milk; volumes produced are up to 188 ml/donor/day. A milk bank is described which processes 1400 liters of drip milk/yr. Heat treatment of this milk with a semi-automated holder pasteurizer caused a 21% reduction in IgA concentration and a 36% reduction in lysozyme activity, as well as a decrease in the ability of the milk to inhibit the growth of E. coli. In comparison with boiling, pasteurization was as effective in reducing total bacterial content provided the milk initially contained fewer than 10(6) bacteria/ml.", "contents": "Drip breast milk: it's composition, collection and pasteurization. \"Drip breast milk\" is that milk which spontaneously drips from the contralateral breask during the suckling of an infant. Biochemically and immunologically, pooled drip milk resembled pooled mature expressed breast milk, although it has a lower fat concentration. About 15% of lactating women are capable of producing drip milk; volumes produced are up to 188 ml/donor/day. A milk bank is described which processes 1400 liters of drip milk/yr. Heat treatment of this milk with a semi-automated holder pasteurizer caused a 21% reduction in IgA concentration and a 36% reduction in lysozyme activity, as well as a decrease in the ability of the milk to inhibit the growth of E. coli. In comparison with boiling, pasteurization was as effective in reducing total bacterial content provided the milk initially contained fewer than 10(6) bacteria/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:363401", "title": "Drug treatment of breast cancer.", "content": "Breast cancer is the most common malignancy of women in the United States, affecting one out of every 13 women at some time in their lives. Although only 10% of patients have demonstrable distant metastases at the time of diagnosis, a majority will eventually die of disseminated disease. Chemotherapy was formerly considered to be the treatment of last resort in patients with breast cancer, reserved for those who had failed surgery, radiotherapy and hormonal manipulation. However, combination chemotherapy has now been shown to be highly effective. The most active drug combinations produce objective tumour regression in about 60% of patients with advanced disease. Parallel to the development of effective chemotherapy, there has been a renewal of interest in hormonal therapy. The ability to predict whether or not a patient will respond to hormonal therapy has been improved significantly by the clinical application of the oestrogen receptor assay. The selection of a specific treatment for the patients with advanced breast cancer must be individualised. It should take into account a number of prognostic variables, including: sites of metastatic involvement; total extent of disease; disease free interval; menopausal status; and the presence or absence of oestrogen receptor in tumour tissue. The final decision regarding treatment should then be based not only on the probability of response, but also on the anticipated degree of toxicity. Current efforts to improve the management of advanced breast cancer include the development of more effective drug regimens and the combination of chemotherapy with hormonal manipulation. For instance, it would appear that in premenopausal patients, the combination of chemotherapy with oophorectomy may yield results that are superior to those achieved with either treatment alone. The most promising development in the management of early breast cancer has been the use of chemotherapy as an adjuvant treatment in patients with operable disease.", "contents": "Drug treatment of breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy of women in the United States, affecting one out of every 13 women at some time in their lives. Although only 10% of patients have demonstrable distant metastases at the time of diagnosis, a majority will eventually die of disseminated disease. Chemotherapy was formerly considered to be the treatment of last resort in patients with breast cancer, reserved for those who had failed surgery, radiotherapy and hormonal manipulation. However, combination chemotherapy has now been shown to be highly effective. The most active drug combinations produce objective tumour regression in about 60% of patients with advanced disease. Parallel to the development of effective chemotherapy, there has been a renewal of interest in hormonal therapy. The ability to predict whether or not a patient will respond to hormonal therapy has been improved significantly by the clinical application of the oestrogen receptor assay. The selection of a specific treatment for the patients with advanced breast cancer must be individualised. It should take into account a number of prognostic variables, including: sites of metastatic involvement; total extent of disease; disease free interval; menopausal status; and the presence or absence of oestrogen receptor in tumour tissue. The final decision regarding treatment should then be based not only on the probability of response, but also on the anticipated degree of toxicity. Current efforts to improve the management of advanced breast cancer include the development of more effective drug regimens and the combination of chemotherapy with hormonal manipulation. For instance, it would appear that in premenopausal patients, the combination of chemotherapy with oophorectomy may yield results that are superior to those achieved with either treatment alone. The most promising development in the management of early breast cancer has been the use of chemotherapy as an adjuvant treatment in patients with operable disease."}
{"id": "PMID:363400", "title": "Catecholamines: role in health and disease.", "content": "The naturally occurring catecholamines, noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine, have been found in a wide range of animal and vegetable tissues, but are particularly associated with nervous tissue in animals. Of the many processes affecting the response to stimulation of catecholamine containing nerves, the synthesis of catecholamines, particularly the first enzymatic stage involving tyrosine hydroxylase, and the re-uptake process, whereby the nerve recovers much of the released catecholamine, appear to be the most significant. In peripheral tissues noradrenaline appears to be involved predominantly in the sympathetic control of blood pressure and flow while adrenaline is more important to metabolic processes especially fat and glucose turnover. Both may be released in increased amounts by various stimuli that cause stress or arousal in the body. Dopamine has not yet been shown to have any significant physiological function in peripheral tissues. In the central nervous system, noradrenaline and dopamine are the two main catecholamines. The working of the brain is complex and involves balanced interactions between a variety of neurotransmitters, known or as yet unrecognised. However, noradrenaline appears to play a role in the central control of blood pressure, and in determining mood and activity probably by affecting the emotional drives. Dopamine is certainly important in the control of motor pathways, as shown by the dopamine deficiency syndrome in Parkinson's disease, and is possibly of significance in the abnormal behaviour of psychotics. The role of the small concentration of adrenaline in the brain has yet to be fully established.", "contents": "Catecholamines: role in health and disease. The naturally occurring catecholamines, noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine, have been found in a wide range of animal and vegetable tissues, but are particularly associated with nervous tissue in animals. Of the many processes affecting the response to stimulation of catecholamine containing nerves, the synthesis of catecholamines, particularly the first enzymatic stage involving tyrosine hydroxylase, and the re-uptake process, whereby the nerve recovers much of the released catecholamine, appear to be the most significant. In peripheral tissues noradrenaline appears to be involved predominantly in the sympathetic control of blood pressure and flow while adrenaline is more important to metabolic processes especially fat and glucose turnover. Both may be released in increased amounts by various stimuli that cause stress or arousal in the body. Dopamine has not yet been shown to have any significant physiological function in peripheral tissues. In the central nervous system, noradrenaline and dopamine are the two main catecholamines. The working of the brain is complex and involves balanced interactions between a variety of neurotransmitters, known or as yet unrecognised. However, noradrenaline appears to play a role in the central control of blood pressure, and in determining mood and activity probably by affecting the emotional drives. Dopamine is certainly important in the control of motor pathways, as shown by the dopamine deficiency syndrome in Parkinson's disease, and is possibly of significance in the abnormal behaviour of psychotics. The role of the small concentration of adrenaline in the brain has yet to be fully established."}
{"id": "PMID:363404", "title": "Triiodothyronine (T3) modulation of gonadotropin secretion in the female rat.", "content": "The effect of T3 upon gonadotropin secretion was examined in ovariectomized (Ovarx), Ovarx thyro-parathyroidectomized (Ovarx-TxPx), or proestrus rats. T3 (50 microgram/-100 gBW), administered late diestrus-2, abolished the LH surge during the critical period of proestrus in 7 out of 9 rats; the rise in sera FSH was not inhibited, although a distinct peak was absent. Administration of 5 or 50 microgram T3/100gBW 2.5h before the critical period resulted in either a suppression or an alteration of the timing of LH release. In the 5 microgram T3/100gBW treated animals the sera FSH peak was delayed in timing, whereas in the 50 microgram T3/100gBW treated rats sera FSH demonstrated two separate peaks during the critical period. Treatment with various dosages of T3 of Ovarx-TxPx rats resulted in significant suppressions (p less than 0.05) of sera LH and FSH. Despite depressed concentrations of sera LH and FSH in T3-treated rats pituitary sensitivity to a challenge of 3LHRH was enhanced. Hence, the pituitary was not the site of T3 inhibition of gonadotropin secretion. Additionally, T3 did not modify pituitary LH content or hypothalamic LH3 releasing activity (LHRH). Since T3 did not inhibit gonadotropin secretion at the pituitary level, a neural site of T3 action is suggested.", "contents": "Triiodothyronine (T3) modulation of gonadotropin secretion in the female rat. The effect of T3 upon gonadotropin secretion was examined in ovariectomized (Ovarx), Ovarx thyro-parathyroidectomized (Ovarx-TxPx), or proestrus rats. T3 (50 microgram/-100 gBW), administered late diestrus-2, abolished the LH surge during the critical period of proestrus in 7 out of 9 rats; the rise in sera FSH was not inhibited, although a distinct peak was absent. Administration of 5 or 50 microgram T3/100gBW 2.5h before the critical period resulted in either a suppression or an alteration of the timing of LH release. In the 5 microgram T3/100gBW treated animals the sera FSH peak was delayed in timing, whereas in the 50 microgram T3/100gBW treated rats sera FSH demonstrated two separate peaks during the critical period. Treatment with various dosages of T3 of Ovarx-TxPx rats resulted in significant suppressions (p less than 0.05) of sera LH and FSH. Despite depressed concentrations of sera LH and FSH in T3-treated rats pituitary sensitivity to a challenge of 3LHRH was enhanced. Hence, the pituitary was not the site of T3 inhibition of gonadotropin secretion. Additionally, T3 did not modify pituitary LH content or hypothalamic LH3 releasing activity (LHRH). Since T3 did not inhibit gonadotropin secretion at the pituitary level, a neural site of T3 action is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:363406", "title": "Theoretical and practical considerations on the problem of metal--metal interaction.", "content": "The interaction between two metals, which can be either synergistic or antagonistic, implies that the behavior of one is changed by the presence of the other. Possible mechanisms of these interactions, which include chemical association, competition for carriers, metabolic changes, induction of binding proteins, membrane alterations are discussed.", "contents": "Theoretical and practical considerations on the problem of metal--metal interaction. The interaction between two metals, which can be either synergistic or antagonistic, implies that the behavior of one is changed by the presence of the other. Possible mechanisms of these interactions, which include chemical association, competition for carriers, metabolic changes, induction of binding proteins, membrane alterations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363408", "title": "Carcinogenicity of saccharin.", "content": "Saccharin is carcinogenic for the urinary bladder in rats and mice, and most likely is carcinogenic in human beings. The neoplasms of the urinary bladder are malignant and invade and metastasize. Male rats are more susceptible to urinary bladder carcinogenesis than female rats. Rats exposed as fetuses develop neoplasms more readily than rats exposed as weanlings. The lesions in the urinary bladder go through the stages of hyperplasia, hyperplastic nodules, and later carcinomas. The male of the human species ingesting saccharin, as for rats, is more susceptible to carcinogenesis of the urinary bladder than the female. Neoplasms of the urinary bladder in rats were not caused by stones, parasites, sodium, or impurities. There is a cocarcinogenic effect between saccharin and methylnitrosurea for the urinary bladder. Even through carcinomas of the urinary bladder are present in rats given the higher doses of saccharin, one was observed in a female rat given 0.5%. Chronic renal disease develops in rats ingesting saccharin. The disease is more advanced at the lower doses than at the higher doses, suggesting that saccharin at the lower doses does not reach the urinary bladder. Early neoplasms are seen in the renal pelvis of rats given the higher doses of saccharin. The risk ratios for urinary bladder carcinomas in human beings increase with both frequency andduration of saccharin usage. Benign and malignant neoplasms at all sites are significantly increased in mice and rats ingesting the higher doses of saccharin. These neoplasms are present in the reproductive and hematopoietic systems, and to a lesser extent in the lungs, vascular system and squamous epithelium. Neoplasms in some organs develop with the lower doses of saccharin. Lymphosarcomas of the lung are significantly increased in rats given 0.01% saccharin. Chronic renal disease in rats given saccharin interferes with the health and life span and consequently with development of neoplasms. Saccharin initiates neoplasms of the skin when its application is followed by croton oil. Epidemiological studies have not been done for neoplasms other than the urinary bladder in human beings.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of saccharin. Saccharin is carcinogenic for the urinary bladder in rats and mice, and most likely is carcinogenic in human beings. The neoplasms of the urinary bladder are malignant and invade and metastasize. Male rats are more susceptible to urinary bladder carcinogenesis than female rats. Rats exposed as fetuses develop neoplasms more readily than rats exposed as weanlings. The lesions in the urinary bladder go through the stages of hyperplasia, hyperplastic nodules, and later carcinomas. The male of the human species ingesting saccharin, as for rats, is more susceptible to carcinogenesis of the urinary bladder than the female. Neoplasms of the urinary bladder in rats were not caused by stones, parasites, sodium, or impurities. There is a cocarcinogenic effect between saccharin and methylnitrosurea for the urinary bladder. Even through carcinomas of the urinary bladder are present in rats given the higher doses of saccharin, one was observed in a female rat given 0.5%. Chronic renal disease develops in rats ingesting saccharin. The disease is more advanced at the lower doses than at the higher doses, suggesting that saccharin at the lower doses does not reach the urinary bladder. Early neoplasms are seen in the renal pelvis of rats given the higher doses of saccharin. The risk ratios for urinary bladder carcinomas in human beings increase with both frequency andduration of saccharin usage. Benign and malignant neoplasms at all sites are significantly increased in mice and rats ingesting the higher doses of saccharin. These neoplasms are present in the reproductive and hematopoietic systems, and to a lesser extent in the lungs, vascular system and squamous epithelium. Neoplasms in some organs develop with the lower doses of saccharin. Lymphosarcomas of the lung are significantly increased in rats given 0.01% saccharin. Chronic renal disease in rats given saccharin interferes with the health and life span and consequently with development of neoplasms. Saccharin initiates neoplasms of the skin when its application is followed by croton oil. Epidemiological studies have not been done for neoplasms other than the urinary bladder in human beings."}
{"id": "PMID:363407", "title": "In vitro assay of cytotoxicity with cultured liver: accomplishments and possibilities.", "content": "Tissue cultures offer potential advantages for assaying the toxicity of chemicals and for evaluating tissue susceptibility to toxic agents. Several properties of cultured cells hinder the immediate, widespread use of tissue cultures to assay toxicity routinely. These points are illustrated by briefly reviewing attempts to utilize different types of hepatic cultures to evaluate the actions of carcinogenic chemicals in vitro. Hepatocytes in vivo apparently can metabolize all known procarcinogenic chemicals, but the process of tissue isolation and the environmental conditions in vitro may modify drastically the responses of hepatocytes and other cultured hepatic cells to toxic chemicals. Before cell cultures can be used routinely as the basis of screening systems to detect chemical toxins, specificity and sensitivity of response to chemicals representing all chemical classes must be validated by laboratory studies.", "contents": "In vitro assay of cytotoxicity with cultured liver: accomplishments and possibilities. Tissue cultures offer potential advantages for assaying the toxicity of chemicals and for evaluating tissue susceptibility to toxic agents. Several properties of cultured cells hinder the immediate, widespread use of tissue cultures to assay toxicity routinely. These points are illustrated by briefly reviewing attempts to utilize different types of hepatic cultures to evaluate the actions of carcinogenic chemicals in vitro. Hepatocytes in vivo apparently can metabolize all known procarcinogenic chemicals, but the process of tissue isolation and the environmental conditions in vitro may modify drastically the responses of hepatocytes and other cultured hepatic cells to toxic chemicals. Before cell cultures can be used routinely as the basis of screening systems to detect chemical toxins, specificity and sensitivity of response to chemicals representing all chemical classes must be validated by laboratory studies."}
{"id": "PMID:363411", "title": "Vascular permeability and neurotoxicity.", "content": "Neurotoxic substances affect the nervous system in a selective manner. One possible basis for this selectivity is blood vessel permeability. In general, the central nervous system and the peripheral nerve trunks have impermeable blood vessels, but in certain parts the capillaries are \"leaky,\" allowing the passage of a plasma filtrate. Intravenously injected protein tracers rapidly reach nerve cells in these regions, with the implication that these nerve cells are also readily accessible to circulating neurotoxic substances. Some examples of neurotoxicity in the central nervous system show a selectivity that could be due to capillary permeability. In experimental methylmercury poisoning, cranial nerve V and sensory dorsal root ganglia, which lie in regions of vascular permeability, are particularly susceptible. A number of drug and chemically induced neuropathies are predominantly sensory, and may be due, directly or indirectly, to the accessibility of neurotoxic substances to sensory neurons. Examination of areas of potential vulnerability to circulating toxic substances may be of value in the experimental testing of substances for neurotoxicity, where pharmacological tests may be negative and clinical symptoms difficult to assess.", "contents": "Vascular permeability and neurotoxicity. Neurotoxic substances affect the nervous system in a selective manner. One possible basis for this selectivity is blood vessel permeability. In general, the central nervous system and the peripheral nerve trunks have impermeable blood vessels, but in certain parts the capillaries are \"leaky,\" allowing the passage of a plasma filtrate. Intravenously injected protein tracers rapidly reach nerve cells in these regions, with the implication that these nerve cells are also readily accessible to circulating neurotoxic substances. Some examples of neurotoxicity in the central nervous system show a selectivity that could be due to capillary permeability. In experimental methylmercury poisoning, cranial nerve V and sensory dorsal root ganglia, which lie in regions of vascular permeability, are particularly susceptible. A number of drug and chemically induced neuropathies are predominantly sensory, and may be due, directly or indirectly, to the accessibility of neurotoxic substances to sensory neurons. Examination of areas of potential vulnerability to circulating toxic substances may be of value in the experimental testing of substances for neurotoxicity, where pharmacological tests may be negative and clinical symptoms difficult to assess."}
{"id": "PMID:363410", "title": "Interaction between selenium and methylmercury.", "content": "The available data on the influence of selenium on the toxicity of methylmercury and of methylmercury on selenium as a nutrient and toxic agent are reviewed. Selenium as selenite has a relative protective effect on acute and subacute toxicity of methylmercury in the rat and the quail. The protective mechanism is far from clear. Of special interest is the fact that selenium-treated animals may remain unaffected, even when they have attained tissue mercury levels otherwise associated with toxic effects. Selenite causes some increase of tissue mercury levels in methylmercury-exposed animals. On the other hand, methylmercury induces a remarkable enhancement of organ concentrations of selenium in animals given selenite. The interaction between selenium and methylmercury is in many ways different from that between selenium and inorganic mercury, and also from that between selenium and other metals. Due to the considerable interspecies differences in the toxicity of methylmercury, the available data do not allow conclusions on interactions in man. Practical implications of a possible protective effect of selenium on methylmercury toxicity in humans are discussed.", "contents": "Interaction between selenium and methylmercury. The available data on the influence of selenium on the toxicity of methylmercury and of methylmercury on selenium as a nutrient and toxic agent are reviewed. Selenium as selenite has a relative protective effect on acute and subacute toxicity of methylmercury in the rat and the quail. The protective mechanism is far from clear. Of special interest is the fact that selenium-treated animals may remain unaffected, even when they have attained tissue mercury levels otherwise associated with toxic effects. Selenite causes some increase of tissue mercury levels in methylmercury-exposed animals. On the other hand, methylmercury induces a remarkable enhancement of organ concentrations of selenium in animals given selenite. The interaction between selenium and methylmercury is in many ways different from that between selenium and inorganic mercury, and also from that between selenium and other metals. Due to the considerable interspecies differences in the toxicity of methylmercury, the available data do not allow conclusions on interactions in man. Practical implications of a possible protective effect of selenium on methylmercury toxicity in humans are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363412", "title": "Neuropathology of heavy metal intoxication.", "content": "The basis for utilizing altered morphology, i.e., pathology, in defining diseases of the nervous system is presented. The importance of recognizing the dynamics of pathologic processes is emphasized, particularly in understanding the pathogenesis of neural diseases. Demonstrative examples of the neuropathology of human heavy metal toxicity are presented. The limitations of descriptive pathology are considered, and the potentials of quantitative (morphometric) analysis for studying pathologic processes are introduced.", "contents": "Neuropathology of heavy metal intoxication. The basis for utilizing altered morphology, i.e., pathology, in defining diseases of the nervous system is presented. The importance of recognizing the dynamics of pathologic processes is emphasized, particularly in understanding the pathogenesis of neural diseases. Demonstrative examples of the neuropathology of human heavy metal toxicity are presented. The limitations of descriptive pathology are considered, and the potentials of quantitative (morphometric) analysis for studying pathologic processes are introduced."}
{"id": "PMID:363413", "title": "Autonomic innervation of the heart.", "content": "This brief review describes recent advances in the areas of myocardial receptors that discharge into nonmyelinated, afferent, vagal C-fibers and the regional distribution of sympathetic postganglionic neurons to the myocardium. Complex, nonencapsulated nerve endings discharging into myelinated afferents have been known to exist for many years. More recently, however, indirect evidence for the existence of cardiac receptors that are either silent or exhibit low resting rates of activity, and discharge into slowly conducting C-type fibers, has been demonstrated. The receptors themselves have not yet been identified histologically. Cardiac receptors include subpopulations that are preferentially activated by chemical stimuli, including a variety of exogenous chemicals as well as prostaglandins. Another subpopulation is preferentially activated by mechanical stresses in the physiological range. Further investigation may reveal their participation in overall cardiovascular regulation, and mediation of responses to exogenous chemical stimuli. Four principal cardiac sympathetic nerves have been identified in the right thoracic region and three on the left. Most carry sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. Stimulation of individual nerves, before and after parasympathetic blockade, results in regionally, well-defined myocardial responses.", "contents": "Autonomic innervation of the heart. This brief review describes recent advances in the areas of myocardial receptors that discharge into nonmyelinated, afferent, vagal C-fibers and the regional distribution of sympathetic postganglionic neurons to the myocardium. Complex, nonencapsulated nerve endings discharging into myelinated afferents have been known to exist for many years. More recently, however, indirect evidence for the existence of cardiac receptors that are either silent or exhibit low resting rates of activity, and discharge into slowly conducting C-type fibers, has been demonstrated. The receptors themselves have not yet been identified histologically. Cardiac receptors include subpopulations that are preferentially activated by chemical stimuli, including a variety of exogenous chemicals as well as prostaglandins. Another subpopulation is preferentially activated by mechanical stresses in the physiological range. Further investigation may reveal their participation in overall cardiovascular regulation, and mediation of responses to exogenous chemical stimuli. Four principal cardiac sympathetic nerves have been identified in the right thoracic region and three on the left. Most carry sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. Stimulation of individual nerves, before and after parasympathetic blockade, results in regionally, well-defined myocardial responses."}
{"id": "PMID:363414", "title": "Ultrastructure of heart muscle.", "content": "The ultrastructure of cardiac muscle is described. In the course of the descriptions advantage has been taken of comparative anatomy, in order to elucidate the relationships between structure and function. Physiologic parameters are discussed in a comparative manner including information from skeletal muscles fibers that often provide a well-studied point of departure. The descriptions of the ultrastructure of cardiac muscle are illustrated by a few electron photomicrographs to give a general overview.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of heart muscle. The ultrastructure of cardiac muscle is described. In the course of the descriptions advantage has been taken of comparative anatomy, in order to elucidate the relationships between structure and function. Physiologic parameters are discussed in a comparative manner including information from skeletal muscles fibers that often provide a well-studied point of departure. The descriptions of the ultrastructure of cardiac muscle are illustrated by a few electron photomicrographs to give a general overview."}
{"id": "PMID:363415", "title": "Interspecies variation in myocardial physiology: the anomalous rat.", "content": "THE HEART OF THE ADULT RAT HAS LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED TO BE ANOMALOUS IN AT LEAST TWO RESPECTS: an absent or negative inotropic response to an increase in rate of electrical stimulation (negative staircase); resistance to digitalis glycosides. The heart of the neonatal rat (less than 2 weeks old), on the other hand, demonstrates a markedly positive staircase and a large increase in force upon application of glycoside. It is significant that the action potential of the neonate ventricle demonstrates a prolonged plateau component which progressively decreases with age. The shortening of the plateau correlates with the disappearance of the positive staircase and glycoside responses. Previous studies indicated that a major factor contributing to the prolonged plateau of the neonate was a high level of sodium (Na) conductance. Thus transmembranous Na movement associated with excitation is considerably greater in the neonatal heart as compared to the heart of the adult rat. The higher level of intracellular Na would produce increased activity of a proposed sodium-calcium (Na-Ca) carrier. This is believed to mediate the augmented influx of Ca which is responsible for positive staircase and glycoside responses. Ventricular muscle from the hearts of most mammalian species demonstrates a prolonged plateau with maintenance of a \"slow\" channel for Na. It appears that in the rat this channel closes with age. It follows that there would be a reduced tendency for the adult rat heart to accumulate intracellular Na, [Na](i), when excitation frequency is increased or the Na pump is inhibited by digitalis. Since elevation of [Na](i) is the stimulus for the proposed Na-Ca carrier, this system would not be activated, Ca influx would not increase and contractility would not be augmented.", "contents": "Interspecies variation in myocardial physiology: the anomalous rat. THE HEART OF THE ADULT RAT HAS LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED TO BE ANOMALOUS IN AT LEAST TWO RESPECTS: an absent or negative inotropic response to an increase in rate of electrical stimulation (negative staircase); resistance to digitalis glycosides. The heart of the neonatal rat (less than 2 weeks old), on the other hand, demonstrates a markedly positive staircase and a large increase in force upon application of glycoside. It is significant that the action potential of the neonate ventricle demonstrates a prolonged plateau component which progressively decreases with age. The shortening of the plateau correlates with the disappearance of the positive staircase and glycoside responses. Previous studies indicated that a major factor contributing to the prolonged plateau of the neonate was a high level of sodium (Na) conductance. Thus transmembranous Na movement associated with excitation is considerably greater in the neonatal heart as compared to the heart of the adult rat. The higher level of intracellular Na would produce increased activity of a proposed sodium-calcium (Na-Ca) carrier. This is believed to mediate the augmented influx of Ca which is responsible for positive staircase and glycoside responses. Ventricular muscle from the hearts of most mammalian species demonstrates a prolonged plateau with maintenance of a \"slow\" channel for Na. It appears that in the rat this channel closes with age. It follows that there would be a reduced tendency for the adult rat heart to accumulate intracellular Na, [Na](i), when excitation frequency is increased or the Na pump is inhibited by digitalis. Since elevation of [Na](i) is the stimulus for the proposed Na-Ca carrier, this system would not be activated, Ca influx would not increase and contractility would not be augmented."}
{"id": "PMID:363416", "title": "Effects of anesthesia on cardiovascular control mechanisms.", "content": "The manner in which general anesthesia affects circulatory control was studied by examining the effects of commonly employed anesthetics on left ventricular function and distribution of cardiac output, and the extent to which responses to physiological and pharmacological stimuli are modified by general anesthesia. While commonly employed anesthetics affect almost every aspect of the circulatory system, the importance of general anesthesia on the circulation tends to be underestimated by considering only its direct effects. More important is the modification of the organism's integrative response to any perturbation. Major differences often directionally opposite, in responses of conscious and anesthetized animals were found for reflex control of the circulation, effects of hemorrhage and alterations in preload and after load. In addition, commonly employed pharmacologic agents, e.g., cardiac glycosdies, catecholamines, and morphine sulfate exerted differing actions in the conscious and anesthetized states. Thus, while it is generally held that the overall responses to complex physiological functions such as exercise or eating can be best described in the intact, conscious organism, the importance of conducting any experiment involving integrative control of the circulation in the conscious organism should also be recognized.", "contents": "Effects of anesthesia on cardiovascular control mechanisms. The manner in which general anesthesia affects circulatory control was studied by examining the effects of commonly employed anesthetics on left ventricular function and distribution of cardiac output, and the extent to which responses to physiological and pharmacological stimuli are modified by general anesthesia. While commonly employed anesthetics affect almost every aspect of the circulatory system, the importance of general anesthesia on the circulation tends to be underestimated by considering only its direct effects. More important is the modification of the organism's integrative response to any perturbation. Major differences often directionally opposite, in responses of conscious and anesthetized animals were found for reflex control of the circulation, effects of hemorrhage and alterations in preload and after load. In addition, commonly employed pharmacologic agents, e.g., cardiac glycosdies, catecholamines, and morphine sulfate exerted differing actions in the conscious and anesthetized states. Thus, while it is generally held that the overall responses to complex physiological functions such as exercise or eating can be best described in the intact, conscious organism, the importance of conducting any experiment involving integrative control of the circulation in the conscious organism should also be recognized."}
{"id": "PMID:363417", "title": "Is behavior or morphology a more sensitive indicator of central nervous system toxicity?", "content": "Both behavior and morphology can be altered by exposure of the CNS to toxic substances. The brain is an organ with considerable structural redundancy and this presumably accounts for some of the ability of the CNS to maintain normal function in the presence of some structural damage. Compensation for damage may also occur through a form of \"learning\" due to the biochemical and morphological plasticity of the CNS. Examples of these kinds of compensation are enzyme induction and axonal sprouting. Compensatory changes such as these are likely to require days or weeks to develop. On the other hand, short-term, reversible effects of substances such as drugs are not likely to cause morphological changes at doses which affect behavior. The importance of appropriate quantitative data on both morphology and behavior in evaluation of the CNS toxicity of substances is evident.", "contents": "Is behavior or morphology a more sensitive indicator of central nervous system toxicity? Both behavior and morphology can be altered by exposure of the CNS to toxic substances. The brain is an organ with considerable structural redundancy and this presumably accounts for some of the ability of the CNS to maintain normal function in the presence of some structural damage. Compensation for damage may also occur through a form of \"learning\" due to the biochemical and morphological plasticity of the CNS. Examples of these kinds of compensation are enzyme induction and axonal sprouting. Compensatory changes such as these are likely to require days or weeks to develop. On the other hand, short-term, reversible effects of substances such as drugs are not likely to cause morphological changes at doses which affect behavior. The importance of appropriate quantitative data on both morphology and behavior in evaluation of the CNS toxicity of substances is evident."}
{"id": "PMID:363418", "title": "How operant conditioning can contribute to behavioral toxicology.", "content": "Operant conditioning can contribute to the development of behavioral toxicology in many ways. Its techniques are useful in training animals in the various behaviors the toxicologist may wish to study. They make possible the sophisticated assessment of sensory functioning. Operant conditioners excel at using schedules of intermittent reinforcement to create the type of stable animal performance needed in studying substances that produce effects only after prolonged exposure. Schedule-controlled behavior also helps elucidate the precise behavioral mechanisms involved in toxicity. In the early assessment of toxic substances a judiciously chosen sample of schelule-controlled performances may provide the best estimate whether the integrity of complex operant behavior remains unchanged. The development of improved behavioral techniques and  computer technology promises to bring down the cost of such assessment.", "contents": "How operant conditioning can contribute to behavioral toxicology. Operant conditioning can contribute to the development of behavioral toxicology in many ways. Its techniques are useful in training animals in the various behaviors the toxicologist may wish to study. They make possible the sophisticated assessment of sensory functioning. Operant conditioners excel at using schedules of intermittent reinforcement to create the type of stable animal performance needed in studying substances that produce effects only after prolonged exposure. Schedule-controlled behavior also helps elucidate the precise behavioral mechanisms involved in toxicity. In the early assessment of toxic substances a judiciously chosen sample of schelule-controlled performances may provide the best estimate whether the integrity of complex operant behavior remains unchanged. The development of improved behavioral techniques and  computer technology promises to bring down the cost of such assessment."}
{"id": "PMID:363419", "title": "The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences: a perspective.", "content": "This paper attempts to place the programs of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences into correct perspective in relation to the other Federal environmental programs. Its goal is to illuminate the field of environmental health as a new field in science that confronts a wide variety of complex and diverse issues. It is unrealistic to believe these issues can somehow be rendered less complex and diverse. What is hoped is that the Institute will contribute to providing the tools which will make is possible for us to develop principles leading to an understanding of the underlying problems. Then we should be able to build a base for effective public health programs for the years ahead, years that should prove to be as eventful and challenging as those just past.", "contents": "The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences: a perspective. This paper attempts to place the programs of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences into correct perspective in relation to the other Federal environmental programs. Its goal is to illuminate the field of environmental health as a new field in science that confronts a wide variety of complex and diverse issues. It is unrealistic to believe these issues can somehow be rendered less complex and diverse. What is hoped is that the Institute will contribute to providing the tools which will make is possible for us to develop principles leading to an understanding of the underlying problems. Then we should be able to build a base for effective public health programs for the years ahead, years that should prove to be as eventful and challenging as those just past."}
{"id": "PMID:363420", "title": "Behavioral assessment of visual toxicity.", "content": "A wide variety of behavioral methods has been employed with animals to assess visual changes induced by drugs or toxicants. The methods range from simple to complex, from broad screening devices to narrowly focused techniques. Their relative advantages for the environmental toxicologist are discussed. Manipulation of stimulus values is an essential ingredient in the identification of specific sensory functions. The percentage of correct choices from a discrete-trial, multiple-choice discrimination procedure is to be preferred to measures of response rate, speed or reaction time when experiments require answers about specific visual functions.", "contents": "Behavioral assessment of visual toxicity. A wide variety of behavioral methods has been employed with animals to assess visual changes induced by drugs or toxicants. The methods range from simple to complex, from broad screening devices to narrowly focused techniques. Their relative advantages for the environmental toxicologist are discussed. Manipulation of stimulus values is an essential ingredient in the identification of specific sensory functions. The percentage of correct choices from a discrete-trial, multiple-choice discrimination procedure is to be preferred to measures of response rate, speed or reaction time when experiments require answers about specific visual functions."}
{"id": "PMID:363421", "title": "Stimulus properties of inhaled substances.", "content": "Inhaled substances can modify behavior by their toxic action, or because they are discriminable events, or because they can support or suppress behavior. They can be used as discriminative stimuli at concentrations above the olfactory threshold. Inhalants can elicit unconditioned reflexes. As aversive stimuli, they can be studied in respondent conditioning experiments (e.g. conditioned suppression), in punishment paradigms, or as negative reinforcers in escape paradigms. Inhalants can also be positive reinforcers; their intoxicating properties have engendered patterns of chronic self-administration (solvent abuse). Such stimulus properties should be considered in industrial hygiene and environmental quality decisions. Laboratory techniques to study such properties abound.", "contents": "Stimulus properties of inhaled substances. Inhaled substances can modify behavior by their toxic action, or because they are discriminable events, or because they can support or suppress behavior. They can be used as discriminative stimuli at concentrations above the olfactory threshold. Inhalants can elicit unconditioned reflexes. As aversive stimuli, they can be studied in respondent conditioning experiments (e.g. conditioned suppression), in punishment paradigms, or as negative reinforcers in escape paradigms. Inhalants can also be positive reinforcers; their intoxicating properties have engendered patterns of chronic self-administration (solvent abuse). Such stimulus properties should be considered in industrial hygiene and environmental quality decisions. Laboratory techniques to study such properties abound."}
{"id": "PMID:363422", "title": "Clinical expression of neurotoxic injury and diagnostic use of electromyography.", "content": "The clinical features of neurological damage produced by acrylamide, lead, organophosphates, hexacarbon solvents, and methylmercury are described, and the differences in effects of these compounds are stressed. The characteristic pattern of electrophysiological changes for each group of substances are described and correlated with pathological findings.", "contents": "Clinical expression of neurotoxic injury and diagnostic use of electromyography. The clinical features of neurological damage produced by acrylamide, lead, organophosphates, hexacarbon solvents, and methylmercury are described, and the differences in effects of these compounds are stressed. The characteristic pattern of electrophysiological changes for each group of substances are described and correlated with pathological findings."}
{"id": "PMID:363423", "title": "Use of activity measures in behavioral toxicology.", "content": "Locomotor activity measurements have been used extensively to evaluate chemically-induced changes in CNS function. This paper focuses on several factors including apparatus, age, biological rhythm, and social setting, which influence both locomotor activity levels per se and chemically induced changes in these activity levels. These data illustrate that failure to recognize, specify, and consider these factors is likely to result in equivocal studies subject to possible misinterpretation.", "contents": "Use of activity measures in behavioral toxicology. Locomotor activity measurements have been used extensively to evaluate chemically-induced changes in CNS function. This paper focuses on several factors including apparatus, age, biological rhythm, and social setting, which influence both locomotor activity levels per se and chemically induced changes in these activity levels. These data illustrate that failure to recognize, specify, and consider these factors is likely to result in equivocal studies subject to possible misinterpretation."}
{"id": "PMID:363424", "title": "Binding of substrates and other anions to yeast phosphoglycerate kinase.", "content": "1. The binding of all four substrates to yeast phosphoglycerate kinase has been studied using a gel filtration technique. The binding of phosphate and sulphate anions has also been investigated. 2. Two sites for each adenine nucleotide were found, one site being weaker than the other by between 30 and 50-fold. Only one binding site for the phosphoglycerate substrates was found. 3. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-P2-glycerate) bound to the enzyme approximately 1000 times tighter than the other three substrates, its dissociation constant being 0.06 micrometer at ionic strength 0.15 M. 4. Sulphate and phosphate were mutually competitive and sulphate competed with the binding of all substrates except MgADP. MgADP bound to the enzyme more weakly in the presence of sulphate. The dissociation constant for sulphate binding was 1.6 mM at ionic strength of 0.15 M, and 0.05 mM at ionic strength 0.015 M. 5. These results are consistent with sulphate acting as a competitive inhibitor, as found by kinetic studies at high sulphate concentrations. The activatory effect of sulphate at lower concentrations and the substrate activation phenomea displayed by this enzyme, are interpreted in terms of a two-step dissociation of 1, 3-P2-glycerate. The presence of moderate concentrations of MgATP, 3-phosphoglycerate or sulphate causes acceleration of the rate of dissociation of the product, 1, 3-P2-glycerate, this being the rate-limiting step in the overall enzyme reaction.", "contents": "Binding of substrates and other anions to yeast phosphoglycerate kinase. 1. The binding of all four substrates to yeast phosphoglycerate kinase has been studied using a gel filtration technique. The binding of phosphate and sulphate anions has also been investigated. 2. Two sites for each adenine nucleotide were found, one site being weaker than the other by between 30 and 50-fold. Only one binding site for the phosphoglycerate substrates was found. 3. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-P2-glycerate) bound to the enzyme approximately 1000 times tighter than the other three substrates, its dissociation constant being 0.06 micrometer at ionic strength 0.15 M. 4. Sulphate and phosphate were mutually competitive and sulphate competed with the binding of all substrates except MgADP. MgADP bound to the enzyme more weakly in the presence of sulphate. The dissociation constant for sulphate binding was 1.6 mM at ionic strength of 0.15 M, and 0.05 mM at ionic strength 0.015 M. 5. These results are consistent with sulphate acting as a competitive inhibitor, as found by kinetic studies at high sulphate concentrations. The activatory effect of sulphate at lower concentrations and the substrate activation phenomea displayed by this enzyme, are interpreted in terms of a two-step dissociation of 1, 3-P2-glycerate. The presence of moderate concentrations of MgATP, 3-phosphoglycerate or sulphate causes acceleration of the rate of dissociation of the product, 1, 3-P2-glycerate, this being the rate-limiting step in the overall enzyme reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:363425", "title": "Structural studies of Shigella flexneri O-antigens.", "content": "The structures of the O-antigens of all known serotypes and subserotypes of Shigella flexneri have been reinvestigated. The results support the assumption that these antigens are composed of a basic tetrasaccharide repeating unit (1), to which alpha-D-glucopyranosyl and/or O-acetyl groups are attached at different positions. Leads to 3)-beta-D-GlcNAcp-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 leads to The immunological determinants responsible for O-factors I, II, IV, V and 7, 8 contain alpha-D-gluco-pyranosyl groups, the locations of which have been determined. O-Factor 6 is due to O-acetyl groups, linked to O-2 of the 3-substituted alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue in unit 1 and O-factor III seems to be due to the same groups. The chemical natures of the determinants responsible for O-factors 4 and 3, 4 are still obscure. The structural studies indicate that the immunological classification of Sh. flexneri serotypes and subserotypes, as regards these O-factors, may need revision.", "contents": "Structural studies of Shigella flexneri O-antigens. The structures of the O-antigens of all known serotypes and subserotypes of Shigella flexneri have been reinvestigated. The results support the assumption that these antigens are composed of a basic tetrasaccharide repeating unit (1), to which alpha-D-glucopyranosyl and/or O-acetyl groups are attached at different positions. Leads to 3)-beta-D-GlcNAcp-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 leads to The immunological determinants responsible for O-factors I, II, IV, V and 7, 8 contain alpha-D-gluco-pyranosyl groups, the locations of which have been determined. O-Factor 6 is due to O-acetyl groups, linked to O-2 of the 3-substituted alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue in unit 1 and O-factor III seems to be due to the same groups. The chemical natures of the determinants responsible for O-factors 4 and 3, 4 are still obscure. The structural studies indicate that the immunological classification of Sh. flexneri serotypes and subserotypes, as regards these O-factors, may need revision."}
{"id": "PMID:363426", "title": "Rapid purification of plasmid DNAs by hydroxyapatite chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for the rapid preparation of plasmid DNAs of molecular weight up to 14 X 10(6). This method involves the chromatography, at room temperature, of bacterial cleared lysates on hydroxyapatite in the presence of high concentrations of phosphate and urea. All detectable protein and RNA contamination of plasmid DNA is removed by this procedure and the conformation of the plasmid DNA is unaffected. Less than 0.5% chromosomal DNA is present in the purified preparation and even this can be removed if necessary by a simple extention of the procedure to include a heat-denaturation step. The method is extremely rapid and amenable to large-scale plasmid preparation; 5 mg ColE1 DNA have been purified within 40 min. The yield of plasmid DNA is similar to that obtained with the conventional dye-centrifugation technique, however the purity is greater.", "contents": "Rapid purification of plasmid DNAs by hydroxyapatite chromatography. A method is described for the rapid preparation of plasmid DNAs of molecular weight up to 14 X 10(6). This method involves the chromatography, at room temperature, of bacterial cleared lysates on hydroxyapatite in the presence of high concentrations of phosphate and urea. All detectable protein and RNA contamination of plasmid DNA is removed by this procedure and the conformation of the plasmid DNA is unaffected. Less than 0.5% chromosomal DNA is present in the purified preparation and even this can be removed if necessary by a simple extention of the procedure to include a heat-denaturation step. The method is extremely rapid and amenable to large-scale plasmid preparation; 5 mg ColE1 DNA have been purified within 40 min. The yield of plasmid DNA is similar to that obtained with the conventional dye-centrifugation technique, however the purity is greater."}
{"id": "PMID:363427", "title": "The genetic control of the molybdoflavoproteins in Aspergillus nidulans. IV. A comparison between purine hydroxylase I and II.", "content": "The purine hydroxylases I and II of Aspergillus nidulans [previously called xanthine dehydrogenases I and II: Scazzocchio, Holl and Foguelman, Eur. J. Biochem. 36, 428--445 (1973)] have been studied in crude extracts. The two enzymes differ in their substrate specificities, purine hydroxylase II being able to accept nicotinate as a substrate and unable to hydroxylate xanthine. The kinetics of inhibition with allopurinol and oxypurinol are also different, the two analogues being pseudo-irreversible inhibitors of purine hydroxylase I, while allopurinol is a competitive inhibitor of purine hydroxylase II and oxypurinol shows anti-competitive inhibition. Differences in electro-phoretic mobility and molecular size are also shown. We have failed to show the formation of hybrid purine hydroxylase I/II molecules. While a common evolutionary origin of the purine hydroxylases could be postulated, the data reveal a considerable divergence.", "contents": "The genetic control of the molybdoflavoproteins in Aspergillus nidulans. IV. A comparison between purine hydroxylase I and II. The purine hydroxylases I and II of Aspergillus nidulans [previously called xanthine dehydrogenases I and II: Scazzocchio, Holl and Foguelman, Eur. J. Biochem. 36, 428--445 (1973)] have been studied in crude extracts. The two enzymes differ in their substrate specificities, purine hydroxylase II being able to accept nicotinate as a substrate and unable to hydroxylate xanthine. The kinetics of inhibition with allopurinol and oxypurinol are also different, the two analogues being pseudo-irreversible inhibitors of purine hydroxylase I, while allopurinol is a competitive inhibitor of purine hydroxylase II and oxypurinol shows anti-competitive inhibition. Differences in electro-phoretic mobility and molecular size are also shown. We have failed to show the formation of hybrid purine hydroxylase I/II molecules. While a common evolutionary origin of the purine hydroxylases could be postulated, the data reveal a considerable divergence."}
{"id": "PMID:363428", "title": "The modification of the peptidyl transferase activity of 50-S ribosomal subunits, LiC1-split proteins and L16 ribosomal protein by ethoxyformic anhydride.", "content": "Ethoxyformic anhydride abolishes the peptidyl transferase activity of 50-S ribosomal subunits, LiC1 split proteins and L16. Hydroxylamine treatment results in reactivation. Erythromycin exhibits significant protection with 50-S ribosomal subunits. With LiC1 split proteins and L16 significant protection was exhibited only after reconstitution. The results indicate that the ethoxyformic anhydride is reacting with approximately six histidines in LiC1 split proteins and one in L16. Since L16 has been reported to contain a single histidine, the results presented indicate the involvement of this histidine in peptidyl transferase activity.", "contents": "The modification of the peptidyl transferase activity of 50-S ribosomal subunits, LiC1-split proteins and L16 ribosomal protein by ethoxyformic anhydride. Ethoxyformic anhydride abolishes the peptidyl transferase activity of 50-S ribosomal subunits, LiC1 split proteins and L16. Hydroxylamine treatment results in reactivation. Erythromycin exhibits significant protection with 50-S ribosomal subunits. With LiC1 split proteins and L16 significant protection was exhibited only after reconstitution. The results indicate that the ethoxyformic anhydride is reacting with approximately six histidines in LiC1 split proteins and one in L16. Since L16 has been reported to contain a single histidine, the results presented indicate the involvement of this histidine in peptidyl transferase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:363429", "title": "A mutation in the xanthine dehydrogenase (purine hydroxylase I) of Aspergillus nidulans resulting in altered specificity. Implications for the geometry of the active site.", "content": "A point mutation in the structural gene for purine hydroxylase I (xanthine dehydrogenase) of Aspergillus nidulans results in several dramatic pleiotropic effects. The mutant enzyme oxidises 2-hydroxypurine at position 6 rather than 8, shows a 70-fold reduction in the V for hypoxanthine, and loses the ability to accept xanthine as a substrate. Allopurinol, a powerful pseudoirreversible inhibitor of the wild type enzyme, behaves as a good substrate of the mutant enzyme. We propose that the substrate and inhibitor specificities of the enzymes depend on the relative position of an orientating site ann a catalytic site. All the properties of the mutant enzyme can be explained by assuming that the mutation results in a change of the relative positions of the catalytic and orientating sites. We have assumed that the catalytic site comprises a Mo(VI) atom and an--S-group as proposed by Coughlan [FEBS Lett. 81, 1--9 (1977)] and the orientating site is a lysyl residue. While these assumptions are not strictly necessary for the construction of an abstract geometric model, they are consistent with other data bearing on the structure of the active site of the molybdenum-containing hydroxylases.", "contents": "A mutation in the xanthine dehydrogenase (purine hydroxylase I) of Aspergillus nidulans resulting in altered specificity. Implications for the geometry of the active site. A point mutation in the structural gene for purine hydroxylase I (xanthine dehydrogenase) of Aspergillus nidulans results in several dramatic pleiotropic effects. The mutant enzyme oxidises 2-hydroxypurine at position 6 rather than 8, shows a 70-fold reduction in the V for hypoxanthine, and loses the ability to accept xanthine as a substrate. Allopurinol, a powerful pseudoirreversible inhibitor of the wild type enzyme, behaves as a good substrate of the mutant enzyme. We propose that the substrate and inhibitor specificities of the enzymes depend on the relative position of an orientating site ann a catalytic site. All the properties of the mutant enzyme can be explained by assuming that the mutation results in a change of the relative positions of the catalytic and orientating sites. We have assumed that the catalytic site comprises a Mo(VI) atom and an--S-group as proposed by Coughlan [FEBS Lett. 81, 1--9 (1977)] and the orientating site is a lysyl residue. While these assumptions are not strictly necessary for the construction of an abstract geometric model, they are consistent with other data bearing on the structure of the active site of the molybdenum-containing hydroxylases."}
{"id": "PMID:363430", "title": "Initial clinical experience of lorcainide (Ro 13-1042), a new antiarrhythmic agent.", "content": "Lorcainide is a promising antiarrhythmic agent that belongs to the class of local anesthetics. It was tested in 7 patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias that were resistant to other antiarrhythmic agents. Lorcainide was effective in all cases (complete disappearance of arrhythmias in 6 cases and more than 50% disappearance in the 7th case), and the tolerance was within acceptable limits. The drug was effective at rest, as assessed by 24-h dynamic electrocardiographic monitoring, and during physical exercise. Longer studies with more patients are warranted, since the drug appears to be a promising antiarrhythmic agent.", "contents": "Initial clinical experience of lorcainide (Ro 13-1042), a new antiarrhythmic agent. Lorcainide is a promising antiarrhythmic agent that belongs to the class of local anesthetics. It was tested in 7 patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias that were resistant to other antiarrhythmic agents. Lorcainide was effective in all cases (complete disappearance of arrhythmias in 6 cases and more than 50% disappearance in the 7th case), and the tolerance was within acceptable limits. The drug was effective at rest, as assessed by 24-h dynamic electrocardiographic monitoring, and during physical exercise. Longer studies with more patients are warranted, since the drug appears to be a promising antiarrhythmic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:363432", "title": "Absorption, effectiveness and side effects of highly purified porcine NPH-insulin preparations (Leo).", "content": "The clinical characteristics of highly purified porcine NPH-insulin (Insulin Retard RI) were investigated, including absorption from the subcutaneous tissue, blood glucose-lowering effect, stability of mixtures of NPH and regular insulin and measurement of circulating porcine proinsulin and insulin antibodies in diabetes. The absorption of NPH-insulin followed first order kinetics. The half time was 6.9 +/- 2.6h, with an intraindividual coefficient of variation of 26% and an interindividual coefficient of variation of 55%. After 24 h 90% of the injected insulin had disappeared from the subcutaneous tissue. The plasma insulin concentration was maximal 4-5 h after the injection and 24 h after the injection it was not significantly higher than before the injection. The blood glucose-lowering effect was significant 2.5 h after subcutaneous injection of NPH-insulin and was maximal after 5.5 h. The blood glucose-lowering effect of a pre-prepared mixture of 70% NPH and 30% regular insulin was not significantly different from the effect of 70% NPH and 30% regular insulin injected separately, which indicates the stability of mixtures of NPH and Regular insulin. Porcine proinsulin disappeared from the serum of patients switched to treatment with highly purified porcine NPH insulin and the insulin antibody titer fell. It was concluded that insulin Retard RI has a well-defined, reproducible effect with a clinically useful time course.", "contents": "Absorption, effectiveness and side effects of highly purified porcine NPH-insulin preparations (Leo). The clinical characteristics of highly purified porcine NPH-insulin (Insulin Retard RI) were investigated, including absorption from the subcutaneous tissue, blood glucose-lowering effect, stability of mixtures of NPH and regular insulin and measurement of circulating porcine proinsulin and insulin antibodies in diabetes. The absorption of NPH-insulin followed first order kinetics. The half time was 6.9 +/- 2.6h, with an intraindividual coefficient of variation of 26% and an interindividual coefficient of variation of 55%. After 24 h 90% of the injected insulin had disappeared from the subcutaneous tissue. The plasma insulin concentration was maximal 4-5 h after the injection and 24 h after the injection it was not significantly higher than before the injection. The blood glucose-lowering effect was significant 2.5 h after subcutaneous injection of NPH-insulin and was maximal after 5.5 h. The blood glucose-lowering effect of a pre-prepared mixture of 70% NPH and 30% regular insulin was not significantly different from the effect of 70% NPH and 30% regular insulin injected separately, which indicates the stability of mixtures of NPH and Regular insulin. Porcine proinsulin disappeared from the serum of patients switched to treatment with highly purified porcine NPH insulin and the insulin antibody titer fell. It was concluded that insulin Retard RI has a well-defined, reproducible effect with a clinically useful time course."}
{"id": "PMID:363433", "title": "Intramuscular or intravenous glucagon for sulphonylurea hypoglycaemia?", "content": "Because of the differing opinions on the value of glucagon and the best way of administering it in severe hypoglycaemia induced by sulphonylurea drugs, experiments were conducted on normal subjects, and in diabetic patients before and during treatment with chlorpropamide. In all subjects glucagon raised blood sugar concentrations, and produced a greater and more prolonged increase in blood glucose concentrations when given intramuscularly than when given intravenously. Hypoglycaemia did not occur in any subject.", "contents": "Intramuscular or intravenous glucagon for sulphonylurea hypoglycaemia? Because of the differing opinions on the value of glucagon and the best way of administering it in severe hypoglycaemia induced by sulphonylurea drugs, experiments were conducted on normal subjects, and in diabetic patients before and during treatment with chlorpropamide. In all subjects glucagon raised blood sugar concentrations, and produced a greater and more prolonged increase in blood glucose concentrations when given intramuscularly than when given intravenously. Hypoglycaemia did not occur in any subject."}
{"id": "PMID:363434", "title": "A comparison of slow release oxprenolol with conventional oxprenolol in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "Sixteen patients with uncomplicated hypertension were studied in a double-blind within-patient trial comparing slow release oxprenolol (SRO) with conventional oxprenolol (CO). The anti-hypertensive effect of SRO once daily was greater than that of CO once daily, although this did not reach statistical significance. CO once daily was less effective than CObd and this difference was statistically significant for lying diastolic blood pressure. After exercise testing 26 hours post-dose, blood pressure and pulse rate were marginally lower on SRO than on CO, but this difference was not significant. Blood pressure readings 24 h post-dose were lower following morning dosing than following evening dosing, although pulse rates showed the opposite trend.", "contents": "A comparison of slow release oxprenolol with conventional oxprenolol in the treatment of hypertension. Sixteen patients with uncomplicated hypertension were studied in a double-blind within-patient trial comparing slow release oxprenolol (SRO) with conventional oxprenolol (CO). The anti-hypertensive effect of SRO once daily was greater than that of CO once daily, although this did not reach statistical significance. CO once daily was less effective than CObd and this difference was statistically significant for lying diastolic blood pressure. After exercise testing 26 hours post-dose, blood pressure and pulse rate were marginally lower on SRO than on CO, but this difference was not significant. Blood pressure readings 24 h post-dose were lower following morning dosing than following evening dosing, although pulse rates showed the opposite trend."}
{"id": "PMID:363440", "title": "Image processing in pathology.", "content": "The present study is an effort to ally biopsies to well defined groups of diseases by means of automatic analysis of liver cell nuclei. The results obtained should support the morphologic differential diagnosis of liver diseases. A total of 78 liver biopsies from patients with obstructive jaundice, chronic hepatitis, acute viral hepatitis or with alcoholic liver injury were investigated. Performing automatic analysis of the microscopic pictures 95% of the equatorial sectioned liver cell nuclei are correctly recognized.", "contents": "Image processing in pathology. The present study is an effort to ally biopsies to well defined groups of diseases by means of automatic analysis of liver cell nuclei. The results obtained should support the morphologic differential diagnosis of liver diseases. A total of 78 liver biopsies from patients with obstructive jaundice, chronic hepatitis, acute viral hepatitis or with alcoholic liver injury were investigated. Performing automatic analysis of the microscopic pictures 95% of the equatorial sectioned liver cell nuclei are correctly recognized."}
{"id": "PMID:363442", "title": "Prostacyclin-like activity of endothelium and subendothelium - important for atherosclerosis?", "content": "Morphological control of Moncada's bioassay for prostacyclin (PG I2) activity measurement shows that the activity depends not only on endothelium, but in important amounts on subendothelial tissue too. Therefore, it can be concluded that platelet thrombus formation after endothelial cell injury does not depend only on the PG I2-producing ability of the tissue.", "contents": "Prostacyclin-like activity of endothelium and subendothelium - important for atherosclerosis? Morphological control of Moncada's bioassay for prostacyclin (PG I2) activity measurement shows that the activity depends not only on endothelium, but in important amounts on subendothelial tissue too. Therefore, it can be concluded that platelet thrombus formation after endothelial cell injury does not depend only on the PG I2-producing ability of the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:363443", "title": "Endotoxemia and adrenaline-hyperreactive death in mice.", "content": "Mice given i.v. a sublethal dose of endotoxin in advance died with shock-like symptoms on administration of sublethal adrenaline dose. The lethal adrenaline-hyperreaction induced by endotoxin appeared gradually within a few h, showed maximum response after several h and almost disappeared 24 h after endotoxin administration.", "contents": "Endotoxemia and adrenaline-hyperreactive death in mice. Mice given i.v. a sublethal dose of endotoxin in advance died with shock-like symptoms on administration of sublethal adrenaline dose. The lethal adrenaline-hyperreaction induced by endotoxin appeared gradually within a few h, showed maximum response after several h and almost disappeared 24 h after endotoxin administration."}
{"id": "PMID:363445", "title": "Chromosomal and morphological diversity in 2 populations of Asian mountain vole, Alticola lemminus Miller (Rodentia, Cricetidae).", "content": "Voles from Yakutia and Chukotka were found to differ in the morphology of 3 pairs of autosomes and sex chromosomes, as well as in M3-structure and skull dimensions. This makes their conspecificity doubtful. A variation in short arm lengths of the X- and Y-chromosomes has been discovered.", "contents": "Chromosomal and morphological diversity in 2 populations of Asian mountain vole, Alticola lemminus Miller (Rodentia, Cricetidae). Voles from Yakutia and Chukotka were found to differ in the morphology of 3 pairs of autosomes and sex chromosomes, as well as in M3-structure and skull dimensions. This makes their conspecificity doubtful. A variation in short arm lengths of the X- and Y-chromosomes has been discovered."}
{"id": "PMID:363444", "title": "Retinoids, a new class of compounds with prophylactic and therapeutic activities in oncology and dermatology.", "content": "A review of recent investigations in the retinoid field is presented. Retinoic acid exerts a prophylactic and a therapeutic effect on chemically induced benign and malignant epithelial tumors in mice. In clinical studies positive therapeutic results have been obtained in patients with preneoplastic and neoplastic epithelial lesions. However, treatment with retinoic acid is limited by serious side effects (hypervitaminosis A syndrome). Therefore, the synthesis of analogs of retinoic acid (retinoids) possessing a more favorable therapeutic ratio has been initiated. Among a large series of synthesized compounds, certain aromatic analogs proved to have a particularly favorable therapeutic ratio. The structure-activity relationship of the most active retinoids is discussed including some biological data concerning prophylaxis and therapy of epithelial tumors. The total synthesis of retinoids according to various building schemes is discussed in detail. Methods for the synthesis of the cyclic end group, of the polyene chain component, and of the full retinoid skeleton are described. Metabolic studies of retinoic acid and of the most active retinoid, as well as the synthesis of some isolated metabolites are outlined. Suggestions concerning the mechanism of action of retinoids are made. Some clinical results on the treatment of acne, psoriasis and precancerous conditions are reported.", "contents": "Retinoids, a new class of compounds with prophylactic and therapeutic activities in oncology and dermatology. A review of recent investigations in the retinoid field is presented. Retinoic acid exerts a prophylactic and a therapeutic effect on chemically induced benign and malignant epithelial tumors in mice. In clinical studies positive therapeutic results have been obtained in patients with preneoplastic and neoplastic epithelial lesions. However, treatment with retinoic acid is limited by serious side effects (hypervitaminosis A syndrome). Therefore, the synthesis of analogs of retinoic acid (retinoids) possessing a more favorable therapeutic ratio has been initiated. Among a large series of synthesized compounds, certain aromatic analogs proved to have a particularly favorable therapeutic ratio. The structure-activity relationship of the most active retinoids is discussed including some biological data concerning prophylaxis and therapy of epithelial tumors. The total synthesis of retinoids according to various building schemes is discussed in detail. Methods for the synthesis of the cyclic end group, of the polyene chain component, and of the full retinoid skeleton are described. Metabolic studies of retinoic acid and of the most active retinoid, as well as the synthesis of some isolated metabolites are outlined. Suggestions concerning the mechanism of action of retinoids are made. Some clinical results on the treatment of acne, psoriasis and precancerous conditions are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:363446", "title": "Dithiols simulate endotoxin in the Limulus reaction.", "content": "Dithiothreitol, dithioerythritol and bacterial lipopolysaccharides increase optical absorbance and clot Limulus lysate. Purification of dithiothreitol from possible endotoxin contamination by vacuum sublimation or chromatography does not abolish the reaction with lysate. The dithiols reported active here represent the smallest molecules capable of simulating endotoxin in the Limulus test.", "contents": "Dithiols simulate endotoxin in the Limulus reaction. Dithiothreitol, dithioerythritol and bacterial lipopolysaccharides increase optical absorbance and clot Limulus lysate. Purification of dithiothreitol from possible endotoxin contamination by vacuum sublimation or chromatography does not abolish the reaction with lysate. The dithiols reported active here represent the smallest molecules capable of simulating endotoxin in the Limulus test."}
{"id": "PMID:363447", "title": "Superiority of human complement for assaying bacterial lipopolysaccharides by their anticomplementary activity.", "content": "In assaying bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for anticomplementary activity, human complement (C) allowed detection of approximately 200 times smaller amounts of LPS than guinea-pigs C. Pig C was slightly inferior to human.", "contents": "Superiority of human complement for assaying bacterial lipopolysaccharides by their anticomplementary activity. In assaying bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for anticomplementary activity, human complement (C) allowed detection of approximately 200 times smaller amounts of LPS than guinea-pigs C. Pig C was slightly inferior to human."}
{"id": "PMID:363460", "title": "Effect of injectable contraceptives Depo-Provera and norethisterone oenanthate on pituitary gonadotropin response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.", "content": "The pituitary response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was tested in women before and approximately 2, 8, and 12 weeks after the injection of either Depo-Provera or norethisterone oenanthate. The secretion of both luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in response to LHRH was similar in the two groups of women, and the pituitary was capable of responding to LHRH at all times studied after injection of the gestagens. There was no statistically significant difference between the response obtained prior to injection and that at any of the other time periods studied after injection.", "contents": "Effect of injectable contraceptives Depo-Provera and norethisterone oenanthate on pituitary gonadotropin response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. The pituitary response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was tested in women before and approximately 2, 8, and 12 weeks after the injection of either Depo-Provera or norethisterone oenanthate. The secretion of both luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in response to LHRH was similar in the two groups of women, and the pituitary was capable of responding to LHRH at all times studied after injection of the gestagens. There was no statistically significant difference between the response obtained prior to injection and that at any of the other time periods studied after injection."}
{"id": "PMID:363461", "title": "Effect of postovulatory treatment with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog on the plasma level of progesterone in women.", "content": "(des-Gly-NH2(10),Pro-ethylamide9) luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) (100 microgram) was administered subcutaneously once daily for 5 days during the postovulatory period in six women with regular menstrual cycles. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone were measured daily by radioimmunoassay from the ovulatory stage to menses. Suppression of plasma progesterone occurred during the treated luteal phase as compared with that of the control luteal phase. This finding suggests that repetitive, massive, endogenous luteinizing hormone or massive, exogenous, LH-RH itself during the early luteal phase of the cycle may induce functional luteolysis.", "contents": "Effect of postovulatory treatment with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog on the plasma level of progesterone in women. (des-Gly-NH2(10),Pro-ethylamide9) luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) (100 microgram) was administered subcutaneously once daily for 5 days during the postovulatory period in six women with regular menstrual cycles. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone were measured daily by radioimmunoassay from the ovulatory stage to menses. Suppression of plasma progesterone occurred during the treated luteal phase as compared with that of the control luteal phase. This finding suggests that repetitive, massive, endogenous luteinizing hormone or massive, exogenous, LH-RH itself during the early luteal phase of the cycle may induce functional luteolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:363462", "title": "Unusual anti-reproductive properties of the analog [d-Leu6,des-Gly-NH2(10)]-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ethylamide in male rats.", "content": "Nanogram quantities of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist, [D-Leu6,des-Gly-NH2(10)]-LHRH ethylamide, were injected into immature male rats twice daily for 40 days. Treatment with the analog significantly increased serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels, but suppressed accessory sex organ weights. Plasma and testicular concentrations of testosterone were also significantly decreased. The agonist did not alter body, pituitary, or testis weights. Spermatogenesis and the morphology or density of the Leydig cells also appeared not to be affected. A possible direct effect of the analog on the testes is discussed.", "contents": "Unusual anti-reproductive properties of the analog [d-Leu6,des-Gly-NH2(10)]-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ethylamide in male rats. Nanogram quantities of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist, [D-Leu6,des-Gly-NH2(10)]-LHRH ethylamide, were injected into immature male rats twice daily for 40 days. Treatment with the analog significantly increased serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels, but suppressed accessory sex organ weights. Plasma and testicular concentrations of testosterone were also significantly decreased. The agonist did not alter body, pituitary, or testis weights. Spermatogenesis and the morphology or density of the Leydig cells also appeared not to be affected. A possible direct effect of the analog on the testes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363474", "title": "[Immunological characterization of malignant epidermotropic lymphoma cells in cutaneous infiltrates (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunological characterization of cells in the malignant epidermotropic lymphomas requires techniques which define the lymphocytic nature of the cells, and for the lymphocytes techniques which demonstrate subpopulations of T or B cells. The results obtained using such methods in patients with cutaneous lymphomas are reported. The predominantly thymodependent nature of the cells of epidermotropic lymphomas is confirmed and the existence of a thymodependent non-epidermotropic cutaneous lymphoma is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Immunological characterization of malignant epidermotropic lymphoma cells in cutaneous infiltrates (author's transl)]. Immunological characterization of cells in the malignant epidermotropic lymphomas requires techniques which define the lymphocytic nature of the cells, and for the lymphocytes techniques which demonstrate subpopulations of T or B cells. The results obtained using such methods in patients with cutaneous lymphomas are reported. The predominantly thymodependent nature of the cells of epidermotropic lymphomas is confirmed and the existence of a thymodependent non-epidermotropic cutaneous lymphoma is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:363477", "title": "[Systemic chemotherapy in mycosis fungoides (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical experience with chemotherapy in mycosis fungoides is practically limited to the action of different types of chemotherapeutic agents on the lesions in far-advanced cases. A large number of agents from almost all classes--alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, alkaloids, hormones--have some efficacy in clearing skin lesions. Despite this fact, combination chemotherapy has been the subject of a very small number of publications with conflicting results. The influence on survival, the comparative effects of combination versus single-agent chemotherapy, the value of chemotherapy combined to other treatment modalities have not been submitted to scientific evaluation. Considering the low frequency of the disease and the great variability of the clinical picture, it seems mandatory to implement large cooperative trials, possibly on an international scale.", "contents": "[Systemic chemotherapy in mycosis fungoides (author's transl)]. The clinical experience with chemotherapy in mycosis fungoides is practically limited to the action of different types of chemotherapeutic agents on the lesions in far-advanced cases. A large number of agents from almost all classes--alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, alkaloids, hormones--have some efficacy in clearing skin lesions. Despite this fact, combination chemotherapy has been the subject of a very small number of publications with conflicting results. The influence on survival, the comparative effects of combination versus single-agent chemotherapy, the value of chemotherapy combined to other treatment modalities have not been submitted to scientific evaluation. Considering the low frequency of the disease and the great variability of the clinical picture, it seems mandatory to implement large cooperative trials, possibly on an international scale."}
{"id": "PMID:363479", "title": "A comparison of the effects of single doses of mianserin and amitriptyline on psychomotor tests in normal volunteers.", "content": "Eight healthy volunteers received single doses of either mianserin 10 mg, mianserin 20 mg, amitriptyline 25 mg or placebo. Critical flicker frequency, reaction time, digit substitution and addition times were tested up to six hours afterwards. Mianserin 20 mg and amitriptyline 25 mg significantly prolonged reaction time and mianserin 10 mg and 20 mg significantly reduced critical flicker frequency. No other significant effects were found. Patients should be warned of possible sedation when first starting treatment with mianserin.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of single doses of mianserin and amitriptyline on psychomotor tests in normal volunteers. Eight healthy volunteers received single doses of either mianserin 10 mg, mianserin 20 mg, amitriptyline 25 mg or placebo. Critical flicker frequency, reaction time, digit substitution and addition times were tested up to six hours afterwards. Mianserin 20 mg and amitriptyline 25 mg significantly prolonged reaction time and mianserin 10 mg and 20 mg significantly reduced critical flicker frequency. No other significant effects were found. Patients should be warned of possible sedation when first starting treatment with mianserin."}
{"id": "PMID:363480", "title": "Pindolol: a potent beta-adrenergic blocking agent in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "Two groups of twenty-five hypertensive patients each were treated with a beta-adrenergic blocking agent (pindolol), either alone or in combination with classical anthihypertensives. In the group under monotherapy a significant lowering of the blood pressure was observed. The effect was, however, not so consistent as in the group under combined therapy. The trial shows the efficacy and safety of pindolol in the treatment of hypertension mainly if applied in combination with a diuretic.", "contents": "Pindolol: a potent beta-adrenergic blocking agent in the treatment of hypertension. Two groups of twenty-five hypertensive patients each were treated with a beta-adrenergic blocking agent (pindolol), either alone or in combination with classical anthihypertensives. In the group under monotherapy a significant lowering of the blood pressure was observed. The effect was, however, not so consistent as in the group under combined therapy. The trial shows the efficacy and safety of pindolol in the treatment of hypertension mainly if applied in combination with a diuretic."}
{"id": "PMID:363481", "title": "An overview of results of world-wide clinical trials with cefadroxil.", "content": "C\u00e9fadroxil, a new semisynthetic oral cephalosporin, is absorbed similarly by fasted and non-fasted subjects, produces sustained serum levels and is eliminated at a relatively slow rate. These pharmacokinetic properties permit less frequent and more convenient dosage scheduling than cephalexin and cephradine and consequently greater patient compliance. Cefadroxil was evaluated for safety in 1051 patients and for efficacy in 1030 patients. Overall it achieved a 91.8% rate of clinical success resulting from 881 complete cures and sixty-five clinical cures. Among 363 patients with respiratory tract infections and 471 patients with genito-urinary tract infections, cefadroxil treatment produced 97.5% and 84.5% clinical success, respectively. In the remaining infectious diseases treated, cefadroxil therapy resulted in 99.0% clinical success. Cefadroxil eradicated 87% of 1110 pathogens isolated, among which the most predominant pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, beta-haemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Drug-related side-effects were reported in 7.2% of the patients.", "contents": "An overview of results of world-wide clinical trials with cefadroxil. C\u00e9fadroxil, a new semisynthetic oral cephalosporin, is absorbed similarly by fasted and non-fasted subjects, produces sustained serum levels and is eliminated at a relatively slow rate. These pharmacokinetic properties permit less frequent and more convenient dosage scheduling than cephalexin and cephradine and consequently greater patient compliance. Cefadroxil was evaluated for safety in 1051 patients and for efficacy in 1030 patients. Overall it achieved a 91.8% rate of clinical success resulting from 881 complete cures and sixty-five clinical cures. Among 363 patients with respiratory tract infections and 471 patients with genito-urinary tract infections, cefadroxil treatment produced 97.5% and 84.5% clinical success, respectively. In the remaining infectious diseases treated, cefadroxil therapy resulted in 99.0% clinical success. Cefadroxil eradicated 87% of 1110 pathogens isolated, among which the most predominant pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, beta-haemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Drug-related side-effects were reported in 7.2% of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:363482", "title": "Butorphanol and promethazine as pre-anaesthetic medication.", "content": "An open evaluation of a combination of butorphanol (1 or 2 mg), promethazine (25 or 50 mg) and atropine (0.5 mg) in 109 adult consenting patients was carried out to determine their safety and efficacy for preanaesthetic medication. All patients were kept under direct surveillance from before intramuscular medication until they were in satisfactory condition post-operatively for discharge from the recovery room. The medications employed did not disturb the blood pressure, pulse rate or respiration rate in any of the patients. None complained of nausea or dizziness while only one was slightly excited. Sedation was rated as satisfactory in 97 per cent, and 90 per cent were free of apprehension. In addition, global evaluation of the premedication by the investigator was rated good to excellent in 99 per cent of the patients. On the basis of these observations, the combination of butorphanol with promethazine and atropine appears safe and useful for pre-anaesthetic medication.", "contents": "Butorphanol and promethazine as pre-anaesthetic medication. An open evaluation of a combination of butorphanol (1 or 2 mg), promethazine (25 or 50 mg) and atropine (0.5 mg) in 109 adult consenting patients was carried out to determine their safety and efficacy for preanaesthetic medication. All patients were kept under direct surveillance from before intramuscular medication until they were in satisfactory condition post-operatively for discharge from the recovery room. The medications employed did not disturb the blood pressure, pulse rate or respiration rate in any of the patients. None complained of nausea or dizziness while only one was slightly excited. Sedation was rated as satisfactory in 97 per cent, and 90 per cent were free of apprehension. In addition, global evaluation of the premedication by the investigator was rated good to excellent in 99 per cent of the patients. On the basis of these observations, the combination of butorphanol with promethazine and atropine appears safe and useful for pre-anaesthetic medication."}
{"id": "PMID:363483", "title": "Gentamicin in the treatment of Salmonella infections.", "content": "Changes in the ecology of Salmonella organisms impose the use of highly specific chemotherapeutic agents both in animals and in attempts ot combat salmonella typhi in man. An examination of inhibition achieved by the use of a number of antibiotics against strains isolated from 52 hospitalized patients in our clinic, over the past three years, has shown the majority of strains to be sensitive to gentamicin (78%), followed by nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol (44%) and other chemotherapeutic agents, including the combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim (28%) and ampicillin (11%).", "contents": "Gentamicin in the treatment of Salmonella infections. Changes in the ecology of Salmonella organisms impose the use of highly specific chemotherapeutic agents both in animals and in attempts ot combat salmonella typhi in man. An examination of inhibition achieved by the use of a number of antibiotics against strains isolated from 52 hospitalized patients in our clinic, over the past three years, has shown the majority of strains to be sensitive to gentamicin (78%), followed by nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol (44%) and other chemotherapeutic agents, including the combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim (28%) and ampicillin (11%)."}
{"id": "PMID:363484", "title": "Double acting betamethasone (Celestone Chronodose) in the treatment of supraspinatus tendinitis: a comparison of subacromial and gluteal single injections with placebo.", "content": "The author reports the results of a placebo controlled trial of Celestone Chronodose in the treatment of supraspinatus tendinitis involving a total of 180 patients. The results after local injection and deep gluteal injection are also compared.", "contents": "Double acting betamethasone (Celestone Chronodose) in the treatment of supraspinatus tendinitis: a comparison of subacromial and gluteal single injections with placebo. The author reports the results of a placebo controlled trial of Celestone Chronodose in the treatment of supraspinatus tendinitis involving a total of 180 patients. The results after local injection and deep gluteal injection are also compared."}
{"id": "PMID:363486", "title": "Preventive treatment of migraine headache with a new isoergolenyl derivative.", "content": "In the present double-blind clinical trial an isoergolenyl derivative with periphal antiserotonin, central dopaminergic activity and alpha-increasing effect on the human EEG, lisuride hydrogen maleate, was tested against placebo in a six-month trial involving 240 patients. Lisuride in long-term administration significantly reduces the frequency of migraine attacks in comparison to placebo. Its advantages are good tolerance and minimal side-effects. It is therefore concluded that lisuride is a suitable and effective drug for the prevention of migraine.", "contents": "Preventive treatment of migraine headache with a new isoergolenyl derivative. In the present double-blind clinical trial an isoergolenyl derivative with periphal antiserotonin, central dopaminergic activity and alpha-increasing effect on the human EEG, lisuride hydrogen maleate, was tested against placebo in a six-month trial involving 240 patients. Lisuride in long-term administration significantly reduces the frequency of migraine attacks in comparison to placebo. Its advantages are good tolerance and minimal side-effects. It is therefore concluded that lisuride is a suitable and effective drug for the prevention of migraine."}
{"id": "PMID:363488", "title": "Biosynthesis of gonadotropins by rat pituitary cells in culture and in pituitary homogenates: effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "The incorporation of labeled amino acids and glucosamine into LH and FSH by cultured rat anterior pituitary cells and anterior pituitary homogenates is reported. There was a significant augmentation in this incorporation by cells after 6 days of culture in the presence of GnRH. Tritiated LH and FSH were found in the cell extracts as well as in the media by the method of immunoprecipitation. An increase of approximately 7--13-fold in the release of LH and FSH into the cell incubation medium was observed in the presence of GnRH (3 ng/ml). The rate of incorporation of [3H]proline was higher than that of [3H]glucosamine into LH and FSH. At the same time a higher incorporation of labeled amino acids was observed in the case of FSH than with LH. Cycloheximide inhibited completely the incorporation of labeled proline but the inhibition was partial for the incorporation of labeled glucosamine. Freshly dispersed cells, short-time cultures maintained for 20 h and pituitary homogenates also incorporated labeled amino acids into LH and FSH, but GnRH had no effect on this incorporation. Pituitary homogenates also incorporated [3H]glucosamine into LH and FSH with an optimal incorporation after 30 min of incubation. Three different concentrations of GnRH had no effect on the incorporation of [3H]proline by homogenates. Cycloheximide and puromycin inhibited this incorporation completely.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of gonadotropins by rat pituitary cells in culture and in pituitary homogenates: effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. The incorporation of labeled amino acids and glucosamine into LH and FSH by cultured rat anterior pituitary cells and anterior pituitary homogenates is reported. There was a significant augmentation in this incorporation by cells after 6 days of culture in the presence of GnRH. Tritiated LH and FSH were found in the cell extracts as well as in the media by the method of immunoprecipitation. An increase of approximately 7--13-fold in the release of LH and FSH into the cell incubation medium was observed in the presence of GnRH (3 ng/ml). The rate of incorporation of [3H]proline was higher than that of [3H]glucosamine into LH and FSH. At the same time a higher incorporation of labeled amino acids was observed in the case of FSH than with LH. Cycloheximide inhibited completely the incorporation of labeled proline but the inhibition was partial for the incorporation of labeled glucosamine. Freshly dispersed cells, short-time cultures maintained for 20 h and pituitary homogenates also incorporated labeled amino acids into LH and FSH, but GnRH had no effect on this incorporation. Pituitary homogenates also incorporated [3H]glucosamine into LH and FSH with an optimal incorporation after 30 min of incubation. Three different concentrations of GnRH had no effect on the incorporation of [3H]proline by homogenates. Cycloheximide and puromycin inhibited this incorporation completely."}
{"id": "PMID:363490", "title": "Failre of suppress plasma glucagon concentrations by orally administered glucose in diabetic patients after treatment.", "content": "Plasma glucagon response to glucose in diabetic subjects was observed before and after treatment. In normal subjects, plasma glucagon concentrations decreased substantially after an oral glucose load. In all diabetic patients before treatment, plasma glucagon was not suppressed and rather tended to rise paradoxically despite pronounced hyperglycemia. In diabetics treated with sulfonylurea or insulin, basal plasma glucagon concentrations were significantly lower than those in patients who were not treated. However, plasma glucagon response to an oral glucose load was not normalized by successful treatment with sulfonylurea or insulin, in spite of improvement of glucose tolerance. These results suggest that the insensitivity of the A-cell to hyperglycemia exists after treatment, and this abnormal plasma glucagon response to glucose after treatment may be caused either by impaired response of endogenous insulin to glucose, which is sustained even after treatment, or by an intrinsic defect of the A-cell.", "contents": "Failre of suppress plasma glucagon concentrations by orally administered glucose in diabetic patients after treatment. Plasma glucagon response to glucose in diabetic subjects was observed before and after treatment. In normal subjects, plasma glucagon concentrations decreased substantially after an oral glucose load. In all diabetic patients before treatment, plasma glucagon was not suppressed and rather tended to rise paradoxically despite pronounced hyperglycemia. In diabetics treated with sulfonylurea or insulin, basal plasma glucagon concentrations were significantly lower than those in patients who were not treated. However, plasma glucagon response to an oral glucose load was not normalized by successful treatment with sulfonylurea or insulin, in spite of improvement of glucose tolerance. These results suggest that the insensitivity of the A-cell to hyperglycemia exists after treatment, and this abnormal plasma glucagon response to glucose after treatment may be caused either by impaired response of endogenous insulin to glucose, which is sustained even after treatment, or by an intrinsic defect of the A-cell."}
{"id": "PMID:363491", "title": "Functional alteration of islet cells after jejunal or ileal resection in dogs.", "content": "Functional alteration of the islet cells was investigated in dogs after the resection of different parts of the small intestine. Three weeks after jejunal or ileal resection, when the dogs might still have been in a catabolic state, insulin and pancreatic glucagon release in response to intravenously infused glucose and arginine was reduced. Three months after jejunal resection, both intravenous glucose tolerance and insulinogenic index in the intravenous glucose tolerance test were significantly below the preoperative values (P less than 0.001, P less than 0.05), while pancreatic glucagon release in response to arginine infusion release. This functional alteration three months after jejunal resection was similar to that seen in diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, three months after ileal resection, insulin and pancreatic glucagon release was almost normal. We conclude that the jejunum plays a more important role in the enteroinsular system than the ileum and that prolonged interruption of this enteroinsular axis can cause insular disorder and what could hypothetically be called enterogenic chemical diabetes, in view of the altered glucose tolerance test and the alteration in insulin secretory response.", "contents": "Functional alteration of islet cells after jejunal or ileal resection in dogs. Functional alteration of the islet cells was investigated in dogs after the resection of different parts of the small intestine. Three weeks after jejunal or ileal resection, when the dogs might still have been in a catabolic state, insulin and pancreatic glucagon release in response to intravenously infused glucose and arginine was reduced. Three months after jejunal resection, both intravenous glucose tolerance and insulinogenic index in the intravenous glucose tolerance test were significantly below the preoperative values (P less than 0.001, P less than 0.05), while pancreatic glucagon release in response to arginine infusion release. This functional alteration three months after jejunal resection was similar to that seen in diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, three months after ileal resection, insulin and pancreatic glucagon release was almost normal. We conclude that the jejunum plays a more important role in the enteroinsular system than the ileum and that prolonged interruption of this enteroinsular axis can cause insular disorder and what could hypothetically be called enterogenic chemical diabetes, in view of the altered glucose tolerance test and the alteration in insulin secretory response."}
{"id": "PMID:363492", "title": "Alloxan stimulation and inhibition of insulin release from isolated rat islets of Langerhans.", "content": "The rate of alloxan-induced insulin release was measured from rat islets maintained in a simple perifusion system. Insulin release during the five-minute exposure to alloxan reached its maximum rate after two to three minutes of the exposure and then rapidly declined. This insulin release was dependent upon extracellular calcium and was associated with an increased 45Ca uptake by isolated islets. Once exposed to alloxan, however, the islets did not release insulin when stimulated again with D-glucose or alloxan. These effects of alloxan on insulin release (stimulation and subsequent inhibition) and the increased 45Ca uptake were prevented by the presence of 3-0-methyl-D-glucose during the alloxan exposure. These findings indicate a close correlation between alloxan-induced insulin release and the subsequent inhibition of further insulin release. D-glucose, when present during the entire five-minute exposure to alloxan, protected competitively against alloxan inhibition of insulin release. In addition, D-glucose, when present immediately after brief (one to three minutes) alloxan exposures, reversed some of the subsequent inhibition of insulin release. These findings suggest that alloxan and D-glucose were competing for a common site on the beta-cell. The possibility of this site being a receptor responsible for the initiation of insulin release is discussed.", "contents": "Alloxan stimulation and inhibition of insulin release from isolated rat islets of Langerhans. The rate of alloxan-induced insulin release was measured from rat islets maintained in a simple perifusion system. Insulin release during the five-minute exposure to alloxan reached its maximum rate after two to three minutes of the exposure and then rapidly declined. This insulin release was dependent upon extracellular calcium and was associated with an increased 45Ca uptake by isolated islets. Once exposed to alloxan, however, the islets did not release insulin when stimulated again with D-glucose or alloxan. These effects of alloxan on insulin release (stimulation and subsequent inhibition) and the increased 45Ca uptake were prevented by the presence of 3-0-methyl-D-glucose during the alloxan exposure. These findings indicate a close correlation between alloxan-induced insulin release and the subsequent inhibition of further insulin release. D-glucose, when present during the entire five-minute exposure to alloxan, protected competitively against alloxan inhibition of insulin release. In addition, D-glucose, when present immediately after brief (one to three minutes) alloxan exposures, reversed some of the subsequent inhibition of insulin release. These findings suggest that alloxan and D-glucose were competing for a common site on the beta-cell. The possibility of this site being a receptor responsible for the initiation of insulin release is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363493", "title": "Obesity: do fat cells from genetically obese mice (C57BL/6J ob/ob) have an innate capacity for increased fat storage?", "content": "Fat tissue from the genetically obese mouse (C57BL/6J ob/ob) and its lean littermate (+/?) was transplanted into lean hosts(+/+). Chemical induced obesity in the host mice caused no greater increase in the size of 'obese' fat cells than it did in the size of 'lean' fat cells. 'Obese' fat cells, therefore, have no innate capacity for increased fat storage.", "contents": "Obesity: do fat cells from genetically obese mice (C57BL/6J ob/ob) have an innate capacity for increased fat storage? Fat tissue from the genetically obese mouse (C57BL/6J ob/ob) and its lean littermate (+/?) was transplanted into lean hosts(+/+). Chemical induced obesity in the host mice caused no greater increase in the size of 'obese' fat cells than it did in the size of 'lean' fat cells. 'Obese' fat cells, therefore, have no innate capacity for increased fat storage."}
{"id": "PMID:363501", "title": "[Regulation of RNA replication in RNA-containing bacteriphages. RNA synthesis in coat protein polar mutants].", "content": "The synthesis of RNA by polar coat protein mutants f2sus3 and Qbetaam12 under suppressor (Escherichia coli S26R1E, Su+-1; H12R8a Su+-3) and non-suppressor (E. coli AB259; S26) conditions was examined. It was demonstrated that the synthesis of viral RNA under non-suppressor conditions in the presence of rifamycin produced the same gaussian pattern of rates as the synthesis of RNA by wild type phage or non-polar coat protein mutants. However, the total amount of RNA was decreased approximately 10-fold and the peak of RNA synthesis was displaced 7--10 min later. The number of infective centers was reduced also 10-fold indicating that a certain time-lapse was required to overcome the polarity of the parental RNA, this process being of single occurrence, exclusively on the parental RNA, but not on the progeny strains. As a consequence, it was concluded that the initiation of translation at the replicase cistron starts on the nascent RNA chains within the replicative complexes and not on the fully-synthesized templates with their complete secondary structure. The data obtained are not in contradiction with the hypothesis concerning the role of the repressor complex II (replicase-RNA) to slow down the synthesis of replicase and RNA in the coat protein mutants. The polarity can not be responsible probably for the blocking of the replicase cistron on the nascent chain following the block of coat protein cistron. Therefore, it appears appropriate to assume the existence of two binding sites for the replicase as repressor which is in keeping with the conclusions of Weissmann and co-workers.", "contents": "[Regulation of RNA replication in RNA-containing bacteriphages. RNA synthesis in coat protein polar mutants]. The synthesis of RNA by polar coat protein mutants f2sus3 and Qbetaam12 under suppressor (Escherichia coli S26R1E, Su+-1; H12R8a Su+-3) and non-suppressor (E. coli AB259; S26) conditions was examined. It was demonstrated that the synthesis of viral RNA under non-suppressor conditions in the presence of rifamycin produced the same gaussian pattern of rates as the synthesis of RNA by wild type phage or non-polar coat protein mutants. However, the total amount of RNA was decreased approximately 10-fold and the peak of RNA synthesis was displaced 7--10 min later. The number of infective centers was reduced also 10-fold indicating that a certain time-lapse was required to overcome the polarity of the parental RNA, this process being of single occurrence, exclusively on the parental RNA, but not on the progeny strains. As a consequence, it was concluded that the initiation of translation at the replicase cistron starts on the nascent RNA chains within the replicative complexes and not on the fully-synthesized templates with their complete secondary structure. The data obtained are not in contradiction with the hypothesis concerning the role of the repressor complex II (replicase-RNA) to slow down the synthesis of replicase and RNA in the coat protein mutants. The polarity can not be responsible probably for the blocking of the replicase cistron on the nascent chain following the block of coat protein cistron. Therefore, it appears appropriate to assume the existence of two binding sites for the replicase as repressor which is in keeping with the conclusions of Weissmann and co-workers."}
{"id": "PMID:363502", "title": "[Effect of mutations in Escherichia coli genes PolAm RecA, RecB and RecC on the frequency of genetic recombination in amber-mutants involving the early genes of bacteriophage T4].", "content": "Effects of mutations in genes PolA, RecA, RecB and RecC of Escherichia coli on the recombination frequencies between rII markers of T4 have been studied in conditions of partial inhibition of some early functions. It was found that the presence of the mutations in genes PolA or RecA decreased significantly the recombination frequency of phage amber mutant in the gene 43 (DNA polymerase), increased it in the case of amber mutation in the gene 46 (exonuclease) and had no effect on the recombination of amber mutants in genes 30, 32, 33, 41, 42, 45, 44, 52. None of the amber mutants studied changed recombination frequencies in the presence of the mutations in genes RecB or RecC. Possible mechanisms of some of the effects observed are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of mutations in Escherichia coli genes PolAm RecA, RecB and RecC on the frequency of genetic recombination in amber-mutants involving the early genes of bacteriophage T4]. Effects of mutations in genes PolA, RecA, RecB and RecC of Escherichia coli on the recombination frequencies between rII markers of T4 have been studied in conditions of partial inhibition of some early functions. It was found that the presence of the mutations in genes PolA or RecA decreased significantly the recombination frequency of phage amber mutant in the gene 43 (DNA polymerase), increased it in the case of amber mutation in the gene 46 (exonuclease) and had no effect on the recombination of amber mutants in genes 30, 32, 33, 41, 42, 45, 44, 52. None of the amber mutants studied changed recombination frequencies in the presence of the mutations in genes RecB or RecC. Possible mechanisms of some of the effects observed are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363504", "title": "[Isolation and genetic study of Aspergillus nidulans mutants defective in pyrimidine biosynthesis].", "content": "8 uridine-requiring pyr mutants were isolated from Aspergillus nidulans under nitrosoguanidine treatment. All the mutants are capable to grow on the medium containing 20 mkg/ml of uridine or cytidine, or 100 mkg/ml of uracil, and they do not utilize thymidine, thymine, cytosine and deoxyuridine. Their ability to grow in the presence of orotic acid demonstrates that the pyrimidine synthesis in all the mutants is blocked at stages preceding the conversion of orotic acid into orotidine monophosphate. All the pyr mutants are of nuclear nature, they are recessive and represent three complementation groups located in the VIII chromosome. Unlike U. maydis mutant, the requirement in pyrimidines does not increase the sensitivity of A. nidulans pyr mutants to UV-irradiation.", "contents": "[Isolation and genetic study of Aspergillus nidulans mutants defective in pyrimidine biosynthesis]. 8 uridine-requiring pyr mutants were isolated from Aspergillus nidulans under nitrosoguanidine treatment. All the mutants are capable to grow on the medium containing 20 mkg/ml of uridine or cytidine, or 100 mkg/ml of uracil, and they do not utilize thymidine, thymine, cytosine and deoxyuridine. Their ability to grow in the presence of orotic acid demonstrates that the pyrimidine synthesis in all the mutants is blocked at stages preceding the conversion of orotic acid into orotidine monophosphate. All the pyr mutants are of nuclear nature, they are recessive and represent three complementation groups located in the VIII chromosome. Unlike U. maydis mutant, the requirement in pyrimidines does not increase the sensitivity of A. nidulans pyr mutants to UV-irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:363506", "title": "[Inactivating effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on yeasts with different ploidies].", "content": "Haploid and diploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sacch. ellipsoideus and Pichia pinus were studied. Differences in N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) sensitivity were detected both between haploids and diploids of the same species and between the corresponding strains of different species. Survival curves after MNNG treatment of all strains irrespectively of ploidy were exponential with \"a tail\". All the strains also exhibited the delayed appearance of clones from MNNG-treated cells. Three different forms of cell inactivation after MNNG treatment were detected similar to those observed after irradiation.", "contents": "[Inactivating effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on yeasts with different ploidies]. Haploid and diploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sacch. ellipsoideus and Pichia pinus were studied. Differences in N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) sensitivity were detected both between haploids and diploids of the same species and between the corresponding strains of different species. Survival curves after MNNG treatment of all strains irrespectively of ploidy were exponential with \"a tail\". All the strains also exhibited the delayed appearance of clones from MNNG-treated cells. Three different forms of cell inactivation after MNNG treatment were detected similar to those observed after irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:363507", "title": "[Mutagenic effect of the decay of 32p incorporated into mRNA].", "content": "The transcription of Escherichia coli lactose operon was induced and the conditions for 32P maximal incorporation into mRNA which is synthesized on this operon were made. The complex between mRNA and DNA has been fixed. The DNA complementary strand has been damaged with the 32P desintegration. The induction of mutants uncapable of lactose utilization has been observed. It is shown that the number of such mutants in the experiments with 32P and with the inducer is twice as much as in the cheek experiments with 32P only.", "contents": "[Mutagenic effect of the decay of 32p incorporated into mRNA]. The transcription of Escherichia coli lactose operon was induced and the conditions for 32P maximal incorporation into mRNA which is synthesized on this operon were made. The complex between mRNA and DNA has been fixed. The DNA complementary strand has been damaged with the 32P desintegration. The induction of mutants uncapable of lactose utilization has been observed. It is shown that the number of such mutants in the experiments with 32P and with the inducer is twice as much as in the cheek experiments with 32P only."}
{"id": "PMID:363508", "title": "[Genetic heteroduplex analysis of the R6K plasmid].", "content": "The results of genetic studies of R6K Tra1- and R6Kdelta[Sm1] mutants of R6K plasmid and those of heteroduplex analysis of DNAs have shown that DNA of this drug-resistant factor contains three loops flanked by the inverted repeats. The latter are designated as IR1, IR2 and IR3 and are of 50, 100 and 120 nucleotides in size respectively. IR1 is inserted into the loop flanked by IR2. Loops with these two repeats are located in major EcoR1 fragment, IR3 having been found in minor EcoRI fragment of the plasmid. The evidence obtained from the analysis of heteroduplex R6K/RSF2124 has shown that the loop with IR1 is corresponding to transposon Tn3. The extent of the deletion deltaSm1 indicates that IR2 may be a part of a transposon bearing the resistance to streptomycin. By comparing present data with those obtaine from the analysis of the RSF1040 factor of DNA replication initiation sites (Grosa et al., 1976), it has been suggested that the loop with IR3 represents a transposon with replicative functions (TnRep). The deletion of the mutant plasmid R6Kdelta[Sm1] (7.2 . 10(6) daltons in size) which affected one of the EcoRI sites not only confers the sensitivity to streptomycin but enhances also the efficiency of conjugational transfer and results in the loss of the R6K ability to bring about integrative suppression and to inhibit the fertility of the plasmids from IncP and IncN groups. The deletion mutant proved to have lost the property of incompatibility with the initial plasmid R6K and with itself.", "contents": "[Genetic heteroduplex analysis of the R6K plasmid]. The results of genetic studies of R6K Tra1- and R6Kdelta[Sm1] mutants of R6K plasmid and those of heteroduplex analysis of DNAs have shown that DNA of this drug-resistant factor contains three loops flanked by the inverted repeats. The latter are designated as IR1, IR2 and IR3 and are of 50, 100 and 120 nucleotides in size respectively. IR1 is inserted into the loop flanked by IR2. Loops with these two repeats are located in major EcoR1 fragment, IR3 having been found in minor EcoRI fragment of the plasmid. The evidence obtained from the analysis of heteroduplex R6K/RSF2124 has shown that the loop with IR1 is corresponding to transposon Tn3. The extent of the deletion deltaSm1 indicates that IR2 may be a part of a transposon bearing the resistance to streptomycin. By comparing present data with those obtaine from the analysis of the RSF1040 factor of DNA replication initiation sites (Grosa et al., 1976), it has been suggested that the loop with IR3 represents a transposon with replicative functions (TnRep). The deletion of the mutant plasmid R6Kdelta[Sm1] (7.2 . 10(6) daltons in size) which affected one of the EcoRI sites not only confers the sensitivity to streptomycin but enhances also the efficiency of conjugational transfer and results in the loss of the R6K ability to bring about integrative suppression and to inhibit the fertility of the plasmids from IncP and IncN groups. The deletion mutant proved to have lost the property of incompatibility with the initial plasmid R6K and with itself."}
{"id": "PMID:363509", "title": "[Effect of B polA1- exrA- and recA-gene mutations on the reparation of single-strand DNA breaks induced by N-nitrosomethylurea].", "content": "The effect of different doses of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) on a viability of bacterial cells with different defects in the systems of repair of UV-damages, and the MNU induction of single-strand DNA breaks (SS) were studied. The kinetics of both processes was investigated. There was a good correlation between the NMU sensitivity of bacterial cells and the number of SS in their DNAs. The most sensitive were the cells defective in DNA polymerase I. The optimal conditions for DNA repair in the strains under investigation were established. 90% of MNU-induced SS are repaired by DNA polymerase I and do not depend on protein synthesis. On the other hand, the exrA and recA dependent ways of SS repair depend on protein synthesis. The existence of an inducible recAexrA-dependent repair system of NMU-induced lesions in bacterial DNA is proposed.", "contents": "[Effect of B polA1- exrA- and recA-gene mutations on the reparation of single-strand DNA breaks induced by N-nitrosomethylurea]. The effect of different doses of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) on a viability of bacterial cells with different defects in the systems of repair of UV-damages, and the MNU induction of single-strand DNA breaks (SS) were studied. The kinetics of both processes was investigated. There was a good correlation between the NMU sensitivity of bacterial cells and the number of SS in their DNAs. The most sensitive were the cells defective in DNA polymerase I. The optimal conditions for DNA repair in the strains under investigation were established. 90% of MNU-induced SS are repaired by DNA polymerase I and do not depend on protein synthesis. On the other hand, the exrA and recA dependent ways of SS repair depend on protein synthesis. The existence of an inducible recAexrA-dependent repair system of NMU-induced lesions in bacterial DNA is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:363510", "title": "[Reparation after the action of 8-methoxypsoralen and light (lambda=365 nm) on radiosensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts].", "content": "The method of repeated irradiation allowed to study kinetics of excision of mono-adducts induced by 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus light (lambda=365 nm) in DNA of UV-sensitive mutants rad4 and rad15 and X-ray sensitive mutants rad54, xrs2, xrs4. The survival of the mutant rad4 was not practically increased after incubation in complete liquid medium for 3 hours at 28 degrees C before the repeated irradiation. These data suggest that the mutant rad4 is characterized by nearly complete absence of the mono-adduct excision. The survival of mutants rad15 and rad54 in the same environment was increased less effectively than the survival of the control radioresistant strain, but the mutants xrs2 and xrs4 did not differ from the control strain. Possible causes of differences in survival between radiosensitive strains are discussed. The increased sensitivity of the excision defective strain (rad4) and of the postreplicative recombination defective strains (xrs2, xrs4, rad54) to the lethal effect of 8-MOP plus light (lambda=365 nm) suggests that two systems of reparation take part in the removal of photoproducts induced by 8-MOP in DNA of yeast cells.", "contents": "[Reparation after the action of 8-methoxypsoralen and light (lambda=365 nm) on radiosensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts]. The method of repeated irradiation allowed to study kinetics of excision of mono-adducts induced by 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus light (lambda=365 nm) in DNA of UV-sensitive mutants rad4 and rad15 and X-ray sensitive mutants rad54, xrs2, xrs4. The survival of the mutant rad4 was not practically increased after incubation in complete liquid medium for 3 hours at 28 degrees C before the repeated irradiation. These data suggest that the mutant rad4 is characterized by nearly complete absence of the mono-adduct excision. The survival of mutants rad15 and rad54 in the same environment was increased less effectively than the survival of the control radioresistant strain, but the mutants xrs2 and xrs4 did not differ from the control strain. Possible causes of differences in survival between radiosensitive strains are discussed. The increased sensitivity of the excision defective strain (rad4) and of the postreplicative recombination defective strains (xrs2, xrs4, rad54) to the lethal effect of 8-MOP plus light (lambda=365 nm) suggests that two systems of reparation take part in the removal of photoproducts induced by 8-MOP in DNA of yeast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:363511", "title": "[Transmission of F'lac plasmid from Escherichia coli K-12 to bacteria of the genus Erwinia].", "content": "The F'lac plasmid was transferred by conjugation from Escherichia coli K-12 W1655 to 21 lac- strains of Erwinia spp. (5.2 . 10(-6) to 6.8 . 10(-2) lac+ exconjugants per donor cell). Erw. herbicola and Erw. chrysanthemi were the better recipients than others. The degree of the stability of lac+ genes in Erwinia exconjugants depends on the strains. Stable exconjugants of Erwinia, which harbored F'lac plasmid, were able to utilize lactose, to transfer lac genes by conjugation to Erwinia spp. and E. coli, and were sensitive to the F-specific phages f1, f2, Qbeta. The F'lac plasmid was eliminated from the exconjugants by the treatment with acridine orange, which indicates that this genetic element is not integrated into the Erwinia chromosome.", "contents": "[Transmission of F'lac plasmid from Escherichia coli K-12 to bacteria of the genus Erwinia]. The F'lac plasmid was transferred by conjugation from Escherichia coli K-12 W1655 to 21 lac- strains of Erwinia spp. (5.2 . 10(-6) to 6.8 . 10(-2) lac+ exconjugants per donor cell). Erw. herbicola and Erw. chrysanthemi were the better recipients than others. The degree of the stability of lac+ genes in Erwinia exconjugants depends on the strains. Stable exconjugants of Erwinia, which harbored F'lac plasmid, were able to utilize lactose, to transfer lac genes by conjugation to Erwinia spp. and E. coli, and were sensitive to the F-specific phages f1, f2, Qbeta. The F'lac plasmid was eliminated from the exconjugants by the treatment with acridine orange, which indicates that this genetic element is not integrated into the Erwinia chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:363512", "title": "[Adsorptive capacity of bacteriophage Mu on Escherichia coli K-12 strains with deletions in the attlambda region].", "content": "Escherichia coli strains with deletions in att lambda region were obtained. The comparison of the extent of deletions with the sensitivity of the corresponding mutant clones to phage Mu showed that the gene controlling the sensitivity of E. coli K-12 to the phage Mu is located in nad A-gal region of the bacterial chromosome. It is shown that the resistance of E. coli strains which had lost the region of bacterial chromosome between nad A gene and genes of gal-operon have adsorption character. Deletion of the nad A-gal region does not affect the adsorption of other phages (lambda, P1 and T4). Thus, the gene, located in this region, is responsible for the specific adsorption of the phage Mu.", "contents": "[Adsorptive capacity of bacteriophage Mu on Escherichia coli K-12 strains with deletions in the attlambda region]. Escherichia coli strains with deletions in att lambda region were obtained. The comparison of the extent of deletions with the sensitivity of the corresponding mutant clones to phage Mu showed that the gene controlling the sensitivity of E. coli K-12 to the phage Mu is located in nad A-gal region of the bacterial chromosome. It is shown that the resistance of E. coli strains which had lost the region of bacterial chromosome between nad A gene and genes of gal-operon have adsorption character. Deletion of the nad A-gal region does not affect the adsorption of other phages (lambda, P1 and T4). Thus, the gene, located in this region, is responsible for the specific adsorption of the phage Mu."}
{"id": "PMID:363514", "title": "[Cloning chloroplast DNA in escherichia coli. I. Construction and selection of recombinant plasmids containing fragments of pea chloroplast DNA].", "content": "Fragments produced by digestion of Pisum sativum chloroplast DNA with EcoRI were examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. These EcoRI-fragments were joined in vitro to Apr-ColE1 RSF2124 plasmid and cloned in Escherichia coli. Methods of molecular cloning of plasmid chimeras by success gradient centrifugation and repeated transformation and selection of recombinant plasmids using mytomicin C were used for cloning hybrid plasmids with various EcoRI fragments of pea chloroplast DNA has been obtained.", "contents": "[Cloning chloroplast DNA in escherichia coli. I. Construction and selection of recombinant plasmids containing fragments of pea chloroplast DNA]. Fragments produced by digestion of Pisum sativum chloroplast DNA with EcoRI were examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. These EcoRI-fragments were joined in vitro to Apr-ColE1 RSF2124 plasmid and cloned in Escherichia coli. Methods of molecular cloning of plasmid chimeras by success gradient centrifugation and repeated transformation and selection of recombinant plasmids using mytomicin C were used for cloning hybrid plasmids with various EcoRI fragments of pea chloroplast DNA has been obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:363515", "title": "[Effect of semipermissive conditions on recombination involving the early genes of bacteriophage T4 in amber-mutants. I. Effect of amber-mutation in gene 43].", "content": "Recombination frequencies between rII markers of bacteriophage T4 under conditions of partial inhibition of several early functions of the phage by amber mutations have been studied. Mutations in genes  33, 42 and 45 did not affect significantly recombination frequencies. Mutations in genes 32, 44 and 46 inhibited it. It has been found that effects of double mutations in pairs of genes: 43 and 30; 43 and 52; 43 and 33; 43 and 46; 43 and 32 were consistent with theoretically expected additive effects of corresponding single mutations. The presence of double mutations in pairs of genes: 43 and 41; 43 and 42, 43 and 44, 43 and 45 caused evident deviations from additivity. These deviations could reflect specific interactions of respective pairs of genes products under phage T4 recombination. Possible mechanisms of some of the effects observed are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of semipermissive conditions on recombination involving the early genes of bacteriophage T4 in amber-mutants. I. Effect of amber-mutation in gene 43]. Recombination frequencies between rII markers of bacteriophage T4 under conditions of partial inhibition of several early functions of the phage by amber mutations have been studied. Mutations in genes  33, 42 and 45 did not affect significantly recombination frequencies. Mutations in genes 32, 44 and 46 inhibited it. It has been found that effects of double mutations in pairs of genes: 43 and 30; 43 and 52; 43 and 33; 43 and 46; 43 and 32 were consistent with theoretically expected additive effects of corresponding single mutations. The presence of double mutations in pairs of genes: 43 and 41; 43 and 42, 43 and 44, 43 and 45 caused evident deviations from additivity. These deviations could reflect specific interactions of respective pairs of genes products under phage T4 recombination. Possible mechanisms of some of the effects observed are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363516", "title": "[Molecular cloning of the structural genes of the Escherichia coli deo-operon in plasmid RSF2124].", "content": "A specialized phage lambda ddeo carrying the deo operon of Escherichia coli is analyzed by exposing the DNA to the specific restriction endonucleases EcoRI and BamHI. Using the lambda ddeo DNA fragment, obtained by digestion with BamHI and plasmid RSF2124 as a vehicle, the hybrid plasmid pAM1 carrying all the genes of the deo operon is constructed and cloned in E. coli cells. It is shown that the activity of thymidine phosphorylase in the strain AM061, which contains hybrid plasmid pAM1 is 30-fold greater than that in strains of E. coli with chromosomal localization of the deo operon.", "contents": "[Molecular cloning of the structural genes of the Escherichia coli deo-operon in plasmid RSF2124]. A specialized phage lambda ddeo carrying the deo operon of Escherichia coli is analyzed by exposing the DNA to the specific restriction endonucleases EcoRI and BamHI. Using the lambda ddeo DNA fragment, obtained by digestion with BamHI and plasmid RSF2124 as a vehicle, the hybrid plasmid pAM1 carrying all the genes of the deo operon is constructed and cloned in E. coli cells. It is shown that the activity of thymidine phosphorylase in the strain AM061, which contains hybrid plasmid pAM1 is 30-fold greater than that in strains of E. coli with chromosomal localization of the deo operon."}
{"id": "PMID:363517", "title": "[Study of metabolic activation of chemical compounds by using microorganisms. I. Effect of inducers of microsomal systems].", "content": "The effect of psychotropic drugs phenobarbital, benzonal, hexamidine and steroid hormone hydrocortizon acetate on the process of metabolic activation of mutagenicity of nitrosomorpholine, cyclophosphamide and benzidine was examines using tester strains TA 1950 and TA 1538 of Salmonella typhimurium (by B. N. Ames). The listed above activators did not modify essentially the mutagenic effect of benzidine. The mutagenic action of nitrosomorpholine was increased by the presence of hydrocortizon acetate. Psychotropic drugs phenobarbital and its structural analogues increased the mutagenic effect of cyclophosphamide and nitrosomorpholine. Phenobarbital was the most potent as an inducer. Benzonal occupied the intermediate position according to the including activity of mutagens examined. Phenobarbital has shown to increase both the content of rat liver microsomal proteins and the specific activity of those. A possible role of microsomal enzymatic inducers as modifiers of the effects of environmental mutagens is discussed.", "contents": "[Study of metabolic activation of chemical compounds by using microorganisms. I. Effect of inducers of microsomal systems]. The effect of psychotropic drugs phenobarbital, benzonal, hexamidine and steroid hormone hydrocortizon acetate on the process of metabolic activation of mutagenicity of nitrosomorpholine, cyclophosphamide and benzidine was examines using tester strains TA 1950 and TA 1538 of Salmonella typhimurium (by B. N. Ames). The listed above activators did not modify essentially the mutagenic effect of benzidine. The mutagenic action of nitrosomorpholine was increased by the presence of hydrocortizon acetate. Psychotropic drugs phenobarbital and its structural analogues increased the mutagenic effect of cyclophosphamide and nitrosomorpholine. Phenobarbital was the most potent as an inducer. Benzonal occupied the intermediate position according to the including activity of mutagens examined. Phenobarbital has shown to increase both the content of rat liver microsomal proteins and the specific activity of those. A possible role of microsomal enzymatic inducers as modifiers of the effects of environmental mutagens is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363518", "title": "Insertion of the Tn3 transposon into the genome of the single-stranded DNA phage M13.", "content": "The transposable genetic element Tn3, which carries an ampicillin (Ap) resistance determinant, has been translocated from a ColE1-Apr plasmid, RSF2124, to the genome of the filamentous single-stranded DNA phage M13. The site orientation of the inserted element has been determined for one such phage, M13::Tn3-15. The insertion is within the intergenic space separating genes 2 and 4 and containing both the viral strand and complementary strand origins. The lengths of both the filamentous phage and the duplex replicative form (RF) DNA are 1.7--1.8 times those of M13 phage and replicative form DNA. Both plaque formation and transduction of sensitive cells to ampicillin resistance by M13::Tn3-15 are sensitive to purified antibodies to the M13 major coat protein.", "contents": "Insertion of the Tn3 transposon into the genome of the single-stranded DNA phage M13. The transposable genetic element Tn3, which carries an ampicillin (Ap) resistance determinant, has been translocated from a ColE1-Apr plasmid, RSF2124, to the genome of the filamentous single-stranded DNA phage M13. The site orientation of the inserted element has been determined for one such phage, M13::Tn3-15. The insertion is within the intergenic space separating genes 2 and 4 and containing both the viral strand and complementary strand origins. The lengths of both the filamentous phage and the duplex replicative form (RF) DNA are 1.7--1.8 times those of M13 phage and replicative form DNA. Both plaque formation and transduction of sensitive cells to ampicillin resistance by M13::Tn3-15 are sensitive to purified antibodies to the M13 major coat protein."}
{"id": "PMID:363519", "title": "Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. III. Derivatives of plasmid pBR322 carrying unique Eco RI sites for selection of Eco RI generated recombinant DNA molecules.", "content": "In vitro recombinant DNA techniques were used to construct two new cloning vehicles, pBR324 and pBR235. These vectors, derived from plasmid pBR322, are relaxed replicating elements. Plasmid pBR324 carries the genes from pBR322 coding for resistance to the antibiotics ampicillin (Apr) and tetracycline (Tcr) and the colicin E1 structural and immunity genes derived from plasmid pMBI. Plasmid pBR325 carries the Apr and Tcr genes from pBR322 and the cloramphenicol resistance gene (Cmr) from phage P1Cm. In these plasmids the unique EcoRI restriction site present in the DNA molecule is located either in the colicin E1 structural gene (pBR324) or in the Cmr gene (pBR325). These vectors were constructed in order to have a single EcoRI site located in the middle of a structural gene which when inactivated would allow, for the easy selection of plasmid recombinant DNA molecules. These plasmids permit the molecular cloning and easy selection of EcoRI, BamHI, HindIII, PstI, HincII, SalI, (XamI), Smal, (XmaI), BglII and DpnII restriction generated DNA molecules.", "contents": "Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. III. Derivatives of plasmid pBR322 carrying unique Eco RI sites for selection of Eco RI generated recombinant DNA molecules. In vitro recombinant DNA techniques were used to construct two new cloning vehicles, pBR324 and pBR235. These vectors, derived from plasmid pBR322, are relaxed replicating elements. Plasmid pBR324 carries the genes from pBR322 coding for resistance to the antibiotics ampicillin (Apr) and tetracycline (Tcr) and the colicin E1 structural and immunity genes derived from plasmid pMBI. Plasmid pBR325 carries the Apr and Tcr genes from pBR322 and the cloramphenicol resistance gene (Cmr) from phage P1Cm. In these plasmids the unique EcoRI restriction site present in the DNA molecule is located either in the colicin E1 structural gene (pBR324) or in the Cmr gene (pBR325). These vectors were constructed in order to have a single EcoRI site located in the middle of a structural gene which when inactivated would allow, for the easy selection of plasmid recombinant DNA molecules. These plasmids permit the molecular cloning and easy selection of EcoRI, BamHI, HindIII, PstI, HincII, SalI, (XamI), Smal, (XmaI), BglII and DpnII restriction generated DNA molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:363520", "title": "Cloning of an E. coli ribosomal RNA gene and its promoter region from lambdarifd18.", "content": "The DNA of the specialized transducing phage lambdarifd18, which carries a bacterial rRNA transcription unit, was digested with restriction enzymes EcoRI and/or BamHI. Attempts were made to clone fragments containing the presumed rRNA promoter region or the entire rRNA gene in RSF2124 or pBR313 plasmid vectors with the following results: (1) We failed to clone an EcoRI fragment with the rRNA promoter region in plasmid RSF2124. (2) A smaller EcoRI-BamHI fragment with the rRNA promoter was also unclonable by itself, but one recombinant was found containing this fragment together with another large (7 Mdaltons) fragment, derived from phage lambda. The presence of this large fragment proved to be essential. The identity of these DNA fragments in the recombinant clone was confirmed by redigestion with several restriction enzymes, hybridization with rRNA, and in vitro transcription experiments, which showed preferential rRNA transcription. (3) A BamHI fragment encompassing the entire rRNA gene was easily cloned. Such stable clones carried a doubled number of rRNA genes. In vitro transcription using the recombinant plasmid resulted in 70% rRNA transcription. These recombinant clones allow the easy purification of the relevant DNA fragments for further investigation including sequencing.", "contents": "Cloning of an E. coli ribosomal RNA gene and its promoter region from lambdarifd18. The DNA of the specialized transducing phage lambdarifd18, which carries a bacterial rRNA transcription unit, was digested with restriction enzymes EcoRI and/or BamHI. Attempts were made to clone fragments containing the presumed rRNA promoter region or the entire rRNA gene in RSF2124 or pBR313 plasmid vectors with the following results: (1) We failed to clone an EcoRI fragment with the rRNA promoter region in plasmid RSF2124. (2) A smaller EcoRI-BamHI fragment with the rRNA promoter was also unclonable by itself, but one recombinant was found containing this fragment together with another large (7 Mdaltons) fragment, derived from phage lambda. The presence of this large fragment proved to be essential. The identity of these DNA fragments in the recombinant clone was confirmed by redigestion with several restriction enzymes, hybridization with rRNA, and in vitro transcription experiments, which showed preferential rRNA transcription. (3) A BamHI fragment encompassing the entire rRNA gene was easily cloned. Such stable clones carried a doubled number of rRNA genes. In vitro transcription using the recombinant plasmid resulted in 70% rRNA transcription. These recombinant clones allow the easy purification of the relevant DNA fragments for further investigation including sequencing."}
{"id": "PMID:363521", "title": "The genes for 18S, 5.8S and 28S ribosomal RNA of Bombyx mori are organized into tandem repeats of uniform length.", "content": "The organization of the multiple genes for 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA in the genome of the silkworm, Bombyx mori was determined by restriction endonuclease digestion and Southern blot hybridization. The ribosomal genes (rDNA) are tandemly reiterated, with a uniform repeat length of 6.9 . 10(6) daltons. Each rDNA repeat has a single site for EcoRI, HindIII, HpaI and SmaI and each of these sites has been mapped with respect to the others and to the rRNA genes; each repeat consists of a transcribed region (6 . 10(6)daltons) containing the 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA genes (5' leads to 3') and also a small non-transcribed spacer (approximately 10(6) daltons). Complete rDNA repeats were cloned using the vector RSF2124 and grown in Escherichia coli. Characterization of the rDNA plasmids confirmed the conclusions from studies of the total rDNA. The organization of B. mori rDNA is similar to that of other eukaryotes, except for the absence of heterogeneity in the rDNA repeat length; thus, there is neither variation in the length of the non-transcribed spacer nor the presence of inserts in a detectable portion of the rDNA. The utility of this map, and particularly of the rDNA plasmids, for detailed studies of rRNA transcription and processing is discussed.", "contents": "The genes for 18S, 5.8S and 28S ribosomal RNA of Bombyx mori are organized into tandem repeats of uniform length. The organization of the multiple genes for 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA in the genome of the silkworm, Bombyx mori was determined by restriction endonuclease digestion and Southern blot hybridization. The ribosomal genes (rDNA) are tandemly reiterated, with a uniform repeat length of 6.9 . 10(6) daltons. Each rDNA repeat has a single site for EcoRI, HindIII, HpaI and SmaI and each of these sites has been mapped with respect to the others and to the rRNA genes; each repeat consists of a transcribed region (6 . 10(6)daltons) containing the 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA genes (5' leads to 3') and also a small non-transcribed spacer (approximately 10(6) daltons). Complete rDNA repeats were cloned using the vector RSF2124 and grown in Escherichia coli. Characterization of the rDNA plasmids confirmed the conclusions from studies of the total rDNA. The organization of B. mori rDNA is similar to that of other eukaryotes, except for the absence of heterogeneity in the rDNA repeat length; thus, there is neither variation in the length of the non-transcribed spacer nor the presence of inserts in a detectable portion of the rDNA. The utility of this map, and particularly of the rDNA plasmids, for detailed studies of rRNA transcription and processing is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363522", "title": "Conjugal transfer of cloning vectors derived from ColE1.", "content": "The transfer properties of five cloning vectors derived from ColE1 were studied. Two of the vectors (pSF2124 and pGM706) behaved like wild type ColE1 in that they could be transferred efficiently in the presence of the conjugative plasmid F. The mobilization of the remaining three vectors (pMB9, PBR313 and pBR322) by F was barely detectable. The transfer defect in pBR313 and pBR322 could be complemented by ColK when R64drd11, but not F, was used as the conjugative plasmid. The transferred plasmids could be recovered unchanged from recipients. Conjugal transfer is a potentially useful technique for screening hybrid plasmids in low-risk cloning experiments involving poorly transformable strains.", "contents": "Conjugal transfer of cloning vectors derived from ColE1. The transfer properties of five cloning vectors derived from ColE1 were studied. Two of the vectors (pSF2124 and pGM706) behaved like wild type ColE1 in that they could be transferred efficiently in the presence of the conjugative plasmid F. The mobilization of the remaining three vectors (pMB9, PBR313 and pBR322) by F was barely detectable. The transfer defect in pBR313 and pBR322 could be complemented by ColK when R64drd11, but not F, was used as the conjugative plasmid. The transferred plasmids could be recovered unchanged from recipients. Conjugal transfer is a potentially useful technique for screening hybrid plasmids in low-risk cloning experiments involving poorly transformable strains."}
{"id": "PMID:363523", "title": "Plasmids useable as gene-cloning vectors in an in vitro packaging by coliphage lambda: \"cosmids\".", "content": "A plasmid which contains a cos site of lambda and can be packaged into lambda bacteriophage particles is termed a \"cosmid\". Such plasmids can be used as gene cloning vectors in conjunction with an in vitro packaging system. The properties of a new series of cosmids based on the ColE1 replicon are described, including small temperature-sensitive plasmids which have lost mobilisation functions and carry no IS sequences. Amongst these plasmids are vectors for XmaI, BglII, BamHI, HindIII, PstI, KpnI, SalI and EcoRI. It is demonstrated that by using cosmids in particular size ranges these plasmids provide a high efficiency cloning system which yields essentially only hybrid clones without resort to a second selection or screening step, and without prior modification (e.g. phosphatase) treatment of the DNA. Attempts were made to optimise the cloning properties of the cosmid system. An Escherichia coli \"gene bank\" was obtained with an efficiency of 5 . 10(5) clones per microgram of E. coli DNA, and in which any particular unselected marker may be found in about one out of every 400 clones. It was demonstrated that deletion of mobilisation functions leads to loss of ability to form relaxation-complex without affecting copy number or segregation properties of the temperature-sensitive derivatives. The vectors are amplifiable in chloramphenicol to make up about 50% of the total cellular DNA.", "contents": "Plasmids useable as gene-cloning vectors in an in vitro packaging by coliphage lambda: \"cosmids\". A plasmid which contains a cos site of lambda and can be packaged into lambda bacteriophage particles is termed a \"cosmid\". Such plasmids can be used as gene cloning vectors in conjunction with an in vitro packaging system. The properties of a new series of cosmids based on the ColE1 replicon are described, including small temperature-sensitive plasmids which have lost mobilisation functions and carry no IS sequences. Amongst these plasmids are vectors for XmaI, BglII, BamHI, HindIII, PstI, KpnI, SalI and EcoRI. It is demonstrated that by using cosmids in particular size ranges these plasmids provide a high efficiency cloning system which yields essentially only hybrid clones without resort to a second selection or screening step, and without prior modification (e.g. phosphatase) treatment of the DNA. Attempts were made to optimise the cloning properties of the cosmid system. An Escherichia coli \"gene bank\" was obtained with an efficiency of 5 . 10(5) clones per microgram of E. coli DNA, and in which any particular unselected marker may be found in about one out of every 400 clones. It was demonstrated that deletion of mobilisation functions leads to loss of ability to form relaxation-complex without affecting copy number or segregation properties of the temperature-sensitive derivatives. The vectors are amplifiable in chloramphenicol to make up about 50% of the total cellular DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:363545", "title": "Restoration of the holotype of Proconsul nyanzae.", "content": "The crushed palate and lower face of the holotype of Proconsul nyanzae has been prepared using the acetic acid technique. The prepared and conserved fragments have been restored to their natural positions using a synthetic cement and polyethylene glycol wax (Carbowax 4000) to fill the gaps. Preparation revealed the inferior margin of the right orbit, the inferior border of the nasal bones, and a posterior divergence of the palate which has now been corrected. The restored face of P. nyanzae shows the orbits to have been wider apart than those of Proconsul major, both absolutely and relatively, and that it had a long narrow nose and palate. It differs from Proconsul africanus, which has the shortest and broadest face of all Proconsul species, and from P. major which has a much longer narrower face.", "contents": "Restoration of the holotype of Proconsul nyanzae. The crushed palate and lower face of the holotype of Proconsul nyanzae has been prepared using the acetic acid technique. The prepared and conserved fragments have been restored to their natural positions using a synthetic cement and polyethylene glycol wax (Carbowax 4000) to fill the gaps. Preparation revealed the inferior margin of the right orbit, the inferior border of the nasal bones, and a posterior divergence of the palate which has now been corrected. The restored face of P. nyanzae shows the orbits to have been wider apart than those of Proconsul major, both absolutely and relatively, and that it had a long narrow nose and palate. It differs from Proconsul africanus, which has the shortest and broadest face of all Proconsul species, and from P. major which has a much longer narrower face."}
{"id": "PMID:363575", "title": "[Osteoporosis].", "content": "To judge extent and degree of the activity of osteoporosis x-ray examination, histological and biochemical investigations are necessary. They form the basis for a differentiated physical and medical therapy, which, dependent on the cause of the osteoporosis-illness, may influence the advance of the disease.", "contents": "[Osteoporosis]. To judge extent and degree of the activity of osteoporosis x-ray examination, histological and biochemical investigations are necessary. They form the basis for a differentiated physical and medical therapy, which, dependent on the cause of the osteoporosis-illness, may influence the advance of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:363576", "title": "[Schizophrenia].", "content": "Schizophrenia is described. It is pointed out that schizophrenia can occur in many different clinical pictures with a variety of psychopathological symptoms. The etiology is unknown; most schools claim today a multifactorial genesis. This is important for the resulting concepts of therapy. Specific facts concerning these questions are reported in further articles following in this journal.", "contents": "[Schizophrenia]. Schizophrenia is described. It is pointed out that schizophrenia can occur in many different clinical pictures with a variety of psychopathological symptoms. The etiology is unknown; most schools claim today a multifactorial genesis. This is important for the resulting concepts of therapy. Specific facts concerning these questions are reported in further articles following in this journal."}
{"id": "PMID:363583", "title": "[Tracheal compression by the innominate artery. Angiographic investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "Angiocardiograms in 11 infants without anatomical abnormalities of the heart and the great arteries were compared with angiocardiograms in 17 patients with tracheal compression caused by the innominate artery. The direction of the left ventricular outlet, the course of the aortic arch, the innominate artery and the right common carotid artery were studied with regard to the position of the trachea and the vertebral bodies. Course and origin of the innominate artery depends on the direction of the left ventricular outflow. The influence of haemodynamic factors in the formation of the aortic arch system is discussed. The innominate artery, which is arched in early infancy, straightens due to the descending heart and the growth of the infant. Its topographic relation to the trachea changes with age. In view of these developmental changes it is unlikely, that an aberrant origin of the innominate artery accounts for the tracheal compression.", "contents": "[Tracheal compression by the innominate artery. Angiographic investigations (author's transl)]. Angiocardiograms in 11 infants without anatomical abnormalities of the heart and the great arteries were compared with angiocardiograms in 17 patients with tracheal compression caused by the innominate artery. The direction of the left ventricular outlet, the course of the aortic arch, the innominate artery and the right common carotid artery were studied with regard to the position of the trachea and the vertebral bodies. Course and origin of the innominate artery depends on the direction of the left ventricular outflow. The influence of haemodynamic factors in the formation of the aortic arch system is discussed. The innominate artery, which is arched in early infancy, straightens due to the descending heart and the growth of the infant. Its topographic relation to the trachea changes with age. In view of these developmental changes it is unlikely, that an aberrant origin of the innominate artery accounts for the tracheal compression."}
{"id": "PMID:363585", "title": "[Ventilatory support after open heart surgery: effects of PEEP and CPAP on gas exchange and lung function (author's transl)].", "content": "In 11 patients requiring coronary bypass surgery during extracorporeal circulation we measured pulmonary function and hemodynamic variables before surgery and during the postoperative period. None of the patients presented with pulmonary hypertension or cardiac failure. Cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation caused an important decrease in functional residual capacity (-60%) and in arterial oxygenation (-44%). In the immediate postoperative period, the addition of a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to mechanical ventilation produced an increase in functional residual capacity and in arterial oxygen tension, and a slight decrease in cardiac output. In contrast to the results obtained in children after cardiac surgery and in adults presenting with viral pneumonia or respiratory distress after polytrauma or surgery, continuous positive airway pressure during spontaneous breathing (CPAP) did not improve pulmonary gas exchange in our patients, despite the significant increase in functional residual capacity produced. This suggests that CPAP did not cause recruitement of atelectatic areas or that this effect was offset by a parallel overdistension of gas exchange units.", "contents": "[Ventilatory support after open heart surgery: effects of PEEP and CPAP on gas exchange and lung function (author's transl)]. In 11 patients requiring coronary bypass surgery during extracorporeal circulation we measured pulmonary function and hemodynamic variables before surgery and during the postoperative period. None of the patients presented with pulmonary hypertension or cardiac failure. Cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation caused an important decrease in functional residual capacity (-60%) and in arterial oxygenation (-44%). In the immediate postoperative period, the addition of a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to mechanical ventilation produced an increase in functional residual capacity and in arterial oxygen tension, and a slight decrease in cardiac output. In contrast to the results obtained in children after cardiac surgery and in adults presenting with viral pneumonia or respiratory distress after polytrauma or surgery, continuous positive airway pressure during spontaneous breathing (CPAP) did not improve pulmonary gas exchange in our patients, despite the significant increase in functional residual capacity produced. This suggests that CPAP did not cause recruitement of atelectatic areas or that this effect was offset by a parallel overdistension of gas exchange units."}
{"id": "PMID:363590", "title": "A fixation-decalcification procedure for bone biopsies.", "content": "A procedure for the simultaneous fixation and decalcification of bone biopsies is described. Mild acidic fixatives (such as Bouin's fluid) are effective decalcifying agents when made calcium-free by a continuous circulation through a column of anion-binding ion exchange resin. The procedure has been found relatively fast, safe, economic and to provide excellent histology of biopsies containing cancellous bone.", "contents": "A fixation-decalcification procedure for bone biopsies. A procedure for the simultaneous fixation and decalcification of bone biopsies is described. Mild acidic fixatives (such as Bouin's fluid) are effective decalcifying agents when made calcium-free by a continuous circulation through a column of anion-binding ion exchange resin. The procedure has been found relatively fast, safe, economic and to provide excellent histology of biopsies containing cancellous bone."}
{"id": "PMID:363591", "title": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis.", "content": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is an uncommon condition affecting one or more segments of the gastrointestinal tract, mainly the stomach and small bowell, the principal changes being a variable degree of both oedema and eosinophilic infiltration. Occurring at any age it is commonest in the third decade, is often associated with abdominal pain and peripheral blood eosinophilia, and responds to steroids: allergy or asthma occurs in some 25% of patients. The oedema and eosinophilia involve the submucosa generally but any layer of the gut may be affected. The aetiology is discussed: no allergic or other cause has been determined and it is probable that further knowledge of the role of the eosinophil may be necessary before the precise nature of the lesion can be understood. An association of eosinophilic gastroenteritis with malabsorptive or protein-losing enteropathies is noted.", "contents": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is an uncommon condition affecting one or more segments of the gastrointestinal tract, mainly the stomach and small bowell, the principal changes being a variable degree of both oedema and eosinophilic infiltration. Occurring at any age it is commonest in the third decade, is often associated with abdominal pain and peripheral blood eosinophilia, and responds to steroids: allergy or asthma occurs in some 25% of patients. The oedema and eosinophilia involve the submucosa generally but any layer of the gut may be affected. The aetiology is discussed: no allergic or other cause has been determined and it is probable that further knowledge of the role of the eosinophil may be necessary before the precise nature of the lesion can be understood. An association of eosinophilic gastroenteritis with malabsorptive or protein-losing enteropathies is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:363592", "title": "A collaborative day treatment program for chronic patients in adult homes.", "content": "Three agencies providing services for the Nassau County (N.Y.) Department of Mental Health initiated a pilot program to provide comprehensive day treatment services to chronic psychiatric patients living in adult homes in Long Beach, New York. After screening, the clients are assigned to the regular day program of one of the centers. Two buses transport the clients to and from the centers, and a paraprofessional is assigned to each bus to encourage group discussion and interaction. The sponsoring agencies found that the original expectations for rehabilitating the clients were unrealistic. However, while clinical symptomatology was not altered, many of the clients manifested improved social behavior as the result of training in social and daily-living skills, and rates of rehospitalization were substantially reduced.", "contents": "A collaborative day treatment program for chronic patients in adult homes. Three agencies providing services for the Nassau County (N.Y.) Department of Mental Health initiated a pilot program to provide comprehensive day treatment services to chronic psychiatric patients living in adult homes in Long Beach, New York. After screening, the clients are assigned to the regular day program of one of the centers. Two buses transport the clients to and from the centers, and a paraprofessional is assigned to each bus to encourage group discussion and interaction. The sponsoring agencies found that the original expectations for rehabilitating the clients were unrealistic. However, while clinical symptomatology was not altered, many of the clients manifested improved social behavior as the result of training in social and daily-living skills, and rates of rehospitalization were substantially reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:363596", "title": "The private initiative in PSRO.", "content": "Private Initiative in Professional Standards Review Organizations (PIPSRO), a privately funded project sponsored by four major health care associations, has developed principles to guide the formulation of the respective responsibilities of HEW and the private sector in regulating quality assurance. The management committee of PIPSRO studied alternatives to the federal government's approach to regulation and concluded from the results that the special function of PSROs in regulating quality assurance should be to ensure that a basic standard of care is maintained for all Medicare and Medicaid patients.", "contents": "The private initiative in PSRO. Private Initiative in Professional Standards Review Organizations (PIPSRO), a privately funded project sponsored by four major health care associations, has developed principles to guide the formulation of the respective responsibilities of HEW and the private sector in regulating quality assurance. The management committee of PIPSRO studied alternatives to the federal government's approach to regulation and concluded from the results that the special function of PSROs in regulating quality assurance should be to ensure that a basic standard of care is maintained for all Medicare and Medicaid patients."}
{"id": "PMID:363599", "title": "Purification of antigen-dependent macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) from lymph draining a tuberculin reaction.", "content": "An antigen-dependent factor showing migration inhibition (MIF) and gold uptake stimulation (GUS) activities which has been previously described (Lowe & Lachmann, 1974) has been further purified from efferent lymph collected from cannulated nodes of BCG-sensitized sheep undergoing a delayed hypersensitivity response to PPD. During purification, fractions containing MIF activity also exhibited GUS activity. Initial purification by salt precipitation showed that antigen-dependent MIF activity was in the 40-90% ammonium sulphate precipitate. Non-specific activity and contaminating immunoglobulin were found in the 0--20% and 20--40% precipitates. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and affinity chromatography on Concanvalin A-Sepharose have shown that antigen-dependent MIF is a glycoprotein of approximately 70,000 molecular weight (Lowe & Lachmann, 1974). Traces of contaminating antibody in the glycoprotein fraction were removed by immuno-adsorption on monospecific anti-sheep IgG-Sepharose. Antigen-dependent MIF was also purified by affinity chromatography on PPD-Sepharose. The eluted fractions with all the antigen-specific activity, contained less than 1% of the applied material. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the major protein component in the purified MIF preparation has a molecular weight and electrophoretic mobility identical with that of sheep albumin. Although this represents a high degree of purification of antigen-dependent MIF it seems that albumin is still present as a contaminant and that the protein associated with MIF activity is present in trace quantities.", "contents": "Purification of antigen-dependent macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) from lymph draining a tuberculin reaction. An antigen-dependent factor showing migration inhibition (MIF) and gold uptake stimulation (GUS) activities which has been previously described (Lowe & Lachmann, 1974) has been further purified from efferent lymph collected from cannulated nodes of BCG-sensitized sheep undergoing a delayed hypersensitivity response to PPD. During purification, fractions containing MIF activity also exhibited GUS activity. Initial purification by salt precipitation showed that antigen-dependent MIF activity was in the 40-90% ammonium sulphate precipitate. Non-specific activity and contaminating immunoglobulin were found in the 0--20% and 20--40% precipitates. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and affinity chromatography on Concanvalin A-Sepharose have shown that antigen-dependent MIF is a glycoprotein of approximately 70,000 molecular weight (Lowe & Lachmann, 1974). Traces of contaminating antibody in the glycoprotein fraction were removed by immuno-adsorption on monospecific anti-sheep IgG-Sepharose. Antigen-dependent MIF was also purified by affinity chromatography on PPD-Sepharose. The eluted fractions with all the antigen-specific activity, contained less than 1% of the applied material. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the major protein component in the purified MIF preparation has a molecular weight and electrophoretic mobility identical with that of sheep albumin. Although this represents a high degree of purification of antigen-dependent MIF it seems that albumin is still present as a contaminant and that the protein associated with MIF activity is present in trace quantities."}
{"id": "PMID:363600", "title": "The immunodepressive effect of Friend virus. IV. Effects on spleen B lymphocytes.", "content": "Splenic immune responses having varying dependence on accessory cell co-operation have been studied after infection of mice with Friend virus. Infection has no effect on cell proliferation or antibody production in cultures stimulated with E. coli lipopolysaccharide. The response in vivo to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide is depressed only moderately. The response to sheep red blood cells is depressed severely both in vivo and in vitro. Depression in vitro is greatly reduced by co-stimulation with E. coli lipopolysaccharide. Depletion of potential suppressor lymphocyte populations by irradiation or adult thymectomy does not ameliorate depression of responses to sheep red blood cells or pneumococcal polysaccharide. Responses after adult thymectomy plus irradiation are not affected by the virus. Although it is known that macrophage and helper T-lymphocyte co-operation are not themselves impaired by infection, these results suggest that there is a direct relationship between severity of immune depression and dependence on co-operation. Implications for the action of the virus are discussed.", "contents": "The immunodepressive effect of Friend virus. IV. Effects on spleen B lymphocytes. Splenic immune responses having varying dependence on accessory cell co-operation have been studied after infection of mice with Friend virus. Infection has no effect on cell proliferation or antibody production in cultures stimulated with E. coli lipopolysaccharide. The response in vivo to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide is depressed only moderately. The response to sheep red blood cells is depressed severely both in vivo and in vitro. Depression in vitro is greatly reduced by co-stimulation with E. coli lipopolysaccharide. Depletion of potential suppressor lymphocyte populations by irradiation or adult thymectomy does not ameliorate depression of responses to sheep red blood cells or pneumococcal polysaccharide. Responses after adult thymectomy plus irradiation are not affected by the virus. Although it is known that macrophage and helper T-lymphocyte co-operation are not themselves impaired by infection, these results suggest that there is a direct relationship between severity of immune depression and dependence on co-operation. Implications for the action of the virus are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363601", "title": "A new semiquantitative radiometric opsonin assay. Selective measurement of opsonizing capacity of the alternative pathway.", "content": "A new semiquantitative radiometric opsonin assay is described. It was found that the opsonin activity generated by incubating brewer's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in medium containing less than 5% human serum was exclusively complement dependent. In contrast, C. albicans was effectively opsonized in the absence of complement. Antibodies and the early classical complement pathway did not contribute to the opsonization of S. cerevisiae and neither did C5-9. The brewer's yeast assay can therefore be used for measuring selectively the opsonizing capacity of the alternative pathway. Sera from approximately 7% of apparently healthy adult controls consistently failed to generate significant opsonin activity while 8 out of 26 patients with suspected immune deficiency of unknown cause were defective in this assay. All opsonin deficient sera so far tested had haemolytically normal alternative pathway and Factor B activity.", "contents": "A new semiquantitative radiometric opsonin assay. Selective measurement of opsonizing capacity of the alternative pathway. A new semiquantitative radiometric opsonin assay is described. It was found that the opsonin activity generated by incubating brewer's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in medium containing less than 5% human serum was exclusively complement dependent. In contrast, C. albicans was effectively opsonized in the absence of complement. Antibodies and the early classical complement pathway did not contribute to the opsonization of S. cerevisiae and neither did C5-9. The brewer's yeast assay can therefore be used for measuring selectively the opsonizing capacity of the alternative pathway. Sera from approximately 7% of apparently healthy adult controls consistently failed to generate significant opsonin activity while 8 out of 26 patients with suspected immune deficiency of unknown cause were defective in this assay. All opsonin deficient sera so far tested had haemolytically normal alternative pathway and Factor B activity."}
{"id": "PMID:363602", "title": "The structural requirements for immunoglobulin aggregates to localize in germinal centres.", "content": "The capacity of non-heat-aggregated monoclonal human immunoglobulins of different classes, to localize in murine splenic germinal centres within 24 h of intravenous injection has been investigated. It has been shown that at least trimerization of polyclonal IgG must occur before any germinal centre trapping is manifest. Studies of complement fixation by these IgG preparations in vivo, together with studies of the germinal centre trapping of various monoclonal immunoglobulins, have indicated that the sole structural requirement for germinal centre localization of immunoglobulin aggregates is the ability to fix complement. Results suggest that immunoglobulin aggregates are transported to germinal centres via membrane C3 receptors of mobile cells, and then are released with loss of complement to become fixed to dendritic macrophages by a separate mechanism.", "contents": "The structural requirements for immunoglobulin aggregates to localize in germinal centres. The capacity of non-heat-aggregated monoclonal human immunoglobulins of different classes, to localize in murine splenic germinal centres within 24 h of intravenous injection has been investigated. It has been shown that at least trimerization of polyclonal IgG must occur before any germinal centre trapping is manifest. Studies of complement fixation by these IgG preparations in vivo, together with studies of the germinal centre trapping of various monoclonal immunoglobulins, have indicated that the sole structural requirement for germinal centre localization of immunoglobulin aggregates is the ability to fix complement. Results suggest that immunoglobulin aggregates are transported to germinal centres via membrane C3 receptors of mobile cells, and then are released with loss of complement to become fixed to dendritic macrophages by a separate mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:363603", "title": "Immunomodulation by Corynebacterium parvum. 1. Variable effects on anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody responses.", "content": "Corynebacterium parvum injected i.p. 1--16 days prior to i.p. antigen inoculation virtually abolished both IgM and IgG primary responses to 1 X 10(8) SRBC. The suppression was significantly marked at antigen doses ranging from 1 X 10(6)--1 X 10(9) SRBC but not at 5 X 10(9) SRBC. As little as 56 microgram C. parvum caused a marked suppression of the response to 1 X 10(8) SRBC. In secondary responses C. parvum given either one day before priming with 1 X 10(8) SRBC or one day before secondary challenge caused a dramatic suppression of both IgM and IgG PFC responses. In contrast with i.p. injected C. parvum, i.v. injection of the vaccine enhanced immune responses to i.p. or i.v. injected SRBC. Similarly C. parvum injected i.p. prior to i.v. immunization resulted in an augmented anti-SRBC response. An enhancement of anti-SRBC response was also noted when C. parvum was injected i.p. on the day of i.p. immunization. The suppressed responses in C. parvum injected animals could be explained partly by the reduced splenic localization of the antigen.", "contents": "Immunomodulation by Corynebacterium parvum. 1. Variable effects on anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody responses. Corynebacterium parvum injected i.p. 1--16 days prior to i.p. antigen inoculation virtually abolished both IgM and IgG primary responses to 1 X 10(8) SRBC. The suppression was significantly marked at antigen doses ranging from 1 X 10(6)--1 X 10(9) SRBC but not at 5 X 10(9) SRBC. As little as 56 microgram C. parvum caused a marked suppression of the response to 1 X 10(8) SRBC. In secondary responses C. parvum given either one day before priming with 1 X 10(8) SRBC or one day before secondary challenge caused a dramatic suppression of both IgM and IgG PFC responses. In contrast with i.p. injected C. parvum, i.v. injection of the vaccine enhanced immune responses to i.p. or i.v. injected SRBC. Similarly C. parvum injected i.p. prior to i.v. immunization resulted in an augmented anti-SRBC response. An enhancement of anti-SRBC response was also noted when C. parvum was injected i.p. on the day of i.p. immunization. The suppressed responses in C. parvum injected animals could be explained partly by the reduced splenic localization of the antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:363604", "title": "Activation of human B lymphocytes. VIII. Differential radiosensitivity of subpopulations of lymphoid cells involved in the polyclonally-induced PFC responses of peripheral blood B lymphocytes.", "content": "The differential effect of various doses of irradiation on subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphoid cells involved in the pokeweed mitogen (PWM) induced PFC response against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was studied. The plaque forming B cells were quite sensitive to low doses of irradiation with complete suppression of responses at 300 to 500 rad. On the contrary, helper T-cell function was resistant to 2000 rad. Co-culture of irradiated T cells with autologous or allogeneic B cells resulted in marked enhancement of PFC responses consistent with the suppression of naturally occurring suppressor cells with a resulting pure helper effect. Irradiated T-cell-depleted suspensions failed to produce this effect as did heat killed T cells, whereas mitomycin C treated T cells gave effects similar to irradiated T cells. These findings are consistent with a lack of requirement of cell division for a T-cell helper effect and a requirement of mitosis or another irradiation sensitive, mitomycin C sensitive process for a T-suppressor cell effect. These studies have potential relevance in the evaluation of subpopulations of human lymphoid cells involved in antibody production in normal individuals and in disease states.", "contents": "Activation of human B lymphocytes. VIII. Differential radiosensitivity of subpopulations of lymphoid cells involved in the polyclonally-induced PFC responses of peripheral blood B lymphocytes. The differential effect of various doses of irradiation on subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphoid cells involved in the pokeweed mitogen (PWM) induced PFC response against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was studied. The plaque forming B cells were quite sensitive to low doses of irradiation with complete suppression of responses at 300 to 500 rad. On the contrary, helper T-cell function was resistant to 2000 rad. Co-culture of irradiated T cells with autologous or allogeneic B cells resulted in marked enhancement of PFC responses consistent with the suppression of naturally occurring suppressor cells with a resulting pure helper effect. Irradiated T-cell-depleted suspensions failed to produce this effect as did heat killed T cells, whereas mitomycin C treated T cells gave effects similar to irradiated T cells. These findings are consistent with a lack of requirement of cell division for a T-cell helper effect and a requirement of mitosis or another irradiation sensitive, mitomycin C sensitive process for a T-suppressor cell effect. These studies have potential relevance in the evaluation of subpopulations of human lymphoid cells involved in antibody production in normal individuals and in disease states."}
{"id": "PMID:363605", "title": "'In vitro' study of a reaction between the complement system and cellular DNA.", "content": "A direct reaction between the complement system and DNA in nuclei was demonstrated in vitro by an indirect immunofluorescence technique using cryostat-cut sections of rat liver as a substrate. This reaction occurred at physiological conditions of pH and molarity and was abolished by pre-treatment of the tissue sections by DNase. It begins by the fixation of C1q and involves the fixation and probably the activation of apparently all the components of the classical pathway of the complement system. The pattern of fluorescence given by this reaction was similar to the pattern given by anti-DNA antibodies present in sera from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.", "contents": "'In vitro' study of a reaction between the complement system and cellular DNA. A direct reaction between the complement system and DNA in nuclei was demonstrated in vitro by an indirect immunofluorescence technique using cryostat-cut sections of rat liver as a substrate. This reaction occurred at physiological conditions of pH and molarity and was abolished by pre-treatment of the tissue sections by DNase. It begins by the fixation of C1q and involves the fixation and probably the activation of apparently all the components of the classical pathway of the complement system. The pattern of fluorescence given by this reaction was similar to the pattern given by anti-DNA antibodies present in sera from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients."}
{"id": "PMID:363606", "title": "The influence of enzymatic cleavage and chemical modification of human and rabbit IgG on their reactivity with staphylococcal protein A.", "content": "Proteolytic cleavage fragments from rabbit IgG have been isolated and characterized in an attempt to locate the sites involved in the reactivity with Staphylococcal protein A. The plasmin cleavage product Facb together with the pepsin cleavage products F(ab')2 and pFc' failed to react in contrast to the papain Fc fragment. These data, together with data from unfractionated plasmin digests, in which the Facb fragment remains associated with the plasmin pFc' fragment, indicate that inter-domain interactions are important in the maintenance of this activity. beta2-microglobulin was also shown to be unreactive with protein A. Chemical modification studies employing flurescamine, tetranitromethane and potassium cyanate indicate that lysine and tyrosine residues are not involved in the reactivity of human and rabbit IgG with protein A.", "contents": "The influence of enzymatic cleavage and chemical modification of human and rabbit IgG on their reactivity with staphylococcal protein A. Proteolytic cleavage fragments from rabbit IgG have been isolated and characterized in an attempt to locate the sites involved in the reactivity with Staphylococcal protein A. The plasmin cleavage product Facb together with the pepsin cleavage products F(ab')2 and pFc' failed to react in contrast to the papain Fc fragment. These data, together with data from unfractionated plasmin digests, in which the Facb fragment remains associated with the plasmin pFc' fragment, indicate that inter-domain interactions are important in the maintenance of this activity. beta2-microglobulin was also shown to be unreactive with protein A. Chemical modification studies employing flurescamine, tetranitromethane and potassium cyanate indicate that lysine and tyrosine residues are not involved in the reactivity of human and rabbit IgG with protein A."}
{"id": "PMID:363607", "title": "Immunological senescence. I. The role of suppressor cells.", "content": "The in vitro anti-SRBC response of several murine strains declined markedly with age in parallel with an increase in the activity of suppressor cells in the spleen and bone marrow which prevented early events during the induction of the immune response. These suppressor cells released soluble mediators and lacked the characteristics of mature T cells or macrophages. In addition the suppressor cell in the bone marrow could be removed on anti-Ig columns and fractions of old splenic suppressor cells sedimenting at 0.32 cm/h were greatly enriched in surface Ig bearing cells. Old immunodepressed mice did not lack potentially immunocompetent cells since the antibody response of old spleen cells could be restored by specifically activated T cells or lipopolysaccharide which act on B cells. These results suggest that a rise in the activity of non-T suppressor cells in the spleen and bone marrow may account, in part, for the depression in humoral immunity observed in aging mice.", "contents": "Immunological senescence. I. The role of suppressor cells. The in vitro anti-SRBC response of several murine strains declined markedly with age in parallel with an increase in the activity of suppressor cells in the spleen and bone marrow which prevented early events during the induction of the immune response. These suppressor cells released soluble mediators and lacked the characteristics of mature T cells or macrophages. In addition the suppressor cell in the bone marrow could be removed on anti-Ig columns and fractions of old splenic suppressor cells sedimenting at 0.32 cm/h were greatly enriched in surface Ig bearing cells. Old immunodepressed mice did not lack potentially immunocompetent cells since the antibody response of old spleen cells could be restored by specifically activated T cells or lipopolysaccharide which act on B cells. These results suggest that a rise in the activity of non-T suppressor cells in the spleen and bone marrow may account, in part, for the depression in humoral immunity observed in aging mice."}
{"id": "PMID:363619", "title": "[Problems in massive transfusion].", "content": "The concept of massive blood transfusion is defined not by the number of units of blood administered but rather by the relationship of the number of blood units transfused to the normal blood volume of the recipient and the rapidity of administration. The composition of stored blood can lead to different metabolic disturbances, specifically in cases of massive transfusion. The importance of hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia and citrate intoxication as well as disturbances in the acid-base balance and blood coagulation as seen in cases of massive transfusion are analysed and the necessary therapeutical consequences discussed.", "contents": "[Problems in massive transfusion]. The concept of massive blood transfusion is defined not by the number of units of blood administered but rather by the relationship of the number of blood units transfused to the normal blood volume of the recipient and the rapidity of administration. The composition of stored blood can lead to different metabolic disturbances, specifically in cases of massive transfusion. The importance of hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia and citrate intoxication as well as disturbances in the acid-base balance and blood coagulation as seen in cases of massive transfusion are analysed and the necessary therapeutical consequences discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363620", "title": "Pathology of injury: some problems and new horizons.", "content": "The pathology of trauma is a relatively neglected subject with promise of new horizons. The neglect is a matter of concern for academic and practical needs, including the basis of therapeutic progress. Many problems await solution and a few of these are discussed. Some of the recommendations made by the Working Party of the Royal College of Pathologist on the Pathology of Injury are summarized.", "contents": "Pathology of injury: some problems and new horizons. The pathology of trauma is a relatively neglected subject with promise of new horizons. The neglect is a matter of concern for academic and practical needs, including the basis of therapeutic progress. Many problems await solution and a few of these are discussed. Some of the recommendations made by the Working Party of the Royal College of Pathologist on the Pathology of Injury are summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:363627", "title": "Biofeedback application to drug addiction in the University of Colorado drug rehabilitation program.", "content": "Biofeedback was used as a means to relieve stress and anxiety for methadone patients. The hypothesis was that biofeedback could substitute for the use of drugs that were previously used to relieve stress and anxiety. Biofeedback was found to be an effective substitute for opiates and also a tool for insight into behavior. The addict learned to use his own abilities to improve his well-being and control over his life situations. The goal of maintaining a drug-free life with the help of biofeedback techniques was supported in this study.", "contents": "Biofeedback application to drug addiction in the University of Colorado drug rehabilitation program. Biofeedback was used as a means to relieve stress and anxiety for methadone patients. The hypothesis was that biofeedback could substitute for the use of drugs that were previously used to relieve stress and anxiety. Biofeedback was found to be an effective substitute for opiates and also a tool for insight into behavior. The addict learned to use his own abilities to improve his well-being and control over his life situations. The goal of maintaining a drug-free life with the help of biofeedback techniques was supported in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:363626", "title": "Mechanism of sensitivity of cultured pancreatic carcinoma to asparaginase.", "content": "The effects of E. coli L-asparaginase on cultured human pancreatic carcinoma (MIA PaCa-2) have been studied. The enzyme (1 U/ml) inhibited growth and protein synthesis in both MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1, another pancreatic carcinoma cell line, but had little or no effect on human breast carcinoma or melanoma cells. The inhibition of protein synthesis by E. coli L-asparaginase was largely reversed by L-glutamine but not by L-asparagine. The growth of both MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 showed absolute dependence on L-glutamine. These results indicate that the effect of E. coli L-asparaginase on cultured pancreatic carcinoma cells is exerted at least in part through its L-glutaminase activity. Although the addition of L-glutamine to the culture appeared to prevent cell death caused by L-asparaginase, it did not restore the ability of the cells to proliferate. Asparaginase derived from vibrio succinogenes, which is virtually free of L-glutaminase activity, was equally inhibitory to MIA PaCa-2 cell growth but did not affect protein synthesis. It is concluded that the inhibition of growth of cultured pancreatic carcinoma cells by E. coli asparaginase is a combined function of both its L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase activity.", "contents": "Mechanism of sensitivity of cultured pancreatic carcinoma to asparaginase. The effects of E. coli L-asparaginase on cultured human pancreatic carcinoma (MIA PaCa-2) have been studied. The enzyme (1 U/ml) inhibited growth and protein synthesis in both MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1, another pancreatic carcinoma cell line, but had little or no effect on human breast carcinoma or melanoma cells. The inhibition of protein synthesis by E. coli L-asparaginase was largely reversed by L-glutamine but not by L-asparagine. The growth of both MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 showed absolute dependence on L-glutamine. These results indicate that the effect of E. coli L-asparaginase on cultured pancreatic carcinoma cells is exerted at least in part through its L-glutaminase activity. Although the addition of L-glutamine to the culture appeared to prevent cell death caused by L-asparaginase, it did not restore the ability of the cells to proliferate. Asparaginase derived from vibrio succinogenes, which is virtually free of L-glutaminase activity, was equally inhibitory to MIA PaCa-2 cell growth but did not affect protein synthesis. It is concluded that the inhibition of growth of cultured pancreatic carcinoma cells by E. coli asparaginase is a combined function of both its L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:363628", "title": "Methadone detection in rat myenteric plexus: comparison with findings in the central nervous system by the immunofluorescence method.", "content": "Nonpregnant and pregnant rats were given methadone for varying time periods. Myenteric plexus was then examined for methadone by immunofluorescence and the results compared to similar studies of the central nervous system. Nonpregnant animals showed positive ganglion cells 2 weeks before methadone was detected in the brain. Additionally, maternal ganglion cells were more frequently positive than those of their offspring. These findings indicate fundamental differences in the response of peripheral and central neurons to methadone. Thus, studying the effects of opiates on isolated strips of bowel may be of little value in furthering understanding of the action of narcotics upon the brain.", "contents": "Methadone detection in rat myenteric plexus: comparison with findings in the central nervous system by the immunofluorescence method. Nonpregnant and pregnant rats were given methadone for varying time periods. Myenteric plexus was then examined for methadone by immunofluorescence and the results compared to similar studies of the central nervous system. Nonpregnant animals showed positive ganglion cells 2 weeks before methadone was detected in the brain. Additionally, maternal ganglion cells were more frequently positive than those of their offspring. These findings indicate fundamental differences in the response of peripheral and central neurons to methadone. Thus, studying the effects of opiates on isolated strips of bowel may be of little value in furthering understanding of the action of narcotics upon the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:363629", "title": "Treatment of obesity: comparison of physician and nonphysician therapists using placebo and anorectic drugs in a double-blind trial.", "content": "In a randomized double-blind trial, 60 obese patients were assigned in groups of 12 to five therapists. The patients for each therapist were then randomly assigned in groups of four to placebo or one of two preparations of mazindol. Ninety-three percent of the patients completed the nine weeks of treatment. Weight loss averaged 1.1 lb per week and there was no advantage to pharmacological agents over placebo. However, there were significant differences between therapists. Weight loss by the patients assigned to physicians was no better than for those assigned to nonphysician personnel, but there were significant differences between individual nonphysician personnel. These findings support the concept that nonphysician personnel may be effective in treating many obese patients. In addition, we could not find a significant effect of either form of mazindol when compared to placebo.", "contents": "Treatment of obesity: comparison of physician and nonphysician therapists using placebo and anorectic drugs in a double-blind trial. In a randomized double-blind trial, 60 obese patients were assigned in groups of 12 to five therapists. The patients for each therapist were then randomly assigned in groups of four to placebo or one of two preparations of mazindol. Ninety-three percent of the patients completed the nine weeks of treatment. Weight loss averaged 1.1 lb per week and there was no advantage to pharmacological agents over placebo. However, there were significant differences between therapists. Weight loss by the patients assigned to physicians was no better than for those assigned to nonphysician personnel, but there were significant differences between individual nonphysician personnel. These findings support the concept that nonphysician personnel may be effective in treating many obese patients. In addition, we could not find a significant effect of either form of mazindol when compared to placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:363631", "title": "A double-blind trial of mazindol using a very low calorie formula diet.", "content": "Thirty-eight obese patients, resistant to conventional diet therapy, agreed to consume a 1.09 MJ (260 kcal)/day semi-synthetic diet consisting of 25 g egg albumin, 40 g oligosaccharides, vitamins and minerals, and were seen weekly as outpatients for eight weeks. At the beginning, the semi-synthetic diet was given with either the anorectic drug, mazindol (2 mg/day) or a placebo for four weeks and then changed over for the remaining four weeks; the study being conducted on a double-blind basis. The final treatment was a 4.2 MJ (1000 KCAL) conventional diet for a further four weeks without drug or placebo. Twenty-five patients completed the first eight weeks and 21 patients the final four weeks of the trial. The total mean weight losses were as follows: week 4, 9.3 kg; week 8, 13.7 kg; week 12, 12.2 kg. There was no significant difference in weight loss between mazindol treatment and placebo but the former group reported feeling less hungry. The chief side-effects observed were dizziness, nausea, dry mouth, insomnia and depression which were more frequent with mazindol. Six patients had to stop mazindol because of side-effects, but were able to continue the diet alone. It is concluded that a semi-synthetic diet containing 1.09 MJ (260 kcal) daily can be successfully employed in the treatment of obese outpatients, and is a practical therapeutic alternative to admission to hospital. There is no clinical advantage to be gained by the additional use of the anorectic drug, mazindol.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of mazindol using a very low calorie formula diet. Thirty-eight obese patients, resistant to conventional diet therapy, agreed to consume a 1.09 MJ (260 kcal)/day semi-synthetic diet consisting of 25 g egg albumin, 40 g oligosaccharides, vitamins and minerals, and were seen weekly as outpatients for eight weeks. At the beginning, the semi-synthetic diet was given with either the anorectic drug, mazindol (2 mg/day) or a placebo for four weeks and then changed over for the remaining four weeks; the study being conducted on a double-blind basis. The final treatment was a 4.2 MJ (1000 KCAL) conventional diet for a further four weeks without drug or placebo. Twenty-five patients completed the first eight weeks and 21 patients the final four weeks of the trial. The total mean weight losses were as follows: week 4, 9.3 kg; week 8, 13.7 kg; week 12, 12.2 kg. There was no significant difference in weight loss between mazindol treatment and placebo but the former group reported feeling less hungry. The chief side-effects observed were dizziness, nausea, dry mouth, insomnia and depression which were more frequent with mazindol. Six patients had to stop mazindol because of side-effects, but were able to continue the diet alone. It is concluded that a semi-synthetic diet containing 1.09 MJ (260 kcal) daily can be successfully employed in the treatment of obese outpatients, and is a practical therapeutic alternative to admission to hospital. There is no clinical advantage to be gained by the additional use of the anorectic drug, mazindol."}
{"id": "PMID:363633", "title": "Extensive and equivalent repair in both radiation-resistant and radiation-sensitive E. coli determined by a DNA-unwinding technique.", "content": "The extent of strand breakage and repair in irradiated E. coli B/r and Bs-1 was studied using a DNA-unwinding technique in denaturing conditions of weak alkali. Although these two strains show widely different responses to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation, they both have an equal capacity to repair radiation-induced breaks in DNA. Oxygen enhancement ratios for the killing of B/r and Bs-1 were respectively 4 and 2; but after repair in non-nutrient or nutrient post-irradiation conditions, the oxygen enhancement values for the residual strand breaks were always the same for the two strains. The equal abilities of E. coli B/r and E. coli Bs-1 to remove the strand breaks measured by this weak-alkali technique leads us to suggest that some other type of damage to either DNA or another macromolecule may play a major role in determining whether or not the cells survive to proliferate.", "contents": "Extensive and equivalent repair in both radiation-resistant and radiation-sensitive E. coli determined by a DNA-unwinding technique. The extent of strand breakage and repair in irradiated E. coli B/r and Bs-1 was studied using a DNA-unwinding technique in denaturing conditions of weak alkali. Although these two strains show widely different responses to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation, they both have an equal capacity to repair radiation-induced breaks in DNA. Oxygen enhancement ratios for the killing of B/r and Bs-1 were respectively 4 and 2; but after repair in non-nutrient or nutrient post-irradiation conditions, the oxygen enhancement values for the residual strand breaks were always the same for the two strains. The equal abilities of E. coli B/r and E. coli Bs-1 to remove the strand breaks measured by this weak-alkali technique leads us to suggest that some other type of damage to either DNA or another macromolecule may play a major role in determining whether or not the cells survive to proliferate."}
{"id": "PMID:363634", "title": "Radioprotection in E. coli by an agent from M. radiodurans.", "content": "An agent extracted from the radioresistant bacterium M. radiodurans was found to protect several strains of E. coli from X-radiation. Optimal radioprotection was observed when the repair-proficient B/r strain was irradiated in the presence of the agent under hypoxic conditions. It is proposed that this agent acts to modify damage incurred in the presence of reduced oxygen concentrations so that this damage might be subsequently repaired.", "contents": "Radioprotection in E. coli by an agent from M. radiodurans. An agent extracted from the radioresistant bacterium M. radiodurans was found to protect several strains of E. coli from X-radiation. Optimal radioprotection was observed when the repair-proficient B/r strain was irradiated in the presence of the agent under hypoxic conditions. It is proposed that this agent acts to modify damage incurred in the presence of reduced oxygen concentrations so that this damage might be subsequently repaired."}
{"id": "PMID:363636", "title": "Transplantation of tissue-cultured corneal endothelium.", "content": "Cultured endothelial cells have been shown to regain their physiological function when replaced in the rabbit eye. Corneas were wiped free of native endothelium and seeded with cultured cells. After an incubation period, full-thickness buttons were cut from these corneas and transplanted into recipient animals. Clear grafts were obtained only when the donor cells were derived from cultures less than a month old. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed the endothelial cells of these grafts to be present as a slightly irregular monolayer on the posterior surface of the cornea. In corneas made edematous by benzalkonium chloride, the clear graft remained surrounded by thick and cloudy host tissue. In those grafts with 3H-thymidine--labeled cells, radioactivity was limited to the host tissue.", "contents": "Transplantation of tissue-cultured corneal endothelium. Cultured endothelial cells have been shown to regain their physiological function when replaced in the rabbit eye. Corneas were wiped free of native endothelium and seeded with cultured cells. After an incubation period, full-thickness buttons were cut from these corneas and transplanted into recipient animals. Clear grafts were obtained only when the donor cells were derived from cultures less than a month old. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed the endothelial cells of these grafts to be present as a slightly irregular monolayer on the posterior surface of the cornea. In corneas made edematous by benzalkonium chloride, the clear graft remained surrounded by thick and cloudy host tissue. In those grafts with 3H-thymidine--labeled cells, radioactivity was limited to the host tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:363642", "title": "Acebutolol in angina pectoris: objective assessment using graded treadmill testing.", "content": "The clinical effects of a new cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking drug, acebutolol hydrochloride (SECTRAL), were studied in 18 patients with angina pectoris, using graded treadmill testing according to a modified Bruce protocol. Measurements were made in the control state, after two weeks' treatment with placebo and after two more weeks of constant oral dose of the drug. Acebutolol produced a significant increase in the treadmill work performed before the onset of ischemic ECG changes and chest pain. The heart rate and blood pressure responses to exercise were depressed, so that the greater work load was achieved at a lower double product. Graded treadmill testing is a useful method for assessing the efficacy of treatment with a beta-blocking drug.", "contents": "Acebutolol in angina pectoris: objective assessment using graded treadmill testing. The clinical effects of a new cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking drug, acebutolol hydrochloride (SECTRAL), were studied in 18 patients with angina pectoris, using graded treadmill testing according to a modified Bruce protocol. Measurements were made in the control state, after two weeks' treatment with placebo and after two more weeks of constant oral dose of the drug. Acebutolol produced a significant increase in the treadmill work performed before the onset of ischemic ECG changes and chest pain. The heart rate and blood pressure responses to exercise were depressed, so that the greater work load was achieved at a lower double product. Graded treadmill testing is a useful method for assessing the efficacy of treatment with a beta-blocking drug."}
{"id": "PMID:363643", "title": "Continuous anastomotic technique in microsurgery.", "content": "Patency rates and histologic findings were evaluated in a pilot study in which continuous and interrupted anastomotic techniques were applied to blood vessels less than 1 mm in external diameter. The results of the continuous suture technique were encouraging and we feel that the advantages gained in time and ease of performance may recommend this technique to those who need to perform large numbers of microvascular anastomoses in animals.", "contents": "Continuous anastomotic technique in microsurgery. Patency rates and histologic findings were evaluated in a pilot study in which continuous and interrupted anastomotic techniques were applied to blood vessels less than 1 mm in external diameter. The results of the continuous suture technique were encouraging and we feel that the advantages gained in time and ease of performance may recommend this technique to those who need to perform large numbers of microvascular anastomoses in animals."}
{"id": "PMID:363650", "title": "[Possibilities of immunotherapy in malignant melanoma].", "content": "The immune response of malignant melanoma bases on evident humoral and cellular defence mechanisms of the host against his tumor. Of special interest is a defective immune response, developing in the course of the disease. Hence, any immunotherapy aims at an immunostimulation and immunoregulation. Local and systemic nonspecific immunotherapy try to raise an immune response against the tumor by stimulating unspecifically the whole immune system. On the contrary, specific immunotherapy tries to stimulate directly the defence mechanisms against the tumor by transfusion of antisera (passive immunotherapy) and sensitized cells (adoptive immunotherapy) and by immunizing the patient with tumor tissue (active immunotherapy). One of the best ways in therapy of melanoma seems to be the combination of immunotherapy with chemotherapy, as yet employed in BCG and DTIC treatment.", "contents": "[Possibilities of immunotherapy in malignant melanoma]. The immune response of malignant melanoma bases on evident humoral and cellular defence mechanisms of the host against his tumor. Of special interest is a defective immune response, developing in the course of the disease. Hence, any immunotherapy aims at an immunostimulation and immunoregulation. Local and systemic nonspecific immunotherapy try to raise an immune response against the tumor by stimulating unspecifically the whole immune system. On the contrary, specific immunotherapy tries to stimulate directly the defence mechanisms against the tumor by transfusion of antisera (passive immunotherapy) and sensitized cells (adoptive immunotherapy) and by immunizing the patient with tumor tissue (active immunotherapy). One of the best ways in therapy of melanoma seems to be the combination of immunotherapy with chemotherapy, as yet employed in BCG and DTIC treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:363651", "title": "[Closure of facial defects using full-skin transplants from the face].", "content": "Full thickness skin grafts from inner or outer areas of the face to cover defects in the face following tumor excision achieve functional and cosmetic results comparable to those methods using flaps. In contrast to this method grafting of full-thickness skin can be performed under local anesthesia on an out-patient basis with low risk and inconvenience for the patient. The graft excision should be performed like a face-lifting: remove cosmetically disturbing folds and avoid visible scars. Localization of possible donor sites, pre-operative planning, surgical management, special features and results acquired with this technique are described.", "contents": "[Closure of facial defects using full-skin transplants from the face]. Full thickness skin grafts from inner or outer areas of the face to cover defects in the face following tumor excision achieve functional and cosmetic results comparable to those methods using flaps. In contrast to this method grafting of full-thickness skin can be performed under local anesthesia on an out-patient basis with low risk and inconvenience for the patient. The graft excision should be performed like a face-lifting: remove cosmetically disturbing folds and avoid visible scars. Localization of possible donor sites, pre-operative planning, surgical management, special features and results acquired with this technique are described."}
{"id": "PMID:363660", "title": "[Preventive drug therapy of mycoses in surgery].", "content": "In surgery there exist several groups of patients with significant risk of deep-seated mycoses, e.g., those undergoing cardiac surgery, renal transplantation, intravenous alimentation or suffering from grave burn injury. \"Blind prophylaxis\" which would be applied indiscriminately to all patients of the respective groups cannot be recommended with the presently available systemic (parenteral or orally absorbed) antimycotic drugs for reasons such as toxicity or risk of resistance. Less objections exist against the oral, not absorbed polyene antibiotics; however, prophylaxis with these drugs only covers candidiasis affecting, or originating from, the digestive tract and lacks statistical proof of efficacy. As an alternative to \"blind prophylaxis\", selective prophylaxis\" is proposed which is consistent with close supervision of the patients and start of antimycotic treatment as soon as there are signs of a probable fungal infection. This is, more correctly, a sort of \"early therapy\".", "contents": "[Preventive drug therapy of mycoses in surgery]. In surgery there exist several groups of patients with significant risk of deep-seated mycoses, e.g., those undergoing cardiac surgery, renal transplantation, intravenous alimentation or suffering from grave burn injury. \"Blind prophylaxis\" which would be applied indiscriminately to all patients of the respective groups cannot be recommended with the presently available systemic (parenteral or orally absorbed) antimycotic drugs for reasons such as toxicity or risk of resistance. Less objections exist against the oral, not absorbed polyene antibiotics; however, prophylaxis with these drugs only covers candidiasis affecting, or originating from, the digestive tract and lacks statistical proof of efficacy. As an alternative to \"blind prophylaxis\", selective prophylaxis\" is proposed which is consistent with close supervision of the patients and start of antimycotic treatment as soon as there are signs of a probable fungal infection. This is, more correctly, a sort of \"early therapy\"."}
{"id": "PMID:363661", "title": "[Stability after obtaining cancellous bone from the greater trochanter].", "content": "To test the endangered stability after obtaining cancellous bone from the greater trochanter, the ultimate breaking force of 40 human femura was measured with a material testing machine (Instron 1115). 1. 10 Femura after removing bone from the greater trochanter as a routine clinical procedure showed a significantly reduced trochanteric stability (p less than 0.05), 4 subtrochanteric and 3 pertrochanteric fractures, compared to 10 intact opposite femura with vertical shear fractures of femural neck and head without damage to the trochanteric region. 2. The number of fractures crossing the window was reduced by half, p less than 0.05 when a round cortical window compared to when a square window of the same area was cut. As the reduced stability caused by the remove of cancellous bone can not be avoided, we can clearly reduce the danger of stress concentration in the notches by cutting a round corticalis window. Cancellous bone from the greater trochanter should only used, if it cannot be taken from the brim or posterior iliac spine of the pelvis.", "contents": "[Stability after obtaining cancellous bone from the greater trochanter]. To test the endangered stability after obtaining cancellous bone from the greater trochanter, the ultimate breaking force of 40 human femura was measured with a material testing machine (Instron 1115). 1. 10 Femura after removing bone from the greater trochanter as a routine clinical procedure showed a significantly reduced trochanteric stability (p less than 0.05), 4 subtrochanteric and 3 pertrochanteric fractures, compared to 10 intact opposite femura with vertical shear fractures of femural neck and head without damage to the trochanteric region. 2. The number of fractures crossing the window was reduced by half, p less than 0.05 when a round cortical window compared to when a square window of the same area was cut. As the reduced stability caused by the remove of cancellous bone can not be avoided, we can clearly reduce the danger of stress concentration in the notches by cutting a round corticalis window. Cancellous bone from the greater trochanter should only used, if it cannot be taken from the brim or posterior iliac spine of the pelvis."}
{"id": "PMID:363662", "title": "Cathodoluminescence applied to immunofluorenscence: present state and improved technical prospects by prism spectrometer light selection.", "content": "For studies on cathodoluminescence, we equipped a scanning electron microscope with a prism spectrometer and sensitive photomultiplier. The apparatus is described and our initial results are presented on the analyse of cathodoluminescence. The material observed promarily involved studies of immunofluorescent specimens. Humal lymphocytes were labelled with a fluorescent antibody and cryosections of rat kidney with Masugi nephritis were labelled with a fluorescent specific antibody. Our apparatus permitted monochromatic imaging of cathodoluminescence emissions and resulted in much improved micrographs. Some possible improvements of the technique are discussed.", "contents": "Cathodoluminescence applied to immunofluorenscence: present state and improved technical prospects by prism spectrometer light selection. For studies on cathodoluminescence, we equipped a scanning electron microscope with a prism spectrometer and sensitive photomultiplier. The apparatus is described and our initial results are presented on the analyse of cathodoluminescence. The material observed promarily involved studies of immunofluorescent specimens. Humal lymphocytes were labelled with a fluorescent antibody and cryosections of rat kidney with Masugi nephritis were labelled with a fluorescent specific antibody. Our apparatus permitted monochromatic imaging of cathodoluminescence emissions and resulted in much improved micrographs. Some possible improvements of the technique are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363663", "title": "[Azoindoxyl methods for the investigation of hydrolases. IV. Suitability of various diazonium salts (author's transl)].", "content": "Using fresh frozen, freeze-dried or cryostate sections from aldehyde fixed rat tissues 13 diazonium salts were tested as simultaneous coupling reagents for the localization of acid, neutral and alkaline hydrolases with azo indoxyl methods. Hexazotized new fuchsine and/or Fast blue B are the diazonium salts of choice for the demonstration of acid beta-galactosidase, neuraminidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, acid phosphatase, and non-specific esterase followed by hexazotized p-rosaniline. Fast blue VB, BB and RR and Fast violet B are recommended for the investigation of alkaline phosphatase and lactase, Fast garnet GBC for acid beta-galactosidase, glucosaminidase and lactase. Fast red B, RC, RL and TR and Fast black K can only be employed for lactase studies. The exact concentration of the coupling reagent depends on the activity of the enzyme and the organ imvestigated. On the average 0.01-0.02 ml unstable diazonium salt/ml and 0.3--1 microgram stable diazonium salt/ml are sufficient for the correct localization of these hydrolases. Freeze-dried cryostat sections yield the best results in the demonstration of lactase and alkaline phosphatase independent on the coupling reagent used. Sections from formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde fixed organs are superior for the localization of the other hydrolases; an exception is the investigation of acid beta-galactosidase and glucosaminidase with Fast garnet GBC. Then, excellent results are obtained also with freeze-dried material. Fresh frozen sections are suitable for the localization of lactase with hexazotized new fuchsine or p-rosaniline and of alkaline phosphatase with Fast blue VB and BB or violet B. The total activity of acid, neutral and alkaline hydrolases can be investigated using semipermeable membranes in combination with all unstable and stable diazonium salts of choice. Reliable osmification of the azoindoxyl dye is only possible if hexazotized p-rosaniline is employed for coupling; without further posttreatment all azoindoxyl dyes are extracted by ethanol, isopropanol or xylol. 7 incubation media are given for the demonstration of hydrolases with azoindoxyl methods at the level of light microscopy for routine studies and typical examples for the application of these methods are presented. A modified procedure is described for the freeze-drying of cryostat sections with the Edwards-Pearse tissue dryer EPD3.", "contents": "[Azoindoxyl methods for the investigation of hydrolases. IV. Suitability of various diazonium salts (author's transl)]. Using fresh frozen, freeze-dried or cryostate sections from aldehyde fixed rat tissues 13 diazonium salts were tested as simultaneous coupling reagents for the localization of acid, neutral and alkaline hydrolases with azo indoxyl methods. Hexazotized new fuchsine and/or Fast blue B are the diazonium salts of choice for the demonstration of acid beta-galactosidase, neuraminidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, acid phosphatase, and non-specific esterase followed by hexazotized p-rosaniline. Fast blue VB, BB and RR and Fast violet B are recommended for the investigation of alkaline phosphatase and lactase, Fast garnet GBC for acid beta-galactosidase, glucosaminidase and lactase. Fast red B, RC, RL and TR and Fast black K can only be employed for lactase studies. The exact concentration of the coupling reagent depends on the activity of the enzyme and the organ imvestigated. On the average 0.01-0.02 ml unstable diazonium salt/ml and 0.3--1 microgram stable diazonium salt/ml are sufficient for the correct localization of these hydrolases. Freeze-dried cryostat sections yield the best results in the demonstration of lactase and alkaline phosphatase independent on the coupling reagent used. Sections from formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde fixed organs are superior for the localization of the other hydrolases; an exception is the investigation of acid beta-galactosidase and glucosaminidase with Fast garnet GBC. Then, excellent results are obtained also with freeze-dried material. Fresh frozen sections are suitable for the localization of lactase with hexazotized new fuchsine or p-rosaniline and of alkaline phosphatase with Fast blue VB and BB or violet B. The total activity of acid, neutral and alkaline hydrolases can be investigated using semipermeable membranes in combination with all unstable and stable diazonium salts of choice. Reliable osmification of the azoindoxyl dye is only possible if hexazotized p-rosaniline is employed for coupling; without further posttreatment all azoindoxyl dyes are extracted by ethanol, isopropanol or xylol. 7 incubation media are given for the demonstration of hydrolases with azoindoxyl methods at the level of light microscopy for routine studies and typical examples for the application of these methods are presented. A modified procedure is described for the freeze-drying of cryostat sections with the Edwards-Pearse tissue dryer EPD3."}
{"id": "PMID:363665", "title": "[The question of the term \"presbyacusis\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Tone threshold, SISI-test, Langenbeck test, B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry, tympanometry, acoustico-facial reflex, speech audiometry and dichotic discrimination test were performed in a selected group of 252 patients. Statistical analysis demonstrated that those forms of hearing which are generally considered to be presbyacusis are sensory hearing impairments and not neural ones (as previously considered). These peripheral functional disorders, particularly those which occur in older individuals, derive from preceding injury as well as intercurrent or chronic diseases of the inner ear which may be coincidentally associated with age. The real aging process of the hearing system is presumed to occur predominantly in central pathways and their interconnections; this appears as a hearing disorder only if there is additionally present a peripheral hearing impairment which is not dependent on age. As this differs greatly among individuals, it would seem that the term \"prebyacusis\" should not be considered a hearing norm of aging.", "contents": "[The question of the term \"presbyacusis\" (author's transl)]. Tone threshold, SISI-test, Langenbeck test, B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry, tympanometry, acoustico-facial reflex, speech audiometry and dichotic discrimination test were performed in a selected group of 252 patients. Statistical analysis demonstrated that those forms of hearing which are generally considered to be presbyacusis are sensory hearing impairments and not neural ones (as previously considered). These peripheral functional disorders, particularly those which occur in older individuals, derive from preceding injury as well as intercurrent or chronic diseases of the inner ear which may be coincidentally associated with age. The real aging process of the hearing system is presumed to occur predominantly in central pathways and their interconnections; this appears as a hearing disorder only if there is additionally present a peripheral hearing impairment which is not dependent on age. As this differs greatly among individuals, it would seem that the term \"prebyacusis\" should not be considered a hearing norm of aging."}
{"id": "PMID:363666", "title": "[Circumscribed dermoplasty for persistent anterior nasal septal bleeding (author's transl)].", "content": "For more than ten years, circumscribed dermoplasty has been successfully used in the treatment of persistent bleeding from the anterior nasal septum. In patients treated, neither septal perforation nor crust formation have been observed.", "contents": "[Circumscribed dermoplasty for persistent anterior nasal septal bleeding (author's transl)]. For more than ten years, circumscribed dermoplasty has been successfully used in the treatment of persistent bleeding from the anterior nasal septum. In patients treated, neither septal perforation nor crust formation have been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:363670", "title": "A hydroxamic acid from Aspergillus nidulans with antibiotic activity against Proteus species.", "content": "An iron-complexing antibiotic with a narrow spectrum of biological activity was produced by several strains of Aspergillus nidulans when grown in a low-iron, chemically defined medium. Its chemical and biological properties closely resembled those of desferritriacetylfusigen, a metabolite of several other Aspergilli and Penicillia.", "contents": "A hydroxamic acid from Aspergillus nidulans with antibiotic activity against Proteus species. An iron-complexing antibiotic with a narrow spectrum of biological activity was produced by several strains of Aspergillus nidulans when grown in a low-iron, chemically defined medium. Its chemical and biological properties closely resembled those of desferritriacetylfusigen, a metabolite of several other Aspergilli and Penicillia."}
{"id": "PMID:363671", "title": "Streptothricin F, an inhibitor of protein synthesis with miscoding activity.", "content": "The effect of streptothricin F on macromolecular syntheses in intact cells and cell-free protein synthesis of E. coli was studied. The results indicate that protein synthesis is the primary site of inhibition by streptothricin F in growing E. coli cells. Cell-free polypeptide synthesis from E. coli directed by poly (U) was inhibited, while poly (A) and poly (C) directed polypeptide syntheses were both stimulated by the drug. Furthermore, streptothricin F caused misreading of translation of poly (U), poly (A) and poly (C) directed protein syntheses in E. coli systems. The extent of misreading by streptothricin F increases with increasing drug concentrations. The results are compared with those of other miscoding antibiotics. In rat liver extracts protein directed by poly (U) or endogenous mRNA was not inhibited.", "contents": "Streptothricin F, an inhibitor of protein synthesis with miscoding activity. The effect of streptothricin F on macromolecular syntheses in intact cells and cell-free protein synthesis of E. coli was studied. The results indicate that protein synthesis is the primary site of inhibition by streptothricin F in growing E. coli cells. Cell-free polypeptide synthesis from E. coli directed by poly (U) was inhibited, while poly (A) and poly (C) directed polypeptide syntheses were both stimulated by the drug. Furthermore, streptothricin F caused misreading of translation of poly (U), poly (A) and poly (C) directed protein syntheses in E. coli systems. The extent of misreading by streptothricin F increases with increasing drug concentrations. The results are compared with those of other miscoding antibiotics. In rat liver extracts protein directed by poly (U) or endogenous mRNA was not inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:363676", "title": "Comparative accuracy of five biochemical systems for identifying Salmonella and related foodborne bacteria: collaborative study.", "content": "The comparative accuracy of 4 biochemical diagnostic kits (API, Enterotube, Minitek, and Pathotec) and the conventional (AOAC) tube system for identifying primarily Salmonella and other enteric isolates was collaboratively studied. Each of 11 participating analysts received 40 foodborne isolates (25 Salmonella and 15 non-Salmonella cultures), representing a total of 440 cultures examined by each identification system. In decreasing order of accuracy, the overall number of correctly identified cultures with each of the systems was as follows: AOAC, 423 (96.1%), Minitek, 403 (91.6%), Enterotube, 395 (89.8%), API, 394 (89.5%), and Pathotec, 373 (84.8%). A cost analysis showed that all 4 diagnostic kit systems were less expensive than the conventional AOAC tube system for a single culture identification. Three of the diagnostic kits have been adopted as official first action as alternatives to the AOAC biochemical tube system for presumptive generic identification of foodborne Salmonella and for screening and eliminating non-Salmonella isolates. Routine incorporation of any one of the 3 diagnostic kits, however, should be preceded by the demonstration in the analyst's own laboratory of adequate correlation between the kit and the AOAC system.", "contents": "Comparative accuracy of five biochemical systems for identifying Salmonella and related foodborne bacteria: collaborative study. The comparative accuracy of 4 biochemical diagnostic kits (API, Enterotube, Minitek, and Pathotec) and the conventional (AOAC) tube system for identifying primarily Salmonella and other enteric isolates was collaboratively studied. Each of 11 participating analysts received 40 foodborne isolates (25 Salmonella and 15 non-Salmonella cultures), representing a total of 440 cultures examined by each identification system. In decreasing order of accuracy, the overall number of correctly identified cultures with each of the systems was as follows: AOAC, 423 (96.1%), Minitek, 403 (91.6%), Enterotube, 395 (89.8%), API, 394 (89.5%), and Pathotec, 373 (84.8%). A cost analysis showed that all 4 diagnostic kit systems were less expensive than the conventional AOAC tube system for a single culture identification. Three of the diagnostic kits have been adopted as official first action as alternatives to the AOAC biochemical tube system for presumptive generic identification of foodborne Salmonella and for screening and eliminating non-Salmonella isolates. Routine incorporation of any one of the 3 diagnostic kits, however, should be preceded by the demonstration in the analyst's own laboratory of adequate correlation between the kit and the AOAC system."}
{"id": "PMID:363677", "title": "Microbiological method for assaying lincomycin in animal feed: collaborative study.", "content": "A microbiological assay for determining lincomycin in swine feed, supplement, and a vitamin-mineral premix was studied collaboratively in 16 laboratories. The design of the study involved a complete feed, feed supplement, and a vitamin-mineral premix covering a range of fortification from 20 to 80 g/ton and 80 to 2600 g/ton. Two methods of sample preparation were used depending on the concentration of lincomycin in the sample. Statistical evaluation of the results from the 2 methods indicated that 10 and 11 collaborators, respectively, had mean recoveries which were not significantly different from one another. Ten laboratories obtained a mean recovery of 112.2% (range 102.3--123.5%) for the lower level, and 11 laboratories obtained a mean recovery of 104.4% (range 100.0--107.7%) for the higher level. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Microbiological method for assaying lincomycin in animal feed: collaborative study. A microbiological assay for determining lincomycin in swine feed, supplement, and a vitamin-mineral premix was studied collaboratively in 16 laboratories. The design of the study involved a complete feed, feed supplement, and a vitamin-mineral premix covering a range of fortification from 20 to 80 g/ton and 80 to 2600 g/ton. Two methods of sample preparation were used depending on the concentration of lincomycin in the sample. Statistical evaluation of the results from the 2 methods indicated that 10 and 11 collaborators, respectively, had mean recoveries which were not significantly different from one another. Ten laboratories obtained a mean recovery of 112.2% (range 102.3--123.5%) for the lower level, and 11 laboratories obtained a mean recovery of 104.4% (range 100.0--107.7%) for the higher level. The method has been adopted as official first action."}
{"id": "PMID:363678", "title": "Antibiotic residues: regulations, tolerances, and detection in the European Economic Community.", "content": "The use of antimicrobial agents for growth promotion and therapy in the European Economic Community and the resulting public health problems are discussed. Methods for detection of residues based on microbiological criteria for acceptance are presented and evaluated.", "contents": "Antibiotic residues: regulations, tolerances, and detection in the European Economic Community. The use of antimicrobial agents for growth promotion and therapy in the European Economic Community and the resulting public health problems are discussed. Methods for detection of residues based on microbiological criteria for acceptance are presented and evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:363683", "title": "Chromosomal superkiller mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Yeast strains carrying a 1.5 X 10(6)-dalton double-stranded RNA in virus-like particles secrete a protein toxin which is lethal to strains not carrying this species of double-stranded RNA. We find that recessive mutations in any of four chromosomal genes result in the superkiller phenotype, i.e., increased secretion of killer toxin activity by strains carrying the killer genome. These genes are designated ski1 through ski4 (for superkiller), ski3 and ski4 are located on chromosome XIV, and ski1 is on chromosome VII. A ski1 mutation results in a decreased rate of cell growth. The kex1 and kex2 mutations are epistatic to each ski mutation.", "contents": "Chromosomal superkiller mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast strains carrying a 1.5 X 10(6)-dalton double-stranded RNA in virus-like particles secrete a protein toxin which is lethal to strains not carrying this species of double-stranded RNA. We find that recessive mutations in any of four chromosomal genes result in the superkiller phenotype, i.e., increased secretion of killer toxin activity by strains carrying the killer genome. These genes are designated ski1 through ski4 (for superkiller), ski3 and ski4 are located on chromosome XIV, and ski1 is on chromosome VII. A ski1 mutation results in a decreased rate of cell growth. The kex1 and kex2 mutations are epistatic to each ski mutation."}
{"id": "PMID:363684", "title": "dnaT, dominant conditional-lethal mutation affecting DNA replication in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Normally, bacteria cease DNA replication in the absence of protein synthesis. A variety of treatments, such as thymine starvation or a shift-up to rich medium, lead to continued DNA replication in the absence of protein synthesis. Mutants are described which always terminate replication under these conditions. These conditional lethal mutants, dnaT1 and dnaT2, contransduce with serB and dnaC. The mutation also affects cell division. All aspects of the mutant phenotype (obligatory termination of replication, temperature sensitivity of DNA replication and growth, and aberrant cell division at permissive growth temperatures) were transdominant to the wild-type phenotype. Episomes carrying the dnaT mutation appeared to be unstable. The existence of such a dominant mutation was predicted by a model of chromosome termination proposed by Kogoma and Lark (J. Mol. Biol. 94:243-256, 1975).", "contents": "dnaT, dominant conditional-lethal mutation affecting DNA replication in Escherichia coli. Normally, bacteria cease DNA replication in the absence of protein synthesis. A variety of treatments, such as thymine starvation or a shift-up to rich medium, lead to continued DNA replication in the absence of protein synthesis. Mutants are described which always terminate replication under these conditions. These conditional lethal mutants, dnaT1 and dnaT2, contransduce with serB and dnaC. The mutation also affects cell division. All aspects of the mutant phenotype (obligatory termination of replication, temperature sensitivity of DNA replication and growth, and aberrant cell division at permissive growth temperatures) were transdominant to the wild-type phenotype. Episomes carrying the dnaT mutation appeared to be unstable. The existence of such a dominant mutation was predicted by a model of chromosome termination proposed by Kogoma and Lark (J. Mol. Biol. 94:243-256, 1975)."}
{"id": "PMID:363685", "title": "Repression of synthesis of the vitamin B12 receptor in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Growth of Escherichia coli K-12 strains in the presence of the vitamin cyanocobalamin (B12) resulted in an 80 to 90% reduction in B12 uptake activity of washed cells. Coincident with the decline in uptake activity was the depression of B12-binding activity in energy-poisoned cells, suggesting that growth in B12 resulted in the repression of synthesis of the B12 receptor protein in the outer membrane. Growth in the presence of B12 led to marked reduction in sensitivity to the E colicins, whose adsorption to cells requires the B12 receptor, and to a decrease in the amount of a band on electropherograms of outer membrane proteins. That polypeptide was also missing from mutants altered at btuB, the locus encoding the B12 receptor. Addition of B12 to growing cultures resulted in the exponential decline in specific activity of B12 uptake, as expected for dilution of functional receptors by further growth. Repression of receptor synthesis appears to be regulated by the level of intracellular, rather than extracellular, B12 and is separate from the regulation of the methionine biosynthetic pathway. Mutants altered in btuC, which are defective in accumulation and retention of B12, exhibit a much lower degree of repressibility.", "contents": "Repression of synthesis of the vitamin B12 receptor in Escherichia coli. Growth of Escherichia coli K-12 strains in the presence of the vitamin cyanocobalamin (B12) resulted in an 80 to 90% reduction in B12 uptake activity of washed cells. Coincident with the decline in uptake activity was the depression of B12-binding activity in energy-poisoned cells, suggesting that growth in B12 resulted in the repression of synthesis of the B12 receptor protein in the outer membrane. Growth in the presence of B12 led to marked reduction in sensitivity to the E colicins, whose adsorption to cells requires the B12 receptor, and to a decrease in the amount of a band on electropherograms of outer membrane proteins. That polypeptide was also missing from mutants altered at btuB, the locus encoding the B12 receptor. Addition of B12 to growing cultures resulted in the exponential decline in specific activity of B12 uptake, as expected for dilution of functional receptors by further growth. Repression of receptor synthesis appears to be regulated by the level of intracellular, rather than extracellular, B12 and is separate from the regulation of the methionine biosynthetic pathway. Mutants altered in btuC, which are defective in accumulation and retention of B12, exhibit a much lower degree of repressibility."}
{"id": "PMID:363686", "title": "A second transport system for sn-glycerol-3-phosphate in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Strains containing phage Mucts inserted into glpT were isolated as fosfomycin-resistant clones. These mutants did not transport sn-glycerol-3-phosphate, and they lacked GLPT, a protein previously shown to be a product of the glpT operon. By plating these mutants on sn-glycerol-3-phosphate at 43 degrees C, we isolated revertants that regained the capacity to grow on G3P. Most of these revertants did not map in glpT and did not regain GLPT. These revertants exhibited a highly efficient uptake system for sn-glycerol-3-phosphate within an apparent Km of 5 micron. In addition, three new proteins (GP 1, 2, and 3) appeared in the periplasm of these revertants. None of these proteins were antigentically related to GLPT. However, like GLPT, GP1 exhibits abnormal behavior on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. GP 2 is an efficient binding protein. The new uptake system showed different characteristics than the system that is coded for by the glpT operon. It was inhibited neither by phosphate nor fosfomycin. So far, none of the systems that transport organic acids in Escherichia coli could be implicated in the new sn-glycerol-3-phosphate uptake activity. The mutation ugp+, which was responsible for the appearance of the new transport system and the appearance of GP 1, 2, and 3 in the periplasm was cotransducible with araD by phage P1 transduction and was recessive in merodiploids.", "contents": "A second transport system for sn-glycerol-3-phosphate in Escherichia coli. Strains containing phage Mucts inserted into glpT were isolated as fosfomycin-resistant clones. These mutants did not transport sn-glycerol-3-phosphate, and they lacked GLPT, a protein previously shown to be a product of the glpT operon. By plating these mutants on sn-glycerol-3-phosphate at 43 degrees C, we isolated revertants that regained the capacity to grow on G3P. Most of these revertants did not map in glpT and did not regain GLPT. These revertants exhibited a highly efficient uptake system for sn-glycerol-3-phosphate within an apparent Km of 5 micron. In addition, three new proteins (GP 1, 2, and 3) appeared in the periplasm of these revertants. None of these proteins were antigentically related to GLPT. However, like GLPT, GP1 exhibits abnormal behavior on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. GP 2 is an efficient binding protein. The new uptake system showed different characteristics than the system that is coded for by the glpT operon. It was inhibited neither by phosphate nor fosfomycin. So far, none of the systems that transport organic acids in Escherichia coli could be implicated in the new sn-glycerol-3-phosphate uptake activity. The mutation ugp+, which was responsible for the appearance of the new transport system and the appearance of GP 1, 2, and 3 in the periplasm was cotransducible with araD by phage P1 transduction and was recessive in merodiploids."}
{"id": "PMID:363687", "title": "Properties of lambda transducing bacteriophages carrying R100 plasmid DNA: mercury resistance genes.", "content": "Three lambdamer (resistance to Hg2+ and mercurials) transducing phages were prepared from three independent cointegrate isolates of bacteriophage lambda and plasmid R100. DNA heteroduplex and restriction nuclease analyses of the lambdamer DNA showed that all three phages had resulted from lambda insertion at kilobase coordinate 8.6 of plasmid R100, followed by loss of different lengths of lambda DNA and replacement with different lengths of R100 DNA. Two of the lambdamer phages were defective, containing deletions from lambdaatt through the lambdaN gene and into the lambdarex gene; the third, VAlambda14, was an N+ Spi- plaque-forming phage. With VAlambda14, N-dependent transcription of R100 mer from the lambdapL promoter suggested that transcription of mer proceeded in the direction from IS1b toward the sulfonamide resistance determinant (i.e., from a plasmid promoter in restriction nuclease fragment EcoRI-H toward fragment EcoRI-I). Phage-directed protein synthesis in a UV-irradiated lambdaind- lysogen showed the Hg2+-inducible synthesis of three major polypeptides of molecular weights 68,000, 11,500, and 8,500 and three minor ones of molecular weights 54,000, 33,000, and 13,500. The largest of the major polypeptides is identified as the subunit of the mercuric reductase enzyme. The functions of the smaller polypeptides are not known. Hg2+ reductase enzyme assays confirmed the regulation of mer synthesis during phage infection.", "contents": "Properties of lambda transducing bacteriophages carrying R100 plasmid DNA: mercury resistance genes. Three lambdamer (resistance to Hg2+ and mercurials) transducing phages were prepared from three independent cointegrate isolates of bacteriophage lambda and plasmid R100. DNA heteroduplex and restriction nuclease analyses of the lambdamer DNA showed that all three phages had resulted from lambda insertion at kilobase coordinate 8.6 of plasmid R100, followed by loss of different lengths of lambda DNA and replacement with different lengths of R100 DNA. Two of the lambdamer phages were defective, containing deletions from lambdaatt through the lambdaN gene and into the lambdarex gene; the third, VAlambda14, was an N+ Spi- plaque-forming phage. With VAlambda14, N-dependent transcription of R100 mer from the lambdapL promoter suggested that transcription of mer proceeded in the direction from IS1b toward the sulfonamide resistance determinant (i.e., from a plasmid promoter in restriction nuclease fragment EcoRI-H toward fragment EcoRI-I). Phage-directed protein synthesis in a UV-irradiated lambdaind- lysogen showed the Hg2+-inducible synthesis of three major polypeptides of molecular weights 68,000, 11,500, and 8,500 and three minor ones of molecular weights 54,000, 33,000, and 13,500. The largest of the major polypeptides is identified as the subunit of the mercuric reductase enzyme. The functions of the smaller polypeptides are not known. Hg2+ reductase enzyme assays confirmed the regulation of mer synthesis during phage infection."}
{"id": "PMID:363688", "title": "Duplications of histidine transport genes in Salmonella typhimurium and their use for the selection of deletion mutants.", "content": "We demonstrate that tandem duplications of the histidine transport operon can be selected by requesting elevated levels of transport activity to be present. Several strains were constructed which contain duplications heterozygotic for either hisJ, hisQ, or hisP. The size of one duplication which was analyzed in detail is about 16 genes, with one end close to the promoter site (dhuA) of the histidine transport operon and, therefore, enclosing about 12 more genes counterclockwise to this operon. Duplication-carrying strains could be utilized for the selection of deletion mutations by requiring both copies of the operon to be rendered defective simultaneously and, therefore, unable to transport into the cell an inhibitory histidine analog, alpha-hydrazino imidazole propionic acid. Over 60% (probably as high as 100%) of the alpha-hydrazino imidazole propionic acid-resistant strains arising in the selection are deletion mutants. The principle of our selection method is generally applicable and will be useful in the accumulation of deletions for mapping and fusing of genes and other purposes.", "contents": "Duplications of histidine transport genes in Salmonella typhimurium and their use for the selection of deletion mutants. We demonstrate that tandem duplications of the histidine transport operon can be selected by requesting elevated levels of transport activity to be present. Several strains were constructed which contain duplications heterozygotic for either hisJ, hisQ, or hisP. The size of one duplication which was analyzed in detail is about 16 genes, with one end close to the promoter site (dhuA) of the histidine transport operon and, therefore, enclosing about 12 more genes counterclockwise to this operon. Duplication-carrying strains could be utilized for the selection of deletion mutations by requiring both copies of the operon to be rendered defective simultaneously and, therefore, unable to transport into the cell an inhibitory histidine analog, alpha-hydrazino imidazole propionic acid. Over 60% (probably as high as 100%) of the alpha-hydrazino imidazole propionic acid-resistant strains arising in the selection are deletion mutants. The principle of our selection method is generally applicable and will be useful in the accumulation of deletions for mapping and fusing of genes and other purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:363689", "title": "malB region in Escherichia coli K-12: specialized transducing bacteriophages and first restriction map.", "content": "By starting from an Escherichia coli K-12 strain with a lambda phage integrated in the malB region, series of transducing phages carrying part or all of the malB region have been isolated. Genetic mapping of the transduced malB fragments was accomplished by complementation and recombination with known mutations in the region. By using the DNA of these phages, it was found that the malB region is cleaved by the restriction enzymes BglII, EcoRI, HaeII, HincII, SalI, and SstI, but not BamHI, HindIII, KpnI, PstI, XbaI, or XhoI. A physical map was constructed and tentatively correlated with the genetic map.", "contents": "malB region in Escherichia coli K-12: specialized transducing bacteriophages and first restriction map. By starting from an Escherichia coli K-12 strain with a lambda phage integrated in the malB region, series of transducing phages carrying part or all of the malB region have been isolated. Genetic mapping of the transduced malB fragments was accomplished by complementation and recombination with known mutations in the region. By using the DNA of these phages, it was found that the malB region is cleaved by the restriction enzymes BglII, EcoRI, HaeII, HincII, SalI, and SstI, but not BamHI, HindIII, KpnI, PstI, XbaI, or XhoI. A physical map was constructed and tentatively correlated with the genetic map."}
{"id": "PMID:363690", "title": "Morphology of an Escherichia coli mutant with a temperature-dependent round cell shape.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli capable of growing in the presence of 10 microgram of mecillinam per ml were selected after intensive mutagenesis. Of these mutants, 1.4% formed normal, rod-shaped cells at 30 degrees C but grew as spherical cells at 42 degrees C. The phenotype of one of these rod(Ts) mutants was 88% cotransducible with lip (14.3 min), and all lip+ rod(Ts) transductants of a lip recipient had the following characteristics: (i) growth was relatively sensitive to mecillinam at 30 degrees C but relatively resistant to mecillinam at 42 degrees C; (ii) penicillin-binding protein 2 was present in membranes of cells grown at 30 degrees C in reduced amounts and was undetectable in the membranes of cells grown at 42 degrees C. The mecillinam resistance, penicillin-binding protein 2 defect, and rod phenotypes all cotransduced with lip with high frequency. Thus the mutation [rodA(Ts)] is most likely in the gene for penicillin-binding protein 2 and causes the organism to grow as a sphere at 42 degrees C, although it grows with normal rodlike morphology at 30 degrees C. At 42 degrees C, cells of this strain were round with many wrinkles on their surfaces, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. In these round cells, chromosomes were dispersed or distributed peripherally, in contrast to normal rod-shaped cells which had centrally located, more condensed chromosomes. The round cells divided asymmetrically on solid agar, and it seemed that the plane of each successive division was perpendicular to the preceding one. On temperature shift-down in liquid medium many cells with abnormal morphology appeared before normal rod-shaped cells developed. Few abnormal cells were seen when cells were placed on solid medium during temperature shift-down. These pleiotropic effects are presumably caused by one or more mutations in the rodA gene.", "contents": "Morphology of an Escherichia coli mutant with a temperature-dependent round cell shape. Mutants of Escherichia coli capable of growing in the presence of 10 microgram of mecillinam per ml were selected after intensive mutagenesis. Of these mutants, 1.4% formed normal, rod-shaped cells at 30 degrees C but grew as spherical cells at 42 degrees C. The phenotype of one of these rod(Ts) mutants was 88% cotransducible with lip (14.3 min), and all lip+ rod(Ts) transductants of a lip recipient had the following characteristics: (i) growth was relatively sensitive to mecillinam at 30 degrees C but relatively resistant to mecillinam at 42 degrees C; (ii) penicillin-binding protein 2 was present in membranes of cells grown at 30 degrees C in reduced amounts and was undetectable in the membranes of cells grown at 42 degrees C. The mecillinam resistance, penicillin-binding protein 2 defect, and rod phenotypes all cotransduced with lip with high frequency. Thus the mutation [rodA(Ts)] is most likely in the gene for penicillin-binding protein 2 and causes the organism to grow as a sphere at 42 degrees C, although it grows with normal rodlike morphology at 30 degrees C. At 42 degrees C, cells of this strain were round with many wrinkles on their surfaces, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. In these round cells, chromosomes were dispersed or distributed peripherally, in contrast to normal rod-shaped cells which had centrally located, more condensed chromosomes. The round cells divided asymmetrically on solid agar, and it seemed that the plane of each successive division was perpendicular to the preceding one. On temperature shift-down in liquid medium many cells with abnormal morphology appeared before normal rod-shaped cells developed. Few abnormal cells were seen when cells were placed on solid medium during temperature shift-down. These pleiotropic effects are presumably caused by one or more mutations in the rodA gene."}
{"id": "PMID:363691", "title": "HindII and HindIII restriction maps of the attphi80-tonB-trp region of the Escherichia coli genome, and location of the tonB gene.", "content": "The HindII and HindIII restriction maps of the attphi80-tonB-trp region of the Escherichia coli chromosome are presented. Analysis of phage DNAs carrying tonB mutations has allowed identification of a 1,730-base pair HindII fragment containing at least part of the tonB gene. This fragment is 4,020 base pairs from the end of trpA, with the total distance from attphi80 to trpA being 6,550 +/- 800 base pairs. Properties of hybrid plasmids containing insertions of various tonB+ restriction fragments suggest that tonB lies completely within the 1,730-base pair fragment. In addition, apparent fusions of beta-galactoside to proteins within the tonB region suggest that the entire region codes for more than one polypeptide.", "contents": "HindII and HindIII restriction maps of the attphi80-tonB-trp region of the Escherichia coli genome, and location of the tonB gene. The HindII and HindIII restriction maps of the attphi80-tonB-trp region of the Escherichia coli chromosome are presented. Analysis of phage DNAs carrying tonB mutations has allowed identification of a 1,730-base pair HindII fragment containing at least part of the tonB gene. This fragment is 4,020 base pairs from the end of trpA, with the total distance from attphi80 to trpA being 6,550 +/- 800 base pairs. Properties of hybrid plasmids containing insertions of various tonB+ restriction fragments suggest that tonB lies completely within the 1,730-base pair fragment. In addition, apparent fusions of beta-galactoside to proteins within the tonB region suggest that the entire region codes for more than one polypeptide."}
{"id": "PMID:363692", "title": "Isolation of a peptide transport-deficient mutant of yeast.", "content": "A peptide transport mutant of a leucine-lysine auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain Z1-2D) was isolated on the basis of its resistance to L-ethionyl-L-alanine. The mutant, designated Z1-2D Etar, did not utilize di- and tripeptides containing leucine or lysine although it contained peptidases which released the required amino acids from these substrates. S. cerevisiae Z1-2D Etar did not accumulate radioactivity from [14C]glycyl-L-leucine under conditions identical to those in which the parent took up the label from this dipeptide. These results indicate that the mutant lacks the cellular mechanism to transport peptides to the site of the peptidase activity and that di- and tripeptides share a common mode of entry into yeast.", "contents": "Isolation of a peptide transport-deficient mutant of yeast. A peptide transport mutant of a leucine-lysine auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain Z1-2D) was isolated on the basis of its resistance to L-ethionyl-L-alanine. The mutant, designated Z1-2D Etar, did not utilize di- and tripeptides containing leucine or lysine although it contained peptidases which released the required amino acids from these substrates. S. cerevisiae Z1-2D Etar did not accumulate radioactivity from [14C]glycyl-L-leucine under conditions identical to those in which the parent took up the label from this dipeptide. These results indicate that the mutant lacks the cellular mechanism to transport peptides to the site of the peptidase activity and that di- and tripeptides share a common mode of entry into yeast."}
{"id": "PMID:363693", "title": "Bypass of receptor-mediated resistance to colicin E3 in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Colicin E3 was found to kill, under conditions of osmotic shock, cells lacking a functional outer membrane receptor (bfe). Under such conditions, component A of the colicin, carrying endonucleolytic activity, also killed bfe cells, whereas fragment T2, obtained by tryptic digestion of the colicin and also active endonucleolytically, was inactive. Tolerance to the colicin caused by defects in the outer membrane could be overcome by osmotic shock, whereas tolerance probably caused by an altered plasma membrane could not.", "contents": "Bypass of receptor-mediated resistance to colicin E3 in Escherichia coli K-12. Colicin E3 was found to kill, under conditions of osmotic shock, cells lacking a functional outer membrane receptor (bfe). Under such conditions, component A of the colicin, carrying endonucleolytic activity, also killed bfe cells, whereas fragment T2, obtained by tryptic digestion of the colicin and also active endonucleolytically, was inactive. Tolerance to the colicin caused by defects in the outer membrane could be overcome by osmotic shock, whereas tolerance probably caused by an altered plasma membrane could not."}
{"id": "PMID:363694", "title": "Construction of a hybrid bacteriophage-plasmid recombinant DNA vector.", "content": "A phage-plasmid hybrid was constructed for use as a recombinant DNA vector, allowing the propagation of cloned EcoRI restriction endonuclease fragments of about 2 X 10(6) to 11 X 10(6) daltons. The colicin E1 plasmid replicon was fused to the left arm of a lambdagt generalized transducing phage with a thermolabile repressor, yielding a genome which could be replicated either by phage lambda functions or via the colicin E1 plasmid replicon. At the nonpermissive temperature, phage functions were derepressed and phage growth occurred lytically. Alternatively, at the permissive temperature, lambda functions were repressed and the vector replicated as a covalently closed circular plasmid. The phage-plasmid hybrid vector could be maintained at a copy number determined by the colicin E1 plasmid replicon and was also sensitive to amplification after chloramphenicol treatment. An EcoRI fragment of Escherichia coli DNA encoding genes of the arabinose operon also was inserted into the central portion of the vector.", "contents": "Construction of a hybrid bacteriophage-plasmid recombinant DNA vector. A phage-plasmid hybrid was constructed for use as a recombinant DNA vector, allowing the propagation of cloned EcoRI restriction endonuclease fragments of about 2 X 10(6) to 11 X 10(6) daltons. The colicin E1 plasmid replicon was fused to the left arm of a lambdagt generalized transducing phage with a thermolabile repressor, yielding a genome which could be replicated either by phage lambda functions or via the colicin E1 plasmid replicon. At the nonpermissive temperature, phage functions were derepressed and phage growth occurred lytically. Alternatively, at the permissive temperature, lambda functions were repressed and the vector replicated as a covalently closed circular plasmid. The phage-plasmid hybrid vector could be maintained at a copy number determined by the colicin E1 plasmid replicon and was also sensitive to amplification after chloramphenicol treatment. An EcoRI fragment of Escherichia coli DNA encoding genes of the arabinose operon also was inserted into the central portion of the vector."}
{"id": "PMID:363695", "title": "Isolation of Escherichia coli mutants with changed regulation of uracil uptake.", "content": "The incorporation of uracil into the pyrimidine ribonucleotide pools of Escherichia coli is strongly restricted under stringent conditions. Previously, we have suggested that this inhibition can be explained by the allosteric properties of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase. It has been proposed that this enzyme performs the uptake of uracil into the cell by transporting it across the cytoplasmic membrane, with the stimultaenous formation of UMP. To test this hypothesis it would be helpful to have mutants with changed regulation of uracil uptake, and in the present work, a method is introduced for the selection of such mutants. This method is based on phenotypic suppression of amber mutations by 5-fluorouracil (5FU). Mutants were isolated in an arginine-requiring strain of E. coli carrying an amber mutation in argI, the ornithine transcarbamylase gene. To facilitate the phenotypic rescue of this defective gene, mutants which overproduced ornithine transcarbamylase mRNA were isolated as a first step. The absence of exogenously added arginine causes stringent conditions, and phenotypic rescue by 5FU is, thus, prevented, unless the 5FU uptake mechanism is mutationally changed in such a manner that the drug is taken up into the cell. Three mutants in which the growth could be supported by 5FU in the absence of arginine were isolated. Two of them had acquired an increased ability to take up uracil under stringent conditions.", "contents": "Isolation of Escherichia coli mutants with changed regulation of uracil uptake. The incorporation of uracil into the pyrimidine ribonucleotide pools of Escherichia coli is strongly restricted under stringent conditions. Previously, we have suggested that this inhibition can be explained by the allosteric properties of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase. It has been proposed that this enzyme performs the uptake of uracil into the cell by transporting it across the cytoplasmic membrane, with the stimultaenous formation of UMP. To test this hypothesis it would be helpful to have mutants with changed regulation of uracil uptake, and in the present work, a method is introduced for the selection of such mutants. This method is based on phenotypic suppression of amber mutations by 5-fluorouracil (5FU). Mutants were isolated in an arginine-requiring strain of E. coli carrying an amber mutation in argI, the ornithine transcarbamylase gene. To facilitate the phenotypic rescue of this defective gene, mutants which overproduced ornithine transcarbamylase mRNA were isolated as a first step. The absence of exogenously added arginine causes stringent conditions, and phenotypic rescue by 5FU is, thus, prevented, unless the 5FU uptake mechanism is mutationally changed in such a manner that the drug is taken up into the cell. Three mutants in which the growth could be supported by 5FU in the absence of arginine were isolated. Two of them had acquired an increased ability to take up uracil under stringent conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:363696", "title": "Energy supply for active transport in anaerobically grown Escherichia coli.", "content": "Escherichia coli K-12, grown under anaerobic conditions with glucose as the sole source of carbon and energy without any terminal electron acceptor added, contains a fumarate reductase system in which electrons are transferred from formate or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide via menaquinone and cytochromes to fumarate reductase. This fumarate reductase system plays an important role in the metabolic energy supply of E. coli, grown under so-called \"glycolytic conditions,\" as is indicated by the growth yields and maximal growth rates of mutants impaired in electron transfer or adenosine triphosphatase (uncB). In mutants deficient in menaquinone, cytochromes, or fumarate reductase, these values are considerably lower than in mutants deficient in ubiquinone or a functional adenosine triphosphatase. Electron transfer in this fumarate reductase system leads to the generation of a membrane potential, as is indicated by the uptake of the lipophilic cation triphenylmethylphosphonium by membrane vesicles prepared from cytochrome-sufficient and uncB cells. The generation of a proton-motive force by the fumarate reductase system was also demonstrated by the uptake of amino acids under anaerobic conditions in membrane vesicles of cytochrome containing and uncB cells grown under glycolytic conditions. Membrane vesicles of cytochrome-deficient cells failed to accumulate triphenyl-methylphosphonium and amino acids under these conditions, indicating that cytochromes are essential for the generation of a proton-motive force. Using glutamine uptake as an indication of the generation of ATP and proline uptake as an indication of the generation of a proton-motive force, it was demonstrated in whole cells that the proton-motive force is formed by ATP hydrolysis in cytochrome-deficient cells and by electron transfer in the uncB cells. In cytochrome-containing cells it was not possible to distinguish between these two possibilities, but the growth parameters suggest that, under glycolytic conditions, the proton-motive force is generated via electron transfer in the fumarate reductase system rather than via ATP hydrolysis.", "contents": "Energy supply for active transport in anaerobically grown Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli K-12, grown under anaerobic conditions with glucose as the sole source of carbon and energy without any terminal electron acceptor added, contains a fumarate reductase system in which electrons are transferred from formate or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide via menaquinone and cytochromes to fumarate reductase. This fumarate reductase system plays an important role in the metabolic energy supply of E. coli, grown under so-called \"glycolytic conditions,\" as is indicated by the growth yields and maximal growth rates of mutants impaired in electron transfer or adenosine triphosphatase (uncB). In mutants deficient in menaquinone, cytochromes, or fumarate reductase, these values are considerably lower than in mutants deficient in ubiquinone or a functional adenosine triphosphatase. Electron transfer in this fumarate reductase system leads to the generation of a membrane potential, as is indicated by the uptake of the lipophilic cation triphenylmethylphosphonium by membrane vesicles prepared from cytochrome-sufficient and uncB cells. The generation of a proton-motive force by the fumarate reductase system was also demonstrated by the uptake of amino acids under anaerobic conditions in membrane vesicles of cytochrome containing and uncB cells grown under glycolytic conditions. Membrane vesicles of cytochrome-deficient cells failed to accumulate triphenyl-methylphosphonium and amino acids under these conditions, indicating that cytochromes are essential for the generation of a proton-motive force. Using glutamine uptake as an indication of the generation of ATP and proline uptake as an indication of the generation of a proton-motive force, it was demonstrated in whole cells that the proton-motive force is formed by ATP hydrolysis in cytochrome-deficient cells and by electron transfer in the uncB cells. In cytochrome-containing cells it was not possible to distinguish between these two possibilities, but the growth parameters suggest that, under glycolytic conditions, the proton-motive force is generated via electron transfer in the fumarate reductase system rather than via ATP hydrolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:363697", "title": "Mechanism of autoenergized transport and nature of energy coupling for D-lactate in Escherichia coli.", "content": "To fully energize the active transport systems of Escherichia coli, it is common practice to preincubate the cells for 10 min with 10 or 20 mM concentration of a compound that can serve as an energy source. This paper shows that the active accumulation of D-lactate can be achieved within 1 min with only 50 micron D-lactate serving as an energy source for its own uptake in starved cells (autoenergization). The cells were strain DL54 which had been induced by growth in the presence of D-lactate. Uninduced cells were not able to show autoenergized D-lactate uptake under these conditions. The induced cells were also able to transport proline in the presence of 100 micron D-lactate as sole energy source. The D-lactate-dependent dehydrogenase activity in inverted French press vesicles was comparable for the induced and uninduced cells. The same was true for respiration of whole cells in the presence of 20 mM D-lactate. However, the Vmax for D-lactate transport of induced cells was six times higher than that of uninduced cells. It appears that a sufficient number of high-affinity carrier molecules in the cytoplasmic membrane are necessary for the autoenergized transport of D-lactate. A similar conclusion was reached for the autoenergized uptake of glycerol-3-phosphate by Escherichia coli strain 7. The active transport of D-lactate is driven by the protonmotive force.", "contents": "Mechanism of autoenergized transport and nature of energy coupling for D-lactate in Escherichia coli. To fully energize the active transport systems of Escherichia coli, it is common practice to preincubate the cells for 10 min with 10 or 20 mM concentration of a compound that can serve as an energy source. This paper shows that the active accumulation of D-lactate can be achieved within 1 min with only 50 micron D-lactate serving as an energy source for its own uptake in starved cells (autoenergization). The cells were strain DL54 which had been induced by growth in the presence of D-lactate. Uninduced cells were not able to show autoenergized D-lactate uptake under these conditions. The induced cells were also able to transport proline in the presence of 100 micron D-lactate as sole energy source. The D-lactate-dependent dehydrogenase activity in inverted French press vesicles was comparable for the induced and uninduced cells. The same was true for respiration of whole cells in the presence of 20 mM D-lactate. However, the Vmax for D-lactate transport of induced cells was six times higher than that of uninduced cells. It appears that a sufficient number of high-affinity carrier molecules in the cytoplasmic membrane are necessary for the autoenergized transport of D-lactate. A similar conclusion was reached for the autoenergized uptake of glycerol-3-phosphate by Escherichia coli strain 7. The active transport of D-lactate is driven by the protonmotive force."}
{"id": "PMID:363698", "title": "Changes in macromolecular synthesis and nucleoside triphosphate levels during glycerol-induced growth stasis of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Experiments were performed to determine how glycerol affects macromolecular syntheses and nucleoside triphosphate levels in a strain of Escherichia coli that lacks a functional sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The addition of glycerol to cultures of this strain, Lin 8, growing on a gluconeogenic carbon source causes immediate growth stasis (N. R. Cozzarelli, J. P. Koch, S. Hayashi, and E. C. C. Lin, J. Bacteriol. 90:1325-1329, 1965). Immediately after the addition of glycerol to cultures of Lin 8, the syntheses of DNA, RNA, and protein are completely inhibited. Phospholipid synthesis is not inhibited as severely by glycerol. The addition of glycerol to strain Lin 8 also results in a rapid decrease in its nucleoside triphosphate levels. The total intracellular concentration of ATP in strain Lin 8 was reduced by 85% within 30 s after the addition of glycerol. These results suggest that the glycerol-induced inhibition of growth and macromolecular syntheses may be a secondary consequence of the decreased energy supply in this strain. In addition, studies also suggest that phospholipid synthesis can continue (albeit at a reduced rate) under conditions of severe energy limitation.", "contents": "Changes in macromolecular synthesis and nucleoside triphosphate levels during glycerol-induced growth stasis of Escherichia coli. Experiments were performed to determine how glycerol affects macromolecular syntheses and nucleoside triphosphate levels in a strain of Escherichia coli that lacks a functional sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The addition of glycerol to cultures of this strain, Lin 8, growing on a gluconeogenic carbon source causes immediate growth stasis (N. R. Cozzarelli, J. P. Koch, S. Hayashi, and E. C. C. Lin, J. Bacteriol. 90:1325-1329, 1965). Immediately after the addition of glycerol to cultures of Lin 8, the syntheses of DNA, RNA, and protein are completely inhibited. Phospholipid synthesis is not inhibited as severely by glycerol. The addition of glycerol to strain Lin 8 also results in a rapid decrease in its nucleoside triphosphate levels. The total intracellular concentration of ATP in strain Lin 8 was reduced by 85% within 30 s after the addition of glycerol. These results suggest that the glycerol-induced inhibition of growth and macromolecular syntheses may be a secondary consequence of the decreased energy supply in this strain. In addition, studies also suggest that phospholipid synthesis can continue (albeit at a reduced rate) under conditions of severe energy limitation."}
{"id": "PMID:363699", "title": "Metabolism of RNA-ribose by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus during intraperiplasmic growth on Escherichia coli.", "content": "During intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J on Escherichia coli some 30 to 60% of the initial E. coli RNA-ribose disappeared as cell-associated orcinol-positive material. The levels of RNA-ribose in the suspending buffer after growth together with the RNA-ribose used for bdellovibrio DNA synthesis accounted for 50% or less of the missing RNA-ribose. With intraperiplasmic growth in the presence of added U-14C-labeled CMP, GMP, or UMP, radioactivity was found both in the respired CO2 and incorporated into the bdellovibrio cell components. The addition of exogenous unlabeled ribonucleotides markedly reduced the amounts of both the 14CO2 and 14C incorporated into the progeny bdellovibrios. During intraperiplasmic growth of B. bacteriovorus on [U-14C]ribose-labeled E. coli BJ565, ca. 74% and ca. 19% of the initial 14C was incorporated into the progeny bdellovibrios and respired CO2, respectively. Under similar growth conditions, the addition of glutamate substantially reduced only the 14CO2; however, added ribonucleotides reduced both the 14CO2 and the 14C incorporated into the progeny bdellovibrios. No similar effects were found with added ribose-5-phosphate. The distribution of 14C in the major cell components was similar in progeny bdellovibrios whether obtained from growth on [U-14C]ribose-labeled E. coli BJ565 or from E. coli plus added U-14C-labeled ribonucleotides. After intraperiplasmic growth of B. bacteriovorus on [5,6-3H-]uracil-[U-14C]ribose-labeled E. coli BJ565 (normal or heat treated), the whole-cell 14C/3H ratio of the progeny bdellovibrios was some 50% greater and reflected the higher 14C/3H ratios found in the cell fractions. B. bacteriovorus and E. coli cell extracts both contained 5'-nucleotidase, uridine phosphorylase, purine phosphorylase, deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, transketolase, thymidine phosphorylase, phosphodeoxyribomutase, and transaldolase enzyme activities. The latter three enzyme activities were either absent or very low in cell extracts prepared from heat-treated E. coli cells. It is concluded that during intraperiplasmic growth B. bacteriovorus degrades some 20 to 40% of the ribonucleotides derived from the initial E. coli RNA into the base and ribose-1-phosphate moieties. The ribose-1-phosphate is further metabolized by B. bacteriovorus both for energy production and for biosynthesis, of non-nucleic acid cell material. In addition, the data indicate that during intraperiplasmic growth B. bacteriovorus can metabolize ribose only if this compound is available to it as the ribonucleoside monophosphate.", "contents": "Metabolism of RNA-ribose by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus during intraperiplasmic growth on Escherichia coli. During intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J on Escherichia coli some 30 to 60% of the initial E. coli RNA-ribose disappeared as cell-associated orcinol-positive material. The levels of RNA-ribose in the suspending buffer after growth together with the RNA-ribose used for bdellovibrio DNA synthesis accounted for 50% or less of the missing RNA-ribose. With intraperiplasmic growth in the presence of added U-14C-labeled CMP, GMP, or UMP, radioactivity was found both in the respired CO2 and incorporated into the bdellovibrio cell components. The addition of exogenous unlabeled ribonucleotides markedly reduced the amounts of both the 14CO2 and 14C incorporated into the progeny bdellovibrios. During intraperiplasmic growth of B. bacteriovorus on [U-14C]ribose-labeled E. coli BJ565, ca. 74% and ca. 19% of the initial 14C was incorporated into the progeny bdellovibrios and respired CO2, respectively. Under similar growth conditions, the addition of glutamate substantially reduced only the 14CO2; however, added ribonucleotides reduced both the 14CO2 and the 14C incorporated into the progeny bdellovibrios. No similar effects were found with added ribose-5-phosphate. The distribution of 14C in the major cell components was similar in progeny bdellovibrios whether obtained from growth on [U-14C]ribose-labeled E. coli BJ565 or from E. coli plus added U-14C-labeled ribonucleotides. After intraperiplasmic growth of B. bacteriovorus on [5,6-3H-]uracil-[U-14C]ribose-labeled E. coli BJ565 (normal or heat treated), the whole-cell 14C/3H ratio of the progeny bdellovibrios was some 50% greater and reflected the higher 14C/3H ratios found in the cell fractions. B. bacteriovorus and E. coli cell extracts both contained 5'-nucleotidase, uridine phosphorylase, purine phosphorylase, deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, transketolase, thymidine phosphorylase, phosphodeoxyribomutase, and transaldolase enzyme activities. The latter three enzyme activities were either absent or very low in cell extracts prepared from heat-treated E. coli cells. It is concluded that during intraperiplasmic growth B. bacteriovorus degrades some 20 to 40% of the ribonucleotides derived from the initial E. coli RNA into the base and ribose-1-phosphate moieties. The ribose-1-phosphate is further metabolized by B. bacteriovorus both for energy production and for biosynthesis, of non-nucleic acid cell material. In addition, the data indicate that during intraperiplasmic growth B. bacteriovorus can metabolize ribose only if this compound is available to it as the ribonucleoside monophosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:363700", "title": "Constancy of growth on simple and complex media.", "content": "An apparatus has been developed in which bacterial growth can be measured very precisely over short intervals of time. Its precision is presented and used to assess the constancy of growth in batch culture. Under certain conditions, i.e., Luria broth or 0.2% glucose-M9 medium at very low cell densities, the specific growth rate of Escherichia coli appeared to be constant within the measurement limits of the method. In succinate minimal medium, the growth rate increased gradually over several days and never became constant. With nutrient broth and with Luria broth, growth slowed progressively at moderate cell densities within the range considered to be in the logarithmic phase of growth. In addition, temporary slowdown in growth rate occurred in these two complex media at characteristic cell densities. These gradual increases in succinate minimal medium and temporary slowdowns in the complex media would be undetectable without precise measurements and may have been a source of variability in many bacteriological studies.", "contents": "Constancy of growth on simple and complex media. An apparatus has been developed in which bacterial growth can be measured very precisely over short intervals of time. Its precision is presented and used to assess the constancy of growth in batch culture. Under certain conditions, i.e., Luria broth or 0.2% glucose-M9 medium at very low cell densities, the specific growth rate of Escherichia coli appeared to be constant within the measurement limits of the method. In succinate minimal medium, the growth rate increased gradually over several days and never became constant. With nutrient broth and with Luria broth, growth slowed progressively at moderate cell densities within the range considered to be in the logarithmic phase of growth. In addition, temporary slowdown in growth rate occurred in these two complex media at characteristic cell densities. These gradual increases in succinate minimal medium and temporary slowdowns in the complex media would be undetectable without precise measurements and may have been a source of variability in many bacteriological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:363701", "title": "Kasugamycin-dependent mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Kasugamycin-dependent mutants have been isolated from Escherichia coli B. They were obtained through mutagenesis with ethyl methane sulfonate or nitrosoguanidine in conjunction with an antibiotic underlay technique. In the case of nitrosoguanidine, dependent mutants were obtained at a frequency of about 3% of survivors growing up in the selection. In the case of ethyl methane sulfonate, the corresponding value was 1%. Nineteen mutants showing a kasugamycin-dependent phenotype were studied. In terms of response to various temperatures and antibiotic concentrations, they were very heterogeneous, although most fell into two general classes. Genetic analysis indicated that in at least some cases, the kasugamycin-dependent phenotype was the product of two mutations. Two-dimensional gel electropherograms revealed alterations in the ribosomal proteins of seven mutants. One mutant had an alteration in protein S13, and one had an alteration in protein L14. Three showed changes in protein S9. Each of two mutants had changes in two proteins, S18 and L11. Three of these mutants additionally had protein S18 occurring in a partly altered, partly unaltered form.", "contents": "Kasugamycin-dependent mutants of Escherichia coli. Kasugamycin-dependent mutants have been isolated from Escherichia coli B. They were obtained through mutagenesis with ethyl methane sulfonate or nitrosoguanidine in conjunction with an antibiotic underlay technique. In the case of nitrosoguanidine, dependent mutants were obtained at a frequency of about 3% of survivors growing up in the selection. In the case of ethyl methane sulfonate, the corresponding value was 1%. Nineteen mutants showing a kasugamycin-dependent phenotype were studied. In terms of response to various temperatures and antibiotic concentrations, they were very heterogeneous, although most fell into two general classes. Genetic analysis indicated that in at least some cases, the kasugamycin-dependent phenotype was the product of two mutations. Two-dimensional gel electropherograms revealed alterations in the ribosomal proteins of seven mutants. One mutant had an alteration in protein S13, and one had an alteration in protein L14. Three showed changes in protein S9. Each of two mutants had changes in two proteins, S18 and L11. Three of these mutants additionally had protein S18 occurring in a partly altered, partly unaltered form."}
{"id": "PMID:363702", "title": "High vs standard dosage fluphenazine HCL in acute schizophrenia.", "content": "This rater blind project compared the efficacy and safety of using an oral rapid or neuroleptization method (maximum 80 mg./day) versus fixed standard dosage (20 mg./day) fluphenazine, a commonly used neuroleptic. There were 32 hospitalized, acutely decompensated schizophrenic patients in the experiment; the study period for each patient was a maximum of 7 days. The data were collected using the Benjamin Proverb Test and rating scales for psychopathology and adverse effects. Data analysis by means of the analysis of covariance demonstrated few significant differences between the 2 treatment methods: both methods produced a similar reduction in psychopathological symptoms and incidence of adverse effects. The authors conclude that the rapid neuroleptization method is not superior to the fixed standard dosage method in treating acute schizophrenia.", "contents": "High vs standard dosage fluphenazine HCL in acute schizophrenia. This rater blind project compared the efficacy and safety of using an oral rapid or neuroleptization method (maximum 80 mg./day) versus fixed standard dosage (20 mg./day) fluphenazine, a commonly used neuroleptic. There were 32 hospitalized, acutely decompensated schizophrenic patients in the experiment; the study period for each patient was a maximum of 7 days. The data were collected using the Benjamin Proverb Test and rating scales for psychopathology and adverse effects. Data analysis by means of the analysis of covariance demonstrated few significant differences between the 2 treatment methods: both methods produced a similar reduction in psychopathological symptoms and incidence of adverse effects. The authors conclude that the rapid neuroleptization method is not superior to the fixed standard dosage method in treating acute schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:363703", "title": "Hydrogen-dependent growth of Escherichia coli in anaerobic respiration and the presence of hydrogenases with different functions.", "content": "E. coli K10 was found to grow anaerobically on molecular hydrogen by reducing nitrate, fumarate, and trimethylamine N-oxide when peptone was added to the culture medium. Molar growth yields based on consumed hydrogen estimated from the amounts of reduction products were all 7.8 g cells/mol, suggesting that 1 mol of ATP was produced in the oxidation of 1 mol of hydrogen. Hydrogenase activity measured in terms of hydrogen evolution was several times higher in cells grown on glucose than in cells grown on hydrogen in the presence of fumarate and trimethylamine N-oxide, while hydrogenase activity measured in terms of hydrogen uptake was unchanged in both cases. The ratio of hydrogenase activities measured in terms of hydrogen uptake and evolution was also high in the extract and centrifugal fractions from cells grown in hydrogen. The soluble fraction and trypsin digest of the precipitate at 100,000 X g were subjected to polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and hydrogenase bands were stained by reduction of benzyl viologen with hydrogen and by oxidation of reduced methyl viologen. The resulting patterns suggest that multiple forms of hydrogenase are present and that the amounts of forms functioning in hydrogen evolution were greatly decresed in cells grown on hydrogen in the presence of acceptors.", "contents": "Hydrogen-dependent growth of Escherichia coli in anaerobic respiration and the presence of hydrogenases with different functions. E. coli K10 was found to grow anaerobically on molecular hydrogen by reducing nitrate, fumarate, and trimethylamine N-oxide when peptone was added to the culture medium. Molar growth yields based on consumed hydrogen estimated from the amounts of reduction products were all 7.8 g cells/mol, suggesting that 1 mol of ATP was produced in the oxidation of 1 mol of hydrogen. Hydrogenase activity measured in terms of hydrogen evolution was several times higher in cells grown on glucose than in cells grown on hydrogen in the presence of fumarate and trimethylamine N-oxide, while hydrogenase activity measured in terms of hydrogen uptake was unchanged in both cases. The ratio of hydrogenase activities measured in terms of hydrogen uptake and evolution was also high in the extract and centrifugal fractions from cells grown in hydrogen. The soluble fraction and trypsin digest of the precipitate at 100,000 X g were subjected to polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and hydrogenase bands were stained by reduction of benzyl viologen with hydrogen and by oxidation of reduced methyl viologen. The resulting patterns suggest that multiple forms of hydrogenase are present and that the amounts of forms functioning in hydrogen evolution were greatly decresed in cells grown on hydrogen in the presence of acceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:363704", "title": "Identification of host-derived subunits of phage SP RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (SP replicase).", "content": "Phage SP RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (SP replicase) was purified from Escherichia coli infected with RNA phage SP. The enzyme was found to be composed of four non-identical polypeptides, i.e. subunits I, II, III, and IV and molecular weights of 74,000, 69,000, 47,000, and 36,000 daltons, respectively. As in the case of phage Qbeta replicase, the largest polypeptide is identical with the ribosomal protein S1, and subunits III and IV with polypeptide chain elongation factors EF-Tu and EF-ts, respectively.. This is based on the behaviour of the subunits on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and immunological cross-reaction. Subunits I, III, and IV of SP replicase are derived from the host cell, while subunit II is coded by phage RNA genome. The striking coincidence of the composition and entity of the structural components of SP replicase with those of Qbeta replicase may indicate the structural and functional requirements of host-derived polypeptides in RNA replicase. The binding activity of S1 (in 70S ribosome comples) to poly (U) is retained in SP replicase complex. In contrast, the GDP binding activity of EF-Tu is masked in SP replicase. It is concluded that S1 is required functionally whereas EF-Tu.EF-Ts are required structurally in RNA replicase.", "contents": "Identification of host-derived subunits of phage SP RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (SP replicase). Phage SP RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (SP replicase) was purified from Escherichia coli infected with RNA phage SP. The enzyme was found to be composed of four non-identical polypeptides, i.e. subunits I, II, III, and IV and molecular weights of 74,000, 69,000, 47,000, and 36,000 daltons, respectively. As in the case of phage Qbeta replicase, the largest polypeptide is identical with the ribosomal protein S1, and subunits III and IV with polypeptide chain elongation factors EF-Tu and EF-ts, respectively.. This is based on the behaviour of the subunits on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and immunological cross-reaction. Subunits I, III, and IV of SP replicase are derived from the host cell, while subunit II is coded by phage RNA genome. The striking coincidence of the composition and entity of the structural components of SP replicase with those of Qbeta replicase may indicate the structural and functional requirements of host-derived polypeptides in RNA replicase. The binding activity of S1 (in 70S ribosome comples) to poly (U) is retained in SP replicase complex. In contrast, the GDP binding activity of EF-Tu is masked in SP replicase. It is concluded that S1 is required functionally whereas EF-Tu.EF-Ts are required structurally in RNA replicase."}
{"id": "PMID:363707", "title": "Allosteric activation of aspartate transcarbamylase with a fluorescent nucleotide analogue: linear-benzo-ATP.", "content": "The interaction of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase with linear-benzo-ATP has been investigated by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescent nucleotide analogue activates the enzyme to the same extent as ATP. Fluorescence polarization has been used to determine the association constant of lin-benzo-ATP with aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) which is 5 X 10(-3) M-1 at pH 8.7, at 4 degrees C, assuming six binding sites. This association constant is similar to those previously obtained for ATP at a variety of temperatures, buffers, and pH. The fluorescence emission of lin-benzo-ATP is not quenched when bound to ATCase, which indicates absence of pi interactions between the activator and tyrosyl residues in the protein. These residues have been implicated in the stereochemical mechanism of allosteric interactions in ATCase. Furthermore, this fluorescence behavior implicates hydrogen bond formation between the amino group of lin-benzo-ATP and a nucleophilic center at the enzyme binding site. The fact that lin-benzo-ATP activates ATCase is consistent with a previously published model for nucleotide regulation of the enzyme.", "contents": "Allosteric activation of aspartate transcarbamylase with a fluorescent nucleotide analogue: linear-benzo-ATP. The interaction of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase with linear-benzo-ATP has been investigated by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescent nucleotide analogue activates the enzyme to the same extent as ATP. Fluorescence polarization has been used to determine the association constant of lin-benzo-ATP with aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) which is 5 X 10(-3) M-1 at pH 8.7, at 4 degrees C, assuming six binding sites. This association constant is similar to those previously obtained for ATP at a variety of temperatures, buffers, and pH. The fluorescence emission of lin-benzo-ATP is not quenched when bound to ATCase, which indicates absence of pi interactions between the activator and tyrosyl residues in the protein. These residues have been implicated in the stereochemical mechanism of allosteric interactions in ATCase. Furthermore, this fluorescence behavior implicates hydrogen bond formation between the amino group of lin-benzo-ATP and a nucleophilic center at the enzyme binding site. The fact that lin-benzo-ATP activates ATCase is consistent with a previously published model for nucleotide regulation of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:363708", "title": "The amino acid sequence of mangano superoxide dismutase from Escherichia coli B.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the mangano superoxide dismutase from Escherichia coli B has been deduced through characterization of peptides from cyanogen bromide, bromonitrophenylsulfenyl skatole, citraconylated tryptic, and succinylated tryptic digests of the intact polypeptide chain and through subfragmentation of selected peptides with chymotrypsin, thermolysin, trypsin, and Staphylococcus aureus V8 extracellular protease. No significant homology is detected on comparison with the sequence of the copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase from bovine erythrocytes, indicating that the manganese-iron and the copper-zinc classes of dismutases arose from independent evolutionary ancestors, a proposal previously based solely on enzymological and NH2-terminal sequence data. The amino acid sequence listed below corresponds to a molecular weight of 22,900 and appears to be identical in each subunit polypeptide of the native enzyme dimer. formula: (see text).", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of mangano superoxide dismutase from Escherichia coli B. The complete amino acid sequence of the mangano superoxide dismutase from Escherichia coli B has been deduced through characterization of peptides from cyanogen bromide, bromonitrophenylsulfenyl skatole, citraconylated tryptic, and succinylated tryptic digests of the intact polypeptide chain and through subfragmentation of selected peptides with chymotrypsin, thermolysin, trypsin, and Staphylococcus aureus V8 extracellular protease. No significant homology is detected on comparison with the sequence of the copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase from bovine erythrocytes, indicating that the manganese-iron and the copper-zinc classes of dismutases arose from independent evolutionary ancestors, a proposal previously based solely on enzymological and NH2-terminal sequence data. The amino acid sequence listed below corresponds to a molecular weight of 22,900 and appears to be identical in each subunit polypeptide of the native enzyme dimer. formula: (see text)."}
{"id": "PMID:363710", "title": "The primary structure of Escherichia coli K12 aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I. Site of limited proteolytic cleavage by subtilisin.", "content": "The sequence of the first 25 residues of the homoserine dehydrogenase fragment, produced by limited proteolysis of aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I with substilisin, has been determined. The sequence of a cyanogen bromide peptide (CB5, 59 residues), isolated from the entire protein, is also presented. Residues 1 to 18 of the subtilisin homoserine dehydrogenase fragment match the sequence 42 to 59 of peptide CB5.", "contents": "The primary structure of Escherichia coli K12 aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I. Site of limited proteolytic cleavage by subtilisin. The sequence of the first 25 residues of the homoserine dehydrogenase fragment, produced by limited proteolysis of aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I with substilisin, has been determined. The sequence of a cyanogen bromide peptide (CB5, 59 residues), isolated from the entire protein, is also presented. Residues 1 to 18 of the subtilisin homoserine dehydrogenase fragment match the sequence 42 to 59 of peptide CB5."}
{"id": "PMID:363711", "title": "Purification and properties of cytochrome b556 in the respiratory chain of aerobically grown Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Cytochrome b556, a major component of type b cytochromes in the respiratory chain of aerobically grown Escherichia coli, was purified to near homogeneity. It was solubilized from cytoplasmic membranes by treatment with Sarkosyl/cholate mixture and purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The purified cytochrome b556 is an oligomer composed of identical polypeptides, with a molecular weight of 17,500, determined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. It contains equimolar amounts of heme and polypeptide but no detectable non-heme iron, phospholipid, or dehydrogenase. Its isoelectric point was determined to be 8.5. The cytochrome b556 is highly hydrophobic in its amino acid composition and does not contain any half-cystine residues. The purified cytochrome b556 is spectrophotometrically pure and the alpha absorption peak in its difference spectrum at 77 K is at 556 nm. The molar extinction coefficient of cytochrome b556 was determined as 22.8 cm-1 mM-1. Its oxidation-reduction potential was found to be -45 mV. It could be reduced by D-lactate dehydrogenase of E. coli in the presence of menadione.", "contents": "Purification and properties of cytochrome b556 in the respiratory chain of aerobically grown Escherichia coli K12. Cytochrome b556, a major component of type b cytochromes in the respiratory chain of aerobically grown Escherichia coli, was purified to near homogeneity. It was solubilized from cytoplasmic membranes by treatment with Sarkosyl/cholate mixture and purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The purified cytochrome b556 is an oligomer composed of identical polypeptides, with a molecular weight of 17,500, determined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. It contains equimolar amounts of heme and polypeptide but no detectable non-heme iron, phospholipid, or dehydrogenase. Its isoelectric point was determined to be 8.5. The cytochrome b556 is highly hydrophobic in its amino acid composition and does not contain any half-cystine residues. The purified cytochrome b556 is spectrophotometrically pure and the alpha absorption peak in its difference spectrum at 77 K is at 556 nm. The molar extinction coefficient of cytochrome b556 was determined as 22.8 cm-1 mM-1. Its oxidation-reduction potential was found to be -45 mV. It could be reduced by D-lactate dehydrogenase of E. coli in the presence of menadione."}
{"id": "PMID:363712", "title": "A steady state assay for the RNA polymerase initiation reaction.", "content": "A new assay yielding mechanistic information on the initiation reaction of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase has been developed. It was found to be useful in characterizing the promoters of bacteriophage DNA templates. The binding of the first two triphosphates in an RNA sequence was determined to be equilibrium ordered with ATP binding first followed by UTP on the lambda promoters PL. and PR. The products resulting from phosphodiester bond formation, pppApU and PPi, dissociated rapidly in the absence of the other triphosphates required for RNA synthesis. The resulting steady state conversion of ATP and UTP into pppApU was the basis for the new assay. The rate-limiting step in the initiation reaction was not precisely determined, but it was argued not to be entirely the release of product. The Zn2+ chelator, 1,10-phenanthroline, was partially characterized and found to be an uncompetitive inhibitor of ATP in the reaction (Ki = 100 micrometer). The unique advantage of this steady state assay is that several steps in the RNA initiation process are amplified kinetically and thus can be examined separately with techniques applicable to any other two-substrate, two-product enzyme reaction.", "contents": "A steady state assay for the RNA polymerase initiation reaction. A new assay yielding mechanistic information on the initiation reaction of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase has been developed. It was found to be useful in characterizing the promoters of bacteriophage DNA templates. The binding of the first two triphosphates in an RNA sequence was determined to be equilibrium ordered with ATP binding first followed by UTP on the lambda promoters PL. and PR. The products resulting from phosphodiester bond formation, pppApU and PPi, dissociated rapidly in the absence of the other triphosphates required for RNA synthesis. The resulting steady state conversion of ATP and UTP into pppApU was the basis for the new assay. The rate-limiting step in the initiation reaction was not precisely determined, but it was argued not to be entirely the release of product. The Zn2+ chelator, 1,10-phenanthroline, was partially characterized and found to be an uncompetitive inhibitor of ATP in the reaction (Ki = 100 micrometer). The unique advantage of this steady state assay is that several steps in the RNA initiation process are amplified kinetically and thus can be examined separately with techniques applicable to any other two-substrate, two-product enzyme reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:363713", "title": "On the mechanism of rifampicin inhibition of RNA synthesis.", "content": "The mechanism of rifampicin inhibition of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase was studied with a newly developed steady state assay for RNA chain initiation and by analysis of the products formed with several 5'-terminal nucleotides. The major effect of rifampicin was found to be a total block of the translocation step that would ordinarily follow formation of the first phosphodiester bond. These effects were incorporated into a steric model for rifampicin inhibition. Additional minor effects of the enzyme bound inhibitor were to increase slightly the lifetime of RNA polymerase on the lambdaPR' promoter and to increase by two the apparent Michaelis constants of the initiating triphosphates. The products formed by RNA polymerase in the presence of rifampicin belong nearly exclusively to the class pppPupN. No evidence for the accumulation of such molecules was obtained in vivo.", "contents": "On the mechanism of rifampicin inhibition of RNA synthesis. The mechanism of rifampicin inhibition of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase was studied with a newly developed steady state assay for RNA chain initiation and by analysis of the products formed with several 5'-terminal nucleotides. The major effect of rifampicin was found to be a total block of the translocation step that would ordinarily follow formation of the first phosphodiester bond. These effects were incorporated into a steric model for rifampicin inhibition. Additional minor effects of the enzyme bound inhibitor were to increase slightly the lifetime of RNA polymerase on the lambdaPR' promoter and to increase by two the apparent Michaelis constants of the initiating triphosphates. The products formed by RNA polymerase in the presence of rifampicin belong nearly exclusively to the class pppPupN. No evidence for the accumulation of such molecules was obtained in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:363716", "title": "Metabolism of prostacyclin in the rabbit kidney.", "content": "In the isolated rabbit kidney perfused with Tyrode's solution, we examined the metabolism of radiolabeled prostacyclin. [9-3H]Prostacyclin was infused into the kidney and the radiolabeled products from the renal venous effluent were separated by thin layer chromatography and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major products were 7,9-dihydroxy-4,13-diketo-dinor-prostanoic acid and dinor-6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha. They represented 25% and 10% of the total radioactivity, respectively. Metabolism of prostacyclin by the kidney may be an important determinant of the effects of prostacyclin on renal function.", "contents": "Metabolism of prostacyclin in the rabbit kidney. In the isolated rabbit kidney perfused with Tyrode's solution, we examined the metabolism of radiolabeled prostacyclin. [9-3H]Prostacyclin was infused into the kidney and the radiolabeled products from the renal venous effluent were separated by thin layer chromatography and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major products were 7,9-dihydroxy-4,13-diketo-dinor-prostanoic acid and dinor-6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha. They represented 25% and 10% of the total radioactivity, respectively. Metabolism of prostacyclin by the kidney may be an important determinant of the effects of prostacyclin on renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:363717", "title": "Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen. The nature of the binding of substrates and effectors to ADP-glucose synthase.", "content": "Kinetic studies with ADP-glucose synthase show that 1,6-hexanediol bisphosphate (1,6-hexanediol-P2) is an effective activator that causes the enzyme to have a higher apparent affinity for ATP- and ADP-glucose than when fructose-1,6-P2 is the activator. Furthermore, in the presence of 1,6-hexanediol-P2, substrate saturation curves are hyperbolic shaped rather than sigmoidal shaped. CrATP behaves like a nonreactive analogue of ATP. Kinetic studies show that it is competitive with ATP. CrATP is not a competitive inhibitor of ADP-glucose. However, the combined addition of CrATP and glucose-1-P inhibits the enzyme competitively when ADP-glucose is the substrate. In binding experiments, CrATP, ATP, and fructose-P2 appear to bind to only half of the expected sites in the tetrameric enzyme, while ADP-glucose, the activators, pyridoxal-P and 1,6-hexanediol-P2, and the inhibitor, AMP, bind to four sites/tetrameric enzyme. Fructose-P2 inhibits 1,6-hexanediol-P2 binding, suggesting competition for the same sites. Glucose-1-P does not bind to the enzyme unless MgCl2 and CrATP are present and binds to four sites/tetrameric enzyme. Alternatively, CrATP in the presence of glucose-1-P binds to four sites/tetrameric enzyme. Thus, there are binding sites for the substrates, activators, and inhibitor located on each subunit and the binding sites can interact homotropically and heterotropically. ATP and fructose-P2 binding is synergistic showing heterotropic cooperativity. ATP and fructose-P2 must also be present together to effectively inhibit AMP binding. A mechanism is proposed which explains some of the kinetic and binding properties in terms of an asymmetry in the distribution of the conformational states of the four identical subunits.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen. The nature of the binding of substrates and effectors to ADP-glucose synthase. Kinetic studies with ADP-glucose synthase show that 1,6-hexanediol bisphosphate (1,6-hexanediol-P2) is an effective activator that causes the enzyme to have a higher apparent affinity for ATP- and ADP-glucose than when fructose-1,6-P2 is the activator. Furthermore, in the presence of 1,6-hexanediol-P2, substrate saturation curves are hyperbolic shaped rather than sigmoidal shaped. CrATP behaves like a nonreactive analogue of ATP. Kinetic studies show that it is competitive with ATP. CrATP is not a competitive inhibitor of ADP-glucose. However, the combined addition of CrATP and glucose-1-P inhibits the enzyme competitively when ADP-glucose is the substrate. In binding experiments, CrATP, ATP, and fructose-P2 appear to bind to only half of the expected sites in the tetrameric enzyme, while ADP-glucose, the activators, pyridoxal-P and 1,6-hexanediol-P2, and the inhibitor, AMP, bind to four sites/tetrameric enzyme. Fructose-P2 inhibits 1,6-hexanediol-P2 binding, suggesting competition for the same sites. Glucose-1-P does not bind to the enzyme unless MgCl2 and CrATP are present and binds to four sites/tetrameric enzyme. Alternatively, CrATP in the presence of glucose-1-P binds to four sites/tetrameric enzyme. Thus, there are binding sites for the substrates, activators, and inhibitor located on each subunit and the binding sites can interact homotropically and heterotropically. ATP and fructose-P2 binding is synergistic showing heterotropic cooperativity. ATP and fructose-P2 must also be present together to effectively inhibit AMP binding. A mechanism is proposed which explains some of the kinetic and binding properties in terms of an asymmetry in the distribution of the conformational states of the four identical subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:363718", "title": "Sequence homologies of (guanosine + cytidine)-rich regions of mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The nucleotide sequences of two distinct regions of mitochrondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are reported. The regions studied have a high content of G + C (45%) and contain closely spaced Hpa II and Hae III restriction sites. Both regions have sequences that are homologous over a lenght of 47 base-pairs. In addition, the two regions are highly palindromic. These data support certain aspects of the organization of mitochondrial DNA proposed by Prunell and Bernardi (Prunell, A., and Bernardi, G. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 110, 53--74).", "contents": "Sequence homologies of (guanosine + cytidine)-rich regions of mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The nucleotide sequences of two distinct regions of mitochrondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are reported. The regions studied have a high content of G + C (45%) and contain closely spaced Hpa II and Hae III restriction sites. Both regions have sequences that are homologous over a lenght of 47 base-pairs. In addition, the two regions are highly palindromic. These data support certain aspects of the organization of mitochondrial DNA proposed by Prunell and Bernardi (Prunell, A., and Bernardi, G. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 110, 53--74)."}
{"id": "PMID:363721", "title": "Free groin-flap transfer for skin defects associated with orthopaedic problems of the lower extremity.", "content": "Seventeen patients with full-thickness skin loss complicating orthopaedic problems of the lower part of the leg and the foot underwent free groin-flap transfer. Free flaps were used because more conventional means of coverage had failed or were deemed inappropriate. Nine patients had uncomplicated one-stage flap transfer. Three had peripheral necrosis but required no further procedures. Five patients had superficial necrosis of more than one-fourth of the flap, but split-thickness skin grafts applied to the viable subdermal portion of the flap provided an adequate surface in all but one of them. Necrosis was considered to be a result of anastomosis to scarred recipient vessels or of unexplained vessel thrombosis. It may be circumvented in part by the use of interposed vein grafts, or proximal extension of the flap along the recipient vascular tree.", "contents": "Free groin-flap transfer for skin defects associated with orthopaedic problems of the lower extremity. Seventeen patients with full-thickness skin loss complicating orthopaedic problems of the lower part of the leg and the foot underwent free groin-flap transfer. Free flaps were used because more conventional means of coverage had failed or were deemed inappropriate. Nine patients had uncomplicated one-stage flap transfer. Three had peripheral necrosis but required no further procedures. Five patients had superficial necrosis of more than one-fourth of the flap, but split-thickness skin grafts applied to the viable subdermal portion of the flap provided an adequate surface in all but one of them. Necrosis was considered to be a result of anastomosis to scarred recipient vessels or of unexplained vessel thrombosis. It may be circumvented in part by the use of interposed vein grafts, or proximal extension of the flap along the recipient vascular tree."}
{"id": "PMID:363722", "title": "Low-dose heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in total hip arthroplasty and surgical repair of hip fractures.", "content": "Sixty-seven hip-arthroplasty and fifty-two hip-fracture patients participated in a placebo-controlled randomized double-blind study on the effects of low-dose heparin prophylaxis in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. In this study, a positive thromboembolic event meant a positive test by: (1) daily 125I-fibrinogen scanning, (2) contrast venography on the tenth postoperative day, or (3) radionuclide perfusion lung scan in confirmation of suspected clinical pulmonary emboli. Nineteen (59.4 per cent) of thirty-two placebo-treated arthroplasty patients showed evidence of a thromboembolic event in contrast with eight (22.9 per cent) of thirty-five heparin-treated patients (p less than 0.003). Heparin-treated arthroplasty patients required mean blood transfusions of 4.7 units, contrasted with a mean 3.2-unit transfusion requirement for placebo-treated patients (p less than 0.05). The incidence of observed bleeding complications was higher among the heparin-treated patients. Of the twenty-three placebo-treated patients with fracturs, 39.1 per cent had a thromboembolic event, while 41.4 per cent of the twenty-nine who received heparin showed evidence of thromboembolism, demonstrating that low-dose heparin afforded no protection, nor did it affect the incidence of bleeding complications or transfusion requirements in fracture patients.", "contents": "Low-dose heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in total hip arthroplasty and surgical repair of hip fractures. Sixty-seven hip-arthroplasty and fifty-two hip-fracture patients participated in a placebo-controlled randomized double-blind study on the effects of low-dose heparin prophylaxis in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. In this study, a positive thromboembolic event meant a positive test by: (1) daily 125I-fibrinogen scanning, (2) contrast venography on the tenth postoperative day, or (3) radionuclide perfusion lung scan in confirmation of suspected clinical pulmonary emboli. Nineteen (59.4 per cent) of thirty-two placebo-treated arthroplasty patients showed evidence of a thromboembolic event in contrast with eight (22.9 per cent) of thirty-five heparin-treated patients (p less than 0.003). Heparin-treated arthroplasty patients required mean blood transfusions of 4.7 units, contrasted with a mean 3.2-unit transfusion requirement for placebo-treated patients (p less than 0.05). The incidence of observed bleeding complications was higher among the heparin-treated patients. Of the twenty-three placebo-treated patients with fracturs, 39.1 per cent had a thromboembolic event, while 41.4 per cent of the twenty-nine who received heparin showed evidence of thromboembolism, demonstrating that low-dose heparin afforded no protection, nor did it affect the incidence of bleeding complications or transfusion requirements in fracture patients."}
{"id": "PMID:363723", "title": "Freeze-dried allogeneic segmental cortical-bone grafts in dogs.", "content": "Forty-four adult male mongrel dogs were used to compare segmental cortical freeze-dried allogeneic bone grafts with fresh autogenous, freeze-dried autogenous, and fresh allogeneic segmental cortical grafts. Group I consisted of bilateral fresh autografts as external controls; Group II, a fresh autograft on one side for internal control and a freeze-dried autogenous graft on the other side to evaluate the effect of freeze-drying on repair; Group III, a fresh autograft on one side and a fresh allograft on the other side to measure the differences between autogenous and allogeneic grafts; and Group IV, a fresh autograft on one side and a freeze-dried allogeneic graft on the other to see if freeze-drying altered the repair of allogeneic grafts. The grafts were analyzed qualitatively over a six-month period by the use of interval roentgenograms to determine the times of graft-host union and the incidence of fatigue fractures. Six months after operation, the repair processes in the four groups were compared quantitatively with respect to biological repair and physical strength using torsional stress-testing, tetracycline labeling, and microradiography. The results indicate both qualitatively and quantitatively that: (1) fresh bilateral segmental cortical autografts show reproducible characteristics, so that the canine fibula furnishes a satisfactory model (Group I); (2) freeze-drying does not inhibit the repair process per se (Group II); (3) fresh allografts are rejected in varying degrees of intensity (Group III); and (4) freeze-drying does not protect cortical allogeneic grafts from such rejection (Group IV).", "contents": "Freeze-dried allogeneic segmental cortical-bone grafts in dogs. Forty-four adult male mongrel dogs were used to compare segmental cortical freeze-dried allogeneic bone grafts with fresh autogenous, freeze-dried autogenous, and fresh allogeneic segmental cortical grafts. Group I consisted of bilateral fresh autografts as external controls; Group II, a fresh autograft on one side for internal control and a freeze-dried autogenous graft on the other side to evaluate the effect of freeze-drying on repair; Group III, a fresh autograft on one side and a fresh allograft on the other side to measure the differences between autogenous and allogeneic grafts; and Group IV, a fresh autograft on one side and a freeze-dried allogeneic graft on the other to see if freeze-drying altered the repair of allogeneic grafts. The grafts were analyzed qualitatively over a six-month period by the use of interval roentgenograms to determine the times of graft-host union and the incidence of fatigue fractures. Six months after operation, the repair processes in the four groups were compared quantitatively with respect to biological repair and physical strength using torsional stress-testing, tetracycline labeling, and microradiography. The results indicate both qualitatively and quantitatively that: (1) fresh bilateral segmental cortical autografts show reproducible characteristics, so that the canine fibula furnishes a satisfactory model (Group I); (2) freeze-drying does not inhibit the repair process per se (Group II); (3) fresh allografts are rejected in varying degrees of intensity (Group III); and (4) freeze-drying does not protect cortical allogeneic grafts from such rejection (Group IV)."}
{"id": "PMID:363725", "title": "Unusual manifestations of pulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "Pulmonary aspergillosis is being diagnosed with increasing frequency, particularly in larger referral centers. The spectrum of lung pathology can be classified into 3 major groups: A) non-invasive mycetoma; B) allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and C) invasive aspergillosis. Five patients with pulmonary aspergillosis are presented, illustrating unusual features of each major group. Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy was diagnostic in 3 patients. It is important to differentiate a mycetoma developing in a pre-existing cavity from a cavitating Aspergillus abscess. The radiologic appearances may be similar, but evolution of the 2 lesions is entirely different.", "contents": "Unusual manifestations of pulmonary aspergillosis. Pulmonary aspergillosis is being diagnosed with increasing frequency, particularly in larger referral centers. The spectrum of lung pathology can be classified into 3 major groups: A) non-invasive mycetoma; B) allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and C) invasive aspergillosis. Five patients with pulmonary aspergillosis are presented, illustrating unusual features of each major group. Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy was diagnostic in 3 patients. It is important to differentiate a mycetoma developing in a pre-existing cavity from a cavitating Aspergillus abscess. The radiologic appearances may be similar, but evolution of the 2 lesions is entirely different."}
{"id": "PMID:363726", "title": "Synthesis and extracellular deposition of fibronectin in chondrocyte cultures. Response to the removal of extracellular cartilage matrix.", "content": "Fibronectin, the major cell surface glycoprotein of fibroblasts, is absent from differentiated cartilage matrix and chondrocytes in situ. However, dissociation of embryonic chick sternal cartilage with collagenase and trypsin, followed by inoculation in vitro reinitiates fibronectin synthesis by chondrocytes. Immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies prepared against plasma fibronectin (cold insoluble globulin [CIG]) reveals fibronectin associated with the chondrocyte surface. Synthesis and secretion of fibronectin into the medium are shown by anabolic labeling with [35S]methionine or [3H]glycine, and identification of the secreted proteins by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-disc gel electrophoresis. When chondrocytes are plated onto tissue culture dishes, the pattern of surface-associated fibronectin changes from a patchy into a strandlike appearance. Where epithelioid clones of polygonal chondrocytes develop, only short strands of fibronectin appear preferentially at cellular interfaces. This pattern is observed as long as cells continue to produce type II collagen that fails to precipitate as extracellular collagen fibers for some time in culture. Using the immunofluorescence double-labeling technique, we demonstrate that fibroblasts as well as chondrocytes which synthesize type I collagen and deposit this collagen as extracellular fibers show a different pattern of extracellular fibronectin that codistributes in large parts with collagen fibers. Where chondrocytes begin to accumulate extracellular cartilage matrix, fibronectin strands disappear. From these observations, we conclude (a) that chondrocytes synthesize fibronectin only in the absence of extracellular cartilage matrix, and (b) that fibronectin forms only short intercellular \"stitches\" in the absence of extracellular collagen fibers in vitro.", "contents": "Synthesis and extracellular deposition of fibronectin in chondrocyte cultures. Response to the removal of extracellular cartilage matrix. Fibronectin, the major cell surface glycoprotein of fibroblasts, is absent from differentiated cartilage matrix and chondrocytes in situ. However, dissociation of embryonic chick sternal cartilage with collagenase and trypsin, followed by inoculation in vitro reinitiates fibronectin synthesis by chondrocytes. Immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies prepared against plasma fibronectin (cold insoluble globulin [CIG]) reveals fibronectin associated with the chondrocyte surface. Synthesis and secretion of fibronectin into the medium are shown by anabolic labeling with [35S]methionine or [3H]glycine, and identification of the secreted proteins by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-disc gel electrophoresis. When chondrocytes are plated onto tissue culture dishes, the pattern of surface-associated fibronectin changes from a patchy into a strandlike appearance. Where epithelioid clones of polygonal chondrocytes develop, only short strands of fibronectin appear preferentially at cellular interfaces. This pattern is observed as long as cells continue to produce type II collagen that fails to precipitate as extracellular collagen fibers for some time in culture. Using the immunofluorescence double-labeling technique, we demonstrate that fibroblasts as well as chondrocytes which synthesize type I collagen and deposit this collagen as extracellular fibers show a different pattern of extracellular fibronectin that codistributes in large parts with collagen fibers. Where chondrocytes begin to accumulate extracellular cartilage matrix, fibronectin strands disappear. From these observations, we conclude (a) that chondrocytes synthesize fibronectin only in the absence of extracellular cartilage matrix, and (b) that fibronectin forms only short intercellular \"stitches\" in the absence of extracellular collagen fibers in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:363727", "title": "Fibroblasts and macrophages of mice with the Chediak-Higashi-like syndrome have microtubules and actin cables.", "content": "Cells of the beige mouse contain abnormally large lysosomes and show enhanced capping of concanavalin A. It has been suggested that these phenomena may be secondary to a defect in microtubule polymerization. We have examined the cytoskeleton of beige mouse cells by indirect immunofluorescence and find the number and distribution of microtubules and actin cables to be indistinguishable from those of normal control cells.", "contents": "Fibroblasts and macrophages of mice with the Chediak-Higashi-like syndrome have microtubules and actin cables. Cells of the beige mouse contain abnormally large lysosomes and show enhanced capping of concanavalin A. It has been suggested that these phenomena may be secondary to a defect in microtubule polymerization. We have examined the cytoskeleton of beige mouse cells by indirect immunofluorescence and find the number and distribution of microtubules and actin cables to be indistinguishable from those of normal control cells."}
{"id": "PMID:363728", "title": "Two distinct mechanisms for redistribution of lymphocyte surface macromolecules. II. Contrasting effects of local anesthetics and a calcium ionophore.", "content": "In the previous study, lymphocyte surface molecules were separated into two subsets depending on whether capping was associated was associated with redistribution of cytoplasmic myosin. In the present study, the effects of the local anesthetic chlorpromazine and of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 were compared. Both drugs affected the surface redistribution of immunoglobulin (Ig), Fc receptors, and the TL antigen--molecules that appear to cap by association with microfilaments--but had no effect on the Thy.1 (theta) and H2 antigens--molecules that cap slowly, apparently unlinked to microfilament function. The capping of Ig, Fc receptor, and TL was inhibited while that of H2 and theta was not. Both drugs reversed the Ig Fc receptor, and TL caps but not the H2 and theta caps. In the former group, the reversal of caps was accompanied by a parallel reversal of the myosin segregated to the cap area. The appearance of myosin after drug treatment varied: chlorpromazine resulted in a diffuse pattern similar to that of normal lymphocytes, whereas A23187 produced an array of aggregates and coarse filaments. The results are compatible with the view that two mechanisms for capping exist in the lymphocyte. The Ca2+ ionophore may affect capping of microfilament-dependent caps by producing a systemic activation of contractile proteins while chlorpromazine may act by disrupting a Ca2+-dependent link between surface complexes and the contractile proteins.", "contents": "Two distinct mechanisms for redistribution of lymphocyte surface macromolecules. II. Contrasting effects of local anesthetics and a calcium ionophore. In the previous study, lymphocyte surface molecules were separated into two subsets depending on whether capping was associated was associated with redistribution of cytoplasmic myosin. In the present study, the effects of the local anesthetic chlorpromazine and of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 were compared. Both drugs affected the surface redistribution of immunoglobulin (Ig), Fc receptors, and the TL antigen--molecules that appear to cap by association with microfilaments--but had no effect on the Thy.1 (theta) and H2 antigens--molecules that cap slowly, apparently unlinked to microfilament function. The capping of Ig, Fc receptor, and TL was inhibited while that of H2 and theta was not. Both drugs reversed the Ig Fc receptor, and TL caps but not the H2 and theta caps. In the former group, the reversal of caps was accompanied by a parallel reversal of the myosin segregated to the cap area. The appearance of myosin after drug treatment varied: chlorpromazine resulted in a diffuse pattern similar to that of normal lymphocytes, whereas A23187 produced an array of aggregates and coarse filaments. The results are compatible with the view that two mechanisms for capping exist in the lymphocyte. The Ca2+ ionophore may affect capping of microfilament-dependent caps by producing a systemic activation of contractile proteins while chlorpromazine may act by disrupting a Ca2+-dependent link between surface complexes and the contractile proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:363729", "title": "Visualization of centrioles and basal bodies by fluorescent staining with nonimmune rabbit sera.", "content": "Several sera from nonimmunized rabbits have been found which stain centrioles and basal bodies by indirect immunofluorescence in a wide variety of cell types. So far, approximately 10% of the rabbit sera that we have examined gave strong positive staining of centrioles and basal bodies. Cytoplasmic networks, mitotic spindles, and ciliary axonemes, however, remain unstained. This specific fluorescent staining of centrioles and basal bodies could not be abolished by absorption of sera with purified brain tubulin. This technique is superior to previous methods for the visualization of basal bodies and centrioles at the light microscopic level and should be useful for rapid and convenient detection of these organelles in large populations of cells.", "contents": "Visualization of centrioles and basal bodies by fluorescent staining with nonimmune rabbit sera. Several sera from nonimmunized rabbits have been found which stain centrioles and basal bodies by indirect immunofluorescence in a wide variety of cell types. So far, approximately 10% of the rabbit sera that we have examined gave strong positive staining of centrioles and basal bodies. Cytoplasmic networks, mitotic spindles, and ciliary axonemes, however, remain unstained. This specific fluorescent staining of centrioles and basal bodies could not be abolished by absorption of sera with purified brain tubulin. This technique is superior to previous methods for the visualization of basal bodies and centrioles at the light microscopic level and should be useful for rapid and convenient detection of these organelles in large populations of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:363730", "title": "Microfilament bundles, LETS protein and growth control in somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Hybrid cell lines between normal rat embryo fibroblasts and TA3B mouse tumour cells, or between TA3B and BI hamster sarcoma cells, have been examined for the expression of the cell surface large external-transformation-sensitive (LETS) protein and the organization of microfilament bundles. LETS protein was detected by lactoperoxidase-catalysed radioiodination and microfilament bundles were visualized by indirect immunofluorescence with antibodies directed against actin or myosin. Hybrids which exhibited normal growth control characteristics had high levels of LETS protein and extensive microfilament bundles. Neoplastic transformation appears to be suppressed in these hybrids. Hybrids which had the growth control characteristics typical of transformed cells had reduced or zero levels of LETS protein and few microfilament bundles. These results confirm previous studies on the expression of the transformed phenotype in these hybrids and demonstrate that there is a good correlation between normal growth control and the presence of LETS protein and microfilament bundles. However, the changes in cell surface LETS protein and in the organization of microfilament bundles often appeared to be quantitative reductions rather than all-or-none effects. The magnitude of the alterations in the levels of LETS protein and in the organization of microfilaments appeared to correlate with the range of transformed characteristics exhibited by the cells. One transformed hybrid in particular, selected for growth in agar, had some surface LETS protein, some microfilament bundles and retained density-dependent inhibition of growth.", "contents": "Microfilament bundles, LETS protein and growth control in somatic cell hybrids. Hybrid cell lines between normal rat embryo fibroblasts and TA3B mouse tumour cells, or between TA3B and BI hamster sarcoma cells, have been examined for the expression of the cell surface large external-transformation-sensitive (LETS) protein and the organization of microfilament bundles. LETS protein was detected by lactoperoxidase-catalysed radioiodination and microfilament bundles were visualized by indirect immunofluorescence with antibodies directed against actin or myosin. Hybrids which exhibited normal growth control characteristics had high levels of LETS protein and extensive microfilament bundles. Neoplastic transformation appears to be suppressed in these hybrids. Hybrids which had the growth control characteristics typical of transformed cells had reduced or zero levels of LETS protein and few microfilament bundles. These results confirm previous studies on the expression of the transformed phenotype in these hybrids and demonstrate that there is a good correlation between normal growth control and the presence of LETS protein and microfilament bundles. However, the changes in cell surface LETS protein and in the organization of microfilament bundles often appeared to be quantitative reductions rather than all-or-none effects. The magnitude of the alterations in the levels of LETS protein and in the organization of microfilaments appeared to correlate with the range of transformed characteristics exhibited by the cells. One transformed hybrid in particular, selected for growth in agar, had some surface LETS protein, some microfilament bundles and retained density-dependent inhibition of growth."}
{"id": "PMID:363731", "title": "The cell surface of Trypanosoma cruzi: cytochemistry and freeze-fracture.", "content": "The ultrastructure of epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, obtained from acellular cultures, and bloodstream trypomastigotes, isolated from infected mice, were studied by thin-sectioning and freeze-fracturing techniques. Epimastigotes showed a thin (5 nm) surface coat when stained with ruthenium red, while the surface coat of trypomastigotes was more prominent (15 nm thick). Both P and E faces of the plasma membrane of T. cruzi had roughly the same number of intramembranous particles (IMP) as seen by freeze-fracture. The plasma membrane of bloodstream trypomastigotes had less IMP than epimastigotes. Several differentiations of the plasma membrane was observed. In epimastigotes a cytostome appears as a particle-poor region delimited by a pallisade-like row of adjacent IMP. Bloodstream trypomastigotes did not have a cytostome. Instead, abundant pinocytic vesicles were observed. At the base of the flagellum of epimastigotes a ciliary necklace was found. At this region, the surface coat was differentiated as long, hair-like projections after staining with ruthenium red. The flagellar membrane had less IMP than the body membrane. Clusters of IMP were present on both faces of the flagellar membrane at the flagellar-body adhesion zone of epimastigotes. Linear arrays of IMP were also seen. In bloostream trypomastigotes clusters of particles were observed both on the flagellar and cell body membranes. Our observations demonstrate the presence of considerable structural variations of the T. cruzi plasma membrane at the two stages of the life cycle studied.", "contents": "The cell surface of Trypanosoma cruzi: cytochemistry and freeze-fracture. The ultrastructure of epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, obtained from acellular cultures, and bloodstream trypomastigotes, isolated from infected mice, were studied by thin-sectioning and freeze-fracturing techniques. Epimastigotes showed a thin (5 nm) surface coat when stained with ruthenium red, while the surface coat of trypomastigotes was more prominent (15 nm thick). Both P and E faces of the plasma membrane of T. cruzi had roughly the same number of intramembranous particles (IMP) as seen by freeze-fracture. The plasma membrane of bloodstream trypomastigotes had less IMP than epimastigotes. Several differentiations of the plasma membrane was observed. In epimastigotes a cytostome appears as a particle-poor region delimited by a pallisade-like row of adjacent IMP. Bloodstream trypomastigotes did not have a cytostome. Instead, abundant pinocytic vesicles were observed. At the base of the flagellum of epimastigotes a ciliary necklace was found. At this region, the surface coat was differentiated as long, hair-like projections after staining with ruthenium red. The flagellar membrane had less IMP than the body membrane. Clusters of IMP were present on both faces of the flagellar membrane at the flagellar-body adhesion zone of epimastigotes. Linear arrays of IMP were also seen. In bloostream trypomastigotes clusters of particles were observed both on the flagellar and cell body membranes. Our observations demonstrate the presence of considerable structural variations of the T. cruzi plasma membrane at the two stages of the life cycle studied."}
{"id": "PMID:363732", "title": "Mobility of concanavalin A receptors and distribution of cytoplasmic actin in odontogenic epithelial and mesenchymal cells.", "content": "The distribution of concanavalin A (Con A) surface receptors and cytoplasmic actin in the same cell was studied in monolayer cultures of 2 odontogenic epithelial cells of different developmental age and in ecto-mesenchymal cells derived from the same tooth germ. Con A receptors were demonstrated by fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labelled Con A (FITC-Con A) and cytoplasmic actin by a specific anti-actin autoantibody (AAA) traced with a rhodamine-labelled goat anti-human globulin (R-AHG). All 3 cell types, incubated with FITC-Con A at 37 degrees C for increasing time periods, showed progressive changes in staining patterns from clusters, caps to perinuclear globules. Capping was seen in the majority of immature epithelial cells at 120--180 min, in cells of more mature epithelium at 180--240 min and in ecto-mesenchymal cells at 240--360 min. Binding of FITC-Con A to cell surfaces resulted in sequential changes in AAA staining from filamentous to an aggregated or diffuse pattern, co-capping of aggregated or diffusely stained areas with those capped by FITC-Con A, presence of aggregated or diffusely stained areas in sites similar to the perinuclear globules stained by FITC-Con A, to final re-emergence of filamentous staining. Prior treatment of cells with cytochalasin B or colchicine promoted capping in epithelial but not in ecto-mesenchymal cells while presence of either drug throughout the staining procedure inhibited capping. The results show that Con A receptors are more mobile in epithelial compared to ecto-mesenchymal cells and in immature epithelial cells compared to their more mature counterparts, and that binding and mobility of Con A receptors on the cell surface is associated with redistribution of cytoplasmic actin. The cytochalasin B and colchicine experiments suggest that both microfilaments and microtubules may have synergistic roles in the opposing functions of receptor anchorage and mobility, and that the relative receptor immobility of ectomesenchymal compared to epithelial cells may be attributed to firmer receptor anchorage to the cytoskeleton.", "contents": "Mobility of concanavalin A receptors and distribution of cytoplasmic actin in odontogenic epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The distribution of concanavalin A (Con A) surface receptors and cytoplasmic actin in the same cell was studied in monolayer cultures of 2 odontogenic epithelial cells of different developmental age and in ecto-mesenchymal cells derived from the same tooth germ. Con A receptors were demonstrated by fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labelled Con A (FITC-Con A) and cytoplasmic actin by a specific anti-actin autoantibody (AAA) traced with a rhodamine-labelled goat anti-human globulin (R-AHG). All 3 cell types, incubated with FITC-Con A at 37 degrees C for increasing time periods, showed progressive changes in staining patterns from clusters, caps to perinuclear globules. Capping was seen in the majority of immature epithelial cells at 120--180 min, in cells of more mature epithelium at 180--240 min and in ecto-mesenchymal cells at 240--360 min. Binding of FITC-Con A to cell surfaces resulted in sequential changes in AAA staining from filamentous to an aggregated or diffuse pattern, co-capping of aggregated or diffusely stained areas with those capped by FITC-Con A, presence of aggregated or diffusely stained areas in sites similar to the perinuclear globules stained by FITC-Con A, to final re-emergence of filamentous staining. Prior treatment of cells with cytochalasin B or colchicine promoted capping in epithelial but not in ecto-mesenchymal cells while presence of either drug throughout the staining procedure inhibited capping. The results show that Con A receptors are more mobile in epithelial compared to ecto-mesenchymal cells and in immature epithelial cells compared to their more mature counterparts, and that binding and mobility of Con A receptors on the cell surface is associated with redistribution of cytoplasmic actin. The cytochalasin B and colchicine experiments suggest that both microfilaments and microtubules may have synergistic roles in the opposing functions of receptor anchorage and mobility, and that the relative receptor immobility of ectomesenchymal compared to epithelial cells may be attributed to firmer receptor anchorage to the cytoskeleton."}
{"id": "PMID:363733", "title": "Carbon dioxide evolution during the cell cycle of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "The rate of CO2 evolution was measured in synchronous cultures of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe growing in a minimal medium. The rate of CO2 evolution was found to double sharply at about the time of nuclear division (0.75 of the way through the cell cycle). For the remainder of the cell cycle the rate remained constant. Addition of inhibitors of DNA synthesis or nuclear division did not affect the pattern of CO2 evolution in synchronous cultures. Similarly, in an induced synchronous culture, in which DNA synthesis, nuclear division and cell division--but not growth, were synchronized, CO2 evolution showed a continuous pattern and not the step-wise increase associated with the normal synchronous cultures. When S. pombe was grown in a complete medium, the evolution of CO2 in a synchronous cultures was shown to increase in a continuous manner but at a rate faster than the growth of the culture.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide evolution during the cell cycle of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The rate of CO2 evolution was measured in synchronous cultures of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe growing in a minimal medium. The rate of CO2 evolution was found to double sharply at about the time of nuclear division (0.75 of the way through the cell cycle). For the remainder of the cell cycle the rate remained constant. Addition of inhibitors of DNA synthesis or nuclear division did not affect the pattern of CO2 evolution in synchronous cultures. Similarly, in an induced synchronous culture, in which DNA synthesis, nuclear division and cell division--but not growth, were synchronized, CO2 evolution showed a continuous pattern and not the step-wise increase associated with the normal synchronous cultures. When S. pombe was grown in a complete medium, the evolution of CO2 in a synchronous cultures was shown to increase in a continuous manner but at a rate faster than the growth of the culture."}
{"id": "PMID:363735", "title": "Fluorimetric detection of octopamine in high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to the assay of dopamine beta-monooxygenase in human serum.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the determination of octopamine. The method, which is based on the separation on a microparticulate bonded strong cation-exchange resin and measurement of the native fluorescence, has been applied to give a sensitive assay of dopamine beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.17.1) activity in human serum with tyramine as the substrate. The procedure, which has been designed for use with an automatic sampler, has a detection limit of about 50 pmoles of octopamine, and the analysis time is approximately 10 min per sample.", "contents": "Fluorimetric detection of octopamine in high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to the assay of dopamine beta-monooxygenase in human serum. A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the determination of octopamine. The method, which is based on the separation on a microparticulate bonded strong cation-exchange resin and measurement of the native fluorescence, has been applied to give a sensitive assay of dopamine beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.17.1) activity in human serum with tyramine as the substrate. The procedure, which has been designed for use with an automatic sampler, has a detection limit of about 50 pmoles of octopamine, and the analysis time is approximately 10 min per sample."}
{"id": "PMID:363736", "title": "Quantitation of chlordiazepoxide and its metabolites in biological fluids by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "Chlordiazepoxide and its 4 major metabolites were assayed after separation by thin-layer chromatography following extraction from biological fluids. The compounds become intensely fluorescent in the presence of red, fuming nitric acid. The resulting compounds are quantitated with a spectrodensitometer with a fluorescent attachment. The sensitivity varies between 0.05 and 0.1 microgram. The coefficient of variation is 1.4% for assays in urine and 6.4% in serum.", "contents": "Quantitation of chlordiazepoxide and its metabolites in biological fluids by thin-layer chromatography. Chlordiazepoxide and its 4 major metabolites were assayed after separation by thin-layer chromatography following extraction from biological fluids. The compounds become intensely fluorescent in the presence of red, fuming nitric acid. The resulting compounds are quantitated with a spectrodensitometer with a fluorescent attachment. The sensitivity varies between 0.05 and 0.1 microgram. The coefficient of variation is 1.4% for assays in urine and 6.4% in serum."}
{"id": "PMID:363738", "title": "Rapid isolation and identification of group B streptococci from selective broth medium by slide co-agglutination test.", "content": "Direct identification of group B streptococci from a selective broth medium was performed with the Phadebact streptococcus test to determine the feasibility of this technique for early detection of streptococcal colonization. Of 124 clinical isolates, 122 (98.4%) were correctly identified in less than 24 h from the selective broth medium, whereas standard cultures from blood agar plates identified, after 48 h, only 66 (53.2%). The presence of group B streptococci in mixed cultures was always detected by the Phadebact test, and no false-positive co-agglutination tests were observed in 372 cultures from which organisms other than group B streptococci were isolated.", "contents": "Rapid isolation and identification of group B streptococci from selective broth medium by slide co-agglutination test. Direct identification of group B streptococci from a selective broth medium was performed with the Phadebact streptococcus test to determine the feasibility of this technique for early detection of streptococcal colonization. Of 124 clinical isolates, 122 (98.4%) were correctly identified in less than 24 h from the selective broth medium, whereas standard cultures from blood agar plates identified, after 48 h, only 66 (53.2%). The presence of group B streptococci in mixed cultures was always detected by the Phadebact test, and no false-positive co-agglutination tests were observed in 372 cultures from which organisms other than group B streptococci were isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:363734", "title": "[Leiomyomas of the duodenum (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of leiomyoma of the second part of the duodenum and note in the light of 55 cases in the literature, the main characteristics of this tumour including digestive hemorrhage, especially melena, which is the commonest mode of presentation. They compare it with other muscle tumours, e.g. sarcoma and myoid tumours. A barium meal and eventually superior mesenteric arteriography are the two main aids in diagnosis which remains by chance in 15% of cases. The volume of the tumour, the intimacy of its relations with the bile ducts influence the choice of surgery. The risk of hemorrhage and the histological uncertainty almost always lead to surgical operation.", "contents": "[Leiomyomas of the duodenum (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of leiomyoma of the second part of the duodenum and note in the light of 55 cases in the literature, the main characteristics of this tumour including digestive hemorrhage, especially melena, which is the commonest mode of presentation. They compare it with other muscle tumours, e.g. sarcoma and myoid tumours. A barium meal and eventually superior mesenteric arteriography are the two main aids in diagnosis which remains by chance in 15% of cases. The volume of the tumour, the intimacy of its relations with the bile ducts influence the choice of surgery. The risk of hemorrhage and the histological uncertainty almost always lead to surgical operation."}
{"id": "PMID:363739", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay determination of specific rubella antibody levels in micrograms of immunoglobulin G per milliliter of serum in clinical samples.", "content": "A \"microgram assay\" is described in which solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is used for the determination of specific rubella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels in micrograms per milliliter of serum. The quantitation was based on a standard curve obtained by using a reference serum, for which the specific IgG content was assayed by immunochemical purification. IgG was first purified and specific rubella antibodies were separated by an immunoadsorbent prepared by linking rubella virus antigens to Sepharose 4B. By using IgG-specific conjugate, the levels of specific rubella IgG antibodies could then be determined from clinical samples. Seronegative samples showed antibody levels less than 1 microgram/ml, whereas levels up to several hundred micrograms per milliliter were detected in some postinfection sera. The correlation between microgram antibody levels and hemagglutination inhibition titers was linear. The method offers a simple and sensitive antibody assay which could be used both for the laboratory diagnosis of acute rubella and for the evaluation of immunity.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay determination of specific rubella antibody levels in micrograms of immunoglobulin G per milliliter of serum in clinical samples. A \"microgram assay\" is described in which solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is used for the determination of specific rubella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels in micrograms per milliliter of serum. The quantitation was based on a standard curve obtained by using a reference serum, for which the specific IgG content was assayed by immunochemical purification. IgG was first purified and specific rubella antibodies were separated by an immunoadsorbent prepared by linking rubella virus antigens to Sepharose 4B. By using IgG-specific conjugate, the levels of specific rubella IgG antibodies could then be determined from clinical samples. Seronegative samples showed antibody levels less than 1 microgram/ml, whereas levels up to several hundred micrograms per milliliter were detected in some postinfection sera. The correlation between microgram antibody levels and hemagglutination inhibition titers was linear. The method offers a simple and sensitive antibody assay which could be used both for the laboratory diagnosis of acute rubella and for the evaluation of immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:363740", "title": "Evaluation of routine subcultures of macroscopically negative blood cultures for detection of anaerobes.", "content": "Routine anaerobic subcultures of macroscopically negative blood culture bottles, performed within 1 day of receipt of the culture and after 5 days of incubation, were evaluated. Anaerobes were recovered from 207 (12.3%) of the total 1,688 positive cultures and, of these, 154 were only detected macroscopically, 11 only by subculture, and 42 by both procedures. In no instance was the anaerobe detected earlier with the subculture, and the time required for a definitive identification was reduced for only 10 isolates. Since the subcultures did not significantly improve the detection or early identification of anaerobes, routine anaerobic subcultures are not recommended.", "contents": "Evaluation of routine subcultures of macroscopically negative blood cultures for detection of anaerobes. Routine anaerobic subcultures of macroscopically negative blood culture bottles, performed within 1 day of receipt of the culture and after 5 days of incubation, were evaluated. Anaerobes were recovered from 207 (12.3%) of the total 1,688 positive cultures and, of these, 154 were only detected macroscopically, 11 only by subculture, and 42 by both procedures. In no instance was the anaerobe detected earlier with the subculture, and the time required for a definitive identification was reduced for only 10 isolates. Since the subcultures did not significantly improve the detection or early identification of anaerobes, routine anaerobic subcultures are not recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:363741", "title": "Species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci from urinary tract isolates.", "content": "A new scheme for identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci was applied to 138 consecutive urinary isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci. The most common species were Staphylococcus epidermidis (53%), S. hominis (12%), and S. haemolyticus (10%). S. saprophyticus comprised only 5%. The disk method for antibiotic susceptibility for all species grouped together disclosed resistance most commonly to penicillin (35%), tetracycline (33%), methicillin (27%), and sulfonamide (24%). This pattern was also seen specifically with S. epidermidis. Further studies are needed to determine the incidence of species-specific antibiotic resistance and species-specific infection by site. This may be of particular interest in those patients with nosocomial infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci.", "contents": "Species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci from urinary tract isolates. A new scheme for identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci was applied to 138 consecutive urinary isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci. The most common species were Staphylococcus epidermidis (53%), S. hominis (12%), and S. haemolyticus (10%). S. saprophyticus comprised only 5%. The disk method for antibiotic susceptibility for all species grouped together disclosed resistance most commonly to penicillin (35%), tetracycline (33%), methicillin (27%), and sulfonamide (24%). This pattern was also seen specifically with S. epidermidis. Further studies are needed to determine the incidence of species-specific antibiotic resistance and species-specific infection by site. This may be of particular interest in those patients with nosocomial infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci."}
{"id": "PMID:363742", "title": "Detection of cells producing surface antigen-specific antibody to influenza viruses.", "content": "B cells producing antibodies to influenza virus antigens were detected and quantitated by a hemolytic plaque assay. Responses of mice after primary infection and immunization with influenza viruses were measured and compared with responses after secondary immunization. The B-cell responses were specific and differentiated between A and B influenza viruses and between different subtypes of A influenza viruses. Responses to closely related influenza A virus strains of the H3N2 subtype cross-reacted but could also be differentiated. Cells secreting antibody to either of the virus surface antigens (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) could be separately enumerated. Evidence that immunoglobulin G- secreting cells are detected in the assay without the use of facilitating anti-immunoglobulin G sera is presented.", "contents": "Detection of cells producing surface antigen-specific antibody to influenza viruses. B cells producing antibodies to influenza virus antigens were detected and quantitated by a hemolytic plaque assay. Responses of mice after primary infection and immunization with influenza viruses were measured and compared with responses after secondary immunization. The B-cell responses were specific and differentiated between A and B influenza viruses and between different subtypes of A influenza viruses. Responses to closely related influenza A virus strains of the H3N2 subtype cross-reacted but could also be differentiated. Cells secreting antibody to either of the virus surface antigens (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) could be separately enumerated. Evidence that immunoglobulin G- secreting cells are detected in the assay without the use of facilitating anti-immunoglobulin G sera is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:363743", "title": "Significance of appropriate techniques and media for isolation and identification of Ureaplasma urealyticum from clinical specimens.", "content": "Controversy over the association of Ureaplasma urealyticum with reproductive failure may be due to methods used to isolate the microorganism. U. urealyticum isolations from clinical material should be done simultaneously in broth and on Shepard's differential agar medium (A7) containing manganese sulfate. Urine sediments result in a 9% (P = 0.0002) higher rate of isolation than than cervical and urethral swabs. Primary isolations may not display standard textbook morphology. Isolated colonies may be present, but brown streaks in cervical mucus or a coalescent haze around epithelial cells in urine sediment may also be seen in areas of concentrated growth. The broth and agar media used, method of incubation, type of specimen, and method of storing specimens before culture are all factors which influence the recovery of U. urealyticum.", "contents": "Significance of appropriate techniques and media for isolation and identification of Ureaplasma urealyticum from clinical specimens. Controversy over the association of Ureaplasma urealyticum with reproductive failure may be due to methods used to isolate the microorganism. U. urealyticum isolations from clinical material should be done simultaneously in broth and on Shepard's differential agar medium (A7) containing manganese sulfate. Urine sediments result in a 9% (P = 0.0002) higher rate of isolation than than cervical and urethral swabs. Primary isolations may not display standard textbook morphology. Isolated colonies may be present, but brown streaks in cervical mucus or a coalescent haze around epithelial cells in urine sediment may also be seen in areas of concentrated growth. The broth and agar media used, method of incubation, type of specimen, and method of storing specimens before culture are all factors which influence the recovery of U. urealyticum."}
{"id": "PMID:363744", "title": "Selective medium for isolation of Eikenella corrodens from periodontal lesions.", "content": "The addition of 5 microgram of clindamycin per ml to a modified Todd-Hewitt growth medium permitted the ready enumeration of Eikenella corrodens from deep periodontal lesions because it allowed differential growth amongst the periodontal pocket gram-negative microaerophilic-anaerobic flora, maximized the numbers of E. corrodens in such culture, and inhibited the growth of most of the other confounding microorganisms.", "contents": "Selective medium for isolation of Eikenella corrodens from periodontal lesions. The addition of 5 microgram of clindamycin per ml to a modified Todd-Hewitt growth medium permitted the ready enumeration of Eikenella corrodens from deep periodontal lesions because it allowed differential growth amongst the periodontal pocket gram-negative microaerophilic-anaerobic flora, maximized the numbers of E. corrodens in such culture, and inhibited the growth of most of the other confounding microorganisms."}
{"id": "PMID:363745", "title": "Rapid test for acetyl-methyl-carbinol formation by Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "A modified Voges-Proskauer test is described which distinguishes within 4 to 8 hours between organisms that can produce acetyl-methyl-carbinol (acetoin) from glucose fermentation and those that cannot.", "contents": "Rapid test for acetyl-methyl-carbinol formation by Enterobacteriaceae. A modified Voges-Proskauer test is described which distinguishes within 4 to 8 hours between organisms that can produce acetyl-methyl-carbinol (acetoin) from glucose fermentation and those that cannot."}
{"id": "PMID:363746", "title": "Heated versus unheated sera in a microhemagglutination assay for antibodies to Treponema pallidum.", "content": "The effect of prior heating of sera on the results of the microhemagglutination assay for antibodies to Treponema pallidum was evaluated. Findings indicate that heating of sera had no significant effect on the results.", "contents": "Heated versus unheated sera in a microhemagglutination assay for antibodies to Treponema pallidum. The effect of prior heating of sera on the results of the microhemagglutination assay for antibodies to Treponema pallidum was evaluated. Findings indicate that heating of sera had no significant effect on the results."}
{"id": "PMID:363747", "title": "Evaluation of two commercially prepared biphasic media for recovery of fungi from blood.", "content": "Recovery of six yeast species from blood was comparable in commercially prepared brain heart infusion biphasic and Trypticase soy biphasic media. An increased recovery of 13% was noted when two bottles, each containing 5 ml of blood, were cultured, as compared to a 5-ml portion in a single culture bottle.", "contents": "Evaluation of two commercially prepared biphasic media for recovery of fungi from blood. Recovery of six yeast species from blood was comparable in commercially prepared brain heart infusion biphasic and Trypticase soy biphasic media. An increased recovery of 13% was noted when two bottles, each containing 5 ml of blood, were cultured, as compared to a 5-ml portion in a single culture bottle."}
{"id": "PMID:363748", "title": "Extrinsic discoloration of teeth.", "content": "The majority of tooth discolorations are extrinsic in nature and appear as brown integuments. Various clinical indices and photometric techniques have been used for the evaluation of extrinsic discolorations. Smoking, tea or coffee consumption and increasing age are promoting factors and such discolorations are frequently seen in connection with oral use of antibacterial plaque-inhibiting mouthrinses. Chemical alteration of the acquired pellicle appears to be the major reason for these brown integuments.", "contents": "Extrinsic discoloration of teeth. The majority of tooth discolorations are extrinsic in nature and appear as brown integuments. Various clinical indices and photometric techniques have been used for the evaluation of extrinsic discolorations. Smoking, tea or coffee consumption and increasing age are promoting factors and such discolorations are frequently seen in connection with oral use of antibacterial plaque-inhibiting mouthrinses. Chemical alteration of the acquired pellicle appears to be the major reason for these brown integuments."}
{"id": "PMID:363750", "title": "Use of chlorhexidine gluconate and povidone iodine mouthwashes in the treatment of acute ulcerative gingivitis.", "content": "A trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of povidone iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate with buffered peroxyborate in the treatment of acute ulcerative gingivitis. After 20 patients had entered the trial and 11 had required additional therapy with metronidazole to control their symptoms, the study was terminated. Those patients receiving peroxyborate all showed a satisfactory improvement in clinical signs and symptoms. One patient each receiving povidone iodine or chlorhexidine reported a symptomatic improvement, although gingival ulceration was still apparent at 1 week. The remaining patients all required metronidazole therapy to control their symptoms. Povidone iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate therefore cannot be recommended for the treatment of acute ulcerative gingivitis.", "contents": "Use of chlorhexidine gluconate and povidone iodine mouthwashes in the treatment of acute ulcerative gingivitis. A trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of povidone iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate with buffered peroxyborate in the treatment of acute ulcerative gingivitis. After 20 patients had entered the trial and 11 had required additional therapy with metronidazole to control their symptoms, the study was terminated. Those patients receiving peroxyborate all showed a satisfactory improvement in clinical signs and symptoms. One patient each receiving povidone iodine or chlorhexidine reported a symptomatic improvement, although gingival ulceration was still apparent at 1 week. The remaining patients all required metronidazole therapy to control their symptoms. Povidone iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate therefore cannot be recommended for the treatment of acute ulcerative gingivitis."}
{"id": "PMID:363751", "title": "A comparative analgesic study of propoxyphene, fenoprofen, the combination of propoxyphene and fenoprofen, aspirin, and placebo.", "content": "Groups of 27 inpatients with moderate or severe postoperative, fracture, or somatic pain were given single oral doses of propoxyphene napsylate (P), fenoprofen calcium (F), combinations of P and F, aspirin, or placebo. The increasing rank order for effectiveness, with doses in milligrams, was placebo, P50, aspirin 650, F600, F50, P50 + F50, F200, P50 + F600, P50 + F200, P200 + F50, P200, P200 + F200, and P200 + F600. The overall analgesic response to propoxyphene in this dose range (50 to 200 mg) increased linearly with increasing doses. The fenoprofen response also increased in proportion to the dose up to 200 mg; the overall response to 600 mg was not significantly different from that to 200 mg. Propoxyphene napsylate and fenoprofen calcium had additive analgesic effects. There were no drug-related adverse reports.", "contents": "A comparative analgesic study of propoxyphene, fenoprofen, the combination of propoxyphene and fenoprofen, aspirin, and placebo. Groups of 27 inpatients with moderate or severe postoperative, fracture, or somatic pain were given single oral doses of propoxyphene napsylate (P), fenoprofen calcium (F), combinations of P and F, aspirin, or placebo. The increasing rank order for effectiveness, with doses in milligrams, was placebo, P50, aspirin 650, F600, F50, P50 + F50, F200, P50 + F600, P50 + F200, P200 + F50, P200, P200 + F200, and P200 + F600. The overall analgesic response to propoxyphene in this dose range (50 to 200 mg) increased linearly with increasing doses. The fenoprofen response also increased in proportion to the dose up to 200 mg; the overall response to 600 mg was not significantly different from that to 200 mg. Propoxyphene napsylate and fenoprofen calcium had additive analgesic effects. There were no drug-related adverse reports."}
{"id": "PMID:363754", "title": "Microscopic assay for the phagocytotic-collagenolytic performance (PCP index) of human gingival fibroblasts in vitro.", "content": "Using 16 human gingival fibroblasts cell lines from patients with periodontitis, Dilantin hyperplasia, and nonpathological gingiva, a microscopic assay was developed to quantitate the cells' ability to lyse collagen substrates. The method employs tissue culture chambers with one cover slip partially coated with a thin layer of undenatured fibrillar bovine collagen. The assay measures the relative numbers and sizes of holes in the collagen within defined regions of the cover slips effected by the phagocytotoc and collagenolytic performance (PCP) of the population of fibroblasts growing on the cover slip for 5 days. The effect on the PCP index by serum, heparin, prostaglandins, and endotoxin was evaluated.", "contents": "Microscopic assay for the phagocytotic-collagenolytic performance (PCP index) of human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. Using 16 human gingival fibroblasts cell lines from patients with periodontitis, Dilantin hyperplasia, and nonpathological gingiva, a microscopic assay was developed to quantitate the cells' ability to lyse collagen substrates. The method employs tissue culture chambers with one cover slip partially coated with a thin layer of undenatured fibrillar bovine collagen. The assay measures the relative numbers and sizes of holes in the collagen within defined regions of the cover slips effected by the phagocytotoc and collagenolytic performance (PCP) of the population of fibroblasts growing on the cover slip for 5 days. The effect on the PCP index by serum, heparin, prostaglandins, and endotoxin was evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:363761", "title": "The geometric theory of selection of artificial teeth: is it valid?", "content": "The study was done to determine the validity of William's geometric theory of tooth selection. The maxillary central incisors of 31 subjects were radiographed and photographed; casts were made of the maxillas; and the subjects' faces were photographed. Three dentists classified the form of the maxillary central incisors as shown by intraoral photographs, radiographs made by the parallelling technique, and casts, and also classified the form of the face from frontal-view photographs. The data collected were reduced by an electronic computer to determine if a correlation exists. There was no correlation between the form of the face and the form of the maxillary central incisors.", "contents": "The geometric theory of selection of artificial teeth: is it valid? The study was done to determine the validity of William's geometric theory of tooth selection. The maxillary central incisors of 31 subjects were radiographed and photographed; casts were made of the maxillas; and the subjects' faces were photographed. Three dentists classified the form of the maxillary central incisors as shown by intraoral photographs, radiographs made by the parallelling technique, and casts, and also classified the form of the face from frontal-view photographs. The data collected were reduced by an electronic computer to determine if a correlation exists. There was no correlation between the form of the face and the form of the maxillary central incisors."}
{"id": "PMID:363755", "title": "Etches for the microstructure of dental amalgams.", "content": "An iodized sodium hydroxide solution is suitable as an etch for conventional amalgams. In diluted form and followed by sodium thiosulfate solution, this may be used on dispersed phase, ternary and quaternary alloy amalgams for clearer results than with the cyanide method. Alternative etches are given for ternary-quaternary materials.", "contents": "Etches for the microstructure of dental amalgams. An iodized sodium hydroxide solution is suitable as an etch for conventional amalgams. In diluted form and followed by sodium thiosulfate solution, this may be used on dispersed phase, ternary and quaternary alloy amalgams for clearer results than with the cyanide method. Alternative etches are given for ternary-quaternary materials."}
{"id": "PMID:363762", "title": "Considerations in the management of patients taking oral contraceptives.", "content": "Among the undesirable effects associated with the use of oral contraceptives are an increased incidence of thromboembolic events, an increased risk of myocardial infarction, and, in certain users, a significant elevation in blood pressure. An altered fibrinolytic activity may have a direct effect on the occurrence of localized osteitis, \"dry sockets.\" It is also possible that gingival inflammation and loss of attachment may occur even under conditions of adequate plaque control. Salivary changes and alterations in the bony trabecular pattern of the mandible have been observed, but the clinical significance is as yet undetermined (Illustration).", "contents": "Considerations in the management of patients taking oral contraceptives. Among the undesirable effects associated with the use of oral contraceptives are an increased incidence of thromboembolic events, an increased risk of myocardial infarction, and, in certain users, a significant elevation in blood pressure. An altered fibrinolytic activity may have a direct effect on the occurrence of localized osteitis, \"dry sockets.\" It is also possible that gingival inflammation and loss of attachment may occur even under conditions of adequate plaque control. Salivary changes and alterations in the bony trabecular pattern of the mandible have been observed, but the clinical significance is as yet undetermined (Illustration)."}
{"id": "PMID:363763", "title": "The preformed stainless steel crown for restoration of permanent posterior teeth in special cases.", "content": "There are problems involving permanent posterior teeth for which the stainless steel crown may provide the most desirable short-term solution. In placing the crown, emphasis should be given to recognition of the wide variation of available crowns, occlusal considerations, the importance of the rubber dam, and the use of a precementation radiograph to confirm margin adaptation of the crown.", "contents": "The preformed stainless steel crown for restoration of permanent posterior teeth in special cases. There are problems involving permanent posterior teeth for which the stainless steel crown may provide the most desirable short-term solution. In placing the crown, emphasis should be given to recognition of the wide variation of available crowns, occlusal considerations, the importance of the rubber dam, and the use of a precementation radiograph to confirm margin adaptation of the crown."}
{"id": "PMID:363756", "title": "An evaluation of primary enamel pretreatments and their effects on resin retention.", "content": "The effects of various enamel pretreatments on bond strengths between primary enamel and resin were investigated. Pretreatments included: removal of the outer enamel surface, varied exposure to phosphoric acid, and the use of an organic coupling agent. Results indicated highest bond strengths utilizing acid pretreatments and an organic coupling agent.", "contents": "An evaluation of primary enamel pretreatments and their effects on resin retention. The effects of various enamel pretreatments on bond strengths between primary enamel and resin were investigated. Pretreatments included: removal of the outer enamel surface, varied exposure to phosphoric acid, and the use of an organic coupling agent. Results indicated highest bond strengths utilizing acid pretreatments and an organic coupling agent."}
{"id": "PMID:363765", "title": "Characterization of enamel surfaces prepared with commercial and experimental etchants.", "content": "Polished enamel surfaces were etched with various commercial and experimental etching solutions and evaluated for changes in surface profile and topography. Enamel surfaces that were exposed to solutions of phosphoric acid in a concentration between 37% and 50% for a minute gave the most suitable surfaces for retention of the polymer. Enamel surfaces that were roughened with a diamond stone were not etched uniformly. Enamel that was exposed to acid etching solutions was better protected by a polycarboxylate cement than by either calcium hydroxide or zinc phosphate.", "contents": "Characterization of enamel surfaces prepared with commercial and experimental etchants. Polished enamel surfaces were etched with various commercial and experimental etching solutions and evaluated for changes in surface profile and topography. Enamel surfaces that were exposed to solutions of phosphoric acid in a concentration between 37% and 50% for a minute gave the most suitable surfaces for retention of the polymer. Enamel surfaces that were roughened with a diamond stone were not etched uniformly. Enamel that was exposed to acid etching solutions was better protected by a polycarboxylate cement than by either calcium hydroxide or zinc phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:363766", "title": "Clinical evaluation of three acid-etch composite resin systems: two-year report.", "content": "One hundred fifty-seven fractured anterior teeth were restored with one of three acid-etch composite resin systems and were clinically and radiographically evaluated for 24 months. Of the three systems evaluated, the material activated by ultraviolet light provided the highest retention rate and clinical acceptance.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of three acid-etch composite resin systems: two-year report. One hundred fifty-seven fractured anterior teeth were restored with one of three acid-etch composite resin systems and were clinically and radiographically evaluated for 24 months. Of the three systems evaluated, the material activated by ultraviolet light provided the highest retention rate and clinical acceptance."}
{"id": "PMID:363757", "title": "A technique for the removal of junctional epithelium from the epithelial attachment.", "content": "A technique utilizing sodium deoxycholate to remove junctional epithelial cells from the epithelial attachment zone is described. Light and electron micrographs show a similarity in size and appearance between the extracellular attachment substance in controls and the extracellular substance which remains on cementum previously in contact with junctional epithelium.", "contents": "A technique for the removal of junctional epithelium from the epithelial attachment. A technique utilizing sodium deoxycholate to remove junctional epithelial cells from the epithelial attachment zone is described. Light and electron micrographs show a similarity in size and appearance between the extracellular attachment substance in controls and the extracellular substance which remains on cementum previously in contact with junctional epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:363770", "title": "Guidelines for professional quality dentures for the financially disadvantaged.", "content": "The purpose of this project was to evaluate and report on the timing of procedures involved in complete denture service based on criteria for assessment of quality and to determine the effectiveness of a model of such a delivery system in terms of success of treatment and reduction of cost. It can be concluded that the denture care system may and can be used as a model to provide the base line reference to compare with other denture care delivery systems; the use of criteria for assessment of quality is not only efficient, but is also practical; and a complete denture treatment service of the quality defined by the criteria developed for this model can be provided to patients.", "contents": "Guidelines for professional quality dentures for the financially disadvantaged. The purpose of this project was to evaluate and report on the timing of procedures involved in complete denture service based on criteria for assessment of quality and to determine the effectiveness of a model of such a delivery system in terms of success of treatment and reduction of cost. It can be concluded that the denture care system may and can be used as a model to provide the base line reference to compare with other denture care delivery systems; the use of criteria for assessment of quality is not only efficient, but is also practical; and a complete denture treatment service of the quality defined by the criteria developed for this model can be provided to patients."}
{"id": "PMID:363771", "title": "The effect of axial grooves on the resistance form of cast restorations.", "content": "Fifteen sets of castings were fabricated to machined stainless steel dies of 5 degrees, 10 degrees, and 15 degrees of taper and 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm of preparation length. Each casting was loaded vertically on its sloped surface in an attempt to unseat the casting. Only the castings of 3 and 4 mm of preparation length and 10 degrees and 15 degrees taper were unseated. Two experiments were performed on these four sets of dies to test parallel proximal and parallel buccolingual grooves. Dies with grooves oriented on the proximal surfaces provided complete resistance to horizontal dislodgement, whereas dies with grooves oriented on the buccal and lingual surfaces provided only partial resistance to horizontal displacement and potential failure of the castings.", "contents": "The effect of axial grooves on the resistance form of cast restorations. Fifteen sets of castings were fabricated to machined stainless steel dies of 5 degrees, 10 degrees, and 15 degrees of taper and 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm of preparation length. Each casting was loaded vertically on its sloped surface in an attempt to unseat the casting. Only the castings of 3 and 4 mm of preparation length and 10 degrees and 15 degrees taper were unseated. Two experiments were performed on these four sets of dies to test parallel proximal and parallel buccolingual grooves. Dies with grooves oriented on the proximal surfaces provided complete resistance to horizontal dislodgement, whereas dies with grooves oriented on the buccal and lingual surfaces provided only partial resistance to horizontal displacement and potential failure of the castings."}
{"id": "PMID:363773", "title": "The effect of vitamin C on antigen-induced bronchospasm.", "content": "The effect of vitamin C pretreatment in preventing ragweed-induced bronchospasm was evaluated in 6 ragweed-sensitive asthmatics studied in a double-blind randomized fashion. The patients received either lactose capsules or 500 mg of ascorbic acid and were studied out of season. Antigen dose-response curves were determined prior to the administration of lactose or ascorbic acid in each individual subject and subsequently after administration of ascorbic acid or lactose. Bothe PD20FEV1 (provocation dose necessary for a 20% reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 second) and PD35SGaw (provocation dose necessary for a 35% reduction in specific airways conductance) were determined. In none of the six patients was there a change in baseline FEV 1 (p greater than 0.70) nor the overall average baseline specific airways conductance (rho greater than  0.90). Additionally, no statistically significant difference (p greater than 0.60) was noted between log PD35SGaw vitamin C day and lactose day. Likewise, no statistically significant difference (p greater than 0.60) was evident when comparing log PD20FEV1 lactose and ascorbic acid days. Vitamin C (500 MG) HAS NO PROTECTIVE EFFECT AGAINST RAGWEED ANTIGEN-INDUCED BRONCHOSPASM.", "contents": "The effect of vitamin C on antigen-induced bronchospasm. The effect of vitamin C pretreatment in preventing ragweed-induced bronchospasm was evaluated in 6 ragweed-sensitive asthmatics studied in a double-blind randomized fashion. The patients received either lactose capsules or 500 mg of ascorbic acid and were studied out of season. Antigen dose-response curves were determined prior to the administration of lactose or ascorbic acid in each individual subject and subsequently after administration of ascorbic acid or lactose. Bothe PD20FEV1 (provocation dose necessary for a 20% reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 second) and PD35SGaw (provocation dose necessary for a 35% reduction in specific airways conductance) were determined. In none of the six patients was there a change in baseline FEV 1 (p greater than 0.70) nor the overall average baseline specific airways conductance (rho greater than  0.90). Additionally, no statistically significant difference (p greater than 0.60) was noted between log PD35SGaw vitamin C day and lactose day. Likewise, no statistically significant difference (p greater than 0.60) was evident when comparing log PD20FEV1 lactose and ascorbic acid days. Vitamin C (500 MG) HAS NO PROTECTIVE EFFECT AGAINST RAGWEED ANTIGEN-INDUCED BRONCHOSPASM."}
{"id": "PMID:363774", "title": "Freud's Leonardo: psychobiography and autobiography of genius.", "content": "In his creation of a psychobiography of one genius and the hidden autobiographic analysis of another, Freud exemplifies what he described in the study: \"Kindly nature has given the artist the ability to express his most secret mental impulses, which are hidden even from himself, by means of the works that he creates\" (p. 107).", "contents": "Freud's Leonardo: psychobiography and autobiography of genius. In his creation of a psychobiography of one genius and the hidden autobiographic analysis of another, Freud exemplifies what he described in the study: \"Kindly nature has given the artist the ability to express his most secret mental impulses, which are hidden even from himself, by means of the works that he creates\" (p. 107)."}
{"id": "PMID:363776", "title": "Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Gedoelstascaris n.g. and Ortleppascaris n.g.", "content": "Two new genera, Gedoelstascaris and Orleppascaris, are proposed for species of ascaridoid nematodes occurring in crocodilians and previously included in Dujardinascaris. Species included in Gedoelstascaris are vandenbrandeni Baylis, 1929 as type species and australiensis Baylis, 1931 (= salomonis Kreis, 1940). These species occur in Crocodylus spp. in Africa and Australia respectively and are characterised by lips with a rostral plate, without interlocking processes or dentigerous ridges, with well-developed interlabia, lobulated ventriculus, and excetory pore in front of the nerve ring. Species included in Ortleppascaris are: nigra Gedoelst, 1916 (= tasmani Ortlepp, 1932) as type species; alata Baylis, 1947: antipini Mozgovoy, 1950. These species occur in Crocodylus, Caiman and Alligator and are characterized by flat lips with alate margins, without anterior rostral plate, interlocking processes or dentigerous ridges, with weakly developed interlabia, by an irregular-shaped ventriculus, excretory pore behind or between the subventral lips, and by the presence of lateral alae or cuticular thickenings in the oesophageal region. The significance of this proposal is discussed in relation to the radiation and dispersal of ascaridoids of crocodilians.", "contents": "Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Gedoelstascaris n.g. and Ortleppascaris n.g. Two new genera, Gedoelstascaris and Orleppascaris, are proposed for species of ascaridoid nematodes occurring in crocodilians and previously included in Dujardinascaris. Species included in Gedoelstascaris are vandenbrandeni Baylis, 1929 as type species and australiensis Baylis, 1931 (= salomonis Kreis, 1940). These species occur in Crocodylus spp. in Africa and Australia respectively and are characterised by lips with a rostral plate, without interlocking processes or dentigerous ridges, with well-developed interlabia, lobulated ventriculus, and excetory pore in front of the nerve ring. Species included in Ortleppascaris are: nigra Gedoelst, 1916 (= tasmani Ortlepp, 1932) as type species; alata Baylis, 1947: antipini Mozgovoy, 1950. These species occur in Crocodylus, Caiman and Alligator and are characterized by flat lips with alate margins, without anterior rostral plate, interlocking processes or dentigerous ridges, with weakly developed interlabia, by an irregular-shaped ventriculus, excretory pore behind or between the subventral lips, and by the presence of lateral alae or cuticular thickenings in the oesophageal region. The significance of this proposal is discussed in relation to the radiation and dispersal of ascaridoids of crocodilians."}
{"id": "PMID:363929", "title": "Estrogen receptor immunocytochemistry.", "content": "Estrogen receptor activity was preserved in fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue and demonstrated by binding of estrogen which, in turn, was detected immunocytochemically. Estrogen was added to rat endocervial epithelium to protect specifically receptors during fixation. The protective estrogen was apparently lost during embedding and had to be resupplied before staining. Estradiol-mediated immunocytochemical staining was inhibited by diethylstilbestrol and nafoxidine hydrochloride.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor immunocytochemistry. Estrogen receptor activity was preserved in fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue and demonstrated by binding of estrogen which, in turn, was detected immunocytochemically. Estrogen was added to rat endocervial epithelium to protect specifically receptors during fixation. The protective estrogen was apparently lost during embedding and had to be resupplied before staining. Estradiol-mediated immunocytochemical staining was inhibited by diethylstilbestrol and nafoxidine hydrochloride."}
{"id": "PMID:363930", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of renin in the submandibular gland of the mouse.", "content": "Renin was localized in the submandibular gland of the adult mouse at light and electron microscopic levels by the unlabeled antibody enzyme method of Sternberger. At the light microscopic level, renin was confined to the granular convoluted tubule (GCT) segment of the gland with considerable variation among GCT cells in intensity of staining. Some GCT cells failed to stain for renin. The pattern of staining was the same in the gland of male and female mice, but in the glands of females GCT segments were smaller and less numerous. At the electron microscopic level, staining for renin was also confined to the GCT cells, and was localized exclusively to the secretory granules. The intensity of staining of the secretory granules within a given GCT cell varied; some cells contained only minimally reactive or negative secretory granules. All other organelles within the GCT cell, except condensing vacuoles, failed to stain.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of renin in the submandibular gland of the mouse. Renin was localized in the submandibular gland of the adult mouse at light and electron microscopic levels by the unlabeled antibody enzyme method of Sternberger. At the light microscopic level, renin was confined to the granular convoluted tubule (GCT) segment of the gland with considerable variation among GCT cells in intensity of staining. Some GCT cells failed to stain for renin. The pattern of staining was the same in the gland of male and female mice, but in the glands of females GCT segments were smaller and less numerous. At the electron microscopic level, staining for renin was also confined to the GCT cells, and was localized exclusively to the secretory granules. The intensity of staining of the secretory granules within a given GCT cell varied; some cells contained only minimally reactive or negative secretory granules. All other organelles within the GCT cell, except condensing vacuoles, failed to stain."}
{"id": "PMID:363932", "title": "The use of epon embedding with the Falck-Hillarp technique to preserve the serotonin-associated fluorescence of endocrine and mast cells in the rat stomach.", "content": "Epon embedding was used with the Falck-Hillarp Technique in a study of rat gastric endocrine cells in order to improve morphological resolution. The epon embedding not only produced excellent morphological results, but also resulted in the long-term preservation, now for 10 years of the serotonin-associated fluorescence in the gastric endocrine and mast cells.", "contents": "The use of epon embedding with the Falck-Hillarp technique to preserve the serotonin-associated fluorescence of endocrine and mast cells in the rat stomach. Epon embedding was used with the Falck-Hillarp Technique in a study of rat gastric endocrine cells in order to improve morphological resolution. The epon embedding not only produced excellent morphological results, but also resulted in the long-term preservation, now for 10 years of the serotonin-associated fluorescence in the gastric endocrine and mast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:363933", "title": "Detection of tubulin and actin in various cell lines by an immunoperoxidase technique.", "content": "This paper reports on the preparation of immunsera against tubulin and actin, and the purification of anti-tubulin and anti-actin antibodies on immunoadsorbent columns. These purified antibodies were used in an indirect immunoperoxidase assay to visualize microtubules and microfilaments in various cell lines. The specificity of antibodies and the methods of cell fixation required are discussed, as well as some aspects of microtubule and microfilament organization, as visualized by this technique.", "contents": "Detection of tubulin and actin in various cell lines by an immunoperoxidase technique. This paper reports on the preparation of immunsera against tubulin and actin, and the purification of anti-tubulin and anti-actin antibodies on immunoadsorbent columns. These purified antibodies were used in an indirect immunoperoxidase assay to visualize microtubules and microfilaments in various cell lines. The specificity of antibodies and the methods of cell fixation required are discussed, as well as some aspects of microtubule and microfilament organization, as visualized by this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:363934", "title": "The morbidification of love between women by 19th-century sexologists.", "content": "Twentieth-century attitudes toward love between women are very different from those of previous centuries. Fiction and personal correspondence that antedate the work of Krafft-Ebing and Havelock Ellis in the late 19th century indicate that a much broader spectrum of expression of love and affection between women had been acceptable than that to which we have become accustomed. Medical science and psychology for the past 100 years have morbidified intense love relationships between women by inventing a syndrome of ills that supposedly accompany such affection, and by denying the validity or seriousness of the affection where such ills are clearly not present. The result has been that (until the lesbian-feminist movement) 20th-century women were largely forced to deny their love for other women unless they were willing to acknowledge their concomitant morbidity.", "contents": "The morbidification of love between women by 19th-century sexologists. Twentieth-century attitudes toward love between women are very different from those of previous centuries. Fiction and personal correspondence that antedate the work of Krafft-Ebing and Havelock Ellis in the late 19th century indicate that a much broader spectrum of expression of love and affection between women had been acceptable than that to which we have become accustomed. Medical science and psychology for the past 100 years have morbidified intense love relationships between women by inventing a syndrome of ills that supposedly accompany such affection, and by denying the validity or seriousness of the affection where such ills are clearly not present. The result has been that (until the lesbian-feminist movement) 20th-century women were largely forced to deny their love for other women unless they were willing to acknowledge their concomitant morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:363935", "title": "Jeremy Bentham's essay on \"Paederasty\". Part 2.", "content": "This is Part 2 of a transcription of Bentham's manuscript essay on \"Paederasty\" (1785), Part 1 of which appeared in Vol. 3, No. 4. In Part 1 Bentham argued for the decriminalization of sodomy and opposed the theories of Montesquieu and Voltaire as to its social dangers. In Part 2 Bentham speculates on its causes and alleges that the real reason such behavior is so severely punished is an irrational \"antipathy\" to pleasure generally and to sexual pleasure in particular. He discusses the danger of blackmail and false accusations and the punishment of lesbian acts, bestiality, and masturbation. Some miscellaneous related notes by Bentham are appended: these deal with religious fears based on the destruction of Sodom, the threat to population, the harshness of English naval law, and other topics.", "contents": "Jeremy Bentham's essay on \"Paederasty\". Part 2. This is Part 2 of a transcription of Bentham's manuscript essay on \"Paederasty\" (1785), Part 1 of which appeared in Vol. 3, No. 4. In Part 1 Bentham argued for the decriminalization of sodomy and opposed the theories of Montesquieu and Voltaire as to its social dangers. In Part 2 Bentham speculates on its causes and alleges that the real reason such behavior is so severely punished is an irrational \"antipathy\" to pleasure generally and to sexual pleasure in particular. He discusses the danger of blackmail and false accusations and the punishment of lesbian acts, bestiality, and masturbation. Some miscellaneous related notes by Bentham are appended: these deal with religious fears based on the destruction of Sodom, the threat to population, the harshness of English naval law, and other topics."}
{"id": "PMID:363936", "title": "Cultivation of Tuleniy virus (strain Murman) in vitro.", "content": "In vitro culturability of Murman strain of Tuleniy flavivirus isolated recently in the northern regions of the USSR was studied. Stable PS pig kidney line was found suitable as a primary sensitive cell substrate for the isolation, proliferation and serial propagation of the virus. The pronounced pathogenicity of the virus to PS cells permits the testing of its infective activity comparable with i.c. titrations on mice, VNT in vitro and the plaquing technique. PS line is suitable for the demonstration and identification of the virus antigen and/or for the study of reproduction of the virus on cellular level using the technique of immunofluorescence.", "contents": "Cultivation of Tuleniy virus (strain Murman) in vitro. In vitro culturability of Murman strain of Tuleniy flavivirus isolated recently in the northern regions of the USSR was studied. Stable PS pig kidney line was found suitable as a primary sensitive cell substrate for the isolation, proliferation and serial propagation of the virus. The pronounced pathogenicity of the virus to PS cells permits the testing of its infective activity comparable with i.c. titrations on mice, VNT in vitro and the plaquing technique. PS line is suitable for the demonstration and identification of the virus antigen and/or for the study of reproduction of the virus on cellular level using the technique of immunofluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:363937", "title": "Free sugars in foods.", "content": "The values for the free sugars analysed in the samples collected for the fourth edition of McCance and Widdowson's 'The composition of foods' have been combined with values from the literature to provide some basic information on the distribution of free sugars in a range of foods.", "contents": "Free sugars in foods. The values for the free sugars analysed in the samples collected for the fourth edition of McCance and Widdowson's 'The composition of foods' have been combined with values from the literature to provide some basic information on the distribution of free sugars in a range of foods."}
{"id": "PMID:363938", "title": "Physician participation in state Medicaid programs.", "content": "Medicaid requires that physicians who accept Medicaid reimbursement for treating a patient agree to accept its payment as payment in full. Policy instruments under Medicaid's control are both levels of reimbursement and various administrative burdens imposed on physicians by the program. A model depicting the physician's participation decision is developed, and predictions from the comparative statics analysis are discussed. Data came from a 1975--76 survey of fee-for-service physicians. The results indicate that high fee schedules and low administrative burdens are ways to stimulate physician involvement with Medicaid patients. Results on the Medicaid policy instruments and other explanatory variables on the whole lend support to the model of physician behavior proposed earlier in the paper.", "contents": "Physician participation in state Medicaid programs. Medicaid requires that physicians who accept Medicaid reimbursement for treating a patient agree to accept its payment as payment in full. Policy instruments under Medicaid's control are both levels of reimbursement and various administrative burdens imposed on physicians by the program. A model depicting the physician's participation decision is developed, and predictions from the comparative statics analysis are discussed. Data came from a 1975--76 survey of fee-for-service physicians. The results indicate that high fee schedules and low administrative burdens are ways to stimulate physician involvement with Medicaid patients. Results on the Medicaid policy instruments and other explanatory variables on the whole lend support to the model of physician behavior proposed earlier in the paper."}
{"id": "PMID:363939", "title": "Stimulation of mitogenic responses in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide: serum and T helper cell requirements.", "content": "Stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was studied by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Peak stimulation occurred at 7 to 9 days over a broad range of LPS concentrations. Both Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium LPS were effective mitogens with S. typhimurium having slightly higher activity. There was a strict serum requirement; pooled fresh frozen human serum was found to best support stimulation. In fetal calf serum, LPS caused a reduction in culture-induced stimulation. Cell separation procedures were employed in order to study the nature of the responding cell population. It was found that only non-T cells were stimulated by LPS, but in order for maximal stimulation to occur there was a requirement for helper T cells.", "contents": "Stimulation of mitogenic responses in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide: serum and T helper cell requirements. Stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was studied by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Peak stimulation occurred at 7 to 9 days over a broad range of LPS concentrations. Both Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium LPS were effective mitogens with S. typhimurium having slightly higher activity. There was a strict serum requirement; pooled fresh frozen human serum was found to best support stimulation. In fetal calf serum, LPS caused a reduction in culture-induced stimulation. Cell separation procedures were employed in order to study the nature of the responding cell population. It was found that only non-T cells were stimulated by LPS, but in order for maximal stimulation to occur there was a requirement for helper T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:363941", "title": "Increased spontaneous polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes in mice with spontaneous autoimmune disease.", "content": "Early in life, mice of four kinds [NZB, (NZB X NZW)F1, MRL/1, and male BXSB] with autoimmune disease spontaneously produced far more (greater than 3 S.D.) anti-hapten antibody-forming cells in spleens and greater concentrations of anti-hapten antibodies in sera than immunologically normal strains of mice (AKR, BALB/c, C57BL/6, DBA/1-J, DBA/2J, LG/J, 129, NZW, and female BXSB). This increased nonspecific antibody production by the abnormal animals' B cells correlated well with the spontaneous development of anti-single-stranded DNA antibodies, but not with serum levels of the viral envelope glycoprotein, gp70. These results suggest that the spontaneous formation of autoantibodies in mice whose immunologic disorder is manifested by a lupus-like disease may result from polyclonal activation of B cells by endogenous or exogenous B cell activators.", "contents": "Increased spontaneous polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes in mice with spontaneous autoimmune disease. Early in life, mice of four kinds [NZB, (NZB X NZW)F1, MRL/1, and male BXSB] with autoimmune disease spontaneously produced far more (greater than 3 S.D.) anti-hapten antibody-forming cells in spleens and greater concentrations of anti-hapten antibodies in sera than immunologically normal strains of mice (AKR, BALB/c, C57BL/6, DBA/1-J, DBA/2J, LG/J, 129, NZW, and female BXSB). This increased nonspecific antibody production by the abnormal animals' B cells correlated well with the spontaneous development of anti-single-stranded DNA antibodies, but not with serum levels of the viral envelope glycoprotein, gp70. These results suggest that the spontaneous formation of autoantibodies in mice whose immunologic disorder is manifested by a lupus-like disease may result from polyclonal activation of B cells by endogenous or exogenous B cell activators."}
{"id": "PMID:363942", "title": "Genetic control of lymphocyte suppression. I. Lack of suppression in aged NZB mice is due to a B cell defect.", "content": "Con A-activated cells from old NZB mice were found capable of inhibiting the polyclonal response of cells from young NZB and BALB/c animals. Furthermore, Con A-preactivated spleen cells from young NZB and BALB/c mice did not significantly affect the response of spleen cells from old NZB mice. These results suggest that the defective suppressive activity in old NZB mice may be traced to a defect at the B cell level.", "contents": "Genetic control of lymphocyte suppression. I. Lack of suppression in aged NZB mice is due to a B cell defect. Con A-activated cells from old NZB mice were found capable of inhibiting the polyclonal response of cells from young NZB and BALB/c animals. Furthermore, Con A-preactivated spleen cells from young NZB and BALB/c mice did not significantly affect the response of spleen cells from old NZB mice. These results suggest that the defective suppressive activity in old NZB mice may be traced to a defect at the B cell level."}
{"id": "PMID:363944", "title": "Modulation of immune response by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS): multifocal effects of LPS-induced suppression of the primary antibody response to a T-dependent antigen.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice injected with 2 to 50 microgram bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have a reduced capacity to make an antibody response in vitro to trinitrophenylated sheep erythrocytes (TNP-SRBC) when tested 1 to 7 days later. Recovery is gradual, and these cells are full functional 2 weeks after in vivo LPS treatment. Unresponsiveness resides in the nonadherent splenic cell populations, and can be shown to have a suppressive cell component, which is irradiation sensitive and has somme characteristics of a thymus-derived lymphocyte (T cell). In addition, neither bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (B cells) nor T cells in the spleens of LPS-treated mice are functionally normal in their abilities to cooperate during an antibody response in vitro. LPS-B cells cooperated poorly with nylon wool-enriched T cells from normal mice but cooperated well with irradiated carrier-primed T cells or nylon wool-purified splenic T cells from carrier-primed mice. LPS-T cells have a reduced capacity to interact with normal B cells and appear to contain a suppressor cell component. These results indicate that the effects of exposure of immunocompetent cells to LPS are multifocal and can include suppression as well as stimulation of antibody formation.", "contents": "Modulation of immune response by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS): multifocal effects of LPS-induced suppression of the primary antibody response to a T-dependent antigen. Spleen cells from mice injected with 2 to 50 microgram bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have a reduced capacity to make an antibody response in vitro to trinitrophenylated sheep erythrocytes (TNP-SRBC) when tested 1 to 7 days later. Recovery is gradual, and these cells are full functional 2 weeks after in vivo LPS treatment. Unresponsiveness resides in the nonadherent splenic cell populations, and can be shown to have a suppressive cell component, which is irradiation sensitive and has somme characteristics of a thymus-derived lymphocyte (T cell). In addition, neither bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (B cells) nor T cells in the spleens of LPS-treated mice are functionally normal in their abilities to cooperate during an antibody response in vitro. LPS-B cells cooperated poorly with nylon wool-enriched T cells from normal mice but cooperated well with irradiated carrier-primed T cells or nylon wool-purified splenic T cells from carrier-primed mice. LPS-T cells have a reduced capacity to interact with normal B cells and appear to contain a suppressor cell component. These results indicate that the effects of exposure of immunocompetent cells to LPS are multifocal and can include suppression as well as stimulation of antibody formation."}
{"id": "PMID:363945", "title": "Antigen-induced murine B cell lymphomas. I. Induction and characterization of CH1 and CH2.", "content": "Two unusual murine lymphomas, designated CH1 and CH2, were produced in the newly developed double congenic strain of mice, B10 H-2a H-4b p/Wts. Both tumors lack the T cell-specific antigen (thy-1), but express cell surface immunoglobulin and the H-2K, H-2D, and Ia specificities determined by the H-2a haplotype. Further studies have demonstrated that these tumors represent \"early\" B cells in that they express surface IgM (mu heavy and lambda light chains), but do not bear surface delta, gamma, or alpha heavy chains. CH1 and CH2 lack surface C3 receptors and results from assays for Fc receptors have proven variable. A competition radioimmunoassay directed against the gp71 group-specific antigen of Friend leukemia virus has shown that there is a murine leukemia virus associated with these tumors, however, we have been unable to establish a causal relationship between the virus and this malignancy. A comparison of the surface characteristics of these tumors with other mammalian B cell lymphomas is presented.", "contents": "Antigen-induced murine B cell lymphomas. I. Induction and characterization of CH1 and CH2. Two unusual murine lymphomas, designated CH1 and CH2, were produced in the newly developed double congenic strain of mice, B10 H-2a H-4b p/Wts. Both tumors lack the T cell-specific antigen (thy-1), but express cell surface immunoglobulin and the H-2K, H-2D, and Ia specificities determined by the H-2a haplotype. Further studies have demonstrated that these tumors represent \"early\" B cells in that they express surface IgM (mu heavy and lambda light chains), but do not bear surface delta, gamma, or alpha heavy chains. CH1 and CH2 lack surface C3 receptors and results from assays for Fc receptors have proven variable. A competition radioimmunoassay directed against the gp71 group-specific antigen of Friend leukemia virus has shown that there is a murine leukemia virus associated with these tumors, however, we have been unable to establish a causal relationship between the virus and this malignancy. A comparison of the surface characteristics of these tumors with other mammalian B cell lymphomas is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:363947", "title": "The mouse mutant \"motheaten.\" II. Functional studies of the immune system.", "content": "Motheaten mice have normal levels of T lymphocytes but reduced levels of B lymphocytes. Those B cells that are present show an impaired proliferative response to B cell mitogens and no plaque-forming cell response to thymus-independent antigens. T lymphocyte function is also defective in motheaten mice, as assayed by the proliferative responses to T cell mitogens, and by the capacity to develop cytotoxic killer cells against allogeneic cells. Motheaten mice possess spleen cells capable of suppressing normal B cell responses to thymus-independent antigens. This suppressor cell is not sensitive to anti-Thy-1 antibody plus complement treatment but is partially removed by adherence on plastic. Overall, the motheaten mouse suffers a functional severe combined immunodeficiency of both B and T cells, even though these cells are present. We postulate that the inescapable lethality of the motheaten defect is due to the lack of immunocompetence during the critical developmental period before adulthood and perhaps to an autoaggressive component as well.", "contents": "The mouse mutant \"motheaten.\" II. Functional studies of the immune system. Motheaten mice have normal levels of T lymphocytes but reduced levels of B lymphocytes. Those B cells that are present show an impaired proliferative response to B cell mitogens and no plaque-forming cell response to thymus-independent antigens. T lymphocyte function is also defective in motheaten mice, as assayed by the proliferative responses to T cell mitogens, and by the capacity to develop cytotoxic killer cells against allogeneic cells. Motheaten mice possess spleen cells capable of suppressing normal B cell responses to thymus-independent antigens. This suppressor cell is not sensitive to anti-Thy-1 antibody plus complement treatment but is partially removed by adherence on plastic. Overall, the motheaten mouse suffers a functional severe combined immunodeficiency of both B and T cells, even though these cells are present. We postulate that the inescapable lethality of the motheaten defect is due to the lack of immunocompetence during the critical developmental period before adulthood and perhaps to an autoaggressive component as well."}
{"id": "PMID:363948", "title": "Specific antibodies to hemoglobin A1 (anti-Glu) and hemoglobin S (anti-Val) in the guinea pig: immunologic and structural correlations.", "content": "Like goats and sheep, guinea pigs can produce, in response to human sickle cell hemoglobin (beta6 Glu leads to Val), an antibody population (anti-Val) that will bind sickle cell hemoglobin but not normal hemoglobin HbA. Unlike goats and sheep, guinea pigs can produce in response to human hemoglobin A1 an antibody fraction, anti-Glu, that will not react with human sickle cell hemoglobin. These anti-Glu antibodies have been isolated by affinity chromatography and their specificity confirmed by fluorescence-quenching titrations. The sequence of the first 10 amino acids of the beta-chain of guinea pig hemoglobin has been determined. This sequence differs from those of both hemoglobin HbA and sickle cell hemoglobin by two residues, those at positions 5 and 6. This explains the similarity of the immunogenicity of this site on the two human hemoglobins when administered to guinea pigs. Both goats and sheep are identical to hemoglobin A1 at the beta-6 position.", "contents": "Specific antibodies to hemoglobin A1 (anti-Glu) and hemoglobin S (anti-Val) in the guinea pig: immunologic and structural correlations. Like goats and sheep, guinea pigs can produce, in response to human sickle cell hemoglobin (beta6 Glu leads to Val), an antibody population (anti-Val) that will bind sickle cell hemoglobin but not normal hemoglobin HbA. Unlike goats and sheep, guinea pigs can produce in response to human hemoglobin A1 an antibody fraction, anti-Glu, that will not react with human sickle cell hemoglobin. These anti-Glu antibodies have been isolated by affinity chromatography and their specificity confirmed by fluorescence-quenching titrations. The sequence of the first 10 amino acids of the beta-chain of guinea pig hemoglobin has been determined. This sequence differs from those of both hemoglobin HbA and sickle cell hemoglobin by two residues, those at positions 5 and 6. This explains the similarity of the immunogenicity of this site on the two human hemoglobins when administered to guinea pigs. Both goats and sheep are identical to hemoglobin A1 at the beta-6 position."}
{"id": "PMID:363949", "title": "B lymphocyte subpopulations separated by velocity sedimentation. II. Characterization of tolerance susceptibility.", "content": "Neonatal and adult splenic B lymphocyte subpopulations, separated by velocity sedimentation, were tested in an in vitro splenic focus assay for their susceptibility to tolerance induction with hapten-protein conjugates. At least two tolerizable B cell subsets have been defined in the neonatal spleen; one comprising the slowly sedimenting, small lymphocytes and the other comprising the very rapidly sedimenting, large lymphocytes. In addition, a rapidly sedimenting large B cell subset in the adult spleen was found to be highly susceptible to tolerance induction. It was suggested that the inability to detect this susceptibility in unfractionated adult spleen was due to the low proportion of these very large lymphocytes in the total spleen cell population. The tolerizable B cell subsets presently defined probably represent the least mature B lymphocytes detectable in the splenic focus assay.", "contents": "B lymphocyte subpopulations separated by velocity sedimentation. II. Characterization of tolerance susceptibility. Neonatal and adult splenic B lymphocyte subpopulations, separated by velocity sedimentation, were tested in an in vitro splenic focus assay for their susceptibility to tolerance induction with hapten-protein conjugates. At least two tolerizable B cell subsets have been defined in the neonatal spleen; one comprising the slowly sedimenting, small lymphocytes and the other comprising the very rapidly sedimenting, large lymphocytes. In addition, a rapidly sedimenting large B cell subset in the adult spleen was found to be highly susceptible to tolerance induction. It was suggested that the inability to detect this susceptibility in unfractionated adult spleen was due to the low proportion of these very large lymphocytes in the total spleen cell population. The tolerizable B cell subsets presently defined probably represent the least mature B lymphocytes detectable in the splenic focus assay."}
{"id": "PMID:363950", "title": "A simple method for the preparation and storage of helper T cells.", "content": "Relatively purified populations of helper T cells free of active PFC precursors can be prepared from primed splenocytes by irradiation, hypotonic shock, and filtration over glass wool. These purified populations can be stored and helper activity recovered undiminished after up to 6 months of cryopreservation.", "contents": "A simple method for the preparation and storage of helper T cells. Relatively purified populations of helper T cells free of active PFC precursors can be prepared from primed splenocytes by irradiation, hypotonic shock, and filtration over glass wool. These purified populations can be stored and helper activity recovered undiminished after up to 6 months of cryopreservation."}
{"id": "PMID:363951", "title": "The use of the preparation of F(ab')2 antibody from soluble immune complexes to determine the complexed antigens.", "content": "An autoradiographic technique for the characterization of antibody specificity in soluble antigen--antibody complexes has been developed. The circulating antigen--antibody complexes are precipitated by polyethylene glycol (PEG). The antibodies are liberated as F(ab')2 from the complexes by pepsin digestion. The antibody specificity against the putative antigen was revealed by radioimmunoelectrophoresis using [125I]-F(ab')2 reagents. The method was developed by using an experimental model of C3/anti-C3 complexes.", "contents": "The use of the preparation of F(ab')2 antibody from soluble immune complexes to determine the complexed antigens. An autoradiographic technique for the characterization of antibody specificity in soluble antigen--antibody complexes has been developed. The circulating antigen--antibody complexes are precipitated by polyethylene glycol (PEG). The antibodies are liberated as F(ab')2 from the complexes by pepsin digestion. The antibody specificity against the putative antigen was revealed by radioimmunoelectrophoresis using [125I]-F(ab')2 reagents. The method was developed by using an experimental model of C3/anti-C3 complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:363952", "title": "A simple visual surface immunology test.", "content": "A new general immunology test is described which is capable of detecting protein in the 1 microgram/ml range. First an antigen is adsorbed in a small area of a glass surface. The glass is exposed to an antibody solution and the antibody will attach specifically to the antigen. Next the slide is washed, dried and sprayed lightly with plastic particles that stick to the protein layers on the glass. Now when the glass slide is exposed to an acid the antigen--antibody bonds are broken, the antibodies will leave the surface removing some of the plastic particles and leaving an easily visible spot behind.", "contents": "A simple visual surface immunology test. A new general immunology test is described which is capable of detecting protein in the 1 microgram/ml range. First an antigen is adsorbed in a small area of a glass surface. The glass is exposed to an antibody solution and the antibody will attach specifically to the antigen. Next the slide is washed, dried and sprayed lightly with plastic particles that stick to the protein layers on the glass. Now when the glass slide is exposed to an acid the antigen--antibody bonds are broken, the antibodies will leave the surface removing some of the plastic particles and leaving an easily visible spot behind."}
{"id": "PMID:363953", "title": "Statistical analysis of measurement errors of binding data in the Farr technique.", "content": "A detailed statistical analysis of measurement errors in the Farr technique is performed, and approximated formulas for the error covariances are given. These formulas are then checked by means of experimental data. In particular, the analysis shows that the usually adopted linear extrapolation for the estimate of total antibody sites concentration may lead to relevant errors in the affinity distribution determination due to the low accuracy of data at high values of free hapten concentration. Conversely, this analysis may constitute the basis for implementing an optimal estimate procedure.", "contents": "Statistical analysis of measurement errors of binding data in the Farr technique. A detailed statistical analysis of measurement errors in the Farr technique is performed, and approximated formulas for the error covariances are given. These formulas are then checked by means of experimental data. In particular, the analysis shows that the usually adopted linear extrapolation for the estimate of total antibody sites concentration may lead to relevant errors in the affinity distribution determination due to the low accuracy of data at high values of free hapten concentration. Conversely, this analysis may constitute the basis for implementing an optimal estimate procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:363954", "title": "A rapid objective method for measuring the yeast opsonisation activity of serum.", "content": "A simple, objective semi-quantitative assay for yeast opsonisation by normal polymorphs has been developed. This depends on electronically counting the number of free unphagocytosed yeast particles on a Coulter counter. The method has been compared with the widely used microscope technique and shows excellent correlation. The sera of 112 unselected school-children gave a distribution curve consistent with 2 peaks; 7 gave values less than 2 S.D.s below the mean confirming the high incidence of this immunodeficiency.", "contents": "A rapid objective method for measuring the yeast opsonisation activity of serum. A simple, objective semi-quantitative assay for yeast opsonisation by normal polymorphs has been developed. This depends on electronically counting the number of free unphagocytosed yeast particles on a Coulter counter. The method has been compared with the widely used microscope technique and shows excellent correlation. The sera of 112 unselected school-children gave a distribution curve consistent with 2 peaks; 7 gave values less than 2 S.D.s below the mean confirming the high incidence of this immunodeficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:363963", "title": "A review of the literature of rotenone, 1,2,12,12a-tetrahydro-8,9-dimethoxy-2-(1-methylethenyl)-1-benzopyrano[3,5-b]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-6(6h)-one.", "content": "The chemistry, biotransformation, pharmacology, toxicology, and carcinogenicity of rotenone have been reviewed. Further investigation of the biotransformation pathways of rotenone and other rotenoids should be undertaken. The acute and chronic toxicology, particularly at low concentration, should be determined in order to develop toxicity rating for this class of chemicals. A mutagenic study utilizing all presently available methods would add further knowledge concerning sites of action. More information is required to properly evaluate the hazards to humans from rotenone and other rotenoids. Carcinogenic studies at low concentrations with large groups of rodents must be undertaken to settle the present dilemma of carcinogenicity vs. non-carcinogenicity. Moreover, an epidemiological study of exposed workers might develop information concerning the toxicology of rotenone as well as its possible carcinogenicity to humans.", "contents": "A review of the literature of rotenone, 1,2,12,12a-tetrahydro-8,9-dimethoxy-2-(1-methylethenyl)-1-benzopyrano[3,5-b]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-6(6h)-one. The chemistry, biotransformation, pharmacology, toxicology, and carcinogenicity of rotenone have been reviewed. Further investigation of the biotransformation pathways of rotenone and other rotenoids should be undertaken. The acute and chronic toxicology, particularly at low concentration, should be determined in order to develop toxicity rating for this class of chemicals. A mutagenic study utilizing all presently available methods would add further knowledge concerning sites of action. More information is required to properly evaluate the hazards to humans from rotenone and other rotenoids. Carcinogenic studies at low concentrations with large groups of rodents must be undertaken to settle the present dilemma of carcinogenicity vs. non-carcinogenicity. Moreover, an epidemiological study of exposed workers might develop information concerning the toxicology of rotenone as well as its possible carcinogenicity to humans."}
{"id": "PMID:363964", "title": "Depression of humoral immunity in rats following chronic developmental lead exposure.", "content": "Chronic pre- and postnatal exposure of CD rats to low levels of lead resulted in a marked depression in the antibody response to SRBC as well as decreased serum IgG levels. Serum IgM and IgA levels were normal. The fact that the antibody response to LPS, a thymus independent antigen, was not altered, suggested that the T-lymphocyte rather than the B-lymphocyte is affected by lead exposure. Additional significance is lent to these results when blood lead levels in treated rats were found to be similar to levels found in many children in urban areas.", "contents": "Depression of humoral immunity in rats following chronic developmental lead exposure. Chronic pre- and postnatal exposure of CD rats to low levels of lead resulted in a marked depression in the antibody response to SRBC as well as decreased serum IgG levels. Serum IgM and IgA levels were normal. The fact that the antibody response to LPS, a thymus independent antigen, was not altered, suggested that the T-lymphocyte rather than the B-lymphocyte is affected by lead exposure. Additional significance is lent to these results when blood lead levels in treated rats were found to be similar to levels found in many children in urban areas."}
{"id": "PMID:363970", "title": "Colchicine induces multiple axis formation and stalk cell differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Colchicine is shown to have several effects on the development of the pseudoplasmodia of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum. At concentrations of 0.01 M and above culmination was prevented, while differentiation of cells into stalk cells occurred at the rear of cell masses. Essentially all cells transformed into stalk cells when slugs were left on colchicine agar for a long time. At concentrations of 0.01 M normal slug architecture was maintained while above 0.025 M pseudoplasmodia reorganized into multiple mounds. Each of these mounds developed an apparently normal discrete tip which was devoid of prespore cells as shown by immunofluorescent staining. The same effects were observed in growing cultures and in regulating slugs treated with colchicine. The data are consistent with the ideas that microtubules are involved in the maintenance of slug architecture and in the differentiation of stalk cells. The modes by which these intracellular structures may operate in these functions are discussed.", "contents": "Colchicine induces multiple axis formation and stalk cell differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Colchicine is shown to have several effects on the development of the pseudoplasmodia of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum. At concentrations of 0.01 M and above culmination was prevented, while differentiation of cells into stalk cells occurred at the rear of cell masses. Essentially all cells transformed into stalk cells when slugs were left on colchicine agar for a long time. At concentrations of 0.01 M normal slug architecture was maintained while above 0.025 M pseudoplasmodia reorganized into multiple mounds. Each of these mounds developed an apparently normal discrete tip which was devoid of prespore cells as shown by immunofluorescent staining. The same effects were observed in growing cultures and in regulating slugs treated with colchicine. The data are consistent with the ideas that microtubules are involved in the maintenance of slug architecture and in the differentiation of stalk cells. The modes by which these intracellular structures may operate in these functions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363965", "title": "Genetic activity of trichloroethylene in yeast.", "content": "Trichloroethylene (TCE) was tested for its ability to induce both point mutation and mitotic gene conversion in diploid strain of yeast. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain D7) was tested for both activities in culture with and without a mammalian microsomal activation system and in the intrasanguineous host-mediated assay in mice. Strain D4 (gene conversion) was tested only in the host-mediated assay. In suspension tests with D7, TCE was toxic but not genetically active without microsomal activation. When a mouse liver 10,000 xg supernatant was included in the suspension tests, dose related increases in both mutation and gene conversion were seen at survival levels of greater than 50 percent. In the host-mediated assay, TCE induced both point mutation and gene conversion in D7 and gene conversion in D4 when recovered from the liver and kidneys after both acute and subacute dosing. Yeasts recovered from the lungs showed little, if any, increase in either point mutation or gene conversion.", "contents": "Genetic activity of trichloroethylene in yeast. Trichloroethylene (TCE) was tested for its ability to induce both point mutation and mitotic gene conversion in diploid strain of yeast. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain D7) was tested for both activities in culture with and without a mammalian microsomal activation system and in the intrasanguineous host-mediated assay in mice. Strain D4 (gene conversion) was tested only in the host-mediated assay. In suspension tests with D7, TCE was toxic but not genetically active without microsomal activation. When a mouse liver 10,000 xg supernatant was included in the suspension tests, dose related increases in both mutation and gene conversion were seen at survival levels of greater than 50 percent. In the host-mediated assay, TCE induced both point mutation and gene conversion in D7 and gene conversion in D4 when recovered from the liver and kidneys after both acute and subacute dosing. Yeasts recovered from the lungs showed little, if any, increase in either point mutation or gene conversion."}
{"id": "PMID:363961", "title": "The mutagenicity of saccharin impurities. I. Detection of mutagenic activity.", "content": "Sodium saccharin, ortho-toluenesulfonamide and impurities extracted from commercially produced saccharin with water and organic solvents were tested for mutagenicity with strains of Salmonella typhimurium. The organic solvent soluble impurities exhibited strong mutagenic activity for TA98 and slight activity for TA100. Mutagenic activity for S. typhimurium TA98 was demonstrated in extracts of some but not all lots of sodium saccharin produced by both Maumee and Remsen-Fahlberg processes. The significance of the mutagenic impurity to the carcinogenicity of saccharin is discussed.", "contents": "The mutagenicity of saccharin impurities. I. Detection of mutagenic activity. Sodium saccharin, ortho-toluenesulfonamide and impurities extracted from commercially produced saccharin with water and organic solvents were tested for mutagenicity with strains of Salmonella typhimurium. The organic solvent soluble impurities exhibited strong mutagenic activity for TA98 and slight activity for TA100. Mutagenic activity for S. typhimurium TA98 was demonstrated in extracts of some but not all lots of sodium saccharin produced by both Maumee and Remsen-Fahlberg processes. The significance of the mutagenic impurity to the carcinogenicity of saccharin is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:363966", "title": "Hair dye toxicity--a review.", "content": "This article reviews local and systemic effects which relate to hair dye formulation and hair dye ingredient tests and experiences in man and animals. Mutagenic and carcinogenic aspects are discussed. In a very limited way, safety and hazards of using hair dyes are interpreted for consumers.", "contents": "Hair dye toxicity--a review. This article reviews local and systemic effects which relate to hair dye formulation and hair dye ingredient tests and experiences in man and animals. Mutagenic and carcinogenic aspects are discussed. In a very limited way, safety and hazards of using hair dyes are interpreted for consumers."}
{"id": "PMID:363968", "title": "Review of in vitro systems with potential for use in teratogenicity screening.", "content": "In this review an in vitro system is considered to be any developing tissue, organ, or organism other than mammalian embryo in situ. Before the various test systems that have been used or proposed are discussed, attention is given to the questions of whether all chemicals in the environment are in need of biological testing and what criteria should be used in making this judgment. Consideration is also given to selection of the appropriate level of rigorousness to be used in tests of different categories of chemicals. To aid in this, the characteristics of an optimal test are assembled and used as a standard for estimating the potential usefulness of the various in vitro systems. The systems discussed include bacteria and other unicellular organisms, somatic cells in culture, tissue culture, organ culture, intact invertebrate embryos (e.g., drosophila, sea urchins, sand dollars), intact lower vertebrate embryos (e.g., frogs, other amphibians, fish), cultured mammalian embryos, and incubating chick embryos. None of these are regarded as sufficiently validated in terms of comparisons with known teratogenic responses in pregnant mammals to warrant adoption as a reliable test at this time. Intact embryos of drosophila, sea urchins, amphibians, and fish are regarded as promising, but much research is needed to ascertain their predictive validity for mammals. The incubating chick embryo, however, possesses more of the essential features of the optimal system than any of the others. A tentative proposal using the chick is outlined, but it will require considerable further comparison with currently used procedures in pregnant mammals before its reliability can be fully evaluated.", "contents": "Review of in vitro systems with potential for use in teratogenicity screening. In this review an in vitro system is considered to be any developing tissue, organ, or organism other than mammalian embryo in situ. Before the various test systems that have been used or proposed are discussed, attention is given to the questions of whether all chemicals in the environment are in need of biological testing and what criteria should be used in making this judgment. Consideration is also given to selection of the appropriate level of rigorousness to be used in tests of different categories of chemicals. To aid in this, the characteristics of an optimal test are assembled and used as a standard for estimating the potential usefulness of the various in vitro systems. The systems discussed include bacteria and other unicellular organisms, somatic cells in culture, tissue culture, organ culture, intact invertebrate embryos (e.g., drosophila, sea urchins, sand dollars), intact lower vertebrate embryos (e.g., frogs, other amphibians, fish), cultured mammalian embryos, and incubating chick embryos. None of these are regarded as sufficiently validated in terms of comparisons with known teratogenic responses in pregnant mammals to warrant adoption as a reliable test at this time. Intact embryos of drosophila, sea urchins, amphibians, and fish are regarded as promising, but much research is needed to ascertain their predictive validity for mammals. The incubating chick embryo, however, possesses more of the essential features of the optimal system than any of the others. A tentative proposal using the chick is outlined, but it will require considerable further comparison with currently used procedures in pregnant mammals before its reliability can be fully evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:363969", "title": "DNA damage and repair in vivo.", "content": "DNA damage has been implicated in carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, and aging. DNA excision repair has been implicated as an ameliorating factor for such damage. It has been proposed that there is an error-prone post-replication repair system which is both mutagenic and carcinogenic. Assay of DNA damage and repair may thus illuminate the mechanism of carcinogenesis and serve as an indicator of the carcinogenic potential of environmental agents. DNA damage induction and repair can differ in vitro and in vivo. In order to rationally evaluate environmental health effects, it is therefore important to examine DNA damage induction and repair in vivo. An in vivo method is defined here as one in which the DNA is damaged and repaired in cells in situ in the organism. In vivo methods for studying DNA adducts and excision repair, strand-breaks and strand-break repair, post-replication repair, and photoreactivation repair, and the current state of knowledge of DNA damage induction and repair in vivo, are reviewed and evaluated.", "contents": "DNA damage and repair in vivo. DNA damage has been implicated in carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, and aging. DNA excision repair has been implicated as an ameliorating factor for such damage. It has been proposed that there is an error-prone post-replication repair system which is both mutagenic and carcinogenic. Assay of DNA damage and repair may thus illuminate the mechanism of carcinogenesis and serve as an indicator of the carcinogenic potential of environmental agents. DNA damage induction and repair can differ in vitro and in vivo. In order to rationally evaluate environmental health effects, it is therefore important to examine DNA damage induction and repair in vivo. An in vivo method is defined here as one in which the DNA is damaged and repaired in cells in situ in the organism. In vivo methods for studying DNA adducts and excision repair, strand-breaks and strand-break repair, post-replication repair, and photoreactivation repair, and the current state of knowledge of DNA damage induction and repair in vivo, are reviewed and evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:363971", "title": "Nonspecific resistance to bacterial infections. Enhancement by ubiquinone-8.", "content": "A lipid fraction from Escherichia coli was extracted with apolar solvents and was found to protect mice from a number of experimental bacterial infections. The benzoquinone, ubiquinone-8, was isolated from this extract by high pressure liquid chromatography and identified as such by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. At a dose of 25 mg/kg this substance was found to provide complete protection against otherwise lethal infections with gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in mice. Treatment was most effective when given intravenously 24 h before infection. In comparative studies, ubiquinone-8 had a clearly higher activity than ubiquinones-4, Q6, and Q10. A highly significant increase in the clearance rate of bacteria from the blood by the spleen and the liver of treated animals, correlated well with the protective effect of ubiquinone-8. The compound stimulated the ability of mouse macrophages to incorporate sheep erythrocytes and significantly increased the number of antibody-producing cells in spleens of mice.", "contents": "Nonspecific resistance to bacterial infections. Enhancement by ubiquinone-8. A lipid fraction from Escherichia coli was extracted with apolar solvents and was found to protect mice from a number of experimental bacterial infections. The benzoquinone, ubiquinone-8, was isolated from this extract by high pressure liquid chromatography and identified as such by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. At a dose of 25 mg/kg this substance was found to provide complete protection against otherwise lethal infections with gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in mice. Treatment was most effective when given intravenously 24 h before infection. In comparative studies, ubiquinone-8 had a clearly higher activity than ubiquinones-4, Q6, and Q10. A highly significant increase in the clearance rate of bacteria from the blood by the spleen and the liver of treated animals, correlated well with the protective effect of ubiquinone-8. The compound stimulated the ability of mouse macrophages to incorporate sheep erythrocytes and significantly increased the number of antibody-producing cells in spleens of mice."}
{"id": "PMID:363967", "title": "Effects in animals of chronic administration of spironolactone--a review.", "content": "Spironolactone, an aldosterone antagonist, has been found effective in the treatment of certain forms of hypertension, ascites, and edematous conditions. Since patients may receive daily doses of spironolactone for many years, it is important to determine the chronic effects on tissues. This study reviews the tissue changes in rats, dogs, and monkeys receiving spironolactone daily for up to two years. Dose levels were frequently in excess of 100 times the recommended human dose. The pituitary, adrenals, and kidneys of all animals showed no significant changes. Histologic changes were noted in rat livers, thyroid, and male internal genitalia. There were alterations in monkey testes and male mammary glands. This study found no evidence to suggest that spironolactone is tumorigenic or carcinogenic. Species differences in metabolism may account for the diversity of tissue observations.", "contents": "Effects in animals of chronic administration of spironolactone--a review. Spironolactone, an aldosterone antagonist, has been found effective in the treatment of certain forms of hypertension, ascites, and edematous conditions. Since patients may receive daily doses of spironolactone for many years, it is important to determine the chronic effects on tissues. This study reviews the tissue changes in rats, dogs, and monkeys receiving spironolactone daily for up to two years. Dose levels were frequently in excess of 100 times the recommended human dose. The pituitary, adrenals, and kidneys of all animals showed no significant changes. Histologic changes were noted in rat livers, thyroid, and male internal genitalia. There were alterations in monkey testes and male mammary glands. This study found no evidence to suggest that spironolactone is tumorigenic or carcinogenic. Species differences in metabolism may account for the diversity of tissue observations."}
{"id": "PMID:363972", "title": "Lethal graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation across minor histocompatibility barriers in mice. Prevention by removing mature T cells from marrow.", "content": "In two situations, transfer of normal unsensitized bone marrow cells into heavily irradiated H-2-identical allogeneic mice caused a high incidence of lethal chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), i.e. mortality occuring between days of 20 and 80 postirradiation. Minor histocompatibility determinants appeared to be the main target for eliciting GVHD. Removing mature T cells from the marrow with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement before injection prevented GVHD. On the basis of adding purified T cells to T-cell-depleted marrow cells, it was concluded that contamination of the marrow with as few as 0.3% T cells was sufficient to cause a high incidence of lethal GVHD in certain situations. No GVHD was found with the injection of non-T cells (Thy 1.2-negative cells) or with tolerant T cells. Irradiated recipients of T-cell-depleted marrow cells remained in good health for prolonged periods. These mice showed extensive chimerism with respect to the donor marrow, normal numbers of T and B cells and were immunocompetent. The data provide no support for the view that chronic GVHD developing after bone marrow transplantation in man is the result of an attack by the progeny of the donor stem cells. The results imply that mature T cells contaminating marrow inocula are probably the main cause of GVHD seen in the clinical situation.", "contents": "Lethal graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation across minor histocompatibility barriers in mice. Prevention by removing mature T cells from marrow. In two situations, transfer of normal unsensitized bone marrow cells into heavily irradiated H-2-identical allogeneic mice caused a high incidence of lethal chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), i.e. mortality occuring between days of 20 and 80 postirradiation. Minor histocompatibility determinants appeared to be the main target for eliciting GVHD. Removing mature T cells from the marrow with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement before injection prevented GVHD. On the basis of adding purified T cells to T-cell-depleted marrow cells, it was concluded that contamination of the marrow with as few as 0.3% T cells was sufficient to cause a high incidence of lethal GVHD in certain situations. No GVHD was found with the injection of non-T cells (Thy 1.2-negative cells) or with tolerant T cells. Irradiated recipients of T-cell-depleted marrow cells remained in good health for prolonged periods. These mice showed extensive chimerism with respect to the donor marrow, normal numbers of T and B cells and were immunocompetent. The data provide no support for the view that chronic GVHD developing after bone marrow transplantation in man is the result of an attack by the progeny of the donor stem cells. The results imply that mature T cells contaminating marrow inocula are probably the main cause of GVHD seen in the clinical situation."}
{"id": "PMID:363973", "title": "The type-specific polysaccharides of Streptococcus suis.", "content": "Streptococcus suis types 1 and 2 were subjected to digestion with lysozyme. Serologically type-specific capsular polysaccharides were isolated from the lysates by ethanol precipitation followed by Sepharose 6B chromatography. The purified type 1 polysaccharide has a Kd value of 0.074 on a Sepharose 4B column and contains galactose, glucose, N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine, and sialic acid in a molar ratio of 2.42:1.00:1.00:1.13:1.39. The type 2 polysaccharide has a Kd value of 0.185 and is composed of rhamnose, galactose, glucose, N-acetyl glucosamine, and sialic acid in a molar ratio of 1.07:3.17:1.00:0.94:1.00. A comparison is drawn between the type polysaccharides of S. suis and those of group B streptococci.", "contents": "The type-specific polysaccharides of Streptococcus suis. Streptococcus suis types 1 and 2 were subjected to digestion with lysozyme. Serologically type-specific capsular polysaccharides were isolated from the lysates by ethanol precipitation followed by Sepharose 6B chromatography. The purified type 1 polysaccharide has a Kd value of 0.074 on a Sepharose 4B column and contains galactose, glucose, N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine, and sialic acid in a molar ratio of 2.42:1.00:1.00:1.13:1.39. The type 2 polysaccharide has a Kd value of 0.185 and is composed of rhamnose, galactose, glucose, N-acetyl glucosamine, and sialic acid in a molar ratio of 1.07:3.17:1.00:0.94:1.00. A comparison is drawn between the type polysaccharides of S. suis and those of group B streptococci."}
{"id": "PMID:363974", "title": "A method for teaching techniques of office surgery.", "content": "A method of instruction in basic wound repair and the teaching of suturing skills such as might be used in the office or Emergency Room is described which has been used effectively in family practice resident training. The method utilizes pigs' feet with four specific exercises and objectives accomplished: (1) stellate or Y-shaped laceration; (2) semi-circular, bevelled, flap-type laceration; (3) elliptical, excisional biopsy with \"dog ear\" correction; and (4) Z-plasty revision. Diagrams are provided, explicitly demonstrating proper techniques of the above exercises. A brief comment on skill evaluation concludes the paper.", "contents": "A method for teaching techniques of office surgery. A method of instruction in basic wound repair and the teaching of suturing skills such as might be used in the office or Emergency Room is described which has been used effectively in family practice resident training. The method utilizes pigs' feet with four specific exercises and objectives accomplished: (1) stellate or Y-shaped laceration; (2) semi-circular, bevelled, flap-type laceration; (3) elliptical, excisional biopsy with \"dog ear\" correction; and (4) Z-plasty revision. Diagrams are provided, explicitly demonstrating proper techniques of the above exercises. A brief comment on skill evaluation concludes the paper."}
{"id": "PMID:363975", "title": "An electron microscopic study of the location of peptidoglycan in group A and C streptococcal cell walls.", "content": "The morphological appearance of deproteinized Group A and C streptococcal walls after treatment by different procedures extracting teichoic acids and polysaccharides (formamide, hydrochloric acid, nitrous acid, trichloroacetic acid, sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium deoxycholate) was compared with the content of teichoic acids and polysaccharides remaining in the treated walls. All procedures extracted teichoic acids almost completely, but polysaccharides were extracted to various degrees. The ultrastructural appearance of walls after these extractions still exhibited the triple-layered wall profile; only a reduction of thickness of the wall and of electron density of the layers occurred. There was no direct correlation between the reduction of rhamnose content and thickness of walls. The ultrastructural localization of peptidoglycan in the streptococcal walls was explored by means of the indirect immunoferritin technique using anti-peptidoglycan antibodies isolated from anti-Group A-variant antisera. Ferritin particles were bound predominantly to filamentous structures which protruded from both surfaces of peptidoglycan fragments and isolated walls. Peptidoglycan was also detected on the filamentous protrusions of whole cocci. These results contradict models of the streptococcal wall in which peptidoglycan forms the innermost layer and support a mosaic structure in which peptidoglycan forms a network of the peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complex.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of the location of peptidoglycan in group A and C streptococcal cell walls. The morphological appearance of deproteinized Group A and C streptococcal walls after treatment by different procedures extracting teichoic acids and polysaccharides (formamide, hydrochloric acid, nitrous acid, trichloroacetic acid, sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium deoxycholate) was compared with the content of teichoic acids and polysaccharides remaining in the treated walls. All procedures extracted teichoic acids almost completely, but polysaccharides were extracted to various degrees. The ultrastructural appearance of walls after these extractions still exhibited the triple-layered wall profile; only a reduction of thickness of the wall and of electron density of the layers occurred. There was no direct correlation between the reduction of rhamnose content and thickness of walls. The ultrastructural localization of peptidoglycan in the streptococcal walls was explored by means of the indirect immunoferritin technique using anti-peptidoglycan antibodies isolated from anti-Group A-variant antisera. Ferritin particles were bound predominantly to filamentous structures which protruded from both surfaces of peptidoglycan fragments and isolated walls. Peptidoglycan was also detected on the filamentous protrusions of whole cocci. These results contradict models of the streptococcal wall in which peptidoglycan forms the innermost layer and support a mosaic structure in which peptidoglycan forms a network of the peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complex."}
{"id": "PMID:363976", "title": "Somatic O-1 antigen conversion of Salmonella typhimurium by a type B phage P221dis, hybrid between P22 and Fels 1 phages.", "content": "A type B Salmonella phage P221, derived from recombination between a type A phage P22 and a type B phage Fels 1, carries the protein coat of Fels 1 and the P22 early genes, at least the c to h21 genes. One of the P221 strains, P221dis, is dismune over P221 lysogens and co-immune with P22. Thus it carries the Im gene (the second immunity region) of P22 to establish co-immunity with P22. Since the att region and a1 gene for somatic 0--1 antigen conversion of P22 are located between the Im and c genes, the P221dis prophage attachment site and 0--1 antigen of P221dis lysogens were analysed. P221dis prophage is integrated at the attP22 site near the pro A region of the bacterial chromosomes and expresses the somatic 0--1 antigen.", "contents": "Somatic O-1 antigen conversion of Salmonella typhimurium by a type B phage P221dis, hybrid between P22 and Fels 1 phages. A type B Salmonella phage P221, derived from recombination between a type A phage P22 and a type B phage Fels 1, carries the protein coat of Fels 1 and the P22 early genes, at least the c to h21 genes. One of the P221 strains, P221dis, is dismune over P221 lysogens and co-immune with P22. Thus it carries the Im gene (the second immunity region) of P22 to establish co-immunity with P22. Since the att region and a1 gene for somatic 0--1 antigen conversion of P22 are located between the Im and c genes, the P221dis prophage attachment site and 0--1 antigen of P221dis lysogens were analysed. P221dis prophage is integrated at the attP22 site near the pro A region of the bacterial chromosomes and expresses the somatic 0--1 antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:363977", "title": "Are divided doses of tricyclic antidepressants necessary?", "content": "A double blind control comparison on the effects of 50 mg of clomipramine given three times a day and 150 mg of clomipramine in a single bedtime dosage revealed no significant differences in therapeutic efficacy. Patients reported more lightheadedness and dizziness but no differences on other side effects. The theoretical basis was the long biological half-life of such tricyclic antidepressants. Advantages included ease of administration, patient compliance, and timing of sedative effect.", "contents": "Are divided doses of tricyclic antidepressants necessary? A double blind control comparison on the effects of 50 mg of clomipramine given three times a day and 150 mg of clomipramine in a single bedtime dosage revealed no significant differences in therapeutic efficacy. Patients reported more lightheadedness and dizziness but no differences on other side effects. The theoretical basis was the long biological half-life of such tricyclic antidepressants. Advantages included ease of administration, patient compliance, and timing of sedative effect."}
{"id": "PMID:363982", "title": "Intraventricular administration of amikacin for complicated Gram-negative meningitis and ventriculitis.", "content": "Four pediatric neurosurgical patients with Gram-negative meningitis and ventriculitis were treated with parenteral and intraventricular amikacin, a new aminoglycoside. The organisms infecting these patients were resistant to multiple antimicrobial drugs but were sensitive to amikacin. Treatment was continued for 14 days after cerebrospinal fluid cultures became negative. All four patients were cured and have demonstrated no nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, or evidence of persistent infection on follow-up examination.", "contents": "Intraventricular administration of amikacin for complicated Gram-negative meningitis and ventriculitis. Four pediatric neurosurgical patients with Gram-negative meningitis and ventriculitis were treated with parenteral and intraventricular amikacin, a new aminoglycoside. The organisms infecting these patients were resistant to multiple antimicrobial drugs but were sensitive to amikacin. Treatment was continued for 14 days after cerebrospinal fluid cultures became negative. All four patients were cured and have demonstrated no nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, or evidence of persistent infection on follow-up examination."}
{"id": "PMID:363984", "title": "Aspergillus infection in a patient receiving immunosuppressive drugs.", "content": "A rare case of an indolent Aspergillus infection in a deep neck space in an immunologically compromised patient is reported. Aggressive measures were taken to identify the cause of the infection. Despite concerted antifungal therapy, the patient died.", "contents": "Aspergillus infection in a patient receiving immunosuppressive drugs. A rare case of an indolent Aspergillus infection in a deep neck space in an immunologically compromised patient is reported. Aggressive measures were taken to identify the cause of the infection. Despite concerted antifungal therapy, the patient died."}
{"id": "PMID:363985", "title": "Middle-third facial advancement: treatment considerations in atypical cases.", "content": "A systematic evaluation of facial esthetics in individuals with dentofacial and craniofacial deformities is necessary to achieve optimum results. This is especially true in deformities of the middle third of the face, as cephalometric analyses provide minimal useful information about frontal facial esthetics. Further, three-dimensional interrelations of the appearance of the forehead, nasal dorsum, globe, infraorbital, malar, and paranasal regions cannot be adequately evaluated through cephalometric examination. Many individuals with facial deformities do not have stereotyped deformities, and, therefore, the use of \"standard\" operations to correct apparently similar deformities will result in less than optimal results.", "contents": "Middle-third facial advancement: treatment considerations in atypical cases. A systematic evaluation of facial esthetics in individuals with dentofacial and craniofacial deformities is necessary to achieve optimum results. This is especially true in deformities of the middle third of the face, as cephalometric analyses provide minimal useful information about frontal facial esthetics. Further, three-dimensional interrelations of the appearance of the forehead, nasal dorsum, globe, infraorbital, malar, and paranasal regions cannot be adequately evaluated through cephalometric examination. Many individuals with facial deformities do not have stereotyped deformities, and, therefore, the use of \"standard\" operations to correct apparently similar deformities will result in less than optimal results."}
{"id": "PMID:363986", "title": "Review of factors contributing to dry socket through enhanced fibrinolysis.", "content": "Use of oral contraceptives and trauma during extraction are substantiated factors that contribute to dry socket. They appear to act by enhancing fibrinolytic activity in the alveolar bone followed by lysis of the clot. The influence of bacteria and antibiotics on the development and prevention of dry socket remains unclear. No convincing evidence can be found that factors such as age, sex, or nutritional status affect the incidence of dry socket.", "contents": "Review of factors contributing to dry socket through enhanced fibrinolysis. Use of oral contraceptives and trauma during extraction are substantiated factors that contribute to dry socket. They appear to act by enhancing fibrinolytic activity in the alveolar bone followed by lysis of the clot. The influence of bacteria and antibiotics on the development and prevention of dry socket remains unclear. No convincing evidence can be found that factors such as age, sex, or nutritional status affect the incidence of dry socket."}
{"id": "PMID:363987", "title": "An ultrastructural examination of the interaction between macrophages and Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "The interaction of mononuclear phagocytes with Cryptococcus neoformans was examined in vitro and in vivo using ultrastructural techniques. Immune serum roughens the surface of the yeast and in the first 2 hr, increases the number of organisms attaching to the macrophage surface, as well as the number of contacts between individual yeasts and the phagocyte. Contact is established by means of thin filopodia and cytoplasmic flaps. During the next few days the macrophages increase in size, and, by intimate apposition of their contiguous cell surfaces, a cellular barrier surrounds the now enclosed yeast. These events are accompanied by thinning of fungal capsule, degradation of the enclosed cryptococcus, and the formation of macrophage polykaryons. Electron cytochemical techniques for peroxidase reveal that these multinucleated cells are formed predominantly by the fusion of stimulated macrophages. Destruction of the enclosed yeast probably results from the secretion of various agents by the surrounding cells.", "contents": "An ultrastructural examination of the interaction between macrophages and Cryptococcus neoformans. The interaction of mononuclear phagocytes with Cryptococcus neoformans was examined in vitro and in vivo using ultrastructural techniques. Immune serum roughens the surface of the yeast and in the first 2 hr, increases the number of organisms attaching to the macrophage surface, as well as the number of contacts between individual yeasts and the phagocyte. Contact is established by means of thin filopodia and cytoplasmic flaps. During the next few days the macrophages increase in size, and, by intimate apposition of their contiguous cell surfaces, a cellular barrier surrounds the now enclosed yeast. These events are accompanied by thinning of fungal capsule, degradation of the enclosed cryptococcus, and the formation of macrophage polykaryons. Electron cytochemical techniques for peroxidase reveal that these multinucleated cells are formed predominantly by the fusion of stimulated macrophages. Destruction of the enclosed yeast probably results from the secretion of various agents by the surrounding cells."}
{"id": "PMID:363988", "title": "The pathology and pathogenesis of chronic lead nephropathy occurring in Queensland.", "content": "Many children who suffered acute lead poisoning in Queensland eventually died with contracted kidneys. In most cases the kidneys were granular and showed microscopically fibrosis, hypertensive vascular changes and \"alterative glomerulitis\". Clinically in these patients, hypertension and chronic renal insufficiency had always preceded death which was usually due to uraemia. In a minority of cases the kidneys showed the changes of benign hypertension but were unusually small; fibrosis and \"alterative glomerulitis\" were not present. Clinically these patients had had hypertension but minimal renal insufficiency and death was usually due to cerebral haemorrhage. The evidence indicates that lead caused severe damage to the kidney at the time of the lead intoxication by some mechanism other than hypertension. The sequence of events postulated comprises severe renal damage with destruction of glomeruli during childhood lead poisoning, disappearance of the destroyed tissue during childhood and adolescence, onset of hypertension in adolescence or early adult life, gradual onset and progress of chronic uraemia during which fibrosis and granularity developed. In milder cases the sequence is not complete because renal function has remained adequate.", "contents": "The pathology and pathogenesis of chronic lead nephropathy occurring in Queensland. Many children who suffered acute lead poisoning in Queensland eventually died with contracted kidneys. In most cases the kidneys were granular and showed microscopically fibrosis, hypertensive vascular changes and \"alterative glomerulitis\". Clinically in these patients, hypertension and chronic renal insufficiency had always preceded death which was usually due to uraemia. In a minority of cases the kidneys showed the changes of benign hypertension but were unusually small; fibrosis and \"alterative glomerulitis\" were not present. Clinically these patients had had hypertension but minimal renal insufficiency and death was usually due to cerebral haemorrhage. The evidence indicates that lead caused severe damage to the kidney at the time of the lead intoxication by some mechanism other than hypertension. The sequence of events postulated comprises severe renal damage with destruction of glomeruli during childhood lead poisoning, disappearance of the destroyed tissue during childhood and adolescence, onset of hypertension in adolescence or early adult life, gradual onset and progress of chronic uraemia during which fibrosis and granularity developed. In milder cases the sequence is not complete because renal function has remained adequate."}
{"id": "PMID:363989", "title": "In-vivo effects of anti-inflammatory and other drugs on granulocyte emigration in the rabbit skin collection chamber.", "content": "A method for measuring localised leukocyte mobilisation under in-vivo conditions with a plastic skin collection-chamber adapted to the rabbit ear was used for assessing the effects of anti-inflammatory and other agents on granulocyte emigration. Studies on the effect of oral drug administration to rabbits indicated that most anti-inflammatory drugs, two cystostatic agents (cyclophosphamide and colchicine), but none of the other compounds exhibiting antihistaminc, beta-adrenolytic or neuroleptic properties, significantly inhibited granulocyte mobilisation. The results after topical application of some of these agents into the chamber correlated well with those obtained after oral treatment. This technique may thus prove useful in selecting new compounds inhibiting granulocyte mobilisation in acute inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "In-vivo effects of anti-inflammatory and other drugs on granulocyte emigration in the rabbit skin collection chamber. A method for measuring localised leukocyte mobilisation under in-vivo conditions with a plastic skin collection-chamber adapted to the rabbit ear was used for assessing the effects of anti-inflammatory and other agents on granulocyte emigration. Studies on the effect of oral drug administration to rabbits indicated that most anti-inflammatory drugs, two cystostatic agents (cyclophosphamide and colchicine), but none of the other compounds exhibiting antihistaminc, beta-adrenolytic or neuroleptic properties, significantly inhibited granulocyte mobilisation. The results after topical application of some of these agents into the chamber correlated well with those obtained after oral treatment. This technique may thus prove useful in selecting new compounds inhibiting granulocyte mobilisation in acute inflammatory reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:363990", "title": "Myogenic cells in Kaposi's sarcoma: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of a metastatic Kaposi's sarcoma in a cervical lymph node demonstrated the presence of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Some of these cells exhibited phagocytic activity in relation to extravasated red blood cells. The ultrastructural features favour the suggestion of an origin of Kaposi's sarcoma from pluripotential mesenchymal cells which may differentiate into more specialised cell types including endothelial, smooth muscle, fibroblastic and myofibroblastic cells.", "contents": "Myogenic cells in Kaposi's sarcoma: an ultrastructural study. An ultrastructural study of a metastatic Kaposi's sarcoma in a cervical lymph node demonstrated the presence of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Some of these cells exhibited phagocytic activity in relation to extravasated red blood cells. The ultrastructural features favour the suggestion of an origin of Kaposi's sarcoma from pluripotential mesenchymal cells which may differentiate into more specialised cell types including endothelial, smooth muscle, fibroblastic and myofibroblastic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:363991", "title": "Histological study of homografts showing delayed rejection following levan administration.", "content": "The delaying effect of continued administration of levan on mouse skin homograft rejection was found to be due mainly to inhibition of thrombotic occlusion of the nutrient blood vessels. Levan administration did not appear to affect epidermal regeneration, but it seemed to inhibit degranulation of mast cells, resorption of plasma extravasated during the operation and growth of granulation tissue. The delayed rejection caused by levan treatment was apparently caused by infiltration of the graft by activated mononuclear cells from the blood stream. The phenomenon is believed to represent a late stage of the graft rejection process, its apperance depending on the survival of the graft beyond the stage of vascular occlusion.", "contents": "Histological study of homografts showing delayed rejection following levan administration. The delaying effect of continued administration of levan on mouse skin homograft rejection was found to be due mainly to inhibition of thrombotic occlusion of the nutrient blood vessels. Levan administration did not appear to affect epidermal regeneration, but it seemed to inhibit degranulation of mast cells, resorption of plasma extravasated during the operation and growth of granulation tissue. The delayed rejection caused by levan treatment was apparently caused by infiltration of the graft by activated mononuclear cells from the blood stream. The phenomenon is believed to represent a late stage of the graft rejection process, its apperance depending on the survival of the graft beyond the stage of vascular occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:363992", "title": "Current views on the mechanisms of pulmonary oedema.", "content": "Understanding of the causes of pulmonary oedema must be based on knowledge of the mechanism responsible for fluid exchange between the several compartments of the normal lung. Recent physiological studies have clarified the main features of these mechanisms. However in three areas knowledge is still incomplete--the magnitude of the hydrostatic and oncotic forces responsible for fluid movement within the lung, the means by which protein leaks across the wall of small pulmonary vessels and the routes by which fluid and protein pass between the interstitial tissues of the lung and the alveolar space. Further work is needed in these areas. On the basis of this physiological knowledge the mode of development of hydrostatic oedema, the role of lymphatics in pulmonary oedema, and the several stages of pulmonary oedema development that may culminate in alveolar flooding are now clearly understood. Knowledge is less complete about oedema due to increased vascular permeability. In some experimental models, such as alloxan, leakage is due to irreversible injury to the alveolar wall; in other models, including ANTU, oedema formation has been shown to depend upon minor and reversible changes in pulmonary vascular endothelium similar to those that cause exudate formation in areas of acute inflammation. In no instance is detailed information available of both the rate and magnitude of protein leakage and of the morphological basis of increased vascular permeability. Further work is required in this area. Present knowledge allows an adequate explanation of the changes that occur in many clinically important types of pulmonary oedema, including cardiac failure and neurogenic pulmonary oedema. Other types of oedema, notably that which may complicate traumatic shock or extrapulmonary sepsis and high altitude pulmonary oedema, are more complex and the details of their pathogenesis are still obscure.", "contents": "Current views on the mechanisms of pulmonary oedema. Understanding of the causes of pulmonary oedema must be based on knowledge of the mechanism responsible for fluid exchange between the several compartments of the normal lung. Recent physiological studies have clarified the main features of these mechanisms. However in three areas knowledge is still incomplete--the magnitude of the hydrostatic and oncotic forces responsible for fluid movement within the lung, the means by which protein leaks across the wall of small pulmonary vessels and the routes by which fluid and protein pass between the interstitial tissues of the lung and the alveolar space. Further work is needed in these areas. On the basis of this physiological knowledge the mode of development of hydrostatic oedema, the role of lymphatics in pulmonary oedema, and the several stages of pulmonary oedema development that may culminate in alveolar flooding are now clearly understood. Knowledge is less complete about oedema due to increased vascular permeability. In some experimental models, such as alloxan, leakage is due to irreversible injury to the alveolar wall; in other models, including ANTU, oedema formation has been shown to depend upon minor and reversible changes in pulmonary vascular endothelium similar to those that cause exudate formation in areas of acute inflammation. In no instance is detailed information available of both the rate and magnitude of protein leakage and of the morphological basis of increased vascular permeability. Further work is required in this area. Present knowledge allows an adequate explanation of the changes that occur in many clinically important types of pulmonary oedema, including cardiac failure and neurogenic pulmonary oedema. Other types of oedema, notably that which may complicate traumatic shock or extrapulmonary sepsis and high altitude pulmonary oedema, are more complex and the details of their pathogenesis are still obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:363993", "title": "Human colostral cells: phagocytosis and killing of E. coli and C. albicans.", "content": "Cells from human colostrum, collected from mothers within 48 hours of delivery, were examined for their capacity to phagocytose and kill Eschericia coli and Candida albicans. The phagocytic power of colostral cells was comparable to that of blood leukocytes from the same individuals. In contrast, the capacity of colostral cells to kill microorganisms was significantly less than that of blood leukocytes. Preincubation of blood leukocytes with colostrum supernatant did not reduce phagocytic indices, but reduced E. coli killing by 40% and C. albicans killing by 66%. The role of colostral cells in protecting the neonate from infection is discussed in the light of these findings.", "contents": "Human colostral cells: phagocytosis and killing of E. coli and C. albicans. Cells from human colostrum, collected from mothers within 48 hours of delivery, were examined for their capacity to phagocytose and kill Eschericia coli and Candida albicans. The phagocytic power of colostral cells was comparable to that of blood leukocytes from the same individuals. In contrast, the capacity of colostral cells to kill microorganisms was significantly less than that of blood leukocytes. Preincubation of blood leukocytes with colostrum supernatant did not reduce phagocytic indices, but reduced E. coli killing by 40% and C. albicans killing by 66%. The role of colostral cells in protecting the neonate from infection is discussed in the light of these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:363995", "title": "Naloxone reversal of mild neurobehavioral depression in normal newborn infants after routine obstetric analgesia.", "content": "To investigate the presence of subtle narcotic depression following maternal narcotic analgesia, we have evaluated the effects of naloxone versus placebo in a double-blind parallel group study in 43 normal term newborn infants whose mothers had received routine narcotic analgesia within six hours prior to delivery. Infants were given either an intramuscular injection of 20 microgram/kg naloxone or 0.20 ml/kg placebo after determination of the one-minute Apgar score, and the following measurements were compared: Apgar scores at one and five minutes, capillary blood gas values at one, 60, 120, and 240 minutes, and neurobehavioral assessments at one, 4, and 24 hours. No adverse effects from naloxone were observed. Neither Apgar scores nor capillary blood gas determinations differed significantly between the two groups. Response to sound was significantly higher in the naloxone group at 24 hours. The alertness score was significantly higher for the naloxone group at one and four hours; the general assessment score for the naloxone group was significantly higher at four and 24 hours. Average scores of naloxone and placebo groups were also different at four and 24 hours of age. These data demonstrate that maternal narcotic analgesia may produce subtle changes in alertness and general behavior not reflected by Apgar scores or respiratory status, potentially reversible by administration of naloxone shortly following delivery.", "contents": "Naloxone reversal of mild neurobehavioral depression in normal newborn infants after routine obstetric analgesia. To investigate the presence of subtle narcotic depression following maternal narcotic analgesia, we have evaluated the effects of naloxone versus placebo in a double-blind parallel group study in 43 normal term newborn infants whose mothers had received routine narcotic analgesia within six hours prior to delivery. Infants were given either an intramuscular injection of 20 microgram/kg naloxone or 0.20 ml/kg placebo after determination of the one-minute Apgar score, and the following measurements were compared: Apgar scores at one and five minutes, capillary blood gas values at one, 60, 120, and 240 minutes, and neurobehavioral assessments at one, 4, and 24 hours. No adverse effects from naloxone were observed. Neither Apgar scores nor capillary blood gas determinations differed significantly between the two groups. Response to sound was significantly higher in the naloxone group at 24 hours. The alertness score was significantly higher for the naloxone group at one and four hours; the general assessment score for the naloxone group was significantly higher at four and 24 hours. Average scores of naloxone and placebo groups were also different at four and 24 hours of age. These data demonstrate that maternal narcotic analgesia may produce subtle changes in alertness and general behavior not reflected by Apgar scores or respiratory status, potentially reversible by administration of naloxone shortly following delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:363996", "title": "Sequelae of caffeine treatment in preterm infants with apnea.", "content": "Growth, neurologic, and ophthalmologic assessments were done in 21 low-birth-weight infants given caffeine for neonatal apnea and in 21 matched control infants. Caffeine significantly decreased the need for and the duration of mechanical ventilation. No difference in growth and development was noted between the control and caffeine-treated infants. A high incidence of cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia was observed in both control (10/21) and caffeine-treated infants (7/18).", "contents": "Sequelae of caffeine treatment in preterm infants with apnea. Growth, neurologic, and ophthalmologic assessments were done in 21 low-birth-weight infants given caffeine for neonatal apnea and in 21 matched control infants. Caffeine significantly decreased the need for and the duration of mechanical ventilation. No difference in growth and development was noted between the control and caffeine-treated infants. A high incidence of cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia was observed in both control (10/21) and caffeine-treated infants (7/18)."}
{"id": "PMID:363997", "title": "Ultrastructure of the anterior alimentary tract of infective-stage Wuchereria bancrofti (Nematoda: Filarioidea).", "content": "The anterior alimentary tract of infective-stage Wuchereria bancrofti is divided into the following segments: stoma or buccal capsule, muscular esophagus, glandular esophagus, esophageal-intestinal valve, and intestine. Invaginated external cuticle lines only the anterior stoma. External cuticle and esophageal lining are not continuous and are ultrastructurally distinct; the latter is compared morphologically to the amorphous component of elastin. The glandular esophagus is a composite structure of a stellate contractile epithelial core, surrounded by a sleeve of secretory epithelium. The glandular cytoplasm shows evidence of formation and release of dense secretory granules. At least 2 nerve cell bodies lie within the esophagus approximately 15 micrometer anterior to the esophageal-intestinal valve and their associated processes pass forward and backward through the contractile epithelium. Materials interpreted as ingested flight muscle mitochondria of the mosquito vector appear in various stages of degeneration within the intestinal lumen. It is suggested that, although simple by comparison to some other nematodes, the anterior alimentary tract of infective-stage W. bancrofti functions in the ingestion and breakdown of nutrient materials. The ultrastructure of the excretory cell likewise suggests a functional capability.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the anterior alimentary tract of infective-stage Wuchereria bancrofti (Nematoda: Filarioidea). The anterior alimentary tract of infective-stage Wuchereria bancrofti is divided into the following segments: stoma or buccal capsule, muscular esophagus, glandular esophagus, esophageal-intestinal valve, and intestine. Invaginated external cuticle lines only the anterior stoma. External cuticle and esophageal lining are not continuous and are ultrastructurally distinct; the latter is compared morphologically to the amorphous component of elastin. The glandular esophagus is a composite structure of a stellate contractile epithelial core, surrounded by a sleeve of secretory epithelium. The glandular cytoplasm shows evidence of formation and release of dense secretory granules. At least 2 nerve cell bodies lie within the esophagus approximately 15 micrometer anterior to the esophageal-intestinal valve and their associated processes pass forward and backward through the contractile epithelium. Materials interpreted as ingested flight muscle mitochondria of the mosquito vector appear in various stages of degeneration within the intestinal lumen. It is suggested that, although simple by comparison to some other nematodes, the anterior alimentary tract of infective-stage W. bancrofti functions in the ingestion and breakdown of nutrient materials. The ultrastructure of the excretory cell likewise suggests a functional capability."}
{"id": "PMID:364000", "title": "The reliability of a colorimetric test in determining gingival inflammation.", "content": "This investigation was undertaken to compare the Gindex saliva test scores with the Gingival Index scores and crevicular fluid flow scores, as proposed by L\u00f6e and Holm-Pedersen. Eighty-one patients were tested using the Gindex chemical analysis kit. Crevicular fluid was collected from the six teeth advocated by Ramfjord, followed by a clinical assessment of these teeth using the G.I. Of the original 81 subjects tested, 11 were given a prophylaxis consisting of scaling, root planing, polishing, and oral hygiene instruction; and were retested 14 days later. Results of the two-sample t test show that there were no significant differences between males and females in any of the three tested parameters. The sample was pooled and tested for multiple correlations between the G.I., crevicular fluid, and Gindex scores. Nonparametric rank correlation coefficient tests indicated a statistically significant correlation between the three parameters. A pair wise \"t\" test for the pre- and post-treatment sample demonstrated a significant reduction in the three parameters. A pair wise rank analysis also showed a significant reduction in the G.I., crevicular fluid, and Gindex scores.", "contents": "The reliability of a colorimetric test in determining gingival inflammation. This investigation was undertaken to compare the Gindex saliva test scores with the Gingival Index scores and crevicular fluid flow scores, as proposed by L\u00f6e and Holm-Pedersen. Eighty-one patients were tested using the Gindex chemical analysis kit. Crevicular fluid was collected from the six teeth advocated by Ramfjord, followed by a clinical assessment of these teeth using the G.I. Of the original 81 subjects tested, 11 were given a prophylaxis consisting of scaling, root planing, polishing, and oral hygiene instruction; and were retested 14 days later. Results of the two-sample t test show that there were no significant differences between males and females in any of the three tested parameters. The sample was pooled and tested for multiple correlations between the G.I., crevicular fluid, and Gindex scores. Nonparametric rank correlation coefficient tests indicated a statistically significant correlation between the three parameters. A pair wise \"t\" test for the pre- and post-treatment sample demonstrated a significant reduction in the three parameters. A pair wise rank analysis also showed a significant reduction in the G.I., crevicular fluid, and Gindex scores."}
{"id": "PMID:364003", "title": "The effect of a 1% chlorhexidine gel in the initial therapy of chronic periodontal disease.", "content": "Thirty patients took part in a 4 week 'double-blind' clinical trial. Following initial oral hygiene instruction and scaling, half the patients were instructed to brush with a 1% Chlorhexidine gel in the evenings, the other half to use placebo. A standard dentifrice was used in the morning. In both groups there was a marked improvement in all parameters recorded, and although final plaque scores showed a statistically significant difference in favor of the test group, there was virtually no difference in rate or degree of resolution of gingivitis. The use of standard dentifrice was only partially successful in preventing staining.", "contents": "The effect of a 1% chlorhexidine gel in the initial therapy of chronic periodontal disease. Thirty patients took part in a 4 week 'double-blind' clinical trial. Following initial oral hygiene instruction and scaling, half the patients were instructed to brush with a 1% Chlorhexidine gel in the evenings, the other half to use placebo. A standard dentifrice was used in the morning. In both groups there was a marked improvement in all parameters recorded, and although final plaque scores showed a statistically significant difference in favor of the test group, there was virtually no difference in rate or degree of resolution of gingivitis. The use of standard dentifrice was only partially successful in preventing staining."}
{"id": "PMID:364006", "title": "Bioavailability and related heart function index of digoxin capsules and tablets in cardiac patients.", "content": "A loading dose of digoxin (750 microgram) in two commercial formulations was administered to 14 patients with heart disease according to a crossover design. One formulation consisted of soft gelatin capsules containing a solution of digoxin; the other formulation was compressed tablets. All parameters investigated, i.e., serum peak height, time of the peak, area under the serum level--time curve (AUC), and area above the Q--S2I (electromechanical systole) decrease (obtained from polycardiographic evaluation), showed better bioavailability of digoxin capsules than tablets, averaging 36.3%. The better bioavailability of digoxin capsules than tablets seems to be more evident in heart disease patients than that encountered previously in healthy subjects. The AUC and the area above the Q-S2I decrease were linearly correlated only with digoxin capsules.", "contents": "Bioavailability and related heart function index of digoxin capsules and tablets in cardiac patients. A loading dose of digoxin (750 microgram) in two commercial formulations was administered to 14 patients with heart disease according to a crossover design. One formulation consisted of soft gelatin capsules containing a solution of digoxin; the other formulation was compressed tablets. All parameters investigated, i.e., serum peak height, time of the peak, area under the serum level--time curve (AUC), and area above the Q--S2I (electromechanical systole) decrease (obtained from polycardiographic evaluation), showed better bioavailability of digoxin capsules than tablets, averaging 36.3%. The better bioavailability of digoxin capsules than tablets seems to be more evident in heart disease patients than that encountered previously in healthy subjects. The AUC and the area above the Q-S2I decrease were linearly correlated only with digoxin capsules."}
{"id": "PMID:364008", "title": "Antidiuretic action of intravenous and intracerebral pyrogen in conscious rabbits.", "content": "1. In conscious rabbits an i.v. infusion of 30 or 60 microgram E. coli pyrogen/kg body wt. decreased urine flow from control of 1.13 +/- 0.11 (S.E. of mean) ml./min to 0.43 +/- 0.09 ml./min while urine osmolality increased from 212 +/- 16 to 679 +/- 82 m-osmole/kg H2O. Clearances of exogenous creatine and p-aminohippurate did not change significantly. 2. Plasma antidiuretic activity (rat bio-assay) increased from control of 15.5 +/- 4.2 to 56.8 +/- 5.5 muu./ml. at the top of antidiuresis. 3. Comparable urine flow and osmolality changes were evoked by a pyrogen dose of only 0.2 microgram per animal injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle. 4. The results suggest that in the rabbit pyrogen stimulates ADH release by an unknown central mechanism.", "contents": "Antidiuretic action of intravenous and intracerebral pyrogen in conscious rabbits. 1. In conscious rabbits an i.v. infusion of 30 or 60 microgram E. coli pyrogen/kg body wt. decreased urine flow from control of 1.13 +/- 0.11 (S.E. of mean) ml./min to 0.43 +/- 0.09 ml./min while urine osmolality increased from 212 +/- 16 to 679 +/- 82 m-osmole/kg H2O. Clearances of exogenous creatine and p-aminohippurate did not change significantly. 2. Plasma antidiuretic activity (rat bio-assay) increased from control of 15.5 +/- 4.2 to 56.8 +/- 5.5 muu./ml. at the top of antidiuresis. 3. Comparable urine flow and osmolality changes were evoked by a pyrogen dose of only 0.2 microgram per animal injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle. 4. The results suggest that in the rabbit pyrogen stimulates ADH release by an unknown central mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:364009", "title": "Regulation of calcium fluxes in pancreatic islets: dissociation between calcium and insulin release.", "content": "1. The release of 45calcium from prelabelled pancreatic islets is rapidly and almost totally inhibited by lanthanum. 2. Glucose provokes an intitial fall followed by a secondary rise in 45calcium efflux. The latter rise occurs concomitantly with insulin release. Its magnitude is reduced whenever the secretory response to glucose is inhibited, e.g. in the absence of extracellular calcium, presence of Verapamil, or at high magnesium concentration. 3. However, under suitable conditions, the glucose-induced secondary rise in 45calcium efflux is not totally suppressed whilst insulin release is totally abolished. 4. Inversely, when calcium is replaced by barium in the perifusate, glucose increases insulin output without causing any obvious secondary rise in 45calcium efflux. 5. It is concluded that this secondary rise, which originates from a lanthanum-nondisplaceable calcium pool, does not correspond solely to an exocytotic release of 45calcium. It could represent, in part at least, a displacement of 45calcium from cellular sites and reflect a glucose-induced increase in the rate of calcium entry in islet cells.", "contents": "Regulation of calcium fluxes in pancreatic islets: dissociation between calcium and insulin release. 1. The release of 45calcium from prelabelled pancreatic islets is rapidly and almost totally inhibited by lanthanum. 2. Glucose provokes an intitial fall followed by a secondary rise in 45calcium efflux. The latter rise occurs concomitantly with insulin release. Its magnitude is reduced whenever the secretory response to glucose is inhibited, e.g. in the absence of extracellular calcium, presence of Verapamil, or at high magnesium concentration. 3. However, under suitable conditions, the glucose-induced secondary rise in 45calcium efflux is not totally suppressed whilst insulin release is totally abolished. 4. Inversely, when calcium is replaced by barium in the perifusate, glucose increases insulin output without causing any obvious secondary rise in 45calcium efflux. 5. It is concluded that this secondary rise, which originates from a lanthanum-nondisplaceable calcium pool, does not correspond solely to an exocytotic release of 45calcium. It could represent, in part at least, a displacement of 45calcium from cellular sites and reflect a glucose-induced increase in the rate of calcium entry in islet cells."}
{"id": "PMID:364011", "title": "Tissue response to overdenture therapy.", "content": "Patients who had received overdenture treatment provided with uniform standards were recalled and studied. Two examiners simultaneously and independently evaluated the tissue response using a variety of indices. Data comparisons were made between overlaid teeth and control teeth and between overlaid teeth as a function of time to assess any effects of the treatment. Patients who did not apply fluoride to retained tooth roots had a high incidence of caries. No other significant differences were noted between the health of overlaid teeth compared to control teeth. Patients demonstrated large variations in their ability to maintain low plaque levels and healthy tissues. Despite this, on a longitudinal basis over 2 years, patients were able to maintain plaque levels and gingival response at clinically acceptable standards.", "contents": "Tissue response to overdenture therapy. Patients who had received overdenture treatment provided with uniform standards were recalled and studied. Two examiners simultaneously and independently evaluated the tissue response using a variety of indices. Data comparisons were made between overlaid teeth and control teeth and between overlaid teeth as a function of time to assess any effects of the treatment. Patients who did not apply fluoride to retained tooth roots had a high incidence of caries. No other significant differences were noted between the health of overlaid teeth compared to control teeth. Patients demonstrated large variations in their ability to maintain low plaque levels and healthy tissues. Despite this, on a longitudinal basis over 2 years, patients were able to maintain plaque levels and gingival response at clinically acceptable standards."}
{"id": "PMID:364010", "title": "A 2-year longitudinal study of overdenture patients. Part I: incidence and control of caries on overdenture abutments.", "content": "1. The development of caries on overdenture abutments is a significant problem. In the patients examined, a high incidence of caries was noted at each recall. While few teeth were lost due to caries (none by first recall, none by second recall, and four by third recall), many teeth can eventually deteriorate and be lost (Fig. 7). 2. Caries can develop in a short period of time as shown by the results of the initial examination (caries present 2 to 8 months after insertion of the overdenture). 3. Some patients seem to be caries susceptible, as shown by the recurrence of caries, notwithstanding caries removal from the overdenture teeth at each recall. For example, a large percentage of patients with caries at the 1-year recall also had caries at the 2-year recall. 4. Patients who were placed on fluoride solution and/or had teeth treated with silver nitrate had a significant decrease in caries when compared to those who received no treatment or were placed on a placebo. 5. Fluoride caused some irritation or burning sensation in tissues of several patients. This was relieved in several patients by a decrease in the frequency of application from daily to 2 to 3 times a week.", "contents": "A 2-year longitudinal study of overdenture patients. Part I: incidence and control of caries on overdenture abutments. 1. The development of caries on overdenture abutments is a significant problem. In the patients examined, a high incidence of caries was noted at each recall. While few teeth were lost due to caries (none by first recall, none by second recall, and four by third recall), many teeth can eventually deteriorate and be lost (Fig. 7). 2. Caries can develop in a short period of time as shown by the results of the initial examination (caries present 2 to 8 months after insertion of the overdenture). 3. Some patients seem to be caries susceptible, as shown by the recurrence of caries, notwithstanding caries removal from the overdenture teeth at each recall. For example, a large percentage of patients with caries at the 1-year recall also had caries at the 2-year recall. 4. Patients who were placed on fluoride solution and/or had teeth treated with silver nitrate had a significant decrease in caries when compared to those who received no treatment or were placed on a placebo. 5. Fluoride caused some irritation or burning sensation in tissues of several patients. This was relieved in several patients by a decrease in the frequency of application from daily to 2 to 3 times a week."}
{"id": "PMID:364012", "title": "Improved design for the Thompson dowel semiprecision intracoronal retainer.", "content": "The new design of the dowel differs from the previous one in that the dowel is in contact with the inner shelf line at all times but is eased to enable it to rotate out from the well. The exact alignment of the two shelves is important. Incorporation of anything more than the slightest flare is discourged unless the shelves are at different heights. Finally, the lingual walls do not need to be parallel or at right angles to the axis of rotation, except where the shelves correspond perfectly and are horizontal to the tissue surface. The only requirement is that they do not diverge in the path of rotation.", "contents": "Improved design for the Thompson dowel semiprecision intracoronal retainer. The new design of the dowel differs from the previous one in that the dowel is in contact with the inner shelf line at all times but is eased to enable it to rotate out from the well. The exact alignment of the two shelves is important. Incorporation of anything more than the slightest flare is discourged unless the shelves are at different heights. Finally, the lingual walls do not need to be parallel or at right angles to the axis of rotation, except where the shelves correspond perfectly and are horizontal to the tissue surface. The only requirement is that they do not diverge in the path of rotation."}
{"id": "PMID:364015", "title": "Basic principles of obturator design for partially edentulous patients. Part I: classification.", "content": "A classification for partially edentulous maxillectomy dental arches is proposed. This classification is based on the frequency of occurrence of maxillary defects in a population of 123 patients.", "contents": "Basic principles of obturator design for partially edentulous patients. Part I: classification. A classification for partially edentulous maxillectomy dental arches is proposed. This classification is based on the frequency of occurrence of maxillary defects in a population of 123 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:364016", "title": "Performance criteria in preclinical denture prosthodontics.", "content": "This article has reported on a preliminary study of selected criteria used by The University of Michigan, School of Dentistry Complete Denture Department. Self-evaluation opportunities by students and assessment of performance by instructors using objective criteria have been developed for each phase of complete denture prosthodontics and placed within a text illustrating methods to reach the desired standards. Agreement between all evaluations of the selected criteria studied occurred on 75% of the responses, while agreement by instructors experienced with criteria evaluations occurred on 81%. Further, extensive study into quality assessment must be initiated within the educational setting before valid and reliable criteria can be developed for the private sector. Additional research will be critical to peer-review mechanisms which attempt to be more than grievance committees.", "contents": "Performance criteria in preclinical denture prosthodontics. This article has reported on a preliminary study of selected criteria used by The University of Michigan, School of Dentistry Complete Denture Department. Self-evaluation opportunities by students and assessment of performance by instructors using objective criteria have been developed for each phase of complete denture prosthodontics and placed within a text illustrating methods to reach the desired standards. Agreement between all evaluations of the selected criteria studied occurred on 75% of the responses, while agreement by instructors experienced with criteria evaluations occurred on 81%. Further, extensive study into quality assessment must be initiated within the educational setting before valid and reliable criteria can be developed for the private sector. Additional research will be critical to peer-review mechanisms which attempt to be more than grievance committees."}
{"id": "PMID:364019", "title": "An emergency hydrocolloid unit.", "content": "Except for the inconvenience of liquifying the material in some other place, the described setup is almost as convenient as a regular hydrocolloid unit. The chief disadvantage is that the small tanks will hold only about three regular tubes of material at a time.", "contents": "An emergency hydrocolloid unit. Except for the inconvenience of liquifying the material in some other place, the described setup is almost as convenient as a regular hydrocolloid unit. The chief disadvantage is that the small tanks will hold only about three regular tubes of material at a time."}
{"id": "PMID:364021", "title": "Antimycotic denture adhesive in treatment of denture stomatitis.", "content": "The mycologic findings of Candida albicans or culturally similar yeasts in 70% of the subject sample is consistent with those of other researchers. It is, however, only one of several etiologic factors requiring concomitant study to obtain meaningful results. Use of an antimycotic denture adhesive did not prove to be effective in the treatment of denture stomatitis. Although in the trial it appeared that marginally better results were obtained with the amphotericin medicated adhesive, this could not be substantiated statistically. On retrospective testing in the laboratory, both medicated and placebo materials were found to have an inhibiting effect on the growth of C. albicans. However, it was considered that the beneficial effects noted were probably due to the adhesive and lubricant effects of the test materials in reducing denture trauma in function.", "contents": "Antimycotic denture adhesive in treatment of denture stomatitis. The mycologic findings of Candida albicans or culturally similar yeasts in 70% of the subject sample is consistent with those of other researchers. It is, however, only one of several etiologic factors requiring concomitant study to obtain meaningful results. Use of an antimycotic denture adhesive did not prove to be effective in the treatment of denture stomatitis. Although in the trial it appeared that marginally better results were obtained with the amphotericin medicated adhesive, this could not be substantiated statistically. On retrospective testing in the laboratory, both medicated and placebo materials were found to have an inhibiting effect on the growth of C. albicans. However, it was considered that the beneficial effects noted were probably due to the adhesive and lubricant effects of the test materials in reducing denture trauma in function."}
{"id": "PMID:364023", "title": "Marginal microleakage in cemented complete crowns.", "content": "An in vivo study was developed to observe the penetration of 131INa around the margins of complete crown castings cemented with zinc phosphate cement with and without the application of different protective agents, with the following results. 1. Complete crowns cemented with zinc phosphate cement showed 131INa marginal leakage differences depending on the protective material used prior to cementation. 2. The best protective agent against marginal leakage according to this study was two layers of cavity varnish applied to the margins. 3. The amount of marginal leakage can be influenced by crown adaptation and the film thickness of the cement. 4. There were no differences between test periods of 1 hour or 21 days after cementation.", "contents": "Marginal microleakage in cemented complete crowns. An in vivo study was developed to observe the penetration of 131INa around the margins of complete crown castings cemented with zinc phosphate cement with and without the application of different protective agents, with the following results. 1. Complete crowns cemented with zinc phosphate cement showed 131INa marginal leakage differences depending on the protective material used prior to cementation. 2. The best protective agent against marginal leakage according to this study was two layers of cavity varnish applied to the margins. 3. The amount of marginal leakage can be influenced by crown adaptation and the film thickness of the cement. 4. There were no differences between test periods of 1 hour or 21 days after cementation."}
{"id": "PMID:364026", "title": "Basic principles of obturator design for partially edentulous patients. Part II: design principles.", "content": "A classification for partially edentulous maxillectomy patients has been proposed, and a suggested design for each class is discussed. A simplified approach to the planning of resective surgery and a guide for the design of the maxillary obturator prosthesis have been presented.", "contents": "Basic principles of obturator design for partially edentulous patients. Part II: design principles. A classification for partially edentulous maxillectomy patients has been proposed, and a suggested design for each class is discussed. A simplified approach to the planning of resective surgery and a guide for the design of the maxillary obturator prosthesis have been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:364029", "title": "Fabrication of interim acrylic resin removable partial dentures with clasps.", "content": "An orderly sequence of steps for construction of an interim acrylic resin partial denture has been presented. The technique allows the dentist to fabricate an effective restoration that has a definite path of insertion and removal that can be placed in the patient's mouth with little time spent on adjustment and correction. This technique may be used with heat- or cold-curing acrylic resin.", "contents": "Fabrication of interim acrylic resin removable partial dentures with clasps. An orderly sequence of steps for construction of an interim acrylic resin partial denture has been presented. The technique allows the dentist to fabricate an effective restoration that has a definite path of insertion and removal that can be placed in the patient's mouth with little time spent on adjustment and correction. This technique may be used with heat- or cold-curing acrylic resin."}
{"id": "PMID:364033", "title": "Articulator-generated amalgam stops for complete dentures.", "content": "Balanced occlusion in eccentric positions for complete denture occlusion is an acceptable and widely practiced concept. Many methods have been described for achieving balanced occlusion. The technique outlined in this article uses amalgam stops generated on a programmed Hanau Model H2 articulator. The posterior occlusal scheme used to facilitate this technique is also described.", "contents": "Articulator-generated amalgam stops for complete dentures. Balanced occlusion in eccentric positions for complete denture occlusion is an acceptable and widely practiced concept. Many methods have been described for achieving balanced occlusion. The technique outlined in this article uses amalgam stops generated on a programmed Hanau Model H2 articulator. The posterior occlusal scheme used to facilitate this technique is also described."}
{"id": "PMID:364034", "title": "A study of the reproducibility of the functional denture space with a dynamic impression technique.", "content": "A study was made on four patients to determine the reproducibility of the outer form of the buccal and lingual flanges of a complete lower denture as developed by functional movements of the surrounding tissues. 1. Two dentists participated in the study to find out the operator effect when making impressions for the functional form of the flanges. 2. Two tissue-conditioning impression materials were used to determine if the characteristics of the impression material had any effect on the final form. 3. The impression materials were applied to the denture flanges by two different methods. 4. The impressions were placed in a mitre box, stabilized with plaster, and sectioned in the molar, premolar, and incisor regions. This provided five cut surfaces for measuring. 5. Each section was measured at five to six representative distances. 6. The differences in the flange form measurement and the distances among the impressions made with the same technique and material were small, and the reproducibility can be considered clinically acceptable. 7. There were statistically significant differences in the flange form measurement distances among the different materials and method of application of the material.", "contents": "A study of the reproducibility of the functional denture space with a dynamic impression technique. A study was made on four patients to determine the reproducibility of the outer form of the buccal and lingual flanges of a complete lower denture as developed by functional movements of the surrounding tissues. 1. Two dentists participated in the study to find out the operator effect when making impressions for the functional form of the flanges. 2. Two tissue-conditioning impression materials were used to determine if the characteristics of the impression material had any effect on the final form. 3. The impression materials were applied to the denture flanges by two different methods. 4. The impressions were placed in a mitre box, stabilized with plaster, and sectioned in the molar, premolar, and incisor regions. This provided five cut surfaces for measuring. 5. Each section was measured at five to six representative distances. 6. The differences in the flange form measurement and the distances among the impressions made with the same technique and material were small, and the reproducibility can be considered clinically acceptable. 7. There were statistically significant differences in the flange form measurement distances among the different materials and method of application of the material."}
{"id": "PMID:364035", "title": "Magnetic retention for overdentures.", "content": "The use of implanted and opposing magnets has been reviewed. A technique for the use of implanted magnets in the roots of endodontically treated teeth to aid the retention of overdentures has been described.", "contents": "Magnetic retention for overdentures. The use of implanted and opposing magnets has been reviewed. A technique for the use of implanted magnets in the roots of endodontically treated teeth to aid the retention of overdentures has been described."}
{"id": "PMID:364036", "title": "Pin-retained, porcelain-bonded-to-metal facings.", "content": "A technique for making a pin-retained cemented facing using porcelain bonded to a cast metal backing is described. It eliminates some of the shortcomings of currently described porcelain facing techniques.", "contents": "Pin-retained, porcelain-bonded-to-metal facings. A technique for making a pin-retained cemented facing using porcelain bonded to a cast metal backing is described. It eliminates some of the shortcomings of currently described porcelain facing techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:364037", "title": "Effects of a calcium and vitamin D supplement on alveolar ridge resorption in immediate denture patients.", "content": "The effect of a calcium and vitamin D dietary supplement on postextraction alveolar bone resorption is reported. Mean alveolar bone loss for patients receiving the supplement was 36% less than that for patients receiving a placebo medication in a 1-year double-blind study of 46 immediate denture patients. Relationships between alveolar bone resorption, osteoporosis, and adequacy of dietary calcium-phosphorus ratios were discussed, and clinical implications of recent research findings were presented.", "contents": "Effects of a calcium and vitamin D supplement on alveolar ridge resorption in immediate denture patients. The effect of a calcium and vitamin D dietary supplement on postextraction alveolar bone resorption is reported. Mean alveolar bone loss for patients receiving the supplement was 36% less than that for patients receiving a placebo medication in a 1-year double-blind study of 46 immediate denture patients. Relationships between alveolar bone resorption, osteoporosis, and adequacy of dietary calcium-phosphorus ratios were discussed, and clinical implications of recent research findings were presented."}
{"id": "PMID:364038", "title": "Evaluation of insertion methods for composite resin restorations.", "content": "Laboratory studies were carried out to determine if there was one superior method to achieve the most intimate contact of a composite resin with its cavity walls. Three dentists restored 48 teeth by eight different techniques with two different composite resins. Photomicrographs showed very little difference in the size of the gap between tooth and composite resin regardless of which method was employed. The gap was smallest in the cavosurface area and greatest at the axio-occlusal line angle.", "contents": "Evaluation of insertion methods for composite resin restorations. Laboratory studies were carried out to determine if there was one superior method to achieve the most intimate contact of a composite resin with its cavity walls. Three dentists restored 48 teeth by eight different techniques with two different composite resins. Photomicrographs showed very little difference in the size of the gap between tooth and composite resin regardless of which method was employed. The gap was smallest in the cavosurface area and greatest at the axio-occlusal line angle."}
{"id": "PMID:364039", "title": "Effect of composite resin bond agent on microleakage and bond strength.", "content": "A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the bonding agents supplied with three composite resins in improving the sealing ability of the materials to tooth structure and the bond of the resins to enamel. When the enamel was not etched prior to insertion of the resin, the use of the bonding agents did not improve marginal seal. Little or no marginal leakage was detected when the restorations were placed by means of the acid etch technique, either with or without use of the respective bonding agents. A slight improvement in the bond of the resins to unetched enamel was secured by use of the bonding agents; however, this advantage was lost when the specimens were thermal cycled. Acid etching of the enamel significantly improved the bond of the strength of all three resins, both when the specimens were thermal-cycled and when stored at a constant temperature. Only one of the commercial bond agents enhanced the bond of its respective composite resin to etched enamel subjected to cycling.", "contents": "Effect of composite resin bond agent on microleakage and bond strength. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the bonding agents supplied with three composite resins in improving the sealing ability of the materials to tooth structure and the bond of the resins to enamel. When the enamel was not etched prior to insertion of the resin, the use of the bonding agents did not improve marginal seal. Little or no marginal leakage was detected when the restorations were placed by means of the acid etch technique, either with or without use of the respective bonding agents. A slight improvement in the bond of the resins to unetched enamel was secured by use of the bonding agents; however, this advantage was lost when the specimens were thermal cycled. Acid etching of the enamel significantly improved the bond of the strength of all three resins, both when the specimens were thermal-cycled and when stored at a constant temperature. Only one of the commercial bond agents enhanced the bond of its respective composite resin to etched enamel subjected to cycling."}
{"id": "PMID:364044", "title": "Effect of immunization of cats with Isospora felis and BCG on immunity to reexcretion of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts.", "content": "The effect of pretreatment with Isospora felis and bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) on the reexcretion of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts was studied in 16 coccidia-free cats. The following conclusions were drawn: (A) Chronically T. gondii-infected cats reexcreted T. gondii oocysts after superinfection with I. felis, and this reexcretion was prevented in cats infected with I. felis before T. gondii infection. (B) Administration of BCG before Toxoplasma infection had no apparent effect on the outcome of the infection.", "contents": "Effect of immunization of cats with Isospora felis and BCG on immunity to reexcretion of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. The effect of pretreatment with Isospora felis and bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) on the reexcretion of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts was studied in 16 coccidia-free cats. The following conclusions were drawn: (A) Chronically T. gondii-infected cats reexcreted T. gondii oocysts after superinfection with I. felis, and this reexcretion was prevented in cats infected with I. felis before T. gondii infection. (B) Administration of BCG before Toxoplasma infection had no apparent effect on the outcome of the infection."}
{"id": "PMID:364045", "title": "A comparison of cross protection between BCG, Hammondia hammondi, Besnoitia jellisoni and Toxoplasma gondii in hamsters.", "content": "The effect of pretreatment with BCG strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Hammondia hammondi 21 days before challenge with lethal doses of T oxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia jellisoni was studied in hamsters. The results indicated that the intracardial administration of BCG provided no protection against either T. gondii or B. jellisoni. The hamsters immunized with H. hammondi survived challenge with 10(4) lethal doses of T. gondii but only 1 lethal dose with B. jellisoni, indicating strong cross protection between H. hammondi and T. gondii and only a marginal one between H. hammondi and B. jellisoni.", "contents": "A comparison of cross protection between BCG, Hammondia hammondi, Besnoitia jellisoni and Toxoplasma gondii in hamsters. The effect of pretreatment with BCG strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Hammondia hammondi 21 days before challenge with lethal doses of T oxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia jellisoni was studied in hamsters. The results indicated that the intracardial administration of BCG provided no protection against either T. gondii or B. jellisoni. The hamsters immunized with H. hammondi survived challenge with 10(4) lethal doses of T. gondii but only 1 lethal dose with B. jellisoni, indicating strong cross protection between H. hammondi and T. gondii and only a marginal one between H. hammondi and B. jellisoni."}
{"id": "PMID:364046", "title": "Differentiation of gametocytes in microcultures of human blood infected with Plasmodium falciparum.", "content": "Gametocytes differentiated from ring-stage parasites in microcultures of human blood infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Immature gametocytes could be distinguished morphologically from late asexual trophozoites after approximately 40 h of culture. Differentiation into crescentic forms took several days and the incorporation of [3H]-isoleucine by developing gametocytes was demonstrated. About 1% of red cells contained gametocytes at the maxiumum densities attained. Differentiation of gametocytes occurred either directly from rings placed in culture or from the progeny of subsequent cycles of schizogony and invasiton in vitro. The latter occurrence was confirmed by the development of gametocytes in marker fetal red cells added to cultures, although fetal red cells provide a less favorable environment than those with HbA for growth of the parasites.", "contents": "Differentiation of gametocytes in microcultures of human blood infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Gametocytes differentiated from ring-stage parasites in microcultures of human blood infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Immature gametocytes could be distinguished morphologically from late asexual trophozoites after approximately 40 h of culture. Differentiation into crescentic forms took several days and the incorporation of [3H]-isoleucine by developing gametocytes was demonstrated. About 1% of red cells contained gametocytes at the maxiumum densities attained. Differentiation of gametocytes occurred either directly from rings placed in culture or from the progeny of subsequent cycles of schizogony and invasiton in vitro. The latter occurrence was confirmed by the development of gametocytes in marker fetal red cells added to cultures, although fetal red cells provide a less favorable environment than those with HbA for growth of the parasites."}
{"id": "PMID:364047", "title": "Identification, purification and immunohistochemical detection of the inhibitor from porcine ovarian follicular fluid to compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in mice.", "content": "An inhibitor to compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in mice was detected in porcine follicular fluid. Compensatory hypertrophy was inhibited by treatment with 0.6 ml whole follicular fluid, 0.2 ml of the non-dialysable fraction, or a fraction of the fluid salted out by ammonium sulphate at a saturation of 14.5--18.5%. The salted-out fraction was separable into two peaks by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography and the second peak, detectable as a single band by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, contained all the inhibitory activity. Specific fluorescence of an antiserum to the second peak was demonstrated at the granulosa cells.", "contents": "Identification, purification and immunohistochemical detection of the inhibitor from porcine ovarian follicular fluid to compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in mice. An inhibitor to compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in mice was detected in porcine follicular fluid. Compensatory hypertrophy was inhibited by treatment with 0.6 ml whole follicular fluid, 0.2 ml of the non-dialysable fraction, or a fraction of the fluid salted out by ammonium sulphate at a saturation of 14.5--18.5%. The salted-out fraction was separable into two peaks by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography and the second peak, detectable as a single band by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, contained all the inhibitory activity. Specific fluorescence of an antiserum to the second peak was demonstrated at the granulosa cells."}
{"id": "PMID:364048", "title": "The feedback of exogenous steroids on LH release and ovulation in the intact female vole (Microtus agrestis).", "content": "Female voles were subjected to various regimens of subcutaneous injections of oestradiol-17beta, oestradiol benzoate and/or progesterone. Ovulation occurred in only a few of the mature females and in none of the immature animals. There was no indication of any increased LH levels in blood samples taken every 2 h for 50 h after 150 microgram oestradiol-17beta.", "contents": "The feedback of exogenous steroids on LH release and ovulation in the intact female vole (Microtus agrestis). Female voles were subjected to various regimens of subcutaneous injections of oestradiol-17beta, oestradiol benzoate and/or progesterone. Ovulation occurred in only a few of the mature females and in none of the immature animals. There was no indication of any increased LH levels in blood samples taken every 2 h for 50 h after 150 microgram oestradiol-17beta."}
{"id": "PMID:364049", "title": "Sperm penetration in vitro of pig follicular oocytes matured in culture.", "content": "Boar ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa were preincubated in modified KRB or the isolated oviduct and uterine horn of an oestrous sow for 4.5-5 h at 37 degrees C before introduction into medium containing ovarian oocytes previously cultured for 24 h. At examination 17-20 h after insemination 60.6% of the total oocytes had reached at least the 2nd metaphase. The proportions of oocytes penetrated (i.e. enlarged sperm head or male pronucleus and corresponding sperm tail) were 0, 10.0 and 16.7% with ejaculated spermatozoa, and 3.3, 19.6 and 26.4% with epididymal spermatozoa preincubated in modified KRB, oviduct and uterus, respectively. Although the proportion of oocytes with morphologically normal male and female pronuclei was low (10/36 = 27.8%), the results suggest that boar spermatozoa can be capacitated in the isolated genital tract of an oestrous sow and that capacitation of epididymal is better than that of ejaculated spermatozoa.", "contents": "Sperm penetration in vitro of pig follicular oocytes matured in culture. Boar ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa were preincubated in modified KRB or the isolated oviduct and uterine horn of an oestrous sow for 4.5-5 h at 37 degrees C before introduction into medium containing ovarian oocytes previously cultured for 24 h. At examination 17-20 h after insemination 60.6% of the total oocytes had reached at least the 2nd metaphase. The proportions of oocytes penetrated (i.e. enlarged sperm head or male pronucleus and corresponding sperm tail) were 0, 10.0 and 16.7% with ejaculated spermatozoa, and 3.3, 19.6 and 26.4% with epididymal spermatozoa preincubated in modified KRB, oviduct and uterus, respectively. Although the proportion of oocytes with morphologically normal male and female pronuclei was low (10/36 = 27.8%), the results suggest that boar spermatozoa can be capacitated in the isolated genital tract of an oestrous sow and that capacitation of epididymal is better than that of ejaculated spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:364050", "title": "Normal penetration of rabbit spermatozoa through a trypsin- and acrosin-resistant zona pellucida.", "content": "Exposure of rabbit ova to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) at a concentration of 50 microgram/ml for 30-45 min rendered the zona pellucida at least 10 times more resistant to digestion by 1 mg trypsin/ml, and also more resistant to acrosin. Nevertheless, the zonas of WGA-treated eggs were penetrated by spermatozoa as readily as those of untreated eggs in the same oviduct. These results suggest that penetration of spermatozoa through the zona pellucida may not require the agency of a trypsin-like enzyme acting as a primary zona lysin. The validity of the general belief that a lysin in necessary for zona penetration is considered briefly in relation to the mode of penetration and structural organization of the mammalian sperm head.", "contents": "Normal penetration of rabbit spermatozoa through a trypsin- and acrosin-resistant zona pellucida. Exposure of rabbit ova to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) at a concentration of 50 microgram/ml for 30-45 min rendered the zona pellucida at least 10 times more resistant to digestion by 1 mg trypsin/ml, and also more resistant to acrosin. Nevertheless, the zonas of WGA-treated eggs were penetrated by spermatozoa as readily as those of untreated eggs in the same oviduct. These results suggest that penetration of spermatozoa through the zona pellucida may not require the agency of a trypsin-like enzyme acting as a primary zona lysin. The validity of the general belief that a lysin in necessary for zona penetration is considered briefly in relation to the mode of penetration and structural organization of the mammalian sperm head."}
{"id": "PMID:364051", "title": "Effects of an LH-RH analogue in male rats pretreated with oestradiol benzoate.", "content": "Treatment of adult male rats with oestradiol benzoate (OB) for 21 days significantly decreased the body, testicular and accessory sex organ weights but increased anterior pituitary weight. OB treatment also significantly suppressed circulating FSH and LH levels as well as plasma and testicular concentrations of testosterone. The seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells were partly atrophied, and there was some effect on spermatogenesis, with step 14 to 19 spermatids being fewer than normal. Rats treated with OB for 21 days were then treated daily with LH-RH analogue ((D-Leu6, des-Gly-NH2(10))-LH-RH-ethylamide), to see if testicular function could be recovered. Circulating gonadotrophins were significantly elevated, testicular histology was normal and testicular and plasma testosterone concentrations and the accessory sex organ weights remained suppressed. These results suggest possible extra-pituitary effects of the LH-RH analogue, including a direct action on the testes and/or accessory sex organs.", "contents": "Effects of an LH-RH analogue in male rats pretreated with oestradiol benzoate. Treatment of adult male rats with oestradiol benzoate (OB) for 21 days significantly decreased the body, testicular and accessory sex organ weights but increased anterior pituitary weight. OB treatment also significantly suppressed circulating FSH and LH levels as well as plasma and testicular concentrations of testosterone. The seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells were partly atrophied, and there was some effect on spermatogenesis, with step 14 to 19 spermatids being fewer than normal. Rats treated with OB for 21 days were then treated daily with LH-RH analogue ((D-Leu6, des-Gly-NH2(10))-LH-RH-ethylamide), to see if testicular function could be recovered. Circulating gonadotrophins were significantly elevated, testicular histology was normal and testicular and plasma testosterone concentrations and the accessory sex organ weights remained suppressed. These results suggest possible extra-pituitary effects of the LH-RH analogue, including a direct action on the testes and/or accessory sex organs."}
{"id": "PMID:364056", "title": "Factors influencing the fertility of a cattle population.", "content": "The many factors which may influence the fertility of a cattle population are reviewed. The following subjects are discussed: the bull, the method of insemination, the cow, the conditions of herd management and chance. Particular attention is paid to factors related to the conditions of herd management. These are the climate, the season, the size of the herd, the housing system, the choice of a bull, hygiene at the time of calving, the interval between parturition and the first insemination, detection of oestrus, the time of insemination during oestrus, nutrition, selection and the culling of cows. In the discussion, the effect which the various factors may have on fertility is illustrated by a case in point.", "contents": "Factors influencing the fertility of a cattle population. The many factors which may influence the fertility of a cattle population are reviewed. The following subjects are discussed: the bull, the method of insemination, the cow, the conditions of herd management and chance. Particular attention is paid to factors related to the conditions of herd management. These are the climate, the season, the size of the herd, the housing system, the choice of a bull, hygiene at the time of calving, the interval between parturition and the first insemination, detection of oestrus, the time of insemination during oestrus, nutrition, selection and the culling of cows. In the discussion, the effect which the various factors may have on fertility is illustrated by a case in point."}
{"id": "PMID:364058", "title": "Factors that affect IUD performance: a review and recommendations.", "content": "IUD design features that affect performance are reviewed and discussed. The use of a medicated device designed to be placed, retained and stabilized exclusively in the frontal plane of the upper uterine segment fulfills theoretical conditions of optimum performance.", "contents": "Factors that affect IUD performance: a review and recommendations. IUD design features that affect performance are reviewed and discussed. The use of a medicated device designed to be placed, retained and stabilized exclusively in the frontal plane of the upper uterine segment fulfills theoretical conditions of optimum performance."}
{"id": "PMID:364059", "title": "An evaluation of prophylactic doxycycline in hysterectomy patients.", "content": "Although data now exist that the use of prophylactic antibiotics reduces postoperative febrile morbidity in hysterectomy patients, some controversy remains about this point of view. This prospective, double-blind, randomized study evaluated the use of doxycycline before and during the first three postoperative days after abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy in private patients. The results indicate a reduction in the febrile morbidity in the drug group as compared to the placebo group.", "contents": "An evaluation of prophylactic doxycycline in hysterectomy patients. Although data now exist that the use of prophylactic antibiotics reduces postoperative febrile morbidity in hysterectomy patients, some controversy remains about this point of view. This prospective, double-blind, randomized study evaluated the use of doxycycline before and during the first three postoperative days after abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy in private patients. The results indicate a reduction in the febrile morbidity in the drug group as compared to the placebo group."}
{"id": "PMID:364060", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of highly active alpha-aza analogues of luliberin.", "content": "Analogues of luliberin containing an alpha-azaamino acid in position 6, 9, or 10 (I--XIV) have been synthesized by the solution method of peptide synthesis. Two nonaza analogues, [D-Phe6]- and [D-Ser(But)6,des-Gly-NH2(10),Pro-ethylamide9]luliberin, were also synthesized for comparison. The ovulation-inducing activity of the compounds was evaluated in androgen-sterilized constant-estrus rats. A combination of D-amino acid replacement in position 6 with an azaglycine residue at position 10 resulted in highly active compounds which were superior to the corresponding nonaza analogues. The most active compoungs, [D-Phe6,Azgly10-a1-, [D-Tyr(Me)6,Azgly10]-, and [D-Ser(But)6,Azgly10]luliberin, were about 100 times as potent as luliberin. N-Methylleucine substitution in position 7 in these compounds resulted in decreased activity; [D-Phe6,MeLeu7,Azgly10]- and [D-Tyr(Me)6,MeLeu7,Azgly10]luliberin were only 50 times as active as luliberin. The presence of either an azaproline residue in position 9, an azaphenylalanine or azaglycine residue in positions 6 and 10, or a tert-butyl ether protecting group on the hydroxyl group of the tyrosine residue in position 5 resulted in compounds with significantly reduced biological activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of highly active alpha-aza analogues of luliberin. Analogues of luliberin containing an alpha-azaamino acid in position 6, 9, or 10 (I--XIV) have been synthesized by the solution method of peptide synthesis. Two nonaza analogues, [D-Phe6]- and [D-Ser(But)6,des-Gly-NH2(10),Pro-ethylamide9]luliberin, were also synthesized for comparison. The ovulation-inducing activity of the compounds was evaluated in androgen-sterilized constant-estrus rats. A combination of D-amino acid replacement in position 6 with an azaglycine residue at position 10 resulted in highly active compounds which were superior to the corresponding nonaza analogues. The most active compoungs, [D-Phe6,Azgly10-a1-, [D-Tyr(Me)6,Azgly10]-, and [D-Ser(But)6,Azgly10]luliberin, were about 100 times as potent as luliberin. N-Methylleucine substitution in position 7 in these compounds resulted in decreased activity; [D-Phe6,MeLeu7,Azgly10]- and [D-Tyr(Me)6,MeLeu7,Azgly10]luliberin were only 50 times as active as luliberin. The presence of either an azaproline residue in position 9, an azaphenylalanine or azaglycine residue in positions 6 and 10, or a tert-butyl ether protecting group on the hydroxyl group of the tyrosine residue in position 5 resulted in compounds with significantly reduced biological activity."}
{"id": "PMID:364061", "title": "2,5,5-Trimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, a D(-)-penicillamine-directed pseudometabolite of ethanol. Detoxication mechanism for acetaldehyde.", "content": "A directed detoxication mechanism for acetaldehyde (AcH) is described wherein ethanol-derived AcH, circulating in the blood of rats given ethanol-1-14C and disulfiram or pargyline, was sequestered by condensation with administered D(-)-penicillamine (1). The product of this condensation, 2,5,5-trimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (3), which was excreted in the urine without acetyl conjugation, was quantitatively determined by inverse isotope dilution measurements. Acetylation of the urine permitted the isolation of the corresponding N-acetyl derivative in crystalline form. The chirality of 3 was deduced by NMR analysis to be 72% 2S, 4S and 28% 2R, 4S. Although acetylation selectively acetylated the predominant isomer, this acetylated derivative was identical in all respects with a chemically synthesized product. This suggests that the in vivo condensation of AcH and 1 is not enzyme mediated.", "contents": "2,5,5-Trimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, a D(-)-penicillamine-directed pseudometabolite of ethanol. Detoxication mechanism for acetaldehyde. A directed detoxication mechanism for acetaldehyde (AcH) is described wherein ethanol-derived AcH, circulating in the blood of rats given ethanol-1-14C and disulfiram or pargyline, was sequestered by condensation with administered D(-)-penicillamine (1). The product of this condensation, 2,5,5-trimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (3), which was excreted in the urine without acetyl conjugation, was quantitatively determined by inverse isotope dilution measurements. Acetylation of the urine permitted the isolation of the corresponding N-acetyl derivative in crystalline form. The chirality of 3 was deduced by NMR analysis to be 72% 2S, 4S and 28% 2R, 4S. Although acetylation selectively acetylated the predominant isomer, this acetylated derivative was identical in all respects with a chemically synthesized product. This suggests that the in vivo condensation of AcH and 1 is not enzyme mediated."}
{"id": "PMID:364062", "title": "Cyclic analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone with significant biological activities.", "content": "There is evidence that, in its receptor-binding conformation, the N and C terminus of LH-RH may be in close proximity and two cyclic analogues of the hormone were synthesized to test the hypothesis. Cyclic [beta-Ala1,D-Ala6,Gly10]- and [6-aminohexanoic acid1,D-Ala6,Gly10]-LH-RH were prepared by treatment of their linear precursor peptides with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole in dilute dimethylformamide solution. Although the linear peptides possessed no detectable LH-releasing activity in ovariectomized rats, the cyclic beta-Ala analogue had 1.2% the activity of LH-RH, whereas the longer chain cyclic 6-aminohexanoic acid analogue had 0.65% activity. These results support the concept of an important interaction between the ends of the LH-RH molecule possibly involving hydrogen-bond formation between the pyrrolidone carbonyl group of pyroglutamic acid and the glycinamide group.", "contents": "Cyclic analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone with significant biological activities. There is evidence that, in its receptor-binding conformation, the N and C terminus of LH-RH may be in close proximity and two cyclic analogues of the hormone were synthesized to test the hypothesis. Cyclic [beta-Ala1,D-Ala6,Gly10]- and [6-aminohexanoic acid1,D-Ala6,Gly10]-LH-RH were prepared by treatment of their linear precursor peptides with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole in dilute dimethylformamide solution. Although the linear peptides possessed no detectable LH-releasing activity in ovariectomized rats, the cyclic beta-Ala analogue had 1.2% the activity of LH-RH, whereas the longer chain cyclic 6-aminohexanoic acid analogue had 0.65% activity. These results support the concept of an important interaction between the ends of the LH-RH molecule possibly involving hydrogen-bond formation between the pyrrolidone carbonyl group of pyroglutamic acid and the glycinamide group."}
{"id": "PMID:364063", "title": "Comparison of methods for detecting specific IgM antibody in infants with congenital rubella.", "content": "Serum specimens from 14 infants with congenital rubella were examined for specific IgM antibody by six different methods. IgM-containing fractions were separated either by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation or by gel filtration through Sephadex G-200, and were then tested by the indirect immunofluorescence technique and by the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test (long-and short-incubation methods). Immunofluorescence staining of density-gradient fractions detected specific IgM in all 14 infants. The HI test (long method), applied to density-gradient fractions, was almost as sensitive, detecting antibody in 13 infants; the short method was less sensitive. The gel-filtration technique proved to be generally less satisfactory than sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. Evidence was obtained for the occurrence of as yet unclassified non-specific inhibitors in the serum of some infants. These inhibitors were deposited with the IgM on sucrose-density gradients and they could have been mistaken for rubella-specific IgM antibody, particularly in the HI test (long method).", "contents": "Comparison of methods for detecting specific IgM antibody in infants with congenital rubella. Serum specimens from 14 infants with congenital rubella were examined for specific IgM antibody by six different methods. IgM-containing fractions were separated either by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation or by gel filtration through Sephadex G-200, and were then tested by the indirect immunofluorescence technique and by the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test (long-and short-incubation methods). Immunofluorescence staining of density-gradient fractions detected specific IgM in all 14 infants. The HI test (long method), applied to density-gradient fractions, was almost as sensitive, detecting antibody in 13 infants; the short method was less sensitive. The gel-filtration technique proved to be generally less satisfactory than sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. Evidence was obtained for the occurrence of as yet unclassified non-specific inhibitors in the serum of some infants. These inhibitors were deposited with the IgM on sucrose-density gradients and they could have been mistaken for rubella-specific IgM antibody, particularly in the HI test (long method)."}
{"id": "PMID:364064", "title": "The characteristics of M proteins purified by column chromatography with hydroxyapatite from acid extracts of Streptococcus pyogenes of types 1, 3, 6, 12 and 17.", "content": "Purified M proteins were recovered from acid extracts of Streptococcus pyogenes, M-types 1, 3, 6, 12 and 17, by elution from columns of hydroxyapatite of the proteins precipitated with ammonium sulphate. M protein free from non-type-specific antigens was recovered only from M-type 12. Although similar fractions were not recovered from M-types 1, 3, 6 and 17, purified preparations containing a single cross-reactive antigen were obtained. In addition to the M proteins associated with cross-reactive antigens, type-specific antigens that did not stimulate opsonic antibodies were isolated from revealed molecular weights that ranged from 32,000  to 63,000 daltons, total amino acid compositions that were similar, and N-terminal amino acids that were variable.", "contents": "The characteristics of M proteins purified by column chromatography with hydroxyapatite from acid extracts of Streptococcus pyogenes of types 1, 3, 6, 12 and 17. Purified M proteins were recovered from acid extracts of Streptococcus pyogenes, M-types 1, 3, 6, 12 and 17, by elution from columns of hydroxyapatite of the proteins precipitated with ammonium sulphate. M protein free from non-type-specific antigens was recovered only from M-type 12. Although similar fractions were not recovered from M-types 1, 3, 6 and 17, purified preparations containing a single cross-reactive antigen were obtained. In addition to the M proteins associated with cross-reactive antigens, type-specific antigens that did not stimulate opsonic antibodies were isolated from revealed molecular weights that ranged from 32,000  to 63,000 daltons, total amino acid compositions that were similar, and N-terminal amino acids that were variable."}
{"id": "PMID:364066", "title": "Passive protection of lambs against experimental enteric colibacillosis by colostral transfer of antibodies from K99-vaccinated ewes.", "content": "Pregnant ewes were vaccinated with partially purified, cell-free K99 antigen isolated from an enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli, strain B41 (O101:K99:NM), to induce passive immunity via the colostrum in their offspring against an oral challenge with heterologous \"calf-lamb\" enteropathogenic strains of E. coli B44. After sucking their dams, lambs were dosed orally with 7X10(10)-2.2 X10(11) organisms within 4--21 h of birth. One group of 10 lambs was dosed with cultures of the mucoid (O9:K30(A),K99:NM) form of strain B44 and another group of 10 lambs with the non-mucoid (O9:K99:NM) form; two groups of four control lambs from unvaccinated dams were similarly challenged. All four control lambs challenged with mucoid B44, loose feaces were detected in only two of the four control lambs and in none of the lambs from vaccinated dams. This suggests that the polysaccharide K antigen may contribute to the virulence of \"calf-lamb\" enteropathogenic strains that possess the K99 antigen. However, lambs passively immunised with colostrum from dams vaccinated with K99 antigen alone were protected against the production of enteric colibacillosis by oral challenge with EPEC strain B44.", "contents": "Passive protection of lambs against experimental enteric colibacillosis by colostral transfer of antibodies from K99-vaccinated ewes. Pregnant ewes were vaccinated with partially purified, cell-free K99 antigen isolated from an enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli, strain B41 (O101:K99:NM), to induce passive immunity via the colostrum in their offspring against an oral challenge with heterologous \"calf-lamb\" enteropathogenic strains of E. coli B44. After sucking their dams, lambs were dosed orally with 7X10(10)-2.2 X10(11) organisms within 4--21 h of birth. One group of 10 lambs was dosed with cultures of the mucoid (O9:K30(A),K99:NM) form of strain B44 and another group of 10 lambs with the non-mucoid (O9:K99:NM) form; two groups of four control lambs from unvaccinated dams were similarly challenged. All four control lambs challenged with mucoid B44, loose feaces were detected in only two of the four control lambs and in none of the lambs from vaccinated dams. This suggests that the polysaccharide K antigen may contribute to the virulence of \"calf-lamb\" enteropathogenic strains that possess the K99 antigen. However, lambs passively immunised with colostrum from dams vaccinated with K99 antigen alone were protected against the production of enteric colibacillosis by oral challenge with EPEC strain B44."}
{"id": "PMID:364067", "title": "Variation in metabolism of biochemical test substrates by Klebsiella species: an epidemiological tool.", "content": "The variation in metabolism of biochemical test substrates by klebsiella isolates has been demonstrated. It is suggested that this variation is likely to result in false-negative reactions in biochemical tests incubated for short periods. The observations made may explain the reported difficulties in obtaining reproducible results in biotyping Klebsiella strains. Preliminary work suggests that differences in substrate metabolism will provide a means of increasing the sensitivity of methods for the biochemical typing of Klebsiella spp.", "contents": "Variation in metabolism of biochemical test substrates by Klebsiella species: an epidemiological tool. The variation in metabolism of biochemical test substrates by klebsiella isolates has been demonstrated. It is suggested that this variation is likely to result in false-negative reactions in biochemical tests incubated for short periods. The observations made may explain the reported difficulties in obtaining reproducible results in biotyping Klebsiella strains. Preliminary work suggests that differences in substrate metabolism will provide a means of increasing the sensitivity of methods for the biochemical typing of Klebsiella spp."}
{"id": "PMID:364068", "title": "The quantitative and histological demonstration of pathogenic synergy between Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis in guinea-pig wounds.", "content": "Known numbers of standard strains of Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis were inoculated together into surgical incision in guinea-pigs. Histological and quantitative bacteriological proof is presented that pathogenic synergy occurred in vivo with copious pus formation when combinations of subinfective doses of each organism were inoculated. A further series of experiments showed that the amounts and ratios of E. coli and B. fragilis in the septic inocula were critical, and that the resultant pus contained equal numbers of both the aerobic and the anaerobic organisms. This model may be suitable for the experimental validation of short-term regimens of prophylactic antibiotics in surgery; the present results seem to have important therapeutic implications.", "contents": "The quantitative and histological demonstration of pathogenic synergy between Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis in guinea-pig wounds. Known numbers of standard strains of Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis were inoculated together into surgical incision in guinea-pigs. Histological and quantitative bacteriological proof is presented that pathogenic synergy occurred in vivo with copious pus formation when combinations of subinfective doses of each organism were inoculated. A further series of experiments showed that the amounts and ratios of E. coli and B. fragilis in the septic inocula were critical, and that the resultant pus contained equal numbers of both the aerobic and the anaerobic organisms. This model may be suitable for the experimental validation of short-term regimens of prophylactic antibiotics in surgery; the present results seem to have important therapeutic implications."}
{"id": "PMID:364069", "title": "Formation of antibody against Mycobacterium leprae antigen 7 in armadillos.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay developed to measure antibody against Mycobacterium leprae antigen 7 in man was applied to the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus). Normal armadillo sera had low but significant antibody activity in the test. Fourteen of 17 armadillos with systemic mycobacterial infection after inoculation with M. leprae showed increased antibody activity in the assay, and in some instances the activity was higher than in a pool of sera from patients with lepromatous leprosy. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis with armadillo serum in the intermediate gel revealed antibodies against five distinct antigenic components of M. leprae. Development of systemic mycobacterial infection after inoculation with M. leprae is thus associated with a distinct humoral immune response. The use of radioimmunosassay for selection of animals for inoculation and for following the development of the infection is discussed.", "contents": "Formation of antibody against Mycobacterium leprae antigen 7 in armadillos. A radioimmunoassay developed to measure antibody against Mycobacterium leprae antigen 7 in man was applied to the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus). Normal armadillo sera had low but significant antibody activity in the test. Fourteen of 17 armadillos with systemic mycobacterial infection after inoculation with M. leprae showed increased antibody activity in the assay, and in some instances the activity was higher than in a pool of sera from patients with lepromatous leprosy. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis with armadillo serum in the intermediate gel revealed antibodies against five distinct antigenic components of M. leprae. Development of systemic mycobacterial infection after inoculation with M. leprae is thus associated with a distinct humoral immune response. The use of radioimmunosassay for selection of animals for inoculation and for following the development of the infection is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:364070", "title": "A simple and safe volumetric alternative to the method of Miles, Misra and Irwin for counting viable bacteria.", "content": "A rapid and simple method for counting viable bacteria is described. The technique involves the use of a semi-automatic micropipette and disposable glass-capillary tubes. Viable counts obtained by this method were not significantly different from those obtained by the Miles, Misra and Irwin method or by a pour-plate method. The micropipette procedure is less hazardous than techniques involving the use of calibrated dropping pipettes.", "contents": "A simple and safe volumetric alternative to the method of Miles, Misra and Irwin for counting viable bacteria. A rapid and simple method for counting viable bacteria is described. The technique involves the use of a semi-automatic micropipette and disposable glass-capillary tubes. Viable counts obtained by this method were not significantly different from those obtained by the Miles, Misra and Irwin method or by a pour-plate method. The micropipette procedure is less hazardous than techniques involving the use of calibrated dropping pipettes."}
{"id": "PMID:364072", "title": "The treatment of primary and secondary orgasmic dysfunction: a methodological review of the literature since 1970.", "content": "This paper reviews the studies since 1970 which examined the treatment outcome of primary and secondary nonorgsmic women. The studies were evaluated within the following sections: subjects, therapists, time format, treatment, and outcome criteria. Many methodological deficiencies were found, most notably the lack of specificity regarding subject characteristics, a reliance on women's self-reports of outcome without obtaining partner validation, the failure to assess the influence of the woman's partner on her orgasmic responsivity, the failure to control for expectancy factors, and the use of different criteria for treatment success. The problems in the literature suggest that it is premature to place any confidence in the identification of the treatment format which is most successful for a defined population of women who experience a specific form of primary or secondary orgasmic dysfunction. The data tentatively suggest that (1) secondary nonorgasmic women would show greater gains than primary nonorgasmic women in treatments emphasizing sexual and nonsexual communication techniques, (2) primary nonorgasmic women would show greater gains than secondary nonorgasmic women in desensitization and sexual technique training procedures, (3) desensitization may be the appropriate treatment for women whose sexual anxiety contributes to secondary orgasmic dysfunction. These hypotheses should be examined in controlled research.", "contents": "The treatment of primary and secondary orgasmic dysfunction: a methodological review of the literature since 1970. This paper reviews the studies since 1970 which examined the treatment outcome of primary and secondary nonorgsmic women. The studies were evaluated within the following sections: subjects, therapists, time format, treatment, and outcome criteria. Many methodological deficiencies were found, most notably the lack of specificity regarding subject characteristics, a reliance on women's self-reports of outcome without obtaining partner validation, the failure to assess the influence of the woman's partner on her orgasmic responsivity, the failure to control for expectancy factors, and the use of different criteria for treatment success. The problems in the literature suggest that it is premature to place any confidence in the identification of the treatment format which is most successful for a defined population of women who experience a specific form of primary or secondary orgasmic dysfunction. The data tentatively suggest that (1) secondary nonorgasmic women would show greater gains than primary nonorgasmic women in treatments emphasizing sexual and nonsexual communication techniques, (2) primary nonorgasmic women would show greater gains than secondary nonorgasmic women in desensitization and sexual technique training procedures, (3) desensitization may be the appropriate treatment for women whose sexual anxiety contributes to secondary orgasmic dysfunction. These hypotheses should be examined in controlled research."}
{"id": "PMID:364076", "title": "Model for DNA packaging into bacteriophage T4 heads.", "content": "The mechanism of DNA packaging into bacteriophage T4 heads in vivo was investigated by glucosylation of hydroxymethylcytosine residues in a conditionally glucose-deficient host. Cytoplasmic DNA associated with partially packaged ts49 heads can be fully glucosylated, whereas DNA already packaged into these heads is shown to be resistant to glucosylation. After temperature shift and completion of arrested packaging into the reversible temperature-sensitive ts49 head, the structure of the DNA in the mature ts49 phage was investigated by  restriction enzyme digestion, autoradiography, and other techniques. Such mature DNA appears to be fully glucosylated along part of its length and nonglucosylated on the remainder. Its structure suggests that the DNA is run into the head linearly and unidirectionally from one mature end and that there is little sequence specificity in that portion of the T4 DNA which first enters the capsid. This technique should be useful in investigation of the three-dimensional structure of first- and last-packaged DNA within the head; preliminary studies including autoradiography of osmotically shocked phage suggest that the DNA which first enters the head is deposited toward the center of the capsid and that the end of the DNA which first enters the head exits first upon injection. In conjunction with studies of the structure of condensed DNA, the positions and functions of T4 capsid proteins in DNA packaging, and the order of T4 packaging functions [Earnshaw and Harrison, Nature (London) 268:598-602, 1977; Hsiao and Black, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:3652-3656, 1977; M\u00fcller-Salamin et al., J. Virol. 24:121-134, 1977; Richards et al., J. Mol. Biol. 78:255-259, 1973], the features described above suggest the following model: the first DNA end is fixed to the proximal apex of the head at p20 and the DNA is then pumped into the head enzymatically by proteins (p20 + p17) which induce torsion in the DNA molecule.", "contents": "Model for DNA packaging into bacteriophage T4 heads. The mechanism of DNA packaging into bacteriophage T4 heads in vivo was investigated by glucosylation of hydroxymethylcytosine residues in a conditionally glucose-deficient host. Cytoplasmic DNA associated with partially packaged ts49 heads can be fully glucosylated, whereas DNA already packaged into these heads is shown to be resistant to glucosylation. After temperature shift and completion of arrested packaging into the reversible temperature-sensitive ts49 head, the structure of the DNA in the mature ts49 phage was investigated by  restriction enzyme digestion, autoradiography, and other techniques. Such mature DNA appears to be fully glucosylated along part of its length and nonglucosylated on the remainder. Its structure suggests that the DNA is run into the head linearly and unidirectionally from one mature end and that there is little sequence specificity in that portion of the T4 DNA which first enters the capsid. This technique should be useful in investigation of the three-dimensional structure of first- and last-packaged DNA within the head; preliminary studies including autoradiography of osmotically shocked phage suggest that the DNA which first enters the head is deposited toward the center of the capsid and that the end of the DNA which first enters the head exits first upon injection. In conjunction with studies of the structure of condensed DNA, the positions and functions of T4 capsid proteins in DNA packaging, and the order of T4 packaging functions [Earnshaw and Harrison, Nature (London) 268:598-602, 1977; Hsiao and Black, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:3652-3656, 1977; M\u00fcller-Salamin et al., J. Virol. 24:121-134, 1977; Richards et al., J. Mol. Biol. 78:255-259, 1973], the features described above suggest the following model: the first DNA end is fixed to the proximal apex of the head at p20 and the DNA is then pumped into the head enzymatically by proteins (p20 + p17) which induce torsion in the DNA molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:364078", "title": "Fiber implantation for pattern baldness.", "content": "Examination of 20 patients who had fiber implantation for the treatment of pattern baldness showed that nearly all the fibers had fallen out by ten weeks. Complications observed were facial swelling, infection, foreign-body granulomas, scarring, and permanent hair loss. Scanning electron microscopy identified the fibers as modacrylic fibers. The complications, high monetary cost, and ultimate futility of fiber implantation make it an unacceptable procedure.", "contents": "Fiber implantation for pattern baldness. Examination of 20 patients who had fiber implantation for the treatment of pattern baldness showed that nearly all the fibers had fallen out by ten weeks. Complications observed were facial swelling, infection, foreign-body granulomas, scarring, and permanent hair loss. Scanning electron microscopy identified the fibers as modacrylic fibers. The complications, high monetary cost, and ultimate futility of fiber implantation make it an unacceptable procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:364150", "title": "Stimulation of tumor growth in mice by high doses of BCG.", "content": "The growth of Krebs-2 carcinoma in BCG-prevaccinated virgin female C57BL/6, CC57BR/M, and C3Hf mice was studied in relation to the number of living mycobacteria in the organism. When the number of mycobacteria was high, tumor growth was stimulated. After the bacteria were eliminated, tumor growth was inhibited. The effect of BCG was based, on the one hand, on the diversion of effector cells, presumably macrophages, responsible for tumor defense and, on the other hand, on the activation of the pool of these cells. The conclusions were reached that high doses of BCG may be dangerous in human cancer immunotherapy and that patients predisposed to neoplastic disease should be revaccinated with BCG.", "contents": "Stimulation of tumor growth in mice by high doses of BCG. The growth of Krebs-2 carcinoma in BCG-prevaccinated virgin female C57BL/6, CC57BR/M, and C3Hf mice was studied in relation to the number of living mycobacteria in the organism. When the number of mycobacteria was high, tumor growth was stimulated. After the bacteria were eliminated, tumor growth was inhibited. The effect of BCG was based, on the one hand, on the diversion of effector cells, presumably macrophages, responsible for tumor defense and, on the other hand, on the activation of the pool of these cells. The conclusions were reached that high doses of BCG may be dangerous in human cancer immunotherapy and that patients predisposed to neoplastic disease should be revaccinated with BCG."}
{"id": "PMID:364151", "title": "Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity testing of three isomeric N-nitroso-N-methylaminopyridines in rats.", "content": "Three isomeric N-nitroso-N-methylaminopyridines (NMPY's) were investigated for their carcinogenic activity in BD VI rats following chronic oral administration and for their mutagenic properties in the Ames assay. On the basis of postulated reaction mechanisms, it was expected that 3-NMPY would react differently than 2- and 4-NMPY, but the outcome of both carcinogenicity and mutagenicity assays did not show this. 2-NMPY induced tumors of the esophagus and possibly also of the liver; 3- and 4-NMPY had no activity as carcinogens under the experimental conditions used. Similarly, high concentrations of 2-NMPY showed mutagenic activity toward Salmonella typhimurium TA100, whereas 3- and 4-NMPY did not have such an effect.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity testing of three isomeric N-nitroso-N-methylaminopyridines in rats. Three isomeric N-nitroso-N-methylaminopyridines (NMPY's) were investigated for their carcinogenic activity in BD VI rats following chronic oral administration and for their mutagenic properties in the Ames assay. On the basis of postulated reaction mechanisms, it was expected that 3-NMPY would react differently than 2- and 4-NMPY, but the outcome of both carcinogenicity and mutagenicity assays did not show this. 2-NMPY induced tumors of the esophagus and possibly also of the liver; 3- and 4-NMPY had no activity as carcinogens under the experimental conditions used. Similarly, high concentrations of 2-NMPY showed mutagenic activity toward Salmonella typhimurium TA100, whereas 3- and 4-NMPY did not have such an effect."}
{"id": "PMID:364153", "title": "Formation of methylnitrosocyanamide from methylguanidine and sodium nitrite in simulated gastric juice and in stomachs of rats: quantitative estimation by a mutagenicity assay.", "content": "The formation of methylnitrosocyanamide (MNC), a carcionogenic N-nitroso compound, from methylguanidine (MG) and NaNO2 in simulated gastric juice (SGJ) and in the stomachs of rats was quantitatively investigated. With a reverse mutation assay in which a tester strain of Salmonella typhimurium was used, MNC formation was shown to increase linearly for about 40--60 minutes after the incubation of MG with NaNO2 in SGJ. However, it decreased rapidly thereafter. The initial rate of MNC formation was directly proportional to the initial molar ratio of MG to NaNO2, but the yields of MNC depended only on the amount of MG added and were fairly constant (0.3--0.5% of the initial MG). MNC did not form at a pH above 2.5 or in the presence of 2% casein in SGJ at pH 1.2. It decomposed rapidly in SGJ at pH 1.2 with a half-life of approximately 2 minutes, whereas it was stable in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0. Following concurrent administration of MG and NaNO2 via stomach tube, MNC formation was detected in the pylorus-ligated stomachs of rats preconditioned with a casein-free dextrin diet but not in those of rats preconditioned with a casein-containing or synthetic diet. The yields of MNC observed 40--60 minutes after administration of reactants ranged from 0.02 to 0.05% of the initial MG. The possible environment significance of MNC formation in vivo was considered.", "contents": "Formation of methylnitrosocyanamide from methylguanidine and sodium nitrite in simulated gastric juice and in stomachs of rats: quantitative estimation by a mutagenicity assay. The formation of methylnitrosocyanamide (MNC), a carcionogenic N-nitroso compound, from methylguanidine (MG) and NaNO2 in simulated gastric juice (SGJ) and in the stomachs of rats was quantitatively investigated. With a reverse mutation assay in which a tester strain of Salmonella typhimurium was used, MNC formation was shown to increase linearly for about 40--60 minutes after the incubation of MG with NaNO2 in SGJ. However, it decreased rapidly thereafter. The initial rate of MNC formation was directly proportional to the initial molar ratio of MG to NaNO2, but the yields of MNC depended only on the amount of MG added and were fairly constant (0.3--0.5% of the initial MG). MNC did not form at a pH above 2.5 or in the presence of 2% casein in SGJ at pH 1.2. It decomposed rapidly in SGJ at pH 1.2 with a half-life of approximately 2 minutes, whereas it was stable in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0. Following concurrent administration of MG and NaNO2 via stomach tube, MNC formation was detected in the pylorus-ligated stomachs of rats preconditioned with a casein-free dextrin diet but not in those of rats preconditioned with a casein-containing or synthetic diet. The yields of MNC observed 40--60 minutes after administration of reactants ranged from 0.02 to 0.05% of the initial MG. The possible environment significance of MNC formation in vivo was considered."}
{"id": "PMID:364155", "title": "Renin 1978.", "content": "The storage, synthesis, release, measurement, carriage, action and blockade of the hormones of the renin-angiotensin system are considered, with emphasis given to the effects of intrarenal vasodilatation and vasoconstriction on renin release. The concept that variation of calcium flux in the juxtaglomerular cell is the possible final step in renin release is considered. Changing views on the main site of action of angiotensin are examined, particularly in control of the cardiovascular system and of drinking behavior through a site of action in the brain. The role that blockade of various parts of the renin-angiotensin system has played in elucidating the mechanism of action of the system is discussed. The need to consider specificity of blockade in such research is emphasized. Modification of the action of angiotensin by possible initiation of a chemical cascade involving the release of other active substances is discussed. Finally, the major functions of the renin-angiotensin system in the control of blood pressure, of sodium and water balance, and of intrarenal events, are summarized.", "contents": "Renin 1978. The storage, synthesis, release, measurement, carriage, action and blockade of the hormones of the renin-angiotensin system are considered, with emphasis given to the effects of intrarenal vasodilatation and vasoconstriction on renin release. The concept that variation of calcium flux in the juxtaglomerular cell is the possible final step in renin release is considered. Changing views on the main site of action of angiotensin are examined, particularly in control of the cardiovascular system and of drinking behavior through a site of action in the brain. The role that blockade of various parts of the renin-angiotensin system has played in elucidating the mechanism of action of the system is discussed. The need to consider specificity of blockade in such research is emphasized. Modification of the action of angiotensin by possible initiation of a chemical cascade involving the release of other active substances is discussed. Finally, the major functions of the renin-angiotensin system in the control of blood pressure, of sodium and water balance, and of intrarenal events, are summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:364159", "title": "[Use of clofelin for arresting hypertensive crises].", "content": "The authors gave clophelin by intravenous (0.1 g) or intramuscular (0.1--0.15 mg) injections to 75 patients who were in a state of hypertensive crisis. In 67 patients (89--4%) the crisis was successfully arrested. In most patients maximum hypotensive effect occurred 10--20 minutes after intravenous injection and 20--30 minutes after intramuscular administration. Tolerance to a single injection of the drug was good. In some cases there was a marked additional fall of arterial pressure in the orthostatic position, a sensation of dryness in the mouth, weakness and mild somnolence.", "contents": "[Use of clofelin for arresting hypertensive crises]. The authors gave clophelin by intravenous (0.1 g) or intramuscular (0.1--0.15 mg) injections to 75 patients who were in a state of hypertensive crisis. In 67 patients (89--4%) the crisis was successfully arrested. In most patients maximum hypotensive effect occurred 10--20 minutes after intravenous injection and 20--30 minutes after intramuscular administration. Tolerance to a single injection of the drug was good. In some cases there was a marked additional fall of arterial pressure in the orthostatic position, a sensation of dryness in the mouth, weakness and mild somnolence."}
{"id": "PMID:364160", "title": "[Therapeutic use of amiloride and its combinations with hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide in chronic circulatory insufficiency].", "content": "The clinical pharmacology of the diuretic amyloride was studied in 60 patients suffering from circulatory insufficiency of various origin. Midamor and moduretic of the \"Merck\" firm (USA) were used in a dose of 1 to 4 tablets. The duration of treatment was from 3 days to 18 months. It was found that under the effect of amyloride natriuresis increases moderately in patients with circulatory insufficiency with no simultaneous increase in the loss of potassium with the urine. As the circulatory insufficiency becomes more severe, the natriuretic and potassium-saving effect of the drug diminishes. Amyloride potentiates the diuretic and natriuretic effect of furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide well without increasing kaliuresis. In patients in whom the disease is less severe, two-week treatment with amyloride leads to an authentic increase in the total metabolic potassium in the organism. The patients tolerate the drug well. It is recommended for wide clinical use.", "contents": "[Therapeutic use of amiloride and its combinations with hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide in chronic circulatory insufficiency]. The clinical pharmacology of the diuretic amyloride was studied in 60 patients suffering from circulatory insufficiency of various origin. Midamor and moduretic of the \"Merck\" firm (USA) were used in a dose of 1 to 4 tablets. The duration of treatment was from 3 days to 18 months. It was found that under the effect of amyloride natriuresis increases moderately in patients with circulatory insufficiency with no simultaneous increase in the loss of potassium with the urine. As the circulatory insufficiency becomes more severe, the natriuretic and potassium-saving effect of the drug diminishes. Amyloride potentiates the diuretic and natriuretic effect of furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide well without increasing kaliuresis. In patients in whom the disease is less severe, two-week treatment with amyloride leads to an authentic increase in the total metabolic potassium in the organism. The patients tolerate the drug well. It is recommended for wide clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:364161", "title": "[Optimization of the drug treatment of hypertension].", "content": "The disclosure of clinico-pathogenetic variants of hypertensive disease led to the development of differentiated therapy. The use of mathematical methods of estimating the treatment schedule with dynamic control and correction (optimization) is very useful in differentiated therapy; with this technique the important principle of treatment, individualization, is applied most adequately. The main principles of conducting optimized therapy are discussed and the fields in which its use is most expedient are indicated. Some results gained by clinics carrying out research in this direction are discussed.", "contents": "[Optimization of the drug treatment of hypertension]. The disclosure of clinico-pathogenetic variants of hypertensive disease led to the development of differentiated therapy. The use of mathematical methods of estimating the treatment schedule with dynamic control and correction (optimization) is very useful in differentiated therapy; with this technique the important principle of treatment, individualization, is applied most adequately. The main principles of conducting optimized therapy are discussed and the fields in which its use is most expedient are indicated. Some results gained by clinics carrying out research in this direction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:364162", "title": "[Body impedance as a biological parameter in clinical research].", "content": "The impedance of the thoracic and abdominal organs and the integral body impedance were studied in healthy individuals and in patients with disorders of water-electrolyte metabolism (the edema syndrome, postoperative dehydration). Analysis of the impedance values made it possible to reveal characteristic changes in ascitis, in pleural effusion, and after major surgical interventions on the abdominal organs. The dynamics of these values may serve as an objective criterion of the extent of correction of disorders of water-electrolyte balance during treatment.", "contents": "[Body impedance as a biological parameter in clinical research]. The impedance of the thoracic and abdominal organs and the integral body impedance were studied in healthy individuals and in patients with disorders of water-electrolyte metabolism (the edema syndrome, postoperative dehydration). Analysis of the impedance values made it possible to reveal characteristic changes in ascitis, in pleural effusion, and after major surgical interventions on the abdominal organs. The dynamics of these values may serve as an objective criterion of the extent of correction of disorders of water-electrolyte balance during treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:364165", "title": "[Pathogenesis of arterial hypertension with a low renin activity in the blood plasma].", "content": "The possible pathogenetic mechanisms underlying arterial hypertension with low activity of renin in blood plasma are discussed. The peculiarities of some of its forms marked by normal or increased blood plasma aldosterone content are considered. Criteria for distinguishing a subgroup of patients with hypertensive disease marked by low blood plasma renin activity and for the differentiation of patients with primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism are substantiated.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of arterial hypertension with a low renin activity in the blood plasma]. The possible pathogenetic mechanisms underlying arterial hypertension with low activity of renin in blood plasma are discussed. The peculiarities of some of its forms marked by normal or increased blood plasma aldosterone content are considered. Criteria for distinguishing a subgroup of patients with hypertensive disease marked by low blood plasma renin activity and for the differentiation of patients with primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism are substantiated."}
{"id": "PMID:364166", "title": "[Central hemodynamics and separate renal blood flow in different forms of arterial hypertension].", "content": "Separate renal blood flow was studied by the method of dye dilution (euviridine) in catheterization of the renal vessels during angiography. The method and techniques of catheterization of the arteries and veins and the sequence of manipulations in recording certain parameters of common and separate renal hemodynamics are described. The high informativeness of the method is shown and the complications which were encountered are described and discussed. It is noted that study of separate renal hemodynamics, particularly in renovascular hypertension, provides for objective appraisal of the functional state of the kidney both on the side of the stenosis and on the contralteral side.", "contents": "[Central hemodynamics and separate renal blood flow in different forms of arterial hypertension]. Separate renal blood flow was studied by the method of dye dilution (euviridine) in catheterization of the renal vessels during angiography. The method and techniques of catheterization of the arteries and veins and the sequence of manipulations in recording certain parameters of common and separate renal hemodynamics are described. The high informativeness of the method is shown and the complications which were encountered are described and discussed. It is noted that study of separate renal hemodynamics, particularly in renovascular hypertension, provides for objective appraisal of the functional state of the kidney both on the side of the stenosis and on the contralteral side."}
{"id": "PMID:364167", "title": "[Use of Hyperstat for arresting hypertensive crises].", "content": "The indices of central hemodynamics were determined in 112 patients with hypertensive disease during a crisis and in its arrest with hyperstat by means of integral rheography. The condition of the sympatheticoadrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems was studied. It was found that hyperstat normalizes arterial pressure in 5--6 minutes by reducing the initially increased general peripheral resistance and increasing the blood stroke and minute volumes as well as by reducing the content of adrenaline. The indices of the blood kallikrein-kinin system showed a tendency to return to normal values 24 hours after hyperstat administration. The drug caused no complications, only in two patients deterioration of myocardial blood supply was noted. The authors claim that hyperstat is a highly effective agent for arresting hypertensive crises.", "contents": "[Use of Hyperstat for arresting hypertensive crises]. The indices of central hemodynamics were determined in 112 patients with hypertensive disease during a crisis and in its arrest with hyperstat by means of integral rheography. The condition of the sympatheticoadrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems was studied. It was found that hyperstat normalizes arterial pressure in 5--6 minutes by reducing the initially increased general peripheral resistance and increasing the blood stroke and minute volumes as well as by reducing the content of adrenaline. The indices of the blood kallikrein-kinin system showed a tendency to return to normal values 24 hours after hyperstat administration. The drug caused no complications, only in two patients deterioration of myocardial blood supply was noted. The authors claim that hyperstat is a highly effective agent for arresting hypertensive crises."}
{"id": "PMID:364178", "title": "[Concentration of C-peptide and insulin in serum of patients with acute virus hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed in 10 patients with acute virus hepatitis. The assimilation coefficient of glucose and the level of insulin and C-peptide in serum were determined before and in the course of the glucose tolerance tests. In comparison to healthy normal weight persons C-peptide concentration in patients with acute hepatitis increased twice as high whereas the pattern of insulin secretion did not differ significantly. The higher levels of C-peptide indicate an increase of the beta-cell secretion in acute hepatitis. One could suppose an increased hepatic destruction of insulin in acute hepatitis, because there is no significant difference among the insulin levels. More likely, there is a reactive increase of secretion of the beta-cell due to a reduction of insulin sensitivity and this is indicated much better by C-peptide- than insulin levels because of the longer half live of the the C-peptide molecule.", "contents": "[Concentration of C-peptide and insulin in serum of patients with acute virus hepatitis (author's transl)]. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed in 10 patients with acute virus hepatitis. The assimilation coefficient of glucose and the level of insulin and C-peptide in serum were determined before and in the course of the glucose tolerance tests. In comparison to healthy normal weight persons C-peptide concentration in patients with acute hepatitis increased twice as high whereas the pattern of insulin secretion did not differ significantly. The higher levels of C-peptide indicate an increase of the beta-cell secretion in acute hepatitis. One could suppose an increased hepatic destruction of insulin in acute hepatitis, because there is no significant difference among the insulin levels. More likely, there is a reactive increase of secretion of the beta-cell due to a reduction of insulin sensitivity and this is indicated much better by C-peptide- than insulin levels because of the longer half live of the the C-peptide molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:364179", "title": "[The colony forming cell and its stimulation--findings in hematological diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "In modifying the agar culture technique of mouse bone marrow cells Robinson et al. in 1970 described the in vitro culture of the human colony-forming cell. Since that time a number of data accumulated which markedly improved our knowledge of the regulation of normal and pathological hematopoiesis. A summary of the up-to date results is presented focusing mainly on disturbances of the colony-forming cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with hematological disorders. Furthermore, the findings on human urinary CSF excretion which exerts an action on mouse bone marrow are discribed. The somewhat contradictory results obtained with different methods are discussed in the light of the actual hypotheses.", "contents": "[The colony forming cell and its stimulation--findings in hematological diseases (author's transl)]. In modifying the agar culture technique of mouse bone marrow cells Robinson et al. in 1970 described the in vitro culture of the human colony-forming cell. Since that time a number of data accumulated which markedly improved our knowledge of the regulation of normal and pathological hematopoiesis. A summary of the up-to date results is presented focusing mainly on disturbances of the colony-forming cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with hematological disorders. Furthermore, the findings on human urinary CSF excretion which exerts an action on mouse bone marrow are discribed. The somewhat contradictory results obtained with different methods are discussed in the light of the actual hypotheses."}
{"id": "PMID:364187", "title": "The immunoperoxidase test diagnosis of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits.", "content": "Sera collected from both naturally and artificially infected rabbits were found to show excellent correlation when examined for the presence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies using the immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence tests. Out of 85 randomly selected rabbits, 21 were found to be serologically positive using both the tests. However, lesions which could be attributed to E. cuniculi infection were only demonstrated in 16.", "contents": "The immunoperoxidase test diagnosis of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits. Sera collected from both naturally and artificially infected rabbits were found to show excellent correlation when examined for the presence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies using the immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence tests. Out of 85 randomly selected rabbits, 21 were found to be serologically positive using both the tests. However, lesions which could be attributed to E. cuniculi infection were only demonstrated in 16."}
{"id": "PMID:364188", "title": "Humoral immune response to infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits.", "content": "Parenteral administration of Encephalitozoon cuniculi induced an antibody response within 7--11 days. Peroral administration was less effective since only 2 of 6 animals showed seroconversion; they became seropositive within 14--21 days. Sera from animals which became seropositive had high antibody titres during the whole test period. Immune sera from 3 animals were fractionated by gel filtration. With the india-ink immunoreaction test, antibodies to E. cuniculi were found only in the 7S fractions, while the indirect fluorescent-antibody test detected them in fractions 19S and 7S. The 7S fractions were identified as IgG and the 19S fractions as IgM. A program for eradication of encephalitozoonosis, based on these results, is discussed.", "contents": "Humoral immune response to infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits. Parenteral administration of Encephalitozoon cuniculi induced an antibody response within 7--11 days. Peroral administration was less effective since only 2 of 6 animals showed seroconversion; they became seropositive within 14--21 days. Sera from animals which became seropositive had high antibody titres during the whole test period. Immune sera from 3 animals were fractionated by gel filtration. With the india-ink immunoreaction test, antibodies to E. cuniculi were found only in the 7S fractions, while the indirect fluorescent-antibody test detected them in fractions 19S and 7S. The 7S fractions were identified as IgG and the 19S fractions as IgM. A program for eradication of encephalitozoonosis, based on these results, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:364194", "title": "The band 3 protein of the human red cell membrane: a review.", "content": "Band 3 is the predominant polypeptide and the purported mediator of anion transport in the human erythrocyte membrane. Against a background of minor and apparently unrelated polypeptides of similar electrophoretic mobility, and despite apparent heterogeneity in its glycosylation, the bulk of band 3 exhibits uniform and characteristic behavior. This integral glycoprotein appears to exist as a noncovalent dimer of two approximately 93,000-dalton chains which span the membrane asymmetrically. The protein is hydrophobic in its composition and in its behavior in aqueous solution and is best solubilized and purified in detergent. It can be cleaved while membrane-bound into large, topographically defined segments. An integral, outer-surface, 38,000-dalton fragment bears most of the band 3 carbohydrate. A 17,000-dalton, hydrophobic glycopeptide fragment spans the membrane. A approximately 40,000-dalton hydrophilic segment represents the cytoplasmic domain. In vitro, glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase and aldolase bind reversibly, in a metabolie-sensitive fashion, to this cytoplasmic segment. The cytoplasmic domain also bears the amino terminus of this polypeptide, in contrast to other integral membrane proteins. Recent electron microscopic analysis suggests that the poles of the band 3 molecule can be seen by freeze-etching at the two original membrane surfaces, while freeze-fracture reveals the transmembrane disposition of band 3 dimer particles. There is strong evidence that band 3 mediates 1:1 anion exchange across the membrane through a conformational cycle while remaining fixed and asymmetrical. Its cytoplasmic pole can be variously perturbed and even excised without a significant alteration of transport function. However, digestion of the outer-surface region leads to inhibition of transport, so that both this segment and the membrane-spanning piece (which is selectively labeled by covalent inhibitors of transport) may be presumed to be involved in transport. Genetic polymorphism has been observed in the structure and immunogenicity of the band 3 polypeptide but this feature has not been related to variation in anion transport or other band 3 activities.", "contents": "The band 3 protein of the human red cell membrane: a review. Band 3 is the predominant polypeptide and the purported mediator of anion transport in the human erythrocyte membrane. Against a background of minor and apparently unrelated polypeptides of similar electrophoretic mobility, and despite apparent heterogeneity in its glycosylation, the bulk of band 3 exhibits uniform and characteristic behavior. This integral glycoprotein appears to exist as a noncovalent dimer of two approximately 93,000-dalton chains which span the membrane asymmetrically. The protein is hydrophobic in its composition and in its behavior in aqueous solution and is best solubilized and purified in detergent. It can be cleaved while membrane-bound into large, topographically defined segments. An integral, outer-surface, 38,000-dalton fragment bears most of the band 3 carbohydrate. A 17,000-dalton, hydrophobic glycopeptide fragment spans the membrane. A approximately 40,000-dalton hydrophilic segment represents the cytoplasmic domain. In vitro, glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase and aldolase bind reversibly, in a metabolie-sensitive fashion, to this cytoplasmic segment. The cytoplasmic domain also bears the amino terminus of this polypeptide, in contrast to other integral membrane proteins. Recent electron microscopic analysis suggests that the poles of the band 3 molecule can be seen by freeze-etching at the two original membrane surfaces, while freeze-fracture reveals the transmembrane disposition of band 3 dimer particles. There is strong evidence that band 3 mediates 1:1 anion exchange across the membrane through a conformational cycle while remaining fixed and asymmetrical. Its cytoplasmic pole can be variously perturbed and even excised without a significant alteration of transport function. However, digestion of the outer-surface region leads to inhibition of transport, so that both this segment and the membrane-spanning piece (which is selectively labeled by covalent inhibitors of transport) may be presumed to be involved in transport. Genetic polymorphism has been observed in the structure and immunogenicity of the band 3 polypeptide but this feature has not been related to variation in anion transport or other band 3 activities."}
{"id": "PMID:364206", "title": "[Verruga Peruana in Ecuador. Apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "Three cases of Peruvian Verruca, one autoctonous from the town of Guayaquil (Ecuador), are described by the authors. A comparative study with the Peruvian cases is made.", "contents": "[Verruga Peruana in Ecuador. Apropos of 3 cases]. Three cases of Peruvian Verruca, one autoctonous from the town of Guayaquil (Ecuador), are described by the authors. A comparative study with the Peruvian cases is made."}
{"id": "PMID:364208", "title": "[Dermatology in the organization of public health in Cuba].", "content": "The authors refers the actual status of medical and dermatological administration in Cuba.", "contents": "[Dermatology in the organization of public health in Cuba]. The authors refers the actual status of medical and dermatological administration in Cuba."}
{"id": "PMID:364209", "title": "[Program for the control of venereal diseases].", "content": "The organization of the program for the control of venereal diseases is reported. The more important points of it good result are mentioned.", "contents": "[Program for the control of venereal diseases]. The organization of the program for the control of venereal diseases is reported. The more important points of it good result are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:364210", "title": "[Clinical comparative study of between difluocortolone and flumethasone].", "content": "We report the results of a controlled double blind assay of treatment in 51 dermatologic cases, with a new steroid cream (diflucortolone) and an already known one (flumetasone). The diflucortolone valerate was significantly better than the flumetasone pivalate in the treatment of 16 cases of psoriasis, 33 eczemas and two cases of lich\u00ean planus.", "contents": "[Clinical comparative study of between difluocortolone and flumethasone]. We report the results of a controlled double blind assay of treatment in 51 dermatologic cases, with a new steroid cream (diflucortolone) and an already known one (flumetasone). The diflucortolone valerate was significantly better than the flumetasone pivalate in the treatment of 16 cases of psoriasis, 33 eczemas and two cases of lich\u00ean planus."}
{"id": "PMID:364211", "title": "[Fixed lupus erythematosus (its treatment with thalidomide)].", "content": "The results obtained from the first 20 cases of Discoid Lupus Erithematosus treated with Thalidomide showed evidence of its great efficacy, evident from the first 15 days of treatment. In the incipient cases the results were even spectacular. 2. The minimum dosage used by the authors seems to be adequate on the basis of the results obtained. 3. The precise mode of action of thalidomide but it is thought that in acts on the hypothalamus. 4. The intolerance to Thalidomide and its undesireable side effects consisted slight somnolence; only one case had fever, cephalea, arthralgia, vertigo, nausea and urticaria which is unknown made it necessary to discontinue the medication. 5. The teratogenic effect of thalidomide obliges us to redouble the vigilance in women in age of reproduction by using of parenteral contraceptives applied by or in presence of the investigator. This study included one case that started treatment during the 7th month of pregnancy, without any problem and with an excellent result. The patient gave birth to a healthy full term infant. 6. It is recognized that this preliminary study should be continued with a greater number of cases and that these should be continued for a longer follow-up evaluation. At the present time, the authors believe that thalidomide is the best treatment for Discoid Lupus Erythematosus.", "contents": "[Fixed lupus erythematosus (its treatment with thalidomide)]. The results obtained from the first 20 cases of Discoid Lupus Erithematosus treated with Thalidomide showed evidence of its great efficacy, evident from the first 15 days of treatment. In the incipient cases the results were even spectacular. 2. The minimum dosage used by the authors seems to be adequate on the basis of the results obtained. 3. The precise mode of action of thalidomide but it is thought that in acts on the hypothalamus. 4. The intolerance to Thalidomide and its undesireable side effects consisted slight somnolence; only one case had fever, cephalea, arthralgia, vertigo, nausea and urticaria which is unknown made it necessary to discontinue the medication. 5. The teratogenic effect of thalidomide obliges us to redouble the vigilance in women in age of reproduction by using of parenteral contraceptives applied by or in presence of the investigator. This study included one case that started treatment during the 7th month of pregnancy, without any problem and with an excellent result. The patient gave birth to a healthy full term infant. 6. It is recognized that this preliminary study should be continued with a greater number of cases and that these should be continued for a longer follow-up evaluation. At the present time, the authors believe that thalidomide is the best treatment for Discoid Lupus Erythematosus."}
{"id": "PMID:364219", "title": "[A method of filling cavities after radical mastoid operations (author's transl)].", "content": "A method of filling cavities after radical mastoid operations is reported. Autologous bone chips are used in cases when insufficient tubal function does not permit the reconstruction of the posterior meatal wall. Indications and contraindications of this technique are discussed.", "contents": "[A method of filling cavities after radical mastoid operations (author's transl)]. A method of filling cavities after radical mastoid operations is reported. Autologous bone chips are used in cases when insufficient tubal function does not permit the reconstruction of the posterior meatal wall. Indications and contraindications of this technique are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:364234", "title": "Sterols in yeast subcellular fractions.", "content": "Yeast is the most primitive organism synthesizing substantial amounts of sterols. Because of this eucaryotic organism's versatility in growth conditions, ease of culture, well-defined genetic mechanism, and characteristic subcellar architecture, it is readily applied to studies of the role of sterols in the general economy of the cell. Sterols exist in two major forms, as the free sterol, or esterified with long chain fatty acids. The importance of sterols for this organism can be demonstrated using a naturally occurring antimycotic azasterol. This agent inhibits yeast growth. Three effects are seen on sterol synthesis: inhibition of the enzymes delta14-reductase, sterol methyltransferase, and methylene reductase. Cells cultured on respiratory substrates are more sensitive to inhibition than are cells growing on glucose. We have demonstrated a relationship between respiratory competency and sterol biosynthesis in this organism. Many mutants altered in sterol synthesis are respirationally defective and must grow fermentatively. One clone has temperature conditional respiration. Experiments with purified mitochondria, prepared from this mutant and its isogenic wildtype, show that the mutant organism is able to respire at the higher temperature but lacks the ability to couple respiration to phosphorylation. No similar loss is seen in the wild-type clones. Data are given which support the proposal that, for inclusion in mitochondrial structures, yeast cells may discriminate among sterols available from the total sterol pool in favor of ergosterol.", "contents": "Sterols in yeast subcellular fractions. Yeast is the most primitive organism synthesizing substantial amounts of sterols. Because of this eucaryotic organism's versatility in growth conditions, ease of culture, well-defined genetic mechanism, and characteristic subcellar architecture, it is readily applied to studies of the role of sterols in the general economy of the cell. Sterols exist in two major forms, as the free sterol, or esterified with long chain fatty acids. The importance of sterols for this organism can be demonstrated using a naturally occurring antimycotic azasterol. This agent inhibits yeast growth. Three effects are seen on sterol synthesis: inhibition of the enzymes delta14-reductase, sterol methyltransferase, and methylene reductase. Cells cultured on respiratory substrates are more sensitive to inhibition than are cells growing on glucose. We have demonstrated a relationship between respiratory competency and sterol biosynthesis in this organism. Many mutants altered in sterol synthesis are respirationally defective and must grow fermentatively. One clone has temperature conditional respiration. Experiments with purified mitochondria, prepared from this mutant and its isogenic wildtype, show that the mutant organism is able to respire at the higher temperature but lacks the ability to couple respiration to phosphorylation. No similar loss is seen in the wild-type clones. Data are given which support the proposal that, for inclusion in mitochondrial structures, yeast cells may discriminate among sterols available from the total sterol pool in favor of ergosterol."}
{"id": "PMID:364242", "title": "[Long trips of intra-uterine devices in tropical areas (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of a case in which an unnoticed intra-uterine device was fortuitously found in the left hypochondrium. Reflexions on mecanisms of migration and required precautions.", "contents": "[Long trips of intra-uterine devices in tropical areas (author's transl)]. Report of a case in which an unnoticed intra-uterine device was fortuitously found in the left hypochondrium. Reflexions on mecanisms of migration and required precautions."}
{"id": "PMID:364244", "title": "[The question of endemic malaria in Republic of Djibouti (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1973 autochthonous cases of malaria due to P. Falciparum have been reported among local population of French Afars and Issas Territory; 191 cases observed between 1973 and 1976 are recorded. Their monthly distribution and geographical repartition are studied, jointly with the distribution of A. gambiae which has been recently collected in the Territory. This study shows a significant correspondance between the presence of A. gambiae and the malaria cases observed which did not come from neighbouring countries. We may, then, expect the development of small disseminated foci, resulting from the simultaneous introduction of both the parasite and its anopheline vector. This brings about a new epidemiological situation for the Territory.", "contents": "[The question of endemic malaria in Republic of Djibouti (author's transl)]. Since 1973 autochthonous cases of malaria due to P. Falciparum have been reported among local population of French Afars and Issas Territory; 191 cases observed between 1973 and 1976 are recorded. Their monthly distribution and geographical repartition are studied, jointly with the distribution of A. gambiae which has been recently collected in the Territory. This study shows a significant correspondance between the presence of A. gambiae and the malaria cases observed which did not come from neighbouring countries. We may, then, expect the development of small disseminated foci, resulting from the simultaneous introduction of both the parasite and its anopheline vector. This brings about a new epidemiological situation for the Territory."}
{"id": "PMID:364241", "title": "[Acute renal insufficiency caused by Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the last period of pregnancy (2 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "A report of 2 cases of acute renal insufficiency in african women, 8 months pregnant and suffering of malignant malaria. In both cases labor has been induced by artificial breaking of the membranes and use of oxytocin. One of the children was still-born and the other died 3 days later. Delivery has been followed by a resumption of the urinary flow, facilitated by high dosages of furosemide. This diuretic drug when associated with hypoprotidic diet, hypercaloric intravenous infusions of glucose hypertonic solutions supplemented with amino-acids gives a good chance of recovery without extra-renal dialysis.", "contents": "[Acute renal insufficiency caused by Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the last period of pregnancy (2 cases) (author's transl)]. A report of 2 cases of acute renal insufficiency in african women, 8 months pregnant and suffering of malignant malaria. In both cases labor has been induced by artificial breaking of the membranes and use of oxytocin. One of the children was still-born and the other died 3 days later. Delivery has been followed by a resumption of the urinary flow, facilitated by high dosages of furosemide. This diuretic drug when associated with hypoprotidic diet, hypercaloric intravenous infusions of glucose hypertonic solutions supplemented with amino-acids gives a good chance of recovery without extra-renal dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:364258", "title": "Is the Australian version of the Feingold diet safe?", "content": "Dietary intake data which were collected in the course of a trial on 16 children, who were diagnosed as being hyperactive, are examined. The nutritional adequacy of the children's diets before and during treatment with the Australian version of the Feingold elimination diet is calculated. The mean intakes of all computed nutrients were above the recommended level in the Australian Dietary Allowances for both diets. The nutritional quality, in terms of the level and balance of nutrients in the elimination test diet, was superior to that of the normal diet. With proper dietary counselling, the elimination test diet is safe for use in the treatment of children with hyperkinesis.", "contents": "Is the Australian version of the Feingold diet safe? Dietary intake data which were collected in the course of a trial on 16 children, who were diagnosed as being hyperactive, are examined. The nutritional adequacy of the children's diets before and during treatment with the Australian version of the Feingold elimination diet is calculated. The mean intakes of all computed nutrients were above the recommended level in the Australian Dietary Allowances for both diets. The nutritional quality, in terms of the level and balance of nutrients in the elimination test diet, was superior to that of the normal diet. With proper dietary counselling, the elimination test diet is safe for use in the treatment of children with hyperkinesis."}
{"id": "PMID:364260", "title": "Salicylate sensitivity in children reported to respond to salicylate exclusion.", "content": "Twelve children, aged six to 13 years, whose parents reported an improvement in behavioural problems with use of the Feingold (K-P) diet for an average period of 12 months, were challenge-tested with 40 mg of acetylsalicylic acid in a double-blind, cross-over trial with ascorbic acid as a placebo. The children were tested within three hours of ingestion of either the experimental or placebo tablet with a battery of psychological and neurological tests, and were rated by a parent on an enlarged Conners' Parent-Teacher Questionnaire for four days after the ingestion of the tablet. It was found that significance was reached in tests of general cognitive capacity, line walking and the \"finger-to-nose\" tests, as well as increased disturbance in sleep patterns in these children.", "contents": "Salicylate sensitivity in children reported to respond to salicylate exclusion. Twelve children, aged six to 13 years, whose parents reported an improvement in behavioural problems with use of the Feingold (K-P) diet for an average period of 12 months, were challenge-tested with 40 mg of acetylsalicylic acid in a double-blind, cross-over trial with ascorbic acid as a placebo. The children were tested within three hours of ingestion of either the experimental or placebo tablet with a battery of psychological and neurological tests, and were rated by a parent on an enlarged Conners' Parent-Teacher Questionnaire for four days after the ingestion of the tablet. It was found that significance was reached in tests of general cognitive capacity, line walking and the \"finger-to-nose\" tests, as well as increased disturbance in sleep patterns in these children."}
{"id": "PMID:364264", "title": "\"Ring the bell and win a cigar\". Some early experiments on the measurement of human strength in Port Jackson and Van Diemen's Land.", "content": "The first medical research formally undertaken on Australian soil was a series of experiments to test different factors which might modify muscular power. The experiments were conducted by Fran\u00e7ois P\u00e9ron, a Parisian doctor and naturalist, who travelled with Baudin's French scientific expedition to Nouvelle Hollande and Terre de Diemen. P\u00e9ron used a dynamometer, an instrument for measuring strength. He conducted his experiments at Port Jackson, and at Maria Island (in Van Diemen's Land) in 1902. The basis for the experiments, an account of the equipment used, and the results are presented together for the first time.", "contents": "\"Ring the bell and win a cigar\". Some early experiments on the measurement of human strength in Port Jackson and Van Diemen's Land. The first medical research formally undertaken on Australian soil was a series of experiments to test different factors which might modify muscular power. The experiments were conducted by Fran\u00e7ois P\u00e9ron, a Parisian doctor and naturalist, who travelled with Baudin's French scientific expedition to Nouvelle Hollande and Terre de Diemen. P\u00e9ron used a dynamometer, an instrument for measuring strength. He conducted his experiments at Port Jackson, and at Maria Island (in Van Diemen's Land) in 1902. The basis for the experiments, an account of the equipment used, and the results are presented together for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:364266", "title": "A case of personation.", "content": "A case from the 19th century is described. The patient was admitted to hospital as a man but was revealed to be a woman. The woman's history is examined and the psychological implications of her impersonation are discussed. A hypothetical diagnosis of transsexualism is made.", "contents": "A case of personation. A case from the 19th century is described. The patient was admitted to hospital as a man but was revealed to be a woman. The woman's history is examined and the psychological implications of her impersonation are discussed. A hypothetical diagnosis of transsexualism is made."}
{"id": "PMID:364281", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to bacterial flagellin as assessed by leucocyte adherence inhibition.", "content": "Leucocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) was used to detect cell-mediated immunity of mice to Salmonella adelaide polymeric flagellin and its monomeric derivative. In the direct LAI technique, antigen inhibited the in vitro adherence to glass of peritoneal cells (PC) from antigen-primed mice which were capable of exhibiting in vivo delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the same antigen. In the indirect technique, primed PC exposed to antigen in vitro released a soluble factor, which inhibited the adherence of normal PC. Production of the factor was prevented by prior treatment of primed PC with anti-theta serum, indicating the participation of T-lymphocytes. The LAI reaction could be blocked by serum from mice which had been re-injected with antigen 72 h after a priming injection. Features of the production and biological properties of serum blocking activity suggest that it may be attributed to antigen-antibody complexes.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to bacterial flagellin as assessed by leucocyte adherence inhibition. Leucocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) was used to detect cell-mediated immunity of mice to Salmonella adelaide polymeric flagellin and its monomeric derivative. In the direct LAI technique, antigen inhibited the in vitro adherence to glass of peritoneal cells (PC) from antigen-primed mice which were capable of exhibiting in vivo delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the same antigen. In the indirect technique, primed PC exposed to antigen in vitro released a soluble factor, which inhibited the adherence of normal PC. Production of the factor was prevented by prior treatment of primed PC with anti-theta serum, indicating the participation of T-lymphocytes. The LAI reaction could be blocked by serum from mice which had been re-injected with antigen 72 h after a priming injection. Features of the production and biological properties of serum blocking activity suggest that it may be attributed to antigen-antibody complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:364282", "title": "Detection of antigenic variation in influenza virus neuraminidase by the ESSEN-NIT and the WHO standard procedure.", "content": "A new rapid modified micro-neuraminidase-inhibition test (ESSEN-NIT) has recently been described. This test was originally devised to facilitate large-scale screening for serum antibodies to influenza virus neuraminidase. It was shown that this test yielded results comparable to those obtained with the WHO standard procedure. Our report presents data on the comparison between the WHO method and the ESSEN-NIT with respect to their capability in detecting antigenic differences in neuraminidase of various strains of influenza A viruses belonging to the H3N2 subtype family. Two antiserums against the N2 antigens of the A/Hongkong/1/68 (X15HK) and of the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (X42) recombinant strains were used in characterization experiments. The results obtained indicate that the ESSEN-NIT is at least as sensitive in detecting antigenic variations of neuraminidase as the WHO standard procedure. The drift of the N2 enzyme which occurred as early as 1969 and is known to continue to date, could be clearly demonstrated. Major and minor antigenic changes of neuraminidase in representative influenza isolates were equally well detected by both assays. The ESSEN-NIT offers the advantage of speed, economy, and computerized evaluation of data.", "contents": "Detection of antigenic variation in influenza virus neuraminidase by the ESSEN-NIT and the WHO standard procedure. A new rapid modified micro-neuraminidase-inhibition test (ESSEN-NIT) has recently been described. This test was originally devised to facilitate large-scale screening for serum antibodies to influenza virus neuraminidase. It was shown that this test yielded results comparable to those obtained with the WHO standard procedure. Our report presents data on the comparison between the WHO method and the ESSEN-NIT with respect to their capability in detecting antigenic differences in neuraminidase of various strains of influenza A viruses belonging to the H3N2 subtype family. Two antiserums against the N2 antigens of the A/Hongkong/1/68 (X15HK) and of the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (X42) recombinant strains were used in characterization experiments. The results obtained indicate that the ESSEN-NIT is at least as sensitive in detecting antigenic variations of neuraminidase as the WHO standard procedure. The drift of the N2 enzyme which occurred as early as 1969 and is known to continue to date, could be clearly demonstrated. Major and minor antigenic changes of neuraminidase in representative influenza isolates were equally well detected by both assays. The ESSEN-NIT offers the advantage of speed, economy, and computerized evaluation of data."}
{"id": "PMID:364283", "title": "Rapid immunoenzymatic technique for titration of rabies antibodies IgG and IgM results.", "content": "Techniques usually employed for the detection of rabies' antibodies are costly, time consuming, and sometimes fail to detect early antibodies. The introduction of immunoenzymatic techniques in the serology of viral disease represents a new and important advance. We therefore adapted this technique to the detection of rabies antibodies. We have found that the sera from rabies patients who had not received antirabies treatment do not show seroneutralizing antibodies until several days after the onset of symptoms. However, antibodies can be detected some days earlier by the immunoenzymatic method in the same samples. Furthermore, the immunoenzymatic test was applied to the detection of both the IgM or the IgG class of antirabies antibodies using an antihuman Ig-or antihuman IgG-peroxydase conjugate.", "contents": "Rapid immunoenzymatic technique for titration of rabies antibodies IgG and IgM results. Techniques usually employed for the detection of rabies' antibodies are costly, time consuming, and sometimes fail to detect early antibodies. The introduction of immunoenzymatic techniques in the serology of viral disease represents a new and important advance. We therefore adapted this technique to the detection of rabies antibodies. We have found that the sera from rabies patients who had not received antirabies treatment do not show seroneutralizing antibodies until several days after the onset of symptoms. However, antibodies can be detected some days earlier by the immunoenzymatic method in the same samples. Furthermore, the immunoenzymatic test was applied to the detection of both the IgM or the IgG class of antirabies antibodies using an antihuman Ig-or antihuman IgG-peroxydase conjugate."}
{"id": "PMID:364284", "title": "Improvement in complete response rate, duration of response and survival with adriamycin combination chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a prognostic factor comparison of two regimens.", "content": "The results of a chemotherapy regimen utilizing adriamycin in combination with vincristine, prednisone plus or minus cyclophosphamide (CHOP-HOP) for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are compared to those of a non-adriamycin containing combination (COP). The complete remission (CR) rate of 67% for CHOP-HOP in malignant lymphoma, diffuse histiocytic type (MLDH) is superior to 33% obtained with COP. In malignant lymphoma, nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic (MLNPD), the CR rate was: CHOP-HOP 83%, COP 44%. The prognostic factors for both treatment groups were compared and found to be similar. Thus, adriamycin appears to be responsible for this improvement in CR rate. When analyzed as a group, the patients treated with CHOP-HOP had a longer survival than those treated with COP. This difference was also evident in the subgroup of patients with MLDH. The smaller subgroup of patients with MLNPD treated with CHOP-HOP did not show a significant improvement in survival. A trend for longer duration of CR in both diffuse and nodular lymphomas was also observed, but this difference did not reach statistical significance possibly due to the smaller numbers of patients. Combination chemotherapy with adriamycin has resulted in a higher CR rate and survival for patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma particularly for the subgroup of patients with MLDH.", "contents": "Improvement in complete response rate, duration of response and survival with adriamycin combination chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a prognostic factor comparison of two regimens. The results of a chemotherapy regimen utilizing adriamycin in combination with vincristine, prednisone plus or minus cyclophosphamide (CHOP-HOP) for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are compared to those of a non-adriamycin containing combination (COP). The complete remission (CR) rate of 67% for CHOP-HOP in malignant lymphoma, diffuse histiocytic type (MLDH) is superior to 33% obtained with COP. In malignant lymphoma, nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic (MLNPD), the CR rate was: CHOP-HOP 83%, COP 44%. The prognostic factors for both treatment groups were compared and found to be similar. Thus, adriamycin appears to be responsible for this improvement in CR rate. When analyzed as a group, the patients treated with CHOP-HOP had a longer survival than those treated with COP. This difference was also evident in the subgroup of patients with MLDH. The smaller subgroup of patients with MLNPD treated with CHOP-HOP did not show a significant improvement in survival. A trend for longer duration of CR in both diffuse and nodular lymphomas was also observed, but this difference did not reach statistical significance possibly due to the smaller numbers of patients. Combination chemotherapy with adriamycin has resulted in a higher CR rate and survival for patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma particularly for the subgroup of patients with MLDH."}
{"id": "PMID:364285", "title": "Combination chemotherapy of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.", "content": "A randomized therapeutic trial of three induction regimens for patients with lymphosarcoma and reticulum-cell sarcoma was conducted by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) (formerly Acute Leukemia Group B.) Addition of streptonigrin, but not cyclophosphamide, to the combination of vincristine and prednisone improved the complete remission rate achieved after a 42-day induction program. The duration of the subsequent remission and survival was not influenced by the induction combination assigned. Remission maintenance with cyclophosphamide was superior to maintenance with methotrexate. The results of this study are compared with others in which advantages for three or four drug treatment regimens have been reported.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A randomized therapeutic trial of three induction regimens for patients with lymphosarcoma and reticulum-cell sarcoma was conducted by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) (formerly Acute Leukemia Group B.) Addition of streptonigrin, but not cyclophosphamide, to the combination of vincristine and prednisone improved the complete remission rate achieved after a 42-day induction program. The duration of the subsequent remission and survival was not influenced by the induction combination assigned. Remission maintenance with cyclophosphamide was superior to maintenance with methotrexate. The results of this study are compared with others in which advantages for three or four drug treatment regimens have been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:364296", "title": "Successful cardiac allografts in syngeneic radiation chimeras.", "content": "Successful cardiac allografts were accomplished across the major histocompatibility complex of rats. LEW and F344 (Ag-B2) rats were lethally irradiated and grafted with WF (Ag-B1) hearts on day 0. Either on day 0 or day 2, the hosts were repopulated with syngeneic hemopoietic cells. The best results were obtained (86%) when a mixture of 3.0 x10(7) non-adherent syngeneic bone marrow and thymus cells were used to repopulate the recipients. In contrast, all of the WF to LEW heart grafts were rejected within 30 days if syngeneic thoracic duct and bone marrow cells were used to repopulate the host. Tolerant rats bearing a functioning WF heart graft were able to mount a normal antibody response to SRBC and a proliferative response to Con A. They accepted a second WF heart or a WF kidney graft but rejected WF skin and bone marrow grafts as well as \"third-party\" ACl or BN hearts. The lymphocytes of tolerant rats had a reduced response to WF antigens as assayed by local or systemic graft-versus-host reactions in (LEW x WF)F1 recipients. Tolerance to the WF hearts was resistant to a large innoculum of normal spleen and lymph node cells. The unresponsive state could be transferred to unirradiated LEW rats with a mixture of spleen, thymus, lymph node and bone marrow cells.", "contents": "Successful cardiac allografts in syngeneic radiation chimeras. Successful cardiac allografts were accomplished across the major histocompatibility complex of rats. LEW and F344 (Ag-B2) rats were lethally irradiated and grafted with WF (Ag-B1) hearts on day 0. Either on day 0 or day 2, the hosts were repopulated with syngeneic hemopoietic cells. The best results were obtained (86%) when a mixture of 3.0 x10(7) non-adherent syngeneic bone marrow and thymus cells were used to repopulate the recipients. In contrast, all of the WF to LEW heart grafts were rejected within 30 days if syngeneic thoracic duct and bone marrow cells were used to repopulate the host. Tolerant rats bearing a functioning WF heart graft were able to mount a normal antibody response to SRBC and a proliferative response to Con A. They accepted a second WF heart or a WF kidney graft but rejected WF skin and bone marrow grafts as well as \"third-party\" ACl or BN hearts. The lymphocytes of tolerant rats had a reduced response to WF antigens as assayed by local or systemic graft-versus-host reactions in (LEW x WF)F1 recipients. Tolerance to the WF hearts was resistant to a large innoculum of normal spleen and lymph node cells. The unresponsive state could be transferred to unirradiated LEW rats with a mixture of spleen, thymus, lymph node and bone marrow cells."}
{"id": "PMID:364301", "title": "Non-essential UV-sensitive bacteriophage T4 mutants affecting early DNA synthesis: a third pathway of DNA repair.", "content": "Non-essential bacteriophage T4 mutants uvs58 and uvs79 showed a lower UV sensitivity than either the excision-repair mutant v am5 or the replication-dependent recombination-repair mutant y10. The UV sensitivity of double and triple mutants carrying one of the mutations uvs58 or uvs79, and v am 5 or (and) y10 was higher than the sum of the sensitivities of the single mutants. The uvs58 mutation was mapped to the early gene region, close to amN81 (gene 41). The unirradiated mutants uvs58 and uvs79 accumulated newly synthesized DNA at a slower rate than wild-type T4. Double mutants uvs58:am59 and uvs79:am59 showed DNA synthesis in E. coli B su- to be arrested at a 3--5 times lower level than that in am59-infected cells. Chloramphenicol, added 9--12 min after infection, suppressed arrests of  DNA synthesis, the double mutants showing a lag of 8 min as compared with am59. Results from analysis of sucrose gradients of parental uvs58 and uvs79 DNA were in agreement with the suggestion of a mutation in an early function. The mutants uvs58 and uvs79 are suggested to be defective in a component of the DNA replication apparatus with a function in the adaptation to irregularities in the DNA structure. The third pathway of UV repair is tentatively designated as non-catalytic replication repair.", "contents": "Non-essential UV-sensitive bacteriophage T4 mutants affecting early DNA synthesis: a third pathway of DNA repair. Non-essential bacteriophage T4 mutants uvs58 and uvs79 showed a lower UV sensitivity than either the excision-repair mutant v am5 or the replication-dependent recombination-repair mutant y10. The UV sensitivity of double and triple mutants carrying one of the mutations uvs58 or uvs79, and v am 5 or (and) y10 was higher than the sum of the sensitivities of the single mutants. The uvs58 mutation was mapped to the early gene region, close to amN81 (gene 41). The unirradiated mutants uvs58 and uvs79 accumulated newly synthesized DNA at a slower rate than wild-type T4. Double mutants uvs58:am59 and uvs79:am59 showed DNA synthesis in E. coli B su- to be arrested at a 3--5 times lower level than that in am59-infected cells. Chloramphenicol, added 9--12 min after infection, suppressed arrests of  DNA synthesis, the double mutants showing a lag of 8 min as compared with am59. Results from analysis of sucrose gradients of parental uvs58 and uvs79 DNA were in agreement with the suggestion of a mutation in an early function. The mutants uvs58 and uvs79 are suggested to be defective in a component of the DNA replication apparatus with a function in the adaptation to irregularities in the DNA structure. The third pathway of UV repair is tentatively designated as non-catalytic replication repair."}
{"id": "PMID:364302", "title": "Increased UV-inducibility of SOS functions in a dam-3 mutant of Escherichia coli K12 uvrA.", "content": "The dam-3 mutation caused a 2--4 fold increase in the susceptibility of E. coli K-12 uvrA to UV induction of prophage lambda, induced reactivation and mutagenesis of lambda, and mutation to histidine prototrophy. The increased inducibility exceeded the level expected by UV and dam-3 acting additively and independently, and suggests that the effects of UV and dam-3 interact in some way to potentiate induction of SOS functions.", "contents": "Increased UV-inducibility of SOS functions in a dam-3 mutant of Escherichia coli K12 uvrA. The dam-3 mutation caused a 2--4 fold increase in the susceptibility of E. coli K-12 uvrA to UV induction of prophage lambda, induced reactivation and mutagenesis of lambda, and mutation to histidine prototrophy. The increased inducibility exceeded the level expected by UV and dam-3 acting additively and independently, and suggests that the effects of UV and dam-3 interact in some way to potentiate induction of SOS functions."}
{"id": "PMID:364303", "title": "Modification by preirradiation growth conditions of the shoulder of the UV fluence-survival curve of Escherichia coli B/r WP 2 thy trp and changes in mutagenic response toward tryptophan prototrophy.", "content": "The distinct three-section UV fluence-mutation frequency response (MFR) curve demonstrated in Escherichia coli strain B/r WP2 thy trp and its uvrA derivative supports the SOS hypothesis and suggests that trp+ revertants can arise either from isolated lesions (1DM) plus SOS induction or from two lesions in proximity (2DM). Preirradiation growth on arabinose instead of glucose converted the fluence-survival curve from highly shouldered to exponential but did not affect the three-section MFR curve. Prestarvation of the uvrA+ strain for tryptophan, which drastically increases the expanse of the shoulder of the survival curve, greatly decreased both 1DM and 2DM. With the uvrA strain the increase in shoulder expanse after tryptophan prestarvation was accompanied by greatly increased 2DM but no change in 1DM. Preincubation with chloramphenicol induced an even greater increase in 2DM response than amino acid prestarvation. Nalidixic acid, which prevents DNA accumulation, eliminated the response.", "contents": "Modification by preirradiation growth conditions of the shoulder of the UV fluence-survival curve of Escherichia coli B/r WP 2 thy trp and changes in mutagenic response toward tryptophan prototrophy. The distinct three-section UV fluence-mutation frequency response (MFR) curve demonstrated in Escherichia coli strain B/r WP2 thy trp and its uvrA derivative supports the SOS hypothesis and suggests that trp+ revertants can arise either from isolated lesions (1DM) plus SOS induction or from two lesions in proximity (2DM). Preirradiation growth on arabinose instead of glucose converted the fluence-survival curve from highly shouldered to exponential but did not affect the three-section MFR curve. Prestarvation of the uvrA+ strain for tryptophan, which drastically increases the expanse of the shoulder of the survival curve, greatly decreased both 1DM and 2DM. With the uvrA strain the increase in shoulder expanse after tryptophan prestarvation was accompanied by greatly increased 2DM but no change in 1DM. Preincubation with chloramphenicol induced an even greater increase in 2DM response than amino acid prestarvation. Nalidixic acid, which prevents DNA accumulation, eliminated the response."}
{"id": "PMID:364319", "title": "Asymmetric gene conversion at inserted segments on yeast mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "Different molecular weight forms of the protein product of the yeast mitochondrial gene var 1 are shown at arise by a process of asymmetric gene conversion. These different forms can be accounted by two DNA segments, 36 and 57 base pairs long, present in one allelic form of the var 1 structural gene, which can be inserted independently and at different frequencies into other var 1 alleles.", "contents": "Asymmetric gene conversion at inserted segments on yeast mitochondrial DNA. Different molecular weight forms of the protein product of the yeast mitochondrial gene var 1 are shown at arise by a process of asymmetric gene conversion. These different forms can be accounted by two DNA segments, 36 and 57 base pairs long, present in one allelic form of the var 1 structural gene, which can be inserted independently and at different frequencies into other var 1 alleles."}
{"id": "PMID:364326", "title": "[Drawings by patients with unilateral visuospatial agnosia].", "content": "Drawings made by 25 patients with neurosurgical diseases causing focal lesions in the posterior areas of the right, not dominant cerebral hemisphere due to expanding changes. Experimental clinical investigations by the method of Luria demonstrated in these cases presence of left-sided visuospatial agnosia. The material was analysed from the point of view of the features of drawings characteristic for the syndrome of disturbances and the localizatory and diagnostic value of drawings. Characteristic disturbances of drawings and their placement were observed suggesting that the patients ignored the left half of the visual space due to damage to the right parieto-occipital non-dominant cerebral hemisphere. The drawing test is regarded as a valuable method for the diagnosis and localization of lesions in the neurological and neuropsychological practice.", "contents": "[Drawings by patients with unilateral visuospatial agnosia]. Drawings made by 25 patients with neurosurgical diseases causing focal lesions in the posterior areas of the right, not dominant cerebral hemisphere due to expanding changes. Experimental clinical investigations by the method of Luria demonstrated in these cases presence of left-sided visuospatial agnosia. The material was analysed from the point of view of the features of drawings characteristic for the syndrome of disturbances and the localizatory and diagnostic value of drawings. Characteristic disturbances of drawings and their placement were observed suggesting that the patients ignored the left half of the visual space due to damage to the right parieto-occipital non-dominant cerebral hemisphere. The drawing test is regarded as a valuable method for the diagnosis and localization of lesions in the neurological and neuropsychological practice."}
{"id": "PMID:364320", "title": "Synthesis of growth hormone by bacteria.", "content": "A hybrid gene was constructed between the beta-lactamase gene of plasmid pBR322 and the cloned coding sequence for rat growth hormone. This gene is expressed in bacteria and growth hormone sequences are detectable by immunological methods.", "contents": "Synthesis of growth hormone by bacteria. A hybrid gene was constructed between the beta-lactamase gene of plasmid pBR322 and the cloned coding sequence for rat growth hormone. This gene is expressed in bacteria and growth hormone sequences are detectable by immunological methods."}
{"id": "PMID:364327", "title": "[Subtraction and topography in various cases of ventriculography by means of water-soluble contrast media].", "content": "The authors describe the methods of extending the diagnostic possibilities of positive-contrast ventriculography with water-soluble media using the techniques of subtraction and tomography. Side effects occurring during this investigation are mentioned.", "contents": "[Subtraction and topography in various cases of ventriculography by means of water-soluble contrast media]. The authors describe the methods of extending the diagnostic possibilities of positive-contrast ventriculography with water-soluble media using the techniques of subtraction and tomography. Side effects occurring during this investigation are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:364333", "title": "Comparative evaluation of metrizamide and meglumine ioxithalamate in angiography of the vessels of the head and neck.", "content": "Metrizamide, a non-ionic contrast medium of low osmolality was compared with meglumine ioxithalamate, the ionic angiographic contrast medium currently in use in our department in a double-blind study. Criteria upon which the comparison was based were: 1) the pain reaction of the patient upon intra-arterial contrast injection, 2) bradycardial reactions upon common carotid injection and 3) the quality of the contrast image. Metrizamide induced significantly less painful sensations than meglumine ioxithalamate in those vessels in which injections of contrast medium are frequently painful (external carotid artery, vertebral artery). No significant difference in the degree of bradycardia was caused by the two contrast media. The degree of bradycardia was also found to be poorly reproducible upon successive injections of the same contrast medium in the same patient, thus raising questions as to the suitability of this method for determining the toxicity of the contrast medium. The quality of the angiograms obtained did not differ significantly with the two media. Spasm, when it occurred during selective external carotid injections, was found to be independent of the contrast agent used, being correlated instead with the depth of distal advance of the catheter tip into the external carotid. Of the 51 patients included in the study, two patients suffered transient neurological deficit after angiography with metrizamide, and one patient suffered a permanent hemiplegia after angiography with meglumine ioxithalamate.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of metrizamide and meglumine ioxithalamate in angiography of the vessels of the head and neck. Metrizamide, a non-ionic contrast medium of low osmolality was compared with meglumine ioxithalamate, the ionic angiographic contrast medium currently in use in our department in a double-blind study. Criteria upon which the comparison was based were: 1) the pain reaction of the patient upon intra-arterial contrast injection, 2) bradycardial reactions upon common carotid injection and 3) the quality of the contrast image. Metrizamide induced significantly less painful sensations than meglumine ioxithalamate in those vessels in which injections of contrast medium are frequently painful (external carotid artery, vertebral artery). No significant difference in the degree of bradycardia was caused by the two contrast media. The degree of bradycardia was also found to be poorly reproducible upon successive injections of the same contrast medium in the same patient, thus raising questions as to the suitability of this method for determining the toxicity of the contrast medium. The quality of the angiograms obtained did not differ significantly with the two media. Spasm, when it occurred during selective external carotid injections, was found to be independent of the contrast agent used, being correlated instead with the depth of distal advance of the catheter tip into the external carotid. Of the 51 patients included in the study, two patients suffered transient neurological deficit after angiography with metrizamide, and one patient suffered a permanent hemiplegia after angiography with meglumine ioxithalamate."}
{"id": "PMID:364335", "title": "[Unusual complication of arterial hypertension: Martorell's ulcer].", "content": "Eight cases of Martorell's ulcer observed in the last ten years are presented. Discussion of the aetiopathogenesis, and the clinical, anatomo-pathological, physiopathological, and therapeutic aspects of this form leads to the conclusion that it appears in hypertensive subjects, usually women, between the middle and inferior third of the leg, on the anterolateral surface. The limb is free from nervous, venous, and arterial lesions. Ulceration is typical of hypertensive arteriolitis. Drug and local antiseptic management normally gives the best results. In the case of severe lesions, Thiersch grafts can be usefully employed.", "contents": "[Unusual complication of arterial hypertension: Martorell's ulcer]. Eight cases of Martorell's ulcer observed in the last ten years are presented. Discussion of the aetiopathogenesis, and the clinical, anatomo-pathological, physiopathological, and therapeutic aspects of this form leads to the conclusion that it appears in hypertensive subjects, usually women, between the middle and inferior third of the leg, on the anterolateral surface. The limb is free from nervous, venous, and arterial lesions. Ulceration is typical of hypertensive arteriolitis. Drug and local antiseptic management normally gives the best results. In the case of severe lesions, Thiersch grafts can be usefully employed."}
{"id": "PMID:364336", "title": "[Removal and immediate suture of sacrococcygeal cysts].", "content": "A series of 25 patients suffering from sacrococcygeal cyst-fistula treated by surgical removal and immediate, complete suture of the wound is reported. Functional recovery was complete and there no recurrences. Average postoperative hospitalization was also much shorter than that obtaining when other surgical techniques are used.", "contents": "[Removal and immediate suture of sacrococcygeal cysts]. A series of 25 patients suffering from sacrococcygeal cyst-fistula treated by surgical removal and immediate, complete suture of the wound is reported. Functional recovery was complete and there no recurrences. Average postoperative hospitalization was also much shorter than that obtaining when other surgical techniques are used."}
{"id": "PMID:364356", "title": "The effect of oral contraceptives on the gonadotropin response to LHRH.", "content": "This study was designed to assess the effect of long-term treatment with three combined oral contraceptives (OC) on the gonadotropin response to LHRH. The release of LH and FSH after a single 50-microgram dose of LHRH was studied from Days 11 to 14 of treatment and Days 2 and 3 after discontinuation of the treatment. The responses were compared with controls during the luteal phase (Days 16 to 19) of the menstrual cycle. LH and FSH baseline levels and release after LHRH injection were markedly depressed in women on OC treatment. The patterns of gonadotropin response after LHRH, however, were similar to the responses during the luteal phase. Following discontinuation of OC treatment, the basal levels of LH and FSH and the response to LHRH continued to be depressed, with a further decrease in the FSH release. These results indicate that treatment with combined OC exert a significant depression on the release of gonadotropins.", "contents": "The effect of oral contraceptives on the gonadotropin response to LHRH. This study was designed to assess the effect of long-term treatment with three combined oral contraceptives (OC) on the gonadotropin response to LHRH. The release of LH and FSH after a single 50-microgram dose of LHRH was studied from Days 11 to 14 of treatment and Days 2 and 3 after discontinuation of the treatment. The responses were compared with controls during the luteal phase (Days 16 to 19) of the menstrual cycle. LH and FSH baseline levels and release after LHRH injection were markedly depressed in women on OC treatment. The patterns of gonadotropin response after LHRH, however, were similar to the responses during the luteal phase. Following discontinuation of OC treatment, the basal levels of LH and FSH and the response to LHRH continued to be depressed, with a further decrease in the FSH release. These results indicate that treatment with combined OC exert a significant depression on the release of gonadotropins."}
{"id": "PMID:364357", "title": "Naproxen sodium in dysmenorrhea. Its influence in allowing continuation of work/school activities.", "content": "Sixty-four women with primary dysmenorrhea participated in a double-blind, parallel trial of maproxen sodium versus placebo during three menstrual cycles. Comparative measures employed to assess the efficacy of the medications included changes in pain intensity during each dysmenorrheic episode, the degree of pain relief afforded, the necessity of using a supplementary analgesic, and the extent to which medication enabled the patients to continue their daily activities unimpeded. By these measures, naproxen sodium was significantly superior as compared to the placebo. Particularly striking was the fact that of 22 naproxen sodium treated women who historically had to stay at home from work and/or in bed, only 5 remained incapacitated compared with 21 of 26 patients of the placebo group. Only 1 patient experienced side effects (nausea and hypomenorrhea) from naproxen sodium.", "contents": "Naproxen sodium in dysmenorrhea. Its influence in allowing continuation of work/school activities. Sixty-four women with primary dysmenorrhea participated in a double-blind, parallel trial of maproxen sodium versus placebo during three menstrual cycles. Comparative measures employed to assess the efficacy of the medications included changes in pain intensity during each dysmenorrheic episode, the degree of pain relief afforded, the necessity of using a supplementary analgesic, and the extent to which medication enabled the patients to continue their daily activities unimpeded. By these measures, naproxen sodium was significantly superior as compared to the placebo. Particularly striking was the fact that of 22 naproxen sodium treated women who historically had to stay at home from work and/or in bed, only 5 remained incapacitated compared with 21 of 26 patients of the placebo group. Only 1 patient experienced side effects (nausea and hypomenorrhea) from naproxen sodium."}
{"id": "PMID:364358", "title": "Cervical-vaginal flora of women with invasive cervical cancer.", "content": "The cervical-vaginal flora of 21 women with invasive cervical cancer was determined. The cultures yielded polymicrobial growth with anaerobic organisms predominating. As compared with other studies of vaginal flora, the cancer patients were found to have a decreased frequency of isolation of aerobic lactobacilli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and enterococci, and an increased frequency of isolation of Escherichia coli and Bacteriodes species. The composition of the anaerobic vaginal flora in these patients is similar to that described for immunosuppressed renal transplant patients.", "contents": "Cervical-vaginal flora of women with invasive cervical cancer. The cervical-vaginal flora of 21 women with invasive cervical cancer was determined. The cultures yielded polymicrobial growth with anaerobic organisms predominating. As compared with other studies of vaginal flora, the cancer patients were found to have a decreased frequency of isolation of aerobic lactobacilli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and enterococci, and an increased frequency of isolation of Escherichia coli and Bacteriodes species. The composition of the anaerobic vaginal flora in these patients is similar to that described for immunosuppressed renal transplant patients."}
{"id": "PMID:364360", "title": "Immunohistological approach to tumor diagnosis.", "content": "Immunoperoxidase methods permit the demonstration of a variety of antigens in routinely processed tissues. The morphological detail obtained by this procedure is comparable to orthodox haematoxylin and eosin stained sections, and so offers the diagnostic pathologist the opportunity of simultaneously identifying normal and neoplastic cells both by their morphological characteristics and by their antigenic constitution. The application of this method to a study of maligant lymphomas has contributed to current re-appraisal of classification criteria for this group of neoplasms. It is anticipated that, as specific antisera against a range of different tissue antigens become available, immunoperoxidase methods will have a similar impact upon the re-definition of morphologic criteria related to other neoplasms.", "contents": "Immunohistological approach to tumor diagnosis. Immunoperoxidase methods permit the demonstration of a variety of antigens in routinely processed tissues. The morphological detail obtained by this procedure is comparable to orthodox haematoxylin and eosin stained sections, and so offers the diagnostic pathologist the opportunity of simultaneously identifying normal and neoplastic cells both by their morphological characteristics and by their antigenic constitution. The application of this method to a study of maligant lymphomas has contributed to current re-appraisal of classification criteria for this group of neoplasms. It is anticipated that, as specific antisera against a range of different tissue antigens become available, immunoperoxidase methods will have a similar impact upon the re-definition of morphologic criteria related to other neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:364362", "title": "[Structure of the mRNA of eukaryotic cells].", "content": "A review is given of the principal achievements in studying the structure of mRNA in eukaryotic cells. The data are provided on the size and life time, complexity and distribution of different kinds of mRNA by the frequency of repetitions; composition and structure of mRNP. The structures of individual mRNA's and general pattern of the structure of eukaryotic mRNA and mRNP are considered.", "contents": "[Structure of the mRNA of eukaryotic cells]. A review is given of the principal achievements in studying the structure of mRNA in eukaryotic cells. The data are provided on the size and life time, complexity and distribution of different kinds of mRNA by the frequency of repetitions; composition and structure of mRNP. The structures of individual mRNA's and general pattern of the structure of eukaryotic mRNA and mRNP are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:364363", "title": "[Origin of the cells that form a capsule around a foreign body in the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis L].", "content": "The origin of cells forming the capsule around the foreign body was studied by means of 3H-thymidine autoradiography in Lymnaea stagnalis L. As a result of analysis of the kinetics of labelled cells upon the short- and long-term 3H-thymidine injection, it was shown that the cells of the focus of damage took their origin from the circulating blood.", "contents": "[Origin of the cells that form a capsule around a foreign body in the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis L]. The origin of cells forming the capsule around the foreign body was studied by means of 3H-thymidine autoradiography in Lymnaea stagnalis L. As a result of analysis of the kinetics of labelled cells upon the short- and long-term 3H-thymidine injection, it was shown that the cells of the focus of damage took their origin from the circulating blood."}
{"id": "PMID:364364", "title": "ASA-dipyridamole prophylaxis in elective total hip replacement.", "content": "A prospective, double-blind clinical study was performed to evaluate the combination of dipyridamole 225 mg/day and acetylsalicylic acid 1 gm/day prophylaxis of postoperative venous thromboembolism in elective total hip replacement. Patients were stratified according to age, and randomly assigned to receive drug or placebo. All patients were followed with 125I-labeled fibrinogen scanning for one week postoperatively, or until fully mobile. Venography was performed in 79/132 patients; in 36 patients the venogram was obtained to confirm a positive fibrinogen scan, in 43 patients an elective venogram was obtained on the seventh postoperative day to evaluate the operated thigh (a blind area for scanning). Thrombosis (by scan or venogram) was found in 17/68 (25%) in the control group, and in 23/64 (36%) in the treated group. Overall incidence was 40/132 (30%). Correlation of scan with venography was 90%. There were no clinically significant pulmonary emboli in either group. The combination of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and dipyridamole as given in this study is not effective prophylaxis in elective total hip replacement.", "contents": "ASA-dipyridamole prophylaxis in elective total hip replacement. A prospective, double-blind clinical study was performed to evaluate the combination of dipyridamole 225 mg/day and acetylsalicylic acid 1 gm/day prophylaxis of postoperative venous thromboembolism in elective total hip replacement. Patients were stratified according to age, and randomly assigned to receive drug or placebo. All patients were followed with 125I-labeled fibrinogen scanning for one week postoperatively, or until fully mobile. Venography was performed in 79/132 patients; in 36 patients the venogram was obtained to confirm a positive fibrinogen scan, in 43 patients an elective venogram was obtained on the seventh postoperative day to evaluate the operated thigh (a blind area for scanning). Thrombosis (by scan or venogram) was found in 17/68 (25%) in the control group, and in 23/64 (36%) in the treated group. Overall incidence was 40/132 (30%). Correlation of scan with venography was 90%. There were no clinically significant pulmonary emboli in either group. The combination of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and dipyridamole as given in this study is not effective prophylaxis in elective total hip replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:364370", "title": "Effects of doxepin on perception of laboratory-induced pain in man.", "content": "Beneficial effects have been observed in University of Washington Pain Clinic patients treated with tricyclic antidepressants, but such effects occur much earlier than predicted mood elevation. A laboratory investigation of pain perception was employed to test the hypothesis that doxepin, a tricyclic antidepressant, has analgesic properties. Healthy, normal volunteers were tested over a 4-week period during which they repeatedly performed Sensory Decision Theory tasks while undergoing painful dental stimulation. Doxepin and a placebo were administered after baseline measurement for 4 weeks under double blind conditions. No significant changes due to drug administration were observed in detection threshold or sensory sensitivity indices, but response bias against reporting the stimuli as painful changed dramatically after subjects began ingesting capsules. This effect was evident in both drug and placebo groups, and it was maintained across repeated weeks of testing. These observations suggest that the instructions given patients when the drug is administered have a profound effect on pain report.", "contents": "Effects of doxepin on perception of laboratory-induced pain in man. Beneficial effects have been observed in University of Washington Pain Clinic patients treated with tricyclic antidepressants, but such effects occur much earlier than predicted mood elevation. A laboratory investigation of pain perception was employed to test the hypothesis that doxepin, a tricyclic antidepressant, has analgesic properties. Healthy, normal volunteers were tested over a 4-week period during which they repeatedly performed Sensory Decision Theory tasks while undergoing painful dental stimulation. Doxepin and a placebo were administered after baseline measurement for 4 weeks under double blind conditions. No significant changes due to drug administration were observed in detection threshold or sensory sensitivity indices, but response bias against reporting the stimuli as painful changed dramatically after subjects began ingesting capsules. This effect was evident in both drug and placebo groups, and it was maintained across repeated weeks of testing. These observations suggest that the instructions given patients when the drug is administered have a profound effect on pain report."}
{"id": "PMID:364365", "title": "Color subtraction arthrography in the diagnosis of component loosening in hip arthroplasty.", "content": "While component loosening in arthroplasty of the hip joint may not always be associated with pain, the painful total hip arthroplasty frequently can be shown to be associated with loosening of one or both components. The application of color subtraction techniques to routine arthrography of the hip has greatly increased the authors' accuracy in identifying component loosening in the painful total hip. The technique and its method of application are described in this preliminary report. Several examples of its use are presented. The authors have found this technique to be a useful adjunct to routine arthrography of the hip in selected instances. It has improved overall diagnostic accuracy and is more rapid and less costly than standard photographic subtraction techniques.", "contents": "Color subtraction arthrography in the diagnosis of component loosening in hip arthroplasty. While component loosening in arthroplasty of the hip joint may not always be associated with pain, the painful total hip arthroplasty frequently can be shown to be associated with loosening of one or both components. The application of color subtraction techniques to routine arthrography of the hip has greatly increased the authors' accuracy in identifying component loosening in the painful total hip. The technique and its method of application are described in this preliminary report. Several examples of its use are presented. The authors have found this technique to be a useful adjunct to routine arthrography of the hip in selected instances. It has improved overall diagnostic accuracy and is more rapid and less costly than standard photographic subtraction techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:364371", "title": "The pain profile: a computerized system for assessment of chronic pain.", "content": "A computer-based system to assess and quantify three components of the chronic pain experience is described. The system produces a Pain Profile and classification for each patient based on a mathematical comparison of the pathophysiologic, psychological and behavioral aspects of chronic pain. This computer-based evaluation assists the researcher in analyzing the relative importance of the chronic pain components and helps direct the clinician to the appropriate emphasis of therapy.", "contents": "The pain profile: a computerized system for assessment of chronic pain. A computer-based system to assess and quantify three components of the chronic pain experience is described. The system produces a Pain Profile and classification for each patient based on a mathematical comparison of the pathophysiologic, psychological and behavioral aspects of chronic pain. This computer-based evaluation assists the researcher in analyzing the relative importance of the chronic pain components and helps direct the clinician to the appropriate emphasis of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:364372", "title": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b.", "content": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b, is a disorder of unknown etiology with major involvement of the thyroid and adrenal glands, the autonomic nervous system, and connective tissue. It is transmissible with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, but since most cases are not familial, they presumably represent mutations. The thyroid gland exhibits bilateral medullary carcinoma, which is a metastasizing lethal neoplasm in the syndrome requiring total thyroidectomy once abnormal basal or stimulated concentrations of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin have been demonstrated. The adrenal medullary tumors--pheochromocytomas--although rarely malignant, are potentially lethal because of their cardiovascular effects. Since the adrenal involvement is usually bilateral, total bilateral adrenalectomy with excision of any extraadrenal paraganglioma is the surgical treatment. Parathyroid hyperplasia occurs rarely in the syndrome. Treatment of it should be conservative, that is, limited to excision of enlarged parathyroid glands. Major portions of the autonomic nervous system, both sympathetic and parasympathetic, nerves and ganglia, exhibit hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and disorder of structure--a group of changes designated ganglioneuromatosis. This may be largely responsible for the striking eye and oral findings--the hallmarks of the syndrome--and also for some of the serious symptoms and complications of the syndrome, particularly those referable to the alimentary tract. Ganglioneuromatosis is also found in the salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder, upper respiratory tract, and urinary bladder. The connective tissue abnormality is manifested by increased growth of long bones, ribs, and skull, resulting in a marfanoid habitus, and also by skeletal and joint abnormalities together with increased laxity of ligaments. Ninety cases of MEN 2b have been reported, and although follow-up information is incomplete, 27 patients (30 percent) are known to be dead because of the syndrome. The causes of death have been medullary thyroid carcinoma (15 deaths), pheochromocytoma (10 deaths), and alimentary tract complications (2 deaths). An additional 21 patients (22 percent) are known to have metastatic MTC. We are aware of only 2 patients who, 5 years after thyroidectomy, have apparently been cured of MTC, but both are still at risk for adrenal medullary disease. MEN 2b is, therefore, a very serious disorder that requires urgent treatment of the endocrine tumors. Fortunately, the majority of patients with the syndrome are easily recognized because of an abnormal phenotype typified by thick, bumpy lips and a marfanoid habitus. Since these findings signal high risk for the potentially lethal endocrine neoplasms, patients having the characteristic appearance need evaluation of thyroidal C-cell and adrenal medullary function.", "contents": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b. Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b, is a disorder of unknown etiology with major involvement of the thyroid and adrenal glands, the autonomic nervous system, and connective tissue. It is transmissible with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, but since most cases are not familial, they presumably represent mutations. The thyroid gland exhibits bilateral medullary carcinoma, which is a metastasizing lethal neoplasm in the syndrome requiring total thyroidectomy once abnormal basal or stimulated concentrations of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin have been demonstrated. The adrenal medullary tumors--pheochromocytomas--although rarely malignant, are potentially lethal because of their cardiovascular effects. Since the adrenal involvement is usually bilateral, total bilateral adrenalectomy with excision of any extraadrenal paraganglioma is the surgical treatment. Parathyroid hyperplasia occurs rarely in the syndrome. Treatment of it should be conservative, that is, limited to excision of enlarged parathyroid glands. Major portions of the autonomic nervous system, both sympathetic and parasympathetic, nerves and ganglia, exhibit hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and disorder of structure--a group of changes designated ganglioneuromatosis. This may be largely responsible for the striking eye and oral findings--the hallmarks of the syndrome--and also for some of the serious symptoms and complications of the syndrome, particularly those referable to the alimentary tract. Ganglioneuromatosis is also found in the salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder, upper respiratory tract, and urinary bladder. The connective tissue abnormality is manifested by increased growth of long bones, ribs, and skull, resulting in a marfanoid habitus, and also by skeletal and joint abnormalities together with increased laxity of ligaments. Ninety cases of MEN 2b have been reported, and although follow-up information is incomplete, 27 patients (30 percent) are known to be dead because of the syndrome. The causes of death have been medullary thyroid carcinoma (15 deaths), pheochromocytoma (10 deaths), and alimentary tract complications (2 deaths). An additional 21 patients (22 percent) are known to have metastatic MTC. We are aware of only 2 patients who, 5 years after thyroidectomy, have apparently been cured of MTC, but both are still at risk for adrenal medullary disease. MEN 2b is, therefore, a very serious disorder that requires urgent treatment of the endocrine tumors. Fortunately, the majority of patients with the syndrome are easily recognized because of an abnormal phenotype typified by thick, bumpy lips and a marfanoid habitus. Since these findings signal high risk for the potentially lethal endocrine neoplasms, patients having the characteristic appearance need evaluation of thyroidal C-cell and adrenal medullary function."}
{"id": "PMID:364377", "title": "5-(125I)-iododeoxyuridine and the Auger effect: biological consequences and implications for therapy.", "content": "If the full potential for the use of radionuclides in the treatment of cancer is to be realized, the problem of locating internal emitters with a short range of action in the sensitive targets of the cell must be solved. It is already clear that only two types of radioactivity will satisfy these requirements: alpha decay and, as this review has attempted to demonstrate, electron capture with subsequent Auger cascade. Although mechanisms have yet to be clarified, it is clear that an Auger emitter located within the genetic apparatus is extremely radiotoxic with as little as a single disintegration being lethal in some organisms. Moreover, the available experimental evidence suggests that the extreme lethality is confined to a very small volume, probably that of molecular dimensions. These facts highlight the advantages as well as the limitations of using the Auger effect for cancer therapy. A favorable feature is that extreme damage is confined only to the cell in which radioactive decay takes place; a disadvantage is that the biochemical specificities are very great. Not only must the radioactivity be directed specifically to malignant calls, but it must also be very closely approximated to their genetic structures as well. This circumstance has its counterpart in considering the use of electron capture emitters for diagnostic purposes since their potential hazard depends in large measure on their cellular localization. These microscopic considerations have largely been neglected in traditional radionuclide dosimetry but, considering the magnitude of the effect and the widespread use of such radionuclides as chromium-51, gallium-67, selenium-75, iodine-123, and thallium-201, they should be reexamined. In some cases, such as with 67Ga, we may find that standard dosimetric calculations have overestimated the hazard. In others, the opposite may be true. Whichever the result, it should serve as an impetus to obtain data on the cellular localization of commonly employed radionuclides and on the microscopic distribution of dose. Lastly, it is clear that Auger emitters can be used as ultramicroscopic probes to define the radiosensitive targets of the cell and to destroy regions of subcellular dimensions. This potential use in radiation and cellular biology has only now begun to be exploited.", "contents": "5-(125I)-iododeoxyuridine and the Auger effect: biological consequences and implications for therapy. If the full potential for the use of radionuclides in the treatment of cancer is to be realized, the problem of locating internal emitters with a short range of action in the sensitive targets of the cell must be solved. It is already clear that only two types of radioactivity will satisfy these requirements: alpha decay and, as this review has attempted to demonstrate, electron capture with subsequent Auger cascade. Although mechanisms have yet to be clarified, it is clear that an Auger emitter located within the genetic apparatus is extremely radiotoxic with as little as a single disintegration being lethal in some organisms. Moreover, the available experimental evidence suggests that the extreme lethality is confined to a very small volume, probably that of molecular dimensions. These facts highlight the advantages as well as the limitations of using the Auger effect for cancer therapy. A favorable feature is that extreme damage is confined only to the cell in which radioactive decay takes place; a disadvantage is that the biochemical specificities are very great. Not only must the radioactivity be directed specifically to malignant calls, but it must also be very closely approximated to their genetic structures as well. This circumstance has its counterpart in considering the use of electron capture emitters for diagnostic purposes since their potential hazard depends in large measure on their cellular localization. These microscopic considerations have largely been neglected in traditional radionuclide dosimetry but, considering the magnitude of the effect and the widespread use of such radionuclides as chromium-51, gallium-67, selenium-75, iodine-123, and thallium-201, they should be reexamined. In some cases, such as with 67Ga, we may find that standard dosimetric calculations have overestimated the hazard. In others, the opposite may be true. Whichever the result, it should serve as an impetus to obtain data on the cellular localization of commonly employed radionuclides and on the microscopic distribution of dose. Lastly, it is clear that Auger emitters can be used as ultramicroscopic probes to define the radiosensitive targets of the cell and to destroy regions of subcellular dimensions. This potential use in radiation and cellular biology has only now begun to be exploited."}
{"id": "PMID:364386", "title": "Adiaspiromycosis.", "content": "We have then a disease that, for many years (since 1942), was known only to infect lower animals; after a sporadic encapsulated adiaspore was observed by Doby-Dubois in 1964 in a patient's lung, a widely disseminated, clinically symptomatic case was reported from Czechoslovakia, rapidly followed by three mildly disseminated cases, one from Russia and two from Guatemala, with innumerable granulomas similar to the patient of Kodousek et al. patient. Alert observers contributed descriptions of single adiaspores in arrested granulomas of the lung. The finding of presumed adiaspores in the lumen of an appendix seems unique. The reaction to the adiaspores is a tubercular granuloma, with fibroblast, (few) epithelioid, and giant cells representing the main component of the tissue response. Most observers agree on the absence of necrosis--one reason why the lesions do not calcify. The natural history of the disease seems to be self-limited, even if the extent of the involvement of the lung parenchyma determines the gravity of symptoms. The sudden flurry of reports makes it likely that cases previously had been mistaken for C. immitis or infestation by parasites.", "contents": "Adiaspiromycosis. We have then a disease that, for many years (since 1942), was known only to infect lower animals; after a sporadic encapsulated adiaspore was observed by Doby-Dubois in 1964 in a patient's lung, a widely disseminated, clinically symptomatic case was reported from Czechoslovakia, rapidly followed by three mildly disseminated cases, one from Russia and two from Guatemala, with innumerable granulomas similar to the patient of Kodousek et al. patient. Alert observers contributed descriptions of single adiaspores in arrested granulomas of the lung. The finding of presumed adiaspores in the lumen of an appendix seems unique. The reaction to the adiaspores is a tubercular granuloma, with fibroblast, (few) epithelioid, and giant cells representing the main component of the tissue response. Most observers agree on the absence of necrosis--one reason why the lesions do not calcify. The natural history of the disease seems to be self-limited, even if the extent of the involvement of the lung parenchyma determines the gravity of symptoms. The sudden flurry of reports makes it likely that cases previously had been mistaken for C. immitis or infestation by parasites."}
{"id": "PMID:364387", "title": "Epithelial migration in organ culture. A morphological and time lapse cinematographic analysis of migrating stratified squamous epithelium.", "content": "The migration of stratified squamous epithelium in organ cultures of rat palatal explants has been studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The scanning microscope revealed plate-like folds at the margins, and microvilli on the bodies of cells. These structures were most highly developed on those cells nearest the leading edge of the sheet of cells and are interpreted as an index of cells that are migrating. The cells at the leading edge have broad flat pseudopodia in direct contact with the collagen bundles. A time lapse cinemicrographic study showed that the net forward movement of cells (nuclei) remote from the leading edge was at least as great as that at the leading edge immediately in front of them and the distance they travelled was greater than that of the leading edge. In transmission electron micrographs of these migrating epithelial cells from in vivo wounds, profiles that could correspond to the microvilli and plate-like folds could be found on the surface of the migrating cells. The results of this study suggest a simple model for the particular type of movement that occurs in stratified squamous epithelium in healing wounds where a mass of cells is produced that can both migrate into the wound and undergo stratification and cornification. A tracked vehicle shedding a broken track is used as an analogy of the model proposed.", "contents": "Epithelial migration in organ culture. A morphological and time lapse cinematographic analysis of migrating stratified squamous epithelium. The migration of stratified squamous epithelium in organ cultures of rat palatal explants has been studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The scanning microscope revealed plate-like folds at the margins, and microvilli on the bodies of cells. These structures were most highly developed on those cells nearest the leading edge of the sheet of cells and are interpreted as an index of cells that are migrating. The cells at the leading edge have broad flat pseudopodia in direct contact with the collagen bundles. A time lapse cinemicrographic study showed that the net forward movement of cells (nuclei) remote from the leading edge was at least as great as that at the leading edge immediately in front of them and the distance they travelled was greater than that of the leading edge. In transmission electron micrographs of these migrating epithelial cells from in vivo wounds, profiles that could correspond to the microvilli and plate-like folds could be found on the surface of the migrating cells. The results of this study suggest a simple model for the particular type of movement that occurs in stratified squamous epithelium in healing wounds where a mass of cells is produced that can both migrate into the wound and undergo stratification and cornification. A tracked vehicle shedding a broken track is used as an analogy of the model proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:364388", "title": "The tissue reaction to implanted foreign bodies in levan-treated mice.", "content": "The effect of local administration of levan on the reaction to foreign bodies was studied in the subcutaneous tissues of mice implanted with sterile cotton wool pellets or Melenex plastic coverslips. Treatment with levan reduced leucocytic invasion of the implanted pellets as well as the vasoproliferative response of the surrounding tissue. Reduction in the thickness of the capsule surrounding the implant in levan-treated mice provided further evidence for the latter. Assessment of cells attached onto implanted coverslips showed that levan treatment diminished the number of macrophages attaching to the plastic and significantly reduced the number of nuclei within the multinucleate giant cells formed at the site of implantation. This reduction indicates that levan also exerts an inhibitory action on fusion between macrophages.", "contents": "The tissue reaction to implanted foreign bodies in levan-treated mice. The effect of local administration of levan on the reaction to foreign bodies was studied in the subcutaneous tissues of mice implanted with sterile cotton wool pellets or Melenex plastic coverslips. Treatment with levan reduced leucocytic invasion of the implanted pellets as well as the vasoproliferative response of the surrounding tissue. Reduction in the thickness of the capsule surrounding the implant in levan-treated mice provided further evidence for the latter. Assessment of cells attached onto implanted coverslips showed that levan treatment diminished the number of macrophages attaching to the plastic and significantly reduced the number of nuclei within the multinucleate giant cells formed at the site of implantation. This reduction indicates that levan also exerts an inhibitory action on fusion between macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:364389", "title": "Experience with a simplification of the petroff method for laboratory diagnosis of mycobacteria in sputum.", "content": "In the original Petroff procedure sputum is digested with NaOH and the centrifuged deposit neutralized with HCl before culturing. A modification in which digestion is arrested by dilution with water and the sediment is seeded on buffered media is simpler, quicker, safer and in our hands seems to give a greater number of positive smears and cultures for mycobacteria with less overgrowth by contaminants. The usefulness of regular smear examinations for excluding tuberculosis in nonspecific chest complaints is questioned.", "contents": "Experience with a simplification of the petroff method for laboratory diagnosis of mycobacteria in sputum. In the original Petroff procedure sputum is digested with NaOH and the centrifuged deposit neutralized with HCl before culturing. A modification in which digestion is arrested by dilution with water and the sediment is seeded on buffered media is simpler, quicker, safer and in our hands seems to give a greater number of positive smears and cultures for mycobacteria with less overgrowth by contaminants. The usefulness of regular smear examinations for excluding tuberculosis in nonspecific chest complaints is questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:364392", "title": "Enzymuria as a marker of renal injury and disease: studies of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in the general population and in patients with renal disease.", "content": "Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was shown to be reproducible in random urine specimens when expressed as the ratio of NAG to milligrams of urinary creatinine. The enzyme/creatinine ratio in 815 healthy people was relatively constant throughout childhood and adult life except for the first two years after birth and in individuals 56 years or greater. High ratios in the young children may be explained by low urinary creatinine excretion probably related to small body mass and reduced glomerular filtration rate at this age. The ratio was increased in adult uremic patients and children and adults with a variety of neurologic and obstructive lesions of the voiding mechanism. The presence of bacteriuria did not appear to increase the ratio. Significant enzymuria (greater than 2 SD above the mean for age and sex) was detected in 38 of 81 children with well-characterized renal disease. Among patients with predominantly glomerular disorders there was a close relationship between activity of the disease and enzymuria. In patients with tubulointerstitial disease enzymuria was frequent even in the absence of proteinuria. One of the highest enzyme/creatinine ratios was observed in a child with cystinosis. These studies indicate that NAG enzymuria is a sensitive indicator of activity of renal disease and may prove to be a suitable screening test for significant renal disease or injury in childhood.", "contents": "Enzymuria as a marker of renal injury and disease: studies of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in the general population and in patients with renal disease. Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was shown to be reproducible in random urine specimens when expressed as the ratio of NAG to milligrams of urinary creatinine. The enzyme/creatinine ratio in 815 healthy people was relatively constant throughout childhood and adult life except for the first two years after birth and in individuals 56 years or greater. High ratios in the young children may be explained by low urinary creatinine excretion probably related to small body mass and reduced glomerular filtration rate at this age. The ratio was increased in adult uremic patients and children and adults with a variety of neurologic and obstructive lesions of the voiding mechanism. The presence of bacteriuria did not appear to increase the ratio. Significant enzymuria (greater than 2 SD above the mean for age and sex) was detected in 38 of 81 children with well-characterized renal disease. Among patients with predominantly glomerular disorders there was a close relationship between activity of the disease and enzymuria. In patients with tubulointerstitial disease enzymuria was frequent even in the absence of proteinuria. One of the highest enzyme/creatinine ratios was observed in a child with cystinosis. These studies indicate that NAG enzymuria is a sensitive indicator of activity of renal disease and may prove to be a suitable screening test for significant renal disease or injury in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:364393", "title": "Furosemide in hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "In a randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the effect of diuresis on infants with hyaline membrane disease, seven infants were treated with furosemide (2 mg/kg intravenously) and five received 5% dextrose water in 0.225% sodium chloride (control group). Arterial blood gas analyses performed before and during the six hours after treatment showed no significant difference between control and treated infants. Urine output and urine sodium and calcium loss were significantly increased (P less than .05) in the infants receiving furosemide. The diuresis seemed to have no effect on left atrial size determined echocardiographically, whereas measurements of dynamic skinfold thickness suggested mobilization of subcutaneous water. One infant became seriously dehydrated and hypotensive secondary to a massive diuresis. We concluded that furosemide had a potent diuretic effect in infants with hyaline membrane disease but does not improve cardiorespiratory function acutely. This may be because of failure to mobilize pulmonary interstitial fluid in the time period tested. It may also be possible that the presence of pulmonary interstitial fluid does not play an important role in the impairment of gas exchange in the acute stage of hyaline membrane disease.", "contents": "Furosemide in hyaline membrane disease. In a randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the effect of diuresis on infants with hyaline membrane disease, seven infants were treated with furosemide (2 mg/kg intravenously) and five received 5% dextrose water in 0.225% sodium chloride (control group). Arterial blood gas analyses performed before and during the six hours after treatment showed no significant difference between control and treated infants. Urine output and urine sodium and calcium loss were significantly increased (P less than .05) in the infants receiving furosemide. The diuresis seemed to have no effect on left atrial size determined echocardiographically, whereas measurements of dynamic skinfold thickness suggested mobilization of subcutaneous water. One infant became seriously dehydrated and hypotensive secondary to a massive diuresis. We concluded that furosemide had a potent diuretic effect in infants with hyaline membrane disease but does not improve cardiorespiratory function acutely. This may be because of failure to mobilize pulmonary interstitial fluid in the time period tested. It may also be possible that the presence of pulmonary interstitial fluid does not play an important role in the impairment of gas exchange in the acute stage of hyaline membrane disease."}
{"id": "PMID:364394", "title": "American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Calcium requirements in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Various aspects of calcium metabolism and methods for estimating total body calcium content in man were reviewed. From the data available, it is possible to make an estimate of the retention of calcium that is needed to sustain normal growth in body composition. However, the dietary requirements for different periods of growth cannot be defined precisely. Dietary calcium needs are most critical during those periods of life when requirements are known to be high. The low-birth-weight infant, the lactating woman, and the adolescent boy all have requirements. Individuals whose milk intake must be restricted should receive advice on nonmilk foods that are high in calcium.", "contents": "American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Calcium requirements in infancy and childhood. Various aspects of calcium metabolism and methods for estimating total body calcium content in man were reviewed. From the data available, it is possible to make an estimate of the retention of calcium that is needed to sustain normal growth in body composition. However, the dietary requirements for different periods of growth cannot be defined precisely. Dietary calcium needs are most critical during those periods of life when requirements are known to be high. The low-birth-weight infant, the lactating woman, and the adolescent boy all have requirements. Individuals whose milk intake must be restricted should receive advice on nonmilk foods that are high in calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:364398", "title": "Pathophysiology of aspirin overdosage toxicity, with implications for management.", "content": "The principal pathophysiologic effect of toxic doses of salicylates are characterized by (1) stimulation of the respiratory center of the brain, leading to hyperpnea and respiratory alkalosis; (2) uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, leading to increased oxygen utilization and glucose demand, increased oxygen utilization and glucose demand, increased glyconeogenesis, and increased heat production; (3) inhibition of Krebs cycle enzymes, leading to decreased glucose availability and increased organic acids; (4) alterations in lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism, enhancing metabolic acidosis; and (5) increased fluid and electrolyte losses, leading  to dehydration, sodium depletion, potassium depletion, and loss of buffer capacity. The principal toxic manifestations of respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis, altered glucose availability and depletion, fluid and electrolyte losses, and hypermetabolism result in serious morbidity and are potentially fatal. Therapy of salicylate intoxication should be aimed principally at replacement of fluid electrolytes, correction of acidemia, administration of glucose, and prevention of further salicylate absorption and enhancement of salicylate elimination.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of aspirin overdosage toxicity, with implications for management. The principal pathophysiologic effect of toxic doses of salicylates are characterized by (1) stimulation of the respiratory center of the brain, leading to hyperpnea and respiratory alkalosis; (2) uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, leading to increased oxygen utilization and glucose demand, increased oxygen utilization and glucose demand, increased glyconeogenesis, and increased heat production; (3) inhibition of Krebs cycle enzymes, leading to decreased glucose availability and increased organic acids; (4) alterations in lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism, enhancing metabolic acidosis; and (5) increased fluid and electrolyte losses, leading  to dehydration, sodium depletion, potassium depletion, and loss of buffer capacity. The principal toxic manifestations of respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis, altered glucose availability and depletion, fluid and electrolyte losses, and hypermetabolism result in serious morbidity and are potentially fatal. Therapy of salicylate intoxication should be aimed principally at replacement of fluid electrolytes, correction of acidemia, administration of glucose, and prevention of further salicylate absorption and enhancement of salicylate elimination."}
{"id": "PMID:364399", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in children.", "content": "Acetaminophen absorption may occur at a somewhat greater rate in children if the syrup form is utilized. The overall plasma elimination of acetaminophen is somewhat slow in the neonate, but is comparable to that of adults in both children and adolescents, as judged by half-life determinations. This would suggest that the frequency of acetaminophen administration in children should be similar to the schedule recommended for adults and that a dosing interval of four hours should not result in drug accumulation. The question of a toxic quantity of acetaminophen for young children must remain open until adequate metabolic or retrospective toxicologic data become known. Since the volumes of distribution appear to be the same in both adults and children, the same dose should apply in both groups; currently, 10 mg/kg is considered to be both safe and effective for antipyresis.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in children. Acetaminophen absorption may occur at a somewhat greater rate in children if the syrup form is utilized. The overall plasma elimination of acetaminophen is somewhat slow in the neonate, but is comparable to that of adults in both children and adolescents, as judged by half-life determinations. This would suggest that the frequency of acetaminophen administration in children should be similar to the schedule recommended for adults and that a dosing interval of four hours should not result in drug accumulation. The question of a toxic quantity of acetaminophen for young children must remain open until adequate metabolic or retrospective toxicologic data become known. Since the volumes of distribution appear to be the same in both adults and children, the same dose should apply in both groups; currently, 10 mg/kg is considered to be both safe and effective for antipyresis."}
{"id": "PMID:364400", "title": "Aspirin and acetaminophen: a comparative view of their antipyretic and analgesic activity.", "content": "Aspirin and acetaminophen have excellent and essentially similar antipyretic activity. For the child, lowering of temperature will be indicated for excessively high temperature and when there is a history of febrile seizures. Specific clinical contraindications will often dictate the selection of one drug over the other. Aspirin has some advantage over acetaminophen for analgesia. The need for either drug for analgesia in the pediatric patient, however, will be infrequent; when required, a drug with greater analgesic activity than either aspirin or acetaminophen may be indicated.", "contents": "Aspirin and acetaminophen: a comparative view of their antipyretic and analgesic activity. Aspirin and acetaminophen have excellent and essentially similar antipyretic activity. For the child, lowering of temperature will be indicated for excessively high temperature and when there is a history of febrile seizures. Specific clinical contraindications will often dictate the selection of one drug over the other. Aspirin has some advantage over acetaminophen for analgesia. The need for either drug for analgesia in the pediatric patient, however, will be infrequent; when required, a drug with greater analgesic activity than either aspirin or acetaminophen may be indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:364401", "title": "Aspirin in pregnancy: maternal and fetal effects.", "content": "Recent surveys of prenatal drug consumption indicate that aspirin is the most frequently consumed drug in pregnancy. Over the past several years, numerous reports have suggested a possible association between prenatal aspirin ingestion and adverse effects in the pregnant woman and her developing fetus. This review summarizes the available experimental animal and human epidemiological data on the possible teratogenicity of aspirin, its effects on fetal lethality, its effects on the duration of pregnancy and parturition, and its ability to alter hemostatic mechanisms in both the mother and newborn. From an analysis of the data, it appears that, although direct conclusive evidence of adverse effects in humans is lacking, a potential hazard does exist and thus \"the indiscriminate use of aspirin during pregnancy is contraindicated.\"", "contents": "Aspirin in pregnancy: maternal and fetal effects. Recent surveys of prenatal drug consumption indicate that aspirin is the most frequently consumed drug in pregnancy. Over the past several years, numerous reports have suggested a possible association between prenatal aspirin ingestion and adverse effects in the pregnant woman and her developing fetus. This review summarizes the available experimental animal and human epidemiological data on the possible teratogenicity of aspirin, its effects on fetal lethality, its effects on the duration of pregnancy and parturition, and its ability to alter hemostatic mechanisms in both the mother and newborn. From an analysis of the data, it appears that, although direct conclusive evidence of adverse effects in humans is lacking, a potential hazard does exist and thus \"the indiscriminate use of aspirin during pregnancy is contraindicated.\""}
{"id": "PMID:364403", "title": "An instrument for monitoring stump oedema and shrinkage in amputees.", "content": "A new system for measuring the cross-sectional area profiles of amputation stumps and whole limbs has been designed at the Amputee Research Centre. The instrument consists of a cylindrical tank supported on an elevator. The tank is raised to the height of the amputation stump and filled with water. A graph of the cross-sectional area profile of the amputation stump is generated by a mini-computer as the elevator descends. The cross-sectional area (A) is calculated from the expression: formula: (see text) where Hw = height of water in the tank He = height of the elevator Ac = a constant, related to the size of the measuring tank. This paper describes the instrument, which may find application in many other areas where there is a need to study shape.", "contents": "An instrument for monitoring stump oedema and shrinkage in amputees. A new system for measuring the cross-sectional area profiles of amputation stumps and whole limbs has been designed at the Amputee Research Centre. The instrument consists of a cylindrical tank supported on an elevator. The tank is raised to the height of the amputation stump and filled with water. A graph of the cross-sectional area profile of the amputation stump is generated by a mini-computer as the elevator descends. The cross-sectional area (A) is calculated from the expression: formula: (see text) where Hw = height of water in the tank He = height of the elevator Ac = a constant, related to the size of the measuring tank. This paper describes the instrument, which may find application in many other areas where there is a need to study shape."}
{"id": "PMID:364405", "title": "Neonatal infections in puppies caused by Escherichia coli serogroups 04 and 025.", "content": "Three cases of neonatal E. coli infection in Newfoundland dogs are described. The serological examination showed that the implicated E. coli belonged to sero-group 04 in two outbreaks while sero-group 025 was responsible for one outbreak. In one of the kennels with implication of 04, this 0-group was also isolated from adult dogs with diarrheal conditions.", "contents": "Neonatal infections in puppies caused by Escherichia coli serogroups 04 and 025. Three cases of neonatal E. coli infection in Newfoundland dogs are described. The serological examination showed that the implicated E. coli belonged to sero-group 04 in two outbreaks while sero-group 025 was responsible for one outbreak. In one of the kennels with implication of 04, this 0-group was also isolated from adult dogs with diarrheal conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:364406", "title": "[Pathology of mastitis in cows, goats and swine. A review].", "content": "The literature concerning pathogenesis, pathological physiology and pathological anatomy in bovine, caprine and ovine mastitis is reviewed. The evoluation of infectious mastitis is divided in the three following phases: transmission-, invasion- and establishphase. The pathological anatomy about Mastitis acuta haemorrhagica et necroticans, Mastitis catarrhalis acuta, Mastitis catarrhalis chronica, Mastitis suppurativa and Mastitis granulomatosa is discussed.", "contents": "[Pathology of mastitis in cows, goats and swine. A review]. The literature concerning pathogenesis, pathological physiology and pathological anatomy in bovine, caprine and ovine mastitis is reviewed. The evoluation of infectious mastitis is divided in the three following phases: transmission-, invasion- and establishphase. The pathological anatomy about Mastitis acuta haemorrhagica et necroticans, Mastitis catarrhalis acuta, Mastitis catarrhalis chronica, Mastitis suppurativa and Mastitis granulomatosa is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:364407", "title": "[Closure of the vagina after colpohysterectomy using an automatic suture forceps (author's transl)].", "content": "Closure of the lower third of the vagina using a TA 55 automatic suture forceps is an easy procedure which offers the best guarantee from a septic and haemostatic standpoint during the peroperative phase. We have used the technique on 50 occasions. In all cases, it gave a linear vaginal scar without granuloma. Used in association with sub-peritoneal suction drainage it brings about a reduction in the number of lymphoceles and their complications.", "contents": "[Closure of the vagina after colpohysterectomy using an automatic suture forceps (author's transl)]. Closure of the lower third of the vagina using a TA 55 automatic suture forceps is an easy procedure which offers the best guarantee from a septic and haemostatic standpoint during the peroperative phase. We have used the technique on 50 occasions. In all cases, it gave a linear vaginal scar without granuloma. Used in association with sub-peritoneal suction drainage it brings about a reduction in the number of lymphoceles and their complications."}
{"id": "PMID:364408", "title": "[Lassa, Marbourg and Ebola viruses: new features of African tropical pathology. II. Epidemiology. Public health problems (author's transl)].", "content": "Lassa, Marbourg and Ebola viruses are characterised by their endemo-epidemicity in tropical Africa, by their potential of inter-human transmission, by their gravity (30 to 50% mortality in cases admitted to hospital) and by the difficulty of their aetiological diagnosis. This results in a public health problem for countries in non-endemic regions receiving travellers coming from Africa. This problem is related to the risk of importation of cases, a risk which should not be exaggerated but nor should it be underestimated. Appropriate measures may be suggested in the light of assessment of the risk: organisation of specialised hospital facilities, laboratory and coordination service.", "contents": "[Lassa, Marbourg and Ebola viruses: new features of African tropical pathology. II. Epidemiology. Public health problems (author's transl)]. Lassa, Marbourg and Ebola viruses are characterised by their endemo-epidemicity in tropical Africa, by their potential of inter-human transmission, by their gravity (30 to 50% mortality in cases admitted to hospital) and by the difficulty of their aetiological diagnosis. This results in a public health problem for countries in non-endemic regions receiving travellers coming from Africa. This problem is related to the risk of importation of cases, a risk which should not be exaggerated but nor should it be underestimated. Appropriate measures may be suggested in the light of assessment of the risk: organisation of specialised hospital facilities, laboratory and coordination service."}
{"id": "PMID:364409", "title": "[Controlled trial of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and immunological study of 22 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a controlled trial in 22 patients indicated that levamisole, administered in a dose of 150 mg per day for 2 months, was more effective than a placebo on the clinical symptoms and signs of rheumatoid arthritis. Side effects were seen in 8 of the 12 patients treated with levamisole. They necessitated the premature interruption of treatment in three, but were never serious (no cases of agranulocytosis were seen). In the group treated with levamisole, there was a slight decrease in sedimentation rate, a significant fall in levels of the C3 fraction of serum complement and of circulating immune complexes (detected by polyethylene glycol), and a significant increase in cutaneous reaction to tuberculin and to candidin. By contrast, there were no significant variations in levels of rheumatoid factor, serum immunoglobulins, C4 fraction of complement, lymphocyte transformation indices in the presence of six dilutions of phytohaemagglutinin, nor in the percentages of T and B lymphocytes. The effectiveness of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis would appear to be demonstrated, but its mode of action remains open to discussion, in the absence of any definite correlation between therapeutic activity and the immunostimulant effects of the drug.", "contents": "[Controlled trial of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and immunological study of 22 cases (author's transl)]. The results of a controlled trial in 22 patients indicated that levamisole, administered in a dose of 150 mg per day for 2 months, was more effective than a placebo on the clinical symptoms and signs of rheumatoid arthritis. Side effects were seen in 8 of the 12 patients treated with levamisole. They necessitated the premature interruption of treatment in three, but were never serious (no cases of agranulocytosis were seen). In the group treated with levamisole, there was a slight decrease in sedimentation rate, a significant fall in levels of the C3 fraction of serum complement and of circulating immune complexes (detected by polyethylene glycol), and a significant increase in cutaneous reaction to tuberculin and to candidin. By contrast, there were no significant variations in levels of rheumatoid factor, serum immunoglobulins, C4 fraction of complement, lymphocyte transformation indices in the presence of six dilutions of phytohaemagglutinin, nor in the percentages of T and B lymphocytes. The effectiveness of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis would appear to be demonstrated, but its mode of action remains open to discussion, in the absence of any definite correlation between therapeutic activity and the immunostimulant effects of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:364413", "title": "RNA-RNA interactions in the binding site of protein L24 on 23S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli: 1. Evidence for their occurrence between widely separated sequence regions.", "content": "Protein L24, from the Escherichia coli ribosome, protects a large region of 23S RNA against ribonuclease digestion. This protected RNA consists of a series of non-contiguous subfragments encompassing about 480 nucleotides at the 5' -end of 23S RNA (1). The present work demonstrates that this RNA moiety remains intact, after removal of protein L24, indicating that the subfragments are maintained together by RNA-RNA interactions. Using a urea washing procedure, the weakly bound RNA subfragments were selectively removed leaving more strongly interacting subfragments that were identified, by gel electrophoresis and oligonucleotide fingerprinting, and shown to derive from widely separated sequence regions.", "contents": "RNA-RNA interactions in the binding site of protein L24 on 23S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli: 1. Evidence for their occurrence between widely separated sequence regions. Protein L24, from the Escherichia coli ribosome, protects a large region of 23S RNA against ribonuclease digestion. This protected RNA consists of a series of non-contiguous subfragments encompassing about 480 nucleotides at the 5' -end of 23S RNA (1). The present work demonstrates that this RNA moiety remains intact, after removal of protein L24, indicating that the subfragments are maintained together by RNA-RNA interactions. Using a urea washing procedure, the weakly bound RNA subfragments were selectively removed leaving more strongly interacting subfragments that were identified, by gel electrophoresis and oligonucleotide fingerprinting, and shown to derive from widely separated sequence regions."}
{"id": "PMID:364414", "title": "Thermodynamics of a stable yeast 5.8S rRNA hairpin helix.", "content": "The 5. 8S ribosomal RNA of bakers yeast contains one particularly stable hairpin helix which is isolated by partial T1 ribonuclease digestion. Thermal hyperchromism analysis of the hairpin fragment showed that it dissociates cooperatively with 18% hyperchromism, with a Tm of 83 degree C at 2.7 mM sodium ion concentration, and with a hyperchromic difference spectrum indicative of over 90% G + C content. The probable secondary structure for the fragment was used to predict a helix free energy, delta G = -16.2 kcal/mole, which was the same as that determined from the melting equilibrium. The predicted enthalpy however, was 77% of the value, delta H = -114 kcal/mole, determined from the van't Hoff relationship. The effect on these data of a G.U base pair within the 9 base pair helix is discussed.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of a stable yeast 5.8S rRNA hairpin helix. The 5. 8S ribosomal RNA of bakers yeast contains one particularly stable hairpin helix which is isolated by partial T1 ribonuclease digestion. Thermal hyperchromism analysis of the hairpin fragment showed that it dissociates cooperatively with 18% hyperchromism, with a Tm of 83 degree C at 2.7 mM sodium ion concentration, and with a hyperchromic difference spectrum indicative of over 90% G + C content. The probable secondary structure for the fragment was used to predict a helix free energy, delta G = -16.2 kcal/mole, which was the same as that determined from the melting equilibrium. The predicted enthalpy however, was 77% of the value, delta H = -114 kcal/mole, determined from the van't Hoff relationship. The effect on these data of a G.U base pair within the 9 base pair helix is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:364415", "title": "Small-angle X-ray titration of the complex formed between the ribosomal protein S4 and its 16S binding site, S4-RNA: a central core in the 30S subunit.", "content": "X-ray scattering titrations at 21 degree C and in ribosomal reconstitution buffer indicate that the S4-RNA and the protein S4 from a 1:1 complex with a stability constant, log  K approximately 6.5. When the complex forms, there is only a limited change in the scattering curve indicating that S4-RNA essentially retains its conformation during the complex formation. The increase in the gyration radius as a result of the complex formation, delta R = 4 +/- 3 A, as well as the experimental scattering curve of the complex can be explained by models where the protein S4 is supposed to interact with the periphery of the S4-RNA.", "contents": "Small-angle X-ray titration of the complex formed between the ribosomal protein S4 and its 16S binding site, S4-RNA: a central core in the 30S subunit. X-ray scattering titrations at 21 degree C and in ribosomal reconstitution buffer indicate that the S4-RNA and the protein S4 from a 1:1 complex with a stability constant, log  K approximately 6.5. When the complex forms, there is only a limited change in the scattering curve indicating that S4-RNA essentially retains its conformation during the complex formation. The increase in the gyration radius as a result of the complex formation, delta R = 4 +/- 3 A, as well as the experimental scattering curve of the complex can be explained by models where the protein S4 is supposed to interact with the periphery of the S4-RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:364416", "title": "Large-scale isolation of a native deoxyribonucleohistone complex from baker's yeast.", "content": "A method for large scale isolation of a native deoxyribonucleohistone complex from yeast is described. Crude chromatin, obtained after disrupting yeast cells at low ionic strength, contains a large amount of lipids, partially due to contaminating membranes. Most of them are removed by a Triton X-100 treatment, followed by step-gradient centrifugation. About 90% of the pellet may be solubilized by mild procedures, the composition of the soluble material being: histone/DNA = 1.0;nonhistone proteins/DNA = 0.55; RNA/DNA = 0.18. Histones can be obtained with high purity. Micrococcal nuclease digests DNA to yield a series of oligomeric fragments, with an average repeat length of about 160 base pairs. Circular dichroism spectra show that (theta) 270 is reduced by about 30% when compared to pure DNA and that chromosomal proteins are not denatured. These results indicate that the components of the complex conserve the native state.", "contents": "Large-scale isolation of a native deoxyribonucleohistone complex from baker's yeast. A method for large scale isolation of a native deoxyribonucleohistone complex from yeast is described. Crude chromatin, obtained after disrupting yeast cells at low ionic strength, contains a large amount of lipids, partially due to contaminating membranes. Most of them are removed by a Triton X-100 treatment, followed by step-gradient centrifugation. About 90% of the pellet may be solubilized by mild procedures, the composition of the soluble material being: histone/DNA = 1.0;nonhistone proteins/DNA = 0.55; RNA/DNA = 0.18. Histones can be obtained with high purity. Micrococcal nuclease digests DNA to yield a series of oligomeric fragments, with an average repeat length of about 160 base pairs. Circular dichroism spectra show that (theta) 270 is reduced by about 30% when compared to pure DNA and that chromosomal proteins are not denatured. These results indicate that the components of the complex conserve the native state."}
{"id": "PMID:364417", "title": "A computer aided oligonucleotide analysis provides a model sequence for RNA polymerase-promoter recognition in E.coli.", "content": "A novel computer procedure has been used to search for homology among 17 known procaryotic promoter sequences. A model sequence, :formula: (see text), is compatible with the properties of all known promoter and operator mutations, predicts base positions for the initiation of RNA synthesis coinciding with those determined experimentally, is compatible with current models for the regulation of transcription, suggests that RNA polymerase could recognize the DNA double helix firstly in the B conformation then in the A.", "contents": "A computer aided oligonucleotide analysis provides a model sequence for RNA polymerase-promoter recognition in E.coli. A novel computer procedure has been used to search for homology among 17 known procaryotic promoter sequences. A model sequence, :formula: (see text), is compatible with the properties of all known promoter and operator mutations, predicts base positions for the initiation of RNA synthesis coinciding with those determined experimentally, is compatible with current models for the regulation of transcription, suggests that RNA polymerase could recognize the DNA double helix firstly in the B conformation then in the A."}
{"id": "PMID:364418", "title": "Preparation of synthetic tRNA precursors with tRNA nucleotidyltransferase.", "content": "Rabbit liver tRNA nucleotidyltransferase can be used to substitute nucleotides within the -C-C-A sequence of tRNA or to add nucleotides following this sequence. These anomolous reactions of the enzyme have been used to prepare radioactively-labeled synthetic tRNA precursors which mimic the structure of the natural precursors. Under appropriate conditions synthetic precursors of defined structure can be made. In this paper we describe the synthesis of tRNA-C-[14C]U and tRNA-C-C-A-[14C]C-C, which are representative of tRNA precursors containing altered residues within the -C-C-A sequence or with extra residues following the normal 3'terminus. A variety of other possible precursors can also be prepared. These synthetic tRNA precursors have already proved useful for isolation of possible tRNA processing nucleases.", "contents": "Preparation of synthetic tRNA precursors with tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. Rabbit liver tRNA nucleotidyltransferase can be used to substitute nucleotides within the -C-C-A sequence of tRNA or to add nucleotides following this sequence. These anomolous reactions of the enzyme have been used to prepare radioactively-labeled synthetic tRNA precursors which mimic the structure of the natural precursors. Under appropriate conditions synthetic precursors of defined structure can be made. In this paper we describe the synthesis of tRNA-C-[14C]U and tRNA-C-C-A-[14C]C-C, which are representative of tRNA precursors containing altered residues within the -C-C-A sequence or with extra residues following the normal 3'terminus. A variety of other possible precursors can also be prepared. These synthetic tRNA precursors have already proved useful for isolation of possible tRNA processing nucleases."}
{"id": "PMID:364419", "title": "Purification of potential 3' processing nucleases using synthetic tRNA precursors.", "content": "The synthetic tRNA precursors, tRNA-C-114C]U and tRNA-C-C-A-[14C]C-C, as well as poly (a) and diesterase-treated tRNA, have been used to identify and purify potential 3'processing nucleases. Four activities have been separated by this analysis; and three of them have been characterized. Two of the enzymes, which are well-separated on hydroxylapatite columns, act on poly(A), require K+ and Mg2+ for activity, and have molecular weights of about 90,000. These activities have properties previously ascribed to RNase II. The third enzyme does not act on poly(A), requires Mg2+ for activity, and has a molecular weight of about 60,000. It is identical to RNase D, previously characterized as an exonuclease acting on tRNAs with altered structure. Each of the enzymes can remove nucleotides from the tRNA precursor containing extra nucleotides beyond the 3'terminus, whereas they are relatively inactive with intact tRNA or tRNA-C-U. The greatest specificity was displayed by RNase D. The possibility that RNase D is a 3'processing nuclease is discussed.", "contents": "Purification of potential 3' processing nucleases using synthetic tRNA precursors. The synthetic tRNA precursors, tRNA-C-114C]U and tRNA-C-C-A-[14C]C-C, as well as poly (a) and diesterase-treated tRNA, have been used to identify and purify potential 3'processing nucleases. Four activities have been separated by this analysis; and three of them have been characterized. Two of the enzymes, which are well-separated on hydroxylapatite columns, act on poly(A), require K+ and Mg2+ for activity, and have molecular weights of about 90,000. These activities have properties previously ascribed to RNase II. The third enzyme does not act on poly(A), requires Mg2+ for activity, and has a molecular weight of about 60,000. It is identical to RNase D, previously characterized as an exonuclease acting on tRNAs with altered structure. Each of the enzymes can remove nucleotides from the tRNA precursor containing extra nucleotides beyond the 3'terminus, whereas they are relatively inactive with intact tRNA or tRNA-C-U. The greatest specificity was displayed by RNase D. The possibility that RNase D is a 3'processing nuclease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:364420", "title": "Interaction of N-acetyl-phenylalanyl-tRNAPhe with 70S ribosomes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The interaction of N--Acetyl--Phe--tRNA Phe with 70 S ribosomes is a reversible process in the absence as well as in the presence of messenger. The equilibrium binding constants of these interactions were measured at different magnesium concentrations and temperatures and thermodynamical quantities computed. The enthalpy of the formation of complexes with the P site of ribosomes is larger by 6,000 cal/mol in the presence of poly (U) than in the presence of poly (C) or in total absence of messenger. Free energy differences are rather small, the association constants differ less than one order of magnitude. The association constant of N--Acetyl--Phe--tRNA Phe with the A site of ribosomes is 30--50 times lower than with the P site even in the presence of poly (U).", "contents": "Interaction of N-acetyl-phenylalanyl-tRNAPhe with 70S ribosomes of Escherichia coli. The interaction of N--Acetyl--Phe--tRNA Phe with 70 S ribosomes is a reversible process in the absence as well as in the presence of messenger. The equilibrium binding constants of these interactions were measured at different magnesium concentrations and temperatures and thermodynamical quantities computed. The enthalpy of the formation of complexes with the P site of ribosomes is larger by 6,000 cal/mol in the presence of poly (U) than in the presence of poly (C) or in total absence of messenger. Free energy differences are rather small, the association constants differ less than one order of magnitude. The association constant of N--Acetyl--Phe--tRNA Phe with the A site of ribosomes is 30--50 times lower than with the P site even in the presence of poly (U)."}
{"id": "PMID:364421", "title": "Pulsed FT-NMR double resonance studies of yeast tRNAPhe: specific nuclear Overhauser effects and reinterpretation of low temperature relaxation data.", "content": "Cross-relaxation effects are demonstrated between the imino protons and other protons in yeast tRNAPhe and H2O. A detailed examination has been made of the observed relaxation rate of the proton resonance at 11.8 ppm from DSS as a function of the D2O content in the solvent. This result, as well as the size and number of observed nuclear Overhauser effects, suggests that dipolar magnetization transfer between solvent H2O, amino, imino, and other tRNA protons may dominate the relaxation processes of the imino protons at low temperature. At higher temperatures the observed relaxation rate is dominated by chemical exchange. The selective nuclear Overhauser effects are shown to be an important aid in resonance assignments. By these means we were able to identify tow protons from the wobble base pair GU4 at 11.8 ppm and 10.4 ppm.", "contents": "Pulsed FT-NMR double resonance studies of yeast tRNAPhe: specific nuclear Overhauser effects and reinterpretation of low temperature relaxation data. Cross-relaxation effects are demonstrated between the imino protons and other protons in yeast tRNAPhe and H2O. A detailed examination has been made of the observed relaxation rate of the proton resonance at 11.8 ppm from DSS as a function of the D2O content in the solvent. This result, as well as the size and number of observed nuclear Overhauser effects, suggests that dipolar magnetization transfer between solvent H2O, amino, imino, and other tRNA protons may dominate the relaxation processes of the imino protons at low temperature. At higher temperatures the observed relaxation rate is dominated by chemical exchange. The selective nuclear Overhauser effects are shown to be an important aid in resonance assignments. By these means we were able to identify tow protons from the wobble base pair GU4 at 11.8 ppm and 10.4 ppm."}
{"id": "PMID:364422", "title": "An Escherichia coli ribonuclease which removes an extra nucleotide from a biosynthetic intermediate of bacteriophage T4 proline transfer RNA.", "content": "The biosynthesis of bacteriophage T4 tRNAPro, tRNASer, and tRNAIle requires enzymatic removal of extra nucleotides from the 3' terminus of the respective precursor RNAs. A ribonuclease activity capable of catalyzing such reactions has been partially purified from uninfected Escherichia coli using an artificial precursor RNA as substrate. A number of ribonuclease activities were resolved during purification. Use of E. coli strain BN, a mutant known to be deficient in the relevant ribonuclease activity, permitted us to identify it in wild-type cells. This activity was designated the BN ribonuclease. BN ribonuclease had an apparent molecular weight of 35,000 as measured by Sephadex gel filtration. Mg2+ was required for activity, which was optimal at [Mg2+] of 2mM. Activity did not require monovalent cations K+ or Na+. BN ribonuclease was less efficient at removing extra residues in the biosynthesis of tRNASer and tRNAIle than in the biosynthesis of tRNAPro.", "contents": "An Escherichia coli ribonuclease which removes an extra nucleotide from a biosynthetic intermediate of bacteriophage T4 proline transfer RNA. The biosynthesis of bacteriophage T4 tRNAPro, tRNASer, and tRNAIle requires enzymatic removal of extra nucleotides from the 3' terminus of the respective precursor RNAs. A ribonuclease activity capable of catalyzing such reactions has been partially purified from uninfected Escherichia coli using an artificial precursor RNA as substrate. A number of ribonuclease activities were resolved during purification. Use of E. coli strain BN, a mutant known to be deficient in the relevant ribonuclease activity, permitted us to identify it in wild-type cells. This activity was designated the BN ribonuclease. BN ribonuclease had an apparent molecular weight of 35,000 as measured by Sephadex gel filtration. Mg2+ was required for activity, which was optimal at [Mg2+] of 2mM. Activity did not require monovalent cations K+ or Na+. BN ribonuclease was less efficient at removing extra residues in the biosynthesis of tRNASer and tRNAIle than in the biosynthesis of tRNAPro."}
{"id": "PMID:364423", "title": "Isolation of Q nucleoside precursor present in tRNA of an E. coli mutant and its characterization as 7-(cyano)-7-deazaguanosine.", "content": "One of the E. coli mutants selected for deficiency of modified nucleoside Q was found to contain an analogue of Q and normal guanosine in place of Q. The analogue of Q, designated as preQo, was isolated on a large scale from purified tRNATyr containing preQo. The structure of preQo was determined to be 7-(cyano)-7-deazaguanosine by comparison of its ultraviolet absorption spectra, thin-layer chromatographic mobility and mass spectrum with those of synthetic material.", "contents": "Isolation of Q nucleoside precursor present in tRNA of an E. coli mutant and its characterization as 7-(cyano)-7-deazaguanosine. One of the E. coli mutants selected for deficiency of modified nucleoside Q was found to contain an analogue of Q and normal guanosine in place of Q. The analogue of Q, designated as preQo, was isolated on a large scale from purified tRNATyr containing preQo. The structure of preQo was determined to be 7-(cyano)-7-deazaguanosine by comparison of its ultraviolet absorption spectra, thin-layer chromatographic mobility and mass spectrum with those of synthetic material."}
{"id": "PMID:364424", "title": "T7 gene 6 exonuclease has an RNase H activity.", "content": "T7 gene 6 exonuclease has been shown to have an RNase H activity as well as a double-strand specific DNase activity by the following experiments: The RNase H activity coelutes with the DNase activity from DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, hydroxyapatite, and Sephadex G-200 columns. Gene 6 exonuclease specified by a T7 strain with a temperature sensitive mutation in gene 6 has an extremely heat-labile RNase H activity as well as a heat-labile DNase activity. T7 gene 6 exonuclease degrades the RNA region of a poly(A) . poly(dT) hybrid polymer exonucleolytically from the 5' terminus, releasing a ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate product. When the RNA strand of a 0X174 RNA . DNA hybrid molecule synthesized with E. coli RNA polymerase is degraded, a ribonucleoside triphosphate is produced from the 5'-triphosphate terminus. Participation of T7 gene 6 exonuclease in the removal of primer RNA in discontinuous replication of T7 DNA is discussed.", "contents": "T7 gene 6 exonuclease has an RNase H activity. T7 gene 6 exonuclease has been shown to have an RNase H activity as well as a double-strand specific DNase activity by the following experiments: The RNase H activity coelutes with the DNase activity from DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, hydroxyapatite, and Sephadex G-200 columns. Gene 6 exonuclease specified by a T7 strain with a temperature sensitive mutation in gene 6 has an extremely heat-labile RNase H activity as well as a heat-labile DNase activity. T7 gene 6 exonuclease degrades the RNA region of a poly(A) . poly(dT) hybrid polymer exonucleolytically from the 5' terminus, releasing a ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate product. When the RNA strand of a 0X174 RNA . DNA hybrid molecule synthesized with E. coli RNA polymerase is degraded, a ribonucleoside triphosphate is produced from the 5'-triphosphate terminus. Participation of T7 gene 6 exonuclease in the removal of primer RNA in discontinuous replication of T7 DNA is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:364425", "title": "Separation of ribosomal subunits of Escherichia coli by Sepharose chromatography using reverse salt gradient.", "content": "A mixture of 30 S and 50 S subunits quantitatively absorbs on a column of Sepharose--4B from the buffer: 0.02 M Tris--HCl, pH 7.5, containing 1.5 M (NH4)2SO4. During elution by reverse gradient of ammonium sulphate (1.5--0.05 M) the subunits are eluted at different salt concentrations. Complete separation of subunits is attained in the absence of Mg2+ ions. The 30 S subunits prepared from 70 S ribosomes according to this procedure are fully active in the codon--dependent binding of a specific aminoacyl--tRNA. After their reassociation with 50 S subunits isolated by zonal centrifugation, the resulting 70 S ribosomes are active in polypeptide synthesis at the same degree as control 70 S ribosomes in which both types of subunits were prepared by zonal centrifugation. The initial 70 S ribosomes for the chromatographic separation into subunits can be obtained by their pelleting from a crude extract with subsequent washing with concentrated solutions of NH4Cl in the ultracentrifuge, or by salt fractionation of the crude extract according to a slightly modified procedure of Kurland.", "contents": "Separation of ribosomal subunits of Escherichia coli by Sepharose chromatography using reverse salt gradient. A mixture of 30 S and 50 S subunits quantitatively absorbs on a column of Sepharose--4B from the buffer: 0.02 M Tris--HCl, pH 7.5, containing 1.5 M (NH4)2SO4. During elution by reverse gradient of ammonium sulphate (1.5--0.05 M) the subunits are eluted at different salt concentrations. Complete separation of subunits is attained in the absence of Mg2+ ions. The 30 S subunits prepared from 70 S ribosomes according to this procedure are fully active in the codon--dependent binding of a specific aminoacyl--tRNA. After their reassociation with 50 S subunits isolated by zonal centrifugation, the resulting 70 S ribosomes are active in polypeptide synthesis at the same degree as control 70 S ribosomes in which both types of subunits were prepared by zonal centrifugation. The initial 70 S ribosomes for the chromatographic separation into subunits can be obtained by their pelleting from a crude extract with subsequent washing with concentrated solutions of NH4Cl in the ultracentrifuge, or by salt fractionation of the crude extract according to a slightly modified procedure of Kurland."}
{"id": "PMID:364426", "title": "Isopentenyladenosine deficient tRNA from an antisuppressor mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "We have isolated a mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that contains 1.5% of the normal tRNA complement of isopentenyladenosine (i6A). The mutant was characterized by the reduction in efficiency of a tyrosine inserting UAA nonsense suppressor. The chromatographic profiles of tRNATyr and tRNASer on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose are consistent with the loss of i6A by these species. Transfer RNA from the mutant exhibits 6.5% of the cytokinin biological activity expected for yeast tRNA. Transfer RNAs from the mutant that normally contain i6A accept the same levels of amino acids in vitro as the fully modified species. With the exception of i6A, the level of modified bases in unfractionated tRNA from the mutant appears to be normal. The loss of i6A apparently affects tRNA's role in protein synthesis at a step subsequent to aminoacylation.", "contents": "Isopentenyladenosine deficient tRNA from an antisuppressor mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have isolated a mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that contains 1.5% of the normal tRNA complement of isopentenyladenosine (i6A). The mutant was characterized by the reduction in efficiency of a tyrosine inserting UAA nonsense suppressor. The chromatographic profiles of tRNATyr and tRNASer on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose are consistent with the loss of i6A by these species. Transfer RNA from the mutant exhibits 6.5% of the cytokinin biological activity expected for yeast tRNA. Transfer RNAs from the mutant that normally contain i6A accept the same levels of amino acids in vitro as the fully modified species. With the exception of i6A, the level of modified bases in unfractionated tRNA from the mutant appears to be normal. The loss of i6A apparently affects tRNA's role in protein synthesis at a step subsequent to aminoacylation."}
{"id": "PMID:364427", "title": "Incorporation of labelled degradation products of radioactive thymine into non DNA material.", "content": "When thymine auxotrophs are grown in the presence of methyl labelled [3H] or [14C] thymine which has been stored at 4 degrees C, two classes of material are labelled which are not DNA. One class sediments on neutral sucrose gradients with spontaneously single stranded Okazaki pieces, is unstable in alkali, migrates on alkaline gels as very small material and is digested by ribonucleases and micrococcal nuclease, but not by DNAase I. This class is presumably RNA. The second class sediments more slowly on both neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients than Okazaki pieces, but co-migrates on alkaline gels with DNA whose size is between 700 and 4000 nucleotides. It is not digested by alkali, ribonucleases or deoxyribonucleases. Its identity is unknown. The proportion of the total incorporated counts in these two classes depends on the time of storage of the thymine and is already sufficient to interfere with certain types of experiments when the thymine is only a few weeks old. Thymine is easily purified by paper chromatography and this purified thymine does not label the two non DNA classes of material. It is recommended that radioactive thymine be purified in this way before use.", "contents": "Incorporation of labelled degradation products of radioactive thymine into non DNA material. When thymine auxotrophs are grown in the presence of methyl labelled [3H] or [14C] thymine which has been stored at 4 degrees C, two classes of material are labelled which are not DNA. One class sediments on neutral sucrose gradients with spontaneously single stranded Okazaki pieces, is unstable in alkali, migrates on alkaline gels as very small material and is digested by ribonucleases and micrococcal nuclease, but not by DNAase I. This class is presumably RNA. The second class sediments more slowly on both neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients than Okazaki pieces, but co-migrates on alkaline gels with DNA whose size is between 700 and 4000 nucleotides. It is not digested by alkali, ribonucleases or deoxyribonucleases. Its identity is unknown. The proportion of the total incorporated counts in these two classes depends on the time of storage of the thymine and is already sufficient to interfere with certain types of experiments when the thymine is only a few weeks old. Thymine is easily purified by paper chromatography and this purified thymine does not label the two non DNA classes of material. It is recommended that radioactive thymine be purified in this way before use."}
{"id": "PMID:364428", "title": "Clinical application and results of the assessment of coronary blood flow by the regional precordial xenon residue detection technique.", "content": "Methodological and technical aspects as well as application and results of the precordial Xenon-residue-detection technique are critically reviewed. The results concern mainly normal flow in various regions of the heart esp. in the free wall of the right and left ventricle, poststenotic flow in patients with coronary artery disease in relation to the degree of proximal narrowings as well as wall motion of the corresponding LV segment, bypassgraft flow and flow after drug interventions esp. nitrates, betablockers, the calcium-antagonist Nifedipine and the coronary dilator Dipyridamole. In spite of its serious limitations (high affinity of Xenon for fatty tissue, geometrical problems in the assessment of flow and its relation to anatomy, gas exchange in situations of high flow etc.), the technique is found to be a useful investigatory tool. Due to its technical display and the related high costs routine application is, however, prohibitive.", "contents": "Clinical application and results of the assessment of coronary blood flow by the regional precordial xenon residue detection technique. Methodological and technical aspects as well as application and results of the precordial Xenon-residue-detection technique are critically reviewed. The results concern mainly normal flow in various regions of the heart esp. in the free wall of the right and left ventricle, poststenotic flow in patients with coronary artery disease in relation to the degree of proximal narrowings as well as wall motion of the corresponding LV segment, bypassgraft flow and flow after drug interventions esp. nitrates, betablockers, the calcium-antagonist Nifedipine and the coronary dilator Dipyridamole. In spite of its serious limitations (high affinity of Xenon for fatty tissue, geometrical problems in the assessment of flow and its relation to anatomy, gas exchange in situations of high flow etc.), the technique is found to be a useful investigatory tool. Due to its technical display and the related high costs routine application is, however, prohibitive."}
{"id": "PMID:364446", "title": "Histochemical identification of T and B areas in paraffin-embedded lymphoid tissues by demonstration of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity.", "content": "A strong activity of acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) in T lymphocytes and macrophages within mouse lymphoid organs is demonstrable even after paraffin-embedding, if a rapid embedding procedure with acetone as dehydrating agent is used. The lymphoid tissue structure is better preserved in paraffin sections procured after this rapid embedding procedure than in frozen sections commonly used for histochemical demonstration of ANAE. In the paraffin sections the pattern of the ANAE reaction allows a clear delineation of the T and B areas in the lymphoid organs, and the intracellular location of the focal ANAE activity in T lymphocytes is readily discernible.", "contents": "Histochemical identification of T and B areas in paraffin-embedded lymphoid tissues by demonstration of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity. A strong activity of acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) in T lymphocytes and macrophages within mouse lymphoid organs is demonstrable even after paraffin-embedding, if a rapid embedding procedure with acetone as dehydrating agent is used. The lymphoid tissue structure is better preserved in paraffin sections procured after this rapid embedding procedure than in frozen sections commonly used for histochemical demonstration of ANAE. In the paraffin sections the pattern of the ANAE reaction allows a clear delineation of the T and B areas in the lymphoid organs, and the intracellular location of the focal ANAE activity in T lymphocytes is readily discernible."}
{"id": "PMID:364449", "title": "[Complications following injection of fluid silicones into tissue and indications for their clinical use].", "content": "On the basis of literature and the results of investigations performed in the Department of Experimental Surgery and Plastics Research of the Institute of Surgery, Medical Academy in Wroclaw (Poland), the author discusses early and late complications after intratissular injections of silicone fluids. The indications for their clinical use are limited.", "contents": "[Complications following injection of fluid silicones into tissue and indications for their clinical use]. On the basis of literature and the results of investigations performed in the Department of Experimental Surgery and Plastics Research of the Institute of Surgery, Medical Academy in Wroclaw (Poland), the author discusses early and late complications after intratissular injections of silicone fluids. The indications for their clinical use are limited."}
{"id": "PMID:364448", "title": "[Hydrogen peroxide, chloramine T and chlorhexidrine in the disinfection of acrylic resin].", "content": "The effectiveness of 3% h drogen peroxide, 5% chloramine T and 0,5% chlorhexidine gluconate solutions in disinfection of acrylic resine plates massively infected with oral flora was analysed. The acrylic resine plates used for investigations, were infected in vitro with mixed salivary flora characterized by small numbers of yeast-like fungi (1st group), or great number of these microorganisms (2nd group). Infected plates were exposed to solutions of analysed disinfectants during various time periods. After rinsing or inactivation of disinfectant residues, acrylic plates were put into bacteriological medium and incubated during 7 days period in 37 degrees C. The results of this study indicated the effectiveness of acrylic plates disinfection to be dependent on used disinfectant, time of exposition, and microorganisms present on the surface of acrylic resine. The solutions of disinfectants were less active in the cases of plates infected with material containing great numbers of yeast-like microorganisms. Among analysed disinfectants 0,5% solution of chlorhexidine was characterized by most effective and rapid activity, whereas 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide was found to be the least effective.", "contents": "[Hydrogen peroxide, chloramine T and chlorhexidrine in the disinfection of acrylic resin]. The effectiveness of 3% h drogen peroxide, 5% chloramine T and 0,5% chlorhexidine gluconate solutions in disinfection of acrylic resine plates massively infected with oral flora was analysed. The acrylic resine plates used for investigations, were infected in vitro with mixed salivary flora characterized by small numbers of yeast-like fungi (1st group), or great number of these microorganisms (2nd group). Infected plates were exposed to solutions of analysed disinfectants during various time periods. After rinsing or inactivation of disinfectant residues, acrylic plates were put into bacteriological medium and incubated during 7 days period in 37 degrees C. The results of this study indicated the effectiveness of acrylic plates disinfection to be dependent on used disinfectant, time of exposition, and microorganisms present on the surface of acrylic resine. The solutions of disinfectants were less active in the cases of plates infected with material containing great numbers of yeast-like microorganisms. Among analysed disinfectants 0,5% solution of chlorhexidine was characterized by most effective and rapid activity, whereas 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide was found to be the least effective."}
{"id": "PMID:364450", "title": "[The yesterday and today of alloplastic materials].", "content": "The authors present establishment and development of works connected with manufacturing of knitted materials for medicine in the Research and Development Centre of the Knitting Industry in L\u00f3d\u017a. The range of products in the years of 1959-1978, the characteristic of research works and the in projects for the next years are described.", "contents": "[The yesterday and today of alloplastic materials]. The authors present establishment and development of works connected with manufacturing of knitted materials for medicine in the Research and Development Centre of the Knitting Industry in L\u00f3d\u017a. The range of products in the years of 1959-1978, the characteristic of research works and the in projects for the next years are described."}
{"id": "PMID:364452", "title": "Diagnosis of treatable types of short and tall stature.", "content": "Some of the most important types of small and tall stature which are accessible to treatment are discussed. The causes of small stature are multiple, since any severe chronic illness during childhood may inhibit growth and the most specifically treatable disorders (e.g. hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism) are the least frequent ones. In tall stature, the causes are less varied and genetically determined, familial tall stature is predominant. The point is stressed that the basis of an accurate diagnosis in these conditions is (1) a thorough understanding of the dynamics and variations of normal growth and (2) knowledge of methods concerning growth analysis, evaluation of bone maturation and prediction of adult height. Sophisticated laboratory procedures, such as determinations of growth hormone, are necessary in only a few selected cases.", "contents": "Diagnosis of treatable types of short and tall stature. Some of the most important types of small and tall stature which are accessible to treatment are discussed. The causes of small stature are multiple, since any severe chronic illness during childhood may inhibit growth and the most specifically treatable disorders (e.g. hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism) are the least frequent ones. In tall stature, the causes are less varied and genetically determined, familial tall stature is predominant. The point is stressed that the basis of an accurate diagnosis in these conditions is (1) a thorough understanding of the dynamics and variations of normal growth and (2) knowledge of methods concerning growth analysis, evaluation of bone maturation and prediction of adult height. Sophisticated laboratory procedures, such as determinations of growth hormone, are necessary in only a few selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:364453", "title": "Neuronal migration and contact guidance in the primate telencephalon.", "content": "Over the last decade, evidence from experimental studies on neuronal migration in non-human primates has accumulated to the point where it can significantly amplify our understanding of the normal and pathological development of the human telencephalon. Systematic analysis of neuron genesis by the method of H3-thymidine autoradiography shows that in rhesus monkeys all neurons destined for the neocortex are generated near the surface of the lateral ventricle during a two-month period in the middle of gestation. Following their last cell division, young neurons migrate outwards across the cerebral wall to the developing cortical mantle, a journey that requires one to three days at early stages of neurogenesis, or more than two weeks towards the end of cortical development. From the very beginning, the basic columnar organization of the neuroepithelium favours radial migration. During later stages, when the primate telencephalic wall expands unevenly in thickness and surface area and begins to form primary fissures and cerebral promontoria, young neurons migrate to their cortical destinations in apposition to fascicles of radial glial fibres which span the full distance between the ventricular and pial surface. Furthermore, it appears that several generations of neurons all originate in the same restricted location at the ventricular surface, migrate along the same glial fascicles and consequently accumulate in the same radial cortical 'columns' in which, as a rule, somas of later generated neurons take positions external to the somas of their predecessors. It is proposed that fascicles of radial fibres (a) facilitate neuronal migration to the distant cortical plate through a complex assembly of closely-packed cells and processes that compose the developing primate telencephalon; (b) provide constraints which preserve a radial alignment of clonally related neurons in cortical columns; and (c) reproduce the mosaicism of the germinal ventricular zone at the expanded and curved cerebral surface.", "contents": "Neuronal migration and contact guidance in the primate telencephalon. Over the last decade, evidence from experimental studies on neuronal migration in non-human primates has accumulated to the point where it can significantly amplify our understanding of the normal and pathological development of the human telencephalon. Systematic analysis of neuron genesis by the method of H3-thymidine autoradiography shows that in rhesus monkeys all neurons destined for the neocortex are generated near the surface of the lateral ventricle during a two-month period in the middle of gestation. Following their last cell division, young neurons migrate outwards across the cerebral wall to the developing cortical mantle, a journey that requires one to three days at early stages of neurogenesis, or more than two weeks towards the end of cortical development. From the very beginning, the basic columnar organization of the neuroepithelium favours radial migration. During later stages, when the primate telencephalic wall expands unevenly in thickness and surface area and begins to form primary fissures and cerebral promontoria, young neurons migrate to their cortical destinations in apposition to fascicles of radial glial fibres which span the full distance between the ventricular and pial surface. Furthermore, it appears that several generations of neurons all originate in the same restricted location at the ventricular surface, migrate along the same glial fascicles and consequently accumulate in the same radial cortical 'columns' in which, as a rule, somas of later generated neurons take positions external to the somas of their predecessors. It is proposed that fascicles of radial fibres (a) facilitate neuronal migration to the distant cortical plate through a complex assembly of closely-packed cells and processes that compose the developing primate telencephalon; (b) provide constraints which preserve a radial alignment of clonally related neurons in cortical columns; and (c) reproduce the mosaicism of the germinal ventricular zone at the expanded and curved cerebral surface."}
{"id": "PMID:364464", "title": "[Aspartate aminotransferase activity of different strains of Escherichia coli].", "content": "Aspartate-aminotransferase activity was measured in strains of Escherichia coli grown no meat infusion broth. As an enzyme cells with damaged permeability of the cytoplasmatic membrane were used. The cells were damaged by an addition of toluene at a concentration of 1% of the reaction mixture by volume. These cells showed 50--60% aspartate-aminotransferase activity as compared with aliquotes of the cell-free extract. E. coli synthesized oxalacetic and glutamic acids from L-aspartic acid and alpha-ketoglutaric acid. Glutamic acid was identified by thin-layer chromatography on Fixion plates. E. coli str. 85 cells and their extracts grown on the synthetic medium containing glucose or glycerol showed a two-fold specific aspartate-aminotransferase activity as compared with those cultivated on meat-infusion broth.", "contents": "[Aspartate aminotransferase activity of different strains of Escherichia coli]. Aspartate-aminotransferase activity was measured in strains of Escherichia coli grown no meat infusion broth. As an enzyme cells with damaged permeability of the cytoplasmatic membrane were used. The cells were damaged by an addition of toluene at a concentration of 1% of the reaction mixture by volume. These cells showed 50--60% aspartate-aminotransferase activity as compared with aliquotes of the cell-free extract. E. coli synthesized oxalacetic and glutamic acids from L-aspartic acid and alpha-ketoglutaric acid. Glutamic acid was identified by thin-layer chromatography on Fixion plates. E. coli str. 85 cells and their extracts grown on the synthetic medium containing glucose or glycerol showed a two-fold specific aspartate-aminotransferase activity as compared with those cultivated on meat-infusion broth."}
{"id": "PMID:364465", "title": "[Glucagon secretion in several endocrine diseases].", "content": "The authors examined 48 patients with different endocrine pathology (relatives of patients with diabetes mellitus with a normal glucose tolerance test, patients with diabetes mellitus, obesity, thyrotoxicosis, and hypothyroidism) and a group of healthy persons. Blood glucagon concentration was determined radioimmunologically on fasting stomach and against the background of insulin hypoglycemia. A marked reduction of glucagon on fasting stomach was noted in patients with diabetes mellitus, and a reduction of the hormone concentration 30 and 60 min after the insulin injection. In obese patients and relatives of diabetic patients the initial blood glucagon level was not different from that in healthy persons. At the same time there was a significant reduction, and in relatives of diabetes patients also a retardation of glucagon secretion against the background of insulin hypoglycemia. The pattern of glucagon secretion in thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism proved to be changed.", "contents": "[Glucagon secretion in several endocrine diseases]. The authors examined 48 patients with different endocrine pathology (relatives of patients with diabetes mellitus with a normal glucose tolerance test, patients with diabetes mellitus, obesity, thyrotoxicosis, and hypothyroidism) and a group of healthy persons. Blood glucagon concentration was determined radioimmunologically on fasting stomach and against the background of insulin hypoglycemia. A marked reduction of glucagon on fasting stomach was noted in patients with diabetes mellitus, and a reduction of the hormone concentration 30 and 60 min after the insulin injection. In obese patients and relatives of diabetic patients the initial blood glucagon level was not different from that in healthy persons. At the same time there was a significant reduction, and in relatives of diabetes patients also a retardation of glucagon secretion against the background of insulin hypoglycemia. The pattern of glucagon secretion in thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism proved to be changed."}
{"id": "PMID:364472", "title": "Three-dimensional structures of aspartate carbamoyltransferase from Escherichia coli and of its complex with cytidine triphosphate.", "content": "X-ray diffraction studies to nominal resolutions of 3.0 A for unliganded aspartate carbamolytransferase (EC 2.1.3.2)(R32 crystal symmetry) and of 2.8 A for the complex of aspartate carbamoyltransferase with cytidine triphosphate (P321 crystal symmetry) have yielded traces of the polypeptide chains of the catalytic (C) and regulatory (R) chains in the hexameric C6R6 molecules. The independent molecular structures of the liganded and unliganded forms of the enzyme are very nearly identical. In the regulatory chain there is a CTP-binding domain that interacts with an adjacent regulatory subunit and a zinc-binding domain that interacts with the catalytic subunit. In the catalytic chain a polar domain shows interactions between adjacent pairs of C chains to form each trimer C3 while an equatorial domain shows intramolecular C3--C3 interactions. The active site is at or near the interface between adjacent C chains within the trimers. Probably each active center involves amino acid residues from adjacent C chains.", "contents": "Three-dimensional structures of aspartate carbamoyltransferase from Escherichia coli and of its complex with cytidine triphosphate. X-ray diffraction studies to nominal resolutions of 3.0 A for unliganded aspartate carbamolytransferase (EC 2.1.3.2)(R32 crystal symmetry) and of 2.8 A for the complex of aspartate carbamoyltransferase with cytidine triphosphate (P321 crystal symmetry) have yielded traces of the polypeptide chains of the catalytic (C) and regulatory (R) chains in the hexameric C6R6 molecules. The independent molecular structures of the liganded and unliganded forms of the enzyme are very nearly identical. In the regulatory chain there is a CTP-binding domain that interacts with an adjacent regulatory subunit and a zinc-binding domain that interacts with the catalytic subunit. In the catalytic chain a polar domain shows interactions between adjacent pairs of C chains to form each trimer C3 while an equatorial domain shows intramolecular C3--C3 interactions. The active site is at or near the interface between adjacent C chains within the trimers. Probably each active center involves amino acid residues from adjacent C chains."}
{"id": "PMID:364473", "title": "A photo-CIDNP study of the interaction of oligonucleotides with gene-5 protein of bacteriophage M13.", "content": "It is shown that photo-CIDNP effects (CIDNP, chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization) can be generated in the 360-MHz proton NMR spectrum of gene-5 protein from bacteriophage M13. This technique is used to determine the number of tyrosyl residues at the surface of the protein and to assign the resonances from the 3,5-ring protons of these residues. The DNA-binding site of the protein is investigated by formation of complexes with oligonucleotides. Complex formation leads to shifting and/or quenching of the photo-CIDNP emission signals of the surface tyrosines, implying that they are involved in DNA-protein interaction. These experiments are complemented by studying the complex formation of Lys-Tyr-Lys to poly(A).", "contents": "A photo-CIDNP study of the interaction of oligonucleotides with gene-5 protein of bacteriophage M13. It is shown that photo-CIDNP effects (CIDNP, chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization) can be generated in the 360-MHz proton NMR spectrum of gene-5 protein from bacteriophage M13. This technique is used to determine the number of tyrosyl residues at the surface of the protein and to assign the resonances from the 3,5-ring protons of these residues. The DNA-binding site of the protein is investigated by formation of complexes with oligonucleotides. Complex formation leads to shifting and/or quenching of the photo-CIDNP emission signals of the surface tyrosines, implying that they are involved in DNA-protein interaction. These experiments are complemented by studying the complex formation of Lys-Tyr-Lys to poly(A)."}
{"id": "PMID:364474", "title": "Contacts between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and a lac operon promoter.", "content": "The chemical alkylating agent dimethyl sulfate can probe the interaction between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) and the purine bases of a promoter. This agent methylates the N7 position on guanine or the N3 position on adenine; the bound protein can either protect these positions or affect the reactivity to produce an enhanced methylation. The pattern of DNA residues in the lactose promoter protected from, or enhanced to, methylation by a specifically bound polymerase shows that the enzyme covers a region of at least 38 base pairs, stretching upstream from the origin of transcription. These protein-DNA contacts occur predominantly in the major groove of the DNA helix. Furthermore, this pattern of methylation shows that the polymerase unwinds the helix at the origin of transcription. The relationship between polymerase-DNA contacts defined by dimethyl sulfate and known features of promoter structure is discussed. To facilitate these experiments I have constructed a plasmid that permits a unique 5'-end labeling of each strand of a 95-base-pair fragment containing a lac operon promoter. This plasmid contains two copies of the lac promoter-operator region.", "contents": "Contacts between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and a lac operon promoter. The chemical alkylating agent dimethyl sulfate can probe the interaction between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) and the purine bases of a promoter. This agent methylates the N7 position on guanine or the N3 position on adenine; the bound protein can either protect these positions or affect the reactivity to produce an enhanced methylation. The pattern of DNA residues in the lactose promoter protected from, or enhanced to, methylation by a specifically bound polymerase shows that the enzyme covers a region of at least 38 base pairs, stretching upstream from the origin of transcription. These protein-DNA contacts occur predominantly in the major groove of the DNA helix. Furthermore, this pattern of methylation shows that the polymerase unwinds the helix at the origin of transcription. The relationship between polymerase-DNA contacts defined by dimethyl sulfate and known features of promoter structure is discussed. To facilitate these experiments I have constructed a plasmid that permits a unique 5'-end labeling of each strand of a 95-base-pair fragment containing a lac operon promoter. This plasmid contains two copies of the lac promoter-operator region."}
{"id": "PMID:364475", "title": "Pulvomycin, an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis preventing ternary complex formation between elongation factor Tu, GTP, and aminoacyl-tRNA.", "content": "Pulvomycin and the synonymous antibiotics labilomycin and 1063-Z are shown to inhibit prokaryotic protein synthesis by acting on elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu): in the presence of the antibiotic, the affinity of EF-Tu for guanine nucleotides is altered, the EF-Tu.GDP/GTP exchange is catalyzed, and the formation of the EF-Tu.GTP complex is stimulated. Hydrolysis of GTP by EF-Tu, induced by aminoacyl-tRNA, ribosomes, and mRNA or by kirromycin, is inhibited by pulvomycin. As shown by Millipore filtration, chromatographic analysis, and hydrolysis protection experiments, pulvomycin prevents interaction between aminoacyl-tRNA and EF-Tu.GTP to yield the ternary complex aminoacyl-tRNA.EF-Tu.GTP. Thus, enzymatic binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes is blocked.", "contents": "Pulvomycin, an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis preventing ternary complex formation between elongation factor Tu, GTP, and aminoacyl-tRNA. Pulvomycin and the synonymous antibiotics labilomycin and 1063-Z are shown to inhibit prokaryotic protein synthesis by acting on elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu): in the presence of the antibiotic, the affinity of EF-Tu for guanine nucleotides is altered, the EF-Tu.GDP/GTP exchange is catalyzed, and the formation of the EF-Tu.GTP complex is stimulated. Hydrolysis of GTP by EF-Tu, induced by aminoacyl-tRNA, ribosomes, and mRNA or by kirromycin, is inhibited by pulvomycin. As shown by Millipore filtration, chromatographic analysis, and hydrolysis protection experiments, pulvomycin prevents interaction between aminoacyl-tRNA and EF-Tu.GTP to yield the ternary complex aminoacyl-tRNA.EF-Tu.GTP. Thus, enzymatic binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes is blocked."}
{"id": "PMID:364476", "title": "Oxidation of the methionine residues of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L12 decreases the protein's biological activity.", "content": "Oxidation of ribosomal protein L12 with hydrogen peroxide converts the three methionine residues to methionine sulfoxide. The oxidized protein has a decreased ability to bind to ribosomes, interact with ribosomal protein L10, be precipitated by L12 antiserum, and serve as substrate for the acetylating enzyme that converts L12 to L7. Full activity of L12 is regained when the protein is reduced with 2-mercaptoethanol. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis shows that oxidation of the methionine residues in L12 causes the conversion of the protein from the dimer to the monomer form, and the results indicate that the dimer is the active form of the protein in the above reactions.", "contents": "Oxidation of the methionine residues of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L12 decreases the protein's biological activity. Oxidation of ribosomal protein L12 with hydrogen peroxide converts the three methionine residues to methionine sulfoxide. The oxidized protein has a decreased ability to bind to ribosomes, interact with ribosomal protein L10, be precipitated by L12 antiserum, and serve as substrate for the acetylating enzyme that converts L12 to L7. Full activity of L12 is regained when the protein is reduced with 2-mercaptoethanol. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis shows that oxidation of the methionine residues in L12 causes the conversion of the protein from the dimer to the monomer form, and the results indicate that the dimer is the active form of the protein in the above reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:364477", "title": "Molecular analysis of cloned human 18S ribosomal DNA segments.", "content": "A fraction of DNA from the human fetal lung fibroblast line IMR-90, 30-fold enriched for ribosomal DNA, was cloned in the lambda phage vector Charon 16A. Of 978 clones assayed by hybridization to a mixture of 125I-labeled 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA, 11 recombinants containing a 3.8-megadalton segment of human 18S ribosomal DNA were identified. Restriction endonuclease analysis of these clones demonstrated variation only in orientation of the human gene segment within the phage vector. Restriction sites that we had previously detected from analysis of restriction products of unfractionated human DNA by using the Southern transfer method were also present in the cloned DNA segment. Recombinant DNA technology thus provides a valid and efficient means to define structural conservation or variation within families of human genes.", "contents": "Molecular analysis of cloned human 18S ribosomal DNA segments. A fraction of DNA from the human fetal lung fibroblast line IMR-90, 30-fold enriched for ribosomal DNA, was cloned in the lambda phage vector Charon 16A. Of 978 clones assayed by hybridization to a mixture of 125I-labeled 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA, 11 recombinants containing a 3.8-megadalton segment of human 18S ribosomal DNA were identified. Restriction endonuclease analysis of these clones demonstrated variation only in orientation of the human gene segment within the phage vector. Restriction sites that we had previously detected from analysis of restriction products of unfractionated human DNA by using the Southern transfer method were also present in the cloned DNA segment. Recombinant DNA technology thus provides a valid and efficient means to define structural conservation or variation within families of human genes."}
{"id": "PMID:364478", "title": "Requirement of a plasmid-encoded protein for replication in vitro of plasmid R6K.", "content": "Conditions are described for the replication of exogeneous R6K DNA in an in vitro system prepared from Escherichia coli cells. Replication of plasmid DNA in this system is semiconservative and sensitive to actinomycin D, novobiocin, arabinofuranosyl-CTP,N-ethylmaleimide, and inhibitors of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. An ammonium sulfate fraction prepared from cells carrying the R6K plasmid is required for replication. A direct role in replication for a plasmid-encoded protein, designated pi, in this fraction is indicated by the inactivity of this fraction when prepared from cells carrying a temperature-sensitive mutant plasmid and the thermolability of this fraction when prepared from cells carrying a partial revertant of the mutant plasmid. This plasmid-encoded protein is necessary for the initiation of R6K DNA replication and functions before or during the formation of nascent RNA in the initiation process. The results of titration assays of this protein using various template DNAs suggest that the protein interacts with the plasmid DNA at the region essential for DNA replication.", "contents": "Requirement of a plasmid-encoded protein for replication in vitro of plasmid R6K. Conditions are described for the replication of exogeneous R6K DNA in an in vitro system prepared from Escherichia coli cells. Replication of plasmid DNA in this system is semiconservative and sensitive to actinomycin D, novobiocin, arabinofuranosyl-CTP,N-ethylmaleimide, and inhibitors of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. An ammonium sulfate fraction prepared from cells carrying the R6K plasmid is required for replication. A direct role in replication for a plasmid-encoded protein, designated pi, in this fraction is indicated by the inactivity of this fraction when prepared from cells carrying a temperature-sensitive mutant plasmid and the thermolability of this fraction when prepared from cells carrying a partial revertant of the mutant plasmid. This plasmid-encoded protein is necessary for the initiation of R6K DNA replication and functions before or during the formation of nascent RNA in the initiation process. The results of titration assays of this protein using various template DNAs suggest that the protein interacts with the plasmid DNA at the region essential for DNA replication."}
{"id": "PMID:364479", "title": "Construction and characterization of a 2.5-kilobase procollagen clone.", "content": "Recombinant bacterial plasmids have been constructed by inserting double-stranded chicken procollagen cDNA sequences linked to chemically synthesized decanucleotides containing HindIII sites into the HindIII site of pBR322. After transformation of Escherichia coli chi1776, colonies were selected by ampicillin resistance and recombinants containing procollagen sequences were identified by colony hybridization to 32P-labeled procollagen cDNA. The inserts from three recombinant plasmids, pCg10, pCg13, and pCg45, were 1200, 2200, and 2550 base pairs long respectively. Their sequence homology has been established by restriction mapping and crosshybridization of nick-translated plasmids to Southern blots of Hpa II fragments of the inserts, pCg45 has been positively identified as containing the pro alpha2 collagen sequence by partial determination of the DNA sequence of its ends: it has a short thymine-rich sequence at one end and a sequence coding for residues 478--499 in the chicken alpha2 chain at the other end.", "contents": "Construction and characterization of a 2.5-kilobase procollagen clone. Recombinant bacterial plasmids have been constructed by inserting double-stranded chicken procollagen cDNA sequences linked to chemically synthesized decanucleotides containing HindIII sites into the HindIII site of pBR322. After transformation of Escherichia coli chi1776, colonies were selected by ampicillin resistance and recombinants containing procollagen sequences were identified by colony hybridization to 32P-labeled procollagen cDNA. The inserts from three recombinant plasmids, pCg10, pCg13, and pCg45, were 1200, 2200, and 2550 base pairs long respectively. Their sequence homology has been established by restriction mapping and crosshybridization of nick-translated plasmids to Southern blots of Hpa II fragments of the inserts, pCg45 has been positively identified as containing the pro alpha2 collagen sequence by partial determination of the DNA sequence of its ends: it has a short thymine-rich sequence at one end and a sequence coding for residues 478--499 in the chicken alpha2 chain at the other end."}
{"id": "PMID:364480", "title": "Structure of the lambda att sites generated by int-dependent deletions.", "content": "Bacteriophage lambda integrates into the chromosome of its Escherichia coli host by means of a site-specific recombination between a locus on the phage chromosome (phage att site) and a locus on the bacterial chromosome (bacterial att site). The nucleotide sequence of four lambda att sites altered in site-specific recombination has been determined. The int-dependent deletions that generated these att sites have one end point within the phage att site and extend either to the left or to the right. As a result of the new internucleotide bond created by deletion formation, these phage have alterations in the 15-base-pair common core region. The new DNA sequences brought to the att sites by the deletions, designated delta for regions to the left and delta' for regions to the right, do not share any discernible homology with their analogous counterparts in the phage att site arms, P and P', respectively, or with the bacterial att site arms, B and B', respectively. The finding of alterations in the 15-base-pair common core region necessitates a reinterpretation of the genetic properties of these att sites in site-specific recombination. The structure of these sites in relation to their genetic properties can be viewed as being consistent with a model in which the only specificity elements in int-dependent site-specific recombination are the common core region, O, and the phage arms, P and P'.", "contents": "Structure of the lambda att sites generated by int-dependent deletions. Bacteriophage lambda integrates into the chromosome of its Escherichia coli host by means of a site-specific recombination between a locus on the phage chromosome (phage att site) and a locus on the bacterial chromosome (bacterial att site). The nucleotide sequence of four lambda att sites altered in site-specific recombination has been determined. The int-dependent deletions that generated these att sites have one end point within the phage att site and extend either to the left or to the right. As a result of the new internucleotide bond created by deletion formation, these phage have alterations in the 15-base-pair common core region. The new DNA sequences brought to the att sites by the deletions, designated delta for regions to the left and delta' for regions to the right, do not share any discernible homology with their analogous counterparts in the phage att site arms, P and P', respectively, or with the bacterial att site arms, B and B', respectively. The finding of alterations in the 15-base-pair common core region necessitates a reinterpretation of the genetic properties of these att sites in site-specific recombination. The structure of these sites in relation to their genetic properties can be viewed as being consistent with a model in which the only specificity elements in int-dependent site-specific recombination are the common core region, O, and the phage arms, P and P'."}
{"id": "PMID:364481", "title": "Transcription termination: nucleotide sequence at 3' end of tryptophan operon in Escherichia coli.", "content": "We have determined the RNA and DNA sequences in the region specifying termination of transcription at the end of the tryptophan (trp) operon of Escherichia coli. A 3'-terminal mRNA fragment of about 150 nucleotides yielded oligonucleotide products that could be assigned to the end of trpA (the last structural gene in the operon) by correlation with the amino acid sequence of the protein product. Analysis of the DNA corresponding to this region served to align the few noncoding RNA oligonucleotide sequences and demonstrated that termination of trp transcription occurs in vivo at a site 36 nucleotides after trpA, with greater than 95% efficiency. In two different strains partially defective in the transcription termination factor rho, the purified transcript is much longer and more complex, suggesting that a significant amount of read-through occurs in these strains. This is consistent with evidence [Guarente, L. P., Mitchell, D. H. & Beckwith, J. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 112, 423-436] that efficient termination in vivo at the end of the trp operon is a rho-dependent event. The trp terminator (trp t) shares several features with other known sites of transcription termination, including (i) a 3'-terminal RNA sequence of several uridine residues, C-A-U-U-U-U(OH), (ii) a G.C-rich region in the DNA immediately preceding the site of termination, followed by an A.T-rich region, and (iii) a region of dyad symmetry in the DNA which, in the transcript, is capable of forming a stable hairpin containing seven G.C base pairs and one A.U base pair in its stem.", "contents": "Transcription termination: nucleotide sequence at 3' end of tryptophan operon in Escherichia coli. We have determined the RNA and DNA sequences in the region specifying termination of transcription at the end of the tryptophan (trp) operon of Escherichia coli. A 3'-terminal mRNA fragment of about 150 nucleotides yielded oligonucleotide products that could be assigned to the end of trpA (the last structural gene in the operon) by correlation with the amino acid sequence of the protein product. Analysis of the DNA corresponding to this region served to align the few noncoding RNA oligonucleotide sequences and demonstrated that termination of trp transcription occurs in vivo at a site 36 nucleotides after trpA, with greater than 95% efficiency. In two different strains partially defective in the transcription termination factor rho, the purified transcript is much longer and more complex, suggesting that a significant amount of read-through occurs in these strains. This is consistent with evidence [Guarente, L. P., Mitchell, D. H. & Beckwith, J. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 112, 423-436] that efficient termination in vivo at the end of the trp operon is a rho-dependent event. The trp terminator (trp t) shares several features with other known sites of transcription termination, including (i) a 3'-terminal RNA sequence of several uridine residues, C-A-U-U-U-U(OH), (ii) a G.C-rich region in the DNA immediately preceding the site of termination, followed by an A.T-rich region, and (iii) a region of dyad symmetry in the DNA which, in the transcript, is capable of forming a stable hairpin containing seven G.C base pairs and one A.U base pair in its stem."}
{"id": "PMID:364482", "title": "Identification of a membrane protein as a histidine transport component in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A component of high-affinity histidine transport in Salmonella typhimurium has been identified. It is a basic (pI about 9.0) membrane-bound protein, the P protein. It is shown to be coded for by the distal half of the previously described hisP gene by analysis of numerous hisP mutants, two of which exhibit P proteins with altered electrophoretic mobilities. Upon separation of the cytoplasmic (inner) from the outer membrane, it can be shown that the P protein is located in the cytoplasmic membrane. The P protein is under the same regulatory controls as histidine transport--i.e., transport operon promoter dhuA and nitrogen regulation. A wild-type cell contains about 200 molecules of P protein. As a result of this work we now divide the hisP gene into two genes: the hisP gene proper and the hisQ gene, which codes for another essential component of histidine transport, the Q protein. The P protein was shown previously by genetic analysis to interact with the periplasmic histidine-binding protein J, another essential component of histidine transport. Possible mechanism for the interaction of the J, P, and Q components in histidine transport, and of P and Q in lysine/arginine/ornithine transport, are discussed.", "contents": "Identification of a membrane protein as a histidine transport component in Salmonella typhimurium. A component of high-affinity histidine transport in Salmonella typhimurium has been identified. It is a basic (pI about 9.0) membrane-bound protein, the P protein. It is shown to be coded for by the distal half of the previously described hisP gene by analysis of numerous hisP mutants, two of which exhibit P proteins with altered electrophoretic mobilities. Upon separation of the cytoplasmic (inner) from the outer membrane, it can be shown that the P protein is located in the cytoplasmic membrane. The P protein is under the same regulatory controls as histidine transport--i.e., transport operon promoter dhuA and nitrogen regulation. A wild-type cell contains about 200 molecules of P protein. As a result of this work we now divide the hisP gene into two genes: the hisP gene proper and the hisQ gene, which codes for another essential component of histidine transport, the Q protein. The P protein was shown previously by genetic analysis to interact with the periplasmic histidine-binding protein J, another essential component of histidine transport. Possible mechanism for the interaction of the J, P, and Q components in histidine transport, and of P and Q in lysine/arginine/ornithine transport, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:364483", "title": "Three-dimensional electron microscopical visualization of the cytoskeleton of animal cells: immunoferritin identification of actin- and tubulin-containing structures.", "content": "Cytoskeletons prepared by Triton X-100 treatment of tissue culture cells appear in stereo electron microscopy as a highly organized and interconnected three-dimensional matrix of different fibrous elements. Microfilament bundles and also tonofilament-like bundles are readily discerned when present in the cell type. In addition thinner fibers, some of which branch (smallest diameter 30--40 A), as well as fibers of larger diameter, some of which correspond to microtubules, can be seen. Since such cytoskeletons are an open, membrane-free system, individual fibrous organizations can be identified by specific antibodies. An indirect immunoferritin procedure using antibodies to tubulin or actin visualizes microtubules or actin-containing structures. Stereo electron microscopy of cytoskeletons decorated with actin antibody reveals, in addition to the F-actin-containing microfilament bundles, an extended fine actin lattice. This actin net is displayed throughout the cytoplasm not only between the microfilament bundles but also in those regions of the cytoskeleton that in the intact cell correspond to the submembraneous regions. Thus all actin-containing fibrous cytoplasmic structures may be interconnected in the living cell.", "contents": "Three-dimensional electron microscopical visualization of the cytoskeleton of animal cells: immunoferritin identification of actin- and tubulin-containing structures. Cytoskeletons prepared by Triton X-100 treatment of tissue culture cells appear in stereo electron microscopy as a highly organized and interconnected three-dimensional matrix of different fibrous elements. Microfilament bundles and also tonofilament-like bundles are readily discerned when present in the cell type. In addition thinner fibers, some of which branch (smallest diameter 30--40 A), as well as fibers of larger diameter, some of which correspond to microtubules, can be seen. Since such cytoskeletons are an open, membrane-free system, individual fibrous organizations can be identified by specific antibodies. An indirect immunoferritin procedure using antibodies to tubulin or actin visualizes microtubules or actin-containing structures. Stereo electron microscopy of cytoskeletons decorated with actin antibody reveals, in addition to the F-actin-containing microfilament bundles, an extended fine actin lattice. This actin net is displayed throughout the cytoplasm not only between the microfilament bundles but also in those regions of the cytoskeleton that in the intact cell correspond to the submembraneous regions. Thus all actin-containing fibrous cytoplasmic structures may be interconnected in the living cell."}
{"id": "PMID:364484", "title": "Naturally occurring promoter down mutation: nucleotide sequence of the trp promoter/operator/leader region of Shigella dysenteriae 16.", "content": "The promoter/operator/leader region of the trp operon of Shigella dysenteriae 16 has single base pair differences from the corresponding region of Escherichia coli at positions -24 and -13. The difference at -13 was shown to be responsible for the 90% reduction in promoter function characteristic of the trp operon of S. dysenteriae. The base pair difference at position -13 also renders the operator partially constitutive. This allows the organism to maintain relatively high repressed levels of the trp enzymes and increases the relative importance of attenuation as a transcription control mechanism. These findings and the earlier observation that the trpE protein of S. dysenteriae is only slightly active explain the low in vivo expression of the trp operon of this organism. Nutritional studies suggest that operons involved in other amino acid biosynthetic pathways in S. dysenteriae 16 may be similarly partially inactivated.", "contents": "Naturally occurring promoter down mutation: nucleotide sequence of the trp promoter/operator/leader region of Shigella dysenteriae 16. The promoter/operator/leader region of the trp operon of Shigella dysenteriae 16 has single base pair differences from the corresponding region of Escherichia coli at positions -24 and -13. The difference at -13 was shown to be responsible for the 90% reduction in promoter function characteristic of the trp operon of S. dysenteriae. The base pair difference at position -13 also renders the operator partially constitutive. This allows the organism to maintain relatively high repressed levels of the trp enzymes and increases the relative importance of attenuation as a transcription control mechanism. These findings and the earlier observation that the trpE protein of S. dysenteriae is only slightly active explain the low in vivo expression of the trp operon of this organism. Nutritional studies suggest that operons involved in other amino acid biosynthetic pathways in S. dysenteriae 16 may be similarly partially inactivated."}
{"id": "PMID:364485", "title": "Analysis of bacteriophage P1 immunity by using lambda-P1 recombinants constructed in vitro.", "content": "We describe the dissection and reconstruction of a complex control circuit, the P1 immunity system, by a method that involves inserting EcoRI-generated fragments of P1 DNA into lambda vectors that can then be sequentially inserted into a bacterial cell. Using these techniques we have isolated lambda-P1 hybrid phages that express the products of P1 genes c1, c4, ant, and ban and, in appropriately constructed lysogens, confirmed the roles played by the first three of these products in phage immunity. In addition we have localized to particular P1 fragments the sites requisite for expression and repression of these gene products. The analysis leads to the conclusion that gpant acts in trans to antagonize repression mediated by gpc1, in support of one of two proposed models for gpant action. Moreover, two features of the immunity system are revealed: (i) a hitherto unknown component that effects gpc1 repression; and (ii) an unexpected ability of gpc4 to channel a superinfecting c1+ phage into the lysogenic state, which suggests that gpc4 activity regulates the establishment phase of lysogeny.", "contents": "Analysis of bacteriophage P1 immunity by using lambda-P1 recombinants constructed in vitro. We describe the dissection and reconstruction of a complex control circuit, the P1 immunity system, by a method that involves inserting EcoRI-generated fragments of P1 DNA into lambda vectors that can then be sequentially inserted into a bacterial cell. Using these techniques we have isolated lambda-P1 hybrid phages that express the products of P1 genes c1, c4, ant, and ban and, in appropriately constructed lysogens, confirmed the roles played by the first three of these products in phage immunity. In addition we have localized to particular P1 fragments the sites requisite for expression and repression of these gene products. The analysis leads to the conclusion that gpant acts in trans to antagonize repression mediated by gpc1, in support of one of two proposed models for gpant action. Moreover, two features of the immunity system are revealed: (i) a hitherto unknown component that effects gpc1 repression; and (ii) an unexpected ability of gpc4 to channel a superinfecting c1+ phage into the lysogenic state, which suggests that gpc4 activity regulates the establishment phase of lysogeny."}
{"id": "PMID:364486", "title": "Evidence for translocation of DNA sequences during sea urchin embryogenesis.", "content": "Hairpin-like DNA was prepared in vitro from the family of sequences that are inverted relative to each other and, as pairs, are relatively homologous and adjacent on the sea urchin genome. The majority of these hairpins are shown to have base pair mismatch positions distributed along their stems. Comparison of the hairpins derived from the DNA of morula, blastula, and gastrula stage embryos shows that during embryogenesis there are changes in the average number and position of S1 nuclease-sensitive base pair mismatch sites on the majority of the hairpin stems. Our data indicate that during early embryogenesis there are sequence changes in vivo within the majority of the adjacent inverted repeat sequences of the sea urchin genome. We have also found that there is higher specificity for the occurrence of sequence-change events within that fraction of the inverted repeat sequences that are methylated in vivo.", "contents": "Evidence for translocation of DNA sequences during sea urchin embryogenesis. Hairpin-like DNA was prepared in vitro from the family of sequences that are inverted relative to each other and, as pairs, are relatively homologous and adjacent on the sea urchin genome. The majority of these hairpins are shown to have base pair mismatch positions distributed along their stems. Comparison of the hairpins derived from the DNA of morula, blastula, and gastrula stage embryos shows that during embryogenesis there are changes in the average number and position of S1 nuclease-sensitive base pair mismatch sites on the majority of the hairpin stems. Our data indicate that during early embryogenesis there are sequence changes in vivo within the majority of the adjacent inverted repeat sequences of the sea urchin genome. We have also found that there is higher specificity for the occurrence of sequence-change events within that fraction of the inverted repeat sequences that are methylated in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:364487", "title": "Protein Ia and the lamB protein can replace each other in the constitution of an active receptor for the same coliphage.", "content": "Protein Ia and the lamB protein are both located in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K-12. The lamB protein is known to be the receptor for phage lambda. Datta et al. [Datta, D. B., Arden, B. & Henning, U. (1977) J. Bacteriol. 131, 821--829] recently isolated a phage called TuIa that uses protein Ia for its adsorption. While phage TuIa fails to grow on ompB mutants, which lack protein Ia, we show here that host-range mutants of TuIa can be isolated that do grow on ompB strains. These host-range mutants fail to grow on ompB lamB double mutants, but retain the ability of the parental phage to grow on ompB+ lamB strains. They are therefore apparently able to use either protein Ia or the lamB protein for their adsorption. Genetic evidence suggests that essentially the same site on the lamB protein may be interacting with phage lambda or the host-range mutants of phage TuIa.", "contents": "Protein Ia and the lamB protein can replace each other in the constitution of an active receptor for the same coliphage. Protein Ia and the lamB protein are both located in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K-12. The lamB protein is known to be the receptor for phage lambda. Datta et al. [Datta, D. B., Arden, B. & Henning, U. (1977) J. Bacteriol. 131, 821--829] recently isolated a phage called TuIa that uses protein Ia for its adsorption. While phage TuIa fails to grow on ompB mutants, which lack protein Ia, we show here that host-range mutants of TuIa can be isolated that do grow on ompB strains. These host-range mutants fail to grow on ompB lamB double mutants, but retain the ability of the parental phage to grow on ompB+ lamB strains. They are therefore apparently able to use either protein Ia or the lamB protein for their adsorption. Genetic evidence suggests that essentially the same site on the lamB protein may be interacting with phage lambda or the host-range mutants of phage TuIa."}
{"id": "PMID:364488", "title": "Immunodiagnosis of infection with Schistosoma mansoni: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to circulating antigen.", "content": "A circulating antigen, a negatively charged polysaccharide from the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, was noncovalently bound to the surface of poly(L-lysine)-coated wells in polystyrene trays, which were then used in a micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. The method provides an immunodiagnostic test for schistosomiasis of exceptional sensitivity with a high degree of specificity. Comparison of Bell egg counts and ELISA titers revealed a good correlation (r congruent to 0.80) in young individuals with low to moderate worm burdens, but this relationship was less marked in older individuals or those with high egg counts.", "contents": "Immunodiagnosis of infection with Schistosoma mansoni: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to circulating antigen. A circulating antigen, a negatively charged polysaccharide from the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, was noncovalently bound to the surface of poly(L-lysine)-coated wells in polystyrene trays, which were then used in a micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. The method provides an immunodiagnostic test for schistosomiasis of exceptional sensitivity with a high degree of specificity. Comparison of Bell egg counts and ELISA titers revealed a good correlation (r congruent to 0.80) in young individuals with low to moderate worm burdens, but this relationship was less marked in older individuals or those with high egg counts."}
{"id": "PMID:364489", "title": "Identification of insulin in rat brain.", "content": "Insulin concentrations in acid/ethanol extracts of the whole rat brain were on the average 25 times higher than plasma insulin levels. Brain insulin was indistinguishable from authentic pancreatic insulin, based on its behavior in radioimmunoassay, radioreceptor assay, and bioassay and its chromatographic pattern on Sephadex G-50 column chromatography. Insulin was found in all regions of the brain examined, but distribution was uneven. Some regions had insulin concentrations as much as 100 times higher than in plasma; levels at least 10 times higher were found in other regions. The role of insulin in the central nervous system is not clear at present but, because both insulin and insulin receptors are abundant in the central nervous system, an extensive physiological regulation of the central nervous system by insulin is proposed.", "contents": "Identification of insulin in rat brain. Insulin concentrations in acid/ethanol extracts of the whole rat brain were on the average 25 times higher than plasma insulin levels. Brain insulin was indistinguishable from authentic pancreatic insulin, based on its behavior in radioimmunoassay, radioreceptor assay, and bioassay and its chromatographic pattern on Sephadex G-50 column chromatography. Insulin was found in all regions of the brain examined, but distribution was uneven. Some regions had insulin concentrations as much as 100 times higher than in plasma; levels at least 10 times higher were found in other regions. The role of insulin in the central nervous system is not clear at present but, because both insulin and insulin receptors are abundant in the central nervous system, an extensive physiological regulation of the central nervous system by insulin is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:364507", "title": "Antihypertensive effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) in experimental hypertension and its influence on plasma renin activity in rats.", "content": "The influence of intravenous injection of Prostacyclin (PGI2) on systemic blood pressure was investigated in conscious and anaesthetized hypertensive rats. PGI2 in doses of 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 micrograms/kg showed a dose dependent antihypertensive effect in conscious rats with spontaneous and chronic renal hypertension. A similar response could be demonstrated in conscious rats with normal blood pressure with doses of 1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 micrograms/kg. In anaesthetized rats with acute renal hypertension or blood pressure increase, induced by continous infusion of Angiotensin II or Norepinephrine, PGI2 caused a marked decrease of blood pressure. PGI2 induced an increase of plasma renin activity in anaesthetized rats with doses of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 micrograms/kg. These findings support the suggestion of an antihypertensive role for PGI2 in experimental hypertension.", "contents": "Antihypertensive effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) in experimental hypertension and its influence on plasma renin activity in rats. The influence of intravenous injection of Prostacyclin (PGI2) on systemic blood pressure was investigated in conscious and anaesthetized hypertensive rats. PGI2 in doses of 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 micrograms/kg showed a dose dependent antihypertensive effect in conscious rats with spontaneous and chronic renal hypertension. A similar response could be demonstrated in conscious rats with normal blood pressure with doses of 1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 micrograms/kg. In anaesthetized rats with acute renal hypertension or blood pressure increase, induced by continous infusion of Angiotensin II or Norepinephrine, PGI2 caused a marked decrease of blood pressure. PGI2 induced an increase of plasma renin activity in anaesthetized rats with doses of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 micrograms/kg. These findings support the suggestion of an antihypertensive role for PGI2 in experimental hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:364508", "title": "Prostaglandin endoperoxides promote calcium release from a platelet membrane fraction in vitro.", "content": "A calcium sequestering platelet membrane fraction was prepared and the effect of arachidonic acid, PGG2 and PGH2 on calcium content evaluated. At 4 degrees C, 6.7--16.7 micrometers arachidonic acid caused significant release of calcium from preloaded vesicles. Such release was completely inhibited by aspirin pretreating the platelets from which the membrane fraction was prepared. Gamma-linolenic acid, not a substrate for prostaglandin synthesis, did not cause calcium release. At 37 degrees C, after a 5 minute calcium loading of the membrane vesicles, arachidonic acid, PGG2, and PGH2 caused release of calcium. Calcium release by the PGG2 and PGH2 was only slightly inhibited by aspirin. Imidazole, which prevented conversion of the prostaglandin endoperoxides to thromboxanes, also only slightly inhibited calcium release. Other prostaglandins including PGD2, PGE1, PGE2 and PGD2 had no effect on the calcium content of the vesicles. These studies suggest that PGG2 and PGH2 may exert their effects on platelets by mobilizing calcium from an internal membrane store to make it available to promote platelet activation.", "contents": "Prostaglandin endoperoxides promote calcium release from a platelet membrane fraction in vitro. A calcium sequestering platelet membrane fraction was prepared and the effect of arachidonic acid, PGG2 and PGH2 on calcium content evaluated. At 4 degrees C, 6.7--16.7 micrometers arachidonic acid caused significant release of calcium from preloaded vesicles. Such release was completely inhibited by aspirin pretreating the platelets from which the membrane fraction was prepared. Gamma-linolenic acid, not a substrate for prostaglandin synthesis, did not cause calcium release. At 37 degrees C, after a 5 minute calcium loading of the membrane vesicles, arachidonic acid, PGG2, and PGH2 caused release of calcium. Calcium release by the PGG2 and PGH2 was only slightly inhibited by aspirin. Imidazole, which prevented conversion of the prostaglandin endoperoxides to thromboxanes, also only slightly inhibited calcium release. Other prostaglandins including PGD2, PGE1, PGE2 and PGD2 had no effect on the calcium content of the vesicles. These studies suggest that PGG2 and PGH2 may exert their effects on platelets by mobilizing calcium from an internal membrane store to make it available to promote platelet activation."}
{"id": "PMID:364517", "title": "Neuroendocrine changes in acute schizophrenia as a function of clinical state and neuroleptic medication.", "content": "Changes in levels of prolactin, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone in serum, and testosterone in plasma, have been studied in 38 patients with acute schizophrenic illnesses in a 4-week double-blind comparison of the 2 isomers of flupenthixol and placebo. Only prolactin showed changes which could be related either to changes in clinical state or to the effects of medication. Prolactin levels increased during treatment with the therapeutically active alpha-isomer of flupenthixol but were unchanged with the inactive beta-isomer and placebo. Although there was a significant relationship between prolactin level and antipsychotic effect in patients on alpha-flupenthixol, in the individual case prolactin level was not a strong predictor of therapeutic response; and in patients on inactive medication changes in prolactin level could not be related to sympton change. There was a time lag of at least 2 weeks between the increase in prolactin secretion in patients on alpha-flupenthixol and the therapeutic effect attributable to medication. This delay suggests that if the antipsychotic effect is dependent upon dopamine receptor blockade it is not a direct consequence of this action. Perhaps dopamine receptor blockade permits other, and slower, changes to take place and it is these changes, rather than dopamine receptor blockade itself, which are reflected in clinical improvement.", "contents": "Neuroendocrine changes in acute schizophrenia as a function of clinical state and neuroleptic medication. Changes in levels of prolactin, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone in serum, and testosterone in plasma, have been studied in 38 patients with acute schizophrenic illnesses in a 4-week double-blind comparison of the 2 isomers of flupenthixol and placebo. Only prolactin showed changes which could be related either to changes in clinical state or to the effects of medication. Prolactin levels increased during treatment with the therapeutically active alpha-isomer of flupenthixol but were unchanged with the inactive beta-isomer and placebo. Although there was a significant relationship between prolactin level and antipsychotic effect in patients on alpha-flupenthixol, in the individual case prolactin level was not a strong predictor of therapeutic response; and in patients on inactive medication changes in prolactin level could not be related to sympton change. There was a time lag of at least 2 weeks between the increase in prolactin secretion in patients on alpha-flupenthixol and the therapeutic effect attributable to medication. This delay suggests that if the antipsychotic effect is dependent upon dopamine receptor blockade it is not a direct consequence of this action. Perhaps dopamine receptor blockade permits other, and slower, changes to take place and it is these changes, rather than dopamine receptor blockade itself, which are reflected in clinical improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:364526", "title": "Total anthropogenic CO2 production during the period 1800--1935 from carbon-13 measurements in tree rings.", "content": "The 13C records in tree ring cellulose have been evaluated in terms of CO2 production rates on the basis of a two box model of atmosphere and ocean. We show that a linear relationship exists between the actual atmospheric excess, deltaM(t), and the actual production rate, P(t), for periods of exponential growth of the production rate. No further calibration data from other sources are needed. The results are certainly depending to some degree on the properties of the used model, but it is demonstrated that even much more complex models have essentially the same property as it has been used here. The analysis covers the perion 1800--1935, where world-wide parallel trends have been found in the tree records. The delta13C shift in atmospheric carbon due to the addition of carbon from the fossil and biospheric reservoir was -1.66% in 1935. The model analysis yields a total production of the order of 100 ppm = 212 . 10(9) tC. Roughly one half of it was produced during the last 25 years of the period. The contribution from the fossil source was 20% of the total. An open question is where the sinks are for those amounts of mobilized carbon.", "contents": "Total anthropogenic CO2 production during the period 1800--1935 from carbon-13 measurements in tree rings. The 13C records in tree ring cellulose have been evaluated in terms of CO2 production rates on the basis of a two box model of atmosphere and ocean. We show that a linear relationship exists between the actual atmospheric excess, deltaM(t), and the actual production rate, P(t), for periods of exponential growth of the production rate. No further calibration data from other sources are needed. The results are certainly depending to some degree on the properties of the used model, but it is demonstrated that even much more complex models have essentially the same property as it has been used here. The analysis covers the perion 1800--1935, where world-wide parallel trends have been found in the tree records. The delta13C shift in atmospheric carbon due to the addition of carbon from the fossil and biospheric reservoir was -1.66% in 1935. The model analysis yields a total production of the order of 100 ppm = 212 . 10(9) tC. Roughly one half of it was produced during the last 25 years of the period. The contribution from the fossil source was 20% of the total. An open question is where the sinks are for those amounts of mobilized carbon."}
{"id": "PMID:364530", "title": "Computed tomography in primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain.", "content": "The CT findings in 16 patients with histologically proved primary central nervous system (CNS) reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) showed this malignancy to have predilection for the basal ganglia and thalamus, the periventricular white matter, the corpus callosum, and the vermis cerebelli. In 43% of patients with untreated tumor it presented as multifocal lesions; in each of these patients the basal ganglia were involved in conjuction with another site. In the other 57% of patients with untreated tumor presenting as solitary lesions the basal ganglia, the corpus callosum, and the frontal lobe were sites of predilection. Such solitary lesions may be indistinguishable from other tumors. Contrast enhancement of RCS was characteristically homogeneous with rare lucency, even in very large lesions.", "contents": "Computed tomography in primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain. The CT findings in 16 patients with histologically proved primary central nervous system (CNS) reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) showed this malignancy to have predilection for the basal ganglia and thalamus, the periventricular white matter, the corpus callosum, and the vermis cerebelli. In 43% of patients with untreated tumor it presented as multifocal lesions; in each of these patients the basal ganglia were involved in conjuction with another site. In the other 57% of patients with untreated tumor presenting as solitary lesions the basal ganglia, the corpus callosum, and the frontal lobe were sites of predilection. Such solitary lesions may be indistinguishable from other tumors. Contrast enhancement of RCS was characteristically homogeneous with rare lucency, even in very large lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:364545", "title": "Comparison of the effects of prostacyclin (PGI2), prostaglandin E1 and D2 on platelet aggregation in different species.", "content": "The activity of prostacyclin (PGI2), PGE1 or PGD2 as inhibitors of platelet aggregation in plasma from human, dog, rabbit, rat, sheep and horse was investigated. Prostacyclin was the most potent inhibitor in all species. PGD2 was a weak inhibitor in dog, rabbit and rat plasma whereas PGE1 and prostacyclin were highly active. Theophylline or dipyridamole potentiated the inhibition of human platelet aggregation by prostacyclin, PGE1 or PGD2. Compound N-0164 abolished the inhibition by PGD2 of human platelet aggregation but did not inhibit the effects of PGE1 or prostacyclin. The results suggest that prostacyclin and PGE1 act on similar sites on platelets which are distinct from those for PGD2.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of prostacyclin (PGI2), prostaglandin E1 and D2 on platelet aggregation in different species. The activity of prostacyclin (PGI2), PGE1 or PGD2 as inhibitors of platelet aggregation in plasma from human, dog, rabbit, rat, sheep and horse was investigated. Prostacyclin was the most potent inhibitor in all species. PGD2 was a weak inhibitor in dog, rabbit and rat plasma whereas PGE1 and prostacyclin were highly active. Theophylline or dipyridamole potentiated the inhibition of human platelet aggregation by prostacyclin, PGE1 or PGD2. Compound N-0164 abolished the inhibition by PGD2 of human platelet aggregation but did not inhibit the effects of PGE1 or prostacyclin. The results suggest that prostacyclin and PGE1 act on similar sites on platelets which are distinct from those for PGD2."}
{"id": "PMID:364546", "title": "Stability of authentic PGI2 during routine extraction. Clarification of the nature and sequence of products formed by the rat stomach including the origin of the ozonolysis products reported in 1971.", "content": "Authentic PGI2 and PGI2 formed by rat stomach homogenates were carried through a simple extraction and purification procedure to explore the feasibility of isolation of this biologically active bicyclic ether product of arachidonic acid. The integrity of PGI2 was followed throughout by bioassay on the rat blood pressure. In this system we recently reported that PGI2 has very potent hypotensive actions which are easily distinguishable from those observed for PGE2 (14). Our results indicate that PGI2 survives the initial extraction steps (i.e. ethanol extraction, diethyl ether - HCl extraction and methylation) up to the step involving thin layer chromatography with an acidic developing solvent system. This latter procedure converts PGI2 entirely into a stable derivative, 6-keto-PGF1alpha (3,8--10). Oxidative ozonolysis of the methyl ester acetate derivative of authentic 6-keto PGF1alpha reveals products identical to those reported by Pace-Asciak and Wolfe in 1971 (1) which are also produced from authentic PGI2. This data sheds new light into 1) the nature of the biological product formed by stomach homogenates, 2) its transformation into 6-keto PGF1alpha during purification and 3) the origin of the ozonolysis products in the experiments reported in 1971.", "contents": "Stability of authentic PGI2 during routine extraction. Clarification of the nature and sequence of products formed by the rat stomach including the origin of the ozonolysis products reported in 1971. Authentic PGI2 and PGI2 formed by rat stomach homogenates were carried through a simple extraction and purification procedure to explore the feasibility of isolation of this biologically active bicyclic ether product of arachidonic acid. The integrity of PGI2 was followed throughout by bioassay on the rat blood pressure. In this system we recently reported that PGI2 has very potent hypotensive actions which are easily distinguishable from those observed for PGE2 (14). Our results indicate that PGI2 survives the initial extraction steps (i.e. ethanol extraction, diethyl ether - HCl extraction and methylation) up to the step involving thin layer chromatography with an acidic developing solvent system. This latter procedure converts PGI2 entirely into a stable derivative, 6-keto-PGF1alpha (3,8--10). Oxidative ozonolysis of the methyl ester acetate derivative of authentic 6-keto PGF1alpha reveals products identical to those reported by Pace-Asciak and Wolfe in 1971 (1) which are also produced from authentic PGI2. This data sheds new light into 1) the nature of the biological product formed by stomach homogenates, 2) its transformation into 6-keto PGF1alpha during purification and 3) the origin of the ozonolysis products in the experiments reported in 1971."}
{"id": "PMID:364547", "title": "Effect of in vivo prostaglandin treatment on 3H-PGF2alpha uptake in hamster corpora lutea.", "content": "Pregnant hamsters were administered (SC) prostaglandin or vehicle on the morning of the 4th day of pregnancy. Serum progesterone was significantly depressed (p less than .01) at 0.5, 2, and 6 hours after treatment with 100 microgram PGF2alpha. Serum progesterone levels were unchanged 2 hours and 6 hours after treatment with 100 microgram PGF2beta and 2 hours after treatment with 1 mg PGF2beta. Progesterone levels were depressed to less than 1 ng/ml 6 hours after treatment with 1 mg PGF2beta. The specific uptake of 3H-PGF2alpha in whole hamster corpora lutea was significantly depressed 2 hours and 6 hours following 100 microgram PGF2alpha treatment. A 15% depression in specific uptake occurred 0.5 hour post-treatment. Treatment with 100 microgram PGF2beta resulted in no change. Administration of 1 mg PGF2beta resulted in depressed 3H-PGF2alpha uptake at both 2 and 6 hours post-treatment. Prostacyclin (PGI2) treatment resulted in no change in either 3H-PGF2alpha specific uptake or serum progesterone 2 hours after 100 microgram treatment SC. These parameters were both reduced approximately 30% 6 hours post-treatment. Treatment with 6-keto-PGF1alpha resulted in a complete lack of measurable 3H-PGF2alpha uptake and serum progesterone levels less than 1 ng/ml at both 2 and 6 hours after treatment with 1 mg SC.", "contents": "Effect of in vivo prostaglandin treatment on 3H-PGF2alpha uptake in hamster corpora lutea. Pregnant hamsters were administered (SC) prostaglandin or vehicle on the morning of the 4th day of pregnancy. Serum progesterone was significantly depressed (p less than .01) at 0.5, 2, and 6 hours after treatment with 100 microgram PGF2alpha. Serum progesterone levels were unchanged 2 hours and 6 hours after treatment with 100 microgram PGF2beta and 2 hours after treatment with 1 mg PGF2beta. Progesterone levels were depressed to less than 1 ng/ml 6 hours after treatment with 1 mg PGF2beta. The specific uptake of 3H-PGF2alpha in whole hamster corpora lutea was significantly depressed 2 hours and 6 hours following 100 microgram PGF2alpha treatment. A 15% depression in specific uptake occurred 0.5 hour post-treatment. Treatment with 100 microgram PGF2beta resulted in no change. Administration of 1 mg PGF2beta resulted in depressed 3H-PGF2alpha uptake at both 2 and 6 hours post-treatment. Prostacyclin (PGI2) treatment resulted in no change in either 3H-PGF2alpha specific uptake or serum progesterone 2 hours after 100 microgram treatment SC. These parameters were both reduced approximately 30% 6 hours post-treatment. Treatment with 6-keto-PGF1alpha resulted in a complete lack of measurable 3H-PGF2alpha uptake and serum progesterone levels less than 1 ng/ml at both 2 and 6 hours after treatment with 1 mg SC."}
{"id": "PMID:364548", "title": "Increased production of PGI2-like activity by frozen-thawed rat aorta.", "content": "The effects of storage conditions, temperature, and time on the ability of the rat thoracic aorta to produce a platelet aggregation inhibitor were investigated. Aortic fragments were incubated in Tris buffer, aliquots of which were then tested for their ability to inhibit ADP-induced human platelet aggregation. The incubation fluid of samples that had been soaked in Tris buffer at 4 degrees C for 24 hours contained no inhibitor activity, whereas the incubation fluid of similar samples that had been kept at 4 degrees C but not soaked in buffer contained comparable inhibitor activity as that of fresh samples. The incubation fluid of samples that had been kept at -20 degrees C or -80 degrees C contained greater inhibitor activity than that of fresh samples, and was maintained in -20 degrees C samples for 7 days, and -80 degrees samples for 28 days. The aortic inhibitor had similar properties as PGI2.", "contents": "Increased production of PGI2-like activity by frozen-thawed rat aorta. The effects of storage conditions, temperature, and time on the ability of the rat thoracic aorta to produce a platelet aggregation inhibitor were investigated. Aortic fragments were incubated in Tris buffer, aliquots of which were then tested for their ability to inhibit ADP-induced human platelet aggregation. The incubation fluid of samples that had been soaked in Tris buffer at 4 degrees C for 24 hours contained no inhibitor activity, whereas the incubation fluid of similar samples that had been kept at 4 degrees C but not soaked in buffer contained comparable inhibitor activity as that of fresh samples. The incubation fluid of samples that had been kept at -20 degrees C or -80 degrees C contained greater inhibitor activity than that of fresh samples, and was maintained in -20 degrees C samples for 7 days, and -80 degrees samples for 28 days. The aortic inhibitor had similar properties as PGI2."}
{"id": "PMID:364549", "title": "The effect of PGI2 on canine renal function and hemodynamics.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) on renal and intrarenal hemodynamics and function was studied in mongrel dogs to elucidate the role of this novel prostaglandin in renal physiology. Starting at a dose of 10(-8) g/kg/min, PGI2 decreased renal vascular resistance and redistributed the blood flow away from the outer cortex (zone 1) and towards the juxtamedullary cortex (zone 4). At 3 X 10(-8) g/kg/min, the renal vascular resistance decreased even further, but at this dose the mean arterial blood pressure also declined 13% indicating recirculation of this prostaglandin. PGI2 infusion at a vasodilatory dose resulted in natriuresis and kaliuresis. With a decline in filtration fraction, these changes were most likely secondary to the hemodynamic effects of this prostaglandin. Unlike PGE2, PGI2 had no direct effect on free water clearance indicating lack of activity at the collecting duct. PGI2 may be the important renal prostaglandin involved in modulating renal vascular resistance and intrarenal hemodynamics as well as influencing systemic blood pressure.", "contents": "The effect of PGI2 on canine renal function and hemodynamics. The effect of prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) on renal and intrarenal hemodynamics and function was studied in mongrel dogs to elucidate the role of this novel prostaglandin in renal physiology. Starting at a dose of 10(-8) g/kg/min, PGI2 decreased renal vascular resistance and redistributed the blood flow away from the outer cortex (zone 1) and towards the juxtamedullary cortex (zone 4). At 3 X 10(-8) g/kg/min, the renal vascular resistance decreased even further, but at this dose the mean arterial blood pressure also declined 13% indicating recirculation of this prostaglandin. PGI2 infusion at a vasodilatory dose resulted in natriuresis and kaliuresis. With a decline in filtration fraction, these changes were most likely secondary to the hemodynamic effects of this prostaglandin. Unlike PGE2, PGI2 had no direct effect on free water clearance indicating lack of activity at the collecting duct. PGI2 may be the important renal prostaglandin involved in modulating renal vascular resistance and intrarenal hemodynamics as well as influencing systemic blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:364550", "title": "Localization and in vitro synthesis of prostaglandins in components of rabbit preovulatory graafian follicles.", "content": "Graafian follicles obtained 9 hours after the injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) into mature rabbits were dissected into a follicular fluid component, a granulosa cell-oocyte component, and a residual wall component, (the latter containing mostly theca tissue with a small and variable amount of adhering granulosa cells). The amounts of PGE and PGF were determined for each component. The follicular fluid contained approximately 4-10 times more PGE and PGF than either the granulosa cell-oocyte component or the residual wall component. The latter two components contained approximately equal amounts of these prostaglandins. The in vitro biosynthesis of PGE and PGF was also studied and it was found that the granulosa cell-oocyte component had about 4 fold the capacity of the residual wall, and that the follicular fluid synthesized no prostaglandins. There was no significant effect of LH on either PGE or PGF synthesis in any of the components.", "contents": "Localization and in vitro synthesis of prostaglandins in components of rabbit preovulatory graafian follicles. Graafian follicles obtained 9 hours after the injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) into mature rabbits were dissected into a follicular fluid component, a granulosa cell-oocyte component, and a residual wall component, (the latter containing mostly theca tissue with a small and variable amount of adhering granulosa cells). The amounts of PGE and PGF were determined for each component. The follicular fluid contained approximately 4-10 times more PGE and PGF than either the granulosa cell-oocyte component or the residual wall component. The latter two components contained approximately equal amounts of these prostaglandins. The in vitro biosynthesis of PGE and PGF was also studied and it was found that the granulosa cell-oocyte component had about 4 fold the capacity of the residual wall, and that the follicular fluid synthesized no prostaglandins. There was no significant effect of LH on either PGE or PGF synthesis in any of the components."}
{"id": "PMID:364551", "title": "Formation of prostacyclin (PGI2) by the ductus arteriosus of fetal lambs at different stages of gestation.", "content": "Prostaglandins appear to play a role in maintaining patency of the ductus arteriosus during gestation. Prostacyclin (PGI2) is the major product of prostaglandin biosynthesis in the lamb ductus arteriosus. This factor is both a vasodilator and a potent inhibitor of human platelet aggregation. We used inhibition of platelet aggregation as a sensitive bioassay to measure PGI2 generation in rings of ductus arteriosus from fetal lambs. Mechanical manipulation accelerated the rate of PGI2 released from the tissue 10 to 50 times. Tranylcypromine, an antagonist of prostacyclin synthetase, suppressed production of PGI2 by rings of ductus arteriosus. Rings from immature animals (98-103 days gestation, term is 150 days) released significantly more PGI2 (190 +/- 28 ng/g wet weight/ 20 min, n = 9) than did those from near term animals (136-146 days; 106 +/- 23 ng/g wet weight/20 min, n = 10). The capacity of the ductus arteriosus to generate more PGI2 earlier in gestation is consistent with the observation that vessels from animals less than 110 days gestation have a significantly larger indomethacin induced contraction than do vessels near term.", "contents": "Formation of prostacyclin (PGI2) by the ductus arteriosus of fetal lambs at different stages of gestation. Prostaglandins appear to play a role in maintaining patency of the ductus arteriosus during gestation. Prostacyclin (PGI2) is the major product of prostaglandin biosynthesis in the lamb ductus arteriosus. This factor is both a vasodilator and a potent inhibitor of human platelet aggregation. We used inhibition of platelet aggregation as a sensitive bioassay to measure PGI2 generation in rings of ductus arteriosus from fetal lambs. Mechanical manipulation accelerated the rate of PGI2 released from the tissue 10 to 50 times. Tranylcypromine, an antagonist of prostacyclin synthetase, suppressed production of PGI2 by rings of ductus arteriosus. Rings from immature animals (98-103 days gestation, term is 150 days) released significantly more PGI2 (190 +/- 28 ng/g wet weight/ 20 min, n = 9) than did those from near term animals (136-146 days; 106 +/- 23 ng/g wet weight/20 min, n = 10). The capacity of the ductus arteriosus to generate more PGI2 earlier in gestation is consistent with the observation that vessels from animals less than 110 days gestation have a significantly larger indomethacin induced contraction than do vessels near term."}
{"id": "PMID:364562", "title": "[Effect of glucose concentration on the biosynthesis of prodigiosin by serratia marcescens (author's transl)].", "content": "Serratia marcescens is an enterobacteria which produces a characteristic red pigment denominated prodigiosin. To study the effect of glucose on the kinetics of this secondary metabolite, cultures of Serratia marcescens S10 were incubated at 30 degrees C in the mineral medium GL, with glucose (2 g/l) as the carbon source. Prodigiosin production in relation to glucose consumption is studied, and parallel-wise, the effect of various concentrations of glucose on prodigiosin production. The kinetics data show the close correlation between glucose consumption and the synthesis of prodigiosin. This substrate inhibits the synthesis of pigment in cultures grown on solid medium GL with concentrations of glucose up to 15 g/l.", "contents": "[Effect of glucose concentration on the biosynthesis of prodigiosin by serratia marcescens (author's transl)]. Serratia marcescens is an enterobacteria which produces a characteristic red pigment denominated prodigiosin. To study the effect of glucose on the kinetics of this secondary metabolite, cultures of Serratia marcescens S10 were incubated at 30 degrees C in the mineral medium GL, with glucose (2 g/l) as the carbon source. Prodigiosin production in relation to glucose consumption is studied, and parallel-wise, the effect of various concentrations of glucose on prodigiosin production. The kinetics data show the close correlation between glucose consumption and the synthesis of prodigiosin. This substrate inhibits the synthesis of pigment in cultures grown on solid medium GL with concentrations of glucose up to 15 g/l."}
{"id": "PMID:364563", "title": "Effect of prolonged fasting upon insulin and glucagon secretion from isolated rat pancreatic islets.", "content": "To study insulin-glucagon interrelationships in the regulation of pancreatic islet functions, glucose-mediated insulin and glucagon secretion have been studied in isolated pancreatic islets from fed and from 4 and 8-day fasted rats. At low glucose levels (50 mg %) a continuous decrease of insulin and increase of glucagon secretion were observed during prolonged fasting. High glucose concentrations 300 mg %) stimulated insulin and inhibited glucagon secretion until 4 days, but did not cause any effect after 8 days fasting. These results suggest that the secretory mechanisms of the two hormones may have a common basis.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged fasting upon insulin and glucagon secretion from isolated rat pancreatic islets. To study insulin-glucagon interrelationships in the regulation of pancreatic islet functions, glucose-mediated insulin and glucagon secretion have been studied in isolated pancreatic islets from fed and from 4 and 8-day fasted rats. At low glucose levels (50 mg %) a continuous decrease of insulin and increase of glucagon secretion were observed during prolonged fasting. High glucose concentrations 300 mg %) stimulated insulin and inhibited glucagon secretion until 4 days, but did not cause any effect after 8 days fasting. These results suggest that the secretory mechanisms of the two hormones may have a common basis."}
{"id": "PMID:364570", "title": "Effect of arachidonic acid (ARA), prostaglandins E2 (PGE2), and F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on sensitized spleen cells in the hemolytic plaque assay.", "content": "Spleen cells from the BDF1 generation of DBA male X C57Bl/6 female matings sensitized with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) were exposed to various concentrations of ARA, PGE2, and PGF2alpha for 90 minutes in vitro at 37 degrees C. Following exposure these sensitized spleen cells were then examined in the hemolytic plaque assay. No changes were demonstrated in the number of plaque forming cells (PFC) with 0.1 microgram/ml of ARA treatment. However, an increase in the number of PFC occurred with increasing concentrations of ARA. A significant increase (p less than 0.01) in PFC (59%) was shown with 10.0 microgram/ml of ARA. PGE2 treatment at 10.0 and 100.0 microgram/ml showed no evidence of increase, but a slight decrease (10%) was shown with 100.0 microgram/ml. On the other hand, exposure to PGF2alpha showed a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in PFC at the 10.0 microgram/ml (35%) and the 100.0 microgram/ml (29% levels, respectively. The data suggest that both ARA and PGF2alpha enhanced PFC formation.", "contents": "Effect of arachidonic acid (ARA), prostaglandins E2 (PGE2), and F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on sensitized spleen cells in the hemolytic plaque assay. Spleen cells from the BDF1 generation of DBA male X C57Bl/6 female matings sensitized with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) were exposed to various concentrations of ARA, PGE2, and PGF2alpha for 90 minutes in vitro at 37 degrees C. Following exposure these sensitized spleen cells were then examined in the hemolytic plaque assay. No changes were demonstrated in the number of plaque forming cells (PFC) with 0.1 microgram/ml of ARA treatment. However, an increase in the number of PFC occurred with increasing concentrations of ARA. A significant increase (p less than 0.01) in PFC (59%) was shown with 10.0 microgram/ml of ARA. PGE2 treatment at 10.0 and 100.0 microgram/ml showed no evidence of increase, but a slight decrease (10%) was shown with 100.0 microgram/ml. On the other hand, exposure to PGF2alpha showed a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in PFC at the 10.0 microgram/ml (35%) and the 100.0 microgram/ml (29% levels, respectively. The data suggest that both ARA and PGF2alpha enhanced PFC formation."}
{"id": "PMID:364571", "title": "Elimination and organ distribution of intravenously administered allogeneic and xenogeneic IgG modifications. (Standard IgG, F (ab)2-fragments and beta-propiolactone treated IgG) in dogs.", "content": "Dog IgG was produced by fractionation procedures used for the production of clinically used i.v. gammaglobulins. Chemical modification of dog IgG was done by pepsin or beta-propiolactone treatment. The intravascular half-life of beta-propiolactone IgG was 8.5 +/- 2.1 days compared to 4.5 +/- 1.6 days of pepsin treated IgG. Tissue concentrations of radioactive labelled beta-propiolactone IgG were generally higher than of pepsin digested IgG. Pepsin treated Igg was degraded to a significantly higher extent (26% of the administered radioactivity was bound to fragments smaller than 6000 MW after three days) than beta-propiolactone IgG (9% fragments after the same interval, P less than 0.001). It is concluded that the short intravascular half-life of pepsin IgG cannot be explained by increased extravascular filling, but is due to rapid degradation and excretion via the kidneys. There was no obvious difference in elimination and organ distribution between standard and beta-propiolactone IgG.", "contents": "Elimination and organ distribution of intravenously administered allogeneic and xenogeneic IgG modifications. (Standard IgG, F (ab)2-fragments and beta-propiolactone treated IgG) in dogs. Dog IgG was produced by fractionation procedures used for the production of clinically used i.v. gammaglobulins. Chemical modification of dog IgG was done by pepsin or beta-propiolactone treatment. The intravascular half-life of beta-propiolactone IgG was 8.5 +/- 2.1 days compared to 4.5 +/- 1.6 days of pepsin treated IgG. Tissue concentrations of radioactive labelled beta-propiolactone IgG were generally higher than of pepsin digested IgG. Pepsin treated Igg was degraded to a significantly higher extent (26% of the administered radioactivity was bound to fragments smaller than 6000 MW after three days) than beta-propiolactone IgG (9% fragments after the same interval, P less than 0.001). It is concluded that the short intravascular half-life of pepsin IgG cannot be explained by increased extravascular filling, but is due to rapid degradation and excretion via the kidneys. There was no obvious difference in elimination and organ distribution between standard and beta-propiolactone IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:364572", "title": "Metabolism of hydrogenated palatinose, an equimolar mixture of alpha-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-sorbitol and alpha-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-mannitol.", "content": "Hydrogenated palatinose, an equimolar mixture of alpha-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-sorbitol and alpha-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-mannitol, was investigated as a potential oral sugar substitute in the following experiments in man and rat. 1. Enzymatic cleavage occurred at slow rates by maltase (alpha-glucosidase) of jejunal mucosa, liver lysosomes and yeast. 2. Part of ingested hydrogenated palatinose arrived unsplit at the caecum of the rat and underwent fermentation there; excretion in feces and urine are neglegible in man and rat. 3. Growth and maintenance of rats demonstrated 20--40 percent diminished caloric utilisation of diets containing 34.5 percent hydrogenated palatinose whereas indirect calorimetry in man showed about 50 percent caloric deficit. 4. Blood sugar did not increase in man after oral doses up to 100 g. 5. The capacity of the rat kidneys for excretion of hydrogenated palatinose and its constituents was high, symptoms of incompatibility were not observed.", "contents": "Metabolism of hydrogenated palatinose, an equimolar mixture of alpha-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-sorbitol and alpha-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-mannitol. Hydrogenated palatinose, an equimolar mixture of alpha-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-sorbitol and alpha-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-mannitol, was investigated as a potential oral sugar substitute in the following experiments in man and rat. 1. Enzymatic cleavage occurred at slow rates by maltase (alpha-glucosidase) of jejunal mucosa, liver lysosomes and yeast. 2. Part of ingested hydrogenated palatinose arrived unsplit at the caecum of the rat and underwent fermentation there; excretion in feces and urine are neglegible in man and rat. 3. Growth and maintenance of rats demonstrated 20--40 percent diminished caloric utilisation of diets containing 34.5 percent hydrogenated palatinose whereas indirect calorimetry in man showed about 50 percent caloric deficit. 4. Blood sugar did not increase in man after oral doses up to 100 g. 5. The capacity of the rat kidneys for excretion of hydrogenated palatinose and its constituents was high, symptoms of incompatibility were not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:364573", "title": "Experimental Salmonella typhimurium infection in calves.", "content": "The paper describes the clinical, bacteriological and pathological findings in experimental Salmonella typhimurium infection in calves. Oral doses of 10(8) and 10(9) organisms produced clinical disease and high mortality; doses ranging from 10(4)--10(7) organisms were less consistent in their action. Jersey calves appeared more susceptible to infection than Friesian calves. The clinical signs in most calves were pyrexia and a characteristic diarrhoea that lasted for up to 11 days; more severe symptoms were seen in the calves that received the higher doses. Following infection, all calves excreted S typhimurium in their faeces, the highest counts being observed in the calves that died. In the calves that survived, counts ranging from 10(2)--10(5)/g faeces occurred continuously for up to a maximum of 20 days and subsequent intermittent excretion occurred in a number of calves. In the calves that died, necrotic enteritis in the ileum and large intestine was the most striking lesion; lesions were uncommon in other organs. The findings are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis, diagnosis and control of the disease.", "contents": "Experimental Salmonella typhimurium infection in calves. The paper describes the clinical, bacteriological and pathological findings in experimental Salmonella typhimurium infection in calves. Oral doses of 10(8) and 10(9) organisms produced clinical disease and high mortality; doses ranging from 10(4)--10(7) organisms were less consistent in their action. Jersey calves appeared more susceptible to infection than Friesian calves. The clinical signs in most calves were pyrexia and a characteristic diarrhoea that lasted for up to 11 days; more severe symptoms were seen in the calves that received the higher doses. Following infection, all calves excreted S typhimurium in their faeces, the highest counts being observed in the calves that died. In the calves that survived, counts ranging from 10(2)--10(5)/g faeces occurred continuously for up to a maximum of 20 days and subsequent intermittent excretion occurred in a number of calves. In the calves that died, necrotic enteritis in the ileum and large intestine was the most striking lesion; lesions were uncommon in other organs. The findings are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis, diagnosis and control of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:364574", "title": "The quantitative assessment of normal canine small intestinal mucosa.", "content": "Quanitative methods of assessing the architecture of small intestinal mucosa have been applied to biopsy material from normal dogs. Mucosal samples taken from four predetermined sites show that there are significant quantitative differences between the various levels of the small bowel. Animals of one year of age and older show no correlation between age or weight and mucosal dimensions. The significance of these findings, in relation to examination of biopsy material from cases of clinical small intestinal disease, is discussed.", "contents": "The quantitative assessment of normal canine small intestinal mucosa. Quanitative methods of assessing the architecture of small intestinal mucosa have been applied to biopsy material from normal dogs. Mucosal samples taken from four predetermined sites show that there are significant quantitative differences between the various levels of the small bowel. Animals of one year of age and older show no correlation between age or weight and mucosal dimensions. The significance of these findings, in relation to examination of biopsy material from cases of clinical small intestinal disease, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:364575", "title": "The quantitative assessment of mucosa in canine small intestinal malabsorption.", "content": "Histological sections from the small intestines of dogs showing clinical signs of small intestinal malabsorption have been examined using morphometric techniques. Weibel graticule measurements appear to be a useful adjunct to the subjective assessment of villus atrophy. Severe clinical signs of small intestinal malabsorption may be associated with a patchy distribution of lesions throughout the small bowel.", "contents": "The quantitative assessment of mucosa in canine small intestinal malabsorption. Histological sections from the small intestines of dogs showing clinical signs of small intestinal malabsorption have been examined using morphometric techniques. Weibel graticule measurements appear to be a useful adjunct to the subjective assessment of villus atrophy. Severe clinical signs of small intestinal malabsorption may be associated with a patchy distribution of lesions throughout the small bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:364576", "title": "In vivo studies on suppressor lymphocyte activity following administration of Escherichia coli O138 lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Evaluation of Escherichia coli vaccines used in veterinary practice usually relates to antibody formation and neglects the essential characteristics of cell function leading to this end. This paper attempts to investigate the cellular responses to E coli O138 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered subcutaneously in a dose range of 1 microgram to 200 microgram. Rosette-forming cell responses in the draining lymph node varied from antigenic at 10 microgram to tolerogenic at 200 microgram. The tolerogenic dose also caused a marked mitogenic response as can be seen by a fourfold increase in total lymph node cells. Fractionation of normal or LPS-responding, or LPS-tolerised lymph node cells into B cell-rich and T cell-rich fractions was carried out and these were adoptively transferred simultaneously with an antigenic dose of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) into syngeneic recipient mice. Suppressor activity of the anti-SRBC response was found after transfer of 1 X 10(6) normal B cell fractions, 1 X 10(6) tolerised B cell fractions and 1 X 10(6) tolerised T cell fractions. LPS-antigenically stimulated lymph node cell fractions had no suppressor effect but when given with Freund's complete adjuvant ensuing T cell-rich fractions produced immunosuppression in recipient mice. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to polyclonal B cell activation, helper and suppressor T cells, and possible feedback mechanisms between interacting subpopulations of lymph node cells.", "contents": "In vivo studies on suppressor lymphocyte activity following administration of Escherichia coli O138 lipopolysaccharide. Evaluation of Escherichia coli vaccines used in veterinary practice usually relates to antibody formation and neglects the essential characteristics of cell function leading to this end. This paper attempts to investigate the cellular responses to E coli O138 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered subcutaneously in a dose range of 1 microgram to 200 microgram. Rosette-forming cell responses in the draining lymph node varied from antigenic at 10 microgram to tolerogenic at 200 microgram. The tolerogenic dose also caused a marked mitogenic response as can be seen by a fourfold increase in total lymph node cells. Fractionation of normal or LPS-responding, or LPS-tolerised lymph node cells into B cell-rich and T cell-rich fractions was carried out and these were adoptively transferred simultaneously with an antigenic dose of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) into syngeneic recipient mice. Suppressor activity of the anti-SRBC response was found after transfer of 1 X 10(6) normal B cell fractions, 1 X 10(6) tolerised B cell fractions and 1 X 10(6) tolerised T cell fractions. LPS-antigenically stimulated lymph node cell fractions had no suppressor effect but when given with Freund's complete adjuvant ensuing T cell-rich fractions produced immunosuppression in recipient mice. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to polyclonal B cell activation, helper and suppressor T cells, and possible feedback mechanisms between interacting subpopulations of lymph node cells."}
{"id": "PMID:364577", "title": "An immunisation model for the control of infectious enteritis.", "content": "An intestinal immunisation procedure involving systemic priming and oral boosting was investigated in lambs with a view to providing vaccination control of enteritis in young animals. The procedure stimulated the appearance of antibody-containing cells of IgA specificity in the intestine and lambs immunised in this way with a bacterial vaccine were protected against subsequent challenge with live enteropathogenic bacteria. This immunisation regime therefore provides a useful method for the stimulation of IgA immunity in the intestine of ruminants and it is anticipated that it will have general application to a variety of enteric diseases.", "contents": "An immunisation model for the control of infectious enteritis. An intestinal immunisation procedure involving systemic priming and oral boosting was investigated in lambs with a view to providing vaccination control of enteritis in young animals. The procedure stimulated the appearance of antibody-containing cells of IgA specificity in the intestine and lambs immunised in this way with a bacterial vaccine were protected against subsequent challenge with live enteropathogenic bacteria. This immunisation regime therefore provides a useful method for the stimulation of IgA immunity in the intestine of ruminants and it is anticipated that it will have general application to a variety of enteric diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:364578", "title": "Tolerance breaking by lymphocyte activating factor induced by Escherichia coli O138 lipopolysaccharide from homologous macrophages.", "content": "Following an antigenic dose of 10 microgram or a tolerogenic dose of 200 microgram of Escherichia coli O138 lipopolysaccharide (LPS), BALB/c mice were examined on day 14 for percentages of theta-bearing cells. A considerable increase in T cells was noticed in lymphocytes from tolerant draining lymph nodes, and furthermore these cells did not possess receptors for LPS when tested for rosette inhibition. However, when the supernatant from 1 X 10(7) macrophages, pretreated with 150 microgram LPS, was given to tolerant mice on day 7, by day 14 tolerance was found to be broken, anti-LPS IgG was present in circulation and the draining lymph node contained T cells specifically committed to LPS. The change from suppressor to helper T cell activity is discussed in relation to enhancement of the immune response.", "contents": "Tolerance breaking by lymphocyte activating factor induced by Escherichia coli O138 lipopolysaccharide from homologous macrophages. Following an antigenic dose of 10 microgram or a tolerogenic dose of 200 microgram of Escherichia coli O138 lipopolysaccharide (LPS), BALB/c mice were examined on day 14 for percentages of theta-bearing cells. A considerable increase in T cells was noticed in lymphocytes from tolerant draining lymph nodes, and furthermore these cells did not possess receptors for LPS when tested for rosette inhibition. However, when the supernatant from 1 X 10(7) macrophages, pretreated with 150 microgram LPS, was given to tolerant mice on day 7, by day 14 tolerance was found to be broken, anti-LPS IgG was present in circulation and the draining lymph node contained T cells specifically committed to LPS. The change from suppressor to helper T cell activity is discussed in relation to enhancement of the immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:364579", "title": "Antibody response in cattle and rabbits to early antigens of malignant catarrhal fever virus in cultured cells.", "content": "Cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) inhibited the production of late antigens and of infectious virus in monolayers of bovine kidney cells infected with the high-passage, WC-11 strain of malignant catarrhal fever virus. Early antigens were not affected. Using hyperimmune and acute-phase sera from cattle and rabbits in indirect immunofluorescence tests, it was shown that Ara-C treated cultures contained two early antigens; one was diffuse and distributed throughout the cells, the other was particulate and intranuclear. Antibody to early antigens developed later and attained lower titres in infected animals, especially rabbits; only hyperimmune sera reacted with the diffuse early antigen.", "contents": "Antibody response in cattle and rabbits to early antigens of malignant catarrhal fever virus in cultured cells. Cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) inhibited the production of late antigens and of infectious virus in monolayers of bovine kidney cells infected with the high-passage, WC-11 strain of malignant catarrhal fever virus. Early antigens were not affected. Using hyperimmune and acute-phase sera from cattle and rabbits in indirect immunofluorescence tests, it was shown that Ara-C treated cultures contained two early antigens; one was diffuse and distributed throughout the cells, the other was particulate and intranuclear. Antibody to early antigens developed later and attained lower titres in infected animals, especially rabbits; only hyperimmune sera reacted with the diffuse early antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:364589", "title": "[Creutzfeldt Jakob disease. Recommended precautions for patient management and diagnostic procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "The virus of Creutzfeldt Jakob disease differs from conventional viruses in its extraordinary resistance to commonly used physical and chemical methods of decontamination. Autoclaving the virus for 1 hour at 121 degrees C and 2 atmospheres pressure is the most certain means for achieving total inactivation. Exposure to 5 p. 100 hypochlorite for several hours can also totally inactivate the virus, and exposure to phenol or potassium permanganate is probably effective, but as yet insufficiently tested.", "contents": "[Creutzfeldt Jakob disease. Recommended precautions for patient management and diagnostic procedures (author's transl)]. The virus of Creutzfeldt Jakob disease differs from conventional viruses in its extraordinary resistance to commonly used physical and chemical methods of decontamination. Autoclaving the virus for 1 hour at 121 degrees C and 2 atmospheres pressure is the most certain means for achieving total inactivation. Exposure to 5 p. 100 hypochlorite for several hours can also totally inactivate the virus, and exposure to phenol or potassium permanganate is probably effective, but as yet insufficiently tested."}
{"id": "PMID:364590", "title": "[Contribution of stereotactic methods to diagnosis and treatment of tumors of the pineal region (author's transl)].", "content": "The respective role of surgical ablation versus palliative methods (i.e. shunting followed by irradiation) in the treatment of tumors of pineal region is still questionnable and must take into account the variability of their pathology. Thus, knowledge of tumoral type in each case is the first step to therapeutic discussion. The stereotactic methods allow a faithful biopsy, easy to interpret and without major risks.", "contents": "[Contribution of stereotactic methods to diagnosis and treatment of tumors of the pineal region (author's transl)]. The respective role of surgical ablation versus palliative methods (i.e. shunting followed by irradiation) in the treatment of tumors of pineal region is still questionnable and must take into account the variability of their pathology. Thus, knowledge of tumoral type in each case is the first step to therapeutic discussion. The stereotactic methods allow a faithful biopsy, easy to interpret and without major risks."}
{"id": "PMID:364592", "title": "[A study of the use of sequential chemotherapy in 176 cases of glioblastoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Sequential administration of VM 26 and CCNU has been used in France for the treatment of glioblastoma since 1973. Results have shown that this association can cause a remission lasting, on average, from seven to eight months after starting chemotherapy. It seems that, adding Adriamycin to this sequential therapy does not increase its efficiency. On the other side, dosage and the interval between cycles of chemotherapy appear to be a determining factor in the activity, but the limits are very narrow. Therapy is either ineffective or has doubtful efficiency in about one third of patients, and even when prolonged clinical remission is obtained, cessation of therapy, usually due to a persistent thrombopenia is followed by progression of the tumour in the following months. The large amount of research being made in the field of cellular kinetics and pharcacology will, hopefully, lead to improvement in results.", "contents": "[A study of the use of sequential chemotherapy in 176 cases of glioblastoma (author's transl)]. Sequential administration of VM 26 and CCNU has been used in France for the treatment of glioblastoma since 1973. Results have shown that this association can cause a remission lasting, on average, from seven to eight months after starting chemotherapy. It seems that, adding Adriamycin to this sequential therapy does not increase its efficiency. On the other side, dosage and the interval between cycles of chemotherapy appear to be a determining factor in the activity, but the limits are very narrow. Therapy is either ineffective or has doubtful efficiency in about one third of patients, and even when prolonged clinical remission is obtained, cessation of therapy, usually due to a persistent thrombopenia is followed by progression of the tumour in the following months. The large amount of research being made in the field of cellular kinetics and pharcacology will, hopefully, lead to improvement in results."}
{"id": "PMID:364601", "title": "Drug interactions in rheumatoid disease--are they of any clinical importance?", "content": "Much of the literature on drug interactions over-emphasizes their importance. A review of the mechanisms of drug interactions and of the clinically important interactions involving drugs commonly used in rheumatology reveals that serious interactions are likely to be uncommon. A practical approach to this problem may be divided into three parts: 1. Be aware of the mechanisms of drug interactions as they may explain some unexpected finding occurring during drug treatment. 2. Remember that serious drug interactions are more likely to involve a drug which possesses a narrow therapeutic range (e.g. oral anticoagulants). 3. When indulging in polypharmacy attempt to ensure that such treatment has real benefits. This last point may be the most important for if it is proven that combined therapy has no advantages then the potential for drug interactions will be much reduced.", "contents": "Drug interactions in rheumatoid disease--are they of any clinical importance? Much of the literature on drug interactions over-emphasizes their importance. A review of the mechanisms of drug interactions and of the clinically important interactions involving drugs commonly used in rheumatology reveals that serious interactions are likely to be uncommon. A practical approach to this problem may be divided into three parts: 1. Be aware of the mechanisms of drug interactions as they may explain some unexpected finding occurring during drug treatment. 2. Remember that serious drug interactions are more likely to involve a drug which possesses a narrow therapeutic range (e.g. oral anticoagulants). 3. When indulging in polypharmacy attempt to ensure that such treatment has real benefits. This last point may be the most important for if it is proven that combined therapy has no advantages then the potential for drug interactions will be much reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:364602", "title": "The selection of patients for controlled trials.", "content": "The selection of patients for testing drugs is a very complicated process even overtly; subconscious bias must be avoided and our social conscience respected. It is of prime importance to define in advance exactly what you want to test and this may include not only the therapeutic and pharmacological effects and side-effects, the long-term neoplastic potential, the mutagenic effects and the effects on the foetus, but also mundane effects like credibility, acceptance, and even taste! Patient selection is not just \"Attention there Volunteers nos. 1,3,5,7,9,....step forward smartly from the left\". It is a complicated process in which there is inevitably some bias and our job is to see that any biases which are included do not bias the results, and that the results are understood to apply to this particular selection of patients and not to any other. Too many explicit exclusions therefore make results less useful because less widely relevant.", "contents": "The selection of patients for controlled trials. The selection of patients for testing drugs is a very complicated process even overtly; subconscious bias must be avoided and our social conscience respected. It is of prime importance to define in advance exactly what you want to test and this may include not only the therapeutic and pharmacological effects and side-effects, the long-term neoplastic potential, the mutagenic effects and the effects on the foetus, but also mundane effects like credibility, acceptance, and even taste! Patient selection is not just \"Attention there Volunteers nos. 1,3,5,7,9,....step forward smartly from the left\". It is a complicated process in which there is inevitably some bias and our job is to see that any biases which are included do not bias the results, and that the results are understood to apply to this particular selection of patients and not to any other. Too many explicit exclusions therefore make results less useful because less widely relevant."}
{"id": "PMID:364608", "title": "Prostaglandins and lymphokines in inflammation.", "content": "It is suggested that the inflammatory process in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) results from activation of small lymphocytes to produce lymphokines, whose biological properties are appropriate to a mediator of chronic inflammation. Since prostaglandins (PGs) and allied products of arachidonic acid metabolism have properties pertinent to chronic inflammation, these compounds can also be regarded as potential mediators of chronic inflammation, a viewpoint supported by the capacity of steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to suppress PG formation. Certain observations are inconsistent with PGs fulfilling this role. These anomalies may be resolved by considering PGE2 formation by macrophages to be a device for regulating lymphocyte activation. A defect of lymphocyte reactivity to PGE2 provides a basis for chronicity and has been demonstrated in multiple sclerosis (MS). Alternatively, should lymphocytes in lesions of RA be susceptible to PGE2 inhibition, one consequence of NSAID treatment may be exacerbation of joint destruction.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and lymphokines in inflammation. It is suggested that the inflammatory process in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) results from activation of small lymphocytes to produce lymphokines, whose biological properties are appropriate to a mediator of chronic inflammation. Since prostaglandins (PGs) and allied products of arachidonic acid metabolism have properties pertinent to chronic inflammation, these compounds can also be regarded as potential mediators of chronic inflammation, a viewpoint supported by the capacity of steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to suppress PG formation. Certain observations are inconsistent with PGs fulfilling this role. These anomalies may be resolved by considering PGE2 formation by macrophages to be a device for regulating lymphocyte activation. A defect of lymphocyte reactivity to PGE2 provides a basis for chronicity and has been demonstrated in multiple sclerosis (MS). Alternatively, should lymphocytes in lesions of RA be susceptible to PGE2 inhibition, one consequence of NSAID treatment may be exacerbation of joint destruction."}
{"id": "PMID:364609", "title": "Defective phagocytosis by synovial fluid and blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. I. The nature of the defect.", "content": "In a series of thirty-seven patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 50% showed a defect of phagocytosis of Candida albicans by synovial fluid polymorphonuclear leucocytes (SF-PMN) and 40% yielded a defect in peripheral blood (PB-PMN). There was a positive correlation between the defective phagocytosis of SF-PMN and PB-PMN suggesting that defective PB-PMN migrate into the synovial fluid. The defect was associated with the lack of a functional C3b receptor on SF-PMN in 64% of patients and on PB-PMN in 40% of patients. SF-PMN or PB-PMN contained intracellular IgG, IgM and C3 in some patients but the presence of these factors could not be correlated with defective phagocytosis of either cell population. There was no correlation between phagocytosis and the differential agglutination test (DAT) ratio of either serum or synovial fluid. The killing of Candida by SF-PMN and BP-PMN was normal. The results could explain the increased susceptibility to joint infection of patients with RA.", "contents": "Defective phagocytosis by synovial fluid and blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. I. The nature of the defect. In a series of thirty-seven patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 50% showed a defect of phagocytosis of Candida albicans by synovial fluid polymorphonuclear leucocytes (SF-PMN) and 40% yielded a defect in peripheral blood (PB-PMN). There was a positive correlation between the defective phagocytosis of SF-PMN and PB-PMN suggesting that defective PB-PMN migrate into the synovial fluid. The defect was associated with the lack of a functional C3b receptor on SF-PMN in 64% of patients and on PB-PMN in 40% of patients. SF-PMN or PB-PMN contained intracellular IgG, IgM and C3 in some patients but the presence of these factors could not be correlated with defective phagocytosis of either cell population. There was no correlation between phagocytosis and the differential agglutination test (DAT) ratio of either serum or synovial fluid. The killing of Candida by SF-PMN and BP-PMN was normal. The results could explain the increased susceptibility to joint infection of patients with RA."}
{"id": "PMID:364610", "title": "Effects of drugs on prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "The role of prostaglandins in inflammatory processes is now recognized to be more complex than that of mere mediators or modulators of the acute inflammatory response. As well as their obvious vasodilator properties they have profound regulatory effects on cell function, and these may be anti-inflammatory as well as pro-inflammatory. Consequently the use of those effective non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs which are potent prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors may in fact have detrimental effects in inflammation. Further development of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors is less likely to lead to genuine therapeutic advance than is development of anti-inflammatory drugs with actions on other aspects of the inflammatory and destructive processes in rheumatoid disease.", "contents": "Effects of drugs on prostaglandin synthesis. The role of prostaglandins in inflammatory processes is now recognized to be more complex than that of mere mediators or modulators of the acute inflammatory response. As well as their obvious vasodilator properties they have profound regulatory effects on cell function, and these may be anti-inflammatory as well as pro-inflammatory. Consequently the use of those effective non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs which are potent prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors may in fact have detrimental effects in inflammation. Further development of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors is less likely to lead to genuine therapeutic advance than is development of anti-inflammatory drugs with actions on other aspects of the inflammatory and destructive processes in rheumatoid disease."}
{"id": "PMID:364612", "title": "Drug therapy and circulating immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes have been shown to be common in rheumatoid disease and to relate to severe systemic manifestations of disease. Hypocomplementaemia and complexes detected by anticomplementary activity are found in systemic rheumatoid vasculitis and in other complications such as Felty's syndrome. By contrast elevated complement levels and complexes detected by platelet aggregating activity are common in early and in continuing active rheumatoid disease. The common presence of circulating immune complexes suggests some therapeutic manoeuvres which might be helpful in systemic rheumatoid disease. Direct attempts to alter the levels of complexes by plasmapheresis, an effective treatment for acute exacerbations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), have been disappointing in rheumatoid disease. Treatment with penicillamine and with cyclophosphamide may be effective in systemic manifestations and alter the levels of circulating immune complexes. An interesting paradox exists with penicillamine which may also induce a nephropathy with all the features of an immune complex deposition disease. The mechanism may relate to an alteration in the type of immune complex circulating, with a loss of the \"protective\" effect of rheumatoid factor.", "contents": "Drug therapy and circulating immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis. Circulating immune complexes have been shown to be common in rheumatoid disease and to relate to severe systemic manifestations of disease. Hypocomplementaemia and complexes detected by anticomplementary activity are found in systemic rheumatoid vasculitis and in other complications such as Felty's syndrome. By contrast elevated complement levels and complexes detected by platelet aggregating activity are common in early and in continuing active rheumatoid disease. The common presence of circulating immune complexes suggests some therapeutic manoeuvres which might be helpful in systemic rheumatoid disease. Direct attempts to alter the levels of complexes by plasmapheresis, an effective treatment for acute exacerbations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), have been disappointing in rheumatoid disease. Treatment with penicillamine and with cyclophosphamide may be effective in systemic manifestations and alter the levels of circulating immune complexes. An interesting paradox exists with penicillamine which may also induce a nephropathy with all the features of an immune complex deposition disease. The mechanism may relate to an alteration in the type of immune complex circulating, with a loss of the \"protective\" effect of rheumatoid factor."}
{"id": "PMID:364613", "title": "Inflammation in osteoarthritis.", "content": "Osteoarthritis is usually regarded as a non-inflammatory disease. However, several authors have stressed the importance of an inflammatory phase early in the development of the condition, and specific inflammatory types of osteoarthritis have been described. Comparative trials of pure analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs in a small sub-group of these patients showed a similar reduction of pain with both types of agent. However, a significantly greater improvement in joint tenderness and stiffness was found during treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs.", "contents": "Inflammation in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is usually regarded as a non-inflammatory disease. However, several authors have stressed the importance of an inflammatory phase early in the development of the condition, and specific inflammatory types of osteoarthritis have been described. Comparative trials of pure analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs in a small sub-group of these patients showed a similar reduction of pain with both types of agent. However, a significantly greater improvement in joint tenderness and stiffness was found during treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:364615", "title": "A comparison of ketoprofen and naproxen in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Ketoprofen, 50+50+100 mg, was compared to naproxen, 250+250+250 mg, in a double-blind, cross-over twice 4-weeks' study on patients with RA. There was no significant difference in the effect on morning stiffness, pain at rest, joint count, grip strength or ESR. Among 28 patients 10 preferred ketoprofen and 7 naproxen. Two ketoprofen and 1 naproxen periods were interrupted owing to intolerable side-effects. Twenty of the patients experienced some side-effect from at least one drug. The most common complaints were gastrointestinal, seen in 12 patients on ketoprofen and 9 on naproxen. Most side-effects were mild. No abnormality in blood morphology, liver function tests, serum creatinine or fasting blood glucose was observed. No occult bleeding was detected on routine stool examination.", "contents": "A comparison of ketoprofen and naproxen in rheumatoid arthritis. Ketoprofen, 50+50+100 mg, was compared to naproxen, 250+250+250 mg, in a double-blind, cross-over twice 4-weeks' study on patients with RA. There was no significant difference in the effect on morning stiffness, pain at rest, joint count, grip strength or ESR. Among 28 patients 10 preferred ketoprofen and 7 naproxen. Two ketoprofen and 1 naproxen periods were interrupted owing to intolerable side-effects. Twenty of the patients experienced some side-effect from at least one drug. The most common complaints were gastrointestinal, seen in 12 patients on ketoprofen and 9 on naproxen. Most side-effects were mild. No abnormality in blood morphology, liver function tests, serum creatinine or fasting blood glucose was observed. No occult bleeding was detected on routine stool examination."}
{"id": "PMID:364616", "title": "Ketoprofen: double-blind cross-over study with indomethacin administered as a combined suppository/capsule regime in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A preliminary report.", "content": "A double-blind cross-over study is being undertaken in fifty patients with \"definite\" rheumatoid arthritis, comparing ketoprofen (2-(3-phenylbenzoyl proprionic acid) 75 mg daily orally and 100 mg suppository at night with indomethacin in the same dosage. A pilot study of twenty-four patients has been completed, fifteen having finished the trial. The objective assessment of grip strength and articular index were comparable with the two drugs, but subjective assessment showed that relief of early morning stiffness was better with indomethacin, although pain relief was no different. Evidence so far available shows that ketoprofen is a useful anti-inflammatory analgesic drug which is well tolerated and that the use of a suppository may be helpful in a few patients who find the oral route unacceptable. A larger study is necessary to evaluate finally the use of a combined administration.", "contents": "Ketoprofen: double-blind cross-over study with indomethacin administered as a combined suppository/capsule regime in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A preliminary report. A double-blind cross-over study is being undertaken in fifty patients with \"definite\" rheumatoid arthritis, comparing ketoprofen (2-(3-phenylbenzoyl proprionic acid) 75 mg daily orally and 100 mg suppository at night with indomethacin in the same dosage. A pilot study of twenty-four patients has been completed, fifteen having finished the trial. The objective assessment of grip strength and articular index were comparable with the two drugs, but subjective assessment showed that relief of early morning stiffness was better with indomethacin, although pain relief was no different. Evidence so far available shows that ketoprofen is a useful anti-inflammatory analgesic drug which is well tolerated and that the use of a suppository may be helpful in a few patients who find the oral route unacceptable. A larger study is necessary to evaluate finally the use of a combined administration."}
{"id": "PMID:364617", "title": "Possible causes of treatment failure with the NSAID.", "content": "The clinical efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is often disappointing in spite of their well-known antiphlogistic actions. The reasons for this failure are probably due to irregular intake by patients on long-term treatment with such agents. These considerations inevitably point to the necessity of concomitant determination of the plasma levels of all NSAID tested, and the need to perform clinical trials in an appropriate setting in which such determinations can be conveniently carried out.", "contents": "Possible causes of treatment failure with the NSAID. The clinical efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is often disappointing in spite of their well-known antiphlogistic actions. The reasons for this failure are probably due to irregular intake by patients on long-term treatment with such agents. These considerations inevitably point to the necessity of concomitant determination of the plasma levels of all NSAID tested, and the need to perform clinical trials in an appropriate setting in which such determinations can be conveniently carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:364618", "title": "Perforations of the nasal septum following operative procedures.", "content": "New operative methods have been introduced into nasal surgery in recent years; these are septoplastic, rhinoplastic and nasal reconstruction. These new methods are now employed together with the more traditional submucous septum resection. Today the above mentioned operations have been carried out in such large numbers that it is possible to commence comparing operative results. The present investigation is a comparison of the number of septum perforations with 1) submucous septum resection, 2) septum correction with reconstruction of the septum skeleton, and 3) septum correction in connection with rhinoplastic of the outer nose, possibly supplemented by nasal reconstruction. In the latter case a systematic suturing of all mucosal lacerations has been carried out, partly to prevent septum perforations and partly in order to keep the septum flaps intact during reimplantation of the cartilage and bone with the object of constructing a solid septum skeleton. While primary suturing of the mucosa is a relatively simple procedure, the closure of postoperative septum perforations is far more difficult. The results depend on the size of the perforation and the amount of cartilage and bone material still remaining in the septum. It must therefore be advisable to employ operative techniques which are able to prevent septum perforations or at least reduce their number to a minimum.", "contents": "Perforations of the nasal septum following operative procedures. New operative methods have been introduced into nasal surgery in recent years; these are septoplastic, rhinoplastic and nasal reconstruction. These new methods are now employed together with the more traditional submucous septum resection. Today the above mentioned operations have been carried out in such large numbers that it is possible to commence comparing operative results. The present investigation is a comparison of the number of septum perforations with 1) submucous septum resection, 2) septum correction with reconstruction of the septum skeleton, and 3) septum correction in connection with rhinoplastic of the outer nose, possibly supplemented by nasal reconstruction. In the latter case a systematic suturing of all mucosal lacerations has been carried out, partly to prevent septum perforations and partly in order to keep the septum flaps intact during reimplantation of the cartilage and bone with the object of constructing a solid septum skeleton. While primary suturing of the mucosa is a relatively simple procedure, the closure of postoperative septum perforations is far more difficult. The results depend on the size of the perforation and the amount of cartilage and bone material still remaining in the septum. It must therefore be advisable to employ operative techniques which are able to prevent septum perforations or at least reduce their number to a minimum."}
{"id": "PMID:364622", "title": "[Fixation by longitudinal pinning of two rib grafts in a case of loss by substance of the horizontal rami of the mandible (author's transl)].", "content": "In a difficult case of bilateral loss of substance of the body of the mandible, with aplasia of the residual tissue, in an elderly psychotic patient, reconstruction was obtained simply by the insertion of two rib grafts each fixed by a single Kirschner's wire (removed four months later).", "contents": "[Fixation by longitudinal pinning of two rib grafts in a case of loss by substance of the horizontal rami of the mandible (author's transl)]. In a difficult case of bilateral loss of substance of the body of the mandible, with aplasia of the residual tissue, in an elderly psychotic patient, reconstruction was obtained simply by the insertion of two rib grafts each fixed by a single Kirschner's wire (removed four months later)."}
{"id": "PMID:364623", "title": "[Several cases of emergency repair of loss of skin substance in the child (author's transl)].", "content": "Traumatic loss of skin substance in the child is uncommon. There are three main causes: dog bites, scraping lesions and bullet wounds. In all cases, great attention is paid to initial and early treatment of the wounds (exploration, wound care) under general anaesthesia. Provided the operator is competent, dog bites may be completely repaired from the outset. Lesions due to scraping or bullet wounds should be treated more cautiously with emergency treatment not necessarily seeking to achieve closure at any price.", "contents": "[Several cases of emergency repair of loss of skin substance in the child (author's transl)]. Traumatic loss of skin substance in the child is uncommon. There are three main causes: dog bites, scraping lesions and bullet wounds. In all cases, great attention is paid to initial and early treatment of the wounds (exploration, wound care) under general anaesthesia. Provided the operator is competent, dog bites may be completely repaired from the outset. Lesions due to scraping or bullet wounds should be treated more cautiously with emergency treatment not necessarily seeking to achieve closure at any price."}
{"id": "PMID:364624", "title": "[Reconstruction of the lower lip for sequelae of noma (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a case of reconstruction of the height of the lower lip for sequelae of probable noma in a 35-year-old Algerian. They used a bipediculated Dufourmentel flap. The morphological and functional result was satisfactory.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the lower lip for sequelae of noma (author's transl)]. The authors present a case of reconstruction of the height of the lower lip for sequelae of probable noma in a 35-year-old Algerian. They used a bipediculated Dufourmentel flap. The morphological and functional result was satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:364625", "title": "The effect of parietal cell vagotomy and selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty on gastric acid secretion. A prospective randomized study.", "content": "The insulin- and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion was studied before and 1 week, 1 month, 6 months and 1 year after parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) and selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty (SV + P) in 50 patients who took part in a consecutive randomized trial. The randomization and the operations were performed in such a way that the extent of the denervation of the proximal stomach was identical in the two groups. Basal acid output and the insulin-stimulated acid secretion were significantly increased from 1 month to 1 year after PCV, while there was no such increase after SV + P. There was no change of the pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion (PAOP) from 6 to 12 months in either groups. One year postoperatively PAOP was significantly greater after PCV than after SV + P. The results are compatible with vagal reinnervation after PCV and support the assumption of a sprouting from the innervated gastric antrum.", "contents": "The effect of parietal cell vagotomy and selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty on gastric acid secretion. A prospective randomized study. The insulin- and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion was studied before and 1 week, 1 month, 6 months and 1 year after parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) and selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty (SV + P) in 50 patients who took part in a consecutive randomized trial. The randomization and the operations were performed in such a way that the extent of the denervation of the proximal stomach was identical in the two groups. Basal acid output and the insulin-stimulated acid secretion were significantly increased from 1 month to 1 year after PCV, while there was no such increase after SV + P. There was no change of the pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion (PAOP) from 6 to 12 months in either groups. One year postoperatively PAOP was significantly greater after PCV than after SV + P. The results are compatible with vagal reinnervation after PCV and support the assumption of a sprouting from the innervated gastric antrum."}
{"id": "PMID:364626", "title": "A comparison of oral prednisolone given as single or multiple daily doses for active proctocolitis.", "content": "Forty mg has been shown to be the optimal daily dosage of prednisone for outpatients requiring oral steroids for active proctocolitis. Although daily doses of oral steroids are commonly divided, a single dose each morning causes less adrenal suppression and is more convenient to take. A randomized controlled trial has been performed on patients with proctocolitis, in which 23 received 40 mg prednisolone each morning as one dose, and 22 received 10 mg four times a day, over two weeks. Physicians unaware of the dosage schedule scored the disease activity and assessed the steroid side-effects when the patient entered the trial, at day 7 and at day 14. Of those taking the divided dose the disease improved in 17 and failed to improve in five. No side-effects were observed in ten patients. Of those receiving a once daily regimen, 17 improved and six did not. Nine patients had no side-effects. Further assessment showed no difference between the two groups either in response rate or side-effects produced. When oral steroids are indicated for active proctocolitis, 40 mg prednisolone, as a single dose each morning can be recommended.", "contents": "A comparison of oral prednisolone given as single or multiple daily doses for active proctocolitis. Forty mg has been shown to be the optimal daily dosage of prednisone for outpatients requiring oral steroids for active proctocolitis. Although daily doses of oral steroids are commonly divided, a single dose each morning causes less adrenal suppression and is more convenient to take. A randomized controlled trial has been performed on patients with proctocolitis, in which 23 received 40 mg prednisolone each morning as one dose, and 22 received 10 mg four times a day, over two weeks. Physicians unaware of the dosage schedule scored the disease activity and assessed the steroid side-effects when the patient entered the trial, at day 7 and at day 14. Of those taking the divided dose the disease improved in 17 and failed to improve in five. No side-effects were observed in ten patients. Of those receiving a once daily regimen, 17 improved and six did not. Nine patients had no side-effects. Further assessment showed no difference between the two groups either in response rate or side-effects produced. When oral steroids are indicated for active proctocolitis, 40 mg prednisolone, as a single dose each morning can be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:364627", "title": "Anti-fibrinolytic therapy of giant hypertrophic gastritis (Menetrier's disease).", "content": "In five cases of giant hypertrophic gastritis (Menetrier's disease) biopsied gastric mucosa was examined for fibrinolytic activity; in all cases there was marked elevation of the activity due mainly to tissue plasminogen activator. The patients were given antifibrinolytic therapy with oral tranexamic acid (trans-4-aminomethyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid; trans-AMCHA), and four of the patients showed marked improvement of their hypoproteinemia as well as their mucosal disorders. One patient, who showed moderate increase of serum protein level but no reduction of the mucosal disorder, finally received gastrectomy. It was concluded that antifibrinolytic therapy seemed to block the vicious circle of 'membrane disorders', 'increased tissue fibrinolysis', 'increased vascular permeability' and 'hypoproteinemia' in Menetrier's disease.", "contents": "Anti-fibrinolytic therapy of giant hypertrophic gastritis (Menetrier's disease). In five cases of giant hypertrophic gastritis (Menetrier's disease) biopsied gastric mucosa was examined for fibrinolytic activity; in all cases there was marked elevation of the activity due mainly to tissue plasminogen activator. The patients were given antifibrinolytic therapy with oral tranexamic acid (trans-4-aminomethyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid; trans-AMCHA), and four of the patients showed marked improvement of their hypoproteinemia as well as their mucosal disorders. One patient, who showed moderate increase of serum protein level but no reduction of the mucosal disorder, finally received gastrectomy. It was concluded that antifibrinolytic therapy seemed to block the vicious circle of 'membrane disorders', 'increased tissue fibrinolysis', 'increased vascular permeability' and 'hypoproteinemia' in Menetrier's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:364628", "title": "Clonal priming of human lymphocytes with soluble microbial antigens: high-dose paralysis, restoration, and autologous leukocyte preference.", "content": "Lymphocytes stimulated in appropriate leukocyte cultures undergo blastogenesis and proliferation for a finite period of time. With specific antigens the proliferative response peaks usually between 4 and 8 days, after which the blastoid cells revert to small lymphocytes. Lymphocytes \"primed\" in this manner can be restimulated to proliferate only by the same antigen with which they were incubated and only with an adequate amount of a self-specific, autologous, somatic product(s). First or \"primary\" leukocyte cultures stimulated by optimal or supraoptimal concentrations of soluble protein antigens (purified protein derivative (PPD), tetanus toxoid, Candida albicans) will undergo proliferation in the first culture, but the increased number of small lymphocytes that can be visualized after 10--14 days often fail to respond to any stimulus in second (secondary) or \"primed\" cultures. However, when fresh X-irradiated autologous cells are re-added in appropriate amounts, vigorous accelerated proliferation takes place. Addition of allogeneic cells to antigen-primed populations has one of three effects: (1) no effect (complete restriction); (2) in some instances allogeneic cells restore a significant response to the specific antigen but almost never to the same degree as autologous cells; and (3) allogeneic cells can also induce high levels of accelerated responsiveness without added antigen. These findings are discussed in the context of a working hypothesis that self-specific factors are involved in all specific immune responses. The combination of antigen and self-specific factors may lead to a quantitatively unique immune response to all antigens in each individual. The preferential response to antigen in conjunction with autologous rather than allogeneic leukocytes suggests that self-specific products are required for recognition of soluble microbial antigens.", "contents": "Clonal priming of human lymphocytes with soluble microbial antigens: high-dose paralysis, restoration, and autologous leukocyte preference. Lymphocytes stimulated in appropriate leukocyte cultures undergo blastogenesis and proliferation for a finite period of time. With specific antigens the proliferative response peaks usually between 4 and 8 days, after which the blastoid cells revert to small lymphocytes. Lymphocytes \"primed\" in this manner can be restimulated to proliferate only by the same antigen with which they were incubated and only with an adequate amount of a self-specific, autologous, somatic product(s). First or \"primary\" leukocyte cultures stimulated by optimal or supraoptimal concentrations of soluble protein antigens (purified protein derivative (PPD), tetanus toxoid, Candida albicans) will undergo proliferation in the first culture, but the increased number of small lymphocytes that can be visualized after 10--14 days often fail to respond to any stimulus in second (secondary) or \"primed\" cultures. However, when fresh X-irradiated autologous cells are re-added in appropriate amounts, vigorous accelerated proliferation takes place. Addition of allogeneic cells to antigen-primed populations has one of three effects: (1) no effect (complete restriction); (2) in some instances allogeneic cells restore a significant response to the specific antigen but almost never to the same degree as autologous cells; and (3) allogeneic cells can also induce high levels of accelerated responsiveness without added antigen. These findings are discussed in the context of a working hypothesis that self-specific factors are involved in all specific immune responses. The combination of antigen and self-specific factors may lead to a quantitatively unique immune response to all antigens in each individual. The preferential response to antigen in conjunction with autologous rather than allogeneic leukocytes suggests that self-specific products are required for recognition of soluble microbial antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:364629", "title": "Optimal conditions for polyclonal antibody secretion and DNA synthesis in human blood and spleen lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharides from E. coli (LPS) stimulated increased DNA synthesis and high-rate antibody secretion in human lymphocytes from blood and spleen. Peak DNA synthesis by 10 or 100 microgram/ml LPS was seen on day 6 for blood lymphocytes. Using 500 microgram/ml of LPS the peak response was reached on day 5 and with 0.1--1 microgram/ml the maximal stimulation was on day 7. For spleen cells LPS 100 microgram/ml gave a peak stimulation on day 4 or 5. Antibody secretion, measured as plaque-forming cells (PFC) against fluorescein isothiocyanate-coupled sheep erythrocytes in a haemolysis-in-gel assay, was maximal on day 5 in blood lymphocytes and on day 3 or 4 in spleen cells. The highest cell viability and antibody secretion after stimulation with LPS was obtained in 16 mm diameter multiwell plates usng 2.5 x 10(6) cells in 1 ml of medium containing 10% AB serum absorbed with SRBC. Feeding of cultures was essential for stimulation of blood lymphocytes but not for spleen cells.", "contents": "Optimal conditions for polyclonal antibody secretion and DNA synthesis in human blood and spleen lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide. Lipopolysaccharides from E. coli (LPS) stimulated increased DNA synthesis and high-rate antibody secretion in human lymphocytes from blood and spleen. Peak DNA synthesis by 10 or 100 microgram/ml LPS was seen on day 6 for blood lymphocytes. Using 500 microgram/ml of LPS the peak response was reached on day 5 and with 0.1--1 microgram/ml the maximal stimulation was on day 7. For spleen cells LPS 100 microgram/ml gave a peak stimulation on day 4 or 5. Antibody secretion, measured as plaque-forming cells (PFC) against fluorescein isothiocyanate-coupled sheep erythrocytes in a haemolysis-in-gel assay, was maximal on day 5 in blood lymphocytes and on day 3 or 4 in spleen cells. The highest cell viability and antibody secretion after stimulation with LPS was obtained in 16 mm diameter multiwell plates usng 2.5 x 10(6) cells in 1 ml of medium containing 10% AB serum absorbed with SRBC. Feeding of cultures was essential for stimulation of blood lymphocytes but not for spleen cells."}
{"id": "PMID:364630", "title": "Rectal colonization with group B streptococci: relation to urogenital carriage.", "content": "Urethral, cervical and rectal specimens were taken from 92 females and urethral and rectal swabs from 46 males attending a venereological outpatient department. The frequencies of group B streptococci were, in the women: urethra 24%, cervix 14% and rectum 17%; in the males: urethra 22% and rectum 7%. These findings, supported by the results of serotyping, clearly demonstrate that the human urethra is an important site of colonization and do not support the idea that the gastrointestinal canal is the primary site of acquisition.", "contents": "Rectal colonization with group B streptococci: relation to urogenital carriage. Urethral, cervical and rectal specimens were taken from 92 females and urethral and rectal swabs from 46 males attending a venereological outpatient department. The frequencies of group B streptococci were, in the women: urethra 24%, cervix 14% and rectum 17%; in the males: urethra 22% and rectum 7%. These findings, supported by the results of serotyping, clearly demonstrate that the human urethra is an important site of colonization and do not support the idea that the gastrointestinal canal is the primary site of acquisition."}
{"id": "PMID:364631", "title": "Treatment of urgency by instillation of emepronium bromide in the urinary bladder.", "content": "The possibility of a purely local action of intravesically instilled emepronium bromide (Cetiprin) was investigated. Subjective reports and simultaneous urethrocystometry were used to assess such effect. In order to ascertain the purely local nature of effect, the serum was analyzed for freely circulating emepronium ion at increasing intravesical concentrations. No adverse effects were found at the highest dosage (100 mg in 100 ml saline solution), and the concentrations in serum were very low or were not detectable. The seemingly promising influence on micturition frequency and urge prompted a double-blind study of 20 patients with chronic urgency. In ten of them 100 mg emepronium bromide in 100 ml saline solution was instilled intravesically, while the other ten received only the same volume of saline solution. The symptoms were relieved in eight of the ten patients given emepronium bromide. The observation time was one week. The therapeutic possibilities were further evaluated in 24 women with frequency and urgency with or without urge incontinence. Emepronium bromide was intravesically instilled in the mentioned concentration and, if the symptoms were not totally relieved, this was repeated at weekly intervals. The maximum number of instillations was four and the observation time after the final treatment was at least three weeks. Frequency and urgency disappeared in approximately 70% of the affected women, nocturia in 60%, but urge incontinence in only 30%. Both frequency and urgency therefore were therapeutically influenced by intravesical instillation of emepronium bromide.", "contents": "Treatment of urgency by instillation of emepronium bromide in the urinary bladder. The possibility of a purely local action of intravesically instilled emepronium bromide (Cetiprin) was investigated. Subjective reports and simultaneous urethrocystometry were used to assess such effect. In order to ascertain the purely local nature of effect, the serum was analyzed for freely circulating emepronium ion at increasing intravesical concentrations. No adverse effects were found at the highest dosage (100 mg in 100 ml saline solution), and the concentrations in serum were very low or were not detectable. The seemingly promising influence on micturition frequency and urge prompted a double-blind study of 20 patients with chronic urgency. In ten of them 100 mg emepronium bromide in 100 ml saline solution was instilled intravesically, while the other ten received only the same volume of saline solution. The symptoms were relieved in eight of the ten patients given emepronium bromide. The observation time was one week. The therapeutic possibilities were further evaluated in 24 women with frequency and urgency with or without urge incontinence. Emepronium bromide was intravesically instilled in the mentioned concentration and, if the symptoms were not totally relieved, this was repeated at weekly intervals. The maximum number of instillations was four and the observation time after the final treatment was at least three weeks. Frequency and urgency disappeared in approximately 70% of the affected women, nocturia in 60%, but urge incontinence in only 30%. Both frequency and urgency therefore were therapeutically influenced by intravesical instillation of emepronium bromide."}
{"id": "PMID:364632", "title": "Renal allograft rupture.", "content": "In the present material of 448 consecutive renal transplants the incidence of allograft rupture was 3.6%. Among 389 first transplants there were two ruptures in the living donor group (126 patients, 1.5%) and 12 ruptures in the cadaveric donor group (263 patients, 4.6%). Only one ruptured kidney (living donor) achieved long term function. Four patients with first graft rupture were retransplanted with early loss of the kidney in all, in two because of rupture. Two of these patients received a 3rd cadaveric graft, of which one is functioning well after two years. All ruptures occurred within three weeks after transplantation, 14 kidneys ruptured during the first week. The clinical course and the operative findings suggested that rejection was the cause of rupture in all cases. This was confirmed by light and immunofluorescent microscopy of specimens from 15 kidneys, while one kidney only demonstrated extensive intrarenal vessel thrombosis. It is concluded that renal allograft rupture signals a strong immunological response in the recipient with poor graft prognosis. The chance of a successful retransplantation is small.", "contents": "Renal allograft rupture. In the present material of 448 consecutive renal transplants the incidence of allograft rupture was 3.6%. Among 389 first transplants there were two ruptures in the living donor group (126 patients, 1.5%) and 12 ruptures in the cadaveric donor group (263 patients, 4.6%). Only one ruptured kidney (living donor) achieved long term function. Four patients with first graft rupture were retransplanted with early loss of the kidney in all, in two because of rupture. Two of these patients received a 3rd cadaveric graft, of which one is functioning well after two years. All ruptures occurred within three weeks after transplantation, 14 kidneys ruptured during the first week. The clinical course and the operative findings suggested that rejection was the cause of rupture in all cases. This was confirmed by light and immunofluorescent microscopy of specimens from 15 kidneys, while one kidney only demonstrated extensive intrarenal vessel thrombosis. It is concluded that renal allograft rupture signals a strong immunological response in the recipient with poor graft prognosis. The chance of a successful retransplantation is small."}
{"id": "PMID:364633", "title": "Renal graft rejection and blood transfusion before and during the transplant operation.", "content": "The outcome of 390 consecutive primary cadaveric renal transplantations in a single centre was studied with regard to blood transfusions before and during the transplant operation. The graft loss due to rejection was 38% at 12 months in the transfused group compared to 67% in the non-transfused group (p less than 0.0005). When peroperative transfusions were added to patients in the previously transfused group, the graft loss was reduced to 34% compared to 50% if no peroperative blood was given (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "Renal graft rejection and blood transfusion before and during the transplant operation. The outcome of 390 consecutive primary cadaveric renal transplantations in a single centre was studied with regard to blood transfusions before and during the transplant operation. The graft loss due to rejection was 38% at 12 months in the transfused group compared to 67% in the non-transfused group (p less than 0.0005). When peroperative transfusions were added to patients in the previously transfused group, the graft loss was reduced to 34% compared to 50% if no peroperative blood was given (p less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:364634", "title": "Vascular function in kidneys preserved by simple cold storage in Sacks' or Collins' solutions.", "content": "Vascular resistance was determined in 40 kidneys after preservation in Collins' or Sacks' solution for 24 and 48 hours. Kidneys without warm ischaemia and kidneys with up to 60 min of warm ischaemia prior to preservation were investigated, vascular resistance was determined during short time perfusion with Tis-U-Sol at 4 degrees. The experiments showed that cold preservation of kidneys with no warm ischaemia or 15 min of warm ischaemia gave a small increase in vascular resistance, independent of the solution used. 30 and 60 min of warm ischaemia gave a considerable increase in vascular resistance, but less increase was found in kidneys preserved in Sacks' solution. Determination of the weights and thereby formation of oedema showed slight dehydration in kidneys preserved in Sacks' solution. Kidneys preserved in Collins' solution showed small increase in weight. No correlation was, however, found between the vascular resistance and degree of oedema.", "contents": "Vascular function in kidneys preserved by simple cold storage in Sacks' or Collins' solutions. Vascular resistance was determined in 40 kidneys after preservation in Collins' or Sacks' solution for 24 and 48 hours. Kidneys without warm ischaemia and kidneys with up to 60 min of warm ischaemia prior to preservation were investigated, vascular resistance was determined during short time perfusion with Tis-U-Sol at 4 degrees. The experiments showed that cold preservation of kidneys with no warm ischaemia or 15 min of warm ischaemia gave a small increase in vascular resistance, independent of the solution used. 30 and 60 min of warm ischaemia gave a considerable increase in vascular resistance, but less increase was found in kidneys preserved in Sacks' solution. Determination of the weights and thereby formation of oedema showed slight dehydration in kidneys preserved in Sacks' solution. Kidneys preserved in Collins' solution showed small increase in weight. No correlation was, however, found between the vascular resistance and degree of oedema."}
{"id": "PMID:364635", "title": "A new solution for initial perfusion of transplant kidneys.", "content": "There is good evidence that blood should be removed from kidneys as completely as possible before they are transplanted. Rabbit kidneys, either freshly isolated or after one hour of warm ischaemia, were perfused with a solution of osmolality 400 mOsm/kg which contained high concentrations of Mg++ (72 mEq) and glucose (167 mM). The rate and completeness of blood removal were measured by collecting effluent fractions until 100 ml had been perfused, and then assaying the haemoglobin in each effluent fraction and the residual haemoglobin in the kidney. A pressure of 60 mmHg was found to be sufficient for effective perfusion. The addition of 5% dextran 40 (Rheomacrodex) to the perfusate greatly improved the completeness of blood removal from kidneys subjected to one hour of warm ischaemia. Rabbit kidneys washed out with this solution functioned excellently after transplantation.", "contents": "A new solution for initial perfusion of transplant kidneys. There is good evidence that blood should be removed from kidneys as completely as possible before they are transplanted. Rabbit kidneys, either freshly isolated or after one hour of warm ischaemia, were perfused with a solution of osmolality 400 mOsm/kg which contained high concentrations of Mg++ (72 mEq) and glucose (167 mM). The rate and completeness of blood removal were measured by collecting effluent fractions until 100 ml had been perfused, and then assaying the haemoglobin in each effluent fraction and the residual haemoglobin in the kidney. A pressure of 60 mmHg was found to be sufficient for effective perfusion. The addition of 5% dextran 40 (Rheomacrodex) to the perfusate greatly improved the completeness of blood removal from kidneys subjected to one hour of warm ischaemia. Rabbit kidneys washed out with this solution functioned excellently after transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:364636", "title": "Chloroquine treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation of clinical response to plasma protein changes and chloroquine levels.", "content": "15 patients with active RA were observed over a 3-month period after starting chloroquine treatment. Clinical condition, plasma levels of chloroquine and levels of 15 individual plasma proteins were checked monthly. Nine patients responded favourably to therapy, 6 failed to respond. The responders had lower initial CRP, orosomucoid and ceruloplasmin levels, whereas their IgA and IgM levels were slightly elevated. Significant reductions in the levels of CRP, haptoglobin, orosomucoid, fibrinogen and ceruloplasmin occurred in the responder group of patients. Alfa1-antitrypsin, antichymotrypsin C3 and C4 levels within the normal range were frequently encountered despite other clear-cut signs of activity. The chloroquine levels did not differ between responders and non-responders, the mean concentrations being 1.04 and 1.6 micromol/l respectively. This study has also demonstrated that in selected cases, despite active joint disease, all acute phase proteins may be normal. Finally, it was obvious that chloroquine, even when inducing remission, only brought about a partial normalization of the plasma protein pattern.", "contents": "Chloroquine treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation of clinical response to plasma protein changes and chloroquine levels. 15 patients with active RA were observed over a 3-month period after starting chloroquine treatment. Clinical condition, plasma levels of chloroquine and levels of 15 individual plasma proteins were checked monthly. Nine patients responded favourably to therapy, 6 failed to respond. The responders had lower initial CRP, orosomucoid and ceruloplasmin levels, whereas their IgA and IgM levels were slightly elevated. Significant reductions in the levels of CRP, haptoglobin, orosomucoid, fibrinogen and ceruloplasmin occurred in the responder group of patients. Alfa1-antitrypsin, antichymotrypsin C3 and C4 levels within the normal range were frequently encountered despite other clear-cut signs of activity. The chloroquine levels did not differ between responders and non-responders, the mean concentrations being 1.04 and 1.6 micromol/l respectively. This study has also demonstrated that in selected cases, despite active joint disease, all acute phase proteins may be normal. Finally, it was obvious that chloroquine, even when inducing remission, only brought about a partial normalization of the plasma protein pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:364637", "title": "A comparative study on ibuprofen (Brufen) and indomethacin in non-articular rheumatism.", "content": "Sixty hospital out-patients between 18 and 67 years of age entered this double-blind parallel study set up to compare ibuprofen 1200 mg daily with indomethacin 75 mg daily. Both groups of patients received one capsule three times daily. Ten patients withdrew from the trial because of side effects and a further 3 were excluded--one because of an incorrect diagnosis and 2 because of incomplete assessments--leaving the statistical analysis to be performed on 47 patients. Assessments made after one and two weeks showed significant improvement for the parameters of pain and tenderness at each examination in both treatment groups. Restriction of movement also showed improvement, though not reaching statistical significance. Although there was no statistically significant difference beteen the two drug groups the mean improvement in all three parameters was consistently better with ibuprofen than with indomethacin. The commonest side effects were related to the gastrointestinal tract. Altogether, 10 patients withdrew because of side effects--4 on ibuprofen and 6 on indomethacin. The gastric symptoms occurring with indomethacin appeared to be generally more severe and usually occurred early, within 3 or 4 days of commencing treatment, whereas patients on ibuprofen withdrew usually after 7 or 8 days.", "contents": "A comparative study on ibuprofen (Brufen) and indomethacin in non-articular rheumatism. Sixty hospital out-patients between 18 and 67 years of age entered this double-blind parallel study set up to compare ibuprofen 1200 mg daily with indomethacin 75 mg daily. Both groups of patients received one capsule three times daily. Ten patients withdrew from the trial because of side effects and a further 3 were excluded--one because of an incorrect diagnosis and 2 because of incomplete assessments--leaving the statistical analysis to be performed on 47 patients. Assessments made after one and two weeks showed significant improvement for the parameters of pain and tenderness at each examination in both treatment groups. Restriction of movement also showed improvement, though not reaching statistical significance. Although there was no statistically significant difference beteen the two drug groups the mean improvement in all three parameters was consistently better with ibuprofen than with indomethacin. The commonest side effects were related to the gastrointestinal tract. Altogether, 10 patients withdrew because of side effects--4 on ibuprofen and 6 on indomethacin. The gastric symptoms occurring with indomethacin appeared to be generally more severe and usually occurred early, within 3 or 4 days of commencing treatment, whereas patients on ibuprofen withdrew usually after 7 or 8 days."}
{"id": "PMID:364649", "title": "Ion shower milling: its application to cell membrane removal.", "content": "A thickness of about 100 angstroms of the cell membrane of an isolated single freeze-dried neuron of the snail can be etched off with an ion shower milling machine. The calcium content of the cell membrane area was more than one-fifth of the whole cell. The calcium content of the cell membrane area increased during pentylenetetrazole-induced bursting activity.", "contents": "Ion shower milling: its application to cell membrane removal. A thickness of about 100 angstroms of the cell membrane of an isolated single freeze-dried neuron of the snail can be etched off with an ion shower milling machine. The calcium content of the cell membrane area was more than one-fifth of the whole cell. The calcium content of the cell membrane area increased during pentylenetetrazole-induced bursting activity."}
{"id": "PMID:364651", "title": "Implications of RNA-RNA splicing in evolution of eukaryotic cells.", "content": "The differences in the biochemistry of messenger RNA formation in eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes are so profound as to suggest that sequential prokaryotic to eukaryotic cell evolution seems unlikely. The recently discovered noncontiguous sequences in eukaryotic DNA that encode messenger RNA may reflect an ancient, rather than a new, distribution of information in DNA and that eukaryotes evolved independently of prokaryotes.", "contents": "Implications of RNA-RNA splicing in evolution of eukaryotic cells. The differences in the biochemistry of messenger RNA formation in eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes are so profound as to suggest that sequential prokaryotic to eukaryotic cell evolution seems unlikely. The recently discovered noncontiguous sequences in eukaryotic DNA that encode messenger RNA may reflect an ancient, rather than a new, distribution of information in DNA and that eukaryotes evolved independently of prokaryotes."}
{"id": "PMID:364652", "title": "Design of liposomes for enhanced local release of drugs by hyperthermia.", "content": "Liposomes can be designed to release an entrapped drug preferentially at temperatures attainable by mild local hyperthermia. In a test system in vitro, protein synthesis by Escherichia coli is inhibited and killing of the cells is enhanced by heating neomycin-containing liposomes to their phase transition temperature to maximize drug release. In the presence of serum the ratio of release at 44 degrees C to that at 37 degrees C can be made greater than 100:1, suggesting possible applications in the treatment of tumors or local infection.", "contents": "Design of liposomes for enhanced local release of drugs by hyperthermia. Liposomes can be designed to release an entrapped drug preferentially at temperatures attainable by mild local hyperthermia. In a test system in vitro, protein synthesis by Escherichia coli is inhibited and killing of the cells is enhanced by heating neomycin-containing liposomes to their phase transition temperature to maximize drug release. In the presence of serum the ratio of release at 44 degrees C to that at 37 degrees C can be made greater than 100:1, suggesting possible applications in the treatment of tumors or local infection."}
{"id": "PMID:364668", "title": "The doctor's touch: tactile communication in the doctor-patient relationship.", "content": "This paper reviews the historical meanings of tactile communication to the doctor (the diagnostic touch) and to the patient (the healing touch) and discusses the importance of touching in the context of changing medical technology. The quality of health care depends not only on how well physicians and other health professionals perform their tasks and the reliability of the technologies they use, but also on their ability to be human. To touch and be touched is part of the process of staying well or getting well.", "contents": "The doctor's touch: tactile communication in the doctor-patient relationship. This paper reviews the historical meanings of tactile communication to the doctor (the diagnostic touch) and to the patient (the healing touch) and discusses the importance of touching in the context of changing medical technology. The quality of health care depends not only on how well physicians and other health professionals perform their tasks and the reliability of the technologies they use, but also on their ability to be human. To touch and be touched is part of the process of staying well or getting well."}
{"id": "PMID:364673", "title": "The association of clinical filariasis and Wuchereria bancrofti infections in Jakarta.", "content": "In a study carried out in Jakarta, Indonesia between 1969--1977, patients with clinical manifestations of filariasis were examined for microfilaremia. Finger blood (3 X 20 microliter) were examined by conventional methods, venous blood by membrane filtration, urine and hydrocele fluid by concentration methods. A total of 1,422 patients were examined and 182 (12.8%) were positive by blood smear; however, examination by membrane filtration and concentration of urine and hydrocele fluid did not appreciably increase the association between clinical manifestations and Wuchereria bancrofti infection. Approximately 16% of the patients without patent infection were indirectly associated with filariasis, since they co-habitated with persons with microfilaremia. Results of these studies showed that more than 60% of the patients were without patent infection. Factors that may be responsible for these findings are briefly discussed.", "contents": "The association of clinical filariasis and Wuchereria bancrofti infections in Jakarta. In a study carried out in Jakarta, Indonesia between 1969--1977, patients with clinical manifestations of filariasis were examined for microfilaremia. Finger blood (3 X 20 microliter) were examined by conventional methods, venous blood by membrane filtration, urine and hydrocele fluid by concentration methods. A total of 1,422 patients were examined and 182 (12.8%) were positive by blood smear; however, examination by membrane filtration and concentration of urine and hydrocele fluid did not appreciably increase the association between clinical manifestations and Wuchereria bancrofti infection. Approximately 16% of the patients without patent infection were indirectly associated with filariasis, since they co-habitated with persons with microfilaremia. Results of these studies showed that more than 60% of the patients were without patent infection. Factors that may be responsible for these findings are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:364674", "title": "Human parasitoses of the Malili area, South Sulawesi (Celebes) province, Indonesia.", "content": "A biomedical survey was conducted in 9 villages in the Malili area of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Blood specimens were examined for malaria and microfilariae; stool specimens were examined for intestinal parasites. Malaria parasitemias were rare; Plasmodium falciparum was detected in 10 and P. vivax in 11 of 985 blood smears. Malayan filariasis was endemic to all villages surveyed. The overall prevalence of detectable microfilaremias was 15%, varying from 34% in Kawata to 1% in Nuha. Microfilarial densities, expressed as MfD50 averaged 8.0 and varied from 1.1 in Timampu to 16.0 in Karabbe. Intestinal parasites were common. Although Schistosoma japonicum was not found, 97% of the examined had one or more intestinal parasites as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides (74%), Trichuris trichiura (65%), hookworm (62%), Entamoeba coli (38%), Endolimax nana (10%), Entamoeba histolytica (6%), Iodamoeba b\u00fctschlii (4%), Entamoeba hartmanni (3%), Giardia lamblia (2%) Chilomastix mesnili (1%) and Enterobius vermicularis (1%). Strongyloides stercoralis larvae and Hymenolepis nana eggs were detected once each and heterophyid-like eggs were detected twice.", "contents": "Human parasitoses of the Malili area, South Sulawesi (Celebes) province, Indonesia. A biomedical survey was conducted in 9 villages in the Malili area of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Blood specimens were examined for malaria and microfilariae; stool specimens were examined for intestinal parasites. Malaria parasitemias were rare; Plasmodium falciparum was detected in 10 and P. vivax in 11 of 985 blood smears. Malayan filariasis was endemic to all villages surveyed. The overall prevalence of detectable microfilaremias was 15%, varying from 34% in Kawata to 1% in Nuha. Microfilarial densities, expressed as MfD50 averaged 8.0 and varied from 1.1 in Timampu to 16.0 in Karabbe. Intestinal parasites were common. Although Schistosoma japonicum was not found, 97% of the examined had one or more intestinal parasites as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides (74%), Trichuris trichiura (65%), hookworm (62%), Entamoeba coli (38%), Endolimax nana (10%), Entamoeba histolytica (6%), Iodamoeba b\u00fctschlii (4%), Entamoeba hartmanni (3%), Giardia lamblia (2%) Chilomastix mesnili (1%) and Enterobius vermicularis (1%). Strongyloides stercoralis larvae and Hymenolepis nana eggs were detected once each and heterophyid-like eggs were detected twice."}
{"id": "PMID:364700", "title": "Some post-Hunterian schools of surgery.", "content": "A variety of talents characterize the leaders of various eminent schools of surgery over the past two centuries that eludes precise delineation. There appears to be no standard pattern or model of performance. This brief narrative depicts some of the striking and primary qualities that have distinguished the leaders of a few notable schools of surgery during this period.", "contents": "Some post-Hunterian schools of surgery. A variety of talents characterize the leaders of various eminent schools of surgery over the past two centuries that eludes precise delineation. There appears to be no standard pattern or model of performance. This brief narrative depicts some of the striking and primary qualities that have distinguished the leaders of a few notable schools of surgery during this period."}
{"id": "PMID:364703", "title": "The effects of nutrition and treatment of cancer on host immunocompetence.", "content": "Conventional approaches to therapy for cancer, such as chemotherapy, operative therapy and radiation therapy, can produce profound changes in host immunity. The effects of chemotherapy upon immune responses are related both to the dosage and duration of therapy and are readily reversible. Operative therapy likewise suppresses both humoral and cell-mediated immunity for two to three weeks, as manifested by in vitro and in vivo tests of these functions. Radiation therapy, however, seems to decrease host immune responses for more prolonged periods of time, up to ten years. Nutritional status may also affect both limbs of the immune system, and malnutrition is being recognized with increasing frequency as a clinical problem in patients with advanced primary malignant or metastatic disease, especially during antineoplastic therapy. Intravenous hyperalimentation is a safe and effective method for correcting nutritional deficits in patients with cancer; moreover, immunocompetence may be enhanced during adequate nutritional rehabilitation.", "contents": "The effects of nutrition and treatment of cancer on host immunocompetence. Conventional approaches to therapy for cancer, such as chemotherapy, operative therapy and radiation therapy, can produce profound changes in host immunity. The effects of chemotherapy upon immune responses are related both to the dosage and duration of therapy and are readily reversible. Operative therapy likewise suppresses both humoral and cell-mediated immunity for two to three weeks, as manifested by in vitro and in vivo tests of these functions. Radiation therapy, however, seems to decrease host immune responses for more prolonged periods of time, up to ten years. Nutritional status may also affect both limbs of the immune system, and malnutrition is being recognized with increasing frequency as a clinical problem in patients with advanced primary malignant or metastatic disease, especially during antineoplastic therapy. Intravenous hyperalimentation is a safe and effective method for correcting nutritional deficits in patients with cancer; moreover, immunocompetence may be enhanced during adequate nutritional rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:364704", "title": "Preservation of the pancreas for transplantation.", "content": "Twenty-four hour hypothermic bloodless pulsatile perfusion of the canine pancreas did not have any detrimental effect on the survival rate of minimally immunosuppressed recipients. On the contrary, there was a favorable trend toward improved long term survival of perfused and transplanted pancreas. Fresh grafts or those stored under hypothermia survived for shorter periods of time than did the perfused grafts. Apancreatic dogs survived only for a few days after pancreatectomy. Hypothermic pulsatile perfusion appeared to be a better method of preservation than hypothermic storage of pancreatic allografts.", "contents": "Preservation of the pancreas for transplantation. Twenty-four hour hypothermic bloodless pulsatile perfusion of the canine pancreas did not have any detrimental effect on the survival rate of minimally immunosuppressed recipients. On the contrary, there was a favorable trend toward improved long term survival of perfused and transplanted pancreas. Fresh grafts or those stored under hypothermia survived for shorter periods of time than did the perfused grafts. Apancreatic dogs survived only for a few days after pancreatectomy. Hypothermic pulsatile perfusion appeared to be a better method of preservation than hypothermic storage of pancreatic allografts."}
{"id": "PMID:364708", "title": "Late cerebral radionecrosis.", "content": "Seventy-eight cases of late cerebral radionecrosis gathered from the literature are reviewed and three personal cases reported. The difficulties in making pre-and intra-operative diagnoses, the efficacy of surgical treatment in cases of circumscribed lesions, and the very poor prognosis of diffuse lesions are emphasized.", "contents": "Late cerebral radionecrosis. Seventy-eight cases of late cerebral radionecrosis gathered from the literature are reviewed and three personal cases reported. The difficulties in making pre-and intra-operative diagnoses, the efficacy of surgical treatment in cases of circumscribed lesions, and the very poor prognosis of diffuse lesions are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:364762", "title": "The inhibitory effect of aspirin on human endothelial cells.", "content": "Human endothelial cell monolayers prepared from umbilical veins have been incubated with aspirin (1--2 mM) dissolved in Hepes modified solution and in platelet-rich plasma. They have also been incubated with plasma prepared from subjects before and after intake of aspirin giving a mean plasma concentration of 0.5 mM. The effects of the endothelial cells on ADP and collagen-induced platelet aggregation and malondialdehyde production in platelet-rich plasma have been tested. The endothelial cells had a spontaneous inhibitory effect on all three parameters. This effect was abolished when the cells were incubated with aspirin dissolved in MHS for 20 min and the increase in effect observed when platelet-rich plasma was incubated with endothelial cells for a period of 30 min was similarly inhibited when aspirin was dissolved in plasma or when plasma prepared from subjects who had taken aspirin were used. Aspirin had no inhibitory effect on prostacyclin (PGI2) with regard to the effect of PGI2 on platelets. On the contrary, the two compounds had an additive inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen. These findings should be considered with regard to the use of aspirin as an antithrombotic agent.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of aspirin on human endothelial cells. Human endothelial cell monolayers prepared from umbilical veins have been incubated with aspirin (1--2 mM) dissolved in Hepes modified solution and in platelet-rich plasma. They have also been incubated with plasma prepared from subjects before and after intake of aspirin giving a mean plasma concentration of 0.5 mM. The effects of the endothelial cells on ADP and collagen-induced platelet aggregation and malondialdehyde production in platelet-rich plasma have been tested. The endothelial cells had a spontaneous inhibitory effect on all three parameters. This effect was abolished when the cells were incubated with aspirin dissolved in MHS for 20 min and the increase in effect observed when platelet-rich plasma was incubated with endothelial cells for a period of 30 min was similarly inhibited when aspirin was dissolved in plasma or when plasma prepared from subjects who had taken aspirin were used. Aspirin had no inhibitory effect on prostacyclin (PGI2) with regard to the effect of PGI2 on platelets. On the contrary, the two compounds had an additive inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen. These findings should be considered with regard to the use of aspirin as an antithrombotic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:364763", "title": "The effect of ICI 55,897 and clofibrate on platelet function and other tests abnormal in atherosclerosis.", "content": "There is considerable evidence that the quantity or quality of plasma lipids influences platelet function tests, and clofibrate reduces high plasma lipids and alters some platelet tests. Clofibrate was accordingly given to patients with vascular disease who were at risk of thrombosis. The heparin thrombin clotting time (HTCT), initially short and thus possibly reflecting increased activation, was regularly returned to normal after about a month's delay. The fibrinogen was also normalized but the initially abnormal anti-thrombic activity became more abnormal. ICI 55,897, an analogue of clofibrate, also normalized the HTCT and the fibrinogen and had no adverse effect on the anti-thrombin levels. This compound has no effect on plasma lipids. If it can be shown that the correction of abnormal tests conveys clinical benefit these findings suggest that ICI 55,897 might clinically be more beneficial than clofibrate. However, direct comparison of clofibrate and ICI 55,897 suggests that clofibrate is more effective in normalizing the HTCT. The mechanism underlying these drug-induced changes are unknown but they cannot be directly related to lipid changes.", "contents": "The effect of ICI 55,897 and clofibrate on platelet function and other tests abnormal in atherosclerosis. There is considerable evidence that the quantity or quality of plasma lipids influences platelet function tests, and clofibrate reduces high plasma lipids and alters some platelet tests. Clofibrate was accordingly given to patients with vascular disease who were at risk of thrombosis. The heparin thrombin clotting time (HTCT), initially short and thus possibly reflecting increased activation, was regularly returned to normal after about a month's delay. The fibrinogen was also normalized but the initially abnormal anti-thrombic activity became more abnormal. ICI 55,897, an analogue of clofibrate, also normalized the HTCT and the fibrinogen and had no adverse effect on the anti-thrombin levels. This compound has no effect on plasma lipids. If it can be shown that the correction of abnormal tests conveys clinical benefit these findings suggest that ICI 55,897 might clinically be more beneficial than clofibrate. However, direct comparison of clofibrate and ICI 55,897 suggests that clofibrate is more effective in normalizing the HTCT. The mechanism underlying these drug-induced changes are unknown but they cannot be directly related to lipid changes."}
{"id": "PMID:364767", "title": "[Incidence of Clostridium botulinum in the rumen contents and faeces of cattle fed brewers' grains naturally contaminated with Clostridium botulinum (author's transl)].", "content": "The number of Clostridium botulinum type B organisms excreted by cattle fed brewers' grains in which these organisms were found to be present and the period for which they were excreted, were studied. Large numbers (10(5) - 10(7) per gramme) of these organisms were detected in the rumen contents and faeces of the animals. When feeding brewers' grains was discontinued, Cl. botulinum type B was still detectable in the faeces for a considerable period (greater than eight weeks). There was evidence to suggest that the number of Cl. botulinum organisms multiplies in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle.", "contents": "[Incidence of Clostridium botulinum in the rumen contents and faeces of cattle fed brewers' grains naturally contaminated with Clostridium botulinum (author's transl)]. The number of Clostridium botulinum type B organisms excreted by cattle fed brewers' grains in which these organisms were found to be present and the period for which they were excreted, were studied. Large numbers (10(5) - 10(7) per gramme) of these organisms were detected in the rumen contents and faeces of the animals. When feeding brewers' grains was discontinued, Cl. botulinum type B was still detectable in the faeces for a considerable period (greater than eight weeks). There was evidence to suggest that the number of Cl. botulinum organisms multiplies in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:364768", "title": "Surface replicas of pulmonary endothelial cells in culture.", "content": "Pulmonary endothelial cells possess a variety of enzymes on their surface. However, the topographical distribution of these enzymes is not known. In this report we describe a simple technique for the preparation of surface replicas of pulmonary endothelial cells using an unmodified critical point drying apparatus and a high vacuum freeze-etch unit. The technique should be applicable for use with all cells in monolayer culture. Endothelial cells grown on glass slides or coverslips were washed thoroughly, fixed and dehydrated. The monolayers were then critical point dried. Surface replicas were prepared in a Balzer's freeze-etch unit. The advantages of surface replicas are that they can be examined with the resolving power of the transmission electron microscope and can be used to examine whole cells. The potential for the surface replica technique may lie in mapping specific enzymes, receptors and cell surface factors. Therefore, to provide a basis for such studies, we have described the appearance of pulmonary endothelial cells in surface replicas.", "contents": "Surface replicas of pulmonary endothelial cells in culture. Pulmonary endothelial cells possess a variety of enzymes on their surface. However, the topographical distribution of these enzymes is not known. In this report we describe a simple technique for the preparation of surface replicas of pulmonary endothelial cells using an unmodified critical point drying apparatus and a high vacuum freeze-etch unit. The technique should be applicable for use with all cells in monolayer culture. Endothelial cells grown on glass slides or coverslips were washed thoroughly, fixed and dehydrated. The monolayers were then critical point dried. Surface replicas were prepared in a Balzer's freeze-etch unit. The advantages of surface replicas are that they can be examined with the resolving power of the transmission electron microscope and can be used to examine whole cells. The potential for the surface replica technique may lie in mapping specific enzymes, receptors and cell surface factors. Therefore, to provide a basis for such studies, we have described the appearance of pulmonary endothelial cells in surface replicas."}
{"id": "PMID:364780", "title": "Current status of prophylaxis of retinal detachment.", "content": "Our indications for prophylaxis may be summarized as follows: (1) All symptomatic holes. (2) All holes in aphakic eye. (3) All holes in fellow eyes. (4) Lattice degeneration in fellow eyes, even when holes are not present. (5) Holes in snail-track degeneration. (6) The fellow eye of one with a giant tear. (7) Asymptomatic holes in myopic eyes except those within the vitreous base. (8) Some large asymptomatic holes in non-fellow or aphakic eyes.", "contents": "Current status of prophylaxis of retinal detachment. Our indications for prophylaxis may be summarized as follows: (1) All symptomatic holes. (2) All holes in aphakic eye. (3) All holes in fellow eyes. (4) Lattice degeneration in fellow eyes, even when holes are not present. (5) Holes in snail-track degeneration. (6) The fellow eye of one with a giant tear. (7) Asymptomatic holes in myopic eyes except those within the vitreous base. (8) Some large asymptomatic holes in non-fellow or aphakic eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:364781", "title": "\"Dye/light\" Dye-induced photosensitization of herpes virus. A clinical trial on humans.", "content": "A series of 21 patients with herpetic corneal ulcers was treated by photodynamic inactivation (using a single application of neutral red 1 per cent solution followed by a 15-min exposure to a 40 watt light of 440--550 nm), carbolization, or idoxuridine (IDU) ointment. No significant difference was found in the number that healed, the mean healing time, or the number of recurrences after any of the three treatments.", "contents": "\"Dye/light\" Dye-induced photosensitization of herpes virus. A clinical trial on humans. A series of 21 patients with herpetic corneal ulcers was treated by photodynamic inactivation (using a single application of neutral red 1 per cent solution followed by a 15-min exposure to a 40 watt light of 440--550 nm), carbolization, or idoxuridine (IDU) ointment. No significant difference was found in the number that healed, the mean healing time, or the number of recurrences after any of the three treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:364782", "title": "A comparison of sampling techniques for domestic populations of Triatominae.", "content": "Six methods of sampling domestic populations of Triatoma infestans (Klug in Brazil have been studied. The results suggest that where bug densities are low, the Gomez-Nu\u00f1ez box may be used, but with higher bug densities withdrawal or removal collecting allows a direct estimation of the size of the bug population. The number of samples to be taken in removal collections depends upon the density of the bug population and the degree of accuracy required.", "contents": "A comparison of sampling techniques for domestic populations of Triatominae. Six methods of sampling domestic populations of Triatoma infestans (Klug in Brazil have been studied. The results suggest that where bug densities are low, the Gomez-Nu\u00f1ez box may be used, but with higher bug densities withdrawal or removal collecting allows a direct estimation of the size of the bug population. The number of samples to be taken in removal collections depends upon the density of the bug population and the degree of accuracy required."}
{"id": "PMID:364783", "title": "Standardization of the indirect fluorescent antibody test for malaria.", "content": "Methods are described whereby results of malarial immunofluorescence tests can be evaluated objectively. The IFA test was quantitated by standardizing the physical system against a fluorescent standard and preparation of biological standards of malarial antisera and fluorescein labelled conjugates. Using these known standards the reactivity of antigens was characterized. It was found that antigen preparations are best when they include mature schizonts, and keep best when they are stored in a dry condition at or below -20 degree C. However, even under carefully controlled conditions of storage, antigens showed considerable variation of reactivity between individual batches.", "contents": "Standardization of the indirect fluorescent antibody test for malaria. Methods are described whereby results of malarial immunofluorescence tests can be evaluated objectively. The IFA test was quantitated by standardizing the physical system against a fluorescent standard and preparation of biological standards of malarial antisera and fluorescein labelled conjugates. Using these known standards the reactivity of antigens was characterized. It was found that antigen preparations are best when they include mature schizonts, and keep best when they are stored in a dry condition at or below -20 degree C. However, even under carefully controlled conditions of storage, antigens showed considerable variation of reactivity between individual batches."}
{"id": "PMID:364784", "title": "Detection and measurement of species-specific malarial antibodies by immunofluorescence tests.", "content": "Species-specific serodiagnosis of malaria could be made by means of the standardized indirect fluorescent antibody test, either by determination of the usual end-point titres or by fluorescent intensity measurements on antigens. The malarial antibody levels could also be measured by the fluorescent intensity measurements at a single serum dilution. Thus the fluorescent intensity measurements could effectively replace the end point titre determination, with the advantages of standardization and saving in technician time.", "contents": "Detection and measurement of species-specific malarial antibodies by immunofluorescence tests. Species-specific serodiagnosis of malaria could be made by means of the standardized indirect fluorescent antibody test, either by determination of the usual end-point titres or by fluorescent intensity measurements on antigens. The malarial antibody levels could also be measured by the fluorescent intensity measurements at a single serum dilution. Thus the fluorescent intensity measurements could effectively replace the end point titre determination, with the advantages of standardization and saving in technician time."}
{"id": "PMID:364785", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the sporogonic development of Plasmodium falciparum in Anopheles gambiae.", "content": "This paper describes the fine structure of the sporogonic development of Plasmodium falciparum in its natural vector Anopheles gambiae (Species A) as seen by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The parasite was derived from naturally infected volunteers and the vector maintained under natural conditions at the MRC Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia. Sporogonic development of P. falciparum is similar to that described for other Plasmodium spp. There are however greater similarities between P. falciparum and the avian malaria parasites, than those mammalian (primarily rodent) species described to date--particularly with respect to mitochondrial development, crystalloid morphology and nucleolar organization. Nuclear development is similar to that of the murine malaria parasites, but reconstruction of complete mitotic spindles from serial sections suggest the haploid genome of P. falciparum contains 14 chromosomes compared to eight to ten in the murine plasmodia. Sporoblast formation involves a unique process of cleft formation based on the expansion of the cisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum. Sporozoite budding is almost exclusively confined to these inner membrane surfaces and results in a characteristic sporozoite distribution in the oocyst. High resolution scanning electron microscopy of free sporozoites provides the first surface view of the micropore of Plasmodium.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the sporogonic development of Plasmodium falciparum in Anopheles gambiae. This paper describes the fine structure of the sporogonic development of Plasmodium falciparum in its natural vector Anopheles gambiae (Species A) as seen by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The parasite was derived from naturally infected volunteers and the vector maintained under natural conditions at the MRC Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia. Sporogonic development of P. falciparum is similar to that described for other Plasmodium spp. There are however greater similarities between P. falciparum and the avian malaria parasites, than those mammalian (primarily rodent) species described to date--particularly with respect to mitochondrial development, crystalloid morphology and nucleolar organization. Nuclear development is similar to that of the murine malaria parasites, but reconstruction of complete mitotic spindles from serial sections suggest the haploid genome of P. falciparum contains 14 chromosomes compared to eight to ten in the murine plasmodia. Sporoblast formation involves a unique process of cleft formation based on the expansion of the cisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum. Sporozoite budding is almost exclusively confined to these inner membrane surfaces and results in a characteristic sporozoite distribution in the oocyst. High resolution scanning electron microscopy of free sporozoites provides the first surface view of the micropore of Plasmodium."}
{"id": "PMID:364786", "title": "The use of ELIEDA (enzyme-linked-immuno-electro-diffusion-assay)) in the study of humoral antibodies in human schistosomiasis.", "content": "In order to improve the sensitivity of immuno-electrodiffusion (IED) we have developed a technique of treating the precipitated immune complexes with enzyme-labelled antibodies. This technique we term ELIEDA (Enzyme-Linked-Immuno-Electro-Diffusion-Assay). The enzyme-labelled antibodies can be made monospecific for each class of immunoglobulins found in patients with schistosomiasis and which precipitate with schistosome antigens. We believe that this sensitive technique will prove valuable in studying the sequential development of antibodies in human and experimental schistosomiasis.", "contents": "The use of ELIEDA (enzyme-linked-immuno-electro-diffusion-assay)) in the study of humoral antibodies in human schistosomiasis. In order to improve the sensitivity of immuno-electrodiffusion (IED) we have developed a technique of treating the precipitated immune complexes with enzyme-labelled antibodies. This technique we term ELIEDA (Enzyme-Linked-Immuno-Electro-Diffusion-Assay). The enzyme-labelled antibodies can be made monospecific for each class of immunoglobulins found in patients with schistosomiasis and which precipitate with schistosome antigens. We believe that this sensitive technique will prove valuable in studying the sequential development of antibodies in human and experimental schistosomiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:364798", "title": "[The indirect immunofluorescent antibody test with paraffin-embedded histological sections as antigen in experimental echinococcosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A modification of the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test for the diagnosis of infections with metacestodes of Echinococcus multilocularis is described. Formol alcohol was used as fixative mixture for the antigen materials; as embeding medium served paraffin. In positive reactions the peripheral protoscolex-layers showed a bright yellow-green fluorescence. Specificity and sensibility in the animal model experiment are to be expressed as very good.", "contents": "[The indirect immunofluorescent antibody test with paraffin-embedded histological sections as antigen in experimental echinococcosis (author's transl)]. A modification of the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test for the diagnosis of infections with metacestodes of Echinococcus multilocularis is described. Formol alcohol was used as fixative mixture for the antigen materials; as embeding medium served paraffin. In positive reactions the peripheral protoscolex-layers showed a bright yellow-green fluorescence. Specificity and sensibility in the animal model experiment are to be expressed as very good."}
{"id": "PMID:364799", "title": "Eperythrozoon ovis. II. Prevalence studies in sheep in Nigeria using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test.", "content": "A serological survey of Eperythrozoon ovis infection in sheep was carried out in the main sheep farming areas of Nigeria, using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. Out of a total of 402 animals surveyed, 145, representing 36 per cent, were found to be serologically positive. Approximately 90 per cent of the sero-positives were sheep kept under intensive or semi-intensive systems of management indicating that close contact facilitated spread of the parasite. Microscopic examination of representative blood smears revealed E. ovis in only 12 of the serologically positive sheep. It was concluded that endemic stability explains why the parasite has not been reported earlier in Nigeria.", "contents": "Eperythrozoon ovis. II. Prevalence studies in sheep in Nigeria using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. A serological survey of Eperythrozoon ovis infection in sheep was carried out in the main sheep farming areas of Nigeria, using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. Out of a total of 402 animals surveyed, 145, representing 36 per cent, were found to be serologically positive. Approximately 90 per cent of the sero-positives were sheep kept under intensive or semi-intensive systems of management indicating that close contact facilitated spread of the parasite. Microscopic examination of representative blood smears revealed E. ovis in only 12 of the serologically positive sheep. It was concluded that endemic stability explains why the parasite has not been reported earlier in Nigeria."}
{"id": "PMID:364800", "title": "Abortive development of Wuchereria bancrofti in a West African strain of Culex pipiens fatigans.", "content": "The detailed morphology of the larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti developing in a refractory strain of Culex pipiens fatigans from Liberia, West Africa, has been described. The abortive development of the parasite in the thoracic muscles of the mosquito was characterized mainly by: (i) retardation or complete failure of initial division of the G-cell, (ii) partial or complete encapsulation of developing larvae, especially at the anal and excretory vesicle areas of late first-stage, (iii) breakdown of the forming internal structures with formation of clusters of DNA-and RNA-positive material, and (iv) anomalous development of some larvae in which extra-corporeal growth of internal tissues took place.", "contents": "Abortive development of Wuchereria bancrofti in a West African strain of Culex pipiens fatigans. The detailed morphology of the larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti developing in a refractory strain of Culex pipiens fatigans from Liberia, West Africa, has been described. The abortive development of the parasite in the thoracic muscles of the mosquito was characterized mainly by: (i) retardation or complete failure of initial division of the G-cell, (ii) partial or complete encapsulation of developing larvae, especially at the anal and excretory vesicle areas of late first-stage, (iii) breakdown of the forming internal structures with formation of clusters of DNA-and RNA-positive material, and (iv) anomalous development of some larvae in which extra-corporeal growth of internal tissues took place."}
{"id": "PMID:364801", "title": "Dynamics and intensity of Wuchereria bancrofti transmission in the savannah and forest regions of Liberia.", "content": "In four villages in the savannah and in the rain forest of Liberia, regular assessment of the biting activity and infection rates of anthropophilic mosquitoes have been carried out through full annual cycles. The microfilaremia rates in the localities in the savannah were 18.3% and 20.0% and in those of the forest 10.3% and 12.5%. The all-night catches were performed inside ordinary inhibited houses at monthly or fortnightly intervals. Presence of infective larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti proved Anopheles gambiae, A. funestus and A. nili to be the local vectors. Biting densities were high in the savannah, and low in the forest. From the mosquito catches and the results of their dissections for filarial larvae it could be estimated, that during the observation year a person in the savannah villages would be bitten annually by 18,165 and 36,450 vector mosquitoes respectively, and would receive 236 and 536 infective bites with 570 and 1211 infective larvae. In the two forest villages the number of vector bites per person per year was calculated to be in the order of 6120 and 1102 of which 64 and 8 would be infective bites transmitting 101 and 8 larvae. The findings of considerable differences in transmission intensities between villages of the same bioclimatic zone and of comparable microfilaremia rates indicates instable epidemiological conditions in at least some of the localities investigated.", "contents": "Dynamics and intensity of Wuchereria bancrofti transmission in the savannah and forest regions of Liberia. In four villages in the savannah and in the rain forest of Liberia, regular assessment of the biting activity and infection rates of anthropophilic mosquitoes have been carried out through full annual cycles. The microfilaremia rates in the localities in the savannah were 18.3% and 20.0% and in those of the forest 10.3% and 12.5%. The all-night catches were performed inside ordinary inhibited houses at monthly or fortnightly intervals. Presence of infective larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti proved Anopheles gambiae, A. funestus and A. nili to be the local vectors. Biting densities were high in the savannah, and low in the forest. From the mosquito catches and the results of their dissections for filarial larvae it could be estimated, that during the observation year a person in the savannah villages would be bitten annually by 18,165 and 36,450 vector mosquitoes respectively, and would receive 236 and 536 infective bites with 570 and 1211 infective larvae. In the two forest villages the number of vector bites per person per year was calculated to be in the order of 6120 and 1102 of which 64 and 8 would be infective bites transmitting 101 and 8 larvae. The findings of considerable differences in transmission intensities between villages of the same bioclimatic zone and of comparable microfilaremia rates indicates instable epidemiological conditions in at least some of the localities investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:364803", "title": "[Histochemical study of zinc].", "content": "A comparative pattern of zinc distribution in cells of verious organs is given, investigated under various experimental conditions, changing the functional state of cells. Topochemical interrelations of zinc, and the main histochemical components (nucleic acids, protein, enzymes etc.) are studied.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of zinc]. A comparative pattern of zinc distribution in cells of verious organs is given, investigated under various experimental conditions, changing the functional state of cells. Topochemical interrelations of zinc, and the main histochemical components (nucleic acids, protein, enzymes etc.) are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:364808", "title": "[The value of direct localization studies for the surgical treatment of urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Techniques to localize an upper urinary tract infection--the bladder wash-out test and the ureteral catheterization method--are described. Case reports are given to demonstrate the usefulness of these methods when surgical treatment of urinary tract infections seems to be indicated.", "contents": "[The value of direct localization studies for the surgical treatment of urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. Techniques to localize an upper urinary tract infection--the bladder wash-out test and the ureteral catheterization method--are described. Case reports are given to demonstrate the usefulness of these methods when surgical treatment of urinary tract infections seems to be indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:364797", "title": "A study of soluble Lewis and P1 substances produced for use in immunohematology.", "content": "We have investigated a new source of commercial Lewis and P1 soluble blood group substances produced for use in immunohematology. Our tests show them to be potent, specific, stable and suitable for use in antibody inhibition procedures. They should make a useful contribution to antibody identification studies in hospital blood bank laboratories.", "contents": "A study of soluble Lewis and P1 substances produced for use in immunohematology. We have investigated a new source of commercial Lewis and P1 soluble blood group substances produced for use in immunohematology. Our tests show them to be potent, specific, stable and suitable for use in antibody inhibition procedures. They should make a useful contribution to antibody identification studies in hospital blood bank laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:364805", "title": "[The biochemical role of selenium in animal orgamisms].", "content": "Data on the biochemical function of selenium in animal and human organism are generalized from the view point of its participation in the active centre of glutathione peroxidase and its general anabolic effect. Now it is assumed that many chronical human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular insufficiency, atherosclerosis, pancreas insufficiency and other may be connected with selenium deficiency in human nutrition. A problem is considered on ecological and endogenous factors controlling the availability of selenium in animals. Among them the dominant role of neurohumoral regulation is emphasized and several problem, particularly in the direction of well grounded application of its low-toxic preparations to medicine, is stressed.", "contents": "[The biochemical role of selenium in animal orgamisms]. Data on the biochemical function of selenium in animal and human organism are generalized from the view point of its participation in the active centre of glutathione peroxidase and its general anabolic effect. Now it is assumed that many chronical human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular insufficiency, atherosclerosis, pancreas insufficiency and other may be connected with selenium deficiency in human nutrition. A problem is considered on ecological and endogenous factors controlling the availability of selenium in animals. Among them the dominant role of neurohumoral regulation is emphasized and several problem, particularly in the direction of well grounded application of its low-toxic preparations to medicine, is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:364802", "title": "[Experimental verification of several assumptions and methods of statistical genetics. II].", "content": "The applicability of A. S. Serebrovsky's formulas and N. A. Sobolev's methods was investigated for a dihybrid cross. It was shown that Serebrovsky's formulas do not always lead to a correct estimation of the minimal number of genes by which the parents are distinguished. In the case of gene interaction this estimation sometimes proved to be exaggerated 2-4 times. A test of Sobolev's method demonstrated that this method cannot be considered as reliable for work. Most of his estimations are not correct. Various estimations of the same phenomenon are often contradictory.", "contents": "[Experimental verification of several assumptions and methods of statistical genetics. II]. The applicability of A. S. Serebrovsky's formulas and N. A. Sobolev's methods was investigated for a dihybrid cross. It was shown that Serebrovsky's formulas do not always lead to a correct estimation of the minimal number of genes by which the parents are distinguished. In the case of gene interaction this estimation sometimes proved to be exaggerated 2-4 times. A test of Sobolev's method demonstrated that this method cannot be considered as reliable for work. Most of his estimations are not correct. Various estimations of the same phenomenon are often contradictory."}
{"id": "PMID:364817", "title": "An evaluation of the efficacy of oxfendazole against the common nematode parasites of the horse.", "content": "In a controlled trial in naturally-infected young ponies, oxfendazole administered orally at dose-rates of 10 mg per kg and 50 mg per kg resulted in complete elimination of Trichostrongylus axei, Parascaris equorum, Oxyuris equi and adult Strongylus vulgaris. Also, all migrating Strongylus edentatus larvae recovered from the subperitoneal tissues of the flank were found to be dead. Minimum efficiencies of 99.8 per cent and 99.1 per cent were obtained against adult small strongyles (Trichonema spp) and 97.6 per cent and 100 per cent of developing small strongyle larvae at dose-rates of 10 mg per kg and 50 mg per kg respectively. Although the arterial lesions caused by migrating S vulgaris larvae were less severe in the treated compared with the untreated animals, reductions in mean larval numbers over controls were only in the region of 49 to 59 per cent.", "contents": "An evaluation of the efficacy of oxfendazole against the common nematode parasites of the horse. In a controlled trial in naturally-infected young ponies, oxfendazole administered orally at dose-rates of 10 mg per kg and 50 mg per kg resulted in complete elimination of Trichostrongylus axei, Parascaris equorum, Oxyuris equi and adult Strongylus vulgaris. Also, all migrating Strongylus edentatus larvae recovered from the subperitoneal tissues of the flank were found to be dead. Minimum efficiencies of 99.8 per cent and 99.1 per cent were obtained against adult small strongyles (Trichonema spp) and 97.6 per cent and 100 per cent of developing small strongyle larvae at dose-rates of 10 mg per kg and 50 mg per kg respectively. Although the arterial lesions caused by migrating S vulgaris larvae were less severe in the treated compared with the untreated animals, reductions in mean larval numbers over controls were only in the region of 49 to 59 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:364820", "title": "[Elimination of multiple drug resistance of intestinal bacteria in white mice in vivo with proflavine and rimactan].", "content": "Albino mice, infected with 0.4 cu. cm of 10(10) microbial cells (S. Heidelberg), were treated with proflavin (0.4 cu. cm of a 0.3% solution) and rimactan rifamycin SV (0.4 cu. cm of a 0.4% solution). Proflavin was given singly and four times, daily, in the course of four days, and rimactan was applied four times. Given in a single dose proflavin was found to prolong twice as long the life span of albino mice infected with S. heidelberg. When injected four times it lowered considerably the mortality rate among the animals, the percent of survivals being 62. It was shown to hinder the transmission of multidrug resistance to the normally existing intestinal microflora. It also eliminated the multidrug resistance that intestinal bacteria had acquired in the course of the first several days of drug application. The action of rifamycin proved stronger: 83% of the albino mice treated survived. It eliminated the markers of resistance--both the acquired ones and those carried by the normal recipients (intestinal bacteria)--that substantiated multidrug resistance as well as some of the markers of the donor itself (S. heidelberg).", "contents": "[Elimination of multiple drug resistance of intestinal bacteria in white mice in vivo with proflavine and rimactan]. Albino mice, infected with 0.4 cu. cm of 10(10) microbial cells (S. Heidelberg), were treated with proflavin (0.4 cu. cm of a 0.3% solution) and rimactan rifamycin SV (0.4 cu. cm of a 0.4% solution). Proflavin was given singly and four times, daily, in the course of four days, and rimactan was applied four times. Given in a single dose proflavin was found to prolong twice as long the life span of albino mice infected with S. heidelberg. When injected four times it lowered considerably the mortality rate among the animals, the percent of survivals being 62. It was shown to hinder the transmission of multidrug resistance to the normally existing intestinal microflora. It also eliminated the multidrug resistance that intestinal bacteria had acquired in the course of the first several days of drug application. The action of rifamycin proved stronger: 83% of the albino mice treated survived. It eliminated the markers of resistance--both the acquired ones and those carried by the normal recipients (intestinal bacteria)--that substantiated multidrug resistance as well as some of the markers of the donor itself (S. heidelberg)."}
{"id": "PMID:364821", "title": "[Transmissible drug resistance in E. coli isolated from calves].", "content": "The study of 30 strains of Escherichia coli, isolated from calves on various farms of the district of Haskovo, revealed that 70.0% of them manifested resistance to drugs. The capacity of calf E. coli organisms of being donors of resistance factors pointed to the episomal nature of their polyresistance. The comparatively readily effected transmission of drug resistance from E. coli isolated from calves was shown to be potential clinical and epizootic hazard. Such animals proved to be carriers and a source of R+ Escherichia coli organisms. It was found that the transmission of drug resistance was not coupled with the transmission of chromosomal inheritance. A high frequency of the drug-resistance transmission phenomenon was established.", "contents": "[Transmissible drug resistance in E. coli isolated from calves]. The study of 30 strains of Escherichia coli, isolated from calves on various farms of the district of Haskovo, revealed that 70.0% of them manifested resistance to drugs. The capacity of calf E. coli organisms of being donors of resistance factors pointed to the episomal nature of their polyresistance. The comparatively readily effected transmission of drug resistance from E. coli isolated from calves was shown to be potential clinical and epizootic hazard. Such animals proved to be carriers and a source of R+ Escherichia coli organisms. It was found that the transmission of drug resistance was not coupled with the transmission of chromosomal inheritance. A high frequency of the drug-resistance transmission phenomenon was established."}
{"id": "PMID:364839", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with breast or colon cancer.", "content": "The rationale and results of clinical use of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tests in patients with carcinoma of the breast and colon deserve review. Plasma CEA levels have been found to correlate with the extent of tumor invasion and site of metastatic spread, and CEA titers have diagnostic and prognostic value. Although postresectional serial CEA testing is not as useful in cases of breast carcinoma, in cases of carcinoma of the colon it may indicate recurrence or progression of the lesion. However, there are limitations and CEA results should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical information.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with breast or colon cancer. The rationale and results of clinical use of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tests in patients with carcinoma of the breast and colon deserve review. Plasma CEA levels have been found to correlate with the extent of tumor invasion and site of metastatic spread, and CEA titers have diagnostic and prognostic value. Although postresectional serial CEA testing is not as useful in cases of breast carcinoma, in cases of carcinoma of the colon it may indicate recurrence or progression of the lesion. However, there are limitations and CEA results should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical information."}
{"id": "PMID:364840", "title": "The obesity-hypoventilation syndrome.", "content": "The triad of obesity, hypoventilation and inordinate hypersomnolence characterizes the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. The reasons for daytime hypoventilation appear related to decreased chemical drives to breathe combined with the added physical impediment of extreme obesity. When the physiology of sleep was investigated in patients with this syndrome, intermittent nocturnal obstructive apneas were documented that produced blood gas abnormalities, arrhythmias and serious elevations of both pulmonary and systemic pressures. The obstructive apneas are due to intermittent loss of muscle tone of the tongue resulting in its prolapse against the posterior pharynx. The special importance of the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome lies in its being an example of a disorder of sleep and breathing that can appear in widely different clinical settings. Therapeutic measures include weight loss, progestational agents or permanent tracheostomy.", "contents": "The obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. The triad of obesity, hypoventilation and inordinate hypersomnolence characterizes the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. The reasons for daytime hypoventilation appear related to decreased chemical drives to breathe combined with the added physical impediment of extreme obesity. When the physiology of sleep was investigated in patients with this syndrome, intermittent nocturnal obstructive apneas were documented that produced blood gas abnormalities, arrhythmias and serious elevations of both pulmonary and systemic pressures. The obstructive apneas are due to intermittent loss of muscle tone of the tongue resulting in its prolapse against the posterior pharynx. The special importance of the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome lies in its being an example of a disorder of sleep and breathing that can appear in widely different clinical settings. Therapeutic measures include weight loss, progestational agents or permanent tracheostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:364837", "title": "[Alimentary factors in the genesis of atherosclerosis].", "content": "A peroxidized model of atherosclerosis devised by the authors and the results of using antioxidants in these conditions as well as of literature sources on the deficiency of the antioxidant action substances in the current ration, on the peroxidation syndrome in this illness in man and animals, all this allowed the following concept to be formulated. Overeating, continued deficiency of antioxidants in natural products and hypodynamia contribute to the derangement of the physiological antioxidant system. An intensified free-radical oxidation calls forth decomposition of the beta-lipoproteids, lipoid infiltration of the intima, destruction of the elasticity, fibrosis and calcinosis. An alimentary prophylaxis of atherosclerosis should repose on the utilization of food mixtures representing complexes of the antioxidants of the direct and indirect action and trace elements entering the composition of the antiperoxidized enzymes.", "contents": "[Alimentary factors in the genesis of atherosclerosis]. A peroxidized model of atherosclerosis devised by the authors and the results of using antioxidants in these conditions as well as of literature sources on the deficiency of the antioxidant action substances in the current ration, on the peroxidation syndrome in this illness in man and animals, all this allowed the following concept to be formulated. Overeating, continued deficiency of antioxidants in natural products and hypodynamia contribute to the derangement of the physiological antioxidant system. An intensified free-radical oxidation calls forth decomposition of the beta-lipoproteids, lipoid infiltration of the intima, destruction of the elasticity, fibrosis and calcinosis. An alimentary prophylaxis of atherosclerosis should repose on the utilization of food mixtures representing complexes of the antioxidants of the direct and indirect action and trace elements entering the composition of the antiperoxidized enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:364857", "title": "[The omovertebral bone--new possibility of preoperative examination by computed axial tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "After a brief review of literature a case of congenital high scapula with omovertebral bone is presented by conventional X-ray films (plain X-ray and a. p. tomography). The additional computed axial tomography is of great diagnostic value, giving the surgeon a good deal of preoperative information on the anatomy of the bony connection between cervical vertebrae and scapula. The possible pitfalls of this new diagnostic technique are discussed as well as its limitation.", "contents": "[The omovertebral bone--new possibility of preoperative examination by computed axial tomography (author's transl)]. After a brief review of literature a case of congenital high scapula with omovertebral bone is presented by conventional X-ray films (plain X-ray and a. p. tomography). The additional computed axial tomography is of great diagnostic value, giving the surgeon a good deal of preoperative information on the anatomy of the bony connection between cervical vertebrae and scapula. The possible pitfalls of this new diagnostic technique are discussed as well as its limitation."}
{"id": "PMID:364858", "title": "[Surgery of genuine Perthes' disease (author's transl)].", "content": "134 children between 3 and 13 years of age (average age 6.4 years) were treated at the Orthopaedic Clinic of the Karl-Marx-University at Leipzig between 1955 and 1977, for genuine Perthes' disease. The treatment consisted of bolting the capitular epiphysis (head) of the femur with a homologous bone chip. Anatomical healing was achieved in 50% of the cases. In almost 15% the results were good. The shape of the head was normal or almost normal, and there was merely a slight medium upward displacement of the trochanter without any functional significance. In 30% of the patients, the head was definitely no longer completely round, and there was a coxa vara symptomatic which, in three cases, was the reason for a surgical displacement of the trochanter. In 5--10% of the hip joints, the deformation had resulted in an incongruence of the head and acetabulum. The average treatment period was 17.1 months. The stage of the disease at the time of surgery did not exercise any influence on the duration and results of the treatment. Likewise, the position of the tip of the bone chip did not exercise any definitely appreciable influence.", "contents": "[Surgery of genuine Perthes' disease (author's transl)]. 134 children between 3 and 13 years of age (average age 6.4 years) were treated at the Orthopaedic Clinic of the Karl-Marx-University at Leipzig between 1955 and 1977, for genuine Perthes' disease. The treatment consisted of bolting the capitular epiphysis (head) of the femur with a homologous bone chip. Anatomical healing was achieved in 50% of the cases. In almost 15% the results were good. The shape of the head was normal or almost normal, and there was merely a slight medium upward displacement of the trochanter without any functional significance. In 30% of the patients, the head was definitely no longer completely round, and there was a coxa vara symptomatic which, in three cases, was the reason for a surgical displacement of the trochanter. In 5--10% of the hip joints, the deformation had resulted in an incongruence of the head and acetabulum. The average treatment period was 17.1 months. The stage of the disease at the time of surgery did not exercise any influence on the duration and results of the treatment. Likewise, the position of the tip of the bone chip did not exercise any definitely appreciable influence."}
{"id": "PMID:364859", "title": "[Spinal lesions in early man (author's transl)].", "content": "Through palaeopathological studies several traumatic spinal lesions in early man became known. In other cases spondylotic and spondylitic changes were found.", "contents": "[Spinal lesions in early man (author's transl)]. Through palaeopathological studies several traumatic spinal lesions in early man became known. In other cases spondylotic and spondylitic changes were found."}
{"id": "PMID:364879", "title": "[Mitotic behaviour and proliferation metabolism in allogenic kidney transplants of the rat, in the first 6 days afer recirculation (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative experiments were carried out on 41 allogenic kidney transplants of the rat to determine the mitotic behaviour and proliferation metabolism (application of H3 thymidine) in the first 6 days after recirculation. 3 days after transplantation DNA synthesis in the epithelium of cortex and medulla reached its peak. After this time the H3 labelling index for these cell nuclei dropped until on the 6th day, it had a value equivalent to that of the first day. The estimation of the decline of DNA synthesis in the epithelial cell nuclei and the increase of the lymphocyte proliferation in the interstitial tissue of cortex and medulla of the transplants from the 4th day on are signs of rapidly advancing transplant rejection. The changes in proliferation metabolism of the epithelial cell nuclei precede the mitotic changes by a few hours. The transplant changes caused by primary postischemic and secondary tissue rejection can be made comprehensible by the determination of the average cell density of H3 labelled cortex, medulla and epithelial cells.", "contents": "[Mitotic behaviour and proliferation metabolism in allogenic kidney transplants of the rat, in the first 6 days afer recirculation (author's transl)]. Comparative experiments were carried out on 41 allogenic kidney transplants of the rat to determine the mitotic behaviour and proliferation metabolism (application of H3 thymidine) in the first 6 days after recirculation. 3 days after transplantation DNA synthesis in the epithelium of cortex and medulla reached its peak. After this time the H3 labelling index for these cell nuclei dropped until on the 6th day, it had a value equivalent to that of the first day. The estimation of the decline of DNA synthesis in the epithelial cell nuclei and the increase of the lymphocyte proliferation in the interstitial tissue of cortex and medulla of the transplants from the 4th day on are signs of rapidly advancing transplant rejection. The changes in proliferation metabolism of the epithelial cell nuclei precede the mitotic changes by a few hours. The transplant changes caused by primary postischemic and secondary tissue rejection can be made comprehensible by the determination of the average cell density of H3 labelled cortex, medulla and epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:364880", "title": "[Influence of haloperidol on the 3H-leucine incorporation in incretory organs of the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "The 3H-leucine incorporation in proteins of incretory organs of the mouse, the exocrine pancreas, and the renal tubuli was studied autoradiographically after administration of therapylike doses of the neuroleptic drug Haloperidol. With exception of the pancreas, a dosage of dependent increase of the 3H-leucine incorporation was observed in the treated animals. In our opinion, the results reveal an activation of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenocortical system due to a 10-days administration of Haloperidol. These results are in conformity with former ones in brain and liver.", "contents": "[Influence of haloperidol on the 3H-leucine incorporation in incretory organs of the mouse (author's transl)]. The 3H-leucine incorporation in proteins of incretory organs of the mouse, the exocrine pancreas, and the renal tubuli was studied autoradiographically after administration of therapylike doses of the neuroleptic drug Haloperidol. With exception of the pancreas, a dosage of dependent increase of the 3H-leucine incorporation was observed in the treated animals. In our opinion, the results reveal an activation of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenocortical system due to a 10-days administration of Haloperidol. These results are in conformity with former ones in brain and liver."}
{"id": "PMID:364881", "title": "Microbial investigation in the water of the Lagoon Amir Kolayeh.", "content": "1. Microbiological investigations were carried out to fix the bacterial population of the water of the Lagoon Amir Kolayeh in a wild life reserve district. 2. The total numbers of aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms in the water samples of 23 stations were nearly identical in spring and in winter. In summer they increased and reached a very high maximum in fall. 3. Coliform bacteria showed a similar behaviour, but the ascent in fall was much lower. 4. The increase in summer was found to be due to the seasonal rise of temperature. There was a great nitrification activity. 5. The maxima in fall are the effect of immense flights of birds of passage. There were more coliforms of the fecal type in fall than in spring. 6. Between the stations of the fishing ground and those situated in the outside area, reliable differences could not be secured.", "contents": "Microbial investigation in the water of the Lagoon Amir Kolayeh. 1. Microbiological investigations were carried out to fix the bacterial population of the water of the Lagoon Amir Kolayeh in a wild life reserve district. 2. The total numbers of aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms in the water samples of 23 stations were nearly identical in spring and in winter. In summer they increased and reached a very high maximum in fall. 3. Coliform bacteria showed a similar behaviour, but the ascent in fall was much lower. 4. The increase in summer was found to be due to the seasonal rise of temperature. There was a great nitrification activity. 5. The maxima in fall are the effect of immense flights of birds of passage. There were more coliforms of the fecal type in fall than in spring. 6. Between the stations of the fishing ground and those situated in the outside area, reliable differences could not be secured."}
{"id": "PMID:364882", "title": "Streptococcal protein T induced hyperdelayed sensitivity and lymphocyte stimulation.", "content": "T protein was isolated from Streptococcus pyogenes types 1 and 12 by application CNBr-sepharose-trypsin and purified by ion exchange chromatography. It was indicated that purified T1 and T12 proteins have lymphocyte transforming activity. It was also observed that T12 protein induces immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs previously sensitized with T12 antigen emulsified with complete FREUND's adjuvant.", "contents": "Streptococcal protein T induced hyperdelayed sensitivity and lymphocyte stimulation. T protein was isolated from Streptococcus pyogenes types 1 and 12 by application CNBr-sepharose-trypsin and purified by ion exchange chromatography. It was indicated that purified T1 and T12 proteins have lymphocyte transforming activity. It was also observed that T12 protein induces immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs previously sensitized with T12 antigen emulsified with complete FREUND's adjuvant."}
{"id": "PMID:364883", "title": "Chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to Streptococcus pyogenes.", "content": "Influence of two different streptococcal group A type 12 strains on chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The strains differed only in presence of M protein. In both conditions, the inhibition of the chemotaxis of the PMN after their treatment with M positive strains was observed. These results suggest that M protein of streptococci inhibits chemotaxis of PMN and therefore they can weaken defensive mechanisms of infected organism.", "contents": "Chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to Streptococcus pyogenes. Influence of two different streptococcal group A type 12 strains on chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The strains differed only in presence of M protein. In both conditions, the inhibition of the chemotaxis of the PMN after their treatment with M positive strains was observed. These results suggest that M protein of streptococci inhibits chemotaxis of PMN and therefore they can weaken defensive mechanisms of infected organism."}
{"id": "PMID:364884", "title": "Paracoagulation of fibrinogen in vitro and in vivo by protein T of Steptococcus pyogenes.", "content": "Protein T was isolated from type 12 Streptococcus pyogenes cell wall by digestion with CNBr-sepharose linked trypsin and purified by ion exchange chromatography on QAE Sephadex A-50. Homogenous and not contaminated with other streptococcal proteins, antigen T, possesses paracoagulating activities similar to the effect of protamine sulphate. Protein T, applied intravenously to mice, accumulated mainly in kidneys and resulted in deposition of fibrinogen and its derivatives.", "contents": "Paracoagulation of fibrinogen in vitro and in vivo by protein T of Steptococcus pyogenes. Protein T was isolated from type 12 Streptococcus pyogenes cell wall by digestion with CNBr-sepharose linked trypsin and purified by ion exchange chromatography on QAE Sephadex A-50. Homogenous and not contaminated with other streptococcal proteins, antigen T, possesses paracoagulating activities similar to the effect of protamine sulphate. Protein T, applied intravenously to mice, accumulated mainly in kidneys and resulted in deposition of fibrinogen and its derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:364877", "title": "[An exceptional human relationship (Michael P. Kierkegaard, S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard)].", "content": "There were a father and a son, Michael and S\u00f6ren Kierkegaard, both highly talented, imaginitive, witty, humorous, especially interested in shrewd dialectrical dialogues respectively debates, both profound melancholy ponderers. But according to very own individuality their congeniality wasn't absolute. The father, being under a questionable rigorous opinion of sin, suffered from undeserved divine grace since early childhood. And Michael Kierkegaard made S\u00f6ren anxious with the religious experience of original sin. This anxiety moved (touched or affected) the sensitive son mighty. Nevertheless he should not despair hopelessly like his unlucky father. On the contrary: S\u00f8rens incomparable melancholy, mental agony and anxiety (fear or anguish) forced the faith, existing independently of them, in a radical refining. That is why S\u00f6ren Kierkegaard succeeded in sublimation of all psychological and philosophic (al) attitudes (or opinions) in the sphere of religiousness. And the result? A novel philosophy of life: Christian existentialism.", "contents": "[An exceptional human relationship (Michael P. Kierkegaard, S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard)]. There were a father and a son, Michael and S\u00f6ren Kierkegaard, both highly talented, imaginitive, witty, humorous, especially interested in shrewd dialectrical dialogues respectively debates, both profound melancholy ponderers. But according to very own individuality their congeniality wasn't absolute. The father, being under a questionable rigorous opinion of sin, suffered from undeserved divine grace since early childhood. And Michael Kierkegaard made S\u00f6ren anxious with the religious experience of original sin. This anxiety moved (touched or affected) the sensitive son mighty. Nevertheless he should not despair hopelessly like his unlucky father. On the contrary: S\u00f8rens incomparable melancholy, mental agony and anxiety (fear or anguish) forced the faith, existing independently of them, in a radical refining. That is why S\u00f6ren Kierkegaard succeeded in sublimation of all psychological and philosophic (al) attitudes (or opinions) in the sphere of religiousness. And the result? A novel philosophy of life: Christian existentialism."}
{"id": "PMID:364885", "title": "Acquisition of multiple antibiotic resistance by Salmonella dublin from the gramnegative hospital flora, in a kidney allograft recipient.", "content": "The case of a kidney allograft recipient, who suffered from several episodes of Salmonella dublin sepsis following massive immunosuppressive therapy to overcome a transplant rejection crisis, is presented. The focus of sepsis was the chronic inflamed gallbladder. The Salmonella dublin strain isolated from the blood during the last episode was found to exhibit multiple resistance to antimicrobiol drugs. Because the resistance phenotype was characteristic for the gramnegative flora of the university hospital, it was suggested that transfer of a resistance plasmid, frequently found in gramnegative enterobacterial isolates, to the Salmonella strain had occurred in the patient. The comparative examination of a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain, representing the hospital flora, and Salmonella dublin revealed that both strains produced the aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase type 1, the 2''-nucleotidyltransferase and the 3''-adenylyltransferase, enzymes responsible for resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Furthermore, in both strains a TEM type beta-lactamase was found to render the organism resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins. Transfer experiments showed that the host ranges of the R-plasmids of both strains were identical. Furthermore, both plasmids were found to be the fi+ type. These data support the view of in vivo transfer of an R-plasmid from the enterobacterial hospital flora to a potential pathogen in a patient.", "contents": "Acquisition of multiple antibiotic resistance by Salmonella dublin from the gramnegative hospital flora, in a kidney allograft recipient. The case of a kidney allograft recipient, who suffered from several episodes of Salmonella dublin sepsis following massive immunosuppressive therapy to overcome a transplant rejection crisis, is presented. The focus of sepsis was the chronic inflamed gallbladder. The Salmonella dublin strain isolated from the blood during the last episode was found to exhibit multiple resistance to antimicrobiol drugs. Because the resistance phenotype was characteristic for the gramnegative flora of the university hospital, it was suggested that transfer of a resistance plasmid, frequently found in gramnegative enterobacterial isolates, to the Salmonella strain had occurred in the patient. The comparative examination of a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain, representing the hospital flora, and Salmonella dublin revealed that both strains produced the aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase type 1, the 2''-nucleotidyltransferase and the 3''-adenylyltransferase, enzymes responsible for resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Furthermore, in both strains a TEM type beta-lactamase was found to render the organism resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins. Transfer experiments showed that the host ranges of the R-plasmids of both strains were identical. Furthermore, both plasmids were found to be the fi+ type. These data support the view of in vivo transfer of an R-plasmid from the enterobacterial hospital flora to a potential pathogen in a patient."}
{"id": "PMID:364886", "title": "On the metabolic characteristics of hybrids Shigella flexneri x Escherichia coli, devoid of their ability for intracellular multiplication in the epithelial cells. IV. Growth characteristics in the presence of some tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.", "content": "The dynamics of avirulent xyl-str and xyl + hybrids Sh. flexneri was investigated in minimal medium in the presence of some tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (succinate, malate, fumarate) and pyruvate. It was established that the hybrids with a replaced xyl-str or xyl-region show a considerably lower rate of multiplication in artificial media than the virulent recipient strains.", "contents": "On the metabolic characteristics of hybrids Shigella flexneri x Escherichia coli, devoid of their ability for intracellular multiplication in the epithelial cells. IV. Growth characteristics in the presence of some tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. The dynamics of avirulent xyl-str and xyl + hybrids Sh. flexneri was investigated in minimal medium in the presence of some tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (succinate, malate, fumarate) and pyruvate. It was established that the hybrids with a replaced xyl-str or xyl-region show a considerably lower rate of multiplication in artificial media than the virulent recipient strains."}
{"id": "PMID:364887", "title": "[Occurrence of Aspergillus fumigatus in West Berlin - contribution to the epidemiology of aspergillosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The increasing incidence of human A. fumigatus infections particularly such of the respiratory tract has led to this study of the epidemiological situation. During the period between October 1968 and December 1977, A. fumigatus was isolated from clinical material in 425 cases. These findings which were established at the Mycology Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Federal Health Office, exhibited the following distribution by regions of the body or type of specimen: respiratory tract 277 (65.1(); venous blood 58 (13.6%); urine 3 (0.7%); stools 9 (2.1%) and others 78 (18.3%). Approximately two thirds of these findings were made during the period from October to March and about one third between April and September. The presence of A. fumigatus in the air both indoors and outdoors and also in the environment of patients suffering from aspergillosis was studied with the aid of the sedimentation-method. This method was chosen because the occurrence of A. fumigatus conidia in the air is of epidemiological interest. The number of isolations of A. fumigatus from outdoors samples was low, so the search for inhalative conidia concentrated upon sites near A. fumigatus habitats. These studies revealed that aspergillosis patients, clinical material sampled from them, decaying plant material (agriculture, horticulture), and used clothes and linen may form foci for the spread of A. fumigatus conidia. The control of aspergillosis in the hospital environment involves in particular a control of aspergillosis patients by means of culture and serology (preferably by ghe immunodiffusion test). Numerous recommendations are made on how to prevent A. fumigatus infections in hospitals, at the working site, and in the laboratory.", "contents": "[Occurrence of Aspergillus fumigatus in West Berlin - contribution to the epidemiology of aspergillosis (author's transl)]. The increasing incidence of human A. fumigatus infections particularly such of the respiratory tract has led to this study of the epidemiological situation. During the period between October 1968 and December 1977, A. fumigatus was isolated from clinical material in 425 cases. These findings which were established at the Mycology Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Federal Health Office, exhibited the following distribution by regions of the body or type of specimen: respiratory tract 277 (65.1(); venous blood 58 (13.6%); urine 3 (0.7%); stools 9 (2.1%) and others 78 (18.3%). Approximately two thirds of these findings were made during the period from October to March and about one third between April and September. The presence of A. fumigatus in the air both indoors and outdoors and also in the environment of patients suffering from aspergillosis was studied with the aid of the sedimentation-method. This method was chosen because the occurrence of A. fumigatus conidia in the air is of epidemiological interest. The number of isolations of A. fumigatus from outdoors samples was low, so the search for inhalative conidia concentrated upon sites near A. fumigatus habitats. These studies revealed that aspergillosis patients, clinical material sampled from them, decaying plant material (agriculture, horticulture), and used clothes and linen may form foci for the spread of A. fumigatus conidia. The control of aspergillosis in the hospital environment involves in particular a control of aspergillosis patients by means of culture and serology (preferably by ghe immunodiffusion test). Numerous recommendations are made on how to prevent A. fumigatus infections in hospitals, at the working site, and in the laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:364891", "title": "[Immunochemical findings about the high molecular weight surface antigens of Shigella sonnei].", "content": "The authors studied immunochemical properties of the high molecular fraction of surface soluble antigens obtained by extraction with salt solutions from Sh. sonnei (virulent strain 1041) dried with acetone. The high molecular fraction was isolated by gel-filtration on Sepharose-4B. Along with the O-somatic antigen, this fraction contained thermostable and thermolabile antigens resistant to trypsin and RNA-ase treatment, and also protein-containing antigens disintegrated by trypsin. In difference from the O-somatic antigen, one of the thermostable components was completely precipitated with 50% alcohol.", "contents": "[Immunochemical findings about the high molecular weight surface antigens of Shigella sonnei]. The authors studied immunochemical properties of the high molecular fraction of surface soluble antigens obtained by extraction with salt solutions from Sh. sonnei (virulent strain 1041) dried with acetone. The high molecular fraction was isolated by gel-filtration on Sepharose-4B. Along with the O-somatic antigen, this fraction contained thermostable and thermolabile antigens resistant to trypsin and RNA-ase treatment, and also protein-containing antigens disintegrated by trypsin. In difference from the O-somatic antigen, one of the thermostable components was completely precipitated with 50% alcohol."}
{"id": "PMID:364894", "title": "[Classification of neurotic and psychopathic states].", "content": "On the basis of a general clinical assessment of 204 patients they were divided into 2 groups: with neurosis (80 cases) and psychopathy (124 cases). In a classification with the aid of a computer, the most informative differential signs appeared to be not the genetical, but situational and clinical: incomplete homes, neurotical and psychopathical traits in childhood and in the premorbid personality, explosive and hyposocial traits in the mental state. Treatment with tranquillizers increased the mistake in an automatical classification.", "contents": "[Classification of neurotic and psychopathic states]. On the basis of a general clinical assessment of 204 patients they were divided into 2 groups: with neurosis (80 cases) and psychopathy (124 cases). In a classification with the aid of a computer, the most informative differential signs appeared to be not the genetical, but situational and clinical: incomplete homes, neurotical and psychopathical traits in childhood and in the premorbid personality, explosive and hyposocial traits in the mental state. Treatment with tranquillizers increased the mistake in an automatical classification."}
{"id": "PMID:364902", "title": "Isolation of DNA from Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "A procedure for isolation of DNA from Aspergillus nidulans on a preparative scale is described. Mechanical disruption of lyophilized material in high-salt medium and treatment with proteinase K, followed by sedimentation of the lysate into saturated CsC1 solution yielded pure, highly polymerized DNA.", "contents": "Isolation of DNA from Aspergillus nidulans. A procedure for isolation of DNA from Aspergillus nidulans on a preparative scale is described. Mechanical disruption of lyophilized material in high-salt medium and treatment with proteinase K, followed by sedimentation of the lysate into saturated CsC1 solution yielded pure, highly polymerized DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:364903", "title": "The significance of noncondylomatous wart virus infection of the cervical transformation zone. A review with discussion of two illustrative cases.", "content": "The clinicopathologic features are described of two patients whose cervical cytology smears showed features which were thought initially to indicate dysplasia, but which were later considered to be those of condylomata acuminata. One patient was an immunosuppressed renal transplant recipient, the other was a routine gynecologic clinic patient. No condylomas were recognizable clinically, and colposcopy showed only a flat but atypical transformation zone. Biopsy in each case showed a noncondylomatous warty lesion and wart virus particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy. These cases highlight the clinical, colposcopic, cytologic and histologic diagnostic difficulties which are encountered with cervical transformation zone wart virus infections, which are commoner than formerly realized. The possible relationship of wart virus infection to cancer of the cervix is also discussed.", "contents": "The significance of noncondylomatous wart virus infection of the cervical transformation zone. A review with discussion of two illustrative cases. The clinicopathologic features are described of two patients whose cervical cytology smears showed features which were thought initially to indicate dysplasia, but which were later considered to be those of condylomata acuminata. One patient was an immunosuppressed renal transplant recipient, the other was a routine gynecologic clinic patient. No condylomas were recognizable clinically, and colposcopy showed only a flat but atypical transformation zone. Biopsy in each case showed a noncondylomatous warty lesion and wart virus particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy. These cases highlight the clinical, colposcopic, cytologic and histologic diagnostic difficulties which are encountered with cervical transformation zone wart virus infections, which are commoner than formerly realized. The possible relationship of wart virus infection to cancer of the cervix is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:364905", "title": "Automated hierarchic decision structures for multiple category cell classification by TICAS.", "content": "TICAS-PROBE, a computerized system has been developed to generate hierarchic decision structures with little human intervention. It has been tested with several tasks, and the results are comparable, if not better, than those produced by human designers. Additional methods of generating the individual elements will be included in the near future.", "contents": "Automated hierarchic decision structures for multiple category cell classification by TICAS. TICAS-PROBE, a computerized system has been developed to generate hierarchic decision structures with little human intervention. It has been tested with several tasks, and the results are comparable, if not better, than those produced by human designers. Additional methods of generating the individual elements will be included in the near future."}
{"id": "PMID:364910", "title": "Serum fasting gastrin levels after short-term treatment with cimetidine in patients with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "The behaviour of serum gastrin fasting levels was studied in 39 randomized patients with proven duodenal ulcer, 21 receiving cimetidine (1 g/day) and 18 placebo for 28 days. No significant variations of gastrin fasting values were found, but in four patients given cimetidine a relevant increase was observed at the end of the treatment. One out of 6 patients, previously treated with placebo, showed a marked increase of fasting gastrin levels after a second trial of cimetidine. No increase of G-17 was observed in the patients showing fasting hypergastrinemia after cimetidine. The present study seems to confirm some previous observations and it seems to suggest the possibility that in some patients cimetidine could induce hypergastrinemia.", "contents": "Serum fasting gastrin levels after short-term treatment with cimetidine in patients with duodenal ulcer. The behaviour of serum gastrin fasting levels was studied in 39 randomized patients with proven duodenal ulcer, 21 receiving cimetidine (1 g/day) and 18 placebo for 28 days. No significant variations of gastrin fasting values were found, but in four patients given cimetidine a relevant increase was observed at the end of the treatment. One out of 6 patients, previously treated with placebo, showed a marked increase of fasting gastrin levels after a second trial of cimetidine. No increase of G-17 was observed in the patients showing fasting hypergastrinemia after cimetidine. The present study seems to confirm some previous observations and it seems to suggest the possibility that in some patients cimetidine could induce hypergastrinemia."}
{"id": "PMID:364904", "title": "An automated device for the production of cell preparations suitable for automatic assessment.", "content": "A set of preparatory steps has been developed for the processing of clinical samples from the female genital tract onto microscopic slides suitable both for machine assessment and for regular microscopic evaluation. These steps involve the depositing of the cell sample in a collection fluid, the semi-automatic adjustment of cell concentration to about 30,000 cells per milliliter through a combination of transmittance and light scatter measurements, the dispersion of the sample by syringing, and the deposition of the cellular content onto microscope slides by centrifugation. These steps were designed so as not to allow loss of cells--except the lysis of erythrocytes--with the understanding that this condition entails the presence of 4--10 per cent cell aggregates in the final preparation.", "contents": "An automated device for the production of cell preparations suitable for automatic assessment. A set of preparatory steps has been developed for the processing of clinical samples from the female genital tract onto microscopic slides suitable both for machine assessment and for regular microscopic evaluation. These steps involve the depositing of the cell sample in a collection fluid, the semi-automatic adjustment of cell concentration to about 30,000 cells per milliliter through a combination of transmittance and light scatter measurements, the dispersion of the sample by syringing, and the deposition of the cellular content onto microscope slides by centrifugation. These steps were designed so as not to allow loss of cells--except the lysis of erythrocytes--with the understanding that this condition entails the presence of 4--10 per cent cell aggregates in the final preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:364906", "title": "Ellipse test for the reduction of false positive signals in automated cytology.", "content": "One of the major problems in automated cytology is the elimination of false positive 'abnormal cell' alarms caused by objects such as overlapping cell pairs, leukocyte clusters, etc. The paper describes an algorithm for the separation of images of abnormal cell nuclei and non=nuclear objects in computer image analysis systems for automated cytology. The algorithm involves the measurement of the agreement between the object outline and a computer ellipse of equal area, aspect ratio and orientation. Results obtained with the CERVISCAN experimental computer image analysis system show that the algorithm gives good discrimination between abnormal cell nuclei and typical non-nuclear objects found in cervical scrape specimens prepared specially for automated analysis.", "contents": "Ellipse test for the reduction of false positive signals in automated cytology. One of the major problems in automated cytology is the elimination of false positive 'abnormal cell' alarms caused by objects such as overlapping cell pairs, leukocyte clusters, etc. The paper describes an algorithm for the separation of images of abnormal cell nuclei and non=nuclear objects in computer image analysis systems for automated cytology. The algorithm involves the measurement of the agreement between the object outline and a computer ellipse of equal area, aspect ratio and orientation. Results obtained with the CERVISCAN experimental computer image analysis system show that the algorithm gives good discrimination between abnormal cell nuclei and typical non-nuclear objects found in cervical scrape specimens prepared specially for automated analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:364911", "title": "Effect of bovine pancreatic polypeptide on gastric acid and pepsin output in man.", "content": "Bovine pancreatic polypeptide was infused intravenously in 16 healthy volunteers at a mean dose of 218 pmol/kg/hr, producing plasma levels similar to those after meals. Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated acid and pepsin outputs and plasma gastrin concentrations were unchanged by BPP. Pancreatic polypeptide is unlikely to be an important physiological modulator of these secretions in man.", "contents": "Effect of bovine pancreatic polypeptide on gastric acid and pepsin output in man. Bovine pancreatic polypeptide was infused intravenously in 16 healthy volunteers at a mean dose of 218 pmol/kg/hr, producing plasma levels similar to those after meals. Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated acid and pepsin outputs and plasma gastrin concentrations were unchanged by BPP. Pancreatic polypeptide is unlikely to be an important physiological modulator of these secretions in man."}
{"id": "PMID:364914", "title": "Treatment of respiratory insufficiency in infants using nasal CPAP and a gas jet.", "content": "A light-weight system for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) based on a nasal vestibular cannula and a miniature gas jet has been tried out in 29 newborns with severe idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) and nine infants suffering from respiratory insufficiency caused by lower respiratory tract infections. In infants with IRDS, a permanent effect was achieved in 20% when the birth weight was below 1501 g, and in 74% when the birth weight was higher. The infants with lower respiratory tract infections all recovered without further ventilatory support. Significant complications occurred in only two infants, both of whom developed pneumothorax. The system forms a simple and safe alternative to existing nasal CPAP systems suitable for use in newborns as well as older infants with lung diseases resulting in alveolar collapse.", "contents": "Treatment of respiratory insufficiency in infants using nasal CPAP and a gas jet. A light-weight system for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) based on a nasal vestibular cannula and a miniature gas jet has been tried out in 29 newborns with severe idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) and nine infants suffering from respiratory insufficiency caused by lower respiratory tract infections. In infants with IRDS, a permanent effect was achieved in 20% when the birth weight was below 1501 g, and in 74% when the birth weight was higher. The infants with lower respiratory tract infections all recovered without further ventilatory support. Significant complications occurred in only two infants, both of whom developed pneumothorax. The system forms a simple and safe alternative to existing nasal CPAP systems suitable for use in newborns as well as older infants with lung diseases resulting in alveolar collapse."}
{"id": "PMID:364915", "title": "Arterial oxygenation during artificial ventilation. The effect of airway closure and of its prevention by positive end-expiratory pressure.", "content": "Airway closure and arterial blood gases were measured in 11 healthy subjects both before and during anaesthesia with artificial ventilation, prior to routine surgery. The functional residual capacity was then increased by positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), so that ventilation took place at a lung volume where no airway closure was present, and the effect on arterial oxygenation was again investigated. A significant increase in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient occurred in the group of seven patients in whom airway closure within a tidal breath could be demonstrated during anaesthesia, but there was no significant change in the four patients in whom airway closure could not be demonstrated. There was no improvement in arterial oxygenation on increasing functional residual capacity (FRC) in either group. It may well be that this failure to improve oxygenation was due to a deleterious effect of PEEP on the circulation, even though the PEEP was the minimum required to abolish airway closure.", "contents": "Arterial oxygenation during artificial ventilation. The effect of airway closure and of its prevention by positive end-expiratory pressure. Airway closure and arterial blood gases were measured in 11 healthy subjects both before and during anaesthesia with artificial ventilation, prior to routine surgery. The functional residual capacity was then increased by positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), so that ventilation took place at a lung volume where no airway closure was present, and the effect on arterial oxygenation was again investigated. A significant increase in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient occurred in the group of seven patients in whom airway closure within a tidal breath could be demonstrated during anaesthesia, but there was no significant change in the four patients in whom airway closure could not be demonstrated. There was no improvement in arterial oxygenation on increasing functional residual capacity (FRC) in either group. It may well be that this failure to improve oxygenation was due to a deleterious effect of PEEP on the circulation, even though the PEEP was the minimum required to abolish airway closure."}
{"id": "PMID:364909", "title": "Diagnostic cytologic sample profiles in patients with bladder cancer using TICAS system.", "content": "Computer analysis of digitized cell images was applied to consecutively encountered, well preserved urothelial cells in the urinary sediment of 12 patients with bladder cancer. It was shown that the composition of the cell sample, and notably the proportion cells classified in the ATY II and POS (malignant) categories, were of diagnostic significance. This work indicated that a computer-generated diagnosis based on the cells in a urinary sample could probably be achieved with a relatively small number of urothelial cells. The study also suggested that computer-generated cytologic profiles of patients with non-papillary carcinoma in situ can be distinguished from other forms of urothelial cancer. The atypicality indices computed for all cells from each patient provided important information but were per se insufficient for diagnostic purposes. This preliminary study, based on a small group of patients, suggests that high resolution scanning offers a promising approach to automation of cytology of the urinary sediment.", "contents": "Diagnostic cytologic sample profiles in patients with bladder cancer using TICAS system. Computer analysis of digitized cell images was applied to consecutively encountered, well preserved urothelial cells in the urinary sediment of 12 patients with bladder cancer. It was shown that the composition of the cell sample, and notably the proportion cells classified in the ATY II and POS (malignant) categories, were of diagnostic significance. This work indicated that a computer-generated diagnosis based on the cells in a urinary sample could probably be achieved with a relatively small number of urothelial cells. The study also suggested that computer-generated cytologic profiles of patients with non-papillary carcinoma in situ can be distinguished from other forms of urothelial cancer. The atypicality indices computed for all cells from each patient provided important information but were per se insufficient for diagnostic purposes. This preliminary study, based on a small group of patients, suggests that high resolution scanning offers a promising approach to automation of cytology of the urinary sediment."}
{"id": "PMID:364908", "title": "Indices of cell atypia in urinary tract cytology.", "content": "A sample profile based on assessment of digitized cell images of normal (NEG), malignant (POS) and two classes of atypical (ATY I and ATY II) urothelial cells was established. Data distributed in a multidimensional feature space were projected into a two-dimensional display space using linear discriminant functions as composite features. Fitting of a polynomial led to the derivation of an atypicality index for each cell and to statistically clearly significant differences in the atypicality values for the four groups of urothelial cells. The application of these findings to patients' profiles will be examined in a subsequent communication.", "contents": "Indices of cell atypia in urinary tract cytology. A sample profile based on assessment of digitized cell images of normal (NEG), malignant (POS) and two classes of atypical (ATY I and ATY II) urothelial cells was established. Data distributed in a multidimensional feature space were projected into a two-dimensional display space using linear discriminant functions as composite features. Fitting of a polynomial led to the derivation of an atypicality index for each cell and to statistically clearly significant differences in the atypicality values for the four groups of urothelial cells. The application of these findings to patients' profiles will be examined in a subsequent communication."}
{"id": "PMID:364917", "title": "Ripening of the uterine cervix and induction of labour at term with prostaglandin E2 in viscous gel.", "content": "In order to achieve ripening of the uterine cervix or induce labour in patients at term with an unfavourable cervical state, 1 mg of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), suspended in a viscous gel, was instilled into the cervical canal. In a pilot study, 41 patients received the PGE2-gel. Twenty-three of these, (56%), went into labour, and delivery occurred without further stimulation within 15 hours. In the remaining 18 patients, there was a marked improvement of the cervical state, which changed from an average (modified) Bishop score of 2.5 to 6.1 within 24 hours. In a double-blind study comprising 20 nulliparae, 10 received gel containing PGE2 and 10 gel without prostaglandin. Cervical state did not change significantly (Bishop score 3.6 and 4.0) after 24 hours in patients receiving placebo gel. In those receiving PGE2 gel, 8 went into labour and were delivered without further induction within 13 hours. Two patients showed an increase in Bishop score from 3 to 6 and 7, respectively, after 24 hours. They were then induced by oxytocin and delivery occurred after 8 and 10 hours. The results suggest that administration of PGE2 intracervically can induce ripening of the cervix in patients at term with an unfavourable cervical state, and thus facilitate delivery.", "contents": "Ripening of the uterine cervix and induction of labour at term with prostaglandin E2 in viscous gel. In order to achieve ripening of the uterine cervix or induce labour in patients at term with an unfavourable cervical state, 1 mg of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), suspended in a viscous gel, was instilled into the cervical canal. In a pilot study, 41 patients received the PGE2-gel. Twenty-three of these, (56%), went into labour, and delivery occurred without further stimulation within 15 hours. In the remaining 18 patients, there was a marked improvement of the cervical state, which changed from an average (modified) Bishop score of 2.5 to 6.1 within 24 hours. In a double-blind study comprising 20 nulliparae, 10 received gel containing PGE2 and 10 gel without prostaglandin. Cervical state did not change significantly (Bishop score 3.6 and 4.0) after 24 hours in patients receiving placebo gel. In those receiving PGE2 gel, 8 went into labour and were delivered without further induction within 13 hours. Two patients showed an increase in Bishop score from 3 to 6 and 7, respectively, after 24 hours. They were then induced by oxytocin and delivery occurred after 8 and 10 hours. The results suggest that administration of PGE2 intracervically can induce ripening of the cervix in patients at term with an unfavourable cervical state, and thus facilitate delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:364907", "title": "Computer discriminant analysis of atypical urothelial cells.", "content": "Prior computer studies of digitized cell images by the TICAS system have shown that the category of urothelial cells classified visually as atypical may be composed of 2 subgroups, one clustering mainly with benign cells and the other with malignant cells. As a consequence, a visual review of the group of atypical cells was conducted and tested by computer discriminant analysis. The computer classification confirmed the visual reclassification and subdivision of atypical urothelial cells into 2 subgroups, ATY I and ATY II. This is yet another example of feedback from computer diagnosis to visual assessment of cells. The significance of these observations in terms of diagnosis will be the subject of subsequent communications.", "contents": "Computer discriminant analysis of atypical urothelial cells. Prior computer studies of digitized cell images by the TICAS system have shown that the category of urothelial cells classified visually as atypical may be composed of 2 subgroups, one clustering mainly with benign cells and the other with malignant cells. As a consequence, a visual review of the group of atypical cells was conducted and tested by computer discriminant analysis. The computer classification confirmed the visual reclassification and subdivision of atypical urothelial cells into 2 subgroups, ATY I and ATY II. This is yet another example of feedback from computer diagnosis to visual assessment of cells. The significance of these observations in terms of diagnosis will be the subject of subsequent communications."}
{"id": "PMID:364918", "title": "Vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnancy treated with clotrimazole.", "content": "An open trial of local clotrimazole therapy in 56 pregnant women with vulvovaginal candidiasis is reported. The diagnosis was confirmed by mycotic culture. The patients were given one vaginal tablet daily and cream was applied to the vulva 2 or 3 times daily. Their male partners were treated with cream only. The duration of therapy was 6 days. Fifty of the patients (89.3%) were clinically cured after 6 days of therapy. Six patients (10.7%) had slight complaints and 10 (17.9%) without symptoms or signs of infection harboured Candida albicans or other yeast species in the genital tract. Six of the patients were given a second treatment with clotrimazole and their remaining symptoms subsided. Candidiasis recurred later in pregnancy in 4 of the 56 patients studied. The implications of the presence of Candida in the genital tract are discussed. It is concluded that clotrimazole is an effective antimycotic agent which can be used for vulvovaginal candidasis during pregnancy without causing side effects. Two of the patients had trichomoniasis concurrently. One of these was cured with clotrimazole.", "contents": "Vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnancy treated with clotrimazole. An open trial of local clotrimazole therapy in 56 pregnant women with vulvovaginal candidiasis is reported. The diagnosis was confirmed by mycotic culture. The patients were given one vaginal tablet daily and cream was applied to the vulva 2 or 3 times daily. Their male partners were treated with cream only. The duration of therapy was 6 days. Fifty of the patients (89.3%) were clinically cured after 6 days of therapy. Six patients (10.7%) had slight complaints and 10 (17.9%) without symptoms or signs of infection harboured Candida albicans or other yeast species in the genital tract. Six of the patients were given a second treatment with clotrimazole and their remaining symptoms subsided. Candidiasis recurred later in pregnancy in 4 of the 56 patients studied. The implications of the presence of Candida in the genital tract are discussed. It is concluded that clotrimazole is an effective antimycotic agent which can be used for vulvovaginal candidasis during pregnancy without causing side effects. Two of the patients had trichomoniasis concurrently. One of these was cured with clotrimazole."}
{"id": "PMID:364920", "title": "The effect of urokinase on central corneal thickness and vitreous haemorrhage.", "content": "Thirteen patients with vitreous opacities were treated by intravitreal injection of urokinase. The central corneal thickness was measured daily on both eyes. Determination of visual acuity and ophthalmoscopy were done before treatment and at each following attendance (longest period of follow-up was seven months). The central corneal thickness increased after urokinase injection and the maximum thickness was reached on the second day. On the 6th day a secondary rise in corneal thickness occurred. The possible relation to the fibrinolytic system is discussed. There was an effect on the vitreous opacities in 8 out of 13 eyes. Only in 3 of the 13 eyes did visual acuity increase. This relative poor result as regards visual acuity in most cases was due to membranes in the vitreous.", "contents": "The effect of urokinase on central corneal thickness and vitreous haemorrhage. Thirteen patients with vitreous opacities were treated by intravitreal injection of urokinase. The central corneal thickness was measured daily on both eyes. Determination of visual acuity and ophthalmoscopy were done before treatment and at each following attendance (longest period of follow-up was seven months). The central corneal thickness increased after urokinase injection and the maximum thickness was reached on the second day. On the 6th day a secondary rise in corneal thickness occurred. The possible relation to the fibrinolytic system is discussed. There was an effect on the vitreous opacities in 8 out of 13 eyes. Only in 3 of the 13 eyes did visual acuity increase. This relative poor result as regards visual acuity in most cases was due to membranes in the vitreous."}
{"id": "PMID:364922", "title": "Management of late corneal graft problems.", "content": "Immediately after an operation the corneal graft is taken care of by the surgeon, but after a certain period of time the control lies in the hands of the general ophthalmologist. Examples of the management of different kinds of postoperative complications are presented. Early correct treatment of any graft problem is of decisive importance. Careful slit-lamp examination and measurement of graft thickness is stressed and the prompt use of systemic and subconjunctival steroids is recommended for incipient graft failure. Systemic tranexamic acid may also be useful.", "contents": "Management of late corneal graft problems. Immediately after an operation the corneal graft is taken care of by the surgeon, but after a certain period of time the control lies in the hands of the general ophthalmologist. Examples of the management of different kinds of postoperative complications are presented. Early correct treatment of any graft problem is of decisive importance. Careful slit-lamp examination and measurement of graft thickness is stressed and the prompt use of systemic and subconjunctival steroids is recommended for incipient graft failure. Systemic tranexamic acid may also be useful."}
{"id": "PMID:364923", "title": "A double-blind study on the influence of tranexamic acid on the intraocular pressure and the central corneal thickness after trabeculectomy for glaucoma simplex.", "content": "The influence of tranexamic acid on the intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness has been examined by means of a double-blind trial in patients with glaucoma simplex. The material comprised 28 patients (14 pairs) who had all been operated on for glaucoma in one eye by trabeculectomy. Tranexamic acid was found not to influence the intraocular pressure, neither in the operated eye nor in the opposite eye. The possible antifibrinolytic effect on the outflow of the aqueous humour is discussed. As in previous studies an effect of tranexamic acid on the central corneal thickness was found in both the operated and in the non-operated eye. A possible mechanism behind this is discussed.", "contents": "A double-blind study on the influence of tranexamic acid on the intraocular pressure and the central corneal thickness after trabeculectomy for glaucoma simplex. The influence of tranexamic acid on the intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness has been examined by means of a double-blind trial in patients with glaucoma simplex. The material comprised 28 patients (14 pairs) who had all been operated on for glaucoma in one eye by trabeculectomy. Tranexamic acid was found not to influence the intraocular pressure, neither in the operated eye nor in the opposite eye. The possible antifibrinolytic effect on the outflow of the aqueous humour is discussed. As in previous studies an effect of tranexamic acid on the central corneal thickness was found in both the operated and in the non-operated eye. A possible mechanism behind this is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:364924", "title": "Interactions of nutrition, infection and immune response. Immunocompetence in nutritional deficiency, methodological considerations and intervention strategies.", "content": "Clinical and epidemiologic data point to a causal interrelationship between nutritional deficiency and infectious illness. Both are major contributors to childhood morbidity and mortality, particularly in underprivileged population groups. Energy-protein undernutrition and deficiencies of iron, folates and pyridoxine, depress a variety of immunity functions. Delayed hypersensitivity and number of T lymphocytes are consistently reduced. In small-for-gestation low birth weight infants, cell-mediated immunity may remain depressed for several years. B lymphocytes, immunoglobulin levels and antibody responses are generally normal, but secretory IgA-antibody is reduced. Serum complement components are low and there is evidence of in vivo consumption of complement C 3. Neutrophil phagocytosis of bacteria and fungi is intact but the next step of intracellular killing is impaired. There are changes also in the production of lysozyme and interferon. Infection per se results in nutrient losses, either actual or by sequestration, and produces immunosuppression. The correction of postnatal nutritional deficits and/or infection is associated with reversal of immunological functions to normal. The interplay of nutrition, immunity and infection, and its biological implications are described.", "contents": "Interactions of nutrition, infection and immune response. Immunocompetence in nutritional deficiency, methodological considerations and intervention strategies. Clinical and epidemiologic data point to a causal interrelationship between nutritional deficiency and infectious illness. Both are major contributors to childhood morbidity and mortality, particularly in underprivileged population groups. Energy-protein undernutrition and deficiencies of iron, folates and pyridoxine, depress a variety of immunity functions. Delayed hypersensitivity and number of T lymphocytes are consistently reduced. In small-for-gestation low birth weight infants, cell-mediated immunity may remain depressed for several years. B lymphocytes, immunoglobulin levels and antibody responses are generally normal, but secretory IgA-antibody is reduced. Serum complement components are low and there is evidence of in vivo consumption of complement C 3. Neutrophil phagocytosis of bacteria and fungi is intact but the next step of intracellular killing is impaired. There are changes also in the production of lysozyme and interferon. Infection per se results in nutrient losses, either actual or by sequestration, and produces immunosuppression. The correction of postnatal nutritional deficits and/or infection is associated with reversal of immunological functions to normal. The interplay of nutrition, immunity and infection, and its biological implications are described."}
{"id": "PMID:364925", "title": "The inhibitory effect of salt, cyanide and chloramphenicol on the uptake of streptomycin by Escherichia coli K 12.", "content": "The uptake of tritium-labelled streptomycin by cells of Eschericia coli K 12 was shown to be only partly and transiently inhibited by the reported antagonists cyanide and chloramphenicol. After a lag, uptake of streptomycin took place in the presence of cyanide, although at a decreased rate. The lag was absent when cells were treated with cyanide some time before streptomycin. The cyanide-resistant transport system showed the same sensitivity to salt as the normal system. By increasing the salt content of the complex medium used, the uptake rate was decreased and several different phases in the uptake became detectable, including an early saturation phase of unknown nature. Uptake in a mineral salt medium was compared with that in complex medium, and differences in uptake were found explainable by differences in salt content. Chloramphenicol, in a concentration of 50 microgram/ml, was shown to permit an uptake rate (after a lag) of about one-fifth of the normal uptake rate in the complex medium. When the last rapid uptake phase, coincident with killing, was delayed by salt or cyanide, chloramphenicol had little or no effect on uptake. At higher concentrations, it enhanced the uptake and caused lysis of the bacteria. Based on the inhibition pattern produced by the inhibitors mentioned above, both alone and in combination, a hypothesis for the uptake of streptomycin by Escherichia coli is submitted.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of salt, cyanide and chloramphenicol on the uptake of streptomycin by Escherichia coli K 12. The uptake of tritium-labelled streptomycin by cells of Eschericia coli K 12 was shown to be only partly and transiently inhibited by the reported antagonists cyanide and chloramphenicol. After a lag, uptake of streptomycin took place in the presence of cyanide, although at a decreased rate. The lag was absent when cells were treated with cyanide some time before streptomycin. The cyanide-resistant transport system showed the same sensitivity to salt as the normal system. By increasing the salt content of the complex medium used, the uptake rate was decreased and several different phases in the uptake became detectable, including an early saturation phase of unknown nature. Uptake in a mineral salt medium was compared with that in complex medium, and differences in uptake were found explainable by differences in salt content. Chloramphenicol, in a concentration of 50 microgram/ml, was shown to permit an uptake rate (after a lag) of about one-fifth of the normal uptake rate in the complex medium. When the last rapid uptake phase, coincident with killing, was delayed by salt or cyanide, chloramphenicol had little or no effect on uptake. At higher concentrations, it enhanced the uptake and caused lysis of the bacteria. Based on the inhibition pattern produced by the inhibitors mentioned above, both alone and in combination, a hypothesis for the uptake of streptomycin by Escherichia coli is submitted."}
{"id": "PMID:364926", "title": "\"Runde\" virus: further characteristics and a method for purification.", "content": "Neither BHK 21/c13, BSC-1, Vero nor GMK cells were of use for quantification of \"Runde\" virus. The titres were low and difficult to reproduce. Infected newborn mouse brains gave considerably higher yields than any of the cell cultures. The growth curve in BHK 21/c13 cells showed a slow increase in both intracellular and extracellular virus until maximum titres of about 10(6) baby mouse LD50 were reached at 48 and 72 hours post-infection (p.i.). During the following 24 hours, the infectivity dropped by about 1 log10 unit and was then unaltered until 196 hours p.i. Infected BHK 21/c13 cells did not haemadsorb chicken erythrocytes, although the culture media contained haemagglutinins. Resistance to BUdR indicated an RNA genome. Concentrated and purified virus preparations were produced by polyethylene glycol 6000/NaCl \"precipitation\" and hydroxylapatite column chromatography. Treatment with a colloidal silica gel widened the spectrum of agglutinable erythrocyte species.", "contents": "\"Runde\" virus: further characteristics and a method for purification. Neither BHK 21/c13, BSC-1, Vero nor GMK cells were of use for quantification of \"Runde\" virus. The titres were low and difficult to reproduce. Infected newborn mouse brains gave considerably higher yields than any of the cell cultures. The growth curve in BHK 21/c13 cells showed a slow increase in both intracellular and extracellular virus until maximum titres of about 10(6) baby mouse LD50 were reached at 48 and 72 hours post-infection (p.i.). During the following 24 hours, the infectivity dropped by about 1 log10 unit and was then unaltered until 196 hours p.i. Infected BHK 21/c13 cells did not haemadsorb chicken erythrocytes, although the culture media contained haemagglutinins. Resistance to BUdR indicated an RNA genome. Concentrated and purified virus preparations were produced by polyethylene glycol 6000/NaCl \"precipitation\" and hydroxylapatite column chromatography. Treatment with a colloidal silica gel widened the spectrum of agglutinable erythrocyte species."}
{"id": "PMID:364927", "title": "The microbiological swab sampler--a quantitative experimental investigation.", "content": "The aim of the investigation was to give an in vitro experimental account of the commonly used cotton swab as a sampler for quantitative determination of bacteria in operation wounds. The transfer of staphylococci with the swab from an inoculated to a non-inoculated agar culture plate was used as a model, and three different ways of swab handling were tested. A direct transfer of 19 per cent staphlococci from the inoculated to the non-inoculated plate was found. When the swab was rinsed in a small volume of saline and the rinsing fluid was plated, 39 per cent were transfered. When the swab was kept in a Stuart transport medium, as is the usual procedure in clinical practice, only 4 per cent were transfered. Quantitative wound swab cultures depend on a thorough sampling of the wound and an efficient recovery of bacteria from the swab. It is concluded that the use of a Stuart transport medium would appear to hamper quantitative determination, and a rinsing procedure should be preferred.", "contents": "The microbiological swab sampler--a quantitative experimental investigation. The aim of the investigation was to give an in vitro experimental account of the commonly used cotton swab as a sampler for quantitative determination of bacteria in operation wounds. The transfer of staphylococci with the swab from an inoculated to a non-inoculated agar culture plate was used as a model, and three different ways of swab handling were tested. A direct transfer of 19 per cent staphlococci from the inoculated to the non-inoculated plate was found. When the swab was rinsed in a small volume of saline and the rinsing fluid was plated, 39 per cent were transfered. When the swab was kept in a Stuart transport medium, as is the usual procedure in clinical practice, only 4 per cent were transfered. Quantitative wound swab cultures depend on a thorough sampling of the wound and an efficient recovery of bacteria from the swab. It is concluded that the use of a Stuart transport medium would appear to hamper quantitative determination, and a rinsing procedure should be preferred."}
{"id": "PMID:364928", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of rubella IgG antibodies.", "content": "A rubella virus antigen suited for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was grown in cultures of BHK/21/13 cells and purified and concentrated by membrane and ultrafiltration. This antigen was used in a semi-automated ELISA for determination of rubella IgG antibodies. The ELISA and the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test were compared in a study of 825 human sera. A close correlation was found between the results obtained by the two methods. Antibodies were, however, detected with ELISA in approximately 15% of the sera found negative in the HI test. The presence of antibodies was confirmed by the results of HI tests of the serum fractions of 19 sera separated by rate zonal ultracentrifugation. The EISA procedure employed in the present study was highly sensitive and allowed a precise quantitation of the antibodies by examination of one single serum dilution. ELISA was less time-consuming than the HI test and suited for routine laboratory use.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of rubella IgG antibodies. A rubella virus antigen suited for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was grown in cultures of BHK/21/13 cells and purified and concentrated by membrane and ultrafiltration. This antigen was used in a semi-automated ELISA for determination of rubella IgG antibodies. The ELISA and the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test were compared in a study of 825 human sera. A close correlation was found between the results obtained by the two methods. Antibodies were, however, detected with ELISA in approximately 15% of the sera found negative in the HI test. The presence of antibodies was confirmed by the results of HI tests of the serum fractions of 19 sera separated by rate zonal ultracentrifugation. The EISA procedure employed in the present study was highly sensitive and allowed a precise quantitation of the antibodies by examination of one single serum dilution. ELISA was less time-consuming than the HI test and suited for routine laboratory use."}
{"id": "PMID:364930", "title": "Insulin production by pancreatic islets of obese-hyperglycemic mice cultured for one week in different glucose concentrations.", "content": "Culture of pancreatic islets isolated from obese-hyperglycemic mice (gene symbol ob) for one week in media containing widely different concentrations of glucose (3.3, 5.6 or 16.7 mM) was found to markedly influence the functional behaviour of the islet B-cells. Thus, the insulin content of islets cultured at 3.3 or 16.7 mM glucose (subphysiological or supraphysiological glucose concentrations respectively) was markedly reduced. Islets cultured in 5.6 or 16.7 mM glucose displayed a normal insulin secretory response when stimulated with glucose, whereas islets cultured in a subnormal glucose concentration (3.3 mM) showed a reduced insulin response to glucose stimulation in batch type incubations and also lacked a second phase of insulin secretion in islet perifusion experiments. The rate of insulin biosynthesis of non-cultured ob/ob islets was higher than that of islets from their lean siblings but culture for one week in 3.3 mM glucose induced a pronounced impairment of the insulin biosynthesis in islets of obese as well as lean mice. The present data indicate that the hyperfunction of the islets of the ob/ob mouse at least in part is a reversible phenomenon, suggesting that inherent properties of islet B-cells do not act as \"primary\" factors in the development of the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome.", "contents": "Insulin production by pancreatic islets of obese-hyperglycemic mice cultured for one week in different glucose concentrations. Culture of pancreatic islets isolated from obese-hyperglycemic mice (gene symbol ob) for one week in media containing widely different concentrations of glucose (3.3, 5.6 or 16.7 mM) was found to markedly influence the functional behaviour of the islet B-cells. Thus, the insulin content of islets cultured at 3.3 or 16.7 mM glucose (subphysiological or supraphysiological glucose concentrations respectively) was markedly reduced. Islets cultured in 5.6 or 16.7 mM glucose displayed a normal insulin secretory response when stimulated with glucose, whereas islets cultured in a subnormal glucose concentration (3.3 mM) showed a reduced insulin response to glucose stimulation in batch type incubations and also lacked a second phase of insulin secretion in islet perifusion experiments. The rate of insulin biosynthesis of non-cultured ob/ob islets was higher than that of islets from their lean siblings but culture for one week in 3.3 mM glucose induced a pronounced impairment of the insulin biosynthesis in islets of obese as well as lean mice. The present data indicate that the hyperfunction of the islets of the ob/ob mouse at least in part is a reversible phenomenon, suggesting that inherent properties of islet B-cells do not act as \"primary\" factors in the development of the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:364942", "title": "Potential for the use of germinated wheat and soybeans to enhance human nutrition.", "content": "Wheat and soybeans are the major agricultural exports of the United States. The U.S. sells more of each crop than any other nation. Soybeans are the main staple in China, but the U.S. sells more soybeans than China grows. For hundreds of millions of other people, wheat is the main staple. And yet, most Americans eat whole grains of neither wheat nor soybeans. In the United States, many nutrients of wheat and soybeans are lost in processing or are fed to animals. A highly significant share of the wheat nutrients are lost from the main foodstream when the germ and bran (with aleurone) portions are separated. Whole soybeans are carefully processed for food by only a handful of Americans.", "contents": "Potential for the use of germinated wheat and soybeans to enhance human nutrition. Wheat and soybeans are the major agricultural exports of the United States. The U.S. sells more of each crop than any other nation. Soybeans are the main staple in China, but the U.S. sells more soybeans than China grows. For hundreds of millions of other people, wheat is the main staple. And yet, most Americans eat whole grains of neither wheat nor soybeans. In the United States, many nutrients of wheat and soybeans are lost in processing or are fed to animals. A highly significant share of the wheat nutrients are lost from the main foodstream when the germ and bran (with aleurone) portions are separated. Whole soybeans are carefully processed for food by only a handful of Americans."}
{"id": "PMID:364950", "title": "A reappraisal of the mechanisms of hypocholesterolemic action of therapeutic agents.", "content": "The most commonly used methods to study the mechanisms of hypocholesterolemic action of therapeutic agents generally determine the turnover of total (exchangeable) cholesterol pools in the body. This approach is based on the view that whatever increases the total load of cholesterol in the body will increase the levels of plasma cholesterol, and vice versa. Despite the importance of this assumption it has never been tested, and there is no evidence to indicate that it is valid under all conditions. This \"overload\" hypothesis dates from the times before the importance of plasma lipoproteins was recognized and their role in the transport of lipids was well understood. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the levels of plasma cholesterol are determined more directly by the \"transport\" of cholesterol into and out of plasma compartment by lipoproteins than by the synthesis, absorption and elimination of cholesterol from the total body pools. Any effects that the latter parameters of cholesterol metabolism have on the levels of plasma cholesterol must be mediated through changes in synthesis and the subsequent metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. In other words, in any equation relating changes in the levels of plasma cholesterol to the changes in synthesis, absorption and elimination of cholesterol from the body pools we must consider the \"transport\" of cholesterol by lipoproteins and their metabolism.", "contents": "A reappraisal of the mechanisms of hypocholesterolemic action of therapeutic agents. The most commonly used methods to study the mechanisms of hypocholesterolemic action of therapeutic agents generally determine the turnover of total (exchangeable) cholesterol pools in the body. This approach is based on the view that whatever increases the total load of cholesterol in the body will increase the levels of plasma cholesterol, and vice versa. Despite the importance of this assumption it has never been tested, and there is no evidence to indicate that it is valid under all conditions. This \"overload\" hypothesis dates from the times before the importance of plasma lipoproteins was recognized and their role in the transport of lipids was well understood. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the levels of plasma cholesterol are determined more directly by the \"transport\" of cholesterol into and out of plasma compartment by lipoproteins than by the synthesis, absorption and elimination of cholesterol from the total body pools. Any effects that the latter parameters of cholesterol metabolism have on the levels of plasma cholesterol must be mediated through changes in synthesis and the subsequent metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. In other words, in any equation relating changes in the levels of plasma cholesterol to the changes in synthesis, absorption and elimination of cholesterol from the body pools we must consider the \"transport\" of cholesterol by lipoproteins and their metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:364949", "title": "Drug effects on platelet adherence to collagen and damaged vessel walls.", "content": "The interaction of platelets with damaged vessel walls leads to the formation of platelet-fibrin thrombi and may also contribute to the development of atherosclerotic lesions because platelets adherent to exposed collagen release a mitogen that stimulates smooth muscle cell proliferation. The first step in thrombus formation, platelet adherence to an injured vessel wall, can be studied quantitatively by the use of platelets labeled with 51chromium. In these investigations, rabbit aortas were damaged by passage of a balloon catheter and segments of the aortas were everted on probes that were rotated in platelet suspensions. Collagen-coated glass cylinders were also used. Adherence was measured in a medium containing approximately physiologic concentrations of calcium, magnesium, protein and red blood cells. Conditions of testing influence the effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sulfinpyrazone, and dipyridamole on platelet adherence. Aspirin and sulfinpyrazone were not inhibitory when tested in a medium with a 40% hematocrit; this indicates that products formed by platelets from arachidonate probably do not play a major part in the adherence of the first layer of platelets to the surface, although they may be involved in thrombus formation. Indomethacin, dipyridamole, prostaglandin E1, methylprednisolone and penicillin G and related antibiotics did inhibit platelet adherence although the concentrations required were higher than would likely be achieved in vivo upon administration to human patients. None of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibited the release of granule contents from adherent platelets. Pretreatment of the damaged vessel wall with aspirin increased platelet adherence, presumably because it prevented the formation of PGI2 by the vessel wall. Platelet adherence to undamaged or damaged vessel walls was enhanced by prior exposure of the wall to thrombin. Platelet reactions with aggregating agents and platelet survival can be modified by changes in dietary lipids but there is very little evidence concerning the effects of lipids on platelet adherence. If some forms of dietary fat damage the endothelium, platelet interaction with the damaged area and release of the mitogen for smooth muscle cells would contribute to the development of atherosclerotic lesions.", "contents": "Drug effects on platelet adherence to collagen and damaged vessel walls. The interaction of platelets with damaged vessel walls leads to the formation of platelet-fibrin thrombi and may also contribute to the development of atherosclerotic lesions because platelets adherent to exposed collagen release a mitogen that stimulates smooth muscle cell proliferation. The first step in thrombus formation, platelet adherence to an injured vessel wall, can be studied quantitatively by the use of platelets labeled with 51chromium. In these investigations, rabbit aortas were damaged by passage of a balloon catheter and segments of the aortas were everted on probes that were rotated in platelet suspensions. Collagen-coated glass cylinders were also used. Adherence was measured in a medium containing approximately physiologic concentrations of calcium, magnesium, protein and red blood cells. Conditions of testing influence the effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sulfinpyrazone, and dipyridamole on platelet adherence. Aspirin and sulfinpyrazone were not inhibitory when tested in a medium with a 40% hematocrit; this indicates that products formed by platelets from arachidonate probably do not play a major part in the adherence of the first layer of platelets to the surface, although they may be involved in thrombus formation. Indomethacin, dipyridamole, prostaglandin E1, methylprednisolone and penicillin G and related antibiotics did inhibit platelet adherence although the concentrations required were higher than would likely be achieved in vivo upon administration to human patients. None of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibited the release of granule contents from adherent platelets. Pretreatment of the damaged vessel wall with aspirin increased platelet adherence, presumably because it prevented the formation of PGI2 by the vessel wall. Platelet adherence to undamaged or damaged vessel walls was enhanced by prior exposure of the wall to thrombin. Platelet reactions with aggregating agents and platelet survival can be modified by changes in dietary lipids but there is very little evidence concerning the effects of lipids on platelet adherence. If some forms of dietary fat damage the endothelium, platelet interaction with the damaged area and release of the mitogen for smooth muscle cells would contribute to the development of atherosclerotic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:364967", "title": "Aprindine.", "content": "Aprindine is a long-acting antiarrhythmic agent, effective when administered orally or intravenously in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias of varying etiologies. It may be especially useful in the treatment of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. To a lesser extent, it may be useful in the treatment of atrial arrhythmias. Side effects can be minimized by careful titration of the dose of aprindine. If the frequency of such serious side effects as cholestatic jaundice and agranulocytosis remains low enough, aprindine should prove to be a useful addition to currently available antiarrhythmic drugs.", "contents": "Aprindine. Aprindine is a long-acting antiarrhythmic agent, effective when administered orally or intravenously in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias of varying etiologies. It may be especially useful in the treatment of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. To a lesser extent, it may be useful in the treatment of atrial arrhythmias. Side effects can be minimized by careful titration of the dose of aprindine. If the frequency of such serious side effects as cholestatic jaundice and agranulocytosis remains low enough, aprindine should prove to be a useful addition to currently available antiarrhythmic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:364970", "title": "Sampling and analytical methods for antimony and its compounds - a review.", "content": "A review of sampling and analytical procedures for antimony and its compounds is presented. Emphasis has been placed on those methods which have application to personal air or biological samples in industrial hygiene. Two analytical techniques in particular have been used most frequently--colorimetric and atomic absorption. A need for research to develop satisfactory solid sorbent sampling techniques for stibine and other volatile antimony compounds is evident.", "contents": "Sampling and analytical methods for antimony and its compounds - a review. A review of sampling and analytical procedures for antimony and its compounds is presented. Emphasis has been placed on those methods which have application to personal air or biological samples in industrial hygiene. Two analytical techniques in particular have been used most frequently--colorimetric and atomic absorption. A need for research to develop satisfactory solid sorbent sampling techniques for stibine and other volatile antimony compounds is evident."}
{"id": "PMID:364974", "title": "Epidemiological insights on malnutrition: some resurrected, others restructured, a few retired.", "content": "In its modern sense, epidemiology has progressed from a classical concern of causality as expressed within biological limits to recognition that a variety of social factors have proportionate significance in the origin and behavior of human nutritional disorders. Basically an analytical process, nutritional epidemiology has grown to include, among objectives for prevention and control, a synthesis of plans for intervention; the monitoring of action programs introduced; and again a parallel analytic mission to evaluate such accomplishments as programs bring forth. Nutritional epidemiology, so employed, becomes a general scientific discipline, widely purposed and incorporating objectives beyond public health: measures concerned with social welfare, economic growth, political stability, and behavioral compatibility with fellow humans and other living things. Specifically, nutritional epidemiology comprises a branch of knowledge utilizing human ecology to solve problems in three broad dimensions--a defined causality, a prescribed intervention (planning, operations) and an evaluation of results, concurrently made and terminally. The groundwork is medical ecology, the approach holistic. A population of pregnant mothers and their newborn children is accorded first priority among fields of interest, past any single disease entity or technical method of control. Community programs enlarge from that base.", "contents": "Epidemiological insights on malnutrition: some resurrected, others restructured, a few retired. In its modern sense, epidemiology has progressed from a classical concern of causality as expressed within biological limits to recognition that a variety of social factors have proportionate significance in the origin and behavior of human nutritional disorders. Basically an analytical process, nutritional epidemiology has grown to include, among objectives for prevention and control, a synthesis of plans for intervention; the monitoring of action programs introduced; and again a parallel analytic mission to evaluate such accomplishments as programs bring forth. Nutritional epidemiology, so employed, becomes a general scientific discipline, widely purposed and incorporating objectives beyond public health: measures concerned with social welfare, economic growth, political stability, and behavioral compatibility with fellow humans and other living things. Specifically, nutritional epidemiology comprises a branch of knowledge utilizing human ecology to solve problems in three broad dimensions--a defined causality, a prescribed intervention (planning, operations) and an evaluation of results, concurrently made and terminally. The groundwork is medical ecology, the approach holistic. A population of pregnant mothers and their newborn children is accorded first priority among fields of interest, past any single disease entity or technical method of control. Community programs enlarge from that base."}
{"id": "PMID:364975", "title": "Cytology of serous effusions. An investigation into the usefulness of cell blocks versus smears.", "content": "Approximately half of 351 body-cavity effusions from 263 patients were examined prospectively in paraffin-embedded cell blocks and in smears, while the other half were examined in smears alone. The number of suspect and positive fluids obtained with the combined cell block-and-smear technic was double that of specimens examined in smears only. No false-positive case was found. Tumors were subsequently demonstrated in 38% of the patients who had negative or atypical cytologic reports. Smears stained with the Papanicolaou technic generally have good definition of malignant cellular changes, wheras cell blocks are particularly useful when the cytologic abnormalities are misleading, such as in reactive mesothelial cells, or obscure, as in occasional well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. It is recommended that both cell blocks and smears be used in evaluating all fluids submitted to the cytology laboratory.", "contents": "Cytology of serous effusions. An investigation into the usefulness of cell blocks versus smears. Approximately half of 351 body-cavity effusions from 263 patients were examined prospectively in paraffin-embedded cell blocks and in smears, while the other half were examined in smears alone. The number of suspect and positive fluids obtained with the combined cell block-and-smear technic was double that of specimens examined in smears only. No false-positive case was found. Tumors were subsequently demonstrated in 38% of the patients who had negative or atypical cytologic reports. Smears stained with the Papanicolaou technic generally have good definition of malignant cellular changes, wheras cell blocks are particularly useful when the cytologic abnormalities are misleading, such as in reactive mesothelial cells, or obscure, as in occasional well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. It is recommended that both cell blocks and smears be used in evaluating all fluids submitted to the cytology laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:364976", "title": "The taxonomy and antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus species in clinical specimens.", "content": "Organisms of the Haemophilus group isolated from nonrespiratory and respiratory sources were studied taxonomically. All biotypes of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae were encountered. However, nearly all H. influenzae from cerebrospinal fluids belonged to biotype I, while nearly all of those from conjunctivae belonged to biotype II. Only two of the 78 biotypable strains of H. influenzae produced beta-lactamase, but there was no other substantial difference in antimicrobial susceptibilities among biotypes of H. influenzae. Biotypes of H. parainfluenzae were less susceptible to penicillins and cephalosporins than those of H. influenzae.", "contents": "The taxonomy and antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus species in clinical specimens. Organisms of the Haemophilus group isolated from nonrespiratory and respiratory sources were studied taxonomically. All biotypes of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae were encountered. However, nearly all H. influenzae from cerebrospinal fluids belonged to biotype I, while nearly all of those from conjunctivae belonged to biotype II. Only two of the 78 biotypable strains of H. influenzae produced beta-lactamase, but there was no other substantial difference in antimicrobial susceptibilities among biotypes of H. influenzae. Biotypes of H. parainfluenzae were less susceptible to penicillins and cephalosporins than those of H. influenzae."}
{"id": "PMID:364977", "title": "Identification of Proteus morganii and distinction from other Proteus species.", "content": "The identification of Proteus morganii in the clinical laboratory is complicated by the differences in incidence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production recorded by different sources. Since this quality appeared to be a frequent feature of strains of P. morganii at the author's center, all isolates of this species were studied over a six-month period. During this time, 12 of 21 were found to produce scant H2S in Kligler's iron agar (KIA) and triple-sugar iron (TSI) agar butts. The strains were, in every respect, biotypical, and were easily distinguished from other species of Enterobacteriaceae by biochemical study. They also possessed the features of high resistance to cephalothin and ampicillin and relative sensitivity to tetracycline, unlike strains of Proteus mirabilis. It is concluded that weak H2S production in TSI or KIA medium is a frequent normal characteristic of P. morganii, and its presence should not deter microbiologists from correctly identifying isolates manifesting this quality.", "contents": "Identification of Proteus morganii and distinction from other Proteus species. The identification of Proteus morganii in the clinical laboratory is complicated by the differences in incidence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production recorded by different sources. Since this quality appeared to be a frequent feature of strains of P. morganii at the author's center, all isolates of this species were studied over a six-month period. During this time, 12 of 21 were found to produce scant H2S in Kligler's iron agar (KIA) and triple-sugar iron (TSI) agar butts. The strains were, in every respect, biotypical, and were easily distinguished from other species of Enterobacteriaceae by biochemical study. They also possessed the features of high resistance to cephalothin and ampicillin and relative sensitivity to tetracycline, unlike strains of Proteus mirabilis. It is concluded that weak H2S production in TSI or KIA medium is a frequent normal characteristic of P. morganii, and its presence should not deter microbiologists from correctly identifying isolates manifesting this quality."}
{"id": "PMID:364978", "title": "Laboratory evaluation of a multitest system for identification of gram-negative organisms.", "content": "Seventy-two oxidase-positive or nonfermentative organisms, or both, all of which could be identified with reasonable certainty by alternative means, were used to challenge the OXI/FERM tube. There was 91% concurrence of identification between the two methods. Three observers, working independently, agreed upon the interpretation of each of the tests in the OXI/FERM system from 91% to 100% of the time. Duplicate OXI/FERM tubes inoculated with the same strain yielded identical interpretations 95% of the time for all tests except citrate utilization (89%). The OXI/FERM tube thus appeared to be an accurate identification method and yielded test results that were easily interpreted and adequately reproducible.", "contents": "Laboratory evaluation of a multitest system for identification of gram-negative organisms. Seventy-two oxidase-positive or nonfermentative organisms, or both, all of which could be identified with reasonable certainty by alternative means, were used to challenge the OXI/FERM tube. There was 91% concurrence of identification between the two methods. Three observers, working independently, agreed upon the interpretation of each of the tests in the OXI/FERM system from 91% to 100% of the time. Duplicate OXI/FERM tubes inoculated with the same strain yielded identical interpretations 95% of the time for all tests except citrate utilization (89%). The OXI/FERM tube thus appeared to be an accurate identification method and yielded test results that were easily interpreted and adequately reproducible."}
{"id": "PMID:364979", "title": "Distribution of alpha and alpha mating types of Cryptococcus neoformans among natural and clinical isolates.", "content": "Survey revealed that the mating type alpha is predominant among natural and clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans regardless of the serotype. The ratio of alpha and a type was about 40:1 among 105 natural isolates and 30:1 in 233 clinical isolates.", "contents": "Distribution of alpha and alpha mating types of Cryptococcus neoformans among natural and clinical isolates. Survey revealed that the mating type alpha is predominant among natural and clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans regardless of the serotype. The ratio of alpha and a type was about 40:1 among 105 natural isolates and 30:1 in 233 clinical isolates."}
{"id": "PMID:364983", "title": "Effects of induced hyperopia.", "content": "Hyperopia of 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 D was induced in 42 subjects by means of concave lenses. A significant decrease in performance on a standard intelligence test occurred with the highest-power lenses. Symptoms induced indicate that the results are applicable to hyperopia. Prescriptions and vision screening criteria for hyperopia are indicated.", "contents": "Effects of induced hyperopia. Hyperopia of 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 D was induced in 42 subjects by means of concave lenses. A significant decrease in performance on a standard intelligence test occurred with the highest-power lenses. Symptoms induced indicate that the results are applicable to hyperopia. Prescriptions and vision screening criteria for hyperopia are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:364985", "title": "The effect of various pretreatment methods of the enamel in bonding procedures.", "content": "Thirty-eight pairs of premolars, extracted for orthodontic reasons, were tested for the effects of various pretreatment methods of the enamel in bonding procedures. Etched enamel surfaces and inner bracket surfaces facing the etched enamel were studied with the scanning electron microscope. The results were based on a pair-by-pair evaluation of 650 photographs. The degree of surface irregularities indicating the quality of microretentions was evaluated. A scale from 0 to 3 was used; 0 represented a smooth surface, and 3 represented optimum irregularities. Scores for bracket inner surfaces were always higher than those for corresponding etched enamel surfaces. Future SEM comparative investigations, therefore, ought to be based on replicas of etched enamel surfaces. One-minute etching with an acid gel had the same effect as etching with an acid liquid for the same time. Furthermore, mechanical pretreatment procedures, such as diamond grinding and aluminum oxide grinding, as opposed to pumicing did not improve the effect of the acid. Chemical pretreatment of the enamel with organic solvents such as 8 to 12 percent sodium hypochlorite did not improve the effect of the acid. Fluoride pretreatment with a fluoride varnish, Duraphat, did not have any negative effect on the etching results.", "contents": "The effect of various pretreatment methods of the enamel in bonding procedures. Thirty-eight pairs of premolars, extracted for orthodontic reasons, were tested for the effects of various pretreatment methods of the enamel in bonding procedures. Etched enamel surfaces and inner bracket surfaces facing the etched enamel were studied with the scanning electron microscope. The results were based on a pair-by-pair evaluation of 650 photographs. The degree of surface irregularities indicating the quality of microretentions was evaluated. A scale from 0 to 3 was used; 0 represented a smooth surface, and 3 represented optimum irregularities. Scores for bracket inner surfaces were always higher than those for corresponding etched enamel surfaces. Future SEM comparative investigations, therefore, ought to be based on replicas of etched enamel surfaces. One-minute etching with an acid gel had the same effect as etching with an acid liquid for the same time. Furthermore, mechanical pretreatment procedures, such as diamond grinding and aluminum oxide grinding, as opposed to pumicing did not improve the effect of the acid. Chemical pretreatment of the enamel with organic solvents such as 8 to 12 percent sodium hypochlorite did not improve the effect of the acid. Fluoride pretreatment with a fluoride varnish, Duraphat, did not have any negative effect on the etching results."}
{"id": "PMID:364981", "title": "Disorders of the red cell membrane: a reclassification of hemolytic anemias.", "content": "Many studies have been performed recently on the structure, function, and composition of the red cell membrane in health and disease. This work is reviewed here and a new classification of hemolytic anemias is proposed.", "contents": "Disorders of the red cell membrane: a reclassification of hemolytic anemias. Many studies have been performed recently on the structure, function, and composition of the red cell membrane in health and disease. This work is reviewed here and a new classification of hemolytic anemias is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:364988", "title": "Enamel loss during orthodontic bonding and subsequent loss during removal of filled and unfilled adhesives.", "content": "1. The techniques required in the removal of highly filled composite adhesives at the end of orthodontic treatment on an average cause more loss of enamel than removal of an unfilled polymethylmethacrylate adhesive. 2. The amount of enamel lost during the removal of either adhesive may be of clinical significance because of the removal of a major part of the protective fluoride-rich layer of enamel. 3. The use of zirconium silicate on a rotating bristle brush may cause considerable abrasion of enamel.", "contents": "Enamel loss during orthodontic bonding and subsequent loss during removal of filled and unfilled adhesives. 1. The techniques required in the removal of highly filled composite adhesives at the end of orthodontic treatment on an average cause more loss of enamel than removal of an unfilled polymethylmethacrylate adhesive. 2. The amount of enamel lost during the removal of either adhesive may be of clinical significance because of the removal of a major part of the protective fluoride-rich layer of enamel. 3. The use of zirconium silicate on a rotating bristle brush may cause considerable abrasion of enamel."}
{"id": "PMID:364992", "title": "Symbiosis and confirmation between father and schizophrenic.", "content": "Projective test and interview data indicate that both schizophrenics and their fathers view fathers of schizophrenics as tending to be neither bonded symbiotically to, nor adaptive to the viewpoint of their schizophrenic offspring. Comparisons to fathers of nonschizophrenic mental patients and fathers of normal controls are reported.", "contents": "Symbiosis and confirmation between father and schizophrenic. Projective test and interview data indicate that both schizophrenics and their fathers view fathers of schizophrenics as tending to be neither bonded symbiotically to, nor adaptive to the viewpoint of their schizophrenic offspring. Comparisons to fathers of nonschizophrenic mental patients and fathers of normal controls are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:364982", "title": "Spinal cord compression in lymphoma.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 59 patients with diffuse histiocytic and diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma was performed to determine the incidence and characteristic features of patients developing spinal cord compression. Spinal cord compression occurred in 6 of 59 (10.2%) patients. All were females despite a 1:1 male: female ratio in the entire group. The mean age of females with spinal cord compression was significantly lower than the mean age of females with lymphoma without this complication. These findings suggest that young females with diffuse histiocytic or diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma represent a subgroup at high risk for spinal cord compression.", "contents": "Spinal cord compression in lymphoma. A retrospective analysis of 59 patients with diffuse histiocytic and diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma was performed to determine the incidence and characteristic features of patients developing spinal cord compression. Spinal cord compression occurred in 6 of 59 (10.2%) patients. All were females despite a 1:1 male: female ratio in the entire group. The mean age of females with spinal cord compression was significantly lower than the mean age of females with lymphoma without this complication. These findings suggest that young females with diffuse histiocytic or diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma represent a subgroup at high risk for spinal cord compression."}
{"id": "PMID:364994", "title": "Quantitative ultrastructural analysis in cardiac membrane physiology.", "content": "Quantitative measurements on electron micrographs of heart muscle can yield information useful for cellular physiologists and at present not obtainable in other ways. These methods are subject to preparative artifact, sampling problems, and problems inherent in the mathematical description of ultrastructure. Nevertheless they provide the best available data for membrane areas of the plasmalemma and its components, as well as for membrane areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Morphometric methods can be used to study growth of membranes. Changes in the volumes of intracellular membrane-limited subcompartments can also be measured. Quantitative analysis of freeze-fractured membrane replicas can be carried out either by a statistical approach or by optical diffraction. In this way, physiological perturbations or developmental events leading to changes in membrane permeability can be studied for correlated changes in membrane structure.", "contents": "Quantitative ultrastructural analysis in cardiac membrane physiology. Quantitative measurements on electron micrographs of heart muscle can yield information useful for cellular physiologists and at present not obtainable in other ways. These methods are subject to preparative artifact, sampling problems, and problems inherent in the mathematical description of ultrastructure. Nevertheless they provide the best available data for membrane areas of the plasmalemma and its components, as well as for membrane areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Morphometric methods can be used to study growth of membranes. Changes in the volumes of intracellular membrane-limited subcompartments can also be measured. Quantitative analysis of freeze-fractured membrane replicas can be carried out either by a statistical approach or by optical diffraction. In this way, physiological perturbations or developmental events leading to changes in membrane permeability can be studied for correlated changes in membrane structure."}
{"id": "PMID:364995", "title": "Insulin secretion in fetal and newborn sheep.", "content": "The relationships between arterial plasma insulin, glucose, and fructose concentrations during the fed and fasted state were studied in seven fetal lambs and their mothers. A significant correlation between insulin and glucose concentration was noted in all fetal lambs and in their mothers. Fetal sensitivity to glucose, as measured by the slopes of the insulin-response curves, was equal to that of the adult although the fetal response was shifted to the left of the maternal. Glucose infusion in four fetal lambs caused significant insulin elevations but no early insulin response (phase I). Maternal fasting caused no alteration in glucose-induced response in the fetus. Similar glucose infusions in newborn and 1-mo-old lambs demonstrated significant early-phase insulin secretion. Basal insulin to glucose ratios were consistent with an adult pattern as early as 3 days after birth.", "contents": "Insulin secretion in fetal and newborn sheep. The relationships between arterial plasma insulin, glucose, and fructose concentrations during the fed and fasted state were studied in seven fetal lambs and their mothers. A significant correlation between insulin and glucose concentration was noted in all fetal lambs and in their mothers. Fetal sensitivity to glucose, as measured by the slopes of the insulin-response curves, was equal to that of the adult although the fetal response was shifted to the left of the maternal. Glucose infusion in four fetal lambs caused significant insulin elevations but no early insulin response (phase I). Maternal fasting caused no alteration in glucose-induced response in the fetus. Similar glucose infusions in newborn and 1-mo-old lambs demonstrated significant early-phase insulin secretion. Basal insulin to glucose ratios were consistent with an adult pattern as early as 3 days after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:364999", "title": "Relationship of plasma levels of chlordiazepoxide and metabolites to clinical response.", "content": "The authors report on the relationship between the antianxiety effects of chronically administered chlordiazepoxide (CDX) and plasma levels of CDX and two of its metabolites, desmethylchlordiazepoxide (DMCDX) and demoxepam (DMX). Fifteen subjects with moderate to severe anxiety were studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Significant correlations were found between anxiety reduction and DMCDX and DMX plasma levels. No such correlation was observed between anxiety reduction and CDX levels. These data suggest that in chronically treated subjects, DMCDX and DMX have significant antianxiety properties which surpass those of CDX itself.", "contents": "Relationship of plasma levels of chlordiazepoxide and metabolites to clinical response. The authors report on the relationship between the antianxiety effects of chronically administered chlordiazepoxide (CDX) and plasma levels of CDX and two of its metabolites, desmethylchlordiazepoxide (DMCDX) and demoxepam (DMX). Fifteen subjects with moderate to severe anxiety were studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Significant correlations were found between anxiety reduction and DMCDX and DMX plasma levels. No such correlation was observed between anxiety reduction and CDX levels. These data suggest that in chronically treated subjects, DMCDX and DMX have significant antianxiety properties which surpass those of CDX itself."}
{"id": "PMID:365000", "title": "Einstein's creative thinking and the general theory of relativity: a documented report.", "content": "A document written by Albert Einstein has recently come to light in which the eminent scientist described the actual sequence of his thoughts leading to the development of the general theory of relativity. The key creative thought was an instance of a type of creative cognition the author has previously designated \"Janusian thinking,\" Janusian thinking consists of actively conceiving two or more opposite or antithetical concepts, ideas, or images simultaneously. This form of high-level secondary process cognition has been found to operate widely in art, science, and other fields.", "contents": "Einstein's creative thinking and the general theory of relativity: a documented report. A document written by Albert Einstein has recently come to light in which the eminent scientist described the actual sequence of his thoughts leading to the development of the general theory of relativity. The key creative thought was an instance of a type of creative cognition the author has previously designated \"Janusian thinking,\" Janusian thinking consists of actively conceiving two or more opposite or antithetical concepts, ideas, or images simultaneously. This form of high-level secondary process cognition has been found to operate widely in art, science, and other fields."}
{"id": "PMID:365001", "title": "1978 anniversaries.", "content": "The author recalls 1978's anniversaries of events and individuals prominent in the history of medicine, psychiatry, and psychology and examines their practical and theoretical contributions.", "contents": "1978 anniversaries. The author recalls 1978's anniversaries of events and individuals prominent in the history of medicine, psychiatry, and psychology and examines their practical and theoretical contributions."}
{"id": "PMID:365003", "title": "The running meditation response: an adjunct to psychotherapy.", "content": "The physical technique of slow, long distance running and the mental centering devices of T. M. are combined, using hypnosis in some cases, to enhance a \"peak experience,\" or altered state of consciousness. Indications and contraindications to this technique are described for various psychiatric, psychosomatic and somatic syndromes, and its use as an adjunct to formal individual and group psychotherapy is discussed.", "contents": "The running meditation response: an adjunct to psychotherapy. The physical technique of slow, long distance running and the mental centering devices of T. M. are combined, using hypnosis in some cases, to enhance a \"peak experience,\" or altered state of consciousness. Indications and contraindications to this technique are described for various psychiatric, psychosomatic and somatic syndromes, and its use as an adjunct to formal individual and group psychotherapy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365004", "title": "The Duffy blood group phenotype in American blacks infected with Plasmodium vivax in Vietnam.", "content": "We determined blood group phenotypes of 13 blacks who were infected with Plasmodium vivax in Vietnam. All were Duffy blood group positive as compared to 40--50% Duffy positive in surveys of black blood donors in the United States. The probability that 13 of 13 were Duffy positive by chance alone was P less than 0.001. All other blood groups occurred at the expected frequency. This study is further support for the hypothesis that the Duffy negative genotype (FyFy) is the basis for resistance of blacks to P. vivax.", "contents": "The Duffy blood group phenotype in American blacks infected with Plasmodium vivax in Vietnam. We determined blood group phenotypes of 13 blacks who were infected with Plasmodium vivax in Vietnam. All were Duffy blood group positive as compared to 40--50% Duffy positive in surveys of black blood donors in the United States. The probability that 13 of 13 were Duffy positive by chance alone was P less than 0.001. All other blood groups occurred at the expected frequency. This study is further support for the hypothesis that the Duffy negative genotype (FyFy) is the basis for resistance of blacks to P. vivax."}
{"id": "PMID:365005", "title": "Babesiosis in Long Island. Host-parasite relationships of rodent- and human-derived Babesia microti isolates in hamsters.", "content": "The effects of splenectomy and size of inoculum on response of hamsters to three isolates of Babesia microti (two rodent- and one human-derived) from Long Island were studied. Splenectomy of hamsters did not enhance susceptibility to the rodent isolates of B. microti at a dosage of 5 X 10(7) parasites. Larger parasite inocula produced shorter prepatent periods and slightly shorter duration of infection in intact hamsters. Inoculum size was not contributory to mortality of hamsters or to pathogenesis. Hamsters showed profound anemia with depressed hematocrit and hemoglobin values and erythrocyte counts. Moderate leucocytosis was seen just prior to peak parasitemia, with immature polymorphonuclear cells predominating. Infections in hamsters lasted for 14--17 weeks. As determined by the parameters studied, the three isolates appear to be identical.", "contents": "Babesiosis in Long Island. Host-parasite relationships of rodent- and human-derived Babesia microti isolates in hamsters. The effects of splenectomy and size of inoculum on response of hamsters to three isolates of Babesia microti (two rodent- and one human-derived) from Long Island were studied. Splenectomy of hamsters did not enhance susceptibility to the rodent isolates of B. microti at a dosage of 5 X 10(7) parasites. Larger parasite inocula produced shorter prepatent periods and slightly shorter duration of infection in intact hamsters. Inoculum size was not contributory to mortality of hamsters or to pathogenesis. Hamsters showed profound anemia with depressed hematocrit and hemoglobin values and erythrocyte counts. Moderate leucocytosis was seen just prior to peak parasitemia, with immature polymorphonuclear cells predominating. Infections in hamsters lasted for 14--17 weeks. As determined by the parameters studied, the three isolates appear to be identical."}
{"id": "PMID:365006", "title": "Concentration from continuous culture of erythrocytes infected with trophozoites and schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum.", "content": "Gelatin, from readily available sources, at specified concentrations in RPMI 1640 medium enhances sedimentation rates of suspensions of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes from continuous cultures, resulting in an enrichment of the trophozoite- and schizont-infected cells to parasitemias of 75% or more with no deleterious effects to the parasites.", "contents": "Concentration from continuous culture of erythrocytes infected with trophozoites and schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum. Gelatin, from readily available sources, at specified concentrations in RPMI 1640 medium enhances sedimentation rates of suspensions of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes from continuous cultures, resulting in an enrichment of the trophozoite- and schizont-infected cells to parasitemias of 75% or more with no deleterious effects to the parasites."}
{"id": "PMID:365007", "title": "Gastrin cell populations after highly selective vagotomy in the dog.", "content": "Highly selective vagotomy was performed on five dogs. Postoperatively, gastrin cell (G cell) hyperplasia occurred in all dogs. Mean preoperative G cell numbers increased from 350 to 530/cm mucosal length (p less than 0.02). Antral tissue gastrin also increased by 100 per cent (6.7 x 10(6) to 13.7 x 10(6) pg/gm tissue, p less than 0.05). Basal and stimulated serum gastrin were unchanged following highly selective vagotomy. The cause for G cell hyperplasia is not clear, but is probably multifactorial.", "contents": "Gastrin cell populations after highly selective vagotomy in the dog. Highly selective vagotomy was performed on five dogs. Postoperatively, gastrin cell (G cell) hyperplasia occurred in all dogs. Mean preoperative G cell numbers increased from 350 to 530/cm mucosal length (p less than 0.02). Antral tissue gastrin also increased by 100 per cent (6.7 x 10(6) to 13.7 x 10(6) pg/gm tissue, p less than 0.05). Basal and stimulated serum gastrin were unchanged following highly selective vagotomy. The cause for G cell hyperplasia is not clear, but is probably multifactorial."}
{"id": "PMID:365008", "title": "Endoscopic electrohemostasis of active upper gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Emergency esophagogastroduodenoscopy for active upper gastrointestinal bleeding was performed in 160 patients. Endoscopic electrocautery for control of bleeding was considered in the last ninety patients and performed in seventy-one patients. All lesions except esophageal varices were candidates for electrohemostasis. The indications for endoscopic electrocautery were active hemorrhage and precise identification of the bleeding point. The preendoscopic blood loss ranged from 1,500 to 6,000 ml. All seventy-one patients had initial hemostasis and sixty-five (92 per cent) had permanent hemostasis after one treatment. Six patients rebled, and four of these had permanent hemostasis after a second endoscopic electrocauterization. Only two of seventy-one patients had emergency operations for bleeding. There were no complications. Endoscopic electrohemostasis is still an experimental technic which requires further laboratory study and testing before broad general clinical application. This clinical trial suggests that endoscopic electrocautery is an attractive method of controlling active upper gastrointestinal bleeding because it can be safe, effective, and rapid, and is available in most medical communities.", "contents": "Endoscopic electrohemostasis of active upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Emergency esophagogastroduodenoscopy for active upper gastrointestinal bleeding was performed in 160 patients. Endoscopic electrocautery for control of bleeding was considered in the last ninety patients and performed in seventy-one patients. All lesions except esophageal varices were candidates for electrohemostasis. The indications for endoscopic electrocautery were active hemorrhage and precise identification of the bleeding point. The preendoscopic blood loss ranged from 1,500 to 6,000 ml. All seventy-one patients had initial hemostasis and sixty-five (92 per cent) had permanent hemostasis after one treatment. Six patients rebled, and four of these had permanent hemostasis after a second endoscopic electrocauterization. Only two of seventy-one patients had emergency operations for bleeding. There were no complications. Endoscopic electrohemostasis is still an experimental technic which requires further laboratory study and testing before broad general clinical application. This clinical trial suggests that endoscopic electrocautery is an attractive method of controlling active upper gastrointestinal bleeding because it can be safe, effective, and rapid, and is available in most medical communities."}
{"id": "PMID:365009", "title": "Preoperative prophylactic cephalothin fails to control septic complications of colorectal operations: results of controlled clinical trial. A Veterans Administration cooperative study.", "content": "Data obtained from a survey of the membership of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons indicated that concomitant administration of oral neomycin-erythromycin base and systemic cephalothin, together with mechanical colon cleansing, was the most popular method of colon preparation. We designed a prospective double blind clinical trial to compare administration of intravenous cephalothin, oral neomycin-erythromycin base, and the combination of both the intravenous and oral antibiotics. Intake of patients to the intravenous cephalothin group was stopped because the data indicated that this method of prophylaxis resulted in significantly higher numbers of septic complications. The incidence of wound infection was 30 per cent and the overall incidence of septic complications was 39 per cent in patients receiving only intravenous cephalothin combined with mechanical colon cleansing. The incidence of wound infection and the overall incidence of septic complications was only 6 per cent in the comparison group, and the differences are highly significant.", "contents": "Preoperative prophylactic cephalothin fails to control septic complications of colorectal operations: results of controlled clinical trial. A Veterans Administration cooperative study. Data obtained from a survey of the membership of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons indicated that concomitant administration of oral neomycin-erythromycin base and systemic cephalothin, together with mechanical colon cleansing, was the most popular method of colon preparation. We designed a prospective double blind clinical trial to compare administration of intravenous cephalothin, oral neomycin-erythromycin base, and the combination of both the intravenous and oral antibiotics. Intake of patients to the intravenous cephalothin group was stopped because the data indicated that this method of prophylaxis resulted in significantly higher numbers of septic complications. The incidence of wound infection was 30 per cent and the overall incidence of septic complications was 39 per cent in patients receiving only intravenous cephalothin combined with mechanical colon cleansing. The incidence of wound infection and the overall incidence of septic complications was only 6 per cent in the comparison group, and the differences are highly significant."}
{"id": "PMID:365010", "title": "A controlled clinical trial of whole gut lavage as a method of bowel preparation for colonic operations.", "content": "In a prospective randomized clinical trial, whole gut lavage was evaluated against conventional mechanical cleansing for colonic operations. The lavage took less time to perform, was better tolerated by patients, and resulted in more satisfactory preparation as judged by frequency of collapsed intestines. There was no difference in the outcome in the two series as measured by wound infection rate and length of hospitalization. It is concluded that whole gut lavage is as good as conventional mechanical cleansing but surpasses the latter in logistic advantages.", "contents": "A controlled clinical trial of whole gut lavage as a method of bowel preparation for colonic operations. In a prospective randomized clinical trial, whole gut lavage was evaluated against conventional mechanical cleansing for colonic operations. The lavage took less time to perform, was better tolerated by patients, and resulted in more satisfactory preparation as judged by frequency of collapsed intestines. There was no difference in the outcome in the two series as measured by wound infection rate and length of hospitalization. It is concluded that whole gut lavage is as good as conventional mechanical cleansing but surpasses the latter in logistic advantages."}
{"id": "PMID:365012", "title": "Ultrastructural identification of type I and II collagen in the cornea of the mouse by means of enzyme labeled antibodies.", "content": "Following reaction with peroxidase-coupled IgG antibodies, collagen of both type I and type II can be demonstrated light and electron-microscopically in the cornea of the mouse by means of purified, type-specific antibodies against collagen. Both type I and type II collagen seem to be evenly distributed in the cornea, with the amount of type I exceeding that of type II.", "contents": "Ultrastructural identification of type I and II collagen in the cornea of the mouse by means of enzyme labeled antibodies. Following reaction with peroxidase-coupled IgG antibodies, collagen of both type I and type II can be demonstrated light and electron-microscopically in the cornea of the mouse by means of purified, type-specific antibodies against collagen. Both type I and type II collagen seem to be evenly distributed in the cornea, with the amount of type I exceeding that of type II."}
{"id": "PMID:365013", "title": "Allogeneic corneal grafting in inbred strains of rats. Histology of graft reaction.", "content": "Histological studies of interlamellar keratoplasty in different inbred strains of rats (CAP, LEW) without additional sensitization--i.e. first-set reactions--are described. The corneas of 65 eyes, after allogeneic or syngeneic grafting, were examined from the 3rd to the 90th day--every 2nd day at the beginning of the reaction and later every 5th day. After syngeneic grafting (LEW leads to LEW) a non-specific healing-reaction (only slight vascularization of the graft bed, edema, granulocytic infiltration) reached its climax on the 6th day and subsided by the 10th day. After allogeneic grafting (CAP leads to LEW; RtH-1-incompatible) the non-specific-healing reaction progressed into a second phase, namely the specific reaction: increasing infiltration of the host cornea and the graft with small lymphocytes, blast cells and macrophages, directly followed by severe vascularization, reaching its climax about the 14th day. A third, phagocytic phase succeeded the infiltration leading to elimination of the donor cells, but leaving the donor stroma undamaged. All these alterations had almost completely disappeared after 35 days. Thus, the corneal allograft reaction is discussed as a typical immunological reaction leading to the destruction of transplantation-antigen-bearing cells and permitting observation of the different reaction phases more clearly than in most other tissues.", "contents": "Allogeneic corneal grafting in inbred strains of rats. Histology of graft reaction. Histological studies of interlamellar keratoplasty in different inbred strains of rats (CAP, LEW) without additional sensitization--i.e. first-set reactions--are described. The corneas of 65 eyes, after allogeneic or syngeneic grafting, were examined from the 3rd to the 90th day--every 2nd day at the beginning of the reaction and later every 5th day. After syngeneic grafting (LEW leads to LEW) a non-specific healing-reaction (only slight vascularization of the graft bed, edema, granulocytic infiltration) reached its climax on the 6th day and subsided by the 10th day. After allogeneic grafting (CAP leads to LEW; RtH-1-incompatible) the non-specific-healing reaction progressed into a second phase, namely the specific reaction: increasing infiltration of the host cornea and the graft with small lymphocytes, blast cells and macrophages, directly followed by severe vascularization, reaching its climax about the 14th day. A third, phagocytic phase succeeded the infiltration leading to elimination of the donor cells, but leaving the donor stroma undamaged. All these alterations had almost completely disappeared after 35 days. Thus, the corneal allograft reaction is discussed as a typical immunological reaction leading to the destruction of transplantation-antigen-bearing cells and permitting observation of the different reaction phases more clearly than in most other tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:365016", "title": "Pain pathways and mechanisms.", "content": "The current concepts of the anatomy of the pain pathways have been described and the mechanism by which they function has been discussed.", "contents": "Pain pathways and mechanisms. The current concepts of the anatomy of the pain pathways have been described and the mechanism by which they function has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365023", "title": "Secretagogue-mediated discharge of nerve growth factor from granular tubules of male mouse submandibular glands: an immunocytochemical study.", "content": "Submandibular glands of male mice were stained for nerve growth factor by light microscopic immunocytochemistry. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was present in the granules of granular tubule cells, with the immunoreactive material often concentrated at the periphery of granules. Administration of the alpha-adrenergic agent, phenylephrine, to animals resulted in a marked depletion of NGF-containing granules from granular tubules. Some release also occurred following administration of the beta-adrenergic agent, isoproterenol. Cholinergic stimulation (pilocarpine) did not result in appreciable loss of immunoreactive granules from these cells. In vitro results were not as clear cut, immunocytochemically, as those obtained with intact animals. It is concluded that discharge of NGF from male mouse submandibular glands is mediated predominantly by alpha-adrenergic activation, and that this phenomenon is readily demonstrated in the intact animal.", "contents": "Secretagogue-mediated discharge of nerve growth factor from granular tubules of male mouse submandibular glands: an immunocytochemical study. Submandibular glands of male mice were stained for nerve growth factor by light microscopic immunocytochemistry. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was present in the granules of granular tubule cells, with the immunoreactive material often concentrated at the periphery of granules. Administration of the alpha-adrenergic agent, phenylephrine, to animals resulted in a marked depletion of NGF-containing granules from granular tubules. Some release also occurred following administration of the beta-adrenergic agent, isoproterenol. Cholinergic stimulation (pilocarpine) did not result in appreciable loss of immunoreactive granules from these cells. In vitro results were not as clear cut, immunocytochemically, as those obtained with intact animals. It is concluded that discharge of NGF from male mouse submandibular glands is mediated predominantly by alpha-adrenergic activation, and that this phenomenon is readily demonstrated in the intact animal."}
{"id": "PMID:365032", "title": "Salmonella serotypes encountered in animal feed additives in Lebanon.", "content": "Animal feed-additive samples (n = 300) were examined for the presence of salmonellae, using the selenite-F broth-enrichment method followed by subculturing on Salmonella-Shigella and brilliant green agar with sulfadiazine selective agar plates. Samples consisted of a variety of feed additives: 119 bone meal samples, 77 meat meal samples, 40 fish meal samples, and 64 miscellaneous meal samples. Results of examination found 49 (41.2%) of the bone meal samples, 6 (7.8%) of the meat meal samples and 2 (5%) of the fish meal samples contained salmonellae. Of 57 isolates representing 24 serotypes, 4 most frequently isolated serotypes were Salmonella meleagridis (35.1%), Salmonella tennessee (7%), Salmonella chester (5.2%), and Salmonella senftenberg (5.2%). This study shows a high Salmonella-contamination rate of bone meal compared with meat meal and fish meal samples. Of 12 known positive bone meal samples that were examined, 100% of 25-g samples, compared with 70% to 100% of 2.5-g samples and 30% to 90% of 0.25-g samples and 30% to 90% of 0.25-g samples, were positive for salmonellae.", "contents": "Salmonella serotypes encountered in animal feed additives in Lebanon. Animal feed-additive samples (n = 300) were examined for the presence of salmonellae, using the selenite-F broth-enrichment method followed by subculturing on Salmonella-Shigella and brilliant green agar with sulfadiazine selective agar plates. Samples consisted of a variety of feed additives: 119 bone meal samples, 77 meat meal samples, 40 fish meal samples, and 64 miscellaneous meal samples. Results of examination found 49 (41.2%) of the bone meal samples, 6 (7.8%) of the meat meal samples and 2 (5%) of the fish meal samples contained salmonellae. Of 57 isolates representing 24 serotypes, 4 most frequently isolated serotypes were Salmonella meleagridis (35.1%), Salmonella tennessee (7%), Salmonella chester (5.2%), and Salmonella senftenberg (5.2%). This study shows a high Salmonella-contamination rate of bone meal compared with meat meal and fish meal samples. Of 12 known positive bone meal samples that were examined, 100% of 25-g samples, compared with 70% to 100% of 2.5-g samples and 30% to 90% of 0.25-g samples and 30% to 90% of 0.25-g samples, were positive for salmonellae."}
{"id": "PMID:365033", "title": "[\"Yersinia pseudotuberculosis\" in a case of mesenteric lymphadenitis (author's transl)].", "content": "An eleven-year old girl's case of an inflammatory process of the right lower abdomen is described, with a positive agglutination reaction to \"Y. pseudotuberculosis\", serotype I-A. The surgical operation disclosed a normal coecal appendix as well as a mass of clustered ganglionar adenopathies, exclusively located in the ileo-coecal junction. Histologic findings were a pulpar and follicular hyperplasia with mastocytes accumulation and metachromatic staining of capsule and connective tissue. From homogenized ganglionar mass an agent was isolated, further identified as \"Y. pseudotuberculosis\" type I-A. A comment follows on the frequency of mesenteric lymphadenitis as cause of inflammatory processes of the lower right abdomen in children and the rarity of isolation of \"Y. pseudotuberculosis\" as etiological agent as compared with the more common \"Y. enterocolitica\".", "contents": "[\"Yersinia pseudotuberculosis\" in a case of mesenteric lymphadenitis (author's transl)]. An eleven-year old girl's case of an inflammatory process of the right lower abdomen is described, with a positive agglutination reaction to \"Y. pseudotuberculosis\", serotype I-A. The surgical operation disclosed a normal coecal appendix as well as a mass of clustered ganglionar adenopathies, exclusively located in the ileo-coecal junction. Histologic findings were a pulpar and follicular hyperplasia with mastocytes accumulation and metachromatic staining of capsule and connective tissue. From homogenized ganglionar mass an agent was isolated, further identified as \"Y. pseudotuberculosis\" type I-A. A comment follows on the frequency of mesenteric lymphadenitis as cause of inflammatory processes of the lower right abdomen in children and the rarity of isolation of \"Y. pseudotuberculosis\" as etiological agent as compared with the more common \"Y. enterocolitica\"."}
{"id": "PMID:365037", "title": "Autoradiographic study of retrocorneal membranes.", "content": "Fibrous membranes in the posterior cornea occur in failed transplants. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the role of corneal endothelium in the formation of these membranes. The corneal cellular components of rabbit corneas were labeled with tritiated thymidine. Labeled rabbit corneal stroma was replaced with unlabeled tissue (pre-Descemet's lamellar graft), leaving only labeled endothelium. Weeks later small unlabeled penetrating grafts, without endothelium, were placed inside this lamellar graft. The surrounding labeled host endothelial cells were found in a fine retrograft membrane and in the scar of grafts. The experiment demonstrated that host endothelial cells participate in the formation of retrograft membranes, but it does not exclude other origin of fibroblasts.", "contents": "Autoradiographic study of retrocorneal membranes. Fibrous membranes in the posterior cornea occur in failed transplants. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the role of corneal endothelium in the formation of these membranes. The corneal cellular components of rabbit corneas were labeled with tritiated thymidine. Labeled rabbit corneal stroma was replaced with unlabeled tissue (pre-Descemet's lamellar graft), leaving only labeled endothelium. Weeks later small unlabeled penetrating grafts, without endothelium, were placed inside this lamellar graft. The surrounding labeled host endothelial cells were found in a fine retrograft membrane and in the scar of grafts. The experiment demonstrated that host endothelial cells participate in the formation of retrograft membranes, but it does not exclude other origin of fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:365038", "title": "Corneal graft rejection associated with anterior iris adhesion: case report.", "content": "A patient's corneal graft rejection arose at the site of an anterior iris adhesion and was reduced by removal of the adhesion.", "contents": "Corneal graft rejection associated with anterior iris adhesion: case report. A patient's corneal graft rejection arose at the site of an anterior iris adhesion and was reduced by removal of the adhesion."}
{"id": "PMID:365039", "title": "Intraocular effects of lint particles from disposable drapes.", "content": "Fragments of lint from a disposable paper head drape were implanted into the anterior chamber of 9 rabbit eyes. Eyes were removed at varying intervals after implantations and sectioned for microscopic examination. A localized inflammatory response appeared as early as day 1 and increased in severity during the first 10 days. The reaction began to abate, however, by the 14th day. Control eyes with sham operations failed to show any such reaction. Daily monitoring for cell and flare reaction was negative in all eyes.", "contents": "Intraocular effects of lint particles from disposable drapes. Fragments of lint from a disposable paper head drape were implanted into the anterior chamber of 9 rabbit eyes. Eyes were removed at varying intervals after implantations and sectioned for microscopic examination. A localized inflammatory response appeared as early as day 1 and increased in severity during the first 10 days. The reaction began to abate, however, by the 14th day. Control eyes with sham operations failed to show any such reaction. Daily monitoring for cell and flare reaction was negative in all eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:365040", "title": "The reminiscences of a plastic surgeon during World War II.", "content": "The experiences of the author while an Officer in the South African Medical Corps are related. During the battle of Britain he was attached to the R.A.M.C. and observed the work of pioneers in modern military plastic surgery. On his return to South Africa, he set up the Brenthurst Military Red Cross Hospital for Plastic Surgery and dealt with many thousands of allied battle casualties--South African, British, French, and Polish. The injuries treated included aircraft and tank burns, facial destructions (particularly the nose and eyes), extensive facial fractures, and limb amputations. Various procedures are mentioned. The first plastic surgical journal in English, The Brenthurst Papers, was produced describing these innovations.", "contents": "The reminiscences of a plastic surgeon during World War II. The experiences of the author while an Officer in the South African Medical Corps are related. During the battle of Britain he was attached to the R.A.M.C. and observed the work of pioneers in modern military plastic surgery. On his return to South Africa, he set up the Brenthurst Military Red Cross Hospital for Plastic Surgery and dealt with many thousands of allied battle casualties--South African, British, French, and Polish. The injuries treated included aircraft and tank burns, facial destructions (particularly the nose and eyes), extensive facial fractures, and limb amputations. Various procedures are mentioned. The first plastic surgical journal in English, The Brenthurst Papers, was produced describing these innovations."}
{"id": "PMID:365041", "title": "An improved septoplasty: the microsurgical suture technique.", "content": "An improved septoplasty procedure has been performed on 204 patients, 49 in combination with rhinoplasty. There were 2 minor complications: 1 small perforation and 1 septal hematoma. The use of septal sutures avoids the necessity of postoperative intranasal packing or splints. Magnification, proper lighting, and improved instrumentation have simplified the technique, and a nontraumatic anatomical dissection can more easily be performed on the most complicated septal deformities. By dispensing with intranasal packing, a one-stage septorhinoplasty can be done without fear of producing a widened dorsum from outward pressure of the packs. The sutures also increase the stability of the septum by preventing displacement of the caudal portion during the healing process. Postoperative patient discomfort is minimized, as the airway is not blocked by packs; painful removal of the packs is also eliminated.", "contents": "An improved septoplasty: the microsurgical suture technique. An improved septoplasty procedure has been performed on 204 patients, 49 in combination with rhinoplasty. There were 2 minor complications: 1 small perforation and 1 septal hematoma. The use of septal sutures avoids the necessity of postoperative intranasal packing or splints. Magnification, proper lighting, and improved instrumentation have simplified the technique, and a nontraumatic anatomical dissection can more easily be performed on the most complicated septal deformities. By dispensing with intranasal packing, a one-stage septorhinoplasty can be done without fear of producing a widened dorsum from outward pressure of the packs. The sutures also increase the stability of the septum by preventing displacement of the caudal portion during the healing process. Postoperative patient discomfort is minimized, as the airway is not blocked by packs; painful removal of the packs is also eliminated."}
{"id": "PMID:365042", "title": "Cervical lifts: the value of platysma muscle flaps.", "content": "Patients and physicians who are not satisfied with the results of cervical lift procedures that rely on skin tension alone frequently complain of persistent or recurring neck longitudinal bands; of lack of pleasing concave contours; or of lack of definition of the mandibular border. Platysma muscle bands can be eliminated with long-lasting improvement in the neck contour if the objectionable bands are completely incised and the platysma muscles are transformed into a deep-layer supportive neck sling. The techniques described utlilize platysma muscle flaps to eliminate vertical platysma muscle bands and folds, to achieve pleasing concave neck contours, and to produce definition of the mandibular border.", "contents": "Cervical lifts: the value of platysma muscle flaps. Patients and physicians who are not satisfied with the results of cervical lift procedures that rely on skin tension alone frequently complain of persistent or recurring neck longitudinal bands; of lack of pleasing concave contours; or of lack of definition of the mandibular border. Platysma muscle bands can be eliminated with long-lasting improvement in the neck contour if the objectionable bands are completely incised and the platysma muscles are transformed into a deep-layer supportive neck sling. The techniques described utlilize platysma muscle flaps to eliminate vertical platysma muscle bands and folds, to achieve pleasing concave neck contours, and to produce definition of the mandibular border."}
{"id": "PMID:365043", "title": "Muscle repair in unilateral cleft lip, based on findings on electrical stimulation.", "content": "The appearances, distribution, and direction of muscle in the unilateral cleft lip as indicated by electrical stimulation are described. The findings differ from those reported by Fara and associates in their dissections in that functionally the fibers do not appear to parallel the margin of the cleft. Based on these findings, a method of layer-by-layer, step-by-step closure of the unilateral cleft lip is described that attempts to split the orbicularis bulge and advance the lateral muscle into the philtrum to a position more nearly imitating the direction and extent of the muscle in a normal lip.", "contents": "Muscle repair in unilateral cleft lip, based on findings on electrical stimulation. The appearances, distribution, and direction of muscle in the unilateral cleft lip as indicated by electrical stimulation are described. The findings differ from those reported by Fara and associates in their dissections in that functionally the fibers do not appear to parallel the margin of the cleft. Based on these findings, a method of layer-by-layer, step-by-step closure of the unilateral cleft lip is described that attempts to split the orbicularis bulge and advance the lateral muscle into the philtrum to a position more nearly imitating the direction and extent of the muscle in a normal lip."}
{"id": "PMID:365044", "title": "Lengthening of the short columella associated with bilateral cleft lip.", "content": "Operations for lengthening the columella can be classified into three groups on the basis of source of material: lip, nose, or ear. When seen in profile, the middle of the lip provides one-fourth to one-third of the forward projection of the columella as compared with the level of the alar bases. Complete bilateral cleft lips usually benefit from columellar lengthening, but symmetrical, incomplete clefts rarely require it. Ancillary procedures, such as correction of a retruded maxilla by Le Fort I osteotomy or by contour build-up, can enhance the overall result. Our experience with advancement of skin from the floor of the nose and ala [15], skin from the alar margins at the tip [7], prolabial advancement flaps, fork flaps, and composite earlobe grafts is reported.", "contents": "Lengthening of the short columella associated with bilateral cleft lip. Operations for lengthening the columella can be classified into three groups on the basis of source of material: lip, nose, or ear. When seen in profile, the middle of the lip provides one-fourth to one-third of the forward projection of the columella as compared with the level of the alar bases. Complete bilateral cleft lips usually benefit from columellar lengthening, but symmetrical, incomplete clefts rarely require it. Ancillary procedures, such as correction of a retruded maxilla by Le Fort I osteotomy or by contour build-up, can enhance the overall result. Our experience with advancement of skin from the floor of the nose and ala [15], skin from the alar margins at the tip [7], prolabial advancement flaps, fork flaps, and composite earlobe grafts is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:365045", "title": "George David Pollock and the development of skin grafting.", "content": "George David Pollock, F.R.C.S., convinced the world of the efficacy of skin autografting and homografting. Previous studies on the priority of skin grafting are reviewed. The life of Pollock, including a glimpse of the surgical world of the Victorian era is described. A detailed analysis of the roles and relationships of Pollock, Reverdin, and Gosselin is given.", "contents": "George David Pollock and the development of skin grafting. George David Pollock, F.R.C.S., convinced the world of the efficacy of skin autografting and homografting. Previous studies on the priority of skin grafting are reviewed. The life of Pollock, including a glimpse of the surgical world of the Victorian era is described. A detailed analysis of the roles and relationships of Pollock, Reverdin, and Gosselin is given."}
{"id": "PMID:365046", "title": "The world of William L. White: a macro-view.", "content": "On May 14, 1977, a group of colleagues and former trainees gathered in Pittsburgh to honor Dr. William L. (\"Willie\") White, Chief of the Section of Plastic Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, on the occasion of his retirement after 18 years as program director. Participating in the festivities were Drs. Henry H. Bahnson, Robert M. Goldwyn, Salvador Castanares, Victor HayRow, Frederic Rueckert, Richard P. Jobe, Dwight C. Hanna, George S. Richardson, Dennis J. Hurwitz, Garry S. Brody, Ronald J. North, Ross H. Musgrave, and Robert A. Chase. These are the remarks made by Dr. Robert M. Goldwyn at the commemoration for Dr. White.", "contents": "The world of William L. White: a macro-view. On May 14, 1977, a group of colleagues and former trainees gathered in Pittsburgh to honor Dr. William L. (\"Willie\") White, Chief of the Section of Plastic Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, on the occasion of his retirement after 18 years as program director. Participating in the festivities were Drs. Henry H. Bahnson, Robert M. Goldwyn, Salvador Castanares, Victor HayRow, Frederic Rueckert, Richard P. Jobe, Dwight C. Hanna, George S. Richardson, Dennis J. Hurwitz, Garry S. Brody, Ronald J. North, Ross H. Musgrave, and Robert A. Chase. These are the remarks made by Dr. Robert M. Goldwyn at the commemoration for Dr. White."}
{"id": "PMID:365047", "title": "Repositioning of prominent ears.", "content": "An operation for the repair of prominent ears is presented that includes the best features of the cartilage incision and cartilage suturing techniques. By using the best of several procedures, an operation has been developed which gives consistent, reproducible results in the treatment of prominent ears; and which is easily adaptable for children.", "contents": "Repositioning of prominent ears. An operation for the repair of prominent ears is presented that includes the best features of the cartilage incision and cartilage suturing techniques. By using the best of several procedures, an operation has been developed which gives consistent, reproducible results in the treatment of prominent ears; and which is easily adaptable for children."}
{"id": "PMID:365048", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of burns.", "content": "Since 1972, over 800 burn victims have been treated with hyperbaric oxygen at the Burn Center of Sherman Oaks Community Hospital in Los Angeles. HBO is used only as an adjuvant to standard resuscitation and is not intended to replace current accepted therapy. The results of the first three-year study program show definite changes in burn care delivery. There has been a definite decrease in the mortality as compared with our own predictions and statistics and with those of the N.B.I.E. In addition, a marked improvement in morbidity and a reduction in hospital stay were noted.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of burns. Since 1972, over 800 burn victims have been treated with hyperbaric oxygen at the Burn Center of Sherman Oaks Community Hospital in Los Angeles. HBO is used only as an adjuvant to standard resuscitation and is not intended to replace current accepted therapy. The results of the first three-year study program show definite changes in burn care delivery. There has been a definite decrease in the mortality as compared with our own predictions and statistics and with those of the N.B.I.E. In addition, a marked improvement in morbidity and a reduction in hospital stay were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:365049", "title": "Quantitation of thermoregulatory impairment in patients with healed burns.", "content": "The basis of our study lies in the clear demonstration that rectal temperature in cool and comfortable environments is a function of the metabolic load but that once a critical level of environmental warmth has been exceeded, the rectal temperature increases above the metabolically controlled level. This effect forms the basis of the presently suggested limits for healthy individuals during heat exposure in industry. We show that impairment of thermoregulation due to extensive burns makes such environmental limits unacceptable. Our experiment was aimed at demonstrating certain tolerance limits above which the extensively burned patient (40% deep second- or third-degree burns) cannot realistically be expected to function under the workload employed. Nine subjects with varying degrees of anhidrosis were subjected to standard workloads under carefully controlled environmental conditions. We found a dramatic diminution in heat tolerance in patients with healed burns covering more than 40% of their body surface area.", "contents": "Quantitation of thermoregulatory impairment in patients with healed burns. The basis of our study lies in the clear demonstration that rectal temperature in cool and comfortable environments is a function of the metabolic load but that once a critical level of environmental warmth has been exceeded, the rectal temperature increases above the metabolically controlled level. This effect forms the basis of the presently suggested limits for healthy individuals during heat exposure in industry. We show that impairment of thermoregulation due to extensive burns makes such environmental limits unacceptable. Our experiment was aimed at demonstrating certain tolerance limits above which the extensively burned patient (40% deep second- or third-degree burns) cannot realistically be expected to function under the workload employed. Nine subjects with varying degrees of anhidrosis were subjected to standard workloads under carefully controlled environmental conditions. We found a dramatic diminution in heat tolerance in patients with healed burns covering more than 40% of their body surface area."}
{"id": "PMID:365051", "title": "Plastic surgery in the twentieth century.", "content": "Plastic surgical operations are among the oldest and have been developed increasingly from ancient times down to the present. However, the age of medical specialization did not begin until the latter part of the nineteenth century, and the specialty of plastic surgery is largely a child of the twentieth century. Most of the operations we do today have been created by plastic surgeons with the past 50 years, but were made possible only by the rapid developments in other surgical specialties and in all of medicine and science. The relationship with other specialties has been an interdependent one, and this is likely to be the pattern of the future. Plastic surgery, bridging the anatomical specialties as it does, must continue to draw bits of information here and there from them and to synthesize these into major contributions of great benefit to all. The specialty will grow in direct proportion to the success of the innovators within it in fulfilling their crucial role.", "contents": "Plastic surgery in the twentieth century. Plastic surgical operations are among the oldest and have been developed increasingly from ancient times down to the present. However, the age of medical specialization did not begin until the latter part of the nineteenth century, and the specialty of plastic surgery is largely a child of the twentieth century. Most of the operations we do today have been created by plastic surgeons with the past 50 years, but were made possible only by the rapid developments in other surgical specialties and in all of medicine and science. The relationship with other specialties has been an interdependent one, and this is likely to be the pattern of the future. Plastic surgery, bridging the anatomical specialties as it does, must continue to draw bits of information here and there from them and to synthesize these into major contributions of great benefit to all. The specialty will grow in direct proportion to the success of the innovators within it in fulfilling their crucial role."}
{"id": "PMID:365053", "title": "Wire basket for immobilization of interscapular skin grafts.", "content": "One of the most difficult areas on the body to skin graft successfully is the interscapular and upper back region. We have used a wire \"basket\" to immobilize the interscapular region in 8 patients following wide excision for melanoma. \"Takes\" amounting to more than 90% in 7 patients and 80% in 1 patient have been obtained. The technique is simple and inexpensive.", "contents": "Wire basket for immobilization of interscapular skin grafts. One of the most difficult areas on the body to skin graft successfully is the interscapular and upper back region. We have used a wire \"basket\" to immobilize the interscapular region in 8 patients following wide excision for melanoma. \"Takes\" amounting to more than 90% in 7 patients and 80% in 1 patient have been obtained. The technique is simple and inexpensive."}
{"id": "PMID:365054", "title": "Correction of the inverted nipple.", "content": "The inverted nipple has been attributed to hypodevelopment of both nipple and areolomamillary musculature. A number of procedures have been devised to correct this deformity for the purposes of nursing and also for cosmesis. Excision of the entire areola, myotomy of areolomamillary bundles, and partial areolar excision in apposing quadrant triangles have all been used. An operative technique has been designed reflecting some of the older methods and an innovation utilizing areolar V-Y plasties and purse-string sutures to the nipple base for support. This method avoids excision and consequent extensive scarring of the areola. This procedure has been found to have satisfactory functional and cosmetic results in clinical trials to date.", "contents": "Correction of the inverted nipple. The inverted nipple has been attributed to hypodevelopment of both nipple and areolomamillary musculature. A number of procedures have been devised to correct this deformity for the purposes of nursing and also for cosmesis. Excision of the entire areola, myotomy of areolomamillary bundles, and partial areolar excision in apposing quadrant triangles have all been used. An operative technique has been designed reflecting some of the older methods and an innovation utilizing areolar V-Y plasties and purse-string sutures to the nipple base for support. This method avoids excision and consequent extensive scarring of the areola. This procedure has been found to have satisfactory functional and cosmetic results in clinical trials to date."}
{"id": "PMID:365056", "title": "Another seventeenth-century denigration of Gaspare Tagliacozzi.", "content": "Gaspare Tagliacozzi published his carefully documented procedures for nasal reconstruction at the end of the sixteenth century. However, almost all authorities in the succeeding century failed to give him credence. Although his name was widely known, his work became an object of scorn. James Cooke, author of one of the most popular English surgical textbooks of the seventeenth century, in an amusing and previously unnoted reference, adds to this denigration and helps to explain why nasal reconstruction became a subject of satire in England.", "contents": "Another seventeenth-century denigration of Gaspare Tagliacozzi. Gaspare Tagliacozzi published his carefully documented procedures for nasal reconstruction at the end of the sixteenth century. However, almost all authorities in the succeeding century failed to give him credence. Although his name was widely known, his work became an object of scorn. James Cooke, author of one of the most popular English surgical textbooks of the seventeenth century, in an amusing and previously unnoted reference, adds to this denigration and helps to explain why nasal reconstruction became a subject of satire in England."}
{"id": "PMID:365057", "title": "Ferris Smith.", "content": "Important events and renowned persons are seen and remembered differently by those who live the happening or know the person. In As I Remember Ferris Smith, four of his trainees provide a kaleidoscopic view of the doyen.", "contents": "Ferris Smith. Important events and renowned persons are seen and remembered differently by those who live the happening or know the person. In As I Remember Ferris Smith, four of his trainees provide a kaleidoscopic view of the doyen."}
{"id": "PMID:365058", "title": "Mandibular reconstruction with free tissue transfers.", "content": "During the past ten years, immediate mandibular reconstruction has gradually fallen into disfavor because of the incidence of infection and the increasing use of preoperative radiation therapy. The difficulty lies in selection of the ideal material for mandibular replacement and the attainment of a healthy recipient bed. An attempt has been made to solve this problem with microsurgical techniques, and our experience in six free tissue transfers utilizing both free rib and free osteocutaneous groin flap transfers is reported. The evolution of these techniques has required confirmation of the feasibility of free flaps in the oral cavity as well as incorporation of a vascularized bone graft in free groin flaps. Based on this experience, the free osteocutaneous groin flap containing a vascularized portion of the iliac crest is preferred for reconstruction of combined and composite deficiencies of the lower jaw. Convincing demonstration of bone viability in composite flaps must await correlation of bone scans with tetracycline labelling.", "contents": "Mandibular reconstruction with free tissue transfers. During the past ten years, immediate mandibular reconstruction has gradually fallen into disfavor because of the incidence of infection and the increasing use of preoperative radiation therapy. The difficulty lies in selection of the ideal material for mandibular replacement and the attainment of a healthy recipient bed. An attempt has been made to solve this problem with microsurgical techniques, and our experience in six free tissue transfers utilizing both free rib and free osteocutaneous groin flap transfers is reported. The evolution of these techniques has required confirmation of the feasibility of free flaps in the oral cavity as well as incorporation of a vascularized bone graft in free groin flaps. Based on this experience, the free osteocutaneous groin flap containing a vascularized portion of the iliac crest is preferred for reconstruction of combined and composite deficiencies of the lower jaw. Convincing demonstration of bone viability in composite flaps must await correlation of bone scans with tetracycline labelling."}
{"id": "PMID:365059", "title": "The tensor fascia lata musculocutaneous flap.", "content": "The tensor fascia lata (TFL) muscle, together with the overlying skin of the anterolateral thigh, makes a reliable musculocutaneous unit. It can be lengthened safely by taking the fascia lata and the skin of the anterolateral mid and lower thigh to within 8 cm of the knee. The skin of the longer flap is supplied by large perforating musculocutaneous arteries, the terminal branches of the vascular pedicle of the muscle. The shorter flap can easily be transposed over the trochanteric area, while the larger flap will cover not only the trochanter but also the ischial and sacral areas. The flap serves equally well as a transposition, island, or free flap. The anatomical and vascular basis of the flap is presented, together with its application in 21 patients. Possible further applications of the flap, including anterior rotation, are discussed.", "contents": "The tensor fascia lata musculocutaneous flap. The tensor fascia lata (TFL) muscle, together with the overlying skin of the anterolateral thigh, makes a reliable musculocutaneous unit. It can be lengthened safely by taking the fascia lata and the skin of the anterolateral mid and lower thigh to within 8 cm of the knee. The skin of the longer flap is supplied by large perforating musculocutaneous arteries, the terminal branches of the vascular pedicle of the muscle. The shorter flap can easily be transposed over the trochanteric area, while the larger flap will cover not only the trochanter but also the ischial and sacral areas. The flap serves equally well as a transposition, island, or free flap. The anatomical and vascular basis of the flap is presented, together with its application in 21 patients. Possible further applications of the flap, including anterior rotation, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365060", "title": "Congenital absence of the vagina: diagnosis and plastic surgical reconstruction.", "content": "Congenital absence of the vagina was repaired in twenty patients; the longest follow-up was seventeen years. The surgical method is described, including the skin graft, the sculpted prosthesis, and the mechanic's waste bolus for retention. The patient must be oriented thoroughly before the operation. Even with an optimum surgical result, full cooperation and psychological preparation are necessary to gain a successful transformation. The phrase \"psychiatry with a scalpel\" is apt in these cases. Ideally, the operation is performed by a team of plastic surgeon and gynecologist. Meticulous planning and regard for detail are fundamental requirements.", "contents": "Congenital absence of the vagina: diagnosis and plastic surgical reconstruction. Congenital absence of the vagina was repaired in twenty patients; the longest follow-up was seventeen years. The surgical method is described, including the skin graft, the sculpted prosthesis, and the mechanic's waste bolus for retention. The patient must be oriented thoroughly before the operation. Even with an optimum surgical result, full cooperation and psychological preparation are necessary to gain a successful transformation. The phrase \"psychiatry with a scalpel\" is apt in these cases. Ideally, the operation is performed by a team of plastic surgeon and gynecologist. Meticulous planning and regard for detail are fundamental requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:365061", "title": "\"Staircase\" closure of lower lip defects.", "content": "Attention is called to a previously described method of closing certain common surgical defects of the lower lip. Advancement flaps are used from one or both sides, resulting in a staircase configuration. The advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the method are described.", "contents": "\"Staircase\" closure of lower lip defects. Attention is called to a previously described method of closing certain common surgical defects of the lower lip. Advancement flaps are used from one or both sides, resulting in a staircase configuration. The advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the method are described."}
{"id": "PMID:365062", "title": "Lower lip reconstruction following resection of large lesions.", "content": "Good cosmetic and functional results have been obtained following wide resection of large lower lip lesions. A simple method is described for reconstruction.", "contents": "Lower lip reconstruction following resection of large lesions. Good cosmetic and functional results have been obtained following wide resection of large lower lip lesions. A simple method is described for reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:365064", "title": "Massive basal cell carcinoma of the scalp: successful management by cooperation of chemosurgeon and reconstructive surgeon.", "content": "No single modality is appropriate for treatment of the huge invasive basal cell carcinoma. Mohs' chemosurgery is perhaps the most efficacious ablative method, but it must be supplemented by a reconstructive procedure in nearly all sizable lesions. A case history is presented of a patient with massive basal cell carcinoma involving the entire posterior scalp and deep tissues in which chemosurgical ablation and major staged reconstruction proceeded concurrently to a successful conclusion. The advantages of this approach are discussed.", "contents": "Massive basal cell carcinoma of the scalp: successful management by cooperation of chemosurgeon and reconstructive surgeon. No single modality is appropriate for treatment of the huge invasive basal cell carcinoma. Mohs' chemosurgery is perhaps the most efficacious ablative method, but it must be supplemented by a reconstructive procedure in nearly all sizable lesions. A case history is presented of a patient with massive basal cell carcinoma involving the entire posterior scalp and deep tissues in which chemosurgical ablation and major staged reconstruction proceeded concurrently to a successful conclusion. The advantages of this approach are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365066", "title": "Kidney transplantation.", "content": "Since 1954, more than 26,000 kidney transplants have been performed and transplantation is now an accepted method for the treatment of end-stage renal disease. Recent advances in transplantation include operation not only on ideal recipients, but also on a much broader group of patients; an improved understanding of rejection mechanisms; better employment of standard immunosuppressive drugs; identification of an additional major histocompatibility antigen system; appreciation that blood transfusions prior to transplantation may facilitate acceptance of cadaver kidneys; and development of intracellular washout solutions for kidney preservation. Although the overall functional survival rates of kidney transplants have not improved recently, there has been a significant improvement in patient survival, especially after transplantation of cadaver kidneys.", "contents": "Kidney transplantation. Since 1954, more than 26,000 kidney transplants have been performed and transplantation is now an accepted method for the treatment of end-stage renal disease. Recent advances in transplantation include operation not only on ideal recipients, but also on a much broader group of patients; an improved understanding of rejection mechanisms; better employment of standard immunosuppressive drugs; identification of an additional major histocompatibility antigen system; appreciation that blood transfusions prior to transplantation may facilitate acceptance of cadaver kidneys; and development of intracellular washout solutions for kidney preservation. Although the overall functional survival rates of kidney transplants have not improved recently, there has been a significant improvement in patient survival, especially after transplantation of cadaver kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:365067", "title": "Comparison between the early use of skin flap and skin graft for the correction of large tissue loss at the elbow.", "content": "Six patients with soft and hard tissue injuries of the elbow region during the 1973 Yom-Kippur war are discussed. These six patients were treated with two types of procedures. One group was initially treated with application of a split-thickness skin graft followed by a thoracoabdominal, abdominal, or chest skin flap. The second group was initially treated with the application of a thoracoabdominal flap. There are few descriptions in the literature or in textbooks of the plan design method, nor are there comparisons of two types of procedures. In both groups the end results were the same. The differences were the time of hospitalization and the cooperation of the patients during treatment. In both groups the flap was transferred before further surgical reconstruction of bones and joints.", "contents": "Comparison between the early use of skin flap and skin graft for the correction of large tissue loss at the elbow. Six patients with soft and hard tissue injuries of the elbow region during the 1973 Yom-Kippur war are discussed. These six patients were treated with two types of procedures. One group was initially treated with application of a split-thickness skin graft followed by a thoracoabdominal, abdominal, or chest skin flap. The second group was initially treated with the application of a thoracoabdominal flap. There are few descriptions in the literature or in textbooks of the plan design method, nor are there comparisons of two types of procedures. In both groups the end results were the same. The differences were the time of hospitalization and the cooperation of the patients during treatment. In both groups the flap was transferred before further surgical reconstruction of bones and joints."}
{"id": "PMID:365068", "title": "Split groin flap.", "content": "This paper describes the vertical splitting of an axial pattern groin flap, a technical modification which extends the usefulness of this flap in reconstructive surgery of the hand.", "contents": "Split groin flap. This paper describes the vertical splitting of an axial pattern groin flap, a technical modification which extends the usefulness of this flap in reconstructive surgery of the hand."}
{"id": "PMID:365069", "title": "Conservation of normal tissue in the treatment of massive basal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Reconstruction of a defect of the shoulder and chest wall following resection of extensive basal cell carcinoma is demonstrated using classic principles of flap design and delay. Preservation of the normal tissue in an arm before amputation allowed for closure of a wound that could not be covered with musculocutaneous, omental, or microvascular free flaps.", "contents": "Conservation of normal tissue in the treatment of massive basal cell carcinoma. Reconstruction of a defect of the shoulder and chest wall following resection of extensive basal cell carcinoma is demonstrated using classic principles of flap design and delay. Preservation of the normal tissue in an arm before amputation allowed for closure of a wound that could not be covered with musculocutaneous, omental, or microvascular free flaps."}
{"id": "PMID:365070", "title": "Dr. Theodor Billroth and the first laryngectomy.", "content": "This short historical vignette gives details of a courageous surgical feat performed by Dr. Theodor Billroth. Long before the advent of modern medical and surgical knowledge, and without the aid of today's advanced medications and instruments, he undertook the first known successful laryngectomy on a human 105 years ago, and five years later he performed the first hemilaryngectomy. In addition to being an outstanding surgeon, Dr. Billroth was also an accomplished musician.", "contents": "Dr. Theodor Billroth and the first laryngectomy. This short historical vignette gives details of a courageous surgical feat performed by Dr. Theodor Billroth. Long before the advent of modern medical and surgical knowledge, and without the aid of today's advanced medications and instruments, he undertook the first known successful laryngectomy on a human 105 years ago, and five years later he performed the first hemilaryngectomy. In addition to being an outstanding surgeon, Dr. Billroth was also an accomplished musician."}
{"id": "PMID:365071", "title": "Optimizing the skin graft board.", "content": "A skin graft board has been devised, which allows every surgeon to cut grafts of different sizes. Skin grafting is simple to perform and readily learned by trainees both in general and in plastic surgery.", "contents": "Optimizing the skin graft board. A skin graft board has been devised, which allows every surgeon to cut grafts of different sizes. Skin grafting is simple to perform and readily learned by trainees both in general and in plastic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:365072", "title": "Effect of tranexamic acid on rebleeding after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a double-blind controlled clinical trial.", "content": "In a double-blind controlled clinical trial on 51 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, tranexamic acid, 4 gm per day for ten consecutive days, did not favorably affect the outcome. Neither mortality nor rebleeding rates were improved after a follow-up of three months.", "contents": "Effect of tranexamic acid on rebleeding after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a double-blind controlled clinical trial. In a double-blind controlled clinical trial on 51 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, tranexamic acid, 4 gm per day for ten consecutive days, did not favorably affect the outcome. Neither mortality nor rebleeding rates were improved after a follow-up of three months."}
{"id": "PMID:365073", "title": "\"Disappearing\" spinal cord compression: oncolytic effect of glucocorticoids (and other chemotherapeutic agents) on epidural metastases.", "content": "Four patients suffering spinal cord compression resulting from epidural metastases were treated with adrenocorticosteroid hormones. For 2 patients, prompt relief of symptoms followed glucocorticoid therapy alone and was associated with marked shrinkage or disappearance of the metastasis, a direct oncolytic effect of the steroids. For the other 2 patients, glucocorticoids combined with other chemotherapeutic agents caused disappearance of the extradural tumor. For 1 patient, failure to recognize the oncolytic effects of the chemotherapy led to an unnecessary surgical procedure, and for a second patient an unnecessary operation was narrowly averted. Thus, for certain patients, glucocorticoids may occasionally have a marked oncolytic effect on epidural metastatic tumors.", "contents": "\"Disappearing\" spinal cord compression: oncolytic effect of glucocorticoids (and other chemotherapeutic agents) on epidural metastases. Four patients suffering spinal cord compression resulting from epidural metastases were treated with adrenocorticosteroid hormones. For 2 patients, prompt relief of symptoms followed glucocorticoid therapy alone and was associated with marked shrinkage or disappearance of the metastasis, a direct oncolytic effect of the steroids. For the other 2 patients, glucocorticoids combined with other chemotherapeutic agents caused disappearance of the extradural tumor. For 1 patient, failure to recognize the oncolytic effects of the chemotherapy led to an unnecessary surgical procedure, and for a second patient an unnecessary operation was narrowly averted. Thus, for certain patients, glucocorticoids may occasionally have a marked oncolytic effect on epidural metastatic tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:365074", "title": "Idiopathic regressing arteriopathy.", "content": "Three patients had nonatheromatous occlusive cervicocephalic arterial disease which on follow-up showed resolution of the occlusive or stenosing abnormalities. The patients' relatively young age (middle thirties to middle forties) and severe unilateral headache or focal head, neck, or mastoid pain were prominent common clinical features. The dominant arteriographic features were intimal irregularities, multiple vessel involvement, tendency to arterial dissection and aneurysm formation, sparing of intracranial arteries, and tendency to partial or complete resolution of the abnormalities and regression toward normal. We have called this presumed entity \"idiopathic regressing arteriopathy\" pending appropriate histopathological studies.", "contents": "Idiopathic regressing arteriopathy. Three patients had nonatheromatous occlusive cervicocephalic arterial disease which on follow-up showed resolution of the occlusive or stenosing abnormalities. The patients' relatively young age (middle thirties to middle forties) and severe unilateral headache or focal head, neck, or mastoid pain were prominent common clinical features. The dominant arteriographic features were intimal irregularities, multiple vessel involvement, tendency to arterial dissection and aneurysm formation, sparing of intracranial arteries, and tendency to partial or complete resolution of the abnormalities and regression toward normal. We have called this presumed entity \"idiopathic regressing arteriopathy\" pending appropriate histopathological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:365077", "title": "Rapid improvement in nerve conduction velocity following renal transplantation.", "content": "In 12 patients with chronic renal failure who received kidney transplants from either cadavers (6) or related living donors (6), rapid improvement in median sensory and motor nerve conduction velocities (NCVs) was observed within a few days after transplantation. The postoperative improvement in median sensory NCV was found to bear a statistically significant negative correlation with creatinine and myo-inositol concentrations. We suggest that metabolic phenomena are responsible for the rapid improvement in median sensory NCV following renal transplantation. The close relationship between myo-inositol and the median sensory NCV following transplantation suggests that elevated plasma myo-inositol concentrations may be related to nerve conduction abnormalities in uremic polyneuropathy.", "contents": "Rapid improvement in nerve conduction velocity following renal transplantation. In 12 patients with chronic renal failure who received kidney transplants from either cadavers (6) or related living donors (6), rapid improvement in median sensory and motor nerve conduction velocities (NCVs) was observed within a few days after transplantation. The postoperative improvement in median sensory NCV was found to bear a statistically significant negative correlation with creatinine and myo-inositol concentrations. We suggest that metabolic phenomena are responsible for the rapid improvement in median sensory NCV following renal transplantation. The close relationship between myo-inositol and the median sensory NCV following transplantation suggests that elevated plasma myo-inositol concentrations may be related to nerve conduction abnormalities in uremic polyneuropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:365078", "title": "Bell's palsy and secondary syphilis: CSF spirochetes detected by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Although Bell's palsy is usually idiopathic, occasional cases may have an identifiable infectious cause. When facial paralysis results from syphilis, it usually develops during the tertiary meningovascular stage. We report a 30-year-old man with secondary syphilis who developed facial paralysis associated with acute syphilitic meningitis. Spirochetes were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid by immunofluorescence using standard reagents from the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test. Patients with Bell's palsy should be screened for syphilis with a blood FTA-ABS test, and treatment with corticosteroids should be considered only after an infectious cause has been excluded.", "contents": "Bell's palsy and secondary syphilis: CSF spirochetes detected by immunofluorescence. Although Bell's palsy is usually idiopathic, occasional cases may have an identifiable infectious cause. When facial paralysis results from syphilis, it usually develops during the tertiary meningovascular stage. We report a 30-year-old man with secondary syphilis who developed facial paralysis associated with acute syphilitic meningitis. Spirochetes were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid by immunofluorescence using standard reagents from the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test. Patients with Bell's palsy should be screened for syphilis with a blood FTA-ABS test, and treatment with corticosteroids should be considered only after an infectious cause has been excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:365081", "title": "[Plasmids of antibiotic-resistant clinical strains of E. coli].", "content": "Analysis of 53 antibiotic resistant clinical strains of E. coli isolated from patients with various purulent inflammatory diseases is presented. According to the data of the electrophoretic study 83 per cent of them carried 2 to 6 plasmids. Thirteen of them carried the conjugation R-factor. The antibiotic resistance in the other strains was due to the non-conjugation plasmids.", "contents": "[Plasmids of antibiotic-resistant clinical strains of E. coli]. Analysis of 53 antibiotic resistant clinical strains of E. coli isolated from patients with various purulent inflammatory diseases is presented. According to the data of the electrophoretic study 83 per cent of them carried 2 to 6 plasmids. Thirteen of them carried the conjugation R-factor. The antibiotic resistance in the other strains was due to the non-conjugation plasmids."}
{"id": "PMID:365084", "title": "[Leukolysis reaction in the diagnosis of allergy to antibacterial preparations in pulmonology].", "content": "The experiment included 109 patients with non-specific pathological processes in the lungs. i.e. 21 cases with acute and 55 cases with chronic pneumonia and 33 cases with bronchial asthma with or without chronic pneumonia. Clinically intolerance of the antibacterial drugs was observed in 39 patients and increased leucolysis (above 15 per cent) was observed sometimes more frequently. Only with the use of penicillin the difference was 1.6 times. Out of 39 patients with clinical signs of allergy to antibiotics or sulphanilamide only 20 showed the signs of increased leucolysis on the use of the respective drug. No correlation between the percentage of the leucolysis cases due to antibiotics or sulphanilamides and the clinical signs of their intolerance was observed. The use of such drugs by a person or even only his presence in the hospital often induced increased leucolysis which may be considered as an indication of the person sensibilization to them.", "contents": "[Leukolysis reaction in the diagnosis of allergy to antibacterial preparations in pulmonology]. The experiment included 109 patients with non-specific pathological processes in the lungs. i.e. 21 cases with acute and 55 cases with chronic pneumonia and 33 cases with bronchial asthma with or without chronic pneumonia. Clinically intolerance of the antibacterial drugs was observed in 39 patients and increased leucolysis (above 15 per cent) was observed sometimes more frequently. Only with the use of penicillin the difference was 1.6 times. Out of 39 patients with clinical signs of allergy to antibiotics or sulphanilamide only 20 showed the signs of increased leucolysis on the use of the respective drug. No correlation between the percentage of the leucolysis cases due to antibiotics or sulphanilamides and the clinical signs of their intolerance was observed. The use of such drugs by a person or even only his presence in the hospital often induced increased leucolysis which may be considered as an indication of the person sensibilization to them."}
{"id": "PMID:365085", "title": "Synergistic activity of gentamicin with trimethoprim or sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "The effect of combinations of gentamicin with trimethoprim or sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (11 strains) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12 strains) was examined by using a microdilution checkerboard technique. All isolates were susceptible to each antimicrobial agent. Synergism, defined as at least a 2-log(2)-dilution lowering of the minimal inhibitory concentration of either antibiotic in the combination compared with the minimal inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic alone, was observed with 15 of 23 (65%) isolates tested against trimethoprim and gentamicin and 14 of 23 (61%) isolates tested against sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and gentamicin. A 3-log(2)-dilution lowering of the minimal inhibitory concentration of either antibiotic was observed in 7 of 23 (30%) trimethoprim and gentamicin trials and 3 of 23 (13%) sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and gentamicin trials. Antagonism was observed in 3 of 46 combination trials and only with strains of K. pneumoniae.", "contents": "Synergistic activity of gentamicin with trimethoprim or sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The effect of combinations of gentamicin with trimethoprim or sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (11 strains) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12 strains) was examined by using a microdilution checkerboard technique. All isolates were susceptible to each antimicrobial agent. Synergism, defined as at least a 2-log(2)-dilution lowering of the minimal inhibitory concentration of either antibiotic in the combination compared with the minimal inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic alone, was observed with 15 of 23 (65%) isolates tested against trimethoprim and gentamicin and 14 of 23 (61%) isolates tested against sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and gentamicin. A 3-log(2)-dilution lowering of the minimal inhibitory concentration of either antibiotic was observed in 7 of 23 (30%) trimethoprim and gentamicin trials and 3 of 23 (13%) sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and gentamicin trials. Antagonism was observed in 3 of 46 combination trials and only with strains of K. pneumoniae."}
{"id": "PMID:365086", "title": "Interaction of chemotherapy and immune defenses in experimental murine cryptococcosis.", "content": "Congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) and thymus-containing heterozygous (nu/X) mice were infected intraperitoneally with Cryptococcus neoformans over a wide range of challenge doses. Cryptococcal disease progressed more rapidly in nude mice than in their nu/X littermates. When nu/X mice were treated with amphotericin B, all survived an otherwise lethal dose of C. neoformans. At larger challenge doses, survival was prolonged in nu/nu mice treated with amphotericin B, but they later succumbed to cryptococcosis. At lower challenge doses, amphotericin B was curative in some nude mice. Therapy of nude mice with both amphotericin B and flucytosine further prolonged survival at high-dose challenge and increased the number of cures at low-dose challenge. These studies support an interaction of antifungal chemotherapy with thymus-dependent immune defense mechanisms. This interaction is most evident at high challenge doses, where antifungal chemotherapy cures nu/X mice but only modestly prolongs survival in nude mice.", "contents": "Interaction of chemotherapy and immune defenses in experimental murine cryptococcosis. Congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) and thymus-containing heterozygous (nu/X) mice were infected intraperitoneally with Cryptococcus neoformans over a wide range of challenge doses. Cryptococcal disease progressed more rapidly in nude mice than in their nu/X littermates. When nu/X mice were treated with amphotericin B, all survived an otherwise lethal dose of C. neoformans. At larger challenge doses, survival was prolonged in nu/nu mice treated with amphotericin B, but they later succumbed to cryptococcosis. At lower challenge doses, amphotericin B was curative in some nude mice. Therapy of nude mice with both amphotericin B and flucytosine further prolonged survival at high-dose challenge and increased the number of cures at low-dose challenge. These studies support an interaction of antifungal chemotherapy with thymus-dependent immune defense mechanisms. This interaction is most evident at high challenge doses, where antifungal chemotherapy cures nu/X mice but only modestly prolongs survival in nude mice."}
{"id": "PMID:365087", "title": "Effect of feeding chlortetracycline on the reservoir of Salmonella typhimurium in experimentally infected swine.", "content": "Swine were fed either a diet containing 110 mg of chlortetracycline (CTC) per kg (100 g/ton) or a control diet and were inoculated orally with Salmonella typhimurium that was either susceptible or resistant to CTC. The quantity, duration, and prevalence of fecal elimination of S. typhimurium, as well as the effect of CTC on the transmission of S. typhimurium from infected to uninfected swine, were determined. When animals were infected with CTC-resistant S. typhimurium, CTC increased the quantity (P < 0.05), duration (P < 0.05), and prevalence (P < 0.01) of fecal shedding, the transmission from infected to uninfected swine, and the recovery of the infecting organism at necropsy. When animals were infected with CTC-susceptible S. typhimurium, CTC reduced the quantity (between 7 and 10 days postinfection) (P < 0.01), duration (P < 0.05), and prevalence (P < 0.05) of fecal shedding, the transmission from infected to uninfected swine, and the recovery of the infecting organism at necropsy. Resistance to tetracycline was transferred in vivo to 4 and 6% of the susceptible infecting S. typhimurium recovered from the untreated and treated groups, respectively. The increased reservoir of S. typhimurium and the transfer of resistance to susceptible S. typhimurium have implications for both animal and public health.", "contents": "Effect of feeding chlortetracycline on the reservoir of Salmonella typhimurium in experimentally infected swine. Swine were fed either a diet containing 110 mg of chlortetracycline (CTC) per kg (100 g/ton) or a control diet and were inoculated orally with Salmonella typhimurium that was either susceptible or resistant to CTC. The quantity, duration, and prevalence of fecal elimination of S. typhimurium, as well as the effect of CTC on the transmission of S. typhimurium from infected to uninfected swine, were determined. When animals were infected with CTC-resistant S. typhimurium, CTC increased the quantity (P < 0.05), duration (P < 0.05), and prevalence (P < 0.01) of fecal shedding, the transmission from infected to uninfected swine, and the recovery of the infecting organism at necropsy. When animals were infected with CTC-susceptible S. typhimurium, CTC reduced the quantity (between 7 and 10 days postinfection) (P < 0.01), duration (P < 0.05), and prevalence (P < 0.05) of fecal shedding, the transmission from infected to uninfected swine, and the recovery of the infecting organism at necropsy. Resistance to tetracycline was transferred in vivo to 4 and 6% of the susceptible infecting S. typhimurium recovered from the untreated and treated groups, respectively. The increased reservoir of S. typhimurium and the transfer of resistance to susceptible S. typhimurium have implications for both animal and public health."}
{"id": "PMID:365088", "title": "Genetic and molecular characterization of an Escherichia coli plasmid coding for hydrogen sulfide production and drug resistance.", "content": "An H(2)S-producing variant of Escherichia coli (strain 142) isolated from a urinary tract infection was found to be resistant to high levels of tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, and sulfonamide. The H(2)S trait segregated spontaneously at a frequency of 2.5 x 10(-3). No segregation was observed for the drug resistance determinants. Neither ethidium bromide nor acridine orange affected the rate of segregation of the drug resistance determinants or the trait for H(2)S production. Antibiotic resistance and hydrogen sulfide production were conjugally transferred to E. coli K-12 recipients at a frequency of approximately 10(-5) per donor cell. Antibiotic resistance and hydrogen sulfide production were also transduced as a single unit with phage P1L4. Genetic data, based on the segregation of resistance determinants and the H(2)S trait among transconjugant and transductant classes, suggested the presence of two R plasmids. Plasmid DNA was isolated by cesium chloride-ethidium bromide centrifugation. Two plasmid species were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis of purified plasmid DNA, a large molecule of about 80 x 10(6) daltons (designated pSR12) and a small molecular species of approximately 5.5 x 10(6) daltons (designated pSR13). Transformation studies using purified plasmid DNA showed that the large pSR12 plasmid confers resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and streptomycin and also carries the gene(s) for H(2)S production. The small pSR13 plasmid confers resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamide.", "contents": "Genetic and molecular characterization of an Escherichia coli plasmid coding for hydrogen sulfide production and drug resistance. An H(2)S-producing variant of Escherichia coli (strain 142) isolated from a urinary tract infection was found to be resistant to high levels of tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, and sulfonamide. The H(2)S trait segregated spontaneously at a frequency of 2.5 x 10(-3). No segregation was observed for the drug resistance determinants. Neither ethidium bromide nor acridine orange affected the rate of segregation of the drug resistance determinants or the trait for H(2)S production. Antibiotic resistance and hydrogen sulfide production were conjugally transferred to E. coli K-12 recipients at a frequency of approximately 10(-5) per donor cell. Antibiotic resistance and hydrogen sulfide production were also transduced as a single unit with phage P1L4. Genetic data, based on the segregation of resistance determinants and the H(2)S trait among transconjugant and transductant classes, suggested the presence of two R plasmids. Plasmid DNA was isolated by cesium chloride-ethidium bromide centrifugation. Two plasmid species were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis of purified plasmid DNA, a large molecule of about 80 x 10(6) daltons (designated pSR12) and a small molecular species of approximately 5.5 x 10(6) daltons (designated pSR13). Transformation studies using purified plasmid DNA showed that the large pSR12 plasmid confers resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and streptomycin and also carries the gene(s) for H(2)S production. The small pSR13 plasmid confers resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamide."}
{"id": "PMID:365089", "title": "New cephamycin antibiotic, CS-1170: binding affinity to penicillin-binding proteins and inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking reactions in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The binding activity of CS-1170, a new cephamycin antibiotic, to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in Escherichia coli and Proteus species and the potency of this antibiotic in vitro to inhibit enzymes involved in peptidoglycan cross-linking in E. coli were tested. Similar experiments were carried out with the 7alpha-H analog of CS-1170, R-45656, and the results were compared with those obtained with CS-1170. CS-1170 showed high affinities (compared with that of penicillin G) for E. coli PBP-1A, -1Bs, and -3, the PBPs of higher molecular weight, but not PBP-2. It also inhibited the in vitro peptidoglycan cross linking reaction and concomitant release of d-alanine at very low concentrations (approximately its minimal inhibitory concentration). This antibiotic also showed very high affinity for PBP-4, -5, and -6, the PBPs of lower molecular weight, and at extremely low concentrations it inhibited d-alanine carboxypeptidases IA and IB, corresponding to PBP-5/6 and PBP-4, respectively. CS-1170 seemed to be resistant to the beta-lactamase activity of PBP-5 and -6 in E. coli and Proteus species. R-45656 showed as high an affinity for PBP-1A, -1Bs, and -3 as CS-1170, but unlike CS-1170, it had low affinities for PBP-4, -5, and -6. The concentrations of R-45656 required for inhibition of d-alanine carboxypeptidases IA and IB were also much higher than those of CS-1170. R-45656 showed rather low activities in inhibiting the in vitro cross-linking reaction of peptidoglycan and concomitant release of d-alanine. Synergism was observed in 9 of 22 strains examined between CS-1170 and mecillinam, which bound specifically to PBP-2.", "contents": "New cephamycin antibiotic, CS-1170: binding affinity to penicillin-binding proteins and inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking reactions in Escherichia coli. The binding activity of CS-1170, a new cephamycin antibiotic, to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in Escherichia coli and Proteus species and the potency of this antibiotic in vitro to inhibit enzymes involved in peptidoglycan cross-linking in E. coli were tested. Similar experiments were carried out with the 7alpha-H analog of CS-1170, R-45656, and the results were compared with those obtained with CS-1170. CS-1170 showed high affinities (compared with that of penicillin G) for E. coli PBP-1A, -1Bs, and -3, the PBPs of higher molecular weight, but not PBP-2. It also inhibited the in vitro peptidoglycan cross linking reaction and concomitant release of d-alanine at very low concentrations (approximately its minimal inhibitory concentration). This antibiotic also showed very high affinity for PBP-4, -5, and -6, the PBPs of lower molecular weight, and at extremely low concentrations it inhibited d-alanine carboxypeptidases IA and IB, corresponding to PBP-5/6 and PBP-4, respectively. CS-1170 seemed to be resistant to the beta-lactamase activity of PBP-5 and -6 in E. coli and Proteus species. R-45656 showed as high an affinity for PBP-1A, -1Bs, and -3 as CS-1170, but unlike CS-1170, it had low affinities for PBP-4, -5, and -6. The concentrations of R-45656 required for inhibition of d-alanine carboxypeptidases IA and IB were also much higher than those of CS-1170. R-45656 showed rather low activities in inhibiting the in vitro cross-linking reaction of peptidoglycan and concomitant release of d-alanine. Synergism was observed in 9 of 22 strains examined between CS-1170 and mecillinam, which bound specifically to PBP-2."}
{"id": "PMID:365090", "title": "Colicinogeny of Escherichia coli MRE 600.", "content": "Escherichia coli MRE 600 is a colicinogenic bacterium. Its colicinogenic activity may be ascribed mostly to colicin E1, although it produces a small amount of another, as yet unidentified, colicin.", "contents": "Colicinogeny of Escherichia coli MRE 600. Escherichia coli MRE 600 is a colicinogenic bacterium. Its colicinogenic activity may be ascribed mostly to colicin E1, although it produces a small amount of another, as yet unidentified, colicin."}
{"id": "PMID:365091", "title": "Combined stereotactic and peripheral surgical approach for spasmodic torticollis.", "content": "Thalamotomy with or without pallidotomy and peripheral denervation, if necessary, was performed in 14 cases of spasmodic torticollis or other late dystonias. Of 4 bilateral procedures, 2 had a good result, in 1 there was little change and in another the patient remained with a pseudobulbar syndrome, the only complication in this group. 1 patient only required peripheral denervation with a good result. Of the 9 patients who underwent unilateral thalamotomy, with or without pallidotomy, the result was excellent in 6 and good in 2 others, but in 4 of these 8 patients peripheral denervation was also performed.", "contents": "Combined stereotactic and peripheral surgical approach for spasmodic torticollis. Thalamotomy with or without pallidotomy and peripheral denervation, if necessary, was performed in 14 cases of spasmodic torticollis or other late dystonias. Of 4 bilateral procedures, 2 had a good result, in 1 there was little change and in another the patient remained with a pseudobulbar syndrome, the only complication in this group. 1 patient only required peripheral denervation with a good result. Of the 9 patients who underwent unilateral thalamotomy, with or without pallidotomy, the result was excellent in 6 and good in 2 others, but in 4 of these 8 patients peripheral denervation was also performed."}
{"id": "PMID:365092", "title": "A new apparatus to avoid certain complications in stereotactic operations at the upper cervical spinal cord.", "content": "An electronic apparatus was developed which measures the effective current flow of the monophasic stimulation pulses while the tip of the electrode is passing through the tissue. This current flow can be observed as a function of time on the screen of a cathode ray tube.", "contents": "A new apparatus to avoid certain complications in stereotactic operations at the upper cervical spinal cord. An electronic apparatus was developed which measures the effective current flow of the monophasic stimulation pulses while the tip of the electrode is passing through the tissue. This current flow can be observed as a function of time on the screen of a cathode ray tube."}
{"id": "PMID:365093", "title": "Application of stereotactic principles to the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.", "content": "The application of neuroanatomical and neurophysiological principles to the functional surgery of the trigeminal nerve is discussed. Particular attention has been directed toward correlating the three-dimensional anatomical features of the trigeminal nerve and the surrounding structures to the two-dimensional radiograph of this same region. In this regard, 20 trigeminal nerves, including the surrounding neurovascular structures from 10 cadaver sphenoid blocks, were examined. Measurements of the third, fourth and sixth cranial nerves in relation to the profile of the clivus were made from lateral radiographs of the sphenoid blocks. The position of the internal carotid artery in relation to these structures was also noted. These neurovascular relationships are of clinical importance when using the percutaneous thermocoagulation technique for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.", "contents": "Application of stereotactic principles to the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. The application of neuroanatomical and neurophysiological principles to the functional surgery of the trigeminal nerve is discussed. Particular attention has been directed toward correlating the three-dimensional anatomical features of the trigeminal nerve and the surrounding structures to the two-dimensional radiograph of this same region. In this regard, 20 trigeminal nerves, including the surrounding neurovascular structures from 10 cadaver sphenoid blocks, were examined. Measurements of the third, fourth and sixth cranial nerves in relation to the profile of the clivus were made from lateral radiographs of the sphenoid blocks. The position of the internal carotid artery in relation to these structures was also noted. These neurovascular relationships are of clinical importance when using the percutaneous thermocoagulation technique for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia."}
{"id": "PMID:365094", "title": "Computer-assisted stereotactic brain operations by means including computerized axial tomography.", "content": "With a computerized program system for stereotactic brain operations it becomes possible for the first time to react even before running a possible risk, e.g., in case of punctures in the midbrain, the brain stem, or in the hypothalamus, by simulating the operative procedure even before starting the operation itself. This is effected by the ability to change the penetration angle of the electrode or by choosing a different point of trepanation. The inclusion of computerized axial tomography, especially through the presentation of the CT scan, made to measure with the help of the linear transformation, and of the input of the cranial and ventricular coordinates through a digitizer, together with the coordinates resulting from the X-ray picture, brings the definition of the target point to a still greater optimum. Thus the safety and the precision of the stereotactic operation have been improved even further.", "contents": "Computer-assisted stereotactic brain operations by means including computerized axial tomography. With a computerized program system for stereotactic brain operations it becomes possible for the first time to react even before running a possible risk, e.g., in case of punctures in the midbrain, the brain stem, or in the hypothalamus, by simulating the operative procedure even before starting the operation itself. This is effected by the ability to change the penetration angle of the electrode or by choosing a different point of trepanation. The inclusion of computerized axial tomography, especially through the presentation of the CT scan, made to measure with the help of the linear transformation, and of the input of the cranial and ventricular coordinates through a digitizer, together with the coordinates resulting from the X-ray picture, brings the definition of the target point to a still greater optimum. Thus the safety and the precision of the stereotactic operation have been improved even further."}
{"id": "PMID:365095", "title": "Computerized graphic display of physiological data collected during human stereotactic surgery.", "content": "An on-line computerized graphic display has been developed for use during stereotactic operations. This depicts in the form of figurine charts and alph-numeric symbols, appropriately oriented on saggital brain diagrams, the results of serial threshold stimulation of the brain. The display facilitates choice of target sites and the data can be stored in a tape library from which search-and-plot programs can be activated for any type or combination of types of response.", "contents": "Computerized graphic display of physiological data collected during human stereotactic surgery. An on-line computerized graphic display has been developed for use during stereotactic operations. This depicts in the form of figurine charts and alph-numeric symbols, appropriately oriented on saggital brain diagrams, the results of serial threshold stimulation of the brain. The display facilitates choice of target sites and the data can be stored in a tape library from which search-and-plot programs can be activated for any type or combination of types of response."}
{"id": "PMID:365096", "title": "Estimation of neural noise. Functional anatomy of the human thalamus.", "content": "In the course of stereotactic thalamotomy, the neural noise level of subcortical structures was estimated quantitatively with the aid of two semimicro-electrodes. The neural noise showed several characteristic features in terms of its amplitude and discharge pattern so that it was correlated with the possible anatomical substrate, thus providing the functional anatomy of the subcortical structures. The study on saggital plane revealed a systematic difference of the noise level between VL and Vim-Vc that could be explained by the different cell size in respective nucleus. Several exceptional cases were also presented, emphasizing the neural noise study in stereotactic surgery.", "contents": "Estimation of neural noise. Functional anatomy of the human thalamus. In the course of stereotactic thalamotomy, the neural noise level of subcortical structures was estimated quantitatively with the aid of two semimicro-electrodes. The neural noise showed several characteristic features in terms of its amplitude and discharge pattern so that it was correlated with the possible anatomical substrate, thus providing the functional anatomy of the subcortical structures. The study on saggital plane revealed a systematic difference of the noise level between VL and Vim-Vc that could be explained by the different cell size in respective nucleus. Several exceptional cases were also presented, emphasizing the neural noise study in stereotactic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:365097", "title": "Arrest reaction in man. Motor arrest response by electrical stimulation of the deep structure of the cerebrum.", "content": "In spite of many reports of arrest reaction in animals, there are very few reports in man. During a therapeutic stereotactic operation we observed peculiar phenomena caused by electrical stimulation to the deep structure of the cerebrum. This phenomenon is quite similar to that reported by Van Buren, but there are a few differences between them. Arrest reaction was observed in 14 of 23 cases, 17 of 28 tracks. Stimuli which caused the arrest reaction were 60--100 Hz square waves of 1 msec duration and 5--15 V. The electrical stimulation caused an interruption of counting and other motor actions, which could be resumed following release of stimuli. Psychic confusion or memory disturbances were not observed with the exception of a few cases. The arrest reaction that we observed is thought to be due to a direct effect on the head of the caudate nucleus, not due to secondary effects on the internal capsule and the motor fiber in vicinity of the caudate nucleus. However, the possibility that the current spread to the motor fiber cannot be definitely ruled out.", "contents": "Arrest reaction in man. Motor arrest response by electrical stimulation of the deep structure of the cerebrum. In spite of many reports of arrest reaction in animals, there are very few reports in man. During a therapeutic stereotactic operation we observed peculiar phenomena caused by electrical stimulation to the deep structure of the cerebrum. This phenomenon is quite similar to that reported by Van Buren, but there are a few differences between them. Arrest reaction was observed in 14 of 23 cases, 17 of 28 tracks. Stimuli which caused the arrest reaction were 60--100 Hz square waves of 1 msec duration and 5--15 V. The electrical stimulation caused an interruption of counting and other motor actions, which could be resumed following release of stimuli. Psychic confusion or memory disturbances were not observed with the exception of a few cases. The arrest reaction that we observed is thought to be due to a direct effect on the head of the caudate nucleus, not due to secondary effects on the internal capsule and the motor fiber in vicinity of the caudate nucleus. However, the possibility that the current spread to the motor fiber cannot be definitely ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:365098", "title": "Stereotactic radiofrequency hypophysectomy.", "content": "Clinical indications and technical details of RF hypophysectomy were reviewed. Evaluation of serveral hundred procedures toward pathologic and symptomatic amelioration ofmetastatic breast cancer and diabetic retinopathy, and also a few cases of intrasellar tumor, indicated sufficient benefit for endorsement in selected patients.", "contents": "Stereotactic radiofrequency hypophysectomy. Clinical indications and technical details of RF hypophysectomy were reviewed. Evaluation of serveral hundred procedures toward pathologic and symptomatic amelioration ofmetastatic breast cancer and diabetic retinopathy, and also a few cases of intrasellar tumor, indicated sufficient benefit for endorsement in selected patients."}
{"id": "PMID:365099", "title": "The posteromedial hypothalamus and pain, behavior, with special reference to endocrinological findings.", "content": "Stereotactic intervention into the posterior hypothalamus gives satisfactory results for controlling both aggressive, violent behavioral disorders and intractable pain. From the endocrinological point of view, this procedure activates the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis only temporarily, without causing any serious dysfunctions.", "contents": "The posteromedial hypothalamus and pain, behavior, with special reference to endocrinological findings. Stereotactic intervention into the posterior hypothalamus gives satisfactory results for controlling both aggressive, violent behavioral disorders and intractable pain. From the endocrinological point of view, this procedure activates the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis only temporarily, without causing any serious dysfunctions."}
{"id": "PMID:365100", "title": "Surprise finding 5 years after stereotactic amygdalotomy.", "content": "Before extinction of an epileptogenic focus exclusion of an intracranial tumor or an angioma by EEG, isotope and contrast medium diagnosis must be attempted. A case history is presented of a patient in whom a malignant glioma was discovered 5 years after stereotactic treatment for epilepsy.", "contents": "Surprise finding 5 years after stereotactic amygdalotomy. Before extinction of an epileptogenic focus exclusion of an intracranial tumor or an angioma by EEG, isotope and contrast medium diagnosis must be attempted. A case history is presented of a patient in whom a malignant glioma was discovered 5 years after stereotactic treatment for epilepsy."}
{"id": "PMID:365101", "title": "Stereotactic amygdalotomy for convulsive and behavioral disorders. Long-term follow-up study.", "content": "58 patients, whose convulsions and behavioral disorders did not respond to nonsurgical therapy, were treated with stereotactic amygdalotomy between 1963 and 1973. A retrospective study was carried out by a psychiatric research team 1--11 years postoperatively. Using reliable objective methods of assessment they found that 50% operated primarily for seizures, 33% for uncontrolled conduct disorders and 50% with both conditions seemed improved after surgery.", "contents": "Stereotactic amygdalotomy for convulsive and behavioral disorders. Long-term follow-up study. 58 patients, whose convulsions and behavioral disorders did not respond to nonsurgical therapy, were treated with stereotactic amygdalotomy between 1963 and 1973. A retrospective study was carried out by a psychiatric research team 1--11 years postoperatively. Using reliable objective methods of assessment they found that 50% operated primarily for seizures, 33% for uncontrolled conduct disorders and 50% with both conditions seemed improved after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:365102", "title": "Changes in regional cerebral blood flow following stereotactic psychosurgery.", "content": "Serial measurements of regional cerebral blood flow by the 133Xe inhalation method were performed in a pilot study in 6 patients undergoing stereotactic psychosurgical procedures (anterior capsulotomy, cingulotomy, frontobasal tractotomy). Average hemispheric flow did not change significantly from pre- to post-operative, but changes were seen in the patterns of regional flow distribution. The most striking finding was frontal flow reduction following capsulotomy. In view of the coupling of blood flow and function in the brain, the results indicate that this method offers a new way for exploring the effects of functional neurosurgery on brain activity.", "contents": "Changes in regional cerebral blood flow following stereotactic psychosurgery. Serial measurements of regional cerebral blood flow by the 133Xe inhalation method were performed in a pilot study in 6 patients undergoing stereotactic psychosurgical procedures (anterior capsulotomy, cingulotomy, frontobasal tractotomy). Average hemispheric flow did not change significantly from pre- to post-operative, but changes were seen in the patterns of regional flow distribution. The most striking finding was frontal flow reduction following capsulotomy. In view of the coupling of blood flow and function in the brain, the results indicate that this method offers a new way for exploring the effects of functional neurosurgery on brain activity."}
{"id": "PMID:365103", "title": "Stereotactic cingulumotomy for drug addiction.", "content": "This paper analyzes the results of surgical treatment of 73 patients with drug addiction. They were treated by lesions in the anterior cingulum. Morphine, Pethidine (meperidine) and alcohol were the common drugs of addiction. Selection of cases, rationale for surgery and operative technique are discussed. Follow-up varied from 1 to 6 years. Results of surgery indicate this procedure as the most promising one for cure of drug addiction.", "contents": "Stereotactic cingulumotomy for drug addiction. This paper analyzes the results of surgical treatment of 73 patients with drug addiction. They were treated by lesions in the anterior cingulum. Morphine, Pethidine (meperidine) and alcohol were the common drugs of addiction. Selection of cases, rationale for surgery and operative technique are discussed. Follow-up varied from 1 to 6 years. Results of surgery indicate this procedure as the most promising one for cure of drug addiction."}
{"id": "PMID:365104", "title": "Influence of stereotactic hypothalamotomy on alcohol and drug addiction.", "content": "2 or 3 years follow-up of 13 hypothalamotomy patients with alcohol and drug addiction reveals that the addicted patients regained their self-control, the severe preoperative social deterioration was removed, and the tendency to social stabilisation was clearly in evidence.", "contents": "Influence of stereotactic hypothalamotomy on alcohol and drug addiction. 2 or 3 years follow-up of 13 hypothalamotomy patients with alcohol and drug addiction reveals that the addicted patients regained their self-control, the severe preoperative social deterioration was removed, and the tendency to social stabilisation was clearly in evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:365105", "title": "Spinal cord stereotactic techniques re trigeminal nucleotomy and extralemniscal myelotomy.", "content": "The application of stereotactic techniques to the spinal cord as a logical sequel to percutaneous procedures have produced significant developments by enabling the functional exploration of different cord structures. Radiofrequency lesions were placed either at the spinal trigeminal nucleus, for facial pain of central origin such as postherpetic neuralgia or anesthesia dolorosa as well as for neoplastic pain of extensive craniofacial distribution, or at the central cord region to interrupt preferentially multisynaptic nonspecific pathways mainly for midline and/or bilateral pain but also for patients with respiratory inadequacy or for certain central pain states. Technical aspects are reported, and physiological correlates relevant to surgery are analyzed. Results, indications and limitations are discussed.", "contents": "Spinal cord stereotactic techniques re trigeminal nucleotomy and extralemniscal myelotomy. The application of stereotactic techniques to the spinal cord as a logical sequel to percutaneous procedures have produced significant developments by enabling the functional exploration of different cord structures. Radiofrequency lesions were placed either at the spinal trigeminal nucleus, for facial pain of central origin such as postherpetic neuralgia or anesthesia dolorosa as well as for neoplastic pain of extensive craniofacial distribution, or at the central cord region to interrupt preferentially multisynaptic nonspecific pathways mainly for midline and/or bilateral pain but also for patients with respiratory inadequacy or for certain central pain states. Technical aspects are reported, and physiological correlates relevant to surgery are analyzed. Results, indications and limitations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365106", "title": "Mollicellins: mutagenic and antibacterial mycotoxins.", "content": "Eight mollicellins (depsidones) were assayed for mutagenicity and antibacterial activity in Salmonella/microsome tests involving histidine reversion and forward mutation to 8-azaguanine resistance. Two of them, mollicellins C and E, which contain a 3-methylbutenoic acid moiety, were mutagenic and bactericidal for Salmonella typhimurium in the absence of microsomes. Mollicellins D and F, each containing a chlorine atom, were bactericidal but not mutagenic. The mutagenic activity was completely abolished and the antibiotic activity was greatly reduced by coincubation with rat liver microsomes.", "contents": "Mollicellins: mutagenic and antibacterial mycotoxins. Eight mollicellins (depsidones) were assayed for mutagenicity and antibacterial activity in Salmonella/microsome tests involving histidine reversion and forward mutation to 8-azaguanine resistance. Two of them, mollicellins C and E, which contain a 3-methylbutenoic acid moiety, were mutagenic and bactericidal for Salmonella typhimurium in the absence of microsomes. Mollicellins D and F, each containing a chlorine atom, were bactericidal but not mutagenic. The mutagenic activity was completely abolished and the antibiotic activity was greatly reduced by coincubation with rat liver microsomes."}
{"id": "PMID:365107", "title": "Enchanced accuracy of coliform testing in seawater by a modification of the most-probable-number method.", "content": "A 1-year study of marine water sample from six beach locations showed that the most-probable-number method failed to recover significant numbers of coli-forms. Modifying this method by transferring, after 48 h, presumptive negatives (growth and no gas production) to confirmed and fecal coliform media significantly improved recovery. Tests which were presumptive negative but confirmed as fecal coliform positive were designated as false negatives. Most-probable-number method false negatives occurred throughout the year, with 143 of 270 samples collected producing false negatives. More than 50% of fecal coliform false-negative isolates were Escherichia coli. Inclusion of false-negative tubes into the coliform most-probable-number method data resulted in increased violation of the California ocean water contact sports standard at all sites. More than 20% of the samples collected were in violation of this standard. These data indicate that modification of the most-probable-number method increases detection of coliform numbers in the marine environment.", "contents": "Enchanced accuracy of coliform testing in seawater by a modification of the most-probable-number method. A 1-year study of marine water sample from six beach locations showed that the most-probable-number method failed to recover significant numbers of coli-forms. Modifying this method by transferring, after 48 h, presumptive negatives (growth and no gas production) to confirmed and fecal coliform media significantly improved recovery. Tests which were presumptive negative but confirmed as fecal coliform positive were designated as false negatives. Most-probable-number method false negatives occurred throughout the year, with 143 of 270 samples collected producing false negatives. More than 50% of fecal coliform false-negative isolates were Escherichia coli. Inclusion of false-negative tubes into the coliform most-probable-number method data resulted in increased violation of the California ocean water contact sports standard at all sites. More than 20% of the samples collected were in violation of this standard. These data indicate that modification of the most-probable-number method increases detection of coliform numbers in the marine environment."}
{"id": "PMID:365108", "title": "Primary Klebsiella identification with MacConkey-inositol-carbenicillin agar.", "content": "MacConkey-inositol-carbenicillin agar has successfully been used as a primary selective medium for Klebsiella enumeration. With pure cultures, nearly 100% recovery of Klebsiella was observed by membrane filtration. With environmental samples using membrane filtration, 95% of typical pink- to red-colored colonies were verified as Klebsiella, as opposed to only 1% of yellow background colonies. Recovery of Klebsiella on MacConkey-inositol-carbenicillin agar was as good or better than on mEndo agar LES (Difco Laboratories). Recovery and percent colony confirmation with MacConkey-inositol-carbenicillin agar were greater than for other proposed Klebsiella selective media.", "contents": "Primary Klebsiella identification with MacConkey-inositol-carbenicillin agar. MacConkey-inositol-carbenicillin agar has successfully been used as a primary selective medium for Klebsiella enumeration. With pure cultures, nearly 100% recovery of Klebsiella was observed by membrane filtration. With environmental samples using membrane filtration, 95% of typical pink- to red-colored colonies were verified as Klebsiella, as opposed to only 1% of yellow background colonies. Recovery of Klebsiella on MacConkey-inositol-carbenicillin agar was as good or better than on mEndo agar LES (Difco Laboratories). Recovery and percent colony confirmation with MacConkey-inositol-carbenicillin agar were greater than for other proposed Klebsiella selective media."}
{"id": "PMID:365109", "title": "Surface kinetic test method for determining rate of kill by an antimicrobial solid.", "content": "An antimicrobial-surface kinetic test which maximizes probability of cell-to-surface contact has been developed. The measurement of rate of kill by a nonleaching antimicrobial surface is based on the number of surviving bacterial cells at specific times of exposure to various amounts of total treated surface area of test substrate. This method gives information for direct comparison of rate of kill for a variety of antimicrobial surfaces in terms of rate of kill per square centimeter of surface area. Data obtained by this method can also give valuable dose response application information as an indication of the exponential efficiency of concentration in terms of treated surface area.", "contents": "Surface kinetic test method for determining rate of kill by an antimicrobial solid. An antimicrobial-surface kinetic test which maximizes probability of cell-to-surface contact has been developed. The measurement of rate of kill by a nonleaching antimicrobial surface is based on the number of surviving bacterial cells at specific times of exposure to various amounts of total treated surface area of test substrate. This method gives information for direct comparison of rate of kill for a variety of antimicrobial surfaces in terms of rate of kill per square centimeter of surface area. Data obtained by this method can also give valuable dose response application information as an indication of the exponential efficiency of concentration in terms of treated surface area."}
{"id": "PMID:365110", "title": "Dry-heat destruction of lipopolysaccharide: mathematical approach to process evaluation.", "content": "A mathematical model was developed to estimate the number of logarithmic cycles (LDec) of lipopolysaccharide concentration destroyed by a dry-heat sterilization process. The LDec values calculated from the mathematical model agreed well with those obtained from the destruction of lipopolysaccharide by a dry-heat treatment. A discussion of how the mathematical model may be used to evaluate a dry-heat sterilization cycle is presented. This mathematical model and the dry-heat destruction curves indicated existence of a maximum LDec value at each temperature. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Dry-heat destruction of lipopolysaccharide: mathematical approach to process evaluation. A mathematical model was developed to estimate the number of logarithmic cycles (LDec) of lipopolysaccharide concentration destroyed by a dry-heat sterilization process. The LDec values calculated from the mathematical model agreed well with those obtained from the destruction of lipopolysaccharide by a dry-heat treatment. A discussion of how the mathematical model may be used to evaluate a dry-heat sterilization cycle is presented. This mathematical model and the dry-heat destruction curves indicated existence of a maximum LDec value at each temperature. The implications of this finding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365111", "title": "Lactose variability of Escherichia coli in thermally stressed reactor effluent waters.", "content": "Lactose-utilizing and nalidixic acid-resistant populations of Escherichia coli, having an optimum growth temperature of 37 degrees C, were placed in modified diffusion chambers. The chambers were submerged in the epilimnion and hypolimnion of a 1,100-hectare lake (Par Pond) which receives cooling water from a nuclear production reactor. Control chambers were placed in a deep-water reservoir and a Flowing-Streams Laboratory, both of which had comparable temperatures to Par Pond. The populations of E. coli were sampled regularly for up to 3 weeks. Viability of the bacteria was determined by dilution plating to nutrient agar followed by replicate plating onto selective medium to determine lactose utilization and nalidixic acid sensitivity. Initial populations of E. coli were lactose positive but changed to lactose negative in Par Pond when the reactor was operating (i.e., cooling water from the heat exchangers was being discharged to the lake). This alteration occurred most rapidly in the chambers closest to the cooling-water discharge point. Such changes did not occur in a deep-water reservoir, in Par Pond when the reactor was not operating, or in the Flowing-Streams Laboratory. The nalidixic acid-resistant characteristic remained stable regardless of the chambers' placement or reactor operations. Although the reasons for such alterations are unclear, it appears that lactose-negative populations of E. coli are selected for in these reactor effluent waters. The loss of the lactose characteristic prevents the recognition and identification of E. coli in this cooling lake (when the reactor is operating) and may prevent the assessment of water quality based on coliform recognition.", "contents": "Lactose variability of Escherichia coli in thermally stressed reactor effluent waters. Lactose-utilizing and nalidixic acid-resistant populations of Escherichia coli, having an optimum growth temperature of 37 degrees C, were placed in modified diffusion chambers. The chambers were submerged in the epilimnion and hypolimnion of a 1,100-hectare lake (Par Pond) which receives cooling water from a nuclear production reactor. Control chambers were placed in a deep-water reservoir and a Flowing-Streams Laboratory, both of which had comparable temperatures to Par Pond. The populations of E. coli were sampled regularly for up to 3 weeks. Viability of the bacteria was determined by dilution plating to nutrient agar followed by replicate plating onto selective medium to determine lactose utilization and nalidixic acid sensitivity. Initial populations of E. coli were lactose positive but changed to lactose negative in Par Pond when the reactor was operating (i.e., cooling water from the heat exchangers was being discharged to the lake). This alteration occurred most rapidly in the chambers closest to the cooling-water discharge point. Such changes did not occur in a deep-water reservoir, in Par Pond when the reactor was not operating, or in the Flowing-Streams Laboratory. The nalidixic acid-resistant characteristic remained stable regardless of the chambers' placement or reactor operations. Although the reasons for such alterations are unclear, it appears that lactose-negative populations of E. coli are selected for in these reactor effluent waters. The loss of the lactose characteristic prevents the recognition and identification of E. coli in this cooling lake (when the reactor is operating) and may prevent the assessment of water quality based on coliform recognition."}
{"id": "PMID:365112", "title": "Cystic fibrosis, atopy, and airways lability.", "content": "In a survey of cystic fibrosis (CF) in the Avon area, 48 children with CF from 40 families together with 71 of their parents were studied by spirometry, exercise tests, and pinch tests. A control group of 42 young adults was similarly tested; control data for children were taken from previously published work. The prevalence of atopy (any positive prick test) in children with CF was 48%. Sensitivity to grass pollens and house dust mite was no more common in these children (29%) than in a normal population (34%). Hypersensitivity to Aspergillus fumigatus was found in 35% of children with CF and was associated with severe lung disease. The parents had a normal pattern and prevalence of atopy. Exercise-induced airways obstruction was present in only 22% of children with CF; its association with severe lung disease rendered interpretation difficult. The parents had a normal response to exercise. Both hypersensitivity to A. fumigatus and exercise-induced airways lability had the features of acquired characteristics. There was nothing in the present study to support the hypothesis that the possession of a CF gene predisposed to atopy.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis, atopy, and airways lability. In a survey of cystic fibrosis (CF) in the Avon area, 48 children with CF from 40 families together with 71 of their parents were studied by spirometry, exercise tests, and pinch tests. A control group of 42 young adults was similarly tested; control data for children were taken from previously published work. The prevalence of atopy (any positive prick test) in children with CF was 48%. Sensitivity to grass pollens and house dust mite was no more common in these children (29%) than in a normal population (34%). Hypersensitivity to Aspergillus fumigatus was found in 35% of children with CF and was associated with severe lung disease. The parents had a normal pattern and prevalence of atopy. Exercise-induced airways obstruction was present in only 22% of children with CF; its association with severe lung disease rendered interpretation difficult. The parents had a normal response to exercise. Both hypersensitivity to A. fumigatus and exercise-induced airways lability had the features of acquired characteristics. There was nothing in the present study to support the hypothesis that the possession of a CF gene predisposed to atopy."}
{"id": "PMID:365113", "title": "The functional importance of sympathetic nerves to the liver and endocrine pancreas.", "content": "Sympathetic noradrenergic nerves, with their wellknown cardiovascular effects, have recently been found to influence several metabolic and hormone-releasing processes. Morphological investigations in man have revealed a dense sympathetic innervation of the liver parenchyma as well as sympathetic fibers among the endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhans. Functional studies both in animals and man have shown that electrical or reflex activation of the hepatic and pancreatic sympathetic nerve fibers causes an increased output of glucose from the liver as well as a stimulation of glucagon and an inhibition of insulin release from the pancreas. From these results we conclude that damage to sympathetic nerves should be avoided in abdominal surgery.", "contents": "The functional importance of sympathetic nerves to the liver and endocrine pancreas. Sympathetic noradrenergic nerves, with their wellknown cardiovascular effects, have recently been found to influence several metabolic and hormone-releasing processes. Morphological investigations in man have revealed a dense sympathetic innervation of the liver parenchyma as well as sympathetic fibers among the endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhans. Functional studies both in animals and man have shown that electrical or reflex activation of the hepatic and pancreatic sympathetic nerve fibers causes an increased output of glucose from the liver as well as a stimulation of glucagon and an inhibition of insulin release from the pancreas. From these results we conclude that damage to sympathetic nerves should be avoided in abdominal surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:365114", "title": "Rapid test for diagnosis of syphilis by means of the surface fixation method using as antigens VDRL and Treponema pallidum (strain Nichols).", "content": "An attempt to use the \"surface fixation\" method for the detection of antigen-antibody reactions with VDRL and Treponema pallidum has given results which corroborate conventional serological findings in patients suspected of being infected with this organism. The test is performed over strips of filter paper in which mixtures of the serum with the antigen are deposited and submitted to a special procedure of staining in order to detect antigen-antibody reactions.", "contents": "Rapid test for diagnosis of syphilis by means of the surface fixation method using as antigens VDRL and Treponema pallidum (strain Nichols). An attempt to use the \"surface fixation\" method for the detection of antigen-antibody reactions with VDRL and Treponema pallidum has given results which corroborate conventional serological findings in patients suspected of being infected with this organism. The test is performed over strips of filter paper in which mixtures of the serum with the antigen are deposited and submitted to a special procedure of staining in order to detect antigen-antibody reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:365115", "title": "Changes in the rate of synthesis of wall polysaccharides during the cell cycle of yeast.", "content": "Reevaluation and comparison of seemingly contradictory literature data on the mode of synthesis of wall polysaccharides during the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae explained the source of discrepancies and demonstrated their general consonance in the following points: 1. The rate of synthesis of glucan and mannan is not constant and does not increase continuously throughout the entire cell cycle. 2. The rate of synthesis of both polysaccharides is considerably reduced at the time of cell division and in the prebudding phase.", "contents": "Changes in the rate of synthesis of wall polysaccharides during the cell cycle of yeast. Reevaluation and comparison of seemingly contradictory literature data on the mode of synthesis of wall polysaccharides during the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae explained the source of discrepancies and demonstrated their general consonance in the following points: 1. The rate of synthesis of glucan and mannan is not constant and does not increase continuously throughout the entire cell cycle. 2. The rate of synthesis of both polysaccharides is considerably reduced at the time of cell division and in the prebudding phase."}
{"id": "PMID:365118", "title": "[Differentiation of influenza virus antigens using enzyme immunoassay].", "content": "Reported is a microprocess of enzyme immune assay in which slipformed air pockets of polyvinylchloride (PVC), as used in the pharmaceutical industry, are used as carriers of antigens or antibody. Two methods, the anti-globulin and the double-antibody methods, are based on antibody which had been coupled with alkaline phosphatase. Tests in which various sub-types of influenza virus were used have shown the double-antibody method to be a sensitive technique which can be successfully used in the differentiation of envelope antigens.", "contents": "[Differentiation of influenza virus antigens using enzyme immunoassay]. Reported is a microprocess of enzyme immune assay in which slipformed air pockets of polyvinylchloride (PVC), as used in the pharmaceutical industry, are used as carriers of antigens or antibody. Two methods, the anti-globulin and the double-antibody methods, are based on antibody which had been coupled with alkaline phosphatase. Tests in which various sub-types of influenza virus were used have shown the double-antibody method to be a sensitive technique which can be successfully used in the differentiation of envelope antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:365119", "title": "[Radial hemolysis in the diagnosis of influenza virus infections].", "content": "Some of the parameters of the radial haemolysis test were studied, and the test was used to determine antibody titres of sera obtained from patients involved in the epidemic outbreak of influenza-A/Port Chalmers, 1975. The sensitivity of the method was found to depend on the degree of erythrocyte sensitisation. An enlargement by 40 per cent of the haemolytic halo diameter should be considered and treated as antibody rise, if the reaction was to used in serological diagnosis under the conditions tested. The findings were in agreement with the complement fixation reaction in 48 per cent of all cases and with the haemagglutination inhibition test in 53.8 per cent.", "contents": "[Radial hemolysis in the diagnosis of influenza virus infections]. Some of the parameters of the radial haemolysis test were studied, and the test was used to determine antibody titres of sera obtained from patients involved in the epidemic outbreak of influenza-A/Port Chalmers, 1975. The sensitivity of the method was found to depend on the degree of erythrocyte sensitisation. An enlargement by 40 per cent of the haemolytic halo diameter should be considered and treated as antibody rise, if the reaction was to used in serological diagnosis under the conditions tested. The findings were in agreement with the complement fixation reaction in 48 per cent of all cases and with the haemagglutination inhibition test in 53.8 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:365120", "title": "A last link to Pavlov: W. Horsley Gantt reflects.", "content": "The work of Dr W. Horsley Gantt, a pioneer in psychophysiology, is reflected in seven books and more than 700 publications. In an interview videotaped in 1976, Gantt commented on his work with Ivan Pavlov, his concepts of schizokinesis and autokinesis, and goals for future scientific investigation within one area of preventive psychiatry.", "contents": "A last link to Pavlov: W. Horsley Gantt reflects. The work of Dr W. Horsley Gantt, a pioneer in psychophysiology, is reflected in seven books and more than 700 publications. In an interview videotaped in 1976, Gantt commented on his work with Ivan Pavlov, his concepts of schizokinesis and autokinesis, and goals for future scientific investigation within one area of preventive psychiatry."}
{"id": "PMID:365121", "title": "Meditation and psychotherapeutic effects. Self-regulation strategy and altered state of consciousness.", "content": "We review the research literature dealing with the psychotherapeutic effects of meditation. The first part of the article reviews studies in which meditation is viewed as a self-regulation strategy. In the second part, studies in which meditation is viewed as a technique for inducing altered states of consciousness are reviewed. We conclude by giving guidelines and suggestions for future research.", "contents": "Meditation and psychotherapeutic effects. Self-regulation strategy and altered state of consciousness. We review the research literature dealing with the psychotherapeutic effects of meditation. The first part of the article reviews studies in which meditation is viewed as a self-regulation strategy. In the second part, studies in which meditation is viewed as a technique for inducing altered states of consciousness are reviewed. We conclude by giving guidelines and suggestions for future research."}
{"id": "PMID:365122", "title": "Clinical evaluation of naltrexone treatment of opiate-dependent individuals. Report of the National Research Council Committee on Clinical Evaluation of Narcotic Antagonists.", "content": "A multiclinic controlled trial of naltrexone in opiate-dependent persons led to these conclusions: (1) a narcotic antagonist is an acceptable treatment for a small number of patients undergoing treatment for opiate dependence; (2) the group most likely to be candidates for such treatment are those who are relatively opiate-free (\"post-addicts\") and well motivated to seek treatment; (3) although differences between patients treated with placebo and naltrexone were slight, both retention in treatment and opiate-free urine tests favored the naltrexone group; (4) adverse effects of relatively short-term treatment were slight, largely being symptoms and signs of precipitated abstinence in patients with residual dependence.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of naltrexone treatment of opiate-dependent individuals. Report of the National Research Council Committee on Clinical Evaluation of Narcotic Antagonists. A multiclinic controlled trial of naltrexone in opiate-dependent persons led to these conclusions: (1) a narcotic antagonist is an acceptable treatment for a small number of patients undergoing treatment for opiate dependence; (2) the group most likely to be candidates for such treatment are those who are relatively opiate-free (\"post-addicts\") and well motivated to seek treatment; (3) although differences between patients treated with placebo and naltrexone were slight, both retention in treatment and opiate-free urine tests favored the naltrexone group; (4) adverse effects of relatively short-term treatment were slight, largely being symptoms and signs of precipitated abstinence in patients with residual dependence."}
{"id": "PMID:365123", "title": "Methylphenidate vs dextroamphetamine vs caffeine in minimal brain dysfunction: controlled comparison by placebo washout design with Bayes' analysis.", "content": "Double-blind crossover comparison of methylphenidate hydrochloride, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and caffeine after placebo washout in 29 children with minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) showed on six ratings that methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine were significantly (P less than .05 to P less than .001) better than placebo and caffeine, but not significantly (P less than .05) different from each other. Placebo, caffeine, and ratings before drug did not differ significantly. Of 26 drug responders, 12 responded best to dextroamphetamine, ten to methylphenidate, and one to caffeine. The latter child showed no improvement at all with either prescription stimulant. Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine were each efficacious for six children who did not respond to the other stimulant. All three drugs showed significant (P less than .05) weight loss and cardiovascular side effects, the latter possibly spurious. Dextroamphetamine showed a significant (P less than .05) decrease from placebo in \"tummyaches.\"", "contents": "Methylphenidate vs dextroamphetamine vs caffeine in minimal brain dysfunction: controlled comparison by placebo washout design with Bayes' analysis. Double-blind crossover comparison of methylphenidate hydrochloride, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and caffeine after placebo washout in 29 children with minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) showed on six ratings that methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine were significantly (P less than .05 to P less than .001) better than placebo and caffeine, but not significantly (P less than .05) different from each other. Placebo, caffeine, and ratings before drug did not differ significantly. Of 26 drug responders, 12 responded best to dextroamphetamine, ten to methylphenidate, and one to caffeine. The latter child showed no improvement at all with either prescription stimulant. Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine were each efficacious for six children who did not respond to the other stimulant. All three drugs showed significant (P less than .05) weight loss and cardiovascular side effects, the latter possibly spurious. Dextroamphetamine showed a significant (P less than .05) decrease from placebo in \"tummyaches.\""}
{"id": "PMID:365124", "title": "Psychophysiological correlates of the practice of Tantric Yoga meditation.", "content": "Autonomic and electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of Tantric Yoga meditation were studied in three groups of subjects as they progressed from normal consciousness into meditation. Groups differed in their level of meditation proficiency. Measures of skin resistance, heart rate, respiration, autonomic orienting responses, resting EEG, EEG alpha and theta frequencies, sleep-scored EEG, averaged evoked responses, and subjective experience were employed. Unlike most previously reported meditation studies, proficient meditators demonstrated increased autonomic activation during meditation while unexperienced meditators demonstrated autonomic relaxation. During meditation, proficient meditators demonstrated increased alpha and theta power, minimal evidence of EEG-defined sleep, and decreased autonomic orienting to external stimulation. An episode of sudden autonomic activation was observed that was characterized by the meditator as an approach to the Yogic ecstatic state of intense concentration. These findings challenge the current \"relaxation\" model of meditative states.", "contents": "Psychophysiological correlates of the practice of Tantric Yoga meditation. Autonomic and electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of Tantric Yoga meditation were studied in three groups of subjects as they progressed from normal consciousness into meditation. Groups differed in their level of meditation proficiency. Measures of skin resistance, heart rate, respiration, autonomic orienting responses, resting EEG, EEG alpha and theta frequencies, sleep-scored EEG, averaged evoked responses, and subjective experience were employed. Unlike most previously reported meditation studies, proficient meditators demonstrated increased autonomic activation during meditation while unexperienced meditators demonstrated autonomic relaxation. During meditation, proficient meditators demonstrated increased alpha and theta power, minimal evidence of EEG-defined sleep, and decreased autonomic orienting to external stimulation. An episode of sudden autonomic activation was observed that was characterized by the meditator as an approach to the Yogic ecstatic state of intense concentration. These findings challenge the current \"relaxation\" model of meditative states."}
{"id": "PMID:365125", "title": "Temperature biofeedback in the treatment of migraine headaches: a controlled evaluation.", "content": "After an initial four-week baseline phase, during which daily records of headache frequency and intensity and daily medication records were kept, 30 patients with frequent (at least one per month) migraine headaches were randomly assigned to three conditions: (1) temperature biofeedback, autogenic training, and regular home practice; (2) progressive relaxation with regular home practice; and (3) a waiting-list control condition. Comparisons of headache data from the four weeks of baseline and last two weeks of treatment showed that both the relaxation and biofeedback groups improved significantly on total headache activity, duration of headaches, and peak headache intensity and reduced consumption of analgesic medication, while the waiting list control group did not. All three groups showed significant decreases in headache frequency. Although the relaxation training was more effective than biofeedback training at the last week of treatment, follow-up data at one, two, and three months showed no differences between the two treated groups on any dependent measure.", "contents": "Temperature biofeedback in the treatment of migraine headaches: a controlled evaluation. After an initial four-week baseline phase, during which daily records of headache frequency and intensity and daily medication records were kept, 30 patients with frequent (at least one per month) migraine headaches were randomly assigned to three conditions: (1) temperature biofeedback, autogenic training, and regular home practice; (2) progressive relaxation with regular home practice; and (3) a waiting-list control condition. Comparisons of headache data from the four weeks of baseline and last two weeks of treatment showed that both the relaxation and biofeedback groups improved significantly on total headache activity, duration of headaches, and peak headache intensity and reduced consumption of analgesic medication, while the waiting list control group did not. All three groups showed significant decreases in headache frequency. Although the relaxation training was more effective than biofeedback training at the last week of treatment, follow-up data at one, two, and three months showed no differences between the two treated groups on any dependent measure."}
{"id": "PMID:365126", "title": "Imipramine and desipramine in plasma and spinal fluid: relationship to clinical response and serotonin metabolism.", "content": "In a double-blind study of depressed patients treated with imipramine hydrochloride, levels of imipramine and desipramine were measured in plasma and in CSF. Levels of both drugs in CSF were approximately 10% of plasma levels, but the levels in the two body fluids were highly correlated. The levels of both drugs were approximately equal in plasma, but desipramine predominated in CSF (imipramine/desipramine ratio of 0.8). The imipramine-induced alteration in CSF levels of the serotonin metabolite (5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid [5HIAA]) correlated with imipramine levels but not with desipramine. For the group of patients showing a clear antidepressant response, the mean drug levels were nearly double those of the nonresponder group, a difference that did not quite reach statistical significance in this relatively small sample. The desipramine levels showed no responder-nonresponder difference, while the ratio of imipramine/desipramine was significantly higher among the responders. On the average this particular patient group had relatively low pretreatment levels of 5HIAA in CSF, an observation that may partially account for the relatively low overall response rate to imipramine.", "contents": "Imipramine and desipramine in plasma and spinal fluid: relationship to clinical response and serotonin metabolism. In a double-blind study of depressed patients treated with imipramine hydrochloride, levels of imipramine and desipramine were measured in plasma and in CSF. Levels of both drugs in CSF were approximately 10% of plasma levels, but the levels in the two body fluids were highly correlated. The levels of both drugs were approximately equal in plasma, but desipramine predominated in CSF (imipramine/desipramine ratio of 0.8). The imipramine-induced alteration in CSF levels of the serotonin metabolite (5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid [5HIAA]) correlated with imipramine levels but not with desipramine. For the group of patients showing a clear antidepressant response, the mean drug levels were nearly double those of the nonresponder group, a difference that did not quite reach statistical significance in this relatively small sample. The desipramine levels showed no responder-nonresponder difference, while the ratio of imipramine/desipramine was significantly higher among the responders. On the average this particular patient group had relatively low pretreatment levels of 5HIAA in CSF, an observation that may partially account for the relatively low overall response rate to imipramine."}
{"id": "PMID:365127", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of phenelzine.", "content": "There is renewed interest in the clinical pharmacology of phenelzine sulfate and other monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Newer clinical and analytic techniques recently have been applied to investigations of this class of drugs in man. The results show that drugs such as phenelzine are effective in nonendogenous depression and phobic disorders. Clinical response to phenelzine is related to platelet MAO inhibition and dosage per unit body weight. High percent MAO inhibition in platelets at two weeks is associated with greater improvement after a six-week course of treatment. Our data show that a safe, effective phenelzine dose in 1 mg/kg body weight per day. These results have delineated the pharmacologic and therapeutic effects of phenelzine and support a continuing role for MAO inhibitors in psychopharmacology.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of phenelzine. There is renewed interest in the clinical pharmacology of phenelzine sulfate and other monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Newer clinical and analytic techniques recently have been applied to investigations of this class of drugs in man. The results show that drugs such as phenelzine are effective in nonendogenous depression and phobic disorders. Clinical response to phenelzine is related to platelet MAO inhibition and dosage per unit body weight. High percent MAO inhibition in platelets at two weeks is associated with greater improvement after a six-week course of treatment. Our data show that a safe, effective phenelzine dose in 1 mg/kg body weight per day. These results have delineated the pharmacologic and therapeutic effects of phenelzine and support a continuing role for MAO inhibitors in psychopharmacology."}
{"id": "PMID:365128", "title": "Cell membrane ionic permeability, calcium ion, mitochondria, and carcinogenesis.", "content": "The interrelations between changes in cell membrane permeability, increase of intracellular concentration of calcium ion and alterations of the bioenergetic and genetic mechanisms of the mitochondria are formalized in a hypothesis of carcinogenesis. It seems very likely that changes in the permeability of the cell membrane induced by the carcinogen are responsible for increased intracellular accumulation of Ca2+. This phenomenon produces mitochondrial damage associated with permanent modifications of the structural and functional characteristics of the cell membranes as well as of the genetic mechanisms controlling cell division.", "contents": "Cell membrane ionic permeability, calcium ion, mitochondria, and carcinogenesis. The interrelations between changes in cell membrane permeability, increase of intracellular concentration of calcium ion and alterations of the bioenergetic and genetic mechanisms of the mitochondria are formalized in a hypothesis of carcinogenesis. It seems very likely that changes in the permeability of the cell membrane induced by the carcinogen are responsible for increased intracellular accumulation of Ca2+. This phenomenon produces mitochondrial damage associated with permanent modifications of the structural and functional characteristics of the cell membranes as well as of the genetic mechanisms controlling cell division."}
{"id": "PMID:365129", "title": "Kidney glomerular pathology in various forms of acute and chronic hepatitis.", "content": "Kidney tissue from 99 unselected necropsy cases of various forms of hepatitis and liver cirrhosis was examined by histology and direct immunofluorescence. Glomerular deposits of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), IgG, IgM, and complement were found in nine of 59 cases (15%) of acute and subacute hepatitis and in seven of 40 cases (17%) of chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Different amounts of granular hepatitis B surface antigen immune deposits were distributed along glomerular capillary walls and/or in mesangial areas. Glomerular lesions found in these cases consisted of thickening of glomerular capillary walls, a slight increase in glomerular cellularity, and an increase of mesangial matrix. These glomerular lesions are considered to result from the humoral immune elimination of circulating viral surface antigen immune complexes.", "contents": "Kidney glomerular pathology in various forms of acute and chronic hepatitis. Kidney tissue from 99 unselected necropsy cases of various forms of hepatitis and liver cirrhosis was examined by histology and direct immunofluorescence. Glomerular deposits of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), IgG, IgM, and complement were found in nine of 59 cases (15%) of acute and subacute hepatitis and in seven of 40 cases (17%) of chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Different amounts of granular hepatitis B surface antigen immune deposits were distributed along glomerular capillary walls and/or in mesangial areas. Glomerular lesions found in these cases consisted of thickening of glomerular capillary walls, a slight increase in glomerular cellularity, and an increase of mesangial matrix. These glomerular lesions are considered to result from the humoral immune elimination of circulating viral surface antigen immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:365130", "title": "Improved technique for cutting brain slices.", "content": "When two disposable serological pipettes with an external diameter of 1 cm are placed on the cutting surface on either side of the brain and the knife rides across them, it will cut even slices precisely 1 cm thick. Both coronal and horizontal slices can be cut as well as oblique slices for comparison with computerized tomographic scan roentgenograms although for the latter the initial cut will have to be made freehand. For practical purposes, brain slices obtained by this simple technique are as good as those made with a mechanical jig or electric machine and are superior to those made freehand.", "contents": "Improved technique for cutting brain slices. When two disposable serological pipettes with an external diameter of 1 cm are placed on the cutting surface on either side of the brain and the knife rides across them, it will cut even slices precisely 1 cm thick. Both coronal and horizontal slices can be cut as well as oblique slices for comparison with computerized tomographic scan roentgenograms although for the latter the initial cut will have to be made freehand. For practical purposes, brain slices obtained by this simple technique are as good as those made with a mechanical jig or electric machine and are superior to those made freehand."}
{"id": "PMID:365131", "title": "[The revascularisation of fresh homologous bone grafts in the diaphysis of long bones in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "In two series each 5 X 2 grown up mongrel dogs we studied the healing process of fresh concellous and cortical homografts in a defect made in the diaphysis of the radius bone. The experiments cover microangiographical and histological weekly control in the first 6 weeks after transplantation. The results demonstrate that the fresh concellous homografts have a good revascularisation and produce early new bone in the first week. The revascularisation of the cortical grafts is delayed. The immune reaction, which begins after two weeks, is in concellous bone graft more vigorous than in the cortical graft. The reaction leads to vascular disruption prior to the degenerative and necrotic changes of the tissue cells in the grafts including the new bone formation. After overcoming the immune reaction the 2nd or the so called inductive phase of new bone formation starts. The integration of cortical grafts in the host bone is much slower than in concellous bone graft. The vigorous immune reaction followed by the avascular interval in the concellous homografts between the second and third week must be considered as a dangerous critical phase when using homografts in the clinic. Because of the less cell concentration in the cortical homografts there is less immune reaction. Revascularisation in cortical homografts is slow and consequently there is a delayed incorporation of the grafts in the clinical use.", "contents": "[The revascularisation of fresh homologous bone grafts in the diaphysis of long bones in dogs (author's transl)]. In two series each 5 X 2 grown up mongrel dogs we studied the healing process of fresh concellous and cortical homografts in a defect made in the diaphysis of the radius bone. The experiments cover microangiographical and histological weekly control in the first 6 weeks after transplantation. The results demonstrate that the fresh concellous homografts have a good revascularisation and produce early new bone in the first week. The revascularisation of the cortical grafts is delayed. The immune reaction, which begins after two weeks, is in concellous bone graft more vigorous than in the cortical graft. The reaction leads to vascular disruption prior to the degenerative and necrotic changes of the tissue cells in the grafts including the new bone formation. After overcoming the immune reaction the 2nd or the so called inductive phase of new bone formation starts. The integration of cortical grafts in the host bone is much slower than in concellous bone graft. The vigorous immune reaction followed by the avascular interval in the concellous homografts between the second and third week must be considered as a dangerous critical phase when using homografts in the clinic. Because of the less cell concentration in the cortical homografts there is less immune reaction. Revascularisation in cortical homografts is slow and consequently there is a delayed incorporation of the grafts in the clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:365132", "title": "[Results of resection, analogous bone grafting and osteosynthesis of juvenile bone cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "Drawing the conclusions from the results we can say on the basis of the material presented that in the treatment of the solitary bone cyst the total resection of the cyst is more advisable than the excochleation. If the cysts are closely located to the epiphyseal cartilage it will, however, not always be possible to avoid relapses, even if a total resection has been carried out, since the simultaneous resection of the epiphyseal cartilage would result in defective growth. Here the final correction is, however, possible by a second operation, when the cyst has grown further away from the epiphyseal cartilage. The shortening of extremities observed by us are to be attributed to partial damages of the epiphyseal cartilage on account of the operation and may be avoided by a more careful operation procedure. On the whole, the total resection with analogous bone grafting and osteosynthesis can be recommended as a well-tested method of operation with the purpose of obtaining a complete and lasting recovery.", "contents": "[Results of resection, analogous bone grafting and osteosynthesis of juvenile bone cysts (author's transl)]. Drawing the conclusions from the results we can say on the basis of the material presented that in the treatment of the solitary bone cyst the total resection of the cyst is more advisable than the excochleation. If the cysts are closely located to the epiphyseal cartilage it will, however, not always be possible to avoid relapses, even if a total resection has been carried out, since the simultaneous resection of the epiphyseal cartilage would result in defective growth. Here the final correction is, however, possible by a second operation, when the cyst has grown further away from the epiphyseal cartilage. The shortening of extremities observed by us are to be attributed to partial damages of the epiphyseal cartilage on account of the operation and may be avoided by a more careful operation procedure. On the whole, the total resection with analogous bone grafting and osteosynthesis can be recommended as a well-tested method of operation with the purpose of obtaining a complete and lasting recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:365134", "title": "Liver allograft. Its use in chronic active hepatitis with macronodular cirrhosis, hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "A patient suffering from chronic active hepatitis with macronodular cirrhosis, positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), was treated with an orthotopic liver allograft. The HBs antigenemia, as measured with several precipitation tests and by complement fixation, became negative after transplantation and remained so for about 2 1/2 months. During the interval, very low titers of the antigen were detectable by radioimmunoassay. At about three months after transplantation, she had an attack of acute hepatitis, at which time HBsAg became detectable by all tests. She recovered, but progressive liver disease developed during the remaining 1 1/2 years of her life. She died of disseminated nocardiosis and candidiasis with deteriorating hepatic function. The homograft at autopsy showed no evidence of rejection, but was the site of chronic active liver disease, although of a different pathologic pattern than that affecting her native liver. The differences in histology may reflect the influence of chronic immunosuppression on the features of chronic active hepatitis.", "contents": "Liver allograft. Its use in chronic active hepatitis with macronodular cirrhosis, hepatitis B surface antigen. A patient suffering from chronic active hepatitis with macronodular cirrhosis, positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), was treated with an orthotopic liver allograft. The HBs antigenemia, as measured with several precipitation tests and by complement fixation, became negative after transplantation and remained so for about 2 1/2 months. During the interval, very low titers of the antigen were detectable by radioimmunoassay. At about three months after transplantation, she had an attack of acute hepatitis, at which time HBsAg became detectable by all tests. She recovered, but progressive liver disease developed during the remaining 1 1/2 years of her life. She died of disseminated nocardiosis and candidiasis with deteriorating hepatic function. The homograft at autopsy showed no evidence of rejection, but was the site of chronic active liver disease, although of a different pathologic pattern than that affecting her native liver. The differences in histology may reflect the influence of chronic immunosuppression on the features of chronic active hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:365135", "title": "[Ultrastructural analysis of rat pancreatic islet B-cells following thyroidectomy].", "content": "Electron microscopic investigations have shown that after 5 days the pancreatic B-cells of thyroidectomized rats are characterized by marked endoplasmic reticulum dilatations, the reduction of Golgi complex, and the secretory granule extrusion into pericapillary spaces. Later (after 30 days), the insuline granule extrusion from B-cells is retarded, and an increased number of mielin figures in the cytoplasm is observed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural analysis of rat pancreatic islet B-cells following thyroidectomy]. Electron microscopic investigations have shown that after 5 days the pancreatic B-cells of thyroidectomized rats are characterized by marked endoplasmic reticulum dilatations, the reduction of Golgi complex, and the secretory granule extrusion into pericapillary spaces. Later (after 30 days), the insuline granule extrusion from B-cells is retarded, and an increased number of mielin figures in the cytoplasm is observed."}
{"id": "PMID:365139", "title": "[Chief types of placental trophism].", "content": "An attempt is made to represent a theory on two types of placental throphism. The first type--nutrition is mainly performed at the expense of maternal proteins, which in the placental chorion undergo proteolysis with formation of polypeptides and amino acids; embryospecific proteins are formed in the liver of the embryo. This type is characteristic for the animals with epithelio-chorionic acid and partly with desmo-chorionic placentas. The second type is characterized by resorption of amino acids from the maternal organism, from the latter embryospecific proteins are synthesized in the chorion. Thus, placental nutrition is specific for man and animals with hemochorionic and, partly, with endothelio-chorionic placentas.", "contents": "[Chief types of placental trophism]. An attempt is made to represent a theory on two types of placental throphism. The first type--nutrition is mainly performed at the expense of maternal proteins, which in the placental chorion undergo proteolysis with formation of polypeptides and amino acids; embryospecific proteins are formed in the liver of the embryo. This type is characteristic for the animals with epithelio-chorionic acid and partly with desmo-chorionic placentas. The second type is characterized by resorption of amino acids from the maternal organism, from the latter embryospecific proteins are synthesized in the chorion. Thus, placental nutrition is specific for man and animals with hemochorionic and, partly, with endothelio-chorionic placentas."}
{"id": "PMID:365141", "title": "[Changes in gastrulation processes during phylogenesis in the animal world].", "content": "While treating gastrulation only as the entoderm individualization and formation of a double layer germ we do not take into consideration the alterations which gastrulation process has undergone in phylogenesis of different animal types. On the other hand, if entoderm formation (in vertebrates--with discoblastula) is not included in the notion of gastrulation, it will result in a complete incompartibility of gastrulation processes in other groups of animal kingdom. In birds and mammals, gastrulation is a double phasic process: the first phase--entoderm individualization by means of delamination (in combination with immigration), double layer germ formation; the second phase--individualization of mesoderm and chorda from the epiblast composition, a triple layer germ formation, the axial complex germs formation. During phylogenesis of the animal kingdom not only means and mechanisms of gastrulation change but also the contents of the process. For example, in Chordata besides increase in number of germ layers, gastrulation also includes the formation of the axial germ complex. As a result of gastrulational rearrangements of the blastula cellular maternal, the gastrula cell complex (germ layers and germs) come into a new system of interrelationships owing to which architectonic organizational bases of each particular animal type is laid down.", "contents": "[Changes in gastrulation processes during phylogenesis in the animal world]. While treating gastrulation only as the entoderm individualization and formation of a double layer germ we do not take into consideration the alterations which gastrulation process has undergone in phylogenesis of different animal types. On the other hand, if entoderm formation (in vertebrates--with discoblastula) is not included in the notion of gastrulation, it will result in a complete incompartibility of gastrulation processes in other groups of animal kingdom. In birds and mammals, gastrulation is a double phasic process: the first phase--entoderm individualization by means of delamination (in combination with immigration), double layer germ formation; the second phase--individualization of mesoderm and chorda from the epiblast composition, a triple layer germ formation, the axial complex germs formation. During phylogenesis of the animal kingdom not only means and mechanisms of gastrulation change but also the contents of the process. For example, in Chordata besides increase in number of germ layers, gastrulation also includes the formation of the axial germ complex. As a result of gastrulational rearrangements of the blastula cellular maternal, the gastrula cell complex (germ layers and germs) come into a new system of interrelationships owing to which architectonic organizational bases of each particular animal type is laid down."}
{"id": "PMID:365142", "title": "[Morphologic and histochemical characteristics of mammalian embryos during the pre-implantation period of development].", "content": "Submicroscopic embryo organization during preimplantation development was analyzed and its carbohydrate metabolism at these stages was studied. In the process of investigation the following regularities were revealed: progressive rearrangement of the nucleus (from compact to reticular); alterations in cytoplasmic structures (in multivesicular bodies, in autophagal vacuoles, in mitochondria, in granular cytoplasmic network, in lamellar structures); complication of intracellular interrelations (by means of microvilli and median bodies at early stages and during subsequent formation of cellular processes, contacts after \"thorn--net\" pattern, dense, fissure-like contacts and desmosomes). By means of cytochemical and electron histochemical methods, glycogen distribution in embryos at different stages of development was elucidated, and tendency to its decrease with the progress of the development was noted, with its least contents being at the stage of blastocyst.", "contents": "[Morphologic and histochemical characteristics of mammalian embryos during the pre-implantation period of development]. Submicroscopic embryo organization during preimplantation development was analyzed and its carbohydrate metabolism at these stages was studied. In the process of investigation the following regularities were revealed: progressive rearrangement of the nucleus (from compact to reticular); alterations in cytoplasmic structures (in multivesicular bodies, in autophagal vacuoles, in mitochondria, in granular cytoplasmic network, in lamellar structures); complication of intracellular interrelations (by means of microvilli and median bodies at early stages and during subsequent formation of cellular processes, contacts after \"thorn--net\" pattern, dense, fissure-like contacts and desmosomes). By means of cytochemical and electron histochemical methods, glycogen distribution in embryos at different stages of development was elucidated, and tendency to its decrease with the progress of the development was noted, with its least contents being at the stage of blastocyst."}
{"id": "PMID:365144", "title": "[Reciprocal homology of the preotic mesodermal segments of representatives of different classes of vertebrates].", "content": "The data of the literature and those of the author on the origin of preotic mesodermal segments are discussed. Only in Cyclostomata all preotic segments are formed from the wall of archenteron and are larval segments. In all the gnathos tomata, the primary gastral segments are substituted, to different degrees, by postlarval peristonal mesoderm. The preotic mesomeres of Cyclostomata are homologous to II--IV mesomeres of Branchiostoma lanceolata. The anterior cephalic cavity and the premandibular segment of the elasmobranchia are homologous to I and II segments of Branchiostoma lanceolata. The mandibular mesoderm of the elasmobranchia includes the gastral mesoderm (homologous to III and some subsequent segments of Brachiostoma lanceolata) and peristomal mesoderm. The mandibular mesoderm in higher vertebrates has the same composition, but their anterior larval segments disappear and are substituted by gastral part of the mandibular mesoderm.", "contents": "[Reciprocal homology of the preotic mesodermal segments of representatives of different classes of vertebrates]. The data of the literature and those of the author on the origin of preotic mesodermal segments are discussed. Only in Cyclostomata all preotic segments are formed from the wall of archenteron and are larval segments. In all the gnathos tomata, the primary gastral segments are substituted, to different degrees, by postlarval peristonal mesoderm. The preotic mesomeres of Cyclostomata are homologous to II--IV mesomeres of Branchiostoma lanceolata. The anterior cephalic cavity and the premandibular segment of the elasmobranchia are homologous to I and II segments of Branchiostoma lanceolata. The mandibular mesoderm of the elasmobranchia includes the gastral mesoderm (homologous to III and some subsequent segments of Brachiostoma lanceolata) and peristomal mesoderm. The mandibular mesoderm in higher vertebrates has the same composition, but their anterior larval segments disappear and are substituted by gastral part of the mandibular mesoderm."}
{"id": "PMID:365145", "title": "[Ultrastructural analysis of reactive changes in the exo- and endocrine epithelium of embryonal pancreas in organ cultures].", "content": "The purpose of the work was to study reactive changes of endocrine and exocrine epithelii of the rat embryonic pancreas in organic culturation. The culturation was carried out at 34 degrees C and in the nutritional mixture of the following composition: medium 199--70%, cattle serum--20%, chicken embryo extract--10%, glucose--400 mg/100 ml, vitamin \"C\"--7 mg/100 ml, benzilpenicillin--50 U/ml. Three series of experiments were carried out with cultivation of the pancreatic gland of 18, 19 and 20-day-old embryos for 4--28 days. The electronograms obtained demonstrate a certain difference in reactivity, cytophysiology and differentiation of exocrine and endocrine epithelium under the conditions of organic cultivation. During the process, endocrine epithelium undergoes primary differentiation, secondary cytodifferentiation and, further, degenerative changes and necrosis develop. B-cells of the insular apparatus grow and function better than the exogenous epithelium. On the 28th day of cultivation, the embryonic pancreas of 19-day-old embryo demonstrates certain signs of synthesis and B-granule formation. In B-cells cytoplasm, granules of different stages of secrete formation are revealed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural analysis of reactive changes in the exo- and endocrine epithelium of embryonal pancreas in organ cultures]. The purpose of the work was to study reactive changes of endocrine and exocrine epithelii of the rat embryonic pancreas in organic culturation. The culturation was carried out at 34 degrees C and in the nutritional mixture of the following composition: medium 199--70%, cattle serum--20%, chicken embryo extract--10%, glucose--400 mg/100 ml, vitamin \"C\"--7 mg/100 ml, benzilpenicillin--50 U/ml. Three series of experiments were carried out with cultivation of the pancreatic gland of 18, 19 and 20-day-old embryos for 4--28 days. The electronograms obtained demonstrate a certain difference in reactivity, cytophysiology and differentiation of exocrine and endocrine epithelium under the conditions of organic cultivation. During the process, endocrine epithelium undergoes primary differentiation, secondary cytodifferentiation and, further, degenerative changes and necrosis develop. B-cells of the insular apparatus grow and function better than the exogenous epithelium. On the 28th day of cultivation, the embryonic pancreas of 19-day-old embryo demonstrates certain signs of synthesis and B-granule formation. In B-cells cytoplasm, granules of different stages of secrete formation are revealed."}
{"id": "PMID:365148", "title": "[Sutureless anastomoses in gastrointestinal surgery with and without steady magnetic field (experimental study)].", "content": "Experimentally in 52 dogs, sutureless gastro-duodenal and ceco-jejunal side-to-side anastomoses were done by means of devices proposed by N.N. Kanshin for connecting void organs, and the features of accretion of the organ walls under the effect of both simple mechanical compression and that with the help of a steady magnetic field were studied. In both variants the process of anastomosis formation completes at 6-7 days after the operation and natural elimination of the compressing elements occurs at 7-8 days. Morphological examinations of sutureless anastomoses formed under a magnetic field or without it revealed no differences between them. The experimental results demonstrated a number of significant advantages of the sutureless methods of tissue connection over the traditional manual intestinal suture.", "contents": "[Sutureless anastomoses in gastrointestinal surgery with and without steady magnetic field (experimental study)]. Experimentally in 52 dogs, sutureless gastro-duodenal and ceco-jejunal side-to-side anastomoses were done by means of devices proposed by N.N. Kanshin for connecting void organs, and the features of accretion of the organ walls under the effect of both simple mechanical compression and that with the help of a steady magnetic field were studied. In both variants the process of anastomosis formation completes at 6-7 days after the operation and natural elimination of the compressing elements occurs at 7-8 days. Morphological examinations of sutureless anastomoses formed under a magnetic field or without it revealed no differences between them. The experimental results demonstrated a number of significant advantages of the sutureless methods of tissue connection over the traditional manual intestinal suture."}
{"id": "PMID:365151", "title": "Bupivacaine anesthesia in retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "Retinal detachment surgery and other long-duration ocular procedures can be performed safely with local anesthesia, but a long-acting anesthetic is required. A randomized and masked prospective series of 126 scleral buckling procedures was undertaken to test a mixture of bupivacaine (Marcaine), lidocaine (Xylocaine), and epinephrine against lidocaine and epinephrine. The data collected show a conclusive superiority of the bupivacaine mixture in longevity of action and overall performance. Also, there was significantly less variability in the quality of anesthesia with the mixture than with lidocaine (p = .0015).", "contents": "Bupivacaine anesthesia in retinal detachment surgery. Retinal detachment surgery and other long-duration ocular procedures can be performed safely with local anesthesia, but a long-acting anesthetic is required. A randomized and masked prospective series of 126 scleral buckling procedures was undertaken to test a mixture of bupivacaine (Marcaine), lidocaine (Xylocaine), and epinephrine against lidocaine and epinephrine. The data collected show a conclusive superiority of the bupivacaine mixture in longevity of action and overall performance. Also, there was significantly less variability in the quality of anesthesia with the mixture than with lidocaine (p = .0015)."}
{"id": "PMID:365153", "title": "Antibodies in the intestinal secretions of rats. Primary and secondary responses to polymeric flagellin.", "content": "The antibody responses in serum and secretions obtained from the mucosal surfaces of the small intestine of rats immunized by a parenteral and intestinal route have been compared. Though no significant differences in the mean serum titres were found, the responses of animals immunized via the latter route to large doses of antigen were far less uniform. Apart from the first few days of the primary response, antibody activity was found in three major immunoglobulin classes (IgG2, IgA and IgM), irrespective of the route of immunization. Significant antibody activity appeared in the intestinal surface secretions only after two injections of antigen. In rats immunized parenterally the activity was found only in the IgG2 component. Whilst activity was found in both  IgG2 and IgA fractions of the secretions obtained from intestinally immunized rats, it was predominantly of the IgG2 class. The possible significance of this observation is discussed.", "contents": "Antibodies in the intestinal secretions of rats. Primary and secondary responses to polymeric flagellin. The antibody responses in serum and secretions obtained from the mucosal surfaces of the small intestine of rats immunized by a parenteral and intestinal route have been compared. Though no significant differences in the mean serum titres were found, the responses of animals immunized via the latter route to large doses of antigen were far less uniform. Apart from the first few days of the primary response, antibody activity was found in three major immunoglobulin classes (IgG2, IgA and IgM), irrespective of the route of immunization. Significant antibody activity appeared in the intestinal surface secretions only after two injections of antigen. In rats immunized parenterally the activity was found only in the IgG2 component. Whilst activity was found in both  IgG2 and IgA fractions of the secretions obtained from intestinally immunized rats, it was predominantly of the IgG2 class. The possible significance of this observation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365154", "title": "Effects of changes in Mg++ ion concentration upon bacterial inhibition by beta-2-thienylalanine in defined media.", "content": "Variation in the inhibition of growth of Escherichia coli and Shigella sp. in various media containing beta-2-thienylalanine was attributed to differences in concentrations of Mg++ ions. Random blood samples 112 infants were tested for elevated phenylalanine in the phenylketonuria (PKU) screening assay. Magnesium ion levels also affected the results of this assay. At 0.05 g/1 MgSO4, the concentration present in commerical PKU test agar, four false positives were detected, while no readings could be made due to overgrowth of the Bacillus subtilis test strain when the concentration was increased to 0.1 g/1.", "contents": "Effects of changes in Mg++ ion concentration upon bacterial inhibition by beta-2-thienylalanine in defined media. Variation in the inhibition of growth of Escherichia coli and Shigella sp. in various media containing beta-2-thienylalanine was attributed to differences in concentrations of Mg++ ions. Random blood samples 112 infants were tested for elevated phenylalanine in the phenylketonuria (PKU) screening assay. Magnesium ion levels also affected the results of this assay. At 0.05 g/1 MgSO4, the concentration present in commerical PKU test agar, four false positives were detected, while no readings could be made due to overgrowth of the Bacillus subtilis test strain when the concentration was increased to 0.1 g/1."}
{"id": "PMID:365156", "title": "Effects of anti-rheumatic drugs on immunological parameters.", "content": "A short review is presented of the immune and inflammatory sites of action of the more common agents in use by rheumatologists--in particular, corticosteroids, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs.", "contents": "Effects of anti-rheumatic drugs on immunological parameters. A short review is presented of the immune and inflammatory sites of action of the more common agents in use by rheumatologists--in particular, corticosteroids, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:365159", "title": "Scleroderma: pathogenic factors and current management.", "content": "The aetiology of scleroderma remains unknown. Pathogenetic mechanisms may originate from vascular, collagen or immune abnormalities. These are reviewed and the current management although in the main unsatisfactory may alleviate a number of the distressing symptoms.", "contents": "Scleroderma: pathogenic factors and current management. The aetiology of scleroderma remains unknown. Pathogenetic mechanisms may originate from vascular, collagen or immune abnormalities. These are reviewed and the current management although in the main unsatisfactory may alleviate a number of the distressing symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:365171", "title": "The role of calcium ions in the regulation of rat thymocyte pyruvate oxidation by mitogens.", "content": "1. Calcium concentrations in the nanomolar range cause a specific stimulation of the oxidation of pyruvate by isolated mitochondria from rat thymus that is sufficient to account precisely for the stimulation of pyruvate oxidation observed when rat thymocytes are incubated with the mitogens concanavalin A or ionophore A23187. 2. Higher concentrations of Ca2+ (more than 50 nM) inhibit the oxidation of NAD+-linked substrates by rat thymus mitochondria without affecting the oxidation of succinate or ascorbate+ NNN'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylendiamine. 3. The addition of Ni2+ or Co2+ (2mM) to rat thymocytes prevents the response to concanavalin A at the level of pyruvate oxidation without affecting the stimulation of glycolysis induced by this mitogen. In contrast, the complete metabolic response to the ionophore A23187 is abolished by these ions. Ni2+ and Co2+ interfere with the ability of the ionophore to transport Ca2+ across the plasma membrane. 4. Concanavalin A, but not ionophore A23187, increases the respiratory inhibition induced by Ni2+ and Co2+. 5. These results support the view that mitogens stimulate lymphocyte pyruvate oxidation through an increase in cellular Ca2+ uptake.", "contents": "The role of calcium ions in the regulation of rat thymocyte pyruvate oxidation by mitogens. 1. Calcium concentrations in the nanomolar range cause a specific stimulation of the oxidation of pyruvate by isolated mitochondria from rat thymus that is sufficient to account precisely for the stimulation of pyruvate oxidation observed when rat thymocytes are incubated with the mitogens concanavalin A or ionophore A23187. 2. Higher concentrations of Ca2+ (more than 50 nM) inhibit the oxidation of NAD+-linked substrates by rat thymus mitochondria without affecting the oxidation of succinate or ascorbate+ NNN'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylendiamine. 3. The addition of Ni2+ or Co2+ (2mM) to rat thymocytes prevents the response to concanavalin A at the level of pyruvate oxidation without affecting the stimulation of glycolysis induced by this mitogen. In contrast, the complete metabolic response to the ionophore A23187 is abolished by these ions. Ni2+ and Co2+ interfere with the ability of the ionophore to transport Ca2+ across the plasma membrane. 4. Concanavalin A, but not ionophore A23187, increases the respiratory inhibition induced by Ni2+ and Co2+. 5. These results support the view that mitogens stimulate lymphocyte pyruvate oxidation through an increase in cellular Ca2+ uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:365172", "title": "The location of purine phosphoribosyltransferase activities in Escherichia coli.", "content": "During the preparation of spheroplasts, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.7) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) were released in parallel with cytidine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.5) and uridine phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.3), which, on other evidence, are considered to be located intracellularly. The two phosphoribosyltransferases and uridine phosphorylase were not significantly associated with purified membrane fractions as was purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1). The effects of the poorly permeable enzyme-inactivating reagents, 4-diazoniumbenzenesulphonate, 7-diazonium-1,3-naphthalene-disulphonate and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonate, on Escherichia coli indicate that all the above-mentioned enzymes and also the xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase [Miller, Ramsey, Krenitsky & Elion (1972) Biochemistry 11, 4723--4731] are located intracellularly.", "contents": "The location of purine phosphoribosyltransferase activities in Escherichia coli. During the preparation of spheroplasts, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.7) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) were released in parallel with cytidine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.5) and uridine phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.3), which, on other evidence, are considered to be located intracellularly. The two phosphoribosyltransferases and uridine phosphorylase were not significantly associated with purified membrane fractions as was purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1). The effects of the poorly permeable enzyme-inactivating reagents, 4-diazoniumbenzenesulphonate, 7-diazonium-1,3-naphthalene-disulphonate and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonate, on Escherichia coli indicate that all the above-mentioned enzymes and also the xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase [Miller, Ramsey, Krenitsky & Elion (1972) Biochemistry 11, 4723--4731] are located intracellularly."}
{"id": "PMID:365173", "title": "Protection of the pancreatic beta-cell glucoreceptor mechanism for insulin secretion during culture in chemically defined medium.", "content": "High concentrations of glucose have a protective effect on the glucoreceptor mechanism for insulin secretion during culture of pancreatic islets in chemically defined media. To study at what level glucose exerts this effect, insulin secretion from beta-cell-rich mouse pancreatic islets was measured before and after culture for 1 week in the presence of different substances. Before culture, glucose and inosine were potent stimulators, mannose and fructose were less potent and xylitol had no effect on secretion. Culture in 3mm-glucose resulted in a 10-fold decrease in the insulin response to glucose stimulation. A less marked decrease was noted after culture in 20mm- or 30mm-glucose. Inosine-stimulated secretion was much decreased after culture in high concentrations of glucose, whereas the responses to mannose or fructose were unchanged. After culture in 30mm-mannose, glucose-stimulated secretion was similar to that observed after culture in high concentrations of glucose, whereas the response to mannose had much decreased. There were no secretory responses to glucose or fructose after culture in 30mm-fructose, or to glucose or xylitol after culture in 30mm-xylitol. Culture in 10mm-inosine did not preserve any significant response to glucose or inosine. The insulin contents of islets and culture media were higher after culture in high concentrations of glucose, mannose or inosine than after culture in fructose, xylitol or low concentrations of glucose. It is suggested that glucose, and to some extent mannose, preserves the glucoreceptor mechanism for insulin secretion by influencing an early stage in glucose metabolism, presumably glucokinase activity.", "contents": "Protection of the pancreatic beta-cell glucoreceptor mechanism for insulin secretion during culture in chemically defined medium. High concentrations of glucose have a protective effect on the glucoreceptor mechanism for insulin secretion during culture of pancreatic islets in chemically defined media. To study at what level glucose exerts this effect, insulin secretion from beta-cell-rich mouse pancreatic islets was measured before and after culture for 1 week in the presence of different substances. Before culture, glucose and inosine were potent stimulators, mannose and fructose were less potent and xylitol had no effect on secretion. Culture in 3mm-glucose resulted in a 10-fold decrease in the insulin response to glucose stimulation. A less marked decrease was noted after culture in 20mm- or 30mm-glucose. Inosine-stimulated secretion was much decreased after culture in high concentrations of glucose, whereas the responses to mannose or fructose were unchanged. After culture in 30mm-mannose, glucose-stimulated secretion was similar to that observed after culture in high concentrations of glucose, whereas the response to mannose had much decreased. There were no secretory responses to glucose or fructose after culture in 30mm-fructose, or to glucose or xylitol after culture in 30mm-xylitol. Culture in 10mm-inosine did not preserve any significant response to glucose or inosine. The insulin contents of islets and culture media were higher after culture in high concentrations of glucose, mannose or inosine than after culture in fructose, xylitol or low concentrations of glucose. It is suggested that glucose, and to some extent mannose, preserves the glucoreceptor mechanism for insulin secretion by influencing an early stage in glucose metabolism, presumably glucokinase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:365174", "title": "The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. Effect of exogenous pyruvate on islet function.", "content": "1. In isolated pancreatic islets, pyruvate causes a shift to the left of the sigmoidal curve relating the rate of insulin release to the ambient glucose concentration. The magnitude of this effect is related to the concentration of pyruvate (5--90 mM) and, at a 30 mM concentration, is equivalent to that evoked by 2 mM-glucose. Pyruvate also enhances insulin release in the presence of fructose, leucine and 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. 2. In the presence of glucose 8 mM), the secretory response to pyruvate is an immediate process, displaying a biphasic pattern. 3. The insulinotropic action of pyruvate coincides with an inhibition of 45Ca efflux and a stimulation of 45Ca net uptake. The relationship between 45Ca uptake and insulin release displays its usual pattern in the presence of pyruvate. 4. Exogenous pyruvate rapidly accumulates in the islets in amounts close to those derived from the metabolism of glucose. The oxidation of [2-14C]pyruvate represents 64% of the rate of [1-14C]pyruvate decarboxylation and, at a 30 mM concentration, is comparable with that of 8 mM-[U-14C]glucose. 5. When corrected for the conversion of pyruvate into lactate, the oxidation of 30 mM-pyruvate corresponds to a net generation of about 314 pmol of reducing equivalents/120 min per islet. 6. Pyruvate does not affect the rate of glycolysis, but inhibits the oxidation of glucose. Glucose does not affect pyruvate oxidation. 7. Pyruvate (30 mM) does not affect the concentration of ATP, ADP and AMP in the islet cells. 8. Pyruvate (30 mM) increases the concentration of reduced nicotinamide nucleotides in the presence but not in the absence of glucose. A close correlation is seen between the concentration of reduced nicotinamide nucleotides and the net uptake of 45Ca. Menadione inhibits the effect of pyruvate on insulin release, without altering its rate of oxidation. 9. Pyruvate, like glucose, modestly stimulates lipogenesis. 10. Pyruvate, in contrast with glucose, markedly inhibits the oxidation of endogenous nutrients. The latter effect accounts for the apparent discrepancy between the rate of pyruvate oxidation and the magnitude of its insulinotropic action. 11. Dichloroacetate fails to affect glucose oxidation and glucose-stimulated insulin release. 12. It is concluded that the effect of pyruvate to stimulate insulin release depends on its ability to increase the concentration of reduced nicotinamide nucleotides in the islet cells.", "contents": "The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. Effect of exogenous pyruvate on islet function. 1. In isolated pancreatic islets, pyruvate causes a shift to the left of the sigmoidal curve relating the rate of insulin release to the ambient glucose concentration. The magnitude of this effect is related to the concentration of pyruvate (5--90 mM) and, at a 30 mM concentration, is equivalent to that evoked by 2 mM-glucose. Pyruvate also enhances insulin release in the presence of fructose, leucine and 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. 2. In the presence of glucose 8 mM), the secretory response to pyruvate is an immediate process, displaying a biphasic pattern. 3. The insulinotropic action of pyruvate coincides with an inhibition of 45Ca efflux and a stimulation of 45Ca net uptake. The relationship between 45Ca uptake and insulin release displays its usual pattern in the presence of pyruvate. 4. Exogenous pyruvate rapidly accumulates in the islets in amounts close to those derived from the metabolism of glucose. The oxidation of [2-14C]pyruvate represents 64% of the rate of [1-14C]pyruvate decarboxylation and, at a 30 mM concentration, is comparable with that of 8 mM-[U-14C]glucose. 5. When corrected for the conversion of pyruvate into lactate, the oxidation of 30 mM-pyruvate corresponds to a net generation of about 314 pmol of reducing equivalents/120 min per islet. 6. Pyruvate does not affect the rate of glycolysis, but inhibits the oxidation of glucose. Glucose does not affect pyruvate oxidation. 7. Pyruvate (30 mM) does not affect the concentration of ATP, ADP and AMP in the islet cells. 8. Pyruvate (30 mM) increases the concentration of reduced nicotinamide nucleotides in the presence but not in the absence of glucose. A close correlation is seen between the concentration of reduced nicotinamide nucleotides and the net uptake of 45Ca. Menadione inhibits the effect of pyruvate on insulin release, without altering its rate of oxidation. 9. Pyruvate, like glucose, modestly stimulates lipogenesis. 10. Pyruvate, in contrast with glucose, markedly inhibits the oxidation of endogenous nutrients. The latter effect accounts for the apparent discrepancy between the rate of pyruvate oxidation and the magnitude of its insulinotropic action. 11. Dichloroacetate fails to affect glucose oxidation and glucose-stimulated insulin release. 12. It is concluded that the effect of pyruvate to stimulate insulin release depends on its ability to increase the concentration of reduced nicotinamide nucleotides in the islet cells."}
{"id": "PMID:365175", "title": "Inhibition of isoleucyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase in Escherichia coli by pseudomonic acid.", "content": "The mode of action of the antibiotic pseudomonic acid has been studied in Escherichia coli. Pseudomonic acid strongly inhibits protein and RNA synthesis in vivo. The antibiotic had no effect on highly purified DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and showed only a weak inhibitory effect on a poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine-forming ribosomal preparation. Chloramphenicol reversed inhibition of RNA synthesis in vivo. Pseudomonic acid had little effect on RNA synthesis in a regulatory mutant, E. coli B AS19 RC(rel), whereas protein synthesis was strongly inhibited. In pseudomonic acid-treated cells, increased concentrations of ppGpp, pppGpp and ATP were observed, but the GTP pool size decreased, suggesting that inhibition of RNA synthesis is a consequence of the stringent control mechanism imposed by pseudomonic acid-induced deprivation of an amino acid. Of the 20 common amino acids, only isoleucine reversed the inhibitory effect in vivo. The antibiotic was found to be a powerful inhibitor of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase both in vivo and in vitro. Of seven other tRNA synthetases assayed, only a weak inhibitory effect on phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase was observed; this presumably accounted for the weak effect on polyphenylalanine formation in a ribosomal preparation. Pseudomonic acid also significantly de-repressed threonine deaminase and transaminase B activity, but not dihydroxyacid dehydratase (isoleucine-biosynthetic enzymes) by decreasing the supply of aminoacylated tRNA(Ile). Pseudomonic acid is the second naturally occurring inhibitor of bacterial isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase to be discovered, furanomycin being the first.", "contents": "Inhibition of isoleucyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase in Escherichia coli by pseudomonic acid. The mode of action of the antibiotic pseudomonic acid has been studied in Escherichia coli. Pseudomonic acid strongly inhibits protein and RNA synthesis in vivo. The antibiotic had no effect on highly purified DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and showed only a weak inhibitory effect on a poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine-forming ribosomal preparation. Chloramphenicol reversed inhibition of RNA synthesis in vivo. Pseudomonic acid had little effect on RNA synthesis in a regulatory mutant, E. coli B AS19 RC(rel), whereas protein synthesis was strongly inhibited. In pseudomonic acid-treated cells, increased concentrations of ppGpp, pppGpp and ATP were observed, but the GTP pool size decreased, suggesting that inhibition of RNA synthesis is a consequence of the stringent control mechanism imposed by pseudomonic acid-induced deprivation of an amino acid. Of the 20 common amino acids, only isoleucine reversed the inhibitory effect in vivo. The antibiotic was found to be a powerful inhibitor of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase both in vivo and in vitro. Of seven other tRNA synthetases assayed, only a weak inhibitory effect on phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase was observed; this presumably accounted for the weak effect on polyphenylalanine formation in a ribosomal preparation. Pseudomonic acid also significantly de-repressed threonine deaminase and transaminase B activity, but not dihydroxyacid dehydratase (isoleucine-biosynthetic enzymes) by decreasing the supply of aminoacylated tRNA(Ile). Pseudomonic acid is the second naturally occurring inhibitor of bacterial isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase to be discovered, furanomycin being the first."}
{"id": "PMID:365176", "title": "Stimulation of proinsulin biosynthesis and insulin release by pyruvate and lactate.", "content": "Increasing concentrations of pyruvate failed to stimulate proinsulin biosynthesis and insulin release in freshly isolated islets. Glycolytic flux (3H2O from [5-3H]glucose) decreased by 80-85%, but decarboxylation of [1(-14)C]pyruvate was unaffected in islets tested immediately after alloxan exposure. This strongly suggested that in freshly isolated islets, beta-cells, in relation to other islet cells, hardly contribute to the decarboxylation of pyruvate. Non-alloxan-treated cultured islets decarboxylated 2-2.5 times as much pyruvate as did alloxan-treated islets cultured for 15-18h. Thus the contribution of beta-cells to the metabolism of pyruvate after culturing markedly increased. Concomitantly beta-cells became responsive to pyruvate. At 20mM-pyruvate, release of prelabelled proinsulin and insulin and incorporation of [3H]leucine into proinsulin reached values approximately half of those obtained with 20mM-glucose. Lactate was as effective as pyruvate in inducing responses in cultured islets. The experiments indicate that a critical degree of substrate utilization is necessary for the generation of signals for insulin release and proinsulin biosynthesis.", "contents": "Stimulation of proinsulin biosynthesis and insulin release by pyruvate and lactate. Increasing concentrations of pyruvate failed to stimulate proinsulin biosynthesis and insulin release in freshly isolated islets. Glycolytic flux (3H2O from [5-3H]glucose) decreased by 80-85%, but decarboxylation of [1(-14)C]pyruvate was unaffected in islets tested immediately after alloxan exposure. This strongly suggested that in freshly isolated islets, beta-cells, in relation to other islet cells, hardly contribute to the decarboxylation of pyruvate. Non-alloxan-treated cultured islets decarboxylated 2-2.5 times as much pyruvate as did alloxan-treated islets cultured for 15-18h. Thus the contribution of beta-cells to the metabolism of pyruvate after culturing markedly increased. Concomitantly beta-cells became responsive to pyruvate. At 20mM-pyruvate, release of prelabelled proinsulin and insulin and incorporation of [3H]leucine into proinsulin reached values approximately half of those obtained with 20mM-glucose. Lactate was as effective as pyruvate in inducing responses in cultured islets. The experiments indicate that a critical degree of substrate utilization is necessary for the generation of signals for insulin release and proinsulin biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:365185", "title": "Tgamma cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Variation with disease activity.", "content": "Circulating T cells bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (T gamma) were identified by sensitive immunofluorescent techniques with rabbit IgG b4 allotype/anti-b4 complexes. A twofold decrease in both proportion and absolute number of T gamma cells was found in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) relative to values obtained during disease remission. The reduction in T gamma cells was most evident in patients with severe hypocomplementemia. A deficit of T gamma cells in active patients was not demonstrated. The percentage of total T cells rosetting with sheep erythrocytes was reduced in peripheral blood of most patients regardless of disease activity status, but particularly during SLE exacerbation. Cells lacking intrinsic surface immunoglobulin, IgG Fc receptors, and receptors for sheep erythrocytes were increased. These cells, operationally termed null, exhibited an inverse linear relationship with T cells that was not apparent in regression analyses performed against other lymphocyte subpopulations. Such differences were not found for B cells and IgG receptor-bearing non-B/non-T cells which were present in normal proportions in virtually all patients. The origin and functional significance of these unusual lymphocyte subpopulation abnormalities are discussed.", "contents": "Tgamma cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Variation with disease activity. Circulating T cells bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (T gamma) were identified by sensitive immunofluorescent techniques with rabbit IgG b4 allotype/anti-b4 complexes. A twofold decrease in both proportion and absolute number of T gamma cells was found in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) relative to values obtained during disease remission. The reduction in T gamma cells was most evident in patients with severe hypocomplementemia. A deficit of T gamma cells in active patients was not demonstrated. The percentage of total T cells rosetting with sheep erythrocytes was reduced in peripheral blood of most patients regardless of disease activity status, but particularly during SLE exacerbation. Cells lacking intrinsic surface immunoglobulin, IgG Fc receptors, and receptors for sheep erythrocytes were increased. These cells, operationally termed null, exhibited an inverse linear relationship with T cells that was not apparent in regression analyses performed against other lymphocyte subpopulations. Such differences were not found for B cells and IgG receptor-bearing non-B/non-T cells which were present in normal proportions in virtually all patients. The origin and functional significance of these unusual lymphocyte subpopulation abnormalities are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365187", "title": "Histologic assessment of lymphokine-mediated suppression of chondrocyte glycosaminoglycan synthesis.", "content": "An experimental model has been developed to histologically assess the effect of T cell mitogen-induced lymphokines derived from rabbit splenocytes on proteoglycan matrix depleted auricular cartilage explant glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Explant exposure to lymphokine was shown by light and electron microscopy to significantly suppress chondrocyte glycosaminoglycan regenerative capacity. This inhibitory effect was reversible in that synthetic activity could be restored by placement of explants in control media after as long as 12 days of lymphokine exposure.", "contents": "Histologic assessment of lymphokine-mediated suppression of chondrocyte glycosaminoglycan synthesis. An experimental model has been developed to histologically assess the effect of T cell mitogen-induced lymphokines derived from rabbit splenocytes on proteoglycan matrix depleted auricular cartilage explant glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Explant exposure to lymphokine was shown by light and electron microscopy to significantly suppress chondrocyte glycosaminoglycan regenerative capacity. This inhibitory effect was reversible in that synthetic activity could be restored by placement of explants in control media after as long as 12 days of lymphokine exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:365188", "title": "Lymphocytes from synovial tissue of a boy with X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia and chronic polyarthritis.", "content": "Lymphocytes were eluted from synovial tissue of a boy with X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia and chronic polyarthritis. The cell suspension contained 53% lymphocytes and 28% peroxidase-positive, macrophagelike cells, No B lymphocytes, 83% T lymphocytes, and 10% Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were detected. Lymphocyte transformation was induced by polyclonal mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen) whereas no response to antigens (purified protein derivative and Candida albicans antigen) was obtained. The eluted cells displayed antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Lymphocytes from synovial tissue of a boy with X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia and chronic polyarthritis. Lymphocytes were eluted from synovial tissue of a boy with X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia and chronic polyarthritis. The cell suspension contained 53% lymphocytes and 28% peroxidase-positive, macrophagelike cells, No B lymphocytes, 83% T lymphocytes, and 10% Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were detected. Lymphocyte transformation was induced by polyclonal mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen) whereas no response to antigens (purified protein derivative and Candida albicans antigen) was obtained. The eluted cells displayed antibody-dependent cytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:365192", "title": "Photodynamic effect of 3,4-benzpyrene on thermo-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli B.", "content": "Results obtained with thermo-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli B have shown that the presence of a protein with impaired structure may be responsible for enhanced sensitivity to the lethal photodynamic effect of 3,4-benzpyrene. Thus, the evidence has been obtained of the in vivo action of excited 3,4-benzpyrene on proteins.", "contents": "Photodynamic effect of 3,4-benzpyrene on thermo-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli B. Results obtained with thermo-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli B have shown that the presence of a protein with impaired structure may be responsible for enhanced sensitivity to the lethal photodynamic effect of 3,4-benzpyrene. Thus, the evidence has been obtained of the in vivo action of excited 3,4-benzpyrene on proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:365193", "title": "[Treatment with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) and evolution of renal transplant: observations of 42 cases].", "content": "42 necrokidney transplants, performed in Renal Unit of \"Niguarda - Ca' Granda\" Hospital in Milan, since 1972, have been examined. Hystocompatibility score and previous transfusions and/or pregnancies apparently did not correlate with three months transplants survival. Our patients have been separated into two groups according to treatment with or without ALG: the group treated with ALG showed a better percentage survival of the kidney at three months a lower incidence of rejection episodes during the same period. The usefulness of ALG treatment is reaffirmed; we consider that a better prognosis at three months probably means a more favorable clinical course.", "contents": "[Treatment with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) and evolution of renal transplant: observations of 42 cases]. 42 necrokidney transplants, performed in Renal Unit of \"Niguarda - Ca' Granda\" Hospital in Milan, since 1972, have been examined. Hystocompatibility score and previous transfusions and/or pregnancies apparently did not correlate with three months transplants survival. Our patients have been separated into two groups according to treatment with or without ALG: the group treated with ALG showed a better percentage survival of the kidney at three months a lower incidence of rejection episodes during the same period. The usefulness of ALG treatment is reaffirmed; we consider that a better prognosis at three months probably means a more favorable clinical course."}
{"id": "PMID:365194", "title": "An immunofluorescence blocking test to detect antibodies against the hepatitis B delta and core (HBcAg) antigens.", "content": "An immunofluorescence (IFL) blocking test has been developed to detect antibodies against the hepatitis B delta and core (HBcAg) antigens. The test proved useful to overcome the difficulties inherent in the detection of anti-delta by standard direct and indirect IFL procedures and provided a simple alternative to detect anti-HBc whenever serological techniques or indirect IFL, requiring purification of Dane particle cores or rare and selected HBcAg positive substrates, cannot be accomplished. The blocking test proved reliable and specific; though less sensitive than standard IFL techniques, it is simple and valuable in routine serological screening for anti-delta and anti-HBc.", "contents": "An immunofluorescence blocking test to detect antibodies against the hepatitis B delta and core (HBcAg) antigens. An immunofluorescence (IFL) blocking test has been developed to detect antibodies against the hepatitis B delta and core (HBcAg) antigens. The test proved useful to overcome the difficulties inherent in the detection of anti-delta by standard direct and indirect IFL procedures and provided a simple alternative to detect anti-HBc whenever serological techniques or indirect IFL, requiring purification of Dane particle cores or rare and selected HBcAg positive substrates, cannot be accomplished. The blocking test proved reliable and specific; though less sensitive than standard IFL techniques, it is simple and valuable in routine serological screening for anti-delta and anti-HBc."}
{"id": "PMID:365195", "title": "Antilymphocyte antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The presence of cold and non-cold reacting antilymphocyte antibodies of IgG class, active against allogeneic T lymphocytes deprived of Fcgamma receptor bearing cells, was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and by microlymphocytotoxicity in 50 patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). 6/50 rheumatoid sera have shown the presence of anti-T-lymphocyte antibodies against 8/50 positivities found when the whole lymphocyte population was employed as the target in IF test. The positive sera were also examined by microlymphocytotoxicity test and the correlation with the number of lymphoid cells in peripheral blood was studied. In only one case (RA + Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome) a positive IF test, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo lymphopenia were observed. In the other IF positive cases neither lymphopenia in vivo nor lymphocytotoxicity of the sera were observed; these results can be due to either the presence of cold or not complement fixing antilymphocyte antibodies.", "contents": "Antilymphocyte antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. The presence of cold and non-cold reacting antilymphocyte antibodies of IgG class, active against allogeneic T lymphocytes deprived of Fcgamma receptor bearing cells, was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and by microlymphocytotoxicity in 50 patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). 6/50 rheumatoid sera have shown the presence of anti-T-lymphocyte antibodies against 8/50 positivities found when the whole lymphocyte population was employed as the target in IF test. The positive sera were also examined by microlymphocytotoxicity test and the correlation with the number of lymphoid cells in peripheral blood was studied. In only one case (RA + Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome) a positive IF test, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo lymphopenia were observed. In the other IF positive cases neither lymphopenia in vivo nor lymphocytotoxicity of the sera were observed; these results can be due to either the presence of cold or not complement fixing antilymphocyte antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:365205", "title": "Salicylates and homoeopathy in rheumatoid arthritis: preliminary observations.", "content": "This paper reports the results of a pilot study in which 41 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated with high doses of salicylate, 3.9 g per day, and the results compared with a further 54 similar patients treated with homoeopathy. Both groups were compared with 100 patients who received placebo. 2 The patients who received homoeopathy did better than those who received salicylate. The design of the trial was such, however, that it was not possible to distinguish between the effects due to the physicians and the effects due to the drugs and a further trial is planned to elucidate this point. 3 Patients on homoeopathic treatment did not experience toxic effects.", "contents": "Salicylates and homoeopathy in rheumatoid arthritis: preliminary observations. This paper reports the results of a pilot study in which 41 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated with high doses of salicylate, 3.9 g per day, and the results compared with a further 54 similar patients treated with homoeopathy. Both groups were compared with 100 patients who received placebo. 2 The patients who received homoeopathy did better than those who received salicylate. The design of the trial was such, however, that it was not possible to distinguish between the effects due to the physicians and the effects due to the drugs and a further trial is planned to elucidate this point. 3 Patients on homoeopathic treatment did not experience toxic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:365208", "title": "The electrocardiogram in the assessment of the effect of drugs on cardiac arrhythmias.", "content": "The search for the ideal antiarrhythmic drug continues since none of the available agents offers optimum antiarrhythmic therapy. The continuing search coupled with the interest in the mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias has led to the development of new techniques for the study of arrhythmias and antiarrhythmic drugs. In this article it is proposed to discuss the electrocardiographic methods used in the assessment of antiarrhythmic drugs. Firstly, to discuss the electrocardiogram in the assessment of the clinical electrophysiological properties of a drug and secondly, the electrocardiogram in the assessment of the value of the drug in the management of cardiac arrhythmias in man.", "contents": "The electrocardiogram in the assessment of the effect of drugs on cardiac arrhythmias. The search for the ideal antiarrhythmic drug continues since none of the available agents offers optimum antiarrhythmic therapy. The continuing search coupled with the interest in the mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias has led to the development of new techniques for the study of arrhythmias and antiarrhythmic drugs. In this article it is proposed to discuss the electrocardiographic methods used in the assessment of antiarrhythmic drugs. Firstly, to discuss the electrocardiogram in the assessment of the clinical electrophysiological properties of a drug and secondly, the electrocardiogram in the assessment of the value of the drug in the management of cardiac arrhythmias in man."}
{"id": "PMID:365209", "title": "Plasma protein binding interaction between phenytoin and valproic acid in vitro.", "content": "1 Valproic acid or phenytoin were added to fresh human serum in varying concentrations and their binding characteristics determined by the method of Scatchard (1949). 2 Changes in serum albumin binding were investigated for phenytoin in the presence of 280, 560, 1050 and 2100 mumol l-1 valproic acid, and for valproic acid in the presence of 40, 120, 280 and 480 mumol l-1 phenytoin. 3 Phenytoin appeared to bind to a single site on the albumin molecule and could be competitively displaced from this site by concentrations of valproic acid above 280 mumol l-1. 4 At high concentrations of valproic acid, the affinity of phenytoin for albumin was greatly decreased but the number of available binding sites was increased from one to four. 5 Valproic acid was bound to two high affinity and five low affinity binding sites but the latter were not detectable at valproic acid concentrations below 2100 mumol l-1. 6 Phenytoin displaced valproic acid from its high affinity binding sites, although this was statistically significant only at a concentration of 480 mumol l-1 phenytoin.", "contents": "Plasma protein binding interaction between phenytoin and valproic acid in vitro. 1 Valproic acid or phenytoin were added to fresh human serum in varying concentrations and their binding characteristics determined by the method of Scatchard (1949). 2 Changes in serum albumin binding were investigated for phenytoin in the presence of 280, 560, 1050 and 2100 mumol l-1 valproic acid, and for valproic acid in the presence of 40, 120, 280 and 480 mumol l-1 phenytoin. 3 Phenytoin appeared to bind to a single site on the albumin molecule and could be competitively displaced from this site by concentrations of valproic acid above 280 mumol l-1. 4 At high concentrations of valproic acid, the affinity of phenytoin for albumin was greatly decreased but the number of available binding sites was increased from one to four. 5 Valproic acid was bound to two high affinity and five low affinity binding sites but the latter were not detectable at valproic acid concentrations below 2100 mumol l-1. 6 Phenytoin displaced valproic acid from its high affinity binding sites, although this was statistically significant only at a concentration of 480 mumol l-1 phenytoin."}
{"id": "PMID:365211", "title": "Mechanism of inhibition of tumour growth by aspirin and indomethacin.", "content": "The growth of a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma of C3H mice was inhibited by aspirin and indomethacin. While the tumour contained relatively high concentrations of PGE2-like material, that were markedly diminished by indomethacin treatment, our results did not confirm the recently proposed hypothesis that the anti-tumour effect arises from a restoration of depressed immune function. For example, mice that had completely eliminated their tumours under indomethacin administration were not immune to rechallenge. The tumour-bearing animals were not non-specifically immunodepressed, as their splenic PFC responses against SRBC were enhanced. However, while indomethacin augmented the PFC response in normal mice, this adjuvant effect was depressed in tumour-bearing animals. The spleen-cell PHA responses of tumour bearers were severely depressed, and such cells suppressed the PHA response of normal cells. Only after prolonged indomethacin treatment did animals (with comparable tumour burdens) show weak PHA responses and somewhat diminished suppressive activity. Possible alternative mechanisms, such as direct cytotoxicity, or inhibition of inflammation, phosphodiesterase activity, blood coagulation or calcium availability were not implicated (nor definitively excluded) in the anti-tumour effect.", "contents": "Mechanism of inhibition of tumour growth by aspirin and indomethacin. The growth of a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma of C3H mice was inhibited by aspirin and indomethacin. While the tumour contained relatively high concentrations of PGE2-like material, that were markedly diminished by indomethacin treatment, our results did not confirm the recently proposed hypothesis that the anti-tumour effect arises from a restoration of depressed immune function. For example, mice that had completely eliminated their tumours under indomethacin administration were not immune to rechallenge. The tumour-bearing animals were not non-specifically immunodepressed, as their splenic PFC responses against SRBC were enhanced. However, while indomethacin augmented the PFC response in normal mice, this adjuvant effect was depressed in tumour-bearing animals. The spleen-cell PHA responses of tumour bearers were severely depressed, and such cells suppressed the PHA response of normal cells. Only after prolonged indomethacin treatment did animals (with comparable tumour burdens) show weak PHA responses and somewhat diminished suppressive activity. Possible alternative mechanisms, such as direct cytotoxicity, or inhibition of inflammation, phosphodiesterase activity, blood coagulation or calcium availability were not implicated (nor definitively excluded) in the anti-tumour effect."}
{"id": "PMID:365212", "title": "Chemotherapy of acute myeloid leukaemia in adults: Medical Research Council.", "content": "Two hundred and fifty patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were randomized between 2 regimens of chemotherapy: TRAP and BARTS III. Overall, patients randomized to TRAP, which was the more intensive of the 2 regimens, fared slightly better (P = 0.06) than those on BARTS III. However, the improvement in survival associated with more intensive chemotherapy was substantial only for patients who had favourable prognostic features at presentation, such as a normal total leucocyte count, or absence of palpable liver, or, especially, age under 40. Indeed, for patients under 40, those allocated to the more intensive regimen (TRAP) lived considerably longer than those allocated to BARTS III (P less than 0.002) while for patients over 40 there was no material difference in survival between patients on the 2 protocols. It thus appears that intensive chemotherapy is likely to be more effective when favourable prognostic features are recorded.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of acute myeloid leukaemia in adults: Medical Research Council. Two hundred and fifty patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were randomized between 2 regimens of chemotherapy: TRAP and BARTS III. Overall, patients randomized to TRAP, which was the more intensive of the 2 regimens, fared slightly better (P = 0.06) than those on BARTS III. However, the improvement in survival associated with more intensive chemotherapy was substantial only for patients who had favourable prognostic features at presentation, such as a normal total leucocyte count, or absence of palpable liver, or, especially, age under 40. Indeed, for patients under 40, those allocated to the more intensive regimen (TRAP) lived considerably longer than those allocated to BARTS III (P less than 0.002) while for patients over 40 there was no material difference in survival between patients on the 2 protocols. It thus appears that intensive chemotherapy is likely to be more effective when favourable prognostic features are recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:365213", "title": "Bromhexine in severe asthma.", "content": "Fourteen patients with acute severe asthma necessitating hospital admission were all treated with a standard therapeutic regimen, and in addition received either bromhexine or placebo (initially intravenously and subsequently orally) double-blind. We were unable to show any significant improvement in the rate of recovery of the bromhexine-treated group, in terms of either arterial blood gases or change in peak expiratory flow rates.", "contents": "Bromhexine in severe asthma. Fourteen patients with acute severe asthma necessitating hospital admission were all treated with a standard therapeutic regimen, and in addition received either bromhexine or placebo (initially intravenously and subsequently orally) double-blind. We were unable to show any significant improvement in the rate of recovery of the bromhexine-treated group, in terms of either arterial blood gases or change in peak expiratory flow rates."}
{"id": "PMID:365214", "title": "The effects of oral propranolol and metoprolol on lung function and exercise performance in chronic airways obstruction.", "content": "Fifteen men with chronic airways obstruction received a test dose of propranol 20 mg orally. Six developed increased breathlessness. Nine who tolerated the test dose received metoprolol (100 mg) and propranolol (80 mg) on different days in a randomized double-blind fashion. Changes in resting and exercise heart rate, spirometry and exercise tolerance were measured 1 and 6 hours later. The drugs had similar effects on heart rate. Propranolol, but not metoprolol, caused significant reduction in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow rate. Neither drug produced significant changes in forced vital capacity (FVC) or exercise performances in the group as a whole, although the range of changes was wide. Despite considerable reduction in FEV1 and FVC in some individuals, most reported no increase in symptoms. Changes in exercise tolerance at 1 hour correlated significantly with changes in FVC but not with those in FEV1. It is proposed that changes in FEV1, though of pharmacological interest, may be less relevant clinically than changes in FVC.", "contents": "The effects of oral propranolol and metoprolol on lung function and exercise performance in chronic airways obstruction. Fifteen men with chronic airways obstruction received a test dose of propranol 20 mg orally. Six developed increased breathlessness. Nine who tolerated the test dose received metoprolol (100 mg) and propranolol (80 mg) on different days in a randomized double-blind fashion. Changes in resting and exercise heart rate, spirometry and exercise tolerance were measured 1 and 6 hours later. The drugs had similar effects on heart rate. Propranolol, but not metoprolol, caused significant reduction in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow rate. Neither drug produced significant changes in forced vital capacity (FVC) or exercise performances in the group as a whole, although the range of changes was wide. Despite considerable reduction in FEV1 and FVC in some individuals, most reported no increase in symptoms. Changes in exercise tolerance at 1 hour correlated significantly with changes in FVC but not with those in FEV1. It is proposed that changes in FEV1, though of pharmacological interest, may be less relevant clinically than changes in FVC."}
{"id": "PMID:365216", "title": "Observation of echinocytosis in eight patients: a phase contrast and SEM study.", "content": "We report eight cases of echinocytosis discovered after screening of stained smears. The presence of echinocytes was exceptional in adults and children but was more frequent in neonates. In all cases we confirmed the presence of abnormal red cells by careful examination of the blood in wet preparations observed in phase contrast and after glutaraldehyde fixation and processing for SEM. No discernible common denominator was found to explain the presence of echinocytes in the blood of our patients. No echinocytogenic factor could be demonstrated in the fresh plasma. Echinocytes appeared quickly in patients who received exchange transfusion or transfusion of normal red cells. By contrast, in vitro incubation in the presence of substrates allowing constant ATP level never resulted in the formation of echinocytes when normal red cells were suspended in patient's plasma.", "contents": "Observation of echinocytosis in eight patients: a phase contrast and SEM study. We report eight cases of echinocytosis discovered after screening of stained smears. The presence of echinocytes was exceptional in adults and children but was more frequent in neonates. In all cases we confirmed the presence of abnormal red cells by careful examination of the blood in wet preparations observed in phase contrast and after glutaraldehyde fixation and processing for SEM. No discernible common denominator was found to explain the presence of echinocytes in the blood of our patients. No echinocytogenic factor could be demonstrated in the fresh plasma. Echinocytes appeared quickly in patients who received exchange transfusion or transfusion of normal red cells. By contrast, in vitro incubation in the presence of substrates allowing constant ATP level never resulted in the formation of echinocytes when normal red cells were suspended in patient's plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:365217", "title": "Sedimentation cytology in central nervous system leukaemia with a new simple apparatus.", "content": "The clinical usefulness of a newly devised, simple apparatus, the Nishimura fluid sedimentation chamber, is described. The latter consists of an open-ended plastic tube, an absorbent paper with a central hole, and a glass slide which are stuck to each other with double-sided plastic adhesive tape with a central hole of equal size. The chamber is set to allow 0.5 ml of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to be absorbed in 15--20 min. The principle of the sedimentation relies on the absorption of the fluid portion into the absorbent paper with the cellular elements sedimented onto the glass slide. Thin stationery paper is used as the absorbent material which controls sedimentation speed and minimizes cellular loss. 190 CSF specimens obtained from 28 patients with acute leukaemia were processed by this method. The results obtained showed that sedimentation using this simple chamber is quite reliable for the recognition of small number of abnormal cells in the CSF producing little or no noticeable cellular damage. This technique may be applied to other clinical situations in which fluid cytology is useful in establishing a diagnosis or in evaluating clinical progress.", "contents": "Sedimentation cytology in central nervous system leukaemia with a new simple apparatus. The clinical usefulness of a newly devised, simple apparatus, the Nishimura fluid sedimentation chamber, is described. The latter consists of an open-ended plastic tube, an absorbent paper with a central hole, and a glass slide which are stuck to each other with double-sided plastic adhesive tape with a central hole of equal size. The chamber is set to allow 0.5 ml of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to be absorbed in 15--20 min. The principle of the sedimentation relies on the absorption of the fluid portion into the absorbent paper with the cellular elements sedimented onto the glass slide. Thin stationery paper is used as the absorbent material which controls sedimentation speed and minimizes cellular loss. 190 CSF specimens obtained from 28 patients with acute leukaemia were processed by this method. The results obtained showed that sedimentation using this simple chamber is quite reliable for the recognition of small number of abnormal cells in the CSF producing little or no noticeable cellular damage. This technique may be applied to other clinical situations in which fluid cytology is useful in establishing a diagnosis or in evaluating clinical progress."}
{"id": "PMID:365218", "title": "Characterization of serum fibrinogen and fibrin fragments produced during disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "The fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products (FDP) in serum samples taken from nine patients with suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation have been characterized using a method of immunoprecipitation followed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Aall of the serum samples contained a fragment with the same electrophoretic mobility as fibrinogen fragment X, while the majority also had evidence of fragments with similar mobility to fibrinogen fragments Y and D. In eight of the nine serum samples there was strong evidence of the D-dimer fragment that is released by plasmin lysis of crosslinked fibrin. Also present in all but one of the samples were fragments of higher molecular weight than fibrinogen which were probably soluble, non-clottable, factor XIIIa induced crosslinked derivatives of fibrinogen. These results suggest that during disseminated intravascular coagulation thrombin and activated factor XIII act upon fibrin(ogen) to form complexes that are subsequently lysed by plasmin to produce soluble crosslinked derivatives of fibrin.", "contents": "Characterization of serum fibrinogen and fibrin fragments produced during disseminated intravascular coagulation. The fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products (FDP) in serum samples taken from nine patients with suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation have been characterized using a method of immunoprecipitation followed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Aall of the serum samples contained a fragment with the same electrophoretic mobility as fibrinogen fragment X, while the majority also had evidence of fragments with similar mobility to fibrinogen fragments Y and D. In eight of the nine serum samples there was strong evidence of the D-dimer fragment that is released by plasmin lysis of crosslinked fibrin. Also present in all but one of the samples were fragments of higher molecular weight than fibrinogen which were probably soluble, non-clottable, factor XIIIa induced crosslinked derivatives of fibrinogen. These results suggest that during disseminated intravascular coagulation thrombin and activated factor XIII act upon fibrin(ogen) to form complexes that are subsequently lysed by plasmin to produce soluble crosslinked derivatives of fibrin."}
{"id": "PMID:365219", "title": "Isolation of human antibodies to factor VIII.", "content": "It has been claimed that human anti-VIII:C antibodies do not form stable complexes with factor VIII and this fact has hampered in the past the isolation of such antibodies. In this study the purification of human anti-VIII:C antibodies appearing in haemophiliac patients following replacment therapy has been achieved using two different systems. In a liquid phase system, purified human factor VIII was mixed with IgG from a haemophilic patient with a high titre antibody. Specific anti-VIII:C antibodies were recovered following filtration of the antigen-antibody complexes on Biogel A-5m, dissociation of complexes at pH 3.5 and final isolation by filtration on Sephadex G-200. In a solid phase system, the same IgG fraction was specifically bound to insolubilized human factor VIII. Purified anti-VIII:C antibodies were subsequently recovered by elution of antigen-antibody complexes with magnesium chloride. The results demonstrated that stable complexes from between anti-VIII:C antibodies and either the whole factor VIII molecule, or VIII:C dissociated by previous interaction with the antibodies. It is postulated that, in vivo, similar antigen-antibody complexes may form following replacement therapy in haemophilic patients with antibody.", "contents": "Isolation of human antibodies to factor VIII. It has been claimed that human anti-VIII:C antibodies do not form stable complexes with factor VIII and this fact has hampered in the past the isolation of such antibodies. In this study the purification of human anti-VIII:C antibodies appearing in haemophiliac patients following replacment therapy has been achieved using two different systems. In a liquid phase system, purified human factor VIII was mixed with IgG from a haemophilic patient with a high titre antibody. Specific anti-VIII:C antibodies were recovered following filtration of the antigen-antibody complexes on Biogel A-5m, dissociation of complexes at pH 3.5 and final isolation by filtration on Sephadex G-200. In a solid phase system, the same IgG fraction was specifically bound to insolubilized human factor VIII. Purified anti-VIII:C antibodies were subsequently recovered by elution of antigen-antibody complexes with magnesium chloride. The results demonstrated that stable complexes from between anti-VIII:C antibodies and either the whole factor VIII molecule, or VIII:C dissociated by previous interaction with the antibodies. It is postulated that, in vivo, similar antigen-antibody complexes may form following replacement therapy in haemophilic patients with antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:365220", "title": "Purification and characterization of an alpha-glucosidase from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.", "content": "alpha-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) was purified to homogeneity from logarithmically growing cells of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. The purification involved the following steps: (a) ammonium sulfate fractionation; (b) Sephadex G-100 chromatography; (c) DEAE-cellulose chromatography; and (d) hydroxylapatite chromatography. This procedure gave a preparation judged to be greater than 98% pure by Na-DodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was shown to be a monomer of 63 000 daltons by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 under native conditions and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. The Km values of the enzyme for the substrates maltose and p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucoside were found to be 1.66 X 10(-2) and 3.1 X 10(-4) M, respectively. The corresponding Vmax value for maltose was 44.8 X 10(-6) mol min(-1) mg(-1) and that for p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucoside was 134 X 10(-6) mol min-1 mg-1. The pH optimum for the purified enzyme was found to be between pH 6.7 and 6.8. The enzyme has an absolute anomeric specificity for alpha-glycosidic linkages and appears to recognize a glucosyl residue in alpha linkage on the nonreducing end of its substrate. For the strain used in this study, which carries the MAL 6 locus, only a single form of the enzyme was detected.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of an alpha-glucosidase from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. alpha-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) was purified to homogeneity from logarithmically growing cells of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. The purification involved the following steps: (a) ammonium sulfate fractionation; (b) Sephadex G-100 chromatography; (c) DEAE-cellulose chromatography; and (d) hydroxylapatite chromatography. This procedure gave a preparation judged to be greater than 98% pure by Na-DodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was shown to be a monomer of 63 000 daltons by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 under native conditions and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. The Km values of the enzyme for the substrates maltose and p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucoside were found to be 1.66 X 10(-2) and 3.1 X 10(-4) M, respectively. The corresponding Vmax value for maltose was 44.8 X 10(-6) mol min(-1) mg(-1) and that for p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucoside was 134 X 10(-6) mol min-1 mg-1. The pH optimum for the purified enzyme was found to be between pH 6.7 and 6.8. The enzyme has an absolute anomeric specificity for alpha-glycosidic linkages and appears to recognize a glucosyl residue in alpha linkage on the nonreducing end of its substrate. For the strain used in this study, which carries the MAL 6 locus, only a single form of the enzyme was detected."}
{"id": "PMID:365221", "title": "Proton correlation nuclear magnetic resonance study of anaerobic metabolism of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Proton correlation nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to investigate anaerobic metabolism of glucose in Escherichia coli cells. The time course of the concentrations of six metabolites (ethanol, lactate, acetate, pyruvate, succinate, and formate) has been followed at the very early state of fermentation, and used to discuss dynamical aspects of the mixed-acid fermentation of glucose by E. coli.", "contents": "Proton correlation nuclear magnetic resonance study of anaerobic metabolism of Escherichia coli. Proton correlation nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to investigate anaerobic metabolism of glucose in Escherichia coli cells. The time course of the concentrations of six metabolites (ethanol, lactate, acetate, pyruvate, succinate, and formate) has been followed at the very early state of fermentation, and used to discuss dynamical aspects of the mixed-acid fermentation of glucose by E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:365222", "title": "Three hydroxylations incorporating molecular oxygen in the aerobic biosynthesis of ubiquinone in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The biosynthetic origin of the oxygen atoms of ubiquinone 8 from aerobically grown Escherichia coli was studied by 18O labeling. An apparatus was developed which allowed the growth of cells under a defined atmosphere. Mass spectral analysis of ubiquinone 8 from cells grown under highly enriched 18O2 showed that three oxygen atoms of the quinone are derived from molecular oxygen. It was established that the molecular oxygen is incorporated into the two methoxyl groups (at C-5 and C-6) and one of the carbonyl positions of the ubiquinone molecule by demonstrating that only one of the incorporated oxygens will exchange with water under acidic conditions that specifically catalyze the exchange of carbonyl, but not methoxyl, oxygens. That the C-4 carbonyl oxygen is derived from molecular oxygen was shown by the incorporation of three atoms of 18O2 into ubiquinone 8 biosynthesized from added 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Comparison of ubiquinone 8 and menaquinone 8 from E. coli grown under 18O2 confirmed that the labeled carbonyl oxygen of the [18O2]ubiquinone 8 is incorporated biosynthetically and not by chemical exchange in the cell. It is concluded that the three hydroxylation reactions involved in the pathway for the aerobic biosynthesis of ubiquinone are all catalyzed by monooxygenases. The implications of this study for the anaerobic biosynthesis of ubiquinone 8 in E coli are discussed.", "contents": "Three hydroxylations incorporating molecular oxygen in the aerobic biosynthesis of ubiquinone in Escherichia coli. The biosynthetic origin of the oxygen atoms of ubiquinone 8 from aerobically grown Escherichia coli was studied by 18O labeling. An apparatus was developed which allowed the growth of cells under a defined atmosphere. Mass spectral analysis of ubiquinone 8 from cells grown under highly enriched 18O2 showed that three oxygen atoms of the quinone are derived from molecular oxygen. It was established that the molecular oxygen is incorporated into the two methoxyl groups (at C-5 and C-6) and one of the carbonyl positions of the ubiquinone molecule by demonstrating that only one of the incorporated oxygens will exchange with water under acidic conditions that specifically catalyze the exchange of carbonyl, but not methoxyl, oxygens. That the C-4 carbonyl oxygen is derived from molecular oxygen was shown by the incorporation of three atoms of 18O2 into ubiquinone 8 biosynthesized from added 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Comparison of ubiquinone 8 and menaquinone 8 from E. coli grown under 18O2 confirmed that the labeled carbonyl oxygen of the [18O2]ubiquinone 8 is incorporated biosynthetically and not by chemical exchange in the cell. It is concluded that the three hydroxylation reactions involved in the pathway for the aerobic biosynthesis of ubiquinone are all catalyzed by monooxygenases. The implications of this study for the anaerobic biosynthesis of ubiquinone 8 in E coli are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365223", "title": "Alternative hydroxylases for the aerobic and anaerobic biosynthesis of ubiquinone in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The synthesis of ubiquinone under anaerobic conditions was examined in a variety of strains of Escherichia coli K12. All were shown to synthesize appreciable quantities of ubiquinone 8 when grown anaerobically on glycerol in the presence of fumarate. Under these conditions, ubiquinone 8 was in most cases the principal quinone formed, and levels in the range 50--70% of those obtained aerobically were observed. Studies with mutants blocked in the various reactions of the aerobic pathway for ubiquinone 8 synthesis established that under anaerobic conditions three alternative hydroxylation reactions not involving molecular oxygen are used to derive the C-4, -5, and -6 oxygens of ubiquinone 8. Thus, mutants blocked in either of the three hydroxylation reactions of the aerobic pathway (ubiB, ubiH, or ubiF) are each able to synthesize ubiquinone 8 anaerobically, whereas mutants lacking the octaprenyltransferase (ubiA), carboxy-lyase (ubiD), or methyltransferases (ubiE or ubiG) of the aerobic pathway remain blocked anaerobically. The demonstration that E. coli possesses a special mechanism for the anaerobic biosynthesis of ubiquinone suggests that this quinone may play an important role in anaerobic metabolism.", "contents": "Alternative hydroxylases for the aerobic and anaerobic biosynthesis of ubiquinone in Escherichia coli. The synthesis of ubiquinone under anaerobic conditions was examined in a variety of strains of Escherichia coli K12. All were shown to synthesize appreciable quantities of ubiquinone 8 when grown anaerobically on glycerol in the presence of fumarate. Under these conditions, ubiquinone 8 was in most cases the principal quinone formed, and levels in the range 50--70% of those obtained aerobically were observed. Studies with mutants blocked in the various reactions of the aerobic pathway for ubiquinone 8 synthesis established that under anaerobic conditions three alternative hydroxylation reactions not involving molecular oxygen are used to derive the C-4, -5, and -6 oxygens of ubiquinone 8. Thus, mutants blocked in either of the three hydroxylation reactions of the aerobic pathway (ubiB, ubiH, or ubiF) are each able to synthesize ubiquinone 8 anaerobically, whereas mutants lacking the octaprenyltransferase (ubiA), carboxy-lyase (ubiD), or methyltransferases (ubiE or ubiG) of the aerobic pathway remain blocked anaerobically. The demonstration that E. coli possesses a special mechanism for the anaerobic biosynthesis of ubiquinone suggests that this quinone may play an important role in anaerobic metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:365224", "title": "Inhibition of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in escherichia coli by the antibiotic cerulenin.", "content": "Low concentrations of cerulenin inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli by selectively blocking unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. This inhibition was relieved by unsaturated fatty acid supplements alone but not by saturated fatty acid supplements. The utilization of exogenous unsaturated fatty acids to sustain growth in the presence of cerulenin was confirmed by the analysis of bulk lipid composition. The effects of cerulenin on fatty acid synthesis were examined in vivo by pulse labeling with [14C]acetate and in vitro using [14C]malonyl-coenzyme A. In both cases, unsaturated fatty acid synthesis was inhibited by low concentrations of cerulenin with a stimulation of saturated fatty acid synthesis. Using mutant strains deficient in fatty acid synthesis, the effects of cerulenin on beta-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthetases I and II were examined. Our results indicate that beta-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthetase I is more sensitive to inhibition by cerulenin than beta-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthetase II.", "contents": "Inhibition of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in escherichia coli by the antibiotic cerulenin. Low concentrations of cerulenin inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli by selectively blocking unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. This inhibition was relieved by unsaturated fatty acid supplements alone but not by saturated fatty acid supplements. The utilization of exogenous unsaturated fatty acids to sustain growth in the presence of cerulenin was confirmed by the analysis of bulk lipid composition. The effects of cerulenin on fatty acid synthesis were examined in vivo by pulse labeling with [14C]acetate and in vitro using [14C]malonyl-coenzyme A. In both cases, unsaturated fatty acid synthesis was inhibited by low concentrations of cerulenin with a stimulation of saturated fatty acid synthesis. Using mutant strains deficient in fatty acid synthesis, the effects of cerulenin on beta-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthetases I and II were examined. Our results indicate that beta-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthetase I is more sensitive to inhibition by cerulenin than beta-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthetase II."}
{"id": "PMID:365225", "title": "Characterization of the guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate and guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate degradation reaction catalyzed by a specific pyrophosphorylase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) and guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) are specifically degraded by a manganese-dependent pyrophosphorylase present in spoT+ but not in spoT- strains of Escherichia coli, indicating that the enzyme is the spoT gene product. The enzyme catalyzes the release of pyrophosphate from the 3' position of ppGpp or pppGpp, yielding ppG and pppG, respectively; pppGpp could not be detected as an intermediate in the decay reaction. Degradation of (p)ppGpp is optimal in the presence of 200 to 300 mM potassium or sodium acetate, at a pH of 7.5 to 8 and a temperature of 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Characterization of the guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate and guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate degradation reaction catalyzed by a specific pyrophosphorylase from Escherichia coli. Guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) and guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) are specifically degraded by a manganese-dependent pyrophosphorylase present in spoT+ but not in spoT- strains of Escherichia coli, indicating that the enzyme is the spoT gene product. The enzyme catalyzes the release of pyrophosphate from the 3' position of ppGpp or pppGpp, yielding ppG and pppG, respectively; pppGpp could not be detected as an intermediate in the decay reaction. Degradation of (p)ppGpp is optimal in the presence of 200 to 300 mM potassium or sodium acetate, at a pH of 7.5 to 8 and a temperature of 37 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:365226", "title": "Phosphate content of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase isozymes. The effect of phosphate and zinc on the separation of isozymes.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase from Escherichia coli was isolated as two major isoenzyme forms that were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Each form contained 2 equiv of endogenous phosphate. The endogenous phosphate, although difficult to remove, readily exchanges with phosphate. The forms also were separable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Apoenzyme prepared from native enzyme by the removal of zinc (and phosphate) also contains electrophoretically distinct enzyme forms which are indistinguishable from the native forms on gel electrophoresis. The isozymes were also found to have similar affinities for inorganic phosphate and susceptibilities to inactivation by EDTA. These results are not consistent with the notion that the formation or separation of isoenzyme forms is dependent upon different amounts of bound phosphate. They are consistent with the suggestion that a difference in amino acid composition is the basis for the occurrence and separation of these isoenzymes.", "contents": "Phosphate content of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase isozymes. The effect of phosphate and zinc on the separation of isozymes. Alkaline phosphatase from Escherichia coli was isolated as two major isoenzyme forms that were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Each form contained 2 equiv of endogenous phosphate. The endogenous phosphate, although difficult to remove, readily exchanges with phosphate. The forms also were separable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Apoenzyme prepared from native enzyme by the removal of zinc (and phosphate) also contains electrophoretically distinct enzyme forms which are indistinguishable from the native forms on gel electrophoresis. The isozymes were also found to have similar affinities for inorganic phosphate and susceptibilities to inactivation by EDTA. These results are not consistent with the notion that the formation or separation of isoenzyme forms is dependent upon different amounts of bound phosphate. They are consistent with the suggestion that a difference in amino acid composition is the basis for the occurrence and separation of these isoenzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:365231", "title": "Photoaffinity labeling of the ribosomal peptidyl transferase site with synthetic puromycin analogues.", "content": "A photoaffinity labeling puromycin analogue, Nepsilon-(2-nitro-4-azidophenyl)-L-lysinyl puromycin aminonucleoside (NAP-Lys-Pan), was synthesized and used for investigation of the peptidyl transferase center of 70S riobsomes. Visible light irradiation of NAP-Lys-Pan led to covalent linkage of the analogue with Escherichia coli ribosomes. In a subsequent step, poly(uridylic acid) was employed to direct Ac[14C]Phe-tRNA to the P sites of the photolabeled ribosomes. Transpeptidation of Ac[14C]phenylalanine to the bound NAP-Lys-Pan resulted in selective incorporation of radioactive label into the peptidyl transferase A site. Dissociation of the ribosomes into subunits, and digestion of the RNA components, indicated that the radioactive label was incorporated into a protein fraction of the 50S subunit.", "contents": "Photoaffinity labeling of the ribosomal peptidyl transferase site with synthetic puromycin analogues. A photoaffinity labeling puromycin analogue, Nepsilon-(2-nitro-4-azidophenyl)-L-lysinyl puromycin aminonucleoside (NAP-Lys-Pan), was synthesized and used for investigation of the peptidyl transferase center of 70S riobsomes. Visible light irradiation of NAP-Lys-Pan led to covalent linkage of the analogue with Escherichia coli ribosomes. In a subsequent step, poly(uridylic acid) was employed to direct Ac[14C]Phe-tRNA to the P sites of the photolabeled ribosomes. Transpeptidation of Ac[14C]phenylalanine to the bound NAP-Lys-Pan resulted in selective incorporation of radioactive label into the peptidyl transferase A site. Dissociation of the ribosomes into subunits, and digestion of the RNA components, indicated that the radioactive label was incorporated into a protein fraction of the 50S subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:365233", "title": "Transcription of histone-covered T7 DNA by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.", "content": "Purified core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) and bacteriophage T7 DNA have been reconstituted to form a nucleoprotein complex, and the properties of this complex as a template for transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase have been studied. At low ionic strength, RNA chain elongation rates are slow, and the chains produced even after long incubation are short. At higher salt concentrations, chain-elongation rates approach those on naked DNA. Since the salt concentrations used are not in themselves sufficient to dissociate the histones from the DNA, some mechanism must exist that permits passage of the polymerase through histone-covered regions.", "contents": "Transcription of histone-covered T7 DNA by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Purified core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) and bacteriophage T7 DNA have been reconstituted to form a nucleoprotein complex, and the properties of this complex as a template for transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase have been studied. At low ionic strength, RNA chain elongation rates are slow, and the chains produced even after long incubation are short. At higher salt concentrations, chain-elongation rates approach those on naked DNA. Since the salt concentrations used are not in themselves sufficient to dissociate the histones from the DNA, some mechanism must exist that permits passage of the polymerase through histone-covered regions."}
{"id": "PMID:365238", "title": "Communication between white cells and the abnormalities of this in leukemia.", "content": "The production of white blood cells is mediated by cellular communication. Proliferation and differentiation of granulocytic and monocytic progenitor and immature cells have been studied in detail and are regulated by stimulatory and inhibitory molecules produced and released from the progeny of the progenitor cells. The resultant interactions between cells and cell-derived molecules suggest operable positive and negative feed-back mechanisms during normal hematopoiesis, and what one sees in the end is the net result of these interactions. The complexities of cellular regulation are partially unravelled by physical separation of the different populations and biochemical analysis of the regulatory molecules. Subpopulations of granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (CFU-c) exist and evidence suggests that they vary in responsiveness to different molecules. Stimulatory molecules are themselves chemically and physically heterogenous and, until recently, believed to have similar biological actions, but this concept must be re-evaluated. Different molecules may activate different subsets of progenitor cells, and there is now a role for substances which enhance the stimulatory interactions. Many studies on normal and leukemic cell responsiveness to stimulation must be re-examined in light of this recent information. Several inhibitory substances operate during normal hematopoiesis. Mature granulocytes, progeny of CFU-c, appear to elaborate at least two inhibitory activities. One activity influences immature, recognizable granulocytes and the other indirectly reduces progenitor cell proliferation by decreasing the production and release of molecules which stimulate CFU-c. In addition, mononuclear phagocytes produce and release E-type prostaglandins in direct response to elevated levels of the stimulatory molecules and E-type prostaglandins counteract increased stimulatory levels by decreasing the sensitivity of CFU-c to stimulators. Much of our present level of sophistication derives from in vitro experimentation and it is apparent that we are only beginning to understand these inter-relationships and their relevance to the in vivo situation. However, these in vitro studies have shed light on the interactions occurring during leukemia. Leukemic cells retain the capacity to respond to normal regulators and must therefore be considered dependent rather than autonomous neoplasms. Abnormalities do exist in leukemic cell interactions: the progenitor cells themselves may be defective and leukemic cells may respond to molecules which normal cells do not. The degree of sensitivity to stimulators and inhibitors will have to be carefully investigated to determine if and what differences may exist between normal and leukemic cells. Normal mature granulocyte derived inhibitory activity is quantitatively deficient in leukemic cells but another inhibitory activity which appears to be specifically present in cells from patients with leukemia and some cases of myelodysplasia is present...", "contents": "Communication between white cells and the abnormalities of this in leukemia. The production of white blood cells is mediated by cellular communication. Proliferation and differentiation of granulocytic and monocytic progenitor and immature cells have been studied in detail and are regulated by stimulatory and inhibitory molecules produced and released from the progeny of the progenitor cells. The resultant interactions between cells and cell-derived molecules suggest operable positive and negative feed-back mechanisms during normal hematopoiesis, and what one sees in the end is the net result of these interactions. The complexities of cellular regulation are partially unravelled by physical separation of the different populations and biochemical analysis of the regulatory molecules. Subpopulations of granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (CFU-c) exist and evidence suggests that they vary in responsiveness to different molecules. Stimulatory molecules are themselves chemically and physically heterogenous and, until recently, believed to have similar biological actions, but this concept must be re-evaluated. Different molecules may activate different subsets of progenitor cells, and there is now a role for substances which enhance the stimulatory interactions. Many studies on normal and leukemic cell responsiveness to stimulation must be re-examined in light of this recent information. Several inhibitory substances operate during normal hematopoiesis. Mature granulocytes, progeny of CFU-c, appear to elaborate at least two inhibitory activities. One activity influences immature, recognizable granulocytes and the other indirectly reduces progenitor cell proliferation by decreasing the production and release of molecules which stimulate CFU-c. In addition, mononuclear phagocytes produce and release E-type prostaglandins in direct response to elevated levels of the stimulatory molecules and E-type prostaglandins counteract increased stimulatory levels by decreasing the sensitivity of CFU-c to stimulators. Much of our present level of sophistication derives from in vitro experimentation and it is apparent that we are only beginning to understand these inter-relationships and their relevance to the in vivo situation. However, these in vitro studies have shed light on the interactions occurring during leukemia. Leukemic cells retain the capacity to respond to normal regulators and must therefore be considered dependent rather than autonomous neoplasms. Abnormalities do exist in leukemic cell interactions: the progenitor cells themselves may be defective and leukemic cells may respond to molecules which normal cells do not. The degree of sensitivity to stimulators and inhibitors will have to be carefully investigated to determine if and what differences may exist between normal and leukemic cells. Normal mature granulocyte derived inhibitory activity is quantitatively deficient in leukemic cells but another inhibitory activity which appears to be specifically present in cells from patients with leukemia and some cases of myelodysplasia is present..."}
{"id": "PMID:365242", "title": "Partial characterization of protein kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of low molecular weight proteins in purified preparations of pigeon heart sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Pigeon heart microsomes contain three minor size protein kinase substrates of minimal molecular weights of 22 000, 15 000, and 11500, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When the microsomes were partially loaded with calcium oxalate and subjected to rate zonal and isopycnic centrifugations in sucrose density gradient columns, the 22 000 and the 15 000 dalton proteins settled in the heaviest fraction, which was composed mainly of vesicles of sarcoplasmic reticular membranes; the 11 500 dalton protein was concentrated in the lightest fractions, which consisted chiefly of vesicles of sarcolemmal origin. During incubation of the membrane fractions with Mg [gamma-32P]ATP significant amounts of 32P were incorporated into all these proteins. Incorporation of 32P into the 15 000 dalton protein was moderately and 32P incorporation into the 22 000 dalton protein was markedly enhanced in the presence of exogenous soluble cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and cyclic AMP. The phosphorylation of the three proteins was virtually unaffected by Ca2+ concentrations up to 0.1 mM and by ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl-ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid in the absence of added Ca2+. Phosphorylation of the 22 000 and the 11 500 dalton proteins occurred mainly at serine residues. In the 15 000 dalton protein threonine residues were the main site of endogenous phosphorylation. Nearly equal amounts of [32P]-phosphate were incorporated into threonine and serine residues of this protein, when phosphorylation was supported by exogenous cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and cyclic AMP. The 15 000 dalton protein could be removed from its membrane attachment by extraction with an acidic chloroform/methanol mixture. This step opens the way for the purification of this membrane-bound protein kinase substrate.", "contents": "Partial characterization of protein kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of low molecular weight proteins in purified preparations of pigeon heart sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum. Pigeon heart microsomes contain three minor size protein kinase substrates of minimal molecular weights of 22 000, 15 000, and 11500, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When the microsomes were partially loaded with calcium oxalate and subjected to rate zonal and isopycnic centrifugations in sucrose density gradient columns, the 22 000 and the 15 000 dalton proteins settled in the heaviest fraction, which was composed mainly of vesicles of sarcoplasmic reticular membranes; the 11 500 dalton protein was concentrated in the lightest fractions, which consisted chiefly of vesicles of sarcolemmal origin. During incubation of the membrane fractions with Mg [gamma-32P]ATP significant amounts of 32P were incorporated into all these proteins. Incorporation of 32P into the 15 000 dalton protein was moderately and 32P incorporation into the 22 000 dalton protein was markedly enhanced in the presence of exogenous soluble cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and cyclic AMP. The phosphorylation of the three proteins was virtually unaffected by Ca2+ concentrations up to 0.1 mM and by ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl-ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid in the absence of added Ca2+. Phosphorylation of the 22 000 and the 11 500 dalton proteins occurred mainly at serine residues. In the 15 000 dalton protein threonine residues were the main site of endogenous phosphorylation. Nearly equal amounts of [32P]-phosphate were incorporated into threonine and serine residues of this protein, when phosphorylation was supported by exogenous cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and cyclic AMP. The 15 000 dalton protein could be removed from its membrane attachment by extraction with an acidic chloroform/methanol mixture. This step opens the way for the purification of this membrane-bound protein kinase substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:365243", "title": "Quinones as hydrogen carriers for a late step in anaerobic heme biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A late step in anaerobic heme synthesis, the oxidation of protoprophyrinogen with fumarate as electron acceptor, was studied in extracts and particles of Escherichia coli mutants deficient in quinones or cytochromes. Mutants specifically deficient in menaquinone did not couple protoporphyrinogen oxidation to fumarate reduction, whereas mutants containing menaquinone but deficient in either ubiquinone or cytochromes exhibited this activity. These findings indicate that this coupled reaction is dependent upon menaquinone as hydrogen carrier but independent of ubiquinone and cytochromes. Other characteristics of this coupled reaction were also studied. The activity was located exclusively in the membrane fraction of cell-free extracts. Coproporphyrinogen III could not replace protoporphyrinogen as substrate. Methylene blue, triphenyl tetrazolium and nitrate, but not nitrite, could replace fumarate as anaerobic hydrogen acceptor. These findings have implications for the mechanism and regulation of microbial heme and chlorophyll synthesis and for the physiology of cytochrome synthesis in anaerobic microorganisms.", "contents": "Quinones as hydrogen carriers for a late step in anaerobic heme biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. A late step in anaerobic heme synthesis, the oxidation of protoprophyrinogen with fumarate as electron acceptor, was studied in extracts and particles of Escherichia coli mutants deficient in quinones or cytochromes. Mutants specifically deficient in menaquinone did not couple protoporphyrinogen oxidation to fumarate reduction, whereas mutants containing menaquinone but deficient in either ubiquinone or cytochromes exhibited this activity. These findings indicate that this coupled reaction is dependent upon menaquinone as hydrogen carrier but independent of ubiquinone and cytochromes. Other characteristics of this coupled reaction were also studied. The activity was located exclusively in the membrane fraction of cell-free extracts. Coproporphyrinogen III could not replace protoporphyrinogen as substrate. Methylene blue, triphenyl tetrazolium and nitrate, but not nitrite, could replace fumarate as anaerobic hydrogen acceptor. These findings have implications for the mechanism and regulation of microbial heme and chlorophyll synthesis and for the physiology of cytochrome synthesis in anaerobic microorganisms."}
{"id": "PMID:365244", "title": "Plasma membrane vesicles isolated from epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "Membrane vesicles can be obtained from epimastigote forms of Trypansoma cruzi by incubating cells with either cross-linking reagents or acid pH. Acetate, phtalate or citrate, at pH 4.0, but not at higher pH values, were able to induce plasma membrane vesiculation. Vesicles have been purified by sucrose density centrifugation and their membrane origin was demonstrated by the following criteria: (a) Vesicles are 5--10 times richer in protein-bound iodine when they are prepared from cells previously labeled with 131I by the lactoperoxidase catalyzed reaction. (b) Electron microscopy of vesiculating cells shows physical continuity between cell plasma membrane and vesicle membrane. (c) Antibodies prepared against purified vesicles are able to agglutinate epimastigote forms of T. cruzi with sera dilutions up to 1 : 256 to 1 : 512. (d) Freeze-fracture studies of the purified vesicles have shown images of faces P and E compatible with known images of the intact cell plasma membrane. Typical preparations of acetate vesicles present the following characteristics: total carbohydrate : protein=1.5--2.0; orcinol : protein-0.07 and absence of diphenylamine reaction. Vesicles contain 0.2--0.5% and 0.3--1.0% of the total homogenate protein and carbohydrate, respectively. The presence of 10 major protein bands and 30--50-fold enrichment of the four sugar-containing macromolecules present in epimastigote forms of T. cruzi have been demonstrated in these preparations.", "contents": "Plasma membrane vesicles isolated from epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Membrane vesicles can be obtained from epimastigote forms of Trypansoma cruzi by incubating cells with either cross-linking reagents or acid pH. Acetate, phtalate or citrate, at pH 4.0, but not at higher pH values, were able to induce plasma membrane vesiculation. Vesicles have been purified by sucrose density centrifugation and their membrane origin was demonstrated by the following criteria: (a) Vesicles are 5--10 times richer in protein-bound iodine when they are prepared from cells previously labeled with 131I by the lactoperoxidase catalyzed reaction. (b) Electron microscopy of vesiculating cells shows physical continuity between cell plasma membrane and vesicle membrane. (c) Antibodies prepared against purified vesicles are able to agglutinate epimastigote forms of T. cruzi with sera dilutions up to 1 : 256 to 1 : 512. (d) Freeze-fracture studies of the purified vesicles have shown images of faces P and E compatible with known images of the intact cell plasma membrane. Typical preparations of acetate vesicles present the following characteristics: total carbohydrate : protein=1.5--2.0; orcinol : protein-0.07 and absence of diphenylamine reaction. Vesicles contain 0.2--0.5% and 0.3--1.0% of the total homogenate protein and carbohydrate, respectively. The presence of 10 major protein bands and 30--50-fold enrichment of the four sugar-containing macromolecules present in epimastigote forms of T. cruzi have been demonstrated in these preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:365245", "title": "Purification of an adenylyl cyclase-containing plasma membrane fraction from Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "A fraction containing plasma membrane fragments has been purified from epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Cells were broken by sonic vibration under well defined conditions and membranes were isolated by differential centrifugation and equilibrium centrifugation in sucrose gradients. The co-purification (approximately 10-fold) of adenylyl cyclase and plasma membrane-bound radioactive iodine is highly suggestive of the localization of this enzyme in the plasma membrane of T. cruzi. Determination of succinate cytochrome c reductase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities, as well as of total amounts of DNA and RNA in the purified fraction, indicates a negligible contamination from other cellular organelles. The co-purification of acid phosphatase activity with bound labeled iodine and adenylyl cyclase was taken as circumstantial evidence that part of this enzyme also belongs to the plasma membrane of T. cruzi. Conventional electron miscroscopy and freeze-fracture images of this fraction are consistent with a highly enriched plasma membrane preparation.", "contents": "Purification of an adenylyl cyclase-containing plasma membrane fraction from Trypanosoma cruzi. A fraction containing plasma membrane fragments has been purified from epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Cells were broken by sonic vibration under well defined conditions and membranes were isolated by differential centrifugation and equilibrium centrifugation in sucrose gradients. The co-purification (approximately 10-fold) of adenylyl cyclase and plasma membrane-bound radioactive iodine is highly suggestive of the localization of this enzyme in the plasma membrane of T. cruzi. Determination of succinate cytochrome c reductase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities, as well as of total amounts of DNA and RNA in the purified fraction, indicates a negligible contamination from other cellular organelles. The co-purification of acid phosphatase activity with bound labeled iodine and adenylyl cyclase was taken as circumstantial evidence that part of this enzyme also belongs to the plasma membrane of T. cruzi. Conventional electron miscroscopy and freeze-fracture images of this fraction are consistent with a highly enriched plasma membrane preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:365246", "title": "Hydrolysis of low molecular weight isomaltosaccharides by a p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside-hydrolyzing alpha-glucosidase from a thermophile, Bacillus thermoglucosidius KP 1006.", "content": "A p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside-hydrolyzing alpha-glucosidase of a thermophile, Bacillus thermoglucosidius KP 1006, was purified to an electrophoretically-homogeneous state. Its molecular weight was estimated as 60 000 by gel electrophoresis. The molecular activity (ko) and the Km value at 60 degrees C and pH 6.8 for p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside were 233 s-1 and 0.24 mM, respectively. The enzyme cleft the non-reducing terminal alpha-1,6-glucosidic bonds of isomaltose, panose, isomaltotriose, isomaltotetraose, and isomaltopentaose. The ko values were 72.4, 194, 208, 233 and 167 s-1, and the Km values were 3.3, 9.5, 11, 13 and 21 mM, respectively. Each isomaltosaccharide was hydrolyzed to glucose by the cleavage of single glucose units from its nonreducing end. The present study suggests that the enzyme is an oligo-1,6-glucosidase (dextrin 6-alpha-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.10) and an exo-glucosidase.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of low molecular weight isomaltosaccharides by a p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside-hydrolyzing alpha-glucosidase from a thermophile, Bacillus thermoglucosidius KP 1006. A p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside-hydrolyzing alpha-glucosidase of a thermophile, Bacillus thermoglucosidius KP 1006, was purified to an electrophoretically-homogeneous state. Its molecular weight was estimated as 60 000 by gel electrophoresis. The molecular activity (ko) and the Km value at 60 degrees C and pH 6.8 for p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside were 233 s-1 and 0.24 mM, respectively. The enzyme cleft the non-reducing terminal alpha-1,6-glucosidic bonds of isomaltose, panose, isomaltotriose, isomaltotetraose, and isomaltopentaose. The ko values were 72.4, 194, 208, 233 and 167 s-1, and the Km values were 3.3, 9.5, 11, 13 and 21 mM, respectively. Each isomaltosaccharide was hydrolyzed to glucose by the cleavage of single glucose units from its nonreducing end. The present study suggests that the enzyme is an oligo-1,6-glucosidase (dextrin 6-alpha-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.10) and an exo-glucosidase."}
{"id": "PMID:365247", "title": "Starch metabolism in Pseudomonas stutzeri. I. Studies on maltotetraose-forming amylase.", "content": "The extracellular maltotetraose-forming amylase of Pseudomonas stutzeri was purified to homogeneity by a combination of affinity and hydroxyapatite chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis indicated that the oligomeric enzyme contains two different subunits with molecular weights of 48 000 and 58 000. Cross-linking studies using dimethyl suberimidate have demonstrated that the native enzyme consists of dimers. Seven isozymes of the amylase have been identified after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amylose-digestion zymograms. The amylase of Ps. stutzeri is known to produce maltotetraose from linear and branched alpha-glucans by an exomechanism. The relatively high conversion rate of starch (75% hydrolysis), and the hydrolysis of cross-linked blue starch by this amylase indicate that the enzyme can cleave its substrates also by an endomechanism. Further strong evidence for an endomechanism was obtained from the action of the amylase on maltotetraose units which are located within the pullulan molecule. Dextran, pullulan, and maltotetraose are compeititve inhibitors. EDTA caused reversible inactivation. Amylase activity could be restored by addition of Ca2+. Heavy metals are inhibitory.", "contents": "Starch metabolism in Pseudomonas stutzeri. I. Studies on maltotetraose-forming amylase. The extracellular maltotetraose-forming amylase of Pseudomonas stutzeri was purified to homogeneity by a combination of affinity and hydroxyapatite chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis indicated that the oligomeric enzyme contains two different subunits with molecular weights of 48 000 and 58 000. Cross-linking studies using dimethyl suberimidate have demonstrated that the native enzyme consists of dimers. Seven isozymes of the amylase have been identified after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amylose-digestion zymograms. The amylase of Ps. stutzeri is known to produce maltotetraose from linear and branched alpha-glucans by an exomechanism. The relatively high conversion rate of starch (75% hydrolysis), and the hydrolysis of cross-linked blue starch by this amylase indicate that the enzyme can cleave its substrates also by an endomechanism. Further strong evidence for an endomechanism was obtained from the action of the amylase on maltotetraose units which are located within the pullulan molecule. Dextran, pullulan, and maltotetraose are compeititve inhibitors. EDTA caused reversible inactivation. Amylase activity could be restored by addition of Ca2+. Heavy metals are inhibitory."}
{"id": "PMID:365249", "title": "Hypertension self-control with a portable feedback unit or meditation-relaxation.", "content": "Thirty borderline essential hypertensives were randomly assigned to a portable constant-cuff blood pressure feedback technique or meditation-relaxation. Each technique was taught in the laboratory, then practiced twice daily at home for four weeks. Subjects mailed daily records of their progress. Seven feedback and ten meditation-relaxation subjects completed the program. Both techniques produced significant systolic and diastolic reductions within practice sessions and diastolic reductions over weeks of training. Neither technique improved reductions nor reduced initial systolic pressure levels over the four weeks. Differences between biofeedback and meditation-relaxation in within-session pressure reductions were not significant.", "contents": "Hypertension self-control with a portable feedback unit or meditation-relaxation. Thirty borderline essential hypertensives were randomly assigned to a portable constant-cuff blood pressure feedback technique or meditation-relaxation. Each technique was taught in the laboratory, then practiced twice daily at home for four weeks. Subjects mailed daily records of their progress. Seven feedback and ten meditation-relaxation subjects completed the program. Both techniques produced significant systolic and diastolic reductions within practice sessions and diastolic reductions over weeks of training. Neither technique improved reductions nor reduced initial systolic pressure levels over the four weeks. Differences between biofeedback and meditation-relaxation in within-session pressure reductions were not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:365250", "title": "Biofeedback-assisted relaxation training for primary dysmenorrhea: a case study.", "content": "Primary dysmenorrhea is a familiar complaint to medical practitioners. Recently, behavior therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment for the symptoms of dysmenorrhea. The present case study offers biofeedback-assisted relaxation treatment as an effective alternative treatment. The Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire was used to classify dysmenorrhea as spasmodic or congestive. This classification provides homogeneous groups of patients. The patient in this study had an 18-year history of primary dysmenorrhea that was resistant to hormonal and analgesic treatment. After two months of baseline observation, she was given eight sessions of skin-temperature biofeedback and autogenic training. She reported significant reduction of pain and discomfort with the use of biofeedback-assisted relaxation. Desensitization using visual imagery, an important component of previous therapies, was not used. Further examination of the efficacy of biofeedback-assisted relaxation training for the treatment of both congestive and spasmodic dysmenorrhea is suggested.", "contents": "Biofeedback-assisted relaxation training for primary dysmenorrhea: a case study. Primary dysmenorrhea is a familiar complaint to medical practitioners. Recently, behavior therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment for the symptoms of dysmenorrhea. The present case study offers biofeedback-assisted relaxation treatment as an effective alternative treatment. The Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire was used to classify dysmenorrhea as spasmodic or congestive. This classification provides homogeneous groups of patients. The patient in this study had an 18-year history of primary dysmenorrhea that was resistant to hormonal and analgesic treatment. After two months of baseline observation, she was given eight sessions of skin-temperature biofeedback and autogenic training. She reported significant reduction of pain and discomfort with the use of biofeedback-assisted relaxation. Desensitization using visual imagery, an important component of previous therapies, was not used. Further examination of the efficacy of biofeedback-assisted relaxation training for the treatment of both congestive and spasmodic dysmenorrhea is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:365253", "title": "Relative rates of repair of single-strand breaks and postirradiation DNA degradation in normal and induced cells of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Labeled DNA from irradiated Excherichia coli cells has been studied on an alkaline sucrose gradient without acid precipitation of the DNA. This enables the observation of both DNA repair and DNA degradation. The use of a predose of ultraviolet light (UV) causes induction of an inhibitor of postirradiation DNA degradation in lex+ strains. The effect of this induction on both the repair of single-strand breaks and DNA degradation has been followed in strains WU3610 (uvr+) and WU3610-89 (uvr-). The repair process is more rapid than the degradation, and when degradation is inhibited more repair is apparent. Cells that are lex- (Bs-1 and AB2474) cannot be induced for inhibition of degradation. Nevertheless, by observation at short times repair can be seen clearly. This repaired DNA is degraded, suggesting that the signal for DNA degradation is not a single-strand break.", "contents": "Relative rates of repair of single-strand breaks and postirradiation DNA degradation in normal and induced cells of Escherichia coli. Labeled DNA from irradiated Excherichia coli cells has been studied on an alkaline sucrose gradient without acid precipitation of the DNA. This enables the observation of both DNA repair and DNA degradation. The use of a predose of ultraviolet light (UV) causes induction of an inhibitor of postirradiation DNA degradation in lex+ strains. The effect of this induction on both the repair of single-strand breaks and DNA degradation has been followed in strains WU3610 (uvr+) and WU3610-89 (uvr-). The repair process is more rapid than the degradation, and when degradation is inhibited more repair is apparent. Cells that are lex- (Bs-1 and AB2474) cannot be induced for inhibition of degradation. Nevertheless, by observation at short times repair can be seen clearly. This repaired DNA is degraded, suggesting that the signal for DNA degradation is not a single-strand break."}
{"id": "PMID:365254", "title": "Rate-determining processes in the transport of Pr3+ ions by the ionophore A23187 across phospholipid vesicular membranes. A 1H-MR and theoretical study.", "content": "Rate constants and activation parameters have been determined for the transport of Pr3+ ions by the ionophore A23187 across dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicular membranes. The novel method described depends on the measurement of changes in chemical shift of the 1H-NMR choline head-group signals as Pr3+ is transported from outside to inside the vesicles. The determined rates are directly proportional to A23187 concentration, suggesting that the rate-determining step involves the species [Pr(A23187)](2+). A theoretical analysis of the initial stages of Pr3+ transport leads to the conclusion that diffusion over the image potential barrier is the rate-determing step. Calculation of the form and height of this barrier for the non-equilibrium state gives results which agree well with the experimental activation energy and also correctly predict a two-fold reduction in rate of transport when 7 mol % decane is present in the bilayer.", "contents": "Rate-determining processes in the transport of Pr3+ ions by the ionophore A23187 across phospholipid vesicular membranes. A 1H-MR and theoretical study. Rate constants and activation parameters have been determined for the transport of Pr3+ ions by the ionophore A23187 across dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicular membranes. The novel method described depends on the measurement of changes in chemical shift of the 1H-NMR choline head-group signals as Pr3+ is transported from outside to inside the vesicles. The determined rates are directly proportional to A23187 concentration, suggesting that the rate-determining step involves the species [Pr(A23187)](2+). A theoretical analysis of the initial stages of Pr3+ transport leads to the conclusion that diffusion over the image potential barrier is the rate-determing step. Calculation of the form and height of this barrier for the non-equilibrium state gives results which agree well with the experimental activation energy and also correctly predict a two-fold reduction in rate of transport when 7 mol % decane is present in the bilayer."}
{"id": "PMID:365257", "title": "Procedure for the simultaneous large-scale isolation of pullulanase and 1,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase from Klebsiella pneumoniae involving liquid-liquid separations.", "content": "A procedure for the simultaneous large-scale isolation of pullulanase and 1,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase from Klebsiella pneumoniae is described. The pullulanase is solubilized from the cell wall by cholate treatment; cells and cell debris are removed by partition in a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-dextran two-phase system and from the upper (PEG) phase of this system the pullulanase is isolated by ultrafiltration and precipitation with N-cetyl,N-,N-,N-trimethyl ammonium bromide to a purity of about 80% with a yield of 70%. The preparations are free of alpha-amylase activity. The cell containing dextran-rich phase is passed through a Manton-Gaulin homogenizer. Then the phosphorylase is separated from the cell debris by partition in a second PEG-dextran system. From the top phase of this system the phosphorylase is isolated by distribution in a PEG-salt two-phase system followed by batch adsorption on carboxymethyl-Sephadex in a yield of 55%, a purity of around 90%, and nearly free of glycosyltransferase activity. All steps in the isolation of the two enzymes can be performed easily in a large scale.", "contents": "Procedure for the simultaneous large-scale isolation of pullulanase and 1,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase from Klebsiella pneumoniae involving liquid-liquid separations. A procedure for the simultaneous large-scale isolation of pullulanase and 1,4-alpha-glucan phosphorylase from Klebsiella pneumoniae is described. The pullulanase is solubilized from the cell wall by cholate treatment; cells and cell debris are removed by partition in a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-dextran two-phase system and from the upper (PEG) phase of this system the pullulanase is isolated by ultrafiltration and precipitation with N-cetyl,N-,N-,N-trimethyl ammonium bromide to a purity of about 80% with a yield of 70%. The preparations are free of alpha-amylase activity. The cell containing dextran-rich phase is passed through a Manton-Gaulin homogenizer. Then the phosphorylase is separated from the cell debris by partition in a second PEG-dextran system. From the top phase of this system the phosphorylase is isolated by distribution in a PEG-salt two-phase system followed by batch adsorption on carboxymethyl-Sephadex in a yield of 55%, a purity of around 90%, and nearly free of glycosyltransferase activity. All steps in the isolation of the two enzymes can be performed easily in a large scale."}
{"id": "PMID:365272", "title": "[Effect of leukocyte pyrogen on the phagocytic properties of macrophages in tissue culture].", "content": "The effect of rabbit leukocytic pyrogen (LP) on the phagocytic activity of the peritoneal macrophages of albino mice against shigellae was investigated. The dose-effect dependence was revealed: high LP doses depressed the phagocytosis, and low ones were insufficiently effective; addition of average LP doses against the kanamycin background stimulated both the absorption phase and that of shigella digestion. Phagocytosis stimulation with LP was also accompanied by an increase of the acid phosphatase lysosomal enzyme activity in macrophages; the RNA content was not changed.", "contents": "[Effect of leukocyte pyrogen on the phagocytic properties of macrophages in tissue culture]. The effect of rabbit leukocytic pyrogen (LP) on the phagocytic activity of the peritoneal macrophages of albino mice against shigellae was investigated. The dose-effect dependence was revealed: high LP doses depressed the phagocytosis, and low ones were insufficiently effective; addition of average LP doses against the kanamycin background stimulated both the absorption phase and that of shigella digestion. Phagocytosis stimulation with LP was also accompanied by an increase of the acid phosphatase lysosomal enzyme activity in macrophages; the RNA content was not changed."}
{"id": "PMID:365274", "title": "Hodgkin's disease and anergy.", "content": "The clinical, pathologic, and immunologic features unique to Hodgkin's disease can be explained by the following hypothesis. A viral transformation of a lymph node cell leads to proliferation of tumor cells and the generation of an immune response consisting of lymphokine production, B cell activation and concomitant suppression of further T cell activation, but ineffective cellular cytotoxicity against the tumor cells. The result of this interaction would be chronic infiltration around the transformed cells, increased immunoglobulin synthesis, and anergy. Failure to destroy the target cells would result in chronicity of these features and progressive disease.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease and anergy. The clinical, pathologic, and immunologic features unique to Hodgkin's disease can be explained by the following hypothesis. A viral transformation of a lymph node cell leads to proliferation of tumor cells and the generation of an immune response consisting of lymphokine production, B cell activation and concomitant suppression of further T cell activation, but ineffective cellular cytotoxicity against the tumor cells. The result of this interaction would be chronic infiltration around the transformed cells, increased immunoglobulin synthesis, and anergy. Failure to destroy the target cells would result in chronicity of these features and progressive disease."}
{"id": "PMID:365283", "title": "Effects of sulphinpyrazone and aspirin on prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) synthesis by endothelial cells.", "content": "Synthesis of prostaglandin I2, (PGI2, prostacyclin) by vascular endothelium (assayed by the ability of cultured endothelial cells to inhibit platelet aggregation) was inhibited by aspirin. At 100 mumol/l aspirin completely blocked measurable PGI2 production, but endothelial cells had substantially recovered their ability to synthesize PGI2 24 h after removal of the drug. In contrast, the effect of 1 mmol/l aspirin was still evident 24 h after drug withdrawal. Sulphinpyrazone also inhibited PGI2 synthesis, but was about 100 fold less potent than aspirin, and the effect of the drug was lost within 24 h of its addition, even when endothelial cells were left in contact with the drug during this period.", "contents": "Effects of sulphinpyrazone and aspirin on prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) synthesis by endothelial cells. Synthesis of prostaglandin I2, (PGI2, prostacyclin) by vascular endothelium (assayed by the ability of cultured endothelial cells to inhibit platelet aggregation) was inhibited by aspirin. At 100 mumol/l aspirin completely blocked measurable PGI2 production, but endothelial cells had substantially recovered their ability to synthesize PGI2 24 h after removal of the drug. In contrast, the effect of 1 mmol/l aspirin was still evident 24 h after drug withdrawal. Sulphinpyrazone also inhibited PGI2 synthesis, but was about 100 fold less potent than aspirin, and the effect of the drug was lost within 24 h of its addition, even when endothelial cells were left in contact with the drug during this period."}
{"id": "PMID:365284", "title": "Comparison of the actions of octopamine and catecholamines on single neurones of the rat cerebral cortex.", "content": "1. The technique of microelectrophoresis was used to compare the actions of octopamine, noradrenaline and dopamine on single cortical neurones of the rat. 2. Octopamine both excited and depressed neurones of the cortex. Frequently cells depressed by noradrenaline were excited by octopamine; occasionally the converse was true. The time courses of action of the two amines also differed. Dopamine-elicited excitations were observed, but also were not correlated with octopamine-elicited effects. 3. When octopamine and noradrenaline both caused depressant effects, octopamine frequently was of less apparent potency than noradrenaline. When these amines were excitatory, octopamine appeared at least as and sometimes more potent than noradrenaline. 4. Octopamine was only weakly effective on cortical neurones identified by antidromic stimulation of the pyramidal tract, or synaptically excited by stimulation of the ventrobasal thalamus. 5. alpha-Flupenthixol and propranolol were without effect on octopamine-elicited changes in firing rate at doses which were effective in blocking the actions of dopamine and noradrenaline respectively. Metoclopramide did not block the actions of any of the three agonists, but had strong effects of its own. 6. The results suggest that receptors sensitive to octopamine, and which appear to be pharmacologically distinct from those previously categorized as noradrenaline and dopamine receptors, may exist on central neurones of the rat.", "contents": "Comparison of the actions of octopamine and catecholamines on single neurones of the rat cerebral cortex. 1. The technique of microelectrophoresis was used to compare the actions of octopamine, noradrenaline and dopamine on single cortical neurones of the rat. 2. Octopamine both excited and depressed neurones of the cortex. Frequently cells depressed by noradrenaline were excited by octopamine; occasionally the converse was true. The time courses of action of the two amines also differed. Dopamine-elicited excitations were observed, but also were not correlated with octopamine-elicited effects. 3. When octopamine and noradrenaline both caused depressant effects, octopamine frequently was of less apparent potency than noradrenaline. When these amines were excitatory, octopamine appeared at least as and sometimes more potent than noradrenaline. 4. Octopamine was only weakly effective on cortical neurones identified by antidromic stimulation of the pyramidal tract, or synaptically excited by stimulation of the ventrobasal thalamus. 5. alpha-Flupenthixol and propranolol were without effect on octopamine-elicited changes in firing rate at doses which were effective in blocking the actions of dopamine and noradrenaline respectively. Metoclopramide did not block the actions of any of the three agonists, but had strong effects of its own. 6. The results suggest that receptors sensitive to octopamine, and which appear to be pharmacologically distinct from those previously categorized as noradrenaline and dopamine receptors, may exist on central neurones of the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:365286", "title": "A controlled study to evaluate directed masturbation in the management of primary orgasmic failure in women.", "content": "This paper presents the results of a prospective controlled study evaluating a programme of directed masturbation against a combined sensate focus and supportive psychotherapeutic approach in the management of female primary orgasmic failure. Of the 20 patients who followed the masturbation programme 90 per cent gained orgasmic capacity compared with 53 per cent of 15 patients who were treated conventionally. Eighty-five per cent of the patients treated by the masturbation programme and 47 per cent of the control group of patients became coitally orgasmic on at least 75 per cent of coital occasions. The difference is statistically significant at the 5 per cent level. The results suggest that directed masturbation is an effective adjunct in the management of primary female orgasmic failure.", "contents": "A controlled study to evaluate directed masturbation in the management of primary orgasmic failure in women. This paper presents the results of a prospective controlled study evaluating a programme of directed masturbation against a combined sensate focus and supportive psychotherapeutic approach in the management of female primary orgasmic failure. Of the 20 patients who followed the masturbation programme 90 per cent gained orgasmic capacity compared with 53 per cent of 15 patients who were treated conventionally. Eighty-five per cent of the patients treated by the masturbation programme and 47 per cent of the control group of patients became coitally orgasmic on at least 75 per cent of coital occasions. The difference is statistically significant at the 5 per cent level. The results suggest that directed masturbation is an effective adjunct in the management of primary female orgasmic failure."}
{"id": "PMID:365288", "title": "Mumps prophylaxis in the light of a new test for antibody.", "content": "A radial haemolysis test was used to investigate immunity to mumps. Antibody was found in 92 (42%) out of 220 children aged up to 5 years, 124 (78%) out of 159 children aged 6--10 years, 192 (86%) out of 222 children aged 11 years, 138 (92%) out of 150 children aged 15 years, and 280 (95%) out of 296 women attending an antenatal clinic. A group of 307 cadets aged 16--18 years were also tested and interviewed: 133 (95%) out of 140 who said that they had had mumps and 108 (87%) out of 124 who said that they had not had mumps were found to have antibody. The results suggest that tests for immunity to mumps by radial haemolysis would permit more rational use of mumps-specific immunoglobulin and attenuated mumps vaccine.", "contents": "Mumps prophylaxis in the light of a new test for antibody. A radial haemolysis test was used to investigate immunity to mumps. Antibody was found in 92 (42%) out of 220 children aged up to 5 years, 124 (78%) out of 159 children aged 6--10 years, 192 (86%) out of 222 children aged 11 years, 138 (92%) out of 150 children aged 15 years, and 280 (95%) out of 296 women attending an antenatal clinic. A group of 307 cadets aged 16--18 years were also tested and interviewed: 133 (95%) out of 140 who said that they had had mumps and 108 (87%) out of 124 who said that they had not had mumps were found to have antibody. The results suggest that tests for immunity to mumps by radial haemolysis would permit more rational use of mumps-specific immunoglobulin and attenuated mumps vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:365289", "title": "Physiotherapy and intermittent positive-pressure ventilation of chronic bronchitis.", "content": "Patients aged over 45 admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis alone or in association with cor pulmonale, pneumonia, or respiratory failure were placed in one of three groups (men with hypoxia, men without hypoxia, and women). Patients within these groups were then randomly allocated to receive either standard drug treatment alone or standard drug treatment plus intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV). No significant differences occurred between the controls and patients receiving physiotherapy and IPPV in any group. We conclude that when a patient with chronic bronchitis and respiratory failure is deteriorating emphasis should be on correct diagnosis, fluid electrolyte balance, and nutrition together with oxygen treatment when necessary, rather than on additional physiotherapy.", "contents": "Physiotherapy and intermittent positive-pressure ventilation of chronic bronchitis. Patients aged over 45 admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis alone or in association with cor pulmonale, pneumonia, or respiratory failure were placed in one of three groups (men with hypoxia, men without hypoxia, and women). Patients within these groups were then randomly allocated to receive either standard drug treatment alone or standard drug treatment plus intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV). No significant differences occurred between the controls and patients receiving physiotherapy and IPPV in any group. We conclude that when a patient with chronic bronchitis and respiratory failure is deteriorating emphasis should be on correct diagnosis, fluid electrolyte balance, and nutrition together with oxygen treatment when necessary, rather than on additional physiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:365291", "title": "Use of neurosurgery for psychological disorder in British Isles during 1974--6.", "content": "All 44 neurosurgical units in the British Isles replied to a postal questionnaire asking about their use of neurosurgery during 1974--6 for functional mental illness. A total of 431 operations was reported, representing a yearly rate of 3.4 operations per million population aged over 15. The numbers of operations declined from 158 in 1974 to 119 in 1976. Four units did two-thirds of the operations. Stereotactic methods for locating the site for the lesion were used in two-thirds of procedures. Mood disorders, anxiety states, and obsessive-compulsive neurosis were the conditions most commonly treated.", "contents": "Use of neurosurgery for psychological disorder in British Isles during 1974--6. All 44 neurosurgical units in the British Isles replied to a postal questionnaire asking about their use of neurosurgery during 1974--6 for functional mental illness. A total of 431 operations was reported, representing a yearly rate of 3.4 operations per million population aged over 15. The numbers of operations declined from 158 in 1974 to 119 in 1976. Four units did two-thirds of the operations. Stereotactic methods for locating the site for the lesion were used in two-thirds of procedures. Mood disorders, anxiety states, and obsessive-compulsive neurosis were the conditions most commonly treated."}
{"id": "PMID:365295", "title": "Synthesis of dopamine and octopamine in the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system.", "content": "The spiny lobster stomatogastric nervous system synthesizes dopamine and octopamine in vitro from exogenous [3H]tyrosine. Each amine accumulates with a specific distribution among 9 separately analyzed regions within the system. Synthesis of other catecholamines was not observed. [3H]Dopamine is found in nerves, ganglia, and identified commissural ganglion cell bodies in which catecholamine histofluorescence has been demonstrated. The biosynthetic and histochemical data together indicate that dopaminergic cells send axons from the commissural ganglia to the stomatogastric ganglion neuropil along the same pathway followed by fibers that activate the pylroic motor network. The results support the hypothesis that dopamine mediates activation of the pyloric system in vivo, as observed in vitro. [3H]Octopamine accumulates primarily in the commissural and stomatogastric ganglia, where it may modulate neuronal activity, but octopaminergic cells and release sites within the stomatogastric system have not been identified.", "contents": "Synthesis of dopamine and octopamine in the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system. The spiny lobster stomatogastric nervous system synthesizes dopamine and octopamine in vitro from exogenous [3H]tyrosine. Each amine accumulates with a specific distribution among 9 separately analyzed regions within the system. Synthesis of other catecholamines was not observed. [3H]Dopamine is found in nerves, ganglia, and identified commissural ganglion cell bodies in which catecholamine histofluorescence has been demonstrated. The biosynthetic and histochemical data together indicate that dopaminergic cells send axons from the commissural ganglia to the stomatogastric ganglion neuropil along the same pathway followed by fibers that activate the pylroic motor network. The results support the hypothesis that dopamine mediates activation of the pyloric system in vivo, as observed in vitro. [3H]Octopamine accumulates primarily in the commissural and stomatogastric ganglia, where it may modulate neuronal activity, but octopaminergic cells and release sites within the stomatogastric system have not been identified."}
{"id": "PMID:365304", "title": "Protection of the brain from hypoxia: a review.", "content": "A functional classification of hypoxia of the brain has been presented and some of its significant aspects have been discussed. Mechanisms of protection from hypoxia of the brain were reviewed under the headings of prevention, hyperventilation, hypothermia and protection by barbiturates. In prevention of hypoxia of the brain, avoidance of factors producing a fall in cerebral perfusing pressure was emphasized. Hyperventilation is not advised unless one can readily measure regional cerebral blood flow. In the operating room, normocarbia or slight hypocarbia is recommended. Animal studies indicate a protective role of barbiturates in ischaemic hypoxia of the brain. However, it should be emphasized that, at present, hypothermia is the only established means of protection against hypoxia of the brain in man, when it is induced prior to the hypoxic insult. The evidence for protection by barbiturates has been found only in experimental animals. If one can extrapolate the results of studies in animals to man, then potential benefits would be expected in clinical stroke, cardiac arrest, in operations on the carotid artery and in head injury.", "contents": "Protection of the brain from hypoxia: a review. A functional classification of hypoxia of the brain has been presented and some of its significant aspects have been discussed. Mechanisms of protection from hypoxia of the brain were reviewed under the headings of prevention, hyperventilation, hypothermia and protection by barbiturates. In prevention of hypoxia of the brain, avoidance of factors producing a fall in cerebral perfusing pressure was emphasized. Hyperventilation is not advised unless one can readily measure regional cerebral blood flow. In the operating room, normocarbia or slight hypocarbia is recommended. Animal studies indicate a protective role of barbiturates in ischaemic hypoxia of the brain. However, it should be emphasized that, at present, hypothermia is the only established means of protection against hypoxia of the brain in man, when it is induced prior to the hypoxic insult. The evidence for protection by barbiturates has been found only in experimental animals. If one can extrapolate the results of studies in animals to man, then potential benefits would be expected in clinical stroke, cardiac arrest, in operations on the carotid artery and in head injury."}
{"id": "PMID:365307", "title": "Comparison of three methods for identifying nonfermenting gram-negative rods.", "content": "Seventy-six strains of nonfermenting gram-negative rods were tested on the Analytab Products, Inc. (API) system and on conventional media. In addition, 51 strains were tested on the Oxi-Ferm system. When the identification results were compared, the API agreed with the conventional system on 41% of the isolates and Oxi-Ferm agreed with the conventional system on 72% of the isolates. API had the greatest difficulty in identifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa. API and Oxi-Ferm both had difficulty identifying P. cepacia. Oxi-Ferm had more individual discrepant biochemical reactions than did API when compared to the conventional media, but still maintained a higher percentage agreement with the conventional system.", "contents": "Comparison of three methods for identifying nonfermenting gram-negative rods. Seventy-six strains of nonfermenting gram-negative rods were tested on the Analytab Products, Inc. (API) system and on conventional media. In addition, 51 strains were tested on the Oxi-Ferm system. When the identification results were compared, the API agreed with the conventional system on 41% of the isolates and Oxi-Ferm agreed with the conventional system on 72% of the isolates. API had the greatest difficulty in identifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa. API and Oxi-Ferm both had difficulty identifying P. cepacia. Oxi-Ferm had more individual discrepant biochemical reactions than did API when compared to the conventional media, but still maintained a higher percentage agreement with the conventional system."}
{"id": "PMID:365308", "title": "Simultaneous production of two types of beta-lactamase in Escherichia coli and Providencia stuartii.", "content": "The production of beta-lactamase has been studied in two strains isolated from clinical samples: Providencia stuartii MULB 501 and Escherichia coli MULB 130. These strains were selected for their high resistance level to penicillins and cephalosporins. Determination and identification of beta-lactamase activity were achieved by combining several up-to-date methods including (i) neutralization by anti-beta-lactamase sera, (ii) purification by affinity chromatography on cephalosporin C linked Sepharose 4B, (iii) determination of substrate specificity and kinetic values (Km and Vmax) by a computerized microacidimetric method, and (iv) isoelectric focusing. The results clearly demonstrate that in these two strains there is a simultaneous production of different beta-lactamases: the first one is similar to the TEM penicillinase and the second one shares a typical cephalosporinase profile. This double beta-lactamase production is a relatively rare phenomenon.", "contents": "Simultaneous production of two types of beta-lactamase in Escherichia coli and Providencia stuartii. The production of beta-lactamase has been studied in two strains isolated from clinical samples: Providencia stuartii MULB 501 and Escherichia coli MULB 130. These strains were selected for their high resistance level to penicillins and cephalosporins. Determination and identification of beta-lactamase activity were achieved by combining several up-to-date methods including (i) neutralization by anti-beta-lactamase sera, (ii) purification by affinity chromatography on cephalosporin C linked Sepharose 4B, (iii) determination of substrate specificity and kinetic values (Km and Vmax) by a computerized microacidimetric method, and (iv) isoelectric focusing. The results clearly demonstrate that in these two strains there is a simultaneous production of different beta-lactamases: the first one is similar to the TEM penicillinase and the second one shares a typical cephalosporinase profile. This double beta-lactamase production is a relatively rare phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:365309", "title": "Inhibitors of DNA synthesis cause excessive DNA synthesis in dnaA mutants of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The relative rate of net DNA synthesis was stimulated when cells of dnaA mutants of Escherichia coli K12 were grown in the presence of low concentrations of DNA synthesis inhibitors. This led to a supernormal DNA/cell mass ratio. The excessive DNA was similar to the normal chromosomal DNA in size and stability in vivo. However, the cells did not divide but turned into long filaments. Excessive DNA synthesis in the presence of inhibitors of DNA synthesis was observed in the cultures of two independent dnaA mutants of E. coli, but dnaB and dnaC mutants behaved like the wild type in this respect.", "contents": "Inhibitors of DNA synthesis cause excessive DNA synthesis in dnaA mutants of Escherichia coli K12. The relative rate of net DNA synthesis was stimulated when cells of dnaA mutants of Escherichia coli K12 were grown in the presence of low concentrations of DNA synthesis inhibitors. This led to a supernormal DNA/cell mass ratio. The excessive DNA was similar to the normal chromosomal DNA in size and stability in vivo. However, the cells did not divide but turned into long filaments. Excessive DNA synthesis in the presence of inhibitors of DNA synthesis was observed in the cultures of two independent dnaA mutants of E. coli, but dnaB and dnaC mutants behaved like the wild type in this respect."}
{"id": "PMID:365310", "title": "A new technique for the preparation of permanent reference cultures of fungi.", "content": "Fungal cultures were grown by a new microslide method and by the traditional slide-culture method. Sporulation results were similar by both methods. The microslide method has the advantages of increased safety to the user and ease of storage.", "contents": "A new technique for the preparation of permanent reference cultures of fungi. Fungal cultures were grown by a new microslide method and by the traditional slide-culture method. Sporulation results were similar by both methods. The microslide method has the advantages of increased safety to the user and ease of storage."}
{"id": "PMID:365311", "title": "Temperature-induced differences in growth rate and fatty acid composition in two strains of Escherichia coli 15T-.", "content": "The saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio of Escherichia coli 15T- decreases almost threefold as growth temperature decreases from 43 to 27 degrees C, wheras the ratio of a fast-growing mutant derived from 15T- changes only half as much. Strain 15T- experiences a 2.4-fold change in doubling time across this temperature range, but doubling time in the mutant changes 3.3-fold.", "contents": "Temperature-induced differences in growth rate and fatty acid composition in two strains of Escherichia coli 15T-. The saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio of Escherichia coli 15T- decreases almost threefold as growth temperature decreases from 43 to 27 degrees C, wheras the ratio of a fast-growing mutant derived from 15T- changes only half as much. Strain 15T- experiences a 2.4-fold change in doubling time across this temperature range, but doubling time in the mutant changes 3.3-fold."}
{"id": "PMID:365312", "title": "Chemotherapy of advanced measurable colon and rectal carcinoma with oral 5-fluorouracil, alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide or 6-thioguanine, with intravenous 5-fluorouracil or beta-2'-deoxythioguanosine or with oral 3(4-methyl-cyclohexyl)-1(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea: a Phase II-III study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (EST 4273).", "content": "In a randomized multi-institutional trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, 316 patients with advanced measurable colorectal adenocarcinoma were treated with a weekly schedule of 5-fluorouracil given orally and intravenously with oral-5-fluorouracil in combination with cyclophosphamide or 6-thioguanine, or with oral Methyl CCNU administered once every eight weeks. On failure or progression, 133 protocol patients crossed-over to a secondary therapy, while 116 other patients previously treated with 5-fluorouracil off protocol were randomized to treatment with Methyl CCNU or B-2'-deoxythioguanosine. Response rates among patients who had received no prior chemotherapy were 18% to oral 5-FU, 15% to intravenous 5-FU and to MeCCNU, 12% to 5-FU and 6-thioguanine and 5% to cyclophosphamide and 5-FU, with little activity (3% response rate) in crossover or previously treated patients. Treatment with 5-FU, particularly oral 5-FU was associated with the least drug-related toxicity. Hematologic toxicity was greatest with Methyl CCNU, but was no more frequent in previously treated than in untreated patients. A tendency toward cumulative bone marrow depression was noted. 5-FU was effective only in ambulatory patients, whereas responses among non-ambulatory patients were seen only in the group treated with Methyl-CCNU.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of advanced measurable colon and rectal carcinoma with oral 5-fluorouracil, alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide or 6-thioguanine, with intravenous 5-fluorouracil or beta-2'-deoxythioguanosine or with oral 3(4-methyl-cyclohexyl)-1(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea: a Phase II-III study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (EST 4273). In a randomized multi-institutional trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, 316 patients with advanced measurable colorectal adenocarcinoma were treated with a weekly schedule of 5-fluorouracil given orally and intravenously with oral-5-fluorouracil in combination with cyclophosphamide or 6-thioguanine, or with oral Methyl CCNU administered once every eight weeks. On failure or progression, 133 protocol patients crossed-over to a secondary therapy, while 116 other patients previously treated with 5-fluorouracil off protocol were randomized to treatment with Methyl CCNU or B-2'-deoxythioguanosine. Response rates among patients who had received no prior chemotherapy were 18% to oral 5-FU, 15% to intravenous 5-FU and to MeCCNU, 12% to 5-FU and 6-thioguanine and 5% to cyclophosphamide and 5-FU, with little activity (3% response rate) in crossover or previously treated patients. Treatment with 5-FU, particularly oral 5-FU was associated with the least drug-related toxicity. Hematologic toxicity was greatest with Methyl CCNU, but was no more frequent in previously treated than in untreated patients. A tendency toward cumulative bone marrow depression was noted. 5-FU was effective only in ambulatory patients, whereas responses among non-ambulatory patients were seen only in the group treated with Methyl-CCNU."}
{"id": "PMID:365313", "title": "Cyclophosphamide (NSC 26271) versus the combination of adriamycin (NSC 123127), 5-fluorouracil (NSC 19893), and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer: a randomized trial.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with a diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate were treated in a randomized, prospective trial with either Cyclophosphamide or a combination of Adriamycin, 5-Fluorouracil, and Cyclophosphamide. Doses were either Cyclophosphamide alone (800-1200 mg/m2 iv q 3 weeks) or Cyclophosphamide (150-200 mg/m2 po Day 3-6) plus 5-FU (400-500 mg/m2 iv Day 1, 8) plus Adriamycin (30-50 mg/m2 iv Day 1) given as a 4 week treatment cycle. Patients with compromised bone marrow reserve initially received the lower dose level. Objectively stable disease as defined by a modification of the National Prostatic Cancer Project criteria was seen in 53% of the 15 Cyclophosphamide treated patients and in 50% of the 12 combination treated patients. Survival was not significantly different in the two arms. However, the survival of patients responding to Cyclophosphamide was significantly longer than that of patients responding to the combination (median 18.6 months versus 8.1 months, p less than 0.05). Gastrointestinal and hematologic toxicity was moderate with both regimens. Therefore, in the present study, Cyclophosphamide alone was as effective as the combination of Cyclophosphamide, 5-FU and Adriamycin for patients with disseminated prostatic carcinoma. The moderate hematologic toxicity noted with both regimens suggests further evaluation of drug combinations utilizing higher dosages of active agents in this disease.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide (NSC 26271) versus the combination of adriamycin (NSC 123127), 5-fluorouracil (NSC 19893), and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer: a randomized trial. Twenty-seven patients with a diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate were treated in a randomized, prospective trial with either Cyclophosphamide or a combination of Adriamycin, 5-Fluorouracil, and Cyclophosphamide. Doses were either Cyclophosphamide alone (800-1200 mg/m2 iv q 3 weeks) or Cyclophosphamide (150-200 mg/m2 po Day 3-6) plus 5-FU (400-500 mg/m2 iv Day 1, 8) plus Adriamycin (30-50 mg/m2 iv Day 1) given as a 4 week treatment cycle. Patients with compromised bone marrow reserve initially received the lower dose level. Objectively stable disease as defined by a modification of the National Prostatic Cancer Project criteria was seen in 53% of the 15 Cyclophosphamide treated patients and in 50% of the 12 combination treated patients. Survival was not significantly different in the two arms. However, the survival of patients responding to Cyclophosphamide was significantly longer than that of patients responding to the combination (median 18.6 months versus 8.1 months, p less than 0.05). Gastrointestinal and hematologic toxicity was moderate with both regimens. Therefore, in the present study, Cyclophosphamide alone was as effective as the combination of Cyclophosphamide, 5-FU and Adriamycin for patients with disseminated prostatic carcinoma. The moderate hematologic toxicity noted with both regimens suggests further evaluation of drug combinations utilizing higher dosages of active agents in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:365314", "title": "Radiation therapy in lymphomatoid granulomatosis.", "content": "Two female patients with lymphomatoid granulomatosis have received radiation therapy for local, progressive, symptomatic lesions. One patient was a 56-year-old woman with concomitant brain and pulmonary lesions which progressed on cyclophosphamide and prednisone therapy. The second patient was a 62-year-old woman with a supraorbital mass which appeared and progressed on prednisone therapy. Both patients exhibited rapid response to radiation therapy, in terms of relief of symptoms and objective evidence of subsidence of local disease. A discussion of the nature of lymphomatoid granulomatosis and its treatment is presented with a review of the literature. One hundred sixty-five cases have now been described including the two in this study, and in only one previous case was radiation therapy utilized to treat local disease, prior to the two cases described herein.", "contents": "Radiation therapy in lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Two female patients with lymphomatoid granulomatosis have received radiation therapy for local, progressive, symptomatic lesions. One patient was a 56-year-old woman with concomitant brain and pulmonary lesions which progressed on cyclophosphamide and prednisone therapy. The second patient was a 62-year-old woman with a supraorbital mass which appeared and progressed on prednisone therapy. Both patients exhibited rapid response to radiation therapy, in terms of relief of symptoms and objective evidence of subsidence of local disease. A discussion of the nature of lymphomatoid granulomatosis and its treatment is presented with a review of the literature. One hundred sixty-five cases have now been described including the two in this study, and in only one previous case was radiation therapy utilized to treat local disease, prior to the two cases described herein."}
{"id": "PMID:365315", "title": "Osteosarcoma associated with Thorotrast administration: report of two cases and literature review.", "content": "Two cases of osteosarcoma are described arising in patients who had undergone angiography with Thorotrast during childhood. In both patients, there was radiographic and pathologic evidence of radioactive thorium dioxide deposition in bone as well as throughout the reticuloendothelial system. Thorotrast deposits were demonstrated in the immediate vicinity of the primary tumors by both histology and autoradiography. Previous cases of osteosarcoma associated with Thorotrast administration from the literature are cited, and possible causal relationships are discussed between thorium retention in bone and neoplastic transformation by chronic radiation.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma associated with Thorotrast administration: report of two cases and literature review. Two cases of osteosarcoma are described arising in patients who had undergone angiography with Thorotrast during childhood. In both patients, there was radiographic and pathologic evidence of radioactive thorium dioxide deposition in bone as well as throughout the reticuloendothelial system. Thorotrast deposits were demonstrated in the immediate vicinity of the primary tumors by both histology and autoradiography. Previous cases of osteosarcoma associated with Thorotrast administration from the literature are cited, and possible causal relationships are discussed between thorium retention in bone and neoplastic transformation by chronic radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:365316", "title": "Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina: study of four autopsy cases with ultrastructural findings.", "content": "Four cases of primary malignant melanoma of the vagina in women aged 23, 44, 51 and 65 years are presented. In these 4 cases, thorough clinical and postmortem examinations ruled out the possibility of a primary melanoma elsewhere. The primary tumors showed exophytic growth with superficial ulceration. Three of the melanomas arose from the middle third of the vagina and one from the upper third. Melanin was visible in sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin in 3 of the tumors. In the other one, the first biopsy failed to reveal melanin. However, the second biopsy performed following irradiation showed abundant melanin pigment. Electron microscopic examination of 3 tumors revealed premelanosomes and melanosomes in the tumor cells, thus confirming the diagnosis. Two neoplasms showed atypical histologic features, and only the presence of melanin enabled us to make diagnosis of malignant melanoma. One melanoma was associated with an adjacent widespread intraepithelial component of superficial spreading type indicating its probable mode of origin. All 4 patients died of widespread metastases within 13 months after initial treatment. These 4 cases, in which clinical diagnosis was confirmed by thorough autopsy, strongly indicate that malignant melanoma can arise directly from the vagina.", "contents": "Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina: study of four autopsy cases with ultrastructural findings. Four cases of primary malignant melanoma of the vagina in women aged 23, 44, 51 and 65 years are presented. In these 4 cases, thorough clinical and postmortem examinations ruled out the possibility of a primary melanoma elsewhere. The primary tumors showed exophytic growth with superficial ulceration. Three of the melanomas arose from the middle third of the vagina and one from the upper third. Melanin was visible in sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin in 3 of the tumors. In the other one, the first biopsy failed to reveal melanin. However, the second biopsy performed following irradiation showed abundant melanin pigment. Electron microscopic examination of 3 tumors revealed premelanosomes and melanosomes in the tumor cells, thus confirming the diagnosis. Two neoplasms showed atypical histologic features, and only the presence of melanin enabled us to make diagnosis of malignant melanoma. One melanoma was associated with an adjacent widespread intraepithelial component of superficial spreading type indicating its probable mode of origin. All 4 patients died of widespread metastases within 13 months after initial treatment. These 4 cases, in which clinical diagnosis was confirmed by thorough autopsy, strongly indicate that malignant melanoma can arise directly from the vagina."}
{"id": "PMID:365317", "title": "Primary carcinoid tumor of the testis: case report, ultrastructure and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of primary pure carcinoid tumor of the testis which occurred in a 71-year-old male is reported. The patient was treated by radical orchiectomy and remains well and symptom free 10 months after operation. Histologically as well as ultrastructurally the tumor showed typical appearances of carcinoid tumor of midgut derivation. 23 cases of carcinoid tumors of the testis were discovered in the literature. Of these 17 were primary testicular carcinoids, and 6 were metastatic to the testis. Of the 17 cases of primary carcinoid tumors, 14 were pure carcinoids and only 3 were associated with teratoma. None of the primary testicular carcinoids were associated with metastases and the prognosis after orchiectomy was excellent, thus indicating that no further therapy is necessary. The prognosis of patients with carcinoid metastatic to the testis is poor. In view of this it is very important to determine whether the tumor is primary or metastatic.", "contents": "Primary carcinoid tumor of the testis: case report, ultrastructure and review of the literature. A case of primary pure carcinoid tumor of the testis which occurred in a 71-year-old male is reported. The patient was treated by radical orchiectomy and remains well and symptom free 10 months after operation. Histologically as well as ultrastructurally the tumor showed typical appearances of carcinoid tumor of midgut derivation. 23 cases of carcinoid tumors of the testis were discovered in the literature. Of these 17 were primary testicular carcinoids, and 6 were metastatic to the testis. Of the 17 cases of primary carcinoid tumors, 14 were pure carcinoids and only 3 were associated with teratoma. None of the primary testicular carcinoids were associated with metastases and the prognosis after orchiectomy was excellent, thus indicating that no further therapy is necessary. The prognosis of patients with carcinoid metastatic to the testis is poor. In view of this it is very important to determine whether the tumor is primary or metastatic."}
{"id": "PMID:365318", "title": "Meningeal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma: report of 8 cases with review of the literature.", "content": "This paper reviews 8 personally examined cases of primary meningeal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma and 4 similar cases previously reported by others. The clinicopathologic features of these extraosseous intracranial and intraspinal examples are similar to those of other extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcomas. The tumor occurred most often in the second and third decades, showed a moderate tendency to local recurrence (5 of 12 cases) and occasionally metastasized to the lungs (1 case). Both intracranial and intraspinal tumors occurred with equal frequency, but the former, probably due to the later onset of symptoms, had the worse prognosis. Microscopically, they are composed of primitive undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and frequently well-defined islands of hyaline cartilage. There is an apparent correlation between the frequency of mitotic figures and the likelihood of recurrence and metastasis. Electron microscopic study of one example revealed morphologic features similar to those previously described by others and supports the conclusion that the neoplastic cells represent primitive precartilaginous mesenchyme displaying focal cartilaginous differentiation.", "contents": "Meningeal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma: report of 8 cases with review of the literature. This paper reviews 8 personally examined cases of primary meningeal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma and 4 similar cases previously reported by others. The clinicopathologic features of these extraosseous intracranial and intraspinal examples are similar to those of other extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcomas. The tumor occurred most often in the second and third decades, showed a moderate tendency to local recurrence (5 of 12 cases) and occasionally metastasized to the lungs (1 case). Both intracranial and intraspinal tumors occurred with equal frequency, but the former, probably due to the later onset of symptoms, had the worse prognosis. Microscopically, they are composed of primitive undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and frequently well-defined islands of hyaline cartilage. There is an apparent correlation between the frequency of mitotic figures and the likelihood of recurrence and metastasis. Electron microscopic study of one example revealed morphologic features similar to those previously described by others and supports the conclusion that the neoplastic cells represent primitive precartilaginous mesenchyme displaying focal cartilaginous differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:365319", "title": "Soft tissue metastasis of a chemodectoma: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of a single soft tissue metastases (abdominal wall) occurring 15 years after removal of chemodectoma of the right carotid bifurcation is described. The tumor had apparently been completely removed with excision of portions of the common, external and internal carotid arteries up to the base of the skull. Seven years later osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions were noted in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae which were radiated with 3500 rad. The 19 previously reported cases of chemodectomas with distant metastases are reviewed.", "contents": "Soft tissue metastasis of a chemodectoma: a case report and review of the literature. A case of a single soft tissue metastases (abdominal wall) occurring 15 years after removal of chemodectoma of the right carotid bifurcation is described. The tumor had apparently been completely removed with excision of portions of the common, external and internal carotid arteries up to the base of the skull. Seven years later osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions were noted in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae which were radiated with 3500 rad. The 19 previously reported cases of chemodectomas with distant metastases are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:365320", "title": "Tracheal carcinoids.", "content": "Three cases of carcinoid tumor arising in the trachea are reported and contrasted with carcinoids arising in bronchi and carcinoids in general. Only eleven other documented examples of tracheal carcinoids are found in the English literature. The true prevalence of carcinoids primary in the trachea cannot be accurately determined from the literature because of imprecise nomenclature or because of the failure to distinguish this tumor from carcinoids primary in the bronchus. Presenting symptoms are hemoptysis, dyspnea and wheezing, often persisting for many years before the correct diagnosis is made. The treatment of choice is surgical resection of the involved segment of trachea and primary reconstruction. The prognosis is generally good. The tumor metastasized in one of our three cases and in none of the eleven cases in the English literature.", "contents": "Tracheal carcinoids. Three cases of carcinoid tumor arising in the trachea are reported and contrasted with carcinoids arising in bronchi and carcinoids in general. Only eleven other documented examples of tracheal carcinoids are found in the English literature. The true prevalence of carcinoids primary in the trachea cannot be accurately determined from the literature because of imprecise nomenclature or because of the failure to distinguish this tumor from carcinoids primary in the bronchus. Presenting symptoms are hemoptysis, dyspnea and wheezing, often persisting for many years before the correct diagnosis is made. The treatment of choice is surgical resection of the involved segment of trachea and primary reconstruction. The prognosis is generally good. The tumor metastasized in one of our three cases and in none of the eleven cases in the English literature."}
{"id": "PMID:365321", "title": "Mutagenicity and recombinogenicity of daunomycin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The antineoplastic antibiotic daunomycin was tested for mutagenic and recombinogenic effects in haploid and diploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This antibiotic failed to induce mutations to lysine and histidine independence in the haploid strain, XV 185-14C, carrying the auxotrophic markers lysl-1 and hisl-7. On the contrary, daunomycin did induce aberrant colonies, including reciprocal products of mitotic crossing over in the diploid strain D7. The results suggest that while daunomycin may be recombinogenic, its mutagenic effects, if any, are either highly specific or negligible. The significance of these results in evaluating the mutagenic/carcinogenic potential of antitumor agents is discussed.", "contents": "Mutagenicity and recombinogenicity of daunomycin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The antineoplastic antibiotic daunomycin was tested for mutagenic and recombinogenic effects in haploid and diploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This antibiotic failed to induce mutations to lysine and histidine independence in the haploid strain, XV 185-14C, carrying the auxotrophic markers lysl-1 and hisl-7. On the contrary, daunomycin did induce aberrant colonies, including reciprocal products of mitotic crossing over in the diploid strain D7. The results suggest that while daunomycin may be recombinogenic, its mutagenic effects, if any, are either highly specific or negligible. The significance of these results in evaluating the mutagenic/carcinogenic potential of antitumor agents is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365322", "title": "Randomized trial of levamisole in patients with squamous cancer of the head and neck: a preliminary report.", "content": "This is a preliminary report of a randomized double-blind study comparing levamisole with placebo as surgical adjuvant treatment of patients with squamous cancer of the head and neck. The study groups were comparable according to the prognostic factors of type (primary or recurrent), site (oral cavity, pharynx, or larynx), and stage of disease and were also similar in pretreatment immune function and in radiation exposure. Of 65 evaluable patients, 31 received levamisole and 34 received placebo. Although there was no difference in the distribution of the time to recurrence of the overall treatment group, there was a difference of borderline significance in favor of levamisole in the primary disease patients (P less than 0.06). Further analysis of subgroups in the primary disease category showed decreased recurrence rates in patients receiving levamisole who had cancer of the oral cavity (P less than 0.01) or who had stage II disease (P less than 0.02). Considering site and stage simultaneously, the only significant difference was in stage II patients with oral cancer. The above results, although encouraging, must be viewed with caution due to small sample sizes and the relatively short followup of most patients.", "contents": "Randomized trial of levamisole in patients with squamous cancer of the head and neck: a preliminary report. This is a preliminary report of a randomized double-blind study comparing levamisole with placebo as surgical adjuvant treatment of patients with squamous cancer of the head and neck. The study groups were comparable according to the prognostic factors of type (primary or recurrent), site (oral cavity, pharynx, or larynx), and stage of disease and were also similar in pretreatment immune function and in radiation exposure. Of 65 evaluable patients, 31 received levamisole and 34 received placebo. Although there was no difference in the distribution of the time to recurrence of the overall treatment group, there was a difference of borderline significance in favor of levamisole in the primary disease patients (P less than 0.06). Further analysis of subgroups in the primary disease category showed decreased recurrence rates in patients receiving levamisole who had cancer of the oral cavity (P less than 0.01) or who had stage II disease (P less than 0.02). Considering site and stage simultaneously, the only significant difference was in stage II patients with oral cancer. The above results, although encouraging, must be viewed with caution due to small sample sizes and the relatively short followup of most patients."}
{"id": "PMID:365323", "title": "Final results of a multicenter placebo-controlled levamisole study of resectable lung cancer.", "content": "Two hundred and eleven patients with resectable lung cancer have been treated in a double-blind clinical investigation with either levamisole (50 mg three times a day) or a placebo given in 3-day courses starting 3 days before the operation and repeated every 2 weeks. The study was terminated after all patients had been in the trial for 2 years. The dose of levamisole used in this study appears to be sufficient only for patients weighing less than or equal to 70 kg and, therefore, future studies should make use of an individually adapted dose. Such a treatment is expected to prolong both the disease-free interval and the survival time without causing major side effects in a significant number of patients. This result is achieved primarily by an inhibition of hematogenous dissemination and occurs especially in those patients who had more advanced tumors at the time of the resection.", "contents": "Final results of a multicenter placebo-controlled levamisole study of resectable lung cancer. Two hundred and eleven patients with resectable lung cancer have been treated in a double-blind clinical investigation with either levamisole (50 mg three times a day) or a placebo given in 3-day courses starting 3 days before the operation and repeated every 2 weeks. The study was terminated after all patients had been in the trial for 2 years. The dose of levamisole used in this study appears to be sufficient only for patients weighing less than or equal to 70 kg and, therefore, future studies should make use of an individually adapted dose. Such a treatment is expected to prolong both the disease-free interval and the survival time without causing major side effects in a significant number of patients. This result is achieved primarily by an inhibition of hematogenous dissemination and occurs especially in those patients who had more advanced tumors at the time of the resection."}
{"id": "PMID:365324", "title": "Effect of levamisole as a surgical adjuvant therapy for malignant melanoma.", "content": "The preliminary results of a trial in progress are reported. Two hundred patients have been enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of levamisole in malignant melanoma. A median followup of 20 months has been reached. Endpoints of the study include disease-free interval, interval free of visceral disease, and survival. Overall, there is a trend in favor of the levamisole group with regard to all three endpoints, but the difference is not significant. Significant differences between the control and levamisole groups are found at some, but not all, time intervals when the analysis includes only patients with stage II disease (positive lymph nodes at the initiation of the study). Although these preliminary results are encouraging, at the present time the overall curve for patients with stage II disease is not statistically significantly different when analyzed by the method of Mantel.", "contents": "Effect of levamisole as a surgical adjuvant therapy for malignant melanoma. The preliminary results of a trial in progress are reported. Two hundred patients have been enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of levamisole in malignant melanoma. A median followup of 20 months has been reached. Endpoints of the study include disease-free interval, interval free of visceral disease, and survival. Overall, there is a trend in favor of the levamisole group with regard to all three endpoints, but the difference is not significant. Significant differences between the control and levamisole groups are found at some, but not all, time intervals when the analysis includes only patients with stage II disease (positive lymph nodes at the initiation of the study). Although these preliminary results are encouraging, at the present time the overall curve for patients with stage II disease is not statistically significantly different when analyzed by the method of Mantel."}
{"id": "PMID:365325", "title": "Preliminary report of the use of levamisole in the treatment of bladder cancer.", "content": "Sixty-two patients with transitional cell carcinoma have been admitted to a double-blind randomized control study with levamisole as an immune adjuvant, in addition to standard therapy for noninvasive and invasive bladder cancer. Levamisole has been shown to be easily administered and is well-tolerated, especially when compared to other immune adjuvants such as bacillus Calmette-Guerin or Corynebacterium parvum. To date, there is no significant difference in the disease-free interval in the levamisole-treated group compared to the placebo group. Initial dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) reactivity may be an important prognostic indicator with regard to tumor recurrence. Tumor recurrence seems to be rare in those patients who are initially DNCB-positive. Total monocyte count, T lymphocyte, FC receptor cells, and PHA response showed no improvement with levamisole therapy. Monocyte chemotaxis remains the only immune function study to improve with levamisole, but the clinical significance of this test is yet to be explained.", "contents": "Preliminary report of the use of levamisole in the treatment of bladder cancer. Sixty-two patients with transitional cell carcinoma have been admitted to a double-blind randomized control study with levamisole as an immune adjuvant, in addition to standard therapy for noninvasive and invasive bladder cancer. Levamisole has been shown to be easily administered and is well-tolerated, especially when compared to other immune adjuvants such as bacillus Calmette-Guerin or Corynebacterium parvum. To date, there is no significant difference in the disease-free interval in the levamisole-treated group compared to the placebo group. Initial dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) reactivity may be an important prognostic indicator with regard to tumor recurrence. Tumor recurrence seems to be rare in those patients who are initially DNCB-positive. Total monocyte count, T lymphocyte, FC receptor cells, and PHA response showed no improvement with levamisole therapy. Monocyte chemotaxis remains the only immune function study to improve with levamisole, but the clinical significance of this test is yet to be explained."}
{"id": "PMID:365326", "title": "Correlations of clinical and laboratory effects of treatment with levamisole in autoimmune disease.", "content": "Studies in which levamisole has been used with success in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases may provide information useful in cancer treatment with regard to optimal dosage regimens and methods for monitoring laboratory effects. Using the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin mitogen measured by the uptake of tritiated thymidine in 3-day culture, patients with rheumatoid arthritis were found to have a significantly deficient response compared to normal subjects. Levamisole treatment reversed this deficiency and normalized lymphocyte mitogen responses. These studies showed the benefit of a dose of 150 mg of levamisole compared to lower doses and also showed equal maintenance of immunocompetency with a dose of 150 mg/week compared to daily levamisole. In addition, compared to poor clinical responders, good clinical responders were shown to have a greater enhancement in mitogen response, both during the treatment period and when levamisole was added in vitro to lymphocyte culture prior to drug treatment. It was concluded that laboratory studies of lymphocyte mitogen response may contribute towards better management of patients receiving levamisole therapy.", "contents": "Correlations of clinical and laboratory effects of treatment with levamisole in autoimmune disease. Studies in which levamisole has been used with success in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases may provide information useful in cancer treatment with regard to optimal dosage regimens and methods for monitoring laboratory effects. Using the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin mitogen measured by the uptake of tritiated thymidine in 3-day culture, patients with rheumatoid arthritis were found to have a significantly deficient response compared to normal subjects. Levamisole treatment reversed this deficiency and normalized lymphocyte mitogen responses. These studies showed the benefit of a dose of 150 mg of levamisole compared to lower doses and also showed equal maintenance of immunocompetency with a dose of 150 mg/week compared to daily levamisole. In addition, compared to poor clinical responders, good clinical responders were shown to have a greater enhancement in mitogen response, both during the treatment period and when levamisole was added in vitro to lymphocyte culture prior to drug treatment. It was concluded that laboratory studies of lymphocyte mitogen response may contribute towards better management of patients receiving levamisole therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:365327", "title": "Adverse reactions to levamisole.", "content": "The adverse reactions mentioned in 267 reports on levamisole are analyzed. Significant adverse reactions are agranulocytosis, skin rash, and febrile illness. They occur in a small subpopulation of patients only, predominantly those with rheumatoid arthritis. Other side effects rarely necessitate discontinuation of treatment. Levamisole did not appear to cause renal or liver toxicity. By means of a questionnaire, cases of blood dyscrasia were analyzed in detail. Agranulocytosis (less than 20% neutrophils) occurs most frequently in patients with rheumatic diseases, in women, and in HLA B27 genotypes. It is spontaneously reversible when treatment is discontinued. The bone marrow is not damaged. Thrombocytopenia has a course similar to that of agranulocytosis but it is very rare. Leukopenia (less than 3000 cells/mm3 but greater than 20% neutrophils) seems to differ from agranulocytosis in a number of ways and is not an indication to discontinue treatment. It is concluded that, if used under the close supervision of a physician, for those clinical situations in which levamisole has proven efficacy, the potential benefit to the patient outweighs the hazards and justifies its use.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to levamisole. The adverse reactions mentioned in 267 reports on levamisole are analyzed. Significant adverse reactions are agranulocytosis, skin rash, and febrile illness. They occur in a small subpopulation of patients only, predominantly those with rheumatoid arthritis. Other side effects rarely necessitate discontinuation of treatment. Levamisole did not appear to cause renal or liver toxicity. By means of a questionnaire, cases of blood dyscrasia were analyzed in detail. Agranulocytosis (less than 20% neutrophils) occurs most frequently in patients with rheumatic diseases, in women, and in HLA B27 genotypes. It is spontaneously reversible when treatment is discontinued. The bone marrow is not damaged. Thrombocytopenia has a course similar to that of agranulocytosis but it is very rare. Leukopenia (less than 3000 cells/mm3 but greater than 20% neutrophils) seems to differ from agranulocytosis in a number of ways and is not an indication to discontinue treatment. It is concluded that, if used under the close supervision of a physician, for those clinical situations in which levamisole has proven efficacy, the potential benefit to the patient outweighs the hazards and justifies its use."}
{"id": "PMID:365328", "title": "Future direction of synthetic polyanions (pyran copolymer).", "content": "Pyran copolymer (maleic anhydride-divinyl ether) has consistently reproducible molecular weight-related biologic effects associated with toxic, immunologic antitumor, and antiviral effects. Fortunately, the antitumor action occurs with the least toxic lower molecular weight fraction. Immunoadjuvant effects with this fraction would be critical to its development. Studies of polymers should include evaluation of effects on splenomegaly, splenic esterase changes, lipolysis, reverse transcriptase, nucleases, calcium flux, cyclic nucleotides, and complement and clotting elements.", "contents": "Future direction of synthetic polyanions (pyran copolymer). Pyran copolymer (maleic anhydride-divinyl ether) has consistently reproducible molecular weight-related biologic effects associated with toxic, immunologic antitumor, and antiviral effects. Fortunately, the antitumor action occurs with the least toxic lower molecular weight fraction. Immunoadjuvant effects with this fraction would be critical to its development. Studies of polymers should include evaluation of effects on splenomegaly, splenic esterase changes, lipolysis, reverse transcriptase, nucleases, calcium flux, cyclic nucleotides, and complement and clotting elements."}
{"id": "PMID:365332", "title": "Postinfarction exercise capacity after lidoflazine treatment or physical training.", "content": "44 male postinfarction volunteers were divided into 4 groups and submitted to performance tests. Groups I and II consisted of 24 patients, 12 of whom followed a 2-month physical training program, while the other 12 served as controls. Groups III and IV (10 patients each) were included in a 10-month double-blind crossover study with lidoflazine 240 mg/day vs. placebo. The cardiovascular adaptation of the patients treated for 5 months with lidoflazine had two features in common with that observed after 2 months of physical training, namely an increase in maximal exercise capacity and, during submaximal exercise tests, a decrease in heart rate compensated for by an increase in stroke volume. In contrast to physical training, treatment with lidoflazine did not improve the peripheral oxygen consumption by the muscles.", "contents": "Postinfarction exercise capacity after lidoflazine treatment or physical training. 44 male postinfarction volunteers were divided into 4 groups and submitted to performance tests. Groups I and II consisted of 24 patients, 12 of whom followed a 2-month physical training program, while the other 12 served as controls. Groups III and IV (10 patients each) were included in a 10-month double-blind crossover study with lidoflazine 240 mg/day vs. placebo. The cardiovascular adaptation of the patients treated for 5 months with lidoflazine had two features in common with that observed after 2 months of physical training, namely an increase in maximal exercise capacity and, during submaximal exercise tests, a decrease in heart rate compensated for by an increase in stroke volume. In contrast to physical training, treatment with lidoflazine did not improve the peripheral oxygen consumption by the muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:365333", "title": "Prolapsing right atrial myxoma.", "content": "Echocardiography was of great value in establishing the correct diagnosis in a patient with symptoms of congestive heart failure due to a prolapsing right atrial myxoma. The movement of the tumor into the right ventricle through the atrioventricular orifice during diastole was identified by the echocardiogram and confirmed by angiography and direct observations during surgery. The indicator dilution curve also showed abnormal hemodynamic features simulating tricuspid incompetence, in relation to the movement of the tumor.", "contents": "Prolapsing right atrial myxoma. Echocardiography was of great value in establishing the correct diagnosis in a patient with symptoms of congestive heart failure due to a prolapsing right atrial myxoma. The movement of the tumor into the right ventricle through the atrioventricular orifice during diastole was identified by the echocardiogram and confirmed by angiography and direct observations during surgery. The indicator dilution curve also showed abnormal hemodynamic features simulating tricuspid incompetence, in relation to the movement of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:365340", "title": "Immunohistochemical localisation of ecdysteroids in the follicular epithelium of locust oocytes.", "content": "Frozen sections of growing terminal follicles of the locust ovary were incubated with an ecdysteroid-specific rabbit antibody and the bound antibody visualised by the use of FITC-labelled goat-anti-rabbit antiserum. A bright fluorescence was seen in the cytoplasm of the follicle cells in terminal follicles with a length between 4.0 and 6.0 mm with a maximum intensity at 5.5 mm, indicating the presence of ecdysteroids in these cells in this particular developmental stage.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localisation of ecdysteroids in the follicular epithelium of locust oocytes. Frozen sections of growing terminal follicles of the locust ovary were incubated with an ecdysteroid-specific rabbit antibody and the bound antibody visualised by the use of FITC-labelled goat-anti-rabbit antiserum. A bright fluorescence was seen in the cytoplasm of the follicle cells in terminal follicles with a length between 4.0 and 6.0 mm with a maximum intensity at 5.5 mm, indicating the presence of ecdysteroids in these cells in this particular developmental stage."}
{"id": "PMID:365341", "title": "Immunocytochemical localisation of prolactin and growth hormone in the ovine pituitary. A morphological and quantitative study.", "content": "Using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical staining technique, prolactin and growth hormone cells have been identified and described in the ovine pituitary. The image analysing computer, Quantimet 720, was used to assess accurately the size range of the secretory granules in these cell types. The area size distributions of the prolactin and growth hormone granules are similar. An increased proportion of larger granules was observed in the prolactin cells post-partum. Serial sections stained alternately for prolactin or growth hormone confirmed that the cells contain either prolactin or growth hormone but not both.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localisation of prolactin and growth hormone in the ovine pituitary. A morphological and quantitative study. Using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical staining technique, prolactin and growth hormone cells have been identified and described in the ovine pituitary. The image analysing computer, Quantimet 720, was used to assess accurately the size range of the secretory granules in these cell types. The area size distributions of the prolactin and growth hormone granules are similar. An increased proportion of larger granules was observed in the prolactin cells post-partum. Serial sections stained alternately for prolactin or growth hormone confirmed that the cells contain either prolactin or growth hormone but not both."}
{"id": "PMID:365342", "title": "Light- and electron microscopic localization of vasopressin or a vasopressin-like substance in the neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.", "content": "In the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat light microscopic immunostaining for vasopressin reveals a distribution pattern of the immunoreactive material different from that known for the supraoptic nucleus. Among non-stained neurons positive-reacting perikarya display a cap- or tip-like labeling. The area of the suprachiasmatic nucleus is marked by delicate vasopressin-positive fibers. At the ultrastructural level the reaction product, after incubation with anti-vasopressin, is localized in small elementary granules unevenly distributed over the cytoplasm. Groups of axons containing specifically labeled granules contact non-reacting fibers.", "contents": "Light- and electron microscopic localization of vasopressin or a vasopressin-like substance in the neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. In the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat light microscopic immunostaining for vasopressin reveals a distribution pattern of the immunoreactive material different from that known for the supraoptic nucleus. Among non-stained neurons positive-reacting perikarya display a cap- or tip-like labeling. The area of the suprachiasmatic nucleus is marked by delicate vasopressin-positive fibers. At the ultrastructural level the reaction product, after incubation with anti-vasopressin, is localized in small elementary granules unevenly distributed over the cytoplasm. Groups of axons containing specifically labeled granules contact non-reacting fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:365343", "title": "Immunoreactive neurotensin and somatostatin in the chicken thymus. A chemical and histochemical study.", "content": "Two distinct populations of endocrine cells in the chicken thymus display neurotensin and somatostatin immunoreactivity, respectively. Both cell types are few in number at hatching but proliferate rapidly during the first week. The neurotensin cells are 'Grimelius-positive' and 'Hellerstr\u00f6m-Hellman-negative'. The somatostatin cells are 'Grimelius-negative' and 'Hellerstr\u00f6m-Hellman-positive'. Both cell populations are non-argentaffin. The somatostatin-like material extracted from chicken thymus behaves immunochemically and chromatographically similar to synthetic ovine somatostatin, while the neurotensin-like material, from the thymus as well as from the gut, differs from synthetic bovine neurotensin in that it appears larger in size and more basic.", "contents": "Immunoreactive neurotensin and somatostatin in the chicken thymus. A chemical and histochemical study. Two distinct populations of endocrine cells in the chicken thymus display neurotensin and somatostatin immunoreactivity, respectively. Both cell types are few in number at hatching but proliferate rapidly during the first week. The neurotensin cells are 'Grimelius-positive' and 'Hellerstr\u00f6m-Hellman-negative'. The somatostatin cells are 'Grimelius-negative' and 'Hellerstr\u00f6m-Hellman-positive'. Both cell populations are non-argentaffin. The somatostatin-like material extracted from chicken thymus behaves immunochemically and chromatographically similar to synthetic ovine somatostatin, while the neurotensin-like material, from the thymus as well as from the gut, differs from synthetic bovine neurotensin in that it appears larger in size and more basic."}
{"id": "PMID:365344", "title": "Cold-induced insulin release in vitro: evidence for exocytosis.", "content": "Exposure of isolated pancreatic islets (mouse or rat) to low temperature (2 degrees C) evoked a threefold increase in insulin release irrespective of the glucose concentration in the incobation medium. Cold-induced release was transient and rewarming to 37 degrees C restored the sensitivity of B-cells to gluocose stimulation. In islets cooled to 2 degrees C, exocytotic profiles could easily be detected both by thin-section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. As revealed by the freeze-fracture technique, the number of exocytotic profiles per membrane area was increased three- to fourfold as compared to islet cells incubated at 20 degrees C. This was paralleled by intracellular fusion of secretory vesicles. Cold-induced insulin release was not affected by theophylline, cytochalasin B, omission of extracellular Ca++ or D600. Replacement of extracellular Na+ with choline or sucrose suppressed the increase in insulin release and in frequency of exocytotic profiles recorded after exposure to 2 degrees C. It is suggested that a redistribution of Ca++ from intracellular stores, possibly mediated by an increase in intracellular Na+ triggers exocytosis of insulin granules upon exposure to cold.", "contents": "Cold-induced insulin release in vitro: evidence for exocytosis. Exposure of isolated pancreatic islets (mouse or rat) to low temperature (2 degrees C) evoked a threefold increase in insulin release irrespective of the glucose concentration in the incobation medium. Cold-induced release was transient and rewarming to 37 degrees C restored the sensitivity of B-cells to gluocose stimulation. In islets cooled to 2 degrees C, exocytotic profiles could easily be detected both by thin-section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. As revealed by the freeze-fracture technique, the number of exocytotic profiles per membrane area was increased three- to fourfold as compared to islet cells incubated at 20 degrees C. This was paralleled by intracellular fusion of secretory vesicles. Cold-induced insulin release was not affected by theophylline, cytochalasin B, omission of extracellular Ca++ or D600. Replacement of extracellular Na+ with choline or sucrose suppressed the increase in insulin release and in frequency of exocytotic profiles recorded after exposure to 2 degrees C. It is suggested that a redistribution of Ca++ from intracellular stores, possibly mediated by an increase in intracellular Na+ triggers exocytosis of insulin granules upon exposure to cold."}
{"id": "PMID:365345", "title": "Use of immunocytochemical staining of somatostatin for correlative light and electron microscopic investigation of D cells in the pancreatic islet of Xiphophorus helleri H. (Teleostei).", "content": "Somatostatin-containing cells have been demonstrated by immunocytochemistry in semithin sections of the pancreatic islet of the teleost fish, Xiphophorus helleri. These cells were shown by correlative light and electron microscopy to be identical with D cells previously defined in this species by the silver impregnation method of Hellman and Hellerstr\u00f6m.", "contents": "Use of immunocytochemical staining of somatostatin for correlative light and electron microscopic investigation of D cells in the pancreatic islet of Xiphophorus helleri H. (Teleostei). Somatostatin-containing cells have been demonstrated by immunocytochemistry in semithin sections of the pancreatic islet of the teleost fish, Xiphophorus helleri. These cells were shown by correlative light and electron microscopy to be identical with D cells previously defined in this species by the silver impregnation method of Hellman and Hellerstr\u00f6m."}
{"id": "PMID:365346", "title": "In vivo and in vitro studies on the appearance of LHRH neurons in the hypothalamus of perinatal rats.", "content": "Ontogenetic development of LHRH-containing neurons was studied by fluorescence and enzyme immunohistochemistry in rats. In in vitro studies, the tissues of the septal-chiasmatic and mediobasal hypothalamic areas of fetal rats on day 16.5 or 18.5 of gestation were trypsinized separately for dissociation of the neural cells, and cultured for several days. Immunopositive reaction against LHRH was first detected in nerve cells derived from both areas of the hypothalamus of the fetuses on days 16.5 and 18.5 of gestation, after 8 and 6 days culture, respectively. The cells were small, and seemed to be bipolar in morphology indicating an axon and arborized dendrites. Immunopositive material occurred in the cell soma as well as in the cellular processes. In in vivo studies, immunopositive material, possibly deposited in nerve fibers, appeared first in OVLT and simultaneously in the external layer of the median eminence of fetuses on day 20.5 of gestation. The immunoreactive fibers increased in number of both parts with development, especially after birth in the median eminence. No immunopositive material was detected within any neural cell bodies nor in the cytoplasm of any ependymal cells.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro studies on the appearance of LHRH neurons in the hypothalamus of perinatal rats. Ontogenetic development of LHRH-containing neurons was studied by fluorescence and enzyme immunohistochemistry in rats. In in vitro studies, the tissues of the septal-chiasmatic and mediobasal hypothalamic areas of fetal rats on day 16.5 or 18.5 of gestation were trypsinized separately for dissociation of the neural cells, and cultured for several days. Immunopositive reaction against LHRH was first detected in nerve cells derived from both areas of the hypothalamus of the fetuses on days 16.5 and 18.5 of gestation, after 8 and 6 days culture, respectively. The cells were small, and seemed to be bipolar in morphology indicating an axon and arborized dendrites. Immunopositive material occurred in the cell soma as well as in the cellular processes. In in vivo studies, immunopositive material, possibly deposited in nerve fibers, appeared first in OVLT and simultaneously in the external layer of the median eminence of fetuses on day 20.5 of gestation. The immunoreactive fibers increased in number of both parts with development, especially after birth in the median eminence. No immunopositive material was detected within any neural cell bodies nor in the cytoplasm of any ependymal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:365348", "title": "Identification by immunofluorescence of prolactin- and somatotropin-producing cells in the pituitary gland of the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum, Shaw).", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescence procedure was used to identify prolactin (LTH)-and somatotropin (STH)-producing cells in the pituitary of the Mexican axolotl. Histological staining techniques were employed to corroborate immunocytological results. The LTH cells are large, orange-staining cells (acidophils 1) distributed in the posterior two-thirds of the pars distalis. The STH cells are small, erythrosinophilic elements (acidophils 2) principally concentrated in the dorsal part of the pars distalis.", "contents": "Identification by immunofluorescence of prolactin- and somatotropin-producing cells in the pituitary gland of the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum, Shaw). The indirect immunofluorescence procedure was used to identify prolactin (LTH)-and somatotropin (STH)-producing cells in the pituitary of the Mexican axolotl. Histological staining techniques were employed to corroborate immunocytological results. The LTH cells are large, orange-staining cells (acidophils 1) distributed in the posterior two-thirds of the pars distalis. The STH cells are small, erythrosinophilic elements (acidophils 2) principally concentrated in the dorsal part of the pars distalis."}
{"id": "PMID:365350", "title": "The functional and structural border between the CSF- and blood-milieu in the circumventricular organs (organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, subfornical organ, area postrema) of the rat.", "content": "The present study continues a previous investigation on the median eminence (EM) (Krisch et al., 1978). In rats with high levels of neurohormones (LHRH, vasopressin) a limited immunohistochemical labeling of perivascular tanycyte processes can be observed surrounding capillaries in the marginal region of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) and in the inner part of the subfornical organ (SFO). This labeling extends from the perivascular space a short distance along the tanycyte processes. By conventional electron microscopy and by freeze-etching, tight junctions are demonstrated at a distance from the capillary lumen which corresponds to the borderline of the immunohistochemical labeling of perivascular tanycyte processes in light microscopic preparations. The tight junctions are arranged in several parallel and helical rows and correspond to those found in the median eminence. Consequently, the immunohistochemical labeling the OVLT and in the SFO marks the intercellular cleft. In the circumventricular organs the immunostaining labels the extension of the perivascular space characterized by the hemal milieu. The perivascular space is separated off by tight junctions from the CSF-milieu of the adjacent neuropil. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates tight junctions in the marginal region of the area postrema (AP) between the perivascular processes of the tanycytes.", "contents": "The functional and structural border between the CSF- and blood-milieu in the circumventricular organs (organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, subfornical organ, area postrema) of the rat. The present study continues a previous investigation on the median eminence (EM) (Krisch et al., 1978). In rats with high levels of neurohormones (LHRH, vasopressin) a limited immunohistochemical labeling of perivascular tanycyte processes can be observed surrounding capillaries in the marginal region of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) and in the inner part of the subfornical organ (SFO). This labeling extends from the perivascular space a short distance along the tanycyte processes. By conventional electron microscopy and by freeze-etching, tight junctions are demonstrated at a distance from the capillary lumen which corresponds to the borderline of the immunohistochemical labeling of perivascular tanycyte processes in light microscopic preparations. The tight junctions are arranged in several parallel and helical rows and correspond to those found in the median eminence. Consequently, the immunohistochemical labeling the OVLT and in the SFO marks the intercellular cleft. In the circumventricular organs the immunostaining labels the extension of the perivascular space characterized by the hemal milieu. The perivascular space is separated off by tight junctions from the CSF-milieu of the adjacent neuropil. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates tight junctions in the marginal region of the area postrema (AP) between the perivascular processes of the tanycytes."}
{"id": "PMID:365351", "title": "Ultrastructure of rat pinealocytes in vitro: influence of gonadotropic hormones and LH-RH.", "content": "The influence of gonadotropic hormones on the ultrastructure of rat pinealocytesin short-term organ culture was studied. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), as well as pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG), caused a marked activation of pinealocytes. An hypothesis is discussed implying the presence of a feedback mechanism between the pineal organ and the hypothalamo-hypophysial system.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of rat pinealocytes in vitro: influence of gonadotropic hormones and LH-RH. The influence of gonadotropic hormones on the ultrastructure of rat pinealocytesin short-term organ culture was studied. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), as well as pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG), caused a marked activation of pinealocytes. An hypothesis is discussed implying the presence of a feedback mechanism between the pineal organ and the hypothalamo-hypophysial system."}
{"id": "PMID:365352", "title": "Structural analysis and in vitro processing to p5 rRNA of a 9S RNA molecule isolated from an rne mutant of E. coli.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutant of E. coli, rne (RNAase E-), accumulates a number of relatively small RNA molecules at the nonpermissive temperature. One of these molecules, 9S, contains 5S rRNA sequences. The 9S RNA can be processed in vitro to 5S (p5) and a 4S-sized molecule. The 9S and the p5 and 4S RNAs processed from it were all characterized by RNAase T1 fingerprinting and pancreatic RNAase redigestion analysis. Unique oligonucleotides found in the p5 and the 4S RNA are present as unique oligonucleotides in the 9S RNA, suggesting that each 9S molecule contains one 5S and one 4S RNA moiety. Since the 9S RNA contains about 420 nucleotides, and intervening sequences are not known to exist in E. coli, the 5S an 4S RNAs cannot be more than 200 nucleotides apart in the genome. E. coli contains at least three different sequence variants of 5S rRNA, all of which can be identified in the 9S transcript, indicating that 9S RNA is transcribed from most, if not all, of the active rRNA genes, and that RNAase E processes transcripts derived from all these rRNA genes. No modified bases were found in the 4S RNA, nor was its sequence compatible with the known sequences of tRNAs found near the 5S rRNA. We therefore conclude that the 9S RNA doses not contain tRNA, and that the tRNA molecules located near the 5S rRNA are distal to it.", "contents": "Structural analysis and in vitro processing to p5 rRNA of a 9S RNA molecule isolated from an rne mutant of E. coli. A temperature-sensitive mutant of E. coli, rne (RNAase E-), accumulates a number of relatively small RNA molecules at the nonpermissive temperature. One of these molecules, 9S, contains 5S rRNA sequences. The 9S RNA can be processed in vitro to 5S (p5) and a 4S-sized molecule. The 9S and the p5 and 4S RNAs processed from it were all characterized by RNAase T1 fingerprinting and pancreatic RNAase redigestion analysis. Unique oligonucleotides found in the p5 and the 4S RNA are present as unique oligonucleotides in the 9S RNA, suggesting that each 9S molecule contains one 5S and one 4S RNA moiety. Since the 9S RNA contains about 420 nucleotides, and intervening sequences are not known to exist in E. coli, the 5S an 4S RNAs cannot be more than 200 nucleotides apart in the genome. E. coli contains at least three different sequence variants of 5S rRNA, all of which can be identified in the 9S transcript, indicating that 9S RNA is transcribed from most, if not all, of the active rRNA genes, and that RNAase E processes transcripts derived from all these rRNA genes. No modified bases were found in the 4S RNA, nor was its sequence compatible with the known sequences of tRNAs found near the 5S rRNA. We therefore conclude that the 9S RNA doses not contain tRNA, and that the tRNA molecules located near the 5S rRNA are distal to it."}
{"id": "PMID:365353", "title": "Relationships between fibronectin (LETS protein) and actin.", "content": "Double label immunofluorescence was used to study the distribution of fibronectin (LETS protein), actin and intermediate filaments in cultured cells. No relationship was observed between fibronectin and intermediated filaments, but fibronectin and actin showed coincident staining in a large proportion of cells during spreading or when fully spread. The distributions of actin and fibronectin staining during the course of cell spreading progressed through a series of patterns. Certain actin patterns correlated with certain fibronectin patterns. When fibrillar patterns developed, there was correspondence between the two fibrillar arrays in 80--100% of the cells. These results suggest a transmembrane relationship between microfilament bundles and fibronectin. We propose that fibronectin may participate in the formation of attachment plaques and discuss the interrelationship between plaques, microfilament bundles and fibronectin in cell-substratum and cell-cell contacts.", "contents": "Relationships between fibronectin (LETS protein) and actin. Double label immunofluorescence was used to study the distribution of fibronectin (LETS protein), actin and intermediate filaments in cultured cells. No relationship was observed between fibronectin and intermediated filaments, but fibronectin and actin showed coincident staining in a large proportion of cells during spreading or when fully spread. The distributions of actin and fibronectin staining during the course of cell spreading progressed through a series of patterns. Certain actin patterns correlated with certain fibronectin patterns. When fibrillar patterns developed, there was correspondence between the two fibrillar arrays in 80--100% of the cells. These results suggest a transmembrane relationship between microfilament bundles and fibronectin. We propose that fibronectin may participate in the formation of attachment plaques and discuss the interrelationship between plaques, microfilament bundles and fibronectin in cell-substratum and cell-cell contacts."}
{"id": "PMID:365354", "title": "Nonsense and insertion mutants in the relA gene of E. coli: cloning relA.", "content": "We have made use of lysogens of a specialized transducing bacteriophage, lambdapyrG+ relA+, to select nonsense (relAnon) and insertion (relAins) mutations in the relA gene. Three independent relAnon mutants were isolated on the phage. In all three, the relaxed phenotype was suppressed by supD, supE, supF or sup6. Three independent relAins mutants were isolated, all containing an insertion element (probably IS2) in an apparently identical location in the relA gene. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of peptides synthesized by the phages in ultraviolet lightkilled host cells revealed that no stringent factor was coded for by either the relAins or relAnon phages (the latter in a sup+ cell); stringent factor was detected when the relAnon phages were used in a similar experiment with supD or supE host cells. The relAnon and relAins mutations could be crossed in haploid form in the E. coli chromosome. These recombinants grew with a normal doubling time, had a ppGpp pool which was between 70 and 100% compared with the classical relA strain, and underwent a normal carbon source shift-down. A restriction endonuclease map of the pyrG relA region of the specialized transducing phage is presented in which the position of the insertion element (recognized by a novel Hind III-cut site) defines the position of the relA gene. This position was verified by an analysis of the structure of five plasmids formed by cloning portions of the region in the pBR322 cloning vehicle. Our results indicate that the relA gene is not an essential cellular function, that there might be a second mechanism for the synthesis of basal level ppGpp in the cell and that the sole function of the relA gene is apparently the high level ppGpp synthesis triggered in response to deacylated tRNA.", "contents": "Nonsense and insertion mutants in the relA gene of E. coli: cloning relA. We have made use of lysogens of a specialized transducing bacteriophage, lambdapyrG+ relA+, to select nonsense (relAnon) and insertion (relAins) mutations in the relA gene. Three independent relAnon mutants were isolated on the phage. In all three, the relaxed phenotype was suppressed by supD, supE, supF or sup6. Three independent relAins mutants were isolated, all containing an insertion element (probably IS2) in an apparently identical location in the relA gene. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of peptides synthesized by the phages in ultraviolet lightkilled host cells revealed that no stringent factor was coded for by either the relAins or relAnon phages (the latter in a sup+ cell); stringent factor was detected when the relAnon phages were used in a similar experiment with supD or supE host cells. The relAnon and relAins mutations could be crossed in haploid form in the E. coli chromosome. These recombinants grew with a normal doubling time, had a ppGpp pool which was between 70 and 100% compared with the classical relA strain, and underwent a normal carbon source shift-down. A restriction endonuclease map of the pyrG relA region of the specialized transducing phage is presented in which the position of the insertion element (recognized by a novel Hind III-cut site) defines the position of the relA gene. This position was verified by an analysis of the structure of five plasmids formed by cloning portions of the region in the pBR322 cloning vehicle. Our results indicate that the relA gene is not an essential cellular function, that there might be a second mechanism for the synthesis of basal level ppGpp in the cell and that the sole function of the relA gene is apparently the high level ppGpp synthesis triggered in response to deacylated tRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:365355", "title": "The transposon Tn9 generates a 9 bp repeated sequence during integration.", "content": "We performed a genetic and sequencing analysis of insertions of the transposon Tn9 into the lac operon of E. coli. Genetic mapping of 70 insertions into lacl and Z shows that starting from the same point on the chromosome, Tn9 goes to at least 50 different points in these two genes. Although there are preferred regions for insertion, these consist of multiple integration points within a small area, as demonstrated by pairwise crosses and restriction mapping. Sequence analysis of three Tn9 insertions reveals that Tn9 integration is associated with a direct repeat of 9 base pairs (bp) of host sequence. We show that these extra 9 nucleotide pairs are generated upon insertion and not brought in with the element.", "contents": "The transposon Tn9 generates a 9 bp repeated sequence during integration. We performed a genetic and sequencing analysis of insertions of the transposon Tn9 into the lac operon of E. coli. Genetic mapping of 70 insertions into lacl and Z shows that starting from the same point on the chromosome, Tn9 goes to at least 50 different points in these two genes. Although there are preferred regions for insertion, these consist of multiple integration points within a small area, as demonstrated by pairwise crosses and restriction mapping. Sequence analysis of three Tn9 insertions reveals that Tn9 integration is associated with a direct repeat of 9 base pairs (bp) of host sequence. We show that these extra 9 nucleotide pairs are generated upon insertion and not brought in with the element."}
{"id": "PMID:365356", "title": "Sensory adaptation mutants of E. coli.", "content": "The ability of E. coli to adapt to constant levels of attractant and repellent chemicals was studied by examining the patterns of flagellar movement in cells subjected to abrupt concentration changes. Wild-type bacteria exhibited transient responses to such stimuli, in support of previous findings. Nonchemotactic mutants of the cheX class responded to both attractants and repellents, but were unable to terminate these behavioral changes as long as the stimulating chemical was present. The sensory adaptation defect of cheX strains may be due to an inability to methylate several cytoplasmic membrane proteins that initiate changes in flagellar movement in response to chemoreceptor signals. Based on these results, possible mechanisms of stimulus transduction and sensory adaptation during chemotaxis are discussed.", "contents": "Sensory adaptation mutants of E. coli. The ability of E. coli to adapt to constant levels of attractant and repellent chemicals was studied by examining the patterns of flagellar movement in cells subjected to abrupt concentration changes. Wild-type bacteria exhibited transient responses to such stimuli, in support of previous findings. Nonchemotactic mutants of the cheX class responded to both attractants and repellents, but were unable to terminate these behavioral changes as long as the stimulating chemical was present. The sensory adaptation defect of cheX strains may be due to an inability to methylate several cytoplasmic membrane proteins that initiate changes in flagellar movement in response to chemoreceptor signals. Based on these results, possible mechanisms of stimulus transduction and sensory adaptation during chemotaxis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365357", "title": "Failure of sensory adaptation in bacterial mutants that are defective in a protein methylation reaction.", "content": "Chemotactic bacteria, such as E. coli, detect changes in the chemical composition of the environment. Addition of an attractant or repellent leads to an immediate response, characterized by a change in the swimming behavior of the cells--a process known as sensory excitation. However, the response gradually disappears with time, despite the continued presence of the chemical--a process known as sensory adaptation. We report here the behavior of a class of nonchemotactic mutants (cheX) that can carry out sensory excitation but are defective in the process of sensory adaptation. These mutants are also defective in the ability to carry out a protein methylation reaction which has previously been implicated in the adaptation process (Goy, Springer and Adler, 1977). The results presented here establish a firm relationship between the methylation reaction and sensory adaptation.", "contents": "Failure of sensory adaptation in bacterial mutants that are defective in a protein methylation reaction. Chemotactic bacteria, such as E. coli, detect changes in the chemical composition of the environment. Addition of an attractant or repellent leads to an immediate response, characterized by a change in the swimming behavior of the cells--a process known as sensory excitation. However, the response gradually disappears with time, despite the continued presence of the chemical--a process known as sensory adaptation. We report here the behavior of a class of nonchemotactic mutants (cheX) that can carry out sensory excitation but are defective in the process of sensory adaptation. These mutants are also defective in the ability to carry out a protein methylation reaction which has previously been implicated in the adaptation process (Goy, Springer and Adler, 1977). The results presented here establish a firm relationship between the methylation reaction and sensory adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:365379", "title": "[Therapeutic problems in neurological bladder in the child (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of a retrospective review of 116 cases of neurological bladder in children, consisting essentially of patients with spina bifida and meningomyelocoele, the authors consider their present attitude to this problem. They take a simple neurological classification as a basis, and the various forms of treatment (cutaneous ureteric transplantation, physiotherapy, divulsion, sphincterotomy, anti-reflux plastic procedures, treatment of incontinence) are reviewed in terms of method, indications and results.", "contents": "[Therapeutic problems in neurological bladder in the child (author's transl)]. On the basis of a retrospective review of 116 cases of neurological bladder in children, consisting essentially of patients with spina bifida and meningomyelocoele, the authors consider their present attitude to this problem. They take a simple neurological classification as a basis, and the various forms of treatment (cutaneous ureteric transplantation, physiotherapy, divulsion, sphincterotomy, anti-reflux plastic procedures, treatment of incontinence) are reviewed in terms of method, indications and results."}
{"id": "PMID:365383", "title": "Practical use of swan-type double-bending gastrofiberscope.", "content": "After devising remote-controlled angle to gastrofiberscope in 1964, the authors invented a swan-type double-bending gastrofiberscope in 1967. The double-bending gastrofiberscope does not require any change in a patient's position, for the motion of the tip is sufficient to observe every part of the stomach on supine position. In order to relax the patient both physically and mentally, relaxation of the patient is obtained by taking off this excessive attention on the endoscopic examination. Clear visual field can be obtained at the moment when the fiberscope passes the cardia, by stopping the scope just above the cardia and inflating sufficient air, and then, inserting the scope with the lens directed to the anterior wall of the greater curvature. Several marks are put on the body of the scope, as a functional scale, which makes its handling easier.", "contents": "Practical use of swan-type double-bending gastrofiberscope. After devising remote-controlled angle to gastrofiberscope in 1964, the authors invented a swan-type double-bending gastrofiberscope in 1967. The double-bending gastrofiberscope does not require any change in a patient's position, for the motion of the tip is sufficient to observe every part of the stomach on supine position. In order to relax the patient both physically and mentally, relaxation of the patient is obtained by taking off this excessive attention on the endoscopic examination. Clear visual field can be obtained at the moment when the fiberscope passes the cardia, by stopping the scope just above the cardia and inflating sufficient air, and then, inserting the scope with the lens directed to the anterior wall of the greater curvature. Several marks are put on the body of the scope, as a functional scale, which makes its handling easier."}
{"id": "PMID:365385", "title": "Longitudinal serological study of malaria in infants in the West African savanna. Comparisons in infants exposed to, or protected from, transmission from birth.", "content": "Two infant populations, the one exposed to intense malaria transmission and the other protected, were followed and compared by six serological tests. The IgG and IgM levels increased with age and were systematically, though only slightly, lower in the protected children. The results of three Plasmodium falciparum tests (precipitin, indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and indirect haemagglutination and one P. malariae test (IFA) were high at birth and decreased rapidly afterwards in both populations. In the unprotected population, this decrease was followed by an increase, closely associated with the parasitological findings, while in the protected population the decrease continued to very low levels.", "contents": "Longitudinal serological study of malaria in infants in the West African savanna. Comparisons in infants exposed to, or protected from, transmission from birth. Two infant populations, the one exposed to intense malaria transmission and the other protected, were followed and compared by six serological tests. The IgG and IgM levels increased with age and were systematically, though only slightly, lower in the protected children. The results of three Plasmodium falciparum tests (precipitin, indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and indirect haemagglutination and one P. malariae test (IFA) were high at birth and decreased rapidly afterwards in both populations. In the unprotected population, this decrease was followed by an increase, closely associated with the parasitological findings, while in the protected population the decrease continued to very low levels."}
{"id": "PMID:365384", "title": "Further epidemiological evaluation of a malaria model.", "content": "The malaria model previously fitted to 1 year of baseline data from the Garki District in the Sudan savanna of northern Nigeria was tested against data collected in the same area over a period of 3 years, including 1(1/2) years during which the insides of houses in certain villages were sprayed with propoxur. It was also tested against data collected in Kisumu, Kenya, also over a period of 3 years, including 20 months during which the insides of houses in part of the area were sprayed with fenitrothion. The test consisted in using the vectorial capacity, calculated from the entomological observations made in the above places and periods, as input in the Garki model while keeping the other parameters as fitted to the Garki baseline data, and in comparing the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia as estimated by the model to that actually observed. There was relatively good agreement and the model is considered epidemiologically satisfactory and fit for use in planning malaria control operations.", "contents": "Further epidemiological evaluation of a malaria model. The malaria model previously fitted to 1 year of baseline data from the Garki District in the Sudan savanna of northern Nigeria was tested against data collected in the same area over a period of 3 years, including 1(1/2) years during which the insides of houses in certain villages were sprayed with propoxur. It was also tested against data collected in Kisumu, Kenya, also over a period of 3 years, including 20 months during which the insides of houses in part of the area were sprayed with fenitrothion. The test consisted in using the vectorial capacity, calculated from the entomological observations made in the above places and periods, as input in the Garki model while keeping the other parameters as fitted to the Garki baseline data, and in comparing the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia as estimated by the model to that actually observed. There was relatively good agreement and the model is considered epidemiologically satisfactory and fit for use in planning malaria control operations."}
{"id": "PMID:365386", "title": "Changing patterns in the humoral immune response to malaria before, during, and after the application of control measures: a longitudinal study in the West African savanna.", "content": "A longitudinal seroimmunological investigation of malaria was performed as part of the WHO research project conducted in the northern part of Nigeria from 1970 to 1975. The project included a preintervention phase, an intervention phase with application of malaria control measures (spraying of residual insecticide and mass drug administration), and a postintervention phase. Serological observations were made on the total population of eight villages consisting of approximately 3000 persons. Six immunological parameters were studied, namely, the serum levels of IgG and IgM, the number of bands of precipitation for Plasmodium falciparum in the double diffusion (Ouchterlony) test, the titres of antibodies for P. falciparum and P. malariae in the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, and the titres of agglutinating antibodies for P. falciparum by the indirect (passive) haemagglutination (IHA) test. The serological results were used to evaluate the impact on the humoral immune response of different levels of parasitaemia resulting, in the unprotected population, from natural factors such as seasons and ageing and in the protected population, from human intervention through the application of control measures and their interruption. The linkage by computer processing of the longitudinal data allowed analysis of the relationship between the results of a serological test in the same person at different surveys, and analysis of correlation between serological results and the concurrent parasitological findings. The correlation between parasitaemia and the results of the different serological tests at the same survey in the same person were also examined and analysed in terms of sensitivity and specificity of the tests.", "contents": "Changing patterns in the humoral immune response to malaria before, during, and after the application of control measures: a longitudinal study in the West African savanna. A longitudinal seroimmunological investigation of malaria was performed as part of the WHO research project conducted in the northern part of Nigeria from 1970 to 1975. The project included a preintervention phase, an intervention phase with application of malaria control measures (spraying of residual insecticide and mass drug administration), and a postintervention phase. Serological observations were made on the total population of eight villages consisting of approximately 3000 persons. Six immunological parameters were studied, namely, the serum levels of IgG and IgM, the number of bands of precipitation for Plasmodium falciparum in the double diffusion (Ouchterlony) test, the titres of antibodies for P. falciparum and P. malariae in the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, and the titres of agglutinating antibodies for P. falciparum by the indirect (passive) haemagglutination (IHA) test. The serological results were used to evaluate the impact on the humoral immune response of different levels of parasitaemia resulting, in the unprotected population, from natural factors such as seasons and ageing and in the protected population, from human intervention through the application of control measures and their interruption. The linkage by computer processing of the longitudinal data allowed analysis of the relationship between the results of a serological test in the same person at different surveys, and analysis of correlation between serological results and the concurrent parasitological findings. The correlation between parasitaemia and the results of the different serological tests at the same survey in the same person were also examined and analysed in terms of sensitivity and specificity of the tests."}
{"id": "PMID:365388", "title": "A controlled field trial of plain and aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed cholera vaccines in Surabaya, Indonesia, during 1973--75.", "content": "A controlled field trial comparing the effectiveness of a plain cholera vaccine with that of a vaccine adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide was carried out in a cholera-endemic area of Indonesia during 1973-75. Tetanus toxoid adsorbed to aluminium phosphate was used as the control. In vaccinees aged 1-4 years, the adsorbed cholera vaccine provided about 88% protection for 6 months following vaccination and still provided about 50% protection between 11 and 14 months after vaccination. In the same age group, the plain vaccine provided only 53% protection during the first 6 months and no appreciable protection beyond that period. In those aged 5 years and over, both vaccines provided 50-60% protection throughout the period of observation (14 months). Neither vaccine caused any serious side effects.", "contents": "A controlled field trial of plain and aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed cholera vaccines in Surabaya, Indonesia, during 1973--75. A controlled field trial comparing the effectiveness of a plain cholera vaccine with that of a vaccine adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide was carried out in a cholera-endemic area of Indonesia during 1973-75. Tetanus toxoid adsorbed to aluminium phosphate was used as the control. In vaccinees aged 1-4 years, the adsorbed cholera vaccine provided about 88% protection for 6 months following vaccination and still provided about 50% protection between 11 and 14 months after vaccination. In the same age group, the plain vaccine provided only 53% protection during the first 6 months and no appreciable protection beyond that period. In those aged 5 years and over, both vaccines provided 50-60% protection throughout the period of observation (14 months). Neither vaccine caused any serious side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:365389", "title": "Detection of anti-HBs antibody by means of an indirect micro-ELISA method.", "content": "The Hepanostika micro-ELISA System was used, with some modifications, for the indirect detection of anti-HBs antibodies. The proposed method is rapid, easy to perform, reproducible, and specific and approaches radioimmunoassay in sensitivity (92.6% agreement). An advantage over radioimmunoassay is the possibility of revealing antibodies in sera containing immune complexes, but this will require further investigation.", "contents": "Detection of anti-HBs antibody by means of an indirect micro-ELISA method. The Hepanostika micro-ELISA System was used, with some modifications, for the indirect detection of anti-HBs antibodies. The proposed method is rapid, easy to perform, reproducible, and specific and approaches radioimmunoassay in sensitivity (92.6% agreement). An advantage over radioimmunoassay is the possibility of revealing antibodies in sera containing immune complexes, but this will require further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:365390", "title": "Effects of verapamil on myocardial performance in coronary disease.", "content": "Verapamil, a calcium antagonist, has been used extensively for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Concern persists, however, that it may seriously depress myocardial function in cardiac patients. To investigate this possibility, 20 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) but no heart failure were given intravenous verapamil (0.1 mg/kg bolus, followed by 0.005 mg/kg/min infusion), and studied hemodynamically and angiographically. Verapamil markedly lowered mean aortic pressure (94 +/- 17 to 82 +/- 13 mm Hg, p less than 0.0005) and systemic vascular resistance (1413 +/- 429 to 1069 +/- 235 dyn-sec-cm5, p less than 0.0005). Simultaneously, all indices of left ventricular (LV) performance greatly improved: cardiac index rose from 2.8 +/- 0.6 to 3.1 +/- 0.7 1/min/m2 (p less than 0.0005), mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening increased from 0.85 +/- 0.39 to 0.97 +/- 0.46 circ/sec (p less than 0.01), and ejection fraction improved from 55 +/- 16 to 61 +/- 18% (p less than 0.01). No significant changes were noted in the heart rate before and after verapamil administration, and verapamil did not worsen the extent of LV asynergy in the majority of patients. In patients with CAD, the intrinsic negative inotropic effect of verapamil is of negligible importance because its potent vasodilatory properties more than compensate for any intrinsic decrease in LV contractility, and thereby improve the overall cardiac function.", "contents": "Effects of verapamil on myocardial performance in coronary disease. Verapamil, a calcium antagonist, has been used extensively for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Concern persists, however, that it may seriously depress myocardial function in cardiac patients. To investigate this possibility, 20 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) but no heart failure were given intravenous verapamil (0.1 mg/kg bolus, followed by 0.005 mg/kg/min infusion), and studied hemodynamically and angiographically. Verapamil markedly lowered mean aortic pressure (94 +/- 17 to 82 +/- 13 mm Hg, p less than 0.0005) and systemic vascular resistance (1413 +/- 429 to 1069 +/- 235 dyn-sec-cm5, p less than 0.0005). Simultaneously, all indices of left ventricular (LV) performance greatly improved: cardiac index rose from 2.8 +/- 0.6 to 3.1 +/- 0.7 1/min/m2 (p less than 0.0005), mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening increased from 0.85 +/- 0.39 to 0.97 +/- 0.46 circ/sec (p less than 0.01), and ejection fraction improved from 55 +/- 16 to 61 +/- 18% (p less than 0.01). No significant changes were noted in the heart rate before and after verapamil administration, and verapamil did not worsen the extent of LV asynergy in the majority of patients. In patients with CAD, the intrinsic negative inotropic effect of verapamil is of negligible importance because its potent vasodilatory properties more than compensate for any intrinsic decrease in LV contractility, and thereby improve the overall cardiac function."}
{"id": "PMID:365391", "title": "Effect of prazosin vs placebo on chronic left ventricular heart failure.", "content": "The effect of the vasodilator prazosin vs placebo on exercise duration until marked dyspnea, and on left ventricular function measured by echocardiography, was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized study in 24 patients with chronic left ventricular failure despite digitalis and diuretic therapy. Compared with the double-blind placebo, prazosin reduced resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure times heart rate, improved clinical symptoms, decreased cardiothoracic ratio measured by chest roentgenography, decreased left ventricular and left atrial dimensions, improved ejection fraction and Vcf measured by echocardiography, and improved treadmill exercise duration. All 12 patients taking prazosin had greater than or equal to 20% improved treadmill exercise duration; none of 12 receiving placebo improved. In six of 12 patients taking prazosin, roentgenographic evidence of pulmonary venous congestion disappeared compared with none of the patients on placebo. These data suggest that prazosin may be effective in treating chronic left ventricular failure.", "contents": "Effect of prazosin vs placebo on chronic left ventricular heart failure. The effect of the vasodilator prazosin vs placebo on exercise duration until marked dyspnea, and on left ventricular function measured by echocardiography, was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized study in 24 patients with chronic left ventricular failure despite digitalis and diuretic therapy. Compared with the double-blind placebo, prazosin reduced resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure times heart rate, improved clinical symptoms, decreased cardiothoracic ratio measured by chest roentgenography, decreased left ventricular and left atrial dimensions, improved ejection fraction and Vcf measured by echocardiography, and improved treadmill exercise duration. All 12 patients taking prazosin had greater than or equal to 20% improved treadmill exercise duration; none of 12 receiving placebo improved. In six of 12 patients taking prazosin, roentgenographic evidence of pulmonary venous congestion disappeared compared with none of the patients on placebo. These data suggest that prazosin may be effective in treating chronic left ventricular failure."}
{"id": "PMID:365392", "title": "Assessment of the EMIT-(TM) technique as a screening test for opiates and methadone for a methadone maintenance clinic and its calibration by Bayesian statistics.", "content": "1. The performance of the semi-quantitative enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT, Syva Corp.) for opiates and methadone has been examined as a screening procedure of urine samples from a methadone maintenance programme. The predictive value model that is based upon Bayesian statistics was used to determine screening levels for the EMIT assays. 2. With a predictive value of a negative result of 100%, the EMIT opiate assay can be used to show the absence of the indicated drugs, while positive results can be confirmed by a non-immunological technique. A screening level of 1.0 micrograms/ml for the opiate assay, conforms to this model. 3. The EMIT methadone assay was shown to have a predictive value of a negative result of 28% with respect to thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) results. This discrepancy between EMIT and TLC can not be explained by sensitivity alone. The manufacturer's recommended 0.5 micrograms/ml cutoff has been used therefore for the methadone assay.", "contents": "Assessment of the EMIT-(TM) technique as a screening test for opiates and methadone for a methadone maintenance clinic and its calibration by Bayesian statistics. 1. The performance of the semi-quantitative enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT, Syva Corp.) for opiates and methadone has been examined as a screening procedure of urine samples from a methadone maintenance programme. The predictive value model that is based upon Bayesian statistics was used to determine screening levels for the EMIT assays. 2. With a predictive value of a negative result of 100%, the EMIT opiate assay can be used to show the absence of the indicated drugs, while positive results can be confirmed by a non-immunological technique. A screening level of 1.0 micrograms/ml for the opiate assay, conforms to this model. 3. The EMIT methadone assay was shown to have a predictive value of a negative result of 28% with respect to thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) results. This discrepancy between EMIT and TLC can not be explained by sensitivity alone. The manufacturer's recommended 0.5 micrograms/ml cutoff has been used therefore for the methadone assay."}
{"id": "PMID:365393", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay of carbamazepine with a centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "We describe a rapid enzyme immunoassay for carbamazepine with a centrifugal analyzer (Rotochem IIA-36). Reagent costs are reduced fourfold while good precision and sensitivity are maintained. Sample volume is 10 microliter, and as many as 28 patients' sera can be measured during an assay time of 225 s. Assay temperature is 30 degrees C, the wavelength 340 nn. Linearity is excellent for a carbamazepine concentration range of 1 to 12 mg/L; analytical recovery is quantitative. Results correlate well with those by liquid- and gas-liquid chromatography. Absorbance rates for each carbamazepine concentration are acquired by a multi-point kinetic rate program and a computer program provides a logit-log transformation of absorbance rate vs. concentration data for final calculations in the assay. Hemoglobin interference precludes analysis of severely hemolyzed specimens.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay of carbamazepine with a centrifugal analyzer. We describe a rapid enzyme immunoassay for carbamazepine with a centrifugal analyzer (Rotochem IIA-36). Reagent costs are reduced fourfold while good precision and sensitivity are maintained. Sample volume is 10 microliter, and as many as 28 patients' sera can be measured during an assay time of 225 s. Assay temperature is 30 degrees C, the wavelength 340 nn. Linearity is excellent for a carbamazepine concentration range of 1 to 12 mg/L; analytical recovery is quantitative. Results correlate well with those by liquid- and gas-liquid chromatography. Absorbance rates for each carbamazepine concentration are acquired by a multi-point kinetic rate program and a computer program provides a logit-log transformation of absorbance rate vs. concentration data for final calculations in the assay. Hemoglobin interference precludes analysis of severely hemolyzed specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:365394", "title": "An \"antibody electrode,\" preliminary report on a new approach in enzyme immunoassay.", "content": "We report preliminary experiments on a new, sensitive, and reliable procedure for enzyme immunoassay of various antigens in biological fluids. The method, developed from the biological model \"hepatitis B surface-antigen/antibodies,\" is less time consuming than most immunochemical techniques and eliminates many inconveniences arising from use of isotopes. We use a solid-phase \"sandwich\" procedure, the antibodies being immobilized on gelatin membranes, and determine antigen concentration with the help of an iodide-sensitive electrode modified by fixing the active membrane onto the crystal sensor. We have established the analytical criteria of the method and compared it with the solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the surface antigen in dilution series. One-tenth microgram of antigen per liter can be reproducibly detected with our method. Use of antibody electrode should easily be extended to assay of other antigens and haptens that usually are determined by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "An \"antibody electrode,\" preliminary report on a new approach in enzyme immunoassay. We report preliminary experiments on a new, sensitive, and reliable procedure for enzyme immunoassay of various antigens in biological fluids. The method, developed from the biological model \"hepatitis B surface-antigen/antibodies,\" is less time consuming than most immunochemical techniques and eliminates many inconveniences arising from use of isotopes. We use a solid-phase \"sandwich\" procedure, the antibodies being immobilized on gelatin membranes, and determine antigen concentration with the help of an iodide-sensitive electrode modified by fixing the active membrane onto the crystal sensor. We have established the analytical criteria of the method and compared it with the solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the surface antigen in dilution series. One-tenth microgram of antigen per liter can be reproducibly detected with our method. Use of antibody electrode should easily be extended to assay of other antigens and haptens that usually are determined by radioimmunoassay."}
{"id": "PMID:365395", "title": "Transverse maxillary growth in combined cleft lip and palate. A longitudinal roentgencephalometric study by the implant method.", "content": "Transverse maxillary growth was studied radiographically by the metallic implant method in 5 Danish boys with combined cleft lip and palate. The study covered the age range of five to 20 years with individual observation periods of 9 to 12 years. Lip closure and palate closure had been performed at two months and 24 months of age respectively by conventional methods. Orthodontic treatment was carried out in all cases. The maxillary width was determined from posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs as the distance between metallic implants inserted at the lower aspect of the maxillary-zygomatic process on both sides. Other roentgencephalometric measurements were obtained for further estimate of the facial growth in width. Distance curves and velocity curves for these measurements and for body weight were constructed and compared. The growth curves for maxillary width differed definitely from normal and indicated that the spontaneous transverse palatal growth was inhibited in these patients.", "contents": "Transverse maxillary growth in combined cleft lip and palate. A longitudinal roentgencephalometric study by the implant method. Transverse maxillary growth was studied radiographically by the metallic implant method in 5 Danish boys with combined cleft lip and palate. The study covered the age range of five to 20 years with individual observation periods of 9 to 12 years. Lip closure and palate closure had been performed at two months and 24 months of age respectively by conventional methods. Orthodontic treatment was carried out in all cases. The maxillary width was determined from posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs as the distance between metallic implants inserted at the lower aspect of the maxillary-zygomatic process on both sides. Other roentgencephalometric measurements were obtained for further estimate of the facial growth in width. Distance curves and velocity curves for these measurements and for body weight were constructed and compared. The growth curves for maxillary width differed definitely from normal and indicated that the spontaneous transverse palatal growth was inhibited in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:365397", "title": "The urinary excretion of orotic acid and orotidine, measured by an isotope dilution assay.", "content": "Unknown concentrations of orotic acid can be measured by competition with a known amount of [carboxyl-14C]orotic acid for reaction with a limiting amount of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate in the presence of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase. The dilution of the specific radioactivity in the product 14CO2 is a sensitive and accurate measure of the amount of orotic acid present in the sample. Orotidine can also be determined after hydrolytic cleavage to orotic acid. The method was used to measure orotic acid and orotidine in urine samples from newborns, healthy controls and patients with gout or deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase receiving allopurinol. Urinary excretion of orotic acid and orotidine in newborns was similar whether the infants were breast-fed or received milk powder. The excretion of orotidine was increased in all patients receiving allopurinol. After allopurinol administration orotic acid excretion was increased in gouty patients but close to normal values in patients with deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism by which allopurinol inhibits pyrimidine metabolism.", "contents": "The urinary excretion of orotic acid and orotidine, measured by an isotope dilution assay. Unknown concentrations of orotic acid can be measured by competition with a known amount of [carboxyl-14C]orotic acid for reaction with a limiting amount of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate in the presence of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase. The dilution of the specific radioactivity in the product 14CO2 is a sensitive and accurate measure of the amount of orotic acid present in the sample. Orotidine can also be determined after hydrolytic cleavage to orotic acid. The method was used to measure orotic acid and orotidine in urine samples from newborns, healthy controls and patients with gout or deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase receiving allopurinol. Urinary excretion of orotic acid and orotidine in newborns was similar whether the infants were breast-fed or received milk powder. The excretion of orotidine was increased in all patients receiving allopurinol. After allopurinol administration orotic acid excretion was increased in gouty patients but close to normal values in patients with deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism by which allopurinol inhibits pyrimidine metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:365403", "title": "The significance of pure diffuse mesangial proliferation in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "The prognostic significance of the finding of diffuse mesangial proliferation (DMP) in patients presenting with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) has not been well established. The clinical course, therapeutic response and final outcome of 38 patients in whom renal biopsy showed DMP are reported. They have been subdivided into 2 groups according to the absence (18 patients: group I) or presence (20 patients: group II) of superimposed lesions of focal and segmental sclerosis and/or hyalinosis (FSS/H). Clinical presentation was similar in both groups although patients in group I were less severely affected. Non of the patients of group II responded to corticosteroids, whereas in group I 2/16 responded and 2 infants remitted without treatment. At the latest assessment, 5/18 patients in group I and 10/20 in group II had progressed to terminal renal failure or had impaired renal function. Five patients in group I and 3 in group II were in clinical remission. Eight of 11 repeat biopsies performed in patients of group I showed the development of FSS/H. Thus patients with DMP seem prone to develop lesions of FSS/H. Their course if often worse than that of minimal change with FSS/H since 7 of the 10 patients who developed renal failure did so within 3 years of onset. The finding of DMP in a patient with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is usually but not invariably an ominous feature.", "contents": "The significance of pure diffuse mesangial proliferation in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. The prognostic significance of the finding of diffuse mesangial proliferation (DMP) in patients presenting with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) has not been well established. The clinical course, therapeutic response and final outcome of 38 patients in whom renal biopsy showed DMP are reported. They have been subdivided into 2 groups according to the absence (18 patients: group I) or presence (20 patients: group II) of superimposed lesions of focal and segmental sclerosis and/or hyalinosis (FSS/H). Clinical presentation was similar in both groups although patients in group I were less severely affected. Non of the patients of group II responded to corticosteroids, whereas in group I 2/16 responded and 2 infants remitted without treatment. At the latest assessment, 5/18 patients in group I and 10/20 in group II had progressed to terminal renal failure or had impaired renal function. Five patients in group I and 3 in group II were in clinical remission. Eight of 11 repeat biopsies performed in patients of group I showed the development of FSS/H. Thus patients with DMP seem prone to develop lesions of FSS/H. Their course if often worse than that of minimal change with FSS/H since 7 of the 10 patients who developed renal failure did so within 3 years of onset. The finding of DMP in a patient with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is usually but not invariably an ominous feature."}
{"id": "PMID:365404", "title": "Renal histology and immunopathology in distal renal tubular acidosis.", "content": "Renal biospy studies are reported from 10 patients with distal renal tubular acidosis (DRTA). On the biopsies from 6 patients who had associated immunological abnormalities immunofluorescent studies for immunoglobulins, complement, and fibrin were performed. Interstitial cellular infiltration and fibrosis were common findings in patients with and without immunological abnormalities, and were usually associated with nephrocalcinosis and/or recurrent urinary infection. No immune deposits were demonstrated in association with the renal tubules. This study shows that DRTA in immunologically abnormal patients is not caused by tubular deposition of antibody or immune complexes. The possibility of cell mediated immune damage is discussed.", "contents": "Renal histology and immunopathology in distal renal tubular acidosis. Renal biospy studies are reported from 10 patients with distal renal tubular acidosis (DRTA). On the biopsies from 6 patients who had associated immunological abnormalities immunofluorescent studies for immunoglobulins, complement, and fibrin were performed. Interstitial cellular infiltration and fibrosis were common findings in patients with and without immunological abnormalities, and were usually associated with nephrocalcinosis and/or recurrent urinary infection. No immune deposits were demonstrated in association with the renal tubules. This study shows that DRTA in immunologically abnormal patients is not caused by tubular deposition of antibody or immune complexes. The possibility of cell mediated immune damage is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365405", "title": "Bone mineral content in renal transplant patients.", "content": "Bone mineral content (BMC) in the forearm was measured in 158 renal transplant patients to elucidate the relationship between bone mass and the development of bone lesions following renal transplantation. In renal transplant patients with aseptic necrosis of bone and with spontaneous fractures the BMC was significantly reduced compared with age and sex matched renal transplant control patients. Other factors connected with low BMC were age, sex, prolonged dialysis prior to transplantation, post-transplant hypercalcemia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase at the time of the study. No relation between BMC and duration of immunosuppressive treatment was demonstrated.", "contents": "Bone mineral content in renal transplant patients. Bone mineral content (BMC) in the forearm was measured in 158 renal transplant patients to elucidate the relationship between bone mass and the development of bone lesions following renal transplantation. In renal transplant patients with aseptic necrosis of bone and with spontaneous fractures the BMC was significantly reduced compared with age and sex matched renal transplant control patients. Other factors connected with low BMC were age, sex, prolonged dialysis prior to transplantation, post-transplant hypercalcemia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase at the time of the study. No relation between BMC and duration of immunosuppressive treatment was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:365406", "title": "Interstitial immunofluorescence in nephritis of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "A patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (SS) developed mild renal insufficiency without significant proteinuria; the diagnosis of interstitial nephritis secondary to SS was made on the basis of history, serological data and renal biopsy. The renal biopsy revealed immunofluorescence of the interstital infiltrates and the importance of this finding in the differential diagnosis of interstitial nephritis is considered. In addition, further studies to detect anti-renal antibodies and circulating immune complexes are reported and the possible interpretation of the results is discussed in regard to pathogenesis.", "contents": "Interstitial immunofluorescence in nephritis of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. A patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (SS) developed mild renal insufficiency without significant proteinuria; the diagnosis of interstitial nephritis secondary to SS was made on the basis of history, serological data and renal biopsy. The renal biopsy revealed immunofluorescence of the interstital infiltrates and the importance of this finding in the differential diagnosis of interstitial nephritis is considered. In addition, further studies to detect anti-renal antibodies and circulating immune complexes are reported and the possible interpretation of the results is discussed in regard to pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:365407", "title": "The long-term prognosis of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.", "content": "Forty consecutive patients whose biopsies showed focal and segmental sclerosis were studied for 6 to 16 years to establish the long-term prognosis of this group of patients. By the end of a decade 21 were dead, on regular dialysis or transplanted; only one death was unrelated to renal failure. A further 8 patients had a GFR of less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Only 11 patients had normal renal function, and of these eleven only four had no urinary abnormality. Actuarially calculated survival was 75% at 5 years, 50% at 10 years, and 38% at 15 years. There was no difference between the 28 adults and the 12 children in terms of evolution. Patients with a nephrotic syndrome at presentation had a poorer prognosis than those never nephrotic. Twenty nephrotic patients were treated with prednisone, and 14 of these with cyclophosphamide in addition. One patient responded with loss of proteinuria within two months to both drugs, and another lost proteinuria when treated with cyclophosphamide. Thirteen patients received allografted kidneys; a nephrotic syndrome recurred in three patients, with histological evidence of recurrent disease in two.", "contents": "The long-term prognosis of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Forty consecutive patients whose biopsies showed focal and segmental sclerosis were studied for 6 to 16 years to establish the long-term prognosis of this group of patients. By the end of a decade 21 were dead, on regular dialysis or transplanted; only one death was unrelated to renal failure. A further 8 patients had a GFR of less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Only 11 patients had normal renal function, and of these eleven only four had no urinary abnormality. Actuarially calculated survival was 75% at 5 years, 50% at 10 years, and 38% at 15 years. There was no difference between the 28 adults and the 12 children in terms of evolution. Patients with a nephrotic syndrome at presentation had a poorer prognosis than those never nephrotic. Twenty nephrotic patients were treated with prednisone, and 14 of these with cyclophosphamide in addition. One patient responded with loss of proteinuria within two months to both drugs, and another lost proteinuria when treated with cyclophosphamide. Thirteen patients received allografted kidneys; a nephrotic syndrome recurred in three patients, with histological evidence of recurrent disease in two."}
{"id": "PMID:365408", "title": "Allograft renal-artery stenosis: increased peripheral plasma renin activity as an early indicator of uncontrollable hypertension.", "content": "We measured indices of the renin-aldosterone system and body-fluid spaces in 11 adolescents who had received a renal transplant after removal of their own diseased kidneys. None had hypervolemia but 6 had hypertension. Renal angiography revealed greater than 50% luminal occlusion by allograft renal-artery stenosis (RAS) in only the 3 patients who had severe hypertension refractory to conventional medical therapy. Excessive peripheral plasma renin activity (PRA) distinguished these patients from those who had less severe stenosis or normal angiogram, and diuretic stimulation heightened the PRA differences. We conclude that significant allograft RAS does not necessarily act like a typical single-kidney Goldblatt model until after volume depletion. Our findings indicate that peripheral PRA values can be used to assess the degree of graft ischemia clinically. This permits early identification of patients who have severe RAS that probably will be difficult to control medically, and, therefore, should be followed closely with a view of reconstructive vascular surgery before further deterioration of renal function.", "contents": "Allograft renal-artery stenosis: increased peripheral plasma renin activity as an early indicator of uncontrollable hypertension. We measured indices of the renin-aldosterone system and body-fluid spaces in 11 adolescents who had received a renal transplant after removal of their own diseased kidneys. None had hypervolemia but 6 had hypertension. Renal angiography revealed greater than 50% luminal occlusion by allograft renal-artery stenosis (RAS) in only the 3 patients who had severe hypertension refractory to conventional medical therapy. Excessive peripheral plasma renin activity (PRA) distinguished these patients from those who had less severe stenosis or normal angiogram, and diuretic stimulation heightened the PRA differences. We conclude that significant allograft RAS does not necessarily act like a typical single-kidney Goldblatt model until after volume depletion. Our findings indicate that peripheral PRA values can be used to assess the degree of graft ischemia clinically. This permits early identification of patients who have severe RAS that probably will be difficult to control medically, and, therefore, should be followed closely with a view of reconstructive vascular surgery before further deterioration of renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:365411", "title": "The long-term effects of spinal fusion on the sacroiliac joints and ilium.", "content": "Ninety-six patients who had lumbar disk excision and primary posterior fusion were studied 10 or more years after their operations. Thirty-seven per cent complained of persistent graft donor site pain. A comparison of fused patients with and without donor site pain and 36 patients who underwent simple disk excision, revealed no differences in the flexion-extension mobility of the sacroiliac joints, or degenerative changes in the sacroiliac joints. Ectopic bone formation at graft donor sites, and cluneal nerve neuromata did not influence the result. Patients with graft donor site pain had significantly greater complaints of persistent low back pain, postoperative leg pain, and lost more time from work. If the graft was taken from the same side as that of preoperative leg pain, persistent complaints were more common. It is concluded that the sacroiliac joints are not adversely affected by lumbar spine fusion, and that persistent donor site pain is more likely part of a total pain complex referred from the lumbar spine. The sacroiliac joints appear to be relatively noncontributory to problems following lumbar disk surgery.", "contents": "The long-term effects of spinal fusion on the sacroiliac joints and ilium. Ninety-six patients who had lumbar disk excision and primary posterior fusion were studied 10 or more years after their operations. Thirty-seven per cent complained of persistent graft donor site pain. A comparison of fused patients with and without donor site pain and 36 patients who underwent simple disk excision, revealed no differences in the flexion-extension mobility of the sacroiliac joints, or degenerative changes in the sacroiliac joints. Ectopic bone formation at graft donor sites, and cluneal nerve neuromata did not influence the result. Patients with graft donor site pain had significantly greater complaints of persistent low back pain, postoperative leg pain, and lost more time from work. If the graft was taken from the same side as that of preoperative leg pain, persistent complaints were more common. It is concluded that the sacroiliac joints are not adversely affected by lumbar spine fusion, and that persistent donor site pain is more likely part of a total pain complex referred from the lumbar spine. The sacroiliac joints appear to be relatively noncontributory to problems following lumbar disk surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:365413", "title": "Fracture separation of the coracoid process associated with acromioclavicular dislocation: conservative treatment--a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Complete acromioclavicular dislocation associated with fracture separation of the base of the coracoid process is uncommon. This is a report of a 51-year-old man with severe emphysema and limited physical demands in whom the acromioclavicular dislocation and coracoid process fracture were treated conservatively with sling immobilization and early motion and exercises. Good power and full, painless range of motion with minimal symptoms was observed at 6 months follow-up. The strong coracoclavicular ligaments, rather than rupture, may avulse the coracoid process near its base and with disruption of the acromioclavicular joint may allow complete dislocation of the clavicle. A satisfactory result may be obtained without operative reduction of either the acromioclavicular joint or the coracoid process.", "contents": "Fracture separation of the coracoid process associated with acromioclavicular dislocation: conservative treatment--a case report and review of the literature. Complete acromioclavicular dislocation associated with fracture separation of the base of the coracoid process is uncommon. This is a report of a 51-year-old man with severe emphysema and limited physical demands in whom the acromioclavicular dislocation and coracoid process fracture were treated conservatively with sling immobilization and early motion and exercises. Good power and full, painless range of motion with minimal symptoms was observed at 6 months follow-up. The strong coracoclavicular ligaments, rather than rupture, may avulse the coracoid process near its base and with disruption of the acromioclavicular joint may allow complete dislocation of the clavicle. A satisfactory result may be obtained without operative reduction of either the acromioclavicular joint or the coracoid process."}
{"id": "PMID:365414", "title": "Gram negative bone and joint infection: sixty patients treated with amikacin.", "content": "Sixty patients with bone and joint infections secondary to gram negative infection were evaluated in relation to treatment with amikacin. Forty-seven of these patients had osteomyelitis, and 13 had joint infections, including 3 prosthetic replacements. The patients' average was 35 years and there was no predilection for any particular skeletal location. Only 6 patients had no associated predisposing medical problems. Of these problems fracture, diabetes and narcotic abuse were most common. Thirty patients had Psuedomonas infection, and 15 others had multiple pathogens including Pseudomonas. Aminoglycoside antibiotics had been previously used in 25. Amikacin was given for an average of 22 days with a mean dose of 13.4 mg/kg. Bone and synovial fluid levels of amikacin were in therapeutic range. At least 48 patients had concurrent local wound treatment in addition to parenteral administration of amikacin. In 47 patients enough information was available to determine the efficacy of treatment. Twenty-seven (57%) of these patients were considered cured, both clinically and for bacteriologic response; and additional 9 (19%) were considered partially cured. Amikacin is effective against susceptible pathogens in bone and joint infections and is a reasonable choice when aminoglycoside antibiotic is indicated.", "contents": "Gram negative bone and joint infection: sixty patients treated with amikacin. Sixty patients with bone and joint infections secondary to gram negative infection were evaluated in relation to treatment with amikacin. Forty-seven of these patients had osteomyelitis, and 13 had joint infections, including 3 prosthetic replacements. The patients' average was 35 years and there was no predilection for any particular skeletal location. Only 6 patients had no associated predisposing medical problems. Of these problems fracture, diabetes and narcotic abuse were most common. Thirty patients had Psuedomonas infection, and 15 others had multiple pathogens including Pseudomonas. Aminoglycoside antibiotics had been previously used in 25. Amikacin was given for an average of 22 days with a mean dose of 13.4 mg/kg. Bone and synovial fluid levels of amikacin were in therapeutic range. At least 48 patients had concurrent local wound treatment in addition to parenteral administration of amikacin. In 47 patients enough information was available to determine the efficacy of treatment. Twenty-seven (57%) of these patients were considered cured, both clinically and for bacteriologic response; and additional 9 (19%) were considered partially cured. Amikacin is effective against susceptible pathogens in bone and joint infections and is a reasonable choice when aminoglycoside antibiotic is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:365415", "title": "Wide resection of primary tumors of bone and replacement with massive bone grafts: an improved technique for transplanting allogeneic bone grafts.", "content": "The treatment by wide resection of 104 local aggressive and low grade malignant bone tumors is presented with results after follow-up for 5.0 years on the average. The series comprises 29 giant cell tumors, most of them malignant or premalignant, 25 cartilaginous tumors (12 verified chondrosarcomas and 13 chondromas suspect of malignancy), 14 cases of sarcoma, 6 of fibrosarcoma, 4 parosseal sarcomas, 3 osteosarcomas and one chordoma. The remaining 36 cases include: aneurysmal bone cysts, fibrous dysplasia, chondroblastomas, osteoblastomas, giant chondromyxoid fibroma, and hemangiomas. After resection of the affected area, the resulting defect was replaced with massive autologous or allogeneic bone or osteoarticular graft in altogether 68 cases (autologous bone transplant in 61 cases and allograft in 7). A metallic endoprosthesis was used in replacement in 8 cases. No replacement of the defect was needed in 28 cases. The technique of the allogeneic bone transplantations consisted of massive bone or bone cartilage grafts which had been stored at a low temperature, and firm osteosynthesis. In every case, allogeneic (stored) bone was supplemented with autologous cancellous bone around the juncture of graft and host bone. This supplement proved to be important for success of the operation. The overall results were good in 81% and fair in 11%. Five cases had to be amputated and 3 patients were lost to follow-up, a possible total of 8% poor results. Extensive resection with massive bone grafting is a worthwhile approach in the treatment of selected cases of aggressive and low grade malignant bone tumors.", "contents": "Wide resection of primary tumors of bone and replacement with massive bone grafts: an improved technique for transplanting allogeneic bone grafts. The treatment by wide resection of 104 local aggressive and low grade malignant bone tumors is presented with results after follow-up for 5.0 years on the average. The series comprises 29 giant cell tumors, most of them malignant or premalignant, 25 cartilaginous tumors (12 verified chondrosarcomas and 13 chondromas suspect of malignancy), 14 cases of sarcoma, 6 of fibrosarcoma, 4 parosseal sarcomas, 3 osteosarcomas and one chordoma. The remaining 36 cases include: aneurysmal bone cysts, fibrous dysplasia, chondroblastomas, osteoblastomas, giant chondromyxoid fibroma, and hemangiomas. After resection of the affected area, the resulting defect was replaced with massive autologous or allogeneic bone or osteoarticular graft in altogether 68 cases (autologous bone transplant in 61 cases and allograft in 7). A metallic endoprosthesis was used in replacement in 8 cases. No replacement of the defect was needed in 28 cases. The technique of the allogeneic bone transplantations consisted of massive bone or bone cartilage grafts which had been stored at a low temperature, and firm osteosynthesis. In every case, allogeneic (stored) bone was supplemented with autologous cancellous bone around the juncture of graft and host bone. This supplement proved to be important for success of the operation. The overall results were good in 81% and fair in 11%. Five cases had to be amputated and 3 patients were lost to follow-up, a possible total of 8% poor results. Extensive resection with massive bone grafting is a worthwhile approach in the treatment of selected cases of aggressive and low grade malignant bone tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:365421", "title": "Effects of hormones on osteocyte function and perilacunar wall structure.", "content": "Microradiographical and ultrastructural aspects of periosteocytic lacunae are determined by osteocytic activity, lacunar modeling and perilacunar miniremodeling in particular. The miniremodeling activity is constituted by two alternating processes: osteolysis and osteoplasis. Modifications of lacunar shape and size and of perilacunar wall ultrastructure, caused by a direct or indirect effect of certain hormones on osteocytic activity, were observed. The lacunar modeling alterations, particularly in cases of VDH or PTH deficiency, result in an irreversible impaired calcification of the lacunar walls and consequently, mottled lacunae. The alterations of periosteocytic osteolysis are characterized by an increase in number of enlarged lacunae and/or by increased magnitude of this lacunar enlargement. Usually observed as an effect of PTH and VDH, these alterations can also be induced by GC, T4, PG. On the other hand, CT causes a decrease in periosteocytic osteolysis. Periosteocytic osteoplasis is characterized by perilacunar bone formation of various aspects and is known to be stimulated by CT. The osteocytic response to hormones is a function of concentration and not of time; it is transient and not integrative. It can be concluded that none of the perilacunar wall modifications observed is characteristic of any particular hormonal effect or metabolic bone disease.", "contents": "Effects of hormones on osteocyte function and perilacunar wall structure. Microradiographical and ultrastructural aspects of periosteocytic lacunae are determined by osteocytic activity, lacunar modeling and perilacunar miniremodeling in particular. The miniremodeling activity is constituted by two alternating processes: osteolysis and osteoplasis. Modifications of lacunar shape and size and of perilacunar wall ultrastructure, caused by a direct or indirect effect of certain hormones on osteocytic activity, were observed. The lacunar modeling alterations, particularly in cases of VDH or PTH deficiency, result in an irreversible impaired calcification of the lacunar walls and consequently, mottled lacunae. The alterations of periosteocytic osteolysis are characterized by an increase in number of enlarged lacunae and/or by increased magnitude of this lacunar enlargement. Usually observed as an effect of PTH and VDH, these alterations can also be induced by GC, T4, PG. On the other hand, CT causes a decrease in periosteocytic osteolysis. Periosteocytic osteoplasis is characterized by perilacunar bone formation of various aspects and is known to be stimulated by CT. The osteocytic response to hormones is a function of concentration and not of time; it is transient and not integrative. It can be concluded that none of the perilacunar wall modifications observed is characteristic of any particular hormonal effect or metabolic bone disease."}
{"id": "PMID:365422", "title": "Antibiotic penetration of synovial fluid in infected and normal knee joints.", "content": "A spectrum of new and commonly used antibiotics was examined with regard to their ability to penetrate into joint fluid in normal and E. coli infected rabbit knee joints. In order to carry out this investigation a new, simple method of measuring antibiotics in very small amounts of synovial fluid was developed. Cephalothin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, carbenicillin, amikacin, and gentamicin all penetrated into synovial fluid effectively achieving peak concentrations within 30 minutes to one hour. Synovial fluid antibiotic concentrations at 2 hours were equal to or higher than simultaneous serum levels. This relationship persisted thereafter. Penetration of antibiotics into infected joints was dependent primarily on serum concentration and was not altered importantly by the presence of acute chronic or previous infection. Antibiotic doses employed were equivalent to clinical usage on a weight basis. Penetration of all antibiotics studied was satisfactory for use against their normally intended pathogens.", "contents": "Antibiotic penetration of synovial fluid in infected and normal knee joints. A spectrum of new and commonly used antibiotics was examined with regard to their ability to penetrate into joint fluid in normal and E. coli infected rabbit knee joints. In order to carry out this investigation a new, simple method of measuring antibiotics in very small amounts of synovial fluid was developed. Cephalothin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, carbenicillin, amikacin, and gentamicin all penetrated into synovial fluid effectively achieving peak concentrations within 30 minutes to one hour. Synovial fluid antibiotic concentrations at 2 hours were equal to or higher than simultaneous serum levels. This relationship persisted thereafter. Penetration of antibiotics into infected joints was dependent primarily on serum concentration and was not altered importantly by the presence of acute chronic or previous infection. Antibiotic doses employed were equivalent to clinical usage on a weight basis. Penetration of all antibiotics studied was satisfactory for use against their normally intended pathogens."}
{"id": "PMID:365423", "title": "One stage femoral lengthening.", "content": "Femoral lengthening can be obtained by a technique using a Z osteotomy and a distraction device separate from the operative field. The expected gain in length is 3-3.5 cm in children, 4-4.5 cm in adults. Sustained flexion of the knee during the procedure prevents vascular and nervous complications. One peroneal nerve and 2 femoral nerve palsies were nevertheless observed in 180 cases of the whole series. These were caused by a failure to comply with technical details. Bony union occurs promptly in young children. Pseudarthrosis occurred 11 times in patients more than 16-years-old, and once in an 8-year-old child. Avascular necrosis of the bone fragments after total separation of the soft tissue from the femoral shaft explains the frequency of non-union after the age of skeletal maturity. Faster and sound union in adolescents and adults is obtainable by the use of decortication to exposure the femur and strong internal fixation. The best indication for this method is a moderate discrepancy allowing a safe and complete equalization of limb length.", "contents": "One stage femoral lengthening. Femoral lengthening can be obtained by a technique using a Z osteotomy and a distraction device separate from the operative field. The expected gain in length is 3-3.5 cm in children, 4-4.5 cm in adults. Sustained flexion of the knee during the procedure prevents vascular and nervous complications. One peroneal nerve and 2 femoral nerve palsies were nevertheless observed in 180 cases of the whole series. These were caused by a failure to comply with technical details. Bony union occurs promptly in young children. Pseudarthrosis occurred 11 times in patients more than 16-years-old, and once in an 8-year-old child. Avascular necrosis of the bone fragments after total separation of the soft tissue from the femoral shaft explains the frequency of non-union after the age of skeletal maturity. Faster and sound union in adolescents and adults is obtainable by the use of decortication to exposure the femur and strong internal fixation. The best indication for this method is a moderate discrepancy allowing a safe and complete equalization of limb length."}
{"id": "PMID:365417", "title": "Septic arthritis associated with avascular necrosis of the femoral head.", "content": "Avascular necrosis may predispose joints to a septic process particularly in the immunosuppressed individual. The clinical and radiographic presentation may not be diagnostic in the patient with pre-existing joint disease. Suspicion of infection and early aspiration of the involved joint are the keys to early diagnosis. Four patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head, secondary to renal transplantation and corticosteroids in 3, and systemic lupus erythematosus and corticosteroids in one, presented with super-imposed joint infections. All were treated with intravenous antibiotics and frequent joint aspirations and the infection was resolved.", "contents": "Septic arthritis associated with avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Avascular necrosis may predispose joints to a septic process particularly in the immunosuppressed individual. The clinical and radiographic presentation may not be diagnostic in the patient with pre-existing joint disease. Suspicion of infection and early aspiration of the involved joint are the keys to early diagnosis. Four patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head, secondary to renal transplantation and corticosteroids in 3, and systemic lupus erythematosus and corticosteroids in one, presented with super-imposed joint infections. All were treated with intravenous antibiotics and frequent joint aspirations and the infection was resolved."}
{"id": "PMID:365416", "title": "Eikenella corrodens in human bites.", "content": "Eikenella corrodens, a gram negative rod, was cultured in about one third of 24 patients with human bite wounds. The organism was sensitive to penicillin but not to methicillin. Clinically the infections in which Eikenella corrodens were found were not different from other infections. Because of the variety of possible pathogens in human bite infections, we start the patients on a broad spectrum antibiotic while awaiting the results of the culture and sensitivity. However, antibiotics alone are not sufficient treatment in HBI; 20 of 24 patients in this series required surgical drainage. Surgical treatment consists of thorough exploration, exteriorization and excision of devitalized tissues. Complications were more frequent in sutured wounds, or when surgical drainage was delayed.", "contents": "Eikenella corrodens in human bites. Eikenella corrodens, a gram negative rod, was cultured in about one third of 24 patients with human bite wounds. The organism was sensitive to penicillin but not to methicillin. Clinically the infections in which Eikenella corrodens were found were not different from other infections. Because of the variety of possible pathogens in human bite infections, we start the patients on a broad spectrum antibiotic while awaiting the results of the culture and sensitivity. However, antibiotics alone are not sufficient treatment in HBI; 20 of 24 patients in this series required surgical drainage. Surgical treatment consists of thorough exploration, exteriorization and excision of devitalized tissues. Complications were more frequent in sutured wounds, or when surgical drainage was delayed."}
{"id": "PMID:365427", "title": "Conjunctivitis in children. A refresher survey of diagnosis and contemporary treatment.", "content": "The management of acute conjunctivitis need not be confusing. In the newborn period the common etiologic agents are chemical, TRIC, and bacterial. The latter two causes are effectively treated with sulfacetamide ophthalmic preparations. Dacryostenosis should be suspected in any child with recurrent conjunctivitis in the first six months of life. With older children the major causes can be classified as viral, allergic, foreign bodies, and bacterial. Bacterial conjunctivitis almost always responds to sulfacetamide ophthalmic preparations.", "contents": "Conjunctivitis in children. A refresher survey of diagnosis and contemporary treatment. The management of acute conjunctivitis need not be confusing. In the newborn period the common etiologic agents are chemical, TRIC, and bacterial. The latter two causes are effectively treated with sulfacetamide ophthalmic preparations. Dacryostenosis should be suspected in any child with recurrent conjunctivitis in the first six months of life. With older children the major causes can be classified as viral, allergic, foreign bodies, and bacterial. Bacterial conjunctivitis almost always responds to sulfacetamide ophthalmic preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:365428", "title": "Prazosin in hypertension with and without methyldopa.", "content": "The efficacy of prazosin was assessed in 21 patients with essential hypertension who failed to respond adequately to a combination of methyldopa and hydrochlorothiazide. The patients were divided randomly into two groups; in the first group prazosin was substituted for methyldopa and in the second group prazosin was added to the combination. In group 1, the average blood pressure (BP) fell from 144/102 mmHg (sitting) and 142/105 mmHg (standing) to 136/91 mmHg (sitting) and 129/91 mmHg (standing) after prazosin (17 mg) was substituted for methyldopa. The fall in the diastolic BP was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). In group 2, BP fell from 146/101 mmHg (sitting) and 143/103 mmHg (standing) to 126/87 mmHg (sitting) and 118/86 mmHg (standing) when prazosin 14 mg was added to methyldopa and hydrochlorothiazide. The reductions in systolic and diastolic pressures were statistically significant (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Prazosin in hypertension with and without methyldopa. The efficacy of prazosin was assessed in 21 patients with essential hypertension who failed to respond adequately to a combination of methyldopa and hydrochlorothiazide. The patients were divided randomly into two groups; in the first group prazosin was substituted for methyldopa and in the second group prazosin was added to the combination. In group 1, the average blood pressure (BP) fell from 144/102 mmHg (sitting) and 142/105 mmHg (standing) to 136/91 mmHg (sitting) and 129/91 mmHg (standing) after prazosin (17 mg) was substituted for methyldopa. The fall in the diastolic BP was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). In group 2, BP fell from 146/101 mmHg (sitting) and 143/103 mmHg (standing) to 126/87 mmHg (sitting) and 118/86 mmHg (standing) when prazosin 14 mg was added to methyldopa and hydrochlorothiazide. The reductions in systolic and diastolic pressures were statistically significant (p less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:365429", "title": "Acebutolol in supraventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "The effect of intravenous acebutolol on supraventricular arrhythmias was evaluated in 20 patients, 5 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A rapid ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation was slowed greater than 15% in all of 10 patients by acebutolol and in none of 5 patients by saline. A rapid ventricular rate in atrial flutter was slowed greater than 15% in all of 6 patients by acebutolol and in none of 3 patients by saline. Frequent premature atrial beats were abolished or reduced by greater than 75% in each of 2 patients by acebutolol and not in a patient by saline. Acebutolol converted multifocal atrial tachycardia to sinus rhythm in a patient. Digitalis-induced nonparoxysmal atrioventricular junctional tachycardia was not affected by saline but was abolished by acebutolol in a patient. Acebutolol was well tolerated in each of 5 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Acebutolol is useful in the treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "Acebutolol in supraventricular arrhythmias. The effect of intravenous acebutolol on supraventricular arrhythmias was evaluated in 20 patients, 5 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A rapid ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation was slowed greater than 15% in all of 10 patients by acebutolol and in none of 5 patients by saline. A rapid ventricular rate in atrial flutter was slowed greater than 15% in all of 6 patients by acebutolol and in none of 3 patients by saline. Frequent premature atrial beats were abolished or reduced by greater than 75% in each of 2 patients by acebutolol and not in a patient by saline. Acebutolol converted multifocal atrial tachycardia to sinus rhythm in a patient. Digitalis-induced nonparoxysmal atrioventricular junctional tachycardia was not affected by saline but was abolished by acebutolol in a patient. Acebutolol was well tolerated in each of 5 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Acebutolol is useful in the treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:365430", "title": "The effects of calcium and calcium-ionophores (X 537 A and A 23187) on renin release in the isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "1. Calcium depletion from the medium of the isolated perfused kidney reduced renin release and renal perfusate flow. 2. Reintroduction of calcium increased renin release and perfusate flow. 3. The ionophore X 537 A (0.1-4 micromol/1) increased renin release both in the presence and absence of calcium in the medium. 4. The ionophore A 23187 (1-10 nmol/1) increased as well as decreased renin release. There was a positive correlation between direction of this effect and renal perfusate flow. 5. The results are compatible with the view that the effects of calcium and ionophores on renin release are the sum of direct and indirect effects of these agents, the predominant indirect effect being the modification of vascular tone.", "contents": "The effects of calcium and calcium-ionophores (X 537 A and A 23187) on renin release in the isolated perfused rat kidney. 1. Calcium depletion from the medium of the isolated perfused kidney reduced renin release and renal perfusate flow. 2. Reintroduction of calcium increased renin release and perfusate flow. 3. The ionophore X 537 A (0.1-4 micromol/1) increased renin release both in the presence and absence of calcium in the medium. 4. The ionophore A 23187 (1-10 nmol/1) increased as well as decreased renin release. There was a positive correlation between direction of this effect and renal perfusate flow. 5. The results are compatible with the view that the effects of calcium and ionophores on renin release are the sum of direct and indirect effects of these agents, the predominant indirect effect being the modification of vascular tone."}
{"id": "PMID:365431", "title": "Implications of prostacyclin generation for modulation of vascular tone.", "content": "1. The biotransformation of arachidonic acid and prostacyclin in the circulation was studied in anaesthetized dogs, using the blood-bathed organ technique. 2. In passage through the lungs, arachidonate (50-800 microgram kg-1 min-1) was transformed into prostacyclin. No thromboxane A2 or prostaglandin E2 could be detected in arterial blood. 3. In dogs treated with indomethacin (5 mg/kg), intravenous infusions of arachidonate had no cardiovascular effects and no prostacyclin was produced. Therefore, the vasodilator effects of arachidonate in vivo may be attributable to prostacyclin formation. 4. Prostacyclin, unlike prostaglandin E2, is not inactivated by passage across the lungs, and only about 50% disappears in one passage through peripheral vascular beds. 5. Thus prostacyclin released from the lungs could function as a circulating vasodilator and contribute to the regulation of blood vessel tone and blood pressure.", "contents": "Implications of prostacyclin generation for modulation of vascular tone. 1. The biotransformation of arachidonic acid and prostacyclin in the circulation was studied in anaesthetized dogs, using the blood-bathed organ technique. 2. In passage through the lungs, arachidonate (50-800 microgram kg-1 min-1) was transformed into prostacyclin. No thromboxane A2 or prostaglandin E2 could be detected in arterial blood. 3. In dogs treated with indomethacin (5 mg/kg), intravenous infusions of arachidonate had no cardiovascular effects and no prostacyclin was produced. Therefore, the vasodilator effects of arachidonate in vivo may be attributable to prostacyclin formation. 4. Prostacyclin, unlike prostaglandin E2, is not inactivated by passage across the lungs, and only about 50% disappears in one passage through peripheral vascular beds. 5. Thus prostacyclin released from the lungs could function as a circulating vasodilator and contribute to the regulation of blood vessel tone and blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:365432", "title": "The role of prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of hypertension.", "content": "1. Biosynthesis of PGE2 from [14C]arachidonic acid has been found to be lower and PGF2alpha higher in the renal medulla of spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats than in normal Wistar (NW) rats. 2. Biosynthesis of prostacyclin (PGF1alpha) from [14C]arachidonic acid was decreased in lungs, aorta and heart of SH rats. 3. Metabolism of [3H]PGF1alpha was decreased in renal cortex and lungs and PGE2 increased in SH rats in comparison with NW rats. Thus the lungs of SH rats let more PGF and less PGE enter the systemic circulation. 4. Emotional stress decreased the metabolism of [3H]PGF1alpha in lungs of SH and NW rats, the effect being less in SH rats.", "contents": "The role of prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of hypertension. 1. Biosynthesis of PGE2 from [14C]arachidonic acid has been found to be lower and PGF2alpha higher in the renal medulla of spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats than in normal Wistar (NW) rats. 2. Biosynthesis of prostacyclin (PGF1alpha) from [14C]arachidonic acid was decreased in lungs, aorta and heart of SH rats. 3. Metabolism of [3H]PGF1alpha was decreased in renal cortex and lungs and PGE2 increased in SH rats in comparison with NW rats. Thus the lungs of SH rats let more PGF and less PGE enter the systemic circulation. 4. Emotional stress decreased the metabolism of [3H]PGF1alpha in lungs of SH and NW rats, the effect being less in SH rats."}
{"id": "PMID:365437", "title": "Interpretive reporting of laboratory data. Gastric analysis.", "content": "The reporting of gastric analysis data requires clearly formatted and documented analytic results, accurately calculated secretory rates, appropriate normal values based on age, sex and weight of the patient, and interpretive review of the data based on well-documented personal experience or comprehensive studies reported in the medical literature. We report here a technique using inexpensive and flexible data processing equipment suitable to most community hospital laboratories.", "contents": "Interpretive reporting of laboratory data. Gastric analysis. The reporting of gastric analysis data requires clearly formatted and documented analytic results, accurately calculated secretory rates, appropriate normal values based on age, sex and weight of the patient, and interpretive review of the data based on well-documented personal experience or comprehensive studies reported in the medical literature. We report here a technique using inexpensive and flexible data processing equipment suitable to most community hospital laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:365438", "title": "A computer program for estimation of reference percentile values in laboratory data.", "content": "It has been suggested that the physician would be aided in his interpretation of clinical laboratory results if the data were reported in terms of percentile ranking in a reference population as well as in conventional units. This paper describes a FORTRAN porgram for estimating the necessary reference percentile values by means of regression over 20% of the distribution rather than by interpolation between adjacent points. The regression estimates are shown to have a negligible bias and to be somewhat more stable than those obtained by interpolation.", "contents": "A computer program for estimation of reference percentile values in laboratory data. It has been suggested that the physician would be aided in his interpretation of clinical laboratory results if the data were reported in terms of percentile ranking in a reference population as well as in conventional units. This paper describes a FORTRAN porgram for estimating the necessary reference percentile values by means of regression over 20% of the distribution rather than by interpolation between adjacent points. The regression estimates are shown to have a negligible bias and to be somewhat more stable than those obtained by interpolation."}
{"id": "PMID:365439", "title": "Evaluating the performance of a computer-based consultant.", "content": "The performance of a computer-based clinical consultation system is evaluated. The program, called MYCIN, is designed to function as an aid for infectious disease diagnosis and therapy selection, with an initial emphasis on bacteremias. The evaluation methodology is discussed, as well as the difficulties encountered in attempting to evaluate clinical judgments. Specialists in infectious diseases judged MYCIN's final therapy recommedation, and intermediate conclusions about the significance of the infection and identity of infecting organisms. The evaluation techniques described may be useful in assessing the performance of other clinical decision aids. Results of the evaluation show that the program's therapy recommedations meet Stanford experts' standards of acceptable practice 90.9% of the time (table 2), with some variation noted both among individual experts and between Stanford experts and others (tables 1, 2).", "contents": "Evaluating the performance of a computer-based consultant. The performance of a computer-based clinical consultation system is evaluated. The program, called MYCIN, is designed to function as an aid for infectious disease diagnosis and therapy selection, with an initial emphasis on bacteremias. The evaluation methodology is discussed, as well as the difficulties encountered in attempting to evaluate clinical judgments. Specialists in infectious diseases judged MYCIN's final therapy recommedation, and intermediate conclusions about the significance of the infection and identity of infecting organisms. The evaluation techniques described may be useful in assessing the performance of other clinical decision aids. Results of the evaluation show that the program's therapy recommedations meet Stanford experts' standards of acceptable practice 90.9% of the time (table 2), with some variation noted both among individual experts and between Stanford experts and others (tables 1, 2)."}
{"id": "PMID:365461", "title": "Texturized proteins: fabrication, flavoring, and nutrition.", "content": "This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current methods used for the texurization of proteins, with emphasis on soy proteins. The sensory characteristics, i.e., flavor, texture, and color are discussed, particularly in relation to the problems of simulating meat flavored products. The nutritional qualities of texturized products are reviewed, and current regulations concerning their use in foods are cited.", "contents": "Texturized proteins: fabrication, flavoring, and nutrition. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current methods used for the texurization of proteins, with emphasis on soy proteins. The sensory characteristics, i.e., flavor, texture, and color are discussed, particularly in relation to the problems of simulating meat flavored products. The nutritional qualities of texturized products are reviewed, and current regulations concerning their use in foods are cited."}
{"id": "PMID:365462", "title": "Colorimetry--methodology and applications.", "content": "Color and appearance, those nebulous aspects of food acceptability which are taken for granted by most consumers, are coming under increasingly severe scrutiny. For this reason, it is essential that an adequate knowledge base for measurement be available to those working in the field. This base must be grounded upon the fact that color is a sensory phenomenon, and its measurement must include the physical, psychological, and physiological aspects. That is, measurement must involve tristimulus colorimetry, whether obtained by spectrophotometric or colorimetric techniques. It is the object of this article to review the general area of tristimulus colorimetry along with the techniques required for measurement. It is essential to include a section on the manipulation of data as well, since colorimetric data is often misused. Further treatment will be given to object-light interactions and how these affect not only measurement but sample perception, since manipulation of the physical parameters of the sample can affect the total appearance and color. Instruments and their usage will be reviewed so that decisions may be made on the correct instrument for a particular measuring system. In addition, a section will be devoted to on-line color measurement which may facilitate continuous processes. A final section of this article will deal with some advances in data manipulation and the development of new scales for color measurement. Fundamental colorimetric theory is essential in this area for proper usage. It is the aim of this paper to integrate theory with application in order to facilitate optimization of both the color of food and its measurement.", "contents": "Colorimetry--methodology and applications. Color and appearance, those nebulous aspects of food acceptability which are taken for granted by most consumers, are coming under increasingly severe scrutiny. For this reason, it is essential that an adequate knowledge base for measurement be available to those working in the field. This base must be grounded upon the fact that color is a sensory phenomenon, and its measurement must include the physical, psychological, and physiological aspects. That is, measurement must involve tristimulus colorimetry, whether obtained by spectrophotometric or colorimetric techniques. It is the object of this article to review the general area of tristimulus colorimetry along with the techniques required for measurement. It is essential to include a section on the manipulation of data as well, since colorimetric data is often misused. Further treatment will be given to object-light interactions and how these affect not only measurement but sample perception, since manipulation of the physical parameters of the sample can affect the total appearance and color. Instruments and their usage will be reviewed so that decisions may be made on the correct instrument for a particular measuring system. In addition, a section will be devoted to on-line color measurement which may facilitate continuous processes. A final section of this article will deal with some advances in data manipulation and the development of new scales for color measurement. Fundamental colorimetric theory is essential in this area for proper usage. It is the aim of this paper to integrate theory with application in order to facilitate optimization of both the color of food and its measurement."}
{"id": "PMID:365463", "title": "The psychophysical relationships between color and flavor.", "content": "Psychophysics has become a well-defined discipline in science and is undergoing a period of transition from the theoretical and academic to the applied. Certainly the use of magnitude estimation in flavor evaluation is becoming more accepted, and concurrently the food research area is utilizing the colorimetric techniques which are available. However, there has been virtually no investigation carried out on the quantitative relationships which exist between color and flavor in a psychophysical sense. Intuitively, many researchers state the qualitative effect of color on flavor, but the quantification of these techniques is practically nonexistent. This paper will attempt to summarize the psychophysical techniques which are available for such studies, as well as discuss the importance of these studies. Great controversy exists concerning the need for colorants in food. If color does indeed affect flavor quantitatively, it will affect intake and, therefore, final nutritional status of the public in a quantitative manner. This controversy should be resolved in the light of fact, not intuition.", "contents": "The psychophysical relationships between color and flavor. Psychophysics has become a well-defined discipline in science and is undergoing a period of transition from the theoretical and academic to the applied. Certainly the use of magnitude estimation in flavor evaluation is becoming more accepted, and concurrently the food research area is utilizing the colorimetric techniques which are available. However, there has been virtually no investigation carried out on the quantitative relationships which exist between color and flavor in a psychophysical sense. Intuitively, many researchers state the qualitative effect of color on flavor, but the quantification of these techniques is practically nonexistent. This paper will attempt to summarize the psychophysical techniques which are available for such studies, as well as discuss the importance of these studies. Great controversy exists concerning the need for colorants in food. If color does indeed affect flavor quantitatively, it will affect intake and, therefore, final nutritional status of the public in a quantitative manner. This controversy should be resolved in the light of fact, not intuition."}
{"id": "PMID:365464", "title": "Culture conflict and coping in a group of aboriginal adolescents.", "content": "Critical incidents adapted to presentation in picture form were used to investigate responses of Aboriginal adolescents from Elcho Island mission in the Northern Territory of Australia in conflict situations arising from culture contact. These Aboriginal youths are part of a complex environment where choice behaviour is mediated by specific and broader situational characteristics of the social environment. Results showed a relationship between conflict responses and orientation to traditional values and skills, but no apparent relationship between conflict responses and modern value orientation or psychopathology variables. Adolescents who attended high school in Darwin were seen as more mission and academically oriented than locally educated youth. Contary to expected patterns, males appeared to be less involved in both mission and traditional activities and more restricted by traditional social expectations than were females.", "contents": "Culture conflict and coping in a group of aboriginal adolescents. Critical incidents adapted to presentation in picture form were used to investigate responses of Aboriginal adolescents from Elcho Island mission in the Northern Territory of Australia in conflict situations arising from culture contact. These Aboriginal youths are part of a complex environment where choice behaviour is mediated by specific and broader situational characteristics of the social environment. Results showed a relationship between conflict responses and orientation to traditional values and skills, but no apparent relationship between conflict responses and modern value orientation or psychopathology variables. Adolescents who attended high school in Darwin were seen as more mission and academically oriented than locally educated youth. Contary to expected patterns, males appeared to be less involved in both mission and traditional activities and more restricted by traditional social expectations than were females."}
{"id": "PMID:365487", "title": "[Amikacin and gentamicin: a controlled comparison (author's transl)].", "content": "In a randomised double-blind study 25 patients each were treated with amikacin (375 mg/d three times i.m.) or gentamicin (three times 80 mg/d i.m.). The dose was decreased according to a predetermined schedule if there was impaired renal function. Treatment indication was urinary tract infections of different severity with gram-negative organisms resistant to penicillin and cephalosporin. The bacteriological findings of a urine sample obtained by bladder puncture three and ten days after the end of treatment were the criterion of success. In addition, the number of white cells in the urine was taken into account. On the basis of various criteria, amikacin was found to give the higher success rate. The most important criterion, disappearance of the initially demonstrated microorganism, demonstrated a statistically significant advantage of amikacin over gentamicin.", "contents": "[Amikacin and gentamicin: a controlled comparison (author's transl)]. In a randomised double-blind study 25 patients each were treated with amikacin (375 mg/d three times i.m.) or gentamicin (three times 80 mg/d i.m.). The dose was decreased according to a predetermined schedule if there was impaired renal function. Treatment indication was urinary tract infections of different severity with gram-negative organisms resistant to penicillin and cephalosporin. The bacteriological findings of a urine sample obtained by bladder puncture three and ten days after the end of treatment were the criterion of success. In addition, the number of white cells in the urine was taken into account. On the basis of various criteria, amikacin was found to give the higher success rate. The most important criterion, disappearance of the initially demonstrated microorganism, demonstrated a statistically significant advantage of amikacin over gentamicin."}
{"id": "PMID:365489", "title": "[Rubella immunity: immunofluorescence test as a rapid and reliable alternative to the haemagglutination inhibition test (author's transl)].", "content": "Nowadays the haemagglutination inhibition test (HIT) is used almost exclusively in the assessment of rubella immunity. But this test has a few weaknesses. Indirect immunofluorescence test (IFT), on the other hand, has had little attention paid to it. The author performed parallel tests on 1621 sera. Of 1339 HIT- positive sera 1299 (97%) were also also positive in the immunofluorescence test, which takes two hours. The IFT in many situations proved to be superior to the HIT. It is recommended as an alternative to HIT, both in the assessment of rubella immunity and in checking HIT results.", "contents": "[Rubella immunity: immunofluorescence test as a rapid and reliable alternative to the haemagglutination inhibition test (author's transl)]. Nowadays the haemagglutination inhibition test (HIT) is used almost exclusively in the assessment of rubella immunity. But this test has a few weaknesses. Indirect immunofluorescence test (IFT), on the other hand, has had little attention paid to it. The author performed parallel tests on 1621 sera. Of 1339 HIT- positive sera 1299 (97%) were also also positive in the immunofluorescence test, which takes two hours. The IFT in many situations proved to be superior to the HIT. It is recommended as an alternative to HIT, both in the assessment of rubella immunity and in checking HIT results."}
{"id": "PMID:365490", "title": "[Angiopathy in a case of primary oxalosis combined with familial spherocytosis (author's transl)].", "content": "An 18-year-old female with primary oxalosis, seen first when she was in advanced renal failure, developed a severe necrotizing angiopathy which began after a rapid decrease in renal function requiring chronic dialysis. Because of the severe angiopathy the preliminary diagnosis of an acute autoimmune vasculitis had been made. The correct diagnosis was revealed by renal biopsy and a renal transplantation performed. Soon after severe oxalosis led to failure of the renal transplant and death. The patient had also had familial spherocytosis, inherited from her father, while the oxalosis had been inherited from her mother. It is suggested that early transplantation at the onset of renal failure, as long as the blood oxalate level is still tolerably low, may give better results than have so far been reported.", "contents": "[Angiopathy in a case of primary oxalosis combined with familial spherocytosis (author's transl)]. An 18-year-old female with primary oxalosis, seen first when she was in advanced renal failure, developed a severe necrotizing angiopathy which began after a rapid decrease in renal function requiring chronic dialysis. Because of the severe angiopathy the preliminary diagnosis of an acute autoimmune vasculitis had been made. The correct diagnosis was revealed by renal biopsy and a renal transplantation performed. Soon after severe oxalosis led to failure of the renal transplant and death. The patient had also had familial spherocytosis, inherited from her father, while the oxalosis had been inherited from her mother. It is suggested that early transplantation at the onset of renal failure, as long as the blood oxalate level is still tolerably low, may give better results than have so far been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:365493", "title": "[Asa foetida in the treatment of the irritable colon: a double-blind trial (author's transl)].", "content": "In a double-blind trial of two groups of 50 patients each with irritable colon (of whom 91 could be evaluated) asa foetida was found to be effective at the 1% significance level.", "contents": "[Asa foetida in the treatment of the irritable colon: a double-blind trial (author's transl)]. In a double-blind trial of two groups of 50 patients each with irritable colon (of whom 91 could be evaluated) asa foetida was found to be effective at the 1% significance level."}
{"id": "PMID:365502", "title": "[Some parameters in reproduction of a Maroccain sheep breed (race d'Man) (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of the sheep in Marocco was shown with help of statistical data. As there exist very few scientific work on sheep reproduction in this country, we began to work on local breeds with the race d'Man. The breed is asaisonal and is able to lamb 2 times within 13 months, with mostly 2 or more youngs (1,8 lambs per partum). The delay of gestation was found with 150 days, the duration of a cycle 17 days. The libido shown by the rams is violent. They easily accepted an other male as phantome for the collection of sperm with the easily accepted artificial vagina. The gonads are ovoid formed and are early developed. Remarkable is the tail of the epididymis which is covered in a pocketlike formed structure of the distal scrotum. Its volume is remarkable. Concerning the characteristics of the sperm there is no difference with other breeds. Therefore the conclusion seems reasonable that this apparent development of the epididmymis tail is an organ for thermoregulation for the sperm as the breeds origin are the oasis of the Sahara. The early onset of puberty as well as the violent sexual interest and the high rate of reproduction and asaisonal behavior could be a reference to a \"primitive breed\".", "contents": "[Some parameters in reproduction of a Maroccain sheep breed (race d'Man) (author's transl)]. The importance of the sheep in Marocco was shown with help of statistical data. As there exist very few scientific work on sheep reproduction in this country, we began to work on local breeds with the race d'Man. The breed is asaisonal and is able to lamb 2 times within 13 months, with mostly 2 or more youngs (1,8 lambs per partum). The delay of gestation was found with 150 days, the duration of a cycle 17 days. The libido shown by the rams is violent. They easily accepted an other male as phantome for the collection of sperm with the easily accepted artificial vagina. The gonads are ovoid formed and are early developed. Remarkable is the tail of the epididymis which is covered in a pocketlike formed structure of the distal scrotum. Its volume is remarkable. Concerning the characteristics of the sperm there is no difference with other breeds. Therefore the conclusion seems reasonable that this apparent development of the epididmymis tail is an organ for thermoregulation for the sperm as the breeds origin are the oasis of the Sahara. The early onset of puberty as well as the violent sexual interest and the high rate of reproduction and asaisonal behavior could be a reference to a \"primitive breed\"."}
{"id": "PMID:365511", "title": "Vasodilators in myocardial infarction: rationale and current status.", "content": "While digitalis and diuretics constitute conventional therapy of congestive heart failure due to acute myocardial infarction, systemic vasodilator drugs offer an innovative approach of decreasing left ventricular systolic wall tension (afterload) by reducing aortic impedance and/or by reducing cardic venous return. Thus, vasodilators increase lowered cardiac output by diminishing peripheral vascular resistance and/or decreasing increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (ventricular preload) by reducing venous tone. Concomitantly, there is a reduction of myocardial oxygen demand thereby potentially limiting infarct size and ischaemia. The vasodilators produce disparate modifications of cardiac function depending on their differing alterations of preload versus impedance: nitrates principally cause venodilatation (decrease left ventricular end-diastolic pressure); sodium nitroprusside, phentolamine and prazosin produced relatively balanced arterial and venous dilatation (decrease left ventricular end-diastolic pressure while increasing cardiac output, provided upper limits of normal left ventricular end-diastolic pressure are maintained); and hydrallazine solely effects arteriolar dilatation (increases cardiac output). Combined sodium nitroprusside and dopamine therapy synergistically enhances cardiac output and decreases left ventricular end diastolic pressure. In addition, sodium nitroprusside is aided by mechanical counterpulsation which sustains myocardial perfusion pressure in acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Vasodilators in myocardial infarction: rationale and current status. While digitalis and diuretics constitute conventional therapy of congestive heart failure due to acute myocardial infarction, systemic vasodilator drugs offer an innovative approach of decreasing left ventricular systolic wall tension (afterload) by reducing aortic impedance and/or by reducing cardic venous return. Thus, vasodilators increase lowered cardiac output by diminishing peripheral vascular resistance and/or decreasing increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (ventricular preload) by reducing venous tone. Concomitantly, there is a reduction of myocardial oxygen demand thereby potentially limiting infarct size and ischaemia. The vasodilators produce disparate modifications of cardiac function depending on their differing alterations of preload versus impedance: nitrates principally cause venodilatation (decrease left ventricular end-diastolic pressure); sodium nitroprusside, phentolamine and prazosin produced relatively balanced arterial and venous dilatation (decrease left ventricular end-diastolic pressure while increasing cardiac output, provided upper limits of normal left ventricular end-diastolic pressure are maintained); and hydrallazine solely effects arteriolar dilatation (increases cardiac output). Combined sodium nitroprusside and dopamine therapy synergistically enhances cardiac output and decreases left ventricular end diastolic pressure. In addition, sodium nitroprusside is aided by mechanical counterpulsation which sustains myocardial perfusion pressure in acute myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:365512", "title": "Potential toxicity of materials used for home insulation.", "content": "The two aqueous solutions used for production of residential home insulation by the so-called urea-formaldehyde process were tested for their ability to react with cellular macromolecules. One of the components (the catalyst-surfactant) changed the apparent molecular weight of isolated DNA and increased its rate of attachment to bacterial and animal cells. The other component (the formaldehyde-urea resin) showed both these activities, especially following its exposure to mouse or rat liver extracts (postmitochondrial supernatants). Actively growing HeLa cells exposed to the catalyst-surfactant solution and then extracted with phenol yielded diminishing amounts of DNA, suggesting the formation of strong bonds to other cellular macromolecules, most likely to proteins. Formation of complexes between nucleic acids and proteins, enhanced cellular binding of DNA, and decreased extractability of DNA from growing cells exposed to chemicals have been found in separate studies to correlate with carcinogenic activity of various substances. Since a significant number of buildings will be insulated with this urea-formaldehyde foam and since such foam is also used in agriculture on crops, appropriate precautions should be taken to limit human exposure to the component materials.", "contents": "Potential toxicity of materials used for home insulation. The two aqueous solutions used for production of residential home insulation by the so-called urea-formaldehyde process were tested for their ability to react with cellular macromolecules. One of the components (the catalyst-surfactant) changed the apparent molecular weight of isolated DNA and increased its rate of attachment to bacterial and animal cells. The other component (the formaldehyde-urea resin) showed both these activities, especially following its exposure to mouse or rat liver extracts (postmitochondrial supernatants). Actively growing HeLa cells exposed to the catalyst-surfactant solution and then extracted with phenol yielded diminishing amounts of DNA, suggesting the formation of strong bonds to other cellular macromolecules, most likely to proteins. Formation of complexes between nucleic acids and proteins, enhanced cellular binding of DNA, and decreased extractability of DNA from growing cells exposed to chemicals have been found in separate studies to correlate with carcinogenic activity of various substances. Since a significant number of buildings will be insulated with this urea-formaldehyde foam and since such foam is also used in agriculture on crops, appropriate precautions should be taken to limit human exposure to the component materials."}
{"id": "PMID:365514", "title": "[The corrosion behavior of the bonded alloy Ultratek].", "content": "Ultratek crystal has a multiphasic structure; beryllium is concentrated in one phase. Under the influence of the solvent, this phase is attacked and the Be salts are released. Measurement of atom absorption revealed that the amount of beryllium actually released is extremely low. Under the influence of reagents present in the buccal cavity or which come in contact with it, the amount of beryllium is 10(4) times lower (per 1 cm2 free surface metal per day) than the maximal values permitted according to the calculation of an earlier MAC value (maximal concentration for working conditions).", "contents": "[The corrosion behavior of the bonded alloy Ultratek]. Ultratek crystal has a multiphasic structure; beryllium is concentrated in one phase. Under the influence of the solvent, this phase is attacked and the Be salts are released. Measurement of atom absorption revealed that the amount of beryllium actually released is extremely low. Under the influence of reagents present in the buccal cavity or which come in contact with it, the amount of beryllium is 10(4) times lower (per 1 cm2 free surface metal per day) than the maximal values permitted according to the calculation of an earlier MAC value (maximal concentration for working conditions)."}
{"id": "PMID:365515", "title": "[Materials for fusing ceramics, their properties and behavior].", "content": "Tests of bending strength carried out on rods of metal alloys and ceramic material as well as on rods of bound metal ceramic material provided information concerning the properties of the basic materials. The influence of the 0.2% limit and the E-modulus of metal alloys on the strength of the bound constructions is only ascertainable in a few cases. This is attributed to the considerable influence of the binding strength of the metal ceramic material on the strength of the whole construction.", "contents": "[Materials for fusing ceramics, their properties and behavior]. Tests of bending strength carried out on rods of metal alloys and ceramic material as well as on rods of bound metal ceramic material provided information concerning the properties of the basic materials. The influence of the 0.2% limit and the E-modulus of metal alloys on the strength of the bound constructions is only ascertainable in a few cases. This is attributed to the considerable influence of the binding strength of the metal ceramic material on the strength of the whole construction."}
{"id": "PMID:365516", "title": "[Comparison between 2 elution methods for biological testing of materials].", "content": "The possibility of separating the eluate and the actual biologic test for determining tissue tolerance was studied using two cements containing copper and two cements without copper. Both the materials and the two eluates obtained according to the different procedures were tested immediately. Distilled water was added to one sample of the material, and the mixture was placed in an autoclave for one hour. A second sample was leached in nutrient solution for 24 hours at 37 C. Uniform results were obtained with the copper-free material. Results with the material containing copper however varied; the results of the eluate obtained after one hour in the autoclave were different from the results obtained after 24 hours in the nutrient solution or after direct testing. The test results for the last two procedures were similar. Comparison of the two elution methods indicates that extraction in physiologic nutrient solution is better than the autoclave method using distilled water.", "contents": "[Comparison between 2 elution methods for biological testing of materials]. The possibility of separating the eluate and the actual biologic test for determining tissue tolerance was studied using two cements containing copper and two cements without copper. Both the materials and the two eluates obtained according to the different procedures were tested immediately. Distilled water was added to one sample of the material, and the mixture was placed in an autoclave for one hour. A second sample was leached in nutrient solution for 24 hours at 37 C. Uniform results were obtained with the copper-free material. Results with the material containing copper however varied; the results of the eluate obtained after one hour in the autoclave were different from the results obtained after 24 hours in the nutrient solution or after direct testing. The test results for the last two procedures were similar. Comparison of the two elution methods indicates that extraction in physiologic nutrient solution is better than the autoclave method using distilled water."}
{"id": "PMID:365517", "title": "[Coating of metal implants with the bioactive glass ceramics Ceravital].", "content": "The bioactive glass ceramic Ceravital forms a physicochemical bonding with bone which is capable of withstanding stress caused by tension. This glass ceramic may already be put to clinical use as replacement for minor osseous parts. However, physical data are limited for maximum stress withstanding or gracile whole ceramic implants. In this study, metal cylinders from an alloy of CoCrMo are initially coated with a bio-compatible adhesive layer of enamel, approximately 0,2 to 0,3 mm thick. The adhesive strength of this kind of enamel amounts to about 120 to 140 kp/cm2. After the enamelling process, the glass ceramic is pressed into the enamel in granules at a particle size of 100 to 200 micrometer. As the first results show, this new process is suitable for the combination of metal implant stability and tissue compatibility of glass ceramic.", "contents": "[Coating of metal implants with the bioactive glass ceramics Ceravital]. The bioactive glass ceramic Ceravital forms a physicochemical bonding with bone which is capable of withstanding stress caused by tension. This glass ceramic may already be put to clinical use as replacement for minor osseous parts. However, physical data are limited for maximum stress withstanding or gracile whole ceramic implants. In this study, metal cylinders from an alloy of CoCrMo are initially coated with a bio-compatible adhesive layer of enamel, approximately 0,2 to 0,3 mm thick. The adhesive strength of this kind of enamel amounts to about 120 to 140 kp/cm2. After the enamelling process, the glass ceramic is pressed into the enamel in granules at a particle size of 100 to 200 micrometer. As the first results show, this new process is suitable for the combination of metal implant stability and tissue compatibility of glass ceramic."}
{"id": "PMID:365518", "title": "[Animal experimental studies on the regeneration of controlled bone lesions in varying cooling preceedures].", "content": "Various controlled defects were inflicted under cooled conditions in the femur and humerus of sheep. Radiologic, histologic, and fluorescence microscopic examinations showed that an internally cooled fraise was advantageous. The positive effects, particularly in deeper areas of bone, were determined via quantitative analysis.", "contents": "[Animal experimental studies on the regeneration of controlled bone lesions in varying cooling preceedures]. Various controlled defects were inflicted under cooled conditions in the femur and humerus of sheep. Radiologic, histologic, and fluorescence microscopic examinations showed that an internally cooled fraise was advantageous. The positive effects, particularly in deeper areas of bone, were determined via quantitative analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:365519", "title": "Consecutive gas chromatographic determination of phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, phenylethylmalondiamide, carbamazepine, trimethadione, dimethadione, ethosuximide, and valproate from the same serum specimen.", "content": "A quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the consecutive determination of phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, phenylethylmalondiamide, carbamazepine, trimethadione, dimethadione, ethosuximide and valproate from a single serum specimen of 1.2 ml. After extraction from serum by two different procedures, the anticonvulsants are chromatographed without further purification on a 3% OV 17 column either with or without derivative formation by means of \"on-column\" methylation. Multiple internal standards are employed in order to enhance the reproducibility of drug-concentration measurement.", "contents": "Consecutive gas chromatographic determination of phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, phenylethylmalondiamide, carbamazepine, trimethadione, dimethadione, ethosuximide, and valproate from the same serum specimen. A quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the consecutive determination of phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, phenylethylmalondiamide, carbamazepine, trimethadione, dimethadione, ethosuximide and valproate from a single serum specimen of 1.2 ml. After extraction from serum by two different procedures, the anticonvulsants are chromatographed without further purification on a 3% OV 17 column either with or without derivative formation by means of \"on-column\" methylation. Multiple internal standards are employed in order to enhance the reproducibility of drug-concentration measurement."}
{"id": "PMID:365524", "title": "Antibiotic susceptibility of the peptidyl transferase locus of bovine mitochondrial ribosomes.", "content": "We have a used a modified 'fragment reaction' to compare the susceptibility of isolated bovine mitochondrial ribosomes, bacterial (Escherichia coli) ribosomes and eukaryotic (bovine microsomal) ribosomes to several antibiotics. All of these ribosomes share certain structural features of their peptidyl transferase center, as indicated by their interaction with substrates, puromycin and gougerotin. Bovine mitochondrial ribosomes have other structural features in common with bacterial, but not cytoplasmic ribosomes, as revealed by their susceptibility to chloramphenicol and the streptogramin antibiotics. While mitochondrial ribosomes are susceptible to all inhibitors of bacterial ribosomes tested, their low susceptibility to the lincosamines and macrolides suggests that some component(s) of the binding sites for these antibiotics is altered.", "contents": "Antibiotic susceptibility of the peptidyl transferase locus of bovine mitochondrial ribosomes. We have a used a modified 'fragment reaction' to compare the susceptibility of isolated bovine mitochondrial ribosomes, bacterial (Escherichia coli) ribosomes and eukaryotic (bovine microsomal) ribosomes to several antibiotics. All of these ribosomes share certain structural features of their peptidyl transferase center, as indicated by their interaction with substrates, puromycin and gougerotin. Bovine mitochondrial ribosomes have other structural features in common with bacterial, but not cytoplasmic ribosomes, as revealed by their susceptibility to chloramphenicol and the streptogramin antibiotics. While mitochondrial ribosomes are susceptible to all inhibitors of bacterial ribosomes tested, their low susceptibility to the lincosamines and macrolides suggests that some component(s) of the binding sites for these antibiotics is altered."}
{"id": "PMID:365525", "title": "The effects of tiamulin, a semisynthetic pleuromutilin derivative, on bacterial polypeptide chain initiation.", "content": "Tiamulin, a water-soluble and highly effective semisynthetic derivative of pleuromutilin leads to the formation of physiologically inactive polypeptide chain initiation complexes which readily decompose and do not enter the phase of peptide chain elongation. Once elongation has begun it continues even in the presence of tiamulin as has been shown by measuring the formation of N-acetylphenylalanine-poly(phenylalanine). The formation of abortive initiation complexes was observed regardless of whether AcPhe-tRNA of fMet-tRNA was used as an initiator or whether artificial messengers or a natural messenger, like R17 bacteriophage RNA, was used. When this drug was acting on whole cells, it led to the disappearance of polysomes. The only structures which could be detected were of the monosome size. Therefore, polysomes seem to elongate the polypeptide chains in whole cells in the presence of this antibiotic, but since effective reinitiation is blocked, the polysome pool of the cell soon becomes depleted.", "contents": "The effects of tiamulin, a semisynthetic pleuromutilin derivative, on bacterial polypeptide chain initiation. Tiamulin, a water-soluble and highly effective semisynthetic derivative of pleuromutilin leads to the formation of physiologically inactive polypeptide chain initiation complexes which readily decompose and do not enter the phase of peptide chain elongation. Once elongation has begun it continues even in the presence of tiamulin as has been shown by measuring the formation of N-acetylphenylalanine-poly(phenylalanine). The formation of abortive initiation complexes was observed regardless of whether AcPhe-tRNA of fMet-tRNA was used as an initiator or whether artificial messengers or a natural messenger, like R17 bacteriophage RNA, was used. When this drug was acting on whole cells, it led to the disappearance of polysomes. The only structures which could be detected were of the monosome size. Therefore, polysomes seem to elongate the polypeptide chains in whole cells in the presence of this antibiotic, but since effective reinitiation is blocked, the polysome pool of the cell soon becomes depleted."}
{"id": "PMID:365527", "title": "Biodegradative threonine dehydratase. Reduction of ferricyanide by an intermediate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.", "content": "The threonine-dependent reduction of ferricyanide catalyzed by the purified biodegradative threonine dehydratase of Escherichia coli has been studied. The rate of production of 2-oxobutyrate in the presence of ferricyanide was lower than that found in the absence of ferricyanide. The concentrations of threonine required for half-maximal effects for the reduction of ferricyanide and, in the presence of the dye, for 2-oxobutyrate production, were 3 mM and 9mM, respectively. Reduction of ferricyanide was accompanied by evolution of CO2, and even within a very short incubation time with the enzyme, the ratio of ferricyanide reduced over CO2 evolved was approximately 7. Stopping the enzyme activity after a brief exposure to threonine at pH 9.7 resulted in the accumulation of an intermediate (with a half-life of 4 min at 25 degrees C) which formed an adduct with N-ethylmaleimide; the accumulated intermediate, in the absence of N-ethylmaleimide, reduced ferricyanide with concomitant evolution of CO2. We conclude from these results that 2-aminocrotonate is the intermediate which serves as a source of reducing equivalent for ferricyanide, and nonstoichiometric amount of ferricyanide reduction may be attributed to some secondary reactions of ferricyanide with compounds derived from the oxidation product of 2-aminocrotonate.", "contents": "Biodegradative threonine dehydratase. Reduction of ferricyanide by an intermediate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The threonine-dependent reduction of ferricyanide catalyzed by the purified biodegradative threonine dehydratase of Escherichia coli has been studied. The rate of production of 2-oxobutyrate in the presence of ferricyanide was lower than that found in the absence of ferricyanide. The concentrations of threonine required for half-maximal effects for the reduction of ferricyanide and, in the presence of the dye, for 2-oxobutyrate production, were 3 mM and 9mM, respectively. Reduction of ferricyanide was accompanied by evolution of CO2, and even within a very short incubation time with the enzyme, the ratio of ferricyanide reduced over CO2 evolved was approximately 7. Stopping the enzyme activity after a brief exposure to threonine at pH 9.7 resulted in the accumulation of an intermediate (with a half-life of 4 min at 25 degrees C) which formed an adduct with N-ethylmaleimide; the accumulated intermediate, in the absence of N-ethylmaleimide, reduced ferricyanide with concomitant evolution of CO2. We conclude from these results that 2-aminocrotonate is the intermediate which serves as a source of reducing equivalent for ferricyanide, and nonstoichiometric amount of ferricyanide reduction may be attributed to some secondary reactions of ferricyanide with compounds derived from the oxidation product of 2-aminocrotonate."}
{"id": "PMID:365531", "title": "The mechanism of substrate activation of pyruvate decarboxylase: a first approach.", "content": "The sigmoidal shape of the curve for v[S], characteristic of pyruvate decarboxylase, indicates that the catalytic activity of this enzyme is regulated by the substrate. The enzyme, which is inactive in the absence of its substrate, is activated not only by 2-oxo acids but also by 2-oxo acid amides, which cannot act as a substrate of the enzyme. Whilst the dissociation constant of the enzyme-activator complex depends on the electrophilic nature of the carbonyl group, the catalytic activity reached at saturation concentrations of the activator species is independent of the structure of the activator molecules. The mechanism of activation which proceeds via two reversible steps could be evaluated exactly by stopped-flow techniques. The kinetic parameters of the activation and deactivation reaction were estimated and the validity of the equations derived which describe the activation kinetics could be proved by comparing them with the measured data. Using glyoxylic acid as an irreversibly binding active-site marker, it could be shown that addition of the substrate to the enzyme-bound thiamin diphosphate is the step of the catalytic mechanism whose rate is controlled by the substrate (activator) molecule.", "contents": "The mechanism of substrate activation of pyruvate decarboxylase: a first approach. The sigmoidal shape of the curve for v[S], characteristic of pyruvate decarboxylase, indicates that the catalytic activity of this enzyme is regulated by the substrate. The enzyme, which is inactive in the absence of its substrate, is activated not only by 2-oxo acids but also by 2-oxo acid amides, which cannot act as a substrate of the enzyme. Whilst the dissociation constant of the enzyme-activator complex depends on the electrophilic nature of the carbonyl group, the catalytic activity reached at saturation concentrations of the activator species is independent of the structure of the activator molecules. The mechanism of activation which proceeds via two reversible steps could be evaluated exactly by stopped-flow techniques. The kinetic parameters of the activation and deactivation reaction were estimated and the validity of the equations derived which describe the activation kinetics could be proved by comparing them with the measured data. Using glyoxylic acid as an irreversibly binding active-site marker, it could be shown that addition of the substrate to the enzyme-bound thiamin diphosphate is the step of the catalytic mechanism whose rate is controlled by the substrate (activator) molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:365533", "title": "Identification of cysteine-10 of protein S18 as part of the mRNA-binding site of Escherichia coli ribosomes by affinity-labeling studies with a chemically reactive A-U-G analog.", "content": "The reaction of a bromoacetamidophenyl derivative of the initiation codon A-U-G (A-U-G) with tight couples of Escherichia coli ribosomes leads to an exclusive crosslinking of label to protein S18. This crosslinking inhibits A-U-G-directed fMet-tRNAfMet binding into the puromycin-sensitive site of ribosomes and stimulates elongation-factor-dependent binding of Met-tRNAmMet. It is, therefore, concluded that protein S18 is located at or near the aminoacyl-tRNA binding site of E. coli ribosomes. Peptide as well as amino acid analysis shows that the reaction between A-U-G and ribosomes took place at cysteine-10 of protein S18. A-U-G could not be crosslinked to ribosomal proteins of the temperature-sensitive E. coli strain 258ts, where arginine-11 of protein S18 is replaced by a cysteine residue.", "contents": "Identification of cysteine-10 of protein S18 as part of the mRNA-binding site of Escherichia coli ribosomes by affinity-labeling studies with a chemically reactive A-U-G analog. The reaction of a bromoacetamidophenyl derivative of the initiation codon A-U-G (A-U-G) with tight couples of Escherichia coli ribosomes leads to an exclusive crosslinking of label to protein S18. This crosslinking inhibits A-U-G-directed fMet-tRNAfMet binding into the puromycin-sensitive site of ribosomes and stimulates elongation-factor-dependent binding of Met-tRNAmMet. It is, therefore, concluded that protein S18 is located at or near the aminoacyl-tRNA binding site of E. coli ribosomes. Peptide as well as amino acid analysis shows that the reaction between A-U-G and ribosomes took place at cysteine-10 of protein S18. A-U-G could not be crosslinked to ribosomal proteins of the temperature-sensitive E. coli strain 258ts, where arginine-11 of protein S18 is replaced by a cysteine residue."}
{"id": "PMID:365534", "title": "Gastric secretory function in coeliac disease.", "content": "Volume, total titrable acidity, total proteolytic activity and pepsin activity have been determined in 14 coeliac patients and in 8 controls of comparable ages and body weights. Basal secretion (B.O.), total outputs (T. O.) and peak outputs (P.O.) after pentagastrin injection have been determined. Peak outputs (values 60 min/kg) of these parameters are as follows: volume 5.0+/-1.7 ml in coeliacs, 4.3+/-1.2 ml in controls; total titrable acidity 406.1+/-155.0 mEq in patients, 296.1+/-182.4 in conttrols; total proteolytic activity 962.1+/-501.1 micronEq in coeliacs, 569.6+/-272.2 in controls; pepsin activity 789.1+/-521.8 micronEq in patients, 447.6+/-150.4 in controls.", "contents": "Gastric secretory function in coeliac disease. Volume, total titrable acidity, total proteolytic activity and pepsin activity have been determined in 14 coeliac patients and in 8 controls of comparable ages and body weights. Basal secretion (B.O.), total outputs (T. O.) and peak outputs (P.O.) after pentagastrin injection have been determined. Peak outputs (values 60 min/kg) of these parameters are as follows: volume 5.0+/-1.7 ml in coeliacs, 4.3+/-1.2 ml in controls; total titrable acidity 406.1+/-155.0 mEq in patients, 296.1+/-182.4 in conttrols; total proteolytic activity 962.1+/-501.1 micronEq in coeliacs, 569.6+/-272.2 in controls; pepsin activity 789.1+/-521.8 micronEq in patients, 447.6+/-150.4 in controls."}
{"id": "PMID:365536", "title": "Once daily propranolol in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension: a dose range finding study.", "content": "Propranolol was administered in a single dose of 80 mg, 120 mg, 160 mg, 240 mg, or 320 mg, to 23 patients with essential mild to moderate hypertension in a randomised, double-blind cross-over study. All treatments produced a significant fall in lying and standing blood pressures compared with placebo, but there was no statistically significant difference in the effects of the different doses. The percentage of patients showing a satisfactory fall in blood pressure was not different in the five treatment groups. The major anti-hypertensive effect of each dose was present by two weeks. The frequency of side-effects were similar on all the doses.", "contents": "Once daily propranolol in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension: a dose range finding study. Propranolol was administered in a single dose of 80 mg, 120 mg, 160 mg, 240 mg, or 320 mg, to 23 patients with essential mild to moderate hypertension in a randomised, double-blind cross-over study. All treatments produced a significant fall in lying and standing blood pressures compared with placebo, but there was no statistically significant difference in the effects of the different doses. The percentage of patients showing a satisfactory fall in blood pressure was not different in the five treatment groups. The major anti-hypertensive effect of each dose was present by two weeks. The frequency of side-effects were similar on all the doses."}
{"id": "PMID:365537", "title": "Effect of the mucoregulator S-carboxy-methyl-cysteine in patients with chronic bronchitis.", "content": "Twenty patients with stable chronic bronchitis entered a double-blind study in which changes in clinical and respiratory function and biochemical and rheological variations were examined after treatment with the mucoregulator S-carboxy-methyl-cysteine (S.C.M.C.). After one week of single-blind placebo, a two week double-blind study was initiated with placebo or oral S.C.M.C. 3 g/24h. After two weeks, a significant clinical improvement was observed in patients treated with S.C.M.C. During treatment, there was no change in respiratory function, although a drop in FEV1/VC was noted in the placebo group. A significant increase in the viscosity of the expectorations was observed after treatment with S.C.M.C. for two weeks. The levels of secretory IgA and of serum albumin in the expectorations remained stable, whereas in the placebo group, there was a slight but significant increase in serum albumin. In this group of non-infected chronic bronchitic patients, S.C.M.C. appeared to normalize the secretory function of the bronchial mucosa by preventing inflammation and enhancing the viscoelastic properties of bronchial secretions.", "contents": "Effect of the mucoregulator S-carboxy-methyl-cysteine in patients with chronic bronchitis. Twenty patients with stable chronic bronchitis entered a double-blind study in which changes in clinical and respiratory function and biochemical and rheological variations were examined after treatment with the mucoregulator S-carboxy-methyl-cysteine (S.C.M.C.). After one week of single-blind placebo, a two week double-blind study was initiated with placebo or oral S.C.M.C. 3 g/24h. After two weeks, a significant clinical improvement was observed in patients treated with S.C.M.C. During treatment, there was no change in respiratory function, although a drop in FEV1/VC was noted in the placebo group. A significant increase in the viscosity of the expectorations was observed after treatment with S.C.M.C. for two weeks. The levels of secretory IgA and of serum albumin in the expectorations remained stable, whereas in the placebo group, there was a slight but significant increase in serum albumin. In this group of non-infected chronic bronchitic patients, S.C.M.C. appeared to normalize the secretory function of the bronchial mucosa by preventing inflammation and enhancing the viscoelastic properties of bronchial secretions."}
{"id": "PMID:365538", "title": "Clinical response and plasma concentration of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline.", "content": "Plasma levels of amitriptyline and nortriptyline were measured twice weekly in 62 patients treated for three weeks with i.m. amitriptyline 120 mg/day. In half the patients the ratio of amitriptyline to nortriptyline was under 1 and in the other half it was greater than 1. 30 of these 62 patients were clinically monitored with the Hamilton Rating Scale and the side effects of the drug were recorded. There was no correlation between plasma level of the drug and its side effects, but there was a statistically significant curvilinear correlation between the plasma levels of amitriptyline plus nortriptyline and nortriptyline alone, and the clinical effect. The practical value of this type of investigation was demonstrated by showing that patients whose drug plasma level was not in the therapeutic range, were clinically improved after adjustment of the dose. The plasma level of amitriptyline plus nortriptyline must lie between 60 to 220 ng/ml, and that of nortriptyline between 60 to 140 ng/ml, to obtain the best clinical effect. Associated treatments, age, weight and sex of patients, and the type of depression did not appear significantly to affect the plasma level of the drug.", "contents": "Clinical response and plasma concentration of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline. Plasma levels of amitriptyline and nortriptyline were measured twice weekly in 62 patients treated for three weeks with i.m. amitriptyline 120 mg/day. In half the patients the ratio of amitriptyline to nortriptyline was under 1 and in the other half it was greater than 1. 30 of these 62 patients were clinically monitored with the Hamilton Rating Scale and the side effects of the drug were recorded. There was no correlation between plasma level of the drug and its side effects, but there was a statistically significant curvilinear correlation between the plasma levels of amitriptyline plus nortriptyline and nortriptyline alone, and the clinical effect. The practical value of this type of investigation was demonstrated by showing that patients whose drug plasma level was not in the therapeutic range, were clinically improved after adjustment of the dose. The plasma level of amitriptyline plus nortriptyline must lie between 60 to 220 ng/ml, and that of nortriptyline between 60 to 140 ng/ml, to obtain the best clinical effect. Associated treatments, age, weight and sex of patients, and the type of depression did not appear significantly to affect the plasma level of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:365539", "title": "Effect of labetalol on plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline in hypertensive man.", "content": "Injection i.v. of labetalol, a new adrenergic alpha- and beta-blocking agent, decreased arterial blood pressure in 9 hypertensive subjects resting in the supine position, when standing and during supine exercise. Heart rate after labetalol was unchanged in the resting supine position, and it fell in the latter two conditions. Plasma noradrenaline concentration was higher after labetalol in all three experiments as compared to a control study. Plasma adrenaline after labetalol was increased only in the standing position, when the highest plasma noradrenaline concentrations were observed. Blood glucose concentration tended to increase after labetalol, but the difference was not statistically significant. The changes in plasma noradrenaline and blood glucose after labetalol mimic findings observed after alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade. The beta-adrenergic receptor blocking property of labetalol is responsible for the reduced heart rate and it is likely to contribute to the higher plasma noradrenaline concentration observed when standing and during supine exercise.", "contents": "Effect of labetalol on plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline in hypertensive man. Injection i.v. of labetalol, a new adrenergic alpha- and beta-blocking agent, decreased arterial blood pressure in 9 hypertensive subjects resting in the supine position, when standing and during supine exercise. Heart rate after labetalol was unchanged in the resting supine position, and it fell in the latter two conditions. Plasma noradrenaline concentration was higher after labetalol in all three experiments as compared to a control study. Plasma adrenaline after labetalol was increased only in the standing position, when the highest plasma noradrenaline concentrations were observed. Blood glucose concentration tended to increase after labetalol, but the difference was not statistically significant. The changes in plasma noradrenaline and blood glucose after labetalol mimic findings observed after alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade. The beta-adrenergic receptor blocking property of labetalol is responsible for the reduced heart rate and it is likely to contribute to the higher plasma noradrenaline concentration observed when standing and during supine exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:365541", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of ordinary and sustained-release lithium carbonate in manic patients after acute dosage.", "content": "An ordinary and a sustained-release lithium carbonate preparation were administered acutely at equivalent dosage (1.80 g = 24.3 mmol) in a crossover fashion to manic patients. Serum lithium levels were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Maximum mean serum levels of 1.13 mmol/l and 0.78 mmol/l were achieved at 6 h and 12 h respectively with the ordinary and sustained-release forms. The mean half-lives of absorption, redistribution and elimination were 0.78 h +/- 0.05 (SE), 5.06 h +/- 0.23, 26.8 h +/- 4.5 and 3.73 h +/- 0.37 (SE), 4.42 h +/- 0.28 and 25.6 h +/- 5.5 for the ordinary and sustained-release forms respectively. In healthy volunteers the ordinary preparation was completely absorbed but only 85% of the sustained-release form was absorbed in the manic subjects. Lithium ion distributed into two kinetic compartments and the final compartment appeared to correspond to total body water.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of ordinary and sustained-release lithium carbonate in manic patients after acute dosage. An ordinary and a sustained-release lithium carbonate preparation were administered acutely at equivalent dosage (1.80 g = 24.3 mmol) in a crossover fashion to manic patients. Serum lithium levels were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Maximum mean serum levels of 1.13 mmol/l and 0.78 mmol/l were achieved at 6 h and 12 h respectively with the ordinary and sustained-release forms. The mean half-lives of absorption, redistribution and elimination were 0.78 h +/- 0.05 (SE), 5.06 h +/- 0.23, 26.8 h +/- 4.5 and 3.73 h +/- 0.37 (SE), 4.42 h +/- 0.28 and 25.6 h +/- 5.5 for the ordinary and sustained-release forms respectively. In healthy volunteers the ordinary preparation was completely absorbed but only 85% of the sustained-release form was absorbed in the manic subjects. Lithium ion distributed into two kinetic compartments and the final compartment appeared to correspond to total body water."}
{"id": "PMID:365542", "title": "Plasma concentration of diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in children after a single rectal or intramuscular dose of diazepam.", "content": "The absorption of diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam after administration of diazepam solution for parenteral injection per rectum and intramuscularly was studied in 9 children (ages 3--12 years). Rectal administration of diazepam 1 mg/kg led to rapid absorption with plasma levels of 270--320 ng/ml within 5 min, and peak levels of 600--1300 ng/ml 10--60 min after administration. The absorption was comparable to that after intramuscular administration. A second peak in plasma diazepam concentration 6--12 h after dosing was observed in 6 children, which may have been due to mobilization of diazepam from the gastrointestinal mucosa produced by feeding 4 h after administration of the drug. A slowly increasing plasma level of N-desmethyldiazepam was observed during the first 24 h after administration of diazepam.", "contents": "Plasma concentration of diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in children after a single rectal or intramuscular dose of diazepam. The absorption of diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam after administration of diazepam solution for parenteral injection per rectum and intramuscularly was studied in 9 children (ages 3--12 years). Rectal administration of diazepam 1 mg/kg led to rapid absorption with plasma levels of 270--320 ng/ml within 5 min, and peak levels of 600--1300 ng/ml 10--60 min after administration. The absorption was comparable to that after intramuscular administration. A second peak in plasma diazepam concentration 6--12 h after dosing was observed in 6 children, which may have been due to mobilization of diazepam from the gastrointestinal mucosa produced by feeding 4 h after administration of the drug. A slowly increasing plasma level of N-desmethyldiazepam was observed during the first 24 h after administration of diazepam."}
{"id": "PMID:365543", "title": "Labetalol, a cross-over double blind controlled trial.", "content": "20 patients (12 female) with moderately severe essential hypertension [blood pressure during placebo treatment 181 +/- 6 (systolic), 107 +/- 3 (diastolic)] completed a double-blind, cross-over dose-titrated comparison of labetalol and methyldopa. Both drugs reduced lying and standing arterial blood pressure to a similar extent, although only labetalol reduced heart rate. Compliance was high (greater than 95%) with both drugs, and the incidence of subjective adverse effects was similar.", "contents": "Labetalol, a cross-over double blind controlled trial. 20 patients (12 female) with moderately severe essential hypertension [blood pressure during placebo treatment 181 +/- 6 (systolic), 107 +/- 3 (diastolic)] completed a double-blind, cross-over dose-titrated comparison of labetalol and methyldopa. Both drugs reduced lying and standing arterial blood pressure to a similar extent, although only labetalol reduced heart rate. Compliance was high (greater than 95%) with both drugs, and the incidence of subjective adverse effects was similar."}
{"id": "PMID:365544", "title": "Timolol and bendrofluazide in the management of hypertension in general practice.", "content": "The beta-adrenergic blocking drug, timolol, was combined with bendrofluazide in a comparative trial between once and twice daily dosage, conducted on 51 patients suffering from hypertension seen in general practice. During the initial control period seven of these patients became normotensive, leaving 44 who entered the trial. Using a crossover design, treatment was continued for a total period of up to 16 weeks. With both dose regimes, systolic and diastolic pressures were rendered normotensive in over three-quarters of the patients, significant reductions occurring within the first two to four weeks of treatment.", "contents": "Timolol and bendrofluazide in the management of hypertension in general practice. The beta-adrenergic blocking drug, timolol, was combined with bendrofluazide in a comparative trial between once and twice daily dosage, conducted on 51 patients suffering from hypertension seen in general practice. During the initial control period seven of these patients became normotensive, leaving 44 who entered the trial. Using a crossover design, treatment was continued for a total period of up to 16 weeks. With both dose regimes, systolic and diastolic pressures were rendered normotensive in over three-quarters of the patients, significant reductions occurring within the first two to four weeks of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:365546", "title": "Recognition of idiotypes in lymphocyte interactions. II. Antigen-independent cooperation between T and B lymphocytes that possess similar and complementary idiotypes.", "content": "Antigen-independent cooperation between T and B lymphocytes is demonstrated in vitro in two different experimental protocols: (a) B cells from A/J mice immunized in vivo either with Group A streptococcal vaccine (Strep A) or with the IgG1 fraction of guinea pig anti-idiotypic antibody to the A5A idiotype, mature into plaque-forming cells (PFC) with specificity for Group A streptococcal carbohydrate (A-CHO) during a 4-day culture together with T cells from A/J mice immunized in vivo with A5A idiotypic antibody. (b) B cells from A/J mice immunized in vivo with Strep.A generate PFC specific for A-CHO when cultured in the presence of small concentrations of anti-A5A idiotypic antibody and of T cells primed with Strep.A. In both cases, antigen-independent cooperation is idiotypically selective, such that only those B cells respond that secrete antibody with the A5A idiotype. The data are interpreted to suggest that, in addition to antigen-specific helper cells, idiotype-specific may participate in antibody responses, and that the latter type of help may be responsible for the idiotypic selectivity in T-B cooperation observed previously. Furthermore, idiotype-specific cooperation may be a means to generate and maintain B cell diversity during the evolution and ontogeny of the immune system.", "contents": "Recognition of idiotypes in lymphocyte interactions. II. Antigen-independent cooperation between T and B lymphocytes that possess similar and complementary idiotypes. Antigen-independent cooperation between T and B lymphocytes is demonstrated in vitro in two different experimental protocols: (a) B cells from A/J mice immunized in vivo either with Group A streptococcal vaccine (Strep A) or with the IgG1 fraction of guinea pig anti-idiotypic antibody to the A5A idiotype, mature into plaque-forming cells (PFC) with specificity for Group A streptococcal carbohydrate (A-CHO) during a 4-day culture together with T cells from A/J mice immunized in vivo with A5A idiotypic antibody. (b) B cells from A/J mice immunized in vivo with Strep.A generate PFC specific for A-CHO when cultured in the presence of small concentrations of anti-A5A idiotypic antibody and of T cells primed with Strep.A. In both cases, antigen-independent cooperation is idiotypically selective, such that only those B cells respond that secrete antibody with the A5A idiotype. The data are interpreted to suggest that, in addition to antigen-specific helper cells, idiotype-specific may participate in antibody responses, and that the latter type of help may be responsible for the idiotypic selectivity in T-B cooperation observed previously. Furthermore, idiotype-specific cooperation may be a means to generate and maintain B cell diversity during the evolution and ontogeny of the immune system."}
{"id": "PMID:365547", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to myelin basic protein in Lewis rats made unresponsive to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) exhibited cell-mediated immunity to myelin basic protein as determined both with in vivo and in vitro assays. Positive skin test reactions and production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were observed before onset and after recovery from EAE. Rats rendered unresponsive to EAE exhibited in vitro cell-mediated immunity to basic protein, although in vivo manifestations were depressed. However, tolerant rats failed to respond to the encephalitogenic determinant; rats with EAE exhibited cell-mediated immunity to this region of the molecule. The results indicate that EAE-unresponsive rats possess lymphocytes capable of responding to basic protein, but that reactivity to the encephalitogenic peptide is suppressed.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to myelin basic protein in Lewis rats made unresponsive to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) exhibited cell-mediated immunity to myelin basic protein as determined both with in vivo and in vitro assays. Positive skin test reactions and production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were observed before onset and after recovery from EAE. Rats rendered unresponsive to EAE exhibited in vitro cell-mediated immunity to basic protein, although in vivo manifestations were depressed. However, tolerant rats failed to respond to the encephalitogenic determinant; rats with EAE exhibited cell-mediated immunity to this region of the molecule. The results indicate that EAE-unresponsive rats possess lymphocytes capable of responding to basic protein, but that reactivity to the encephalitogenic peptide is suppressed."}
{"id": "PMID:365548", "title": "Effects of ionophores A23187 and X537A on vascular smooth muscle activity.", "content": "The ionophore A23187 initiated contractions in both dog coronary artery and rabbit aortic strips in a dose-dependent manner whereas X537A contracted rabbit aortic strips and relaxed KCl-induced contractions in dog coronary artery. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and verapamil ccompletely abolished KCl-induced responses in both vascular tissues. DPH (10(-4) M) partially prevented A23187-induced responses in both tissues and verapamil (33 micrometer) partially prevented A23187-induced responses in dog coronary artery but not in rabbit aorta. Phenoxybenzamine (10(-5) M), but not practolol, significantly reduced X537A-induced contractions in rabbit aortic strips but did not affect A23187-induced contractions in either tissue. The inability of DPH and verapamil to completely block the A23187 contractions leads one to conclude that these agents do not completely block calcium influx, or that A23187 does not work solely by increasing the permeability of the cell membrane to calcium. The effect of X537A on rabbit aorta, however, may be mediated at least partially, via release of catecholamines.", "contents": "Effects of ionophores A23187 and X537A on vascular smooth muscle activity. The ionophore A23187 initiated contractions in both dog coronary artery and rabbit aortic strips in a dose-dependent manner whereas X537A contracted rabbit aortic strips and relaxed KCl-induced contractions in dog coronary artery. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and verapamil ccompletely abolished KCl-induced responses in both vascular tissues. DPH (10(-4) M) partially prevented A23187-induced responses in both tissues and verapamil (33 micrometer) partially prevented A23187-induced responses in dog coronary artery but not in rabbit aorta. Phenoxybenzamine (10(-5) M), but not practolol, significantly reduced X537A-induced contractions in rabbit aortic strips but did not affect A23187-induced contractions in either tissue. The inability of DPH and verapamil to completely block the A23187 contractions leads one to conclude that these agents do not completely block calcium influx, or that A23187 does not work solely by increasing the permeability of the cell membrane to calcium. The effect of X537A on rabbit aorta, however, may be mediated at least partially, via release of catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:365556", "title": "A stereotaxic method based on ventricular radiography in the cat (with special reference to the stereotaxic topography of the substantia nigra).", "content": "A method based on an intracerebral coordinate system and contrast ventriculography was developed for stereotaxic surgery in the cat. The intercommissural (CA-CP) line was used as the principal reference because its length showed little variability in animals within a wide weight range. The stereotaxic coordinates of the substantia nigra (SN) in relation to the CA-CP line and the midline were evaluated in serail sections. Stereotaxic operations with the use of ventricular radiography were performed in different parts of the SN in 18 cats. Histological verification showed that the selected target regions within the SN were very accurately reached in all animals operated with this method. The precision of the stereotaxic method based on the intracerebral coordinate system compared to the Horsley-clarke method is discussed.", "contents": "A stereotaxic method based on ventricular radiography in the cat (with special reference to the stereotaxic topography of the substantia nigra). A method based on an intracerebral coordinate system and contrast ventriculography was developed for stereotaxic surgery in the cat. The intercommissural (CA-CP) line was used as the principal reference because its length showed little variability in animals within a wide weight range. The stereotaxic coordinates of the substantia nigra (SN) in relation to the CA-CP line and the midline were evaluated in serail sections. Stereotaxic operations with the use of ventricular radiography were performed in different parts of the SN in 18 cats. Histological verification showed that the selected target regions within the SN were very accurately reached in all animals operated with this method. The precision of the stereotaxic method based on the intracerebral coordinate system compared to the Horsley-clarke method is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365563", "title": "The chick embryo choriallantoic membrane as a bioassay for angiogenesis factors: reactions induced by carrier materials.", "content": "A variety of filter materials, sponges, and gels were placed on the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), the reactions of it investigated and compared with those induced by natural egg materials (white eggshell membrane, coagulated albumen and yolk). Independently of the kind and nature of the naterials the CAM reacted nearly regularly underneath these diverse materials with a proliferation of ectodermal cells, fibroblasts, and blood vessels forming a highly capillarized granulation tissue. The area of the CAM surrounding the foreign materials frequently displayed an increase of small blood vessels macroscopically discernible and showing a radial arrangement (spoke-wheel-appearance according to FOLKMAN 1974). It is concluded that this type of vascular reaction cannot be considered as a characteristic feature for the action of a special tumour angiogenesis factor, since it can be induced by a variety of stimuli leading to an inflammatory reaction in the CAM. For the detection of special angiogenetic activities an objective quantification of the vessel reactions is necessary under consideration of the reactions induced by the mere presence of such foreign materials.", "contents": "The chick embryo choriallantoic membrane as a bioassay for angiogenesis factors: reactions induced by carrier materials. A variety of filter materials, sponges, and gels were placed on the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), the reactions of it investigated and compared with those induced by natural egg materials (white eggshell membrane, coagulated albumen and yolk). Independently of the kind and nature of the naterials the CAM reacted nearly regularly underneath these diverse materials with a proliferation of ectodermal cells, fibroblasts, and blood vessels forming a highly capillarized granulation tissue. The area of the CAM surrounding the foreign materials frequently displayed an increase of small blood vessels macroscopically discernible and showing a radial arrangement (spoke-wheel-appearance according to FOLKMAN 1974). It is concluded that this type of vascular reaction cannot be considered as a characteristic feature for the action of a special tumour angiogenesis factor, since it can be induced by a variety of stimuli leading to an inflammatory reaction in the CAM. For the detection of special angiogenetic activities an objective quantification of the vessel reactions is necessary under consideration of the reactions induced by the mere presence of such foreign materials."}
{"id": "PMID:365564", "title": "Determination of the numerical density of spherical and ellipsoidal particles in the adrenal zona glomerulosa, based on distribution measurements. I. Methods.", "content": "Two methods are described to determine the numerical density of spherical and ellipsoidal particles. Both methods are based on the estimation of distribution of corpuscles. The distribution of spherical elements was determined by an approximate form of the Schwartz-Saltykov method for obtaining the average tangent diameter of particles, and in consequence of measurability limits practical modifications were introduced. The equation published by WEIBEL and GOMEZ (1962) was the basic relationship of the numerical density calculation of elliposidal corpuscles. The required distribution and shape coefficient of this equation was estimated from the size and shape distribution of particles. Statistical independence was assumed between the size and shape, and consequently the two distributions can be estimated separately. To determine the size distribution the Schwartz-Saltykov method, and for determination of the shape distribution the Wicksell's method was used. The mathematical bases of measurements and calcualtions are presented in this paper.", "contents": "Determination of the numerical density of spherical and ellipsoidal particles in the adrenal zona glomerulosa, based on distribution measurements. I. Methods. Two methods are described to determine the numerical density of spherical and ellipsoidal particles. Both methods are based on the estimation of distribution of corpuscles. The distribution of spherical elements was determined by an approximate form of the Schwartz-Saltykov method for obtaining the average tangent diameter of particles, and in consequence of measurability limits practical modifications were introduced. The equation published by WEIBEL and GOMEZ (1962) was the basic relationship of the numerical density calculation of elliposidal corpuscles. The required distribution and shape coefficient of this equation was estimated from the size and shape distribution of particles. Statistical independence was assumed between the size and shape, and consequently the two distributions can be estimated separately. To determine the size distribution the Schwartz-Saltykov method, and for determination of the shape distribution the Wicksell's method was used. The mathematical bases of measurements and calcualtions are presented in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:365565", "title": "Morphology of lymphoreticular tissues in mice with reticulosarcoma.", "content": "The response of murine lymphoreticular tissues to transplantation of a syngenic reticulosarcoma with mild transplantation antigenicity was studied by recording weight changes and histology. The results were compared with those obtained in normal mice and mice challenged with syngenic spleen cells. The tumor induced vigorous histological response in regional lymph nodes and mild response in nonregional lymph nodes and spleen. Mesenteric lymph nodes and thymus did not respond to the tumor. Observed morphological and gravimetrical changes indicated that both regional and nonregional lymph nodes and spleen take part in host immune response to tumor. A possible contamination of tumor tissue by viruses has been excluded.", "contents": "Morphology of lymphoreticular tissues in mice with reticulosarcoma. The response of murine lymphoreticular tissues to transplantation of a syngenic reticulosarcoma with mild transplantation antigenicity was studied by recording weight changes and histology. The results were compared with those obtained in normal mice and mice challenged with syngenic spleen cells. The tumor induced vigorous histological response in regional lymph nodes and mild response in nonregional lymph nodes and spleen. Mesenteric lymph nodes and thymus did not respond to the tumor. Observed morphological and gravimetrical changes indicated that both regional and nonregional lymph nodes and spleen take part in host immune response to tumor. A possible contamination of tumor tissue by viruses has been excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:365567", "title": "Anti-myosin stains chromaffin cells.", "content": "The presence in fixed chromaffin cells of antigenic sites for a myosin antibody was demonstrated using immunofluorescence techniques. Tests on viable cells showed that at least some of the antigenic sites seem to be localized on or close to the cell surface and explained the cell agglutination that occurred with the addition of the myosin antibody to cells isolated by a method described in this paper.", "contents": "Anti-myosin stains chromaffin cells. The presence in fixed chromaffin cells of antigenic sites for a myosin antibody was demonstrated using immunofluorescence techniques. Tests on viable cells showed that at least some of the antigenic sites seem to be localized on or close to the cell surface and explained the cell agglutination that occurred with the addition of the myosin antibody to cells isolated by a method described in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:365566", "title": "Role of intracellular calcium in promoting muscle damage: a strategy for controlling the dystrophic condition.", "content": "It is suggested that various muscle diseases and examples of experimentally-induced muscle damage arise because of a high calcium level in the myoplasm. When [Ca2+]i is raised experimentally in amphibian or mammaliam muscle by treatment with A23187 or caffeine, myofilament degradation follows quickly. Such a rapid action suggests the involvement of a sequence of proteolytic activity that is stimulated by a rise in [Ca2+]i. Ca2+ might either trigger protease activity directly or indirectly, or promote the release of lysosomal enzymes. A high [Ca2+]i in dystrophic muscle is believed to be the resultant of a sequence of events that is summarized in the figure. Suggestions are presented for different ways in which the steady-state position of [Ca2+]i might ultimately be controlled for the clinical amelioration of some dystrophic conditions.", "contents": "Role of intracellular calcium in promoting muscle damage: a strategy for controlling the dystrophic condition. It is suggested that various muscle diseases and examples of experimentally-induced muscle damage arise because of a high calcium level in the myoplasm. When [Ca2+]i is raised experimentally in amphibian or mammaliam muscle by treatment with A23187 or caffeine, myofilament degradation follows quickly. Such a rapid action suggests the involvement of a sequence of proteolytic activity that is stimulated by a rise in [Ca2+]i. Ca2+ might either trigger protease activity directly or indirectly, or promote the release of lysosomal enzymes. A high [Ca2+]i in dystrophic muscle is believed to be the resultant of a sequence of events that is summarized in the figure. Suggestions are presented for different ways in which the steady-state position of [Ca2+]i might ultimately be controlled for the clinical amelioration of some dystrophic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:365568", "title": "Induction of deoxyribonucleic acid degradation in Escherichia coli by ozone.", "content": "Cell survival and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) degradation wave measured for wild-type Escherichia coli B251 cells after exposure to different concentrations of ozone. The results show that extensive breakdown of DNA occurs after ozonation and that the extent of ozone-induced DNA degradation generally correlates with the colony-forming ability of the cells.", "contents": "Induction of deoxyribonucleic acid degradation in Escherichia coli by ozone. Cell survival and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) degradation wave measured for wild-type Escherichia coli B251 cells after exposure to different concentrations of ozone. The results show that extensive breakdown of DNA occurs after ozonation and that the extent of ozone-induced DNA degradation generally correlates with the colony-forming ability of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:365586", "title": "Clinical fever: its history, manifestations and pathogenesis.", "content": "A short summary of some aspects of the history of clinical fever is presented with special reference to its association with inflammation. The role of bacterial endotoxins and endogenous pyrogen (released from inflammatory cells) in the genesis of human fevers is reviewed. Clinical diseases are tabulated within various broad categories and discussed in relation to the frequency with which they are associated with fever and the probable pathogenetic mechanisms involved. Certain unresolved discrepancies are emphasized in the light of our present knowledge.", "contents": "Clinical fever: its history, manifestations and pathogenesis. A short summary of some aspects of the history of clinical fever is presented with special reference to its association with inflammation. The role of bacterial endotoxins and endogenous pyrogen (released from inflammatory cells) in the genesis of human fevers is reviewed. Clinical diseases are tabulated within various broad categories and discussed in relation to the frequency with which they are associated with fever and the probable pathogenetic mechanisms involved. Certain unresolved discrepancies are emphasized in the light of our present knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:365587", "title": "The present state of development of cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "Cancer chemotherapy has evolved through 3 decades of remarkable progress. At the present time over 40 drugs and biologicals are employed in the treatment of cancer, and hundreds of promising compounds and analogs await their turn in the clinic. The medical management of cancer patients with chemotherapy has developed into a recognized subspecialty--medical oncology, a discipline that now works closely and effectively with surgery and radiotherapy in planning treatment strategies. Major areas of progress to date include the concept of combination chemotherapy, the development of hematologic and microbiologic supportive care, and the demonstration of effective adjuvant chemotherapy. Further progress is anticipated in a number of areas: rational selection of anticancer compounds based on metabolic or kinetic vulnerability; increased attention to biologic substances that modify neoplastic cell behavior; continued refinement of doses and schedules of active compounds to optimize therapeutic benefit and minimize toxicity; awareness of novel methods of drug delivery; and development of physical or chemical modifications to enhance drug effects.", "contents": "The present state of development of cancer chemotherapy. Cancer chemotherapy has evolved through 3 decades of remarkable progress. At the present time over 40 drugs and biologicals are employed in the treatment of cancer, and hundreds of promising compounds and analogs await their turn in the clinic. The medical management of cancer patients with chemotherapy has developed into a recognized subspecialty--medical oncology, a discipline that now works closely and effectively with surgery and radiotherapy in planning treatment strategies. Major areas of progress to date include the concept of combination chemotherapy, the development of hematologic and microbiologic supportive care, and the demonstration of effective adjuvant chemotherapy. Further progress is anticipated in a number of areas: rational selection of anticancer compounds based on metabolic or kinetic vulnerability; increased attention to biologic substances that modify neoplastic cell behavior; continued refinement of doses and schedules of active compounds to optimize therapeutic benefit and minimize toxicity; awareness of novel methods of drug delivery; and development of physical or chemical modifications to enhance drug effects."}
{"id": "PMID:365598", "title": "Gonadotropin and testosterone secretion in normal human males after stimulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or potent GnRH analogs using different modes of application.", "content": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and some potent long-acting GnRH analogs, applied by different routes of administration, were tested in six healthy human males. The effects on gonadotropin secretion were compared with the one after intravenous (i.v.) bolus injection of 25 microgram of GnRH. The net increase of luteinizing hormone (deltaLH) in serum produced by 25 microgram of GnRH i.v. was matched by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of 100 microgram of GnRH, dissolved in 20% gelatin or without gelatin; 5 microgram of D-Ser (TBU)6-des-Gly10-GnRH-ethylamide i.v.; 5 microgram of D-Leu6-des-Gly10-GnRH-ethylamide i.v.; and 50 microgram of D-Trp6-des Gly10-GnRH-ethylamide given pernasally (p.n.). D-Leu6-des-Gly10-GnRH-ethylamide, 50 microgram p.n., produced one-half such increase as did also multiple p.n. administrations of 200 microgram of GnRH every 2 hours. With 100 microgram of GnRH and all analogs, elevation of serum LH lasted for about 7 to 9 hours. The longest elevation was observed with GnRH dissolved in gelatin and with D-Ser (TBU)6-des-Gly10-GnRH-ethylamide, as reflected by the greatest areas under the curves of net increase. The longer the duration of the action of LH secretion, the higher was the observed increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Correlation between effect on LH secretion and testosterone secretion was not found. By infusion of 1 microgram/kg/hour od D-Leu6-des-Gly10-GnRH-Ethylamide in two men over a period of 15 hours, a plateau of gonadotropin levels was reached within 7 to 9 hours. These plateau levels, especially of FSH, were higher than after bolus injection or p.n. application.", "contents": "Gonadotropin and testosterone secretion in normal human males after stimulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or potent GnRH analogs using different modes of application. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and some potent long-acting GnRH analogs, applied by different routes of administration, were tested in six healthy human males. The effects on gonadotropin secretion were compared with the one after intravenous (i.v.) bolus injection of 25 microgram of GnRH. The net increase of luteinizing hormone (deltaLH) in serum produced by 25 microgram of GnRH i.v. was matched by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of 100 microgram of GnRH, dissolved in 20% gelatin or without gelatin; 5 microgram of D-Ser (TBU)6-des-Gly10-GnRH-ethylamide i.v.; 5 microgram of D-Leu6-des-Gly10-GnRH-ethylamide i.v.; and 50 microgram of D-Trp6-des Gly10-GnRH-ethylamide given pernasally (p.n.). D-Leu6-des-Gly10-GnRH-ethylamide, 50 microgram p.n., produced one-half such increase as did also multiple p.n. administrations of 200 microgram of GnRH every 2 hours. With 100 microgram of GnRH and all analogs, elevation of serum LH lasted for about 7 to 9 hours. The longest elevation was observed with GnRH dissolved in gelatin and with D-Ser (TBU)6-des-Gly10-GnRH-ethylamide, as reflected by the greatest areas under the curves of net increase. The longer the duration of the action of LH secretion, the higher was the observed increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Correlation between effect on LH secretion and testosterone secretion was not found. By infusion of 1 microgram/kg/hour od D-Leu6-des-Gly10-GnRH-Ethylamide in two men over a period of 15 hours, a plateau of gonadotropin levels was reached within 7 to 9 hours. These plateau levels, especially of FSH, were higher than after bolus injection or p.n. application."}
{"id": "PMID:365606", "title": "[\"Entero-insular axis\" and regulation of blood sugar and insulin levels following oral glucose loading].", "content": "The mineral water Essentuki 17 administered per so with glucose exerted a modifying effect on the regulation of glycaemia and insulinaemia in intact rats. This effect undergoes a few phases of changing and disappears by the 30th day. Under conditions of this adaptation, the glycaemia regulation is somewhat worsening. After i.v. administration of glucose during this period the regulation of glycaemia and insulinaemia remains unaltered. This suggests that the mineral water exerts its biological effect, mainly, on the entero-insular axis system (Unger and Eisentraut, 1969) and that the modifying effect is due not to a concrete complex of the mineral water electrolytes but rather to the unspecific factor of \"perturbation\" in the enteral medium.", "contents": "[\"Entero-insular axis\" and regulation of blood sugar and insulin levels following oral glucose loading]. The mineral water Essentuki 17 administered per so with glucose exerted a modifying effect on the regulation of glycaemia and insulinaemia in intact rats. This effect undergoes a few phases of changing and disappears by the 30th day. Under conditions of this adaptation, the glycaemia regulation is somewhat worsening. After i.v. administration of glucose during this period the regulation of glycaemia and insulinaemia remains unaltered. This suggests that the mineral water exerts its biological effect, mainly, on the entero-insular axis system (Unger and Eisentraut, 1969) and that the modifying effect is due not to a concrete complex of the mineral water electrolytes but rather to the unspecific factor of \"perturbation\" in the enteral medium."}
{"id": "PMID:365607", "title": "Evidence for the presence of non-muscle actin in LW13K2 rat neoplastic cells.", "content": "It was demonstrated that I-bands in cultured cardiac muscle cells and non-interrupted fibrils in smooth muscle cells, irrespective of phenotypic state and number of subculture, stained with an antibody directed against native actin from chicken gizzard smooth muscle, but that non-muscle cells in the same cultures did not stain. Neoplastic rat LW13K2 cells, whether confluent or subconfluent, did not stain with the same muscle-actin antibody. This is by no means evidence of a non-muscle origin of LW13K2 cells. However, it does show that these cells express in culture an actin which is not the same as that in muscle cells, and consequently that it can be used as a source of non-muscle actin.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of non-muscle actin in LW13K2 rat neoplastic cells. It was demonstrated that I-bands in cultured cardiac muscle cells and non-interrupted fibrils in smooth muscle cells, irrespective of phenotypic state and number of subculture, stained with an antibody directed against native actin from chicken gizzard smooth muscle, but that non-muscle cells in the same cultures did not stain. Neoplastic rat LW13K2 cells, whether confluent or subconfluent, did not stain with the same muscle-actin antibody. This is by no means evidence of a non-muscle origin of LW13K2 cells. However, it does show that these cells express in culture an actin which is not the same as that in muscle cells, and consequently that it can be used as a source of non-muscle actin."}
{"id": "PMID:365626", "title": "Detection of binding areas on removable partial denture frameworks.", "content": "Owing to a multiplicity of errors introduced during impression procedures and fabrication, disclosure of binding areas on the metal framework is an essential part of any removable partial denture service. Disclosure is best accomplished with an indicator that provides a sensitive, thin, even, and opaque coating. The aims of adjustment or relief are to maintain forces along the long axis of abutment teeth and ensure passivity, and in so doing create a more favorable prognosis. Careful consideration and thought must precede any reduction. Experience should contribute greatly in determining the indicated reduction and the accuracy of performing it.", "contents": "Detection of binding areas on removable partial denture frameworks. Owing to a multiplicity of errors introduced during impression procedures and fabrication, disclosure of binding areas on the metal framework is an essential part of any removable partial denture service. Disclosure is best accomplished with an indicator that provides a sensitive, thin, even, and opaque coating. The aims of adjustment or relief are to maintain forces along the long axis of abutment teeth and ensure passivity, and in so doing create a more favorable prognosis. Careful consideration and thought must precede any reduction. Experience should contribute greatly in determining the indicated reduction and the accuracy of performing it."}
{"id": "PMID:365628", "title": "Overdenture oversights.", "content": "Overdenture oversights can occur in the following areas: patient selection, hard and soft tissue preparation, laboratory procedures, or post-placement maintenance. If the dentist takes steps to control these factors, overdenture therapy can be an enjoyable and satisfying part of his service to his patients. Certainly the measures outlined in this article require minimal effort, and should be included routinely in treatment.", "contents": "Overdenture oversights. Overdenture oversights can occur in the following areas: patient selection, hard and soft tissue preparation, laboratory procedures, or post-placement maintenance. If the dentist takes steps to control these factors, overdenture therapy can be an enjoyable and satisfying part of his service to his patients. Certainly the measures outlined in this article require minimal effort, and should be included routinely in treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:365629", "title": "Prevention of failures in making impressions and dies.", "content": "I have attempted to provide information that will help to prevent failures that occur during partial denture construction as a result of unsatisfactory fabrication of crowns. Methods of exposure of the preparation margins, provision of adequate bulk of the elastic impression material, proper selection of die construction, and the removable die technique were discussed.", "contents": "Prevention of failures in making impressions and dies. I have attempted to provide information that will help to prevent failures that occur during partial denture construction as a result of unsatisfactory fabrication of crowns. Methods of exposure of the preparation margins, provision of adequate bulk of the elastic impression material, proper selection of die construction, and the removable die technique were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365630", "title": "Considerations in fixed prosthodontics.", "content": "More than any other treatment procedure, the success of removable partial denture prosthodontics depends upon planning and coordination of treatment. It is essential that both the patient and the dentist understand and agree upon the approach to be taken. Fixed prosthodontic restorations are often the foundation upon which the removable partial denture is constructed, and their contribution to the overall success cannot be minimized.", "contents": "Considerations in fixed prosthodontics. More than any other treatment procedure, the success of removable partial denture prosthodontics depends upon planning and coordination of treatment. It is essential that both the patient and the dentist understand and agree upon the approach to be taken. Fixed prosthodontic restorations are often the foundation upon which the removable partial denture is constructed, and their contribution to the overall success cannot be minimized."}
{"id": "PMID:365631", "title": "Treatment planning and design: prevention of errors of omission and commission.", "content": "It has been emphasized how fully removable partial prosthodontics can and should affect the mouth in a program of preventive dentistry. Indeed, a partial denture can have greater effect than any other single restoration. Additionally, among the many aspects and procedures in treatment planning and design, are a number of very familiar but often neglected ones. Hopefully the reader will seriously ask himself if he is routinely including them in his planning and execution.", "contents": "Treatment planning and design: prevention of errors of omission and commission. It has been emphasized how fully removable partial prosthodontics can and should affect the mouth in a program of preventive dentistry. Indeed, a partial denture can have greater effect than any other single restoration. Additionally, among the many aspects and procedures in treatment planning and design, are a number of very familiar but often neglected ones. Hopefully the reader will seriously ask himself if he is routinely including them in his planning and execution."}
{"id": "PMID:365632", "title": "Preventing ceramic failures when integrating fixed and removable prostheses.", "content": "The successful integration of fixed and removable units requires diagnostic skill, careful planning, and adherence to detail in execution. Failures can be either in function or esthetics, may occur in either the fixed or removable segment, and can be catastrophic or insidious. Success demands that all the customary requirements for each independent unit, fixed or removable, be met and then the additional requirements for integration be ascertained and fulfilled. In such situations there are an exponentially greater number of possibilities for failure. When the dentist is alert to the potential for failure he may intercept and prevent it. Meticulous care pays long-term dividends in the lasting satisfaction of a patient who enjoys imporved masticatory performance, preservation of the existing tissues, and self-confidence borne from a smile that does not reveal differences between the natural and the simulation of nature. The integration of fixed and removable units is another manifestation of the skillful blending of science and art.", "contents": "Preventing ceramic failures when integrating fixed and removable prostheses. The successful integration of fixed and removable units requires diagnostic skill, careful planning, and adherence to detail in execution. Failures can be either in function or esthetics, may occur in either the fixed or removable segment, and can be catastrophic or insidious. Success demands that all the customary requirements for each independent unit, fixed or removable, be met and then the additional requirements for integration be ascertained and fulfilled. In such situations there are an exponentially greater number of possibilities for failure. When the dentist is alert to the potential for failure he may intercept and prevent it. Meticulous care pays long-term dividends in the lasting satisfaction of a patient who enjoys imporved masticatory performance, preservation of the existing tissues, and self-confidence borne from a smile that does not reveal differences between the natural and the simulation of nature. The integration of fixed and removable units is another manifestation of the skillful blending of science and art."}
{"id": "PMID:365633", "title": "Esthetic factors in removable partial prosthodontics.", "content": "For the patient, the appearance of the finished restoration is of paramount importance. To avoid an esthetic failure, the dentist should pay attention to those various components of removable partial dentures which play a role in esthetics.", "contents": "Esthetic factors in removable partial prosthodontics. For the patient, the appearance of the finished restoration is of paramount importance. To avoid an esthetic failure, the dentist should pay attention to those various components of removable partial dentures which play a role in esthetics."}
{"id": "PMID:365634", "title": "I-bar: myth and countermyth.", "content": "An attempt has been made to stress the importance of removable partial denture design totality and to clarify the relationship of other major components to I-bar retainer usage. As outlined in this article, I-bar retainer usage is only one part of a given, comprehensive design philosophy. Its successful use has been shown to be as much based on proper application as upon appropriate, defensible design. There is no realistic concept of a simple I-bar partial denture just as there has never been one \"technique\" that serves as a panacea for all treatment situations.", "contents": "I-bar: myth and countermyth. An attempt has been made to stress the importance of removable partial denture design totality and to clarify the relationship of other major components to I-bar retainer usage. As outlined in this article, I-bar retainer usage is only one part of a given, comprehensive design philosophy. Its successful use has been shown to be as much based on proper application as upon appropriate, defensible design. There is no realistic concept of a simple I-bar partial denture just as there has never been one \"technique\" that serves as a panacea for all treatment situations."}
{"id": "PMID:365635", "title": "Stressbreakers: a practical approach.", "content": "The use of stressbreakers for removable partial dentures will doubtless continue to be controversial. Most of the data available for guidance are clinical trials and observations. It is not reasonable to expect a 100 per cent success rate for any biomechanical device. All available designs should be considered in order to choose the right treatment for the situation. When indicated and correctly executed, the 12-gauge chrome wire and the split palate stressbreakers have proved to be practical adjuncts to our treatment armamentarium.", "contents": "Stressbreakers: a practical approach. The use of stressbreakers for removable partial dentures will doubtless continue to be controversial. Most of the data available for guidance are clinical trials and observations. It is not reasonable to expect a 100 per cent success rate for any biomechanical device. All available designs should be considered in order to choose the right treatment for the situation. When indicated and correctly executed, the 12-gauge chrome wire and the split palate stressbreakers have proved to be practical adjuncts to our treatment armamentarium."}
{"id": "PMID:365636", "title": "Dentist and laboratory: a \"love-hate\" relationship.", "content": "The author's intent has been to promote a close working relationship between the dentist and the technician. Certainly, McCracken was doing that when he said that he hoped they could \"work together in proper sequence to develop restorations that are biologically and mechanically sound and to produce removable partial dentures that reflect continuous progress in prosthetic dentistry\". That's the secret. The dentist and the technician should work together and in proper sequence. Too often dental education and the dental profession have seemed to espouse the idea that the technician must function as an automaton in the fabrication of removable partial dentures. The practitioner of general dentistry can certainly ask for ideas and suggestions from the technician and still control the ultimate outcome. The dentist can share thoughts with the technician to ameliorate the \"love-hate\" relationship and still be responsible for the removable partial denture treatment.", "contents": "Dentist and laboratory: a \"love-hate\" relationship. The author's intent has been to promote a close working relationship between the dentist and the technician. Certainly, McCracken was doing that when he said that he hoped they could \"work together in proper sequence to develop restorations that are biologically and mechanically sound and to produce removable partial dentures that reflect continuous progress in prosthetic dentistry\". That's the secret. The dentist and the technician should work together and in proper sequence. Too often dental education and the dental profession have seemed to espouse the idea that the technician must function as an automaton in the fabrication of removable partial dentures. The practitioner of general dentistry can certainly ask for ideas and suggestions from the technician and still control the ultimate outcome. The dentist can share thoughts with the technician to ameliorate the \"love-hate\" relationship and still be responsible for the removable partial denture treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:365648", "title": "Structure of LiCl core particles of 50 S ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli by electron microscopy.", "content": "The structure of 50 S E. coli ribosomal subunits was studied by electron microscopy as these particles were gradually depleted of proteins by incubation with 0.5 to 6.0 m LiCl. Changes observed in the structure of the depleted subunits were correlated with the location of the deleted ribosomal proteins on the control 50 S particle. These changes were particularly striking in the \"crown\" region, the site of a considerable number of the proteins necessary for the biological activity of the 50 S subunit. Protein L 16, the first to be removed by the LiCl treatment, was found to be essential for the structural integrity of the large subunit through interactions with ribosomal proteins residing in the left-hand side crest and the interface. Based on electron microscopic evidence, a scheme was proposed for the structural changes accompanying the stepwise unfolding of the 50 S E. coli subunit by LiCl.", "contents": "Structure of LiCl core particles of 50 S ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli by electron microscopy. The structure of 50 S E. coli ribosomal subunits was studied by electron microscopy as these particles were gradually depleted of proteins by incubation with 0.5 to 6.0 m LiCl. Changes observed in the structure of the depleted subunits were correlated with the location of the deleted ribosomal proteins on the control 50 S particle. These changes were particularly striking in the \"crown\" region, the site of a considerable number of the proteins necessary for the biological activity of the 50 S subunit. Protein L 16, the first to be removed by the LiCl treatment, was found to be essential for the structural integrity of the large subunit through interactions with ribosomal proteins residing in the left-hand side crest and the interface. Based on electron microscopic evidence, a scheme was proposed for the structural changes accompanying the stepwise unfolding of the 50 S E. coli subunit by LiCl."}
{"id": "PMID:365649", "title": "Pituitary-testicular axis in diabetic men with and without sexual impotence.", "content": "In nine impotent diabetics (ID), eight diabetics with normal sexual function (ND), eight impotent non diabetics (IN) and seven normal patients (NN), we found normal basal FSH and LH levels. Plasma testosterone (T) values were significantly lower in ID and IN in comparison with NN and ND. After LHRH injection, plasma T increased in ID up to normal values. In non diabetic patients (NN and IN), LHRH induced a slight but significant rise in blood glucose. Post LHRH gonadotropins response was in the normal range for all groups and the amplitude of the response was highly correlated with basal levels except for LH in ND. Mean blood glucose during the test and LH response to LHRH were not inversely correlated in the patients studied. We conclude that impotence in diabetic patients is a neurological complication and that low testosterone levels are probably secondary to a decreased coital frequency. ID and IN probably share a common pattern of inadequate hypothalamic feedback control in the presence of low testosterone levels.", "contents": "Pituitary-testicular axis in diabetic men with and without sexual impotence. In nine impotent diabetics (ID), eight diabetics with normal sexual function (ND), eight impotent non diabetics (IN) and seven normal patients (NN), we found normal basal FSH and LH levels. Plasma testosterone (T) values were significantly lower in ID and IN in comparison with NN and ND. After LHRH injection, plasma T increased in ID up to normal values. In non diabetic patients (NN and IN), LHRH induced a slight but significant rise in blood glucose. Post LHRH gonadotropins response was in the normal range for all groups and the amplitude of the response was highly correlated with basal levels except for LH in ND. Mean blood glucose during the test and LH response to LHRH were not inversely correlated in the patients studied. We conclude that impotence in diabetic patients is a neurological complication and that low testosterone levels are probably secondary to a decreased coital frequency. ID and IN probably share a common pattern of inadequate hypothalamic feedback control in the presence of low testosterone levels."}
{"id": "PMID:365650", "title": "Glucagon secretion in rats bearing a growth hormone producing tumor (MtT-W-15).", "content": "The release of glucagon from pancreatic and extrapancreatic sources was studied in normal rats and in rats carrying transplants of a MtT-W-15 tumor which secretes large quantities of growth hormone and prolactin. The tumor-bearing rats had high serum levels of A cell immunoreactive glucagon (IRGa), total immunoreactive glucagon (IRGT) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and an increased total glucagon and insulin content of the pancreas. Pancreatic islets isolated from tumor-bearing rats secreted more glucagon under basal conditions but did not respond significantly to low glucose stimulation. However, they contained more insulin per islet and secreted more insulin under basal and stimulated conditions. The serum IRGa response to arginine infusion in vivo was lower in the tumor-bearing than in the normal rats. The introduction of a 5% glucose solution into the small intestine caused similar increases in the level of serum IRGT in the two groups of rats. Thus, the tumor increased the total pancreatic glucagon content and basal secretion, blunted the A cell response to stimulation, but did not significantly alter the secretion of glucagon by the intestine. We attribute these responses to tumor-induced hypersomatotropinism although we cannot rule out an effect of the large amounts of circulating prolactin.", "contents": "Glucagon secretion in rats bearing a growth hormone producing tumor (MtT-W-15). The release of glucagon from pancreatic and extrapancreatic sources was studied in normal rats and in rats carrying transplants of a MtT-W-15 tumor which secretes large quantities of growth hormone and prolactin. The tumor-bearing rats had high serum levels of A cell immunoreactive glucagon (IRGa), total immunoreactive glucagon (IRGT) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and an increased total glucagon and insulin content of the pancreas. Pancreatic islets isolated from tumor-bearing rats secreted more glucagon under basal conditions but did not respond significantly to low glucose stimulation. However, they contained more insulin per islet and secreted more insulin under basal and stimulated conditions. The serum IRGa response to arginine infusion in vivo was lower in the tumor-bearing than in the normal rats. The introduction of a 5% glucose solution into the small intestine caused similar increases in the level of serum IRGT in the two groups of rats. Thus, the tumor increased the total pancreatic glucagon content and basal secretion, blunted the A cell response to stimulation, but did not significantly alter the secretion of glucagon by the intestine. We attribute these responses to tumor-induced hypersomatotropinism although we cannot rule out an effect of the large amounts of circulating prolactin."}
{"id": "PMID:365651", "title": "Simultaneous determination of insulin secretion and glucose oxidation rates during incubation of isolated rat islets of Langerhans.", "content": "Insulin secretion being related to glucose metabolism of the B cell, it seemed of interest to develop a suitable system to measure these two parameters on the same islet pool, in order to overcome the great individual differences observed when these are measured in separate experiments. For this reason, we used an incubation system allowing the measurement of insulin secretion concomitantly with the determination of the corresponding oxidation rate. The results obtained agree well with those described by several authors using separate experimental procedures. Thus, our experimental design appears to be a reliable method for simultaneous determination of insulin secretion and glucose oxidation rates.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of insulin secretion and glucose oxidation rates during incubation of isolated rat islets of Langerhans. Insulin secretion being related to glucose metabolism of the B cell, it seemed of interest to develop a suitable system to measure these two parameters on the same islet pool, in order to overcome the great individual differences observed when these are measured in separate experiments. For this reason, we used an incubation system allowing the measurement of insulin secretion concomitantly with the determination of the corresponding oxidation rate. The results obtained agree well with those described by several authors using separate experimental procedures. Thus, our experimental design appears to be a reliable method for simultaneous determination of insulin secretion and glucose oxidation rates."}
{"id": "PMID:365653", "title": "Dissociation of the porcine anterior pituitary: the kinetics of luteinizing hormone release in response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.", "content": "A method has been developed for disaggregating porcine anterior pituitary tissue and for providing dissociated preparations which have good, stable viability in culture. The secretory capacity for these preparations in terms of their ability to release luteinizing hormone in response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone has been documented in detail. In following the short-term kinetics of LH secretion a biphasic pattern of release has been demonstrated in which a sharp initial peak, maximal at 2 min, is followed by a second, more prolonged phase of release reaching a maximum between 10 and 20 min.", "contents": "Dissociation of the porcine anterior pituitary: the kinetics of luteinizing hormone release in response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. A method has been developed for disaggregating porcine anterior pituitary tissue and for providing dissociated preparations which have good, stable viability in culture. The secretory capacity for these preparations in terms of their ability to release luteinizing hormone in response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone has been documented in detail. In following the short-term kinetics of LH secretion a biphasic pattern of release has been demonstrated in which a sharp initial peak, maximal at 2 min, is followed by a second, more prolonged phase of release reaching a maximum between 10 and 20 min."}
{"id": "PMID:365654", "title": "Effects of calcium, lanthanum, and bicarbonate ion on epinephrine modification of insulin release in vitro.", "content": "The role of calcium flux in mediating epinephrine modification of insulin release was investigated by using lanthanum, an inhibitor of calcium flux, in the in vitro perifusion system. Lanthanum inhibits insulin secretion stimulated by glucose and by acetylcholine to basal levels. Epinephrine and lanthanum have additive effects in inhibiting insulin secretion to glucose stimulation. The effect of epinephrine prestimulation on insulin secretion to subsequent glucose challenge varies markedly, depending on the presence or absence of bicarbonate ion: epinephrine priming is reversed in the absence of bicarbonate, and effect possibly related to reduced calcium uptake. In the presence of bicarbonate, lanthanum blocks the priming effect of epinephrine on insulin secretion. The data further support the postulated role of calcium in adrenergic effects on beta cell function.", "contents": "Effects of calcium, lanthanum, and bicarbonate ion on epinephrine modification of insulin release in vitro. The role of calcium flux in mediating epinephrine modification of insulin release was investigated by using lanthanum, an inhibitor of calcium flux, in the in vitro perifusion system. Lanthanum inhibits insulin secretion stimulated by glucose and by acetylcholine to basal levels. Epinephrine and lanthanum have additive effects in inhibiting insulin secretion to glucose stimulation. The effect of epinephrine prestimulation on insulin secretion to subsequent glucose challenge varies markedly, depending on the presence or absence of bicarbonate ion: epinephrine priming is reversed in the absence of bicarbonate, and effect possibly related to reduced calcium uptake. In the presence of bicarbonate, lanthanum blocks the priming effect of epinephrine on insulin secretion. The data further support the postulated role of calcium in adrenergic effects on beta cell function."}
{"id": "PMID:365655", "title": "Regranulation of islets of Langerhans and normalization of in vivo insulin secretion in ob/ob mice treated with oxytetracycline.", "content": "Oxytetracycline (OTC) treatment was associated with regranulation of the islet cells and increased pancreatic insulin content in the ob/ob mouse. This was accompanied by an improvement of the in vivo insulin secretory response to glucose. Because of the wide-ranging effects of OTC on other membrane-related functions, it is postulated that this compound may exert ist effect by altering the composition of cellular membranes.", "contents": "Regranulation of islets of Langerhans and normalization of in vivo insulin secretion in ob/ob mice treated with oxytetracycline. Oxytetracycline (OTC) treatment was associated with regranulation of the islet cells and increased pancreatic insulin content in the ob/ob mouse. This was accompanied by an improvement of the in vivo insulin secretory response to glucose. Because of the wide-ranging effects of OTC on other membrane-related functions, it is postulated that this compound may exert ist effect by altering the composition of cellular membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:365657", "title": "Insulin and glucagon secretion by islets isolated from fetal and neonatal rats.", "content": "Islets were isolated by mild collagenase digestion and microdissection from rat fetuses 2 days before term and pups 1 or 2 days after birth and their insulin and glucagon secretion studied in vitro. Fetal B cells were stimulated by 16.7 mmol/l glucose, 20 mmol/l leucine or 20 mmol/l arginine. Fetal A cells were not affected by glucose or leucine, but were significantly stimulated by arginine. Somatostatin abolished the effect or arginine on both IRI and IRG output. Neonatal islets proportionally released more insulin and glucagon than their fetal counterparts, but reacted to the tested agents in a similar fashion. During the perinatal period, pancreatic insulin storage increased at a higher rate than that of glucagon. It is concluded that fetal B cells are equipped with sensors to a variety of agents and able to modulate their secretory rate according to the concentration of these agents. A cells are reactive to arginine 2 days before term but do not become glucose reactive until several days after birth.", "contents": "Insulin and glucagon secretion by islets isolated from fetal and neonatal rats. Islets were isolated by mild collagenase digestion and microdissection from rat fetuses 2 days before term and pups 1 or 2 days after birth and their insulin and glucagon secretion studied in vitro. Fetal B cells were stimulated by 16.7 mmol/l glucose, 20 mmol/l leucine or 20 mmol/l arginine. Fetal A cells were not affected by glucose or leucine, but were significantly stimulated by arginine. Somatostatin abolished the effect or arginine on both IRI and IRG output. Neonatal islets proportionally released more insulin and glucagon than their fetal counterparts, but reacted to the tested agents in a similar fashion. During the perinatal period, pancreatic insulin storage increased at a higher rate than that of glucagon. It is concluded that fetal B cells are equipped with sensors to a variety of agents and able to modulate their secretory rate according to the concentration of these agents. A cells are reactive to arginine 2 days before term but do not become glucose reactive until several days after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:365659", "title": "Preservation of beta cell function in adult human pancreatic islets for several months in vitro.", "content": "Islets of Langerhans were isolated from four human kidney donors, aged 16 to 21 years by the collagenase method described for isolation of rodent islets. So far the human islets have been kept in tissue culture, without attachment, in medium RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% calf serum for more than 9 months, with preservation of the ability to release insulin in response to glucose stimulation. Replacement of calf serum with serum from normal human subjects did not affect B-cell survival, but resulted in elevated insulin values partly due to lower insulin degrading activity. Thus the described technique presents a valuable tool for studying chronic effects of metabolites and hormones on islet function, as well as for islet storage prior to transplantation into humans.", "contents": "Preservation of beta cell function in adult human pancreatic islets for several months in vitro. Islets of Langerhans were isolated from four human kidney donors, aged 16 to 21 years by the collagenase method described for isolation of rodent islets. So far the human islets have been kept in tissue culture, without attachment, in medium RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% calf serum for more than 9 months, with preservation of the ability to release insulin in response to glucose stimulation. Replacement of calf serum with serum from normal human subjects did not affect B-cell survival, but resulted in elevated insulin values partly due to lower insulin degrading activity. Thus the described technique presents a valuable tool for studying chronic effects of metabolites and hormones on islet function, as well as for islet storage prior to transplantation into humans."}
{"id": "PMID:365658", "title": "Inhomogeneity of surface labelling of B-cells at prospective sites of exocytosis.", "content": "Using ferritin-labelled Ricinus communis agglutinin to detect lectin-binding sites of the pancreatic B-cell surface, we show that limited regions of the plasma membrane are deprived of lectin-binding sites over marginated secretory granules. Such deprived regions increased during glucose stimulation of B-cells in monolayer culture: 56 +/- 8 of them were found in high (300 mg/100 ml) glucose as compared to only 27 +/- 5 in low (50 mg/100 ml) glucose (p less than 0.005). In addition, non-membrane, intracytoplasmic bridges were detected between the plasma membrane and the membrane of the marginated granule suggesting the involvement of cell web components in promoting the change in surface labelling.", "contents": "Inhomogeneity of surface labelling of B-cells at prospective sites of exocytosis. Using ferritin-labelled Ricinus communis agglutinin to detect lectin-binding sites of the pancreatic B-cell surface, we show that limited regions of the plasma membrane are deprived of lectin-binding sites over marginated secretory granules. Such deprived regions increased during glucose stimulation of B-cells in monolayer culture: 56 +/- 8 of them were found in high (300 mg/100 ml) glucose as compared to only 27 +/- 5 in low (50 mg/100 ml) glucose (p less than 0.005). In addition, non-membrane, intracytoplasmic bridges were detected between the plasma membrane and the membrane of the marginated granule suggesting the involvement of cell web components in promoting the change in surface labelling."}
{"id": "PMID:365663", "title": "Rat gastric secretion studies with synthetic gastrin-like tetrapeptide.", "content": "Gastric acid and pepsin secretions were measured in the perfusing rat stomach preparation with sodium-citrate-phosphate buffer, pH 6.6. In anesthetized rat stomach preparation, acid output in both basal and stimulated conditions seemed to be small, but pepsin output was observed even in a short period. In the rats which were fed freely just before use, basal pepsin output was significantly lower than that of fasted rats, although in the basal acid output and in the acid and pepsin output during stimulation in both groups, there was no difference statistically. Intravenous infusion of tetragastrin (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 microgram/kg/hr) produced a dose dependent acid and pepsin secretions. Tetragastrin, at the dose of 8 microgram/kg/hr, stimulated acid and pepsin output. Acid output was kept constant for three hours, but pepsin output was made to peak within an hour and formed a plateau after 1.5 hours at a level of 30% of peak pepsin output.", "contents": "Rat gastric secretion studies with synthetic gastrin-like tetrapeptide. Gastric acid and pepsin secretions were measured in the perfusing rat stomach preparation with sodium-citrate-phosphate buffer, pH 6.6. In anesthetized rat stomach preparation, acid output in both basal and stimulated conditions seemed to be small, but pepsin output was observed even in a short period. In the rats which were fed freely just before use, basal pepsin output was significantly lower than that of fasted rats, although in the basal acid output and in the acid and pepsin output during stimulation in both groups, there was no difference statistically. Intravenous infusion of tetragastrin (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 microgram/kg/hr) produced a dose dependent acid and pepsin secretions. Tetragastrin, at the dose of 8 microgram/kg/hr, stimulated acid and pepsin output. Acid output was kept constant for three hours, but pepsin output was made to peak within an hour and formed a plateau after 1.5 hours at a level of 30% of peak pepsin output."}
{"id": "PMID:365664", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies of apolipoprotein B in intestinal mucosa. Absence in abetalipoproteinemia.", "content": "During fat absorption, active synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipids, and specific apolipoproteins are required for chylomicron formation and secretion. In the inherited disease abetalipoproteinema, chylomicrons cannot be made in response to fat feeding, and they as well as low and very low density lipoproteins are completely absent from plasma. The genetic defect in the disease is presumed to be an inability to synthesize apolipoprotein B, the apoprotein common to all the above lipoprotein classes, but such a defect has not been directly demonstrated. With peroral intestinal biopsies and immunofluorescence and intracellular localization of apolipoprotein B within jejunal epithelial cells of five normal subjects and have shown that its content increases markedly after fat feeding. In two patients with abetalipoproteinemia no apolipoprotein B was seen by immunofluorescence techniques in the jejunal mucosa in the fasting state or after a fatty meal. Intestinal synthesis of apolipoprotein B appears not to occur in abetalipoproteinemia.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies of apolipoprotein B in intestinal mucosa. Absence in abetalipoproteinemia. During fat absorption, active synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipids, and specific apolipoproteins are required for chylomicron formation and secretion. In the inherited disease abetalipoproteinema, chylomicrons cannot be made in response to fat feeding, and they as well as low and very low density lipoproteins are completely absent from plasma. The genetic defect in the disease is presumed to be an inability to synthesize apolipoprotein B, the apoprotein common to all the above lipoprotein classes, but such a defect has not been directly demonstrated. With peroral intestinal biopsies and immunofluorescence and intracellular localization of apolipoprotein B within jejunal epithelial cells of five normal subjects and have shown that its content increases markedly after fat feeding. In two patients with abetalipoproteinemia no apolipoprotein B was seen by immunofluorescence techniques in the jejunal mucosa in the fasting state or after a fatty meal. Intestinal synthesis of apolipoprotein B appears not to occur in abetalipoproteinemia."}
{"id": "PMID:365665", "title": "Treatment of duodenal ulcer with antacid and sulpiride. A double-blind controlled study.", "content": "The effect of aluminum-magnesium hydroxide tablets (800 mg seven times per day) and that of sulpiride, a hypothalamic neurolaptic, were studied in 101 patients with duodenal ulcer in a double-blind controlled 4-wk trial. Significantly more of the patients treated with antacid, sulpiride, or antacid-sulpiride combination showed a greater than 50% reduction in ulcer size than did the patients treated with placebo. However, only in the antacid- and antacid-sulpiride-treated groups did the ulcer, with and without residual inflammation, disappear statistically more often than in the placebo-treated group. Furthermore, only in the antacid-sulpiride-treated group did complete healing, with no trace of inflammation, occur statistically more often than in the placebo-treated group. Disappearance of ulcer pain was likewise statistically more frequent in the antacid-sulpiride group than in the placebo-treated group. Antacid therapy with aluminum-magnesium hydroxide tablets appears to accelerate the rate of ulcer healing. Sulpiride appears to have a minor but definite synergism with antacids. Cigarette smoking affected ulcer healing adversely; on the other hand, factors favorable to healing were the early onset age of ulcer symptoms and acid hypersecretion. Male patients also healed more favorably than females.", "contents": "Treatment of duodenal ulcer with antacid and sulpiride. A double-blind controlled study. The effect of aluminum-magnesium hydroxide tablets (800 mg seven times per day) and that of sulpiride, a hypothalamic neurolaptic, were studied in 101 patients with duodenal ulcer in a double-blind controlled 4-wk trial. Significantly more of the patients treated with antacid, sulpiride, or antacid-sulpiride combination showed a greater than 50% reduction in ulcer size than did the patients treated with placebo. However, only in the antacid- and antacid-sulpiride-treated groups did the ulcer, with and without residual inflammation, disappear statistically more often than in the placebo-treated group. Furthermore, only in the antacid-sulpiride-treated group did complete healing, with no trace of inflammation, occur statistically more often than in the placebo-treated group. Disappearance of ulcer pain was likewise statistically more frequent in the antacid-sulpiride group than in the placebo-treated group. Antacid therapy with aluminum-magnesium hydroxide tablets appears to accelerate the rate of ulcer healing. Sulpiride appears to have a minor but definite synergism with antacids. Cigarette smoking affected ulcer healing adversely; on the other hand, factors favorable to healing were the early onset age of ulcer symptoms and acid hypersecretion. Male patients also healed more favorably than females."}
{"id": "PMID:365671", "title": "[Herpes genitalis and herpes neonatorum (author's transl)].", "content": "This review discusses some basic virologic as well as epidemiologic aspects of herpes genitalis and herpes neonatorum. The clinical picture of herpes neonatorum is presented. At the moment, from the point of view of survival and of psycho-motoric development, the prognosis of this neonatal infection is poor. This fact, as well as the inability of therapeutic trials to modify the prognostic outlook, derive from the hitherto published experiences. Up to this time, the literature also fails to prove the validity of prophylactic cesarean section in preventing neonatal herpes simplex infection. Based on theoretical grounds, however, this prophylactic intervention seems still to be justified under specific circumstances. Repeated cervical smears toward the end of pregnancy are recommended: virologic cultures, whose results can often be communicated after 24 hours, are helpful in deciding if cesarean section is to be performed.", "contents": "[Herpes genitalis and herpes neonatorum (author's transl)]. This review discusses some basic virologic as well as epidemiologic aspects of herpes genitalis and herpes neonatorum. The clinical picture of herpes neonatorum is presented. At the moment, from the point of view of survival and of psycho-motoric development, the prognosis of this neonatal infection is poor. This fact, as well as the inability of therapeutic trials to modify the prognostic outlook, derive from the hitherto published experiences. Up to this time, the literature also fails to prove the validity of prophylactic cesarean section in preventing neonatal herpes simplex infection. Based on theoretical grounds, however, this prophylactic intervention seems still to be justified under specific circumstances. Repeated cervical smears toward the end of pregnancy are recommended: virologic cultures, whose results can often be communicated after 24 hours, are helpful in deciding if cesarean section is to be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:365672", "title": "[Measurement of LH in urine by HI-gonavis test for the predetermination of ovulation (author's transl)].", "content": "The immunological LH/HCG test HI-Gonavis was used to measure the LH-excretion in urine of 30 patients during 1 to 3 cycles. The level of LH in plasma was determined simultaneously by radioimmunoassay. 12,5IU LH/L urine, the limit of sensitivity of HI-Gonavis, coincide with 7,2 mIU/ml plasma. 50 or 100 IU LH/L urine were found in patients showing a LH plasma level which was higher than 12,5 mIU/ml. In the ovulatory cycle this value is reached 1 day before the LH-peak. From the correlation of the preovulatory increase of LH in the plasma and the LH-excretion in the urine it can be concluded, that the detection of 50 IU LH/L urine indicates the ovulation within the next 12--30 hours. The practicability of this test for the predetermination of ovulation is demonstrated by examples.", "contents": "[Measurement of LH in urine by HI-gonavis test for the predetermination of ovulation (author's transl)]. The immunological LH/HCG test HI-Gonavis was used to measure the LH-excretion in urine of 30 patients during 1 to 3 cycles. The level of LH in plasma was determined simultaneously by radioimmunoassay. 12,5IU LH/L urine, the limit of sensitivity of HI-Gonavis, coincide with 7,2 mIU/ml plasma. 50 or 100 IU LH/L urine were found in patients showing a LH plasma level which was higher than 12,5 mIU/ml. In the ovulatory cycle this value is reached 1 day before the LH-peak. From the correlation of the preovulatory increase of LH in the plasma and the LH-excretion in the urine it can be concluded, that the detection of 50 IU LH/L urine indicates the ovulation within the next 12--30 hours. The practicability of this test for the predetermination of ovulation is demonstrated by examples."}
{"id": "PMID:365677", "title": "Ultraviolet-induced reversion of cyc1 alleles in radiation sensitive strains of yeast. II. rev2 mutant strains.", "content": "The range of specificity of the rev2-1 mutation, an allele that reduces the frequency of ochre revertants induced by UV in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LEMONTT 1971a), has been investigated by examining its influence on the reversion of eleven well-defined and contrasting cyc1 mutations. We have shown, in support of a suggestion of LEMONTT (1971a), that the REV2 gene product is concerned only with the reversion of ochre alleles; it plays virtually no role in the reversion of amber, missense or frameshift mutations. We have also shown that its effect is specific and confined to only some highly revertible ochre alleles. The REV2 gene product appears to enhance reversion at these sites by facilitating the conversion of two otherwise nonmutagenic photo-products into a single premutational lesion. UV-induced killing of rev2-1 strains was found to be significantly greater on fermentable rather than on nonfermentable media.", "contents": "Ultraviolet-induced reversion of cyc1 alleles in radiation sensitive strains of yeast. II. rev2 mutant strains. The range of specificity of the rev2-1 mutation, an allele that reduces the frequency of ochre revertants induced by UV in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LEMONTT 1971a), has been investigated by examining its influence on the reversion of eleven well-defined and contrasting cyc1 mutations. We have shown, in support of a suggestion of LEMONTT (1971a), that the REV2 gene product is concerned only with the reversion of ochre alleles; it plays virtually no role in the reversion of amber, missense or frameshift mutations. We have also shown that its effect is specific and confined to only some highly revertible ochre alleles. The REV2 gene product appears to enhance reversion at these sites by facilitating the conversion of two otherwise nonmutagenic photo-products into a single premutational lesion. UV-induced killing of rev2-1 strains was found to be significantly greater on fermentable rather than on nonfermentable media."}
{"id": "PMID:365678", "title": "Properties of the translocatable tetracycline-resistance element Tn10 in Escherichia coli and bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "A number of independent insertions into bacteriophage lambda of the translocatable tetracycline-resistance element Tn10 have been isolated and characterized. The physical positions and relative orientations of several such insertions were determined. Two independent insertions appear to lie in the same orientation at or very near the same site in the cI gene, and two more lie in opposite orientations at or near the same position in or near the rex gene. Insertions in or near genes cI, rex, and cIII have been characterized genetically for their effects on expression of nearby genes. Tn10 appears to exert a polar effect on expression of distal genes when it is inserted within an operon, even when expression of that operon is under the influence of lambda N-function. In addition, Tn10 insertions in rex appear to influence in some way expression of an \"upstream\" gene, cI. Lambda derivatives carrying Tn10 give rise to spontaneously occurring, tetracycline-sensitive deletions at high frequencies. It is likely that formation of these deletions is promoted in some way by the Tn10 element. Lambda::Tn10 phages carrying a Tn10 element that has undergone several successive cycles of translocation since its first isolation and characterization have been analyzed. The results confirm that Tn10 often retains its physical and functional integrity during many cycles of translocation. Lambda derivatives carrying Tn10 have been used to generate insertions of Tn10 in the chromosome of Escherichia coli. This process is independent of recA function, and seems to be quite analogous to the translocation of Tn10 in Salmonella typhimurium as studied previously.", "contents": "Properties of the translocatable tetracycline-resistance element Tn10 in Escherichia coli and bacteriophage lambda. A number of independent insertions into bacteriophage lambda of the translocatable tetracycline-resistance element Tn10 have been isolated and characterized. The physical positions and relative orientations of several such insertions were determined. Two independent insertions appear to lie in the same orientation at or very near the same site in the cI gene, and two more lie in opposite orientations at or near the same position in or near the rex gene. Insertions in or near genes cI, rex, and cIII have been characterized genetically for their effects on expression of nearby genes. Tn10 appears to exert a polar effect on expression of distal genes when it is inserted within an operon, even when expression of that operon is under the influence of lambda N-function. In addition, Tn10 insertions in rex appear to influence in some way expression of an \"upstream\" gene, cI. Lambda derivatives carrying Tn10 give rise to spontaneously occurring, tetracycline-sensitive deletions at high frequencies. It is likely that formation of these deletions is promoted in some way by the Tn10 element. Lambda::Tn10 phages carrying a Tn10 element that has undergone several successive cycles of translocation since its first isolation and characterization have been analyzed. The results confirm that Tn10 often retains its physical and functional integrity during many cycles of translocation. Lambda derivatives carrying Tn10 have been used to generate insertions of Tn10 in the chromosome of Escherichia coli. This process is independent of recA function, and seems to be quite analogous to the translocation of Tn10 in Salmonella typhimurium as studied previously."}
{"id": "PMID:365679", "title": "Reversion at the HiS1 locus of yeast.", "content": "The his1 gene (chromosome V) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae specifies phosphoribosyl transferase (E.C.2.4.2.17), the first enzyme of histidine biosynthesis. This hexameric enzyme has both catalytic and regulatory functions. The spontaneous reversion rates of seven his1 mutations were studied. The reversion rates of the alleles at the proximal end of the locus (relative to the centromere) were about 50-fold higher than distal alleles. Spontaneous reversion to prototrophy was studied in diploids homoallelic for each of the seven his1 mutations. Based on tetrad analysis, the prototrophy revertants could be assigned to three classes: (1) revertant tetrads that carried a prototrophic allele indistinguishable from wild type; (2) revertant tetrads that carried a prototrophic allele characterized by histidine excretion and feedback resistance; and (3) revertant tetrads that did not contain a prototrophic spore, but rather a newly derived allele that complemented the original allele intragenically. Four of the seven his1 mutations produced the excretor revertant class, and two mutations produced the complementer revertant class. The significance of these findings to our understanding of gene organization and the catalytic and regulatory functions of gene products are discussed.", "contents": "Reversion at the HiS1 locus of yeast. The his1 gene (chromosome V) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae specifies phosphoribosyl transferase (E.C.2.4.2.17), the first enzyme of histidine biosynthesis. This hexameric enzyme has both catalytic and regulatory functions. The spontaneous reversion rates of seven his1 mutations were studied. The reversion rates of the alleles at the proximal end of the locus (relative to the centromere) were about 50-fold higher than distal alleles. Spontaneous reversion to prototrophy was studied in diploids homoallelic for each of the seven his1 mutations. Based on tetrad analysis, the prototrophy revertants could be assigned to three classes: (1) revertant tetrads that carried a prototrophic allele indistinguishable from wild type; (2) revertant tetrads that carried a prototrophic allele characterized by histidine excretion and feedback resistance; and (3) revertant tetrads that did not contain a prototrophic spore, but rather a newly derived allele that complemented the original allele intragenically. Four of the seven his1 mutations produced the excretor revertant class, and two mutations produced the complementer revertant class. The significance of these findings to our understanding of gene organization and the catalytic and regulatory functions of gene products are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365680", "title": "Novel interallelic complementation at the his1 locus of yeast.", "content": "In yeast, 17 histidine-requiring mutants derived from and interallelically complementary to his1-7 were analyzed. The genetic basis of the complementation response was elucidated by mitotic and meiotic gene conversion. Each allele probably carries an unaltered 7-site mutation and a unique second-site alteration. The second-site alterations appear to be clustered within the proximal and distal segments of the his1 structural gene. Models of intraalelic complementation are reviewed in light of the unique complementational response between a single-site mutant and a double mutant including the identical altered base sequence.", "contents": "Novel interallelic complementation at the his1 locus of yeast. In yeast, 17 histidine-requiring mutants derived from and interallelically complementary to his1-7 were analyzed. The genetic basis of the complementation response was elucidated by mitotic and meiotic gene conversion. Each allele probably carries an unaltered 7-site mutation and a unique second-site alteration. The second-site alterations appear to be clustered within the proximal and distal segments of the his1 structural gene. Models of intraalelic complementation are reviewed in light of the unique complementational response between a single-site mutant and a double mutant including the identical altered base sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:365681", "title": "Abnormal mitochondrial genomes in yeast restored to respiratory competence.", "content": "When crosses are performed between newly arisen, spontaneous petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respiratory competent (restored) colonies can form. Some of the restored colonies are highly sectored and produce large numbers of petite mutants. The high-frequency petite formation trait is inherited in a non-Mendelian manner, and elimination of mitochondrial DNA from these strains results in the loss of the trait. These results indicate that abnormal mitochondrial genomes are sometimes formed during restoration of respiratory competence. It is hypothesized that these abnormalities result either from recombination between mitochondrial DNA fragments to produce molecules having partial duplications contained on inverted or transposed sequences, or else recombinational \"hot spots\" have been expanded.", "contents": "Abnormal mitochondrial genomes in yeast restored to respiratory competence. When crosses are performed between newly arisen, spontaneous petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respiratory competent (restored) colonies can form. Some of the restored colonies are highly sectored and produce large numbers of petite mutants. The high-frequency petite formation trait is inherited in a non-Mendelian manner, and elimination of mitochondrial DNA from these strains results in the loss of the trait. These results indicate that abnormal mitochondrial genomes are sometimes formed during restoration of respiratory competence. It is hypothesized that these abnormalities result either from recombination between mitochondrial DNA fragments to produce molecules having partial duplications contained on inverted or transposed sequences, or else recombinational \"hot spots\" have been expanded."}
{"id": "PMID:365683", "title": "Cloning of the lacI gene into A ColE1 plasmid.", "content": "The binding of lac repressor to lac operator was utilized to isolate an EcoRI fragment of lambda h80dlac (i+ as well as iq) that contains the lacI gene and lac promoter-operator regions. Ligation of this fragment into EcoRI cleaved pMB9 yielded chimeric DNA molecules of mol. w.t. 9.6 . 10(-6) and 1.5 . 10(7) daltons. Transformed strains containing the plasmids were analyzed for repressor production in vivo and in vitro. Repressor production in one plasmid strain is 7-fold greater than that in heat-inducible lambda h80dlac(iq)lysogens.", "contents": "Cloning of the lacI gene into A ColE1 plasmid. The binding of lac repressor to lac operator was utilized to isolate an EcoRI fragment of lambda h80dlac (i+ as well as iq) that contains the lacI gene and lac promoter-operator regions. Ligation of this fragment into EcoRI cleaved pMB9 yielded chimeric DNA molecules of mol. w.t. 9.6 . 10(-6) and 1.5 . 10(7) daltons. Transformed strains containing the plasmids were analyzed for repressor production in vivo and in vitro. Repressor production in one plasmid strain is 7-fold greater than that in heat-inducible lambda h80dlac(iq)lysogens."}
{"id": "PMID:365684", "title": "Factors affecting the transformation of Escherichia coli strain chi1776 by pBR322 plasmid DNA.", "content": "The susceptibility of E. coli strain chi1776 to transformation by pBR322 plasmid DNA was examined and optimized. Maximum transformation to tetracycline (Tc) resistance was achieved when cells were harvested from L broth at 5.0--6.0 . 10(7) cfu/ml, followed by washing twice in cold 0.1 M NaCl + 5 mM MgCl2 + 5 mM Tris, pH 7.6. Cells grown in the presence of D-cycloserine (Cyc) rather than nalidixic acid (Nx) transformed markedly better. The presence of 5 mM Mg2+ ions in washing and CaCl2 solutions stimulated transformation about 2-fold. Optimal conditions for transformation included a pH range of 7.25-7.75 and a cell-to-DNA ratio of about 1.6 . 10(8) cfu/ng plasmid DNA. The frequency of transformation was highest when cells were exposed to 100 mM CaCl2 in 250 mM KCl + 5 mM MgCl2 + 5 mM Tris, pH 7.6, before mixing with DNA. A 60 min incubation period for cell + DNA mixtures held on ice produced the maximum number of Tcr transformants. In our hands, heat shocks at 37 degrees C or 42 degrees C for various times all decreased transformation to about one-half of optimal levels. Furthermore, the recovery of transformants was best when cell + DNA mixtures were plated on precooled (4 degrees C) Tc agar plates. The efficiency of plating was optimum when only 5 microliter of cell + DNA mixture was spread per plate, suggesting that non-viable background chi1776 cells on selective medium inhibited the recovery of transformants. It was also found that the presence of linear DNA molecules in cell + DNA mixtures markedly inhibited the transformation of chi1776 by pBR322 plasmid DNA. On the basis of these findings, a new procedure for the plasmid-specific transformation of E. coli chi1776 by pBR322 plasmid DNA is proposed. The use of this technique has allowed us to attain transformation frequencies in excess of 10(7) transformants/microgram pBR322 plasmid DNA.", "contents": "Factors affecting the transformation of Escherichia coli strain chi1776 by pBR322 plasmid DNA. The susceptibility of E. coli strain chi1776 to transformation by pBR322 plasmid DNA was examined and optimized. Maximum transformation to tetracycline (Tc) resistance was achieved when cells were harvested from L broth at 5.0--6.0 . 10(7) cfu/ml, followed by washing twice in cold 0.1 M NaCl + 5 mM MgCl2 + 5 mM Tris, pH 7.6. Cells grown in the presence of D-cycloserine (Cyc) rather than nalidixic acid (Nx) transformed markedly better. The presence of 5 mM Mg2+ ions in washing and CaCl2 solutions stimulated transformation about 2-fold. Optimal conditions for transformation included a pH range of 7.25-7.75 and a cell-to-DNA ratio of about 1.6 . 10(8) cfu/ng plasmid DNA. The frequency of transformation was highest when cells were exposed to 100 mM CaCl2 in 250 mM KCl + 5 mM MgCl2 + 5 mM Tris, pH 7.6, before mixing with DNA. A 60 min incubation period for cell + DNA mixtures held on ice produced the maximum number of Tcr transformants. In our hands, heat shocks at 37 degrees C or 42 degrees C for various times all decreased transformation to about one-half of optimal levels. Furthermore, the recovery of transformants was best when cell + DNA mixtures were plated on precooled (4 degrees C) Tc agar plates. The efficiency of plating was optimum when only 5 microliter of cell + DNA mixture was spread per plate, suggesting that non-viable background chi1776 cells on selective medium inhibited the recovery of transformants. It was also found that the presence of linear DNA molecules in cell + DNA mixtures markedly inhibited the transformation of chi1776 by pBR322 plasmid DNA. On the basis of these findings, a new procedure for the plasmid-specific transformation of E. coli chi1776 by pBR322 plasmid DNA is proposed. The use of this technique has allowed us to attain transformation frequencies in excess of 10(7) transformants/microgram pBR322 plasmid DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:365685", "title": "Insertion of a transposon for chloramphenicol resistance into bacteriophage Mu.", "content": "We have isolated mutants of bacteriophage Mu carrying the X mutations caused by the insertion of cam (Tn9), a transposon for chloramphenicol resistance. The Mu X cam mutants were obtained by selecting for heat-resistant survivors of a Mucts62, P1cam dilysogen. Like the previously described X mutants, Mu X cam mutants are defective prophages which can be excised from the host DNA at a frequency of 10(-5) to 10(-7) per cell. Tn9 insertions in Mu X cam mutants are located within 5000 base pairs of the left end of Mu DNA in a region that controls early replication functions of Mu. There is one EcoRI cleavage site in Tn9. The Tn9 transposon itself can be excised precisely from the Mu X cam mutants to generate wild type Mu. In most Mu X cam mutants, precise excision of Tn9 occurs at a low frequency (10(-6) per cell), whereas in some, the frequency is higher (10(-4) per cell). Mu X cam prophages can replicate after induction with the help of wild type Mu. The lysates containing Mu X cam particles, however, fail to transduce chloramphenicol resistance at a high frequency; Mu X cam mutants apparently have a cis dominant defect in integration.", "contents": "Insertion of a transposon for chloramphenicol resistance into bacteriophage Mu. We have isolated mutants of bacteriophage Mu carrying the X mutations caused by the insertion of cam (Tn9), a transposon for chloramphenicol resistance. The Mu X cam mutants were obtained by selecting for heat-resistant survivors of a Mucts62, P1cam dilysogen. Like the previously described X mutants, Mu X cam mutants are defective prophages which can be excised from the host DNA at a frequency of 10(-5) to 10(-7) per cell. Tn9 insertions in Mu X cam mutants are located within 5000 base pairs of the left end of Mu DNA in a region that controls early replication functions of Mu. There is one EcoRI cleavage site in Tn9. The Tn9 transposon itself can be excised precisely from the Mu X cam mutants to generate wild type Mu. In most Mu X cam mutants, precise excision of Tn9 occurs at a low frequency (10(-6) per cell), whereas in some, the frequency is higher (10(-4) per cell). Mu X cam prophages can replicate after induction with the help of wild type Mu. The lysates containing Mu X cam particles, however, fail to transduce chloramphenicol resistance at a high frequency; Mu X cam mutants apparently have a cis dominant defect in integration."}
{"id": "PMID:365686", "title": "Analysis of transposable elements inserted in the genomes of bacteriophages Mu and P1.", "content": "We have examined the genomes of the temperate bacteriophages Mu and P1 and some of their insertion mutants for hybridization with the prokaryotic transposable elements IS1 and IS2. We used the DNA blotting-hybridization technique in which denatured DNA fragments are transferred to nitrocellulose paper directly from agarose gels and hybridized to 32P-labeled probe DNA. The 800 base pair insertion in an X mutant of Mu was found to hybridize with IS1. The chloramphenicol resistance transposon, Tn9, in Mu X cam mutants was found to be located at or close to the sites of IS1 insertion in X mutants; Tn9 also hybridized with IS1. The restriction endonuclease BalI cleaved IS1 once; it cleaved Tn9 in all Mu X cam mutants twice to release a fragment of about 1700 base pairs. These results support the conclusion that Tn9 contains one copy of IS1 at each end. In the P1cam isolate, from which Tn9 was transposed to Mu, BalI made a third cut in Tn9 giving rise to fragments of about 850 base pairs. The data further suggested that Tn9 is present in tandem copies in the P1cam isolate we examined. P1 itself was found to harbor IS1. The two P1 strains tested had a common fragment containing IS1; one strain had an additional copy of IS1. The IS1 element common to the P1 strains was shown to be the site of the Tn9 insertion in the P1cam isolate examined. No hybridization between IS2 and any of the Mu and P1 strains could be detected.", "contents": "Analysis of transposable elements inserted in the genomes of bacteriophages Mu and P1. We have examined the genomes of the temperate bacteriophages Mu and P1 and some of their insertion mutants for hybridization with the prokaryotic transposable elements IS1 and IS2. We used the DNA blotting-hybridization technique in which denatured DNA fragments are transferred to nitrocellulose paper directly from agarose gels and hybridized to 32P-labeled probe DNA. The 800 base pair insertion in an X mutant of Mu was found to hybridize with IS1. The chloramphenicol resistance transposon, Tn9, in Mu X cam mutants was found to be located at or close to the sites of IS1 insertion in X mutants; Tn9 also hybridized with IS1. The restriction endonuclease BalI cleaved IS1 once; it cleaved Tn9 in all Mu X cam mutants twice to release a fragment of about 1700 base pairs. These results support the conclusion that Tn9 contains one copy of IS1 at each end. In the P1cam isolate, from which Tn9 was transposed to Mu, BalI made a third cut in Tn9 giving rise to fragments of about 850 base pairs. The data further suggested that Tn9 is present in tandem copies in the P1cam isolate we examined. P1 itself was found to harbor IS1. The two P1 strains tested had a common fragment containing IS1; one strain had an additional copy of IS1. The IS1 element common to the P1 strains was shown to be the site of the Tn9 insertion in the P1cam isolate examined. No hybridization between IS2 and any of the Mu and P1 strains could be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:365687", "title": "Heteroduplex electron microscopy of phage Mu mutants containing IS1 insertions and chloramphenicol resistance transposons.", "content": "We have examined by electron microscopy the DNA heteroduplexes of six bacteriophage Mu mutants, Mu X cam, generated by the insertion of the Tn9 transposon for chloramphenicol resistance. Tn9 was found to be 2.8 +/- 0.2 kilobases (kb) in length and to consist of a cam determinant flanked by two IS1 sequences arranged in a direct order. In two of the six Mu X cam mutants, the Tn9 insertion was at a fixed location, 3.9 kb from the left, or c, end. In the other four mutants, the position of the insertion varied, even though the lysogenic cultures induced were grown from single colonies. The insertion was located at either 3.3 kb, 3.9 kb, or, less frequently, at 4.4 kb from the left end of the DNA. Furthermore, at low frequencies, the insertions were found to be in an orientation opposite to what predominated in the preparation. Thus, Tn9 in the Mu X cam mutants examined could appear to undergo rapid rearrangements during Mu growth or over a few generations of cell growth. One of the Tn9 insertion sites was apparently the same as that for a 0.8 kb insertion found in a Mu X mutant. This latter insertion was identified as an IS1 sequence. The DNA molecules from all the Mu X cam mutant phage particles were found to be missing the bacterial DNA at the S (right) end, along with a variable amount of the adjoining Mu DNA in the beta region. This observation supports the headful packaging model for Mu DNA.", "contents": "Heteroduplex electron microscopy of phage Mu mutants containing IS1 insertions and chloramphenicol resistance transposons. We have examined by electron microscopy the DNA heteroduplexes of six bacteriophage Mu mutants, Mu X cam, generated by the insertion of the Tn9 transposon for chloramphenicol resistance. Tn9 was found to be 2.8 +/- 0.2 kilobases (kb) in length and to consist of a cam determinant flanked by two IS1 sequences arranged in a direct order. In two of the six Mu X cam mutants, the Tn9 insertion was at a fixed location, 3.9 kb from the left, or c, end. In the other four mutants, the position of the insertion varied, even though the lysogenic cultures induced were grown from single colonies. The insertion was located at either 3.3 kb, 3.9 kb, or, less frequently, at 4.4 kb from the left end of the DNA. Furthermore, at low frequencies, the insertions were found to be in an orientation opposite to what predominated in the preparation. Thus, Tn9 in the Mu X cam mutants examined could appear to undergo rapid rearrangements during Mu growth or over a few generations of cell growth. One of the Tn9 insertion sites was apparently the same as that for a 0.8 kb insertion found in a Mu X mutant. This latter insertion was identified as an IS1 sequence. The DNA molecules from all the Mu X cam mutant phage particles were found to be missing the bacterial DNA at the S (right) end, along with a variable amount of the adjoining Mu DNA in the beta region. This observation supports the headful packaging model for Mu DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:365688", "title": "SstI: a restriction endonuclease from Streptomyces sp. stanford.", "content": "A strain of Streptomyces has been isolated which is a convenient source of a new restriction endonuclease. The enzyme has been prepared from extracts of these cells and its cleavage sites localized on phage lambda DNA. The enzyme, termed SstI, produces cohesive ends and should be useful for molecular cloning experiments.", "contents": "SstI: a restriction endonuclease from Streptomyces sp. stanford. A strain of Streptomyces has been isolated which is a convenient source of a new restriction endonuclease. The enzyme has been prepared from extracts of these cells and its cleavage sites localized on phage lambda DNA. The enzyme, termed SstI, produces cohesive ends and should be useful for molecular cloning experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:365689", "title": "Refined molecular weights for phage, viral and ribosomal RNA.", "content": "The RNAs of the Escherichia coli bacteriophages MS2 and Qbeta as well as E. coli 16S ribosomal RNA were examined under identical conditions by electron microscopy using the protein-free benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride (BAC) spreading technique. From the contour length ratios of the RNAs and the known number of nucleotides for MS2, the chain lengths for Qbeta RNA and 16S RNA were found to be 4790 +/- 150 and 1645 +/- 55 nucleotides. Correcting for the base composition of Qbeta RNA the molecular weight of the Na salt of this RNA is (1.64 +/- 0.06) . 10(6) daltons. Since published values on the relative lengths of Qbeta RNA and several other homogeneous RNAs (E. coli 23S rRNA, E. Coli bacteriophage R17 and f2 RNAs, Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage PP7 RNA and Newcastle disease virus RNA) are available, we are able to calculate the approximate number of nucleotides for these useful standards.", "contents": "Refined molecular weights for phage, viral and ribosomal RNA. The RNAs of the Escherichia coli bacteriophages MS2 and Qbeta as well as E. coli 16S ribosomal RNA were examined under identical conditions by electron microscopy using the protein-free benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride (BAC) spreading technique. From the contour length ratios of the RNAs and the known number of nucleotides for MS2, the chain lengths for Qbeta RNA and 16S RNA were found to be 4790 +/- 150 and 1645 +/- 55 nucleotides. Correcting for the base composition of Qbeta RNA the molecular weight of the Na salt of this RNA is (1.64 +/- 0.06) . 10(6) daltons. Since published values on the relative lengths of Qbeta RNA and several other homogeneous RNAs (E. coli 23S rRNA, E. Coli bacteriophage R17 and f2 RNAs, Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage PP7 RNA and Newcastle disease virus RNA) are available, we are able to calculate the approximate number of nucleotides for these useful standards."}
{"id": "PMID:365690", "title": "Amplification of the respiratory NADH dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli by gene cloning.", "content": "A relatively simple method has been used to clone the gene coding for the respiratory NADH dehydrogenase (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) of Escherichia coli from unfractionated chromosomal DNA. The restriction endonucleases EcoRI, BamI and HindIII were used to construct three hybrid plasmid pools from total E. coli DNA and the amplifiable plasmids pSF2124 and pGM706. Three different restriction endonucleases were used to increase the chances of cloning the ndh gene intact. Mobilization by the plasmid F was used to transfer the hybrid plasmids into ndh mutants and selection was made for Apr and complementation of ndh. DNA fragments complementing ndh were isolated from both the EcoRI and HindIII hybrid plasmid pools. The strain carrying the hybrid plasmid constructed with EcoRI produced about 8--10 times the normal level of the respiratory NADH dehydrogenase in the cytoplasmic membrane. Treating the cells with chloramphenicol to increase the plasmid copy number allowed the level of NADH dehydrogenase in the membrane to be increased to 50--60 times the level in the wild type. The results indicate the potential of gene cloning for the specific amplification of particular proteins prior to their purification.", "contents": "Amplification of the respiratory NADH dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli by gene cloning. A relatively simple method has been used to clone the gene coding for the respiratory NADH dehydrogenase (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) of Escherichia coli from unfractionated chromosomal DNA. The restriction endonucleases EcoRI, BamI and HindIII were used to construct three hybrid plasmid pools from total E. coli DNA and the amplifiable plasmids pSF2124 and pGM706. Three different restriction endonucleases were used to increase the chances of cloning the ndh gene intact. Mobilization by the plasmid F was used to transfer the hybrid plasmids into ndh mutants and selection was made for Apr and complementation of ndh. DNA fragments complementing ndh were isolated from both the EcoRI and HindIII hybrid plasmid pools. The strain carrying the hybrid plasmid constructed with EcoRI produced about 8--10 times the normal level of the respiratory NADH dehydrogenase in the cytoplasmic membrane. Treating the cells with chloramphenicol to increase the plasmid copy number allowed the level of NADH dehydrogenase in the membrane to be increased to 50--60 times the level in the wild type. The results indicate the potential of gene cloning for the specific amplification of particular proteins prior to their purification."}
{"id": "PMID:365691", "title": "Isolation and analysis of recombinant DNA molecules containing yeast DNA.", "content": "2500 recombinant plasmids containing insertions of yeast nuclear DNA have been cloned in Escherichia coli. It can be calculated that about 85% of the yeast genome is represented in this collection. The clones have been characterized by hybridization to purified RNA species. Of the 2000 clones examined, 75 contain insertions of yeast ribosomal DNA, 201 contain insertions of yeast tRNA genes, and 26 contain DNA sequences that are complementary to abundant mRNA species.", "contents": "Isolation and analysis of recombinant DNA molecules containing yeast DNA. 2500 recombinant plasmids containing insertions of yeast nuclear DNA have been cloned in Escherichia coli. It can be calculated that about 85% of the yeast genome is represented in this collection. The clones have been characterized by hybridization to purified RNA species. Of the 2000 clones examined, 75 contain insertions of yeast ribosomal DNA, 201 contain insertions of yeast tRNA genes, and 26 contain DNA sequences that are complementary to abundant mRNA species."}
{"id": "PMID:365696", "title": "[Gunshot wounds in peace and their treatment. Review of the literature].", "content": "For therapy of bullet-wounds in peace profound knowledge of their pathogenesis is necessary. This may be especially true for wounds evoked by new developed weapons. It may be assumed that often therapists are not familiar with the effects of these modern weapons. This review of 27 international publications therefore represents particularities of wounds of the body cavities and the extremities. Furthermore the problem of bulletembolies is represented.", "contents": "[Gunshot wounds in peace and their treatment. Review of the literature]. For therapy of bullet-wounds in peace profound knowledge of their pathogenesis is necessary. This may be especially true for wounds evoked by new developed weapons. It may be assumed that often therapists are not familiar with the effects of these modern weapons. This review of 27 international publications therefore represents particularities of wounds of the body cavities and the extremities. Furthermore the problem of bulletembolies is represented."}
{"id": "PMID:365698", "title": "The amino acid sequence of the ribosomal protein S8 of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The primary structure of protein S8 from the 30S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes has been determined by sequencing the peptides derived from tryptic, chymotryptic, thermolytic and staphylococcal protease digestion of the protein. Protein S8 has 129 amino acid residues which result in a molecular weight of 13996. The N-terminal part of the sequence up to position 68 is in complete agreement with the reported sequence data[1,2]. However, differences exist in the C-terminal half, where an additional hydrophobic tryptic peptide has been found.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of the ribosomal protein S8 of Escherichia coli. The primary structure of protein S8 from the 30S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes has been determined by sequencing the peptides derived from tryptic, chymotryptic, thermolytic and staphylococcal protease digestion of the protein. Protein S8 has 129 amino acid residues which result in a molecular weight of 13996. The N-terminal part of the sequence up to position 68 is in complete agreement with the reported sequence data[1,2]. However, differences exist in the C-terminal half, where an additional hydrophobic tryptic peptide has been found."}
{"id": "PMID:365699", "title": "Correlation of carcinoembryonic antigen in tissue sections with spread of mammary carcinoma.", "content": "An immunoperoxidase technique for the histological demonstration of Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) was applied to paraffin sections from 74 breast carcinomas and 43 benign breast lesions. Sixty-six per cent of the carcinomas and the only case of granular cell myoblastoma examined were CEA positive. Two examples of mammary dysplasia (7%) showed foci of CEA positive acini. All tumour tissue found in lymphatics and in metastases in lymph nodes was CEA positive, including two cases where the primary tumour was CEA negative, and all the metastases examined from CEA positive tumours. A significant relationship was found between CEA positivity of the primary tumour and the presence of lymph node metastases.", "contents": "Correlation of carcinoembryonic antigen in tissue sections with spread of mammary carcinoma. An immunoperoxidase technique for the histological demonstration of Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) was applied to paraffin sections from 74 breast carcinomas and 43 benign breast lesions. Sixty-six per cent of the carcinomas and the only case of granular cell myoblastoma examined were CEA positive. Two examples of mammary dysplasia (7%) showed foci of CEA positive acini. All tumour tissue found in lymphatics and in metastases in lymph nodes was CEA positive, including two cases where the primary tumour was CEA negative, and all the metastases examined from CEA positive tumours. A significant relationship was found between CEA positivity of the primary tumour and the presence of lymph node metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:365703", "title": "Using the Federal Register.", "content": "The Federal Register provides official notice of the issuance and contents of agency regulations and proposed rule changes and gives citizens an opportunity for input into their development. Knowing how to use this publication should be part of any administrator's repertory of skills.", "contents": "Using the Federal Register. The Federal Register provides official notice of the issuance and contents of agency regulations and proposed rule changes and gives citizens an opportunity for input into their development. Knowing how to use this publication should be part of any administrator's repertory of skills."}
{"id": "PMID:365707", "title": "Stage classification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a review.", "content": "Various stage classifications of NPC have been described and discussed. Treatment results have been reported for the various stages for only four of these classifications; the correlation between stage and treatment results was best in the classification of the author.", "contents": "Stage classification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a review. Various stage classifications of NPC have been described and discussed. Treatment results have been reported for the various stages for only four of these classifications; the correlation between stage and treatment results was best in the classification of the author."}
{"id": "PMID:365706", "title": "The Cri du Chat syndrome: epidemiology, cytogenetics, and clinical features.", "content": "Data for 331 cri du chat cases, including 34 Danish probands, are reviewed. The incidence nad the prevalence among the mentally retarded population amounted to 1/45,000 and 1.5/1000, respectively. No striking association with prenatal events, parental ages, or birth order could be demonstrated. There was  a significant excess of females. Parental translocations were present in slightly more than 10% of the families, while more rare cytogenetic aberrations (mosaicism, rings, and de novo translocations) accounted for less than 10% of all cases. The phenotypically relevant segment has been narrowed down to the midportion of the 5p15 band. Clinical, radiologic, and dermatoglyphic features are summarized and discussed, with special attention to the abnormal cry, which persists in many older probands, and to developmental abnormalities. No obvious correlation could be detected between clinical features and the localization of the deletion. No marker locus has yet been assigned to the short arm of chromosome 5. Treatment and prevention are briefly discussed.", "contents": "The Cri du Chat syndrome: epidemiology, cytogenetics, and clinical features. Data for 331 cri du chat cases, including 34 Danish probands, are reviewed. The incidence nad the prevalence among the mentally retarded population amounted to 1/45,000 and 1.5/1000, respectively. No striking association with prenatal events, parental ages, or birth order could be demonstrated. There was  a significant excess of females. Parental translocations were present in slightly more than 10% of the families, while more rare cytogenetic aberrations (mosaicism, rings, and de novo translocations) accounted for less than 10% of all cases. The phenotypically relevant segment has been narrowed down to the midportion of the 5p15 band. Clinical, radiologic, and dermatoglyphic features are summarized and discussed, with special attention to the abnormal cry, which persists in many older probands, and to developmental abnormalities. No obvious correlation could be detected between clinical features and the localization of the deletion. No marker locus has yet been assigned to the short arm of chromosome 5. Treatment and prevention are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365714", "title": "Production of erythropoietin in vitro: a review.", "content": "The in vitro production of the important regulator of erythropoiesis, erythropoietin (Epo), is reviewed. It is concluded that it is possible to produce almost routinely small quantities of Epo in tissue culture. Although such procedures offer the potential to provide large quantities of the hormone for clinical use, the optimum culture conditions and mechanisms for triggering Epo production have yet to be resolved.", "contents": "Production of erythropoietin in vitro: a review. The in vitro production of the important regulator of erythropoiesis, erythropoietin (Epo), is reviewed. It is concluded that it is possible to produce almost routinely small quantities of Epo in tissue culture. Although such procedures offer the potential to provide large quantities of the hormone for clinical use, the optimum culture conditions and mechanisms for triggering Epo production have yet to be resolved."}
{"id": "PMID:365716", "title": "[Comparative susceptibility testing to sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim by agar diffusion test on different media (author's transl)].", "content": "14 lots of 6 different commercial media for susceptibility testing were compared by agar diffusion test with 161 bacterial strains. The result \"resistant\" to sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, or co-trimoxazole varied in wide limits between the media. The lot employed by the \"Work-Group on Resistance\" of the Paul Ehrlich Society is of limited value for testing of the investigated drugs.", "contents": "[Comparative susceptibility testing to sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim by agar diffusion test on different media (author's transl)]. 14 lots of 6 different commercial media for susceptibility testing were compared by agar diffusion test with 161 bacterial strains. The result \"resistant\" to sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, or co-trimoxazole varied in wide limits between the media. The lot employed by the \"Work-Group on Resistance\" of the Paul Ehrlich Society is of limited value for testing of the investigated drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:365717", "title": "[Inoculum effects and bacterial resistance (author's transl)].", "content": "Massive bacterial populations are frequently involved in infection. Such dense cultures may appear 'resistant' to therapeutically achievable concentrations of some antibacterial agents in vitro, but the implications of this for treatment are not always clear. A better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for inoculum effects may help in assessing their clinical significance and some possible approaches to this goal are described.", "contents": "[Inoculum effects and bacterial resistance (author's transl)]. Massive bacterial populations are frequently involved in infection. Such dense cultures may appear 'resistant' to therapeutically achievable concentrations of some antibacterial agents in vitro, but the implications of this for treatment are not always clear. A better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for inoculum effects may help in assessing their clinical significance and some possible approaches to this goal are described."}
{"id": "PMID:365718", "title": "[Susceptibility testing of anaerobes (author's transl)].", "content": "The methodology of susceptibility testing of anaerobes has not yet been standardized and many individual test methods are in use. Among the factors which may influence the outcome of susceptibility tests are test organisms, antimicrobials and methods of susceptibility testing. Comparative studies have shown that the density of the inoculum largely influences the MICs of sulphonamides and certain other antimicrobials. In testing susceptibility of anaerobes to doxycycline, the MICs determined by agar dilution tests were 2--4--8 times the MICs obtained by broth dilution technique. However, with certain cephalosporins and beta-lactamase-producing strains of Bacteroides fragilis and other Bacteroides species the MICs obtained by the two methods differed by four to five dilution steps. Judging by the broth dilution test, the majority of the beta-lactamase-producing Bacteroides strains would be classified as resistant, whereas with beta-lactamase-negative strains of Sphaerophorus varius the broth dilution test gave much lower MICs than the agar dilution technique. These findings pose the rather embarrassing problem as to whether strains are to be regarded as resistant or sensitive. As is demonstrated by lack of stochastic linearity and/or low correlation coefficients, the results of standardized anaerobic agar diffusion tests are for the most part not correlated to MICs determined by either method of quantitative susceptibility testing.", "contents": "[Susceptibility testing of anaerobes (author's transl)]. The methodology of susceptibility testing of anaerobes has not yet been standardized and many individual test methods are in use. Among the factors which may influence the outcome of susceptibility tests are test organisms, antimicrobials and methods of susceptibility testing. Comparative studies have shown that the density of the inoculum largely influences the MICs of sulphonamides and certain other antimicrobials. In testing susceptibility of anaerobes to doxycycline, the MICs determined by agar dilution tests were 2--4--8 times the MICs obtained by broth dilution technique. However, with certain cephalosporins and beta-lactamase-producing strains of Bacteroides fragilis and other Bacteroides species the MICs obtained by the two methods differed by four to five dilution steps. Judging by the broth dilution test, the majority of the beta-lactamase-producing Bacteroides strains would be classified as resistant, whereas with beta-lactamase-negative strains of Sphaerophorus varius the broth dilution test gave much lower MICs than the agar dilution technique. These findings pose the rather embarrassing problem as to whether strains are to be regarded as resistant or sensitive. As is demonstrated by lack of stochastic linearity and/or low correlation coefficients, the results of standardized anaerobic agar diffusion tests are for the most part not correlated to MICs determined by either method of quantitative susceptibility testing."}
{"id": "PMID:365719", "title": "[Microcalorimetric Investigations, regarding the antibacterial efficiency of chemotherapeutics (author's transl)].", "content": "An investigation method is described by which microcalorimetry and continuous density measurement are used to show the antibacterial efficiency of chemotherapeutics. Oleandomycin, erythromycin, both macrolide antibiotics, and doxycycline, a tetracycline, blockers of the protein synthesis, have the same effect on the microcalorimetric curve of a staphylococcus strain. Among the aminoglycosides tobramycin and gentamicin influenced the microcalorimetric activity of a growing E. coli strain in the same way, spectinomycin produced different curves. Penicillins interfere with the synthesis of the cell membrane by blocking the enzyme transpeptidase. Epicillin, penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, carbenicillin, and azlocillin influence the microcalorimetric activity of staphylococci in a typical way which is different from that of the blockers of the protein synthesis.", "contents": "[Microcalorimetric Investigations, regarding the antibacterial efficiency of chemotherapeutics (author's transl)]. An investigation method is described by which microcalorimetry and continuous density measurement are used to show the antibacterial efficiency of chemotherapeutics. Oleandomycin, erythromycin, both macrolide antibiotics, and doxycycline, a tetracycline, blockers of the protein synthesis, have the same effect on the microcalorimetric curve of a staphylococcus strain. Among the aminoglycosides tobramycin and gentamicin influenced the microcalorimetric activity of a growing E. coli strain in the same way, spectinomycin produced different curves. Penicillins interfere with the synthesis of the cell membrane by blocking the enzyme transpeptidase. Epicillin, penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, carbenicillin, and azlocillin influence the microcalorimetric activity of staphylococci in a typical way which is different from that of the blockers of the protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:365737", "title": "Internal fixation of fractures of the neck of the femur using von Bahr screws and allowing immediated weight bearing: a prospective clinical study.", "content": "This article presents the results of von Bahr screw fixation in 103 patients, allowing immediate weight bearing. After a follow-up period of 1 year, a failure rate of 18% was recorded. Analysis of the series shows that the failures are due to inadequate reduction of the displacement during operation, especially when the head is in varus, and to bad positions of the screw. The high failure rate was not related to the initial displacement of the fracture.", "contents": "Internal fixation of fractures of the neck of the femur using von Bahr screws and allowing immediated weight bearing: a prospective clinical study. This article presents the results of von Bahr screw fixation in 103 patients, allowing immediate weight bearing. After a follow-up period of 1 year, a failure rate of 18% was recorded. Analysis of the series shows that the failures are due to inadequate reduction of the displacement during operation, especially when the head is in varus, and to bad positions of the screw. The high failure rate was not related to the initial displacement of the fracture."}
{"id": "PMID:365738", "title": "Plasmid carriage and the serum sensitivity of enterobacteria.", "content": "The carriage of a range of plasmids by rough, serum-sensitive laboratory strains of Escherichia coli made no difference to their reactivity in human serum as determined by two methods. Plasmid-carrying enterobacteria isolated from polluted river water gave a variety of responses to serum. Smooth E. coli river isolate C8 was killed by serum but only after a delay of 1 h, and curing of antibiotic resistance and colicin determinants from this strain led to a small but significant increase in serum sensitivity. Plasmids from eight strains were transferred by conjugation to a cured derivative of C8 (C8(-)Nal(R)), and in six cases a significant increase in the serum resistance of the progeny was observed. Plasmid-mediated enhancement of resistance was particularly marked with plasmids R1 and NR1, and a round of replication mutant of NR1 conferred greater resistance than did the normal R factor. However, R1 and NR1 were unable to modify the serum response of a cured strain (P21(-)Nal(R)) derived from promptly serum-sensitive isolate P21. These findings suggest that lipopolysaccharide O-side chains, the cell surface components responsible for the delay in serum killing, are essential for the expression of plasmid factors that modify sensitivity to serum. Examination of K(A)(-) variants of two isolates indicated that the K(A) antigen has only a marginal effect on the serum response.", "contents": "Plasmid carriage and the serum sensitivity of enterobacteria. The carriage of a range of plasmids by rough, serum-sensitive laboratory strains of Escherichia coli made no difference to their reactivity in human serum as determined by two methods. Plasmid-carrying enterobacteria isolated from polluted river water gave a variety of responses to serum. Smooth E. coli river isolate C8 was killed by serum but only after a delay of 1 h, and curing of antibiotic resistance and colicin determinants from this strain led to a small but significant increase in serum sensitivity. Plasmids from eight strains were transferred by conjugation to a cured derivative of C8 (C8(-)Nal(R)), and in six cases a significant increase in the serum resistance of the progeny was observed. Plasmid-mediated enhancement of resistance was particularly marked with plasmids R1 and NR1, and a round of replication mutant of NR1 conferred greater resistance than did the normal R factor. However, R1 and NR1 were unable to modify the serum response of a cured strain (P21(-)Nal(R)) derived from promptly serum-sensitive isolate P21. These findings suggest that lipopolysaccharide O-side chains, the cell surface components responsible for the delay in serum killing, are essential for the expression of plasmid factors that modify sensitivity to serum. Examination of K(A)(-) variants of two isolates indicated that the K(A) antigen has only a marginal effect on the serum response."}
{"id": "PMID:365739", "title": "Protective effects of a supernatant factor from Salmonella typhimurium on Salmonella typhimurium infection of inbred mice.", "content": "A supernatant factor prepared from 48-h cultures of Salmonella typhimurium has been used to immunize mice against subsequent challenge with normally lethal doses of S. typhimurium. The mouse strains used, C57BL and BALB/c, were sensitive to S. typhimurium with 50% lethal doses of less than 50 organisms. Two doses of supernatant factor, given intraperitoneally 20 days apart, protected mice against a subcutaneous challenge dose 10 days later of 100 50% lethal doses of S. typhimurium, resulting in 50 to 80% survival. The viable counts were reduced initially in organs of immunized mice compared with controls, and the multiplication of bacteria was delayed, although the final levels found in the organs would normally have been lethal. Protection obtained was specific for S. typhimurium in that no increased survival was shown after Salmonella enteritidis challenge of immunized mice. Although lipopolysaccharide was demonstrated in the supernatant factor, lipopolysaccharide alone did not protect challenged mice. Supernatant factor produced delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in mice sensitized with nonlethal doses of Salmonella. The nature of the active factor, found to be partially protein, has yet to be elucidated.", "contents": "Protective effects of a supernatant factor from Salmonella typhimurium on Salmonella typhimurium infection of inbred mice. A supernatant factor prepared from 48-h cultures of Salmonella typhimurium has been used to immunize mice against subsequent challenge with normally lethal doses of S. typhimurium. The mouse strains used, C57BL and BALB/c, were sensitive to S. typhimurium with 50% lethal doses of less than 50 organisms. Two doses of supernatant factor, given intraperitoneally 20 days apart, protected mice against a subcutaneous challenge dose 10 days later of 100 50% lethal doses of S. typhimurium, resulting in 50 to 80% survival. The viable counts were reduced initially in organs of immunized mice compared with controls, and the multiplication of bacteria was delayed, although the final levels found in the organs would normally have been lethal. Protection obtained was specific for S. typhimurium in that no increased survival was shown after Salmonella enteritidis challenge of immunized mice. Although lipopolysaccharide was demonstrated in the supernatant factor, lipopolysaccharide alone did not protect challenged mice. Supernatant factor produced delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in mice sensitized with nonlethal doses of Salmonella. The nature of the active factor, found to be partially protein, has yet to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:365740", "title": "Inhibition of the secretory activity of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin by indomethacin.", "content": "The effect of indomethacin on the net intestinal accumulation of fluid induced by Escherichia coli heat-stable (ST) enterotoxin in the infant mouse model was examined. Indomethacin, when administered with ST enterotoxin, caused a striking decrease in net intestinal fluid accumulation. This inhibition of ST activity was dose dependent with various concentrations of indomethacin (P less than 0.01). A significant inhibition of toxicity was also observed when indomethacin was given before (P less than 0.01) or after (P less than 0.02) ST enterotoxin challenge. No significant differences in fluid accumulation were observed between control mice treated with buffer alone and those challenged with only indomethacin. These data indicate that indomethacin markedly decreases the net intestinal fluid accumulation induced by E. coli ST enterotoxin. Further studies on the potential use of indomethacin in both the prophylaxis and the therapy of diarrheal diseases appear warranted.", "contents": "Inhibition of the secretory activity of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin by indomethacin. The effect of indomethacin on the net intestinal accumulation of fluid induced by Escherichia coli heat-stable (ST) enterotoxin in the infant mouse model was examined. Indomethacin, when administered with ST enterotoxin, caused a striking decrease in net intestinal fluid accumulation. This inhibition of ST activity was dose dependent with various concentrations of indomethacin (P less than 0.01). A significant inhibition of toxicity was also observed when indomethacin was given before (P less than 0.01) or after (P less than 0.02) ST enterotoxin challenge. No significant differences in fluid accumulation were observed between control mice treated with buffer alone and those challenged with only indomethacin. These data indicate that indomethacin markedly decreases the net intestinal fluid accumulation induced by E. coli ST enterotoxin. Further studies on the potential use of indomethacin in both the prophylaxis and the therapy of diarrheal diseases appear warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:365741", "title": "DNA release as a direct measure of microbial killing by phagocytes.", "content": "A new assay for the precise measurement of microbial killing by leukocytes is presented. The method assumes that release of radioactively labeled DNA from the microbe is direct evidence of cell death. Human peripheral blood leukocytes incubated with [14C]thymidine-labeled Salmonella typhimurium released 32 to 59% of the radioactivity after 4 h and 63 to 75% after 18 h. Inactivated leukocytes released less than 5% of the radioactivity. None of the released radioactivity is retained within the leukocyte, and 60% remains precipitable with trichloroacetic acid. Leukocytes released substantial radioactivity from labeled Escherichia coli but only a slight amount from staphylococci. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were also shown to release radioactivity from Salmonella. The DNA release assay avoids the errors inherent in prior killing methods which measure viability by growth inhibition. It is rapid, reproducible, and highly specific.", "contents": "DNA release as a direct measure of microbial killing by phagocytes. A new assay for the precise measurement of microbial killing by leukocytes is presented. The method assumes that release of radioactively labeled DNA from the microbe is direct evidence of cell death. Human peripheral blood leukocytes incubated with [14C]thymidine-labeled Salmonella typhimurium released 32 to 59% of the radioactivity after 4 h and 63 to 75% after 18 h. Inactivated leukocytes released less than 5% of the radioactivity. None of the released radioactivity is retained within the leukocyte, and 60% remains precipitable with trichloroacetic acid. Leukocytes released substantial radioactivity from labeled Escherichia coli but only a slight amount from staphylococci. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were also shown to release radioactivity from Salmonella. The DNA release assay avoids the errors inherent in prior killing methods which measure viability by growth inhibition. It is rapid, reproducible, and highly specific."}
{"id": "PMID:365742", "title": "Detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma pulmonis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which entails the use of antigen-coated tubes and enzyme-labeled anti-immunoglobulins, was applied for the detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma pulmonis in mice. A lysate of M. pulmonis was used as the antigen, and anti-mycoplasmal antibodies of the different immunoglobulin classes were detected by class-specific anti-immunoglobulin labeled with alkaline phosphatase. The optimal conditions for the test were determined, the specificity was evaluated, and the assay was compared with other procedures for detection of mycoplasmal infection. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was found to be a specific, highly sensitive, and reliable procedure for detecting anti-mycoplasmal antibodies in mice.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma pulmonis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which entails the use of antigen-coated tubes and enzyme-labeled anti-immunoglobulins, was applied for the detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma pulmonis in mice. A lysate of M. pulmonis was used as the antigen, and anti-mycoplasmal antibodies of the different immunoglobulin classes were detected by class-specific anti-immunoglobulin labeled with alkaline phosphatase. The optimal conditions for the test were determined, the specificity was evaluated, and the assay was compared with other procedures for detection of mycoplasmal infection. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was found to be a specific, highly sensitive, and reliable procedure for detecting anti-mycoplasmal antibodies in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:365743", "title": "Genetic separation of serum opacity factor from M protein of group A streptococci.", "content": "Mutagenized cultures of three strains of group A streptococci which were M positive and produced the extracellular serum opacity factor (OF) were screened for mutants which failed to exhibit OF activity on serum agar plates. All cell fractions from three mutants studied in detail, including culture supernatants, protoplast membranes, and cytoplasmic fractions, were completely devoid of activity. Two OF- isolates also lacked OF antigen, whereas the third continued to produce cross-reacting antigen. All three mutants were resistant to phagocytosis and yielded acid-extractable M antigen, indicating that the M protein of each strain was unaltered by the mutations. The separation of the OF+ and M+ phenotypes by mutation establishes that genes which code for the M protein and OF are distinct; therefore, the activities and antigenic determinants of each must be associated with separate, distinct protein molecules.", "contents": "Genetic separation of serum opacity factor from M protein of group A streptococci. Mutagenized cultures of three strains of group A streptococci which were M positive and produced the extracellular serum opacity factor (OF) were screened for mutants which failed to exhibit OF activity on serum agar plates. All cell fractions from three mutants studied in detail, including culture supernatants, protoplast membranes, and cytoplasmic fractions, were completely devoid of activity. Two OF- isolates also lacked OF antigen, whereas the third continued to produce cross-reacting antigen. All three mutants were resistant to phagocytosis and yielded acid-extractable M antigen, indicating that the M protein of each strain was unaltered by the mutations. The separation of the OF+ and M+ phenotypes by mutation establishes that genes which code for the M protein and OF are distinct; therefore, the activities and antigenic determinants of each must be associated with separate, distinct protein molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:365744", "title": "Regional T- and B-cell responses in influenza-infected ferrets.", "content": "Ferrets were infected with A/Port Chalmers/72 influenza virus and the T- and B-cell responses in the spleen, in lymph nodes draining the upper and lower respiratory tract, and in lung washings were examined in vitro. Lymphocyte responses were measured by using a hemolytic plaque assay for B cells and a proliferation assay for T cells. Virus and antibody levels were measured in respiratory tract washings, and antibody titers were measured in sera from infected animals. Individual B cells secreting specific antibody to A/Port Chalmers/72 virus were detected in regional lymph node and spleen preparations as early as 3 days and as late as 43 days after infection. T-cell assays showed an in vitro response of lymph node cells to A/Port Chalmers/73 virus from day 6 to day 43. Virus was isolated from the respiratory tract up to 7 days after infection. Serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody was first detectable on day 6, with maximum titers reached by day 10. These results demonstrated that antibody production and a cellular immune responses were detectable at regional sites at a time when virus was still present and before serum antibody was measured.", "contents": "Regional T- and B-cell responses in influenza-infected ferrets. Ferrets were infected with A/Port Chalmers/72 influenza virus and the T- and B-cell responses in the spleen, in lymph nodes draining the upper and lower respiratory tract, and in lung washings were examined in vitro. Lymphocyte responses were measured by using a hemolytic plaque assay for B cells and a proliferation assay for T cells. Virus and antibody levels were measured in respiratory tract washings, and antibody titers were measured in sera from infected animals. Individual B cells secreting specific antibody to A/Port Chalmers/72 virus were detected in regional lymph node and spleen preparations as early as 3 days and as late as 43 days after infection. T-cell assays showed an in vitro response of lymph node cells to A/Port Chalmers/73 virus from day 6 to day 43. Virus was isolated from the respiratory tract up to 7 days after infection. Serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody was first detectable on day 6, with maximum titers reached by day 10. These results demonstrated that antibody production and a cellular immune responses were detectable at regional sites at a time when virus was still present and before serum antibody was measured."}
{"id": "PMID:365745", "title": "Radiolabeling of Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain) in vitro with precursors for protein and RNA biosynthesis.", "content": "We observed uptake of [U-14C]serine, U-14C-labeled amino acid hydrolysates, and [2-14C]uracil by virulent Treponema pallidum in vitro for at least 96 h. No uptake of [2-14C]thymine, [1-14C]pyruvate, [U-14C]pyruvate, and [2-14C]uridine was detected. Treponemal protein and RNA biosynthetic activity was identified by erythromycin inhibition of amino acid and uracil uptake. Radioactivity due to uptake of radiolabeled amino acids by residual testicular cells in the cultures remained at background levels regardless of the presence or absence of cycloheximide. Accumulation of the radiolabeled substrates by T. pallidum proceeded at a linear rate for 48 to 96 h during incubation in vitro. The longevity of substrate uptake using the system of incubation described will facilitate future studies on the metabolism of the microorganism to help determine essential growth factors and environmental conditions for multiplication of T. pallidum in vitro.", "contents": "Radiolabeling of Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain) in vitro with precursors for protein and RNA biosynthesis. We observed uptake of [U-14C]serine, U-14C-labeled amino acid hydrolysates, and [2-14C]uracil by virulent Treponema pallidum in vitro for at least 96 h. No uptake of [2-14C]thymine, [1-14C]pyruvate, [U-14C]pyruvate, and [2-14C]uridine was detected. Treponemal protein and RNA biosynthetic activity was identified by erythromycin inhibition of amino acid and uracil uptake. Radioactivity due to uptake of radiolabeled amino acids by residual testicular cells in the cultures remained at background levels regardless of the presence or absence of cycloheximide. Accumulation of the radiolabeled substrates by T. pallidum proceeded at a linear rate for 48 to 96 h during incubation in vitro. The longevity of substrate uptake using the system of incubation described will facilitate future studies on the metabolism of the microorganism to help determine essential growth factors and environmental conditions for multiplication of T. pallidum in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:365746", "title": "Mannose binding and epithelial cell adherence of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The mannose-binding activity of several isolates of Escherichia coli was monitored by aggregometry with mannan-containing yeast cells. The velocity of yeast cell aggregation was found to correlate with the ability of the organisms to adhere to human epithelial cells. Mannose or its derivatives specifically inhibited or reversed epithelial cell adherence and yeast cell aggregation. Most of the adherent bacteria could be displaced within 30 min from the epithelial cells with methyl alpha-d-mannopyranoside, but not with other sugars tested. Cultures of E. coli were fractionated into nonadherent and adherent populations by adsorption with epithelial cells followed by elution of the adherent bacteria with methyl alpha-d-mannopyranoside. When the methyl alpha-d-mannopyranoside-displaced organisms were washed free of the sugar, they exhibited a high degree of mannose-binding activity and were heavily piliated. In contrast, the nonadherent fraction of organisms lacked detectable mannose-binding activity and were devoid of pili. Our results suggest that the binding activity of a mannose-specific lectin on the surface of E. coli can be quantitated directly on intact organisms, and the observed variations in the amount of mannose-binding activity among human isolates accounts for the variation in adherence of the organisms to mannose residues on epithelial cells.", "contents": "Mannose binding and epithelial cell adherence of Escherichia coli. The mannose-binding activity of several isolates of Escherichia coli was monitored by aggregometry with mannan-containing yeast cells. The velocity of yeast cell aggregation was found to correlate with the ability of the organisms to adhere to human epithelial cells. Mannose or its derivatives specifically inhibited or reversed epithelial cell adherence and yeast cell aggregation. Most of the adherent bacteria could be displaced within 30 min from the epithelial cells with methyl alpha-d-mannopyranoside, but not with other sugars tested. Cultures of E. coli were fractionated into nonadherent and adherent populations by adsorption with epithelial cells followed by elution of the adherent bacteria with methyl alpha-d-mannopyranoside. When the methyl alpha-d-mannopyranoside-displaced organisms were washed free of the sugar, they exhibited a high degree of mannose-binding activity and were heavily piliated. In contrast, the nonadherent fraction of organisms lacked detectable mannose-binding activity and were devoid of pili. Our results suggest that the binding activity of a mannose-specific lectin on the surface of E. coli can be quantitated directly on intact organisms, and the observed variations in the amount of mannose-binding activity among human isolates accounts for the variation in adherence of the organisms to mannose residues on epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:365747", "title": "Effect of L-form Streptococcus pyogenes and of lipoteichoic acid on human cells in tissue culture.", "content": "These studies showed the destruction of growing primary and established human cell lines with a predilection for the group A streptococci by an L-form of Streptococcus pyogenes adapted to grow in isotonic media. Also, this L-form was detected by fluorescent antibody for longer periods of time than by viable count in infected but recovered tissue culture monolayers. Additional studies with human heart cells showed changes in their protein profile and fatty acid content (but not composition) after L-form infection. This report is the first to show that the morphological changes and death of human kidney cells by this viable L-form were mimicked by the structurally different lipoteichoic acids from this organism and its parental streptococcus. These lipoteichoic acids were also equally effective in preventing attachment of S. pyogenes to human cell monolayers, but their deacylation obviated these two activities. Finally, the attachment of the isotonic L-form, as well as the parental streptococcus, to growing human kidney cells suggested that a rigid cell wall is not a prerequisite for host attachment in vitro.", "contents": "Effect of L-form Streptococcus pyogenes and of lipoteichoic acid on human cells in tissue culture. These studies showed the destruction of growing primary and established human cell lines with a predilection for the group A streptococci by an L-form of Streptococcus pyogenes adapted to grow in isotonic media. Also, this L-form was detected by fluorescent antibody for longer periods of time than by viable count in infected but recovered tissue culture monolayers. Additional studies with human heart cells showed changes in their protein profile and fatty acid content (but not composition) after L-form infection. This report is the first to show that the morphological changes and death of human kidney cells by this viable L-form were mimicked by the structurally different lipoteichoic acids from this organism and its parental streptococcus. These lipoteichoic acids were also equally effective in preventing attachment of S. pyogenes to human cell monolayers, but their deacylation obviated these two activities. Finally, the attachment of the isotonic L-form, as well as the parental streptococcus, to growing human kidney cells suggested that a rigid cell wall is not a prerequisite for host attachment in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:365748", "title": "Activation of the alternative complement pathway by a streptococcal lipoteichoic acid.", "content": "A glycerol lipoteichoic acid antigen from Streptococcus pyogenes 1-RP41 was found by rabbit erythrocyte hemolytic assay to activate the alternative complement pathway in human sera. Over a narrow concentration range of the teichoic acid, complement consumption was dose dependent, whereas at higher concentrations of the acid complement consumption could not be detected.", "contents": "Activation of the alternative complement pathway by a streptococcal lipoteichoic acid. A glycerol lipoteichoic acid antigen from Streptococcus pyogenes 1-RP41 was found by rabbit erythrocyte hemolytic assay to activate the alternative complement pathway in human sera. Over a narrow concentration range of the teichoic acid, complement consumption was dose dependent, whereas at higher concentrations of the acid complement consumption could not be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:365749", "title": "Comparison of the histamine hypersensitivity and the Limulus amoebocyte lysate tests for endotoxin activity.", "content": "The histamine hypersensitivity test and the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test were compared for their effectiveness to quantitate endotoxin activity. The two tests compared favorably in all the trials, except with a sample of endotoxin from Brucella abortus that gave a positive Limulus amoebocyte lysate test at a concentration of 0.001 microgram, while failing to sensitize mice to histamine at a dose of 16 microgram per mouse. The Limulus amoebocyte lysate test was more sensitive than the histamine hypersensitivity test.", "contents": "Comparison of the histamine hypersensitivity and the Limulus amoebocyte lysate tests for endotoxin activity. The histamine hypersensitivity test and the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test were compared for their effectiveness to quantitate endotoxin activity. The two tests compared favorably in all the trials, except with a sample of endotoxin from Brucella abortus that gave a positive Limulus amoebocyte lysate test at a concentration of 0.001 microgram, while failing to sensitize mice to histamine at a dose of 16 microgram per mouse. The Limulus amoebocyte lysate test was more sensitive than the histamine hypersensitivity test."}
{"id": "PMID:365750", "title": "Antibody-independent interaction of the first component of complement with Gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "The interaction of the first component of complement with two serum-sensitive strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae was studied. It could be demonstrated that highly purified C1, free of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M, binds to E. coli or K. pneumoniae. C1 binding was also found with specifically absorbed human serum, after incubation of bacteria with normal serum in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetate or agammaglobulinemic serum; the number of C1 molecules taken up by the bacteria was not influenced, indicating that C1 binding was independent of naturally occurring antibodies. C1 bound to bacteria was still able to cleave C4, the natural substrate of C1. From these observations, it is concluded that C1 in an enzymatically active state can be bound directly to bacteria independently of antibody.", "contents": "Antibody-independent interaction of the first component of complement with Gram-negative bacteria. The interaction of the first component of complement with two serum-sensitive strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae was studied. It could be demonstrated that highly purified C1, free of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M, binds to E. coli or K. pneumoniae. C1 binding was also found with specifically absorbed human serum, after incubation of bacteria with normal serum in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetate or agammaglobulinemic serum; the number of C1 molecules taken up by the bacteria was not influenced, indicating that C1 binding was independent of naturally occurring antibodies. C1 bound to bacteria was still able to cleave C4, the natural substrate of C1. From these observations, it is concluded that C1 in an enzymatically active state can be bound directly to bacteria independently of antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:365751", "title": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in infected mice elicited by cytoplasmic fractions of Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "Four subcellular fractions of Cryptococcus neoformans prepared by differential centrifugation of disrupted whole yeast and a 3-day culture filtrate were examined for their ability to elicit delayed-type hypersensitivity in sensitized animals. The methods used to detect sensitization were (i) the footpad swelling test and inhibition of peritoneal macrophage migration in mice and (ii) skin testing in guinea pigs. Two entities, the post-mitochondrial supernatant and the culture filtrate, showed considerable activity in the footpad test, with 26- and 30-microliter 24-h swellings, respectively, at 6 weeks after infection. With the latter there was interference from a strong antibody-mediated 4-h skin reaction. The post-mitochondrial supernatant produced strong delayed-type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs at a dose of 69 microgram, and there was no demonstrable cross-reactivity in animals sensitized with heterologous fungi. The footpad swelling in mice correlated well with the macrophage migration inhibition test, with 71% inhibition in mice infected subcutaneously with C. neoformans at 6 weeks. However, mice infected intravenously developed poorer cell-mediated immunity than the subcutaneously infected mice. The post-mitochondrial supernatant was found to contain detectable amounts of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide.", "contents": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in infected mice elicited by cytoplasmic fractions of Cryptococcus neoformans. Four subcellular fractions of Cryptococcus neoformans prepared by differential centrifugation of disrupted whole yeast and a 3-day culture filtrate were examined for their ability to elicit delayed-type hypersensitivity in sensitized animals. The methods used to detect sensitization were (i) the footpad swelling test and inhibition of peritoneal macrophage migration in mice and (ii) skin testing in guinea pigs. Two entities, the post-mitochondrial supernatant and the culture filtrate, showed considerable activity in the footpad test, with 26- and 30-microliter 24-h swellings, respectively, at 6 weeks after infection. With the latter there was interference from a strong antibody-mediated 4-h skin reaction. The post-mitochondrial supernatant produced strong delayed-type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs at a dose of 69 microgram, and there was no demonstrable cross-reactivity in animals sensitized with heterologous fungi. The footpad swelling in mice correlated well with the macrophage migration inhibition test, with 71% inhibition in mice infected subcutaneously with C. neoformans at 6 weeks. However, mice infected intravenously developed poorer cell-mediated immunity than the subcutaneously infected mice. The post-mitochondrial supernatant was found to contain detectable amounts of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide."}
{"id": "PMID:365752", "title": "Heat stability of Mycobacterium leprae immunogenicity.", "content": "The protection provided to mice by vaccines administered intradermally was measured after footpad challenge with Mycobacterium leprae. The protection offered by M. leprae suspensions was not decreased when the vaccines were killed by 60 degrees C heat or at the higher temperatures tested, which included 215 degrees C (autoclave). Even highly purified suspensions retained their immunogenicity. In contrast, the vaccine protection provided by intradermal M. bovis (strain BCG) was markedly reduced when heated to 60 degrees C. The enlargement of the lymph nodes regional to the intradermal vaccines was measured and found generally to parallel the vaccine protection provided by M. leprae and by BCG.", "contents": "Heat stability of Mycobacterium leprae immunogenicity. The protection provided to mice by vaccines administered intradermally was measured after footpad challenge with Mycobacterium leprae. The protection offered by M. leprae suspensions was not decreased when the vaccines were killed by 60 degrees C heat or at the higher temperatures tested, which included 215 degrees C (autoclave). Even highly purified suspensions retained their immunogenicity. In contrast, the vaccine protection provided by intradermal M. bovis (strain BCG) was markedly reduced when heated to 60 degrees C. The enlargement of the lymph nodes regional to the intradermal vaccines was measured and found generally to parallel the vaccine protection provided by M. leprae and by BCG."}
{"id": "PMID:365753", "title": "Interaction of human serum and neutrophils with Escherichia coli strains: differences between strains isolated from urine of patients with pyelonephritis or asymptomatic bacteriuria.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli isolated from the urine of children with pyelonephritis (n = 18) or asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) (n = 20) were serotyped and compared with respect to opsonic requirements, sensitivity to serum, amount of chemiluminescence produced by normal neutrophils during phagocytosis of the various strains, and amount of capsular antigen. Strains isolated from cases of ABU more often had the capacity to activate the alternative complement pathway than had strains causing pyelonephritis. The ABU strains were also better opsonized in fresh human serum and were more often serum sensitive than the pyelonephritic strains. There were individual variations in neutrophil chemiluminescence during phagocytosis of the various strains, but the two groups of strains did not differ significantly. The strains from pyelonephritis cases produced a greater amount of capsular antigens than the ABU strains. There was no correlation between presence of a particular O or K antigen and capacity to activate the alternative complement pathway. The observed differences between strains isolated from patients with ABU and those isolated from patients with pyelonephritis may be relevant for further studies on differences in bacterial virulence or host defense factors.", "contents": "Interaction of human serum and neutrophils with Escherichia coli strains: differences between strains isolated from urine of patients with pyelonephritis or asymptomatic bacteriuria. Strains of Escherichia coli isolated from the urine of children with pyelonephritis (n = 18) or asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) (n = 20) were serotyped and compared with respect to opsonic requirements, sensitivity to serum, amount of chemiluminescence produced by normal neutrophils during phagocytosis of the various strains, and amount of capsular antigen. Strains isolated from cases of ABU more often had the capacity to activate the alternative complement pathway than had strains causing pyelonephritis. The ABU strains were also better opsonized in fresh human serum and were more often serum sensitive than the pyelonephritic strains. There were individual variations in neutrophil chemiluminescence during phagocytosis of the various strains, but the two groups of strains did not differ significantly. The strains from pyelonephritis cases produced a greater amount of capsular antigens than the ABU strains. There was no correlation between presence of a particular O or K antigen and capacity to activate the alternative complement pathway. The observed differences between strains isolated from patients with ABU and those isolated from patients with pyelonephritis may be relevant for further studies on differences in bacterial virulence or host defense factors."}
{"id": "PMID:365754", "title": "Alterations in the tRNA's of Escherichia coli recovered from lethally infected animals.", "content": "Escherichia coli grown in chemically defined iron-deficient media or in fluids containing the iron-binding proteins transferrin, lactoferrin, or ovotransferrin have well-characterized alterations in the chromatographic properties of tRNA's containing the modified nucleoside 2-methylthio-N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)-adenosine. The present work shows that similar tRNA alterations occur in E. coli O111 recovered from the peritoneal cavities of lethally infected guinea pigs and rabbits. Adding iron to these in vivo-grown bacteria resulted in the rapid conversion of chromatographically abnormal tRNA's to the normal species. The work strongly suggests that host iron-binding proteins, present in mucosal and other secretions, can affect the metabolism of invading organisms. The idea that the tRNA alterations are connected with the adaptation of E. coli to growth under the iron restricted conditions imposed by iron-binding proteins in tissue fluids, and thus with bacterial pathogenicity, is therefore made particularly attractive.", "contents": "Alterations in the tRNA's of Escherichia coli recovered from lethally infected animals. Escherichia coli grown in chemically defined iron-deficient media or in fluids containing the iron-binding proteins transferrin, lactoferrin, or ovotransferrin have well-characterized alterations in the chromatographic properties of tRNA's containing the modified nucleoside 2-methylthio-N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)-adenosine. The present work shows that similar tRNA alterations occur in E. coli O111 recovered from the peritoneal cavities of lethally infected guinea pigs and rabbits. Adding iron to these in vivo-grown bacteria resulted in the rapid conversion of chromatographically abnormal tRNA's to the normal species. The work strongly suggests that host iron-binding proteins, present in mucosal and other secretions, can affect the metabolism of invading organisms. The idea that the tRNA alterations are connected with the adaptation of E. coli to growth under the iron restricted conditions imposed by iron-binding proteins in tissue fluids, and thus with bacterial pathogenicity, is therefore made particularly attractive."}
{"id": "PMID:365755", "title": "Association between cross-reacting Escherichia coli K100 and disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b.", "content": "An unexpected association between Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB) disease and simultaneous intestinal colonization with cross-reacting Escherichia coli K100 strains is reported. E. coli K100 were found in 18 of 92 (19.5%) HIB patients, compared with 2.5% in healthy individuals of comparable age and in none of 21 patients with meningitis caused by other bacteria. There was no difference in disease outcome, serum antibodies, and circulating HIB antigen between the E. coli K100-positive and -negative HIB patients. Possible explanations and implications of this association are discussed.", "contents": "Association between cross-reacting Escherichia coli K100 and disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. An unexpected association between Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB) disease and simultaneous intestinal colonization with cross-reacting Escherichia coli K100 strains is reported. E. coli K100 were found in 18 of 92 (19.5%) HIB patients, compared with 2.5% in healthy individuals of comparable age and in none of 21 patients with meningitis caused by other bacteria. There was no difference in disease outcome, serum antibodies, and circulating HIB antigen between the E. coli K100-positive and -negative HIB patients. Possible explanations and implications of this association are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365756", "title": "Hyporeactivity factor produced after induction of immune interferon in mice sensitized with BCG.", "content": "Sera from BCG-sensitized ICR and C57BL/10J mice challenged with BCG were examined. Two types of hyporeactive factor (HF), which produced refractoriness to induction of interferon (IF) by Newcastle disease virus in mouse embryo fibroblasts, were produced in addition to type II immune IF. One was destroyed at pH 2, and the other was not. The acid-labile HF, together with immune IF, appeared 2 h after challenge with BCG. Acid-labile HF and immune IF were not neutralized by antiserum against L-cell IF and may be one substance. On the other hand, acid-stable HF appeared later and was neutralized by antiserum against L-cell IF. Furthermore, acid-stable HF was more stable at 56 degrees C than were immune IF and pH-labile HF. Induction of IF by Newcastle disease virus was also reduced in mice 6 h after receiving one injection of BCG, irrespective of whether the animals were previously sensitized to BCG.", "contents": "Hyporeactivity factor produced after induction of immune interferon in mice sensitized with BCG. Sera from BCG-sensitized ICR and C57BL/10J mice challenged with BCG were examined. Two types of hyporeactive factor (HF), which produced refractoriness to induction of interferon (IF) by Newcastle disease virus in mouse embryo fibroblasts, were produced in addition to type II immune IF. One was destroyed at pH 2, and the other was not. The acid-labile HF, together with immune IF, appeared 2 h after challenge with BCG. Acid-labile HF and immune IF were not neutralized by antiserum against L-cell IF and may be one substance. On the other hand, acid-stable HF appeared later and was neutralized by antiserum against L-cell IF. Furthermore, acid-stable HF was more stable at 56 degrees C than were immune IF and pH-labile HF. Induction of IF by Newcastle disease virus was also reduced in mice 6 h after receiving one injection of BCG, irrespective of whether the animals were previously sensitized to BCG."}
{"id": "PMID:365757", "title": "Role of bacterial products in periodontitis: humoral immune response to Eikenella corrodens.", "content": "Eikenella corrodens can induce periodontitis-like disease in gnotobiotic rats. Some components of this bacterial cell elicit measurable humoral immune response during the development of the disease, but in this system endotoxin is not among the efficient immunogens. Because no humoral immune response could be seen to the endotoxin of Eikenella corrodens it is assumed that this endotoxin can act uncontrolled in monoinfected rats. Accordingly, the lack of protective humoral immune response to pathogenic components of Eikenella corrodens may be the major factor permitting the development of the disease described here. The possibility that both cell-mediated immunity and uncontrolled endotoxic action are parts of the pathomechanism of the disease is supported by our observations.", "contents": "Role of bacterial products in periodontitis: humoral immune response to Eikenella corrodens. Eikenella corrodens can induce periodontitis-like disease in gnotobiotic rats. Some components of this bacterial cell elicit measurable humoral immune response during the development of the disease, but in this system endotoxin is not among the efficient immunogens. Because no humoral immune response could be seen to the endotoxin of Eikenella corrodens it is assumed that this endotoxin can act uncontrolled in monoinfected rats. Accordingly, the lack of protective humoral immune response to pathogenic components of Eikenella corrodens may be the major factor permitting the development of the disease described here. The possibility that both cell-mediated immunity and uncontrolled endotoxic action are parts of the pathomechanism of the disease is supported by our observations."}
{"id": "PMID:365758", "title": "Adherence of an enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli to human intestinal mucosa is mediated by a colicinogenic conjugative plasmid.", "content": "The capacity of a human enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strain serotype O26:K60:H11, to adhere to the mucosa of the human fetal small intestine was shown to be plasmid mediated. Adherence was transferred at a high frequency in a long-term conjugal mating experiment to E. coli K-12 and was lost by treatment of the EPEC strain with the curing agent ethidium bromide. Analysis of radioactively labeled DNA from lysates of the EPEC, transconjugant, and cured strains indicated that adherence was correlated with the presence of plasmid DNA species with an approximate average molecular weight of 56 X 10(6). Resistance to the antibiotics spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline and production of colicin Ib were all transferred in long-term mating and lost upon curing coordinately with the property of adherence. In conjugal mating experiments of limited duration between E. coli K-12 strains, however, segregation of colicin production and mucosal adherence from multiple drug resistance was observed. Analysis of plasmid DNA of segregant transconjugant strains confirmed the presence in the 56 X 10(6)-dalton plasmid species of two previously unresolved components, pLG101 designating the ColIb plasmid which also carries the determinant for mucosal adherence and pLG102 representing the slightly smaller multiple drug resistance plasmid.", "contents": "Adherence of an enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli to human intestinal mucosa is mediated by a colicinogenic conjugative plasmid. The capacity of a human enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strain serotype O26:K60:H11, to adhere to the mucosa of the human fetal small intestine was shown to be plasmid mediated. Adherence was transferred at a high frequency in a long-term conjugal mating experiment to E. coli K-12 and was lost by treatment of the EPEC strain with the curing agent ethidium bromide. Analysis of radioactively labeled DNA from lysates of the EPEC, transconjugant, and cured strains indicated that adherence was correlated with the presence of plasmid DNA species with an approximate average molecular weight of 56 X 10(6). Resistance to the antibiotics spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline and production of colicin Ib were all transferred in long-term mating and lost upon curing coordinately with the property of adherence. In conjugal mating experiments of limited duration between E. coli K-12 strains, however, segregation of colicin production and mucosal adherence from multiple drug resistance was observed. Analysis of plasmid DNA of segregant transconjugant strains confirmed the presence in the 56 X 10(6)-dalton plasmid species of two previously unresolved components, pLG101 designating the ColIb plasmid which also carries the determinant for mucosal adherence and pLG102 representing the slightly smaller multiple drug resistance plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:365759", "title": "Differences in hydrophobic surface characteristics of porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli with or without K88 antigen as revealed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography.", "content": "Porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains possessing or lacking K88 antigen were studied by using hydrophobic interaction chromatography on cross-linked agarose gels with alkyl or aryl substituents (amphiphilic gels) to determine whether or not they possessed surface-associated hydrophobic properties. Strains with K88ab or K88ac antigen adsorbed to phenyl and octyl Sepharose gels in the presence of 4 M sodium chloride. This property correlated with phenotypic expression of K88 antigen. Cells grown at 37 degrees C but not those grown at 18 degrees C possessed hydrophobic adsorptive characteristics in addition to the property of mannose-resistant hemagglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes. Adsorption of K88-positive strains to gels with hydrophobic ligands was independent of O group and enterotoxicity. Strains lacking K88 antigen did not adsorb to the hydrophobically substituted derivatives of Sepharose and lacked mannose-resistant hemagglutinating characteristics. Neither the presence of additional polysaccharide K antigens nor nonhemagglutinating pili conferred the property of hydrophobic interaction on the strains. K88-positive bacteria had a lower electrophoretic migration rate than did K88-negative bacteria of the same serotype in free-zone electrophoresis. K88-positive bacteria also adsorbed strongly to hydrophobic ligands in the presence of 1 M ammonium sulfate, whereas K88-negative strains did not. These observations provide evidence for the suspected role of hydrophobic interaction in the adhesive properties of certain enteropathogenic strains of E. coli. Moreover, hydrophobic interaction chromatography provides convenient and rapid alternative means of screening strains for a property potentially associated with adhesiveness.", "contents": "Differences in hydrophobic surface characteristics of porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli with or without K88 antigen as revealed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains possessing or lacking K88 antigen were studied by using hydrophobic interaction chromatography on cross-linked agarose gels with alkyl or aryl substituents (amphiphilic gels) to determine whether or not they possessed surface-associated hydrophobic properties. Strains with K88ab or K88ac antigen adsorbed to phenyl and octyl Sepharose gels in the presence of 4 M sodium chloride. This property correlated with phenotypic expression of K88 antigen. Cells grown at 37 degrees C but not those grown at 18 degrees C possessed hydrophobic adsorptive characteristics in addition to the property of mannose-resistant hemagglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes. Adsorption of K88-positive strains to gels with hydrophobic ligands was independent of O group and enterotoxicity. Strains lacking K88 antigen did not adsorb to the hydrophobically substituted derivatives of Sepharose and lacked mannose-resistant hemagglutinating characteristics. Neither the presence of additional polysaccharide K antigens nor nonhemagglutinating pili conferred the property of hydrophobic interaction on the strains. K88-positive bacteria had a lower electrophoretic migration rate than did K88-negative bacteria of the same serotype in free-zone electrophoresis. K88-positive bacteria also adsorbed strongly to hydrophobic ligands in the presence of 1 M ammonium sulfate, whereas K88-negative strains did not. These observations provide evidence for the suspected role of hydrophobic interaction in the adhesive properties of certain enteropathogenic strains of E. coli. Moreover, hydrophobic interaction chromatography provides convenient and rapid alternative means of screening strains for a property potentially associated with adhesiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:365760", "title": "Dynamics of Escherichia coli infection and meningitis in infant rats.", "content": "Escherichia coli strains isolated from newborn infants were injected intraperitoneally into infant rats. Strains possessing the K1 capsular polysaccharide antigen were significantly more virulent than strains lacking this antigen. When 5-day-old animals were injected with 1.2 X 10(1) colony forming units of a K1 E. coli strain (serotype O18ac:K1:H7), about 80% had bacteria isolated from their blood. Forty-eight percent of bacteremic animals had positive cerebrospinal fluid cultures. The development of bacteremia with greater than 10(4) colony-forming units per ml of blood correlated with positive cultures of cerebrospinal fluid. Some animals, studied with serial blood cultures, were able to clear bacteria spontaneously from their blood, whereas others succumbed to infection within 48 h of challenge. The susceptibility of infant rats to E. coli infection was age dependent and appeared related to the K1 antigen.", "contents": "Dynamics of Escherichia coli infection and meningitis in infant rats. Escherichia coli strains isolated from newborn infants were injected intraperitoneally into infant rats. Strains possessing the K1 capsular polysaccharide antigen were significantly more virulent than strains lacking this antigen. When 5-day-old animals were injected with 1.2 X 10(1) colony forming units of a K1 E. coli strain (serotype O18ac:K1:H7), about 80% had bacteria isolated from their blood. Forty-eight percent of bacteremic animals had positive cerebrospinal fluid cultures. The development of bacteremia with greater than 10(4) colony-forming units per ml of blood correlated with positive cultures of cerebrospinal fluid. Some animals, studied with serial blood cultures, were able to clear bacteria spontaneously from their blood, whereas others succumbed to infection within 48 h of challenge. The susceptibility of infant rats to E. coli infection was age dependent and appeared related to the K1 antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:365761", "title": "Effects of injected iron and siderophores on infections in normal and immune mice.", "content": "The fate of virulent and avirulent strains of Salmonella typhimurium in untreated and iron-injected mice and in transferrin-containing media demonstrated a direct relationship between bacterial virulence and the ability of bacteria to acquire transferrin-bound iron. Effects of injected iron on the development of infections with virulent and avirulent bacterial strains were determined in normal and immune mice by determinations of bacterial numbers in tissue homogenates and the mortality of infected animals. Results showed that infected and iron-injected mice died much more rapidly and frequently from overwhelming infections than infected and saline-injected mice. The infection-promoting effect of iron varied with the degree of bacterial virulence; the more virulent the bacteria, the more helpful was iron for the development of lethal infections. Siderophores promoted lethal infections in mice infected with virulent but not with avirulent bacteria. Experiments with vaccinated animals showed that iron exerted a deleterious effect on acquired immunity. Immune mice infected with virulent bacteria and injected with iron developed lethal infections as rapidly and nearly as frequently as similarly treated normal mice. Siderophores did not promote the development of lethal infections in immune mice. The effectiveness of iron, but not of siderophores, to promote bacterial infections in vaccinated mice revealed that acquired immunity is dependent upon the activity of an iron-neutralizable antibacterial system.", "contents": "Effects of injected iron and siderophores on infections in normal and immune mice. The fate of virulent and avirulent strains of Salmonella typhimurium in untreated and iron-injected mice and in transferrin-containing media demonstrated a direct relationship between bacterial virulence and the ability of bacteria to acquire transferrin-bound iron. Effects of injected iron on the development of infections with virulent and avirulent bacterial strains were determined in normal and immune mice by determinations of bacterial numbers in tissue homogenates and the mortality of infected animals. Results showed that infected and iron-injected mice died much more rapidly and frequently from overwhelming infections than infected and saline-injected mice. The infection-promoting effect of iron varied with the degree of bacterial virulence; the more virulent the bacteria, the more helpful was iron for the development of lethal infections. Siderophores promoted lethal infections in mice infected with virulent but not with avirulent bacteria. Experiments with vaccinated animals showed that iron exerted a deleterious effect on acquired immunity. Immune mice infected with virulent bacteria and injected with iron developed lethal infections as rapidly and nearly as frequently as similarly treated normal mice. Siderophores did not promote the development of lethal infections in immune mice. The effectiveness of iron, but not of siderophores, to promote bacterial infections in vaccinated mice revealed that acquired immunity is dependent upon the activity of an iron-neutralizable antibacterial system."}
{"id": "PMID:365762", "title": "Growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in nonstimulated and stimulated mouse peritoneal-derived and bone marrrow-derived macrophages in vitro.", "content": "Mycobacterium lepraemurium cells were found to multiply in normal mouse peritoneal-derived and bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro. Whereas activated peritoneal-derived macrophages demonstrated marked bacteriostasis for M. lepraemurium, significant bactericidal activity was exhibited by activated bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, only a small proportion of the bacterial were killed by activated bone marrow-derived macrophages with subsequent and enhanced bacteria growth. It is suggested that a rapid turnover of monocytes in active lesions is required to control mycobacterial infections in vivo. These results would suggest that careful consideration be given to the choice of the host cell in studies involving obligate intracellular parasites.", "contents": "Growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in nonstimulated and stimulated mouse peritoneal-derived and bone marrrow-derived macrophages in vitro. Mycobacterium lepraemurium cells were found to multiply in normal mouse peritoneal-derived and bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro. Whereas activated peritoneal-derived macrophages demonstrated marked bacteriostasis for M. lepraemurium, significant bactericidal activity was exhibited by activated bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, only a small proportion of the bacterial were killed by activated bone marrow-derived macrophages with subsequent and enhanced bacteria growth. It is suggested that a rapid turnover of monocytes in active lesions is required to control mycobacterial infections in vivo. These results would suggest that careful consideration be given to the choice of the host cell in studies involving obligate intracellular parasites."}
{"id": "PMID:365763", "title": "Strain difference of delayed-type hypersensitivity to BCG and its genetic control in mice.", "content": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity to BCG was remarkably different in two inbred strains of mice, SWM/Ms and C3H/He, when measured by the spleen index, the disappearance of peritoneal macrophage, or the footpad reaction. High responsiveness in the SWM/Ms strain appeared to be dominant over low responsiveness in the C3H/He strain. Results of the footpad reaction test if F1, F2, and backcross hybrids of these two strains of mice suggested that the delayed-type hypersensitivity was mainly controlled by a gene which was transmitted under Mendel's laws and was possibly non-H-2 linked. The spleen cells and their nylon wool nonadherent fraction from BCG-infected C3H/He mice were not reactive to purified protein derivative in vitro, whereas both the spleen cells and the nylon wool nonadherent fraction from BCG-infected SWM/Ms mice reacted well to purified protein derivative. Possible mechanisms of the different responses in the delayed-type hypersensitivity to BCG were discussed.", "contents": "Strain difference of delayed-type hypersensitivity to BCG and its genetic control in mice. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to BCG was remarkably different in two inbred strains of mice, SWM/Ms and C3H/He, when measured by the spleen index, the disappearance of peritoneal macrophage, or the footpad reaction. High responsiveness in the SWM/Ms strain appeared to be dominant over low responsiveness in the C3H/He strain. Results of the footpad reaction test if F1, F2, and backcross hybrids of these two strains of mice suggested that the delayed-type hypersensitivity was mainly controlled by a gene which was transmitted under Mendel's laws and was possibly non-H-2 linked. The spleen cells and their nylon wool nonadherent fraction from BCG-infected C3H/He mice were not reactive to purified protein derivative in vitro, whereas both the spleen cells and the nylon wool nonadherent fraction from BCG-infected SWM/Ms mice reacted well to purified protein derivative. Possible mechanisms of the different responses in the delayed-type hypersensitivity to BCG were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365764", "title": "Nonspecific and specific immunological mitogenicity by group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins.", "content": "Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) types A, B, and C induced lymphocyte proliferation both specifically and nonspecifically, and the responses showed characteristics associated with both types of stimulation. Guinea pig lymphocytes from animals presensitized to SPE A displayed immunologically specific proliferation in response to SPE A; control lymphocytes showed little activity in the presence of SPE A. Lymphocytes from guinea pigs not presensitized to SPE responded nonspecifically to SPE types B and C. Guinea pig lymphocytes from SPE A-presensitized animals showed enhanced proliferation over controls when treated with SPE B, suggesting that a degree of cross-reactivity between SPE types may exist, though they are serologically distinct. Mouse splenic lymphocytes exhibited low-level responsiveness to all SPE types, as would be expected for an antigen-specific proliferative response. Unlike mouse splenic lymphocytes, rabbit spleen cells and human cord blood, lymphocytes responded nonspecifically to all SPE types. Although rabbit spleen cells and human cord blood lymphocytes responded nonspecifically, the maximum response occurred at day 4 or 5, comparable to an antigen-specific system rather than a day 2 or 3 such as that with the nonspecific thymus-derived cell mitogen, concanavalin A.", "contents": "Nonspecific and specific immunological mitogenicity by group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins. Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) types A, B, and C induced lymphocyte proliferation both specifically and nonspecifically, and the responses showed characteristics associated with both types of stimulation. Guinea pig lymphocytes from animals presensitized to SPE A displayed immunologically specific proliferation in response to SPE A; control lymphocytes showed little activity in the presence of SPE A. Lymphocytes from guinea pigs not presensitized to SPE responded nonspecifically to SPE types B and C. Guinea pig lymphocytes from SPE A-presensitized animals showed enhanced proliferation over controls when treated with SPE B, suggesting that a degree of cross-reactivity between SPE types may exist, though they are serologically distinct. Mouse splenic lymphocytes exhibited low-level responsiveness to all SPE types, as would be expected for an antigen-specific proliferative response. Unlike mouse splenic lymphocytes, rabbit spleen cells and human cord blood, lymphocytes responded nonspecifically to all SPE types. Although rabbit spleen cells and human cord blood lymphocytes responded nonspecifically, the maximum response occurred at day 4 or 5, comparable to an antigen-specific system rather than a day 2 or 3 such as that with the nonspecific thymus-derived cell mitogen, concanavalin A."}
{"id": "PMID:365765", "title": "Influence of oxygen tension, sulfhydryl compounds, and serum on the motility and virulence of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) in a cell-free system.", "content": "The motility and virulence of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) were monitored during incubation in a modified tissue culture medium to study the effects of oxygen tension and medium composition on survival of the organism. A basal medium of Eagle minimal essential medium with 50% fresh, heat-inactivated normal rabbit serum was used inasmuch as better survival occurred with 50% normal rabbit serum than with lower concentrations. Addition of 0.5 to 2.0 mM dithiothreitol or 2.0 mM dithioerythritol to the basal medium led to significantly longer retention of T. pallidum viability in the presence of 3% oxygen than under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The results of this investigation lend support to the classification of T. pallidum as a microaerophilic organism and provide direction for the design of potentially successful culture systems, with or without tissue culture cells.", "contents": "Influence of oxygen tension, sulfhydryl compounds, and serum on the motility and virulence of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) in a cell-free system. The motility and virulence of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) were monitored during incubation in a modified tissue culture medium to study the effects of oxygen tension and medium composition on survival of the organism. A basal medium of Eagle minimal essential medium with 50% fresh, heat-inactivated normal rabbit serum was used inasmuch as better survival occurred with 50% normal rabbit serum than with lower concentrations. Addition of 0.5 to 2.0 mM dithiothreitol or 2.0 mM dithioerythritol to the basal medium led to significantly longer retention of T. pallidum viability in the presence of 3% oxygen than under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The results of this investigation lend support to the classification of T. pallidum as a microaerophilic organism and provide direction for the design of potentially successful culture systems, with or without tissue culture cells."}
{"id": "PMID:365766", "title": "Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase: stimulation by phospholipids from human sera and oral fluids.", "content": "Serum, gingival crevicular fluid, and parotid, submandibular, and labial minor gland saliva from four individuals stimulated glucan formation from sucrose by the Streptococcus mutans strain 6715 dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5). At final dilutions of 1:10 all of the fluids stimulated crude enzyme preparations approximately 1.8-fold. The fluids stimulated the purified water-insoluble glucan-synthesizing form of the dextransucrase approximately 3.2-fold and the water-soluble glucan-producing form of the enzyme approximately 2.4-fold. The fluids all contained concentrations of stimulatory material that could be reduced to undetectable levels only after dilutions of greater than 1:1,000. The increased rates of glucan formation caused by the fluids and dextran were additive, indicating that stimulation by the fluids was primarily due to interactions with entities other than glucan primer molecules. In contrast, the elevated levels of glucan formation in the presence of the fluids was not further enhanced by the addition of lysophosphatidylcholine. Lysophosphatidylcholine purified from parotid and submandibular saliva by solvent extraction and thin-layer chromatography stimulated the dextransucrase as effectively as egg yolk lysophosphatidylcholine. Thus, phospholipids normally found in human oral fluids can enhance the activity of an enzyme believed to be directly associated with the cariogenic potential of S. mutans.", "contents": "Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase: stimulation by phospholipids from human sera and oral fluids. Serum, gingival crevicular fluid, and parotid, submandibular, and labial minor gland saliva from four individuals stimulated glucan formation from sucrose by the Streptococcus mutans strain 6715 dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5). At final dilutions of 1:10 all of the fluids stimulated crude enzyme preparations approximately 1.8-fold. The fluids stimulated the purified water-insoluble glucan-synthesizing form of the dextransucrase approximately 3.2-fold and the water-soluble glucan-producing form of the enzyme approximately 2.4-fold. The fluids all contained concentrations of stimulatory material that could be reduced to undetectable levels only after dilutions of greater than 1:1,000. The increased rates of glucan formation caused by the fluids and dextran were additive, indicating that stimulation by the fluids was primarily due to interactions with entities other than glucan primer molecules. In contrast, the elevated levels of glucan formation in the presence of the fluids was not further enhanced by the addition of lysophosphatidylcholine. Lysophosphatidylcholine purified from parotid and submandibular saliva by solvent extraction and thin-layer chromatography stimulated the dextransucrase as effectively as egg yolk lysophosphatidylcholine. Thus, phospholipids normally found in human oral fluids can enhance the activity of an enzyme believed to be directly associated with the cariogenic potential of S. mutans."}
{"id": "PMID:365767", "title": "Genetics of Treponema: characterization of Treponema hyodysenteriae and its relationship to Treponema pallidum.", "content": "Saturation reassociation assays with 125I-labeled treponemal DNAs show that Treponema hyodysenteriae is genetically unrelated to T. pallidum (Nichols), T. phagedenis biotype Reiter, and T. refringens biotype Noguchi. Pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates of T. hyodysenteriae exhibited 28% sequence homology and had an extremely low guanine-plus-cytosine content (25.8%).", "contents": "Genetics of Treponema: characterization of Treponema hyodysenteriae and its relationship to Treponema pallidum. Saturation reassociation assays with 125I-labeled treponemal DNAs show that Treponema hyodysenteriae is genetically unrelated to T. pallidum (Nichols), T. phagedenis biotype Reiter, and T. refringens biotype Noguchi. Pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates of T. hyodysenteriae exhibited 28% sequence homology and had an extremely low guanine-plus-cytosine content (25.8%)."}
{"id": "PMID:365768", "title": "Intestinal colonization and virulence of Salmonella in mice.", "content": "Within 3 h after oral challenge of mice with Salmonella typhimurium, foci of infection developed in the Peyer's patches of the small intestine. The numbers of organisms in the cecum, although in excess of those found in the small intestine, were not firmly associated with the cecal wall but were present largely in the cecum's contents. The Peyer's patches at first were remarkably incapable of eliminating even small numbers of Salmonella, but at about 7 days after infection developed the ability to eliminate a less virulent strain of S. typhimurium. Selected strains of Salmonella of varied virulence, and hybrid Escherichia coli/Salmonella typhimurium with varied O-antigens, revealed that those of low virulence could multiply within the intestinal Peyer's patches at nearly the same rate as a virulent strain, and the ability to multiply within the Peyer's patches was not dependent upon O-antigen type or smooth lipopolysaccharide. The ability of these strains to adhere to intestinal mucosa in vitro did not reflect on their ability to colonize the Peyer's patches, although strains of high in vitro adhesive ability appeared in greater numbers initially after oral challenge. Anti-O serum, ineffective in reducing the in vitro adhesive ability of virulent S. typhimurium, when given with the oral challenge prevented Peyer's patch colonization but was unable to prevent the appearance of a systemic infection. Anti-H serum, although effective in vitro in preventing adherence, had no effect in vivo. These experiments suggest that adhesiveness is neither essential nor sufficient for the virulence of Salmonella and that the usual development of a systemic infection after colonization of the small intestinal Peyer's patches may be subverted by the presence of O-antibody.", "contents": "Intestinal colonization and virulence of Salmonella in mice. Within 3 h after oral challenge of mice with Salmonella typhimurium, foci of infection developed in the Peyer's patches of the small intestine. The numbers of organisms in the cecum, although in excess of those found in the small intestine, were not firmly associated with the cecal wall but were present largely in the cecum's contents. The Peyer's patches at first were remarkably incapable of eliminating even small numbers of Salmonella, but at about 7 days after infection developed the ability to eliminate a less virulent strain of S. typhimurium. Selected strains of Salmonella of varied virulence, and hybrid Escherichia coli/Salmonella typhimurium with varied O-antigens, revealed that those of low virulence could multiply within the intestinal Peyer's patches at nearly the same rate as a virulent strain, and the ability to multiply within the Peyer's patches was not dependent upon O-antigen type or smooth lipopolysaccharide. The ability of these strains to adhere to intestinal mucosa in vitro did not reflect on their ability to colonize the Peyer's patches, although strains of high in vitro adhesive ability appeared in greater numbers initially after oral challenge. Anti-O serum, ineffective in reducing the in vitro adhesive ability of virulent S. typhimurium, when given with the oral challenge prevented Peyer's patch colonization but was unable to prevent the appearance of a systemic infection. Anti-H serum, although effective in vitro in preventing adherence, had no effect in vivo. These experiments suggest that adhesiveness is neither essential nor sufficient for the virulence of Salmonella and that the usual development of a systemic infection after colonization of the small intestinal Peyer's patches may be subverted by the presence of O-antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:365769", "title": "Immunization of suckling pigs against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced diarrheal disease by vaccinating dams with purified 987 or K99 pili: protection correlates with pilus homology of vaccine and challenge.", "content": "Pregnant gilts were vaccinated with purified strain 987 pili (987P), strain K99 pili, or a saline-formaldehyde control. Suckling pigs born to vaccinated gilts were allowed to consume colostrum and were then challenged intragastrically with one of three enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains: 987 (O9:K103, 987P:NM), 74-5208 (02O:K101, 987P:NM) or 431 (O101:K30, 99:NM). In litters where the dam was vaccinated with the same pilus as that possessed by the challenge organism, the incidence and duration of diarrhea and the degree of intestinal colonization (either duration or extent) were less than those of the other vaccine groups. Surviving pigs in the homologous vaccine groups also had better weight gains than pigs in the other vaccine groups. The experiments extend and confirm previous reports that vaccination of the dam with purified pili confers protection to neonatal suckling pigs against diarrheal disease caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli strains that possess the same pili. Protection did not extend to enterotoxigenic strains possessing different pili.", "contents": "Immunization of suckling pigs against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced diarrheal disease by vaccinating dams with purified 987 or K99 pili: protection correlates with pilus homology of vaccine and challenge. Pregnant gilts were vaccinated with purified strain 987 pili (987P), strain K99 pili, or a saline-formaldehyde control. Suckling pigs born to vaccinated gilts were allowed to consume colostrum and were then challenged intragastrically with one of three enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains: 987 (O9:K103, 987P:NM), 74-5208 (02O:K101, 987P:NM) or 431 (O101:K30, 99:NM). In litters where the dam was vaccinated with the same pilus as that possessed by the challenge organism, the incidence and duration of diarrhea and the degree of intestinal colonization (either duration or extent) were less than those of the other vaccine groups. Surviving pigs in the homologous vaccine groups also had better weight gains than pigs in the other vaccine groups. The experiments extend and confirm previous reports that vaccination of the dam with purified pili confers protection to neonatal suckling pigs against diarrheal disease caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli strains that possess the same pili. Protection did not extend to enterotoxigenic strains possessing different pili."}
{"id": "PMID:365770", "title": "Host defenses in murine malaria: induction of a protracted state of immunity with a formalin-killed Plasmodium berghei blood parasite vaccine.", "content": "Random-bred mice were immunized with a nonliving antigen prepared from mixed-blood forms of Plasmodium berghei, strain NYU-2, in combination with Corynebacterium parvum and/or living BCG. A high proportion of intravenously immunized mice survived virulent challenge, but subcutaneous vaccination was less effective. Vaccinated mice developed a patent infection after challenge similar to that observed in normal controls. However, between days 12 to 20 postchallenge, infections in some vaccinated mice became subpatent, whereas infections in all normal controls progressed until death. The incidence of recrudescent infection was low and, eventually, a state of sterile immunity was established. The capacity of vaccinated mice to withstand P. berghei challenge was sustained at a fairly stable level for the 6-month period of observation. Mice that had survived a primary infection with P. berghei almost completely suppressed a second and larger challenge with the same organism.", "contents": "Host defenses in murine malaria: induction of a protracted state of immunity with a formalin-killed Plasmodium berghei blood parasite vaccine. Random-bred mice were immunized with a nonliving antigen prepared from mixed-blood forms of Plasmodium berghei, strain NYU-2, in combination with Corynebacterium parvum and/or living BCG. A high proportion of intravenously immunized mice survived virulent challenge, but subcutaneous vaccination was less effective. Vaccinated mice developed a patent infection after challenge similar to that observed in normal controls. However, between days 12 to 20 postchallenge, infections in some vaccinated mice became subpatent, whereas infections in all normal controls progressed until death. The incidence of recrudescent infection was low and, eventually, a state of sterile immunity was established. The capacity of vaccinated mice to withstand P. berghei challenge was sustained at a fairly stable level for the 6-month period of observation. Mice that had survived a primary infection with P. berghei almost completely suppressed a second and larger challenge with the same organism."}
{"id": "PMID:365771", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the interaction between Salmonella typhimurium 395 M and HeLa cells.", "content": "The interaction of Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS and its rough Rd-mutant 395 MR10 with HeLa cells was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The bacteria attached to central as well as more marginal positions of the HeLa cell surface. Bacteria associated preferentially to HeLa cells with a relatively low number of microvilli, in which they often were entangled. Bacteria attached to the cell border were sometimes surrounded by membrane folds, possibly as a response to their attachment. Infected cells had longer and more slender microvilli compared with noninfected cells. Some parts of the attached bacteria were in close contact with the HeLa cell membrane, whereas other parts were separated from the latter by a gap. Bacteria adhered preferentially to microvilli without obvious membrane damage. Most of the intracellular bacteria were surrounded by a membrane, often appearing as a vacuole, which sometimes contained more than one bacterium. Intracellular bacteria seemed to be morphologically intact. We propose that S. typhimurium enter HeLa cells by a process of phagocytosis.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the interaction between Salmonella typhimurium 395 M and HeLa cells. The interaction of Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS and its rough Rd-mutant 395 MR10 with HeLa cells was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The bacteria attached to central as well as more marginal positions of the HeLa cell surface. Bacteria associated preferentially to HeLa cells with a relatively low number of microvilli, in which they often were entangled. Bacteria attached to the cell border were sometimes surrounded by membrane folds, possibly as a response to their attachment. Infected cells had longer and more slender microvilli compared with noninfected cells. Some parts of the attached bacteria were in close contact with the HeLa cell membrane, whereas other parts were separated from the latter by a gap. Bacteria adhered preferentially to microvilli without obvious membrane damage. Most of the intracellular bacteria were surrounded by a membrane, often appearing as a vacuole, which sometimes contained more than one bacterium. Intracellular bacteria seemed to be morphologically intact. We propose that S. typhimurium enter HeLa cells by a process of phagocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:365772", "title": "Lung response to congenitally athymic (nude), heterozygous, and Swiss Webster mice to aerogenic and intranasal infection by Nocardia asteroides.", "content": "Congenitally athymic (nude, Nu/Nu), heterozygous (Nu/+), and Swiss Webster mice were exposed to virulent Nocardia asteroides GUH-2 inhaled from aerosols or administered intranasally. Clearance of the bacteria from the lungs was determined at 6 h and 1, 2, 3 and 7 days after infection. N. asteroides aspirated into the lungs from intranasal administration were killed less rapidly and induced more severe pulmonary infections than did comparable numbers of organisms inhaled from aerosols. Bacterial clearance and histological data indicated that nude mice were significantly more susceptible to nocardial infection than were heterozygous littermates or Swiss Webster mice. From these data we conclude that: (i) pulmonary defenses cope less well with intranasally administered N. asteroides than with aerosolized organisms, (ii) alveolar macrophages alone appear not to be an efficient barrier to nocardial infections, and (iii) T cells are important to pulmonary clearance and prevention of dissemination of N. asteroides from the lung.", "contents": "Lung response to congenitally athymic (nude), heterozygous, and Swiss Webster mice to aerogenic and intranasal infection by Nocardia asteroides. Congenitally athymic (nude, Nu/Nu), heterozygous (Nu/+), and Swiss Webster mice were exposed to virulent Nocardia asteroides GUH-2 inhaled from aerosols or administered intranasally. Clearance of the bacteria from the lungs was determined at 6 h and 1, 2, 3 and 7 days after infection. N. asteroides aspirated into the lungs from intranasal administration were killed less rapidly and induced more severe pulmonary infections than did comparable numbers of organisms inhaled from aerosols. Bacterial clearance and histological data indicated that nude mice were significantly more susceptible to nocardial infection than were heterozygous littermates or Swiss Webster mice. From these data we conclude that: (i) pulmonary defenses cope less well with intranasally administered N. asteroides than with aerosolized organisms, (ii) alveolar macrophages alone appear not to be an efficient barrier to nocardial infections, and (iii) T cells are important to pulmonary clearance and prevention of dissemination of N. asteroides from the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:365773", "title": "Swiss and inbred mice in the infant mouse test for the assay of Escherichia coli thermostable enterotoxin.", "content": "Swiss and inbred mice (C3H, ASn, B10A, and C57) were used to assay different thermostable enterotoxins prepared from Escherichia coli strains 3 (human), E57 (swine), B41 (cattle), and S13 (sheep). All strains of mice detected enterotoxins, but some reacted better to a given thermostable enterotoxin preparation than other inbred strains. Since the results obtained with Swiss mice were more consistent than with inbred mice, the former are apparently more suitable in the infant mouse test.", "contents": "Swiss and inbred mice in the infant mouse test for the assay of Escherichia coli thermostable enterotoxin. Swiss and inbred mice (C3H, ASn, B10A, and C57) were used to assay different thermostable enterotoxins prepared from Escherichia coli strains 3 (human), E57 (swine), B41 (cattle), and S13 (sheep). All strains of mice detected enterotoxins, but some reacted better to a given thermostable enterotoxin preparation than other inbred strains. Since the results obtained with Swiss mice were more consistent than with inbred mice, the former are apparently more suitable in the infant mouse test."}
{"id": "PMID:365774", "title": "[A new influenza subunit vaccine: hemagglutinating antibodies one year after vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "The antibody response to a new influenza subunit vaccine was compare d one year after vaccination with the responses induced by two other influenza vaccines. The subunit vaccine was given either in a high dose form containing 2100 IU, or in a low dose form containing 700 IU. As comparison a split vaccine was used containing 800 IU and AI(OH)3 as adjuvant and a whole virus vaccine containing 2100 IU. Of the 399 vaccinated subjects which had taken part in this study 151 were available for hemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibody determinations one year after vaccination. Protection rates assessed for the respective groups on the assumption that serum HAI titers of 1 : 32 or greater confer protection. With the high dose of subunit vaccine 85% of volunteers were considered still to have protective titers one year after vaccination, compared with 77% of those who received the whole virus vaccine. Although the high dose subunit vaccine and whole virus vaccine induced similarly high protective levels lasting at least one year, the reactions observed on vaccination were significantly less with the subunit preparation. The lower dose of subunit vaccine induced lower levels of protection (60%) after one year, and lower mean HAI titers than the high dose subunit vaccine. Nevertheless protection was superior to that of the split virus adjuvant vaccine. The addition of adjuvant thus does not seem materially to improve the immune response to influenza virus antigens. An increase of antigen content can however be seen as a practical alternative for achieving higher antibody levels. The subunit vaccine would appear to be particularly suitable in this respect as even with a higher dose there is no increase in reactogenicity.", "contents": "[A new influenza subunit vaccine: hemagglutinating antibodies one year after vaccination (author's transl)]. The antibody response to a new influenza subunit vaccine was compare d one year after vaccination with the responses induced by two other influenza vaccines. The subunit vaccine was given either in a high dose form containing 2100 IU, or in a low dose form containing 700 IU. As comparison a split vaccine was used containing 800 IU and AI(OH)3 as adjuvant and a whole virus vaccine containing 2100 IU. Of the 399 vaccinated subjects which had taken part in this study 151 were available for hemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibody determinations one year after vaccination. Protection rates assessed for the respective groups on the assumption that serum HAI titers of 1 : 32 or greater confer protection. With the high dose of subunit vaccine 85% of volunteers were considered still to have protective titers one year after vaccination, compared with 77% of those who received the whole virus vaccine. Although the high dose subunit vaccine and whole virus vaccine induced similarly high protective levels lasting at least one year, the reactions observed on vaccination were significantly less with the subunit preparation. The lower dose of subunit vaccine induced lower levels of protection (60%) after one year, and lower mean HAI titers than the high dose subunit vaccine. Nevertheless protection was superior to that of the split virus adjuvant vaccine. The addition of adjuvant thus does not seem materially to improve the immune response to influenza virus antigens. An increase of antigen content can however be seen as a practical alternative for achieving higher antibody levels. The subunit vaccine would appear to be particularly suitable in this respect as even with a higher dose there is no increase in reactogenicity."}
{"id": "PMID:365775", "title": "[Vaccination of infants and schoolchildren with an influenza subunit vaccine (author's transl)].", "content": "A new influenza subunit vaccine which contains only hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens was investigated for reactogenicity and immunogenicity in children aged between three and 15 years. Children under six years of age received either 500 IU or 1000 IU of the commercial vaccine, those aged from six to 15 years either 1000 IU or 2000 IU. The vaccines contained the virus strains recommended by the World Health Organisation for the vaccination season 1976/77. In a double blind study the vaccinees were allocated at random to the different dosage groups. The children were examined for reactions by the vaccinating physician 24 hours after vaccination. Serum hemagglutination inhibiting antibody titers were determined before vaccination and four weeks after vaccination. In the younger age-group additional antibody determination was made two weeks after a booster injection. A very low rate of side-reactions was observed in all dosage groups. The increase of the antigen content was not associated with a higher rate of side reactions. After the first vaccination a significant rise of antibody titers could be observed in all children. After the booster injection a further increase of these antibody titers was observed. The response of the younger age group to the dosages 500 and 100 IU did not different significantly. In contrast, in the older age group the increase of the dosage from 1000 to 2000 IU was connected with a better immune response. This was especially marked in the antibody titers against the influenza B-strain virus.", "contents": "[Vaccination of infants and schoolchildren with an influenza subunit vaccine (author's transl)]. A new influenza subunit vaccine which contains only hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens was investigated for reactogenicity and immunogenicity in children aged between three and 15 years. Children under six years of age received either 500 IU or 1000 IU of the commercial vaccine, those aged from six to 15 years either 1000 IU or 2000 IU. The vaccines contained the virus strains recommended by the World Health Organisation for the vaccination season 1976/77. In a double blind study the vaccinees were allocated at random to the different dosage groups. The children were examined for reactions by the vaccinating physician 24 hours after vaccination. Serum hemagglutination inhibiting antibody titers were determined before vaccination and four weeks after vaccination. In the younger age-group additional antibody determination was made two weeks after a booster injection. A very low rate of side-reactions was observed in all dosage groups. The increase of the antigen content was not associated with a higher rate of side reactions. After the first vaccination a significant rise of antibody titers could be observed in all children. After the booster injection a further increase of these antibody titers was observed. The response of the younger age group to the dosages 500 and 100 IU did not different significantly. In contrast, in the older age group the increase of the dosage from 1000 to 2000 IU was connected with a better immune response. This was especially marked in the antibody titers against the influenza B-strain virus."}
{"id": "PMID:365776", "title": "Therapy of serious infections with cefamandole.", "content": "Forty-four patients with serious bacterial infections were treated with cefamandole in a dose 1--2 g every four to six hours. Thirty-two patients were cured and six were markedly improved. Three of six failures were due to superinfection with cephalothin-resistant microorganisms. The over-all bacteriologic response was 80%. In 12 of 13 patients with bacteremia the blood was sterilized. Ten of 14 patients with gram-negative bacillary infections responded to treatment. Six of these were due to cephalothin-resistant microorganisms, three of which responded. Fifteen patients who were treated had a history of penicillin allergy. There were no serious reactions although skin rash did develop. Phlebitis was uncommon.", "contents": "Therapy of serious infections with cefamandole. Forty-four patients with serious bacterial infections were treated with cefamandole in a dose 1--2 g every four to six hours. Thirty-two patients were cured and six were markedly improved. Three of six failures were due to superinfection with cephalothin-resistant microorganisms. The over-all bacteriologic response was 80%. In 12 of 13 patients with bacteremia the blood was sterilized. Ten of 14 patients with gram-negative bacillary infections responded to treatment. Six of these were due to cephalothin-resistant microorganisms, three of which responded. Fifteen patients who were treated had a history of penicillin allergy. There were no serious reactions although skin rash did develop. Phlebitis was uncommon."}
{"id": "PMID:365777", "title": "The influence of maternal immunoglobulin-G-antibodies on indirect haemagglutination in newborns.", "content": "High antibody titers against Escherichia coli were found in 100 randomly selected pregnant women by means of indirect haemagglutination (IHA). After birth, sera from the umbilical vein of the newborns were also tested. It was found that the indirect haemagglutination titers of the children were strongly influenced by the IgG which had been transferred via the placenta. Twenty-two sera of newborns showed an increased IHA-titer against E. coli, but only seven children displayed specific IgM antibodies, determined by indirect immunofluorescence. After chromatographic separation of the sera into IgG and IgM fractions, it was demonstrated that isolated antibodies of the IgG type alone can produce increased IHA titers. The assumption that the indirect haemagglutination is determined almost exclusively by antibodies of the IgG type is unfounded. Therefore, indirect haemagglutination is not suitable as a screening-test for newborns.", "contents": "The influence of maternal immunoglobulin-G-antibodies on indirect haemagglutination in newborns. High antibody titers against Escherichia coli were found in 100 randomly selected pregnant women by means of indirect haemagglutination (IHA). After birth, sera from the umbilical vein of the newborns were also tested. It was found that the indirect haemagglutination titers of the children were strongly influenced by the IgG which had been transferred via the placenta. Twenty-two sera of newborns showed an increased IHA-titer against E. coli, but only seven children displayed specific IgM antibodies, determined by indirect immunofluorescence. After chromatographic separation of the sera into IgG and IgM fractions, it was demonstrated that isolated antibodies of the IgG type alone can produce increased IHA titers. The assumption that the indirect haemagglutination is determined almost exclusively by antibodies of the IgG type is unfounded. Therefore, indirect haemagglutination is not suitable as a screening-test for newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:365778", "title": "Impression technique for denture reconstruction.", "content": "The advent of tissue conditioning materials has made possible a new method for recording functional impressions for denture reconstruction using the patient's existing dentures as impression trays. The criteria by which the suitability of existing dentures for use in the technique are set out in detail. A particular feature of the method is the physiological recording of the post palatal seal area using Iowa wax and its incorporation into the entire maxillary impression. The advantages of the technique include the possibility of recording the tissues under physiological displacement resulting from normal function over a prolonged period rather than at the moment of final setting of conventional impression materials.", "contents": "Impression technique for denture reconstruction. The advent of tissue conditioning materials has made possible a new method for recording functional impressions for denture reconstruction using the patient's existing dentures as impression trays. The criteria by which the suitability of existing dentures for use in the technique are set out in detail. A particular feature of the method is the physiological recording of the post palatal seal area using Iowa wax and its incorporation into the entire maxillary impression. The advantages of the technique include the possibility of recording the tissues under physiological displacement resulting from normal function over a prolonged period rather than at the moment of final setting of conventional impression materials."}
{"id": "PMID:365781", "title": "Reactive antibodies in the bronchial washings of lung cancer patients.", "content": "Lung-carcinoma-reactive antibodies have been previously isolated from tumor tissues and pleural effusions. To explore the immunoglobulin (Ig) content of bronchial secretions, bronchial washings of patients with inflammatory and neoplastic lung diseases were studied with respect to Ig levels and specificity. Expressed as Ig/potassium ratios, statistically significant increases in Ig levels were found in inflammatory diseases and even higher increases in lung carcinomas. The isolation of Ig from bronchial washings was achieved by dissociation of immune complexes at low pH, neutralization and subsequent purification by anion exchange chromatography. The isolated immunoglobulins were tested in indirect immunofluorescence against lung cancer cells of various histologic types in tissue cultures and fresh suspensions. Positive cytoplasmic fluorescence was obtained with cells of adeno carcinomas and squamous-cell carcinomas of the lung but not with cells of normal lung. The accessibility of bronchial washings makes the investigation of their lung-cancer-reactive immunoglobulins relatively easy and raises the possibility of its eventual conversion into a screening test.", "contents": "Reactive antibodies in the bronchial washings of lung cancer patients. Lung-carcinoma-reactive antibodies have been previously isolated from tumor tissues and pleural effusions. To explore the immunoglobulin (Ig) content of bronchial secretions, bronchial washings of patients with inflammatory and neoplastic lung diseases were studied with respect to Ig levels and specificity. Expressed as Ig/potassium ratios, statistically significant increases in Ig levels were found in inflammatory diseases and even higher increases in lung carcinomas. The isolation of Ig from bronchial washings was achieved by dissociation of immune complexes at low pH, neutralization and subsequent purification by anion exchange chromatography. The isolated immunoglobulins were tested in indirect immunofluorescence against lung cancer cells of various histologic types in tissue cultures and fresh suspensions. Positive cytoplasmic fluorescence was obtained with cells of adeno carcinomas and squamous-cell carcinomas of the lung but not with cells of normal lung. The accessibility of bronchial washings makes the investigation of their lung-cancer-reactive immunoglobulins relatively easy and raises the possibility of its eventual conversion into a screening test."}
{"id": "PMID:365782", "title": "Tumour angiogenesis factor (TAF) and its neutralisation by a xenogeneic antiserum.", "content": "Tumour angiogenesis factor (TAF) has been extracted from a variety of animal and human tumours. Its ability to induce neovascularization in two bioassays, viz. rat air-sac and chick chorioallantoic membrane, is demonstrated. Similar extracts from normal tissues fail to induce angiogenesis. TAF extracts have been used to raise a xenogeneic antiserum, the specificity of which was investigated using classical immunological methods. Its ability to neutralize the biological activity of TAF using the two in vivo assays, was also demonstrated.", "contents": "Tumour angiogenesis factor (TAF) and its neutralisation by a xenogeneic antiserum. Tumour angiogenesis factor (TAF) has been extracted from a variety of animal and human tumours. Its ability to induce neovascularization in two bioassays, viz. rat air-sac and chick chorioallantoic membrane, is demonstrated. Similar extracts from normal tissues fail to induce angiogenesis. TAF extracts have been used to raise a xenogeneic antiserum, the specificity of which was investigated using classical immunological methods. Its ability to neutralize the biological activity of TAF using the two in vivo assays, was also demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:365783", "title": "Drug use and abuse among women: an overview.", "content": "A review of the current literature and research on women's usage of three popular drug categories--heroin, marijuana, and the psychotropics--reveals that use and abuse of these drugs by women have been largely neglected in both research and treatment. Women's usage of these three drug categories bears investigation because use and possibly abuse, by women, of all three of these categories is increasing. Heroin addiction among women has increased at a much faster rate than among men, marijuana usage is estimated to equal that of men in some regions of the United States, and use of the psychotropics is consistently higher among women than among men. In all areas of female drug usage, a scarcity of data exists, with some studies including only male respondents. In still other studies, the female user is treated as a deviant user because she does not fit the conceptual models derived from studies of male abusers.", "contents": "Drug use and abuse among women: an overview. A review of the current literature and research on women's usage of three popular drug categories--heroin, marijuana, and the psychotropics--reveals that use and abuse of these drugs by women have been largely neglected in both research and treatment. Women's usage of these three drug categories bears investigation because use and possibly abuse, by women, of all three of these categories is increasing. Heroin addiction among women has increased at a much faster rate than among men, marijuana usage is estimated to equal that of men in some regions of the United States, and use of the psychotropics is consistently higher among women than among men. In all areas of female drug usage, a scarcity of data exists, with some studies including only male respondents. In still other studies, the female user is treated as a deviant user because she does not fit the conceptual models derived from studies of male abusers."}
{"id": "PMID:365784", "title": "The avowal of motives for marijuana behavior.", "content": "The present report is a comparative analysis of data from different studies on the motives avowed for the use and nonuse of marijuana. Qualitative data on the reasons given by users and nonusers for their behavior were first described and categorized according to 21 verbal patterns. Then these categories were utilized to analyze quantitative data by various investigators, i.e., were the means to compare the frequencies with which each kind of motive was verbalized. The results indicated that knowledge-ableness is by far the most frequently expressed motive for the initial use of marijuana. Continued use, however, is largely explained either on the grounds of self-fulfillment or with an appeal to psychological drives. Habitual users in different studies mentioned almost all categories of reasons for smoking more often than did occasional users. Explanations for the two types of nonuse were also quite dissimilar. For the discontinued use of pot, lack of interest is claimed as the chief motivation; but for never use, appeals to illegality, injury, drug addiction, and morality are asserted more frequently. Several conclusions based on these findings are drawn.", "contents": "The avowal of motives for marijuana behavior. The present report is a comparative analysis of data from different studies on the motives avowed for the use and nonuse of marijuana. Qualitative data on the reasons given by users and nonusers for their behavior were first described and categorized according to 21 verbal patterns. Then these categories were utilized to analyze quantitative data by various investigators, i.e., were the means to compare the frequencies with which each kind of motive was verbalized. The results indicated that knowledge-ableness is by far the most frequently expressed motive for the initial use of marijuana. Continued use, however, is largely explained either on the grounds of self-fulfillment or with an appeal to psychological drives. Habitual users in different studies mentioned almost all categories of reasons for smoking more often than did occasional users. Explanations for the two types of nonuse were also quite dissimilar. For the discontinued use of pot, lack of interest is claimed as the chief motivation; but for never use, appeals to illegality, injury, drug addiction, and morality are asserted more frequently. Several conclusions based on these findings are drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:365785", "title": "Chlorosis and chronic disease in 19th-century Britain: the social constitution of somatic illness in a capitalist society.", "content": "This paper is informed by the recent attempts to construct Marxist views of nature, by the lively historical work on 19th-century British class structure, and by the dedicated work of feminist historians of medicine. Using the common disease of adolescent girls, chlorosis, as an example of a real \"physical\" illness, I shall argue that disease is, in part, socially constructed. Not only is the social class of both doctor and patient an important determinant in the perception of illness, but so too is the relationship between the disease and the mode of production. Both the \"existence\" of chlorosis and the way it was understood served ideologically to conceal the growing importance of adolescent labor and the recognition of the social genesis of illness. In doing so, chlorosis was similar to other forms of chronic illness. In a time when the conditions of work were strikingly insalubrious, the etiological emphasis was on individual failure, not on physical or social conditions of work. I argue that notions of health and disease partake of the struggles and social relations of the society that sustains them, but in a way which hides that very social nature. In this sense, they are like Marx's concept of a commodity--and in being a commodity, diseases appear not to embody social relations, but rather to be part of nature. I suggest that we see this \"nature\" in part as a commodity fetish--something we construct as \"other\" for a reason--and that we rediscover the social in the natural.", "contents": "Chlorosis and chronic disease in 19th-century Britain: the social constitution of somatic illness in a capitalist society. This paper is informed by the recent attempts to construct Marxist views of nature, by the lively historical work on 19th-century British class structure, and by the dedicated work of feminist historians of medicine. Using the common disease of adolescent girls, chlorosis, as an example of a real \"physical\" illness, I shall argue that disease is, in part, socially constructed. Not only is the social class of both doctor and patient an important determinant in the perception of illness, but so too is the relationship between the disease and the mode of production. Both the \"existence\" of chlorosis and the way it was understood served ideologically to conceal the growing importance of adolescent labor and the recognition of the social genesis of illness. In doing so, chlorosis was similar to other forms of chronic illness. In a time when the conditions of work were strikingly insalubrious, the etiological emphasis was on individual failure, not on physical or social conditions of work. I argue that notions of health and disease partake of the struggles and social relations of the society that sustains them, but in a way which hides that very social nature. In this sense, they are like Marx's concept of a commodity--and in being a commodity, diseases appear not to embody social relations, but rather to be part of nature. I suggest that we see this \"nature\" in part as a commodity fetish--something we construct as \"other\" for a reason--and that we rediscover the social in the natural."}
{"id": "PMID:365795", "title": "Viminol analgesic activity in elderly patients with chronic pain: a controlled evaluation, using self-rating questionnaires.", "content": "The analgesic effects of single oral doses of viminol (70 mg), of viminol (70 mg) combined with chlordiazepoxide (10 mg) and of chlordiazepoxide (10 mg) were compared in 41 outpatients with chronic pain mostly due to neoplasms. Alone, or combined with chlordiazepoxide, viminol proved significantly more effective than chlordiazepoxide; No difference in analgestic effect was observed between viminol combined with chlordiazepoxide and viminol alone. The use of self-administered questionnaires was found particularly convenient for study of analgesics in outpatients.", "contents": "Viminol analgesic activity in elderly patients with chronic pain: a controlled evaluation, using self-rating questionnaires. The analgesic effects of single oral doses of viminol (70 mg), of viminol (70 mg) combined with chlordiazepoxide (10 mg) and of chlordiazepoxide (10 mg) were compared in 41 outpatients with chronic pain mostly due to neoplasms. Alone, or combined with chlordiazepoxide, viminol proved significantly more effective than chlordiazepoxide; No difference in analgestic effect was observed between viminol combined with chlordiazepoxide and viminol alone. The use of self-administered questionnaires was found particularly convenient for study of analgesics in outpatients."}
{"id": "PMID:365796", "title": "Influence of chenodeoxycholic acid on serum triglycerides in patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia.", "content": "Administration of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) to patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia caused the diminution of serum triglyceride concentrations of 54.31% and 46.04% at dosages of 500 mg/day and of 250 mg/day, respectively. Results after 1 month of treatment with 250 mg/day are not statistically different from those obtained with 500 mg/day. Administration of CDCA did not change the serum cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, total bilirubin, gammaGT or alkaline phosphatase levels.", "contents": "Influence of chenodeoxycholic acid on serum triglycerides in patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia. Administration of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) to patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia caused the diminution of serum triglyceride concentrations of 54.31% and 46.04% at dosages of 500 mg/day and of 250 mg/day, respectively. Results after 1 month of treatment with 250 mg/day are not statistically different from those obtained with 500 mg/day. Administration of CDCA did not change the serum cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, total bilirubin, gammaGT or alkaline phosphatase levels."}
{"id": "PMID:365790", "title": "Electron microscopic observations of intracytoplasmic membranous structures in Mycobacterium leprae by means of serial ultrathin sectioning.", "content": "The fine structures and interconnections between the cytoplasmic membrane and mesosomes of Mycobacterium leprae in human skin were studied in ultrathin sections. These intracellular membranous organelles were seen as laminated structures and as clusters of vesicles, which were trilaminar consisting of two electron-dense layers separated by an electron-transparent zone. The formation of mesosomes seems to be initiated by invagination and/or folding of the cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations of intracytoplasmic membranous structures in Mycobacterium leprae by means of serial ultrathin sectioning. The fine structures and interconnections between the cytoplasmic membrane and mesosomes of Mycobacterium leprae in human skin were studied in ultrathin sections. These intracellular membranous organelles were seen as laminated structures and as clusters of vesicles, which were trilaminar consisting of two electron-dense layers separated by an electron-transparent zone. The formation of mesosomes seems to be initiated by invagination and/or folding of the cytoplasmic membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:365797", "title": "Hypotriglyceridemic effect of chenodeoxycholic acid after a short time of administration.", "content": "Administration of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), 200 mg/day, for 5 days to patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia reduced by 34% the serum triglycerides concentration. Reduction after CDCA is statistically significant vs. the placebo. Even after a short time of CDCA administration, the pharmacological effect is clearly evident.", "contents": "Hypotriglyceridemic effect of chenodeoxycholic acid after a short time of administration. Administration of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), 200 mg/day, for 5 days to patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia reduced by 34% the serum triglycerides concentration. Reduction after CDCA is statistically significant vs. the placebo. Even after a short time of CDCA administration, the pharmacological effect is clearly evident."}
{"id": "PMID:365791", "title": "In vitro cultivation of mycobacteria in cholesterol lecithin media from lepromas of rats infected with Mycobacterium lepraemurium.", "content": "In vivo grown M. lepraemurium suspensions were inoculated into a basal medium containing cholesterol and lecithin. Slow growing strains of mycobacteria were cultured regularly in these media. The presence of free cholesterol or cholesterol in serum or cholesterol in trypsin-digested egg yolk was essential for growth. The primary cultures were difficult to obtain, but the strains were easily subcultured. A heavy inoculum was necessary to obtain primary cultures in the liquid media, no growth occurred on semisolid agar slants. Similarly slow-growing primary cultures were obtained on Ogawa egg yolk media. Growth developed in a considerably shorter time if Ogawa's medium was enriched with 0.4% yeast extract (Difco). The cultures obtained on Ogawa egg yolk media were successfully subcultered in liquid cholesterol-lecithin media. The relation of the cultured strains of mycobacteria to the pathology of murine leprosy is not yet clear. The dynamics of cholesterol metabolism in the macrophages related to murine leprosy is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro cultivation of mycobacteria in cholesterol lecithin media from lepromas of rats infected with Mycobacterium lepraemurium. In vivo grown M. lepraemurium suspensions were inoculated into a basal medium containing cholesterol and lecithin. Slow growing strains of mycobacteria were cultured regularly in these media. The presence of free cholesterol or cholesterol in serum or cholesterol in trypsin-digested egg yolk was essential for growth. The primary cultures were difficult to obtain, but the strains were easily subcultured. A heavy inoculum was necessary to obtain primary cultures in the liquid media, no growth occurred on semisolid agar slants. Similarly slow-growing primary cultures were obtained on Ogawa egg yolk media. Growth developed in a considerably shorter time if Ogawa's medium was enriched with 0.4% yeast extract (Difco). The cultures obtained on Ogawa egg yolk media were successfully subcultered in liquid cholesterol-lecithin media. The relation of the cultured strains of mycobacteria to the pathology of murine leprosy is not yet clear. The dynamics of cholesterol metabolism in the macrophages related to murine leprosy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365798", "title": "Analysis of a certain type of 2 x 3 tables, exemplified by biopsy findings in a controlled clinical trial.", "content": "A procedure is described for the evaluation of 2 X 3 Tables, in which the two rows correspond to the two treatments to be compared and the three columns are ordered classifications (\"improved\", \"unchanged\", \"deteriorated\"). The method is illustrated by an example taken from the recent literature: liver biopsy data from a controlled clinical trial of silymarin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "Analysis of a certain type of 2 x 3 tables, exemplified by biopsy findings in a controlled clinical trial. A procedure is described for the evaluation of 2 X 3 Tables, in which the two rows correspond to the two treatments to be compared and the three columns are ordered classifications (\"improved\", \"unchanged\", \"deteriorated\"). The method is illustrated by an example taken from the recent literature: liver biopsy data from a controlled clinical trial of silymarin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:365799", "title": "The renin-aldosterone system in dihydralazine therapy during hypertensive pregnancy.", "content": "Ten patients with hypertensive pregnancy were studied in hospital for 3 weeks. Plasma renin activity (PRA), the daily urinary excretion of aldosterone (dU-Aldo) and electrolytes were studied before and during dihydralazine therapy (25 mg 3 times daily). In one week the supine blood pressure decreased (p less than 0.05) without any discernible tachycardia. PRA increased in 3 days of the treatment by 50% (p less than 0.05) and this mean level was maintained. In dU-Aldo no change was found, however, during the study; and the excretions of sodium and potassium remained unchanged as well. In patients without diuretic therapy the basal PRA level before dihydralazine therapy was lower than in normal pregnancy. Also, in patients with preceding diuretic therapy the basal level of PRA was lower than during diuretics in gravidas without hypertension. Judging from the animal experiments, the rise in PRA might be seen as favorable for uteroplacental circulation in pregnancy hypertension.", "contents": "The renin-aldosterone system in dihydralazine therapy during hypertensive pregnancy. Ten patients with hypertensive pregnancy were studied in hospital for 3 weeks. Plasma renin activity (PRA), the daily urinary excretion of aldosterone (dU-Aldo) and electrolytes were studied before and during dihydralazine therapy (25 mg 3 times daily). In one week the supine blood pressure decreased (p less than 0.05) without any discernible tachycardia. PRA increased in 3 days of the treatment by 50% (p less than 0.05) and this mean level was maintained. In dU-Aldo no change was found, however, during the study; and the excretions of sodium and potassium remained unchanged as well. In patients without diuretic therapy the basal PRA level before dihydralazine therapy was lower than in normal pregnancy. Also, in patients with preceding diuretic therapy the basal level of PRA was lower than during diuretics in gravidas without hypertension. Judging from the animal experiments, the rise in PRA might be seen as favorable for uteroplacental circulation in pregnancy hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:365800", "title": "Dose-response study of a new oral bronchodilator, NAB 365 (clenbuterol).", "content": "A new oral bronchodilator, NAB 365 (clenbuterol), at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 microgram, was studied in a double-blind placebo-controlled incomplete cross-over study in 10 patients suffering from chronic bronchitis who had reversible airway obstruction. The ventilatory response was assessed by measurement of the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), total airway resistance (Raw) and specific airway conductance (sGaw) before and 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360 and 480 min after administration. With the 30 and 40 microgram doses, a significant bronchodilating effect was seen between 30 and 360 min after administration, with peak effects between 120 and 240 min. The maximal effects in ventilatory response after 30 microg were only slightly less than after 40 microgram; the bronchodilating effect of 20 microgram was statistically less marked than those of 30 of 30 and 40 microgram on FEV1, but not statistically different on Raw and sGaw. These findings have been briefly discussed. The effects of 10 microgram and of the placebo were always statistically lower than those of 20 microgram. No significant cardiovascular effects and no subjective side effects were observed. In conclusion, the results suggest that 30 microgram of NAB 365 (clenbuterol) are the suitable acute dose.", "contents": "Dose-response study of a new oral bronchodilator, NAB 365 (clenbuterol). A new oral bronchodilator, NAB 365 (clenbuterol), at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 microgram, was studied in a double-blind placebo-controlled incomplete cross-over study in 10 patients suffering from chronic bronchitis who had reversible airway obstruction. The ventilatory response was assessed by measurement of the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), total airway resistance (Raw) and specific airway conductance (sGaw) before and 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360 and 480 min after administration. With the 30 and 40 microgram doses, a significant bronchodilating effect was seen between 30 and 360 min after administration, with peak effects between 120 and 240 min. The maximal effects in ventilatory response after 30 microg were only slightly less than after 40 microgram; the bronchodilating effect of 20 microgram was statistically less marked than those of 30 of 30 and 40 microgram on FEV1, but not statistically different on Raw and sGaw. These findings have been briefly discussed. The effects of 10 microgram and of the placebo were always statistically lower than those of 20 microgram. No significant cardiovascular effects and no subjective side effects were observed. In conclusion, the results suggest that 30 microgram of NAB 365 (clenbuterol) are the suitable acute dose."}
{"id": "PMID:365801", "title": "Reduction of indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal blood loss by sodium salicylate in man.", "content": "The gastrointestinal bleeding during treatment with indomethacin, aspirin, phenylbutazone and sodium salicylate in healthy human subjects was determined. Gastrointestinal blood loss was determined by the Cr51-labelled erythrocyte method. The method was modified by us. Collected stool was incinerated and radioactivity of ashes was determined. Furthermore, rheumatic patients were treated for 4 weeks with indomethacin alone or with indomethacin combined with sodium salicylate. The gastrointestinal blood loss was determined on the last 4 days of treatment. It was found that blood loss was significantly reduced by combined treatment in comparison to monotherapy with indomethacin, while combined treatment had a marked anti-rheumatic effect.", "contents": "Reduction of indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal blood loss by sodium salicylate in man. The gastrointestinal bleeding during treatment with indomethacin, aspirin, phenylbutazone and sodium salicylate in healthy human subjects was determined. Gastrointestinal blood loss was determined by the Cr51-labelled erythrocyte method. The method was modified by us. Collected stool was incinerated and radioactivity of ashes was determined. Furthermore, rheumatic patients were treated for 4 weeks with indomethacin alone or with indomethacin combined with sodium salicylate. The gastrointestinal blood loss was determined on the last 4 days of treatment. It was found that blood loss was significantly reduced by combined treatment in comparison to monotherapy with indomethacin, while combined treatment had a marked anti-rheumatic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:365818", "title": "Some aspects of malignant tumors of the lymph nodes in Iran.", "content": "Malignant tumors of the lymph nodes are very widespread in Iran. Out of 15,792 lymph nodes examined during a period of 25 years, in 22% of the cases, the diagnosis was a primary malignancy, and in 10% we had metastatic deposits. Out of 40,690 cancer cases diagnosed in pathology laboratories in Tehran, 8.4% were primary malignant tumors of lymph nodes, with a sex ratio of 3:1. The anatomical distribution of malignant lymph nodes shows 46% in the head and neck, with 17% deep in mediastinal or mesenteric areas. The histological typing of these malignancies shows 40% to be Hodgkin's disease, and 60% sarcoma. The distribution by age group shows that these malignant tumors are observed in patients of all age groups, the highest frequency being found between 20 and 54. The statistical data collected in four provinces of Iran, from North to South, reveal that these malignant tumors are observed with the same frequency in other parts of Iran.", "contents": "Some aspects of malignant tumors of the lymph nodes in Iran. Malignant tumors of the lymph nodes are very widespread in Iran. Out of 15,792 lymph nodes examined during a period of 25 years, in 22% of the cases, the diagnosis was a primary malignancy, and in 10% we had metastatic deposits. Out of 40,690 cancer cases diagnosed in pathology laboratories in Tehran, 8.4% were primary malignant tumors of lymph nodes, with a sex ratio of 3:1. The anatomical distribution of malignant lymph nodes shows 46% in the head and neck, with 17% deep in mediastinal or mesenteric areas. The histological typing of these malignancies shows 40% to be Hodgkin's disease, and 60% sarcoma. The distribution by age group shows that these malignant tumors are observed in patients of all age groups, the highest frequency being found between 20 and 54. The statistical data collected in four provinces of Iran, from North to South, reveal that these malignant tumors are observed with the same frequency in other parts of Iran."}
{"id": "PMID:365823", "title": "Recurrences in primarily infected and uninfected urolithiasis.", "content": "An analysis was carried out of 640 patients treated because of urolithiasis at the Urological Clinic of the Medical Academy in Warsaw in the years 1971--1974. Factors conducive to stone formation were analyzed. In infected urolithiasis, different bacterial floras were found in men and women. The importance of infections acquired in hospital by patients is emphasized. In primarily uninfected urolithiasis there were 35 per cent recurrences, as against 53 per cent recurrences in infected urolithiasis.", "contents": "Recurrences in primarily infected and uninfected urolithiasis. An analysis was carried out of 640 patients treated because of urolithiasis at the Urological Clinic of the Medical Academy in Warsaw in the years 1971--1974. Factors conducive to stone formation were analyzed. In infected urolithiasis, different bacterial floras were found in men and women. The importance of infections acquired in hospital by patients is emphasized. In primarily uninfected urolithiasis there were 35 per cent recurrences, as against 53 per cent recurrences in infected urolithiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:365824", "title": "Description and interpretation of functional changes in canine kidneys after preservation with hypothermic perfusates and subsequent reperfusion.", "content": "The function of canine kidneys stored with hypothermic solutions (Rheomacrodex, Collins4, Sacks) was studied in acute autologous reperfusion models. Changes in the perfusates (increase in LDH level and minor increase in K+ level), as well as the quantitative and qualitative properties (proteinuria) of the urine produced by the graft may be ascribed to storage and revascularization which affect the cells and their membranes. The alterations of the circulatory parameters demonstrable at the outset and during revascularization are due to an increase in renovascular resistance of hypothermic origin on the one hand, and to acute tubular epithelial damage inherent in the procedure, on the other.", "contents": "Description and interpretation of functional changes in canine kidneys after preservation with hypothermic perfusates and subsequent reperfusion. The function of canine kidneys stored with hypothermic solutions (Rheomacrodex, Collins4, Sacks) was studied in acute autologous reperfusion models. Changes in the perfusates (increase in LDH level and minor increase in K+ level), as well as the quantitative and qualitative properties (proteinuria) of the urine produced by the graft may be ascribed to storage and revascularization which affect the cells and their membranes. The alterations of the circulatory parameters demonstrable at the outset and during revascularization are due to an increase in renovascular resistance of hypothermic origin on the one hand, and to acute tubular epithelial damage inherent in the procedure, on the other."}
{"id": "PMID:365835", "title": "A highly sensitive method for the demonstration of carcinoembryonic antigen in normal and neoplastic colonic tissue.", "content": "A highly sensitive method for the immuno-histochemical localisation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is described. This method is based on the binding of a peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) to anti-CEA antibodies by means of an anti-gamma-globulin which reacts with both the anti-CEA and the antiperoxidase antibodies. Using the technique described here, CEA was localised in conventionally processed normal and cancerous colonic tissue. In normal as well as in neoplastic tissues, a CEA-specific staining of cell membranes and cytoplasm was demonstrated. In frozen sections of normal colonic tissue CEA was found even at high dilutions of the first antibody; this indicates the high sensitivity of the method. The applicability of the method to conventionally processed and thereby well preserved tissue specimens opens the possibility to identify CEA by light microscopy even at very low concentrations.", "contents": "A highly sensitive method for the demonstration of carcinoembryonic antigen in normal and neoplastic colonic tissue. A highly sensitive method for the immuno-histochemical localisation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is described. This method is based on the binding of a peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) to anti-CEA antibodies by means of an anti-gamma-globulin which reacts with both the anti-CEA and the antiperoxidase antibodies. Using the technique described here, CEA was localised in conventionally processed normal and cancerous colonic tissue. In normal as well as in neoplastic tissues, a CEA-specific staining of cell membranes and cytoplasm was demonstrated. In frozen sections of normal colonic tissue CEA was found even at high dilutions of the first antibody; this indicates the high sensitivity of the method. The applicability of the method to conventionally processed and thereby well preserved tissue specimens opens the possibility to identify CEA by light microscopy even at very low concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:365836", "title": "Distribution of gastrin and CCK cells in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Evidence for the occurrence of three distinct cell types storing COOH-terminal gastrin immunoreactivity.", "content": "Gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCH) cells of the rat gastrointestinal tract have been studied by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoanalysis. With antisera directed against the COOH-terminal tetrapeptide sequence, which is common to gastrin and CCK, three distinct endocrine cell types are detected. One of the cell types predominates in the antrum, is scarce in the rest of the gut and corresponds to the gastrin cell. The second cell type is virtually confined to the duodenum and jejunum and corresponds to the CCK cell. The third cell type occurs disseminated in the small intestines, predominates in the ileum, and reacts with COOH-terminus-specific antisera only following diethylpyrocarbonate and not following formaldehyde fixation. It is possible that the third cell type stores a third member of the gastrin-CCK family of gut hormones.", "contents": "Distribution of gastrin and CCK cells in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Evidence for the occurrence of three distinct cell types storing COOH-terminal gastrin immunoreactivity. Gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCH) cells of the rat gastrointestinal tract have been studied by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoanalysis. With antisera directed against the COOH-terminal tetrapeptide sequence, which is common to gastrin and CCK, three distinct endocrine cell types are detected. One of the cell types predominates in the antrum, is scarce in the rest of the gut and corresponds to the gastrin cell. The second cell type is virtually confined to the duodenum and jejunum and corresponds to the CCK cell. The third cell type occurs disseminated in the small intestines, predominates in the ileum, and reacts with COOH-terminus-specific antisera only following diethylpyrocarbonate and not following formaldehyde fixation. It is possible that the third cell type stores a third member of the gastrin-CCK family of gut hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:365838", "title": "[Surgical correction of mandibular cyst and tumour defects (author's transl)].", "content": "The various surgical techniques for the repair of mandibular defects following ablative surgery are discussed. The methods used in the treatment of large mandibular cysts are described and a modification of the osteoplastic technique is presented. The importance of reconstruction and functional rehabilitation with so caused mandibular defects and temporo-mandibular joint substitutions are stressed.", "contents": "[Surgical correction of mandibular cyst and tumour defects (author's transl)]. The various surgical techniques for the repair of mandibular defects following ablative surgery are discussed. The methods used in the treatment of large mandibular cysts are described and a modification of the osteoplastic technique is presented. The importance of reconstruction and functional rehabilitation with so caused mandibular defects and temporo-mandibular joint substitutions are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:365837", "title": "Localization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the Golgi apparatus of central and peripheral neurons.", "content": "With the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) was observed in certain neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system of the rat. In the cell bodies a strong SLI was observed with a distribution resembling that of the Golgi apparatus. In addition a weak SLI was diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm. After photography the sections processed for immunocytochemistry were stained with the thiamine pyrophosphatase technique of Novikoff and Goldfischer. The latter technique is assumed to be a specific marker for the Golgi complex. It was found that the strong SLI and the thiamine pyrophosphatase activity had an identical distribution. Thus, one pool of somatostatin appears to be localized to the Golgi apparatus.", "contents": "Localization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the Golgi apparatus of central and peripheral neurons. With the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) was observed in certain neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system of the rat. In the cell bodies a strong SLI was observed with a distribution resembling that of the Golgi apparatus. In addition a weak SLI was diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm. After photography the sections processed for immunocytochemistry were stained with the thiamine pyrophosphatase technique of Novikoff and Goldfischer. The latter technique is assumed to be a specific marker for the Golgi complex. It was found that the strong SLI and the thiamine pyrophosphatase activity had an identical distribution. Thus, one pool of somatostatin appears to be localized to the Golgi apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:365839", "title": "Human alveolar macrophages: antigen-independent binding of lymphocytes.", "content": "To characterize the initial step in alveolar macrophage (AM)-lymphocyte (L) interaction in the human lung, we studied the ability of human AM to bind autologous blood L in vitro in the absence of antigen. AM were obtained by saline bronchial lavage through a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Monolayers of AM attached to glass bound autologous blood L prepared by Ficoll-Hypaque and nylon wool column separation. The AM-L binding increased from zero time to a maximum at 2 h and then declined to a zero time value at 18 h. The binding was dependent on the number of L added to the AM monolayers, with greatest binding at an AM:L ratio of 1:50. AM:L binding required viability of AM, but not of L, and was temperature dependent. Pretreatment of AM with iodoacetic acid, trypsin, neuraminidase, or colchicine diminished attachment of L at 2 h. Neuraminidase pretreatment of L resulted in increased binding to nontreated AM. Thus, a physical interaction between human AM and autologous peripheral blood L can occur in vitro in the absence of known antigen; similar interaction in vivo may play a role in the generation of cell-mediated immune responses in the lung.", "contents": "Human alveolar macrophages: antigen-independent binding of lymphocytes. To characterize the initial step in alveolar macrophage (AM)-lymphocyte (L) interaction in the human lung, we studied the ability of human AM to bind autologous blood L in vitro in the absence of antigen. AM were obtained by saline bronchial lavage through a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Monolayers of AM attached to glass bound autologous blood L prepared by Ficoll-Hypaque and nylon wool column separation. The AM-L binding increased from zero time to a maximum at 2 h and then declined to a zero time value at 18 h. The binding was dependent on the number of L added to the AM monolayers, with greatest binding at an AM:L ratio of 1:50. AM:L binding required viability of AM, but not of L, and was temperature dependent. Pretreatment of AM with iodoacetic acid, trypsin, neuraminidase, or colchicine diminished attachment of L at 2 h. Neuraminidase pretreatment of L resulted in increased binding to nontreated AM. Thus, a physical interaction between human AM and autologous peripheral blood L can occur in vitro in the absence of known antigen; similar interaction in vivo may play a role in the generation of cell-mediated immune responses in the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:365840", "title": "Effect of histamine and methacholine on guinea pig tracheal permeability to HRP.", "content": "The effects of histamine, methacholine, and ether on the permeability of the respiratory mucosa to macromolecules were investigated employing a radioimmunoassay and histochemical techniques to monitor movement of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from airway lumen to blood. We found that 0.08% of the dose of HRP instilled into guinea pig tracheas was present in the blood volume at 10 min, and plasma HRP levels increased at a rate of 0.0036% instilled dose/min thereafter. After inhalation challenge, significant increases in plasma rates of accumulation of HRP were recorded for the histamine, methacholine, and ether groups, whereas no change in rate was noted for the control (Tyrode's) group. Electron micrographs of tracheal sections showed HRP penetration into the intercellular spaces of the epithelium after histamine, methacoline, or ether exposure but no penetration in the Tyrode's group. We conclude that, like ether, histamine and methacholine increase tracheobronchial permeability and this effect is most likely mediated by a functional change in the epithelial tight junction.", "contents": "Effect of histamine and methacholine on guinea pig tracheal permeability to HRP. The effects of histamine, methacholine, and ether on the permeability of the respiratory mucosa to macromolecules were investigated employing a radioimmunoassay and histochemical techniques to monitor movement of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from airway lumen to blood. We found that 0.08% of the dose of HRP instilled into guinea pig tracheas was present in the blood volume at 10 min, and plasma HRP levels increased at a rate of 0.0036% instilled dose/min thereafter. After inhalation challenge, significant increases in plasma rates of accumulation of HRP were recorded for the histamine, methacholine, and ether groups, whereas no change in rate was noted for the control (Tyrode's) group. Electron micrographs of tracheal sections showed HRP penetration into the intercellular spaces of the epithelium after histamine, methacoline, or ether exposure but no penetration in the Tyrode's group. We conclude that, like ether, histamine and methacholine increase tracheobronchial permeability and this effect is most likely mediated by a functional change in the epithelial tight junction."}
{"id": "PMID:365851", "title": "The functional relationship between artificial food colors and hyperactivity.", "content": "The presence of a functional relationship between the ingestion of artificial food colors and an increase in the frequency and/or duration of selected behaviors that are representative of the hyperactive behavior syndrome was experimentally investigated. Two eight-year-old females, who had been on the Feingold K-P diet for a minimum of 11 months, were the subjects studied. The experimental design was a variation of the BAB design, with double-blind conditions. This design allowed an experimental analysis of the placebo phases as well as challenge phases. Data were obtained by trained observers on Out of Seat, On Task, and Physically Aggressive behaviors, as they occurred in the subjects' regular class setting. Results indicated (a) the existence of a functional relationship between the ingestion of artificial food colors and an increase in both the duration and frequency of hyperactive behaviors, (b) the absence of a placebo effect, and (c) differential sensitivity of the dependent variables to the challenge effects.", "contents": "The functional relationship between artificial food colors and hyperactivity. The presence of a functional relationship between the ingestion of artificial food colors and an increase in the frequency and/or duration of selected behaviors that are representative of the hyperactive behavior syndrome was experimentally investigated. Two eight-year-old females, who had been on the Feingold K-P diet for a minimum of 11 months, were the subjects studied. The experimental design was a variation of the BAB design, with double-blind conditions. This design allowed an experimental analysis of the placebo phases as well as challenge phases. Data were obtained by trained observers on Out of Seat, On Task, and Physically Aggressive behaviors, as they occurred in the subjects' regular class setting. Results indicated (a) the existence of a functional relationship between the ingestion of artificial food colors and an increase in both the duration and frequency of hyperactive behaviors, (b) the absence of a placebo effect, and (c) differential sensitivity of the dependent variables to the challenge effects."}
{"id": "PMID:365852", "title": "Relaxation exercise with cerebral palsied adults showing spasticity.", "content": "A method for improving the muscle incoordination associated with cerebral palsy was empirically tested. Relaxation exercises, involving the successive tensing and relaxing of the major muscle groups of the body, were performed by four adults with spastic quadraplegia. All four subjects were sheltered workshop employees. Their IQs ranged from normal to mentally deficient. Testing consisted of two timed-trials of both the Placing Test and the Turning Test from the Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Tests. These tests measured the amount of time required to complete various manual manipulations involving pegs and pegboard. A multiple baseline across subjects design was employed to provide experimental control. All subjects showed significant improvement over baseline performance on the tests following the relaxation training. Limitations of this preliminary investigation and implications of these results for future research were noted.", "contents": "Relaxation exercise with cerebral palsied adults showing spasticity. A method for improving the muscle incoordination associated with cerebral palsy was empirically tested. Relaxation exercises, involving the successive tensing and relaxing of the major muscle groups of the body, were performed by four adults with spastic quadraplegia. All four subjects were sheltered workshop employees. Their IQs ranged from normal to mentally deficient. Testing consisted of two timed-trials of both the Placing Test and the Turning Test from the Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Tests. These tests measured the amount of time required to complete various manual manipulations involving pegs and pegboard. A multiple baseline across subjects design was employed to provide experimental control. All subjects showed significant improvement over baseline performance on the tests following the relaxation training. Limitations of this preliminary investigation and implications of these results for future research were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:365853", "title": "Comparison of two rapid test procedures with the standard EC test recovery of fecal coliform bacteria from shellfish-growing waters.", "content": "A study was conducted to compare recovery and enumeration capability of two 24-hr multitube fermentation tests with the standard EC test for fecal coliform levels in shellfish-growing waters. The 2 tests were the A-1 test developed by Andrews and Presnell, specifying 24-hr incubation in A-1 medium at 44.5 degree C; and a modification of the A-1 test requiring a 3-hr resuscitation of 35 degree C before incubation at 44.5 degree C for 21 hr. Fifteen State, Federal, and Provincial laboratories examined 10 routine shellfish-growing area samples per month in parallel by the 3 methods for 1 year. IMViC tests (indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, and citrate) were conducted on all gas-positive tubes. The modified A-1 test recovered higher levels of fecal coliforms than the A-1 test. Although there were seasonal and geographic variations in recovery and enumeration by the modified A-1 test, overall there was good correlation of the modified A-1 test with the EC test. Both the A-1 and modified A-1 tests were more specific for Escherichia coli than the EC test. Results of the study indicate that the 24-hr modified A-1 test can be used as an alterantive test for the standard 72-hr EC test as an adjunct to the sanitary survey for the classification and control of shellfish-growing areas waters.", "contents": "Comparison of two rapid test procedures with the standard EC test recovery of fecal coliform bacteria from shellfish-growing waters. A study was conducted to compare recovery and enumeration capability of two 24-hr multitube fermentation tests with the standard EC test for fecal coliform levels in shellfish-growing waters. The 2 tests were the A-1 test developed by Andrews and Presnell, specifying 24-hr incubation in A-1 medium at 44.5 degree C; and a modification of the A-1 test requiring a 3-hr resuscitation of 35 degree C before incubation at 44.5 degree C for 21 hr. Fifteen State, Federal, and Provincial laboratories examined 10 routine shellfish-growing area samples per month in parallel by the 3 methods for 1 year. IMViC tests (indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, and citrate) were conducted on all gas-positive tubes. The modified A-1 test recovered higher levels of fecal coliforms than the A-1 test. Although there were seasonal and geographic variations in recovery and enumeration by the modified A-1 test, overall there was good correlation of the modified A-1 test with the EC test. Both the A-1 and modified A-1 tests were more specific for Escherichia coli than the EC test. Results of the study indicate that the 24-hr modified A-1 test can be used as an alterantive test for the standard 72-hr EC test as an adjunct to the sanitary survey for the classification and control of shellfish-growing areas waters."}
{"id": "PMID:365855", "title": "A controlled crossover study of triiodothyronine in autistic children.", "content": "A placebo-controlled crossover study of behavioral effects of triiodothyronine (T3) was conducted in 30 young clinically euthyroid autistic children. Multiple independent raters and multiple rating scales were used. Except for a few symptoms that were reduced on T3, the drug did not differ from placebo. Time itself accounted for most of the improvement in the whole sample. As a group, the lower IQ children responded to T3. The individual children who were responders could not be defined by any parameter.", "contents": "A controlled crossover study of triiodothyronine in autistic children. A placebo-controlled crossover study of behavioral effects of triiodothyronine (T3) was conducted in 30 young clinically euthyroid autistic children. Multiple independent raters and multiple rating scales were used. Except for a few symptoms that were reduced on T3, the drug did not differ from placebo. Time itself accounted for most of the improvement in the whole sample. As a group, the lower IQ children responded to T3. The individual children who were responders could not be defined by any parameter."}
{"id": "PMID:365859", "title": "Role of uracil-DNA glycosylase in the repair of deaminated cytosine residues of DNA in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Uracil-DNA glycosylase, which acts specifically on uracil-containing DNA, was purified 250-fold from an extract of Escherichia coli 1100. The enzyme releases free uracil from DNA, producing alkali-labile apyrimidinic sites in the DNA. The enzyme is active on both native and heat-denatured DNA of phage PBS1, which contains uracil in place of thymine. piX174 DNA which had been treated with bisulfite and then at alkaline pH was susceptible to the action of uracil-DNA glycosylase. Since DNA treated with bisulfite alone was less susceptible to the enzyme, it is likely that the enzyme recognizes deaminated cytosine, namely uracil, but not bisulfite adducts of uracil and cytosine in the treated DNA. DNA treated with nitrite or hydroxylamine was not attacked by the enzyme. Enzyme activity acting on bisulfite-treated DNA was absent from an extract of E. coli mutant BD10 (ung). The mutant exhibited higher sensitivity to bisulfite than did the wild-type strain and was unable to reactivate phage T1 pre-exposed to bisulfite and weak alkali.", "contents": "Role of uracil-DNA glycosylase in the repair of deaminated cytosine residues of DNA in Escherichia coli. Uracil-DNA glycosylase, which acts specifically on uracil-containing DNA, was purified 250-fold from an extract of Escherichia coli 1100. The enzyme releases free uracil from DNA, producing alkali-labile apyrimidinic sites in the DNA. The enzyme is active on both native and heat-denatured DNA of phage PBS1, which contains uracil in place of thymine. piX174 DNA which had been treated with bisulfite and then at alkaline pH was susceptible to the action of uracil-DNA glycosylase. Since DNA treated with bisulfite alone was less susceptible to the enzyme, it is likely that the enzyme recognizes deaminated cytosine, namely uracil, but not bisulfite adducts of uracil and cytosine in the treated DNA. DNA treated with nitrite or hydroxylamine was not attacked by the enzyme. Enzyme activity acting on bisulfite-treated DNA was absent from an extract of E. coli mutant BD10 (ung). The mutant exhibited higher sensitivity to bisulfite than did the wild-type strain and was unable to reactivate phage T1 pre-exposed to bisulfite and weak alkali."}
{"id": "PMID:365860", "title": "An enzyme activity specific for nitrous acid-treated DNA in Escherichia coli.", "content": "An enzyme activity specifically active on nitrous acid-treated DNA was found in an extract of Escherichia coli. The enzyme acts on both double- and single-stranded DNAs, treated with nitrous acid, in the presence of EDTA, although the former DNA is a better substrate. Evidence is presented that nitrous acid- and bisulfite-induced types of damage in DNA are recognized by different enzymes: (1) Uracil-DNA glycosylase, purified 250-fold from E. coli 1100, attacks bisulfite-treated DNA but not nitrous acid-treated DNA. (2) Almost equal levels of activity toward nitrous acid-treated DNA were found in wild-type and uracil-DNA glycosylase-deficient strains of E. coli.", "contents": "An enzyme activity specific for nitrous acid-treated DNA in Escherichia coli. An enzyme activity specifically active on nitrous acid-treated DNA was found in an extract of Escherichia coli. The enzyme acts on both double- and single-stranded DNAs, treated with nitrous acid, in the presence of EDTA, although the former DNA is a better substrate. Evidence is presented that nitrous acid- and bisulfite-induced types of damage in DNA are recognized by different enzymes: (1) Uracil-DNA glycosylase, purified 250-fold from E. coli 1100, attacks bisulfite-treated DNA but not nitrous acid-treated DNA. (2) Almost equal levels of activity toward nitrous acid-treated DNA were found in wild-type and uracil-DNA glycosylase-deficient strains of E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:365863", "title": "Total hip replacement in congenital dislocation and dysplasia of the hip.", "content": "The results of thirty-one total hip replacements in twenty-four patients with either severe congenital dysplasia or dislocation, after an average follow-up of four years, were excellent in eleven, good in sixteen, fair in one, and poor in one. The operative technique included superolateral bone grafts to increase the acetabular coverage in six hips. Twenty-seven hips required smaller and straighter femoral components than normal. The incidence of major complications was 19 per cent.", "contents": "Total hip replacement in congenital dislocation and dysplasia of the hip. The results of thirty-one total hip replacements in twenty-four patients with either severe congenital dysplasia or dislocation, after an average follow-up of four years, were excellent in eleven, good in sixteen, fair in one, and poor in one. The operative technique included superolateral bone grafts to increase the acetabular coverage in six hips. Twenty-seven hips required smaller and straighter femoral components than normal. The incidence of major complications was 19 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:365867", "title": "Distraction-lengthening of digital rays in the management of the injured hand.", "content": "The distraction-lengthening principle and apparatus, formerly used in the hand for reconstruction in congenital anomalies and traumatic amputations, is described for reconstruction of metacarpals and phalanges shortened by injuries, especially gunshot wound, where those bones have lost significant length. Hands in which single metacarpals have been shortened or in which multiple digits are involved may benefit from the technique.", "contents": "Distraction-lengthening of digital rays in the management of the injured hand. The distraction-lengthening principle and apparatus, formerly used in the hand for reconstruction in congenital anomalies and traumatic amputations, is described for reconstruction of metacarpals and phalanges shortened by injuries, especially gunshot wound, where those bones have lost significant length. Hands in which single metacarpals have been shortened or in which multiple digits are involved may benefit from the technique."}
{"id": "PMID:365868", "title": "Microvascular anastomoses for bone grafts in the treatment of massive defects in bone.", "content": "Six patients with large defects in bone are described in whom we performed microvascular anastomoses of grafted fibular vessels (arteries and veins) to vessels in the recipient site. Two other patients, with massive loss of bone and skin, were treated by grafting of osteocutaneous composites also using microvascular anastomoses. All but one defect healed successfully. There is a wide potential for applications of these two techniques in the treatment of large segmental bone defects secondary to trauma or following tumor resection.", "contents": "Microvascular anastomoses for bone grafts in the treatment of massive defects in bone. Six patients with large defects in bone are described in whom we performed microvascular anastomoses of grafted fibular vessels (arteries and veins) to vessels in the recipient site. Two other patients, with massive loss of bone and skin, were treated by grafting of osteocutaneous composites also using microvascular anastomoses. All but one defect healed successfully. There is a wide potential for applications of these two techniques in the treatment of large segmental bone defects secondary to trauma or following tumor resection."}
{"id": "PMID:365869", "title": "Decoration of specific sites on freeze-fractured membranes.", "content": "Fracturing under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV, P less than or equal to 10(-9) Torr) produces membrane fracture faces devoid of contamination. Such clean surfaces are a prerequisite for studies of interactions between condensing gases and distinct regions of a surface. For the study of water condensation, a device has been developed which enables production of pure water vapor and controlled variation of its partial pressure in an UHV freeze-fracture apparatus. Experiments with yeast plasmalemma fracture faces, produced at -196 degrees C and exposed to pure water vapor before replication, resulted in a \"specific decoration\" with ice crystals of those pits in the extraplasmic face where the corresponding particles of the plasmic face had been removed. Because water condenses as discrete ice crystals which resemble intramembrane particles, ice crystals might easily be misinterpreted as actual membrane structures. At low specimen temperature (T less than or equal to 110 degrees C) the structural features of membrane fracture faces produced under high vacuum (P approximately 10(-6) Torr) should, therefore, be interpreted with caution.", "contents": "Decoration of specific sites on freeze-fractured membranes. Fracturing under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV, P less than or equal to 10(-9) Torr) produces membrane fracture faces devoid of contamination. Such clean surfaces are a prerequisite for studies of interactions between condensing gases and distinct regions of a surface. For the study of water condensation, a device has been developed which enables production of pure water vapor and controlled variation of its partial pressure in an UHV freeze-fracture apparatus. Experiments with yeast plasmalemma fracture faces, produced at -196 degrees C and exposed to pure water vapor before replication, resulted in a \"specific decoration\" with ice crystals of those pits in the extraplasmic face where the corresponding particles of the plasmic face had been removed. Because water condenses as discrete ice crystals which resemble intramembrane particles, ice crystals might easily be misinterpreted as actual membrane structures. At low specimen temperature (T less than or equal to 110 degrees C) the structural features of membrane fracture faces produced under high vacuum (P approximately 10(-6) Torr) should, therefore, be interpreted with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:365870", "title": "Analysis of the distribution of spindle microtubules in the diatom Fragilaria.", "content": "The spindle of the colonial diatom Fragilaria contains two distinct sets of spindle microtubules (MTs): (a) MTs comprising the central spindle, which is composed of two half-spindles interdigitated to form a region of \"overlap\"; (b) MTs which radiate laterally from the poles. The central spindles from 28 cells are reconstructed by tracking each MT of the central spindle through consecutive serial sections. Because the colonies of Fragilaria are flat ribbons of contiguous cells (clones), it is possible, by using single ribbons of cells, to compare reconstructed spindles at different mitotic stages with minimal intercellular variability. From these reconstructions we have determined: (a) the changes in distribution of MTs along the spindle during mitosis; (b) the change in the total number of MTs during mitosis; (c) the length of each MT (measured by the number of sections each traverses) at different mitotic stages; (d) the frequency of different classes of MTs (i.e., free, continuous, etc.); (e) the spatial arrangement of MTs from opposite poles in the overlap; (f) the approximate number of MTs, separate from the central spindle, which radiate from each spindle pole. From longitudinal sections of the central spindle, the lengths of the whole spindle, half-spindle, and overlap were measured from 80 cells at different mitotic stages. Numerous sources of error may create inaccuracies in these measurements; these problems are discussed. The central spindle at prophase consists predominantly of continuous MTs (pole to pole). Between late prophase and prometaphase, spindle length increases, and the spindle is transformed into two half-spindles (mainly polar MTs) interdigitated to form the overlap. At late anaphase-telophase, the overlap decreases concurrent with spindle elongation. Our interpretation is that the MTs of the central spindle slide past one another at both late prophase and late anaphase. These changes in MT distribution have the effect of elongating the spindle and are not involved in the poleward movement of the chromosomes. Some aspects of tracking spindle MTs, the interaction of MTs in the overlap, formation of the prophase spindle, and our interpretation of rearrangements of MTs, are discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of the distribution of spindle microtubules in the diatom Fragilaria. The spindle of the colonial diatom Fragilaria contains two distinct sets of spindle microtubules (MTs): (a) MTs comprising the central spindle, which is composed of two half-spindles interdigitated to form a region of \"overlap\"; (b) MTs which radiate laterally from the poles. The central spindles from 28 cells are reconstructed by tracking each MT of the central spindle through consecutive serial sections. Because the colonies of Fragilaria are flat ribbons of contiguous cells (clones), it is possible, by using single ribbons of cells, to compare reconstructed spindles at different mitotic stages with minimal intercellular variability. From these reconstructions we have determined: (a) the changes in distribution of MTs along the spindle during mitosis; (b) the change in the total number of MTs during mitosis; (c) the length of each MT (measured by the number of sections each traverses) at different mitotic stages; (d) the frequency of different classes of MTs (i.e., free, continuous, etc.); (e) the spatial arrangement of MTs from opposite poles in the overlap; (f) the approximate number of MTs, separate from the central spindle, which radiate from each spindle pole. From longitudinal sections of the central spindle, the lengths of the whole spindle, half-spindle, and overlap were measured from 80 cells at different mitotic stages. Numerous sources of error may create inaccuracies in these measurements; these problems are discussed. The central spindle at prophase consists predominantly of continuous MTs (pole to pole). Between late prophase and prometaphase, spindle length increases, and the spindle is transformed into two half-spindles (mainly polar MTs) interdigitated to form the overlap. At late anaphase-telophase, the overlap decreases concurrent with spindle elongation. Our interpretation is that the MTs of the central spindle slide past one another at both late prophase and late anaphase. These changes in MT distribution have the effect of elongating the spindle and are not involved in the poleward movement of the chromosomes. Some aspects of tracking spindle MTs, the interaction of MTs in the overlap, formation of the prophase spindle, and our interpretation of rearrangements of MTs, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:365871", "title": "Localization of actin and microfilament-associated proteins in the microvilli and terminal web of the intestinal brush border by immunofluorescence microscopy.", "content": "Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy was used to localize microfilament-associated proteins in the brush border of mouse intestinal epithelial cells. As expected, antibodies to actin decorated the microfilaments of the microvilli, giving rise to a very intense fluorescence. By contrast, antibodies to myosin, tropomyosin, filamin, and alpha-actinin did not decorate the microvilli. All these antibodies, however, decorated the terminal web region of the brush border. Myosin, tropomyosin, and alpha-actinin, although present throughout the terminal web, were found to be preferentially located around the periphery of the organelle. Therefore, two classes of microfilamentous structures can be documented in the brush border. First, the highly ordered microfilaments which make up the cores of the microvilli apparently lack the associated proteins. Second, seemingly less-ordered microfilaments are found in the terminal web, in which region the myosin, tropomyosin, filamin and alpha-actinin are located.", "contents": "Localization of actin and microfilament-associated proteins in the microvilli and terminal web of the intestinal brush border by immunofluorescence microscopy. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy was used to localize microfilament-associated proteins in the brush border of mouse intestinal epithelial cells. As expected, antibodies to actin decorated the microfilaments of the microvilli, giving rise to a very intense fluorescence. By contrast, antibodies to myosin, tropomyosin, filamin, and alpha-actinin did not decorate the microvilli. All these antibodies, however, decorated the terminal web region of the brush border. Myosin, tropomyosin, and alpha-actinin, although present throughout the terminal web, were found to be preferentially located around the periphery of the organelle. Therefore, two classes of microfilamentous structures can be documented in the brush border. First, the highly ordered microfilaments which make up the cores of the microvilli apparently lack the associated proteins. Second, seemingly less-ordered microfilaments are found in the terminal web, in which region the myosin, tropomyosin, filamin and alpha-actinin are located."}
{"id": "PMID:365872", "title": "Presence of spectrin in untreated Friend erythroleukemic cells. Its accumulation upon treatment of the cells with dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "Friend leukemia cells (FLC) are nucleated erythroid precursors, and are markedly stimulated towards more advanced stages of differentiation by treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The presence of spectrin, an erythrocyte membrane protein, has been investigated in untreated and in DMSO-treated FLC by indirect immunofluorescence and by analysis in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of low-ionic-strength cell extracts immunoprecipitated with a monospecific anti-spectrin serum. Spectrin is detectable in significant amounts in the \"inducible\" clones prior to DMSO stimulation, and accumulates 4- to 5-fold upon addition of this compound to the cultures. Spectrin accumulation occurs rather early (24 hours after cell seeding) and reaches its peak on the third day to decline thereafter. Semiquantitative determinations of spectrin amounts present in DMSO-stimulated 745A and A degree 1 cells on the third day after treatment were 2.4 X 10(5) and 3.0 X 10(5) molecules/cell, respectively. Spectrin is also detectable in very low amounts in an \"uninducible\" line of FLC, and is not accumulated upon DMSO treatment thereof, whereas treatment with hemin does cause a significant increase of spectrin-positive cells. These data indicate that spectrin is a convenient \"early\" marker for in vitro studies of erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Presence of spectrin in untreated Friend erythroleukemic cells. Its accumulation upon treatment of the cells with dimethyl sulfoxide. Friend leukemia cells (FLC) are nucleated erythroid precursors, and are markedly stimulated towards more advanced stages of differentiation by treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The presence of spectrin, an erythrocyte membrane protein, has been investigated in untreated and in DMSO-treated FLC by indirect immunofluorescence and by analysis in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of low-ionic-strength cell extracts immunoprecipitated with a monospecific anti-spectrin serum. Spectrin is detectable in significant amounts in the \"inducible\" clones prior to DMSO stimulation, and accumulates 4- to 5-fold upon addition of this compound to the cultures. Spectrin accumulation occurs rather early (24 hours after cell seeding) and reaches its peak on the third day to decline thereafter. Semiquantitative determinations of spectrin amounts present in DMSO-stimulated 745A and A degree 1 cells on the third day after treatment were 2.4 X 10(5) and 3.0 X 10(5) molecules/cell, respectively. Spectrin is also detectable in very low amounts in an \"uninducible\" line of FLC, and is not accumulated upon DMSO treatment thereof, whereas treatment with hemin does cause a significant increase of spectrin-positive cells. These data indicate that spectrin is a convenient \"early\" marker for in vitro studies of erythropoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:365876", "title": "High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of fermentation broths: cephalosporin C and tylosin.", "content": "Procedures are described for the analysis of cephalosporin C or tylosin in fermentation broths by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Quantitation of the major components in cephalosporin C broths was done by a system involving separation by an ion-pair technique. Tylosin data were obtained using a reverse phase method. A method of equating uv potency of tylosin to microbiological potency is discussed. A comparison of HPLC with a microbiological method for the determination of tylosin concentration is also made.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of fermentation broths: cephalosporin C and tylosin. Procedures are described for the analysis of cephalosporin C or tylosin in fermentation broths by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Quantitation of the major components in cephalosporin C broths was done by a system involving separation by an ion-pair technique. Tylosin data were obtained using a reverse phase method. A method of equating uv potency of tylosin to microbiological potency is discussed. A comparison of HPLC with a microbiological method for the determination of tylosin concentration is also made."}
{"id": "PMID:365877", "title": "Simple assay for staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C: modification of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) introduced for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins by Saunders et al., Simon and Terplan, and ourselves has proved to be a simple, reliable, and sensitive test. A new modification is described that uses polystyrene balls (diameter, 6 mm) coated individually with antibody against one of the toxins A, B, or C. In a single tube, 20 ml of the food extract was incubated with the three balls differently stained, which were then each tested for the uptake of enterotoxin by a competitive ELISA. A concentration of 0.1 ng or less of enterotoxin per ml can be measured, making tedious concentration procedures of the extracts superfluous. Culture supernatants and extracts from foods artificially or naturally contaminated with toxin were successfully examined. Cross-reactions did not occur, and nonspecific interfering substances did not create serious problems.", "contents": "Simple assay for staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C: modification of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) introduced for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins by Saunders et al., Simon and Terplan, and ourselves has proved to be a simple, reliable, and sensitive test. A new modification is described that uses polystyrene balls (diameter, 6 mm) coated individually with antibody against one of the toxins A, B, or C. In a single tube, 20 ml of the food extract was incubated with the three balls differently stained, which were then each tested for the uptake of enterotoxin by a competitive ELISA. A concentration of 0.1 ng or less of enterotoxin per ml can be measured, making tedious concentration procedures of the extracts superfluous. Culture supernatants and extracts from foods artificially or naturally contaminated with toxin were successfully examined. Cross-reactions did not occur, and nonspecific interfering substances did not create serious problems."}
{"id": "PMID:365878", "title": "Direct use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis in detection of group B streptococci in specimens containing mixed flora.", "content": "Isolation procedures for the group B streptococci were bypassed by applying counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) directly to the broth containing the initial inoculum. A total of 458 tests were performed on 389 specimens received from 93 mothers and 81 babies. Of all tests, 19.4% were positive group B streptococci by the Lancefield precipitin method. Twenty hours of incubation were required to produce a positive CIE result in 54% of those specimens which were eventually proven a contain group B streptococci by Lancefield technique. There were no false positive CIE results. It is recommended that the initial broth culture be sampled and tested with CIE after an overnight incubation in those cases where another 24 h may be critical in terms of identifying the group B streptococci. A positive result with CIE can be clinically relied upon, but a negative result is indeterminate, and routine isolation procedures would need to be followed in that case.", "contents": "Direct use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis in detection of group B streptococci in specimens containing mixed flora. Isolation procedures for the group B streptococci were bypassed by applying counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) directly to the broth containing the initial inoculum. A total of 458 tests were performed on 389 specimens received from 93 mothers and 81 babies. Of all tests, 19.4% were positive group B streptococci by the Lancefield precipitin method. Twenty hours of incubation were required to produce a positive CIE result in 54% of those specimens which were eventually proven a contain group B streptococci by Lancefield technique. There were no false positive CIE results. It is recommended that the initial broth culture be sampled and tested with CIE after an overnight incubation in those cases where another 24 h may be critical in terms of identifying the group B streptococci. A positive result with CIE can be clinically relied upon, but a negative result is indeterminate, and routine isolation procedures would need to be followed in that case."}
{"id": "PMID:365879", "title": "Micromethod for biochemical identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci.", "content": "We have endeavored to elaborate a suitable method for easy and rapid identification in clinical microbiology laboratories of the different species of infection-inducing, coagulase-negative staphylococci. Ten type strains described by Kloos and Schleifer and 269 strains isolated from 95 patients were tested; the classical tests were used for determination of Staphylococcus species. Strains were identified by using the Kloos-Schleifer reference method and the micromethod simultaneously. After preliminary tests on 77 substrates, 19 were retained, 15 for determination of species and 4 to reveal biotypes. The substrates were placed in wells in a rigid strip of inert plastic. Inoculation of wells was carried out with rich microbial suspensions in a special medium; reading of substrate reactions was done after incubation for 48 h at 35 degree C. The intrasystem reproducibility was excellent, from 91 to 100% for the 19 substrates. It was in excellent agreement with the reference method, 100% for type strains and 97.9% for hospital-isolated strains. Because it is simple and easy to reproduce, the micromethod will be most useful in clinical and ecological microbiology laboratories.", "contents": "Micromethod for biochemical identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci. We have endeavored to elaborate a suitable method for easy and rapid identification in clinical microbiology laboratories of the different species of infection-inducing, coagulase-negative staphylococci. Ten type strains described by Kloos and Schleifer and 269 strains isolated from 95 patients were tested; the classical tests were used for determination of Staphylococcus species. Strains were identified by using the Kloos-Schleifer reference method and the micromethod simultaneously. After preliminary tests on 77 substrates, 19 were retained, 15 for determination of species and 4 to reveal biotypes. The substrates were placed in wells in a rigid strip of inert plastic. Inoculation of wells was carried out with rich microbial suspensions in a special medium; reading of substrate reactions was done after incubation for 48 h at 35 degree C. The intrasystem reproducibility was excellent, from 91 to 100% for the 19 substrates. It was in excellent agreement with the reference method, 100% for type strains and 97.9% for hospital-isolated strains. Because it is simple and easy to reproduce, the micromethod will be most useful in clinical and ecological microbiology laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:365880", "title": "Complement fixation antibody test for human nocardiosis.", "content": "Complement-fixing antibody was detected in 13 of 16 patients with histological and/or culture evidence of infection with Nocardia species. The antigen used was a filtrate of soluble substances secreted into liquid growth medium by cultures of N. asteroides. Apparent false positives reactions were found in three of three patients with leprosy and two of five  patients with tuberculosis--results similar to some previously reported methods. N. asteroides and mycobacteria share antigens. Only the false positives with tuberculosis are considered a diagnostic problem. No reactions were obtained with sera from 26 patients with other infections and 41 unifected individuals. Whereas previous nocardia serodiagnostic methods have a sensitivity of approximately 50%, our overall sensitivity (81%) compares favorably and included 9 of 11 positive tests in immunocompromised nocardiosis patients (a source of false negative reactions with previous methods).", "contents": "Complement fixation antibody test for human nocardiosis. Complement-fixing antibody was detected in 13 of 16 patients with histological and/or culture evidence of infection with Nocardia species. The antigen used was a filtrate of soluble substances secreted into liquid growth medium by cultures of N. asteroides. Apparent false positives reactions were found in three of three patients with leprosy and two of five  patients with tuberculosis--results similar to some previously reported methods. N. asteroides and mycobacteria share antigens. Only the false positives with tuberculosis are considered a diagnostic problem. No reactions were obtained with sera from 26 patients with other infections and 41 unifected individuals. Whereas previous nocardia serodiagnostic methods have a sensitivity of approximately 50%, our overall sensitivity (81%) compares favorably and included 9 of 11 positive tests in immunocompromised nocardiosis patients (a source of false negative reactions with previous methods)."}
{"id": "PMID:365881", "title": "Commercial cryptococcal latex kit: clinical evaluation in a medical center hospital.", "content": "A commercial latex kit for the detection of cryptococcal antigen (LCAT) was used in a medical center hospital to test cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum specimens from patients suspected of having cryptococcal infections. The LCAT was also performed on 8 CSF and 2 serum specimens from other mycotic infections and on 50 serum specimens from healthy controls. Of a total of 561 specimens (489 CSF and 72 sera) from 426 patients, 78 (13.9%) specimens were LCAT positive; these came from 12 patients with culturally proven cryptococcosis. Eleven of these 12 patients were diagnosed as having disseminated cryptococcosis (9 with meningitis). Fourteen other patients, all with positive cultures for Cryptococcus neoformans but nevative LCATs on sera or CSF, were found not to have disseminated infections. All CSF and sera from other mycotic infections and all 50 control sera were negative. No false positive or flase negative tests were encountered. It was concluded that the commercial kit is useful for diagnosis and prognosis of disseminated cryptococcosis, but not as useful for infections such as localized pulmonary or cutaneous cryptococcosis.", "contents": "Commercial cryptococcal latex kit: clinical evaluation in a medical center hospital. A commercial latex kit for the detection of cryptococcal antigen (LCAT) was used in a medical center hospital to test cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum specimens from patients suspected of having cryptococcal infections. The LCAT was also performed on 8 CSF and 2 serum specimens from other mycotic infections and on 50 serum specimens from healthy controls. Of a total of 561 specimens (489 CSF and 72 sera) from 426 patients, 78 (13.9%) specimens were LCAT positive; these came from 12 patients with culturally proven cryptococcosis. Eleven of these 12 patients were diagnosed as having disseminated cryptococcosis (9 with meningitis). Fourteen other patients, all with positive cultures for Cryptococcus neoformans but nevative LCATs on sera or CSF, were found not to have disseminated infections. All CSF and sera from other mycotic infections and all 50 control sera were negative. No false positive or flase negative tests were encountered. It was concluded that the commercial kit is useful for diagnosis and prognosis of disseminated cryptococcosis, but not as useful for infections such as localized pulmonary or cutaneous cryptococcosis."}
{"id": "PMID:365882", "title": "Laboratory identification and epidemiology of streptococcal hospital isolates.", "content": "A total of 343 streptococcal strains were identified to species on the basis of the progressive method of bacterial identification as advocated by Cowan & Steel's Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. Comparative studies were also performed with these strains to determine the accuracy and feasibility of using various types of blood, differential media, and biochemical tests in conjunction with the progressive method of identification. The streptococcal species were then correlated with the type of specimen, sex, and age of hospitalized patients to obtain some insight into the epidemiology of hospital streptococcal isolates.", "contents": "Laboratory identification and epidemiology of streptococcal hospital isolates. A total of 343 streptococcal strains were identified to species on the basis of the progressive method of bacterial identification as advocated by Cowan & Steel's Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. Comparative studies were also performed with these strains to determine the accuracy and feasibility of using various types of blood, differential media, and biochemical tests in conjunction with the progressive method of identification. The streptococcal species were then correlated with the type of specimen, sex, and age of hospitalized patients to obtain some insight into the epidemiology of hospital streptococcal isolates."}
{"id": "PMID:365898", "title": "The use of a prosthetic speech aid for a laryngectomized esophageal speaker with right hemiparesis of the tongue: a case report.", "content": "A dental-palatal prosthetic device, which had been demonstrated to aid laryngectomees who use the glossal press method of esophageal speech, was used on a patient whose primary method of air charging was bilabial plosive injection and who had a right hemiparesis of the tongue. Cointervention of a prosthodontist and a speech pathologist is described.", "contents": "The use of a prosthetic speech aid for a laryngectomized esophageal speaker with right hemiparesis of the tongue: a case report. A dental-palatal prosthetic device, which had been demonstrated to aid laryngectomees who use the glossal press method of esophageal speech, was used on a patient whose primary method of air charging was bilabial plosive injection and who had a right hemiparesis of the tongue. Cointervention of a prosthodontist and a speech pathologist is described."}
{"id": "PMID:365904", "title": "Tooth allografts fail to stimulate immunologic memory in mice.", "content": "Tooth transplants should not preclude future transplants in the recipient. In this study teeth failed to stimulate immunologic memory in weakly disparate mice. The teeth did carry transplantation antigens and were rejected after second-set skin grafts. The teeth probably enhanced their own survival through some immunoregulatory mechanism.", "contents": "Tooth allografts fail to stimulate immunologic memory in mice. Tooth transplants should not preclude future transplants in the recipient. In this study teeth failed to stimulate immunologic memory in weakly disparate mice. The teeth did carry transplantation antigens and were rejected after second-set skin grafts. The teeth probably enhanced their own survival through some immunoregulatory mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:365905", "title": "LETS protein in normal and pathological human oral epithelium.", "content": "The distribution of LETS protein in human oral mucosa was studied by indirect immunofluorescence. Normal epithelium showed surface staining. Intracellular staining occurred in epithelial cell cytoplasm in lichen planus and pemphigoid. Surface staining was absent in discoid lupus erythematosus. In pemphigus, intercellular staining was seen near areas of acantholysis.", "contents": "LETS protein in normal and pathological human oral epithelium. The distribution of LETS protein in human oral mucosa was studied by indirect immunofluorescence. Normal epithelium showed surface staining. Intracellular staining occurred in epithelial cell cytoplasm in lichen planus and pemphigoid. Surface staining was absent in discoid lupus erythematosus. In pemphigus, intercellular staining was seen near areas of acantholysis."}
{"id": "PMID:365906", "title": "Repigmentation of leukoderma by minigrafts of normally pigmented, autologus skin.", "content": "A method of repigmenting some leukodermas by transplantation of minigrafts of normally pigmented, autologous skin into them is described. Such grafts in addition to retaining their pigment stimulate repigmentation around them by migration of melanocytes and spread of pigment from the grafts. Three patients, one with piebaldism, another with leukoderma from monobenzyl ether of hydroguinone, and a third with depigmentation following healing of a burn enjoyed successful and cosmetically acceptable repigmentation from practice of the method.", "contents": "Repigmentation of leukoderma by minigrafts of normally pigmented, autologus skin. A method of repigmenting some leukodermas by transplantation of minigrafts of normally pigmented, autologous skin into them is described. Such grafts in addition to retaining their pigment stimulate repigmentation around them by migration of melanocytes and spread of pigment from the grafts. Three patients, one with piebaldism, another with leukoderma from monobenzyl ether of hydroguinone, and a third with depigmentation following healing of a burn enjoyed successful and cosmetically acceptable repigmentation from practice of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:365907", "title": "ASSESS: Adjustment Scales for Sociometric Evaluation of Secondary-School Students.", "content": "The Adjustment Scales for Sociometric Evaluation of Secondary-School Students (ASSESS) was designed to assess peer ratings of the behavior of male and female adolescents. Five scales were developed and cross-validated: Aggression-Disruptiveness, Withdrawal, Anxiety, Social Competence, and Academic Difficulty. Evidence of adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability was presented. Evaluations by male and female classmates were highly correlated. Sex and age differences accounted for only a small proportion of the total variance.", "contents": "ASSESS: Adjustment Scales for Sociometric Evaluation of Secondary-School Students. The Adjustment Scales for Sociometric Evaluation of Secondary-School Students (ASSESS) was designed to assess peer ratings of the behavior of male and female adolescents. Five scales were developed and cross-validated: Aggression-Disruptiveness, Withdrawal, Anxiety, Social Competence, and Academic Difficulty. Evidence of adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability was presented. Evaluations by male and female classmates were highly correlated. Sex and age differences accounted for only a small proportion of the total variance."}
{"id": "PMID:365915", "title": "Pattern of sealant retention in children receiving a combination of caries-preventive methods: three-year results.", "content": "Sealant retention varied according to site of the tooth. Figures for intact sealant were particularly low for permanent first molars among first graders and for permanent second molars among sixth graders at the end of three years. Although a large percentage of these teeth needed sealant reapplications, the percentages of teeth that were lost to caries were as low as 12.2% and 12.8%, respectively. Deciduous molars had the best rate (60.9%) of complete retention and also the highest percentage (20.2%) of loss caused by caries. However, in sixth graders, the premolars had the highest percentage (46.7%) of complete retention and, at the same time, the lowest caries rate (5.6%). The sealant retention pattern has remained the same during the three-year period.", "contents": "Pattern of sealant retention in children receiving a combination of caries-preventive methods: three-year results. Sealant retention varied according to site of the tooth. Figures for intact sealant were particularly low for permanent first molars among first graders and for permanent second molars among sixth graders at the end of three years. Although a large percentage of these teeth needed sealant reapplications, the percentages of teeth that were lost to caries were as low as 12.2% and 12.8%, respectively. Deciduous molars had the best rate (60.9%) of complete retention and also the highest percentage (20.2%) of loss caused by caries. However, in sixth graders, the premolars had the highest percentage (46.7%) of complete retention and, at the same time, the lowest caries rate (5.6%). The sealant retention pattern has remained the same during the three-year period."}
{"id": "PMID:365916", "title": "Direct bonding of unerupted teeth for orthodontic movement.", "content": "The surgical technique for exposing unerupted teeth by the use of direct bonding brackets has been described. Twenty unerupted teeth were successfully exposed and bracketed with direct bonding with a minimum of surgical trauma and postoperative complications while ensuring the preservation of tooth structure. Difficulties previously described in maintaining a dry field were obviated with a quick-setting adhesive and good suction technique.", "contents": "Direct bonding of unerupted teeth for orthodontic movement. The surgical technique for exposing unerupted teeth by the use of direct bonding brackets has been described. Twenty unerupted teeth were successfully exposed and bracketed with direct bonding with a minimum of surgical trauma and postoperative complications while ensuring the preservation of tooth structure. Difficulties previously described in maintaining a dry field were obviated with a quick-setting adhesive and good suction technique."}
{"id": "PMID:365919", "title": "Aerosolized terbutaline in asthmatics. Comparison of dosage strength, schedule, and method of administration.", "content": "Sixteen patients with bronchial asthma participated in three studies of inhaled terbutaline. Onset of action, duration, and peak effects were compared for a dose of 0.5 mg given in one, two, or four inhalations at 1 min intervals from a freon-propelled, metered-dose aerosol. There was no significant difference in the response between the schedules. Dose-response curves were compared for terbutaline from a metered-dose aerosol, and pressure nebulized with and without intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB). There was no difference between the response with IPPB and simple nebulization. Improvement continued to the total dose administered of 9.0 mg. For a given bronchial response, six to eight times as much terbutaline was required by pressure nebulization as from the metered-dose aerosol.", "contents": "Aerosolized terbutaline in asthmatics. Comparison of dosage strength, schedule, and method of administration. Sixteen patients with bronchial asthma participated in three studies of inhaled terbutaline. Onset of action, duration, and peak effects were compared for a dose of 0.5 mg given in one, two, or four inhalations at 1 min intervals from a freon-propelled, metered-dose aerosol. There was no significant difference in the response between the schedules. Dose-response curves were compared for terbutaline from a metered-dose aerosol, and pressure nebulized with and without intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB). There was no difference between the response with IPPB and simple nebulization. Improvement continued to the total dose administered of 9.0 mg. For a given bronchial response, six to eight times as much terbutaline was required by pressure nebulization as from the metered-dose aerosol."}
{"id": "PMID:365920", "title": "Suppression of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms with daily hydroxyzine.", "content": "The effectiveness of hydroxyzine in the suppression of allergic rhinitis symptoms was evaluated using a double-blind, parallel study design during the 1977 ragweed season. Forty-three subjects with positive ragweed skin tests and a history of an exacerbation of symptoms during August and September of the previous two years were randomly assigned to receive either hydroxyzine or placebo. Subjects scored the severity and duration of symptoms in a daily diary and adverse effects were evaluated from a structured interview at two-week intervals. Although drowsiness and dry mouth were frequent initially among the hydroxyzine-treated patients, these minor side effects rapidly disappeared as the dose was slowly increased, and all but one subject tolerated 150 mg/day. Subsequently, during the period of the highest ragweek pollen counts, the hydroxyzine-treated group spent significantly more days free of symptoms or with only mild sneezing, rhinorrhea, and eye symptoms than subjects who took placebo (p less than 0.05). Thus, hydroxyzine appeared to be well tolerated on a continuous daily basis and was effective in suppressing most of the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Comparison of hydroxyzine with antihistamines more traditionally used for allergic rhinitis appears warranted.", "contents": "Suppression of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms with daily hydroxyzine. The effectiveness of hydroxyzine in the suppression of allergic rhinitis symptoms was evaluated using a double-blind, parallel study design during the 1977 ragweed season. Forty-three subjects with positive ragweed skin tests and a history of an exacerbation of symptoms during August and September of the previous two years were randomly assigned to receive either hydroxyzine or placebo. Subjects scored the severity and duration of symptoms in a daily diary and adverse effects were evaluated from a structured interview at two-week intervals. Although drowsiness and dry mouth were frequent initially among the hydroxyzine-treated patients, these minor side effects rapidly disappeared as the dose was slowly increased, and all but one subject tolerated 150 mg/day. Subsequently, during the period of the highest ragweek pollen counts, the hydroxyzine-treated group spent significantly more days free of symptoms or with only mild sneezing, rhinorrhea, and eye symptoms than subjects who took placebo (p less than 0.05). Thus, hydroxyzine appeared to be well tolerated on a continuous daily basis and was effective in suppressing most of the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Comparison of hydroxyzine with antihistamines more traditionally used for allergic rhinitis appears warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:365922", "title": "Holistic aspects of visual style: a hemispheric model with implications for vision therapy.", "content": "A model is proposed relating styles of cognition and perception, modes of consciousness, and cerebral hemispheric function to visual styles and visual problems. The implications of such a model for management of vision problems are discussed. It is recommended that training for the central, eso patient emphasize procedures which are spatial, holistic, peripheral, simultaneous, and involve the use of imagery. For the peripheral, exo patient, treatment techniques should involve sequence and rhythm, analytical processing, discrimination of fine differences, and attention to detail in central areas of the visual field.", "contents": "Holistic aspects of visual style: a hemispheric model with implications for vision therapy. A model is proposed relating styles of cognition and perception, modes of consciousness, and cerebral hemispheric function to visual styles and visual problems. The implications of such a model for management of vision problems are discussed. It is recommended that training for the central, eso patient emphasize procedures which are spatial, holistic, peripheral, simultaneous, and involve the use of imagery. For the peripheral, exo patient, treatment techniques should involve sequence and rhythm, analytical processing, discrimination of fine differences, and attention to detail in central areas of the visual field."}
{"id": "PMID:365925", "title": "B and T lymphocytes in man. IV. Circulating B, T and \"null\" lymphocytes in aging population.", "content": "T, B and \"Null\" lymphocytes were determined in the peripheral blood of 98 adults, 26 of them were between 20 to 40 years of age and 72 between 60 to 96 years of age. The total number of lymphocytes were about the same in both groups. The percent and absolute number of T cells decreased significantly in the aged. Although the percent of B lymphocytes increased with age, the absolute number of B lymphocytes remained about the same.", "contents": "B and T lymphocytes in man. IV. Circulating B, T and \"null\" lymphocytes in aging population. T, B and \"Null\" lymphocytes were determined in the peripheral blood of 98 adults, 26 of them were between 20 to 40 years of age and 72 between 60 to 96 years of age. The total number of lymphocytes were about the same in both groups. The percent and absolute number of T cells decreased significantly in the aged. Although the percent of B lymphocytes increased with age, the absolute number of B lymphocytes remained about the same."}
{"id": "PMID:365928", "title": "Local composite neurovascular island flap for skin cover in pulp loss of the thumb.", "content": "A local composite neurovascular island flap to provide stable skin cover with good soft tissue padding and sensibility for extensive pulp loss of the thumb was used in five patients. The island flap included the dorsoradial branches of the radial digital neurovascular bundle of the thumb.", "contents": "Local composite neurovascular island flap for skin cover in pulp loss of the thumb. A local composite neurovascular island flap to provide stable skin cover with good soft tissue padding and sensibility for extensive pulp loss of the thumb was used in five patients. The island flap included the dorsoradial branches of the radial digital neurovascular bundle of the thumb."}
{"id": "PMID:365930", "title": "The intravenous fluorescein test: use in timing of groin flap division.", "content": "Successful division or delay of the arterial groin flap requires an accurate prediction of viability. The fluorescein dye test is an objective test to determine the earliest possible time a pedicle can be divided. It is an easy, quick, and comfortable test that can be repeated many times without injuring or altering the flap. It consists of an intravenous injection of fluorescein while the pedicle is temporarily and reversibly occluded. All areas with adequate revascularization fluoresce under ultraviolet light. In three groin flaps intended for hand resurfacing, interval fluorescence testing was the sole criterion for successful pedicle division. In an experimental neurovascular island skin flap in the rat, the validity of the fluorescein test was confirmed. In the clinical situation and in the experimental model, fluorescence is an accurate indicator of groin flap revascularization and a predictor for the timing of safe and early groin flap division.", "contents": "The intravenous fluorescein test: use in timing of groin flap division. Successful division or delay of the arterial groin flap requires an accurate prediction of viability. The fluorescein dye test is an objective test to determine the earliest possible time a pedicle can be divided. It is an easy, quick, and comfortable test that can be repeated many times without injuring or altering the flap. It consists of an intravenous injection of fluorescein while the pedicle is temporarily and reversibly occluded. All areas with adequate revascularization fluoresce under ultraviolet light. In three groin flaps intended for hand resurfacing, interval fluorescence testing was the sole criterion for successful pedicle division. In an experimental neurovascular island skin flap in the rat, the validity of the fluorescein test was confirmed. In the clinical situation and in the experimental model, fluorescence is an accurate indicator of groin flap revascularization and a predictor for the timing of safe and early groin flap division."}
{"id": "PMID:365931", "title": "Health care cost containment experiments: policy, individual rights, and the law.", "content": "In a climate of increasing pressure to contain health care costs, legislators and health services researchers from time to time have proposed experiments involving reductions in benefits currently authorized under the Medicare and Medicaid programs. This paper examines three court challenges to the conduct of such experiments in California, New York, and Georgia. The rulings on the California and New York cases were in favor of continuing the experiments on the grounds that the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare had judged the projects to be helpful in promoting the objectives of Titles XIX and IV-A, respectively, of the Social Security Act. In the Georgia case, however, the plaintiffs contended that federal regulations protecting human subjects were applicable to the experiment at issue. While the precedent of past cases upholding the Secretary's authority to approve benefit-reducing experiments was not overturned in Georgia, the Court held that the human subjects regulations were applicable and, consequently, that such experiments must be reviewed prior to implementation by an Institutional Review Board. If the experiment places human subjects at risk, the regulations require that informed consent be obtained from participating subjects. The paper concludes by examining the implications of the Georgia ruling in terms of future efforts to contain health care costs while ensuring that the rights of individual beneficiaries are adequately safeguarded.", "contents": "Health care cost containment experiments: policy, individual rights, and the law. In a climate of increasing pressure to contain health care costs, legislators and health services researchers from time to time have proposed experiments involving reductions in benefits currently authorized under the Medicare and Medicaid programs. This paper examines three court challenges to the conduct of such experiments in California, New York, and Georgia. The rulings on the California and New York cases were in favor of continuing the experiments on the grounds that the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare had judged the projects to be helpful in promoting the objectives of Titles XIX and IV-A, respectively, of the Social Security Act. In the Georgia case, however, the plaintiffs contended that federal regulations protecting human subjects were applicable to the experiment at issue. While the precedent of past cases upholding the Secretary's authority to approve benefit-reducing experiments was not overturned in Georgia, the Court held that the human subjects regulations were applicable and, consequently, that such experiments must be reviewed prior to implementation by an Institutional Review Board. If the experiment places human subjects at risk, the regulations require that informed consent be obtained from participating subjects. The paper concludes by examining the implications of the Georgia ruling in terms of future efforts to contain health care costs while ensuring that the rights of individual beneficiaries are adequately safeguarded."}
{"id": "PMID:366014", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of intracellular antigens by the use of protein A-gold complex.", "content": "An immunocytochemical technique for the demonstration of intracellular antigens (secretory proteins) on thin sections is reported. Staphylococcal protein A which reacts with the Fc fragment of IgG molecules was labeled with colloidal gold as a marker. The antigenic sites were visualized on aldehyde-fixed and Epon-embedded tissue in a two step procedure. The specific antisera were applied to thin sections for binding to the antigens and then visualized by the protein A-gold complex. By using this technique different secretory proteins of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas were localized. The protein A-gold technique is proposed as a general method for visualization of antigenic sites on thin sections.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of intracellular antigens by the use of protein A-gold complex. An immunocytochemical technique for the demonstration of intracellular antigens (secretory proteins) on thin sections is reported. Staphylococcal protein A which reacts with the Fc fragment of IgG molecules was labeled with colloidal gold as a marker. The antigenic sites were visualized on aldehyde-fixed and Epon-embedded tissue in a two step procedure. The specific antisera were applied to thin sections for binding to the antigens and then visualized by the protein A-gold complex. By using this technique different secretory proteins of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas were localized. The protein A-gold technique is proposed as a general method for visualization of antigenic sites on thin sections."}
{"id": "PMID:366015", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of pancreatic polypeptide in the F cell of the dog pancreas.", "content": "The F cell of the dog pancreas has been identified as the specific cell type containing pancreatic polypeptide. This localization of pnacreatic polypeptide was accomplished by immunocytochemical staining of ultrathin sections and direct electron microscopic identification. Verification of the specificity of the reaction was obtained by blocking experiments on serial sections of the same cell. It is proposed that the name F cell be used for defining in all species the islet cell that contains pancreatic polypeptide.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of pancreatic polypeptide in the F cell of the dog pancreas. The F cell of the dog pancreas has been identified as the specific cell type containing pancreatic polypeptide. This localization of pnacreatic polypeptide was accomplished by immunocytochemical staining of ultrathin sections and direct electron microscopic identification. Verification of the specificity of the reaction was obtained by blocking experiments on serial sections of the same cell. It is proposed that the name F cell be used for defining in all species the islet cell that contains pancreatic polypeptide."}
{"id": "PMID:366016", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of thyroid hormone in rat thyroid gland.", "content": "Direct and indirect immunofluorescence techniques were used to localize the thyroid hormones triidothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in adult rat thyroid gland. Optimum dilutions of the antisera were established and four tissue fixatives were investigated for usefulness in this technique. Use of antibodies specific for either T3 or T4 resulted in brilliant fluorescence in the colloid pools and apical cytoplasm of follicular cells. In all cases, the adjacent parathyroid gland was devoid of fluorescence. This report demonstrates that these dipeptide hormones can be localized by using immunofluorescence techniques.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of thyroid hormone in rat thyroid gland. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence techniques were used to localize the thyroid hormones triidothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in adult rat thyroid gland. Optimum dilutions of the antisera were established and four tissue fixatives were investigated for usefulness in this technique. Use of antibodies specific for either T3 or T4 resulted in brilliant fluorescence in the colloid pools and apical cytoplasm of follicular cells. In all cases, the adjacent parathyroid gland was devoid of fluorescence. This report demonstrates that these dipeptide hormones can be localized by using immunofluorescence techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:366017", "title": "The derivation of a minimum immune titre of rubella haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody. A  Public Health Laboratory Service collaborative survey.", "content": "Ten laboratories collaborated in a study of minimum immune titre (MIT) of rubella haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody with one laboratory acting as a reference laboratory to provide a uniform basis for comparison of the HI results. The international unitage equivalent to the MIT used by the ten laboratories was found to vary from 24 to 98 units. Testing of the sera by immunofluorescence and by HI after flotation centrifugation indicated that residual non-specific inhibitors may interfere with HI antibody testing to an extent equivalent to 12-15 units. An acceptable MIT would therefore be equivalent to 24-48 units of rubella HI antibody. The single radial haemolysis (SRH) results on the sera indicate that this is a sensitive and specific test for rubella antibody.", "contents": "The derivation of a minimum immune titre of rubella haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody. A  Public Health Laboratory Service collaborative survey. Ten laboratories collaborated in a study of minimum immune titre (MIT) of rubella haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody with one laboratory acting as a reference laboratory to provide a uniform basis for comparison of the HI results. The international unitage equivalent to the MIT used by the ten laboratories was found to vary from 24 to 98 units. Testing of the sera by immunofluorescence and by HI after flotation centrifugation indicated that residual non-specific inhibitors may interfere with HI antibody testing to an extent equivalent to 12-15 units. An acceptable MIT would therefore be equivalent to 24-48 units of rubella HI antibody. The single radial haemolysis (SRH) results on the sera indicate that this is a sensitive and specific test for rubella antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:366018", "title": "The effect of travel on faecal Escherichia coli serotypes.", "content": "In a study on the serotypes of Escherichia coli which are present in the faeces of students travelling from many parts of the world to Dublin, a great variety of types was found. It was not possible to relate certain types to the various parts of the world where the students came from. There was no decrease in variety of serotypes after the students had been in Dublin for a few months and no distinctive 'Dublin' types were acquired. Serological variation of the E. coli was suggested as partially explaining some of the variety of the serotypes found. Although eight students developed diarrhoea without an aetiological agent being isolated after arrival in Dublin, no distinct pattern of E. coli could be related to this.", "contents": "The effect of travel on faecal Escherichia coli serotypes. In a study on the serotypes of Escherichia coli which are present in the faeces of students travelling from many parts of the world to Dublin, a great variety of types was found. It was not possible to relate certain types to the various parts of the world where the students came from. There was no decrease in variety of serotypes after the students had been in Dublin for a few months and no distinctive 'Dublin' types were acquired. Serological variation of the E. coli was suggested as partially explaining some of the variety of the serotypes found. Although eight students developed diarrhoea without an aetiological agent being isolated after arrival in Dublin, no distinct pattern of E. coli could be related to this."}
{"id": "PMID:366020", "title": "Changes in taste sensation and feeding behaviour in cancer patients: a review.", "content": "Recent studies suggest the importance of alterations in taste sensation as a determinant of anorexia in cancer patients. These studies collectively support the conclusions that the likelihood of developing abnormalities in taste increases with increasing body burden of tumour, that taste abnormality is reversible on response of the underlying tumour to therapy, and that the abnormalities in taste can be correlated with decreased intake of energy. It is suggested that these studies, and studies currently in progress, may aid our understanding of food choices in cancer patients and may guide the use of food supplements to assist the cancer patient in maintaining adequate energy intake.", "contents": "Changes in taste sensation and feeding behaviour in cancer patients: a review. Recent studies suggest the importance of alterations in taste sensation as a determinant of anorexia in cancer patients. These studies collectively support the conclusions that the likelihood of developing abnormalities in taste increases with increasing body burden of tumour, that taste abnormality is reversible on response of the underlying tumour to therapy, and that the abnormalities in taste can be correlated with decreased intake of energy. It is suggested that these studies, and studies currently in progress, may aid our understanding of food choices in cancer patients and may guide the use of food supplements to assist the cancer patient in maintaining adequate energy intake."}
{"id": "PMID:366021", "title": "Dietary factors in the aetiology of gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "Gastrointestinal cancers, mainly oesophageal, gastric, pancreatic and large bowel cancer, account for about 40,000 deaths annually in England and Wales which is 32% of all cancer deaths. Nutritional factors have been implicated in the cause of each cancer and probably act by promoting the effect of carcinogenic substances taken in the diet or produced in the gut. Gastric cancer for example may be due to nitrosamine production in the stomach. This is enhanced by readily available sources of dietary nitrite and nitrate whilst the reaction is inhibited by vitamin C and low temperatures (2 degrees C). By contrast large bowel cancer can be related to high fat and meat intakes whilst a protective role for dietary fibre has been suggested. Dietary factors in the aetiology of oesophageal cancer differ from one high incidence area to another.", "contents": "Dietary factors in the aetiology of gastrointestinal cancer. Gastrointestinal cancers, mainly oesophageal, gastric, pancreatic and large bowel cancer, account for about 40,000 deaths annually in England and Wales which is 32% of all cancer deaths. Nutritional factors have been implicated in the cause of each cancer and probably act by promoting the effect of carcinogenic substances taken in the diet or produced in the gut. Gastric cancer for example may be due to nitrosamine production in the stomach. This is enhanced by readily available sources of dietary nitrite and nitrate whilst the reaction is inhibited by vitamin C and low temperatures (2 degrees C). By contrast large bowel cancer can be related to high fat and meat intakes whilst a protective role for dietary fibre has been suggested. Dietary factors in the aetiology of oesophageal cancer differ from one high incidence area to another."}
{"id": "PMID:366023", "title": "Comparison of the haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex in the rat. III. Two difficult haplotypes: H-1h (Ag-B12) in the HW strain and Ag-B13 (H-1m) in the MNR/N strain.", "content": "Two haplotypes which posed difficult problems in serological identification, those of the HW and MNR/N strains, were studied. The HW strain was originally described as a unique haplotype (H-1h), but breeding difficulties precluded its detailed serological analysis. The red blood cells of the HW strain agglutinate weakly and cross-react with antisera to the Ag-B8 group. Anti-HW antisera cross-react strongly with LEW, ACI and WKA, but absorption with these strains did not produce an adequate typing serum. By judicious selection of recipients, however, an appropriate typing reagent could be made; a particularly useful one was (BUF X MR)F1 anti-HW absorbed with WKA red blood cells. The HW haplotype segregated appropriately in a (DA X HW)F2 population. The HW strain is a low responder to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15). The H-1h haplotype of this strain was designated Ag-B12. The MNR/N strain had not previously been studied serologically, although its MLR type had been defined as H-1c (MLR-5). Antisera to MNR/N cross-reacted strongly with the H-1a,b,d,f haplotypes, but MNR/N red blood cells agglutinated only weakly with many antisera. An operationally monospecific reagent antiserum to the MNR/N haplotype could not be made. The uniqueness of the MNR/N haplotype was shown by F1 tests with LEW.1A, LEW.1D and LEW.1F, by various serological analyses, including production of antisera against MNR/N and in the MR strain; by segregation studies with (LEW X LEW.1D)N5 and (DA X DA.MNR)N4 segregating back-cross populations, and by grafting skin from (DA X DA.MNR)N4 homozygous and heterozygous animals to DA recipients. The MNR/N strain is a high-responder to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15). The MNR/N haplotype of this strain was designated Ag-B13 (H-1m). The data led to the working hypothesis that the MNR/N strain may be a recombination between the A region of H-1d and the B region of H-1c. In addition, the H-1d private specificity at the A region was probably lost by a deletion mutation which left the main complex of public specificities intact.", "contents": "Comparison of the haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex in the rat. III. Two difficult haplotypes: H-1h (Ag-B12) in the HW strain and Ag-B13 (H-1m) in the MNR/N strain. Two haplotypes which posed difficult problems in serological identification, those of the HW and MNR/N strains, were studied. The HW strain was originally described as a unique haplotype (H-1h), but breeding difficulties precluded its detailed serological analysis. The red blood cells of the HW strain agglutinate weakly and cross-react with antisera to the Ag-B8 group. Anti-HW antisera cross-react strongly with LEW, ACI and WKA, but absorption with these strains did not produce an adequate typing serum. By judicious selection of recipients, however, an appropriate typing reagent could be made; a particularly useful one was (BUF X MR)F1 anti-HW absorbed with WKA red blood cells. The HW haplotype segregated appropriately in a (DA X HW)F2 population. The HW strain is a low responder to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15). The H-1h haplotype of this strain was designated Ag-B12. The MNR/N strain had not previously been studied serologically, although its MLR type had been defined as H-1c (MLR-5). Antisera to MNR/N cross-reacted strongly with the H-1a,b,d,f haplotypes, but MNR/N red blood cells agglutinated only weakly with many antisera. An operationally monospecific reagent antiserum to the MNR/N haplotype could not be made. The uniqueness of the MNR/N haplotype was shown by F1 tests with LEW.1A, LEW.1D and LEW.1F, by various serological analyses, including production of antisera against MNR/N and in the MR strain; by segregation studies with (LEW X LEW.1D)N5 and (DA X DA.MNR)N4 segregating back-cross populations, and by grafting skin from (DA X DA.MNR)N4 homozygous and heterozygous animals to DA recipients. The MNR/N strain is a high-responder to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15). The MNR/N haplotype of this strain was designated Ag-B13 (H-1m). The data led to the working hypothesis that the MNR/N strain may be a recombination between the A region of H-1d and the B region of H-1c. In addition, the H-1d private specificity at the A region was probably lost by a deletion mutation which left the main complex of public specificities intact."}
{"id": "PMID:366025", "title": "Failure to find H-2-associated susceptibility to LCM disease.", "content": "Nine strains of mice bearing five distinct H-2 genotypes were inoculated intracerebrally with LCMV. There was no association found between particular K or D allotypes and susceptibility to acute LCM disease.", "contents": "Failure to find H-2-associated susceptibility to LCM disease. Nine strains of mice bearing five distinct H-2 genotypes were inoculated intracerebrally with LCMV. There was no association found between particular K or D allotypes and susceptibility to acute LCM disease."}
{"id": "PMID:366032", "title": "[Studies on the contract of the casting. (II) Influence of core inside the cast (author's transl)].", "content": "A alloy has its constant coefficient of casting shrinkage, but its value is changed by casting conditions. This time, we studied with effect of core which exist inside the cast. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The more the strength of core material increases, the smaller the coefficient of casting shrinkage becomes. 2. The smaller the thermal expansion coefficient of core material in solid state, the smaller the casting shrinkage. 3. In case of Silver-Palladium-Gold casting alloy, its actual casting shrinkage (y) has a multiple correlation with the compressive strength (x1) of core material in high temperature, and with the difference (x2) of the original casting shrinkage of the alloy from the casting shrinkage of core material, that is, y = -0.0023x1 + 0.0087x2 + 1.4927 4. Silver-Indium casting alloy is hard to be influenced by the quality of core material, for the alloy has a small shrinkage force.", "contents": "[Studies on the contract of the casting. (II) Influence of core inside the cast (author's transl)]. A alloy has its constant coefficient of casting shrinkage, but its value is changed by casting conditions. This time, we studied with effect of core which exist inside the cast. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The more the strength of core material increases, the smaller the coefficient of casting shrinkage becomes. 2. The smaller the thermal expansion coefficient of core material in solid state, the smaller the casting shrinkage. 3. In case of Silver-Palladium-Gold casting alloy, its actual casting shrinkage (y) has a multiple correlation with the compressive strength (x1) of core material in high temperature, and with the difference (x2) of the original casting shrinkage of the alloy from the casting shrinkage of core material, that is, y = -0.0023x1 + 0.0087x2 + 1.4927 4. Silver-Indium casting alloy is hard to be influenced by the quality of core material, for the alloy has a small shrinkage force."}
{"id": "PMID:366033", "title": "[Origination of casting porosity on high fused dental alloys by use of Bio-X X-ray unit (MRO-10R) (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments were carried out clarify internal defects in dental casting with high fused dental alloys, as cobalt-chromium alloy or nickel-chromium alloy by use of Bio-X X-ray unit (MRO-10R for dental castings), exploited by KAWAHARA and TSK international corporation. Satisfactory radiographic observations were obtained with the following results; 1. In any of castings, a large amount of porosity was found on X-ray clearly. 2. On the castings in this experiment, porosity, round and bubble like in shape was markedly observed in the location right below the sprue attachment and its neighborhood. But in regions far from sprue, porosity was decreased, it came gradually to be present on the surface of castings. 3. Radiographically some defects were of a clack type and a shrinkage type in castings, although castings seemed to be quite sound in appearance. These types of defects were considered to become a weak point when external force was applied. 4. In regard to the completeness of castings, especially large round shape, clack type and shrinkage porosity can be prevented by a rapid removal of the air or gas from a mold and by improving the casting system to obtain better efficiency.", "contents": "[Origination of casting porosity on high fused dental alloys by use of Bio-X X-ray unit (MRO-10R) (author's transl)]. Experiments were carried out clarify internal defects in dental casting with high fused dental alloys, as cobalt-chromium alloy or nickel-chromium alloy by use of Bio-X X-ray unit (MRO-10R for dental castings), exploited by KAWAHARA and TSK international corporation. Satisfactory radiographic observations were obtained with the following results; 1. In any of castings, a large amount of porosity was found on X-ray clearly. 2. On the castings in this experiment, porosity, round and bubble like in shape was markedly observed in the location right below the sprue attachment and its neighborhood. But in regions far from sprue, porosity was decreased, it came gradually to be present on the surface of castings. 3. Radiographically some defects were of a clack type and a shrinkage type in castings, although castings seemed to be quite sound in appearance. These types of defects were considered to become a weak point when external force was applied. 4. In regard to the completeness of castings, especially large round shape, clack type and shrinkage porosity can be prevented by a rapid removal of the air or gas from a mold and by improving the casting system to obtain better efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:366034", "title": "[Bond strength between nonprecious metal alloy and porcelain. (Part 2) Effects of the addition of Mn, Mo, Si, Sn, Ta and Ti on bond strength of 80 Ni-20 Cr alloy (author's transl)].", "content": "Alloys added 2, 4 and 6 wt% Mn, Mo, Si, Sn, Ta and Ti to 80 wt% Ni-20 wt% Cr alloyand no-added 80 wt% Ni-20 wt% Cr alloy were prepared and casted to obtain the test specimens 3 mm in diameter 25 mm in length. Ceramco porcelain (B.F. Vacuum Porcelain) was fused to each of these specimens, and the bond strength was measured by the pull-out method which applies shear stress to the metal/porcelain interface to investigate the effect of each addition element. The test results may be summarized as presented below. 1) The bond strength between the 80 Ni-20 Cr alloy and the porcelain was 182 +/- 14 kg/cm2. 2) Of the six kinds of addition elements, it was Mo, Sn, Ta and Ti that increased the bond strength. 3) The bond strength between the alloy added 6 wt% Ti to the 80 Ni-20 Cr alloy and the porcelain was 319 +/- 8 kg/cm2, which was increased by about 75% over the strength between the 80 Ni-20 Cr alloy and the porcelain.", "contents": "[Bond strength between nonprecious metal alloy and porcelain. (Part 2) Effects of the addition of Mn, Mo, Si, Sn, Ta and Ti on bond strength of 80 Ni-20 Cr alloy (author's transl)]. Alloys added 2, 4 and 6 wt% Mn, Mo, Si, Sn, Ta and Ti to 80 wt% Ni-20 wt% Cr alloyand no-added 80 wt% Ni-20 wt% Cr alloy were prepared and casted to obtain the test specimens 3 mm in diameter 25 mm in length. Ceramco porcelain (B.F. Vacuum Porcelain) was fused to each of these specimens, and the bond strength was measured by the pull-out method which applies shear stress to the metal/porcelain interface to investigate the effect of each addition element. The test results may be summarized as presented below. 1) The bond strength between the 80 Ni-20 Cr alloy and the porcelain was 182 +/- 14 kg/cm2. 2) Of the six kinds of addition elements, it was Mo, Sn, Ta and Ti that increased the bond strength. 3) The bond strength between the alloy added 6 wt% Ti to the 80 Ni-20 Cr alloy and the porcelain was 319 +/- 8 kg/cm2, which was increased by about 75% over the strength between the 80 Ni-20 Cr alloy and the porcelain."}
{"id": "PMID:366035", "title": "[X-ray diffraction at the metal-ceramic interface. (Part 1) Commercial gold alloy-porcelain interface (author's transl)].", "content": "X-ray diffraction technique is one of the most useful method in understanding the exact nature of chemical bonding between metals and ceramics. However, X-ray diffraction at the actual metal-ceramic interface has not yet been performed, though ti has many merits. In this study, the X-ray diffraction at the actual interfaces of six alloy-porcelain composites was performed using a particular method, in addition to the X-ray diffraction of three commercially available precious alloys for porcelain fusing and two commercially available opaque porcelains. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) Appreciable reaction layers between alloys and opaque porcelains were not detected. 2) The crystal constituents of two opaque porcelains examined were different considerably. This might affect the metal-ceramic bonding conditions. 3) As for three alloys in this experiments, remarkable differences were not observed in their surface crystal structures after the degassing process.", "contents": "[X-ray diffraction at the metal-ceramic interface. (Part 1) Commercial gold alloy-porcelain interface (author's transl)]. X-ray diffraction technique is one of the most useful method in understanding the exact nature of chemical bonding between metals and ceramics. However, X-ray diffraction at the actual metal-ceramic interface has not yet been performed, though ti has many merits. In this study, the X-ray diffraction at the actual interfaces of six alloy-porcelain composites was performed using a particular method, in addition to the X-ray diffraction of three commercially available precious alloys for porcelain fusing and two commercially available opaque porcelains. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) Appreciable reaction layers between alloys and opaque porcelains were not detected. 2) The crystal constituents of two opaque porcelains examined were different considerably. This might affect the metal-ceramic bonding conditions. 3) As for three alloys in this experiments, remarkable differences were not observed in their surface crystal structures after the degassing process."}
{"id": "PMID:366038", "title": "[X-ray diffraction at the metal-ceramic interface. (Part 2) Surface oxides of 88% Au alloys containing Fe, In, Sn for porcelain fusing (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifteen alloys were prepared by adding 0-1.00 wt% Fe, In and Sn (total amount 1.00 wt%) to 88 Au -6 Pt-5Pd-1 Ag master alloy. Before and after the degassing process, the surfaces of these alloys were examined by X-Ray diffraction technique. The crystal structure and the amount of the surface oxides which were formed after the degassing process were determined, and their influence on bond strength between alloys and porcelains was discussed. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1) In all alloys nonprecious elements were oxidized selectively after the degassing process. 2) On the surface of the alloy to which only Fe, In or Sn was added, Fe2O3, In2O3 or SnO2 was formed respectively. 3) In most cases when two or three nonprecious elements were added together, the above mentioned oxides were formed in mixture. However, something different from them was observed in some of the alloys tested. 4) Quantity of each of the oxides formed was not always in proportion to that of the additives. 5) The lattice parameters of the oxides were depended on the concentration of the additives.", "contents": "[X-ray diffraction at the metal-ceramic interface. (Part 2) Surface oxides of 88% Au alloys containing Fe, In, Sn for porcelain fusing (author's transl)]. Fifteen alloys were prepared by adding 0-1.00 wt% Fe, In and Sn (total amount 1.00 wt%) to 88 Au -6 Pt-5Pd-1 Ag master alloy. Before and after the degassing process, the surfaces of these alloys were examined by X-Ray diffraction technique. The crystal structure and the amount of the surface oxides which were formed after the degassing process were determined, and their influence on bond strength between alloys and porcelains was discussed. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1) In all alloys nonprecious elements were oxidized selectively after the degassing process. 2) On the surface of the alloy to which only Fe, In or Sn was added, Fe2O3, In2O3 or SnO2 was formed respectively. 3) In most cases when two or three nonprecious elements were added together, the above mentioned oxides were formed in mixture. However, something different from them was observed in some of the alloys tested. 4) Quantity of each of the oxides formed was not always in proportion to that of the additives. 5) The lattice parameters of the oxides were depended on the concentration of the additives."}
{"id": "PMID:366039", "title": "[On deffect of cobalt-chromium-nickel alloy for dental castings (author's transl)].", "content": "We studied about castability and microporosity of cobalt-chromium-nickel alloy for dental casting in various methods of fusion and casting. The combinations of fusion and casting were induction fusion and centrifugal casting, arc discharge fusion and argon gas pressure casting and oxy-acetylene flame fusion and centrifugal casting. The following results were obtained. 1. The amount of microposity was smaller, when only mold temperature was low, and as mold temperature and casting temperature were high, castability was better. 2. The arc discharge fusion and argon gas pressure casting was the best method about castability and microporosity in three methods. Second method was the induction fusion and centrifugal casting. 3. In the induction fusion and centrifugal casting, blowing arong gas of 1 l/min to molten metal to protect the metal from oxidization improved the castability the best, but amount of microporosity was large, so that it was needed to lower the mold temperature in this condition. 4. The oxyacetylene flame fusion and centrifugal casting was not suitable for the casting of Co-Cr alloy \"Regalloy No. 3\", for the alloy was made for the induction fusion casting.", "contents": "[On deffect of cobalt-chromium-nickel alloy for dental castings (author's transl)]. We studied about castability and microporosity of cobalt-chromium-nickel alloy for dental casting in various methods of fusion and casting. The combinations of fusion and casting were induction fusion and centrifugal casting, arc discharge fusion and argon gas pressure casting and oxy-acetylene flame fusion and centrifugal casting. The following results were obtained. 1. The amount of microposity was smaller, when only mold temperature was low, and as mold temperature and casting temperature were high, castability was better. 2. The arc discharge fusion and argon gas pressure casting was the best method about castability and microporosity in three methods. Second method was the induction fusion and centrifugal casting. 3. In the induction fusion and centrifugal casting, blowing arong gas of 1 l/min to molten metal to protect the metal from oxidization improved the castability the best, but amount of microporosity was large, so that it was needed to lower the mold temperature in this condition. 4. The oxyacetylene flame fusion and centrifugal casting was not suitable for the casting of Co-Cr alloy \"Regalloy No. 3\", for the alloy was made for the induction fusion casting."}
{"id": "PMID:366040", "title": "[Influence of the thickness of metal and porcelain upon metal-ceramics (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with the strength of metal-ceramics and the influence of the thickness of metal and porcelain layer. The metal-ceramic specimens, 30 mm long and 10 mm wide of various each thickness, supported at each ends, were tested by bending to obtain the transverse strength. The thickness of metal layer was changed from 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm, while that of porcelain layer was changed from 0.5 mm to 1.3 mm respectively. Interaction of the thickness of metal or porcelain layer to the fixed total thickness was also investigated comparing with the results of the experiment in which the thickness of one side was constant. From the load-deflection diagram, the maximum work before breaking was surveyed and compared. Main results were as follows. 1) In case of the same total thickness of metal-ceramics, the thicker the metal layer, the greater the transverse strength, maximum work before breaking and maximum deflection. 2) When the metal thickness exceeded one half of the porcelain layer, the transverse strength increased in comparing with value of porcelain itself. 3) The maximum deflection of metal-ceramics by bending before breaking was approximately three or four times as great as that of simple porcelain. 4) The work of the metal-ceramics by bending before breaking was approximately two or three times as that of the simple porcelain. 5) It was imagined that the total strength of the metal-ceramics would be affected by the hardness of the constituent metal and boundary bonding strength.", "contents": "[Influence of the thickness of metal and porcelain upon metal-ceramics (author's transl)]. This paper deals with the strength of metal-ceramics and the influence of the thickness of metal and porcelain layer. The metal-ceramic specimens, 30 mm long and 10 mm wide of various each thickness, supported at each ends, were tested by bending to obtain the transverse strength. The thickness of metal layer was changed from 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm, while that of porcelain layer was changed from 0.5 mm to 1.3 mm respectively. Interaction of the thickness of metal or porcelain layer to the fixed total thickness was also investigated comparing with the results of the experiment in which the thickness of one side was constant. From the load-deflection diagram, the maximum work before breaking was surveyed and compared. Main results were as follows. 1) In case of the same total thickness of metal-ceramics, the thicker the metal layer, the greater the transverse strength, maximum work before breaking and maximum deflection. 2) When the metal thickness exceeded one half of the porcelain layer, the transverse strength increased in comparing with value of porcelain itself. 3) The maximum deflection of metal-ceramics by bending before breaking was approximately three or four times as great as that of simple porcelain. 4) The work of the metal-ceramics by bending before breaking was approximately two or three times as that of the simple porcelain. 5) It was imagined that the total strength of the metal-ceramics would be affected by the hardness of the constituent metal and boundary bonding strength."}
{"id": "PMID:366041", "title": "[Studies on dental casting ferromagnetic alloys (author's transl)].", "content": "We previously reported successful applications of rare earth-cobalt magnets to dental prostheses. In order to use magnets more effectively, ferromagnetic materials with a high magnetic permeability and a high saturation flux density should be used as prosthetic materials. This type of material will form a good magnetic path, and consequently tighten the magnetic attracting force by preventing the magnetic flux from leaking into the mouth tissue. A few alloys were newly prepared by using Pd, Co and Cr, the usual dental metals, and tested. It was found that: (1) These alloys have suitable magnetic properties. (2) The corrosion resistances of the Pd-Co and Pd-Co-Cr alloys are as good as those of dental casting Ag and Ni-Cr alloys, respectively. (3) The physical and mechanical constants of the alloys are similar to those of the usual dental casting alloys. (4) These alloys can be used as dental casting ferromagnetic alloys. (5) The Pd-Co alloy can also be used as a porcelain bonding alloy.", "contents": "[Studies on dental casting ferromagnetic alloys (author's transl)]. We previously reported successful applications of rare earth-cobalt magnets to dental prostheses. In order to use magnets more effectively, ferromagnetic materials with a high magnetic permeability and a high saturation flux density should be used as prosthetic materials. This type of material will form a good magnetic path, and consequently tighten the magnetic attracting force by preventing the magnetic flux from leaking into the mouth tissue. A few alloys were newly prepared by using Pd, Co and Cr, the usual dental metals, and tested. It was found that: (1) These alloys have suitable magnetic properties. (2) The corrosion resistances of the Pd-Co and Pd-Co-Cr alloys are as good as those of dental casting Ag and Ni-Cr alloys, respectively. (3) The physical and mechanical constants of the alloys are similar to those of the usual dental casting alloys. (4) These alloys can be used as dental casting ferromagnetic alloys. (5) The Pd-Co alloy can also be used as a porcelain bonding alloy."}
{"id": "PMID:366042", "title": "[Relationship between mechanical properties and amounts of casting porosities in tensile-test fracture surface of Au-Pd-Ag-Cu alloy (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred and thirty-nine tensile-test specimens of Au-Pd-Ag-Cu alloy were cast in various casting conditions. The specimens were subjected age-hardening heat-treatment. The casting porosities and the nonmetallic inclusions in the surface of a tensile-test fracture of cast specimens were observed and analyzed by use of Electron Probe X-ray Microanalyzer (EPMA). The polosity ratio that is the area ratio of the porosities to the fracture surface was determined. Studies were quantitatively made on the effect of the porosity ratio on the tensile strength and the elongation. Furthermore, the effect of the casting conditions on the tensile strength was investigated. The main results were summarized as follows; The tensile strength decreased only slightly within about 15% of the porosity ratio and remarkably with an increase in its ratio in the range from about 15% to 50%. The elongation, however, decreased considerably in the presence of the porosities of only a few per cent. Aspects of the decrease curves on the tensile strength and the elongation were represented in the shape of an inverse S-type and hyperbolic curve with an increase in the porosity ratio, respectively. With an increase in the porosity ratio, the shapes of the tensile-test specimens at the fracture part and load-elongation curves in the tensile-tests were shown as a brittle fracture. However, the result observed by a scanning electron microscope revealed that the fracture surfaces without the porosities showed mostly \"dimple pattern\" suggesting a characteristic figure of a ductile fracture. The nonmetallic inclusions in the fracture surfaces were identified as SiO2 (quartz) which was derived from an ingredient of an investment by comparing the inclusion with the reference standards on the characteristic X-ray O Kalpha spectra by EPMA. The microstructures observed by a light microscope showed a coarse structure with the high temperature casting conditions. However, the results of a scanning electronmicroscopy revealed that the microstructres observed in high magnifications of about 1000 to 3000 composed of two structures; micro-lamella and Widmanst\u00e4tten structure, and no difference was shown in the various casting conditions. Therefore, it is concluded in the present alloy that a coarseness of the microstructures observed by a light microscope become no reason for a decrease of the tensile strength.", "contents": "[Relationship between mechanical properties and amounts of casting porosities in tensile-test fracture surface of Au-Pd-Ag-Cu alloy (author's transl)]. One hundred and thirty-nine tensile-test specimens of Au-Pd-Ag-Cu alloy were cast in various casting conditions. The specimens were subjected age-hardening heat-treatment. The casting porosities and the nonmetallic inclusions in the surface of a tensile-test fracture of cast specimens were observed and analyzed by use of Electron Probe X-ray Microanalyzer (EPMA). The polosity ratio that is the area ratio of the porosities to the fracture surface was determined. Studies were quantitatively made on the effect of the porosity ratio on the tensile strength and the elongation. Furthermore, the effect of the casting conditions on the tensile strength was investigated. The main results were summarized as follows; The tensile strength decreased only slightly within about 15% of the porosity ratio and remarkably with an increase in its ratio in the range from about 15% to 50%. The elongation, however, decreased considerably in the presence of the porosities of only a few per cent. Aspects of the decrease curves on the tensile strength and the elongation were represented in the shape of an inverse S-type and hyperbolic curve with an increase in the porosity ratio, respectively. With an increase in the porosity ratio, the shapes of the tensile-test specimens at the fracture part and load-elongation curves in the tensile-tests were shown as a brittle fracture. However, the result observed by a scanning electron microscope revealed that the fracture surfaces without the porosities showed mostly \"dimple pattern\" suggesting a characteristic figure of a ductile fracture. The nonmetallic inclusions in the fracture surfaces were identified as SiO2 (quartz) which was derived from an ingredient of an investment by comparing the inclusion with the reference standards on the characteristic X-ray O Kalpha spectra by EPMA. The microstructures observed by a light microscope showed a coarse structure with the high temperature casting conditions. However, the results of a scanning electronmicroscopy revealed that the microstructres observed in high magnifications of about 1000 to 3000 composed of two structures; micro-lamella and Widmanst\u00e4tten structure, and no difference was shown in the various casting conditions. Therefore, it is concluded in the present alloy that a coarseness of the microstructures observed by a light microscope become no reason for a decrease of the tensile strength."}
{"id": "PMID:366043", "title": "[Aging properties of indium added gold alloys for metal-ceramic system (author's transl)].", "content": "Aging properties is studied on Au-10 wt% Pt and Au-10 wt% Pt-0.5 wt% Fe alloys containing 0.2, 0.4 and 2.0 wt% Indium. The results obtained are as follows: 1) In added Au-Pt alloys. From the electrical resistances in the isochronal aging curves, 0.2 and 0.4 wt% Indium added alloys are age-hardenable between 350 degrees and 640 degrees C. Heterogeneous phase in founded in 2.0 wt% Indium added alloy by meanes optical microstructures. This phase is identified fcc Pt3In by meanes X-ray diffraction. 2) In added Au-Pt-Fe alloys 0.2, 0.4 and 2.0 wt% Indium added alloys are age-hardenable between 250 degrees and 620 degrees C. Grain boundary reaction accelerated in 2.0 wt% Indium added alloy, and hardness decreased by overaging. Precipitation of nodule is inhibited in 0.2 wt% Indium added alloy, and aging properties also increase.", "contents": "[Aging properties of indium added gold alloys for metal-ceramic system (author's transl)]. Aging properties is studied on Au-10 wt% Pt and Au-10 wt% Pt-0.5 wt% Fe alloys containing 0.2, 0.4 and 2.0 wt% Indium. The results obtained are as follows: 1) In added Au-Pt alloys. From the electrical resistances in the isochronal aging curves, 0.2 and 0.4 wt% Indium added alloys are age-hardenable between 350 degrees and 640 degrees C. Heterogeneous phase in founded in 2.0 wt% Indium added alloy by meanes optical microstructures. This phase is identified fcc Pt3In by meanes X-ray diffraction. 2) In added Au-Pt-Fe alloys 0.2, 0.4 and 2.0 wt% Indium added alloys are age-hardenable between 250 degrees and 620 degrees C. Grain boundary reaction accelerated in 2.0 wt% Indium added alloy, and hardness decreased by overaging. Precipitation of nodule is inhibited in 0.2 wt% Indium added alloy, and aging properties also increase."}
{"id": "PMID:366045", "title": "[Investigations of Pd-Ag alloy for porcelain fusing. (Part 1) Bond strength (author's transl)].", "content": "For the purpose of developing the Pd-Ag alloys for porcelain fusing, indium and/or tin were added to Pd-Ag alloys (70, 60 and 50 wt% Pd) and nine kinds of testing alloys for porcelain fusing were prepared. The bond strength with Ceramco porcelain was measured. The test-pieces for bond strength measured were prepared by press or condensing method. The bond strength was measured by \"pull-out method\" developed by Iwama. The maximum bond strength (230 kgf/cm2) was obtained 54 wt% Pd-36 wt% Ag-5 wt% In-5 wt% Sn alloy.", "contents": "[Investigations of Pd-Ag alloy for porcelain fusing. (Part 1) Bond strength (author's transl)]. For the purpose of developing the Pd-Ag alloys for porcelain fusing, indium and/or tin were added to Pd-Ag alloys (70, 60 and 50 wt% Pd) and nine kinds of testing alloys for porcelain fusing were prepared. The bond strength with Ceramco porcelain was measured. The test-pieces for bond strength measured were prepared by press or condensing method. The bond strength was measured by \"pull-out method\" developed by Iwama. The maximum bond strength (230 kgf/cm2) was obtained 54 wt% Pd-36 wt% Ag-5 wt% In-5 wt% Sn alloy."}
{"id": "PMID:366048", "title": "Immunodiagnosis of systemic aspergillosis. I. Antigenemia detected by radioimmunoassay in experimental infection.", "content": "Because systemic aspergillosis is difficult to diagnose ante mortem, a study to improve immunodiagnosis was undertaken in a rabbit model of disseminated infection. We found that the predominant humoral response of infected animals was directed against four Aspergillus antigens identified by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. One of these antigens, a cell-wall carbohydrate, was purified by gel-filtration chromatography and was used to develop a radioimmunoassay. The sensitivity of this assay was increased by testing for serum-bound antigen as well as for free antigen. When the sensitivity of the RIA was evaluated in the animal model, antigenemia was detected in 78% of 51 rabbits with disseminated infection and ante morten in 85% of 42 rabbits with lethal infection. By contrast, with immunoprecipitin analysis only eight of 51 rabbits were positive for antigen, and six of 51 rabbits were positive for Aspergillus antibody. The specificity of the RIA was also tested. Negative controls for antigen included sera from 76 normal rabbits and sera from 25 rabbits with systemic candidiasis. The Candida control group is pertinent because 48% of these rabbits had specific Candida antigenemia detected by a mannan RIA. This study demonstrates that Aspergillus antigenemia occurs during the course of experimental disseminated aspergillosis and illustrates the potential of an Aspergillus antigen RIA for sensitive, specific immunodiagnosis of human infections.", "contents": "Immunodiagnosis of systemic aspergillosis. I. Antigenemia detected by radioimmunoassay in experimental infection. Because systemic aspergillosis is difficult to diagnose ante mortem, a study to improve immunodiagnosis was undertaken in a rabbit model of disseminated infection. We found that the predominant humoral response of infected animals was directed against four Aspergillus antigens identified by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. One of these antigens, a cell-wall carbohydrate, was purified by gel-filtration chromatography and was used to develop a radioimmunoassay. The sensitivity of this assay was increased by testing for serum-bound antigen as well as for free antigen. When the sensitivity of the RIA was evaluated in the animal model, antigenemia was detected in 78% of 51 rabbits with disseminated infection and ante morten in 85% of 42 rabbits with lethal infection. By contrast, with immunoprecipitin analysis only eight of 51 rabbits were positive for antigen, and six of 51 rabbits were positive for Aspergillus antibody. The specificity of the RIA was also tested. Negative controls for antigen included sera from 76 normal rabbits and sera from 25 rabbits with systemic candidiasis. The Candida control group is pertinent because 48% of these rabbits had specific Candida antigenemia detected by a mannan RIA. This study demonstrates that Aspergillus antigenemia occurs during the course of experimental disseminated aspergillosis and illustrates the potential of an Aspergillus antigen RIA for sensitive, specific immunodiagnosis of human infections."}
{"id": "PMID:366049", "title": "Complement-fixing anti--double-stranded DNA with the Crithidia method: a better indicator of active SLE than anti-DNA with the Farr method.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with SLE of juvenile onset were studies for 2 years. Episodes of active disease and quiescence were defined and were related to levels of anti-dsDNA and C3. Two methods for the detection of anti-dsDNA--the Farr assay and Cr immunofluorescence--were compared. The latter method was also used to differentiate anti-dsDNA according to its Ig class and its CF property. Positive tests for anti-dsDNA and low C3 levels were correlated with activity of the disease. Results with the Farr assay and Cr Ig test were comparable, but both low C3 and Cr CF anti-dsDNA showed a significantly stronger association (p less than 0.001) with active SLE than did DNA binding by the Farr method or Cr Ig anti-dsDNA. Furthermore, in six patients followed during active disease and remission, a negative Cr CF test was the earliest sign of ensuing clinical remission; DNA binding and C3 levels took weeks to months longer to normalize. This predictive value of CF anti-dsDNA may be useful in monitoring therapy for SLE, especially if symptoms due to prior renal damage may be confused with active disease as in lupus nephritis.", "contents": "Complement-fixing anti--double-stranded DNA with the Crithidia method: a better indicator of active SLE than anti-DNA with the Farr method. Twenty-seven patients with SLE of juvenile onset were studies for 2 years. Episodes of active disease and quiescence were defined and were related to levels of anti-dsDNA and C3. Two methods for the detection of anti-dsDNA--the Farr assay and Cr immunofluorescence--were compared. The latter method was also used to differentiate anti-dsDNA according to its Ig class and its CF property. Positive tests for anti-dsDNA and low C3 levels were correlated with activity of the disease. Results with the Farr assay and Cr Ig test were comparable, but both low C3 and Cr CF anti-dsDNA showed a significantly stronger association (p less than 0.001) with active SLE than did DNA binding by the Farr method or Cr Ig anti-dsDNA. Furthermore, in six patients followed during active disease and remission, a negative Cr CF test was the earliest sign of ensuing clinical remission; DNA binding and C3 levels took weeks to months longer to normalize. This predictive value of CF anti-dsDNA may be useful in monitoring therapy for SLE, especially if symptoms due to prior renal damage may be confused with active disease as in lupus nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:366051", "title": "The behaviour of the maxilla in vertical movements after Le Fort I osteotomy.", "content": "In 15 cases of ordinary Le Fort I osteotomy with simultaneous vertical displacement, the behaviour of the maxilla in respect to vertical movement was examined. It was observed that out of 12 maxilla which had been tilted downwards, 10 moved upwards again. One maxilla remained stable and another one moved further downwards. Of 3 cases with upward movement, two remained stable whereas one moved further upwards. Therefore, the authors conclude that the downward displacement especially is unstable and that one has either to overcorrect or search for possibilities of stabilization other than wiring suspension. Since these movements occur during postoperative intermaxillary fixation, no occlusal changes are observed.", "contents": "The behaviour of the maxilla in vertical movements after Le Fort I osteotomy. In 15 cases of ordinary Le Fort I osteotomy with simultaneous vertical displacement, the behaviour of the maxilla in respect to vertical movement was examined. It was observed that out of 12 maxilla which had been tilted downwards, 10 moved upwards again. One maxilla remained stable and another one moved further downwards. Of 3 cases with upward movement, two remained stable whereas one moved further upwards. Therefore, the authors conclude that the downward displacement especially is unstable and that one has either to overcorrect or search for possibilities of stabilization other than wiring suspension. Since these movements occur during postoperative intermaxillary fixation, no occlusal changes are observed."}
{"id": "PMID:366052", "title": "A de-epithelialized free groin flap for facial contour restoration.", "content": "The transfer of de-epithelialized free groin flaps to restore facial contour after tumour resection and in hemifacial microsomia is described. The flap can be transferred in one stage and remodelled at a later minor operation. This provides an acceptable alternative to the other more difficult and often less successful methods of restoring soft tissue deficiencies of the face.", "contents": "A de-epithelialized free groin flap for facial contour restoration. The transfer of de-epithelialized free groin flaps to restore facial contour after tumour resection and in hemifacial microsomia is described. The flap can be transferred in one stage and remodelled at a later minor operation. This provides an acceptable alternative to the other more difficult and often less successful methods of restoring soft tissue deficiencies of the face."}
{"id": "PMID:366054", "title": "The effects of cell density and metabolite flux on cellular dynamics.", "content": "Density-dependent regulation of cell growth in tissue culture is a well-known phenomenon but the mechanism of regulation remains obscure. Here we explore the effects of cell density and metabolite flux on the collective dynamics of a cell population. The intracellular dynamics are modelled by positive feedback kinetic mechanisms of the kind known to apply to yeast cells. Several experimental observations related to glycolytic oscillations are predicted and it is suggested that the general conclusions may be applicable in a broader context.", "contents": "The effects of cell density and metabolite flux on cellular dynamics. Density-dependent regulation of cell growth in tissue culture is a well-known phenomenon but the mechanism of regulation remains obscure. Here we explore the effects of cell density and metabolite flux on the collective dynamics of a cell population. The intracellular dynamics are modelled by positive feedback kinetic mechanisms of the kind known to apply to yeast cells. Several experimental observations related to glycolytic oscillations are predicted and it is suggested that the general conclusions may be applicable in a broader context."}
{"id": "PMID:366066", "title": "Can emotions precipitate seizures--a review of the question.", "content": "Controversy over the emotional precipitation of seizures has existed for centuries. Large clinical studies have generally shown a significant proportion of seizures to be triggered by emotions. Laboratory studies have been reported which describe seizure activity on the electroencephalogram during periods of experimentally induced stress. However, very few pf these studies have utilized control groups and blind evaluators. The numerous reports of the emotional precipitation of seizures indicate that the phenomenon may be genuine and that further research is warranted. Research on emotional interventions such as biofeedback techniques and psychotherapy is the next step, and early work on these interventions is promising.", "contents": "Can emotions precipitate seizures--a review of the question. Controversy over the emotional precipitation of seizures has existed for centuries. Large clinical studies have generally shown a significant proportion of seizures to be triggered by emotions. Laboratory studies have been reported which describe seizure activity on the electroencephalogram during periods of experimentally induced stress. However, very few pf these studies have utilized control groups and blind evaluators. The numerous reports of the emotional precipitation of seizures indicate that the phenomenon may be genuine and that further research is warranted. Research on emotional interventions such as biofeedback techniques and psychotherapy is the next step, and early work on these interventions is promising."}
{"id": "PMID:366070", "title": "Succinate dehydrogenase-dependent nutritional requirement for succinate in mutants of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Lipoic acid (lip) and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (sucA) mutants of Escherichia coli K12 exhibit a requirement for exogenous succinate during aerobic growth on glucose minimal medium. Reversion studies have shown that this requirement can be suppressed by gal-linked mutations which inactivate succinate dehydrogenase. Biochemical and genetic studies confirmed that the succinate dehydrogenase gene (sdh) is affected and that suppression is mediated by the same intergenic and indirect mechanism that generates succinate independence in partial revertants of lipoamide dehydrogenase mutants (Creaghan & Guest, 1977). A series of isogenic strains containing all combinations of mutations affecting 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (sucA), succinate dehydrogenase (sdh), isocitrate lyase (aceA) and fumarate reductase (frd) in a background lacking succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, was constructed to assess the importance of these enzymes as sources of endogenous succinate (succinyl-CoA) during aerobic and anaerobic growth on glucose. Only strains combining a deficiency in 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase with the presence of an active succinate dehydrogenase required succinate for aerobic growth. In all mutants, including the triple mutant (frd sucA aceA), the succinate requirement was suppressed by inactivating succinate dehydrogenase. The aerobic growth rates of succinate-independent strains were most affected by lack of isocitrate lyase but only two mutants (sdh sucA aceA and frd sdh sucA aceA) grew faster with added succinate: the growth yields were lowered by deficiencies in isocitrate lyase and also succinate dehydrogenase. It is concluded that very little succinate is needed for biosynthesis during aerobic growth on glucose and the requirement for relatively high concentrations of succinate (2 mM) by mutants lacking 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase or related functions stems from the presence of active succinate dehydrogenase. Anaerobically, either isocitrate lyase or fumarate reductase is essential for succinate-independent growth on glucose.", "contents": "Succinate dehydrogenase-dependent nutritional requirement for succinate in mutants of Escherichia coli K12. Lipoic acid (lip) and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (sucA) mutants of Escherichia coli K12 exhibit a requirement for exogenous succinate during aerobic growth on glucose minimal medium. Reversion studies have shown that this requirement can be suppressed by gal-linked mutations which inactivate succinate dehydrogenase. Biochemical and genetic studies confirmed that the succinate dehydrogenase gene (sdh) is affected and that suppression is mediated by the same intergenic and indirect mechanism that generates succinate independence in partial revertants of lipoamide dehydrogenase mutants (Creaghan & Guest, 1977). A series of isogenic strains containing all combinations of mutations affecting 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (sucA), succinate dehydrogenase (sdh), isocitrate lyase (aceA) and fumarate reductase (frd) in a background lacking succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, was constructed to assess the importance of these enzymes as sources of endogenous succinate (succinyl-CoA) during aerobic and anaerobic growth on glucose. Only strains combining a deficiency in 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase with the presence of an active succinate dehydrogenase required succinate for aerobic growth. In all mutants, including the triple mutant (frd sucA aceA), the succinate requirement was suppressed by inactivating succinate dehydrogenase. The aerobic growth rates of succinate-independent strains were most affected by lack of isocitrate lyase but only two mutants (sdh sucA aceA and frd sdh sucA aceA) grew faster with added succinate: the growth yields were lowered by deficiencies in isocitrate lyase and also succinate dehydrogenase. It is concluded that very little succinate is needed for biosynthesis during aerobic growth on glucose and the requirement for relatively high concentrations of succinate (2 mM) by mutants lacking 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase or related functions stems from the presence of active succinate dehydrogenase. Anaerobically, either isocitrate lyase or fumarate reductase is essential for succinate-independent growth on glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:366071", "title": "Extension of a chromosome linkage group of Proteus mirabilis.", "content": "Mating procedures for detection of mobilization of the Proteus mirabilis chromosome were re-investigated. The chromosome was mobilized by plasmid D, the previously used hybrid between plasmids P-lac and R1drd19. About a 40-fold increase in recombinant recovery correlated with the absence of swarming during mating and a lower temperature of incubation. The modification introduced was that conjugation was allowed to proceed on a non-selective supplemented minimal medium at 30 degrees C before washing and plating on selective media. Final incubation was also at 30 degrees C. This technique enabled eight additional chromosomal markers to be mapped. Polarized transfer of the chromosome was shown by gradient of transmission experiments using a previously described marker as reference, by linkage analysis with reference to proximal and distal markers and (less successfully) by interrupted mating on solid medium. Markers of plasmid D transferred at high frequency to all recombinants. The plasmid was stable in recombinants and could transfer itself and chromosomal markers of the new hosts in further matings. Resulting recombination of markers occurred at usual frequencies. The marker order, his-1, ser-2, ura-2, pyrB1, trp-3, cysA1, ade-2, ilv-2, cysG1, gly-1, cysC1, argA2, metF2, nalA1, thr-1, leuB2, did not resemble the order of these markers in Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Extension of a chromosome linkage group of Proteus mirabilis. Mating procedures for detection of mobilization of the Proteus mirabilis chromosome were re-investigated. The chromosome was mobilized by plasmid D, the previously used hybrid between plasmids P-lac and R1drd19. About a 40-fold increase in recombinant recovery correlated with the absence of swarming during mating and a lower temperature of incubation. The modification introduced was that conjugation was allowed to proceed on a non-selective supplemented minimal medium at 30 degrees C before washing and plating on selective media. Final incubation was also at 30 degrees C. This technique enabled eight additional chromosomal markers to be mapped. Polarized transfer of the chromosome was shown by gradient of transmission experiments using a previously described marker as reference, by linkage analysis with reference to proximal and distal markers and (less successfully) by interrupted mating on solid medium. Markers of plasmid D transferred at high frequency to all recombinants. The plasmid was stable in recombinants and could transfer itself and chromosomal markers of the new hosts in further matings. Resulting recombination of markers occurred at usual frequencies. The marker order, his-1, ser-2, ura-2, pyrB1, trp-3, cysA1, ade-2, ilv-2, cysG1, gly-1, cysC1, argA2, metF2, nalA1, thr-1, leuB2, did not resemble the order of these markers in Escherichia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:366074", "title": "Effect of incubation media on the recovery of Escherichia coli K12 heated at 52 degrees C.", "content": "The exposure of exponentially grown Escherichia coli K12 to 52 degrees C for 30 min in Tris/Mg2+ buffer resulted in a considerable loss of viability when plated on tryptone agar. When such heated bacteria were held at 37 degrees C for 2 h in tryptone broth before plating on tryptone agar, there was a significant increase in viability. Thus, heat damage was repaired in tryptone broth but not on tryptone agar. Recovery was greater in tryptone broth than in synthetic medium. In tryptone broth, recA or polA mutants also recovered but a lex mutant did not. As a result of heating, the sensitivity of bacteria to ultraviolet radiation (u.v.), to mitomycin C and to plating on high salt medium was enhanced. After incubation for 2 h in tryptone broth at 37 degrees C, the bacteria regained their resistance to u.v. and mitomycin C and tolerance to high salt medium. Recovery of viability required RNA and protein synthesis, whereas recovery of u.v. resistance did not require protein synthesis. Heating for 30 min inhibited the release of acid-soluble material from DNA in all strains of E. coli used.", "contents": "Effect of incubation media on the recovery of Escherichia coli K12 heated at 52 degrees C. The exposure of exponentially grown Escherichia coli K12 to 52 degrees C for 30 min in Tris/Mg2+ buffer resulted in a considerable loss of viability when plated on tryptone agar. When such heated bacteria were held at 37 degrees C for 2 h in tryptone broth before plating on tryptone agar, there was a significant increase in viability. Thus, heat damage was repaired in tryptone broth but not on tryptone agar. Recovery was greater in tryptone broth than in synthetic medium. In tryptone broth, recA or polA mutants also recovered but a lex mutant did not. As a result of heating, the sensitivity of bacteria to ultraviolet radiation (u.v.), to mitomycin C and to plating on high salt medium was enhanced. After incubation for 2 h in tryptone broth at 37 degrees C, the bacteria regained their resistance to u.v. and mitomycin C and tolerance to high salt medium. Recovery of viability required RNA and protein synthesis, whereas recovery of u.v. resistance did not require protein synthesis. Heating for 30 min inhibited the release of acid-soluble material from DNA in all strains of E. coli used."}
{"id": "PMID:366075", "title": "Effect of morphine analogues on chemotaxis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Pretreatment of Escherichia coli w3110 with levorphanol, a morphine analogue, reduced chemotaxis to serine, aspartic acid and galactose. This decreased chemotaxis was not due to decreased viability or motility. Pretreatment with 1.1 mM-levorphanol for 1 h, followed by washing to remove the drug prior to determination of chemotaxis, inhibited chemotaxis to each of the attractants by at least 80%. Pretreatment with dextrorphan, the enantiomorph of levorphanol, or levallorphan, the N-allyl analogue of levorphanol, resulted in a similar inhibition of chemotaxis. Reversal of the inhibition produced by pretreatment with levorphanol required a period of growth of at least one generation time.", "contents": "Effect of morphine analogues on chemotaxis in Escherichia coli. Pretreatment of Escherichia coli w3110 with levorphanol, a morphine analogue, reduced chemotaxis to serine, aspartic acid and galactose. This decreased chemotaxis was not due to decreased viability or motility. Pretreatment with 1.1 mM-levorphanol for 1 h, followed by washing to remove the drug prior to determination of chemotaxis, inhibited chemotaxis to each of the attractants by at least 80%. Pretreatment with dextrorphan, the enantiomorph of levorphanol, or levallorphan, the N-allyl analogue of levorphanol, resulted in a similar inhibition of chemotaxis. Reversal of the inhibition produced by pretreatment with levorphanol required a period of growth of at least one generation time."}
{"id": "PMID:366076", "title": "Proteases produced by a proteolytic mutant of Clostridium botulinum type E.", "content": "A proteolytic mutant from Clostridium botulinum type E produced extracellular proteases after the end of exponential growth coinciding with the period of sporulation. Proteases were separated into four fractions by chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column. One was a sulphydryl-dependent protease that also apparently required a divalent cation for enzyme activity since it was inhibited by EDTA. This enzyme hydrolysed synthetic amide and ester compounds containing an arginine residue, and showed some activity towards L-lysine methyl ester. It appeared that two of the other proteases were serine proteases and the fourth was a metal protease. These last three proteases did not require a thiol agent and did not hydrolyse any of the synthetic amides or esters examined. Only the sulphydryl-dependent protease could activate C. botulinum type B, E and F toxins. The ability of this enzyme to activate type B and E toxins was markedly lower than that of trypsin. The susceptibility of type B toxin to this protease was lower than that of type E toxin. C2 toxin was not activated by this enzyme. It is suggested that the sulphydryl-dependent protease in this proteolytic mutant of C. botulinum type E has properties similar to those of proteases from C. botulinum types B and F.", "contents": "Proteases produced by a proteolytic mutant of Clostridium botulinum type E. A proteolytic mutant from Clostridium botulinum type E produced extracellular proteases after the end of exponential growth coinciding with the period of sporulation. Proteases were separated into four fractions by chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column. One was a sulphydryl-dependent protease that also apparently required a divalent cation for enzyme activity since it was inhibited by EDTA. This enzyme hydrolysed synthetic amide and ester compounds containing an arginine residue, and showed some activity towards L-lysine methyl ester. It appeared that two of the other proteases were serine proteases and the fourth was a metal protease. These last three proteases did not require a thiol agent and did not hydrolyse any of the synthetic amides or esters examined. Only the sulphydryl-dependent protease could activate C. botulinum type B, E and F toxins. The ability of this enzyme to activate type B and E toxins was markedly lower than that of trypsin. The susceptibility of type B toxin to this protease was lower than that of type E toxin. C2 toxin was not activated by this enzyme. It is suggested that the sulphydryl-dependent protease in this proteolytic mutant of C. botulinum type E has properties similar to those of proteases from C. botulinum types B and F."}
{"id": "PMID:366078", "title": "The capsules of Corynebacterium equi and Streptococcus equi.", "content": "The capsules of Corynebacterium equi and Streptococcus equi were examined by electron microscopy after staining with ruthenium red. They were compared with the capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae which had previously been examined using the same procedure (Springer & Roth, 1973). The capsule of C. equi had a laminated appearance. When S. equi was grown on solid medium, its capsule appeared as radially arranged projections capped by a thick electron dense layer. When grown in liquid medium, S. equi produced a capsule which showed as short thick projections with no layer external to them.", "contents": "The capsules of Corynebacterium equi and Streptococcus equi. The capsules of Corynebacterium equi and Streptococcus equi were examined by electron microscopy after staining with ruthenium red. They were compared with the capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae which had previously been examined using the same procedure (Springer & Roth, 1973). The capsule of C. equi had a laminated appearance. When S. equi was grown on solid medium, its capsule appeared as radially arranged projections capped by a thick electron dense layer. When grown in liquid medium, S. equi produced a capsule which showed as short thick projections with no layer external to them."}
{"id": "PMID:366079", "title": "Lipopolysaccharide core defects in Salmonella typhimurium mutants which are resistant to Felix O phage but retain smooth character.", "content": "FOR mutants of Salmonella typhimurium are resistant to Felix O phage, whose receptor includes the N-acetylglucosamine branch of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core, but smooth in cultural properties, antigenic character and phage sensitivity pattern (MacPhee et al., 1975). The rfa(FOR) genes determining the FOR character of nine mutants were transduced into a smooth cysE pyrE recipient: the nine FOR transductants (and a tenth FOR mutant) were then made rfb (i.e. unable to make O chains) by transduction or Hfr crosses. The rfb FOR strains were sensitive to FO phage but nearly all of them showed a somewhat reduced efficiency of plating and diminished rate of adsorption of the phage. This observation and the Ra (complete core) serological activity of their LPS (tested by haemagglutination inhibition) indicate the presence of some, but less than the normal number of, completed core chains in FOR rfb LPS. On the basis of the sensitivities of the FOR transductants and their rfb derivatives to various 'rough-specific' phages, their increased sensitivities to some antibiotics and to deoxycholate and the serological activity of the rfb FOR LPS in various incomplete core systems, the mutants were divided into three groups: (i) five mutants with probable defects in previously undetected rfa gene(s) concerned with formation of both the galactose I and the galactose II units of the LPS core; (ii) two mutants with defects inferred to affect the structure of the inner part of the core and also interfere with addition of the N-acetylglucosamine branch; (iii) three mutants in which no type of incomplete core could be detected, probably affected in formation of the inner part of the core chain. The mutation of one mutant of the last class, unlike those of the other nine mutants tested, lay outside the cysE-pyrE segment, in the 90 to 116 min region of the linkage map.", "contents": "Lipopolysaccharide core defects in Salmonella typhimurium mutants which are resistant to Felix O phage but retain smooth character. FOR mutants of Salmonella typhimurium are resistant to Felix O phage, whose receptor includes the N-acetylglucosamine branch of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core, but smooth in cultural properties, antigenic character and phage sensitivity pattern (MacPhee et al., 1975). The rfa(FOR) genes determining the FOR character of nine mutants were transduced into a smooth cysE pyrE recipient: the nine FOR transductants (and a tenth FOR mutant) were then made rfb (i.e. unable to make O chains) by transduction or Hfr crosses. The rfb FOR strains were sensitive to FO phage but nearly all of them showed a somewhat reduced efficiency of plating and diminished rate of adsorption of the phage. This observation and the Ra (complete core) serological activity of their LPS (tested by haemagglutination inhibition) indicate the presence of some, but less than the normal number of, completed core chains in FOR rfb LPS. On the basis of the sensitivities of the FOR transductants and their rfb derivatives to various 'rough-specific' phages, their increased sensitivities to some antibiotics and to deoxycholate and the serological activity of the rfb FOR LPS in various incomplete core systems, the mutants were divided into three groups: (i) five mutants with probable defects in previously undetected rfa gene(s) concerned with formation of both the galactose I and the galactose II units of the LPS core; (ii) two mutants with defects inferred to affect the structure of the inner part of the core and also interfere with addition of the N-acetylglucosamine branch; (iii) three mutants in which no type of incomplete core could be detected, probably affected in formation of the inner part of the core chain. The mutation of one mutant of the last class, unlike those of the other nine mutants tested, lay outside the cysE-pyrE segment, in the 90 to 116 min region of the linkage map."}
{"id": "PMID:366084", "title": "Experiences with radioimmunoassay in the detection of HBsAg in the presence of anti-HBs.", "content": "Interference from anti-HBs present during hepatitis B antigenemia caused the appearance of several false negative reactions in a competition radioimmuno-precipitation procedure. The results indicate that such interference is considerably less in the solid-phase radioimmunoassay (Ausria II) and probably causes few false negative tests. The use of pepsin treatment as a means to destroy interfering antibodies is discussed.", "contents": "Experiences with radioimmunoassay in the detection of HBsAg in the presence of anti-HBs. Interference from anti-HBs present during hepatitis B antigenemia caused the appearance of several false negative reactions in a competition radioimmuno-precipitation procedure. The results indicate that such interference is considerably less in the solid-phase radioimmunoassay (Ausria II) and probably causes few false negative tests. The use of pepsin treatment as a means to destroy interfering antibodies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:366085", "title": "Treatment of the on-off syndrome in Parkinsonism with low dose bromocriptine in combination with levodopa.", "content": "The addition of bromocriptine, given in divided doses up to 30 mg per day, to conventional anti-Parkinsonism therapy has been studied in a double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial in 11 patients with Parkinsonism with the \"on-off\" syndrome. Four patients withdrew because of side effects. Of the seven remaining, three had clinical benefit from bromocriptine with reduction in severity and frequency of fluctuations. There was, however, no statistically significant benefit of bromocriptine when the group as a whole was assessed in terms of severity or frequency of fluctuations measured by three different methods. The mean frequency of major fluctuations on placebo was 2.9/day and on bromocriptine 1.8/day (P less than 0.1 greater than 0.05). There appears to be a limited role for bromocriptine as additional therapy in the management of some patients with the on-off syndrome.", "contents": "Treatment of the on-off syndrome in Parkinsonism with low dose bromocriptine in combination with levodopa. The addition of bromocriptine, given in divided doses up to 30 mg per day, to conventional anti-Parkinsonism therapy has been studied in a double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial in 11 patients with Parkinsonism with the \"on-off\" syndrome. Four patients withdrew because of side effects. Of the seven remaining, three had clinical benefit from bromocriptine with reduction in severity and frequency of fluctuations. There was, however, no statistically significant benefit of bromocriptine when the group as a whole was assessed in terms of severity or frequency of fluctuations measured by three different methods. The mean frequency of major fluctuations on placebo was 2.9/day and on bromocriptine 1.8/day (P less than 0.1 greater than 0.05). There appears to be a limited role for bromocriptine as additional therapy in the management of some patients with the on-off syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:366086", "title": "Atrial myxoma: a review of the neurological complications, metastases, and recurrences.", "content": "The neurological complications secondary to embolism from atrial myxoma are reviewed. A patient with intracranial and skeletal metastases is described to emphasise the malignant potentiality of this tumour. A classification of atrial myxoma metastases is presented.", "contents": "Atrial myxoma: a review of the neurological complications, metastases, and recurrences. The neurological complications secondary to embolism from atrial myxoma are reviewed. A patient with intracranial and skeletal metastases is described to emphasise the malignant potentiality of this tumour. A classification of atrial myxoma metastases is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:366087", "title": "Double-blind evaluation of chemonucleolysis for herniated lumbar discs. Late results.", "content": "Sixty-six patients with symptomatic herniated lumbar discs refractory to the usual conservative management were allocated at random into one of two treatment groups according to a double-blind protocol: 31 received chymopapain intradiscally (chemonucleolysis) and 35 received a placebo intradiscally. Symptoms remained significantly improved 1 year or more after injection for 55% of those treated with chymopapain and for 46% of those treated with placebo. The difference is not statistically significant. However, to discard chemonucleolysis on the basis of this one small clinical trial may be premature. Since continuing controversy has re-established a climate in which another double-blind study of chemonucleolysis is ethically feasible and scientifically desirable, we favor additional clinical trials under a tightly controlled protocol to help resolve the issue.", "contents": "Double-blind evaluation of chemonucleolysis for herniated lumbar discs. Late results. Sixty-six patients with symptomatic herniated lumbar discs refractory to the usual conservative management were allocated at random into one of two treatment groups according to a double-blind protocol: 31 received chymopapain intradiscally (chemonucleolysis) and 35 received a placebo intradiscally. Symptoms remained significantly improved 1 year or more after injection for 55% of those treated with chymopapain and for 46% of those treated with placebo. The difference is not statistically significant. However, to discard chemonucleolysis on the basis of this one small clinical trial may be premature. Since continuing controversy has re-established a climate in which another double-blind study of chemonucleolysis is ethically feasible and scientifically desirable, we favor additional clinical trials under a tightly controlled protocol to help resolve the issue."}
{"id": "PMID:366088", "title": "Immunoblastic sarcoma (histiocytic lymphoma) of the brain with B cell markers. Case report.", "content": "A group of central nervous system neoplasms, previously known as reticulum cell sarcoma or microglioma, and recently classified as malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type, not infrequently occur in patients with immunodeficiency, either primary or induced by immunosuppressant drugs. The authors report such a neoplasm in a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura immunosuppressed with azathioprine and prednisone. The neoplasm was studied with several immunological techniques and by electron microscopy. The neoplasm had B lymphocyte membrane markers and showed plasmacytic differentiation. These features suggest that it was a tumor of transformed B lymphocytes (immunoblasts).", "contents": "Immunoblastic sarcoma (histiocytic lymphoma) of the brain with B cell markers. Case report. A group of central nervous system neoplasms, previously known as reticulum cell sarcoma or microglioma, and recently classified as malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type, not infrequently occur in patients with immunodeficiency, either primary or induced by immunosuppressant drugs. The authors report such a neoplasm in a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura immunosuppressed with azathioprine and prednisone. The neoplasm was studied with several immunological techniques and by electron microscopy. The neoplasm had B lymphocyte membrane markers and showed plasmacytic differentiation. These features suggest that it was a tumor of transformed B lymphocytes (immunoblasts)."}
{"id": "PMID:366091", "title": "A comparison of two methods of quantifying masticatory pressures developed under dentures with variable occlusal widths.", "content": "Pressures developed during mastication with removable dental prostheses have been quantified by two methods. This pilot study (1) compares the peak pressure method of pressure quantification with the integrated curve method of quantification and (2) continues the exploration of the effect of the width of the occlusal table on pressures developed under dentures. A set of specially designed experimental dentures was constructed for one individual. The mandibular experimental denture contained a series of pressure transducers by which masticatory pressures were recorded. These pressures were monitored between the denture base and the residual ridge tissues. Several interchangeable posterior occlusal segments, varying only in the width of the occlusal table, were fabricated for the opposing maxillary denture. Masticatory pressure and total ridge pressure were quantified by the integrated curve method and the peak pressure method. Both methods indicated a direct relationship between masticatory pressures produced and the width of the occlusal table. A similar direct relationship between total ridge pressure and occlusal width was suggested statistically by the integrated curve method, and graphically by both methods.", "contents": "A comparison of two methods of quantifying masticatory pressures developed under dentures with variable occlusal widths. Pressures developed during mastication with removable dental prostheses have been quantified by two methods. This pilot study (1) compares the peak pressure method of pressure quantification with the integrated curve method of quantification and (2) continues the exploration of the effect of the width of the occlusal table on pressures developed under dentures. A set of specially designed experimental dentures was constructed for one individual. The mandibular experimental denture contained a series of pressure transducers by which masticatory pressures were recorded. These pressures were monitored between the denture base and the residual ridge tissues. Several interchangeable posterior occlusal segments, varying only in the width of the occlusal table, were fabricated for the opposing maxillary denture. Masticatory pressure and total ridge pressure were quantified by the integrated curve method and the peak pressure method. Both methods indicated a direct relationship between masticatory pressures produced and the width of the occlusal table. A similar direct relationship between total ridge pressure and occlusal width was suggested statistically by the integrated curve method, and graphically by both methods."}
{"id": "PMID:366094", "title": "Early laminar excision: improved control of burn wound sepsis by partial dermatome debridement.", "content": "The large mass of devitalized tissue that comprises the burn eschar is gradually becoming recognized as the principal source of complications in the burn patient. Clinical observations suggest that the topical agent silver sulfadiazine does not penetrate the eschar sufficiently to prevent bacterial infection from becoming established in the deeper levels of the wound but does penetrate to a depth of approximately 1.5 mm in bactericidal concentrations. A new technique that takes advantage of this fact, early laminar excision, has been developed at the Children's Hospital of Michigan Burn Center. The eschar is excised layer by layer with the electric dermatome under general anesthesia within the first 72 hr post burn, and the thickness of the devitalized tissue is reduced to a remnant of less than 1 mm. This is less than the depth to which silver sulfadiazine is capable of penetrating in bactericidal concentrations, and greatly enhanced control of burn wound sepsis is achieved. Early laminar excision of the eschar, combined with silver sulfadiazine dressings, aggressive resurfacing of the wound, and increased emphasis on nutrition, is an approach to management of the victims of thermal trauma that should significantly improve survival in patients with burn injuries greater than 60% body surface area.", "contents": "Early laminar excision: improved control of burn wound sepsis by partial dermatome debridement. The large mass of devitalized tissue that comprises the burn eschar is gradually becoming recognized as the principal source of complications in the burn patient. Clinical observations suggest that the topical agent silver sulfadiazine does not penetrate the eschar sufficiently to prevent bacterial infection from becoming established in the deeper levels of the wound but does penetrate to a depth of approximately 1.5 mm in bactericidal concentrations. A new technique that takes advantage of this fact, early laminar excision, has been developed at the Children's Hospital of Michigan Burn Center. The eschar is excised layer by layer with the electric dermatome under general anesthesia within the first 72 hr post burn, and the thickness of the devitalized tissue is reduced to a remnant of less than 1 mm. This is less than the depth to which silver sulfadiazine is capable of penetrating in bactericidal concentrations, and greatly enhanced control of burn wound sepsis is achieved. Early laminar excision of the eschar, combined with silver sulfadiazine dressings, aggressive resurfacing of the wound, and increased emphasis on nutrition, is an approach to management of the victims of thermal trauma that should significantly improve survival in patients with burn injuries greater than 60% body surface area."}
{"id": "PMID:366096", "title": "The induction of new bone and cementum formation. IV. Microscopic examination of the periodontium following human bone and marrow allograft, autograft and nongraft periodontal regenerative procedures.", "content": "This retrospective study based on histologic evaluations of 100 human block sections and extracted teeth taken from sites treated via bone and marrow autograft, allograft and nongraft regenerative procedures revealed the following findings: 1. Graft procedures yielded new cementum formation in 66 of 79 sites evaluated while nongraft approaches yielded new cementum formation in only 7 of 21 sites. Two of the grafted sites not yielding new cementum were only 14 days duration. 2. Block section evaluation revealed new bone formation in 33 of 39 graft sites and in 7 of 21 nongraft sites. 3. When regeneration did occur, as seen in the block sections, the nature of the new attachment was similar in all graft approaches and was comparable to healthy functioning periodontium. 4. The potential for regeneration of a functional attachment apparatus including new cementum, bone and functionally oriented periodontal ligament has been demonstrated in autograft and allograft approaches. 5. Adverse immune response to bone and marrow allografts could not be detected at a clinical, histologic or chemical level. 6. No ankylosis or root resorption was noted with fresh intra-oral donor material and with frozen iliac autografts or allografts. Root resorption was noted in two cases treated with nongraft methods and in 16 of 275 sites treated with fresh iliac autograft material.", "contents": "The induction of new bone and cementum formation. IV. Microscopic examination of the periodontium following human bone and marrow allograft, autograft and nongraft periodontal regenerative procedures. This retrospective study based on histologic evaluations of 100 human block sections and extracted teeth taken from sites treated via bone and marrow autograft, allograft and nongraft regenerative procedures revealed the following findings: 1. Graft procedures yielded new cementum formation in 66 of 79 sites evaluated while nongraft approaches yielded new cementum formation in only 7 of 21 sites. Two of the grafted sites not yielding new cementum were only 14 days duration. 2. Block section evaluation revealed new bone formation in 33 of 39 graft sites and in 7 of 21 nongraft sites. 3. When regeneration did occur, as seen in the block sections, the nature of the new attachment was similar in all graft approaches and was comparable to healthy functioning periodontium. 4. The potential for regeneration of a functional attachment apparatus including new cementum, bone and functionally oriented periodontal ligament has been demonstrated in autograft and allograft approaches. 5. Adverse immune response to bone and marrow allografts could not be detected at a clinical, histologic or chemical level. 6. No ankylosis or root resorption was noted with fresh intra-oral donor material and with frozen iliac autografts or allografts. Root resorption was noted in two cases treated with nongraft methods and in 16 of 275 sites treated with fresh iliac autograft material."}
{"id": "PMID:366097", "title": "The effect of intrasulcular toothbrushing on the amount of sulcular fluid.", "content": "Nineteen young adult Caucasian males had an average Gingival Score of 0.47. Each was asked to demonstrate his present method of toothbrushing. Thirteen used a scrub method, and six combined the scrub and roll methods. Sulcular fluid measurements were taken from the facial aspect of the mandibular left second bicuspid using filter paper strips stained with ninhydrin. An average value of 0.94 mm was obtained. Intrasulcular brushing was performed in the mandibular left posterior segment, for 30 seconds daily for 40 days. The brushing was done by the investigator on 28 days and by the subjects on 12 days. The average Gingival Index score following intrasulcular brushing was 0.26. Sulcular fluid measurements were again taken from the mandibular left second bicuspid. A decreased amount of sulcular fluid was found in six subjects, while nine exhibited an increase and four showed no change. An average sulcular fluid measurement of 0.87 mm resulted following the experimental brushing period. From these data, it can be concluded that, within the limitations of this study, intrasulcular brushing had no significant effect on the amount of gingival fluid.", "contents": "The effect of intrasulcular toothbrushing on the amount of sulcular fluid. Nineteen young adult Caucasian males had an average Gingival Score of 0.47. Each was asked to demonstrate his present method of toothbrushing. Thirteen used a scrub method, and six combined the scrub and roll methods. Sulcular fluid measurements were taken from the facial aspect of the mandibular left second bicuspid using filter paper strips stained with ninhydrin. An average value of 0.94 mm was obtained. Intrasulcular brushing was performed in the mandibular left posterior segment, for 30 seconds daily for 40 days. The brushing was done by the investigator on 28 days and by the subjects on 12 days. The average Gingival Index score following intrasulcular brushing was 0.26. Sulcular fluid measurements were again taken from the mandibular left second bicuspid. A decreased amount of sulcular fluid was found in six subjects, while nine exhibited an increase and four showed no change. An average sulcular fluid measurement of 0.87 mm resulted following the experimental brushing period. From these data, it can be concluded that, within the limitations of this study, intrasulcular brushing had no significant effect on the amount of gingival fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:366098", "title": "Gingival fluid flow after gingivectomy related to mechanical or chemical plaque control.", "content": "The effects of mechanical tooth cleaning and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinses on healing after gingivectomy were compared in 8 patients by means of a \"split mouth\" technique. The experiment began after periodontal pack removal on day 7. Gingival fluid was sampled immediately before and on days 14, 21, 28, 35 after gingivectomy. The results showed that mechanical and chemical plaque control were equally effective in promoting healing after gingivectomy as evaluated by gingival fluid measurements.", "contents": "Gingival fluid flow after gingivectomy related to mechanical or chemical plaque control. The effects of mechanical tooth cleaning and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinses on healing after gingivectomy were compared in 8 patients by means of a \"split mouth\" technique. The experiment began after periodontal pack removal on day 7. Gingival fluid was sampled immediately before and on days 14, 21, 28, 35 after gingivectomy. The results showed that mechanical and chemical plaque control were equally effective in promoting healing after gingivectomy as evaluated by gingival fluid measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:366099", "title": "The use of extracted teeth to evaluate clinical measurements of periodontal disease.", "content": "Clinical indicators of periodontal disease, Gingivitis Index, Gingival crevicular fluid and pocket depth measurements were obtained from the gingiva surfaces of 30 teeth. The gingival margins were marked on the surfaces of the teeth prior to extraction. The extracted teeth were stained with hematoxylin and air dried, and the distances from the groove to the base of the calculus, plaque, and connective tissue attachment were obtained. The plaque-free zone was also measured. Comparisons were made between clinical and tooth surface measurements. A high correlation was found between clinical pocket depth measurements and tooth surface parameters. The correlations between all tooth surface parameters and GCF were statistically significant. The G.I. was significantly correlated only with the penetration of calculus into the pocket. The clinical pocket depth was statistically the same as the distance from the gingival groove to the coronal connective tissue attachment. The plaque-free zone appeared to represent the junctional epithelium.", "contents": "The use of extracted teeth to evaluate clinical measurements of periodontal disease. Clinical indicators of periodontal disease, Gingivitis Index, Gingival crevicular fluid and pocket depth measurements were obtained from the gingiva surfaces of 30 teeth. The gingival margins were marked on the surfaces of the teeth prior to extraction. The extracted teeth were stained with hematoxylin and air dried, and the distances from the groove to the base of the calculus, plaque, and connective tissue attachment were obtained. The plaque-free zone was also measured. Comparisons were made between clinical and tooth surface measurements. A high correlation was found between clinical pocket depth measurements and tooth surface parameters. The correlations between all tooth surface parameters and GCF were statistically significant. The G.I. was significantly correlated only with the penetration of calculus into the pocket. The clinical pocket depth was statistically the same as the distance from the gingival groove to the coronal connective tissue attachment. The plaque-free zone appeared to represent the junctional epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:366101", "title": "Immunoglobulins and complement in human periodontitis.", "content": "The gingiva in human periodontitis shows IgG, IgM, and C3 suggesting an antigen-antibody response binding and activating complement. The irregular distribution of the fluorescence on the basement membrane suggests binding of antigen-antibody complexes.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins and complement in human periodontitis. The gingiva in human periodontitis shows IgG, IgM, and C3 suggesting an antigen-antibody response binding and activating complement. The irregular distribution of the fluorescence on the basement membrane suggests binding of antigen-antibody complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:366102", "title": "The alteration of lingual mucosa with free gingival grafts. Protection of a denture bearing surface.", "content": "A technique has been described which has altered the form of denture bearing alveolar mucosa. Free gingival palatal grafts were used to create an attached gingival environment upon which removal denture prosthesis may rest.", "contents": "The alteration of lingual mucosa with free gingival grafts. Protection of a denture bearing surface. A technique has been described which has altered the form of denture bearing alveolar mucosa. Free gingival palatal grafts were used to create an attached gingival environment upon which removal denture prosthesis may rest."}
{"id": "PMID:366104", "title": "Does calcium mediate the increase in potassium permeability due to phenylephrine or angiotensin II in the liver?", "content": "Two agonists, phenylephrine and angiotensin II, which have been shown to alter K+ permeability in the liver were investigated as to the possible role of Ca++ in the K+ release response (measured as 86Rb efflux) in liver slices. Both phenylephrine and angiotensin II caused transient increases in 86Rb efflux from liver slices. For both agonists, the first in a series of responses was independent of extracellular Ca++, but Ca++ was required to obtain a subsequent response. This dependence on extracellular Ca++ for a second response was not receptor-specific suggesting that activation of either receptor elicited the release of the same cellular pool of Ca++. The cationophore, A-23187, only slightly increased 45Ca++ efflux and was without effect on 86Rb efflux. In contrast to the ionophore, phenylephrine stimulated a precipitous rise in 45Ca++ efflux. It is proposed that the liver may be similar to a number of other tissues in that Ca++ mediates changes in K+ permeability, but that the source is a bound Ca++ store, rather than the extracellular space.", "contents": "Does calcium mediate the increase in potassium permeability due to phenylephrine or angiotensin II in the liver? Two agonists, phenylephrine and angiotensin II, which have been shown to alter K+ permeability in the liver were investigated as to the possible role of Ca++ in the K+ release response (measured as 86Rb efflux) in liver slices. Both phenylephrine and angiotensin II caused transient increases in 86Rb efflux from liver slices. For both agonists, the first in a series of responses was independent of extracellular Ca++, but Ca++ was required to obtain a subsequent response. This dependence on extracellular Ca++ for a second response was not receptor-specific suggesting that activation of either receptor elicited the release of the same cellular pool of Ca++. The cationophore, A-23187, only slightly increased 45Ca++ efflux and was without effect on 86Rb efflux. In contrast to the ionophore, phenylephrine stimulated a precipitous rise in 45Ca++ efflux. It is proposed that the liver may be similar to a number of other tissues in that Ca++ mediates changes in K+ permeability, but that the source is a bound Ca++ store, rather than the extracellular space."}
{"id": "PMID:366106", "title": "Topography of cutaneous mechanoreceptive neurones in dorsal root ganglia of skin-grafted frogs.", "content": "1. Topographical distribution patterns of dorsal root ganglion (d.r.g.) cutaneous neurones providing innervation to various body surfaces were examined in doublypithed Discoglossus pictus frogs.2. Using electrophysiological methods, sensory neurones innervating back skin were observed to predominate on the dorsal ganglionic surfaces, while belly skin neurones were most prevalent in the caudal half of the d.r.g. ventral surfaces. Flank neurones clustered in the medial half of d.r.g. ventral surfaces.3. Cutaneous neuronal distribution patterns within the d.r.g. of 180 degrees skin grafted animals were indistinguishable from those observed in control frogs.4. Sensory neurone distribution patterns were found to be altered in all animals with single skin type grafts. Projection patterns were always heaviest towards the autograft, which was on the opposite body surface (i.e. dorsally located d.r.g. sensory neurones projected to back skin on the frog's ventrum, while ventrally located neurones projected to belly skin on the frog's dorsum).5. The results are discussed in the light of several selective outgrowth mechanisms which have been proposed as a possible underlying basis for the development of misdirected wiping reflex behaviour in skin grafted anurans. The findings indicate that none of the proposed selective growth mechanisms can account adequately for the development of misdirected wiping reflexes, at least in the species studied.6. It is suggested that selective cell replacement, based upon competition among prespecified cutaneous neurones, might best account for the development of normal and misdirected wiping reflexes in frogs.", "contents": "Topography of cutaneous mechanoreceptive neurones in dorsal root ganglia of skin-grafted frogs. 1. Topographical distribution patterns of dorsal root ganglion (d.r.g.) cutaneous neurones providing innervation to various body surfaces were examined in doublypithed Discoglossus pictus frogs.2. Using electrophysiological methods, sensory neurones innervating back skin were observed to predominate on the dorsal ganglionic surfaces, while belly skin neurones were most prevalent in the caudal half of the d.r.g. ventral surfaces. Flank neurones clustered in the medial half of d.r.g. ventral surfaces.3. Cutaneous neuronal distribution patterns within the d.r.g. of 180 degrees skin grafted animals were indistinguishable from those observed in control frogs.4. Sensory neurone distribution patterns were found to be altered in all animals with single skin type grafts. Projection patterns were always heaviest towards the autograft, which was on the opposite body surface (i.e. dorsally located d.r.g. sensory neurones projected to back skin on the frog's ventrum, while ventrally located neurones projected to belly skin on the frog's dorsum).5. The results are discussed in the light of several selective outgrowth mechanisms which have been proposed as a possible underlying basis for the development of misdirected wiping reflex behaviour in skin grafted anurans. The findings indicate that none of the proposed selective growth mechanisms can account adequately for the development of misdirected wiping reflexes, at least in the species studied.6. It is suggested that selective cell replacement, based upon competition among prespecified cutaneous neurones, might best account for the development of normal and misdirected wiping reflexes in frogs."}
{"id": "PMID:366108", "title": "The effect of increasing the plasma magnesium concentration on renin release from the dog's kidney: interactions with calcium and sodium.", "content": "1. A denervated 'auto-transplanted' dog's kidney preparation was developed to study renin release into renal plasma and lymph. The function of the 'transplant' was compared with that of its partner. In the 'basal' state it had a similar rate of plasma and urine flow, Na, Ca, Mg and Cl excretion but a lower rate of glomerular filtration and K excretion and a lower urinary osmolality. In the 'basal' state the 'transplant' did not release renin into plasma, but invariably released it into lymph. 2. Infusions of MgCl2 solutions into the renal artery which raised the renal plasma Mg concentration (PMg) by 0.1-2 m-mole.1.-1 provoked a concentration-related increase in renin release into plasma. This was due to a rise in the veno-arterial renin difference and in the renal plasma flow rate. Blood pressure and Na excretion were unaltered. 3. In other experiments, an increase in PMg of 1.5-2.5 m-mole.1.-1 was also found to increase renin release into lymph. 4. When the plasma Ca concentration was doubled by infusion of CaCl2 into one renal artery, an increase in PMg of 1.5-2.5 m-mole.1.-1 no longer increased renin release into plasma or lymph. 5. When the plasma NaCl concentration was raised by 8-15 m-mole.1.-1 by infusion of hypertonic saline into the renal artery, MgCl2 infusion failed to increase renin release until PMg was raised by more than 3 m-mole.1-1. 6. The results demonstrate that hypermagnesaemia stimulates renal renin release by a mechanism that is independent of the renal nerves, or of any changes in blood pressure or sodium excretion, but which is antagonized by concurrent hypercalcaemia or hypersalaemia. The possibility is discussed that Mg is reabsorbed from the tubular into the interstitial fluid where it antagonizes the action(s) of Ca on renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells.", "contents": "The effect of increasing the plasma magnesium concentration on renin release from the dog's kidney: interactions with calcium and sodium. 1. A denervated 'auto-transplanted' dog's kidney preparation was developed to study renin release into renal plasma and lymph. The function of the 'transplant' was compared with that of its partner. In the 'basal' state it had a similar rate of plasma and urine flow, Na, Ca, Mg and Cl excretion but a lower rate of glomerular filtration and K excretion and a lower urinary osmolality. In the 'basal' state the 'transplant' did not release renin into plasma, but invariably released it into lymph. 2. Infusions of MgCl2 solutions into the renal artery which raised the renal plasma Mg concentration (PMg) by 0.1-2 m-mole.1.-1 provoked a concentration-related increase in renin release into plasma. This was due to a rise in the veno-arterial renin difference and in the renal plasma flow rate. Blood pressure and Na excretion were unaltered. 3. In other experiments, an increase in PMg of 1.5-2.5 m-mole.1.-1 was also found to increase renin release into lymph. 4. When the plasma Ca concentration was doubled by infusion of CaCl2 into one renal artery, an increase in PMg of 1.5-2.5 m-mole.1.-1 no longer increased renin release into plasma or lymph. 5. When the plasma NaCl concentration was raised by 8-15 m-mole.1.-1 by infusion of hypertonic saline into the renal artery, MgCl2 infusion failed to increase renin release until PMg was raised by more than 3 m-mole.1-1. 6. The results demonstrate that hypermagnesaemia stimulates renal renin release by a mechanism that is independent of the renal nerves, or of any changes in blood pressure or sodium excretion, but which is antagonized by concurrent hypercalcaemia or hypersalaemia. The possibility is discussed that Mg is reabsorbed from the tubular into the interstitial fluid where it antagonizes the action(s) of Ca on renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells."}
{"id": "PMID:366110", "title": "The maxillary complete denture opposing the mandibular bilateral distal-extension partial denture: treatment considerations.", "content": "The dentist should approach the treatment of the complete maxillary denture opposing the mandibular bilateral distal extension partial denture cautiously, and the institution of correct treatment initiatives is essential. Every patient must be aware from the outset that the longest possible life of any prosthesis with the least possible harm to the remaining tissues can only be ensured by regular recall and maintenance care.", "contents": "The maxillary complete denture opposing the mandibular bilateral distal-extension partial denture: treatment considerations. The dentist should approach the treatment of the complete maxillary denture opposing the mandibular bilateral distal extension partial denture cautiously, and the institution of correct treatment initiatives is essential. Every patient must be aware from the outset that the longest possible life of any prosthesis with the least possible harm to the remaining tissues can only be ensured by regular recall and maintenance care."}
{"id": "PMID:366111", "title": "The measurement of forces transmitted to abutment teeth of removable partial dentures.", "content": "Despite the limited number of patients in the study, the following conclusions may be made regarding the magnitude and direction of forces transmitted to abutment teeth of extension-base removable partial dentures. 1. A technique was presented for using strain gauges to determine the magnitude and direction of forces transmitted to abutment teeth of removable partial dentures. 2. There are variations in force magnitude with a patient and between patients from chewing cycle to chewing cycle. 3. The transmitted forces vary when different removable partial denture designs are used. 4. Improving adaptation of the extension bases to the residual ridge is an excellent means for providing maximum support, increasing patient comfort, and decreasing forces to abutment teeth. 5. Extension bases apply mesially directed forces to abutment teeth during mastication. 6. Further research is needed to elucidate the effects of the various philosophies of removable partial denture design.", "contents": "The measurement of forces transmitted to abutment teeth of removable partial dentures. Despite the limited number of patients in the study, the following conclusions may be made regarding the magnitude and direction of forces transmitted to abutment teeth of extension-base removable partial dentures. 1. A technique was presented for using strain gauges to determine the magnitude and direction of forces transmitted to abutment teeth of removable partial dentures. 2. There are variations in force magnitude with a patient and between patients from chewing cycle to chewing cycle. 3. The transmitted forces vary when different removable partial denture designs are used. 4. Improving adaptation of the extension bases to the residual ridge is an excellent means for providing maximum support, increasing patient comfort, and decreasing forces to abutment teeth. 5. Extension bases apply mesially directed forces to abutment teeth during mastication. 6. Further research is needed to elucidate the effects of the various philosophies of removable partial denture design."}
{"id": "PMID:366112", "title": "The upper anterior sectional denture.", "content": "An upper anterior sectional denture is described which consists of (1) a cast cobalt-chromium framework with two passive clasps that contact undercuts on the distal surfaces of the most posterior remaining teeth and (2) a labial flange that carries the replaced tooth or teeth and engages the labiointerproximal gingival undercuts of the anterior teeth adjacent to the edentulous ridge. The cast framework is inserted occlusogingivally, and the labial flange is inserted labiolingually. Both sections are held together by the frictional resistance of the split post of the framework that fits into a tube on the labial flange and hollowed-out artificial tooth. With this type of prosthesis, certain clinical problems can be handled without abutment tooth preparation and with a minimal amount of chair time.", "contents": "The upper anterior sectional denture. An upper anterior sectional denture is described which consists of (1) a cast cobalt-chromium framework with two passive clasps that contact undercuts on the distal surfaces of the most posterior remaining teeth and (2) a labial flange that carries the replaced tooth or teeth and engages the labiointerproximal gingival undercuts of the anterior teeth adjacent to the edentulous ridge. The cast framework is inserted occlusogingivally, and the labial flange is inserted labiolingually. Both sections are held together by the frictional resistance of the split post of the framework that fits into a tube on the labial flange and hollowed-out artificial tooth. With this type of prosthesis, certain clinical problems can be handled without abutment tooth preparation and with a minimal amount of chair time."}
{"id": "PMID:366113", "title": "An interocclusal record--impression-axis frame.", "content": "This method combines the separate records of (1) maxillary and mandibular impressions, (2) centric occlusion, and (3) arbitrary hinge axis determination. It is made possible by the use of a new instrument which is the combination of a full-arch interocclusal record-impression frame and a facebow.", "contents": "An interocclusal record--impression-axis frame. This method combines the separate records of (1) maxillary and mandibular impressions, (2) centric occlusion, and (3) arbitrary hinge axis determination. It is made possible by the use of a new instrument which is the combination of a full-arch interocclusal record-impression frame and a facebow."}
{"id": "PMID:366114", "title": "Technique for an immediate temporary fixed tooth replacement.", "content": "A clinical technique for the immediate replacement of an extracted anterior tooth was presented. The clinical crown of the patient's extracted tooth was used as a pontic by attaching it to the adjacent teeth with acid-etch bonded resin. This technique provides a practical and esthetic immediate fixed tooth replacement that requires minimum materials and time.", "contents": "Technique for an immediate temporary fixed tooth replacement. A clinical technique for the immediate replacement of an extracted anterior tooth was presented. The clinical crown of the patient's extracted tooth was used as a pontic by attaching it to the adjacent teeth with acid-etch bonded resin. This technique provides a practical and esthetic immediate fixed tooth replacement that requires minimum materials and time."}
{"id": "PMID:366115", "title": "Retention of dowels subjected to tensile and torsional forces.", "content": "This investigation measured the maximal tensile and torsional forces sustained by four different designs of dowels. 1. Under tensile force, the threaded screw-in dowels were significantly more retentive than the unthreaded dowels. 2. Under torque, both the threaded screw-in and serrated dowels were significantly more retentive than the smooth-sided dowels.", "contents": "Retention of dowels subjected to tensile and torsional forces. This investigation measured the maximal tensile and torsional forces sustained by four different designs of dowels. 1. Under tensile force, the threaded screw-in dowels were significantly more retentive than the unthreaded dowels. 2. Under torque, both the threaded screw-in and serrated dowels were significantly more retentive than the smooth-sided dowels."}
{"id": "PMID:366116", "title": "Dowel retention with glass-ionomer cement.", "content": "The retentive capacity of the Whaledent Parapost system utilizing ASPA cement was compared at two lengths, three diameters, and with respect to the effect of both medication and citric acid pretreatment. The greatest single factor influencing retention was embedment depth into dentin. No significant differences were observed between the retention values for medicated and unmedicated teeth. Finally, no increase in retention was noted over previously reported values for zinc phosphate, carboxylate, and epoxy resin cements. The glass-ionomer cement tested offers no advantage for post retention.", "contents": "Dowel retention with glass-ionomer cement. The retentive capacity of the Whaledent Parapost system utilizing ASPA cement was compared at two lengths, three diameters, and with respect to the effect of both medication and citric acid pretreatment. The greatest single factor influencing retention was embedment depth into dentin. No significant differences were observed between the retention values for medicated and unmedicated teeth. Finally, no increase in retention was noted over previously reported values for zinc phosphate, carboxylate, and epoxy resin cements. The glass-ionomer cement tested offers no advantage for post retention."}
{"id": "PMID:366117", "title": "Adherence of a nickel-chromium alloy and porcelain.", "content": "1. Surface oxide favors adherence. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that chromium oxide has a deleterious effect on adherence as measured by the torsion test. 2. Gritblasting the surface before porcelain application improves adherence. Smooth uncoated specimens where oxide was removed before enameling developed insufficient amounts of oxide for bonding. 3. The particular coating agent used on this study indirectly promotes adherence, since additional oxide forms during its application. Also, it may be directly involved by its influence on the residual stress distribution in the interface porcelain. 4. The more extensive the reaction zone at the interface, the further away the fracture surface is from the interface.", "contents": "Adherence of a nickel-chromium alloy and porcelain. 1. Surface oxide favors adherence. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that chromium oxide has a deleterious effect on adherence as measured by the torsion test. 2. Gritblasting the surface before porcelain application improves adherence. Smooth uncoated specimens where oxide was removed before enameling developed insufficient amounts of oxide for bonding. 3. The particular coating agent used on this study indirectly promotes adherence, since additional oxide forms during its application. Also, it may be directly involved by its influence on the residual stress distribution in the interface porcelain. 4. The more extensive the reaction zone at the interface, the further away the fracture surface is from the interface."}
{"id": "PMID:366118", "title": "Influence of pressure and vibration during cementation.", "content": "Vibration, applied at the beginning of cementation, improves the fit of MOD inlays and cast complete crowns when they are compared to the same castings cemented without vibration. The Medart pressure applicator produced better adaptation. Orange wood blocks and Burlew disks produced similar results. They were less efficient than the Medart pressure applicator. Cotton rolls resulted in the highest fit discrepancy.", "contents": "Influence of pressure and vibration during cementation. Vibration, applied at the beginning of cementation, improves the fit of MOD inlays and cast complete crowns when they are compared to the same castings cemented without vibration. The Medart pressure applicator produced better adaptation. Orange wood blocks and Burlew disks produced similar results. They were less efficient than the Medart pressure applicator. Cotton rolls resulted in the highest fit discrepancy."}
{"id": "PMID:366120", "title": "Obturator-overdentures retained by nonrigid attachments.", "content": "A technique is described to attempt to predictably retain a few remaining teeth for added stability and retention of a complete maxillary denture combined with a nasopharyngeal obturator. A male nonrigid attachment is added to copings on the retained roots, and the female attachments are incorporated in the denture base.", "contents": "Obturator-overdentures retained by nonrigid attachments. A technique is described to attempt to predictably retain a few remaining teeth for added stability and retention of a complete maxillary denture combined with a nasopharyngeal obturator. A male nonrigid attachment is added to copings on the retained roots, and the female attachments are incorporated in the denture base."}
{"id": "PMID:366121", "title": "Construction of a buccal flange obturator.", "content": "There are various methods of fabricating obturators. Cleanliness and simplicity are important considerations in the construction of any intraoral prostheses. With these considerations in mind, construction of the buccal flange obturator has been described.", "contents": "Construction of a buccal flange obturator. There are various methods of fabricating obturators. Cleanliness and simplicity are important considerations in the construction of any intraoral prostheses. With these considerations in mind, construction of the buccal flange obturator has been described."}
{"id": "PMID:366123", "title": "Restoration of removable partial denture rest seats using dental amalgam.", "content": "This anatomically contoured, carefully restored tooth is now capable of continuing to serve as an abutment for the patient's existing removable partial denture, and a complex and extensive treatment has been avoided.", "contents": "Restoration of removable partial denture rest seats using dental amalgam. This anatomically contoured, carefully restored tooth is now capable of continuing to serve as an abutment for the patient's existing removable partial denture, and a complex and extensive treatment has been avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:366126", "title": "Effects of biofeedback on muscular tension in selected personality states.", "content": "The effects of electromyographic biofeedback on three selected personality states from the MMPI and one comparison group were investigated. Forty in-patients (28 males and 12 females) ranging in age from 15 to 52 in a psychiatric hospital were classified as manic, agitated, depressed, or designated as a comparison group, according to their MMPI scores and Gilberstadt and Duker's assessment of personality. Fourteen sessions of electromyographic biofeedback were given each individual. Significant differences in EMG readings were found between the manic group and the the comparison group, the agitated group and the comparison group, and between the agitated group and the depressed group during individual sessions. No significant differences were found when comparing total group means.", "contents": "Effects of biofeedback on muscular tension in selected personality states. The effects of electromyographic biofeedback on three selected personality states from the MMPI and one comparison group were investigated. Forty in-patients (28 males and 12 females) ranging in age from 15 to 52 in a psychiatric hospital were classified as manic, agitated, depressed, or designated as a comparison group, according to their MMPI scores and Gilberstadt and Duker's assessment of personality. Fourteen sessions of electromyographic biofeedback were given each individual. Significant differences in EMG readings were found between the manic group and the the comparison group, the agitated group and the comparison group, and between the agitated group and the depressed group during individual sessions. No significant differences were found when comparing total group means."}
{"id": "PMID:366135", "title": "Levamisole in chronic inflammatory diseases.", "content": "The use of levamisole in a variety of non-rheumatoid chronic inflammatory diseases has been reviewed. Both the clinical responses and the in vivo and in vitro tests of immunological function during levamisole therapy are discussed in an attempt to correlate the immuno-stimulatory properties of the drug with any therapeutic effect. It was concluded that in many diseases there are conflicting reports on the usefulness of levamisole and that there were few correlates of the therapeutic and immunological effects of the drug. There was, however, evidence that the drug may prove clinically useful and more double-blind, multicentre controlled studies with adequate laboratory testing are needed. At present levamisole would appear to be useful in the treatment of Crohn's disease, recurrent oral ulceration, and herpes simplex infections.", "contents": "Levamisole in chronic inflammatory diseases. The use of levamisole in a variety of non-rheumatoid chronic inflammatory diseases has been reviewed. Both the clinical responses and the in vivo and in vitro tests of immunological function during levamisole therapy are discussed in an attempt to correlate the immuno-stimulatory properties of the drug with any therapeutic effect. It was concluded that in many diseases there are conflicting reports on the usefulness of levamisole and that there were few correlates of the therapeutic and immunological effects of the drug. There was, however, evidence that the drug may prove clinically useful and more double-blind, multicentre controlled studies with adequate laboratory testing are needed. At present levamisole would appear to be useful in the treatment of Crohn's disease, recurrent oral ulceration, and herpes simplex infections."}
{"id": "PMID:366136", "title": "International symposium on levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. A review of short and longterm effects on articular manifestations.", "content": "Reports of 28 authors with a total of nearly 1,000 enrolled patients have been reviewed regarding changes in clinical manifestations of disease in rheumatoid arthritis during short term and long term administration of levamisole. Global clinical improvement was observed in 60% of patients after three months and in 75% of patients after six months of drug treatment. There was no significant difference in response whether the drug was given in a continuous daily or intermittent weekly fashion. The longest observation times extend to 3 1/2 years. An optimal effect is usually reached between six and 12 months of treatment, after which time no further improvement is observed. After cessation of drug administration, the rate of deterioration varies with the length of previous exposure.", "contents": "International symposium on levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. A review of short and longterm effects on articular manifestations. Reports of 28 authors with a total of nearly 1,000 enrolled patients have been reviewed regarding changes in clinical manifestations of disease in rheumatoid arthritis during short term and long term administration of levamisole. Global clinical improvement was observed in 60% of patients after three months and in 75% of patients after six months of drug treatment. There was no significant difference in response whether the drug was given in a continuous daily or intermittent weekly fashion. The longest observation times extend to 3 1/2 years. An optimal effect is usually reached between six and 12 months of treatment, after which time no further improvement is observed. After cessation of drug administration, the rate of deterioration varies with the length of previous exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:366137", "title": "Effects of levamisole treatment in cancer patients.", "content": "Twenty-six controlled prognostic evaluations of the adjuvant use of levamisole in cancer are reviewed. The results favor intermittent administration of levamisole in a dosage that is adapted to the patient's weight or body surface. Early treatment is indicated, but synchronous treatment with cytotoxic therapies is to be avoided. The best results have been achieved in advanced but still potentially curable patients. Major toxicity occurs very seldom and measures are suggested to further characterize the few patients who are at risk of developing allergic agranulocytosis, a potentially life-threatening side effect.", "contents": "Effects of levamisole treatment in cancer patients. Twenty-six controlled prognostic evaluations of the adjuvant use of levamisole in cancer are reviewed. The results favor intermittent administration of levamisole in a dosage that is adapted to the patient's weight or body surface. Early treatment is indicated, but synchronous treatment with cytotoxic therapies is to be avoided. The best results have been achieved in advanced but still potentially curable patients. Major toxicity occurs very seldom and measures are suggested to further characterize the few patients who are at risk of developing allergic agranulocytosis, a potentially life-threatening side effect."}
{"id": "PMID:366138", "title": "Levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis--a multivariate analysis of a multicentric study.", "content": "Statistical analysis of the data from a multicentric study of six months of treatment with levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis involved two steps. In a first step, the differences between observations before and after treatment have been made independent of their initial values. Differences after treatment have been transformed into responses to treatment using a proportionality factor that is related to the initial values before treatment. The second step involved a reduction of the various responses into a single global response by means of a discriminant analysis between two classes. Class membership has been defined by the type of treatment (either placebo or drug) predicted by the investigators at the end of treatment and before breaking of the code of the double-blind study. This method of analysis allows for the combination of multiple clinical observations with a subjective evaluation. Its results can be easily represented graphically and tested for statistical significance. The use of global responses to treatment is illustrated with a comparison of placebo and drug treatments and can be extended to comparisons between investigators or between different dose and time regimens.", "contents": "Levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis--a multivariate analysis of a multicentric study. Statistical analysis of the data from a multicentric study of six months of treatment with levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis involved two steps. In a first step, the differences between observations before and after treatment have been made independent of their initial values. Differences after treatment have been transformed into responses to treatment using a proportionality factor that is related to the initial values before treatment. The second step involved a reduction of the various responses into a single global response by means of a discriminant analysis between two classes. Class membership has been defined by the type of treatment (either placebo or drug) predicted by the investigators at the end of treatment and before breaking of the code of the double-blind study. This method of analysis allows for the combination of multiple clinical observations with a subjective evaluation. Its results can be easily represented graphically and tested for statistical significance. The use of global responses to treatment is illustrated with a comparison of placebo and drug treatments and can be extended to comparisons between investigators or between different dose and time regimens."}
{"id": "PMID:366139", "title": "Degree of responsiveness to levamisole and factors influencing responsiveness and adverse reactions.", "content": "The individual response to treatment, and factors influencing this response, were evaluated by means of Lewi's mathematical model in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Patients showed a graded response to anti-inflammatory agents ranging from deterioration through moderate to marked improvement. Levamisole was superior to anti-inflammatory agents in preventing deterioration or inducing marked improvement. Patients in an early stage of disease were the best responders and had fewest idiosyncratic reactions. The responses were independent of the treatment schedule used. A threshold dose of levamisole exists, but it is not critically dependent on body weight.", "contents": "Degree of responsiveness to levamisole and factors influencing responsiveness and adverse reactions. The individual response to treatment, and factors influencing this response, were evaluated by means of Lewi's mathematical model in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Patients showed a graded response to anti-inflammatory agents ranging from deterioration through moderate to marked improvement. Levamisole was superior to anti-inflammatory agents in preventing deterioration or inducing marked improvement. Patients in an early stage of disease were the best responders and had fewest idiosyncratic reactions. The responses were independent of the treatment schedule used. A threshold dose of levamisole exists, but it is not critically dependent on body weight."}
{"id": "PMID:366141", "title": "Experience and recommendations for treatment schedule of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A review is presented of the different treatment regimens of levamisole used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A large double-blind EULAR multicentre trial has shown that the beneficial effects obtained with continuous (150 mg per day) and with intermittent (3 days per week, 150 mg) treatment are comparable in RA. Unfortunately with both regimens a high frequency of agranulocytosis was observed. Recent data of another double-blind trial have shown that a treatment schedule of 150 mg one day per week gives equally good results as both previous regimens. Furthermore regular control of white blood cell counts 10 hours after intake of the drug can detect early high risk patients for agranulocytosis. Results of longterm use of levamisole in RA are also presented and the different kinds of responses are discussed. Finally the authors propose a treatment scheme. This consists of one single weekly dose of 150 mg; if no response is obtained after 6 or at most 9 months, a final trial can be performed with two intakes of 150 mg each week.", "contents": "Experience and recommendations for treatment schedule of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. A review is presented of the different treatment regimens of levamisole used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A large double-blind EULAR multicentre trial has shown that the beneficial effects obtained with continuous (150 mg per day) and with intermittent (3 days per week, 150 mg) treatment are comparable in RA. Unfortunately with both regimens a high frequency of agranulocytosis was observed. Recent data of another double-blind trial have shown that a treatment schedule of 150 mg one day per week gives equally good results as both previous regimens. Furthermore regular control of white blood cell counts 10 hours after intake of the drug can detect early high risk patients for agranulocytosis. Results of longterm use of levamisole in RA are also presented and the different kinds of responses are discussed. Finally the authors propose a treatment scheme. This consists of one single weekly dose of 150 mg; if no response is obtained after 6 or at most 9 months, a final trial can be performed with two intakes of 150 mg each week."}
{"id": "PMID:366142", "title": "A review of the effects of levamisole on erythrocyte sedimentation rate, acute phase proteins, and anemia.", "content": "A statistically significant decrease of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is seen in levamisole-treated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. While there is a correlation between ESR decrease and clinical improvement, in a few patients ESR remains unchanged in spite of a good clinical result. A decrease of acute phase proteins and an increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit have also been reported with levamisole.", "contents": "A review of the effects of levamisole on erythrocyte sedimentation rate, acute phase proteins, and anemia. A statistically significant decrease of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is seen in levamisole-treated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. While there is a correlation between ESR decrease and clinical improvement, in a few patients ESR remains unchanged in spite of a good clinical result. A decrease of acute phase proteins and an increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit have also been reported with levamisole."}
{"id": "PMID:366143", "title": "A multicentre randomized double-blind study comparing two dosages of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A six-centre study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a single weekly treatment with 50 or 150 mg levamisole in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The results were compared with those of a previous placebo-controlled study, in which 150 mg levamisole was given on 3 or 7 consecutive days each week. The efficacy/side effect ratio is better with 150 mg once weekly than with 150 mg on 3 or 7 consecutive days each week. A reduction of the dose to 50 mg reduces the incidence of idiosyncratic reactions but also reduces efficacy. A single dose of 150 mg levamisole once weekly is therefore recommended as a standard dose in patients with RA. This regimen allows for hematological controls at critical times and, hence, permits recognition in practice of agranulocytosis at the incipient stage.", "contents": "A multicentre randomized double-blind study comparing two dosages of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. A six-centre study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a single weekly treatment with 50 or 150 mg levamisole in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The results were compared with those of a previous placebo-controlled study, in which 150 mg levamisole was given on 3 or 7 consecutive days each week. The efficacy/side effect ratio is better with 150 mg once weekly than with 150 mg on 3 or 7 consecutive days each week. A reduction of the dose to 50 mg reduces the incidence of idiosyncratic reactions but also reduces efficacy. A single dose of 150 mg levamisole once weekly is therefore recommended as a standard dose in patients with RA. This regimen allows for hematological controls at critical times and, hence, permits recognition in practice of agranulocytosis at the incipient stage."}
{"id": "PMID:366144", "title": "Levamisole and cellular immunity in rheumatoid arthritis--a review.", "content": "It has been suggested that many of the pathological changes in rheumatoid arthritis can be explained on the basis of T cell hypofunction and that the chronicity of the lesions can be maintained by abnormalities in macrophage and neutrophil function. Although there is some evidence to suggest that levamisole can correct many of these abnormalities and that its mechanism of action in this disease can therefore be explained the current, often conflicting, information does not offer proof of this suggestion and indeed some of the noted changes may merely represent secondary rather than primary events.", "contents": "Levamisole and cellular immunity in rheumatoid arthritis--a review. It has been suggested that many of the pathological changes in rheumatoid arthritis can be explained on the basis of T cell hypofunction and that the chronicity of the lesions can be maintained by abnormalities in macrophage and neutrophil function. Although there is some evidence to suggest that levamisole can correct many of these abnormalities and that its mechanism of action in this disease can therefore be explained the current, often conflicting, information does not offer proof of this suggestion and indeed some of the noted changes may merely represent secondary rather than primary events."}
{"id": "PMID:366145", "title": "Levamisole and cellular immunity in rheumatoid arthritis--clinical and laboratory correlates.", "content": "Studies in a number of laboratories have confirmed a deficiency in lymphocyte PHA mitogen response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Improvement in T cell function in these deficient patients had been noted with levamisole treatment. We have also shown clinical improvement associated with reversal of this deficiency during a double-blind controlled study with levamisole. Patients showing good clinical response showed a greater enhancement of T cell function as compared to those patients showing a poor clinical response to levamisole. Clinical responders also showed a significantly greater enhancement with in vitro levamisole added to lymphocyte culture prior to drug treatment than did poor clinical responders. Decreased B cell function, immunoglobulin and autoantibody levels have also been observed with levamisole treatment. These studies may suggest that levamisole is acting by normalizing T cell function with a presumed secondary suppressive effect on B cell autoantibody synthesis.", "contents": "Levamisole and cellular immunity in rheumatoid arthritis--clinical and laboratory correlates. Studies in a number of laboratories have confirmed a deficiency in lymphocyte PHA mitogen response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Improvement in T cell function in these deficient patients had been noted with levamisole treatment. We have also shown clinical improvement associated with reversal of this deficiency during a double-blind controlled study with levamisole. Patients showing good clinical response showed a greater enhancement of T cell function as compared to those patients showing a poor clinical response to levamisole. Clinical responders also showed a significantly greater enhancement with in vitro levamisole added to lymphocyte culture prior to drug treatment than did poor clinical responders. Decreased B cell function, immunoglobulin and autoantibody levels have also been observed with levamisole treatment. These studies may suggest that levamisole is acting by normalizing T cell function with a presumed secondary suppressive effect on B cell autoantibody synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:366146", "title": "A critical review of the effect of levamisole in rheumatic diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Levamisole has been used in several rheumatic diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), polymyositis/dermatomyositis, scleroderma, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Most of the published data have either been case reports including very few patients or have been concerned with specific clinical or laboratory assessments. It was therefore very difficult to make any reliable evaluation of the effect of levamisole in these conditions. Levamisole might have had some beneficial effect in some of the diseases listed but properly conducted, controlled trials are necessary before any definitive assessment can be made.", "contents": "A critical review of the effect of levamisole in rheumatic diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis. Levamisole has been used in several rheumatic diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), polymyositis/dermatomyositis, scleroderma, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Most of the published data have either been case reports including very few patients or have been concerned with specific clinical or laboratory assessments. It was therefore very difficult to make any reliable evaluation of the effect of levamisole in these conditions. Levamisole might have had some beneficial effect in some of the diseases listed but properly conducted, controlled trials are necessary before any definitive assessment can be made."}
{"id": "PMID:366151", "title": "The microbiology of polony.", "content": "A survey of 25 polony samples of different brands available to the consumer in Bloemfontein showed that significant numbers of various micro-organisms were present. Aerobic micro-organisms, psychrophiles, micrococci, pseudomonads, Microbacterium thermosphactum, lactobacilli, yeasts and moulds were enumerated by the plate count technique. The mean aerobic plate count was 15,850/g and counts ranged between less than 100/g and greater than 1 million/g. Selective plate counts indicated that psychrophiles, pseudomonads and lactobacilli were the main groups present. During storage at 5 degrees C for 12 d, the mean pH of polony declined from 6,32 to 6,20 while the aerobic count increased 13 fold. Counts of all groups increased during storage at 5 degrees C especially M. thermosphactum, yeasts and moulds. No salmonellae were found and counts of Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus were less than 3/g. Storage of 5 polony samples at 1.1 degrees +/- 1 degrees C until they spoilt after 8 wks resulted in the aerobic count increasing to greater than 10(8)/g. Lactobacilli and psychrophiles increased most rapidly while pH decreased from 6,20 to 5,57. Organisms isolated most frequently from spoilt polony were yeasts, micrococci, lactic acid bacteria and corynebacteria. It is concluded that standards for microbiological quality of polony are unnecessary.", "contents": "The microbiology of polony. A survey of 25 polony samples of different brands available to the consumer in Bloemfontein showed that significant numbers of various micro-organisms were present. Aerobic micro-organisms, psychrophiles, micrococci, pseudomonads, Microbacterium thermosphactum, lactobacilli, yeasts and moulds were enumerated by the plate count technique. The mean aerobic plate count was 15,850/g and counts ranged between less than 100/g and greater than 1 million/g. Selective plate counts indicated that psychrophiles, pseudomonads and lactobacilli were the main groups present. During storage at 5 degrees C for 12 d, the mean pH of polony declined from 6,32 to 6,20 while the aerobic count increased 13 fold. Counts of all groups increased during storage at 5 degrees C especially M. thermosphactum, yeasts and moulds. No salmonellae were found and counts of Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus were less than 3/g. Storage of 5 polony samples at 1.1 degrees +/- 1 degrees C until they spoilt after 8 wks resulted in the aerobic count increasing to greater than 10(8)/g. Lactobacilli and psychrophiles increased most rapidly while pH decreased from 6,20 to 5,57. Organisms isolated most frequently from spoilt polony were yeasts, micrococci, lactic acid bacteria and corynebacteria. It is concluded that standards for microbiological quality of polony are unnecessary."}
{"id": "PMID:366153", "title": "Role of RNA in the action of aldosterone on Na+ transport.", "content": "Recent data describing the effects of aldosterone on the induction of messenger RNA (= mRNA) and ribosomal RNA (= rRNA) are reviewed. In the urinary bladder of the toad, aldosterone induces a few specific polyadenylated mRNAs (= poly(A)(+)mRNA) during the latent period, i.e., 30 to 60 min after hormone addition. Later i.e., 90 to 240 min after aldosterone addition, 18S and 28S cytoplasmic rRNA subunits are also induced. The effect of poly(A)(+)mRNA is mineralocorticoid-specific and correlates well with the aldosterone-dependent Na+ transport. Actinomycin D which inhibits both poly(A)(+)mRNA and nonpolyadenylated mRNA (= POLY(A)(-)mRNA) totally abolishes the response to aldosterone on Na+ transport. 3'deoxyadenosine (cordycepin), which inhibits poly(A)(+)mRNA but not poly(A)(-)mRNA, only inhibits 50 to 60% of the physiological response. These differential effects suggest that an intact poly(A)(-)mRNA pathway is also an important factor in mediating the action of aldosterone. In contrast, 3'deoxycytidine, which inhibits rRNA but not mRNA, does not impair the mineralocorticoid response, at least during the first 3 hr of aldosterone action.", "contents": "Role of RNA in the action of aldosterone on Na+ transport. Recent data describing the effects of aldosterone on the induction of messenger RNA (= mRNA) and ribosomal RNA (= rRNA) are reviewed. In the urinary bladder of the toad, aldosterone induces a few specific polyadenylated mRNAs (= poly(A)(+)mRNA) during the latent period, i.e., 30 to 60 min after hormone addition. Later i.e., 90 to 240 min after aldosterone addition, 18S and 28S cytoplasmic rRNA subunits are also induced. The effect of poly(A)(+)mRNA is mineralocorticoid-specific and correlates well with the aldosterone-dependent Na+ transport. Actinomycin D which inhibits both poly(A)(+)mRNA and nonpolyadenylated mRNA (= POLY(A)(-)mRNA) totally abolishes the response to aldosterone on Na+ transport. 3'deoxyadenosine (cordycepin), which inhibits poly(A)(+)mRNA but not poly(A)(-)mRNA, only inhibits 50 to 60% of the physiological response. These differential effects suggest that an intact poly(A)(-)mRNA pathway is also an important factor in mediating the action of aldosterone. In contrast, 3'deoxycytidine, which inhibits rRNA but not mRNA, does not impair the mineralocorticoid response, at least during the first 3 hr of aldosterone action."}
{"id": "PMID:366154", "title": "Effect of the polyene antibiotic filipin and the calcium ionophore A23187 on sodium transport in isolated frog skin (Rana temporaria).", "content": "Addition of filipin (50 micrometer) to the inside bathing solution of the frog skin resulted in a transient increase in the active sodium transport [measured as short-circuit current (SCC)]. The filipin-induced increase in the SCC required the presence of calcium. The calcium ionophore A23187 (4 micrometer) also induced a transient increase in the SCC. After the activation of the SCC by A23187, the SCC could  not be activated by filipin. This indicates that the polyene antibiotic filipin acts as a calcium ionophore. Higher concentrations (40 micrometer) of A23187 resulted in a shrinking of the cells in the transporting cell layer. A23187 also increased the potassium-42 exchange in the isolated epithelium. It is suggested that calcium ionophores enhanced the intracellular calcium concentration; this increase in the calcium concentration resulted in an increase in the potassium permeability of the inward-facing membrane. The increase in the potassium permeability might explain the observed increase in the SCC.", "contents": "Effect of the polyene antibiotic filipin and the calcium ionophore A23187 on sodium transport in isolated frog skin (Rana temporaria). Addition of filipin (50 micrometer) to the inside bathing solution of the frog skin resulted in a transient increase in the active sodium transport [measured as short-circuit current (SCC)]. The filipin-induced increase in the SCC required the presence of calcium. The calcium ionophore A23187 (4 micrometer) also induced a transient increase in the SCC. After the activation of the SCC by A23187, the SCC could  not be activated by filipin. This indicates that the polyene antibiotic filipin acts as a calcium ionophore. Higher concentrations (40 micrometer) of A23187 resulted in a shrinking of the cells in the transporting cell layer. A23187 also increased the potassium-42 exchange in the isolated epithelium. It is suggested that calcium ionophores enhanced the intracellular calcium concentration; this increase in the calcium concentration resulted in an increase in the potassium permeability of the inward-facing membrane. The increase in the potassium permeability might explain the observed increase in the SCC."}
{"id": "PMID:366158", "title": "Sex therapy with orthodox Jewish couples.", "content": "The sexual relationship of the Orthodox Jewish couple is profoundly affected by laws and values which, among other factors, prohibit male masturbation and limit sexual activity to specific monthly periods. This paper conceptualizes the interplay of religious, cultural, psychological, and interpersonal dynamics as they are related to both the etiology and treatment of sexual dysfunctions within this group. Three clinical illustrations are presented. They attempt to show that the ubiquitous presence of these Jewish laws and values create an ambience whereby the successful treatment of dysfunctions can only occur through the simultaneous resolution of key marital difficulties and the development of more intimate relational bondings.", "contents": "Sex therapy with orthodox Jewish couples. The sexual relationship of the Orthodox Jewish couple is profoundly affected by laws and values which, among other factors, prohibit male masturbation and limit sexual activity to specific monthly periods. This paper conceptualizes the interplay of religious, cultural, psychological, and interpersonal dynamics as they are related to both the etiology and treatment of sexual dysfunctions within this group. Three clinical illustrations are presented. They attempt to show that the ubiquitous presence of these Jewish laws and values create an ambience whereby the successful treatment of dysfunctions can only occur through the simultaneous resolution of key marital difficulties and the development of more intimate relational bondings."}
{"id": "PMID:366162", "title": "The fault doctrine and injury control.", "content": "An analogy is drawn between the fourteenth-century conceptualization of infectious disease and the twentieth-century conceptualization of trauma. In both cases, causality is associated with faulty human behavior which acts as a handicap to progress. It is suggested that the practice of attributing accident causality to faulty behavior restricts the development of preventive activities in three ways: it implies that allocation of culpability is synonymous with identification of cause; it inhibits countermeasure implementation directly; and it concentrates on behavior instead of environmental hazards. A more useful and more appropriate approach is outlined and discussed.", "contents": "The fault doctrine and injury control. An analogy is drawn between the fourteenth-century conceptualization of infectious disease and the twentieth-century conceptualization of trauma. In both cases, causality is associated with faulty human behavior which acts as a handicap to progress. It is suggested that the practice of attributing accident causality to faulty behavior restricts the development of preventive activities in three ways: it implies that allocation of culpability is synonymous with identification of cause; it inhibits countermeasure implementation directly; and it concentrates on behavior instead of environmental hazards. A more useful and more appropriate approach is outlined and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:366163", "title": "Myocardial depression in sepsis.", "content": "Myocardial failure is uniformly fatal when associated with post-traumatic sepsis and multisystem failure. Controversy exists as to whether endotoxin has a direct effect on the myocardium. A nonanoxic isolated arterially perfused rabbit interventricular septum was used in this study to evaluate the effects of endotoxin, live E. coli, and endotoxin/septic shock plasma on myocardial function and ultrastructure. Purified E. coli endotoxin and live E. coli bacteria did not have a significant direct effect on rabbit cardiac muscle function or ultrastructure. Perfusion of the rabbit septum with plasma from rabbits exsanguinated following a 2-hour septic or endotoxin shock insult, however, caused significant (p less than 0.02) myocardial depression when compared with control septa perfused with normal rabbit plasma. Septa perfused with shock plasma demonstrated ultrastructural alterations of mitochondria that were not noted in control preparations.", "contents": "Myocardial depression in sepsis. Myocardial failure is uniformly fatal when associated with post-traumatic sepsis and multisystem failure. Controversy exists as to whether endotoxin has a direct effect on the myocardium. A nonanoxic isolated arterially perfused rabbit interventricular septum was used in this study to evaluate the effects of endotoxin, live E. coli, and endotoxin/septic shock plasma on myocardial function and ultrastructure. Purified E. coli endotoxin and live E. coli bacteria did not have a significant direct effect on rabbit cardiac muscle function or ultrastructure. Perfusion of the rabbit septum with plasma from rabbits exsanguinated following a 2-hour septic or endotoxin shock insult, however, caused significant (p less than 0.02) myocardial depression when compared with control septa perfused with normal rabbit plasma. Septa perfused with shock plasma demonstrated ultrastructural alterations of mitochondria that were not noted in control preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:366164", "title": "A simple system for splicing strip grafts into sheets.", "content": "An alternative method of joining small strips of skin graft into larger sheeets in order to achieve complete coverage of large defects is reported. Split-thickness grafts are often needed larger than the skin strip obtained by dermatome. Suturing grafts together to form a larger sheet is difficult and often results in tearing and puckering of the graft so that spots do not adhere properly. A rapid, simple method of joining sheets of skin using neurosurgical clips is described. Removal of these clips is faster and easier than suture removal. The method is most useful where \"tie-over\" stent dressings are used, but also has general applications.", "contents": "A simple system for splicing strip grafts into sheets. An alternative method of joining small strips of skin graft into larger sheeets in order to achieve complete coverage of large defects is reported. Split-thickness grafts are often needed larger than the skin strip obtained by dermatome. Suturing grafts together to form a larger sheet is difficult and often results in tearing and puckering of the graft so that spots do not adhere properly. A rapid, simple method of joining sheets of skin using neurosurgical clips is described. Removal of these clips is faster and easier than suture removal. The method is most useful where \"tie-over\" stent dressings are used, but also has general applications."}
{"id": "PMID:366160", "title": "Chronic mercuric chloride intoxication in digestive system of Channa punctatus.", "content": "The effect of exposure to a sublethal concentration (0.30 mg/l) of mercuric chloride on the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, amylase, trypsin, and pepsin has been examined at intervals of 7, 15, and 30 d in the digestive system of a teleost fish, Channa punctatus. Inhibition of the activities of all these enzymes was noted after the first week of treatment. Treatment of the fish for 15 d resulted in marked increases in the activities of all the enzymes. A slight fall in enzyme activity was recorded after 30 d, but the overall activity was higher than in control fish.", "contents": "Chronic mercuric chloride intoxication in digestive system of Channa punctatus. The effect of exposure to a sublethal concentration (0.30 mg/l) of mercuric chloride on the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, amylase, trypsin, and pepsin has been examined at intervals of 7, 15, and 30 d in the digestive system of a teleost fish, Channa punctatus. Inhibition of the activities of all these enzymes was noted after the first week of treatment. Treatment of the fish for 15 d resulted in marked increases in the activities of all the enzymes. A slight fall in enzyme activity was recorded after 30 d, but the overall activity was higher than in control fish."}
{"id": "PMID:366166", "title": "The prevalence of toxoplasma infection in southern Iran.", "content": "To determine the prevalence of infection with Toxoplasma gondii in the Fars Province of Iran, sera from 300 patients hospitalised at the Pahlavi University Medical Centre in Shiraz were tested. There were 157 males and 143 females, with a mean age of 39 years (range 10--80 years). The indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique was used and titres of 1:16 and above were considered positive. Eighty eight patients of whom 50 were male and 38 female (mean age 41 years, range 14--80 years) had positive sera. Of these 88 patients, 35 (40%), 25 (28%), 17 (19%), 5 (6%) and 6 (7%) had antibody titres of 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 1:128 and 1:256 respectively. One hundred and twenty three of the 212 patients with negative sera (58%) had contact with cats. A similar proportion of patients with positive sera [51 of 88 (58%)] also had contact with cats. It is concluded that a substantial proportion of our patients (29%) show serological evidence of infection with Toxoplasma gondii. A significant correlation between exposure to cats and the consumption of improperly cooked meat on the one hand and seropositivity on the other, could not be demonstrated. There was no significant increase in the incidence of seropositivity with increasing age (P = 0.35).", "contents": "The prevalence of toxoplasma infection in southern Iran. To determine the prevalence of infection with Toxoplasma gondii in the Fars Province of Iran, sera from 300 patients hospitalised at the Pahlavi University Medical Centre in Shiraz were tested. There were 157 males and 143 females, with a mean age of 39 years (range 10--80 years). The indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique was used and titres of 1:16 and above were considered positive. Eighty eight patients of whom 50 were male and 38 female (mean age 41 years, range 14--80 years) had positive sera. Of these 88 patients, 35 (40%), 25 (28%), 17 (19%), 5 (6%) and 6 (7%) had antibody titres of 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 1:128 and 1:256 respectively. One hundred and twenty three of the 212 patients with negative sera (58%) had contact with cats. A similar proportion of patients with positive sera [51 of 88 (58%)] also had contact with cats. It is concluded that a substantial proportion of our patients (29%) show serological evidence of infection with Toxoplasma gondii. A significant correlation between exposure to cats and the consumption of improperly cooked meat on the one hand and seropositivity on the other, could not be demonstrated. There was no significant increase in the incidence of seropositivity with increasing age (P = 0.35)."}
{"id": "PMID:366161", "title": "Toxic and genetic effects of fuel oil photoproducts and three hydroperoxides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Phototransformation of no. 2 fuel oil by UV irradiation at wavelengths designed to simulate sunlight resulted in the formation of products toxic to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Increasing the time of irradiation of the fuel oil samples increased the toxicity. Fuel oil that had been irradiated for 12 or 24 h was convertagenic to the yeast strain D4. The toxicity and genetic activity of these samples could be removed by treatment with thiacyclohexane. It is thought that hydroperoxides are the primary photoproducts responsible for these biological effects. Of three hydroperoxides tested, tert-butyl was convertagenic and cumene and tetralin were not. However, all three hydroperoxides were toxic to yeast.", "contents": "Toxic and genetic effects of fuel oil photoproducts and three hydroperoxides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Phototransformation of no. 2 fuel oil by UV irradiation at wavelengths designed to simulate sunlight resulted in the formation of products toxic to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Increasing the time of irradiation of the fuel oil samples increased the toxicity. Fuel oil that had been irradiated for 12 or 24 h was convertagenic to the yeast strain D4. The toxicity and genetic activity of these samples could be removed by treatment with thiacyclohexane. It is thought that hydroperoxides are the primary photoproducts responsible for these biological effects. Of three hydroperoxides tested, tert-butyl was convertagenic and cumene and tetralin were not. However, all three hydroperoxides were toxic to yeast."}
{"id": "PMID:366167", "title": "[Temporo-mandibular joint pain dysfunction syndrome in children].", "content": "Otalgia is a common symptom in children. Otological examination usually reveals a local pathology as the causative agent. However, it does occur that otoscopy reveals normal ear drums and canals. The otologist must then review the causes of referred otalgia. We know that the ear is a nervous crossroad: vagus, trigeminal and third cervical nerve. The most common causes of referred otalgia are the teeth, the sinus, the mouth, the pharynx, and the larynx. If none of these factors is involved, one must then think about the painful temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome.", "contents": "[Temporo-mandibular joint pain dysfunction syndrome in children]. Otalgia is a common symptom in children. Otological examination usually reveals a local pathology as the causative agent. However, it does occur that otoscopy reveals normal ear drums and canals. The otologist must then review the causes of referred otalgia. We know that the ear is a nervous crossroad: vagus, trigeminal and third cervical nerve. The most common causes of referred otalgia are the teeth, the sinus, the mouth, the pharynx, and the larynx. If none of these factors is involved, one must then think about the painful temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:366175", "title": "No homology between double-stranded RNA and nuclear DNA of yeast.", "content": "We investigated the possibility of sequence of homology between yeast DNA and one of the double-stranded RNAs present in many strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These double-stranded RNAs are encapsidated in virus-like particles, which appear to be similar to the viruses of higher fungi. Contrary to a recent report (M. Vodkin, J. Virol. 21:516--521, 1976), we find no such homology.", "contents": "No homology between double-stranded RNA and nuclear DNA of yeast. We investigated the possibility of sequence of homology between yeast DNA and one of the double-stranded RNAs present in many strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These double-stranded RNAs are encapsidated in virus-like particles, which appear to be similar to the viruses of higher fungi. Contrary to a recent report (M. Vodkin, J. Virol. 21:516--521, 1976), we find no such homology."}
{"id": "PMID:366176", "title": "Replication of bacteriophage M13. XIV. Differential inhibition of the replication of M13 and M13 miniphage in a mutant of Escherichia coli defective in the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease associated with DNA polymerase I.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that M13 single-strand synthesis is inhibited at nonpermissive temperature in Escherichia coli polAexl, a temperature-sensitive mutant defective in the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease activity of polymerase I (T.-C. Chen and D. S. Ray, J. Mol. Biol. 106:589-604, 1976). Under these conditions the formation of covalently closed replicative form (RF) molecules is greatly reduced, and miniature forms of RF accumulate. We show here that the accumulation of mini-RFs is the consequence of a differential inhibition of the replication of unit-length phage and preexisting miniphage rather than a de novo production of miniphage. Mini-RFs do not accumulate even after as many as nine cycles of growth in the mutant host infected only with unit-length phage. Mixed infections of the mutant host with plaque-purified unit-length phage and a single cloned miniphage show that discontinuities in the mini-RFs are joined with higher efficiency than are those contained in unit-length RFs. After a shift to nonpermissive temperature during single-strand synthesis in cells infected with plaque-purified phage alone, M13 RFs are found largely as RFII molecules (RF form having one or more single-strand discontinuities) containing only a single discontinuity in the viral strand. The inability of the accumulated unit-length RFII molecules to actively replicate may reflect the presence of either a bound protein or RNA primer on the 5' terminus of the viral strand and provides further support for the existence of distinct initiation and termination events in the synthesis of the viral strand.", "contents": "Replication of bacteriophage M13. XIV. Differential inhibition of the replication of M13 and M13 miniphage in a mutant of Escherichia coli defective in the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease associated with DNA polymerase I. Previous studies have shown that M13 single-strand synthesis is inhibited at nonpermissive temperature in Escherichia coli polAexl, a temperature-sensitive mutant defective in the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease activity of polymerase I (T.-C. Chen and D. S. Ray, J. Mol. Biol. 106:589-604, 1976). Under these conditions the formation of covalently closed replicative form (RF) molecules is greatly reduced, and miniature forms of RF accumulate. We show here that the accumulation of mini-RFs is the consequence of a differential inhibition of the replication of unit-length phage and preexisting miniphage rather than a de novo production of miniphage. Mini-RFs do not accumulate even after as many as nine cycles of growth in the mutant host infected only with unit-length phage. Mixed infections of the mutant host with plaque-purified unit-length phage and a single cloned miniphage show that discontinuities in the mini-RFs are joined with higher efficiency than are those contained in unit-length RFs. After a shift to nonpermissive temperature during single-strand synthesis in cells infected with plaque-purified phage alone, M13 RFs are found largely as RFII molecules (RF form having one or more single-strand discontinuities) containing only a single discontinuity in the viral strand. The inability of the accumulated unit-length RFII molecules to actively replicate may reflect the presence of either a bound protein or RNA primer on the 5' terminus of the viral strand and provides further support for the existence of distinct initiation and termination events in the synthesis of the viral strand."}
{"id": "PMID:366177", "title": "Replication of RNA bacteriophages in the presence of rifamycin.", "content": "Replication of RNA bacteriophages in the presence of rifamycin was studied in different Escherichia coli strains that vary in RNase content but are not isogenic: AB259 RNase+, Q13 RNase I- PNPase-, AB105 RNase I- RNase III-. It was found that rifamycin did not affect characteristics of phage replication such as the general pattern of viral RNA synthesis and intracellular development of the phage. These characteristics are strain specific and independent of the cell growth rate, which defines only phage release. The inhibition of cell division by rifamycin interfered with the release of the phage and thus produced an apparent effect of rifamycin on phage replication.", "contents": "Replication of RNA bacteriophages in the presence of rifamycin. Replication of RNA bacteriophages in the presence of rifamycin was studied in different Escherichia coli strains that vary in RNase content but are not isogenic: AB259 RNase+, Q13 RNase I- PNPase-, AB105 RNase I- RNase III-. It was found that rifamycin did not affect characteristics of phage replication such as the general pattern of viral RNA synthesis and intracellular development of the phage. These characteristics are strain specific and independent of the cell growth rate, which defines only phage release. The inhibition of cell division by rifamycin interfered with the release of the phage and thus produced an apparent effect of rifamycin on phage replication."}
{"id": "PMID:366179", "title": "Effect of spermidine on bacteriophage P22 infection.", "content": "The effect of spermidine on phage P22 infection of Salmonella typhimurium has been found to depend on the time of addition of spermidine with respect to the time of addition of the phage and also on the composition of the growth medium. If spermidine was added prior to or within a short time after infection, the cells survived. Under this condition the invading DNA appeared to remain trapped in the cell membrane, and there was no expression of the phage genome. If spermidine was added after the initiation of the infective process, the replication of the phage was inhibited but the cells did not survive. If spermidine was added after DNA synthesis was over, there was no effect of spermidine on phage multiplication. Spermidine was found to affect phage DNA synthesis but not host DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of spermidine on bacteriophage P22 infection. The effect of spermidine on phage P22 infection of Salmonella typhimurium has been found to depend on the time of addition of spermidine with respect to the time of addition of the phage and also on the composition of the growth medium. If spermidine was added prior to or within a short time after infection, the cells survived. Under this condition the invading DNA appeared to remain trapped in the cell membrane, and there was no expression of the phage genome. If spermidine was added after the initiation of the infective process, the replication of the phage was inhibited but the cells did not survive. If spermidine was added after DNA synthesis was over, there was no effect of spermidine on phage multiplication. Spermidine was found to affect phage DNA synthesis but not host DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:366178", "title": "Control of replication in RNA bacteriophages.", "content": "The rates of viral RNA and protein syntheses for wild-type RNA bacteriophages and their nonpolar, coat protein amber mutants were determined in amber suppressor (S26R1E, Su-1 and H12R8a, Su-3) and nonsuppressor (AB259, S26, and Q13) strains of Escherichia coli in the presence of rifamycin. It was demonstrated that the rates of synthesis of phage-specific replicase and RNA minus strands drop off concurrently in both wild-type and coat protein mutant-infected Su(-) and Su(+) cells after 10 and 15 min postinfection, respectively. The rate of synthesis of RNA plus strands started to decline 5 to 10 min later in both cases. Excessive synthesis of replicase in the coat protein mutant-infected cells was accompanied by a similar overproduction of RNA minus strands, but not of plus strands. Partial suppression of protein synthesis in wild-type phage-infected cells abolishing coat protein control over replicase accumulation led to prolongation of replicase synthesis. Such an effect was observed also in coat protein mutant-infected cells, indicating that the excess of replicase itself may be capable of suppression of replicase synthesis in the absence of coat protein. The prolongation of replicase synthesis was followed by the prolonged synthesis of RNA minus strands in both cases. Moreover, replicase and minus strands were formed in nearly equal amounts when protein synthesis was partially inhibited. Assuming functional instability of phage RNAs, the observed coupling of replicase and minus-strand RNA synthesis offers a possibility for control of viral RNA replication by means of control of replicase synthesis on the translational level. A hypothesis is put forward to explain the molecular mechanism of such coupling between the syntheses of replicase and RNA minus strands.", "contents": "Control of replication in RNA bacteriophages. The rates of viral RNA and protein syntheses for wild-type RNA bacteriophages and their nonpolar, coat protein amber mutants were determined in amber suppressor (S26R1E, Su-1 and H12R8a, Su-3) and nonsuppressor (AB259, S26, and Q13) strains of Escherichia coli in the presence of rifamycin. It was demonstrated that the rates of synthesis of phage-specific replicase and RNA minus strands drop off concurrently in both wild-type and coat protein mutant-infected Su(-) and Su(+) cells after 10 and 15 min postinfection, respectively. The rate of synthesis of RNA plus strands started to decline 5 to 10 min later in both cases. Excessive synthesis of replicase in the coat protein mutant-infected cells was accompanied by a similar overproduction of RNA minus strands, but not of plus strands. Partial suppression of protein synthesis in wild-type phage-infected cells abolishing coat protein control over replicase accumulation led to prolongation of replicase synthesis. Such an effect was observed also in coat protein mutant-infected cells, indicating that the excess of replicase itself may be capable of suppression of replicase synthesis in the absence of coat protein. The prolongation of replicase synthesis was followed by the prolonged synthesis of RNA minus strands in both cases. Moreover, replicase and minus strands were formed in nearly equal amounts when protein synthesis was partially inhibited. Assuming functional instability of phage RNAs, the observed coupling of replicase and minus-strand RNA synthesis offers a possibility for control of viral RNA replication by means of control of replicase synthesis on the translational level. A hypothesis is put forward to explain the molecular mechanism of such coupling between the syntheses of replicase and RNA minus strands."}
{"id": "PMID:366180", "title": "Close association between shape alteration and loss of immunity to superinfection in a wild-type Klebsiella pneumoniae stable lysogen which can be both immune and nonimmune to superinfection.", "content": "Klebsiella pneumoniae MirM7 is a wild-type strain which grows as cocci at pH 7 and above and as rods at pH 6.5 and below. Cultures of this strain and an auxotrophic derivative, MirM7b, have been found to undergo spontaneous lysis after purification from possible contaminating viruses. Lysates always contained two phages, FR2 and AP3, most often at high titers. FR2 and AP3 plated with the same efficiency on both MirM7b and K59 (another K. pneumoniae strain sensitive to FR2 and AP3) and lysogenized 45 and 54% of the K59-infected cells, respectively. These findings raise the possibility that MirM7b is lysogenic for FR2 and AP3, although nonimmune to their superinfection. The fact that mitomycin C and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine can induce phages FR2 and AP3 from MirM7b confirmed this possibility. When MirM7b was infected with FR2 several strains immune to FR2 and AP3, which were all rod shaped, were obtained. Furthermore, 19 derivatives, rod shaped at all pH's have been isolated from MirM7b. They were all immune to both FR2 and AP3. From mating experiments between the MirM7b donor derivative, strain M720, and either K59 or MirCV5, a rod-shaped MirM7b derivative cured from the prophages, cysteine recombinants were obtained which were most often (80%) immune to FR2 and AP3. Nonimmune and still lysogenic recombinants were obtained by mating M720 with a rod-shaped immune MirM7b derivative; the majority of the non-immune strains maintained the rod shape. Five coccus-shaped recombinants were also isolated; they were nonimmune to superinfection. Several physiological properties of strain MirM7b and the other nonimmune coccal recombinants have been studied in comparison with those of the rod-shaped immune derivatives. All of the coccal strains have shown several alterations with respect to the rods. The role of possible derepressed prophage genes in the various physiological alterations of MirM7 is discussed, and the analogies between this system and those of vertebrate cells transformed by proviruses are stressed.", "contents": "Close association between shape alteration and loss of immunity to superinfection in a wild-type Klebsiella pneumoniae stable lysogen which can be both immune and nonimmune to superinfection. Klebsiella pneumoniae MirM7 is a wild-type strain which grows as cocci at pH 7 and above and as rods at pH 6.5 and below. Cultures of this strain and an auxotrophic derivative, MirM7b, have been found to undergo spontaneous lysis after purification from possible contaminating viruses. Lysates always contained two phages, FR2 and AP3, most often at high titers. FR2 and AP3 plated with the same efficiency on both MirM7b and K59 (another K. pneumoniae strain sensitive to FR2 and AP3) and lysogenized 45 and 54% of the K59-infected cells, respectively. These findings raise the possibility that MirM7b is lysogenic for FR2 and AP3, although nonimmune to their superinfection. The fact that mitomycin C and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine can induce phages FR2 and AP3 from MirM7b confirmed this possibility. When MirM7b was infected with FR2 several strains immune to FR2 and AP3, which were all rod shaped, were obtained. Furthermore, 19 derivatives, rod shaped at all pH's have been isolated from MirM7b. They were all immune to both FR2 and AP3. From mating experiments between the MirM7b donor derivative, strain M720, and either K59 or MirCV5, a rod-shaped MirM7b derivative cured from the prophages, cysteine recombinants were obtained which were most often (80%) immune to FR2 and AP3. Nonimmune and still lysogenic recombinants were obtained by mating M720 with a rod-shaped immune MirM7b derivative; the majority of the non-immune strains maintained the rod shape. Five coccus-shaped recombinants were also isolated; they were nonimmune to superinfection. Several physiological properties of strain MirM7b and the other nonimmune coccal recombinants have been studied in comparison with those of the rod-shaped immune derivatives. All of the coccal strains have shown several alterations with respect to the rods. The role of possible derepressed prophage genes in the various physiological alterations of MirM7 is discussed, and the analogies between this system and those of vertebrate cells transformed by proviruses are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:366181", "title": "Lysogenic conversion in Klebsiella pneumoniae: system which requires active immunity regulation for expression of the conversion phenomenon.", "content": "We have previously described Klebsiella pneumoniae MirM7b, which, although stably lysogenic for the inducible and nondefective phages FR2 and AP3, is not immune to superinfection by these same viruses. MirA12b, a strain which is lysogenic for FR2 and AP3 and immune to superinfection, has been derived from MirM7b. The sensitivity of this strain and that of the nonimmune parent to several bacteriophages have been compared in this work. It has been found that, whereas MirM7b is sensitive to coliphages P1, T3, T7, and phiI, MirA12b is fully resistant to all of them. It is shown that phages FR2 and AP3 convert Klebsiella strains to resistance to coliphage P1 and coliphages T3, T7, and phiI, respectively, and cause loss of surface antigens in lysogenic cells. To determine such a conversion, both FR2 and AP3 require expression of immunity to superinfection. This explains the differences that exist between MirM7b and MirA12b in both phage sensitivity and surface antigens. Hypotheses are presented to explain the peculiar need for an active superinfection repressor to express lysogenic conversion.", "contents": "Lysogenic conversion in Klebsiella pneumoniae: system which requires active immunity regulation for expression of the conversion phenomenon. We have previously described Klebsiella pneumoniae MirM7b, which, although stably lysogenic for the inducible and nondefective phages FR2 and AP3, is not immune to superinfection by these same viruses. MirA12b, a strain which is lysogenic for FR2 and AP3 and immune to superinfection, has been derived from MirM7b. The sensitivity of this strain and that of the nonimmune parent to several bacteriophages have been compared in this work. It has been found that, whereas MirM7b is sensitive to coliphages P1, T3, T7, and phiI, MirA12b is fully resistant to all of them. It is shown that phages FR2 and AP3 convert Klebsiella strains to resistance to coliphage P1 and coliphages T3, T7, and phiI, respectively, and cause loss of surface antigens in lysogenic cells. To determine such a conversion, both FR2 and AP3 require expression of immunity to superinfection. This explains the differences that exist between MirM7b and MirA12b in both phage sensitivity and surface antigens. Hypotheses are presented to explain the peculiar need for an active superinfection repressor to express lysogenic conversion."}
{"id": "PMID:366182", "title": "Treatment of ureteral colic with intravenous indomethacin.", "content": "A randomized prospective double-blind study of the analgesic effect of 50 mg. intravenous indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, was done on 47 consecutive patients with acute ureteral colic. The placebo used was 5 mg. intravenous riboflavin because of the same color as indomethacin. Indomethacin provided complete relief in 78 per cent of the cases, while riboflavin provided relief in 30 per cent. The difference is statistically significant. No side effects were observed with indomethacin.", "contents": "Treatment of ureteral colic with intravenous indomethacin. A randomized prospective double-blind study of the analgesic effect of 50 mg. intravenous indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, was done on 47 consecutive patients with acute ureteral colic. The placebo used was 5 mg. intravenous riboflavin because of the same color as indomethacin. Indomethacin provided complete relief in 78 per cent of the cases, while riboflavin provided relief in 30 per cent. The difference is statistically significant. No side effects were observed with indomethacin."}
{"id": "PMID:366183", "title": "Transrectal seminal vesiculography.", "content": "Lesions of the seminal vesicle can be evaluated by the transrectal needle approach. Biopsy, aspiration of contents for culture and cytology, injection of contrast medium for x-ray and drainage of cysts or abscesses can be done with this approach.", "contents": "Transrectal seminal vesiculography. Lesions of the seminal vesicle can be evaluated by the transrectal needle approach. Biopsy, aspiration of contents for culture and cytology, injection of contrast medium for x-ray and drainage of cysts or abscesses can be done with this approach."}
{"id": "PMID:366185", "title": "Dermal graft repair of Peyronie's disease: survey of 50 patients.", "content": "Peyronie's disease is characterized by localized fibrosis in the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum. This inelastic segment causes bending of the erect penis and sexual incapacity in advanced cases. We reviewed 52 cases in which excision of the Peyronie's plaque and replacement of the defect with a dermal graft have been done. An operation is an acceptable method to treat patients who are anatomic and sexual cripples. More than 70 per cent of our postoperative patients have been satisfied with sexual performance. Specific aspects of the postoperative course and surgical results are reviewed.", "contents": "Dermal graft repair of Peyronie's disease: survey of 50 patients. Peyronie's disease is characterized by localized fibrosis in the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum. This inelastic segment causes bending of the erect penis and sexual incapacity in advanced cases. We reviewed 52 cases in which excision of the Peyronie's plaque and replacement of the defect with a dermal graft have been done. An operation is an acceptable method to treat patients who are anatomic and sexual cripples. More than 70 per cent of our postoperative patients have been satisfied with sexual performance. Specific aspects of the postoperative course and surgical results are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:366187", "title": "Ocular findings in botulism type B.", "content": "In April 1977, fifty-nine persons became ill with type B botulism in a large, common-source outbreak. A combination of signs and symptoms that should make the clinician strongly suspect botulism was derived from the histories and ocular findings of these persons. Certain signs of third cranial nerve dysfunction reliably predicted in which patients ventilatory insufficiency would develop.", "contents": "Ocular findings in botulism type B. In April 1977, fifty-nine persons became ill with type B botulism in a large, common-source outbreak. A combination of signs and symptoms that should make the clinician strongly suspect botulism was derived from the histories and ocular findings of these persons. Certain signs of third cranial nerve dysfunction reliably predicted in which patients ventilatory insufficiency would develop."}
{"id": "PMID:366189", "title": "Diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Use of fine-needle aspiration and needle biopsy.", "content": "The accuracy of diagnosis of 455 thyroid nodules evaluated by cytological and histological specimens obtained by fine- and large-needle biopsy, respectively, was compared with that for 1,094 nodules previously evaluated by clinical methods. The use of cytohistological data halved the number of patients with suspected cancer and doubled the number of patients to be observed. Cancers identified at operation for high and intermediate cancer-risk patients increased 75%, and operation for diagnosis of benign disease decreased 70%. Forty-two of 47 excised cancers were included in the cytohistological probable cancer group. Only 29 of these cancers were so classified clinically. Two cancers not diagnosed cytologically were suspected histologically and vice versa for one cancer. All 51 excised cytohistologically benign nodules were benign. There were more false-positive findings with cytological than with histological specimens.", "contents": "Diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Use of fine-needle aspiration and needle biopsy. The accuracy of diagnosis of 455 thyroid nodules evaluated by cytological and histological specimens obtained by fine- and large-needle biopsy, respectively, was compared with that for 1,094 nodules previously evaluated by clinical methods. The use of cytohistological data halved the number of patients with suspected cancer and doubled the number of patients to be observed. Cancers identified at operation for high and intermediate cancer-risk patients increased 75%, and operation for diagnosis of benign disease decreased 70%. Forty-two of 47 excised cancers were included in the cytohistological probable cancer group. Only 29 of these cancers were so classified clinically. Two cancers not diagnosed cytologically were suspected histologically and vice versa for one cancer. All 51 excised cytohistologically benign nodules were benign. There were more false-positive findings with cytological than with histological specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:366193", "title": "[Synergistic effect of ampicillin and dicloxacillin on penicillin and cephalosporin-susceptible Escherichia coli (author's transl)].", "content": "An effect of a combination of ampicillin (ABPC) and dicloxacillin (MDIPC) on penicillins and cephalosporin-susceptible E. coli was determined. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the combined drug were as same as that of ABPC, but bacterial growth was inhibited by the combined drug stronger than ABPC, low activity of beta-lactamase was detected in sonicated E. coli 0.225 cells, and this activity was inhibited by relatively low concentration of MDIPC. We considered that a weak synergism of the combined drug might attribute to the inhibition of the beta-lactamase activity by MDIPC.", "contents": "[Synergistic effect of ampicillin and dicloxacillin on penicillin and cephalosporin-susceptible Escherichia coli (author's transl)]. An effect of a combination of ampicillin (ABPC) and dicloxacillin (MDIPC) on penicillins and cephalosporin-susceptible E. coli was determined. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the combined drug were as same as that of ABPC, but bacterial growth was inhibited by the combined drug stronger than ABPC, low activity of beta-lactamase was detected in sonicated E. coli 0.225 cells, and this activity was inhibited by relatively low concentration of MDIPC. We considered that a weak synergism of the combined drug might attribute to the inhibition of the beta-lactamase activity by MDIPC."}
{"id": "PMID:366220", "title": "[Hormonal and metabolic disorders in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "There were under observation 440 patients with ischemic heart disease due to atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries in the phase of exacerbation of the disease and 52 patients suffering from hypertensive disease with a clinical picture of ischemic heart disease; 192 practically healthy individuals were examined as controls. Significant increase in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose in blood of the patients with ischemic heart disease and of those with hypertensive disease was revealed. In patients with ischemic heart disease marked by pain and disorders of the rhythm as well as in individuals with hypertensive disease hormonal-metabolic shifts, monotypical in character, were noted. It is suggested that hormonal-regulatory disorders are of primary character in atherogenesis.", "contents": "[Hormonal and metabolic disorders in ischemic heart disease]. There were under observation 440 patients with ischemic heart disease due to atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries in the phase of exacerbation of the disease and 52 patients suffering from hypertensive disease with a clinical picture of ischemic heart disease; 192 practically healthy individuals were examined as controls. Significant increase in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose in blood of the patients with ischemic heart disease and of those with hypertensive disease was revealed. In patients with ischemic heart disease marked by pain and disorders of the rhythm as well as in individuals with hypertensive disease hormonal-metabolic shifts, monotypical in character, were noted. It is suggested that hormonal-regulatory disorders are of primary character in atherogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:366221", "title": "[Human aging and the problems of cardiology].", "content": "The author underscores the importance of studying the physiology of the aging organism for understanding the genesis of the development of pathologic processes in the cardiovascular system inherent in elderly and old persons, the peculiarities of their clinical course, treatment and prophylaxis. The close ties linking gerontological and cardiological research are revealed in the article in describing certain clinical peculiarities of ischaemic heart disease and arterial hypertension in individuals who are 60 years and older. New data are presented on the genesis of arterial hypertension in elderly and old individuals and its connection with the peculiarities of the clinical course of the disease at this age.", "contents": "[Human aging and the problems of cardiology]. The author underscores the importance of studying the physiology of the aging organism for understanding the genesis of the development of pathologic processes in the cardiovascular system inherent in elderly and old persons, the peculiarities of their clinical course, treatment and prophylaxis. The close ties linking gerontological and cardiological research are revealed in the article in describing certain clinical peculiarities of ischaemic heart disease and arterial hypertension in individuals who are 60 years and older. New data are presented on the genesis of arterial hypertension in elderly and old individuals and its connection with the peculiarities of the clinical course of the disease at this age."}
{"id": "PMID:366222", "title": "[Change in the index of neutrophil damage in infectious allergic myocarditis and its sequelae].", "content": "The reaction of damage to the blood neutrophils (the IND test) by a soluble cardiac antigen was studied in 10 healthy individuals, in 15 persons with infectious-allergic myocarditis and in 13 persons with myocarditic cardiosclerosis. Autoallergic shifts in relation to the cardiac antigen were revealed in half of the patients with infectious-allergic myocarditis and in one third of persons with myocarditic cardiosclerosis. The shifts were more marked in patients with infectious-allergic myocarditis.", "contents": "[Change in the index of neutrophil damage in infectious allergic myocarditis and its sequelae]. The reaction of damage to the blood neutrophils (the IND test) by a soluble cardiac antigen was studied in 10 healthy individuals, in 15 persons with infectious-allergic myocarditis and in 13 persons with myocarditic cardiosclerosis. Autoallergic shifts in relation to the cardiac antigen were revealed in half of the patients with infectious-allergic myocarditis and in one third of persons with myocarditic cardiosclerosis. The shifts were more marked in patients with infectious-allergic myocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:366223", "title": "Energy balance and growth: experience in treating children with malnutrition.", "content": "If an analogy between growth failure in renal disease and chronic malnutrition exists, experience in the dietary management of severely malnourished children may be of relevance. For children with chronic malnutrition, the energy cost of weight gain is approximately 5 kcal/g, and the maintenance energy requirement is close to 1.5 times the basal metabolic rate. Infants fed proprietary formulas with vegetable oil added in order to increase energy density have increased their total energy intake. This increase has been of immense benefit in rehabilitating malnourished children and has resulted in rapid rates of weight gain.", "contents": "Energy balance and growth: experience in treating children with malnutrition. If an analogy between growth failure in renal disease and chronic malnutrition exists, experience in the dietary management of severely malnourished children may be of relevance. For children with chronic malnutrition, the energy cost of weight gain is approximately 5 kcal/g, and the maintenance energy requirement is close to 1.5 times the basal metabolic rate. Infants fed proprietary formulas with vegetable oil added in order to increase energy density have increased their total energy intake. This increase has been of immense benefit in rehabilitating malnourished children and has resulted in rapid rates of weight gain."}
{"id": "PMID:366224", "title": "Metabolic and nutritional factors in children with renal insufficiency.", "content": "Uremia is associated with a decrease in muscle and adipose tissue mass and a low weight-for-height ratio. These findings are related to dietary deficiencies in uremia--particularly energy deficiency and to metabolic disorders characteristic of uremia. These latter have features of an exaggerated catabolic state which may be modified by other stresses, e.g. short starvation or high-protein diets. Recommendations for diet therapy for children with uremia are of limited value because of the lack of definitive studies. At present, diet should be adequate in energy to improve nitrogen balance and weight gain commensurate with age. There may be advantages to using a protein:energy ratio in the diet that is lower than the ratio used in conventional diets.", "contents": "Metabolic and nutritional factors in children with renal insufficiency. Uremia is associated with a decrease in muscle and adipose tissue mass and a low weight-for-height ratio. These findings are related to dietary deficiencies in uremia--particularly energy deficiency and to metabolic disorders characteristic of uremia. These latter have features of an exaggerated catabolic state which may be modified by other stresses, e.g. short starvation or high-protein diets. Recommendations for diet therapy for children with uremia are of limited value because of the lack of definitive studies. At present, diet should be adequate in energy to improve nitrogen balance and weight gain commensurate with age. There may be advantages to using a protein:energy ratio in the diet that is lower than the ratio used in conventional diets."}
{"id": "PMID:366226", "title": "Mechanisms of glucocorticoid inhibition of growth.", "content": "Mechanisms whereby glucocorticoids might inhibit growth are reviewed from the perspective of glucocorticoid effects on cell metabolism and growth. Although glucocorticoids given to patients decrease levels of growth hormone and possible somatomedins, the effect of glucocorticoids on growth is not reversed when growth hormone is given. Glucocorticoids inhibit cell growth in culture. Cell inhibition correlates with binding of steroids to the glucocorticoid receptors. Some tissues are very sensitive; others are insensitive. In cell culture, changes in sensitivity can be associated with changes in binding, but this is not always the case in tissues of the animal. The mechanisms of inhibition of cell growth are not known. It could be due to steroid-induced synthesis of inhibitory proteins or to blocking by receptor-steroid complexes of the synthesis of RNA. Steroids may affect uptake of substrates, e.g., glucose or amino acids, which in turn affects growth. The inhibitory actions of glucocorticoids on individual tissues may explain why these steroids inhibit growth in the animal. It is not known, however, how the steroid inhibits linear growth in mass or which cell types are most important targets for such effects.", "contents": "Mechanisms of glucocorticoid inhibition of growth. Mechanisms whereby glucocorticoids might inhibit growth are reviewed from the perspective of glucocorticoid effects on cell metabolism and growth. Although glucocorticoids given to patients decrease levels of growth hormone and possible somatomedins, the effect of glucocorticoids on growth is not reversed when growth hormone is given. Glucocorticoids inhibit cell growth in culture. Cell inhibition correlates with binding of steroids to the glucocorticoid receptors. Some tissues are very sensitive; others are insensitive. In cell culture, changes in sensitivity can be associated with changes in binding, but this is not always the case in tissues of the animal. The mechanisms of inhibition of cell growth are not known. It could be due to steroid-induced synthesis of inhibitory proteins or to blocking by receptor-steroid complexes of the synthesis of RNA. Steroids may affect uptake of substrates, e.g., glucose or amino acids, which in turn affects growth. The inhibitory actions of glucocorticoids on individual tissues may explain why these steroids inhibit growth in the animal. It is not known, however, how the steroid inhibits linear growth in mass or which cell types are most important targets for such effects."}
{"id": "PMID:366227", "title": "Statural growth of children with renal disease.", "content": "Growth retardation occurs in 35 to 65% of children with kidney disease. It is especially common in children with congenital diseases of the kidney, anomalies, and inherited disorders. Acquired disease, however, also may impair growth, particularly where renal function (GFR) is below 25 ml/min/1.73 m2. Therapy used in renal disease, notably prednisone, also impairs growth. Chronic dialysis therapy, both hemodialysis and peritoneal, are associated with poor growth. Several specific changes in renal disease are associated with growth failure. These include, in addition to azotemia, acidosis, hyposthenuria, renal osteodystrophy, endocrine disorders and resistance to hormone action, and nutritional disturbances.", "contents": "Statural growth of children with renal disease. Growth retardation occurs in 35 to 65% of children with kidney disease. It is especially common in children with congenital diseases of the kidney, anomalies, and inherited disorders. Acquired disease, however, also may impair growth, particularly where renal function (GFR) is below 25 ml/min/1.73 m2. Therapy used in renal disease, notably prednisone, also impairs growth. Chronic dialysis therapy, both hemodialysis and peritoneal, are associated with poor growth. Several specific changes in renal disease are associated with growth failure. These include, in addition to azotemia, acidosis, hyposthenuria, renal osteodystrophy, endocrine disorders and resistance to hormone action, and nutritional disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:366228", "title": "Abnormal amino acid and protein metabolism in uremia.", "content": "The many alterations in amino acid and protein metabolism in renal failure are often poorly defined, and the available data concerning them are usually descriptive. Nonetheless, certain factors play an important role in the altered amino acid and protein metabolism of uremia. These include malnutrition caused by poor nutrient intake, loss of nutrients during dialysis, and abnormal metabolism of nutrients. Other factors include uremic toxins, superimposed catabolic illnesses, endocrine disorders, and the reduced capacity of the failing kidney to synthesize or degrade certain hormones, amino acids, peptides, and small proteins. These aberrations have complex interrelationships which sometimes potentiate each other. It is possible that the administration of sufficient quantities of energy, vitamins, and minerals, as well as the dietary manipulation of protein, amino acid and ketoacid intake may improve the metabolism of amino acids and proteins. Vitamin B6 and zinc have special requirements that may affect protein or amino acid metabolism.", "contents": "Abnormal amino acid and protein metabolism in uremia. The many alterations in amino acid and protein metabolism in renal failure are often poorly defined, and the available data concerning them are usually descriptive. Nonetheless, certain factors play an important role in the altered amino acid and protein metabolism of uremia. These include malnutrition caused by poor nutrient intake, loss of nutrients during dialysis, and abnormal metabolism of nutrients. Other factors include uremic toxins, superimposed catabolic illnesses, endocrine disorders, and the reduced capacity of the failing kidney to synthesize or degrade certain hormones, amino acids, peptides, and small proteins. These aberrations have complex interrelationships which sometimes potentiate each other. It is possible that the administration of sufficient quantities of energy, vitamins, and minerals, as well as the dietary manipulation of protein, amino acid and ketoacid intake may improve the metabolism of amino acids and proteins. Vitamin B6 and zinc have special requirements that may affect protein or amino acid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:366229", "title": "Acidosis and growth in nonuremic renal disease.", "content": "Our data demonstrate that correction of acidosis is sustained in children with type 1 RTA when alkali therapy is given in doses of 5 to 14 mEq/kg/day. The large doses are required as a result of renal bicarbonate-wasting. Children with type 1 RTA and acidosis who have significant growth impairment experience catch-up growth and attain normal stature for their age when correction of acidosis is sustained. Whether chronic acidosis impairs growth in any clinical condition except type 1 RTA is not settled. Whether sustained correction of acidosis with alkali therapy will allow attainment of normal stature in children with nonuremic diffuse renal disease is not yet determined. With the increasing availability of microchemistry and microgasometry and the new standards for growth based on mean-parent height [40], it can be anticipated that answers to these clinically important questions will be forthcoming.", "contents": "Acidosis and growth in nonuremic renal disease. Our data demonstrate that correction of acidosis is sustained in children with type 1 RTA when alkali therapy is given in doses of 5 to 14 mEq/kg/day. The large doses are required as a result of renal bicarbonate-wasting. Children with type 1 RTA and acidosis who have significant growth impairment experience catch-up growth and attain normal stature for their age when correction of acidosis is sustained. Whether chronic acidosis impairs growth in any clinical condition except type 1 RTA is not settled. Whether sustained correction of acidosis with alkali therapy will allow attainment of normal stature in children with nonuremic diffuse renal disease is not yet determined. With the increasing availability of microchemistry and microgasometry and the new standards for growth based on mean-parent height [40], it can be anticipated that answers to these clinically important questions will be forthcoming."}
{"id": "PMID:366230", "title": "Childhood renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "The processes of growth and remodeling that characterize growing bone are vulnerable to the biochemical effects of uremia. These processes are affected by the alterations in vitamin D metabolism and hyperparathyroidism that commonly occur with chronic renal insufficiency. Uremia interferes with cartilaginous developments as well. These changes, which are similar radiographically to vitamin-D-deficiency rickets, differ in their basic histological and biochemical evolution. They account for growth failure and deformity of long bones, which contribute to the short stature of children with renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Childhood renal osteodystrophy. The processes of growth and remodeling that characterize growing bone are vulnerable to the biochemical effects of uremia. These processes are affected by the alterations in vitamin D metabolism and hyperparathyroidism that commonly occur with chronic renal insufficiency. Uremia interferes with cartilaginous developments as well. These changes, which are similar radiographically to vitamin-D-deficiency rickets, differ in their basic histological and biochemical evolution. They account for growth failure and deformity of long bones, which contribute to the short stature of children with renal insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:366231", "title": "Somatomedin and growth retardation in children with chronic renal insufficiency.", "content": "The somatomedins are a family of growth hormone-dependent insulin-like peptides which have been postulated to mediate the actions of pituitary growth hormone on skeletal tissue. The somatomedin peptides are part of a larger family of growth factors. Somatomedin has been measured by bioassays, by radioreceptor assays, and recently by a radioimmunoassay. Bioassays are influenced by glucocorticoids, sulfate, heparin, and other inhibitors; radioreceptor assays from different laboratories presently give conflicting results but early experience with the immunoassay is promising. Somatomedin levels are low in hypopituitary states, in malnutrition, and in general when growth hormone is low. Somatomedin's levels in uremia are variously reported. Most bioassays report low values, although the hole of inhibitors is not clear. Values by radioreceptor assays are normal or elevated, but their specificity is unproven. No data are available using radioimmunoassay. No study has addressed end-organ responsivity in uremia.", "contents": "Somatomedin and growth retardation in children with chronic renal insufficiency. The somatomedins are a family of growth hormone-dependent insulin-like peptides which have been postulated to mediate the actions of pituitary growth hormone on skeletal tissue. The somatomedin peptides are part of a larger family of growth factors. Somatomedin has been measured by bioassays, by radioreceptor assays, and recently by a radioimmunoassay. Bioassays are influenced by glucocorticoids, sulfate, heparin, and other inhibitors; radioreceptor assays from different laboratories presently give conflicting results but early experience with the immunoassay is promising. Somatomedin levels are low in hypopituitary states, in malnutrition, and in general when growth hormone is low. Somatomedin's levels in uremia are variously reported. Most bioassays report low values, although the hole of inhibitors is not clear. Values by radioreceptor assays are normal or elevated, but their specificity is unproven. No data are available using radioimmunoassay. No study has addressed end-organ responsivity in uremia."}
{"id": "PMID:366232", "title": "Growth and glucocorticoids in children with kidney disease.", "content": "Glucorticoid therapy inhibits statural growth. Alternate-day therapy causes less growth suppression than does daily therapy, and, in experimental animals and children with asthma, it has been associated with normal growth. Although catch-up growth may occur after cessation of steroid therapy, this is not always the case, especially when therapy has been prolonged. In children treated with steroids for glomerulonephritis or nephrotic syndrome and especially in children after renal transplantation, factors other than steroid therapy may contribute to growth retardation. Steroids may suppress growth by direct action on cell metabolism, by inhibition of growth hormone or somatomedin and/or by effects on calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Present knowledge of mechanisms of action and dose-response relationships is complete, and it is difficult to prescribe therapy which will achieve a predictable therapeutic effect without inhibiting growth.", "contents": "Growth and glucocorticoids in children with kidney disease. Glucorticoid therapy inhibits statural growth. Alternate-day therapy causes less growth suppression than does daily therapy, and, in experimental animals and children with asthma, it has been associated with normal growth. Although catch-up growth may occur after cessation of steroid therapy, this is not always the case, especially when therapy has been prolonged. In children treated with steroids for glomerulonephritis or nephrotic syndrome and especially in children after renal transplantation, factors other than steroid therapy may contribute to growth retardation. Steroids may suppress growth by direct action on cell metabolism, by inhibition of growth hormone or somatomedin and/or by effects on calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Present knowledge of mechanisms of action and dose-response relationships is complete, and it is difficult to prescribe therapy which will achieve a predictable therapeutic effect without inhibiting growth."}
{"id": "PMID:366233", "title": "Measurement of growth in children with renal insufficiency.", "content": "The serial measurement of stature, weight, skin-fold thickness, mean arm circumference, skeletal maturity, and where appropriate, stage of sexual development are recommended as suitable indices for assessing growth in children with kidney disease. Methods of expressing the data for evaluating the individual child are generally used methods. Emphasis is given to relating stature to bone age in evaluating growth potential. Methods for comparing growth rates in groups of children are less well-developed. Using standard deviation scores is recommended for comparing stature in two groups of children or in the same child observed at the end of two different regimens. Weight using ideal weight-for-height as reference from a group of children can be treated statistically. Data of skinfold thickness and arm circumference from two groups can be handled statistically only when the groups are comparable in age and sex.", "contents": "Measurement of growth in children with renal insufficiency. The serial measurement of stature, weight, skin-fold thickness, mean arm circumference, skeletal maturity, and where appropriate, stage of sexual development are recommended as suitable indices for assessing growth in children with kidney disease. Methods of expressing the data for evaluating the individual child are generally used methods. Emphasis is given to relating stature to bone age in evaluating growth potential. Methods for comparing growth rates in groups of children are less well-developed. Using standard deviation scores is recommended for comparing stature in two groups of children or in the same child observed at the end of two different regimens. Weight using ideal weight-for-height as reference from a group of children can be treated statistically. Data of skinfold thickness and arm circumference from two groups can be handled statistically only when the groups are comparable in age and sex."}
{"id": "PMID:366256", "title": "[On the history of the teaching of squint (author's transl)].", "content": "After an introduction on the value of history also from modern medicine, the teaching of strabismus from the earliest begin at the time of Hammurapis (1700 BC) up to our times is broadly described. The old greek and latin ideas are analysed linguistically. The work of Johannes M\u00fcller and Emil Javel is especially emphasized with regard to advances in the teaching of squint and its treatment. Landolt, Maddox, Sattler and Bielschowsky above all have usefully completed these aspects. The knowledges over squint which were forgotten in many places in the first third of our century were rediscovered and considerably extended, at first by Worth, and later especially by Lyle, Bangerter, Hugonnier, C\u00fcppers, and last but not least Heinrich Harms.", "contents": "[On the history of the teaching of squint (author's transl)]. After an introduction on the value of history also from modern medicine, the teaching of strabismus from the earliest begin at the time of Hammurapis (1700 BC) up to our times is broadly described. The old greek and latin ideas are analysed linguistically. The work of Johannes M\u00fcller and Emil Javel is especially emphasized with regard to advances in the teaching of squint and its treatment. Landolt, Maddox, Sattler and Bielschowsky above all have usefully completed these aspects. The knowledges over squint which were forgotten in many places in the first third of our century were rediscovered and considerably extended, at first by Worth, and later especially by Lyle, Bangerter, Hugonnier, C\u00fcppers, and last but not least Heinrich Harms."}
{"id": "PMID:366257", "title": "[The effect of low concentrations of pilocarpine with phenylephrine on intraocular pressure in glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Orientating preliminary trials showed that the reducing action of pilocarpine on intraocular pressure is considerably enhanced by adding the alpha-receptor stimulant phenylephrine. Pilocarpine eyedrops 1% and pilocarpine drops 1% with phenylephrine 0.25% were compared in two double-blind crossover studies. Pressure reduction was more pronounced after administering the combination, the width of the pupil remaining unchanged. Attention is drawn to the advantages of pressure reduction without narrowing of the pupils in the treatment of all types of open-angle glaucoma. Miosis is of therapeutical advantage only in angle-closure glaucoma; hence, for reasons of safety, administration of phenylephrine should be avoided.", "contents": "[The effect of low concentrations of pilocarpine with phenylephrine on intraocular pressure in glaucoma (author's transl)]. Orientating preliminary trials showed that the reducing action of pilocarpine on intraocular pressure is considerably enhanced by adding the alpha-receptor stimulant phenylephrine. Pilocarpine eyedrops 1% and pilocarpine drops 1% with phenylephrine 0.25% were compared in two double-blind crossover studies. Pressure reduction was more pronounced after administering the combination, the width of the pupil remaining unchanged. Attention is drawn to the advantages of pressure reduction without narrowing of the pupils in the treatment of all types of open-angle glaucoma. Miosis is of therapeutical advantage only in angle-closure glaucoma; hence, for reasons of safety, administration of phenylephrine should be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:366258", "title": "[Control of the viability of the endothelium of the graft in keratoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "Since we use a very strict control of the viability of the endothelium of the graft, we have no more failures in corneal grafting, even not in cases with bad prognosis, such as Fuch's endothelial dystrophy. On the contrary, in corneal grafting without this control, we had a failure in 20% of the cases.", "contents": "[Control of the viability of the endothelium of the graft in keratoplasty (author's transl)]. Since we use a very strict control of the viability of the endothelium of the graft, we have no more failures in corneal grafting, even not in cases with bad prognosis, such as Fuch's endothelial dystrophy. On the contrary, in corneal grafting without this control, we had a failure in 20% of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:366260", "title": "[Lamellar keratoplasty, ipsilateral rotation-autokeratoplasty and contralateral autokeratoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "During the years 1967--1977, there were performed about 500 mostly perforating keratoplasties. Among these there were special groups: 50 lamellar keratoplasties (43 central, 7 marginal), 5 perforating ipsilateral rotation-autokeratoplasties 2 perforating contralateral autokeratoplasties. The results encourage to use these special keratoplasties more often instead of the usual perforating keratoplasty.", "contents": "[Lamellar keratoplasty, ipsilateral rotation-autokeratoplasty and contralateral autokeratoplasty (author's transl)]. During the years 1967--1977, there were performed about 500 mostly perforating keratoplasties. Among these there were special groups: 50 lamellar keratoplasties (43 central, 7 marginal), 5 perforating ipsilateral rotation-autokeratoplasties 2 perforating contralateral autokeratoplasties. The results encourage to use these special keratoplasties more often instead of the usual perforating keratoplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:366261", "title": "[Electronically controlled motor-trephine for keratoplasty under the microscope (author's transl)].", "content": "An electric driven Motor-Trephine for Kerato-plasty is presented. By electronic control the rotation speed of the trephine can be adjusted between 0 and 1000 RPM and shown by a digital indicator. The trephine improves the microscopical view of the operationsfield during the trephination. The trephine is produced by Hans Geuder Ltd.", "contents": "[Electronically controlled motor-trephine for keratoplasty under the microscope (author's transl)]. An electric driven Motor-Trephine for Kerato-plasty is presented. By electronic control the rotation speed of the trephine can be adjusted between 0 and 1000 RPM and shown by a digital indicator. The trephine improves the microscopical view of the operationsfield during the trephination. The trephine is produced by Hans Geuder Ltd."}
{"id": "PMID:366262", "title": "[Conjunctival covering (Harms) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on 7 cases of conjunctival flap cover in the technique of Harms and Mackensen (1963) in cases of leackage of the bleb after filtering operations. The technique consists in excision of the thin conjunctiva of the bleb, undermining of the conjunctiva until the fold, arched incision of the cornea in front of the bleb, incarceration of the conjunctival lip in the corneal incision with fixation by continuous suture with monophile nylon-string (10X0). In 6 of 7 cases the intraocular pressure was spontaneously regulated after the operation with morphological functioning bleb in 4 cases.", "contents": "[Conjunctival covering (Harms) (author's transl)]. The authors report on 7 cases of conjunctival flap cover in the technique of Harms and Mackensen (1963) in cases of leackage of the bleb after filtering operations. The technique consists in excision of the thin conjunctiva of the bleb, undermining of the conjunctiva until the fold, arched incision of the cornea in front of the bleb, incarceration of the conjunctival lip in the corneal incision with fixation by continuous suture with monophile nylon-string (10X0). In 6 of 7 cases the intraocular pressure was spontaneously regulated after the operation with morphological functioning bleb in 4 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:366263", "title": "The effect of metoprolol on IOP (author's transl).", "content": "The beta1-selective beta-blocking agent Metoprolol gave a significant intraocular pressure decrease in different groups of open angle glaucoma patients in a concentration of 1% and 3%. The magnitude of effect corresponded to 33% of the untreated pressure level. The maximum of the therapeutic response occured within 4 hrs after local application of the drug. A significant IOP decrease could be observed over 8 hrs after single application. There was no more effect after 24 hrs. Metoprolol eye drops did not affect pupillary diameter, pulse rate or blood pressure. The drug was tolerated well in all patients tested both subjectively and objectively after a single topical application.", "contents": "The effect of metoprolol on IOP (author's transl). The beta1-selective beta-blocking agent Metoprolol gave a significant intraocular pressure decrease in different groups of open angle glaucoma patients in a concentration of 1% and 3%. The magnitude of effect corresponded to 33% of the untreated pressure level. The maximum of the therapeutic response occured within 4 hrs after local application of the drug. A significant IOP decrease could be observed over 8 hrs after single application. There was no more effect after 24 hrs. Metoprolol eye drops did not affect pupillary diameter, pulse rate or blood pressure. The drug was tolerated well in all patients tested both subjectively and objectively after a single topical application."}
{"id": "PMID:366264", "title": "[Cross-stitch suture in perforating keratoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "50 perforating keratoplastic operations were performed with cross-stitch suture in about 1 1/2 years. In 10 patients, the cornea was directly transplanted from the eye of the donor to that of the patient; in 40 cases, the cornea of the donor had been preserved for a short time. 49 patients had a clear transplant at the time of discharge about 3 weeks after the operation.", "contents": "[Cross-stitch suture in perforating keratoplasty (author's transl)]. 50 perforating keratoplastic operations were performed with cross-stitch suture in about 1 1/2 years. In 10 patients, the cornea was directly transplanted from the eye of the donor to that of the patient; in 40 cases, the cornea of the donor had been preserved for a short time. 49 patients had a clear transplant at the time of discharge about 3 weeks after the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:366265", "title": "[Suture loosening after keratoplasty and methods for correction (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of histological and clinical findings in 102 keratoplasties confirms that suture loosening is often associated with defects found in Bowman's membrane and in the superficial stroma. These structures of the cornea serve as the major supporting layer for a suture. In cases of more generally weakened corneal tissue, like in keratokonus, suture loosening is also a relatively frequent occurance. In this paper we report on our experiences with correction methods, post-operative care and immunoprophylaxis after correction.", "contents": "[Suture loosening after keratoplasty and methods for correction (author's transl)]. An analysis of histological and clinical findings in 102 keratoplasties confirms that suture loosening is often associated with defects found in Bowman's membrane and in the superficial stroma. These structures of the cornea serve as the major supporting layer for a suture. In cases of more generally weakened corneal tissue, like in keratokonus, suture loosening is also a relatively frequent occurance. In this paper we report on our experiences with correction methods, post-operative care and immunoprophylaxis after correction."}
{"id": "PMID:366266", "title": "[Primary reconstruction of injured canaliculi (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences of 163 patients with injuries of the canaliculi which were treated by different methods between 1960--1975 are presented. Of the 125 cases who were available for follow-up examinations, in 83.4% the injured canaliculus was patent. The advantages of retrograd introduction of the supporting silicon material is discussed. In more than 90% patency will be reached if microsurgical readaptation of the injured canaliculi by 3 direct sutures is done.", "contents": "[Primary reconstruction of injured canaliculi (author's transl)]. Experiences of 163 patients with injuries of the canaliculi which were treated by different methods between 1960--1975 are presented. Of the 125 cases who were available for follow-up examinations, in 83.4% the injured canaliculus was patent. The advantages of retrograd introduction of the supporting silicon material is discussed. In more than 90% patency will be reached if microsurgical readaptation of the injured canaliculi by 3 direct sutures is done."}
{"id": "PMID:366268", "title": "[Osteo-keramo-keratoprosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "A high percentage of plastic keratoprosthesis is rejected again or intraocular infections occur because there is a cleft-like open junction between anterior chamber and lacrimal film. Only the ketratoprosthesis by Strampelli (1970) settles firmly in the cornea without the above risks, because the autogenous transplanted bone unites well with the grafted labial mucosa. 5 years of investigation have confirmed that glass ceramic Ceravital unites firmly with bones (Blencke et al. 1973, Strunz et al. 1977c, Bunte et al. 1977). For the osteo-keramo-keratoprosthesis Ceravital is used the same location as Dentin for the osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis. The new surgical method has the advantage that 1. toothless patients can be operated, 2. the anterior chamber cannot flatten because the ceramic disk has the same shape as the corneal surface, and 3. broader optical cylinders can be used, by which a widening of the visual field is achieved.", "contents": "[Osteo-keramo-keratoprosthesis (author's transl)]. A high percentage of plastic keratoprosthesis is rejected again or intraocular infections occur because there is a cleft-like open junction between anterior chamber and lacrimal film. Only the ketratoprosthesis by Strampelli (1970) settles firmly in the cornea without the above risks, because the autogenous transplanted bone unites well with the grafted labial mucosa. 5 years of investigation have confirmed that glass ceramic Ceravital unites firmly with bones (Blencke et al. 1973, Strunz et al. 1977c, Bunte et al. 1977). For the osteo-keramo-keratoprosthesis Ceravital is used the same location as Dentin for the osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis. The new surgical method has the advantage that 1. toothless patients can be operated, 2. the anterior chamber cannot flatten because the ceramic disk has the same shape as the corneal surface, and 3. broader optical cylinders can be used, by which a widening of the visual field is achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:366269", "title": "[On the treatment of Terrien's marginal dystrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "Many techniques have been described for the treatment of Terrien's marginal dystrophy, which are intended to reduce the astigmatism, reduce complications and prevent a progression of the disease. Described here is a technique for performing a lamellar keratoplasty without rupturing the very thin recipient cornea while preparing the graft bed.", "contents": "[On the treatment of Terrien's marginal dystrophy (author's transl)]. Many techniques have been described for the treatment of Terrien's marginal dystrophy, which are intended to reduce the astigmatism, reduce complications and prevent a progression of the disease. Described here is a technique for performing a lamellar keratoplasty without rupturing the very thin recipient cornea while preparing the graft bed."}
{"id": "PMID:366270", "title": "[Results of C\u00fcpper's \"thread fixation\" in squinters with inconstant angle (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of strabismus operations on strabismus patients with variable angles are presented. The so-called \"Fadenfixation\" (C\u00fcppers) is compared with the usual recess-resect method. Of the 62 cases of strabismus with variable angle which were operated without the \"Fixation\", only 3 cases were parallel post-operationem. By combining the recess-resect method with the \"Fadenfixation\" either on both eyes or on only one eye, a nearly parallel position was obtained in most cases. In some cases, following a \"Fadenfixation\" on one eye, a remaining constant angle was removed by a simple recess-resect procedure on the fellow eye. In 30% of the cases of esotropia, the \"Fadenfixation\" was the method of choice.", "contents": "[Results of C\u00fcpper's \"thread fixation\" in squinters with inconstant angle (author's transl)]. The results of strabismus operations on strabismus patients with variable angles are presented. The so-called \"Fadenfixation\" (C\u00fcppers) is compared with the usual recess-resect method. Of the 62 cases of strabismus with variable angle which were operated without the \"Fixation\", only 3 cases were parallel post-operationem. By combining the recess-resect method with the \"Fadenfixation\" either on both eyes or on only one eye, a nearly parallel position was obtained in most cases. In some cases, following a \"Fadenfixation\" on one eye, a remaining constant angle was removed by a simple recess-resect procedure on the fellow eye. In 30% of the cases of esotropia, the \"Fadenfixation\" was the method of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:366276", "title": "The renal kallikrein-kinin system in human and in experimental hypertension.", "content": "The kallikrein-kinin system in the kidney is localized in the distal nephron, where it appears to be linked to processes that control water and electrolyte excretion. Some evidence exists that the effect of the renal kallikrein-kinin system is partially mediated by the release of prostaglandins. It has not yet been determined whether endogenous kinins affect the function of the nephron directly or indirectly by changes in renal blood flow distribution. Further, a number of studies in animals and humans indicates that kallikrein excretion is decreased in most types of hypertension, with the exception of hypertension caused by an excess of mineralocorticoids (where kallikrein is increased). In rats susceptible to the hypertensive effect of salt, kallikrein is conspicuously decreased. In renal diseases, urinary kallikrein excretion is also decreased. Finally, it still needs to be determined whether or not low kallikrein excretion is a pathogenetic factor in hypertension and renal diseases.", "contents": "The renal kallikrein-kinin system in human and in experimental hypertension. The kallikrein-kinin system in the kidney is localized in the distal nephron, where it appears to be linked to processes that control water and electrolyte excretion. Some evidence exists that the effect of the renal kallikrein-kinin system is partially mediated by the release of prostaglandins. It has not yet been determined whether endogenous kinins affect the function of the nephron directly or indirectly by changes in renal blood flow distribution. Further, a number of studies in animals and humans indicates that kallikrein excretion is decreased in most types of hypertension, with the exception of hypertension caused by an excess of mineralocorticoids (where kallikrein is increased). In rats susceptible to the hypertensive effect of salt, kallikrein is conspicuously decreased. In renal diseases, urinary kallikrein excretion is also decreased. Finally, it still needs to be determined whether or not low kallikrein excretion is a pathogenetic factor in hypertension and renal diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:366280", "title": "The effect of anticomplementary cobra venom factor on hyperacute rat cardiac allograft rejection.", "content": "Cobra venom factor was used as a probe to evaluate the effect of depression of recipient hemolytic C3 activity on the sequential morphologic features of hyperacute cardiac allograft rejection in the rat. A series of ACI cardiac allografts transplanted to Lewis recipients presensitized &with ACI skin grafts was studied at arbitrary time periods over the initial 24 hours posttransplantation. The usual morphologic features of hyperacute rejection in this model, platelet aggregation, intravascular fibrin, endothelial destruction, neutrophil infiltration, and myocardial necrosis, were not observed in all allografts when recipient hemolytic C3 activity was virtually undetectable at the time of transplantation. Furthermore, allograft binding of rat C3 was not detected by immunofluorescence, although staining for IgG was commonly encountered. Despite profound depression of recipient hemolytic C3 activity, however, mononuclear cells were observed within the allograft microcirculation by 2 hours posttransplantation, and changes consistent with early cellular rejection were present in allografts examined at 24 hours. This study provides evidence that complement activation by graft-bound alloantibody is a critical effector mechanism of hyperacute rejection in this inbred rat model.", "contents": "The effect of anticomplementary cobra venom factor on hyperacute rat cardiac allograft rejection. Cobra venom factor was used as a probe to evaluate the effect of depression of recipient hemolytic C3 activity on the sequential morphologic features of hyperacute cardiac allograft rejection in the rat. A series of ACI cardiac allografts transplanted to Lewis recipients presensitized &with ACI skin grafts was studied at arbitrary time periods over the initial 24 hours posttransplantation. The usual morphologic features of hyperacute rejection in this model, platelet aggregation, intravascular fibrin, endothelial destruction, neutrophil infiltration, and myocardial necrosis, were not observed in all allografts when recipient hemolytic C3 activity was virtually undetectable at the time of transplantation. Furthermore, allograft binding of rat C3 was not detected by immunofluorescence, although staining for IgG was commonly encountered. Despite profound depression of recipient hemolytic C3 activity, however, mononuclear cells were observed within the allograft microcirculation by 2 hours posttransplantation, and changes consistent with early cellular rejection were present in allografts examined at 24 hours. This study provides evidence that complement activation by graft-bound alloantibody is a critical effector mechanism of hyperacute rejection in this inbred rat model."}
{"id": "PMID:366279", "title": "[Human prolactin (author's transl)].", "content": "Human prolactin (hPRL) is the most recent anterior pituitary hormone in human endocrinology, whose structure has been elucidated in 1977. The possibility to measure hPRL in serum has led to a rapid increase of our knowledge of prolactin-physiology and -pathophysiology in men. hPRL is the only anterior pituitary hormone which is under predominantly inhibitory hypothalamic control. The effects of prolactin in the various species differ considerably, whereas in men it acts mainly upon the mammary gland and the gonadal system. Hyperprolactinemia leads typically to hypogonadism, amenorrhea and frequently galactorrhea. The hyperprolactinemia-hypogonadism-syndrome has been identified as a separate entity in recent years. Because of the relative frequency of this disease prolactin measurements have become of great importance in the diagnosis of sterility. Depending on the cause of hyperprolactinemia a neurosurgical, radiotherapeutical or medical treatment is indicated.", "contents": "[Human prolactin (author's transl)]. Human prolactin (hPRL) is the most recent anterior pituitary hormone in human endocrinology, whose structure has been elucidated in 1977. The possibility to measure hPRL in serum has led to a rapid increase of our knowledge of prolactin-physiology and -pathophysiology in men. hPRL is the only anterior pituitary hormone which is under predominantly inhibitory hypothalamic control. The effects of prolactin in the various species differ considerably, whereas in men it acts mainly upon the mammary gland and the gonadal system. Hyperprolactinemia leads typically to hypogonadism, amenorrhea and frequently galactorrhea. The hyperprolactinemia-hypogonadism-syndrome has been identified as a separate entity in recent years. Because of the relative frequency of this disease prolactin measurements have become of great importance in the diagnosis of sterility. Depending on the cause of hyperprolactinemia a neurosurgical, radiotherapeutical or medical treatment is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:366278", "title": "The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Past, present and future.", "content": "\"The present results indicate that there is a close relationship between the incretory function of the kidney, which is shown by the discharge of renin and similar materials, and the function of the adrenal cortex, especially the zona glomerulosa, which is the place of production of the sodium-retaining hormone aldosterone . Salt load inhibits the production of renin and aldosterone, while salt deprivation stimulates the production of both. The excess of sodium-retaining corticoids (DOC or aldosterone) together with sodium suppress the secretion of renin, while a deficiency of cortical hormones (adrenalectomy, morbus Addison) increase it.\" ... \"Under these conditions the development of experimental renal hypertension could be explained as follows: the narrowing of the renal artery stimulates the secretion of renin which itself increases the formation or discharge of mineralocorticoid hormones (aldosterone or similarly acting corticoids). The resulting retention of sodium does not lead to the normal reduction of renin secretion in the ischemic kidney, so that corticoid production in the adrenal cortex is further stimulated despite no need for it.\"", "contents": "The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Past, present and future. \"The present results indicate that there is a close relationship between the incretory function of the kidney, which is shown by the discharge of renin and similar materials, and the function of the adrenal cortex, especially the zona glomerulosa, which is the place of production of the sodium-retaining hormone aldosterone . Salt load inhibits the production of renin and aldosterone, while salt deprivation stimulates the production of both. The excess of sodium-retaining corticoids (DOC or aldosterone) together with sodium suppress the secretion of renin, while a deficiency of cortical hormones (adrenalectomy, morbus Addison) increase it.\" ... \"Under these conditions the development of experimental renal hypertension could be explained as follows: the narrowing of the renal artery stimulates the secretion of renin which itself increases the formation or discharge of mineralocorticoid hormones (aldosterone or similarly acting corticoids). The resulting retention of sodium does not lead to the normal reduction of renin secretion in the ischemic kidney, so that corticoid production in the adrenal cortex is further stimulated despite no need for it.\""}
{"id": "PMID:366282", "title": "Ganglioside structures and distribution: are they localized at the nerve ending?", "content": "Gangliosides generally provide a small portion of the complex carbohydrate content of cell surfaces. An exception is the central nervous system where they comprise up to 5--10% of the total lipid of some membranes. This tissue is unique in that the quantity of lipid-bound sialic acid exceeds that of the protein-bound fraction. Over 30 different molecular species have been characterized to date. These range in complexity from sialosylgalactosyl ceramide with 2 sugars to the pentasialoganglioside of fish brain with 9 carbohydrate units. Virtually all cellular and subcellular fractions of brain that have been carefully examined contain gangliosides to one degree or another, but the majority of brain ganglioside is located in the neurons. Their mode of distribution within the neuron has not been entirely clarified by subcellular studies. Calculations based on reported values for axon terminal density and synaptosomal ganglioside concentration in the rat reveal that nerve endings contribute less than 12% of total cerebral cortical ganglioside. It is concluded that the plasma membranes of neuronal processes contain most of the neuronal ganglioside. These and other considerations suggest the possibility that gangliosides may be distributed over the entire neuronal surface.", "contents": "Ganglioside structures and distribution: are they localized at the nerve ending? Gangliosides generally provide a small portion of the complex carbohydrate content of cell surfaces. An exception is the central nervous system where they comprise up to 5--10% of the total lipid of some membranes. This tissue is unique in that the quantity of lipid-bound sialic acid exceeds that of the protein-bound fraction. Over 30 different molecular species have been characterized to date. These range in complexity from sialosylgalactosyl ceramide with 2 sugars to the pentasialoganglioside of fish brain with 9 carbohydrate units. Virtually all cellular and subcellular fractions of brain that have been carefully examined contain gangliosides to one degree or another, but the majority of brain ganglioside is located in the neurons. Their mode of distribution within the neuron has not been entirely clarified by subcellular studies. Calculations based on reported values for axon terminal density and synaptosomal ganglioside concentration in the rat reveal that nerve endings contribute less than 12% of total cerebral cortical ganglioside. It is concluded that the plasma membranes of neuronal processes contain most of the neuronal ganglioside. These and other considerations suggest the possibility that gangliosides may be distributed over the entire neuronal surface."}
{"id": "PMID:366283", "title": "Alcoholism and the MMPI. A review.", "content": "The use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in studies of the personality characteristics of alcoholics, marital interaction and alcoholism, alcoholism scales, and treatment outcome is reviewed.", "contents": "Alcoholism and the MMPI. A review. The use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in studies of the personality characteristics of alcoholics, marital interaction and alcoholism, alcoholism scales, and treatment outcome is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:366284", "title": "The institutional phase of the Washington Total Abstinence Movement. A research note.", "content": "Many of the practices and beliefs of the Washingtonian Total Abstinence Movement were adopted by reformatory homes for \"drunkards\" that were established in Boston, Chicago and Philadelphia in the mid-1800s.", "contents": "The institutional phase of the Washington Total Abstinence Movement. A research note. Many of the practices and beliefs of the Washingtonian Total Abstinence Movement were adopted by reformatory homes for \"drunkards\" that were established in Boston, Chicago and Philadelphia in the mid-1800s."}
{"id": "PMID:366285", "title": "Chronic peritoneal dialysis in juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus: a comparison with hemodialysis.", "content": "Fourteen juvenile-onset diabetic patients accepted for renal transplantation and maintained on chronic peritoneal dialysis during a 3-year period were compared with a similar group of 43 patients accepted for renal transplantation and maintained on hemodialysis. The 1-year survival in each group was similar (52% on chronic peritoneal dialysis; 55% on hemodialysis), but there was a striking difference in progressive morbidity. Seven patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis were blind in one or both eyes at the onset, and visual acuity improved in two, including one bilaterally blind patient who achieved 20/35 vision bilaterally; none worsened. In the hemodialysis group, 12 patients were totally blind in one or both eyes and 11 additional patients became blind or had severe deterioration in vision; none improved. Neuropathy progressed in only 1 patient on chronic peritoneal dialysis, whereas it worsened in 17 patients on hemodialysis--9 to the extent that they needed braces or canes or were nonambulatory. All patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis were home trained and were dialyzed at night, with seven being able to work full or part time; virtually none of the patients on hemodialysis were able to work. Chronic peritoneal dialysis was relatively free of technical complication, and no significant difficulty was encountered in diabetic control, in the anephric state, or during abdominal surgery. Chronic peritoneal dialysis appears to have less associated morbidity than does hemodialysis in the treatment of chronic renal failure of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Chronic peritoneal dialysis in juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus: a comparison with hemodialysis. Fourteen juvenile-onset diabetic patients accepted for renal transplantation and maintained on chronic peritoneal dialysis during a 3-year period were compared with a similar group of 43 patients accepted for renal transplantation and maintained on hemodialysis. The 1-year survival in each group was similar (52% on chronic peritoneal dialysis; 55% on hemodialysis), but there was a striking difference in progressive morbidity. Seven patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis were blind in one or both eyes at the onset, and visual acuity improved in two, including one bilaterally blind patient who achieved 20/35 vision bilaterally; none worsened. In the hemodialysis group, 12 patients were totally blind in one or both eyes and 11 additional patients became blind or had severe deterioration in vision; none improved. Neuropathy progressed in only 1 patient on chronic peritoneal dialysis, whereas it worsened in 17 patients on hemodialysis--9 to the extent that they needed braces or canes or were nonambulatory. All patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis were home trained and were dialyzed at night, with seven being able to work full or part time; virtually none of the patients on hemodialysis were able to work. Chronic peritoneal dialysis was relatively free of technical complication, and no significant difficulty was encountered in diabetic control, in the anephric state, or during abdominal surgery. Chronic peritoneal dialysis appears to have less associated morbidity than does hemodialysis in the treatment of chronic renal failure of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:366288", "title": "Two-gradient hypothesis of primary embryonic induction.", "content": "The \"two-gradient\" hypothesis of primary embryonic induction was developed by Sulo Toivonen and his school in 1938--1968. The model postulates two inductive principles distributed as gradients in the inductor tissue. The prospective neuroectoderm becomes first uniformly neuralized by one of the factors, and only afterwards segregation is brought about by cells mesodermalized by the other inductor. The short review summarizes the experimental evidence for the \"two-gradient\" hypothesis.", "contents": "Two-gradient hypothesis of primary embryonic induction. The \"two-gradient\" hypothesis of primary embryonic induction was developed by Sulo Toivonen and his school in 1938--1968. The model postulates two inductive principles distributed as gradients in the inductor tissue. The prospective neuroectoderm becomes first uniformly neuralized by one of the factors, and only afterwards segregation is brought about by cells mesodermalized by the other inductor. The short review summarizes the experimental evidence for the \"two-gradient\" hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:366289", "title": "Contact reactions influencing cell locomotion of a mouse sarcoma in culture.", "content": "An investigation of the behaviour of cells of the mouse transplantable sarcoma S180 in culture by time-lapse cinematography has been made to determine how the spreading of a population from an explant is affected by contact reactions between the sarcoma cells; and how the invasion of a fibroblast population is affected by contact reactions with the fibroblasts. Although the sarcoma cells show a form of contact inhibition to each other, this has little influence on the spreading of a population, which is brought about very largely by diffusive movement, in sharp contrast to the spreading of a fibroblast population. The invasion of a fibroblast population by S180 cells takes place as a consequence of defective contact inhibition; though contact inhibition (but not contact paralysis) of the S180 cells has an appreciable incidence. During invasion the S180 cells, though moving on the exposed surfaces of the fibroblasts, may be largely using the collagen substratum between the fibroblasts for their locomotion. The arrangement of the fibroblasts produces some degree of contact guidance of the sarcoma cells.", "contents": "Contact reactions influencing cell locomotion of a mouse sarcoma in culture. An investigation of the behaviour of cells of the mouse transplantable sarcoma S180 in culture by time-lapse cinematography has been made to determine how the spreading of a population from an explant is affected by contact reactions between the sarcoma cells; and how the invasion of a fibroblast population is affected by contact reactions with the fibroblasts. Although the sarcoma cells show a form of contact inhibition to each other, this has little influence on the spreading of a population, which is brought about very largely by diffusive movement, in sharp contrast to the spreading of a fibroblast population. The invasion of a fibroblast population by S180 cells takes place as a consequence of defective contact inhibition; though contact inhibition (but not contact paralysis) of the S180 cells has an appreciable incidence. During invasion the S180 cells, though moving on the exposed surfaces of the fibroblasts, may be largely using the collagen substratum between the fibroblasts for their locomotion. The arrangement of the fibroblasts produces some degree of contact guidance of the sarcoma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:366291", "title": "Lectin binding in early mouse embryos.", "content": "Lectin binding in early mouse embryos was used to explore possible changes in cell surface properties during early development. Embryos at different stages of development were stained with fluorescein-coupled Concanavalin A (FITC-Con A) or wheat germ agglutinin (FITC-WGA). In zygote to 8-cell embryos, fixed with paraformaldehyde before staining or stained at 4 degrees C before fixation, the fluorescein-coupled lectins gave a continuous ring-like labelling of cell surfaces. When unfixed embryos stained at 4 degrees C with low concentrations of FITC-Con A (10--20 microgram/ml) were incubated at 37 degrees C they showed a continuous surface labelling at zygote stage but a patch-like aggregation of Con A-binding sites in 2-cell stage and older embryos. Use of higher lectin concentrations ( greater than 100 microgram/ml) did not result in patch formation at 37 degrees C. FITC-WGA gave a spotty but unaggregated labelling pattern also at 37 degrees C. The results show that in the early stages of mouse embryogenesis developmentally associated changes occur in the binding behaviour of Con A but not of WGA.", "contents": "Lectin binding in early mouse embryos. Lectin binding in early mouse embryos was used to explore possible changes in cell surface properties during early development. Embryos at different stages of development were stained with fluorescein-coupled Concanavalin A (FITC-Con A) or wheat germ agglutinin (FITC-WGA). In zygote to 8-cell embryos, fixed with paraformaldehyde before staining or stained at 4 degrees C before fixation, the fluorescein-coupled lectins gave a continuous ring-like labelling of cell surfaces. When unfixed embryos stained at 4 degrees C with low concentrations of FITC-Con A (10--20 microgram/ml) were incubated at 37 degrees C they showed a continuous surface labelling at zygote stage but a patch-like aggregation of Con A-binding sites in 2-cell stage and older embryos. Use of higher lectin concentrations ( greater than 100 microgram/ml) did not result in patch formation at 37 degrees C. FITC-WGA gave a spotty but unaggregated labelling pattern also at 37 degrees C. The results show that in the early stages of mouse embryogenesis developmentally associated changes occur in the binding behaviour of Con A but not of WGA."}
{"id": "PMID:366292", "title": "Factors affecting physician participation in a state Medicaid program.", "content": "Critical to policy planning for a program of national health insurance or a National Health Service is an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of current federally-supported health programs. One program which has been subjected to criticism is Medicaid. A major problem facing Medicaid is the high proportion of physicians who refuse to participate in the program, thus preventing the target population from obtaining access to medical care. A telephone survey was conducted to assess the attitudes and behavior of a stratified random sample of physicians regarding their participation in a Medicaid program. Physicians were asked to identify major advantages and disadvantages of the program to individual patients, to society and to their medical practice. Non-participants were asked to identify the major reasons why they did not participate in the program. Medical specialty was the only significant demographic determinant of participation. Inadequate reimbursement, excessive paperwork, patient abuses of the program and bureaucratic complexity were among the most prominent factors contributing to nonparticipation. Implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the role of primary care providers' perceptions in the planning of future national health programs.", "contents": "Factors affecting physician participation in a state Medicaid program. Critical to policy planning for a program of national health insurance or a National Health Service is an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of current federally-supported health programs. One program which has been subjected to criticism is Medicaid. A major problem facing Medicaid is the high proportion of physicians who refuse to participate in the program, thus preventing the target population from obtaining access to medical care. A telephone survey was conducted to assess the attitudes and behavior of a stratified random sample of physicians regarding their participation in a Medicaid program. Physicians were asked to identify major advantages and disadvantages of the program to individual patients, to society and to their medical practice. Non-participants were asked to identify the major reasons why they did not participate in the program. Medical specialty was the only significant demographic determinant of participation. Inadequate reimbursement, excessive paperwork, patient abuses of the program and bureaucratic complexity were among the most prominent factors contributing to nonparticipation. Implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the role of primary care providers' perceptions in the planning of future national health programs."}
{"id": "PMID:366305", "title": "[Retroperitoneal injuries: introduction (author's transl)].", "content": "Injuries of the retroperitoneal organs occur mainly in patients with multiple traumas. Spine and spinal muscle provide an effective protection against blunt trauma from behind. In the front the thin peritoneal layer is just a biological border. Therefore injuries of the abdominal and retroperitoneal organs frequently occur together. Direct clinical examinations are limited by the specific anatomical situation; further invasive diagnostic procedures deal mainly with indirect effects of retroperitoneal injuries. Massive hemorrhage with consequent retroperitoneal hematoma is the dominant pathophysiologic course; mortality is high.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal injuries: introduction (author's transl)]. Injuries of the retroperitoneal organs occur mainly in patients with multiple traumas. Spine and spinal muscle provide an effective protection against blunt trauma from behind. In the front the thin peritoneal layer is just a biological border. Therefore injuries of the abdominal and retroperitoneal organs frequently occur together. Direct clinical examinations are limited by the specific anatomical situation; further invasive diagnostic procedures deal mainly with indirect effects of retroperitoneal injuries. Massive hemorrhage with consequent retroperitoneal hematoma is the dominant pathophysiologic course; mortality is high."}
{"id": "PMID:366306", "title": "[Postthrombotic syndrome 1978 (author's transl)].", "content": "Venous reconstruction is frequently endangered by the slow velocity of the blood. Thrombotic occlusion may be prevented by a temporary arteriovenous shunt. The conventional technique of temporary arteriovenous shunting, however, bears the danger of late arterial stenosis. Furthermore, the transposition of blood into the subcutaneous region may result in a dilation of the venous graft. This is demonstrated in a case of Palma's operation. The early results with a suspended ring suture of our own design are encouraging. Surgery of secondary alterations in case of postthrombotic syndrome is illustrated by some outstanding examples.", "contents": "[Postthrombotic syndrome 1978 (author's transl)]. Venous reconstruction is frequently endangered by the slow velocity of the blood. Thrombotic occlusion may be prevented by a temporary arteriovenous shunt. The conventional technique of temporary arteriovenous shunting, however, bears the danger of late arterial stenosis. Furthermore, the transposition of blood into the subcutaneous region may result in a dilation of the venous graft. This is demonstrated in a case of Palma's operation. The early results with a suspended ring suture of our own design are encouraging. Surgery of secondary alterations in case of postthrombotic syndrome is illustrated by some outstanding examples."}
{"id": "PMID:366307", "title": "[Injuries of the maxillofacial region (author's transl)].", "content": "The essence of the Basle study on city traffic accidents is a 60% decrease of head injuries following the increase of car occupants wearing seat belts. The Heidelberg study shows similar results. The frequency of facial and cervical soft tissue injuries is 27% with 114 belt wearers and 71% with 1250 car occupants not wearing seat belts. The pattern of lacerations caused by the windshield is discussed. Duly fixed seat belts offer a real chance of survival and only minor injuries at a collision speed of 70 km/h.", "contents": "[Injuries of the maxillofacial region (author's transl)]. The essence of the Basle study on city traffic accidents is a 60% decrease of head injuries following the increase of car occupants wearing seat belts. The Heidelberg study shows similar results. The frequency of facial and cervical soft tissue injuries is 27% with 114 belt wearers and 71% with 1250 car occupants not wearing seat belts. The pattern of lacerations caused by the windshield is discussed. Duly fixed seat belts offer a real chance of survival and only minor injuries at a collision speed of 70 km/h."}
{"id": "PMID:366308", "title": "[III. Continued education in surgery. A. Prospective studies, methods for determination of therapy results. Topics on and results of prospective studies in surgery].", "content": "Since the first clinical prospective trial of J. Lind in 1753, the controlled study has proved to be an essential instrument in clinical research. Possible topics include: pharmacologic prophylaxis of complications such as stress ulcer, thrombosis, etc., indications for operation, preoperative preparation, choice of surgical procedure, and techniques or postoperative treatment. Examples for each topic are given.", "contents": "[III. Continued education in surgery. A. Prospective studies, methods for determination of therapy results. Topics on and results of prospective studies in surgery]. Since the first clinical prospective trial of J. Lind in 1753, the controlled study has proved to be an essential instrument in clinical research. Possible topics include: pharmacologic prophylaxis of complications such as stress ulcer, thrombosis, etc., indications for operation, preoperative preparation, choice of surgical procedure, and techniques or postoperative treatment. Examples for each topic are given."}
{"id": "PMID:366309", "title": "[Planning and data analysis in prospective controlled clinical trials (author's transl)].", "content": "Planning of prospective controlled clinical trials in surgery requires the use of test and control groups, sufficiently frequent repetition of experiments, random allocation of patients to the groups (example), and balancing. The descriptive data analysis should be performed in a stepwise manner (list of new data, rank list, range, median, quartiles, histogram, mean value standard deviation). The advantages of the median-quartile-system and the prerequisites for application of various significance tests are pointed out. In the conduct of controlled clinical trials, the consultative role of experimental surgeons is proposed.", "contents": "[Planning and data analysis in prospective controlled clinical trials (author's transl)]. Planning of prospective controlled clinical trials in surgery requires the use of test and control groups, sufficiently frequent repetition of experiments, random allocation of patients to the groups (example), and balancing. The descriptive data analysis should be performed in a stepwise manner (list of new data, rank list, range, median, quartiles, histogram, mean value standard deviation). The advantages of the median-quartile-system and the prerequisites for application of various significance tests are pointed out. In the conduct of controlled clinical trials, the consultative role of experimental surgeons is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:366310", "title": "[Colon anastomosis: single-layer (row) suture (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparison of two groups of patients with different anastomosis techniques (622 large-bowel resection) demonstrates a lower rate of complications with the single-row anastomosis. These observations were proved in dogs and rats. The double-row suture prolonged the healing process, delayed revascularization, and led to the formation of intramural abscess and stenotic intraluminal roll building. These problems were not observed in single-row anastomosis, which is designed to promote faster healing.", "contents": "[Colon anastomosis: single-layer (row) suture (author's transl)]. Comparison of two groups of patients with different anastomosis techniques (622 large-bowel resection) demonstrates a lower rate of complications with the single-row anastomosis. These observations were proved in dogs and rats. The double-row suture prolonged the healing process, delayed revascularization, and led to the formation of intramural abscess and stenotic intraluminal roll building. These problems were not observed in single-row anastomosis, which is designed to promote faster healing."}
{"id": "PMID:366311", "title": "[Colonic suture technique: double-layer suture (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison of the results with single- and double-layer adapting sutures without general proximal colostomy shows no differences. This fact is supported by our experiences in 106 resections of the left half of the large bowel.", "contents": "[Colonic suture technique: double-layer suture (author's transl)]. A comparison of the results with single- and double-layer adapting sutures without general proximal colostomy shows no differences. This fact is supported by our experiences in 106 resections of the left half of the large bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:366313", "title": "[On the importance of cholesterol granuloma (author's transl)].", "content": "Cholesterol granuloma consists of solid metabolic waste products. The essential cause is a closed unaerated space in the middle ear cleft with proliferation of the mucosa, a connective tissue increased production of mucous and their subsequent organisation. During the resorption of this poorly digestable mucous cholesterol crystals are formed which in turn leads to small haemorrhages, increased fibrous tissue formation as well as the accumulation of foreign body giant cells. The analysis of 101 specimens showed different histological forms of cholesterol granuloma due to the different duration of the local pathological process. In the final stages the granulation tissue undergoes dystrophic calcification or necrosis. There is no influence on the adjacent bone. Cholesterol granuloma does not seem to be an important clinical entity. The therapy is the same as for the infectious process that is also present in the same ear.", "contents": "[On the importance of cholesterol granuloma (author's transl)]. Cholesterol granuloma consists of solid metabolic waste products. The essential cause is a closed unaerated space in the middle ear cleft with proliferation of the mucosa, a connective tissue increased production of mucous and their subsequent organisation. During the resorption of this poorly digestable mucous cholesterol crystals are formed which in turn leads to small haemorrhages, increased fibrous tissue formation as well as the accumulation of foreign body giant cells. The analysis of 101 specimens showed different histological forms of cholesterol granuloma due to the different duration of the local pathological process. In the final stages the granulation tissue undergoes dystrophic calcification or necrosis. There is no influence on the adjacent bone. Cholesterol granuloma does not seem to be an important clinical entity. The therapy is the same as for the infectious process that is also present in the same ear."}
{"id": "PMID:366314", "title": "Preservation of a radionecrotic larynx by excision of thyroid cartilage with flap coverage.", "content": "Necrosis of the larynx following radiation therapy is a rare complication leading to severe disability and even death. Generally accepted treatment has consisted of incision and drainage, debridement, and tracheotomy or even total laryngectomy. One patient developed chondronecrosis of the thyroid cartilage and was treated by excision of the entire thyroid cartilage and overlying skin with subsequent coverage by a unipedicled cervicothoracic flap. The patient has had his tracheotomy corked or been decannulated for 11 months with preservation of a useable larynx.", "contents": "Preservation of a radionecrotic larynx by excision of thyroid cartilage with flap coverage. Necrosis of the larynx following radiation therapy is a rare complication leading to severe disability and even death. Generally accepted treatment has consisted of incision and drainage, debridement, and tracheotomy or even total laryngectomy. One patient developed chondronecrosis of the thyroid cartilage and was treated by excision of the entire thyroid cartilage and overlying skin with subsequent coverage by a unipedicled cervicothoracic flap. The patient has had his tracheotomy corked or been decannulated for 11 months with preservation of a useable larynx."}
{"id": "PMID:366325", "title": "[Evolution towards generalization and cancer of a muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with corticoids. (Report of a Chadian case) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a case of muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Republic of Chad. In that case, a long duration treatment with corticoids entailed the generalization of the disease in the form of a secondary kala-azar and the appearance of a histiocytosarcoma on the scar left by the oriental sore. Comments on the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis are then exposed.", "contents": "[Evolution towards generalization and cancer of a muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with corticoids. (Report of a Chadian case) (author's transl)]. The authors present a case of muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Republic of Chad. In that case, a long duration treatment with corticoids entailed the generalization of the disease in the form of a secondary kala-azar and the appearance of a histiocytosarcoma on the scar left by the oriental sore. Comments on the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis are then exposed."}
{"id": "PMID:366333", "title": "Effect of ethanol and its metabolites on glucose mediated insulin release from isolated islets of rats.", "content": "Effects of ethanol and its metabolites, acetaldehyde and acetate, on insulin secretion were studied in isolated islets from normal rats. Addition of ethanol to the incubation media inhibited glucose mediated insulin release in a dose related manner. Prior exposure of islets to ethanol during the preincubation period had no influence on subsequent insulin response to either glucose or glucose plus ethanol. Acetaldehyde inhibited while sodium acetate potentiated insulin response to glucose. It is concluded that ethanol has a direct inhibitory effect on glucose mediated insulin release from rat islets.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol and its metabolites on glucose mediated insulin release from isolated islets of rats. Effects of ethanol and its metabolites, acetaldehyde and acetate, on insulin secretion were studied in isolated islets from normal rats. Addition of ethanol to the incubation media inhibited glucose mediated insulin release in a dose related manner. Prior exposure of islets to ethanol during the preincubation period had no influence on subsequent insulin response to either glucose or glucose plus ethanol. Acetaldehyde inhibited while sodium acetate potentiated insulin response to glucose. It is concluded that ethanol has a direct inhibitory effect on glucose mediated insulin release from rat islets."}
{"id": "PMID:366337", "title": "In vitro resistance test of human leprosy bacilli to anti-leprous drugs.", "content": "Sensitivity to anti-leprous drugs of M. leprae isolated from an L-type leprosy patient was tested using M--Y 14b liquid medium by direct and indirect methods. The results revealed that the strain, SR61-L74, was almost completely resistant to DDS, and responded only to the long-term administration of Streptomycin and Isoniazid. However, the strain was completely sensitive to rifampicin which had never been administered previously. The subsequent administration of rifampicin resulted in a rapid improvement of the patient's clinical symptoms. It can be concluded that the in vitro method, both direct and indirect, to test the sensitivity of M. leprae to anti-leprous drugs is economic, and accordingly available practically as one of the routine examinations in the laboratory of ordinary leprosaria. This must be very beneficial to the treatment of leprosy patients.", "contents": "In vitro resistance test of human leprosy bacilli to anti-leprous drugs. Sensitivity to anti-leprous drugs of M. leprae isolated from an L-type leprosy patient was tested using M--Y 14b liquid medium by direct and indirect methods. The results revealed that the strain, SR61-L74, was almost completely resistant to DDS, and responded only to the long-term administration of Streptomycin and Isoniazid. However, the strain was completely sensitive to rifampicin which had never been administered previously. The subsequent administration of rifampicin resulted in a rapid improvement of the patient's clinical symptoms. It can be concluded that the in vitro method, both direct and indirect, to test the sensitivity of M. leprae to anti-leprous drugs is economic, and accordingly available practically as one of the routine examinations in the laboratory of ordinary leprosaria. This must be very beneficial to the treatment of leprosy patients."}
{"id": "PMID:366338", "title": "The lethal action of 2-phenoxyethanol and its analogues upon Escherichia coli NCTC 5933.", "content": "Bactericidal activity has been assessed for a number of glycolmonophenyl ethers towards Escherichia coli NCTC 5933, and the action of one analogue, 2-phenoxyethanol, has been studied in greater detail. For this compound the onset of bactericidal activity towards Escherichia coli occurred at concentrations which also induced considerable increases in drug uptake, marked leakage of cytoplasmic constituents, the cellular penetration of N-tolyl-alpha-napthylamine-8-sulphonic acid, and morphological changes consistent with gross membrane damage. However, temperature coefficients of rates of cellular leakage of low molecular weight cytoplasmic constituents, and rates of kill, were markedly different and suggested that the two phenomena were not integrally related, but that each was a consequence of some other action of the drug. Drug levels considerably below those possessing lethal activity, however,  promoted the ready efflux of potassium ions from cells and caused disorganisation of the outer lipopolysaccharide-rich regions of the cell envelope.", "contents": "The lethal action of 2-phenoxyethanol and its analogues upon Escherichia coli NCTC 5933. Bactericidal activity has been assessed for a number of glycolmonophenyl ethers towards Escherichia coli NCTC 5933, and the action of one analogue, 2-phenoxyethanol, has been studied in greater detail. For this compound the onset of bactericidal activity towards Escherichia coli occurred at concentrations which also induced considerable increases in drug uptake, marked leakage of cytoplasmic constituents, the cellular penetration of N-tolyl-alpha-napthylamine-8-sulphonic acid, and morphological changes consistent with gross membrane damage. However, temperature coefficients of rates of cellular leakage of low molecular weight cytoplasmic constituents, and rates of kill, were markedly different and suggested that the two phenomena were not integrally related, but that each was a consequence of some other action of the drug. Drug levels considerably below those possessing lethal activity, however,  promoted the ready efflux of potassium ions from cells and caused disorganisation of the outer lipopolysaccharide-rich regions of the cell envelope."}
{"id": "PMID:366340", "title": "Some features of the reaction of intracellular bacteriophages T1 to UV irradiation.", "content": "The reaction of complexes pf phage T1-cells of E. coli B or E. coli Bs-1 to UV irradiation was investigated. The complexes were irradiated at various stage of infection, and their survival, extent of Hcr and Phr, were evaluated. It was found that the UV resistance of phage DNA in the second half of the latent period fluctuates. Hcr after UV exposure at these stages of infection operates in a small volume. The ability of intracellular phage to photoreactivate when cells of E. coli B were infected is constant after irradiation at many stages of infection, except the early ones. In the complexes of phage T1-bacteria of E. coli Bs-1 this ability declines while infection is promoted. The daughter phage particles released from UV irradiated complexes undergo Phr and Hcr only after irradiation at the late stages of infection. This was not the cases when complexes of phage-bacteria were irradiated during the first half of the latent period. A possible tole of UV-damaged phage DNA in propagation of infection and in maturation of phage particles is discussed.", "contents": "Some features of the reaction of intracellular bacteriophages T1 to UV irradiation. The reaction of complexes pf phage T1-cells of E. coli B or E. coli Bs-1 to UV irradiation was investigated. The complexes were irradiated at various stage of infection, and their survival, extent of Hcr and Phr, were evaluated. It was found that the UV resistance of phage DNA in the second half of the latent period fluctuates. Hcr after UV exposure at these stages of infection operates in a small volume. The ability of intracellular phage to photoreactivate when cells of E. coli B were infected is constant after irradiation at many stages of infection, except the early ones. In the complexes of phage T1-bacteria of E. coli Bs-1 this ability declines while infection is promoted. The daughter phage particles released from UV irradiated complexes undergo Phr and Hcr only after irradiation at the late stages of infection. This was not the cases when complexes of phage-bacteria were irradiated during the first half of the latent period. A possible tole of UV-damaged phage DNA in propagation of infection and in maturation of phage particles is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:366341", "title": "Effect of chloramphenicol and cyanide on the increase in UV resistance of intracellular bacteriophage T1.", "content": "The effects of chloramphenicol and cyanide on the increase in UV resistance of intracellular phage T1 infecting cells of E. coli B or E. coli Bs-1 were investigated. The inhibitiors were added to the cells 3 min prior to infection and to the complexes of phage-bacteria 3.5 and 6.5 min after adsorption of phage by the cells. The data obtained are not in agreement with the suggestion that increase in UV resistance of intracellular phage is mainly due to the accumulation of phage DNA inside the host cells. It is suggested that a very important role in this resistance is played by the interaction of phage DNA with the cell membranes.", "contents": "Effect of chloramphenicol and cyanide on the increase in UV resistance of intracellular bacteriophage T1. The effects of chloramphenicol and cyanide on the increase in UV resistance of intracellular phage T1 infecting cells of E. coli B or E. coli Bs-1 were investigated. The inhibitiors were added to the cells 3 min prior to infection and to the complexes of phage-bacteria 3.5 and 6.5 min after adsorption of phage by the cells. The data obtained are not in agreement with the suggestion that increase in UV resistance of intracellular phage is mainly due to the accumulation of phage DNA inside the host cells. It is suggested that a very important role in this resistance is played by the interaction of phage DNA with the cell membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:366342", "title": "Estimators of the number of objects per area unbiased by edge effects.", "content": "A survey is given of principles for obtaining an estimate of the numerical density of profiles not biased by the edge effect in planar samples. Various practical problems of implementation of the principles are discussed. None of the methods represent the ideal combination of independence of assumptions concerning both profiles and frame as well as independence of information external to the frame. The counting rules usually employed in the determination of numerical density are biased and also unnecessarily complicated. For manual work only two unbiased principles apply. The choice between them is mainly determined by the ease by which they are implemented.", "contents": "Estimators of the number of objects per area unbiased by edge effects. A survey is given of principles for obtaining an estimate of the numerical density of profiles not biased by the edge effect in planar samples. Various practical problems of implementation of the principles are discussed. None of the methods represent the ideal combination of independence of assumptions concerning both profiles and frame as well as independence of information external to the frame. The counting rules usually employed in the determination of numerical density are biased and also unnecessarily complicated. For manual work only two unbiased principles apply. The choice between them is mainly determined by the ease by which they are implemented."}
{"id": "PMID:366350", "title": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in the treatment of children with severe perennial rhinitis.", "content": "Twenty-two children suffering from severe perennial rhinitis were treated with intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate (300 microgram/day) and an identical placebo aerosol in a double-blind cross-over trial. The results confirmed the value of beclomethasone dipropionate in improving nasal symptoms and signs due to perennial rhinitis, and allergic eye symptoms caused by associated conjunctivitis.", "contents": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in the treatment of children with severe perennial rhinitis. Twenty-two children suffering from severe perennial rhinitis were treated with intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate (300 microgram/day) and an identical placebo aerosol in a double-blind cross-over trial. The results confirmed the value of beclomethasone dipropionate in improving nasal symptoms and signs due to perennial rhinitis, and allergic eye symptoms caused by associated conjunctivitis."}
{"id": "PMID:366359", "title": "Maternal herpetic breast infection: another hazard of neonatal herpes simplex.", "content": "After the death of an eight-day-old breast-fed neonate with disseminated herpes simplex, the mother was found to have herpes simplex infections of both nipples. This complication of neonatal herpes infection does not appear to have been reported previously.", "contents": "Maternal herpetic breast infection: another hazard of neonatal herpes simplex. After the death of an eight-day-old breast-fed neonate with disseminated herpes simplex, the mother was found to have herpes simplex infections of both nipples. This complication of neonatal herpes infection does not appear to have been reported previously."}
{"id": "PMID:366360", "title": "Malaria: a new facet of heroin addiction in Australia.", "content": "A case of vivax malaria is described. The patient, who had occasionally abused heroin intravenously, shared injection equipment with an addict who had previously contracted malaria in Southeast Asia and who had failed to complete an adequate course of treatment.", "contents": "Malaria: a new facet of heroin addiction in Australia. A case of vivax malaria is described. The patient, who had occasionally abused heroin intravenously, shared injection equipment with an addict who had previously contracted malaria in Southeast Asia and who had failed to complete an adequate course of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:366364", "title": "[Computer-aided reading of ECG (author's transl)].", "content": "Computer-aided reading of 12-lead scalar ECGs was performed in 1800 cardiovascular patients with a tracing-and processing-system of IBM, Periphere Computer Systeme and Schwarzer using the Bonner analysis program. After analog-to-digital conversion and storage on a floppy disk the ECG data were transferred by telefone during night because of lower rates to the IBM computer at Munich. In the same way the prints were received from there. The review by a cardiologist showed correct interpretations in about 90%. False negative and other inadequate readings were found in 6% while false positive results were obtained in almost 1%, the remaining percents belonged to technical troubles.", "contents": "[Computer-aided reading of ECG (author's transl)]. Computer-aided reading of 12-lead scalar ECGs was performed in 1800 cardiovascular patients with a tracing-and processing-system of IBM, Periphere Computer Systeme and Schwarzer using the Bonner analysis program. After analog-to-digital conversion and storage on a floppy disk the ECG data were transferred by telefone during night because of lower rates to the IBM computer at Munich. In the same way the prints were received from there. The review by a cardiologist showed correct interpretations in about 90%. False negative and other inadequate readings were found in 6% while false positive results were obtained in almost 1%, the remaining percents belonged to technical troubles."}
{"id": "PMID:366369", "title": "Utilization of an automated ECG interpretation system in an ambulatory health service.", "content": "A computerized ECG interpretation system was incorporated into a large ambulatory health care service. The central unit has several terminals located at various regional cardiological clinics. In each clinic 80--120 ECG's are taken daily, of which 56% are interpreted as normal tracings. The interpretation system is currently utilized to separate automatically normal from abnormal tracings. Normal tracings are not re-checked by a cardiologist and the report is delivered directly to the family physician. In order to evaluate the reliability of the computer interpretation of normal ECG's (i.e., the percent of false-negative readings), 500 tracings interpreted by the program as normal were selected at random and read independently by three cardiologists. It was found that in 4.6% of the cases additional remarks were supplemented to the computer statement by at least one of the cardiologists. Most of the computer-cardiologist disagreements were of limited clinical importance. It was concluded that this system could be used as an effective tool for simultaneously processing ECG's from several remote locations, serving large ambulatory populations. By using the assistance of the computer system, marked reduction in cardiologists' time and cost could be achieved.", "contents": "Utilization of an automated ECG interpretation system in an ambulatory health service. A computerized ECG interpretation system was incorporated into a large ambulatory health care service. The central unit has several terminals located at various regional cardiological clinics. In each clinic 80--120 ECG's are taken daily, of which 56% are interpreted as normal tracings. The interpretation system is currently utilized to separate automatically normal from abnormal tracings. Normal tracings are not re-checked by a cardiologist and the report is delivered directly to the family physician. In order to evaluate the reliability of the computer interpretation of normal ECG's (i.e., the percent of false-negative readings), 500 tracings interpreted by the program as normal were selected at random and read independently by three cardiologists. It was found that in 4.6% of the cases additional remarks were supplemented to the computer statement by at least one of the cardiologists. Most of the computer-cardiologist disagreements were of limited clinical importance. It was concluded that this system could be used as an effective tool for simultaneously processing ECG's from several remote locations, serving large ambulatory populations. By using the assistance of the computer system, marked reduction in cardiologists' time and cost could be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:366368", "title": "Practical considerations in gamma camera line spread function measurement.", "content": "In recent years the modulation transfer function (MTF) has played an important role in the quantitation of imaging performance of gamma cameras. The most common method of MTF determination requires line spread function (LSF) measurement. This paper reviews methods used for LSF measurements with special consideration given to the practical aspects of LSF measurement and MTF calculation. An analysis of errors in LSF measurements is made and means to reduce or to avoid these errors are discussed. Recommendations regarding practical considerations for LSF measurement and MTF calculation are presented in tabular form for convenience.", "contents": "Practical considerations in gamma camera line spread function measurement. In recent years the modulation transfer function (MTF) has played an important role in the quantitation of imaging performance of gamma cameras. The most common method of MTF determination requires line spread function (LSF) measurement. This paper reviews methods used for LSF measurements with special consideration given to the practical aspects of LSF measurement and MTF calculation. An analysis of errors in LSF measurements is made and means to reduce or to avoid these errors are discussed. Recommendations regarding practical considerations for LSF measurement and MTF calculation are presented in tabular form for convenience."}
{"id": "PMID:366372", "title": "Yeast temperature-sensitive mutants specifically impaired in processing of poly(A)-containing RNAs.", "content": "The selection at 22 degrees C of yeast cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) sensitive mutants which would be temperature-sensitive at 37 degrees C allowed the obtention of mutants specifically impaired in processing of Poly(A)-containing RNAs at 37 degrees C. The mutants displaying this phenotype belong to two different loci. The biochemical study of the physiological function which is blocked by the mutation has revealed that the level of radioactive Poly(A)-containing RNAs found in a 5 min pulse after a 10 min shift at 37 degrees C is 6 times less in the mutants than in the wild type without reduction of the non Poly(A)-containing RNAs fraction. Further studies have shown no alteration in the two Poly(A) polymerases activities and suggest strongly a faster decay of Poly(A)-containing RNAs in the mutants.", "contents": "Yeast temperature-sensitive mutants specifically impaired in processing of poly(A)-containing RNAs. The selection at 22 degrees C of yeast cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) sensitive mutants which would be temperature-sensitive at 37 degrees C allowed the obtention of mutants specifically impaired in processing of Poly(A)-containing RNAs at 37 degrees C. The mutants displaying this phenotype belong to two different loci. The biochemical study of the physiological function which is blocked by the mutation has revealed that the level of radioactive Poly(A)-containing RNAs found in a 5 min pulse after a 10 min shift at 37 degrees C is 6 times less in the mutants than in the wild type without reduction of the non Poly(A)-containing RNAs fraction. Further studies have shown no alteration in the two Poly(A) polymerases activities and suggest strongly a faster decay of Poly(A)-containing RNAs in the mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:366371", "title": "Pet18: a chromosomal gene required for cell growth and for the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA and the killer plasmid of yeast.", "content": "Mutations in the pet18 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (formerly denoted pets) confer three phenotypes on mutant strains: (i) inability to respire (petite), (ii) inability to maintain the double-stranded RNA killer plasmid (sensitive), and (iii) temperature sensitivity for growth. We find that pet18 mutants lack mitochondrial DNA. However, despite their inability to maintain the killer RNA plasmid and mitochondrial DNA, pet18 mutants still can carry the other yeast plasmids, [URE3--1], [PSI], and 2-micron DNA. The temperature sensitivity of the pet18 mutants is not expressed as a selective defect in total DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis.", "contents": "Pet18: a chromosomal gene required for cell growth and for the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA and the killer plasmid of yeast. Mutations in the pet18 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (formerly denoted pets) confer three phenotypes on mutant strains: (i) inability to respire (petite), (ii) inability to maintain the double-stranded RNA killer plasmid (sensitive), and (iii) temperature sensitivity for growth. We find that pet18 mutants lack mitochondrial DNA. However, despite their inability to maintain the killer RNA plasmid and mitochondrial DNA, pet18 mutants still can carry the other yeast plasmids, [URE3--1], [PSI], and 2-micron DNA. The temperature sensitivity of the pet18 mutants is not expressed as a selective defect in total DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:366373", "title": "A mutation to 5-methyltryptophan dependence in the tryptophan (trp) operon of Salmonella typhimurium. II. Studies of 5-methyltryptophan-dependent mutants and their revertants.", "content": "Mutants of S. typhimurium with a defect in the first structural gene of the trp operon can utilize anthranilic acid (AA) as a growth factor. Among a group of 5-methyltryptophan (MT) resistant derivatives of trpA mutants we encountered several with a novel phenotype: they actually grew better in the presence of MT than in its absence. Normally MT inhibits growth of S. typhimurium at the concentration we employed due to its ability to act as co-repressor of the trp operon and as a feedback inhibitor of anthranilate synthetase (AS) the first enzyme for tryptophan biosynthesis. Mutations to MT-dependence were only found in strains carrying extremely polar trpA mutations. In all cases analyzed, mutations causing MT-dependence mapped at the extreme operator distal end of trpA. The mutation trpA515 responsible for MT-dependence in strain SO61 (genotype trpA49trpA515) was recombined away from the polar mutation. The strain thus obtained, SO495 was totally dependent on MT for growth on AA supplement. Strain SO495 lacks AS and under repressing growth conditions synthesizes the trp enzymes constitutively at 2--3 times the basal level. Under derepression, while the levels of the distal enzymes, as represented by tryptophan synthetase--beta subunit (TSbeta), did not increase there was a marked drop in the activity of anthranilate-PRPP phosphoribosyltransferase, (PRT) the enzyme catalyzing the second step of tryptophan biosynthesis. trpA515 was found to revert to prototrophy at a low frequency (about 10(-8)) which was not increased by chemical mutagens or ultraviolet radiation. In contrast, it was found to revert to MT-independence (growth on AA in the absence of MT) at a fairly high spontaneous frequency (about 10(-6)) and this frequency could be increased approximately tenfold by mutagens causing base substitutions or deletions but not by frameshift mutagens. About one hundred MT-independent revertants of trpA515 were mapped and found to fall into three general classes: (A) mutations at or near the trpA515 site (B) secondary mutations located upstream from trpA515, (C) deletions of various sizes. Based on a detailed genetic and physiological study of twelve representative MT-independent revertants, it appears that trpA515 may be caused by the insertion of a piece of DNA with some of the properties described for the IS elements found in Escherichia coli. The trpA515 insertion should contain (in this order), a transcription terminator, a low efficiency promoter and, probably, a translation start signal.", "contents": "A mutation to 5-methyltryptophan dependence in the tryptophan (trp) operon of Salmonella typhimurium. II. Studies of 5-methyltryptophan-dependent mutants and their revertants. Mutants of S. typhimurium with a defect in the first structural gene of the trp operon can utilize anthranilic acid (AA) as a growth factor. Among a group of 5-methyltryptophan (MT) resistant derivatives of trpA mutants we encountered several with a novel phenotype: they actually grew better in the presence of MT than in its absence. Normally MT inhibits growth of S. typhimurium at the concentration we employed due to its ability to act as co-repressor of the trp operon and as a feedback inhibitor of anthranilate synthetase (AS) the first enzyme for tryptophan biosynthesis. Mutations to MT-dependence were only found in strains carrying extremely polar trpA mutations. In all cases analyzed, mutations causing MT-dependence mapped at the extreme operator distal end of trpA. The mutation trpA515 responsible for MT-dependence in strain SO61 (genotype trpA49trpA515) was recombined away from the polar mutation. The strain thus obtained, SO495 was totally dependent on MT for growth on AA supplement. Strain SO495 lacks AS and under repressing growth conditions synthesizes the trp enzymes constitutively at 2--3 times the basal level. Under derepression, while the levels of the distal enzymes, as represented by tryptophan synthetase--beta subunit (TSbeta), did not increase there was a marked drop in the activity of anthranilate-PRPP phosphoribosyltransferase, (PRT) the enzyme catalyzing the second step of tryptophan biosynthesis. trpA515 was found to revert to prototrophy at a low frequency (about 10(-8)) which was not increased by chemical mutagens or ultraviolet radiation. In contrast, it was found to revert to MT-independence (growth on AA in the absence of MT) at a fairly high spontaneous frequency (about 10(-6)) and this frequency could be increased approximately tenfold by mutagens causing base substitutions or deletions but not by frameshift mutagens. About one hundred MT-independent revertants of trpA515 were mapped and found to fall into three general classes: (A) mutations at or near the trpA515 site (B) secondary mutations located upstream from trpA515, (C) deletions of various sizes. Based on a detailed genetic and physiological study of twelve representative MT-independent revertants, it appears that trpA515 may be caused by the insertion of a piece of DNA with some of the properties described for the IS elements found in Escherichia coli. The trpA515 insertion should contain (in this order), a transcription terminator, a low efficiency promoter and, probably, a translation start signal."}
{"id": "PMID:366367", "title": "Tissue substitutes in experimental radiation physics.", "content": "In this review of tissue substitute materials, the historical development of the important systems is traced from the early 1900's. Tabulations of the constituents, elemental compositions, specific gravities, and the photon and electron interaction characteristics of 64 materials are given together with recommendations of systems having useful simulation properties. Formulation and manufacturing procedures are described and possible future developments in both materials and phantom research are outlined.", "contents": "Tissue substitutes in experimental radiation physics. In this review of tissue substitute materials, the historical development of the important systems is traced from the early 1900's. Tabulations of the constituents, elemental compositions, specific gravities, and the photon and electron interaction characteristics of 64 materials are given together with recommendations of systems having useful simulation properties. Formulation and manufacturing procedures are described and possible future developments in both materials and phantom research are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:366377", "title": "Genetic and biochemical analysis of mutants induced by bacteriophage Mu DNA integration into Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogen fixation genes.", "content": "Polar mutations were obtained by integration of bacteriophage Mu c+ or Mu cts DNA into the Klebsiella pneumoniae nif genes located on plasmid pCE1, a derivative of pRD1. In addition, nif deletions were isolated from nif::Mu cts plasmids. Complementation data allowed the characterization of twelve nif cistrons, nine corresponding to previously identified genes. Polar effect of Mu DNA insertions suggested the existence of at least six transcription units: 1) nif K, nif D and nif H--2)nif A and nif L--3) nif E and a new gene--4) nif B--5) nif F--6) nif J. Nif K, nif D and nif H, which are most probably the structural genes for nitrogenase, seem to belong to the same operon transcribed from nif H to nif K. This was confirmed by SDS gel autoradiography of pulse labelled proteins. Moreover it was possible to identify, on the autoradiograms, a polypeptide which likely is the product of nif J and whose biosynthesis is under the control of nif A.", "contents": "Genetic and biochemical analysis of mutants induced by bacteriophage Mu DNA integration into Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogen fixation genes. Polar mutations were obtained by integration of bacteriophage Mu c+ or Mu cts DNA into the Klebsiella pneumoniae nif genes located on plasmid pCE1, a derivative of pRD1. In addition, nif deletions were isolated from nif::Mu cts plasmids. Complementation data allowed the characterization of twelve nif cistrons, nine corresponding to previously identified genes. Polar effect of Mu DNA insertions suggested the existence of at least six transcription units: 1) nif K, nif D and nif H--2)nif A and nif L--3) nif E and a new gene--4) nif B--5) nif F--6) nif J. Nif K, nif D and nif H, which are most probably the structural genes for nitrogenase, seem to belong to the same operon transcribed from nif H to nif K. This was confirmed by SDS gel autoradiography of pulse labelled proteins. Moreover it was possible to identify, on the autoradiograms, a polypeptide which likely is the product of nif J and whose biosynthesis is under the control of nif A."}
{"id": "PMID:366378", "title": "Distribution of mitochondrially inherited drug-resistance genes to tetrads from young zygotes in yeast.", "content": "Pairs of strains of opposite mating type were isolated from a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. From these isogenic strains, mitochondrially inherited resistant mutants to antimycin A and erythromycin were isolated. By using the two resistance genes as mitochondrial markers, it was proposed that the distribution of the mitochondrial genomes from zygotes to tetrads seemed not to be random but the genomes from either a or alpha parent would be selected with approximately equal frequencies after zygote formation and subsequently distributed uniparentally to meiotic products.", "contents": "Distribution of mitochondrially inherited drug-resistance genes to tetrads from young zygotes in yeast. Pairs of strains of opposite mating type were isolated from a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. From these isogenic strains, mitochondrially inherited resistant mutants to antimycin A and erythromycin were isolated. By using the two resistance genes as mitochondrial markers, it was proposed that the distribution of the mitochondrial genomes from zygotes to tetrads seemed not to be random but the genomes from either a or alpha parent would be selected with approximately equal frequencies after zygote formation and subsequently distributed uniparentally to meiotic products."}
{"id": "PMID:366381", "title": "Restriction map of the antibiotic resistance plasmid R1drd-19 and its derivatives pKN102 (R1drd-19B2) and R1drd-16 for the enzymes BamHI, HindIII, EcoRI and SalI.", "content": "The conjugative R plasmid R1drd-19, mediating antibiotic resistance to ampicillin (Ap), chloramphenicol (Cm), kanamycin (Km), streptomycin (Sm) and sulfonamides (Su) was mapped using the restriction endonucleases BamHI, HindIII, EcoRI and SalI. BamHI generates 5 fragments (A-E) with molecular weights between 46 x 10(6) 0.25 x 10(6) dalton, and HindIII 8(A-H) between 42 x 10(6) dalton (representing mainly the RTF) and 0.25 x 10(6) dalton (representing the main part of the RTF) and 0.1 x 10(6) dalton. EcoRI recognises 17 sites and produces fragments (A-Q) with molecular weights between 11.7 and 0.1 x 10(6) dalton. SalI yields 7 fragments (A-G) of 16.5 to 2.0 x 10(6) dalton. A physical map was constructed from fragments obtained by partial digestion of R1drd-19 with one restriction enzyme, by double and triple digestion of the DNA with two or three enzymes with and without isolation of individual bands from preparative gels. In addition the restriction patterns of several mutants of R1drd-19 were compared with it. Evidence is presented which indicates that the derivatives of R1 investigated are generated by extended deletions, namely the copy mutant pKN102 which has lost the Km resistance, R1drd-16, which has lost all resistances other than Km and the Kms derivative of R1drd-16, which represents the pure RTF. The map of R1drd-19 is remarkably different from those of R100 and R6-5. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 62.5 Md. The circular fragment order for BamHI is: A-C-B-D-E, for HindIII: A-D-C-B-F-H-E-G, for EcoRI: A-C-K-B-F-J-O-D-H-L-G-P-Q-N-I-E-M- and for SalI A-B-C-D-G-F-E.", "contents": "Restriction map of the antibiotic resistance plasmid R1drd-19 and its derivatives pKN102 (R1drd-19B2) and R1drd-16 for the enzymes BamHI, HindIII, EcoRI and SalI. The conjugative R plasmid R1drd-19, mediating antibiotic resistance to ampicillin (Ap), chloramphenicol (Cm), kanamycin (Km), streptomycin (Sm) and sulfonamides (Su) was mapped using the restriction endonucleases BamHI, HindIII, EcoRI and SalI. BamHI generates 5 fragments (A-E) with molecular weights between 46 x 10(6) 0.25 x 10(6) dalton, and HindIII 8(A-H) between 42 x 10(6) dalton (representing mainly the RTF) and 0.25 x 10(6) dalton (representing the main part of the RTF) and 0.1 x 10(6) dalton. EcoRI recognises 17 sites and produces fragments (A-Q) with molecular weights between 11.7 and 0.1 x 10(6) dalton. SalI yields 7 fragments (A-G) of 16.5 to 2.0 x 10(6) dalton. A physical map was constructed from fragments obtained by partial digestion of R1drd-19 with one restriction enzyme, by double and triple digestion of the DNA with two or three enzymes with and without isolation of individual bands from preparative gels. In addition the restriction patterns of several mutants of R1drd-19 were compared with it. Evidence is presented which indicates that the derivatives of R1 investigated are generated by extended deletions, namely the copy mutant pKN102 which has lost the Km resistance, R1drd-16, which has lost all resistances other than Km and the Kms derivative of R1drd-16, which represents the pure RTF. The map of R1drd-19 is remarkably different from those of R100 and R6-5. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 62.5 Md. The circular fragment order for BamHI is: A-C-B-D-E, for HindIII: A-D-C-B-F-H-E-G, for EcoRI: A-C-K-B-F-J-O-D-H-L-G-P-Q-N-I-E-M- and for SalI A-B-C-D-G-F-E."}
{"id": "PMID:366382", "title": "Lambda transducing phages for the nalA gene of Escherichia coli and conditional lethal nalA mutations.", "content": "Defective lambda transducing phages for the nalA region of the Escherichia coli chromosome were isolated from a lysogen in which lambda is inserted in the nearby glpT gene. The three classes of transducing phages designated lambdanrdA, lambdaubiG, and lambdadnalA contained bacterial DNA extending from glpT through nrdA, ubiG, and nalA, respectively. The bacterial genes are in the left arm of the lambda chromosome. Of the eleven polypeptides coded by lambdadnalA that were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate only one was not also specified by lambdadubiG. This 105,000 dalton polypeptide is the nalA gene product. The electorphoretic mobility and isoelectric point of this protein were unaffected by a nalA mutation (nalA48) that confers nalidixic acid resistance. Temperature-sensitive and amber mutations in the nalA gene were isolated using a lambdadnalA48 lysogen which is heterodiploid for nalA. The conditional lethality of these mutations proves that nalA is an essential locus.", "contents": "Lambda transducing phages for the nalA gene of Escherichia coli and conditional lethal nalA mutations. Defective lambda transducing phages for the nalA region of the Escherichia coli chromosome were isolated from a lysogen in which lambda is inserted in the nearby glpT gene. The three classes of transducing phages designated lambdanrdA, lambdaubiG, and lambdadnalA contained bacterial DNA extending from glpT through nrdA, ubiG, and nalA, respectively. The bacterial genes are in the left arm of the lambda chromosome. Of the eleven polypeptides coded by lambdadnalA that were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate only one was not also specified by lambdadubiG. This 105,000 dalton polypeptide is the nalA gene product. The electorphoretic mobility and isoelectric point of this protein were unaffected by a nalA mutation (nalA48) that confers nalidixic acid resistance. Temperature-sensitive and amber mutations in the nalA gene were isolated using a lambdadnalA48 lysogen which is heterodiploid for nalA. The conditional lethality of these mutations proves that nalA is an essential locus."}
{"id": "PMID:366383", "title": "Endonuclease alpha from Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows increased activity on ultraviolet irradiated native DNA.", "content": "Endonuclease alpha isolated from the nucleus of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a DNA endonuclease which has been shown to act preferentially on denatured T7 DNA. The purified enzyme is more active with UV-irradiated native T7 DNA than with unirradiated substrate. The relation between damage, measured by pyrimidine dimer concentration, and excess endonuclease activity is most readily explained by local denaturation caused by presence of pyrimidine dimers. When three radiation sensitive mutants of yeast were tested for the level of endonuclease alpha present, none were found lacking the enzyme. However, nuclei of strain rad 1-1, a mutant that may be defective in heteroduplex repair as well as excision repair, were found to contain reduced levels of the endonuclease. The enzyme isolated from this strain had less than one half the specific activity of similar preparations from wild type yeast.", "contents": "Endonuclease alpha from Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows increased activity on ultraviolet irradiated native DNA. Endonuclease alpha isolated from the nucleus of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a DNA endonuclease which has been shown to act preferentially on denatured T7 DNA. The purified enzyme is more active with UV-irradiated native T7 DNA than with unirradiated substrate. The relation between damage, measured by pyrimidine dimer concentration, and excess endonuclease activity is most readily explained by local denaturation caused by presence of pyrimidine dimers. When three radiation sensitive mutants of yeast were tested for the level of endonuclease alpha present, none were found lacking the enzyme. However, nuclei of strain rad 1-1, a mutant that may be defective in heteroduplex repair as well as excision repair, were found to contain reduced levels of the endonuclease. The enzyme isolated from this strain had less than one half the specific activity of similar preparations from wild type yeast."}
{"id": "PMID:366384", "title": "Detection of aberrant nuclear DNA metabolism in a conditional mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A single recessive nuclear gene mutation has been isolated from strain 123.1C of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which appears to be conditionally deficient in nuclear DNA metabolism. Growth of the mutant strain at the elevated temperature of 36 degree C results in rapid loss of cell viability. However, no apparent reduction in the rate of radioisotope incorporation into DNA was detected during this period. When haploid cells carrying this temperature sensitive lesion were exposed to the restrictive temperature for varying lengths of time, returned to the permissive temperature, mated with a non-temperature sensitive strain and then the resulting diploids made to undergo meiosis, a greatly reduced number of viable spores were produced. Genetic analysis of the viable spores produced by these diploids has revealed aberrant auxotrophic marker segregation patterns. Thus, these results suggest that the mutated gene hardbored in this strain plays a vital role in the metabolism of the nuclear genome.", "contents": "Detection of aberrant nuclear DNA metabolism in a conditional mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A single recessive nuclear gene mutation has been isolated from strain 123.1C of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which appears to be conditionally deficient in nuclear DNA metabolism. Growth of the mutant strain at the elevated temperature of 36 degree C results in rapid loss of cell viability. However, no apparent reduction in the rate of radioisotope incorporation into DNA was detected during this period. When haploid cells carrying this temperature sensitive lesion were exposed to the restrictive temperature for varying lengths of time, returned to the permissive temperature, mated with a non-temperature sensitive strain and then the resulting diploids made to undergo meiosis, a greatly reduced number of viable spores were produced. Genetic analysis of the viable spores produced by these diploids has revealed aberrant auxotrophic marker segregation patterns. Thus, these results suggest that the mutated gene hardbored in this strain plays a vital role in the metabolism of the nuclear genome."}
{"id": "PMID:366385", "title": "Uv-inducible repair II: its role in various defective mutants of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Involvement of UV-inducible protein(s) in repair of various E. coli K-12 cell strains has been investigated using a procedure of double UV irradiation and postincubation with chloramphenicol. From the course of dose survival curves the following conclusions concerning significance of a UV-inducible protein have been drawn: 1. It is a very important for wild type cells; in these cells its early occurrence is necessary to prevent killing. 2. It is involved in repair of excision-deficient cells; however, its action early after UV is less urgent. 3. It is not involved at all in repair of lex mutant cells; 4. It exhibits some effect on survival of recA as well as recB mutant cells. We conclude that the protein is involved in excision repair as well as in resumption of DNA replication.", "contents": "Uv-inducible repair II: its role in various defective mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. Involvement of UV-inducible protein(s) in repair of various E. coli K-12 cell strains has been investigated using a procedure of double UV irradiation and postincubation with chloramphenicol. From the course of dose survival curves the following conclusions concerning significance of a UV-inducible protein have been drawn: 1. It is a very important for wild type cells; in these cells its early occurrence is necessary to prevent killing. 2. It is involved in repair of excision-deficient cells; however, its action early after UV is less urgent. 3. It is not involved at all in repair of lex mutant cells; 4. It exhibits some effect on survival of recA as well as recB mutant cells. We conclude that the protein is involved in excision repair as well as in resumption of DNA replication."}
{"id": "PMID:366386", "title": "A site of action for tRNA mediated regulation of the ilvOEDA operon of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Transfer RNA (tRNA), rho factor threonine deaminase and the ilvO locus are molecular participants in the regulation of isoleucine-valine (ilv) biosynthesis. Isogenic strains have been constructed with the hisT76 mutation in pairwise combination with ilvO mutations, the rho221 mutation and the ilvDAC115 deletion mutation. The role of the altered tRNA of the hisT76 mutation was found to be independent of the sites of action of the ilvO- mutation, rho factor, and threonine deaminase. The expression of the ilvOEDA operon is stimulated 2-fold when the hisT76 mutation is present in strains containing either ilvO- or rho221 mutations. The expression of the ilvOEDA operon remains nonrepressed in a hisT76 strain deleted for threonine deaminase. These results indicate that the hisT76 undermodified tRNAs are influencing the initiation of transcription of the ilvOEDA operon.", "contents": "A site of action for tRNA mediated regulation of the ilvOEDA operon of Escherichia coli K12. Transfer RNA (tRNA), rho factor threonine deaminase and the ilvO locus are molecular participants in the regulation of isoleucine-valine (ilv) biosynthesis. Isogenic strains have been constructed with the hisT76 mutation in pairwise combination with ilvO mutations, the rho221 mutation and the ilvDAC115 deletion mutation. The role of the altered tRNA of the hisT76 mutation was found to be independent of the sites of action of the ilvO- mutation, rho factor, and threonine deaminase. The expression of the ilvOEDA operon is stimulated 2-fold when the hisT76 mutation is present in strains containing either ilvO- or rho221 mutations. The expression of the ilvOEDA operon remains nonrepressed in a hisT76 strain deleted for threonine deaminase. These results indicate that the hisT76 undermodified tRNAs are influencing the initiation of transcription of the ilvOEDA operon."}
{"id": "PMID:366388", "title": "[Non-leukemic disease of the central nervous system in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. I. Somnolence syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Prophylactic irradiation of the skull and intrathecal application of methotrexate has proven to be highly effective in preventing central nervous system disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia or non-Hodgkin-lymphoma. Prophylactic treatment may be complicated by a somnolence syndrome occuring 4--8 weaks after the end of irradiation. The main features of this clinical entity are somnolence, lethargy, dullness, anorexia, headache, and vomiting. EEG frequently displays a distinct slowing of activity. All symptoms are reversible after 3--49 days. The syndrome clearly is consequence of skull irradiation. Its metabolic basis probably is transient disturbance of myelinization.", "contents": "[Non-leukemic disease of the central nervous system in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. I. Somnolence syndrome (author's transl)]. Prophylactic irradiation of the skull and intrathecal application of methotrexate has proven to be highly effective in preventing central nervous system disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia or non-Hodgkin-lymphoma. Prophylactic treatment may be complicated by a somnolence syndrome occuring 4--8 weaks after the end of irradiation. The main features of this clinical entity are somnolence, lethargy, dullness, anorexia, headache, and vomiting. EEG frequently displays a distinct slowing of activity. All symptoms are reversible after 3--49 days. The syndrome clearly is consequence of skull irradiation. Its metabolic basis probably is transient disturbance of myelinization."}
{"id": "PMID:366387", "title": "The taxonomy of binding sites in proteins.", "content": "Conservation of polypeptide fold and mode of ligand binding is frequently found within proteins of related function. Examples illustrating this phenomenon are taken from NAD linked enzymes, nucleotide binding proteins, polysaccharide binding proteins, heme binding proteins and enzymes with essential Fe--S complexes or zinc atoms.", "contents": "The taxonomy of binding sites in proteins. Conservation of polypeptide fold and mode of ligand binding is frequently found within proteins of related function. Examples illustrating this phenomenon are taken from NAD linked enzymes, nucleotide binding proteins, polysaccharide binding proteins, heme binding proteins and enzymes with essential Fe--S complexes or zinc atoms."}
{"id": "PMID:366390", "title": "[Non-leukemic disease of the central nervous system in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. III. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) occurring during treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may be of leukemic or nonleukemic origin. Well known examples for CNS disease of nonleukemic origin are somnolence following prophylactic CNS irradiation, methotrexate-induced encephalopathy and acute infections caused by bacteria, viruses and toxoplasma gondii. Less known is the fact that also subacute CNS infections may occur in patients undergoing cytostatic therapy. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) are examples of this category of disease. Up to now 11 well documented cases of SSPE were reported occurring during treatment of ALL. Main clinical features were disorders of behaviour, consciousness and speach, seizures, paresis and inappropriate secretion of ADH. Several authors were able to demonstrate a deficiency of cellular immunity in patients with SSPE. In some cases this deficiency was consistent with reduced reactivity of T-lymphocytes against measles antigen only. The presence of inhibiting factors may be responsible for this phenomenon. Other authors found a normal or increased function of cellular immunity in SSPE; In hamsters occurrence of SSPE is induced by the simultaneous injection of hamster-adapted SSPE virus and antihamster lymphocyte serum. We, therefore, conclude that also in humans SSPE appearing during treatment of ALL is due to immunosuppression.", "contents": "[Non-leukemic disease of the central nervous system in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. III. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (author's transl)]. Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) occurring during treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may be of leukemic or nonleukemic origin. Well known examples for CNS disease of nonleukemic origin are somnolence following prophylactic CNS irradiation, methotrexate-induced encephalopathy and acute infections caused by bacteria, viruses and toxoplasma gondii. Less known is the fact that also subacute CNS infections may occur in patients undergoing cytostatic therapy. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) are examples of this category of disease. Up to now 11 well documented cases of SSPE were reported occurring during treatment of ALL. Main clinical features were disorders of behaviour, consciousness and speach, seizures, paresis and inappropriate secretion of ADH. Several authors were able to demonstrate a deficiency of cellular immunity in patients with SSPE. In some cases this deficiency was consistent with reduced reactivity of T-lymphocytes against measles antigen only. The presence of inhibiting factors may be responsible for this phenomenon. Other authors found a normal or increased function of cellular immunity in SSPE; In hamsters occurrence of SSPE is induced by the simultaneous injection of hamster-adapted SSPE virus and antihamster lymphocyte serum. We, therefore, conclude that also in humans SSPE appearing during treatment of ALL is due to immunosuppression."}
{"id": "PMID:366393", "title": "[The injured nose of the newborn. A review (author's transl)].", "content": "In the newborn the following traumatic alterations of the nose can be seen: lesions of the soft tissues, flat noses (30--60%), damage by tubes, fixed nasal deformities (0.5%), treatable anterior septal dislocations (2--23%), and combined septal deformities (up to 50%). The literature of the last 100 years is reviewed as to the high frequency of these alterations, their etiology, diagnosis, and treatment, which is necessary within the first days of life. Therefore routine examination of each newborn by an oto-rhino-laryngologist is recommended.", "contents": "[The injured nose of the newborn. A review (author's transl)]. In the newborn the following traumatic alterations of the nose can be seen: lesions of the soft tissues, flat noses (30--60%), damage by tubes, fixed nasal deformities (0.5%), treatable anterior septal dislocations (2--23%), and combined septal deformities (up to 50%). The literature of the last 100 years is reviewed as to the high frequency of these alterations, their etiology, diagnosis, and treatment, which is necessary within the first days of life. Therefore routine examination of each newborn by an oto-rhino-laryngologist is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:366395", "title": "The role of inducible gene rer of Escherichia coli K-12 in DNA repair and mutagenesis.", "content": "Further characterization of a UV- and gamma-ray-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 mutated in gene rer revealed that, as a result of this mutation: (1) neither bacterial capacity to excise thymine dimers from its DNA nor capacity to reactivate UV-irradiated phage lambda (Hcr+) was affected; (2) sensitivity to EMS and MC was increased; (3) WR of phage lambda was poor, whereas pre-irradiation growth of the mutant in MM only marginally restored WR; (4) the yield of UV-induced mutations was normal on MM, whereas on RM a decline below the spontaneous level was observed; and (5) induction of prophage by UV was not affected. The medium effect on UV sensitivity was largely post-irradiation. The rer recA double mutant was as UV sensitive as recA alone, and the media-dependent UV sensitivity exhibited by the rer strain disappeared in the double mutant. We provide further evidence to strengthen the earlier suggestion that rer might be involved in the control of replication of damaged DNA rather than participating directly in repair. It is further proposed that the rer+ gene is inducible and has a role in post-replication repair.", "contents": "The role of inducible gene rer of Escherichia coli K-12 in DNA repair and mutagenesis. Further characterization of a UV- and gamma-ray-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 mutated in gene rer revealed that, as a result of this mutation: (1) neither bacterial capacity to excise thymine dimers from its DNA nor capacity to reactivate UV-irradiated phage lambda (Hcr+) was affected; (2) sensitivity to EMS and MC was increased; (3) WR of phage lambda was poor, whereas pre-irradiation growth of the mutant in MM only marginally restored WR; (4) the yield of UV-induced mutations was normal on MM, whereas on RM a decline below the spontaneous level was observed; and (5) induction of prophage by UV was not affected. The medium effect on UV sensitivity was largely post-irradiation. The rer recA double mutant was as UV sensitive as recA alone, and the media-dependent UV sensitivity exhibited by the rer strain disappeared in the double mutant. We provide further evidence to strengthen the earlier suggestion that rer might be involved in the control of replication of damaged DNA rather than participating directly in repair. It is further proposed that the rer+ gene is inducible and has a role in post-replication repair."}
{"id": "PMID:366396", "title": "Bromouracil mutagenesis and mismatch repair in mutator strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A screening procedure based on the formation of papillae on individual bacterial colonies was used to isolate mutants of Escherichia coli with high mutation rates in the presence of bromouracil. Most of the mutants obtained had high spontaneous mutation rates and mapped close to the previously known mutators mutT, mutS, mutR, uvrE and mutL. Except for mutants of mutT type, these mutators also showed high mutability by bromouracil. Transfection experiments were performed with heteroduplex lambda DNA to test for mismatch repair. The results suggest a reduced efficiency of repair of mismatched bases in mutators mutS, mutR, uvrE and mutL, whereas mutants mapping as mutT appear normal. The results support a connection between spontaneous and bromouracil-induced mutability and repair of mismatched bases in DNA.", "contents": "Bromouracil mutagenesis and mismatch repair in mutator strains of Escherichia coli. A screening procedure based on the formation of papillae on individual bacterial colonies was used to isolate mutants of Escherichia coli with high mutation rates in the presence of bromouracil. Most of the mutants obtained had high spontaneous mutation rates and mapped close to the previously known mutators mutT, mutS, mutR, uvrE and mutL. Except for mutants of mutT type, these mutators also showed high mutability by bromouracil. Transfection experiments were performed with heteroduplex lambda DNA to test for mismatch repair. The results suggest a reduced efficiency of repair of mismatched bases in mutators mutS, mutR, uvrE and mutL, whereas mutants mapping as mutT appear normal. The results support a connection between spontaneous and bromouracil-induced mutability and repair of mismatched bases in DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:366397", "title": "Mutagenic interaction between near-(365 nm) and far-(254 nm)ultraviolet radiation in repair-proficient and excision-deficient strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The mutational interaction between radiation at 365 and 254 nm was studied in various strains of E. coli by a mutant assay based on reversion to amino-acid independence in full nutrient conditions. In the two repair-proficient strains (K12 AB 1157 and B/r), pre-treatment with radiation at 365 nm strongly suppressed the induction of mutations by far-UV, a phenomenon accompanied by a strong lethal interaction. The frequency of mutations induced by far-UV progressively declined with increasing dose of near-UV. Far-UV-induced mutagenesis to T5 resistance was almost unaltered by pre-treatment with near-UV. In AB 1886 uvrA there was no lethal interaction between the two wavelengths but the mutagenic interaction was synergistic. This synergism was maximal at a 365-nm dose of 8 X 10(5) J m-2. It is proposed that in the wild-type strain, cells containing potentially mutagenic lesions are selectively eliminated from the population because of abortive excision of an error-prone repair-inducing signal. In excisionless strains, 365-nm radiation may be less damaging to the error-prone than to the error-free post-replication repair system. Alternatively, mutation may be enhanced because of the occurrence of error-prone repair of 365-nm lesions by a system that is not induced in the absence of 254-nm radiation.", "contents": "Mutagenic interaction between near-(365 nm) and far-(254 nm)ultraviolet radiation in repair-proficient and excision-deficient strains of Escherichia coli. The mutational interaction between radiation at 365 and 254 nm was studied in various strains of E. coli by a mutant assay based on reversion to amino-acid independence in full nutrient conditions. In the two repair-proficient strains (K12 AB 1157 and B/r), pre-treatment with radiation at 365 nm strongly suppressed the induction of mutations by far-UV, a phenomenon accompanied by a strong lethal interaction. The frequency of mutations induced by far-UV progressively declined with increasing dose of near-UV. Far-UV-induced mutagenesis to T5 resistance was almost unaltered by pre-treatment with near-UV. In AB 1886 uvrA there was no lethal interaction between the two wavelengths but the mutagenic interaction was synergistic. This synergism was maximal at a 365-nm dose of 8 X 10(5) J m-2. It is proposed that in the wild-type strain, cells containing potentially mutagenic lesions are selectively eliminated from the population because of abortive excision of an error-prone repair-inducing signal. In excisionless strains, 365-nm radiation may be less damaging to the error-prone than to the error-free post-replication repair system. Alternatively, mutation may be enhanced because of the occurrence of error-prone repair of 365-nm lesions by a system that is not induced in the absence of 254-nm radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:366398", "title": "Influence of the recF143 mutation of Escherichia coli K12 on prophage lambda induction.", "content": "Prophage lambda induction in a recF143 mutant of E. coli K12 was studied. The recF143 (lambda) lysogen was inducible by UV irradiation or treatment with mitomycin C. However, the time required for the onset of derepression brought about by these treatments was longer in the recF143 mutant than in rec+ strains, suggesting that the induction pathway was altered in the recF143 mutant. The recF143 (lambda) lysogen was induced at very low doses of UV irradiation or mitomycin C treatment. Moreover, the presence of the recF143 mutation increased the sensitivity to thermal induction of a tif strain.", "contents": "Influence of the recF143 mutation of Escherichia coli K12 on prophage lambda induction. Prophage lambda induction in a recF143 mutant of E. coli K12 was studied. The recF143 (lambda) lysogen was inducible by UV irradiation or treatment with mitomycin C. However, the time required for the onset of derepression brought about by these treatments was longer in the recF143 mutant than in rec+ strains, suggesting that the induction pathway was altered in the recF143 mutant. The recF143 (lambda) lysogen was induced at very low doses of UV irradiation or mitomycin C treatment. Moreover, the presence of the recF143 mutation increased the sensitivity to thermal induction of a tif strain."}
{"id": "PMID:366399", "title": "Effects of chemical and physical mutagens on the frequency of a large genetic duplication in Salmonella typhimurium. I. Induction of duplications.", "content": "In Salmonella typhimurium a simple selection has been described to detect bacteria that are merodiploid for almost one-third of the chromosome. The selective procedure is based upon improved utilization of L-malate as the sole carbon source in merodiploid strains. The spontaneous frequency of the duplication in haploid strains is approximately 10(-4) per cell plated. Following the exposure of a haploid strain to mutagenic agents, there is a dose-dependent increase in the duplication frequency above the spontaneous level. In this paper we describe the induction of genetic duplications in Salmonella typhimurium by X-rays, ultraviolet light (UV), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), nitrous acid, and the azaacridine half mustard, ICR-372.", "contents": "Effects of chemical and physical mutagens on the frequency of a large genetic duplication in Salmonella typhimurium. I. Induction of duplications. In Salmonella typhimurium a simple selection has been described to detect bacteria that are merodiploid for almost one-third of the chromosome. The selective procedure is based upon improved utilization of L-malate as the sole carbon source in merodiploid strains. The spontaneous frequency of the duplication in haploid strains is approximately 10(-4) per cell plated. Following the exposure of a haploid strain to mutagenic agents, there is a dose-dependent increase in the duplication frequency above the spontaneous level. In this paper we describe the induction of genetic duplications in Salmonella typhimurium by X-rays, ultraviolet light (UV), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), nitrous acid, and the azaacridine half mustard, ICR-372."}
{"id": "PMID:366400", "title": "Effects of chemical and physical mutagens on the frequency of a large genetic duplication in Salmonella typhimurium. II. Stimulation of duplication-loss from merodiploids.", "content": "Strains of Salmonella typhimurium which contain a duplication of approximately 30% of the genome may be obtained by a simple selective procedure. These strains are highly unstable, losing the duplication when grown on non-selective medium. In this paper we report that treatment of merodiploid bacteria with mutagenic agents stimulates the rate at which haploid segregants are obtained from merodiploid strains. The mutagens which have been tested for this effect are X-rays, ultraviolet light (UV), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and the azaacridine half-mustard ICR-372.", "contents": "Effects of chemical and physical mutagens on the frequency of a large genetic duplication in Salmonella typhimurium. II. Stimulation of duplication-loss from merodiploids. Strains of Salmonella typhimurium which contain a duplication of approximately 30% of the genome may be obtained by a simple selective procedure. These strains are highly unstable, losing the duplication when grown on non-selective medium. In this paper we report that treatment of merodiploid bacteria with mutagenic agents stimulates the rate at which haploid segregants are obtained from merodiploid strains. The mutagens which have been tested for this effect are X-rays, ultraviolet light (UV), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and the azaacridine half-mustard ICR-372."}
{"id": "PMID:366408", "title": "Disappearance of Ph1-positive cells in four patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia after chemotherapy, irradiation and marrow transplantation from an identical twin.", "content": "Four patients (21, 41, 13 and 38 years of age) with a history of chronic granulocytic leukemia for 12, 10, 11, and 106 months, respectively, were treated with dimethyl busulfan, cyclophosphamide, 920 rads of total-body irradiation and intravenous marrow infusion from normal, genetically identical twins. Serial chromosome analyses were performed on marrow aspirates cultured without mitotic stimulants. No Ph1-positive cells were detected in the marrows from the normal twins, whereas just before therapy, all 100 metaphases examined from each patient were Ph1-positive. Chromosome analyses were performed three to five times per patient after transplantation, and not a single Ph1-positive cell was detected. The patients remain hematologically normal 22, 23, 26 and 31 months after transplantation. The results show that the Ph1-positive clone can be eradicated by vigorous therapy and that the marrow in chronic granulocytic leukemia can be repopulated by stem cells from normal twins.", "contents": "Disappearance of Ph1-positive cells in four patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia after chemotherapy, irradiation and marrow transplantation from an identical twin. Four patients (21, 41, 13 and 38 years of age) with a history of chronic granulocytic leukemia for 12, 10, 11, and 106 months, respectively, were treated with dimethyl busulfan, cyclophosphamide, 920 rads of total-body irradiation and intravenous marrow infusion from normal, genetically identical twins. Serial chromosome analyses were performed on marrow aspirates cultured without mitotic stimulants. No Ph1-positive cells were detected in the marrows from the normal twins, whereas just before therapy, all 100 metaphases examined from each patient were Ph1-positive. Chromosome analyses were performed three to five times per patient after transplantation, and not a single Ph1-positive cell was detected. The patients remain hematologically normal 22, 23, 26 and 31 months after transplantation. The results show that the Ph1-positive clone can be eradicated by vigorous therapy and that the marrow in chronic granulocytic leukemia can be repopulated by stem cells from normal twins."}
{"id": "PMID:366418", "title": "Occurrence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after therapy for Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "We studied the clinical and pathological features of six cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (diffuse undifferentiated in four cases and diffuse histiocytic in two cases) occuring in patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. All six patients had received both radiation and chemotherapy. Abdominal or gastrointestinal involvement was present in five of the six cases. None of the patients had evidence of Hodgkin's disease when the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was made. Five of the six patients were among a study group of 579 patients with Hodgkin's disease, prospectively followed since diagnosis. At 10 years the actuarial risk of development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in this study group is 4.4 per cent (1.2 to 15.0) (per cent probability with 95 per cent confidence limits) and is similar to that of developing acute leukemia: 2.0 per cent (0.3 to 12.9). Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a second tumor that may occur late in the course of patients treated for Hodgkin's disease--particularly in patients who have received both radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Like acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma may be another cancer that represents a substantial late risk of combined-modality therapy.", "contents": "Occurrence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after therapy for Hodgkin's disease. We studied the clinical and pathological features of six cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (diffuse undifferentiated in four cases and diffuse histiocytic in two cases) occuring in patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. All six patients had received both radiation and chemotherapy. Abdominal or gastrointestinal involvement was present in five of the six cases. None of the patients had evidence of Hodgkin's disease when the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was made. Five of the six patients were among a study group of 579 patients with Hodgkin's disease, prospectively followed since diagnosis. At 10 years the actuarial risk of development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in this study group is 4.4 per cent (1.2 to 15.0) (per cent probability with 95 per cent confidence limits) and is similar to that of developing acute leukemia: 2.0 per cent (0.3 to 12.9). Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a second tumor that may occur late in the course of patients treated for Hodgkin's disease--particularly in patients who have received both radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Like acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma may be another cancer that represents a substantial late risk of combined-modality therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:366422", "title": "Pigmentation and autofluorescence of Cryptococcus species after growth on tryptophan and anthranilic acid media.", "content": "Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans produced a pink pigment from media containing tryptophan. Approximately 30% of the C. neoformans strains produced large amounts of the pink (purple after 6 days) pigment in the absence of light whereas 70% of the Cryptococcus neoformans strains, as well as C. laurentii, C. albidus, C. diffluens, and C. albicans also produced the pink pigment with light being required for significant early production (2--6 days). Significant production did occur for Cryptococcus but not Candida species in the dark after extended incubation (10--25 days). C. terreus produced brown pigments from tryptophan and C. luteolus produced a trace of a buff pigment. Most Candida species produced either pink or brown pigments but not both. In contrast, many Cryptococcus species producing the pink pigment simultaneously produced brown pigments. C. terreus, C. albidus, and C. diffluens produced brown pigments from anthranilic acid whereas C. neoformans, C. laurentii, C. luteolus, and the medically important Candida species did not produce significant amounts of pigments from anthranilic acid. Cryptococcus and Candida species were autofluorescent when tryptophan was a major nitrogen source whereas yeast cell autofluorescence was not observed when anthranilic acid.", "contents": "Pigmentation and autofluorescence of Cryptococcus species after growth on tryptophan and anthranilic acid media. Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans produced a pink pigment from media containing tryptophan. Approximately 30% of the C. neoformans strains produced large amounts of the pink (purple after 6 days) pigment in the absence of light whereas 70% of the Cryptococcus neoformans strains, as well as C. laurentii, C. albidus, C. diffluens, and C. albicans also produced the pink pigment with light being required for significant early production (2--6 days). Significant production did occur for Cryptococcus but not Candida species in the dark after extended incubation (10--25 days). C. terreus produced brown pigments from tryptophan and C. luteolus produced a trace of a buff pigment. Most Candida species produced either pink or brown pigments but not both. In contrast, many Cryptococcus species producing the pink pigment simultaneously produced brown pigments. C. terreus, C. albidus, and C. diffluens produced brown pigments from anthranilic acid whereas C. neoformans, C. laurentii, C. luteolus, and the medically important Candida species did not produce significant amounts of pigments from anthranilic acid. Cryptococcus and Candida species were autofluorescent when tryptophan was a major nitrogen source whereas yeast cell autofluorescence was not observed when anthranilic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:366424", "title": "Antibody formation in experimental immunizations with Candida albicans ribosomal fractions.", "content": "Sera of mice immunized with ribosomal fractions of Candida albicans showed the presence of anti-C. albicans antibodies, detected by the gel-immunodiffusion, agglutination and immune adherence tests.", "contents": "Antibody formation in experimental immunizations with Candida albicans ribosomal fractions. Sera of mice immunized with ribosomal fractions of Candida albicans showed the presence of anti-C. albicans antibodies, detected by the gel-immunodiffusion, agglutination and immune adherence tests."}
{"id": "PMID:366425", "title": "Experimental mycosis in immunosuppressed rabbits. I. Acute and chronic candidosis.", "content": "Chronic candidosis was established in rabbits by the injection I.V. of 2 X 10(6) cells of C. albicans. The rabbits were assayed every week for 14 weeks for the appearance of candida antigen and anticandida antibodies in serum and other body fluids. Tests were carried out in double diffusion plates; antigen against hyperimmune rabbit sera and antibody against Candida cell sap antigen preparation. A sensitive specific passive hemagglutination procedure was also developed which used chromate treated cells. In rabbits with chronic candidosis not treated with cyclophosphamide antigen was detected in 4x concentrated serum between the fifth and sixth week. At about the same time antibodies were demonstrable and thereafter antigen was no longer detected. Maximum antibody titer occurred between the eight to 10th week and disappeared thereafter. If cyclophosphamide 30 mg/kg was given at this point, anticandida antibodies reappeared in high titers, persisted from three to four weeks and then disappeared. At autopsy no evidence of candidosis was present. If rabbits were pretreated with cyclophosphamide 60 mg/kg for one week before inoculation and given the drug weekly thereafter no antibody was detectable but antigen and antibody were present in body fluids (not serum) at post mortem.", "contents": "Experimental mycosis in immunosuppressed rabbits. I. Acute and chronic candidosis. Chronic candidosis was established in rabbits by the injection I.V. of 2 X 10(6) cells of C. albicans. The rabbits were assayed every week for 14 weeks for the appearance of candida antigen and anticandida antibodies in serum and other body fluids. Tests were carried out in double diffusion plates; antigen against hyperimmune rabbit sera and antibody against Candida cell sap antigen preparation. A sensitive specific passive hemagglutination procedure was also developed which used chromate treated cells. In rabbits with chronic candidosis not treated with cyclophosphamide antigen was detected in 4x concentrated serum between the fifth and sixth week. At about the same time antibodies were demonstrable and thereafter antigen was no longer detected. Maximum antibody titer occurred between the eight to 10th week and disappeared thereafter. If cyclophosphamide 30 mg/kg was given at this point, anticandida antibodies reappeared in high titers, persisted from three to four weeks and then disappeared. At autopsy no evidence of candidosis was present. If rabbits were pretreated with cyclophosphamide 60 mg/kg for one week before inoculation and given the drug weekly thereafter no antibody was detectable but antigen and antibody were present in body fluids (not serum) at post mortem."}
{"id": "PMID:366426", "title": "Experimental mycosis in immunosuppressed rabbits. II. Acute and chronic aspergillosis.", "content": "The influence of immunosuppression on the course of experimental aspergillosis was investigated. Rabbits (2.2--2.5 kg) were divided into four groups. Group one received no drugs and was given 10(6) spores intravenously (IV) or intratracheally (IT) on two occasions one week apart. Weight gain or loss, appearance or disappearance of aspergillus antigen and/or antibody, and detection of aspergillosis at autopsy were followed. Group 2 received weekly injections of cyclophosphamide (70 mg/kg) starting two weeks prior and throughout the experiment. Animals in group three received either 1.14 or 2.25 mg/kg/day methyl prednisolone and group four received 2.28 mg/kg/day methyl prednisolone and 70 mg/kg/week cyclophosphamide. In group one, serum antigen levels were detected within a week of infection followed by antibody (I.D.) levels for three months. All animals grew normally and no infection was detected at autopsy. In group 2, animals survived one but not two challenges and had Ag but no Ab. In group 3, animals survived two challenges at the lower drug level but not the higher. All animals in group 4 succumbed to one challenge.", "contents": "Experimental mycosis in immunosuppressed rabbits. II. Acute and chronic aspergillosis. The influence of immunosuppression on the course of experimental aspergillosis was investigated. Rabbits (2.2--2.5 kg) were divided into four groups. Group one received no drugs and was given 10(6) spores intravenously (IV) or intratracheally (IT) on two occasions one week apart. Weight gain or loss, appearance or disappearance of aspergillus antigen and/or antibody, and detection of aspergillosis at autopsy were followed. Group 2 received weekly injections of cyclophosphamide (70 mg/kg) starting two weeks prior and throughout the experiment. Animals in group three received either 1.14 or 2.25 mg/kg/day methyl prednisolone and group four received 2.28 mg/kg/day methyl prednisolone and 70 mg/kg/week cyclophosphamide. In group one, serum antigen levels were detected within a week of infection followed by antibody (I.D.) levels for three months. All animals grew normally and no infection was detected at autopsy. In group 2, animals survived one but not two challenges and had Ag but no Ab. In group 3, animals survived two challenges at the lower drug level but not the higher. All animals in group 4 succumbed to one challenge."}
{"id": "PMID:366427", "title": "A simple liquid medium for chlamydospore formation in Candida albicans.", "content": "A new, relatively simple and inexpensive liquid medium was devised to produce all structural forms of C. albicans. Optimum conditions to induce the yeast cells, germ tubes, pseudohyphae and chlamydospores along with the methods to obtain them are described.", "contents": "A simple liquid medium for chlamydospore formation in Candida albicans. A new, relatively simple and inexpensive liquid medium was devised to produce all structural forms of C. albicans. Optimum conditions to induce the yeast cells, germ tubes, pseudohyphae and chlamydospores along with the methods to obtain them are described."}
{"id": "PMID:366428", "title": "The status of histoplasmosis in Brazil.", "content": "Thirty four cases of the progressive form of histoplasmosis, five epidemics of the mycosis, many histoplasmin skin test surveys and few clinical or histological evidences of the benign form of the disease were reported in Brazil. The occurrence of the infection in animals and the isolation of H. capsulatum from soil have also been reported.", "contents": "The status of histoplasmosis in Brazil. Thirty four cases of the progressive form of histoplasmosis, five epidemics of the mycosis, many histoplasmin skin test surveys and few clinical or histological evidences of the benign form of the disease were reported in Brazil. The occurrence of the infection in animals and the isolation of H. capsulatum from soil have also been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:366429", "title": "[Presence of sexual forms (cleistothecia and H\u00fclle cells) in a case of human maxillary sinus aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus nidulans in association with Aspergillus fumigatus].", "content": "The authors observed, in a biopsic sample from a human maxillary sinus, the coexistence, in parasitic stages, of two different Aspergillus species: A. fumigatus and A. nidulans. After having described the morphologies of each species, in sections on slides, and particularly those of cleistothecia and H\u00fclle-cells for the second, they draw attention to the three interests of such an observation: -- rarety of observing Aspergillus nidulans in a parasitic stage, in spite of its particular thermotolerant character. -- association of two different Aspergillus species in a same sample, in parasitic stages, observed in man for the first time, at least according their informations. -- presence of reproductive sexual forms, observed in vivo for the first time, in an Aspergillus species.", "contents": "[Presence of sexual forms (cleistothecia and H\u00fclle cells) in a case of human maxillary sinus aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus nidulans in association with Aspergillus fumigatus]. The authors observed, in a biopsic sample from a human maxillary sinus, the coexistence, in parasitic stages, of two different Aspergillus species: A. fumigatus and A. nidulans. After having described the morphologies of each species, in sections on slides, and particularly those of cleistothecia and H\u00fclle-cells for the second, they draw attention to the three interests of such an observation: -- rarety of observing Aspergillus nidulans in a parasitic stage, in spite of its particular thermotolerant character. -- association of two different Aspergillus species in a same sample, in parasitic stages, observed in man for the first time, at least according their informations. -- presence of reproductive sexual forms, observed in vivo for the first time, in an Aspergillus species."}
{"id": "PMID:366432", "title": "The regulatory region of the trp operon of Serratia marcescens.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of the regulatory region of the trp operon of Serratia marcescens is presented. It contains a transcription termination control site in the transcribed leader region preceding the first structural gene of the operon as well as a regulated promoter/operator transcription initiation region. The structural organisation of the leader region differs substantially from that of Escherichia coli.", "contents": "The regulatory region of the trp operon of Serratia marcescens. The nucleotide sequence of the regulatory region of the trp operon of Serratia marcescens is presented. It contains a transcription termination control site in the transcribed leader region preceding the first structural gene of the operon as well as a regulated promoter/operator transcription initiation region. The structural organisation of the leader region differs substantially from that of Escherichia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:366433", "title": "The regulatory region of the biotin operon in Escherichia coli.", "content": "It is proposed that the biotin anabolic operon in Escherichia coli is transcribed divergently from two partially overlapping face-to-face promoters. A mutation that increases transcription in vivo creates an additional promoter in vitro. The putative operator contains an imperfect palindromic sequence that partially overlaps the promoters. The regulatory and genetic implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The regulatory region of the biotin operon in Escherichia coli. It is proposed that the biotin anabolic operon in Escherichia coli is transcribed divergently from two partially overlapping face-to-face promoters. A mutation that increases transcription in vivo creates an additional promoter in vitro. The putative operator contains an imperfect palindromic sequence that partially overlaps the promoters. The regulatory and genetic implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:366445", "title": "Estradiol potentiation of hypothalamic uptake of LH-RH from the CSF.", "content": "Ovariectomized (Ovx) rats were treated (s.c.) with estradiol benzoate (E2B) for 7 days, and then 10, 25 or 100 ng LH-RH were microinjected into the 3rd ventricle. Intraventricular LH-RH elevated plasma LH at 10 and 30 min in a dose-response manner. In experiment 2, Ovx rats were treated with E2B or oil for 7 days and then intraventricularly injected with 25 ng LH-RH. Two days later, 100 ng LH-RH were systemically administered. E2B treatment resulted in a greater release of LH in response to the intraventricular administration of LH-RH but not to the systemic injection. A direct measure of median eminence (ME) uptake of LH-RH was used in experiment 3. Ovx-E2B or oil-treated rats were decapitated 10 min after intraventricular injection of 125I-LH-RH, 125I or 3H-glycine. The ME region of the hypothalamus, cortex, anterior pituitary (AP) and plasma were solubilized and their radioactivity determined. E2B increased the radioactivity in the ME following injection of 125I-LH-RH but not in other tissues. Tissue uptake of 125I and 3H-glycine were similar in E2B or oil-treated rats. These data indicate E2B facilitates the incorporation of LH-RH into the ME from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).", "contents": "Estradiol potentiation of hypothalamic uptake of LH-RH from the CSF. Ovariectomized (Ovx) rats were treated (s.c.) with estradiol benzoate (E2B) for 7 days, and then 10, 25 or 100 ng LH-RH were microinjected into the 3rd ventricle. Intraventricular LH-RH elevated plasma LH at 10 and 30 min in a dose-response manner. In experiment 2, Ovx rats were treated with E2B or oil for 7 days and then intraventricularly injected with 25 ng LH-RH. Two days later, 100 ng LH-RH were systemically administered. E2B treatment resulted in a greater release of LH in response to the intraventricular administration of LH-RH but not to the systemic injection. A direct measure of median eminence (ME) uptake of LH-RH was used in experiment 3. Ovx-E2B or oil-treated rats were decapitated 10 min after intraventricular injection of 125I-LH-RH, 125I or 3H-glycine. The ME region of the hypothalamus, cortex, anterior pituitary (AP) and plasma were solubilized and their radioactivity determined. E2B increased the radioactivity in the ME following injection of 125I-LH-RH but not in other tissues. Tissue uptake of 125I and 3H-glycine were similar in E2B or oil-treated rats. These data indicate E2B facilitates the incorporation of LH-RH into the ME from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)."}
{"id": "PMID:366446", "title": "Anterior approach for removal of a cervical intradural tumor: case report and technical note.", "content": "A case of an intradural extramedullary meningioma of the cervical spine excised through an anterior approach is reported. This permitted a complete excision without manipulation of the cord followed by a rapid and complete recovery. The technique of excision and bone grafting is described.", "contents": "Anterior approach for removal of a cervical intradural tumor: case report and technical note. A case of an intradural extramedullary meningioma of the cervical spine excised through an anterior approach is reported. This permitted a complete excision without manipulation of the cord followed by a rapid and complete recovery. The technique of excision and bone grafting is described."}
{"id": "PMID:366447", "title": "Surgical management of unilateral and bilateral coronal craniosynostosis: 21 years of experience.", "content": "From 1955 to 1975, 116 patients with unilateral and bilateral coronal synostosis, including 39 with craniofacial dysmorphism, were treated surgically. Five techniques were used: multiple linear craniectomies, linear craniectomies with supraorbital grafting, morcellation craniotomies, lateral canthal advancement of the supraorbital margin, and radical cranio-orbitofacial reconstruction. Analysis of clinical and radiological indices of the synostotic process, coupled with evaluation of the surgical results, indicates that the anterior skull base is the site of origin of the bony dysplasia. Therefore, early creation of artificial sutures in the skull base is recommended to provide adequate expansion of the frontal bones and consequently of the entire facial skeleton.", "contents": "Surgical management of unilateral and bilateral coronal craniosynostosis: 21 years of experience. From 1955 to 1975, 116 patients with unilateral and bilateral coronal synostosis, including 39 with craniofacial dysmorphism, were treated surgically. Five techniques were used: multiple linear craniectomies, linear craniectomies with supraorbital grafting, morcellation craniotomies, lateral canthal advancement of the supraorbital margin, and radical cranio-orbitofacial reconstruction. Analysis of clinical and radiological indices of the synostotic process, coupled with evaluation of the surgical results, indicates that the anterior skull base is the site of origin of the bony dysplasia. Therefore, early creation of artificial sutures in the skull base is recommended to provide adequate expansion of the frontal bones and consequently of the entire facial skeleton."}
{"id": "PMID:366448", "title": "Os odontoideum in children: neurological manifestations and surgical management.", "content": "The os odontoideum is a congenital anomaly of the 2nd cervical vertebra. It is an ossicle that is separated from the body of the axis by a variable transverse gap. This weakens atlantoaxial stability. When ligamentous support also fails, subluxation ensues. Compressive myelopathy and vertebral artery obliteration may occur. Eight cases, all in children, were studied prospectively. The neurological manifestations and surgical indications and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Os odontoideum in children: neurological manifestations and surgical management. The os odontoideum is a congenital anomaly of the 2nd cervical vertebra. It is an ossicle that is separated from the body of the axis by a variable transverse gap. This weakens atlantoaxial stability. When ligamentous support also fails, subluxation ensues. Compressive myelopathy and vertebral artery obliteration may occur. Eight cases, all in children, were studied prospectively. The neurological manifestations and surgical indications and treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:366453", "title": "Hereditary paroxysmal ataxia: response to acetazolamide.", "content": "From early childhood, eight patients in a kindred had paroxysmal bouts of ataxia, dysarthria, and nystagmus. The disorder was inherited as an autosomal dominant. Attacks occurred weekly and lasted 1 to 6 hours; there were slight cerebellar signs between attacks. Although the etiology was not determined, a serendipitous trial of acetazolamide completely abolished attacks, and all patients have remained free of attacks for as long as 5 years.", "contents": "Hereditary paroxysmal ataxia: response to acetazolamide. From early childhood, eight patients in a kindred had paroxysmal bouts of ataxia, dysarthria, and nystagmus. The disorder was inherited as an autosomal dominant. Attacks occurred weekly and lasted 1 to 6 hours; there were slight cerebellar signs between attacks. Although the etiology was not determined, a serendipitous trial of acetazolamide completely abolished attacks, and all patients have remained free of attacks for as long as 5 years."}
{"id": "PMID:366454", "title": "Therapeutic trial of tilorone in ALS: lack of benefit in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.", "content": "Sixteen patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study using tilorone hydrochloride, a drug active against a variety of DNA and RNA viruses in animals. On the basis of neurologic examination, pulmonary function studies, quantitative muscle examination, speech recording, and periodic filming of functional muscle strength, it was concluded that at a dose of 1 gm per week, tilorone did not alter the course of ALS.", "contents": "Therapeutic trial of tilorone in ALS: lack of benefit in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Sixteen patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study using tilorone hydrochloride, a drug active against a variety of DNA and RNA viruses in animals. On the basis of neurologic examination, pulmonary function studies, quantitative muscle examination, speech recording, and periodic filming of functional muscle strength, it was concluded that at a dose of 1 gm per week, tilorone did not alter the course of ALS."}
{"id": "PMID:366456", "title": "The emergence of the concept of screening for disease.", "content": "Public health officials, industrial leaders, and insurance companies early in this century optimistically advocated the potential for improved health and productivity through regular physical examinations. Doctors and the public, fed both by the exigencies of war and the experience of new technology, later joined the pursuit of protection from hazard--physical, social, and economic. But these very technologies--newer and more \"mechanistic\"--changed interest in the annual checkup into a fervor for \"mass screening.\" By the 1970's the quarrel shifted from affective questions to matters of effectiveness and efficiency. Has progress been real?", "contents": "The emergence of the concept of screening for disease. Public health officials, industrial leaders, and insurance companies early in this century optimistically advocated the potential for improved health and productivity through regular physical examinations. Doctors and the public, fed both by the exigencies of war and the experience of new technology, later joined the pursuit of protection from hazard--physical, social, and economic. But these very technologies--newer and more \"mechanistic\"--changed interest in the annual checkup into a fervor for \"mass screening.\" By the 1970's the quarrel shifted from affective questions to matters of effectiveness and efficiency. Has progress been real?"}
{"id": "PMID:366457", "title": "Understanding the persistence of human resource problems in health.", "content": "Four current and central problems in health manpower--total numbers, geographic distribution, field of practice, and productivity--are analyzed in the light of the recommendations of the Committee on the Costs of Medical Care. The persistence of these problems since 1932 is due to limited mobility within health occupations, and other differential controls of human resources. Efforts to correct manpower imbalances through educational solutions ignore the role of educational institutions in perpetuating social inequality. Traditional patterns are challenged in an exploration of new sources of change.", "contents": "Understanding the persistence of human resource problems in health. Four current and central problems in health manpower--total numbers, geographic distribution, field of practice, and productivity--are analyzed in the light of the recommendations of the Committee on the Costs of Medical Care. The persistence of these problems since 1932 is due to limited mobility within health occupations, and other differential controls of human resources. Efforts to correct manpower imbalances through educational solutions ignore the role of educational institutions in perpetuating social inequality. Traditional patterns are challenged in an exploration of new sources of change."}
{"id": "PMID:366458", "title": "Intern and resident organizations in the United States: 1934--1977.", "content": "Hospital house staff movements for collective bargaining have persisted for more than 35 years. The problems addressed seen equally persistent--inadequate pay, excessive hours, poor working conditions, and low standards of training and patient care. Interns and residents continue to face the organizational handicaps of transient membership, poor funding, and apathy, yet negotiated contracts indicate limited legal successes. Improved patient care conditions are less evident than improved house staff conditions.", "contents": "Intern and resident organizations in the United States: 1934--1977. Hospital house staff movements for collective bargaining have persisted for more than 35 years. The problems addressed seen equally persistent--inadequate pay, excessive hours, poor working conditions, and low standards of training and patient care. Interns and residents continue to face the organizational handicaps of transient membership, poor funding, and apathy, yet negotiated contracts indicate limited legal successes. Improved patient care conditions are less evident than improved house staff conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:366462", "title": "[Anti-islet cell antibodies in insulin-dependent diabetics. Preliminary study].", "content": "Anti-islet cell cytoplasm antibodies (ICA) were noted in the serum of insulin-dependent diabetics, but not in subjects with insulin-independent forms. These antibodies seem to represent an immunological marker for two forms of the disease, one in which ICA appears shortly after onset and later disappears, and another (\"autoimmune\") form in which ICA is detectable for long periods and persists along with other signs of alteration of the immune system.", "contents": "[Anti-islet cell antibodies in insulin-dependent diabetics. Preliminary study]. Anti-islet cell cytoplasm antibodies (ICA) were noted in the serum of insulin-dependent diabetics, but not in subjects with insulin-independent forms. These antibodies seem to represent an immunological marker for two forms of the disease, one in which ICA appears shortly after onset and later disappears, and another (\"autoimmune\") form in which ICA is detectable for long periods and persists along with other signs of alteration of the immune system."}
{"id": "PMID:366467", "title": "Transcription of rat liver chromatin by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase: template properties after protein restriction.", "content": "Transcription was determined in liver chromatin from rats fed for 6 days, an optimal (20%) or suboptimal (3%) amount of high-quality protein. Transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) was lower after prolonged incubation with chromatin from rats fed 3% as compared with 20% protein. Differences were detected in the transcripts of the two types of chromatin after analysis by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. But no measurable differences were found in the melting profiles at low ionic strength of the two chromatin preparations. Transcription per milligram chromatin DNA was 25-fold higher using E. coli RNA polymerase instead of rat liver RNA polymerase II. The use of UTP as radioactive precursor in the absence of ATP, GTP and CTP resulted in a low labelling of RNA. One [lambda32P]UTP nucleotide was incorporated/8 UMP nucleotides. The product obtained was sensitive to ribonuclease treatment. In the presence of ATP, GTP and CTP [lambda-32P]UTP nucleotide incorporation was reduced and that of UMP nucleotide was increased giving a ratio of 1:188.", "contents": "Transcription of rat liver chromatin by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase: template properties after protein restriction. Transcription was determined in liver chromatin from rats fed for 6 days, an optimal (20%) or suboptimal (3%) amount of high-quality protein. Transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) was lower after prolonged incubation with chromatin from rats fed 3% as compared with 20% protein. Differences were detected in the transcripts of the two types of chromatin after analysis by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. But no measurable differences were found in the melting profiles at low ionic strength of the two chromatin preparations. Transcription per milligram chromatin DNA was 25-fold higher using E. coli RNA polymerase instead of rat liver RNA polymerase II. The use of UTP as radioactive precursor in the absence of ATP, GTP and CTP resulted in a low labelling of RNA. One [lambda32P]UTP nucleotide was incorporated/8 UMP nucleotides. The product obtained was sensitive to ribonuclease treatment. In the presence of ATP, GTP and CTP [lambda-32P]UTP nucleotide incorporation was reduced and that of UMP nucleotide was increased giving a ratio of 1:188."}
{"id": "PMID:366474", "title": "Urinary tract infection in general practice.", "content": "In three studies, 616 patients (610 female and six male) presented with symptoms suggesting urinary tract infection (UTI). Of these, 321 had greater than 100 X 10(6) bacteria per litre in a midstream urine sample. None of the presenting symptoms could be considered to be a reliable indicator of bacteriuria. Ninety percent of infected urines and 44 percent of uninfected urines had a raised white cell concentration. Escherichia coli was the most common infecting organism (71.3 percent). Next were Gram positive cocci at 15.6 percent, Proteus mirabilis (7.5 percent), and Klebsiella-Enterobacter species (0.7 percent). At follow-up over 30 days 25.6 percent of patients initially infected again had infected urine. The organisms isolated from initial MSUs were sensitive to most antibacterial agents by disc-sensitivity testing. The expected urine levels of drugs used in the study greatly exceeded the measured minimum inhibitory concentration.", "contents": "Urinary tract infection in general practice. In three studies, 616 patients (610 female and six male) presented with symptoms suggesting urinary tract infection (UTI). Of these, 321 had greater than 100 X 10(6) bacteria per litre in a midstream urine sample. None of the presenting symptoms could be considered to be a reliable indicator of bacteriuria. Ninety percent of infected urines and 44 percent of uninfected urines had a raised white cell concentration. Escherichia coli was the most common infecting organism (71.3 percent). Next were Gram positive cocci at 15.6 percent, Proteus mirabilis (7.5 percent), and Klebsiella-Enterobacter species (0.7 percent). At follow-up over 30 days 25.6 percent of patients initially infected again had infected urine. The organisms isolated from initial MSUs were sensitive to most antibacterial agents by disc-sensitivity testing. The expected urine levels of drugs used in the study greatly exceeded the measured minimum inhibitory concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:366475", "title": "A comparison between the macrophage migration inhibition test (MMI) and the leucocyte adherence inhibition test (LAI) in patients with melanoma and carcinoma of the colon.", "content": "Patients with progressing tumours have circulating leucocytes which are sensitised to tumour specific antigens and their serum contains blocking factors. Patients who have tumours which have been successfully destroyed do not have circulating blocking factors although their lymphocytes continue to remain sensitised to the tumour antigens. Two tests, known to detect cellular sensitisation and serum blocking activity, the leucocyte adherence inhibition test (LAI) and the macrophage migration inhibition test (MMI) have been compared in a small group of patients with malignant melanoma and carcinoma of the colon. There was agreement between the results of both tests in over three-quarters of the tests performed and in those which failed to agree neither test was favoured in relation to the known tumour state of the patient. Thirty-two tests were performed in 22 patients, there was one false positive with MMI testing, seven false negative results for the LAI test and six for the MMI test.", "contents": "A comparison between the macrophage migration inhibition test (MMI) and the leucocyte adherence inhibition test (LAI) in patients with melanoma and carcinoma of the colon. Patients with progressing tumours have circulating leucocytes which are sensitised to tumour specific antigens and their serum contains blocking factors. Patients who have tumours which have been successfully destroyed do not have circulating blocking factors although their lymphocytes continue to remain sensitised to the tumour antigens. Two tests, known to detect cellular sensitisation and serum blocking activity, the leucocyte adherence inhibition test (LAI) and the macrophage migration inhibition test (MMI) have been compared in a small group of patients with malignant melanoma and carcinoma of the colon. There was agreement between the results of both tests in over three-quarters of the tests performed and in those which failed to agree neither test was favoured in relation to the known tumour state of the patient. Thirty-two tests were performed in 22 patients, there was one false positive with MMI testing, seven false negative results for the LAI test and six for the MMI test."}
{"id": "PMID:366482", "title": "The jejunoileal bypass and pregnancy.", "content": "The combined experience regarding pregnancy in the jejunoileal bypass patient is too limited to draw any firm conclusions. Nevertheless, the observations made in this report suggest that: (1) Safe elapse of time from shunt procedure to pregnancy has not been established and the risk of pregnancy during the period of rapid postoperative weight loss remains speculative. Limited experience suggests that there is only a relative risk during this period of metabolic derangement. (2) Pregnancy does not appear to influence the expected clinical or metabolic changes commonly observed postoperatively in the bypass patient. Dietary supplementation should be based on the weight trend, serial laboratory chemistries, and the presence or absence of ketones in the urine. (3) Neonatal outcome appears to be good in pregnancies of patients with intestinal shunt operations. It has been suggested that small for dates babies are frequent in this group of patients. This point lacks conclusive documentation. (4) Birth control pills for contraception are not advised in intestinal bypass patients because of the uncertain intestinal absorption of the medication and the subsequent risk of an unwanted pregnancy.", "contents": "The jejunoileal bypass and pregnancy. The combined experience regarding pregnancy in the jejunoileal bypass patient is too limited to draw any firm conclusions. Nevertheless, the observations made in this report suggest that: (1) Safe elapse of time from shunt procedure to pregnancy has not been established and the risk of pregnancy during the period of rapid postoperative weight loss remains speculative. Limited experience suggests that there is only a relative risk during this period of metabolic derangement. (2) Pregnancy does not appear to influence the expected clinical or metabolic changes commonly observed postoperatively in the bypass patient. Dietary supplementation should be based on the weight trend, serial laboratory chemistries, and the presence or absence of ketones in the urine. (3) Neonatal outcome appears to be good in pregnancies of patients with intestinal shunt operations. It has been suggested that small for dates babies are frequent in this group of patients. This point lacks conclusive documentation. (4) Birth control pills for contraception are not advised in intestinal bypass patients because of the uncertain intestinal absorption of the medication and the subsequent risk of an unwanted pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:366483", "title": "Pituitary response to LHRH in midtrimester pregnancy.", "content": "The effects of lutenizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) on serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and growth hormone (GH) were studied in 10 women in the second trimester of pregnancy. Serum LH was measured using the LHbeta-RIA, with the anti-betaLH serum being preabsorbed with purified hCG. This assay was unaffected by hCG levels up to 500 IU/ml. Basal serum levels of LH was undetectable and basal FSH levels were low in these 10 women. No release of LH or FSH was observed after administration of 100 microgram of LHRH. However, there was a statistically significant rise in PRL from mean basal levels of 139.9 ng/ml to a mean peak level of 159.0 ng/ml at 30 minutes after LHRH administration. Both TSH and GH displayed small elevations at 15 minutes after LHRH administration; however, these elevations were not significant because of the wide range in responses. The results of this study indicate that gonadotropin release is inhibited during the second trimester of pregnancy. Finally, it appears that pregnancy is a condition in which LHRH administration results in a nonspecific release of several hormones.", "contents": "Pituitary response to LHRH in midtrimester pregnancy. The effects of lutenizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) on serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and growth hormone (GH) were studied in 10 women in the second trimester of pregnancy. Serum LH was measured using the LHbeta-RIA, with the anti-betaLH serum being preabsorbed with purified hCG. This assay was unaffected by hCG levels up to 500 IU/ml. Basal serum levels of LH was undetectable and basal FSH levels were low in these 10 women. No release of LH or FSH was observed after administration of 100 microgram of LHRH. However, there was a statistically significant rise in PRL from mean basal levels of 139.9 ng/ml to a mean peak level of 159.0 ng/ml at 30 minutes after LHRH administration. Both TSH and GH displayed small elevations at 15 minutes after LHRH administration; however, these elevations were not significant because of the wide range in responses. The results of this study indicate that gonadotropin release is inhibited during the second trimester of pregnancy. Finally, it appears that pregnancy is a condition in which LHRH administration results in a nonspecific release of several hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:366484", "title": "Vaginal flora in women undergoing hysterectomy with antibiotic prophylaxis.", "content": "One objection occasionally raised against the use of routine antibiotic prophylaxis for pelvic surgery is the concern that the flora of treated patients will be altered, thus favoring the emergence of different, potentially more resistant organisms. This report summarizes experience with 100 women undergoing elective hysterectomy who were subjected to short-term cefazolin, penicillin, or placebo prophylaxis. The changes in preoperative versus postoperative flora were similar among antibiotic-treated and placebo-treated groups. In general, postoperative isolation of gram-negative aerobes and Bacteroides sp increased, and isolation of gram-positive aerobes (except group D streptococci) decreased in antibiotic-treated and placebo-treated groups. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Vaginal flora in women undergoing hysterectomy with antibiotic prophylaxis. One objection occasionally raised against the use of routine antibiotic prophylaxis for pelvic surgery is the concern that the flora of treated patients will be altered, thus favoring the emergence of different, potentially more resistant organisms. This report summarizes experience with 100 women undergoing elective hysterectomy who were subjected to short-term cefazolin, penicillin, or placebo prophylaxis. The changes in preoperative versus postoperative flora were similar among antibiotic-treated and placebo-treated groups. In general, postoperative isolation of gram-negative aerobes and Bacteroides sp increased, and isolation of gram-positive aerobes (except group D streptococci) decreased in antibiotic-treated and placebo-treated groups. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:366488", "title": "[Clinical and therapeutic study (phase II) using VP-16/213 and methyl-CCNU in patients with inoperable, recurring or metastasizing carcinomas of the gastriointestinal tract].", "content": "We carried out a phase-II-study in patients with tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, in order to test the effectiveness of the combination of VP-16/213 and ME-CCNU. We studied 15 patients (3 carcinomas of the stomach, 12 colon carcinomas) in a mostly advanced state of illness (disseminated, n = 13). One patient with gastric cancer attained a partial remission with a duration of remission of 9.1 months and a survival time of 14.1 months; the other two patients with cancer of the stomach were non-responders. 1 of 12 patients with colon carcinoma showed a partial remission (PR) (= 8.3%, or 12.5% in untreated patients n = 8), 7 patients showed no change (NC = 58.3%) and 4 patients had progressive disease (PD). The median duration of remission was 4.9 months, the median survival time 7.9 months. With reference to the success of therapy the median survival time was 10.5 months for patients with partial remission and no remission compared with 4.7 months for patients with progression. Toxicity consisted of nausea and vomiting (n = 11), loss of appetite (n = 10), granulocytopenia (n = 9), thrombocytopenia (n = 8) and hairloss (n = 8). The results achieved are comparable to those of monotherapy with the nitrosoureas.", "contents": "[Clinical and therapeutic study (phase II) using VP-16/213 and methyl-CCNU in patients with inoperable, recurring or metastasizing carcinomas of the gastriointestinal tract]. We carried out a phase-II-study in patients with tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, in order to test the effectiveness of the combination of VP-16/213 and ME-CCNU. We studied 15 patients (3 carcinomas of the stomach, 12 colon carcinomas) in a mostly advanced state of illness (disseminated, n = 13). One patient with gastric cancer attained a partial remission with a duration of remission of 9.1 months and a survival time of 14.1 months; the other two patients with cancer of the stomach were non-responders. 1 of 12 patients with colon carcinoma showed a partial remission (PR) (= 8.3%, or 12.5% in untreated patients n = 8), 7 patients showed no change (NC = 58.3%) and 4 patients had progressive disease (PD). The median duration of remission was 4.9 months, the median survival time 7.9 months. With reference to the success of therapy the median survival time was 10.5 months for patients with partial remission and no remission compared with 4.7 months for patients with progression. Toxicity consisted of nausea and vomiting (n = 11), loss of appetite (n = 10), granulocytopenia (n = 9), thrombocytopenia (n = 8) and hairloss (n = 8). The results achieved are comparable to those of monotherapy with the nitrosoureas."}
{"id": "PMID:366489", "title": "[Tamoxifen therapy in previously treated female patients].", "content": "We did a pilot study in 35 pretreated cases with disseminated metastatic breast cancer. These patients got a therapy of about 20 mg/day. We evaluated objective remissions, but also subjective responses. In good correlation to similar trials we found benefits in 35%.", "contents": "[Tamoxifen therapy in previously treated female patients]. We did a pilot study in 35 pretreated cases with disseminated metastatic breast cancer. These patients got a therapy of about 20 mg/day. We evaluated objective remissions, but also subjective responses. In good correlation to similar trials we found benefits in 35%."}
{"id": "PMID:366490", "title": "[Extraneural metastasis of an oligodendroglioma in ventriculo-peritoneal shunt].", "content": "The clinical and pathological report presents a seven-week old girl suffering from signs of raised ICP. A ventriculo-atrial shunt was inserted and replaced by a ventriculo-abdominal shunt due to occlusion at 15 months of age. At 16 months, craniotomy and resection of an oligodendroglioma was performed and the shunt was preserved. The child died at 18 months due to extensive local recurrence. Autopsy revealed massive peritoneal metastases of the tumor. This is the eleventh published case of canalicular metastases of glioma.", "contents": "[Extraneural metastasis of an oligodendroglioma in ventriculo-peritoneal shunt]. The clinical and pathological report presents a seven-week old girl suffering from signs of raised ICP. A ventriculo-atrial shunt was inserted and replaced by a ventriculo-abdominal shunt due to occlusion at 15 months of age. At 16 months, craniotomy and resection of an oligodendroglioma was performed and the shunt was preserved. The child died at 18 months due to extensive local recurrence. Autopsy revealed massive peritoneal metastases of the tumor. This is the eleventh published case of canalicular metastases of glioma."}
{"id": "PMID:366491", "title": "[The psychological behavior of patients in danger of infection under conditions of isolation].", "content": "36 patients with agranulocytosis among them 29 cancer patients were treated in a Life Island (LI) during totally 990 days and were studied for their psychological reactions. Another group of 9 patients among them 6 leukemia patients were treated in reverse isolation (RI) during 578 days. The psychological reactions of these patients were equally studied and were compared with those of the first group. Main reactions to the isolation in the LI were signs of deprivation, specially movement deprivation, as well as aggressive and regressive behaviour. The patients in RI showed on the other hand sensations of loneliness and boredom. To enter and to leave the LI was more important for the patients than the beginning and the end of RI. The isolation was never terminated for psychological reasons. The following factors are important for coping with the isolation; human bindings to doctors, nurses and relations, activities, music, religion as well as adequate information and an attitude of the patient himself which allows him to support the fact of the illness.", "contents": "[The psychological behavior of patients in danger of infection under conditions of isolation]. 36 patients with agranulocytosis among them 29 cancer patients were treated in a Life Island (LI) during totally 990 days and were studied for their psychological reactions. Another group of 9 patients among them 6 leukemia patients were treated in reverse isolation (RI) during 578 days. The psychological reactions of these patients were equally studied and were compared with those of the first group. Main reactions to the isolation in the LI were signs of deprivation, specially movement deprivation, as well as aggressive and regressive behaviour. The patients in RI showed on the other hand sensations of loneliness and boredom. To enter and to leave the LI was more important for the patients than the beginning and the end of RI. The isolation was never terminated for psychological reasons. The following factors are important for coping with the isolation; human bindings to doctors, nurses and relations, activities, music, religion as well as adequate information and an attitude of the patient himself which allows him to support the fact of the illness."}
{"id": "PMID:366492", "title": "[Surgical treatment of malignant testicular neoplasms].", "content": "In a survey the different ways of surgical treatment of malign testicular tumors in men and boys are described in relation to their staging. As diagnostics and staging of these tumors depend on several diagnostic methods special regard is given to the significance of these methods and the frequency of misinterpretations.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of malignant testicular neoplasms]. In a survey the different ways of surgical treatment of malign testicular tumors in men and boys are described in relation to their staging. As diagnostics and staging of these tumors depend on several diagnostic methods special regard is given to the significance of these methods and the frequency of misinterpretations."}
{"id": "PMID:366493", "title": "[Prevention of recurrence of bronchial carcinomas after surgery by means of the mistletoe extract Iscador. Results of a clinical study from 1969-1971].", "content": "The results of a clinical study performed between 1969 and 1971 are reported. For prophylactic treatment against possible recurrence the mistletoe preparation Iscador was used in cases with operated cancer of the bronchial tree. The comparability of this group with a control series is tested. The Wilcoxon test in the modification of GEHAN proves a statistically significant prolongation of survival time in the Iscador group.", "contents": "[Prevention of recurrence of bronchial carcinomas after surgery by means of the mistletoe extract Iscador. Results of a clinical study from 1969-1971]. The results of a clinical study performed between 1969 and 1971 are reported. For prophylactic treatment against possible recurrence the mistletoe preparation Iscador was used in cases with operated cancer of the bronchial tree. The comparability of this group with a control series is tested. The Wilcoxon test in the modification of GEHAN proves a statistically significant prolongation of survival time in the Iscador group."}
{"id": "PMID:366494", "title": "Modified suturing contact lens for penetrating keratoplasty.", "content": "The authors have previously described a suturing contact lens that protects the corneal endothelium by aiding in the maintenance of the anterior chamber during penetrating keratoplasty. This report describes structural modifications of the suturing contact lens, which improve its stability and effectiveness. An additional configuration for use in corneal lacerations is presented.", "contents": "Modified suturing contact lens for penetrating keratoplasty. The authors have previously described a suturing contact lens that protects the corneal endothelium by aiding in the maintenance of the anterior chamber during penetrating keratoplasty. This report describes structural modifications of the suturing contact lens, which improve its stability and effectiveness. An additional configuration for use in corneal lacerations is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:366495", "title": "Refractory oral candidiasis. Report of a case.", "content": "A 55-year-old male patient with no significant medical history or systemic physical findings was found, on routine dental examination, to have an oral Candida albicans infection. The condition failed to clear completely after 21 days of nystatin therapy. A 5-day course of clotrimazole was then initiated. Complete clearing of all signs of candida infection occurred in 48 hours, but the infection recurred by the twentieth day of follow-up. A 14-day regimen was then prescribed. Again, the condition cleared in 48 hours, and at the 6-month follow-up all signs of candida involvement, including cultures and smears, remained negative. As no reports of the use of clotrimazole vaginal tablets in oral candidiasis clinically refractory to nystatin therapy were found in the literature of the last 11 years, it was thought that this case was of significant interest.", "contents": "Refractory oral candidiasis. Report of a case. A 55-year-old male patient with no significant medical history or systemic physical findings was found, on routine dental examination, to have an oral Candida albicans infection. The condition failed to clear completely after 21 days of nystatin therapy. A 5-day course of clotrimazole was then initiated. Complete clearing of all signs of candida infection occurred in 48 hours, but the infection recurred by the twentieth day of follow-up. A 14-day regimen was then prescribed. Again, the condition cleared in 48 hours, and at the 6-month follow-up all signs of candida involvement, including cultures and smears, remained negative. As no reports of the use of clotrimazole vaginal tablets in oral candidiasis clinically refractory to nystatin therapy were found in the literature of the last 11 years, it was thought that this case was of significant interest."}
{"id": "PMID:366496", "title": "Median rhomboid glossitis: not a misnomer. Review of the literature and histologic study of twenty-eight cases.", "content": "A series of twenty-eight cases of median rhomboid glossitis were studied histologically. Of these twenty-eight cases, 85 percent showed fungal hyphae in the parakeratin layer. The literature is reviewed, and additional evidence is presented to support the theory the median rhomboid glossitis is not a developmental condition but the clinical expression of a localized chronic fungal infection.", "contents": "Median rhomboid glossitis: not a misnomer. Review of the literature and histologic study of twenty-eight cases. A series of twenty-eight cases of median rhomboid glossitis were studied histologically. Of these twenty-eight cases, 85 percent showed fungal hyphae in the parakeratin layer. The literature is reviewed, and additional evidence is presented to support the theory the median rhomboid glossitis is not a developmental condition but the clinical expression of a localized chronic fungal infection."}
{"id": "PMID:366523", "title": "[Mermithids as biological control agents of blackflies].", "content": "About 80 species of mermithids parasitic in blackflies have been recorded from the Ethiopian and Holarctic regions. Species of three genera, Mesomermis, Gastromermis and Isomermis, are most common parasites of blackflies. Critical periods during the ontogenesis of all mermithids are associated with the penetration of infective larvae into the host and protective reactions of the later. Intraspecific hybridization of the parasites is recommended in order to increase the effectiveness of mermithids as agents of biological control of blackflies.", "contents": "[Mermithids as biological control agents of blackflies]. About 80 species of mermithids parasitic in blackflies have been recorded from the Ethiopian and Holarctic regions. Species of three genera, Mesomermis, Gastromermis and Isomermis, are most common parasites of blackflies. Critical periods during the ontogenesis of all mermithids are associated with the penetration of infective larvae into the host and protective reactions of the later. Intraspecific hybridization of the parasites is recommended in order to increase the effectiveness of mermithids as agents of biological control of blackflies."}
{"id": "PMID:366538", "title": "Desmopressin in the management of nocturnal enuresis in children: a double-blind study.", "content": "Desmopressin (1-desamino-[8-D-Arg]-vasopressin) (DDAVP) was given by nose drops to 22 children with persistent nocturnal enuresis (mean age, 6.6 +/- 2.9 years; range, 4 to 12 years) the evening before sleep. With saline alone as placebo and with comparison to enuretic frequency before the onset of the trial, fortnightly periods were compared under double-blind conditions with the children at home. Pretreatment and placebo fortnights showed wetting frequencies (nights per fortnight) of 10.6 +/- 4.9 and 11.0 +/- 4.4, respectively. The value of the fortnight during desmopressin therapy was 4.2 +/- 4.5, which was significantly different from either of the previous means (P less than .01). Of the 22 subjects, four failed to react to therapy at all. There was decreased enuretic frequency in the remaining 18, of whom 12 decreased markedly or ceased wetting. One month after the trial, seven of the respondents were dry with desmopressin therapy. There was clear evidence of a large nocturnal volume of dilute urine before treatment in six of the respondents in whom such measurements could be reliably made. These children responded to dehydration with urine concentration, however, so that the suggestion can be made that a failure to develop a normal diurnal pattern of urine volume and concentration may underly some cases of enuresis.", "contents": "Desmopressin in the management of nocturnal enuresis in children: a double-blind study. Desmopressin (1-desamino-[8-D-Arg]-vasopressin) (DDAVP) was given by nose drops to 22 children with persistent nocturnal enuresis (mean age, 6.6 +/- 2.9 years; range, 4 to 12 years) the evening before sleep. With saline alone as placebo and with comparison to enuretic frequency before the onset of the trial, fortnightly periods were compared under double-blind conditions with the children at home. Pretreatment and placebo fortnights showed wetting frequencies (nights per fortnight) of 10.6 +/- 4.9 and 11.0 +/- 4.4, respectively. The value of the fortnight during desmopressin therapy was 4.2 +/- 4.5, which was significantly different from either of the previous means (P less than .01). Of the 22 subjects, four failed to react to therapy at all. There was decreased enuretic frequency in the remaining 18, of whom 12 decreased markedly or ceased wetting. One month after the trial, seven of the respondents were dry with desmopressin therapy. There was clear evidence of a large nocturnal volume of dilute urine before treatment in six of the respondents in whom such measurements could be reliably made. These children responded to dehydration with urine concentration, however, so that the suggestion can be made that a failure to develop a normal diurnal pattern of urine volume and concentration may underly some cases of enuresis."}
{"id": "PMID:366539", "title": "Synthetic food colors and hyperactivity in children: a double-blind challenge experiment.", "content": "Nine hyperactive male subjects, selected on the basis of showing a favorable \"response\" to the Feingold diet in an earlier study, were maintained on a strict elimination (Feingold) diet for 11 weeks, and were given multiple trials of placebo and challenge food materials. Parental and teacher ratings, classroom behavior observations, and neuropsychological test scores obtained during baseline, placebo, and challenge conditions, in general, were not found to be adversely affected by the artificial color challenge materials. As expected, comparable data gathered on a matched control group showed them to receive substantially better ratings than the hyperactive subjects on the majority of the comparison measures employed. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between the dramatic clinical-anecdotal reports that have been given and the much more equivocal findings from formal experimental projects are presented.", "contents": "Synthetic food colors and hyperactivity in children: a double-blind challenge experiment. Nine hyperactive male subjects, selected on the basis of showing a favorable \"response\" to the Feingold diet in an earlier study, were maintained on a strict elimination (Feingold) diet for 11 weeks, and were given multiple trials of placebo and challenge food materials. Parental and teacher ratings, classroom behavior observations, and neuropsychological test scores obtained during baseline, placebo, and challenge conditions, in general, were not found to be adversely affected by the artificial color challenge materials. As expected, comparable data gathered on a matched control group showed them to receive substantially better ratings than the hyperactive subjects on the majority of the comparison measures employed. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between the dramatic clinical-anecdotal reports that have been given and the much more equivocal findings from formal experimental projects are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:366554", "title": "The effect of hydrolytic enzymes on the acetylcholine sensitivity of the skeletal muscle cell membrane.", "content": "Isometric tension developed by rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in response to acetylcholine (Ach) applied in vitro was recorded. Tension of contractures elicited in response to Ach increased after muscles had been incubated with phospholipase C, pepsin, or soluble fractions prepared from muscle homogenate. Using intracellular microelectrodes, resting membrane potential (RMP) and depolarisation in response to Ach added to the bathing medium were recorded in endplate-free regions of the muscle fibres. No significant change in RMP was observed in muscles incubated with soluble muscle fraction or phospholipase C, but depolarisation in response to Ach or carbachol was significantly increased. The time course for the increase in depolarisation and the contracture response to Ach was similar. When all available receptors were blocked with alpha-bungarotoxin prior to incubation so that no response to Ach could be elicited, with subsequent incubation in muscle soluble fraction or phospholipase C, both contractures and depolarisation in response to Ach returned. These results support the hypothesis that receptors, not previously available to interact with Ach or alpha-bungarotoxin were revealed following incubation.", "contents": "The effect of hydrolytic enzymes on the acetylcholine sensitivity of the skeletal muscle cell membrane. Isometric tension developed by rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in response to acetylcholine (Ach) applied in vitro was recorded. Tension of contractures elicited in response to Ach increased after muscles had been incubated with phospholipase C, pepsin, or soluble fractions prepared from muscle homogenate. Using intracellular microelectrodes, resting membrane potential (RMP) and depolarisation in response to Ach added to the bathing medium were recorded in endplate-free regions of the muscle fibres. No significant change in RMP was observed in muscles incubated with soluble muscle fraction or phospholipase C, but depolarisation in response to Ach or carbachol was significantly increased. The time course for the increase in depolarisation and the contracture response to Ach was similar. When all available receptors were blocked with alpha-bungarotoxin prior to incubation so that no response to Ach could be elicited, with subsequent incubation in muscle soluble fraction or phospholipase C, both contractures and depolarisation in response to Ach returned. These results support the hypothesis that receptors, not previously available to interact with Ach or alpha-bungarotoxin were revealed following incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:366555", "title": "Effect of Na+, K+ and Mg2+ on 45Ca+ uptake by pancreatic islets.", "content": "Microdissected pancreatic islets of noninbred ob/ob-mice were used to study ionic effects on the lanthanum-nondisplaceable 45Ca2+ uptake by islet cells. Omission of Mg2+ from the incubation medium had no effect, but the 45Ca2+ uptake was increased by omission of Na+ and decreased by omission of K+. Excess Mg2+ (1.2--15 mM) inhibited and excess K+ (4.7--25 mM) stimulated the 45Ca2+ uptake in a concentration-dependent manner. Stimulation of 45Ca2+ uptake in Na+-deficient islets was associated with an enhancement of the basal insulin release. Total abolishment of glucose-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake in K+-deficient islets did not preclude a significant secretory reponse to glucose. It is concluded that the lanthanum-nondisplaceable 45Ca2+ uptake shows a partial correlation to insulin release.", "contents": "Effect of Na+, K+ and Mg2+ on 45Ca+ uptake by pancreatic islets. Microdissected pancreatic islets of noninbred ob/ob-mice were used to study ionic effects on the lanthanum-nondisplaceable 45Ca2+ uptake by islet cells. Omission of Mg2+ from the incubation medium had no effect, but the 45Ca2+ uptake was increased by omission of Na+ and decreased by omission of K+. Excess Mg2+ (1.2--15 mM) inhibited and excess K+ (4.7--25 mM) stimulated the 45Ca2+ uptake in a concentration-dependent manner. Stimulation of 45Ca2+ uptake in Na+-deficient islets was associated with an enhancement of the basal insulin release. Total abolishment of glucose-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake in K+-deficient islets did not preclude a significant secretory reponse to glucose. It is concluded that the lanthanum-nondisplaceable 45Ca2+ uptake shows a partial correlation to insulin release."}
{"id": "PMID:366558", "title": "[Urinary lithiasis after renal transplantation. 9 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine cases of urinary lithiasis following renal transplantation are reported. They differ from 15 cases in the literature in their development late after transplantation and in that no relation with hyperparathyroidism could be clearly demonstrated. We emphasise the difficulty of the clinical and radiological diagnosis of this little-known complication. The course is essentially similar to that in non-transplant patients with lithiasis.", "contents": "[Urinary lithiasis after renal transplantation. 9 cases (author's transl)]. Nine cases of urinary lithiasis following renal transplantation are reported. They differ from 15 cases in the literature in their development late after transplantation and in that no relation with hyperparathyroidism could be clearly demonstrated. We emphasise the difficulty of the clinical and radiological diagnosis of this little-known complication. The course is essentially similar to that in non-transplant patients with lithiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:366559", "title": "[Rupture of oesophagogastric varices: treatment by a new haemostatic tube (author's transl)].", "content": "The immediate arrest of haemorrhage due to ruptured oesophageal varices may be obtained only by the insertion of a haemostatic tube with a balloon. Tubes used up to the present time have been more or less discredited. Some authors consider the Sengstaken tube to be dangerous: rupture of oesophagus, asphyxia, bronchial inhalation of oesophageal secretions etc. The Lindon tube has a single grave disadvantage: cardio-oesophageal ulceration due to traction. The new tube would seem to be free of these problems since no traction is used and it is possible to suck out oesophageal secretions, thereby suppressing the risk of bronchial inhalation.", "contents": "[Rupture of oesophagogastric varices: treatment by a new haemostatic tube (author's transl)]. The immediate arrest of haemorrhage due to ruptured oesophageal varices may be obtained only by the insertion of a haemostatic tube with a balloon. Tubes used up to the present time have been more or less discredited. Some authors consider the Sengstaken tube to be dangerous: rupture of oesophagus, asphyxia, bronchial inhalation of oesophageal secretions etc. The Lindon tube has a single grave disadvantage: cardio-oesophageal ulceration due to traction. The new tube would seem to be free of these problems since no traction is used and it is possible to suck out oesophageal secretions, thereby suppressing the risk of bronchial inhalation."}
{"id": "PMID:366561", "title": "[The heterogeneity of micropolycystic ovary syndrome. 77 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy seven cases of micropolycystic ovaries were reviewed. All of the patients underwent either coelioscopy or wedge resection of the ovaries. It was thus possible to classify the patients into two groups on the basis of the size of the ovaries (MPCO-A, large ovaries, more than twice the normal size; MPCO-B, ovaries only slightly increased in size or normal). There were differences from a clinical, laboratory and therapeutic standpoint. In MPCO-A, spaniomenorrhea predominated, clinical hyperandrogenism was often absent and 17 ketosteroids lower. Response to hypothalamic gonadotrophic hormone liberation factor was explosive in luteotrophic hormone, but at 120 minutes levels were lower in MPCO-A than in MPCO-B. Wedge resection failed completely in 23% of cases of MPCO-A and in 66% of cases of MPCO-B. This study confirmed current concepts of the heterogeneity of MPCO syndrome.", "contents": "[The heterogeneity of micropolycystic ovary syndrome. 77 cases (author's transl)]. Seventy seven cases of micropolycystic ovaries were reviewed. All of the patients underwent either coelioscopy or wedge resection of the ovaries. It was thus possible to classify the patients into two groups on the basis of the size of the ovaries (MPCO-A, large ovaries, more than twice the normal size; MPCO-B, ovaries only slightly increased in size or normal). There were differences from a clinical, laboratory and therapeutic standpoint. In MPCO-A, spaniomenorrhea predominated, clinical hyperandrogenism was often absent and 17 ketosteroids lower. Response to hypothalamic gonadotrophic hormone liberation factor was explosive in luteotrophic hormone, but at 120 minutes levels were lower in MPCO-A than in MPCO-B. Wedge resection failed completely in 23% of cases of MPCO-A and in 66% of cases of MPCO-B. This study confirmed current concepts of the heterogeneity of MPCO syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:366569", "title": "The nurse as holistic health practitioner: expanding the role again.", "content": "A quiet revolution in health care is currently spreading across the country. Many nurses are actively engaged in the practice of holistic health as this model of health care delivery joins the medical model. If this new direction in health care is followed, more nurses will be re-educating themselves in a way that allows them to expand their view of the patient to include acknowledging the interaction among body, mind, and spirit. This means researching and learning about such things as energy fields of the body and methods of using one's own mind as an instrument of healing. As nurses, we will also need to rethink what the business of helping people with their health problems is all about. A holistic health model provides nurses with an opportunity to be creative and efficient in helping others heal themselves.", "contents": "The nurse as holistic health practitioner: expanding the role again. A quiet revolution in health care is currently spreading across the country. Many nurses are actively engaged in the practice of holistic health as this model of health care delivery joins the medical model. If this new direction in health care is followed, more nurses will be re-educating themselves in a way that allows them to expand their view of the patient to include acknowledging the interaction among body, mind, and spirit. This means researching and learning about such things as energy fields of the body and methods of using one's own mind as an instrument of healing. As nurses, we will also need to rethink what the business of helping people with their health problems is all about. A holistic health model provides nurses with an opportunity to be creative and efficient in helping others heal themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:366587", "title": "Lympho-glandular toxoplasmosis. A diagnosis often missed.", "content": "Lymphoglandular toxoplasmosis has a reputation for mimicking several other diseases, especially infectious mononucleosis. Thus, the correct diagnosis often is not discovered until common conditions have been ruled out and the patient has been subjected to excisional lymph node biopsy. The physician who considers toxoplasmosis early and orders appropriate serologic tests can spare the patient unnecessary surgery.", "contents": "Lympho-glandular toxoplasmosis. A diagnosis often missed. Lymphoglandular toxoplasmosis has a reputation for mimicking several other diseases, especially infectious mononucleosis. Thus, the correct diagnosis often is not discovered until common conditions have been ruled out and the patient has been subjected to excisional lymph node biopsy. The physician who considers toxoplasmosis early and orders appropriate serologic tests can spare the patient unnecessary surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:366602", "title": "Distribution of yeast fatty acid synthetase subunits: three-dimensional model of the enzyme.", "content": "Rabbit and goat antibodies against the isolated alpha and beta subunits of yeast fatty acid aynthetase were raised and characterized. The purified IgG fractions were studied as to their capability to precipitate their antigens and the holoenzyme and to inhibit the partial reactions involved in overall fatty acyl-CoA synthesis. The specificity of the antibodies was investigated by immunodiffusion and by immunotitration. Native enzyme was crosslinked with each of the antibodies, and dimeric and oligomeric groups of IgG-crosslinked fatty acid synthetase molecules were isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopic investigation of the crosslinked material as well as other data led us to suggest a three-dimensional model of yeast fatty acid synthetase.", "contents": "Distribution of yeast fatty acid synthetase subunits: three-dimensional model of the enzyme. Rabbit and goat antibodies against the isolated alpha and beta subunits of yeast fatty acid aynthetase were raised and characterized. The purified IgG fractions were studied as to their capability to precipitate their antigens and the holoenzyme and to inhibit the partial reactions involved in overall fatty acyl-CoA synthesis. The specificity of the antibodies was investigated by immunodiffusion and by immunotitration. Native enzyme was crosslinked with each of the antibodies, and dimeric and oligomeric groups of IgG-crosslinked fatty acid synthetase molecules were isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopic investigation of the crosslinked material as well as other data led us to suggest a three-dimensional model of yeast fatty acid synthetase."}
{"id": "PMID:366603", "title": "Three-dimensional structure of thioredoxin induced by bacteriophage T4.", "content": "The three-dimensional structure of thioredoxin from bacteriophage T4 has been determined from a 2.8-angstrom resolution electron density map. Phase angles for this map were determined from one heavy atom derivative and anomalous differences from cadmium in the native crystals. The molecule of 87 amino acid residues is built up from two simple folding units; a betaalphabeta unit from the amino end of the chain and a betabetaalpha unit from the carboxyl end. This structure is similar to that of thioredoxin from Escherichia coli in spite of their completely different amino acid sequences. The redox-active S--S bridge is part of a protrusion of the molecule as in E. coli thioredoxin, but with quite different surroundings. The structural differences in this region have been correlated to differences in specificity towards the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase from different species.", "contents": "Three-dimensional structure of thioredoxin induced by bacteriophage T4. The three-dimensional structure of thioredoxin from bacteriophage T4 has been determined from a 2.8-angstrom resolution electron density map. Phase angles for this map were determined from one heavy atom derivative and anomalous differences from cadmium in the native crystals. The molecule of 87 amino acid residues is built up from two simple folding units; a betaalphabeta unit from the amino end of the chain and a betabetaalpha unit from the carboxyl end. This structure is similar to that of thioredoxin from Escherichia coli in spite of their completely different amino acid sequences. The redox-active S--S bridge is part of a protrusion of the molecule as in E. coli thioredoxin, but with quite different surroundings. The structural differences in this region have been correlated to differences in specificity towards the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase from different species."}
{"id": "PMID:366604", "title": "Fertility repression of F-like conjugative plasmids: physical mapping of the R6--5 finO and finP cistrons and identification of the finO protein.", "content": "The locations of the fertility inhibition genes finO and finP of the F-like conjugative multiple antibiotic-resistance plasmid R6-5 have been determined. As found previously for that of the fertility plasmid F, the finP gene of R6-5 is located close to the origin of DNA transfer, oriT, and to the promoter-proximal segment of the tra operon. Thus, finP is close to the site of action of the FinOP fertility inhibition system. In contrast, the finO gene is located on the other side of the tra operon, greater than 35 kilobases from the finP gene; finO is very close to the origin of vegetative replication, oriV, and to cistrons encoding functions involved in autonomous plasmid replication and plasmid incompatibility. A 4.5-kilobase fragment of R6-5 DNA containing the finO gene has been cloned on the high-copy amplifiable vector plasmid pBR322. This hybrid plasmid, designated pKTO31, causes severe repression of conjugal transfer of plasmid F, indicating the production of high cellular levels of finO protein. Two independent finO mutant derivatives were obtained after mutagenesis of the pKTO31 plasmid. Comparison of proteins synthesized by minicells carrying finO(-) mutant plasmids with those carrying various finO(+) plasmids enables the finO gene product to be tentatively identified as a 22,000-dalton protein.", "contents": "Fertility repression of F-like conjugative plasmids: physical mapping of the R6--5 finO and finP cistrons and identification of the finO protein. The locations of the fertility inhibition genes finO and finP of the F-like conjugative multiple antibiotic-resistance plasmid R6-5 have been determined. As found previously for that of the fertility plasmid F, the finP gene of R6-5 is located close to the origin of DNA transfer, oriT, and to the promoter-proximal segment of the tra operon. Thus, finP is close to the site of action of the FinOP fertility inhibition system. In contrast, the finO gene is located on the other side of the tra operon, greater than 35 kilobases from the finP gene; finO is very close to the origin of vegetative replication, oriV, and to cistrons encoding functions involved in autonomous plasmid replication and plasmid incompatibility. A 4.5-kilobase fragment of R6-5 DNA containing the finO gene has been cloned on the high-copy amplifiable vector plasmid pBR322. This hybrid plasmid, designated pKTO31, causes severe repression of conjugal transfer of plasmid F, indicating the production of high cellular levels of finO protein. Two independent finO mutant derivatives were obtained after mutagenesis of the pKTO31 plasmid. Comparison of proteins synthesized by minicells carrying finO(-) mutant plasmids with those carrying various finO(+) plasmids enables the finO gene product to be tentatively identified as a 22,000-dalton protein."}
{"id": "PMID:366605", "title": "Construction of a recombinant bacterial plasmid containing a chick pro-alpha2 collagen gene sequence.", "content": "A recombinant plasmid containing chick pro-alpha2 collagen gene sequences has been constructed and cloned in Escherichia coli. Using partially purified collagen mRNA as template, we synthesized double-stranded DNA by the successive action of reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA nucleotidyltransferase) from avian myeloblastosis virus and the Klenow A fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I. From this complex mixture of double-stranded DNAs, a specific 200-base-pair restriction fragment was generated by cleavage with the restriction endonucleases BamHI and EcoRI. These enzymes also make unique cuts in the plasmid vector pBR322. The restriction fragment was inserted into pBR322 via these BamHI and EcoRI sites and cloned in E. coli chi1776. The cloned recombinant plasmid was shown to contain pro-alpha2 collagen DNA by its specific hybridization to chick pro-alpha2 collagen mRNA, as assayed in an in vitro translation system. Thus, a clone containing pro-alpha2 collagen DNA was constructed without first obtaining highly purified collagen mRNA.", "contents": "Construction of a recombinant bacterial plasmid containing a chick pro-alpha2 collagen gene sequence. A recombinant plasmid containing chick pro-alpha2 collagen gene sequences has been constructed and cloned in Escherichia coli. Using partially purified collagen mRNA as template, we synthesized double-stranded DNA by the successive action of reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA nucleotidyltransferase) from avian myeloblastosis virus and the Klenow A fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I. From this complex mixture of double-stranded DNAs, a specific 200-base-pair restriction fragment was generated by cleavage with the restriction endonucleases BamHI and EcoRI. These enzymes also make unique cuts in the plasmid vector pBR322. The restriction fragment was inserted into pBR322 via these BamHI and EcoRI sites and cloned in E. coli chi1776. The cloned recombinant plasmid was shown to contain pro-alpha2 collagen DNA by its specific hybridization to chick pro-alpha2 collagen mRNA, as assayed in an in vitro translation system. Thus, a clone containing pro-alpha2 collagen DNA was constructed without first obtaining highly purified collagen mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:366606", "title": "Translational control of transcription termination at the attenuator of the Escherichia coli tryptophan operon.", "content": "We have isolated two regulatory mutants altered in the leader region of the Escherichia coli tryptophan (trp) operon. In one mutant, trpL29, the AUG translation start codon for the trip leader peptide is replaced by AUA. The other mutant, trpL75, has a G leads to A change at residue 75, immediately after the UGA translation stop codon for the trp leader peptide. In vivo, trpL29 and trpL75 increase the efficiency of transcription termination at the trp attenuator 3- to 5-fold. trpL29 and trpL75 also fail to respond fully to tryptophan starvation and other conditions that normally relieve transcription termination at the trp attenuator. The trpL29 mutation, which presumably reduces synthesis of the trp leader peptide, is cis dominant. The effect of starvation for a number of the amino acids in the trp leader peptide was determined. Only starvation for tryptophan and arginine, amino acids that occur at residues 10, 11, and 12 of the 14-residue trp leader peptide, elicits relief of transcription termination. Our findings suggest that translation of trp leader RNA is involved in regulation of transcription termination at the attenuator. A model is discussed in which the location of the ribosome synthesizing the leader peptide is communicated to the RNA polymerase transcribing the leader region.", "contents": "Translational control of transcription termination at the attenuator of the Escherichia coli tryptophan operon. We have isolated two regulatory mutants altered in the leader region of the Escherichia coli tryptophan (trp) operon. In one mutant, trpL29, the AUG translation start codon for the trip leader peptide is replaced by AUA. The other mutant, trpL75, has a G leads to A change at residue 75, immediately after the UGA translation stop codon for the trp leader peptide. In vivo, trpL29 and trpL75 increase the efficiency of transcription termination at the trp attenuator 3- to 5-fold. trpL29 and trpL75 also fail to respond fully to tryptophan starvation and other conditions that normally relieve transcription termination at the trp attenuator. The trpL29 mutation, which presumably reduces synthesis of the trp leader peptide, is cis dominant. The effect of starvation for a number of the amino acids in the trp leader peptide was determined. Only starvation for tryptophan and arginine, amino acids that occur at residues 10, 11, and 12 of the 14-residue trp leader peptide, elicits relief of transcription termination. Our findings suggest that translation of trp leader RNA is involved in regulation of transcription termination at the attenuator. A model is discussed in which the location of the ribosome synthesizing the leader peptide is communicated to the RNA polymerase transcribing the leader region."}
{"id": "PMID:366607", "title": "In vitro mutagenesis of a circular DNA molecule by using synthetic restriction sites.", "content": "A method for mutagenizing circular DNA molecules has been developed that uses synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide restriction sites as mutagens. A single synthetic restriction site is introduced at random by cleaving circular DNA with a nonspecific double-strand endonuclease. The restriction site is then ligated to the ends and the molecule is subsequently recircularized. These small additions to the genome are mapped by digestion with the appropriate restriction enzyme. Rearrangements such as duplications and deletions can be engineered at will by using the added restriction sites. This technique has been used to produce a fine-structure map of RSF1050, a ColE1 derivative, 60% of which is a transposable DNA sequence encoding the TEM beta-lactamase (Tn3). A subset of the mutations, mapping within a narrow region of Tn3, result in an increased frequency of Tn3 transposition; mutations in other regions abolish transposition entirely.", "contents": "In vitro mutagenesis of a circular DNA molecule by using synthetic restriction sites. A method for mutagenizing circular DNA molecules has been developed that uses synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide restriction sites as mutagens. A single synthetic restriction site is introduced at random by cleaving circular DNA with a nonspecific double-strand endonuclease. The restriction site is then ligated to the ends and the molecule is subsequently recircularized. These small additions to the genome are mapped by digestion with the appropriate restriction enzyme. Rearrangements such as duplications and deletions can be engineered at will by using the added restriction sites. This technique has been used to produce a fine-structure map of RSF1050, a ColE1 derivative, 60% of which is a transposable DNA sequence encoding the TEM beta-lactamase (Tn3). A subset of the mutations, mapping within a narrow region of Tn3, result in an increased frequency of Tn3 transposition; mutations in other regions abolish transposition entirely."}
{"id": "PMID:366608", "title": "Application of higher derivative techniques to analysis of high-resolution thermal denaturation profiles of reassociated repetitive DNA.", "content": "We have analyzed high-resolution denaturation profiles of reassociated repetitive DNA sequences by using a combination of higher derivative analysis and curve-fitting techniques. Procedures originally used for resolution of components in complex absorption spectra were found to be applicable to high-resolution analysis of melting profiles of reassociated repetitive DNA sequences from pea DNA. Under conditions that eliminate the base composition effect on thermal stability (2.4 M tetraethylammonium chloride), such an anlysis can distinquish \"thermal classes\" of repetitive DNA duplexes exhibiting different amounts of base pair mismatch. Only a single thermal class is observed in reassociated Escherichia coli DNA whereas at least five classes can be reproducibly distinguished in pea and mung bean DNAs.", "contents": "Application of higher derivative techniques to analysis of high-resolution thermal denaturation profiles of reassociated repetitive DNA. We have analyzed high-resolution denaturation profiles of reassociated repetitive DNA sequences by using a combination of higher derivative analysis and curve-fitting techniques. Procedures originally used for resolution of components in complex absorption spectra were found to be applicable to high-resolution analysis of melting profiles of reassociated repetitive DNA sequences from pea DNA. Under conditions that eliminate the base composition effect on thermal stability (2.4 M tetraethylammonium chloride), such an anlysis can distinquish \"thermal classes\" of repetitive DNA duplexes exhibiting different amounts of base pair mismatch. Only a single thermal class is observed in reassociated Escherichia coli DNA whereas at least five classes can be reproducibly distinguished in pea and mung bean DNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:366609", "title": "Methionine analogs and cell division regulation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Methionine analogs such as ethionine, selenomethionine, and trifluoromethionine all arrest growth and division of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One analog, ethionine, caused cells of the yeast to arrest specifically within G1; reciprocal shift experiments showed that ethionine and alpha-factor arrested cells at the same step (\"start\"). The major effect of ethionine on synthesis of macromolecules was to reduce both the rate of appearance of 35S ribosomal precursor RNA and the rate of production of mature rRNA. Synthesis of protein was relatively unaffected by ethionine. Selenomethionine and trifluoromethionine caused cells to arrest randomly in the cell division cycle. Although treatment of cells with either selenomethionine or trifluoromethionine also reduced the rate of total RNA synthesis, each of these analogs had other effects that presumably prohibited completion of the cell cycle. We propose that the rate of rRNA production is an important regulatory event in the cell cycle.", "contents": "Methionine analogs and cell division regulation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Methionine analogs such as ethionine, selenomethionine, and trifluoromethionine all arrest growth and division of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One analog, ethionine, caused cells of the yeast to arrest specifically within G1; reciprocal shift experiments showed that ethionine and alpha-factor arrested cells at the same step (\"start\"). The major effect of ethionine on synthesis of macromolecules was to reduce both the rate of appearance of 35S ribosomal precursor RNA and the rate of production of mature rRNA. Synthesis of protein was relatively unaffected by ethionine. Selenomethionine and trifluoromethionine caused cells to arrest randomly in the cell division cycle. Although treatment of cells with either selenomethionine or trifluoromethionine also reduced the rate of total RNA synthesis, each of these analogs had other effects that presumably prohibited completion of the cell cycle. We propose that the rate of rRNA production is an important regulatory event in the cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:366610", "title": "Thy-1: a differentiation marker of potential mammary myoepithelial cells in vitro.", "content": "The rat mammary cell line Rama 25 [Bennett, D.C., Peachey, L.A., Durbin, H. & Rudland, P.S. (1978) Cell 15, 283--298] differentiates morphologically in vitro from a cuboidal form to a fusiform cell resembling myoepithelial cells. This differentiation occurs in all clonal isolates of the line. By using three different rabbit antisera specific for Thy-1, we have found that antigenic differentiation accompanies morphologic change to the fusiform state. Very few cuboidal cells had Thy-1 detectable on their surfaces in the living state; but after acetone fixation cytoplasmic Thy-1 was detected by immunofluorescence in all cells of the cuboidal type. Thy-1 specificity was established by the fact that immunofluorescence induced by rabbit anti-rat thymocyte serum was abolished by absorption with rat brain but not with erythrocytes, kidney, or liver; immunofluorescence induced by rabbit antiserum to purified Thy-1 glycoproteins from mouse lymphomas was absorbed by Thy-1 positive mouse and rat lymphomas. Surface Thy-1 provides a potentially valuable antigenic marker in the Rama 25 line for studying the differentiation of mammary myoepithelial cells.", "contents": "Thy-1: a differentiation marker of potential mammary myoepithelial cells in vitro. The rat mammary cell line Rama 25 [Bennett, D.C., Peachey, L.A., Durbin, H. & Rudland, P.S. (1978) Cell 15, 283--298] differentiates morphologically in vitro from a cuboidal form to a fusiform cell resembling myoepithelial cells. This differentiation occurs in all clonal isolates of the line. By using three different rabbit antisera specific for Thy-1, we have found that antigenic differentiation accompanies morphologic change to the fusiform state. Very few cuboidal cells had Thy-1 detectable on their surfaces in the living state; but after acetone fixation cytoplasmic Thy-1 was detected by immunofluorescence in all cells of the cuboidal type. Thy-1 specificity was established by the fact that immunofluorescence induced by rabbit anti-rat thymocyte serum was abolished by absorption with rat brain but not with erythrocytes, kidney, or liver; immunofluorescence induced by rabbit antiserum to purified Thy-1 glycoproteins from mouse lymphomas was absorbed by Thy-1 positive mouse and rat lymphomas. Surface Thy-1 provides a potentially valuable antigenic marker in the Rama 25 line for studying the differentiation of mammary myoepithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:366611", "title": "Pituitary somatotrophs contain [Met]enkephalin-like immunoreactivity.", "content": "Serial sections from epoxy resin-embedded rat anterior pituitaries were sequentially immunostained for endorphin, [Met]enkephalin, and growth hormone, respectively. We found that [Met]enkephalin immunoreactivity was confined to the growth hormone producing cells. Corticotropin/endorphin cells in the anterior pituitary from both normal and adrenalectomized rats did not contain any [Met]enkephalin immunoreactivity. When anterior pituitary cells were maintained in monolayer culture for 10 days, [Met]enkephalin immunoreactivity was still located in the growth hormone-producing cells although the staining was weaker than in the somatotrophs in pituitary tissue fixed immediately after death of the animals. This suggested that somatotrophs synthesize [Met]enkephalin. However, this cannot be proved conclusively until biosynthesis experiments have been performed. The following conclusions were drawn from these findings. (i) Anterior pituitary [Met]enkephalin is not an extraction artifact derived from beta-endorphin with which it shares the NH2-terminal pentapeptide sequence. (ii) In the anterior pituitary, beta-endorphin is not the precursor to [Met]enkephalin. [Met]Enkephalin in somatotrophs may be of brain origin and in the somatotrophs may be bound to intracellllar receptors as has been shown for luteotropin releasing hormone in gonadotropic cells.", "contents": "Pituitary somatotrophs contain [Met]enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. Serial sections from epoxy resin-embedded rat anterior pituitaries were sequentially immunostained for endorphin, [Met]enkephalin, and growth hormone, respectively. We found that [Met]enkephalin immunoreactivity was confined to the growth hormone producing cells. Corticotropin/endorphin cells in the anterior pituitary from both normal and adrenalectomized rats did not contain any [Met]enkephalin immunoreactivity. When anterior pituitary cells were maintained in monolayer culture for 10 days, [Met]enkephalin immunoreactivity was still located in the growth hormone-producing cells although the staining was weaker than in the somatotrophs in pituitary tissue fixed immediately after death of the animals. This suggested that somatotrophs synthesize [Met]enkephalin. However, this cannot be proved conclusively until biosynthesis experiments have been performed. The following conclusions were drawn from these findings. (i) Anterior pituitary [Met]enkephalin is not an extraction artifact derived from beta-endorphin with which it shares the NH2-terminal pentapeptide sequence. (ii) In the anterior pituitary, beta-endorphin is not the precursor to [Met]enkephalin. [Met]Enkephalin in somatotrophs may be of brain origin and in the somatotrophs may be bound to intracellllar receptors as has been shown for luteotropin releasing hormone in gonadotropic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:366612", "title": "Cluster of ribosomal protein genes in Escherichia coli containing genes for proteins S6, S18, and L9.", "content": "A mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 isolated for temperature-sensitive growth was found to harbor an alteration in robosomal protein L9. Because the chromosomal location of the structural gene for this protein (rplI) was not known, we mapped the mutation by using various Hfr strains. The fine mapping of this gene by Plkc phage-mediated transductions has revealed that it forms a gene cluster at 94 min on the E. coli genetic map together with the genes coding for two other ribosomal proteins, S6 (rpsF) and S18 (rpsR). Furthermore, the region of the E. coli genetic map containing this cluster was found to be shorter than previously estimated by approximately 2 min.", "contents": "Cluster of ribosomal protein genes in Escherichia coli containing genes for proteins S6, S18, and L9. A mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 isolated for temperature-sensitive growth was found to harbor an alteration in robosomal protein L9. Because the chromosomal location of the structural gene for this protein (rplI) was not known, we mapped the mutation by using various Hfr strains. The fine mapping of this gene by Plkc phage-mediated transductions has revealed that it forms a gene cluster at 94 min on the E. coli genetic map together with the genes coding for two other ribosomal proteins, S6 (rpsF) and S18 (rpsR). Furthermore, the region of the E. coli genetic map containing this cluster was found to be shorter than previously estimated by approximately 2 min."}
{"id": "PMID:366613", "title": "Control of expression of a cloned yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) gene (trp5) by a bacterial insertion element (IS2).", "content": "A hybrid ColE1 plasmid [pYe(trp5)1], containing a yeast DNA segment that complements auxotrophic point mutations and deletions in the Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase gene (trpAB), has been isolated. Expression of the yeast tryptophan synthetase activity from the cloned yeast gene (trp5) is relatively inefficient in E. coli, as measured by growth rates of trpAB/pYe(trp5)1 strains on minimal media lacking tryptophan and by enzyme assays. Faster growing variants occur spontaneously at a frequency of one in 10(4)--10(5) cells plated and produce higher levels of the yeast enzyme. Plasmid DNA [pYe(trp5)2] from one of these variants was shown to contain a DNA insertion (1.3 kilobase pairs) in the cloned yeast DNA segment in relatively close proximity to the trp5 gene. This DNA insert was identified as a bacterial IS2 element, which carries a promoter for RNA transcription when inserted in the proper orientation. The spontaneous integration of a bacterial DNA insertion element into cloned eukaryotic DNA can result in more efficient expression of the foreign gene.", "contents": "Control of expression of a cloned yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) gene (trp5) by a bacterial insertion element (IS2). A hybrid ColE1 plasmid [pYe(trp5)1], containing a yeast DNA segment that complements auxotrophic point mutations and deletions in the Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase gene (trpAB), has been isolated. Expression of the yeast tryptophan synthetase activity from the cloned yeast gene (trp5) is relatively inefficient in E. coli, as measured by growth rates of trpAB/pYe(trp5)1 strains on minimal media lacking tryptophan and by enzyme assays. Faster growing variants occur spontaneously at a frequency of one in 10(4)--10(5) cells plated and produce higher levels of the yeast enzyme. Plasmid DNA [pYe(trp5)2] from one of these variants was shown to contain a DNA insertion (1.3 kilobase pairs) in the cloned yeast DNA segment in relatively close proximity to the trp5 gene. This DNA insert was identified as a bacterial IS2 element, which carries a promoter for RNA transcription when inserted in the proper orientation. The spontaneous integration of a bacterial DNA insertion element into cloned eukaryotic DNA can result in more efficient expression of the foreign gene."}
{"id": "PMID:366614", "title": "Temperature-sensitive Escherichia coli mutant producing a temperature-sensitive sigma subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.", "content": "A gene affecting the sigma subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase is tightly linked to dnaG at 66 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome. In order to create an easily selectable marker in this region, we inserted transposon-10, which carries a gene determining resistance to tetracycline (tet) near 66 min, and the order tolC-dnaG-sigma-tet was determined. We used frequency of contransduction with tet as a criterion to screen a collection of spontaneous temperature-sensitive Escherichia coli mutants that might affect the sigma subunit. One such mutant was found to map at the sigma locus. The sigma subunit isolated from this mutant is unstable at 46 degrees C in vitro and has an altered electrophoretic mobility. The temperature sensitivity of RNA synthesis in this mutant indicates that most transcription in E. coli is sigma dependent.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive Escherichia coli mutant producing a temperature-sensitive sigma subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. A gene affecting the sigma subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase is tightly linked to dnaG at 66 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome. In order to create an easily selectable marker in this region, we inserted transposon-10, which carries a gene determining resistance to tetracycline (tet) near 66 min, and the order tolC-dnaG-sigma-tet was determined. We used frequency of contransduction with tet as a criterion to screen a collection of spontaneous temperature-sensitive Escherichia coli mutants that might affect the sigma subunit. One such mutant was found to map at the sigma locus. The sigma subunit isolated from this mutant is unstable at 46 degrees C in vitro and has an altered electrophoretic mobility. The temperature sensitivity of RNA synthesis in this mutant indicates that most transcription in E. coli is sigma dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:366615", "title": "Leukemia in AKR mice: a defined suppressor cell population expressing membrane-associated DNA.", "content": "Leukemic AKR mouse spleen cells suppress normal AKR anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody responses in vitro. Treatment of leukemic spleen cells with DNase I prior to coculture with normal AKR cells abrogates their suppressive ability. Treatment of leukemic cells with a wide range of DNase I concentrations has no effect on the viability of these cells as measured by incorporation of [(3)H]thymidine or by eosin dye exclusion. When the activating divalent cations required for DNase I action are functionally removed in the enzyme treatment medium by chelation with EDTA, the ability of DNase I to abrogate suppression is abolished. Furthermore, the effects of DNase I in overcoming suppression are not able to be mimicked by trypsin, Pronase, or ribonuclease. These results are consistent with the existence of a population of cells in the leukemic spleen that expresses a form of membrane-associated DNA that functions in the suppression of normal antibody responses. The existence of such a population was shown by treating leukemic spleen cells with anti-single-stranded-DNA and then passing them through an anti-immunoglobulin immunoadsorption column. Approximately 15% of the leukemic cells are retained on the column and can be specifically eluted with the normal immunoglobulin. The cells of this enriched population when cocultured with normal spleen cells exhibit a 10-fold greater suppressive ability than unfractionated cells. Thus, there exists in the spleens of overtly leukemic AKR mice a population of cells expressing a form of DNA on their surfaces that in some manner is necessary for immunosuppression.", "contents": "Leukemia in AKR mice: a defined suppressor cell population expressing membrane-associated DNA. Leukemic AKR mouse spleen cells suppress normal AKR anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody responses in vitro. Treatment of leukemic spleen cells with DNase I prior to coculture with normal AKR cells abrogates their suppressive ability. Treatment of leukemic cells with a wide range of DNase I concentrations has no effect on the viability of these cells as measured by incorporation of [(3)H]thymidine or by eosin dye exclusion. When the activating divalent cations required for DNase I action are functionally removed in the enzyme treatment medium by chelation with EDTA, the ability of DNase I to abrogate suppression is abolished. Furthermore, the effects of DNase I in overcoming suppression are not able to be mimicked by trypsin, Pronase, or ribonuclease. These results are consistent with the existence of a population of cells in the leukemic spleen that expresses a form of membrane-associated DNA that functions in the suppression of normal antibody responses. The existence of such a population was shown by treating leukemic spleen cells with anti-single-stranded-DNA and then passing them through an anti-immunoglobulin immunoadsorption column. Approximately 15% of the leukemic cells are retained on the column and can be specifically eluted with the normal immunoglobulin. The cells of this enriched population when cocultured with normal spleen cells exhibit a 10-fold greater suppressive ability than unfractionated cells. Thus, there exists in the spleens of overtly leukemic AKR mice a population of cells expressing a form of DNA on their surfaces that in some manner is necessary for immunosuppression."}
{"id": "PMID:366616", "title": "Expression of Ia-like antigens on cultured human malignant melanoma cell lines.", "content": "Human malignant melanoma cell lines were found to bear Ia-like cell surface determinants demonstrable by hetero- or alloantisera and by direct identification of the characteristic bimolecular glycoprotein complex. Immunoprecipitation confirmed the presence of Ia determinants on the bimolecular complex. The quantity of Ia molecules determined by these methods and by absorption experiments was relatively constant for each cell line. Among different lines, however, the amount of Ia antigens ranged from a level equal to that expressed by B-cell lines to a small fraction of this amount. This variation in level of Ia contrasted with the more uniform amount of beta2-microglobulin detected on the cell surface. The Ia alloantigen specificity DRw2 was the most frequently encountered specificity. Ia determinants were also found on the surface of an epidermoid carcinoma line, but not on various other cell lines of normal or neoplastic origin.", "contents": "Expression of Ia-like antigens on cultured human malignant melanoma cell lines. Human malignant melanoma cell lines were found to bear Ia-like cell surface determinants demonstrable by hetero- or alloantisera and by direct identification of the characteristic bimolecular glycoprotein complex. Immunoprecipitation confirmed the presence of Ia determinants on the bimolecular complex. The quantity of Ia molecules determined by these methods and by absorption experiments was relatively constant for each cell line. Among different lines, however, the amount of Ia antigens ranged from a level equal to that expressed by B-cell lines to a small fraction of this amount. This variation in level of Ia contrasted with the more uniform amount of beta2-microglobulin detected on the cell surface. The Ia alloantigen specificity DRw2 was the most frequently encountered specificity. Ia determinants were also found on the surface of an epidermoid carcinoma line, but not on various other cell lines of normal or neoplastic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:366617", "title": "alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone: immunohistochemical identification and mapping in neurons of rat brain.", "content": "alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-melanotropin) immunofluorescence was observed in rat brain by means of a highly specific and well-characterized antibody. The hormone was contained in arcuate nucleus cell bodies and in varicose fibers. Dense populations of hormone-containing fibers were present in the septum, the nucleus interstitialis stria terminalis, and the medial preoptic, anterior hypothalamic, dorsomedial, and periventricular nuclei. Moderate numbers of fibers were seen in the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei, the amygdala, the region of the tractus diagonalis, the mammillary body, the central gray, the cuneiform nucleus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. There is an interesting correlation of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone fibers with regions of noradrenergic axonal projections and terminal fields.", "contents": "alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone: immunohistochemical identification and mapping in neurons of rat brain. alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-melanotropin) immunofluorescence was observed in rat brain by means of a highly specific and well-characterized antibody. The hormone was contained in arcuate nucleus cell bodies and in varicose fibers. Dense populations of hormone-containing fibers were present in the septum, the nucleus interstitialis stria terminalis, and the medial preoptic, anterior hypothalamic, dorsomedial, and periventricular nuclei. Moderate numbers of fibers were seen in the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei, the amygdala, the region of the tractus diagonalis, the mammillary body, the central gray, the cuneiform nucleus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. There is an interesting correlation of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone fibers with regions of noradrenergic axonal projections and terminal fields."}
{"id": "PMID:366632", "title": "[Ambulatory phlebectomy].", "content": "Being disappointed in the failures of sclerotherapy in varicose veins, the author resorted to ambulatory phlebectomy. Through very tiny incisions (0.5 to 1 mm) the varicose veins are prepared and completely removed. The arch and the proximal part of the internal saphenous vein are left to the surgeon. This technique described 2,000 years ago by Celsus is easy, effective and innocuous, leaves no marks (no stiches or ligatures) and is also inexpensive because of asepsis, antisepsis and anesthesia. A critical review of 1000 of our cases discloses 70 per cent excellent results. The 30 per cent of accidents were benign and transitory. This technique is almost ideal : A harmless cure that improves the appearance of all type of patients with varicose vein.", "contents": "[Ambulatory phlebectomy]. Being disappointed in the failures of sclerotherapy in varicose veins, the author resorted to ambulatory phlebectomy. Through very tiny incisions (0.5 to 1 mm) the varicose veins are prepared and completely removed. The arch and the proximal part of the internal saphenous vein are left to the surgeon. This technique described 2,000 years ago by Celsus is easy, effective and innocuous, leaves no marks (no stiches or ligatures) and is also inexpensive because of asepsis, antisepsis and anesthesia. A critical review of 1000 of our cases discloses 70 per cent excellent results. The 30 per cent of accidents were benign and transitory. This technique is almost ideal : A harmless cure that improves the appearance of all type of patients with varicose vein."}
{"id": "PMID:366662", "title": "Evaluation of the dorsalis pedis free flap donor site by angiography.", "content": "Six patients were evaluated by angiography for dorsalis pedis free flap transfer because the course of the dorsalis pedis artery could not be traced by palpation. Two were subsequently excluded because they showed vascular occlusions. Successful transfer depends on the dorsalis pedis artery and its branches being intact, while healing of the donor site depends on the function of the posterior tibial artery. Angiography was found to be helpful in determining both of these factors.", "contents": "Evaluation of the dorsalis pedis free flap donor site by angiography. Six patients were evaluated by angiography for dorsalis pedis free flap transfer because the course of the dorsalis pedis artery could not be traced by palpation. Two were subsequently excluded because they showed vascular occlusions. Successful transfer depends on the dorsalis pedis artery and its branches being intact, while healing of the donor site depends on the function of the posterior tibial artery. Angiography was found to be helpful in determining both of these factors."}
{"id": "PMID:366663", "title": "Gastrointestinal complications of renal transplantation in children.", "content": "Twenty episodes of serious gastrointestinal complication occurred in 14 of 85 (16%) consecutive patients less than 17 years old who underwent renal homograft transplantation. These complications consisted of small-bowel obstruction, ulceration, pancreatitis, hepatitis, ascites, and severe gastroenteritis. Only 1 patient died as a consequence of the complication--a much lower mortality rate than that reported for gastrointestinal complications of renal transplantation in adults. Radiographic findings were diagnostic in the majority of cases and aided in the prompt administration of therapy.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal complications of renal transplantation in children. Twenty episodes of serious gastrointestinal complication occurred in 14 of 85 (16%) consecutive patients less than 17 years old who underwent renal homograft transplantation. These complications consisted of small-bowel obstruction, ulceration, pancreatitis, hepatitis, ascites, and severe gastroenteritis. Only 1 patient died as a consequence of the complication--a much lower mortality rate than that reported for gastrointestinal complications of renal transplantation in adults. Radiographic findings were diagnostic in the majority of cases and aided in the prompt administration of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:366664", "title": "A clinical comparison of 99mTc-diethyl-iminodiacetic acid, 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate, and 131I-rose bengal in liver transplant patients.", "content": "The relative merits of three radiopharmaceuticals for evaluating liver transplant patients were determined in paired studies. In 86% of studies both 131I-RB and 99mTc-PG gave similar information for differentiation of hepatocellular disease and billary tract obstruction. 99mTc-PG probably demonstrates the biliary tract and small intestine better early after injection (8%); 131I-RB is probably better in showing the colon at 24 hours when intestinal activity is not seen by 1 hour (6%). 99mTc-diethyl-IDA is superior in all respects when compared to 99mTc-PG. The blood retention method (20 min./5 min.) showed that none of the radiopharmaceuticals was a reliable indicator of hepatocyte function when compared to total serum bilirubin.", "contents": "A clinical comparison of 99mTc-diethyl-iminodiacetic acid, 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate, and 131I-rose bengal in liver transplant patients. The relative merits of three radiopharmaceuticals for evaluating liver transplant patients were determined in paired studies. In 86% of studies both 131I-RB and 99mTc-PG gave similar information for differentiation of hepatocellular disease and billary tract obstruction. 99mTc-PG probably demonstrates the biliary tract and small intestine better early after injection (8%); 131I-RB is probably better in showing the colon at 24 hours when intestinal activity is not seen by 1 hour (6%). 99mTc-diethyl-IDA is superior in all respects when compared to 99mTc-PG. The blood retention method (20 min./5 min.) showed that none of the radiopharmaceuticals was a reliable indicator of hepatocyte function when compared to total serum bilirubin."}
{"id": "PMID:366665", "title": "Evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease with 99mTc-DTPA.", "content": "99mTc-DTPA was found to localize in segments of bowel with inflammation due to ulcerative colitis, regional enteritis, and other forms of enterocolitis. The concentration of tracer was apparently related to the clinical activity of the disease process. Imaging with 99mTc-DTPA may offer an appealing, noninvasive alternative for identifying and following up patients with inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "Evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease with 99mTc-DTPA. 99mTc-DTPA was found to localize in segments of bowel with inflammation due to ulcerative colitis, regional enteritis, and other forms of enterocolitis. The concentration of tracer was apparently related to the clinical activity of the disease process. Imaging with 99mTc-DTPA may offer an appealing, noninvasive alternative for identifying and following up patients with inflammatory bowel disease."}
{"id": "PMID:366666", "title": "Production of nonsurgical portosystemic venous shunts in dogs by transjugular approach.", "content": "Intrahepatic shunts between the left portal and hepatic veins were performed in 50 dogs (20 acute, 30 chronic experiments) using the transjugular approach with Dotter's coaxial catheter system. All shunts were occluded within two days; significant complications arose only after a shunt stayed in the animal a prolonged period. The intrahepatic tract wall was completely organized and fibrosed after three weeks.", "contents": "Production of nonsurgical portosystemic venous shunts in dogs by transjugular approach. Intrahepatic shunts between the left portal and hepatic veins were performed in 50 dogs (20 acute, 30 chronic experiments) using the transjugular approach with Dotter's coaxial catheter system. All shunts were occluded within two days; significant complications arose only after a shunt stayed in the animal a prolonged period. The intrahepatic tract wall was completely organized and fibrosed after three weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:366667", "title": "The effects of injection site, age, and body position on cervical venous reflux.", "content": "The effects of injection site, age, and body position on cervical venous reflux during carotid radionuclide angiography were studied. Adults injected via the left arm while supine were more likely to show reflux; neither the position nor the side injected was important in children. Right arm injection is preferred for adults; adults injected via the left arm should be erect if possible.", "contents": "The effects of injection site, age, and body position on cervical venous reflux. The effects of injection site, age, and body position on cervical venous reflux during carotid radionuclide angiography were studied. Adults injected via the left arm while supine were more likely to show reflux; neither the position nor the side injected was important in children. Right arm injection is preferred for adults; adults injected via the left arm should be erect if possible."}
{"id": "PMID:366694", "title": "Demonstration of immunoglobulin production by tumor cells in non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas and its significance for their classification.", "content": "Combined application of morphologic, immunochemical, and immunologic methods has led to a reinterpretation of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and to the establishment of the Kiel classification. In the present paper, the main Ig-producing entities are considered. These are: 1. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia of the B-type (B-CLL)--a proliferation of lymphocytes and a few so-called prolymphocytes and lymphoblasts. The mean tissue IgM value is slightly increased; the serum IgM level is normal or reduced. The tumor cells bear SIg, and a majority of them have a receptor for C3d but always lack CIg and are usually devoid of receptors for C3b. 2. Lymphoplasmacytoid immunocytoma--a mixed proliferation of lymphocytes and centrocytes, blast cells, plasma cells, or plasmacytoid cells. The tissue Ig content is most often (91%) and most highly increased in this group, whereas the serum Ig level is increased in only 20% of the cases. The tissue IgM of 17 cases was shown to be monoclonal by IEF. Most tumor cells have SIg and a variable numbear CIg. The tumor cells bear both complement receptor subtypes, only a receptor for C3b, or no complement receptors at all. 3. Centroblastic/centrocytic lymphoma--usually a follicular proliferation of abundant small germinal center cells (centrocytes) and some large germinal center cells (centroblasts). The tumor cells bear SIg and both complement receptor subtypes. The C3b- and C3d-positive cells are located in the follicles, as in nonneoplastic lymphatic tissue. 4. Centrocytic lymphoma--a purebred, diffuse proliferation of the small germinal center cells (centrocytes). These cells bear SIg and receptors for C3b and C3d but usually lack CIg. 5. Centroblastic lymphoma--a proliferation of the large germinal center cells (centroblasts). 6. Lymphoblastic lymphoma of Burkitt's type. 7. Immunoblastic lymphoma--a diffuse proliferation of large basophillic cells resembling immunoblasts. The tissue IgM content is increased in 60% of the cases. It proved to be monoclonal with IEF in all five cases studied. The cells of five cases with increased tissue Ig content bore SIg. Nearly half of the cases studied showed CIg. Besides non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, paraffin sections of 87 biopsies from Hodgkin's disease were investigated for CIg in Hodgkin's and Sternberg-Reed cells. These cells stained positively in 68 cases, most often for IgG, followed by IgD. In five cases of the lymphocyte-depleted type, the staining of the Hodgkin's and Sternberg-Reed cells was restricted to one light chain type.", "contents": "Demonstration of immunoglobulin production by tumor cells in non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas and its significance for their classification. Combined application of morphologic, immunochemical, and immunologic methods has led to a reinterpretation of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and to the establishment of the Kiel classification. In the present paper, the main Ig-producing entities are considered. These are: 1. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia of the B-type (B-CLL)--a proliferation of lymphocytes and a few so-called prolymphocytes and lymphoblasts. The mean tissue IgM value is slightly increased; the serum IgM level is normal or reduced. The tumor cells bear SIg, and a majority of them have a receptor for C3d but always lack CIg and are usually devoid of receptors for C3b. 2. Lymphoplasmacytoid immunocytoma--a mixed proliferation of lymphocytes and centrocytes, blast cells, plasma cells, or plasmacytoid cells. The tissue Ig content is most often (91%) and most highly increased in this group, whereas the serum Ig level is increased in only 20% of the cases. The tissue IgM of 17 cases was shown to be monoclonal by IEF. Most tumor cells have SIg and a variable numbear CIg. The tumor cells bear both complement receptor subtypes, only a receptor for C3b, or no complement receptors at all. 3. Centroblastic/centrocytic lymphoma--usually a follicular proliferation of abundant small germinal center cells (centrocytes) and some large germinal center cells (centroblasts). The tumor cells bear SIg and both complement receptor subtypes. The C3b- and C3d-positive cells are located in the follicles, as in nonneoplastic lymphatic tissue. 4. Centrocytic lymphoma--a purebred, diffuse proliferation of the small germinal center cells (centrocytes). These cells bear SIg and receptors for C3b and C3d but usually lack CIg. 5. Centroblastic lymphoma--a proliferation of the large germinal center cells (centroblasts). 6. Lymphoblastic lymphoma of Burkitt's type. 7. Immunoblastic lymphoma--a diffuse proliferation of large basophillic cells resembling immunoblasts. The tissue IgM content is increased in 60% of the cases. It proved to be monoclonal with IEF in all five cases studied. The cells of five cases with increased tissue Ig content bore SIg. Nearly half of the cases studied showed CIg. Besides non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, paraffin sections of 87 biopsies from Hodgkin's disease were investigated for CIg in Hodgkin's and Sternberg-Reed cells. These cells stained positively in 68 cases, most often for IgG, followed by IgD. In five cases of the lymphocyte-depleted type, the staining of the Hodgkin's and Sternberg-Reed cells was restricted to one light chain type."}
{"id": "PMID:366696", "title": "Biochemical markers in Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Vertical studies indicate that, in general, acute phase reactant proteins (APRP) reflect disease activity in both Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Longitudinal studies of the selected APRP profile demonstrate the following: 1. The stable profile is characteristic of remission. 2. Considerable elevation of APRPs coincides with relapsed disease. 3. An unstable profile is a feature of relapsing disease and may give early warning of relapse. 4. Patients responding inadequately to treatment frequently have unstable APRP profiles.", "contents": "Biochemical markers in Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Vertical studies indicate that, in general, acute phase reactant proteins (APRP) reflect disease activity in both Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Longitudinal studies of the selected APRP profile demonstrate the following: 1. The stable profile is characteristic of remission. 2. Considerable elevation of APRPs coincides with relapsed disease. 3. An unstable profile is a feature of relapsing disease and may give early warning of relapse. 4. Patients responding inadequately to treatment frequently have unstable APRP profiles."}
{"id": "PMID:366699", "title": "Upon the nature of Hodgkin's disease and the Reed-Sternberg cell.", "content": "Immunoglobulin components have been demonstrated within Reed-Sternberg cell in Hodgkin's disease using immunoperoxidase techniques. The possibility that this finding is indicative of a B-lymphocytic origin for the Reed-Sternberg cell is considered, and the implications that such a conclusion might have regarding the histiopathology of Hodgkin's disease and the relationship of Hodgkin's disease to other lymphomas is discussed.", "contents": "Upon the nature of Hodgkin's disease and the Reed-Sternberg cell. Immunoglobulin components have been demonstrated within Reed-Sternberg cell in Hodgkin's disease using immunoperoxidase techniques. The possibility that this finding is indicative of a B-lymphocytic origin for the Reed-Sternberg cell is considered, and the implications that such a conclusion might have regarding the histiopathology of Hodgkin's disease and the relationship of Hodgkin's disease to other lymphomas is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:366705", "title": "Integration of modern data in WHO categorization of lymphosarcomas. Its value for prognosis prediction and therapeutic adaptation to prognosis.", "content": "The categorization of lymphosarcomas with immune markers has enriched the prognosis value of the WHO classification. The prolymphocytic (centrofollicular) B-type and the null lymphoblastic subtype have a good prognosis, while the (T- or B-) immunoblastic type and the T-lymphoblastic subtype have a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Integration of modern data in WHO categorization of lymphosarcomas. Its value for prognosis prediction and therapeutic adaptation to prognosis. The categorization of lymphosarcomas with immune markers has enriched the prognosis value of the WHO classification. The prolymphocytic (centrofollicular) B-type and the null lymphoblastic subtype have a good prognosis, while the (T- or B-) immunoblastic type and the T-lymphoblastic subtype have a poor prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:366709", "title": "Surface morphology of lymphoreticular cells: review of data obtained from scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "This illustrated review summarizes the current status of knowledge relating to the surface morphology of normal and malignant lymphocytes and other leukocytes, as seen by SEM, with particular emphasis on lymphoreticular disorders. Problems of interpretation of the SEM data and their significance are discussed.", "contents": "Surface morphology of lymphoreticular cells: review of data obtained from scanning electron microscopy. This illustrated review summarizes the current status of knowledge relating to the surface morphology of normal and malignant lymphocytes and other leukocytes, as seen by SEM, with particular emphasis on lymphoreticular disorders. Problems of interpretation of the SEM data and their significance are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:366718", "title": "Pyogenic arthritis and rheumatoid disease: the importance of the infected foot.", "content": "During a nine-year period (1968--76) 75 patients were admitted to Coventry Hospitals becaues of pyogenic arthritis. Of these patients, 22 suffered from pre-existing rheumatoid disease, and in these the foot was the most common site of primary infection. Adequate and energetic management of foot problems and associated skin sepsis in patients suffering from rheumatoid disease appears to offer the best opportunity of reducing the incidence of superimposed pyogenic arthritis.", "contents": "Pyogenic arthritis and rheumatoid disease: the importance of the infected foot. During a nine-year period (1968--76) 75 patients were admitted to Coventry Hospitals becaues of pyogenic arthritis. Of these patients, 22 suffered from pre-existing rheumatoid disease, and in these the foot was the most common site of primary infection. Adequate and energetic management of foot problems and associated skin sepsis in patients suffering from rheumatoid disease appears to offer the best opportunity of reducing the incidence of superimposed pyogenic arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:366719", "title": "Auditory changes associated with moderate blood salicylate levels.", "content": "Thirty patients with rheumatoid arthritis were randomly assigned to two groups: aspirin and placebo. Aspirin group subjects received five grain ASA capsules and placebo group subjects received lactose placebo for seven days. Blood salicylate level (BSL) and audiological evaluations were performed on Days 0, 3 and 7. BSLs never exceeded 21 mg/100 ml. BSLs during the seven days varied only slightly among aspirin group subjects but dropped consistently in the placebo group. Intra-subject comparison of scores on low versus high BSL days indicated significant differences between mean speech reception thresholds (SRT) scores and pure-tone air-conduction thresholds at all test frequencies for both groups, except at 2000 Hz for the aspirin group. Inter-group differences occurred on SRT and high-frequency pure-tone thresholds. The results indicate that moderate BSLs adversely affect hearing ability. These adverse effects appear to be temporary.", "contents": "Auditory changes associated with moderate blood salicylate levels. Thirty patients with rheumatoid arthritis were randomly assigned to two groups: aspirin and placebo. Aspirin group subjects received five grain ASA capsules and placebo group subjects received lactose placebo for seven days. Blood salicylate level (BSL) and audiological evaluations were performed on Days 0, 3 and 7. BSLs never exceeded 21 mg/100 ml. BSLs during the seven days varied only slightly among aspirin group subjects but dropped consistently in the placebo group. Intra-subject comparison of scores on low versus high BSL days indicated significant differences between mean speech reception thresholds (SRT) scores and pure-tone air-conduction thresholds at all test frequencies for both groups, except at 2000 Hz for the aspirin group. Inter-group differences occurred on SRT and high-frequency pure-tone thresholds. The results indicate that moderate BSLs adversely affect hearing ability. These adverse effects appear to be temporary."}
{"id": "PMID:366720", "title": "Local anaesthetic nerve block in the treatment of intractable pain from osteoarthritis of the hip.", "content": "Previous workers have advocated hip nerve block, with local anaesthetic, in the treatment of intractable pain from osteoarthritis of the hip. In a pilot study we obtained some degree of pain relief in only six of 13 patients. A further double-blind, controlled, randomized trial was undertaken in 31 patients, comparing 0.5% Marcain and normal saline. There was no significant improvement in pain or hip movements in either group over a six-week period.", "contents": "Local anaesthetic nerve block in the treatment of intractable pain from osteoarthritis of the hip. Previous workers have advocated hip nerve block, with local anaesthetic, in the treatment of intractable pain from osteoarthritis of the hip. In a pilot study we obtained some degree of pain relief in only six of 13 patients. A further double-blind, controlled, randomized trial was undertaken in 31 patients, comparing 0.5% Marcain and normal saline. There was no significant improvement in pain or hip movements in either group over a six-week period."}
{"id": "PMID:366721", "title": "Benoxaprofen: a clinical trial with an unusual design.", "content": "Benoxaprofen is a new nonsteroidal analgesic anti-inflammatory drug with a long half-life. Preliminary studies showed that steady-state blood levels could be achieved within 24 hours of treatment using a dose of 300 mg on the first day followed by 100 mg twice daily. A double-blind cross-over trial showed that benoxaprofen was effective and well tolerated in rheumatoid arthritis. Its analgesic effect was not apparent until the sixth day of treatment. An unusual trial design was used with treatment periods of unequal duration. This design has the advantage of allowing a new drug to be given for long enough to determine the time course of its action, while sparing patients prolonged treatment with placebo.", "contents": "Benoxaprofen: a clinical trial with an unusual design. Benoxaprofen is a new nonsteroidal analgesic anti-inflammatory drug with a long half-life. Preliminary studies showed that steady-state blood levels could be achieved within 24 hours of treatment using a dose of 300 mg on the first day followed by 100 mg twice daily. A double-blind cross-over trial showed that benoxaprofen was effective and well tolerated in rheumatoid arthritis. Its analgesic effect was not apparent until the sixth day of treatment. An unusual trial design was used with treatment periods of unequal duration. This design has the advantage of allowing a new drug to be given for long enough to determine the time course of its action, while sparing patients prolonged treatment with placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:366722", "title": "A comparative trial of benoxaprofen and naproxen.", "content": "A double-blind within-patient trial in rheumatoid arthritis comparing the new anti-inflammatory drug benoxaprofen with naproxen is reported. Patients received naproxen 250 mg b.d. for two weeks and benoxaprofen 200 mg b.d. for three weeks. Both drugs demonstrated efficacy. There was no statistically significant difference between them, except for grip strength which favoured naproxen. Side-effects were mild, infrequent and similar for both drugs. Evidence is presented which confirms the long duration of action of benoxaprofen, a fact which may be of clinical significance.", "contents": "A comparative trial of benoxaprofen and naproxen. A double-blind within-patient trial in rheumatoid arthritis comparing the new anti-inflammatory drug benoxaprofen with naproxen is reported. Patients received naproxen 250 mg b.d. for two weeks and benoxaprofen 200 mg b.d. for three weeks. Both drugs demonstrated efficacy. There was no statistically significant difference between them, except for grip strength which favoured naproxen. Side-effects were mild, infrequent and similar for both drugs. Evidence is presented which confirms the long duration of action of benoxaprofen, a fact which may be of clinical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:366723", "title": "A clinical trial of diflunisal against aspirin in osteoarthritis.", "content": "Thirty patients with osteoarthritis of knees or hips took part in a double-blind randomized 12-week inter-group clinical trial of diflunisal 250 mg to 375 mg twice daily against aspirin 500 mg to 750 mg four times daily using the double-placebo technique. Changes were assessed in weight-bearing pain and night pain, stiffness after rest, a specified activity, and overall judgements by patient and physician, all graded on a five-point scale. Intermalleolar distance or knee flexion were measured. Side-effects and safety tests were monitored. Diflunisal produced statistically significant responses for all the criteria, when numbers of patients better or worse after 12 weeks were compared using the sign test. Neither the figures for aspirin alone, nor a comparison between the two treatment groups, reached statistical significance. Side-effects and especially dropouts were less on diflunisal. Nine patients on diflunisal but only two on aspirin wanted to continue treatment beyond 12 weeks, though still 'blind' when deciding this. Diflunisal may be a useful, less toxic and longer acting alternative to aspirin in the management of osteoarthritis.", "contents": "A clinical trial of diflunisal against aspirin in osteoarthritis. Thirty patients with osteoarthritis of knees or hips took part in a double-blind randomized 12-week inter-group clinical trial of diflunisal 250 mg to 375 mg twice daily against aspirin 500 mg to 750 mg four times daily using the double-placebo technique. Changes were assessed in weight-bearing pain and night pain, stiffness after rest, a specified activity, and overall judgements by patient and physician, all graded on a five-point scale. Intermalleolar distance or knee flexion were measured. Side-effects and safety tests were monitored. Diflunisal produced statistically significant responses for all the criteria, when numbers of patients better or worse after 12 weeks were compared using the sign test. Neither the figures for aspirin alone, nor a comparison between the two treatment groups, reached statistical significance. Side-effects and especially dropouts were less on diflunisal. Nine patients on diflunisal but only two on aspirin wanted to continue treatment beyond 12 weeks, though still 'blind' when deciding this. Diflunisal may be a useful, less toxic and longer acting alternative to aspirin in the management of osteoarthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:366729", "title": "The mechanism of endotoxin-induced hypoferraemia.", "content": "The effect of endotoxin on the processing of erythrocyte iron by reticuloendothelial cells of the liver and spleen was studied in rats using heat damaged erythrocytes labelled with 59Fe. Endotoxin did not alter the uptake of the damaged cells but markedly inhibited the subsequent early phase of iron release from the reticuloendothelial cells. The inhibition seemed to be due to both a decreased rate of labelled haem destruction and an increased incorporation of radioiron into ferritin. Although early iron release was decreased 0--2 h after endotoxin administration, the diversion of iron into ferritin was more marked when endotoxin was given 18 h before. The block in iron release was partially overcome in animals that had been kept on an iron free diet or had been phlebotomised. In these animals the decreased rate of haem catabolism remained unaltered but less iron was diverted into ferritin.", "contents": "The mechanism of endotoxin-induced hypoferraemia. The effect of endotoxin on the processing of erythrocyte iron by reticuloendothelial cells of the liver and spleen was studied in rats using heat damaged erythrocytes labelled with 59Fe. Endotoxin did not alter the uptake of the damaged cells but markedly inhibited the subsequent early phase of iron release from the reticuloendothelial cells. The inhibition seemed to be due to both a decreased rate of labelled haem destruction and an increased incorporation of radioiron into ferritin. Although early iron release was decreased 0--2 h after endotoxin administration, the diversion of iron into ferritin was more marked when endotoxin was given 18 h before. The block in iron release was partially overcome in animals that had been kept on an iron free diet or had been phlebotomised. In these animals the decreased rate of haem catabolism remained unaltered but less iron was diverted into ferritin."}
{"id": "PMID:366724", "title": "Human lysozyme (origin and distribution in health and disease).", "content": "Histochemical and in particular immunoperoxidase techniques have extended our knowledge about the cellular distribution of LZM. The enzyme has been detected in: 1. granulocytes, which synthesize LZM in bone marrow; 2. cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, which synthesize LZM continuously; 3. various  exocrine glands, whose LZM is probably in part synthesized locally and in part derived from blood; 4. cartilage, which probably synthesizes LZM and 5. the kidney, in which LZM is serum-derived. In pathological conditions, such as inflammation and neoplasia, most LZM-positive cells at the site of disease are either granulocytes or members of the mono-nuclear phagocytic system. A notable exception are the metaplastic Paneth cells that occur along the gastrointestinal tract in inflammation and neoplasia. LZM is an antibacterial agent, but evidence is accumulating which suggests that the enzyme might have other functions as well.", "contents": "Human lysozyme (origin and distribution in health and disease). Histochemical and in particular immunoperoxidase techniques have extended our knowledge about the cellular distribution of LZM. The enzyme has been detected in: 1. granulocytes, which synthesize LZM in bone marrow; 2. cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, which synthesize LZM continuously; 3. various  exocrine glands, whose LZM is probably in part synthesized locally and in part derived from blood; 4. cartilage, which probably synthesizes LZM and 5. the kidney, in which LZM is serum-derived. In pathological conditions, such as inflammation and neoplasia, most LZM-positive cells at the site of disease are either granulocytes or members of the mono-nuclear phagocytic system. A notable exception are the metaplastic Paneth cells that occur along the gastrointestinal tract in inflammation and neoplasia. LZM is an antibacterial agent, but evidence is accumulating which suggests that the enzyme might have other functions as well."}
{"id": "PMID:366730", "title": "Detection of monoclonal B lymphocytes in multiple myeloma by immunofluorescence tests of surface immunoglobulins.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 16 patients with secretory type of multiple myeloma and 5 with nonmyelomatous monoclonal gammopathy were investigated for the surface immunoglobulins on the cell by immunofluorescence. A low pH shock of cells before staining was applied to dissociate the passively absorbed immunoglobulins present on the cell surface. Increases of B lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulins which have the same light chains as those of monoclonal immunoglobulins produced by the plasma cells were found in 5 of 11 common secretory myeloma patients and in all of 6 Bence-Jones myeloma patients. Ratios of cells bearing light chains of kappa- and lambda-types (kappa/lambda) appeared abnormal in almost all with an exception of only 3 cases of myeloma patients, even in the cases where the number of Ig bearing cells did not increase. Increases of possible monoclonal B cells bearing IgG, in addition to IgA cells, were observed in some patients with IgA myeloma. Increases of B cells bearing certain heavy chains were also observed in all 5 patients with Bence-Jones myeloma during the course of disease. No abnormalities of B cells bearing surface immunoglobulin were found in nonmyelomatous monoclonal gammopathy. These results suggest that proliferation of monoclonal B lymphocytes, which may be progenitors to the malignant plasma cells, occurs in a majority of myeloma patients, but not in nonmyelomatous monoclonal gammopathy.", "contents": "Detection of monoclonal B lymphocytes in multiple myeloma by immunofluorescence tests of surface immunoglobulins. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 16 patients with secretory type of multiple myeloma and 5 with nonmyelomatous monoclonal gammopathy were investigated for the surface immunoglobulins on the cell by immunofluorescence. A low pH shock of cells before staining was applied to dissociate the passively absorbed immunoglobulins present on the cell surface. Increases of B lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulins which have the same light chains as those of monoclonal immunoglobulins produced by the plasma cells were found in 5 of 11 common secretory myeloma patients and in all of 6 Bence-Jones myeloma patients. Ratios of cells bearing light chains of kappa- and lambda-types (kappa/lambda) appeared abnormal in almost all with an exception of only 3 cases of myeloma patients, even in the cases where the number of Ig bearing cells did not increase. Increases of possible monoclonal B cells bearing IgG, in addition to IgA cells, were observed in some patients with IgA myeloma. Increases of B cells bearing certain heavy chains were also observed in all 5 patients with Bence-Jones myeloma during the course of disease. No abnormalities of B cells bearing surface immunoglobulin were found in nonmyelomatous monoclonal gammopathy. These results suggest that proliferation of monoclonal B lymphocytes, which may be progenitors to the malignant plasma cells, occurs in a majority of myeloma patients, but not in nonmyelomatous monoclonal gammopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:366726", "title": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (theory, technique and applications).", "content": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are useful for measuring levels on antigens and antibodies. Both competitive and sandwich methods can be used. These assays are analogous to radioimmunoassays in format and have similar sensitivity. However, results can sometimes by read visually and even for objective readings only simple equipment is needed. ELISA has been used to measure hormones and other protein antigens and has also been used to assay antibody levels.", "contents": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (theory, technique and applications). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are useful for measuring levels on antigens and antibodies. Both competitive and sandwich methods can be used. These assays are analogous to radioimmunoassays in format and have similar sensitivity. However, results can sometimes by read visually and even for objective readings only simple equipment is needed. ELISA has been used to measure hormones and other protein antigens and has also been used to assay antibody levels."}
{"id": "PMID:366732", "title": "Polyclonal activation of human B lymphocytes in vitro by pokeweed mitogen: a simple technique for the simultaneous assessment of cell proliferation, generation of plasma cells, plaque-forming cells and immunoglobulin production.", "content": "A simple technique has been worked out for the simultaneous assessment of cell proliferation, generation of plasma cells, plaque-forming cells and immunoglobulin production from single cultures of 1 X 10(6) human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Kinetic studies showed that number of cells, thymidine incorporation rate, number of plaque-forming cells against fluorescein-isothiocyanate-haptenated sheep erythrocytes and concentration of IgM and IgG in the supernatant peaked on the average between day 5 and 7 of culture. This technique is particularly suitable for the analysis of hypogammaglobulinaemias in infancy.", "contents": "Polyclonal activation of human B lymphocytes in vitro by pokeweed mitogen: a simple technique for the simultaneous assessment of cell proliferation, generation of plasma cells, plaque-forming cells and immunoglobulin production. A simple technique has been worked out for the simultaneous assessment of cell proliferation, generation of plasma cells, plaque-forming cells and immunoglobulin production from single cultures of 1 X 10(6) human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Kinetic studies showed that number of cells, thymidine incorporation rate, number of plaque-forming cells against fluorescein-isothiocyanate-haptenated sheep erythrocytes and concentration of IgM and IgG in the supernatant peaked on the average between day 5 and 7 of culture. This technique is particularly suitable for the analysis of hypogammaglobulinaemias in infancy."}
{"id": "PMID:366733", "title": "Complement activation during subsequent stages of canine endotoxin shock.", "content": "Changes in total haemolytic complement and levels of C3, C4 and C6 were studied during subsequent stages of lethal endotoxin shock in dogs. Substantial decreases of all parameters were observed. C4 and C6 decreases showed a very similar pattern, indicating activation of complement by the classical pathway in addition to the activation of the alternative pathway known to occur in this pathological condition. The findings emphasize the role of the complement system in the pathophysiology of endotoxin shock and are consistent with the concept that complement activation has prognostic value during endotoxaemia.", "contents": "Complement activation during subsequent stages of canine endotoxin shock. Changes in total haemolytic complement and levels of C3, C4 and C6 were studied during subsequent stages of lethal endotoxin shock in dogs. Substantial decreases of all parameters were observed. C4 and C6 decreases showed a very similar pattern, indicating activation of complement by the classical pathway in addition to the activation of the alternative pathway known to occur in this pathological condition. The findings emphasize the role of the complement system in the pathophysiology of endotoxin shock and are consistent with the concept that complement activation has prognostic value during endotoxaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:366734", "title": "IgG on human blood lymphocytes studied by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Surface immunoglobulins (sIg) on human blood lymphocytes were identified by immunofluorescence (IFL) after staining with conjugated F(ab'2) fragments of the anti-Ig antibodies. A large fraction (approximately 20%) of freshly isolated lymphocytes was found to carry sIgG. Polyclocal IgG, which was present on Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes, could be removed by incubation and repeated washings only at 37 degrees C. Lymphocytes treated at 37 degrees C expressed the same percentage of sIg+ cells in direct IFL when F(ab')2 fragments of the antibody was used as when undigested aggregate-free IgG antibody was used. Indirect IFL using F(ab')2 fragments in both steps yielded similar sIg+ values. However, much higher percentage of cells carried sIg when undigested antibody was included in one of the steps. The results suggest that incubation and washing at 37 degrees C and the use of F(ab')2 fragments of the antibodies are important to eliminate absorbed sIgG and to avoid absorption of IgG during the staining procedure, thus preventing overestimation of the number of sIg+ B lymphocytes identified by IFL.", "contents": "IgG on human blood lymphocytes studied by immunofluorescence. Surface immunoglobulins (sIg) on human blood lymphocytes were identified by immunofluorescence (IFL) after staining with conjugated F(ab'2) fragments of the anti-Ig antibodies. A large fraction (approximately 20%) of freshly isolated lymphocytes was found to carry sIgG. Polyclocal IgG, which was present on Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes, could be removed by incubation and repeated washings only at 37 degrees C. Lymphocytes treated at 37 degrees C expressed the same percentage of sIg+ cells in direct IFL when F(ab')2 fragments of the antibody was used as when undigested aggregate-free IgG antibody was used. Indirect IFL using F(ab')2 fragments in both steps yielded similar sIg+ values. However, much higher percentage of cells carried sIg when undigested antibody was included in one of the steps. The results suggest that incubation and washing at 37 degrees C and the use of F(ab')2 fragments of the antibodies are important to eliminate absorbed sIgG and to avoid absorption of IgG during the staining procedure, thus preventing overestimation of the number of sIg+ B lymphocytes identified by IFL."}
{"id": "PMID:366735", "title": "In vivo and in vitro binding of IgA to the plasma membrane of hepatocytes.", "content": "IgA bound in vivo was shown by immunofluorescence on the plasma membrane of isolated hepatocytes from subjects with normal liver and patients with liver cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis or fatty liver. IgA in sera with elevated IgA concentrations, especially from cases with alcoholic cirrhosis, was bound in vitro to isolated hepatocytes from rabbit and mouse. This was not due to the high IgA concentration per se. Moreover, polyclonal polymeric serum-type and secretory IgA, and three of ten polymeric monoclonal IgA preparations, showed similar binding properties. Conversely, purified polyclonal and monoclonal monemeric IgA did not show affinity for the hepatocytes. The binding of polymeric IgA did not seem to depend on the proportion of dimers and larger polymers, kappa- or lambda-type light chains, heavy-chain subclasses, content of J chain or affinity for secetory component. The in vivo binding of IgA by hepatocytes is probably a physiological phenomenon which in part may explain the normal clearance of polymeric IgA from serum.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro binding of IgA to the plasma membrane of hepatocytes. IgA bound in vivo was shown by immunofluorescence on the plasma membrane of isolated hepatocytes from subjects with normal liver and patients with liver cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis or fatty liver. IgA in sera with elevated IgA concentrations, especially from cases with alcoholic cirrhosis, was bound in vitro to isolated hepatocytes from rabbit and mouse. This was not due to the high IgA concentration per se. Moreover, polyclonal polymeric serum-type and secretory IgA, and three of ten polymeric monoclonal IgA preparations, showed similar binding properties. Conversely, purified polyclonal and monoclonal monemeric IgA did not show affinity for the hepatocytes. The binding of polymeric IgA did not seem to depend on the proportion of dimers and larger polymers, kappa- or lambda-type light chains, heavy-chain subclasses, content of J chain or affinity for secetory component. The in vivo binding of IgA by hepatocytes is probably a physiological phenomenon which in part may explain the normal clearance of polymeric IgA from serum."}
{"id": "PMID:366736", "title": "B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells in the SJL/J mouse thymus graft repopulation: independence on host thymus and graft genotype.", "content": "We have studied the development of B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells (BL-CFC) in SJL and A.SW mouse thymus grafts transplanted into lethally irradiated A.SW mice protected with SJL mouse bone marrow (A.SW-SJL bone marrow chimaeras). The chimaeric state was confirmed by Ly allotype analysis. High incidence of BL-CJC was found in both the A.SW and the SJL thymus grafts, indicating that SJL bone marrow generates BL-CFC, or cells capable of generating BL-CFC, with a high affinity for homing in the thymus irrespective of the genotype of the thymus reticulum. The incidence of BL-CFC in the SJL thymus grafts, however, was approximately 20 times higher than the incidence of BK-CFC in the A.SW thymus grafts. Thus, the extensive infiltration of ageing SJL thymus glands by BL-CFC demonstrated recently is caused not only by SJL bone marrow B cells with a high affinity for thymus homing but also by the specific property of the SJL thymus environment. The extensive infiltration of syngeneic thymus grafts by BL-CFC observed in ageing SJL mice was found to occur independent of an intact host thymus function, indicating the extrathymic origin of these cells.", "contents": "B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells in the SJL/J mouse thymus graft repopulation: independence on host thymus and graft genotype. We have studied the development of B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells (BL-CFC) in SJL and A.SW mouse thymus grafts transplanted into lethally irradiated A.SW mice protected with SJL mouse bone marrow (A.SW-SJL bone marrow chimaeras). The chimaeric state was confirmed by Ly allotype analysis. High incidence of BL-CJC was found in both the A.SW and the SJL thymus grafts, indicating that SJL bone marrow generates BL-CFC, or cells capable of generating BL-CFC, with a high affinity for homing in the thymus irrespective of the genotype of the thymus reticulum. The incidence of BL-CFC in the SJL thymus grafts, however, was approximately 20 times higher than the incidence of BK-CFC in the A.SW thymus grafts. Thus, the extensive infiltration of ageing SJL thymus glands by BL-CFC demonstrated recently is caused not only by SJL bone marrow B cells with a high affinity for thymus homing but also by the specific property of the SJL thymus environment. The extensive infiltration of syngeneic thymus grafts by BL-CFC observed in ageing SJL mice was found to occur independent of an intact host thymus function, indicating the extrathymic origin of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:366737", "title": "Amino acid sequence homology between HLA-A,B,C antigens, beta2-microglobulin and immunoglobulins.", "content": "Papain-solubilized HLA-A,B,C antigen heavy chains have been cleaved by combined acid and CNBr treatment to yield three large fragments. A 14,000-dalton peptide comprises the NH2-terminal portion of the molecule, less a five-membered peptide. The 14,000-dalton fragment is followed in the linear sequence by a 9000-dalton peptide connected through an aspartyl-prolyl bond to the COOH-terminal 11,000-dalton fragment. The 9000- and 11,000-dalton fragments contain disulphide bridges that are immunoglobulin-like inasmuch as they encompass some fifty-five to sixty amino acid residues. The NH2-terminal portion of the HLA antigen heavy chain is devoid of cysteine. NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analyses do not reveal homologies between the 14,000- and 9000-dalton fragments, beta2-microglobulin, and the constant immunoglobulin domains. However, the NH2-terminal sequence of the 11,000-dalton fragment is as homologous to beta2-microglobulin and the constant immunoglobulin domains as they are to one another.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence homology between HLA-A,B,C antigens, beta2-microglobulin and immunoglobulins. Papain-solubilized HLA-A,B,C antigen heavy chains have been cleaved by combined acid and CNBr treatment to yield three large fragments. A 14,000-dalton peptide comprises the NH2-terminal portion of the molecule, less a five-membered peptide. The 14,000-dalton fragment is followed in the linear sequence by a 9000-dalton peptide connected through an aspartyl-prolyl bond to the COOH-terminal 11,000-dalton fragment. The 9000- and 11,000-dalton fragments contain disulphide bridges that are immunoglobulin-like inasmuch as they encompass some fifty-five to sixty amino acid residues. The NH2-terminal portion of the HLA antigen heavy chain is devoid of cysteine. NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analyses do not reveal homologies between the 14,000- and 9000-dalton fragments, beta2-microglobulin, and the constant immunoglobulin domains. However, the NH2-terminal sequence of the 11,000-dalton fragment is as homologous to beta2-microglobulin and the constant immunoglobulin domains as they are to one another."}
{"id": "PMID:366739", "title": "[The work by Prince Korab. Analysis of the writings of a paranoiac].", "content": "This note concerns the analysis of a work written in the early years of the century by a discredited Polish nobleman. The book, pseudo-encyclopaedic in character and didactic in tone is cast presumably in the mould of the \"Guide to the Perplexed\". Among other traits it reflects a paranoiac personality. In the course of his observations the author of the article raises the question of pathography in general. After a historical and epistemological survey of the working methods employed in this field, he suggests a new critical attitude which claims to be \"multi-disciplinary\". Taking its stand on several different points of view - philosophical, literary, linguistic, psychodynamic. The analysis of the book by Prince Korab serves to illustrate this \"non-reductive\" form of approach.", "contents": "[The work by Prince Korab. Analysis of the writings of a paranoiac]. This note concerns the analysis of a work written in the early years of the century by a discredited Polish nobleman. The book, pseudo-encyclopaedic in character and didactic in tone is cast presumably in the mould of the \"Guide to the Perplexed\". Among other traits it reflects a paranoiac personality. In the course of his observations the author of the article raises the question of pathography in general. After a historical and epistemological survey of the working methods employed in this field, he suggests a new critical attitude which claims to be \"multi-disciplinary\". Taking its stand on several different points of view - philosophical, literary, linguistic, psychodynamic. The analysis of the book by Prince Korab serves to illustrate this \"non-reductive\" form of approach."}
{"id": "PMID:366740", "title": "Symptomatology and diagnosis in connective tissue disease. II. Evaluations and follow-up examinations in consequence of a speckled antinuclear immunofluorescence pattern.", "content": "Antibodies to soluble ribonucleoprotein (sRNP) are by definition a prerequisite for the diagnosis mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). They are also found in 30--40% of other rheumatic conditions with a high titred speckled IFL reaction. The same is true for the most characteristic clinical features of MCTD, viz. Raynaud's syndrome and polymyositis--polymyalgia. The serological and clinical symptoms mentioned are closely associated. An association between anti-Sm and the SLE symptoms butterfly erythema, nephropathia, other visceropathias and cerebrovascular disease is confirmed by the present study. Although anti-Sm has less diagnostic specificity for SLE than has anti-ds-DNA, it is useful as a diagnostic aid in SLE cases lacking the latter antibody. The results of the present study tend to support the hypothesis that anti-sRNP may be associated with a prophylactive effect against serious vasculitis and nephropathia. When anti-sRNP and anti-Sm occur together they seem to act competitively so that the symptom associated with the antibody having the highest titre tends to dominate the clinical picture. Both anti-sRNP and anti-Sm produce speckled nuclear patterns in the indirect immunofluorescence test. Sera with immunofluorescence titres below 1/25 were not found to react against either sRNP or Sm. On the other hand all sera tested that had a speckled IFL reaction greater than or equal to 1/800 also had anti-sRNP.", "contents": "Symptomatology and diagnosis in connective tissue disease. II. Evaluations and follow-up examinations in consequence of a speckled antinuclear immunofluorescence pattern. Antibodies to soluble ribonucleoprotein (sRNP) are by definition a prerequisite for the diagnosis mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). They are also found in 30--40% of other rheumatic conditions with a high titred speckled IFL reaction. The same is true for the most characteristic clinical features of MCTD, viz. Raynaud's syndrome and polymyositis--polymyalgia. The serological and clinical symptoms mentioned are closely associated. An association between anti-Sm and the SLE symptoms butterfly erythema, nephropathia, other visceropathias and cerebrovascular disease is confirmed by the present study. Although anti-Sm has less diagnostic specificity for SLE than has anti-ds-DNA, it is useful as a diagnostic aid in SLE cases lacking the latter antibody. The results of the present study tend to support the hypothesis that anti-sRNP may be associated with a prophylactive effect against serious vasculitis and nephropathia. When anti-sRNP and anti-Sm occur together they seem to act competitively so that the symptom associated with the antibody having the highest titre tends to dominate the clinical picture. Both anti-sRNP and anti-Sm produce speckled nuclear patterns in the indirect immunofluorescence test. Sera with immunofluorescence titres below 1/25 were not found to react against either sRNP or Sm. On the other hand all sera tested that had a speckled IFL reaction greater than or equal to 1/800 also had anti-sRNP."}
{"id": "PMID:366741", "title": "Effect of a single graded dose of terbutaline tablets in patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchoconstriction. A double-blind, placebo, cross-over study.", "content": "Terbutaline, a selective beta2-adrenergic receptor stimulator was given to 10 patients with chronic bronchitis. The effects of the drug were tested by measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), heart rate, blood pressure and blood gas analysis. The measurements were performed before and 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 h after oral administration of placebo, 2.5 mg, or 5.0 mg terbutaline. Terbutaline caused a significant dose-related increase in FEV1 and PEFR as compared with placebo. The maximal effects were found at the 4-h measurement and were still present at the measurements performed at 6 h. Heart rate, blood pressure and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) were not significantly affected. Four patients experienced side effects as tremor and/or heart palpitations. It is concluded that orally administered terbutaline may be an important therapeutical agent in the treatment of chronic bronchitis.", "contents": "Effect of a single graded dose of terbutaline tablets in patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchoconstriction. A double-blind, placebo, cross-over study. Terbutaline, a selective beta2-adrenergic receptor stimulator was given to 10 patients with chronic bronchitis. The effects of the drug were tested by measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), heart rate, blood pressure and blood gas analysis. The measurements were performed before and 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 h after oral administration of placebo, 2.5 mg, or 5.0 mg terbutaline. Terbutaline caused a significant dose-related increase in FEV1 and PEFR as compared with placebo. The maximal effects were found at the 4-h measurement and were still present at the measurements performed at 6 h. Heart rate, blood pressure and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) were not significantly affected. Four patients experienced side effects as tremor and/or heart palpitations. It is concluded that orally administered terbutaline may be an important therapeutical agent in the treatment of chronic bronchitis."}
{"id": "PMID:366743", "title": "Mutagenicity of industrial compounds. VII. Styrene and styrene oxide: II. Point mutations, chromosome aberrations and DNA repair induction analyses.", "content": "The possible genetic effects produced by styrene have been investigated by means of different methodologies in several biological organisms: (a) the induction of point mutation has been investigated in Salmonella typhimurium (reverse mutation), in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (forward mutation), both in vitro and in vivo, in the host-mediated assay of mice, and in the Chinese hamster cell line grown in vitro (V-79) (forward mutation); (b) the induction of chromosome mutation has been investigated in vivo, in mice, through the analysis of the presence of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells of treated animals; (c) the production of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) damage and the stimulation of DNA repair synthesis have been evaluated from measurements of unscheduled DNA synthesis in a heteroploid human cell line (EUE) and gene-conversion produced in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae treated in vitro and in vivo (host-mediated assay). All the in vitro studies have been developed by the testing of the styrene in the presence of a metabolic activating system obtained with a mouse liver microsomal preparation. Styrene oxide, one of the in vivo metabolites of styrene with electrophilic properties towards DNA molecules, have also been tested in similar systems. Styrene was not mutagenic in all the systems tested; styrene oxide, on the contrary, was shown to be an active mutagen, independently of the genetic system under evaluation.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of industrial compounds. VII. Styrene and styrene oxide: II. Point mutations, chromosome aberrations and DNA repair induction analyses. The possible genetic effects produced by styrene have been investigated by means of different methodologies in several biological organisms: (a) the induction of point mutation has been investigated in Salmonella typhimurium (reverse mutation), in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (forward mutation), both in vitro and in vivo, in the host-mediated assay of mice, and in the Chinese hamster cell line grown in vitro (V-79) (forward mutation); (b) the induction of chromosome mutation has been investigated in vivo, in mice, through the analysis of the presence of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells of treated animals; (c) the production of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) damage and the stimulation of DNA repair synthesis have been evaluated from measurements of unscheduled DNA synthesis in a heteroploid human cell line (EUE) and gene-conversion produced in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae treated in vitro and in vivo (host-mediated assay). All the in vitro studies have been developed by the testing of the styrene in the presence of a metabolic activating system obtained with a mouse liver microsomal preparation. Styrene oxide, one of the in vivo metabolites of styrene with electrophilic properties towards DNA molecules, have also been tested in similar systems. Styrene was not mutagenic in all the systems tested; styrene oxide, on the contrary, was shown to be an active mutagen, independently of the genetic system under evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:366744", "title": "[An enigmatic member of the family of Scrofulariaceae: Digitalis].", "content": "Digitalis still remains a source of astonishment to electrophysiologists as well as clinicians. The presently known effects on the neurovegetative system and the action potential are described, and some clinical problems which may lead to ineffective digitalization or digitalis intoxication are stressed. Clinical and ECG manifestations and some therapeutic aspects are pointed out.", "contents": "[An enigmatic member of the family of Scrofulariaceae: Digitalis]. Digitalis still remains a source of astonishment to electrophysiologists as well as clinicians. The presently known effects on the neurovegetative system and the action potential are described, and some clinical problems which may lead to ineffective digitalization or digitalis intoxication are stressed. Clinical and ECG manifestations and some therapeutic aspects are pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:366745", "title": "[Long-term ophthalmologic follow-up after kidney transplantation].", "content": "16 renal transplant recipients underwent ophthalmological examination 11.4, 19.4 and 61.3 months after renal transplantation. The most common side effects of immunosuppressive therapy were steroid-induced cataract formation, steroid glaucoma, and recurrent subconjunctival haemorrhages. Posterior sub-capsular cataracts may develop as early as 2 months after surgery, reach their highest incidence within 2 years and may be reversible under low dosage steroid therapy. 75.5% of 57 ophthalmologically examined patients showed ocular complications or changes, but visual function was not severely disturbed. Despite hypertension in 23 cases, no hypertensive retinopathy was observed. In the light of these findings we assume that kidney transplantation has a positive influence on ocular functions, and especially on fundus changes dating from the time of regular dialysis treatment.", "contents": "[Long-term ophthalmologic follow-up after kidney transplantation]. 16 renal transplant recipients underwent ophthalmological examination 11.4, 19.4 and 61.3 months after renal transplantation. The most common side effects of immunosuppressive therapy were steroid-induced cataract formation, steroid glaucoma, and recurrent subconjunctival haemorrhages. Posterior sub-capsular cataracts may develop as early as 2 months after surgery, reach their highest incidence within 2 years and may be reversible under low dosage steroid therapy. 75.5% of 57 ophthalmologically examined patients showed ocular complications or changes, but visual function was not severely disturbed. Despite hypertension in 23 cases, no hypertensive retinopathy was observed. In the light of these findings we assume that kidney transplantation has a positive influence on ocular functions, and especially on fundus changes dating from the time of regular dialysis treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:366747", "title": "Chitin synthetase distribution on the yeast plasma membrane.", "content": "Purified, intact yeast plasma membranes were allowed to synthesize chitin, and the nascent chains of polysaccharide were observed either by the fluorescence produced with a brightener or by autoradiography. By both methods, it was concluded that the newly formed chitin emerged at many sites on each membrane. Thus, the synthetase that catalyzes chitin formation has a similar distribution. Since chitin synthetase is found mainly in a zymogen form, these results confirm the hypothesis that initiation of the chitinous primary septum of Saccharomyces occurs by localized activation of the uniformly distributed zymogen.", "contents": "Chitin synthetase distribution on the yeast plasma membrane. Purified, intact yeast plasma membranes were allowed to synthesize chitin, and the nascent chains of polysaccharide were observed either by the fluorescence produced with a brightener or by autoradiography. By both methods, it was concluded that the newly formed chitin emerged at many sites on each membrane. Thus, the synthetase that catalyzes chitin formation has a similar distribution. Since chitin synthetase is found mainly in a zymogen form, these results confirm the hypothesis that initiation of the chitinous primary septum of Saccharomyces occurs by localized activation of the uniformly distributed zymogen."}
{"id": "PMID:366749", "title": "Total synthesis of a gene.", "content": "The method developed for the total synthesis of a given DNA containing biologically specific sequences consists of the following. The DNA in the double-stranded form is carefully divided into short single-stranded segments with suitable overlaps in the complementary strands. All the segments are chemically synthesized starting with protected nucleosides and mononucleotides. The 5'-OH ends of the appropriate oligonucleotides are then phosphorylated with the use of [y-32P]ATP and polynucleotide kinase. A few to several neighboring oligonucleotides are then allowed to form bihelical complexes in aqueous solution, and the latter are joined end to end by polynucleotide ligase to form covalently linked duplexes. Subsequent heat-to-tail joining of the short duplexes leads to the total DNA. The methods are described for the construction of a biologically functional suppressor transfer RNA gene. The total work involved (i) the synthesis of a 126-nucleotide-long bihelical DNA corresponding to a known precursor to the tyrosine suppressor transfer RNA, (ii) the sequencing of the promoter region and the distal region adjoining the C-C-A end, which contained a signal for the processing of the RNA transcript, (iii) total synthesis of the 207 base-pair-long DNA, which included the control elements, as well as the Eco R1 restriction endonuclease specific sequences at the two ends, and (iv) full characterization by transcription in vitro and amber suppressor activity in vivo of the synthetic gene.", "contents": "Total synthesis of a gene. The method developed for the total synthesis of a given DNA containing biologically specific sequences consists of the following. The DNA in the double-stranded form is carefully divided into short single-stranded segments with suitable overlaps in the complementary strands. All the segments are chemically synthesized starting with protected nucleosides and mononucleotides. The 5'-OH ends of the appropriate oligonucleotides are then phosphorylated with the use of [y-32P]ATP and polynucleotide kinase. A few to several neighboring oligonucleotides are then allowed to form bihelical complexes in aqueous solution, and the latter are joined end to end by polynucleotide ligase to form covalently linked duplexes. Subsequent heat-to-tail joining of the short duplexes leads to the total DNA. The methods are described for the construction of a biologically functional suppressor transfer RNA gene. The total work involved (i) the synthesis of a 126-nucleotide-long bihelical DNA corresponding to a known precursor to the tyrosine suppressor transfer RNA, (ii) the sequencing of the promoter region and the distal region adjoining the C-C-A end, which contained a signal for the processing of the RNA transcript, (iii) total synthesis of the 207 base-pair-long DNA, which included the control elements, as well as the Eco R1 restriction endonuclease specific sequences at the two ends, and (iv) full characterization by transcription in vitro and amber suppressor activity in vivo of the synthetic gene."}
{"id": "PMID:366766", "title": "Response to influenza A vaccine among high-risk patients.", "content": "In recent years, it has been recommended that \"high-risk\" patients receive influenza immunizations annually. During the 1976 National Influenza Immunization Program, a higher priority was given to these patients than to the general population. The present study was undertaken to compare the antibody response of high-risk patients with that of a group of individuals with no underlying disease after immunization with 0.5 ml of bivalent, split-virus vaccine containing 200 CCA units each of influenza A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75. Sera were obtained before and after immunization from 41 \"healthy\" volunteers and from 57 cariology, 31 hematology, 13 hemodialysis, and 16 renal transplant patients. The control, cardiology, and hemodialysis groups responded equally well to A/Victoria/75 antigen, but the hematology and renal transplant groups did not respond as well (P less than .05). Only the hematology patients responded at a significantly lower level (P less than .05) than the control group to A/New Jersey/76. The control and renal transplant groups had a significantly greater response to A/New Jersey/76 antigen than to A/Victoria/75 antigen (P less than .002). Although the same pattern was demonstrated by the other patient groups, the differences were not significant. Because hematology and renal transplant patients responded relatively poorly to influenza immunization, prophylactic administration of amantadine during influenza outbreaks should be considered in patients with renal function adequate to excrete this drug.", "contents": "Response to influenza A vaccine among high-risk patients. In recent years, it has been recommended that \"high-risk\" patients receive influenza immunizations annually. During the 1976 National Influenza Immunization Program, a higher priority was given to these patients than to the general population. The present study was undertaken to compare the antibody response of high-risk patients with that of a group of individuals with no underlying disease after immunization with 0.5 ml of bivalent, split-virus vaccine containing 200 CCA units each of influenza A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75. Sera were obtained before and after immunization from 41 \"healthy\" volunteers and from 57 cariology, 31 hematology, 13 hemodialysis, and 16 renal transplant patients. The control, cardiology, and hemodialysis groups responded equally well to A/Victoria/75 antigen, but the hematology and renal transplant groups did not respond as well (P less than .05). Only the hematology patients responded at a significantly lower level (P less than .05) than the control group to A/New Jersey/76. The control and renal transplant groups had a significantly greater response to A/New Jersey/76 antigen than to A/Victoria/75 antigen (P less than .002). Although the same pattern was demonstrated by the other patient groups, the differences were not significant. Because hematology and renal transplant patients responded relatively poorly to influenza immunization, prophylactic administration of amantadine during influenza outbreaks should be considered in patients with renal function adequate to excrete this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:366775", "title": "Incidence of infections with Salmonella enteritidis serotypes in Black and Indian children. A 16-year survey.", "content": "A 16-year survey (1960--1975) of Salmonella infections other than typhoid fever in Black and Indian children admitted to King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, is reported. The 3,393 patients yielded 3,688 Salmonella enteritidis serotypes, mainly typhimurium, johannesburg/duval, manhattan, enteritidis, and senftenberg. Organisms were isolated from one or more of the following: stool, urine, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, liver, sputum, subcutaneous tissue, ear and bone. Patients' ages varied from 1 day to 12 years, with a median age of 8 months. The high incidence of malnutrition, other debilitating diseases and multiple pathogens isolated from many of the patients precluded firm decisions as to the role played by most salmonellae as contributory factors or causes of death.", "contents": "Incidence of infections with Salmonella enteritidis serotypes in Black and Indian children. A 16-year survey. A 16-year survey (1960--1975) of Salmonella infections other than typhoid fever in Black and Indian children admitted to King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, is reported. The 3,393 patients yielded 3,688 Salmonella enteritidis serotypes, mainly typhimurium, johannesburg/duval, manhattan, enteritidis, and senftenberg. Organisms were isolated from one or more of the following: stool, urine, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, liver, sputum, subcutaneous tissue, ear and bone. Patients' ages varied from 1 day to 12 years, with a median age of 8 months. The high incidence of malnutrition, other debilitating diseases and multiple pathogens isolated from many of the patients precluded firm decisions as to the role played by most salmonellae as contributory factors or causes of death."}
{"id": "PMID:366778", "title": "Colonic intussusceptions in children.", "content": "There is a high incidence of primary colonic intussusceptions in infants and children in Africa. The case histories of 37 patients are reviewed. Of the varieties described, the caecocolic intussusception (16 patients) presents as an intestinal upset, often mild, with symptoms of colic and vomiting. In many of these patients there is known to be an intestinal infestation with Ascaris lumbricoides. This often leads to a delay in establishing the correct diagnosis. Colocolic intussusception (13 patients) gives rise to more acute abdominal symptoms. On clinical assessment, signs of intestinal obstruction are found and there is usually an intra-abdominal mass which can be palpated in the left colon. Further confirmatory evidence of intussusception is the finding of occult blood in stools. There is an unusually high incidence of sigmoid intussusceptions in infants (8 patients). The diagnosis of this form of intussusception is often delayed owing to inadequate clinical assessment of prolapsed bowel at the anal orifice. The length of the prolapsed bowel, the curved nature of the prolapse and the possible demonstration of a sulcus between the prolapsed bowel and the anal canal wall, aid in diagnosis.", "contents": "Colonic intussusceptions in children. There is a high incidence of primary colonic intussusceptions in infants and children in Africa. The case histories of 37 patients are reviewed. Of the varieties described, the caecocolic intussusception (16 patients) presents as an intestinal upset, often mild, with symptoms of colic and vomiting. In many of these patients there is known to be an intestinal infestation with Ascaris lumbricoides. This often leads to a delay in establishing the correct diagnosis. Colocolic intussusception (13 patients) gives rise to more acute abdominal symptoms. On clinical assessment, signs of intestinal obstruction are found and there is usually an intra-abdominal mass which can be palpated in the left colon. Further confirmatory evidence of intussusception is the finding of occult blood in stools. There is an unusually high incidence of sigmoid intussusceptions in infants (8 patients). The diagnosis of this form of intussusception is often delayed owing to inadequate clinical assessment of prolapsed bowel at the anal orifice. The length of the prolapsed bowel, the curved nature of the prolapse and the possible demonstration of a sulcus between the prolapsed bowel and the anal canal wall, aid in diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:366779", "title": "Anaesthesia for caesarean section. An updated review of its special problems and their management.", "content": "We have attempted to update a previous review of the hazards and problems confronting the mother, fetus and anaesthetist at caesarean section. A recent survey of obstetric anaesthesia within the Republic and South West Africa indicates that a significant proportion of anaesthetic services for midwifery are provided by non-specialist practitioners in hospitals outside major population centres. We believe that both mothers and their infants will gain from the careful perusal by their doctors of this review.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for caesarean section. An updated review of its special problems and their management. We have attempted to update a previous review of the hazards and problems confronting the mother, fetus and anaesthetist at caesarean section. A recent survey of obstetric anaesthesia within the Republic and South West Africa indicates that a significant proportion of anaesthetic services for midwifery are provided by non-specialist practitioners in hospitals outside major population centres. We believe that both mothers and their infants will gain from the careful perusal by their doctors of this review."}
{"id": "PMID:366780", "title": "[President F.W. Reitz and his health problem].", "content": "Francis William Reitz, the second last President of the Republic of the Orange Free State, resigned his office on 16 November 1895 for health reasons. He died 39 years later at the age of 89. An analysis of this health history shows his resignation to have been caused by a symptom complex quite characteristic of endogenous depression, probably precipitated by virus hepatitis, During 1896 he recovered fully, but in 1903, as an embittered man at the end of the Anglo-Boer War, he experienced a severe recurrence of depression which lasted 18 months, despite the best therapy available in Europe at the time.", "contents": "[President F.W. Reitz and his health problem]. Francis William Reitz, the second last President of the Republic of the Orange Free State, resigned his office on 16 November 1895 for health reasons. He died 39 years later at the age of 89. An analysis of this health history shows his resignation to have been caused by a symptom complex quite characteristic of endogenous depression, probably precipitated by virus hepatitis, During 1896 he recovered fully, but in 1903, as an embittered man at the end of the Anglo-Boer War, he experienced a severe recurrence of depression which lasted 18 months, despite the best therapy available in Europe at the time."}
{"id": "PMID:366781", "title": "Xipamide in the management of renal, hepatic and cardiac oedema.", "content": "Xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulphamyl-salicylic acid 2', 6'-dimethylanilide) is a diuretic and antihypertensive agent. A clinical trial of the drug was performed in 11 patients, 8 with nephrotic syndrome, 1 with oedema and ascites due to hepatic cirrhosis, and 2 with congestive cardiac failure due to idiopathic cardiomyopathy. The drug proved to be potent, safe and efficacious. Side-effects were similar to those encountered with other thiazide-derived diuretics, but were not of a severe nature. Wider clinical usage of xipamide would appear to be warranted.", "contents": "Xipamide in the management of renal, hepatic and cardiac oedema. Xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulphamyl-salicylic acid 2', 6'-dimethylanilide) is a diuretic and antihypertensive agent. A clinical trial of the drug was performed in 11 patients, 8 with nephrotic syndrome, 1 with oedema and ascites due to hepatic cirrhosis, and 2 with congestive cardiac failure due to idiopathic cardiomyopathy. The drug proved to be potent, safe and efficacious. Side-effects were similar to those encountered with other thiazide-derived diuretics, but were not of a severe nature. Wider clinical usage of xipamide would appear to be warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:366783", "title": "The role of social workers in medical education: a historical perspective.", "content": "Although the number of social workers participating in medical education is increasing, there is a need to review and evaluate their roles in such educational activities. Information is needed about how social workers participate in medical education in order to plan how to make a more effective contribution. This article describes how the role of social workers in medical education evolved, and gives examples of what social workers have done in the past and are doing today.", "contents": "The role of social workers in medical education: a historical perspective. Although the number of social workers participating in medical education is increasing, there is a need to review and evaluate their roles in such educational activities. Information is needed about how social workers participate in medical education in order to plan how to make a more effective contribution. This article describes how the role of social workers in medical education evolved, and gives examples of what social workers have done in the past and are doing today."}
{"id": "PMID:366786", "title": "Emotional problems of the severely burned patient.", "content": "In this article we have tried to present an overview of some of the common emotional responses and problems seen in severely burned patients. We have suggested that first consideration be given to learning what sort of person the patient is and becoming familiar with what the burned patient experiences. General preventive measures were suggested that included establishment of clear communication between patient and staff so that the patient has the best understanding possible of the nature of the injury and the treatment, allowing the patients as much control as possible in the treatment process, and providing adequate analgesic medication. We have described what may be observed when patients become anxious, fearful, angry, depressed, regressed, and psychotic, and have attempted to facilitate an understanding of what is occurring in patients showing these responses. Some common reactions of medical and nursing staff to the various emotional reactions were mentioned. In the final section we attempted to deal briefly with the responses of children and measures that can be taken with them. Most of the therapeutic measures suggested can be carried out by nonpsychiatric personnel if they are able to be empathetic and in touch with their own reactions to patients and to utilized common sense.", "contents": "Emotional problems of the severely burned patient. In this article we have tried to present an overview of some of the common emotional responses and problems seen in severely burned patients. We have suggested that first consideration be given to learning what sort of person the patient is and becoming familiar with what the burned patient experiences. General preventive measures were suggested that included establishment of clear communication between patient and staff so that the patient has the best understanding possible of the nature of the injury and the treatment, allowing the patients as much control as possible in the treatment process, and providing adequate analgesic medication. We have described what may be observed when patients become anxious, fearful, angry, depressed, regressed, and psychotic, and have attempted to facilitate an understanding of what is occurring in patients showing these responses. Some common reactions of medical and nursing staff to the various emotional reactions were mentioned. In the final section we attempted to deal briefly with the responses of children and measures that can be taken with them. Most of the therapeutic measures suggested can be carried out by nonpsychiatric personnel if they are able to be empathetic and in touch with their own reactions to patients and to utilized common sense."}
{"id": "PMID:366787", "title": "Closing the burn wound.", "content": "With recent advances in supportive therapy and surgical care, closure of the burn wound now can be accomplished earlier and more effectively than previously. Only by keeping the patient in a state of positive nitrogen balance, immunologically competent, and in equilibrium with the bacteria colonizing the burn wound can early wound closure be carried out with a minimal number of postburn complications.", "contents": "Closing the burn wound. With recent advances in supportive therapy and surgical care, closure of the burn wound now can be accomplished earlier and more effectively than previously. Only by keeping the patient in a state of positive nitrogen balance, immunologically competent, and in equilibrium with the bacteria colonizing the burn wound can early wound closure be carried out with a minimal number of postburn complications."}
{"id": "PMID:366788", "title": "Current status of skin substitutes.", "content": "In the current state of the art, viable human allograft is the best skin prosthesis available, but it leaves much to be desired. Characteristics of skin substitutes can be defined and measured, resulting in the rational approach to design and testing of synthetic skin substitutes. Thin silicone polymer and modified plastic membranes, collagen films, and adherent methacrylate polymer applied by a spray technique (Hydron) are the most promising materials at present.", "contents": "Current status of skin substitutes. In the current state of the art, viable human allograft is the best skin prosthesis available, but it leaves much to be desired. Characteristics of skin substitutes can be defined and measured, resulting in the rational approach to design and testing of synthetic skin substitutes. Thin silicone polymer and modified plastic membranes, collagen films, and adherent methacrylate polymer applied by a spray technique (Hydron) are the most promising materials at present."}
{"id": "PMID:366791", "title": "Evidence that calcium regulates platelet function.", "content": "It is generally believed that calcium ions play a key role in regulation of platelet function. This is based on 3 types of evidence. 1. Analogies with other cells. Calcium ions are known to trigger secretion and contraction in many cells, possibly reflecting a general role for calcium in all secretion and contraction. 2. Indirect evidence. Platelet aggregation and secretion are induced by divalent cation ionophores. The response to the ionophore A23187 is identical to that induced by other potent stimuli. 3. Direct evidence. Platelet activation can be blocked by drugs (e. g. certain local anesthetics) that block release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum; the inhibition can be overcome by addition of extracellular calcium in the presence of a calcium ionophore. While this does not constitute definitive proof, the central role for calcium ions remains an attractive hypothesis that justifies attempts to further define calcium pools and fluxes in platelets.", "contents": "Evidence that calcium regulates platelet function. It is generally believed that calcium ions play a key role in regulation of platelet function. This is based on 3 types of evidence. 1. Analogies with other cells. Calcium ions are known to trigger secretion and contraction in many cells, possibly reflecting a general role for calcium in all secretion and contraction. 2. Indirect evidence. Platelet aggregation and secretion are induced by divalent cation ionophores. The response to the ionophore A23187 is identical to that induced by other potent stimuli. 3. Direct evidence. Platelet activation can be blocked by drugs (e. g. certain local anesthetics) that block release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum; the inhibition can be overcome by addition of extracellular calcium in the presence of a calcium ionophore. While this does not constitute definitive proof, the central role for calcium ions remains an attractive hypothesis that justifies attempts to further define calcium pools and fluxes in platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:366792", "title": "Movement of calcium ions and their role in the activation of platelets.", "content": "The increase of the cytoplasmic Ca-concentration plays a central role in the initiation of platelet activation. Four kinds of movements of Ca-ions are presumed to occur during this process: a) Ca-ions liberated from membranes induce the rapid shape change. b) Vesicular organelles release Ca-ions into the cytoplasm which initiate the release reaction. c) The storage organelles called dense bodies, secrete their contents including Ca-ions to the outside during the release reaction. d) At the same time a rearrangement of the plasma membrane occurs, resulting in an increase in its permeability for Ca-ions as well as in an increase in the number of Ca-binding sites. Since most processes occurring during platelet activation are reversible, the platelet must be equipped with a mechanism which removes Ca-ions from the cytoplasm. A vesicular fraction obtained from homogenized platelets indeed accumulates Ca actively. This Ca-pump is stimulated by cyclic AMP and protein kinase; it may be involved in the recovery of platelets after activation.", "contents": "Movement of calcium ions and their role in the activation of platelets. The increase of the cytoplasmic Ca-concentration plays a central role in the initiation of platelet activation. Four kinds of movements of Ca-ions are presumed to occur during this process: a) Ca-ions liberated from membranes induce the rapid shape change. b) Vesicular organelles release Ca-ions into the cytoplasm which initiate the release reaction. c) The storage organelles called dense bodies, secrete their contents including Ca-ions to the outside during the release reaction. d) At the same time a rearrangement of the plasma membrane occurs, resulting in an increase in its permeability for Ca-ions as well as in an increase in the number of Ca-binding sites. Since most processes occurring during platelet activation are reversible, the platelet must be equipped with a mechanism which removes Ca-ions from the cytoplasm. A vesicular fraction obtained from homogenized platelets indeed accumulates Ca actively. This Ca-pump is stimulated by cyclic AMP and protein kinase; it may be involved in the recovery of platelets after activation."}
{"id": "PMID:366793", "title": "The platelet dense tubular system: its relationship to prostaglandin synthesis and calcium flux.", "content": "The platelet dense tubular system, an internal smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane system occupies a pivotal position in the initiation and modulation of platelet activation. The best available evidence suggests platelet prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis and an internal calcium store critical to platelet activation are both found in the platelet dense tubular system. Studies of the structural, physiologic and chemical properties of thromboxane A2 support the concept that this product of platelet prostaglandin synthesis acts to carry the calcium from the dense tubular system into the cytoplasm where the calcium is released to initiate contraction of the platelet contractile protein. Evaluation of platelet phospholipase A2 suggests that calcium may be critical to activation of this enzyme. Two of the steps occurring during platelet activation which appear to require calcium 1) phospholipase A2 acting as the critical carrier of calcium from one location to the other.", "contents": "The platelet dense tubular system: its relationship to prostaglandin synthesis and calcium flux. The platelet dense tubular system, an internal smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane system occupies a pivotal position in the initiation and modulation of platelet activation. The best available evidence suggests platelet prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis and an internal calcium store critical to platelet activation are both found in the platelet dense tubular system. Studies of the structural, physiologic and chemical properties of thromboxane A2 support the concept that this product of platelet prostaglandin synthesis acts to carry the calcium from the dense tubular system into the cytoplasm where the calcium is released to initiate contraction of the platelet contractile protein. Evaluation of platelet phospholipase A2 suggests that calcium may be critical to activation of this enzyme. Two of the steps occurring during platelet activation which appear to require calcium 1) phospholipase A2 acting as the critical carrier of calcium from one location to the other."}
{"id": "PMID:366794", "title": "[Investigations into the incidence of the various causative agents of mastitis in cattle. Studies done in the ambulatory clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht].", "content": "The clinical and bacteriological findings in every head of cattle treated for clinical mastitis in the Ambulatory Clinic of the Veterinary Faculty of Utrecht University were recorded over a period of twelve months. Cattle affected with mastitis were classified into a number of groups, a classification based on the clinical symptoms shown by the animals. In each of these groups the incidence of the various causative agents of mastitis was determined. Another subject of study was the distribution of the causative agents over the various groups. The high proportion (34 percent) of coliform micro-organisms, isolated from animals affected with acute mastitis and showing symptoms of generalized disease was a striking feature.", "contents": "[Investigations into the incidence of the various causative agents of mastitis in cattle. Studies done in the ambulatory clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht]. The clinical and bacteriological findings in every head of cattle treated for clinical mastitis in the Ambulatory Clinic of the Veterinary Faculty of Utrecht University were recorded over a period of twelve months. Cattle affected with mastitis were classified into a number of groups, a classification based on the clinical symptoms shown by the animals. In each of these groups the incidence of the various causative agents of mastitis was determined. Another subject of study was the distribution of the causative agents over the various groups. The high proportion (34 percent) of coliform micro-organisms, isolated from animals affected with acute mastitis and showing symptoms of generalized disease was a striking feature."}
{"id": "PMID:366795", "title": "[Morphology of live and dead spermatozoa of stallions (author's transl)].", "content": "Examination of 539 ejaculates of stallions of various breeds showed that approximately 60 per cent of the spermatozoa were completely normal morphologically. Of these morphologically normal spermatozoa, 13 per cent were dead. The total proportion of live spermatozoa was 75 per cent, 32 per cent being obviously abnormal (22 per cent of live and 10 per cent of dead spermatozoa). Separated heads (normal as well as abnormal) were significantly more common among dead spermatozoa. Protoplasmic droplets (both at the neck and at the end of the middle piece) were mainly present in live spermatozoa. As the stallion grow older, the total proportion of abnormal spermatozoa shows only a slight increase. Moreover, this increase is mainly due to an increase in abnormal dead spermatozoa as the live ones show a reduction of abnormal forms. Thus, the proportions of abnormal and separated heads are reduced in live spermatozoa, whereas separated heads show a marked increase in dead spermatozoa. The total number of abnormal spermatozoa is reduced by an average proportion of 4 per cent in second ejaculates, whereas it increases by 8 per cent in live (unstained) spermatozoa.", "contents": "[Morphology of live and dead spermatozoa of stallions (author's transl)]. Examination of 539 ejaculates of stallions of various breeds showed that approximately 60 per cent of the spermatozoa were completely normal morphologically. Of these morphologically normal spermatozoa, 13 per cent were dead. The total proportion of live spermatozoa was 75 per cent, 32 per cent being obviously abnormal (22 per cent of live and 10 per cent of dead spermatozoa). Separated heads (normal as well as abnormal) were significantly more common among dead spermatozoa. Protoplasmic droplets (both at the neck and at the end of the middle piece) were mainly present in live spermatozoa. As the stallion grow older, the total proportion of abnormal spermatozoa shows only a slight increase. Moreover, this increase is mainly due to an increase in abnormal dead spermatozoa as the live ones show a reduction of abnormal forms. Thus, the proportions of abnormal and separated heads are reduced in live spermatozoa, whereas separated heads show a marked increase in dead spermatozoa. The total number of abnormal spermatozoa is reduced by an average proportion of 4 per cent in second ejaculates, whereas it increases by 8 per cent in live (unstained) spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:366796", "title": "[Effectiveness of a number of anticoccidial agents. A brief survey taken in the field (author's transl)].", "content": "A floor pen trial was carried out on broilers in 1975 to compare the anticoccidial efficacy of monensin1), 3,5 dinitro-o-toluamide2), clopidol3), amprolium + ethopabacte4), amprolium + ethopabate + sulfaquinoxaline + pyrimethamine5) and robenidine6) in the presence of untreated controls. 4,200 Hybro chicks were distributed over twenty-eight pens, each initially housing 150 birds. Four pen replicates were allocated to each of the seven treatments. With the exception of robenidine, all agents used resulted in a statistically significant (P less than or equal to 0,05) gain in final weight compared with the untreated controls. The feed conversion rate showed significant (P less than or equal to 0,05) improvement in the groups treated with monensin, robenidine, amprolium + ethopabate.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of a number of anticoccidial agents. A brief survey taken in the field (author's transl)]. A floor pen trial was carried out on broilers in 1975 to compare the anticoccidial efficacy of monensin1), 3,5 dinitro-o-toluamide2), clopidol3), amprolium + ethopabacte4), amprolium + ethopabate + sulfaquinoxaline + pyrimethamine5) and robenidine6) in the presence of untreated controls. 4,200 Hybro chicks were distributed over twenty-eight pens, each initially housing 150 birds. Four pen replicates were allocated to each of the seven treatments. With the exception of robenidine, all agents used resulted in a statistically significant (P less than or equal to 0,05) gain in final weight compared with the untreated controls. The feed conversion rate showed significant (P less than or equal to 0,05) improvement in the groups treated with monensin, robenidine, amprolium + ethopabate."}
{"id": "PMID:366798", "title": "Neurotensin--positive and somatostatin--positive cells in the canine gut.", "content": "By using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence techniques, the localization of neurotensin-positive cells and somatostatin-positive cells in the canine gut was examined on the same sections. Neurotensin-positive cells were found only in the jejunum and ileum, while somatostatin-positive cells were distributed throughout the stomach and all parts of the small intestine. These two types of cell in the jejunum and the ileum had no direct cellular contact with each other. Based on the hypothesis that somatostatin may inhibit the release of some peptide hormones through junctional complexes of cells, the possibility of functional interaction between neurotensin and somatostatin was discussed.", "contents": "Neurotensin--positive and somatostatin--positive cells in the canine gut. By using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence techniques, the localization of neurotensin-positive cells and somatostatin-positive cells in the canine gut was examined on the same sections. Neurotensin-positive cells were found only in the jejunum and ileum, while somatostatin-positive cells were distributed throughout the stomach and all parts of the small intestine. These two types of cell in the jejunum and the ileum had no direct cellular contact with each other. Based on the hypothesis that somatostatin may inhibit the release of some peptide hormones through junctional complexes of cells, the possibility of functional interaction between neurotensin and somatostatin was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:366803", "title": "[Effect of the propellants O2 and CO2 on the efficacy of oral irrigation].", "content": "The therapeutical results obtained with oral irrigations when O2 or CO2 was used as a propellant air compared with those achieved with compressed air. The assessment of the therapeutical success was based on the periodontal disease index according to K\u00f6tzschke and the exsudate heights according to Egelberg. A significant improvement in the periodontal condition was stated in all three groups of patients. Though only the exsudate values for the O2 group were significantly better than those for the compressed air group, being the only difference between the groups which was significant, the greater efficiency of the O2 and CO2 application (compared to compressed air application) is, nevertheless, obvious and interpretable. The therapeutical results obtained permit the statement that a technically perfect device and the further increase of the partial pressure of O2 or CO2 in the irrigation fluid will lead to even better therapeutical results, for which purpose the suggestions given should be considered in establishing the indication. The favourable results achieved with compressed air testify to the beneficial action of each irrigation or spray treatment.", "contents": "[Effect of the propellants O2 and CO2 on the efficacy of oral irrigation]. The therapeutical results obtained with oral irrigations when O2 or CO2 was used as a propellant air compared with those achieved with compressed air. The assessment of the therapeutical success was based on the periodontal disease index according to K\u00f6tzschke and the exsudate heights according to Egelberg. A significant improvement in the periodontal condition was stated in all three groups of patients. Though only the exsudate values for the O2 group were significantly better than those for the compressed air group, being the only difference between the groups which was significant, the greater efficiency of the O2 and CO2 application (compared to compressed air application) is, nevertheless, obvious and interpretable. The therapeutical results obtained permit the statement that a technically perfect device and the further increase of the partial pressure of O2 or CO2 in the irrigation fluid will lead to even better therapeutical results, for which purpose the suggestions given should be considered in establishing the indication. The favourable results achieved with compressed air testify to the beneficial action of each irrigation or spray treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:366804", "title": "[Results of follow-up studies of surgically treated facial soft tissue lesions in children and adolescents].", "content": "During the years 1973--1976, 609 children and adolescents, aged between 4 months and 18 years, have been operated on for facial soft-tissue lesions at an oral surgery outpatient service. 451 of these patients could be re-examined. The general late sequelae and the functional and aesthetic repercussions of circatrization were scrutinized and compared with the method of treatment and the postoperative course.", "contents": "[Results of follow-up studies of surgically treated facial soft tissue lesions in children and adolescents]. During the years 1973--1976, 609 children and adolescents, aged between 4 months and 18 years, have been operated on for facial soft-tissue lesions at an oral surgery outpatient service. 451 of these patients could be re-examined. The general late sequelae and the functional and aesthetic repercussions of circatrization were scrutinized and compared with the method of treatment and the postoperative course."}
{"id": "PMID:366805", "title": "[Treatment of lobar fibroses with retroauricular full thickness skin transplantations].", "content": "With a view to optimal treatment results, the reconstruction of the vestibule of the mouth by means of retroauricular full-thickness skin graft constitutes a precious contribution to the therapeutical possibilities. The imperfections of split-thickness skin transplantation are avoided by this method. The procedure is recommended for cases in which it is not possible to cover, after excision of an extended lobar fibrosis, the wound surface with a graft taken from the buccal mucous membrane.", "contents": "[Treatment of lobar fibroses with retroauricular full thickness skin transplantations]. With a view to optimal treatment results, the reconstruction of the vestibule of the mouth by means of retroauricular full-thickness skin graft constitutes a precious contribution to the therapeutical possibilities. The imperfections of split-thickness skin transplantation are avoided by this method. The procedure is recommended for cases in which it is not possible to cover, after excision of an extended lobar fibrosis, the wound surface with a graft taken from the buccal mucous membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:366806", "title": "[Contribution to familial ectodermal dysplasia].", "content": "The frequent occurrence of the clinical picture of ectodermal dysplasia in the family P. is described. The differences between subjects in symptomatology are discussed in detail. The author's experience speaks well for a great variability of the hereditary mode of this disease. Furthermore, advice is given on the detection and regular ambulatory supervision by the stomatologist.", "contents": "[Contribution to familial ectodermal dysplasia]. The frequent occurrence of the clinical picture of ectodermal dysplasia in the family P. is described. The differences between subjects in symptomatology are discussed in detail. The author's experience speaks well for a great variability of the hereditary mode of this disease. Furthermore, advice is given on the detection and regular ambulatory supervision by the stomatologist."}
{"id": "PMID:366807", "title": "[Evaluation of Faustan (diazepam) in the premedication of ambulatory stomatologic-surgical interventions].", "content": "The author presents the results obtained with Faustan (diazepam) in the premedication of ambulatory stomatological interventions at a university clinic of stomatology. Experience was acquired in particular with intravenous premedication in a climical study involving 340 patients. The findings from this study and the experience with hundreds of ambulatory interventions in the past several years characterize Faustan, on condition of individual dosage, as a premedicant that is well suited for stomatological interventions, does not impair vital functions, increases the patients' willingness to co-operate and is of considerable anxiolytic activity. The use of Faustan is recommended for stomatological emergency situations and risk patients.", "contents": "[Evaluation of Faustan (diazepam) in the premedication of ambulatory stomatologic-surgical interventions]. The author presents the results obtained with Faustan (diazepam) in the premedication of ambulatory stomatological interventions at a university clinic of stomatology. Experience was acquired in particular with intravenous premedication in a climical study involving 340 patients. The findings from this study and the experience with hundreds of ambulatory interventions in the past several years characterize Faustan, on condition of individual dosage, as a premedicant that is well suited for stomatological interventions, does not impair vital functions, increases the patients' willingness to co-operate and is of considerable anxiolytic activity. The use of Faustan is recommended for stomatological emergency situations and risk patients."}
{"id": "PMID:366808", "title": "[Hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "The overproduction of parathyroid hormone as caused by a simple hyperplasia or an adenoma leads to pathological changes in various organs which are termed primary hyperparathyroidism. The blood phosphates increase in case of long-standing disturbances of the metabolism, e.g. chronic renal insufficiency. In this way and due to other causes, the production of parathyroid hormone is increased. The resultant clinical picture is termed secondary hyperparathyroidism. Both forms are associated with osseous changes also in the maxillofacial skeleton. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism may develop from secondary hyperparathyroidism if the metabolic disorder in the renal form cannot be eliminated by kidney transplantation and if the process in the parathyroid becomes independent (autonomous hyperparathyroidism). Besides these three forms, there are two others, quaternary hyperparathyroidism and quinary hyperparathyroidism, which are described.", "contents": "[Hyperparathyroidism]. The overproduction of parathyroid hormone as caused by a simple hyperplasia or an adenoma leads to pathological changes in various organs which are termed primary hyperparathyroidism. The blood phosphates increase in case of long-standing disturbances of the metabolism, e.g. chronic renal insufficiency. In this way and due to other causes, the production of parathyroid hormone is increased. The resultant clinical picture is termed secondary hyperparathyroidism. Both forms are associated with osseous changes also in the maxillofacial skeleton. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism may develop from secondary hyperparathyroidism if the metabolic disorder in the renal form cannot be eliminated by kidney transplantation and if the process in the parathyroid becomes independent (autonomous hyperparathyroidism). Besides these three forms, there are two others, quaternary hyperparathyroidism and quinary hyperparathyroidism, which are described."}
{"id": "PMID:366809", "title": "[The use of machine punch cards and their mode of processing in the framework of studies of large groups of patients].", "content": "The authors describe the use of machine punch cards in the framework of the examination of a great group of subjects and present a processing scheme. They advocate the use of this technique in case of abundance of informations and relatively simple questions.", "contents": "[The use of machine punch cards and their mode of processing in the framework of studies of large groups of patients]. The authors describe the use of machine punch cards in the framework of the examination of a great group of subjects and present a processing scheme. They advocate the use of this technique in case of abundance of informations and relatively simple questions."}
{"id": "PMID:366812", "title": "Some aspects of epidemiology of resurgent malaria in Turkey.", "content": "The resurgence of autochthonous Plasmodium vivax malaria in Turkey is a matter of considerable concern. Anopheles sacharovi is the important vector but other species, notably A. superpictus, may play a role in transmission. The epidemiology is discussed in terms of factors related to the mosquito, factors related to the human host and human ecology as it affects dispersal of the parasite. Although the development of insecticide resistance is grave, the present situation is mainly attributable to operational deficiencies stemming from administrative and financial constraints.", "contents": "Some aspects of epidemiology of resurgent malaria in Turkey. The resurgence of autochthonous Plasmodium vivax malaria in Turkey is a matter of considerable concern. Anopheles sacharovi is the important vector but other species, notably A. superpictus, may play a role in transmission. The epidemiology is discussed in terms of factors related to the mosquito, factors related to the human host and human ecology as it affects dispersal of the parasite. Although the development of insecticide resistance is grave, the present situation is mainly attributable to operational deficiencies stemming from administrative and financial constraints."}
{"id": "PMID:366813", "title": "A multidisciplinary study on bancroftian filariasis in Jakarta.", "content": "A study on bancroftian filariasis in Jakarta has indicated that one person in one year could be exposed to 223,000 bites of Culex pipens fatigans and to 1,941 infective-stage larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti. Blood surveys with 20 mm3 samples revealed a microfilaria rate of 6%. Although some cases of hydrocele (4% of 272 males examined) were found, there was little evidence of severe filarial disease in either males or females. Amongst wild-caught mosquitoes only 0.3% contained infective larvae, but much higher levels of vectorial competence were established under laboratory conditions. High daily vector mortality (30%) coupled with noticeable improvements in standards of living could have been important factors preventing an increase in endemicity.", "contents": "A multidisciplinary study on bancroftian filariasis in Jakarta. A study on bancroftian filariasis in Jakarta has indicated that one person in one year could be exposed to 223,000 bites of Culex pipens fatigans and to 1,941 infective-stage larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti. Blood surveys with 20 mm3 samples revealed a microfilaria rate of 6%. Although some cases of hydrocele (4% of 272 males examined) were found, there was little evidence of severe filarial disease in either males or females. Amongst wild-caught mosquitoes only 0.3% contained infective larvae, but much higher levels of vectorial competence were established under laboratory conditions. High daily vector mortality (30%) coupled with noticeable improvements in standards of living could have been important factors preventing an increase in endemicity."}
{"id": "PMID:366814", "title": "Studies into the incidence of carriers of enteropathogenic E. coli.", "content": "Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is frequently found in asymptomatic carriers. When checked over a period of two and a half months at fortnightly intervals, nine out of 20 children at a child care centre in Jamaica showed EPEC of three different serotypes in faecal smears. Four stool specimens were found to be positive in another 45 children, controlled routinely on admission to a district hospital in Jamica. None of either group had diarrhoea at the time of collection. These results confirm that serotypes should not be equated with pathogenicity. Also, current methods of detecting enterotoxin are too time-consuming and impractical for non-specialized laboratories. The place of antibiotics in EPEC diarrhoea is criticized. Initial control measures should centre on fluid and electrolyte replacement irrespective of the aetiology of the diarrhoea.", "contents": "Studies into the incidence of carriers of enteropathogenic E. coli. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is frequently found in asymptomatic carriers. When checked over a period of two and a half months at fortnightly intervals, nine out of 20 children at a child care centre in Jamaica showed EPEC of three different serotypes in faecal smears. Four stool specimens were found to be positive in another 45 children, controlled routinely on admission to a district hospital in Jamica. None of either group had diarrhoea at the time of collection. These results confirm that serotypes should not be equated with pathogenicity. Also, current methods of detecting enterotoxin are too time-consuming and impractical for non-specialized laboratories. The place of antibiotics in EPEC diarrhoea is criticized. Initial control measures should centre on fluid and electrolyte replacement irrespective of the aetiology of the diarrhoea."}
{"id": "PMID:366816", "title": "Chronic malarial infection of mice: A comparison of single and multiple infections with Plasmodium berghei following P. yoelii.", "content": "Chronic malarial infection was induced in two groups of BALB/c mice by injection of Plasmodium yoelii followed by either one or repeated injections of P. berghei. Both groups showed a continuing but fluctuating splenomegaly, and a considerably increased reticulocyte count which also varied regularly, over a period of six months. During this time many mice had a very low grade parasitaemia demonstrable by subinoculation of blood into uninfected recipients. Mice infected with P. yoelii alone did not show any of these changes. One year after the first malarial attack all the infected mice had higher fluorescent antibody titres to P. yoelii than to P. berghei, titres against which were very low. Infected mice showed an increase in plasma cell proliferation in the red pulp of the spleen. There was a significant difference between mice which had received multiple injections of P. berghei and the other infected animals; the former had many germinal centres in the spleen, while the other infected groups did not.", "contents": "Chronic malarial infection of mice: A comparison of single and multiple infections with Plasmodium berghei following P. yoelii. Chronic malarial infection was induced in two groups of BALB/c mice by injection of Plasmodium yoelii followed by either one or repeated injections of P. berghei. Both groups showed a continuing but fluctuating splenomegaly, and a considerably increased reticulocyte count which also varied regularly, over a period of six months. During this time many mice had a very low grade parasitaemia demonstrable by subinoculation of blood into uninfected recipients. Mice infected with P. yoelii alone did not show any of these changes. One year after the first malarial attack all the infected mice had higher fluorescent antibody titres to P. yoelii than to P. berghei, titres against which were very low. Infected mice showed an increase in plasma cell proliferation in the red pulp of the spleen. There was a significant difference between mice which had received multiple injections of P. berghei and the other infected animals; the former had many germinal centres in the spleen, while the other infected groups did not."}
{"id": "PMID:366819", "title": "Successful nonsibling bone marrow transplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency.", "content": "Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) was diagnosed in a girl immediately after birth; her older brother had SCID and was successfully reconstituted by bone marrow transplantation from his uncle. She was isolated in a laminar air flow bench and decontaminated. The father differed by one HLA-A antigen but was HLA-Dw2 homozygous like the patient; his lymphocytes showed a slight response to the patient's cells in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). At the age of 2 1/2 months and again at 5 months, she was given a bone marrow transplant from the father. During the entire course the patient had no infections, and apart from a transient eosinophilia she had no signs of graft-versus-host reaction. Immunological reconstitution was nearly complete at 9 months of age, when she was recontaminated. One year later plasma immunoglobulin concentrations are in the low normal range (IgG and IgM) or decreased (IgA); tests of cell-mediated immunity are normal. Apart from slight upper respiratory infections, the patient has been healthy. Physical and psychological development have been normal.", "contents": "Successful nonsibling bone marrow transplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) was diagnosed in a girl immediately after birth; her older brother had SCID and was successfully reconstituted by bone marrow transplantation from his uncle. She was isolated in a laminar air flow bench and decontaminated. The father differed by one HLA-A antigen but was HLA-Dw2 homozygous like the patient; his lymphocytes showed a slight response to the patient's cells in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). At the age of 2 1/2 months and again at 5 months, she was given a bone marrow transplant from the father. During the entire course the patient had no infections, and apart from a transient eosinophilia she had no signs of graft-versus-host reaction. Immunological reconstitution was nearly complete at 9 months of age, when she was recontaminated. One year later plasma immunoglobulin concentrations are in the low normal range (IgG and IgM) or decreased (IgA); tests of cell-mediated immunity are normal. Apart from slight upper respiratory infections, the patient has been healthy. Physical and psychological development have been normal."}
{"id": "PMID:366821", "title": "Traffic of lymphocytes in the thoracic duct and renal lymph after allotransplantation and in immunosuppression.", "content": "A marked rise is seen in the number of white blood cells in the lymph leaving the sheep kidney after allografting; the number of lymphocytes leaving the kidney rising in direct relation to the degree of damage from acute rejection. No such rise is demonstrable in the number of lymphocytes in the thoracic duct lymph of sheep with rejecting kidney allografts. Indeed, there is an apparent decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the thoracic duct lymph of sheep with rejecting kidney allografts. Indeed, there is an apparent decrease in the number of circulating lymphocytes in the body when acute rejection is fully developed. Animals on immunosuppressive regimens show no alteration in the number of lymphocytes collected on thoracic duct cannulation, but immunosuppression appears to reduce the lymphocyte traffic through the kidney.", "contents": "Traffic of lymphocytes in the thoracic duct and renal lymph after allotransplantation and in immunosuppression. A marked rise is seen in the number of white blood cells in the lymph leaving the sheep kidney after allografting; the number of lymphocytes leaving the kidney rising in direct relation to the degree of damage from acute rejection. No such rise is demonstrable in the number of lymphocytes in the thoracic duct lymph of sheep with rejecting kidney allografts. Indeed, there is an apparent decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the thoracic duct lymph of sheep with rejecting kidney allografts. Indeed, there is an apparent decrease in the number of circulating lymphocytes in the body when acute rejection is fully developed. Animals on immunosuppressive regimens show no alteration in the number of lymphocytes collected on thoracic duct cannulation, but immunosuppression appears to reduce the lymphocyte traffic through the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:366822", "title": "Effect of prior parental blood transfusions on the survival of renal allografts from a DLA-identical sibling.", "content": "Renal allografting was performed between DLA-identical beagle littermates without immunosuppressive treatment. One transfusion of 200 ml of parental blood donor to induce the formation of antibodies against non-DLA antigens that might enhance renal graft survival. Kidney graft survival times of transfused dogs were compared with the survival times of transfused dogs were compared with the survival times of transfused dogs were compared with the survival times of DLA-identical nontransfused littermates. Blood transfusions did not have a significant influence on the median graft survival time. Antibodies against the kidney donor lymphocytes were not demonstrated after blood transfusion. However, antibodies were induced in three of the six animals tested as shown by the reactivity of the sera of these animals against a lymphocyte panel. Antibodies occurred in animals with long-term as well as short-term surviving grafts.", "contents": "Effect of prior parental blood transfusions on the survival of renal allografts from a DLA-identical sibling. Renal allografting was performed between DLA-identical beagle littermates without immunosuppressive treatment. One transfusion of 200 ml of parental blood donor to induce the formation of antibodies against non-DLA antigens that might enhance renal graft survival. Kidney graft survival times of transfused dogs were compared with the survival times of transfused dogs were compared with the survival times of transfused dogs were compared with the survival times of DLA-identical nontransfused littermates. Blood transfusions did not have a significant influence on the median graft survival time. Antibodies against the kidney donor lymphocytes were not demonstrated after blood transfusion. However, antibodies were induced in three of the six animals tested as shown by the reactivity of the sera of these animals against a lymphocyte panel. Antibodies occurred in animals with long-term as well as short-term surviving grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:366823", "title": "Studies on the antigenicity of vital allogeneic valve leaflet transplants in immunogenetically controlled strain combinations.", "content": "The use of defined inbred strains of rats enables reproducible experimentation on the antigenicity of heart valve leaflet transplantation. The inbred strains CAP, F344, and LEW were used as syngeneic, weakly allogeneic (RT-1-identical) and strongly allogeneic (RT-1-incompatible) strain combinations. After heart valve leaflet transplantation, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were investigated. The results were: (1) Allogeneic heart valve leaflets are antigenic. (2) Just one heart valve leaflet, applied intravascularly induces sensitization of the recipient. (3) In the weakly allogeneic system, sensitization is only revealed by donor-specific skin transplants, while in the strongly allogeneic group, sensitization is demonstrated humorally as well. (4) The greater the immunogenetical difference, the sooner sensitization appears. In the strongly allogeneic system, skin transplants were rejected as \"white grafts\".", "contents": "Studies on the antigenicity of vital allogeneic valve leaflet transplants in immunogenetically controlled strain combinations. The use of defined inbred strains of rats enables reproducible experimentation on the antigenicity of heart valve leaflet transplantation. The inbred strains CAP, F344, and LEW were used as syngeneic, weakly allogeneic (RT-1-identical) and strongly allogeneic (RT-1-incompatible) strain combinations. After heart valve leaflet transplantation, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were investigated. The results were: (1) Allogeneic heart valve leaflets are antigenic. (2) Just one heart valve leaflet, applied intravascularly induces sensitization of the recipient. (3) In the weakly allogeneic system, sensitization is only revealed by donor-specific skin transplants, while in the strongly allogeneic group, sensitization is demonstrated humorally as well. (4) The greater the immunogenetical difference, the sooner sensitization appears. In the strongly allogeneic system, skin transplants were rejected as \"white grafts\"."}
{"id": "PMID:366824", "title": "Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase assay in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities were measured in 181 patients with renal allografts during a 15-month period. Activities were high immediately after transplantation but decreased rapidly in the absences of complication. Urinary NAG activities increased by 50% or more in relation to 33 of 36 (92%) episodes of acute rejection diagnosed and treated by clinicians during the first 90 days after transplantation. The increase preceded clinical diagnosis in 70% of the cases, the median interval being 1.5 days. NAG activities decreased after treatment of rejection in 90% of the cases. Chronic rejection, renal vein thrombosis, renal artery stenosis, oliguria, hypotension, and the administraion of gentamicin may also cause increased NAG activity. Urinary NAG assay is simple and inexpensive, and is a useful aid to the early diagnosis of rejection of renal transplants. Results must, however, be interpreted by the clinician, bearing in mind other causes for increased activity.", "contents": "Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase assay in renal transplant recipients. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities were measured in 181 patients with renal allografts during a 15-month period. Activities were high immediately after transplantation but decreased rapidly in the absences of complication. Urinary NAG activities increased by 50% or more in relation to 33 of 36 (92%) episodes of acute rejection diagnosed and treated by clinicians during the first 90 days after transplantation. The increase preceded clinical diagnosis in 70% of the cases, the median interval being 1.5 days. NAG activities decreased after treatment of rejection in 90% of the cases. Chronic rejection, renal vein thrombosis, renal artery stenosis, oliguria, hypotension, and the administraion of gentamicin may also cause increased NAG activity. Urinary NAG assay is simple and inexpensive, and is a useful aid to the early diagnosis of rejection of renal transplants. Results must, however, be interpreted by the clinician, bearing in mind other causes for increased activity."}
{"id": "PMID:366825", "title": "Immunoglobulin production of donor origin after marrow transplantation for acute leukemia or aplastic anemia.", "content": "Four patients with acute leukemia and one with aplastic anemia were not transfused within 90 days before marrow transplantation from the HLA-identical sibling. When studied 4 to 12 1/2 months after transplantation their immunoglobulin allotypes were those of their donors.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin production of donor origin after marrow transplantation for acute leukemia or aplastic anemia. Four patients with acute leukemia and one with aplastic anemia were not transfused within 90 days before marrow transplantation from the HLA-identical sibling. When studied 4 to 12 1/2 months after transplantation their immunoglobulin allotypes were those of their donors."}
{"id": "PMID:366826", "title": "Phonocardiographic recording of heterotopic cardiac graft function in the rat. I. Diagnosis of rejection.", "content": "Daily simultaneous recordings of an electrocardiogram and an external thorax phonocardiogram and abdominal phonocardiogram were obtained in 24 rats with abdominal heart grafts so that rejection could be studied. The sounds recorded above the heterotopic heart are the result of a pressure differential between host and graft ventricle competing with one another. As soon as the contractility of the graft ventricle decreases below the contractility of the host ventricle, characteristic and specific changes occur in the abdominal phonocardiogram: the amplitude of the first sound becomes smaller while the timing of the second heart sound (aortic valve closure) is subsequently controlled by the host ventricle. These observations coincide with clinical and histological symptoms of rejection and are, therefore, of diagnostic value. In addition, a rough quantitative record of graft function is obtained by abdominal phonocardiography using the host's own cardiac function as a reference parameter.", "contents": "Phonocardiographic recording of heterotopic cardiac graft function in the rat. I. Diagnosis of rejection. Daily simultaneous recordings of an electrocardiogram and an external thorax phonocardiogram and abdominal phonocardiogram were obtained in 24 rats with abdominal heart grafts so that rejection could be studied. The sounds recorded above the heterotopic heart are the result of a pressure differential between host and graft ventricle competing with one another. As soon as the contractility of the graft ventricle decreases below the contractility of the host ventricle, characteristic and specific changes occur in the abdominal phonocardiogram: the amplitude of the first sound becomes smaller while the timing of the second heart sound (aortic valve closure) is subsequently controlled by the host ventricle. These observations coincide with clinical and histological symptoms of rejection and are, therefore, of diagnostic value. In addition, a rough quantitative record of graft function is obtained by abdominal phonocardiography using the host's own cardiac function as a reference parameter."}
{"id": "PMID:366827", "title": "Effect of lipopolysaccharide on the development of cell-mediated immunity to transplantation antigens.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli administered to allografted mice in a single dose of 20 microgram influenced the development of cell-mediated immunity to skin donor antigens. As an indicator of cell-mediated immunity, donor antigen-induced inhibition of cell migration from spleen explants of allografted animals was used. Cultures of spleen explants were established 16 days after grafting. The antigen-specific inhibition of migration was abolished when LPS was injected either 4 to 2 days before grafting and intensified when LPS was administered on the 2nd day after grafting.", "contents": "Effect of lipopolysaccharide on the development of cell-mediated immunity to transplantation antigens. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli administered to allografted mice in a single dose of 20 microgram influenced the development of cell-mediated immunity to skin donor antigens. As an indicator of cell-mediated immunity, donor antigen-induced inhibition of cell migration from spleen explants of allografted animals was used. Cultures of spleen explants were established 16 days after grafting. The antigen-specific inhibition of migration was abolished when LPS was injected either 4 to 2 days before grafting and intensified when LPS was administered on the 2nd day after grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:366828", "title": "Pretransplant lymphocytotoxins do not predict bone marrow graft rejection.", "content": "Ninety multitransfused patients with severe aplastic anemia were conditioned with cyclophosphamide and given marrow transplants from HLA-identical siblings. Thirty patients had complement-dependent lymphocytotoxins against a panel of cells from unrelated individuals immediately before transplantation while 60 did not. Lymphocytotoxins were more frequent among patients who had received more blood product transfusions, and these patients were more likely to be refractory to random platelet support. Twenty-seven patients rejected the marrow transplant while 63 had sustained engraftment. The present of pretransplant lymphocytotoxins did not correlate with graft rejection and hence does not appear to be useful as a test for identification of patients at high risk of rejection.", "contents": "Pretransplant lymphocytotoxins do not predict bone marrow graft rejection. Ninety multitransfused patients with severe aplastic anemia were conditioned with cyclophosphamide and given marrow transplants from HLA-identical siblings. Thirty patients had complement-dependent lymphocytotoxins against a panel of cells from unrelated individuals immediately before transplantation while 60 did not. Lymphocytotoxins were more frequent among patients who had received more blood product transfusions, and these patients were more likely to be refractory to random platelet support. Twenty-seven patients rejected the marrow transplant while 63 had sustained engraftment. The present of pretransplant lymphocytotoxins did not correlate with graft rejection and hence does not appear to be useful as a test for identification of patients at high risk of rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:366834", "title": "Endothelial monocyte antigens in man.", "content": "A group of antigens expressed in endothelial cells and monocytes, but not detectable in either T or B lymphocytes, has been the object of ongoing studies. The antibodies were not removed by absorption with platelets or B lymphocytes and were readily eliminated after absorption with monocytes or endothelial cells. Stripping with rabbit anti-human beta2-microglobulin made endothelial cells or monocytes resistant to lysis by endothelial-monocyte antibodies. Thus, endothelial monocyte antigens may be associated with beta2-microglobulin and are distinct from HLA-DR in this regard. Family studies suggest that most, but not all, monocyte-specific reactions segregated in linkage with HLA.", "contents": "Endothelial monocyte antigens in man. A group of antigens expressed in endothelial cells and monocytes, but not detectable in either T or B lymphocytes, has been the object of ongoing studies. The antibodies were not removed by absorption with platelets or B lymphocytes and were readily eliminated after absorption with monocytes or endothelial cells. Stripping with rabbit anti-human beta2-microglobulin made endothelial cells or monocytes resistant to lysis by endothelial-monocyte antibodies. Thus, endothelial monocyte antigens may be associated with beta2-microglobulin and are distinct from HLA-DR in this regard. Family studies suggest that most, but not all, monocyte-specific reactions segregated in linkage with HLA."}
{"id": "PMID:366837", "title": "The role of HLA-DR antigens in transplantation--survival of skin allografts in HLA-haploidentical donor-recipient combinations.", "content": "The results of 79 skin grafts performed in haploidentical donor-recipient pairs are correlated with HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DR compatibility. A strong detrimental effect of DR incompatibilities has been demonstrated. This effect is independent from that exerted by products of the HLA-A, -B, and -C loci. An additive effect of HLA-A, -B, and -DR incompatibilities on allograft survival time has been observed.", "contents": "The role of HLA-DR antigens in transplantation--survival of skin allografts in HLA-haploidentical donor-recipient combinations. The results of 79 skin grafts performed in haploidentical donor-recipient pairs are correlated with HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DR compatibility. A strong detrimental effect of DR incompatibilities has been demonstrated. This effect is independent from that exerted by products of the HLA-A, -B, and -C loci. An additive effect of HLA-A, -B, and -DR incompatibilities on allograft survival time has been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:366838", "title": "[Antisera to individual histone fractions of the calf thymus. II. A study of the immunochemical specificity of the histones by an indirect immunofluorescence method].", "content": "Immune antisera to 5 fractions (H1, H2a, H2b, H3, H4) of calf thymus histone were assayed using indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). The analysis of such sera by this technique, as well as the data on complement fixation obtained previously, show that these antisera are highly active and specific for various test-objects: thymys, liver nuclei of rat, chicken, and calf, chicken erythrocytes, metaphase chromosomes of mouse fibroblasts. These antisera are of importance for the evaluation of species- and tissue-specificity of different histone fractions. Using the IIF reaction, a comparison was made between the nucleosome fraction H3, which is evolutionary stable, and fraction HI from calf thymus, rat and chicken liver, and chicken erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Antisera to individual histone fractions of the calf thymus. II. A study of the immunochemical specificity of the histones by an indirect immunofluorescence method]. Immune antisera to 5 fractions (H1, H2a, H2b, H3, H4) of calf thymus histone were assayed using indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). The analysis of such sera by this technique, as well as the data on complement fixation obtained previously, show that these antisera are highly active and specific for various test-objects: thymys, liver nuclei of rat, chicken, and calf, chicken erythrocytes, metaphase chromosomes of mouse fibroblasts. These antisera are of importance for the evaluation of species- and tissue-specificity of different histone fractions. Using the IIF reaction, a comparison was made between the nucleosome fraction H3, which is evolutionary stable, and fraction HI from calf thymus, rat and chicken liver, and chicken erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:366839", "title": "[Calibration of the emulsion layers in quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography].", "content": "The quantitative results in electron microscope autoradiography are affected by many factors. The principal problem of this method is a low mechanization of all the operations made. This paper gives a short review of technical improvements. The use of a calibration permits to except those factors which exert their influence on the sensitivity of the method. Tritium sources were used for the determination of the sensitivity of the method.", "contents": "[Calibration of the emulsion layers in quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography]. The quantitative results in electron microscope autoradiography are affected by many factors. The principal problem of this method is a low mechanization of all the operations made. This paper gives a short review of technical improvements. The use of a calibration permits to except those factors which exert their influence on the sensitivity of the method. Tritium sources were used for the determination of the sensitivity of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:366840", "title": "[Analysis of the mechanism of the fixation of membrane structures using osmium tetroxide. II. An electron microscopic and x-ray structural study of myelin frozen and lyophilized at low temperature].", "content": "Comparative electron microscope and X-ray studies were made on the frog sciatic nerve myelin after freeze-drying technique. The specimens were fixed with OsO4 before and after freeze-drying. In the latter case, osmium was used as a hydrophobic solution (OsO4 in CCl4), or in the high vacuum during osmium sublimation. The results obtained in this study do not fit in the accepted mechanism operating during osmium fixation of membranes. Another mechanism is proposed by the authors, and the problem of osmium localization within the space of the myelin repeated unit is discussed.", "contents": "[Analysis of the mechanism of the fixation of membrane structures using osmium tetroxide. II. An electron microscopic and x-ray structural study of myelin frozen and lyophilized at low temperature]. Comparative electron microscope and X-ray studies were made on the frog sciatic nerve myelin after freeze-drying technique. The specimens were fixed with OsO4 before and after freeze-drying. In the latter case, osmium was used as a hydrophobic solution (OsO4 in CCl4), or in the high vacuum during osmium sublimation. The results obtained in this study do not fit in the accepted mechanism operating during osmium fixation of membranes. Another mechanism is proposed by the authors, and the problem of osmium localization within the space of the myelin repeated unit is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:366841", "title": "[Polarized ultraviolet fluorescence microscopic study of the structural changes in muscle fiber contractile proteins. V. The possible nature of the conformational rearrangements in heavy meromyosin in fiber relaxation].", "content": "The mode and degree of tryptophanyl orientation relative to muscle fiber axes within hydrophobic and hydrophylic sites of myosin macromolecule in the presence of a fluorescence quencher (acrylamide, NO-3) during rigor and relaxation of glycerinated muscle fibers were studied using the polarized ultraviolet fluorescent microscopy. It was shown that myosin tryptophanyls both in LMM and HMM are oriented with their short axes along the longer axis of muscle fiber. Tryptophanyls in LMM have a more pronounced anisotropy of orientation in comparison with the fluorophore orientation anisotropy in hydrophobic sites of HMM. During the muscle fiber relaxation, conformational changes in HMM take place owing to which a section of polypeptide chain with a hydrophilic fluorophore is probably submerged deep into the macromolecule and becomes unapprochable to the quencher.", "contents": "[Polarized ultraviolet fluorescence microscopic study of the structural changes in muscle fiber contractile proteins. V. The possible nature of the conformational rearrangements in heavy meromyosin in fiber relaxation]. The mode and degree of tryptophanyl orientation relative to muscle fiber axes within hydrophobic and hydrophylic sites of myosin macromolecule in the presence of a fluorescence quencher (acrylamide, NO-3) during rigor and relaxation of glycerinated muscle fibers were studied using the polarized ultraviolet fluorescent microscopy. It was shown that myosin tryptophanyls both in LMM and HMM are oriented with their short axes along the longer axis of muscle fiber. Tryptophanyls in LMM have a more pronounced anisotropy of orientation in comparison with the fluorophore orientation anisotropy in hydrophobic sites of HMM. During the muscle fiber relaxation, conformational changes in HMM take place owing to which a section of polypeptide chain with a hydrophilic fluorophore is probably submerged deep into the macromolecule and becomes unapprochable to the quencher."}
{"id": "PMID:366848", "title": "Immunology and male infertility.", "content": "This article has attempted to review evidence that suggests that immune factors may be operative in a small but significant number of infertile men. Although our current understanding of the possible processes by which autosensitization to previously sequestered reproductive antigens occurs is incomplete, there are laboratory assays presently available that give an indication, but do not prove, that immune factors may be contributing to the infertile state. Continued research is needed to develop new assays and more purified sperm antigens, which might enhance our knowledge of the underlying immunoreproductive changes. Until these are available, the following procedures should be considered when investigating a patient with infertility of suspected immune origin. The patient's history should be taken, and a physical examination should be performed. A complete blood count, urinalysis, and complete semen analysis and culture should be taken. Next, in vivo cervical tests (Sims-Huhner) are performed, followed by sperm antibody assessment (serum, semen) and perhaps in vitro cervical mucus sperm assays (especially the crossed hostility test). After the tests have been completed, the following possibe treatments exist: 1. Treatment of underlying infections 2. Correction of obstructions 3. Corticosteroid (or testosterone?) therapy 4. Washed sperm insemination 5. First portion of fresh ejaculate insemination 6. Artificial insemination with homologous donor 7. Adoption.", "contents": "Immunology and male infertility. This article has attempted to review evidence that suggests that immune factors may be operative in a small but significant number of infertile men. Although our current understanding of the possible processes by which autosensitization to previously sequestered reproductive antigens occurs is incomplete, there are laboratory assays presently available that give an indication, but do not prove, that immune factors may be contributing to the infertile state. Continued research is needed to develop new assays and more purified sperm antigens, which might enhance our knowledge of the underlying immunoreproductive changes. Until these are available, the following procedures should be considered when investigating a patient with infertility of suspected immune origin. The patient's history should be taken, and a physical examination should be performed. A complete blood count, urinalysis, and complete semen analysis and culture should be taken. Next, in vivo cervical tests (Sims-Huhner) are performed, followed by sperm antibody assessment (serum, semen) and perhaps in vitro cervical mucus sperm assays (especially the crossed hostility test). After the tests have been completed, the following possibe treatments exist: 1. Treatment of underlying infections 2. Correction of obstructions 3. Corticosteroid (or testosterone?) therapy 4. Washed sperm insemination 5. First portion of fresh ejaculate insemination 6. Artificial insemination with homologous donor 7. Adoption."}
{"id": "PMID:366849", "title": "Medical treatment of the subfertile male.", "content": "Specific and effective medical treatment is available for some subfertile males. Reproductive physiology should be reviewed with all patients and exposure to drugs and toxins known to impair testicular or accessory sex gland function should be terminated. Appropriate treatment of retrograde ejaculation, chronic infections of the genital tract, or gonadotropin deficiency is indicated. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of the impotent patient may restore potency and fertility. Pregnancies have been achieved in association with each of the empirical regimens; however, we believe that each must be viewed as experimental at this time, since results may be no better than those observed in the absence of treatment. It is our experience that patients with elevated serum levels of FSH, peritubular fibrosis, and hyalinization are unlikely to achieve fertility regardless of treatment; however, there are exceptions. As our knowledge of basic reproductive biology and clinical pathology increases, it is hoped that better guidelines and more rational and effective medical treatment for the subfertile male will evolve.", "contents": "Medical treatment of the subfertile male. Specific and effective medical treatment is available for some subfertile males. Reproductive physiology should be reviewed with all patients and exposure to drugs and toxins known to impair testicular or accessory sex gland function should be terminated. Appropriate treatment of retrograde ejaculation, chronic infections of the genital tract, or gonadotropin deficiency is indicated. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of the impotent patient may restore potency and fertility. Pregnancies have been achieved in association with each of the empirical regimens; however, we believe that each must be viewed as experimental at this time, since results may be no better than those observed in the absence of treatment. It is our experience that patients with elevated serum levels of FSH, peritubular fibrosis, and hyalinization are unlikely to achieve fertility regardless of treatment; however, there are exceptions. As our knowledge of basic reproductive biology and clinical pathology increases, it is hoped that better guidelines and more rational and effective medical treatment for the subfertile male will evolve."}
{"id": "PMID:366850", "title": "Vasovasostomy.", "content": "As vasectomy continues in popularity, requests for restoration of fertility increase in number. Anastomosis of the vas deferens is a demanding, technically difficult operation. The principles governing it are different from those of other anastomoses in the body. The suitably equipped surgeon can expect, with practice, to achieve a pregnancy rate of 50% or better for his patient's wife. The operation can easily be performed under local anesthesia in either an office or hospital operating room. Hospitalization is unnecessary, and merely adds unnecessary expense. Disability is minimal, and discomfort minor. The technique of Belker is recommended for practice, since it permits one to inspect the anastomosis from within afterwards.", "contents": "Vasovasostomy. As vasectomy continues in popularity, requests for restoration of fertility increase in number. Anastomosis of the vas deferens is a demanding, technically difficult operation. The principles governing it are different from those of other anastomoses in the body. The suitably equipped surgeon can expect, with practice, to achieve a pregnancy rate of 50% or better for his patient's wife. The operation can easily be performed under local anesthesia in either an office or hospital operating room. Hospitalization is unnecessary, and merely adds unnecessary expense. Disability is minimal, and discomfort minor. The technique of Belker is recommended for practice, since it permits one to inspect the anastomosis from within afterwards."}
{"id": "PMID:366897", "title": "[Combined drug treatment of far-advanced forms of breast cancer].", "content": "Seventy patients with breast cancer (stage IIIb--IV) were randomized by an \"envelope\" method into 2 groups, each including 35 persons. Patients of the first group were injected vincristin, 5-fluoruracil, methotrexate (once a week), cyclophosphane (3 times a week) and prednisolone daily during 3 weeks. The duration of the course of treatment was 4 weeks. The therapy course was repeated with an interval of 1--2 months. Patients of the second group in addition to the analogous treatment were subjected to ovariectomy with subsequent continuous administration of prednisolone, testosterone-propionate or synoestrol. An objective effect was noted in 24 patients of the first group (71.4%), the complete remission being gained in 4 of them. An average duration of the remission--7.6 months. An objective effect was noted in 31 patients of the second group (88.5%), the complete remission--in 4 of them. An average duration of the remission--10.7 months. Primary mammary tumors and metastases in regional lymph nodes proved to be mostly susceptible to the conducted therapy. Lung and pleural metastases were found to be less susceptible. No grave complications due to this kind of treatment were noted.", "contents": "[Combined drug treatment of far-advanced forms of breast cancer]. Seventy patients with breast cancer (stage IIIb--IV) were randomized by an \"envelope\" method into 2 groups, each including 35 persons. Patients of the first group were injected vincristin, 5-fluoruracil, methotrexate (once a week), cyclophosphane (3 times a week) and prednisolone daily during 3 weeks. The duration of the course of treatment was 4 weeks. The therapy course was repeated with an interval of 1--2 months. Patients of the second group in addition to the analogous treatment were subjected to ovariectomy with subsequent continuous administration of prednisolone, testosterone-propionate or synoestrol. An objective effect was noted in 24 patients of the first group (71.4%), the complete remission being gained in 4 of them. An average duration of the remission--7.6 months. An objective effect was noted in 31 patients of the second group (88.5%), the complete remission--in 4 of them. An average duration of the remission--10.7 months. Primary mammary tumors and metastases in regional lymph nodes proved to be mostly susceptible to the conducted therapy. Lung and pleural metastases were found to be less susceptible. No grave complications due to this kind of treatment were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:366904", "title": "[Clinical trial of the preparation clofazolin used intravenously].", "content": "The authors studied the hypotensive effect of the Bulgarian preparation Chlophazolin in ampoules of 0,15 mg, administered i. v. The study covered 50 patients, 44 of them with hypertonic disease II and III stage and the rest (6)--with renal and renovasal hypertension. The i. v. administration of chlophazolin was established to have a marked hypotensive effect and be expedient for the treatment of hypertonic crises and hypertension with high values. In a dose of 0,15 mg i. v. the preparation leads to a sharp decrease in the first 20 min, whereas during the following hours it is kept to lower values: systolic pressure-an average decrease of 30-40 mm Hb in a lying position, to 45-50 mm Hg in an erect position; the diastolic pressure-an average decrease of 10-15 mm Hg in a lying position to 20-25 mm Hg in an erect position. The hypotensive effect is better manifested in higher initial values of the pressure. It lasts approximately more than 13 hours but in 1/5 of the patients, with higher values of blood pressure, its effect is exhausted within 6-8 hours. Side effects of the preparation were registered in 26 per cent of the cases; orthostatic disturbances, sleepiness, dryness of the mouth, nausea. I. v. administration of chlopazolin does not change the excretion of urea and creatinine, diuresis and serum levels of sodium, potassium and chlorine.", "contents": "[Clinical trial of the preparation clofazolin used intravenously]. The authors studied the hypotensive effect of the Bulgarian preparation Chlophazolin in ampoules of 0,15 mg, administered i. v. The study covered 50 patients, 44 of them with hypertonic disease II and III stage and the rest (6)--with renal and renovasal hypertension. The i. v. administration of chlophazolin was established to have a marked hypotensive effect and be expedient for the treatment of hypertonic crises and hypertension with high values. In a dose of 0,15 mg i. v. the preparation leads to a sharp decrease in the first 20 min, whereas during the following hours it is kept to lower values: systolic pressure-an average decrease of 30-40 mm Hb in a lying position, to 45-50 mm Hg in an erect position; the diastolic pressure-an average decrease of 10-15 mm Hg in a lying position to 20-25 mm Hg in an erect position. The hypotensive effect is better manifested in higher initial values of the pressure. It lasts approximately more than 13 hours but in 1/5 of the patients, with higher values of blood pressure, its effect is exhausted within 6-8 hours. Side effects of the preparation were registered in 26 per cent of the cases; orthostatic disturbances, sleepiness, dryness of the mouth, nausea. I. v. administration of chlopazolin does not change the excretion of urea and creatinine, diuresis and serum levels of sodium, potassium and chlorine."}
{"id": "PMID:366905", "title": "[Dynamic study of the hypothalomo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome].", "content": "Detailed clinical and hormonal studies were performed in 30 male patients with Klinefelter syndrome, proved by karyotyping. Diagnostic tests with LH-RH were carried out with application of 100 microgram of LH-RH as single stimulation and as long-term application for 7 days. Plasma levels of LH, FSH and testosterone were measured by specific radioimmunoassay. Th single LH-RG application stimulated both LH and FST secretion, while testosterone level remained unchanged in patients with Klinefelter syndrome. Long-term stimulation decreased basal LH and FSH levels and pituitary response to LH-RH . became close to normal. The testosterone level increased significantly in most patients with Klinefelter syndrome. This suggests that the Leydig cells in Klinefelter syndrome improved their activity, showing some functional reserve.", "contents": "[Dynamic study of the hypothalomo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome]. Detailed clinical and hormonal studies were performed in 30 male patients with Klinefelter syndrome, proved by karyotyping. Diagnostic tests with LH-RH were carried out with application of 100 microgram of LH-RH as single stimulation and as long-term application for 7 days. Plasma levels of LH, FSH and testosterone were measured by specific radioimmunoassay. Th single LH-RG application stimulated both LH and FST secretion, while testosterone level remained unchanged in patients with Klinefelter syndrome. Long-term stimulation decreased basal LH and FSH levels and pituitary response to LH-RH . became close to normal. The testosterone level increased significantly in most patients with Klinefelter syndrome. This suggests that the Leydig cells in Klinefelter syndrome improved their activity, showing some functional reserve."}
{"id": "PMID:366928", "title": "Studies on the deoxyribonucleic acid-bearing portion of the cell envelope of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The envelope components of nuclear bodies which were obtained from Escherichia coli W7 by a mild lysis method were investigated. By using 2,6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) as precursor which is incorporated only into peptidoglycan in this strain it was found that the particles contained about 14% of the murein layer of the cell. The percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine was enriched at the cost of the other phospholipids in the nuclear bodies compared to whole cells. If lipids were labelled with 3H-palmitic acid the cytoplasmic and the outer membrane could be found after isopycnic centrifugation; however, when the cells were incubated with chloramphenicol, only the outer membrane was seen. The peptidoglycan and the proteins could be assigned only to the outer membrane. The DNA is also bound to the outer membrane. From these results it was concluded that (1) in all lysis methods the cytoplasmic membrane is more easily dissolved than the outer layers of the envelope, and (2) that there is a firm binding between DNA and the outer membrane in vivo.", "contents": "Studies on the deoxyribonucleic acid-bearing portion of the cell envelope of Escherichia coli. The envelope components of nuclear bodies which were obtained from Escherichia coli W7 by a mild lysis method were investigated. By using 2,6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) as precursor which is incorporated only into peptidoglycan in this strain it was found that the particles contained about 14% of the murein layer of the cell. The percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine was enriched at the cost of the other phospholipids in the nuclear bodies compared to whole cells. If lipids were labelled with 3H-palmitic acid the cytoplasmic and the outer membrane could be found after isopycnic centrifugation; however, when the cells were incubated with chloramphenicol, only the outer membrane was seen. The peptidoglycan and the proteins could be assigned only to the outer membrane. The DNA is also bound to the outer membrane. From these results it was concluded that (1) in all lysis methods the cytoplasmic membrane is more easily dissolved than the outer layers of the envelope, and (2) that there is a firm binding between DNA and the outer membrane in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:366924", "title": "Adaptation of glomerular forces and flows to renal injury.", "content": "The mechanism of glomerular ultrafiltration in normal kidneys or after renal injury is reviewed. The role of increased glomerular plasma flow in mediating increases of nephron filtration rate is evidenced under experimental conditions resulting in filtration pressure disequilibrium along glomerular capillaries. The increase of nephron filtration in hypertrophied kidneys appears to be due mainly to a rise of glomerular plasma flow and, to a smaller extent, to an increase of glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, the ultrafiltration coefficient remaining unchanged. In contrast, in the early phases of experimentally induced nephrotoxic serum nephritis, a decrease of the ultrafiltration coefficient was observed; nephron filtration rate, however, remained within the normal range, as a consequence of a higher hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries of the nephritic kidneys.", "contents": "Adaptation of glomerular forces and flows to renal injury. The mechanism of glomerular ultrafiltration in normal kidneys or after renal injury is reviewed. The role of increased glomerular plasma flow in mediating increases of nephron filtration rate is evidenced under experimental conditions resulting in filtration pressure disequilibrium along glomerular capillaries. The increase of nephron filtration in hypertrophied kidneys appears to be due mainly to a rise of glomerular plasma flow and, to a smaller extent, to an increase of glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, the ultrafiltration coefficient remaining unchanged. In contrast, in the early phases of experimentally induced nephrotoxic serum nephritis, a decrease of the ultrafiltration coefficient was observed; nephron filtration rate, however, remained within the normal range, as a consequence of a higher hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries of the nephritic kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:366925", "title": "The role of renal \"work\" in compensatory kidney growth.", "content": "In a series of studies designed to test the role of renal \"work\" in compensatory kidney growth we examined the relationship between absolute sodium reabsorption-which constitutes the bulk of renal energy expenditure, and growth of the remaining kidney at various intervals after contralateral nephrectomy.The increase in weight of the remaining kidney preceded the rise in sodium reabsorption and these two processes took place at different rates between 24 hours and 21 days after uninephrectomy.Absolute sodium reabsorption did not change during the first hours after contralateral nephrectomy, at a time when biochemical alterations are known to occur.The rate of [(14)C] choline incorporation into renal phospholipid, an early biochemical indicator of compensatory kidney growth, increased significantly one hour after contralateral nephrectomy but remained unchanged after sham-nephrectomy, regardless of the magnitude or direction of the concomitant change in absolute sodium reabsorption (\"kidney work\").These results indicate that renal work expended in the reabsorption of glomerular filtrate is neither the initiating, nor the primary controlling factor, of the compensatory kidney growth that follows unilateral nephrectomy.", "contents": "The role of renal \"work\" in compensatory kidney growth. In a series of studies designed to test the role of renal \"work\" in compensatory kidney growth we examined the relationship between absolute sodium reabsorption-which constitutes the bulk of renal energy expenditure, and growth of the remaining kidney at various intervals after contralateral nephrectomy.The increase in weight of the remaining kidney preceded the rise in sodium reabsorption and these two processes took place at different rates between 24 hours and 21 days after uninephrectomy.Absolute sodium reabsorption did not change during the first hours after contralateral nephrectomy, at a time when biochemical alterations are known to occur.The rate of [(14)C] choline incorporation into renal phospholipid, an early biochemical indicator of compensatory kidney growth, increased significantly one hour after contralateral nephrectomy but remained unchanged after sham-nephrectomy, regardless of the magnitude or direction of the concomitant change in absolute sodium reabsorption (\"kidney work\").These results indicate that renal work expended in the reabsorption of glomerular filtrate is neither the initiating, nor the primary controlling factor, of the compensatory kidney growth that follows unilateral nephrectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:366926", "title": "Changes in renal function in early pregnancy in women with one kidney.", "content": "In healthy women the 24-hour endogenous creatinine clearance is elevated by some 50 percent within 6 weeks of conception and an analogous increase of the 24-hour glucose excretion occurs. 24-hour glucose excretion later reverts to normal, reflecting a delayed onset of increased tubular reabsorption.Following unilateral nephrectomy there are marked increases in RPF and GFR in the contralateral kidney. Single hypertrophied kidneys apparently can adapt still further as in normal pregnancy. We have studied 5 women, in satisfactory general health prior to the pregnancy, each with only one kidney, before conception and during early pregnancy. Three had had unilateral nephrectomy for renal trauma 6-9 years earlier. two had received renal allografts 3 years earlier. In all cases the endogenous creatinine clearance began to rise in the second half of the menstrual cycle and when pregnancy supervened it rose rapidly to a peak value of 30-40 percent above the midcycle level within 7-10 weeks of the last menstrual period. That early peak was not always sustained and GFR subsequently fell to a level of 25-30 percent above the midcycle level. These changes in renal function were slower and smaller than in healthy women with 2 kidneys but were compatible with a successful outcome of pregnancy in these five cases.", "contents": "Changes in renal function in early pregnancy in women with one kidney. In healthy women the 24-hour endogenous creatinine clearance is elevated by some 50 percent within 6 weeks of conception and an analogous increase of the 24-hour glucose excretion occurs. 24-hour glucose excretion later reverts to normal, reflecting a delayed onset of increased tubular reabsorption.Following unilateral nephrectomy there are marked increases in RPF and GFR in the contralateral kidney. Single hypertrophied kidneys apparently can adapt still further as in normal pregnancy. We have studied 5 women, in satisfactory general health prior to the pregnancy, each with only one kidney, before conception and during early pregnancy. Three had had unilateral nephrectomy for renal trauma 6-9 years earlier. two had received renal allografts 3 years earlier. In all cases the endogenous creatinine clearance began to rise in the second half of the menstrual cycle and when pregnancy supervened it rose rapidly to a peak value of 30-40 percent above the midcycle level within 7-10 weeks of the last menstrual period. That early peak was not always sustained and GFR subsequently fell to a level of 25-30 percent above the midcycle level. These changes in renal function were slower and smaller than in healthy women with 2 kidneys but were compatible with a successful outcome of pregnancy in these five cases."}
{"id": "PMID:366934", "title": "[The development of neurology since A. v. Str\u00fcmpell and its relation to internal medicine].", "content": "A. v. Str\u00fcmpell is appreciated as one of those internal specialists who inaugurated neurology in Germany and furthered decisively its development. Issuing from the opinions which Str\u00fcmpell expressed at the end of his life the further way of the German neurology up to an independent clinical discipline is described in short. Here the partly historically, partly really proved relations of neurology to internal medicine as well as to psychiatry are taken into consideration. Integration is characterized as an actual request, since with progressing differentiation and specialisation of medicine the adherence to the traditional structures and borders of the specialities becomes more and more questionable.", "contents": "[The development of neurology since A. v. Str\u00fcmpell and its relation to internal medicine]. A. v. Str\u00fcmpell is appreciated as one of those internal specialists who inaugurated neurology in Germany and furthered decisively its development. Issuing from the opinions which Str\u00fcmpell expressed at the end of his life the further way of the German neurology up to an independent clinical discipline is described in short. Here the partly historically, partly really proved relations of neurology to internal medicine as well as to psychiatry are taken into consideration. Integration is characterized as an actual request, since with progressing differentiation and specialisation of medicine the adherence to the traditional structures and borders of the specialities becomes more and more questionable."}
{"id": "PMID:366935", "title": "The effects of hydrocortisone and dopamine on circulatory alterations in experimental acute endotoxin shock in dogs.", "content": "In our study of experimental endotoxin shock we tried therapeutic control of reversible acute endotoxin shock. In a standard model in the dog, in which endotoxin shock had been induced by intravenous injection of E. coli endotoxin dosed 1.75 mg/kg, the effects of hydrocortisone and dopamine administered concurrently were investigated. It was found that endotoxin shock elicited primarily haemodynamic alterations; arterial hypotension, reduction of renal arterial blood flow, elevation of central venous flow, decrease in left ventricular pressure, and vasodilatation. Dopamine plus hydrocortisone prevented development of alterations, primarily of haemodynamic ones, already in the initial phase of shock. Dopamine plus hydrocortisone raised the survival quota of animals in endotoxin shock, enhanced the renal arterial blood flow, maintained the diuresis, enhanced myocardial contractility, and elevated left ventricular blood pressure. After higher dosages of dopamine the peripheral blood pressure rose as well. The dosage of dopamine has to be adjusted with respect to the actual state of haemodynamics. The developing tendency to acidosis was not brought under control within the three-hour monitoring period.", "contents": "The effects of hydrocortisone and dopamine on circulatory alterations in experimental acute endotoxin shock in dogs. In our study of experimental endotoxin shock we tried therapeutic control of reversible acute endotoxin shock. In a standard model in the dog, in which endotoxin shock had been induced by intravenous injection of E. coli endotoxin dosed 1.75 mg/kg, the effects of hydrocortisone and dopamine administered concurrently were investigated. It was found that endotoxin shock elicited primarily haemodynamic alterations; arterial hypotension, reduction of renal arterial blood flow, elevation of central venous flow, decrease in left ventricular pressure, and vasodilatation. Dopamine plus hydrocortisone prevented development of alterations, primarily of haemodynamic ones, already in the initial phase of shock. Dopamine plus hydrocortisone raised the survival quota of animals in endotoxin shock, enhanced the renal arterial blood flow, maintained the diuresis, enhanced myocardial contractility, and elevated left ventricular blood pressure. After higher dosages of dopamine the peripheral blood pressure rose as well. The dosage of dopamine has to be adjusted with respect to the actual state of haemodynamics. The developing tendency to acidosis was not brought under control within the three-hour monitoring period."}
{"id": "PMID:366927", "title": "Macromolecular metabolism in compensatory renal hypertrophy.", "content": "1. The initial biochemical changes of compensatory hypertrophy occur well within 1 hour of unilateral nephrectomy and perhaps within the first few minutes.2. The initial increment in rRNA is from decreased metabolism rather than from increased synthesis.3. Changes in the processing of mRNA precursors are probably also important.4. Compensatory hypertrophy is regulated by a humoral stimulus or stimuli.5. The stimulus needs to be present virtually all of the time during the early phases of compensatory hypertrophy.6. The stimulus is related to loss of renal mass, not to loss of renal function.", "contents": "Macromolecular metabolism in compensatory renal hypertrophy. 1. The initial biochemical changes of compensatory hypertrophy occur well within 1 hour of unilateral nephrectomy and perhaps within the first few minutes.2. The initial increment in rRNA is from decreased metabolism rather than from increased synthesis.3. Changes in the processing of mRNA precursors are probably also important.4. Compensatory hypertrophy is regulated by a humoral stimulus or stimuli.5. The stimulus needs to be present virtually all of the time during the early phases of compensatory hypertrophy.6. The stimulus is related to loss of renal mass, not to loss of renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:366936", "title": "[Parent-child-interaction in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of many experimental studies it is demonstrated that not only mother-child-relationship in infancy but also father-child-relationship is important for child development. Different patterns of mother-child-interaction as well as father-child-interaction during the first weeks after birth are reported and intervening variables are discussed. Kind and degree of interactions of both parents with the newborn and infant influence the emotional, social, and cognitive development of the child. On the other hand the birth of child and the behavior of the newborn determine personal development of father and mother, too. The growth of the family is to be regarded as a process which is based on the differentiated net work of conditions. The concentration of research on mother-child-contacts has to be rejected in the light of these new findings and has to be regarded as hostile against the family as a whole.", "contents": "[Parent-child-interaction in infancy (author's transl)]. On the basis of many experimental studies it is demonstrated that not only mother-child-relationship in infancy but also father-child-relationship is important for child development. Different patterns of mother-child-interaction as well as father-child-interaction during the first weeks after birth are reported and intervening variables are discussed. Kind and degree of interactions of both parents with the newborn and infant influence the emotional, social, and cognitive development of the child. On the other hand the birth of child and the behavior of the newborn determine personal development of father and mother, too. The growth of the family is to be regarded as a process which is based on the differentiated net work of conditions. The concentration of research on mother-child-contacts has to be rejected in the light of these new findings and has to be regarded as hostile against the family as a whole."}
{"id": "PMID:366923", "title": "Introduction: history and problems of compensatory adaptation of renal functions and of compensatory hypertrophy of the kidney.", "content": "The history of observations and experimental work on compensatory changes following the loss of renal mass, and the historical reasons for the distinction between the concepts of compensatory adaptation (of renal functions) and of compensatory hypertrophy (of nephrons) are outlined. While the effector mechanisms of both types of compensatory changes are being elucidated at a rapid pace, many questions concerning the primary changes initiating these events, the control mechanisms implied and the interrelationship between functional adaptation and hypertrophy remain unanswered.", "contents": "Introduction: history and problems of compensatory adaptation of renal functions and of compensatory hypertrophy of the kidney. The history of observations and experimental work on compensatory changes following the loss of renal mass, and the historical reasons for the distinction between the concepts of compensatory adaptation (of renal functions) and of compensatory hypertrophy (of nephrons) are outlined. While the effector mechanisms of both types of compensatory changes are being elucidated at a rapid pace, many questions concerning the primary changes initiating these events, the control mechanisms implied and the interrelationship between functional adaptation and hypertrophy remain unanswered."}
{"id": "PMID:366937", "title": "[Fetal parasystolia--uncommon case of fetal arrhythmia with polyhydramnios and hydrops fetalis (author's transl)].", "content": "By direct fetal electrocardiography an arrhythmic pattern comparable with parasystolia was observed during the 38th week of pregnancy. The gestational course was only complicated by polyhydramnios. The record of the FHF was considerably disturbed. The normocardic pattern showed poor irregularity, rarely accelerations and decelerations during labor activity. The ectopic QRS-complex was broadened (0,06--0,08 sec) and frequently raised. Beginning the record the frequency of the parasystolia was lower than the activity of the sinus node. A hydropic neonate was delivered by vacuum and died after bradyarrhythmia 37 minutes after parturition. In spite of intensive clarification the cause of pathology was not detected.", "contents": "[Fetal parasystolia--uncommon case of fetal arrhythmia with polyhydramnios and hydrops fetalis (author's transl)]. By direct fetal electrocardiography an arrhythmic pattern comparable with parasystolia was observed during the 38th week of pregnancy. The gestational course was only complicated by polyhydramnios. The record of the FHF was considerably disturbed. The normocardic pattern showed poor irregularity, rarely accelerations and decelerations during labor activity. The ectopic QRS-complex was broadened (0,06--0,08 sec) and frequently raised. Beginning the record the frequency of the parasystolia was lower than the activity of the sinus node. A hydropic neonate was delivered by vacuum and died after bradyarrhythmia 37 minutes after parturition. In spite of intensive clarification the cause of pathology was not detected."}
{"id": "PMID:366939", "title": "[The effect of some antiarrhythmic drugs on systolic time intervals in normal subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven healthy volunteers (mean age 30.1 +/- 4.3 yrs.) were repeatedly studied by measurement of systolic time intervals (QS2c, PEPc, LVETc, PEP/LVET) and arterial blood pressure (cuff method) before and after 24-hour oral application of four antiarrhythmic drugs (quinidine, disopyramide, prajmaliumbitartrate, propafenone) and two beta-blocking agents (propranolol, atenolol). The studies were repeated in the same group of volunteers with a different drug after an interval of one week. PEPc significantly increased after all antiarrhythmic agents at therapeutic doses by 6.1 to 9.4 ms (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01 resp.), whereas LVETc did not change significantly. PEP/LVET increased on an average by 0.033 +/- 0.006 (p less than 0.01). QS2c increased by 7.5 and 7.6 ms resp. (p less than 0.05) after prajmaliumbitartrate and propafenone. Heart rate remained unchanged after disopyramide and propafenone whereas it increased significantly (p less than 0.05) after quinidine and prajmaliumbitartrate. Blood pressure did not change significantly after any of these antiarrhythmic drugs. After application of the two beta-blocking agents propranolol and atenolol, no significant changes in STI could be observed. Mean arterial blood pressure significantly dropped after both, propranolol (minus 2.8 mm Hg) and atenolol (minus 9.7 mm Hg; p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, resp.). Heart rate decreased by minus 8.1 b.p.m. after propranolol (p less than 0.01) and minus 11.5 b.p.m. after atenolol (p less than 0.01). The results clearly indicate that at the dosage used, the four antiarrhythmic agents (quinidine, disopyramide, prajmaliumbitartrate, propafenone) exert a negative inotropic effect on left ventricular function as far as it can be judged from the measurement of STI. The lack of a significant negative inotropic effect of an oral treatment with beta-blocking agents on the STI can be explained by opposing effects of a decrease in blood pressure and a negative inotropic action.", "contents": "[The effect of some antiarrhythmic drugs on systolic time intervals in normal subjects (author's transl)]. Eleven healthy volunteers (mean age 30.1 +/- 4.3 yrs.) were repeatedly studied by measurement of systolic time intervals (QS2c, PEPc, LVETc, PEP/LVET) and arterial blood pressure (cuff method) before and after 24-hour oral application of four antiarrhythmic drugs (quinidine, disopyramide, prajmaliumbitartrate, propafenone) and two beta-blocking agents (propranolol, atenolol). The studies were repeated in the same group of volunteers with a different drug after an interval of one week. PEPc significantly increased after all antiarrhythmic agents at therapeutic doses by 6.1 to 9.4 ms (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01 resp.), whereas LVETc did not change significantly. PEP/LVET increased on an average by 0.033 +/- 0.006 (p less than 0.01). QS2c increased by 7.5 and 7.6 ms resp. (p less than 0.05) after prajmaliumbitartrate and propafenone. Heart rate remained unchanged after disopyramide and propafenone whereas it increased significantly (p less than 0.05) after quinidine and prajmaliumbitartrate. Blood pressure did not change significantly after any of these antiarrhythmic drugs. After application of the two beta-blocking agents propranolol and atenolol, no significant changes in STI could be observed. Mean arterial blood pressure significantly dropped after both, propranolol (minus 2.8 mm Hg) and atenolol (minus 9.7 mm Hg; p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, resp.). Heart rate decreased by minus 8.1 b.p.m. after propranolol (p less than 0.01) and minus 11.5 b.p.m. after atenolol (p less than 0.01). The results clearly indicate that at the dosage used, the four antiarrhythmic agents (quinidine, disopyramide, prajmaliumbitartrate, propafenone) exert a negative inotropic effect on left ventricular function as far as it can be judged from the measurement of STI. The lack of a significant negative inotropic effect of an oral treatment with beta-blocking agents on the STI can be explained by opposing effects of a decrease in blood pressure and a negative inotropic action."}
{"id": "PMID:366940", "title": "[Fully automatic computer-analysis of electrocardiograms in clinical routine (author's transl)].", "content": "A fully automated Ecg recording and interpretation system (Hewlett Packard HP 5) consisting of a central computer and two peripheral units was evaluated during a four-month period. Ecgs were transmitted via public telephone lines, as was the report from central station to peripheral recording and print-out unit. Within a few seconds after recording and print-out unit. Within a few seconds after recording and transmission a preliminary report is available in printed format. The transmitted Ecgs are stored at the central computer and are being retrieved and evaluated manually there. Three cardiologists read the tracings and furnished final reports. 468 Ecgs were thus compared in our test time of 10 days for statistical evaluation with the following results: 1. 73.1% of all statements were read correctly by the computer. 2. There is a large range of diagnostic accuracy between 0% and 100%. 3. The evaluation of Ecg changed by cardiologists reflects the individual experience of the controllers regarding the Ecg statements as well as computer-dependent possibilities like modification etc. of Ecg. 4. As an example the diagnosis \"myocardial infarction\" is compared with other Ecg computer programs by means of a quality index calculated from sensitivity and specificity: HP 5 with 158.5 points reaches a similar level as the Pipberger program with 162.6 and the Bonner with 159.5 points. 5. Referring to false negative results this program is acceptable in all diagnostic groups with ca. 8%, except conduction defects with 17.7%. 6. Referring to false positive results the diagnostic groups myocardial infarction/ischemia and conduction defects are not satisfactory with 36.5% and 23.4%. 7. In all the tested system seems to be very useful in routine Ecg interpretation of bigger hospitals.", "contents": "[Fully automatic computer-analysis of electrocardiograms in clinical routine (author's transl)]. A fully automated Ecg recording and interpretation system (Hewlett Packard HP 5) consisting of a central computer and two peripheral units was evaluated during a four-month period. Ecgs were transmitted via public telephone lines, as was the report from central station to peripheral recording and print-out unit. Within a few seconds after recording and print-out unit. Within a few seconds after recording and transmission a preliminary report is available in printed format. The transmitted Ecgs are stored at the central computer and are being retrieved and evaluated manually there. Three cardiologists read the tracings and furnished final reports. 468 Ecgs were thus compared in our test time of 10 days for statistical evaluation with the following results: 1. 73.1% of all statements were read correctly by the computer. 2. There is a large range of diagnostic accuracy between 0% and 100%. 3. The evaluation of Ecg changed by cardiologists reflects the individual experience of the controllers regarding the Ecg statements as well as computer-dependent possibilities like modification etc. of Ecg. 4. As an example the diagnosis \"myocardial infarction\" is compared with other Ecg computer programs by means of a quality index calculated from sensitivity and specificity: HP 5 with 158.5 points reaches a similar level as the Pipberger program with 162.6 and the Bonner with 159.5 points. 5. Referring to false negative results this program is acceptable in all diagnostic groups with ca. 8%, except conduction defects with 17.7%. 6. Referring to false positive results the diagnostic groups myocardial infarction/ischemia and conduction defects are not satisfactory with 36.5% and 23.4%. 7. In all the tested system seems to be very useful in routine Ecg interpretation of bigger hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:366941", "title": "[Differentiation by microimmunofluorescence of T. cruzi and T. cruzi-like strains from T. conorhini and T. rangeli, using protection from the sponge Aaptos papillata (author's transl)].", "content": "Carbohydrates containing terminal nonreducting D N-acetylgalactosamin or D N-acetylglucosamin were identified at the cell surface of Trypanosoma cruzi by an indirect immunofluorescence test using the lectin of the sponge Aaptos papillata. With the method described in this study T. cruzi and T. cruzi-like strains are easy to distinguish from T. rangeli, but not from T. conorhini. The immunofluorescence test presented here may be very helpful for certain diagnostic problems.", "contents": "[Differentiation by microimmunofluorescence of T. cruzi and T. cruzi-like strains from T. conorhini and T. rangeli, using protection from the sponge Aaptos papillata (author's transl)]. Carbohydrates containing terminal nonreducting D N-acetylgalactosamin or D N-acetylglucosamin were identified at the cell surface of Trypanosoma cruzi by an indirect immunofluorescence test using the lectin of the sponge Aaptos papillata. With the method described in this study T. cruzi and T. cruzi-like strains are easy to distinguish from T. rangeli, but not from T. conorhini. The immunofluorescence test presented here may be very helpful for certain diagnostic problems."}
{"id": "PMID:366958", "title": "[Establishing prevention in federal legislation].", "content": "History and present situation of legislation on the cantonal and federal levels are briefly discussed. Special attention is given to the planned federal law on prevention which should provide a frame for various measures aiming at primary prevention of illnesses and accidents.", "contents": "[Establishing prevention in federal legislation]. History and present situation of legislation on the cantonal and federal levels are briefly discussed. Special attention is given to the planned federal law on prevention which should provide a frame for various measures aiming at primary prevention of illnesses and accidents."}
{"id": "PMID:366955", "title": "[Split brain and the problem of interhemispheric relations].", "content": "For the last 15-20 years the study of interhemispheric relations made a big progress. This progress was facilitated by use of new methods in combination with midsagittal sections of comissural connections at different levels. An assumption is made that interhemispheric exchange of sensory information is of certain importance for the short-term memory and for compensatory mechanisms of the brain. The importance of hemispheric interaction for coordinated motor reactions and for subtle spatial orientation of animals is determined. Observation of patients with surgically dissected brain is a big contribution to further study of interhemispheric relations.", "contents": "[Split brain and the problem of interhemispheric relations]. For the last 15-20 years the study of interhemispheric relations made a big progress. This progress was facilitated by use of new methods in combination with midsagittal sections of comissural connections at different levels. An assumption is made that interhemispheric exchange of sensory information is of certain importance for the short-term memory and for compensatory mechanisms of the brain. The importance of hemispheric interaction for coordinated motor reactions and for subtle spatial orientation of animals is determined. Observation of patients with surgically dissected brain is a big contribution to further study of interhemispheric relations."}
{"id": "PMID:366969", "title": "[Vascular changes in experimental renal ischemia and after renal homotransplantation (experimental angiographic study on animals)].", "content": "Which consequences result from these experimental results from practice? In the acute angiography in postoperative functional distrubance after transplantation of a human kidney is at first probably always to be reckoned with a rejection process, though this immunological process by no means must be in the foreground of the causal connection of several pathogenetic factors. Therefore, in our opinion it would then be assumed an ischaemia-conditioned cell damage of the tubulus by a longer lasting prefinal circulatory depression or due to a not optimal preservation, when there is in the angiogramme a clear discrepancy to the severity of the postoperative functional distrubance, i.e. when angiographically exists only a slight cortical ischaemia in an otherwise good arterial filling picture and a widely normal capillary filling phase.", "contents": "[Vascular changes in experimental renal ischemia and after renal homotransplantation (experimental angiographic study on animals)]. Which consequences result from these experimental results from practice? In the acute angiography in postoperative functional distrubance after transplantation of a human kidney is at first probably always to be reckoned with a rejection process, though this immunological process by no means must be in the foreground of the causal connection of several pathogenetic factors. Therefore, in our opinion it would then be assumed an ischaemia-conditioned cell damage of the tubulus by a longer lasting prefinal circulatory depression or due to a not optimal preservation, when there is in the angiogramme a clear discrepancy to the severity of the postoperative functional distrubance, i.e. when angiographically exists only a slight cortical ischaemia in an otherwise good arterial filling picture and a widely normal capillary filling phase."}
{"id": "PMID:366970", "title": "[Value of hemodynamic parameters in determining kidney transplant function (animal experiments and clinical observations)].", "content": "From the demonstrated results is to be concluded: 1. The haemodynamic and functional inquiries on animal experimental and clinical kidney grafts suppose that the tubules and the renal vascular system are comparably affected by the damaging influences of the different preservation methods. 2. This pathogenetic relationship is apparently maintained also in the regeneration phase; i.e. the tubular restitution is connected with an improvement of the blood-supply of the organ. 3. The discrepancy between the morphologic and functional findings of storage and perfusion preserved kidneys shows that the efficiency of the graft is not only defined by definitive structural changes, but also by other factors, such as metabolites, enzymatic and humoral influences, changes of the local blood composition, regional conditions of blood-supply, and so on. 4. Due to the significant relation between restrictions of the renal blood-supply and the renal function after transplantation haemodynamic parameters are suitable for the judgment of renal preservation methods and for the prognostic estimation of renal grafts.", "contents": "[Value of hemodynamic parameters in determining kidney transplant function (animal experiments and clinical observations)]. From the demonstrated results is to be concluded: 1. The haemodynamic and functional inquiries on animal experimental and clinical kidney grafts suppose that the tubules and the renal vascular system are comparably affected by the damaging influences of the different preservation methods. 2. This pathogenetic relationship is apparently maintained also in the regeneration phase; i.e. the tubular restitution is connected with an improvement of the blood-supply of the organ. 3. The discrepancy between the morphologic and functional findings of storage and perfusion preserved kidneys shows that the efficiency of the graft is not only defined by definitive structural changes, but also by other factors, such as metabolites, enzymatic and humoral influences, changes of the local blood composition, regional conditions of blood-supply, and so on. 4. Due to the significant relation between restrictions of the renal blood-supply and the renal function after transplantation haemodynamic parameters are suitable for the judgment of renal preservation methods and for the prognostic estimation of renal grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:366971", "title": "[Electron microscopic studies on long-term perfused dog kidneys].", "content": "In the applied preservation technique of kidneys used the fine-structural changes on main epithelial cells and glomeruli are relatively insignificant and appear reversible or reparable after a storage preservation up to 4 hours and permanent perfusion of 24 hours. After a storage preservation of 10 hours and an additional permanent perfusion of 24 hours and after a renal permanent perfusion during 48 hours compared to it most frequently irreversible damages in form of dystrophies and necroses on tubuli and glomeruli are the result, so that the conservative condition of the organ can no more be regarded as optimal. Such kidneys are certainly only conditionedly suited for a transplantation.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic studies on long-term perfused dog kidneys]. In the applied preservation technique of kidneys used the fine-structural changes on main epithelial cells and glomeruli are relatively insignificant and appear reversible or reparable after a storage preservation up to 4 hours and permanent perfusion of 24 hours. After a storage preservation of 10 hours and an additional permanent perfusion of 24 hours and after a renal permanent perfusion during 48 hours compared to it most frequently irreversible damages in form of dystrophies and necroses on tubuli and glomeruli are the result, so that the conservative condition of the organ can no more be regarded as optimal. Such kidneys are certainly only conditionedly suited for a transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:366972", "title": "[Hemodynamic studies on the preservation effect of F\u00fcrtig perfusate on transplanted dog kidneys].", "content": "From the experimental results is evident that the Collins-III-solution and the perfusate conceived by F\u00fcrtig achieve a comparable preservation effect. This may be traced back to the fact that they are of the same value in their kational composition as well as in their osmolarity.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic studies on the preservation effect of F\u00fcrtig perfusate on transplanted dog kidneys]. From the experimental results is evident that the Collins-III-solution and the perfusate conceived by F\u00fcrtig achieve a comparable preservation effect. This may be traced back to the fact that they are of the same value in their kational composition as well as in their osmolarity."}
{"id": "PMID:366973", "title": "[Modification of the Gambro perfusion apparatus PF-3A for use in experimental studies].", "content": "The demonstrated modifications of the Gambro perfusion apparatus PF 3A can be used with great success in the field of experimental research. By means of the measurings which can now be performed the course of the perfusion is to be established from the point of view of measuring technique.", "contents": "[Modification of the Gambro perfusion apparatus PF-3A for use in experimental studies]. The demonstrated modifications of the Gambro perfusion apparatus PF 3A can be used with great success in the field of experimental research. By means of the measurings which can now be performed the course of the perfusion is to be established from the point of view of measuring technique."}
{"id": "PMID:366974", "title": "[Analysis of trends in the immunologic supervision of organ transplantation].", "content": "Immunological methods of the rejection diagnostics are discussed. The humoral as well as cullular immune response against the graft is taken in consideration. The tests described up to now in literature are not suited or must still be confirmed, respectively. Thus the aptitude of the nucleolar test, of the leucocyte aggregation test, of the MLC-MEM and the rosette inhibition test for the rejection diagnostics should be increasedly examined. The immunological rejection diagnostics is complicated by the immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "[Analysis of trends in the immunologic supervision of organ transplantation]. Immunological methods of the rejection diagnostics are discussed. The humoral as well as cullular immune response against the graft is taken in consideration. The tests described up to now in literature are not suited or must still be confirmed, respectively. Thus the aptitude of the nucleolar test, of the leucocyte aggregation test, of the MLC-MEM and the rosette inhibition test for the rejection diagnostics should be increasedly examined. The immunological rejection diagnostics is complicated by the immunosuppressive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:366975", "title": "[Immunologic course of kidney transplants studied by means of cellular and humoral immunity tests].", "content": "In 10 human-allo-transplanted persons and evaluation of the postoperative course was done with the help of specific and unspecific, cellular and humoral immune tests which were compared with clinical parameters. While the E-rosette-test did not show any correlation to the typical courses in the immunoglobulins postoperatively after a clear decrease at the time of the clinically diagnosed first set reaction an increase above all of the IgM could be observed. Unspecific tests, such as CRP and FSP may, concerning the rejection diagnostics, confirm the suspicion in as far as other factors, such as infection of the urinary tract were excluded. By choice of a suitable relation system the evidence of the immunoglobulins could possibly be proved, whereas for the cellular demonstration methods the E-rosette test does not seem to be recommendable in the performed way.", "contents": "[Immunologic course of kidney transplants studied by means of cellular and humoral immunity tests]. In 10 human-allo-transplanted persons and evaluation of the postoperative course was done with the help of specific and unspecific, cellular and humoral immune tests which were compared with clinical parameters. While the E-rosette-test did not show any correlation to the typical courses in the immunoglobulins postoperatively after a clear decrease at the time of the clinically diagnosed first set reaction an increase above all of the IgM could be observed. Unspecific tests, such as CRP and FSP may, concerning the rejection diagnostics, confirm the suspicion in as far as other factors, such as infection of the urinary tract were excluded. By choice of a suitable relation system the evidence of the immunoglobulins could possibly be proved, whereas for the cellular demonstration methods the E-rosette test does not seem to be recommendable in the performed way."}
{"id": "PMID:366976", "title": "[Perfusion technic during clinical intra- and extracorporeal tumor removal from a solitary kidney].", "content": "On the basis of own experiences in operations of tumour-carrying kidneys two perfusion techniques for the intra- or extracorporal renal surgery are exolained and weighed one to another. In the in-situ-perfusion the pulsatile mechanical perfusion with supervisable flow, perfusate pressure and under direct measuring of temperature on organs has proved. The disadvantage of the in-situ-perfusion in contrast to the extra-corporal surgery consists in the impossibility of the local after irradiation.", "contents": "[Perfusion technic during clinical intra- and extracorporeal tumor removal from a solitary kidney]. On the basis of own experiences in operations of tumour-carrying kidneys two perfusion techniques for the intra- or extracorporal renal surgery are exolained and weighed one to another. In the in-situ-perfusion the pulsatile mechanical perfusion with supervisable flow, perfusate pressure and under direct measuring of temperature on organs has proved. The disadvantage of the in-situ-perfusion in contrast to the extra-corporal surgery consists in the impossibility of the local after irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:366977", "title": "[Distal ureteral stenosis following kidney transplantation].", "content": "75 patients after renal allotransplantation were investigated for postoperative urological complications. 11 patients were found to have a stenosis of vesicoureteral anastomosis. According to clinical and radiological findings a classification into three stadiums was performed. Stage I indicates no necessity for operation. Two patients in Stage II and three patients in Stage III underwent surgical treatment for stenosis of ureteroneocystostomy. Treatment led to improved renal function and loss of urinary tract infection in 4 patients. The results of the study indicated treatment of stenosis after ureteroneocystostomy in Stage II prior to severe damage of renal allograft.", "contents": "[Distal ureteral stenosis following kidney transplantation]. 75 patients after renal allotransplantation were investigated for postoperative urological complications. 11 patients were found to have a stenosis of vesicoureteral anastomosis. According to clinical and radiological findings a classification into three stadiums was performed. Stage I indicates no necessity for operation. Two patients in Stage II and three patients in Stage III underwent surgical treatment for stenosis of ureteroneocystostomy. Treatment led to improved renal function and loss of urinary tract infection in 4 patients. The results of the study indicated treatment of stenosis after ureteroneocystostomy in Stage II prior to severe damage of renal allograft."}
{"id": "PMID:366978", "title": "[Diagnostic value of determining urinary fibrin split products in glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis and graft rejection].", "content": "On 112 patients with bioptically ascertained chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis, 94 with pyelonephritis and 23 patients with kidney transplantation altogether 1,050 times the fibrin fission products in the urine were estimated by the passive haemagglutination after Merskey. It was the aim of the investigation to test the diagnostic evidence described in literature concerning the floridity diagnostics in glomerulonephritis and the recognition of rejection in kidney transplantation as to its reproducibility. In comparison to the latent glomerulonephritis (0.3 microgram/ml) the florid glomerulonephritis (12.3 microgram/ml) as well as the acute pyelonephritis (9.2 microgram/ml) in comparison to the chronic pyelonephritis (1.3 microgram/ml) has significantly higher values. On account of the numerous \"falsely positive\" and \"falsely negative\" values in contrast to the data of other authors an activity diagnostics is not possible. Only in the glomerulonephritis with nephrotic syndrome a prognostic use is to be expected: Patients with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome do not secrete any fibrin fission products in the urine and patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome secrete them in a large number. We could confirm that an increase of the fibrin fission products in the urine after kidney transplantation refers to an acute rejection crisis. Since 10 of 27 rejections were fibrin fission product-negative, in the lacking fibrin fission products in the urine a rejection is not be excluded, by which the diagnostic value is restricted.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of determining urinary fibrin split products in glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis and graft rejection]. On 112 patients with bioptically ascertained chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis, 94 with pyelonephritis and 23 patients with kidney transplantation altogether 1,050 times the fibrin fission products in the urine were estimated by the passive haemagglutination after Merskey. It was the aim of the investigation to test the diagnostic evidence described in literature concerning the floridity diagnostics in glomerulonephritis and the recognition of rejection in kidney transplantation as to its reproducibility. In comparison to the latent glomerulonephritis (0.3 microgram/ml) the florid glomerulonephritis (12.3 microgram/ml) as well as the acute pyelonephritis (9.2 microgram/ml) in comparison to the chronic pyelonephritis (1.3 microgram/ml) has significantly higher values. On account of the numerous \"falsely positive\" and \"falsely negative\" values in contrast to the data of other authors an activity diagnostics is not possible. Only in the glomerulonephritis with nephrotic syndrome a prognostic use is to be expected: Patients with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome do not secrete any fibrin fission products in the urine and patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome secrete them in a large number. We could confirm that an increase of the fibrin fission products in the urine after kidney transplantation refers to an acute rejection crisis. Since 10 of 27 rejections were fibrin fission product-negative, in the lacking fibrin fission products in the urine a rejection is not be excluded, by which the diagnostic value is restricted."}
{"id": "PMID:366968", "title": "Epidemiological studies on rheumatic heart disease and streptococcal carriers among school-children in Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia. Preliminary communication.", "content": "The results of the first part of epidemiological follow-up studies on rheumatic heart disease and streptococcal carriers in Addis-Ababa are presented. In 1012 school-children relatively low morbidity of rheumatic heart disease (0.49%) and relatively small percentage of carriers of A-beta-hemolytic streptococci (4.24%) were found. There was no statistically significant difference in the morbidity of rheumatic heart disease as well as in the percentage of streptococcal carriers between the two basic social groups--children of well-to-do and of poor parents. No correlations with overcrowding were found. Serological types 5/12/27 and 3/13/B3164 of group A-beta-hemolytic streptococci were isolated most frequently.", "contents": "Epidemiological studies on rheumatic heart disease and streptococcal carriers among school-children in Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia. Preliminary communication. The results of the first part of epidemiological follow-up studies on rheumatic heart disease and streptococcal carriers in Addis-Ababa are presented. In 1012 school-children relatively low morbidity of rheumatic heart disease (0.49%) and relatively small percentage of carriers of A-beta-hemolytic streptococci (4.24%) were found. There was no statistically significant difference in the morbidity of rheumatic heart disease as well as in the percentage of streptococcal carriers between the two basic social groups--children of well-to-do and of poor parents. No correlations with overcrowding were found. Serological types 5/12/27 and 3/13/B3164 of group A-beta-hemolytic streptococci were isolated most frequently."}
{"id": "PMID:366984", "title": "[Felix Marchand--a retrospect in occasion of the 50th anniversary of his day of death (author's transl)].", "content": "In consideration of an autobiographical study of Felix Marchand and of ideas presented by him in various publications his importance for the pathological anatomy and medicine was discussed. His talent of deducing from analytical observations for the detection of generally valid principles was remarkable. His contributions to the theory of inflammation and diseases, to the significance of general and experimental pathology as a basis of pathology, and his understanding for the nature of pathological state as a dynamic event when he is speaking about pathological processes are to emphasize. In our view, Felix Marchand represented besides Rudolf Virchow the most outstanding personality of German-speaking pathology.", "contents": "[Felix Marchand--a retrospect in occasion of the 50th anniversary of his day of death (author's transl)]. In consideration of an autobiographical study of Felix Marchand and of ideas presented by him in various publications his importance for the pathological anatomy and medicine was discussed. His talent of deducing from analytical observations for the detection of generally valid principles was remarkable. His contributions to the theory of inflammation and diseases, to the significance of general and experimental pathology as a basis of pathology, and his understanding for the nature of pathological state as a dynamic event when he is speaking about pathological processes are to emphasize. In our view, Felix Marchand represented besides Rudolf Virchow the most outstanding personality of German-speaking pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:366986", "title": "[Experimental aspects of pathogenesis and prophylaxis of gastric stress ulcers (author's transl)].", "content": "The prophylactic efficacy of various treatments was examined in porcine haemorrhagic shock [13] by measuring total and regional gastric blood flow with radioactive Microspheres. All 24 animals of the control-group (no treatment) developed extensive haemorrhagic lesions of the stomach. Total gastric blood flow fell almost by 90% during shock. By methods improving the circulation during heamorrhagic shock, a nearly total prevention of gastric stress lesions was possible. After splanchnicectomy (n = 7) and by application of the H2-receptor antagonist Cimetidine (n = 8) total gastric blood flow during haemorrhagic shock fell only by 38% and 44%, respectively, when compared to control values before shock. Only 2 piglets of these both groups developed minor changes, whereas in all others no lesions were seen macroscopically or histologically. Conversely truncal vagotomy (n = 9), which impairs gastric blood flow, had no prophylactic effect on the occurence of gastric mucosal lesions, induced by haemorrhagic shock. -- This study supports the suggestion, that gastric ischaemia due to sympathetic overactivity especially in corpus and fundus of the stomach plays an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric stress lesions. An improvement of gastric blood flow during shock could become a useful treatment in man.", "contents": "[Experimental aspects of pathogenesis and prophylaxis of gastric stress ulcers (author's transl)]. The prophylactic efficacy of various treatments was examined in porcine haemorrhagic shock [13] by measuring total and regional gastric blood flow with radioactive Microspheres. All 24 animals of the control-group (no treatment) developed extensive haemorrhagic lesions of the stomach. Total gastric blood flow fell almost by 90% during shock. By methods improving the circulation during heamorrhagic shock, a nearly total prevention of gastric stress lesions was possible. After splanchnicectomy (n = 7) and by application of the H2-receptor antagonist Cimetidine (n = 8) total gastric blood flow during haemorrhagic shock fell only by 38% and 44%, respectively, when compared to control values before shock. Only 2 piglets of these both groups developed minor changes, whereas in all others no lesions were seen macroscopically or histologically. Conversely truncal vagotomy (n = 9), which impairs gastric blood flow, had no prophylactic effect on the occurence of gastric mucosal lesions, induced by haemorrhagic shock. -- This study supports the suggestion, that gastric ischaemia due to sympathetic overactivity especially in corpus and fundus of the stomach plays an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric stress lesions. An improvement of gastric blood flow during shock could become a useful treatment in man."}
{"id": "PMID:366987", "title": "[Fibrin glue protection of digestive anastomoses (author's transl)].", "content": "In animal experiments the additional sealing of colonic anastomoses using fibrin glue resulted in especially fast healing with formation of a delicate scar. Between April 1, 1976 and March 31, 1977, this method was used in 118 out of 355 patients undergoing extensive abdominal procedures. Suture line leakage was seven times less frequent than in the control group. This resulted in a considerable decrease of postoperative mortality.", "contents": "[Fibrin glue protection of digestive anastomoses (author's transl)]. In animal experiments the additional sealing of colonic anastomoses using fibrin glue resulted in especially fast healing with formation of a delicate scar. Between April 1, 1976 and March 31, 1977, this method was used in 118 out of 355 patients undergoing extensive abdominal procedures. Suture line leakage was seven times less frequent than in the control group. This resulted in a considerable decrease of postoperative mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:366988", "title": "[Partial gastrectomy (BI) with jejunal interposition (author's transl)].", "content": "Until now pathogenesis and the choice of surgical procedure in the management of gastric ulcer has suffered due to lack of resolution. The pathogenetic value of duodenogastric reflux for example has been underestimated and has not been considered in the operative technique. In order to close this gap the primary of secondary isoperistaltic orthograde interpositon of a jejunal loop between gastric remnant and duodenum is recommended.", "contents": "[Partial gastrectomy (BI) with jejunal interposition (author's transl)]. Until now pathogenesis and the choice of surgical procedure in the management of gastric ulcer has suffered due to lack of resolution. The pathogenetic value of duodenogastric reflux for example has been underestimated and has not been considered in the operative technique. In order to close this gap the primary of secondary isoperistaltic orthograde interpositon of a jejunal loop between gastric remnant and duodenum is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:366989", "title": "[Experimental microsurgery in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental microsurgical techniques using a magnifying glass and surgical microscope enable nearly all abdominal operations and organ transplantations to be performed in rats. Vascular and prosthetic segment implantations, portocaval anastomoses, heterotopic heart-, kidney-, spleen-, pancreas-, and liver transplantations some with superselective organangiography, are excellently demonstrated. Continuing research in microsurgery has considerably expanded experimental surgery and given new impulse to clinical surgery.", "contents": "[Experimental microsurgery in rats (author's transl)]. Experimental microsurgical techniques using a magnifying glass and surgical microscope enable nearly all abdominal operations and organ transplantations to be performed in rats. Vascular and prosthetic segment implantations, portocaval anastomoses, heterotopic heart-, kidney-, spleen-, pancreas-, and liver transplantations some with superselective organangiography, are excellently demonstrated. Continuing research in microsurgery has considerably expanded experimental surgery and given new impulse to clinical surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:366991", "title": "[Present state of lung transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Lung allotransplantation is still an experimental method. Immunologic rejection makes it highly lethal in experimental animals as well as in man. Its present state can in no way be compared with renal transplantation in man.", "contents": "[Present state of lung transplantation (author's transl)]. Lung allotransplantation is still an experimental method. Immunologic rejection makes it highly lethal in experimental animals as well as in man. Its present state can in no way be compared with renal transplantation in man."}
{"id": "PMID:366993", "title": "[Gonadotropin secretion in patients with testicular feminization].", "content": "FSH and LH were functionally examined in 5 women with feminizing testis and compared with the peripheral sex steroid hormones. The oestradiol levels were found decreased, while those of testosteron were elevated. FSH disclosed no significant differences while the basal levels of LH and its stimulatory response to LH-RH were increased in the patients.", "contents": "[Gonadotropin secretion in patients with testicular feminization]. FSH and LH were functionally examined in 5 women with feminizing testis and compared with the peripheral sex steroid hormones. The oestradiol levels were found decreased, while those of testosteron were elevated. FSH disclosed no significant differences while the basal levels of LH and its stimulatory response to LH-RH were increased in the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:366994", "title": "Detection of conjugative R plasmids conferring chloramphenicol resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from domestic and feral pigeons and crows.", "content": "A total of 87 domestic pigeons of 2 lots and 184 feral pigeons of 15 lots were examined from 1975 to 1977 for the presence of drug-resistant (especially chloramphenicol resistant) Escherichia coli. 20 (23.0%) of the domestic pigeons of the 2 lots, and 39 (21.2%) of the feral pigeons of 5 lots (33,3%) showed resistant E. coli. Usage of selective media containing chloramphenicol, streptomycin or tetracycline resulted in the increase in isolation frequency of resistant E. coli excepting one lot of domestic pigeons in which isolation of chloramphenicol resistant E. coli was very frequent without selection by the drug. Among a total of 106 resistant E. coli isolates from pigeons, 64 (60.4%) were multiply resistant and 58 of the 64 isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol. 58 (90.6%) of the multiply resistant E. coli carried conjugative R plasmids, including 13 thermosensitive R plasmids. 8 (19.0%) of 42 singly resistant E. coli isolates had conjugative R plasmids. 10 crows of 2 lots were examined similarly. Half of them had resistant E. coli. 15 (78.9%) of a total of 19 resistant E. coli isolates were multiply resistant. Of the 15 multiply resistant E. coli isolates, 5, from 2 Japanese jungle crows, were resistant to chloramphenicol. 11 (73.3%) of the 15 multiply resistant isolates carried conjugative R plasmids, including one thermosensitive R plasmid. Difference of drug resistance status between Salmonella and E. coli isolated from pigeons was discussed.", "contents": "Detection of conjugative R plasmids conferring chloramphenicol resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from domestic and feral pigeons and crows. A total of 87 domestic pigeons of 2 lots and 184 feral pigeons of 15 lots were examined from 1975 to 1977 for the presence of drug-resistant (especially chloramphenicol resistant) Escherichia coli. 20 (23.0%) of the domestic pigeons of the 2 lots, and 39 (21.2%) of the feral pigeons of 5 lots (33,3%) showed resistant E. coli. Usage of selective media containing chloramphenicol, streptomycin or tetracycline resulted in the increase in isolation frequency of resistant E. coli excepting one lot of domestic pigeons in which isolation of chloramphenicol resistant E. coli was very frequent without selection by the drug. Among a total of 106 resistant E. coli isolates from pigeons, 64 (60.4%) were multiply resistant and 58 of the 64 isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol. 58 (90.6%) of the multiply resistant E. coli carried conjugative R plasmids, including 13 thermosensitive R plasmids. 8 (19.0%) of 42 singly resistant E. coli isolates had conjugative R plasmids. 10 crows of 2 lots were examined similarly. Half of them had resistant E. coli. 15 (78.9%) of a total of 19 resistant E. coli isolates were multiply resistant. Of the 15 multiply resistant E. coli isolates, 5, from 2 Japanese jungle crows, were resistant to chloramphenicol. 11 (73.3%) of the 15 multiply resistant isolates carried conjugative R plasmids, including one thermosensitive R plasmid. Difference of drug resistance status between Salmonella and E. coli isolated from pigeons was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:366995", "title": "[The differentiation of clostridial microcultures on nuclepore-filters by fluorescent antibodies as a rapid screening test for spores. I. Method of producing microcultures (author's transl)].", "content": "Spores of 32 strains of 11 different clostridial species (Table 1) were allowed to germinate as microcultures on Nuclepore membrane-filters to ascertain whether they could be differentiated according to their patterns of growth. The questions dealt with in the preliminary studies, investigated which pore-size of filters would be best for this purpose and which time necessary for each species to produce microcolonies of 10 to 20 cells from a single spore. Nuclepore-filters with a pore-diameter of 1 mu gave the best results and the times for producing microcolonies of the desired size ranged from 4 hours with Cl. septicum up to 10 hours with Cl. tetani (Table 3). The final result of the study was, that the differences in the patterns of growth were not great enough to allow identification. Only Cl. perfringens formed specific and distinctive compact colonies (Tables 4 and 5).", "contents": "[The differentiation of clostridial microcultures on nuclepore-filters by fluorescent antibodies as a rapid screening test for spores. I. Method of producing microcultures (author's transl)]. Spores of 32 strains of 11 different clostridial species (Table 1) were allowed to germinate as microcultures on Nuclepore membrane-filters to ascertain whether they could be differentiated according to their patterns of growth. The questions dealt with in the preliminary studies, investigated which pore-size of filters would be best for this purpose and which time necessary for each species to produce microcolonies of 10 to 20 cells from a single spore. Nuclepore-filters with a pore-diameter of 1 mu gave the best results and the times for producing microcolonies of the desired size ranged from 4 hours with Cl. septicum up to 10 hours with Cl. tetani (Table 3). The final result of the study was, that the differences in the patterns of growth were not great enough to allow identification. Only Cl. perfringens formed specific and distinctive compact colonies (Tables 4 and 5)."}
{"id": "PMID:366996", "title": "[The differentiation of clostridial microcultures on nuclepore-filters by fluorescent antibodies as a rapid screening test for spores. II. Application of fluorescent antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "The study deals with the question of whether a combination of microcolony-cultivation on polycarbonate-membrane-filters with the fluorescent-antibody-method will lead to a rapid-diagnosis method for clostridial-spores. Formaldehyd-inactivated vegetative cells of eight different clostridial-strains (Table 1) were used for the immunisation of rabbits according to the method published by B\u00f6hm and Strauch (5). The results of the immunisation procedure, developed for aerobic-sporeformers, showed, that satisfactory results could not be obtained in all cases (Table 2). The eight conjugates were tested against microcolonies of 32 strains of different clostridial-species on membrane-filters, produced by the technique described in the first communication. The results showed (Table 4) that differentiation was always possible when homologous antisera were used. In most cases, in order to differentiate between the various species, conjugates of several serotypes had to be employed together. However due to their uniform antigenic nature, Cl. feseri and Cl. tetani could both be identified by using one strain for each to immunize. With clostridial-spores the species could be identified within a period of 6 to 12 hours by using the membrane-filter-fluorescent-antibody technique.", "contents": "[The differentiation of clostridial microcultures on nuclepore-filters by fluorescent antibodies as a rapid screening test for spores. II. Application of fluorescent antibodies (author's transl)]. The study deals with the question of whether a combination of microcolony-cultivation on polycarbonate-membrane-filters with the fluorescent-antibody-method will lead to a rapid-diagnosis method for clostridial-spores. Formaldehyd-inactivated vegetative cells of eight different clostridial-strains (Table 1) were used for the immunisation of rabbits according to the method published by B\u00f6hm and Strauch (5). The results of the immunisation procedure, developed for aerobic-sporeformers, showed, that satisfactory results could not be obtained in all cases (Table 2). The eight conjugates were tested against microcolonies of 32 strains of different clostridial-species on membrane-filters, produced by the technique described in the first communication. The results showed (Table 4) that differentiation was always possible when homologous antisera were used. In most cases, in order to differentiate between the various species, conjugates of several serotypes had to be employed together. However due to their uniform antigenic nature, Cl. feseri and Cl. tetani could both be identified by using one strain for each to immunize. With clostridial-spores the species could be identified within a period of 6 to 12 hours by using the membrane-filter-fluorescent-antibody technique."}
{"id": "PMID:366997", "title": "[Analysis of penicillin and ampicillin resistance in bacteria i. resistance and beta-lactamase production in clinical isolates (author's transl)].", "content": "The penicillin beta-lactamase (PBL) activity of the clinical isolates was measured at the same time by colorimetric microtitration, the iodometric method and chromatographic analysis. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ampicillin (Ap) was determined for each isolate, the character of the coupled resistances, their frequency and distribution in the PBL producing and PBL-negative strains were also investigated. It was found that 1. the MIC value was 100 microgram/ml in 87.5 per cent of the Penicillin (P) and Ap resistant clinical isolates, 2. PBL was produced by 55--75 per cent of the P and Ap resistant strains depending on the species of the bacteria, 3. less than 50 per cent of the E. coli isolates produced PBL; in the case of other species this value was higher, about 65--70 per cent, 4. resistance to Su, SM, Tc, Nm and Cm was most frequently coupled to Ap and P resistance, 5. the distribution curve representing the number of the coupled resistance to the Ap and P shows a peak with 6 coupled antibiotics in the PBL-negative strains and 2 peaks in the PBL-producing strains.", "contents": "[Analysis of penicillin and ampicillin resistance in bacteria i. resistance and beta-lactamase production in clinical isolates (author's transl)]. The penicillin beta-lactamase (PBL) activity of the clinical isolates was measured at the same time by colorimetric microtitration, the iodometric method and chromatographic analysis. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ampicillin (Ap) was determined for each isolate, the character of the coupled resistances, their frequency and distribution in the PBL producing and PBL-negative strains were also investigated. It was found that 1. the MIC value was 100 microgram/ml in 87.5 per cent of the Penicillin (P) and Ap resistant clinical isolates, 2. PBL was produced by 55--75 per cent of the P and Ap resistant strains depending on the species of the bacteria, 3. less than 50 per cent of the E. coli isolates produced PBL; in the case of other species this value was higher, about 65--70 per cent, 4. resistance to Su, SM, Tc, Nm and Cm was most frequently coupled to Ap and P resistance, 5. the distribution curve representing the number of the coupled resistance to the Ap and P shows a peak with 6 coupled antibiotics in the PBL-negative strains and 2 peaks in the PBL-producing strains."}
{"id": "PMID:366999", "title": "Stepless antibody determination with the stick-ELISA technique. Results expressed as multiple of normal activity (MONA).", "content": "A means is presented whereby results of antibody determination with ELISA (enzyme-linked immunospecific assay) can be expressed as the multiple of normal activity (MONA) contained in a normal serum pool, assessed by an internal standard. The procedure combines the advantage of stepless titration, inherent in the method of ELISA, with the opportunity to provide the clinician with an imaginable antibody result. It is discussed that independent of ELISA with the evolution of serology as an aid for the diagnosis of parasitic disease the clinician is faced with an evergrowing variety of normal antibody titers caused among others by different sensitivities of the methods and techniques employed. To preclude these differences result communications as MONA is suggested.", "contents": "Stepless antibody determination with the stick-ELISA technique. Results expressed as multiple of normal activity (MONA). A means is presented whereby results of antibody determination with ELISA (enzyme-linked immunospecific assay) can be expressed as the multiple of normal activity (MONA) contained in a normal serum pool, assessed by an internal standard. The procedure combines the advantage of stepless titration, inherent in the method of ELISA, with the opportunity to provide the clinician with an imaginable antibody result. It is discussed that independent of ELISA with the evolution of serology as an aid for the diagnosis of parasitic disease the clinician is faced with an evergrowing variety of normal antibody titers caused among others by different sensitivities of the methods and techniques employed. To preclude these differences result communications as MONA is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:367000", "title": "[Experience in application of electronic data processing in routine medical microbiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences in a two years application of electronic data processing in medical routine microbiology are reported. Optical mark reader forms serve as request forms as well as workprotocol. On the left two thirds of these forms (Fig. 1 and 2) the patients data including clinical statements, and the kind of specimen to be investigated (sputum, smear etc.) as well as results not essential for the printout of laboratory reports are filled in. On the right third of the optical mark reader form, in which area the Bell & Howell document reader can read pencil marks, the patients identification number, the tests requested and all results are marked right at the work bench. As shown in the flow diagram (Fig. 3) after completion of the investigation the date on the mark reader forms are read mechanically and the test results are printed (Fig. 5) by means of the computer. In addition, the data processing system, which proved to be very flexible, performs all necessary types of administrative work as filing of laboratory data in a coded form on cards for permanent storage (Fig. 7) statistics and the printout of bills (Fig. 6). The processing of routine microbiology date is achieved by a Siemens DVA 404/3 (64 kbt) connected for magnetic disc device (2993 Mio bytes), and a line printer (60,000 lines per hour) and dialog display monitors, which are used simultaneously for the on line and off line handling of all the data in clinical chemistry-, serology- and hematology-departments of the same institute.", "contents": "[Experience in application of electronic data processing in routine medical microbiology (author's transl)]. Experiences in a two years application of electronic data processing in medical routine microbiology are reported. Optical mark reader forms serve as request forms as well as workprotocol. On the left two thirds of these forms (Fig. 1 and 2) the patients data including clinical statements, and the kind of specimen to be investigated (sputum, smear etc.) as well as results not essential for the printout of laboratory reports are filled in. On the right third of the optical mark reader form, in which area the Bell & Howell document reader can read pencil marks, the patients identification number, the tests requested and all results are marked right at the work bench. As shown in the flow diagram (Fig. 3) after completion of the investigation the date on the mark reader forms are read mechanically and the test results are printed (Fig. 5) by means of the computer. In addition, the data processing system, which proved to be very flexible, performs all necessary types of administrative work as filing of laboratory data in a coded form on cards for permanent storage (Fig. 7) statistics and the printout of bills (Fig. 6). The processing of routine microbiology date is achieved by a Siemens DVA 404/3 (64 kbt) connected for magnetic disc device (2993 Mio bytes), and a line printer (60,000 lines per hour) and dialog display monitors, which are used simultaneously for the on line and off line handling of all the data in clinical chemistry-, serology- and hematology-departments of the same institute."}
{"id": "PMID:367001", "title": "High frequency of K15 antigen in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: lack of correlation to adherence to epithelial cells or sensitivity to bactericidal effect of normal serum.", "content": "Typing of E. coli O and K antigens, testing of sensitivity to bactericidal effect of normal serum and adherence to uroepithelial as well as buccal epithelial cells was performed in enterotoxinogenic (ETEC) and normal E. coli strains. The 99 ETEC faecal strains were obtained from Swedish and Ethiopian children and adults and Swedish soldiers in Cyprus with diarrhoea. The reference faecal strains were isolated from 120 healthy Swedish children. E. coli K15 was significantly more often seen in ETEC strains than in the reference strains, always in combination with O6 antigen. K15 is hardly ever seen in nonenterotoxinogenic strains. There was no significant difference in sensitivity to bactericidal effect of serum or adherence to epithelial cells between ETEC strains and normal strains. The epidemiological significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "High frequency of K15 antigen in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: lack of correlation to adherence to epithelial cells or sensitivity to bactericidal effect of normal serum. Typing of E. coli O and K antigens, testing of sensitivity to bactericidal effect of normal serum and adherence to uroepithelial as well as buccal epithelial cells was performed in enterotoxinogenic (ETEC) and normal E. coli strains. The 99 ETEC faecal strains were obtained from Swedish and Ethiopian children and adults and Swedish soldiers in Cyprus with diarrhoea. The reference faecal strains were isolated from 120 healthy Swedish children. E. coli K15 was significantly more often seen in ETEC strains than in the reference strains, always in combination with O6 antigen. K15 is hardly ever seen in nonenterotoxinogenic strains. There was no significant difference in sensitivity to bactericidal effect of serum or adherence to epithelial cells between ETEC strains and normal strains. The epidemiological significance of the findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367003", "title": "[Incidence of intestinal disease due to Yersinia enterocolitica (author's transl)].", "content": "Enteropathogenic bacteria have been identified in 413 of 7054 patients (5.9%) with intestinal disease who were examined at the Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of W\u00fcrzburg (South Germany), during the period November 1975 to November 1977. Salmonella was most frequently isolated (304 cases = 4.3%), followed by Yersinia enterocolitica (102 cases = 1.5%). Cases of shigellosis (7 cases) or infections with so-called enteropathogenic serogroups of Escherichia coli (20 cases) were rarely observed. Disease due to Yersinia enterocolitica occurred in 57 male and 45 female patients. Sixty-two patients were children of less than 15 years; among them, the age-group of 1 to 3 years (31 cases) was most frequently attacked. -Mild to severe enteritis was prevalent in 84 cases. Thirteen patients developed pseudo-appendicitis or abdominal cramps without diarrhea, three of whom had appendectomies. One female patient suffered from mild diarrhea followed by fever and arthritis; in three other subjects intestinal symptoms were lacking. In the two years' period the highest incidence of salmonellosis was observed during August to October. On the other hand, most Yersinia cases occurred during September to December. At the end of the year (December 1976 and November 1977, respectively) Yersinia enterocolitica became the most important agent of bacterial enteritis. The results are discussed in view of the current Federal German Public Health Regulations.", "contents": "[Incidence of intestinal disease due to Yersinia enterocolitica (author's transl)]. Enteropathogenic bacteria have been identified in 413 of 7054 patients (5.9%) with intestinal disease who were examined at the Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of W\u00fcrzburg (South Germany), during the period November 1975 to November 1977. Salmonella was most frequently isolated (304 cases = 4.3%), followed by Yersinia enterocolitica (102 cases = 1.5%). Cases of shigellosis (7 cases) or infections with so-called enteropathogenic serogroups of Escherichia coli (20 cases) were rarely observed. Disease due to Yersinia enterocolitica occurred in 57 male and 45 female patients. Sixty-two patients were children of less than 15 years; among them, the age-group of 1 to 3 years (31 cases) was most frequently attacked. -Mild to severe enteritis was prevalent in 84 cases. Thirteen patients developed pseudo-appendicitis or abdominal cramps without diarrhea, three of whom had appendectomies. One female patient suffered from mild diarrhea followed by fever and arthritis; in three other subjects intestinal symptoms were lacking. In the two years' period the highest incidence of salmonellosis was observed during August to October. On the other hand, most Yersinia cases occurred during September to December. At the end of the year (December 1976 and November 1977, respectively) Yersinia enterocolitica became the most important agent of bacterial enteritis. The results are discussed in view of the current Federal German Public Health Regulations."}
{"id": "PMID:367004", "title": "Group B streptococci in the female genital tract and nosocomial colonization of newborns.", "content": "In a long-term study, rates for group B streptococcus prevalence in the vagina and/or anus of nonpregnant women and pregnant women in the first trimester and in the second trimester were found as follows: 7.1%, 7.3% and 5.4% respectively. At delivery, positivity rates of 4.8% and 3.8% were found for mothers and newborns, respectively. Each pair of strains isolated from mother and newborn was of the same serotype. In 13.6% of newborns nosocomial colonization of the upper respiratory tract occurred during their stay in the maternity home. The sources were other positive newborns sharing the same boxes, the nosocomial spread proceeded in clusters. Detailed type-antigen analysis of isolates allowed identification of index cases and their direct contacts. Types Ib, Ic, II/R, III + Ic predominated. Sexual transmission was demonstrated by findings of identical serotypes in both partners: 23% of male partners of nonpregnant positive women and 9.1% of partners of pregnant positive women had positive urine samples. A control male group consisting of psychiatric sanatorium patients without sexual contact repeatedly exhibited a positivity rate of 2%.", "contents": "Group B streptococci in the female genital tract and nosocomial colonization of newborns. In a long-term study, rates for group B streptococcus prevalence in the vagina and/or anus of nonpregnant women and pregnant women in the first trimester and in the second trimester were found as follows: 7.1%, 7.3% and 5.4% respectively. At delivery, positivity rates of 4.8% and 3.8% were found for mothers and newborns, respectively. Each pair of strains isolated from mother and newborn was of the same serotype. In 13.6% of newborns nosocomial colonization of the upper respiratory tract occurred during their stay in the maternity home. The sources were other positive newborns sharing the same boxes, the nosocomial spread proceeded in clusters. Detailed type-antigen analysis of isolates allowed identification of index cases and their direct contacts. Types Ib, Ic, II/R, III + Ic predominated. Sexual transmission was demonstrated by findings of identical serotypes in both partners: 23% of male partners of nonpregnant positive women and 9.1% of partners of pregnant positive women had positive urine samples. A control male group consisting of psychiatric sanatorium patients without sexual contact repeatedly exhibited a positivity rate of 2%."}
{"id": "PMID:367005", "title": "[Therapeutic studies on two different models of experimental pyelonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "By transurethral instillation of a suspension of a serum resistant E. coli strain (serotype O25:19:12), chronic pyelonephritis is induced in rats, if systemic and local defense mechanisms are impaired by estradiol application. Without hormonal treatment a similar infection can be achieved with a more virulent E. coli strain (serotype O2:1:4). Due to the chronic course of the renal infection in either model, beginning of therapy may be delayed (e.g., 10 days after infection) thus imposing difficult therapeutic conditions on the efficacy of antibiotics to be tested. Evaluation of antibiotics in both models produced differential therapeutic results. In spite of equal MIC's for the applied E. coli strains, gentamicin and particularly cefazolin treatment was less effective in the estradiol treated rats than in those without hormone application. Cefuroxime therapy produced favourable results in either model. The different therapeutic efficacy in both models is to be explained by differences in host resistance to infection. It is suggested that by simultaneans testing of antibiotics in either model, it will be possible to estimate to what extent the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics depends on the support of intact host defense mechanisms.", "contents": "[Therapeutic studies on two different models of experimental pyelonephritis (author's transl)]. By transurethral instillation of a suspension of a serum resistant E. coli strain (serotype O25:19:12), chronic pyelonephritis is induced in rats, if systemic and local defense mechanisms are impaired by estradiol application. Without hormonal treatment a similar infection can be achieved with a more virulent E. coli strain (serotype O2:1:4). Due to the chronic course of the renal infection in either model, beginning of therapy may be delayed (e.g., 10 days after infection) thus imposing difficult therapeutic conditions on the efficacy of antibiotics to be tested. Evaluation of antibiotics in both models produced differential therapeutic results. In spite of equal MIC's for the applied E. coli strains, gentamicin and particularly cefazolin treatment was less effective in the estradiol treated rats than in those without hormone application. Cefuroxime therapy produced favourable results in either model. The different therapeutic efficacy in both models is to be explained by differences in host resistance to infection. It is suggested that by simultaneans testing of antibiotics in either model, it will be possible to estimate to what extent the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics depends on the support of intact host defense mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:367006", "title": "R plasmids in enterobacteriaceae from the hospital environment.", "content": "R plasmids have been demonstrated in several group of strains of enterobacteriaceae from hospital environment. R + enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from several items of baby-care as well as from the pre-prepared baby food in a newborn unit. Strains from environmental samples are thought to be identical with those causing nosocomial gastroenteritis of babies. From hospital waste waters of another larger country hospital we could isolate R + strains of Salmonella typhimurium and R + protei, both associated with occurence of gastrointestinal or urological hospital infections. R-factor-carrying strains of E. coli have been isolated also from surface water samples from the area surrounding the hospital monitored.", "contents": "R plasmids in enterobacteriaceae from the hospital environment. R plasmids have been demonstrated in several group of strains of enterobacteriaceae from hospital environment. R + enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from several items of baby-care as well as from the pre-prepared baby food in a newborn unit. Strains from environmental samples are thought to be identical with those causing nosocomial gastroenteritis of babies. From hospital waste waters of another larger country hospital we could isolate R + strains of Salmonella typhimurium and R + protei, both associated with occurence of gastrointestinal or urological hospital infections. R-factor-carrying strains of E. coli have been isolated also from surface water samples from the area surrounding the hospital monitored."}
{"id": "PMID:367007", "title": "Immunoglobulin type of anti-Candida albicans antibodies in candidal vaginitis.", "content": "Immunoglobulin G(IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) fractions of sera from patients with candidal vaginitis were tested by the immune adherence and agglutination tests for presence of anti-Candida albicans antibodies. The anti-Candida albicans antibodies were found in the IgG and IgM fractions.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin type of anti-Candida albicans antibodies in candidal vaginitis. Immunoglobulin G(IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) fractions of sera from patients with candidal vaginitis were tested by the immune adherence and agglutination tests for presence of anti-Candida albicans antibodies. The anti-Candida albicans antibodies were found in the IgG and IgM fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:367008", "title": "[Fenbendazole therapy of experimental larval echinococcosis. 3. The antibody titer in the indirect immunofluorescent test (author's transl)].", "content": "Echinococcus multilocularis-infected NMRI-mice treated with Fenbendazole show a lower antibody titer in the immuno-fluorescence test than the untreated controls. Between animals, which were infected with different parasite strains, also differences in the antibody titer are to be seen. The same applies to animals, which were dissected at different times p.i. as well: With increasing duration of the infection it was observed a higher titer. The mentioned differences are chiefly due to the close positive correlation between worm burden, gamma-globuline content of the serum and antibody titer.", "contents": "[Fenbendazole therapy of experimental larval echinococcosis. 3. The antibody titer in the indirect immunofluorescent test (author's transl)]. Echinococcus multilocularis-infected NMRI-mice treated with Fenbendazole show a lower antibody titer in the immuno-fluorescence test than the untreated controls. Between animals, which were infected with different parasite strains, also differences in the antibody titer are to be seen. The same applies to animals, which were dissected at different times p.i. as well: With increasing duration of the infection it was observed a higher titer. The mentioned differences are chiefly due to the close positive correlation between worm burden, gamma-globuline content of the serum and antibody titer."}
{"id": "PMID:367009", "title": "[Evaluation of bacteriological examinations of bathing-water from lakes in Carinthia (author's transl)].", "content": "The evaluation of the bacteriological examinations relates on 2330 water-samples, which were taken from 76 bathing-places of 23 Carinthian lakes in the course of 11 years. The examinations were performed for the purpose of hygienic control. After a short supervision on the methods of examination and of sampling the base of judgement is discussed. A relation to the limnological classification of the lakes could be made from the hygienic point of view. In bathing lakes in the alpine region the experiences proved a lower border-value for the indicators of fecal-charge more from the reason of lake-protection than from the reason of protection of the human health. A proposal for the judgement of bathing-water from lakes is made, including the significance of enterococci, and a scheme for recording the results is given.", "contents": "[Evaluation of bacteriological examinations of bathing-water from lakes in Carinthia (author's transl)]. The evaluation of the bacteriological examinations relates on 2330 water-samples, which were taken from 76 bathing-places of 23 Carinthian lakes in the course of 11 years. The examinations were performed for the purpose of hygienic control. After a short supervision on the methods of examination and of sampling the base of judgement is discussed. A relation to the limnological classification of the lakes could be made from the hygienic point of view. In bathing lakes in the alpine region the experiences proved a lower border-value for the indicators of fecal-charge more from the reason of lake-protection than from the reason of protection of the human health. A proposal for the judgement of bathing-water from lakes is made, including the significance of enterococci, and a scheme for recording the results is given."}
{"id": "PMID:367013", "title": "[State of systemic and cerebral hemodynamics in patients with transient cerebral circulatory disorders].", "content": "In 50 patients with transient disorders of cerebral circulation due to hypertensive disease (27 cases), and combinations of hypertensive disease with atherosclerosis (23 cases) the authors by means of diluting Ewans blue stain (T-1824) studied the indices of general hemodynamics compared to that of REG data . For control purposes 10 patients with hypertensive disease in concomitance with atherosclerosis without transient disorders of cerebral circulation and 20 normals were studied. The study permitted to detect signs of disturbed general and cerebral hemodynamics which were most expressed in patients with severe cerebro-vascular crises, accompanied by a drop in the cardiac and pulse index, an increase of the general and specific peripheral resistance, a slowing of the blood flow rate on the segment hand-ear, an increase of the tone and drop of elasticity in the cerebral vessels, a decrease of cerebral blood repletion. Insufficiency of general hemodynamics leads to disorders of cerebral hemodynamics and unfavourably influences the development of the disease and the outcome of cerebrovascular crises.", "contents": "[State of systemic and cerebral hemodynamics in patients with transient cerebral circulatory disorders]. In 50 patients with transient disorders of cerebral circulation due to hypertensive disease (27 cases), and combinations of hypertensive disease with atherosclerosis (23 cases) the authors by means of diluting Ewans blue stain (T-1824) studied the indices of general hemodynamics compared to that of REG data . For control purposes 10 patients with hypertensive disease in concomitance with atherosclerosis without transient disorders of cerebral circulation and 20 normals were studied. The study permitted to detect signs of disturbed general and cerebral hemodynamics which were most expressed in patients with severe cerebro-vascular crises, accompanied by a drop in the cardiac and pulse index, an increase of the general and specific peripheral resistance, a slowing of the blood flow rate on the segment hand-ear, an increase of the tone and drop of elasticity in the cerebral vessels, a decrease of cerebral blood repletion. Insufficiency of general hemodynamics leads to disorders of cerebral hemodynamics and unfavourably influences the development of the disease and the outcome of cerebrovascular crises."}
{"id": "PMID:367017", "title": "Fluorimetric characterization and influence of Cu2+ binding on the fluorescence of inorganic pyrophosphatase from baker's yeast.", "content": "The denaturation characteristics of inorganic pyrophosphatase from baker's yeast and the interaction with Cu2+ were investigated with fluorimetric methods. The position of the fluorescence emission spectrum with a maximum at 328 nm together with a quantum yield of 0.12 led to the conclusion that most of the tryptophan residues of the protein are buried in nonpolar inner regions of the molecule. The contribution of the tyrosine residues to the fluorescence of pyrophosphatase is only about 7%. Denaturation of the protein with denaturants or changes of the pH value cause a red shift of the fluorescence emission maximum. In the presence of Cu2+ ions a fluorescence quenching is observed. Thereby, a specific binding of one Cu2+ per subunit may be distinguished from further unspecific Cu2+ binding. The Cu2+ binding to the latter sites shows a time dependence according to a slow, reversible exposure of additional binding sites. This time dependent binding characteristics was also verified by following the free Cu2+ concentration with the fluorescent \"metal indicator\" epsilon-ADP.", "contents": "Fluorimetric characterization and influence of Cu2+ binding on the fluorescence of inorganic pyrophosphatase from baker's yeast. The denaturation characteristics of inorganic pyrophosphatase from baker's yeast and the interaction with Cu2+ were investigated with fluorimetric methods. The position of the fluorescence emission spectrum with a maximum at 328 nm together with a quantum yield of 0.12 led to the conclusion that most of the tryptophan residues of the protein are buried in nonpolar inner regions of the molecule. The contribution of the tyrosine residues to the fluorescence of pyrophosphatase is only about 7%. Denaturation of the protein with denaturants or changes of the pH value cause a red shift of the fluorescence emission maximum. In the presence of Cu2+ ions a fluorescence quenching is observed. Thereby, a specific binding of one Cu2+ per subunit may be distinguished from further unspecific Cu2+ binding. The Cu2+ binding to the latter sites shows a time dependence according to a slow, reversible exposure of additional binding sites. This time dependent binding characteristics was also verified by following the free Cu2+ concentration with the fluorescent \"metal indicator\" epsilon-ADP."}
{"id": "PMID:367019", "title": "Correlation of islet size and biochemical parameters of isolated islets of Langerhans of rats.", "content": "[3H]-Leucine incorporation, insulin secretion, insulin content and DNA content of isolated islets of Langerhans of rats were determined. All these parameters are linearly correlated with the cross-sectional area of the isolated islets measured by means of an ocular micrometer.", "contents": "Correlation of islet size and biochemical parameters of isolated islets of Langerhans of rats. [3H]-Leucine incorporation, insulin secretion, insulin content and DNA content of isolated islets of Langerhans of rats were determined. All these parameters are linearly correlated with the cross-sectional area of the isolated islets measured by means of an ocular micrometer."}
{"id": "PMID:367020", "title": "The donor kidney: I. Morphology of adequate preservation.", "content": "The structure of the dog kidney can be preserved in hypothermic intracellular-type solutions, but after 6 hours the appearance of pathologic focal changes such as mild oedema, lesions of the cellular elements, podocyte heteromorphism, vacuolization, disintegration of the basal membrane and of the cytomembrane structrues and even cell degeneration, is unavoidable.", "contents": "The donor kidney: I. Morphology of adequate preservation. The structure of the dog kidney can be preserved in hypothermic intracellular-type solutions, but after 6 hours the appearance of pathologic focal changes such as mild oedema, lesions of the cellular elements, podocyte heteromorphism, vacuolization, disintegration of the basal membrane and of the cytomembrane structrues and even cell degeneration, is unavoidable."}
{"id": "PMID:367021", "title": "The donor kidney: II. Structural and functional changes in the actue reperfusion period.", "content": "Acute reperfusion of the dog kidney preserved under conditions of hypothermia reveals the structural changes suffered during preservation which have functional (reduced microcirculation, pathologic proteinuria) and structural (interstitial oedema, glomerular and tubular disintegration) consequences.", "contents": "The donor kidney: II. Structural and functional changes in the actue reperfusion period. Acute reperfusion of the dog kidney preserved under conditions of hypothermia reveals the structural changes suffered during preservation which have functional (reduced microcirculation, pathologic proteinuria) and structural (interstitial oedema, glomerular and tubular disintegration) consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:367015", "title": "[Multiple primary brain tumors].", "content": "This is a write-up of 32 studies of patients suffering from multiple primary brain tumours. Such tumours are encountered quite rarely. Meningiomas, as well as their combination with tumours of another histological structure (neurinomas, gliomas) were most often studied among multiple primary brain tumours. Multiple gliomas occur even more rarely; they may be of a varying degree of malignancy and different in histological structure. Questions of histological structure, the peculiar features of the clinical picture, diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with this pathology are discussed. A very rare case of multiple primary sarcomas of the brain is described.", "contents": "[Multiple primary brain tumors]. This is a write-up of 32 studies of patients suffering from multiple primary brain tumours. Such tumours are encountered quite rarely. Meningiomas, as well as their combination with tumours of another histological structure (neurinomas, gliomas) were most often studied among multiple primary brain tumours. Multiple gliomas occur even more rarely; they may be of a varying degree of malignancy and different in histological structure. Questions of histological structure, the peculiar features of the clinical picture, diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with this pathology are discussed. A very rare case of multiple primary sarcomas of the brain is described."}
{"id": "PMID:367022", "title": "The donor kidney: III. Angio-architecture and function of the reimplanted kidney.", "content": "In the autogenous kidney preserved under conditions of hypothermia the development of a partial no-reflow phenomenon is unavoidable after reimplantation. The phenomenon is ascribed to ischaemic lesions induced by preservation. The consequences are functional disorders in the acute period (temporarily pathologic angiogram, nephrogram and proteinuria) and scars due to chronic focal necrosis. These unavoidable changes of the current preservation procedures are mostly of subclinical importance.", "contents": "The donor kidney: III. Angio-architecture and function of the reimplanted kidney. In the autogenous kidney preserved under conditions of hypothermia the development of a partial no-reflow phenomenon is unavoidable after reimplantation. The phenomenon is ascribed to ischaemic lesions induced by preservation. The consequences are functional disorders in the acute period (temporarily pathologic angiogram, nephrogram and proteinuria) and scars due to chronic focal necrosis. These unavoidable changes of the current preservation procedures are mostly of subclinical importance."}
{"id": "PMID:367024", "title": "Concentrated or diluted heparin prophylaxis of postoperative deep venous thrombosis.", "content": "A concentrated and a diluted heparin solution (Vitrum AB) have been evaluated in a controlled blind study, using a standard dosage of 5 000 IU, given every 12 hours subcutaneously. 167 patients undergoing abdominal surgery were randomized into three groups: 63 received diluted heparin 5 000 IU/ml, 43 received concentrated heparin 25 000 IU/ml and 61 patients served as controls. 80 per cent of the patients suffered from malignant disease. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT), diagnosed with the 125I-fibrinogen method, was found in 16% of the patients receiving diluted heparin, in 23% of those receiving concentrated heparin and in 33% of the controls. To evaluate the amount injected, an in vitro experiment was performed in which the intended dose was 5 000 IU. The measured amount of the concentrated heparin solution was significantly less than 5 000 IU. It is concluded that the frequency of DVT after gastrointestinal operations can be reduced significantly (in the present study from 33 to 16%) by administering diluted calcium heparin every 12 hours for 6--8 days. The concentrated heparin solution did not significantly reduce postoperative DVT, possibly on account of variations in the dosage. Diluted heparin prophylaxis can be achieved without serious side effects.", "contents": "Concentrated or diluted heparin prophylaxis of postoperative deep venous thrombosis. A concentrated and a diluted heparin solution (Vitrum AB) have been evaluated in a controlled blind study, using a standard dosage of 5 000 IU, given every 12 hours subcutaneously. 167 patients undergoing abdominal surgery were randomized into three groups: 63 received diluted heparin 5 000 IU/ml, 43 received concentrated heparin 25 000 IU/ml and 61 patients served as controls. 80 per cent of the patients suffered from malignant disease. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT), diagnosed with the 125I-fibrinogen method, was found in 16% of the patients receiving diluted heparin, in 23% of those receiving concentrated heparin and in 33% of the controls. To evaluate the amount injected, an in vitro experiment was performed in which the intended dose was 5 000 IU. The measured amount of the concentrated heparin solution was significantly less than 5 000 IU. It is concluded that the frequency of DVT after gastrointestinal operations can be reduced significantly (in the present study from 33 to 16%) by administering diluted calcium heparin every 12 hours for 6--8 days. The concentrated heparin solution did not significantly reduce postoperative DVT, possibly on account of variations in the dosage. Diluted heparin prophylaxis can be achieved without serious side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:367025", "title": "A comparison between subcutaneous low-dose sodium and calcium heparin. Prophylaxis of postoperative deep vein thrombosis and side effects of treatment.", "content": "A controlled, randomized, prospective double-blind trial between subcutaneous low-dose sodium- and calcium-heparin was made. Heparin Vitrum was used. The only difference between the two heparins was the sodium or calcium ions. Postoperative thrombosis frequency, bleeding complications, and local reaction were analysed. For evaluation of local haematoma formation, 125I-fibrinogen uptake was measured over the injection sites. The only statistically significant difference between the two heparins was a larger haematoma formation at heparin injection sites when calcium heparin was used. Otherwise sodium- and calcium-heparin are equal in effect and side effects provided they come from the same heparin source.", "contents": "A comparison between subcutaneous low-dose sodium and calcium heparin. Prophylaxis of postoperative deep vein thrombosis and side effects of treatment. A controlled, randomized, prospective double-blind trial between subcutaneous low-dose sodium- and calcium-heparin was made. Heparin Vitrum was used. The only difference between the two heparins was the sodium or calcium ions. Postoperative thrombosis frequency, bleeding complications, and local reaction were analysed. For evaluation of local haematoma formation, 125I-fibrinogen uptake was measured over the injection sites. The only statistically significant difference between the two heparins was a larger haematoma formation at heparin injection sites when calcium heparin was used. Otherwise sodium- and calcium-heparin are equal in effect and side effects provided they come from the same heparin source."}
{"id": "PMID:367026", "title": "Transthoracic suturing of bleeding esophageal varices without esophagotomy. Preliminary report.", "content": "Suturing of bleeding esophageal varices by transthoracic esophagotomy is frequently followed by leakage in the suture line. To avoid this complication we suggest transesophageal suturing without esophagotomy. The technique was evaluated in five normal pigs and applied to two patients with bleeding esophageal varices. Esophagus both in the pigs and the patients tolerated the procedure well and the bleeding from the esophageal varices stopped. We suggest application of this procedure for bleeding esophageal varices instead of emergency portocaval shunt operation.", "contents": "Transthoracic suturing of bleeding esophageal varices without esophagotomy. Preliminary report. Suturing of bleeding esophageal varices by transthoracic esophagotomy is frequently followed by leakage in the suture line. To avoid this complication we suggest transesophageal suturing without esophagotomy. The technique was evaluated in five normal pigs and applied to two patients with bleeding esophageal varices. Esophagus both in the pigs and the patients tolerated the procedure well and the bleeding from the esophageal varices stopped. We suggest application of this procedure for bleeding esophageal varices instead of emergency portocaval shunt operation."}
{"id": "PMID:367027", "title": "Phase contrast visualization of squamous cell microridges.", "content": "A successful attempt has been made to identify microridges on squamous cells in routine smears using phase contrast microscopy. Microridges may be identified on mature cells of buccal mucosa and in cervical smears, either alcohol or spray fixed, and even in smears up to five years old. The features identified with phase contrast may also be observed with scanning electron microscopy. Identification of microridges may be of diagnostic interest in the evaluation of cervical smears.", "contents": "Phase contrast visualization of squamous cell microridges. A successful attempt has been made to identify microridges on squamous cells in routine smears using phase contrast microscopy. Microridges may be identified on mature cells of buccal mucosa and in cervical smears, either alcohol or spray fixed, and even in smears up to five years old. The features identified with phase contrast may also be observed with scanning electron microscopy. Identification of microridges may be of diagnostic interest in the evaluation of cervical smears."}
{"id": "PMID:367029", "title": "Cellular content of the normal rabbit pleural space.", "content": "The cellular content of the pleural space of five normal rabbits was studied by three cytopreparative techniques using different methods of collection (aspiration, irrigation) and fixation (95% ethyl alcohol, 50% alcohol: 1% polyethylene glycol). The method using aspiration, 95% ethyl alcohol fixation, and the Papanicolaou stain was simple and provided the best cytologic detail. With this method 70.1% of pleural fluid cells were monocytic, 7.5% were monocytic with morphologic features typical of macrophages, 10.5% were lymphocytes, 8.9% were mesothelial cells and 1.9% were polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Other methods were technically more difficult and provided less cytologic detail. The cellular content of the normal rabbit pleural space is described, providing baseline information for the study of experimental pleural disease.", "contents": "Cellular content of the normal rabbit pleural space. The cellular content of the pleural space of five normal rabbits was studied by three cytopreparative techniques using different methods of collection (aspiration, irrigation) and fixation (95% ethyl alcohol, 50% alcohol: 1% polyethylene glycol). The method using aspiration, 95% ethyl alcohol fixation, and the Papanicolaou stain was simple and provided the best cytologic detail. With this method 70.1% of pleural fluid cells were monocytic, 7.5% were monocytic with morphologic features typical of macrophages, 10.5% were lymphocytes, 8.9% were mesothelial cells and 1.9% were polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Other methods were technically more difficult and provided less cytologic detail. The cellular content of the normal rabbit pleural space is described, providing baseline information for the study of experimental pleural disease."}
{"id": "PMID:367028", "title": "Discrimination between human T and B lymphocytes by computer analysis of digitized data from scanning microphotometry. II. Discrimination and automated classification.", "content": "Human B and T lymphocytes were purified and stained according to the Feulgen procedure. Stained preparations were scanned on a microphotometer and the digitized images were processed by analytical programs on a computer. Features of the cells relating to the chromatin distribution were extracted. Computer algorithms automatically derive classification rules and a machine recognition of B cells and T cells results in better than 80% correct assignments. The image data reveal a rich feature structure within both the purified B and T cell populations. Each population appears to contain several subpopulations of cells with distinctive and different chromatin texture.", "contents": "Discrimination between human T and B lymphocytes by computer analysis of digitized data from scanning microphotometry. II. Discrimination and automated classification. Human B and T lymphocytes were purified and stained according to the Feulgen procedure. Stained preparations were scanned on a microphotometer and the digitized images were processed by analytical programs on a computer. Features of the cells relating to the chromatin distribution were extracted. Computer algorithms automatically derive classification rules and a machine recognition of B cells and T cells results in better than 80% correct assignments. The image data reveal a rich feature structure within both the purified B and T cell populations. Each population appears to contain several subpopulations of cells with distinctive and different chromatin texture."}
{"id": "PMID:367043", "title": "Clonidine in the prophylaxis of migraine.", "content": "The prophylactic effect of clonidine in a dosage of 0.05 mg twice daily was investigated in 49 patients using a double-blind, crossover trial carried out in four Departments of Neurology. Seventy-one patients were originally included but 22 patients withdrew, two of them due to side effects,the remainder because of inability to keep the requisite diary, lack of drug compliance or refusal to attend the checkups. Approximately equal numbers withdrew during the clonidine and placebo periods. There was no statistically significant difference between the number of migraine attacks or between the number of severe attacks (8 hours' duration or more) during the placebo and clonidine periods. This also applied to the patients with foodstuff-provoked migraine attacks. Sixty-three patients carried through a double-blind, crossover trial with capsules containing either 125 mg tyramine or placebo. There was no significant difference between the number of patients who developed attacks after the ingestion of placebo and the number who did so after the ingestion of tyramine. The same is true of the group with foodstuff-provoked migraine. As a rule side effects were few and mild. This study has not confirmed that clonidine has any pharmacological effect in prophylaxis of migraine.", "contents": "Clonidine in the prophylaxis of migraine. The prophylactic effect of clonidine in a dosage of 0.05 mg twice daily was investigated in 49 patients using a double-blind, crossover trial carried out in four Departments of Neurology. Seventy-one patients were originally included but 22 patients withdrew, two of them due to side effects,the remainder because of inability to keep the requisite diary, lack of drug compliance or refusal to attend the checkups. Approximately equal numbers withdrew during the clonidine and placebo periods. There was no statistically significant difference between the number of migraine attacks or between the number of severe attacks (8 hours' duration or more) during the placebo and clonidine periods. This also applied to the patients with foodstuff-provoked migraine attacks. Sixty-three patients carried through a double-blind, crossover trial with capsules containing either 125 mg tyramine or placebo. There was no significant difference between the number of patients who developed attacks after the ingestion of placebo and the number who did so after the ingestion of tyramine. The same is true of the group with foodstuff-provoked migraine. As a rule side effects were few and mild. This study has not confirmed that clonidine has any pharmacological effect in prophylaxis of migraine."}
{"id": "PMID:367044", "title": "Intracranial malignant lymphomas. A morphologic and immunocytologic study of twenty cases.", "content": "Fifteen primary intracranial reticulum cell sarcomas and five cases with an additional solitary extracranial tumor mass have been studied. For comparison, seven extracranial malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas and normal lymphoid tissue were included. The methods used on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections were an immunoperoxidase technique for the demonstration of intracellular immunoglobulins, microglial staining, Gomori's reticulin, methylgreen-pyronin, Giemsa, diastase resistant PAS, Mallory's PTAH and H&E. Electron microscopy was performed in one primary brain tumor. According to histopathologic criteria all tumors could be classified as malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas, predominantly of the pleomorphic immunocytic or of the immunoblastic type; follicular lymphomas were notably absent. In all cases intracellular immunoglobulins were demonstrable in tumor cells and in a majority of the tumors these were monoclonal. Thus, all malignant lymphomas proved to be of B cell origin with demonstrable cytoplasmic immunoglobulin production. Based on the microglial staining more than half of the malignant lymphomas could also be classified as microgliomas. As a comparable staining was present in non-Hodgkin lymphomas outside the CNS, microglioma characteristics are not associated with intracranial growth.", "contents": "Intracranial malignant lymphomas. A morphologic and immunocytologic study of twenty cases. Fifteen primary intracranial reticulum cell sarcomas and five cases with an additional solitary extracranial tumor mass have been studied. For comparison, seven extracranial malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas and normal lymphoid tissue were included. The methods used on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections were an immunoperoxidase technique for the demonstration of intracellular immunoglobulins, microglial staining, Gomori's reticulin, methylgreen-pyronin, Giemsa, diastase resistant PAS, Mallory's PTAH and H&E. Electron microscopy was performed in one primary brain tumor. According to histopathologic criteria all tumors could be classified as malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas, predominantly of the pleomorphic immunocytic or of the immunoblastic type; follicular lymphomas were notably absent. In all cases intracellular immunoglobulins were demonstrable in tumor cells and in a majority of the tumors these were monoclonal. Thus, all malignant lymphomas proved to be of B cell origin with demonstrable cytoplasmic immunoglobulin production. Based on the microglial staining more than half of the malignant lymphomas could also be classified as microgliomas. As a comparable staining was present in non-Hodgkin lymphomas outside the CNS, microglioma characteristics are not associated with intracranial growth."}
{"id": "PMID:367045", "title": "A specific immunofluorescence technique for the demonstration of vasogenic brain edema in paraffin embedded material.", "content": "Serum proteins as constituents of vasogenic brain edema were visualized both macroscopically and microscopically applying a double layer immunofluorescence technique to paraffin embedded material derived from three experimental series: peritumorous edema following xeno-transplantation of glioma cells, edema after cerebral embolization with micropheres, and edema after unilateral MCA occlusion. Exclusively cats were used as experimental animals. The staining procedures resulted in selective green fluorescence of vessel contents as well as edema protein, which was demonstrable even macroscopically at times, where edema formation reaches a maximum in each experimental series. Microscopically, serum protein could be traced up to the end of observation time ranging from 1 to 4 weeks, where the specific fluorescence was related to cellular structures. As compared to other techniques employed in brain edema localization, immunostaining mainly offers the following advantages: avoidance of in vivo tracing, better structural resolution in paraffin than in freeze sections, high specificity and sensitivity in antigen localization.", "contents": "A specific immunofluorescence technique for the demonstration of vasogenic brain edema in paraffin embedded material. Serum proteins as constituents of vasogenic brain edema were visualized both macroscopically and microscopically applying a double layer immunofluorescence technique to paraffin embedded material derived from three experimental series: peritumorous edema following xeno-transplantation of glioma cells, edema after cerebral embolization with micropheres, and edema after unilateral MCA occlusion. Exclusively cats were used as experimental animals. The staining procedures resulted in selective green fluorescence of vessel contents as well as edema protein, which was demonstrable even macroscopically at times, where edema formation reaches a maximum in each experimental series. Microscopically, serum protein could be traced up to the end of observation time ranging from 1 to 4 weeks, where the specific fluorescence was related to cellular structures. As compared to other techniques employed in brain edema localization, immunostaining mainly offers the following advantages: avoidance of in vivo tracing, better structural resolution in paraffin than in freeze sections, high specificity and sensitivity in antigen localization."}
{"id": "PMID:367046", "title": "Monitoring corneal wound strength non-invasively.", "content": "Intensity of light scattered from 24 healing rabbit corneal incisions progressively increased during six weeks following the operation. After the first week, the mean value for scattered light intensity from the wounds was highly correlated with wound tensile strength measured in another group of rabbits. The correlation coefficient was 0.95 at the 0.05 confidence level. It is hoped that a simple and reliable method of measuring scattered light intensity may provide a non-invasive tool for assessing the strength of a corneal wound in the future.", "contents": "Monitoring corneal wound strength non-invasively. Intensity of light scattered from 24 healing rabbit corneal incisions progressively increased during six weeks following the operation. After the first week, the mean value for scattered light intensity from the wounds was highly correlated with wound tensile strength measured in another group of rabbits. The correlation coefficient was 0.95 at the 0.05 confidence level. It is hoped that a simple and reliable method of measuring scattered light intensity may provide a non-invasive tool for assessing the strength of a corneal wound in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:367047", "title": "Reconstruction of a tuberculous thumb by free bone grafting. A case report.", "content": "Tuberculosis with secondary staphylococcal infection destroyed the right thumb and index phalanges of a 24-year-old farmer. Four months after starting antibiotic therapy the index finger was amputated, and the thumb reconstructed by excising the disorganized phalanges and transferring the index metacarpal as a free graft to replace them. No previous report of this technique has been traced. A concurrent infection of the patient's left tarsus was treated by triple arthrodesis.", "contents": "Reconstruction of a tuberculous thumb by free bone grafting. A case report. Tuberculosis with secondary staphylococcal infection destroyed the right thumb and index phalanges of a 24-year-old farmer. Four months after starting antibiotic therapy the index finger was amputated, and the thumb reconstructed by excising the disorganized phalanges and transferring the index metacarpal as a free graft to replace them. No previous report of this technique has been traced. A concurrent infection of the patient's left tarsus was treated by triple arthrodesis."}
{"id": "PMID:367051", "title": "A recovered case of generalized BCG infection.", "content": "A female infant was at the age of 8 months admitted with muco-cutaneous candidiasis. The applied therapy was inefficacious. Subsequent examinations pointed to a combined humoral and cellular immunopathy. At the age of 7 years the patient was readmitted with abdominal complaints. Diagnostic laparotomy revealed a tuberculous mesenterial growth. The isolated agent proved to be a BCG strain. Antituberculous therapy was beneficial, the tumour dissappeared and full recovery was attained. The mycotic process remained unchanged and still needs continuous treatment.", "contents": "A recovered case of generalized BCG infection. A female infant was at the age of 8 months admitted with muco-cutaneous candidiasis. The applied therapy was inefficacious. Subsequent examinations pointed to a combined humoral and cellular immunopathy. At the age of 7 years the patient was readmitted with abdominal complaints. Diagnostic laparotomy revealed a tuberculous mesenterial growth. The isolated agent proved to be a BCG strain. Antituberculous therapy was beneficial, the tumour dissappeared and full recovery was attained. The mycotic process remained unchanged and still needs continuous treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:367052", "title": "Immunohistochemical observation of lysozyme in macrophages and giant cells in human granulomas.", "content": "Lysozyme activity of macrophages and giant cells in various human granulomas were examined with immunoperoxidase bridge method in tissue sections. Various numbers of epithelioid cells and giant cells of epithelioid cell granulomas of tuberculosis, sarcoidosis and Crohn's disease exhibited intense granular cytoplasmic lysozyme activity. Foreign body granulomas induced with various substances showed negative or faintly positive lysozyme stain. Macrophages and giant cells of aspergillus granuloma associated with thymus hypoplasia and T-cell depression contained no lysozyme. The results suggest that cell-mediated immunology plays an important role for the lysozyme synthesis of macrophages in granuloma.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical observation of lysozyme in macrophages and giant cells in human granulomas. Lysozyme activity of macrophages and giant cells in various human granulomas were examined with immunoperoxidase bridge method in tissue sections. Various numbers of epithelioid cells and giant cells of epithelioid cell granulomas of tuberculosis, sarcoidosis and Crohn's disease exhibited intense granular cytoplasmic lysozyme activity. Foreign body granulomas induced with various substances showed negative or faintly positive lysozyme stain. Macrophages and giant cells of aspergillus granuloma associated with thymus hypoplasia and T-cell depression contained no lysozyme. The results suggest that cell-mediated immunology plays an important role for the lysozyme synthesis of macrophages in granuloma."}
{"id": "PMID:367053", "title": "Immunohistochemical observation of lysozyme in macrophages in leprosy.", "content": "Lysozyme activities of skin granulomas of 24 patients in leprosy were studied. Lepra cells of all 15 lepromatous leprosy showed strong lysozyme activity in cytoplasma. In the specimens stained with lysozyme and Ziehl-Neelsen's carbolfuchsin double stain conspicuous lysozyme activity around M. leprae were observed. One borderline case was negative. Lysozyme of epithelioid cells and giant cells of 10 tuberculoid types were completely negative. These results suggest that lysozyme plays only a small role in the disposal of M. leprae in macrophages and other mechanisms than bacteriolytic function of lysozyme are responsible for the defence against these bacilli.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical observation of lysozyme in macrophages in leprosy. Lysozyme activities of skin granulomas of 24 patients in leprosy were studied. Lepra cells of all 15 lepromatous leprosy showed strong lysozyme activity in cytoplasma. In the specimens stained with lysozyme and Ziehl-Neelsen's carbolfuchsin double stain conspicuous lysozyme activity around M. leprae were observed. One borderline case was negative. Lysozyme of epithelioid cells and giant cells of 10 tuberculoid types were completely negative. These results suggest that lysozyme plays only a small role in the disposal of M. leprae in macrophages and other mechanisms than bacteriolytic function of lysozyme are responsible for the defence against these bacilli."}
{"id": "PMID:367054", "title": "Bovine serum albumin (BSA) nephritis in rats. I. Experimental model.", "content": "Proliferative glomerulonephritis with proteinuria was induced in Wistar rats by bovine serum albumin (BSA). Rats were first immunized with 1 mg or 2.5 mg of BSA and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and eight weeks later 1 mg of BSA were given intravenously six times a week for four weeks. Immunofluorescence revealed granular deposits of IgG, C3, and BSA in the mesangial area with or without deposition of the same components along the capillary wall. Evaluation of the circulating antibody disclosed an apparent correlation between the level of antibody and histological findings. Rats with an intermediate amount of antibody production developed mesangial widening with mesangial immune deposits and no proteinuria. Rats with a low response developed proliferative glomerulonephritis with immune deposits along the capillary wall as well as in the mesangial area and proteinuria.", "contents": "Bovine serum albumin (BSA) nephritis in rats. I. Experimental model. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with proteinuria was induced in Wistar rats by bovine serum albumin (BSA). Rats were first immunized with 1 mg or 2.5 mg of BSA and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and eight weeks later 1 mg of BSA were given intravenously six times a week for four weeks. Immunofluorescence revealed granular deposits of IgG, C3, and BSA in the mesangial area with or without deposition of the same components along the capillary wall. Evaluation of the circulating antibody disclosed an apparent correlation between the level of antibody and histological findings. Rats with an intermediate amount of antibody production developed mesangial widening with mesangial immune deposits and no proteinuria. Rats with a low response developed proliferative glomerulonephritis with immune deposits along the capillary wall as well as in the mesangial area and proteinuria."}
{"id": "PMID:367055", "title": "Effect of food, food constituents and fluid volume on the bioavailability of sotalol.", "content": "The effect of food, some food constituents, and large volumes of fluid taken with the drug on the relative bioavailability of sotalol has been examined in five healthy volunteers. Each subject received an oral 160 mg dose in six different experimental schedules. Venous blood samples were drawn 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 hrs after the dosing, and sotalol concentrations in serum were determined fluorometrically. The results indicate that large volumes of fluid delay but do not affect the extent of sotalol absorption. Food, especially milk, decreases the bioavailability of the drug and an interaction with calcium seems to be the major reason for the reduced absorption.", "contents": "Effect of food, food constituents and fluid volume on the bioavailability of sotalol. The effect of food, some food constituents, and large volumes of fluid taken with the drug on the relative bioavailability of sotalol has been examined in five healthy volunteers. Each subject received an oral 160 mg dose in six different experimental schedules. Venous blood samples were drawn 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 hrs after the dosing, and sotalol concentrations in serum were determined fluorometrically. The results indicate that large volumes of fluid delay but do not affect the extent of sotalol absorption. Food, especially milk, decreases the bioavailability of the drug and an interaction with calcium seems to be the major reason for the reduced absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:367056", "title": "Method and programme for compartment analysis of exogenously introduced indicator substance.", "content": "The concept of the compartment structure of body fluids gives possibilities for finding the values of physiological characteristics such as volume of distribution, transport rate, kidney and intercompartment clearance. Their determination is made indirectly and it is based on the solution of a system of differential equations describing the behaviour of an open two-compartment system when an indicator substance is introduced. The determination of the coefficients of the equations involves a number of difficulties leading to inaccurate results due to the use of graphic-analytical methods. It is proposed to avoid this shortcoming by applying multiple approximation of the function describing the change in time of the concentration of the indicator substance in the intravasal space by a sum of two exponents, which corresponds to the system of differential equations. The approximation is performed by the least squares method, the precision criterion being the mean quadratic error of the approximation. An algorithm for which a computer programme is elaborated is proposed.", "contents": "Method and programme for compartment analysis of exogenously introduced indicator substance. The concept of the compartment structure of body fluids gives possibilities for finding the values of physiological characteristics such as volume of distribution, transport rate, kidney and intercompartment clearance. Their determination is made indirectly and it is based on the solution of a system of differential equations describing the behaviour of an open two-compartment system when an indicator substance is introduced. The determination of the coefficients of the equations involves a number of difficulties leading to inaccurate results due to the use of graphic-analytical methods. It is proposed to avoid this shortcoming by applying multiple approximation of the function describing the change in time of the concentration of the indicator substance in the intravasal space by a sum of two exponents, which corresponds to the system of differential equations. The approximation is performed by the least squares method, the precision criterion being the mean quadratic error of the approximation. An algorithm for which a computer programme is elaborated is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:367050", "title": "Laryngeal secretions. An immunochemical and immunohistological study.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate properties of laryngeal secretion and secretory activity of IgA in the larynx. Laryngeal secretions were collected by adsorption method on filter paper during laryngomicrosurgery from 20 patients having an inflammatory lesion in the larynx. Contents of IgG, IgA, IgE, secretory component (SC), and lactoferrin in the laryngeal secretions were determined and compared with results of those in nasal secretions, tracheobronchial washings, and serum samples obtained from the same subjects. The laryngeal mucosae of 8 laryngectomized materials for cancer lesion were subjected to immunofluorescence studies including the cytoplasmic SC affinity test. Results of this study indicate that laryngeal secretions are characterized by exocrine secretion, resembling nasal and tracheobronchial secretions in the electrophoretic pattern and immunoglobulins content. The immunofluorescence studies and SC affinity test found that the larynx possesses secretory activity of IgA, particularly in the ventricle and subglottis.", "contents": "Laryngeal secretions. An immunochemical and immunohistological study. This study was designed to investigate properties of laryngeal secretion and secretory activity of IgA in the larynx. Laryngeal secretions were collected by adsorption method on filter paper during laryngomicrosurgery from 20 patients having an inflammatory lesion in the larynx. Contents of IgG, IgA, IgE, secretory component (SC), and lactoferrin in the laryngeal secretions were determined and compared with results of those in nasal secretions, tracheobronchial washings, and serum samples obtained from the same subjects. The laryngeal mucosae of 8 laryngectomized materials for cancer lesion were subjected to immunofluorescence studies including the cytoplasmic SC affinity test. Results of this study indicate that laryngeal secretions are characterized by exocrine secretion, resembling nasal and tracheobronchial secretions in the electrophoretic pattern and immunoglobulins content. The immunofluorescence studies and SC affinity test found that the larynx possesses secretory activity of IgA, particularly in the ventricle and subglottis."}
{"id": "PMID:367057", "title": "Subjective effects and vigilance after diazepam and oxazepam in normal subjects.", "content": "Twenty-two normal subjects were given single oral doses of diazepam 5 mg, oxazepam 15 mg and placebo in a double-blind cross-over trial. Subjective effects according to a rating scale and performance on a vigilance task were assessed. The results showed a difference between each of the two drugs and placebo, but none between the drugs, with regard to the vigilance test. The results from the rating of subjective effects showed an increase in \"tiredness\" for both drugs, and a decreased \"well-being\" for oxazepam.", "contents": "Subjective effects and vigilance after diazepam and oxazepam in normal subjects. Twenty-two normal subjects were given single oral doses of diazepam 5 mg, oxazepam 15 mg and placebo in a double-blind cross-over trial. Subjective effects according to a rating scale and performance on a vigilance task were assessed. The results showed a difference between each of the two drugs and placebo, but none between the drugs, with regard to the vigilance test. The results from the rating of subjective effects showed an increase in \"tiredness\" for both drugs, and a decreased \"well-being\" for oxazepam."}
{"id": "PMID:367058", "title": "The clinical pharmacology of oxazepam.", "content": "The benzodiazepines have been available now for about 15 years but new aspects of their actions are being elucidated all the time. Oxazepam has a short half-life and inactive metabolites and therefore differs from most other benzodiazepines. Some aspects of its clinical pharmacology are reviewed in outline. Firstly, the effects of the drug on psychological functioning is discussed. Next, the controversy regarding benzodiazepines and aggression is examined. Oxazepam appears exceptional here in that it is not associated with paradoxical release of aggression in patients. Finally, the ethical implications of the widespread use of these drugs is commented on, and the problem of dependence, physical and psychological, discussed. It appears that oxazepam is less likely than other benzodiazepines to induce dependence.", "contents": "The clinical pharmacology of oxazepam. The benzodiazepines have been available now for about 15 years but new aspects of their actions are being elucidated all the time. Oxazepam has a short half-life and inactive metabolites and therefore differs from most other benzodiazepines. Some aspects of its clinical pharmacology are reviewed in outline. Firstly, the effects of the drug on psychological functioning is discussed. Next, the controversy regarding benzodiazepines and aggression is examined. Oxazepam appears exceptional here in that it is not associated with paradoxical release of aggression in patients. Finally, the ethical implications of the widespread use of these drugs is commented on, and the problem of dependence, physical and psychological, discussed. It appears that oxazepam is less likely than other benzodiazepines to induce dependence."}
{"id": "PMID:367059", "title": "Biochemical and pharmacological properties of oxazepam.", "content": "Oxazepam is the final metabolic product in vitro and in vivo of a large number of pharmacologically active benzodiazepines. Oxazepam shows antimetrazol activity varying in intensity and duration according to the animal species considered. This difference is in part related to different \"sensitivity\" and in part due to different disposition of oxazepam. Particularly relevant is the difference in biliary excretion by various animal species. Oxazepam is currently available as a racemate but two optical isomers can be separated as succinate half esters. The (+) form appears to be more active than the (-) form, probably because more oxazepam is released from the (+) than the (-) isomer in vivo. In vitro studies confirm that the liver hydrolyzes the (+) oxazepam succinate half ester more than the (-) form. Other work has aimed at analyzing the effects of oxazepam on brain chemical mediators, with particular reference to the cholinergic system. Finally it is shown that oxazepam, similarly to other benzodiazepines, increased aggressiveness in male mice during chronic treatment.", "contents": "Biochemical and pharmacological properties of oxazepam. Oxazepam is the final metabolic product in vitro and in vivo of a large number of pharmacologically active benzodiazepines. Oxazepam shows antimetrazol activity varying in intensity and duration according to the animal species considered. This difference is in part related to different \"sensitivity\" and in part due to different disposition of oxazepam. Particularly relevant is the difference in biliary excretion by various animal species. Oxazepam is currently available as a racemate but two optical isomers can be separated as succinate half esters. The (+) form appears to be more active than the (-) form, probably because more oxazepam is released from the (+) than the (-) isomer in vivo. In vitro studies confirm that the liver hydrolyzes the (+) oxazepam succinate half ester more than the (-) form. Other work has aimed at analyzing the effects of oxazepam on brain chemical mediators, with particular reference to the cholinergic system. Finally it is shown that oxazepam, similarly to other benzodiazepines, increased aggressiveness in male mice during chronic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:367060", "title": "The clinical activity of oxazepam.", "content": "Over the years, oxazepam has distinguished itself clinically from other benzodiazepines by virtue of its excellent tolerance. Recent research suggests that this is due to metabolic and pharmacokinetic differences rather than an intrinsically more favourable toxic-to-therapeutic dosage ratio. Because of its excellent tolerance, dosage is very flexible, and it is, therefore, possible to utilize oxazepam in a wide spectrum of anxiety-related disorders including the psychoses. The use of oxazepam in anxiety neurosis, depressive neurosis, psychotic disorders, alcoholism, and insomnia is discussed.", "contents": "The clinical activity of oxazepam. Over the years, oxazepam has distinguished itself clinically from other benzodiazepines by virtue of its excellent tolerance. Recent research suggests that this is due to metabolic and pharmacokinetic differences rather than an intrinsically more favourable toxic-to-therapeutic dosage ratio. Because of its excellent tolerance, dosage is very flexible, and it is, therefore, possible to utilize oxazepam in a wide spectrum of anxiety-related disorders including the psychoses. The use of oxazepam in anxiety neurosis, depressive neurosis, psychotic disorders, alcoholism, and insomnia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367081", "title": "\"Non-secretory\" plasma cell dyscrasia with normal serum immunoglobulins.", "content": "A well documented case of non-secretory myelomatosis with extensive skeletal lesions has been studied by immunohistologic techniques, electron microscopy, various electrophoretic procedures and different studies of serum and urine. In addition, the various lymphocyte populations have been studied by immunofluorescent techniques, rosette formation and stimulation with PHA and PWM mitogens. The ultrastructural studies revealed a well preserved structure of most of the plasma cells, often with a prominent nucleolus. The Golgi apparatus (GOL) was often large and in some cells there appeared to be a striking development of non-granular (smooth) endoplasmic reticulum in association with the GOL. Various non-crystalline inclusions were seen outside the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. The cells contained large amounts of immunoglobulins of the IgG (kappa) class. No paraprotein was present in serum. Normal amounts of serum immunoglobulins were detected. No abnormalities could be demonstrated in the B or T cell system. It is concluded that the defect must be localized to the plasma cells themselves and not to the precursor cells of the B system.", "contents": "\"Non-secretory\" plasma cell dyscrasia with normal serum immunoglobulins. A well documented case of non-secretory myelomatosis with extensive skeletal lesions has been studied by immunohistologic techniques, electron microscopy, various electrophoretic procedures and different studies of serum and urine. In addition, the various lymphocyte populations have been studied by immunofluorescent techniques, rosette formation and stimulation with PHA and PWM mitogens. The ultrastructural studies revealed a well preserved structure of most of the plasma cells, often with a prominent nucleolus. The Golgi apparatus (GOL) was often large and in some cells there appeared to be a striking development of non-granular (smooth) endoplasmic reticulum in association with the GOL. Various non-crystalline inclusions were seen outside the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. The cells contained large amounts of immunoglobulins of the IgG (kappa) class. No paraprotein was present in serum. Normal amounts of serum immunoglobulins were detected. No abnormalities could be demonstrated in the B or T cell system. It is concluded that the defect must be localized to the plasma cells themselves and not to the precursor cells of the B system."}
{"id": "PMID:367082", "title": "Lymphoma of the small intestine in adult coeliac disease.", "content": "Five out of 74 patients with adult coeliac disease (ACD) diagnosed from 1965 through 1977 developed intestinal lymphoma. The age at diagnosis of ACD was 54-63 years (mean 58) and in all patients an initial improvement was noted on a gluten-free diet. The interval between the diagnoses of ACD and lymphoma was 0.5-6 years (mean 3). In 4 patients the diagnosis of lymphoma was preceded by relapse of diarrhoea and loss of weight despite an adequate diet; 2 patients developed perforation of the bowel. In all patients who subsequently developed lymphoma a pronounced lymphocytopenia, 0.4-1.3 X 10(9)/l, was found at the diagnosis of ACD. It is suggested that ACD patients over 40 who have relapse of malabsorption symptoms despite an adequate diet should be investigated for the presence of an intestinal lymphoma. The suspicion of a malignant transformation may be especially strong if a previous, pronounced lymphocytopenia has been recorded. Three patients died 1-12 months after the diagnosis of lymphoma. However, 2 patients are in good condition 14 and 20 months, respectively, after laparotomy and removal of the tumour, indicating that an early diagnosis and treatment may have a reasonably palliative effect in some cases.", "contents": "Lymphoma of the small intestine in adult coeliac disease. Five out of 74 patients with adult coeliac disease (ACD) diagnosed from 1965 through 1977 developed intestinal lymphoma. The age at diagnosis of ACD was 54-63 years (mean 58) and in all patients an initial improvement was noted on a gluten-free diet. The interval between the diagnoses of ACD and lymphoma was 0.5-6 years (mean 3). In 4 patients the diagnosis of lymphoma was preceded by relapse of diarrhoea and loss of weight despite an adequate diet; 2 patients developed perforation of the bowel. In all patients who subsequently developed lymphoma a pronounced lymphocytopenia, 0.4-1.3 X 10(9)/l, was found at the diagnosis of ACD. It is suggested that ACD patients over 40 who have relapse of malabsorption symptoms despite an adequate diet should be investigated for the presence of an intestinal lymphoma. The suspicion of a malignant transformation may be especially strong if a previous, pronounced lymphocytopenia has been recorded. Three patients died 1-12 months after the diagnosis of lymphoma. However, 2 patients are in good condition 14 and 20 months, respectively, after laparotomy and removal of the tumour, indicating that an early diagnosis and treatment may have a reasonably palliative effect in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:367083", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Relation to the activity of the disease.", "content": "The blood lymphocytosis in CLL is caused mainly by a rise of immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing leukemic lymphocytes. Most cells carry Fc-receptors, while the percentage with receptors for human complement is very low with the present technique. The leukemic lymphocytes carry only one of the light chain types, which suggests a monoclonal origin. CLL patients with lymphocytes expressing kappa light chains may have a more benign disease than lambda-CLL. T-lymphocyte levels are high during the early course of the disease but decrease with its progression and are low in patients with \"active\" disease.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Relation to the activity of the disease. The blood lymphocytosis in CLL is caused mainly by a rise of immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing leukemic lymphocytes. Most cells carry Fc-receptors, while the percentage with receptors for human complement is very low with the present technique. The leukemic lymphocytes carry only one of the light chain types, which suggests a monoclonal origin. CLL patients with lymphocytes expressing kappa light chains may have a more benign disease than lambda-CLL. T-lymphocyte levels are high during the early course of the disease but decrease with its progression and are low in patients with \"active\" disease."}
{"id": "PMID:367085", "title": "Effect of amiodarone in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. A clinical and electrophysiological study.", "content": "Six patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome were given long-term treatment with amiodarone. Symptomatic relief was obtained in all. Tolerance to the drug was good. Reversible corneal changes appeared after some weeks' treatment in five patients. No thyroid side-effects were noticed. Prior to treatment, dual atrioventricular (AV) conduction was demonstrated on His bundle electrograms in all six patients. Recordings were made at varied heart rates, using atrial and ventricular pacing. Reciprocating tachycardia was readily provoked by properly timed extra stimuli in all patients. When amiodarone treatment had become clinically effective, a second comparative study was made in four patients after 26--85 days' treatment. Amiodarone reduced heart rate and second degree AV block appeared at a lower atrial pacing rate. It increased the refractory periods of right atrium, AV node, and the accessory pathway in proportion to the duration of treatment. Induction of tachycardia was effectively prevented by the drug. It appears that amiodarone in chronic treatment has a predictable and unique depressant action on cardiac conduction, supporting the opinion that this compound, despite side-effects, has an important role to play in the treatment of refractory arrhythmias in patients with the WPW syndrome.", "contents": "Effect of amiodarone in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. A clinical and electrophysiological study. Six patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome were given long-term treatment with amiodarone. Symptomatic relief was obtained in all. Tolerance to the drug was good. Reversible corneal changes appeared after some weeks' treatment in five patients. No thyroid side-effects were noticed. Prior to treatment, dual atrioventricular (AV) conduction was demonstrated on His bundle electrograms in all six patients. Recordings were made at varied heart rates, using atrial and ventricular pacing. Reciprocating tachycardia was readily provoked by properly timed extra stimuli in all patients. When amiodarone treatment had become clinically effective, a second comparative study was made in four patients after 26--85 days' treatment. Amiodarone reduced heart rate and second degree AV block appeared at a lower atrial pacing rate. It increased the refractory periods of right atrium, AV node, and the accessory pathway in proportion to the duration of treatment. Induction of tachycardia was effectively prevented by the drug. It appears that amiodarone in chronic treatment has a predictable and unique depressant action on cardiac conduction, supporting the opinion that this compound, despite side-effects, has an important role to play in the treatment of refractory arrhythmias in patients with the WPW syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:367086", "title": "Effect of oral verapamil on ventricular irregularity in long-standing atrial fibrillation.", "content": "In patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF), symptoms and cardiac function may be improved by regularizing the ventricular rhythm, even though the AF persists. This study concerned effects of i.v. and oral verapamil (V) on ventricular regularity. A regularizing effect was observed in 5 out of 10 patients after 0.15 mg of V/kg b.wt.i.v., but in only one patient after 80 mg of V By mouth. V in a dose of 240 mg by mouth resulted in ventricular regularity in 6 out of 10 other patients, 320 mg in a further 2 and 400 mg in the remaining 2 patients. Six patients were given chronic oral therapy in progressively increasing doses. Although ventricular regularity and symptom relief were obtained, intolerable side-effects precluded the evaluation of subjective long-term effects of this therapy in all but one patient. Further investigations, particularly concerning the pharmacokinetic mechanisms of V, are needed before the treatment can be recommended for patients with chronic AF.", "contents": "Effect of oral verapamil on ventricular irregularity in long-standing atrial fibrillation. In patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF), symptoms and cardiac function may be improved by regularizing the ventricular rhythm, even though the AF persists. This study concerned effects of i.v. and oral verapamil (V) on ventricular regularity. A regularizing effect was observed in 5 out of 10 patients after 0.15 mg of V/kg b.wt.i.v., but in only one patient after 80 mg of V By mouth. V in a dose of 240 mg by mouth resulted in ventricular regularity in 6 out of 10 other patients, 320 mg in a further 2 and 400 mg in the remaining 2 patients. Six patients were given chronic oral therapy in progressively increasing doses. Although ventricular regularity and symptom relief were obtained, intolerable side-effects precluded the evaluation of subjective long-term effects of this therapy in all but one patient. Further investigations, particularly concerning the pharmacokinetic mechanisms of V, are needed before the treatment can be recommended for patients with chronic AF."}
{"id": "PMID:367087", "title": "Evaluation of quinidine Lipettes -- a sustained release preparation.", "content": "A new sustained release preparation (Lipettes) of quinidine has been evaluated with regard to dissolution, absorption, serum concentration and side-effects. The serum levels of quinidine after single oral doses and after long-term treatment have been compared with the serum levels after administration of some other quinidine preparations on the Swedish market. The side-effects of the sustained release preparations have also been studied. Results indicated that this new sustained release quinidine preparation yields more even serum concentrations of quinidine and seemed to cause less troublesome side-effects than the marketed preparations.", "contents": "Evaluation of quinidine Lipettes -- a sustained release preparation. A new sustained release preparation (Lipettes) of quinidine has been evaluated with regard to dissolution, absorption, serum concentration and side-effects. The serum levels of quinidine after single oral doses and after long-term treatment have been compared with the serum levels after administration of some other quinidine preparations on the Swedish market. The side-effects of the sustained release preparations have also been studied. Results indicated that this new sustained release quinidine preparation yields more even serum concentrations of quinidine and seemed to cause less troublesome side-effects than the marketed preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:367088", "title": "Long-term clinical experience with atenolol--a new selective beta-1-blocker with few side-effects from the central nervous system.", "content": "During the last four years we have used a new cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking substance, ICI 66.082 (atenolol or Tenormin), alone or in combination with other drugs for treatment of hypertension in a total of 104 patients, including 15 with a chronic obstructive lung disease. Fifty-one patients started treatment with atenolol because of side-effects--especially from the central nervous system--during previous treatment with non-selective beta-blockers, mostly propranolol (Inderal). Mean duration of treatment was 16 months (range 8--36) and mean dosage 163 mg/day. In 18 patients treatment with Tenormin was withdrawn, but only in 10 of them could this be referred to side-effects. Of the 51 patients who complained of or showed side-effects from another beta-blocker, 80% were improved after changing to Tenormin. Of the patients with side-effects from the central nervous system, 73% improved, especially those who complained of nightmares, hallucinations, insomnia or mild depression.", "contents": "Long-term clinical experience with atenolol--a new selective beta-1-blocker with few side-effects from the central nervous system. During the last four years we have used a new cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking substance, ICI 66.082 (atenolol or Tenormin), alone or in combination with other drugs for treatment of hypertension in a total of 104 patients, including 15 with a chronic obstructive lung disease. Fifty-one patients started treatment with atenolol because of side-effects--especially from the central nervous system--during previous treatment with non-selective beta-blockers, mostly propranolol (Inderal). Mean duration of treatment was 16 months (range 8--36) and mean dosage 163 mg/day. In 18 patients treatment with Tenormin was withdrawn, but only in 10 of them could this be referred to side-effects. Of the 51 patients who complained of or showed side-effects from another beta-blocker, 80% were improved after changing to Tenormin. Of the patients with side-effects from the central nervous system, 73% improved, especially those who complained of nightmares, hallucinations, insomnia or mild depression."}
{"id": "PMID:367090", "title": "Treatment of refractory anemias with methenolone.", "content": "A therapeutic trial with methenolone (Primobolan) in 19 consecutive patients with different types of refractory anemia is reported. The remission frequencies were: pancytopenia 3/6, bicytopenia 2/4, refractory anemia with hyperplastic marrow 1/5, myelofibrosis 1/4. There was no obvious prolongation of survival in the patients responding. Side-effects were negligible.", "contents": "Treatment of refractory anemias with methenolone. A therapeutic trial with methenolone (Primobolan) in 19 consecutive patients with different types of refractory anemia is reported. The remission frequencies were: pancytopenia 3/6, bicytopenia 2/4, refractory anemia with hyperplastic marrow 1/5, myelofibrosis 1/4. There was no obvious prolongation of survival in the patients responding. Side-effects were negligible."}
{"id": "PMID:367095", "title": "Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in isolated hepatocytes.", "content": "HBsAg was detected by indirect immunofluorescent method in liver biopsy specimens of 60 symptom-free HBsAg positive volunteers. An effort was made to separate from the material intact cells suitable for studying HBsAg localization in the liver cells.", "contents": "Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in isolated hepatocytes. HBsAg was detected by indirect immunofluorescent method in liver biopsy specimens of 60 symptom-free HBsAg positive volunteers. An effort was made to separate from the material intact cells suitable for studying HBsAg localization in the liver cells."}
{"id": "PMID:367115", "title": "Epidemiology of the inherited ataxias.", "content": "Current epidemiologic studies of the inherited ataxias are limited by complex and confusing systems of nomenclature and by the lack of minimal diagnostic criteria. Despite the difficulties of comparing one study to another, most descriptive investigations provide a prevalence estimate of less than 6 cases/100,000. In isolated, inbred populations, a prevalence as high as 23 cases/100,000 has been reported. Neuroepidemiologic techniques and current knowledge concerning the epidemiology of the inherited ataxias can be applied to future studies in three broad areas--definition, classification, and etiology. Future etiologic investigations based on a goal-oriented, collaborative effort following a case-control format offer the greatest likelihood of success.", "contents": "Epidemiology of the inherited ataxias. Current epidemiologic studies of the inherited ataxias are limited by complex and confusing systems of nomenclature and by the lack of minimal diagnostic criteria. Despite the difficulties of comparing one study to another, most descriptive investigations provide a prevalence estimate of less than 6 cases/100,000. In isolated, inbred populations, a prevalence as high as 23 cases/100,000 has been reported. Neuroepidemiologic techniques and current knowledge concerning the epidemiology of the inherited ataxias can be applied to future studies in three broad areas--definition, classification, and etiology. Future etiologic investigations based on a goal-oriented, collaborative effort following a case-control format offer the greatest likelihood of success."}
{"id": "PMID:367132", "title": "Cross finger flaps.", "content": "Proper fingertip reconstruction requires good skin and soft tissue coverage, preservation of function and as normal an appearance as possible. The cross finger flap results in negligible joint stiffness, minimal morbidity and little work-time loss. An important factor is the conservation of finger length permitted by this technique. This method of repair is underutilized. It is indicated in several types of fingertip amputations where bone shortening would be detrimental.", "contents": "Cross finger flaps. Proper fingertip reconstruction requires good skin and soft tissue coverage, preservation of function and as normal an appearance as possible. The cross finger flap results in negligible joint stiffness, minimal morbidity and little work-time loss. An important factor is the conservation of finger length permitted by this technique. This method of repair is underutilized. It is indicated in several types of fingertip amputations where bone shortening would be detrimental."}
{"id": "PMID:367129", "title": "Pharmacological aspects of immune reactions.", "content": "\"Immunopharmacology\" evolved as a field of research in its own right when it was appreciated that pharmacological methods can contribute to the understanding of immune mechanisms on the one hand or can be used to influence or even control immune reactions at all stages and levels. The best studied subjects of immunopharmacology are release and effects of the chemical mediator substances which are responsible for the reactions of effector cells thus causing the clinical symptoms in allergic or inflammatory diseases. In the type I allergic (anaphylactic) reactions the primary target cells are tissue mast cells or basophil granulocytes which discharge their granular contents upon interaction of immunoglobulin E fixed to their surface with the specific antigen or--in the anaphylactoid reaction--upon stimulation with an appropriate chemical substance (so-called histamine-liberator). In both cases the stimulus leads to an influx or intracellular shift from one compartment to another of calcium ions, which in turn trigger membrane fusion and degranulation. This process can vary from a physiological secretion (in the case of IgE-antigen-interaction) to a pathological cytolysis (in the case of high concentrations of activated complement components or other chemical histamine releasers). As long as it is secretory it is subject to vegetative and hormonal modulation and regulation, mainly by catecholamines and other substances which increase cellular cAMP levels or inhibit calcium fluxes. Although cholinergic stimuli under certain circumstances induce mast cell degranulation and histamine release no definite role has yet been established for cholinergic mechanisms in type I allergies. Type II (Cytotoxic) and type III (immune complex mediated) allergies share the complement requirement. As far as mast cells and basophils are involved in such reactions their sensitivity towards pharmacological modulators is comparable to reactions induced by chemical histamine releasers. Otherwise these types of allergic reactions are dominated by phenomena of general inflammation. In those mainly cytotoxic effects of lipases and hydrolases are involved. cAMP active agents have, therefore, only limited modulating effects and steroid hormones are more effective in inhibiting the acute lesions in type II and III allergies. Only during the last decade the involvement of chemical mediators in type IV (cellular immunity) allergic reactions has been appreciated. 26 different factors called lymphokines have been discovered and classified as mediators of cellular immune reactions. However, rather little is yet known about their chemical nature and about the influence of drugs on their production or action.", "contents": "Pharmacological aspects of immune reactions. \"Immunopharmacology\" evolved as a field of research in its own right when it was appreciated that pharmacological methods can contribute to the understanding of immune mechanisms on the one hand or can be used to influence or even control immune reactions at all stages and levels. The best studied subjects of immunopharmacology are release and effects of the chemical mediator substances which are responsible for the reactions of effector cells thus causing the clinical symptoms in allergic or inflammatory diseases. In the type I allergic (anaphylactic) reactions the primary target cells are tissue mast cells or basophil granulocytes which discharge their granular contents upon interaction of immunoglobulin E fixed to their surface with the specific antigen or--in the anaphylactoid reaction--upon stimulation with an appropriate chemical substance (so-called histamine-liberator). In both cases the stimulus leads to an influx or intracellular shift from one compartment to another of calcium ions, which in turn trigger membrane fusion and degranulation. This process can vary from a physiological secretion (in the case of IgE-antigen-interaction) to a pathological cytolysis (in the case of high concentrations of activated complement components or other chemical histamine releasers). As long as it is secretory it is subject to vegetative and hormonal modulation and regulation, mainly by catecholamines and other substances which increase cellular cAMP levels or inhibit calcium fluxes. Although cholinergic stimuli under certain circumstances induce mast cell degranulation and histamine release no definite role has yet been established for cholinergic mechanisms in type I allergies. Type II (Cytotoxic) and type III (immune complex mediated) allergies share the complement requirement. As far as mast cells and basophils are involved in such reactions their sensitivity towards pharmacological modulators is comparable to reactions induced by chemical histamine releasers. Otherwise these types of allergic reactions are dominated by phenomena of general inflammation. In those mainly cytotoxic effects of lipases and hydrolases are involved. cAMP active agents have, therefore, only limited modulating effects and steroid hormones are more effective in inhibiting the acute lesions in type II and III allergies. Only during the last decade the involvement of chemical mediators in type IV (cellular immunity) allergic reactions has been appreciated. 26 different factors called lymphokines have been discovered and classified as mediators of cellular immune reactions. However, rather little is yet known about their chemical nature and about the influence of drugs on their production or action."}
{"id": "PMID:367136", "title": "Sustained effect of orally administered isosorbide dinitrate on exercise performance of patients with angina pectoris.", "content": "The efficacy of oral isosorbide dinitrate was evaluated in nine hospitalized patients with chronic angina pectoris and positive maximal bicycle exercise tests. Patients were randomized double-blind to receive either 20 mg of isosorbide dinitrate or placebo on successive days after a control maximal upright bicycle exercise test. On each day hourly exercise tests were performed for 4 hours after drug administration to an end point of fatigue or angina pectoris. Mean systolic blood pressure 4 hours after the administration of isosorbide dinitrate was 25 mm Hg less than the control value (P less than 0.001). The values for resting heart rate and exercise-attained heart rate-blood pressure product were not significantly different from the values after placebo. The duration of exercise was prolonged (P less than 0.025) for at least 3 hours, and less ST depression (P less than 0.01) was observed up to 3 hours after the administration of isosorbide dinitrate compared with control values. The demonstration of sustained imporved exercise performance and previously described hemodynamic effects with the use of higher doses suggests that adequate blood levels of isosorbide dinitrate or mononitrate metabolites may be important for the efficacy of oral organic nitrates.", "contents": "Sustained effect of orally administered isosorbide dinitrate on exercise performance of patients with angina pectoris. The efficacy of oral isosorbide dinitrate was evaluated in nine hospitalized patients with chronic angina pectoris and positive maximal bicycle exercise tests. Patients were randomized double-blind to receive either 20 mg of isosorbide dinitrate or placebo on successive days after a control maximal upright bicycle exercise test. On each day hourly exercise tests were performed for 4 hours after drug administration to an end point of fatigue or angina pectoris. Mean systolic blood pressure 4 hours after the administration of isosorbide dinitrate was 25 mm Hg less than the control value (P less than 0.001). The values for resting heart rate and exercise-attained heart rate-blood pressure product were not significantly different from the values after placebo. The duration of exercise was prolonged (P less than 0.025) for at least 3 hours, and less ST depression (P less than 0.01) was observed up to 3 hours after the administration of isosorbide dinitrate compared with control values. The demonstration of sustained imporved exercise performance and previously described hemodynamic effects with the use of higher doses suggests that adequate blood levels of isosorbide dinitrate or mononitrate metabolites may be important for the efficacy of oral organic nitrates."}
{"id": "PMID:367137", "title": "Developmental correlation between hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone and hypophysial luteinizing hormone.", "content": "Considerable evidence indicates that the pituitary-gonadal axis is active in the fetus, but little is known about the relative times in development when the brain begins to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the hypophysis begins to secrete gonadotropin. The objective was to correlate the time of appearance of GnRH in the median eminence and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) with differentiation of LH-gonadotropes in the hypophysis of the fetal mouse by means of immunocytochemistry. Mice were studied at 15, 16, 17 and 19 days of gestation with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method of Sternberger, GnRH was first detected at 17 days of gestation in presumptive axons and axon terminals located adjacent to the superficial portal capillaries near the surface of the median eminence and close to the capillaries of the OVLT. LH-gonadotropes also were found initially at 17 days of gestation. They were prominent in the ventral half of the pars distalis. Most of these cells were ovoid or slightly angular, and almost all abutted one of the numerous sinusoidal capillaries present at this age in development. The number and staining intensity of both LH-gonadotropes and GnRH foci increased by 19 days. The close temporal relationship between the developmental appearance of GnRH and its target cell, the gonadotrope, provides further evidence that the potential for neuroendocrine control of gonadotropin secretion exists in the fetal mouse as early as 17 days of gestation.", "contents": "Developmental correlation between hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone and hypophysial luteinizing hormone. Considerable evidence indicates that the pituitary-gonadal axis is active in the fetus, but little is known about the relative times in development when the brain begins to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the hypophysis begins to secrete gonadotropin. The objective was to correlate the time of appearance of GnRH in the median eminence and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) with differentiation of LH-gonadotropes in the hypophysis of the fetal mouse by means of immunocytochemistry. Mice were studied at 15, 16, 17 and 19 days of gestation with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method of Sternberger, GnRH was first detected at 17 days of gestation in presumptive axons and axon terminals located adjacent to the superficial portal capillaries near the surface of the median eminence and close to the capillaries of the OVLT. LH-gonadotropes also were found initially at 17 days of gestation. They were prominent in the ventral half of the pars distalis. Most of these cells were ovoid or slightly angular, and almost all abutted one of the numerous sinusoidal capillaries present at this age in development. The number and staining intensity of both LH-gonadotropes and GnRH foci increased by 19 days. The close temporal relationship between the developmental appearance of GnRH and its target cell, the gonadotrope, provides further evidence that the potential for neuroendocrine control of gonadotropin secretion exists in the fetal mouse as early as 17 days of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:367138", "title": "Introduction to mechanisms of association of indigenous microbes.", "content": "Indigenous microorganisms of numerous types associate with epithelial surfaces in the gastrointestinal tracts of mammals and birds. Some of the microbial types, e.g., Lactobacillus sp. in the stomachs of laboratory rodents, adhere to a surface without altering it ultrastructurely. In such cases, the adherence is mediated undoubtedly by macromolecules on the bacterial surfaces, possibly polysaccharides in most cases, interacting in specific ways with receptor macromolecules on the epithelial surface. Other microbial types that associate with epithelial surfaces without altering them ultrastructurally, e.g., Clostridium 109-2 in the mouse large bowel, may adhere to the surface only weakly or not at all, and maintain the association because they are motile and attracted to the epithelium by chemotactic substances. Microbial types that alter the ultrastructure of the epithelial cells to which they attach interact intimately with the membranes of the epithelial cells. In such cases, the microbes have specialized segments or ends for adhering to the membranes, and probably elaborate systems for stabilizing the membranes and cytoplasm at the site in the epithelial cell to which they attach. Some such organisms may have evolved unique reproductive mechanisms to maintain their populations on the epithelial surface.", "contents": "Introduction to mechanisms of association of indigenous microbes. Indigenous microorganisms of numerous types associate with epithelial surfaces in the gastrointestinal tracts of mammals and birds. Some of the microbial types, e.g., Lactobacillus sp. in the stomachs of laboratory rodents, adhere to a surface without altering it ultrastructurely. In such cases, the adherence is mediated undoubtedly by macromolecules on the bacterial surfaces, possibly polysaccharides in most cases, interacting in specific ways with receptor macromolecules on the epithelial surface. Other microbial types that associate with epithelial surfaces without altering them ultrastructurally, e.g., Clostridium 109-2 in the mouse large bowel, may adhere to the surface only weakly or not at all, and maintain the association because they are motile and attracted to the epithelium by chemotactic substances. Microbial types that alter the ultrastructure of the epithelial cells to which they attach interact intimately with the membranes of the epithelial cells. In such cases, the microbes have specialized segments or ends for adhering to the membranes, and probably elaborate systems for stabilizing the membranes and cytoplasm at the site in the epithelial cell to which they attach. Some such organisms may have evolved unique reproductive mechanisms to maintain their populations on the epithelial surface."}
{"id": "PMID:367140", "title": "Lectins as probes in studies of intestinal glycoproteins and glycolipids.", "content": "The abilities of lectins to combine specifically with particular carbohydrate residues have made them valuable probes in the analysis of the surface components of intestinal epithelial cells. Fluorescence microscopy studies using FITC-labeled lectins have shown that the surfaces of these cells change as the cells move up the villi and that these changes are dependent upon the region of intestine in which the villi are located. The lectins have been used in radioassays developed to quantitate these cell surface components and have proven useful in monitoring the extraction and purification of these substances. Lectin affinity columns have been successfully used to isolate some of these components. Although lectins offer the advantage of specific recognition of relatively small defined carbohydrate units on complex molecules, they have the limitation of not being able to distinguish among different molecules bearing the same carbohydrate units. It is thus necessary to use the lectins in conjunction with other tools as one proceeds further in the analysis of the complex carbohydrates that constitute the cell surface.", "contents": "Lectins as probes in studies of intestinal glycoproteins and glycolipids. The abilities of lectins to combine specifically with particular carbohydrate residues have made them valuable probes in the analysis of the surface components of intestinal epithelial cells. Fluorescence microscopy studies using FITC-labeled lectins have shown that the surfaces of these cells change as the cells move up the villi and that these changes are dependent upon the region of intestine in which the villi are located. The lectins have been used in radioassays developed to quantitate these cell surface components and have proven useful in monitoring the extraction and purification of these substances. Lectin affinity columns have been successfully used to isolate some of these components. Although lectins offer the advantage of specific recognition of relatively small defined carbohydrate units on complex molecules, they have the limitation of not being able to distinguish among different molecules bearing the same carbohydrate units. It is thus necessary to use the lectins in conjunction with other tools as one proceeds further in the analysis of the complex carbohydrates that constitute the cell surface."}
{"id": "PMID:367146", "title": "Evidence of a role for permeability factors in the pathogenesis of salmonellosis.", "content": "Two clinical isolates of Salmonella typhimurium were shown to produce two skin permeability factors. One factor was heat stable and rapid in onset while the other was heat labile and elicited maximal induration by 18 to 24 hr. The rapid, erythematous permeability factor (PF) response could not be prevented by antisera to cholera toxin or Salmonella antisomatic serum, but it could be simulated by high concentrations of lipopolysaccharide from S. typhimurium. The appearance of the delayed PF reaction was indistinguishable from that of purified cholera toxin. Histological comparisons of rabbit skin injected with Salmonella-delayed PF and cholera toxin revealed that both toxins resulted in gross edema and infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes after 18 hr. The Salmonella-delayed PF was shown to be resistant to a variety of enzymes, sensitive to extremes in pH, and had an isoelectric point of pH 4.8. Unlike Salmonella lipopolysaccharide skin activity, the Salmonella-delayed PF was destroyed at 100 C and was neutralized by monospecific cholera antitoxin. The Salmonella-delayed PF, which shares antigenic determinants with cholera toxin, appears to be elaborated by living S. typhimurium cells in the rabbit ligated intestine, since rabbits immunized with procholeragenoid were protected against fluid loss from live cell challenge. Finally, production of the rapid PF is a stable genetic trait, while delayed PF production is apparently an unstable characteristic among the salmonellae.", "contents": "Evidence of a role for permeability factors in the pathogenesis of salmonellosis. Two clinical isolates of Salmonella typhimurium were shown to produce two skin permeability factors. One factor was heat stable and rapid in onset while the other was heat labile and elicited maximal induration by 18 to 24 hr. The rapid, erythematous permeability factor (PF) response could not be prevented by antisera to cholera toxin or Salmonella antisomatic serum, but it could be simulated by high concentrations of lipopolysaccharide from S. typhimurium. The appearance of the delayed PF reaction was indistinguishable from that of purified cholera toxin. Histological comparisons of rabbit skin injected with Salmonella-delayed PF and cholera toxin revealed that both toxins resulted in gross edema and infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes after 18 hr. The Salmonella-delayed PF was shown to be resistant to a variety of enzymes, sensitive to extremes in pH, and had an isoelectric point of pH 4.8. Unlike Salmonella lipopolysaccharide skin activity, the Salmonella-delayed PF was destroyed at 100 C and was neutralized by monospecific cholera antitoxin. The Salmonella-delayed PF, which shares antigenic determinants with cholera toxin, appears to be elaborated by living S. typhimurium cells in the rabbit ligated intestine, since rabbits immunized with procholeragenoid were protected against fluid loss from live cell challenge. Finally, production of the rapid PF is a stable genetic trait, while delayed PF production is apparently an unstable characteristic among the salmonellae."}
{"id": "PMID:367148", "title": "Diarrhea and colitis associated with antimicrobial therapy in man and animals.", "content": "Antimicrobial agent-induced ileocecitis of laboratory animals and colitis of man share common features. The significance of a newly described toxin in these two entities, the apparent source of the toxin (Clostridium difficile) and characteristics of the toxin are reviewed. Methods of toxin detection, isolation and rapid identification of C. difficile, and possible modes of therapy for antimicrobial agent-associated colitis of man are discussed.", "contents": "Diarrhea and colitis associated with antimicrobial therapy in man and animals. Antimicrobial agent-induced ileocecitis of laboratory animals and colitis of man share common features. The significance of a newly described toxin in these two entities, the apparent source of the toxin (Clostridium difficile) and characteristics of the toxin are reviewed. Methods of toxin detection, isolation and rapid identification of C. difficile, and possible modes of therapy for antimicrobial agent-associated colitis of man are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367153", "title": "Comparison of the effects of pentagastrin and meal-stimulated gastrin on plasma calcitonin in normal man.", "content": "We compared the effects of exogenous pentagastrin and meal-stimulated gastrin on plasma immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) in various studies of 13 normal adult men. Bolus intravenous injection of pentagastrin (0.5 microgram/kg) produced increases of iCT in 8 of 9 men. There was a linearly increasing response of iCT concentrations to increasing doses of pentagastrin (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 microgram/kg) and to achieved serum immunoreactive pentagastrin concentrations (r = 0.72, P less than 0.01). To determine the effects of endogenous gastrin upon peripheral iCT concentrations, we measured serum immunoreactive gastrin (iG) and plasma iCT in four men at frequent intervals for 240 min after ingestion of low- (100 mg) and high- (400 mg) calcium meals. Serum iG increased in all subjects, with a peak at approximately 30 min. However, plasma iCT levels were unchanged from basal throughout the study. The increase of pentagastrin (0.3 pmol/ml) which caused a barely detectable increase of iCT was five- to tenfold greater than the mean maximal increases of gastrin after low- and high-calcium meals (0.04 and 0.06 pmol/ml, respectively). These results suggest that increases of plasma iCT concentrations after administration of pentagastrin in man reflect pharmacologic phenomena and that postprandial gastrin secretion may be insufficient to affect peripheral iCT concentrations.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of pentagastrin and meal-stimulated gastrin on plasma calcitonin in normal man. We compared the effects of exogenous pentagastrin and meal-stimulated gastrin on plasma immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) in various studies of 13 normal adult men. Bolus intravenous injection of pentagastrin (0.5 microgram/kg) produced increases of iCT in 8 of 9 men. There was a linearly increasing response of iCT concentrations to increasing doses of pentagastrin (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 microgram/kg) and to achieved serum immunoreactive pentagastrin concentrations (r = 0.72, P less than 0.01). To determine the effects of endogenous gastrin upon peripheral iCT concentrations, we measured serum immunoreactive gastrin (iG) and plasma iCT in four men at frequent intervals for 240 min after ingestion of low- (100 mg) and high- (400 mg) calcium meals. Serum iG increased in all subjects, with a peak at approximately 30 min. However, plasma iCT levels were unchanged from basal throughout the study. The increase of pentagastrin (0.3 pmol/ml) which caused a barely detectable increase of iCT was five- to tenfold greater than the mean maximal increases of gastrin after low- and high-calcium meals (0.04 and 0.06 pmol/ml, respectively). These results suggest that increases of plasma iCT concentrations after administration of pentagastrin in man reflect pharmacologic phenomena and that postprandial gastrin secretion may be insufficient to affect peripheral iCT concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:367154", "title": "Deposition of circulating antigen--antibody complexes in the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits with chronic serum sickness.", "content": "The possible role of circulating immune complexes (IC) in the production gastrointestinal lesions was studied in rabbits with chronic serum sickness (CSS) induced by multiple daily injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA). All rabbits generating a marked antibody response developed IC glomerulonephritis. In approximately 50% of these rabbits granular deposits of BSA, rabbit IgG, and C3 were also found in the gastrointestinal tract. The immune deposits in the gastrointestinal tract were mainly present in the vessel walls, close to the intestinal glands and the surface epithelium, and between the smooth muscle cells. This was accompanied by slight to moderate edema of the mucosa and the submucosa and mild infiltration of inflammatory cells. Electron-densedeposits were found in a pattern corresponding to that observed for BSA, rabbit IgG, and C3. Degranulated neutrophils, basophils, and mast cells were noticed in the interstitium. The presence in the same areas of granular deposits of BSA, IgG, and C3, corresponding to electron-dense deposits, suggests that the deposits contain BSA-anti-BSA complexes. These findings show that in rabbits with CSS circulating IC may localize and induce injury in the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Deposition of circulating antigen--antibody complexes in the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits with chronic serum sickness. The possible role of circulating immune complexes (IC) in the production gastrointestinal lesions was studied in rabbits with chronic serum sickness (CSS) induced by multiple daily injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA). All rabbits generating a marked antibody response developed IC glomerulonephritis. In approximately 50% of these rabbits granular deposits of BSA, rabbit IgG, and C3 were also found in the gastrointestinal tract. The immune deposits in the gastrointestinal tract were mainly present in the vessel walls, close to the intestinal glands and the surface epithelium, and between the smooth muscle cells. This was accompanied by slight to moderate edema of the mucosa and the submucosa and mild infiltration of inflammatory cells. Electron-densedeposits were found in a pattern corresponding to that observed for BSA, rabbit IgG, and C3. Degranulated neutrophils, basophils, and mast cells were noticed in the interstitium. The presence in the same areas of granular deposits of BSA, IgG, and C3, corresponding to electron-dense deposits, suggests that the deposits contain BSA-anti-BSA complexes. These findings show that in rabbits with CSS circulating IC may localize and induce injury in the gastrointestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:367155", "title": "A prospective study of glucose tolerance, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon responses in patients with pancreatic carcinoma.", "content": "Ninety-nine patients suspected of having pancreatic carcinoma were studied prospectively for carbohydrate tolerance. Thirty-two patients were proven subsequently to have pancreatic carcinoma; the remainder served as a control group. There was an increased incidence of carbohydrate intolerance in patients with pancreatic carcinoma compared to the control group. Insulin and C-peptide measurements during glucose tolerance tests suggest abnormal beta cell function and possibly insulin resistance as causes for this abnormality. Although factors related to malignancy in general could partly account for the results, a specific factor occurring in patients with pancreatic carcinoma must also be considered as it could serve as a marker for the early detection of this disease.", "contents": "A prospective study of glucose tolerance, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon responses in patients with pancreatic carcinoma. Ninety-nine patients suspected of having pancreatic carcinoma were studied prospectively for carbohydrate tolerance. Thirty-two patients were proven subsequently to have pancreatic carcinoma; the remainder served as a control group. There was an increased incidence of carbohydrate intolerance in patients with pancreatic carcinoma compared to the control group. Insulin and C-peptide measurements during glucose tolerance tests suggest abnormal beta cell function and possibly insulin resistance as causes for this abnormality. Although factors related to malignancy in general could partly account for the results, a specific factor occurring in patients with pancreatic carcinoma must also be considered as it could serve as a marker for the early detection of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:367156", "title": "B-cell leukemia-lymphoma with striking resemblance to Burkitt lymphoma in a 70-year-old woman.", "content": "A 70-year-old woman developed acute leukemia and a serum IgM spike. She entered complete remission with an adriamycin, vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, and prednisone combination. Bone marrow remission was maintained with intermittent cytosine arabinoside; however, she developed large skin nodules which partly remitted following adriamycin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone combination. They very rapidly recurred, and she died soon after. Autopsy revealed extensive tumor in the abdomen, pelvis, and thoracic cavity, but no bone marrow involvement. Histology revealed a \"starry sky\" appearance. Cytology showed undifferentiated cells with vacuolated cytoplasm resembling Burkitt lymphoma cells. Peroxidase and esterase stains were negative. There was strong pyroninophilia and the periodic acid-Schiff reaction showed granular activity in the cytoplasm. Electron microscopic appearances also resembled Burkitt lymphoma. Cytogenetic studies were normal, with no Ph1 chromosome. Immunofluorescence demonstrated surface IgM and a little IgA. 3H-thymidine incorporation was high, indicating rapid growth. Dibutyral cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) stimulated growth, which was further evidence of the lymphoid origin of the tumor. The close resemblance of this tumor to Burkitt lymphoma emphasizes the difficulties in systematically classifying the lymphomas.", "contents": "B-cell leukemia-lymphoma with striking resemblance to Burkitt lymphoma in a 70-year-old woman. A 70-year-old woman developed acute leukemia and a serum IgM spike. She entered complete remission with an adriamycin, vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, and prednisone combination. Bone marrow remission was maintained with intermittent cytosine arabinoside; however, she developed large skin nodules which partly remitted following adriamycin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone combination. They very rapidly recurred, and she died soon after. Autopsy revealed extensive tumor in the abdomen, pelvis, and thoracic cavity, but no bone marrow involvement. Histology revealed a \"starry sky\" appearance. Cytology showed undifferentiated cells with vacuolated cytoplasm resembling Burkitt lymphoma cells. Peroxidase and esterase stains were negative. There was strong pyroninophilia and the periodic acid-Schiff reaction showed granular activity in the cytoplasm. Electron microscopic appearances also resembled Burkitt lymphoma. Cytogenetic studies were normal, with no Ph1 chromosome. Immunofluorescence demonstrated surface IgM and a little IgA. 3H-thymidine incorporation was high, indicating rapid growth. Dibutyral cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) stimulated growth, which was further evidence of the lymphoid origin of the tumor. The close resemblance of this tumor to Burkitt lymphoma emphasizes the difficulties in systematically classifying the lymphomas."}
{"id": "PMID:367157", "title": "Rare variants, private polymorphisms, and locus heterozygosity in Amerindian populations.", "content": "The results of 21,103 electrophoretic typings distributed across 28 polypeptides in members of 12 Amerindian tribes are reported, and the accumulated results of electrophoretic studies on these same polypeptides in 21 Amerindian tribes are then analyzed. Thus far 11 'private' polymorphisms have been identified in these tribes. When the tribal samples are combined and traits achieving polymorphic proportions in the total sample excluded from consideration, the average frequency of rare variants is 2.8 per 1,000 determinations. For a subset of 23 of these polypeptides also studied in Caucasians and Japanese, variant frequencies per 1,000 determinations are: Indians, 2.2; Caucasians (British), 1.6; and Japanese, 1.5. Average locus heterogeneity for these polypeptides (based on rare variants plus polymorphisms) is: Indians, .049; Caucasians, .078; and Japanese, .077. A higher proportion of loci are monomorphic within tribes than within civilized urban populations. It is argued that for inferences concerning the forces maintaining genetic variability within populations, studies on samples from tribespeople are much more appropriate than studies on samples from civilized urban populations.", "contents": "Rare variants, private polymorphisms, and locus heterozygosity in Amerindian populations. The results of 21,103 electrophoretic typings distributed across 28 polypeptides in members of 12 Amerindian tribes are reported, and the accumulated results of electrophoretic studies on these same polypeptides in 21 Amerindian tribes are then analyzed. Thus far 11 'private' polymorphisms have been identified in these tribes. When the tribal samples are combined and traits achieving polymorphic proportions in the total sample excluded from consideration, the average frequency of rare variants is 2.8 per 1,000 determinations. For a subset of 23 of these polypeptides also studied in Caucasians and Japanese, variant frequencies per 1,000 determinations are: Indians, 2.2; Caucasians (British), 1.6; and Japanese, 1.5. Average locus heterogeneity for these polypeptides (based on rare variants plus polymorphisms) is: Indians, .049; Caucasians, .078; and Japanese, .077. A higher proportion of loci are monomorphic within tribes than within civilized urban populations. It is argued that for inferences concerning the forces maintaining genetic variability within populations, studies on samples from tribespeople are much more appropriate than studies on samples from civilized urban populations."}
{"id": "PMID:367161", "title": "Technique of surgical sex reassignment for micropenis and allied conditions.", "content": "Although the etiology of micropenis is diverse, individuals who have in common a penile length of 2 cm. or less at birth do not function well as men. For this reason, during the last 18 years, 10 individuals with this problem were selected for surgical sex reassignment. The technique of the surgical procedure is described. The immediate results are considered to be cosmetically satisfactory, and the long-term results, as judged by two individuals who have been observed for 18 plus years seem to indicate that surgical sex reassignment is a useful procedure in selected patients with this disorder.", "contents": "Technique of surgical sex reassignment for micropenis and allied conditions. Although the etiology of micropenis is diverse, individuals who have in common a penile length of 2 cm. or less at birth do not function well as men. For this reason, during the last 18 years, 10 individuals with this problem were selected for surgical sex reassignment. The technique of the surgical procedure is described. The immediate results are considered to be cosmetically satisfactory, and the long-term results, as judged by two individuals who have been observed for 18 plus years seem to indicate that surgical sex reassignment is a useful procedure in selected patients with this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:367162", "title": "Reappraisals of J. Marion Sims.", "content": "Sims' development of repair for vesicovaginal fistula introduced the present epoch of gynecology. He remained professionally active for 30 years thereafter and achieved national and international reputation. He continued to contribute medically until his death. Sims was extravagantly eulogized. Now, 90 years later, he is being roundly denounced for using slaves as experimental subjects and for doing multiple procedures on hapless women. One must however be skeptical of judging 1850 decisions by 1975 norms. Sims undoubtedly exploited the misery of his patients but their abject state must be remembered. Sims was insensitive to the status and needs of women, but in that he was a product of his era. His medical achievements have borne up well in the test of time.", "contents": "Reappraisals of J. Marion Sims. Sims' development of repair for vesicovaginal fistula introduced the present epoch of gynecology. He remained professionally active for 30 years thereafter and achieved national and international reputation. He continued to contribute medically until his death. Sims was extravagantly eulogized. Now, 90 years later, he is being roundly denounced for using slaves as experimental subjects and for doing multiple procedures on hapless women. One must however be skeptical of judging 1850 decisions by 1975 norms. Sims undoubtedly exploited the misery of his patients but their abject state must be remembered. Sims was insensitive to the status and needs of women, but in that he was a product of his era. His medical achievements have borne up well in the test of time."}
{"id": "PMID:367159", "title": "Combined clinical and laboratory studies with carbenicillin and ticarcillin: use in infections involving anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Eleven patients with serious infections involving anaerobic bacteria were treated with carbenicillin (four patients) or ticarcillin (seven patients). All patients were cured clinically and bacteriologically of their infections. An in vitro study testing 157 recently isolated anaerobic organisms against 11 antibiotics showed chloramphenicol, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin at blood level concentrations to be inhibitory to more anaerobic strains than the other eight antibiotics tested. Ticarcillin and carbenicillin appear to be safe and effective and deserve further consideration for use in the therapy of anaerobic infections.", "contents": "Combined clinical and laboratory studies with carbenicillin and ticarcillin: use in infections involving anaerobic bacteria. Eleven patients with serious infections involving anaerobic bacteria were treated with carbenicillin (four patients) or ticarcillin (seven patients). All patients were cured clinically and bacteriologically of their infections. An in vitro study testing 157 recently isolated anaerobic organisms against 11 antibiotics showed chloramphenicol, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin at blood level concentrations to be inhibitory to more anaerobic strains than the other eight antibiotics tested. Ticarcillin and carbenicillin appear to be safe and effective and deserve further consideration for use in the therapy of anaerobic infections."}
{"id": "PMID:367165", "title": "Localization of group B beta-hemolytic streptococci in the female urogenital tract.", "content": "Isolation rates of group B streptococci were determined for various sites in 100 women attending a Special Urology (VD) Clinic. Standard procedures were used for the collection of specimens, all of which were processed using a selective medium. Specimens from the urethra and lower vagina yielded significantly higher percentages of isolations than those collected from the cervix, upper vagina, and rectum. Although lower vaginal cultures yielded more positive results than urethral cultures, the difference was not significant.", "contents": "Localization of group B beta-hemolytic streptococci in the female urogenital tract. Isolation rates of group B streptococci were determined for various sites in 100 women attending a Special Urology (VD) Clinic. Standard procedures were used for the collection of specimens, all of which were processed using a selective medium. Specimens from the urethra and lower vagina yielded significantly higher percentages of isolations than those collected from the cervix, upper vagina, and rectum. Although lower vaginal cultures yielded more positive results than urethral cultures, the difference was not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:367166", "title": "Gonadotropin profiles in fed and fasted obese women.", "content": "Five obese women were studied before and at the end of a prolonged fast to determine the effect on luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and on the response to luteinizing hormone--releasing factor (LRF). Although baseline serum LH values declined from a mean value of 9.1 to 6.5 m.I.U. per milliliter measured at the end of the fast, these changes in mean serum level were not statistically significant. However, the integrated LH secretion did decline when measured at the end of the fasts (p less than 0.05). FSH secretion did not change. LRF-stimulated LH and FSH values showed augmented stimulation at the end of the fast. Pulsatile gonadotropin secretion patterns remained normal. Prolonged fasting appears to alter the baseline LH secretion and the pituitary response to exogenous LRF.", "contents": "Gonadotropin profiles in fed and fasted obese women. Five obese women were studied before and at the end of a prolonged fast to determine the effect on luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and on the response to luteinizing hormone--releasing factor (LRF). Although baseline serum LH values declined from a mean value of 9.1 to 6.5 m.I.U. per milliliter measured at the end of the fast, these changes in mean serum level were not statistically significant. However, the integrated LH secretion did decline when measured at the end of the fasts (p less than 0.05). FSH secretion did not change. LRF-stimulated LH and FSH values showed augmented stimulation at the end of the fast. Pulsatile gonadotropin secretion patterns remained normal. Prolonged fasting appears to alter the baseline LH secretion and the pituitary response to exogenous LRF."}
{"id": "PMID:367169", "title": "Some rationalizations on chronic open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "In this study I dealt with two principal aspects of the seemingly irrational subject of chronic open-angle glaucoma: surgery for chronic open-angle glaucoma, and the unique pattern of damage encountered in chronic open-angle glaucoma. Available surgical procedures were treated as a continuous series, depending on the amount of pressure-lowering expected. Vascular interaction was hypothesized to explain the typical pattern of damage.", "contents": "Some rationalizations on chronic open-angle glaucoma. In this study I dealt with two principal aspects of the seemingly irrational subject of chronic open-angle glaucoma: surgery for chronic open-angle glaucoma, and the unique pattern of damage encountered in chronic open-angle glaucoma. Available surgical procedures were treated as a continuous series, depending on the amount of pressure-lowering expected. Vascular interaction was hypothesized to explain the typical pattern of damage."}
{"id": "PMID:367170", "title": "A comparison of penetrating keratoplasty and lamellar keratoplasty in the surgical management of keratoconus.", "content": "A retrospective study of patients who underwent keratoplasty for keratoconus was done in 100 consecutive cases, of which 50 were penetrating keratoplasty procedures, and 50 were lamellar keratoplasty procedures. Each case was done by the same surgeon in both series. Criteria for patient selection were essentially the same. Postoperative care differed primarily in the time before suture removal, being an average of ten months in the penetrating keratoplasty group and three months in the lamellar keratoplasty group. Of those patients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty, the mean best-corrected visual acuity was 6/6 (20/20-) and the average corneal astigmatism was + 5.00 diopters. Of those patients who received lamellar keratoplasty, the mean best-corrected visual acuity was 6/9 (20/30-), and the average corneal astigmatism was +3.25 diopters. The most frequent complications of both techniques were wound separations that responded well to resuturing.", "contents": "A comparison of penetrating keratoplasty and lamellar keratoplasty in the surgical management of keratoconus. A retrospective study of patients who underwent keratoplasty for keratoconus was done in 100 consecutive cases, of which 50 were penetrating keratoplasty procedures, and 50 were lamellar keratoplasty procedures. Each case was done by the same surgeon in both series. Criteria for patient selection were essentially the same. Postoperative care differed primarily in the time before suture removal, being an average of ten months in the penetrating keratoplasty group and three months in the lamellar keratoplasty group. Of those patients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty, the mean best-corrected visual acuity was 6/6 (20/20-) and the average corneal astigmatism was + 5.00 diopters. Of those patients who received lamellar keratoplasty, the mean best-corrected visual acuity was 6/9 (20/30-), and the average corneal astigmatism was +3.25 diopters. The most frequent complications of both techniques were wound separations that responded well to resuturing."}
{"id": "PMID:367175", "title": "Micropithecus clarki, a small ape from the Miocene of Uganda.", "content": "Micropithecus clarki, from Miocene sediments of Napak, Uganda, is the smallest known hominoid primate, living or fossil. In facial morphology it is very similar to extant gibbons. Dentally, it is most similar to the small apes from the Miocene of Kenya, Dendropithecus and Limnopithecus. All of the apes from the early Miocene of East Africa seem to represent a single phyletic group that could be easily derived from the Oligocene apes known from the Fayum of Egypt. Pliopithecus from the Miocene of Europe is more closely allied with the Oligocene radiation than with the later East African radiation.", "contents": "Micropithecus clarki, a small ape from the Miocene of Uganda. Micropithecus clarki, from Miocene sediments of Napak, Uganda, is the smallest known hominoid primate, living or fossil. In facial morphology it is very similar to extant gibbons. Dentally, it is most similar to the small apes from the Miocene of Kenya, Dendropithecus and Limnopithecus. All of the apes from the early Miocene of East Africa seem to represent a single phyletic group that could be easily derived from the Oligocene apes known from the Fayum of Egypt. Pliopithecus from the Miocene of Europe is more closely allied with the Oligocene radiation than with the later East African radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:367176", "title": "Histological enamel indicator of childhood stress in prehistoric skeletal samples.", "content": "Although previous paleopathological studies have used disturbances in enamel formation as indicators of childhood stress, the full potential of this technique has not been realized. This paper presents a test case which demonstrates that the frequency of disturbed enamel formation (i.e., Wilson bands) is associated with other stress indicators (i.e., probability of dying and infectious lesions) in three prehistoric skeletal samples representing the Middle Woodland (10.3%), Mississippian Acculturated Late Woodland (21.4%), and the Middle Mississippian (40.0%). Additionally, the mean ages at death of individuals with at least one Wilson band are lower than those without bands. These results suggest that Wilson bands are an indicator of the relative proportion of individuals who are high susceptibles in prehistoric populations. The data also corroborate the hypothesis that the adoption of maize agriculture in the prehistoric American Midwest is associated with increased stress.", "contents": "Histological enamel indicator of childhood stress in prehistoric skeletal samples. Although previous paleopathological studies have used disturbances in enamel formation as indicators of childhood stress, the full potential of this technique has not been realized. This paper presents a test case which demonstrates that the frequency of disturbed enamel formation (i.e., Wilson bands) is associated with other stress indicators (i.e., probability of dying and infectious lesions) in three prehistoric skeletal samples representing the Middle Woodland (10.3%), Mississippian Acculturated Late Woodland (21.4%), and the Middle Mississippian (40.0%). Additionally, the mean ages at death of individuals with at least one Wilson band are lower than those without bands. These results suggest that Wilson bands are an indicator of the relative proportion of individuals who are high susceptibles in prehistoric populations. The data also corroborate the hypothesis that the adoption of maize agriculture in the prehistoric American Midwest is associated with increased stress."}
{"id": "PMID:367177", "title": "Paleopathologic evidence for the evolution of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A human skeleton recovered from a Sicilian archaeological site and dating from the Hellenistic period (330-210 B.C.) presents a pathological pattern suggesting a transition between ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis, providing evidence in support of the hypothesis that rheumatoid arthritis may have recently evolved out of ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "Paleopathologic evidence for the evolution of rheumatoid arthritis. A human skeleton recovered from a Sicilian archaeological site and dating from the Hellenistic period (330-210 B.C.) presents a pathological pattern suggesting a transition between ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis, providing evidence in support of the hypothesis that rheumatoid arthritis may have recently evolved out of ankylosing spondylitis."}
{"id": "PMID:367178", "title": "Renal potassium transport: contributions of individual nephron segments and populations.", "content": "General features of the processes that contribute to renal potassium excretion are understood from clearance, stop-flow, micropuncture, and in vitro microperfusion experiments. However, the complex architecture of the kidney has made it difficult to examine individual nephron segments in all parts of the kidney. Accordingly, the extent to which distinguishable nephron populations, such as superficial and deep, may differ in their contributions to overall potassium excretion are not known. Also, the nature of transport processes across the successive segments of the nephrons (including not only the underlying cellular mechanisms, but even the direction of transport) is not known for all segments in any one nephron population. Excreted potassium is derived both from filtered potassium that escapes reabsorption and from secreted potassium. The filtered portion is large in amphibians and may be larger than generally recognized in mammals. The remainder is secreted primarily by distal nephron segments (distal tubule and cortical collecting duct). Potassium is also secreted into descending limbs of Henle loops; apparently this fraction is recycled from collecting ducts, and so does not represent an additional quantity of potassium transferred from blood to tubule fluid. Systemic factors that affect potassium excretion (potassium intake, sodium chloride intake, mineralocorticoid hormone levels, acid-base balance, and diuretic treatments) do so by modifying the net uptake of potassium from blood to cell and by altering the rate of fluid flow through the distal nephron. Under most circumstances, the distal nephron in the cortex appears to secrete potassium and the medullary collecting duct reabsorbs potassium. Although it is clear that successive nephron segments transport potassium in different ways, evidence to date does not indicate that potassium is handled differently by superficial nephrons compared to nephrons whose glomeruli lie in the deeper levels of the cortex.", "contents": "Renal potassium transport: contributions of individual nephron segments and populations. General features of the processes that contribute to renal potassium excretion are understood from clearance, stop-flow, micropuncture, and in vitro microperfusion experiments. However, the complex architecture of the kidney has made it difficult to examine individual nephron segments in all parts of the kidney. Accordingly, the extent to which distinguishable nephron populations, such as superficial and deep, may differ in their contributions to overall potassium excretion are not known. Also, the nature of transport processes across the successive segments of the nephrons (including not only the underlying cellular mechanisms, but even the direction of transport) is not known for all segments in any one nephron population. Excreted potassium is derived both from filtered potassium that escapes reabsorption and from secreted potassium. The filtered portion is large in amphibians and may be larger than generally recognized in mammals. The remainder is secreted primarily by distal nephron segments (distal tubule and cortical collecting duct). Potassium is also secreted into descending limbs of Henle loops; apparently this fraction is recycled from collecting ducts, and so does not represent an additional quantity of potassium transferred from blood to tubule fluid. Systemic factors that affect potassium excretion (potassium intake, sodium chloride intake, mineralocorticoid hormone levels, acid-base balance, and diuretic treatments) do so by modifying the net uptake of potassium from blood to cell and by altering the rate of fluid flow through the distal nephron. Under most circumstances, the distal nephron in the cortex appears to secrete potassium and the medullary collecting duct reabsorbs potassium. Although it is clear that successive nephron segments transport potassium in different ways, evidence to date does not indicate that potassium is handled differently by superficial nephrons compared to nephrons whose glomeruli lie in the deeper levels of the cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:367179", "title": "Short-term dynamic psychotherapy.", "content": "Short-term dynamic psychotherapy is rooted in psychoanalytic theory. The author traces the historical background of brief psychotherapy, focusing on the contributions of Freud, Ferenczi, Rank, and Alexander and French, and then presents a synthesis of contemporary views. Selection criteria for patients who can benefit from short-term therapy, and the techniques used, are discussed. Similarities to and differences from crisis intervention techniques are pointed out. The trend of the future can be expected to be toward shorter-term therapies, but given the present state of psychiatric knowledge, long-term therapy will still be necessary for many patients.", "contents": "Short-term dynamic psychotherapy. Short-term dynamic psychotherapy is rooted in psychoanalytic theory. The author traces the historical background of brief psychotherapy, focusing on the contributions of Freud, Ferenczi, Rank, and Alexander and French, and then presents a synthesis of contemporary views. Selection criteria for patients who can benefit from short-term therapy, and the techniques used, are discussed. Similarities to and differences from crisis intervention techniques are pointed out. The trend of the future can be expected to be toward shorter-term therapies, but given the present state of psychiatric knowledge, long-term therapy will still be necessary for many patients."}
{"id": "PMID:367180", "title": "Mental health services for Medicaid enrollees in a prepaid group practice plan.", "content": "The authors present the patterns of utilization of mental health services of a low-income population in a prepaid group practice setting, the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York (HIP). Over a 6-year period, utilization rates for psychiatric consultations and mental health services by Medicaid enrollees rose to equal or exceed utilization by employed groups. The authors also provide evidence that psychiatric treatment reduces the use of other physician services, especially X-ray and laboratory services.", "contents": "Mental health services for Medicaid enrollees in a prepaid group practice plan. The authors present the patterns of utilization of mental health services of a low-income population in a prepaid group practice setting, the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York (HIP). Over a 6-year period, utilization rates for psychiatric consultations and mental health services by Medicaid enrollees rose to equal or exceed utilization by employed groups. The authors also provide evidence that psychiatric treatment reduces the use of other physician services, especially X-ray and laboratory services."}
{"id": "PMID:367181", "title": "The impact of political process on hospital psychiatry.", "content": "Political forces motivated the New York State Department of Health to withhold payment for Medicaid-financed inpatients on therapeutic passes. The elimination of therapeutic passes had many negative effects on patient care. The authors believe this experience demonstrates that political factors can overwhelm standard clinical practice and reasoned health planning to force irrational change on health care delivery.", "contents": "The impact of political process on hospital psychiatry. Political forces motivated the New York State Department of Health to withhold payment for Medicaid-financed inpatients on therapeutic passes. The elimination of therapeutic passes had many negative effects on patient care. The authors believe this experience demonstrates that political factors can overwhelm standard clinical practice and reasoned health planning to force irrational change on health care delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:367186", "title": "Use of ambulatory health services by the near poor.", "content": "Individuals in the gray area between Medicaid eligibility and sufficient income to meet the costs of health care, the near poor, utilize health services less than other groups. As part of a study of health care behavior in an inner-city area based on a household survey of three distinct populations (HMO) members, public housing project residents, and a defined geographical area), we examined this question more thoroughly. Survey results show that the near poor had lower levels of use than Medicaid recipients when other factors were controlled. Particularly among those classified as in poor health, the near poor were more likely to be non-users and less likely to make multiple visits. However, differences in use between the near poor and the Medicaid recipients are substantially and consistently smaller for the HMO users (whose costs were covered by a special contract) than for users of a hospital outpatient department. The patterns persist for regular care received for a chronic condition but not for care sought for episodes of illness. These findings point to the special disadvantage faced by low income individuals who are not receiving Medicaid.", "contents": "Use of ambulatory health services by the near poor. Individuals in the gray area between Medicaid eligibility and sufficient income to meet the costs of health care, the near poor, utilize health services less than other groups. As part of a study of health care behavior in an inner-city area based on a household survey of three distinct populations (HMO) members, public housing project residents, and a defined geographical area), we examined this question more thoroughly. Survey results show that the near poor had lower levels of use than Medicaid recipients when other factors were controlled. Particularly among those classified as in poor health, the near poor were more likely to be non-users and less likely to make multiple visits. However, differences in use between the near poor and the Medicaid recipients are substantially and consistently smaller for the HMO users (whose costs were covered by a special contract) than for users of a hospital outpatient department. The patterns persist for regular care received for a chronic condition but not for care sought for episodes of illness. These findings point to the special disadvantage faced by low income individuals who are not receiving Medicaid."}
{"id": "PMID:367201", "title": "Alcoholic liver disease: the problem of diagnosis.", "content": "The objective of this article is to draw attention to the serious lack of correlation that exists between the detection and specific diagnosis of liver disease in alcoholic patients, based on clinical findings and investigations other than liver biopsy and histologic diagnosis established by that technique.", "contents": "Alcoholic liver disease: the problem of diagnosis. The objective of this article is to draw attention to the serious lack of correlation that exists between the detection and specific diagnosis of liver disease in alcoholic patients, based on clinical findings and investigations other than liver biopsy and histologic diagnosis established by that technique."}
{"id": "PMID:367202", "title": "The prevention of alcoholism: an empirical report on the effects of outlet availability.", "content": "Recent studies suggest that alcohol availability as measured by outlet rates is unrelated to per capita consumption or rates of alcoholism in the United States. Drawing from the same data bases, this article assesses the effects of outlet rates while controlling for the effects of per capita income, urbanism, and limitations by population on the number of sales outlets. The analysis discloses strong effects of outlet availability on per capita consumption and alcoholism rates in states that do not have restrictions on the number of outlets per unit of population.", "contents": "The prevention of alcoholism: an empirical report on the effects of outlet availability. Recent studies suggest that alcohol availability as measured by outlet rates is unrelated to per capita consumption or rates of alcoholism in the United States. Drawing from the same data bases, this article assesses the effects of outlet rates while controlling for the effects of per capita income, urbanism, and limitations by population on the number of sales outlets. The analysis discloses strong effects of outlet availability on per capita consumption and alcoholism rates in states that do not have restrictions on the number of outlets per unit of population."}
{"id": "PMID:367203", "title": "Impact of alcohol misuse on family life.", "content": "The shame that surrounds problem drinking contributes to delay or failure of remedy; the family tries to hide the drinking of its member from neighbors and even from the doctors. All parties to the illness choose to ignore the alcoholism and its implication for the patient.", "contents": "Impact of alcohol misuse on family life. The shame that surrounds problem drinking contributes to delay or failure of remedy; the family tries to hide the drinking of its member from neighbors and even from the doctors. All parties to the illness choose to ignore the alcoholism and its implication for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:367204", "title": "Beginnings of the Navy program.", "content": "Problems encountered in attempting to treat alcoholism in the United States Navy are discussed. The estimation of incidence, early results of treatment, and the Navy-wide growth of the program are examined.", "contents": "Beginnings of the Navy program. Problems encountered in attempting to treat alcoholism in the United States Navy are discussed. The estimation of incidence, early results of treatment, and the Navy-wide growth of the program are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:367205", "title": "Physicians' attitudinal changes in alcoholism.", "content": "A man is the sum of all the moments of his life, and his attitudes are the product of repeated experience. A physician's attitude toward alcoholics is a product of all of his alcohol-related experiences, including family and societal feelings assimilated in childhood and lessons, impressions, and experiences acquired during medical training and practice.", "contents": "Physicians' attitudinal changes in alcoholism. A man is the sum of all the moments of his life, and his attitudes are the product of repeated experience. A physician's attitude toward alcoholics is a product of all of his alcohol-related experiences, including family and societal feelings assimilated in childhood and lessons, impressions, and experiences acquired during medical training and practice."}
{"id": "PMID:367206", "title": "The minor alcoholics and their treatment.", "content": "The codiscoverer of disulfiram's usefulness for alcoholics reports on the development of Denmark's present system of alcoholism treatment and the treatment facilities.", "contents": "The minor alcoholics and their treatment. The codiscoverer of disulfiram's usefulness for alcoholics reports on the development of Denmark's present system of alcoholism treatment and the treatment facilities."}
{"id": "PMID:367208", "title": "Potentiation of lithium toxicity by ethanol in rats and mice.", "content": "The effects of ethanol treatments, both acute (single, intraperitoneal) and chronic (forced drinking of ethanol for 10 mo), on the distribution, excretion of lithium and urine output were studied in rats. Retention of lithium induced by ethanol appeared to be responsible for the potentiation of lithium toxicity. The potential hazard in the interaction between lithium and ethanol is discussed.", "contents": "Potentiation of lithium toxicity by ethanol in rats and mice. The effects of ethanol treatments, both acute (single, intraperitoneal) and chronic (forced drinking of ethanol for 10 mo), on the distribution, excretion of lithium and urine output were studied in rats. Retention of lithium induced by ethanol appeared to be responsible for the potentiation of lithium toxicity. The potential hazard in the interaction between lithium and ethanol is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367211", "title": "The surfactant system of human fetal lung organotypic cultures: ultrastructural preservation by a lipid-carbohydrate retention method.", "content": "Human fetal lung organotypic cultures consisted of epithelial elements (congruent to 40- 100 micrometer in diameter) formed by the reaggregation of single cells from a monodisperse suspension of enzymatically dissociated fetal lung. These elements, termed alveolar-like structures, were composed primarily of type II alveolar epithelial cells whose apical surfaces bordered the central lumen of the alveolar-like structure. Pulmonary surfactant secreted by the type II cells was retained within the lumen and accumulated in close association with the epithelium. These characteristics made this culture system an advantageous model for the morphological study of human pulmonary surfactant in vitro. A lipid-carbohydrate retention procedure which reduced the extraction of tissue components and thus provided improved preservation of multilamellar bodies and tubular myelin surfactant was used in an ultrastructural study of organotypically cultured surfactant. Human surfactant was observed for the first time with most of its structural components intact. In vitro human surfactant was found to be similar to in vivo rodent and non-human primate surfactant, but with certain differences. Long surfactant tubules were not observed. There were more transformed multilamellar bodies present with more foci undergoing transformation. Each focus contained fewer layers of tubular myelin surfactant than occurs in rodent surfactant. No epiphase-hypophase areas were observed, only tubular myelin surfactant. In addition, a previously unreported intrasurfactant matrix material was observed.", "contents": "The surfactant system of human fetal lung organotypic cultures: ultrastructural preservation by a lipid-carbohydrate retention method. Human fetal lung organotypic cultures consisted of epithelial elements (congruent to 40- 100 micrometer in diameter) formed by the reaggregation of single cells from a monodisperse suspension of enzymatically dissociated fetal lung. These elements, termed alveolar-like structures, were composed primarily of type II alveolar epithelial cells whose apical surfaces bordered the central lumen of the alveolar-like structure. Pulmonary surfactant secreted by the type II cells was retained within the lumen and accumulated in close association with the epithelium. These characteristics made this culture system an advantageous model for the morphological study of human pulmonary surfactant in vitro. A lipid-carbohydrate retention procedure which reduced the extraction of tissue components and thus provided improved preservation of multilamellar bodies and tubular myelin surfactant was used in an ultrastructural study of organotypically cultured surfactant. Human surfactant was observed for the first time with most of its structural components intact. In vitro human surfactant was found to be similar to in vivo rodent and non-human primate surfactant, but with certain differences. Long surfactant tubules were not observed. There were more transformed multilamellar bodies present with more foci undergoing transformation. Each focus contained fewer layers of tubular myelin surfactant than occurs in rodent surfactant. No epiphase-hypophase areas were observed, only tubular myelin surfactant. In addition, a previously unreported intrasurfactant matrix material was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:367217", "title": "Lack of mutagenicity of two possible metabolites of halothane.", "content": "1,1-Difluoro-2-bromo-2-chloroethylene, a probable metabolite of halothane, was purified by preparative gas chromatography and tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/mammalian liver system developed by Ames and colleagues. 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-chloroethane which had been isolated from the breath or rabbits anesthetized with halothane was also tested for mutagenicity in a similar manner. Both compounds were found to be nonmutagenic in this bacterial system. Although neither this study nor any other has yet been able to demonstrate that halothane or any of its metabolites is genetically active, nevertheless, unnecessary occupational exposure to the drug should be avoided due to the possibility that future studies could reveal adverse effects secondary to halothane.", "contents": "Lack of mutagenicity of two possible metabolites of halothane. 1,1-Difluoro-2-bromo-2-chloroethylene, a probable metabolite of halothane, was purified by preparative gas chromatography and tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/mammalian liver system developed by Ames and colleagues. 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-chloroethane which had been isolated from the breath or rabbits anesthetized with halothane was also tested for mutagenicity in a similar manner. Both compounds were found to be nonmutagenic in this bacterial system. Although neither this study nor any other has yet been able to demonstrate that halothane or any of its metabolites is genetically active, nevertheless, unnecessary occupational exposure to the drug should be avoided due to the possibility that future studies could reveal adverse effects secondary to halothane."}
{"id": "PMID:367228", "title": "[Simultaneous estimation of phenobarbitone and valproic acid in the plasma by high performance liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a method of simultaneous estimation of phenobarbitone and valproic acid in the blood. After extraction with ether, these substances were estimated by high performance liquid chromatography. They were separated on a mu Bondapack C18 column. The detection involved a colorimetric procedure based on variation in colour of a solution of bromocresol purple. The technic used is simple, its reproducibility is satisfactory (coefficients of variation of 7.6% for phenobarbitone and 2.3% for valproic acid). The sensitivity was 13.8 mumol/l for phenobarbitone and 11.1 mumol/l for valproic acid. Parallel estimations by gas chromatography led to comparable results. This method is of interest in the supervision of anticonvulsant treatments, especially in pediatrics.", "contents": "[Simultaneous estimation of phenobarbitone and valproic acid in the plasma by high performance liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. The authors describe a method of simultaneous estimation of phenobarbitone and valproic acid in the blood. After extraction with ether, these substances were estimated by high performance liquid chromatography. They were separated on a mu Bondapack C18 column. The detection involved a colorimetric procedure based on variation in colour of a solution of bromocresol purple. The technic used is simple, its reproducibility is satisfactory (coefficients of variation of 7.6% for phenobarbitone and 2.3% for valproic acid). The sensitivity was 13.8 mumol/l for phenobarbitone and 11.1 mumol/l for valproic acid. Parallel estimations by gas chromatography led to comparable results. This method is of interest in the supervision of anticonvulsant treatments, especially in pediatrics."}
{"id": "PMID:367229", "title": "[Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technic (EMIT) (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1960, Yalow and Berson opened the route to radioimmunoassay. Now the technic of radioimmunoassay requires apart from the use of artificial radioisotopes, a compulsory stage of separation of free and linked phases. The author has developed a technic in homogeneous phase \"EMIT\" which avoids the intermediate stage of separation. He gives here the principle, studies the various parameters of the method, shows the advantages and disadvantages and compares it with other technics and finally mentions future prospects.", "contents": "[Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technic (EMIT) (author's transl)]. In 1960, Yalow and Berson opened the route to radioimmunoassay. Now the technic of radioimmunoassay requires apart from the use of artificial radioisotopes, a compulsory stage of separation of free and linked phases. The author has developed a technic in homogeneous phase \"EMIT\" which avoids the intermediate stage of separation. He gives here the principle, studies the various parameters of the method, shows the advantages and disadvantages and compares it with other technics and finally mentions future prospects."}
{"id": "PMID:367230", "title": "[Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of enzymo-immunological technics and the synthesis of efficacious immuno-adsorbants has given rise to several immuno-enzymometric methods of which one, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) has proved particularly practical and sensitive for the estimation of antibodies.", "contents": "[Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (author's transl)]. The development of enzymo-immunological technics and the synthesis of efficacious immuno-adsorbants has given rise to several immuno-enzymometric methods of which one, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) has proved particularly practical and sensitive for the estimation of antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:367233", "title": "Topographical ventilation and perfusion distribution during IPPB in the lateral posture.", "content": "We measured topographical ventilation and perfusion distribution in the gravity field using 133Xe in 5 normal subjects either during natural breathing or during intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPB) in the lateral decubitus posture. The ratio of ventilation of upper regions to that of lower regions increased from 0.61 +/- 0.10 (mean +/- SE) during natural breathing to 0.95 +/- 0.08 during IPPB. In contrast, the ratio of regional perfusion was unchanged in the 2 conditions. Consequently, distribution of regional ventilation-perfusion ratios became less homogeneous during IPPB. Whereas during natural breathing the ratio of ventilation-perfusion of upper regions to that of lower regions was 1.09 +/- 0.18, during IPPB this ratio was 1.52 +/- 0.14. Despite the differences in regional ventilation distribution between natural breathing and IPPB, analysis of multiple-breath 133Xe washouts measured at the mouth did not reveal any difference. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the magnitude of diaphragmatic tension is the main determinant of topographical ventilation distribution in the lateral posture.", "contents": "Topographical ventilation and perfusion distribution during IPPB in the lateral posture. We measured topographical ventilation and perfusion distribution in the gravity field using 133Xe in 5 normal subjects either during natural breathing or during intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPB) in the lateral decubitus posture. The ratio of ventilation of upper regions to that of lower regions increased from 0.61 +/- 0.10 (mean +/- SE) during natural breathing to 0.95 +/- 0.08 during IPPB. In contrast, the ratio of regional perfusion was unchanged in the 2 conditions. Consequently, distribution of regional ventilation-perfusion ratios became less homogeneous during IPPB. Whereas during natural breathing the ratio of ventilation-perfusion of upper regions to that of lower regions was 1.09 +/- 0.18, during IPPB this ratio was 1.52 +/- 0.14. Despite the differences in regional ventilation distribution between natural breathing and IPPB, analysis of multiple-breath 133Xe washouts measured at the mouth did not reveal any difference. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the magnitude of diaphragmatic tension is the main determinant of topographical ventilation distribution in the lateral posture."}
{"id": "PMID:367234", "title": "The effects of smoked marijuana on metabolism and respiratory control.", "content": "Marijuana is a sedative, and most sedatives are respiratory depressants. However, the ventilatory effects of marijuana are unknown. In a placebo-controlled study of 8 subjects, smoking marijuana significantly increased ventilation and hypercapnic ventilatory response. Peak effects occurred 15 min after smoking, when ventilation increased from 7.4 +/- 0.39 (mean +/- SE) to 10.4 +/- 1.41 liter per min (P less than 0.01), whereas hypercapnic ventilatory response, measured as the slope of the relationship of ventilation to CO2, increased from 2.7 +/- 0.28 to 5.4 +/- 1.02 liter per min per mm Hg (P less than 0.05). Blood pH, PCO2, and ventilatory response to hypoxia were unchanged. Changes in ventilation usually parallel changes in metabolic rate. Smoked marijuana caused an increase in metabolic rate that also peaked after 15 min. Pretreatment with propranolol completely abolished the increase in hypercapnic ventilatory response, but did not affect the other changes. Thus, smoked marijuana had stimulatory effects on metabolic rate, ventilation, and the ventilatory response to CO2. The latter appears to be mediated by the beta sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "The effects of smoked marijuana on metabolism and respiratory control. Marijuana is a sedative, and most sedatives are respiratory depressants. However, the ventilatory effects of marijuana are unknown. In a placebo-controlled study of 8 subjects, smoking marijuana significantly increased ventilation and hypercapnic ventilatory response. Peak effects occurred 15 min after smoking, when ventilation increased from 7.4 +/- 0.39 (mean +/- SE) to 10.4 +/- 1.41 liter per min (P less than 0.01), whereas hypercapnic ventilatory response, measured as the slope of the relationship of ventilation to CO2, increased from 2.7 +/- 0.28 to 5.4 +/- 1.02 liter per min per mm Hg (P less than 0.05). Blood pH, PCO2, and ventilatory response to hypoxia were unchanged. Changes in ventilation usually parallel changes in metabolic rate. Smoked marijuana caused an increase in metabolic rate that also peaked after 15 min. Pretreatment with propranolol completely abolished the increase in hypercapnic ventilatory response, but did not affect the other changes. Thus, smoked marijuana had stimulatory effects on metabolic rate, ventilation, and the ventilatory response to CO2. The latter appears to be mediated by the beta sympathetic nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:367235", "title": "Pharmacological control of surgical scar tissue.", "content": "Pharmacological control of unwanted scar tissue theoretically is possible in human beings and has been proven to be practical and effective treatment in laboratory animals. The most advanced research involves prevention of the development of helical structure and transport of collagen by administration of proline analogues and controlled induction of lathyrism by administration of Beta-aminopropionitrile. The toxicity of proline analogues has prevented human testing; BAPN presently is being tested or has been tested in patients with scleroderma, flexor tendon adhesions, posterior urethral strictures, and surface keloids. At this time, highly purified BAPN appears generally non-toxic and is capable of exerting a higly selective and significant lathyrogenic effect on the healing wound. The combination of BAPN and other drugs, such as Colchicine, which increases collagenolytic activity, probably will make safe control of clinical properties of scar tissue possible within the next 24 months.", "contents": "Pharmacological control of surgical scar tissue. Pharmacological control of unwanted scar tissue theoretically is possible in human beings and has been proven to be practical and effective treatment in laboratory animals. The most advanced research involves prevention of the development of helical structure and transport of collagen by administration of proline analogues and controlled induction of lathyrism by administration of Beta-aminopropionitrile. The toxicity of proline analogues has prevented human testing; BAPN presently is being tested or has been tested in patients with scleroderma, flexor tendon adhesions, posterior urethral strictures, and surface keloids. At this time, highly purified BAPN appears generally non-toxic and is capable of exerting a higly selective and significant lathyrogenic effect on the healing wound. The combination of BAPN and other drugs, such as Colchicine, which increases collagenolytic activity, probably will make safe control of clinical properties of scar tissue possible within the next 24 months."}
{"id": "PMID:367236", "title": "Heparin utilization during arterial revascularization.", "content": "These studies demonstrate that therapeutic levels of heparin are achieved when either 100 u/kg or 150 u/kg are administered prior to arterial or aortic cross clamping during peripheral vascular reconstructive procedures. They further demonstrate that adequate levels of heparin are maintained for at least one hour even with the lower dosage. If heparin effect is not reversed, many patients will be returned to the recovery ward with therapeutic levels of heparin. This is undesirable and can be averted by administering appropriate doses of protamine sulfate. Excesses of protamine sulfate should be avoided since unbound protamine sulfate has anticoagulant as well as cardiovascular effects.", "contents": "Heparin utilization during arterial revascularization. These studies demonstrate that therapeutic levels of heparin are achieved when either 100 u/kg or 150 u/kg are administered prior to arterial or aortic cross clamping during peripheral vascular reconstructive procedures. They further demonstrate that adequate levels of heparin are maintained for at least one hour even with the lower dosage. If heparin effect is not reversed, many patients will be returned to the recovery ward with therapeutic levels of heparin. This is undesirable and can be averted by administering appropriate doses of protamine sulfate. Excesses of protamine sulfate should be avoided since unbound protamine sulfate has anticoagulant as well as cardiovascular effects."}
{"id": "PMID:367238", "title": "Effect of hyaluronidase on the incidence of cystoid macular edema.", "content": "A prospective double-blind study of the effect of hyaluronidase on aphakic cystoid macular edema (CME) was performed. A 25% incidence of CME was encountered in patients receiving hyaluronidase admixed with the local anesthetic while no cases were diagnosed in the group not receiving hyaluronidase. The role of hyaluronidase in the pathogenesis of aphakic cystoid macular edema is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of hyaluronidase on the incidence of cystoid macular edema. A prospective double-blind study of the effect of hyaluronidase on aphakic cystoid macular edema (CME) was performed. A 25% incidence of CME was encountered in patients receiving hyaluronidase admixed with the local anesthetic while no cases were diagnosed in the group not receiving hyaluronidase. The role of hyaluronidase in the pathogenesis of aphakic cystoid macular edema is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367239", "title": "Treatment of herpes simplex keratitis with idoxuridine and vidarabine: a double-blind study.", "content": "A double controlled clinical study comparing idoxuridine (IDU) and vidarabine (ara-A) in the treatment of uncomplicated herpes simplex keratitis was carried out with 10 patients. No statistically significant differences occurred in the healing time between IDU (6.8 days) and ara-A (8.0 days). Two moderately adverse reactions to IDU were observed, but no demonstrable ocular toxicity was noted with ara-A.", "contents": "Treatment of herpes simplex keratitis with idoxuridine and vidarabine: a double-blind study. A double controlled clinical study comparing idoxuridine (IDU) and vidarabine (ara-A) in the treatment of uncomplicated herpes simplex keratitis was carried out with 10 patients. No statistically significant differences occurred in the healing time between IDU (6.8 days) and ara-A (8.0 days). Two moderately adverse reactions to IDU were observed, but no demonstrable ocular toxicity was noted with ara-A."}
{"id": "PMID:367240", "title": "Spontaneous extrusion of intraocular foreign body after 11 years.", "content": "A case of spontaneous extrusion of intraocular foreign body after 11 years is presented. Despite being magnetic and containing mostly iron the foreign body could not be removed in repeated magnet trials. It was retained in the ciliary body region for a very long time without causing siderosis. The foreign body was spontaneously extruded without any signs of intraocular inflammation.", "contents": "Spontaneous extrusion of intraocular foreign body after 11 years. A case of spontaneous extrusion of intraocular foreign body after 11 years is presented. Despite being magnetic and containing mostly iron the foreign body could not be removed in repeated magnet trials. It was retained in the ciliary body region for a very long time without causing siderosis. The foreign body was spontaneously extruded without any signs of intraocular inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:367242", "title": "Facial nerve repair in cerebellopontine angle surgery.", "content": "Facial nerve continuity was restored during cerebellopontine angle tumor removal in nine cases. The distal facial nerve was rerouted from the stylomastoid foramen into the cerebellopontine angle. Direct suture was accomplished in seven cases while two required interposition of a greater auricular nerve graft. There was excellent return of facial function in eight of the nine cases. Overall results are superior to nerve substitution techniques. The facial nerve should be inspected for continuity following tumor removal. If one is not certain the nerve is intact, the proximal facial stump should be identified at the brain stem and facial nerve continuity reestablished. A nerve substitution procedure should be resorted to a later time only when the proximal facial stump is not identifiable.", "contents": "Facial nerve repair in cerebellopontine angle surgery. Facial nerve continuity was restored during cerebellopontine angle tumor removal in nine cases. The distal facial nerve was rerouted from the stylomastoid foramen into the cerebellopontine angle. Direct suture was accomplished in seven cases while two required interposition of a greater auricular nerve graft. There was excellent return of facial function in eight of the nine cases. Overall results are superior to nerve substitution techniques. The facial nerve should be inspected for continuity following tumor removal. If one is not certain the nerve is intact, the proximal facial stump should be identified at the brain stem and facial nerve continuity reestablished. A nerve substitution procedure should be resorted to a later time only when the proximal facial stump is not identifiable."}
{"id": "PMID:367243", "title": "Cross-power spectral density analysis of pursuit tracking. Evaluation of central and peripheral pathology.", "content": "Twenty-one normal subjects were evaluated for pursuit tracking performance at frequencies of .2, .4, .8, 1.2 and 1.6 Hz. Measures of phase (lead or lag of target), gain (amplitude of response) and spectral purity (distortion of smooth tracking) were obtained by a cross-power spectrum analysis of the stimulus input and the eye movement output. It was determined that normal subjects could quite adequately track a target moving at .4 Hz. After establishing this parameter for normals, 43 patients with central and peripheral pathology related to the vestibulo-oculomotor system were tested at this frequency. Data revealed that not only central lesions but also peripheral labyrinthine impairment could cause a marked decrement in pursuit tracking ability. Also, marked changes in tracking were evident following both central and peripheral surgical procedures.", "contents": "Cross-power spectral density analysis of pursuit tracking. Evaluation of central and peripheral pathology. Twenty-one normal subjects were evaluated for pursuit tracking performance at frequencies of .2, .4, .8, 1.2 and 1.6 Hz. Measures of phase (lead or lag of target), gain (amplitude of response) and spectral purity (distortion of smooth tracking) were obtained by a cross-power spectrum analysis of the stimulus input and the eye movement output. It was determined that normal subjects could quite adequately track a target moving at .4 Hz. After establishing this parameter for normals, 43 patients with central and peripheral pathology related to the vestibulo-oculomotor system were tested at this frequency. Data revealed that not only central lesions but also peripheral labyrinthine impairment could cause a marked decrement in pursuit tracking ability. Also, marked changes in tracking were evident following both central and peripheral surgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:367245", "title": "Computerized screening of the human vestibulospinal system.", "content": "The vestibular nerve projects rostrally via the ascending medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF) to eventually supply the ocular muscles and also projects caudally via the descending MLF to eventually supply the spinal and limb musculature. Electronystagmographic techniques are designed to evaluate only portions of the vestibulo-ocular and oculomotor systems. Vestibular lesions affecting only the caudal vestibular nerve distributions or lesions affecting both neural distributions, therefore, cannot be objectively assessed except for the vestibulo-ocular component. A promising recording technique for the evaluation of the vestibulospinal system has been developed and tested in the Raymond E. Jordan Human Vestibular Systems Laboratory. A comparison of two data analysis techniques in normal subjects, unilateral vestibular lesion patients and patients with unilateral lesions of the cerebellar hemispheres have provided pilot data which indicate that the vestibulospinal stability test technique holds considerable promise for both research and clinical evaluation of the human vestibulospinal system.", "contents": "Computerized screening of the human vestibulospinal system. The vestibular nerve projects rostrally via the ascending medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF) to eventually supply the ocular muscles and also projects caudally via the descending MLF to eventually supply the spinal and limb musculature. Electronystagmographic techniques are designed to evaluate only portions of the vestibulo-ocular and oculomotor systems. Vestibular lesions affecting only the caudal vestibular nerve distributions or lesions affecting both neural distributions, therefore, cannot be objectively assessed except for the vestibulo-ocular component. A promising recording technique for the evaluation of the vestibulospinal system has been developed and tested in the Raymond E. Jordan Human Vestibular Systems Laboratory. A comparison of two data analysis techniques in normal subjects, unilateral vestibular lesion patients and patients with unilateral lesions of the cerebellar hemispheres have provided pilot data which indicate that the vestibulospinal stability test technique holds considerable promise for both research and clinical evaluation of the human vestibulospinal system."}
{"id": "PMID:367252", "title": "Enzyme multiplied immunoassay of phenytoin and carbamazepine using the Centrifichem analyser.", "content": "Procedures for the enzyme multiplied immunoassay of phenytoin and carbamazepine using the Centrifichem centrifugal analyser are described. Within-batch, between-batch, and between-day precision are reported. Accuracy is assessed by recovery experiments. The technique is compared with gas-liquid chromatography in the analysis of a number of human serum samples containing a range of concentrations of the drugs.", "contents": "Enzyme multiplied immunoassay of phenytoin and carbamazepine using the Centrifichem analyser. Procedures for the enzyme multiplied immunoassay of phenytoin and carbamazepine using the Centrifichem centrifugal analyser are described. Within-batch, between-batch, and between-day precision are reported. Accuracy is assessed by recovery experiments. The technique is compared with gas-liquid chromatography in the analysis of a number of human serum samples containing a range of concentrations of the drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:367247", "title": "[Andrews' pustular bacterids of hands and feet; Sachs' acrodermatitis pustulosa perstans. Histological study (author's transl)].", "content": "Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris chronica et recidivans (pustular bacterid of Andrews) is not an exceptional disease. Its characteristic histological structure is to be considered as a major element of the diagnosis. The fully developed pustule is an oval cavity with transverse long axis, entirely situated within a loca-ly hyperplastic epidermis. Its formation goes through several stages. The first one is spongiosis appearing in the epidermis above the top of a dermal papilla. This gives rise to a vesicle filled with fluid and mononuclear leucocytes. In the next stage, the roof consisting of the malpighian layers is disrupted, and the vesicular fluid comes into contact with the horny layer. There is massive invasion of the cavity by polymorphonuclear leucocytes which penetrate into the intercellular spaces of the vesicle wall, where pictures of spongiform pustules are seen. The initial vesicle, and the late, secundary appearance of the spongiform aspects demonstrate that the mechanism of formation of the lesion of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris chronica et recidivans is different from the one of psoriasis pustulosa palmo-plantaris and that, consequently, these are two different diseases.", "contents": "[Andrews' pustular bacterids of hands and feet; Sachs' acrodermatitis pustulosa perstans. Histological study (author's transl)]. Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris chronica et recidivans (pustular bacterid of Andrews) is not an exceptional disease. Its characteristic histological structure is to be considered as a major element of the diagnosis. The fully developed pustule is an oval cavity with transverse long axis, entirely situated within a loca-ly hyperplastic epidermis. Its formation goes through several stages. The first one is spongiosis appearing in the epidermis above the top of a dermal papilla. This gives rise to a vesicle filled with fluid and mononuclear leucocytes. In the next stage, the roof consisting of the malpighian layers is disrupted, and the vesicular fluid comes into contact with the horny layer. There is massive invasion of the cavity by polymorphonuclear leucocytes which penetrate into the intercellular spaces of the vesicle wall, where pictures of spongiform pustules are seen. The initial vesicle, and the late, secundary appearance of the spongiform aspects demonstrate that the mechanism of formation of the lesion of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris chronica et recidivans is different from the one of psoriasis pustulosa palmo-plantaris and that, consequently, these are two different diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:367248", "title": "[Cutaneous symptoms of ulcero-haemorragic rectocolitis and of Crohn's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The association between ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and various abnormalities of the skin is reviewed. Erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum are the most specific external manifestations and thereby the ones of greatest diagnostic value. Erythema multiforme is probably a manifestation of drug hypersensitivity. Many other dermatosis have been observed in association with these gastrointestinal disorders. However, these associations are not statistically significant. A specific \"aphtous colitis\" may be observed in the course of Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "contents": "[Cutaneous symptoms of ulcero-haemorragic rectocolitis and of Crohn's disease (author's transl)]. The association between ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and various abnormalities of the skin is reviewed. Erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum are the most specific external manifestations and thereby the ones of greatest diagnostic value. Erythema multiforme is probably a manifestation of drug hypersensitivity. Many other dermatosis have been observed in association with these gastrointestinal disorders. However, these associations are not statistically significant. A specific \"aphtous colitis\" may be observed in the course of Beh\u00e7et's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:367249", "title": "[Digestive symptoms of scleroderma (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors successively study the oral, peri-oral, esophageal, intestinal and anal manifestations of systemic scleroderma. They point out that dental, salivary, and esophageal involvement is of great interest for diagnosis and prognosis. They particularly describe the malabsorption syndrome including anatomical and ultrastructural lesions of the smooth muscle fibers. They present an original study of arrector pili in clinically and histologically non-involved skin of patients undergoing scleroderma. Finally they state that any suspected or diagnosed scleroderma needs a digestive check-up as follows: radiologic examination of the teeth, biopsy of the minor salivary glands of the lower lip, radiologic study of esophageal motility and radioactive C 14 glycocholate test.", "contents": "[Digestive symptoms of scleroderma (author's transl)]. The authors successively study the oral, peri-oral, esophageal, intestinal and anal manifestations of systemic scleroderma. They point out that dental, salivary, and esophageal involvement is of great interest for diagnosis and prognosis. They particularly describe the malabsorption syndrome including anatomical and ultrastructural lesions of the smooth muscle fibers. They present an original study of arrector pili in clinically and histologically non-involved skin of patients undergoing scleroderma. Finally they state that any suspected or diagnosed scleroderma needs a digestive check-up as follows: radiologic examination of the teeth, biopsy of the minor salivary glands of the lower lip, radiologic study of esophageal motility and radioactive C 14 glycocholate test."}
{"id": "PMID:367255", "title": "Bioavailability and effect of food on the gastrointestinal absorption of two erythromycin derivatives.", "content": "The concentrations of erythromycin in the serum were comparable after a single 500 mg oral dose of two brands of erythromycin stearate (Resibion and Erythrocin) in six healthy fasting volunteers. There was no significant difference in their pharmacokinetics. Over a period of 24 hours, 4 and 5% of the 500 mg dose of each preparations was excreted in the urine. Analysis of serum erythromycin concentration data were performed according to a one-compartment open model. The short half-life in the serum (1.43-1.78 hours), small portion of the dose excreted in the urine (4-5%), and the low renal clearance value (0.43-0.51 ml/min/kg) indicate that the majority of erythromycin is extensively cleared by extrarenal mechanisms. In addition, serum concentrations of erythromycin were measured during continuous treatment (250 mg base every 6th hour) with erythromycin stearate (Resibion) or enteric-coated erythromycin base (Etromycin) in ten healthy volunteers, in both fasting and non-fasting conditions. Again in the fasting state the serum levels were comparable and those from both the stearate and base were markedly reduced by food.", "contents": "Bioavailability and effect of food on the gastrointestinal absorption of two erythromycin derivatives. The concentrations of erythromycin in the serum were comparable after a single 500 mg oral dose of two brands of erythromycin stearate (Resibion and Erythrocin) in six healthy fasting volunteers. There was no significant difference in their pharmacokinetics. Over a period of 24 hours, 4 and 5% of the 500 mg dose of each preparations was excreted in the urine. Analysis of serum erythromycin concentration data were performed according to a one-compartment open model. The short half-life in the serum (1.43-1.78 hours), small portion of the dose excreted in the urine (4-5%), and the low renal clearance value (0.43-0.51 ml/min/kg) indicate that the majority of erythromycin is extensively cleared by extrarenal mechanisms. In addition, serum concentrations of erythromycin were measured during continuous treatment (250 mg base every 6th hour) with erythromycin stearate (Resibion) or enteric-coated erythromycin base (Etromycin) in ten healthy volunteers, in both fasting and non-fasting conditions. Again in the fasting state the serum levels were comparable and those from both the stearate and base were markedly reduced by food."}
{"id": "PMID:367244", "title": "Clinical use of pseudorandom binary sequence white noise in assessment of the human vestibulo-ocular system.", "content": "White noise rotational stimulation has been used to evaluate the human vestibulo-ocular response for 30 normal subjects over the frequency range from 0.02 to 1.6 Hz and is being extended to characterize response of patients having documented abnormalities. For clinical use, the white noise stimulus has the advantages of shortening the test time by presenting all stimulus frequencies simultaneously, and being well-tolerated by both normal subjects and patients alike. Cross spectral calculations which compare the computer reconstructed slow phase eye velocity response to the pseudorandom acceleration stimulus yield a set of linear and nonlinear estimates of the vestibulo-ocular response. Pilot data indicate that a classification of the disease state can be made using this set of estimates. This classification will be presented and discussed.", "contents": "Clinical use of pseudorandom binary sequence white noise in assessment of the human vestibulo-ocular system. White noise rotational stimulation has been used to evaluate the human vestibulo-ocular response for 30 normal subjects over the frequency range from 0.02 to 1.6 Hz and is being extended to characterize response of patients having documented abnormalities. For clinical use, the white noise stimulus has the advantages of shortening the test time by presenting all stimulus frequencies simultaneously, and being well-tolerated by both normal subjects and patients alike. Cross spectral calculations which compare the computer reconstructed slow phase eye velocity response to the pseudorandom acceleration stimulus yield a set of linear and nonlinear estimates of the vestibulo-ocular response. Pilot data indicate that a classification of the disease state can be made using this set of estimates. This classification will be presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367256", "title": "The excretion of urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase as a sign of impending rejection of kidney transplants.", "content": "An evaluation was made of the assay of two urinary lysosomal enzymes, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase, in the diagnosis of impending rejection of renal transplant. The output of enzymes was measured in 34 cadaver transplant recipients, 17 of whom underwent rejection episodes. The enzyme output during the 4 days preceding the definitive diagnosis was compared with the output during a non-rejection period. The mean excretion of both enzymes increased during the period before rejection. The best distinction for diagnostic purposes was obtained by comparing the pre-rejection values with baseline values separately in each case.", "contents": "The excretion of urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase as a sign of impending rejection of kidney transplants. An evaluation was made of the assay of two urinary lysosomal enzymes, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase, in the diagnosis of impending rejection of renal transplant. The output of enzymes was measured in 34 cadaver transplant recipients, 17 of whom underwent rejection episodes. The enzyme output during the 4 days preceding the definitive diagnosis was compared with the output during a non-rejection period. The mean excretion of both enzymes increased during the period before rejection. The best distinction for diagnostic purposes was obtained by comparing the pre-rejection values with baseline values separately in each case."}
{"id": "PMID:367262", "title": "Characterization of antioligodendrocyte serum.", "content": "An antioligodendrocyte serum (AOS) has been raised in rabbits against preparations of isolated bovine oligodendrocytes. The antibody was assayed by two techniques. By complement fixation with isolated oligodendrocytes, the titer of the antibody was 1:64 to 1:128. By indirect immunofluorescence testing of oligodendrocyte suspensions and frozen brain sections, the titer of the AOS was 1:256 to 1:512. When unabsorbed AOS was used, immunofluorescent staining proved it specific for bovine oligodendrocytes in suspension and in sections, and for human oligodendrocytes in sections. In cell suspensions, the staining was membrane related and in sections, cytoplasmic. The oligodendrocyte staining could be totally removed by absorption of AOS against oligodendrocyte suspensions, whereas absorption against bovine myelin, bovine myelin basic protein, and bovine neurons did not affect the staining reaction. AOS also stsined Schwann cells, a property possible related to antigens shared with oligodendrocytes. It is concluded that AOS is specific for oligodendrocytes and can now be applied to fundamental and disease-rel", "contents": "Characterization of antioligodendrocyte serum. An antioligodendrocyte serum (AOS) has been raised in rabbits against preparations of isolated bovine oligodendrocytes. The antibody was assayed by two techniques. By complement fixation with isolated oligodendrocytes, the titer of the antibody was 1:64 to 1:128. By indirect immunofluorescence testing of oligodendrocyte suspensions and frozen brain sections, the titer of the AOS was 1:256 to 1:512. When unabsorbed AOS was used, immunofluorescent staining proved it specific for bovine oligodendrocytes in suspension and in sections, and for human oligodendrocytes in sections. In cell suspensions, the staining was membrane related and in sections, cytoplasmic. The oligodendrocyte staining could be totally removed by absorption of AOS against oligodendrocyte suspensions, whereas absorption against bovine myelin, bovine myelin basic protein, and bovine neurons did not affect the staining reaction. AOS also stsined Schwann cells, a property possible related to antigens shared with oligodendrocytes. It is concluded that AOS is specific for oligodendrocytes and can now be applied to fundamental and disease-rel"}
{"id": "PMID:367263", "title": "Meningoencephalitis following enucleation for cryptococcal endophthalmitis.", "content": "A man developed meningoencephalitis 9 months after enucleation of his right eye for proved cryptococcal endophthalmitis secondary to a penetrating injury. The presumed portal of entry of Cryptococcus neoformans into the central nervous system was along the optic nerve subarachnoid sheath.", "contents": "Meningoencephalitis following enucleation for cryptococcal endophthalmitis. A man developed meningoencephalitis 9 months after enucleation of his right eye for proved cryptococcal endophthalmitis secondary to a penetrating injury. The presumed portal of entry of Cryptococcus neoformans into the central nervous system was along the optic nerve subarachnoid sheath."}
{"id": "PMID:367260", "title": "[Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions to \"Candida albicans\" in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Mice injected intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (SC) with living Candida albicans developed subsequently delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) which was measured in vivo by the footpad test after injection of 10(6) heat killed C. albicans (HKC.a.). Compared to systemic injections, SC immunizations with living C.a. gave higher levels of DTH, and lethality was absent. Subcutaneous injections of hundred time more doses of HKC.a. were also able to produce in normal mice a DTH reaction elicited with HKC.a. or with C.a. soluble extracts, but not with candidine. Intraperitoneal injections of varying doses of HKC.a. or subcutaneous injections of varying doses of C.a. soluble extracts failed to produce significant DTH. High levels of sensitization can be induced by using cyclophosphamide or BCG or both pretreatment before immunization, which seems to indicate immunomodulating factors for induction or expression of DTH in normal mice after injections of HKC.a. Kinetics of the local reaction elicited with HKC.a. fulfull usual criteria of DTH in actively immunized mice after CY pretreatment or not, and in passively immunized mice after systemic or local transfer of spleen cells from actively immune donors. Serum from same group of donors was unable to transfer DTH.", "contents": "[Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions to \"Candida albicans\" in mice (author's transl)]. Mice injected intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (SC) with living Candida albicans developed subsequently delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) which was measured in vivo by the footpad test after injection of 10(6) heat killed C. albicans (HKC.a.). Compared to systemic injections, SC immunizations with living C.a. gave higher levels of DTH, and lethality was absent. Subcutaneous injections of hundred time more doses of HKC.a. were also able to produce in normal mice a DTH reaction elicited with HKC.a. or with C.a. soluble extracts, but not with candidine. Intraperitoneal injections of varying doses of HKC.a. or subcutaneous injections of varying doses of C.a. soluble extracts failed to produce significant DTH. High levels of sensitization can be induced by using cyclophosphamide or BCG or both pretreatment before immunization, which seems to indicate immunomodulating factors for induction or expression of DTH in normal mice after injections of HKC.a. Kinetics of the local reaction elicited with HKC.a. fulfull usual criteria of DTH in actively immunized mice after CY pretreatment or not, and in passively immunized mice after systemic or local transfer of spleen cells from actively immune donors. Serum from same group of donors was unable to transfer DTH."}
{"id": "PMID:367261", "title": "[Effect of bacterial phospholipidic extract (EBP) on the immune response in mice toward sheep red blood cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Injection in mice of bacterial phospholipidic extract (EBP) stimulates immune responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Immunostimulation was observed mostly for antibody response and to a less extent for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). The adjuvant effect of EBP is dependent on several factors: dose, route and time. Maximal activity was found when mice received 100 to 200 microgram of an intravenous injection of EBP, twenty-four hours before systemic immunization with optimal doses for antibody or DTH response. Subcutaneous injection of EBP did not modify the cellular or humoral immune response to SRBC inoculated subcutaneously in the same or in a different site of EBP. Adjuvant action of EBP was different of those of endotoxin, since the later suppresses the DTH response to optimal dose of SRBC, this effect being abolished with cyclophosphamide pretreatment. EBP inoculated intravenously suppressed the local reaction of a DTH adoptively transferred with immune spleen cells. These results taking together seem to indicate a preferential role of EBP on the accessory cells in the induction or expression of the immune response to SRBC.", "contents": "[Effect of bacterial phospholipidic extract (EBP) on the immune response in mice toward sheep red blood cells (author's transl)]. Injection in mice of bacterial phospholipidic extract (EBP) stimulates immune responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Immunostimulation was observed mostly for antibody response and to a less extent for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). The adjuvant effect of EBP is dependent on several factors: dose, route and time. Maximal activity was found when mice received 100 to 200 microgram of an intravenous injection of EBP, twenty-four hours before systemic immunization with optimal doses for antibody or DTH response. Subcutaneous injection of EBP did not modify the cellular or humoral immune response to SRBC inoculated subcutaneously in the same or in a different site of EBP. Adjuvant action of EBP was different of those of endotoxin, since the later suppresses the DTH response to optimal dose of SRBC, this effect being abolished with cyclophosphamide pretreatment. EBP inoculated intravenously suppressed the local reaction of a DTH adoptively transferred with immune spleen cells. These results taking together seem to indicate a preferential role of EBP on the accessory cells in the induction or expression of the immune response to SRBC."}
{"id": "PMID:367267", "title": "Improvement in the sensitivity of DNA polymerase I-deficient Escherichia coli for detecting mutagens and carcinogens.", "content": "The sensitivity of a polA strain to the antibacterial activity of mutagens and carcinogens may be increased by inserting one or both of the following characteristics, a lexA mutation or the R391 bacterial plasmid. The effects of the lexA mutation and the plasmid appear to be additive. The differential sensitivity of a polA lexA (R391) strain could be adapted as a preliminary screening test for mutagens and potential carcinogens.", "contents": "Improvement in the sensitivity of DNA polymerase I-deficient Escherichia coli for detecting mutagens and carcinogens. The sensitivity of a polA strain to the antibacterial activity of mutagens and carcinogens may be increased by inserting one or both of the following characteristics, a lexA mutation or the R391 bacterial plasmid. The effects of the lexA mutation and the plasmid appear to be additive. The differential sensitivity of a polA lexA (R391) strain could be adapted as a preliminary screening test for mutagens and potential carcinogens."}
{"id": "PMID:367268", "title": "Simultaneous determination of the total number of aquatic bacteria and the number thereof involved in respiration.", "content": "The electron transport system of respiring organisms reduces 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) to INT-formazan. Respiring bacteria deposit accumulated INT-formazan intracellularly as dark red spots. Corresponding to electron transport system activity, these deposits attain a size and a degree of optical density which allows them to be examined by light microscopy. If polycarbonate filters and epifluorescence microscopy are applied to analyze an INT-treated water sample, it is possible to differentiate between respiring and apparently nonrespiring bacteria. This differentiation, which permits determinations of the total number of bacteria and the proportion thereof involved in respiration, is realized directly within one and the same microscopic image. Initial applications of the present method for hydrobiological purposes showed that the proportion of respiring aquatic bacteria ranged between 6 to 12% (samples taken from coastal areas of the Baltic Sea) and 5 to 36% (samples taken from freshwater lakes and ponds). Cells of 1.6 to 2.4 micrometer (freshwater) and 0.4 micrometer (Baltic Sea) account for the highest proportion of respiring bacteria.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of the total number of aquatic bacteria and the number thereof involved in respiration. The electron transport system of respiring organisms reduces 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) to INT-formazan. Respiring bacteria deposit accumulated INT-formazan intracellularly as dark red spots. Corresponding to electron transport system activity, these deposits attain a size and a degree of optical density which allows them to be examined by light microscopy. If polycarbonate filters and epifluorescence microscopy are applied to analyze an INT-treated water sample, it is possible to differentiate between respiring and apparently nonrespiring bacteria. This differentiation, which permits determinations of the total number of bacteria and the proportion thereof involved in respiration, is realized directly within one and the same microscopic image. Initial applications of the present method for hydrobiological purposes showed that the proportion of respiring aquatic bacteria ranged between 6 to 12% (samples taken from coastal areas of the Baltic Sea) and 5 to 36% (samples taken from freshwater lakes and ponds). Cells of 1.6 to 2.4 micrometer (freshwater) and 0.4 micrometer (Baltic Sea) account for the highest proportion of respiring bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:367269", "title": "Two stomacher accessories.", "content": "Two useful and easily constructed accessories for the Colworth Stomacher blender are described. The first automatically opens and holds Stomacher bags above a balance of weighing in the sample. The second stores bags on the bench between manipulations and opens and holds them as required for pipetting, etc.", "contents": "Two stomacher accessories. Two useful and easily constructed accessories for the Colworth Stomacher blender are described. The first automatically opens and holds Stomacher bags above a balance of weighing in the sample. The second stores bags on the bench between manipulations and opens and holds them as required for pipetting, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:367270", "title": "Coliform aerosols generated from the surface of dewatered sewage applied to a forest clearcut.", "content": "Concentrations of airborne coliform bacteria as high as 1.5 X 10(4) m-3 were observed 8 cm above anaerobically digested sewage sludge applied to a forest clearcut. Dry conditions and high wind speeds tended to favor aerosol generation.", "contents": "Coliform aerosols generated from the surface of dewatered sewage applied to a forest clearcut. Concentrations of airborne coliform bacteria as high as 1.5 X 10(4) m-3 were observed 8 cm above anaerobically digested sewage sludge applied to a forest clearcut. Dry conditions and high wind speeds tended to favor aerosol generation."}
{"id": "PMID:367271", "title": "Comparative study of methods for the enumeration of total and fecal coliforms in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica.", "content": "Violet red bile agar and Coli-Count Sampler (Millipore Corp.) procedures were shown to be acceptable alternatives to the standard most-probable-number method for monitoring relative coliform levels in oysters.", "contents": "Comparative study of methods for the enumeration of total and fecal coliforms in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Violet red bile agar and Coli-Count Sampler (Millipore Corp.) procedures were shown to be acceptable alternatives to the standard most-probable-number method for monitoring relative coliform levels in oysters."}
{"id": "PMID:367272", "title": "Smouldering epidemic of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in barn rats.", "content": "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was isolated from 8 (8 Rattus norvegicus) of 270 (259 R. norvegicus and 11 R. rattus) rats examined. Seasonal variation was not found in the incidence of isolations. The isolation occurred almost equally in both young and old rats. The isolated strains were determined as serovar IB in one rat, and serovar IVA in seven rats. The strains were isolated from the contents of the intestinal tract (the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum), the spleen, liver and mesenteric lymph nodes; they were not detected in the kidneys. Agglutinin titer in the eight rats was no more than 32.", "contents": "Smouldering epidemic of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in barn rats. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was isolated from 8 (8 Rattus norvegicus) of 270 (259 R. norvegicus and 11 R. rattus) rats examined. Seasonal variation was not found in the incidence of isolations. The isolation occurred almost equally in both young and old rats. The isolated strains were determined as serovar IB in one rat, and serovar IVA in seven rats. The strains were isolated from the contents of the intestinal tract (the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum), the spleen, liver and mesenteric lymph nodes; they were not detected in the kidneys. Agglutinin titer in the eight rats was no more than 32."}
{"id": "PMID:367273", "title": "Ecology, serology, and enterotoxin production of Vibrio cholerae in Chesapeake Bay.", "content": "A total of 65 isolates of Vibrio cholerae, serotypes other than O--1, have been recovered from water, sediment, and shellfish samples from the Chesapeake Bay. Isolations were not random, but followed a distinct pattern in which salinity appeared to be a controlling factor in V. cholerae distribution. Water salinity at stations yielding V. cholerae (13 out of 21 stations) was 4 to 17 0/00, whereas the salinity of water at stations from which V. cholerae organisms were not isolated was less than 4 or greater than 17 0/00. From results of statistical analyses, no correlation between incidence of fecal coliforms and V. cholerae could be detected, whereas incidence of Salmonella species, measured concurrently, was clearly correlated with fecal coliforms, with Salmonella isolated only in areas of high fecal coliform levels. A seasonal cycle could not be determined since strains of V. cholerae were detectable at low levels (ca. 1 to 10 cells/liter) throughout the year. Although none of the Chesapeake Bay isolates was agglutinable in V. cholerae O group 1 antiserum, the majority for Y-1 adrenal cells. Furthermore, rabbit ileal loop and mouse lethality tests were also positive for the Chesapeake Bay isolates, with average fluid accumulation in positive ileal loops ranging from 0.21 to 2.11 ml/cm. Serotypes of the strains of V. cholerae recovered from Chesapeake Bay were those of wide geographic distribution. It is concluded from the data assembled to date, that V. cholerae is an autochthonous estuarine bacterial species resident in Chesapeake Bay.", "contents": "Ecology, serology, and enterotoxin production of Vibrio cholerae in Chesapeake Bay. A total of 65 isolates of Vibrio cholerae, serotypes other than O--1, have been recovered from water, sediment, and shellfish samples from the Chesapeake Bay. Isolations were not random, but followed a distinct pattern in which salinity appeared to be a controlling factor in V. cholerae distribution. Water salinity at stations yielding V. cholerae (13 out of 21 stations) was 4 to 17 0/00, whereas the salinity of water at stations from which V. cholerae organisms were not isolated was less than 4 or greater than 17 0/00. From results of statistical analyses, no correlation between incidence of fecal coliforms and V. cholerae could be detected, whereas incidence of Salmonella species, measured concurrently, was clearly correlated with fecal coliforms, with Salmonella isolated only in areas of high fecal coliform levels. A seasonal cycle could not be determined since strains of V. cholerae were detectable at low levels (ca. 1 to 10 cells/liter) throughout the year. Although none of the Chesapeake Bay isolates was agglutinable in V. cholerae O group 1 antiserum, the majority for Y-1 adrenal cells. Furthermore, rabbit ileal loop and mouse lethality tests were also positive for the Chesapeake Bay isolates, with average fluid accumulation in positive ileal loops ranging from 0.21 to 2.11 ml/cm. Serotypes of the strains of V. cholerae recovered from Chesapeake Bay were those of wide geographic distribution. It is concluded from the data assembled to date, that V. cholerae is an autochthonous estuarine bacterial species resident in Chesapeake Bay."}
{"id": "PMID:367280", "title": "Bacteriology of chronic leg ulcers.", "content": "The quantitative bacteriology of 13 chronic leg ulcers was sequentially assessed by both swab and biopsy culture techniques, and the effect of either a 10% benzoyl peroxide lotion or placebo lotion was evaluated. There was good correlation between the swab and biopsy culture techniques in 12 of the 17 instances where simultaneous swabs and biopsies were done. Though the benzoyl peroxide did not favorably affect the bacterial flora, ulcer healing did appear to correlate with quantitative bacterial counts. THREE of five ulcers containing fewer than 10(5) organisms per gram of tissue or per centimeter of ulcer surface area healed, while none of eight ulcers containing more than 10(5) organisms healed. Quantitative bacteriological measurements can serve as useful tools in evaluating healing of leg ulcers.", "contents": "Bacteriology of chronic leg ulcers. The quantitative bacteriology of 13 chronic leg ulcers was sequentially assessed by both swab and biopsy culture techniques, and the effect of either a 10% benzoyl peroxide lotion or placebo lotion was evaluated. There was good correlation between the swab and biopsy culture techniques in 12 of the 17 instances where simultaneous swabs and biopsies were done. Though the benzoyl peroxide did not favorably affect the bacterial flora, ulcer healing did appear to correlate with quantitative bacterial counts. THREE of five ulcers containing fewer than 10(5) organisms per gram of tissue or per centimeter of ulcer surface area healed, while none of eight ulcers containing more than 10(5) organisms healed. Quantitative bacteriological measurements can serve as useful tools in evaluating healing of leg ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:367281", "title": "Nevus of large spindle and/or epithelioid cells (Spitz's nevus).", "content": "By now it is well recognized that there is a benign melanocytic nevus, common in the young and common enough in adults, that has histological features that are confusable with those of malignant melanoma. The anomaly is usually referred to as benign juvenile melanoma, sometimes as Spitz's nevus, and, by some histopathologists, as spindle and epithelioid cell nevus. All the histological subtleties and variations of the condition are still not fully appreciated and some of them are still being misinterpreted as those of malignant melanoma. We herewith present a study designed to clarify the issue and offer firm criteria for histological differentiation of the nevus in point from malignant melanoma. We also suggest a new name for it and supporting arguments therefor.", "contents": "Nevus of large spindle and/or epithelioid cells (Spitz's nevus). By now it is well recognized that there is a benign melanocytic nevus, common in the young and common enough in adults, that has histological features that are confusable with those of malignant melanoma. The anomaly is usually referred to as benign juvenile melanoma, sometimes as Spitz's nevus, and, by some histopathologists, as spindle and epithelioid cell nevus. All the histological subtleties and variations of the condition are still not fully appreciated and some of them are still being misinterpreted as those of malignant melanoma. We herewith present a study designed to clarify the issue and offer firm criteria for histological differentiation of the nevus in point from malignant melanoma. We also suggest a new name for it and supporting arguments therefor."}
{"id": "PMID:367286", "title": "Defective neutrophil migration in granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica, and sarcoidosis.", "content": "The neutrophil mobility in patients with granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica, and sarcoidosis was tested using both in vivo and in vitro techniques. Use of a skin window chamber for measurement of chemotaxis in vivo demonstrated defective neutrophil migration in each group. This contrasted with the finding that, in vitro, chemotaxis toward casein and endotoxin-activated sera was normal. The importance of this dissociation is discussed. Abnormal neutrophil accumulation at sites of inflammation may be of importance in the pathogenesis of these granulomatous disorders.", "contents": "Defective neutrophil migration in granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica, and sarcoidosis. The neutrophil mobility in patients with granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica, and sarcoidosis was tested using both in vivo and in vitro techniques. Use of a skin window chamber for measurement of chemotaxis in vivo demonstrated defective neutrophil migration in each group. This contrasted with the finding that, in vitro, chemotaxis toward casein and endotoxin-activated sera was normal. The importance of this dissociation is discussed. Abnormal neutrophil accumulation at sites of inflammation may be of importance in the pathogenesis of these granulomatous disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:367287", "title": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and lymphocyte transformation: dissociation in atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Studies of cell mediated immunity (CMI) in atopic dermatitis have demonstrated various defects and frequently contradictory results. The true nature of immune dysfunction remains uncertain. We approached this question by concurrently examining two aspects of CMI: delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte transformation. Responses were tested using the antigens Candida albicans and streptokinase-streptodornase (SKSD). Mean lymphocyte transformation was equal in atopic patients and controls, although a subgroup of severely dermatitic patients showed depressed responses. Cutaneous anergy was the rule in atopic patients (96% to candidin and 84% to SKSD). Although normal subjects showed good correlation between in vitro and cutaneous responses, atopic patients showed a significant lack of correlation. Many patients manifested cutaneous anergy in the face of normal lymphocyte transformation re sponses.", "contents": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and lymphocyte transformation: dissociation in atopic dermatitis. Studies of cell mediated immunity (CMI) in atopic dermatitis have demonstrated various defects and frequently contradictory results. The true nature of immune dysfunction remains uncertain. We approached this question by concurrently examining two aspects of CMI: delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte transformation. Responses were tested using the antigens Candida albicans and streptokinase-streptodornase (SKSD). Mean lymphocyte transformation was equal in atopic patients and controls, although a subgroup of severely dermatitic patients showed depressed responses. Cutaneous anergy was the rule in atopic patients (96% to candidin and 84% to SKSD). Although normal subjects showed good correlation between in vitro and cutaneous responses, atopic patients showed a significant lack of correlation. Many patients manifested cutaneous anergy in the face of normal lymphocyte transformation re sponses."}
{"id": "PMID:367288", "title": "Vitamin A deficiency following small-bowel bypass surgery for obesity.", "content": "Side effects are common in individuals who have undergone small-bowel bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Most of these side effects subside after a few months. More serious complications may require reestablishment of the bypassed loop. Rarely have vitamin deficiencies been observed. Development of vitamin A deficiency in a patient was characterized by phrynoderma and night blindness. This was promptly reversed by oral treatment with vitamin A. There was no improvement in low to subnormal serum levels of fat-soluble vitamins after a course of tetracycline hydrochloride. Studies suggested presence of a malabsorption state probably due to rapid transit time through the small bowel and reduced absorptive surface.", "contents": "Vitamin A deficiency following small-bowel bypass surgery for obesity. Side effects are common in individuals who have undergone small-bowel bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Most of these side effects subside after a few months. More serious complications may require reestablishment of the bypassed loop. Rarely have vitamin deficiencies been observed. Development of vitamin A deficiency in a patient was characterized by phrynoderma and night blindness. This was promptly reversed by oral treatment with vitamin A. There was no improvement in low to subnormal serum levels of fat-soluble vitamins after a course of tetracycline hydrochloride. Studies suggested presence of a malabsorption state probably due to rapid transit time through the small bowel and reduced absorptive surface."}
{"id": "PMID:367290", "title": "[Problems of distinction of normal, artificial, and pathological structures in mature human placental villi. II. Morphometrical studies on the influence of the mode of fixation (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphometrical relations of human placental villi from 14 normal placentas of the 38th to 42nd week of pregnancy terminated by Cesarean section were examined in relation to the method of fixation. Villous tissue was obtained from central areas of the in situ placenta with intact maternal circulation by means of puncture aspiration and punch biopsy. Further punch biopsies were performed 2, 5, 10 and 20 min after manual removal of the placenta. Semithin sections of these villi were photographed and examined morphometrically. The findings demonstrate clear effects on quantitative data as a result of the period of ischemia between manual removal and fixation of tissue. Significant changes of several parameters (mean trophoblastic volume, size of epithelial plates, volume of connective tissue, volume of fetal vessel lumina, etc.) occur as early as 2 min after separation of the placenta from the maternal circulation. They are mostly related to a collapse of intravillous vessels. The villous branches may be classified according to structure and morphometry, if they have been obtained under optimal conditions of fixation and prior to any vascular collapse.", "contents": "[Problems of distinction of normal, artificial, and pathological structures in mature human placental villi. II. Morphometrical studies on the influence of the mode of fixation (author's transl)]. Morphometrical relations of human placental villi from 14 normal placentas of the 38th to 42nd week of pregnancy terminated by Cesarean section were examined in relation to the method of fixation. Villous tissue was obtained from central areas of the in situ placenta with intact maternal circulation by means of puncture aspiration and punch biopsy. Further punch biopsies were performed 2, 5, 10 and 20 min after manual removal of the placenta. Semithin sections of these villi were photographed and examined morphometrically. The findings demonstrate clear effects on quantitative data as a result of the period of ischemia between manual removal and fixation of tissue. Significant changes of several parameters (mean trophoblastic volume, size of epithelial plates, volume of connective tissue, volume of fetal vessel lumina, etc.) occur as early as 2 min after separation of the placenta from the maternal circulation. They are mostly related to a collapse of intravillous vessels. The villous branches may be classified according to structure and morphometry, if they have been obtained under optimal conditions of fixation and prior to any vascular collapse."}
{"id": "PMID:367297", "title": "A prospective randomized study of three expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts as small arterial substitutes.", "content": "A prospective, double-blind, randomized study was performed to determine the relative patency rate of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts, Gore-Tex, Impra, and a Surgikos prototype PTFE graft. The 48 grafts (40 x 4 mm) replaced excised segments of femoral arteries in adult mongrel dogs, whose mean weight was 20.6 +/- 0.9 kg; the grafts were removed after 12 weeks. Sterile technique and antibiotic therapy were included in the study. Anticoagulation was not employed. Anastomoses were performed with 6 = 0 polypropylene. Angiographic assessment of each anastomosis was made at surgery and prior to sacrifice. Patency was assessed daily by palpation and Doppler flow signals, as well as angiographically, prior to sacrifice. The overall patency rate was 62.5%. There were no statistically significant differences in patency rates among the three groups (Gore-Tex, 56%; Impra, 75%, Surgikos, 56%). Histologic evaluation revealed incomplete neointima formation and significant pannus formation in all three types of grafts without any significant discernible difference among them. The results suggest that further experimental evaluation of PTFE, as a small vessel substitute, is indicated prior to its use clinically in preference to autogenous vein.", "contents": "A prospective randomized study of three expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts as small arterial substitutes. A prospective, double-blind, randomized study was performed to determine the relative patency rate of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts, Gore-Tex, Impra, and a Surgikos prototype PTFE graft. The 48 grafts (40 x 4 mm) replaced excised segments of femoral arteries in adult mongrel dogs, whose mean weight was 20.6 +/- 0.9 kg; the grafts were removed after 12 weeks. Sterile technique and antibiotic therapy were included in the study. Anticoagulation was not employed. Anastomoses were performed with 6 = 0 polypropylene. Angiographic assessment of each anastomosis was made at surgery and prior to sacrifice. Patency was assessed daily by palpation and Doppler flow signals, as well as angiographically, prior to sacrifice. The overall patency rate was 62.5%. There were no statistically significant differences in patency rates among the three groups (Gore-Tex, 56%; Impra, 75%, Surgikos, 56%). Histologic evaluation revealed incomplete neointima formation and significant pannus formation in all three types of grafts without any significant discernible difference among them. The results suggest that further experimental evaluation of PTFE, as a small vessel substitute, is indicated prior to its use clinically in preference to autogenous vein."}
{"id": "PMID:367298", "title": "In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the toxicity of 1,4-naphthoquinone and 1,2-naphthoquinone derivatives against Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "The toxic effect of lapachol, beta-lapachone and several 1,2-naphthoquinone derivatives on the growth, viability and infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi were compared. beta-lapachone was the most active compound in vitro. No inhibition was observed in suspensions which contained inactivated foetal calf serum or rabbit haemoglobin solution. The infectivity of trypomastigotes in mice was not affected when cells were previously incubated with beta-lapachone or one of several other naphthoquinone derivatives in vitro in the presence of blood. It is suggested that beta-lapachone and the other compounds can be inactivated either by reduction in the presence of oxyhaemoglobin or by interaction with serum proteins. A beta-lapachone derivative, allyl-beta-lapachone, was not inactivated in the presence of blood and remained effective in suppressing trypomastigote infectivity.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the toxicity of 1,4-naphthoquinone and 1,2-naphthoquinone derivatives against Trypanosoma cruzi. The toxic effect of lapachol, beta-lapachone and several 1,2-naphthoquinone derivatives on the growth, viability and infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi were compared. beta-lapachone was the most active compound in vitro. No inhibition was observed in suspensions which contained inactivated foetal calf serum or rabbit haemoglobin solution. The infectivity of trypomastigotes in mice was not affected when cells were previously incubated with beta-lapachone or one of several other naphthoquinone derivatives in vitro in the presence of blood. It is suggested that beta-lapachone and the other compounds can be inactivated either by reduction in the presence of oxyhaemoglobin or by interaction with serum proteins. A beta-lapachone derivative, allyl-beta-lapachone, was not inactivated in the presence of blood and remained effective in suppressing trypomastigote infectivity."}
{"id": "PMID:367299", "title": "Loss of filarial larvae in a natural mosquito population.", "content": "Analysis of log normal parasite densities of Wuchereria bancrofti in the mosquito Culex pipiens fatigans collected in the suburbs of Colombo, Sri Lanka, has shown a decreasing parasite load with age of infection. The median density of microfilarial intake in the natural population was 10.3, but this had decreased to 2.6 by the infective stage. Of the total microfilariae ingested, 51.9% were found in the thorax 12--17 hours after infection of the mosquitoes in the laboratory. Further decrease in parasite density during development could not be attributed to filarial mortality in the mosquito but could be accounted for by increasing mosquito mortality dependent on the density of parasite infection. Dissection of recently blood-fed house-resting mosquitoes gave a prevalence rate of 7% microfilarial carriers in the human population compared to a rate of 4% by routine blood-filming.", "contents": "Loss of filarial larvae in a natural mosquito population. Analysis of log normal parasite densities of Wuchereria bancrofti in the mosquito Culex pipiens fatigans collected in the suburbs of Colombo, Sri Lanka, has shown a decreasing parasite load with age of infection. The median density of microfilarial intake in the natural population was 10.3, but this had decreased to 2.6 by the infective stage. Of the total microfilariae ingested, 51.9% were found in the thorax 12--17 hours after infection of the mosquitoes in the laboratory. Further decrease in parasite density during development could not be attributed to filarial mortality in the mosquito but could be accounted for by increasing mosquito mortality dependent on the density of parasite infection. Dissection of recently blood-fed house-resting mosquitoes gave a prevalence rate of 7% microfilarial carriers in the human population compared to a rate of 4% by routine blood-filming."}
{"id": "PMID:367302", "title": "LH and FSH response to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in normospermic, oligospermic and azoospermic men.", "content": "GnRH was administered to 34 men (8 normospermic, 8 moderately oligospermic, 10 severely oligospermic and 8 azoospermic) and the responsiveness of serum LH and FSH determined. For LH, basal levels were not different among each group, nor was there any difference in response to GnRH at any point in time after injection; however, there was a trend for the azoospermic group to respond more briskly. For FSH, basal levels also did not differ among the groups, but both the azoospermic and severely oligospermic groups showed a hyperresponsiveness that differed significantly from the response elicited by the normospermic group. It is concluded that oligo-azoospermia results from a pantesticular defect involving both seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells and that latent pituitary insufficiency is rarely a cause of subfertility in men.", "contents": "LH and FSH response to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in normospermic, oligospermic and azoospermic men. GnRH was administered to 34 men (8 normospermic, 8 moderately oligospermic, 10 severely oligospermic and 8 azoospermic) and the responsiveness of serum LH and FSH determined. For LH, basal levels were not different among each group, nor was there any difference in response to GnRH at any point in time after injection; however, there was a trend for the azoospermic group to respond more briskly. For FSH, basal levels also did not differ among the groups, but both the azoospermic and severely oligospermic groups showed a hyperresponsiveness that differed significantly from the response elicited by the normospermic group. It is concluded that oligo-azoospermia results from a pantesticular defect involving both seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells and that latent pituitary insufficiency is rarely a cause of subfertility in men."}
{"id": "PMID:367303", "title": "Effect of LH-RH loading in subfertile men.", "content": "Thirty-two infertility patients were studied to evaluate the response of plasma FSH and LH to intravenous injection of 100 microgram synthetic LH-RH. Initial LH and FSH levels were taken into consideration in evaluating the responses. While the LH response was usually more pronounced, it seemed more valuable, from the prognostic point of view, to examine the FSH changes because of their applications to the diagnostic and prognostic processes.", "contents": "Effect of LH-RH loading in subfertile men. Thirty-two infertility patients were studied to evaluate the response of plasma FSH and LH to intravenous injection of 100 microgram synthetic LH-RH. Initial LH and FSH levels were taken into consideration in evaluating the responses. While the LH response was usually more pronounced, it seemed more valuable, from the prognostic point of view, to examine the FSH changes because of their applications to the diagnostic and prognostic processes."}
{"id": "PMID:367304", "title": "Experimental orchitis induced in rats by passive transfer of an antiserum to seminiferous tubule basement membrane.", "content": "A multifocal damage of the testis was obtained when rats were injected intravenously or under the tunica albuginea of the testis with a rabbit antiseminiferous tubule basement membrane serum. The damage was characterized by foci of perivascular and peritubular infiltrates of mononuclear round cells, infolding, thickening, and rupture of the seminiferous tubular wall and different degrees of injury of the germinal epithelium such as, cell disorganization, cell sloughing, and atrophy. Delamination and thickening of seminiferous tubule basement membrane and vacuolization of the Sertoli cell cytoplasm was often observed by electron microscopy. A linear deposit of rabbit gamma-globulin was detected by immunohistochemical techniques along the basement membranes of the seminiferous tubules and vessels. Testicular damage was not detected in rats injected with normal rabbit serum, used as control. In the kidneys of rats injected intravenously with the immune serum, a deposit of rabbit gamma-globulin was detected along glomerular basement membrane. Focal areas of mononuclear cell infiltrates, hypercellularity of glomeruli and thickening of glomerular capillary walls and Bowman's capsule were also observed.", "contents": "Experimental orchitis induced in rats by passive transfer of an antiserum to seminiferous tubule basement membrane. A multifocal damage of the testis was obtained when rats were injected intravenously or under the tunica albuginea of the testis with a rabbit antiseminiferous tubule basement membrane serum. The damage was characterized by foci of perivascular and peritubular infiltrates of mononuclear round cells, infolding, thickening, and rupture of the seminiferous tubular wall and different degrees of injury of the germinal epithelium such as, cell disorganization, cell sloughing, and atrophy. Delamination and thickening of seminiferous tubule basement membrane and vacuolization of the Sertoli cell cytoplasm was often observed by electron microscopy. A linear deposit of rabbit gamma-globulin was detected by immunohistochemical techniques along the basement membranes of the seminiferous tubules and vessels. Testicular damage was not detected in rats injected with normal rabbit serum, used as control. In the kidneys of rats injected intravenously with the immune serum, a deposit of rabbit gamma-globulin was detected along glomerular basement membrane. Focal areas of mononuclear cell infiltrates, hypercellularity of glomeruli and thickening of glomerular capillary walls and Bowman's capsule were also observed."}
{"id": "PMID:367306", "title": "Rubella antibodies and adverse events late after renal transplantation.", "content": "Rubella antibody titers were determined pretransplant and then serially posttransplantation in 52 consecutive patients whose renal allografts survived at least three months. Group A patients (18) had antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:128 in the posttransplant period. Group B (24) had intermediate antibody titers that never rose higher than 1:64. Group C (10) consistently had antibody titers less than 1:8. Group A did not differ from groups B and C with respect to age, race, sex, type of transplant, underlying renal disease, or maximum complement fixation antibody titers posttransplant to cytomegalovirus or herpes simplex virus, type 1. Group A did differ from groups B and C in its frequency of hepatitis, chronic liver disease, episodes of late rejection (greater than or equal to 21 days after transplant), transplant nephrectomy required for rejection, infections whose defense involves intact cell-mediated immunity, and the number of late rejection episodes per patient. Mechanisms underlying these associations are not known but apparently are not related to HLA phenotype.", "contents": "Rubella antibodies and adverse events late after renal transplantation. Rubella antibody titers were determined pretransplant and then serially posttransplantation in 52 consecutive patients whose renal allografts survived at least three months. Group A patients (18) had antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:128 in the posttransplant period. Group B (24) had intermediate antibody titers that never rose higher than 1:64. Group C (10) consistently had antibody titers less than 1:8. Group A did not differ from groups B and C with respect to age, race, sex, type of transplant, underlying renal disease, or maximum complement fixation antibody titers posttransplant to cytomegalovirus or herpes simplex virus, type 1. Group A did differ from groups B and C in its frequency of hepatitis, chronic liver disease, episodes of late rejection (greater than or equal to 21 days after transplant), transplant nephrectomy required for rejection, infections whose defense involves intact cell-mediated immunity, and the number of late rejection episodes per patient. Mechanisms underlying these associations are not known but apparently are not related to HLA phenotype."}
{"id": "PMID:367307", "title": "[Contribution to the morphology and biochemistry of mustelide blood. 1. Blood specimen collection in various mustelides with special reference to the use of the tissue adhesive \"Fimomed\"].", "content": "An account is given of various techniques of blood sampling in the context of certain mustelids, including cardiopuncture, amputation of tail tip, talon cutting, incision of the ear vein, puncture of the jugular or femoral vein, and catheterisation of the abdominal aorta. Reference is made to details of use of all techniques, characteristics, advantages and potential setbacks, and preferable use of some of the tested methods to collect blood from mustela and martes species. Blood collection from the abdominal aorta may be helpful in obtaining no-haemolysis and no-additive plasma for biochemical multi-screening. Biochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological follow-up checks may be feasible under certain conditions following surgical exposure of the external jugular vein. The use of \"Fimomed\" (n-butylcyano-acrylate), a tissue adhesive, may help to reduce effort in terms of time and material and consequently, rationalise veterinary hygiene action as a whole, provided that the conditions for its application are observed. The skin adhesive is properly applicable to skin lesions of mustelids. A combination of suturing with adhesive should be used to close laparotomy wounds for better mechanical strength of the abdominal wall. Possible applications of \"Fimomed\" should be tested with other species as well.", "contents": "[Contribution to the morphology and biochemistry of mustelide blood. 1. Blood specimen collection in various mustelides with special reference to the use of the tissue adhesive \"Fimomed\"]. An account is given of various techniques of blood sampling in the context of certain mustelids, including cardiopuncture, amputation of tail tip, talon cutting, incision of the ear vein, puncture of the jugular or femoral vein, and catheterisation of the abdominal aorta. Reference is made to details of use of all techniques, characteristics, advantages and potential setbacks, and preferable use of some of the tested methods to collect blood from mustela and martes species. Blood collection from the abdominal aorta may be helpful in obtaining no-haemolysis and no-additive plasma for biochemical multi-screening. Biochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological follow-up checks may be feasible under certain conditions following surgical exposure of the external jugular vein. The use of \"Fimomed\" (n-butylcyano-acrylate), a tissue adhesive, may help to reduce effort in terms of time and material and consequently, rationalise veterinary hygiene action as a whole, provided that the conditions for its application are observed. The skin adhesive is properly applicable to skin lesions of mustelids. A combination of suturing with adhesive should be used to close laparotomy wounds for better mechanical strength of the abdominal wall. Possible applications of \"Fimomed\" should be tested with other species as well."}
{"id": "PMID:367308", "title": "[The effect of various organochlorine pesticides on the immunologic reactivity of the white rat].", "content": "Wistar rats, aged 30 and 90 days, received Aldrin and Lindan treatment (8 ppm or 11 ppm) over 60 days, followed by inoculation of E. coli. The capacity of antibody formation was changed but not inhibited. Functional disorders occurred in the thymus (decline of nucleic acids), adrenal gland (decline of Vitamin C), and in the protein synthesis. The toxicity of even smaller Aldrin doses obviously was stronger than that of Lindan. The toxicity of either substance to younger animals was stronger than to individuals in more advanced age.", "contents": "[The effect of various organochlorine pesticides on the immunologic reactivity of the white rat]. Wistar rats, aged 30 and 90 days, received Aldrin and Lindan treatment (8 ppm or 11 ppm) over 60 days, followed by inoculation of E. coli. The capacity of antibody formation was changed but not inhibited. Functional disorders occurred in the thymus (decline of nucleic acids), adrenal gland (decline of Vitamin C), and in the protein synthesis. The toxicity of even smaller Aldrin doses obviously was stronger than that of Lindan. The toxicity of either substance to younger animals was stronger than to individuals in more advanced age."}
{"id": "PMID:367311", "title": "Visual input: its importance in the control of postural sway.", "content": "A new and measurable parameter in the study of static equilibrium is described. Using a minicomputer, the locus of postural sway was measured during 1 minute periods in 144 volunteer subjects, including 105 control subjects and 39 persons with above-knee amputations. It was hypothesized that the above-knee amputee group had lost a relatively predictable degree of proprioception and kinesthetic sense. Vestibular mechanisms were normal and, therefore, constant in both groups. Using a simple arithmetic formula, the effect of such loss of proprioception was estimated by comparing the amputee group with the nonamputee group, while the contribution of visual input was estimated by comparing both groups with their eyes open and closed. Using this parameter, no clear age dependency was demonstrated. The mean locus of sway for the amputee group was the same as the nonamputee group with the eyes open. However, a comparison of the eyes open/eyes closed ratio in both groups demonstrated a significantly greater increase for the amputee group than for control subjects (p less than 0.001). In the future, mean locus of sway might provide a useful clinical method of measurement and the eyes open/eyes closed ratio might provide a simple and useful method to communicate the dependency upon vision in individual patients.", "contents": "Visual input: its importance in the control of postural sway. A new and measurable parameter in the study of static equilibrium is described. Using a minicomputer, the locus of postural sway was measured during 1 minute periods in 144 volunteer subjects, including 105 control subjects and 39 persons with above-knee amputations. It was hypothesized that the above-knee amputee group had lost a relatively predictable degree of proprioception and kinesthetic sense. Vestibular mechanisms were normal and, therefore, constant in both groups. Using a simple arithmetic formula, the effect of such loss of proprioception was estimated by comparing the amputee group with the nonamputee group, while the contribution of visual input was estimated by comparing both groups with their eyes open and closed. Using this parameter, no clear age dependency was demonstrated. The mean locus of sway for the amputee group was the same as the nonamputee group with the eyes open. However, a comparison of the eyes open/eyes closed ratio in both groups demonstrated a significantly greater increase for the amputee group than for control subjects (p less than 0.001). In the future, mean locus of sway might provide a useful clinical method of measurement and the eyes open/eyes closed ratio might provide a simple and useful method to communicate the dependency upon vision in individual patients."}
{"id": "PMID:367312", "title": "Limbic lobe involvement in presenile dementia.", "content": "Limbic lobe involvement in presenile dementia was studied from a neuropathological and neuropsychiatric viewpoint. The material consisted of seven cases of Alzheimer's disease, four cases of Pick's disease, and four cases of Jacob-Creutzfeldt's disease. These three groups showed different patterns of distribution of the degeneration characteristic for each group, in particular for the first two. Among the groups, these patterns differed with regard to involvement both of nonlimbic and limbic areas. Thus the Alzheimer group had a mainly temporoparieto-occipital and posterior cingulate gyrus involvement. The Pick group in many respects showed an inverse distribution with frontotemporal and anterior cingulate gyrus accentuation of the damage. Basal temporal limbic areas were involved in both groups. The Jacob-Creutzfeldt group had a less schematic lesion pattern, without involvement of limbic areas. From a neuropsychiatric aspect, these differences were reflected in symptoms that could be referred both to areas spared and those more pronouncedly destroyed by the degenerative process. Thus the Alzheimer group long retained emotional qualities that were lost early in the Pick group. The possible relationship between neurotransmitters and regional accentuation of the degeneration is discussed.", "contents": "Limbic lobe involvement in presenile dementia. Limbic lobe involvement in presenile dementia was studied from a neuropathological and neuropsychiatric viewpoint. The material consisted of seven cases of Alzheimer's disease, four cases of Pick's disease, and four cases of Jacob-Creutzfeldt's disease. These three groups showed different patterns of distribution of the degeneration characteristic for each group, in particular for the first two. Among the groups, these patterns differed with regard to involvement both of nonlimbic and limbic areas. Thus the Alzheimer group had a mainly temporoparieto-occipital and posterior cingulate gyrus involvement. The Pick group in many respects showed an inverse distribution with frontotemporal and anterior cingulate gyrus accentuation of the damage. Basal temporal limbic areas were involved in both groups. The Jacob-Creutzfeldt group had a less schematic lesion pattern, without involvement of limbic areas. From a neuropsychiatric aspect, these differences were reflected in symptoms that could be referred both to areas spared and those more pronouncedly destroyed by the degenerative process. Thus the Alzheimer group long retained emotional qualities that were lost early in the Pick group. The possible relationship between neurotransmitters and regional accentuation of the degeneration is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367313", "title": "Evaluation of criteria for discontinuing mechanical ventilatory support.", "content": "Thirty-three patients who required short-term postoperative mechanical ventilatory support were studied to compare different criteria established to initiate weaning from mechanical ventilation. Intermittent mandatory ventilation criteria (i.e., decreasing mechanical respirator rate as long as the arterial (pHa) remains above 7.35) and conventional criteria (ie, vital capacity greater than 15 ml/kg and peak negative pressure greater than 20 cm H2O) were compared to determine which would more rapidly predict a patient's ability to sustain total spontaneous respiration. All patients were eventually weaned from mechanical ventilation and had their tracheas extubated. Twenty-one patients maintained a pHa of greater than 7.35 during total spontaneous ventilation before they would, or could, meet conventional criteria for initiating a trial of spontaneous respiration (P less than .001). Seven patients simultaneously met both criteria for maintaining total spontaneous ventilation and the remaining five patients met conventional criteria before intermittent mandatory ventilation criteria. In the latter group, the pHa decreased below 7.35 during spontaneous respiration but in only one patient did it fall below 7.30. Our findings suggest that a patient's ability to maintain a pHa of greater than 7.35 while decreasing the frequency of mechanical ventilator breaths is more accurate than peak negative pressure and vital capacity for predicting ability to sustan adequate spontaneous respiration.", "contents": "Evaluation of criteria for discontinuing mechanical ventilatory support. Thirty-three patients who required short-term postoperative mechanical ventilatory support were studied to compare different criteria established to initiate weaning from mechanical ventilation. Intermittent mandatory ventilation criteria (i.e., decreasing mechanical respirator rate as long as the arterial (pHa) remains above 7.35) and conventional criteria (ie, vital capacity greater than 15 ml/kg and peak negative pressure greater than 20 cm H2O) were compared to determine which would more rapidly predict a patient's ability to sustain total spontaneous respiration. All patients were eventually weaned from mechanical ventilation and had their tracheas extubated. Twenty-one patients maintained a pHa of greater than 7.35 during total spontaneous ventilation before they would, or could, meet conventional criteria for initiating a trial of spontaneous respiration (P less than .001). Seven patients simultaneously met both criteria for maintaining total spontaneous ventilation and the remaining five patients met conventional criteria before intermittent mandatory ventilation criteria. In the latter group, the pHa decreased below 7.35 during spontaneous respiration but in only one patient did it fall below 7.30. Our findings suggest that a patient's ability to maintain a pHa of greater than 7.35 while decreasing the frequency of mechanical ventilator breaths is more accurate than peak negative pressure and vital capacity for predicting ability to sustan adequate spontaneous respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:367309", "title": "[Urinary infections in children].", "content": "The E. Coli antibody response was studied in 81 infants and children with urinary tract infection. An haemagglutination technique was used. The antigen used was the bacteria present in urine. The correlation between the site of infection and response of haemagglutinating antibodies was statistically demonstrated. In some cases, the antibody titers were followed for several weeks, allowing an appreciation on the effectiveness of treatment. On the other hand, the correlation between serology and some of the results emphasize the interest of these tests in the general investigation of urinary tract infection in childhood.", "contents": "[Urinary infections in children]. The E. Coli antibody response was studied in 81 infants and children with urinary tract infection. An haemagglutination technique was used. The antigen used was the bacteria present in urine. The correlation between the site of infection and response of haemagglutinating antibodies was statistically demonstrated. In some cases, the antibody titers were followed for several weeks, allowing an appreciation on the effectiveness of treatment. On the other hand, the correlation between serology and some of the results emphasize the interest of these tests in the general investigation of urinary tract infection in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:367315", "title": "[The investigation of lead levels in vertebra and rib samples (author's transl)].", "content": "The dithizone extraction method has been applied in the determination of lead content in human bones. The lead in 21 samples of fresh vertebrae and ribs from autopsies is compared with the lead content of historical bones of 17 skeletons from 600--800 A.D. The preparation and the direct mineralization of the bones are presented. The lead content detected in the ash of bones is to low compared with the value found by direct wet mineralization of the bones. During the dry ashing process with temperatures of 500 degrees C or higher lead may be lost. For the same person the lead content of rib is always lower than the value found in vertebra. The difference of the lead content of fresh bones and the historical bones is only small. In both groups the lead content in the bones increased with age. Compared with studies of other authors in the time of 1930--1970 the results would suggest that the present intake of lead in accidental selected bones among a population situated in an appointed area is not greater than in the past.", "contents": "[The investigation of lead levels in vertebra and rib samples (author's transl)]. The dithizone extraction method has been applied in the determination of lead content in human bones. The lead in 21 samples of fresh vertebrae and ribs from autopsies is compared with the lead content of historical bones of 17 skeletons from 600--800 A.D. The preparation and the direct mineralization of the bones are presented. The lead content detected in the ash of bones is to low compared with the value found by direct wet mineralization of the bones. During the dry ashing process with temperatures of 500 degrees C or higher lead may be lost. For the same person the lead content of rib is always lower than the value found in vertebra. The difference of the lead content of fresh bones and the historical bones is only small. In both groups the lead content in the bones increased with age. Compared with studies of other authors in the time of 1930--1970 the results would suggest that the present intake of lead in accidental selected bones among a population situated in an appointed area is not greater than in the past."}
{"id": "PMID:367316", "title": "Napoleon Bonaparte's exposure to arsenic during 1816.", "content": "Analysis of hair from Napoleon showed that he was exposed to considerable amounts of arsenic during 1816. The distribution pattern of the arsenic in the hair is similar to that found after the daily ingestion of excessive amounts of arsenic.", "contents": "Napoleon Bonaparte's exposure to arsenic during 1816. Analysis of hair from Napoleon showed that he was exposed to considerable amounts of arsenic during 1816. The distribution pattern of the arsenic in the hair is similar to that found after the daily ingestion of excessive amounts of arsenic."}
{"id": "PMID:367317", "title": "Comparative study by immunofluorescence of T and P antigens induced by adenovirus type 12 in permissive and nonpermissive cells.", "content": "The development of adenovirus type 12 T antigen and of the complex of antigenic early proteins designated as P antigen was studied by immunofluorescence in productively infected KB cells and abortively infected RK-13 cells. T antigen is detected in both cell types very early in infection. In KB cells it presents the well known pattern of nuclear dots and flecks but in RK-13 cells at the time of maximum abundance, 18 hours p.i., T antigen forms a net of long filaments that fills the nucleus. Later, part of the filaments condense into a large aggregate that finally is apparently degraded. P antigen in infected RK-13 cells looks like T antigen in KB cells. In these cells, besides an early phase wherein P antigen is almost indistinguishable from T antigen, a late component is evident under the form of large balls and rosettes. The possible identification of this component with the DNA binding protein is discussed.", "contents": "Comparative study by immunofluorescence of T and P antigens induced by adenovirus type 12 in permissive and nonpermissive cells. The development of adenovirus type 12 T antigen and of the complex of antigenic early proteins designated as P antigen was studied by immunofluorescence in productively infected KB cells and abortively infected RK-13 cells. T antigen is detected in both cell types very early in infection. In KB cells it presents the well known pattern of nuclear dots and flecks but in RK-13 cells at the time of maximum abundance, 18 hours p.i., T antigen forms a net of long filaments that fills the nucleus. Later, part of the filaments condense into a large aggregate that finally is apparently degraded. P antigen in infected RK-13 cells looks like T antigen in KB cells. In these cells, besides an early phase wherein P antigen is almost indistinguishable from T antigen, a late component is evident under the form of large balls and rosettes. The possible identification of this component with the DNA binding protein is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367320", "title": "[Topological principle in the study of microcirculatory structuro-functional units].", "content": "Topological approach, suggested in the work, is a further development of methodology in studying microcirculation, especially its morphological basis. Owing to this approach, it is possible to consider spacial-time (coordinative) interrelations of different transport communications together with their histotopography. Hemato-lymphatic interrelations in the peritoneum can serve as an excellent example. Regularly repeating ansambles of transport communications (vascular and others) are interpreted as systems invariable for structural-functional units of the organ as to transport of fluid in tissues. Such complexes (modules) possess certain anatomy in hemodynamical and metabolic sense. Analysis of hemato-lymphatic interactions mediated by the interstitial space makes it possible to unite, within the module, processes of transmural, interstitial and axial (intervascular) transport. Movement of blood, interstitial fluid and lymph in tissues must be of oscillatory (discrete) character. As their trigger mechanism regulating rhythm and sequence of transport processes can serve the activity of metabolic lymphatic microvessels. Regulation of blood volume in capillaries depends on hydraulic and osmotic conditions in the interstitial space and on intensity of transmural transport. Topological approach can be effective in analyzing transport interrelations in tissues of different organs.", "contents": "[Topological principle in the study of microcirculatory structuro-functional units]. Topological approach, suggested in the work, is a further development of methodology in studying microcirculation, especially its morphological basis. Owing to this approach, it is possible to consider spacial-time (coordinative) interrelations of different transport communications together with their histotopography. Hemato-lymphatic interrelations in the peritoneum can serve as an excellent example. Regularly repeating ansambles of transport communications (vascular and others) are interpreted as systems invariable for structural-functional units of the organ as to transport of fluid in tissues. Such complexes (modules) possess certain anatomy in hemodynamical and metabolic sense. Analysis of hemato-lymphatic interactions mediated by the interstitial space makes it possible to unite, within the module, processes of transmural, interstitial and axial (intervascular) transport. Movement of blood, interstitial fluid and lymph in tissues must be of oscillatory (discrete) character. As their trigger mechanism regulating rhythm and sequence of transport processes can serve the activity of metabolic lymphatic microvessels. Regulation of blood volume in capillaries depends on hydraulic and osmotic conditions in the interstitial space and on intensity of transmural transport. Topological approach can be effective in analyzing transport interrelations in tissues of different organs."}
{"id": "PMID:367322", "title": "[Correlative relationship between coronary arteriosclerosis and stromogenic cardiosclerosis in ischemic heart disease (stereometric study)].", "content": "Stereometric studies showed that the volumetric portion of diffuse stromagenic cardiosclerosis in the myocardium increased in parallel with the prolongation of the course of ischemic heart disease and with an increase in the average values of atherosclerotic involvement of the intima of coronary arteries and was inversely related to the index of retention of the total summary functioning lumen of the coronary arteries. There is a direct correlative relationship between the degree of narrowing of the summary functioning lumen and the intensity of stromagenic cardiosclerosis, increasing with the prolongation of the course of the disease.", "contents": "[Correlative relationship between coronary arteriosclerosis and stromogenic cardiosclerosis in ischemic heart disease (stereometric study)]. Stereometric studies showed that the volumetric portion of diffuse stromagenic cardiosclerosis in the myocardium increased in parallel with the prolongation of the course of ischemic heart disease and with an increase in the average values of atherosclerotic involvement of the intima of coronary arteries and was inversely related to the index of retention of the total summary functioning lumen of the coronary arteries. There is a direct correlative relationship between the degree of narrowing of the summary functioning lumen and the intensity of stromagenic cardiosclerosis, increasing with the prolongation of the course of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:367323", "title": "[Ultrastructural basis of acute cardiac insufficiency not associated with rhythm disorders].", "content": "On the basis of the data from the literature and own studies the genesis of acute cardiac insufficiency has been shown to be directly associated with a sharp decline in the effectiveness of intracellular energy transportation. A challenging factor in the transformation of the pathological process into acute cardiac insufficiency may consist in one of the three main types of influence: (1) hypoxia of the myocardium, (2) effects causing disorders in the calcium metabolism, and (3) additional mechanical loads on the already affected myocardium. The pattern of the observed ultrastructural changes may be used to a certain extent for the judgement on the type of effect which was most important in the genesis of acute cardiac insufficiency.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural basis of acute cardiac insufficiency not associated with rhythm disorders]. On the basis of the data from the literature and own studies the genesis of acute cardiac insufficiency has been shown to be directly associated with a sharp decline in the effectiveness of intracellular energy transportation. A challenging factor in the transformation of the pathological process into acute cardiac insufficiency may consist in one of the three main types of influence: (1) hypoxia of the myocardium, (2) effects causing disorders in the calcium metabolism, and (3) additional mechanical loads on the already affected myocardium. The pattern of the observed ultrastructural changes may be used to a certain extent for the judgement on the type of effect which was most important in the genesis of acute cardiac insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:367324", "title": "[Nature of intercellular interactions at various stages of post-transplantation immunity].", "content": "The paper presents the results of studies on the nature and frequency of intercellular interactions at various stages of posttransplantation immunity done by means of the grating microscope. The study was carried out in inbred mice. The donors of the skin included CBA mice (for the syngeneic system) and BALB/c mice (for the allogeneic system), and the recipients were CBA mice. The target cells were epidermal cells of the tails of mice of the appropriate lines. The interaction of the target cells with lymphocytes, thymocytes and macrophages obtained from the animals sensitized with the appropriate transplant were examined at various intervals after transplantation. The frequency and the nature of intercellular contacts were found to vary in relation to the time after grafting and the species of the graft. Numerous arches, bridges, outgrowths and microvilli were formed both between killer cells and immunocompetent cells and between lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells.", "contents": "[Nature of intercellular interactions at various stages of post-transplantation immunity]. The paper presents the results of studies on the nature and frequency of intercellular interactions at various stages of posttransplantation immunity done by means of the grating microscope. The study was carried out in inbred mice. The donors of the skin included CBA mice (for the syngeneic system) and BALB/c mice (for the allogeneic system), and the recipients were CBA mice. The target cells were epidermal cells of the tails of mice of the appropriate lines. The interaction of the target cells with lymphocytes, thymocytes and macrophages obtained from the animals sensitized with the appropriate transplant were examined at various intervals after transplantation. The frequency and the nature of intercellular contacts were found to vary in relation to the time after grafting and the species of the graft. Numerous arches, bridges, outgrowths and microvilli were formed both between killer cells and immunocompetent cells and between lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:367325", "title": "[Relationship between mononuclear infiltration of the epidermis and its hyperplasia after auto- and allotransplantation of the full-thickness skin of mice].", "content": "Histological and histochemical studies of the back skin were carried out with morphometry on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, and 9th days after auto- or allotransplantation of its full thickness graft in 60 lineal (C3H) and random-bred mice. In both kinds of transplantation, mononuclear infiltration of the epidermis of the graft and the surrounding skin was established. A correlation between the intensity of this infiltration and the thickness of the epidermis in the skin surrounding the grafts and in the autograft was established. In allotransplantation, there was no such correlation in the graft. No mononuclear cells were found in regeneration layers of the epidermis. It is suggested that epidermis regeneration is stimulated by autogenous lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Relationship between mononuclear infiltration of the epidermis and its hyperplasia after auto- and allotransplantation of the full-thickness skin of mice]. Histological and histochemical studies of the back skin were carried out with morphometry on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, and 9th days after auto- or allotransplantation of its full thickness graft in 60 lineal (C3H) and random-bred mice. In both kinds of transplantation, mononuclear infiltration of the epidermis of the graft and the surrounding skin was established. A correlation between the intensity of this infiltration and the thickness of the epidermis in the skin surrounding the grafts and in the autograft was established. In allotransplantation, there was no such correlation in the graft. No mononuclear cells were found in regeneration layers of the epidermis. It is suggested that epidermis regeneration is stimulated by autogenous lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:367330", "title": "[Morphological manifestations of graft functional insufficiency in the 1st 2 months after a human cadaver kidney transplant].", "content": "The autopsy and biopsy materials were used for clinico-anatomical comparisons, and three types of changes were distinguished in transplants of cadaver kidneys of man in insufficiency of the function developing in the first 2 months after transplantation: I type--necrotic changes, II--changes resembling the picture of acute renal insufficiency in circulatory shock with retention of the signs of cortical bloodflow and filtration; III--osmotic nephrosis. The nature of the initial function of the transplant reflects not only the features of the rejection reaction but also the degree of ischemia of nonimmune character suffered by the kidney which determines the rate of restoration of its function as well as sensitivity to the rejection reaction and the effect of some therapeutic factors.", "contents": "[Morphological manifestations of graft functional insufficiency in the 1st 2 months after a human cadaver kidney transplant]. The autopsy and biopsy materials were used for clinico-anatomical comparisons, and three types of changes were distinguished in transplants of cadaver kidneys of man in insufficiency of the function developing in the first 2 months after transplantation: I type--necrotic changes, II--changes resembling the picture of acute renal insufficiency in circulatory shock with retention of the signs of cortical bloodflow and filtration; III--osmotic nephrosis. The nature of the initial function of the transplant reflects not only the features of the rejection reaction but also the degree of ischemia of nonimmune character suffered by the kidney which determines the rate of restoration of its function as well as sensitivity to the rejection reaction and the effect of some therapeutic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:367331", "title": "[Structural foundation for the functional connections of the endocrine apparatus and nervous system of the kidneys].", "content": "Data from the current literature are used to demonstrate the structural-functional relationship of endocrine and nervous apparatuses of the kidneys which must be taken into consideration in the analysis of clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of many diseases, first of all those of the kidneys. Therefore it is recommended that in examinations of kidney biopsies the state of the endocrine apparatuses and nervous system be evaluated which requires deep kidney biopsy and special methods of morphological analysis.", "contents": "[Structural foundation for the functional connections of the endocrine apparatus and nervous system of the kidneys]. Data from the current literature are used to demonstrate the structural-functional relationship of endocrine and nervous apparatuses of the kidneys which must be taken into consideration in the analysis of clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of many diseases, first of all those of the kidneys. Therefore it is recommended that in examinations of kidney biopsies the state of the endocrine apparatuses and nervous system be evaluated which requires deep kidney biopsy and special methods of morphological analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:367332", "title": "[Simple method of embedding in paraffin under vacuum].", "content": "A method of embedding into paraffin under vacuum is proposed. Pieces of tissues are placed into a glass jar containing melted paraffin from which the air is pumped out. The jar is permanently placed into TC-80 thermostate. The air-removing hose is placed inside the thermostate through the opening in its upper wall meant for the control thermometer. The air is pumped out by any vacuum pump with electric drive. The proposed method is simple, provides for a good saturation with paraffin, shortens the time of tissue contact with melted paraffin, and gives thin sections of good quality.", "contents": "[Simple method of embedding in paraffin under vacuum]. A method of embedding into paraffin under vacuum is proposed. Pieces of tissues are placed into a glass jar containing melted paraffin from which the air is pumped out. The jar is permanently placed into TC-80 thermostate. The air-removing hose is placed inside the thermostate through the opening in its upper wall meant for the control thermometer. The air is pumped out by any vacuum pump with electric drive. The proposed method is simple, provides for a good saturation with paraffin, shortens the time of tissue contact with melted paraffin, and gives thin sections of good quality."}
{"id": "PMID:367334", "title": "[Status of pathological anatomy in the capitalist countries of Europe and the USA].", "content": "A review of the status and development of pathological anatomy in some European capitalist countries and in the USA is presented on the basis of the literature of recent years. The difficulties which arose in the development of this discipline are described and some comparisons of its status in these countries, the DDR, and the USSR are presented.", "contents": "[Status of pathological anatomy in the capitalist countries of Europe and the USA]. A review of the status and development of pathological anatomy in some European capitalist countries and in the USA is presented on the basis of the literature of recent years. The difficulties which arose in the development of this discipline are described and some comparisons of its status in these countries, the DDR, and the USSR are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:367336", "title": "Charles Dickens and the ear, nose, and throat.", "content": "Charles Dickens is known as a novelist, humorist, humanist, and a social reformist. One of his many abilities was an astute power of observation, and some of his writings included descriptions considered as original medical knowledge. Among the hundreds of characters portrayed by Dickens, many had depictions or diseases of interest to the otolaryngologist. Dickens described deaf children and was interested in the methods used in their teaching. He had a keen interest in children and their welfare and described his visits to the Childrens Hospital in London and to Parkins Institute at Boston. He described both temporary and permanent deafness following exposure to loud noise. Dickens was a medical critic and most of his writings on the subject were humorous, though mixed at times with a spicy element of satire.", "contents": "Charles Dickens and the ear, nose, and throat. Charles Dickens is known as a novelist, humorist, humanist, and a social reformist. One of his many abilities was an astute power of observation, and some of his writings included descriptions considered as original medical knowledge. Among the hundreds of characters portrayed by Dickens, many had depictions or diseases of interest to the otolaryngologist. Dickens described deaf children and was interested in the methods used in their teaching. He had a keen interest in children and their welfare and described his visits to the Childrens Hospital in London and to Parkins Institute at Boston. He described both temporary and permanent deafness following exposure to loud noise. Dickens was a medical critic and most of his writings on the subject were humorous, though mixed at times with a spicy element of satire."}
{"id": "PMID:367337", "title": "Homografts of the middle ear. Privileged tissue or privileged site.", "content": "To explain the survival and behavior of homografts, we have tried, by means of discussion and use of biological models, to resolve a problem with three unknowns, ie, the tympanic membrane, the ossicle, and the middle ear, with the notions of privileged tissue and privileged site. The tympanic membrane survives because of the relative stability of its fibers and the absence of mechanical trauma. Later, the membrane is sheathed by fibrous tissue. The ossicle is not only tolerated by the host but is also invaded and ossified.", "contents": "Homografts of the middle ear. Privileged tissue or privileged site. To explain the survival and behavior of homografts, we have tried, by means of discussion and use of biological models, to resolve a problem with three unknowns, ie, the tympanic membrane, the ossicle, and the middle ear, with the notions of privileged tissue and privileged site. The tympanic membrane survives because of the relative stability of its fibers and the absence of mechanical trauma. Later, the membrane is sheathed by fibrous tissue. The ossicle is not only tolerated by the host but is also invaded and ossified."}
{"id": "PMID:367338", "title": "Autografts of uncrushed and crushed bone and cartilage. Experimental observations and clinical implications.", "content": "This study evaluated autografts of bone and cartilage, uncrushed and crushed, in the perichondrial space of the ear and subcutaneously in the paraspinal region in rabbits six weeks and six months after transplantation. The results support the belief that in a clinical setting it is important to preserve perichondrium because it facilitates growth of new cartilage. This study suggests that when autogenous tissue is to be used for subcutaneous augmentation, it is best to use crushed or uncrushed cartilage or uncrushed bone because they remain viable. In the perichondrial space, crushed and uncrushed cartilage grafts not only remain viable but also induce growth of new cartilage and bone. Autogenous crushed bone does not survive in the perichondrial space of the rabbit ear.", "contents": "Autografts of uncrushed and crushed bone and cartilage. Experimental observations and clinical implications. This study evaluated autografts of bone and cartilage, uncrushed and crushed, in the perichondrial space of the ear and subcutaneously in the paraspinal region in rabbits six weeks and six months after transplantation. The results support the belief that in a clinical setting it is important to preserve perichondrium because it facilitates growth of new cartilage. This study suggests that when autogenous tissue is to be used for subcutaneous augmentation, it is best to use crushed or uncrushed cartilage or uncrushed bone because they remain viable. In the perichondrial space, crushed and uncrushed cartilage grafts not only remain viable but also induce growth of new cartilage and bone. Autogenous crushed bone does not survive in the perichondrial space of the rabbit ear."}
{"id": "PMID:367339", "title": "Primary reconstruction by modified cervical island skin flap following resection of oral and pharyngeal cancer.", "content": "Reconstruction of the intraoral defect following cancer surgery often causes formation of fistula, impairment of lingual movement, and prolonged hospitalization by secondary reconstruction. To reduce such complications, the modified cervical island skin flap method as a one-stage intraoral reconstruction was used in 18 patients. Lateral cervical island flap was used in 15 cases and the median flap in three. This method proved to be successful for 17 patients. One patient who received a preoperative full dose of irradiation developed a fistula. There were two types of healing of the skin flap. The postoperative external appearance and function of the tongue were commendable.", "contents": "Primary reconstruction by modified cervical island skin flap following resection of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Reconstruction of the intraoral defect following cancer surgery often causes formation of fistula, impairment of lingual movement, and prolonged hospitalization by secondary reconstruction. To reduce such complications, the modified cervical island skin flap method as a one-stage intraoral reconstruction was used in 18 patients. Lateral cervical island flap was used in 15 cases and the median flap in three. This method proved to be successful for 17 patients. One patient who received a preoperative full dose of irradiation developed a fistula. There were two types of healing of the skin flap. The postoperative external appearance and function of the tongue were commendable."}
{"id": "PMID:367340", "title": "The role of the overlay denture in the prevention of mandibular ridge atrophy.", "content": "The overlay denture concept may be used to postpone and in some cases avoid the atrophied mandibular ridge syndrome. The co-operation of the patient is a vital factor for success and the treatment regimen is divided into a series of self-contained stages to allow the patient to demonstrate his mastery of each before proceeding to the next. Function in the edentate can be enhanced by the use of this type of denture.", "contents": "The role of the overlay denture in the prevention of mandibular ridge atrophy. The overlay denture concept may be used to postpone and in some cases avoid the atrophied mandibular ridge syndrome. The co-operation of the patient is a vital factor for success and the treatment regimen is divided into a series of self-contained stages to allow the patient to demonstrate his mastery of each before proceeding to the next. Function in the edentate can be enhanced by the use of this type of denture."}
{"id": "PMID:367341", "title": "Current concepts in the surgical management of the atrophic mandible.", "content": "1. For the severely atrophic mandible surgery cannot be considered as a magical panacea. 2. Retention of teeth or tooth roots is important as we are unable to predict the degree of mandibular bone resorption relating to the innate vascular pattern. 3. More emphasis should be given to mylohyoid reduction as described in this paper. 4. A gain in stability by surgery should not be at the expense of retention. 5. Mucosal grafts are more satisfactory than skin grafts. 6. Bone graft augmentation in the future must be considered with great caution. 7. When removing denture hyperplasia which involves the sulcus, every effort must be made to preserve viable mucosa in order to reconstitute a resilient border seal.", "contents": "Current concepts in the surgical management of the atrophic mandible. 1. For the severely atrophic mandible surgery cannot be considered as a magical panacea. 2. Retention of teeth or tooth roots is important as we are unable to predict the degree of mandibular bone resorption relating to the innate vascular pattern. 3. More emphasis should be given to mylohyoid reduction as described in this paper. 4. A gain in stability by surgery should not be at the expense of retention. 5. Mucosal grafts are more satisfactory than skin grafts. 6. Bone graft augmentation in the future must be considered with great caution. 7. When removing denture hyperplasia which involves the sulcus, every effort must be made to preserve viable mucosa in order to reconstitute a resilient border seal."}
{"id": "PMID:367343", "title": "Child psychiatry: what it is all about.", "content": "This paper discusses the history of child psychiatry, and outlines the role and training of a child psychiatrist. Case histories are introduced as illustrations of the factors with which both therapist and patient have to contend during the course of their relationship.", "contents": "Child psychiatry: what it is all about. This paper discusses the history of child psychiatry, and outlines the role and training of a child psychiatrist. Case histories are introduced as illustrations of the factors with which both therapist and patient have to contend during the course of their relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:367345", "title": "Group B streptococcal infection in the perinatal period. An increasing problem in newborn care.", "content": "Group B streptococcal infections in newborn infants are increasing in frequency. Infection takes two forms--early-onset, developing in the first 24 hours, and late-onset, developing after the first week. Early-onset disease, a fulminating septicaemia, has a mortality of 40-70%. Late-onset disease, usually meningitis, has a mortality of 20-30%, with a high incidence of neurological damage in survivors. Early-onset disease is acquired during delivery from organisms colonizing the vagina. Up to 25% of women are colonized in late pregnancy. So far, no effective programmes for prevention have been developed.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal infection in the perinatal period. An increasing problem in newborn care. Group B streptococcal infections in newborn infants are increasing in frequency. Infection takes two forms--early-onset, developing in the first 24 hours, and late-onset, developing after the first week. Early-onset disease, a fulminating septicaemia, has a mortality of 40-70%. Late-onset disease, usually meningitis, has a mortality of 20-30%, with a high incidence of neurological damage in survivors. Early-onset disease is acquired during delivery from organisms colonizing the vagina. Up to 25% of women are colonized in late pregnancy. So far, no effective programmes for prevention have been developed."}
{"id": "PMID:367346", "title": "Immunoglobulin deposition in the kidney in pre-eclampsia: its significance.", "content": "Renal biopsies from two patients with classical toxaemia of pregnancy demonstrated heavy deposition of IgG and IgA in a predominantly finely granular pattern. It is suggested that this may be a manifestation of immune complex formation and may provide further evidence for an immunological basis for the renal lesion of this poorly understood disease process.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin deposition in the kidney in pre-eclampsia: its significance. Renal biopsies from two patients with classical toxaemia of pregnancy demonstrated heavy deposition of IgG and IgA in a predominantly finely granular pattern. It is suggested that this may be a manifestation of immune complex formation and may provide further evidence for an immunological basis for the renal lesion of this poorly understood disease process."}
{"id": "PMID:367347", "title": "Primary selective deficiency of immunoglobulin M.", "content": "Selective deficiency of IgM as a primary disorder is seldom encountered1--3, and the syndrome remains ill-defined4. It is generally accepted that for a diagnosis to be made, the serum IgM level should be consistently below 2 SD of normal, no other immunodeficiencies are present, and it is not secondary to other disease processes4. This report of an additional case may provide further insight into this rare disease.", "contents": "Primary selective deficiency of immunoglobulin M. Selective deficiency of IgM as a primary disorder is seldom encountered1--3, and the syndrome remains ill-defined4. It is generally accepted that for a diagnosis to be made, the serum IgM level should be consistently below 2 SD of normal, no other immunodeficiencies are present, and it is not secondary to other disease processes4. This report of an additional case may provide further insight into this rare disease."}
{"id": "PMID:367348", "title": "Lymphoblastic transformation of Ph1-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia: therapeutic implications and relevance to haemopoietic stem cell theory.", "content": "A proportion of patients with blast crisis of CML have blast cells identical to those found in common non-T, non-B all, and whilst this disease is often referred to as lymphoid blast crisis (LBC), evidence is presented that it may in fact arise from a prelymphoid, pre-myeloid (pluripotential) stem cell. Recently developed membrane and enzyme markers (anti-ALL antiserum, TdT assay) have provided convenient diagnostic tests for the detection of LBC. The clinical and haematological features of LBC are reviewed: patients with LBC show a higher response rate to therapy with vincristine and prednisolone, and their survival may be significantly prolonged. The frequent occurrence of meningeal leukaemia suggests the need for prophylactic CNS therapy in LBC patients achieving remission.", "contents": "Lymphoblastic transformation of Ph1-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia: therapeutic implications and relevance to haemopoietic stem cell theory. A proportion of patients with blast crisis of CML have blast cells identical to those found in common non-T, non-B all, and whilst this disease is often referred to as lymphoid blast crisis (LBC), evidence is presented that it may in fact arise from a prelymphoid, pre-myeloid (pluripotential) stem cell. Recently developed membrane and enzyme markers (anti-ALL antiserum, TdT assay) have provided convenient diagnostic tests for the detection of LBC. The clinical and haematological features of LBC are reviewed: patients with LBC show a higher response rate to therapy with vincristine and prednisolone, and their survival may be significantly prolonged. The frequent occurrence of meningeal leukaemia suggests the need for prophylactic CNS therapy in LBC patients achieving remission."}
{"id": "PMID:367356", "title": "Pathophysiology of platelet-vessel interactions.", "content": "Thrombosis results from the interaction of a number of processes which are summarized in table I and figure 1. The predominant role of platelets in the genesis of rapid-flow, arterial thrombosis provides a rationale for the clinical trial of inhibitors of platelet functions in the management of several thrombotic disorders.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of platelet-vessel interactions. Thrombosis results from the interaction of a number of processes which are summarized in table I and figure 1. The predominant role of platelets in the genesis of rapid-flow, arterial thrombosis provides a rationale for the clinical trial of inhibitors of platelet functions in the management of several thrombotic disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:367357", "title": "Cardiac thromboembolism: evidence for role of platelets and value of platelet suppressant therapy.", "content": "Thromboembolism remains a frequent and serious problem in cardiac patients. Methods to identify the thrombosis-prone patient and the identification of safe and effective forms of treatment would be of great value. The accumulating evidence which indicates that abnormalities in platelet tests are often present in cardiac patients and may help identify those at greatest risk of thrombosis is encouraging. It suggests that patients with cardiac disease are desirable groups for investigation. It also indicates that the platelet survival test may be useful as a reference against which new and more practical tests can be compared, as well as a means to identify useful platelet suppressant drugs or to monitor the effects of these drugs.", "contents": "Cardiac thromboembolism: evidence for role of platelets and value of platelet suppressant therapy. Thromboembolism remains a frequent and serious problem in cardiac patients. Methods to identify the thrombosis-prone patient and the identification of safe and effective forms of treatment would be of great value. The accumulating evidence which indicates that abnormalities in platelet tests are often present in cardiac patients and may help identify those at greatest risk of thrombosis is encouraging. It suggests that patients with cardiac disease are desirable groups for investigation. It also indicates that the platelet survival test may be useful as a reference against which new and more practical tests can be compared, as well as a means to identify useful platelet suppressant drugs or to monitor the effects of these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:367358", "title": "Use of platelet inhibitor drugs in peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders.", "content": "A review is given on the clinical studies performed with aspirin in patients with chronic vascular occlusions of the limbs and on studies in cerebral ischemia using aspirin and sulfinpyrazone. Aspirin reduces the risk of reocclusions in patients after vascular surgery and also reduces the risk of peripheral vascular occlusions in diabetic patients. In doses of 1.2-1.5 g/day it also reduces the frequency of transient ischemic attacks. Conclusive results of similar studies with sulfinpyrazone and dipyridamole can be expected of the ongoing studies. Aspirin has no effect on the course of glomerulonephritis in children. Warfarin plus dipyridamole seem to have some effect in patients renal allografts. Sulfinpyrazone and ASA reduced the incidence of shunt thromboses in hemodialyzed patients. Several case reports in patients with thrombocytemia or Raynaud's syndrome made it likely that treatment with antiplatelet drug reduces the incidence of vascular occlusions.", "contents": "Use of platelet inhibitor drugs in peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. A review is given on the clinical studies performed with aspirin in patients with chronic vascular occlusions of the limbs and on studies in cerebral ischemia using aspirin and sulfinpyrazone. Aspirin reduces the risk of reocclusions in patients after vascular surgery and also reduces the risk of peripheral vascular occlusions in diabetic patients. In doses of 1.2-1.5 g/day it also reduces the frequency of transient ischemic attacks. Conclusive results of similar studies with sulfinpyrazone and dipyridamole can be expected of the ongoing studies. Aspirin has no effect on the course of glomerulonephritis in children. Warfarin plus dipyridamole seem to have some effect in patients renal allografts. Sulfinpyrazone and ASA reduced the incidence of shunt thromboses in hemodialyzed patients. Several case reports in patients with thrombocytemia or Raynaud's syndrome made it likely that treatment with antiplatelet drug reduces the incidence of vascular occlusions."}
{"id": "PMID:367359", "title": "Thrombin: structural features related to specificity.", "content": "A comparison of the primary structure of human thrombin with the structures of chymotrypsin, trypsin, elastase and factor Xabeta reveals several structural features which may be involved in the specificity of thrombin toward macromolecular substrates. Among the major structural differences noted in such a comparison are the insertions of five extended peptide regions in the primary structure of alpha-thrombin when compared to chymotrypsin. These insertions, which we refer to as \"loops\", have been designated A, B, C, D, and E. The A, B and C \"loops\" in human thrombin appear to be large enough to interact at or near the active active site if an alpha-thrombin-chymotrypsin three-dimensional structural homology is assumed. In beta-thrombin, the configuration of the A and B \"loops\" may be perturbed by proteolysis, and the ability of beta-thrombin to clot fibrinogen is thus reduced. Perturbation of the configuration of the C \"loops\" by proteolysis in the formation of gamma-thrombin may further reduce the ability of thrombin to bind fibrinogen.", "contents": "Thrombin: structural features related to specificity. A comparison of the primary structure of human thrombin with the structures of chymotrypsin, trypsin, elastase and factor Xabeta reveals several structural features which may be involved in the specificity of thrombin toward macromolecular substrates. Among the major structural differences noted in such a comparison are the insertions of five extended peptide regions in the primary structure of alpha-thrombin when compared to chymotrypsin. These insertions, which we refer to as \"loops\", have been designated A, B, C, D, and E. The A, B and C \"loops\" in human thrombin appear to be large enough to interact at or near the active active site if an alpha-thrombin-chymotrypsin three-dimensional structural homology is assumed. In beta-thrombin, the configuration of the A and B \"loops\" may be perturbed by proteolysis, and the ability of beta-thrombin to clot fibrinogen is thus reduced. Perturbation of the configuration of the C \"loops\" by proteolysis in the formation of gamma-thrombin may further reduce the ability of thrombin to bind fibrinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:367360", "title": "Amino acid sequence homology and the vitamin K-dependent proteins.", "content": "Examination of amino acid sequence data on bovine vitamin K-dependent clotting zymogens, using the Gibbs and McIntyre diagonal plot, leads to the conclusion that they are homologous and have evolved by a series of gene duplications. Plasminogen is also homologous but lacks the region containing glutamic acid (Glu) residues gamma-carboxylated in a vitamin K-dependent step. Both prothrombin and plasminogen show internal sequence homology resulting from partial gene duplication and quintuplication respectively; each internal homology loop in prothrombin shows significant homology with each of the five putative loops in plasminogen. Recently, Walz et al. (Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 1969-1972, 1977) have sequenced the non-thrombin region of human prothrombin (residues 1-273) and this has enabled identification of regions conserved in 90 million years of eutherian evolution. The relative conservatism of homology loop 1 (bovine residues  66-144) which has no known function is discussed 'gamma-Carboxyglutamic acid; (Gla) has been found in proteins unrelated to the plasma clotting factors; a bovine bone-matrix protein('osteocalcin') has been sequenced  by Price et al. (Proc. natn. Acad Sci. USA 73: 3373-3375, 1976) but it shows no homology with prothrombin or factor X.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence homology and the vitamin K-dependent proteins. Examination of amino acid sequence data on bovine vitamin K-dependent clotting zymogens, using the Gibbs and McIntyre diagonal plot, leads to the conclusion that they are homologous and have evolved by a series of gene duplications. Plasminogen is also homologous but lacks the region containing glutamic acid (Glu) residues gamma-carboxylated in a vitamin K-dependent step. Both prothrombin and plasminogen show internal sequence homology resulting from partial gene duplication and quintuplication respectively; each internal homology loop in prothrombin shows significant homology with each of the five putative loops in plasminogen. Recently, Walz et al. (Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 1969-1972, 1977) have sequenced the non-thrombin region of human prothrombin (residues 1-273) and this has enabled identification of regions conserved in 90 million years of eutherian evolution. The relative conservatism of homology loop 1 (bovine residues  66-144) which has no known function is discussed 'gamma-Carboxyglutamic acid; (Gla) has been found in proteins unrelated to the plasma clotting factors; a bovine bone-matrix protein('osteocalcin') has been sequenced  by Price et al. (Proc. natn. Acad Sci. USA 73: 3373-3375, 1976) but it shows no homology with prothrombin or factor X."}
{"id": "PMID:367361", "title": "Functional mutants of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase affecting kinetics, cellular redox balance, and electrophoretic mobility.", "content": "Repeated selection of petite (respiratorily incompetent) Saccharomyces cerevisiae on medium containing allyl alcohol, both on plates and in the turbidostat, results in mutants with a remarkably similar response. Most of the mutations affect the constitutive alcohol dehydrogenase, resulting in enzymes with a cathodal shift in electrophoretic mobility, and none shows a significant anodal shift. The genetics, kinetics, and physiological effect of three of the mutants have been investigated in detail, and while all confer resistance to allyl alcohol through a shift in the NAD/NADH ratio, they do so in slightly different ways. The potential of this system for exploring the range of short-term adaptations open to this organism is discussed.", "contents": "Functional mutants of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase affecting kinetics, cellular redox balance, and electrophoretic mobility. Repeated selection of petite (respiratorily incompetent) Saccharomyces cerevisiae on medium containing allyl alcohol, both on plates and in the turbidostat, results in mutants with a remarkably similar response. Most of the mutations affect the constitutive alcohol dehydrogenase, resulting in enzymes with a cathodal shift in electrophoretic mobility, and none shows a significant anodal shift. The genetics, kinetics, and physiological effect of three of the mutants have been investigated in detail, and while all confer resistance to allyl alcohol through a shift in the NAD/NADH ratio, they do so in slightly different ways. The potential of this system for exploring the range of short-term adaptations open to this organism is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367362", "title": "Genetic control of enzyme polymorphisms in the california vole, Microtus californicus.", "content": "Inheritance of 15 polymorphic isozymes was investigated in captive Microtus californicus. Eleven of the isozymes show patterns consistent with a Mendelian model of inheritance: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), lactate dehydrogenases A and B (LDH-A and LDH-B), malic enzyme 2 (ME-2), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (ICD-1), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (GOT-1) phosphoglucomutase 2 (PGM-2), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI), and esterase 2 (ES-2, from kidney). Four of the isozymes show patterns that cannot be interpreted by a simple genetic model: esterases 1 and 4 (ES-1, ES-4, from hemolysate), esterase 3 (ES-3, from plasma), and protein 1 (PT-1). The following pairs of loci are assorting independently: LAP and PGD, LAP and PGM-2, GOT-1 and PGD, GOT-1 and GPD, LAP and GPD, GPD and PGD, GPI and PGD. Data from one test cross mating indicate that GPD and PGM-2 are loosely linked with recombination about 30%. Additional data are needed to confirm this relationship.", "contents": "Genetic control of enzyme polymorphisms in the california vole, Microtus californicus. Inheritance of 15 polymorphic isozymes was investigated in captive Microtus californicus. Eleven of the isozymes show patterns consistent with a Mendelian model of inheritance: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), lactate dehydrogenases A and B (LDH-A and LDH-B), malic enzyme 2 (ME-2), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (ICD-1), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (GOT-1) phosphoglucomutase 2 (PGM-2), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI), and esterase 2 (ES-2, from kidney). Four of the isozymes show patterns that cannot be interpreted by a simple genetic model: esterases 1 and 4 (ES-1, ES-4, from hemolysate), esterase 3 (ES-3, from plasma), and protein 1 (PT-1). The following pairs of loci are assorting independently: LAP and PGD, LAP and PGM-2, GOT-1 and PGD, GOT-1 and GPD, LAP and GPD, GPD and PGD, GPI and PGD. Data from one test cross mating indicate that GPD and PGM-2 are loosely linked with recombination about 30%. Additional data are needed to confirm this relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:367363", "title": "Purification of the hexokinases by affinity chromatography on sepharose-N-aminoacylglucosamine derivates. Design of affinity matrices from free solution kinetics.", "content": "The purification is described of rat hepatic hexokinase type III and kidney hexokinase type I on a large scale by using a combination of conventional and affinity techniques similar to those previously used for the purification of rat hepatic glucokinase [Holroyde, Allen, Storer, Warsy, Chesher, Trayer, Cornish-Bowden & Walker (1976) Biochem. J. 153, 363-373] and muscle hexokinase type II [Holroyde & Trayer (1976) FEBS Lett. 62, 215-219]. The key to each purification was the use of a Sepharose-N-aminoacylglucosamine affinity matrix in which a high degree of specificity for a particular hexokinase isoenzyme could be introduced by either varying the length of the aminoacyl spacer and/or varying the ligand concentration coupled to the gel. This was predicted from a study of the free solution kinetic properties of the various N-aminoacylglucosamine derivatives used (N-aminopropionyl, N-aminobutyryl, N-aminohexanoyl and N-aminooctanoyl), synthesized as described by Holroyde, Chesher, Trayer & Walker [(1976) Biochem. J. 153, 351-361]. All derivatives were competitive inhibitors, with respect to glucose, of the hexokinase reaction, and there was a direct correlation between the Ki for a particular derivative and its ability to act as an affinity matrix when immobilized to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Muscle hexokinase type II could be chromatographed on the Sepharose conjugates of all four N-aminoacylglucosamine derivatives, although the N-aminohexanoylglucosamine derivative proved best. This same derivative was readily able to bind hepatic glucokinase and hexokinase type III, but Sepharose-N-amino-octanoyl-glucosamine was better for these enzymes and was the only derivative capable of binding kidney hexokinase type I efficiently. Separate studies with yeast hexokinase showed that again only the Sepharose-N-amino-octanoylglucosamine was capable of acting as an efficient affinity matrix for this enzyme. Implications of these studies in our understanding of affinity-chromatography operation are discussed.", "contents": "Purification of the hexokinases by affinity chromatography on sepharose-N-aminoacylglucosamine derivates. Design of affinity matrices from free solution kinetics. The purification is described of rat hepatic hexokinase type III and kidney hexokinase type I on a large scale by using a combination of conventional and affinity techniques similar to those previously used for the purification of rat hepatic glucokinase [Holroyde, Allen, Storer, Warsy, Chesher, Trayer, Cornish-Bowden & Walker (1976) Biochem. J. 153, 363-373] and muscle hexokinase type II [Holroyde & Trayer (1976) FEBS Lett. 62, 215-219]. The key to each purification was the use of a Sepharose-N-aminoacylglucosamine affinity matrix in which a high degree of specificity for a particular hexokinase isoenzyme could be introduced by either varying the length of the aminoacyl spacer and/or varying the ligand concentration coupled to the gel. This was predicted from a study of the free solution kinetic properties of the various N-aminoacylglucosamine derivatives used (N-aminopropionyl, N-aminobutyryl, N-aminohexanoyl and N-aminooctanoyl), synthesized as described by Holroyde, Chesher, Trayer & Walker [(1976) Biochem. J. 153, 351-361]. All derivatives were competitive inhibitors, with respect to glucose, of the hexokinase reaction, and there was a direct correlation between the Ki for a particular derivative and its ability to act as an affinity matrix when immobilized to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Muscle hexokinase type II could be chromatographed on the Sepharose conjugates of all four N-aminoacylglucosamine derivatives, although the N-aminohexanoylglucosamine derivative proved best. This same derivative was readily able to bind hepatic glucokinase and hexokinase type III, but Sepharose-N-amino-octanoyl-glucosamine was better for these enzymes and was the only derivative capable of binding kidney hexokinase type I efficiently. Separate studies with yeast hexokinase showed that again only the Sepharose-N-amino-octanoylglucosamine was capable of acting as an efficient affinity matrix for this enzyme. Implications of these studies in our understanding of affinity-chromatography operation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367364", "title": "Intramolecular coupling of active sites in the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The intramolecular passage of substrate between the component enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli was examined. A series of partly reassembled complexes, varying only in their E1 (pyruvate decarboxylase, EC 1.2.4.1) content, was incubated with pyruvate in the absence of CoA, conditions under which the lipoic acid residues covalently bound to the E2 (lipoate acetyltransferase, EC2.3.1.12) chains of the complex become reductively acetylated, and the reaction then ceases. The fraction of E2 chains thus acetylated was estimated by specific reaction of the thiol groups in the acetyl-lipoic acid moieties with N-ethyl[2,3-14C]maleimide. The simplest interpretation of the results was that a single E1 dimer is capable of catalysing the rapid acetylation of 8-12 E2 chains, in good agreement with the results of Bates, Danson, Hale, Hooper & Perham [(1977) Nature (London) 268, 313-316]. This novel functional connexion of active sites must be brought about by transacetylation reactions between lipoic acid residues of neighbouring E2 chains in the enzyme complex. There was also a slow transacylation process between the rapidly acetylated lipoic acid residues and those that did not react in the initial, faster phase. This interaction was not investigated in detail, since it is too slow to be of kinetic significance in the normal enzymic reaction.", "contents": "Intramolecular coupling of active sites in the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli. The intramolecular passage of substrate between the component enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli was examined. A series of partly reassembled complexes, varying only in their E1 (pyruvate decarboxylase, EC 1.2.4.1) content, was incubated with pyruvate in the absence of CoA, conditions under which the lipoic acid residues covalently bound to the E2 (lipoate acetyltransferase, EC2.3.1.12) chains of the complex become reductively acetylated, and the reaction then ceases. The fraction of E2 chains thus acetylated was estimated by specific reaction of the thiol groups in the acetyl-lipoic acid moieties with N-ethyl[2,3-14C]maleimide. The simplest interpretation of the results was that a single E1 dimer is capable of catalysing the rapid acetylation of 8-12 E2 chains, in good agreement with the results of Bates, Danson, Hale, Hooper & Perham [(1977) Nature (London) 268, 313-316]. This novel functional connexion of active sites must be brought about by transacetylation reactions between lipoic acid residues of neighbouring E2 chains in the enzyme complex. There was also a slow transacylation process between the rapidly acetylated lipoic acid residues and those that did not react in the initial, faster phase. This interaction was not investigated in detail, since it is too slow to be of kinetic significance in the normal enzymic reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:367365", "title": "Modification of yeast ribosomal proteins. Phosphorylation.", "content": "Two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoretic analysis of yeast ribosomal proteins labelled in vivo with 32PO43- revealed that the proteins S2 and S10 of the 40S ribosomal subunit, and the proteins L9, L30, L44 and L45 of the 60S ribosomal subunit, are phosphorylated in vivo. Most of the phosphate groups appeared to be linked to serine residues. Teh number of phosphate groups per molecule of phosphorylated protein species ranged from 0.01 to 0.79. Since most of the phosphorylated ribosomal proteins appear to associate with the pre-ribosomal particles at a very late stage of ribosome assembly, phosphorylation is more likely to play a role in the functioning of the ribosome than in its assembly.", "contents": "Modification of yeast ribosomal proteins. Phosphorylation. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoretic analysis of yeast ribosomal proteins labelled in vivo with 32PO43- revealed that the proteins S2 and S10 of the 40S ribosomal subunit, and the proteins L9, L30, L44 and L45 of the 60S ribosomal subunit, are phosphorylated in vivo. Most of the phosphate groups appeared to be linked to serine residues. Teh number of phosphate groups per molecule of phosphorylated protein species ranged from 0.01 to 0.79. Since most of the phosphorylated ribosomal proteins appear to associate with the pre-ribosomal particles at a very late stage of ribosome assembly, phosphorylation is more likely to play a role in the functioning of the ribosome than in its assembly."}
{"id": "PMID:367366", "title": "Modification of yeast ribosomal proteins. Methylation.", "content": "Two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoretic analysis of yeast ribosomal proteins uniformly labelled in vivo with [methyl-3H]methionine and [1-14C]methionine revealed that four ribosomal proteins are methylated, i.e. proteins S31, S32, L15 and L41. Lysine and arginine appear to be the predominant acceptors of the methyl groups. The degree of methylation ranges from 0.09 to 0.20 methyl group per modified ribosomal protein species.", "contents": "Modification of yeast ribosomal proteins. Methylation. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoretic analysis of yeast ribosomal proteins uniformly labelled in vivo with [methyl-3H]methionine and [1-14C]methionine revealed that four ribosomal proteins are methylated, i.e. proteins S31, S32, L15 and L41. Lysine and arginine appear to be the predominant acceptors of the methyl groups. The degree of methylation ranges from 0.09 to 0.20 methyl group per modified ribosomal protein species."}
{"id": "PMID:367367", "title": "Purification of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase from diverse sources by affinity elution chromatography.", "content": "1. Affinity elution chromatography was used to purify phosphoglycerate kinase from a variety of sources. The choice of buffer pH for the chromatography was made according to the relative electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme from the species concerned. 2. Outlines of the methods used to isolate the enzyme from over 20 sources are presented. The enzyme was purified from the muscle tissue of a variety of mammals, fish and birds, from liver of several animals, from yeast, Escherichia coli, and plant leaves. The more acidic varieties of the enzymes were purified by conventional gradient elution from ion-exchangers as affinity elution procedures were not applicable. 3. The structural and kinetic parameters investigated show that phosphoglycerate kinase is evolutionarily a highly conservative enzyme; there were few differences in properties regardless of source or function (glycolytic, gluconeogenic or photosynthetic). 4. A detailed comparison of the enzyme preparations purified from bovine muscle and bovine liver failed to detect any significant differences between them; the evidence indicates that they are genetically identical.", "contents": "Purification of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase from diverse sources by affinity elution chromatography. 1. Affinity elution chromatography was used to purify phosphoglycerate kinase from a variety of sources. The choice of buffer pH for the chromatography was made according to the relative electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme from the species concerned. 2. Outlines of the methods used to isolate the enzyme from over 20 sources are presented. The enzyme was purified from the muscle tissue of a variety of mammals, fish and birds, from liver of several animals, from yeast, Escherichia coli, and plant leaves. The more acidic varieties of the enzymes were purified by conventional gradient elution from ion-exchangers as affinity elution procedures were not applicable. 3. The structural and kinetic parameters investigated show that phosphoglycerate kinase is evolutionarily a highly conservative enzyme; there were few differences in properties regardless of source or function (glycolytic, gluconeogenic or photosynthetic). 4. A detailed comparison of the enzyme preparations purified from bovine muscle and bovine liver failed to detect any significant differences between them; the evidence indicates that they are genetically identical."}
{"id": "PMID:367377", "title": "Studies on heterophile antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Sera and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis were studied for the presence of heterophile antibodies to sheep and bovine erythrocytes by means of hemolysis in agar gel. It was demonstrated that 18 of 146 sera had hemolytic antibody titers of 160 or more; all 18 (12%) against sheep and 8 (6%) against bovine erythrocytes. Of 31 synovial fluids examined, 5 showed hemolysin titers of 40 or more; all 5 (16%) against sheep and 3 (10%) against bovine erythrocytes. These heterophile antibodies were shown to belong to IgM and/or IgG class. Absorption and inhibition studies revealed that antibodies of 10 positive sera and 2 synovial fluids were of Forssman specificity and antibodies of 6 sera and 3 synovial fluids were of Hanganutziu-Deicher specificity. Two remaining sera were shown to contain a mixture of Forssman antibodies and immune anti-B antibodies.", "contents": "Studies on heterophile antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Sera and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis were studied for the presence of heterophile antibodies to sheep and bovine erythrocytes by means of hemolysis in agar gel. It was demonstrated that 18 of 146 sera had hemolytic antibody titers of 160 or more; all 18 (12%) against sheep and 8 (6%) against bovine erythrocytes. Of 31 synovial fluids examined, 5 showed hemolysin titers of 40 or more; all 5 (16%) against sheep and 3 (10%) against bovine erythrocytes. These heterophile antibodies were shown to belong to IgM and/or IgG class. Absorption and inhibition studies revealed that antibodies of 10 positive sera and 2 synovial fluids were of Forssman specificity and antibodies of 6 sera and 3 synovial fluids were of Hanganutziu-Deicher specificity. Two remaining sera were shown to contain a mixture of Forssman antibodies and immune anti-B antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:367378", "title": "Horizontal splitting in patellar articular cartilage.", "content": "Horizontal splits at the interface between the uncalcified and the calcified layers of the articular cartilage have been found in 31 of 50 transverse slabs of left patellae from a random series of 50 necropsy subjects aged 18 to 96 years, Evidence is presented that the splits are not due to autolysis nor to technical artefact, and it is here suggested that they result from shearing damage at the uncalcified-calcified cartilage interface during life.", "contents": "Horizontal splitting in patellar articular cartilage. Horizontal splits at the interface between the uncalcified and the calcified layers of the articular cartilage have been found in 31 of 50 transverse slabs of left patellae from a random series of 50 necropsy subjects aged 18 to 96 years, Evidence is presented that the splits are not due to autolysis nor to technical artefact, and it is here suggested that they result from shearing damage at the uncalcified-calcified cartilage interface during life."}
{"id": "PMID:367386", "title": "Therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): interim report on protocols CML/73 and CML/74.", "content": "Current therapies of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) do not prevent the progression of the disease towards blastic metamorphosis, and have not resulted in a remarkable prolongation of survival. Splenectomy was proposed with the aim of removing a part of the tumor without cytotoxics and of removing a potentially privileged pool of malignant blast cells. Acute leukemia-like chemotherapy was proposed with the aim of eradicating or better controlling the highly malignant subclones that emerge during the chronic phase. A preliminary analysis of 2 clinical trials these therapeutic measures, suggests that splenectomy does not modify the rate of blastic transformation, during the first 2 to 3 years from diagnosis. Also the rate of blastic transformation is similar for patients receiving hydroxyurea at first, and arabinosyl cytosine (ARA-C), vincristine (VCR) and prednisone (P) thereafter, as for patients receiving from the clinical onset of CML a more intensive chemotherapy with ARA-C, thioguanine (TG) and daunomycin (DAUNO), but not VCR + P.", "contents": "Therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): interim report on protocols CML/73 and CML/74. Current therapies of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) do not prevent the progression of the disease towards blastic metamorphosis, and have not resulted in a remarkable prolongation of survival. Splenectomy was proposed with the aim of removing a part of the tumor without cytotoxics and of removing a potentially privileged pool of malignant blast cells. Acute leukemia-like chemotherapy was proposed with the aim of eradicating or better controlling the highly malignant subclones that emerge during the chronic phase. A preliminary analysis of 2 clinical trials these therapeutic measures, suggests that splenectomy does not modify the rate of blastic transformation, during the first 2 to 3 years from diagnosis. Also the rate of blastic transformation is similar for patients receiving hydroxyurea at first, and arabinosyl cytosine (ARA-C), vincristine (VCR) and prednisone (P) thereafter, as for patients receiving from the clinical onset of CML a more intensive chemotherapy with ARA-C, thioguanine (TG) and daunomycin (DAUNO), but not VCR + P."}
{"id": "PMID:367381", "title": "Constrictive pericarditis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Demonstration of immunoglobulins in the pericardium.", "content": "A 17-year-old male with systemic lupus erythematosus presented with clinical signs of severe constrictive pericarditis that was confirmed by cardiac catheterization. At surgery, a fibrous pericardium was removed, followed by complete relief of symptoms. Immunopathology of the pericardial tissue revealed deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3. A review of the literature produced only three similar cases. Although rare, constrictive pericarditis, a potentially life threatening complication, may occur in systemic lupus erythematosus presumably with an immunological basis.", "contents": "Constrictive pericarditis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Demonstration of immunoglobulins in the pericardium. A 17-year-old male with systemic lupus erythematosus presented with clinical signs of severe constrictive pericarditis that was confirmed by cardiac catheterization. At surgery, a fibrous pericardium was removed, followed by complete relief of symptoms. Immunopathology of the pericardial tissue revealed deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3. A review of the literature produced only three similar cases. Although rare, constrictive pericarditis, a potentially life threatening complication, may occur in systemic lupus erythematosus presumably with an immunological basis."}
{"id": "PMID:367388", "title": "Aeration, temperature and presence of glycerol modifying the multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae.", "content": "The multiplication of 8 strains of M. leprae on medium NM6 + DOPA, described by Olitzki (1976) in this journal, was enhanced by maximal aeration, by the presence of 1.0% glycerol and by an optimal incubation temperature of 30 degrees C as compared with 37 degrees C. It took place in the presence of several organic acids and N-acetyl-glucosamine.", "contents": "Aeration, temperature and presence of glycerol modifying the multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae. The multiplication of 8 strains of M. leprae on medium NM6 + DOPA, described by Olitzki (1976) in this journal, was enhanced by maximal aeration, by the presence of 1.0% glycerol and by an optimal incubation temperature of 30 degrees C as compared with 37 degrees C. It took place in the presence of several organic acids and N-acetyl-glucosamine."}
{"id": "PMID:367389", "title": "The assessment of interaction between drugs by the Autobac 1 system.", "content": "A study has been undertaken on the applicability of the Autobac 1 system to the checker board method to determine the interaction of combined drugs on bacterial populations. Preliminary results are reported which show that the Autobac makes easier, accurate, flexible and rapid such a method. In order to improve the significance and facilitate technical operations and data processing of this test additional equipment and device are suggested.", "contents": "The assessment of interaction between drugs by the Autobac 1 system. A study has been undertaken on the applicability of the Autobac 1 system to the checker board method to determine the interaction of combined drugs on bacterial populations. Preliminary results are reported which show that the Autobac makes easier, accurate, flexible and rapid such a method. In order to improve the significance and facilitate technical operations and data processing of this test additional equipment and device are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:367390", "title": "[Behavior of some parameters of humoral immunity in renal transplants after more than 3 years].", "content": "This paper evaluates the humoral immune response of 15 cadaver kidney transplant recipients more than three years after transplantation. The study was performed by determining immunoglobulin levels, complement fractions and circulating antigen-antibody complexes. The data obtained suggest that humoral immunity is impaired in patients who have undergone kidney transplant, even after more than three years later. The impairment of immunocompetence may be ascribed both to the immunosuppressive therapy (corticosteroids and azathioprine) and to the transplanted organ itself which represents a chronic antigenic stimulus.", "contents": "[Behavior of some parameters of humoral immunity in renal transplants after more than 3 years]. This paper evaluates the humoral immune response of 15 cadaver kidney transplant recipients more than three years after transplantation. The study was performed by determining immunoglobulin levels, complement fractions and circulating antigen-antibody complexes. The data obtained suggest that humoral immunity is impaired in patients who have undergone kidney transplant, even after more than three years later. The impairment of immunocompetence may be ascribed both to the immunosuppressive therapy (corticosteroids and azathioprine) and to the transplanted organ itself which represents a chronic antigenic stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:367391", "title": "[Syphilis serology: \"ELISA\", a third generation test].", "content": "The characteristics and the working modalities of ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) are outlined at the onset. Subsequently, the Authors refer the data relevant to the use of ELISA in the syphilis serodiagnosis, by describing the operative phases for the working out of the test with the enzyme peroxidase, and reporting the results of the clinical investigation performed on primary and secondary syphilis in progress, on treated primary and secondary syphilis (examinations performed 1 to 10 years after the end of therapy), on healthy blood donors, and on samples of false biological positivities. On the basis of the analysis of the results, the Authors feel that ELISA for its characteristics of sensitivity, easiness in carrying out, rapidity and reproducibility, might find a rational indication in the modern serodiagnosis of the syphilis.", "contents": "[Syphilis serology: \"ELISA\", a third generation test]. The characteristics and the working modalities of ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) are outlined at the onset. Subsequently, the Authors refer the data relevant to the use of ELISA in the syphilis serodiagnosis, by describing the operative phases for the working out of the test with the enzyme peroxidase, and reporting the results of the clinical investigation performed on primary and secondary syphilis in progress, on treated primary and secondary syphilis (examinations performed 1 to 10 years after the end of therapy), on healthy blood donors, and on samples of false biological positivities. On the basis of the analysis of the results, the Authors feel that ELISA for its characteristics of sensitivity, easiness in carrying out, rapidity and reproducibility, might find a rational indication in the modern serodiagnosis of the syphilis."}
{"id": "PMID:367395", "title": "[Levels of biogenic amines and their metabolites in rat whole brain after rapid tissue fixation with microwave irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "Levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid were measured fluorometrically in the whole brain of rats killed either by decapitation or by 5kW microwave irradiation for 1.6 sec. which inactivates the relevant brain enzymes rapidly and irreversibly. There were statistically no differences in the levels of NE, DA, 5-HT and 5-HIAA between the two methods of sacrifice, while the level of DA increased slightly in irradiated brains. On the other hand, the level of DOPAC, an oxidative deaminated metabolite of DA, increased significantly and the level of HVA, a final metabolite of DA, reduced markedly in the irradiated brains compared to that in the decapitated brains, respectively. These findings suggest that the turnover rates for metabolism of DA at synaptic nerve terminals and synaptic clefts may be relatively rapid. Therefore, it may be concluded that rapid inactivation of the brain enzymes involved in metabolism of DA is necessary prior to analysis of DA and its metabolites and microwave irradiation is the most suitable method available at the present time.", "contents": "[Levels of biogenic amines and their metabolites in rat whole brain after rapid tissue fixation with microwave irradiation (author's transl)]. Levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid were measured fluorometrically in the whole brain of rats killed either by decapitation or by 5kW microwave irradiation for 1.6 sec. which inactivates the relevant brain enzymes rapidly and irreversibly. There were statistically no differences in the levels of NE, DA, 5-HT and 5-HIAA between the two methods of sacrifice, while the level of DA increased slightly in irradiated brains. On the other hand, the level of DOPAC, an oxidative deaminated metabolite of DA, increased significantly and the level of HVA, a final metabolite of DA, reduced markedly in the irradiated brains compared to that in the decapitated brains, respectively. These findings suggest that the turnover rates for metabolism of DA at synaptic nerve terminals and synaptic clefts may be relatively rapid. Therefore, it may be concluded that rapid inactivation of the brain enzymes involved in metabolism of DA is necessary prior to analysis of DA and its metabolites and microwave irradiation is the most suitable method available at the present time."}
{"id": "PMID:367406", "title": "Effect on survival after myocardial infarction of long-term treatment with phenytoin.", "content": "A prospective, randomised, open trial was performed in 150 patients to test for any beneficial effects on 2-year mortality of long-term antiarrhythmic therapy with phenytoin in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients were stratified according to age, sex, past history of myocardial infarction, and the presence of absence of electrical or mechanical complications in the course of acute infarction. They were then randomised to treatment or control groups (74 v. 76). The former received phenytoin in doses aimed at maintaining plasma phenytoin levels between 40 and 80 mumol/litre. All patients entered the study before discharge from the coronary care ward. Plasma phenytoin levels were in the therapeutic range in between 51 and 75 per cent of subjects at any follow up visit. There were 19 withdrawals from the treatment group, 10 of which were the result of side effects. There were 5 withdrawals from the control group. According to the original intention to treat, there were 18 deaths at 2 years in the treatment group and 14 deaths in the control group. There was no reduction in the incidence of instantaneous or sudden deaths. Deaths on treatment were not associated with a low phenytoin plasma level. Phenytoin treatment showed no beneficial effects on mortality and was associated with a high incidence of side effects.", "contents": "Effect on survival after myocardial infarction of long-term treatment with phenytoin. A prospective, randomised, open trial was performed in 150 patients to test for any beneficial effects on 2-year mortality of long-term antiarrhythmic therapy with phenytoin in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients were stratified according to age, sex, past history of myocardial infarction, and the presence of absence of electrical or mechanical complications in the course of acute infarction. They were then randomised to treatment or control groups (74 v. 76). The former received phenytoin in doses aimed at maintaining plasma phenytoin levels between 40 and 80 mumol/litre. All patients entered the study before discharge from the coronary care ward. Plasma phenytoin levels were in the therapeutic range in between 51 and 75 per cent of subjects at any follow up visit. There were 19 withdrawals from the treatment group, 10 of which were the result of side effects. There were 5 withdrawals from the control group. According to the original intention to treat, there were 18 deaths at 2 years in the treatment group and 14 deaths in the control group. There was no reduction in the incidence of instantaneous or sudden deaths. Deaths on treatment were not associated with a low phenytoin plasma level. Phenytoin treatment showed no beneficial effects on mortality and was associated with a high incidence of side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:367409", "title": "Methods for assessment of the effect of drugs on cerebral blood flow in man.", "content": "The cerebral circulation is not an unimportant vascular bed but it is difficult one to investigate. Methodological difficulties are the main reasons for the paucity of clinical pharmacology studies to date. Of the methods currently available those of the McHenry (1964) and Wyper et al. (1976) appear to be the most useful to the clinical investigator. Increasing use of multiple detectors even with inhalation techniques may give evidence of regional drug effects upon the cerebral circulation. Improvements in methodology in the last few years, particularly the development of atraumatic methods are likely to act as an important spur to research in this field.", "contents": "Methods for assessment of the effect of drugs on cerebral blood flow in man. The cerebral circulation is not an unimportant vascular bed but it is difficult one to investigate. Methodological difficulties are the main reasons for the paucity of clinical pharmacology studies to date. Of the methods currently available those of the McHenry (1964) and Wyper et al. (1976) appear to be the most useful to the clinical investigator. Increasing use of multiple detectors even with inhalation techniques may give evidence of regional drug effects upon the cerebral circulation. Improvements in methodology in the last few years, particularly the development of atraumatic methods are likely to act as an important spur to research in this field."}
{"id": "PMID:367410", "title": "A controlled trial of labetalol (Trandate), propranolol and placebo in the management of mild to moderate hypertension.", "content": "1. Labetalol, a new drug combining alpha-and beta-adrenoceptor blocking properties, has been compared with placebo in a double-blind crossover study of a group of patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension (blood pressure 150/100 to 189/114 mmHg). 2. Labetalol and propranolol lowered blood pressure satisfactorily in the supine position, but labetalol reduced blood pressure more in the erect posture and following exercise and induced less bradycardia. Thus alpha- as well as beta-adrenoceptor blocking actions appear to contribute to blood pressure reduction. 3. Side effects attributable to labetalol were few. The effective dose ratio labetalol: propranolol was 2.5:1 (w/w). 4. Labetalol, a new form of hypotensive agent, merits further controlled assessment of  its usefulness in relation to existing drugs.", "contents": "A controlled trial of labetalol (Trandate), propranolol and placebo in the management of mild to moderate hypertension. 1. Labetalol, a new drug combining alpha-and beta-adrenoceptor blocking properties, has been compared with placebo in a double-blind crossover study of a group of patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension (blood pressure 150/100 to 189/114 mmHg). 2. Labetalol and propranolol lowered blood pressure satisfactorily in the supine position, but labetalol reduced blood pressure more in the erect posture and following exercise and induced less bradycardia. Thus alpha- as well as beta-adrenoceptor blocking actions appear to contribute to blood pressure reduction. 3. Side effects attributable to labetalol were few. The effective dose ratio labetalol: propranolol was 2.5:1 (w/w). 4. Labetalol, a new form of hypotensive agent, merits further controlled assessment of  its usefulness in relation to existing drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:367413", "title": "Responses of human and baboon arteries to prostaglandin endoperoxides and biologically generated and synthetic prostacyclin: their relevance to cerebral arterial spasm in man.", "content": "1 Isolated strips of human or baboon basilar, middle cerebral, vertebral or common carotid arteries were set up in an isolated organ bath or in a superfusion cascade system. 2 These arteries relaxed to prostacyclin but contracted to prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH2). 3 Human and baboon isolated arteries also generated prostacyclin from exogenous endoperoxide (PGH2). 4 Human arteries generated prostacyclin 36 h post-mortem but not 40 h post-mortem. The biologically generated prostacyclin relaxed the basilar artery and overcame the contractile effects of PGH2. 5 Thromboxane A2-like activity generated during human platelet aggregation by arachidonic acid caused contractions of the human basilar artery. 6 Prostacyclin reversed contractions of human basilar arteries caused by an unidentified vasoconstrictor factor in cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients with cerebral arterial vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage following rupture of cerebral arterial aneurysms. 7. The above vasospasm may be due at least in part to disordered physiological control of the calibre of cerebral arteries caused by diminished synthesis of prostacyclin.", "contents": "Responses of human and baboon arteries to prostaglandin endoperoxides and biologically generated and synthetic prostacyclin: their relevance to cerebral arterial spasm in man. 1 Isolated strips of human or baboon basilar, middle cerebral, vertebral or common carotid arteries were set up in an isolated organ bath or in a superfusion cascade system. 2 These arteries relaxed to prostacyclin but contracted to prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH2). 3 Human and baboon isolated arteries also generated prostacyclin from exogenous endoperoxide (PGH2). 4 Human arteries generated prostacyclin 36 h post-mortem but not 40 h post-mortem. The biologically generated prostacyclin relaxed the basilar artery and overcame the contractile effects of PGH2. 5 Thromboxane A2-like activity generated during human platelet aggregation by arachidonic acid caused contractions of the human basilar artery. 6 Prostacyclin reversed contractions of human basilar arteries caused by an unidentified vasoconstrictor factor in cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients with cerebral arterial vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage following rupture of cerebral arterial aneurysms. 7. The above vasospasm may be due at least in part to disordered physiological control of the calibre of cerebral arteries caused by diminished synthesis of prostacyclin."}
{"id": "PMID:367414", "title": "Cinnarizine in the treatment of chronic asthma.", "content": "1 Cinnarizine, an inhibitor of calcium ion transport across smooth muscle cell membrane, has been shown to exert an anti-asthmatic effect in patients with chronic asthma. 2 It is postulated that antagonism to calcium ion transport across the mast cell membrane may cause the compound to have a pharmacological effect similar to sodium cromoglycate. 3 Cinnarizine is orally active and its therapeutic effect is demonstrated in a double-blind, cross-over, placebo controlled study. 4 Patient benefit was shown by a significant improvement in peak flow rate. A non-significant trend towards a reduction in symptomatic bronchodilator usage and a decrease in asthma symptom score was also shown. 5 It is concluded that cinnarizine could well prove to be the first of a new family of anti-asthmatic drugs offering a protective effect when taken systemically.", "contents": "Cinnarizine in the treatment of chronic asthma. 1 Cinnarizine, an inhibitor of calcium ion transport across smooth muscle cell membrane, has been shown to exert an anti-asthmatic effect in patients with chronic asthma. 2 It is postulated that antagonism to calcium ion transport across the mast cell membrane may cause the compound to have a pharmacological effect similar to sodium cromoglycate. 3 Cinnarizine is orally active and its therapeutic effect is demonstrated in a double-blind, cross-over, placebo controlled study. 4 Patient benefit was shown by a significant improvement in peak flow rate. A non-significant trend towards a reduction in symptomatic bronchodilator usage and a decrease in asthma symptom score was also shown. 5 It is concluded that cinnarizine could well prove to be the first of a new family of anti-asthmatic drugs offering a protective effect when taken systemically."}
{"id": "PMID:367419", "title": "Development of a model for transepidermal elimination.", "content": "Transepidermal elimination is a phenomenon which occurs spontaneously in certain skin disorders in which effete connective tissue or foreign materials is expelled via the epidermis to the exterior. In order to learn how this phenomenon is effected and what factors control it, we have attempted to produce an animal model for the process. When charcoal particles are deposited subepidermally in guinea-pig flank skin transepidermal elimination occurs within 4 days and we believe that this mimics the disorder seen in man. The hair follicles became hyperplastic and were intimately involved in the reaction, some of the particles actually being expelled via the follicular lumina. The reaction has some similarities to the wound healing response.", "contents": "Development of a model for transepidermal elimination. Transepidermal elimination is a phenomenon which occurs spontaneously in certain skin disorders in which effete connective tissue or foreign materials is expelled via the epidermis to the exterior. In order to learn how this phenomenon is effected and what factors control it, we have attempted to produce an animal model for the process. When charcoal particles are deposited subepidermally in guinea-pig flank skin transepidermal elimination occurs within 4 days and we believe that this mimics the disorder seen in man. The hair follicles became hyperplastic and were intimately involved in the reaction, some of the particles actually being expelled via the follicular lumina. The reaction has some similarities to the wound healing response."}
{"id": "PMID:367420", "title": "Absence of cutaneous IgA in coeliac disease without dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "Skin biopsies from 17 patients with coeliac disease, but without dermatitis herpetiformis, were examined by direct immunofluorescence. In none of them was IgA detectable. In contrast, IgA was present in dermal papillae and/or in relation to the dermo-epidermal junction in 80 out of 83 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. These findings confirm that cutaneous deposition of IgA at these sites is a very characteristic feature of dermatitis herpetiformis and is unrelated to coeliac disease itself.", "contents": "Absence of cutaneous IgA in coeliac disease without dermatitis herpetiformis. Skin biopsies from 17 patients with coeliac disease, but without dermatitis herpetiformis, were examined by direct immunofluorescence. In none of them was IgA detectable. In contrast, IgA was present in dermal papillae and/or in relation to the dermo-epidermal junction in 80 out of 83 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. These findings confirm that cutaneous deposition of IgA at these sites is a very characteristic feature of dermatitis herpetiformis and is unrelated to coeliac disease itself."}
{"id": "PMID:367421", "title": "Ultrastructural demonstration of T cells in cutaneous tissue sections using specific anti-human T cell antiserum.", "content": "The presence of T lymphocytes in the situ in cutaneous infiltrates of contact dermatitis and lichen planus has been demonstrated by an immunoelectronmicroscope technique. A specific anti-human T cell antiserum labelled with peroxidase-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin serum was used to reveal the specific human T lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) which was visualized ultrastructurally. This technique shows that labelling is limited to the surface membrane and allows study of the in situ interrelationship of T cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural demonstration of T cells in cutaneous tissue sections using specific anti-human T cell antiserum. The presence of T lymphocytes in the situ in cutaneous infiltrates of contact dermatitis and lichen planus has been demonstrated by an immunoelectronmicroscope technique. A specific anti-human T cell antiserum labelled with peroxidase-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin serum was used to reveal the specific human T lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) which was visualized ultrastructurally. This technique shows that labelling is limited to the surface membrane and allows study of the in situ interrelationship of T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:367423", "title": "Bullous pemphigoid induced by PUVA therapy. Is this the aetiology of the acral bullae produced during PUVA treatment?", "content": "Among 24 psoriatic patients treated with PUVA therapy, five developed bullae. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies supported the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid in one patient. In the others, the blisters were a phototoxic acral eruption.", "contents": "Bullous pemphigoid induced by PUVA therapy. Is this the aetiology of the acral bullae produced during PUVA treatment? Among 24 psoriatic patients treated with PUVA therapy, five developed bullae. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies supported the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid in one patient. In the others, the blisters were a phototoxic acral eruption."}
{"id": "PMID:367424", "title": "Industrial bronchitis.", "content": "For many years there has been much argument whether workers in the dusty trades are prone to chronic bronchitis. In 1966 the Medical Research Council issued a report of a Select Committee which concluded that occupationally induced bronchitis did not play a significant part in the aetiology of airways obstruction in dust-exposed men. Since then epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the prolonged inhalation of dust leads to an increase in prevalence of cough and sputum. Furthermore, new physiological techniques have demonstrated a slight decrement in ventilatory capacity as a result of industrial bronchitis, and which is related to lifetime dust exposure. Unlike bronchitis induced by cigarette smoke, the predominant effect of industrial bronchitis is on large rather than small airways and the condition is not accompanied by emphysema.", "contents": "Industrial bronchitis. For many years there has been much argument whether workers in the dusty trades are prone to chronic bronchitis. In 1966 the Medical Research Council issued a report of a Select Committee which concluded that occupationally induced bronchitis did not play a significant part in the aetiology of airways obstruction in dust-exposed men. Since then epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the prolonged inhalation of dust leads to an increase in prevalence of cough and sputum. Furthermore, new physiological techniques have demonstrated a slight decrement in ventilatory capacity as a result of industrial bronchitis, and which is related to lifetime dust exposure. Unlike bronchitis induced by cigarette smoke, the predominant effect of industrial bronchitis is on large rather than small airways and the condition is not accompanied by emphysema."}
{"id": "PMID:367425", "title": "Neonatal head circumference and the treatment of maternal hypertension.", "content": "In a random controlled trial of methyldopa for the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy presenting before 28 weeks gestation, the newborn in the treated group had relatively smaller head circumferences. This difference persisted at two months of age when correction had been made for birth weight, gestation and sex, but was no longeer detectable at six or twelve months. Within the treated group no relationship was found between neonatal head circumference and the total amount or duration of methyldopa received during pregnancy. Comparison of treated and untreated groups according to the time of entry to the study showed that significant differences in neonatal head circumference were only present in patients who entered between 16 and 20 weeks gestation. It is possible that this could be a sensitive period for the interaction of fetal head growth and the onset of specific treatment in hypertensive pregnancy.", "contents": "Neonatal head circumference and the treatment of maternal hypertension. In a random controlled trial of methyldopa for the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy presenting before 28 weeks gestation, the newborn in the treated group had relatively smaller head circumferences. This difference persisted at two months of age when correction had been made for birth weight, gestation and sex, but was no longeer detectable at six or twelve months. Within the treated group no relationship was found between neonatal head circumference and the total amount or duration of methyldopa received during pregnancy. Comparison of treated and untreated groups according to the time of entry to the study showed that significant differences in neonatal head circumference were only present in patients who entered between 16 and 20 weeks gestation. It is possible that this could be a sensitive period for the interaction of fetal head growth and the onset of specific treatment in hypertensive pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:367426", "title": "A comparison of four methods of ripening the unfavourable cervix.", "content": "A comparison was made between four methods of ripening the unfavourable cervix (extra-amniotic prostaglandin E2 gel, oral prostaglandin E2, intravaginal prostaglandin E2 and intravenous oxytocin) in a clinical trial involving 60 primigravidae. In all groups there was an improvement in cervical status. This was significantly greater in those patients who received extra-amniotic prostaglandin gel and they also showed significant decreases in the mean induction-delivery interval and in the incidence of Caesarean section.", "contents": "A comparison of four methods of ripening the unfavourable cervix. A comparison was made between four methods of ripening the unfavourable cervix (extra-amniotic prostaglandin E2 gel, oral prostaglandin E2, intravaginal prostaglandin E2 and intravenous oxytocin) in a clinical trial involving 60 primigravidae. In all groups there was an improvement in cervical status. This was significantly greater in those patients who received extra-amniotic prostaglandin gel and they also showed significant decreases in the mean induction-delivery interval and in the incidence of Caesarean section."}
{"id": "PMID:367427", "title": "Serum prolactin and gonadotrophin levels before and after luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the investigation of amenorrhoea.", "content": "An intravenous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) test was performed in 287 women with amenorrhoea. Prolactin, progesterone and oestrogens in serum were also measured. Twenty-four women with premature ovarian failure and 9 with gonadal dysgenesis had raised basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Neither the basal luteinizing hormone (LH) level nor the gonadotrophin responses after LRH gave a better separation of this group of women with irreversible ovarian failure. Measurement of prolactin levels were valuable in that 15 of 42 patients with hyperprolactinaemia had a radiologically abnormal pituitary fossa, whereas pituitary fossa abnormalities were found in only 11 of 245 normoprolactinaemic women. It was thought that 181 women had functional amenorrhoea; 54 per cent of these women had developed amenorrhoea in relation to weight loss and 32 per cent in relation to discontinuation of oral contraceptives. A strong correlation was found between the body weight and the basal gonadotrophin levels. The basal LH levels were correlated with serum oestrogen levels, the basal FSH level and the LH response to LRH. Most of the patients with low basal LH values had developed amenorrhoea in relation to self-imposed weight-loss. The responses to LRH were often impaired in the underweight patients but became normal after weight gain. The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) could not be diagnosed by measuring either basal or LRH-stimulated gonatrophin levels. Single FSH and prolactin determinations in serum seemed to be the only indispensible hormone assays in the routine clinical evaluation of amenorrhoea.", "contents": "Serum prolactin and gonadotrophin levels before and after luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the investigation of amenorrhoea. An intravenous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) test was performed in 287 women with amenorrhoea. Prolactin, progesterone and oestrogens in serum were also measured. Twenty-four women with premature ovarian failure and 9 with gonadal dysgenesis had raised basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Neither the basal luteinizing hormone (LH) level nor the gonadotrophin responses after LRH gave a better separation of this group of women with irreversible ovarian failure. Measurement of prolactin levels were valuable in that 15 of 42 patients with hyperprolactinaemia had a radiologically abnormal pituitary fossa, whereas pituitary fossa abnormalities were found in only 11 of 245 normoprolactinaemic women. It was thought that 181 women had functional amenorrhoea; 54 per cent of these women had developed amenorrhoea in relation to weight loss and 32 per cent in relation to discontinuation of oral contraceptives. A strong correlation was found between the body weight and the basal gonadotrophin levels. The basal LH levels were correlated with serum oestrogen levels, the basal FSH level and the LH response to LRH. Most of the patients with low basal LH values had developed amenorrhoea in relation to self-imposed weight-loss. The responses to LRH were often impaired in the underweight patients but became normal after weight gain. The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) could not be diagnosed by measuring either basal or LRH-stimulated gonatrophin levels. Single FSH and prolactin determinations in serum seemed to be the only indispensible hormone assays in the routine clinical evaluation of amenorrhoea."}
{"id": "PMID:367428", "title": "The effect of cervical encerclage on plasma prostaglandin concentrations during early human pregnancy.", "content": "In women having either cervical encerclage under general anaesthesia or a vaginal examination in the early second trimester of pregnancy, peripheral plasma levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F (PGFM) were measured before and after each procedure. A significant rise in circulating levels of PGFM was found within minutes of completing cervical encerclage but not after vaginal examination or induction of general anaesthesia.", "contents": "The effect of cervical encerclage on plasma prostaglandin concentrations during early human pregnancy. In women having either cervical encerclage under general anaesthesia or a vaginal examination in the early second trimester of pregnancy, peripheral plasma levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F (PGFM) were measured before and after each procedure. A significant rise in circulating levels of PGFM was found within minutes of completing cervical encerclage but not after vaginal examination or induction of general anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:367430", "title": "Microfilaments in the cells of the human trabecular meshwork.", "content": "In this present study the results are presented of a combined ultrastructural and immunofluorescent investigation of 'smooth muscle' elements within the cytoplasm of human trabecular meshwork cells. The cytoplasm of human meshwork cells both in vivo and in vitro is replete with 10 nm intermediate filaments and also contains smaller 6 nm filaments which are particularly prominent in the cell processes. By immunofluorescence using sera rich in antibodies to contractile proteins, particularly actin, cultured meshwork cells showed strong cytoplasmic fluorescence. On occasion the cytoplasmic fluorescence was diffuse, but more often recognisable bundless (stress fibres) or a loose fibrillar framework was found. The possible role of structural and contractile cellular proteins in trabecular function was discussed.", "contents": "Microfilaments in the cells of the human trabecular meshwork. In this present study the results are presented of a combined ultrastructural and immunofluorescent investigation of 'smooth muscle' elements within the cytoplasm of human trabecular meshwork cells. The cytoplasm of human meshwork cells both in vivo and in vitro is replete with 10 nm intermediate filaments and also contains smaller 6 nm filaments which are particularly prominent in the cell processes. By immunofluorescence using sera rich in antibodies to contractile proteins, particularly actin, cultured meshwork cells showed strong cytoplasmic fluorescence. On occasion the cytoplasmic fluorescence was diffuse, but more often recognisable bundless (stress fibres) or a loose fibrillar framework was found. The possible role of structural and contractile cellular proteins in trabecular function was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367431", "title": "Piloplex, a new long-acting pilocarpine polymer salt. B: Comparative study of the visual effects of pilocarpine and Piloplex eye drops.", "content": "Induced accommodation and changes in vision (distance and near) were measured monocularly and binocularly in 9 young healthy volunteers in a double blind study after administering to them pilocarpine hydrochloride 4%, Piloplex 3.4, and saline eye drop instillations. Piloplex 3.4, a new long-acting pilocarpine polymer salt, and pilocarpine hydrochloride 4% (both contain equal amounts of pilocarpine-3.4%) induced changes in vision and accommodation. These changes were greater with pilocarpine hydrochloride than with Piloplex. The maximum changes occurred half an hour after instillation and the effect vanished after an additional period up to 3 hours. The changes were greater when measured monocularly than binocularly. Piloplex initiates a prolonged hypotensive effect which lasts for 12 hours. Patients with glaucoma are thus able to use Piloplex on a twice-daily schedule. Consequently, visual disturbances occur only once a day in contrast to pilocarpine hydrochloride given 4 times a day, which induces 3 visual disturbances during the day.", "contents": "Piloplex, a new long-acting pilocarpine polymer salt. B: Comparative study of the visual effects of pilocarpine and Piloplex eye drops. Induced accommodation and changes in vision (distance and near) were measured monocularly and binocularly in 9 young healthy volunteers in a double blind study after administering to them pilocarpine hydrochloride 4%, Piloplex 3.4, and saline eye drop instillations. Piloplex 3.4, a new long-acting pilocarpine polymer salt, and pilocarpine hydrochloride 4% (both contain equal amounts of pilocarpine-3.4%) induced changes in vision and accommodation. These changes were greater with pilocarpine hydrochloride than with Piloplex. The maximum changes occurred half an hour after instillation and the effect vanished after an additional period up to 3 hours. The changes were greater when measured monocularly than binocularly. Piloplex initiates a prolonged hypotensive effect which lasts for 12 hours. Patients with glaucoma are thus able to use Piloplex on a twice-daily schedule. Consequently, visual disturbances occur only once a day in contrast to pilocarpine hydrochloride given 4 times a day, which induces 3 visual disturbances during the day."}
{"id": "PMID:367432", "title": "Evaluation of a 5% guanethidine and 0.5% adrenaline mixture (Ganda 5.05) and of a 3% guanethidine and 0.5% adrenaline mixture (Ganda 3.05) in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "A trial of a mixture of guanethidine 5% and adrenaline 0.5% (Ganda 5.05) and of guanethidine 3% and adrenaline 0.5% (Ganda 3.05) was conducted on 90 eyes in 53 patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. The cases fell into 5 groups: untreated cases, cases on pilocarpine 1%, on pilocarpine 2%, on pilocarpine 2 to 4% and adrenaline 1%, and on separate guanethidine 5% and adrenaline 1%. Baseline pressures and average pressures on the previous treatment were established. Substitution with Ganda 3.05 or 5.05 was started, and the patients attended 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months from the start of the trial. Applanation tonometry was carried out at the same time of day. The pupil was measured, ptosis and superficial punctate corneal staining were looked for and evaluated, and the patients were questioned for symptoms of side effects and acceptability. All the eyes that had previously been treated with pilocarpine 1% or 2% presented significantly lower intraocular pressures on Ganda 3.05. The patients on pilocarpine 4% and adrenaline 1% also had lower intraocular pressures on Ganda 5.05, but the significance was less, and the patients on separate guanethidine and adrenaline had a small but not statistically significant drop in pressure. Ptosis and discomfort were evaluated on a subjective scale. Patient acceptability was good. The trial was interrupted in 5 cases for various reasons. Tachyphylaxis and tolerance to the mixtures were not observed in this series.", "contents": "Evaluation of a 5% guanethidine and 0.5% adrenaline mixture (Ganda 5.05) and of a 3% guanethidine and 0.5% adrenaline mixture (Ganda 3.05) in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. A trial of a mixture of guanethidine 5% and adrenaline 0.5% (Ganda 5.05) and of guanethidine 3% and adrenaline 0.5% (Ganda 3.05) was conducted on 90 eyes in 53 patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. The cases fell into 5 groups: untreated cases, cases on pilocarpine 1%, on pilocarpine 2%, on pilocarpine 2 to 4% and adrenaline 1%, and on separate guanethidine 5% and adrenaline 1%. Baseline pressures and average pressures on the previous treatment were established. Substitution with Ganda 3.05 or 5.05 was started, and the patients attended 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months from the start of the trial. Applanation tonometry was carried out at the same time of day. The pupil was measured, ptosis and superficial punctate corneal staining were looked for and evaluated, and the patients were questioned for symptoms of side effects and acceptability. All the eyes that had previously been treated with pilocarpine 1% or 2% presented significantly lower intraocular pressures on Ganda 3.05. The patients on pilocarpine 4% and adrenaline 1% also had lower intraocular pressures on Ganda 5.05, but the significance was less, and the patients on separate guanethidine and adrenaline had a small but not statistically significant drop in pressure. Ptosis and discomfort were evaluated on a subjective scale. Patient acceptability was good. The trial was interrupted in 5 cases for various reasons. Tachyphylaxis and tolerance to the mixtures were not observed in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:367433", "title": "Ocular and cardiovascular effects of local and systemic pindolol.", "content": "Ocular and cardiovascular effects of topical and intravenous pindolol have been studied in a balanced cross-0ver double-blind trial in 6 healthy volunteers. When applied to 1 eye pindolol lowered intraocular pressure in both the treated and untreated eyes with only minimal reduction in resting pupil diameter and light reflex response. The concentration in plasma was much lower and inhibiton of exercise tachycardia about half that when the same dose was administered intravenously. The findings suggest that beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs should not be used in the treatment of glaucoma in patients who also suffer from heart failure.", "contents": "Ocular and cardiovascular effects of local and systemic pindolol. Ocular and cardiovascular effects of topical and intravenous pindolol have been studied in a balanced cross-0ver double-blind trial in 6 healthy volunteers. When applied to 1 eye pindolol lowered intraocular pressure in both the treated and untreated eyes with only minimal reduction in resting pupil diameter and light reflex response. The concentration in plasma was much lower and inhibiton of exercise tachycardia about half that when the same dose was administered intravenously. The findings suggest that beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs should not be used in the treatment of glaucoma in patients who also suffer from heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:367434", "title": "Characteristics of proline transport in normal and starved cells of Candida albicans.", "content": "1. There was no apparent correlation between the rate of respiration and rate of accumulation of proline in Candida albicans cells. 2. In contrast to normal cells, the respiration in the starved cells became completely cyanide insensitive. The starvation of cells in the presence of cycloheximide prevented the cells from becoming cyanide insensitive. The addition of Fe(III), however, accelerated the process. 3. Oxidizable substrates e.g. NADH, acetate and glucose, when added to cyanide-insensitive starved cells, exhibited 40--280% stimulation in respiration rate. However, this enhancement in oxidation by various substrates was not coupled to a simultaneous increase in the proline uptake or in intracellular ATP levels. 4. There was 6-fold stimulation in proline uptake when cyanide-insensitive cells were preincubated with 50 mM glucose. The preincubation of starved cells resulted in a partial restoration of cyanide sensitivity and increased intracellular ATP levels. The preincubation of starved cells with other oxidizable substrates resulted in a partial restoration of cyanide sensitivity but had no stimulatory effect on intracellular ATP levels and proline accumulation. 5. Both the enhanced uptake and ATP levels in glucose preincubated cells were found to be completely abolished by iodoacetate. 6. It is proposed that the increased proline uptake in cells preincubated with glucose was mainly due to the production of glycolytic energy.", "contents": "Characteristics of proline transport in normal and starved cells of Candida albicans. 1. There was no apparent correlation between the rate of respiration and rate of accumulation of proline in Candida albicans cells. 2. In contrast to normal cells, the respiration in the starved cells became completely cyanide insensitive. The starvation of cells in the presence of cycloheximide prevented the cells from becoming cyanide insensitive. The addition of Fe(III), however, accelerated the process. 3. Oxidizable substrates e.g. NADH, acetate and glucose, when added to cyanide-insensitive starved cells, exhibited 40--280% stimulation in respiration rate. However, this enhancement in oxidation by various substrates was not coupled to a simultaneous increase in the proline uptake or in intracellular ATP levels. 4. There was 6-fold stimulation in proline uptake when cyanide-insensitive cells were preincubated with 50 mM glucose. The preincubation of starved cells resulted in a partial restoration of cyanide sensitivity and increased intracellular ATP levels. The preincubation of starved cells with other oxidizable substrates resulted in a partial restoration of cyanide sensitivity but had no stimulatory effect on intracellular ATP levels and proline accumulation. 5. Both the enhanced uptake and ATP levels in glucose preincubated cells were found to be completely abolished by iodoacetate. 6. It is proposed that the increased proline uptake in cells preincubated with glucose was mainly due to the production of glycolytic energy."}
{"id": "PMID:367435", "title": "Studies on the mode of action of hygromycin B, an inhibitor of translocation in eukaryotes.", "content": "Hygromycin B is an unusual aminoglycoside antibiotic active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Hygromycin B at 0.38 mM concentration completely halts yeast cell growth in rich media, presumably by preventing protein synthesis by cytoplasmic ribosomes. Polypeptide synthesis in cell-free extracts from rabbit reticulocytes, wheat germ and yeast is strongly blocked by low concentrations of hygromycin B. The antibiotic inhibits peptide chain elongation by yeast polysomes by preventing elongation factor EF-2-dependent translocation, although it does not affect either the formation of the EF-2-GTP-ribosome complex or the EF-2- and ribosome-dependent GTP hydrolysis which takes place uncoupled from translocation. The inhibition of translocation by hygromycin B might result from the stabilization of peptidyl-tRNA bound to the ribosomal acceptor site, since the stability of [3H]Phe-tRNA-EF-1-poly(U)-ribosome and [3H]Phe-tRNA-poly(U)-ribosome complexes is increased in the presence of hygromycin B. The inhibition of polyphenylalanine synthesis by reticulocyte ribosomes and enzymic translocation of peptidyl-tRNA by yeast polysomes can be reversed by increasing concentrations of EF-2 suggesting a relationship between the binding sites of EF-2 and hygromycin B on the ribosome. Neither non-enzymic translocation, that takes place in the presence of high potassium concentrations, nor the peptide bondforming step are affected by hygromycin B.", "contents": "Studies on the mode of action of hygromycin B, an inhibitor of translocation in eukaryotes. Hygromycin B is an unusual aminoglycoside antibiotic active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Hygromycin B at 0.38 mM concentration completely halts yeast cell growth in rich media, presumably by preventing protein synthesis by cytoplasmic ribosomes. Polypeptide synthesis in cell-free extracts from rabbit reticulocytes, wheat germ and yeast is strongly blocked by low concentrations of hygromycin B. The antibiotic inhibits peptide chain elongation by yeast polysomes by preventing elongation factor EF-2-dependent translocation, although it does not affect either the formation of the EF-2-GTP-ribosome complex or the EF-2- and ribosome-dependent GTP hydrolysis which takes place uncoupled from translocation. The inhibition of translocation by hygromycin B might result from the stabilization of peptidyl-tRNA bound to the ribosomal acceptor site, since the stability of [3H]Phe-tRNA-EF-1-poly(U)-ribosome and [3H]Phe-tRNA-poly(U)-ribosome complexes is increased in the presence of hygromycin B. The inhibition of polyphenylalanine synthesis by reticulocyte ribosomes and enzymic translocation of peptidyl-tRNA by yeast polysomes can be reversed by increasing concentrations of EF-2 suggesting a relationship between the binding sites of EF-2 and hygromycin B on the ribosome. Neither non-enzymic translocation, that takes place in the presence of high potassium concentrations, nor the peptide bondforming step are affected by hygromycin B."}
{"id": "PMID:367436", "title": "Cross-linking and relaxation of supercoiled DNA by psoralen and light.", "content": "Photoreaction of 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen with superhelical ColE1 and ColE1amp DNA was studied. Changes in mobilities in agarose gels, formation of interstrand cross-links, and DNA strand breaks were determined. Psoralen and light treatment removed negative superhelical turns, and extensive treatments failed to produce positive superhelical turns in covalently closed plasmid DNA. The rate of relaxation of superhelical turns by psoralen Photobinding appeared to be directly proportional to the number of superhelical turns remaining. A unique reaction mechanism is presented to explain these results. By this interpretation the initial rate of psoralen photobinding to superhelical DNA was estimated to be 3 times that for linear DNA, and the ratio of cross-linking to monofuctional adducts appears to be dependent on the superhelical conformation of the DNA. The estimated ratio of psoralen molecules bound to DNA strand breaks was 1.7 . 10(4):1, and 70% of this breakage is caused by the light alone.", "contents": "Cross-linking and relaxation of supercoiled DNA by psoralen and light. Photoreaction of 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen with superhelical ColE1 and ColE1amp DNA was studied. Changes in mobilities in agarose gels, formation of interstrand cross-links, and DNA strand breaks were determined. Psoralen and light treatment removed negative superhelical turns, and extensive treatments failed to produce positive superhelical turns in covalently closed plasmid DNA. The rate of relaxation of superhelical turns by psoralen Photobinding appeared to be directly proportional to the number of superhelical turns remaining. A unique reaction mechanism is presented to explain these results. By this interpretation the initial rate of psoralen photobinding to superhelical DNA was estimated to be 3 times that for linear DNA, and the ratio of cross-linking to monofuctional adducts appears to be dependent on the superhelical conformation of the DNA. The estimated ratio of psoralen molecules bound to DNA strand breaks was 1.7 . 10(4):1, and 70% of this breakage is caused by the light alone."}
{"id": "PMID:367437", "title": "Ultracentrifugation studies of yeast valyl-tRNA synthetase and of its interaction with tRNAVal.", "content": "Yeast valyl-tRNA synthetase and its complexes with yeast tRNAVal were investigated by means of analytical ultracentrifugation. A molecular weight of 125 700 +/- 1500 and a sedimentation coefficient (SO 20, w) of 6.3 +/- 0.3 were found for the native enzyme. When the enzyme (3--60 muM) was mixed with its cognate tRNA, several types of complex were observed, depending on the relative amounts of the two macromolecules. In the presence of equimolecular amounts of tRNA and enzyme, a complex formed by the association of one of each molecule was observed with a sedimentation coefficient of about 7.3 S. However, for tRNA/enzyme stoichiometries lower than one, beside the 1 : 1 complex, a complex of higher molecular weight was observed, with a sedimentation coefficient of about 10.0 S which fits with the association of two valyl-tRNA synthetase molecules with one tRNA molecule. This 2 : 1 complex was predominant from tRNA/enzyme stoichiometries lower than 0.3. It dissociated into the 1 : 1 complex upon addition of monovalent salts or MgCl2, suggesting the electrostatic nature of the interaction in this association. All these association and dissociation phenomena were detected over a large range of pH (6.0--7.5) and in various buffers.", "contents": "Ultracentrifugation studies of yeast valyl-tRNA synthetase and of its interaction with tRNAVal. Yeast valyl-tRNA synthetase and its complexes with yeast tRNAVal were investigated by means of analytical ultracentrifugation. A molecular weight of 125 700 +/- 1500 and a sedimentation coefficient (SO 20, w) of 6.3 +/- 0.3 were found for the native enzyme. When the enzyme (3--60 muM) was mixed with its cognate tRNA, several types of complex were observed, depending on the relative amounts of the two macromolecules. In the presence of equimolecular amounts of tRNA and enzyme, a complex formed by the association of one of each molecule was observed with a sedimentation coefficient of about 7.3 S. However, for tRNA/enzyme stoichiometries lower than one, beside the 1 : 1 complex, a complex of higher molecular weight was observed, with a sedimentation coefficient of about 10.0 S which fits with the association of two valyl-tRNA synthetase molecules with one tRNA molecule. This 2 : 1 complex was predominant from tRNA/enzyme stoichiometries lower than 0.3. It dissociated into the 1 : 1 complex upon addition of monovalent salts or MgCl2, suggesting the electrostatic nature of the interaction in this association. All these association and dissociation phenomena were detected over a large range of pH (6.0--7.5) and in various buffers."}
{"id": "PMID:367438", "title": "Isolation and characterisation of 14-S RNA from spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "14-S RNA was purified from spinach chloroplasts. It has a molecular weight of 0.43 . 10(6) and the following nucleotide composition: 20% CMP, 23.9% AMP, 24.2% GMP and 31.9% UMP. The accumulation of 14-S RNA in chloroplasts of cotyledons of dark-grown plants is stimulated by light. Conditions are described for the isolation of 14-S RNA in the absence of appreciable fragmentation of chloroplast 23-S rRNA and the evidence that it represents a distinct type of chloroplast RNA is discussed. Translation of 14-S RNA in a protein synthesising system from Escherichia coli gives rise to two polypeptides with molecular weights of 13 200 and 12 600 and the possible role of 14-S RNA as a chloroplast messenger is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterisation of 14-S RNA from spinach chloroplasts. 14-S RNA was purified from spinach chloroplasts. It has a molecular weight of 0.43 . 10(6) and the following nucleotide composition: 20% CMP, 23.9% AMP, 24.2% GMP and 31.9% UMP. The accumulation of 14-S RNA in chloroplasts of cotyledons of dark-grown plants is stimulated by light. Conditions are described for the isolation of 14-S RNA in the absence of appreciable fragmentation of chloroplast 23-S rRNA and the evidence that it represents a distinct type of chloroplast RNA is discussed. Translation of 14-S RNA in a protein synthesising system from Escherichia coli gives rise to two polypeptides with molecular weights of 13 200 and 12 600 and the possible role of 14-S RNA as a chloroplast messenger is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367439", "title": "Guanine nucleotide metabolism in a mutant strain of Escherichia coli with a temperature sensitive lesion in rRNA synthesis.", "content": "We have described a mutant of Escherichia coli (designated 2S142) which shows specific inhibition of rRNA synthesis at 42 degrees C. ppGpp levels increase at the restrictive temperature, as expected. However, when the cells are returned to 30 degrees C, rRNA synthesis resumes before ppGpp levels have returned to normal. Furthermore, when ppGpp levels are decreased by the addition of tetracycline or choramphenicol, rRNA synthesis does not resume at 42 degrees C. Also, a derivative of 2S142 with a temperature-sensitive G factor (which cannot synthesize either protein or ppGpp at 42 degrees C) shows identical kinetics of rRNA shut-off at 42 degrees C as 2S142. Thus, the elevated ppGpp levels in this mutant do not appear to be directly responsible for the cessation of rRNA synthesis at 42 degrees C.", "contents": "Guanine nucleotide metabolism in a mutant strain of Escherichia coli with a temperature sensitive lesion in rRNA synthesis. We have described a mutant of Escherichia coli (designated 2S142) which shows specific inhibition of rRNA synthesis at 42 degrees C. ppGpp levels increase at the restrictive temperature, as expected. However, when the cells are returned to 30 degrees C, rRNA synthesis resumes before ppGpp levels have returned to normal. Furthermore, when ppGpp levels are decreased by the addition of tetracycline or choramphenicol, rRNA synthesis does not resume at 42 degrees C. Also, a derivative of 2S142 with a temperature-sensitive G factor (which cannot synthesize either protein or ppGpp at 42 degrees C) shows identical kinetics of rRNA shut-off at 42 degrees C as 2S142. Thus, the elevated ppGpp levels in this mutant do not appear to be directly responsible for the cessation of rRNA synthesis at 42 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:367440", "title": "Modification of rat liver chromatin by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and template activity for RNA synthesis by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase after reconstitution.", "content": "Rat liver chromatin was fractionated into DNA, histones and non-histone chromosomal proteins and each component was modified with N-methyl-l-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine of N-ethyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine. The radioactivity of 14C-labeled alkyl or guanidino moieties of both compounds bound significantly to both histones and non-histone chromosomal proteins and the binding of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine was higher than N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. However the binding of both compounds to DNA was very low and its significance was hard to evaluate. All of the three components, one of which was modified, were reconstituted into chromatin, then, [3H]UMP incorporation into acid insoluble material using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) was measured. Only with the reconstituted chromatin containing histones modified either by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, the template activity increased drastically; i.e., about 10 or 5 times higher than that with the unmodified reconstituted chromatin, respectively. However, any remarkable alteration in the electrophoretic pattern of protein fraction of the reconstituted chromatin could not be found. The results obtained in this study are discussed in the context that the modified histones could give rise to change in the mutual interaction of chromosomal components during the reconstitution of chromatin accompanied with the increase of chromatine template activity.", "contents": "Modification of rat liver chromatin by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and template activity for RNA synthesis by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase after reconstitution. Rat liver chromatin was fractionated into DNA, histones and non-histone chromosomal proteins and each component was modified with N-methyl-l-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine of N-ethyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine. The radioactivity of 14C-labeled alkyl or guanidino moieties of both compounds bound significantly to both histones and non-histone chromosomal proteins and the binding of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine was higher than N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. However the binding of both compounds to DNA was very low and its significance was hard to evaluate. All of the three components, one of which was modified, were reconstituted into chromatin, then, [3H]UMP incorporation into acid insoluble material using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) was measured. Only with the reconstituted chromatin containing histones modified either by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, the template activity increased drastically; i.e., about 10 or 5 times higher than that with the unmodified reconstituted chromatin, respectively. However, any remarkable alteration in the electrophoretic pattern of protein fraction of the reconstituted chromatin could not be found. The results obtained in this study are discussed in the context that the modified histones could give rise to change in the mutual interaction of chromosomal components during the reconstitution of chromatin accompanied with the increase of chromatine template activity."}
{"id": "PMID:367441", "title": "Effect of estrogen on gene expression in the chick oviduct. In vitro transcription of the ovalbumin gene.", "content": "Problems involved in using the Hg-nucleotide technique for in vitro chromatin transcription are 2-fold. First, Escherichia coli RNA polymerase can utilize endogenous RNA as template and synthesize complementary sequences which remain base-paired to the template, thereby allowing it to bind to the SH-Sepharose column and copurify with the newly synthesized Hg-RNA. Second, non-mercurated endogenous RNA can bind to the SH-Sepharose through aggregation with Hg-RNA and thus be retained in the final RNA preparation. These two problems associated with the Hg-nucleotide technique can be minimized by modifying the conditions for RNA synthesis and SH-Sepharose chromatography. Using the modified procedure the Hg-nucleotide and SH-Sepharose technique can remove more than 90% of endogenous RNA contaminants. In order to directly demonstrate that the mRNAov sequences detected in vitro result from de novo transcription of oviduct chromatin, experiments were carried out which show that the hybridizable RNA sequences  contain the Hg element and that the synthesis of these RNA sequences is sensitive to low concentrations of actinomycin D. These combined results strongly suggest that the majority of mRNAov sequences detected by hybridization to  cDNAov is indeed due to DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by E. coli RNA polymerase and not due to an artifact of endogenous RNA contamination. This observation was further supported by data obtained using a filter hybridization method which measures directly the mRNAov sequences present in [3H]RNA synthesized from chromatin. The 3H-labeled ovalbumin messenger RNA was assayed by hybridization to cloned pOV230 DNA containing the ovalbumin structural gene sequence. With this modified Hg-nucleotide-SH-Sepharose technique and filter hybridization technique, we have restudied the in vitro transcription of the ovalbumin gene from chromatins isolated at different stages of hormone-induced oviduct development. The results are in agreement with our previous findings which suggest that the primary regulation of ovalbumin synthesis by steroid  hormones occurs at the transcriptional level.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen on gene expression in the chick oviduct. In vitro transcription of the ovalbumin gene. Problems involved in using the Hg-nucleotide technique for in vitro chromatin transcription are 2-fold. First, Escherichia coli RNA polymerase can utilize endogenous RNA as template and synthesize complementary sequences which remain base-paired to the template, thereby allowing it to bind to the SH-Sepharose column and copurify with the newly synthesized Hg-RNA. Second, non-mercurated endogenous RNA can bind to the SH-Sepharose through aggregation with Hg-RNA and thus be retained in the final RNA preparation. These two problems associated with the Hg-nucleotide technique can be minimized by modifying the conditions for RNA synthesis and SH-Sepharose chromatography. Using the modified procedure the Hg-nucleotide and SH-Sepharose technique can remove more than 90% of endogenous RNA contaminants. In order to directly demonstrate that the mRNAov sequences detected in vitro result from de novo transcription of oviduct chromatin, experiments were carried out which show that the hybridizable RNA sequences  contain the Hg element and that the synthesis of these RNA sequences is sensitive to low concentrations of actinomycin D. These combined results strongly suggest that the majority of mRNAov sequences detected by hybridization to  cDNAov is indeed due to DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by E. coli RNA polymerase and not due to an artifact of endogenous RNA contamination. This observation was further supported by data obtained using a filter hybridization method which measures directly the mRNAov sequences present in [3H]RNA synthesized from chromatin. The 3H-labeled ovalbumin messenger RNA was assayed by hybridization to cloned pOV230 DNA containing the ovalbumin structural gene sequence. With this modified Hg-nucleotide-SH-Sepharose technique and filter hybridization technique, we have restudied the in vitro transcription of the ovalbumin gene from chromatins isolated at different stages of hormone-induced oviduct development. The results are in agreement with our previous findings which suggest that the primary regulation of ovalbumin synthesis by steroid  hormones occurs at the transcriptional level."}
{"id": "PMID:367442", "title": "Non-histone chromatin proteins of B lymphocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "The synthesis of non-histone chromatin proteins and nucleoplasmic proteins has been followed during lipopolysaccharide-induced division and differentiation of murine B lymphocytes. Synthesis was measured by pulse labelling with [3H]leucine, extraction of proteins was under conditions designed to prevent proteolysis and analysis of labelled proteins was by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The average specific activity of non-histone chromatin proteins increased 3-fold, to a maximum, after culture for 24 h with lipopolysaccharide. Comparison of the relative synthesis of individual proteins (stimulation index) reveals three distinct responses: (1) those in the largest group show low stimulation indices, generally less than two; (2) a group of four proteins have indices between 4 and 5; (3) two proteins (molecular weights 21 000 and 22 000) both show an index of 5 at 24 h rising to between 7 and 8 by 48 h when the average specific activity is falling, coinciding with the period of rapid differentiation to high rate IgM secretion. Additionaly at this time, a newly labelled protein (Mr = 36 500) appears in the nucleoplasm followed by a second protein (Mr = 63 000) appearing between 48 and 72 h. The patterns of change are consistent with an overall increase in non-histone chromatin proteins synthesis, necessary for cell division, with superimposed specific changes in synthesis of non-histone chromatin proteins which could be related to regulation of cell differentiation.", "contents": "Non-histone chromatin proteins of B lymphocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. The synthesis of non-histone chromatin proteins and nucleoplasmic proteins has been followed during lipopolysaccharide-induced division and differentiation of murine B lymphocytes. Synthesis was measured by pulse labelling with [3H]leucine, extraction of proteins was under conditions designed to prevent proteolysis and analysis of labelled proteins was by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The average specific activity of non-histone chromatin proteins increased 3-fold, to a maximum, after culture for 24 h with lipopolysaccharide. Comparison of the relative synthesis of individual proteins (stimulation index) reveals three distinct responses: (1) those in the largest group show low stimulation indices, generally less than two; (2) a group of four proteins have indices between 4 and 5; (3) two proteins (molecular weights 21 000 and 22 000) both show an index of 5 at 24 h rising to between 7 and 8 by 48 h when the average specific activity is falling, coinciding with the period of rapid differentiation to high rate IgM secretion. Additionaly at this time, a newly labelled protein (Mr = 36 500) appears in the nucleoplasm followed by a second protein (Mr = 63 000) appearing between 48 and 72 h. The patterns of change are consistent with an overall increase in non-histone chromatin proteins synthesis, necessary for cell division, with superimposed specific changes in synthesis of non-histone chromatin proteins which could be related to regulation of cell differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:367445", "title": "Methionyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli. A zinc metalloprotein.", "content": "The native dimeric form of methionyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli contains two zinc atoms per dimer, one per subunit. The bound zinc is retained upon trypsin modification which yields a monomer with one zinc atom. The enzymatic activity of both the dimeric forms is reversibly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline but not by its non-chelating analogues. In addition, the native enzyme binds two Mn2+ per dimer with a binding constant of approx. 70 micron but no binding is observed with the trypsin-modified monomer.", "contents": "Methionyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli. A zinc metalloprotein. The native dimeric form of methionyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli contains two zinc atoms per dimer, one per subunit. The bound zinc is retained upon trypsin modification which yields a monomer with one zinc atom. The enzymatic activity of both the dimeric forms is reversibly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline but not by its non-chelating analogues. In addition, the native enzyme binds two Mn2+ per dimer with a binding constant of approx. 70 micron but no binding is observed with the trypsin-modified monomer."}
{"id": "PMID:367446", "title": "Studies on modification of tryptophan, methionine, tyrosine and arginine residues of human follicle-stimulating hormone and its subunits.", "content": "Based on the regeneration of the hormonal activity following recombination, the alpha and beta subunits of human follicle-stimulating hormone have been designated as 'functional' or 'nonfunctional'. Chemical modifications of the tryptophan, methionine, tyrosine and arginine residues of human follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and the 'functional' human follicle-stimulating hormone alpha and beta subunits have indicated that the tryptophan in human follicle-stimulating hormone-beta and human luteinizing hormone-beta is essential for the biological activity. The iodination of human follicle-stimulating hormone-alpha did not interfere with the hormonal activity. The modification of arginine abolishes the biological activity of the hormones. The accessibility of tyrosine and methionine in human follicle-stimulating hormone-alpha, of arginine in both native hormones and subunits, and the non-availability of the tryptophan residues to 2-hydroxy 5-nitrobenzyl bromide suggest that the alpha subunit lies on the surface of the native molecule.", "contents": "Studies on modification of tryptophan, methionine, tyrosine and arginine residues of human follicle-stimulating hormone and its subunits. Based on the regeneration of the hormonal activity following recombination, the alpha and beta subunits of human follicle-stimulating hormone have been designated as 'functional' or 'nonfunctional'. Chemical modifications of the tryptophan, methionine, tyrosine and arginine residues of human follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and the 'functional' human follicle-stimulating hormone alpha and beta subunits have indicated that the tryptophan in human follicle-stimulating hormone-beta and human luteinizing hormone-beta is essential for the biological activity. The iodination of human follicle-stimulating hormone-alpha did not interfere with the hormonal activity. The modification of arginine abolishes the biological activity of the hormones. The accessibility of tyrosine and methionine in human follicle-stimulating hormone-alpha, of arginine in both native hormones and subunits, and the non-availability of the tryptophan residues to 2-hydroxy 5-nitrobenzyl bromide suggest that the alpha subunit lies on the surface of the native molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:367455", "title": "[Multiplicity of monoamine oxidase: inhibition of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity by isopropylhydrazide of D,L-serine].", "content": "Isopropylhydrazide of D,L-serine (IHS) inhibits by 50% (at 37 degrees for 10 min) deamination of serotonin or beta-phenylethylamine by monoamine oxidases from bovine brain stem mitochondrial membranes at the 2.6 X X 10(-5) M or 9 X 10(-5) M, respectively. In order to inhibit by 50% the deamination of tyramine under the same conditions a considerably lower (2.5 X X 10(-6) M) concentration of IHS is required. Kinetic studies of inhibition of enzymatic deamination of all the three biogenic monoamines by IHS showed that the irreversible blocking of the monoamine oxidase activity is preceeded by formation of dissociating enzyme-inhibitor complexes. Values of the dissociation constants of these complexes measured (at 37 degrees) with serotonin, phenylethylamine or tyramine as substrates for estimation of the residual monoamine oxidase activity are 0.47; 0.13 or 0.023 mM, respectively. Significant differences are also found between thermodynamic and activation parameters characterizing both  both steps of interaction between IHS and the monoamine oxidases of mitochondrial membranes in the experiments with serotonin, phenylethylamine or tyramine as substrates. The data obtained suggest the existence of different monoamine oxidases (or their active sites) catalyzing oxidative deamination of serotonin, phenylethylamine or tyramine in the fragments of mitochondrial membranes from bovine brain stem.", "contents": "[Multiplicity of monoamine oxidase: inhibition of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity by isopropylhydrazide of D,L-serine]. Isopropylhydrazide of D,L-serine (IHS) inhibits by 50% (at 37 degrees for 10 min) deamination of serotonin or beta-phenylethylamine by monoamine oxidases from bovine brain stem mitochondrial membranes at the 2.6 X X 10(-5) M or 9 X 10(-5) M, respectively. In order to inhibit by 50% the deamination of tyramine under the same conditions a considerably lower (2.5 X X 10(-6) M) concentration of IHS is required. Kinetic studies of inhibition of enzymatic deamination of all the three biogenic monoamines by IHS showed that the irreversible blocking of the monoamine oxidase activity is preceeded by formation of dissociating enzyme-inhibitor complexes. Values of the dissociation constants of these complexes measured (at 37 degrees) with serotonin, phenylethylamine or tyramine as substrates for estimation of the residual monoamine oxidase activity are 0.47; 0.13 or 0.023 mM, respectively. Significant differences are also found between thermodynamic and activation parameters characterizing both  both steps of interaction between IHS and the monoamine oxidases of mitochondrial membranes in the experiments with serotonin, phenylethylamine or tyramine as substrates. The data obtained suggest the existence of different monoamine oxidases (or their active sites) catalyzing oxidative deamination of serotonin, phenylethylamine or tyramine in the fragments of mitochondrial membranes from bovine brain stem."}
{"id": "PMID:367456", "title": "[Albumin mRNA from rat liver cells. Analysis of immunoadsorption of individual polyribosomes].", "content": "The analysis of albumin polyribosomes immunoadsorption is carried out using \"sandwich\" immunoadsorbents prepared on the basis of two aminobenzylcelluloses: commercial (paraaminobenzylcellulose) and synthesised (methaaminobenzyloxymethylcellulose). A method is worked out which is good for the estimation of the adaptibility of different aminobenzylcellulose preparations as an insoluble basis for the immunoadsorbent. Major properties of the \"sandwich\" sorbent (the accessible capacity and specificity) and the percent of isolated individual polyribosomes are found to be interrelated and determined by conditions of the immunoadsorption reaction. The increase of polyribosomes and sorbent concentrations and their ratio in the incubation medium results in the increase of the sorbent accessible capacity and the decrease in the inspecific adsorption but at the same time the percent of adsorbed polyribosomes decrease too. The \"excess\" of adsorbent with respect to polyribosomes, participating in the binding reaction, is necessary for the quantitative isolation of individual polyribosomes.", "contents": "[Albumin mRNA from rat liver cells. Analysis of immunoadsorption of individual polyribosomes]. The analysis of albumin polyribosomes immunoadsorption is carried out using \"sandwich\" immunoadsorbents prepared on the basis of two aminobenzylcelluloses: commercial (paraaminobenzylcellulose) and synthesised (methaaminobenzyloxymethylcellulose). A method is worked out which is good for the estimation of the adaptibility of different aminobenzylcellulose preparations as an insoluble basis for the immunoadsorbent. Major properties of the \"sandwich\" sorbent (the accessible capacity and specificity) and the percent of isolated individual polyribosomes are found to be interrelated and determined by conditions of the immunoadsorption reaction. The increase of polyribosomes and sorbent concentrations and their ratio in the incubation medium results in the increase of the sorbent accessible capacity and the decrease in the inspecific adsorption but at the same time the percent of adsorbed polyribosomes decrease too. The \"excess\" of adsorbent with respect to polyribosomes, participating in the binding reaction, is necessary for the quantitative isolation of individual polyribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:367457", "title": "Agar in control of hyperbilirubinemia of full-term newborn infants with erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency.", "content": "40 full-term newborn infants with erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency were used for a study concerning the effectiveness of agar per os in preventing severe hyperbilirubinemia. 20 randomly selected neonates were given agar (1 g/kg/day) orally in 4 daily doses from their 1st to their 5th day of life. 20 infants were not treated and served as controls. Three exchange transfusions were performed in the experimental as well as in the control group. According to these results, agar does not seem to be effective in preventing severe hyperbilirubinemia, which frequently occurs in newborn infants with erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency.", "contents": "Agar in control of hyperbilirubinemia of full-term newborn infants with erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency. 40 full-term newborn infants with erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency were used for a study concerning the effectiveness of agar per os in preventing severe hyperbilirubinemia. 20 randomly selected neonates were given agar (1 g/kg/day) orally in 4 daily doses from their 1st to their 5th day of life. 20 infants were not treated and served as controls. Three exchange transfusions were performed in the experimental as well as in the control group. According to these results, agar does not seem to be effective in preventing severe hyperbilirubinemia, which frequently occurs in newborn infants with erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:367460", "title": "The protective effect of endogenous interferon in mouse malaria, as demonstrated by the use of anti-interferon globulins.", "content": "Both death rate and percentage of parasitized erythrocytes in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei were enhanced by injections of anti-interferon globulins. As, in the same time, parasite-induced interferon was neutralized by these globulins, it can be concluded that endogenous interferon plays an important inhibiting role during parasitic diseases, such as malaria, as it has been previously demonstrated in many virus infections.", "contents": "The protective effect of endogenous interferon in mouse malaria, as demonstrated by the use of anti-interferon globulins. Both death rate and percentage of parasitized erythrocytes in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei were enhanced by injections of anti-interferon globulins. As, in the same time, parasite-induced interferon was neutralized by these globulins, it can be concluded that endogenous interferon plays an important inhibiting role during parasitic diseases, such as malaria, as it has been previously demonstrated in many virus infections."}
{"id": "PMID:367461", "title": "Double-strand breaks from single photochemical events in DNA containing 5-bromouracil.", "content": "Ultraviolet irradiation of Escherichia coli cells with a low level of 5-bromouracil incorporated produces DNA double-strand breaks by single photochemical events, one such break per 100 single-strand breaks, the latter assayed in alkali-denatured DNA. About 2.5--4 double-strand breaks are produced per \"lethal hit,\" compared with about 6 double-strand breaks per lethal hit induced by gamma rays. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that an unrepaired DNA double-strand break is a major lethal event in both cases. The increase in sensitivity to ultraviolet (measured by colony-forming ability) seems linear in the number of bromouracils incorporated (0--20% of the thymines), and the linear relationship is much the same for incorporation in one or in both strands of the DNA double helix.", "contents": "Double-strand breaks from single photochemical events in DNA containing 5-bromouracil. Ultraviolet irradiation of Escherichia coli cells with a low level of 5-bromouracil incorporated produces DNA double-strand breaks by single photochemical events, one such break per 100 single-strand breaks, the latter assayed in alkali-denatured DNA. About 2.5--4 double-strand breaks are produced per \"lethal hit,\" compared with about 6 double-strand breaks per lethal hit induced by gamma rays. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that an unrepaired DNA double-strand break is a major lethal event in both cases. The increase in sensitivity to ultraviolet (measured by colony-forming ability) seems linear in the number of bromouracils incorporated (0--20% of the thymines), and the linear relationship is much the same for incorporation in one or in both strands of the DNA double helix."}
{"id": "PMID:367458", "title": "Aortic collagen biosynthesis during renal hypertension, pregnancy and hypertension during pregnancy in the rat.", "content": "The synthesis and deposition of collagen and other proteins has been measured in the aorta of the rat by radiolabeling in short term organ culture. Under these conditions, the synthesis of collagen and other proteins is linear for at least five hours. Autoradiography demonstrates a labeling in all cell layers and protein deposition in the extracellular matrix. Hypertension was induced by renal ischemia using Goldblatt's technique. The synthesis and deposition of collagen was stimulated in aorta from the first week of hypertension and in pregnancy, and was even more increased in hypertensive pregnant animals. Reserpine suppresses the rise in blood pressure in operated animals and prevents these modifications.", "contents": "Aortic collagen biosynthesis during renal hypertension, pregnancy and hypertension during pregnancy in the rat. The synthesis and deposition of collagen and other proteins has been measured in the aorta of the rat by radiolabeling in short term organ culture. Under these conditions, the synthesis of collagen and other proteins is linear for at least five hours. Autoradiography demonstrates a labeling in all cell layers and protein deposition in the extracellular matrix. Hypertension was induced by renal ischemia using Goldblatt's technique. The synthesis and deposition of collagen was stimulated in aorta from the first week of hypertension and in pregnancy, and was even more increased in hypertensive pregnant animals. Reserpine suppresses the rise in blood pressure in operated animals and prevents these modifications."}
{"id": "PMID:367462", "title": "Strand breaks and alkali-labile bonds induced by ultraviolet light in DNA with 5-bromouracil in vivo.", "content": "Supercircular gamma phage DNA with 10 bromouracils/100 thymine bases, irradiated with 313 nm light in Tris buffer and sedimented on alkaline and neutral gradients, showed 4.6 alkali-labile bonds per true single-strand break, in agreement with Hewitt and Marburger (1975 Photochem. Photobiol. 21:413). The same DNA irradiated in Escherichia coli host cells showed about the same number of breaks in alkaline gradients for equal fluence, but only 0.5 alkali-labile bond per true break. Similarly, E. coli DNA with bromouracil irradiated in the cells showed only 10--20% more breaks when denatured with 0.1 M NaOH than under neutral conditions with 9 M sodium perchlorate at 50 degrees C. These results show that true single-strand breaks occur more frequently than alkali-labile bonds after ultraviolet irradiation of DNA containing bromouracil in cells.", "contents": "Strand breaks and alkali-labile bonds induced by ultraviolet light in DNA with 5-bromouracil in vivo. Supercircular gamma phage DNA with 10 bromouracils/100 thymine bases, irradiated with 313 nm light in Tris buffer and sedimented on alkaline and neutral gradients, showed 4.6 alkali-labile bonds per true single-strand break, in agreement with Hewitt and Marburger (1975 Photochem. Photobiol. 21:413). The same DNA irradiated in Escherichia coli host cells showed about the same number of breaks in alkaline gradients for equal fluence, but only 0.5 alkali-labile bond per true break. Similarly, E. coli DNA with bromouracil irradiated in the cells showed only 10--20% more breaks when denatured with 0.1 M NaOH than under neutral conditions with 9 M sodium perchlorate at 50 degrees C. These results show that true single-strand breaks occur more frequently than alkali-labile bonds after ultraviolet irradiation of DNA containing bromouracil in cells."}
{"id": "PMID:367463", "title": "Magnetic anisotropy of egg lecithin membranes.", "content": "Magnetic realignment and rotational diffusion of cylindrical egg lecithin vesicles were measured under a phase contrast microscope. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility times membrane thickness was calculated from the data for several thin-walled vesicles. The resulting values were assigned to discrete numbers of bilayers. The difference between the susceptibilities parallel and perpendicular to the long axes of the lecithin molecules is deduced to be X parallel - X perpendicular = -(0.28 +/- 0.02) . 10(-8) cgs at 23 degrees C, if a bilayer thickness of 60 A is assumed.", "contents": "Magnetic anisotropy of egg lecithin membranes. Magnetic realignment and rotational diffusion of cylindrical egg lecithin vesicles were measured under a phase contrast microscope. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility times membrane thickness was calculated from the data for several thin-walled vesicles. The resulting values were assigned to discrete numbers of bilayers. The difference between the susceptibilities parallel and perpendicular to the long axes of the lecithin molecules is deduced to be X parallel - X perpendicular = -(0.28 +/- 0.02) . 10(-8) cgs at 23 degrees C, if a bilayer thickness of 60 A is assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:367465", "title": "Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2, PGI2) inhibits platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on subendothelium.", "content": "Prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin, PGI2), a substance synthesized in the wall of blood vessels, has been previously shown to inhibit the aggregation of platelets in stirred platelet-rich plasma. We used a method in which segments of deendothelialized rabbit aorta are perfused at arterial shear rates with human blood and found that both platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on subendothelium was inhibited in blood containing 10 nM PGI2. PGI2 appears to reduce adhesion by inhibiting platelet spreading. These findings suggest that PGI2 could regulate the deposition of platelets on vascular surfaces.", "contents": "Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2, PGI2) inhibits platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on subendothelium. Prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin, PGI2), a substance synthesized in the wall of blood vessels, has been previously shown to inhibit the aggregation of platelets in stirred platelet-rich plasma. We used a method in which segments of deendothelialized rabbit aorta are perfused at arterial shear rates with human blood and found that both platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on subendothelium was inhibited in blood containing 10 nM PGI2. PGI2 appears to reduce adhesion by inhibiting platelet spreading. These findings suggest that PGI2 could regulate the deposition of platelets on vascular surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:367466", "title": "Human IgA1 half-molecules: clinical and immunologic features in a patient with multiple myeloma.", "content": "Abnormal IgA1 half-molecules consisting of one heavy and one light chain were found in a patient (N.N.) with typical multiple myeloma. The serum and the urine of this patient contained both 7.0S and 3.9S IgA myeloma proteins. The IgA half-molecules (3.9S) were found to have a molecular weight of 59,000 daltons and were composed of one alpha1 chain of about 40,000 daltons and one light chain of 22,000 daltons. Furthermore, enzymatic degradation suggested that the alpha chain of the N.N. half-molecules had a large deletion in its Fc portion. We suggest that its heavy and light chains were probably bound noncovalently, since the interchains connecting the heavy and light chains of these IgA half-molecules were easily dissociated with 1% SDS and 8 M urea. Cytologic studies identified at least two types of myeloma cells, and it is possible that half-molecule IgA production might result from mutation among the myeloma cells producing whole-molecule IgA.", "contents": "Human IgA1 half-molecules: clinical and immunologic features in a patient with multiple myeloma. Abnormal IgA1 half-molecules consisting of one heavy and one light chain were found in a patient (N.N.) with typical multiple myeloma. The serum and the urine of this patient contained both 7.0S and 3.9S IgA myeloma proteins. The IgA half-molecules (3.9S) were found to have a molecular weight of 59,000 daltons and were composed of one alpha1 chain of about 40,000 daltons and one light chain of 22,000 daltons. Furthermore, enzymatic degradation suggested that the alpha chain of the N.N. half-molecules had a large deletion in its Fc portion. We suggest that its heavy and light chains were probably bound noncovalently, since the interchains connecting the heavy and light chains of these IgA half-molecules were easily dissociated with 1% SDS and 8 M urea. Cytologic studies identified at least two types of myeloma cells, and it is possible that half-molecule IgA production might result from mutation among the myeloma cells producing whole-molecule IgA."}
{"id": "PMID:367469", "title": "Hb F production of endogenous colonies of polycythemia vera.", "content": "Fetal hemoglobin was studied in endogenous colonies produced in plasma clot and methylcellulose cultures of circulating progenitors from patients with polycythemia vera (PV). Analysis of globin chain synthesis showed that gamma chains constituted from 13% to 42% of the non-alpha chains produced in cultured cells, whereas from 27% to over 50% of the endogenous colonies contained Hb F, as indicated by the fluorescent antibody probe. Since the endogenous colonies in PV cultures originate from the abnormal PV clone, the findings provide direct evidence that a single pluripotent stem cell can have committed progeny that differ in their expressions of the Hb F production program.", "contents": "Hb F production of endogenous colonies of polycythemia vera. Fetal hemoglobin was studied in endogenous colonies produced in plasma clot and methylcellulose cultures of circulating progenitors from patients with polycythemia vera (PV). Analysis of globin chain synthesis showed that gamma chains constituted from 13% to 42% of the non-alpha chains produced in cultured cells, whereas from 27% to over 50% of the endogenous colonies contained Hb F, as indicated by the fluorescent antibody probe. Since the endogenous colonies in PV cultures originate from the abnormal PV clone, the findings provide direct evidence that a single pluripotent stem cell can have committed progeny that differ in their expressions of the Hb F production program."}
{"id": "PMID:367471", "title": "The use of lymphocyte phosphoglucomutase as a genetic marker in bone marrow transplant recipients.", "content": "Lymphocyte phosphoglucomutase can be used as a genetic marker to document successful engraftment in bone marrow transplant recipients. Two patients who underwent marrow transplantation as a treatment for acute leukemia showed a change into donor-type isozyme pattern.", "contents": "The use of lymphocyte phosphoglucomutase as a genetic marker in bone marrow transplant recipients. Lymphocyte phosphoglucomutase can be used as a genetic marker to document successful engraftment in bone marrow transplant recipients. Two patients who underwent marrow transplantation as a treatment for acute leukemia showed a change into donor-type isozyme pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:367473", "title": "Biological and clinical relevance of human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF).", "content": "The first isolation and characterization of a lymphokine, the human MIF (MSF), and the availability of a specific MIF (MSF)-antibody provide an opportunity to establish a new parameter for detection of cellular immune mechanisms in various clinical situations. The precise estimation of quantitative amounts of MIF by sensitive immunochemical techniques could gain new insights into the pathogenesis of a number of clinical disorders. In addition, the exact detection of quantitative amounts of MIF in body fluids could have prognostic value.", "contents": "Biological and clinical relevance of human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). The first isolation and characterization of a lymphokine, the human MIF (MSF), and the availability of a specific MIF (MSF)-antibody provide an opportunity to establish a new parameter for detection of cellular immune mechanisms in various clinical situations. The precise estimation of quantitative amounts of MIF by sensitive immunochemical techniques could gain new insights into the pathogenesis of a number of clinical disorders. In addition, the exact detection of quantitative amounts of MIF in body fluids could have prognostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:367476", "title": "Effects of modulators of arachidonic acid metabolism on the synthesis and release of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis.", "content": "1 Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) was released in the peritoneum of passively sensitized rats challenged with ovalbumin and from rat isolated peritoneal cells stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187. 2 Both monocytes (macrophages) and mast cells appear to be involved in the synthesis and release of SRS-A. 3 The immunological release of SRS-A in vivo is enhanced by indomethacin and inhibited by dexamethasone, mepacrine, 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone (1-P-3-P), and methylimidazole. 4 SRS-A release induced by A23187 in vitro is inhibited by dexamethasone, indomethacin 1-P-3-P, eicosatetraynoic acid (ETA) and 15-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid. The inhibition induced by dexamethasone, indomethacin and 1-P-3-P is reduced by an increase in the calcium concentration from 1 mM to 5 mM, whereas the inhibition induced by ETA is increased. 5 The results suggest that a lipoxygenase is important in the synthesis and release by SRS-A.", "contents": "Effects of modulators of arachidonic acid metabolism on the synthesis and release of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis. 1 Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) was released in the peritoneum of passively sensitized rats challenged with ovalbumin and from rat isolated peritoneal cells stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187. 2 Both monocytes (macrophages) and mast cells appear to be involved in the synthesis and release of SRS-A. 3 The immunological release of SRS-A in vivo is enhanced by indomethacin and inhibited by dexamethasone, mepacrine, 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone (1-P-3-P), and methylimidazole. 4 SRS-A release induced by A23187 in vitro is inhibited by dexamethasone, indomethacin 1-P-3-P, eicosatetraynoic acid (ETA) and 15-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid. The inhibition induced by dexamethasone, indomethacin and 1-P-3-P is reduced by an increase in the calcium concentration from 1 mM to 5 mM, whereas the inhibition induced by ETA is increased. 5 The results suggest that a lipoxygenase is important in the synthesis and release by SRS-A."}
{"id": "PMID:367477", "title": "Effects of a combined oestrogen-progestin preparation on gastric acid and pepsin secretion, serum gastrin concentration and biliary secretion of bile acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol in the cat.", "content": "1 Daily ethinyloestradiol (50 mug) and norethisterone acetate (1 mg) treatment (Minovlar) was investigated on gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and fasting serum gastrin concentration in six conscious female cats prepared with chronic gastric fistulae. The effect on biliary secretion of bile acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol was investigated in three conscious female cats prepared with chronic gastric and intestinal fistulae, and cholecystectomy.2 Treatment for 49 days did not alter the gastric acid or pepsin response to either intravenous pentagastrin infusions or a food stimulus. The fasting serum gastrin concentration remained unaltered throughout the study.3 Treatment for 18 days did not alter the percentage concentration of cholesterol in the bile, but reduced the percentage concentration of phospholipid. This was mirrored by a rise in the percentage concentration of bile acids in the bile. These trends were quickly reversed on cessation of treatment.4 There was no sign of cholestasis associated with the treatment. Intestinal flow remained constant throughout the study, there was no lithocholic acid or other abnormal bile acids detectable in any samples, and there was no change in serum aspartate aminotransferase concentration.5 The results suggest that in female cats, treatment with a combined oestrogen-progestin preparation does not exert any beneficial effects on the aetiology of peptic ulceration through the reduction of acid or pepsin secretion, or the lowering of serum gastrin concentration. The preparation shows a tendency to produce more lithogenic bile, and this may partly explain the greater incidence of gall stones in women on the contraceptive pill.", "contents": "Effects of a combined oestrogen-progestin preparation on gastric acid and pepsin secretion, serum gastrin concentration and biliary secretion of bile acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol in the cat. 1 Daily ethinyloestradiol (50 mug) and norethisterone acetate (1 mg) treatment (Minovlar) was investigated on gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and fasting serum gastrin concentration in six conscious female cats prepared with chronic gastric fistulae. The effect on biliary secretion of bile acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol was investigated in three conscious female cats prepared with chronic gastric and intestinal fistulae, and cholecystectomy.2 Treatment for 49 days did not alter the gastric acid or pepsin response to either intravenous pentagastrin infusions or a food stimulus. The fasting serum gastrin concentration remained unaltered throughout the study.3 Treatment for 18 days did not alter the percentage concentration of cholesterol in the bile, but reduced the percentage concentration of phospholipid. This was mirrored by a rise in the percentage concentration of bile acids in the bile. These trends were quickly reversed on cessation of treatment.4 There was no sign of cholestasis associated with the treatment. Intestinal flow remained constant throughout the study, there was no lithocholic acid or other abnormal bile acids detectable in any samples, and there was no change in serum aspartate aminotransferase concentration.5 The results suggest that in female cats, treatment with a combined oestrogen-progestin preparation does not exert any beneficial effects on the aetiology of peptic ulceration through the reduction of acid or pepsin secretion, or the lowering of serum gastrin concentration. The preparation shows a tendency to produce more lithogenic bile, and this may partly explain the greater incidence of gall stones in women on the contraceptive pill."}
{"id": "PMID:367478", "title": "The extraneuronal accumulation of isoprenaline in trachea and atria of guinea-pig and cat: a fluorescence histochemical study.", "content": "1 The Falck-Hillarp histochemical technique was used to locate extraneuronal sites of accumulation of isoprenaline in trachea and atria from guinea-pig and cat. With a tissue exposure time to formaldehyde gas of 3 h, isoprenaline was located as green fluorescence.2 Quantitative microphotometry was used to measure fluorescence intensity within cells in the trachealis smooth muscle and the atrial myocardium of both species.3 After incubation of tissues in 50 muM isoprenaline, specific fluorescence was seen in trachealis smooth muscle of both species and in the atrial myocardium of cat but not guinea-pig. In both species, fluorescence was also seen in the chondroblasts of the tracheal cartilage and in blood vessels in all tissues.4 In trachealis smooth muscle of both species and in cat atrial myocardium, fluorescence brightness, resulting from incubation of tissues in 50 muM isoprenaline was significantly increased by 200 muM beta-thujaplicin, an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT). In the presence of beta-thujaplicin, fluorescence was not visible in guinea-pig atrial myocardium with 50 muM isoprenaline, although fluorescence brightness measured in myocardial cells was now greater than that in corresponding controls.5 The fluorescence intensity seen in cat and guinea-pig trachealis smooth muscle cells and in cat atrial myocardial cells after incubation in 50 muM isoprenaline was decreased significantly in the presence of phenoxybenzamine (100 muM). In guinea-pig atria, phenoxybenzamine had no effect on myocardial fluorescence. Fluorescence intensity was also decreased if the incubation with isoprenaline was carried out at 0 degrees C or if the post-incubation washing temperature was 37 degrees C instead of 0 to 2 degrees C.6 The results demonstrate that the fluorescence histochemical technique can be used to locate isoprenaline in tissues. They also indicate that guinea-pig and cat trachealis smooth muscle cells and cat atrial myocardial cells can accumulate isoprenaline (a) by a mechanism sensitive to phenoxybenzamine and (b) into sites in which COMT plays a functional role in inactivating isoprenaline at the concentration used in these histochemical experiments (50 muM). In contrast, the guinea-pig atrial myocardial cells may have a minimal capacity to accumulate isoprenaline by a phenoxybenzamine-sensitive uptake mechanism.", "contents": "The extraneuronal accumulation of isoprenaline in trachea and atria of guinea-pig and cat: a fluorescence histochemical study. 1 The Falck-Hillarp histochemical technique was used to locate extraneuronal sites of accumulation of isoprenaline in trachea and atria from guinea-pig and cat. With a tissue exposure time to formaldehyde gas of 3 h, isoprenaline was located as green fluorescence.2 Quantitative microphotometry was used to measure fluorescence intensity within cells in the trachealis smooth muscle and the atrial myocardium of both species.3 After incubation of tissues in 50 muM isoprenaline, specific fluorescence was seen in trachealis smooth muscle of both species and in the atrial myocardium of cat but not guinea-pig. In both species, fluorescence was also seen in the chondroblasts of the tracheal cartilage and in blood vessels in all tissues.4 In trachealis smooth muscle of both species and in cat atrial myocardium, fluorescence brightness, resulting from incubation of tissues in 50 muM isoprenaline was significantly increased by 200 muM beta-thujaplicin, an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT). In the presence of beta-thujaplicin, fluorescence was not visible in guinea-pig atrial myocardium with 50 muM isoprenaline, although fluorescence brightness measured in myocardial cells was now greater than that in corresponding controls.5 The fluorescence intensity seen in cat and guinea-pig trachealis smooth muscle cells and in cat atrial myocardial cells after incubation in 50 muM isoprenaline was decreased significantly in the presence of phenoxybenzamine (100 muM). In guinea-pig atria, phenoxybenzamine had no effect on myocardial fluorescence. Fluorescence intensity was also decreased if the incubation with isoprenaline was carried out at 0 degrees C or if the post-incubation washing temperature was 37 degrees C instead of 0 to 2 degrees C.6 The results demonstrate that the fluorescence histochemical technique can be used to locate isoprenaline in tissues. They also indicate that guinea-pig and cat trachealis smooth muscle cells and cat atrial myocardial cells can accumulate isoprenaline (a) by a mechanism sensitive to phenoxybenzamine and (b) into sites in which COMT plays a functional role in inactivating isoprenaline at the concentration used in these histochemical experiments (50 muM). In contrast, the guinea-pig atrial myocardial cells may have a minimal capacity to accumulate isoprenaline by a phenoxybenzamine-sensitive uptake mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:367479", "title": "A controlled comparison of simulated and real ECT.", "content": "Two groups of 16 patients with depressive psychosis took part in a controlled evaluation of electro-convulsive therapy (ECT). One group received six brief pulse unilateral shocks under conventional anaesthesia and muscle relaxation; the second group underwent the same procedure without receiving shocks. Outcome was assessed by a separate investigator using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression under double-blind conditions. The results showed that this form of ECT was only superior to the control treatment for one item in the scale, a finding which could have occurred by chance. The results suggest that the ECT pre-treatment procedure has an important therapeutic effect. This casts some doubt on current views of the effectiveness of electro-convulsive therapy in general, and of brief pulse unilateral ECT in particular.", "contents": "A controlled comparison of simulated and real ECT. Two groups of 16 patients with depressive psychosis took part in a controlled evaluation of electro-convulsive therapy (ECT). One group received six brief pulse unilateral shocks under conventional anaesthesia and muscle relaxation; the second group underwent the same procedure without receiving shocks. Outcome was assessed by a separate investigator using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression under double-blind conditions. The results showed that this form of ECT was only superior to the control treatment for one item in the scale, a finding which could have occurred by chance. The results suggest that the ECT pre-treatment procedure has an important therapeutic effect. This casts some doubt on current views of the effectiveness of electro-convulsive therapy in general, and of brief pulse unilateral ECT in particular."}
{"id": "PMID:367480", "title": "Cyproheptadine in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "In three hospitals 81 female patients satisfying rigorous diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa were randomly allocated to one of four treatment combinations of cyproheptadine and placebo with behaviour therapy and no behaviour therapy. Cyproheptadine was found to be effective in inducing weight gain in a subgroup of anorexia nervosa patients who (a) had a history of birth delivery complications, (b) had lost 41-52 per cent weight from norm and (c) had a history of prior outpatient treatment failure. This subgroup may represent a more severe form of anorexia nervosa.", "contents": "Cyproheptadine in anorexia nervosa. In three hospitals 81 female patients satisfying rigorous diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa were randomly allocated to one of four treatment combinations of cyproheptadine and placebo with behaviour therapy and no behaviour therapy. Cyproheptadine was found to be effective in inducing weight gain in a subgroup of anorexia nervosa patients who (a) had a history of birth delivery complications, (b) had lost 41-52 per cent weight from norm and (c) had a history of prior outpatient treatment failure. This subgroup may represent a more severe form of anorexia nervosa."}
{"id": "PMID:367481", "title": "Limitations of the single sample tracer method for determining glomerular filtration rate.", "content": "Apparent volumes of distribution of 51Cr-EDTA and 99Tcm-DTPA were calculated three hours after intravenous injection and correlated with simultaneous estimation of GFR. A reasonable correlation between these values was obtained for those patients with GFR greater than 50 ml/min (standard error of estimate using 51Cr-EDTA 7.6 ml/min and 99Tcm-DTPA 13.7 ml/min). Theoretical reasons are given why a single sample technique will not be accurate over a wide range of renal function.", "contents": "Limitations of the single sample tracer method for determining glomerular filtration rate. Apparent volumes of distribution of 51Cr-EDTA and 99Tcm-DTPA were calculated three hours after intravenous injection and correlated with simultaneous estimation of GFR. A reasonable correlation between these values was obtained for those patients with GFR greater than 50 ml/min (standard error of estimate using 51Cr-EDTA 7.6 ml/min and 99Tcm-DTPA 13.7 ml/min). Theoretical reasons are given why a single sample technique will not be accurate over a wide range of renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:367500", "title": "Possible effect of time on renal allograft rejection.", "content": "The change in plasma creatinine concentrations from decreasing values after successful renal transplantation to increasing values after the onset of rejection occurs as a sudden event. Twenty-two such episodes in 16 renal allograft recipients were studied by extrapolating sequential measurements of plasma creatinine concentrations to see when the change occurred. Seventeen of the episodes occurred between 2300 and 1100 and the rest at other times. This difference was significant. The results suggest that rejection is more common at night and apparently has a circadian rhythm, being likely to first influence creatinine clearance at around 0600.", "contents": "Possible effect of time on renal allograft rejection. The change in plasma creatinine concentrations from decreasing values after successful renal transplantation to increasing values after the onset of rejection occurs as a sudden event. Twenty-two such episodes in 16 renal allograft recipients were studied by extrapolating sequential measurements of plasma creatinine concentrations to see when the change occurred. Seventeen of the episodes occurred between 2300 and 1100 and the rest at other times. This difference was significant. The results suggest that rejection is more common at night and apparently has a circadian rhythm, being likely to first influence creatinine clearance at around 0600."}
{"id": "PMID:367501", "title": "Bacteriological quality control in human milk-banking.", "content": "The bacteriological quality of pooled human milk donated to the Oxford milk bank was analysed and the effects on bacteriology of sterilisation of the milk-collecting vessels in the home with hypochlorite solution and of Holder pasteurisation in a purpose-built human-milk pasteuriser were studied. Collecting milk in hypochlorite-sterilised vessels resulted in a significantly lower bacterial count of both pathogens and species of unlikely pathogenicity before pasteurisation and significantly increased the chance of pasteurisation giving a sterile product. Potentially pathogenic organisms grown in untreated milk were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and group B beta-haemolytic streptococci. Seven species of organisms of unlikely pathogenicity were also identified. Pasteurisation eliminated all potential pathogens from milk but did not reliably remove any of the species of unlikely pathogens. Banked human milk may be contaminated with bacteria which are known to be capable of producing lipases, proteases, and decarboxylases. Accurate pasteurisation, together with attention to the sterility of the collecting vessels, results in a bacteriologically safe product that retains many of the protective properties of raw milk.", "contents": "Bacteriological quality control in human milk-banking. The bacteriological quality of pooled human milk donated to the Oxford milk bank was analysed and the effects on bacteriology of sterilisation of the milk-collecting vessels in the home with hypochlorite solution and of Holder pasteurisation in a purpose-built human-milk pasteuriser were studied. Collecting milk in hypochlorite-sterilised vessels resulted in a significantly lower bacterial count of both pathogens and species of unlikely pathogenicity before pasteurisation and significantly increased the chance of pasteurisation giving a sterile product. Potentially pathogenic organisms grown in untreated milk were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and group B beta-haemolytic streptococci. Seven species of organisms of unlikely pathogenicity were also identified. Pasteurisation eliminated all potential pathogens from milk but did not reliably remove any of the species of unlikely pathogens. Banked human milk may be contaminated with bacteria which are known to be capable of producing lipases, proteases, and decarboxylases. Accurate pasteurisation, together with attention to the sterility of the collecting vessels, results in a bacteriologically safe product that retains many of the protective properties of raw milk."}
{"id": "PMID:367502", "title": "Value of examining buffy coats for intragranulocytic micro-organisms in patients with fever.", "content": "To determine the significance of the presence of intragranulocytic micro-organisms in the blood buffy coat in patients with suspected infection, buffy coat examination and blood cultures were simultaneously performed in 455 consecutive patients with fever. There was no general correlation between the finding of intragranulocytic micro-organisms in the buffy coat and positive blood cultures. Patients with persistent bacteraemia and sterile blood cultures were, however, shown to have persistently positive buffy coat findings on repeated examination. These patients, who had culture-negative endocarditis or catheter-associated infections, had sterile blood cultures because of antibiotic treatment. Repeated positive findings in the buffy coat may therefore be valuable in detecting patients with persistent bacteraemia, but sporadic findings of micro-organisms in the buffy coats of acutely ill patients seem to have little diagnostic value.", "contents": "Value of examining buffy coats for intragranulocytic micro-organisms in patients with fever. To determine the significance of the presence of intragranulocytic micro-organisms in the blood buffy coat in patients with suspected infection, buffy coat examination and blood cultures were simultaneously performed in 455 consecutive patients with fever. There was no general correlation between the finding of intragranulocytic micro-organisms in the buffy coat and positive blood cultures. Patients with persistent bacteraemia and sterile blood cultures were, however, shown to have persistently positive buffy coat findings on repeated examination. These patients, who had culture-negative endocarditis or catheter-associated infections, had sterile blood cultures because of antibiotic treatment. Repeated positive findings in the buffy coat may therefore be valuable in detecting patients with persistent bacteraemia, but sporadic findings of micro-organisms in the buffy coats of acutely ill patients seem to have little diagnostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:367504", "title": "Cardiac transplantation in 150 patients at Stanford University.", "content": "A total of 150 patients underwent cardiac transplantation at Stanford between January 1968 and August 1978. Sixty-two patients were alive at the end of this period, when the expected one-year survival rate was 70%, with an attrition rate of roughly 5% thereafter. Changes in postoperative managment resulting from continuing research contributed to improved survival rates. The results are equal or superior to those for recipients of renal transplants from unrelated donors. Major centres that have suitably trained staff and appropriate facilities for cardiac surgery should perhaps reconsider cardiac transplantation as an alternative to death in certain patients.", "contents": "Cardiac transplantation in 150 patients at Stanford University. A total of 150 patients underwent cardiac transplantation at Stanford between January 1968 and August 1978. Sixty-two patients were alive at the end of this period, when the expected one-year survival rate was 70%, with an attrition rate of roughly 5% thereafter. Changes in postoperative managment resulting from continuing research contributed to improved survival rates. The results are equal or superior to those for recipients of renal transplants from unrelated donors. Major centres that have suitably trained staff and appropriate facilities for cardiac surgery should perhaps reconsider cardiac transplantation as an alternative to death in certain patients."}
{"id": "PMID:367507", "title": "Malaria in Birmingham and a London teaching hospital.", "content": "During the past five years the incidence of imported malaria increased among patients seen in East Birmingham Hospital and in St Thomas's Hospital, London. Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species in Birmingham, and was almost always acquired by Asian immigrants visiting the Indian subcontinent. In St Thomas's P falciparum was most commonly imported, usually by African immigrants visiting Nigeria and Ghana. Two patients (one Irish, one Japanese) died of falciparum malaria after visiting tropical Africa. In both hospitals the immigrant patients had seldom taken prophylactic drugs, and the few who had, ceased to do so on arrival in the UK and sometimes before leaving the malarious country. Apparently immigrants who visit their homeland do not consult their general practitioners before travelling, are given inappropriate advice, or do not take appropriate advice when given. Since the incidence of imported falciparum malaria in the UK is rising, the following points should be considered: the infection may be lethal, particularly in patients lacking immunity; it can mimic other diseases, which may lead to delayed diagnosis; severe disease may be associated with few parasites on a blood film, and even if the result is negative further tests should be performed; clinicians and hospital pharmacists should be aware of the need to keep permanent stocks of parenteral chloroquine and quinine preparations.", "contents": "Malaria in Birmingham and a London teaching hospital. During the past five years the incidence of imported malaria increased among patients seen in East Birmingham Hospital and in St Thomas's Hospital, London. Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species in Birmingham, and was almost always acquired by Asian immigrants visiting the Indian subcontinent. In St Thomas's P falciparum was most commonly imported, usually by African immigrants visiting Nigeria and Ghana. Two patients (one Irish, one Japanese) died of falciparum malaria after visiting tropical Africa. In both hospitals the immigrant patients had seldom taken prophylactic drugs, and the few who had, ceased to do so on arrival in the UK and sometimes before leaving the malarious country. Apparently immigrants who visit their homeland do not consult their general practitioners before travelling, are given inappropriate advice, or do not take appropriate advice when given. Since the incidence of imported falciparum malaria in the UK is rising, the following points should be considered: the infection may be lethal, particularly in patients lacking immunity; it can mimic other diseases, which may lead to delayed diagnosis; severe disease may be associated with few parasites on a blood film, and even if the result is negative further tests should be performed; clinicians and hospital pharmacists should be aware of the need to keep permanent stocks of parenteral chloroquine and quinine preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:367509", "title": "Randomised controlled trial of vancomycin for pseudomembranous colitis and postoperative diarrhoea.", "content": "The efficacy of vancomycin in pseudomembranous colitis was assessed in a prospective randomised controlled trial. Forty-four patients with postoperative diarrhoea were allocated to five days' treatment with either 125 mg vancomycin six-hourly or a placebo. Sixteen patients had high titres of the neutralised faecal toxin characteristic of pseudomembranous colitis; nine received vancomycin and seven placebo. At the end of treatment faecal toxins were present in one patient given vancomycin compared with five of the controls. Vancomycin caused the disappearance of Clostridum difficile from the stool in all except one patient, whereas toxicogenic strains of Cl difficile persisted in all but one of the controls. Histological evidence of psuedomembranous colitis had disappeared by the end of treatment in six out of seven patients given vancomycin compared with only one out of seven patients given vancomycin compared with only one out of five patients given placebo. In patients with faecal toxins bowel habit had returned to normal in seven of the vancomycin group compared with only one of the controls, but there was no significant difference in clinical response among patients without faecaal toxins. The results suggest that vancomycin eliminates toxin-producing Cl difficile from the colon and is associated with rapid clinical and histological improvement in patients with pseudomembranous colitis.", "contents": "Randomised controlled trial of vancomycin for pseudomembranous colitis and postoperative diarrhoea. The efficacy of vancomycin in pseudomembranous colitis was assessed in a prospective randomised controlled trial. Forty-four patients with postoperative diarrhoea were allocated to five days' treatment with either 125 mg vancomycin six-hourly or a placebo. Sixteen patients had high titres of the neutralised faecal toxin characteristic of pseudomembranous colitis; nine received vancomycin and seven placebo. At the end of treatment faecal toxins were present in one patient given vancomycin compared with five of the controls. Vancomycin caused the disappearance of Clostridum difficile from the stool in all except one patient, whereas toxicogenic strains of Cl difficile persisted in all but one of the controls. Histological evidence of psuedomembranous colitis had disappeared by the end of treatment in six out of seven patients given vancomycin compared with only one out of seven patients given vancomycin compared with only one out of five patients given placebo. In patients with faecal toxins bowel habit had returned to normal in seven of the vancomycin group compared with only one of the controls, but there was no significant difference in clinical response among patients without faecaal toxins. The results suggest that vancomycin eliminates toxin-producing Cl difficile from the colon and is associated with rapid clinical and histological improvement in patients with pseudomembranous colitis."}
{"id": "PMID:367510", "title": "Treatment and survival on advanced breast cancer.", "content": "The final results of a clinical trial comparing endocrine with cytotoxic drug treatment for advanced breast cancer were analysed. Although cytotoxic treatment gave a significantly higher response rate with a remission duration comparable to that obtained with endocrine treatment, the sequence in which the two treatments were given did not appear to influence survival--except possibly in women with rapidly progressing disease, when cytotoxic treatment is preferred.", "contents": "Treatment and survival on advanced breast cancer. The final results of a clinical trial comparing endocrine with cytotoxic drug treatment for advanced breast cancer were analysed. Although cytotoxic treatment gave a significantly higher response rate with a remission duration comparable to that obtained with endocrine treatment, the sequence in which the two treatments were given did not appear to influence survival--except possibly in women with rapidly progressing disease, when cytotoxic treatment is preferred."}
{"id": "PMID:367511", "title": "New approach to treatment of recent stroke.", "content": "Ninety-one patients with acute stroke participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of naftidrofuryl. Treatment was allocated at random and given over 12 weeks, neurological and neurophysical scores being obtained before treatment and at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. Both treatment groups greatly improved over the 12 weeks, but the naftidrofuryl-treated patients made greater neurological progress. Of the patients eventually discharged, those given naftidrofuryl spent only half as long in hospital as the controls. Deaths attributable to stroke were significantly fewer in the active-treatment group.", "contents": "New approach to treatment of recent stroke. Ninety-one patients with acute stroke participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of naftidrofuryl. Treatment was allocated at random and given over 12 weeks, neurological and neurophysical scores being obtained before treatment and at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. Both treatment groups greatly improved over the 12 weeks, but the naftidrofuryl-treated patients made greater neurological progress. Of the patients eventually discharged, those given naftidrofuryl spent only half as long in hospital as the controls. Deaths attributable to stroke were significantly fewer in the active-treatment group."}
{"id": "PMID:367523", "title": "Treponema pallidum immune adherence test for serodiagnosis of syphilis. 1: An improved method of the TPIA test.", "content": "Clinical investigations using the Treponema pallidum immune adherence (TPIA) test as reported by Nelson (1953) were performed only by Olansky et al in 1954. In this paper an improved method of the TPIA test is described. The test was simple to perform and was highly specific for antitreponemal antibody. Furthermore, as it was possible to use heated T. pallidum as antigen the antigen suspension could be preserved for long periods. The TPIA test for syphilis was evaluated by examining the sera from 40 healthy subjects and from 166 patients with syphilis.", "contents": "Treponema pallidum immune adherence test for serodiagnosis of syphilis. 1: An improved method of the TPIA test. Clinical investigations using the Treponema pallidum immune adherence (TPIA) test as reported by Nelson (1953) were performed only by Olansky et al in 1954. In this paper an improved method of the TPIA test is described. The test was simple to perform and was highly specific for antitreponemal antibody. Furthermore, as it was possible to use heated T. pallidum as antigen the antigen suspension could be preserved for long periods. The TPIA test for syphilis was evaluated by examining the sera from 40 healthy subjects and from 166 patients with syphilis."}
{"id": "PMID:367524", "title": "Treponema pallidum immune adherence test for serodiagnosis of syphilis. 2: Comparison with glass plate, TPHA, and FTA-ABS tests.", "content": "Using sera from 340 patients with syphilis the Treponema pallidum immune adherence (TPIA) test was compared with the glass plate, T. pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA), and fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed (FTA-ABS) tests. The results of the TPIA test agreed with those of the glass plate, TPHA, and FTA-ABS tests in 65%, 82%, and 73% of cases respectively. In the quantitative TPIA test no significant correlation with the other tests was observed, and it is, therefore, concluded that the TPIA test has highly individual characteristics. From gel filtration the particular feature of the test was its high sensitivity to the IgM antibody. The TPIA test thus appears to be suitable for estimating antibody in the early stages of the disease.", "contents": "Treponema pallidum immune adherence test for serodiagnosis of syphilis. 2: Comparison with glass plate, TPHA, and FTA-ABS tests. Using sera from 340 patients with syphilis the Treponema pallidum immune adherence (TPIA) test was compared with the glass plate, T. pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA), and fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed (FTA-ABS) tests. The results of the TPIA test agreed with those of the glass plate, TPHA, and FTA-ABS tests in 65%, 82%, and 73% of cases respectively. In the quantitative TPIA test no significant correlation with the other tests was observed, and it is, therefore, concluded that the TPIA test has highly individual characteristics. From gel filtration the particular feature of the test was its high sensitivity to the IgM antibody. The TPIA test thus appears to be suitable for estimating antibody in the early stages of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:367525", "title": "Treponema pallidum immune adherence test for serodiagnosis of syphilis. 3: Clinical significance and evaluation of treatment.", "content": "Antibody titres were measured in patients with clinical syphilis, and the effect of treatment on the results of the Treponema pallidum immune adherence (TPIA) test is reported. In the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA) test little change in antibody titre occurred after treatment while in the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed (FTA-ABS) test only a slight decrease occurred. The decrease in the antibody titre in the TPIA test was similar to that in the glass plate test, but the findings were different. From the results of gel filtration of sera obtained from patients with syphilis at different intervals after treatment it was apparent that the decrease in antibody titre after treatment mainly concerned the IgM antibody; thus, because of the high sensitivity of the TPIA test to IgM antibody the test is useful in evaluating the effect of treatment.", "contents": "Treponema pallidum immune adherence test for serodiagnosis of syphilis. 3: Clinical significance and evaluation of treatment. Antibody titres were measured in patients with clinical syphilis, and the effect of treatment on the results of the Treponema pallidum immune adherence (TPIA) test is reported. In the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA) test little change in antibody titre occurred after treatment while in the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed (FTA-ABS) test only a slight decrease occurred. The decrease in the antibody titre in the TPIA test was similar to that in the glass plate test, but the findings were different. From the results of gel filtration of sera obtained from patients with syphilis at different intervals after treatment it was apparent that the decrease in antibody titre after treatment mainly concerned the IgM antibody; thus, because of the high sensitivity of the TPIA test to IgM antibody the test is useful in evaluating the effect of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:367526", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of chlamydial infection of the cervix.", "content": "A rapid serodiagnostic test for the presumptive diagnosis of chlamydial infection of the cervix has been developed. The method used in based on the modified micro-immunofluorescence test using pooled chlamydial antigens and the detection of different immunoglobulin classes of chlamydial antibody in sera and cervical secretions. The presence of IgG chlamydial antibody at a level of 1/64, or IgM antibody at a level of 1/8 or greater, or both in sera and IgG or IgA antibody at a level of 1/8 or more or both in cervical secretions was closely associated with the isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis and non-specific genital infection. In general, serodiagnosis was three to nine times more sensitive than cultural methods, and the detection of IgG chlamydial antibody in cervical secretions alone provided the most sensitive of the serological tests. This sensitive, low-cost, rapid, and simple serodiagnostic test for the presumptive diagnosis of chlamydial infection of the cervix, coupled with transportation of specimens by post, offers advantages over conventional isolation techniques for the routine diagnosis and management of chlamydial genital infections.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of chlamydial infection of the cervix. A rapid serodiagnostic test for the presumptive diagnosis of chlamydial infection of the cervix has been developed. The method used in based on the modified micro-immunofluorescence test using pooled chlamydial antigens and the detection of different immunoglobulin classes of chlamydial antibody in sera and cervical secretions. The presence of IgG chlamydial antibody at a level of 1/64, or IgM antibody at a level of 1/8 or greater, or both in sera and IgG or IgA antibody at a level of 1/8 or more or both in cervical secretions was closely associated with the isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis and non-specific genital infection. In general, serodiagnosis was three to nine times more sensitive than cultural methods, and the detection of IgG chlamydial antibody in cervical secretions alone provided the most sensitive of the serological tests. This sensitive, low-cost, rapid, and simple serodiagnostic test for the presumptive diagnosis of chlamydial infection of the cervix, coupled with transportation of specimens by post, offers advantages over conventional isolation techniques for the routine diagnosis and management of chlamydial genital infections."}
{"id": "PMID:367527", "title": "Diagnostic, treatment, and reporting criteria for non-specific genital infection in sexually transmitted disease clinics in England and Wales. 1: Diagnosis.", "content": "The current methods of diagnosis for non-specific genital infection (NSGI) in clinics in England and Wales are described. In most clinics (92%) microscopical findings were used by consultants to establish the diagnosis of non-specific urethritis (NSU) in male patients. However, the microscopical criteria that they used in reaching a diagnosis varied between clinics. The most commonly applied criterion was that of less than five leucocytes per high power field. NSGI in female patients and non-specific proctitis in passive homosexuals were recognised as distincy in 60% of clinics and the latter in 57%. Among those who recognised these conditions the diagnostic criteria varied. The establishment of acceptable and uniform criteria for diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Diagnostic, treatment, and reporting criteria for non-specific genital infection in sexually transmitted disease clinics in England and Wales. 1: Diagnosis. The current methods of diagnosis for non-specific genital infection (NSGI) in clinics in England and Wales are described. In most clinics (92%) microscopical findings were used by consultants to establish the diagnosis of non-specific urethritis (NSU) in male patients. However, the microscopical criteria that they used in reaching a diagnosis varied between clinics. The most commonly applied criterion was that of less than five leucocytes per high power field. NSGI in female patients and non-specific proctitis in passive homosexuals were recognised as distincy in 60% of clinics and the latter in 57%. Among those who recognised these conditions the diagnostic criteria varied. The establishment of acceptable and uniform criteria for diagnosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367529", "title": "The concept of a sensorimotor cortex: its early history, with especial emphasis on two early experimental contributions by W. Bechterew.", "content": "A brief account has been given of the events during the last quarter of the nineteenth century which led to the concept of the sensorimotor cortex. An early review by Frederick Mott has served as a useful guide. Particular attention has been paid to two early startlingly prescient papers by W. Bechterew. Since, however, Bechterew changed his views in subsequent publications, he forfeited a major claim for priority, and his early papers were forgotten.", "contents": "The concept of a sensorimotor cortex: its early history, with especial emphasis on two early experimental contributions by W. Bechterew. A brief account has been given of the events during the last quarter of the nineteenth century which led to the concept of the sensorimotor cortex. An early review by Frederick Mott has served as a useful guide. Particular attention has been paid to two early startlingly prescient papers by W. Bechterew. Since, however, Bechterew changed his views in subsequent publications, he forfeited a major claim for priority, and his early papers were forgotten."}
{"id": "PMID:367530", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in rat locus coeruleus and hypothalamus.", "content": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine, has been localized in light and electron microscopic preparations of rat brain by an immunocytochemical method using a peroxidase--anti-peroxidase Fab complex. In light microscopic preparations, DBH-specific reaction product was observed in somata and proximal processes of neurons in the locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus as well as within distal axons of the principal adrenergic fiber system. DBH-specific reaction product was also observed within small (1--2 micrometer), punctate structures in the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis and the para- and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Electron microscopic results demonstrated on association of DBH-specific reaction product with the Golgi apparatus of neuronal somata in the locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus. DBH-positive reaction product was also seen in association with small (35-55 nm) agranular synaptic vesicles and large (80--100 nm), probable granular vesicles within axonal varicosities and terminals in the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis. Occasionally, DBH-containing axonal varicosities and terminals were observed to form synapse-like junctions with dendritic profiles, but most of the observed DBH-positive axonal structures did not establish identifiable synaptic relationships.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in rat locus coeruleus and hypothalamus. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine, has been localized in light and electron microscopic preparations of rat brain by an immunocytochemical method using a peroxidase--anti-peroxidase Fab complex. In light microscopic preparations, DBH-specific reaction product was observed in somata and proximal processes of neurons in the locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus as well as within distal axons of the principal adrenergic fiber system. DBH-specific reaction product was also observed within small (1--2 micrometer), punctate structures in the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis and the para- and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Electron microscopic results demonstrated on association of DBH-specific reaction product with the Golgi apparatus of neuronal somata in the locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus. DBH-positive reaction product was also seen in association with small (35-55 nm) agranular synaptic vesicles and large (80--100 nm), probable granular vesicles within axonal varicosities and terminals in the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis. Occasionally, DBH-containing axonal varicosities and terminals were observed to form synapse-like junctions with dendritic profiles, but most of the observed DBH-positive axonal structures did not establish identifiable synaptic relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:367536", "title": "A proposed cellular mechanism for calcium transport in the intestinal epithelial cell.", "content": "Intracellular transport of calcium from the apical to the basal-lateral region of the intestinal epithelial cell was investigated in duodenum from normal fed, fasted, and calcium-loaded rats. The process was followed with time using electron microscopy with potassium pyroantimonate to precipitate calcium. The observations made were subjected to morphometric analysis. The specificity of the method was demonstrated in the villus cell by resistance to microincineration and by absence of deposits following exposure to EGTA. Using this method calcium was seen in cells from calcium-fed rats at the microvillus border, in the Golgi zone, and within the internal compartments of the mitochondria. In cells from fasted rats calcium was not seen. Mitochondria were found largely at the apex of the cell and were free of detectable calcium. By 5 min, in the cells of fasted rats given a calcium load, the calcium had reached the Golgi apparatus and the inner mitochondrial compartment. After 15 min mitochondria were heavily loaded with calcium and had moved to the basal region of the cell. These observations suggest that mitochondria play an important role in absorption of calcium and appear to transport this ion from the apex to the basal region of the cell where entry into the capillaries takes place.", "contents": "A proposed cellular mechanism for calcium transport in the intestinal epithelial cell. Intracellular transport of calcium from the apical to the basal-lateral region of the intestinal epithelial cell was investigated in duodenum from normal fed, fasted, and calcium-loaded rats. The process was followed with time using electron microscopy with potassium pyroantimonate to precipitate calcium. The observations made were subjected to morphometric analysis. The specificity of the method was demonstrated in the villus cell by resistance to microincineration and by absence of deposits following exposure to EGTA. Using this method calcium was seen in cells from calcium-fed rats at the microvillus border, in the Golgi zone, and within the internal compartments of the mitochondria. In cells from fasted rats calcium was not seen. Mitochondria were found largely at the apex of the cell and were free of detectable calcium. By 5 min, in the cells of fasted rats given a calcium load, the calcium had reached the Golgi apparatus and the inner mitochondrial compartment. After 15 min mitochondria were heavily loaded with calcium and had moved to the basal region of the cell. These observations suggest that mitochondria play an important role in absorption of calcium and appear to transport this ion from the apex to the basal region of the cell where entry into the capillaries takes place."}
{"id": "PMID:367539", "title": "[Non-cardiac acute fulminating pulmonary edema occurring at the end of anesthesia].", "content": "We have presented a case of acute fulminating pulmonary oedema, not cardiogenic in origin, occurring at the end of anaesthesia. This precise diagnosis was made with the help of measurement of the capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output as well as analysis of the alevolar oedema fluid. The haemodynamic values and the gas exchange, as measured under various ventilatory patterns, confirms the usefulness of continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPPV). In the genesis of acute pulmonary oedema as described, the role of hypoxia and acute obstruction of the upper airways as presented by the patient is discussed in the light of the present proposed theories.", "contents": "[Non-cardiac acute fulminating pulmonary edema occurring at the end of anesthesia]. We have presented a case of acute fulminating pulmonary oedema, not cardiogenic in origin, occurring at the end of anaesthesia. This precise diagnosis was made with the help of measurement of the capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output as well as analysis of the alevolar oedema fluid. The haemodynamic values and the gas exchange, as measured under various ventilatory patterns, confirms the usefulness of continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPPV). In the genesis of acute pulmonary oedema as described, the role of hypoxia and acute obstruction of the upper airways as presented by the patient is discussed in the light of the present proposed theories."}
{"id": "PMID:367540", "title": "Bis-intercalative binding to DNA of novel bis(10-methyl)acridinium chlorides and its dependence on chain length of linker.", "content": "The synthesis of a series of novel bis(10-methyl)acridinium compounds (both unsubstituted and the 6-chloro-2-methoxy substituted) linked by methylene bridges of lengths from (CH2)4 to (CH2)12 and in one case by spermine is described. Their ability to bind to duplex DNA was compared by their relative inhibition of E. coli DNA polymerase catalyzed DNA synthesis. It was determined that they function as DNA template inhibitors and do not affect the DNA polymerase directly. Their ability to function as bis-intercalators was assessed by a novel and convenient topoisomerase fluorescent assay. It was concluded that whereas the (CH2)4-linked compounds act only as monofunctional intercalators because of steric constraints the (CH2)6-, (CH2)8-, and (CH2)10-linked substituted bisacridinium compounds, as well as the (CH2)10- and (CH2)12- unsubstituted analogues, function as bis-intercalators with DNA.", "contents": "Bis-intercalative binding to DNA of novel bis(10-methyl)acridinium chlorides and its dependence on chain length of linker. The synthesis of a series of novel bis(10-methyl)acridinium compounds (both unsubstituted and the 6-chloro-2-methoxy substituted) linked by methylene bridges of lengths from (CH2)4 to (CH2)12 and in one case by spermine is described. Their ability to bind to duplex DNA was compared by their relative inhibition of E. coli DNA polymerase catalyzed DNA synthesis. It was determined that they function as DNA template inhibitors and do not affect the DNA polymerase directly. Their ability to function as bis-intercalators was assessed by a novel and convenient topoisomerase fluorescent assay. It was concluded that whereas the (CH2)4-linked compounds act only as monofunctional intercalators because of steric constraints the (CH2)6-, (CH2)8-, and (CH2)10-linked substituted bisacridinium compounds, as well as the (CH2)10- and (CH2)12- unsubstituted analogues, function as bis-intercalators with DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:367541", "title": "The viscosity and lipid composition of the plasma membrane of multiple drug resistant and sensitive yeast strains.", "content": "Four different plasma membrane preparations were isolated from multiple drug resistant and sensitive isolates of two isogenic groups of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains: zymolyase ghosts, concanavalin A ghosts, pH 4 nonaggregated vesicles, and sucrose-gradient purified vesicles. The viscosities of these preparations were determined by the use of a fluorescence polarization technique with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. The viscosities of all four membrane preparations within an isogenic set were the same for resistant and sensitive strains. A comparison of the viscosity of zymolyase ghost liposomes showed that zymolyase ghost (glyco) proteins of resistant and sensitive strains had the same effect on viscosity. There was no difference between resistant and sensitive isolates in the mole concentration of the following lipid classes extracted from zymolyase ghosts: phospholipid, sterol, sterol ester, triglyceride, diglyceride, and free fatty acid. The fatty acid distribution of esterified and free fatty acids and the distribution of nine phospholipids was the same in zymolyase ghosts from sensitive and resistant strains. It was concluded that multiple drug resistance does not result from an alteration in plasma membrane viscosity or lipid composition.", "contents": "The viscosity and lipid composition of the plasma membrane of multiple drug resistant and sensitive yeast strains. Four different plasma membrane preparations were isolated from multiple drug resistant and sensitive isolates of two isogenic groups of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains: zymolyase ghosts, concanavalin A ghosts, pH 4 nonaggregated vesicles, and sucrose-gradient purified vesicles. The viscosities of these preparations were determined by the use of a fluorescence polarization technique with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. The viscosities of all four membrane preparations within an isogenic set were the same for resistant and sensitive strains. A comparison of the viscosity of zymolyase ghost liposomes showed that zymolyase ghost (glyco) proteins of resistant and sensitive strains had the same effect on viscosity. There was no difference between resistant and sensitive isolates in the mole concentration of the following lipid classes extracted from zymolyase ghosts: phospholipid, sterol, sterol ester, triglyceride, diglyceride, and free fatty acid. The fatty acid distribution of esterified and free fatty acids and the distribution of nine phospholipids was the same in zymolyase ghosts from sensitive and resistant strains. It was concluded that multiple drug resistance does not result from an alteration in plasma membrane viscosity or lipid composition."}
{"id": "PMID:367543", "title": "The high-risk cardiac patient undergoing general surgery.", "content": "The challenge of the high-risk cardiac patient undergoing general surgery will be met only when an aggressive approach is taken to avoid an unfavourable balance between the oxygen supply and demand of the myocardium. In the past this challenge has been accepted in the operating room but postoperative care has been less than adequate. The intelligent use of potent, effective pharmacologic agents and intensive monitoring of myocardial performance intra- and postoperatively have greatly reduced morbidity and mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing aortocoronary bypass procedures; they can achieve similar results in such patients who must undergo general surgery.", "contents": "The high-risk cardiac patient undergoing general surgery. The challenge of the high-risk cardiac patient undergoing general surgery will be met only when an aggressive approach is taken to avoid an unfavourable balance between the oxygen supply and demand of the myocardium. In the past this challenge has been accepted in the operating room but postoperative care has been less than adequate. The intelligent use of potent, effective pharmacologic agents and intensive monitoring of myocardial performance intra- and postoperatively have greatly reduced morbidity and mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing aortocoronary bypass procedures; they can achieve similar results in such patients who must undergo general surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:367545", "title": "Abdominal trauma with special reference to hepatic trauma.", "content": "Of 882 patients admitted over a 6-year period to the adult trauma service at the Health Sciences Centre in Winnipeg, 325 (37%) suffered from abdominal trauma; 241 (74%) sustained a blunt injury and 84 (26%) a penetrating wound. Laparotomy is indicated when there is evidence of intra-abdominal hemorrhage, perforation of a viscus or penetration of the peritoneum. Peritoneal lavage is extremely useful in the diagnosis of intra-abdominal bleeding; it was used in 79 cases among which were four false-positive and two false-negative results. Fifty-six cases of hepatic injury were treated; 43 of these were caused by blunt trauma. Temporary packing and drainage sufficed as treatment in many of these patients but the placing of suture-ligatures at exposed bleeding points is often called for. Resection of hepatic tissue was required in 10 cases and ligation of the right hepatic artery in 2. Of the seven deaths in the series only one was attributed to the liver injury itself.", "contents": "Abdominal trauma with special reference to hepatic trauma. Of 882 patients admitted over a 6-year period to the adult trauma service at the Health Sciences Centre in Winnipeg, 325 (37%) suffered from abdominal trauma; 241 (74%) sustained a blunt injury and 84 (26%) a penetrating wound. Laparotomy is indicated when there is evidence of intra-abdominal hemorrhage, perforation of a viscus or penetration of the peritoneum. Peritoneal lavage is extremely useful in the diagnosis of intra-abdominal bleeding; it was used in 79 cases among which were four false-positive and two false-negative results. Fifty-six cases of hepatic injury were treated; 43 of these were caused by blunt trauma. Temporary packing and drainage sufficed as treatment in many of these patients but the placing of suture-ligatures at exposed bleeding points is often called for. Resection of hepatic tissue was required in 10 cases and ligation of the right hepatic artery in 2. Of the seven deaths in the series only one was attributed to the liver injury itself."}
{"id": "PMID:367546", "title": "Management of patients with lung contusion.", "content": "Pulmonary contusion represents a serious complication of chest trauma. Its management should include adequate oxygen therapy and ventilatory support. Monitoring of the patient's condition should be by repeated measurement of arterial blood gases; use of the Swan-Ganz catheter is seldom necessary. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are generally indicated but cortisone, cardiotonic drugs and diuretics are not usually required.", "contents": "Management of patients with lung contusion. Pulmonary contusion represents a serious complication of chest trauma. Its management should include adequate oxygen therapy and ventilatory support. Monitoring of the patient's condition should be by repeated measurement of arterial blood gases; use of the Swan-Ganz catheter is seldom necessary. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are generally indicated but cortisone, cardiotonic drugs and diuretics are not usually required."}
{"id": "PMID:367548", "title": "Gastrointestinal complications of renal transplantation. 1. The upper gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "In 95 consecutive cases of cavaderic renal transplantation followed up for 1 to 83 months (mean 23.1 months) 17 complications developed in the upper gastrointestinal tract of 15 patients; these included duodenal ulcer in 12 and gastric ulcer, esophagitis, hemorrhagic gastritis, small-bowel obstruction and small-bowel perforation in 1 each. The occurrence of a complication was not related to the patient's age, sex, blood group or use of cigarettes or alcohol, the duration of hemodialysis before transplantation, the tissue match or the number of infusions of immunosuppressive medication. One patient died of the complication. The peptic ulcers that developed after transplantation were successfully managed conservatively in 69% of cases. Since surgical treatment in patients whose immune response has been suppressed is associated with an increased frequency of complications such as disruption of suture lines, it is preferable to reserve it for those in whom complications develop that are unresponsive to conservative measures.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal complications of renal transplantation. 1. The upper gastrointestinal tract. In 95 consecutive cases of cavaderic renal transplantation followed up for 1 to 83 months (mean 23.1 months) 17 complications developed in the upper gastrointestinal tract of 15 patients; these included duodenal ulcer in 12 and gastric ulcer, esophagitis, hemorrhagic gastritis, small-bowel obstruction and small-bowel perforation in 1 each. The occurrence of a complication was not related to the patient's age, sex, blood group or use of cigarettes or alcohol, the duration of hemodialysis before transplantation, the tissue match or the number of infusions of immunosuppressive medication. One patient died of the complication. The peptic ulcers that developed after transplantation were successfully managed conservatively in 69% of cases. Since surgical treatment in patients whose immune response has been suppressed is associated with an increased frequency of complications such as disruption of suture lines, it is preferable to reserve it for those in whom complications develop that are unresponsive to conservative measures."}
{"id": "PMID:367549", "title": "Gastrointestinal complications of renal transplantation. 2. The colon.", "content": "In 95 consecutive cases of cadaveric renal transplantation followed up for 1 to 83 months (mean 23.1 months) seven colonic complications developed in seven patients; these included ischemic colitis in three, colonic perforation in two, fecal impaction in one and appendicitis in one. Except for appendicitis all the complications occurred within 2.5 months of transplantation and were not related to the patient's age, sex, blood group, or use of cigarettes or alcohol, the duration of hemodialysis before transplantation, the tissue match or the number of infusions of immunosuppressive medication. Two patients died, but not of the complication. In the management of free colonic perforation prompt resection or exteriorization, with avoidance of intraperitoneal suture lines, and continuous postoperative peritoneal lavage may be lifesaving. Early surgical intervention and creation of a colostomy in one of the cases of ischemic colitis proved helpful.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal complications of renal transplantation. 2. The colon. In 95 consecutive cases of cadaveric renal transplantation followed up for 1 to 83 months (mean 23.1 months) seven colonic complications developed in seven patients; these included ischemic colitis in three, colonic perforation in two, fecal impaction in one and appendicitis in one. Except for appendicitis all the complications occurred within 2.5 months of transplantation and were not related to the patient's age, sex, blood group, or use of cigarettes or alcohol, the duration of hemodialysis before transplantation, the tissue match or the number of infusions of immunosuppressive medication. Two patients died, but not of the complication. In the management of free colonic perforation prompt resection or exteriorization, with avoidance of intraperitoneal suture lines, and continuous postoperative peritoneal lavage may be lifesaving. Early surgical intervention and creation of a colostomy in one of the cases of ischemic colitis proved helpful."}
{"id": "PMID:367550", "title": "Percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy.", "content": "This paper reviews the history, technique, applications, advantages, disadvantages and complications of percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy. This technique, particularly when performed with a time needle (21-gauge or less), is a relatively painless, inexpensive and safe method of obtaining a pathologic diagnosis, and it can often be carried out at the bedside or in the outpatient department. It complements other methods and may obviate, but never precludes, subsequent excisional biopsy. Its advantages are insufficiently recognized. Considerable expertise of the cytopathologist and close cooperation with the clinician are necessary for consistent results.", "contents": "Percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy. This paper reviews the history, technique, applications, advantages, disadvantages and complications of percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy. This technique, particularly when performed with a time needle (21-gauge or less), is a relatively painless, inexpensive and safe method of obtaining a pathologic diagnosis, and it can often be carried out at the bedside or in the outpatient department. It complements other methods and may obviate, but never precludes, subsequent excisional biopsy. Its advantages are insufficiently recognized. Considerable expertise of the cytopathologist and close cooperation with the clinician are necessary for consistent results."}
{"id": "PMID:367555", "title": "Hypercalcemia and cancer: an update.", "content": "Hypercalcemia is a not infrequent complication of cancer that every physician should be aware of. It is a significant factor in the morbidity and mortality of cancer patients. Almost invariably hypercalcemia is associated with accelerated resorption of bone, which is thought to be mediated by humoral or metabolic factors. Three such factors, parathyroid hormone, E2 prostaglandins and osteoclast activating factor, have been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of hypercalcemia in cancer patients. Other mechanisms for the hypercalcemia may exist. Accurate diagnosis of the disorder is important in therapy, and current research into the various mechanisms for hypercalcemia in cancer patients may well lead to new modes of therapy that are more specific and perhaps less toxic.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia and cancer: an update. Hypercalcemia is a not infrequent complication of cancer that every physician should be aware of. It is a significant factor in the morbidity and mortality of cancer patients. Almost invariably hypercalcemia is associated with accelerated resorption of bone, which is thought to be mediated by humoral or metabolic factors. Three such factors, parathyroid hormone, E2 prostaglandins and osteoclast activating factor, have been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of hypercalcemia in cancer patients. Other mechanisms for the hypercalcemia may exist. Accurate diagnosis of the disorder is important in therapy, and current research into the various mechanisms for hypercalcemia in cancer patients may well lead to new modes of therapy that are more specific and perhaps less toxic."}
{"id": "PMID:367565", "title": "Liposarcomas of the head and neck: a review of the literature and addition of four cases.", "content": "Liposarcomas of the head and neck are rare. There have been 25 previously reported patients in the literature. Four patients with head and neck liposarcomas, recently treated by the Head and Neck Surgery Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, are presented. Less than half of reported patients were noted to be living without evidence of disease. Prognosis generally corresponds to the cell type of the tumor. Intraoral, cheek and orbital tumors seem to have a worse prognosis compared to neck tumors. Wide local excision remains the treatment of choice. Advances in surgical techniques have allowed adequate therapy for most head and neck liposarcomas. Advanced lesions should be managed by conservative surgery and radical radiation therapy.", "contents": "Liposarcomas of the head and neck: a review of the literature and addition of four cases. Liposarcomas of the head and neck are rare. There have been 25 previously reported patients in the literature. Four patients with head and neck liposarcomas, recently treated by the Head and Neck Surgery Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, are presented. Less than half of reported patients were noted to be living without evidence of disease. Prognosis generally corresponds to the cell type of the tumor. Intraoral, cheek and orbital tumors seem to have a worse prognosis compared to neck tumors. Wide local excision remains the treatment of choice. Advances in surgical techniques have allowed adequate therapy for most head and neck liposarcomas. Advanced lesions should be managed by conservative surgery and radical radiation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:367566", "title": "Postirradiation sarcoma of bone: a perspective.", "content": "Ten cases of irradiation induced sarcoma of bone which fulfilled Cahan's criteria were seen in a twenty year period at the Princess Margaret Hospital. The overall incidence of this complication is 0.035% of all irradiated five year survivors. Combining our data with three other large series presented in the literature, a dose complication curve could be deduced. On the basis of the human and animal data reviewed, it was concluded that the risk of radiation induced sarcoma is so low in the dose range of modern radiotherapeutic practise that it does not represent a contraindication to the use of radiation therapy.", "contents": "Postirradiation sarcoma of bone: a perspective. Ten cases of irradiation induced sarcoma of bone which fulfilled Cahan's criteria were seen in a twenty year period at the Princess Margaret Hospital. The overall incidence of this complication is 0.035% of all irradiated five year survivors. Combining our data with three other large series presented in the literature, a dose complication curve could be deduced. On the basis of the human and animal data reviewed, it was concluded that the risk of radiation induced sarcoma is so low in the dose range of modern radiotherapeutic practise that it does not represent a contraindication to the use of radiation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:367567", "title": "Immunoblastic lymphosarcoma: a light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Immunoblastic lymphosarcoma (ILS) is a newly recognized malignant lymphoreticular neoplasm and is included in the recent W.H.O. classification of lymphomas. This report concerns six cases of ILS studied by light, immunofluorescence (IF), and electron microscopy (EM). Four patients were female and all except one were over 50 years of age. Four patients had some immunological abnormality. Light microscopy showed a monomorphic population of immunoblasts with pyroninophilic cytoplasm and variable plasmacytoid differentiation. Intracytoplasmic IgG was demonstrated by IF in four cases, and IgA in one. Large lymphoid cells with varying proportions of polysomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus were seen by EM in four cases. Mean survival was 4.8 months in five cases; death in four was due to disseminated ILS. We concluded that our cases of ILS are of B cell origin, are often associated with immunological abnormalities, and carry a poor prognosis. Immunofluorescence and EM are helpful in its diagnosis.", "contents": "Immunoblastic lymphosarcoma: a light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic study. Immunoblastic lymphosarcoma (ILS) is a newly recognized malignant lymphoreticular neoplasm and is included in the recent W.H.O. classification of lymphomas. This report concerns six cases of ILS studied by light, immunofluorescence (IF), and electron microscopy (EM). Four patients were female and all except one were over 50 years of age. Four patients had some immunological abnormality. Light microscopy showed a monomorphic population of immunoblasts with pyroninophilic cytoplasm and variable plasmacytoid differentiation. Intracytoplasmic IgG was demonstrated by IF in four cases, and IgA in one. Large lymphoid cells with varying proportions of polysomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus were seen by EM in four cases. Mean survival was 4.8 months in five cases; death in four was due to disseminated ILS. We concluded that our cases of ILS are of B cell origin, are often associated with immunological abnormalities, and carry a poor prognosis. Immunofluorescence and EM are helpful in its diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:367568", "title": "Renal metastases from well differentiated follicular thyroid carcinoma: a case report with light and electron microscopic findings.", "content": "The second case of metastatic follicular carcinoma of the thyroid presenting during life as bilateral renal masses is described.  Metastases appeared 18 years after resection of the primary and on clinical evaluation were confined to the kidneys. Although most malignant tumors which present clinically in the kidney are primary there, a review of the literature indicates that the possibility of metastatic tumor must be kept in mind, particularly when the renal tumor is bilateral.", "contents": "Renal metastases from well differentiated follicular thyroid carcinoma: a case report with light and electron microscopic findings. The second case of metastatic follicular carcinoma of the thyroid presenting during life as bilateral renal masses is described.  Metastases appeared 18 years after resection of the primary and on clinical evaluation were confined to the kidneys. Although most malignant tumors which present clinically in the kidney are primary there, a review of the literature indicates that the possibility of metastatic tumor must be kept in mind, particularly when the renal tumor is bilateral."}
{"id": "PMID:367569", "title": "Acute (\"malignant\") myelosclerosis.", "content": "This study is based upon an analysis of the hematologic and pathologic material from seven patients with acute myelosclerosis, as well as a review of the literature of 49 cases reported under this designation, or one of its synonyms. Patients with this disease characteristically present with pancytopenia, minimal or absent anisocytosis and poikilocytosis, and a fibrotic bone marrow showing hyperplasia and immaturity of all three cell lines, with particular prominence of megakaryocytes and their precursors. In addition, clinical splenomegaly is almost always absent, and the disease has a rapidly fatal course. We consider only one-fourth of the cases reported in the literature to have the clinical and hematologic features consistent with the diagnosis of acute myelosclerosis; the remainder represent a variety of myeloproliferative disorders, including chronic myelosclerosis with an accelerated terminal phase, acute myeloblastic leukemia with bone marrow fibrosis, myeloproliferative diseases that cannot be subclassified, and cases in which the data are insufficient for analysis. Using strict clinical and hematological criteria, acute myelosclerosis can be separated from other myeloproliferative disorders as a distinct clinicopathologic entity.", "contents": "Acute (\"malignant\") myelosclerosis. This study is based upon an analysis of the hematologic and pathologic material from seven patients with acute myelosclerosis, as well as a review of the literature of 49 cases reported under this designation, or one of its synonyms. Patients with this disease characteristically present with pancytopenia, minimal or absent anisocytosis and poikilocytosis, and a fibrotic bone marrow showing hyperplasia and immaturity of all three cell lines, with particular prominence of megakaryocytes and their precursors. In addition, clinical splenomegaly is almost always absent, and the disease has a rapidly fatal course. We consider only one-fourth of the cases reported in the literature to have the clinical and hematologic features consistent with the diagnosis of acute myelosclerosis; the remainder represent a variety of myeloproliferative disorders, including chronic myelosclerosis with an accelerated terminal phase, acute myeloblastic leukemia with bone marrow fibrosis, myeloproliferative diseases that cannot be subclassified, and cases in which the data are insufficient for analysis. Using strict clinical and hematological criteria, acute myelosclerosis can be separated from other myeloproliferative disorders as a distinct clinicopathologic entity."}
{"id": "PMID:367570", "title": "A comparative study of a BCNU containing 4-drug program versus MOPP versus 3-drug combinations in advanced Hodgkin's disease: a cooperative study by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B.", "content": "A prospective randomized trial by CALGB examined the relative value of four chemotherapy regimens in 537 patients with stage III B and IV Hodgkin's disease. A new combination BOPP, derived by substitution of BCNU for nitrogen mustard in the MOPP regimen, was compared to MOPP and to two 3-drug regimens, derived by removing the procarbazine in BOPP (BOP) or removing the alkylating agent (OPP). The 4-drug programs gave significantly higher frequency of complete remissions (BOPP 67%, MOPP 63%) than the 3-drug regimens (BOP 40%, OPP 42%), and significantly longer duration of remission and survival. BOPP had a therapeutic activity equal to MOPP, and was accompanied by less toxicity. After 6 cycles of induction chemotherapy, responding patients, both CR and PR, were continued on maintenance chemotherapy for 3 years. No significant difference in relapse rate was demonstrated following maintenance treatment with either vinblastine, chlorambucil, or chlorambucil plus monthly vincristine + prednisone doses. Nor could a reinforcement phase late in the maintenance program be shown to influence the relapse rate. The median survival for all patients entered on the 4-drug programs was 5 years, while the median has not yet been reached at 6 years for those patients, who obtained CR.", "contents": "A comparative study of a BCNU containing 4-drug program versus MOPP versus 3-drug combinations in advanced Hodgkin's disease: a cooperative study by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B. A prospective randomized trial by CALGB examined the relative value of four chemotherapy regimens in 537 patients with stage III B and IV Hodgkin's disease. A new combination BOPP, derived by substitution of BCNU for nitrogen mustard in the MOPP regimen, was compared to MOPP and to two 3-drug regimens, derived by removing the procarbazine in BOPP (BOP) or removing the alkylating agent (OPP). The 4-drug programs gave significantly higher frequency of complete remissions (BOPP 67%, MOPP 63%) than the 3-drug regimens (BOP 40%, OPP 42%), and significantly longer duration of remission and survival. BOPP had a therapeutic activity equal to MOPP, and was accompanied by less toxicity. After 6 cycles of induction chemotherapy, responding patients, both CR and PR, were continued on maintenance chemotherapy for 3 years. No significant difference in relapse rate was demonstrated following maintenance treatment with either vinblastine, chlorambucil, or chlorambucil plus monthly vincristine + prednisone doses. Nor could a reinforcement phase late in the maintenance program be shown to influence the relapse rate. The median survival for all patients entered on the 4-drug programs was 5 years, while the median has not yet been reached at 6 years for those patients, who obtained CR."}
{"id": "PMID:367571", "title": "Malignant lymphoma simulating leukemic reticuloendotheliosis: a clinicopathologic study of ten cases.", "content": "We have studied ten patients with a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by massive splenomegaly; minimal lymphadenopathy; varying degrees of blood cytopenias; circulating atypical lymphoid cells frequently with \"hairy\" cytoplasm; monoclonal serum paraprotein; and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase reactivity in the tumor cells of five patients tested. Although the clinical and laboratory features in most cases prompted a clinical diagnosis of \"hairy cell leukemia\" (HCL), histologic, ultrastructural and immunohistologic studies of multiple organs revealed distinctive features recognizably different from leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE). Because this B lymphocyte proliferation may be mistaken for LRE in cases where careful histologic study is not performed, it may be responsible in part for the conflicting data in attempts to characterize the cell of origin of the latter disease. Clinical and experimental data in HCL must be questioned if they do not include histopathologic confirmation of the diagnosis.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma simulating leukemic reticuloendotheliosis: a clinicopathologic study of ten cases. We have studied ten patients with a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by massive splenomegaly; minimal lymphadenopathy; varying degrees of blood cytopenias; circulating atypical lymphoid cells frequently with \"hairy\" cytoplasm; monoclonal serum paraprotein; and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase reactivity in the tumor cells of five patients tested. Although the clinical and laboratory features in most cases prompted a clinical diagnosis of \"hairy cell leukemia\" (HCL), histologic, ultrastructural and immunohistologic studies of multiple organs revealed distinctive features recognizably different from leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE). Because this B lymphocyte proliferation may be mistaken for LRE in cases where careful histologic study is not performed, it may be responsible in part for the conflicting data in attempts to characterize the cell of origin of the latter disease. Clinical and experimental data in HCL must be questioned if they do not include histopathologic confirmation of the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:367572", "title": "Immunoblastic sarcoma: a clinical description.", "content": "We reviewed the clinical records of 33 patients with Immunoblastic Sarcoma in order to further describe this disease clinically. Several common features were found. Thirty percent of the patients had a history of a prior immune disease or lymphoproliferative malignancy. Forty-four percent of the patients tested had a diffuse hypergammaglobulinemia. Lymphopenia (less than 1,000/mm3) was found in 45%, and anemia occurred in 73%. At initial presentation, 30% of the cases were clinically staged as either stage I or II, whereas 70% were found to be stage III or IV. Forty-nine percent of the patients had systemic symptoms at presentation. The median survival was 14 months. Advanced stage of disease, lymphopenia, and presence of systemic symptomatology were associated with significantly decreased survival times (p less than .05). We conclude that IBS is a clinical entity often associated with prior immune disease and/or diffuse hypergammaglobulinemia.", "contents": "Immunoblastic sarcoma: a clinical description. We reviewed the clinical records of 33 patients with Immunoblastic Sarcoma in order to further describe this disease clinically. Several common features were found. Thirty percent of the patients had a history of a prior immune disease or lymphoproliferative malignancy. Forty-four percent of the patients tested had a diffuse hypergammaglobulinemia. Lymphopenia (less than 1,000/mm3) was found in 45%, and anemia occurred in 73%. At initial presentation, 30% of the cases were clinically staged as either stage I or II, whereas 70% were found to be stage III or IV. Forty-nine percent of the patients had systemic symptoms at presentation. The median survival was 14 months. Advanced stage of disease, lymphopenia, and presence of systemic symptomatology were associated with significantly decreased survival times (p less than .05). We conclude that IBS is a clinical entity often associated with prior immune disease and/or diffuse hypergammaglobulinemia."}
{"id": "PMID:367573", "title": "The triad of gastric epithelioid leiomyosarcoma, functioning extra-adrenal paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma.", "content": "The triad of gastric epithelioid leiomyosarcoma, functioning extra-adrenal paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma was found in two young female Mayo Clinic patients, and two of these tumors occurred in another two. Review of the world literature disclosed nine patients who probably had two or more of the three neoplasms. We are also aware of two other patients with two of the three tumors. The association of gastric epitheloid leiomyosarcoma, functioning extra-adrenal paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma may well constitute a syndrome because of 1) the improbability of the coincidental occurrence of this triad of tumors, 2) the multicentricity of the tumors in the organs or system affected, and 3) the development of the tumors at a young age. Because two of the components of the triad are potentially lethal, it is important that patients less than 35 years of age who have any one of the three tumors be examined periodically to search for the others.", "contents": "The triad of gastric epithelioid leiomyosarcoma, functioning extra-adrenal paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma. The triad of gastric epithelioid leiomyosarcoma, functioning extra-adrenal paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma was found in two young female Mayo Clinic patients, and two of these tumors occurred in another two. Review of the world literature disclosed nine patients who probably had two or more of the three neoplasms. We are also aware of two other patients with two of the three tumors. The association of gastric epitheloid leiomyosarcoma, functioning extra-adrenal paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma may well constitute a syndrome because of 1) the improbability of the coincidental occurrence of this triad of tumors, 2) the multicentricity of the tumors in the organs or system affected, and 3) the development of the tumors at a young age. Because two of the components of the triad are potentially lethal, it is important that patients less than 35 years of age who have any one of the three tumors be examined periodically to search for the others."}
{"id": "PMID:367574", "title": "Low dose chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (CAMF) versus sequential cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (CMF) and adriamycin.", "content": "Seventy-eight advanced breast cancer patients with hormone-resistant disease or visceral metastases were randomized to receive either of two low dose regimens consisting of cyclophosphamide (C), methotrexate (M), 5-fluorouracil (F), and Adriamycin (A) as their initial chemotherapy. One group was treated with CAMF, and the other with CMF until progression, followed by A (CMF leads to A). C was given at 50 mg/m2, po, days 1-14; M at 20 mg/m2, F at 300 mg/m2, and A at 20 mg/m2, iv, days 1 and 8 of each 28-day cycle. The response rates for CAMF vs. CMF did not differ significantly (complete and partial responses-62% vs. 49%; stabilizations-23% vs. 31%). Responses by site of metasis, median times to progression and median survivals were similar for both groups. Poor and good risk partial responders had similar survivals. Twelve percent of CMF patients treated with Adriamycin at the time of progression had partial responses with an associated improved survival. Since CMF is as effective as CAMF, but has less toxicity, low dose therapy with CMF is more acceptable than CAMF as an initial chemotherapy regimen for metastatic breast cancer. Adriamycin may be reserved for subsequent regression induction.", "contents": "Low dose chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (CAMF) versus sequential cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (CMF) and adriamycin. Seventy-eight advanced breast cancer patients with hormone-resistant disease or visceral metastases were randomized to receive either of two low dose regimens consisting of cyclophosphamide (C), methotrexate (M), 5-fluorouracil (F), and Adriamycin (A) as their initial chemotherapy. One group was treated with CAMF, and the other with CMF until progression, followed by A (CMF leads to A). C was given at 50 mg/m2, po, days 1-14; M at 20 mg/m2, F at 300 mg/m2, and A at 20 mg/m2, iv, days 1 and 8 of each 28-day cycle. The response rates for CAMF vs. CMF did not differ significantly (complete and partial responses-62% vs. 49%; stabilizations-23% vs. 31%). Responses by site of metasis, median times to progression and median survivals were similar for both groups. Poor and good risk partial responders had similar survivals. Twelve percent of CMF patients treated with Adriamycin at the time of progression had partial responses with an associated improved survival. Since CMF is as effective as CAMF, but has less toxicity, low dose therapy with CMF is more acceptable than CAMF as an initial chemotherapy regimen for metastatic breast cancer. Adriamycin may be reserved for subsequent regression induction."}
{"id": "PMID:367575", "title": "A randomized study of two different schedules of methyl CCNU, 5-FU and vincristine for metastatic colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Sixty-seven patients with measurable colorectal carcinoma were randomized to receive two different schedules of Methyl CCNU, 5-FU and Vincristine (MOF). The treatment schedule consisted of Methyl CCNU 150 mg/m2 po q 70 days, 5-FU 300 mg/m2 iv for 5 consecutive days q 35 days, and Vincristine 1 mg/m2 IV q 35 days. The same total dose was used in each arm; in MOF A, the Methyl CCNU was given on day 1, while in MOF B, the Methyl CCNU was divided and given over 5 consecutive days. In MOF A, there was a 10% partial response rate and a 10% minor response rate. In MOF B, the partial response rate was 12% and the minor response rate was 21%. This difference is not statistically significant, but the patients in MOF B experienced less gastrointestinal toxicity (p less than .001).", "contents": "A randomized study of two different schedules of methyl CCNU, 5-FU and vincristine for metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Sixty-seven patients with measurable colorectal carcinoma were randomized to receive two different schedules of Methyl CCNU, 5-FU and Vincristine (MOF). The treatment schedule consisted of Methyl CCNU 150 mg/m2 po q 70 days, 5-FU 300 mg/m2 iv for 5 consecutive days q 35 days, and Vincristine 1 mg/m2 IV q 35 days. The same total dose was used in each arm; in MOF A, the Methyl CCNU was given on day 1, while in MOF B, the Methyl CCNU was divided and given over 5 consecutive days. In MOF A, there was a 10% partial response rate and a 10% minor response rate. In MOF B, the partial response rate was 12% and the minor response rate was 21%. This difference is not statistically significant, but the patients in MOF B experienced less gastrointestinal toxicity (p less than .001)."}
{"id": "PMID:367576", "title": "Chemotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy in advanced adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum: a prospective randomized study.", "content": "The combination of vincristine, methyl-CCNU, and methotrexate with or without MER-BCG achieved a 2% complete response (CR) and a 11% partial response (PR) with a median duration of 25-29 weeks in 124 evaluable patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. Responses were seen in previously untreated patients and in patients refractory to 5-fluorouracil. The median survival of these objective responders (CR + PR) was 57 weeks. The addition of MER-BCG did not appear to influence response rate or duration of survival and was accompanied by significant toxicity. Response was significantly correlated with performance status, sex, and disease free interval and survival with alkaline phosphatase and performance status. Patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma should be stratified according to these variables.", "contents": "Chemotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy in advanced adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum: a prospective randomized study. The combination of vincristine, methyl-CCNU, and methotrexate with or without MER-BCG achieved a 2% complete response (CR) and a 11% partial response (PR) with a median duration of 25-29 weeks in 124 evaluable patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. Responses were seen in previously untreated patients and in patients refractory to 5-fluorouracil. The median survival of these objective responders (CR + PR) was 57 weeks. The addition of MER-BCG did not appear to influence response rate or duration of survival and was accompanied by significant toxicity. Response was significantly correlated with performance status, sex, and disease free interval and survival with alkaline phosphatase and performance status. Patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma should be stratified according to these variables."}
{"id": "PMID:367579", "title": "Committee on Growth, 1945-1956: another noble experiment.", "content": "The events of the creation, activities, and termination of the Committee on Growth of the National Research Council as the advisory body on research to the American Cancer Society, 1945 to 1956, are historical and instructive. It remains to be demonstrated that programmed research support is more effective than the less structured approaches represented by the Committee on Growth.", "contents": "Committee on Growth, 1945-1956: another noble experiment. The events of the creation, activities, and termination of the Committee on Growth of the National Research Council as the advisory body on research to the American Cancer Society, 1945 to 1956, are historical and instructive. It remains to be demonstrated that programmed research support is more effective than the less structured approaches represented by the Committee on Growth."}
{"id": "PMID:367578", "title": "Banding studies of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Karyotypes were analyzed by routine Giemsa and quinacrine fluorescence for 16 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia [ten adults (18 to 51 years) and six children (3 to 15 years)]. Four patients had received previous therapy, but all 16 had active disease when they were first studied. Eight patients (five untreated) had a normal karyotype initially; however, three of these developed a chromosomal abnormality during relapse. Eight patients had a chromosomal abnormality in their initial samples. Each of the 11 patients had different abnormalities. All chromosomes except Nos. 3, 5, 15, 16, and Y were involved in the various aneuploidies. One patient had a Ph1 chromosome due to a translocation with No. 21: t(21;22)(q22;q11). A patient with B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia had a 14q+ marker in addition to other abnormalities. The median survival of patients with initially normal karyotypes may be longer than that of patients whose karyotypes are abnormal initially.", "contents": "Banding studies of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Karyotypes were analyzed by routine Giemsa and quinacrine fluorescence for 16 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia [ten adults (18 to 51 years) and six children (3 to 15 years)]. Four patients had received previous therapy, but all 16 had active disease when they were first studied. Eight patients (five untreated) had a normal karyotype initially; however, three of these developed a chromosomal abnormality during relapse. Eight patients had a chromosomal abnormality in their initial samples. Each of the 11 patients had different abnormalities. All chromosomes except Nos. 3, 5, 15, 16, and Y were involved in the various aneuploidies. One patient had a Ph1 chromosome due to a translocation with No. 21: t(21;22)(q22;q11). A patient with B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia had a 14q+ marker in addition to other abnormalities. The median survival of patients with initially normal karyotypes may be longer than that of patients whose karyotypes are abnormal initially."}
{"id": "PMID:367580", "title": "Primary neoplastic transformation in vivo of xenogeneic skin grafts on nude mice.", "content": "Rabbit skin was infected with Shope papilloma virus and grafted orthotopically to nude mice. Typical Shope rabbit papillomas developed in most of the grafts, but similarly treated nude mouse skin grafts were not altered. These results demonstrated that xenogeneic tissues retained susceptibility to oncogenic agents after transplantation to nude mice. The results also implied that it should be feasible to study carcinogenesis of human tissues in this system.", "contents": "Primary neoplastic transformation in vivo of xenogeneic skin grafts on nude mice. Rabbit skin was infected with Shope papilloma virus and grafted orthotopically to nude mice. Typical Shope rabbit papillomas developed in most of the grafts, but similarly treated nude mouse skin grafts were not altered. These results demonstrated that xenogeneic tissues retained susceptibility to oncogenic agents after transplantation to nude mice. The results also implied that it should be feasible to study carcinogenesis of human tissues in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:367582", "title": "Historical background and aspects of the mechanism of leukocyte adherence inhibition.", "content": "The development of leukocyte adherence inhibition is traced from early experiments with murine tumors to recent applications in human cancer and in cell-mediated immunity in general. Arbitrary experimental conditions (serum in culture medium, preincubation, and tumor extracts at a single concentration) were initially set up and permitted detection of specific inhibition of adherence of sensitized leukocytes reacting with antigen of the tumor extracts. Blocking serum completely or partially restored adherence. It was readily demonstrated that leukocyte adherence inhibition was mediated by a soluble lymphokine-like factor [leukocyte adherence inhibition factor (LAIF)]. Recent studies suggest that serum is important in enabling detection of LAIF;  this may explain the inability of some other workers to confirm our findings. Serum appears to protect LAIF from enzymatic destruction in mixtures containing tumor extracts. Complex cell interactions are involved in LAIF production. With mouse cells in vitro, macrophages are required for production by both T- and B-lymphocytes, and there is evidence for suppressor cells also.", "contents": "Historical background and aspects of the mechanism of leukocyte adherence inhibition. The development of leukocyte adherence inhibition is traced from early experiments with murine tumors to recent applications in human cancer and in cell-mediated immunity in general. Arbitrary experimental conditions (serum in culture medium, preincubation, and tumor extracts at a single concentration) were initially set up and permitted detection of specific inhibition of adherence of sensitized leukocytes reacting with antigen of the tumor extracts. Blocking serum completely or partially restored adherence. It was readily demonstrated that leukocyte adherence inhibition was mediated by a soluble lymphokine-like factor [leukocyte adherence inhibition factor (LAIF)]. Recent studies suggest that serum is important in enabling detection of LAIF;  this may explain the inability of some other workers to confirm our findings. Serum appears to protect LAIF from enzymatic destruction in mixtures containing tumor extracts. Complex cell interactions are involved in LAIF production. With mouse cells in vitro, macrophages are required for production by both T- and B-lymphocytes, and there is evidence for suppressor cells also."}
{"id": "PMID:367583", "title": "Evaluation of the microplate leukocyte adherence inhibition test and its reproducibility, sensitivity, and relationship to other tests of cellular immunity.", "content": "The microplate version of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test was evaluated in murine and human studies. It was used in parallel with the microcytotoxicity assay, lymphotoxin assay, leukocyte migration inhibition, and lymphocyte stimulation tests in a transplantable murine tumor model, and it compared favorably with these established techniques for the detection of cellular immunity. The LAI test detected both primary and secondary anamnestic responses in Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-primed mice, and it displayed sensitivity to host humoral factors comparable to that seen with other tests. The LAI phenomenon was shown to be mediated by a soluble supernatant factor liberated by antigen-exposed immune leukocytes in the mouse and by concanavalin A-stimulated human leukocytes. In the mouse, deliberate depletion of T-cells ablates LAI reactivity in cells taken at the peak of a primary response; however, immune serum \"arms\" non-thymus-dependent cells taken from unimmunized hosts. In the mouse, the results of LAI tests correlate with other established techniques, when purified protein derivative reactivity was assessed in spleen cells from Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-immunized mice. Comparable correlation is not found when reactivity to this antigen is assessed in human peripheral blood samples from unimmunized donors.", "contents": "Evaluation of the microplate leukocyte adherence inhibition test and its reproducibility, sensitivity, and relationship to other tests of cellular immunity. The microplate version of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test was evaluated in murine and human studies. It was used in parallel with the microcytotoxicity assay, lymphotoxin assay, leukocyte migration inhibition, and lymphocyte stimulation tests in a transplantable murine tumor model, and it compared favorably with these established techniques for the detection of cellular immunity. The LAI test detected both primary and secondary anamnestic responses in Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-primed mice, and it displayed sensitivity to host humoral factors comparable to that seen with other tests. The LAI phenomenon was shown to be mediated by a soluble supernatant factor liberated by antigen-exposed immune leukocytes in the mouse and by concanavalin A-stimulated human leukocytes. In the mouse, deliberate depletion of T-cells ablates LAI reactivity in cells taken at the peak of a primary response; however, immune serum \"arms\" non-thymus-dependent cells taken from unimmunized hosts. In the mouse, the results of LAI tests correlate with other established techniques, when purified protein derivative reactivity was assessed in spleen cells from Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-immunized mice. Comparable correlation is not found when reactivity to this antigen is assessed in human peripheral blood samples from unimmunized donors."}
{"id": "PMID:367584", "title": "Correlations between the leukocyte adherence inhibition microassay and in vivo tests of transplantation resistance.", "content": "The leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) microassay detects tumor-associated antigen(s). Extracts of colon carcinoma (MCA-38 and B16 melanoma tumors, both syngeneic to the C57BL/6J mice) are recognized only by peritoneal cells from mice bearing the corresponding tumor. To ascertain whether this in vitro antigenic recognition correlates with the ability of the host to recognize and reject a tumor in vivo, serial LAI microassays were performed synchronously with experiments designed to test the ability of mice bearing tumors to reject live secondary tumor challenges. Concomitant tumor immunity was present in the MCA-38 tumor-bearing mice on 3 occasions from 5 to 15 days from primary inoculation. In the B16 system, concomitant immunity was present on one occasion 10 days after primary inoculation. These results in turn were paralleled with the specific in vitro recognition of tumor antigens as detected by the LAI microassays. Loss of immunity in the \"eclipse\" phase of tumor development, as detected by concomitant tumor immunity, was paralleled by nonreactivity of the indicator cells in the LAI microassay.", "contents": "Correlations between the leukocyte adherence inhibition microassay and in vivo tests of transplantation resistance. The leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) microassay detects tumor-associated antigen(s). Extracts of colon carcinoma (MCA-38 and B16 melanoma tumors, both syngeneic to the C57BL/6J mice) are recognized only by peritoneal cells from mice bearing the corresponding tumor. To ascertain whether this in vitro antigenic recognition correlates with the ability of the host to recognize and reject a tumor in vivo, serial LAI microassays were performed synchronously with experiments designed to test the ability of mice bearing tumors to reject live secondary tumor challenges. Concomitant tumor immunity was present in the MCA-38 tumor-bearing mice on 3 occasions from 5 to 15 days from primary inoculation. In the B16 system, concomitant immunity was present on one occasion 10 days after primary inoculation. These results in turn were paralleled with the specific in vitro recognition of tumor antigens as detected by the LAI microassays. Loss of immunity in the \"eclipse\" phase of tumor development, as detected by concomitant tumor immunity, was paralleled by nonreactivity of the indicator cells in the LAI microassay."}
{"id": "PMID:367585", "title": "Cellular and humoral factors involved in the mechanism of the micro-leukocyte adherence inhibition reaction.", "content": "To study the cellular basis for specific antigen-induced leukocyte adherence inhibition, enriched populations of B-cells, T-cells, and monocytes were prepared by a two-stage adherence separation procedure from spleen cells of normal C57BL/6J mice and mice bearing progressively growing MCA-38 tumors. The reactor cell undergoing specific antigen-induced adherence inhibition was identified as a monocyte (esterase positive, did not respond to mitogens, and did not bear Thy 1.2 antigen or surface immunoglobulin). Furthermore, an enriched population of MCA-38-sensitized B-cells could program normal monocytes to undergo specific antigen-induced adherence inhibition. In contrast, enriched populations of MCA-38-sensitized T-cells could not program normal nylon wool-adherent cells to undergo antigen-specific adherence inhibition. Programming of normal monocytes by MCA-38-sensitized B-cells occurs through a soluble mediator and not by direct cell contact. The soluble mediator appears to be immunoglobulin in nature and induced both adherence inhibition and the inhibition of adherence. Thus, in this murine tumor model, leukocyte adherence inhibition appears to be due to programming of monocytes by a secretory product of specifically sensitized B-cells.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral factors involved in the mechanism of the micro-leukocyte adherence inhibition reaction. To study the cellular basis for specific antigen-induced leukocyte adherence inhibition, enriched populations of B-cells, T-cells, and monocytes were prepared by a two-stage adherence separation procedure from spleen cells of normal C57BL/6J mice and mice bearing progressively growing MCA-38 tumors. The reactor cell undergoing specific antigen-induced adherence inhibition was identified as a monocyte (esterase positive, did not respond to mitogens, and did not bear Thy 1.2 antigen or surface immunoglobulin). Furthermore, an enriched population of MCA-38-sensitized B-cells could program normal monocytes to undergo specific antigen-induced adherence inhibition. In contrast, enriched populations of MCA-38-sensitized T-cells could not program normal nylon wool-adherent cells to undergo antigen-specific adherence inhibition. Programming of normal monocytes by MCA-38-sensitized B-cells occurs through a soluble mediator and not by direct cell contact. The soluble mediator appears to be immunoglobulin in nature and induced both adherence inhibition and the inhibition of adherence. Thus, in this murine tumor model, leukocyte adherence inhibition appears to be due to programming of monocytes by a secretory product of specifically sensitized B-cells."}
{"id": "PMID:367586", "title": "Assessment of the mechanism of the leukocyte adherence inhibition test.", "content": "This study was designed to elucidate the mechanism of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test in man. To identify the reactive cell types, enriched leukocyte populations (dextran-separated leukocytes and Hypaque-Ficoll-isolated mononuclear cells and neutrophils, as well as rosette-isolated B- and T-lymphocytes) were tested for leukocyte adherence in the absence of serum to tumor-specific antigens. LAI reactivity was not restricted to any of the enriched populations, suggesting the involvement of multiple cell types. Attempts to demonstrate soluble lymphocyte factors in the LAI mechanism have been uniformly negative. In contrast, factors in serum of immune donors were able to arm naive cells to be specifically responsive. This suggests a role for serum factors in the mechanism of LAI reactivity and partially explains the participation of multiple cell types in the responses observed. In additional studies, we could not document a correlation between the magnitude of the dermal test (delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity) and the magnitude of the LAI response in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. In 34 of 54 of these patients, there was agreement between the two tests (both positive, 27 of 54; both negative, 7 of 54). In the remaining 20 patients, the dermal test was greater than 5 mm while the LAI test was negative (less than 30% inhibition).", "contents": "Assessment of the mechanism of the leukocyte adherence inhibition test. This study was designed to elucidate the mechanism of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test in man. To identify the reactive cell types, enriched leukocyte populations (dextran-separated leukocytes and Hypaque-Ficoll-isolated mononuclear cells and neutrophils, as well as rosette-isolated B- and T-lymphocytes) were tested for leukocyte adherence in the absence of serum to tumor-specific antigens. LAI reactivity was not restricted to any of the enriched populations, suggesting the involvement of multiple cell types. Attempts to demonstrate soluble lymphocyte factors in the LAI mechanism have been uniformly negative. In contrast, factors in serum of immune donors were able to arm naive cells to be specifically responsive. This suggests a role for serum factors in the mechanism of LAI reactivity and partially explains the participation of multiple cell types in the responses observed. In additional studies, we could not document a correlation between the magnitude of the dermal test (delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity) and the magnitude of the LAI response in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. In 34 of 54 of these patients, there was agreement between the two tests (both positive, 27 of 54; both negative, 7 of 54). In the remaining 20 patients, the dermal test was greater than 5 mm while the LAI test was negative (less than 30% inhibition)."}
{"id": "PMID:367588", "title": "Demonstration of the microtest version of the leukocyte adherence inhibition assay.", "content": "This paper gives a detailed description of the microtest leukocyte adherence inhibition technique, as well as the results obtained with blood specimens coded by impartial observers. Three coded blood specimens from patients with colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, and melanoma were tested against crude membrane preparations of pancreatic and colon adenocarcinoma tumors. No tissue type-specific reactivity was observed. The inability to demonstrate specific reactivity was due to extensive variability observed within each test. The extensive variability resulted from time constraints of the workshop that necessitated deviations from the normal procedure.", "contents": "Demonstration of the microtest version of the leukocyte adherence inhibition assay. This paper gives a detailed description of the microtest leukocyte adherence inhibition technique, as well as the results obtained with blood specimens coded by impartial observers. Three coded blood specimens from patients with colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, and melanoma were tested against crude membrane preparations of pancreatic and colon adenocarcinoma tumors. No tissue type-specific reactivity was observed. The inability to demonstrate specific reactivity was due to extensive variability observed within each test. The extensive variability resulted from time constraints of the workshop that necessitated deviations from the normal procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:367592", "title": "Malignant pleural effusions.", "content": "Recurrent malignant pleural effusion is a relatively common problem that often occurs many months before the terminal stages of a patient's malignant disease. Despite careful evaluation, it is often impossible to identify the exact physiologic cause of an effusion and difficult to identify a pragmatic course of therapy. Aggressive management including chest tube drainage, with or without instillation of inflammation-inducing drugs, and radiotherapy or surgery in selected cases is indicated for palliative treatment and probably for increased survival. In formulating a treatment plan, attention should be given to a variety of factors including pathogenic forces in the formation of malignant pleural effusion, tissue type of the metastatic malignancy, general clinical status of the patient, the presence of pleural loculations and adhesions, and the exclusion of other non-malignant causes of pleural effusion.", "contents": "Malignant pleural effusions. Recurrent malignant pleural effusion is a relatively common problem that often occurs many months before the terminal stages of a patient's malignant disease. Despite careful evaluation, it is often impossible to identify the exact physiologic cause of an effusion and difficult to identify a pragmatic course of therapy. Aggressive management including chest tube drainage, with or without instillation of inflammation-inducing drugs, and radiotherapy or surgery in selected cases is indicated for palliative treatment and probably for increased survival. In formulating a treatment plan, attention should be given to a variety of factors including pathogenic forces in the formation of malignant pleural effusion, tissue type of the metastatic malignancy, general clinical status of the patient, the presence of pleural loculations and adhesions, and the exclusion of other non-malignant causes of pleural effusion."}
{"id": "PMID:367595", "title": "The management of adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "The important advances made in recent years in the therapy of adult ALL have been reviewed. The definition of bad-prognosis patients has been improved and includes those with T-ALL, ABLL, and Ph1+ALL, in addition to those presenting with evidence of extensive disease. In contrast to childhood ALL, induction chemotherapy should include another drug (or drugs) in addition to VCR and prednisolone, and one of the anthracycline drugs (ADR or DNR) has been employed most frequently in this context. Such therapy should result in a CR rate of 70 to 75%. Similar to the experience in childhood ALL, the improvement in haematological response rate has led to an apparent increase in CNS leukaemia, and the need for adequate CNS prophylaxis is stressed. Despite these improvements, the outlook for adults with ALL is not yet as good as it is for childhood ALL. Controlled studies involving large numbers of patients are urgently needed to provide answers to a number of questions. In induction therapy, the use of higher drug dosage, the use of more and other drugs, and the use of an individual patient's risk factors to determine drug dosage, must be assessed. The benefits of consolidation therapy and the optimal duration and intensity of maintenance therapy have yet to be established. Methods of CNS prophylaxis other than cranial irradiation and IT MTX must be carefully studied. These important questions require that adult patients with ALL should be concentrated in centres capable of providing optimal overall care and, at the same time, able to conduct the necessary clinical trials.", "contents": "The management of adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The important advances made in recent years in the therapy of adult ALL have been reviewed. The definition of bad-prognosis patients has been improved and includes those with T-ALL, ABLL, and Ph1+ALL, in addition to those presenting with evidence of extensive disease. In contrast to childhood ALL, induction chemotherapy should include another drug (or drugs) in addition to VCR and prednisolone, and one of the anthracycline drugs (ADR or DNR) has been employed most frequently in this context. Such therapy should result in a CR rate of 70 to 75%. Similar to the experience in childhood ALL, the improvement in haematological response rate has led to an apparent increase in CNS leukaemia, and the need for adequate CNS prophylaxis is stressed. Despite these improvements, the outlook for adults with ALL is not yet as good as it is for childhood ALL. Controlled studies involving large numbers of patients are urgently needed to provide answers to a number of questions. In induction therapy, the use of higher drug dosage, the use of more and other drugs, and the use of an individual patient's risk factors to determine drug dosage, must be assessed. The benefits of consolidation therapy and the optimal duration and intensity of maintenance therapy have yet to be established. Methods of CNS prophylaxis other than cranial irradiation and IT MTX must be carefully studied. These important questions require that adult patients with ALL should be concentrated in centres capable of providing optimal overall care and, at the same time, able to conduct the necessary clinical trials."}
{"id": "PMID:367598", "title": "Coronary capillary permeability and tissue volumes for sucrose and water in dogs: a comparison of bolus and constant infusion multiple-indicator methods.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the accuracy with which heart interstitial and water volumes could be determined from multiple-indicator dilution experiments on the coronary circulation in open-chest dog preparations. Sucrose permeability by extraction calculations was found to average 0.26 +/- 0.02 cm3 . (min . g tissue)-1. The extravascular sucrose volume averaged 0.15 cm3 . g-1 tissue by both multiple-indicator and post-mortem methods. Indicator-dilution tritiated water curves labelled 85% of the post-mortem water content.", "contents": "Coronary capillary permeability and tissue volumes for sucrose and water in dogs: a comparison of bolus and constant infusion multiple-indicator methods. This study was undertaken to determine the accuracy with which heart interstitial and water volumes could be determined from multiple-indicator dilution experiments on the coronary circulation in open-chest dog preparations. Sucrose permeability by extraction calculations was found to average 0.26 +/- 0.02 cm3 . (min . g tissue)-1. The extravascular sucrose volume averaged 0.15 cm3 . g-1 tissue by both multiple-indicator and post-mortem methods. Indicator-dilution tritiated water curves labelled 85% of the post-mortem water content."}
{"id": "PMID:367601", "title": "Ultrastructure of the extracutaneous pigment cells in the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa, L., Teleostei).", "content": "The extracutaneous pigment cell system of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) was examined by light and electron microscopy in selected regions, including two cutaneous regions for comparison. The extracutaneous pigmentation consists of guanocytes and melanocytes with differing distributions within the body. The eyeless side lacks melanocytes. The pigment cells are differentiated as very flat elements with long processes. They display an affinity for loose connective tissue at boundary layers such as the peritoneal epithelium, organ capsules or blood vessels, to which they are parallelly arranged at a very constant distance. In some locations guanocytes are intimately associated with melanocytes forming \"reduced chromatophore units\". Extracutaneous pigment cells are poor in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, microfilaments, caveolae intracellulares, ribosomes and glycogen granules, all of which are more abundant in cutaneous pigment cells and pigment cells of the eye. In extracutaneous guanocytes the crystals are loosely arranged parallel to the cell surface, in cutaneous guanocytes perpendicular. Cells with rod-like vesicular cisternae are described as \"guanoblasts\". No single pigment cell was found exhibiting different types of pigment granules. The varying colors of extracutaneous pigmentation arise from varying combinations of guanocytes and melanocytes in addition to the color of the tissue itself.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the extracutaneous pigment cells in the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa, L., Teleostei). The extracutaneous pigment cell system of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) was examined by light and electron microscopy in selected regions, including two cutaneous regions for comparison. The extracutaneous pigmentation consists of guanocytes and melanocytes with differing distributions within the body. The eyeless side lacks melanocytes. The pigment cells are differentiated as very flat elements with long processes. They display an affinity for loose connective tissue at boundary layers such as the peritoneal epithelium, organ capsules or blood vessels, to which they are parallelly arranged at a very constant distance. In some locations guanocytes are intimately associated with melanocytes forming \"reduced chromatophore units\". Extracutaneous pigment cells are poor in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, microfilaments, caveolae intracellulares, ribosomes and glycogen granules, all of which are more abundant in cutaneous pigment cells and pigment cells of the eye. In extracutaneous guanocytes the crystals are loosely arranged parallel to the cell surface, in cutaneous guanocytes perpendicular. Cells with rod-like vesicular cisternae are described as \"guanoblasts\". No single pigment cell was found exhibiting different types of pigment granules. The varying colors of extracutaneous pigmentation arise from varying combinations of guanocytes and melanocytes in addition to the color of the tissue itself."}
{"id": "PMID:367602", "title": "An inexpensive computer-aided system for  quantitative echocardiography.", "content": "A comprehensive system has been developed to quantitatively analyze standard M-mode pediatric echocardiograms. It utilizes relatively inexpensive hardware together with a telephone coupling to a time-sharing computer. A complete patient report on the study is printed out upon completion, and all the data are digitally stored for future research computations. Initial and operating costs for this system are significantly less than for any comparable one available.", "contents": "An inexpensive computer-aided system for  quantitative echocardiography. A comprehensive system has been developed to quantitatively analyze standard M-mode pediatric echocardiograms. It utilizes relatively inexpensive hardware together with a telephone coupling to a time-sharing computer. A complete patient report on the study is printed out upon completion, and all the data are digitally stored for future research computations. Initial and operating costs for this system are significantly less than for any comparable one available."}
{"id": "PMID:367603", "title": "Computer analysis of oximetry data in cardiac catheterization.", "content": "An on-line computer technique is described for the detection and quantitation of left-to-right shunts. The computer used Student's t test to evaluate the probability that variations in right heart oxygen saturations were due to left-to-right shunts. The computer method was found to compare favorably to the present step-up method of detecting left-to-right shunts. The computer also calculated pulmonary blood flow, systemic blood flow, their ratio, and shunt blood flow as accurately as standard methods, as evidenced by correlation coefficients of 0.98, 0.94, 0.95, and 0.71 between the computer and hand calculations.", "contents": "Computer analysis of oximetry data in cardiac catheterization. An on-line computer technique is described for the detection and quantitation of left-to-right shunts. The computer used Student's t test to evaluate the probability that variations in right heart oxygen saturations were due to left-to-right shunts. The computer method was found to compare favorably to the present step-up method of detecting left-to-right shunts. The computer also calculated pulmonary blood flow, systemic blood flow, their ratio, and shunt blood flow as accurately as standard methods, as evidenced by correlation coefficients of 0.98, 0.94, 0.95, and 0.71 between the computer and hand calculations."}
{"id": "PMID:367611", "title": "[Goodpasture's syndrome].", "content": "1. The paper summarizes the clinical course, histopathological examinations and immunohistological examinations of 4 personal cases [2 males aged 20 and 26 years, 2 females aged 65 and 18 years] of Goodpasture's pulmorenal syndrome. 2. The characteristic histopathological findings included pulmonary haemorrhage with a focal acute alveolitis and renal lesions that were classed as acute or subacute glomerulonephritis with the finding of scarce multinucleated cells. Such cells are regarded as being of diagnostic value and they are thought to indicate interaction of antibodies with the basement membranes. 3. Immunohistologically, all the cases showed a linear fluorescence following the basement membrane of the interalveolar septa. In 3 of the cases there was linear fluorescence in the glomerular capillary walls. In one case [observation No. 2] who had been hypertensive before death and had had necrotizing arteriitis at postmortem, there was fluorescence of granular type in the kidney believed to indicate the participation of immune complexes in the development of the pathological condition.", "contents": "[Goodpasture's syndrome]. 1. The paper summarizes the clinical course, histopathological examinations and immunohistological examinations of 4 personal cases [2 males aged 20 and 26 years, 2 females aged 65 and 18 years] of Goodpasture's pulmorenal syndrome. 2. The characteristic histopathological findings included pulmonary haemorrhage with a focal acute alveolitis and renal lesions that were classed as acute or subacute glomerulonephritis with the finding of scarce multinucleated cells. Such cells are regarded as being of diagnostic value and they are thought to indicate interaction of antibodies with the basement membranes. 3. Immunohistologically, all the cases showed a linear fluorescence following the basement membrane of the interalveolar septa. In 3 of the cases there was linear fluorescence in the glomerular capillary walls. In one case [observation No. 2] who had been hypertensive before death and had had necrotizing arteriitis at postmortem, there was fluorescence of granular type in the kidney believed to indicate the participation of immune complexes in the development of the pathological condition."}
{"id": "PMID:367631", "title": "The hemodynamic effects of prostaglandins in the rat. Evidence for important species variation in renovascular responses.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of prostaglandins E2, F2alpha, D2, and I2, and of indomethacin and arachidonic acid were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats, by means of the radioactive microsphere technique. In contrast to effects in other species, PGE2, PGD2, and arachidonic acid were renal vasoconstrictors in the rat, although PGE2 and arachidonic acid reduced total vascular resistance. PGF2alpha and indomethacin had no effect on the renal vasculature, but PGI2 produced renal and systemic vasodilation. These data indicate that if prostaglandin-mediated renal vasodilation occurs in the rat, PGI2 may be the substance responsible. In view of the species differences in renal vascular responses to the prostaglandins, the rat may not be an appropriate model for study of the prostaglandin system as it relates to other species.", "contents": "The hemodynamic effects of prostaglandins in the rat. Evidence for important species variation in renovascular responses. The hemodynamic effects of prostaglandins E2, F2alpha, D2, and I2, and of indomethacin and arachidonic acid were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats, by means of the radioactive microsphere technique. In contrast to effects in other species, PGE2, PGD2, and arachidonic acid were renal vasoconstrictors in the rat, although PGE2 and arachidonic acid reduced total vascular resistance. PGF2alpha and indomethacin had no effect on the renal vasculature, but PGI2 produced renal and systemic vasodilation. These data indicate that if prostaglandin-mediated renal vasodilation occurs in the rat, PGI2 may be the substance responsible. In view of the species differences in renal vascular responses to the prostaglandins, the rat may not be an appropriate model for study of the prostaglandin system as it relates to other species."}
{"id": "PMID:367632", "title": "Neurogenic skeletal myopathy in patients with primary cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Eleven patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and eight patients with idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy underwent extensive neuromuscular studies to determine if a skeletal myopathy is associated with uncomplicated primary cardiomyopathy. The clinical examination revealed peripheral neuropathies in six patients, but no evidence of muscle weakness or atrophy. Nerve conduction studies demonstrated a neuropathy in five of these six and in one other patient: three were in the hypertrophic group and three in the congestive group. Seven patients had abnormal electromyography, but none had characteristic myopathic changes. Of these seven patients, muscle biopsies showed denervation in two patients in the congestive group and type II atrophy in two patients in the hypertrophic group. We found no evidence of primary skeletal muscle involvement; however, neuropathic features and biopsy changes of denervation were present in both groups.", "contents": "Neurogenic skeletal myopathy in patients with primary cardiomyopathy. Eleven patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and eight patients with idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy underwent extensive neuromuscular studies to determine if a skeletal myopathy is associated with uncomplicated primary cardiomyopathy. The clinical examination revealed peripheral neuropathies in six patients, but no evidence of muscle weakness or atrophy. Nerve conduction studies demonstrated a neuropathy in five of these six and in one other patient: three were in the hypertrophic group and three in the congestive group. Seven patients had abnormal electromyography, but none had characteristic myopathic changes. Of these seven patients, muscle biopsies showed denervation in two patients in the congestive group and type II atrophy in two patients in the hypertrophic group. We found no evidence of primary skeletal muscle involvement; however, neuropathic features and biopsy changes of denervation were present in both groups."}
{"id": "PMID:367633", "title": "Monitoring diazepam and desmethyldiazepam concentrations in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography, with use of a nitrogen-sensitive detector.", "content": "We describe a modified [from Anal. Chem. 36, 2099 (1964)] procedure for determining diazepam and its pharmacologically active metabolite, desmethyldiazepam, in plasma, with use of a nitrogen-sensitive detector in the gas-liquid chromatography. We used medazepam as the internal reference standard. Diazepam and desmethyldiazepam are converted to their respective benzophenones by mineral acid hydrolysis. With this procedure, as little as 100 muL of plasma can be used to determine the drug in concentrations as low as 10 microgram/L, accurately, reproducibly, and quickly. Within-run and between-run CVs for 100 microgram/L concentrations of the two compounds were 5 and 7%, respectively.", "contents": "Monitoring diazepam and desmethyldiazepam concentrations in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography, with use of a nitrogen-sensitive detector. We describe a modified [from Anal. Chem. 36, 2099 (1964)] procedure for determining diazepam and its pharmacologically active metabolite, desmethyldiazepam, in plasma, with use of a nitrogen-sensitive detector in the gas-liquid chromatography. We used medazepam as the internal reference standard. Diazepam and desmethyldiazepam are converted to their respective benzophenones by mineral acid hydrolysis. With this procedure, as little as 100 muL of plasma can be used to determine the drug in concentrations as low as 10 microgram/L, accurately, reproducibly, and quickly. Within-run and between-run CVs for 100 microgram/L concentrations of the two compounds were 5 and 7%, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:367634", "title": "Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay of serum digoxin with use of a bichromatic analyzer.", "content": "We applied the Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT; Syva Corp., Palo Alto, CA) for determination of serum digoxin to the ABA-100 bichromatic analyzer. Assay conditions were almost exactly as prescribed for the manual procedure, but the ABA-100 offers high automation, smaller reagent volumes, and shorter reaction time. Precision studies gave CV's of less than 10%. Sixty patients' samples, analyzed for digoxin by radioimmunoassay and this enzyme immunoassay, gave a correlation (r) of 0.941. Results obtained with the ABA-100 were apparently slightly higher. One kit provides reagents for 250 assays, as compared to 70 assays with the manual procedure. In an emergency situation a result will be available about 60 min after the patient's sample is received; one operator can analyze about 120 samples in 8 h.", "contents": "Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay of serum digoxin with use of a bichromatic analyzer. We applied the Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT; Syva Corp., Palo Alto, CA) for determination of serum digoxin to the ABA-100 bichromatic analyzer. Assay conditions were almost exactly as prescribed for the manual procedure, but the ABA-100 offers high automation, smaller reagent volumes, and shorter reaction time. Precision studies gave CV's of less than 10%. Sixty patients' samples, analyzed for digoxin by radioimmunoassay and this enzyme immunoassay, gave a correlation (r) of 0.941. Results obtained with the ABA-100 were apparently slightly higher. One kit provides reagents for 250 assays, as compared to 70 assays with the manual procedure. In an emergency situation a result will be available about 60 min after the patient's sample is received; one operator can analyze about 120 samples in 8 h."}
{"id": "PMID:367635", "title": "Evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for insulin in human serum, and its clinical application.", "content": "We applied a \"sandwich\" method, with use of beads coated with anti-insulin serum and of peroxidase-labeled anti-insulin serum, to an enzyme immunoassay of insulin in human serum. 5-Aminosalicylic acid was used as the substrate for the enzymic reaction. As little as 5 milli-int. units of insulin per liter of serum insulin was detectable. Reproducibility was satisfactory, but extraordinarily high concentrations of proinsulin and of hydrogen donors such as reduced glutathione affect results of the assay. Values determined by our enzyme immunoassay and by double-antibody radioimmunoassay correlated highly (r = 0.938, p less than 0.001, n = 216). We recommend this method for use in the clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for insulin in human serum, and its clinical application. We applied a \"sandwich\" method, with use of beads coated with anti-insulin serum and of peroxidase-labeled anti-insulin serum, to an enzyme immunoassay of insulin in human serum. 5-Aminosalicylic acid was used as the substrate for the enzymic reaction. As little as 5 milli-int. units of insulin per liter of serum insulin was detectable. Reproducibility was satisfactory, but extraordinarily high concentrations of proinsulin and of hydrogen donors such as reduced glutathione affect results of the assay. Values determined by our enzyme immunoassay and by double-antibody radioimmunoassay correlated highly (r = 0.938, p less than 0.001, n = 216). We recommend this method for use in the clinical laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:367636", "title": "Immunoradiometric assay of endotoxin in serum.", "content": "We describe an immunoradiometric assay for the specific detection and quantitation of endotoxin from Escherichia coli 026, with use of 125I-labeled antibody. The sensitivty of this assay is 1 microgram/L.E. coli 026 endotoxin was detected in serum of rats for as long as 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mg of endotoxin per 100 g body weight. The assay is specific for the O-polysaccharide portion of this endotoxin, as confirmed by results after protein digestion and oxidation of the endotoxin, as well as by failure to detect endotoxin in serum after similar injections of E. coli 0127 and Salmonella typhosa 0901 endotoxins.", "contents": "Immunoradiometric assay of endotoxin in serum. We describe an immunoradiometric assay for the specific detection and quantitation of endotoxin from Escherichia coli 026, with use of 125I-labeled antibody. The sensitivty of this assay is 1 microgram/L.E. coli 026 endotoxin was detected in serum of rats for as long as 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mg of endotoxin per 100 g body weight. The assay is specific for the O-polysaccharide portion of this endotoxin, as confirmed by results after protein digestion and oxidation of the endotoxin, as well as by failure to detect endotoxin in serum after similar injections of E. coli 0127 and Salmonella typhosa 0901 endotoxins."}
{"id": "PMID:367637", "title": "Enzyme-immunoassay of human placental lactogen.", "content": "An enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) for estimation of human placental lactogen (HPL) in plasma or serum was developed using HPL labelled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and anti-HPL sera raised in rabbits. The separation between antiserum-bound and free labelled hormone was accomplished with a double antibody solid phase technique. Interference of substances from the sample with the immunoassay was prevented by dilution of the sample with at least a factor of 20 and measurement of the labelled hormone attached to the solid phase. The peroxidase activity was colorimetrically measured using o-phenyl-enediamine and urea peroxide as substrate. The standard curve of the assay ranged from 3 to 40 ng HPL/ml allowing estimations of HPL in serum or plasma starting from about the 10th week of pregnancy. Normal values were established. Intra- and inter-assay variation coefficients of 6 and 7.5% respectively were found. The EIA showed no cross-reaction with human serum proteins or HCG. The low cross-reaction noted with human growth hormone did not interfere with the assay. An excellent agreement was found with the results of radioimmunoassay (RAI).", "contents": "Enzyme-immunoassay of human placental lactogen. An enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) for estimation of human placental lactogen (HPL) in plasma or serum was developed using HPL labelled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and anti-HPL sera raised in rabbits. The separation between antiserum-bound and free labelled hormone was accomplished with a double antibody solid phase technique. Interference of substances from the sample with the immunoassay was prevented by dilution of the sample with at least a factor of 20 and measurement of the labelled hormone attached to the solid phase. The peroxidase activity was colorimetrically measured using o-phenyl-enediamine and urea peroxide as substrate. The standard curve of the assay ranged from 3 to 40 ng HPL/ml allowing estimations of HPL in serum or plasma starting from about the 10th week of pregnancy. Normal values were established. Intra- and inter-assay variation coefficients of 6 and 7.5% respectively were found. The EIA showed no cross-reaction with human serum proteins or HCG. The low cross-reaction noted with human growth hormone did not interfere with the assay. An excellent agreement was found with the results of radioimmunoassay (RAI)."}
{"id": "PMID:367638", "title": "Adam Politzer.", "content": "Adam Politzer (1835--1920) received his degree as Doctor of Medicine in 1859. His method of tubal inflation of the middle car with the Politzer bag was published in 1863. Together with J. Gruber, he was appointed director of the newly-founded Clinic for Otology of the University of Vienna, the first clinic of its kind in the world. Thousands of doctors from all over the world came to Vienna to attend his advanced training courses. He was aided in his teaching by his textbook, Lehrbuch der Ohrenheilkunde, which was translated into several languages. Under Politzer, Vienna became a Mecca for otologists. In 1893, Politzer demonstrated focal alterations of the otic capsule as being the cause of otosclerosis for the first time. He published 103 scientific papers. During his 46 years of teaching, Politzer transformed otology from a \"sterile, hopeless discipline\" into an academically recognized specialty.", "contents": "Adam Politzer. Adam Politzer (1835--1920) received his degree as Doctor of Medicine in 1859. His method of tubal inflation of the middle car with the Politzer bag was published in 1863. Together with J. Gruber, he was appointed director of the newly-founded Clinic for Otology of the University of Vienna, the first clinic of its kind in the world. Thousands of doctors from all over the world came to Vienna to attend his advanced training courses. He was aided in his teaching by his textbook, Lehrbuch der Ohrenheilkunde, which was translated into several languages. Under Politzer, Vienna became a Mecca for otologists. In 1893, Politzer demonstrated focal alterations of the otic capsule as being the cause of otosclerosis for the first time. He published 103 scientific papers. During his 46 years of teaching, Politzer transformed otology from a \"sterile, hopeless discipline\" into an academically recognized specialty."}
{"id": "PMID:367639", "title": "Tympanic epithelial migration.", "content": "The literature on tympanic epidermal migration is reviewed. From isotope experiments and whole-mount autoradiographs the tympanic mitotic activity appeared to be confined to an area close to the annulus typmpanicus. A very slow migratory activity was observed of labelled cells, situated in the basal cell layer. Perforation of the tympanic membrane showed no effect on the position of the labels. This slow migration is considered to differ from the rapid epithelial migration described by several authors. The latter migration is suggested to occur in the upper layers of the stratum corneum, and to represent a physiological mechanism taking care of the removal of keratin from the tympanic membrane. The extrusion and displacement of ear grommets might be at least partly attributable to this phenomenon.", "contents": "Tympanic epithelial migration. The literature on tympanic epidermal migration is reviewed. From isotope experiments and whole-mount autoradiographs the tympanic mitotic activity appeared to be confined to an area close to the annulus typmpanicus. A very slow migratory activity was observed of labelled cells, situated in the basal cell layer. Perforation of the tympanic membrane showed no effect on the position of the labels. This slow migration is considered to differ from the rapid epithelial migration described by several authors. The latter migration is suggested to occur in the upper layers of the stratum corneum, and to represent a physiological mechanism taking care of the removal of keratin from the tympanic membrane. The extrusion and displacement of ear grommets might be at least partly attributable to this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:367640", "title": "Tympanoplasty with preformed autologous ossicles.", "content": "A method of creating a preformed new bone graft from the patient's temporal region using a titanium mould is described. The preliminary work which was performed on animals demonstrated the ability to generate healthy bone in this way. Subsequent application of this technique to the problems of ossicular reconstruction in human ears has proved encouraging in selected cases.", "contents": "Tympanoplasty with preformed autologous ossicles. A method of creating a preformed new bone graft from the patient's temporal region using a titanium mould is described. The preliminary work which was performed on animals demonstrated the ability to generate healthy bone in this way. Subsequent application of this technique to the problems of ossicular reconstruction in human ears has proved encouraging in selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:367641", "title": "A simple method to detect linkage for rare recessive diseases: an application to juvenile diabetes.", "content": "A simple procedure designed specifically to detect linkage for rare recessive diseases is described. The method uses information on identity by descent scores for a pair of sibs at a marker locus conditioned on the number of affected sibs in the pair. A procedure for estimating the recombination fraction is described, and a table facilitating the likelihood ratio test of linkage is provided. The method, when applied to a collection of multiplex families segregating for juvenile diabetes mellitus, suggests the possibility that this disease is linked to the HLA complex. The method is found to compare favorably to the maximum likelihood approach, for which the computer program LIPED gives a maximum lod score of 2.48 at a male and female recombination fraction of theta = 0.20.", "contents": "A simple method to detect linkage for rare recessive diseases: an application to juvenile diabetes. A simple procedure designed specifically to detect linkage for rare recessive diseases is described. The method uses information on identity by descent scores for a pair of sibs at a marker locus conditioned on the number of affected sibs in the pair. A procedure for estimating the recombination fraction is described, and a table facilitating the likelihood ratio test of linkage is provided. The method, when applied to a collection of multiplex families segregating for juvenile diabetes mellitus, suggests the possibility that this disease is linked to the HLA complex. The method is found to compare favorably to the maximum likelihood approach, for which the computer program LIPED gives a maximum lod score of 2.48 at a male and female recombination fraction of theta = 0.20."}
{"id": "PMID:367647", "title": "Idiopathic paraproteinaemia. I. Studies in an animal model--the ageing C57BL/KaLwRij mouse.", "content": "A search for a suitable animal model for studies on idiopathic paraproteinaemia showed that an age-dependent increase in the appearance of homogeneous immunoglobulins in serum was common to all of the seven mouse strains investigated to date. The highest frequency was found in C57Bl/KaLwRij mice. Further investigations in this strain demonstrated that, except for some quantitative differences, most of the features of human and C57BL Mouse idiopathic paraproteinaemia were essentially the same. No clear-cut correlation was found between the idiopathic paraproteinaemia and, in the old C57B1 mice, a rather frequently occurring reticulum cell sarcoma B and amyloidosis. The mouse idiopathic paraproteinaemia can be regarded as an analogue of the human idiopathic paraproteinaemia and therefore as a suitable model for further experimental studies.", "contents": "Idiopathic paraproteinaemia. I. Studies in an animal model--the ageing C57BL/KaLwRij mouse. A search for a suitable animal model for studies on idiopathic paraproteinaemia showed that an age-dependent increase in the appearance of homogeneous immunoglobulins in serum was common to all of the seven mouse strains investigated to date. The highest frequency was found in C57Bl/KaLwRij mice. Further investigations in this strain demonstrated that, except for some quantitative differences, most of the features of human and C57BL Mouse idiopathic paraproteinaemia were essentially the same. No clear-cut correlation was found between the idiopathic paraproteinaemia and, in the old C57B1 mice, a rather frequently occurring reticulum cell sarcoma B and amyloidosis. The mouse idiopathic paraproteinaemia can be regarded as an analogue of the human idiopathic paraproteinaemia and therefore as a suitable model for further experimental studies."}
{"id": "PMID:367648", "title": "Magnetic enzyme immunoassay of anti-grass pollen specific-IgE in human sera.", "content": "This paper reports a magnetic solid-phase sandwich enzyme immunoassay for specific IgE antibodies in human sera. Crude extracts of grass pollen bound to magnetic polyacrylamide agarose beads were mixed with human serum to be tested. After washing in a magnetic rack, the beads were incubated with the glucose-oxidase-labelled sheep anti-IgE. The enzyme activity associated with the beads was measured by colorimetric assay. Results obtained from sixty-one human sera, as measured by the magnetic enzyme immunoassay, gave a linear correlation coefficient of 0.98 with the values as determined by radio-immunoassay. This procedure, which allows the grass pollen specific IgE in human sera, to be measured, is easy to perform, reproducible and may avoid the use of radioactive compounds.", "contents": "Magnetic enzyme immunoassay of anti-grass pollen specific-IgE in human sera. This paper reports a magnetic solid-phase sandwich enzyme immunoassay for specific IgE antibodies in human sera. Crude extracts of grass pollen bound to magnetic polyacrylamide agarose beads were mixed with human serum to be tested. After washing in a magnetic rack, the beads were incubated with the glucose-oxidase-labelled sheep anti-IgE. The enzyme activity associated with the beads was measured by colorimetric assay. Results obtained from sixty-one human sera, as measured by the magnetic enzyme immunoassay, gave a linear correlation coefficient of 0.98 with the values as determined by radio-immunoassay. This procedure, which allows the grass pollen specific IgE in human sera, to be measured, is easy to perform, reproducible and may avoid the use of radioactive compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:367649", "title": "Autoimmune glomerulotubular nephropathy in mice.", "content": "We produced an autoimmune glomerulotubular nephropathy in Swiss-Webster mice using human glomerular antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant. The disease is associated with circulating antibody to both mouse and human glomerular basement membranes (GBM) and tubular basement membranes (TBM). All mouse IgG subgroups are deposited initially in a linear pattern along the GBM and TBM. IgG deposition remains linear, while that of the other subgroups assumes a granular GBM pattern with continued linear TBM deposits. Despite tissue deposition of antibody capable of C-3 fixation, no C-3 is found in vivo along the GMB or TBM, nor is there C-3 fixation in vitro. This appears to be related to spatial limitations of IgG molecule attachment to basement membranes. A unique ultrastructural lesion of the GMB developed, characterized by periodic expansions of the lamina rara externa to form a beaded pattern. Eluate of nephritic kidneys contained all subgroups of IgG, but mainly IgG1 fixed in vitro to mouse kidney and in vivo when injected intravenously into normal mice. Fixation of other IgG subgroups in vivo may have resulted from antibody formation to abnormally formed GBM, thereby accounting for the peculiar ultrastructural findings and tissue fixation characteristics of the eluted immunoglobulin. Abnormal proteinuria without glycosuria or lysozymuria developed in test animals as compared to controls. Our model is similar in certain aspects to previously described models of Stebley nephritis, but differs because of the total involvement of TBMs, unique ultrastructural lesions, and dissimilarity to other reports of this model in mice.", "contents": "Autoimmune glomerulotubular nephropathy in mice. We produced an autoimmune glomerulotubular nephropathy in Swiss-Webster mice using human glomerular antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant. The disease is associated with circulating antibody to both mouse and human glomerular basement membranes (GBM) and tubular basement membranes (TBM). All mouse IgG subgroups are deposited initially in a linear pattern along the GBM and TBM. IgG deposition remains linear, while that of the other subgroups assumes a granular GBM pattern with continued linear TBM deposits. Despite tissue deposition of antibody capable of C-3 fixation, no C-3 is found in vivo along the GMB or TBM, nor is there C-3 fixation in vitro. This appears to be related to spatial limitations of IgG molecule attachment to basement membranes. A unique ultrastructural lesion of the GMB developed, characterized by periodic expansions of the lamina rara externa to form a beaded pattern. Eluate of nephritic kidneys contained all subgroups of IgG, but mainly IgG1 fixed in vitro to mouse kidney and in vivo when injected intravenously into normal mice. Fixation of other IgG subgroups in vivo may have resulted from antibody formation to abnormally formed GBM, thereby accounting for the peculiar ultrastructural findings and tissue fixation characteristics of the eluted immunoglobulin. Abnormal proteinuria without glycosuria or lysozymuria developed in test animals as compared to controls. Our model is similar in certain aspects to previously described models of Stebley nephritis, but differs because of the total involvement of TBMs, unique ultrastructural lesions, and dissimilarity to other reports of this model in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:367650", "title": "Requirement of functional T-cells in the production of autoimmune glomerulotubular nephropathy in mice.", "content": "In order to study T-cell function related to the production of autoimmune nephropathy, we immunized random-bred mice, homozygous athymic nude (nu/nu) mice and heterozygous hairy (nu/+) mice with human glomeruli contained in Freund's complete adjuvant. The random-bred and heterozygous hairy mice developed circulating antibodies to mouse and human kidney and an autoimmune glomerulotubular nephropathy, while the nude mice, even after prolonged immunization, developed neither antibodies nor nephropathy. We therefore concluded that the development of autoimmune glomerulotubular nephropathy in mice requires the presence of functioning T-cells.", "contents": "Requirement of functional T-cells in the production of autoimmune glomerulotubular nephropathy in mice. In order to study T-cell function related to the production of autoimmune nephropathy, we immunized random-bred mice, homozygous athymic nude (nu/nu) mice and heterozygous hairy (nu/+) mice with human glomeruli contained in Freund's complete adjuvant. The random-bred and heterozygous hairy mice developed circulating antibodies to mouse and human kidney and an autoimmune glomerulotubular nephropathy, while the nude mice, even after prolonged immunization, developed neither antibodies nor nephropathy. We therefore concluded that the development of autoimmune glomerulotubular nephropathy in mice requires the presence of functioning T-cells."}
{"id": "PMID:367651", "title": "Macrophage secretion and the complement cleavage product C3a in the pathogenesis of infections by mycoplasmas and L-forms of bacteria and in immunity to these organisms.", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture exposed to Mycoplasma pulmonis show marked biochemical changes. This micro-organism induces the release of hydrolytic enzymes from macrophages. The release is time- and dose-dependent and is not associated with loss of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase or any other sign of cell death. Secretory products of macrophages may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory responses elicited by mycoplasma infections. One of the products of activated macrophages is the complement cleavage product C3a. Purified C3a was incubated with M. hominis, M. pulmonis, Proteus mirabilis and an L-phase variant of this organism. All mycoplasmas and the L-phase variant were lysed by low concentrations of C3a, whereas the bacterial form of Pr. mirabilis was resistant.", "contents": "Macrophage secretion and the complement cleavage product C3a in the pathogenesis of infections by mycoplasmas and L-forms of bacteria and in immunity to these organisms. Mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture exposed to Mycoplasma pulmonis show marked biochemical changes. This micro-organism induces the release of hydrolytic enzymes from macrophages. The release is time- and dose-dependent and is not associated with loss of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase or any other sign of cell death. Secretory products of macrophages may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory responses elicited by mycoplasma infections. One of the products of activated macrophages is the complement cleavage product C3a. Purified C3a was incubated with M. hominis, M. pulmonis, Proteus mirabilis and an L-phase variant of this organism. All mycoplasmas and the L-phase variant were lysed by low concentrations of C3a, whereas the bacterial form of Pr. mirabilis was resistant."}
{"id": "PMID:367652", "title": "Lymphocyte response of leprosy patients to human-derived and purified armadillo-derived Mycobacterium leprae, BCG and PPD.", "content": "The lymphocyte transformation test was applied to compare in vitro lymphocyte responses of tuberculoid (high resistant) and lepromatous (low resistant) leprosy patients to purified Mycobacterium leprae derived from experimentally infected armadillos and crude M. leprae derived from man, as well as to bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and purified protein derivative (PPD). It was found that the purification procedure using enzymic digestion did not affect the immunogenicity of armadillo-derived M. leprae as compared with the crude human-derived preparation, although 2.5-5-fold higher doses of the purified organisms were required to elicitate equivalent lymphocyte responses. The result indicated the suitability of purified armadillo-derived M. leprae as the standard antigen for lymphocytes transformation tests in leprosy. The cross-reactivity studies show a close relationship between PPD and BCG, but not between M. leprae and PPD or BCG.", "contents": "Lymphocyte response of leprosy patients to human-derived and purified armadillo-derived Mycobacterium leprae, BCG and PPD. The lymphocyte transformation test was applied to compare in vitro lymphocyte responses of tuberculoid (high resistant) and lepromatous (low resistant) leprosy patients to purified Mycobacterium leprae derived from experimentally infected armadillos and crude M. leprae derived from man, as well as to bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and purified protein derivative (PPD). It was found that the purification procedure using enzymic digestion did not affect the immunogenicity of armadillo-derived M. leprae as compared with the crude human-derived preparation, although 2.5-5-fold higher doses of the purified organisms were required to elicitate equivalent lymphocyte responses. The result indicated the suitability of purified armadillo-derived M. leprae as the standard antigen for lymphocytes transformation tests in leprosy. The cross-reactivity studies show a close relationship between PPD and BCG, but not between M. leprae and PPD or BCG."}
{"id": "PMID:367653", "title": "Severe combined immunodeficiency disease: a model of T-cell dysfunction.", "content": "Studies in three patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) and normal adenosine deaminase demonstrated that the combined defect of both T- and B-lymphocyte function may reflect the lack of normal maturation of thymic epithelial cells. This results in the failure of initiation of T-cell differentiation and consequent failure of T-cell dependent maturation of B-lymphocytes to an antibody-secreting stage. SCID B lymphocytes were shown to be capable of generating a specific IgM-antibody response to two T-cell-dependent antigens in vitro under either of the following conditions: (a) provision of autologous T-helper cells which were induced following incubation of precursor cells on monolayers of cultured human thymic epithelium or (b) in the presence of allogeneic T-helper cells. Specific IgM anti-ovalbumin (OA) responses were also generated in the absence of provided T-helper cells when the antigen was insolubilized (Sepharose-OA). The antibody-secreting cells and their circulating precursors carried surface IgM, HLA and Ia-like determinants and proliferated in response to antigen. Identification of this form of SCID may be important when considering therapy and provides an excellent model for the study of the T-cell-dependent acquisition and expression of B-cell immunity.", "contents": "Severe combined immunodeficiency disease: a model of T-cell dysfunction. Studies in three patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) and normal adenosine deaminase demonstrated that the combined defect of both T- and B-lymphocyte function may reflect the lack of normal maturation of thymic epithelial cells. This results in the failure of initiation of T-cell differentiation and consequent failure of T-cell dependent maturation of B-lymphocytes to an antibody-secreting stage. SCID B lymphocytes were shown to be capable of generating a specific IgM-antibody response to two T-cell-dependent antigens in vitro under either of the following conditions: (a) provision of autologous T-helper cells which were induced following incubation of precursor cells on monolayers of cultured human thymic epithelium or (b) in the presence of allogeneic T-helper cells. Specific IgM anti-ovalbumin (OA) responses were also generated in the absence of provided T-helper cells when the antigen was insolubilized (Sepharose-OA). The antibody-secreting cells and their circulating precursors carried surface IgM, HLA and Ia-like determinants and proliferated in response to antigen. Identification of this form of SCID may be important when considering therapy and provides an excellent model for the study of the T-cell-dependent acquisition and expression of B-cell immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:367655", "title": "The mechanism of imipramine in enuresis nocturna.", "content": "1. To evaluate the mechanism of action of imipramine in enuresis nocturna, we compared the effects of imipramine with those of scopolamine butylbromide in fourteen children suffering from this condition. A double-blind, cross-over design was used. 2. Imipramine, 10--20 mg, was superior to scopolamine butylbromide (10--20 mg), in eleven of the fourteen subjects (P less than 0.01), and the latter drug was no better than the placebo. 3. As scopolamine butylbromide does not cross the blood-brain barrier, it is concluded that peripheral antimuscarinic effects are not important in the beneficial effects of imipramine in enuresis nocturna. 4. The therapeutic effects of imipramine in depression frequently take 3 to 4 weeks to develop. Such a delay was not seen in our enuretic patients. Thus the mechanism of the drug in the two conditions is probably different.", "contents": "The mechanism of imipramine in enuresis nocturna. 1. To evaluate the mechanism of action of imipramine in enuresis nocturna, we compared the effects of imipramine with those of scopolamine butylbromide in fourteen children suffering from this condition. A double-blind, cross-over design was used. 2. Imipramine, 10--20 mg, was superior to scopolamine butylbromide (10--20 mg), in eleven of the fourteen subjects (P less than 0.01), and the latter drug was no better than the placebo. 3. As scopolamine butylbromide does not cross the blood-brain barrier, it is concluded that peripheral antimuscarinic effects are not important in the beneficial effects of imipramine in enuresis nocturna. 4. The therapeutic effects of imipramine in depression frequently take 3 to 4 weeks to develop. Such a delay was not seen in our enuretic patients. Thus the mechanism of the drug in the two conditions is probably different."}
{"id": "PMID:367670", "title": "Tumor detection with 67Ga-citrate: a literature survey (1970--1978).", "content": "Gallium scan detection of various neoplasms is tabulated by anatomic and histologic categories. The experience with many neoplasms is sufficient to accurately predict the likelihood of detection with gallium. This tabulation helps to point out other areas where the cumulative experience is insufficient to accurately predict sensitivity rates.", "contents": "Tumor detection with 67Ga-citrate: a literature survey (1970--1978). Gallium scan detection of various neoplasms is tabulated by anatomic and histologic categories. The experience with many neoplasms is sufficient to accurately predict the likelihood of detection with gallium. This tabulation helps to point out other areas where the cumulative experience is insufficient to accurately predict sensitivity rates."}
{"id": "PMID:367677", "title": "Measles in Africa: a deadly disease. Some personal comments.", "content": "Measles dominate childhood illnesses in tropical Africa with a variety and severity of complications virtually unknown in the West. There is no apparent continental variation in measles virus but environmental factors vary widely. The frequent association of severe measles with malnutrition and recent studies indicating impaired humoral, cellular, and mucocutaneous immunologic function in the malnourished may explain this perplexing disease. Prevention of early malnutrition combined with lasting and economic early immunization with heat-stable vaccine, currently unavailable, are needed to halt this frequent costly, and often fatal African scourge.", "contents": "Measles in Africa: a deadly disease. Some personal comments. Measles dominate childhood illnesses in tropical Africa with a variety and severity of complications virtually unknown in the West. There is no apparent continental variation in measles virus but environmental factors vary widely. The frequent association of severe measles with malnutrition and recent studies indicating impaired humoral, cellular, and mucocutaneous immunologic function in the malnourished may explain this perplexing disease. Prevention of early malnutrition combined with lasting and economic early immunization with heat-stable vaccine, currently unavailable, are needed to halt this frequent costly, and often fatal African scourge."}
{"id": "PMID:367678", "title": "Atenolol and chlorthalidone on blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma renin activity in hypertension.", "content": "The antihypertensive effect of atenolol, with and without chlorthalidone, on hypertension was assessed in an outpatient as well as in an inpatient study. In the outpatient study atenolol alone induced decreases in systolic and diastolic BP amounting to 20 and 15 mm Hg. Maximal response of BP and HR developed within a week at the lowest dose used (100 mg twice daily). Combined atenolol-chlorthalidone treatment decreased lying and standing systolic BP by 7 and 14 mm Hg more than atenolol alone, but diastolic BP was decreased little more. In the inpatient study the addition of atenolol to chlorthalidone therapy in a dose of 100 mg twice daily resulted in a maximal decrease in BP within 3 days. At this dose PRA was lowered only slightly. Larger doses did not lead to any significant further decrease in BP, whereas PRA fell progressively. Our results indicate that, in contrast to nonselective blockade, specific beta-1-adrenoceptor blockade by atenolol is capable of inducing a distinct antihypertensive effect, unrelated to suppression of PRA. The decrease in PRA after larger doses of atenolol was not accompanied by a further decrease in BP. Because diuretic-induced renin release plays a role in the maintenance of the BP, our findings suggest that at higher dosages a hypertensive effect of the beta blocker compensated for the hypotensive effect of the decrease in PRA.", "contents": "Atenolol and chlorthalidone on blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma renin activity in hypertension. The antihypertensive effect of atenolol, with and without chlorthalidone, on hypertension was assessed in an outpatient as well as in an inpatient study. In the outpatient study atenolol alone induced decreases in systolic and diastolic BP amounting to 20 and 15 mm Hg. Maximal response of BP and HR developed within a week at the lowest dose used (100 mg twice daily). Combined atenolol-chlorthalidone treatment decreased lying and standing systolic BP by 7 and 14 mm Hg more than atenolol alone, but diastolic BP was decreased little more. In the inpatient study the addition of atenolol to chlorthalidone therapy in a dose of 100 mg twice daily resulted in a maximal decrease in BP within 3 days. At this dose PRA was lowered only slightly. Larger doses did not lead to any significant further decrease in BP, whereas PRA fell progressively. Our results indicate that, in contrast to nonselective blockade, specific beta-1-adrenoceptor blockade by atenolol is capable of inducing a distinct antihypertensive effect, unrelated to suppression of PRA. The decrease in PRA after larger doses of atenolol was not accompanied by a further decrease in BP. Because diuretic-induced renin release plays a role in the maintenance of the BP, our findings suggest that at higher dosages a hypertensive effect of the beta blocker compensated for the hypotensive effect of the decrease in PRA."}
{"id": "PMID:367679", "title": "Comparative trial of large and small fractions in the radiotherapy of head and neck cancer.", "content": "A random controlled trial was performed to compare long and short fractionation of radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer with a poor prognosis. Ninety-eight matched pairs were treated, one member of each pair received 10 fractions in 22 days, the other 30 fractions in 42 days. The same nominal standard dosages were used in each arm of the trial. Mucosal reactions were more severe with 10 fractions, skin reactions more severe with 30 fractions. No difference in survival, local tumour control rates or late normal tissue effects could be demonstrated. It is suggested that any possible therapeutic advantage of prolonged fractionation is minimal and that it is justified to use a small number of large fractions in clinical trials involving hyperbaric oxygen or electron-affinic sensitizers.", "contents": "Comparative trial of large and small fractions in the radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. A random controlled trial was performed to compare long and short fractionation of radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer with a poor prognosis. Ninety-eight matched pairs were treated, one member of each pair received 10 fractions in 22 days, the other 30 fractions in 42 days. The same nominal standard dosages were used in each arm of the trial. Mucosal reactions were more severe with 10 fractions, skin reactions more severe with 30 fractions. No difference in survival, local tumour control rates or late normal tissue effects could be demonstrated. It is suggested that any possible therapeutic advantage of prolonged fractionation is minimal and that it is justified to use a small number of large fractions in clinical trials involving hyperbaric oxygen or electron-affinic sensitizers."}
{"id": "PMID:367691", "title": "Use of the uricase-inhibited rat as an animal model in toxicology.", "content": "An accessible, reproducible, and inexpensive animal model for toxicologic evaluation of hyperuricemic conditions has been required for some time. A number of authors have tried to develop such a model by administering high doses of uric acid to various animal species (dog, rabbit, rat) but the potent liver uricase in these species prevented development of sustained hyperuricemia. Johnson et al. [4], Stavric et al. [5], and a number of other investigators [72, 75] successfully used potassium oxonate [63] to block the effect of hepatic uricase and to produce hyperuricemia in rats [4, 5, 68, 69, 72, 74, 76, 80], rabbits [66], mongrel dogs [67], mice [65], and pigs [64]. The oxonate-treated rat can serve as a useful animal model not only in investigation of the uric acid nephropathy, but also in a number of other toxicologic evaluations connected with uric acid. This model has been used to evaluate drugs that affect uric acid excretion, to determine which dietary factors affect serum urates, or to evaluate possible therapeutic agents in certain disorders associated with uric acid. The same model could also be used by behavioral scientists, for whom research on uric acid has become increasingly popular in recent years [33, 137]. The ideal uricase inhibitor for induction of hyperuricemia would be one which is irreversible, noncompetitive, and relatively nontoxic, so that its activity would be independent of high levels of uric acid, and effective inhibition could be attained at low dosage levels. Oxonic acid is not an ideal uricase inhibitor, because it is competitive and is eliminated from the body relatively rapidly. Although relatively nontoxic, oxonic acid and its salts are foreign substances that could interfere with some other metabolic systems. The possibility exists that an ideal, or at least a better inhibitor, could be developed by appropriate substitutions on the molecule of oxonic acid or by introducing different types of compounds such as derivatives of diazohypoxanthines, barbiturates, or similar substances. Until such improvements on the uricase-inhibited rat models are available, potassium oxonate, which is easily obtainable, can be used as an effective inhibitor of uricase in vivo.", "contents": "Use of the uricase-inhibited rat as an animal model in toxicology. An accessible, reproducible, and inexpensive animal model for toxicologic evaluation of hyperuricemic conditions has been required for some time. A number of authors have tried to develop such a model by administering high doses of uric acid to various animal species (dog, rabbit, rat) but the potent liver uricase in these species prevented development of sustained hyperuricemia. Johnson et al. [4], Stavric et al. [5], and a number of other investigators [72, 75] successfully used potassium oxonate [63] to block the effect of hepatic uricase and to produce hyperuricemia in rats [4, 5, 68, 69, 72, 74, 76, 80], rabbits [66], mongrel dogs [67], mice [65], and pigs [64]. The oxonate-treated rat can serve as a useful animal model not only in investigation of the uric acid nephropathy, but also in a number of other toxicologic evaluations connected with uric acid. This model has been used to evaluate drugs that affect uric acid excretion, to determine which dietary factors affect serum urates, or to evaluate possible therapeutic agents in certain disorders associated with uric acid. The same model could also be used by behavioral scientists, for whom research on uric acid has become increasingly popular in recent years [33, 137]. The ideal uricase inhibitor for induction of hyperuricemia would be one which is irreversible, noncompetitive, and relatively nontoxic, so that its activity would be independent of high levels of uric acid, and effective inhibition could be attained at low dosage levels. Oxonic acid is not an ideal uricase inhibitor, because it is competitive and is eliminated from the body relatively rapidly. Although relatively nontoxic, oxonic acid and its salts are foreign substances that could interfere with some other metabolic systems. The possibility exists that an ideal, or at least a better inhibitor, could be developed by appropriate substitutions on the molecule of oxonic acid or by introducing different types of compounds such as derivatives of diazohypoxanthines, barbiturates, or similar substances. Until such improvements on the uricase-inhibited rat models are available, potassium oxonate, which is easily obtainable, can be used as an effective inhibitor of uricase in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:367692", "title": "Toxicologic assessments in acute heroin fatalities.", "content": "The recent improvements in analytic methods enable routine morphine detection in blood in microgram or nanogram quantities. It is now possible to assess acute death from heroin use by toxicologic analyses. A review of available data indicates a rapid distribution of morphine even in sudden fatalities, to the various organs of the body. Blood morphine levels in most acute heroin-involved deaths range from 0.1 to 1.0 microgram/ml, while morphine concentration in liver ranges from 0.1 to 10.0 microgram/gm. In rapid death, the blood to liver ratio is approximately 1:5. Blood and liver appear to be the specimens of choice in determining fatality due to heroin; however a distribution study that included other tissues such as brain, bile, and urine would afford a more meaningful evaluation in forensic investigation. The correlation of the survival periods of decedents to concentrations of morphine in tissues is discussed. Since morphine concentration decreases precipitously in antemortem blood immediately after administration of heroin, the assurance of detecting and determining morphine is greater in blood specimens from decedents who died within 1 hr after drug taking than from those who survived for a longer period. Blood levels of morphine also appear to be regulated by dosage. The role of ethanol and other drugs, including excipients in illicit heroin preparations, in acute narcotism is still poorly understood. Morphine is produced in the antemortem metabolism of codeine. A close evaluation of toxicologic data is necessary to determine whether the morphine detected, if a metabolite, is a conversion product of codeine, heroin, or both. In any event, the cause of death involving heroin is determined only after information from history and pathology, as well as toxicology, are carefully correlated.", "contents": "Toxicologic assessments in acute heroin fatalities. The recent improvements in analytic methods enable routine morphine detection in blood in microgram or nanogram quantities. It is now possible to assess acute death from heroin use by toxicologic analyses. A review of available data indicates a rapid distribution of morphine even in sudden fatalities, to the various organs of the body. Blood morphine levels in most acute heroin-involved deaths range from 0.1 to 1.0 microgram/ml, while morphine concentration in liver ranges from 0.1 to 10.0 microgram/gm. In rapid death, the blood to liver ratio is approximately 1:5. Blood and liver appear to be the specimens of choice in determining fatality due to heroin; however a distribution study that included other tissues such as brain, bile, and urine would afford a more meaningful evaluation in forensic investigation. The correlation of the survival periods of decedents to concentrations of morphine in tissues is discussed. Since morphine concentration decreases precipitously in antemortem blood immediately after administration of heroin, the assurance of detecting and determining morphine is greater in blood specimens from decedents who died within 1 hr after drug taking than from those who survived for a longer period. Blood levels of morphine also appear to be regulated by dosage. The role of ethanol and other drugs, including excipients in illicit heroin preparations, in acute narcotism is still poorly understood. Morphine is produced in the antemortem metabolism of codeine. A close evaluation of toxicologic data is necessary to determine whether the morphine detected, if a metabolite, is a conversion product of codeine, heroin, or both. In any event, the cause of death involving heroin is determined only after information from history and pathology, as well as toxicology, are carefully correlated."}
{"id": "PMID:367695", "title": "Toxicologic properties of fluorescent whitening agents.", "content": "From the collection of toxicologic data, it is seen that the fluorescent whitening agents are a well-investigated class of compounds. Only in one of the groups of compounds investigated did it appear advisable to discontinue the use of a particular product on the basis of the toxicologic findings. In the large number of the other cases, the findings indicate that there is a considerable degree of toxicologic safety in the use of the FWAs in soap and detergent products.", "contents": "Toxicologic properties of fluorescent whitening agents. From the collection of toxicologic data, it is seen that the fluorescent whitening agents are a well-investigated class of compounds. Only in one of the groups of compounds investigated did it appear advisable to discontinue the use of a particular product on the basis of the toxicologic findings. In the large number of the other cases, the findings indicate that there is a considerable degree of toxicologic safety in the use of the FWAs in soap and detergent products."}
{"id": "PMID:367701", "title": "Co-ordination of the school and general dental services in Rochdale, England.", "content": "The administrative process in the implementation of a scheme of co-operation between the school and general dental practitioner services to screen and treat children aged 14 years and above in an Area Health Authority is described. 84% of the target group were screened in periods amounting to 12 months. The uptake of treatment as assessed by return of notices of referral was only 1.5%. Interview of a sample of those referred revealed that 49% had been to a dentist within 6 months and of these 34% would not have otherwise attended. 13% had taken referral forms to practitioners. The implications of these findings are discussed and a more effective means of evaluating treatment uptake is proposed.", "contents": "Co-ordination of the school and general dental services in Rochdale, England. The administrative process in the implementation of a scheme of co-operation between the school and general dental practitioner services to screen and treat children aged 14 years and above in an Area Health Authority is described. 84% of the target group were screened in periods amounting to 12 months. The uptake of treatment as assessed by return of notices of referral was only 1.5%. Interview of a sample of those referred revealed that 49% had been to a dentist within 6 months and of these 34% would not have otherwise attended. 13% had taken referral forms to practitioners. The implications of these findings are discussed and a more effective means of evaluating treatment uptake is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:367703", "title": "A programmable calculator program for rapid logarithmic extrapolation, and calculation of mean transit time from an indicator-dilution curve.", "content": "Reconstruction of the primary indicator-dilution curve is accomplished by exponential curve-fit from a set of points obtained on the downslope of the curve. Curve-fit is simplified by requiring entry of indicator concentrations (Yi) only, where time increments (Xi) are made self-generating in the program. Similarly, calculation of mean transit time requires only the entries of Yi. Stored values supply the needed quantities for calculations of cardiac output and the central blood volume as defined by the injection and the sampling sites. The Texas Instrument TR 52 model hand-held programmable calculator is utilized in this program but it should be adaptable to other programmable calculators. The present program provides a procedure for rapid reconstruction of the primary indicator-dilution curve, and hence calculations of cardiac output, mean transit time and central blood volume.", "contents": "A programmable calculator program for rapid logarithmic extrapolation, and calculation of mean transit time from an indicator-dilution curve. Reconstruction of the primary indicator-dilution curve is accomplished by exponential curve-fit from a set of points obtained on the downslope of the curve. Curve-fit is simplified by requiring entry of indicator concentrations (Yi) only, where time increments (Xi) are made self-generating in the program. Similarly, calculation of mean transit time requires only the entries of Yi. Stored values supply the needed quantities for calculations of cardiac output and the central blood volume as defined by the injection and the sampling sites. The Texas Instrument TR 52 model hand-held programmable calculator is utilized in this program but it should be adaptable to other programmable calculators. The present program provides a procedure for rapid reconstruction of the primary indicator-dilution curve, and hence calculations of cardiac output, mean transit time and central blood volume."}
{"id": "PMID:367707", "title": "PEEP: its use in young patients with apparently normal lungs.", "content": "PEEP has been advocated for use in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome characterized by a marked reduction in FRC. It has not been advocated for patients with apparently normal lungs requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. We have done inert gas washouts on five young patients comparing no PEEP to 10 cm H2O PEEP. Four of the five showed a significant improvement in PaO2, a decrease in AaDO2 and Qs/Qt, the fifth a slight improvement on PEEP. Arterial washouts were significantly faster on  PEEP in all patients suggesting a decrease in intrapulmonary shunting. Airway washouts in the initial phase were faster off PEEP suggesting an increase in lung volume and FRC with PEEP. Later portions of the curve were faster on PEEP suggesting improved distribution of ventilation. These findings suggest that PEEP might be of significant value in treatment of patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation for reasons other than lung abnormalities.", "contents": "PEEP: its use in young patients with apparently normal lungs. PEEP has been advocated for use in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome characterized by a marked reduction in FRC. It has not been advocated for patients with apparently normal lungs requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. We have done inert gas washouts on five young patients comparing no PEEP to 10 cm H2O PEEP. Four of the five showed a significant improvement in PaO2, a decrease in AaDO2 and Qs/Qt, the fifth a slight improvement on PEEP. Arterial washouts were significantly faster on  PEEP in all patients suggesting a decrease in intrapulmonary shunting. Airway washouts in the initial phase were faster off PEEP suggesting an increase in lung volume and FRC with PEEP. Later portions of the curve were faster on PEEP suggesting improved distribution of ventilation. These findings suggest that PEEP might be of significant value in treatment of patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation for reasons other than lung abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:367708", "title": "Comparison of assisted and controlled mechanical ventilation in anesthetized swine.", "content": "We compared assisted mechanical ventilation with controlled mechanical ventilation with and without PEEP in 10 anesthetized swine. Catheters were placed to measure airway, intrapleural, and blood pressure; PaO2 and PaCO2; arterial pH; total minute ventilation; and mixed exhaled oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions. We calculated the ratio of physiological dead space to tidal volume, alveolar minute ventilation, CO2 production, VO2, and RQ. We found no clinically or statistically significant difference between assisted and controlled ventilation.", "contents": "Comparison of assisted and controlled mechanical ventilation in anesthetized swine. We compared assisted mechanical ventilation with controlled mechanical ventilation with and without PEEP in 10 anesthetized swine. Catheters were placed to measure airway, intrapleural, and blood pressure; PaO2 and PaCO2; arterial pH; total minute ventilation; and mixed exhaled oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions. We calculated the ratio of physiological dead space to tidal volume, alveolar minute ventilation, CO2 production, VO2, and RQ. We found no clinically or statistically significant difference between assisted and controlled ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:367709", "title": "Comparison of hemodynamic, pulmonary, and renal effects of use of three types of fluids after major surgical procedures on the abdominal aorta.", "content": "Hemodynamic, pulmonary, and renal variables were measured in 24 patients scheduled for major abdominal aortic operations. Control values were obtained before preoperative medications were given. All patients received 5% dextrose in Lactated Ringer's solution intraoperatively. Postoperatively, group 1 patients received 5% dextrose in water plus albumin, group 2 received 5% dextrose in 0.45 sodium chloride solution, and group 3 received 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution. There were significant increases in Qs/Qt and AaDO2, 48 hours after operation in group 3. Oxygen consumption and cardiac output increased in all groups 24 hours after operation. Twenty-four hours later, these two variables returned to control values in group 1 but continued to rise in the other two groups. Significant diuresis occurred in group 1, 48 hours postoperatively, whereas the other two groups continued to retain water. Use of albumin and 5% dextrose in water in the postoperative period seemed to produce less deviations from control values of most measured variables, than the other two groups.", "contents": "Comparison of hemodynamic, pulmonary, and renal effects of use of three types of fluids after major surgical procedures on the abdominal aorta. Hemodynamic, pulmonary, and renal variables were measured in 24 patients scheduled for major abdominal aortic operations. Control values were obtained before preoperative medications were given. All patients received 5% dextrose in Lactated Ringer's solution intraoperatively. Postoperatively, group 1 patients received 5% dextrose in water plus albumin, group 2 received 5% dextrose in 0.45 sodium chloride solution, and group 3 received 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution. There were significant increases in Qs/Qt and AaDO2, 48 hours after operation in group 3. Oxygen consumption and cardiac output increased in all groups 24 hours after operation. Twenty-four hours later, these two variables returned to control values in group 1 but continued to rise in the other two groups. Significant diuresis occurred in group 1, 48 hours postoperatively, whereas the other two groups continued to retain water. Use of albumin and 5% dextrose in water in the postoperative period seemed to produce less deviations from control values of most measured variables, than the other two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:367712", "title": "A randomized crossover comparison of acebutolol and methyldopa in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension.", "content": "In a randomized crossover comparison between acebutolol and methyldopa for the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension in 30 patients, acebutolol, a cardioselective beta-one-adrenergic blocker, at 400 to 800 mg daily was found to be significantly better (p less than 0.002) than 500 to 1000 mg methyldopa daily in reducing both systolic and diastolic blood pressures and pulse rate. Patient compliance with therapy was excellent, and there were no side-effects on acebutolol, whereas patients on methyl-dopa reported a significant number of side-effects (p less than 0.002). The potassium-sparing effect due to acebutolol was significant (p less than 0.005) and this has not been reported before. This may be beneficial in diuretic-induced hypokalaemia in the hypertensive patient.", "contents": "A randomized crossover comparison of acebutolol and methyldopa in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension. In a randomized crossover comparison between acebutolol and methyldopa for the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension in 30 patients, acebutolol, a cardioselective beta-one-adrenergic blocker, at 400 to 800 mg daily was found to be significantly better (p less than 0.002) than 500 to 1000 mg methyldopa daily in reducing both systolic and diastolic blood pressures and pulse rate. Patient compliance with therapy was excellent, and there were no side-effects on acebutolol, whereas patients on methyl-dopa reported a significant number of side-effects (p less than 0.002). The potassium-sparing effect due to acebutolol was significant (p less than 0.005) and this has not been reported before. This may be beneficial in diuretic-induced hypokalaemia in the hypertensive patient."}
{"id": "PMID:367713", "title": "Fenbufen compared with indomethacin in osteoarthrosis.", "content": "A double-blind, crossover clinical trial was carried out with a new propionic acid derivative, fenbufen, versus indomethacin and placebo in 20 patients with osteoarthrosis. Active drug dosages of 75 mg indomethacin daily and 600 mg fenbufen daily were used. Fenbufen scored significantly better than placebo with respect to two and indomethacin better than placebo with respect to five of the assessment indices used. Indomethacin was significantly better than fenbufen with respect to two indices and, overall, appeared more effective in the dosages tested. Biochemical abnormalities of liver function (serum alkaline phosphatase and/or SGOT) were noted in 5 patients after fenbufen therapy (in 3 patients after 4-weeks' treatment and in 2 after 6 weeks) but in none after indomethacin therapy. The significance of these findings is discussed. It is concluded that fenbufen should be withdrawn from further clinical use until the true incidence and significance of hepatotoxicity has been evaluated.", "contents": "Fenbufen compared with indomethacin in osteoarthrosis. A double-blind, crossover clinical trial was carried out with a new propionic acid derivative, fenbufen, versus indomethacin and placebo in 20 patients with osteoarthrosis. Active drug dosages of 75 mg indomethacin daily and 600 mg fenbufen daily were used. Fenbufen scored significantly better than placebo with respect to two and indomethacin better than placebo with respect to five of the assessment indices used. Indomethacin was significantly better than fenbufen with respect to two indices and, overall, appeared more effective in the dosages tested. Biochemical abnormalities of liver function (serum alkaline phosphatase and/or SGOT) were noted in 5 patients after fenbufen therapy (in 3 patients after 4-weeks' treatment and in 2 after 6 weeks) but in none after indomethacin therapy. The significance of these findings is discussed. It is concluded that fenbufen should be withdrawn from further clinical use until the true incidence and significance of hepatotoxicity has been evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:367714", "title": "A comparative clinical investigation of the therapeutic effect of levodopa alone and in combination with a decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa) in cases of Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The therapeutic effect of the combination of levodopa and carbidopa (\"Sinemet\") was compared with that of levodopa alone in 21 patients with Parkinson's disease. Eighteen parameters of the clinical condition and of functional impairment were determined quantitatively and the results satistically evaluated. Changing over from levodopa to the combination preparation resulted in an average improvement of 51.9% within 2 weeks. No relationship was found to exist between the degree of improvement and the severity or the progression of the disease. By the use of the combination preparation, the daily dosage of levodopa could be reduced by 77%. Side-effects connected with the gastro-intestinal tract occurred much less frequently, while hyperkinesia increased. No arrhythmogenic effect was found with the combination product. From the clinical standpoint, combination therapy appeared to be qualitatively superior. By selective maintenance of freshly formed dopamine, it should be possible to assure a directed influence on the disturbed equilibrium of the functional systems of the brain.", "contents": "A comparative clinical investigation of the therapeutic effect of levodopa alone and in combination with a decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa) in cases of Parkinson's disease. The therapeutic effect of the combination of levodopa and carbidopa (\"Sinemet\") was compared with that of levodopa alone in 21 patients with Parkinson's disease. Eighteen parameters of the clinical condition and of functional impairment were determined quantitatively and the results satistically evaluated. Changing over from levodopa to the combination preparation resulted in an average improvement of 51.9% within 2 weeks. No relationship was found to exist between the degree of improvement and the severity or the progression of the disease. By the use of the combination preparation, the daily dosage of levodopa could be reduced by 77%. Side-effects connected with the gastro-intestinal tract occurred much less frequently, while hyperkinesia increased. No arrhythmogenic effect was found with the combination product. From the clinical standpoint, combination therapy appeared to be qualitatively superior. By selective maintenance of freshly formed dopamine, it should be possible to assure a directed influence on the disturbed equilibrium of the functional systems of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:367715", "title": "A controlled study of short-term treatment of tension headache.", "content": "A double-blind trial was carried out in 12 patients with chronic recurring tension headache to compare the effectiveness of treatment with an analgesic combination (\"Syndol\") and placebo. Treatment was confined to the period of an attack and the response in the 46 attacks studied showed that, in those of mild to moderate severity, significantly more patients had initial relief within 15 minutes after active treatment than after placebo, and significantly fewer tablets were required to produce complete remission of symptoms for more than 48 hours. The interval between attacks, however, was not significantly affected by active drug or placebo. Severe attacks, which occurred only in the periods assigned to active treatment, required significantly more tablets and a day longer for complete remission.", "contents": "A controlled study of short-term treatment of tension headache. A double-blind trial was carried out in 12 patients with chronic recurring tension headache to compare the effectiveness of treatment with an analgesic combination (\"Syndol\") and placebo. Treatment was confined to the period of an attack and the response in the 46 attacks studied showed that, in those of mild to moderate severity, significantly more patients had initial relief within 15 minutes after active treatment than after placebo, and significantly fewer tablets were required to produce complete remission of symptoms for more than 48 hours. The interval between attacks, however, was not significantly affected by active drug or placebo. Severe attacks, which occurred only in the periods assigned to active treatment, required significantly more tablets and a day longer for complete remission."}
{"id": "PMID:367716", "title": "A controlled comparative study of the use of porcine xenograft in the treatment of partial thickness skin loss in an occupational health centre.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with partial thickness skin loss of the limbs, mainly due to burns, were treated on an out-patient basis in an occupational health centre. Thirteen patients were treated with porcine skin graft and the other 15 by the conventional method with paraffin gauze. The results showed that the median healing time was 13 days in the porcine skin graft group and 28 days in the control group. Other than healing time, the effects of porcine xenograft in reducing pain, infection and sickenss absence were far greater than those with conventional treatment. From a comparison of total dressing costs, it was estimated that for lesions of comparable size the cost of treatment with porcine xenograft was approximately one-third of that using paraffin gauze.", "contents": "A controlled comparative study of the use of porcine xenograft in the treatment of partial thickness skin loss in an occupational health centre. Twenty-eight patients with partial thickness skin loss of the limbs, mainly due to burns, were treated on an out-patient basis in an occupational health centre. Thirteen patients were treated with porcine skin graft and the other 15 by the conventional method with paraffin gauze. The results showed that the median healing time was 13 days in the porcine skin graft group and 28 days in the control group. Other than healing time, the effects of porcine xenograft in reducing pain, infection and sickenss absence were far greater than those with conventional treatment. From a comparison of total dressing costs, it was estimated that for lesions of comparable size the cost of treatment with porcine xenograft was approximately one-third of that using paraffin gauze."}
{"id": "PMID:367717", "title": "Bromocriptine in the treatment of secondary amenorrhoea and ovarian dysfunction in hyper- and normo-prolactinaemic patients.", "content": "The clinical use of bromocriptine (2.5 mg twice daily) was investigated in 40 women attending an infertility clinic and presenting with secondary amenorrhoea (18) or with ovarian dysfunction (22) which had failed to respond to anti-oestrogen therapy. Patients in each group were sub-divided into those with raised and those with normal prolactin levels, and re-examined at 3 and 12 months after the start of treatment. The results confirmed that bromocriptine is effective in the treatment of hyperprolactinaemic states whether there is amenorrhoea or not. Moreover, in cases of ovarian dysfunction as well as of amenorrhoea where the prolactin levels were within the normal range, there was evidence to suggest that bromocriptine can be associated with a return of ovulation, although the mechanism by which it might do so still needs evaluation.", "contents": "Bromocriptine in the treatment of secondary amenorrhoea and ovarian dysfunction in hyper- and normo-prolactinaemic patients. The clinical use of bromocriptine (2.5 mg twice daily) was investigated in 40 women attending an infertility clinic and presenting with secondary amenorrhoea (18) or with ovarian dysfunction (22) which had failed to respond to anti-oestrogen therapy. Patients in each group were sub-divided into those with raised and those with normal prolactin levels, and re-examined at 3 and 12 months after the start of treatment. The results confirmed that bromocriptine is effective in the treatment of hyperprolactinaemic states whether there is amenorrhoea or not. Moreover, in cases of ovarian dysfunction as well as of amenorrhoea where the prolactin levels were within the normal range, there was evidence to suggest that bromocriptine can be associated with a return of ovulation, although the mechanism by which it might do so still needs evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:367722", "title": "Positive end-expiratory pressure in the management of lobar atelectasis.", "content": "Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) has been extensively utilized in the treatment of severe hypoxemia from noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. The usefulness of therapy with PEEP in the management of lobar atelectasis has not been previously stressed. Recently, we observed four patients with lobar atelectasis who failed to respond to the usual conservative measures of endotracheal suctioning and thoracic physiotherapy. Atelectasis was confirmed by physical examination and chest x-ray films, and three of the four patients subsequently underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination. Endobronchial obstruction was not found, and despite extensive irrigation and suctioning, the atelectasis failed to resolve. Therapy with PEEP was then added, with pressures of 5 to 15 cm H2O. Serial chest x-ray films disclosed resolution of the atelectasis within 4 1/2 hours in two patients, within 14 hours in one patient, and within 24 hours in the remaining patient.", "contents": "Positive end-expiratory pressure in the management of lobar atelectasis. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) has been extensively utilized in the treatment of severe hypoxemia from noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. The usefulness of therapy with PEEP in the management of lobar atelectasis has not been previously stressed. Recently, we observed four patients with lobar atelectasis who failed to respond to the usual conservative measures of endotracheal suctioning and thoracic physiotherapy. Atelectasis was confirmed by physical examination and chest x-ray films, and three of the four patients subsequently underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination. Endobronchial obstruction was not found, and despite extensive irrigation and suctioning, the atelectasis failed to resolve. Therapy with PEEP was then added, with pressures of 5 to 15 cm H2O. Serial chest x-ray films disclosed resolution of the atelectasis within 4 1/2 hours in two patients, within 14 hours in one patient, and within 24 hours in the remaining patient."}
{"id": "PMID:367723", "title": "Criteria for selective positive end-expiratory pressure and independent synchronized ventilation of each lung.", "content": "Respiratory failure of different origins often requires therapy with mechanical ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). These supports are occasionally inadequate if the damage to one lung is significantly more pronounced than that to the other lung. Technical means exist to ventilate each lung independently or to provide a different PEEP to each lung. The findings from nine patients in whom one of these techniques was applied are presented, and advantages and disadvantages are discussed.", "contents": "Criteria for selective positive end-expiratory pressure and independent synchronized ventilation of each lung. Respiratory failure of different origins often requires therapy with mechanical ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). These supports are occasionally inadequate if the damage to one lung is significantly more pronounced than that to the other lung. Technical means exist to ventilate each lung independently or to provide a different PEEP to each lung. The findings from nine patients in whom one of these techniques was applied are presented, and advantages and disadvantages are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367724", "title": "Severe hypoxemia secondary to pulmonary embolization treated successfully with the use of a CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) mask.", "content": "We describe a patient who was admitted with acute onset of dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain. The patient was in acute hypoxic respiratory failure documented by arterial blood gas levels. The severe hypoxemia was refractory to 100 percent O2 administration. The cause of the patient's sudden deterioration was a pulmonary embolus documented by angiography. The patient was managed successfully with heparin therapy. A continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask corrected the severe hypoxemia, which otherwise would have required a more invasive method of respiratory support.", "contents": "Severe hypoxemia secondary to pulmonary embolization treated successfully with the use of a CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) mask. We describe a patient who was admitted with acute onset of dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain. The patient was in acute hypoxic respiratory failure documented by arterial blood gas levels. The severe hypoxemia was refractory to 100 percent O2 administration. The cause of the patient's sudden deterioration was a pulmonary embolus documented by angiography. The patient was managed successfully with heparin therapy. A continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask corrected the severe hypoxemia, which otherwise would have required a more invasive method of respiratory support."}
{"id": "PMID:367726", "title": "Effects of S-carboxymethylcysteine on tracheal mucus velocity.", "content": "The effects of S-carboxymethylcysteine on tracheal mucus velocity were assessed in a double blind crossover study between 2 grams S-carboxymethylcysteine and placebo. Subjects included six healthy non-smokers, eight smokers with small airway disease and chronic simple bronchitis, and eight subjects with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Tracheal mucus velocity was measured prior to and two and three hours after each subject had ingested S-carboxymethylcysteine or placebo. No significant change in tracheal mucus velocity occurred after placebo or S-carboxymethylcysteine in any of the groups, indicating that the drug has no acute effect on mucus transport.", "contents": "Effects of S-carboxymethylcysteine on tracheal mucus velocity. The effects of S-carboxymethylcysteine on tracheal mucus velocity were assessed in a double blind crossover study between 2 grams S-carboxymethylcysteine and placebo. Subjects included six healthy non-smokers, eight smokers with small airway disease and chronic simple bronchitis, and eight subjects with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Tracheal mucus velocity was measured prior to and two and three hours after each subject had ingested S-carboxymethylcysteine or placebo. No significant change in tracheal mucus velocity occurred after placebo or S-carboxymethylcysteine in any of the groups, indicating that the drug has no acute effect on mucus transport."}
{"id": "PMID:367727", "title": "Repeated massive hemoptysis: successful control using multiple balloon-tipped catheters for endobronchial tamponade.", "content": "Endobronchial tamponade with a balloon-tipped catheter (Fogarty catheter) is used to control massive hemoptysis. This case documents that recurrent massive hemoptysis can be successfully controlled with repeated use of this procedure and that the simultaneous placement of more than one catheter can be safe and effective therapy that is well tolerated by patients.", "contents": "Repeated massive hemoptysis: successful control using multiple balloon-tipped catheters for endobronchial tamponade. Endobronchial tamponade with a balloon-tipped catheter (Fogarty catheter) is used to control massive hemoptysis. This case documents that recurrent massive hemoptysis can be successfully controlled with repeated use of this procedure and that the simultaneous placement of more than one catheter can be safe and effective therapy that is well tolerated by patients."}
{"id": "PMID:367729", "title": "Health supervision of children in foster care.", "content": "The 1971--74 survey of the health needs and services provided to New York City children in foster care indicates a failure of the Medicaid program to ensure adequate routine care and treatment.", "contents": "Health supervision of children in foster care. The 1971--74 survey of the health needs and services provided to New York City children in foster care indicates a failure of the Medicaid program to ensure adequate routine care and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:367731", "title": "[25 years of curative cancer-therapy stagnation--a change in a sight?].", "content": "Two measures are urgently needed to improve curative therapy results in cancer treatment. 1. Improvements in the early recognition of specific types of tumor and in appropriate modes of preventitive treatment.--2. The introduction of a metastasis prophylaxis before each diagnostic and therapeutic operation for cancer; several possibilities are proposed. The stagnation of cancer therapy results can only be overcome by an alteration in the current concept of treatment, which in cases of early cancer is as yet directed exclusively at the primary tumor.", "contents": "[25 years of curative cancer-therapy stagnation--a change in a sight?]. Two measures are urgently needed to improve curative therapy results in cancer treatment. 1. Improvements in the early recognition of specific types of tumor and in appropriate modes of preventitive treatment.--2. The introduction of a metastasis prophylaxis before each diagnostic and therapeutic operation for cancer; several possibilities are proposed. The stagnation of cancer therapy results can only be overcome by an alteration in the current concept of treatment, which in cases of early cancer is as yet directed exclusively at the primary tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:367734", "title": "Meiotic effects of DNA-defective cell division cycle mutations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The meiotic effects of several cell division cycle (cdc) mutations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been investigated by electron microscopy and by genetic and biochemical methods. Diploid strains homozygous for cdc mutations known to confer defects on vegetative DNA synthesis were subjected to restrictive conditions during meiosis. Electron microscopy revealed that all four mutants were conditionally arrested in meiosis after duplication of the spindle pole bodies but before spindle formation for the first meiotic division. None of these mutants became committed to a recombination or contained synaptonemal complex at the meiotic arrest.--The mutants differed in their ability to undergo premeiotic DNA synthesis under restrictive conditions. Both cdc8 and cdc21, which are defective in the propagation of vegetative DNA synthesis, also failed to undergo premeiotic DNA synthesis. The arrest of these mutants at the stage before meiosis I spindle formation could be attributed to the failure of DNA synthesis because inhibition of synthesis by hydroxyurea also caused arrest at this stage.--Premeiotic DNA synthesis occurred before the arrest of cdc7, which is defective in the initiation of vegetative DNA synthesis, and of cdc2, which synthesizes vegetative DNA but does so defectively. The meiotic arrest of cdc7 homozygotes was partially reversible. Even if further semiconservative DNA replication was inhibited by the addition of hydroxyurea, released cells rapidly underwent commitment to recombination and formation of synaptonemal complexes. The cdc7 homozygote is therefore reversibly arrested in meiosis after DNA replication, whereas vegetative cultures have previously been shown to be defective only in the initation of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Meiotic effects of DNA-defective cell division cycle mutations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The meiotic effects of several cell division cycle (cdc) mutations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been investigated by electron microscopy and by genetic and biochemical methods. Diploid strains homozygous for cdc mutations known to confer defects on vegetative DNA synthesis were subjected to restrictive conditions during meiosis. Electron microscopy revealed that all four mutants were conditionally arrested in meiosis after duplication of the spindle pole bodies but before spindle formation for the first meiotic division. None of these mutants became committed to a recombination or contained synaptonemal complex at the meiotic arrest.--The mutants differed in their ability to undergo premeiotic DNA synthesis under restrictive conditions. Both cdc8 and cdc21, which are defective in the propagation of vegetative DNA synthesis, also failed to undergo premeiotic DNA synthesis. The arrest of these mutants at the stage before meiosis I spindle formation could be attributed to the failure of DNA synthesis because inhibition of synthesis by hydroxyurea also caused arrest at this stage.--Premeiotic DNA synthesis occurred before the arrest of cdc7, which is defective in the initiation of vegetative DNA synthesis, and of cdc2, which synthesizes vegetative DNA but does so defectively. The meiotic arrest of cdc7 homozygotes was partially reversible. Even if further semiconservative DNA replication was inhibited by the addition of hydroxyurea, released cells rapidly underwent commitment to recombination and formation of synaptonemal complexes. The cdc7 homozygote is therefore reversibly arrested in meiosis after DNA replication, whereas vegetative cultures have previously been shown to be defective only in the initation of DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:367741", "title": "[Tertian malaria in children and adults from an epidemic region in southern Turkey (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1974 an epidemic of tertian malaria has been spreading around the Adana and Tarsus townships in southern Turkey, with a peak incidence of 115 500 cases in 1977. A further increase is to be expected because the insect vectors have become resistant to insecticides. Since 1975 eleven children and three adults have been treated for P. vivax malaria. They had all stayed in the epidemic area during the transmission season which lasts from July to October. Because of a long primary latent period seven patients only developed first manifestations of the disease six to nine months after leaving Turkey. The classical malarial paroxysms were missing during the first weeks of the primary attack. Several children had a febrile illness over weeks with headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, high blood-sedimentation rate and severe haemolytic anaemia, so that appendicitis or septicaemia had been suspected. Tetracyclines and trimethroprimsulphamethoxazole were able to suppress the disease without preventing relapses.", "contents": "[Tertian malaria in children and adults from an epidemic region in southern Turkey (author's transl)]. Since 1974 an epidemic of tertian malaria has been spreading around the Adana and Tarsus townships in southern Turkey, with a peak incidence of 115 500 cases in 1977. A further increase is to be expected because the insect vectors have become resistant to insecticides. Since 1975 eleven children and three adults have been treated for P. vivax malaria. They had all stayed in the epidemic area during the transmission season which lasts from July to October. Because of a long primary latent period seven patients only developed first manifestations of the disease six to nine months after leaving Turkey. The classical malarial paroxysms were missing during the first weeks of the primary attack. Several children had a febrile illness over weeks with headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, high blood-sedimentation rate and severe haemolytic anaemia, so that appendicitis or septicaemia had been suspected. Tetracyclines and trimethroprimsulphamethoxazole were able to suppress the disease without preventing relapses."}
{"id": "PMID:367752", "title": "[Innovative trends in dentistry: background, bases and outlook].", "content": "This article briefly analyzes the present situation in dental practice with emphasis on its inherent discrepancies, and describes the background, theoretic and methodologic bases, and prospects of the PAHO/WHO Program of Innovation in Dental Education and Care. An account is given of the conceptual framework of the Program, which is based on the hypothesis that changes in oral health in a country depend partly on the national socioeconomic situation at any given point in its history. At the same time, it is recognized that there is leeway in the general political setting for the trial and application of plans for curricula and care that can work quantitative and qualitative changes in the educational and service sectors. There follows a description of the operational arrangement and the subprograms and prpkects going forward in 16 dental schools of Latin America.", "contents": "[Innovative trends in dentistry: background, bases and outlook]. This article briefly analyzes the present situation in dental practice with emphasis on its inherent discrepancies, and describes the background, theoretic and methodologic bases, and prospects of the PAHO/WHO Program of Innovation in Dental Education and Care. An account is given of the conceptual framework of the Program, which is based on the hypothesis that changes in oral health in a country depend partly on the national socioeconomic situation at any given point in its history. At the same time, it is recognized that there is leeway in the general political setting for the trial and application of plans for curricula and care that can work quantitative and qualitative changes in the educational and service sectors. There follows a description of the operational arrangement and the subprograms and prpkects going forward in 16 dental schools of Latin America."}
{"id": "PMID:367753", "title": "[Problems of bacteriologic diagnosis and aimed antibiotic therapy in pyogenic maxillofacial infections].", "content": "Bacteriologic analysis of pathogens from pyogenic infections of the jaw in 71 patients revealed that bacteria normally found in the buccal cavity predominated in 86% of the specimens. Considering the fact that no pathogens could be identified in 7% of the specimens, this then means that pathogens were only found in 7% of the specimens. Six to 12 strains were usually isolated in the mixed bacteria population of the buccal cavity. A total of 430 strains of bacteria were cultured and tested for their response to 20 common antibiotic preparations. We were able to confirm the high effectiveness of penicillin and/or broad spectrum penicillin 92% of the cases (8600 determinations of resistance). Tetracycline was effective in 89% of the cases; trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, in 83%. The effectiveness of newer, more expensive, antibiotic preparations was not significantly better than that of pencillin. Administration of such antibiotic preparations therefore should be limited to problematic pathogens.", "contents": "[Problems of bacteriologic diagnosis and aimed antibiotic therapy in pyogenic maxillofacial infections]. Bacteriologic analysis of pathogens from pyogenic infections of the jaw in 71 patients revealed that bacteria normally found in the buccal cavity predominated in 86% of the specimens. Considering the fact that no pathogens could be identified in 7% of the specimens, this then means that pathogens were only found in 7% of the specimens. Six to 12 strains were usually isolated in the mixed bacteria population of the buccal cavity. A total of 430 strains of bacteria were cultured and tested for their response to 20 common antibiotic preparations. We were able to confirm the high effectiveness of penicillin and/or broad spectrum penicillin 92% of the cases (8600 determinations of resistance). Tetracycline was effective in 89% of the cases; trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, in 83%. The effectiveness of newer, more expensive, antibiotic preparations was not significantly better than that of pencillin. Administration of such antibiotic preparations therefore should be limited to problematic pathogens."}
{"id": "PMID:367754", "title": "[Bacteriology of odontogenic abscesses].", "content": "The primary bacteria strains and their sensitivity to antibiotic drugs were examined in 329 patients with extraoral split abscess who were treated on an in-patient basis. Combination therapy using various antibiotics together with gentamycin was recommended. An antibiogram however should be completed if antibiotic therapy is to be purposeful.", "contents": "[Bacteriology of odontogenic abscesses]. The primary bacteria strains and their sensitivity to antibiotic drugs were examined in 329 patients with extraoral split abscess who were treated on an in-patient basis. Combination therapy using various antibiotics together with gentamycin was recommended. An antibiogram however should be completed if antibiotic therapy is to be purposeful."}
{"id": "PMID:367755", "title": "[Indications for surgical treatment of mandibular osteomyelitis].", "content": "A plan of treatment was worked out based on the current classification of osteomyelitis of the mandible. On the basis of clinical follow-up examinations between 1973 and 1977 and the use of improved diagnostic tools, it was shown that active surgical procedures have become more and more accepted in our hospital.", "contents": "[Indications for surgical treatment of mandibular osteomyelitis]. A plan of treatment was worked out based on the current classification of osteomyelitis of the mandible. On the basis of clinical follow-up examinations between 1973 and 1977 and the use of improved diagnostic tools, it was shown that active surgical procedures have become more and more accepted in our hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:367756", "title": "[Surgical technic in the treatment of mandibular osteomyelitis].", "content": "Our experience with operative treatment of 70 patients with osteomyelitis of the mandible showed that the incision and drainage of soft-tissue abcesses combined with antibiotic therapy led to healing in 22 patients. More extensive measures, such as sequestectomy, decortication, resection of whole areas of the mandible, and transplantation of autologous cancellous bone, however were necessary with 48 of the patients. A detailed description of the various operative techniques was presented; the respective indications were mentioned.", "contents": "[Surgical technic in the treatment of mandibular osteomyelitis]. Our experience with operative treatment of 70 patients with osteomyelitis of the mandible showed that the incision and drainage of soft-tissue abcesses combined with antibiotic therapy led to healing in 22 patients. More extensive measures, such as sequestectomy, decortication, resection of whole areas of the mandible, and transplantation of autologous cancellous bone, however were necessary with 48 of the patients. A detailed description of the various operative techniques was presented; the respective indications were mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:367758", "title": "[Delayed infections after foreign body inclusion in the maxillofacial region].", "content": "Nine cases of so-called late infections following foreign body inclusions due to trauma as well as possible developmental mechanisms were discussed. The question arises as to whether a nonirritating incorporated foreign body should be surgically removed as early as possible to eliminate the possibility of late infection.", "contents": "[Delayed infections after foreign body inclusion in the maxillofacial region]. Nine cases of so-called late infections following foreign body inclusions due to trauma as well as possible developmental mechanisms were discussed. The question arises as to whether a nonirritating incorporated foreign body should be surgically removed as early as possible to eliminate the possibility of late infection."}
{"id": "PMID:367760", "title": "Excretion of valproic acid into semen of rabbits and man.", "content": "Dipropylacetic acid (VPA, valproic acid) has been quantified in plasma and semen from rabbits and man using a new gas-liquid chromatographic assay. The drug assay is rapid, sensitive and free from interference by VPA metabolites. The beta phase half-life of VPA in rabbits after an i.v. dose (50 mg/kg) was 56 +/- 6 min. The concentration of VPA in rabbit plasma was 17 to 30 times the concentration in rabbit semen. In man, 500 mg doses of the free acid, p.o., resulted in VPA concentrations in plasma that were 11 to 17 times the concurrent levels in semen. VPA, in concentrations up to 10(-3) M, did not influence the motility of rabbit spermatozoa in vitro.", "contents": "Excretion of valproic acid into semen of rabbits and man. Dipropylacetic acid (VPA, valproic acid) has been quantified in plasma and semen from rabbits and man using a new gas-liquid chromatographic assay. The drug assay is rapid, sensitive and free from interference by VPA metabolites. The beta phase half-life of VPA in rabbits after an i.v. dose (50 mg/kg) was 56 +/- 6 min. The concentration of VPA in rabbit plasma was 17 to 30 times the concentration in rabbit semen. In man, 500 mg doses of the free acid, p.o., resulted in VPA concentrations in plasma that were 11 to 17 times the concurrent levels in semen. VPA, in concentrations up to 10(-3) M, did not influence the motility of rabbit spermatozoa in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:367761", "title": "A controlled study of the effect of sodium valproate on photosensitive epilepsy and its prognosis.", "content": "The effect of sodium valproate on photosensitive epilepsy was studied. The range of flash rates of intermittent photic stimulation to which patients were sensitive (photosensitive range) was tested prior to treatment, and the reliability of this measure established by repeated tests on 70 patients. The photosensitive range was measured on 50 patients prior to and during treatment with sodium valproate. In 27 patients photosensitivity was abolished and in a further 12 patients photosensitivity was significantly reduced. A group of 167 patients followed without treatment did not show significant improvement over a 7 year period. Sixteen patients had drug treatment withdrawn, and in 7 months their photosensitive range had returned to its predrug level.", "contents": "A controlled study of the effect of sodium valproate on photosensitive epilepsy and its prognosis. The effect of sodium valproate on photosensitive epilepsy was studied. The range of flash rates of intermittent photic stimulation to which patients were sensitive (photosensitive range) was tested prior to treatment, and the reliability of this measure established by repeated tests on 70 patients. The photosensitive range was measured on 50 patients prior to and during treatment with sodium valproate. In 27 patients photosensitivity was abolished and in a further 12 patients photosensitivity was significantly reduced. A group of 167 patients followed without treatment did not show significant improvement over a 7 year period. Sixteen patients had drug treatment withdrawn, and in 7 months their photosensitive range had returned to its predrug level."}
{"id": "PMID:367762", "title": "Energy-related pollutants in the environment: use of short-term tests for mutagenicity in the isolation and identification of biohazards.", "content": "In an effort to gather information on the potential genetic hazards of existing or proposed energy-generating or -conversion systems, we have begun a correlated analytical and genetic analysis of a number of technologies. The work is divided into two phases: one deals with known compounds expected to occur in the environment through energy production, conversion, or use; the other deals with actual samples from existing or experimental processes. To approach the problems of coping with and testing large numbers of compounds, we set up a form of the \"tier system.\" Operating units utilizing Salmonella, Escherichia coli, yeast, human leukocytes, mammalian cells, and Drosophila have been initiated. Various liquid-liquid extraction methods and column chromatographic separations have been applied to crude products and effluents from oil-shale, coal-liquefaction, and coal-gasification processes. Mutagenicity of the various fractions is assayed by means of reversion of histidine-requiring auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium; comparative studies are carried out with the other genetic systems. In order to incorporate metabolic activation of these fractions and compounds, rat liver homogenates (S-9) are used in the various assays. Results implicate chemicals occurring in the basic (ether-soluble) and the neutral fractions as potential genetic hazards. Chemical constituents of these fractions (identified or predicted) were tested individually for their mutagenic activity.", "contents": "Energy-related pollutants in the environment: use of short-term tests for mutagenicity in the isolation and identification of biohazards. In an effort to gather information on the potential genetic hazards of existing or proposed energy-generating or -conversion systems, we have begun a correlated analytical and genetic analysis of a number of technologies. The work is divided into two phases: one deals with known compounds expected to occur in the environment through energy production, conversion, or use; the other deals with actual samples from existing or experimental processes. To approach the problems of coping with and testing large numbers of compounds, we set up a form of the \"tier system.\" Operating units utilizing Salmonella, Escherichia coli, yeast, human leukocytes, mammalian cells, and Drosophila have been initiated. Various liquid-liquid extraction methods and column chromatographic separations have been applied to crude products and effluents from oil-shale, coal-liquefaction, and coal-gasification processes. Mutagenicity of the various fractions is assayed by means of reversion of histidine-requiring auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium; comparative studies are carried out with the other genetic systems. In order to incorporate metabolic activation of these fractions and compounds, rat liver homogenates (S-9) are used in the various assays. Results implicate chemicals occurring in the basic (ether-soluble) and the neutral fractions as potential genetic hazards. Chemical constituents of these fractions (identified or predicted) were tested individually for their mutagenic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:367763", "title": "Comparative aspects of pesticide metabolism in plants and animals.", "content": "Pesticide chemicals are an important component of modern agriculture. Through their use, plants and animals are exposed to pesticides directly and indirectly from transport through soil, water, and other environmental components. Pesticide chemicals which are absorbed by plants and animals undergo extensive biotransformation. Lipophilic compounds are converted to polar metabolites through a variety of microsomal and extramicrosomal reactions in plants and animals. Generally, biotransformations are qualitatively similar in both systems. However, there are important quantitative rate differences in metabolism which often determine the balance between activation and deactivation of a pesticide. Furthermore, there are qualitative differences in conjugative mechanisms in plants and animals. Animals through an efficient excretory system eliminate transformation products via the urine and feces. Since efficient excretory systems are absent in plants, terminal degradation products are stored as conjugates and/or derivatives which may be incorporated into the plants themselves. Metabolic transformations of selected pesticides illustrating various types of reactions in plants and animals are discussed.", "contents": "Comparative aspects of pesticide metabolism in plants and animals. Pesticide chemicals are an important component of modern agriculture. Through their use, plants and animals are exposed to pesticides directly and indirectly from transport through soil, water, and other environmental components. Pesticide chemicals which are absorbed by plants and animals undergo extensive biotransformation. Lipophilic compounds are converted to polar metabolites through a variety of microsomal and extramicrosomal reactions in plants and animals. Generally, biotransformations are qualitatively similar in both systems. However, there are important quantitative rate differences in metabolism which often determine the balance between activation and deactivation of a pesticide. Furthermore, there are qualitative differences in conjugative mechanisms in plants and animals. Animals through an efficient excretory system eliminate transformation products via the urine and feces. Since efficient excretory systems are absent in plants, terminal degradation products are stored as conjugates and/or derivatives which may be incorporated into the plants themselves. Metabolic transformations of selected pesticides illustrating various types of reactions in plants and animals are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367764", "title": "Overview of potential mutagenic problems posed by some pesticides and their trace impurities.", "content": "This review principally addresses a number of aspects of usage of pesticides as well as populations at potential risk and attempts to highlight categories of pesticides whose structures or those of their metabolites and/or trace impurities, degradation and transformation products suggest an a priori mutagenic and/or carcinogenic risk. The pesticides considered include: DDT, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 2,4,5-T, pentachlorophenol, and various herbicidal precursors (e.g., carbamates, triazines) of nitrosamines and nitroso derivatives. Structural features of a number of halo-unsaturated pesticides (e.g., dichloropropenes) were also reviewed from a viewpoint of contrasting their potential mutagenicity with that of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride. Additionally the mutagenicity of the organophosphorus pesticide Trichlorophon is contrasted with that of its degradation products.", "contents": "Overview of potential mutagenic problems posed by some pesticides and their trace impurities. This review principally addresses a number of aspects of usage of pesticides as well as populations at potential risk and attempts to highlight categories of pesticides whose structures or those of their metabolites and/or trace impurities, degradation and transformation products suggest an a priori mutagenic and/or carcinogenic risk. The pesticides considered include: DDT, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 2,4,5-T, pentachlorophenol, and various herbicidal precursors (e.g., carbamates, triazines) of nitrosamines and nitroso derivatives. Structural features of a number of halo-unsaturated pesticides (e.g., dichloropropenes) were also reviewed from a viewpoint of contrasting their potential mutagenicity with that of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride. Additionally the mutagenicity of the organophosphorus pesticide Trichlorophon is contrasted with that of its degradation products."}
{"id": "PMID:367765", "title": "Sorption of pollutants by plant detritus: a review.", "content": "Detritus particles derived from the decomposition of vascular plants appear to have a high sorptive capability for a wide range of pollutants. Evidence is presented and reviewed which shows detrital concentration of heavy metals, radionuclides, and organochlorine insecticides. A study of a roadside marsh indicates that lead originating from automobile exhausts may reach concentrations as high as 1415 ppm on marshgrass detritus. We suggest that these elevated concentrations may, in turn, be passed on to detritivores which ingest the contaminated particles and experience desorption and assimilation of the pollutant within the digestive tract. Finally, potential mechanisms are listed which might explain detrital sorption; these include; microbial uptake (adsorption and metabolic absorption), association with detrital and microbial lipids, electrostatic adsorption in response to charges on the detritus particles, and formation of complexes and chelates at active sites on the organic molecules of the decomposing detritus.", "contents": "Sorption of pollutants by plant detritus: a review. Detritus particles derived from the decomposition of vascular plants appear to have a high sorptive capability for a wide range of pollutants. Evidence is presented and reviewed which shows detrital concentration of heavy metals, radionuclides, and organochlorine insecticides. A study of a roadside marsh indicates that lead originating from automobile exhausts may reach concentrations as high as 1415 ppm on marshgrass detritus. We suggest that these elevated concentrations may, in turn, be passed on to detritivores which ingest the contaminated particles and experience desorption and assimilation of the pollutant within the digestive tract. Finally, potential mechanisms are listed which might explain detrital sorption; these include; microbial uptake (adsorption and metabolic absorption), association with detrital and microbial lipids, electrostatic adsorption in response to charges on the detritus particles, and formation of complexes and chelates at active sites on the organic molecules of the decomposing detritus."}
{"id": "PMID:367766", "title": "Soil and plant factors influencing the accumulation of heavy metals by plants.", "content": "The use of plants to monitor heavy metal pollution in the terrestrial environment must be based on a cognizance of the complicated, integrated effects of pollutant source and soil-plant variables. To be detectable in plants, pollutant sources must significantly increase the plant available metal concentration in soil. The major factor governing metal availability to plants in soils is the solubility of the metal associated with the solid phase, since in order for root uptake to occur, a soluble species must exist adjacent to the root membrane for some finite period. The rate of release and form of this soluble species will have a strong influence on the rate and extent of uptake and, perhaps, mobility and toxicity in the plant and consuming animals. The factors influencing solubility and form of available metal species in soil vary widely geographically and include the concentration and chemical form of the element entering soil, soil properties (endogenous metal concentration, mineralogy, particle size distribution), and soil processes (e.g., mineral weathering, microbial activity), as these influence the kinetics of sorption reactions, metal concentration in solution and the form of soluble and insoluble chemical species. The plant root represents the first barrier to the selective accumulation of ions present in soil solution. Uptake and kinetic data for nutrient ions and chemically related nonnutrient analogs suggest that metabolic processes associated with root absorption of nutrients regulate both the affinity and rate of absorption of specific nonnutrient ions. Detailed kinetic studies of Ni, Cd, and Tl uptake by intact plants demonstrate multiphasic root absorption processes over a broad concentration range, and the use of transport mechanisms in place for the nutrient ions Cu, Zn, and K. Advantages and limitations of higher plants as indicators of increased levels of metal pollution are discussed in terms of these soil and plant phenomena.", "contents": "Soil and plant factors influencing the accumulation of heavy metals by plants. The use of plants to monitor heavy metal pollution in the terrestrial environment must be based on a cognizance of the complicated, integrated effects of pollutant source and soil-plant variables. To be detectable in plants, pollutant sources must significantly increase the plant available metal concentration in soil. The major factor governing metal availability to plants in soils is the solubility of the metal associated with the solid phase, since in order for root uptake to occur, a soluble species must exist adjacent to the root membrane for some finite period. The rate of release and form of this soluble species will have a strong influence on the rate and extent of uptake and, perhaps, mobility and toxicity in the plant and consuming animals. The factors influencing solubility and form of available metal species in soil vary widely geographically and include the concentration and chemical form of the element entering soil, soil properties (endogenous metal concentration, mineralogy, particle size distribution), and soil processes (e.g., mineral weathering, microbial activity), as these influence the kinetics of sorption reactions, metal concentration in solution and the form of soluble and insoluble chemical species. The plant root represents the first barrier to the selective accumulation of ions present in soil solution. Uptake and kinetic data for nutrient ions and chemically related nonnutrient analogs suggest that metabolic processes associated with root absorption of nutrients regulate both the affinity and rate of absorption of specific nonnutrient ions. Detailed kinetic studies of Ni, Cd, and Tl uptake by intact plants demonstrate multiphasic root absorption processes over a broad concentration range, and the use of transport mechanisms in place for the nutrient ions Cu, Zn, and K. Advantages and limitations of higher plants as indicators of increased levels of metal pollution are discussed in terms of these soil and plant phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:367767", "title": "Accumulation of radionuclides by plants as a monitor system.", "content": "The accumulation of radionuclides by plants acting as a monitoring system in the environment may occur by two modes; foliar absorption by the leaves and shoot of the plant, or by root uptake from the soil. Data on plant accumulation of radionuclides may be obtained from studies of fission product radionuclides deposited as worldwide fallout, and from tracer studies of plant physiology. The epidermal features of plant foliage may exert an effect upon particle retention by leaves, and subsequent uptake of radionuclides from the surface. The transport of radionuclides across the cuticle and epidermis of plant leaves is determined in part by the anatomy of the leaf, and by physiological factors. The foliar uptake of fallout radionuclides, 99Sr, 131I, and 137Cs, is described with examples from the scientific literature. The environmental half-life of 131I, for example, is considerably shorter than its physical half-life because of physical and biological factors which may produce a half-life as short as 0.23/day. 99Sr and 137Cs are readily taken up by the leaf, but 137Cs undergoes more translocation into fruit and seeds than 99Sr which tends to remain in the plant part in which it was initially absorbed. Soil-root uptake is conditioned primarily by soil chemical and physical factors which may selectively retain a radionuclide, such as 137Cs. The presence of organic matter, inorganic colloids (clay), and competing elements will strongly affect the uptake of 99Sr and 137Cs by plants from the soil. The role of plants as monitors of radionuclides is twofold: as monitors of recent atmospheric releases of radionuclides; and as indicators of the long-term behavior of aged deposits of radionuclides in the soil.", "contents": "Accumulation of radionuclides by plants as a monitor system. The accumulation of radionuclides by plants acting as a monitoring system in the environment may occur by two modes; foliar absorption by the leaves and shoot of the plant, or by root uptake from the soil. Data on plant accumulation of radionuclides may be obtained from studies of fission product radionuclides deposited as worldwide fallout, and from tracer studies of plant physiology. The epidermal features of plant foliage may exert an effect upon particle retention by leaves, and subsequent uptake of radionuclides from the surface. The transport of radionuclides across the cuticle and epidermis of plant leaves is determined in part by the anatomy of the leaf, and by physiological factors. The foliar uptake of fallout radionuclides, 99Sr, 131I, and 137Cs, is described with examples from the scientific literature. The environmental half-life of 131I, for example, is considerably shorter than its physical half-life because of physical and biological factors which may produce a half-life as short as 0.23/day. 99Sr and 137Cs are readily taken up by the leaf, but 137Cs undergoes more translocation into fruit and seeds than 99Sr which tends to remain in the plant part in which it was initially absorbed. Soil-root uptake is conditioned primarily by soil chemical and physical factors which may selectively retain a radionuclide, such as 137Cs. The presence of organic matter, inorganic colloids (clay), and competing elements will strongly affect the uptake of 99Sr and 137Cs by plants from the soil. The role of plants as monitors of radionuclides is twofold: as monitors of recent atmospheric releases of radionuclides; and as indicators of the long-term behavior of aged deposits of radionuclides in the soil."}
{"id": "PMID:367769", "title": "Effects from past solid waste disposal practices.", "content": "This paper reviews documented environmental effects experience from the disposal of solid waste materials in the U.S. Selected case histories are discussed that illustrate waste migration and its actual or potential effects on human or environmental health. Principal conclusions resulting from this review were: solid waste materials do migrate beyond the geometric confines of the initial placement location; environmental effects have been experienced from disposal of municipal, agricultural, and toxic chemical wastes; and utilization of presently known science and engineering principles in sitting and operating solid waste disposal facilities would make a significant improvement in the containment capability of shallow land disposal facilities.", "contents": "Effects from past solid waste disposal practices. This paper reviews documented environmental effects experience from the disposal of solid waste materials in the U.S. Selected case histories are discussed that illustrate waste migration and its actual or potential effects on human or environmental health. Principal conclusions resulting from this review were: solid waste materials do migrate beyond the geometric confines of the initial placement location; environmental effects have been experienced from disposal of municipal, agricultural, and toxic chemical wastes; and utilization of presently known science and engineering principles in sitting and operating solid waste disposal facilities would make a significant improvement in the containment capability of shallow land disposal facilities."}
{"id": "PMID:367768", "title": "Potential of plant genetic systems for monitoring and screening mutagens.", "content": "Plants have too long been ignored as useful screening and monitoring systems of environmental mutagens. However, there are about a dozen reliable, some even unique, plant genetic systems that can increase the scope and effectiveness of chemical and physical mutagen screening and monitoring procedures. Some of these should be included in the Tier II tests. Moreover, plants are the only systems now in use as monitors of genetic effects caused by polluted atmosphere and water and by pesticides. There are several major advantages of the plant test systems which relate to their reproductive nature, easy culture and growth habits that should be considered in mutagen screening and monitoring. In addition to these advantages, the major plant test systems exhibit numerous genetic and chromosome changes for determining the effects of mutagens. Some of these have not yet been detected in other nonmammalian and mammalian test systems, but probably occur in the human organism. Plants have played major roles in various aspects of mutagenesis research, primarily in mutagen screening (detection and verification of mutagenic activity), mutagen monitoring, and determining mutagen effects and mechanisms of mutagen action. They have played lesser roles in quantification of mutagenic activity and understanding the nature of induced mutations.Mutagen monitoring with plants, especially in situ on land or in water, will help determine potential genetic hazards of air and water pollutants and protect the genetic purity of crop plants and the purity of the food supply. The Tradescantia stamen-hair system is used in a mobile laboratory for determining the genetic effects of industrial and automobile pollution in a number of sites in the U.S.A. The fern is employed for monitoring genetic effects of water pollution in the Eastern states. The maize pollen system and certain weeds have monitored genetic effects of pesticides. Several other systems that have considerable value and should be developed and more widely used in mutagen monitoring and screening, especially for in situ monitoring, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on pollen systems in which changes in pollen structure, chemistry, and chromosomes can be scored for monitoring; and screening systems which can record low levels of genetic effects as well as provide information on the nature of induced mutations. THE VALUE OF PLANT SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING AND SCREENING MUTAGENS CAN BE IMPROVED BY: greater knowledge of plant cell processes at the molecular and ultrastructural levels; relating these processes to mutagen effects and plant cell responses; improving current systems for increased sensitivity, ease of detecting genetic and chromosome changes, recording of data (including automation), and for extending the range of genetic and chromosome end points; and designing and developing new systems with the aid of previous and current botanical and genetic knowledge.", "contents": "Potential of plant genetic systems for monitoring and screening mutagens. Plants have too long been ignored as useful screening and monitoring systems of environmental mutagens. However, there are about a dozen reliable, some even unique, plant genetic systems that can increase the scope and effectiveness of chemical and physical mutagen screening and monitoring procedures. Some of these should be included in the Tier II tests. Moreover, plants are the only systems now in use as monitors of genetic effects caused by polluted atmosphere and water and by pesticides. There are several major advantages of the plant test systems which relate to their reproductive nature, easy culture and growth habits that should be considered in mutagen screening and monitoring. In addition to these advantages, the major plant test systems exhibit numerous genetic and chromosome changes for determining the effects of mutagens. Some of these have not yet been detected in other nonmammalian and mammalian test systems, but probably occur in the human organism. Plants have played major roles in various aspects of mutagenesis research, primarily in mutagen screening (detection and verification of mutagenic activity), mutagen monitoring, and determining mutagen effects and mechanisms of mutagen action. They have played lesser roles in quantification of mutagenic activity and understanding the nature of induced mutations.Mutagen monitoring with plants, especially in situ on land or in water, will help determine potential genetic hazards of air and water pollutants and protect the genetic purity of crop plants and the purity of the food supply. The Tradescantia stamen-hair system is used in a mobile laboratory for determining the genetic effects of industrial and automobile pollution in a number of sites in the U.S.A. The fern is employed for monitoring genetic effects of water pollution in the Eastern states. The maize pollen system and certain weeds have monitored genetic effects of pesticides. Several other systems that have considerable value and should be developed and more widely used in mutagen monitoring and screening, especially for in situ monitoring, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on pollen systems in which changes in pollen structure, chemistry, and chromosomes can be scored for monitoring; and screening systems which can record low levels of genetic effects as well as provide information on the nature of induced mutations. THE VALUE OF PLANT SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING AND SCREENING MUTAGENS CAN BE IMPROVED BY: greater knowledge of plant cell processes at the molecular and ultrastructural levels; relating these processes to mutagen effects and plant cell responses; improving current systems for increased sensitivity, ease of detecting genetic and chromosome changes, recording of data (including automation), and for extending the range of genetic and chromosome end points; and designing and developing new systems with the aid of previous and current botanical and genetic knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:367770", "title": "Hazardous solid waste from agriculture.", "content": "Large quantities of food processing, crop, forestry, and animal solid wastes are generated in the United States each year. The major components of these wastes are biodegradable. However, they also contain components such as nitrogen, human and animal pathogens, medicinals, feed additives, salts, and certain metals, that under uncontrolled conditions can be detrimental to aquatic, plant, animal, or human life. The most common method of disposal of these wastes is application to the land. Thus the major pathways for transmission of hazards are from and through the soil. Use of these wastes as animal feed also can be a pathway. While at this time there are no crises associated with hazardous materials in agricultural solid wastes, the potential for problems should not be underestimated. Manpower and financial support should be provided to obtain more detailed information in this area, esepcially to better delineate transport and dispersal and to determine and evaluate risks.", "contents": "Hazardous solid waste from agriculture. Large quantities of food processing, crop, forestry, and animal solid wastes are generated in the United States each year. The major components of these wastes are biodegradable. However, they also contain components such as nitrogen, human and animal pathogens, medicinals, feed additives, salts, and certain metals, that under uncontrolled conditions can be detrimental to aquatic, plant, animal, or human life. The most common method of disposal of these wastes is application to the land. Thus the major pathways for transmission of hazards are from and through the soil. Use of these wastes as animal feed also can be a pathway. While at this time there are no crises associated with hazardous materials in agricultural solid wastes, the potential for problems should not be underestimated. Manpower and financial support should be provided to obtain more detailed information in this area, esepcially to better delineate transport and dispersal and to determine and evaluate risks."}
{"id": "PMID:367771", "title": "Somatic mosaicism in plants with special reference to somatic crossing over.", "content": "Plant systems in use for the detection of environmental mutagens appear capable of detecting all types of genetic effects which can be studied in animals. The study of somatic mosaicism, however, is better developed in plants than in higher animals. A case is presented here which shows the ability of plant systems in analyzing a host of genetic end points, including chromosome aberrations like deletions, somatic crossing over, numerical inequality, gene conversion, paramutations and point mutations. The systems in general use utilize certain varieties of Tradescantia, Glycine max, Nicotiana tabacum, Antirrhinum majus, Petunia hybrida, and Arabidopsis thaliana. Heterozygous plants or their homozygous counterparts with gene markers affecting chlorophyll development or anthocyanin in floral parts are exploited in these studies. Mutagens produce different frequencies of different types of spots typical of the mode of action of the agent. Analysis of these parameters may be used to predict, at least qualitatively, the kind of genetic damage that might be produced in man. Besides, one can test the validity of interpretation by traditional progeny tests of plants raised from tissue culture from sectors as in Nicotiana and/or by precursor analysis as done in Antirrhinum. The study of mosaicism in plants offers quite inexpensive, rapid, and reliable tests of mutagenicity at least as a preliminary eukaryotic test system.", "contents": "Somatic mosaicism in plants with special reference to somatic crossing over. Plant systems in use for the detection of environmental mutagens appear capable of detecting all types of genetic effects which can be studied in animals. The study of somatic mosaicism, however, is better developed in plants than in higher animals. A case is presented here which shows the ability of plant systems in analyzing a host of genetic end points, including chromosome aberrations like deletions, somatic crossing over, numerical inequality, gene conversion, paramutations and point mutations. The systems in general use utilize certain varieties of Tradescantia, Glycine max, Nicotiana tabacum, Antirrhinum majus, Petunia hybrida, and Arabidopsis thaliana. Heterozygous plants or their homozygous counterparts with gene markers affecting chlorophyll development or anthocyanin in floral parts are exploited in these studies. Mutagens produce different frequencies of different types of spots typical of the mode of action of the agent. Analysis of these parameters may be used to predict, at least qualitatively, the kind of genetic damage that might be produced in man. Besides, one can test the validity of interpretation by traditional progeny tests of plants raised from tissue culture from sectors as in Nicotiana and/or by precursor analysis as done in Antirrhinum. The study of mosaicism in plants offers quite inexpensive, rapid, and reliable tests of mutagenicity at least as a preliminary eukaryotic test system."}
{"id": "PMID:367772", "title": "Transport and transportation pathways of hazardous chemicals from solid waste disposal.", "content": "To evaluate the impact of hazardous chemicals in solid wastes on man and other organisms, it is necessary to have information about amounts of chemical present, extent of exposure, and chemical toxicity. This paper addresses the question of organism exposure by considering the major physical and biological transport pathways and the physicochemical and biochemical transformations that may occur in sediments, soils, and water. Disposal of solid wastes in both terrestrial and oceanic environments is considered. Atmospheric transport is considered for emissions from incineration of solid wastes and for wind resuspension of particulates from surface waste deposits. Solid wastes deposited in terrestrial environments are subject to leaching by surface and ground waters. Leachates may then be transported to other surface waters and drinking water aquifers through hydrologic transport. Leachates also interact with natural organic matter, clays, and microorganisms in soils and sediments. These interactions may render chemical constituents in leachates more or less mobile, possibly change chemical and physical forms, and alter their biological activity. Oceanic waste disposal practices result in migration through diffusion and ocean currents. Surface area-to-volume ratios play a major role in the initial distributions of chemicals in the aquatic environment. Sediments serve as major sources and sinks of chemical contaminants. Food chain transport in both aquatic and terrestrial environments results in the movement of hazardous chemicals from lower to higher positions in the food web. Bioconcentration is observed in both terrestrial and aquatic food chains with certain elements and synthetic organics. Bioconcentration factors tend to be higher for synthetic organics, and higher in aquatic than in terrestrial systems. Biodilution is not atypical in terrestrial environments. Synergistic and antagonistic actions are common occurrences among chemical contaminants and can be particularly important toxicity considerations in aquatic environments receiving runoff from several terrestrial sources.", "contents": "Transport and transportation pathways of hazardous chemicals from solid waste disposal. To evaluate the impact of hazardous chemicals in solid wastes on man and other organisms, it is necessary to have information about amounts of chemical present, extent of exposure, and chemical toxicity. This paper addresses the question of organism exposure by considering the major physical and biological transport pathways and the physicochemical and biochemical transformations that may occur in sediments, soils, and water. Disposal of solid wastes in both terrestrial and oceanic environments is considered. Atmospheric transport is considered for emissions from incineration of solid wastes and for wind resuspension of particulates from surface waste deposits. Solid wastes deposited in terrestrial environments are subject to leaching by surface and ground waters. Leachates may then be transported to other surface waters and drinking water aquifers through hydrologic transport. Leachates also interact with natural organic matter, clays, and microorganisms in soils and sediments. These interactions may render chemical constituents in leachates more or less mobile, possibly change chemical and physical forms, and alter their biological activity. Oceanic waste disposal practices result in migration through diffusion and ocean currents. Surface area-to-volume ratios play a major role in the initial distributions of chemicals in the aquatic environment. Sediments serve as major sources and sinks of chemical contaminants. Food chain transport in both aquatic and terrestrial environments results in the movement of hazardous chemicals from lower to higher positions in the food web. Bioconcentration is observed in both terrestrial and aquatic food chains with certain elements and synthetic organics. Bioconcentration factors tend to be higher for synthetic organics, and higher in aquatic than in terrestrial systems. Biodilution is not atypical in terrestrial environments. Synergistic and antagonistic actions are common occurrences among chemical contaminants and can be particularly important toxicity considerations in aquatic environments receiving runoff from several terrestrial sources."}
{"id": "PMID:367773", "title": "Chromosome aberrations in plants as a monitoring system.", "content": "The potential of higher plants as a first-tier assay system for detecting chemical mutagens is evaluated. The use of plant tissue (primarily root tips and pollen mother cells) for studying the induction of chromosomal aberrations is one of the oldest, simplest, most reliable, and inexpensive methods available. Specific types of abnormalities have been induced by different classes of pesticides. Chromosome clumping, contraction, stickiness, paling, fragmentation, dissolution, chromosome and chromatid bridges, C-mitosis, and endoploidy have been reported in the literature. Examples of cytogenetic studies with pesticides demonstrating the usefulness of higher plants as a monitoring system are reviewed. Pesticides which cause chromosome aberrations in plant cells also produce chromosome aberrations in cultured animal cells. Frequently, the aberrations are identical. For example, studies have shown that compounds which have a C-mitotic effect on plant cells have the same effect on animal cells. It is recommended that plant systems be accepted as a first-tier assay system for the detection of possible genetic damage by environmental chemicals.", "contents": "Chromosome aberrations in plants as a monitoring system. The potential of higher plants as a first-tier assay system for detecting chemical mutagens is evaluated. The use of plant tissue (primarily root tips and pollen mother cells) for studying the induction of chromosomal aberrations is one of the oldest, simplest, most reliable, and inexpensive methods available. Specific types of abnormalities have been induced by different classes of pesticides. Chromosome clumping, contraction, stickiness, paling, fragmentation, dissolution, chromosome and chromatid bridges, C-mitosis, and endoploidy have been reported in the literature. Examples of cytogenetic studies with pesticides demonstrating the usefulness of higher plants as a monitoring system are reviewed. Pesticides which cause chromosome aberrations in plant cells also produce chromosome aberrations in cultured animal cells. Frequently, the aberrations are identical. For example, studies have shown that compounds which have a C-mitotic effect on plant cells have the same effect on animal cells. It is recommended that plant systems be accepted as a first-tier assay system for the detection of possible genetic damage by environmental chemicals."}
{"id": "PMID:367774", "title": "Activation of chemicals into mutagens by green plants: a preliminary discussion.", "content": "This paper is a review of recent studies that demonstrate the activation of chemicals (especially pesticides into mutagens by green plants. Such activation of pesticides may be hazardous to the public health because of their widespread use in agriculture and the current lack of information that exists about such processes. The mutagenic properties of the s-triazine herbicides (atrazine, simazine, and cyanazine) as exhibited in various assay systems are discussed. In vivo, in vitro, and in situ plant assays are presented, and the maize wx locus assay is discussed.", "contents": "Activation of chemicals into mutagens by green plants: a preliminary discussion. This paper is a review of recent studies that demonstrate the activation of chemicals (especially pesticides into mutagens by green plants. Such activation of pesticides may be hazardous to the public health because of their widespread use in agriculture and the current lack of information that exists about such processes. The mutagenic properties of the s-triazine herbicides (atrazine, simazine, and cyanazine) as exhibited in various assay systems are discussed. In vivo, in vitro, and in situ plant assays are presented, and the maize wx locus assay is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367775", "title": "Testing the environment for dispersed mutagens: use of plant bioconcentrators coupled with microbial mutagen assays.", "content": "Mutagens dispersed in ecosystems are usually in low concentration and episodic in occurrence. The possibility of detecting such dispersed mutagens by utilizing indigenous bioconcentrator organisms coupled with a microbial mutagen assay offer a useful screening protocol. There are numerous examples of plant and animal species which concentrate toxic substances from the environment. Body extracts of these bioconcentrators can be suitably fractioned and tested for mutagens with various microbial mutagen assays. The fractions may be tested with a broad range of microbial assays covering numerous genetic end points as well as both with and without mammalian microsomal activation. This kind of environmental screening has an advantage over physicochemical techniques, in that sampling techniques are simpler and a wider chemical spectrum can be screened. There are problems inherent with testing a complex biological extract, however. If a reversion assay is used, the metabolite necessary for growth may be present. Toxins may be introduced, either concentrated from the environment in the same way as the mutagen, or produced by the concentrator itself. Finally, the concentrator may also produce an endogenous mutagen which will give spuriously active extracts. Methods for minimizing some of these difficulties are discussed.", "contents": "Testing the environment for dispersed mutagens: use of plant bioconcentrators coupled with microbial mutagen assays. Mutagens dispersed in ecosystems are usually in low concentration and episodic in occurrence. The possibility of detecting such dispersed mutagens by utilizing indigenous bioconcentrator organisms coupled with a microbial mutagen assay offer a useful screening protocol. There are numerous examples of plant and animal species which concentrate toxic substances from the environment. Body extracts of these bioconcentrators can be suitably fractioned and tested for mutagens with various microbial mutagen assays. The fractions may be tested with a broad range of microbial assays covering numerous genetic end points as well as both with and without mammalian microsomal activation. This kind of environmental screening has an advantage over physicochemical techniques, in that sampling techniques are simpler and a wider chemical spectrum can be screened. There are problems inherent with testing a complex biological extract, however. If a reversion assay is used, the metabolite necessary for growth may be present. Toxins may be introduced, either concentrated from the environment in the same way as the mutagen, or produced by the concentrator itself. Finally, the concentrator may also produce an endogenous mutagen which will give spuriously active extracts. Methods for minimizing some of these difficulties are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367776", "title": "Utility of specific locus systems in higher plants to monitor for mutagens.", "content": "Plants possess biological and operational attributes that have encouraged geneticists to use them extensively in the development of fundamental genetic concepts. Attributes such as regenerative plasticity, high fecundity, cultural adaptability, range of ploidy, economics of culture and maintenance of specific populations, and versatility make plant genetic systems prime candidates with which to monitor the environment for mutagens. A specific locus (equivalent to a classical Mendelian gene) controls the development of a phenotypic characteristic. It can also mutate to a new allelic form with a consequentially altered phenotypic characteristic and can be separated by crossing over from adjacent loci that govern other specific phenotypic characteristics. Since various plant species have numerous specific loci, one has a rich array of potential systems from which to select. Specific locus systems in higher plants could be used to assess the mutagenicity of single chemical compounds or combinations of chemical compounds. Depending on the circumstances, seeds and/or seedlings could be used; plants could be grown in situ in either containers or plots to assess the immediate environment for one or more mutagens over an extended period. Since plants are eucaryotes, data from such experiments could serve as one more source of information along with that obtained from a battery of other tests used in the tier system.", "contents": "Utility of specific locus systems in higher plants to monitor for mutagens. Plants possess biological and operational attributes that have encouraged geneticists to use them extensively in the development of fundamental genetic concepts. Attributes such as regenerative plasticity, high fecundity, cultural adaptability, range of ploidy, economics of culture and maintenance of specific populations, and versatility make plant genetic systems prime candidates with which to monitor the environment for mutagens. A specific locus (equivalent to a classical Mendelian gene) controls the development of a phenotypic characteristic. It can also mutate to a new allelic form with a consequentially altered phenotypic characteristic and can be separated by crossing over from adjacent loci that govern other specific phenotypic characteristics. Since various plant species have numerous specific loci, one has a rich array of potential systems from which to select. Specific locus systems in higher plants could be used to assess the mutagenicity of single chemical compounds or combinations of chemical compounds. Depending on the circumstances, seeds and/or seedlings could be used; plants could be grown in situ in either containers or plots to assess the immediate environment for one or more mutagens over an extended period. Since plants are eucaryotes, data from such experiments could serve as one more source of information along with that obtained from a battery of other tests used in the tier system."}
{"id": "PMID:367777", "title": "Self-incompatibility systems as bioassays for mutagens.", "content": "Many flowering plants are unable to set seeds with their own pollen because a system known as gametophytic self-incompatibility is operating. The basis of this system is a single multiallelic locus S, and if the S allele carried by a pollen grain matches one of the two S alleles carried in the style, as it is certain to do upon self-pollination, then pollen tube growth is inhibited. Should one of the self-pollen grains carry a mutated S allele, however, it would not match either of those carried in the style and would therefore, not be inhibited. Gametophytic self-incompatibility thus provides a mechanism for discriminating between such mutant and nonmutant pollen grains. Knowing the numbers of pollen grains available to the stigma, and also the numbers of seeds produced, it becomes possible to estimate the frequency with which mutations occur at the S locus. Assay systems of mutagenesis which employ gametophytic self incompatibility will allow very large numbers of pollen grains to be screened for S allele mutants, which should indicate the mutagenicity of the environment. These systems have the added benefit that screening is done by the stylar tissues, rather than technicians. Finally, they may be used to construct largely autonomous assay systems which would provide continuous monitoring of the environment.", "contents": "Self-incompatibility systems as bioassays for mutagens. Many flowering plants are unable to set seeds with their own pollen because a system known as gametophytic self-incompatibility is operating. The basis of this system is a single multiallelic locus S, and if the S allele carried by a pollen grain matches one of the two S alleles carried in the style, as it is certain to do upon self-pollination, then pollen tube growth is inhibited. Should one of the self-pollen grains carry a mutated S allele, however, it would not match either of those carried in the style and would therefore, not be inhibited. Gametophytic self-incompatibility thus provides a mechanism for discriminating between such mutant and nonmutant pollen grains. Knowing the numbers of pollen grains available to the stigma, and also the numbers of seeds produced, it becomes possible to estimate the frequency with which mutations occur at the S locus. Assay systems of mutagenesis which employ gametophytic self incompatibility will allow very large numbers of pollen grains to be screened for S allele mutants, which should indicate the mutagenicity of the environment. These systems have the added benefit that screening is done by the stylar tissues, rather than technicians. Finally, they may be used to construct largely autonomous assay systems which would provide continuous monitoring of the environment."}
{"id": "PMID:367778", "title": "Maize Adh1 as a monitor of environmental mutagens.", "content": "The maize Adh1 gene is introduced, with citations. The use of this gene as a mutagen monitor is discussed, with emphasis on differentiating quantitative and qualitative parameters. A proper assessment of hazard from environmental pollutants requires data on possible mutagen specificities for different kinds of DNA.", "contents": "Maize Adh1 as a monitor of environmental mutagens. The maize Adh1 gene is introduced, with citations. The use of this gene as a mutagen monitor is discussed, with emphasis on differentiating quantitative and qualitative parameters. A proper assessment of hazard from environmental pollutants requires data on possible mutagen specificities for different kinds of DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:367780", "title": "Processing in vitro of precursor periplasmic proteins from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Precursors of two secreted periplasmic proteins in Escherichia coli, arabinose-binding protein and maltose-binding protein, were synthesized in vitro on membrane-bound polysomes. Addition of Triton X-100 to the system resulted in processing of the precursors to mature forms.", "contents": "Processing in vitro of precursor periplasmic proteins from Escherichia coli. Precursors of two secreted periplasmic proteins in Escherichia coli, arabinose-binding protein and maltose-binding protein, were synthesized in vitro on membrane-bound polysomes. Addition of Triton X-100 to the system resulted in processing of the precursors to mature forms."}
{"id": "PMID:367782", "title": "Mutants (ompA) affecting a major outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Seventy independent mutants have been analyzed affecting a major protein, polypeptide II, of the outer cell envelope membrane from Escherichia coli K12. They were classified as nonsense mutants of the amber type (20%), mutants most likely of the missense type possessing the protein at normal concentrations (9%), and mutants either missing the protein or harboring it at much reduced concentrations for unknown reasons (71%). Forty of the mutants were analyzed genetically and all were found to map at or near ompA, the structural gene for protein II. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analyses of envelopes from such mutants revealed an unusual heterogeneity of the protein which on such patterns appeared as at least 12 well separated spots, and the majority of these is due to artifacts of the method but apparently specific for this protein. In no case was a polypeptide fragment found in envelopes from the nonsense mutants. The results are discussed regarding two different phages which use the protein as a receptor and concerning the biosynthetic incorporation of the protein into the outer membrane.", "contents": "Mutants (ompA) affecting a major outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli K12. Seventy independent mutants have been analyzed affecting a major protein, polypeptide II, of the outer cell envelope membrane from Escherichia coli K12. They were classified as nonsense mutants of the amber type (20%), mutants most likely of the missense type possessing the protein at normal concentrations (9%), and mutants either missing the protein or harboring it at much reduced concentrations for unknown reasons (71%). Forty of the mutants were analyzed genetically and all were found to map at or near ompA, the structural gene for protein II. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analyses of envelopes from such mutants revealed an unusual heterogeneity of the protein which on such patterns appeared as at least 12 well separated spots, and the majority of these is due to artifacts of the method but apparently specific for this protein. In no case was a polypeptide fragment found in envelopes from the nonsense mutants. The results are discussed regarding two different phages which use the protein as a receptor and concerning the biosynthetic incorporation of the protein into the outer membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:367783", "title": "Studies on polypeptide-chain-elongation factors from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. 2. Catalytic properties.", "content": "Catalytic properties of the elongation factors from Thermus thermophilus HB8 have been studied and compared with those of the factors from Escherichia coli. 1. The formation of a ternary guanine-nucleotide . EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex was demonstrated by gel filtration of the T. thermophilus EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex on a Sephadex G-150 column equilibrated with guanine nucleotide. The occurrence of this type of complex has not yet been proved with the factors from E. coli. 2. The dissociation constants for the complexes of T. thermophilus EF-Tu . EF-Ts with GDP and GTP were 6.1 x 10(-7) M and 1.9 x 10(-6) M respectively. On the other hand, T. thermophilus  EF-Tu interacted with GDP and GTP with dissociation constants of 1.1 x 10(-9) M and 5.8 x 10(-8) M respectively. This suggests that the association of EF-Ts with EF-Tu lowered the affinity of EF-Tu for GDP by a factor of about 600 and facilitated the nucleotide exchange reaction. 3. Although the T. thermophilus EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex hardly dissociates into EF-Tu and EF-Ts, a rapid exchange was observed between free EF-Ts and the EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex using 3H-labelled EF-Ts. The exchange reaction was independent on the presence or absence of guanine nucleotides. 4. Based on the above findings, an improved reaction mechanism for the regeneration of EF-Tu . GTP from EF-Tu . GDP is proposed. 5. Studies on the functional interchangeability of EF-Tu and EF-Ts between T. thermophilus and E. coli has revealed that the factors function much more efficiently in the homologous than in the heterologous combination. 6. T. thermophilus EF-Ts could bind E. coli EF-Tu to form an EF-Tu (E. coli) . EF-Ts (T. thermophilus hybrid complex. The complex was found to exist in a dimeric form indicating that the property to form a dimer is attributable to T. thermophilus EF-Ts. On the other hand, no stable complex between E. coli EF-Ts and T. thermophilus EF-Tu has been isolated. 7. The uncoupled GTPase activity of T. thermophilus EF-G was much lower than that of E. coli EF-G. T. thermophilus EF-G formed a relatively stable binary EF-G . GDP complex, which could be isolated on a nitrocellulose membrane filter. The Kd values for EF-G . GDP and EF-G . GTP were 6.7 x 10(-7) M and 1.2 x 10(-5) M respectively. The ternary T. thermophilus EF-G . GDP . ribosome complex was again very stable and could be isolated in the absence of fusidic acid. The stability of the latter complex is probably the cause of the low uncoupled GTPase activity of T. thermophilus EF-G.", "contents": "Studies on polypeptide-chain-elongation factors from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. 2. Catalytic properties. Catalytic properties of the elongation factors from Thermus thermophilus HB8 have been studied and compared with those of the factors from Escherichia coli. 1. The formation of a ternary guanine-nucleotide . EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex was demonstrated by gel filtration of the T. thermophilus EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex on a Sephadex G-150 column equilibrated with guanine nucleotide. The occurrence of this type of complex has not yet been proved with the factors from E. coli. 2. The dissociation constants for the complexes of T. thermophilus EF-Tu . EF-Ts with GDP and GTP were 6.1 x 10(-7) M and 1.9 x 10(-6) M respectively. On the other hand, T. thermophilus  EF-Tu interacted with GDP and GTP with dissociation constants of 1.1 x 10(-9) M and 5.8 x 10(-8) M respectively. This suggests that the association of EF-Ts with EF-Tu lowered the affinity of EF-Tu for GDP by a factor of about 600 and facilitated the nucleotide exchange reaction. 3. Although the T. thermophilus EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex hardly dissociates into EF-Tu and EF-Ts, a rapid exchange was observed between free EF-Ts and the EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex using 3H-labelled EF-Ts. The exchange reaction was independent on the presence or absence of guanine nucleotides. 4. Based on the above findings, an improved reaction mechanism for the regeneration of EF-Tu . GTP from EF-Tu . GDP is proposed. 5. Studies on the functional interchangeability of EF-Tu and EF-Ts between T. thermophilus and E. coli has revealed that the factors function much more efficiently in the homologous than in the heterologous combination. 6. T. thermophilus EF-Ts could bind E. coli EF-Tu to form an EF-Tu (E. coli) . EF-Ts (T. thermophilus hybrid complex. The complex was found to exist in a dimeric form indicating that the property to form a dimer is attributable to T. thermophilus EF-Ts. On the other hand, no stable complex between E. coli EF-Ts and T. thermophilus EF-Tu has been isolated. 7. The uncoupled GTPase activity of T. thermophilus EF-G was much lower than that of E. coli EF-G. T. thermophilus EF-G formed a relatively stable binary EF-G . GDP complex, which could be isolated on a nitrocellulose membrane filter. The Kd values for EF-G . GDP and EF-G . GTP were 6.7 x 10(-7) M and 1.2 x 10(-5) M respectively. The ternary T. thermophilus EF-G . GDP . ribosome complex was again very stable and could be isolated in the absence of fusidic acid. The stability of the latter complex is probably the cause of the low uncoupled GTPase activity of T. thermophilus EF-G."}
{"id": "PMID:367785", "title": "IgG versus albumin for measurement of plasma volume in normal and hypertensive men.", "content": "Labeled IgG was evaluated versus labeled albumin for measurement of plasma volume, to see whether it would give a smaller initial dilution volume (indicating a smaller premixing extravascular loss of label) and a smaller difference between initial dilution volume and dilution volume at time 10 min (indicating a negligible extravascular loss in the first 10 min after mixing). IgG was found to have a lower transcapillary escape rate than albumin (P less than 0.01) in eight normal volunteers and in eight hypertensive subjects, hypertension being associated with an increased transcapillary escape of both proteins. Despite this, the dilution volumes obtained were indistinguishable and the need for a correction through a retropolation procedure was the same with both proteins. Albumin and IgG dilution volumes were highly correlated in 21 subjects (r=0.977) so that use of labeled IgG is a proper alternative to use of labeled albumin for plasma volume determination. However, since IgG brings no consistent advantage, labeled albumin remains the best available tracer for that purpose.", "contents": "IgG versus albumin for measurement of plasma volume in normal and hypertensive men. Labeled IgG was evaluated versus labeled albumin for measurement of plasma volume, to see whether it would give a smaller initial dilution volume (indicating a smaller premixing extravascular loss of label) and a smaller difference between initial dilution volume and dilution volume at time 10 min (indicating a negligible extravascular loss in the first 10 min after mixing). IgG was found to have a lower transcapillary escape rate than albumin (P less than 0.01) in eight normal volunteers and in eight hypertensive subjects, hypertension being associated with an increased transcapillary escape of both proteins. Despite this, the dilution volumes obtained were indistinguishable and the need for a correction through a retropolation procedure was the same with both proteins. Albumin and IgG dilution volumes were highly correlated in 21 subjects (r=0.977) so that use of labeled IgG is a proper alternative to use of labeled albumin for plasma volume determination. However, since IgG brings no consistent advantage, labeled albumin remains the best available tracer for that purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:367786", "title": "Fibrinolysis and trauma.", "content": "Recent progress in animal and human research on the effect of trauma on the fibrinolytic system is reviewed. The normal balance between activating and inhibiting mechanisms is stressed. Some pathophysiological implications of trauma induced alterations in the fibrinolytic system are presented.", "contents": "Fibrinolysis and trauma. Recent progress in animal and human research on the effect of trauma on the fibrinolytic system is reviewed. The normal balance between activating and inhibiting mechanisms is stressed. Some pathophysiological implications of trauma induced alterations in the fibrinolytic system are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:367787", "title": "Survival of auxiliary rat liver grafts with decreased portal blood flow.", "content": "After auxiliary liver transplantation in the rat, partial liver grafts (30% of the liver) were perfused with mesentericosplenic venous blood. This means a decrease in the total liver blood flow by approximately 34%. Recipient livers retained their arterial and pancreaticoduodenal inflow. Surgical interventions were carried out on the recipient's liver to evaluate the effect of the varying induced functional handicap on the fate of the graft in association with a decreased liver blood flow. Graft survival was obtained in all groups, but the conditions of the graft varied inversely with the severity of the functional handicap of the recipient's liver. Compared to previous experiments in which the auxiliary grafts were supplied with total portal blood inflow in the same experimental model, the grafts in this study showed a slightly impaired increase in weight. This impairment was attributed to the decreased blood flow. Recipient livers deteriorated or just maintained their size, even after 70% hepatectomy, despite the pancreaticoduodenal venous and arterial inflow. These results suggest that the total liver blood flow in combination with the functional state of the remaining recipient liver, rather than the quality of venous blood deriving from certain splanchnic areas and/or peculiar factor convoyed with it, determines the survival of a liver graft.", "contents": "Survival of auxiliary rat liver grafts with decreased portal blood flow. After auxiliary liver transplantation in the rat, partial liver grafts (30% of the liver) were perfused with mesentericosplenic venous blood. This means a decrease in the total liver blood flow by approximately 34%. Recipient livers retained their arterial and pancreaticoduodenal inflow. Surgical interventions were carried out on the recipient's liver to evaluate the effect of the varying induced functional handicap on the fate of the graft in association with a decreased liver blood flow. Graft survival was obtained in all groups, but the conditions of the graft varied inversely with the severity of the functional handicap of the recipient's liver. Compared to previous experiments in which the auxiliary grafts were supplied with total portal blood inflow in the same experimental model, the grafts in this study showed a slightly impaired increase in weight. This impairment was attributed to the decreased blood flow. Recipient livers deteriorated or just maintained their size, even after 70% hepatectomy, despite the pancreaticoduodenal venous and arterial inflow. These results suggest that the total liver blood flow in combination with the functional state of the remaining recipient liver, rather than the quality of venous blood deriving from certain splanchnic areas and/or peculiar factor convoyed with it, determines the survival of a liver graft."}
{"id": "PMID:367788", "title": "One-stage urethroplasty with free skin graft.", "content": "The early results of 15 urethral strictures operated by one-stage urethroplasty with free skin graft are excellent. The technique is described.", "contents": "One-stage urethroplasty with free skin graft. The early results of 15 urethral strictures operated by one-stage urethroplasty with free skin graft are excellent. The technique is described."}
{"id": "PMID:367789", "title": "Intrarenal arteriovenous fistula following renal allograft biopsy.", "content": "Arteriovenous fistulae in renal allograft are rarely mentioned in papers dealing with vascular complications after renal transplantations. 2 cases of such central fistulae are reported. In our patients the fistulae remained asymptomatic and were incidentally detected, so that neither surgical nor medical measures had to be taken. Reviewing the rather scarce literature on this subject the etiology, symptomatology, prevention and therapy of these fistulae are discussed.", "contents": "Intrarenal arteriovenous fistula following renal allograft biopsy. Arteriovenous fistulae in renal allograft are rarely mentioned in papers dealing with vascular complications after renal transplantations. 2 cases of such central fistulae are reported. In our patients the fistulae remained asymptomatic and were incidentally detected, so that neither surgical nor medical measures had to be taken. Reviewing the rather scarce literature on this subject the etiology, symptomatology, prevention and therapy of these fistulae are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367790", "title": "Adaptational factors in memory function in the aged.", "content": "Memory function in the aged is described as due to the interaction of a number of variables in addition to physiology, including affective state and environmental conditions. Depression can cause a series of behavioral patterns ranging from exaggeration of memory complaint, to simulation of organic dysfunction, to \"pseudodementia\" in which there is production of an actual organic mental syndrome. Stress and noxious environmental conditions also contribute to cognitive dysfunction. Custodial care is singled out as especially harmful, producing a form of \"excess disability\" termed \"unorientation\" in which apparently impaired memory results from an apathetic, withdrawn reaction to the environment. All these adaptational patterns are subject to prevention, modification, and in some cases, reversal.", "contents": "Adaptational factors in memory function in the aged. Memory function in the aged is described as due to the interaction of a number of variables in addition to physiology, including affective state and environmental conditions. Depression can cause a series of behavioral patterns ranging from exaggeration of memory complaint, to simulation of organic dysfunction, to \"pseudodementia\" in which there is production of an actual organic mental syndrome. Stress and noxious environmental conditions also contribute to cognitive dysfunction. Custodial care is singled out as especially harmful, producing a form of \"excess disability\" termed \"unorientation\" in which apparently impaired memory results from an apathetic, withdrawn reaction to the environment. All these adaptational patterns are subject to prevention, modification, and in some cases, reversal."}
{"id": "PMID:367791", "title": "National Institute on Aging Mycoplasma Testing Service.", "content": "The National Institute on Aging (NIA) has established a Mycoplasma Contamination Testing Service for NIA grantees studying cellular aging on cell-culture systems. The contractor is the Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey.", "contents": "National Institute on Aging Mycoplasma Testing Service. The National Institute on Aging (NIA) has established a Mycoplasma Contamination Testing Service for NIA grantees studying cellular aging on cell-culture systems. The contractor is the Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey."}
{"id": "PMID:367794", "title": "Beta-adrenergic blockade in stress protection. Limited effect of metoprolol in psychological stress reaction.", "content": "In a model system the influence of mental stress on blood pressure and heart rate was studied in normal persons and in patients with hypertension (WHO grade III). Metoprolol was employed to investigate the preventive effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on the response to stress. In all groups blood pressure increased significantly during mental stress. The effect was not inhibited by metoprolol. The rise in heart rate, however, was depressed by beta-blockade. Reaction time, opticomotor coordination and concentration ability were studied as parameters of vigilance, but no significant difference between the metoprolol and control groups were observed. Thus, metoprolol only influenced the heart rate in mental stress and it did not affect vigilance.", "contents": "Beta-adrenergic blockade in stress protection. Limited effect of metoprolol in psychological stress reaction. In a model system the influence of mental stress on blood pressure and heart rate was studied in normal persons and in patients with hypertension (WHO grade III). Metoprolol was employed to investigate the preventive effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on the response to stress. In all groups blood pressure increased significantly during mental stress. The effect was not inhibited by metoprolol. The rise in heart rate, however, was depressed by beta-blockade. Reaction time, opticomotor coordination and concentration ability were studied as parameters of vigilance, but no significant difference between the metoprolol and control groups were observed. Thus, metoprolol only influenced the heart rate in mental stress and it did not affect vigilance."}
{"id": "PMID:367795", "title": "Effect of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, and placebo on pain and blood loss in dysmenorrhoeic women.", "content": "The analgesic effect of paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid, and placebo on dysmenorrhoea were compared in a double-blind crossover study of 30 women. There was a moderate placebo effect, but no significant difference was found between the three treatments. Blood loss was also measured and it did not vary with the type of drug ingested. It is concluded that paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid in the doses used (0.5 g X 4 for 3 days) were not effective against heavy dysmenorrhoea, and that none of the drugs influenced the amount of blood lost.", "contents": "Effect of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, and placebo on pain and blood loss in dysmenorrhoeic women. The analgesic effect of paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid, and placebo on dysmenorrhoea were compared in a double-blind crossover study of 30 women. There was a moderate placebo effect, but no significant difference was found between the three treatments. Blood loss was also measured and it did not vary with the type of drug ingested. It is concluded that paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid in the doses used (0.5 g X 4 for 3 days) were not effective against heavy dysmenorrhoea, and that none of the drugs influenced the amount of blood lost."}
{"id": "PMID:367806", "title": "[In vitro biosynthesis of octopamine by the nervous system and the heart of the mollusc gastropode Helix pomatia (author's transl)].", "content": "The tyrosine is decarboxylated in vitro by the central nervous tissue and by the intracardiac nervous tissue of Helix pomatia by aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase. The tyramine obtained is then partially transformed into octopamine by tyramine-beta-hydroxylase. The inhibition of monoamine oxidase favours apparition of the 2 amines. The monoamine oxidase seems able to regulate their synthese and to assure their inactivation.", "contents": "[In vitro biosynthesis of octopamine by the nervous system and the heart of the mollusc gastropode Helix pomatia (author's transl)]. The tyrosine is decarboxylated in vitro by the central nervous tissue and by the intracardiac nervous tissue of Helix pomatia by aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase. The tyramine obtained is then partially transformed into octopamine by tyramine-beta-hydroxylase. The inhibition of monoamine oxidase favours apparition of the 2 amines. The monoamine oxidase seems able to regulate their synthese and to assure their inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:367807", "title": "Histological changes in thyroid of rat under the acute exposure of O-chloro-benzylidine malononitrile.", "content": "This communication describes histological changes in the thyroid gland of rats under the acute stress of O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg). It has been observed that CS, when injected, causes histological changes in the thyroid of varying degrees, depending on the dose used.", "contents": "Histological changes in thyroid of rat under the acute exposure of O-chloro-benzylidine malononitrile. This communication describes histological changes in the thyroid gland of rats under the acute stress of O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg). It has been observed that CS, when injected, causes histological changes in the thyroid of varying degrees, depending on the dose used."}
{"id": "PMID:367809", "title": "A triple test for screening biological activity of prostacyclin analogues.", "content": "6,9-Thiaprostacyclin was used as a representative of prostacyclin analogues with the aim to design the most convenient procedure for evaluation of vasodilator, anti-platelet and other biological properties within this new group of potential anti-thrombotic agents.", "contents": "A triple test for screening biological activity of prostacyclin analogues. 6,9-Thiaprostacyclin was used as a representative of prostacyclin analogues with the aim to design the most convenient procedure for evaluation of vasodilator, anti-platelet and other biological properties within this new group of potential anti-thrombotic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:367810", "title": "Uptake of tolbutamide by islets of Langerhans and other tissues.", "content": "3-H-tolbutamide was distributed in a volume exceeding the space occupied by 14-C-sucrose in islets as well as in liver, kidney, muscle, and fat. In contrast to previous reports, the findings suggest that tolbutamide is not restricted to the extracellular space of islets.", "contents": "Uptake of tolbutamide by islets of Langerhans and other tissues. 3-H-tolbutamide was distributed in a volume exceeding the space occupied by 14-C-sucrose in islets as well as in liver, kidney, muscle, and fat. In contrast to previous reports, the findings suggest that tolbutamide is not restricted to the extracellular space of islets."}
{"id": "PMID:367811", "title": "[S-acylderivatives of thiosalicylamides with antifungal activity. I].", "content": "A series of S-acylderivatives of N-ethylthiosalicylamide (substances I leads to XXIII) was prepared and tested for in vitro antifungal activity. The substances, not previously reported, were prepared by the reaction of 2-mercapto-N-ethylbenzamide with suitable acylating agents. The fungistatic activity of the prepared products was tested in vitro against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The results given in Table I show that the S-acylderivatives of N-ethylthiosalicylamides have interesting antifungal activity. From examination of the results  (Tables I and II) some information on the structure-activity relationship was obtained. 2-Acetylmercapto-N-ethylbenzamide (I) and 2-propionylmercapto-N-ethylbenzamide (III) proved the most active of the compounds tested.", "contents": "[S-acylderivatives of thiosalicylamides with antifungal activity. I]. A series of S-acylderivatives of N-ethylthiosalicylamide (substances I leads to XXIII) was prepared and tested for in vitro antifungal activity. The substances, not previously reported, were prepared by the reaction of 2-mercapto-N-ethylbenzamide with suitable acylating agents. The fungistatic activity of the prepared products was tested in vitro against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The results given in Table I show that the S-acylderivatives of N-ethylthiosalicylamides have interesting antifungal activity. From examination of the results  (Tables I and II) some information on the structure-activity relationship was obtained. 2-Acetylmercapto-N-ethylbenzamide (I) and 2-propionylmercapto-N-ethylbenzamide (III) proved the most active of the compounds tested."}
{"id": "PMID:367819", "title": "Effects of aging on the kidney.", "content": "A host of abnormalities of renal structure and function accompany advancing age. This presentation briefly surveys the renal anatomical and functional changes associated with senescence. Four areas of renal functional change have been selected for in-depth discussion: a) renal blood flow; b) glomerular filtration rate; c) renal sodium handling; and d) renal concentrating ability. The methodologic considerations including population selection which confound the assessment of the effects of aging on renal function are discussed. In addition, the functional changes associated with senescence are discussed in the context of longitudinal studies and studies utilizing appropriate patient cohorts, including potential kidney transplant donors. The clinical implications of senescent changes with regard to adjusting \"normative\" standards to fit the age of the patient are addressed. Furthermore, the implications of age-related renal functional alterations in predisposing the elderly patient to a number of fluid and electrolyte derangements are considered.--Epstein, M. Effects of aging on the kidney.", "contents": "Effects of aging on the kidney. A host of abnormalities of renal structure and function accompany advancing age. This presentation briefly surveys the renal anatomical and functional changes associated with senescence. Four areas of renal functional change have been selected for in-depth discussion: a) renal blood flow; b) glomerular filtration rate; c) renal sodium handling; and d) renal concentrating ability. The methodologic considerations including population selection which confound the assessment of the effects of aging on renal function are discussed. In addition, the functional changes associated with senescence are discussed in the context of longitudinal studies and studies utilizing appropriate patient cohorts, including potential kidney transplant donors. The clinical implications of senescent changes with regard to adjusting \"normative\" standards to fit the age of the patient are addressed. Furthermore, the implications of age-related renal functional alterations in predisposing the elderly patient to a number of fluid and electrolyte derangements are considered.--Epstein, M. Effects of aging on the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:367824", "title": "Sperm velocity and percentage of motility in 100 normospermic specimens analyzed by the multiple exposure photography (MEP) method.", "content": "Specimens from 100 fertile or potentially fertile men with sperm counts above 20 million/ml were analyzed objectively by the new multiple exposure photography method (MEP). The following results (means and standard deviations) were obtained: sperm concentration, 66 million/ml +/- 47; percentage of motile spermatozoa, 45% +/- 18; speed of motile spermatozoa, 30.3 micrometer/second +/- 5.5; abnormal forms, 29% +/- 10.2; average motility index (product of sperm speed and fraction of motile spermatozoa), 14 +/- 7.5. Low correlations were found between sperm concentration, percentage of motility, and spermatozoal velocity. Moderate correlations were found between percentage of motility and spermatozoal velocity. Negative moderate correlations were found between abnormal forms and spermatozoal velocity as well as between abnormal forms and percentage of motility. The differences between some of our results and those obtained by others are discussed.", "contents": "Sperm velocity and percentage of motility in 100 normospermic specimens analyzed by the multiple exposure photography (MEP) method. Specimens from 100 fertile or potentially fertile men with sperm counts above 20 million/ml were analyzed objectively by the new multiple exposure photography method (MEP). The following results (means and standard deviations) were obtained: sperm concentration, 66 million/ml +/- 47; percentage of motile spermatozoa, 45% +/- 18; speed of motile spermatozoa, 30.3 micrometer/second +/- 5.5; abnormal forms, 29% +/- 10.2; average motility index (product of sperm speed and fraction of motile spermatozoa), 14 +/- 7.5. Low correlations were found between sperm concentration, percentage of motility, and spermatozoal velocity. Moderate correlations were found between percentage of motility and spermatozoal velocity. Negative moderate correlations were found between abnormal forms and spermatozoal velocity as well as between abnormal forms and percentage of motility. The differences between some of our results and those obtained by others are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:367825", "title": "A simple inexpensive method for objective assessment of human sperm movement characteristics.", "content": "A simple, objective method is described for obtaining a well-defined and diversified set of human sperm movement characteristics. These data are suitable for comprehensive statistical comparisons of sperm suspensions. One-second time-exposure photomicrographs are taken with dark-field illumination of slides prepared from semen, cervical mucus, or artificial media. The negatives are projected as a filmstrip and are analyzed on a specially designed console. The filmstrips can be taken and developed in 15 minutes without darkroom facilities, and a complete analysis of the film requires an additional 15 to 20 minutes. Fifty spermatozoa are examined to determine percentage motility, and movement characteristics are recorded for 15 spermatozoa. With these data the swimming trajectories of individual spermatozoa can be reconstructed retrospectively. The sperm suspension as a whole is described in terms of percentage motility, mean swimming speed, percentage of progressive spermatozoa, mean swimming speed of progressive spermatozoa, percentage of straight-swimming spermatozoa, percentage of rolling spermatozoa, and percentage of yawing spermatozoa.", "contents": "A simple inexpensive method for objective assessment of human sperm movement characteristics. A simple, objective method is described for obtaining a well-defined and diversified set of human sperm movement characteristics. These data are suitable for comprehensive statistical comparisons of sperm suspensions. One-second time-exposure photomicrographs are taken with dark-field illumination of slides prepared from semen, cervical mucus, or artificial media. The negatives are projected as a filmstrip and are analyzed on a specially designed console. The filmstrips can be taken and developed in 15 minutes without darkroom facilities, and a complete analysis of the film requires an additional 15 to 20 minutes. Fifty spermatozoa are examined to determine percentage motility, and movement characteristics are recorded for 15 spermatozoa. With these data the swimming trajectories of individual spermatozoa can be reconstructed retrospectively. The sperm suspension as a whole is described in terms of percentage motility, mean swimming speed, percentage of progressive spermatozoa, mean swimming speed of progressive spermatozoa, percentage of straight-swimming spermatozoa, percentage of rolling spermatozoa, and percentage of yawing spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:367841", "title": "Experimental studies on phototoxic and photoallergic reaction by the skin window technique.", "content": "The differentiation of photoallergic contact dermatitis by 3,3', 4', 5-tetra-chlorosalicylanilide from phototoxic contact dermatitis by 8-MOP in guinea pigs was studied by skin window technique. Based upon the results, it may be concluded that the photoallergic reaction can be differentiated from phototoxic reaction by the appearing pattern of basophilic leukocytes.", "contents": "Experimental studies on phototoxic and photoallergic reaction by the skin window technique. The differentiation of photoallergic contact dermatitis by 3,3', 4', 5-tetra-chlorosalicylanilide from phototoxic contact dermatitis by 8-MOP in guinea pigs was studied by skin window technique. Based upon the results, it may be concluded that the photoallergic reaction can be differentiated from phototoxic reaction by the appearing pattern of basophilic leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:367842", "title": "The pathogenesis of lesions in Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "content": "Current concepts incriminate a cell-mediated mechanism in the pathogenesis of mucocutaneous lesions of Beh\u00e7et's disease. However, such a mechanism alone fails to explain various aspects of hyperreactivity response which is a unique feature manifested with lesions similar to those occurring spontaneously in the disease. 19 patients with active Beh\u00e7et's disease have been investigated for possible mechanisms other than cell mediated which may be involved in the process. Beside cell-mediated mechanisms there were indications that polymorphonuclear leucocytes and mast cells may play part in the process. Further study of these two aspects may open a new approach in the understanding and possibly in the treatment of this disease.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of lesions in Beh\u00e7et's disease. Current concepts incriminate a cell-mediated mechanism in the pathogenesis of mucocutaneous lesions of Beh\u00e7et's disease. However, such a mechanism alone fails to explain various aspects of hyperreactivity response which is a unique feature manifested with lesions similar to those occurring spontaneously in the disease. 19 patients with active Beh\u00e7et's disease have been investigated for possible mechanisms other than cell mediated which may be involved in the process. Beside cell-mediated mechanisms there were indications that polymorphonuclear leucocytes and mast cells may play part in the process. Further study of these two aspects may open a new approach in the understanding and possibly in the treatment of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:367843", "title": "Evaluation of treatment of lepromatous leprosy patients in the Netherlands.", "content": "The results of treatment of the group of leprosy patients at the lepromatous side of the leprosy spectrum registered at the Department of Dermatology of the University of Amsterdam in the years 1950-1976 were studied. The average duration of treatment to obtain bacteriologically negative skin biopsies in patients who were untreated at the time of registration, was 5 years. A substantial number of patients suffered a relapse; the main reasons for these relapses were discontinuation of treatment and DDS treatment in low dosage.", "contents": "Evaluation of treatment of lepromatous leprosy patients in the Netherlands. The results of treatment of the group of leprosy patients at the lepromatous side of the leprosy spectrum registered at the Department of Dermatology of the University of Amsterdam in the years 1950-1976 were studied. The average duration of treatment to obtain bacteriologically negative skin biopsies in patients who were untreated at the time of registration, was 5 years. A substantial number of patients suffered a relapse; the main reasons for these relapses were discontinuation of treatment and DDS treatment in low dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:367848", "title": "Synthesis of vitellogenin, an attractive model for investigating hormone-induced gene activation.", "content": "The estrogen-induced synthesis of vitellogenin in the frog Xenopus and the chicken is an attractive system for investigating the molecular events leading to the activation of a specific gene. In this review article the events occurring at the level of the protein and mRNA in the cytoplasm are discussed. The available data show that the induction of vitellogenin synthesis is due to the accumulation of the corresponding vitellogenin mRNA in the cytoplasm. This suggests that transcriptional or posttranscriptional events in the nucleus are activated by the hormone. The few experiments investigating the processes in the nuclear compartment are reviewed.", "contents": "Synthesis of vitellogenin, an attractive model for investigating hormone-induced gene activation. The estrogen-induced synthesis of vitellogenin in the frog Xenopus and the chicken is an attractive system for investigating the molecular events leading to the activation of a specific gene. In this review article the events occurring at the level of the protein and mRNA in the cytoplasm are discussed. The available data show that the induction of vitellogenin synthesis is due to the accumulation of the corresponding vitellogenin mRNA in the cytoplasm. This suggests that transcriptional or posttranscriptional events in the nucleus are activated by the hormone. The few experiments investigating the processes in the nuclear compartment are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:367849", "title": "Cell membrane, a target for steroid hormones.", "content": "As yet there is little supportive evidence for the existence of a hormone-membrane interaction mechanism in somatic target cells, but there is no reason to exclude the possibility, either alone in certain cells or associated with the classical receptor system, since a hormone may well have more than one molecular target in a given cell. The present paper reviews studies of target cell membrane interactions with steroids, modified to prevent cell entry, in order to determine whether the interactions observed in oocytes are of wider significance.", "contents": "Cell membrane, a target for steroid hormones. As yet there is little supportive evidence for the existence of a hormone-membrane interaction mechanism in somatic target cells, but there is no reason to exclude the possibility, either alone in certain cells or associated with the classical receptor system, since a hormone may well have more than one molecular target in a given cell. The present paper reviews studies of target cell membrane interactions with steroids, modified to prevent cell entry, in order to determine whether the interactions observed in oocytes are of wider significance."}
{"id": "PMID:367851", "title": "Levamisole in Crohn's disease--a double-blind controlled trial.", "content": "The efficacy of levamisole in patients with mildly active Crohn's disease was evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by means of clinical, biochemical, and immunological parameters. No immunosuppressive drugs were prescribed during the study. 11 patients received levamisole for 3 months (2.5 mg/kg body weight on 2 consecutive days/week) and 10 patients received placebo. Although the 2 patients groups were not very well comparable, the overall results of this study did not show obvious changes in clinical, biochemical, or immunological parameters in either group. No side effects of levamisole were observed during the study.", "contents": "Levamisole in Crohn's disease--a double-blind controlled trial. The efficacy of levamisole in patients with mildly active Crohn's disease was evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by means of clinical, biochemical, and immunological parameters. No immunosuppressive drugs were prescribed during the study. 11 patients received levamisole for 3 months (2.5 mg/kg body weight on 2 consecutive days/week) and 10 patients received placebo. Although the 2 patients groups were not very well comparable, the overall results of this study did not show obvious changes in clinical, biochemical, or immunological parameters in either group. No side effects of levamisole were observed during the study."}
{"id": "PMID:367852", "title": "Daily elimination of fecal neutral sterols by humans.", "content": "A study was made of the daily elimination of fetal neutral sterols in 22 healthy subjects and the average proportions of the main sterols were established. These were cholesterol (9.5%), its main bacterial transformation products: coprostanol (65%) and coprostanone (less than 6%), cholestanol (less than 2%), delta7-cholestenol (less than 2%) and phytosterols (18%). Epicoprostanol, which indicates a secondary mean of bacterial degradation of cholesterol has been searched for systematically. In general, traces only are present but in one case it amounts to more than 8% of the neutral sterols. The bulk of neutral sterols eliminated daily is very variable for different subjects and also for a same subject, although the concentration of fecal sterols is relatively constant (6.37 +/- 0.36 mg of sterols/g of feces). For a given subject under controlled diet conditions, differences in fecal elimination of sterols can essentially be ascribed to irregularity of digestive transit.", "contents": "Daily elimination of fecal neutral sterols by humans. A study was made of the daily elimination of fetal neutral sterols in 22 healthy subjects and the average proportions of the main sterols were established. These were cholesterol (9.5%), its main bacterial transformation products: coprostanol (65%) and coprostanone (less than 6%), cholestanol (less than 2%), delta7-cholestenol (less than 2%) and phytosterols (18%). Epicoprostanol, which indicates a secondary mean of bacterial degradation of cholesterol has been searched for systematically. In general, traces only are present but in one case it amounts to more than 8% of the neutral sterols. The bulk of neutral sterols eliminated daily is very variable for different subjects and also for a same subject, although the concentration of fecal sterols is relatively constant (6.37 +/- 0.36 mg of sterols/g of feces). For a given subject under controlled diet conditions, differences in fecal elimination of sterols can essentially be ascribed to irregularity of digestive transit."}
{"id": "PMID:367853", "title": "Effect of cimetidine on serum gastrin and gastric emptying in man.", "content": "Paired studies of gastric emptying were performed in 10 healthy volunteers using a scintiscanning technique which provides information about the rate of emptying of both the liquid and solid components of a standard meal. Emptying rates of both components were not significantly different after oral administration of 400 mg cimetidine than after placebo. The increase in serum gastrin concentration produced by the meal was significantly greater after cimetidine than after placebo but there was no relationship between individual cimetidine-placebo differences in gastrin response and the corresponding cimetidine-placebo differences in rates of emptying. A positive correlation was demonstrated between the gastric emptying rate of the liquid component and the 1 h cimetidine absorption, indicating that normal individual variation in gastric emptying is probably responsible for much of the normal individual variation in the rate of cimetidine absorption.", "contents": "Effect of cimetidine on serum gastrin and gastric emptying in man. Paired studies of gastric emptying were performed in 10 healthy volunteers using a scintiscanning technique which provides information about the rate of emptying of both the liquid and solid components of a standard meal. Emptying rates of both components were not significantly different after oral administration of 400 mg cimetidine than after placebo. The increase in serum gastrin concentration produced by the meal was significantly greater after cimetidine than after placebo but there was no relationship between individual cimetidine-placebo differences in gastrin response and the corresponding cimetidine-placebo differences in rates of emptying. A positive correlation was demonstrated between the gastric emptying rate of the liquid component and the 1 h cimetidine absorption, indicating that normal individual variation in gastric emptying is probably responsible for much of the normal individual variation in the rate of cimetidine absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:367854", "title": "Stimulation of gastrin release and gastric secretion: effect of bombesin and a nonapeptide in fistula dogs with and without fundic vagotomy.", "content": "Bombesin and a synthetic bombesin nonapeptide were studied by intravenous infusion at a dose of 0.5 microgram.kg-1.h-1 for 4 h in 7 dogs with esophagostomy and gastric fistula. In 3 of the dogs who had highly selective (fundic) vagotomy, mean integrated gastrin output over 4 h was double that in the 4 dogs with vagi intact during both nonapeptide (1,554 vs. 700 pg.ml-1.4 h-1) and bombesin infusion (2,442 vs. 1,440 pg.ml-1.4 h-1). Peak concentrations of serum gastrin reached during bombesin (490 +/- 100 vs. 320 +/- 90) were higher than those during nonapeptide infusion (270 +/- 40 vs. 160 +/- 28 pg/ml) in the vagotomized and intact dogs, respectively. The difference between vagotomized and vagally intact dogs suggests that the fundic vagotomy removed an inhibitor of gastrin release from the innervated antrum. Despite these differences in gastrin release, gastric acid output with the two peptides was the same (49--52 mEq/4 h) whether the fundus was denervated or innervated. This suggests that bombesin may stimulate gastric acid secretion by the release of an additional secretagogue which is not measured by the gastrin assay. Neither of the two inhibitors of gastrin release--antral acidification to pH 1.4 or less or atropine (100 microgram/kg)-- inhibited gastrin release by bombesin, even though the atropine reduced acid output by 80%. Bombesin is a potent gastric stimulus whose action is only partly explained by the measured gastrin release.", "contents": "Stimulation of gastrin release and gastric secretion: effect of bombesin and a nonapeptide in fistula dogs with and without fundic vagotomy. Bombesin and a synthetic bombesin nonapeptide were studied by intravenous infusion at a dose of 0.5 microgram.kg-1.h-1 for 4 h in 7 dogs with esophagostomy and gastric fistula. In 3 of the dogs who had highly selective (fundic) vagotomy, mean integrated gastrin output over 4 h was double that in the 4 dogs with vagi intact during both nonapeptide (1,554 vs. 700 pg.ml-1.4 h-1) and bombesin infusion (2,442 vs. 1,440 pg.ml-1.4 h-1). Peak concentrations of serum gastrin reached during bombesin (490 +/- 100 vs. 320 +/- 90) were higher than those during nonapeptide infusion (270 +/- 40 vs. 160 +/- 28 pg/ml) in the vagotomized and intact dogs, respectively. The difference between vagotomized and vagally intact dogs suggests that the fundic vagotomy removed an inhibitor of gastrin release from the innervated antrum. Despite these differences in gastrin release, gastric acid output with the two peptides was the same (49--52 mEq/4 h) whether the fundus was denervated or innervated. This suggests that bombesin may stimulate gastric acid secretion by the release of an additional secretagogue which is not measured by the gastrin assay. Neither of the two inhibitors of gastrin release--antral acidification to pH 1.4 or less or atropine (100 microgram/kg)-- inhibited gastrin release by bombesin, even though the atropine reduced acid output by 80%. Bombesin is a potent gastric stimulus whose action is only partly explained by the measured gastrin release."}
{"id": "PMID:367855", "title": "Possible role of endogenous prostaglandins in glucagon secretion by isolated guinea-pig islets.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that prostaglandins stimulate glucagon secretion in vitro and in vivo. The present work was aimed at investigating the influence of two inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, isopropyl-2 nicotinoyl-3 indole (L8027) and indomethacin, on basal and arginine- or noradrenaline-stimulated glucagon release from isolated guinea-pig islets incubated in the absence of glucose. L8027 (10(-4) and 10(-5) mol/l) did not alter basal glucagon release, blocked almost completely the glucagon response to arginine (10(-2) mol/l), had no effect on the glucagon release induced by noradrenaline (10(-4) mol/l), but reduced the stimulatory effect of a lower concentration of noradrenaline (5.10(-7) mol/l). The kinetic study of this inhibitory effect demonstrated that (1) it necessitates preincubation of the islets with L8027 for 30 minutes before the addition of arginine, (2) after a short preincubation period (30 minutes) in the presence of L8027, removal of the inhibitor at the time of arginine stimulation resulted in enhanced glucagon response, (3) on the contrary, after a prolonged incubation period (75 min) with arginine and L8027, the inhibitory effect remained transiently detectable after removal of L8027. Indomethacin similarly blocked arginine- and noradrenaline-induced glucagon secretion. These results suggest that an intra-insular synthesis of prostaglandins is involved in the A cell response to arginine and noradrenaline.", "contents": "Possible role of endogenous prostaglandins in glucagon secretion by isolated guinea-pig islets. Previous studies have demonstrated that prostaglandins stimulate glucagon secretion in vitro and in vivo. The present work was aimed at investigating the influence of two inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, isopropyl-2 nicotinoyl-3 indole (L8027) and indomethacin, on basal and arginine- or noradrenaline-stimulated glucagon release from isolated guinea-pig islets incubated in the absence of glucose. L8027 (10(-4) and 10(-5) mol/l) did not alter basal glucagon release, blocked almost completely the glucagon response to arginine (10(-2) mol/l), had no effect on the glucagon release induced by noradrenaline (10(-4) mol/l), but reduced the stimulatory effect of a lower concentration of noradrenaline (5.10(-7) mol/l). The kinetic study of this inhibitory effect demonstrated that (1) it necessitates preincubation of the islets with L8027 for 30 minutes before the addition of arginine, (2) after a short preincubation period (30 minutes) in the presence of L8027, removal of the inhibitor at the time of arginine stimulation resulted in enhanced glucagon response, (3) on the contrary, after a prolonged incubation period (75 min) with arginine and L8027, the inhibitory effect remained transiently detectable after removal of L8027. Indomethacin similarly blocked arginine- and noradrenaline-induced glucagon secretion. These results suggest that an intra-insular synthesis of prostaglandins is involved in the A cell response to arginine and noradrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:367856", "title": "The influence of amyloid deposits on the islet volume in maturity onset diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Pancreatic islet volumes of patients with and without maturity onset diabetes mellitus were estimated. The islet volume of the diabetic patients was 1.01 +/- 0.12 cm3 (SEM) and that of the non-diabetic patients 1.60 +/- 0.16 cm3 with considerable overlap between the two groups. Islet amyloidosis was found in all the diabetic and in 9 of the 15 non-diabetic patients. When the amyloid deposits were excluded, the islet volume of the diabetic patients was 0.89 +/- 0.10 cm3, while that of the non-diabetic patients was unchanged, 1.60 +/- 0.16 cm3. There was still some overlapping. Since amyloid deposits seem to destroy the B cell membranes, it was postulated that a comparison of the volumes of islets completely free of amyloid might give a more true picture of the quantitative islet alterations in maturity onset diabetes. It was found that this islet volume of the diabetics was only 0.41 +/- 0.05 cm3 and that of the non-diabetic patients 1.58 +/- 0.16 cm3. These values correspond better to the altered insulin secretion in maturity-onset diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "The influence of amyloid deposits on the islet volume in maturity onset diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic islet volumes of patients with and without maturity onset diabetes mellitus were estimated. The islet volume of the diabetic patients was 1.01 +/- 0.12 cm3 (SEM) and that of the non-diabetic patients 1.60 +/- 0.16 cm3 with considerable overlap between the two groups. Islet amyloidosis was found in all the diabetic and in 9 of the 15 non-diabetic patients. When the amyloid deposits were excluded, the islet volume of the diabetic patients was 0.89 +/- 0.10 cm3, while that of the non-diabetic patients was unchanged, 1.60 +/- 0.16 cm3. There was still some overlapping. Since amyloid deposits seem to destroy the B cell membranes, it was postulated that a comparison of the volumes of islets completely free of amyloid might give a more true picture of the quantitative islet alterations in maturity onset diabetes. It was found that this islet volume of the diabetics was only 0.41 +/- 0.05 cm3 and that of the non-diabetic patients 1.58 +/- 0.16 cm3. These values correspond better to the altered insulin secretion in maturity-onset diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:367858", "title": "Insulin deficient diabetes. Contrasts with other endocrine deficiencies.", "content": "Comparisons are made between the incidence, prognosis and treatment of juvenile-onset diabetes and other endocrinopathies in the young. 548 patients with insulin deficient diabetes diagnosed before 20 years of age have been reviewed. Excess mortality, especially at 35--40 years of age was found. Profiles of blood glucose and serum insulin have been studied and compared to those of normal subjects. The variation of insulin absorption and effect of insulin antibodies on the free insulin levels achieved after exogenous insulin injections have been demonstrated. The common occurrence of nocturnal subclinical hypoglycaemia following intermediate or long-acting insulin was often found to be the cause of poor diabetic control. Five out of 33 patients with 'difficult' diabetes had an unexplained resistance to high levels of free-insulin. The value of self-monitoring and HbAl measurements in the improvement of diabetic control and possibly life expectation is reviewed. The incidence of thyroid disease was found to be increased in 1779 insulin deficient diabetics of all ages and persistence of islet-cell antibodies suggests that the diabetes may be due to autoimmunity in some of these patients.", "contents": "Insulin deficient diabetes. Contrasts with other endocrine deficiencies. Comparisons are made between the incidence, prognosis and treatment of juvenile-onset diabetes and other endocrinopathies in the young. 548 patients with insulin deficient diabetes diagnosed before 20 years of age have been reviewed. Excess mortality, especially at 35--40 years of age was found. Profiles of blood glucose and serum insulin have been studied and compared to those of normal subjects. The variation of insulin absorption and effect of insulin antibodies on the free insulin levels achieved after exogenous insulin injections have been demonstrated. The common occurrence of nocturnal subclinical hypoglycaemia following intermediate or long-acting insulin was often found to be the cause of poor diabetic control. Five out of 33 patients with 'difficult' diabetes had an unexplained resistance to high levels of free-insulin. The value of self-monitoring and HbAl measurements in the improvement of diabetic control and possibly life expectation is reviewed. The incidence of thyroid disease was found to be increased in 1779 insulin deficient diabetics of all ages and persistence of islet-cell antibodies suggests that the diabetes may be due to autoimmunity in some of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:367864", "title": "[Effectiveness of two Ca-antagonistic drugs on angina pectoris: nifedipine and verapamil versus nitroderivative and beta-blocking drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors, using cycle ergometer tests, assess the effectiveness of two Ca-antagonistic drugs, nifedipine and verapamil, administered full strength to patients suffering from typical angina from effort. The true effectiveness of these drugs was tested by comparing the results with those obtained with placebo, isosorbide dinitrate and propranolol. The effect of nifedipine proved statistically significant (p less than 0.01) with respect to the parameters: double product, time of insurgence of angor and time of appearance of electrocardiographic anomalies. Verapamil proved slightly significant (p less than 0.05) only with regard to time of appearance of electrocardiographic anomalies. There follows a brief discussion of the differences between these results. Isosorbide dinitrate and propranolol increase tolerance to effort with respect to placebo treatment. These results are statistically significant on all parameters used.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of two Ca-antagonistic drugs on angina pectoris: nifedipine and verapamil versus nitroderivative and beta-blocking drugs (author's transl)]. The Authors, using cycle ergometer tests, assess the effectiveness of two Ca-antagonistic drugs, nifedipine and verapamil, administered full strength to patients suffering from typical angina from effort. The true effectiveness of these drugs was tested by comparing the results with those obtained with placebo, isosorbide dinitrate and propranolol. The effect of nifedipine proved statistically significant (p less than 0.01) with respect to the parameters: double product, time of insurgence of angor and time of appearance of electrocardiographic anomalies. Verapamil proved slightly significant (p less than 0.05) only with regard to time of appearance of electrocardiographic anomalies. There follows a brief discussion of the differences between these results. Isosorbide dinitrate and propranolol increase tolerance to effort with respect to placebo treatment. These results are statistically significant on all parameters used."}
{"id": "PMID:367865", "title": "[Effect of metoprolol on the exercise tolerance in patients with stable angina pectoris (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect on the exercise tolerance induced by a new selective beta1-receptor antagonist, metoprolol, given by a single administration per os, has been evaluated in 16 patients with stable angina pectoris. The study was a double blind cross-over between metoprolol 100 mg and placebo. Patients were hospitalized for the time required for the performance of the study; every cardioactive drug, except for trinitrine, was stopped 72 hours prior to the study period. Exercise testing was performed two hours after the intake of the drug, in a sitting position on a bicycle ergometer; the workload was increased by 25 Watts increments every two minutes. Compared to placebo, the total workload performed and duration of exercise increased after metoprolol (P less than 0.001), heart rate decreased (P less than 0.001) both in the resting state and during exercise test, systolic blood pressure didn't change in the resting state but decreased during exercise test (P less than 0.01), pressure-rate product, an useful index of changes in myocardial oxygen consumption decreased both in the resting state (P less than 0.001) and during exercise test (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that metoprolol induces a significant increase in exercise tolerance. This is due to a marked reduction in oxygen myocardial consumption resulting by both decreased heart rate and systolic pressure.", "contents": "[Effect of metoprolol on the exercise tolerance in patients with stable angina pectoris (author's transl)]. The effect on the exercise tolerance induced by a new selective beta1-receptor antagonist, metoprolol, given by a single administration per os, has been evaluated in 16 patients with stable angina pectoris. The study was a double blind cross-over between metoprolol 100 mg and placebo. Patients were hospitalized for the time required for the performance of the study; every cardioactive drug, except for trinitrine, was stopped 72 hours prior to the study period. Exercise testing was performed two hours after the intake of the drug, in a sitting position on a bicycle ergometer; the workload was increased by 25 Watts increments every two minutes. Compared to placebo, the total workload performed and duration of exercise increased after metoprolol (P less than 0.001), heart rate decreased (P less than 0.001) both in the resting state and during exercise test, systolic blood pressure didn't change in the resting state but decreased during exercise test (P less than 0.01), pressure-rate product, an useful index of changes in myocardial oxygen consumption decreased both in the resting state (P less than 0.001) and during exercise test (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that metoprolol induces a significant increase in exercise tolerance. This is due to a marked reduction in oxygen myocardial consumption resulting by both decreased heart rate and systolic pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:367875", "title": "[Pregnancy and delivery after renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report is given on a 21-years-old woman who became pregnant 18 months after renal transplantation. In spite of relatively unfavourable conditions (match 0,25; hypertension) renal function showed a good adaptation throughout the gestation. In the 38. week of pregnancy the woman was successfully delivered of a 2440 g healthy female child by vacuum extraction. There were no effects of the immunsuppressive drugs on the newborn. It is the third case of a successful delivery after renal transplantation in the GDR.", "contents": "[Pregnancy and delivery after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. A case report is given on a 21-years-old woman who became pregnant 18 months after renal transplantation. In spite of relatively unfavourable conditions (match 0,25; hypertension) renal function showed a good adaptation throughout the gestation. In the 38. week of pregnancy the woman was successfully delivered of a 2440 g healthy female child by vacuum extraction. There were no effects of the immunsuppressive drugs on the newborn. It is the third case of a successful delivery after renal transplantation in the GDR."}
{"id": "PMID:367874", "title": "Gastrointestinal radiography with glucagon.", "content": "This report summarizes the results of nine diagnostic radiographic studies done double blind crossover comparing glucagon to placebo and to anticholinergic drugs in volunteers. In seven studies the subjects were administered drug intramuscularly and in two studies intravenously. There were five diagnostic studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract, one for esophageal varices and three of the colon. The results indicate that glucagon can be given intramuscularly and intravenously. When given intravenously it has a rapid onset and predictable length of action depending on the dose given. Reports of side effects were few consisting primarily of nausea and or vomiting. These results indicate that glucagon is the drug of choice for hypotonic diagnostic examinations.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal radiography with glucagon. This report summarizes the results of nine diagnostic radiographic studies done double blind crossover comparing glucagon to placebo and to anticholinergic drugs in volunteers. In seven studies the subjects were administered drug intramuscularly and in two studies intravenously. There were five diagnostic studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract, one for esophageal varices and three of the colon. The results indicate that glucagon can be given intramuscularly and intravenously. When given intravenously it has a rapid onset and predictable length of action depending on the dose given. Reports of side effects were few consisting primarily of nausea and or vomiting. These results indicate that glucagon is the drug of choice for hypotonic diagnostic examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:367884", "title": "Effect of intravenous diazepam on human lower oesophageal sphincter pressure under controlled double blind crossover conditions.", "content": "The effect of diazepam on the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure is controversial. Therefore, a double-blind crossover study was performed on 18 healthy volunteers to determine the sphincter response to intravenous diazepam--70, 140, 280 microgram/kg, which correspond to a total dose of 5, 10, and 20 mg. respectively. After the 5 and 10 mg dose no signficant effect on LOS pressure could be observed when compared with placebo. After the 20 mg dose a significant rise in pressures (deltaPLOS) was recorded for 40 minutes with a maximum deltaPLOS of + 16.2 +/- 6.6 (mean +/- SEM) mmHg after 50 minutes (P less than 0.01) (46 +/- 1.3% increase above the basal pressure). It is concluded that diazepam does not affect lower oesophageal sphincter competence and therefore does not increase the risk of regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration in premedicated patients.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous diazepam on human lower oesophageal sphincter pressure under controlled double blind crossover conditions. The effect of diazepam on the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure is controversial. Therefore, a double-blind crossover study was performed on 18 healthy volunteers to determine the sphincter response to intravenous diazepam--70, 140, 280 microgram/kg, which correspond to a total dose of 5, 10, and 20 mg. respectively. After the 5 and 10 mg dose no signficant effect on LOS pressure could be observed when compared with placebo. After the 20 mg dose a significant rise in pressures (deltaPLOS) was recorded for 40 minutes with a maximum deltaPLOS of + 16.2 +/- 6.6 (mean +/- SEM) mmHg after 50 minutes (P less than 0.01) (46 +/- 1.3% increase above the basal pressure). It is concluded that diazepam does not affect lower oesophageal sphincter competence and therefore does not increase the risk of regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration in premedicated patients."}
{"id": "PMID:367885", "title": "Comparison of two doses of cimetidine and placebo in the treatment of duodenal ulcer: a multicentre trial.", "content": "Endoscopy, clinical assessment, and laboratory studies were used to compare, in a double-blind multicentre trial, the effects on patients with duodenal ulceration of treatment for four weeks by either placebo or 1 g/day cimetidine, or 2 g/day cimetidine. Ulcer healing occurred in 28% of patients on placebo, 61% of patients on 1 g cimetidine daily, and 70% of patients on 2 g cimetidine daily. Thus cimetidine conferred an advantage over placebo, but the effects of the two doses of cimetidine were not shown to be different. Symptomatic improvement in patients given cimetidine was usually marked and occurred early. Patients were required to report all symptoms, but the only symptom which might have been caused by cimetidine was headache in 5% of patients. Biochemical studies showed significant (though slight) rises in serum uric acid, and serum creatinine but no significant changes occurred in the serum levels of liver enzymes. This study confirms that 1 g is a suitable daily dose of cimetidine for the treatment of duodenal ulceration.", "contents": "Comparison of two doses of cimetidine and placebo in the treatment of duodenal ulcer: a multicentre trial. Endoscopy, clinical assessment, and laboratory studies were used to compare, in a double-blind multicentre trial, the effects on patients with duodenal ulceration of treatment for four weeks by either placebo or 1 g/day cimetidine, or 2 g/day cimetidine. Ulcer healing occurred in 28% of patients on placebo, 61% of patients on 1 g cimetidine daily, and 70% of patients on 2 g cimetidine daily. Thus cimetidine conferred an advantage over placebo, but the effects of the two doses of cimetidine were not shown to be different. Symptomatic improvement in patients given cimetidine was usually marked and occurred early. Patients were required to report all symptoms, but the only symptom which might have been caused by cimetidine was headache in 5% of patients. Biochemical studies showed significant (though slight) rises in serum uric acid, and serum creatinine but no significant changes occurred in the serum levels of liver enzymes. This study confirms that 1 g is a suitable daily dose of cimetidine for the treatment of duodenal ulceration."}
{"id": "PMID:367903", "title": "[Iron deficiency in infection].", "content": "As a rule bacterial infection is followed by acute serum iron reduction; impaired inflow of iron from storage sites into the transport pool represents the main cause. As a consequence of this sort of iron redistribution iron becomes short for red cell production; this is one cause for the development of anemia. The biological significance of hyposideremia may be presumed from the bacteriostatic potential of iron free transferrin, preventing adequate iron acquisition by multiplying microorganisms. Preliminary animal experiments support this concept and suggest that it might also be applied to true iron deficiency.", "contents": "[Iron deficiency in infection]. As a rule bacterial infection is followed by acute serum iron reduction; impaired inflow of iron from storage sites into the transport pool represents the main cause. As a consequence of this sort of iron redistribution iron becomes short for red cell production; this is one cause for the development of anemia. The biological significance of hyposideremia may be presumed from the bacteriostatic potential of iron free transferrin, preventing adequate iron acquisition by multiplying microorganisms. Preliminary animal experiments support this concept and suggest that it might also be applied to true iron deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:367906", "title": "Evaluation of semen quality following kallikrein treatment.", "content": "30 asthenozoospermic subfertile men were treated parenterally for 30 months with kallikrein. 20 men showed a significant increase in sperm motility, 66% (responders), while the other 10 men, 34% (non-responders), did not respond to this treatment. A striking decrease in sperm concentration (by 32%) was found in most patients. No latent period was found following kallikrein treatment. Thus, semen quality did not differ if examined immediately following the cessation of treatment or a few weeks afterwards. A poor pregnancy rate was recorded, i.e. 20% among the responders and 10% among the non-responders. In conclusion, kallikrein is a useful drug in the treatment of asthenozoospermia only when the sperm concentration is not decreased below the optimal value.", "contents": "Evaluation of semen quality following kallikrein treatment. 30 asthenozoospermic subfertile men were treated parenterally for 30 months with kallikrein. 20 men showed a significant increase in sperm motility, 66% (responders), while the other 10 men, 34% (non-responders), did not respond to this treatment. A striking decrease in sperm concentration (by 32%) was found in most patients. No latent period was found following kallikrein treatment. Thus, semen quality did not differ if examined immediately following the cessation of treatment or a few weeks afterwards. A poor pregnancy rate was recorded, i.e. 20% among the responders and 10% among the non-responders. In conclusion, kallikrein is a useful drug in the treatment of asthenozoospermia only when the sperm concentration is not decreased below the optimal value."}
{"id": "PMID:367907", "title": "Effect of flufenamic acid on uterine contractions and plasma levels of 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha in preterm labor.", "content": "Flufenamic acid (FA), an inhibitor of the synthesis and action of prostaglandins, was administered to 18 women with preterm labor during the 28th to 36th week of gestation. In 15 patients delivery postponed, the mean admission/delivery interval being 21.5 days. 2 patients with cervical dilatation of 4 cm delivered within 48 h despite medication. The peripheral plasma levels of 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha (KH2 PG2alpha) was high on admission (216 +/- i4 pg/ml, mean +/- SEM), declined by 50% within 2 h of instituting treatment and remained near the normal level seen in 13 controlled women after the 24th hour.", "contents": "Effect of flufenamic acid on uterine contractions and plasma levels of 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha in preterm labor. Flufenamic acid (FA), an inhibitor of the synthesis and action of prostaglandins, was administered to 18 women with preterm labor during the 28th to 36th week of gestation. In 15 patients delivery postponed, the mean admission/delivery interval being 21.5 days. 2 patients with cervical dilatation of 4 cm delivered within 48 h despite medication. The peripheral plasma levels of 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha (KH2 PG2alpha) was high on admission (216 +/- i4 pg/ml, mean +/- SEM), declined by 50% within 2 h of instituting treatment and remained near the normal level seen in 13 controlled women after the 24th hour."}
{"id": "PMID:367913", "title": "Major proteins of the Escherichia coli outer cell envelope membrane. Sequence of the cyanogen bromide fragments of protein I from Escherichia coli B/r.", "content": "The sequence of the cyanogen bromide fragments of one of the major outer membrane proteins of E. coli B/r has been established with the aim of elucidating the primary structure of this protein. Separation of all fragments on one molecular sieve column was achieved upon citraconylation of these fragments. Overlapping peptides were obtained by digestion of the protein, or a cyanogen bromide fragment arising from incomplete cleavage, with trypsin or Staphylococcus aureus protease.", "contents": "Major proteins of the Escherichia coli outer cell envelope membrane. Sequence of the cyanogen bromide fragments of protein I from Escherichia coli B/r. The sequence of the cyanogen bromide fragments of one of the major outer membrane proteins of E. coli B/r has been established with the aim of elucidating the primary structure of this protein. Separation of all fragments on one molecular sieve column was achieved upon citraconylation of these fragments. Overlapping peptides were obtained by digestion of the protein, or a cyanogen bromide fragment arising from incomplete cleavage, with trypsin or Staphylococcus aureus protease."}
{"id": "PMID:367914", "title": "Psychiatric units in general hospitals: 1979.", "content": "Despite the network of community mental health centers, the general hospital has become the focal point for the delivery of mental health care in the U.S. The author presents an overview of the psychiatric unit in the general hospital, including its history, structure and function, and its relationship to the hospital itself and to the continuum of mental health services in the community. The units' goals are not clearly defined but appear to be crisis intervention, acute treatment, correction of decompensation, prevention of chronicity, and speedy return of the patient to the community; there is little attempt to serve chronic patients. Paradoxically, the psychiatric unit also does not serve the hospital it is part of, as it rarely accepts patients from medical-surgical wards. The author summarizes evaluation studies related to general-hospital psychiatric units and recommends, among other points, truly evaluating the effects of short-term treatment and eliminating the current competition for the shortest stay.", "contents": "Psychiatric units in general hospitals: 1979. Despite the network of community mental health centers, the general hospital has become the focal point for the delivery of mental health care in the U.S. The author presents an overview of the psychiatric unit in the general hospital, including its history, structure and function, and its relationship to the hospital itself and to the continuum of mental health services in the community. The units' goals are not clearly defined but appear to be crisis intervention, acute treatment, correction of decompensation, prevention of chronicity, and speedy return of the patient to the community; there is little attempt to serve chronic patients. Paradoxically, the psychiatric unit also does not serve the hospital it is part of, as it rarely accepts patients from medical-surgical wards. The author summarizes evaluation studies related to general-hospital psychiatric units and recommends, among other points, truly evaluating the effects of short-term treatment and eliminating the current competition for the shortest stay."}
{"id": "PMID:367918", "title": "Governance: trustees are closing the gap between hospitals and consumers.", "content": "Many trustees today believe that they are in the best position to cement the relationship between their hospital and its service population.", "contents": "Governance: trustees are closing the gap between hospitals and consumers. Many trustees today believe that they are in the best position to cement the relationship between their hospital and its service population."}
{"id": "PMID:367919", "title": "Human relations: will humanism and public service survive?", "content": "Bureaucratization and specialization threaten to undermine personalized care. Will humanism and public service be sacrificed for the ethos of business?", "contents": "Human relations: will humanism and public service survive? Bureaucratization and specialization threaten to undermine personalized care. Will humanism and public service be sacrificed for the ethos of business?"}
{"id": "PMID:367921", "title": "Labor relations: union activity increases among professionals.", "content": "Hospital labor relations managers need a higher level of skills today to deal with increasingly complex labor-management negotiations.", "contents": "Labor relations: union activity increases among professionals. Hospital labor relations managers need a higher level of skills today to deal with increasingly complex labor-management negotiations."}
{"id": "PMID:367923", "title": "Marketing: fast becoming a necessary tool for hospital administrators.", "content": "Many hospitals need more business, and marketing techniques have been suggested in the literature as one way to attract it.", "contents": "Marketing: fast becoming a necessary tool for hospital administrators. Many hospitals need more business, and marketing techniques have been suggested in the literature as one way to attract it."}
{"id": "PMID:367924", "title": "Medical staff: physicians seek new responses to mounting pressures.", "content": "In responding to pressures to contain cost and improve the quality of care, medical staff are becoming increasingly involved in policymaking and managerial decisions.", "contents": "Medical staff: physicians seek new responses to mounting pressures. In responding to pressures to contain cost and improve the quality of care, medical staff are becoming increasingly involved in policymaking and managerial decisions."}
{"id": "PMID:367925", "title": "Multi-institutional arrangements: hospitals' move toward systems gains momentum.", "content": "The health field continues to restructure itself through multi-institutional and sharing systems that aim at ensuring improved and cost-effective services.", "contents": "Multi-institutional arrangements: hospitals' move toward systems gains momentum. The health field continues to restructure itself through multi-institutional and sharing systems that aim at ensuring improved and cost-effective services."}
{"id": "PMID:367927", "title": "Quality assurance: debate persists on goals, impact, and methods of evaluating care.", "content": "Experts asked whether 'quality assurance' improves care and utilization, cuts costs, changes behavior, needs new formats, meets new uses, or poses conflicting values.", "contents": "Quality assurance: debate persists on goals, impact, and methods of evaluating care. Experts asked whether 'quality assurance' improves care and utilization, cuts costs, changes behavior, needs new formats, meets new uses, or poses conflicting values."}
{"id": "PMID:367928", "title": "Management engineering: branching out to many areas of the hospital.", "content": "Much emphasis is given to the quantitative techniques of scheduling and forecasting to reduce costs and improve efficiency.", "contents": "Management engineering: branching out to many areas of the hospital. Much emphasis is given to the quantitative techniques of scheduling and forecasting to reduce costs and improve efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:367929", "title": "Regulations: hospitals' battle against excess legislation continues.", "content": "Recent experiences have given the health care industry different approaches it can use to deal more effectively with government regulations.", "contents": "Regulations: hospitals' battle against excess legislation continues. Recent experiences have given the health care industry different approaches it can use to deal more effectively with government regulations."}
{"id": "PMID:367930", "title": "Risk management: idea and effort widely supported, but appropriate methods debated.", "content": "Debate continues on use of self-insurance, incident reports, closed claims studies, and medical and peer review records.", "contents": "Risk management: idea and effort widely supported, but appropriate methods debated. Debate continues on use of self-insurance, incident reports, closed claims studies, and medical and peer review records."}
{"id": "PMID:367931", "title": "Cost containment: are hospitals taking a bum rap?", "content": "The private market has been distorted by government regulations and programs; more reliance on market incentives rather than on regulation is needed.", "contents": "Cost containment: are hospitals taking a bum rap? The private market has been distorted by government regulations and programs; more reliance on market incentives rather than on regulation is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:367932", "title": "Education and training: fulfilling the demands of the future.", "content": "Hospital-based educators must establish boundaries for their profession and find new ways to manage educational programs within the institution.", "contents": "Education and training: fulfilling the demands of the future. Hospital-based educators must establish boundaries for their profession and find new ways to manage educational programs within the institution."}
{"id": "PMID:367933", "title": "Energy: hospitals apply total management approach.", "content": "Energy-conscious hospitals are gearing up to conserve in anticipation of higher prices and diminishing supplies.", "contents": "Energy: hospitals apply total management approach. Energy-conscious hospitals are gearing up to conserve in anticipation of higher prices and diminishing supplies."}
{"id": "PMID:367934", "title": "Emergency services: growing discipline comes of age.", "content": "The first explosion of growth in EMS systems is followed by assessment, information-gathering, and building on programs already in place.", "contents": "Emergency services: growing discipline comes of age. The first explosion of growth in EMS systems is followed by assessment, information-gathering, and building on programs already in place."}
{"id": "PMID:367935", "title": "Financial management: hospitals need sophisticated techniques.", "content": "For financial survival, hospitals must use a wide variety of methods, ranging from operational audits and profitability analyses to sharing and improved collection efforts.", "contents": "Financial management: hospitals need sophisticated techniques. For financial survival, hospitals must use a wide variety of methods, ranging from operational audits and profitability analyses to sharing and improved collection efforts."}
{"id": "PMID:367936", "title": "Financing and accrediting hospices.", "content": "Attention by third parties to critical licensure and reimbursement issues is the appropriate response to growing public support of hospice care.", "contents": "Financing and accrediting hospices. Attention by third parties to critical licensure and reimbursement issues is the appropriate response to growing public support of hospice care."}
{"id": "PMID:367944", "title": "Demonstration of replication patterns corresponding to G- and R-type banding of chromosomes after partial synchronization of cell cultures with BrdU or dT surplus.", "content": "A standard protocol is reported for the highly efficient demonstration of replication patterns corresponding to R-type and G-type banding.", "contents": "Demonstration of replication patterns corresponding to G- and R-type banding of chromosomes after partial synchronization of cell cultures with BrdU or dT surplus. A standard protocol is reported for the highly efficient demonstration of replication patterns corresponding to R-type and G-type banding."}
{"id": "PMID:367945", "title": "The testis as a secretory organ for H-Y antigen.", "content": "After cultivation of dissociated rat testicular tissues, H-Y antigen is detectable in the medium; this is not the case if nongonadal male tissues are incubated. Release of H-Y antigen by testis cells is inhibited by the addition of cycloheximide. All tissues still type H-Y positive after culture. It is assumed that the testis actively secretes H-Y antigen. This assumption is supported by the finding that the amount of H-Y antigen in the epididymal fluid increases with the age of the animals.", "contents": "The testis as a secretory organ for H-Y antigen. After cultivation of dissociated rat testicular tissues, H-Y antigen is detectable in the medium; this is not the case if nongonadal male tissues are incubated. Release of H-Y antigen by testis cells is inhibited by the addition of cycloheximide. All tissues still type H-Y positive after culture. It is assumed that the testis actively secretes H-Y antigen. This assumption is supported by the finding that the amount of H-Y antigen in the epididymal fluid increases with the age of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:367946", "title": "Acid alpha-glucosidase in Malaysians. Population studies and the occurrence of a new variant.", "content": "Acid alpha-glucosidase from the placenta was electrophoretically surveyed in a total of 633 Malaysians, 236 of Malay, 261 of Chinese and 136 of Indian ancestries. A new variant, alpha-glucosidase 3-1 was observed in 1 Malay and 3 Indians. A polymorphism for this enzyme was observed among Indians, but in Chinese and Malays variants are rare. Phenotype 2-1 was observed once in a Chinese and once in a Malay.", "contents": "Acid alpha-glucosidase in Malaysians. Population studies and the occurrence of a new variant. Acid alpha-glucosidase from the placenta was electrophoretically surveyed in a total of 633 Malaysians, 236 of Malay, 261 of Chinese and 136 of Indian ancestries. A new variant, alpha-glucosidase 3-1 was observed in 1 Malay and 3 Indians. A polymorphism for this enzyme was observed among Indians, but in Chinese and Malays variants are rare. Phenotype 2-1 was observed once in a Chinese and once in a Malay."}
{"id": "PMID:367948", "title": "Do natural killer cells engage in regulated reactions against self to ensure homeostasis?", "content": "Host reactivities not requiring immunization in the mouse, especially natural resistance of irradiated animals to accept grafts of normal or malignant hemopoietic cells, were compared with NK activity against the YAC-1 lymphoma. The effects of several independent variables known to influence natural resistance in vivo had a similar effect on the NK system. Figure 12 lists an impressive array of shared properties and positive correlations. In contrast, the distinctions were few and minor. Many of the positive correlations were of particular significance since the experimental variables either have opposing or no effects on conventional induced immunity. The multiplicity and pervasiveness of these correlations suggest that the cellular mechanisms underlying natural reactivities are similar or common. Cytotoxic effectors mediating natural resistance to normal cells, tumors, and cells infected with intracellular pathogens may be distinct in terms of target selectivity, yet belong to a single cell lineage subject to common regulatory influences for differentiation and function. Regulation of reactivity via suppressor cells was studied in the NK system only. The spleens of mice selected for low levels of NK activity (resulting from young age, irradiation, and treatment with the macrophage-active agents l-carrageenan or hydrocortisone acetate) contained cells capable of inhibiting the lytic function of NK effectors taken from untreated adult donors. All the suppressor cells studied were thymus-independent, as judged by their occurrence in spleens of genetically athymic mice; the suppressive function was resistant to 2000 rads of gamma-rays administered in vitro and was not restricted by the major histocompatibility complex, without exception. However, two major classes of suppressors were identified: (a) macrophagelike cells inducible by l-carrageenan or hydrocortisone acetate, and (b) nonadherent cells found in spleens of untreated infants and of irradiated adult mice. It is proposed that the suppression of NK cytolysis demonstrated in vitro was a manifestation of regulatory mechanisms modulating the level of NK activity in vivo. Macrophagelike cells that are induced, activated, or inactivated by bacteria, viruses, hormones, and other agents may act as regulators of differentiation, maturation, and function of cells belonging to the NK lineage. Nonadherent cells could be either a distinct class of suppressors or immature NK cells capable of binding but not lysing target cells. In the latter case, regulation would be achieved via competitive binding of targets by pre-NK cells presumably in dynamic equilibrium with functional (i.e. matured) NK effectors.", "contents": "Do natural killer cells engage in regulated reactions against self to ensure homeostasis? Host reactivities not requiring immunization in the mouse, especially natural resistance of irradiated animals to accept grafts of normal or malignant hemopoietic cells, were compared with NK activity against the YAC-1 lymphoma. The effects of several independent variables known to influence natural resistance in vivo had a similar effect on the NK system. Figure 12 lists an impressive array of shared properties and positive correlations. In contrast, the distinctions were few and minor. Many of the positive correlations were of particular significance since the experimental variables either have opposing or no effects on conventional induced immunity. The multiplicity and pervasiveness of these correlations suggest that the cellular mechanisms underlying natural reactivities are similar or common. Cytotoxic effectors mediating natural resistance to normal cells, tumors, and cells infected with intracellular pathogens may be distinct in terms of target selectivity, yet belong to a single cell lineage subject to common regulatory influences for differentiation and function. Regulation of reactivity via suppressor cells was studied in the NK system only. The spleens of mice selected for low levels of NK activity (resulting from young age, irradiation, and treatment with the macrophage-active agents l-carrageenan or hydrocortisone acetate) contained cells capable of inhibiting the lytic function of NK effectors taken from untreated adult donors. All the suppressor cells studied were thymus-independent, as judged by their occurrence in spleens of genetically athymic mice; the suppressive function was resistant to 2000 rads of gamma-rays administered in vitro and was not restricted by the major histocompatibility complex, without exception. However, two major classes of suppressors were identified: (a) macrophagelike cells inducible by l-carrageenan or hydrocortisone acetate, and (b) nonadherent cells found in spleens of untreated infants and of irradiated adult mice. It is proposed that the suppression of NK cytolysis demonstrated in vitro was a manifestation of regulatory mechanisms modulating the level of NK activity in vivo. Macrophagelike cells that are induced, activated, or inactivated by bacteria, viruses, hormones, and other agents may act as regulators of differentiation, maturation, and function of cells belonging to the NK lineage. Nonadherent cells could be either a distinct class of suppressors or immature NK cells capable of binding but not lysing target cells. In the latter case, regulation would be achieved via competitive binding of targets by pre-NK cells presumably in dynamic equilibrium with functional (i.e. matured) NK effectors."}
{"id": "PMID:367956", "title": "Effects of cyclophosphamide on the in vivo response of outbred athymic (nude) mice to a thymus-independent antigen (DNP-AGG-Ficoll).", "content": "Both nude mice (nu/nu) and their heterozygous littermates (nu/+) were injected with a single IP dose of 300 mg cyclophosphamide (CY)/kg. CY is a known immunosuppressive agent, which affects primarily B lymphocytes. Immunization with the thymus independent antigen DNP-AGG59-Ficoll after CY treatment disclosed that restoration of the primary direct PFC response occurred more rapidly in nude mice than in nu/+ mice. However in these same experiments, the primary indirect PFC response, recovered earlier in nu/+ mice than in nude mice. After CY treatment, secondary indirect PFC responses were delayed in both nude and nu/+ mice, but the greatest effect was seen in nude mice. The data suggest that the presence of T cells has little if any influence on the recovery capacity of those B cells which are destined to become direct PFC. However the recovery of B cells which are destined to produce indirect PFC responses is facilitated by the presence of T cells.", "contents": "Effects of cyclophosphamide on the in vivo response of outbred athymic (nude) mice to a thymus-independent antigen (DNP-AGG-Ficoll). Both nude mice (nu/nu) and their heterozygous littermates (nu/+) were injected with a single IP dose of 300 mg cyclophosphamide (CY)/kg. CY is a known immunosuppressive agent, which affects primarily B lymphocytes. Immunization with the thymus independent antigen DNP-AGG59-Ficoll after CY treatment disclosed that restoration of the primary direct PFC response occurred more rapidly in nude mice than in nu/+ mice. However in these same experiments, the primary indirect PFC response, recovered earlier in nu/+ mice than in nude mice. After CY treatment, secondary indirect PFC responses were delayed in both nude and nu/+ mice, but the greatest effect was seen in nude mice. The data suggest that the presence of T cells has little if any influence on the recovery capacity of those B cells which are destined to become direct PFC. However the recovery of B cells which are destined to produce indirect PFC responses is facilitated by the presence of T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:367957", "title": "The effect of the parenteral administration of a rabbit anti-(mouse)-IgD serum on the immune response of mice to sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "Experiments have been carried out to find out if the administration of an anti-IgD serum to mice interferes in anyway with their immune response to sheep red blood cells. This was done to test a hypothesis that a biological role for IgD might be as a critical cellular receptor for antigen. Our results show that the injection of anti-IgD two days before antigen results in suppression of primary responses and priming (the antigen dependent generation of memory cells) but has no suppressive effect on a secondary response. On this indirect evidence we conclude that it is likely that IgD is present on antigen-sensitive percursor cells but not on memory cells.", "contents": "The effect of the parenteral administration of a rabbit anti-(mouse)-IgD serum on the immune response of mice to sheep erythrocytes. Experiments have been carried out to find out if the administration of an anti-IgD serum to mice interferes in anyway with their immune response to sheep red blood cells. This was done to test a hypothesis that a biological role for IgD might be as a critical cellular receptor for antigen. Our results show that the injection of anti-IgD two days before antigen results in suppression of primary responses and priming (the antigen dependent generation of memory cells) but has no suppressive effect on a secondary response. On this indirect evidence we conclude that it is likely that IgD is present on antigen-sensitive percursor cells but not on memory cells."}
{"id": "PMID:367958", "title": "Allelic exclusion of M1 (IgM) allotype on the surface of chicken B cells.", "content": "The membrane expression of M1 (IgM) and G1 (IgG) allotype markers on peripheral blood lymphocytes was examined by immunofluorescence. In homozygous chickens 15% lymphocytes stained with either anti-M1 or with polyspecific rabbit anti-Ig serum, suggesting that M1 is expressed on the surface of probably all B lymphocytes. In heterozygous M1a/M1b individuals antisera against either allelic antigens reacted with 50% of the total surface Ig positive cells as evidence for the allelic exclusion of surface M1 expression. Donor allotype synthesis was determined from serum allotype levels in congenic cyclophosphamide-treated recipients of lymphoid cells. Treatment of cells with anti-M1 serum prior to transfer inhibited both M1 and G1 allotype synthesis. The treatment of heterozygous (M1a/M1b, G1a/G1e) cells with anti-M1b serum inhibited specifically the synthesis of M1b and G1e allotypes controlled by linked genes from the same parental chromosome. Thus, B cells which had been the targets for anti-M1 antibody mediated suppression are also subject to allelic exclusion.", "contents": "Allelic exclusion of M1 (IgM) allotype on the surface of chicken B cells. The membrane expression of M1 (IgM) and G1 (IgG) allotype markers on peripheral blood lymphocytes was examined by immunofluorescence. In homozygous chickens 15% lymphocytes stained with either anti-M1 or with polyspecific rabbit anti-Ig serum, suggesting that M1 is expressed on the surface of probably all B lymphocytes. In heterozygous M1a/M1b individuals antisera against either allelic antigens reacted with 50% of the total surface Ig positive cells as evidence for the allelic exclusion of surface M1 expression. Donor allotype synthesis was determined from serum allotype levels in congenic cyclophosphamide-treated recipients of lymphoid cells. Treatment of cells with anti-M1 serum prior to transfer inhibited both M1 and G1 allotype synthesis. The treatment of heterozygous (M1a/M1b, G1a/G1e) cells with anti-M1b serum inhibited specifically the synthesis of M1b and G1e allotypes controlled by linked genes from the same parental chromosome. Thus, B cells which had been the targets for anti-M1 antibody mediated suppression are also subject to allelic exclusion."}
{"id": "PMID:367961", "title": "Lipid chemotaxins isolated from culture filtrates of Escherichia coli and from oxidized lipids.", "content": "Lipid extracts of sterile culture filtrates of Escherichia coli were shown to contain approximately 75% of the chemotactic activity for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and rabbit alveolar macrophages. Fractionation and purification of these lipids revealed the presence of many unknown lipids of widely different properties, but all were anionic and at very low concentrations, chemotactic. The only one of active molecules that could be identified was an unsaturated ultraviolet-absorbing hydroxy fatty acid, which, following catalytic reduction with hydrogen, was found to be hydroxyeicosanoic acid. This fatty acid's chromatographic behavior was very similar to that of 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), which is a potent chemotaxin for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. Unknown chemotaxins could be generated by the oxidation of known unsaturated lipids. Prostaglandins A2 and E2 produced potent chemotaxins upon aerobic oxidation. Malonaldehyde, a peroxidation product of unsaturated lipids, when reacted with phosphatidylethanolamine in aerobic conditions, also produced strong chemotactic agents. The chemotactic activity of these products could be destroyed by catalytic reduction with hydrogen and by methylation with dry methanolic HCl. These data indicate that the nonenzymatic oxidation of unsaturated lipids generates some products that are potent chemotaxins for mammalian inflammatory cells.", "contents": "Lipid chemotaxins isolated from culture filtrates of Escherichia coli and from oxidized lipids. Lipid extracts of sterile culture filtrates of Escherichia coli were shown to contain approximately 75% of the chemotactic activity for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and rabbit alveolar macrophages. Fractionation and purification of these lipids revealed the presence of many unknown lipids of widely different properties, but all were anionic and at very low concentrations, chemotactic. The only one of active molecules that could be identified was an unsaturated ultraviolet-absorbing hydroxy fatty acid, which, following catalytic reduction with hydrogen, was found to be hydroxyeicosanoic acid. This fatty acid's chromatographic behavior was very similar to that of 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), which is a potent chemotaxin for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. Unknown chemotaxins could be generated by the oxidation of known unsaturated lipids. Prostaglandins A2 and E2 produced potent chemotaxins upon aerobic oxidation. Malonaldehyde, a peroxidation product of unsaturated lipids, when reacted with phosphatidylethanolamine in aerobic conditions, also produced strong chemotactic agents. The chemotactic activity of these products could be destroyed by catalytic reduction with hydrogen and by methylation with dry methanolic HCl. These data indicate that the nonenzymatic oxidation of unsaturated lipids generates some products that are potent chemotaxins for mammalian inflammatory cells."}
{"id": "PMID:367962", "title": "Complement-dependent hemodynamic and hematologic changes in the rabbit.", "content": "The intravenous injection of the anticomplementary protein from cobra venom, cobra factor (CoF),2 induces decreases in mean arterial blood pressure and circulating platelets in rabbits. The changes are rapidly reversed. Both changes require the presence of C3 and occur in rabbits genetically deficient in the sixth component of complement. The hypotensive effects of CoF were blocked by the histamine H2-receptor antagonist burimamide. An acute C3-dependent change in blood pressure and circulating platelets also was demonstrated following the intravenous injection of S. marcescens endotoxin. However, abrogation of these acute changes by C3 depletion did not alter the extent of a second, prolonged fall in blood pressure and platelets induced by S. marcescens endotoxin occurring after 60--90 min. C3 depletion also did not alter the lethal effects of the S. marcescens endotoxin.", "contents": "Complement-dependent hemodynamic and hematologic changes in the rabbit. The intravenous injection of the anticomplementary protein from cobra venom, cobra factor (CoF),2 induces decreases in mean arterial blood pressure and circulating platelets in rabbits. The changes are rapidly reversed. Both changes require the presence of C3 and occur in rabbits genetically deficient in the sixth component of complement. The hypotensive effects of CoF were blocked by the histamine H2-receptor antagonist burimamide. An acute C3-dependent change in blood pressure and circulating platelets also was demonstrated following the intravenous injection of S. marcescens endotoxin. However, abrogation of these acute changes by C3 depletion did not alter the extent of a second, prolonged fall in blood pressure and platelets induced by S. marcescens endotoxin occurring after 60--90 min. C3 depletion also did not alter the lethal effects of the S. marcescens endotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:367963", "title": "Treatment of rheumatoid and degenerative diseases with copper complexes: a review with emphasis on copper-salicylate.", "content": "This review presents a historical account of the treatment of rheumatoid and other degenerative diseases with copper complexes. Clinical data obtained from 1940 to 1971 are provided for about 1,500 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (acute or chronic), rheumatic fever, ankylosing spondylitis, staphlococcal spondylitis, gonococcal arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, polyarticular synovitis, coxitis, disseminated spondylitis, arthritis with psoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, arthrosis deformans, erythema nodosum, sciatica (with and without lumbar involvement), cervical spine-shoulder syndrome or lumbar spine syndrome. The drugs used in these studies were Dicuprene, Alcuprin, Cuprimyl, and Permalon, a copper-salicylate preparation. A detailed presentation of toxicities associated with the use of these copper complexes is included.", "contents": "Treatment of rheumatoid and degenerative diseases with copper complexes: a review with emphasis on copper-salicylate. This review presents a historical account of the treatment of rheumatoid and other degenerative diseases with copper complexes. Clinical data obtained from 1940 to 1971 are provided for about 1,500 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (acute or chronic), rheumatic fever, ankylosing spondylitis, staphlococcal spondylitis, gonococcal arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, polyarticular synovitis, coxitis, disseminated spondylitis, arthritis with psoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, arthrosis deformans, erythema nodosum, sciatica (with and without lumbar involvement), cervical spine-shoulder syndrome or lumbar spine syndrome. The drugs used in these studies were Dicuprene, Alcuprin, Cuprimyl, and Permalon, a copper-salicylate preparation. A detailed presentation of toxicities associated with the use of these copper complexes is included."}
{"id": "PMID:367967", "title": "Non-conventional treatment of hepatic failures.", "content": "It is our intention to present a short review of various approaches to the non-conventional treatment of hepatic failures of the fulminant type. Our review is directed to the scientist, technologist, and clinician with a budding interest in the hepatic assist area. We shall discuss parabiosis, liver transplants, and various extracorporeal devices including hemoperfusion, hemodialysis, and enzymic detoxification systems. We feel that the present technological approaches to the treatment of hepatic failure are very primitive at this stage. Some of the recent advances are very encouraging, and it is our opinion that these approaches show great promise in the long term.", "contents": "Non-conventional treatment of hepatic failures. It is our intention to present a short review of various approaches to the non-conventional treatment of hepatic failures of the fulminant type. Our review is directed to the scientist, technologist, and clinician with a budding interest in the hepatic assist area. We shall discuss parabiosis, liver transplants, and various extracorporeal devices including hemoperfusion, hemodialysis, and enzymic detoxification systems. We feel that the present technological approaches to the treatment of hepatic failure are very primitive at this stage. Some of the recent advances are very encouraging, and it is our opinion that these approaches show great promise in the long term."}
{"id": "PMID:367968", "title": "Some operations research applications to problems of health care systems (a survey).", "content": "In this paper, a brief survey of operations research applications to problems of health care systems is made. It shows the possibilities which exist for improving the design and operations of hospitals and other health care systems through the use of operations research approaches. The different applications have been divided into groups, but it should be noted that there is a great deal of overlapping among them.", "contents": "Some operations research applications to problems of health care systems (a survey). In this paper, a brief survey of operations research applications to problems of health care systems is made. It shows the possibilities which exist for improving the design and operations of hospitals and other health care systems through the use of operations research approaches. The different applications have been divided into groups, but it should be noted that there is a great deal of overlapping among them."}
{"id": "PMID:367969", "title": "Computer-based testing system for experiments in visual perception.", "content": "This paper discusses the increasing scope for the application of computing systems to the investigation of problems in the field of visual perception. A simple language for the generation of various perceptual testing schemes is described and some examples of possible applications are given.", "contents": "Computer-based testing system for experiments in visual perception. This paper discusses the increasing scope for the application of computing systems to the investigation of problems in the field of visual perception. A simple language for the generation of various perceptual testing schemes is described and some examples of possible applications are given."}
{"id": "PMID:367970", "title": "Computer-based interpretation of clinical laboratory tests.", "content": "A system has been developed for the interpretation of laboratory findings which can aid in medical diagnosis as well as monitoring medical treatment. Tools are provided for defining, updating and verifying rules for the interpretation of laboratory tests in a computer-acceptable form. The present system uses a set of arithmetic logic rules which allows comprehensive evaluation of laboratory data as well as bringing into focus fluctuating and borderline situations and inconclusive data. Application of the system for over a year has shown that it is easy to use by laboratory staff with no knowledge of programming. Moreover, it has forced greater comprehensiveness, objectivity, consistency and speed in the interpretation of laboratory results than is generally achieved by standard practice.", "contents": "Computer-based interpretation of clinical laboratory tests. A system has been developed for the interpretation of laboratory findings which can aid in medical diagnosis as well as monitoring medical treatment. Tools are provided for defining, updating and verifying rules for the interpretation of laboratory tests in a computer-acceptable form. The present system uses a set of arithmetic logic rules which allows comprehensive evaluation of laboratory data as well as bringing into focus fluctuating and borderline situations and inconclusive data. Application of the system for over a year has shown that it is easy to use by laboratory staff with no knowledge of programming. Moreover, it has forced greater comprehensiveness, objectivity, consistency and speed in the interpretation of laboratory results than is generally achieved by standard practice."}
{"id": "PMID:367971", "title": "Peak-detection algorithm for EEG analysis.", "content": "A peak-detection method is described for computer analysis of the the electroencephalogramme (EEG). The technique consists of measuring the amplitude and time interval between successive maxima (peaks) and minima (troughs) in the signal. A critical feature of the peak-detection algorithm is the inclusion of an amplitude threshold criterion which eliminates the registration of low-voltage activity riding on EEG waves. The peak-detection procedure permits the formulation of a variety of intra-band and inter-band EEG statistics which can be useful in on-line computer applications. The peak-detection algorithm has been successfully applied to a number of normal and clinical EEG recordings. Although no computer procedure for EEG analysis has yet been universally adopted, the peak-detection algorithm reported in this paper presents a standardised approach which can be used between EEG clinics.", "contents": "Peak-detection algorithm for EEG analysis. A peak-detection method is described for computer analysis of the the electroencephalogramme (EEG). The technique consists of measuring the amplitude and time interval between successive maxima (peaks) and minima (troughs) in the signal. A critical feature of the peak-detection algorithm is the inclusion of an amplitude threshold criterion which eliminates the registration of low-voltage activity riding on EEG waves. The peak-detection procedure permits the formulation of a variety of intra-band and inter-band EEG statistics which can be useful in on-line computer applications. The peak-detection algorithm has been successfully applied to a number of normal and clinical EEG recordings. Although no computer procedure for EEG analysis has yet been universally adopted, the peak-detection algorithm reported in this paper presents a standardised approach which can be used between EEG clinics."}
{"id": "PMID:367972", "title": "Development of a computerised cancer data management system at the Mayo Clinic.", "content": "A multidisciplinary team was assembled to design a cancer data management system that would meet the storage, retrieval and analysis NEEDS OF Mayo's clinical trials of anti-tumour drugs. To fulfill these requirements, a computerised data entry and retrieval system was developed, the primary patient health record used by the oncologists was redesigned and the clerical procedures and work flow within the Cancer Center Statistics Office were reorganised. The end result of this project is a system that has: (1) enabled Mayo to meet its reporting requirements as a Comprehensive Cancer Center; (2) provided the statisticians and the physicians with the capacity to perform more detailed and accurate analyses of clinical trials; (3) reduced the clerical effort needed for preparing reports and analyses; (4) provided the potential for expansion to meet the growing requirements of the future and (5) attained that often elusive goal of computer systems--user satisfaction.", "contents": "Development of a computerised cancer data management system at the Mayo Clinic. A multidisciplinary team was assembled to design a cancer data management system that would meet the storage, retrieval and analysis NEEDS OF Mayo's clinical trials of anti-tumour drugs. To fulfill these requirements, a computerised data entry and retrieval system was developed, the primary patient health record used by the oncologists was redesigned and the clerical procedures and work flow within the Cancer Center Statistics Office were reorganised. The end result of this project is a system that has: (1) enabled Mayo to meet its reporting requirements as a Comprehensive Cancer Center; (2) provided the statisticians and the physicians with the capacity to perform more detailed and accurate analyses of clinical trials; (3) reduced the clerical effort needed for preparing reports and analyses; (4) provided the potential for expansion to meet the growing requirements of the future and (5) attained that often elusive goal of computer systems--user satisfaction."}
{"id": "PMID:367973", "title": "K562--a human erythroleukemic cell line.", "content": "We have studied the surface membrane properties of the human leukemic cell line K562 which previously has been reported to represent an early stage of granulocyte maturation. The surface glycoprotein pattern of the K562 cells obtained after galactose oxidase-NaB[3H]4 labelling and slab gel electrophoresis shows striking similarities with that of normal erythrocytes but is completely different from the patterns of normal and malignant cells of various stages of the myeloblast to granulocyte differentiation. Moreover, the K562 cell expressed the major red cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin, on its surface as shown by immunofluorescence and by immunoprecipitation from labelled membrane preparations. As glycophorin is exclusively found on erythroid cells in human bone marrow we conclude that the K562 is a human erythroleukemic line.", "contents": "K562--a human erythroleukemic cell line. We have studied the surface membrane properties of the human leukemic cell line K562 which previously has been reported to represent an early stage of granulocyte maturation. The surface glycoprotein pattern of the K562 cells obtained after galactose oxidase-NaB[3H]4 labelling and slab gel electrophoresis shows striking similarities with that of normal erythrocytes but is completely different from the patterns of normal and malignant cells of various stages of the myeloblast to granulocyte differentiation. Moreover, the K562 cell expressed the major red cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin, on its surface as shown by immunofluorescence and by immunoprecipitation from labelled membrane preparations. As glycophorin is exclusively found on erythroid cells in human bone marrow we conclude that the K562 is a human erythroleukemic line."}
{"id": "PMID:367975", "title": "Pirbuterol in the treatment of bronchial asthma.", "content": "Pirbuterol, a new anti-asthmatic compound, was tested in 21 male outpatients with reversible bronchospastic disease during 12 months in different dosis regimens in order to determine the extent and duration of bronchodilator activity, the optimum multiple dose-schedule, the incidence, type and degree of side effects, and the cardiovascular as well as hematologic, renal and hepatic function after oral administration. All patients were checked by monthly pulmonary function studies, E.C.G. and extensive laboratory tests. Aso slit lamp examinations were performed. Pirbuterol is a well-tolerated bronchodilator which appears to be of clinical importance in the long-term treatment of bronchospastic disease.", "contents": "Pirbuterol in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Pirbuterol, a new anti-asthmatic compound, was tested in 21 male outpatients with reversible bronchospastic disease during 12 months in different dosis regimens in order to determine the extent and duration of bronchodilator activity, the optimum multiple dose-schedule, the incidence, type and degree of side effects, and the cardiovascular as well as hematologic, renal and hepatic function after oral administration. All patients were checked by monthly pulmonary function studies, E.C.G. and extensive laboratory tests. Aso slit lamp examinations were performed. Pirbuterol is a well-tolerated bronchodilator which appears to be of clinical importance in the long-term treatment of bronchospastic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:367976", "title": "A comparative study on the clinical effects of oxazepam and diazepam: Relationship between plasma level and effect.", "content": "The clinical effects of oxazepam and diazepam as oral premedicants were tested in a double-blind study of 60 children and 50 adults. The gas chromatographically measured concentrations of the active unconjugated forms of oxazepam and diazepam in the plasma were correlated to their clinical effects, as assessed both subjectively and objectively (sleep, sedation, apprehension, excitement, dizziness, emetic effect, headache, increase or decrease in systolic blood pressure, increase in pulse rate, venepuncture). No significant difference in the effects of these two benzodiazepine derivatives were observed, nor was there any obvious relationship between the plasma concentration and clinical effect.", "contents": "A comparative study on the clinical effects of oxazepam and diazepam: Relationship between plasma level and effect. The clinical effects of oxazepam and diazepam as oral premedicants were tested in a double-blind study of 60 children and 50 adults. The gas chromatographically measured concentrations of the active unconjugated forms of oxazepam and diazepam in the plasma were correlated to their clinical effects, as assessed both subjectively and objectively (sleep, sedation, apprehension, excitement, dizziness, emetic effect, headache, increase or decrease in systolic blood pressure, increase in pulse rate, venepuncture). No significant difference in the effects of these two benzodiazepine derivatives were observed, nor was there any obvious relationship between the plasma concentration and clinical effect."}
{"id": "PMID:367979", "title": "Hypocholesterolemic effect of ascorbic acid in maturity-onset diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A significantly lower vitamin C concentration has been found in the blood and particularly in the leukocytes of hypercholesterolemic diabetic patients than of healthy blood donors. Ascorbic acid administered in a dose of 500 mg per day for 12 months to metabolically stabilized hypercholesterolemic subjects with maturity-onset diabetes mellitus (diabetic diet without insulin or diabetic drugs) brought about a striking decline of cholesterolemia and a moderate decline of triglyceridemia. The serum lipid level in the control group given placebo remained unaltered. A daily administration of 500 mg of ascorbic acid for six months failed to affect the fasting level of serum immunoreactive insulin. It is assumed that the long-term administration of ascorbic acid to maturity-onset diabetics removed the tissue ascorbate deficiency and improved the liver ability to compensate the increased endogenous synthesis of cholesterol by its enhanced transformation to bile acids.", "contents": "Hypocholesterolemic effect of ascorbic acid in maturity-onset diabetes mellitus. A significantly lower vitamin C concentration has been found in the blood and particularly in the leukocytes of hypercholesterolemic diabetic patients than of healthy blood donors. Ascorbic acid administered in a dose of 500 mg per day for 12 months to metabolically stabilized hypercholesterolemic subjects with maturity-onset diabetes mellitus (diabetic diet without insulin or diabetic drugs) brought about a striking decline of cholesterolemia and a moderate decline of triglyceridemia. The serum lipid level in the control group given placebo remained unaltered. A daily administration of 500 mg of ascorbic acid for six months failed to affect the fasting level of serum immunoreactive insulin. It is assumed that the long-term administration of ascorbic acid to maturity-onset diabetics removed the tissue ascorbate deficiency and improved the liver ability to compensate the increased endogenous synthesis of cholesterol by its enhanced transformation to bile acids."}
{"id": "PMID:367980", "title": "Disappearance of oxytocin-induced uterine tiredness by treatment with fructose-1,6-diphosphate. Experimental evidence.", "content": "Fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) is able to abolish oxytocin induced spastic inertia in rat uterus. The clinical use of FDP is suggested by observation carried out on 30 deliveries with oxytocin induction. The FDP-treated patients (5 g of FDP in 50 ml of water by intravenous infusion) showed a statistically significant decrease of time elapsed between the beginning of uterine inertia and the recovery of uterine contractions (176 +/- 25.4 min) compared to controls (562 +/- 32.5 min).", "contents": "Disappearance of oxytocin-induced uterine tiredness by treatment with fructose-1,6-diphosphate. Experimental evidence. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) is able to abolish oxytocin induced spastic inertia in rat uterus. The clinical use of FDP is suggested by observation carried out on 30 deliveries with oxytocin induction. The FDP-treated patients (5 g of FDP in 50 ml of water by intravenous infusion) showed a statistically significant decrease of time elapsed between the beginning of uterine inertia and the recovery of uterine contractions (176 +/- 25.4 min) compared to controls (562 +/- 32.5 min)."}
{"id": "PMID:367982", "title": "A technique for recording abutments and tissue relationships and inter-arch relations in one session.", "content": "A modified technique for recording tissue and abutment relationships in one session has been presented. Using the technique chair-tite and discomfort for the patient are significantly reduced.", "contents": "A technique for recording abutments and tissue relationships and inter-arch relations in one session. A modified technique for recording tissue and abutment relationships in one session has been presented. Using the technique chair-tite and discomfort for the patient are significantly reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:367983", "title": "The overdenture: a concept.", "content": "Teeth that are unsuitable as abutments for a fixed bridge or removable partial denture may be retained as roots under an overdenture. While these roots remain, the vertical height of the bony ridge is preserved. In addition, the roots give support to the denture and reduce stress on the alveolar ridge.", "contents": "The overdenture: a concept. Teeth that are unsuitable as abutments for a fixed bridge or removable partial denture may be retained as roots under an overdenture. While these roots remain, the vertical height of the bony ridge is preserved. In addition, the roots give support to the denture and reduce stress on the alveolar ridge."}
{"id": "PMID:367984", "title": "Marginal leakage in amalgam restorations and its prevention.", "content": "Marginal leakage is the penetration of fluids, bacteria and ions into the space existing between all restorative materials and cavity walls. It can cause pulp irritation, colour changes in the tooth and secondary caries, and may result in failure of the restoration. The margins of a fresh amalgam restoration invariably leak. As time passes there is a decrease in marginal leakage related to the production of corrosion products and the spreading of certain materials into the space between the tooth and the restoration. Correct cavity margin preparation and proper condensation of the restorative material minimize marginal leakage round fresh amalgam restorations. Varnish coated on the cavity walls is most important and an indispensable method for preventing marginal leakage.", "contents": "Marginal leakage in amalgam restorations and its prevention. Marginal leakage is the penetration of fluids, bacteria and ions into the space existing between all restorative materials and cavity walls. It can cause pulp irritation, colour changes in the tooth and secondary caries, and may result in failure of the restoration. The margins of a fresh amalgam restoration invariably leak. As time passes there is a decrease in marginal leakage related to the production of corrosion products and the spreading of certain materials into the space between the tooth and the restoration. Correct cavity margin preparation and proper condensation of the restorative material minimize marginal leakage round fresh amalgam restorations. Varnish coated on the cavity walls is most important and an indispensable method for preventing marginal leakage."}
{"id": "PMID:367987", "title": "Surgical demand scheduling: a review.", "content": "This article reviews the literature on scheduling of patient demand for surgery and outlines an approach to improving overall performance of hospital surgical suites. Reported scheduling systems are categorized into those that schedule patients in advance of the surgical date and those that schedule available patients on the day of surgery. Approaches to estimating surgical procedure times are also reviewed, and the article concludes with a discussion of the failure to implement the majority of reported scheduling schemes.", "contents": "Surgical demand scheduling: a review. This article reviews the literature on scheduling of patient demand for surgery and outlines an approach to improving overall performance of hospital surgical suites. Reported scheduling systems are categorized into those that schedule patients in advance of the surgical date and those that schedule available patients on the day of surgery. Approaches to estimating surgical procedure times are also reviewed, and the article concludes with a discussion of the failure to implement the majority of reported scheduling schemes."}
{"id": "PMID:367989", "title": "Pancreatic glucagon cells contain endorphin-like immunoreactivity.", "content": "Semithin and thin serial sections of rat pancreas were investigated by immunocytochemical techniques using antisera against glucagon and endorphin. The immunocytochemical staining methods revealed that in the rat endocrine pancreas endorphin-like immunoreactivity is contained in glucagon (A-) cells. All secretion granules of glucagon cells that could be identified in adjacent thin sections exhibited glucagon as well as endorphin immunoreactivity. Since glucagon cells are devoid of ACTH-like immunoreactivity it is concluded that the biosynthetic pathway of pancreatic endorphin is not the same as in the pituitary.", "contents": "Pancreatic glucagon cells contain endorphin-like immunoreactivity. Semithin and thin serial sections of rat pancreas were investigated by immunocytochemical techniques using antisera against glucagon and endorphin. The immunocytochemical staining methods revealed that in the rat endocrine pancreas endorphin-like immunoreactivity is contained in glucagon (A-) cells. All secretion granules of glucagon cells that could be identified in adjacent thin sections exhibited glucagon as well as endorphin immunoreactivity. Since glucagon cells are devoid of ACTH-like immunoreactivity it is concluded that the biosynthetic pathway of pancreatic endorphin is not the same as in the pituitary."}
{"id": "PMID:367995", "title": "The scope of a laboratory animal program needed at a veterinary school.", "content": "The discipline of laboratory animal medicine is one of the most rapidly expanding specialties within the veterinary profession. Veterinary schools should fully accept the responsibility for introductory instruction in laboratory animal medicine in the professional curriculum. Such instruction should articulate the varied opportunities that exist for the laboratory animal veterinarian within the biomedical research community, and provide an overview of the normal biological characteristics and pathologic conditions of the common laboratory animal species. In addition, the opportunity should exist within the veterinary school for graduate and undergraduate students utilizing experimental animals to receive a comprehensive introduction to laboratory animal biology, care, and management. Instructional responsibility for such courses should be accepted by faculty veterinarians with advanced training in laboratory animal medicine. Veterinarians with advanced training in this specialty are uniquely qualified to make substantial contributions to biomedical research by promoting the health and welfare of the research animal.", "contents": "The scope of a laboratory animal program needed at a veterinary school. The discipline of laboratory animal medicine is one of the most rapidly expanding specialties within the veterinary profession. Veterinary schools should fully accept the responsibility for introductory instruction in laboratory animal medicine in the professional curriculum. Such instruction should articulate the varied opportunities that exist for the laboratory animal veterinarian within the biomedical research community, and provide an overview of the normal biological characteristics and pathologic conditions of the common laboratory animal species. In addition, the opportunity should exist within the veterinary school for graduate and undergraduate students utilizing experimental animals to receive a comprehensive introduction to laboratory animal biology, care, and management. Instructional responsibility for such courses should be accepted by faculty veterinarians with advanced training in laboratory animal medicine. Veterinarians with advanced training in this specialty are uniquely qualified to make substantial contributions to biomedical research by promoting the health and welfare of the research animal."}
{"id": "PMID:367996", "title": "New cephalosporins with 7-acyl groups derived from beta-ketoacids. I. 7-(beta-Ketoacylamino)cephalosporins.", "content": "The synthesis and antimicrobial profile of a series of 7-(beta-ketoacylamino)cephalosporins (1) bearing an acetoxymethyl or a heterocyclichiomethyl group at the 3-position are described. Of this series, 3-[[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio]methyl]-7-(3-oxobutyrylamino)ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid (11) showed moderate antibacterial activities in in vitro and in vivo tests.", "contents": "New cephalosporins with 7-acyl groups derived from beta-ketoacids. I. 7-(beta-Ketoacylamino)cephalosporins. The synthesis and antimicrobial profile of a series of 7-(beta-ketoacylamino)cephalosporins (1) bearing an acetoxymethyl or a heterocyclichiomethyl group at the 3-position are described. Of this series, 3-[[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio]methyl]-7-(3-oxobutyrylamino)ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid (11) showed moderate antibacterial activities in in vitro and in vivo tests."}
{"id": "PMID:367997", "title": "New cephalosporins with 7-acyl groups derived from beta-ketoacids. II. Further modifications of 7-(3-oxobutyrylamino)-cephalosporins.", "content": "New cephalosporins modified in the acyl part of 7-(3'-oxobutyrylamino)cephalosporins (1), which have been described in the preceding paper, were synthesized by thiolation at the 2'- or the 4'-position, or by transforming the 3'-oxo group into a 3'-imino group. The most active compound in vitro was 3-[[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio]methyl]-7-(4-methylthio-3-oxobutyrylamino)ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid (7c), which showed superior in vitro activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to the parent cephalosporin (1b) with the same 3-substituent. The ED50 value for 7c, however, was essentially equal to that of 1b in mice infected with Escherichia coli O-111.", "contents": "New cephalosporins with 7-acyl groups derived from beta-ketoacids. II. Further modifications of 7-(3-oxobutyrylamino)-cephalosporins. New cephalosporins modified in the acyl part of 7-(3'-oxobutyrylamino)cephalosporins (1), which have been described in the preceding paper, were synthesized by thiolation at the 2'- or the 4'-position, or by transforming the 3'-oxo group into a 3'-imino group. The most active compound in vitro was 3-[[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio]methyl]-7-(4-methylthio-3-oxobutyrylamino)ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid (7c), which showed superior in vitro activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to the parent cephalosporin (1b) with the same 3-substituent. The ED50 value for 7c, however, was essentially equal to that of 1b in mice infected with Escherichia coli O-111."}
{"id": "PMID:367998", "title": "A new cephalosporin. SCE-963: 7-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-acetamido]-3-[[[1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1h-tetrazol-5-yl]-thio]methyl]ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid. Chemistry and structure-activity relationships.", "content": "The synthesis and the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of a series of 7-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido]cephalosporins (1) having varied 3-substituents, such as methyl, hydroxymethyl, acetoxymethyl, pyridiniomethyl and heterocyclicthiomethyls, are described. The derivatives having five membered heterocyclicthiomethyls exhibited strong inhibitory activities against Gram-negative organisms including some strains of Escherichia coli and Proteus morganii which are insensitive to cefazolin and cephaloridine. Pronounced activities were noted with 7-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-acetamido]-3-[[[1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]thio]methyl]ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid (1y; SCE-963).", "contents": "A new cephalosporin. SCE-963: 7-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-acetamido]-3-[[[1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1h-tetrazol-5-yl]-thio]methyl]ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid. Chemistry and structure-activity relationships. The synthesis and the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of a series of 7-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido]cephalosporins (1) having varied 3-substituents, such as methyl, hydroxymethyl, acetoxymethyl, pyridiniomethyl and heterocyclicthiomethyls, are described. The derivatives having five membered heterocyclicthiomethyls exhibited strong inhibitory activities against Gram-negative organisms including some strains of Escherichia coli and Proteus morganii which are insensitive to cefazolin and cephaloridine. Pronounced activities were noted with 7-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-acetamido]-3-[[[1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]thio]methyl]ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid (1y; SCE-963)."}
{"id": "PMID:367999", "title": "Membrane-bound penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli. Comparison of a strain carrying an R-factor and the parent strain.", "content": "Membrane-bound penicillin-binding proteins of an Escherichia coli carrying an R factor which mediated the resistance to penicillins were examined by slab gel electrophoresis and fluorography using beta-lactamase inhibitors such as methicillin, clavulanic acid and MC-696-SY2-A, and by affinity chomatography. By fluorography, it appeared that the penicillin-binding proteins of the strain carrying the R factor could not be distinguished from those of the parent strain. In both strains, methicillin had a preferential affinity for penicillin-binding proteins 2 and 3, clavulanic acid for 2 and 4, and MC-696-SY2-A for 1A at the concentration which was needed to inhibit about 75 approximately 80% of beta-lactamase activity of the membrane fraction from a strain carrying an R factor. This with other facts indicates that MC-696-SY2-A has a unique character in the binding to penicillin-binding proteins. By affinity chromatography using cephalexin-CH-Sepharose 4B column, two major cephalexin-binding proteins were detected. Their molecular weights were found to be 110,000 and 32,000, respectively. These two proteins correpsonded to penicillin-binding proteins 1 and 5/6. From these results it was suggested that the R factor had no influence on the penicillin-binding proteins in the E. coli strain examined.", "contents": "Membrane-bound penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli. Comparison of a strain carrying an R-factor and the parent strain. Membrane-bound penicillin-binding proteins of an Escherichia coli carrying an R factor which mediated the resistance to penicillins were examined by slab gel electrophoresis and fluorography using beta-lactamase inhibitors such as methicillin, clavulanic acid and MC-696-SY2-A, and by affinity chomatography. By fluorography, it appeared that the penicillin-binding proteins of the strain carrying the R factor could not be distinguished from those of the parent strain. In both strains, methicillin had a preferential affinity for penicillin-binding proteins 2 and 3, clavulanic acid for 2 and 4, and MC-696-SY2-A for 1A at the concentration which was needed to inhibit about 75 approximately 80% of beta-lactamase activity of the membrane fraction from a strain carrying an R factor. This with other facts indicates that MC-696-SY2-A has a unique character in the binding to penicillin-binding proteins. By affinity chromatography using cephalexin-CH-Sepharose 4B column, two major cephalexin-binding proteins were detected. Their molecular weights were found to be 110,000 and 32,000, respectively. These two proteins correpsonded to penicillin-binding proteins 1 and 5/6. From these results it was suggested that the R factor had no influence on the penicillin-binding proteins in the E. coli strain examined."}
{"id": "PMID:368000", "title": "Enzymatic studies on the mechanism of action of cefoxitin. Correlation between the affinities of cefoxitin to penicillin-binding proteins and its rates of inhibition of the respective penicillin-sensitive reactions in E. coli.", "content": "The affinities of cefoxitin, a cephamycin antibiotic, to penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli were reexamined using a recently developed method for separating penicillin-binding proteins. The inhibitions by this antibiotic of four measurable penicillin-sensitive enzymatic reactions, the reactions of D-alanine carboxypeptidases IA and IB, cross-bridge formation and concomitant release of D-alanine, were also measured. An approximate correlation was found between the affinities of cefoxitin to the penicillin-binding proteins responsible for these reactions and its rates of inhibition of the respective penicillin-sensitive reactions.", "contents": "Enzymatic studies on the mechanism of action of cefoxitin. Correlation between the affinities of cefoxitin to penicillin-binding proteins and its rates of inhibition of the respective penicillin-sensitive reactions in E. coli. The affinities of cefoxitin, a cephamycin antibiotic, to penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli were reexamined using a recently developed method for separating penicillin-binding proteins. The inhibitions by this antibiotic of four measurable penicillin-sensitive enzymatic reactions, the reactions of D-alanine carboxypeptidases IA and IB, cross-bridge formation and concomitant release of D-alanine, were also measured. An approximate correlation was found between the affinities of cefoxitin to the penicillin-binding proteins responsible for these reactions and its rates of inhibition of the respective penicillin-sensitive reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:368001", "title": "Determination of the ID50 values of antibacterial agents in agar.", "content": "Microorganisms were plated on agar plates containing various concentrations of an antimicrobial drug and inhibition of growth was determined at each drug concentration. The ID50 value and the gradient of the line were calculated by the least square method. When 200 approximately 800 bacterial cells were inoculated on an agar plate, growth inhibition corresponded linearly with the log concentration of a drug within range of 5 approximately 95% inhibition. The ID50 value and the gradient obtained were reproducible and reliable using microorganisms at stationary phase of growth with all tested bacterial species and all tested antimicrobial agents. It was found that the ID50 values of drugs were more reproducible and may be more reliable than the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values of the drugs.", "contents": "Determination of the ID50 values of antibacterial agents in agar. Microorganisms were plated on agar plates containing various concentrations of an antimicrobial drug and inhibition of growth was determined at each drug concentration. The ID50 value and the gradient of the line were calculated by the least square method. When 200 approximately 800 bacterial cells were inoculated on an agar plate, growth inhibition corresponded linearly with the log concentration of a drug within range of 5 approximately 95% inhibition. The ID50 value and the gradient obtained were reproducible and reliable using microorganisms at stationary phase of growth with all tested bacterial species and all tested antimicrobial agents. It was found that the ID50 values of drugs were more reproducible and may be more reliable than the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values of the drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:368002", "title": "The bacterial outer-membrane permeability of beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "Two penicillins and 5 cephalosporins were evaluated for their ability to pass through the outer-membranes of Proteus morganii, Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli. Cefazolin, ceftezole and cephaloridine showed high permeability through the outer-membranes of these Gram-negative bacteria. Benzylpenicillin and cephalothin, on the contrary, showed low permeability. The outer-membrane permeability of ampicillin and cephalexin varied from species to species. C. freundii was found to have the highest barrier against both the penicillins and the cephalosporins, and E. coli appeared to have a low barrier against the cephalosporins. The hydrophobic character of the beta-lactam antibiotics, which was estimated by a reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography was closely related to the outer-membrane permeability. In general, the more hydrophilic antibiotic showed the higher outer-membrane permeability. However, cephaloridine, the most lipophilic compound among the antibiotics tested, showed good permeability.", "contents": "The bacterial outer-membrane permeability of beta-lactam antibiotics. Two penicillins and 5 cephalosporins were evaluated for their ability to pass through the outer-membranes of Proteus morganii, Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli. Cefazolin, ceftezole and cephaloridine showed high permeability through the outer-membranes of these Gram-negative bacteria. Benzylpenicillin and cephalothin, on the contrary, showed low permeability. The outer-membrane permeability of ampicillin and cephalexin varied from species to species. C. freundii was found to have the highest barrier against both the penicillins and the cephalosporins, and E. coli appeared to have a low barrier against the cephalosporins. The hydrophobic character of the beta-lactam antibiotics, which was estimated by a reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography was closely related to the outer-membrane permeability. In general, the more hydrophilic antibiotic showed the higher outer-membrane permeability. However, cephaloridine, the most lipophilic compound among the antibiotics tested, showed good permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:368006", "title": "The role of auditory stimuli in crying inhibition in the neonate.", "content": "An experiment on the latency and duration of the cessation of spontaneous crying supported evidence that a low frequency intense auditory stimulus inhibits crying in neonates. There was a slight increase in the length of the first pause in crying during exposure to a 200-c/s tone, but no difference in the latency of this first pause. Since crying intensity reaches 80 db SPL at the infant ear, it is hypothesized that auditory stimuli juxtaposed during crying is in fact masked. Hence to be effective, an auditory stimulus must be presented at the beginning of a natural pause in crying. An experiment on rhythm in cry patterns did not support the hypothesis that crying may be a naturally rhythmic pattern of behavior analogous to sucking and susceptible to psychophysical investigation. There was a large variance within and between Ss for the mean latency and duration of cry bursts and pauses. Exper. III asked mothers with infants of 10 days, 7 weeks, and 13 weeks of age to keep a crying activity schedule in their own homes. This study revealed a discontinuity between neonates and older infants in the conditions and patterns of crying. Interview data did indicate that reliable positive orienting responses did occur to natural auditory stimuli in a naturalistic setting.", "contents": "The role of auditory stimuli in crying inhibition in the neonate. An experiment on the latency and duration of the cessation of spontaneous crying supported evidence that a low frequency intense auditory stimulus inhibits crying in neonates. There was a slight increase in the length of the first pause in crying during exposure to a 200-c/s tone, but no difference in the latency of this first pause. Since crying intensity reaches 80 db SPL at the infant ear, it is hypothesized that auditory stimuli juxtaposed during crying is in fact masked. Hence to be effective, an auditory stimulus must be presented at the beginning of a natural pause in crying. An experiment on rhythm in cry patterns did not support the hypothesis that crying may be a naturally rhythmic pattern of behavior analogous to sucking and susceptible to psychophysical investigation. There was a large variance within and between Ss for the mean latency and duration of cry bursts and pauses. Exper. III asked mothers with infants of 10 days, 7 weeks, and 13 weeks of age to keep a crying activity schedule in their own homes. This study revealed a discontinuity between neonates and older infants in the conditions and patterns of crying. Interview data did indicate that reliable positive orienting responses did occur to natural auditory stimuli in a naturalistic setting."}
{"id": "PMID:368007", "title": "Proem to a quantum leap in audiometric data collection and management.", "content": "A revolution began in 1961 when Weiss first mated a minicomputer to an audiometer. Today's technology offers a number of aids to the audiometrist in standardizing stimulus presentation patterns, objectifying and validating responses, computing HTL from a response pattern, computing significant threshold shifts from baseline audiograms, computing percentage binaural hearing impairment for a person, etc. Audiometers can be made which self-calibrate and are fail-safe. Furthermore, a revolution has occurred in replacing an audiogram written record, for example a card, with a system in which the audiometer transfers HTL data directly into computer storage without the possibility of transcription error. A group of turnkey and interlocking terminals allows the audiometric data of any individual serviced to be retrieved and/or updated from any terminal in the system. This paper lists commercial models simulating standard manual audiometry, models computerizing Bekesy audiometry, and some experimental models on yet other principles. Psychometric methods and methods for response validation suitable for audiometry are discussed, and out of many possible suggestions a few are offered for audiometric paradigms which may go beyond simulation of ASHA guidelines and ANSI specifications for manual threshold audiometry in order to take advantage of the power available from the computer as a tool in audiometry. For example, a computer can scan the responses of as many as 32 subjects simultaneously, offer each an adaptive program based on his response, and printout HTL's in conventional audiometric format.", "contents": "Proem to a quantum leap in audiometric data collection and management. A revolution began in 1961 when Weiss first mated a minicomputer to an audiometer. Today's technology offers a number of aids to the audiometrist in standardizing stimulus presentation patterns, objectifying and validating responses, computing HTL from a response pattern, computing significant threshold shifts from baseline audiograms, computing percentage binaural hearing impairment for a person, etc. Audiometers can be made which self-calibrate and are fail-safe. Furthermore, a revolution has occurred in replacing an audiogram written record, for example a card, with a system in which the audiometer transfers HTL data directly into computer storage without the possibility of transcription error. A group of turnkey and interlocking terminals allows the audiometric data of any individual serviced to be retrieved and/or updated from any terminal in the system. This paper lists commercial models simulating standard manual audiometry, models computerizing Bekesy audiometry, and some experimental models on yet other principles. Psychometric methods and methods for response validation suitable for audiometry are discussed, and out of many possible suggestions a few are offered for audiometric paradigms which may go beyond simulation of ASHA guidelines and ANSI specifications for manual threshold audiometry in order to take advantage of the power available from the computer as a tool in audiometry. For example, a computer can scan the responses of as many as 32 subjects simultaneously, offer each an adaptive program based on his response, and printout HTL's in conventional audiometric format."}
{"id": "PMID:368010", "title": "Regulation of cell size in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "For cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the size at initiation of budding is proportional to growth rate for rates from 0.33 to 0.23 h-1. At growth rates lower than 0.23 h-1, cells displayed a minimum cell size at bud initiation independent of growth rate. Regardless of growth rate, cells displayed an increase in volume each time budding was initiated. When abnormally small cells, produced by starvation for nitrogen, were placed in fresh medium containing nitrogen but with different carbon sources, they did not initiate budding until they had grown to the critical size characteristic of that medium. Moreover, when cells were shifted from a medium supporting a low growth rate and small size at bud initiation to a medium supporting a higher growth rate and larger size at bud initiation, there was a transient accumulation of cells within G1. These results suggest that yeast cells are able to initiate cell division at different cell sizes and that regulation of cell size occurs within G1.", "contents": "Regulation of cell size in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the size at initiation of budding is proportional to growth rate for rates from 0.33 to 0.23 h-1. At growth rates lower than 0.23 h-1, cells displayed a minimum cell size at bud initiation independent of growth rate. Regardless of growth rate, cells displayed an increase in volume each time budding was initiated. When abnormally small cells, produced by starvation for nitrogen, were placed in fresh medium containing nitrogen but with different carbon sources, they did not initiate budding until they had grown to the critical size characteristic of that medium. Moreover, when cells were shifted from a medium supporting a low growth rate and small size at bud initiation to a medium supporting a higher growth rate and larger size at bud initiation, there was a transient accumulation of cells within G1. These results suggest that yeast cells are able to initiate cell division at different cell sizes and that regulation of cell size occurs within G1."}
{"id": "PMID:368011", "title": "Expression of RNA polymerase and ribosome component genes in Escherichia coli mutants having conditionally defective RNA polymerases.", "content": "The expression of the genes coding for the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase, ribosomal RNA, ribosomal proteins, and beta-galactosidase was investigated in strains carrying conditionally lethal mutations affecting either RNA polymerase core assembly or RNA polymerase enzyme activity. The mutant strain XH56 produces a temperature-sensitive beta' subunit and at 42 degrees C is defective in RNA chain initiation; consequently, little or no transcription occurs at the restrictive temperature. A partial restriction, produced by shifting the strain to 39 degrees C, resulted in a rapid fivefold increase in the transcription of the rpoB and C genes and in the synthesis of the beta- and beta'-subunit proteins for which they code. The RNA polymerase assembly-defective strains A2R7 and TS4 exhibited a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in the transcription of the rpoB and C genes and in the synthesis of beta- and beta-subunit proteins after prolonged restriction. These results demonstrate (i) that regulation of the synthesis of the beta- and beta-RNA polymerase subunits is under these conditions primarily transcriptional rather than translational, and (ii) that a stimulation of rpoB and C gene expression results from a restriction on RNA synthesis caused by either RNA polymerase inactivation or inhibition of its assembly. During restriction of the mutant strains, the transcription of the ribosome component genes exhibited patterns which were similar to transcription of the rpoB and C genes, supporting the evidence that genes coding for RNA polymerase are cotranscribed with ribosomal protein genes; transcription of the lacZ gene was observed to decrease concomitant with the stimulation of the rpoB and C genes.", "contents": "Expression of RNA polymerase and ribosome component genes in Escherichia coli mutants having conditionally defective RNA polymerases. The expression of the genes coding for the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase, ribosomal RNA, ribosomal proteins, and beta-galactosidase was investigated in strains carrying conditionally lethal mutations affecting either RNA polymerase core assembly or RNA polymerase enzyme activity. The mutant strain XH56 produces a temperature-sensitive beta' subunit and at 42 degrees C is defective in RNA chain initiation; consequently, little or no transcription occurs at the restrictive temperature. A partial restriction, produced by shifting the strain to 39 degrees C, resulted in a rapid fivefold increase in the transcription of the rpoB and C genes and in the synthesis of the beta- and beta'-subunit proteins for which they code. The RNA polymerase assembly-defective strains A2R7 and TS4 exhibited a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in the transcription of the rpoB and C genes and in the synthesis of beta- and beta-subunit proteins after prolonged restriction. These results demonstrate (i) that regulation of the synthesis of the beta- and beta-RNA polymerase subunits is under these conditions primarily transcriptional rather than translational, and (ii) that a stimulation of rpoB and C gene expression results from a restriction on RNA synthesis caused by either RNA polymerase inactivation or inhibition of its assembly. During restriction of the mutant strains, the transcription of the ribosome component genes exhibited patterns which were similar to transcription of the rpoB and C genes, supporting the evidence that genes coding for RNA polymerase are cotranscribed with ribosomal protein genes; transcription of the lacZ gene was observed to decrease concomitant with the stimulation of the rpoB and C genes."}
{"id": "PMID:368012", "title": "Characterization of mutationally altered dihydropteroate synthase and its ability to form a sulfonamide-containing dihydrofolate analog.", "content": "Among spontaneous mutants of Escherichia coli selected for resistance against sulfonamides, thermosensitive strains were found. These were shown to possess a changed dihydropteroate synthase (EC 2.5.1.15), which had a substantially higher Km value for its normal substrate, p-aminobenzoic acid, and an about 150-fold higher Km for sulfonamides. The mutationally changed dihydropteroate synthase was found to be thermosensitive by in vitro assays. The thermosensitivity was used as an enzyme marker to demonstrate the complex formation between 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-pyrophosphorylmethyl pteridine and sulfonamides by partially purified dihydropteroate synthase. The formation of folate from 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-pyrophosphorylmethyl pteridine and p-aminobenzoylglutamic acid by dihydropteroate synthase was found to be very sensitive to inhibition by sulfonamides and very inefficient with the mutationally changed enzyme.", "contents": "Characterization of mutationally altered dihydropteroate synthase and its ability to form a sulfonamide-containing dihydrofolate analog. Among spontaneous mutants of Escherichia coli selected for resistance against sulfonamides, thermosensitive strains were found. These were shown to possess a changed dihydropteroate synthase (EC 2.5.1.15), which had a substantially higher Km value for its normal substrate, p-aminobenzoic acid, and an about 150-fold higher Km for sulfonamides. The mutationally changed dihydropteroate synthase was found to be thermosensitive by in vitro assays. The thermosensitivity was used as an enzyme marker to demonstrate the complex formation between 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-pyrophosphorylmethyl pteridine and sulfonamides by partially purified dihydropteroate synthase. The formation of folate from 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-pyrophosphorylmethyl pteridine and p-aminobenzoylglutamic acid by dihydropteroate synthase was found to be very sensitive to inhibition by sulfonamides and very inefficient with the mutationally changed enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:368013", "title": "Regulation of phenylalanine oxidase synthesis in Proteus mirabilis.", "content": "Cells of Proteus mirabilis could oxidize L-phenylalanine to phenylpyruvate only when grown in the presence of a number of amino acids, particularly, L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-glutamate, and L-glutamine. Production of phenylalanine oxidase was slowly lost upon growth in a minimal medium containing ammonium ions as a nitrogen source but was reversed by the addition of casein hydrolysate. Oxidase activity as well as a phenylalanine-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) reductase activity increased in P. mirabilis only during cell multiplication. Both rifampin and nalidixic acid caused inhibition of oxidase synthesis. A phenylalanine-active transport was found to be operative when bacteria were grown in the absence of added amino acids. After anaerobic growth, cells of P. mirabilis had lost their ability to carry the phenylalanine oxidase reaction when assayed in the presence of air, and nitrate could not be used as an electron acceptor for the oxidation of phenylalanine. However, some phenylalanine-dichlorophenolindophenol reductase activity was still present in anaerobic bacteria at the early stage of cell multiplication.", "contents": "Regulation of phenylalanine oxidase synthesis in Proteus mirabilis. Cells of Proteus mirabilis could oxidize L-phenylalanine to phenylpyruvate only when grown in the presence of a number of amino acids, particularly, L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-glutamate, and L-glutamine. Production of phenylalanine oxidase was slowly lost upon growth in a minimal medium containing ammonium ions as a nitrogen source but was reversed by the addition of casein hydrolysate. Oxidase activity as well as a phenylalanine-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) reductase activity increased in P. mirabilis only during cell multiplication. Both rifampin and nalidixic acid caused inhibition of oxidase synthesis. A phenylalanine-active transport was found to be operative when bacteria were grown in the absence of added amino acids. After anaerobic growth, cells of P. mirabilis had lost their ability to carry the phenylalanine oxidase reaction when assayed in the presence of air, and nitrate could not be used as an electron acceptor for the oxidation of phenylalanine. However, some phenylalanine-dichlorophenolindophenol reductase activity was still present in anaerobic bacteria at the early stage of cell multiplication."}
{"id": "PMID:368014", "title": "Inactivation of bacteriophages by protein E, a new major membrane protein isolated from an Escherichia coli mutant.", "content": "Pure protein E, obtained after diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-Triton X-100-solubilized outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli strain JF694, inactivated bacteriophage K3. Lipopolysaccharide enhanced bacteriophage inactivation. Antibody prepared against purified protein E protected bacteriophage K3 from inactivation by protein E. Bacteriophage K3 used a major outer membrane protein, protein II*, as part of its receptor. We conclude that proteins E and II* have a common region which interacts with bacteriophage K3. Protein E also inactivated two recently described bacteriophages, TC45 and TC23, that use protein E as at least part of their receptor.", "contents": "Inactivation of bacteriophages by protein E, a new major membrane protein isolated from an Escherichia coli mutant. Pure protein E, obtained after diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-Triton X-100-solubilized outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli strain JF694, inactivated bacteriophage K3. Lipopolysaccharide enhanced bacteriophage inactivation. Antibody prepared against purified protein E protected bacteriophage K3 from inactivation by protein E. Bacteriophage K3 used a major outer membrane protein, protein II*, as part of its receptor. We conclude that proteins E and II* have a common region which interacts with bacteriophage K3. Protein E also inactivated two recently described bacteriophages, TC45 and TC23, that use protein E as at least part of their receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:368015", "title": "Pyrimidine dimer excision in Escherichia coli strains deficient in exonucleases V and VII and in the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease of DNA polymerase I.", "content": "An isogenic series of Escherichia coli strains deficient in various combinations of three 5' leads to 3' exonucleases (exonuclease V, exonuclease VII, and the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease of DNA polymerase I) was constructed and examined for the ability to excise pyrimidine dimers after UV irradiation. Although the recB and recC mutations (deficient in exonuclease V) proved to be incompatible with the polA(Ex) mutation (deficient in the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease of DNA polymerase I), it was possible to reduce the level of the recB,C exonuclease by the use of temperature-sensitive recB270 recC271 mutants. It was found that, by employing strains deficient in exonuclease V, postirradiation DNA degradation could be reduced and dimer excision measurements could be facilitated. Mutants deficient in exonuclease V were found to excise dimers at a rate comparable to that of the wild type. Mutants deficient in exonuclease V and the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease of DNA polymerase I are slightly slower than the wild type at removing dimers accumulated after doses in excess of 40 J/m2. However, although strains with reduced levels of exonuclease VII excised dimers at the same rate as the wild type, the addition of an exonuclease VII deficiency to a strain with reduced levels of exonuclease V and the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease of DNA polymerase I caused a marked decrease in the rate and extent of dimer excision. These observations support previous indications that the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease of DNA polymerase I is important in dimer removal and also suggest a role for exonuclease VII in the excision repair process.", "contents": "Pyrimidine dimer excision in Escherichia coli strains deficient in exonucleases V and VII and in the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease of DNA polymerase I. An isogenic series of Escherichia coli strains deficient in various combinations of three 5' leads to 3' exonucleases (exonuclease V, exonuclease VII, and the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease of DNA polymerase I) was constructed and examined for the ability to excise pyrimidine dimers after UV irradiation. Although the recB and recC mutations (deficient in exonuclease V) proved to be incompatible with the polA(Ex) mutation (deficient in the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease of DNA polymerase I), it was possible to reduce the level of the recB,C exonuclease by the use of temperature-sensitive recB270 recC271 mutants. It was found that, by employing strains deficient in exonuclease V, postirradiation DNA degradation could be reduced and dimer excision measurements could be facilitated. Mutants deficient in exonuclease V were found to excise dimers at a rate comparable to that of the wild type. Mutants deficient in exonuclease V and the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease of DNA polymerase I are slightly slower than the wild type at removing dimers accumulated after doses in excess of 40 J/m2. However, although strains with reduced levels of exonuclease VII excised dimers at the same rate as the wild type, the addition of an exonuclease VII deficiency to a strain with reduced levels of exonuclease V and the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease of DNA polymerase I caused a marked decrease in the rate and extent of dimer excision. These observations support previous indications that the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease of DNA polymerase I is important in dimer removal and also suggest a role for exonuclease VII in the excision repair process."}
{"id": "PMID:368016", "title": "Recipient competence in F'lac matings of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "We studied recipient mating ability in the presence of excess F'lac donors. Ninety-five percent of recipients were able to receive F'lac in 30-min matings. Competition between an F'-lac donor and an F'lac traI donor, which mobilized a ColE1 derivative (pML2), showed that each recipient mated with an average of two to three donors in 30 min. Experiments in which the competing donor was added at different times showed that some competition occurred throughout the 30-min mating period, which suggested that aggregate formation was spread over this time.", "contents": "Recipient competence in F'lac matings of Escherichia coli K-12. We studied recipient mating ability in the presence of excess F'lac donors. Ninety-five percent of recipients were able to receive F'lac in 30-min matings. Competition between an F'-lac donor and an F'lac traI donor, which mobilized a ColE1 derivative (pML2), showed that each recipient mated with an average of two to three donors in 30 min. Experiments in which the competing donor was added at different times showed that some competition occurred throughout the 30-min mating period, which suggested that aggregate formation was spread over this time."}
{"id": "PMID:368017", "title": "Relationship of glycolytic intermediates, glycolytic enzymes, and ammonia to glycogen metabolism during sporulation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "To identify the factors which control glycogen synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have studied the regulation of glycogen metabolism during sporulation, since in vivo glycogen has been reported to undergo significant changes in concentration during this process. We examined the concentration of a number of key glycolytic intermediates and enzymes in strains that sporulate at different rates and those that are deficient in sporulation. There were no significant changes found in the adenylate energy charge or cyclic AMP levels throughout sporulation. Although significant alterations occurred in the levels of glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and ATP during sporulation, only the fourfold increase in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate appeared to correlate with glycogen synthesis in all of the strains examined. Only limited changes occurred in the level of a number of glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes which were examined during this process. Intracellular glucose content underwent a dramatic 30- to 40-fold increase in sporulating cells. Comparison of strains with different rates of sporulation demonstrated that this increase in glucose content coincides with the time of glycogen degradation in each strain. Both the increase in glucose content and the degradation of accumulated glycogen were not observed in nonsporulating alpha/alpha strains, or in cells incubated in NH(4) (+) supplemented sporulation medium. Although glucose appears to be the direct product of glycogen degradation, a 10-fold increase in a nonspecific alkaline phosphatase occurs at this time, which may be degrading phosphorylated sugars to glucose. All of the strains examined released extracellular glucose while suspended in acetate sporulation medium. It is concluded that most of the changes in the glycolytic pathway that occur during sporulation, with the exception of glycogen degradation and the concomitant increase in intracellular glucose pools, are a response to the transfer to sporulation medium and are independent of sporulation-specific processes. Inhibition of sporulation with ammonium ions resulted in a different pattern of change in all of the glycolytic intermediates examined, including a twofold increase in cyclic AMP levels. Ammonia did not interfere with glycogen synthesis, but prevented sporulation-specific glycogen degradation. The levels of the glycolytic enzymes examined were not affected by ammonia.", "contents": "Relationship of glycolytic intermediates, glycolytic enzymes, and ammonia to glycogen metabolism during sporulation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To identify the factors which control glycogen synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have studied the regulation of glycogen metabolism during sporulation, since in vivo glycogen has been reported to undergo significant changes in concentration during this process. We examined the concentration of a number of key glycolytic intermediates and enzymes in strains that sporulate at different rates and those that are deficient in sporulation. There were no significant changes found in the adenylate energy charge or cyclic AMP levels throughout sporulation. Although significant alterations occurred in the levels of glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and ATP during sporulation, only the fourfold increase in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate appeared to correlate with glycogen synthesis in all of the strains examined. Only limited changes occurred in the level of a number of glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes which were examined during this process. Intracellular glucose content underwent a dramatic 30- to 40-fold increase in sporulating cells. Comparison of strains with different rates of sporulation demonstrated that this increase in glucose content coincides with the time of glycogen degradation in each strain. Both the increase in glucose content and the degradation of accumulated glycogen were not observed in nonsporulating alpha/alpha strains, or in cells incubated in NH(4) (+) supplemented sporulation medium. Although glucose appears to be the direct product of glycogen degradation, a 10-fold increase in a nonspecific alkaline phosphatase occurs at this time, which may be degrading phosphorylated sugars to glucose. All of the strains examined released extracellular glucose while suspended in acetate sporulation medium. It is concluded that most of the changes in the glycolytic pathway that occur during sporulation, with the exception of glycogen degradation and the concomitant increase in intracellular glucose pools, are a response to the transfer to sporulation medium and are independent of sporulation-specific processes. Inhibition of sporulation with ammonium ions resulted in a different pattern of change in all of the glycolytic intermediates examined, including a twofold increase in cyclic AMP levels. Ammonia did not interfere with glycogen synthesis, but prevented sporulation-specific glycogen degradation. The levels of the glycolytic enzymes examined were not affected by ammonia."}
{"id": "PMID:368018", "title": "Incorporation of phosphatidylglycerol into murein lipoprotein in intact cells of Salmonella typhimurium by phospholipid vesicle fusion.", "content": "The biosynthesis of the diglyceride moiety of murein lipoprotein was studied by fusion of labeled phospholipid vesicles with intact cells of Salmonella typhimurium. Phosphatidylglycerol was found to be an excellent donor for the glyceryl moiety in lipoprotein, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin were not. The incorporation of radioactivity from monoacyl-phosphatidylglycerol into lipoprotein can be attributed to its conversion to phosphatidylglycerol. The results strongly support our hypothesis that the glyceryl residue covalently linked to murein lipoprotein is derived from the nonacylated glycerol moiety of phosphatidylglycerol.", "contents": "Incorporation of phosphatidylglycerol into murein lipoprotein in intact cells of Salmonella typhimurium by phospholipid vesicle fusion. The biosynthesis of the diglyceride moiety of murein lipoprotein was studied by fusion of labeled phospholipid vesicles with intact cells of Salmonella typhimurium. Phosphatidylglycerol was found to be an excellent donor for the glyceryl moiety in lipoprotein, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin were not. The incorporation of radioactivity from monoacyl-phosphatidylglycerol into lipoprotein can be attributed to its conversion to phosphatidylglycerol. The results strongly support our hypothesis that the glyceryl residue covalently linked to murein lipoprotein is derived from the nonacylated glycerol moiety of phosphatidylglycerol."}
{"id": "PMID:368019", "title": "Escherichia coli K-12 mutants that allow transport of maltose via the beta-galactoside transport system.", "content": "We have isolated mutants of Escherichia coli that have an altered beta-galactoside transport system. This altered transport system is able to transport a sugar, maltose, that the wild-type beta-galactoside transport system is unable to transport. The mutation that alters the specificity of the transport system is in the lacY gene, and we refer to the allele as lacYmal. The lacYmal allele was detected originally in strains in which the lac genes were fused to the malF gene. Thus, as a result of gene fusion and isolation of the lacYmal mutation, a new transport system was evolved with regulatory properties and specificity similar to those of the original maltose transport system. Maltose transport via the lacYmal gene product is independent of all of the normal maltose transport system components. The altered transport system shows a higher affinity than the wild-type transport system for two normal substrates of the beta-galactoside transport system, thiomethyl-beta-D-galactoside and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside.", "contents": "Escherichia coli K-12 mutants that allow transport of maltose via the beta-galactoside transport system. We have isolated mutants of Escherichia coli that have an altered beta-galactoside transport system. This altered transport system is able to transport a sugar, maltose, that the wild-type beta-galactoside transport system is unable to transport. The mutation that alters the specificity of the transport system is in the lacY gene, and we refer to the allele as lacYmal. The lacYmal allele was detected originally in strains in which the lac genes were fused to the malF gene. Thus, as a result of gene fusion and isolation of the lacYmal mutation, a new transport system was evolved with regulatory properties and specificity similar to those of the original maltose transport system. Maltose transport via the lacYmal gene product is independent of all of the normal maltose transport system components. The altered transport system shows a higher affinity than the wild-type transport system for two normal substrates of the beta-galactoside transport system, thiomethyl-beta-D-galactoside and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside."}
{"id": "PMID:368020", "title": "uvrC gene function in excision repair in toluene-treated Escherichia coli.", "content": "We have examined the role of the uvrC gene in UV excision repair by studying incision, excision, repair synthesis, and DNA strand reformation in Escherichia coli mutants made permeable to nucleoside triphosphates by toluene treatment. After irradiation, incisions occur normally in uvrC cells in the presence of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a ligase-blocking agent, but cannot be detected otherwise. We conclude that repair incisions are followed by a ligation event in uvrC mutants, masking incision. However, a uvrC polA12 mutant accumulates incisions only slightly less efficiently than a polA12 strain without NMN. Excision of pyrimidine dimers is defective in uvrC mutants (polA(+) or polA12) irrespective of the presence or absence of NMN. DNA polymerase I-dependent, NMN-stimulated repair synthesis, which is demonstrable in wild-type cells, is absent in uvrC polA(+) cells, but the uvrC polA12 mutant exhibits a UV-specific, ATP-dependent repair synthesis like parental polA12 strains. A DNA polymerase I-mediated reformation of high-molecular-weight DNA takes place efficiently in uvrC polA(+) mutants after incision accumulation, and the uvrC polA12 mutant shows more reformation than the polA12 strain after incision. These results indicate that normal incision occurs in uvrC mutants, but there appears to be a defect in the excision of pyrimidine dimers, allowing resealing via ligation at the site of the incision. The lack of NMN-stimulated repair synthesis in uvrC polA(+) cells indicates that incision is not the only requirement for repair synthesis.", "contents": "uvrC gene function in excision repair in toluene-treated Escherichia coli. We have examined the role of the uvrC gene in UV excision repair by studying incision, excision, repair synthesis, and DNA strand reformation in Escherichia coli mutants made permeable to nucleoside triphosphates by toluene treatment. After irradiation, incisions occur normally in uvrC cells in the presence of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a ligase-blocking agent, but cannot be detected otherwise. We conclude that repair incisions are followed by a ligation event in uvrC mutants, masking incision. However, a uvrC polA12 mutant accumulates incisions only slightly less efficiently than a polA12 strain without NMN. Excision of pyrimidine dimers is defective in uvrC mutants (polA(+) or polA12) irrespective of the presence or absence of NMN. DNA polymerase I-dependent, NMN-stimulated repair synthesis, which is demonstrable in wild-type cells, is absent in uvrC polA(+) cells, but the uvrC polA12 mutant exhibits a UV-specific, ATP-dependent repair synthesis like parental polA12 strains. A DNA polymerase I-mediated reformation of high-molecular-weight DNA takes place efficiently in uvrC polA(+) mutants after incision accumulation, and the uvrC polA12 mutant shows more reformation than the polA12 strain after incision. These results indicate that normal incision occurs in uvrC mutants, but there appears to be a defect in the excision of pyrimidine dimers, allowing resealing via ligation at the site of the incision. The lack of NMN-stimulated repair synthesis in uvrC polA(+) cells indicates that incision is not the only requirement for repair synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:368021", "title": "Characterization of amber and ochre suppressors in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Amber and ochre suppressor mutations in Salmonella typhimurium were selected. The amino acid insertions directed by the suppressors were inferred from suppression patterns of Escherichia coli lacI amber mutations. These amber mutations only respond to nonsense suppressors that direct the insertion of particular amino acids. Four Salmonella amber suppressors characterized insert serine, glutamine, tyrosine, and (probably) leucine. Of the three ochre suppressors characterized, two direct the insertion of tyrosine and one directs that of lysine. Of the three amber and two ochre suppressors which have been mapped by phage P22 cotransduction, all are located in the same relative position on the Salmonella map as the analogous E. coli suppressors are on the E. coli map.", "contents": "Characterization of amber and ochre suppressors in Salmonella typhimurium. Amber and ochre suppressor mutations in Salmonella typhimurium were selected. The amino acid insertions directed by the suppressors were inferred from suppression patterns of Escherichia coli lacI amber mutations. These amber mutations only respond to nonsense suppressors that direct the insertion of particular amino acids. Four Salmonella amber suppressors characterized insert serine, glutamine, tyrosine, and (probably) leucine. Of the three ochre suppressors characterized, two direct the insertion of tyrosine and one directs that of lysine. Of the three amber and two ochre suppressors which have been mapped by phage P22 cotransduction, all are located in the same relative position on the Salmonella map as the analogous E. coli suppressors are on the E. coli map."}
{"id": "PMID:368022", "title": "Methylation-dependent DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli mediated by DNA polymerase I.", "content": "An in vitro system was used to study DNA synthesis in lysates of Escherichia coli cells which had been grown in the presence of ethionine. Such lysates showed a reduced capacity to incorporate [3H]TTP into high-molecular-weight material. Activity could be restored by incubation with S-adenosyl methionine and ATP. S-adenosyl methionine-reactivated TTP incorporation required the presence of DNA polymerase I, ATP, and all four deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates. DNA polymerase III was not required.", "contents": "Methylation-dependent DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli mediated by DNA polymerase I. An in vitro system was used to study DNA synthesis in lysates of Escherichia coli cells which had been grown in the presence of ethionine. Such lysates showed a reduced capacity to incorporate [3H]TTP into high-molecular-weight material. Activity could be restored by incubation with S-adenosyl methionine and ATP. S-adenosyl methionine-reactivated TTP incorporation required the presence of DNA polymerase I, ATP, and all four deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates. DNA polymerase III was not required."}
{"id": "PMID:368023", "title": "Direct determination of the properties of peptide transport systems in Escherichia coli, using a fluorescent-labeling procedure.", "content": "A direct study of peptide uptake by Escherichia coli was made using a fluorescent procedure. After incubation with the bacteria, peptides remaining in the medium were dansylated, separated chromatographically, and quantitated from their fluorescent intensities and/or from their incorporated radioactivity when tritiated dansyl derivatives were prepared. Peptide uptake was apparently not regulated and proceeded continuously until complete, with the absorbed peptides undergoing rapid intracellular hydrolysis and the excess amino acid residues leaving the cell. Thus, peptide uptake and amino acid exodus occur concurrently. However, peptidase-resistant substrates, e.g. triornithine and glycylsarcosine, which can be similarly estimated in cell extracts, were accumulated about 1,000-fold. The influence of amino acid composition and chain length on rates of transport was assessed. Different strains of E. coli showed variability in their rates of di- and oligopeptide transport. With respect to energy coupling, both the di- and oligopeptide permeases behaved like shock-sensitive transport systems.", "contents": "Direct determination of the properties of peptide transport systems in Escherichia coli, using a fluorescent-labeling procedure. A direct study of peptide uptake by Escherichia coli was made using a fluorescent procedure. After incubation with the bacteria, peptides remaining in the medium were dansylated, separated chromatographically, and quantitated from their fluorescent intensities and/or from their incorporated radioactivity when tritiated dansyl derivatives were prepared. Peptide uptake was apparently not regulated and proceeded continuously until complete, with the absorbed peptides undergoing rapid intracellular hydrolysis and the excess amino acid residues leaving the cell. Thus, peptide uptake and amino acid exodus occur concurrently. However, peptidase-resistant substrates, e.g. triornithine and glycylsarcosine, which can be similarly estimated in cell extracts, were accumulated about 1,000-fold. The influence of amino acid composition and chain length on rates of transport was assessed. Different strains of E. coli showed variability in their rates of di- and oligopeptide transport. With respect to energy coupling, both the di- and oligopeptide permeases behaved like shock-sensitive transport systems."}
{"id": "PMID:368024", "title": "Five different enzymatic activities are associated with the multienzyme complex of fatty acid oxidation from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The purified multienzyme complex of fatty acid oxidation from Escherichia coli was found to possess 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A (CoA) epimerase and cis-delta3-trans-delta2-enoyl-CoA isomerase activities in addition to the previously identified enoyl-CoA hydratase, L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 3-ketoactyl-CoA thiolase activities. Evidence is presented in support of the proposed association of all five enzyme activities with one protein which apparently is composed of two types of subunits and which can exist in several aggregated forms. The five component enzymes of the complex were rapidly inactivated by tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, whereas they remained active in the presence of potassium phosphate.", "contents": "Five different enzymatic activities are associated with the multienzyme complex of fatty acid oxidation from Escherichia coli. The purified multienzyme complex of fatty acid oxidation from Escherichia coli was found to possess 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A (CoA) epimerase and cis-delta3-trans-delta2-enoyl-CoA isomerase activities in addition to the previously identified enoyl-CoA hydratase, L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 3-ketoactyl-CoA thiolase activities. Evidence is presented in support of the proposed association of all five enzyme activities with one protein which apparently is composed of two types of subunits and which can exist in several aggregated forms. The five component enzymes of the complex were rapidly inactivated by tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, whereas they remained active in the presence of potassium phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:368025", "title": "Penicillin-binding proteins in Proteus species.", "content": "Penicillin-binding proteins in three species of Proteus, Proteus mirabilis, P. morganii, and P. rettgeri, were investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Penicillin-binding proteins in these Proteus species were compared with those in Escherichia coli K-12. An approximate correlation between penicillin-binding proteins in E. coli and those in Proteus species was shown by several criteria: electrophoretic mobilities; affinities of several beta-lactam antibiotics which show characteristic patterns of binding to penicillin-binding proteins in E. coli; relation between affinities of antibiotics to the proteins and effects on morphological changes in Proteus species; location of beta-lactamase activity among penicillin-binding proteins; and thermostability. The electrophoretic mobilities and several other characteristics of penicillin-binding proteins among the Proteus species examined were found to be similar from species to species and differed only slightly from those of E. coli.", "contents": "Penicillin-binding proteins in Proteus species. Penicillin-binding proteins in three species of Proteus, Proteus mirabilis, P. morganii, and P. rettgeri, were investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Penicillin-binding proteins in these Proteus species were compared with those in Escherichia coli K-12. An approximate correlation between penicillin-binding proteins in E. coli and those in Proteus species was shown by several criteria: electrophoretic mobilities; affinities of several beta-lactam antibiotics which show characteristic patterns of binding to penicillin-binding proteins in E. coli; relation between affinities of antibiotics to the proteins and effects on morphological changes in Proteus species; location of beta-lactamase activity among penicillin-binding proteins; and thermostability. The electrophoretic mobilities and several other characteristics of penicillin-binding proteins among the Proteus species examined were found to be similar from species to species and differed only slightly from those of E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:368026", "title": "Escherichia coli mutants overproducing phenylalanyl- and threonyl-tRNA synthetase.", "content": "The structural genes for threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS) and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) are closely linked on the Escherichia coli chromosome. To study whether these enzymes share a common regulatory element, we have investigated their synthesis in mutants which were selected for overproduction of either ThrRS or PheRS. It was found that mutants isolated previously for overproduction of ThrRS as strains resistant to the antibiotic borrelidin (strains Bor Res 3 and Bor Res 15) did not show an elevated level of PheRS. PheRS-overproducing strains were then isolated as revertants of strains with structurally altered enzymes. Strain S1 is a temperature-resistant derivative of a temperature-sensitive PheRS mutant, and strain G118 is a prototrophic derivative of a PheRS mutant which shows phenylalanine auxotrophy as a consequence of an altered K(m) of this enzyme for the amino acid. In both kinds of revertants, S1 and G118, the concentration of PheRS and ThrRS was increased by factors of about 2.5 and 1.8, respectively, whereas the level of other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases was not affected by the mutations. Genetic studies showed that the simultaneous overproduction of PheRS and ThrRS in revertants G118 and S1 is based upon gene amplification, since this property was easily lost after growing the cells in the absence of the selective stimulus, and since this loss could be prevented by the presence of the recA allele. By similar criteria, the four- and eightfold overproduction of ThrRS in strains Bor Res 3 and Bor Res 15, respectively, was very stable genetically, indicating that it is caused by a mutational event other than gene amplification. From these results, we conclude that the concomitant increase of PheRS and ThrRS in strains G118 and S1 is an expression of gene duplication and not of a joint regulation of these two aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. This conclusion is further supported by the result that, in mutant G118 as well as in its parental strain G1, growth in minimal medium lacking phenylalanine led to an additional twofold increase of their PheRS concentration. This increase was restricted to the PheRS, since the level of other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, including the ThrRS, stayed unchanged.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutants overproducing phenylalanyl- and threonyl-tRNA synthetase. The structural genes for threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS) and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) are closely linked on the Escherichia coli chromosome. To study whether these enzymes share a common regulatory element, we have investigated their synthesis in mutants which were selected for overproduction of either ThrRS or PheRS. It was found that mutants isolated previously for overproduction of ThrRS as strains resistant to the antibiotic borrelidin (strains Bor Res 3 and Bor Res 15) did not show an elevated level of PheRS. PheRS-overproducing strains were then isolated as revertants of strains with structurally altered enzymes. Strain S1 is a temperature-resistant derivative of a temperature-sensitive PheRS mutant, and strain G118 is a prototrophic derivative of a PheRS mutant which shows phenylalanine auxotrophy as a consequence of an altered K(m) of this enzyme for the amino acid. In both kinds of revertants, S1 and G118, the concentration of PheRS and ThrRS was increased by factors of about 2.5 and 1.8, respectively, whereas the level of other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases was not affected by the mutations. Genetic studies showed that the simultaneous overproduction of PheRS and ThrRS in revertants G118 and S1 is based upon gene amplification, since this property was easily lost after growing the cells in the absence of the selective stimulus, and since this loss could be prevented by the presence of the recA allele. By similar criteria, the four- and eightfold overproduction of ThrRS in strains Bor Res 3 and Bor Res 15, respectively, was very stable genetically, indicating that it is caused by a mutational event other than gene amplification. From these results, we conclude that the concomitant increase of PheRS and ThrRS in strains G118 and S1 is an expression of gene duplication and not of a joint regulation of these two aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. This conclusion is further supported by the result that, in mutant G118 as well as in its parental strain G1, growth in minimal medium lacking phenylalanine led to an additional twofold increase of their PheRS concentration. This increase was restricted to the PheRS, since the level of other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, including the ThrRS, stayed unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:368027", "title": "ColE1 hybrid plasmids for Escherichia coli genes of glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate shunt.", "content": "The Clarke-Carbon clone bank carrying ColE1-Escherichia coli DNA has been screened by conjugation for complementation of glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt mutations. Plasmids were identified for phosphofructokinase (pfkA), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (zwf), gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (gnd), enolase (eno), phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk), and fructose-1,6-P2 aldolase (fda). Enzyme levels for the plasmid-carried gene ranged, for the various plasmids, from 4- to 25-fold the normal level.", "contents": "ColE1 hybrid plasmids for Escherichia coli genes of glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate shunt. The Clarke-Carbon clone bank carrying ColE1-Escherichia coli DNA has been screened by conjugation for complementation of glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt mutations. Plasmids were identified for phosphofructokinase (pfkA), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (zwf), gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (gnd), enolase (eno), phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk), and fructose-1,6-P2 aldolase (fda). Enzyme levels for the plasmid-carried gene ranged, for the various plasmids, from 4- to 25-fold the normal level."}
{"id": "PMID:368028", "title": "Deletion analysis of the expression of rRNA genes and associated tRNA genes carried by a lambda transducing bacteriophage.", "content": "Transducing phage lambdailv5 carries genes for rRNA's, spacer tRNA's (tRNA1 Ile and tRNA1B Ala), and two other tRNA's (TRNA1 Asp and tRNA Trp). We have isolated a mutant of lambdailv5, lambdailv5su7, which carries an amber suppressor mutation in the tRNA Trp gene. A series of deletion mutants were isolated from the lambdailv5su7 phage. Genetic and biochemical analyses of these deletion mutants have confirmed our previous conclusion (E. A. Morgan, T. Ikemura, L. Lindahl, A. M. Fallon, and M. Nomura, Cell 13:335--344, 1978) that the genes for tRNA1 Asp and tRNA Trp located at the distal end of the rRNA operon (rrnC) are cotranscribed with other rRNA genes in that operon. In addition, these deletions were used to define roughly the physical location of the promoter(s) of the rRNA operon carried by the lambdailv5su7 transducing phage.", "contents": "Deletion analysis of the expression of rRNA genes and associated tRNA genes carried by a lambda transducing bacteriophage. Transducing phage lambdailv5 carries genes for rRNA's, spacer tRNA's (tRNA1 Ile and tRNA1B Ala), and two other tRNA's (TRNA1 Asp and tRNA Trp). We have isolated a mutant of lambdailv5, lambdailv5su7, which carries an amber suppressor mutation in the tRNA Trp gene. A series of deletion mutants were isolated from the lambdailv5su7 phage. Genetic and biochemical analyses of these deletion mutants have confirmed our previous conclusion (E. A. Morgan, T. Ikemura, L. Lindahl, A. M. Fallon, and M. Nomura, Cell 13:335--344, 1978) that the genes for tRNA1 Asp and tRNA Trp located at the distal end of the rRNA operon (rrnC) are cotranscribed with other rRNA genes in that operon. In addition, these deletions were used to define roughly the physical location of the promoter(s) of the rRNA operon carried by the lambdailv5su7 transducing phage."}
{"id": "PMID:368029", "title": "Bacteriophage T4D receptors and the Escherichia coli cell wall structure: role of spherical particles and protein b of the cell wall in bacteriophage infection.", "content": "The nature of the interaction of bacteriophage T4D and the outer cell wall of its host, Escherichia coli B, has been investigated. Bacteria with altered or modified cell walls have been obtained by two different growth procedures: (i) growth in high osmolarity medium or (ii) growth in broth in the presence of divalent heavy metal ions. When these altered host cells were washed and subsequently added to regular growth medium, they interacted with added phage particles, but successful infection did not occur. Most of the phage particles released from these treated cells were observed to have full heads and an altered tail structure. The altered phage tails had contracted sheaths and unusual pieces of the bacterial cell wall attached to the distal portion of the exposed phage tail tube. Phage released from bacteria grown in the high osmolarity medium had attached cell wall pieces of two major types, these pieces being either 40 or 21 nm in diameter. The smaller-type cell wall pieces (21 nm) were formed by three spheres each measuring 7 nm in diameter. Phage particles released from cells previously exposed to the divalent metal ions had only one 7-nm cell wall sphere attached to the distal end of the tail tube. It was found that these 7-nm spheres (i) are normal components of the cell wall and are morphologically similar to endotoxin, (ii) are held in place on the cell wall by a component of the cell wall called protein b, and (iii) are most likely the site of penetration of the phage tail tube through which the phage DNA enters the host cell.", "contents": "Bacteriophage T4D receptors and the Escherichia coli cell wall structure: role of spherical particles and protein b of the cell wall in bacteriophage infection. The nature of the interaction of bacteriophage T4D and the outer cell wall of its host, Escherichia coli B, has been investigated. Bacteria with altered or modified cell walls have been obtained by two different growth procedures: (i) growth in high osmolarity medium or (ii) growth in broth in the presence of divalent heavy metal ions. When these altered host cells were washed and subsequently added to regular growth medium, they interacted with added phage particles, but successful infection did not occur. Most of the phage particles released from these treated cells were observed to have full heads and an altered tail structure. The altered phage tails had contracted sheaths and unusual pieces of the bacterial cell wall attached to the distal portion of the exposed phage tail tube. Phage released from bacteria grown in the high osmolarity medium had attached cell wall pieces of two major types, these pieces being either 40 or 21 nm in diameter. The smaller-type cell wall pieces (21 nm) were formed by three spheres each measuring 7 nm in diameter. Phage particles released from cells previously exposed to the divalent metal ions had only one 7-nm cell wall sphere attached to the distal end of the tail tube. It was found that these 7-nm spheres (i) are normal components of the cell wall and are morphologically similar to endotoxin, (ii) are held in place on the cell wall by a component of the cell wall called protein b, and (iii) are most likely the site of penetration of the phage tail tube through which the phage DNA enters the host cell."}
{"id": "PMID:368030", "title": "Isolation and characterization of amber mutations in the lexA gene of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "We describe the isolation and characterization of amber mutations in the lexA gene of Escherichia coli K-12. These mutations, designated spr(Am), were isolated and characterized in a lexA tif sfi genetic background. They abolished the sensitivity of the strain to UV light and resulted in high rates of synthesis of recA protein. Phage lambda+ failed to lysogenize the strains as observed with similar strains carrying non-amber spr mutations described previously, thereby indicating a constitutive expression of the phage induction pathway. Introduction of an amber suppressor mutation into a strain bearing the spr(Am) mutation restored expression of the LexA mutant phenotype. We conclude that spr mutations either inactivate or prevent synthesis of the lexA gene product and that loss of this product results in constitutive expression of the E. coli induction system in the tif sfi genetic background.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of amber mutations in the lexA gene of Escherichia coli K-12. We describe the isolation and characterization of amber mutations in the lexA gene of Escherichia coli K-12. These mutations, designated spr(Am), were isolated and characterized in a lexA tif sfi genetic background. They abolished the sensitivity of the strain to UV light and resulted in high rates of synthesis of recA protein. Phage lambda+ failed to lysogenize the strains as observed with similar strains carrying non-amber spr mutations described previously, thereby indicating a constitutive expression of the phage induction pathway. Introduction of an amber suppressor mutation into a strain bearing the spr(Am) mutation restored expression of the LexA mutant phenotype. We conclude that spr mutations either inactivate or prevent synthesis of the lexA gene product and that loss of this product results in constitutive expression of the E. coli induction system in the tif sfi genetic background."}
{"id": "PMID:368031", "title": "Localization of proteolytic activity in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.", "content": "An enzyme in the cytoplasmic membrane, nitrate reductase, can be solubilized by heating membranes to 60 degrees C for 10 min at alkaline pH. A protease in the cell envelope has been shown to be responsible for this solubilization. The localization of this protease in the outer membrane was demonstrated by separating the outer membrane from the cytoplasmic membrane, adding back various forms of outer membrane protein to the cytoplasmic membrane, and following the increase in nitrate reductase solubilization with increasing amounts of outer membrane proteins. This solubilization is accompanied by the cleavage of one of the subunits of nitrate reductase and is inhibited by the protease inhibitor p-aminobenzamidine. Analysis of membrane proteins synthesized by cells grown in the presence of various amounts of p-aminobenzamidine revealed that p-aminobenzamidine affects the synthesis of the major outer membrane proteins but has little effect on the synthesis of cytoplasmic membrane proteins. When outer membrane is reacted with the protease inhibitor [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate, a single protein in the outer membrane is labeled. Since the interaction with diisopropylfluorophosphate is inhibited by p-aminobenzamidine, it is suggested that this single outer membrane protein is responsible for the in vitro solubilization of nitrate reductase and the in vivo processing of the major outer membrane proteins.", "contents": "Localization of proteolytic activity in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. An enzyme in the cytoplasmic membrane, nitrate reductase, can be solubilized by heating membranes to 60 degrees C for 10 min at alkaline pH. A protease in the cell envelope has been shown to be responsible for this solubilization. The localization of this protease in the outer membrane was demonstrated by separating the outer membrane from the cytoplasmic membrane, adding back various forms of outer membrane protein to the cytoplasmic membrane, and following the increase in nitrate reductase solubilization with increasing amounts of outer membrane proteins. This solubilization is accompanied by the cleavage of one of the subunits of nitrate reductase and is inhibited by the protease inhibitor p-aminobenzamidine. Analysis of membrane proteins synthesized by cells grown in the presence of various amounts of p-aminobenzamidine revealed that p-aminobenzamidine affects the synthesis of the major outer membrane proteins but has little effect on the synthesis of cytoplasmic membrane proteins. When outer membrane is reacted with the protease inhibitor [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate, a single protein in the outer membrane is labeled. Since the interaction with diisopropylfluorophosphate is inhibited by p-aminobenzamidine, it is suggested that this single outer membrane protein is responsible for the in vitro solubilization of nitrate reductase and the in vivo processing of the major outer membrane proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:368032", "title": "Organization of genes for transcription and translation in the rif region of the Escherichia coli chromosome.", "content": "The lambdarifd18 transducing phage is known to carry several genes for components of transcriptional and translational machineries; these genes are clustered in the rif region at 88 min on the Escherichia coli genetic map. They include a set of genes for rRNA's (rrnB), a gene for spacer tRNA, tRNA2Glu (tgtB), one of the two genes for EF-Tu (tufB), genes for four ribosomal proteins (rplK, A, J, and L), genes for the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase (rpoB and rpoC), and genes for three tRNA's (tyrU, gluT, and thrT). An additional tRNA gene (subsequently identified as thrU by Landy and his co-workers) and a gene for a protein (protein U) with unknown functions were found to be carried by lambdarif d18. We analyzed the organization of these genes by using various deletion and hybrid phages derived from lambdarif d18 and lambdarif d12, a phage related to lambdarif d18. The expression of various genes was examined in UV-irradiated cells infected with these transducing phages. Two main conclusions were obtained. First, the four tRNA genes are not cotranscribed with the genes in rrnB, even though these tRNA genes are located close to the distal end of rrnB. Second, the four ribosomal protein genes are organized into two separate transcriptional units; rplK and A are in one unit and rplJ and L are in the second unit. The first group of genes was shown to have a promoter separate from that for tufB or protein U. The second group of genes shares the promoter with rpoB and C, as described in a separate paper (M. Yamamoto and M. Nomura, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 75:3891--3895). These and other results described in this paper show that the genes are organized in the following order: promoter, genes in rrnB; promoter, thrU, tyrU, (promoter?) glyT, thrT; (promoter?) tufB; promoter, a gene for protein U; promoter, rplK, rplA; promoter, rplJ, rplL, rpoB, rpoC.", "contents": "Organization of genes for transcription and translation in the rif region of the Escherichia coli chromosome. The lambdarifd18 transducing phage is known to carry several genes for components of transcriptional and translational machineries; these genes are clustered in the rif region at 88 min on the Escherichia coli genetic map. They include a set of genes for rRNA's (rrnB), a gene for spacer tRNA, tRNA2Glu (tgtB), one of the two genes for EF-Tu (tufB), genes for four ribosomal proteins (rplK, A, J, and L), genes for the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase (rpoB and rpoC), and genes for three tRNA's (tyrU, gluT, and thrT). An additional tRNA gene (subsequently identified as thrU by Landy and his co-workers) and a gene for a protein (protein U) with unknown functions were found to be carried by lambdarif d18. We analyzed the organization of these genes by using various deletion and hybrid phages derived from lambdarif d18 and lambdarif d12, a phage related to lambdarif d18. The expression of various genes was examined in UV-irradiated cells infected with these transducing phages. Two main conclusions were obtained. First, the four tRNA genes are not cotranscribed with the genes in rrnB, even though these tRNA genes are located close to the distal end of rrnB. Second, the four ribosomal protein genes are organized into two separate transcriptional units; rplK and A are in one unit and rplJ and L are in the second unit. The first group of genes was shown to have a promoter separate from that for tufB or protein U. The second group of genes shares the promoter with rpoB and C, as described in a separate paper (M. Yamamoto and M. Nomura, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 75:3891--3895). These and other results described in this paper show that the genes are organized in the following order: promoter, genes in rrnB; promoter, thrU, tyrU, (promoter?) glyT, thrT; (promoter?) tufB; promoter, a gene for protein U; promoter, rplK, rplA; promoter, rplJ, rplL, rpoB, rpoC."}
{"id": "PMID:368033", "title": "Mutational evidence for identity of penicillin-binding protein 5 in Escherichia coli with the major D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA activity.", "content": "The defect in D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA activity in the dacA11191 mutant of Escherichia coli was correlated with a defect in the release of penicillin G from penicillin-binding protein 5. The results suggest that penicillin-binding protein 5 catalyzes the major D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA activity of the wild type and that the mutation results in a defect in the deacylation step catalyzed by this enzyme.", "contents": "Mutational evidence for identity of penicillin-binding protein 5 in Escherichia coli with the major D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA activity. The defect in D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA activity in the dacA11191 mutant of Escherichia coli was correlated with a defect in the release of penicillin G from penicillin-binding protein 5. The results suggest that penicillin-binding protein 5 catalyzes the major D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA activity of the wild type and that the mutation results in a defect in the deacylation step catalyzed by this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:368034", "title": "rorA mutation of Escherichia coli K-12 affects the recB subunit of exonuclease V.", "content": "The ATP-dependent nuclease, exonuclease V, of Escherichia coli plays an important role in repair and recombination. The enzyme is composed of two subunits, one of which is the product of the recB and recC genes. In this communication it is shown by mapping and complementation experiments that the rorA mutation, which results in radiation sensitivity but not the loss of recombination ability, is an allele of the recB gene.", "contents": "rorA mutation of Escherichia coli K-12 affects the recB subunit of exonuclease V. The ATP-dependent nuclease, exonuclease V, of Escherichia coli plays an important role in repair and recombination. The enzyme is composed of two subunits, one of which is the product of the recB and recC genes. In this communication it is shown by mapping and complementation experiments that the rorA mutation, which results in radiation sensitivity but not the loss of recombination ability, is an allele of the recB gene."}
{"id": "PMID:368035", "title": "Regulation of polyamine and streptomycin transport during stringent and relaxed control in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Inhibition of polyamine uptake was observed during amino acid depletion in a stringent strain of Escherichia coli CP78 but not in a relaxed strain (CP79). Chloramphenicol was shown partially to relieve the inhibition of uptake. Stringent cells which were induced for a transport system common to both polyamines and streptomycin were found to restrict the uptake of spermidine as well as streptomycin.", "contents": "Regulation of polyamine and streptomycin transport during stringent and relaxed control in Escherichia coli. Inhibition of polyamine uptake was observed during amino acid depletion in a stringent strain of Escherichia coli CP78 but not in a relaxed strain (CP79). Chloramphenicol was shown partially to relieve the inhibition of uptake. Stringent cells which were induced for a transport system common to both polyamines and streptomycin were found to restrict the uptake of spermidine as well as streptomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:368036", "title": "Two-component nature of bacteriophage T4 receptor activity in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Escherichia coli bacteriophage T4 uses the lipopolysaccharide of the outer cell envelope membrane as a receptor. Lipopolysaccharide from E. coli K-12 required a major outer membrane protein, polypeptide Ib, for phage inactivation.", "contents": "Two-component nature of bacteriophage T4 receptor activity in Escherichia coli K-12. Escherichia coli bacteriophage T4 uses the lipopolysaccharide of the outer cell envelope membrane as a receptor. Lipopolysaccharide from E. coli K-12 required a major outer membrane protein, polypeptide Ib, for phage inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:368037", "title": "Outer membrane of Serratia marcescens: apparent molecular weights of heat-modifiable proteins in gels with different acrylamide concentrations.", "content": "The major proteins from the outer membrane of Serratia marcescens SM-6 are heat modifiable. The analysis of their apparent molecular weights in gels with different concentrations of acrylamide and the results obtained by radioactive labeling indicate that the major proteins are covalently linked to carbohydrate moieties.", "contents": "Outer membrane of Serratia marcescens: apparent molecular weights of heat-modifiable proteins in gels with different acrylamide concentrations. The major proteins from the outer membrane of Serratia marcescens SM-6 are heat modifiable. The analysis of their apparent molecular weights in gels with different concentrations of acrylamide and the results obtained by radioactive labeling indicate that the major proteins are covalently linked to carbohydrate moieties."}
{"id": "PMID:368038", "title": "Method for isolating restriction- and modificationless mutants of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A simple method is described for the selection and isolation of restriction- and modificationless mutants in Escherichia coli K-12 by using the following properties: (i) the temperature-sensitive repressor activity of phage lambdacI857; (ii) a mutant of lambda phage defective in integration and the establishment of repression (lambdab2cI); (iii) a virulent lambda phage insensitive to the repressor activity. The final yield of spontaneously arising rk-mk+ and rk-mk- mutants from stationary-phase cultures was about 5% of the surviving cells.", "contents": "Method for isolating restriction- and modificationless mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. A simple method is described for the selection and isolation of restriction- and modificationless mutants in Escherichia coli K-12 by using the following properties: (i) the temperature-sensitive repressor activity of phage lambdacI857; (ii) a mutant of lambda phage defective in integration and the establishment of repression (lambdab2cI); (iii) a virulent lambda phage insensitive to the repressor activity. The final yield of spontaneously arising rk-mk+ and rk-mk- mutants from stationary-phase cultures was about 5% of the surviving cells."}
{"id": "PMID:368039", "title": "Relationship between phosphate content and serological activities of the mannans of Candida albicans strains NIH A-207, NIH B-792, and J-1012.", "content": "The mannans from Candida albicans strains NIH A-207 (serotype A), NIH B-792 (serotype B), and J-1012 (serotype C) were fractionated on a column of diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex into five subfractions containing different amounts of phosphate. Antibody-precipitating activities of the mannan subfractions of strains NIH A-207 and NIH B-792 were proportional to their phosphate content, while those of strain J-1012 did not show regularly proportional precipitin activity. A similar tendency was also observed in the cross-reaction between the mannan su,fractions of strains NIH A-207 and J-1012 and their heterologous antisera. The mannans of strain NIH B-792 showed lower cross-reactivities against antisera of strains NIH A-207 and NIH B-792, i.e., only two subfractions containing larger amounts of phosphate were able to react with these antisera.", "contents": "Relationship between phosphate content and serological activities of the mannans of Candida albicans strains NIH A-207, NIH B-792, and J-1012. The mannans from Candida albicans strains NIH A-207 (serotype A), NIH B-792 (serotype B), and J-1012 (serotype C) were fractionated on a column of diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex into five subfractions containing different amounts of phosphate. Antibody-precipitating activities of the mannan subfractions of strains NIH A-207 and NIH B-792 were proportional to their phosphate content, while those of strain J-1012 did not show regularly proportional precipitin activity. A similar tendency was also observed in the cross-reaction between the mannan su,fractions of strains NIH A-207 and J-1012 and their heterologous antisera. The mannans of strain NIH B-792 showed lower cross-reactivities against antisera of strains NIH A-207 and NIH B-792, i.e., only two subfractions containing larger amounts of phosphate were able to react with these antisera."}
{"id": "PMID:368040", "title": "Simple method for identification of plasmid-coded proteins.", "content": "Proteins encoded by plasmid DNA are specifically labeled in UV-irradiated cells of Escherichia coli carrying recA and uvrA mutations because extensive degradation of the chromosome DNA occurs concurrently with amplification of plasmid DNA.", "contents": "Simple method for identification of plasmid-coded proteins. Proteins encoded by plasmid DNA are specifically labeled in UV-irradiated cells of Escherichia coli carrying recA and uvrA mutations because extensive degradation of the chromosome DNA occurs concurrently with amplification of plasmid DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:368041", "title": "Accumulation of peptidyl tRNA is lethal to Escherichia coli.", "content": "A mutant strain of Escherichia coli with temperature-sensitive peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase grows at 30 degrees C but, when shifted to 40 degrees C, dies at rates affected by physiological, pharmacological, and genetical perturbations. The rate of killing correlates with the relative accumulation of peptidyl-tRNA, suggesting that it is responsible for the death of the cells.", "contents": "Accumulation of peptidyl tRNA is lethal to Escherichia coli. A mutant strain of Escherichia coli with temperature-sensitive peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase grows at 30 degrees C but, when shifted to 40 degrees C, dies at rates affected by physiological, pharmacological, and genetical perturbations. The rate of killing correlates with the relative accumulation of peptidyl-tRNA, suggesting that it is responsible for the death of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:368042", "title": "Conservation of primary structure of the pyridoxyl peptide of Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens tryptophan synthase beta2 protein.", "content": "Two labeled peptides were recovered from tryptic digests of the NaB3H4-reduced, performic acid-oxidized beta2 protein of Serratia marcescens tryptophan synthase. These two pyridoxyl peptides were identical except for the presence or absence of an NH2-terminal arginyl residue. Tryptic digestion of nonreduced, performic acid-oxidized protein allowed isolation of the peptides that comprise the two halves of the pyridoxyl peptide. The partial primary structure for this region of the protein was shown to be Arg-Glx-Asx-Ler-Leu-His(Gly,Gly,Ala,His)Lys(Pxy)-Thr-Asx-Glx-Val(Leu,Gly,Glx,Ala,Leu,Leu,Ala)Lys. All the data available indicate that the sequence is identical with the homologous region from the Escherichia coli enzyme.", "contents": "Conservation of primary structure of the pyridoxyl peptide of Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens tryptophan synthase beta2 protein. Two labeled peptides were recovered from tryptic digests of the NaB3H4-reduced, performic acid-oxidized beta2 protein of Serratia marcescens tryptophan synthase. These two pyridoxyl peptides were identical except for the presence or absence of an NH2-terminal arginyl residue. Tryptic digestion of nonreduced, performic acid-oxidized protein allowed isolation of the peptides that comprise the two halves of the pyridoxyl peptide. The partial primary structure for this region of the protein was shown to be Arg-Glx-Asx-Ler-Leu-His(Gly,Gly,Ala,His)Lys(Pxy)-Thr-Asx-Glx-Val(Leu,Gly,Glx,Ala,Leu,Leu,Ala)Lys. All the data available indicate that the sequence is identical with the homologous region from the Escherichia coli enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:368043", "title": "Structural and functional analysis of cloned DNA segments containing the replication and incompatibility regions of a miniplasmid derived from a copy number mutant of NR1.", "content": "A 1.45-megadalton segment of DNA cloned from a miniplasmid derived in vivo from a copy number mutant of the R plasmid NR1 has been shown to contain all functions essential for incompatibility and autonomous plasmid replication in Escherichia coli. Specific endonuclease cleavage sites within this DNA segment that localize functions required for replication have been mapped. A 0.45-megadalton fragment that specifies the FII incompatibility of NR1 has been identified within the replication region, and DNA fragments containing this incompatibility region, but lacking other functions required for replication, have been cloned.", "contents": "Structural and functional analysis of cloned DNA segments containing the replication and incompatibility regions of a miniplasmid derived from a copy number mutant of NR1. A 1.45-megadalton segment of DNA cloned from a miniplasmid derived in vivo from a copy number mutant of the R plasmid NR1 has been shown to contain all functions essential for incompatibility and autonomous plasmid replication in Escherichia coli. Specific endonuclease cleavage sites within this DNA segment that localize functions required for replication have been mapped. A 0.45-megadalton fragment that specifies the FII incompatibility of NR1 has been identified within the replication region, and DNA fragments containing this incompatibility region, but lacking other functions required for replication, have been cloned."}
{"id": "PMID:368044", "title": "Controlled comparison of trebenzomine with doxepin as an antidepressant-anxiolytic.", "content": "Trebenzomine, a new psychotropic drug, was compared with doxepin in the treatment of anxiety and depression. The study was a three-week, double-blind trial involving 26 psychoneurotic inpatients. Multiple ratings by physician, nurse, and patient all concurred that the 2 drugs produced significant improvement in both depressive and anxious symptomatology. No significant differences were found between the 2 drugs either in terms of rate or degree of improvement or incidence of side effects. Further investigation of trebenzomine for anxious depression is warranted.", "contents": "Controlled comparison of trebenzomine with doxepin as an antidepressant-anxiolytic. Trebenzomine, a new psychotropic drug, was compared with doxepin in the treatment of anxiety and depression. The study was a three-week, double-blind trial involving 26 psychoneurotic inpatients. Multiple ratings by physician, nurse, and patient all concurred that the 2 drugs produced significant improvement in both depressive and anxious symptomatology. No significant differences were found between the 2 drugs either in terms of rate or degree of improvement or incidence of side effects. Further investigation of trebenzomine for anxious depression is warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:368045", "title": "Penfluridol: a long acting oral antipsychotic drug.", "content": "Penfluridol is a diphenylbutylpiperdine derivative with a half-life of sixty-six (66) hours. The present study was designed to determine its efficacy for the maintenance of schizophrenia. In a 52 week double-blind study, once weekly doses of penfluridol were compared with once daily doses of chlorpromazine in 56 schizophrenic patients receiving maintenance treatment on an outpatient basis. Both drugs were similar in their clinical effectiveness; no major side effects occurred with either drug.", "contents": "Penfluridol: a long acting oral antipsychotic drug. Penfluridol is a diphenylbutylpiperdine derivative with a half-life of sixty-six (66) hours. The present study was designed to determine its efficacy for the maintenance of schizophrenia. In a 52 week double-blind study, once weekly doses of penfluridol were compared with once daily doses of chlorpromazine in 56 schizophrenic patients receiving maintenance treatment on an outpatient basis. Both drugs were similar in their clinical effectiveness; no major side effects occurred with either drug."}
{"id": "PMID:368046", "title": "In vitro synthesis of ornithine transcarbamylase.", "content": "An in vitro system for the synthesis of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCase) was established using iS-30 extract from E. coli MDS6-2(lambda) and DNA of a lambda transducing phage carrying argI and argF genes. This in vitro synthesis was completely dependent on the additon of DNA, and was sensitive to chloramphenicol and rifampicin. Radioisotopic analysis confirmed that the synthesized enzyme catalyzes the carbamylation of ornithine to citrulline. In the in vitro system the repression and derepression of OTCase synthesis could be observed by mixing iS-30 extracts prepared from argR+ and argR- cells. A remarkable maturation effect could be observed for the FFF enzyme, but not for the III enzyme. This system is considered to reflect the in vivo situation, and should therefore be useful for investigations on the regulation of OTCase synthesis in vivo.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of ornithine transcarbamylase. An in vitro system for the synthesis of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCase) was established using iS-30 extract from E. coli MDS6-2(lambda) and DNA of a lambda transducing phage carrying argI and argF genes. This in vitro synthesis was completely dependent on the additon of DNA, and was sensitive to chloramphenicol and rifampicin. Radioisotopic analysis confirmed that the synthesized enzyme catalyzes the carbamylation of ornithine to citrulline. In the in vitro system the repression and derepression of OTCase synthesis could be observed by mixing iS-30 extracts prepared from argR+ and argR- cells. A remarkable maturation effect could be observed for the FFF enzyme, but not for the III enzyme. This system is considered to reflect the in vivo situation, and should therefore be useful for investigations on the regulation of OTCase synthesis in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:368047", "title": "Colicin E3 is an endonuclease.", "content": "It was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that isolated 16S rRNA was cleaved by the active component (protein A) or the active fragment (T2A) of colicin E3. However, the degradation was random, in contrast with the specific cleavage observed in the interaction of colicin E3 with ribosomes. Furthermore, the active component and the active fragment had low activities, and far greater amounts of these materials were required for degradation of the isolated rRNA than for ribosome inactivation. The degradation of rRNA cannot be due to contaminating ribonuclease(s), but is due to colicin E3 itself, because of the following facts. (1) Protein B of colicin E3, which specifically inhibits the ribosome-inactivating activity of colicin E3, inhibited the degradation of rRNA. (2) Protein B of colicin E2, which inhibits the action of colicin E2 but not of colicin E3, failed to inhibit the degradation of rRNA. (3) The activity appeared in the peak of protein A or fragment T2A, respectively, when they were rechromatographed on Sephadex G-75.", "contents": "Colicin E3 is an endonuclease. It was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that isolated 16S rRNA was cleaved by the active component (protein A) or the active fragment (T2A) of colicin E3. However, the degradation was random, in contrast with the specific cleavage observed in the interaction of colicin E3 with ribosomes. Furthermore, the active component and the active fragment had low activities, and far greater amounts of these materials were required for degradation of the isolated rRNA than for ribosome inactivation. The degradation of rRNA cannot be due to contaminating ribonuclease(s), but is due to colicin E3 itself, because of the following facts. (1) Protein B of colicin E3, which specifically inhibits the ribosome-inactivating activity of colicin E3, inhibited the degradation of rRNA. (2) Protein B of colicin E2, which inhibits the action of colicin E2 but not of colicin E3, failed to inhibit the degradation of rRNA. (3) The activity appeared in the peak of protein A or fragment T2A, respectively, when they were rechromatographed on Sephadex G-75."}
{"id": "PMID:368048", "title": "X-ray diffraction studies of outer membranes of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "X-ray diffraction studies were carried out on the outer membranes of various strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Ten distinct diffraction peaks which seem to be caused by protein assemblies were observed for most strains. Three small-angle reflections were used to determine an average structure of the protein assembly in the outer membrane of mutant HN202. An electron density distribution of the averaged assembly was obtained by means of the Fourier-Bessel transform. It has a diameter of about 100A, in agreement with the results of electron microscope observations (Smit, Kamio, and Nikaido (1975) J. Bacteriol. 124, 942--958), and exhibits a low electron density region at its center, suggesting the presence of a pore, as predicted on the basis of transmembrane transport experiments (Nakae (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 2176--2178).", "contents": "X-ray diffraction studies of outer membranes of Salmonella typhimurium. X-ray diffraction studies were carried out on the outer membranes of various strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Ten distinct diffraction peaks which seem to be caused by protein assemblies were observed for most strains. Three small-angle reflections were used to determine an average structure of the protein assembly in the outer membrane of mutant HN202. An electron density distribution of the averaged assembly was obtained by means of the Fourier-Bessel transform. It has a diameter of about 100A, in agreement with the results of electron microscope observations (Smit, Kamio, and Nikaido (1975) J. Bacteriol. 124, 942--958), and exhibits a low electron density region at its center, suggesting the presence of a pore, as predicted on the basis of transmembrane transport experiments (Nakae (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 2176--2178)."}
{"id": "PMID:368049", "title": "Reaction of antimannan antibodies with oligomannosides and glycopeptides.", "content": "A number of oligomannosides and glycopeptides prepared from various sources were tested for their potency to inhibit the binding of 3H-mannotetraitol (Manalpha1 leads to Manalpha1 leads to Manalpha1 leads to 2Mannitol) to antimannan antibodies. It was found that antimannan antibodies are highly specific to the Manalpha1 leads to 3Man structure, reacting very poorly with the Manalpha1 leads to 2Man and Manalpha1 leads to 6Man structures. A Manalpha1 leads to 3Man structure at the non-reducing end is far more reactive than one at an inner position. In this respect, antimannan antibodies differ from concanavalin A which reacts with mannose residues substituted at C-2 as well as those at non-reducing ends. Glycopeptides prepared from ovalbumin, Taka amylase A and from membrane glycoproteins of rat liver cross-reacted with antimannan antibodies to various extents reflecting the characteristic structures of the individual glycopeptides.", "contents": "Reaction of antimannan antibodies with oligomannosides and glycopeptides. A number of oligomannosides and glycopeptides prepared from various sources were tested for their potency to inhibit the binding of 3H-mannotetraitol (Manalpha1 leads to Manalpha1 leads to Manalpha1 leads to 2Mannitol) to antimannan antibodies. It was found that antimannan antibodies are highly specific to the Manalpha1 leads to 3Man structure, reacting very poorly with the Manalpha1 leads to 2Man and Manalpha1 leads to 6Man structures. A Manalpha1 leads to 3Man structure at the non-reducing end is far more reactive than one at an inner position. In this respect, antimannan antibodies differ from concanavalin A which reacts with mannose residues substituted at C-2 as well as those at non-reducing ends. Glycopeptides prepared from ovalbumin, Taka amylase A and from membrane glycoproteins of rat liver cross-reacted with antimannan antibodies to various extents reflecting the characteristic structures of the individual glycopeptides."}
{"id": "PMID:368051", "title": "Purification of the mannitol-specific enzyme II of the Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system.", "content": "The inducible, mannitol-specific Enzyme II of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system has been purified approximately 230-fold from Escherichia coli membranes. The enzyme, initially solubilized with deoxycholate, was first subjected to hydrophobic chromatography on hexyl agarose and then purified by several ion exchange steps in the presence of the nonionic detergent, Lubrol PX. The purified protein appears homogeneous by several criteria and probably consists of a single kind of polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 60,000 (+/- 5%). In addition to catalyzing phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of mannitol in the presence of the soluble enzymes of the phosphotransferase system, the purified Enzyme II also catalyzes mannitol 1-phosphate:mannitol transphosphorylation in the absence of these components. A number of other physical and catalytic properties of the enzyme are described. The availability of a stable, homogeneous Enzyme II should be invaluable for studying the mechanism of sugar translocation and phosphorylation catalyzed by the bacterial phosphotransferase system.", "contents": "Purification of the mannitol-specific enzyme II of the Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system. The inducible, mannitol-specific Enzyme II of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system has been purified approximately 230-fold from Escherichia coli membranes. The enzyme, initially solubilized with deoxycholate, was first subjected to hydrophobic chromatography on hexyl agarose and then purified by several ion exchange steps in the presence of the nonionic detergent, Lubrol PX. The purified protein appears homogeneous by several criteria and probably consists of a single kind of polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 60,000 (+/- 5%). In addition to catalyzing phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of mannitol in the presence of the soluble enzymes of the phosphotransferase system, the purified Enzyme II also catalyzes mannitol 1-phosphate:mannitol transphosphorylation in the absence of these components. A number of other physical and catalytic properties of the enzyme are described. The availability of a stable, homogeneous Enzyme II should be invaluable for studying the mechanism of sugar translocation and phosphorylation catalyzed by the bacterial phosphotransferase system."}
{"id": "PMID:368052", "title": "Effect of hydroxyurea on T4 ribonucleotide reductase.", "content": "Phage T4-induced ribonucleotide reductase, purified to homogeneity, catalyzes the reduction of the four ribonucleotides CDP, UDP, ADP, and GDP to the corresponding deoxyribonucleotides. The enzyme is an order of magnitude more sensitive to hydroxyurea than the corresponding Escherichia coli enzyme. Fifty per cent inhibition occurs at 10 micrometer hydroxyurea. Inhibition is complete at a high concentration of the drug, and there is no differential effect on the four substrates. Treatment of T4 ribonucleotide reductase or its isolated subunits with hydroxyurea does not lead to their irreversible inactivation.", "contents": "Effect of hydroxyurea on T4 ribonucleotide reductase. Phage T4-induced ribonucleotide reductase, purified to homogeneity, catalyzes the reduction of the four ribonucleotides CDP, UDP, ADP, and GDP to the corresponding deoxyribonucleotides. The enzyme is an order of magnitude more sensitive to hydroxyurea than the corresponding Escherichia coli enzyme. Fifty per cent inhibition occurs at 10 micrometer hydroxyurea. Inhibition is complete at a high concentration of the drug, and there is no differential effect on the four substrates. Treatment of T4 ribonucleotide reductase or its isolated subunits with hydroxyurea does not lead to their irreversible inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:368053", "title": "The molecular basis of leucine auxotrophy of quinone-treated Escherichia coli. Active site-directed modification of leucyl-tRNA synthetase by 6-amino-7-chloro-5,8-dioxoquinoline.", "content": "Leucyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli is rapidly inactivated by 6-amino-7-chloro-5,8-dioxoquinoline (quinone), a model substance for cytostatic quinones. Loss of activity follows pseudo-first order kinetics. The quinone masks essential--SH groups that are reactive with N-ethylmaleimide. Specific protection of the enzyme by leucine provides evidence for active site-directed modification. Half-maximal protection is found at a concentration of 150 micron which is identical with the dissociation constant of the enzyme.substrate complex. The competitive inhibitor leucinol also protects the enzyme from inactivation by the quinone. MgATP enhances the protective effect of leucinol about 250-fold, thus substantiating recently published findings on synergistic coupling of ligands to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The results support the assumption that the bacteriostatic quinone directly interferes with leucyl-tRNA synthetase in growing cells. Active-site-directed inhibition of the enzyme could adequately explain the phenotypically observed auxotrophy for leucine of quinone-treated E. coli.", "contents": "The molecular basis of leucine auxotrophy of quinone-treated Escherichia coli. Active site-directed modification of leucyl-tRNA synthetase by 6-amino-7-chloro-5,8-dioxoquinoline. Leucyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli is rapidly inactivated by 6-amino-7-chloro-5,8-dioxoquinoline (quinone), a model substance for cytostatic quinones. Loss of activity follows pseudo-first order kinetics. The quinone masks essential--SH groups that are reactive with N-ethylmaleimide. Specific protection of the enzyme by leucine provides evidence for active site-directed modification. Half-maximal protection is found at a concentration of 150 micron which is identical with the dissociation constant of the enzyme.substrate complex. The competitive inhibitor leucinol also protects the enzyme from inactivation by the quinone. MgATP enhances the protective effect of leucinol about 250-fold, thus substantiating recently published findings on synergistic coupling of ligands to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The results support the assumption that the bacteriostatic quinone directly interferes with leucyl-tRNA synthetase in growing cells. Active-site-directed inhibition of the enzyme could adequately explain the phenotypically observed auxotrophy for leucine of quinone-treated E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:368054", "title": "Construction and properties of a cell-free system for bacteriophage T4 late RNA synthesis.", "content": "A cell-free system for synthesizing bacteriophage T4 late RNA is described. The system, which is based on the \"cellophane disc\" technique introduced by Schaller and co-workers (Schaller, H., Otto, B., N\u00fcsslein, V., Huf, J., Hermann, R., and Bonnhoeffer, F. (1972) J. Mol. Biol. 63, 183-200), provides favorable conditions for T4 DNA and RNA synthesis in vitro. Total RNA synthesis can be sustained for more than 1 h at 25 degrees C and initiation of early and late RNA chains occurs in vitro. The capacity to yield cell-free systems which make T4 late RNA in vitro is acquired by virus-infected cells as they make late RNA in vivo. The in vitro synthesized RNA is highly asymmetric. The conditions which optimize the in vitro system with respect to several parameters (total extent of T4 transcription, rate of transcription, asymmetry, fraction of T4 late RNA, and sensitivity to inhibition by rifampicin and streptolydigin) are described.", "contents": "Construction and properties of a cell-free system for bacteriophage T4 late RNA synthesis. A cell-free system for synthesizing bacteriophage T4 late RNA is described. The system, which is based on the \"cellophane disc\" technique introduced by Schaller and co-workers (Schaller, H., Otto, B., N\u00fcsslein, V., Huf, J., Hermann, R., and Bonnhoeffer, F. (1972) J. Mol. Biol. 63, 183-200), provides favorable conditions for T4 DNA and RNA synthesis in vitro. Total RNA synthesis can be sustained for more than 1 h at 25 degrees C and initiation of early and late RNA chains occurs in vitro. The capacity to yield cell-free systems which make T4 late RNA in vitro is acquired by virus-infected cells as they make late RNA in vivo. The in vitro synthesized RNA is highly asymmetric. The conditions which optimize the in vitro system with respect to several parameters (total extent of T4 transcription, rate of transcription, asymmetry, fraction of T4 late RNA, and sensitivity to inhibition by rifampicin and streptolydigin) are described."}
{"id": "PMID:368055", "title": "The monomeric glutamyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli. Purification and relation between its structural and catalytic properties.", "content": "The glutamyl-tRNA synthetase has been purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli with a yield of about 50%. It is a monomer with a molecular weight of 56,000 and has the same kinetic properties as those of the alpha chain of the dimeric alphabeta-glutamyl-tRNA synthetase described previously (Lapointe, J., and S\u00f6ll, D. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 4966-4974). It is the smallest amino-acyl-tRNA synthetase purified from E. coli and contains no important sequence repetition. It is also the only monomeric aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase reported so far to contain no major sequence duplication. Considering its structural and mechanistic similarities with the glutaminyl- and the arginyl-tRNA synthetases of E. coli, we propose the existence of a relation between the true monomeric character of the glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (as opposed to monomers with sequence duplications) and its requirement for tRNA in the activation of glutamate. A single sulfhydryl group of the native enzyme reacts with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) causing no loss of enzymatic activity, whereas four such groups per enzyme react in the presence of 4 M guanidine HCl.", "contents": "The monomeric glutamyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli. Purification and relation between its structural and catalytic properties. The glutamyl-tRNA synthetase has been purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli with a yield of about 50%. It is a monomer with a molecular weight of 56,000 and has the same kinetic properties as those of the alpha chain of the dimeric alphabeta-glutamyl-tRNA synthetase described previously (Lapointe, J., and S\u00f6ll, D. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 4966-4974). It is the smallest amino-acyl-tRNA synthetase purified from E. coli and contains no important sequence repetition. It is also the only monomeric aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase reported so far to contain no major sequence duplication. Considering its structural and mechanistic similarities with the glutaminyl- and the arginyl-tRNA synthetases of E. coli, we propose the existence of a relation between the true monomeric character of the glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (as opposed to monomers with sequence duplications) and its requirement for tRNA in the activation of glutamate. A single sulfhydryl group of the native enzyme reacts with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) causing no loss of enzymatic activity, whereas four such groups per enzyme react in the presence of 4 M guanidine HCl."}
{"id": "PMID:368056", "title": "Oxidative deamination of epsilon-aminolysine residues and formation of Schiff base cross-linkages in cell envelopes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Oxidative deamination of the epsilon-amino group of lysyl residues to form allysine is the initial reaction in the cross-linking of collagen and elastin in vertebrates. The allysyl residues, generated by lysyl oxidase in this reaction, condense with either other allysyl residues or epsilon-amino groups of lysyl or hydroxylysyl to form aldol or Schiff base cross-links. This paper presents evidence that similar allysyl residues and Schiff base cross-links are synthesized in cell envelopes of Escherichia coli. Acid hydrolysis followed by amino acid analysis of envelopes either reduced with NaB[3H]4 or labeled with [14C]lysine and reduced with NaBH4 yielded allysine and two labeled fragments with elution profiles and molecular weights (250 and 330) consistent with Schiff base products derived at least in part from allysine. When [6-3H]lysine-labeled cell envelopes were incubated at 37 degrees C, gradual release of tritiated water occurred. This suggests that an enzymatic reaction catalyzes the deamination of lysine in E. coli membranes and that the higher molecular weight proteins detected in stationary phase or in log phase cell envelopes after NaBH4 reduction occur as a result of formation of Schiff base cross-links.", "contents": "Oxidative deamination of epsilon-aminolysine residues and formation of Schiff base cross-linkages in cell envelopes of Escherichia coli. Oxidative deamination of the epsilon-amino group of lysyl residues to form allysine is the initial reaction in the cross-linking of collagen and elastin in vertebrates. The allysyl residues, generated by lysyl oxidase in this reaction, condense with either other allysyl residues or epsilon-amino groups of lysyl or hydroxylysyl to form aldol or Schiff base cross-links. This paper presents evidence that similar allysyl residues and Schiff base cross-links are synthesized in cell envelopes of Escherichia coli. Acid hydrolysis followed by amino acid analysis of envelopes either reduced with NaB[3H]4 or labeled with [14C]lysine and reduced with NaBH4 yielded allysine and two labeled fragments with elution profiles and molecular weights (250 and 330) consistent with Schiff base products derived at least in part from allysine. When [6-3H]lysine-labeled cell envelopes were incubated at 37 degrees C, gradual release of tritiated water occurred. This suggests that an enzymatic reaction catalyzes the deamination of lysine in E. coli membranes and that the higher molecular weight proteins detected in stationary phase or in log phase cell envelopes after NaBH4 reduction occur as a result of formation of Schiff base cross-links."}
{"id": "PMID:368057", "title": "The transfer of a bacterial transmembrane function to eukaryotic cells.", "content": "This communication reports our preliminary studies on the reconstitution of the bacterial dicarboxylate transport system into rat myoblasts and mouse L-cells. Purified dicarboxylate membrane transport components (SBP 1 and SBP 2) from Escherichia coli K12 were added to rat myoblasts and mouse L-cells. These components were readily incorporated into the cell membranes. The rat myoblasts, as well as the mouse L-cells, were unable to transport succinate by themselves, or in the presence of either one of the transport components. However, when both components were added to the cells, the latter acquired the ability to transport succinate. There was a direct relationship between the amount of transport components added and the rate of succinate uptake. The newly acquired dicarboxylate transport system exhibited similar substrate affinity and specificity as the E. coli dicarboxylate transport system. The above findings suggest that it is possible to transfer a bacterial transmembrane function into eukaryotic cell membrane, and that these proteins can function normally in a foreign environment.", "contents": "The transfer of a bacterial transmembrane function to eukaryotic cells. This communication reports our preliminary studies on the reconstitution of the bacterial dicarboxylate transport system into rat myoblasts and mouse L-cells. Purified dicarboxylate membrane transport components (SBP 1 and SBP 2) from Escherichia coli K12 were added to rat myoblasts and mouse L-cells. These components were readily incorporated into the cell membranes. The rat myoblasts, as well as the mouse L-cells, were unable to transport succinate by themselves, or in the presence of either one of the transport components. However, when both components were added to the cells, the latter acquired the ability to transport succinate. There was a direct relationship between the amount of transport components added and the rate of succinate uptake. The newly acquired dicarboxylate transport system exhibited similar substrate affinity and specificity as the E. coli dicarboxylate transport system. The above findings suggest that it is possible to transfer a bacterial transmembrane function into eukaryotic cell membrane, and that these proteins can function normally in a foreign environment."}
{"id": "PMID:368058", "title": "Increased synthesis of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase in a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a hybrid plasmid. Altered association of enzyme with the membrane.", "content": "A strain of Escherichia coli bearing a hybrid plasmid containing the psd gene, starved for isoleucine by the addition of valine, produces amounts of phosphatidyl-serine decarboxylase, a membrane-bound enzyme, about 40-fold higher than wild type. At least 98% of the enzyme from cells with high levels of decarboxylase is isolated in the inner, cytoplasmic membrane fraction if the cells are broken by osmotic lysis of spheroplasts following treatment with lysozyme/EDTA. In contrast, if cells containing these large amounts of enzyme are disrupted by sonication, 40 to 45% of the activity is recovered in the 100,000 times g supernatant fraction, whereas with wild type cells, only 5 to 10% is recovered in this fraction. About half of the decarboxylase in membranes saturated with the enzyme is thus only loosely bound, and readily removed by sonication, but not by osmotic lysis. This apparent saturation of the membrane with decarboxylase seems specific, since two other membrane-bound enzymes, phosphatidyl-glycerophosphate synthetase, and CDP-diglyceride synthetase, are not displaced into the supernatant fraction upon sonication. Fractionation on columns of agarose and by centrifugation through gradients of sucrose revealed that the decarboxylase in the supernatant is associated with lipid, in a complex with an apparent molecular weight of at least 5 times 10(6).", "contents": "Increased synthesis of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase in a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a hybrid plasmid. Altered association of enzyme with the membrane. A strain of Escherichia coli bearing a hybrid plasmid containing the psd gene, starved for isoleucine by the addition of valine, produces amounts of phosphatidyl-serine decarboxylase, a membrane-bound enzyme, about 40-fold higher than wild type. At least 98% of the enzyme from cells with high levels of decarboxylase is isolated in the inner, cytoplasmic membrane fraction if the cells are broken by osmotic lysis of spheroplasts following treatment with lysozyme/EDTA. In contrast, if cells containing these large amounts of enzyme are disrupted by sonication, 40 to 45% of the activity is recovered in the 100,000 times g supernatant fraction, whereas with wild type cells, only 5 to 10% is recovered in this fraction. About half of the decarboxylase in membranes saturated with the enzyme is thus only loosely bound, and readily removed by sonication, but not by osmotic lysis. This apparent saturation of the membrane with decarboxylase seems specific, since two other membrane-bound enzymes, phosphatidyl-glycerophosphate synthetase, and CDP-diglyceride synthetase, are not displaced into the supernatant fraction upon sonication. Fractionation on columns of agarose and by centrifugation through gradients of sucrose revealed that the decarboxylase in the supernatant is associated with lipid, in a complex with an apparent molecular weight of at least 5 times 10(6)."}
{"id": "PMID:368059", "title": "A new nucleotide involved in the stringent response in Escherichia coli. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-monophosphate.", "content": "A novel nucleotide has been detected in Escherichia coli subjected to the stringent response. However, this nucleotide does not accumulate in relA+ cells subjected to heat shock, in which guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate does accumulate but stable RNA synthesis is not restricted. The intracellular level of this new nucleotide thus correlates well with control of stable RNA synthesis. Chemical and enzymatic analysis shows that the new nucleotide is guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-monophosphate. It is suggested that this nucleotide may play a role in stringent control of stable RNA synthesis.", "contents": "A new nucleotide involved in the stringent response in Escherichia coli. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-monophosphate. A novel nucleotide has been detected in Escherichia coli subjected to the stringent response. However, this nucleotide does not accumulate in relA+ cells subjected to heat shock, in which guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate does accumulate but stable RNA synthesis is not restricted. The intracellular level of this new nucleotide thus correlates well with control of stable RNA synthesis. Chemical and enzymatic analysis shows that the new nucleotide is guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-monophosphate. It is suggested that this nucleotide may play a role in stringent control of stable RNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:368060", "title": "Metabolism of alpha-factor by a mating type cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "When a mating type cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are exposed to the mating pheromone alpha-factor in liquid cultures, there is a time-dependent loss of alpha-factor activity from the culture fluid. This loss of biological activity can be directly correlated with the proteolysis of the pheromone by a mating type cells. The metabolism of alpha-factor by a mating type cells may be measured by using either in vitro 125I-labeled or in vivo 35S-labeled pheromone. Addition of chloroquine to growing cultures of a mating type cells at concentrations which cause no detectable alterations in cell growth produces a potentiation of alpha-factor mediated cell cycle arrest. This potentiation of alpha-factor activity is directly correlated with the inhibition of alpha-factor proteolysis. Thus, while proteolytic digestion of alpha-factor appears to be related to the mechanism whereby a mating type cells \"detoxify\" alpha-factor and recover from cell cycle arrest, proteolysis of the mating factor is not necessary for alpha-factor mediated cell cycle arrest.", "contents": "Metabolism of alpha-factor by a mating type cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When a mating type cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are exposed to the mating pheromone alpha-factor in liquid cultures, there is a time-dependent loss of alpha-factor activity from the culture fluid. This loss of biological activity can be directly correlated with the proteolysis of the pheromone by a mating type cells. The metabolism of alpha-factor by a mating type cells may be measured by using either in vitro 125I-labeled or in vivo 35S-labeled pheromone. Addition of chloroquine to growing cultures of a mating type cells at concentrations which cause no detectable alterations in cell growth produces a potentiation of alpha-factor mediated cell cycle arrest. This potentiation of alpha-factor activity is directly correlated with the inhibition of alpha-factor proteolysis. Thus, while proteolytic digestion of alpha-factor appears to be related to the mechanism whereby a mating type cells \"detoxify\" alpha-factor and recover from cell cycle arrest, proteolysis of the mating factor is not necessary for alpha-factor mediated cell cycle arrest."}
{"id": "PMID:368061", "title": "Cloning of genes for bacterial glycosyltransferases. I. Selection of hybrid plasmids carrying genes for two glucosyltransferases.", "content": "A method of identifying plasmids containing genes responsible for synthesis of nucleotide sugar:lipopolysaccharide glycosyltransferases is described. Hybrid ColE1 plasmids containing random fragments of the chromosome of Escherichia coli K12 were introduced into an indicator strain of Salmonella typhimurium which lacks UDP-glucose:lipopolysaccharide glucosyltransferase I due to an rfaG mutation. Plasmids capable of correcting the transferase defect were identified by their ability to convert the bacteriophage sensitivity pattern of the recipient strain from Ffm-sensitive to Ffm-resistant. Analysis of the lipopolysaccharide of the S. typhimurium/ColE1 hybrid strains and assay of cell extracts defined the new enzyme activities. Two plasmids were identified which carried the rfaG+ gene; one of these plasmids also contained genetic information for a second glucosyltransferase, the E. coli glucosyltransferase II, which normally is not present in S. typhimurium.", "contents": "Cloning of genes for bacterial glycosyltransferases. I. Selection of hybrid plasmids carrying genes for two glucosyltransferases. A method of identifying plasmids containing genes responsible for synthesis of nucleotide sugar:lipopolysaccharide glycosyltransferases is described. Hybrid ColE1 plasmids containing random fragments of the chromosome of Escherichia coli K12 were introduced into an indicator strain of Salmonella typhimurium which lacks UDP-glucose:lipopolysaccharide glucosyltransferase I due to an rfaG mutation. Plasmids capable of correcting the transferase defect were identified by their ability to convert the bacteriophage sensitivity pattern of the recipient strain from Ffm-sensitive to Ffm-resistant. Analysis of the lipopolysaccharide of the S. typhimurium/ColE1 hybrid strains and assay of cell extracts defined the new enzyme activities. Two plasmids were identified which carried the rfaG+ gene; one of these plasmids also contained genetic information for a second glucosyltransferase, the E. coli glucosyltransferase II, which normally is not present in S. typhimurium."}
{"id": "PMID:368062", "title": "Cloning of genes for bacterial glycosyltransferases. II. Selection of a hybrid plasmid carrying the rfah gene.", "content": "A hybrid ColE1 plasmid containing DNA from Escherichia coli K12 were identified which was capable of correcting the defect in UDP-galactose:lipopolysaccharide alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase in an rfaH mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. Expression of the gene for this enzyme was also demonstrated in several strains of E. coli by direct assay. The E. coli and S. typhimurium enzymes are similar in catalytic properties and immunologic specificity. The finding of the galactosyltransferase activity in E. coli extracts is surprising since the alpha1,3-galactosylglucose disaccharide which is the product of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction does not appear to be present in the E. coli lipopolysaccharide.", "contents": "Cloning of genes for bacterial glycosyltransferases. II. Selection of a hybrid plasmid carrying the rfah gene. A hybrid ColE1 plasmid containing DNA from Escherichia coli K12 were identified which was capable of correcting the defect in UDP-galactose:lipopolysaccharide alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase in an rfaH mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. Expression of the gene for this enzyme was also demonstrated in several strains of E. coli by direct assay. The E. coli and S. typhimurium enzymes are similar in catalytic properties and immunologic specificity. The finding of the galactosyltransferase activity in E. coli extracts is surprising since the alpha1,3-galactosylglucose disaccharide which is the product of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction does not appear to be present in the E. coli lipopolysaccharide."}
{"id": "PMID:368064", "title": "Specific gene transcription in yeast nuclei and chromatin by added homologous RNA polymerases I and II.", "content": "When treated at pH less than 4.5, yeast nuclei or chromatin lose endogenous RNA synthetic activity. This activity is regained by addition of exogenous RNA polymerases. The specificity of transcription in this system by homologous RNA polymerases I and III has been investigated by gel electrophoresis, hybridization analysis, and RNase T1 mapping. Exogenous RNA polymerase I selectively transcribes rRNA genes. The transcription of these genes by polymerase I is 30- and 8-fold more selective than RNA polymerase III and Escherichia coli polymerase holoenzyme, respectively. Exogenous RNA polymerase III synthesized RNAs similar in size to authentic 5 S RNA, 4.5 S pre-tRNA, and 4 S tRNA. Eleven per cent of this RNA is 5 S RNA as determined by hybridization. Neither polymerase I nor E. coli polymerase synthesizes detectable quantities of RNA in this size range. AT1 ribonuclease digestion of 5 S RNA synthesized by exogenous RNA polymerase III acting on acid-treated chromatin gives a fragment pattern corresponding to that of 5 S RNA. Thus, RNA polymerase III transcribes the entire 5 S gene in this system.", "contents": "Specific gene transcription in yeast nuclei and chromatin by added homologous RNA polymerases I and II. When treated at pH less than 4.5, yeast nuclei or chromatin lose endogenous RNA synthetic activity. This activity is regained by addition of exogenous RNA polymerases. The specificity of transcription in this system by homologous RNA polymerases I and III has been investigated by gel electrophoresis, hybridization analysis, and RNase T1 mapping. Exogenous RNA polymerase I selectively transcribes rRNA genes. The transcription of these genes by polymerase I is 30- and 8-fold more selective than RNA polymerase III and Escherichia coli polymerase holoenzyme, respectively. Exogenous RNA polymerase III synthesized RNAs similar in size to authentic 5 S RNA, 4.5 S pre-tRNA, and 4 S tRNA. Eleven per cent of this RNA is 5 S RNA as determined by hybridization. Neither polymerase I nor E. coli polymerase synthesizes detectable quantities of RNA in this size range. AT1 ribonuclease digestion of 5 S RNA synthesized by exogenous RNA polymerase III acting on acid-treated chromatin gives a fragment pattern corresponding to that of 5 S RNA. Thus, RNA polymerase III transcribes the entire 5 S gene in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:368065", "title": "The configuration and location of the ribosidic linkage in the prosthetic group of citrate lyase (Klebsiella aerogenes).", "content": "The structure of the prosthetic group of citrate lyase (Klebsiella aerogenes) was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The spectra at 360 MHz of the nucleoside moiety (2'-ribosyladenosine) show the absence of 2'-hydroxyl proton, thus confirming the 2' position as the site of attachment of the second ribose moiety to the dephospho-CoA. This glycosidic linkage is found to be alpha(1\" leads to 2') and is identical to that of poly(ADP-ribose). Studies of permethylation products by mass spectrometry support the above conclusion regarding the location of the ribosidic linkage.", "contents": "The configuration and location of the ribosidic linkage in the prosthetic group of citrate lyase (Klebsiella aerogenes). The structure of the prosthetic group of citrate lyase (Klebsiella aerogenes) was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The spectra at 360 MHz of the nucleoside moiety (2'-ribosyladenosine) show the absence of 2'-hydroxyl proton, thus confirming the 2' position as the site of attachment of the second ribose moiety to the dephospho-CoA. This glycosidic linkage is found to be alpha(1\" leads to 2') and is identical to that of poly(ADP-ribose). Studies of permethylation products by mass spectrometry support the above conclusion regarding the location of the ribosidic linkage."}
{"id": "PMID:368066", "title": "Evidence for a direct role of tRNA in an amino acid transport system.", "content": "The transport of phenylalanine by the general aromatic transport system in spheroplasts of Escherichia coli 9723 has been found to be stimulated by exogenous tRNA. Neither periodate-treated tRNA nor phenylalanine-charged tRNA stimulated, and the latter inhibited, phenylalanine uptake. Among preparations of specific tRNAs, tRNAPhe and tRNATyr were effective in stimulating the uptake of phenylalanine and tyrosine, respectively, and tRNAGlu and tRNAVal gave no detectable stimulation of phenylalanine or tyrosine transport. The preparation of tRNATyr was 10 times as active as unfractionated tRNA and gave as much as 167% stimulation of tyrosine transport. Correspondingly, the preparation of tRNAPhe was at least 3.5 times as active as the unfractionated tRNA and 2.5 times as active as the preparation of tRNATyr in stimulation of phenylalanine transport. Preliminary results in fractionation of the active component of tRNA for stimulating phenylalanine uptake show that the major activity resides in minor isoacceptor(s) tRNAPhe rather than the major component tRNAPhe, and the slight activity of preparations of tRNATyr is probably due to a contamination of the active tRNAPhe. Other preliminary results indicate that this type of stimulation occurs with uptake of other amino acids and their tRNA.", "contents": "Evidence for a direct role of tRNA in an amino acid transport system. The transport of phenylalanine by the general aromatic transport system in spheroplasts of Escherichia coli 9723 has been found to be stimulated by exogenous tRNA. Neither periodate-treated tRNA nor phenylalanine-charged tRNA stimulated, and the latter inhibited, phenylalanine uptake. Among preparations of specific tRNAs, tRNAPhe and tRNATyr were effective in stimulating the uptake of phenylalanine and tyrosine, respectively, and tRNAGlu and tRNAVal gave no detectable stimulation of phenylalanine or tyrosine transport. The preparation of tRNATyr was 10 times as active as unfractionated tRNA and gave as much as 167% stimulation of tyrosine transport. Correspondingly, the preparation of tRNAPhe was at least 3.5 times as active as the unfractionated tRNA and 2.5 times as active as the preparation of tRNATyr in stimulation of phenylalanine transport. Preliminary results in fractionation of the active component of tRNA for stimulating phenylalanine uptake show that the major activity resides in minor isoacceptor(s) tRNAPhe rather than the major component tRNAPhe, and the slight activity of preparations of tRNATyr is probably due to a contamination of the active tRNAPhe. Other preliminary results indicate that this type of stimulation occurs with uptake of other amino acids and their tRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:368067", "title": "Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, a precursor of phospholipid. Palmitoyl-CoA inhibition of the biosynthetic sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Homogeneous biosynthetic sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) of Escherichia coli was potently inhibited by palmitoyl-CoA and other long chain acyl-CoA thioesters. The concentration dependence of this inhibition was not cooperative. Enzyme activity was inhibited 50% at 1 microM palmitoyl-CoA; thus, this inhibition occurred at concentrations below the critical micellar concentration of palmitoyl-CoA. Palmitoyl-CoA was a reversible, noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to both NADPH and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Palmitoyl-CoA did not affect the quaternary structure of the enzyme. This inhibition could be prevented or reversed by the addition of phospholipid vesicles prepared from E. coli phospholipids. Palmitoyl-CoA did not alter the kinetics of inhibition by sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, which is a proven physiological regulator of this enzyme. Decanoyl-CoA, dodecanoyl-CoA, myristoyl-CoA, palmitoyl-(1,N6-etheno)CoA, stearoyl-CoA, and oleoyl-CoA inhibited sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase at concentrations below their critical micellar concentrations. Palmitate inhibited sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity 50% at 200 microM. Palmitoyl-carnitine, deoxycholate, taurocholate, and dodecyl sulfate were more potent inhibitors than Triton X-100, Tween-20, or Tween-80. Palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein at concentrations up to 50 microM had no effect on sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. The possible physiological role of long chain fatty acyl-CoA thioesters in the regulation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and phospholipid biosynthesis in E. coli is discussed.", "contents": "Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, a precursor of phospholipid. Palmitoyl-CoA inhibition of the biosynthetic sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Homogeneous biosynthetic sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) of Escherichia coli was potently inhibited by palmitoyl-CoA and other long chain acyl-CoA thioesters. The concentration dependence of this inhibition was not cooperative. Enzyme activity was inhibited 50% at 1 microM palmitoyl-CoA; thus, this inhibition occurred at concentrations below the critical micellar concentration of palmitoyl-CoA. Palmitoyl-CoA was a reversible, noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to both NADPH and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Palmitoyl-CoA did not affect the quaternary structure of the enzyme. This inhibition could be prevented or reversed by the addition of phospholipid vesicles prepared from E. coli phospholipids. Palmitoyl-CoA did not alter the kinetics of inhibition by sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, which is a proven physiological regulator of this enzyme. Decanoyl-CoA, dodecanoyl-CoA, myristoyl-CoA, palmitoyl-(1,N6-etheno)CoA, stearoyl-CoA, and oleoyl-CoA inhibited sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase at concentrations below their critical micellar concentrations. Palmitate inhibited sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity 50% at 200 microM. Palmitoyl-carnitine, deoxycholate, taurocholate, and dodecyl sulfate were more potent inhibitors than Triton X-100, Tween-20, or Tween-80. Palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein at concentrations up to 50 microM had no effect on sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. The possible physiological role of long chain fatty acyl-CoA thioesters in the regulation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and phospholipid biosynthesis in E. coli is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:368069", "title": "Processiveness of DNA polymerases. A comparative study using a simple procedure.", "content": "In this communication, we describe a simple procedure for analyzing the processiveness of DNA polymerases in general. By choosing conditions for which the number of incorporations per available primer is less than 1, we have reduced the probability of a primer molecule being utilized by the enzyme more than once. The primer-template used was poly(dA)300:oligo(dT)10, and the product was isolated by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. The number of dTMP residues added per association was determined from the [3H]dThd + [3'-3H]dTMP/[3H]dThd ratio of the product after its digestion by micrococcal nuclease and spleen phosphodiesterase. Using this procedure, we have found that Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, T4 DNA polymerase, and calf thymus alpha- and beta-DNA polymerase are \"quasi-processive.\" Most of these enzymes add on the average approximately 10 to 15 nucleotides before dissociating from the template. T5 DNA polymerase, on the other hand, is processive, i.e. it continues to replicate a given template until it is very close to the 5' end of the template. With \"nicked DNA-like\" poly(dA):oligo(dT), the processiveness of E. coli DNA polymerase I is increased 2- to 2.5-fold. The significance of this increase in determining the \"patch size\" during DNA repair is discussed.", "contents": "Processiveness of DNA polymerases. A comparative study using a simple procedure. In this communication, we describe a simple procedure for analyzing the processiveness of DNA polymerases in general. By choosing conditions for which the number of incorporations per available primer is less than 1, we have reduced the probability of a primer molecule being utilized by the enzyme more than once. The primer-template used was poly(dA)300:oligo(dT)10, and the product was isolated by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. The number of dTMP residues added per association was determined from the [3H]dThd + [3'-3H]dTMP/[3H]dThd ratio of the product after its digestion by micrococcal nuclease and spleen phosphodiesterase. Using this procedure, we have found that Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, T4 DNA polymerase, and calf thymus alpha- and beta-DNA polymerase are \"quasi-processive.\" Most of these enzymes add on the average approximately 10 to 15 nucleotides before dissociating from the template. T5 DNA polymerase, on the other hand, is processive, i.e. it continues to replicate a given template until it is very close to the 5' end of the template. With \"nicked DNA-like\" poly(dA):oligo(dT), the processiveness of E. coli DNA polymerase I is increased 2- to 2.5-fold. The significance of this increase in determining the \"patch size\" during DNA repair is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:368070", "title": "Recognition sequence of the dam methylase of Escherichia coli K12 and mode of cleavage of Dpn I endonuclease.", "content": "The recognition sequence for the dam methylase of Escherichia coli K12 has been determined directly by use of in vivo methylated ColE1 DNA or DNA methylated in vitro with purified enzyme. The methylase recognizes the symmetric tetranucleotide d(pG-A-T-C) and introduces two methyl groups per site in duplex DNA with the product of methylation being 6-methylaminopurine. This work has also demonstrated that Dpn I restriction endonuclease cleaves on the 3' side of the modified adenine within the methylated sequence to yield DNA fragments possessing fully base-paired termini. All sequences in ColE1 DNA methylated by the dam enzyme are subject to double strand cleavage by Dpn I endonuclease. Therefore, this restriction enzyme can be employed for mapping the location of sequences possessing the dam modification.", "contents": "Recognition sequence of the dam methylase of Escherichia coli K12 and mode of cleavage of Dpn I endonuclease. The recognition sequence for the dam methylase of Escherichia coli K12 has been determined directly by use of in vivo methylated ColE1 DNA or DNA methylated in vitro with purified enzyme. The methylase recognizes the symmetric tetranucleotide d(pG-A-T-C) and introduces two methyl groups per site in duplex DNA with the product of methylation being 6-methylaminopurine. This work has also demonstrated that Dpn I restriction endonuclease cleaves on the 3' side of the modified adenine within the methylated sequence to yield DNA fragments possessing fully base-paired termini. All sequences in ColE1 DNA methylated by the dam enzyme are subject to double strand cleavage by Dpn I endonuclease. Therefore, this restriction enzyme can be employed for mapping the location of sequences possessing the dam modification."}
{"id": "PMID:368071", "title": "Subunit structure of functional porin oligomers that form permeability channels in the other membrane of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Oligomers of a protein, porin, form permeability channels in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli B. A functional porin oligomer was identified and was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration in the presence of salts and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Molecular weights of purified porin oligomer and heat-dissociated monomer appeared to be 102,900 and 32,600, respectively, when determined by sedimentation equilibrium in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. We concluded that the porin oligomer thus consists of three identical subunits. These data and results from other laboratories suggest porin trimers exist also in the outer membrane of intact cells, and participate in the formation of permeability channels. It was found that porin trimer bound less sodium dodecyl sulfate than the porin monomer.", "contents": "Subunit structure of functional porin oligomers that form permeability channels in the other membrane of Escherichia coli. Oligomers of a protein, porin, form permeability channels in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli B. A functional porin oligomer was identified and was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration in the presence of salts and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Molecular weights of purified porin oligomer and heat-dissociated monomer appeared to be 102,900 and 32,600, respectively, when determined by sedimentation equilibrium in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. We concluded that the porin oligomer thus consists of three identical subunits. These data and results from other laboratories suggest porin trimers exist also in the outer membrane of intact cells, and participate in the formation of permeability channels. It was found that porin trimer bound less sodium dodecyl sulfate than the porin monomer."}
{"id": "PMID:368073", "title": "The structure of cytochrome b562 from Escherichia coli at 2.5 A resolution.", "content": "The structure of cytochrome b562 from Escherichia coli has been determined at 2.5 A resolution by x-ray diffraction methods. Protein phases were computed by the single isomorphous replacement method with anomalous scattering measurements from the native and uranyl acetate-substituted crystals. The electron density was averaged about the noncrystallographic 2-fold axis relating 2 molecules in the triclinic unit cell. The protein consists of four nearly parallel alpha helices and represents a new class of cytochrome structure. The heme group is inserted between the helices near one end of the molecule with one heme face partially exposed to solvent. The two heme ligands are histidine and methionine. The 2 phenylalanines are packed internally near the heme group, and the 2 tyrosines are on the surface, also near the heme group. The folding of the protein resembles that of hemerythrin and tobacco mosaic virus protein and shows a different topology from that of cytochrome b5, cytochrome c, or the globins.", "contents": "The structure of cytochrome b562 from Escherichia coli at 2.5 A resolution. The structure of cytochrome b562 from Escherichia coli has been determined at 2.5 A resolution by x-ray diffraction methods. Protein phases were computed by the single isomorphous replacement method with anomalous scattering measurements from the native and uranyl acetate-substituted crystals. The electron density was averaged about the noncrystallographic 2-fold axis relating 2 molecules in the triclinic unit cell. The protein consists of four nearly parallel alpha helices and represents a new class of cytochrome structure. The heme group is inserted between the helices near one end of the molecule with one heme face partially exposed to solvent. The two heme ligands are histidine and methionine. The 2 phenylalanines are packed internally near the heme group, and the 2 tyrosines are on the surface, also near the heme group. The folding of the protein resembles that of hemerythrin and tobacco mosaic virus protein and shows a different topology from that of cytochrome b5, cytochrome c, or the globins."}
{"id": "PMID:368075", "title": "DNA polymerase III of Escherichia coli. Purification and identification of subunits.", "content": "DNA polymerase III, the core of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, has been purified 28,000-fold to 97% homogeneity from Escherichia coli HMS-83. The enzyme contains subunits: alpha, epsilon, and theta of 140,000, 25,000, and 10,000 daltons, respectively. The alpha subunit has been previously shown to be a component of both DNA polymerase III and the more complex DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (Livingston, D.M., Hinkle, D., and Richardson, C. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 461-469; McHenry, C., and Kornberg, A. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 6478-6484). It is demonstrated here that the epsilon and theta subunits are also subunits of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Thus, the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme contains at least six different subunits. Our preparation has both the 3' leads to 5' and 5' leads to 3' exonuclease activities previously assigned to DNA polymerase III (Livingston, D., and Richardson, C. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 470-478).", "contents": "DNA polymerase III of Escherichia coli. Purification and identification of subunits. DNA polymerase III, the core of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, has been purified 28,000-fold to 97% homogeneity from Escherichia coli HMS-83. The enzyme contains subunits: alpha, epsilon, and theta of 140,000, 25,000, and 10,000 daltons, respectively. The alpha subunit has been previously shown to be a component of both DNA polymerase III and the more complex DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (Livingston, D.M., Hinkle, D., and Richardson, C. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 461-469; McHenry, C., and Kornberg, A. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 6478-6484). It is demonstrated here that the epsilon and theta subunits are also subunits of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Thus, the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme contains at least six different subunits. Our preparation has both the 3' leads to 5' and 5' leads to 3' exonuclease activities previously assigned to DNA polymerase III (Livingston, D., and Richardson, C. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 470-478)."}
{"id": "PMID:368077", "title": "Effect of Simplex liquid methyl methacrylate monomer on cells.", "content": "The effect of methyl methacrylate monomer used for polymerization of surgical bone cement on phagocytosis, blood cells, tissue cells in culture, and bacteria was investigated. A concentration of 0.5% monomer reduced the ability of macrophages in vitro to phagocytize cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis effectively. In vivo, 0.03 ml injected into mice also reduced the capacity of peritoneal macrophages to phagocytize bacteria. Extent of cellular damage to blood cells varied with concentration of monomer used and time of contact but, in general 0.5% was sufficient to alter morphology and viability of blood cells and tissue cells in culture. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils sustained more damage than other types of blood cells. Only minor alterations were detected from cooled, polymerized cement. These studies support the concept that the monomer, as well as mechanical and thermal factors, may be responsible for some of the tissue changes seen at the site of implant of bone cement following total joint arthroplastic surgery.", "contents": "Effect of Simplex liquid methyl methacrylate monomer on cells. The effect of methyl methacrylate monomer used for polymerization of surgical bone cement on phagocytosis, blood cells, tissue cells in culture, and bacteria was investigated. A concentration of 0.5% monomer reduced the ability of macrophages in vitro to phagocytize cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis effectively. In vivo, 0.03 ml injected into mice also reduced the capacity of peritoneal macrophages to phagocytize bacteria. Extent of cellular damage to blood cells varied with concentration of monomer used and time of contact but, in general 0.5% was sufficient to alter morphology and viability of blood cells and tissue cells in culture. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils sustained more damage than other types of blood cells. Only minor alterations were detected from cooled, polymerized cement. These studies support the concept that the monomer, as well as mechanical and thermal factors, may be responsible for some of the tissue changes seen at the site of implant of bone cement following total joint arthroplastic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:368078", "title": "Antibiotics in acrylic bone cement. In vivo studies.", "content": "In vivo experiments were performed to study elution rates of antibiotics combined with Surgical implex bone cement and efficacy in controlling bacterial infections. Cylinders of bone cement were implanted in animals and at the same time the surgical areas were infected with large numbers of bacteria. Gentamicin and Keflin were eluted from the cylinders in sufficient quantities to completely eliminate or markedly reduce the number of bacteria recovered from infected areas. Animals were also treated with an anti-inflammatory drug, hydrocortisone, prior to implantation of cylinders and infection. The antibiotics in the bone cement effectively destroyed the bacteria in these animals with impaired inflammatory responses as compared with control animals.", "contents": "Antibiotics in acrylic bone cement. In vivo studies. In vivo experiments were performed to study elution rates of antibiotics combined with Surgical implex bone cement and efficacy in controlling bacterial infections. Cylinders of bone cement were implanted in animals and at the same time the surgical areas were infected with large numbers of bacteria. Gentamicin and Keflin were eluted from the cylinders in sufficient quantities to completely eliminate or markedly reduce the number of bacteria recovered from infected areas. Animals were also treated with an anti-inflammatory drug, hydrocortisone, prior to implantation of cylinders and infection. The antibiotics in the bone cement effectively destroyed the bacteria in these animals with impaired inflammatory responses as compared with control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:368084", "title": "Assessment of serum cholesterol by two methods: gas-liquid chromatography on a capillary column and chemical ionization-mass fragmentography with isotopic dilution of [3,4-13C] cholesterol as internal standard.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method and an isotopic dilution-mass fragmentographic (ID-MF) procedure using the same capillary chromatographic separation are described for serum cholesterol assay. GLC included silylation and separation on a highly efficient glass capillary column which allowed the separation of cholesterol from cholestanol and the use of epicoprostanol as internal standard. The concentrations were calculated from the areas of the signals and digitalized by a reporting integrator. The reproducibility was 0.5% and the correlation with the ID-MF technique was 0.997. The ID-MF technique was characterized by the use of [3,4-13C] cholesterol as the labelled standard and a chemical ionization mode. The reproducibility was 0.8%.", "contents": "Assessment of serum cholesterol by two methods: gas-liquid chromatography on a capillary column and chemical ionization-mass fragmentography with isotopic dilution of [3,4-13C] cholesterol as internal standard. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method and an isotopic dilution-mass fragmentographic (ID-MF) procedure using the same capillary chromatographic separation are described for serum cholesterol assay. GLC included silylation and separation on a highly efficient glass capillary column which allowed the separation of cholesterol from cholestanol and the use of epicoprostanol as internal standard. The concentrations were calculated from the areas of the signals and digitalized by a reporting integrator. The reproducibility was 0.5% and the correlation with the ID-MF technique was 0.997. The ID-MF technique was characterized by the use of [3,4-13C] cholesterol as the labelled standard and a chemical ionization mode. The reproducibility was 0.8%."}
{"id": "PMID:368085", "title": "Sensitivity of immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence staining for detecting chlamydia in conjunctival scrapings and in cell culture.", "content": "The sensitivities of Giemsa, immunofluorescence, and immunoperoxidase staining for the detection of Chlamydia psittaci inclusions in conjunctival scrapings and in irradiated McCoy cell monolayers were compared. Conjunctival specimens were obtained from a cat colony in which a trachoma-like disease, feline chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis, was endemic. The two immunochemical techniques were found to be of equal sensitivity and 50% to 100% more sensitive than Giemsa stain. Permanent preparations of immunoperoxidase stained material can be made and can be read using a simple light microscope. These features make the technique more useful than immunofluorescence staining, which gives temporary preparations that must be examined with a specialised fluorescence microscope.", "contents": "Sensitivity of immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence staining for detecting chlamydia in conjunctival scrapings and in cell culture. The sensitivities of Giemsa, immunofluorescence, and immunoperoxidase staining for the detection of Chlamydia psittaci inclusions in conjunctival scrapings and in irradiated McCoy cell monolayers were compared. Conjunctival specimens were obtained from a cat colony in which a trachoma-like disease, feline chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis, was endemic. The two immunochemical techniques were found to be of equal sensitivity and 50% to 100% more sensitive than Giemsa stain. Permanent preparations of immunoperoxidase stained material can be made and can be read using a simple light microscope. These features make the technique more useful than immunofluorescence staining, which gives temporary preparations that must be examined with a specialised fluorescence microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:368086", "title": "Comparative efficacy of pirprofen and aspirin in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A six-month double-blind, randomized, parallel-design trial comparing pirprofen, a new nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, with aspirin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is described. The dose of pirprofen, a phenylpropionic acid derivative, was 600 mg per day; the dose of aspirin was 3600 mg per day. Pirprofen was found to be as effective as aspirin in improving the modified articular index, swelling joint index, grip strength, walking time, and duration of morning stiffness. Fewer patients receiving pirprofen reported drug-related side effects than those receiving aspirin, however, the difference was not statistically significant (P less than 0.1). There was no significant difference between groups in the incidence of positive stool guaiac tests (three of 17, pirprofen; five of 18, aspirin). Pirprofen was found to be as safe and effective as aspirin in the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Comparative efficacy of pirprofen and aspirin in rheumatoid arthritis. A six-month double-blind, randomized, parallel-design trial comparing pirprofen, a new nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, with aspirin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is described. The dose of pirprofen, a phenylpropionic acid derivative, was 600 mg per day; the dose of aspirin was 3600 mg per day. Pirprofen was found to be as effective as aspirin in improving the modified articular index, swelling joint index, grip strength, walking time, and duration of morning stiffness. Fewer patients receiving pirprofen reported drug-related side effects than those receiving aspirin, however, the difference was not statistically significant (P less than 0.1). There was no significant difference between groups in the incidence of positive stool guaiac tests (three of 17, pirprofen; five of 18, aspirin). Pirprofen was found to be as safe and effective as aspirin in the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:368087", "title": "Comparisons of maprotiline with imipramine in severe depression: a multicenter controlled trial.", "content": "The efficacy and safety of maprotiline (Ludiomil) was compared to imipramine in patients with manic-depressive illness, depressed type (DSM II 296.2). Three hundred forty-one patients from 16 different centers entered this four-week double-blind controlled trial, with 171 in the maprotiline and 170 in the imipramine group. Efficacy measurements included the Hamilton Depression Scale, the Self-Rating Depression Scale, and the Investigator's Overall Assessment of Effectiveness. Tolerability was monitored by collection of treatment-emergent signs and symptoms (TESS), blood pressure and pulse measurements, EKGs, and EEGs. Dosage was fixed for the first week at 50 mg t.i.d. and thereafter could be varied between 50 and 300 mg daily. Clinically and statistically significant reductions in symptomatology were noted in both drug groups for most efficacy parameters at each visit during therapy. Comparison between the drug groups revealed no difference in terms of the scales utilized. A trend toward fewer TESS in the maprotiline group was noted, especially for the side effects nausea, nervousness, and increased sweating.", "contents": "Comparisons of maprotiline with imipramine in severe depression: a multicenter controlled trial. The efficacy and safety of maprotiline (Ludiomil) was compared to imipramine in patients with manic-depressive illness, depressed type (DSM II 296.2). Three hundred forty-one patients from 16 different centers entered this four-week double-blind controlled trial, with 171 in the maprotiline and 170 in the imipramine group. Efficacy measurements included the Hamilton Depression Scale, the Self-Rating Depression Scale, and the Investigator's Overall Assessment of Effectiveness. Tolerability was monitored by collection of treatment-emergent signs and symptoms (TESS), blood pressure and pulse measurements, EKGs, and EEGs. Dosage was fixed for the first week at 50 mg t.i.d. and thereafter could be varied between 50 and 300 mg daily. Clinically and statistically significant reductions in symptomatology were noted in both drug groups for most efficacy parameters at each visit during therapy. Comparison between the drug groups revealed no difference in terms of the scales utilized. A trend toward fewer TESS in the maprotiline group was noted, especially for the side effects nausea, nervousness, and increased sweating."}